/> 


LI  PPINCOTT-^PRONOUNCINC    GAZETTEER. 

^^  REVISED  EDITION.-1866. 


A  COMPLETE 

PRONOUNCING  GAZEHEER; 

OB 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 

OF    THE 

ORLD. 

CONTAININQ  A  NOTICE   AND   THE 

^vonmwiattott  of  tftc  ^mm 

OF  NEARLY  ONE  HUNDRED  THOUSAND  PLACES. 


RECENT  AND  AUTHENTIC    INFORMATION    RESPECTING   THE   COUNTRIES,   ISLANDS,   RIVERS, 
MOUNTAINS,  CITIES,  TOWNS,  &c.,   IN   EVERY  PORTION  OF  THE  GLOBE. 

Scbisttr  ibition,  t|titl^  m  Sppcnbix      BICL107H£ 

CONTAIKIXa    NEAKLY  «_/.  C*f,(' C.t/f  * 

?.r:.\  F?:Ar;c 

TEIV    TH:OXJSA.Pfr>    IVEW    NOTICES 

AND  THE  MOST  RECENT  STATISTICAL  INFORMATION,  ACCORDING  TO  THE  LATEST 
CENSUS  RETURNS,  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES. 

EDITED    BY 

J.  THOMAS  M.D.,  AND  T.  BALDWIN,  ^ 

ASSISTED  BT  8EVSBAL  OTHEK  Q£ML£1I£K. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
J.   B.  LIPPINCOTT   &    CO. 

1868, 


CO 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Coiigresa,  in  the  year  1866,  by 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  4  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Eastern  District  of 

Pennsylvania. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EEVISED  EDITIOIN. 


In  the  attempt  to  render  the  present  edition  of  the  Gazetteer  every  way 
worthy  of  the  favor  which  has  been  so  liberally  bestowed  upon  the  work  ever 
since  its  first  appearance,  no  expense  or  labor  has  been  spared.  Not  only 
has  an  Appendix  containing  nearly  10,000  new  articles  (chiefly  relating 
to  the  United  States)  been  added ;  but  every  portion  of  the  work  has  been 
subjected  to  a  careful  revision ;  and  a  vast  number  of  such  alterations  and 
corrections  as  the  lapse  of  ten  progressive  years  has  rendered  necessary, 
have  been  made.  Even  in  the  department  of  pronunciation,  a  few  errors 
which  a  more  thorough  investigation  of  the  subject  by  the  editors  had 
brought  to  light,  have  been  corrected.  And  besides  the  liberal  addition  of 
new  matter  contained  in  the  Appendix,  a  very  large  portion  of  the  body 
of  the  work  has  been  re-written,  and  the  most  recent  statistics  of  manu- 
factures, commerce,  «&c.,  that  could  be  procured,  have  been  inserted.  It  should 
be  observed,  however,  that  in  some  instances  exceptions  have  been  made  to 
this  rule,  especially  in  regard  to  places  difficult  of  access  on  account  of  recent 
military  operations;  and  some  others,  of  which  any  accurate  description 
as  they  exist  at  present, — whether  they  have  directly  suifered  by  the  ravages 
of  war,  or  their  prosperity  has  been  largely  modified  by  a  temporary  change 
in  their  industrial  pursuits, — would  afford  a  far  less  correct  view  of  their 
intrinsic  importance  than  would  be  given  by  their  original  notices. 

It  should  be  observed  that  the  populations  of  places  in  the  United  States, 
when  no  date  is  given,  have  reference  to  the  census  of  1860.  The  popula- 
tions of  the  states,  cities,  and  principal  towns  of  Europe  have  been  taken 
from  the  most  recent  census  of  the  respective  countries  to  which  they 
belong. 

It  remains  for  us  to  express  our  cordial  thanks  to  those  of  our  friends  who 
in  various  parts  of  the  Union  have  furnished  us  with  fresh  and  valuable  infor- 
mation, without  which  we  should  have  been  unable  to  have  given  any  ade- 

iii 


iV  PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 

quate  view  to  the  changes  and  improvements  which  have  taken  place  in 
many  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  and  villages  in  the  United  States. 

Our  particular  acknowledgments  are  due  to  the  Hon.  Joseph  C,  G.  Kennedy, 
Superintendent  of  the  Census,  by  whose  courtesy  and  kindness  we  have  been 
furnished  with  the  advanced  sheets  containing  the  statistics  of  manufactures, 
and  various  other  important  items,  so  that  it  has  not  been  necessary  for  us 
to  delay  our  work  till  the  several  volumes  of  the  census  were  published. 

Kor  must  we  omit  to  mention  our  important  obligations  to  the  editors  of  the 
National  Almanac  (1864)  for  the  valuable  assistance  which  we  have  derived 
from  their  labors,  more  especially  in  regard  to  the  statistics  of  educational, 
charitable,  and  other  institutions. 

Our  warmest  thanks  are  also  due  to  Lorin  Blodget,  Esq.  (of  the  Trea- 
sury Department),  to  whose  kindly  and  generous  words  of  encouragement, 
no  less  than  to  his  direct  assistance,  we  have  been  especially  indebtod.  durinsr 
the  anxieties  and  toils  of  our  most  arduous  task. 

Philadelphia,  January,  1R66 


ik 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


The  recently  increased  facilities  for  travel,  and  the  unexampled  extension  of  commercial 
relations,  which,  -within  a  few  years,  have  been  established  between  the  remotest  portions  ot 
the  globe,  give  at  the  present  time  an  extraordinary  interest  and  importance  to  every  thing 
relating  to  the  science  of  Geography.  Hence,  a  Geographical  Dictionary — a  work  to  which 
the  reader  may  refer,  not  merely  to  ascertain  the  position  of  any  place  he  may  be  in  search 
of,  but  also,  if  occasion  require,  to  inform  himself  of  its  advantages  as  a  place  of  residence, 
or  of  its  importance  as  a  centre  of  commerce  or  manufactures — becomes  a  desideratum — 
almost  a  necessity — to  every  intelligent  person. 

The  value  of  a  work  of  this  class,  it  is  obvious,  must  depend  entirely — first,  on  the  fulness 
and  accuracy  of  the  information  which  it  contains,  and  secondly,  upon  the  facility  of  refer- 
ence, or,  in  other  words,  upon  the  convenience  with  which  the  information  sought  for  may 
be  obtained.  In  both  of  these  respects  the  present  Gazetteer  will  be  found,  it  is  believed, 
far  superior  to  every  other. 

In  preparing  this  work,  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  editors  not  merely  to  supply  the 
more  obvious  deficiencies  of  previous  gazetteers,  but,  if  possible,  to  produce  a  geogra- 
phical dictionary  as  comprehensive  in  its  plan,  as  perfect  in  its  arrangement,  and  as  com- 
plete and  accurate  in  its  execution,  as  the  best  dictionary  of  the  English  language.  With 
this  object,  they  have  used,  as  the  basis  of  their  work,  the  best  and  most  recent  of  the  English 
gazetteers,  two  of  which  are  conspicuous  for  their  superiority  over  all  other  works  of  this 
class  that  have  yet  appeared — Johnston's  Geographical  Dictionarv,  and  the  Imperial 
Gazetteer.  The  former  has  the  merit  of  great  completeness,  as  well  as  extraordinary 
general  accuracy ;  and — what  is  no  small  praise — to  almost  every  article  is  given  a  space 
and  prominence  very  nearly  proportioned  to  its  real  importance.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
Imperial  Gazetteer  possesses  the  great  advantage  of  being  not  only  far  more  extensive,  but 
more  recent  by  several  years :  we  should  hazard  little  in  saying  that  since  the  publication 
of  Malte  Brun's  great  work,  there  has  been  no  single  contribution  to  geography  of  anything 
like  equal  importance,  whether  we  regard  the  amount  of  valuable  and  original  matter  con- 
tained, or  the  eminent  ability  with  which  most  of  the  important  articles  have  been  written. 

While  freely  and  cordially  acknowledging  our  great  obligations  to  the  above  works,  we 
may  remark  that  the  present  gazetteer  will  be  found  to  embody,  it  is  believed,  whatever  is 
most  valuable  in  both,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to  comprise  a  vast  amount  of  important  matter 
not  contained  in  either,  but  derived  from  a  great  variety  of  sources,  including  publications 
in  all  the  principal  European  languages.  In  regard  to  the  number  of  names,  it  may  be 
observed  that  our  work  contains  about  two  and  a  half  times  as  many  as  the  Imperial 
Gazetteer,  and  more  than  twice  as  many  names  and  nearly  three  times  as  much  matter 
as  Johnston's  Geographical  Dictionary. 

In  regard  to  every  thing  that  relates  to  our  own  country,  the  Gazetteer  of  the  United 
States,  by  the  editors  of  the  present  volume,  has  been  adopted  as  the  principal  authority. 
It  is,  however,  important  to  observe,  that,  in  the  preparation  of  this  work,  the  Gazetteer 

V 


VI  PREFACE. 

of  the  Uriited  States  has  undergone  a  complete  revision,  and  a  vast  amount  of  new  matter 
has  been  added,  especially  in  relation  to  commerce,  railways,  &c. 

Particular  attention  has  been  given  in  the  present  work  to  the  subject  of  statistics,  which, 
from  the  late  unparalleled  extension  of  commerce,  and  various  other  causes,  has  recently 
acquired  an  interest  and  importance  which  it  never  possessed  before.  Never  at  any  former 
period  has  so  much  been  done  by  governments,  or  by  societies  established  for  this  express 
object  in  all  civilized  nations,  to  promote  this  branch  of  knowledge,  and  bring  statistical 
information  of  every  kind  within  the  reach  of  all  who  may  feel  an  interest  in  such  inquiries. 
Of  the  vast  amount  of  materials  thus  accumulated,  the  editors  have  assiduously  labored  to 
embody  in  their  work  all  the  most  interesting  and  important  results ;  and  in  this  respect, 
whether  we  regard  fulnjess,  accuracy,  or  recentness  of  information,  the  present  gazetteer 
will  be  found,  it  is  believed,  far  superior,  on  the  whole,  to  every  other  work  of  the  kind 
yet  published. — It  may  be  observed,  in  this  connection,  that,  in  preparing  this  gazetteer, 
all  foreign  measures  have  been  changed  into  English,  and  foreign  currencies  into  Federal 
and  sterling  money — the  use  of  the  latter  being,  with  but  few  exceptions,  limited  to 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonies. 

In  addition  to  its  great  distinguishing  characteristic,  pronunciation,  (which  will  be 
treated  of  at  length  in  another  place,)  the  present  work  will  be  found  to  possess  several 
other  important  features,  either  entirely  original,  or  else  exhibited  here  in  a  form  far  more 
complete  than  in  any  other  gazetteer.  Among  others,  we  would  particularly  call  attention 
to  the  following : — 

First.  The  adjective  and  appellation  of  the  inhabitant,  derived  from  the  names  of  the 
countries,  cities,  &c.,  have  been  added,  whenever  these  appeared  to  be  sanctioned  by  usage, 
or  by  the  authority  of  some  writer  of  established  reputation.  Thus,  from  Denmark  we 
derive  the  adjective  Danish  and  the  noun  Dane;  from  Bootan  we  have  Booteea  as  the 
name  of  the  inhabitant ;  from  Scio,  Sciot  or  Sciote,  &c.  This  feature  is  essential  to  the 
character  of  a  complete  gazetteer,  and  is  the  more  indispensable,  because  the  greater 
number  of  this  numerous  class  of  words  (which  with  the  progress  of  geographical  know- 
ledge are  daily  coming  into  more  frequent  use)  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  most  complete 
dictionaries  of  the  English  language,  nor  in  any  other  book  of  reference  whatever.  In 
order  to  add  as  much  as  possible  to  the  utility  of  this  part  of  the  work,  whenever  the 
adjective  or  appellation  of  the  inhabitant  would,  in  their  proper  alphabetical  place,  be 
materially  removed  from  the  name  to  which  they  belong,  a  reference  has  been  inserted ; 
thus,  from  Dane  and  Danish  the  inquirer  is  referred  to  Denmark;  from  Singhalese  and 
Cingalese,  to  Ceylon,  &c.  &c.  It  may  be  remarked  that  words  of  this  class  are  invariably 
added  at  the  end  of  the  article  treating  of  the  countries,  cities,  &c.  to  which  they  belong. 

Secondly.  The  ancient  or  classical  names  of  places  in  the  Eastern  continent  have  been 
added,  in  the  present  work,  to  the  modern  or  popular  name,  whenever  we  have  found  them 
supported  by  good  authority.  Names  of  this  class,  it  is  true,  are  frequently  given  in  other 
gazetteers ;  but,  so  far  as  we  are  acquainted,  no  care  has  been  taken  to  distinguish  between 
those  which  are  merely  conjectural,  and  those  which  are  generally  recognised  by  the  best 
classical  authorities.  The  former  are  often  given  without  any  qualification  or  mark  of 
doubt,  even  when  there  is  the  strongest  reason  to  believe  them  erroneous ;  while  the  latter, 
though  supported  by  the  most  unquestionable  authority,  are  not  unfrequently  omitted 
altogether.  Great  attention  has  been  bestowed  on  this  subject  in  the  present  gazetteer. 
The  best  classical  works  have  been  carefully  consulted,  and  many  ancient  names,  not  to  bo 
found  in  the  best  English  geographical  dictionaries,  have  been  inserted  in  this ;  while  all 
those  which  appeared  t^'  be  in  anywise  doubtful  have  been  marked  with  a  point  of  infierro- 


PREFACE.  vil 

gation.  A  reference,  moreover,  has  been  inserted  from  every  important  classical  name  to 
the  modern  name ;  thus,  from  Agrigentum  there  is  a  reference  to  Girgenti  ;  from  Athesis, 
to  Adige  ;  from  Ccesaraugusta,  to  Saragossa  ;  from  Eboracum,  to  York  ;  from  Tamesis,  to 
Thames,  &c.  &c.  Hence,  so  far  as  regards  ancient  geography,  this  gazetteer  will  be  found 
to  supply,  in  a  great  measure,  the  place  of  a  classical  dictionary. 

Thirdly,  The  signification  of  the  names  of  places  has  very  often  been  given,  more 
especially  in  cases  where  by  such  signification  the  name  would  be  associated  in  the  mind 
of  the  reader  with  some  important  geographical  or  historical  fact ;  for  example,  Bombay, 
signifying  "good  harbor;"  Puerto  Bello,  "beautiful  port;"  Salado,  (Rio,)  "salt  river;" 
Kin-sha-kiang,  "river  of  golden  sands;"  Ta-sieue-shan,  "great  snow  mountain ;"  San- 
GuiNETTO,  "bloody"  rivulet;  OesterreicJi,  (Austria,)  "eastern  kingdom;"  Tripoli,  "three 
cities."  Such  explanations  will  be  found  useful  not  merely  by  aiding  the  memory  through 
the  power  of  association,  but,  by  imparting  to  the  study  of  geography  the  charm  of  greater 
variety,  will  render  the  impressions  received  more  pleasing  and  more  vivid,  and  therefore 
less  likely  to  be  forgotten. 

For  the  greater  convenience  of  those  who  may  feel  a  particular  interest  in  this  subject,  a 
very  full  etymological  vocabulary  has  been  added  at  the  end  of  the  Gazetteer,  exhibiting, 
in  a  compact  form,  very  convenient  for  consultation,  ail  or  nearly  all  the  most  interesting 
words  of  this  class.  With  the  exception  of  a  very  short  list  (without  any  examples,  or  other 
explanation  than  the  simple  signification  of  the  words)  in  the  Imperial  Gazetteer,  this  is,  so 
far  as  we  are  acquainted,  the  only  vocabulary  of  the  kind  in  the  English  language,  and 
will  be  found,  it  is  believed,  not  only  much  fuller  in  respect  to  the  number  of  names,  but 
more  complete  and  satisfactory  in  the  illustrations,  than  the  best  French  or  German  voca- 
bularies of  this  class. 

Especial  attention  has  been  given  to  the  subject  of  Arrangement,  so  all-important  in 
every  work  of  reference.  The  larger  articles  are  divided  into  sections  distinguished  by 
headings  which  indicate  at  a  glance  the  part  where  the  inquirer  must  look  for  the  partic- 
ular information  he  may  be  in  search  of.  Under  the  head  of  "Objects  of  Interest  to 
Tourists"  (in  the  articles  on  the  difierent  States)  is  comprised  a  much  greater  variety  of 
subjects  than  would  be  implied  in  the  common  expression  "  Natural  Curiosities " ;  it 
seemed  proper,  indeed,  to  include  under  this  division  not  merely  natural  but  artificial  curi- 
osities,—  in  short,  everything  of  especial  interest  to  the  scientific  and  general  inquirer.  It 
is  customary  in  many  of  the  most  popular  gazetteers  to  give  all  places  having  a  common 
name  under  one  head — a  method  which  often  proves  very  confusing  to  the  reader.  In  the 
present  work,  each  place  is  described  under  a  distinct  and  separate  head.  This  will  be 
found  greatly  to  promote  both  facility  and  rapidity  of  reference. 

In  regard,  indeed,  to  this  great  feature — convenience  op  reference — the  present 
work  will  be  found,  ifc  is  believed,  incomparably  superior,  to  all  other  gazetteers. 
Nor  will  this  language  appear  exaggerated,  when  it  is  remembered  that  this  whole  subject, 
though  of  the  highest  practical  importance,  has,  for  some  unaccountable  reason,  been  here- 
tofore almost  entirely  overlooked.  Even  the  proper  mode  of  spelling  geographical  names, 
so  essential  to  a  clear  and  convenient  alphabetical  arrangement,  appears  to  have  received 
scarcely  any  attention  from  those  writers  whose  works  are  acknowledged  to  be  among  the 
most  valuable  contributions  to  geographical  science. 

That  the  reader  may  be  satisfied  that  we  have  not  overestimated  the  importance  ot  this 
subject,  we  propose  to  devote  a  brief  space  to  its  consideration. 

Geographical  names  may  properly  be  divided  into  twa  great  classes.  The  first  division 
comprises  those  which,  in  their  native  language,  are  written  either  in  Roman  letters,  or  else 


Vlll 


PREFACE. 


in  characters  fUke  the  German  and  Greek)  which  can  readily  be  converted  into  corresponding 
Romaa  letters.  (See  Introduction,  X.)  The  mode  of  spelling  such  names  is  geaerally 
uniforna,  and  the  same  in  each  of  the  different  European  languages.  Thus,  Etna — the 
name  by  which  the  great  volcanic  mountain  of  Sicily  is  known  to  the  Italians — is  also  the 
English,  French,  German,  Dutch,  Sj)anish,  and  Portuguese  name  for  the  same  mountain 
So  Latbach,  the  capital  of  Illyria,  is  not  only  the  German,  but  the  English,  French,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  name.  Thus,  also,  York,  a  city  of  England,  is  not  merely  the  English  name, 
but  the  French,  German,  Dutch,  Italiaiw  Spanish,  &o.  The  same  rule  holds  true  with 
regard  to  a  large  majority  of  the  names  of  Western  and  Southern  Europe.  The  exceptions 
(which  are  very  few,  compared  with  the  whole  number  of  names)  will  be  spoken  of  in  another 
place. 

The  other  division  of  geographical  names,  embraces  those,  which,  in  their  native  language, 
are  neither  written  in  Roman  letters,  nor  in  characters  that  can  be  converted  into  correspond- 
ing Roman  letters:  such  are  the  Russian,  Turkish,  Arabic,  Persian,  &c.  Names  of  this 
class,  with  few  if  any  exceptions,  are  written  differently  in  the  different  European  languages, 
each  nation  aiming  to  express  the  sound  or  pronunciation  of  the  foreign  name  by  the  letters 
of  its  own  tongue.  Thus,  for  example,  an  Englishman  visiting  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  in 
Northern  Africa,  and  wishing  to  indicate  the  sound  of  the  name  as  pronounced  by  the 
inhabitants,  would  naturally  write  it  Moorzook  ;  a  Frenchman  would  write  Motjrzoxjk  ;  a 
German,  Mursuk  ;  these  various  spellings  being  intended  to  represent  precisely  the  same 
sound.  Again,  if  an  Englishman  wished  to  represent  the  native  pronunciation  of  a  certain 
city  of  Persia,  he  would  write  it  Shooster  or  Shustee  ;  a  Frenchman  would  spell  it  Chou- 
STER ;  a  German,  Schuster  ;  an  Italian,  Sciuster  ;  a  Portuguese,  Chuster  or  Xuster,  &c.  ; 
these  being,  in  fact,  the  correct  spellings  of  the  above  name  in  those  different  languages 
respectively. 

This  mode  or  rule  of  writing  African  and  Oriental  names  is,  generally  speaking,  very 
strictly  adhered  to  by  the  greater  number  of  French  and  German  writers  ;*  but,  unfortunately, 


•  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  French  not  only  spell  the  names  of  those  Asiatic  countries  which  hare  not  submitted 
to  European  domination — as  Persia,  China,  &c. — according  to  the  rule  above  giren,  but  even  the  names  of  British  India, 
although  these  might  be  considered,  in  some  sense,  as  belonging  to  the  same  class  as  those  of  Western  Europe.  Accoii* 
ingly,  we  have  not  merely 


Freneh. 

Badakhchan,             for 

English. 
Buduklishan, 

German. 

(Badakhschan) 

Beioutchistan,           « 

Beloochistan, 

(Beludschistan) 

Caboul,                      " 

Cabool, 

(Kabul) 

Chiras,                        " 

Sheeraz  or  Shlra*, 

(Schiras) 

Kirmanchah,             " 

Kermanshah, 

(Kermanschab) 

Mechhed,                   " 

Meshed, 

(Mesched) 

Eecht,                        " 

Reshd, 

(Rescht) 

Thian-chan,               « 

Thian-shan, 

(Thian-schan) 

Chan-si,                     « 

Shan-see  or  Shan-si, 

(Schan-si) 

the  most  popular  French  geographical  works. 

examples  like  the  following: — 

French. 
Adjmir, 

instead  of 

English. 
Ajmeer  or  AJmere. 

rjelalabad. 

« 

Jelalabad. 

DieypovLT, 

« 

Jeypoor. 

Djessalmir, 

M 

Jessulmeer. 

Hindoo, 

M 

Hindoo. 

Halderabad, 

M 

Hyderabad. 

Hougli, 

K 

Hoogly. 

Malssour, 

« 

Mysore. 

Ponnali, 

M 

Poonah. 

PREFACE.  ix 

the  English  geographers  have,  for  the  most  part,  pursued  a  very  different  course.  InsfceacJ 
of  conforming  to  a  rule  which  has  the  double  merit  of  being  simple  and  easy  for  the  writer,* 
and  clear  and  satisfactory  to  the  reader,  they  have,  by  sometimes  writing  in  the  French  and 
sometimes  in  the  German  mode,  and  not  unfrequently  combining  the  two  in  the  same  name.t 
iavolved  the  department  of  Oriental  geography  in  a  confusion  which  is  most  perplexing  t(? 
all,  and  is  absolutely  inextricable  to  those  who  have  not  made  this  subject  one  of  long  and 
laborious  study. 

Many  of  the  foreign  spellings  found  in  the  writings  of  English  geographers  have  doubt- 
less been  taken  from  French  and  German  works,  the  copyist  neglecting  to  translate  the 
names,  while  making  a  translation  of  the  rest  of  the  book. 

From  these  different  causes,  the  evil  in  question  has  grown  to  such  a  magnitude,  as  not 
merely  to  involve  in  hopeless  perplexity  those  unacquainted  with  the  theory  of  spelling  such 
names,  but,  in  countless  instances,  to  embarrass  and  mislead  our  ablest  and  most  accurate 
writers  on  Geography.  In  some  remarks  on  this  subject  immediately  following  the  Preface 
of  the  Imperial  Gazetteer,  this  language  occurs :  "  The  result  of  all  this  confusion 
necessarily  is  that  the  Gazetteer  is  often  consulted  in  vain,  in  consequence  of  the  name  being 
looked  for  under  a  different  spelling  from  that  which  has  been  adopted  by  the  compiler." 
But  the  most  decisive  testimony  on  this  point  is  to  be  found  in  the  evident  misapprehen- 
sions and  errors  contained  in  the  works  of  those  who  are  justly  considered  to  stand  in  the 
very  foremost  rank  of  English  geographers.  On  Worcester's  School  Atlas,  Shendy  and 
Chandi  are  given  as  two  distinct  towns  of  Abyssinia,  while,  in  fact,  the  one  is  a  French 
and  the  other  an  English  spelling  of  one  and  the  same  name.  Similar  errors  are  to  be 
found  on  other  maps,  remarkable  for  their  general  accuracy.  In  the  Imperial  Gazetteer 
we  find  a  description  of  a  peculiar  people  of  Persia  under  the  head  of  Eels,  while  the  same 
people  are  again  described  under  Iliyats.  (See  Fraser's  "  Khorasan,"  from  which  the 
first  article  is  taken,  where  "  Illeyaut"  is  given  as  one  of  the  forms  of  their  name.)  A 
multitude  of  instances  might  be  cited  from  our  very  best  gazetteers,  in  which  the  same 
place  is  described  under  two  different  heads,  the  error  arising  solely  from  adopting  two 
different  modes  of  representing  one  and  the  same  pronunciation.  A  few  examples,  selected 
from  a  great  number,  will  suflBce  to  illustrate  and  establish  our  assertion.  In  Johnston's 
Geographical  Dictionary,  (which  is  especially  full  in  regard  to  Oriental  and  Russian  names,) 
we  find,  among  others,  the  following : — Boczoulouk  and  Bcsuluk,  (the  first  being  the  French, 
the  second  the  German  spelling — the  two  representing  precisely  the  same  sound,)  described 
under  two  distinct  heads ;  also  Booro  and  Bouro  ;  Goonong  Tella  and  Gunong  Tella  ; 
Ghczel  Hissar  and  Ghieuzel  Hissar  ;  Hadjypoor  and  Hajypoor  ;  Lutzk  and  Luck,  (the 
former  being  the  German,  the  latter  the  Polish  mode  of  representing  the  same  sound  or 
pronunciation — lootsk;)  Jerim  and  Yerim,  {j  in  German  being  exactly  equivalent  to  y  in 

It  may  be  remarked  that  the  French  names  In  the  foregoing  list,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  represent  the  same 
sound  as  the  English,  and  are  eyldently  only  a  French  translation  of  the  English  name. 

It  should  be  further  observed,  that,  while  the  German  geographers  spell  the  names  of  other  psurts  of  Asia  (see  the  last 
column  in  the  first  of  the  foregoing  lists)  according  to  the  principle  above  stated,  (that  is,  representing  the  sound  of  the 
foreign  name  by  the  letters  of  their  own  language,)  they  generally  write  the  names  of  British  India  after  the  English 
mode;  as,  IItderabad,  Jevpooe,  Mysore,  &c.    They  usually  write,  however,  Hiigli  instead  of  Hoogit. 

•  Of  course,  reference  is  here  made  to  an  English  traveller  writing  the  name  for  the  first  time.  It  certainly  would  be 
qaite  as  easy,  to  say  the  least,  for  an  Englishman  to  represent  any  given  sound  in  such  a  name  by  the  letters  of  his 
mother  tongue  as  by  those  of  a  foreign  language. 

f  As  Ahutige,  (more  properly  Abutisch  or  Aboutige;  better  Abootizh;)  itourzuk,  (more  properly  Mukspk,  Mourzock 
or  Moorzook;)  Vrghendj,  (more  properly  Urqenz,  Ourghexdj  or  Oorghenj;)  Voronetch,  (more  properly  Vorosw,  Woi.o 
RESca  or  Voronezh.) 


X  PREFACE. 

English ;)  Jalutrovsk  and  Yalutorovsk  ;  Jizdra  and  Shisdra,  {j  in  French  and  sh  in 
German  ])eing  employed  to  indicate  the  sound  of  eh  in  English  ;)  Menselinsk  and  Menze- 
i,iNSK,  {s  in  German  being  used  to  denote  the  same  sound  as  z  in  English  or  French :) 
MooTAPiLLY  and  Moutapillf,  Ouglitch  and  Uglitch,  Ouman  and  Uman,  Oustioujna  and 
UsTicsHNA,  OrjST  Sysolsk  and  Ust  Sysolsk,  Rjev  and  Rshev,  Senkov  and  Zenkov,  &c. 
In  the  Imperial  Gazetteer,  among  others,  we  find  the  following:  Louga  and  Luga,  Lougan- 
skoe  and  Luganskoe,  Loeboe  (Loehoe)  and  Loubou,  (oe  in  Dutch  being  exactly  equivalent 
in  sound  to  ou  in  French,  both  these  spellings  are  to  be  pronounced  loo-boo.)  In  Worcester's 
Gazetteer  we  find  Ciara,  Seara,  and  Siara,  given  under  different  heads,  as  if  they  were 
three  distinct  places  in  Brazil,  whereas  they  are  but  different  spellings  of  one  name. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that,  in  the  foregoing  remarks,  not  the  slightest  reflection 
is  intended  against  the  works  which  we  have  cited.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  because  of  their 
acknowledged  superiority  that  we  have  cited  them.  Had  we  chosen  to  have  recourse  to 
works  of  a  mediocre  character,  we  might  probably  have  offered  statements  still  more  striking. 
But  our  object  has  been  to  show,  that  inasmuch  as  the  ablest  geographical  writers  in  the 
English  language,  have  been  perplexed  and  misled  by  the  present  preposterous  system 
which  prevails  with  respect  to  Oriental  names,  it  has  become  a  matter  of  imperative  neces- 
sity to  introduce  some  reform  into  this  department  of  geography. 

The  plan  adopted  by  us  has  the  approval  of  the  most  eminent  Oriental  scholars ;  it  will, 
moreover,  we  believe,  be  found  sufficiently  simple  for  convenient  use,  and  fully  adequate  to 
correct  the  evil  in  question.  This  plan  is  to  write  all  Oriental  names  (except  a  very  few, 
the  orthography  of  which  may  be  considered  as  fixed)  repj'esenting,  as  nearly  as  possible  by 
English  letters,  the  native  sound  or  prominciation  of  the  name.  It  is  by  their  having  adopted 
such  a  system,  adapted  to  the  sounds  of  their  respective  languages,  that  the  French  and 
German  geographers  have  escaped  all  that  embarrassment  and  confusion  in  which  we  are 
so  unfortunately  involved ;  and  it  is  only  by  our  conforming  to  some  similar  uniform 
method,  that  we  can  ever  hope  to  bring  any  order  out  of  the  present  chaos.  This  obvious 
position  being  conceded,  it  only  remains  to  determine  whether  we  shall  adopt  an  English, 
French,  or  German  orthography,  or  some  other  arbitrary  system  of  spelling,  differing  from 
them  all.  We  think  the  reasons  for  preferring  the  first  are  so  cogent  as  to  leave  no  room 
for  a  moment's  hesitation. 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  obviously  an  immense  advantage,  in  an  English  work  intended 
for  general  readers,  to  write  names  in  such  a  manner  that  they  can  without  difficulty  be 
pronounced  correctly  by  the  ordinary  English  scholar.  Another  very  strong  argument  in 
favor  of  the  use  of  English  in  such  cases,  is  that  it  is  capable  of  conveniently  expressing  or 
representing  a  greater  variety  of  sounds  than  any  other  European  language.  There  is  no 
sound,  we  believe,  that  is  extensively  used  in  Oriental  names  which  we  cannot  express 
as  well  as  the  French,  and  there  are  several  which  we  can  express  much  better  than 
they ;  while  there  are  some  sounds,  perfectly  familiar  to  our  tongue,  which  they  cannot 
express  at  all.  Take,  for  example,  the  sound  of  our  /— a  very  common  one  in  the  names 
both  of  Asia  and  Africa :  what  we  express  by  a  single  letter  is  indicated  less  perfectly  in 
their  language  by  two — dj,  (as,  DJidda  for  Jidda,  Djoulamerk  for  Joolamerk,  &c.  ;)  so,  also, 
the  sound  of  ch,  one  of  continual  occurrence  both  in  the  names  of  Asia  and  Eastern 
Europe,  Is  represented  in  French  by  three  letters — tch,  (as  Tchanda  for  Chanda,  Tchambal 
for  Chumbul,  &c.)  True,  the  English  often  use  (especially  at  the  end  of  a  syllable)  tch  in 
order  to  denote  the  same  sound ;  it  is,  however,  important  to  observe  that  this  sour-1  '•< 
well  as  that  oij,  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  familiar  to  the  English  tongue,  while  both 
are  foreign  to  the  French  language,  since  neither  of  them  is  to  be  found  in  any  genuine 


PREFACE.  xi 

French  word.  Again,  our  w  expresses  a  sound  (common  in  the  Oriental  languages)  Avhich 
is  not  nearly  so  neatly  nor  so  well  expressed  by  the  French  ou,  the  latter  being  the  proper 
equivalent  of  our  oo.  This  defect  in  their  language  is  so  obvious,  that  some  of  the  most 
eminent  French  writers  (Pauthier,  for  example,  in  his  works  on  China)  make  use  of  the 
English  w  in  writing  certain  foreign  names.  Thus,  instead  of  employing  ouou  to  express 
the  sound  of  woo,  they  write  wou;  instead  of  ouen,  wen,  &c.  Lastly,  there  are  sounds  ex- 
pressed in  our  tongue  with  the  utmost  facility  which  they  cannot  represent  at  all ;  among 
these  are  the  sounds  of  the  Greek  9  (th)  and  h  [d),  common  in  Turkey  and  the  Grecian 
Islands — the  former  exactly  corresponding  to  our  th  in  thin,  the  latter  to  th  in  this. 

With  respect  to  the  German  language,  there  is,  if  we  mistake  not,  but  one  frequently 
occurring  sound  in  Oriental  names  (that  of  kh — represented  by  the  German  ch)  which  can 
be  represented  by  it  better  than  by.  the  English,  while  there  are  many  which  can  not  only 
be  expressed  in  English  more  conveniently,  but  more  correctly,  than  in  German.  Thus,  the 
Germans  employ  four  letters  {dsch)  to  indicate  the  sound  of  our  j,  and,  after  all,  represent 
it  most  imperfectly ;  for  example,  they  write  Dschulamerk,  Dschidda,  DscMlolo,  for  Joola- 
MERK,  Jidda,  and  Gilolo.  Their  four  letters  tsch  do  not  represent  correctly  the  sound  of 
our  ch,  nor  does  their  sch  convey  even  a  tolerable  idea  of  our  zh,  (that  of  s  in  pleasure  or 
occasion.)  Like  the  French,  they  have  no  letter  or  combination  of  letters  equivalent  to  our 
w,  nor  can  they  in  any  manner  represent  the  sound  of  the  modern  Greek  9  or  8. 

Another  mode  of  writing  Oriental  names,  adopted  by  some  of  the  best  English  geogra- 
phers, is  to  employ  the  English  consonants  in  conjunction  with  Italian  or  German  vowels, 
those  vowels  which  have  a  long  or  full  sound  being  marked  with  an  accent,  thus:  Shapiir,  for 
Shapoor  or  Shapour  ;  Tabriz,  for  Tabreez,  &c.  Soch  a  system  uniformly  adhered  to,  would 
doubtless  be  far  preferable  to  the  prevailing  want  of  system :  it  has,  however,  no  advantage 
over  that  which  we  have  recommended,  and  is  moreover  attended  with  several  very  serious 
objections.  1st,  It  is  far  less  simple  and  intelligible  to  the  mere  English  scholar,  and, 
therefore,  not  well  adapted  to  general  and  popular  use;  in  the  next  place,  the  accent  is  very 
apt  to  be  omitted  either  through  an  oversight  in  the  writer  or  printer,  or  what  is  still  more 
likely  to  happen,  through  a  want  of  the  proper  kind  of  type.  This,  in  fact,  is  found  con- 
tinually to  occur  in  popular  works  on  geography ;  and  let  it  be  remembered  that  the  omis- 
sion of  the  proper  accent  in  such  a  name  is  really  equivalent  to  the  omission  of  a  letter, 
with  this  great  disadvantage,  that  the  former  error  would  be  much  less  likely  to  attract 
attention,  and,  therefore,  be  less  readily  corrected.  In  fact,  such  a  method  would  in  popular 
use  be  nothing  more  than  to  adopt  the  Italian  vowels  without  the  accent. 

The  general  rule  which  we  have  adopted  for  writing  Oriental  names  has  necessarily  been 
somewhat  modified  by  those  great  practical  laws  of  language,  founded  on  usage,  which 
overrule  all  considerations  of  mere  theoretical  propriety.  Accordingly,  we  have  never  at- 
tempted to  change  any  spelling  which  universal  usage  appears  to  have  established,  Not 
only  have  the  common  English  names  of  the  great  countries  of  Asia  and  Africa  (as  Per- 
sia, HiNDOsTAN,  China,  Egypt,  Morocco,  &c,)  been  retained,  but  the  ordinary  spelling  of 
names  of  far  less  note,  when  sanctioned  by  the  universal  or  almost  universal  practice  of  the 
best  English  writers,  has  been  scrupulously  adhered  to.  Thus,  we  write  Delhi,  and  not 
Delhee  or  Dellee;  Khiva,  and  not  Kheeva;  Cairo,  not  Kahera,  &c.  In  short,  it  is  only 
when  there  has  appeared  to  be  no  settled  usage  among  geographical  writers,  that  we  have 
taken  the  liberty  of  selecting  out  of  many  forms,  that  which  we  deemed  preferable  to  the 
others.  Happily  for  the  cause  of  science,  the  established  irregularities  are  but  a  very 
few  out  of  a  vast  multitude,  and  scarcely  constitute  a  perceptible  blemish  on  the  uniform 
simplicity  of  the  general  system. 


Xll  PREFACE. 

The  method  adopted  in  this  work  will,  it  is  believed,  be  found  not  only  to  possess  the 
merit  of  great  simplicity,  but  the  additional  advantage  of  extraordinary  completeness.  Thus 
Oriental  names  being  uniformly  written  according  to  the  English  sounds  of  the  letters, 
their  pronunciation  is  rendered  easy  to  the  English  reader,  and  all  danger  of  embarrassment 
from  the  different  spellings  of  the  same  name  is  obviated.  At  the  same  time  care  has 
■been  taken  with  regard  to  every  name  of  any  importance,  to  give  all  the  different  spellings 
with  a  reference  to  that  spelling  under  which  the  place  is  described. 

That  this  system,  or  one  similar  to  it  in  all  essential  points,  is  destined  ultimately  to  pre- 
vail wherever  the  English  language  is  spoken,  we  have  not  the  slightest  doubt.*  It  is  easy 
to  perceive  a  gradual  progress  towards  such  a  consummation,  in  all  those  countries  where 
the  English  have  established  themselves,  whethe*  by  conquest  or  for  purposes  of  trade.  A 
number  of  names  in  Southern  Asia,  formerly  written  in  the  French  or  German  mode,  as 

Oiijein  or  Ougein,  Moulian,  Cabul,  &c.,  have  now  almost  universally  an  English  spelling 

OojEiN,  MooLTAX,  Cabool,  &c.  A  Very  obvious  change  in  the  mode  of  writing  many  Chi- 
nese names  has  taken  place  since  the  recent  English  war  with  China ;  whereas  we  had 
formerly  Chan-si  and  Chan-tong  or  Chan-toung,  (which  to  the  English  reader  were  calcu- 
lated to  convey  a  most  erroneous  idea — or  none  at  all — of  the  real  pronunciation,)  we  now 
find  in  the  most  recent  geographical  works,  Shan-see  and  Shantoong  or  Shantung  ;  instead 
of  Kiang-sou  (or  Kiang-su,)  How-nan,  &c.,  we  have  Kiang-soo,  Hoo-nan,  &c.  It  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  in  the  Imperial  Gazetteer,  the  most  recent  publication  of  this  class,  we  find 
a  larger  number  of  Oriental  names  spelled  according  to  the  English  sounds  of  the  letters, 
than  in  any  other  Gazetteer  that  has  yet  appeared.  Thus  it  has  Hoo-nan,  Koordistan, 
Kiang-soo,  Koeichoo,  Kiang-see,  Qcang-see,  Pechelee  or  Petchelee,  Shansee,  Tabreez, 
&c.  &c.,  instead  of  the  more  common  but  fixr  less  appropriate  spellings,  Hmman,  Kurdistan, 
Kiang-su  (or  Kiang-sou,)  Koeitcheou,  Kiang-si,  Quang-si,  Fechih  (or  Petchili,)  C7umsi  (or 
Shansi,)  and  Tabriz.  It  would  be  difficult  to  say  in  what  respect  these  last  spellings  are  pre- 
ferable to  those  before  given,  unless  it  be  an  advantage  to  write  names  in  such  a  manner 
that  none  can  pronounce  them  except  those  who  have  made  them  a  subject  of  particular 
study.  If  it  be  said,  as  we  have  sometimes  heard  it  alleged,  that  they  at  least  will  have  the 
advantage  of  being  understood  by  foreigners,  we  would  ask  why  not  then  throw  aside  the 
English  language  altogether,  and  write  for  the  especial  accommodation  of  foreign  nations  ? 
But,  in  fact,  the  ordinary  mode  adopted  in  English  works  is  far  from  possessing  the  single 
advantage  claimed.  It  is,  if  possible,  still  more  perplexing  to  them  than  to  us,  for  the  sim- 
ple reason  that  it  has  no  uniformity  or  consistency.  In  the  Introduction  to  the  admirable 
" Dictionnaire  Geographiqiie"  of  Adrien  Gcibert,  published  in  Paris  in  1850,  the  editor,  in 
speaking  of  the  difficulty  in  writing  the  different  foreign  names  according  to  a  uniform  sys- 
tem, says,  that  French  geographers  have  been  obliged  in  a  great  measure  to  derive  this  class 
of  names  through  the  English  language  ; — "  la  langue  dont  la  prononciation  est  peut-etre 
la  plus  incertaine,  surtmit  lorsqu'il  s'agif  des  noms  propres;" — "  the  language  whose  pronun- 
tiation  is  perhaps  the  most  uncertain  of  all,  especially  in  regard  to  proper  names." 

Pronunciation. — It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the  essential  importance  of  thia 
great  feature,  since  it  enforces  its  own  claims  upon  "  all  who  talk  or  read."  In  fact  the 
need  of  some  uniform  system  of  geographical  pronunciation,  appears  now  to  be  universally 
felt  and  acknowledged.     Among  other  proofs  of  this,  we  may  cite  the  following  passage 


•  The  fact  that  the  English  language  seems  destined  to  be  the  mother  tongue  of  a  larger  portion  of  the  human  race 
than  that  of  any  other  civilized  nation,  ought  undoubtedly  to  have  some  influence  in  determining  our  choice  In  a 
question  of  this  kind.  On  the  American  principle  of  consulting  the  interest  of  the  m^ority,  ne  should,  ■without 
hesitation,  decide  in  fcvor  of  writing  such  names  after  the  English  system. 


PREFACE.  Xiii 

from  the  Imperial  Gazetteer:  "Numerous  requests  have  been  made  that  the  pronuneia 
fcion  of  the  names  of  places  in  the  Imperial  Gazetteer  should  be  given.  This  would,  indeed 
have  been  a  very  useful  addition  to  the  work,  and  under  this  impression  it  has  been  care 
fully  considered.  The  difiBculties,  however,  which  stand  in  the  way  of  carrying  out  a  scheme 
of  pronunciation  to  anything  like  a  satisfactory  result,  have  been  found  insuperable."  (The 
grounds  of  our  dissent  from  the  judgment  expressed  in  the  last  sentence,  will  be  fully  stated 
in  another  place.) 

To  those  who  have  given  any  attention  to  the  subject,  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that 
the  only  rational  system  of  geographical  pronunciation,  is  that  which  is  based  on  the  prin- 
ciple to  pronounce  all  names  of  places  as  nearly  as  possible  as  they  are  pronounced  by  the  edu- 
cated people  of  the  respective  countries  to  which  they  belong,  with  the  exception  of  those  few 
well-known  foreign  names  which  appear  to  have  acquired  a  fixed  English  pronunciation,  as 
Paris,  Naples,  Florence,  Venice,  Munich,  Ac.  ;  these  exceptional  names  being  pronounced 
according  to  the  usage  of  the  best  English  speakers. 

It  is  admitted  that  cases  not  unfrequently  occur,  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  convey,  with 
any  great  degree  of  precision,  the  native  pronunciation  of  other  countries  by  means  of 
English  letters ;  but  something  is  undoubtedly  gained  by  such  an  approximation  to  the 
true  sound,  as  would  enable  one  more  readily  to  understand,  and  to  be  understood  by,  those 
who  are  familiar  with  the  names  of  places  as  spoken  by  the  inhabitants  themselves. 

Some,  indeed,  have  maintained  the  propriety  of  pronouncing  foreign  names  as  they  are 
written,  giving  to  every  letter  its  proper  English  sound.  But  such  a  system  would  ob- 
viously lead  to  the  greatest  confusion,  and  be  attended  with  inextricable  difficulties.  What, 
for  example,  would  be  the  proper  English  pronunciation  of  Seine?  Should  the  ei  be  pro- 
nounced like  ee,  as  in  the  words  seize,  ceiling,  receive,  &c. ;  or  like  ai,  as  in  vein,  weight,  in- 
veigh; or  like  i  long,  as  in  height,  sleight,  &c.?  Should  Seine  then  be  pronounced  seen,  sain, 
or  sine?  or  should  we  sound  the  final  e,  and  make  it  see-nee,  sai-nee,  or  si-nee  f 

This  one  instance,  out  of  a  multitude,  may  perhaps  serve  to  show  the  endless  diversity 
and  confusion  into  which  such  a  system,  or  rather  want  of  system,  must  of  necessity  lead. 
But  this  is  not  all;  there  are  innumerable  cases  wherein  it  is  very  difficult,  if  not  impossi- 
ble, to  pronounce  the  names  of  other  countries  according  to  the  English  sound  of  the  let- 
ters, e.g.,  CzERNiGOW,  Csongrad,  Hjelmar,  Hjoring,  Ljxjsne,  Szegedin,  Tjiringin,  &c., 
while  there  is  no  difficulty  whatever,  in  pronouncing  them  according  to  the  native  sound. 
A  multitude  of  instances  also  occur,  in  which  the  English  manner  of  pronouncing  names, 
though  not  difficult,  is  far  less  euphonious  than  that  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  to 
which  such  names  belong.  Minho,  (meen'yo,)  a  river,  and  Batalha,  (bi-til'yi,)  a  town  of 
Portugal,  and  Bacchiglione,  (bik-keel-yo'ni,)  a  river  of  Italy,  may  serve  as  examples. 

For  a  fuller  exposition  of  some  of  the  more  important  principles  and  features  of  our  sys- 
tem, and  also  for  an  explanation  of  the  elements  of  the  different  European  languages,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  Introduction.  It  may,  however,  b6  proper  here  to  offer  some  re- 
marks on  the  "insuperable  difficulties"  alluded  to  in  the  passage  already  quoted.  Un- 
doubtedly the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  carrying  out  satisfactorily  a  system  of  geographical 
pronunciation  are  very  great;  but  they  are,  we  would  respectfully  submit,  not  alto- 
gether insurmountable.  It  is  all-important  to  observe  that  the  only  formidable  difficulties 
to  be  encountered  in  such  a  work,  are  for  the  author,  and  not  for  the  reader.  The  former,  in 
order  to  the  proper  fulfilment  of  his  task,  has  not  merely  to  make  himself  master  of  the 
general  principles  of  pronunciation  in  each  of  the  different  languages,  but  he  must  likewise 
inform  himself  respecting  the  exceptions  to  each  general  rule,  whether  those  exceptions 
relate  to  the  accent  or  to  the  sounds  of  the  letters.     One  who  is  perfectly  familiar  with  the 


XIV  PREFACE. 

elomonts  of  Spanish  pronunciation,  if  unacquainted  with  the  exceptions  referred  to,  •would 
often  be  in  danger  of  pronouncing  names  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  them  unintelligible 
to  an  ear  which  has  always  been  accustomed  to  the  true  pronunciation.  Cardenas,  for  ex- 
am plo,  according  to  the  general  rule  of  Spanish  accentuation,  would  be  pronounced  Tear' 
day^jias,  as  in  fact  we  not  unfrequently  hear  it;  it  should,  however,  have  the  accent  on  tha 
first  syllable,  Car'denas.  Guines,  by  one  acquainted  only  with  the  general  rules  of  Spanish 
pronunciation,  would  almost  certainly  be  pronounced  ghednes  or  ghe-nessf,  while  the  true 
pronunciation  is  gweefnes,  almost  wednes;  this  being  a  rare  instance  in  which  u  in  the 
Spanish  syllable  gui,  is  not  silent,  taking  a  sound  almost  like  that  of  our  w.  To  search 
out  and  mark  correctly  all  these  exceptions,  is  a  task  of  immense  labor;  but  after  this  labor 
has  once  been  adequately  performed,  it  is  no  more  difficult  for  the  reader  to  pronounce  such 
names  correctly,  than  those  which  have  no  peculiarity  in  accent  or  in  the  sound  of  the  let- 
ters. We  repeat,  then,  that  the  only  serious  difficulty  is  for  the  author  who  is  engaged  in 
the  preparation  of  such  a  system  of  pronunciation. 

The  acquisition  of  ten  or  twelve  new  sounds,  which  might  be  easily  learned  by  persons 
of  ordinary  aptitude  in  a  few  hours,  would  enable  any  one  who  can  read  correctly  the  Eng- 
lish pronunciation  as  marked  in  Walker's  or  Worcester's  dictionary,  to  pronounce  with  toler- 
able correctness  all  the  names  of  Portugal,  Spain,  Italt,  France,  Belgium,  the  Nethee- 
LANDs,  Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway,  and  perhaps  of  Hungary.  The  difficulties 
in  regard  to  the  names  of  Poland,  Bohemia,  and  the  Slavonian  countries  generally,  are 
confessedly  much  greater — but  of  this  hereafter. 

Persons  who  view  the  different  European  languages  separately,  are  apt  to  regard  the  mas- 
tering of  the  difficult  sounds  in  all,  as  a  much  more  formidable  task  than  it  really  is.  They 
forget  that  a  large  proportion  of  tlie  most  difficult  sounds  are  common  to  several  different  lan- 
guages, and  after  being  once  thoroughly  learned,  can,  of  course,  present  no  further  obstacle. 
Of  this  class  is  the  French  and  Dutch  (or  Flemish)  u,  equivalent  to  the  German  and  Hunga- 
rian u,  and  to  the  Danish,  Norwegian,  and  Swedish  y.  Here  it  will  be  seen  that  the  same 
sound  occurs  in  seven  different  languages.  The  German  ce  or  6  is  likewise  found  in  Danish, 
Norwegian,  Swedish,  and  Hungarian,  and  nearly  corresponds  to  one  of  the  most  difficult 
Dutch  sounds,  that  of  eeu  as  in  Leeuwarden  ;  the  German  ch  in  ach  or  nocTi  is  almost 
exactly  equivalent  in  sound  to  the  Spanish  y  or  x,  and  is  essentially  the  same  as  the  Polish, 
Dutch,  Scotch,  and  Welsh  ch,  and  the  Dutch  g. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  all  the  thousands  of  Italian  names,  there  is  not  a  single 
sound  which  an  Englishman  cannot  utter  with  perfect  ease.  We  do  not  mean  to  deny  that 
there  are  combinations  of  letters,  as  cia,  (pronounced  chd,)  giu,  (pronounced  Joo,)  and  sciu, 
(pronounced  shoo,)  which,  without  any  explanations,  might  appear  difficult  to  the  mere 
Eno-lish  scholar ;  but  when  these  combinations,  as  shown  above,  are  represented  by  their 
proper  English  equivalents,  there  is  obviously  no  difficulty  whatever.  What  has  been  said 
of  Italian,  is  substantially  true  of  Portuguese ;  the  nasal  sounds  in  such  words  as  alem,  Sao, 
though  having  no  exact  equivalent  in  English,  are  by  no  means  difficult  for  an  Englishman 
to  acquire;  and,  indeed,  unless  great  nicety  be  called  for,  might  very  well  be  supplied  by 
the  English  ng,  (thus  alem  might  be  pronounced  i-lfeng',  and  Sao,  sowng.)  In  Spanish  there 
is  but  one  difficult  sound,  that  of  y  or  a;,  corresponding,  as  already  remarked,  to  the  German 
ch  in  ach.  So  that  by  the  acquisition  of  one,  or,  at  most,  of  two  foreign  sounds,  an  Eug- 
lishman  or  American  will  be  enabled  (if  the  pronunciation  be  properly  marked)  to  pro- 
nounce correctly  the  fifty  thousand  or  more  names  of  Italy,  Portugal,  Spain,  Brazil,  and 
Spanish  America.  It  would,  we  think,  be  well  worth  while  to  give  the  pronunciation  of 
these  names,  even  were  it  impossible  to  give  correctly  those  of  any  of  the  other  European 


PREFACE.  XV 

countrlsa  But  no  such  impossibility  exists.  With  the  exception  of  the  Slavonic  Ian 
guages,  the  pronunciation  of  the  French  is  by  far  the  most  difficult  for  the  English  schola? 
to  acquire.  Yet  any  child  with  an  average  capacity  for  acquiring  language,  will  master  al) 
the  French  sounds  in  a  few  lessons.  The  German  comes  next  in  point  of  difficulty,  and 
after  it  scarcely  any  thing  more  remains  to  be  done  so  far  as  regards  the  languages  of  Western 
and  Northern  Europe. 

Although  we  have  spoken  as  if  the  pupil  was  expected  to  learn  the  difficult  sounds  of 
foreign  languages,  in  order  to  enable  him  to  pronounce  geographical  names  according  to 
the  system  adopted  in  this  work,  we  do  not  consider  this  as  absolutely  essential.  If  he 
pronounce  according  to  the  English  sound  of  the  letters  employed  in  marking  the  pronun- 
ciation, (see  Introduction,  V.)  he  will  in  most  cases  approximate  very  nearly  to  the  true 
standard  ;  and  such  a  system  of  orthoepy,  imperfect  as  it  might  be  deemed  by  some,  would, 
beyond  all  question,  be  immensely  preferable  to  no  system  at  all. 

As  to  the  Slavonic  languages,  we  freely  admit  that  a  number  of  the  Polish  and  Bohemian 
names  are  absolutely  unpronounceable ;  but  as  Poland  is  a  part  of  Russia,  we  could  with 
perfect  propriety  adopt  in  such  cases  the  Russian  name  and  pronunciation,  which,  with  few 
exceptions,  are  sufficiently  easy  for  the  English  speaker.  So,  also,  if  we  find  it  impossible 
to  pronounce  some  of  the  names  of  Bohemia,  Galicia,  &c.,  we  might  in  like  manner  substi- 
tute the  German  names  in  those  instances — the  German  being  the  official  language  of  the 
Austrian  government,  to  which  Bohemia  and  Galicia  belong. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  proper  to  remark  that  the  pronunciation  of  the  names  of  the 
class  first  mentioned  (those  belonging  to  Western  Europe,  Germany,  &c.)  will  generally  be 
found,  it  is  believed,  very  correctly  represented  in  the  present  work,  both  as  regards  accent 
and  the  sound  of  the  letters.  There  is,  in  regard  to  such  names,  little  or  no  difficulty  in 
ascertaining  the  correct  spelling,  because,  as  a  general  rule,  there  is  but  one  mode  of  writing 
them  recognised  in  the  respective  countries  to  which  they  belong.  The  true  spelling  once 
settled,  to  determine  the  correct  pronunciation  in  languages  in  which  the  rules  of  orthoepy 
are,  generally  speaking,  remarkably  uniform  and  exact,*  is  a  work  of  diligence  and  care, 
rather  than  of  difficulty  or  perplexity.f 

*  This  observation  is  especially  true  of  the  Spanish,  German,  and  Italian,  in  which  languages,  the  spelling  may  be 
said  always  to  represent  correctly  the  pronunciation  of  the  educated  classes.  Doubtless,  instances  may  be  found  wherein 
the  local  pronunciation  differs  considerably  from  that  which  is  generally  recognised  by  the  most  correct  speakers.  It 
may  well  be  a  question  with  us — as  it  is  with  some  of  the  most  intelligent  natives  of  the  countries  alluded  to — whether 
In  such  cases  we  ought  not  to  adopt  those  local  pronunciations,  when  they  are  sanctioned  by  the  practice  of  the  best 
speakers  of  the  respective  districts.  Through  our  anxiety  to  avoid  unnecessarily  complicating  the  subject  of  geogra- 
phical pronunciation,  as  well  as  from  a  wi.sh  to  conform  to  the  rule  already  laid  down,  "  to  pronounce  all  names,  ag 
nearly  as  possible,  as  they  are  pronounced  by  the  eddcated  people  of  the  respective  countries  to  which  they  belong,"  we 
nave,  for  the  most  part,  adhered  to  the  pronunciation  geneballt  eecoonised  by  the  men  of  learning  throughout  the 
country. 

In  French,  the  irregularity  is  considerably  greater  than  in  the  languages  before  mentioned;  in  all  cases,  however,  W9 
have  sought  to  be  guided  by  the  usage  of  the  best  educated  classes,  although  these,  it  must  be  confessed,  do  not  always 
agree  among  themselves.  Thus,  it  will  be  found  that  some  of  the  most  correct  and  accomplished  French  scholars  are,  in 
many  instances,  inclined  to  adopt  the  local  or  provincial  pronunciation  of  the  names  of  places  in  France;  while  othen 
»re  In  favor  of  strictly  conforming  to  those  general  rules  which  are  recognised  throughout  the  whole  country  It  k^ 
however,  undoubtedly  true  that  the  opinions  of  the  former  class  are  more  and  more  gaining  ground.  Many  accom- 
plished scholars  now  advocate  the  pronunciation  of  the  final  consonants,  not  only  in  such  names  as  Aix,  Dax,  Gex,  but 
also  in  Doubs,  Lot.  &c. 

t  The  same  general  observations  are  true — though  not  quite  to  the  same  extent — in  regard  to  the  names  of  those 
parts  of  the  world  that  have  been  colonized  from  the  countries  above  referred  to;  for  example,  the  names  of  Peru,  New 
Granada,  and  Mexico,  colonized  from  Spain;  of  Brazil,  settled  from  Portugal;  and  of  part  of  Java,  a  colonial  possession 
of  the  Netherlands,  would,  as  a  general  rule,  be  written  and  pronounced  according  to  t^ie  language  of  those  oountriel 
rtspectively. 


XVI  PREFACE. 

With  regard,  however,  to  the  languages  of  Russia,  Turkey,  &c.,  the  case  is  very  different 
The  names  of  the  places  in  these  countries,  as  we  meet  with  them,  being  not  really  Russian 
or  Turkish  names,  but  only  French,  German,  or  English  transcripts  of  those  names,  there 
is  often  much  greater  difficulty  in  determining  the  correct  spelling  and  pronunciation. 
Even  scholars  the  most  thoroughly  acquainted  with  those  languages,  often  feel  uncertain  as 
to  the  best  mode  of  representing  names  of  this  class  in  the  languages  of  Western  Europe. 
Hence  it  follows  that  it  is  next  to  impossible,  in  such  cases,  to  attain  that  correctness,  or 
rather  exactness,  in  spelling,  and  precision  in  marking  the  pronunciation,  which  can  be 
attained  with  comparative  ease  in  names  written  in  Roman  or  German  characters.  This 
being  the  case,  we  have  not  attempted  to  mark  the  pronunciation  of  the  names  of  Eastern 
Europe,  Asia,  &c.  with  minute  exactness,  but  have  merely  aimed  to-  represent  those  obvious 
elements  or  features  of  pronunciation  which  are  indicated  in  the  spelling  of  such  names  as 
given  in  the  most  accurate  French,  German,  or  English  works  on  geography.  To  make 
our  meaning  more  clear,  we  may  cite  an  example.  There  are  two  letters  in  the  Russian 
and  Polish  languages  (XXII.  15,  16,)  with  sounds  quite  distinct,  though  somewhat  resem- 
bling each  other ;  both  are  indicated  in  French  by  the  letter  y.  We  have  represented  them 
in  English  by  zh,*  this  being  their  nearest  equivalent  in  our  language ;  and  as  we  have  mado 
no  distinction  between  them  in  writing  the  names,  we  have  not  thought  it  necessary  tc 
mark  any  distinction  in  the  pronunciation.  To  have  marked  all  the  nice  differences  of 
sound  in  Russian  and  Oriental  names,  in  pronunciation,  when  such  differences  could  not  be 
represented  in  the  spelling,  could  have  no  other  effect  than  to  hopelessly  embarrass  this 
whole  subject,  and  must  rather  retard  than  advance  the  study  of  Oriental  geography.  If 
in  the  languages  of  Western  Europe,  (in  French  and  German,  for  example,)  we  have  some- 
times noted  distinctions  even  nicer  than  those  above  referred  to,  let  it  be  borne  in  mind 
that,  as  there  is,  in  such  cases,  a  difference  in  the  spelling,  it  would  be  manifestly  proper 
to  mark  the  difference  in  pronunciation  also ;  at  the  same  time,  the  fact  that  French  and 
German  are  studied  in  this  country  by  a  thousand  persons  where  the  Oriental  languages 
are  studied  by  one,  seems  to  render  necessary  a  greater  exactness  in  marking  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  former. 

From  what  has  already  been  said,  it  will  be  perceived  that  to  write  Oriental  names  pro- 
perly and  to  pronounce  them  correctly,  arQ  essentially  one  and  the  same  thing.f  In  accom- 
plishing this  twofold  task,  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  every  accessible  source  of  informa- 
tion, whether  this  information  was  to  be  obtained  from  the  oral  communications  of  intelli- 
gent travellers  and  eminent  Oriental  scholars,  or  from  the  numerous  valuable  publications 
on  these  subjects  that  have  made  their  appearance  within  the  last  few  years.  Among  the 
works  of  this  class  to  which  we  are  especially  indebted,  may  be  mentioned  "Chesney's 
Expedition  to  the  Euphrates,"  and  the  fiuccessive  contributions  to  that  invaluable  publica- 
tion, the  "Journal  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society"  of  London. 

*  It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  English  geographical  writers  have  not  generally  made  use  of  zh  in  representing 
these  sounds,  as  there  appears  to  he  a  manifest  propriety  in  employing  this  combination,  which  is  purely  English, 
rather  than  the  French  j  or  the  German  sch;  more  especially  as  in  Polish  the  sounds  referred  to  are  both  indicated  by 
the  letter  z,  distinguished,  however,  by  different  marks — the  one  by  a  dot  (i),  the  other  by  an  accent  (*) ;  both  may  be 
said  to  be  an  aspirated  form  otz.  It  is  undoubtedly  because  they  have  considered  those  letters  as  modifications  of  z, 
that  even  some  French  writers  have  employed  zh  as  their  appropriate  representative;  thus,  for  example,  instead  of  the 
ordinary  French  form  Nijnei  or  Nijni,  they  write  Nizhnei.  The  same  sounds  are  commonly  represented  in  German  by 
tell,  (equivalent  to  our  sh;)  but  some  German  writers,  aiming  to  indicate  them  more  exactly,  use  th,  s  in  German  being 
the  nearest  equivalent  for  our  z. 

t  This  would  be  literally  and  strictly  true,  if  we  possessed,  in  all  instances,  information  so  complete  as  to  warrant  oui 
determining  positively  the  form  of  the  name  according  to  the  English  system.  In  a  number  of  doubtful  .-ases,  however 
we  have  thought  it  better  to  preserve  the  spelling  as  we  have  found  it,  and  wait  for  fuller  and  more  d«tinite  inform* 
flon,  before  deciding  positively  on  the  correct  mode  of  writing  it  according  to  the  general  plan  which  we  have  adopWd 


PREFACE.  XVi: 

The  names  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  may  be  considered  to  constitute  still 
another  class ;  while  in  the  fixedness  of  the  spelling  they  resemble  those  of  Spain,  France, 
Ac,  in  difficulty  of  pronunciation  they  almost  exceed  those  of  Russia  or  Poland.  Thia 
characteristic  of  English  and  American  names  is  evidently  to  be  attributed  to  the  8am» 
cause — the  introduction  of  new  and  incongruous  foreign  elements  into  the  language,  aftei 
this  has  been  to  a  certain  extent  formed  and  fixed.  The  existence  in  the  same  country  of 
several  entirely  distinct  nations,  Welsh,  Saxons,  Danes,  &,c.,  each  tenacious  of  its  own 
national  peculiarities,  which  have  been  in  a  measure  protected  and  fostered  by  the  freedom 
of  the  government,  has  doubtless  been  the  principal  cause  of  the  great  irregularity  and 
incongruity  of  the  English  language.  We  find,  indeed,  as  regards  English  names,  scarcely 
one  general  rule  of  pronunciation,  either  in  relation  to  accent  or  to  the  sounds  of  the  letters, 
on  which  we  can  with  confidence  rely:  the  actual  practice  of  the  best  speakers  is,  therefore, 
our  only  safe  guide.  With  respect  to  all  the  more  important  names  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  we  flatter  ourselves  that  the  pronunciation  given  in  this  work  will  be  found  very 
correct ;  but  in  regard  to  those  of  little  note,  we  have  sometimes  found  it  impossible  to 
determine  satisfactorily  the  true  pronunciation.  In  some  instances  there  can  be  said  tc 
be  no  recognised  pronunciation  among  the  best  speakers,  and  to  adopt,  as  a  universal  rule, 
the  local  mode  of  speaking  such  names,  would,  it  appears  to  us,  be  a  step  of  more  than 
doubtful  propriety.  In  those  equivocal  cases,  we  have  not  only  diligently  sought  to  ascertain 
the  practice  of  the  best  speakers  residing  in  the  vicinity  of  the  places  in  question,  but  have 
made  it  a  point,  whenever  it  has  been  possible,  to  compare  the  local  pronunciation  with 
that  of  speakers  of  acknowledged  authority  in  matters  of  this  kind. 

Anomalies  similar  to  those  which  prevail  in  England,  (though  modified  by  varying  cir- 
cumstances,) are  not  unfrequently  to  be  met  with  in  our  own  country.  Terre  Bonne,  (pro- 
nounced tar  bon  or  tar  binn,)  Natchitoches,  (usually  called  nak-e-tQsh',)  Terra  Haute. 
tir'rah  hot,  tar  hot  or  tfei''rah  hut,)  and  Sault  Saint  Marie,  (soo  sent  mi'ree,)  are  remark- 
able examples  of  this  class.  Settled  originally  and  named  by  the  French,  although  after- 
wards chiefly  inhabited  by  tljose  speaking  English,  the  names  of  those  places  are  neither 
English  nor  French,  nor  even  a  mixture  of  the  two,  but  a  strange  corruption  produced,  it 
would  seem,  by  each  of  the  American  settlers  imagining  that  if  he  was  careful  to  utter  a 
sound  which  none  could  suspect  of  being  English,  he  must  as  a  matter  of  course  speak  very 
good  French. 

In  the  present  work,  great  care  has  been  taken,  especially  in  regard  to  the  languages 
of  Central,  Southern,  and  Western  Europe,  not  only  to  give  the  accent  correctly,  but  also 
to  notice  all  important  peculiarities  of  pronunciation.*  In  performing  this  arduous  task, 
it  has  been  our  earnest  endeavor  to  consult  in  every  instance  the  very  best  authorities  in 
each  of  the  different  languages.  In  most  of  the  languages  above  referred  to,  the  accent  is 
the  principal  difficulty,  since  the  best  general  scholars  in  any  country  will  frequently  be 
unable  to  determine  the  correct  accent  of  a  name,  when  this  belongs  to  some  remote  or 
obscure  place.  Hence  it  becomes  important  to  seek  information  from  individuals  who  have 
resided  in  different  portions  of  the  same  country.     It  would  be  in  vain  for  us  to  attempt 

*  We  ought  perhaps  to  notice  here  one  or  two  slight  exceptions  to  the  above  statement.  We  have  not  represented 
the  sound  of  the  initial  s  in  German  names  by  z,  although  nearly  all  educated  Germans  pronounce  it  in  this  man- 
ner, beoiuse  we  seldom,  if  ever,  hear  English  speakers  adopt  this  sound  in  German  names,  even  when  they  follow  the 
vJerman  pronunciation  in  every  other  respect.  Nor  have  we  represented  the  Italian  s,  when  occurring  between  two 
vowels,  by  z,  though  many  of  the  best  Italian  speakers  recommend  this  mode  of  pronouncing  it.  Our  aim  has  been 
to  avoid  as  much  as  possible  complicating  the  subject  of  geographical  pronunciation.  We  have,  accordingly,  omitted 
»very  thing  that  seemed  to  savor  of  excessive  nicety,  more  especially  when  such  nicety  did  not  appear  to  be  univer- 
foS^  recognised  by  all  good  speakers.  2 


XVlll 


PREFACE. 


to  cite  tho  names  of  all  the  different  persons  -whom  we  hare  consulted  in  regard  to  ques 
tiops  of  this  kind.  It  is,  however,  due  to  justice  and  to  the  character  of  our  work,  that  we 
should  express  our  particular  obligations  to  a  number  of  gentlemen  to  whom  we  are  deeply 
indebted,  not  merely  for  important  information  respecting  the  names  of  different  foreign 
countrie»-un-attainable  from  any  other  source— but  also  for  the  unfailing  courtesy  and  kind- 
ness with  which  our  oft-repeated  applications  have  ever  been  received. 

Justice,  however,  requires  us  to  state  distinctly,  that  these  gentlemen  are  in  nowise  re- 
sponsible for  any  errors  that  may  occur  in  our  gazetteer ;  it  being  impossible,  in  a  work 
like  the  present,  (in  which  the  names  of  each  country  are  scattered  through  the  entire 
volume,)  to  avail  ourselves  of  the  benefit  which  might  result  from  their  revision. 


Signor  V.  de  Amarelli, 
Professor  of  the  Italian  language  and  literature  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania;  also  Professor  of  the  French  and 
Spanish  languages  and  literature  in  the  Polytechnic  College 
of  Philadelphia. 

Herr  Torben  Bille, 
Charge  d' Affaires  of  Denmark. 

C.  S.  Buxton,  Esq., 
Many  years  an  officer  in  the  British  service  in  India. 

M.  F.  Drottin, 
Formerly  Professor  of  Rhetoric  in  the  University  of  France. 

M.  Gardel, 
Professor  of  French  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Senhor  Joz£  da  Silta  Maia  Ferreira. 

El  Seflor  Don  Felix  Merino, 
Formerly  Professor  of  Spanish  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Henry  Kulussowski,  Esq., 
Interpreter  of  languages  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Daniel  L.  Kurtz. 

Edward  Muhlenbruch, 
Professor  of  Ancient  and  Modem  languages. 


FOR  THE  NAJfES  OF  ITALY  AND  THB  TTAL- 
IAN  SETTLEMENTS  OF  DALJtATIA  AKD 
GREECE. 


FOB  DEmCAKK. 


FOBIKDIA. 


-  FOB  FBAirCI* 


FOB  POBTTTSAL  AND  BRAZIL. 


FOB  SPAnr  AND  SPANISH  AUXBIOA. 


FOB  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND. 


FOB  THE  NETHEBLANDS. 


FOB  6EBMANT. 


For  the  pronunciation  of  names  of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  various  colonies  of  the 
British  empire,  as  well  as  of  the  anglicized  forms  of  well-known  foreign  names,  and  for 
other  important  information  of  a  more  general  character,  we  cannot  forbear  to  express  our 
great  obligations  to 

G.  B.  Matthew,  Esq., 
Her  Britannic  Majesty's  Consul  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

It  may  be  remarked  with  regard  to  those  names  which  are  written  in  Roman  letters,  but 
spelled  differently  in  the  different  European  languages,  (as  Atignon,  Vienna,  Venice,  &c..) 
that  the  diversity  of  spelling  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  same  cause  as  the  diversity  in  the 
mode  of  writing  Oriental  names,  that  is,  to  each  nation  endeavoring  to  represent  the  sound 
of  the  foreign  name  according  to  the  letters  of  its  own  language.  Names  of  this  class,  as 
might  be  expected,  will  be  found  nearly  always  to  belong  to  places  of  note,  since  it  is  only 
those  well  known  to  foreign  nations,  that  would  be  likely  to  become  thus  corrupted.  The 
various  spellings  in  question  originated  in  those  ages  when  but  a  very  small  j<roportion  of 
the  people  could  read  and  write,  and  men  learned  the  names  of  places  by  the  ear  only. 


PREFACE.  XIX 

Afterwards,  the  sound  of  the  foreign  name,  which  had  necessarily  become  more  or  lest* 
corrupted  in  passing  into  another  language,  was  represented  in  writing  according  to  the 
power  of  the  letters  in  the  respective  languages  of  the  different  nationa.  We  frequently 
meet  with  names  of  this  class,  which,  although  written  variously,  represent  precisely  the 
eame  sound,  thus  exactly  corresponding  to  the  diflferent  modes  of  writiug  Oriental  names. 
This  will  be  found  to  be  the  case  where  the  pronunciation  is  easily  imitated,  and  perhaps 
almost  equally  familiar  to  the  people  of  two  different  nations;  for  example,  Minho  in 
Portuguese  and  Mifio  in  Spanish,  (both  pronounced  meen'yo,)  Catalufia,  (Catalonia,)  in 
Spanish  and  CatalunJia  in  Portuguese,  (both  pronounced  ki-t^-loon'yi,)  Carufia,  (Corunka,) 
Spanish,  and  CorunJia,  Portuguese,  (pronounced  ko-roon'yi,)  Paolia,  Italian,  and  Palta, 
Spanish,  (both  pronounced  pil'yi,)  &c.  &c.  Avifion  and  Biillon,  the  Spanish  representa- 
tions of  the  French  names  Avignon  and  Bouillon,  are  exactly  equivalent  to  the  latter, 
with  the  exception  of  the  nasal  n,  the  sound  of  which  is  not  found  in  the  Spanish  language. 

"We  cannot  close  these  prefatory  remarks  without  expressing  our  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments to  our  many  friends,  both  in  this  city  and  in  other  portions  of  the  Union,  to  whose 
kindness  and  zeal  in  promoting  the  cause  of  knowledge  we  are  indebted  for  much  valuable 
information  of  various  kinds,  without  which  our  work  would  have  been  defective  in  many 
respects.  Confident  that  the  desire  of  notoriety  formed  no  part  of  the  incentives  to  their 
liberality,  we  doubt  not  this  general  expression  of  our  sincere  and  cordial  thanks  for  their 
disinterested  kindness,  will  be  far  more  acceptable  than  a  more  particular  and  open  acknow- 
ledgment of  our  gratitude. 

There  are,  however,  others  whose  contributions  to  our  work  have  been  so  extensive  and 
important,  that  justice  to  the  public,  to  them,  and  to  ourselves,  alike  demand  that  we  should 
state  more  fully  and  explicitly  the  nature  of  our  obligations.  Our  heartfelt  acknowledg- 
ments are  especially  due  to  Dr.  Robley  Dunglison,  to  whose  great  general  knowledge  and 
accurate  taste  in  all  that  relates  to  orthoepy,  we  are  indebted  in  no  slight  measure  for 
whatever  merit  our  work  may  in  this  respect  possess.  His  high  and  long-established  repu- 
tation, both  at  home  and  abroad,  renders  almost  superfluous  any  praise  which  we  have  it 
in  our  power  to  bestow.  To  those,  however,  who  have  known  him  only  or  chiefly  in  his 
professional  character,  we  may  be  permitted  to  say,  that  his  varied  and  extensive  attain- 
ments, not  merely  in  his  particular  profession,  but  also  in  the  wide  field  of  general  science, 
are  only  equalled  by  the  thoroughness  and  accuracy  of  his  knowledge,  and  by  his  courtesy 
and  liberality  in  imparting  it. 

It  is  with  cordial  pleasure  that  we  embrace  this  opportunity  to  express  our  deep  sense 
of  obligation  for  the  many  and  important  contributions  furnished  to  our  work  by  Mr.  James 
H.  Young,  to  whose  extensive  and  accurate  geographical  knowledge  and  eminent  skill  as 
an  engraver,  the  public  are  indebted  for  one  of  the  best  and  most  popular  series  of  school 
geographies  and  atlases  ever  published  in  this  or  any  other  country. 

Gratitude  and  justice  alike  demand  that  we  should  here  acknowledge  the  important 
assistance  we  have  received  from  Mr.  Nelson  Griswold,  for  more  than  two  years  associated 
with  us  as  collaborator  in  our  arduous  undertaking.  To  his  untiring  diligence  and  well- 
directed  research,  the  present  work  owes  no  small  share  of  its  completeness  and  accuracy 
in  almost  every  respect ;  but  more  especially  in  regard  to  the  department  of  statistics  in 
its  various  branches. 

Nor  must  we  omit  to  mention  our  great  obligations  to  Mr.  William  S.  Washburn,  whose 
indefatigable  perseverance,  during  the  entire  year  for  which  we  enjoyed  his  invaluable  ser- 
vices, has  only  beet  equalled  by  his  conscientious  fidelity  and  watchfulness  in  whatever 
relates  to  the  accuracy  of  the  work,  in  every  particular,  and  in  all  its  departments. 


XX  .  PREFACE. 

Among  the  great  multitude  of  works  that  we  have  freely  consulted,  there  are  a  fevf 
(in  addition  to  those  that  we  have  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  pages)  which  we  cannot  pass 
without  an  expression  of  our  especial  obligations.  In  the  foremost  rank  of  these  stands 
Hunt's  "  Merchants'  Magazine,"  a  commercial  journal  of  the  highest  character,  treating 
of  almost  every  subject  related  either  directly  or  indirectly  to  trade  finance,  internal  im- 
provements, &c.  A  pretty  extensive  and  thorough  acquaintance  with  this  publication,  has 
satisfied  us  that  it  is  fully  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  other  journal  of  the  kind,  either 
in  this  country  or  in  Europe.  • 

We  should  withhold  a  just  tribute  from  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  interesting  periodi- 
cals published  in  our  country,  did  we  omit  to  acknowledge  the  important  assistance  we 
have  derived  from  De  Bow's  "  Commercial  Review ;"  nor  are  we  less  indebted  to  the 
"  Internal  Resources  of  the  South  and  West,"  a  work  comprising  an  immense  amount  of 
geographical  and  statistical  information  respecting  a  vast  region  whose  resources  have  till 
recently  been  almost  unexplored. 

We  gladly  embrace  this  occasion  to  express  our  heartfelt  thanks  to  the  Hon.  J.  Guthrie, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Dobbin,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  to  the 
Hon.  J.  Campbell,  Postmaster-General,  for  the  courtesy  and  kindness  manifested  in  fur> 
nishing  us  from  their  respective  departments  the  various  documents  necessary  to  the  com- 
pletion of  our  work. 

PaiLADEiiPBiA,  August  1, 18&5. 


INTRODUCTION. 


It  is  proposed,  under  this  head,  to  set  forth 
more  fully  some  of  the  arguments  alluded  to 
in  the  Preface,  by  which  the  propriety  of  our 
system  of  pronunciation  is  supported,  as  well 
as  to  explain  the  particular  method  in  which 
this  system  has  been  carried  out  in  the  work 
before  us. 

I.  It  has  already  been  intimated,  that  not 
only  the  present  practice  of  the  best  speakers, 
but  the  usage  of  our  more  distinguished  poets, 
is  clearly  in  favour  of  the  system  which  we 
have  chosen.  If  any  might  be  allowed  to 
pronounce  foreign  names  without  regard  to 
the  peculiar  sounds  of- the  letters,  or  to  the 
accents,  which  prevail  in  other  countries, 
this  privilege  might  surely  be  claimed  by  the 
poets,  who,  in  the  use  even  of  English  words, 
are  considered  to  enjoy  a  special  license.  It 
is  very  evident,  however— as  every  one  who 
will  take  the  trouble  to  examine  the  works 
of  the  better  class  of  them,  must  admit — 
that,  as  a  body,  they  have  neither  claimed 
nor  used  this  privilege.  On  the  contrary, 
our  more  distinguished  poets  have  usually 
exhibited  a  classical — we  might  almost  say 
a  punctilious — accuracy,  in  the  employment 
of  foreign  names,  whether  of  places  or  per- 
sons.   To  illustrate  by  examples : — Granada* 


"In  Lithuania  had  he  served  and  Russe; 
No  Christian  man  so  ofl  of  his  degree. 
At  Algezi'ras,  in  Granata,  he 

Had  join'd  the  siege ; " — Chaucbb. 

"The  Moorish  king  rides  up  and  down 

Through  Granada's  royal  town" 
"And  Granada  must  be  won, 

And  thykelf  with  her  undone." — Btron. 
"Granada  caught  it  in  her  Moorish  hall, 
Galicia  bade  her  children  fight  or  Ml." — Scott. 
•There  was  crying  in  Granada  when  the  sun  was  going 

down." 

'  Farewell,  farewell,  Granaba,  thou  city  without  peer." 

LOCKHART. 


and  GknoaI  are  pronounced  by  all  the  great 
poets  who  use  these  names,  from  Chacceb 
and  Shakspeare  down  to  the  present  time, 
with  the  native  accentuation ;  that  is,  Gra- 
nada has  the  accent  on  the  penultima,  and 
Genoa  on  the  antepenultima,  though  the  ge- 
nerality of  English— or  at  least  of  American 
— speakers,  who  have  not  heard  these  namea 
pronounced,  but  merely  follow  analogy,  or 
their  own  notions  of  propriety,  reverse  the 
accentuation,  making  Granada  rhyme  with 
Canada,  and  Genoa  with  boa. 

No  poet,  perhaps,  employs  foreign  namea 
so  frequently  as  Byron,  and  yet — though  he 
often  writes  very  carelessly — it  would  be 
difficult,  in  all  the  poetry  he  has  written,  to 
point  out  half  a  dozen  instances  whc'^  he 
has  not  conformed  to  the  foreign  accentua- 
tion, excepting  always  those  few  well-known 
names  which  have  acquired  an  established 
English  pronunciation,  and  in  these  cases  he 
appears  invariably  to  adopt  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  best  English  speakers.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  Scott  ;  though  he  writes  with 
great  freedom,  he  rarely,  if  ever,  violates  the 
strictest  rules  of  geographical  pronunciation. 
In  the  poetry  of  Rogers,  Southey,  Moore, 
Campbell,  and  Montgomery,  we  have  met 
with  scarcely  a  solitary  example  of  departure 
from  the  native  accentuation  of  names,  which 
"does  not  properly  come  within  the  exception 

f  "  Signior  Baptista  may  remember  me 
Near  twenty  years  ago,  in  Genoa,  where 
We  were  lodgers  at  the  Pegasus." — Shakspears. 

"Were  Genoa's  galleys  riding  in  the  port " — Btkoii . 

"  How  quick  they  carved  their  victims  and  how  well. 

Let  Saxony,  let  injured  GEyoA  tell." — Moore.  ' 
"That  noble  haven,  where,  when  Genoa  reign'd, 

A  hundred  galleys  shelter'd " — Rogers. 

"My  native  Genoa,  if  with  tearless  eye 

Prone  in  the  dust  thy  beauteous  form  I  see." 

MONTOOIOEBX 

9 


10 


INTKODUCTIOX. 


aliove  stated.  Wordsworth  takes  the  liberty 
of  changing  the  accent  in  a  single  instance — 
CiiAMOUNY — but  acknowledges  the  authority 
of  the  law  by  apologizing  in  a  note  for  its 
violation.  (See  Descriptive  Sketches  of  a 
Tour  among  the  Alps.) 

Among  the  principal  languages  of  conti- 
nental Europe,  the  German,  in  its  accent 
and  in  the  metre  of  its  verse,  has  the  nearest 
affinity  to  the  English  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of 
remark,  that  precisely  the  same  general  usage 
prevails  with  respect  to  foreign  names  in  Ger- 
man poetry,  as  in  that  of  our  own  tongue. 
It  may  be  observed,  however,  that  the  Ger- 
mans conform  more  exactly  to  the  native 
accentuation  of  the  names  of  other  countries, 
than  the  English.  Any  one  may  satisfy 
himself  of  the  correctness  of  these  statements, 
if  he  will  take  the  trouble  to  consult  the 
poems  of  Schiller,  who  appears  to  have  had 
occasion  to  use  foreign  names  far  more  fre- 
quently than  almost  any  other  German  poet. 
In  his  drama  of  "  Don  Carlos,"  Madrid  occurs 
near  twenty  times,  and  always  with  the  accent 
on  the  last  syllable.  This  one  fact  (even  were 
there  no  other)  may  show  how  sparingly  the 
"  poetical  licens*,"  so  often  alluded  to,  is 
used  by  the  most  popular,  and  perhaps  the 
most  careless  in  versification,  of  all  the  great 
poets  of  Germany.* — Mirandola  (a  town  in 
Italy)  occurs  twice,  and  in  both  instances 
has  the  accent  on  the  antepenultima.  This 
is  the  more  remarkable,  because  Mirandola 
is  an  exception  to  the  general  rule  of  Italian 
pronunciation,  which  places  the  accent  on  the 
penultima  of  words  ending  in  a  vowel.  If 
our  poet  is  not  equally  correct  in,  regard  to 
Alcala,  (a  small  town  of  Spain,)  it  was 
owing,  doubtless,  either  to  the  difficulty  of 
making  such  a  name  "lie  smooth  in  rhyme," 
or  to  his  being  ignorant  of  its  true  accentua- 
tion. The  latter  is  by  no  means  improbable,, 
inasmuch  as  the  Spanish  language  is  far  less 
studied  by  the  generality  of  European  scho- 
lars than  the  Italian.  That  it  was  not  the 
result  of  carelessness  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  Alcala  is  always  pronounced  in  the  poem 
in  the  same  manner,  and  accordmg  to  the  ge- 
neral, rule  of  Spanish  accentuation ;  that  is, 
with  the  accent  on  the  penultima.  It  will 
be  perceived  that  Schiller  places  the  accent 


•  Schiller  has  been  accused  of  being  very  careless  in  his 
rnymes,  but  he  can  scarcely  be  charged  with  carelessness  in 
Uw  loetre  of  hJs  verse. 


on  the  last  syllable  of  Paris,  St.  Denis,  and 
St.  QuENTiN.t — in  all  of  which  he  aiffers  from 
the  English  and  conforms  to  the  French  ac- 
centuation. (See  "Kemarks  on  the  French 
Accent,"  page  18.) 

But  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  illustra- 
tion of  this  tendency  to  adopt  the  native  pro- 
nunciation of  foreign  names  is  found  in  hia 
drama  of  "Mary  Stuart;"  where  the  poet, 
with  the  obvious  intention  of  obliging  his 
countrymen  to  pronounce  the  English  names 
correctly,  invariably  in  his  verse  spells  Lei 
CESTER  "  Lester,"  although  in  the  explana- 
tory (prose)  parts  of  the  play  he  as  invariably 
writes  it  Leicester,  as  we  do  in  English. 
For  the  same  reason,  doubtless,  he  writes 
BoLEYN  "BouLEN,"  as  this  spelling  would 
lead  his  countrymen  to  pronounce  the  name 
"  Boo^len,"  nearly  as  it  is  spoken  in  Eng- 
land. Had  he  written  it  Boleyn,  the  Ger- 
mans would  be  in  danger  of  placing  the 
accent  on  the  last  syllable,  as  we  frequently 
hear  it  pronounced  in  the  United  States. 

What  has  been  said  above  respecting 
the  usage  of  the  poets  refers  principally  to 
accentuation,  which,  for  the  most  part,  can 
be  readily  determined  by  the  metre  of  the 
poetry.  Their  manner  of  pronouncing  the 
letters  of  a  foreign  name  is  far  less  easily 
ascertained,  since  it  can  only  be  known  when 
the  name  ends  a  line  in  rhyme ;  and  even 
then  it  is  often  extremely  uncertain,  as  they 
appear  to  consider  themselves  entitled,  in 
such  cases,  to  much  greater  license  than  in 
the  accentuation  of  words.  Thus  we  often 
see  associated,  in  rhyme,  words  which  corre- 
spond but  very  imperfectly  in  sound,  as 
enemy  and  lie,  m.ourn  and  bum,  &c.  Never- 
theless, by  comparing  a  number  of  exam- 
ples, and  especially  by  observing  the  usage 
of  those  poets  who  are  most  remarkable  for 
the  correctness  of  their  rhymes,  we  shall  fre- 
quently be  enabled  to  ascertain  the  true  pro- 
nunciation of  a  word  or  name. 

Now  it  will  be  found  that  the  system  which 
we  have  adopted  is  supported  by  the  practice 
of  the  poets  in  this  respect  also.  In  other 
words,  it  will  be  found  that  while  foreign 
names  that  are  in  familiar  use  in  our  own 
language,  have  an  English  pronunciation, 
those  not  very  well  known  are  generally 
pronounced  with  the  foreign   sound  of  the 

■f  The  two  fonner  names  occur  in  the  "  Maul  of  Orleans," 
("  Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans,")  the  last  in  "  Don  Carlofc" 


INTRODUCTION. 


11 


letters,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following 
passages : 

"  Not  now  to  while  an  hour  away, 
Gone  to  the  falls  in  Valombre'." — 
"'Tis  JacqudiTiet  'tis  Jacqudine," 

Her  little  brother  laughing  cried; 
"I  know  her  by  her  kirtle  green, 

She  comes  along  the  mountain  side." 
"De  Couwy,  lord  of  Argentiere  I 


Thy  thirst  for  vengeance  sought  the  snare." — Rooees. 
"  Winding  between  Alpine  trees ; 
Splry  and  dark  around  their  house  of  prayer. 
Below  the  icy  bed  of  bright  Argentiere." — Wordsworth. 
"This  circumstance  may  serve  to  give  a  notion 
Of  the  high  talents  of  this  new  Vauban,* 
But  the  town  ditch  below  was  deep  as  ocean, 
The  rampart  higher  than  you'd  wish  to  hang." — BrRorr. 
"For  many  an  age  remember'd  Vmg 
Shall  live  the  towers  of  Hmgomont,* 

And  fields  of  Waterloo."— Scott. 

It  would  be  easy  to  cite  a  multitude  of  such 
examples;  but  these  will  perhaps  be  sufficient 
to  illustrate  our  position. 

On  the  other  hand,  we  shall  find  the  poets 
pronounce  foreign  names  of  some  celebrity, 
such  as  Nile,  Paris,  Lyons,  Cadiz,  Poitiers 
or  PoiCTiERS,  &c.,  with  the  English  sound  of 
the  letters,  as  may  be  seen  from  these  and 
similar  examples : 

"Deep  in  those  solitary  woods 
Where  oft  the  genii  of  the  floods 
Dance  round  the  cradle  of  their  NtU, 
And  hail  the  new-bom  Giant's  smile." — MOORB. 
"Oh  never  talk  again  to  me 

Of  northern  climes  and  British  ladies; 
It  has  not  been  your  lot  to  see, 
Like  me,  the  lovely  girl  of  Cadiz." — Byros. 
"And  C!ourtenay's  pride  and  Percy's  fame 
Blazed  broader  yet  in  after  years. 

At  Cressy  red  and  fell  Poitiers." — Scott. 

"So  the  shaft 

Of  victory  mounts  high,  and  blood  is  quaff 'd 
In  fields  that  rival  Cressy  and  Poictiers — 
Pride  to  be  wash'd  away  by  bitter  tears." — Wordsworth. 

II.  Instead  of  saying  that  the  poets  con- 
form to  the  native  accentuation  of  proper 
names,  except  in  cases  where  these  are  well 
known,  we  might,  perhaps,  with  more  pro- 
priety, say  that  they  merely  follow  the  prac- 
tice of  the  best  speakers,  of  which  their  own 
may  generally  be  regarded  as  the  written 

*  In  these  names  the  letter  n  is  similar  in  sound  to  ng. 
The  t  at  the  end  of  Hougomont  is  silent.  The  rhymes, 
liowever,  are  not  quite  perfect;  the  o  in  the  last  syllable  of 
llougomont  should  be  sounded  like  o  in  vx/nH.  The  latter 
gyllable  of  Vavhan  sounds  like  hong. — Vauban  was  a  noted 
FTench  militar/  engineer,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of 
LtrtiwXIV. 


representation.  With  this  view  of  the  sub- 
ject, we  have  occasionally  cited  in  the  bod> 
of  our  work  passages  from  the  poets,  in  sup- 
port  of  the  pronunciation  there  given.  ThefiO 
citations,  for  the  most  part,  are  not  intended 
to  be  decisive  of  any  doubtful  question,  but 
rather  to  illustrate  and  confirm  what  is  be- 
lieved, on  other  grounds,  to  be  the  correct 
pronunciation.  The  supreme  tribunal  to 
which  we  would  on  all  occasions  appeal  is 
the  authority  of  the  best  speakers^  in  England 
and  this  country.  To  the  former  we  gene- 
rally give  the  preference  when  the  question 
relates  to  names  belonging  to  the  old  conti- 
nent— to  the  latter,  when  it  relates  to  those 
of  America.  But  since  it  is  impossible  to 
produce  oral  evidence  in  a  book,  we  have 
availed  ourselves  of  the  authority  of  the 
poets,  as  the  only  one  at  our  command,  to 
prove  or  illustrate  what  we  have,  in  all 
cases,  studiously  endeavoured  to  learn,  by 
actual  hearing,  from  those  who  are  con- 
sidered best  qualified  to  determine  questions 
of  orthoepy. 

Ons.  We  sometimes  hear  it  objected  to  the 
authority  of  the  poets,  that  well-known  names 
are  occasionally  pronounced,  even  by  those 
who  rank  among  our  best  poets,  quite  differ- 
ently from  the  prevailing  practice  of  the  best 
speakers.  Goldsmith,  for  example,  accent- 
uates the  penultima  of  Niagara,  J  and  Camp- 
bell  the  antepenultima  of  Wyoming,?  just 
reversing  the  correct  pronunciation,  which 
places  the  accent  on  the  third  syllable  from 
the  end  in  Niagara,  and  on  the  second  in  Wy- 
oming. But  this  discrepancy  is  readily  ex- 
plained by  the  fact  that  neither  of  these  poets 
was  ever  in  this  country,  and  probably  had 
no  opportunity  to  learn  the  practice  of  the 
best  speakers  in  the  United  States.  It  may  be 
observed,  however,  that  Goldsmith  gave  what 
was  probablv  the  correct  accentuation  of  Nia- 
gara in  his  day.    (See  §  IX.  Obs.  2 ;  also  Nia- 

t  By  this  phrase,  we  do  not  mean  those  who,  from  their 
superior  knowledge  and  judgment  on  general  subjects,  may 
be  presumed  to  be  qualified  to  decide  questions  of  orthoepy. 
In  order  to  deserve  a  place  among  the  hest  speal-ers,  it  is  not 
enough  that  one  should  have  what  is  commonly  termed  a 
good  education  and  good  sense;  he  must  have  paid  particu- 
lar aUention  to  the  subject  of  pronunciation — unless  he  has 
been  surrounded  during  the  whole  period  of  his  education 
with  none  but  correct  speakers,  which  is  seldom  or  nevei 
the  case,  at  least  in  this  country. 

J  "Where  wDd  Oswego  spreads  her  swamps  around, 
And  NUOARA  stuns  with  thxind'ring  sound." 

ThyTravelUr. 

J  "On  Susquehanna's  side  fair  Wtoming." 
"And  scarce  had  Wyoming  of  war  and  crime 
Heard  but  in  transatlantic  story  rung." 

dertrude  qf  W^/owtnp,  Vaxi  1 


12 


INTRODUCTION. 


GAR  A,  m  the  body  of  the  work.)  Scarcely  a 
single  instance  can  be  pointed  out,  wherein 
any  good  English  poet  has  misaccentuated  a 
name  with  the  sound  of  which  he  was  fami- 
liar ;*  we  are  therefore  warranted  in  conclud- 
ing that  when  a  name  in  a  region  remote  or 
rarely  visited,  is  mispronounced,  it  is  owing 
rather  to  the  want  of  knowledge  than  to  the 
carelessness  or  license  of  the  poet. 

III.  There  is  one  difficulty  in  carrying  out 
the  system  of  geographical  pronunciation 
adopted  by  us,  which  it  may  be  proper  to 
notice  here,  viz.  that  of  drawing  the  line  be- 
tween foreign  names  which  are,  and  those 
which  are  not,  well  known.  With  respect  to 
the  more  obvious  in  each  division  there  can- 
not be  the  slightest  hesitation ;  but  the  two 
classes  meet  and  pass  into  each  other  by  im- 
perceptible gradations,  so  that  sometimes  the 
question  whether  they  should  be  pronounced 
according  to  the  foreign  or  the  English  mode 
can  only  be  settled  by  arbitrary  decision.  In 
these  doubtful  instances,  we  have  spared  no 
pains  in  order  to  ascertain  the  prevailing 
practice  of  the  best  speakers,  as  well  as  the 
usage  of  the  poets:  when  these  have  been 
found  unsatisfactory,  nothing  has  remained 
for  us  but  to  decide  according  to  the  best  of 
our  ability.  We  have,  in  these  cases,  usually 
given  both  pronunciations,  placing  that  first 
which,  in  our  judgment,  is  to  be  preferred. 

IV.  It  should  be  observed,  that  although  we 
have  endeavoured  to  give  the  native  pronun- 
ciation of  the  names  of  other  countries  with 
minute  accuracy,  we  have  aimed  to  avoid, 
as  much  as  possible,  the  use  of  sounds  which 
cannot  readily  be  uttered  by  the  mere  English 
scholar — more  especially  in  regard  to  those 
geographical  names  which  are  commonly 
taught  in  schools. 

V.  In  those  cases  where  it  is  impossible 
to  express  the  sounds  of  other  languages  by 
means  of  English  letters,  we  have  endea- 
voured to  employ  a  mode  of  indicating  those 
sounds,  which,  if  it  does  not  affijrd  any  effec- 
tual assistance  to  the  mere  English  scholar, 
may  at  least  be  in  no  danger  of  embarrass- 
ing or  leading  him  astray.  Thus  we  have 
represented  the  sound  of  the  German  ch  by 
K,  distinguished  by  being  a  small  capital. 
Perhaps  a  strongly  aspirated  h  —  which 
might  be  indicated  by  hh — would  convey  a 

•  The  Instance  of  Ch  amount,  referred  to  on  page  10  in  the 
Introduction,  is  hardly  an  exception  to  this  statement,  on  ac- 
coonlof  the  equivocal  nature  of  the  French  accent.  (See  p.  IS.) 


nearer  idea  of  the  German  sound ;  but  it 
seemed  less  eligible  than  the  other  mode, 
both  because  persons  might  differ  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  it,  or  perhaps  be  at  a  loss  tc 
pronounce  it  at  all,  and  because  the  esta- 
blished mode  of  anglicizing  the  German  ch 
seems  to  be  to  change  its  sound  to  that  of  A;, 
as  in  the  instances,  Blucher,!  Blumenbach, 
Metternich,  &c.  The  Scotch  and  Dutch 
sounds  of  ch,  so  similar  to  the  German,  when 
anglicized,  assume  invariably,  if  we  mistake 
not,  the  sound  of  k.  The  ordinary  mode  of 
pronouncing  the  Greek  x  tends  to  the  same 
result.  We  have  not,  however,  represented 
the  sound  of  the  German  g,  at  the  end  of  a  syl- 
lable, in  the  same  manner  as  the  ch,  though 
it  has  the  same  sound,  because  it  is  not  custom- 
ary to  anglicize  it  by  the  sound  of  k,  except  in 
a  few  instances.  J  Were  the  pronunciation  of 
such  a  word  as  berg  represented  by  berK,  it 
would  have  the  effect  to  lead  the  English 
scholar  to  pronounce  it  differently  from  the 
ordinary  mode,  while  he  would  be  in  no  re- 
spect nearer  the  German  than  those  who 
pronounce  the  word  according  to  the  English 
sound  of  the  letters.  Another  consideration 
may,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to  have  some 
weight,  viz.  that  though  the  more  approved 
mode  of  German  pronunciation  requires  that 
g,  when  it  does  not  begin  a  word,  should  be 
pronounced  like  ch,  yet  in  some  parts  of  Ger- 
many it  is  pronounced  in  every  case  like  g 
hard  in  English.  In  a  similar  manner,  and 
for  similar  reasons,  we  have  usually  repre- 
sented the  German  tc  by  a  w,  and  not  by  a 
V,  though  this  is  nearer  the  sound  of  the  Ger 
man  letter. 

With  regard  to  French  names,  however, 
a  different  plan  has  been  pursued,  both 
because  it  is  less  easy,  so  to  speak,  to  angli- 
cize the  French  letters,  and  because,  from  the 
circumstance  of  this  being  far  more  studied 
than  any  other  foreign  language,  it  is  much 
more  usual  to  adopt  all  the  peculiar  sounds 

t  Although,  In  America,  we  Tery  frequently  hear  thii 
name  pronounced  Blu'tdier  by  intelligent  speakers,  the  ch 
should  unquestionably  be  hard,  as  is  indicated  by  the  fol- 
lowing passage  fi-om  Moore's  Fudge,  Family  in  Biris: 
"  A  fine  sallow  sublime  sort  of  Werter-fJsced  man, 
With  mustachios  that  gave  (what  we  read  of  so  oft) 
The  dear  Corsair  expression,  half  savage,  half  soft ; 
As  Hyenas  In  love  may  be  &ncied  to  look;  or 
A  something  between  Abelard  and  old  Elucher  * 
J  Dantzic,  or  Dantzick,  (German,  Damig,)  L Japsic  tr  Ixih- 
SICK,  (Ger.  Leipzig.)  Slxswick,  (Ger.  SMeswig;  Dan   iiUsvifi,, 
ai8  the  only  examples  that  we  now  recoueci 


INTRODUCTION. 


13 


of  the  letters  in  pronouncing  French  words 
or  names. 

VI.  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  the 
ge  >graphical  names  contained  in  the  present 
work,  we  have  adhered,  in  the  main,  to  the 
method  of  Walker,  not  only  from  a  desire  to 
avoid  all  unnecessary  innovation  upon  a  sys- 
tem which  has  been  so  generally  received, 
but  also  because  we  regard  it,  on  the  whole, 
as  superior  to  any  other  system  which  has 
hitherto  been  given  to  the  public*  As,  how- 
ever, a  multitude  of  instances  occur,  wherein 
the  ordinary  spelling  of  geographical  names 
indicates  exactly  or  very  nearly  the  proper 
manner  of  pronouncing  them,  it  has  been 
thought  unnecessary  in  such  cases  to  give  a 
different  spelling  in  order  to  show  the  exact 
pronunciation.  Thus,  in  giving  the  pronun- 
ciation of  such  names  as  2'ipton,  Tilsit,  &c., 
we  have  not  rewritten  them,  as  Walker  would 
have  done,  tlF-slt,  tip'-tftn,  or  tlp-t'n,  but 
merely  given  Tii^-ton,  Til^-sit. 

In  several  other  respects  we  have  differed 
from  Walker  in  marking  the  pronunciation  ; 
thus,  in  such  names  as  Berkshire,  Bern, 
&c.,  instead  of  writing,  after  Walker's  method, 
bSrk^-shlr,  b^rn,  we  write  berk'-shir,  bern, 
&c.,  the  point  under  the  e  and  i  denoting  that 
this  vowel  has  an  obscure  sound  nearly  like 
short  u.  We  have  not  represented  the  sound 
by  the  short  u,  (burk^-shtir,  burn,)  since  our 
most  celebrated  orthoepists  make  a  decided 
distinction  between  the  sounds  of  e  and  n  in  a 
syllable  ending  with  r.f  To  represent,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  sound  of  e  in  Bern  by  ^,  (e  in 
ten-or  or  herring,)  or  that  of  i  in  Berkshire 
by  1,  (i  in  spirit,)  would  obviously  be  still 
wider  from  the  mark.  The  mode  adopted 
by  us  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  found  sufficiently 

•  It  may  not  be  improper  to  observe,  that  with  respect  to 
actual  pronunciation  we  have  differed  from  Walker  in  a 
number  of  particulars.  Thus,  we  pronounce  Asia,  a'-she-a, 
accordins  to  the  practice  of  the  best  English  speakers, 
thoufrh  Walker  gives  a'-zhe-a  as  the  true  pronunciation.' 
(See  Principles  of  Pronunciation,  453.)  In  a  few  in.stances 
we  have  departed  from  his  practice  in  the  accentuation  of 
classical  names,  e.fj.we  have,  with  the  sanction  of  the  high- 
est authorities  of  the  present  day,  given  the  name  of  the  an- 
cient capital  of  Egypt  with  the  accent  on  the  penultima, 
thus — Ai.e.kam)ri'a — though  Walker  accentuates  the  ante- 
penultima.  as  we  do,  in  pronouncing  the  modem  Alex.an- 
nwA.  (See  Alexandria,  in  the  body  of  this  work.) 

+  Walker  says  that  "  Derby  Is  pronounced  NEARLY  as  if 
■written  Z>Mr6y— and  that  "fir,  a  tree,  is  perfectly  similar 
[fn  sound]  to  the  first  sellable  in  ferment,  though  often 
conRrPTLY  pronounced  like /«r,  a  skin."  (See  Principles  of 
Pronunciation,  100  and  109. 


definite,  at  the  same  time  that  it  obviatet 
both  of  the  difficulties  just  mentioned. 

VII.  With  a  view  to  simplify  as  much  as 
possible,  we  have  rejected  Walker's  second 
and  third  sounds  of  o,  (the  former  being 
equivalent  to  oo,  the  latter  to  mi,)  and  his 
third  sound  of  u,  (corresponding  with  oo  in 
good,  a  sound  which  we  have  represented  by 
00.)  From  the  same  motive,  we  have  dis- 
pensed with  the  figured  vowels,  whenever 
their  use  has  not  appeared  to  be  necessary 
in  order  to  avoid  ambiguity.  Thus  (as  al- 
ready observed)  we  Avrite  simply  Til^-sit 
and  not  Tilsit,  tlK-slt,  as  Walker  would 
have  done.  All  marks  or  figures  which 
are  not  needed  in  order  to  indicate  the 
exact  pronunciation,  must  tend  rather  to 
embarrass  than  to  aid  the  learner. 

VIII.  The  Latin  names  of  foreign  countries 
are  nearly  always  to  be  pronounced  with  the 
English  sounds  of  the  letters.  Thus,  in  Ba- 
va^ria,  Bulga'ria,  Ltjsa^tia,  and  Transtl- 
VA^NiA,  the  accented  a  should  have  its  first 
sound. 

Obs.  In  Prussia  and  Russia,  the  u  instead 
of  being  pronounced  short,  as  it  would  natu- 
rally be  in  Latin  names  of  this  kind,  was  for- 
merly sounded  like  oo',  but  this  usage  is  be- 
coming obsolete,  the  u  being  now  sounded 
as  in  hut  or  rush.  The  first  syllable  of  Bul- 
garia, however,  is,  if  we  mistake  not,  gene- 
rally pronounced  bool,  and  not  bul. 

IX.  In  the  anglicized  forms  of  foreign 
names,  and  in  most  well-known  names  of 
foreign  countries,  the  same  rules  6f  pronun- 
ciation, generally  speaking,  obtain,  as  in 
genuine  English  words,  e.  g.  Spain,  Italy, 
Naples,  &c. 

Obs.  1.  At  the  same  time,  we  may  observe 
a  general  tendency  to  adopt  those  sounds  of 
the  English  vowels  which  approach  most 
nearly  to  the  foreign  sounds :  thus  the  a  in 
the  first  syllable  of  Adriatic  and  Paris  has 
its  fourth  sound,  which  is  much  nearer  to  the 
French  and  Italian  a  than  its  first  sound, 
though  this  would  probably  be  given  to  the-^io 
names  by  the  mere  English  scholar,  who 
should  be  guided  by  analogy  solely.  In 
like  manner,  the  i  in  Mil.^vn  is  made  short, 
so  as  nearly  to  correspond  to  the  Italian  i, 
which  is  like  our  h  or  ee. 

Obs.  2.  In  the  pronunciation  of  foreign 
names  that  have  become  thoroughly  angli- 
cized, it  is  interesting  to  observe  the  tend- 
ency of  our  language  to  throw  the  accent 
as  far  as  possible  from  the  termination. 
Thus  Paris  is  pronounced  with  the  accent 
on  the  first  sj'llable,  thougjh  the  French  ap- 
pear to  place  it  on  the  kst;  and  the  Ger- 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


mans,  who  have  not  the  same  aversion  to  the 
idiimate  accent  that  vre  have,  lay  the  stress 
of  voice  distinctly  on  the  final  syllable,  thus, 
pi-riss'.  Hanovkr,  which  might  be  pro- 
nounced with  the  native  accentuation  (Ha- 
no^ver}  without  the  slightest  offence  to  the 
genius  of  our  tongue,*  has  become  irrecover- 
ably Handover.  Thus,  also,  we  pronounce 
Andalu'sia,  (in  Spanish,  Andaluci^a,) 
Ar^agox,  (in  Spanish,  Aragon',)  &c.  So,  in 
our  own  country,  the  old  Niaga^ra  has  be- 
come unalterably  fixed  as  Niag'ara;  and 
Huron'  has  given  place  to  Hu'ron. 

X.  It  may  be  observed  that  with  respect 
to  foreign  names,  not  only  in  the  French, 
Italian,  and  other  languages  that  are  written 
in  the  Roman  letters,  but  also  in  Germanf 
and  Greek,  (the  characters  of  which  may  be 
readily  converted  into  corresponding  Roman 
letters,)  it  is  generally  customary  in  English 
to  retain  the  literal  spelling,  e.  g.  Anspach, 
(German,  ^nSlpad^O  Konigsberg,  (German, 
^ottigSbcrg,)  Chios,  (Greek,  Xwj,)  &c., 
excepting  a  very  few  well-known  names,  as 
Lyons,  (French,  Lyon,)  Naples,  (Italian, 
Napoli,)  Munich,  (German,  SJtutt^ett,) 
Dantzic,  (German,  ^aitjig,)  Leipsic,  (Ger- 
man, 8ci:pgig  ;)  "^^  often  find,  however,  the 
last  two  names  spelled  literally  Danzig  and 
Leipzig. 

XI.  On  the  other  hand,  names  in  lan- 
guages of  which  the  characters  cannot  be 
readily  converted  into  Roman  letters,  or 
which  are  but  little  known  as  written  lan- 
guages, are  usually  spelled  according  to 
their  sound  in  some  well-known  European 
tongue.  Thus  the  name  of  one  of  the  cities 
of  Persia  is  written,  in  English,  Shoosier  or 
Shtisier,  in  German,  Schuster,  and  in  French, 
Chmister,  precisely  the  same  sound  being 
expressed  by  these  different  spellings. 

We  find,  in  English  works  of  the  highest 
character,  these  various  modes  of  writing 
oriental  and  other  names  employed  indiscri- 
minat«ly.  Thus  in  McCulloch's  Geographi- 
cal Dictionary,  under  the  article  Shuster, 
we  find  within  the  space  of  eight  lines  Kliu- 
zistan,  (Khoozistan,)  Karoon,  and  DezpJioul, 
(Dezfool  ;)  the  first  name  being,  as  regards 
the  sound  of  the  vowels,  German  or  Italian, 
the  second  English,  and  the  third  French.   On 


*  We  have  a  multitude  of  words  similar  In  accent,  as 
promoter,  devotion,  &c. 

t  It  is,  perhaps,  scarcely  necessary  to  remark,  that  Roman 
letterf!  are  nnt  unfirequently  employed  in  writing  and  print- 
In;:  German 


the  map  of  Persia,  published  by  the  Society  fol 
the  DiffusionofUsefulKnowledge,  names  writ- 
ten according  to  these  three  different  modes 
occur  promiscuously  in  almost  every  part. 
Even  the  same  name  is  frequently  spelled 
differently  in  different  parts  of  the  same 
work.  Thus,  on  the  map  just  mentioned, 
OoRFA  is  written  "  Or/a  or  Our/a,"  while  on 
another  of  the  same  set  it  is  spelled  Urfa.  In 
the  Penny  Cyclopaedia  we  find  Boossa  and 
Bcmssa,  Soodan  and  Sudan,  Toorkistan  and 
Turhistan,  &c.  McCulloch  gives  Shumla 
(Shoomla)  under  its  proper  head,  but  men- 
tioning the  town  in  another  place,  writes  it 
Schumla:  in  the  same  article,  Africa,  he 
has  both  Soodan  and  Soudan,  each  occurring 
several  times:  under  Mogadore  he  gives 
Shwera  (more  properly  Sweera)  as  the  Moor- 
ish name  of  this  town ;  afterward,  in  enume- 
rating the  principal  fortified  and  garrison 
towns  of  Morocco,  he  gives  Suira,  (pro- 
nounced Sweera,)  without  so  much  as  men- 
tioning the  name  of  Mogadore.  As  neither 
Schumla  nor  Suira  are  to  be  found  in  his 
Gazetteer  under  their  respective  heads,  it  is 
scarcely  possible  that  any  one  unacquainted 
with  the  different  modes  of  writing  these 
names  should  know  what  places  are  meant 
by  them,  or  in  what  part  of  his  work  to  look 
for  information  respecting  them. 

XII.  In  order  to  avoid  the  perplexity  and 
confusion  resulting  from  the  diversity  which 
prevails  in  the  mode  of  writing  oriental  names 
and  others  of  the  same  class,  we  have  made  it 
a  point  always  to  spell  them  after  the  English 
manner,  except  in  a  few  instances  where  a 
different  spelling  appears  to  have  become 
thoroughly  established  by  usage.  Accord- 
ingly, we  have  given  Oorfa,  Soodan,  Toor- 
kistan, &c.,  as  the  preferable  mode  of  writing 
such  names;  at  the  same  time,  under  tbo 
heads  of  Ourfa  and  Urfa,  Soudan  and  Su- 
dan, and  TuRKiSTAN,  the  reader  will  find  a 
reference  to  the  names  as  spelled  in  the  Eng- 
lish manner,  to  which  he  must  look  for  a  de- 
scription of  those  places..  By  adopting  this 
plan,  it  is  believed  that  the  correct  pronun- 
ciation of  oriental  names  will  be  taught  in 
the  simplest  and  easiest  manner;  the  per- 
plexity and  error  into  which  the  prevailing 
inconsistent  mode  of  writing  such  names  has 
sometimes  led  even  well-informed  geogra- 
phers, will  be  avoided;  and  the  apparent 
contradictions  which  are  bo  ofltin  met  with 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


in  our  most  popular  geographical  works  will 
be  accounted  for  and  reconciled.* 

XIII.  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  this 
class  of  geographical  names,  to  represent  the 
accent  correctly  is  the  principal  difficulty 
to  be  encountered.  Those  acquainted  with 
French  are  aware  that  this  language  has  no 
accent,  in  the  sense  in  which  we  employ  the 
term.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Hunga- 
rian, and  perhaps  also  of  the  Arabic,  Turk- 


*  There  can  be  little  doubt,  that  the  practice  which  pre- 
vails among' the  English,  of  writing  oriental  names  after  the 
manner  of  other  European  oations,  has  sometimes  led  geo- 
graphers of  the  highest  character  into  error.  Thus  Man- 
tchoo,  the  name  of  a  tribe  cf  Tartars  inhabiting  the  north 
part  of  the  Chinese  empire,  is  written,  by  some  of  the  most 
respectable  authorities,  Manchow.  It  is  probable  that  in 
the  first  place  some  English  writer  or  writers  spelled  it 
J/antchou.  after  the  French  manner,  and  that  others,  sup- 
posing it  to  be  English,  and  wishing  to  adopt  a  mode  of 
spelling  less  equivocal,  wrote  it  Manchnw.  It  may  be,  how- 
ever, that  the  latter  indicates  the  true  pronunciation,  and 
that  the  name  was  originally  written  correctly  Mantchou, 
the  ou  having  its  genuine  English  sound ;  and  that  some 
English  writer,  naturally  supposing  it  to  be  French,  (for 
many,  if  not  most,  of  the  English  appear  to  prefer  the 
French  mode  of  spelling  such  names  to  their  own,)  without 
Investigating  the  subject,  converted  the  name,  as  they 
thought,  into  English,  by  writing  it  Mantchoo.  As  Man- 
tchooria  (the  country  of  the  Mantchoos)  is  rarely  visited  by 
Europeans,  this  question  may  long  remain  undecided.  At 
present,  Mantchoo  appears  to  have  become  almost  universal. 
In  one  of  the  earlier  numbers  of  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia 
{artide.  Chixa)  we  find  it  written  Manchow,  but  in  other 
parts  of  the  work,  Mandshoo,  which  does  not  differ  mate- 
rially in  sound  from  Mantchoo. 

Had  the  English  uniformly  adopted  the  practice  of  writ- 
ing oriental  names  according  to  the  sounds  of  their  own 
language,  it  is  probable  that  Cabul  would  never  have  lost 
its  native  sound  (Kfi'-b'l)  so  far  as  to  be  generally  pronounced 
by  the  English  and  French,  (Mmtl  or  Oaboul.  (See  Cabool, 
In  the  body  of  this  work.)  It  is  true  that  it  was  formerly 
written  correctly,  in  English  works,  Clibid  or  Cuuhul;  but 
the  practice  of  spelling  oriental  names  according  to  the 
German  or  Italian  mode  is  so  common  among  English  wri- 
ters, that  analogy  would  naturally  lead  us  to  adopt  or  con- 
firm that  pronunciation  of  Oibul,  which  appears  to  be  now 
BO  thoroughly  established.  Had  it  been  the  uniform  prac- 
tice of  English  travellers  and  geographers  to  write  such 
naires  as  Surnud,  Dezful,  (or  Dezphout,)  according  to  the 
sounds  of  their  own  tongue,  viz.  Snormool  and  Dezfool,  no 
English  reader  would  have  thought  of  pronouncing  the  u 
In  Cabvl  like  oo.  The  erroneous  pronunciation  of  a  single 
name  may,  perhaps,  justly  be  regarded  as  of  little  moment; 
but  the  embarrassment  and  error  into  which  the  prevailing 
practice  of  English  writers  on  geography  is  continually 
Mable  to  lead  both  the  ignorant  and  learned,  appear  to  us 
to  involve  considerations  of  the  highest  importance  to  the 
Interests  of  geographical  science.  From  a  sincere  wish  to 
add  4s  much  as  possible  to  the  utility  of  the  present  work, 
we  have  had  recourse  to  the  system  of  writing  oriental 
names  which  has  already  been  explained.  It  may  be  re- 
narked,  that  though  this  system  Is  frequently  at  variance 
with  common  usage,  it  is  sanctioned  by  the  example  of  the 
Most  distinguished  French  geographers,  as  well  as  of  several 
English  writers  of  the  highest  character. 


ish,  and  Persian.  At  all  events,  those  best 
acquainted  with  these  languages  are  not 
unfrequently  at  a  loss,  when  they  wish  to 
represent  accurately  in  English  the  accentu- 
ation of  Arabic,  Turkish,  and  Persian  words. 
Nevertheless,  it  will  be  found  that  here,  as  in 
the  French  and  Hungarian,  there  is  something 
analogous  to  our  accent,  which  will  generally 
serve  to  guide  us  in  marking  in  English  the 
accentuation  of  names  in  these  languages. 
The  different  syllables  of  oriental  names, 
however,  like  those  of  French  words,  are  not 
unfrequently  pronounced  with  a  stress  of 
voice  so  nearly  equal,  that  it  has  been  deem- 
ed proper,  in  a  number  of  instances,  to  use 
the  secondary  accents,  in  order  to  indicate 
more  precisely  the  true  pronunciation.  (See 
Remarks  on  the  French  accent,  Section 
XVI.) 

Obs.  1.  It  may  not  be  improper  here  to  re- 
mind the  reader,  that  the  accents  which  we 
often  see  upon  oriental  names  are  by  no 
means  to  be  understood  as  always  indicating 
the  manner  in  which  an  Englishman  should 
accentuate  these  names  in  pronunciation,  as 
they  are  often  employed  to  denote  some  par- 
ticular sound  in  the  vowels  over  which  they 
are  placed.  Thus  some  authors  place  an  ac- 
cent upon  a,  when  they  wish  merely  to  sig- 
nify that  this  letter  has  the  clear  full  sound 
of  a  mfar.  In  the  same  manner,  an  accent 
is  placed  upon  u,  in  order  to  show  that  it  has 
the  Italian  or  German  sound,  or,  in  other 
words,  is  to  be  pronounced  like  oo. 

Obs.  2.  The  sound  of  a  in  several  of  the 
oriental  languages  is  often  very  broad,  ap- 
proaching nearly  to  that  of  an,  in  English. 
Hence  we  often  see  Afghaux  instead  of 
Afghan,  Cauvery  instead  of  Cavery,  sultann 
instead  o{  sttltan,  &c.  In  writing  Nepaul  and 
BnoPAUL,  the  improper  diphthong  au  appears 
to  be  almost  universally  employed  by  the 
English.  The  French  indicate  the  same 
sound  by  using  a  with  a  circumflex,  e.  ff. 
NepaI,,  BnopJL,  &c.  This  method  is,  per- 
haps, preferable  to  ours,  the  sound  of  a  being 
intermediate  between  that  in  the  English 
wordyar  and  that  in  fall. 

Obs.  3.  The  Arabic  article  al  or  el  is  often 
changed  in  pronunciation,  so  as  to  correspond 
with  the  initial  consonant  of  the  word  to  which 
it  is  prefixed ;  thus,  El-Rasheed,  (Rashid,)  El- 
Sham,  (the  Arabic  name  of  Syria,)  and  El- 
SiooT,  are  pronounced,  and  should  be  written 
in  English,  Er-Rasheed,  Esh-Sham,  Es-Sioot. 
The  vowel  sound  of  the  article  also  varies 
considerably,  sometimes  approaching  that  of 
00  ;  thus  the  "  Country  of  Dates,"  is  usually 
pronounced  Beled^ijol  Jer-eed'.  So  Es-Sioot 
(or  SiooT,  without  the  article)  is  sometimes 
written  Assyout  and  Osioot. 

Obs.  4.  Gh,  in  the  Arabic  and  some  othei 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


oriental  tongue?,  is  not  merely  a  hard  g,  as 
in  the  Italian,  nor  an  aspirate  like  the  Ger- 
man cli,  as  in  the  Irish  language,  but  a  harsh 
guttural,  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the 
German  ch  that  g  bears  to  k.  As  it  has  no 
equivalent  in  any  European   language,  we 


have  not  attempted  to  distinguish  it  in  pro 
nunciation,  having  represented  it  merely  by 
a  hard  g. 

Obs.  5.  Kh  is  equivalent  to  ch  in  German, 
and  accordingly  has  been  represented  by  k, 
distinguished  as  a  small  capital. 


GENERAL  PRmcrPLES  OF  PROmJNCIATIOE'  OF  THE  MORE 
IMPORTAJ^T  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


It  may,  perljaps,  be  proper  to  remark  that 
this  brief  exposition  of  the  peculiar  sounds 
of  the  different  European  languages  has  been 
prepared  solely  with  reference  to  the  pronun- 
ciation of  foreign  geographical  names.  The 
object  has  been  twofold :  first,  to  enable  the 
reader  more  fully  to  understand  the  system 
of  orthoepy  adopted  in  this  Gazetteer;  se- 
condly, to  furnish  some  general  hints  for  the 
proper  pronunciation  of  those  European  names 
which  are  not  found  in  the  present  work.  Some 
explanation  of  the  kind  has  been  deemed  in- 
dispensable ;  and,  brief  and  imperfect  as  this 
Diay  be,  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  found  to 
answer  the  particular  object  proposed. 

BOHEMIAN. 
[See  Observation  at  the  end  of  Section  XXn.j 

DANISH. 

XIV. 

1.  A  is  pronounced  generally  as  in  the  English  word /ar, 
though  it  frequently  approaches  the  sound  erf  a  in  fat. 

2.  E,  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syllable,  usually  has  a 
Bound  like  that  of  i  in  pin ;  in  other  cases  it  is  sometimes 
like  €  in  met,  and  sometimes  like  e  in  battery. 

3.  /  is  like  ee,  or  like  i  in  pin. 
4  O  is  like  the  English  o. 

6.  CTis  like  00. 

6.  Fis  equivalent  to  the  French  u  or  fi. 

7.  Aa  sounds  like  o. 

8.  Ae  sounds  like  a  in/afe. 

9.  le  sounds  like  ee.  in  English 

10.  Oe  or  S  is  the  same  as  in  German. 

11.  The  consonants  b,  c,f,  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  s,  t,  x,  z,  are 
llKe  the  English. 

12.  D,  between  two  vowels,  or  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  in 
which  it  follows  a  vowel,  sounds  like  th  in  tliis;  in  other 
■ituations  it  is  usually  the  same  as  in  English. 

13.  G  is  always  hard ;  at  the  end  of  a  word  it  is  sounded 
Tery  slightly,  so  as  to  resemble  h ;  e.  g.  Aalborq  is  pro- 
nounced nearly  ol'-bor'h. 

14.  J' is  like  the  English  y,  (consonant.) 

15.  K  is  similai-  to  the  German. 

16.  V  is  usually  like  the  English,  but  it  sometimes  ap- 
pears to  have  a  vowel  sound;  thus,  havn  is  pronounced 
tlmost  houn. 

17.  W  xias  a  sound  similar  to  the  German. 


DUTCH. 

XV. 

1.  The  vowels  a,  t,  i,  o,  and  u  are  similar  to  the  French. 

2.  T  is  like  long  i  in  English,  as  in  nigk. 

Obs.  Ij  is  sometimes  made  use  of  instead  of  y;  thus,Ov» 
RTSSEL  is  not  unfrequently  written  Overijssel. 

3.  Ae  is  equivalent  to  &h  or  &. 

4.  Je  souths  like  ee  in  English. 

5.  Oe  sounds  like  oo, 

6.  Oo  sound.s  like  o  long. 

7.  Ui  or  uy  is  similar  to  oi  in  English,  or  eu  In  German. 

8.  The  consonants  b,  c,f,  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,p,  q,  r,  i,  t,  x,  t, 
are  similar  to  the  English. 

9.  Z>,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  Is  like  t;  In  other  cases  it  la 
the  same  as  in  English. 

10.  O  resembles  in  sound  a  strongly  aspirated  h,  or  the 
German  c7i. 

11.  J  is  equivalent  to  the  English  y,  (consonant.) 

12.  V,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  name,  usually  sounds 
like/,  as  in  German. 

13.  W  is  somewhat  like  the  German,  but  softer.  In  the 
word  Nieutv,  ("new,")  followed  by  a  consonant,  as  Nieuw- 
POORT,  (written  also  Nifupoort.)  it  is  siU'nt. 

14.  Ch  is  similar  to  the  German  eh.  (15.)  i&Ji,  however, 
has  not,  as  in  German,  the  sound  of  the  English  sh,  but 
the  pure  sound  of  s,  followed  by  the  guttural  ch,  resembling 
sic  in  English. 

Obs.  The  Flemish  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  Butch,  that  it 
may  be  regarded  as  essentially  the  same  language. 

FRENCH. 
XVI. 

1.  A,  in  French,  is  generally  considered  to  have  two 
sounds:  the  first  long,  as  in  the  English  word /ar,  e.  g.  in 
pas;  the  second  short,  almost  like  a  in  fat,  e.  g.  in  bal.  A 
circumflexed,  (d,)  however,  has  a  sound  broader  than  the  a 
in  pas,  being  intermediate  between  that  in  far  and  that  in 
faU.  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  French  names  con- 
taining an  d,  we  have  used  the  same  letter,  as  we  have  no 
equivalent  in  English. 

Obs.  The  French  a  would  frequently  seem  to  be  interme- 
diate between  its  second  English  sound  and  that  of  short  u. 
However  this  may  be,  the  French  writers  often  employ  a  in 
spelling  oriental  names,  when  the  English  make  use  of  u, 
e.  g.  in  Cutch,  (Fr.  Catch;)  Furrockabad,  (Bi. Mxrrahdbdd ;) 
MusKAT,  (Fr.  Mascate.) 

2.  E  has  three  sounds:  (1.)  close,  like  a  in  fate,  e.g.  in 
iti;  (2.)  open,  nearly  as  in  met,  but  more  prolonged,  e.  p.  in 
prods  and  tite;*  (3.)  obscu'rey  as  in  battery,  e.  g.  in  raxncr, 
devrait.-\ 

•  In  pronouncing  this  sound,  the  mouth  must  be  freely  opened, 
whence  the  name. 

t  The  «  in  these  and  similar  cases  is  often  scarcely  sounded  at 
all,  and  appears  to  pass  imperceptibly  into  e  mnte  retour  and 
deorait  may  be  pronounced  r'toi/r  and  d'eray. 


INTRODUCTION. 


17 


3.  7  has  two  sounds :  the  first  nearly  as  in  the  English 
trord  fig,  e.  g.  in  il,  ami;  the  second  like  ie  in  fidd,  or  efi, 
t.g.  in  gtte. 

4.  0  has  three  sounds :  (1.)  nearly  as  In  robe,  e.  g.  in 
trdne;  (2.)  as  in  rob,  e.  g.  in  parole;  (3.)  as  in  lord,  «.  jr.  in 
corps. 

Obs.  0  circumflexed,  in  French,  has  a  deeper  and  fuller 
sound  than  n  long  in  PInglish :  in  giving  the  pronunciation 
of  French  names  containing  this  letter,  we  have  used  the 
same,  as  no  Knglish  vowel  or  vowels  could  accurately  indi- 
cate its  sound,  e.  g.  Puy  de  Dome,  pwee  cTMine, 

5.  The  sound  of  the  French  u  has  no  equivalent  in  Eng- 
lish. It  may  be  said  to  be  intermediate  between  ee  and  oo; 
but  it  can  be  learned  from  an  oral  instructor  only.  In  the 
present  work  it  is  represented  by  the  German  ff,  (or  t/«.) 

Obs.  U,  before  n,  nasal,  h.as  its  second  English  sound 
nearly,  u)t  being  pronounced  almost  fix". 

6.  Fis  similar  to  the  French  t. 

7.  Ai  is  like  i,  or  e  open. 

8.  Au  is  like  o. 
0.  M  is  like  i. 

Ods.  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  French  names  in 
which  ai  or  ei  (not  followed  by  n  nasal)  occur.  «.  g.  Lok- 
EAiNE,  Seine,  Ac,  we  have  sometimes  represented  the  sound 
of  these  diphthongs  by  A  or  ai,  because  this  is  the  usual 
mode  of  anglicizing'such  names.  But  with  regard  to  places 
less  known,  ai  and  ei  are  rendered  by  i,  (e  in  met,)  as  Bab- 
TENHEiM.  1  laRHeh-nJm'.  In  these  instances  the  sound  of  h 
should  be  somewhat  prolonged,  the  mouth  at  the  same 
time  being  freely  opened. 

10.  Etc  is  similar  to  the  English  «  in  tub,  but  the  sound 
Is  more  prolonged,  nearly  resembling  u  In  fur. 

Obs.  En.  in  the  different  parts  of  the  verb  avoir, "  to  have," 
always  h.is  the  sound  of  simple  u. 

11.  le  is  like  ee  in  English,  or  i. 

12.  Oi  ususally  sounds  like  wd,  «.  g.  moi  is  pronounced 
mwi  or  mivdh, 

Obs.  Oi  was  formerly  used  in  the  termination  of  the 
French  verbs,  e.  g.  avois,  avoit,  avoient ;  also  in  the  final 
syllable  of  a  number  of  adjectives,  as  Polonnis,  "  Polish," 
and  Lyonnois,  "belonging  to  Lyons."  The  oi  in  these 
words — which  are  now  usually  written  avais,  avail,  avaient, 
Polonais,  Lyonnais — sounds  like  ai,  (or  i.) 

13.  Ou  sounds  like  oo  in  English. 

14.  B,  c,*  d,f,  Jc,  p,  t,  V,  and  z,  are  the  same  as  in  English. 

15.  O,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  is  hard,  as  in  the  English  word 
gap ;  before  e,  t,  and  y,  it  is  soft,  having  the  sound  of  zh,  or 
of  s  in  pleasure.  Gu  sounds  like  g  hard ;  thus,  gui,  guide, 
are  pronounced  gi,  gheed. 

16.  i?  is  never  pronounced  in  French  so  forcibly  as  in 
English.  Some  orthoepists  say  that  h  has  no  sound  in 
French.f 

17.  J  sounds  like  soft  g  in  French,  or  zh  in  English. 

18.  L  has  usually  the  same  sound  as  in  English;  but 
when  it  ends  a  word,  being  preceded  by  t,  or  when  U  follows 
i,  in  any  situation,  it  usually  has  what  is  called  its  liquid 
sound.  This  may  be  said  to  answer  nearly  to  the  sound  of 
Ui  in  million,  the  sound  of  I  in  such  cases  being  blended 
with  that  of  y,  (consonant ;)  e.  g.  papillon  is  pronounced 
pi^-peer-y^N"';  Chantihy,  shSxo'-teel^-yee',  &e.  It  should, 
however,  be  observed  that,  according  to  the  present  practice 
of  the  more  polite  French  speakers,  the  sound  of  I  is  scarcely 
heard  at  all  in  such  words,  so  that  their  pronunciation  might 
rather  be  indicated  thus — pd'-pee'-yAN"' ;  shS>'«Mee'-yee'. 

19.  3Aaiid  iV,  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  or  when  double, 
have  the  same  sound  as  in  English ;  but  when  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  (not  immediately  followed  by  another  word  be- 
i»inning  with  a  vowel,)  or  when  followed  by  another  conso- 

*  C,  with  3.  cedilla,  (?,)  before  o,  o,  and  u,  sounds  like  *;  thui 
■XI,  fo,  fii,  are  pronounced  «a,  so,  »u. 
t  See  Bohnar'a  Fables— Remark  on  the  letter  h,  page  i. 
B 


nant  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  they  have  what  is  termed  tha 
nasal  sound,  which  resembles  that  of  ng,  as  in  long,  pang, 
&c.,  but  is  somewhat  softer  ;J  thus,  m  and  n  are  nasal  in 
such  words  as  coyiparer,  coyte.yte,  but  have  their  natura' 
sound  in  such  as  commune,  connu.  Melun,  before  a  conso 
nant,  or  standing  by  itself,  would  be  pronounced  almost 
m'lu^i";  but  if  followed  immediately  by  a  vowel,  as  in  the 
sentence,  Melun  a  six  viiUe  habitans,  "  Melun  has  six  thou- 
sand inhabitants,"  the  final  n  is  sounded  distinctly  likenn; 
the  pronoun  sirn,  when  not  followed  by  a  vowel,  is  pro- 
nounced nearly  sc-In"';  but  when  it  takes  the  feminine 
termination,  the  n,  being  doubled,  has  the  same  sound  as 
in  English,  so  that  sienne  is  proBOunced  sc<nn'. 

20.  Mor  n,  nas.al,  when  preceded  by  e,  usu-ally  causes  this 
vowel  to  assume  the  broad  sound  of  a:  thus,  dents,  sens,  are 
pronounced  like  the  French  words  dans  and  sans,  almost  as 
if  written  in  English  dds'  and  sd^t". 

21.  In,  im,  ain,  aim,  ein,  oin,  and  en,  preceded  immediately 
by  i,  when  nasal,  have  a  sound  nearly  resembling  that  of 
ang  in  the  English  word  pang.  In  such  cases,  in,  im,  ain, 
aim,  ein,  and  en  are  pronounced  alike,  Sn";  the  o  in  oin  has 
the  sound  of  our  w,  so  that  loin  and  soin  are  pronounced 
almost  Iw^N",  swixo. 

22.  In  om  and  on,  nasal,  the  o  is  long,  as  in  won't. 

Obs.  The  French  nasal  sound  is  represented  in  the  present 
work  by  n«,  and  .sometimes  by  x  or  m  distinguished  as  a  small 
capital,  e.  g.  Chaumo.nt,  sho^-mis"';  Quimpek,  kiM^-pifce'. 

23.  Q  or  qu,  in  French,  always  sounds  like  U,  e.  g.  quel  is 
pronounced  kel ;  qui,  lee. 

Obs.  Q,  in  French  words,  (except  when  terminal,  as  in  coq 
and  cinq.)  is  always  followed  by  u,  though  it  is  sometimes 
employed  without  this  letter  in  writing  certain  foreign 
names.  Thus  Balbi  iind  sever.al  other  authors,  both  French 
and  English,  write  Qeni  for  Keneh;  Qonm  for  KooM,  Ac. 
In  such  ciises,  q  is  used  to  denote  a  sound  like  that  of  k, 
but  somewhat  more  guttural. 

24.  R  is  like  the  English,  but  is  trilled  more  strongly,  es- 
pecially when  it  precedes  another  consonant,  or  stands  at 
the  end  of  a  word,  as  in  veviu,puniv.:  in  similar  cases,  the 
English  r  is  but  very  slightly  sounded.  This  sound  is  in- 
dicated by  a  small  capital  R. 

25.  S,  when  single  and  between  two  vowels,  sounds  like 
z:  in  other  cases  it  is  the  same  as  in  English. 

26.  ^generally  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English,  but  is 
sometimes  sounded  like  s,  e.  g.  in  six,  pronounced  seece,  and 
Bnixelles,  (Brus.sels,)  pronounced  brll*  sell';  and  occasionally 
like  z,  as  in  dixiime,  de^-ze-aiml. 

27.  Cli  is  like  sh  in  English :  th  is  like  t. 

28.  On  (the  same  as  in  Italiiin)  has  a  sound  which  blends 
that  of  n  and  y,  (consonant,)  or,  in  other  words,  is  equiva- 
lent to  the  sound  of  ni  in  minion.  Thus,  Aviqnox  is  pro- 
nounced i^-veen^-yAsi"'. 

Obs.  This  sound  is  represented  in  Spanish  by  fl.  and  bears 
the  same  relation  to  n  that  the  liquid  I  (1)  d.oes  to  the  ordi- 
nary I.  In  Hungarian  it  is  expressed  by  ny,  and  in  Portu- 
guese by  nh. 

When  it  occurs  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  we  h.ive  repre- 
sented it  by  n  and  y,  as  in  the  ex.ample  above  given ;  but 
when  it  st.ands  at  the  end  of  a  word,  as  it  cannot  then  be 
expres.sed  by  any  letter  or  combination  of  letters  in  English, 
it  has  been  indicated  by  the  Spanish  fl.-  accordingly,  the 
French  pronunciation  of  such  names  as  Cologne  and  Bou- 
logne are  thus  given — koMofi',  booMoH'. 

SILENT    LETTERS. 

29.  The  vowel  e  at  the  end  of  a  word,  when  not  marked 
with  an  accent,  is  invariably  mute,  e.  g.  in  parle,  con- 
tente,^^  &c. 

X  In  uttering  this  aonnd,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  press  th« 
back  part  of  the  tongue  against  the  palate,  as  is  done  in  pro- 
nouncing the  English  ng. 

5  The  particles  le,  ne,  and  the  pronoans  je,  me,  te,  to.,  are 
perhaps,  strictly  speaking,  exceptions;  but  though  the  e  la 


18 


INTKODUCTION. 


80.  Thft  (Trench  consonants,  when  occurring  at  the  end  of 
a  word,  arc  gnneraUy  not  pronounced^  unless  they  are  imme- 
diately followed  by  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel,  e.  g.  in 
contem,  Bordeaux,  and  dents.  If,  however,  they  are  followed 
by  a  mute  e,  or  any  other  rowel,  they  must  always  be  arti- 
culated, «.  ff.  in  conUwie,  demi,  &c. 

Obs.  1.  The  letters  e,f,  I,  and  r  are,  when  final,  very  often 
pronounced;  «.  g.  in  avec,  nevf,  il,  and puiiir. 

Ob8.  2.  The  French  articulate  the  final  consonants  in 
almost  all  forei<rn  and  classical  names,  e.  g.  in  Amsterdam, 
(to  not  nasal,)  Vfxus,  Ac 

REMARKS   ON   THE   FRENCH  ACCENT. 

It  may  be  observed  that  the  French  language  has  no  ac- 
cent, in  the  sense  in  which  we  employ  this  term.  The 
marks  called  accents,  that  are  placed  over  the  different 
vowels,  serve  only  to  indicate  some  particular  sound  of 
these  letters,  and  not  that  peculiar  impulse  of  the  voice 
which  characterizes  an  accented  syllable  in  the  English  and 
most  other  European  tongues.  Thus,  the  accent  over  the  « 
In  parli  serves  to  show  that  this  vowel  has  its  first  French 
sound,  and  at  the  same  time  distinguishes  it  from  park, 
another  form  of  the  same  verb,  in  which  the  e  is  mute.  The 
circumflex  imparts  to  the  vowels  over  which  it  is  placed  a 
longer  and  deeper  sound  than  ordinary ;  «.  g.  in  hdte,  tem- 
petc,  gtU,  and  apStre. 

It  is  commonly  said  that  the  French  pronounce  all  the 
syllables  of  a  word  with  an  equal  stress  of  voice,  but  that 
they  seem,  to  an  English  ear,  to  accentuate  the  last,  because. 
In  our  language,  the  universal  tendency  is  to  throw  the  ac- 
cent toward  the  beginning  of  the  word.  (See  IX.  Obs.  2.) 
Others,  on  the  contrary,  maintain  that  in  pronouncing 
words  of  a  number  of  syllables,  the  voice  of  a  native  French 
speaker  almost  invariably  rises  and  dwells  on  the  last,  and 
that  this  peculiar  terminal  intonation  is  very  analogous, 
and  nearly  equivalent,  to  our  accent.  This  last  opinion  ap- 
pears to  us  to  be  not  without  a  real  foundation.  But,  how- 
ever the  question  may  be  settled,  the  fact  that  the  English, 
who  have  learned  the  pronunciation  of  names  from  hearing 
them  spoken  by  the  French  themselves,  almost  invariably 
throw  the  accent  on  the  final  syll.ible,  furnishes,  in  our 
judgment,  suflScient  ground  for  establishing  a  general  rule 
on  this  subject.  Accordingly,  in  the  present  work,  we  have, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  placed  the  principal  accent  on  the 
last  syllable  of  French  geographical  names ;  at  the  same  time 
it  has  been  thought  proper  to  mark  the  others  with  second- 
ary accents,  in  order  to  prevent  them  from  being  pronounced 
too  slightly  or  indistinctly,  as  is  usually  the  case  with  unac- 
cented syllables  in  English.  The  pronunciation  of  Ori.£as8, 
for  example,  has  been  thus  given — OR'-lA'-ds»'. 

Obs.  Particular  care,  however,  should  be  taken  not  to 
break  such  names  into  as  many  isolated  sounds  as  there  are 
different  syllables ;  but,  while  pronouncing  these  syllables 
with  a  stress  of  voice  nearly  equal,  to  let  each  glide  smoothly 
into  that  which  follows  it.  It  may  be  observed,  that  the 
French,  in  uttering  short  sentences,  usually  make  the  dlf- 
'  ferent  words  run  into  each  other,  as  if  they  were  parts  of 
the  same  word. 

GERMAN. 

XVII. 

1.  A,  in  German,  usually  sounds  as  in  the  English  word 
far,  though  sometimes  approximating  the  a  in  fat. 

2.  E,  when  long,  sounds  like  a  \nfate :  when  short,  like 
e  in  met :  frequently,  however,  it  has  an  obscure  sound,  like 
«in  haiUry. 

these  words  is  not  always  absolutely  mute,  it  is  very  often  so ; 
thus,  the  sentence  tota  me  trouverez  U  m^me.  Is  pronounced 
room  trooe  nl  mame,  the  vowel  in  vie  and  n«  being  entirely 
Cnpprossed,  and  the  consonants  attached  to  the  preceding 
words. 


3.  7,  long,  sounds  like  i  in  marint,  (or  tt  in  English,} 
i,  short,  like  t  in  pit. 

4.  0,  long,  is  like  that  in  no;  o,  short,  like  that  in  on. 

5.  U,  long,  is  like  oo  in  cuckoo;  u,  short,  like  oo  in  good- 

6.  iT  sounds  like  the  German  t. 

7.  Ae,  or  d,  is  similar  to  the  German  e,  or  to  the  English 
a  in  fate. 

8.  Oe,  or  o,  nearly  resembles  the  eu  in  French,  but  has 
no  parallel  sound  in  English ;  the  sound  in  our  language 
nearest  to  it  is  that  of  e  in  her,  or  u  in  fur:  the  German 
poets  often  rhyme  it  with  e,  (A  or  i.) 

9.  He,  or  fi,  is  like  the  French  u. 

10.  Au  is  equivalent  to  the  English  ou  in  our. 

11.  Au  and  eu  resemble  in  sound  the  English  oi,  as  in  oiZ 

12.  Ei  and  ey  have  the  sound  of  t  in  mine,  as  pronounced 
by  the  Americam,  (the  English  draw  the  corners  of  the  mouth 
farther  back.) 

13.  Ai  is  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  somewhat  broader. 

Obs.  It  may  be  observed  that  ot  and  au,  in  German,  as 
well  as  in  several  other  languages,  are  proper  diphthongs, 
the  vowels  preserving  their  distinct  and  proper  sound;  thus, 
ai  is  equivalent  to  i'-e,  and  au  to  d'-oo,  in  English. 

14.  Ui  sounds  like  oo-e. 

15.  le  is  equivalent  to  e<  in  English." 

16.  The  consonants  /,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  t,  and  x  are  pro- 
nounced  as  in  English. 

17.  B  and  d,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  have  the  same 
sound  as  in  English;  at  the  end  of  a  word,  h  is  pronounced 
like  p,  and  d  like  t. 

18.  C,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  sounds  like  k;  before  e,  i,  and  y, 
like  ts. 

19.  Ch  has  a  sound  unknown  in  our  language,  and  which, 
consequently,  can  be  learned  from  an  oral  instructor  only. 
It  somewhat  resembles  that  of  oiir  h,  with  a  strong  aspira- 
tion :  after  a,  o,  and  u,  it  is  guttural ;  for  example,  in  the 
word  ach.*  'When  it  follows  e,i,a,  li,  u,  Uu,  or  eu,  it  seems 
to  be  sounded  more  in  the  palate,  as  in  icJi.*  Vi'e  have  re- 
•presented  this  sound  in  the  present  work  by  k,  distinguished 
as  a  small  capital. 

Obs.  Ch,  before  it,  radicals,  (i.  e.  forming  »  part  of  the  root 
of  the  word,)  has  the  sound  of  k;  e.g.  Ochs  is  pronounced 
oks ;  Sacksen,  sdk'-sf  n,  &c. 

20.  G,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  sounds  as  in  the  Eng- 
lish word<7et.  In  other  situations,  it  should  be  pi-onounced 
nearly  like  the  Germ.an  c7(,in  which  cases  it  is  represented  by  o 
small  capital.  (See  Section  V.)  In  some  German  dialects,  how- 
ever, it  is  sounded,  in  all  ca-ses,  nearlj-  like  g  hard,  in  English. 

21.  His  pronounced  only  when  it  begins  a  word. 

Obs.  1.  When  g  and  Ji  occur  in  the  middle  of  a  compound 
word,  they  have  the  same  sound  as  when  they  are  initial, 
provided  they  begin  any  part  which  is  a  complete  word  in 
itself:  thus,  in  the  participle  gegeben,  (given,)  the  latter  p 
has  the  same  sound  as  the  former,  because  it  begins  the 
verb  geben,  (to  give,)  from  which  that  participle  is  derived. 
It  is  sounded  in  like  manner  in  aufgeben,  (to  give  up.)  and 
rergehen,  (to  forgive,)  Ac.  H,  in  similar  lnstan.es,  is  pro- 
nounced ;  e.  g.  in  gehaU,  aufiwlten,  &c. 

Obs.  2.  Gand  7i,  occurring  after  a  vowel,  lengthen  its  sound; 
c.  g.  in  Tag,  Zald,  Floh,  pronounced  tig,  tsAI,  fi6,  Ac. 

22.  J  has  the  sound  of  the  English  y,  (consonant.) 

23.  Q  is  only  used  before  u,  and  sounds  as  in  the  English 
word  quit 

24.  i?  is  pronounced  like  rr  in  the  English  word  terror, 
but  somewhat  more  strongly.  (See  XVI.  24.) 

Obs.  Care  should  be  taken  to  pronounce  the  r,  In  German, 


•  Those  who  have  no  opportunity  of  acquiring  this  sound 
from  a  German,  might  perhaps  learn  it  fiom  t  Scotchman,  as 
the  Sootch  ch  is  essentially  the  same  with  the  C-Tman,  tfauogh 
pronounced  somewhat  more  strongly. 


INTRODUCTION. 


W 


distinctly  and  foiciWy.  In  such  words  as  herg  and  vjcrth, 
the  learner  should  be  particularly  on  his  guard  against  al- 
lowing the  e  to  become  like  short  ti.  as  in  similar  words  in 
English.  The  «,  in  such  cases,  should  have  the  same  sound 
as  in  our  word  joeHt,  so  that  berg  should  be  pronounced 
almost  as  if  written  hairg,  (not  burg ;)  wertli,  as  wairt,  (not 
wurt,)  but  somewhat  shorter. 

25.  S,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  or  between  two  Towels, 
is  like'  z ;  in  other  cases  it  is  sharp,  as  In  thU.  Ss  is  always 
Ebarp. 

26.  Sch  sounds  like  the  English  sh ;  sz  like  ss, 

27.  TIl  is  pronounced  like  t,  bs  in  most  other  lanj^ages. 

28.  F  sounds  like /in  English,  except  when  between  two 
Towels ;  it  is  then  usually  pronounced  like  our  v. 

29.  fT resembles  our  v,  but  in  pronouncing  it  the  upper 
teeth  should  not  be  allowed  to  touch  the  lower  lip,  as  is 
done  in  uttering  the  English  v.  This  sound  is  indicated  by 
s  w  marked  thus,  *. 

30.  Z  and  tz  sould  like  ts. 

Obs.  No  general  rule  can  be  given  for  the  accent  of  German 
words  or  names:  it  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  the 
penultimate  accent  occurs  much  less  frei^uently  than  in  the 
Soanish  or  Italian  languages. 


GREEK,  (MODERN.) 
xvm. 

1.  A  «  (alpha)  is  like  a  \nfar. 

2.  E  t  (epsilon)  is  like  a  in  fate, 

3.  H  ;;  (eta)  is  like  ee  in  English. 

4.  I  (  (iota)  is  like  e  in  mt,  or  i  in  pin. 
6.  O  0  (omicron)  is  like  o  in  English. 

6.  Y  w  (upsilon)  is  nearly  like  the  French  u,  (or  fi.) 

7.  il  <i)  (omSga)  is  like  o  in  English,  there  being  no  dif- 
ference between  this  and  omicron  in  prose ;  In  poetry  (o  is 
lonprer. 

8.  At  is  like  a  in/a<e. 

9.  E(  and  o«  sound  like  ee  in  English. 

10.  Oti  is  like  our  oo. 

11.  B  6  (beta)  is  like  v  in  English. 

12.  r  Y  (gamma)  is  like  g  hard,  as  in  geL 

13.  A  i  (delta)  is  like  th  in  tMs. 

14.  Z  ?  (zeta)  is  like  the  Engli.sh  z. 

15.  9  0  (theta)  is  like  th  In  thin, 

16.  K  K  (Icappa)  is  like  k. 

17.  A  X  (lambda)  is  like  I, 

18.  M  n  (mu)  is  like  m, 

19.  N  V  (nu)  is  like  n, 

20.  S  I  (xi)  is  like  x. 

21.  n  T  (pi)  is  usually  like  the  English  p ;  but  after /I  (m) 
it  is  like  6 ;  e.  g.  epiiropoi  is  pronounced  em'bo-ros. 

22.  P  p  (rho)  is  similar  to  the  German  r. 

23.  2  (7  5  (sigma)  is  like  the  English  s. 

24.  T  T  (tau)  is  usually  like  the  English  t ;  after  v,  (n,) 
however,  it  is  sounded  like  d;  e  g.  ivrd;  is  pronounced 
tn-dns'. 

25.  Y  1),  (consonant,)  when  before  a  vowel,  or  the  liquids 
I,  m,  n,  r,  is  like  our  v;  e.g.  aicpvb)  is  pronounced  dv-A-rtt'-o, 
ci>o{,  iv-los*,  avpiov,  Jv'-reon:  in  other  cases  it  is  like/; 
e.  g.  KtVKaSia  (Leucadia)  is  pronounced  lef-kd-THee'3. 

26.  <I>  0  (phi)  is  equivalent  to  our/. 

27.  X  X  {'^^^)  5s  simiLar  to  ch  in  German. 

28.  ♦  xj/  (psi)  is  like  j)s  in  English. 

Obs.  Rwently  it  has  become  the  practice  to  give  all,  or 
nearly  all,  the  islands,  towns,  Ac.  of  modem  Greece,  their- 
ancient  names ;  and  it  is  probable  that  at  no  distant  period 
sucl.  la'.odern  corruptions  as  Tlii-aln  for  Tthaca.  Sao  for  Chios, 
m.ay  be  regarded  as  obsolete.  But,  as  the  modern  names  are 
employed  in  nearly  all  our  books  on  geography,  and  in  the 
writings  of  the  English  travellers  and  poets,  it  has  been 
thought  proper  in  a  work  like  the  present,  which  is  intended 
for  pouulai  use,  to  assign  to  them  their  accustomed  place. 


HUNGARIAN. 
XIX. 

1.  A,  unaccented,  is  like  o  In  not ;  with  an  accent,  (d,)  it 
has  the  sound  of  a  in  far,  and  is  always  long;  thus,  Aba 
Uj-v&r,  the  name  of  a  town,  is  pronounced  0b-6h  oo-e  v&R. 

2.  E,  unaccented,  is  like  e  in  met;  with  an  accent,  (i.)* 
it  has  a  sound  intermediate  between  e  in  met  and  i  in  jnt, 
but  more  prolonged. 

3.  /,  and  y  when  a  vowel,  are  similar  to  e  in  me,  or  i  in 
fff- 

4.  O,  without  an  accent,  is  the  same  as  in  English;  when 
accented,  (<5.)*  it  has  a  longer  and  deeper  sound. 

5.  U,  without  an  accent,  is  like  oo  in  English ;  with  the 
accent,  (&,)*  its  sound  is  fuller  and  deeper. 

6.  Oe  or  o,  and  fi,  are  the  same  as  in  German. 

7.  The  consonants  b,  d,f,  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,p,  t,  v,  z,  are  like 
the  English. 

8.  C  is  not  used  without  being  joined  with  some  other 
consonant ;  cs  is  sounded  like  ch  in  English ;  cz  like  fc. 

9.  O,  except  when  followed  byjor  y,  is  always  hard,  as 
in  the  English  word  gei.    Gh  sounds  like  a  simple  g. 

10.  J  is  usually  like  e  in  English;  uj  is  pronounced  oo-e. 
Dj  and  gj  are  equivalent  to  dy  and  gy,  and  tj  to  ty.  (See  16, 
17,  and  20  of  this  Section.) 

11.  R  is  like  the  German ;  in  other  words,  is  to  be  trilled 
more  strongly  than  the  English, 

12.  S  is  like  the  English  sh, 

13.  &  is  like  s  sharp,  or  ts. 

14.  Ts  is  equivalent  to  cs,  or  cJi  in  English. 

15.  Tz  is  like  cz,  or  ts  in  English. 

16.  T,  in  Hungarian,  is  nearly  always  a  consonant.  TV'hen 
it  follows  d,  g  I,  n,  and  t,  it  seems  to  be  blended  with  these 
letters,  so  as  to  form  but  one  consonant  sound. 

17.  Dy  and  gy  are  alike.   Magyar  is  pronounced  mOd-ydR. 

18.  Ly  is  like  I  in  Spanish,  or  Ui  in  the  English  word 
million,  V4sfirhely  is  pronounced  in  three  syllables — 
vi-ph4R-hM. 

19.  iVy  is  like  the  Spanish  It,  or  ni  In  minion.  Mirtony 
is  pronounced  in  two  syllables — mdR-toH. 

20.  Ty  approximates  the  sound  of  our  ch,  bearing  the  some 
relation  to  t  that  dy  does  to  d. 

21.  Zs  sounds  like  the  French  j",  or  zh  In  English. 

Obs.  The  Hungarian  language  cannot  be  said  to  have  any 
accent,  in  the  sen.se  in  which  we  employ  this  term :  the  syl- 
lables of  words,  however,  are  distinguished  from  each  other 
by  quantity.  As  quantity  in  Latin  and  Greek  is  converted 
into  accent  by  the  usage  of  English  pronunciation,  so,  in 
giving  Hungarian  names,  we  have  aimed  to  place,  as  far  as 
practicable,  the  accent  according  to  the  quantity:  e.g.,  Cson- 
gr&d,  chou'grM';  or  else  according  to  the  mode  adopted 
with  regard  to  French  names — that  of  placing  the  accent 
(with  few  exceptions)  on  every  syllable.  This  plan,  though 
perhaps  open  to  some  objections,  has  appeared  to  be,  on  the 
whole,  the  best  that  can  be  adopted. 


ITALIAN. 
XX. 

1.  A,  in  Italian,  is  like  the  English  a  in  far,  though  its 
sound  varies  somewhat  in  different  sitiiatlons.t 

^  *  The  peculiarity  of  these  sounds  cannot  be  indicated  by  Etg-  ■ 
lish  letters ;  in  giving  the  pronunci.ation  of  Ilungarian  names, 
we  have  merely  distinguished  them  as  being  long. 

t  There  are  a  number  of  niceties  in  Italian  pronunciation, 
which,  however  interesting  to  a  thorough  linguist,  cannot  pro- 
perly be  noticed  in  a  work  like  the  present.  The  difficulty  of 
giving  a  brief,  and,  at  the  same  time,  a  satisfactory  exposition 
of  the  principles  of  this  language,  is  increased  by  the  existence 
of  different  dialects  in  different  parts  of  Italy.  It  has  been 
deemed  sufficient,  in  this  synopsis,  merely  to  explain  those 
principles  of  pronunciation  which  appear  to  be  recognised  by 
the  Itivlians  generally. 


20 


INTRODUCTION. 


2.  £  hHS  two  sounds:  (1.)  dose,  as  a  In  faU;  (2.)  opirn, 
like  e  in  wf/, 

3.  7is  'Ike  e  in  m«,  or  i  in^. 

4.  ty  has  two  sounds :  (1.)  dose,  as  in  note ;  (2.)  open,  si- 
milar to  o  iu  not,  but  rather  broader. 

5.  Cis  like  oo  in  English. 

6.  Ai  and  au,  in  Italian,  are  proper  diphthonss.  (See 
XYII.  13,  Obs.)  Accordingly,  Cairo  is  to  be  pronounced 
ki'-ro,  and  Ausa,  5w'-si,  &c. 

7.  The  consonants  b,  d,f,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  s,  t,  and  v  are  simi- 
Lir  to  the  English. 

Obs.  K.  w,  x,  and  y  are  not  used  by  the  Italians,  except 
In  spelling  foreign  names. 

6.  C  and  cc,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  are  sounded  like  k;  before 
e,  i,  and  y,  like  ch  or  tsh. 

Obs.  Q:  should  be  pronounced  more  strongly  than  a  single 
r.  This  remark  will  apply  to  all  double  letters  in  Italian,  as 
well  as  in  most  other  languages. 

9.  As  c,  when  InunedLitely  before  a,  o,  or  w,  is  nerer  pro- 
nounce<l  like  cA,  in  order  to  express  this  sound  in  such 
cases,  the  vowel  t  is  inserted;  thus,  cia,  do,  ciu,  are  pro- 
nounced chi,  cJiO,  choo.  (See  table  at  the  end  of  this  Sec- 
tion ) 

10.  Ch  is  employed  to  express  the  sound  of  k  before  « 
and  I. 

11.  G,  before  a,  o,  and  «,  is  hard,  as  in  the  Englbh  word 
gd ;  before  e,  t,  and  y,  it  sounds  like  the  English  j.-  ffia,gio, 
ffiu,  are  pronounced  jd,  jo,  joo.  (See  table  at  the  end  of  this 
Section.) 

12.  Gh  is  used  to  express  the  sound  of  hard  g,  before  « 
and  i. 

13.  Gli  h.<>s  the  sound  of  the  liquid  I,  (I,)  or  of  tti  iumittim  ; 
thus,  Bocuo  is  pronounced  bcHe'-yo,  or  bAl'yo. 

14.  Gn  has  the  same  sound  as  in  French;  or,  in  other 
words,  is  like  the  Spanish  «  ;  e.  g.  Bologna  is  pronounced 
bo-lAn'yi,  (bo-lone'-y2.) 

15.  n  is  never  sounded  in  Italian. 

16.  J,  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable,  is  like  the  English  y, 
(consonant;)  at  the  end  of  a  word  it  is  equivalent  to  ii, 
(Italian.) 

17.  a  resembles  the  French,  but  is  trilled  somewhat  more 
strongly.  (See  X\l.  24.) 

18.  Sc,  before  e  and  t,  b  like  the  English  sk  ;  e.  g.  Scio  is 
pronounced  Shee^-o. 

19.  X  commonly  has  the  sound  otdz  in  English;  zz  is  pro- 
nounced like  ts. 

The  following  table  will  perhaps  enable  the  reader  more 

readily  to  understand  the  mode  in  which  c  and  ch,  g  aadgk 
are  employed  by  the  Italians: 

ca  is  pronounced  ki.  ga  is  pronounced  gi. 

che  ki.  ghe gL 

chi  ke.  ghi  ghe. 

CO    ko.  go    go. 

cu    koo.  gu    goo. 

cia   chd.  gia   j3. 

ee chA.  ge    jA. 

ci      che.  gl     je. 

cio   cho.  gio  jo. 

ciu    choo.  giu  joo. 

Obs.  1.  In  Italian,  the  accent  of  words  ending  in  a  vowel 
If  usually  on  the  penultima;  but  to  this  general  rule  there 
are  many  exceptions. 

Obs.  2.  It  may  be  observed  that,  in  consequence  of  the  posi- 
tion of  lts\y.  and  its  former  extensive  and  intimate  com- 
mercial rel.itions  with  the  Levant,  a  jrreat  number  of  the 
peo'jraphical  names  of  Greece.  Syria,  and  Egypt,  as  well  as 
many  of  those  along  the  southern  shore  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean.  are  written  in  the  Italian  mode,  and  should  be  pro- 
nounced according  to  the  principles  of  this  language ;  e.  g. 
CoPFU.  TKIPOUZZ.A.  Sao,  Jaffa,  Cairo,  &.c 


NORWEGIAN. 
XXI. 


As  a  written  language,  the  Norwegian  nuiy  l>e  said  to  ba 
identical  with  the  Danish,  since  not  only  the  grammar,  but, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  the  words  of  both,  are  precisely 
the  s-ame.  In  pronunciation,  however,  the  Norwegians 
differ  widely  from  the  Danes,  while  these,  again,  differ  con- 
siderably among  themselves.  Under  Section  XIV.  we  have 
given  the  elements  of  Danish  pronunciation,  as  the  language 
is  spoken  by  the  educated  classes  in  Copenhagen.  The  prin- 
cipal points  of  difference  between  tliis  and  tie  Norwegian 
appear  to  be  the  following:  (1.)  d,  in  the  latter  tongue, 
always  has  its  proper  sound,  while  in  the  Danish  it  is  often 
pronounced  like  the  English  th ;  (2.)  g,  at  the  end  of  a  word, 
in  Norwegian,  is  to  be  sounded  distinctly  as  g  h.ird  iu  Eng- 
lish; (3)e,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  always  retains  its  dis- 
tinct sound;  ou  is  like  the  Dutch  and  English  on,  or 
like  6w. 


POLISH, 
xxn. 

1.  A  sounds  as  a  in  the  English  word/ar. 

2.  E,  without  an  accent,  like  «  in  met;  with  an  accent, 
(i,)  like  a  in.  fate. 

3.  7  as  in  marine. 

4.  O,  unaccented,  as  in  lu^ ;  with  an  accent,  like  oo  in 
good,  or  66. 

6.  U  is  like  oo  in  moon. 

6.  r  resembles  emmt,  but  is  more  guttural,  being  simi- 
lar to  t  in  pin. 

7.  The  consonants  h,  d,f,  g,  (always  hard,)  ti,  k,  I,  m,  n, 
p,  s,  (always  sharp,)  t  and  z,  are  essentially  the  same  as  in 
English. 

8.  Ciu  .ill  eases,  even  before  a  or  o,  sounds  like  U  in  Eng- 
lish ;  cz  is  e<iuivalent  to  our  ch ;  cJi  is  like  the  German  ek. 

Q.  J  is  Jike  the  German,  being  equivalent  to  y,  (conso- 
nant.) 

10.  R  is  like  the  German. 

11.  W  is  similar  to  the  German,  resembling  our  v. 

12.  N,  with  an  accent  over  it,  (n',)  sounds  like  the  Spa- 
nish H. 

13.  S,  marked  in  a  similar  manner,  (s*,)  has  a  sound  blend- 
ing that  of  s  and  y,  (consonant.)  S'&  has  a  sound  which 
cannot  be  given  in  English :  its  nearest  approximation  in 
our  language  is  sts. 

14.  Sz  is  equivalent  to  sh  in  English. 

15.  Z,  with  a  point  over  it,  is  like  the  French  j^,  or  zh  in 
English. 

16.  Z.  with  an  accent  (z*,)  is  somewhat  similar  to  the 
above,  but  has  no  equivalent  in  our  language. 

Obs.  1.  The  accent  in  Polish  words  or  names  of  more  than 
one  syllable,  is  always  on  the  penultima.  In  llussian,  how- 
ever, "it  is  almost  alwavs  on  the  Last  s\-llable. 

Obs.  2.  The  sounds  of  the  letters  in  Slavonian,  Bohemian, 
and  lllvrian  correspond,  with  very  slight  exceptions,  to 
those  of  the  Polish  language, 

PORTUGUESE. 

XXIII, 

1.  The  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  y,  and  the  diphthongs  at, 
ay,  au,*  are  es.sentially  the  same  as  in  Spanish. 

2.  AO  Is  pronounced  almost  Owitg. 

3.  The  consonants  6,  d,  f,l,m,  n,  p,  s,  t,  v,  an*  ?  are  simi- 
lar to  the  English. 


•  Ei  and  ey  are  almost  the  same  as  in   Spso'sh,  but  hare  a 
found  sometimes  approaching  to  the  English  long  •. 


INTRODUCTION. 


21 


4.  Cis  the  same  as  In  JVench,  differing  from  the  English 
only  by  sometimes  having  the  cedilla. 

5.  Ch  is  the  same  as  in  French ;  or,  in  other  words,  Is 
like  our  sh. 

6.  (?  and  J  are  the  same  as  in  French.  (See  XVI.  15  and 
17.) 

7.  H,  in  Portuguese,  is  always  silent.  "When,  however. 
It  follows  I  or  n,  it  renders  these  letters  liquid;  th\is,filho 
(son)  is  pronounced  feel'-yo ;  senhora,  (la^yO  sane-yo'-rd,  &c. 

8.  M,  fre<iuently,  and  n,  sometimes,  has  a  nasal  sound. 
&i7n,  like  sao,  is  pronounced  ilmost  soung;  aUm,  or  alen 
sounds  like  d-leng'. 

9.  Qu  is  pronounced  as  in  French,  the  u  in  this  case  not 
being  sounded. 

10.  R  is  like  the  French.  (See  XVI.  24.) 

11.  Xis  sounded  like  ch  in  Portuguese,  or  sh  in  English. 

0ns.  In  Portuguese,  the  general  rules  of  accentuation  are 
similar  to  those  in  the  Spanish  language.  (See  XXIV.  Obs.  1.) 

RUSSIAN. 

As  the  Russians  neither  employ  Roman  characters,  nor 
those  which  can  be  readily  converted  into  corresponding 
Roman  letters,  we  have,  in  writing  the  geographical  names 
of  Russia,  followed  the  mode  adopted  with  respect  to  orien- 
tal names.  (See  XI.  and  XII.;  also,  XXII.  Obs.  1.) 

SPANISH. 
XXIV. 

1.  The  Spanish  a  sounds  as  in  the  English  word /ar;  e 
like  a  in  ale;  i  like  e  in  mete;  o  as  in  English;  u  like  oo; 
and  y  like  Spanish  t. 

2.  .(It  and  ajr  are  like  long  tin  Englisn.  .Au  sounds  like  ou 
la  our.  (See  XVII.  13,  Obs.)    Ei  and  ey  are  pronounced  A'-e. 

3.  The  consonants/,  I,  (single,)  m,  n,  p,  s,  t,  and  rare  pro- 
nounced nearly  as  in  English. 

4.  B,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  sounds  as  in  English; 
but  when  between  two  vowels,  its  sound  somewhat  re- 
sembles that  of  r,  but  with  this  difference — v  is  pronounced 
with  the  upper  teeth  placed  against  the  under  lip,  while  the 
sound  of  the  Spanish  6  is  formed  by  tiringing  the  lips  loosely 
or  feebly  into  contact.  This  sound  seems  to  be  between 
that  of  6  and  the  English  w.    It  is  represented  by  b  or  y. 

.  5.  C,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  is  pronounced  as  in  English; 
before  e  and  i,  it  has  the  sound  of  th  in  the  word  Viin.  In 
the  Catalan  dialect  it  is  the  same  as  in  English. 

6.  Ch  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English,  except  in  the 
dialect  of  Catalonia,  where  it  is  pronounced  like  k. 

7.  D,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  sounded  nearly  as  in 
English,  but  is  pronounced  with  the  tip  of  the  tongue 
against  the  upper  teeth,  while  in  pronouncing  the  English 
d,  the  tongue  is  made  to  touch  the  roof  of  the  mouth.  At 
the  end  of  a  syllable,  or  between  two  vowels,  d,  in  Spanish, 
sounds  like  the  Engli.ih  ih  in  this,  but  is  somewhat  softer. 
This  sound  is  usually  represented,  in  the  present  work,  by 
a  small  capital  d. 

8.  G,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  is  hard,  as  in  English. 

9.  G,  before  «  and  t,  and  j  before  every  vowel,  are  pro- 
nounced like  a  strong  guttural  /;,  similar  to  the  German  ch 
rn  ach.    This  sound  is  indicated  by  h,  distinguished  as  .% 

.  imall  capital. 

10.  Gun  and  giio  sound  somewhat  like  gwi,  gwo,  but  the 
ff  is  so  soft  that  it  is  scarcely  perceived :  so  that  in  these 
cases  the  sound  of  gu  seems  to  approximate  very  nearly  to 
that  of  the  English  w.  Gu,  before  e  and  i,  is  usually  sounded 
like  g  hard:  thus,  Gciana  is  pronounced  ghe-d'nd.  When, 
however,  the  u  is  marked  with  a  diseresis,  thus,  gUi,  these 
two  letters  have  the  same  sound  as  when  before  a  or  o,  and 
9onsequently  gui  is  pronounced  gwe  or  we.  (See  table  at  the 
Kid  of  this  Section.) 


11.  IT,  in  Spanish,  is  never  pronounced,  except  in  words 
beginning  with  hue,  and  then  very  slightly. 

12.  J:  for  this  letter,  see  9  and  18  of  this  Section. 

13.  LI  (now  sometimes  written  I)  has  a  sound  which  com 
bines  that  of  I  and  y,  (consonant,)  and  is  similar  to  the  liquid 
tin.  French;  e.  g.  villa  or  vila  is  pronounced  veel'-yd;  Llb- 
RENA,  lyA-ri'-nd. 

14.  ^,  in  similar  manner,  unites  the  sounds  of  n  and  y,  and 
is  like  gn  in  French ;  thus,  petla  is  pronounced  pJn'yi,  or 
pAne'yd. 

15.  Q,  in  Spanish,  is  always  followed  by  u.  Qu,  before  \ 
and  0,  is  sounded  as  in  English,  or,  in  other  words,  is  e<iuiva- 
lent  toAio;  before  e  and  i,  it  is  pronounced  like  k,  unless  the 
u  be  marked  with  a  diaeresis,  in  which  case  it  is  like  lew.  (Sea 
table  at  the  end  of  this  Section.) 

16.  ^  is  similar  to  the  French,  but  is  trilled  more  strongly. 
(See  XVI.  24.) 

17.  r  is  to  be  pronounced  by  putting  the  tip  of  the  tongue 
against  the  upper  teeth. 

18.  X  is  usually  sounded  like  the  Spanish  j,  which  letter, 
according  to  the  present  mode  of  spelling,  has  been  gene- 
rally substituted  for  it;  thus,  instead  of  the  old  spelling, 
XiMENES,  XucAR,  Ac,  We  now  see  Jimenes,  Jucar,  &c.  S, 
before  a  consonant,  or  before  a  vowel  marked  with  thin 
sign  /v,  is  sounded  as  in  English:  Example — Exterior 
Exdminar. 

19.  Z  is  to  be  pronounced  like  th  in  thin. 

The  following  table  may  serve  to  show  more  clearly  tU« 
manner  in  which  c,  g.  j,  q,  x,  and  z  are  used  in  Spanish. 

ea —     is  pronounced  kd.        cua  or  qua  is  pronounced  qu3- 

que        kA.        cue  or  qtle qui 

qui         ke.        cui  or  qUi   que. 

CO —      ko.        cuo  or  quo quo. 

cu —      koo. 

ga  is  pronounced  gj.        gua  is  pronounced  gwd  or  wd. 

gue        gA.       gUe  gwi  or  wa. 

gui         g/ie.      gui   gwe  or  we 

go  go.        guo  gwo  or  wo. 

gu  goo. 

ja  or  xa  —  is  pron'ced  nd; 

je,xe,orge hA. 

ji,  xi,  or  gi He. 

jo  or  xo  — HO. 


la  —         Is  pronounced  thi. 

ze  or  ee      thA. 

zi  or  ci       the. 

zo —  tho. 

thoo. 


ju  or  xu     Hoo.      zu —         

Ob3.  1.  Spanish  words  or  names  ending  in  a  consonan*, 
have  the  accent  almost  always  on  the  last  syllable :  those 
ending  in  a  vowel  are  generally  accentuated  on  the 
penultima.  If  a  word  or  name  be  an  exception  to  either  of 
these  rules,  in  correctly  printed  Spanish  works  the  accent  is 
usually  marked ;  as,  C6i!1>ova,  AlcalA,  JCcar,  CAckres.  It 
should  be  observed  that  the  »  in  the  plural  does  not  change 
theaccent;  hence,  ca.^as,  "houses,"  though  ending  in  a  conso- 
nant, has  the  penultimate  accent  as  well  as  cam,  "  a  house.'' 

OiiS.  2.  The  Spanish  language,  as  spoken  in  Mexico  and 
South  America,  differs  in  some  points  materially  from  the 
true  Spanish.  Thus,  z  (and  c,  before  e  and  i)  instead  of 
having  the  sound  of  th,  are  generally  pronounced  like  s. 
Among  the  uneducated  classes.  U  is  universally  sounded 
like  y;  thus,  galU)  is  pronounced  almost  gd'yo. 


SWEDISH. 

XXV. 

1.  The  vowel  a,  e,  i,  SL,  and  6"  are  similar  to  the  German. 

2.  1  sounds  like  the  English  o,  LuleA  is  pronounced 
loo'lA-O;  TorneA,  tor'nA-fl,  &c. 

3.  0.  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  is  like  our  oo ;  in  other 
cases,  like  o  in  not. 

4.  U  appears  to  blend  the  sounds  of  short  e  and  of  oo, 
being  somewhat  similar  to  h'-oo.  It  has  been  represented, 
in  the  present  work,  by  oo,  this  sound  lieing  the  nearest  to 
it  of  any  in  our  language. 


22 


INTRODUCTION. 


6.  ria  the  same  m  in  Danish;  or,  in  other  words,  is  simi- 
lar to  the  French  u. 

6.  The  Swedish  consonants  are,  for  the  most  part,  pro- 
nounced lilve  the  English,  with  the  exception  of  j,  and  g, 
(before  e,  i,  a,  5,  and  S,)  which  are  equivalent  to  y  consonant, 
and  of  z,  which  sounds  lilie  ts. 

7.  ^"sounds  lilie  the  Knglish  ch  in  child:  thus,  Kjuping 
(written,  also,  simply  KOjiing)  is  pronounced  choja'-ing. 


"WELSH. 

XXVL 

1.  ^  ia  pronounced  as  in  the  English  word  far,  and 
sometimes  aa  in  fat.  When  circumflexed,  it  has  the  same 
•ound  as  in  /ate. 

2.  E  sounds  as  in  met ;  when  circumflexed,  as  in  bear, 

flu. 

3.  I  sounds  as  injig,  or  marine. 

4.  O,  with  an  acute  accent,  as  o  in  gone;  when  circum- 
flexed, as  in  note. 

5.  C  has  the  sound  of  i  in  pin;  circumflexed,  as  ee  in 
seen. 

6.  TTsounds  like  the  English  oo. 

7.  Y,  in  the  penultima,  or  antepenultima,  has  the  sound 
of  «  in  fur  or  tub;  in  the  final  syllable,  or  in  a  monosyl- 
bible,  it  sounds  as  in  pin;  when  circumflexed,  it  is  like  ee. 


The  English  word  sundry  will  serve  to  exemjilify  its  sound, 
both  in  the  penultima  and  ultima. 

8.  The  Welsh  diphthongs  may  all  be  said  to  be  proper, 
^i  sounds  like  long  t  in  English;  aw,  like  mo,  as  in  noto; 
wio,  like  e-oo  or  u,  &c. 

9.  The  consonants  b,  d,  h,  Jc,  I,  m,  n,  p,  r,  t,  t,  are  the  same 
as  in  Englisli. 

10.  Cis  always  hard,  like  k. 

11.  J" (single)  is  like  our  v. 

12.  G  is  always  hard,  as  in  get. 

13.  Ch  is  similar  to  the  Qerman  eh,  or  to  the  Greek  X- 

14.  Dd  has  the  sound  of  th  in  thit. 

15.  Ff  is  like  the  English/. 

16.  LI  is  I  aspirated,  and  has  no  equivalent  in  English. 
It  bears  a  resemblance  (though  somewhat  remote)  to  the 
sound  of  thl.  "  It  is  pronounced  by  fixing  the  tip  of  the 
tongue  to  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  and  breathing  forcibly 
through  the  jaw-teeth  on  both  sides,  but  more  on  the  right, 
as  if  written  in  English  Wi."  Tliis  sound  (except  at  the  be- 
ginning of  names)  is  usually  angliciaed  by  Oil:  e.  g.  Llaxelly, 
lan-eth'lee,  Llangoilen,  lan-gothlen,  Ac. 

17.  Ph  is  the  same  as  in  English,  or  like/. 

18.  Th,  in  Welsh,  is  the  same  as  in  the  English  words 
Viin,  mouth,  &c. 

Obs.  The  accent,  in  all  Welsh  words,  is  either  on  the  pe- 
nultima or  on  the  last  sjrUaUe  —never  on  the  antepenultima. 


EXPLANATIONS. 


ABBREVIATIONS,  ETC. 


A  VERY  few  abbreviations  (those  only  which  are  sanctioned  by  general  usage)  are  employed  in 

the  descriptive  portion  of  this  Gazetteer.     They  are  as  follow: — 


E east  or  eastern. 

N north  or  northern. 

S south  or  southern 

W west  or  western. 


CO.  or  cos county  or  counties. 

lat.  latitude. 

Ion.  longitude. 

P.  or  Pop Population, 


The  following  abbreviations  relate  to  pronunciation,  &o. : 

Int.    „  Introduction. 

It.       Italian. 

L.        Latin. 

Port Portuguese. 


Adj Adjective. 

anc.    anciently. 

Arab. Arabic. 

Dan Dani.sh. 


Fr French. 

Gar German. 

Gr Greek. 

Hun Hungarian. 

inhab inhabitant. 


proa prnnuDciation. 

Kuss Kupsian. 

Sp Spanish. 

Sw Swedish. 

Turk Turkish. 


To  avoid  a  repetition  of  the  same  name,  an  ellipsis  like  the  following  is  frequently  employed 
•'  Leeds,  a  town  of  England,  county,  and  23  miles  W.S.  W.  of  York;"  meaning,  "in  the  county  of 
Fork,  and  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  the  city  of  York." 


SIGNS,  ETC.  RELATING  TO  ORTHOEPY. 


A  has  fire  sounds,  represented  as  follows: 

4  as  a  in  fate,  fable,  &c. 

2  as  a  in  father,  far,  or  in  the  last  syllable  of  mama. 

4  as  a  in  fall,  all,  being  equal  to  aw. 
&  as  a  in  hat,  fat,  &c. 

^  obscure,  as  in  organ,  oval. 

ah  is  used  to  denote  a  sound  intermediate  between  4  and 
1,  as  al-a-bah'ma. 

E  has  three  sounds : 

6  (or  simple  «,  when  it  ends  a  syllable)  as  e  in  me. 

5  as  c  in  met,  merry. 

f,  obscure,  as  e  in  berth,  raveL 

I  has  three  sounds : 

I  as  i  in  pine,  min«. 

I  or  1  as  t  in  pin,  pit. 

J,  obscure,  as  infirm,  evil. 

O  has  three  sounds : 

6  (or  simple  o,  when  ending  a  syllable)  as  o  in  note,  no. 
5  as  0  in  not,  hot,  &c, 

9,  obscure,  as  In  sermon,  harbor. 

IT  has  two  sounds: 

^  (or  u,  ending  a  syllable)  as  u  in  tube,  hue. 

Q  as  u  in  tub,  fur. 

Th  has  two  sounds : 

th  as  in  thin. 

TH  (small  capitals)  as  in  this. 

8  has  a  sound  similar  to  the  French  eu,  or  nearly  like 
that  of  e  in  her.  It  may  be  anglicized  by  e.  (See  Intro- 
duction, XVII.  8.) 


U  is  like  the  French  u,  being  intermediate  between  ec  and 
00.    (XIX.  5.) 

D,  (small  capital.)  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  name,  indi- 
cates that  its  sound  is  nearly  similar  to  th  in  tlds. 

0  and  K  (small  capitals)  indicate  the  sound  of  the  Gerinai, 
cJi,  or  one  similar  to  it    (V.  and  XX.  19,  20.) 

H  (small  capital)  has  a  sound  nearly  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  more  resembling  a  strongly  aspirated  h. 

1  (I  liquid)  Is  to  be  pronounced  like  lit  in  million :  it  blends 
the  sounds  of  I  and  y  consonant.    (XXIV.  13.) 

B  in  like  manner  blends  the  sounds  of  n  and  y  consonant. 

M  and  N  (small  capitals)  and  »<>  are  nasal,  being  similar  in 
sound  to  ng.    (XVI.  19.) 

R  (small  capital)  has  the  sound  of  rr  in  terror.    (XVI.  24.) 

u  (small  capital)  indicates  the  sound  of  the  French  eu.  It 
is  pronounced  nearly  as  u  in  tub  or  \nfur. 

^  indicates  a  sound  similar  to  our  v. 

Kand  ey,  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  sound 
like  e  in  me. 

Ai  and  ay  are  considered  to  be  equivalent  to  a  in  faJt. 

Au  and  aw  have  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

i€  indicates  a  sound  similar  to  t  in  pit  or  in  the  first  syl- 
lable of  spirit. 

dw  or  ou,  as  in  now  or  our. 

Gh  is  employed  in  pronunciation  for  g  hard,  before  e  and  i 

Sometimes  different  modes  are  adopted  to  indicate  the 
same  sound;  e.  g.  ee  instead  of  A  or  e.  The  object  has  been 
to  mark  the  true  pronunciation  in  a  manner  most  likely 
to  be  clearly  understood.  This  is  believed  to  be  of  mora 
importance  than  absolute  uniformity. 

23 


24  EXPLANATIONS,  ETC. 

Jg^*  The  primary  or  principal  accent  in  any  name  is  marked  thus  (') ;  the  secondary  thus  (^) ; 
afc,  Pas^samaquod''dy. 

J6^°  When  the  right  or  left  bank  of  a  river  is  spoken  of,  the  speaker  or  reader  is  supposed  to  be 
looking  down  the  stream,  or  in  other  vrords,  going  with  the  current. 

When  two  or  more  names  with  the  same  spelling  occur  in  succession,  and  the  pronunciation  of 
the  first  only  is  given,  it  is  intended,  as  a  general  rule,  that  all  shall  be  pronounced  alike. 

The  pronunciation  of  a  name  is  distinguished  from  the  name  itself  by  its  kot  beginning  with  a  capital. 
When,  immediately  after  a  name,  there  occurs  one  or  more  names  in  capitals,  or  beginning  with  a 
capital,  enclosed  in  a  parenthesis,  these  are  to  be  xmderstood  as  different  modes  of  writing  the  first ; 
but  if  the  word  enclosed  begins  with  a  small  letter,  it  is  merely  the  pronunciation  of  the  first  name. 

g@"  Every  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  occurring  in  ih^  pronunciation  of  a  word  or  name,  is 
to  be  pronounced  with  its  proper  English  sound ;  for  example,  g  must  be  hard,  as  in  get,  give,  soft 
g  being  always  represented  in  the  pronunciation  by  J;  ch  must  be  sounded  as  in  chill,  choose,  &c., 
and  NEVER  as  sh. 

In  the  pronunciation  of  foreign  European  names,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  allow  k  to  fall  into 
the  third  or  broad  sound  of  this  vowel — an  error  to  which  American  and  English  speakers  are  very 
prone.  It  would  be  much  less  a  fault,  generally  speaking,  to  pronounce  it  like  a  in  fat.  It  should, 
however,  be  observed  that  a  preceding  the  nasal  n«  in  French  is  usually  broad,  almost  like  o  in  noL 
(See  Introduction,  XVI.  19  and  20.) 

When  e  or  0  end  a  syllable  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  word,  they  are  always  to  be  pronounced 
distinctly  with  their  first  sound,  (as  in  me  or  no.) 

0  marked  long,  (o,)  though  often  employed  in  English  names  in  order  to  show  merely  that  this 
letter  has  it  first  sound,  when  it  occurs  in  the  pronunciation  of  foreign  words  or  names,  always  indi- 
cates that  the  sound  of  the  vowel  is  to  be  prolonged.  In  like  manner,  o  indicates  that  this  letter  has 
a  sound  like  o  in  not,  to  be  pronounced  distinctly,  but  very  short. 

The  sound  of  u  before  a  vowel,  in  Spanish  words,  is  usually  represented  by  w.  Thus,  nuevo  is 
pronounced  nwa'vo,  which  is  nearly  equivalent  to  noo-a'vo.  In  Italian,  the  u  before  a  vowel  appears 
to  be  sounded  more  distinctly :  accordingly,  we  have  indicated  the  pronunciation  of  nuovo,  diiomo, 
by  noo-o'vo,  doo-o'mo.     In  these  cases,  noo-o  and  doo-o  are  to  be  pronounced  almost  in  one  syllable. 

Persons  who  have  not  had  considerable  practice,  are  frequently  at  a  loss  to  understand  the  pro- 
nunciation of  names,  as  indicated  by  letters  and  accents.  In  determining  the  pronunciation  of  a 
diflBcult  name,  it  is  important,  first,  to  sound  the  separate  syllables  distinctly,  going  over  the  word 
CAREFULLY  Several  times ;  and,  lastly,  to  pronounce  the  whole  name  continuously  and  smoothly, 
without  separating  the  syllables  at  all,  at  the  same  time  taking  care  to  sound,  with  the  proper  force 
and  fulness,  those  which  are  marked  with  accents. 

It  is  believed  that  the  inexperienced  will  be  materially  aided  in  acquiring  the  art  of  reading  pro- 
nunciations, by  seeing  the  same  pronunciation  expressed  in  two  or  three  different  modes,  as  exhi- 
bited in  the  following  examples : — 


Alameda — ah-lahmay'dah,  or  i-Ii-mi'dl. 

Nevada — naj'-vah'dah,  or  nA-vd'dl. 

Apache — ah-pah'chay,  i-pi'chl,  or  d-pitch'i. 

America — ah-mer're-ktih,  or  i-mJr'e-ka. 

Canada — kan'fih-dtih,  or  kJn'a-da. 

Chihuahua — che-wi'wi,  tchee-wi'wS,  or  chee-wah'wah. 

Chiquitos — chee-kee'toce,  or  che-kee'tis. 

Lanehing — lin-chiug'  or  Idn-tcheeN"'. 


Nueva — noo-ay'rah,  noo-A'Ti,  nway'vah,  or  nwi'vi 

Nuovo — noo-o'vo,  nwo'ro,  or  noo-<l>'vA. 

Chiana — ke-S'nl.  kyl/nd,  or  ke-ah'nah. 

Lacchiarella— li-ke-J-rMlJ  or  lak-yJ-rMlah. 

Argentiere — aR'zhSso'te-aiK/,    ar^zhdN<=*tyAE/,    or   ar''zh8N«^ 

te-aiR/. 
Juan  (Sp.  pron.) — Hoo-3n'  or  uw3n. 
joao^zho-3/AN°,  zho-OwNo',  zho-ah'ooxo,  zhwCwN",  zhwi'As*. 


In  the  above  examples,  each  of  the  several  pronunciations  of  a  name  are  intended  to  convey 
nearly  the  same  sound.  In  Alameda,  Nevada,  Apache,  &c.,  the  pronunciation  is  given  at  first 
without  figured  vowels*  by  comparing  this  with  the  second,  the  pupil  will  more  readily  under- 
stand the  signification  of  the  figured  vowels. 

In  the  second  list,  Nueva,  Nuovo,  &c.,  noo-i — ,  noo-o — ,  ke-i — ,  li-ke-i — ,  and  — te-ain  arc 
to  be  pronounced  almost  like  nwi,  nwo,  kyi,  lak-y4,  and  tyaia  respectively.  Were  the  first 
pronunciation  only  given,  the  reader  might  be  in  danger  of  separating  the  syllables  (noo-i — , 
ke-a,  &c.)  too  much;  if  only  the  latter,  he  might  not  sound  them  with  sufficient  distinctness, 
the  true  pronunciation  being  between  the  two.  To  one,  however,  at  all  acquainted  with  the 
languages  to  which  those  names  belong,  either  mode  of  representation  would  be  quite  sufficient 
to  indicate  the  proper  pronunciation. 


PRONOUNCING  GAZETTEER 


WORLD. 


FAte,  f2r,  tin,  tit,  mS,  m Jt,  pine  or  pine,  pin,  n6,  nftt ;  |,  equivalent  to  M,  or  i  long ;  oo,  as  in  moon  ;  S6,  hs  in  good ;  Cw,  a» 
in  now;  a,  f,  p,  short  and  indistinct;  gh  is  equivalent  to^  liard;  N  nai^l,a8  in  won^t. — &«  Kxplanations  on  page  23. 


AA 

AA,iA,ti  oontraction  of  the  old  German  ATiha,  and  the 
-ii-  same  with  Aaeh  or  Ach,  signifies  "  flowing  water."  It 
proljably  has  the  same  root  witli  the  Latin  Aqtui.  (See  Aix- 
LA-CriAPELLE.)  Aa  is  the  nameof  a  multitude  of  little  streams 
in  Germany,  Netherlands,  France,  &c.,  the  principal  of  which 
are  the  followin;; : 

AA,  di  or  d,  an  aiSuent  of  the  Ems,  which  it  joins  at 
Mtinster. 

AA,  a  river  of  European  Russia,  government  of  Livonia, 
flowing  W.  into  the  gulf  of  Riga. 

AA,  a  river  of  France,  department  Nord,  flowing  into  the 
North  Sea  nearGraveliues. 

AA,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  forms  the 
lakes  of  Baldegg  and  llallwyl,  and  joins  the  Aar  iaelow 
Aarau. 

AA.a  riverof  Switzerland,  canton  of  Unterwalden,  traverses 
the  lakes  of  Lungern  and  Sarnen,  and  falls  into  the  Lake 
of  Four  Cantons  near  Alpnach. 

AA,  a  river  of  llollaiid.  in  Brabant,  passes  Ilelmond,  and 
joins  the  Domniel  at  I!</is-le-Duc. 

AACII,  4k,  a  small  town  of  Baden,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Sehaff- 
hausen.  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  which  falls  into  Lake 
Constance. 

AACIIBN,  d'Ken.    See  Aix-iA-CnAPELLE. 

AAG.VUD.  6'ga'ud,  a  village  of  Denmark,  North  Jutland,  25 
miles  W.N.AV.  of  Aalborg,  celebrated  for  the  battle  of  St. 
JUrgens  Berg.  a.d.  1441. 

AAlvIBKEBY,  o-k66R/kgh-bU\  a  town  of  Denmark,  island 
of  Bornholm,  near  the  S.  caist,  with  a  church  built  of  black 
marble,  quarried  in  its  vicinity. 

A  A  L.  ol  or  aul,  a  town  of  Norway,  on  the  Ustedal,  120  miles 
N.W.  of  Bergen. 

AALBOUG.  oinioRQ,  i.  e. " Eel  Castle,"  (L.  Albur'gum,)&  city 
and  seiiport  of  Denmark,  province  of  Jutland,  on  the  S.  shore 
of  the  Lymfiord,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Cattegat.  Lat.  57°  2' 
46"  N.;  Ion.  VP  55'  38"  E.  Pop.  10,009.  It  has  a  school  of  na- 
vigation, with  manufactories,  and  a  large  herring  fishery. 
From  400  to  500  vessels  annually  enter  its  harbor.  Aal- 
borg is  in  direct  communication  by  steam  and  packetrboats 
with  Copenhagen ;  74  vessels,  including  2  steamers,  belong 
to  its  p<irt. 

A.\LKX,  3/len,  a  fortified  town  of  Wtlrtemberg,  on  the  Ko- 
Cher,  40  miles  E.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  2800. 

AALESUN'D,  o'leh-soond\  (».  e.  "  Eel  Sound,")  a  small  sea- 
port town  of  Norway.     Lat.  62°  24'  N. ;  Ion.  6°  5'  E. 

A.\LSMEI';rv.ais'maiR.a  vill.age  of  North  Holland,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Amsterdam.  Fishing,  especi.ally  of  eels,  is  carried  on 
to  some  extent,  whence  the  nanie  Aalsmeer,  signifying  "  Eel 
Sea.' 

A.\LST,  3lst,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
North  Biabant.  3  miles  S.  of  Eyndhoven. 

A  AT,?T,  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  Alost. 

AALTEX.  ai'ten.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Guelderlaud.  on  the  Aa.  29  miles  E.  of  Arnheih.     Pop.  3524. 

AAMODT,  or  .\AMADT,  o/mott,  a  town  of  Norway,  on  the 
Glommen,  86  miles  N.N.E.  of  Christiania.     Pop.  2729. 

AAU,  dR.fanc  Ohrin^ga.)  arXver  of  Switzerland,  rises  in  the 
Grinisol  and  Schreckhorn,  canton  of  Bern,  forms  the  remark- 
able fall  of  Ilandeck,  traverses  the  lakes  of  Brienz  and  Thuri. 
passes  Thun,  l!ern,  Soleure,  and  Aarau,  and  fells  into  the 
Rhine  opposite  Waldshut.  It  is  navigable  from  the  Khine 
to  Thun. — Aah  is  the  name  of  several  .small  German  rivers. 

AAKAU,  or  AR  AU,  i'rf  w,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
the  canton  of  Aargau.  on  the  Aar,  41  miles  N.E.  of  Bern.  Pop. 
4627.  It  has  a  cantonal  academy  and  library,  manufactories 
of  silks,  cotton  cloth,  mathematical  instruments,  leather,  and 
vitriol,  and  a  cannon  foundry. 

AAHBKRG.  dR/bfeo,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  on  the  Aar.9J 
miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  with  a  bridge  on  the  Aar,  defended  by 
foitifications,  constructed  since  1830. 

AAl'.BUIiG,  or  .\KBUltG,  iRtjCflRG,  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
oil  the  -■Var.  6  miles  S.W.  of  .4arau. 

AAI!DKNBUl{G.4r%n-l)(S8RG\a  townof  the  Netherlands, 
prtvince  of  Zealand.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Sluis. 

lAl'iGAU,  dR'gSw,  (Fr.  Argovie,  da^go'vee/;  L.  Argo^via,) 


ABA     ■ 

a  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  by  the  cantons  of  Zurich 
Zug,  Lucerne.  Bern,  Soleure,  Ba.sel,  and  the  lihine,  which  se 
parates  it  from  Baden.  Area,  503  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S50, 
109,720,  107.194  being  Protestants— 91,09H  Roman  Catholics 
Surface  undulating,  and  traver.sed  by  the  Aar,  Reus.a,  and 
Limmat.  Soil  well  cultivated.  Vineyards  extensive.  Prin- 
cipal manufectures,  cottons,  silks,  and  linens  woven  by  hand , 
those,  with  straw  hats,  cattle,  cheese,  and  corn,  form  the 
chief  exports.  The  name,  which  is  German,  signifies  the 
"country  or  district  of  the  Aar."    Capital.  Aarau. 

AAKIIUUS,  oR/hooce,  a  seaport-town  of  Denmark,  North 
Jutl.and,  on  the  Cattegat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Molle-Aue,  37 
miles  S.E.  of  Yiborg.  I>at.  66°  9'  27"  N.,  Ion.  10°  12'  46"  B, 
Pop.l  1,009.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  lyceum,  museum,  and 
library,  various  manufactures,  and  a  regular  steam-con)mun»- 
cation  with  Kallundborg  and  Copenhagen :  4&  vessels  belong 
to  its  port. 

AAKLANDERVEEN,  dR/ldn-der-vain',  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Ilolland,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Haarlem, 
Pop.  2688. 

AAKIyK,  dRlfh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
North  Brabant,  on  the  Aa,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Bois-le-Du''. 

AABOE,  (Aaroe.)  5'ro'fh,  a  small  island  of  Denmark, 
Sleswick,  in  the  Little  Belt,  10  miles  E.  of  Uadersleben. 
Opposite  the  island,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Sleswick,  is  A.\UOE- 
SUND,  (Aariiesund.)  c'rO^h-soond',  a  post  and  ferry  station, 
with  steam-communication  l>etween  Sleswick  and  Funeo. 

AAIION,  a  peninsula  of  France.    See  Saint  Maix). 

A  A'UONS-BUKG,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  an  affluent  of  Penn's  creek,  89  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg 

AAROXSBUUG,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  New  York. 

AARON'S  RUX,a  post-ofliceof  Montgomery  co.,  Kentucky. 

AKWANGEN,  dR'*ang-?n,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  on  the 
Aar,  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bern. 

AAS,  ds.  a  village  of  France, Basses-Pyr6n6es,S.E.  of  Oleron. 
Frequented  for  its  baths  and  mineral  waters. 

A.\SY,  El,  a  river  of  Syria.    See  Okontis. 

AATH.    See  Ath. 

AAT  YL,  or  ATIL,  d'tH,  a  town  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Bama.* 
cus.  with  extensive  ruins.    Population  chiefly  Dru.ses. 

.a:BABDE.  d-bdb'deh,or  SIIEIK  ABADEU.  sh.Vik  d-bd'deh, 
a  village  of  Middle  Egvpt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  N  He,  8  miles 
S.  of  Benni  Hassan.  "Lat.  27°  43'  N. ;  Ion.  30°  57'  E.  Near  it 
are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Antinoe,  or  Antinnopdtis,  a  city 
built  by  the  Emperor  Adrian,  and  named  from  his  favorite 
Antinous,  who  was  drowned  in  the  Nile.  These  remains, 
which  are  entirely  Roman,  are  supposed  to  occupy  th«  site 
of  a  still  more  ancient  city,  named  Besa,  famed  for  its  oracles, 
and  mentioned  by  Abulfeda  under  the  name  of  Ansina,  or 
Ansineh,  by  which  the  place  is  still  sometimes  designated. 
Little  of  it  now  remains  except  its  theatre,  the  substructure 
of  v.arious  buildings,  and  the  hippodrome  without  the  walls. 

AB.\C.\XIS.d-bd-kd-shees',  a  river  of  Brazil,  pas.ses  through 
Lake  Guaribas,  and  falls  into  the  Furo  or  Mauhe,  an  affluent 
of  the  Amazon. 

AB.\CII,  dOjdK,  (anc.  Ahudiamm1)a.\a-wa  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Danube,  5  miles  S.  of  Ratisbon.    It  has  mineral  springs. 

ABACO,  dnid-ko,  or  LUCAYA,  loo-kl'yd,  the  largest  of  the 
Bahama  islands.  N.  point  in  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  ion.  76°  57'  W.,  80 
miles  in  length  by  about  20  in  breadth.  A  natural  perfora- 
tion of  the  rock  at  its  S.  E.  point  forms  a  landmark  well 
known  to  seamen  as  the  HoU  in  tlie  Watt.  L.at.  of  lighthouse, 
25°  51'  .30"  N.;  Ion.  77°  W  45"  W.;  elevation,  160  ifeet. 

Little  Ab.aco,28  miles  long,  lies  immediately  W.  of  the  N. 
extremity  of  the  above,  which  is  called,  for  the  sake  of  dis- 
tinction. "  Great  Ab.aco." 

ABAD.  d'bdd',  a  village  of  Beloochistan,  on  the  Naree  oi 
Nari.  22  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Gundava. 

ABADEIL  d-bd/dgh.  a  town  of  Persia.  110  milosN.of  Sheeraz, 
to  which  city  it  sends  fruit.    Pop.  5000.  (?) 

.\BADES,"d-bd'r)?s,  a  town  of  Spain,  8  miles  W.  of  Segovia. 

ABAI,  or  .\BAY,  k-W.  a  town  and  harbor  on  the  N.W. 
coast  of  Borneo,  alwut  lat.  6°  21'  N. 

AB.\I,  or  AB.\Y,  d-bi,'  a  river  of  Abyssinia,  tributary 
of  the  Nile,  rises  about  lat.  11°  N.,  Ion.  37°  E.,  at  an  eleva? 

25 


ABA 


ABE 


tion  of  8700  feel,  pai,«es  through  the  S.  part  of  Lake  Dembea, 
anii  joins  the  Nile  in  lat.  15°  32'  N. 

A  BAITE,  d-bi'tA,  a  river  of  Brazil,  flows  into  the  Sao  Fran- 
dsc<j. 

AUAK  AN,  or  ABAKANE,  a-bi-kin',  a  river  of  Siberia,  flows 
Into  the  Yenisei. 

ALAKANSK.i-bi-k3nsk',  afortified  town  of  Siberia,  govem- 
ment  of  Yeniseisk,  on  the  Abakan,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Yenisei.  Lat.  54°  N. ;  Ion.  91°  2&  E.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  ancient  tombs  discovered  in  its  vicinity,  which  contain 
ornaments  of  silver  and  gold,  and  on  which  are  to  be  seen 
statues  of  men  from  seven  to  nine  feet  high,  with  carved 
work  of  an  extraordinary  character.  It  appears  that  this 
country,  at  present  so  imperfectly  civilized,  was  once  inha- 
bited by  a  people  acquainted  with  wiiting  and  other  arts. 
This  is  regarded  as  the  mildest  and  most  salubrious  spot  in 
Siberia. 

ABALAK,  a-bd-l^k',  a  town  of  Siberia,  S.E.  of  Tobolsk,  on 
the  Irtish,  It  is  a  celebrated  place  of  pilgrimage. 

ABALLABA.    See  Appleby. 

ABANCAY,  3-b3n-kI',  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province 
and  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cuzco.  It 
has  important  sugar-refineries.    Pop.  estimated  at  5000. 

AB  AXILLA,  i-bd-neel'yd,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  18  miles 
K.E.  of  Murcia.    Pop.  3794. 

ABAXO,  3-b3/no,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Pa- 
dua. Pop.  2600.  It  is  famous  for  its  sulphureous  waters  and 
mud  baths,  much  resorted  to  in  chronic  cutaneous  diseases, 
gout.  &c. 

AB  AX  Y,  a-blfii',  a  town  of  Hungary,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Pesth. 
Pop.  7784,  comprising  many  Jews. 

ABAKAN,  i-bd-rdn',  a  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  Georgia,  30 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Erivan. 

ABASA,  ABASIA,  or  ABASCIA,  Caucasus.    See  Abkasu. 

ABATIS  A'lLLA.     See  ABBEvaLE. 

AB  ATZ  KAY  A,  i-bdts-ki'y  4,  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  Ishhn, 
40  miles  E.  of  Ishim. 

ABA  UJ  YAK,  (Aba  Uj  V4r,)  Oh^bCh'oo'e  v|R',a  co.  or  dis- 
trict of  Upper  Hungary.    Area  1117  sq.  m.  Pop.  166,195. 

ABAY.  See  Abai. 

ABB,  dbb.a  town  of  Arabia,  Y'emen.  80  miles  E.  of  Mooha. 

ABBADIA,  Sb-bi-dee'S,  a  town  of  Italy,  Piedmont,  2  miles 
W.  of  Pinerolo. 

ABBADIA,  Ib-bi-dee'l,  a  town  and  port  of  Brazil,  on  the 
Areguitiba.  near  the  Atlantic,  25  miles  S.  W.  of  Sergipe. 

ABBADIA  SAX  SALVADOKE,  d-bd-dee'i  .sin  sal-vi-do'rA, 
a  town  of  Tuscany,  17  miles  S.W.  of  ChiusL  Near  it  is  the  "Ab- 
bey of  San  Salvadore,"  whence  the  name  is  derived. 

ABB.A.-JARET.    See  Abba-Y.\rkt. 

ABBASABAD,  ab-bis-sa-bjd',  a  fortified  town  of  Asiatic 
Bussia.  on  the  Aras,  (Araxes,)  8  miles  S.  of  Xakchivan. 

ABHAS.\BAD,  an  insignificant  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Khora-ssan. 

ABB.\-SAXTA.  ib-bi  sln'td,  or  AQOA  SANTA,  ik'wj 
sSn/ta,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province  of  Busachi. 

ABBA-YARKT  or  ABB.\-JAUET.  iVU  yi'rSt,  a  moun- 
tain of  .\byssinia.     Elevation,  14.918  feet. 

ABB.A.YE'  POINT,  in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan, 
is  situated  between  Huron  Bay  and  Keweenaw  Bay,  on  Lake 
Superior. 

ABBAZACCA,  db-ba-zik/kl,  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  on 
the  Quorra. 

ABBEXBUOEK,  ab^ben-brOok',  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South"  Holland.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Jiriel. 

ABBEOKOOTA,  Ib-beo-koo'ta,  or  ABBEKUTA,  db-ln-koo'- 
ti,  a  large  town  of  Western  Africa,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Egba,  kingdom  of  Yarribah  or  Yoruba,60  miles  X.E.  of  Ba- 
dagry,  in  the  Bight  of  Benin.  It  is  built  on  granite  hills 
of  moderate  elevation,  the  highest  not  exceeding  500  feet. 
Its  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular.  Its  population  is  com- 
posed of  the  inhabitants  of  a  number  of  towns  and  villages 
which  were  destroyed  duiing  a  war  that  took  place  in  1817 ; 
and  it  is  since  that  period  that  Abbeokootji  has  become  the 
important  place  it  now  is,  being  about  2  miles  long,  and 
nearly  as  broad,  with  a  pop.  of  50,000. 

ABBEllLEY,  ab/ber-lee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 

A.IVBERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex 

ABBKltTOX.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

AIVBEKVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Lafavette  co..  Mississippi. 

ABBEVILLE,  abb'veel',(L.^6a<«  TO/a.)  a  fortified  town  of 
Frince.  department  of  Somme,  on  the  Somme,  12  miles  from 
the  English  Channel,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Amiens,  on  tne  Kail- 
way  du  Xord  and  the  Canal  de  la  Somme.  Pop.(18-'2)19,1.58. 
It  is  well  built,  but  dirty,  with  houses  mostly  of  bricK,  some 
fine  public  edifices,  especially  the  cathedral,  a  large  cloth 
factory  founded  under  Colbert  in  1669,  and  manufactories. 
Vessels  of  150  tons  come  up  the  Somme  to  .\bbeville. 

ABBEVILLK.ab'be-viU  district  in  theW.X.W.  part  of  South 
Carolina,  bordering  on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  about  960  square 
miles.  The  Savannah  river  (navigable  by  small  boats)  forms 
the  entire  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  Saluda  river  on 
the  X.E.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  well  watered,  and  ex- 
tensively cultivated.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Greenville  and 
Columbiii  Railroad,  lately  cousti'ucted.  Abbeville  is  one  of 
36 


the  most  populous  districts  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  state 
Capital,  Abbeville.     Pop.  32.385. 

ABBEVILLE,  a  small  town,  capital  of  the  aforesaid  district^ 
situated  on  an  affluent  of  Little  river,  97  mi'es  W.  by  N 
of  Columbia,  (with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.)  and 
529  miles  S.W.  of  Washington.  It  contains  a  court-bouse^ 
jail,  arsenal,  magazine,  and  a  newspaper  office.     Pop.  592. 

ABBE\"ILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Henry  co.,  Alabama, 
on  Yattayabba  creek,  211  miles  S.E.  of  Tuscaloo.sa.  It  was 
chosen  as  the  county  seat  in  1834.     Present  pop.  about  300. 

ABBEVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Vermilion  parish.  Louisian.i, 

ABBEYFEALE,  ab'be-fail'.  a  parish  and  village  of  Ireland, 
Munster,  co.  of  Limerick,  on  the  Feale,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Kath- 
keale.    Pop.  5492. 

ABBEYLEIX.  aVbe-lAce/.  a  town  and  parish  cf  Ireland,  9 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Maryborough.    Pop.  of  parish.  ii719. 

ABBEY  VILLE,  aiybe-vil.  a  post-village  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio, 
on  a  branch  of  Rocky  river,  123  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus. 

ABBIATEGRASSO,  db-be-d'tA-gras'.so,  or  BIAGKASSO,  be- 
3-grSs'so.  a  town  of  X'orthern  Italy,  on  the  Canal  di  IJere- 
guardo,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  4000. 

ABBITIBBE,  or  ABBITIBBIE,  ab-botiWliee,  the  name  of 
a  lake,  river,  and  trading  station  in  British  North  America, 
near  Hudson  bav.     Lat.  of  station,  49°  X. ;  Ion.  78°  10'  W. 

ABBOXDAXZA,  ib-bon-ddn'zi,  or  ABOXDANCE,  a'L<i.V- 
dd.Ns',  a  town  of  Savoy,  12  S.S.E.  of  Thonon. 

AlVBOT,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co..  Maine,  76  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Augusta,  on  the  I'iscatatiuis  river.    Pop.  790. 

ABBOT,  a  township  of  Shetoygan  co.,  Wisconsin.   P.  1507. 

AIVBOTS-AXXE.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Hants. 

AlVBcyr.-i-BICK'INGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ABBOTSBL'RY,  abMxit.s-ber^.  a  town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Dorset,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dorchester.  Some  vestiges 
remain  of  a  large  abbey  founded  here  in  the  time  of  Canute; 
and  a  swannery  originally  belonging  to  the  abbey  is  still  pre- 

AIVBOTSFORD,  the  celebrated  seat  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in 
Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Tweed,  near 
Melrose  Abbey,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Edinburgh. 

AIVBOTSFORD.  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co.  New  York. 

AIVBOTS-IIALL/,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

AIVBOT-SHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

AB/BOTSIDE,  two  townships  of  England,  in  Aysgarth  pa- 
rish, CO.  of  York,  North  riding. 

AlVBOTS-KERSAVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

AIVBOTS-LANGLEY,  (laug/lee,)  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Herts.  This  Is  the  birthplace  of  Nicholas  Breakspear,  after- 
wards Adrien  lY.,  the  only  Englishman  who  ever  became 
pope. 

ABBOTS-LEIGH,  ab'bgt.s-lee',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

AB/BOTSLEY,  or  ABBOTS-LEIGH,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Huntingdon. 

AIVBOTS-MORrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

Ali/BOT-STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

A  B'BOTT'S  CREEK,  Xorth  Carolina,  flows  into  the  Yadkin. 

AB/BOTTSTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Peunsyl 
vania,  1 6  miles  W.S.W.  of  York,  and  29  miles  S.  of  Ilarrisburg, 

AB'BOTTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

ABB"S  V.^L'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  cc.  Virginia. 

ABCOUDE,  db-kuw'dfh,  a  village  of  the  XetherianJ.s,  on 
the  Vecht.  and  on  the  Amsterdam,  Utrecht,  and  Arnhem 
Itailway.  14  miles  X.W.  of  Utrecht. 

ABDA,  iWdS,  a  province  in  the  W.  part  of  Morocco,  and 
bordering  on  the  Atlantic. 

ABD.\TZK,  il)-ddtsk'.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government 
of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Ishim. 

A BD-EL-CUKl  A,  dbd-^l-koo're-i. or  ABD-UL-KOO'REE.  (or 
KOURI.)an  ishand,  Indian  Ocean,  Ut.  11° 5.5' X  .Ion. 52° 30' E, 

ABD-EL-KOOREE,  ABD-EL-KOUKI,  ABD-UL-KU1!I,  ibd- 
el-koo/ree',  or  PALIXU'RUS  SHOAL,  is  the  name  of  a  dan- 
gerous reef  of  rock  and  coral,  lying  off'  the  S.  cixist  of  Arabia, 
in  lat.  14°  54'  50"  N.,  and  Ion.  50°  45'  20'-  E. ;  discovered  by 
Captain  Harris  so  lately  as  1835.  It  extends  1850  yards 
from  N.N.E.  to  S.S.W.,  with  a  breadth  of  fnm  300  to  600 
yards ;  its  highest  point,  at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  being  a 
pointed  rock,  was  only  17  feet  below  the  surface.  It  is  8i 
miles  distjint  from  the  nearest  land,  be;iring  N.  by  W.;  the 
soundings  in  its  neighborhood  vary  suddenly,  and  aie  not 
to  lie  relied  upon.  Between  the  shoal  and  the  shr  re,  thfre 
is  a  depth  of  120  &tboms,  but  the  safest  navigation  is  to 
seaward. 

ABDERA.    See  Adra. 

ABDIE,  aVdee,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife.  The  battle 
of  Blackearnside,  between  the  Scots,  under  Wallace,  and  the 
English,  was  fought  in  this  parish. 

AlfDOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ABDCLPOOK'.  a  town  of  India.  45  miles  X.E.  of  Bejapoor. 

ABEAKEUTAH.     .See  Abbeoki"T\. 

ABEXBEKG.  i'bf  n-bfeRG\a  small  town  of  Bavari.i,  16  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Xuremberg. 

ABEXHEIM.  J/ben-hime\  a  village  of  Hesse  I-armstadt, 
4  miles  X.W.  of  Worms. 

ABEXSBERG,  a'bens-beRG\  (anc.  Abu!nna^)-\  sma'l  mnnu- 
factui'ing  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Al^ns,  IS  miles  S.1K  of 


ABE 

Eatisbon  It  has  a,  '•astle  and  mineral  'batlis.  Ilere  Na- 
poleon dtfi-xted  the  Austrians,  20th  April,  1S09. 

ABliK,  d'b^r  01-  aVgr.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Caiemarvon. 

ABEitAKKOX.orABKKAYllDN.ab-er-i'rgn.aseaporttown 
of  Wales,. CO.  and  on  the  Bay  of  Cardigan,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Aeron,  13  miles  S.W.of  Aberystwith. 

ABEllAVON,  or  ABKRAFU.\.ab-pr-A/von,  a  parliamentary 
and  municipal  borough,  and  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan. It  returns,  along  with  Swansea,  Neath,  Llonghor,  and 
Kenfig,  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

ABKKBROTIIWICK,  a  parish  of  Scotland.   See  Arbro.WH. 

Ali'KK-C01lN\  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow. 

AUKKCKOMBIE,  aWer-krom-be,  or  ST.  MONAJSCE',apar 
rish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

A  liERDALGtK.aVei^dal'ghee.parish  of  Scotland.  co.Perth. 

Ali'EKDAKE',  a  pa'ri.sh  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

AIVKUDA'KON,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carnan'on. 

AB'EKDEEN'',  or  AHKRDEENSHIRE,  abVr-deen'shir,  a 
county  of  Scotland,  having  on  the  N.  and  E.  the  North  Sea, 
and  on  other  sides  the  counties  of  Forfar.  Perth,  Kincardine, 
Banff.  Elgin,  and  Inverness.  Area,  1,21)0.800  ai'res.  Pop.  in 
1851,  212.032.  In  the  S.W.  are  some  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains in  Scotland,  including  Ben  Macdhui,  •i;!0o  feet.  Nearly 
two-thirds  of  surface  waste;  arable  bind  mostly  in  E.  Chief 
rivers,  Dee  and  Don.  More  cattle  are  bred  in  this  than  in 
any  other  Scotch  county.  Extensive  salmon  tisheries  on  the 
coast  and  in  the  Dee.  Principal  nianufactuies,  woollen,  cotr 
ton,  and  linen  goods.  This  county  returns  one  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons. 

ABERDEEN',  (L.  Alxirdn/nia,  or  Dt:vafna.)  a  parlia- 
mentary and  municipal  borough  and  sonport  of  Scot- 
land, capital  of-  the  county  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Qreat  Northern  Railway  of  Scotland,  between  the  Don  and  Deo, 
at  their  entrance  into  the  North  Sea,  90  miles  N.N.E.  of  Edin- 
burgh. Lat.  of  observatory,  57°  8'  9"  N.;  Ion.  2°  5'  7"  W. 
Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough,  (ISOl,)  73,79-1.  The  parlia- 
mentary borough  consists  of  the  following  towns,  about  1 
mile  apart,  viz. : 

ABERDEEN,  Old,  on  the  Don,  here  crossed  by  two 
(tone  bridges.  Its  old  parish,  now  subdivided  into  five 
)>arishes,  had  an  area  of  16  square  miles,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  31,993;  but  the  population  of  this  city,  as  diBtinct 
from  the  parish,  is  only  about  2000.  Chief  buildings — the 
liathedral,  erected  about  1367,  King's  College,  founded  in 
1505,  a  neat  town-house,  the  trades'  hospital,  &c.  The  haven 
ht  the  mouth  of  the  Don  admits  only  small  ves.sels,  and  Old 
Aberdeen,  having  littli)  trade,  depends  mostly  for  support  on 
its  university. 

ABERDEEN,  New,  on  rising  ground  upon  the  N.bank  of 
the  Dee,  near  its  mouth,  1  mile  S.  of  Old  Aberdeen.  Pop.  41,470 ; 
Including  parliamentary  boundaries,  73,400.  It  is  a  hand- 
some city,  with  spacious  streets,  and  houses  built  of  granite. 
Here  are  a  town-house,  court-house,  and  prison,  a  cross 
ericted  in  1686,  a  spacious  new  market,  two  bridges  across 
tba  Dee,  and  one  over  a  ravine  within  the  city,  several 
churches,  schools,  and  hospitals,  the  county-rooms,  and  Jla- 
rischal  (mar'shal)  College — all  elegant  edifices,  besides  nume- 
rous other  public  buildings.  The  construction  of  a  granite 
pier,  loOO  feet  in  length,  and  a  breakwater,  has  made  the 
harbour  one  of  the  best  in  this  part  of  Scotland.  At  its  en- 
trance is  Girdloness  lighthouse,  with  two  lights.  New  Aber- 
deen has  flourishing  manufiictories  of  cotton,  linen,  and  wool- 
len goods,  carpets,  machinery,  rope,  leather,  paper,  soap,  and 
sail-cloth,  with  extensive  iron-foundries,  breweries,  and  dis- 
tilleries; and  a  considerable  foreign  and  coasting  trade,  the 
latter  especially  with  London,  to  which  it  sends  salmon, 
provisions,  and  granite. — It  has  regular  steam-communica- 
tion with  London,  Leith,  and  Orkney.  Exports  estimated 
at  from  one  and  a  half  millions  to  two  millions  pounds  ster- 
ling yearly.  Customs  revenue,  (1846.)  81.433/.  In  1849  the 
number  of  sailing  vessels  belonging  to  Aberdeen  was  340 ; 
tons,  65,559.  Aberdeen  sends  one  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  King's  College,  Old  Aberdeen,  was  chai'- 
tered  by  papal  bull  in  1494,  has  spacious  buildings,  a  library 
of  30,000  volumes,  a  museum,  9  professors,  and  128  bursaries 
of  from  61.  to  bOl.  each.  It  is  governed  by  a  chancellor  and 
senate.  Average  number  of  students,  365.  Marischal  Col- 
lege, in  New  Town,  was  founded  by  George  Keith,  5th  Earl 
Marischal,  in  1503.  and  is  also  governed  by  a  chancellor  and 
senate;  has  elegant  new  buildings,  numerous  professors  and 
lecturers,  and  106  bursaries  of  from  &l.  to  26i.  Average  num- 
ber of  students,  250. 

AB^Elt-DEEN',  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Monroe  co., 
Mississippi,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Tombigbee 
river,  165  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson,  28  miles  N.  of  Columbus, 
Knd  about  540  miles  by  wat«r  from  Mobile.  It  is  the  largest 
town  on  the  Tombigbee.  and  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and 
commercial  places  in  the  state.  Steamboats  navigate  the 
nver  regularly  from  Mobile  to  Aberdeen  during  the  gi-eiiter 
part  of  the  year-,  and  about  30,000  bales  of  cotton  are  dipped 
Hnnually  from  the  latter  town.  It  was  formerly  considered 
the  limit  of  stream  navigation  on  this  titer,  but  recently 
beats  have  ascended  40  miles  farther  during  high  water. 
The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  pa.sse8  about  eight  miles 
West   from  Aberdeen.    The  adjaceut  country  is  Li^iUly 


ABI 

pioductive.  Two  or  three  newspapers  are  published  in  the 
town.  An  active  emigration  has  been  directed  to  this  vict 
nitv  during  the  last  ten  years.  Fust  settled  in  1836.  Pop 
in  1860,  about  3500. 

ABEliDEEN,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  w>,,  Arkansas. 

ABERDEEN,  a  small  village  of  Monroe  CO..  Tennessee. 

ABEI{DEF;N,  a  post-vill.age  of  Brown  co.  Ohio,  123  miles  S. 
W.  of  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  opposite 
Maysville  in  Kentucky.     Pop.  836. 

ABERDEEN,  a  pont-oftice  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana. 

ABERDEENSHIRE,  a  co.  of  Scotland.  See  Aberdeen. 

ABERDOUR,ab'fr-door',  (rhyming  with  jjoor,)  a  parish  ot 
Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

ABERDOUR,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  the  Fritb 
of  Forth,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Kirkcaldy.  It  has  a  tidal  harbor 
an  ancient  castle,  and  some  remarkable  antiquities. 

ABKREDW.ab'er-ed'oo,  or  ABEKEDW  Y,  ab'er-Sd'we,  a 
larish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Badnor. 

ABERERCH.  aVg r-6rK'.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

ABERFELDIE,  aVjr-lel'dee,  a  viUago  of  Scotland,  co.  cf 
Perth,  on  the  Tay. 

ABERFFRAW,  a^ber-frdw',  a  seaport  and  pari.sh  of  Wales, 
CO.  of  Anglesea,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Newborough. 

AB/ERFORD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Tadcaster. 

AB^ER-FOIl/,  a  postroffico  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama,  168  miles 
S.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

ABERFOYLE,  aVer-foil',  a  village,  parish,  and  defile  of  the 
Grampians,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth.  This  is  the  scene  of 
much  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  J{ob  liny. 

ABERGAVENNY,  aVfr-g.Vne,  (L.  Gobanium.)  a  market- 
town  of  Wales,  CO.  of  Monmouth,  on  the  Usk,  joined  here  by 
the  Gavenny,  and  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  15  arches,  13  mUes 
W.  of  Monmouth. 

ABERGELEY,  aVei^ghee/le,  a  town  of  Wales,  co.  of  Den- 
bigh, 6  miles  W.N.W".  of  St.  Asaph. 

ABERG  WILLY,  abV-g^ith'le,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Caermarthen. 

ABEIUIAVESP,  aVfi^hav'fsp,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

Air  ER-LA'DY,  a  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
CO.  and  5  miles  N.W.  of  Haddington. 

A15*Eli-LEM'N0,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

ABERLOUR,  aVfr-loor',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff. 

AlVER-NANT',  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Caermarthen. 

ABERNETIIY,  ab'fr-nfth-e,a  townand  parish  of  Scotland, 
COS.  of  Perth  and  Fife,  at  the  estuary  of  the  Tay,  6i  miles  S. 
E.  of  Perth.  It  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient 
metropolis  of  the  Picts :  a  curious  round-tower  of  remote  date 
stands  in  the  churchyard. 

ABERNETIIY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Elgin  and  In 
verness. 

ABERNETIIY,  aVer-nfth-e,  a  post-vilage  of  Perry  co., 
Mis.souri,  about  10  miles  S.  W.  of  Mississippi  river. 

ABERNYTE,  a  ab'gr-nite',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth. 

ABERPORTH,  aVgr-pOrth',  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
digan. 

AB'ER-TARFF'andBOLESKINE,  united  parishes  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Inverness,  extending  along  the  S.  side  of  Loch- 
ness. 

ABERT  (A/bgrt)  LAKE,  Oregon,  in  lat.  about  42°  45'  N., 
Ion.  120°  W.,  is  about  20  miles  long,  and  5  miles  wide. 
Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  J.  J.  Abert,  chief  of  the  Topo- 
graphical Bureau  at  Washington. 

ABERVSCIR,  abVr-is/kir,  a  pari.sh  of  ^Vales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

AB^ER-Y'ST'WITII,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, market-town,  and  seaport  of  Wsdes,  co.  and  33  miles  N. 
of  Cardigan,  on  the  Y'stwith,  at  its  mouth  in  Cardigan  bay.E. 
Lat.  of  lighthouse,  5'2°  25'  N.;  Ion.  4°  5'  W.  Pop.  of  munici- 
pal borough,  5189 ;  of  parliamentary  borough,  5231.  It  has 
steep  but  well-paved  streets,  a  theatre,  and  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle;  is  now  a  fashionable  watering-place.  It 
unites  with  Cardigan,  &c.  in  sending  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

AB'ER-YST-RUTII,  a  chapelry  of  Wales,  co.  of  Monmouth, 
9  miles  S.W.  of  Abergavenny. 

ABE  SPRING,  a  postoiiice  of  Calhoun  co.,  Florida. 

ABHA,  iWhi,  a  large  trading  village  of  Abyssinia,  TigrS, 

50  miles  N.E.  of  Axoom. 

AB/HER,orEB'HER,  a  walled  town  of  Persia,  110  mil.M  N.E. 
of  Ilamadan.    Near  it  is  the  ruined  fort  of  Dara  or  Darius. 

ABI  LIN,  i^be-leen',  a  village  of  Syria,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Acre. 

ABIMES,  Les,  (Les  Abtmes.)  lh,6  ^'beem',  a  town  of  tha 
French  colony  of  Guadeloupe,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Grando 
Terre. 

AiyiNGDON,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  on  the  Ock.  where  it 
joins  the  Isis.  4  miles  N.  of  the  Great  Western  Hallway,  and 

51  miles  W.N.W'.  of  London.  Pofi.  5954.  It  sends  one  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

AB/INGDON,  a  post-village  of  Harford  CO.,  Maryland,  about 
25  miles  N.E.  of  Baltimore,  and  52  N.N.E.  of  Annapolis. 

ABINGDON,  a  handsome  town,  capital  of  Washington  Co., 
Vi^oia,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley  between  the  main 

27 


t7«= 


ABI 

torks  of  Ilotston  river,  about  7  miles  from  each,  304  miles  'VT. 
by  S.  of  lUchmond,  and  nearly  8  miles  from  the  boundary  of 
Tennessee.  It  is  the  most  considerable  and  flourishing  town 
In  the  i}.\V.  part  of  Virginia.  The  situation  is  elevated,  the 
town  is  well  built,  and  the  principal  street  is  macadamized. 
It  contains  6  churches,  2  academies.  2  printing-offices,  and 
manuficrories  of  leather,  saddles,  and  harness.  Abingdon 
is  on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  railroad  which  connects  it 
with  Lynchburg  on  one  hand,  and  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  on 
the  other.     Pop.  about  1500. 

ABINGDON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 10  miles  by  railroml  S.  of  Galcsburg.     Pop.  1032. 

ABINGDON,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  4  miles  S. 
W.  of  Waukegan,  and  2-13  N.  by  K.  of  Springfield. 

ABINGDON,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

ABINGER,    aViu-jer,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

AlVING-HALI/,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

AB'INGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ABINGTON,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

aBINOTON,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge, adjacent  to  the  last. 

ABINGTON  PIG'OTTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

ABINGTON,  a  vilLage  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  near  which 
some  gold  mines  were  wrought  in  the  reign  of  James  VI. 

AB'INGTON,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Ma.ssachu- 
setts,  on  the  Old  Colony  Railroad.  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston. 
The  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  is  probably  carried  on 
here  more  extensively  than  in  any  other  town  in  the  state 
of  equal  population.    Nails  are  also  manufactured.    P.  8527. 

ABINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Windham  co.,  Connecticut, 
39  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford. 

ABINGTON,  a  post-town.ship  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  10  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia,  and  109  E.  of  Ilar- 
risburg.  The  post-office  is  at  the  vill.ige  of  Mooretown,  on 
the  Philadelphia  and  Doylestown  Turnpike.    Pop.  205S. 

ABINGTON,  a  postrvill.ige  and  township  of  Wayne  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  E.  fork  of  Whitewater  river,  72  miles  E.  of 
Indianapolis.    Pop.  of  the  township,  924. 

ABINGTON,  a  thriving  village  in  Knox  co.,  Illinois.  See 
ABixanoN. 

ABINGTON,  a  township  In  the  N.E.  part  of  Luzerne  co., 
Pennsylvania, about  25  miles  N.N.E. of  Wilkesbarre.  P.2t)61. 

ABINGTON  CENTRE,  a  flourishing  post-vilLige  in  the 
alxjve  township,  135  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  a  place 
of  active  business,  and  is  rapidly  improving.  It  is  connected 
liy  railroad  with  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  at  Great 
Bend.  The  name  of  the  post-office  has  been  changed  to  Wa- 
verley.     Pop.  354. 

ABIQUIU,  4'be-ke-oo',  a  post-town  of  Rio  Arriba  co..  New 
Mexico,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  de  Chama,  about  60  miles 
N.W.  of  Santa  Fe.  in  lat.  about  36°  5'  N.;  Ion.  106°  40' W. 

ABISTADA  (Ih-is-Wdi)  LAKE,  in  Afghanistan.  65  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Ghuznee,  in  lat.  32°  35'  N.,  and  Ion.  68°  E.  It  is 
about  18  miles  in  length,  8  in  breadth,  44  In  circumference, 
and  supposed  to  be  7076  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  shallow 
and  salt :  it  receives  the  Ghuznee  river,  and  several  smaller 
streams. 

ABKASTA,  ab-kJsh'c-a,  ABASIA,  or  ABASCIA,  i-bash'- 
e-3,  an  Asiatic  territory  subordinate  to  Russia,  bounded  S. 
and  W.  by  the  Black  Sea,  and  N.  by  the  Caucasus.  Area, 
estimated  at  nearly  3000  square  miles.    Pop.  about  52,000. 

Adj.  Abk.^sian,  ab-kd'she-an.  Inhab.  Abkasi.4N,  or  Abkas, 

(Abkase,)  db-kis'. 

AB-IvKTTLE-BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ABL.4,  J'bld,  a  town  of  Sp:rin,  Granada,  province  of  Alme- 
ria.  33  miles  N.W.  of  Almeria.    Pop.  2117. 

ABO,  i'bo,  (Sw..46rt,6'boo,)  a  city  and  seaport  of  Russia  in 
Europe,  until  1819  the  capital  of  Finland,  on  the  Aurajoki, 
near  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lat.  60°  26'  58"  N. ; 
Ion.  22°  19'  E.  Pop.  14,000,  mostly  of  Swedish  descent.  It  is 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  unlrersity, 
removed  to  Ilelsingfors,  after  a  destructive  fire  at  Abo  in 
1827.  The  Aura  intersects  the  city,  and  its  mouth,  3  miles 
distant,  forms  a  good  port,  protected  by  a  fortress.  Abo  has 
a  few  manufactures,  and  some  trade  with  Sweden  and  South- 
ern Europe. 

ABO,  AKCinPELAGO  OF,  an  extensive  group  of  low 
rocky  islands  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  spread  along  the  S.  and  W. 
coasts  of  Finland,  opposite  the  city  of  Abo,  rendering  the 
navi<:ation  difficult  and  dangerous. 

ABOIL  i'bo,  IBO,  or  EBOE,  eeihO,  a  town  of  Africa,  capital 
of  the  stat«,  on  the  Niger,  (Quorra.)  80  miles  from  the  ocean, 
jjid  60  miles  S.E.  of  Benin.    Lat.  5°  40'  N.;  Ion.  6°  25'  E. 

ABOITE.a-boit/.a  river.AUen  co.,  Indiana,  joins  Little  river. 

ABOITK,  a  post-township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  876. 

ABOITE,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  canal 
connect!  n  ;  Fort  Wavue  with  Peru. 

AB'>MKY.  abVmi/.  a  town  of  Africa,  capital  of  Dahomey. 
Lat.  7°  30'  N. ;  Ion.  1°  40'  E.    Pop.  24,000.  (?) 

ABONY.    See  Nauy-.^bont. 

ABOO,  a  town  of  Western  India,  province  of  Ajmeor,  50 
aiiles  W.  by  S.  of  Odevpoor. 

ABf>)-AllISH,  or  ABU-ARISCH.  J-boo-J'rlsh,  a  town  of 
Arabia,  capital  of  the  petty  state  of  the  same  name,  24  miles 
28 


ABY 

from  the  Red  Sea.     Lat.  17°  40' N.;  Ion.  40°  25'  E.     Pop 
5000.  (?) 

ABOO-GIKGEII,  ABOUGIRGEII.  or  ABUGIRGEII,  iOxK)'. 
i66K'jeh,  a  large  Fellah  town  of  Middle  Egypt,  about  2  miles 
W.  of  the  Nile,  and  50  miles  S.  of  Beni  Sooef.  Lat.  28°  30'  N. ; 
Ion.  30°  50'  E.  It  is  situated  on  a  rich  plain  at  a  spot  wliere 
several  extensive  mounds  point  out  the  site  of  an  ancient  city, 
the  name  of  wliich  is  unknown. 

ABOOKEER,  ABOUKIK.  or  ABUKIR,  i'boo-keen/,  a  villaga 
of  Egypt,  with  a  citadel,  on  a  promontisry  at  the  W.  extrtr- 
mity  of  the  bav  of  the  same  name,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Alexsa- 
dria.  Lat.  of  tower.  31°  19'  44"  N. ;  Ion.  29°  4'  28"  E.  Near 
it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Cuno'pus  or  Cinofbus. 

ABOOKEER  (or  ABOUKIR)  BAY,  N.  coast  of  Egypt,  be- 
tween the  promontory  of  AVookeer  on  the  W.  and  the  I!o- 
setta  mouth  of  the  Nile  on  the  E.,  celebrated  for  Nelson's 
victory  over  the  French  fleet,  1st  of  August,  1798.  There  is 
generally  from  6  to  8  fathoms  of  water  in  the  bay,  but  It 
encloses  a  dangerous  bank,  a  reef  of  i-ocks  called  the  CuUo- 
den's  Reef,  and  the  small  island  of  Abookeer,  or  Nelson 
Island. 

ABOOLONIA,  ABOULONIA,  S-boo-lo/ne-a.  or  ABfLLI- 
ONTE,  i-hoo-leon'tL(auc.Apf>lMiia  ad  R}iyn>dacmn,)a  village 
of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Anatolia,  on  a  small  island  iu  the 
Lake  of  Aboolonia,  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bru.sa.  It  has  about 
300  houses,  a  Greek  church,  and  several  remains  of  antiquity. 

ABOOLONIA  LAKE,  of  Asia  Minor.  18  miles  in  length,  by 
12  in  breadth,  30  miles  W.  of  Brusa.  It  is  studded  with  seve- 
ral small  islands,  is  traversed  by  the  Rhyndacus,  and  supplies 
Brusa  with  fish. 

ABOO-SABEL,  or  ABUSABEL,  i-boo-siAbel,  a  town  of  Mid- 
dle Egj'pt,  18  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

ABOOSIIEHR,    See  Bishire. 

ABOOTIZH,  d-boo-teezh',  ABOUTIJ,  ABinniQE,  or  ABU- 
TISCII.  (anc.  Abnlh,  or  Abuth.)  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  oa 
the  Nile,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Sioot,  noted  for  its  opium. 

ABORRUAS.    See  Khaboor. 

ABOU-ARISCIL    See  Adoo-Arish. 

ABOUGIRGEII.    See  Aboo-Gibgeh. 

ABOUKIR.    See  Abookeer. 

ABOULONIA.    See  Aboolonia. 

ABOU  SABEL.    See  Anoo-S.AiiEL 

ABOUTIGE.    See  Abootizh. 

ABOYNE,  J-boin',  a  pari.^h  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

A'BRA-IIAM-T0\VN\  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

ABR.\M"S  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York,  falling  into  the  lludson  river,  4  miles  above  Iludson 
city. 

ABR  ANTES,  3-brdn't^s,  {1..Ahranltium,)  a  fortified  town  of 
Portugal,  Estremadui'a,  with  a  citadel  on  the  Tagus,  80  miles 
N.E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  6000.  Its  inhabitants  send  a  great 
deal  of  grain,  oil.  and  fruit  down  the  Tagus  to  Lisbon. 

ABRANTES,  d-brln'tjs,  a  town  of  Brazil,  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Bahia.  near  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  2000. 

ABRESCIIWILLER,  ai>-r^sh-*il'ler,  (Fr.  pron.  i'brJshVir- 
lain/.)  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Meurthe,  6  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Sarrebourg.     Pop.  2000. 

ABRIES,  (Abrifes,)  iHire-A'.a  village  of  France,  department 
of   Ilautes-Alpes,  24    miles  S.E.  of  IJrian^on. 

ABRIOLA,  a-bre-o'lS.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basili- 
cata,  10  miles  S.  of  Potenza.    Pop.  3000. 

ABROLHtJS.  d-brole'voce.  a  p'oup  of  low  rocky  islands  off 
the  coast  of  Brazil.    L;it.  17°  58'  S. :  Ion.  38°  42'  W. 

ABRUD-BANYA.  ob-rood-b|n'y6h,  a  town  of  Transylv.inia, 
commune  of  Unter-Weis.senburg.  27  miles  N.W.  of  Karlsburg. 
Pop.  4100.    Celebrated  for  its  gold  mines. 

ABRUZZO,  3-broot'so,  a  country  and  former  division  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  forming  the  present  provinces  of  Abnizzo 
Citra  (chee^trd)  and  Abruzzo  Ultra  (ool'trl)  I.  and  II.,  be- 
tween lat.  41°  40'  and  42°  55'  N.,  on  the  Adriatic.  Area, 
about  5000  square  miles;  and  pop.  (lS(i2}  866,828.  Surface, 
mostly  mountainous  and  rugged,  or  covered  with  forests. 
Monte  Corno,  9,519  feet  high,  the  loftiest  of  the  Apennines, 
is  in  Abruzzo  Ultr.a.  Along  the  coast  are  some  well-watered 
lands :  cattle-rearing  employs  most  of  the  rural  pojjulation. 
It  has  no  good  ports,  or  any  manufactures  of  ctmsnquence. 
Chief  towns,  Chieti,  Aquila,  Teramo,  Sulmona,  Lanciano, 
and  Civita  Ducale. 

ABSCO'TA,  a  post-offlce  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  120 
miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

ABSK'CUM,  (written,  also,  ABSECOMBE,  ABSECOM,  and 
ABSECON.)  a  post-village  of  Atlantic  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  a 
creek  of  the  same  name,  95  miles  S.  of  Trenton,  and  2  miles 
alx)ve  Absecom  bay.  It  is  connected  with  Camden  by  the 
Camden  and  .Atlantic  railroad. 

ABTIIORPE,  aVthorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ncrfli- 
ampton. 

ABU-ARISCH.    See  Aboo-Abish. 

ABUDIACU.M.    See  Abach. 

ABUKIR.    See  Abookeer. 

ABULLIONTE.    See  Aboolonia. 

AUUHY.  a  par.  of  England.     See  AvEBimr. 

ABU-SHEIIR.     See  Bushire. 

ABUSINA.    See  Abknsbero. 

ABUTISCU,  or  ABUTIGE.    See  Abootsh. 


ABi 

ABY^OS,  (Gr.  ASvSof.  Ahudos.)  an  ancient  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  Hellespont,  on  the  sit«  of  the  modern  fort 
Nat;ara.  Near  this  place  Xerxes  and  his  army  crossed  over 
to  Europe  on  a  bridge  of  boats.  The  story  of  Hero  and 
Leander  has  also  given  an  enduring  celebrity  to  Abydos. 

Ain'SSINIA,  ABHSSINI  A,  ab-is-sin'e-a.  or  IIAiiKSII.  hS/- 
bfeih\  (Fr.  JbffRSinie.  d^bees^see'nee';  Ger.  Ahexxinien,  S-b4s- 
siVne-f  n.  or  Ifahesnn'ien.)  a  country  of  Kast  Africa,  between 
lat.  7°  40'  and  10°  40'  N..  and  Ion.  3-5°  and  4.3°  20'  E. ;  bounded 
E.  by  Adel,  N.E.  by  the  lied  Sea,  N.W.  by  Kubia,  and  S.  and 
S.E.  by  the  country  of  the  Galias.  It  forms  an  elevated 
table-land,  and  contains  many  fertile  valleys  watered  by 
numerous  river  courses,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Abai, 
(Bahr-el-A/,rek,  or  lilue  Nile.)  the  Tacazze,  and  the  Uawash. 
Many  of  its  rivers  are  lost  in  the  sands,  or  only  reach  the 
«ea  during  the  rainy  season.  Lake  Deniliea.  or  Tzana,  about 
&0  miles  in  length,  Is  the  largest  in  the  country.  The  high- 
est mriuntiiin  range  is  in  the  S.W.  table-land,  where  the 
peak  of  Amba  Ilai  (dm'bi  hi)  attains  a  height  of  15,000  feet, 
and  Mount  Buahat  14,.364  feet ;  the  upper  part  of  these  moun- 
tains is  covered  with  snow,  and  their  sides  are  clothed  with 
trees  and  tine  grass. 

The  temperature  of  Abyssinia  is  much  lower  than  that  of 
Nubia  or  Egypt,  owing  to  the  elevation  of  the  soil,  the  nu- 
merous rivers,  and  the  abundant  summer  rains.  The  mine- 
ral products  of  the  country  are  iron-ore.  rock-salt,  and  a  sniiili 
quantity  of  gold.  The  cultivated  grains  are  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  maize,  rice,  millet,  and  teff;*  fruits,  cotton,  and  colfee 
are  also  produced. 

Animals. — The  domestic  animals  consist  of  horses,  cattle, 
sheep,  goats,  mules,  and  asses.  The  horses  are  small,  but 
strong  and  active;  the  cattle  and  goats  are  generally  small 
in  stature,  of  all  colours,  and  have  very  large  horns;  the 
sheep  have  a  white  body,  black  head  and  neck,  are  covered 
with  hair,  and  have  thick,  short,  fat  tails — male  without 
horns.  Mules,  camels,  and  asses  are  the  usual  beasts  of 
burden,  the  horses  being  generally  reserved  for  war  and  the 
chase.  A'ast  herds  of  o.xen.  often  amounting  to  many  thou- 
sands, are  met  with  throughout  the  country.  The  oxen 
reared  on  the  low  grounds.  Killed  the  Galla  ox.  have  horns 
of  immense  size.  The  wild  animals  are  the  lion,  elephant, 
hippopotamus,  rhinoceros,  crocodile,  buffalo,  hyena,  leopjird. 
boar,  antelope,  zebra,  quagga.  giraffe,  and  gazelle,  l^ionsare 
not  numerous,  being  but  rarely  met  with.  Elephants  al)Ound 
in  the  X.  and  S.  borders  of  the  country,  particularly  in  theex- 
t«nsive  forests  lying  N.  of  Tigi-6.  The  hippopi  itamus  al)OUnds 
in  Lake  Dembea,  where  great  numlters  are  killed  annually  for 
their  ttesh  and  hides.  The  rhinoceros  is  numerous  in  certain 
districts.  A  two-horned  rhinoceros  is  met  with  but  rarely. 
Crocodiles  are  found  in  various  rivers  in  .\byssinia;  but  the 
largest  and  most  dreaded  by  the  natives  are  those  that  in- 
habit the  Tacazze:  these  are  of  a  greenish  colour,  and  of  for- 
midable size.  The  buffalo,  a  compai'atively  haimless  animal 
in  other  countries,  is  here  extremely  terocious.  and  will  often 
attack  travellers.  Hyena-s  and  leopards  are  numerous,  espe- 
cially the  former,  but,  .according  to  the  account  of  Isenberg 
and  Krapf's  guide,  they  never  inhabit  the  same  region,  tlie 
leopard  draicUng  tlie  superior  strength  and  fero<'ity  of  the 
hyena:  although  the  former  will  attack  m.an,  the"latter  flees 
from  him.  Serpents  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  of 
great  size.  Among  the  latter  is  the  boa,  which  often  attiiins 
the  length  of  20  feet.  The  varieties  of  birds  are  also  great, 
and  include  eagles,  vultures.  Alpine  navens,  parrots,  herons, 
Guinea  fowls,  partridges,  quails,  snipes,  larks,  and  pigeons. 
Bees  are  numerous,  honey  being  a  general  article  of  food ; 
locusts  often  lay  the  land  waste:  and  saltsalya — a  tiy  a 
little  larger  than  a  bee — causes  whole  tribes  to  change  their 
residence  through  terror  of  its  sting,  of  which  even  the  lion, 
it  is  said,  stands  in  dread. 

In  Industry  and  commerce  the  Abyssini.ans  have  made 
some  progress;  tliey  manufacture  tanned  skins  for  tents, 
shields  of  hide,  agricultural  implements,  coarse  cotton  and 
woollen  cloths,  and  pottei-y-ware.  The  imports  hidude  raw 
cotton,  pepper,  blue  and  red  cotton  cloth,  glass,  and  tobacco. 
Abyssinia,  comprised  in  the  ancient  Ethiopia,  appears  to  have 
been  the  cradle  of  African  civilization,  but  the  early  history 
of  the  people  is  merely  traditional :  they  were  converted  tO' 
Christianity  in  the  time  of  Constantino,  and  their  first  rulers 
geera  to  have  possessed  great  inlluence :  in  the  sixth  century 
they  conquered  part  of  Yemen  in  Arabia.  The  present  inb.v 
Ititants  have  preserved  nothing  of  their  former  power ;  the 
lurks  on  the  one  side,  and  the  ferocious  Galias  on  the  other, 
have  almost  entirely  separated  them  from  other  n.ations. 
For  more  than  a  century  the  princes  of  the  ancient  dynasty 
have  been  deprived  of  their  authority,  and  the  empire  has 
been  divided  into  several  petty  states,  the  chief  of  which  are 
Shoa,  Tigr6,  and  Amhara.  Ankober.  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Shoa,  is  the  only  place  deserving  the  n.ame  of  a  town 

in  Abvssinia. -idj.  and  inhab.,  AiiVSSiNlAX,  aVbe-sin'e-an. 

AC.VDE.MIji.,  ak-a-dee'cie-a,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co., 
Pennsylvania. 


"•  The  ^f^or  lafo  is  a  grain  smaller  than  imistard-seed,  and 
*eU  tasted.  Bishop  Gobat  speaks  of  the  bread  made  of  it  a« 
"excellent." — Ulumenbach  thinks  that  teff  is  the  same  with 
the  I'oa  Abyssinica.—hi±LTt:  Bkus 


ACH 

ACADErMTA,  a  postofBce  of  Knox  co.,  Tennessee. 
ACAB'EMY,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co..  New  York. 

ACADKMY,  a  post-office  of  I'oc.ahontas  co.,  Virginia. 

AC.\DIA*tbe  original  name  of  Nova  S';oriA,  which  see. 

ACAl'()NKTA,  d-kd-po-nd/td.  a  considerable  town  of  th« 
Mexican  Confederacy,  175  miles  N.W.  of  Guadalajara 

ACAI'ULCO,  d-kd-pool'ko.  a  seaport  town  of  Mexico,State 
of  Guerrero,  on  the  Pacific,  185  miles  S.S.W,  of  Mexico.  Lat. 
10°  50'  N. ;  Ion.  99°  48'  W.  The  harl)or  is  neivrly  landIocke<l, 
and  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  extensive  in  tbe  world.  The 
town  is  ill  built  and  very  unhealthy.  It  formerly  engrossed 
the  whole  trade  between  the  Spanish  dominions  in  America 
and  those  in  the  East;  and  w.-is  long  famous  for  being  the 
resort  of  the  relel)rated  Manilla  galleons.  Under  the  re- 
public, its  trade  greatly  declined  till  the  discovery  of  the 
California  gold-mines,  since  which  it  has  become  the  most 
important  port  in  Mexico,  and  the  princi|).tl  point  for  the  em- 
barkation of  pa.ssengers between  the  .\tlanticand  I'arific porta 
of  the  United  States.  Of  the  2.50.092  b.ns  of  shipping  wliich 
entered  Mexico  in  1852-.3,  131. 3.".0  were  entered  at.Acapulco; 
and  of  the  219  steamers  arrived.  145  entered  at  .this  port. 
The  total  number  of  passengers  which  arrived  in  Mexico 
was  43.816.  of  which  31.242  landed  at  .\capuIco;  and  of  tlie 
40.153  whii'h  left,  28.540  embarked  at  the  .same  port.  Ne.ar 
the  town  stands  the  castle  and  fort  of  San  Diego,  capable  of 
mounting  tW  guns,     I'op.  5000, 

ACAUI,  d-kd-ree',  a  town  of  Peru.  Lat,  15°  15'  S.;  lon.740 
45'  W.,  20  miles  from  the  i'acific.     Pop,  6<i00, 

AC.\UNA'.M.\.  a  department  of  Oreeoe.  chiefly  between 
lat.  38°  20'  and  39°  N..  and  Ion.  20°  45'  and  21°  30'  E.,  hav- 
ing N.  the  Gulf  of  Artjv,  and  W.  the  Ionian  Sea,  Pop. 
25,118.3. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Acarxaman,  ak-ar-nd/ne-an. 

ACASABA.'^TLAN,  d-kd-sd-bds-tldn',  a  town  of  Centr.al 
America,  78  miles  N,E,  of  Guati-mala. 

ACA.<'TEU-MAL'IUS,  a  parish  and  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  York.  East  Hiding. 

ACATLAN,  d-kd-tldn',  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confede 
racy,  SO  miles  S.  of  La  Puebla,  on  the  Na.sca. 

.\CnAKABAD.     See  Aora. 

ACCADI  A.  dk-kd-dee/d,  a  town  of  Naples,  5  miles  S,  of  Bo- 
vino.     Pop,  3iil5. 

ACCATINK',  a  post-village  of  ?'airfax  co,,  Virginia. 

APCKTTrnA.atch-^it-too/rd.  a  town  of  Naples,  19  milea 
S.E,.of  Potenza.     I'op.  3140, 

ACCIANO.  dt-chd'uo,  a  town  of  Naples,  Abruzzo  Ultra.  19 
miles  S.E.  of  Aquila.    Pop.  773. 

ACCII'KNT.  a  post-ofllce  of  .Vlleghany  co.,  Maryland. 

AC'COMACK\  a  county  in  the  E,  part  of  Virginia,  bnrder- 
ing  on  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  about  480  scjuare  miles. 
It  forms  part  of  a  peninsula  lying  Ijetween  the  Chesapeake 
B.ay  and  the  Atlantic,  and  comprises  numerous  low  sandy 
islands  along  the  sea-c-oast.  Formed  in  1072,  and  named 
from  a  tribe  of  Indians  who  onte  frequented  this  region. 
Surface  level ;  soil  moderately  fertile.  Capital,  Accomack 
Conrt-IIouse,  or  Druminond  Town.  Pop.  18,5So;  of  wliom 
14.079  were  free,  and  4MI7  slaves. 

ACCOM.'i.CK  COUKT-H()USB.  or  DRUM'MOND  TOWN,  a 
small  post-village,  capital  of  the  atove  county,  193  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Kichmond.     Pop.  about  300. 

ACCONBUIIV,  ak'pn-b^r-e.  or  ACOKXBTIRY,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Hereford.     Hereare  some  Roman  antiquities. 

ACCORD,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  CO..  New  York. 

ACCRA,  ACCIIAH  or  .\CKA,  dk'krj  or  d/krd,  a  country 
of  Africa,  on  the  Guinea  coast,  aliout  lat.  5°  35'  N..  Ion.  0°  12' 
W',,  belonging  to  England,  Holland,  and  Denmark,  British 
Accra  consists  of  Fort  St.  James,  in  lat,  5°  32'  N„  Ion.  0-  12' 
W.,  with  a  small  territory.  Pop,  3000,  (?)  mostly  blacks.  One 
mile  E.  of  James  Fort  is  tlie  Dutch  fort  of  Crevecoeur,  de- 
stroyed by  the  English  in  1782,  and  partially  restored  in  1839. 

AC'CKIXGTON.  New,  a  township,  England,  co.  I.jinca.ster. 

ACCUMOLI,  dk-koo/nio-lee,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  27 
miles  N,N.W.  of  Aquila.    Pop.  3700. 

ACE,     Sc»e  Ache. 

ACEBO.  dth:Vlx),  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estromadura,  48 
miles  N,  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2350. 

ACERENZA,  d-chd-rjn'zd.  (anc.  Achtrcmftia.)  a  city  of  Na- 
ples, on  the  Bradano,  16  miles  N,N,E.  of  Potenza.     P.  3420. 

ACEIINO,  dcheii'no,  a  town  of  Naple.s,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Salerno,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  iHcen'tia.    Pop.  2500. 

ACERR.\,  d-ch^R'ad,  (anc.  Acer'rce,)  a  town  of  Naples,  on 
the  .\gno,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Naples.    Pop.  0300. 

ACESIXES.    SeeCHENAi'B. 

ACHAGUAS,  d-chd'gwds,  a  town  of  South  America,  Vene- 
zuela, 50  miles  S.W.  of  San  Fernando.     Pop.  2000. 

ACHAIA.  a-k.Vya  or  d-ki'yd,  (Gr.  Axaia.)  a  depart.ment  of 
the  kingdom  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  extending  about  65 
miles  from  E,  to  W.,  with  an  average  width  of  from  12  to  20 
miles  along  the  S.  side  of  the  Corinthian  gulf  The  interior 
is  mountainous,  and  the  coast  low,  with  few  good  ports. 
Chief  town,  Patras. Adj.  and  inhab.  AciiaiaN.  a-kd'.-jn. 

.\CHEEN.  ATCHEEN,  ACHEN  or  ATCHIN,  at-cheen', 
(properly  ATJIH,)  a  town  of  Sumatra,  near  its  N.W.  extr» 
mity,  capital  of  an  independent  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Acheen,  near  the  sea.  Lat.  5°  34'  N.;  Ion.  95° 
34'  E.    It  is  built  on  piles  of  wood,  and  is  said  to  comprise 

29 


ACH 

8000  house*  The  kiURdom  of  Aeheen  extends  from  the  river 
Siiikel,  l(.a.  ^S°  K.,  to  the  W.  end  of  (he  Island.  It  was  once 
a  powerful  state. .\dj.  and  iiihab.  Achisese.  atchMn-ees'. 

ACHKKN  or  ACHEN  HEAD,  is  the  name  of  the  N.W. 
point  of  S^umatra. 

AClIEliOUS,  ak-e-le'us.    See  Aspro-Potamo. 

ACIIEN,  i'Kfx.  a  river  of  Bavaria,  falls  into  Chietn  See. 

ACUKICX,  d'Kgrn,  a'towa  of  ISaden,  ou  a  river  of  it-s  own 
uame,  and  on  the  railroad  fiom  Carlsruhe  to  Freiberg,  30 
loiies  S.S.W.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1938. 

ACIIEKON,  ak'e-ron.    See  Mavropotamos. 

ACIIEIIONTIA.    See  Acere.nza. 

ACIIIGAN.    See  Saint  Riwh  de  l'Achioan. 

ACHILL,  ak'il,  or  EA(}LE  ISLAND,  an  island  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo.  Circumference  about  .iO  miles. 
Pop.  of  parish,  6392.  Its  W.  point  forms  Achill  Head,  2222 
feef  in  elevation.     Lat.  53°  59'  N.;  Ion.  10°  12'  W. 

\CIU  LL  BEG  is  an  island  immediately  S.  of  the  foregoing. 

ACH.  MI  M.    See  Akh.mym. 

ACIIMOUNEYN.    See  OsHMOONErx. 

ACHO.    See  Acre. 

ACHONRY,  ak-on-rl',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo. 

ACIIOR,  A'kjr,  or  ACIIORTOWN,  a  post-villaRe  of  Colum- 
blana  co.,  Ohio,  about  3  miles  W.  of  the  Pennsylvania  line. 

ACIIRAY,  L(X;k,  Iok  aK-rA'.  a  small  picturescjue  Jake  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  15  miies  N.W.  of  Stirling. 

ACHRIS  (ak'ris)  HEAD,  a  headland  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Ireland.     Lat.  53°  33'  N.;  Ion.  10°  10'  W. 

ACHSAI.    See  Aksai. 

ACHTYRKA  or  AKHTIRKA,  lK-t66ii'ki,  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Russia,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Kharkov,  on  a  small  river  of 
the  same  name.    Pop.  14,205. 

ACI,  i/chee,  or  ACI  UEALE,  d'ehee  r.^-^U,  a  town  and  sea- 
port of  Sicily,  well  built  on  a  height  at  the  mouth  of  the  Acl, 

7  miles  N.E.  of  Catania.  Pop.  24,151.  It  is  built  mostly  of 
lava,  and  has  many  fine  edifices,  and  an  active  trade.  It  ii 
celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters,  and  for  the  cave  of  Poly- 
phemus and  grotto  of  Galatea  in  its  vicinity. 

ACiCEN,  dk'kfn,  a  walled  town  of  I'russian  Saxony,  on 
the  Kibe,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  4100. 

ACK'L.4.M,  E.CST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
and  North  Ridings. 

ACKLAM,  West,  parish,  England,  no.  York.  North  Riding. 

ACK'LIN  ISLAND,  a  .small  isUnd  in  the  Bahama  group, 
120  miles  N.E.  of  Cuba. 

ACK'WORTH,  a  parish,  England,  co.  York,  West  Riding. 
A  large  school  was  established  here  by  the  Friends  in  1777. 

ACLE,  ak'gl.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

AC-METCHET.    See  Simferopol. 

ACOBAMBA,  a-ko-bdra'bd,  a  small  town  of  South  Peru, 
42  miles  S.W.  of  Huamanga. 

ACOM.V,  i-ko'md,  a  pueblo  or  village  in  Socorro  co..  New 
Mexico,  on  a  small  branch  of  the  Puerco  River,  about  60  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Albuquerque. 

ACOMB,  .Vkom,  or  AKKHAM,  i'kam,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York. 

ACO'NA,  a  postofiice  of  Holmes  co..  Mississippi. 

ACONCAGUA,  d-kon-kd'gwd,  a  mountain  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Chili,  the  loftiest  of  the  Andes,  being  23.910  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  situated  in  lat.  32°  38'  30"  S.,  Ion. 
70°  0'  30"  W.    It  has  been  erroneously  called  a  volcano. 

ACO.VCAGUA,  a  river  rising  on  the  S.  side  of  the  above, 
flows  S.W.,  and  joins  the  Pacific  12  miles  N.  of  Valparaiso. 

ACONCAGUA,  a  province  in  the  central  part  of  Chill. 

ACONCAGUA,  a  town  of  Chili.     See  San  Felipe. 

ACOO'NO-COO'NO,  a  town  .and  district  of  Africa,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Old  Calabar  or  Cross  River;  lat.  6°  29'  N..  Ion. 
8°  27'  E.     Pop.  4000.  (?) 

AQORES,  islands  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.     See  Azores. 

ACQS,  a  town  of  France.    See  Dax. 

ACQUAC'K.\.N0NCK\  a  post-township  of  Passaic  co..  New 
Jersey,  13  miles  S.W.  of  New  York,  and  about  80  N.E.  of 
Trenton.  A  village  of  the  same  name  is  situated  on  the 
Passaic  River,  at  the  head  of  sloop  n.avigation.     Pop.  32.35. 

ACQUA ,  JkHiwi,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Pisa,  16 
miles  E.  of  Leghorn. 

ACQUA  L  A6NA,  ak-kwdV  Jn'ya,  a  vUlage  of  Italy,  on  a  hill, 

8  miles  S.  of  Urbino. 

ACQU  A-NEGR  A,  dkOcwa-ni/gri,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
16  miles  W.  of  Mantua. 

ACQUAPENDENTE,  ak'kwI-pJn-dJn'tfl,  (.anc.  Auada,  or 
Jcuhi?)n  town  of  Italy,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Orvieto.  Pop.  2400. 
It  is  a  bishop's  see.  Fabricius  ab  Aquapendente,  the  cele- 
brated anatoimist,  was  born  here  in  1537. 

ACQUA  SANTA.    See  Abba  Sama. 

ACQU.\-SPARTA,  ak-kwd-spaR/a,  a  town  of  Italy,  Ponti- 
fical States,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Spoleto. 

ACQUAVIVA,  dk'kwi-vee/vl,  a  town  of  Naples,  16  miles 
S.S.W\  of  Bari.     Pop.  5400. 

ACQUAVIVA,  a  town  of  Naples,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Campo- 
basso. 

ACQUT,  akntwee,  {s.xi<:.AIqua;,or Alqv(r StaHtVlce.)a.  walled 

town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  division  of  Alles- 

Eandria.  capital  of  the  province,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bor- 

mida,  18  miles  S.S.W.of  Allessandriiu   Pop.  7800.  Celebrated 

30 


ADA 

for  Its  great  antJqiilty.  and  for  the  rpm.aln«  of  a  'Rr.man 
aqueduct.     It  is  much  frequented  for  its  sulphur  b.iths. 

ACyuiNTON,  a  post-oflice  of  King  William  co.,  Virginia. 

AC'RA,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  New  York.  47  uiUea 
S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

ACRE,  a/kfr  or  .-l/kfr.  AKKA,  akOsL or  ST.  JEAN  D'ACKE, 
saN"  zhSs"  ddk'r.  (anc. /Ice,  or  ylc'co/or  Itolema'is.}  a  city 
and  seaport  of  Syria,  capital  of  the  pashalic  of  its  own  name, 
on  a  promontoi-y  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Carmol.  ^Mi.  32°  SS* 
N. ;  Ion.  35°  6'  E.  Pop.  10.000.  (?)  Acre  is  famous  for  the  me- 
morable sieges  which  it  has  sustained.  It  was  tak>-u  by  the 
fii-st  Crusaders  in  1104.  retaken  by  the  .^aracens  in  11^7.  and 
recovered  by  the  Christians  under  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion 
in  1191,  and  given  to  the  Knights  of  St.  John  (in  Fivnch, 
St.  Jenn)  of  Jerusalem,  whence  it  received  the  name  of  St. 
Jean  DWcre.  In  1291  it  again  fell  in  the  hands  of  the  Sara- 
cens. Bonaparte  attempted  to  storm  this  pl.Hce  in  1799,  Imt 
retreated  after  a  siege  of  61  days.  It  was  taken  by  Ibrahim 
Pasha  in  1832.  and  again  by  the  combined  English  and  A  us 
trian  siiuadronsin  1840.  The  l«y  of  Acre  is  much  frequented 
by  French,  Italian,  and  Austrian  vessels.  Acre  has  lieen  cele- 
brated fi-om  remote  antiquity.    Stralto  calls  it  Ace.  i  A«r;.) 

ACRl,  a/kree.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra, 
capital  of  the  canton,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  7861. 

ACKISE.  .-I'kriss.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

AC/ROCORINTHUS,  or  AC'l{U€ORaNTH,  a  pivcipitous 
and  somewhat  conical  rock  near  the  city  of  Corintii,  in 
Greece,  on  which  stood  the  ancient  acrojwlis,  or  citadel  of 
the  place,  and  a  temple  of  Venus.  It  is  about  2o(K»  feet 
alx)ve  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  the  site  of  a  modem  fijrti- 
flcation,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  strongest  in  Greece. 

ACKOTIRION,  i-kro-tee're-on.  a  small  town  of  the  Grecian 
archipel.igo,  on  the  S.W.  side  of  the  island  of  Santorini. 

ACS,  |tch,  a  town  of  Hungary,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Komom. 
Pop.  32:i7,  employed  in  rearing  sheep. 

ACSA.    See  Ak  Hissar. 

ACTvWON  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  three  low,  wooded  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  1837.  The  central  island  is 
in  lat.  21°  23'  S.:  Ion.  136°  32'  W. 

ACTIUM,  ak'she-um  or  ak'te-um,  a  promontorj'  and  town 
of  ancient  Greece,  situated  near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Arta,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Acarnania,  Celebrated  for  the  vie- 
torv  won  by  Octavius  Cwsar  over  Mark  Antony,  B.C.  30. 

AC/rON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester.  Dorfold  Hall, 
a  fine  building  of  the  seventeenth  century,  is  In  this  pailsh. 

ACTO.N,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Suffolk.  Acton  is  the 
name  of  several  townshi|)S  in  the  cos.  of  Chester,  Gloucester, 
Northuml)erland.  Salop,  Stafford,  and  Y'ork. 

ACTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
about  8  miles  W.  of  I^mdou.  on  the  road  to  Oxford. 

ACTON,  a  post-township  of  York  co..  Maine,  SXi  miles  S.W. 
of  Aueusta,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Salmon  Falls  river 
Pop.  l'21S. 

ACTON,  a  post'township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts, 
situat*'d  on  the  Boston  and  Fitchburg  Railroad,  22  miles  .N. 
W.  of  Boston,  and  intersected  bv  Assabet  river.     Pop.  17J6. 

ACTON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Halton.  40 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Toninto.  It  contains  a  tannery,  a  cabinet- 
shop,  and  several  stores. 

ACTON  COR'NER,apost>-village  of  York  co.,  Maine,  about 
90  miles  S.W.  of  Autrusta. 

ACT'ON  BEAUCIIAMP,  (bee/chtim)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Worcester. 

ACTON-BUR'NELL.a  small  villw^e  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Salop.  74  miles  S.  of  Shrewsbury.  Here  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  castle,  where  Edward  I.,  in  1283,  held  a  parlia- 
ment. 

ACTON-ROUND,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ACTON-SCOTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ACTOPAN,  dk-to-pdn',  a  town,  valley,  and  district  of 
Mexico;  the  former  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico: 
lat.  20°  17'  28"  N.;  Ion.  98°  48'  52"  AV.  Its  population  con- 
sists chiefly  of  Othomies  Indians,  of  whom  there  are  betwt.en 
2000  and  3000  families. 

ACUL,  d'ktll',  a  town  and  seaport  of  Hayti,  N.  coast,  10 
miles  W.  of  Cape  Fran9ais.    Lat.  19°  47'  N. ;  Ion.  72°  27'  W. 

ACULCO,  d-kool'ko,  a  lake  in  Chili,  38  miles  S.S.W.of  San- 
tiago; it  is  about  9  miles  in  length,  and  3  in  breadth. 

ACULA.    See  Acquapendente. 

ACAVORTH,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, 46  miles  W.  of  Concord,  has  manufactures  of  bobbins, 
starch,  and  le.ather.     Pop.  1180. 

AC  WORTH,  a  post-village  of  Cobb  co.,  Georgia,  situated  on 
the  Western  and  Atlantic  Kailroad,  12  nules  N.'\V.  of  Mari- 
etta.   Pop.  about  100. 

ADA,  ah'diy.  a  post-township  of  Kent  co.,  Michig.^n. 

ADA,  a  village  in  the  above  township,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  Thornapple  creek  with  Grand  river,  10  miles  by 
railroad  E.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

ADAFOODIA.  d-dd-foo'dt^a,  a  town  in  the  FooLih  conn- 
try.  West  Africa:  lat.  13°  6'  N.;  Ion.  1°  3'  E.  It  is  said  to 
be  as  large  as  Abomey,  and  its  trade  in  native  merchandise 
nearly  equal.     Pop.  24.000. 

ADAHUESCA.  ft-od-w^s/kd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  16 
miles  K.S.E.  of  Huesca. 


ADA 

ADATEP,  a  post-offire  of  N'nchitoohes  parish,  Louisiana. 
APAI U',  a  county  In  the  S.  jmrt  of  Kentucky,  has  an  area  of 
t50  square  uiiles.  It  is  int«rse<-ted  by  (in-en  river,  and  also 
drained  by  Little  Barren  river  and  Kusscll's  creek.  The 
soil  is  moderately  fertile.  Orpinized  in  1801,  and  named  in 
honor  of  .I(}lin  Adair.  United  States  senator  from  Kentucky. 
C'a|iitiil,  Columbia.  Pop.  9509;  of  whom79u7  were  free,  and 
lti02  (daveg. 

AI).\IR,  a  county  in  tlie  N.N.E.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  670  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cliarit<>n  river 
and  l)y  the  North  fork  of  Salt  river.  Xlieiioil  is  generally  fer- 
tile, adai)ted  to  (fraiu  and  grass.  Organized  about  the  year 
1840.  Capital,  Kirksvillo.  Pop.  8631 ;  of  whom  8445  were 
free,  and  8ti  slaves. 

ADAIH,  a  county  in  the  8.W.  central  part  of  Towa,  has  an 
a'va  of  576  Sfiuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Middle  river,  an 
affluent  f)f  Des  Moines,  and  by  the  head  streams  of  Nodaway 
river.  The  state  road  from  I'ort  Des  Moines  to  Council 
KlufTs  passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  Foiitenello. 
Pop.  in  1H>.(».  nS4. 

ADAIR.S'V  I  l,LE,iithrivin.!i  post-village  of  Cass  co.,Ocorgia, 
on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  railroad,  01)  miles  N.W.  of  At- 
lanta.    It  is  situated  in  a  fine  farming  regiim.     Pop.  333. 

AI)AII!SVILLi';,apostrvlllage  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky,  180 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

ADA.IA,  i-hii'ui.  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  rising 
near  I'ieilrahita,  in  the  Sierra  de  Avila,  falls  into  the  Duero, 
after  a  course  of  t'ctwi-en  SO  and  90  miles. 

ADALIA.  A-dili-i-'i.  SAT.\LIKU.  satit/leeSfh,  or  ATTA- 
LlYKII,aseaiX)rt  of  Anatolia,  'Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  gulf  of 
the  same  name.  Lat.  30°  52'  2"  N.;  Ion.  30°  45'  K.  It  is 
plea!«tntly  situated  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  rising  to  the  heijrht 
of  70  feet  above  the  se:i.  The  houses  Ixdng  liuilt  circularly 
an>und  the  harliour,  the  strin-ts  app<'ar  to  rise  tiohind  each 
other  like  the  seats  of  a  theatre.  J'op.  of  the  town,  SOOO. 
AIVALINK,  a  jiost-offlco  of  Marshall  co..  Virginia. 
AU'AM  B.\^Y,  on  the  ,N.\V.  coast  of  Australia,  stretches  6 
miles  inland,  and  is  10  in  breadth  at  the  entrance,  with  9 
fiitiioms  of  water. 

AU'AMS,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  border- 
ing on  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  6.30  S({uare  miles.  Cone- 
wago  creek  and  its  branches,  I^timore,  liemiudian.  and 
Opossum  creeks;  Hf>ck,  Marsh,  and  .Middle  cn-eks.  and  the 
head  streams  of  Monocacy  river,  rise  in  the  county  ;  the  ridge 
called  South  Mountain  extends  along  the  N.\V.  liorder.  This 
county  was  settltid  by  Scotch  and  Irish,  alout  174ti,  and  or- 
ganized in  1800.  Named  in  honor  of  .Tohn  .Adams,  second 
President  of  the  United  States.  Capital,  CJettysburg.  I'op. 
28.0<itl.  ■ 

ADAMS,  a  connty  In  the  S.W.  part  of  Mississippi  has  an 
area  of  about  440  s<iuare  miles.  The  Mississipjii  river  lK)unds 
It  on  the  "W..  dividing  it  fnnn  Ix)uisiavia.  and  the  Ilomochitto 
on  tlie  S.  Adams  county  is  important  on  account  of  contain- 
ing the  city  of  Natchez,  the  largest  town  of  the  state,  as  well 
as  the  county  se.nt.     Pop.  '.'0,16.1. 

AD.X.M.'^.a  county  In  the  S.  piirt  of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  500 
square  miles.  The  Ohio  river  forms  its  entire  l)oumh»r\-  on 
the  S.,  dividing  it  from  Kentucky,  and  Brush  cnvk  tiows 
through  it  from  N.  to  S.  Organized  in  1797.  Capltiil,  West 
Union.    Pop.  ■M,3')'.). 

ADAMS,  a  county  in  the  V..  part  of  Indiana,  bordering  on 
Ohio,  contains  3it  s<iuare  miles.  It  is  draine<l  by  the  VaKt-^h 
Slid  St.  Mary's  rivers.  The  surface  is  nearlv  level;  the  soil 
productive.  Organized  in  1830.  Capital,  Decatur.  P.  9252. 
.VI).\MS.  a  county  in  the  extreme  W.  part  of  Illinois,  lor- 
dering  on  the  Mississippi  river,  which  sepiirates  it  from  the 
state  of  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  760  square  miles.  The  soil 
is  exceedingly  rich,  and  extensively  cultivated.  The  Co.  ia 
intersected  by  the  Chicago.  Burlington  and  Quincy  Rjiil- 
road,  and  the  Quincy  and  Toledo  H.U.  Adams  county  is 
the  most  populous  in  the  state,  excepting  Cook,  and  La 
Salle  counties.    Capital,  Quincy.    Pop.  41,323. 

ADAMS,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  iiart  of  Iowa,  lias  an  area 
of  432  square  miles;  drained  by  the  Nodaway  river  and 
several  of  its  head  streams.  This  county  is  not  included  in 
the  census  of  18o0.    Capital,  Quincy.     Pop.  in  ISOO,  1633. 

ADAMS,  a  county  toward  the  W.  part  of  \Vi.tconsin.  con- 
tains about  650  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Wisconsin  river ;  it  is  also  drained  by  the  Roche  a  Cross 
river.  The  surface  is  mostly  covered  with  forests,  from 
which  large  quantities  of  lumber  are  procured  and  rafted 
down  the  Wisconsin  river.  Tlie  streams  above  named  fur- 
nish extensive  water-power.  Capit.il,  Quincy.  Pop.  0492. 
AD.\MS,atp.in  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.,  comprising  four  vil- 
lages, N.  Adams,  S.  .\dams.  Maple  Grove,  and  Blackinton.  It 
is  tlie  present  terminus  of  two  railroa<is,  the  Troy  and  Boston 
and  Pittsfteld  and  N.  Adams.  It  is  noted  for  its  great  number 
of  mills,  factories,  print  works.  Ac,  and  for  being  the  W.  ter- 
minus of  the  Great  lloosac  Tunnel  now  in  progress.  It  con- 
tains .Mt.Greylock  and  a  fine  Natural  Briilge.  "P.  about  SOOO. 
ADAMS,  a  iiost-village  and  township  of  Jefferson  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Wiitertown  and  Rome  Rjiilroad.  166  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Albany.     It  contains  2  banks      Pop.  3496. 

ADAMS,  a  post-village  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia,  on  the  S.W. 
■ide  of  the  Oc Jiulgee  Kiver,  97  miles  S.  of  Milledgeville. 


ADA 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  129S, 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  976. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1178. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  17.i5. 

AD.\I1S,  a  township  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  764. 

ADA.MS,  a  township  of  Guernsoy  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  804. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1179. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  .Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  822. 

A  D  AMS.a  post-township  of  Seneca  co.,Ohio,on  Green  cre<*k, 
96  miles  N.  of  Columbus,    i'op.  li'>6l. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,0hlo.    Pop. 1955. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1773. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  922. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Cuss  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  743. 

ADA.MS,  a  township  of  Decatur  Co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1795. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co..  Indiana.  I'op.  1523. 

AD.AMS,  a  township  of  Madison  co  ,  Indiana.    Pop.  1463. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1948. 

AD.VMS,  a  township  of  Uiplcy  co.,  Indiana.     Poji.  2333. 

AI).\M8.  a  post-township  in  the  central  jiart  of  Hillsdale 
CO.,  Michigan,  intersected  bv  the  Michigan  Soutliern  rail- 
road. 93  miles  S.W.  of  D.tnlit.    Pop.  1667 

ADAMS,  a  iiost-ollice  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois. 

ADA.MS,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co., Wisconsin.  P.  840. 

ADAMS,  a  post-ollice  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsiu. 

ADAMS,  a  towiiship  of  Sauk  co.,  Wit^cousin. 

AD.\MS'  B.\S1N,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Krie  Canal.  aUiut  2;J0  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

ADAM'S  BiniXiK,  a  chain  of  shoals  extending  across  the 
Gulf  of  Man.iar.  Ix-tween  Ceylon  and  the  peninsula  of  Ilin- 
d(>stan.    .'!«'»<  M.\>A.\R. 

AD'.VMSBUItG,  a  post-village  of  Westmori'land  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  ro.ad  from  Greensburg  to  Pittsburg,  183 
miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

AD.\MSBUHG,a  post-village  of  G.isconade  co„  Missouri,  on 
the  road  between  St.  Louis  and  Jeiferson  City,  alx>ut  60 miles 
K.  bv  S.  of  the  Latter  town. 

Ab.\M.S'  CKNTliK.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co^  New 
York,  on  the  N.  branch  of  Sandy  creek,  1G2  miles  N.'W.  of 
Albany. 

ADAMS'  MILIJ?,  a  post-ofRce  of  Pulaski  co.,  Kentucky. 

ADAMS'  M1LL.S.  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  Can.nl.  01  miles  K.  of  Columbus. 

ADA>1S'  MftUXT,  New  llampshiio.    .See  Mou.nt  Adams. 

ADAMS'  MOCNT,  a  mountain  in  On-gon,  30  miles  N.  of 
the  ColumbL'i  river,  and  aUmt  100  miles  due  K.  of  Its 
mouth :  It  Is  det;iched  from  the  Cascade  Mountains,  being 
aliout  26  miles  K.  of  that  range. 

Alt/AMSON'S  HARBOH,  or  PORT  ESPERANCE.  a  small 
arm  of  the  sea.  on  the  S.  coast  of  Van  Diemen's  I..and. 

ADAM'S  I'KAK.  a  loftv  mountain  of  Ceylon,  In  the  centre 
of  the  Island.  Lat  6°  52'  N. ;  Ion.  80°  32'  E.  Uelght,  alsjut 
700f)  feet. 

ADAM.'!.  POINT  or  CAPE,  in  Oregon,  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
mouth  of  Columbia  river.     I<at.  40°  Vi'  N.:  Ion.  1'23°  56'  W. 

ADAM.S'  RUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Colleton  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

ADAMS'  STORE,  a  po8i«flBce  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

ADAMS'  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 

A  D'AMSTI  )W  N.  a  villaL'e  and  jwirish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  ^^■ex- 
ford.  and  17i  miles  W.N.W.  of  Wexford. 

AD.VMSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Ijincaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vani.-u  '20  mili'S  \.  of  Lancaster.      Pop.  432 

ADAM.^TOWN.  a  pos^ofRce  of  Frederick  CO.,  Marvland. 

ADAMSVILLK.  ad'amz-vil.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Massachusetts,  104  miles  W.  of  Boston. 

ADAMSVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Newport  co.,  Rhode  Island. 

AD.\MS\'1LLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co..  New 
York.  58  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

AD.\MSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, aliout  2.10  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

AD.\MSV1LM';,  a  post-office  of  Ilarri.son  co.,  Virginia. 

AD.VMSVILLK.  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia,  about  15C 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgevillo. 

ADAMSVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Marlon  co.,  Florid;i. 

AD.VMSVlbLK.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Morgan  co.,  Kentucky. 

AD.\MSV1LLE,  a  jiost-viilage  of  McNairy  co.,  Tennessee, 
139  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 

AD.VMSVILLK,  a  post-village  in  Salem  township,  Mus- 
kingum CO..  Ohio,  about  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Zanesviile. 

ADAMSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Michig.in,  172 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 

AD.IMUZ.  i-D.^-mooth',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  21 
miles  N.E.  of  Cordova,  with  •2t'40  inhabitants. 

AD.\NA.  i'di'aSi.  (&nc.  I}<tth/na;'!)ii  city  of  Asia  Jlinor,  capi- 
tal of  the  pashalic  of  Itch-Elee,  on  the  right  lank  of  the 
Sihoon,  30  miles  from  the  sea.  Lat.  37°  10'  N.:  Ion.  35"  K' 
E.  Pop.  alxiut  10,000.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  castle, 
several  remains  of  antiquity,  a  bridge  over  the  Sihoon,  s.aid 
to  have  been  built  by  Justinian,  with  a  trade  in  wool,  cotton, 
corn.  wine,  and  fruit. 

ADAXAD,  a-dd-ndd',  or  ADINATHA,  a-de-n2/t'ha.  a  town 
of  Hindostan,  province  of  Malabar,  23  miles  S.S.E,  of 
Calicut. 

Si 


ADA 


ADE 


A  DA  RE,  a-dair',  a  decayed  town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
eo.  I'f  l.iuierick. 

ADAUIO,  j-dah're-o,  a  post-ofBce  of  Richland  co^  Ohio. 

ADARIO,  a  post-office  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin. 

A  DB ASTON,  a  parish  of  Knjrland,  co.  of  Stafford. 

ADDA,  dd'di,  (anc.  Adidua.)  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,  rises 
near  Borinio  in  the  Valtellina,  tlows  genei-ally  S.,  traversing 
Lakes  Oomo  and  Lecco,  and,  aft<ir  a  coui-se  of  SO  miles,  joins 
the  I'o.  7  miles  W.  of  Cremona. 

AD'DA,  a  Danish  province  and  negro  village  of  Africa, 
near  the  coast,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  river  Volta. 

ADDEKBURY,  ad'd?r-bgr-^,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

ADDERGEY,  3d-der^'  or  ^d-dgr-ghi',  a  small  town  of 
Abyssinia,  kingdom  of  Tigrfi,  on  the  route  followed  by  Bruce 
on  his  journey  from  Axoom  to  Gondar.  Lat.  13°35'N.;  Ion. 
36^  o'  E. 

ADPEKLEY,  ad'der-lee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

AI)'I)IXGH.\M,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

ADDINGHAM,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  York. 

AD'DIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Bucks. 

ADUI.NGTOX,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ADDINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

ADIUNGTOX,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Canada  West, 
bordering  on  Lake  Ontario,  h.is  an  area  of  576  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Nepanee  river  and  other  streams, 
and  contains  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  is 
Beaver  lake,  having  an  outlet  through  Salmon  river.  The 
chief  staples  are  lumber,  wool,  and  the  productions  of  the 
dairy.  This  county  is  traversed  by  the  routes  of  two  pro- 
posed railroads,  one"  le.ading  from  Kingston  to  Toronto,  a:;d 
the  other  from  Pittsburg  to  Peterborough.  Chief  town, 
Bath.     Pop.  IbMfi. 

ADItlXGTON,  GRE.iT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  North- 
ampton. 

ADDI^TON,  lilTTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

AIVDISON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  A'ermont,  has  an 
area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Lake  Champlain,  and  is  driiined  principally  by  Otter  creek 
and  its  tributaries,  which  aJford  most  valuable  water-power. 
The suifjice  is  level  or  slightly  undulating  near  the  lake,  but 
in  the  E.  part  rough  and  mountainous,  and  more  adapted  to 
gnuin_'.  The  soil  is  fertile,  particularly  along  the  lake  shore. 
There  are  in  this  county  quarries  of  white  and  variegated 
marble,  which  are  largely  worked.  Lake  Champlain  is  navi- 
gable along  its  AV.  border,  .ind  sloops  can  ascend  Otter  creek  7 
miles  to  Vergennes.  The  railroad  connecting  Bellows  Falls 
with  P>urlington  piisses  through  this  county.  Organized  in 
17^^7.  and  named  in  honor  of  Joseph  Addison,  the  cele- 
brated English  writer.     Capital,  Middlebury.     Pop.  24.010. 

ADDISON,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  135  miles 
E.  bv  N.  of  Augusta,  between  Indian  and  Pleii&ant  rivers. 
Pop."  1-272. 

ADDISON,  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  43 
miles  W.S.W.  of  ilontpelier.     Pop.  1000. 

ADDISON,a  post-township  and  village  of  Steuben  co.,New 
York,  on  the  Cani-teo  river,  and  on  the  Erie  KR.,  302  miles 
from  New  York.  It  has  an  academy  and  a  bank.   Pop.  1715. 

ADDISON,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Youghiogheny,  153  miles  S.W.  of  llarrisburg.  P.15I0. 

ADDISON,  a  post-township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1201. 

ADDISON,  a  post-office  of  Lenawee  co  ,  Michigan 

ADDISON,  a  township  of  Oakland  CO.,  Michigan.  Pop.  1067. 

ADHISON,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  2422. 

ADDISON,  a  post-township  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois. 

ADDISON,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,Wiscon8in, 
86  mibs  N.W.  of  Milwaukie.     Pop.  2046. 

ADDISON  CORNERS,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Leeds.  12  miles  from  Brockville,  which  is  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence. There  are  in  the  vilKage  and  vicinity  several  mills, 
(including  flour  and  saw  mills.)  manufactories  of  carriages, 
potash,  shoes,  ic  The  post-office  is  called  simply  Addison. 
Pop.  200. 

ADDISON  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

ADDLE,  ad'd'l,  a  p,vish  of  Encland.  co.  of  York. 

AD'DLiyrilOHPE.  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ADUilKV,  or  ADOU,  dMoo',  one  of  the  Maldive  Islands,  10 
miles  in  length,  and  7  in  breadth. 

ADDUA.    See  Adda. 

AD  EG  HEM,  d'di-gh^m,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Ilanders,  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Eecloo.    Pop.  3534. 

ADEL,  S-dJl',  or  SOMAL'LI.so-mawlee.  a  country  of  Africa, 
extending  along  its  N.E.  coast  from  .4bvssinia  to  Cape  Guai^ 
dafui.  iftween  lat.  8°  and  12='  N.,  and  Ion.  4:3°  and  51°  E. 
Pop.  Mdhammed.in,  and  subordinate  to  an  imam.  It  is 
marshy  and  unhealthy,  but  exports  wax.  myrrh,  ivory, 
gold-ilnst.  and  cattle.    Chief  port.s.  Zeila  and  Berliera. 

ADEL.\IDE,  ad'f-Ud,  a  municipal  city,  the  capital  of 
South  .\ustralia.  on  the  Torrens  River,  near  its  mouth  in 
Gulf  St.  Vincent.  Lat.  34°  55'  S.;  Ion.  138°  38'  E.  Pop.  in 
1855,  estimated  at  20.000.  It  stands  on  rising  ground, 
backed  by  woods,  and  divided  by  the  Torrens  into  South 
and  North  Adelaide.  It  was  founded  in  1836,  and  in  1843 
already  covered  1000  acres.  I<  has  regular  streets,  good 
32 


.shops  and  hotels,  numerous  places  of  worship,  a  government 
house,  barracks,  and  theatre.  A  chamVier  of  commerce,  in- 
surance company,  assay  office,  and  different  banks,  have 
Ijeen  establi.-hed.  In  1852  there  were  in  the  city  27  public 
schools,  attended  by  1497  pupils,  besides  the  Collegiate  School 
of  St.  Peter's,  incorporated  in  1S49.  The  ass.iy  office  was 
opened  in  18,i2.  The  quantity  of  gold  introduced  into  it 
by  overland  escort  during  the  j'ear  ending  February  15, 1863, 
was  412.06ti  ounces,  valued  at  1.462.830/. 

Port  .Adelaide  is  situated  about  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  the 
town,  and  communicates  with  it  by  a  railway.  It  is  a  free 
port,  and  the  centre  of  all  the  commerce  of  the  colony.  The 
expoi-ts  increased  from  46o,878Z.  in  1848  to  736,267/.  (not  in- 
cluding bullion)  in  1852:  and  the  imports  from  346,137/.  to 
5o8.973/..  The  harbor  is  accessible  for  vessels  drawing  about 
18  feet  of  water.  The  railway  is  in  course,  of  construction 
to  North  Ann  Harbor,  which  has  a  much  greater  depth. 

ADELAIDE  ISLANDS,  or  QUEEN  ADELAIDE  ISLANDS, 
a  chain  of  islands  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Patagonia.  The  west- 
ernmost is  called  .\delaide  Island.    Lat.  52°  S. :  Ion.  75°  W. 

ADEL.\IDE.  a  river  in  the  N.W.  of  Australia,  tails  into 
Adam  bay.  and  is  navigable  50  miles  for  vessels  drawing  12 
feet  of  water. 

ADELEBSEN,  or  ADELEPSEN.  aMeh-Up'sen.  a  village  of 
Hanover,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Gottingen,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Schwillme.    Pop.  1400. 

ADELFORS.  ^'del-tors',  a  village  of  Sweden,  Isen  J8nk8- 
ping,  on  the  .\mman,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Ekesjo,  with  a  gold 
mine  nearly  aliandoned. 

.\DELIE,  i^d.'VUee',  a  tract  of  barren  land  in  the  Antarctic 
Ocean.  Lat.  60°  30*  S.;  Ion.  136°  to  142°  E.  Discovered  by 
D'Urville  in  1840. 

ADELINE,  a  post-office  of  Ogle  co..  Illinois. 

AD-EL-JIVAZ.  3d-Jl-jeeVis/.  a  walled  town  of  .Asiatic  Tui^ 
kej-,  14  to  16  miles  from  .A.khlat.,  on  the  N.A\'.  .shore  of  Lake 
Van.  Coarse  cotton  cloths  are  manufactured,  there  being 
about  20  looms  in  the  town  employed  in  the  production  of 
thes&  fiibrics. 

.\DELL',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dallixsco.,  Iowa,  on 
Riiccoon  river,  about  21  miles  W.  of  Des  Moines.   Pop.  19G9. 

.\DELL.  a  post-office  of  Shebovtan  co.,  Wisconsin. 

ADELNAU,  ^del-n6w\a  town  of  Prussi.1,  40  miles  N.E. 
of  Breslau 

ADELPIII,  1-dM'feo,  or  FRATELLI,  frj-t^aee,  (/.  «.  the 
"  Brothers.-')  two  small  islands  in  the  Grecian  archipelago, 
alKiut  40  miles  W.  of  Scarpanto.  Lat.  39°  5'  8"  N.;  Ion.  23° 
59'  2"  E. 

ADEI/PIII,  a  post-village  in  Colerain  township,  Ross  co, 
Ohio,  67  miles  S.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  :il)()iit  500. 

ADELSBEKG,  i'del.s-l iJro\  a  market  town  of  Illyria,  Car- 
niola,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Triest.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  sta- 
lactite caves  that  exist  in  the  limestone  rock  in  the  vicinity, 
which  are  the  largest  hitherto  discovei-ed  in  Europe. 

ADELSllEIM.  l'dfls-hlme\  a  town  of  Baden,  32  miles  E. 
of  Heidelberg.    Pop.  1476. 

ADEMUZ.  l-Di-mooth',  a  town  of  Spain,  62  miles  N.W.  of 
Valencia.     Pop.  3033. 

ADEX,  ^d^n  or  i'dtn.  a  town  and  seaport  of  Arabi.i.  which 
since  1839  h.as  l>elon2ed  to  the  British,  on  the  E.  side  of  Cape 
Aden.  Lat.  12°  46'  15"  N. :  Ion.  45°  10'  20"  E.  The  Jiopula- 
tion,  which  in  1839  w.as  said  to  te  under  1000.  amounted  in 
1842  to  19,938.  Its  fortitications.  which  had  fallen  into  de- 
cay, are  now  being  gn-atly  extended  and  improved :  and, 
with  the  natural  advant.ages  of  its  situation,  it  will  most 
probably  become  the  (iibraltar  of  this  part  of  the  East.  Nu- 
merous mosiiues  and  other  buildings  attest  its  former  mag- 
nificence. Opposite  the  shore  is  the  rocky  island  Seerah.  at 
low  water  joined  to  the  mainland.  Aden  is  well  supplied 
with  water,  and  before  the  rise  of  Mocha,  was  the  chief  trad- 
ing port  of  Ai-abia.  It  was  fortified  by  the  Turks  during 
the  reign  of  Solyman  the  Magnificent :  but  before  its  occu- 
pation by  the  British,  it  had  shrunk  into  comparative 
insignificance.  In  1839,  the  town  and  the  peninsula  on 
which  it  stands  were  purcha.sed  by  the  East  India  Company, 
to  be  made  a  depot  for  coals  and  a  calling  station  for  the  mail 
steamers  between  India  and  Suez:  and  the  result  is.  th.it 
not  less  than  24.000  tons  of  shipping  visit  the  port  annually 
to  supply  the  depots  with  coals.  The  harbors,  two  in  num- 
ber, are  considered  the  best  in  .\sia. 

ADEN,  CAPE,  a  rocky  peninsula  on  the  S.  coast  of  Ar> 
bia,  rises  to  1776  feet  in  height,  stretches  into  the  ocean 
about  5  miles,  varying  in  breadth  from  2  to  3^  miles,  is  con- 
nected with  the  mainland  by  a  sandy  isthmus  jf  of  a  mile 
broad,  and  has  a  harbor  on  either  side,  both  of  which  are 
good,  especially  that  on  the  N.W. 

ADEN,  GULF  OF.  the  name  now  given  to  that  portion  of  S€« 
lying  K-tween  the  north  coast  of  Adel,  terminating  E.  with 
Has  Jerdaffoon,  (Cape  Guardafui.)  and  the  S.  coast  of  .\rabia, 
between  Ras  .\rrah  and  Ras  Agab:  the  foriuer  in  lat.  12°  40' 
N..  Ion.  44°  E.;  the  latter  in  15°  15'  N.,  Ion.  51°  30'  E.  Itf 
length  frem  E.  to  W.  is  thus  about  480  miles,  Hs  breadiu 
from  N.  to  S.  varying  from  160  to  200  miles. 

ADENAR.\,  or  ADANARA,  i-da-nd'ri  an  islaua  in  tho 
Malay  Archipelago,  lielonging  to  the  Dutch:  lat.  8°  J7'  S. 
Ion.  123°  14'  E. ;  about  35  miles  lonj;,  and  15  bro.td. 


ADE 


ADR 


ADEN'ATJ,  3/den-5wNa  toTra  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  29  miles 
W.  of  CoUentz.  'Pop.  1330. 

ADERNO,  i-diRfno,  a  town  of  Sicily,  at  the  S.E.  foot  of 
Mount  Etna,  near  the  Simeto,  17  miles  X.W.  of  Catania.  Pop. 
6623.  It  has  remains  of  old  walls,  and  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Adralnwn. 

ADEU.SHACII,  d'ders-baK\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Koniggi-atz,  9  miles  W.N.AV^.  of  Braunau,  celebrated  for  a  col- 
lection of  detached  rocks,  covering  a  surfece  of  several  square 
miles,  and  rising  to  a  great  height. 

ADIAMAN,  d-de-i-mdn',  a  small  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey, 
132  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Aleppo ;  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  Ion.  38°  32  E. 
It  contains  several  mosques  and  1100  houses. 

ADIGE,  ad'e-je,  (It.  pron.  d'de-jrl;  Ger.  Etsch,  Stch;  L. 
AWesis.)  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,  formed  by  numberless 
streamlets  from  the  Helvetian  Alps,  which  unite  at  Glurns, 
where  it  takes  the  name  of  the  fUsch.  Near  Bolsano  it  is 
called  the  Adige,  and,  receiving  the  Eisach,  it  becomes  navi- 
gable. It  enters  Lombai-dy  13  miles  S.  of  Roveredo,  and, 
flowing  S.  and  E.,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Venice  at  Porto-Fossone, 
13  miles  N.E.  of  Adria,  after  a  course  of  220  miles.  Affluents 
on  the  left,  the  Passer,  Eisach,  Avisio,  and  Alpone;  on  the  right, 
the  Nos.  The  cities  of  Glurns.  Trent,  Roveredo,  and  Verona 
are  on  its  banks.  It  is  navigable  from  Trent  to  the  sea;  but 
its  velocity  renders  the  Jiavigation  difficult. 

ADIGETTO,  d-de-j5ftA,  is  a  canal  which  commences  near 
Bddia,  passes  Rovigo,  and,  by  means  of  the  canals  of  Scortico 
and  Bianco,  connects  the  Adige  with  the  Po. 

ADIXIvERKE,  d'din-kJR^keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Ostend. 

ADIXJEEK,  or  ADINJIK,  d-din-jeek',  a  small  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  from 
which  it  is  distant  about  li  miles.  Lat.  40°  20'  N.;  Ion. 
27°  50'  E. 

ADIRONDACK,  adVron'dak,  a  post-village  in  Newcomb 
township,  Essex  co..  New  York,  near  2O00  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  100  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albanv,  contains  a  bank. 

ADIRONDACK  MOUNTAINS,  a  group  in  the  state  of  New 
Tork,  W.  of  Lake  Cbaniplain.  included  chieHy  within  Hamil- 
ton, Essex,  Franklhi.  and  Clinton  counties.  The  highest 
gummit.  Mount  Tahawus,  (or  Marcy,)  has  an  elevation  of 
about  54fiO  feet  above  the  sea. 

ADJYGIItlR,  ad-jI-gQr',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dencv  of  Bengal,  province  of  Allahabad,  with  a  hill  fortress, 
taken  by  the  British  in  1S09. 

ADivlN'SVITiLE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Virginia. 

AU.MIK  ALTV  (ad'me-ral-t4)  INLET,  a  bay  on  the  S.  side  of 
Barrow  Strait,  North  America,  lat.  73°  49'  N.,  Ion.  83°  W.  The 
name  Admir.alty  Inlet  has  also  been  given  to  a  deep  indenta- 
tion in  the  laud  recently  discovered  in  the  Antarctic  seas  by 
Captain  Ross,  about  lat.  64°  15'  S.,  and  Ion.  50°  W. 

ADMIRALTY  ISLAND,  an  isl.and  of  Russian  America, 
Lat.  58°  N.,  Ion.  134*  W.  It  is  about  90  miles  in  length,  N. 
to  S.,  by  25  in  breadth. 

ADMIRALTY  ISLANDS,  a  cluster  of  islands  in  the  Paci- 
fic, N.E.  of  I'apvia,  the  largest  nearly  60  miles  in  length,  and 
in  lat.  2°  S.,  Ion.  147°  19'  52"  E.  They  were  discovered  in 
1616  by  an  experienced  navigator,  named  Cornelius  Schooten. 

ADMIRALTY  ISLANDS,  a  number  of  small  islands  at 
the  entrance  of  Admiralty  Bay,  in  New  Zealand.  Lat.  40° 
48'  S..  Ion.  174°  2'  W. 

ADMIRALTY  SOUND,  Terra  del  Fuego.  It  extends  in- 
land 43  miles  S.E..  h.aving  a  width  of  7  miles  at  the  entrance, 
which  gradually  diminishes  to  3. 

AD'MISTON,  or  ATHELHAMP'STONE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Dorset. 

AD  MONT,  dd'mont,  a  town  of  -Austria,  Upper  Styria,  on  the 
Enns,  56  miles  N.W.  of  Gratz,  with  a  population  of  800  and 
an  extensive  abbey. 

ADOL/PHUSTOWN,a  post^villageand  town.ship  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  Ivenox,  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kingston. 

ADONI,  d-do'nee,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras, 42  miles  N.E.  of  Bellary ;  taken  and  ruined  by  Tippoo 
Saib  in  1787. 

ADONY,  d-doK'.  a  town  of  Hungary,  Stuhlweissenburg,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  28  miles  S.  of  Pesth.   Pop.  3000. 

ADORF,  ^doRf,  the  southernmost  town  of  Saxony,  on  the 
Elster,  29  miles  S.S.W.  of  Zwickau.  Pop.  2800.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  cotton  and  woollen  cloths,  and  musical  instru- 
ments. 

ADORP,  d'doRp,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  and 
4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Grouingen.    Pop.  1008. 

ADOUR,  dd^ooii/,  (anc.  At'urus,)  a  riverof  France,  rises  in  the 
Tourmalet  Pyrenees,  near  BarSges,  passes  Bagnferes-de-Bi- 
gorre,  Tarbes,  S.  of  Sever  and  Dax,  where  it  becomes  naviga- 
ble; and  after  a  course  of  200  miles,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay N.  of  Bayonne.  Affluents,  Midouze,  Gabas,  Luy,  and 
Gave  de  Pan. 

ADOWA.  d/do-wi,  or  ADOVA.  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  capital 
of  the  state  of  Tigrg.  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  145  miles  N.E.  of 
Gondar.  Lat.  14°  12'  N.;  Ion.  39°  5'  E.  Pop.  8000.  It  is 
regularly  laid  out;  houses  conical,  and  interspersed  with 
trees.  It  has  manufactories  of  cotton  and  woollen  cloths, 
and  is  the  chief  entrep&t  of  trade  between  the  interior  of 
Tigre  and  the  coast. 

C 


AD'P.^R,  a  town  and  parliamentary  borough  of  W.iles,  co. 
of  Cardigan,  parish  of  Ijandyfriog,  on  the  Teifi,  a  bridg,.'  across 
which  joins  it  to  Newcastle  Emlyn,  85  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cai» 
digan.  Pop.  1746.  It  has  11  annual  cattle  fairs,  with  a  re- 
tail trade  for  the  supply  of  an  extensive  district.  Adpai^ 
Emlyn  unites  with  Cardigan,  Aberystwith,  Ac.  in  sending 
one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

ADRA,  d'nri,  (anc.  Abdejra,)  a  town  and  seaport  of  Spain. 
Andalucia,  province  and  60  miles  S.E.  of  Grenada,  on  the 
Mediterranean.  Pop.  7400.  Chiefly  employed  in  the  exten- 
sive lead  mines  in  its  vicinity,  the  greater  part  of  the  ore 
fi'om  which  is  exported  to  Marseilles. 

ADR  AM  YTI,  d\lr3-mee'tee,  {imc.AdramytHium,)  a  town  and 
seaport  of  Asia  Minor,  4  miles  from  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Adramyti,  and  83  miles  N.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  6000.  (?)  It  is 
ill  built  and  dirty.  Exports  large  quantities  of  olives  and 
wool  to  Constantinople,  and  gall-nuts  to  other  parts  of 
Europe. 

ADRANOS,  M'r.vnos\  or  ED'RENOS\  an  ancient  town  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  at  the  foot  of  a 
limestone  hill,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Olympus,  and  135  N.N.E. 
of  Smyrna ;  lat.  39°  59'  N.,  Ion.  28°  55'E.  1 1  is  now  in  ruins, 
but  these  are  of  a  very  imposing  and  interesting  character. 

ADRANUM.     See  Aderno. 

ADRAR.\.  d-drd'rj,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  14  miles  E.  of 
Bergamo,  with  an  ancient  castle,  celebrated  in  the  wars  of 
the  Guelphs  and  Ouilielines.     Pop.  2000. 

ADRIA,  d/dre-d,  (anc.  Jla/dria,  IfaHria,  or  A'tn'a,)  a  town 
of  Lombardy,  government  of  A'enice,  between  the  Po  and 
Adige,  13  miles  E.  of  Rovigo.  Pop.  10,000.  It  has  remains 
of  fine  edifices,  and  was.  anciently  a  seaport  of  such  conse- 
quence as  to  give  its  name  to  the  Adriatic,  from  wliich  it  is 
now  14  miles  distant.  Its  port  is  quite  obliterated.  Adria 
is  the  see  of  .an  archbishop. 

AD*RIAMI>ATAM',  a  maritime  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  district  and  34  miles  S.E.  of  Tanjore. 

ADRIAN,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

ADRIAN,  d/dre-.an,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Lenawee 
CO.,  Michigan,  is  situateed  on  a  branch  of  the  Raisin  river, 
and  on  the  Michigan  Southern  railroad,  37  miles  W.  of  Mon- 
roe, 80  miles  S.E.  of  I-ansing,  and  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  De- 
troit. The  Erie  and  Kalamazoo  railroad,  which  was  opened 
in  1830,  connects  the  town  with  Toledo,  32  miles  distant ; 
and  the  Southern  niilroad  was  extended  westward  to  Chi- 
cago in  1852.  Since  the  construction  of  these  improvements, 
Adrian  has  increased  rapidly,  and  become  the  centre  of  trada 
for  a  fine  farming  region  of  large  extent,  which  is  chiefly 
appropriated  to  the  growth  of  the  different  kinds  of  grain. 
It  has  2  banks.  Its  extensive  water-p(5wer  is  einployed  in 
mills  of  various  kind.s.  Adrian  has  public  buildings  of  a 
superior  order,  among  which  are  several  places  of  worship 
and  high-schools.  It  Wivs  in  1860  the  third  town  of  the 
state  in  population.     Pop.  6213. 

ADRIANCE,  4/dre-ance,apost-villageof  Dutchess  co..  New 
York. 

ADRIANOPLE,  ad-re-an-o'p'l,  or  ADRINOPLE,  (Tuikish, 
EDRENEH,  M'rJ-neh,  anc.  AdrkniojMis  or  Hudriiiniyphilin.) 
a  city  of  EuropeanTurkey.province  of  Room-Elee,built partly 
on  a  hill  and  partly  on  the  banks  of  the  Tundja.  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Maritza,  137  miles  N.W.  of  Constantinople. 
L,at.  41°  41'  26"  N. ;  Ion.  26°  35'  41"  E.  Pop.  160.000.  It  is 
considered  as  the  second  capital  of  the  empire.  Formerly,  the 
suburbs  were  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  commanded  by 
12  towers  and  a  citadel :  but  these  are  now  in  ruins.  It  has 
an  arsenal,  a  cannon  foundry,  .and  numerous  caravanseries 
and  bazaars.  The  mos<iue  of  the  Sultan  Selim  is  a  .'■plen- 
did  structure,  with  four  lofty  minarets  and  a  richly  deco- 
rated interior.  Tills  edifice  is  considered  the  finest  Moslem 
temple  extant.  The  aqueduct  which  supplies  the  city  foun- 
tains is  also  a  noble  structure.  Adrianople  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  bishop,  dependent  on  the  patriarchate  of  Constantino- 
ple. On  the  right  bank  of  the  Tundja.  which  is  crossed  by  a 
fine  stone  bridge,  is  situated  the  Eski-Serai,  the  old  palace 
of  the  sultans,  now  much  decayed.  Adrianople  possesses 
important  manufactories  of  silks,  woollens,  and  linens,  has 
celebrated  dye-works  and  tanneries,  and  an  active  commei-ce 
in  manufactured  goods  and  the  products  of  a  fertile  districts 
The  chief  outlet  for  this  commerce  is  the  port  of  Enos,  which 
was  taken  by  the  Russians  on  the  20th  August,  1829.  Adri- 
anople was  the  capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire  from  1366  to 
145.3.    Hadrianopolis  was  founded  by  the  Emperor  Hadrian. 

ADRIATIC,  ad're-afic,  (anc.  A'di-ia  and  Maire  AdriaVicum; 
It.  Mare  Adriatico,  md'ri  d-dre-d'te-ko ;  Ger.  Adriatisches 
Meer,  d-dre-d'tisb-es  malR:  Fr.  Mer-Adriatinue..  maiR  dMfe 
dHeek',)  or  GULF  OF  VEN'ICE,  an  arm  of  the  Mediterrs 
nean,  extending  from  lat.  40°  to  45°  46'  N.,  between  Italy, 
Illyria,  and  Albania.  Length,  500  miles;  mean  breadth,  100 
miles.  It  is  n.amed  from  the  city  Adria.  and  forms  on  the  W 
the  Gulf  of  Manfredonia,  on  the  coast  of  the  kingdom  ol 
Naples.  The  name  Gulf  of  Venice  is  more  properly  given  to 
the  N.W.  part.  On  the  E.  are  the  Gulfs  of  Triest.  Fiume,  and 
Cattaro,  onthecoastof  Austria.  andofDrino,  in.\lbania.  The 
shores  ofthis  sea  are  generally  low  on  the  Venetian  side;  it  has 
many  shoals,  and  its  muddy  shores  are  covered  with  unwhole- 
some marshes.  On  the  Dalmatian  side,  the  waves  dash  agfiinsl 

23 


ADR 

enormous  rocks,  or  ripyle  among  beautiful  strands  formed 
by  the  numerous  islands  which  eiiviron  the  coast,  affording 
to  vessels  a  secure  retreat  from  storms.  During  summer, 
the  navigation  of  the  gulf  is  safe  and  simple,  because  the 
prevailing  wind  is  very  favorable  for  leaving  it,  but  in  win- 
ter the  S.E.  winds  cause  much  destruction.  The  Adriatic 
receives  few  rivers  of  importance,  except  the  Adige  and  the 
Po.  Its  depth,  between  Dalmatia  and  the  mouths  of  the 
Po,  is  22  fathoms ;  but  a  large  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Triest, 
and  the  Adriatic,  opposite  Venice,  is  less  than  12  fathoms 
deep.  Farther  to  the  S.,  where  it  is  less  affected  by  the  in- 
flux of  great  rivers,  the  gulf  deepens  considerably.  It  has 
little  or  no  perceptible  tide,  except  at  Venice,  where  there  is 
a  riAe  of  a  few  ft*'t.  Notwithstanding  the  present  shallowness 
of  the  Adriatic,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  its  original  depth 
was  much  greater  than  it  is  now,  as  was  also  its  extent ;  the 
former  being  affected  by  the  deposits  of  sand,  marl,  and  terta- 
••eous  incrustations — strictly  analogous  to  the  strata  of  which 
the  subapeunine  and  other  hills  of  the  Italian  peninsula  are 
composed — which  are  rapidly  accumulating  at  the  bottom ; 
and  the  latter  by  the  low  alluvial  tracts  forming  along  its  bor- 
ders. The  most  remarkable  instance  of  these  accessions  of 
land  occurs  on  the  W.  coast,  where  a  series  of  lagoons,  formed 
by  long  lines  of  sandbars,  are  rapidly  tilling  up  and  being 
converted  into  meadows  by  newly  deposited  mud  brought 
down  by  the  streams.  Between  the  N.  point  of  the  Gulf  of 
Triest  down  to  the  S.  of  Ravenna,  there  is  an  unintei^ 
rupted  series  of  recent  accessions  of  land  more  than  100 
miles  in  length,  which,  within  the  last  2000  years,  have  in- 
creased from  2  to  20  miles  in  breadth.  It  is  calculated  that 
the  mean  rate  of  advance  of  the  delta  of  the  Po  on  the  Adri- 
atic, between  the  years  1200  and  1000,  was  about  27  yai-ds  a 
year;  whereas,  the  mean  auntial  gain,  fhjm  IGOO  to  1S04, 
was  76  yai-ds.    (Lyell's  Geology.) 

ADRO,  5'dro,  a  town  and  capital  of  Venetian  Lombardy,  12 
miles  W.X.'W.  of  Brescia.    Pop.  2214. 

AD'STOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

ADUR.  i'dQr.  a  river  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Sussex,  rising  a 
little  S.W.  of  Horsham,  flowing  S..  and  entering  tlie  English 
Channel  at  Shoreham.  after  a  course  of  25  miles.  Its  mouth  is 
supposed  by  some  to  h:ive  formed  the  ancient  Pnrtus  Adurni. 

ADU'LIS,.  ADULE.  J-dooHeh.  or  ZULLA,  zooWl  the  ruins 
of  an  ancient  town  of  Abj-ssinia.  teirritory  of  the  Dankali. 
near  the  head  of  Annesley  bay,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Red 
Sea.  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Arkeeko.    Lat.  15°  15'  X. ;  Ion.  39°  55'  E. 

ADVENTURE,  a  post-office  of  Ontonagon  co_  Michigan. 

ADVENTURE  BAY,  a  large  semicircular  bay  in  Brune 
Island,  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  S'an  Diemen's  Land.  It  is  well 
sheltered,  the  auchonige  good,  and  an  abundance  of  wood 
and  water  to  be  found  on  its  shores. 

ADVENTURE  SOUND  and  HARBOR,  E.  of  F.alkland 
Island.  The  former  is  a  bay  20  miles  in  length,  and  from  3 
to  4  miles  in  brejidth.  The  -latter  is  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
Sound,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  it. 

AD^VELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

AD'WICK-LE-STREET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

ADnVICK-UPON-DEARNE— (_dern,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York. 

.aiGADES,  ee'gS-diz.  a  proup  of  islands  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Sicily,  from  15  to  35  miles  W.  of  Trapani;  the  principal 
being  Favignana.  Levanzo,  and  Maritimo. 

^GAE.     See  Aias. 

.SGEAN  (e-jee/an)  SEA.  orGRE'CIAX  ARCHIPEVAGO, 
is  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  to  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  lying  between  Asia  Minor  on  the  E..  Greece 
and  part  of  Turkey  on  the  W.,  and  the  shores  of  Room-Elee 
in  the  latter  country  on  the  N.  Its  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is 
about  400  miles ;  its  breadth,  generallj',  upwards  of  2iK),  ex- 
cepting at  Ciipe  Doro,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island  of 
Xegropont,  where  it  narrows  to  90  miles,  but  afterwards 
widens  to  nearly  its  former  width.  Its  depth  is  very  great, 
there  being,  in  many  places,  at  less  th.an  a  mile  from  the 
shore,  no  bottom  to  be  found  with  a  200-fatliom  line.  It 
contains  numerous  islands,  many  of  which  are  of  volcanic 
origin ;  others  are  composed  entirely  of  pure  white  marble. 
Meet  of  them  are  high,  their  mountain  elevations  having 
an  average  heiiiht  of  from  1500  to  1800  feet. 

jEGIUA.    See  Ckbiiotto. 

^MINA.  EGINA.  e-jI'na,orENGIA.en'je-9i,  an  island  of 
Greece,  in  the  Gulf  of  .Esrina,  {Saronicus  Sinus.)  16  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Athens.  Lat.  of  Mount  EMas.  on  the  S.  pjirfi^Oil'  9" 
N.:  Ion.  23°  30'  E.  It  is  8  miles  in  length,  and  about  the 
same  in  breadth.  This  island  was  anciently  celebrated  for 
the  splendor  of  its  buildings,  among  which  was  the  famous 
temple  of  Jupiter,  (now  in  ruins.)  situated  on»Mount  St. 
Elia.s.     Pop.  alx)Ut  16.000. 

.^GINA,  a  compjiratively  recent  town  of  Greece,  situated 
on  the  island  of  Egina.  For  some  time  it  was  the  residence 
of  the  Greek  senat*  and  governor,  but  the  removal  of  the 
court  to  Athens,  along  with  the  library  and  other  stores  of 
the  town,  has  aiused  it  greatly  to  decline.   Pop.  about  10,000. 

^GINA,  GULF  OF,  (anc.  ftinmHais  Sifnuf^on  the  E.  side 
of  Greece,  l>etween  .Attica  and  Peloponnesus,  is  near  oO  miles 
in  length,  and  perhaps  30  In  breadth.  It  contains  the 
Islands  of  Salamis,  ^giua,  and  several  islets. 


AFG 

^.GYPTUS.    See  Egypt. 

AELTERE,  ^I't.i-reh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  the  tuilway 
from  Ghent  to  Bruges,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ghent. 

.SMILIA,  a  stiite  of  Italy.     See  APPENDIX. 

JiMO'NA.    See  Latbach. 

AENG,  SJing'',  a  fi-ontier  town  in  Farther  India,  presl- 
dencv  of  Bengal,  80  miles  SJi.  of  Aracan. 

-DNARIA.    See  IscHU. 

.cEOLI-E  INSULyE.    See  Lipari  Islands. 

AERNEX,  aiR/nen,  a  considerable  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Valais,  on  the  Rhone.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Brieg. 

AEROE,  (Aeroe  or  .Slroe.)  A'riiVh, or  ARROE,  an  island  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick,  in  the  Baltic,  io  miles  S.  of 
I"unen,  14  miles  in  length  by  5  miles  mean  breadth.  Pop. 
10,200.    It  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated. 

AEROESKIOBING,  i/riM'S-ky M dng,  (r.  e:  "the  mart  of 
Aerije,")  a  town  and  seaport,  capital  of  the  above  island,  on 
the  X.E.  side.  Pop.  1600,  with  ship-building  docks,  and  an 
active  navigation. 

AERSCHOT.  or  AARSCHOT,  In/skot,  a  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  S.Brabant,  on  the  Demer,  23  miles  X.E.  of  Brus- 
sels, with  distilleries  and  commerce  in  grain.     Pop.  o900. 

AERTRYCKE,  |R/trI-keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  W.  Flanders,  8  miles  S.AV.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  2*587. 

AERZEELE,  |R/zA-leh,  a  villjige  of  Belgium,  W.  Flanders, 
15  miles  X.E.  of  Courtrai.    Pop.  3192. 

^SIS.    See  Iesi. 

AERZEX,  aiRt/sen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  Kalenberg,  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Hameln,  with  powder-works.    Pop.  1000. 

J.STUARIUM  VAVARIS.    See  Moray  Frith. 

ETHIOPIA.    See  Ethiopu. 

J5T0LI  A,  e-tc/le-a,  a  government  of  the  kingdom  of  G  reece, 
on  the  continent,  between  lat.  38°  17' and  38°  50' X.,  and 
Ion.  21°  10'  and  22°  5'  E.,  having  E.  the  governments  of 
Phocis  and  Phthiotis,  W.  Acarnania,  N.  Eurjtania.  and  S. 
the  Gulf  of  Patras.  Pop.  (1S40)  25.144.  It  is  mostly  moun- 
tainous, but  .ilong  the  Corinthian  gulf  barley,  rye,  and  olives 
are  raised.  Highest  point,  Mount  Oxeaon,  its  X.  frontier, 
4636  feet  highr  Chief  river,  the  Phidaris.  Capital,  Mis- 
solonghi. Adj.  and  inhab.  ^i;tolian,  e-to'le-an. 

AFFOGADOS,  df-fo-gi'doce.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Pemambuco.  near  the  sea,  on  the  left  liank  of  one  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Capibaribe,  and  ",i  miles  S.  of  Recife,  or  Per- 
nambuco.  It  has  a  harbor  suitable  for  large  vessels,  and 
carries  on  some  trade  in  cotton  and  sugar.    Pop.  1000. 

AFFOLTERX,  ilf-fol'tem.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Zurich.    Pop.  1794. 

.  AFGHAXISTAX,  if-gln'is-tiln'.  ("Afghan-land,"  or  "Af- 
ghan-country,") an  extensive  inland  country  of  A  sia.  lying  be- 
tween lat.  28°  50'  and  30°  30'  X.,  and  Ion.  62°  and  72°  30'  E, 
having  E.  the  Punjab,  S.Bhawlpoor,  Sinde,  and  Beloochistan, 
W.  the  Persian  dominions,  and  X.  Independent  Toorkistan, 
(Balkh,  Khoondooz,  Kafiristan,)  from  which  it  is  .separated  by 
the  Hindoo  Koosh  and  its  prolongations.  Area  estimated  at 
225,000  square  miles,  and  the  population  at  about  5.000.000. 
From  the  table-land  in  the  X.,  varying  from  15.000  to  16,000 
feet  in  height,  (the  highest  part  being  the  Hindoo  Koosh, 
20,493  feet.)  many  mountain  ranges  proceed  to  the  S..  E.,  and 
W.  Although  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  Afghanistan  is 
a  land  of  deserts,  rocks,  and  mountiiins.  and  .some  of  the  last 
of  the  most  inhospitable  character,  there  are  yet  a  number  of 
fertile  valleys,  well  watered,  covered  with  clover,  thyme,  vio- 
lets, and  many  odoriferous  plants,  and  remarkaWe  for  their 
picturesque  lieauty.  In  these  favored  spots  grain  is  grown  in 
abundance,  and,  as  elsewhere  mentioned,  fruits  of  all  kinds, 
including  oranges,  citrons,  grapes,  pomegranates,  apricots, 
apples,  quinces,  peaches,  pears,  plums,  almonds,  and  wal- 
nuts. 'The  most  extensive  of  these  valleys  or  plains  aie 
those  of  Cabool  and  Peshawer  ;  tut  there  is  also  an  exceed- 
ingly rich,  level  tract  in  the  vicinity  of  Herat.  A  great  part 
of  Seistan  is  a  mere  desert,  as  is  likewise  a  large  portion  of 
the  S.  and  S.W.  part  of  the  country,  extending  over  a  space 
of  about  300  miles  in  length  by  100  in  breadth. 

The  climate  of  Afghanistan  is  various,  depending  more  on 
the  difference  of  elevation  than  on  that  of  latitude,  the  cold 
being  very  severe  in  the  higher  regions,  and  the  heat  in- 
tense in  the  lower.  Tlicse  txtremes  »re  strikingly  illus- 
trated by  the  circumstance  of  the  summits  of  the  mountains 
being  often  covered  with  snow,  while  the  heat  of  the  plains 
below  is  all  but  intolerable.  Sewee,  situated  in  Sewis- 
tan.  the  territory  forming  the  S.E.  portion  of  Afghanistan, 
and  in  lat.  29°  20'  X.,  and  Ion.  67°  58'  E.,  is  regarded  as  the 
hottest  place  in  the  territory.  It  is  also  extremely  hot  at 
Candahar,  the  thermometer,  in  the  summer,  being  fre- 
quently above  110°  in  the  shade;  while  in  winter  the  inha- 
bitants suffer  from  cold,  fuel  lieing  extremely  scarce.  At 
Catiool,  the  snow  lies  for  several  months  together,  during 
which  the  people  remain  in  their  houses,  and  sleep,  like  the 
Russians,  close  to  the  stoves,  the  thei-mometer  falling  to  5° 
or  6°  below  zero.  The  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  west, 
and  are  in  general  cold;  while  the  easterly  winds  are  hot- 
The  climate,  on  the  whole,  however,  is  fav..rab:e  to  the  hu- 
man constitution,  and  in  some  parts  highly  salubrious; 
diseases  are  few — the  principal  are  fevers,  agues,  small  pox, 
and  ophthalmia. 


AFI 


AFR 


Afirhanistan  was  formerly  a  monarchy,  the  crown  heing 
hereditary  in  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Suddazye :  it  is  now 
divided  into  three  cliiefsliips,  Herat,  Cabool,  and  Gandahar. 
The  revenue  of  the  first  is  about  200.000?.,  the  one-half  in 
money,  the  other  in  produce.  Cabool  is  believed  to  have 
yielded,  under  a  system  of  grinding  taxation,  about 
240.000?..  and  Kandahar  about  80,000J.  The  whole  Afphan 
force,  which  is  chiefly  cavalry,  amounts  to  about  16,000  men. 
They  are  imperfectly  disciplined,  and  are  embarrassed  by  the 
multitude  of  their  arms,  which  consist  of  a  long,  heavy 
matchlock,  with  a  bayonet,  a  sabre,  a  blunderbuss,  and 
three  long  pistols,  a  cnuteati  de  chasse,  a  dagger,  and  four  or 
five  knives,  besides  a  shield. 

The  chief  rivers  are  the  Cabodl,  Helmund,  Gomul,  Ix)ra, 
&c..  but  none  is  of  great  size.  The  morass  Ilamoon,  in  the 
S.W..  scarcely  belouirs  to  Afghanistan :  the  only  lake  of  con- 
seriuence  is  that  of  Abistada.  The  vegetation  in  the  lowlands 
is  like  that  of  India;  rice,  cotton,  the  sugar-cane,  millet, 
maize,  and  turmeric  are  raised.  In  the  uplands,  the  timber- 
trees,  herbs,  and  fruits  of  Europe  grow  wild,  and  wheat, 
barley,  beans,  turnips,  mustard,  and  artificial  grasses  are 
cultivated.  Cabool  is  supposed  to  excel  all  other  cities  in 
the  variety  and  excellence  of  its  fruits.  Tobacco  is  exten- 
sively produced ;  and  India  is  mostly  supplied  with  madder 
from  hence.  Gold,  silver,  mercury,  iron,  lead,  copper,  anti- 
mony, coal,  sulphur,  and  naphtha  are  met  with.  Arts  and 
husbandrj'  are  in  a  very  low  condition;  carpets  are  made  at 
Herat,  but  other  manufactures  are  few,  and  mostly  confined 
to  cctton,  woollen,  and  silk  stuffs  for  home  use,  with  sad- 
dlery, harness,  and  cattle-trappings.  Sheep  and  goats  are 
abundant,  producing  a  fine  wool,  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  shawls.  Imports,  coarse  cottons,  indigo,  muslins,  silks, 
and  brocade,  ivory,  wax,  sandal-wood,  sugar,  and  spices, 
from  India;  horses,  gold  and  silver,  cochineal,  and  broad- 
cloth, from  Toorkistan;  with  some  cutlery  hardware,  and 
other  European  goods,  from  Kussia,  through  Bokhara ;  silks, 
cottons,  embroidery,  and  chintz,  fi-om  Persia;  slaves,  from 
Arabia  and  Abyssinia;  silks,  tea,  porcelain,  dyes,  and  pre- 
cious metals,  overland  from  China ;  and  dates  and  cocoa- 
nuts,  from  Beloochistan.  Altogether,  the  imports  may 
amount  to  500,000?.  a  year.  The  exports  consist  of  madder, 
assafnetida,  tobacco,  fruits,  and  horses,  with  furs,  shawLs, 
and  chintz,  to  India;  shawls,  turbans,  indigo, and  other  In- 
dian produce,  to  Toorkistan ;  and  the  same  articles,  with 
Herat  carpets,  to  Persia.  The  demand  for  British  manufac- 
tures has  l.itely  increased,  so  as  nearly  to  su)M>rsede  the  im- 
poi-tation  of  manuCictured  goods  overland  from  1!  ussia.  The 
transit  trade  is  considerable,  and  wholly  conducted  by  means 
of  camels  and  horees,  the  employment  of  wheelt^  vehicles 
lieing  impracticable.  The  population  comprises  llelooches, 
Oosbeks,  Huzarehs,  Eimauks,  Persians,  and  Hindoos;  but 
the  great  mass  are  of  the  Afghan  race,  and  Mohammedans 
of  the  Soonite  sect.     Chief  cities,  Cabool,  Gandahar,  Herat, 

Peshawer,  .Jelalabad,   and   Ghuznee. Adj.  and    inhab., 

Afoiiax.  ,V-gdn'.  or  df-ghaun'. 

AFIOO.M.  AFIOUM,  AFIUM.a-fe^m',  or  AFITJM-KARA- 
HISS  AR,  kj'ri'his-sar'.  (Black  Castle  of  Opium.)  a  city  of  Asia 
.Minor,  in  Anatolia,  capital  of  a  sanjak,  on  a  mountain  side,  50 
Miles  S.S.IO.  of  Kutaieh.  Pop.  estimated  at  60,000.  (?)  It  is 
pretty  well  built ;  has  a  citadel  crowning  a  lofty  rock,  numer- 
ous mosques,  ch.apels,  baths,  khans,  manufiictures  of  black 
felts,  carpets,  anus,  saddlery,  stirrups,  and  a  large  tiade  in 
opium,  irrown  near  it,  whence  its  name.  Afioom  is  the  resi- 
dence of  a  p.isha.  and  the  seat  of  an  Armenian  lii.«hop. 

AFIJAGOLA,  i-frjgo/li,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province,  and  6 
milesN.N.E.  of  Naples.  Pop.  13,000.  It  has  exten.sive  manu- 
factures of  straw  bonnets. 

AFRICA,  af're-ka.  (called  also  LiVya  by  the  ancients,  who, 
however,  appear  to  have  been  familiar  with  the  N.  part  only ; 
Fr.  Jfriqiie.  d'freek';  Ger.  Afrika,  i/fre-kS;  It..  Pp..  and  Port., 
Africa.  3'fre-kJ,)  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  the  globe,  and 
tlie  third  in  superficial  extent,  lies  between  37°  20'  N.  lat.  and 
34°  50'  S.  lat..  and  between  51°  22'  E.  and  17°  32'  AV.  Ion., 
being  about  5000  miles  in  extreme  length,  from  Cape  Bianco 
on  the  Mediterranean  to  Gape  Agulhas,  100  miles  S.K.  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope;  and  4800  in  its  greatest  breadth,  be- 
tween Cape  Guardafui  (l!as  Jerdaffoon)  on  the  Indian  Ocean 
to  Cape  A'erde  on  the  Atlantic ;  including  an  area  of  alxiut 
12.000,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  X.  by  the 
Mediterranean;  on  the  N.E.  and  S.E.  by  the  Isthmus  of 
Suez.  Ited  Sea.  and  the  Indian  Ocean ;  on  the  S.  by  the 
Southern,  and  on  the  S.W.  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean ; 
being  wholly  surrounded  by  sea,  excepting  where  the  Isth- 
mus of  i*uez  connects  it  with  Arabi.a,  approaching,  how- 
over,  within  a  few  miles  of  Europe  at  the  Straits  of  Gib- 
raltar, and  of  Asia  at  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mnndeb.  Though 
it  presents  a  coast  line  of  upwards  of  15,000  miles,  it  is 
Qowhere  indented  by  any  great  gulf  or  bay,  if  we  ex- 
cept the  Gulf  of  Guinea  on  the  W.  coast,  which  is  rather 
a  trending  invrard  of  the  .shore,  than  a  gulf  opening  into 
the  land.  The  other  principal  indentations  are  the  Gulf 
of  Sidra  on  the  N.  coast.  Bights  of  Benin  and  Biafra  on 
the  W.  coast,  and  Delagoa  and  Sofala  bays  on  the  E.  coast. 
Its  most  reviarkable  capes  are  Capes  Bianco  and  Sp;ir- 
t«jl  i)n  it?  N.  ihoros,  Cape  Verde  on  the  K  .AV.,  Cape  Agulhas 


on  the  S.,  and  Ras  Jerdaffoon,  or  Cape  Guardafui,  on  tli» 
E.  coast. 

Papulation. — The  inhabitants  of  this  immense  region  are 
generally  of  an  inferior  physical  conformation,  and  in  a  low 
state  of  intellectual  development.  Probably  the  want  of 
great  gulfs  or  navigable  rivers  penetrating  the  interior,  by 
shutting  out  commerce,  tliat  great  clvilizer,  may  have  had 
something  to  do  with  this  result;  to  which  the  toirid  cli- 
mate, by  its  enei-vating  influence,  has  no  doubt  largely  ejn- 
tributed.  AVhen  transferred  to  contact  with  civilization, 
they  rapidly  acquire  its  customs  and  manners.  In  tlie 
United  States,  the  peculiarities  of  feature  which  characterize 
some  of  the  most  barbarous  tribes,  are  gradually  modllied, 
and  approach  the  European  conformation.  As  to  the 
amount  of  population  of  this  .vast  continent,  we  have  no 
certain  data  on  which  to  form  estimates.  Balbi  states  it  at 
60,000,000,  and  Malte  Brun  and  the  Weimar  Almanac  at 
101,000,000.  With  the  exception  of  the  N.  portions,  and 
those  on  the  Red  Sea,  and  the  settlements  recently  made  at 
and  N.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Africa  has  been  inhat  ited 
from  the  earliest  times  by  barbarous  or  semilarbarous 
tribes  and  nations,  mostly  with  a  black  skin  and  wo(.lly 
hair,  but  with  diflerent  degrees  of  intellectual  devekpnient. 
In  some  tribes,  the  lips  are  very  large  ahd  projecting,  the 
no.se  Hat, and  the  forehead  low  and  receding;  while  in  others 
the  feature* approach  in  conformation  those  of  the  Caucasian 
race.  The  region  N.  of  Senegal,  and  W.  of  Egypt,  is  inhatitt  d 
by  Arab  races ;  Egypt  is  inhabited  by  Copts.  The  Hotten- 
tots, once  occupying  the  country  at  pre.sent  called  Cape 
Colony,  now  inhabit  the  tract  extending  N.  of  that  colony 
and  washed  by  the  Atlantic,  up  to  24°  S.  lat.  They  are  of  a 
yellowish  color,  with  high  cheek-bones,  flat,  broad  noses, 
small  eyes,  and  hair  in  separate  tufts.  They  are  short  in  sta- 
ture, the  men  being  about  4t,  and  the  women  4  feet  high. 
Their  language  is  guttural,  ending  with  a  peculiar  click. 
Though  an  inoffensive  race,  they  have  made  but  little  pio- 
gross  towards  civilization.  Those  nearest  Cape  Colony  have 
become  subject  to  European  influence;  but  the  interior 
tribes  live  in  dirty  huts  or  kraals  built  of  mats  or  sticks, 
wear  sheepskin  dresses,  live  on  the  milk  of  their  cattle,  and 
migrate  from  place  to  place.  Mohammedanism  and  Fetishism 
are  the  prevailing  religions  of  Africa,  except  in  Abyssinia, 
where  a  corrupt  form  of  Christianity  exists.  A  feti.sh  may  be 
any  thing,  a  rock,  stick,  or  stone,  that  the  individual  chooses 
to  invest  with  the  attributes  of  divinity;  which,  from  the 
moment  he  sets  it  apart,  is  feared  and  adored  as  an  agent  ol 
good  or  evil.  Some  have  serpents  and  lizards  as  their  su 
prenie  fetish :  others  worship  the  .sun,  moon,  stars,  and  idols 
in  human  form.  Human  sjicriflces  are  practised  among  some 
of  the  negro  nations,  but  rarely,  except,  on  great  occasions. 
The  victim  must  be  brought  from  a  di.stance.  and  his  fate 
concealed  from  him  till  the  monjent  the  blow  is  struck. 

Laitf/tuigea. — .\s  in  all  barbarous  countries,  the  languages 
and  dialects  are  numerous.  The  Arabic,  Berlser,  and  Man- 
dingoe  are  tlie  most  widely  difTused ;  the  last  prevailing  over 
nearly  the  whole  W.  coast,  and  the  other  two  over  the  N .  and 
N.E.  parts  of  the  continent.  In  South  Africa  the  Hottentot 
and  Kaffir  tongues  are  best  known.  The  numlier  of  lan- 
gu.ages  has  been  estimated,  for  the  whole  continent,  at  150. 
The  sociiil  condition  of  Africa,  as  compared  with  Europe,  is 
low,  but  yet  not  so  debased  as  it  has  often  been  represented. 
The  black  population  are  generally  kind,  cheerful,  and  hu- 
mane, and  show  an  aptness  to  receive  the  advantages  of 
civilized  life.  The  African  black  has  none  of  the  moodiness 
and  ferocity  of  temper  of  the  savages  of  the  South  Sea  and 
Pacific  islands ;  nor  has  he  the  stern  cruelty  and  reserve  of 
the  American  Indian.  Both  in  the  E.  and  W.  coasts,  tra- 
vellers represent  them  as  exhibiting  warm  affections,  pater- 
nal feelings,  and  generous  hospitality.  The  Foolahs,  on 
the  W.  coast,  exhibit  the  nearest  approach  to  the  customs 
of  civilized  life ;  while  the  Ashantees,  who  are  among  the 
most  intelligent  of  the  races  of  Africa,  are  the  most  cruel  and 
ferocious,  and,  it  is  believed,  practi.se  cannibalism.  Some  uf 
the  tribes  have  made  quite  resijectable  advances  in  manu- 
factories, but  their  agriculture  is  of  the  rudest  kind.  Lea- 
ther, wrought  metals,  and  cotton  cloths  are  among  their 
manufactures. 

i/umpfan  Setthmciifs. — The  principal  British  settlements 
are  at  Sierra  Leone,  Gape  Coast  Castle,  and  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  with  several  unimportant  establishments  on  the  Gold 
iind  Slave  coasts.  The  Dutch  have  possessions  on  the  Gold 
coast,  as  al.so  have  the  Danes,  besides  some  on  the  Slave 
coast.  The  Portuguese  have  several  pos.sessions  on  both  the 
W.  and  E.  coasts;  and  the  French  on  the  Senegal  and  Gan>- 
bia  rivers.  The  Colonization  Society  of  the  United  States 
have  founded  the  njitive  republic  of  Liberia,  for  the  recep- 
tion of  free  negroes. 

Face  of  the  Cmmtry,  Mmmtains,  cfc. — A  greater  portion 
of  the  interior  of  Africa  is  desert  than  of  either  of  the  other 
grand  divisions  of  the  globe.  The  desert  of  Sahara,  (see  S.aha- 
RA.)  the  largest  in  the  world,  extends  from  the  Atlantic  ocean 
nearly  to  the  J!ed  Sea,  a  distance  of  upwards  of  3000  miles, 
having  an  average  breadth  of  from  600  to  900  miles,  and 
covering  an  area  of  2.000.000,  square  miles,  or  a  space  double 
the  superfices  of  the  Mediterranean.    The  deserts  of  JNubia, 

35 


AFR 


AFR 


Lybia,  and  Southern  Africa  will  be  descriljed  under  their 
Kevei"i  be«ds.  Africa  is  believed,  from  what  imperfect  know- 
U^iije  we  haw  of  it,  tj  rise  in  successive  terraces  from  the 
C'-ast  to  the  interior.  This  is  known  to  be  the  case  in  South 
Atrial  and  Abyssinia,  where  the  features  of  the  country  are 
tlie  grandest,  and  is  inferred  from  the  fall  of  the  rivers  in 
other  paits.  Little  ib  known  of  the  interior,  however,  few 
p  lints  having  been  reached  by  explorers.  The  Mountains 
or  the  M'jon,  ttie  most  extensive  known  ran;;©,  commence  at 
Rissi-Ivissi,  about  200  miles  S.E.  of  Sierra  Leone,  in  lat.  9° 
N.,  and  Ion.  9°  20'  V«'.,  and  running  in  a  S.K.  direction 
ni-aily  parallel  with  the  coast  (but  at  distances  of  from  SO  to 
I"'"'  miles)  to  Ion.  26°  E.,  turn  suddenly  to  the  N.E..  and 
liave  been  generally  supposed  to  cross  the  entire  continent 
to  Cape  Guardafui,  at  a  distmce  of  4000  miles  from  their 
place  of  bejrinnin:.'.  In  Guinea  this  range  h;is  the  name  of 
the  Kong  mountains.  At  about  12°  E.  Ion.,  a  branch  chain, 
called  the  Cameroon  mountains,  shoots  off  in  a  S.W.  direc- 
tion to  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  attaining,  near  the  sea,  an  eleva- 
tion of  13,000  ieet.  North  of  the  Kong  mountains  are  various 
lofty  ranges,  running  in-  a  X.  direction ;  among  which  are 
the  Domlwri  and  Batake.  Between  7°  and  11°  W.  Ion.  and 
11°  and  14°  N.,  another  chain  of  rocky  heights,  rising  to  an 
elevation  of  from  2000  to  3000  feet,  and  cleft  by  tremen- 
dous ravines,  skirts  the  .Toliba  or  Niger.  The  other  more 
reraark.able  mounteins  of  Africa  are  those  comprising  the 
Mount  Atlas  range,  (which  sea,)  beginning  at  Cape  Geer  or 
Ghir,  10°  W.  lon^.  and  extending  E.  as  fiir  as  50°  \V.  Ion., 
where  it  approaches  the  32°  X.  lat.  The  dist.ince  from  one 
side  to  the  other  of  this  range  has  been  estimated  at  from 
30  to  40  miles,  and  the  .altitude  of  the  highest  summit, 
Mount  Miltseen,  27  miles  S.E.  of  the  town  of  Morocco,  at 
11,380  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  higher  regions 
of  these  mountains  are  seldom  entirely  free  from  snow.  A 
mountain  of  great  height  has  recently  been  discovered  in 
Etist  Africa,  by  the  Kev.  Mr.  Rebmann,  a  missionaiy,  wlio 
places  this  mountain,  which  he  rails  Kilimandjaro,  or  Kili- 
nia-dj.n-aro,  "  Mountain  of  Greatness,"  in  3°  40*  S.  lat.,  and 
36°  E.  Ion. ;  and  represents  it  as  being  covered  with  perpetual 
snow,  which,  being  so  near  the  efjuator,  would  indicate  a 
height  of  at  least  20,000  feet.  The  mountain  is  described 
as  h.aving  two  summits  rising  to  the  limit  of  snow,  of 
which  the  eastern  is  the  lower,  and  terminates  in  several 
peaks,  covered,  during  the  rainy  sea.son,  far  down  with 
snow ;  but  which,  in  the  dry  season,  sometimes  melts  en- 
tirely away.  The  western,  or  higher  summit,  is  in  the 
form  of  an  immense  dome.  The  two  summits  are  10  or  12 
miles  apart.  If  the  position  of  Kilimandjaro  be  c-orrectly 
'aid  down  by  Mr.  Rebmann,  it  lies  about  600  miles  due  W. 
of  Mombas,  on  the  coast  of  Zanzibar,  and  just  so  far  into  a 
hitherto  unexplored  country,  of  which  nothing  wivs  pre- 
viously known.  In  the  province  of  Shoa,  the  mountains 
att:iin  a  considerable  elevation ;  that  portion  of  it  called  EtTat 
lieing  entirely  surrounded  by  lofty  and  cniggy  hills.  Recent 
explorations  seem  to  show  that  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon 
do  not  extend  so  far  N.  as  had  hitherto  l>een  supposed,  or.  at 
least,  that  about  the  sources  of  the  Nile  (the  head  waters  of 
which  were  not  reached  b3'  Mr.  R0II6,  who  Jipproached  with- 
in 4j°  of  the  equator  from  the  N.)  the  mountains  make  a 
great  bend  to  the  S. 

i[i>ierals. — Africa  has  long  been  famous  for  her  gold;  and 
though  now  eclipsed  by  the  newer  goldfields  of  California 
and  Australia,  full  explorations  of  the  country  and  scientific 
mining  maj-  restore  to  Africa  its  former  pre-eminence  in  this 
respect.  The  richest  gold-mine  known  on  this  continent  is  that 
of  Natakoo.a  small,  round,  isolated  hill,  about  300  feet  high 
and  9000  in  circumference,  situated  on  a  plain  of  alluvial  for- 
mation, being  composed  of  argillaceous  earth,  containing  gold 
in  all  the  forms  of  lumps,  grains,  and  spangles.  Every  cubic 
fx)t.  it  is  said,  is  charged  with  metal.  The  hill  is  'perforated 
in  all  directions  with  holes  6  t'et  in  diameter  and  40  feet  in 
depth.  The  gold  is  met  with  at  about  4  feet  below  the  sur- 
face, becoming  more  abundant  with  the  depth.  Forty  miles 
N.  of  Natakoo  are  the  gold-mines  of  Semayla ;  next  to  these 
in  respect  to  richness  is  the  mine  of  Nambia.  situated  ne.ar 
the  T.abaoura  mountains.  Large  quantities  of  this  precious 
metal  are  also  found  on  the  banks  of  the  Barra  river,  where 
10.000  sLaves  are  said  to  be  employed  .searching  for  it.  The 
gold  region  (except  Barra)  lies  in  Bambook,  S.  of  the  Sene- 
gal river,  and  occupies  12100  square  miles.  Iron  is  found 
in  5I0TOCCO,  Algeria,  Abyssinia,  and  in  various  mountainous 
districts  of  Central  and  South  ,\frica.  Salt  is  abundant, 
both  as  a  residuum  and  a  fossil,  though  there  are  large  dis- 
tricts destitute  of  it.  Manganese  is  common ;  and  extensive 
deposits  of  nitrate  of  potjush  and  soda  are  found  near  Angra 
Pequen.a,  on  the  W.  coast  of  South  Africa.  Copper  of  the 
richest  description  is  found  beyond  the  Orange  river,  and 
lead  in  the  district  of  Citenh.age,  Cape  Colony.  Recent  ad- 
vices stat3  that  gold  h.as  been  found  in  great  abundance  in 
South  .\frica,  especially  in  the  district  of  Caledon,  and  be- 
tween Table  bay  and  Orange  river.  It  is  found  associated 
with  copper-ore,  and  also  with  quartz. 

/?7.v',  GiJ/^,  and  Rir^'.rt. — Africa  is  not  traversed  bv  such 
Immense  rivers  as  Amerii  1  and  Asia.  Among  its  principal 
streams  are  the  Joliba,  01  Quorr.a,  (better  known  to  Europe- 
36 


ans  as  the  Niger,)  and  the  Nile.  The  former  has  attrarted 
the  attention  of  geographers  for  many  centuries,  from  the 
mystery  that  hung  over  its  source  and  course,  which  has  so 
long  baffled  the  efforts  of  explorers ;  and  the  latter,  from  its 
banks  h;iving  beentheseatof  a  civilization  antedating  that  of 
Greece  .and  Rome.  It  was  reserved  for  Richard  and  John  Lau- 
der, former  servants  of  Capt.  Clapperton,  to  remove  the  vail, 
and  to  proclaim  to  the  world  that  the  ancient  Niger  has  its 
exit  in  the  Bight  of  Benin.  It  was  in  1S30  that  the  brothers 
Lander,  bj'  descending  fi-om  Boossa  to  the  gulf  just  named, 
on  the  bo.som  of  this  sti-eam,  set  this  vexed  question  for  ever 
at  rest.  The  principal  rivers  in  West  Africa,  beginning  at 
the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  and  proceeding  S.,  are  the  Senegal, 
Gambia,  Casamanz.a,  Cacheo,  the  Jeba  or  Geba,  the  Kio 
Grande,  the  Nufiez,  the  Sierra  Leone,  the  Adirri  orVolta.  the 
Quorra  Joliba  or  Niger,  the  Congo  or  Zaire,  the  Coanz;i.  and 
the  Gariep  or  Orange  river.  On  the  E.  coast,  the  larg- 
est rivers  are  the  Zjimbeze,  or  Quillimane,  and  the  Ju'^ 
or  Fumbo.  The  former  of  these  is  said  to  be  900  miles  in 
length,  and  to  be  navigable,  during  the  wet  season,  from  200 
to  300  miles  above  its  mouth,  which  is  in  the  channel  of  Mo- 
z.ambique.  The  Juba  enters  the  Indian  ocean  neai-ly  under 
the  equafcir,  and  is  represented  to  be  navigable  for  boats  for 
into  the  interior.  The  other  principal  rivers  on  the  E.  coast 
are  the  Ilaw.ash,  flowing  into  the  straits  of  Bab-el-niandeb, 
and  the  Atabara,  Bahr-el-Abiad.  (White  Nile,)  and  the  Bahr- 
el-Azi-ek,  (Blue  Nile.)  all  branches  of  the  Nile,  which  is  the 
only  large  river  which  enters  the  Mediterranean  from  Afi-ica. 
See  Nile. 

Although  much  of  Africa  is  yet  unexplored,  it  is  known 
to  contain  several  large  lakes.  Of  these.  Lake  Tchad,  situ- 
ated in  Bornoo.  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  continent,  is  the 
largest.  The  14th  parallel  of  N.  lat.  and  the  loth  meridian 
of  E.  Ion.  intersect  this  lake,  which  is  alx)ut  220  miles  in 
length,  and,  in  its  widest  part,  about  140  miles  in  breadth. 
About  10°  W.  of  this,  the  Niger  flows  through  Lake  Debo,  in 
Soodan ;  and  some  20°  to  the  E.  of  it,  the  Bahr-el-Azrek, 
or  E.  branch  of  the  Nile,  traverses  Lake  Dembe.a.  in  Abyssinia. 
South  of  the  equator  are  Lake  Nyassi.  iutor.':ccted  by  the  12th 
p.arallel  of  S.  lat.  and  the  34th  meridian  of  E.  Ion.,  and  the 
recently  discovered  L.ake  Ngami,  between  20°  and  21°  S.  lat. 
and  23°  and  24°  E.  Ion.,  reported  to  be  about  70  miles  long. 
Of  Lake  JIaravi.  (or  Zewa.)  in  East  Africa,  (supposed  liy  .some 
to  be  the  same  as  Nj-a.s.si.)  little  is  known.  P.K.  of  Tunis,  on 
the  slopes  of  Mount  .\tlas,  is  Lake  Lowdeah,  or  Sibkaii-el- 
Lowdeah.  For  a  full  description  of  the  rivers  and  lakes,  see 
«eparate  articles. 

Climate. — Taken  as  a  continent,  owing  to  its  situation  in  or 
near  the  torrid  zone,  Africa  has  a  higher  temperature  than 
either  of  the  other  grand  divisions  of  the  ejirth ;  though 
even  here  the  variety  is  great.  The  desert  plains,  m.arshes, 
swamps,  and  the  alluvions  of  the  river  banks,  with  their 
pestilential  exh.alations.  give  it  a  fatal  distinction.  The  S.  and 
N.  extremities,  being  within  the  temperate  zone,  are  mode- 
rateh-  healthy;  but  even  here  the  temperature  is  height- 
ened by  their  proximity  to  the  torrid  zone,  and  yet  more, 
perhaps,  by  the  hot  winds  from  the  deserts.  The  E.  coast, 
with  some  exceptions,  is  general!}'  healthy;  but  the  W. 
coast  is  most  de.structive  to  the  white  i-ace  of  any  region 
yet  visited  by  the  European;  especially  between  10°  and 
11°  N.  lat.,  in  Senegambia,  being,  perhaps,  the  hottest 
place  on  the  globe.  The  whole  of  the  Gold  coast  is  likewise 
very  unhealthy,  owing,  it  is  supposed,  to  the  great  contrast 
between  the  temperature  of  midday  and  midnight,  and  to 
sulphurous  exhalations  which  rise  from  the  valleys  every 
morning ;  and  this  in  the  midst  of  most  delightful  scenery, 
varied  by  rock,  still  water,  and  forest.  The  appalling 
mortality  attending  the  different  expeditions  that  have 
gone  to  the  W.  coast  and  ascended  its  rivci-s,  bear  full  testi- 
mony to  its  reputation.  About  one-third  of  the  Euix)ix'ans 
who  have  endeavored  to  a.scend  the  Senegal  river  h.ave 
perished  in  the  attempt;  and  nearly  half  of  those  composing 
the  expedition  sent  out  by  the  English  government  in  ISIO  to 
explore  the  riverCongo,shared  a  similar  fate.  On  the  Niger 
expedition  in  lS41,out  of  143  Europe.ans,  41  diedinle.ss  than 
two  months.  River  water,  formerly  supjxi.sed  to  lie  tlio  fatal 
agency,  from  containing  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  was  care- 
fully analyzed  by  this  expedition,  without  finding  the  gas  to 
exist  in  any  excess,  either  in  the  air  or  water.  Sierra  Leone 
is,  perhaps,  the  most  unhealthj'  spot  in  these  unhealthy  re- 
gions, 'fhe  mortality  is  generally  caused  by  violent  fever 
of  the  intermittent  kind :  and  yet  the  climate,  to  all  outward 
appearance,  is  delightful.  And  in  the  case  of  Captain 
Tuckey's  expedition — in  which  he  liim.self  was  a  victim — 
the  thermometer  never  sank  below  CO°at  night,  and  seldom 
rose  alx)ve  "C°  in  the  daytime.  There  ai-e  but  two  .seasons 
in  Africa,  the  wet  and  the  dry ;  the  former  extending  from 
M.ay  to  October,  inclusive  of  both;  the  dry  season  occupying 
the  remaining  months.  The  wet  season  commences  and  ter- 
minates with  tornadoes  and  tremendous  storms  of  thunder 
and  lightning.  Sir  James  Alexander,  speaking  of  the  W. 
coast  of  North  Africa,  says  that,  from  5^  till  8  o'clock,  the 
mornings  were  delightful ;  but  that  after  the  la'.'er  hour  the 
sun  shone  forth  with  intense  fierceness,  vegetation  drooped, 
and  men  withdrew  to  their  huts  or  tents,  and  i><e  1  nuiials 


AFR 


AFS 


to  the  forest,  Thoiish  many  parts  of  Africa  are  delugi-d 
with  rain,  in  the  deserts  and  in  iijrypt  it  seldom  or  never 
fells  one  of  the  causes,  no  doubt,  of  the  higher  tempera- 
ture of  this  continent.  The  ransre  of  the  thermometer  on 
the  W.  co;ist.  in  1819,  was  at  the  iiighest  only  95°,  me;in  76°, 
not  hi<;her  than  an  ordinary  American  summer,  in  lat.  40° 
N. ;  while  the  averajre  heat  at  Sierra  I.«onewas  82°;  at  Cape 
Coast  Castle  from  86°  to  90°;  and  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
from  80°  to  90<^  in  the  warm  season.  The  iii.nhest  it  was  ever 
ob.S(n'Ved  at  the  last  place  was  102°,  and  it  Is  never  below  50°. 

Veffclabk  Productions. — Perhaps  nothing  can  better  char 
racterize  the  vegefcition  of  this  region  than  the  fact  that  the 
palm  is  found,  in  one  or  other  of  its  varieties,  throughout  its 
whole  extent,  except  in  its  S.  extremity.  Along  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean,  wlieat  and  maize  are  cultivated ;  the 
olive,  the  orange,  the  castor-oil  plant,  the  fig-tree,  and  the 
dwarf  and  the  date  palms,  are  plentiful;  the  lotus,  so  famed 
tn  ancient  history,  is  abundant,  and  still  eaten  to  some  ex- 
tent. South  of  the  Atlas  mountains,  the  date-p;ilm  (Phcenix 
ductiilife.ra)  is  so  abundant  as  to  give  its  name  to  the  coun- 
try, nice,  maize,  plantains,  yams,  manioc,  pulse,  and 
earth-nuts  (AracliU  hijpogea)  are  cultivated  along  the  whole 
W.  coast,  within  the  tropics.  On  the  K.  coast,  within  the 
same  parallels,  the  products  are  similar,  but  rice  is  more  and 
maize  less  cultivated;  to  which  may  be  added  tnmarinds 
and  cotton  in  great  abundance.  The  baobab-tree,  sometimes 
30  feet  in  diameter,  though  but  10  or  15  feet  high,  was  first 
discovered  in  Senegambia,  but  is  also  found  in  Nubia,  and 
as  far  as  20°  S.  lat.  It  has  a  bushy  head,  and  forms  an  im- 
portant article  of  native  food.  In  the  same  region  grows  the 
acacia,  which  furnishes  the  gum-senegal.  Along  the  W. 
coast  likewise,  but  especially  on  the  coast  of  Guine.a,  are 
found  the  Elms  Gmnef.nsis,  from  which  palm-oil  and  wine 
are  obtained ;  the  cabbage  palm,  the  wax  palm,  and  the  Shea 
butter-tree,  all  yielding  products  important  to  man.  To 
these  may  tie  added  the  African  oak  and  the  mangrove.  Of 
fruits,  the  Ijest  are  the  banan.a,  pawpaw,  custard  apple, 
lemon,  orange,  and  tamarind.  At  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope, 
wheat  and  other  cereals  are  cultivated ;  but  the  most  cha- 
racteristic vegetation  of  this  district  is  the  heaths,  which 
grow  in  wonderful  profusion,  in  great  variety,  and  of  sur- 
passing beauty.  Geraniums  and  various  buUxius  and  orchi- 
daceous plants  are  also  abundant.  The  X.K.  part  of  Africa, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Guardafui,  Is  rich  in  frankincense, 
myrrh,  cinnamon,  and  numerous  otiier  spices.  The  high- 
lands of  Ethiopia  are  the  native  place  of  the  colTee-plant, 
which  gives  its  name  to  the  province  of  KafTa.  In  many 
parts,  this  tree  forms  thick  woods.  Abyssinia,  though  with- 
in the  tropics,  has,  on  account  of  its  elevation,  more  the 
vegetation  of  the  temperate  than  the  torrid  zone,  (part  of  it, 
however,  is  in  the  spice  region,)  while  Nubia,  which  is  farther 
from  tile  equator,  is  much  more  tropical  in  its  vegetation. 
The  palm-oil  tree  and  Indian  cotton  are  among  its  promi- 
nent plants.  Kgypt,  from  early  times,  has  been  celebrated 
for  its  wheat,  and  also  produces  rice,  beans,  peas,  sesamum, 
cotton,  senna,  and  other  cassias.  Here,  too,  are  the  date, 
dwarf,  and  doum  palm. 

Zoology. — Africa  is  remarkable  for  the  variety  of  her  ani- 
mals, especially  of  those  of  the  carnivorous  and  ferocious 
kind.  Of  .300  mammals  that  inhabit  this  continent,  242  are 
peculiar  to  it.  The  lion,  the  largest  and  most  ferocious  of 
his  species,  the  leopard,  panther,  hyena,  (two  varieties, 
spotted,  and  strand  or  coast>-wolf,)  civet,  and  ichneumon  are 
among  its  carnivora;  the  hare,  rabbit,  jer1x>a,  squirrel,  rat, 
and  mouse,  among  its  rodentia ;  the  ground-hog,  sloth,  and 
long-tailed  pangolin,  {Manis  tetradactt/la,)  among  its  eden- 
tata ;  the  elephant,  the  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  wild-boar, 
the  zebra,  and  quagga,  among  its  pachydermata :  50  species 
of  antelope,  the  giraffe,  buffalo,  (in  several  varieties,)  among 
its  ruminantia;  and  the  chimpanzee,  baboon,  ape,  and  mon- 
key, among  its  quadnimana,  comprising,  in  all,  55  species 
of  the  last,  of  which  48  are  peculiar;  30  of  bats,  of  which  26 
are  peculiar;  of  carnivora  66,  of  which  52  are  peculiar;  of 
rodentia  48,  of  which  .38  are  peculiar;  edentata  3,  all  pecu- 
liar; pachydermata  15,  peculiar  12;  ruminantia  73,  peculiar 
63;  and  whales  {G'tacetc)  10,  peculiar  8,  Of  horned  cattle 
there  are  many  different  varieties :  the  oxen  of  Abyssinia 
and  Bornoo,  both  having  horns  of  immense  size — the  former 
1  feet  in  length  and  2  feet  in  circumference  at  the  base;  the 
broad-tailed  sheep  of  Barbary,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
other  jiarts  of  Africa;  and  the  long-legged,  small-tailed 
sheep  of  Egypt,  Sennaar,  and  Nubia.  The  domestic  cat  is 
rare,  but  dogs  are  numerous.  Among  reptiles,  are  the  cro- 
codile, (found  in  all  the  tropical  countries,  and  in  the  Nile 
below  the  first  cataract,)  lizard,  serpents,  and  various  species 
of  voracious  reptiles.  Among  birds  are  the  ostrich,  now 
iilmost  confined  to  Africa:  vultures,  found  among  the  lofty 
mountains  of  Central  Africa,  in  the  most  inaccessible  places 
towards  tlie  Ited  Sea,  in  Northern  Africa,  and  in  Cape  Colony. 
There  are  two  species,  the  VuUur  Kolbi  and  the  VuUur  auri- 
cularis.  or  social  vulture.  The  latter  is  of  gigantic  size,  and 
extremely  useful  in  devouring  carcasses  and  refuse  matter, 
rhe  Guinea-fowl  is  the  only  indigenous  gallinaceous  fowl. 
Among  the  many  thousand  varieties  of  insects  are  the 
locust,  so  unfavorably  known  for  its  devastations  on  vegetar 


tion,  and  destructive  ants  in  myriads,  whose  habitations  at 
a  distance  present  the  appearance  of  villages.  Thej  move 
in  large  bodies,  consuming  every  substance,  animal  or  vege- 
tiible,  that  comes  in  their  way. 

Comvif.rce. — The  commerce  of  Africa,  owing  to  its  barba 
rous  state,  unhealthy  clin\ate,  and  want  of  great  gulfs,  lays, 
and  rivers  permeating  the  interior,  has  never  Ijeen  at  all'in 
proportion  to  the  area  of  this  va.st  region.  To  the  disgrace 
of  humanity,  one  of  its  largest  items  of  commerce  lias  been 
that  of  human  beings ;  and  according  to  the  luijierial  Gazet- 
teer, amounts  to  more  than  100,000  slaves  per  annum.  At 
present,  Brazil  and  CuVui  are  the  great  recipients  of  tills  un- 
righteous traffic.  The  internal  slave-trade  is  probably  not 
less  than  the  external.  Slave-marts  are  established  tor  their 
disposal,  and  they  are  moved  about  in  caravans  of  from  lUO 
to  3000,  chiefly  lioys  and  girls.  Slavery  in  AVesfern  Africa 
is  said  to  exist  in  a  much  milder  form  than  in  other  parts 
of  the  world,  the  slaves  lieing  rarely  subjected  to  corporal 
punishment,  and  among  the  I'oolahs  the  children  of  slaves 
are  never  sold.  The  principal  articles  exported  are  palm-oil, 
gold,  gold-dust,  ivory,  gums,  timber,  wax,  hides,  and  fea- 
thers, from  Western  Africa.  The  gum-senegal  is  exported 
in  large  quantities  l)y  the  Moorish  tribes,  who  possess  the 
gum  forests  of  Sahara,  The  annual  produce  of  these  forests 
is  estimated  at  1,200,000  pbvinds.  The  Moors  excliange  blue 
calico<?s  for  the  gum.  Gold,  fa.shioned  into  trinkets,  is  a 
c-onsiderable  article  of  commerce,  and  salt  is  a  very  import- 
ant article  of  internal  traffic.  The  cowrie,  a  small  shell  im- 
ported from  the  >Ialdive  islands,  is  the  principal  circulating 
medium  of  Interior  and  Southern  Afiica.  From  4(H)0  to 
5000  of  these  are  equivalent  to  aliout  $5.  Among  the  ex- 
ports to  Western  Afi-ica  in  1842,  there  were,  from  England, 
haberdashery.  Ac.  between  12,O00A  and  13,000/.;  brass  and 
copper  manufactures,  13,860Z,;  cotton  manufactures,  220,564/.; 
books,  362/.:  and  arms  and  ammunition.  96.000/. 

Ilidiiry  of  Discovery. — It  is  supposed  that  the  penins\ilar 
fonn  of  AfricH  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  that  the  I'he- 
nlcians  and  Egyptians  had  circumnaviijnted  it.  The  Car- 
thaginians trafficked  regularly  on  the  W.  coast,  and  miuie 
settlements  there;  but  their  accounts  are  very  hiief  and 
indefinite,  as  are  those  of  the  Romans  who  followed  them. 
No  definite  knowledge  of  Central  and  Southern  Africa  was 
obtained  till  the  commencement  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
when  Portuiruese  enterprise  revealed  the  regions  beyond 
Cape  Bojador,  liaving  doubled  that  point  in  1433;  but  they 
did  not  discover  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  till  61  years  after- 
wards, nor  did  Vaseo  de  Gama  double  it  till  1408.  In  loSS, 
Queen  Elizabetli  granted  a  patent  to  some  merch.ants  to  carry 
on  the  trade  of  the  Senegal  and  Gambia.  In  1618.  Piiez.  a 
Portuguese,  visited  the  sources  of  the  Bahi^l-Azrek,  and 
the  same  year  the  Gambia  was  ascended  as  far  as  Tenda. 
In  1C50  the  Dutch  formed  a  colony  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  In  1761,  Captain  Henri  Hop,  a  Dutchman,  traversed 
the  country  of  the  Namaquas.  In  1770,  Bruce  travelled 
through  Abyssinia.  In  1795.  Park  traced  the  source  of  the 
Niger.  In  1793-0,  Browne  visited  Cirfoor  and  Bornoo.  In 
1797.  Barrow  penetrated  as  far  as  the  snow  mountains  in 
South  Africa.  In  1801,  Trutter  and  Somerville  reached  I^nt- 
takoo,  the  capihil  of  the  Bechuanas.  In  1805.  Park  again 
attempted  to  trace  the  Niger,  but  never  returned.  In  1822, 
Denham  and  Clapperton  crossed  the  Sahara,  discovered  Lake 
Tchad,  and  travelled  through  Bornoo  and  the  Eellatah 
country.  In  1826,  Laing  penetrated  to  Timbuctoo.  In  18.311, 
Lander  explored  the  Niger  or  Joliba.  and  ascertained  its  out- 
let to  be  in  the  Bight  of  Benin.  In  18-14,  Duncan  penetrated 
into  the  interior  from  the  Bight  of  Benin,  to  lat.  13°  6'  N. ; 
Ion.  1°  3'  E.  In  1845-6,  Hichardsou  traversed  a  great  part 
of  the  Desert  of  Sahara;  and  the  Kev.  Mr.  Kebmann  disco- 
vered a  lofty  mountain,  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  in 
Eastern  Africa,  al)0ut  285  miles  W.  of  Mombas.  In  1849, 
Mr.  Livingstone  discovered  a  large  lake  called  Ngami  in  South 
Africa.  Dr.  Knoblicher  reached  about  lat.  4°  N.  on  the  White 
Nile  in  1850,  without  arriving  at  its  source,  or  reaching  the 
supposed  Mountains  of  the  Moon.  In  1850-51,  Urs.  Barth 
and  Overweg  explored  Lake  Tchad,  and  visited  several  im 

portant  places  (hitherto  little  known)  in  Central  Africa, 

Adj.  and  inhab.  African,  af're-kan;  (Fr.  Africain,  d^fiee'- 
k^N"',  feminine,  Africaine,  i'free'kSn/;  Ger,adj.  Afrikanisch, 
d-fre-ki'nish ;  inhab.  Afrikaner,  3-fre-kd'ner.) 

AFKICA.  a  village  of  Franklin  co..  Penn.sylvania,  7  miles 
E.  of  Chambersburg.     Pop.  200,  mostly  negroes. 

AFUICAN.  AFKJCAIN,  or  AFKWAINE.    See  Africa. 

AFRICAN  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  low  islets  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.  N.ofthe  .\mii-ante  Inlands.  Lat. 4° 55' S.,  Ion, 53° 33' i'l. 

AFKIKA,  AFRIKANIHCH,  AFRIKANER.    See  Africa. 

AFIUKIAH  or  AFRIKIYAH.  i-triter^ee'yi,  or  MAHA- 
DIAII,  md-h3/dee'3.  a  decayed  town  and  seaport  of  Tunis,  on 
the  Mediterranean.  115  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tunis.  Pop.  about  3000. 

AFRIQUE.    See  Africa. 

AFSHARS  or  AFSCHARS.  df 'sharz',  one  of  the  many  tribes 
of  Persia,  of  foreign  descent,  forming  distinct  classes  apart  from 
the  original  Persians.  The  Afshars,  who  trace  their  origin 
to  the  Toorkomans,  are  divided  into  two  princip.al  branches, 
Sh.amloo  (Shamlu)  and  Kirkloo,  (Kirklu.)  It  is  a  numerous 
tribe,  inhabiting  altogether  about  20,000  houses.    They  prln- 

37 


AFV 

ciptilly  reside  in  towns,  and  are  to  be  found  in  greatest  num- 
N  m  it  Vbiverd  and  Ilelat. 

AFVESTADT  or  AFVESTAD.    See  Avestad. 

AP  Z\JL-GHII  K/,  a  V^v  n  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Delhi, 
presidtncy  of  Bengal,  A«nr  the  Kumaon  mountaius.  Lat. 
29°  25'  N. ;  Ion.  78°  40*  E. 

AGABLY,  or  AGIIABLY,  Jva/blee,  a  town  of  Africa,  oasis 
of  Tooat,  on  the  route  from  Tripoli  to  Timbuctoo.  Lat.  26° 
40'  N.;  Ion.  0°  {)S'  E.  It  is  built  of  stone,  said  to  be  well 
provided  with  water,  and  is  a  station  where  the  merchants 
of  Morocco  meet  with  those  of  Tripoli,  Tunis,  and  Fezzan. 

AGADEZ,  AGADES,  d.i^'i-djz^  AGDES,  or  AGDAS,  dgMis/, 
a  considerable  city  of  Central  Africa,  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Asben,  in  an  oasis  of  the  Sahara.  Lat.  18°  10'  N. ;  Ion.  13° 
E  ^t  has  a  fortified  palace.  Here  the  merchants  of  Soodan 
meet  at  stated  periods  those  of  the  North  African  states. 
Agadez  was  formerly  a  large  city,  with  a  population  of  fi-om 
60,000  to  60,000.  Dr.  Barth  estimates  the  iiihabitaats  at  pre- 
sent at  7000  or  8000. 

AGADIR,  AG  ADEEK,  a-gil-deer',  or  SANTA  CRUZ,  a  for- 
tified town,  and  the  most  southern  seaport  of  Morocco,  pro- 
vince of  Soos,on  the  Atlantic,  2.3  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Ghlr.  I^t. 
30°  26'  35"  N. ;  Ion.  9°  35'  56"  E.  Pop.  600.  (?)  It  stands  on 
a  declivity  overlooking  a  lai-ge  and  safe  harbor,  and  has 
Eome  trade  with  Marseilles. 

AGALEGAS,  a-ga-ld/gis,  or  GALEGA.  g^-LVga,  a  small 
Island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about  485  miles  N.W.  of  the  X. 
extremity  of  Madagascar.  The  N.  end  of  the  island  is  in  lat. 
10°  21'  30"  S. ;  Ion.  56°  38'  E.  It  is  11  miles  in  length,  and 
little  more  than  1  mile  in  braadth. 

AGAME,  d-gi'mSh,  a  province  of  Tigre,  in  Abyssinia,  in 
the  N.E.  part  of  that  territory,  and  W.  from  the  great  SiUt 
plain  in  which  the  country  terminates  N.E. 

AGAMh^N'TlCUS  MOUNTAIN,  in  York  co.,  Maine,  aljout 
4  miles  from  the  oce,an.  It  is  important  as  a  landmark  for 
seamen.  The  summit  is  673  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea. 

AGANA,  3-gJ'ni,  a  fortified  town,  and  capital  of  Guahsn, 
one  of  the  I^adrones,  on  its  W.  coast.     Pop.  3000. 

AGAKRIB.  a  mountain  of  Egypt.     See  Agkeeb. 

AG'ATE  harbor,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  upper  peninsula 
of  Miohiiran,  on  Keweenaw  Point. 

AGATHA.    See  Aode. 

AGATHAPOLIS.    See  Sant  Aoata. 

AGATTOO,  d-giftoo,  or  AGAT'TA,  a  small  island  of  the 
Aleutiau  group,  whose  centre  is  in  lat.  52°  43'  N.,  Ion.  173° 
37'  W. 

AG^AWAM',  a  post-townsliip  of  Hampden  CO.,  Massaclm- 
selts,  on  the  W.  side  ot  Connecticut  river,  about  3  miles 
S.W.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  1698. 

AG'AWAN'RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Plymouth  co.,  in  the 
E.  part  of  Massachusetts,  which  unites  its  watei-s  with  Butr 
termilk  bay. 

AGDAS.  or  AGDASS.    See  Aoadez. 

AGDE,  igd,  (!inc.Ag>aiha,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilfirault.  port  on  left  bank  of  the  Herault,  (which  is  here 
crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge.)  and  Can.al  du  Midi,  2  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean,  and  30  miles  S.VV.  of  Montpelier. 
Pop.  (1852)9115.  It  is  ple.asantly  situated,  but  being  built 
of  black  bas.tlt,  has  a  grim  appearance,  and  is  popularly 
ciided  the  Black  town.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong  walls, 
and  has  a  college,  a  school  of  navigation,  and  an  active  coast- 
ing trade.     Its  port  is  defended  by  Fort  Brescau. 

AGDKH,  ag'deh,  or  AUGDEH,  a  town  of  Pei-sia,  70  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Yezd,  to  which  city  the  inhabitants  send  goats' 
hair  for  the  manufacture  of  shawls. 

AGEN,  i'zhjN"',*(anc.  AgMnum,)  a  town  of  France,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Lot^t'Saronne,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Garonne,  here  crossed  by  two  bridges,  73  miles  S.E.  of 
Bordeaux.  Pop.  (1852)  16,027.  It  is  most  agreeably  situated, 
and  has  some  good  public  edifices,  including  the  prefecture, 
seminary,  public  library,  with  15.000  volumes,  and  several 
churches.  It  has  a  royal  court,  large  sail-cloth  factory,  and 
manufactures  of  .serge,  cotton  prints,  starch,  leather,  &c..  and 
is  an  entreijot  for  the  trade  between  Bordeaux  and  Toulouse. 

A'GENCY,or  AGENCY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Wapello  co.. 
low.'i.  about  4  miles  N.E.  of  the  Des  Moines  river.    Pop.  567. 

AGENCY,  a  village  of  Winuisheik  co.,  Iowa,  on  Turkey 
river. 

AQENDICUM.    See  Sens. 

AGENOIS,  (Agfinois,)  d'zhA'nwJ',  an  ancient  district  of 
France,  in  Guienne.  It  constituted  part  of  the  old  kingdom 
of  Aquitaine,  and  is  now  comprised  in  the  dep;irtment  of 
Lot-etrGaronne. 

AGKR,  i-HaiK',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  25  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Lorida.  in  a  valley.     Pop.  2200.  . 

AGEROLA,  A-jA-nVll  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prlncipato  Ci- 
tra,  on  a  mountain,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Salerno,    Pop.  3470. 

AG'GKK,  canal,  a  natural  communication  between  the 
Lymfiord  and  the  North  Sea,  In  Denmark,  N.  of  Jutland ; 
ftnrmed  during  a  storm  in  1825. 

AGGERSHUUS,  ag'ger»-hooss\a  stlft  or  province  of  Noi^ 


•  This  is  an  exception  to  a  general  rule :  tlie  regular  pronun- 
ciation would  be  almoit  ah'xboug'. 


AGO 

way.  situated  between  lat.  58°  56'  and  62°  68'  N.,  and  lou.  8° 
and  12°  E.  Capital  Christiania.  Pop.  (1845)592,581.  Forita 
agriculture,  its  mines,  and  its  commerce,  it  is  the  most  im- 
portant province  in  the  kingdom. 

AGGERSHUUS,  the  name  of  an  old  fort,  which  served  as 
a  citadel  to  Christiania,  and  which  gives  its  name  to  the  pro- 
viuce  of  Aggershuus. 

AGGERSOE,  (Aggersoe,)  dg'gers-iyeh,  a  small  island  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  Great  Belt,  5  miles  from  the  S.W.  point  of  See- 
land. 

AGGIUS,  Jd'je-ooce,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sixrdinia,  35 
miles  N.E.  of  Sass;iri.    Pop.  2026. 

AGHABOE,  ao'a-bo,  a  parish  of  Irel.and,Leiuster,  Queen's  co. 

AGHADES.    See  Agadez. 

AGHADOE,  do'a-do,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry,  27 
miles  S.W.  of  Castlemaine.  The  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle 
and  the  cithedral  still  remain. 

AGHAROON,  or  AGIIARUN,  i-gd-roon',  or  KIIANZIR, 
kSu'zeer,  (j.  e. "  hog,")  a  village  of  Turkey  in  Asia,pa.shalicof 
Diarbekir,  finely  situated  in  a  gorge  of  the  mountains  of  Dar- 
kfish-Dagh,  and  surrounded  by  magnificent  walnut-trees. 

AGHM.^T,  ia'mdt/,  a  fortified  town  of  Morocco,  on  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  N.  declivity  of  Mount 
Atlas,  24  miles  S.  of  Morocco.  Pop.  6000,  including  about 
1000  .Tews. 

AGHOR,  a/Gor,  or  HIN-GOI/,  a  river  of  Beloochist.in.  lall- 
ing  into  the  Arabian  sea,  and  dividing  the  provinces  of  Loos 
and  Kelat. 

AGHRIM,  or  AUGIIRIM,awg'rim  orawn'rim.  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  co.  of  Galway,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Loughrea.  It  is 
famous  in  British  history  for  the  great  victory  obtiiined  here 
in  1691  by  the  troops  of  William  III.  over  tho.se  of  .James  II. 

AGINCOURT,  i^zh&No'kooK/,  or  AZINCOURT,  i'-Ay^^koorJ, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pas  de  Calais,  13  miles  N 
W.  of  St.  Pol.,  near  which,  on  the  25th  October,  1415,  the 
Englisli,  under  Henry  V.,  totally  defeated  a  vastly  sujjerior 
French  force. 

AGIO  STRATI,  d'jo  strd/teo,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  ai^ 
chipelago,  20  miles  S.  of  Lemnos.  and  46  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Mitylene,lat.  39°  31'  N.,  Ion.  25°  1'  7"  E. 

AGL.\SOON,  or  AGLASOUN,  dVl^-soon'^  (anc-  ^igalaslsus,) 
a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  on  a  mountain,  55  niUes  N. 
of  Sataliah. 

AGLIK,  dl'yA,  or  AGLIA,  Sl'yS,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  and 
9  miles  S.W.  of  Ivrea.  Pop.  4300.  It  has  a  splendid  royal 
palace,  with  exten.sive  parks  and  gardens. 

AGLY,  d^glee',  a  small  river  of  France,  departments  of 
Aude  and  Pyr6nees-0rientales,  fiiUs  into  the  Gulf  of  Lyons. 

AtiNADELLO,  dn-yi-dello,  a  village  of  Venetian  Lom- 
bardy,  10  miles  E.  of  Lodi.  Here,  in  1509,  Louis  VII.,  King 
of  Frjince,  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the  Austriiins;  and 
here,  in  1705,  Prince  Eug6ne  was  defeated  by  the  Duke  of 
Vendome.    Pop.  1600. 

AGNANO,  dn-yjl/no,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  3j  miles  N.E.  of 
Pisa.  It  has  mineral  springs  and  a  cavern  of  mepliitio 
vapour  in  its  vicinity. 

AGNANO,  LAKE,  in  the  kingdom  and  3  miles  W.  of  N.v 
pies.  It  occupies  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano,  and  is 
about  half  a  mile  in  diameter.  Near  it  are  the  Grotta  del 
Cane  and  the  sulphur  baths  of  San  (iermano. 

AG'NEVV'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

AGNO,  dn'yo,  a  river  of  Lombardy,  an  affluent  of  the 
Adige  from  the  left.     Length,  alx)ve  50  miles. 

AGNO,  dn'yo,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino, 
in  a  fertile  valley  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Bedagio,  3  miles  W.  of  Lugano.     Pop.  726. 

AGNONE,  dn-yo'nA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise, 
on  a  hill,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Campobasso.  Pop.  7000.  Said  to 
produce  the  best  copper  wares  in  the  kingdom. 

AGWUR/,  or  AKWUR',  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Chenaub.  35  miles  above  where  it  is  joined  by  the 
Tauhi  or  Makkati  river,  95  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lahore;  lat.  32° 
52'  N..  Ion.  74°  58'  E. 

AGO,  d'goo,  a  small  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia: l.at.  61°  32'  N.,  Ion.  17°  22'  E. 

AGOA  FRIA,  i/gwd-free'd,  (i.e.  "cold  water,")  a  town  of 
Brazil,  province  and  100  miles  N.  by  W.  of  lialiia. 

AGOA  Dii  PAO,  i'gwd  d.a  pd'^N",  a  mountain  peak  of  the 
island  of  St.  Michael,  Azores,  near  its  centre,  3066  feet  in 
elevation. 

AGOA  DE  PAO,  a  vill.age  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  above 
island.  15  miles  E.  of  Ponta  Delgada.     Pop.  3000. 

AGOA-QUENTE.  ii/gwd  kJn'tS,  (t.  «.  "  hot  water,"  or  «  hot 
spring,")  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz.  near  the  mouth 
of  the   Rio  das   Almas,  190  mUes  N.E.  of  Goyaz. 

AtJOAS-DOCES,  d/gwis  do'c^s.  (('.  e.  "  sweet  water,")  a  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Min.as-Geraes,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Sao 
Francisco. 

AGcyOEBIC  LAKE,  in  the  N.  part  of  tho  upper  peninsula 
of  Slichigan.  Its  outlet  joins  Ontonagon  river.  I^ength.  fol- 
lowing the  bend  of  tho  lake,  aliout  15  miles ;  breadth.  2  miles, 

AGtJG.NA,  i-gOn'yd.  or  GOGNA,  gOn'yd,  a  river  )f  I'ied- 
mont,  rising  in  Lake  Orta,  aud  flowiug  S.  to  tb>>  Po,  *  6  mi?e8 
aji.  of  Alessaudi-la. 


AGO 


AGU 


AOOONA,  a  castle  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  near  the  left 
bauk  or  the  Agogcna  river,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Mortara. 

AOr>\,  i^gi^N"',  a  small  seaport  of  France,  department  of 
Mauche,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  on  the  coast,  opposite 
Jersey,  and  5  miles  W.  of  Coutances.     Pop.  1561. 

A(5()0N  \,  d-^oo'ni.  a  small  state  of  Western  Africa,  on  the 
Gold  Coa-st,  territory  of  Ashnntee,  between  lat.  5°  26'  and  5° 
45'  N.,  Ion.  10'  and  40'  W.  It  is  thus  about  30  miles  from  E. 
to  W.,  and  about  20  from  N.  to  S.  There  are  one  Danish,  one 
Dutch,  and  one  British  .settlement  on  the  coast  of  this  dis- 
trict, named,  respectively,  Christiansborg,  Crevecoeur,  and 
Fort  James. 

AGOKDO,  J-ROR'do,  a  town  or  Northern  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  in  a  fruitful  plain,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Belluno.  It 
poBsesses,  in  the  valley  of  Imperina,  the  richest  copper  mines 
in  Italy.     Pop.  3500. 

AGOSTA.  a-gos/td,  or  AUGUSTA,  Cwgoos'til.afortitied  city 
of  Sicily,  province  of  Catenia,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Medi- 
terraneiin,  14  miles  N.  of  Syracuse.  Pop.  10,000.  Its  port  is 
defended  by  a  tower,  and  by  forts  Oania  and  Vittoria.  In 
1693  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  on  which 
occasion  more  than  one-third  of  the  inhabitants  were  buried 
under  its  ruins.     Exports  salt,  oil,  wines,  and  honey. 

AGOAVS,  a/t;dwz\  a  people  of  Abyssinia,  divided  into  three 
distinct  ti-ilies,  one  of  which  inhabits  the  fertile  country 
lyinjt  immediately  W.  of  the  sources  of  the  lilue  Nile,  in  the 
territory  of  Amhara:  another,  called  the  Gualin  Agows,  in- 
habit the  district,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Tecazze,  in  Tifrrfi  ; 
the  third  occupies  a  tract  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  same  river, 
also  in  Tip-fi. 

AGRA,  ri/iiri,  a  government,  province,  and  district  of  Ilin- 
dostao.  I'he  government  includes  the  N.W.  provinces  of 
Delhi,  Meerut,  Bohilcund  Agra,  Allahabad,  and  Benares. 
Area,  85,571  square  miles;  population,  23,800,549.  The  pro- 
Tince  of  Agra  is  situated  chiefly  between  lat.  25°  and  2S->  N. 
It  is  about  250  miles  long  and  ISO  broad.  Watered  by  the 
Ganges,  the  Jumna,  the  Chuaibul,  and  various  smaller 
streams.  It  is  generally  fiat,  and  destitute  of  wood.  In  many 
parts  there  is  a  deficiency  of  water,  tlie  smaller  streams  Ixing 
either  absorbed  by  the  heat  or  turned  aside  for  the  purpose 
of  irrigation;  wells  are  therefore  the  only  resource  of  the  in- 
habitants, 'fho  soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of 
Indigo,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  sugar;  wheat  and  barley,  how- 
ever, form  the  principal  crops,  and  rice  is  cultivated  in  the 
Tielnity  of  the  rivers.     Cotton  is  the  staple  product. 

AGUA.  i'grd.  or  AKBAHABAD,  ak-bdri-bad',  a  city  of 
Hindostan,  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  river  Jumna.  115  miles  S.S.E.  of  Delhi. 
740  miles  W.N'.W.  of  Calcutta.  («0  mUes  N.N.K.  of  Bomliay, 
and  1000  miles  X.  by  W.  of  .Madra.s.  Lat,  27°  11'  N.;  l<m. 
78°  E.  A  great  part  of  the  city  is  now  in  a  ruinous  state,  but 
it  still  maintains  much  of  its  original  splendor.  The  houses 
generally  are  lofty,  consisting  of  several  stories;  the  strnets 
are  extremely  narrow.  It  contains  no  modem  buildings 
of  any  note,  but  some  of  its  more  ancient  struct\ires  are  on 
a  scale  of  great  magnificence.  Of  these,  the  most  celebrated 
is  Taiy  or  Taj  Malinl,  a  mausoleum  built  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  by  the  Emperor  Shah  Jehan,  in  commemo- 
ration of  Xoor  Jehan.  his  favorite  queen.  This  superb  edi- 
tice,  the  finest  in  India,  and  probably  in  the  world,  stands  on 
the  banks  of  the  Jumna,  is  enclosed  on  three  sides  by  a  high 
redstone  wall,  and  forms  a  ([uadrangle  of  190  square  yards, 
with  a  lofty  dome  of  70  feet  diameter  in  the  centre,  and  ttiU 
minarets  rising  from  the  angles  in  the  terrace.  It  is  built 
of  white  marble;  and  the  great  central  hall,  in  which  are  the 
tombs  of  the  emperor  and  the  queen,  is  paved  with  alter- 
nate squares  of  various-colored  marble,  while  the  walls, 
tombs,  and  screens  are  ornamented  with  the  most  exquisite 
mosaic-work,  chiefly  of  cornelian,  lapis  lazuli,  and  jasix;r. 
The  chambers  and  corridors  which  suiTOund  the  hall  are 
finished  with  similar  elegance.  The  whole  cost  of  tlie 
building  is  said  to  have  been  3,174,802/.  sterling.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  beautiful  garden,  adorned  with  fountains 
of  white  marble,  and  containing  a  profusion  of  fine  trees  and 
flowering  shrubs.  It  is  now  in  charge  of  the  British  govern- 
ment, and  is  kept  in  the  highest  order.  Th(tfort  of  Agra  is 
large,  and  strongly  built  of  red  sandstone,  with  a  ditch,  a 
double  nimpiu-t.  and  bastion.  It  has  lieen  rep.aired  and 
much  Improved  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Britisli  garri- 
son. The  trade  of  Agra,  carried  on  partly  by  land  and  partly 
by  water,  consists  chiefly  in  the  exportation  of  indigo,  silk, 
and  sugar,  and  the  importation  of  horses,  camels,  grain, 
fresh  and  dried  fruits,  and  manufactured  silk  and  cotton. 
Pop.  in  1837,  96.597.  From  1504  to  1647,  Agra  was  the  seat 
of  the  Mohammedan  empire  in  India.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Briti-sh  in  the  Mahratta  war,  17th  of  October.  1803. 

AGRAKIUN.  ig-ril-kan',  a  cape  in  the  Caspian  Sea.  Rus- 
sian territory,  lat.  43°  40'  N.,  Ion.  48°  10'  E.,  with  a  bay  of 
the  same  name  on  the  N.  side. 

AGRAM,  6g*r6m/,  or  ZAORAB.  zl^sriy,  CL.  Zaffraha.)  a 
city  of  the  Austrian  empire,  capital  of  Croatia,  on  a  hill  near 
the  S.ave.  160  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  14,800.  It  is 
handsome :  has  many  good  buildings,  including  a  cathedral 
and  the  government  house.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  ban, 
and  seat  of  the  superior  courts  of  Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  the 


Ban.at;  and  has  a  royal  academy,  a  pyuinasium,  s^ietyo- 
music,  manufactures  of  silks  and  porceUin,  and  a  larg*' 
trade  in  corn  and  tobacco.  Two  journals  are  publisheO  iii 
the  town,  which  also  contains  2  libraries,  a  theological  semi- 
nary, civil  and  military  hospitals,  and  an  institution  fur 
sisters  of  charity. 

AGRAMUNT,  i-grd-moonf,  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia, 
30  miles  N.E.  of  Lerida,  on  the  Sio.  Pop.  26.80.  It  has  a 
cathedral  school  of  jjrimary  instruction,  and  a  square  in 
which  is  an  artesian  fountain. 
AGKAPHA,  a/grl-fit,  a  village  in  the  Isle  of  Corfu. 
AGI{.\PIIO,  a/gri-fo,  a  part  of  the  Pindus  range  of  moun- 
tains, in  Greece,  between  Thessaly  and  Epirus. 

AOREDA,  ag-riVna,  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Castile,  at  the 
foot  of  .Aloncaldo,  23  miles  N.K.  of  Soria.  Pop.  3847.  It  is 
divideil  by  the  Quciles,  which  is  crossed  by  a  magnificent 
stone  bridge  of  one  arch.    Commerce  in  grain  and  fruit. 

AGRED.\,  ag-r.Vdi.  a  town  of  Houth  America,  New  Gra- 
nada, province  of  Pofiavan,  with  gold-mines. 

AGREED.  AGRlli.  "a-greel/,  AGARRIB.  aV3r-roelV,  or 
GRARIB,  gra-reeW,  MOUNT,  a  remarkable  mountain  of 
Central  Egj'pt.  almut  16  miles  Inland  from  the  ccwst  of  the 
Gulf  of  Suez.  Lilt.  28°  12'  N.;  Ion.  32°  42'  E.  It  is  of  a 
conical  form,  and  of  so  great  a  height  that  it  can  bo  seen  at 
a  distance  of  loo  miles. 
AGRIA.  SeeEnuu. 
AGRIGENTUM.    .S'e  GreoF.VTl. 

AGTELEK,  fig'fciU^k',  a  village  of  Ilunpary,  county  of 
Giimor,  celebrated  for  the  stalactit*-  grotto  of  Baradla. 

AGUA  CALIENTE,  a/gwa  kaii-fn't.'i.  (i.e.  "warm  wat«r," 
or  "  warm  spring,")  a  small  settlement  in  San  Diego  co..  Ca- 
lifornia, al)Out  60  miles  N.E.  of  San  Diego.  It  is  named  from 
a  warm  spring  in  the  vicinity. 

AGUAS  CAUENTES.  i'gwis  ka-le-?n'tJs.  a  town  of  Mexico, 
state  of  .\gu.is  Calientes.  270  ndles  N'.W.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Lat.  22°  N.,  Ion.  101°  45' W.  It  stands  in  a  level  plain  upwards 
of  OtiOO  feet  above  the  sea,  and  is  very  favoral>ly  .situated  for 
trade,  the  great  road  from  Zacat^cas  to  Sonora  and  Durango 
crossing  here  the  highway  from  San  Luis  Pofosi  toGuadnl.i- 
jar.a.  It  has  numerous  churches,  three  convents,  and  a  hos- 
pital, and  is  surrounded  by  rich  gardens,  with  olives,  vines, 
figs,  pears.  &c.  In  the  vicinity  are  two  warm  mineral  springs, 
from  which  the  town  takes  its  name.  Estiniate<J  pop.  20,000l 
AGUAS  CAidENTES.  a  recently  organized  sUle  in  the 
S.E.  central  part  of  Mexico.  Capital,  .\gua8  Calientes.  Pop. 
lu  18.54.81.727. 

AGU.\C1I.\I*A,  a'gwa-cha'p.l,  a  town  of  Guatemala,  pro- 
vince of  San  Salvador.  It  lies  about  30  miles  from  the 
Pacific,  on  the  road  between  the  city  of  Guatemala  and 
Sonsonate.     Lat.  14°  N.,  Ion.  89°  40'  W. 

A<iU.\I)ILL.\.  a-gwa-neel'ya.  a  town  and  seaport  of  the  An- 
tilles, island  of  Porto  Rico,  on  its  N.W.  coast,  tJ5  miles  W.  of 
San  Juan.     I'op.  2500.  (?)    The  anchorage  is  good. 

AGUA  DULCE.a/gwa  dool'sA.  (i.e.  "sweet  water,")  a  creek 
of  Nueces  co..  Texas,  flows  into  I.aguna  del  Madre. 

AGC.A.  FRI.\,  a'gwd  tree's,  (i.e.  "cold  water."  or  "cold 
spring.")  a  small  village  of  New  Mexico,  in  Santa  Fe  co., 
about  fi  nules  S.W.  of  Sant.-i  F'e. 

AGU-\  FRIA.  a  post-town  in  Mariposa  co..  California,  in 
the  mining  district,  at  the  W.  ba.se  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It 
is  about  70  miles  S.E.  of  Stockton,  on  a  creek  of  its  own 
name,  flowinir  into  Mariposa  river. 

AGUAl'Ein.  aVwi-pA-hee'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  near  lat. 
1fi°  15'  S.,  and,  after  a  coui-se  of  about  100  miles,  falls  into 
the  .Tanru,  an  aftluent  of  the  Parairuav. 

AGUA,  VOLCAN  DE,  vol-kan'  dA  a'gwS,  (i.e.  "volcano  of 
water,")  a  mountain  of  Central  America,  state  and  25  miles 
S.W.  of  Guatemala:  its  crater  is  15.000  fwt  aliove  the  sea. 

AGDEDA.  a-gA'i>a.  a  river  of  Spain,  affluent  of  the  Douro, 
formimr  part  of  the  frontier  of  Portugal,  on  the  N.E.of  Beira. 
AGU1L.\.  a/ghe-ia.  or  ag'wil-a,  a  small  creek  of  Victoria  co., 
Texas,  falling  into  Lavacca  bay. 

AGUILAR,  d-ghe-laR',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  in  a 
vallev  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  516. 

AGUILAR  DE  CAMPO,  a-srhe-laR/  dA  kjm'po.  a  town  of 
Spain.  59  miles  N.N.E.  of  Palencia.  on  the  Pisuerga,  sur- 
rounded by  ruined  walls:  with  a  school  of  primary  instruc- 
tion and  a  public  hospital.     Pop.  618. 

AGUILAR  DE  CAMPOS,  a-ghe-Ian/  dA  kSm'poce,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  34  miles  N.W.  of  Valladolid,  with  an 
ancient  castle.     Pop.  775. 

AGUILAR  DE  LA  FRONTERA.  i-ghe-lan/  dA  la  fron- 
iVr.-l,  a  town  of  Spain,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cordova,  capital 
of  the  judicial  district,  on  the  Cabra,  is  remarkable  for  the 
whiteness  of  its  houses  and  the  cleanliness  of  its  streets 
It  iias,  besides  three  elegant  public  squares,  a  new  town- 
hall,  several  chapels,  a  ho.spital.  a  dismantled  Aloorish  cas 
tie,  and  several  schools.  Trades  in  corn  and  wine.  Pop 
11,836. 

AGUILAS.  a/ghe-lAs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Murcia, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  37  miles  S.W.  of  Cartagena,  with  a 
small  but  very  secure  port:  residence  of  vice-consuls  of  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Portugal.  It  is  regular  and  well  built, 
with  a  castle  and  a  fortress  garrisoned  by  100  men.  Chief 
commerce,  export  of  grain.    Pop.  4832,  including  garrison, 

39 


AGU 


AIG 


AGtriLLA  or  AGUII  A.  (a-gwilla?)  CREEK,  Texas,  flows 
southward,  and  enters  the  Brazos  in  MacLennan  county. 

AGUIMES,  (Aftiiimcs.)  i-gwec'mJs,  a  town  of  the  Grand 
Canary  Island,  at  the  foot  of  Slount  Guayadeque,  and  about 
1100  feet  above  the  sea-level.    Pop.  3073. 

AGULEMTZA,  S-goo-lA-nifsi,  a  town  of  Greece,  in  the 
Morea,  government  of  Triphylia,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Koophia,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Gastooni.  It  has  some  trade  in 
wine,  &c. 

AGULIIAS,  d-gool'yJs,  (sometimes  improperly  written 
LAGULLAS,)  CAPE  and  BANK.  The  former  is  in  lat.  34° 
51'  30"  S.,  Ion.  19°  56'  30"  E.,  being  the  southernmost  point 
of  Africa,  is  situated  about  100  miles  E.S.E.  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Its  highest  part  is  -loS  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  A  lighthouse  has  been  recently  erected  on  the 
cape,  the  light  of  which  was  exhibited  for  the  first  time 
March  1,  1S49.  The  structure  stands  on  an  elevation  of 
about  52  feet  above  high  water. 

AIIADKOI,  S-hM-koy/,  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  Ana- 
tolia, 6  miles  from  Ushak.  It  has  ruins  supposed  to  be 
those  of  ancient  Trajanopolis. 

AHAGUAY,  dh-it-gwi',  a  slave-port  on  the  E.  coast  of  Gui- 
nea, about  lat.  6°  0'  15"  N.;  Ion.  1°  45'  E. 

AIIAXT  A,  a-hdn'ta,  a  kingdom  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa, 
extending  from  Ancobra  to  the  Chama;  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  Apollonia,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  I'antee  territories.  It  is 
the  richest,  and,  in  every  respect,  most  improved  district  on 
this  coast.  It  is  now,  like  the  whole  of  the  Gold  Coast,  sub- 
ject to  the  kingdom  of  Ashantee. 

AIIAH,  i-hai-',  a  town  of  Persia,  provinceof  Azerbaijan,  on 
an  afHuent  of  the  Koor,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Tabreez.  It  has 
700  houses  enclosed  by  a  ruined  wall. 

AIIASCPiAGII,  fc'krd  or  ds'krdH,  a  town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  co.  of  Galway.  The  town  is  neat  and  clean — a  rare 
occurrence  in  this  part  of  Ireland. 

AIIAUS,  3/h6wss,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  on  the 
Aa,  27  miles  W.X.W.  of  Milnster,  with  a  castle,  tlie  residence 
of  the  prince  of  Salm-Kyrburg.  Manufactures  of  linen  and 
tobacco.    Pop.  1072. 

Aim,  i>ee'  or  I'yee',  or  PEACOCIC  ISLAND,  a  small  unin- 
habited island  in  the  Low  Archipelago,  or  Panmotu  group. 
South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  14°  35'  S.;  Ion.  143°  8'  W.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  coral  belt  from  200  to  500  feet  in  breadth. 

AHIOLO,  a-Hee'o-lo,  AKHIOLI,  iK-heeVlee',  or  AKI  ALEE, 
J-kee'd-lee',  (anc.  Anchifale,  Anchi>alus,}  a  town  and  seaport 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  Black  Sea,  48 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Varna.  It  has  some  trade  in  •  salt,  procured 
from  springs  in  the  neighborhood. 

AIILEN,  Men,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westjihalia.  18  miles 
S.E.  of  MUuster,  on  the  Worse.  Pop.  2050 ;  with  distilleries, 
oil-mills,  and  linen  weaving. 

AHLFELD,  or  ALFELD,  iVtilt,  a  town  of  Hanover,  on  the 
Lcine  and  Warne,  27  miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Hanover.  P.  2.370. 

AHLTEN,  ^I'ten,  a  town  of  Hanover,  Luneburg,  on  the 
Aller,  7  miles  E.  of  Hanover,  with  a  castle.    Pop.  800. 

AHMAR  or  EL-AIIMAR,  el-dli'mer,  (the  "  red  mound,") 
called  also  EL-KOM,  the  site  of  Hierac(mpoHs,a.  very  ancient 
city  of  Upper  Egypt,  which  stood  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile, 
about  lat.  25°  10'  N.,  Ion.  32''  40'  E.,  neariy  opposite  El-Kab. 

AHMED  AIJ  AD,  H/meA-'i-Hd',  (i.e.  "  abode  of  Ahmed,")  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Guzerat, 
on  the  Subbermuttee.  120  miles  N.N.W.  of  Surat.  Lat.  23°  1' 
N. ;  Ion.  72°  48'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  100,000.  The  city  is  6 
miles  in  circumference,  strongly  walled,  and  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  magnificence,  but  is  now  much  decayed,  having 
been  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1822.  The 
mosque  and  tomb  of  Ahmed  deserve  notice.  Here  are  the 
head-quarters  of  the  N .  division  of  the  Bombay  army. 

AIDIEDNUGGUR,  Sh'med-nag'gtir,  a  city  and  fort,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Seena,  64  miles  N.E. 
of  Poonah.  Pop.  20,000.  (?)  The  city,  enclosed  by  a  wall,  is 
half  a  mile  from  the  fort,  which  is  stone  built,  1  mile  in  cir- 
cuit, and  occupied  by  a  British  garrison.  It  was  taken  by 
the  British  under  General  Wellesley,  August  12,  1803.  Near 
it  is  a  fine  pjilaee  of  the  former  native  princes. 

AHMEDNUGGUR,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Guzerat, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Subbermuttee.  Lat.  23°  40'  N.;  Ion. 
73°  10'  E. 

AH'MEDPOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  11  miles  S.W.  of 
Juggernaut. 

AHMED1>00R-BARRA,  bar'rj,  (t.  e. "  the  great,")  a  town 
of  Bhawlpixir,  Hindostan,  in  a  well-irrigated  and  fertilized 
tract,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Bhawlpoor.  Pop.  20,000.  (?)  It  is 
meanly  built,  but  has  a  large  mosque,  a  fort,  and  manufac- 
tui-es  of  matchlocks,  gunpowder,  cotton,  silks,  and  scarfs, 

AHMEDPOOR-CHUTA,  choo/ta,  (i. e. "  the  little,")  a  town 
in  Hindostan,  Bhawlp*)or,  near  the  Indus.  It  is  large,  and 
enclosed  liy  mud  walls  movinting  a  fijw  cannon. 

AH^MOOD',  atown  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
district  and  12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Baroach.  Pop.  in  1S32, 
13,144. 

AHOGHILL,  l-h5ii'il,  almost  d-hoU',  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Antrim. 

AHK  or  AAK,  fe,  a  river  of  Prussia,  province  of  Ijower 
Rhine,  rising  in  the  Eiffelberg  mountains,  and  fiUling  into  the 
40 


Rhine  near  Sinzig,  and  opposite  the  town  of  Lintz,  after  a 
course  of  about  30  miles. 

AHRENSBOK,  (Ahrensbiik,)  i'rens-bok\  a  village  of  Den- 
mark,ln  Ilolstein,  10  miles  N.K.  of  Lubeck.    Pop.  1200. 

AHRENSBURG,  S/rens-bOdRG',  a  village  of  Denmark.  In 
Ilolstein,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Hamburg.  Pop.,  with  adjacent  vil 
lage  of  Woldenhorn,  1000. 

AHRWEILER,  dR/wfler,  a  walled  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, 23  miles  N.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Ahr,  the  centre  of  the 
wine  trade  of  the  Ahr  valley.  Manufactmes  woollens  and 
leather.    Pop.  2600. 

AHUN,  a^Cix"'  or  i^htiN"',  (anc.  Ag';dn/num.)  a  town  ol 
France,  department  of  Creuse,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Gueret.  Pop. 
2242.  In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  coal-mines.  It  was  for- 
merly important,  and  has  several  interesting  ruins. 

Alius  or  AHUIS,  c/hooss,  a  maritime  village  of  Sweden, 
canton  of  Christianstad,  on  the  Baltic,12mi]es,S.E.  of  Chris- 
tianstad,  of  which  it  is  the  port,  having  a  good  harbor  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Helged. 

AHWAZ,  JhVdz',  or  AlPWUZ',  (written  also  HAWAZ,)  a 
small  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khoozistan,  48  miles  S. 
of  Shooster,  on  the  Karoon.     Lat.  31°  22'  N.,  Ion.  49°  E. 

AI,  a  postK)flice  of  Fulton  CO.,  Ohio. 

AI,  i,  a  river  of  Russia  in  Europe,  province  of  Orenboorg, 
rising  in  the  W.  slopes  of  the  Ural  mountains,  flows  gene- 
rally N.W.,  and  falls  into  the  river  Oofa,  after  a  course  of 
aliout  170  miles. 

AI,  a  town  of  France.    See  At. 

AIAS,  (Aias,)  fis,  (anc.  ^fga,)  a  town  and  seaport  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  N.W.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Iskanderoon,  35 
miles  S.E.  of  Adaua. 

AIASALUK,  or  AIASALOUK.    See  Atasoolook. 

AICHA  or  AYCIIA,  i'Kd,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  19  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  liuntzlau. 

AICHACH,  I'KdK,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Paar,  11  mUes 
N.E.  of  Augsburg.    Pop.  1570. 

AID,  a  post-township  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Ohio,  about  100  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1425. 

AIDAB,  rddW;  or  DJIDYD,  je-deed',  a  seaport  town  of  Nu- 
bia, on  the  Red  Sea,  171  miles  N.W.  of  Berenice;  lat.  22°  3' 
N.,  Ion.  37°  10'  E. 

AIDIN,  i-deen',or6UZEL-HISSAR,gu'zul',  his^safi',  writ- 
ten also  IDEN,  (.inc.  TraVles.)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa- 
shalic  of  Anatolia,  on  the  Mender,  about  CO  miles  S.E.  of 
Smyrna.  It  is  4  miles  in  circvut,  and  is  the  residence  of  a 
pasha,  and  a  place  of  great  trade,  being  next  in  commercial 
rank  to  Smyrna.  Bazaars,  shaded  by  trees,  line  the  streets 
It  contains  many  fine  mosques,  churches,  and  synagogues. 

AIDIN JIK,  fdln-jeek',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pa-'halic  of 
Anatolia,  near  the  peninsula  of  Cyzicus  and  Sea  of  Marmora, 
60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Brusa.    It  has  400  or  500  houses. 

AIDONE,  i-do'ni,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Catania,  35 
miles  S.W.  of  Catania.    Pop.  3800. 

AIDOS,  i'dos\  a  town  of  EuropeanTurkey,  in  Room-Elee, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Adrianople. 
It  has  extensive  ruins. 

AIGASH,  i'gash',  or  AIGAS,  A-giss/,  a  small  but  beauti- 
ful island  in  Iverness-shire,  Scotland,  formed  by  the  rivei 
Beauly. 

AIGEN,  i'ghen,  the  n.ime  of  numerous  small  places  in 
Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Wtirtemberg. 

AIGLE,  A'g'l,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  A'aud,  21 
miles  S.E.  of  Lausanne.  Black  marble  is  quarried  in  its 
vicinitv. 

AIGLE,  a  cape  of  France.    See  Laigle. 

AIGRE,  aigR  or  5gR,  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  Charente,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Angouleme. 

AIGREFEUILLE,  aig'r'ful'  or  ggV'f  u'ye,  the  name  of  two 
villages  of  France ;  one  in  the  department  of  Chaiente  In- 
ferienre.  and  the  other  in  Loire  Iiiferieure. 

AIGUEBELLE,  aig'^bJU',  a  small  but  prosperous  town  of 
Savoy,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Arc,  15  miles  E.  of  ChambSry. 
Celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  by  the  French  and  Spa- 
niards over  the  troops  of  the  king  of  Savoy,  in  1742.  Near  it 
begins  the  road  constructed  by  Napoleon  over   Mont  Cenis. 

AIGUEBLANCHE,  aig'blSxsh',  a  villjige  of  Piedmont, 
Savoy,  birthplaae  of  Peter  of  Aigueblanche,  Bishop  of  Here- 
ford. 

AIGUEPERSE,  aig^pZnss',  (L.  A'qtia  Sparha.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  lUom. 
Pop.  about  2700.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  and  mineral 
springs. 

AIGUES-JIORTES,  aig'moKtA  (L.  A'quo'  Mor'tuxt,)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Gard,  in  a  m.arshy  tract,  3  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean,  and  21  miles  S.W.  of  Mmes.  Pop. 
4046.  It  was  founded  by  St.  Lnuis  in  1248,  and  still  retains 
its  ancient  fortifications,  which  present  a  perfect  specimen 
of  a  feudal  fortress.  The  town  is  poor  and  mean,  but  has 
considerable  trade  in  fish,  fresh  and  salted,  exported  by 
the  canal  of  Beaucaire  and  the  Grand  Roubine  canal. 

AIGUES-VIVES,  aigVeev',  (L.  Alqwr-  Vi'vn;,)  a  villasre  cf 
France,  department  of  Gard,  S.S.W.  of  Nlmes.  Pop.  »6s7  • 
with  considerable  distilleries  of  eau-de-vie. 

AIG  UILLE,  L',  l.Vgheel'  or  l^V'hco'y?;  (tbe  needle,)  a  r.oun- 
tain  of  France,  formerly  reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders 


AIG 


AIX 


of  DauphinS,  on  the  left  of  the  trreat  road  from  Grenoble  to 
Gap,  65ii2  feet  a^«ve  the  leTcl  of  the  sea. 

AIGlilLLON,  li''^hee^y />;*''',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  IiOt-et-Oarno  ne,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lot  with  the  Ga- 
ronne, 15  miles  N.W.  of  A<;en.  Pop.  4020.  It  has  a  com- 
munal college,  and  was  formerly  a  place  of  great  strength; 
its  fortress  was  successfully  held  by  the  Engli-sh  in  li!45 
against  a  numerous  French  army. 

AIGURANDE,  i^gtlVfi.vd',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Indro,  13  miles  S.VV.  of  La  Chatro.     I'op.  (1852)  23.'H0. 

AIIIA,  I'hd\  a  walled  town  of  .Mantchooria,  province  of 
Leaotong,  100  miles  E.  of  Nieu-tchuang. 

AUKRIJAXGLS.  i'yer-bang'ghis.a  town  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indies,  capital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  30  miles  ."*.  E.  of  Natal. 

AI'KEN,  a  i)ost-office  of  Barnwell  district,  South  Carolina. 

AIKTON,  aik'ton,  a  parish  of  H^glan'd,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

AIL.\1I,  ndh',  or  ELAXA,  li-ld'ni,  a  decayed  town  of  Ara- 
bia, in  the  Ilejaz,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah, 
and  130  miles  E.  of  Suez. 

AILOCIIE,  AUosh'.  a  small  town  of  Piedmont,  province  of 
Vercelli,  in  a  rich  territory.     Pop.  727. 

AILS.4.  (.-ile'sa)  CRAIG,  a  remarkable  Insulated  rook  of  co- 
lumnar ba.salt,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  in  Scot- 
land, rising  to  an  elevatiim  of  1000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.     Ijat.  5.5°  15'  N. ;  Ion.  5°  7'  VV. 

AILU,  I'loo\  a  small  island  in  the  North  Pacific  ocean  flat. 
10°  27'  N.,  Ion.  170°  E. 

AIMARAEZ,  i-md-rj-e.s',  almost  i-md-rlce',  a  province  of 
Peru,  department  of  Cuzco,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cordillera  de 
Iluambo,  extending  about  l.'JO  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  20 
from  E.  to  W.,  and  comprising  60  villages.     Pop.  1850, 18,258. 

AIJIAUfiUE.S,  .VmaRg'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gard,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Mme.s.     Pop.  2651. 

AIME  or  .\YME,  aim  or  Im,  (anc.  Axima,)  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  St!>tes,  Savoy,  province  of  Tarantalse,  9  miles 
N.E.  of  Mouticrs.  Pop.  1050.  It  has  remains  of  ancient 
edifices. 

AIX,  Ky.  (anc.  Daniix  f)  a  river  of  France,  rises  In  the  Jura 
mountains,  near  Nozeroy,  and  joins  the  Rhone  on  the  right, 
18  miles  above  Lyons. 

A  IN,  a  frontier  department  in  the  E.  of  France,  bordering 
on  Savoy.  Area,  2258  square  mile.s.  i'op.  (1801)  369,707.  On 
the  E.  it  is  mountainous,  and  in  the  S.  and  W.  marshy. 
The  Rhone  bounds  it  on  the  S.,  and  the  SaOne  on  the  W. ; 
the  Ain  traverses  its  centre.  Chief  town,  Rourg.  The  whole 
numljer  of  lakes  in  the  department^ — the  largest  not  above 
"  miles  long — exceeds  1000.     It  forms  the  diocese  of  Belley. 

AIN,  Ane.  or  ine.  an  Arabic  word  signifying  '-fount^Ja," 
forming  a  part  of  the  names  of  numerous  places  in  Arabia 
and  North  Africa. 

AINAD,  Tndd',  or  ATNAUD.  Tnaud',  a  town  and  district 
of  Aniliia,  pi-oviiice  of  Iladramaut,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
VViidy  Ilagger,  about  207  miles  N  Ji.  of  Aden;  lat.  15°  12'  N., 
Ion.  47°  1(1'  W. 

AINAD.\.     See  Inada. 

AIN-.\M  KR.  Ane  i/mer,  a  village  of  Algeria,  Sahara  desert, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Oorgla :'  lat.  31°  N.,  Ion.  3°  8'  i;. 

AIXUEIiBY-STEEl'LE,  Ane'der-bi,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

AIN-MADI,  ,Ane-ini'dee^,  a  town  of  Northern  Africa,  Alge- 
ria, built  on  a  hill,  about  40  miles  W.  of  El-Aroot,  (or  El- 
Arout ;)  lat.  33°  53'  N..  Ion.  2°  48'  W. 

AIN-SALAII,  .Ane  (or  Ine)  sd/ldh,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the 
Sahaiu,  district  of  Tooat.  In  this  region  are  forests  of  date- 
palms,  grain,  cattle,  and  sheep. 

AI.\'-SEFR.\,  Ane  si^f'ri  a  village  of  Algeria,  151  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Oran;  lat.  33°  30'  N.,  lon.'l°  W. 

AIN-SEFISIFIA,  Ane  s-A-fe-se^fee/d,  or  simply  SEFISTFIA, 
a  village  of  Algeria.  161  miles  S.S.W.  of  Oran,  lat.  33°  25'  N., 
Ion.  1°  15'  W.,  on  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the 
S.  slope  of  the  Merad  hills. 

AINSTABLE,  Ane'sta-b"l,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

AINSTY,  Ane'st«e,  a  district  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  AVest 
itiding. 

AINT.VB,  rne-tdW,  (anc.  Antinchifa-ad-TMirum,)  a  town 
o"  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Taurus,  60 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Aleppo.  Pop.  20,000.  (?)  It  is  well  built, 
and  abundantly  supplied  with  water'.  It  h.as  large  bazaars, 
a  fertress,  manufactures  of  goatskins,  leather,  and  woollen 
cloths. 

AIN-TACAZZE,  ine-tl-kit's.A.  (t. «.  the  "  fountain  or  source 
of  the  Tacazze.")  a  small  lake  in  Abyssinia,  S.  part  of  the 
province  of  TigrS,  fi'om  which  flows  the  river  Tacazze,  one 
of  the  largest  streams  in  Abyssinia. 

AINUNAII,  I-noo'nd,  or  AINUNE,  I-noo'neh,  a  haven  of 
ikrabU,  on  the  Red  Sea,  E.  of  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of 
.\kabah ;  lat.  28°  3'  N.,  Ion.  35°  18'  E.  The  interior  of  the 
liaven  is  atout  12  miles  long.  6  broad,  and  from  12  to  13 
•athoras  in  depth,  and  is  the  only  secure  place  of  shelter  in 
the  N.  end  of  the  Red  Sea. 

AIOU,  rew\  (or  YOWL)  ISLANDS,  a  circular  group  of  low 
isles  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  about  100  miles  X.  by  W. 
Crom  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Papua  or  New  Guinea. 


AIR,  a  town  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylrania,  on  Big  Core 

creek. 

AIR,  a  post-oflSce  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri. 

AIR  or  AHIR,  d-eeR/,  or  d-heeR/.    See  Asbe\. 

AIR,  POINT  OF,  in  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint,  at  the  ^f 
entrance  of  the  river  Dee;  lat.  53°  21'  26"  N.,  Ion.  3°  1'/  l* 
W.    There  is  here  a  round  tower,  having  two  fixed  lights. 

AIRAINES,  A'rAne'  or  A\-6n',  a  commune  and  town  of 
France,  department  of  Somme,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Aniien«, 
with  important  manufactures  of  vegetible  oils.     Pop.  2061 

AIRASCA,  i-rds'ka,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  5  miles  E.N.E. 
of  IMnerolo.     Pop.  1700. 

AIRDltlE,  air'dree,  a  parliamentary  and  muni<ipal  bo- 
rough and  niarketrtown  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  parish  of 
New  Monkland,  11  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Glasgow,  with  whioh  it 
is  connected  by  canal  and  railway.  The  town  is  divided 
into  two  parishes.  Pop.  in  1851, 14,435.  It  Is  well  built, 
paved,  and  light*»d  with  gas;  has  a  neat  town-house, branch 
banks,  and  several  schools  and  charities.  It  owes  its  rapid 
growth  to  the  iron  and  coal  of  its  vicinity,  now  very  exten- 
sively wrought,  and  to  its  proximity  to  Glasgow,  in  the  ma- 
nufactures of  which  city  its  weavers  are  engaged.  It  unites 
with  Lanark,  Hamilton,  &c.  in  sending  one  member  to  the 
llou.so  of  Commons. 

AIRDS,  airdz.  THE,  a  district  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
remarkable  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 

AIKD'S  MOSS,  a  tract  of  moorland  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr, 
Ixjtween  the  Ayr  and  Lugar. 

AIRE,  aiR,  or  AIRE-SUR-LA-LYS,  4n-sllR-U  leece,  a  forti- 
fied town  of  France,  department  of  Pas-de-Calals,  on  the 
Lys.  (which  communicates  with  the  Deule  by  the  Canal 
of  Aire  and  La  Bassee.)  10  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Omer.  Pop. 
in  1852,  8781.  It  is  well  built,  has  a  Gothic  church  and 
belfry,  barracks  for  6000  men,  manufactures  of  woollen 
stuff:*  and  yarn,  hats,  soaps.  &c. 

AIRE,  Ar,  or  AlRI>SUK-L'ADOUR,  AR-siiR-ldMooR',  (ane. 
Vilcaa  Ju'liiu,  afterwards  Atufrts.)  an  ancient  cpiscopsvl 
town  of  France,  situated  near  the  E.  boundary  of  the  de 
partment  of  Lancies,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Adour.  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Mont  de  Marsan.  It  is  well  and  regularly  built,  and 
contains  a  college  and  cathedral.  It  was  at  one  time  im- 
portant as  the  capital  of  the  Visigoths.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4S17. 

AIRE,  air.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork.  joins  the  Ouse 
5  miles  N.W.  of  Ooole.    Chief  affluent,  the  Calder. 

AIR  or  AY'RE,  air  or  Ar,  Point  of,  Isle  of  Man,  the 
fHost  northerly  point  of  the  island.  L;it.  54°  25'  N. ;  Ion.  4° 
26'  W.  There"  Is  a  lighthou.se  on  this  point,  with  a  single 
revolving  light,  106  feet  atnive  the  level  of  the  sea. 

AIRLIE.  alrHee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

AIR  MOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Alabama,  118 
miles  S.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

AIROL.^,  f-nyii,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Ijivoro,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Naples.     I'op.  4260. 

AIROLO,  I-roOo,  a  villageof  Switzerland. canton  of  Tessin, 
on  the  S.  side  of  Mount  St.  Gothiud,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Bel- 
linzona.  Pop.  860.  This  was  the  scene  of  a  sanguinary 
bjittle  lietween  the  Russians  and  French,  in  which  the  for- 
mer wore  victorious,  13th  of  September,  1799. 

AIRTIL  Arth.  a  i>.arish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stir^ 
ling,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Falkirk. 

AlitVAULT,  aiaVo',  a  well-built  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sevres,  on  the  Thouet,  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Par- 
thenay.  Pop.  (1852)  1942. 

AISNE,  ain  or  in,  {&uc.  Axiana,)  &  river  of  France,  rises 
at  Somme-Aisne.  department  of  Meuse,  passes  Chateau  Por- 
cien,  where  it  becomes  navigable,  flows  by  Solssons,  and  Is 
joined  by  the  Oise  on  the  left,  near  Compiegne.  Length, 
20  miles.  The  canal  of  Ardennes  connects  it  with  the 
Meu.se. 

AISNE.  a  department  in  the  N.  of  France.  Pop.  (1861) 
.504.597.  Area,  2322  square  miles.  Surface,  fiat ;  soil,  fertile ; 
agriculture,  good.  Chief  rivers,  JIarne  in  the  S..  Oise  in  the 
N.,  and  Aisne  in  the  centre — all  navigable.  Manufactures 
very  important.     Principiil  town.  I^aon. 

AISTIIORPE,  As'thorp,  or  EAST  THORPE,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AIT'KIN  LAKE,  in  the  N.  paj-t  of  the  state  of  Minnesota, 
N.  of  Sandy  Lake. 

AIT'KIN'S  FERRY,  in  Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi 
river,  near  the  Fourth  Rapids. 

AITHSTING,  Ath'sting.  a  maritime  pariish  of  Shetland, 
mainland.    The  Bay  of  Aith  affords  good  anchorage. 

AIX,  Aks,  (anc.  A'qum  Sex>ti(F.)  a  city  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Bouclies-du-Rhone,  capital  of  the  arrondissement,  in 
a  plain,  17  miles  N.  of  Marseilles.  Pop.  (1852)  27,255.  It 
still  retains  its  feudal  walls  and  gates.  The  modern  town  is 
well  built,  with  squares,  fountains,  and  boulevards.  It  is 
the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  and  has  a  fine  cathedral,  palace, 
town-h.all,  royal  court,  royal  academy,  a  library  of  100,000 
volumes,  museum,  royal  college,  barracks,  public  granaries, 
and  numerous  public  buildings.  Aix  is  denominated  the 
Athens  of  the  S.  of  France.  The  hot  s;iline  spring  used  by 
the  Romans  exists  in  a  suburb,  where  are  several  remains 
of  antiq^uity.  Aix  tiae  cottou-tlu'ead  and  silk  iactories,  clotl^ 

41 


i.IX 

p-inting  works,  and    m  artive  trade  in  fine  oliveoil  and 
fiuite. 

AIX  (anc.  A'quce  Oratia>n<T,)  a  very  ancient  town  of  Sar- 
dinia, province  of  Savoy,  8  miles  X.  of  Chamlfery,  in  a  fer- 
tile and  delijrhtful  viUley  near  tlie  Lalie  of  Bourget.  Pop. 
8500.  It  is  celebrated  and  mucii  resorted  to  for  its  tliermal 
waters,  and  has  nuniernii?  remains  of  antiquity. 

AIXE,  aix,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute  Tienne. 
«apital  of  the  canton,  0  miles  S.W.  of  Limoges,  on  the  left 
tank  of  the  Vienne.     Pop.  (1852)  2803. 

AIX  D'ANGILLOX.aix  d5N«^  zhee'y As"',  a  town  of  France, 
lepartmeut  of  Cher,  12  miles  X.E.  of  Bourges. 

AIX-EN-OTHE,  aix-ftn-ot,  a  town  of  France,  department 
■>f  Aube,  capital  of  the  canton,  15  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Troyes. 
Pop.  of  commune,  (1852)  2310. 

AIX,  ILE  D',  eel  daix.  a  small  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
France,  department  of  Charente  Inffirieure.  14  miles  N.AV.of 
Koohefort,  Pop.  260.  It  has  a  strong  military  fort.  There 
are  villages  of  this  name  in  the  departments  of  Xord,  Cor- 
rtze.  Cher,  and  Pas-de-Calais. 

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE,  .Aks-lJ-sha>>n',  (T..  Jquix  Oranum, 
Ger.  Aachen,  d/ken.  i.  e.  the  "  waters"  or  "  fountains,"  corre- 
sponding to  the  Latin  Aqiue,  a  name  often  given  hy  the  Ro- 
mans to  warm  springs ;  see  Aa.)  a  frontier  city  of  Rhenish 
Pruijsia,  capital  of  the  government,  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Co- 
logne, on  the  railway  from  Liege  to  Cologne.  Pop.  58,ft53. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  with  ramparts  and  fosses,  and  is 
well  built  and  handsome,  with  a  cathedral  founded  in  790, 
a  large  town-hall  on  the  site  of  Charlem.agne's  palace,  several 
fine  churches,  celebrated  mineral  baths,  (temperature  from 
111°  to  114°  Fahr,.)  many  hospitals,  a  public  library,  gym- 
nasium, chamber  of  commei-ce,  and  an  elegant  theatre.  As 
the  chief  station  of  the  Belgo-Rhenish  railway,  connecting 
with  Antwerp,  Ostend,  and  Cologne,  Aix-!a-Chapelle  affords 
an  extensive  mart  to  the  commerce  of  Prussi.a,  and  is  the 
seat  of  commercial  and  Cictory  courts.  It  was  formerly  emi- 
nent as  a  manufacturing  city,  especially  of  cloth  and  needles, 
and  its  prosperity  in  this  respect  seems  of  late  to  be  reviving. 
Its  wooUen  cloths  are  highly  esteemed  on  the  continent  of 
Europe.  In  1846,  there  were  2362  hand  and  power  looms 
employed  in  this  manufacture ;  62  spinning  factories,  with 
62,699  spindles,  for  carded,  and  7  mills,  with  6570  spindles, 
for  comljed  wool. 

In  the  market'-place  is  a  bronze  statue  of  Charlemagne, 
whose  fiivorite  residence  was  here,  and  whose  successors  in 
the  empire  were  crowned  at  Aix-ia-Chapelle  until  the  six- 
teenth century.  Two  celebrated  treaties  of  peace  were  con- 
cluded here :  (1)  between  France  and  Sp:iin,  by  which  Franco 
secured  possession  of  Flanders,  in  1688 ;  and  (2)  in  1748,  which 
termi  nated  the  war  of  succession  in  Austria.  A  congress 
was  held  here  in  1818. 

AIZEXAY,  4'zfh-n.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vendue.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Bourbon- A'endSe.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, (1852)  3793. 

A.IACCIO.  3-yafcho.  or  A.TAZZO,  I-yit/so,  a  seaport,  the 
capital  of  Corsica,  is  situated  on  its  W.  coast,  at  the  N.  of 
the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  41°  54'  N.;  Ion.  8°  44'  E. 
Pop.  (1852)  11.944.  It  is  built  in  an  agreeable  situation, 
with  a  good  port  defended  by  a  citadel.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  and  has  a  cathedral  and  a  royal  court,  a  library  of 
18,000  volumes,  and  an  active  trade  in  wine,  oil,  and  coral. 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  was  born  here  on  the  15th  of  August, 
1769 :  the  house  is  still  standing,  and  Is  one  of  the  best  on 
the  island. 

AJAN,  i-zh3n',  a  country  of  Africa,  extending  along  its 
E.  caist  from  Cape'  Gu.vdafui  to  Zanguebar,  between  lat.  4° 
and  11°  N.,  bounded  X.  by  Adel,  E.  by  the  Indian  Octaji. 
Chief  towns,  Brava,  Magadoxo,  and  Melinda. 

A.TASALUK.    See  Atasoolook. 

A.T.\ZZO.    SeeAjACCTO. 

AJEHO,  i*ye-ho',  (?)  a  town  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  terri- 
tory of  Maiitchooria,  120  miles  N.  of  Kirin,  and  75  miles  W. 
of  Soongaree.  It  is  of  recent  formation,  and  is  inhabited 
solely  by  Immigrants  from  Chiniu  The  population  amounts 
to  60.000.  and  Ls  daily  increasing. 

AJELLO.  i-yJllo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Co.senza.  Pop.  4000.  It  lias  a  fortress, 
and  is  supposed  to  replace  the  ancient  Tiksio. 

AJELL< ).  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Frincipato 
Cltra,  4  miles  N.N.K.  of  S-ilemo. 

A.J  KLLO,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  Abnizzo  Ultra  n.,  S.S.E. 
of  -t'luil.i. 

A.I  KLLO.  a  town  of  Hlyria.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Gorizia. 

AJKT.\.  3-yA'tl,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Otra.  8  miles  N.  of  Soalea.     Pop.  .34f»0. 

AJTSTAN.  ijis-tin'.  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak- 
Ajemee,80  miles  E.S.K.  of  Kashan.  It  is  large  and  straggling, 
is  surrounded  t>v  irardens.  and  has  a  roy.al  pilace. 

A.JMEER.  A.niEHE,  Jj-meer,  or  RAJPOOTANA.  r^-poo- 
tiL'ni,  a  city ,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  formerly 
the  capital  of  Agra,  is  situated  on  a  hill-elope,  crowned  by  a 
fortress,  220  miles  S.W.  of  Delhi.  Pop.  estimated  at  25.000. 
It  is  regularly  built  and  handsome,  has  a  large  bazaar,  and 
Is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  of  the  British  dominions 
In  the  East. 
42 


AKI 

A  JOFRIN,  3-HO-freen',  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  pro- 
vince and  9  miles  S.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  2S33. 

AiJUNTTAlI.  (the  "strong  pa.<:s,")  a  large  fortified  town 
of  British  India,  63  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Auningabad. 

AJL'RUOCA,  d-zhoo-roo-o'ki.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes.  on  the  Ajuruoca  liver,  here  cros.sed  by  a 
bridge,  117  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  The  district  is 
rich  in  tobacco,  millet,  mandioca.  sugar-cane,  and  coffee; 
and.  with  the  town,  contains  a  popul.ition  of  12.000. 

AKABAH.  in^i-H.  a  fortified  village  of  .\rabia.  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Gulf  of  .\kabah  near  its  N.  extremity.  Lat.  29°  24' 
30"  N. ;  Ion.  35°  6'  E. 

AKABAH.  l/kd-bi.  GULF  OF.  (anc.  Si'mis  ^hmrVicus,) 
an  inlet  forming  the  E.  horn  of  the  Red  Sea.  after  its  bifur- 
cation in  lat.  28<5  N.,  extends  N.N.E.  to  lat.  29°  36'  N..  bound- 
ing the  peninsula  o£  Sinai  on  the  E.  Average  breadth,  12 
miles.     It  has  lofty  and  phecipitous  shores. 

AK\A.LIGUR',atown  of  the  Punjab,  between  the  Chenauh 
and  Ravee.    Lat.  32°  17'  N.;  Ion.  73°  37'  E. 

AKALZIK.    See  Akhai.zikh. 

AKARAO.  i-ki-rifo.  a  harbor  or  inlet  in  the  island  of  New 
Munster,  New  Zealand.     Ijit.  43°  bi'  S. :  Ion.  173°  1'  E. 

AK.\SSA,  i-kiB-si',  NOON.  NOUN,  or  NUN,  noon,  a  town 
or  village  of  Morocco,  on  the  banks  and  near  the  mouths  of 
the  river  Noon. 

AK  ASSA,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  Noo!T. 

.\KASEE  or  AKASl,  d-ki-see',  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of 
Niphon. 

AKATO,  l-k3'to.a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon. 

AKASHANSK  or  AKASCIIANSK,  it-kdsh-ansk'.  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  lrkootsk,on  the  Onoru 

AK-BASHI-LIMAN,  the  ancient  Seii/js.    See  Sestos. 

AKBARABAR.     See  Aor.A. 

AK-DEYAVIN,  ^k-d.-l-yd-Teen',  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  40 
miles  S.E.  of  Aleppo,  with  some  remarkable  ruins. 

AKEER,  or  AKIR.i-keei-'.a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Pales- 
tine, near  the  right  bank  of  AVady-es-Surar. 

AKEHAM,  a  parish  of  England.     See  Actejra. 

AKELEY.  aikOee,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Buckingham. 

AKEN,  i'ken.  or  ACKEN.  dk'kgn.  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  tlie  left  bank  of  the  Ellje,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Magde- 
burg.    Pop.  4290. 

AKEN1I.\M.  aik'num.  a  pari.sh  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AKEI\EH.  S'kA-reh.  a  town  or  l.'u-ge  village  of  .\siatic  Tur- 
key, Koordistan.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Zebari  range,  35  miles 
N.E.  of  Mosul.     It  has  alout  500  houses. 

AKERSLOOT,  d/kfr-sl6te»,  a  villivge  of  the  Netherlands, 
North  Holland.     Pop.  964. 

AKERM.\N,  JHcer-mdn',  (anc.  Ti/'ra.i.)  a  fortified  town  of 
the  Russian  dominions,  province  of  Bessarat ia.  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Dniester,  ne;ir  its  mcmth  in  the  Black  Sea,  oppo- 
site Ovidiopol.  20  miles  S.AV.  of  Odessa.  Uit.  46°  11 '  51"  N.; 
Ion.  30°  21'  52"  E.  Pop.  with  2  suburbs.  26,0tX).  It  has  a 
port,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  salt  from  adjacent  lakes. 
The  famous  treaty  concluded  at  Akerman  in  1S20.  exempted 
the  Danubiau  provinces  from  all  but  a  nominal  dependence 
on  Turkey. 

AKERSUND.  J/kgr-soond\  a  town  of  Sweden,  on  the  N. 
shore  of  Lake  Wetter.  112  miles  W.S.AT.  of  Stockholm. 

AKII.UI  SIIEHK,  ifKA  sheh'r.  (AKHISSAK?)  a  small 
seaport  town  of  .\sia  Minor,  Anatolia,  on  the  Black  Sea, 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Ereglee.  Some  ship-building  is  here  car- 
ried on. 

AKHALKALAKL  a-Kdl-ka-ldniee,  or  AKHALKALAK.a 
town  and  fort  of  Russian  .\rmenia.  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Koor.  30  miles  S.E.  of  Akhalzikh. 

AKHALZIKM  or  AKALZIK,  d-Kjl-zeeK',  called  also  AKIS- 
KA,  d-kis'kd,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  province  of  Georgia, 
and  formerly  capital  of  a  Turkish  pashalic,  on  .an  aflluentof 
the  Koor,  103  miles  W.  of  Tiiiis.  Ltit.  41°  40'  N. :  Ion.  4;J°  1'  E. 
Pop.  in  183S.  10,000,  of  whom  two-thirds  were  .\rmenian8. 
It  has  a  castle  and  mosque^  with  a  college  and  liKiry.  many 
churches  and  a  synagogue.  Its  slave-market  has  been  sup- 
pressed; it  has  an  active  trade  in  silk  and  honev- 

AK-HISSAR,  ak"his-saR',  (i.  e.  "white  castle.")  or  EK-inS- 
S.AR.  (anc.  Thyo.U'ra.)  a  town  of  Asia  Jlinor.  pashalic  of  Ana- 
tolia. 58  miles  N  j:.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  60(10.  (?)  It  stands  on 
a  slight  eminence;  h.as  about  1000  Turkish.  300  Greek,  and 
30  Armenian  dwellings,  several  khans  and  bazaars,  a  Greek 
school,  and  many  remains  of  antiquity.  It  exports  cotton 
goods. 

AKIILAT,  JkMdt/,  or  ARDISH.aR'deesh',  a  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkev,  on  the  M'.  shore  of  Lake  Van,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Van. 
Pop.  5000. 

AKHMYM  or  ACHMIM,  jK-meem', sometimes  EKIOIYM, 
(anc.  Cliemhnis  and  Funnp>(Ah.)  a  town  of  Upper  Egvpt,  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Nile.    Lat.  26°  40'  N. ;  Ion.  31°  50'  E. 

AKHTIAR. a  toAvn  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Sevastopol. 

AKHTIRKA.    See  Achtyrka. 

AKI,  iTiee,  a  principality  of  Japan,  in  the  W.  portion  of 
the  island  of  Niphon. 

.4KINDA,  i-kin'di,  a  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of 
Niphon. 

,\KIXD.\TORI,  J-kln-dl-to'ree,  a  towp  of  Japan,  in  the 
island  of  Niphon. 


AKI 


ALA 


AKIN'S  (Vklnz)  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co., 

Arkansas. 

AKIR.    See  Akeeb. 

AKISKA.    See  AKIIALZTKII. 

AKKA,  dk'kS,  a  town  or  villaf^e  of  Sahara,  on  the  borders 
of  Morocco,  in  lat.  28°  30'  N. ;  Ion.  W  W.  It  is  a  sUtion  for 
the  caravans  between  Morocco  and  Timbuctoo. 

AKKA.     See  Ache. 

AKKKUM,dk'krilra,  avillageof Holland. provlnceof Fries- 
land.  ^  miles  N'.W.  of  Ilei'senveen,  and  7  miles  E.  of  Sneek. 

AlCLANSK,3k-lJnsk',  asarrisoned  town  iif  Siberia, govern- 
ment of  Okhotsk.     Lat.  02°  50'  N.,  Ion.  167°  E. 

AK.METCUET  or  AKMEDSIIID.    See  Simteropoi. 

AKNUR.    See  Agnur. 

AKOLAII,  d-k(/l3,  a  city  of  Ilindostan,  55  miles  S.W.  of 
EUichpoor.  It  is  enclosed  by  wall8,_aud  surrounded  by  ex- 
tensive ruins. 

AKOON  or  AKUN,  3'koon',  one  of  the  Aleutian  islands,  is 
an  active  volcano.    I>at.  54°  17'  N. ;  Ion.  105°  32'  W. 

AKOOSIIA  or  AKUSCIf  A,  3-koo'sh4,  a  territory  and  town 
of  Russia,  province  of  Daghestan.  The  former  occupies  the 
E.  slope  of  the  Caucasus.  The  town,  capital  of  the  district, 
is  situated  .55  miles  W.N'.W.  of  Derl)end. 

AKOOTAN  or  AKUTAX,  i-koo-tdn',  an  Island  and  active 
volcano  of  the  Aleutian  series,  3332  feet  in  height. 

AK()R.\,  i-k&ri,  a.  town  of  Afghanistan,  on  the  Cabool 
river.  lU  miles  N.W.  of  Attock. 

AKOUCHA.    See  Akoosha. 

AKOWA  AY,  d-ko-wM  or  d-ko-wi',  a  town  and  independent 
settlement  on  the  Guinea  coast.  The  former  is  well  built  for 
a  town  in  this  part  of  Africa.    Pop.  7000  to  800O. 

AKI'AU'NAY,  a  fortified  town  of  British  India,  presiden- 
;y  of  Bombay,  district  of  Candeish. 

AKUKK  or  AKRI,!ik'ree,  a  small  Moslem  villaffe  of  Pales- 
tine, 15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jerusalem ;  probably  the  ancient 
£l.ror>. 

AKRKYRI,  dkri'ree,  a  town  of  Iceland,  on  the  Eyiafiord; 
lat.  fi5°  40'  N.  It  has  a  good  harlwr,  and  is,  next  to  Klykla- 
vik,  the  most  important  trading  place  in  Iceland. 

AIv'RON,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  about  270 
miles  W.  of  Albany. 

AK'ROX,  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  town  of  Portage 
township,  and  capital  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and 
Erie  Canal,  at  its  junction  witli  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Canal,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and  /jinesvillo  liailroad,  38  miles 
S.  of  Cleveland.  It  occupies  the  highest  ground  on  the  lino 
of  the  canal  between  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio  river,  and  is 
400  feet  .ibove  tlie  lake.  By  means  of  the  canal  and  Little 
Cuyahoga  river,  the  town  is  amply  supplied  with  water- 
power,  which  Ls  employed  in  a  variety  of  manufiictures :  and 
its  mercantile  business  is  exten.sive.  Immense  quantities 
of  wheat  are  shipped  here.  Akron  was  laid  out  in  1825.  In 
1827  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Ciinal  was  constructed  to  this  point, 
and  in  1841  Akron  was  chosen  as  the  county -seat.  The  ca- 
nal was  finished  in  1832;  cost,  $5,000,000.  The  same  year, 
the  canal  which  connects  it  with  Beaver,  Pennsylvania,  was 
opened,  and  a  new  impetus  given  to  its  improvement.  It 
has  a  union  school,  3  bank.'),  2  woollen  factories,  5  l.arjre 
flouring  mills,  a  steam-engine  factory,  1  blast-furnace,  and 
1  mineral-paint  mill,  1  extensive  stove  manufactory,  and  1 
card  ma.nufactory,  besides  various  other  establishments ;  all 
of  which  are  propelled  by  water-power.  Immen.se  beds  of 
Ohio  mineral  fireproof  paint  are  found  in  the  vicinity,  and 
the  article  is  exported  to  all  parts  of  the  Union.  Pop.  in 
1850,  .3266;  in  IStH),  3457. 

AKS.\I,  dk-sl',  a  river  of  Circassifi,  rising  on  the  N.E. 
slopes  of  the  Caucasus,  tills  into  the  Torek,  after  a  course  of 
about  120  miles. 

AKS.Vl,  a  village  on  the  right  bank  of  the  above  river,  35 
miles  S.S.VV.  of  Ivizliar. 

AK-SEK AT,  dk-s^ri',  (i.  e. "  white  palace.")  a  town  of  Asi.itic 
Turkey,  pashalic  of  Karamania,  on  the  Kizil-Irmak,  80  miles 
N.E.  of  Konieh.  Pop.  5000.  (!)  It  has  a  castle,  and  many 
Saracenic  remains. 

Aiv-SKRAI,  ik-sg-rl',  a  village  of  Afghanistan,  22  miles  X. 
of  Cabool. 

AKSIIKHR,  AKCIIEHR,  AKSCIIEIIER,  or  AK-SIIEIIER, 
Jk'shJh'r^  or  dk-shA/her,  (»'.  e.  "  white  city,")  a  city  of  .\siatic 
Turkey,  pash.altc  of  Karamani.a,  10  miles  S.  of  the  salt  lake  of 
the  same  name,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Konieh.  It  contains  about 
1500  houses.   Ak-shehr  is  the  ancient  Phil/)mdion  of  Straho. 

AKSOO,  AKSOU,  or  AKSU,  ik'soo/,  a  town  of  Chinese 
Toorkistan,  on  a  river,  S.  of  the  Tbian-Shan  mountains,  250 
miles  N'.E.  of  Yarkund ;  lat.  41°  7'  N.,  Ion.  79°  E.  Pop.  6000, 
besides  a  Chinese  garrison  of  3000  men,  (it  being  the  mili- 
tary headn^uarters  of  this  part  of  the  empire.)  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollen  stuffs  and  jasper,  and'  is  resorted  to  by 
tradin"?  caravans  from  all  parts  of  Central  Asia. 

AKSOO,  AKSOD,or  AKSU,  dk'soo',  a  small  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Brusa. 

AKSOO  or  AKSU  ('•white  river,")  the  name  of  several 
Asiatic  rivers,  the  principal  of  which  traverses  Chinese  Toor- 
kistan; but,  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  is  an  affluent  of  tlie 
Irtish  or  of  the  Iloang-ho. 

AiiST^Vi'A,  ik'std'fa\  a  river  and  vaUev  of  Georgia.    The 


river  falls  into  the  Koorfrom  the  nght,  about  32mnes  S.S.E 
of  Titlis.    The  valley  is  volcanic,  and  is  occupied  with  Arm» 
nian  villages. 
AKSU.    See  Aksoo. 

AKTEBOLI,  dk-te-bc/lee,  a  small  haven  of  Etiropean  Tur- 
key, on  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea. 
AKUN.    See  Akoon. 
AKUSCHA.    See  Akoosha. 
AKUTAN.    See  Akootan. 
AKURKA.    See  Achttbka. 

AKYAB,  ik'ydW,  a  town  and  senport  of  Farther  Indl& 
presidency  of  Bengal,  province  of  Aracan,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  island  of  Akyab.  It  is  built  of  wood,  and  is  the  residenc« 
of  a  British  commissioner,  ,with  a  garrison  of  sepoys. 

ALA,  ini,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  island  of  Sardinia,  pro- 
vince of  O/.ieri.    Pop.  950. 

ALA,  i/li,  a  town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Adige,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Itovei-edo.  Pop,  3000,  employed  in 
manufactures  of  silks  and  velvets. 

ALABAMA,  al-a-bah'ma,  a  river  of  Alabama,  is  formed 
by  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  which  unite  10  miles  N.  of  the 
city  of  Montgomery.  It  then  flows  W.  to  Selma ;  below  that 
point  it  pursues  a  very  tortuous  course  towards  the  S.W., 
until  it  unites  with  the  Tombigbee,  about  45  miles  N.  of  the 
city  of  Mobile.  The  river  formed  by  this  confluence  is 
called  the  Mobile.  The  Alalmma  is  iin  excellent  stream  for 
sttvamboat  navigation,  lieing  navigable  for  the  birgest  cla.vs 
of  Ixmts  through  its  whole  extt-nt,  and  at  all  seasons  of  the 
year,  except  in  instances  of  extraordinary  drought.  The 
length  of  the  main  stream  is  about  .300  miles,  and  the  dis- 
tance from  Moljile  to  Wetumpka,  which  is  at  the  head  of  the 
navigation  for  large  boats,  is  aliout  460  miles.  The  region 
through  which  it  flows  is  occupied  by  plantations  of  cotton 
extensive  savanna.s,  and  forests  of  valual)le  tiuil)er. 

ALABAMA,  one  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  American 
conftHleracy,  is  bounded  on  the  >f.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Ueor- 
gia,  S.  by  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Missis- 
sippi. It  lies  l)etwecn  30°  10'  and  35°  N.  lat.,  and  between 
85°  and  88°  30'  W.  Ion. ;  being  aliout  330  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  300  miles  in  its  greatest  breadth ; 
including  an  area  of  50,722  siiuare  miles,  or  3^462,080  acres, 
:  0,385,724  of  which  were  improved  in  l8t>0. 

Face  of  tlie  Country.  Mountainf,  rfc. — The  Alleghany  Moun- 
i  tains  have  their  termination  in  the  N.  part  of  Alabama, 
where  they  become  depressed  to  little  more  than  elevated 
hills.    The  state  gradually  declines  from  the  N'.  to  the  Gulf 
j  of  Mexico,  being  hilly  and  Imiken  in  the  centre,  and  level  for 
;  50  or  60  miles  from  the  coast.     All  the  rivers  of  any  magni- 
j  tude.  except  the  Tennessee,  (^which  makes  a  l)end  into  the 
j  N.  part  of  the  state,)  descend  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
1      MineraU. — .\labama  is  rich  in  mineral  treasures,  p/irticu- 
larly  in  coal.  iron,  limestone,  and  marble.     Ited  ochre,  lead, 
,  (scattered  alwut  the  state  in  various  parts.)  and  manganese 
j  are  also  met  with.    Iron  is  found  extensively  in  Shelby,  Bibb, 
j  Jefferson,  and  Tuscaloosa  counties.     Bituminous  coal  of  a 
!  suiierior  qujility' abounds.     "A  vein  of  this  coal  is  first  seen 
■  in  the  bed  of  the  Black  Warrior  river,  neiir  Tuscaloosit,  and 
pursues  a  N.E.  direction   till  it  crosses  the  Alabama  and 
Coosa  rivers  at  or  just  above  their  falls,  and  thence  probably 
p.isses  into  Georgia."  (De.  Bow's  Indmtrial  Hesources.)    There 
are  salt,  sulphur,  and  chalybeate  springs  in  different  .seetions 
of  the  state.    Gold  li.as  been  found  in  St.  Clair  county,  and  a 
mine  was  worked  there  for  a  short  time.    Beautifully  varie- 
gated marl)les  exist  near  the  head  of  navigation   on   the 
;  rivers,  particularly  on  theCahawba,  and  in  Talladega  county. 
Some  of  these  marbles  are  buff-colored,  filled  with  organic 
remains,  some  white  and  crystalline,  and  some  are  black. 
Statuary  granite,  said  to  be  the  best  In  the  United  States, 
and  marble  of  a  superior  (juality,  are  found  in  Coo.sa  county. 
A  more  particular  notice  of  these,  however,  will  be  given 
under  the  head  of  Coosa. 

Kivers,  Bays,  tfc.— The  principal  bays  in  Alabama  are  Mo- 
bile bay,  extending  N.  30  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico; 
Bonsecour  bay,  (an  eastern  arm  of  Mobile  bav,)  and  Pasca- 
goula  l)ay,  or  sound,  west  of  Mobile  bay.  All  these  open  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Perdido  bay  lies  on  the  boundai-y  line 
between  Alabama  and  West  Florida.  All  the  rivers  of  Ala- 
bama, with  the  exception  of  the  Tennessee,  which  makes  a 
sweep  into  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  and  some  smaller 
rivers  passing  into  West  Florida,  unite  their  waters  in  the 
Mobile  river  and  bay.  The  Tombigbee  comes  into  Alabama 
from  the  N.E.  part  of  Mississippi,  receives  the  Tuscaloosa  or 
Black  Warrior  from  the  former  state,  and  unites  w  ith  the 
Alabama  to  form  the  Mobile.  The  Alabama,  in  its  turn,  is 
formed  by  the  Tallapoosa  and  Coosa  fi-om  the  N.  of  Georgia, 
and  flows  S.W.  till  it  meets  the  Tombigbee.  The  Chatta- 
hoochee forms  the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Alabama 
for  about  150  miles.  The  ilobile  river  throws  off  an  arm 
from  its  E.  bank,  which  flows  into  the  bay  at  Blakely.  The 
Cahawba  joins  the  Alabama  from  the  middle  of  the  state. 
The  Escambia,  Blackwater,  Y^ellowwater.  and  Choitawha- 
tehee  flow  from  the  S.E.  of  Alabama  into  West  Florida.  The 
Tombigbee  is  about  500  miles  long,  and  aU  its  course  in  Ala- 
bama is  navigable  for  ste.amboats.  The  Alafjama,  including  ' 
,  its  head  waters,  is  about  600  miles  long,  and  may  be  ascended 

4S 


ALA 

by  stoamtioat'S  to  Wetumpka,  on  the  Coosa  branch,  460  miles 
firom  the  gulf.  The  Tuscaloosa  is  about  150  miles  long,  and 
is  navigalile  fur  steamboats  to  Tuscaloosa.  The  Tennessee 
has  130  miles  of  its  course  in  Alalxmia,  but  its  navigation  is 
here  obstructed  by  the  Muscle  Shoals,  above  which  impedi- 
ment it  is.  however,  again  navigable.    See  Muscle  Shoals. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tmirists. — Though  Alabama  has  no 
mountains  of  great  elevation  or  stupendous  cataracts,  slie  is 
bj-  no  means  deficient  in  objects  of  interest  to  the  curious 
and  inquiring  mind.  De  Kalb  county  is  noted  for  wild  and 
picturesque  views;  and  in  Walker  county  there  is  a  natural 
bridge,  said  to  be  equally  curious  with  the  famous  one  in 
Kockbridge  county,  Virginia,  while  many  wild  and  romantic 
gorges  lie  among  its  hills,  which  are  the  highest  S.  of  the 
mountains.  There  are  in  Alabama  a  number  of  mineral 
springs  for  the  resort  of  those  seeking  health  or  pleasure : 
BloUnfs  Springs,  in  Blount  county,  a  fashionable  watering- 
place,  contains  several  different  varieties  of  sulphur  waters 
within  the  space  of  twenty  feet.  Chalybeate  waters  occur  at 
the  .same  plac-e :  and  other  sulphur  springs  are  found  in  Tal- 
ladega and  Shelby  counties.  Bladen  Springs  is  also  a  lii- 
shionable  watering  place.  There  are  .salt  springs  in  Clarke 
county,  now  aljandoned.  At  Tuscumbia  there  is  a  spring 
Issuing  from  a  huge  fissure  in  the  limestone  rock ;  it  is  said 
to  disciiarge  20,000  cubit  feet  of  water  per  minute,  forming  a 
large  stream,  which  falls  into  the  Tennes.see,  21  miles  below. 

Climate,  Soil,  arid  Productions. — Approaching  to  within  7° 
of  the  tropics,  Alabama  is  allied  in  its  climate  and  produc- 
tions to  the  torrid  zone.  The  rivers  here  seldom  freeze  in 
winter,  and  the  summer  heats  ai-e  mitigated  by  the  breezes 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  According  to  meteorological  obsei> 
vations  made  at  Eutaw,  in  Greene  county,  in  the  j'ears 
1860-51,  the  maximum  temperature  of  the  three  winter 
months  was  82°,  the  minimum  18° ;  the  mean  temperature 
at  3  o'clock  P.M.  48°  25'.  The  maximum  of  the  spring  months 
was  93°,  minimum  22°,  average  62°  2<T.  The  maximum  of 
the  summer  months  was  104°,  minimum  00°,  mean  81°  49'. 
The  maximum  of  November  82°,  the  minimum  19°,  mean 
51°  OO*.  The  bottom  lands  are  unhealthy  near  the  rivers 
and  the  Muscle  Shoals,  but  the  climate  in  the  uplands  is 
salubrious.  Alabama  has.  in  many  parts,  a  soil  of  exuberant 
fertility ;  yielding  more  cotton,  the  great  staple  of  the  South, 
than  any  other  member  of  the  confederacy.  Even  the  low 
mountains  of  the  N.  have  fine  grazing  lands,  while  the  flats 
between  them  are  very  rich  in  soil.  The  central  piirt  is 
occupied  by  fertile  pi-airies ;  and  the  southern,  thougli  often 
sandy  and  inferior  in  productiveness,  has  many  fertile 
alluvial  bottoms,  which  yield  rice.  In  Marengo  and  Greene 
counties  were  formerly  extensive  canebrakes,  which  are  now 
neai'ly  cleared,  disclosing  some  of  the  best  lands  in  the  state. 
Sugar-cane  grows  in  the  S.W.  neck,  between  Mobile  bay  and 
Mississippi.  Besides  the  great  staple  already  named,  Ala- 
bama pi-oduces  large  quantities  of  Indian  corn,  oats,  live 
stock,  sweet  potatoes-,  and  butter;  a  considerable  amount  of 
wheat,  rye,  rice,  wool,  hay,  peas,  beans,  Irish  potatoes,  fruits, 
market  vt^etables,  and  sugar;  and  some  tobacco,  l>arley, 
buckwheat,  wine,  cheese,  grass  seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  silk  are 
rai.sed.  Indigo  was  formerly  cultivated,  but  being  under- 
sold by  the  fjreign  article,  its  culture  was  given  up.  though 
not  from  want  of  adaptibility  in  the  soil.  According  to  the 
census  of  18l'0  tliere  were  in  Alabama  6,386,724  acres  of  Im- 
proved land  (12,718,821  lieiug  tuiimproved),  producing 
1,218,444  bushels  of  wheat;  33,226,282  of  Indian  corn; 
682,179  of  oats;  1.482,036  of  peas  and  beans;  491,646  of  Irisli 
potatoes;  5,439,917  of  sweet  potatoes;  175.000  pounds  of 
Bugar;  232,914  of  tol>acco;  775,117  of  wool;  6,028,47S  of 
butter;  4113,406  of  rice;  100.9S7  of  beeswax;  989,955  bales 
(of  400  lbs.  each)  of  cotton;  55,t:'o3  gallons  of  sorghum  mo- 
lasses; (12,211  tons  of  hay ;  live  stock,  valued  at$43,411.711; 
orchard  products  at  $223,312 ;  market  products  at  $103,002, 
and  slauglitered  animals  at  $10,237,131,  Value  of  liirmiug 
Implements  and  machinery.  $7,433,178. 

Forest  Trees. — In  the  central  and  northern  parts  of  the 
state,  oak  of  different  varieties,  poplar,  hickory,  chestntit, 
and  mullierry  are  the  princi|)al  woods,  while  in  the  south  are 
cypress  and  loblolly ;  pine  is  abundant  S.  of  the  mountains. 

AnimuU. — AVild  deer  and  turkeys  are  plentiftil,  and  bears, 
wolves,  and  foxes  are  still  met  with. 

Manti/iictures. — But  little  attention,  comparativelj'  speak- 
ing, has  been  paid  to  manufiictures  in  Alabama;  but  accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1800  tlicre  were  in  tlie  state  1459  manu- 
facturing estalilishments,  employing  7889  persons,  con.sum- 
Ing  i-aw  material  worth  $5,489,903,  producing  goods  to  the 
value  of  $10.5SS,.i71  annually.  Total  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested, $11,098,181.  Of  these  31  were  estalilishments  for  pre- 
paring,t  nil  niiinufacturing  cotton,  capital  invested  $1,652,450, 
Talue  of  iinniial  products  $1,483,2.52;  3.36  saw-mills,  capital 
invested  $1,756,.572,  annual  products  $1,873,484;  236  flour 
and  meal  establi.shmtnt.s,  capital  invested  $092,733,  annual 
products  $2,343,238;  27  turi)entine  distilleries,  3  liquor  dis- 
tilleries. 10  machine-shops,  62  carriage  fiictories,  132  estab- 
lishments for  tlie  manufacture  and  preparation  of  leather, 
140  blacksniltlis'  shops.  Value  of  home-made  manufac- 
. tares,  $1,817,520. 

Jntemal  Jmprovemenls. — ^There  were  In  Alabama,  in  18C0, 
44 


ALA 

743  miles  of  railroad  completed,  and  several  hundred  in 
course  of  construction.  Among  the  former  are  the  Memphis 
and  Cliarleston  liailroad,  the  E.  terminus  of  which  is  at 
Stevenson,  on  the  Tennessee  River ;  the  Alabama  and  Flor- 
ida, which  connects  Montgomery  with  Peusacolu;  tlie  Mo- 
bile and  Oliio,  03  miles  of  which  are  within  this  state;  the 
Aliibuma  and  Missi.-ssippi  Kiver  Railroad,  which  extends  from 
Selma  westward  to  Meridian.&c.  The  Alabama  and  Tennessee 
River  Railroad  is  completed  from  Selma  to  Talladega,  110 
miles.  Another  railroail  connects  Montgomery  with  W  est 
Point,  Georgia.  The  Mobile  and  Girard  Railroad  is  a  long 
line,  part  of  which  is  not  yet  finished.  Its  eastern  termi- 
nus is  at  Girard,  which  is  adjacent  to  Columbus,  Georgia. 
The  northern  pari  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  a  railroad 
from  Kashville  to  the  Tennessee  River. 

thmmerce. — This  state  enjoys  great  advantages  for  both 
foreign  and  internal  commerce,  her  ports  lx>ing  open  to  the 
sea  through  Mobile  bay,  and  having  more  than  1500  miles 
of  steamlxKtt  navigation  on  her  rivers,  giving  an  f.utlet  not 
only  to  her  own  productions,  but  also  to  some  of  those  of 
Mississippi  and  Georgia.  According  to  De  Bow,  thei-e  were 
549,499  bales  of  cotton  brought  to  Mobile  in  1851-2,  K'sides 
wliat  was  sent  to  New  Orleans  and  the  ports  of  Florida. 
The  exports  of  Alabama  in  1851  were  $18,528,824,  ini]iorts 
$413,440.  Tonnage  owned  in  1852,  28,533;  numK-r  of  ves- 
sels built  in  the  state,  6,  whose  tonnage  was  only  S54"62. 
Considerable  qtiantities  of  sawed  lumlier  and  staves  are  ex- 
ported from  Mobile  to  Cuba,  to  Mexico,  and  to  domestic 
ports.  The  sawed  lumber  exported  in  1850-51  amounted  to 
6,816,054  feet,  and  of  staves  360,779. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  report  of  1860,  -Mar 
bama  h.ad  17  colleges,  with  2120  students,  and  $124,894  in- 
come, of  which  $22,020  was  from  endowments ;  1903  public 
schools,  witli  61,751  pupils,  and  $489,474  income,  of  wliicli 
$63,845  was  from  taxes,  and  $199,318  from  public  funds :  206 
academies  and  other  schools,  witli  10,778  pupils,  and  $221,634 
income,  of  which  $37,800  was  endowments,  and  $23,547  from 
public  funds.  There  are  also  in  this  state  395  libraries,  36 
of  whicli  are  public,  1  school,  22  Sunday-school,  3  college, 
and  8  church  libraries,  embracing  13,050  volumes.  The  State 
University,  located  at  Tuscaloosa,  was  in  a  flourisliing  con- 
dition previous  to  the  civil  war,  witli  an  annual  inctimc  of 
$15,000.  The  free  school  system  went  into  operation  in  1854. 

I'eriodicals. — In  1860,  there  were  in  Alabama,  96  period- 
icals, 9  of  which  were  issued  daily,  6  tri-weekly,  1  semi- 
weekly,  75  weekly,  and  3  monthly.  Of  these,  89  were  politi- 
cal, 4  were  literary,  2  religions,  and  1  miscellaneous.  Cir- 
culatiim  of  daily  papers,  8y20;  of  tri-weekly,  2886;  of  semi- 
weekly,  400;  of  weeklj-,  74,2S9;  of  monthly,  7200  copies. 
Whole  number  issued  annually,  7,175,444. 

Jieligious  Drnominalinns. — Of  the  1875  churches  in  Alar 
bama  in  1860,  805  belonged  to  the  Biiptists ;  22  to  the  Chris- 
tians; 67  to  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians;  34  to  the  Epis- 
copiUians;  777  to  the  Methodists ;  135  to  the  Presbyterians; 
9  to  the  Roman  Catholics;  and  17  to  the  Unionists.  The 
rest  are  owned  by  Free-Will  Baptists,  Universalists,  and 
other  smaller  sects. 

J'ldilic  InditiUions. — There  is  a  state  penitentiary  at  We- 
tumpka, which  liad  151  prisoners  on  October  1st.  1851.  Pro- 
vision has  been  mside  by  the  state  for  the  establishment  of  a 
state  lunatic  asylum  at  Tuscaloosa.  A  blind  asylum  h.1.0 
been  recently  established  at  Mobile,  and  $5000  have  been 
appropriated  by  the  legislature  for  org.tiiiziug  and  sustain 
ing  an  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  The  buildingn 
of  the  Alabama  university,  near  Tuscaloosa,  are  very  fine, 
and  cost  $150,000.  There  were  in  Alabama,  in  l!-60,  4  pub- 
lic libraries,  with  3S4S  volumes;  32  school  libraries,  with 
3500  volumes:  15  Sunday-school  libraries,  with  5775  volumes; 
and  5  collide  libraries,  with  7500  volumes.  Total,  50  libraries, 
with  20,623  volumes. 

Government. — The  governor  of  Alaliama  is  elected  for  two 
years  by  the  people,  and  receives  an  annmil  salary  of  $2500. 
The  senate  consists  of  33  members,  elected  for  four  years, 
and  the  house  of  representat  i ves  of  100  memliers,  elected  foi 
two  years,  both  by  the  people.  The  pay  of  members  of  both 
branches  is  $4  per  diem.  One-half  of  the  senate  is  elected 
every  second  year.  The  legislature  meets  biennially.  The 
judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court,  composed  of  one 
chief  and  four  a.ssociate  judges,  elected  by  fhe'legi.^latiiiv  for 
six  years,  and  receiving  $2250  per  annum:  2.  Ofa  court  of 
chancery,  composed  of  three  chancellors,  elected  in  the  same 
manner;  3.  Of  nine  circuit  courts,  holding  two  sessions  s 
year  In  each  county;  4.  The  city  court  of  Mobile.  Tlia 
judges  of  probate,  who  are  also  clerks  of  the  court  and  regis- 
ters of  deeds,  are,  as  well  as  the  circuit  judges  and  the  judges 
of  the  Jloliile  court,  elected  bj-  the  people  for  six  years.  All 
these  judges  receive  $1500  per  annum,  except  the  jud'.re  of 
the  Mobile  court,  who  receives  $2000.  The  asses.sed  value  of 
property  in  Alabama,  in  IS.W,  was  $219,476,150;  estima.ed 
value,  $22S,204,83-2.  Public  debt,  $0,742,339.  of  which 
$1,087,501  was  contingent.  Ordinary  annual  expenses,  ex- 
clusive of  debt  and  schools,  about  $11)0,000.  The  number  oT 
banking  institutions,  Januarj-,  1852,  was  only  2,  with  a  ca- 
pital of  $2,000,000,  a  circulation  C:1$3,50'.1,000,  and  |1,SOO.OOO 
in  coin. 


lic= 


ALA 


ALA 


Populatirm. — The  ntimber  of  inliatiitants  in  the  state  in 
1820  was  127,901 ;  309.627  in  lh30 ;  590.756  in  1840;  in  1850, 
771,C23;  in  1860,  9r4,'i01;  of  whom  526,271  were  wliites, 
2690  free  colored,  435,080  slaves,  and  160  Indians.  Popula- 
tion to  a  square  mile  19.  l{epre,sentative  population,  790,169. 
Of  the  free  population,  in  18G0,  320,026  were  born  in  the 
state,  196,743  in  other  states,  12,352  in  foreign  countries,  of 
wliora  1174  were  born  in  Enfrland,  6664  in  Irelariil,  696  in 
Scotland,  11  in  Wales,  239  in  Britisli  America,  2001  in  Ger- 
many, 859  in  France,  and  1208  in  other  foreign  countries. 
Of  tlie  population,  in  the  leading  pursuits,  67,743  were  far- 
mers and  planters;  14,282  fami  laborers;  10,026  laborers ; 
4870  servants;  4141  overseers;  3669  clerks;  2638  merchants; 
23SC  carpenters;  2255  students;  2131  teacliera;  1797  me- 
chanics; 1755  physicians;  1307  blacksmiths;  903  seam- 
stresses; 877  clergymen;  830  shoemakers;  7''3  factory 
hands;  763  lawyers;  637  grocers;  026  railroad  men;  559 
millers;  431  wheelwrights;  404  painters;  S18  tailors;  315 
coachmakers;  299  weavers;  295  printers;  295  machinists; 
232  mariners;  226  masons;  205  steamboat-men ;  200  brick- 
layers; 199  mantua-makers ;  193  drivers;  191  cabinet- 
makers; 181  innkeepers;  176  tinsmiths;  173  saddlers; 
151  laundresses;  144  millwrights,  Ac,  &c.  In  the  year  end- 
ing June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  12,760  deatbs,  or  13-4  in 
every  thousand.  The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  277,  of 
■wliom  208  were  free,  and  67  slaves  (see  introduction  to  the 
Tolunie  on  Population  of  the  Kighth  Census,  j))).  liv,  Iv,  Ivi, 
Ac);  of  318  blind,  114  were  slaves;  of  257  insane,  32  were 
slaves ;  of  537  idiotic,  134  were  slaves. 

Counties. — Tliere  are  in  Alabama.  52  counties.viz  Autauga, 
Baldwin,  Barbour.  Blount,  Bibb.  Butler,  Calhoun.  Chambers, 
Clarke,  Choctaw,  Cherokee,  Coffee,  Con<'Culi,  Coosa,  Coving- 
ton, Dale,  Dallas,  l)e  Kalb,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Greene,  Hen- 
ry, Jackson,  Jefferson,  Lawrence,  Lowndes,  Lauderdale, 
Limestone,  Macon,  Miulison,  Jlarion,  Marengo,  Marshall, 
Mobile,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgiin,  I'erry.  Pickens,  Pike, 
Randolph,  l{ussell.  Shelby.  St.Clair,  t^unitiT.Tallailega,  Talla^ 
poosa,Tuscaloosa,Walker.Washington,AViliox,and  Winston. 

Cilies  and  Towns. — Mobile,  the  roniniercial  metropolis  of 
Alabama,  had  a  population  of  29.258  in  ISOO.  The  other  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Montgomery,  the  capital  of  the  state,  popu- 
lation, 8843;  Tuscaloosa,  3989;  Ilnnt.'fville,  36:J4 ;  Selma, 
3177 ;  Kingston,  1900 ;  Cahnba,  1920 ;  Marion,  1408. 

Jlhtnry. — The  famous  exploring  expedition  of  De  Soto 
across  the  southern  part  of  the  (present)  United  States,  al)Out 
the  year  1541.  is  believed  to  have  been  the  tirst  vi.sit  of  the 
white  man  to  the  wilds  of  Alabama.  De  Soto  met  with 
fierce  opposition  from  tribes  of  savagtw,  who  appear  to 
have  b«;n  more  populous  and  less  rude  than  the  northern 
aborigines.  The  houses  of  these  people  evinced  less  barba- 
rism, than  many  other  Indian  tribes.  "  The  chief 's  house 
was.  in  one  instance,  120  feet  by  40,  and  included  small 
buililinss  like  offices.  A  remarkable  temple  found  upon  the 
Savannah  river,  at  Silver  Bluff,  was  lOO  feet  long,  40  fi'et 
wide,  and  proportionably  high."  (De  Boxv's  Jmhistrial  J>'e- 
tourcrs  of  the  South  and  West.)  In  1702,  Bienville,  a  French- 
man, built  a  fort  on  Mobile  bay.  The  present  site  of  Mobile, 
however,  was  not  occupied  till  nine  years  after.  At  tlie 
peace  of  1763.  Alabama,  with  all  the  French  possessions  K. 
of  the  Mississippi  (except  New  Orleans)  fell  to  the  English. 
This  state  formed  a  part  of  Georgia  until  1802 :  from  this 
date  it  was  included  in  Mississippi  Territory  till  1817,  when 
it  was  organized  into  a  separate  government,  and  in  1819 
became  an  indejiendent  member  of  the  great  American  con- 
federacy, and  now  ranks  fourth  in  population  of  the  South- 
ern States. 

ALAB.\MA,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  co.,  Xew  York,  12 
miles  from  Batavia.  and  263  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Tonawanda  Cret>k.     Pop.  2061. 

ALAB.\MA,  a  small  bayou  of  Iberville  par.,  I>ouisiana, 
communicating  in  time  of  Hoods  with  the  Atchafiilaya. 

ALABAMA  or  BIG  SANDY  CREEK,  Texas,  tlows  on  the 
S.W.  border  of  Tyler  county,  and  falls  into  the  Neches  15 
miles  above  Beaumont. 

AL.\BA^IA.  a  village  of  Leon  co.,  Texas,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Trinity  river,  about  60  miles  in  a  straight  line 
N  N'.E.  of  Washinaton,  the  former  capital  of  the  state. 

ALABASTER  ISLAND.    See  Eleuther.\. 

ALABAT,  i-ll-bdf,  one  of  the  smaller  Philippines,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  near  the  head  of  the  exten- 
sive inlet  at  the  S.  end  of  the  island,  which  terminates  at  the 
Quhor  Bay  of  Lamon  or  Lampon.  Lat.  14°  N.,  Ion.  122°  13'  E. 
The  inli:ibitauts  are  described  as  a  savage  race. 

ALABI,EE.  ALABLl,  a-lil1ilee,  or  IIALABLI.  hd-lifblee. 
a  sm.'ill  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  Anatolia,  on  the  Black  Sea, 
4  miles  S.W.  of  Ereglee. 

ALACHUA,  a-latch'u-a,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  of  part  of  the 
peninsula  of  Florida,  has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles. 
The  Santa  Fe  river  forms  its  northern,  and  the  Suwanee  its 
western  boundary.  Orange  lake  is  partly  Included  in  its 
limits,  and  it  contains  several  ponds.  Surface  rolling  or  level ; 
soil  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Newnansvillo.  Pop.  8232; 
of  whom  3775  were  free,  and  4457  slaves.  It  was  named 
from  Alachua  savanna,  a  grassy  and  marshy  plain  in  the 
county,  N.  of  Lake  Orange. 


ALACRANE  (al-a-kran/)  ISI-ANDS,  a  group  in  ths  Gull 
of  Mexico,  about  70'miles  N.  of  Yucatan,  on  a  reef  it  mllea 
in  length  N.  and  S.,  by  12  miles  in  breadth. 

ALACUiySA  CREEK,  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia,  a  brai  ch  o. 
Little  River. 

A1>.\-DA0II,  Sid-ddg',  (i.  e.  "beautiful  mountain,")  r 
mountain  chain  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  between  lat.  39°  and  40'- 
N.,  and  Ion.  39°  and  44°  E.  It  extends  W.  from  Mount 
Ararat,  separating  the  two  heads  of  the  Euphrates. 

ALADAN,(a-ia-dan',)or  ALADINE  (a-lS-deen')  ISLANDS, 
a  cluster  of  small  i.slands  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  forming  part 
of  tha  Mergui  Arcliipelago. 

ALAl-JDS,  d-ld-.Vhoce,  a  town  of  Spain,  Leon,  30  mllea 
S.W.  of  A'alladolid,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Trabancos. 
Pop.  3255. 

ALACillEZ,  d-ia-ghfz',  or  ALI-GIIEZ.  Unee-^hh',  a  volcanic 
mountain  and  mountain  range,  bordering  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  basin  of  Armenia.  It  lies  on  the  N.  side  of  the  great 
plain  of  the  Araxes.  The  highest  peak  rises  13,628  teet 
above  the  level  of  the  sj>a. 

ALAGO.V.  d-ld-go/d.  a  town  and  district  on  the  S.  shore  oJ 
the  island  of  St.  Slichael.  Azort-s.     I'op.  of  district,  7S00. 

AL.\GU.\S,  4-lil-go'ds,  a  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  derivr 
ing  its  name  fi-om  various  intercomniuniiating  lakes  for 
which  it  is  noted.  It  lies  between  lat.  9°  and  10°  30*  S.,  ia 
bounded  N.  and  W.  by  the  province  of  Pernambuco,  S.  by 
the  province  of  Sergipe  del  Key,  and  comprises  an  area  of 
15.036  square  miles.     Pop.  220.u*iO. 

ALAGOAS,  VILLA  DO  FORTE  DAS,  Teelld  dofoR'tii  dis 
d-ld-giyJs,  a  city  of  ISrazil.  in  the  alwve  province,  on  the  N 
extremity  of  Sianguaba,  140  miles  N.E.  of  Sergipe  del  Key. 
It  has  8  churches  and  2  convents.     Pop.  4000. 

ALAGON,  d-l4-gou'.  a  river  of  Spain,  falls  into  the  Tagus 
alxiut  2  miles  N.E.  of  Alcantara.  It  is  about  120  miles  in 
length,  and  noted  for  the  size  and  flavor  of  its  trout  and 
other  fish. 

AL.\GO.V,  a  town  of  Spain,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Ebro  and  the  Jalon.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Saragossa.     Pop.  l'.J32. 

ALAI'EDi).\,  a  township  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan,  about 
70  mites  W.  by  N.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  96fl. 

AIjAIS,  J'bi',  (anc.  Alf/sia.)  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gard,  on  the  Garden,  at  the  fpot  of  the  C6veunes,  25  miles 
N.W.  of  Ntmes,  with  which  it  is  united  by  railway.  Pop. 
(1862)  18,871.  It  is  situated  in  a  productive  coalfield,  and 
has  extensive  manufactui-es. 

ALAJAIIISSAR,  ALADJAHISSAB,  a-ia^jd-hisViR/,  or 
IvKUSCIIOVATZ,atownofEuror#an Turkey,  capital  of  the 
sanjak of  Kru.scliovatz, province  of  Servia,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  ^lorava,  alxiut  SI5  miles  S.  of  Semendria. 

AL.\.]AN  or  ALADJAN,  A-ia-jAn',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
pashalic  of  Anatolia,  near  the  Black  Sea,  37  miles  S.E.  of 
Sinope. 

ALAJUELA,3-ia-noo-!l/l.i  acity  of  Central  America,  state 
of  Costa  Rica,  35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Cartago.  Pop.  10,000,  in- 
cluding snburl)S. 

AL.\lvANAND.\,  3-ia-k3-ndn'd3.  a  small  river,  which,  is- 
suing from  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  unites  with  the  hbar 
girathi  at  Devaprayaga,  and  forms  the  main  source  of  the 
Ganges. 

ALA-KOI,  a/ld^koi',  (i.  e.  "beautiful  village,")  a  village  of 
Asiatic  Turlvey,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Van. 

ALAKTOO-K<X)L  or  ALAKTOU-KOUL,  d-lik'too-kool/,  a 
lake  in  Chinese  Toorkistan,  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  Ion.  82°  27'  E^ 
has  in  its  centre  an  extinct  volcano. 

ALAMAKEE.    See  Allomakee. 

ALA.MANCE.  il'S-mance,  a  creek  of  North  Carolina,  flows 
into  the  Haw  river  from  the  W..  in  Al.amance  co. 

AL.4MANCE,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  North 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  Haw  river, 
a  branch  of  the  Cape  Fear,  flows  through  the  middle  of  the 
county,  and  Alamance  Creek,  from  whi<h  tiie  name  is  de- 
rived, flows  through  the  W.  part  into  the  Haw  P.iver.  Tho 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  productive.  The  Centre  Rail- 
road, now  in  progress,  passes  through  the  county,  and  a 
plank-road  is  projected  from  the  county-.seat  to  the  coal- 
mines on  Deep  river.  Formed  out  of  the  W.  part  of  Orange, 
in  1848.  Capital,  Graham.  Pop.  11.S52;  of  whom  8407  wen 
free,  and  3445  slaves. 

ALAMEDA,  Mi-mWdH,  (i.  e.  "  a  row  of  poplar-trees,")  a 
village  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  province  of  Soria. 

ALAMEDA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  And.ilusia,  54  miles  N.W. 
of  Malaga,  on  the  road  from  Seville  to  Granada.     Pop.  3690. 

ALAMEDA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  8  miles  from 
Madrid. 

ALAMEDA,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  about  16  miles 
from  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 

ALAMEDA,  a-l|-md'd|.  a  county  in  the  W.  centra!  part 
of  California,  formed  since  1S52  out  of  Contra  Costa  and 
SiUita  Clara  counties.   Area  about  SOO  sq.  miles.   Pop.  8927. 

ALAMEDA,  a-la-ma'da,  a  town  of  Bernalillo  county.  New 
Mexico,  on  the  left  Imnk  of  the  Rio  Grande,  6  miles  above 
Albuquerque.     Pop.  649. 

ALAJIED.\,  Santa  MARi.i  de  la,  s3n't|  md-ree'd  d.\  l| 
a-la-ma'da,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cixstile,  36~mile3  W.  of 
Madrid. 

45 


ALA 

ALAMEDA  DE  LA  SAGRA,  a-lJ-mJ'dJ  di  llsi/grli,  a  town 
Of  Spalu,  In  Old  Castile,  8  miles  from  Tllescas. 

ALAMEDA  DEL  VALLE,  d-ld-mi'da  dM  vJl'yil,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  OH  Castile,  10  miles  from  Buitrago. 

ALAMO,  Texas.    See  Foet  Alamo. 

ALAMO,  a  /a-mo,  a  postrTillage  of  Montgomery  co,  Indiana, 
65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

ALAMO,  a  post-township  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan,  70 
miles  W.S.A^^.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  943. 

ALAMO,  a  post-Tillage  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California. 

AI  AMODE',  a  post-office  of  Reynolds  co.,  Missouri. 

ALAMOOT  or  ALAMUT,  d'U-moof,  a  district  of  Persia, 
N.W.  of  Teheran. 

ALAMOS,  LOS,  loce  S/li-moce,  (i.e.  "the  poplar-trees,") 
a  town  of  Mexico,  province  of  Sonora,  140  miles  N.W. 
of  Ciualoii,  In  a  district  celebrated  for  its  silrer-mines. 
It  has  some  well-paved  streets,  and  the  houses  are  gene- 
rally built  of  stone  or  brick,  laid  over  with  stucco.  Pop. 
sbout  10,000,  3000  or  4000  of  which  are  employed  in  the 
mines. 

ALAMUTCH'A.  a  post-village  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, about  80  miles  E.  of  Jackson. 

AiyAN'  or  CAM'EL,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

ALAND,  i/land,  or  O'LAND  (Sw.  Aland,  Mdnd)  ISLANDS, 
an  archipelago  of  about  SO  inhabited  islands,  and  a  vast  num- 
ber of  rocks  and  islets.  Russia,  province  of  Abo,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  at  its  entrance,  between  lat.  59°  56'  and  60°  32'  N., 
and  Ion.  19°  and  21°  E.  Pop.  15,000.  These  islands,  taken 
from  Sweden  in  1809,  are  of  great  political  .and  military  im- 
portance to  Russia,  and  contain  several  fortified  ports,  gene- 
rally the  station  of  a  part  of  the  Baltic  fleet.  Near  this  Peter 
the  Great  gained  his  first  naval  battle  over  the  Swedes,  in 
1714. 

ALANT),  I'llnt,  a  river  of  Hanover  joins  the  Elbe. 

AL.iNNO,  4-Un'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  11  miles  S.  of  Civita 
di  Penne.    Pop.  2200. 

ALANTIIUS  GROVE,  a  postofflce  of  Gentry  co.,  Missouri, 
about  200  miles  N.W.  of  .TelTerson  City. 

ALAPAEVSK,  i-li-pd^^vsk',  a  town  of  Russia  in  Asia, 
government  of  Perm',  on  the  Alapaika,  48  miles  N.W.  of 
Irbit. 

ALAPATI.4.,  ah-lap'a-haw,.a  river  of  Georgia,  flowing  into 
the  Suwanee.     Length,  about  100  miles. 

ALAPAIIA.  a  post-village  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia,  2G2 
miles  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

AL.\QU.A,  al'a-quaw,  a  small  river  of  Florida,  flowing  into 
Choctawatchee  bay. 

ALAQUA,  a  post-village  of  Walton  co,,  Florida,  on  the 
above  river,  aliout  125  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Tallahassee. 

AL-ARAISCn.    See  El-Araish. 

ALAR'K.\,  a  post-office  of  M;icon  co.,  North  Carolina, 

ALARM  b'ORK,  a  village  of  Oregon  CO.,  Missouri,  15  miles 
S.  of  Thoniiisville. 

ALARO,  i-Wro,  a  town  of  Spain,  island  of  Majorca,  12 
miles  N.N. E.  of  Piilma.     Pop.  40S1. 

ALASKA,  a-li-sil/a,  written  also  ALASEY  and  ALASE.T, 
i-li-s.V.  an  important  river  in  the  N.E.  of  Siberia,  rises  in 
lat.  67°  N..  and  falls  into  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

ALA-SIIEIIK  or  ALASCIIEUR,d'ia-sh6hVor  dHS-.shi'hfr, 
(i.  e. "  the  exiUted  city,"  anc.  PUiladelpUifa,  founded  200  years 
B.  c.  by  Atta'us  Plnladelplmf.  a  walled  city  of  Asia  Minor, 
at  the  N.E.  base  of  Mount  Tmolus,  83  miles  E.  of  Smyrna. 
Pop.  15.000.(?)  It  is  a  Greek  archbishop's  see,  h.HS  nume- 
rous remains  of  antiquity,  5  Christian  churches,  and  an 
active  trade. 

ALASIIGERD,  Armenia:    See  Topr.vk-Kulah. 

AL.\SKA.     See  Ali.vsk.a. 

AL  ASSIO.  i-lis'se-o,  a  se.aport  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
division  of  Genoiu  on  the  Mediterranean,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Al- 
benga.     Pop.  6500. 

ALASSON-\,  a-lis-so'n^t,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  35 
miles  N.E.  of  Trikhala.    Pop.  3000. 

AL.\TA,  J-ld'tS,  a  small  river  in  Abyssinia,  a  tributary  of 
Bahr-el-.Vzrek,  near  its  confluence  with  which  occurs  the 
celebrated  cataract  of  Alata. 

AL.A.T.V.  irWtA,  a  village  in  the  island  of  Corsica,  about  6 
miles  .V.  of  Ajaccio. 

ALA-'I'.\<;h.    See  Al.a-D^gh. 

ALATAMAIIA.    See  Altamaha. 

ALATEEK  or  ALATYR.  i-ld-teea/.  a  river  of  Russia,  rising 
In  the  government  of  Penza,  falls  into  the  Soora,  after  a 
course  of  upwards  of  125  miles. 

ALATKKR,  or  ALATYR,  a  town  of  Russia,  80  miles  N.W. 
ofSimbeersk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Alateer  and  Soora  rivers. 
Pop.  4407. 

ALA'I'IU,  i-Id/tree,  (anc.  AlaHrium.)  a  town  of  Italy,  Pon- 
tifical States,  6  miles  N.  of  Frosinone,  on  a  mountain.  Pop. 
9000.  It  h.HS  a  manufactory  of  woollen  good.s,  and  is  of  high 
antifjuity.  its  walls  exhibiting  some  perfect  remains  of  Cyclo- 
pean architecture. 

ALATYR.     See  Al.^teer. 

ALAUSI,  i-low-see',  a  valley  of  the  Andes,  and  town  of  the 
republic  of  Ecuador,  on  the  Alausi,  7980  feet  above  the  sea. 

AL.\V'.\.  d'Id-vd,  a  province  of  Northern  Spain,  (one  of 
the  three  Bm.siiub  provinces,)  between  lat.  42°  20'  and  43°  N., 
46 


ALB 

comprising  an  area  of  1292  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1849 
81,397.     The  surfsce  is  mountainous. 

AL.4.YA.  d-li'yd,  (anc.  Om-acefsutm.)  a  decayed  town  ot 
Asiatic  Turkey,  on  a  promontory  in  the  Mediterranean,  100 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Konieh.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  good  anchor- 
age, but  no  harbor. 

ALAYOR,  d-ld-yoR/,  or  ALEYOR,  d-lA-y6R/,  a  town  in  the 
island  of  Minorca,  belonging  to  Spain,  situated  in  the 
interior,  and  about  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Port  Mahon.  Pop. 
4722. 

ALAZON,  d-ld-zon',  a  river  of  Georgia,  joins  the  Koor  126 
miles  S.E.  of  Tiflis.  after  a  S.E.  course  of  140  miles. 

ALB  or  ALP,  dip,  called  also  the  SAVA'BIAN  ALPS,  a 
chain  of  mountains  appertaining  almost  exclusively  to 
WUrtemberg,  extending  S.W.  to  X.E.,  from  the  source  of 
the  Neckar,  a  total  length  of  84  miles,  and  having  a  breadth 
varying  from  15  to  20  miles. 

A  LB.\,  dllid,  (anc.  Al/ba  TbrnpeHa.)  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on 
the  Tanaro,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Turin. '  Pop.  8286. 

ALBA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  at 
the  foot  of  Monte  Velino,  4  miles  N.  of  Avezzano.  It  is  the 
Al/lia  fkicenftia  of  the  Romans. 

Al/BA,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  143 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

ALBACETE,  dl-bd-th.VtA,  a  town  of  Spain,  Murcia,  138 
miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  13,143.  It  manufactures  steel 
gootls,  and  has  large  cattle-fairs  in  September. 

ALBA  DE  TORMES,  dl'bd  d;l  toR/mJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  S.alamanca,  on  the  Tormes.    Pop.  2166. 

ALBA  JULIA.    See  K.arlsburg. 

ALBAL.A,  dl'bd-ld,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  20 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2133. 

ALBALATE  DEL  ARZOBISPO,  dl-bd-ld'td  dll  !»R-tho- 
bees'po,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  46  miles  S.E.  of  Zara- 
goza,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Slartin,  an  affluent  of  the  Ebro. 

ALBA  LONGA.     See  Albano. 

ALBANCIIEZ,  dl-bdn-chjth',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, 28  miles  N.E.  of  Almeria. 

ALBANCIIEZ,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  16  miles  E, 
of  Jaen. 

ALBAN  DES  URTIERES,  drbSx"/  ddze  URHe-aiR/,avmage 
of  Italy,  Sardinian  States.  6  miles  S.  of  Aiguebelle. 

ALBANELLA,  dl-bd-nJWd,  a  town  of  Naples,  4  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Capaecio. 

ALBANIA,  al-bA/ne-a,  (modern  Gr.  pron.  dl-bd-nee'd :  Turk. 
Arnanndlik,  Amanotleek,  or  ArnaoutUk,  aR'nd-oot'leek.)  called 
SIIKIPERI  (fihkip'e-ree^)  by  the  natives,  (from  S/ikipe,  "a 
rock.")  a  mountainous  country  of  European  Turkey,  between 
lat.  39°  and  43°  N.,  and  Ion.  19°  5'  and  21°  28'  E.  Extreme 
length,  about  290  miles;  breadth,  varying  from  40  to  90 
miles.'  Bounded  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  Adriatic  and  Ionian 
Sea.s.  It  is  composed  of  as  many  as  nine  ridges  of  mountains, 
nearly  all  of  which  have  a  direction  N  .W.  and  S.E.  Of  the.se  the 
principal  heights  vary  from  about  2500  to  8500  feet  alxive  the 
sea.  Alliania  has  no  great  rivers.  It  partakes  of  the  peculiar 
system  of  subterranean  streams  that  characterizes  the  waters 
of  Greece.  In  this  respect,  the  province  of  Epirus  is  espe- 
cially remarkable  for  its  circular  basins,  its  cavities  without 
water,  its  ponds  and  watercourses  that  disappear  at  certain 
seasons,  and  also  for  its  gulfs  and  subterranean  rivers.  In 
the  import  and  export  trade  of  Albania,  vessels  under  the 
British  and  Ionian,  the  Greek  and  Ottoman  flags,  are  almost 
the  only  ones  engaged.  The  exports  are  shipped  chiefly  at 
Prevesa,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Arta.  The  other 
ports  are  Parga,  Avlona.  Durazzo,  &c.  The  internal  trade 
is  carried  on  by  means  of  pack-hor.ses,  four  or  five  of  which 
are  attached  to  e.ach  other  by  cords,  and  guided  by  one  man. 
Albania  is  under  the  government  of  the  different  Turkish 
pash.as  in  whose  country  it  is  situated.  Population  esti- 
mated at  1,600,000. .^.dj.  and  inhab.  Albanian.  al-biUne- 

an.  or  Arxaoot,  (Arnaout,)  dR/nd-oot\  native,  Shkip\\t.ar/  or 

SKIP\4T.iR'. 

ALBANO,  dl-bd'no,  (anc.  Alhafnum,)  an  episcopal  city  of 
Italy,  Pontifical  States,  Com.arca  di  Rom.a,  on  the.A'iaAp- 
pia,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Rome.  Pop.  5600.  It  is  built  on  the 
site  of  Pompey's  Villa,  and  being  celebrated  for  beauty  of 
scenery  and  purity  of  air,  is  a  favorite  summer  resort  of  the 
Roman  nobility.  It  comprises  the  ruins  of  Doniitiau's  pa- 
lace and  of  a  praetorian  camp,  with  the  modern  villas  of  the 
princes  Barberiui,  Altieri,  &c.  It  has  a  mu.seum  of  anti- 
quities from  Alba  Longa. 

ALBANO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  11 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Potenz.a.     Pop.  2700. 

ALBANO,  a  lake  and  mountain  of  Italy,  13  miles  S.E.  of 
Rome.  The  lake,  6  miles  in  circumference,  being  the  cratei 
of  an  extinct  volcano,  is  enclosed  by  high  banks.  aroun<l 
which  are  many  elegant  villas  and  several  grottoes,  witi 
the  Castel  Gandolfo,  the  summer  residence  of  the  pope 
There  are  many  historical  monuments  in  its  vicinity 
among  others,  ifn  ancient  jiqueduct  cut  in  the  flank  of  the 
mountain  liy  the  Romans,  during  their  contest  Mith  the 
A'eientes  in  the  year  394  b.  c.  to  drain  of^  the  w.aters  ot  the 
lake,  and  prevent  it  from  overflowing  its  banks. — Alba 
Longa  stood  on  its  N.E.  margin. — Mount  Albano or  Moxtb 
Cavo,  on  the  E.,  and  2046  feet  above  the  lake,  has  on  Its 


ALB 


ALB 


Bnmmit  tho  ruins  of  tho  tomple  of  Latian  Jupiter  {Jupiter 
Latiali.t),  conimaiiiling  a  njagnificeut  prospect  over  tlie 
Bci'iie  of  the  lust  six  books  of  the  /Encid,  and  of  the  early 
history  of  the  Roman  state. 

ALBANY,  ll'ba-ne,  a  district  of  Scotland,  more  ustially 
called  IjKKvriAi.iuM:,  which  see.  The  second  son  of  the 
Bovereij;n  of  Kngland  is  usually  styled  the  Duke  of  Albanj' 

ALBANY,  ^I'ba-ne,  a  county  in  the  K.  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  ai-ea  of  about  4S3  square  miles..  It  is  bounded  on 
tho  E.  by  the  Hudson,  and  partly  on  the  N.  by  the  Mohawk; 
and  is  principally  drained  by  Normanskill  and  Catskill 
Creeks,  which  alford  valuable  water-power.  The  surface  in 
tho  W.  and  N.  is  rough  and  mountainous,  but  along  the 
Hudson  and  other  streams  nearly  level.  The  soil  along  the 
River  is  fertile,  but  in  the  interior  sandy,  and  in  some  places 
quite  sterile.  Tho  Krie  and  Champlain  Canals  lerminatc  in 
the  N.K.  part  of  the  county,  which  is  also  intersected  by  va- 
rious railroads.  Organized  in  10S3.  (See  next  article.)  Capi- 
tal, Albany.     Pop.  113,917. 

ALBANY,  tho  capital  of  Now  York,  and  the  second  city 
in  importance  in  that  state,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of 
tho  Hudson  River,  Ho  miles  N.  of  New  York  city,  l&t  W. 
by  N.  of  Boston,  and  about  370  N.E.  of  Washington:  lat.  of 
tho  Dudley  Observatory,  420  :;9'  49"  N.,  Ion.  7;;°  44'  38"  W. 
As  viewe<l  from  some  parts  of  the  Hudson,  the  api)earance 
of  the  city  is  highly  picturesque  and  imposing.  A  low, 
alluvial  flat,  from  15  to  100  rods  wide,  extends  along 'the 
margin  of  the  river,  but  W.  of  this  the  ground  rises  about 
220  feet  in  the  distance  of  a  mile.  Tho  principal  street  of 
Albany  is  .State  street,  extending  from  the  Hudson  to  the 
Capitol;  from  the  river  to  Broadway  it  is  quite  narrow,  but 
on  reaching  that  street  it  widens  to  150  feet  or  upwards,  and 
continues  of  this  breadth  to  its  W.  extremity.  Broadway 
is  an  important  business  street,running  parallel  with  the 
river  It  has  a  street  railroad  running  from  South  Ferry  to 
West  Troy.  There  is  also  a  street  railroaii  in  South  Pearl 
street  (parallel  with  Broadway),  and  one  in  State  street. 
The  city  contains  a  number  of  public  squares,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  is  situjited  at  the  end  of  State  street.  Among 
tho  princijial  edifices  of  Albany  may  be  mentioned  the  Capi- 
tol, a  substantial  and  handsome  stone  building,  115  feet  long 
and  about  90  feet  wide ;  the  walls  are  about  .50  feet  high, 
consisting  of  two  stories  and  a  basement-story  of  10  feet;  it 
is  faced  with  brown  freestone  from  the  quarries  on  the  Hud- 
son below  the  Highlands.  The  columns,  pilasters,  and  other 
decorations  are  of  marble,  chiefly  from  Berkshire,  in  Massa- 
chusetts. The  edifice  is  crowned  with  a  dome,  on  which 
stands  a  statue  in  wood  of  the  goddess  Themis  (Justice),  11 
feet  high,  with  a  sword  in  her  right  hand  and  a  balance  in 
her  left.  The  Capitol  contains  an  assembly  chamber  50  feet 
long,  50  feet  wide,  and  28  high,  and  a  senate  chamber  60  feet 
long,  28  feet  wide,  and  the  same  in  height,  besides  various 
other  apartments.  The  Capitol  staiKls  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
public  square  already  alluded  to.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  square,  facing  the  W.,  is  tho  State  Hall,  a  massive  struc- 
ture of  marble,  containing  tho  different  offices  of  tho  state 
government;  on  the  same  side  is  situated  tho  City  Hall,  a 
large  and  handsome  building,  also  of  marble,  with  a  gilded 
dome.  Tho  Albany  Exchange,  on  Broadway  at  the  foot  of 
State  street,  is  a  massive  granitS  building,  containing  the 
Post-ofiice.  Albany  has  57  churches,  many  of  which  are 
handsome  buildings.  The  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  is  one 
of  tho  most  splendid,  as  well  as  largest,  church  edifices  in 
the  United  States.  It  fronts  on  Eagle  street,  having  its  N. 
and  S.  sides  on  Lydius  an<l  Jefferson  streets.  Standing  on 
an  eminence,  it  presents  the  whole  of  its  magnificent  jiro- 
portions  as  the  most  prominent  object  to  one  approaching 
the  city  from  the  S.  and  E. 

Albany  is  distinguished  for  her  educational  and  literary 
institutions,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  University 
of  Albany,  incorporated  in  1852,  but  not  yet  fully  organ- 
ized. This  is  intended  to  be  national  in  its  character,  and, 
in  some  respects,  of  a  higher  order  than  any  similar  insti- 
tution in  the  country ;  its  departments  are  of  law,  medicine, 
scientific  and  practical  agriculture,  civil  and  mechanical 
engineering,  the  nnjchanic  arts,  physical  geography,  political 
economy,  history  in  its  relations  to  civilization,  chemistry 
in  its  application  to  the  arts,  and  astronomy.  There  is  a 
splendid  observatory  (completed  in  1858),  called  the  Dudley 
Observatory,  on  a  hill  on  the  \.  side  of  the  city.  The  A  Ibany 
Medical  Colh^go  was  founded  in  1839,  and  is  furnished  with 
the  most  ample  means  of  instruction.  It  has  one  of  the  best 
museums  of  the  kind  in  this  country,  and  a  well  selected 
library  of  ."000  volumes,  500  of  which  are  set  apart  for  the 
use  of  students  free  of  charge.  The  State  Normal  School, 
a  flourishing  institution,  under  the  control  of  the  state,  was 
established  in  1844,  "for  the  instruction  and  practice  of 
teachers  of  common  schools  in  the  science  of  education  and 
the  art  of  teaching:"  it  has  a  library  of  near  1000  volumes. 
The  Albany  Academy,  on  the  E.  side  of  tho  public  square, 
opposite;  tho  Capitol,  and  the  .\lbany  Female  Academy,  in 
Pearl  street,  enjoy  a  high  reputation  as  institutions  of  in- 
struction. The  former,  which  is  incorporated,  is  for  the  edu- 
cation of  boys,  and  has  from  300  to  400  students :  they  are 
fitted  for  any  class  in  college  or  for  business  pursuits.    The 


latter,  also  incorporated,  has  about  300  pupils.  Belonging 
to  the  public  schools  are  libraries,  containing  in  all  above 
8000  volumes.  The  Albany  Institute,  having  for  its  object 
the  collection  and  diffusion  of  scientific  information,  possesses 
a  valuable  mineralogical  ciibinet  and  a  library  of  some  6000 
volumes.  The  Young  Men's  Association,  established  for 
mutual  improvement,  has  a  valuable  library  of  8000  or  9000 
volumes,  and  sustains  annually,  during  the  winter  season,  a 
course  of  lectures  upon  literary  and  scientific  s»ibjects.  Be- 
sides the  libraries  mentioned,  there  is  the  Slate  Library,  con- 
nected with  tho  Capitol  by  a  corridor,  a  fire-proof  brick  edi- 
fice, with  freestone  fronts  upon  two  streets,  and  the  upper 
room  lighted  from  the  roof.  The  law  department  is  sa:d  to 
be  the  best  of  any  library  in  the  Union.  The  entire  library 
numbers  near  7o,000  volumes,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.  It 
has  also  a  valuable  collection  of  coins,  inanuscrijjts,  and  maps. 

The  State  Agricultural  Rooms  or  Halls,  in  tho  old  State 
House  building  on  State  street,  contain  a  valuable  and  most 
interesting  collection  in  natural  history  and  agriculture; 
above  them  are  the  Geological  Rooms.  In  the  same  building 
are  the  valuable  collections  nuide  in  the  progress  of  the 
preparation  of  the  magnificent  State  Natural  llistoi  y. 

Among  the  benevolent  institutions  may  be  named  the 
Orphan  Asylum,  which  is  liberally  endowed,  and  provides 
for  all  tho  destitute  orphans  of  the  county:  the  building  is 
a  fine  structure,  situated  1  mile  W.  of  tiio  City  Hall.  The 
Almshouse,  Ij/^  miles  S.W.  of  the  city,  is  a  large  establish- 
ment, with  a  farm  and  also  a  lunatic  asylum  attached  to  it. 

Seven  daily,  three  semi-weekly,  and  seven  weekly  itapors 
are  publisheil  in  the  city.  There  are  also  9  banks  and  6 
savings  institutions.  A  new  railroad  bridge  crosses  the 
Hudson  hero 

Albany  is  advantageously  situated  for  commerce,  at  the 
hciul  of  the  sloop  navigation  on  the  Huilson,  and  comnmui- 
cates  by  means  of  canals  with  Lake  Erie,  I.ako  Ontario,  and 
Lake  Cliamplain.  An  immense  amount  of  freight  arriving 
by  tho  Erie  Canal  here  enters  the  Hudson  River.  It  is  also 
the  centre  in  which  a  number  of  very  inii)ortant  railroads 
meet,  connecting  it  with  New  York,  Boston,  Buffalo,  and 
other  less  prominent  places.  One  of  the  most  important 
articles  in  the  commerce  of  Albany  is  lumber.  The  clear 
pine  of  Michigan  and  Canada,  the  oak,  cherry,  and  poplar 
of  Ohio,  the  common  pine  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York, 
meet  here,  furnishing  one  of  the  largest  luinlier  markets  in 
the  world.  The  value  of  lumber  staves  and  shingles  received 
at  Albany  in  lSri3  exceeded  $7,000,000.  The  receii»ts  of  lum- 
ber, &c.,  by  canal  for  the  five  years  previous  to  and  including 
18tJ3  are  as  follows :. 


Year. 

Boards  and  Scantling 

Shingles. 

Timber. 

Slavei. 

Feet. 

Thousand. 

Cubic  feet. 

Tons. 

I8S9 
1860 
1861 
lWi2 
1863 

291,771,762 
301,022,600 
162.9i2,'i00 
223,899,100 
243,611,500 

48,7S6 
41.222 
31,-82 
32,622 
21,223 

70,38  f 
46,888 
44.754 
148,217 
307,700 

87,035 
74,392 
71,892 
105,106 
73,373 

Albany  is  supplied  with  water  from  Patroon  Creek,recei  ved 
into  a  general  reservoir  4  miles  from  the  city,  whence  it  is 
distributed  by  means  of  intermediate  reservoirs  to  267 
hydrants. 

"  The  Dutch  first  established  a  trading-post  on  Castle  Island, 
immediately  below  the  present  site  of  Albany,  in  1614.  Fort 
Orange  Wiis  erected,  where  the  city  now  stands,  in  1623.  The 
place  was  subsequently  known  as  Beaver  Wyck  and  William- 
stiilt.  It  received  the  name  of  Albany,  in  honor  of  the 
Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  afterwards  James  II.,  at  the 
time  when  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  English,  in 
1664.    It  was  chartered  a  city  in  1686. 

Pop. in  1800, 5289;  inl820,  12,630;  in  1840, 33,721 ;  in  1850, 
50,713;  in  1860,  02,367. 

ALB.^NY,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Greene 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  16  miles  from  Monroe,  and  8  m.  from  Broad- 
head.  The  village  is  on  Sugar  River.  It  has  6  stores,  100 
dwellings,  2  churches,  and  2  flouring-mills.    Pop.  about  600. 

ALBANY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gentry  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  W.  fork  of  Grand  River,  45  miles  N.K.  of  St.  Joseph.  It 
has  2  churches  and  1  newspaper  office.    Pop.  about  600. 

ALBANY,  a  river,  fort,  and  district  of  British  North 
America:  the  river,  connected  by  a  series  of  lakes  with  Lake 
Winnipeg,  flows  E.N.K.  through  8  degrees  of  Ion.,  and  enters 
James"s  Bay  near  Fort  Albany. 

ALBANY,  a  small  maritime  division  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  about  550  miles  E.  of  Cape  Town.  Whole  length 
about  65  miles;  breadth,  from  30  to  40  miles.  The  N. 
portion  of  the  division  is  intersected  by  Great  Fish  River. 
The  climate  is  extremely  healthy.  The  cotton-tree, 
though  not  cultivated  to  any  extent,  succeeds  well,  and 
produces  cotton  of  good  quality.  The  most  productive  of 
cereals  is  maize;  wlieat  is  successfuily  cultivated,  but 
is  subject  to  rust  ne.ar  the  coast.  Barley  and  oats  are 
abundant.  Great  solicitude  is  entertained  for  the  im- 
Ijrovement  of  live-stock.  The  stock  of  sheep  amounts  to 
about  311,000;  goats,  84,963;  horned  cattle,  46,429 ;  horses, 

47 


ALB 


ALB 


S0!4.    Oapital,  Graham's  Town.    Pop.  of  division,  14,723,  of 
whJeh  6132  are  colored. 

.\LbA\Y,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  15  miles 
W.  l>y  N.  of  Paris.     Pop.  813. 

ALBANY,  a  post-township  of  Carroll  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
about  60  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  430. 

ALP.ANY,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  6 
miles  8.  of  Iraslnirg.     Pop.  1224. 

ALBANY,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  ir.86. 

ALBANY,  a  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1137. 

ALBANY,  a  flourishing  town  of  Baker  co.,  Geor<ria,on  tne 
right  bank  of  Flint  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Kinchafoonee 
Creek,  110  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  is  the  largest 
town  in  the  county,  and  is  a  place  of  much  activity.  Steam- 
boats ascend  the  river  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  this  pkace. 
The  cotton  which  is  annually  shipped  here  amounts  to 
about  12.000  bales.  The  South-Western  Railroad,  which  now 
terminates  at  Oglethorpe  on  Flint  river,  will  probably  be  ex- 
tended to  Albany,  and  increase  its  importance.  The  adja- 
cent country  is  considered  as  fertile  as  any  part  of  the  state. 
Albany  is  incorporated,  and  contains  2  or  3  churches,  18 
stores,  and  a  newspaper  office.     Pop.  1618, 

ALBANY,  a  post-office  of  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana. 

ALBANY,  a  postrvillage  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee,  106  miles 
W.  of  Na.shville. 

ALBANY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Kentucky, 
126  miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

ALBANY,  a  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 

ALB.VNY,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana,  about  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Muncie. 

ALB.ANY,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Mississippi  River,  177  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Sprinc- 
field.    It  carries  on  an  active  trade  on  the  river.   Pop.  628. 

ALB.ANY,  a  post-village  of  Albany  township.  Greene  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Sugar  River,  abo\it  26  miles  S.  of  Madison; 
The  river  furnishes  fine  water-power,  which  gives  motion 
to  several  mills. 

ALBANY,  a  township  of  Marquette  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

AI.iB.VNY,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Willamette,  at  itsjunction  with  the  Callapooya 
river,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Salem.     It  is  the  county-seat. 

ALBANY,  a  town  and  seaport  of  W.  Australia,  capital  of 
the  CO.  of  Plantagenet,  on  King  George  Sound ;  lat.  35°  3'  S., 
Ion.  117°  52'  40"  K. 

ALBANY  ISLES,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia.  There 
are  six  in  number,  but  only  one  of  considerable  size.  In 
the  S.W.  of  the  great  island  there  is  a  harbor  suitable  for 
large  vessels,  where  drinking  water  may  be  obtained. 

ALBARKDO,  ai-bS-nVDo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  15 
miles  S.I<I.  of  Yerona.  near  the  Adige. 

ALBAUI!ACIN,ill-biR-id-theen',  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the 
Guadalaviar,  Aragon.  19  miles  AY-N.W.  of  Teruel.  at  the  S. 
declivity  of  a  mountain.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  some 
manufactures. 

AL'BATROSS  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  Bass's  Strait, 
Australia ;  lat.  40°  22'  S.,  Ion.  144°  39'  E. 

AI.,B.VY,  dl-bl',  a  town  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands,  capi- 
tal of  the  province,  and  residence  of  a  governor ;  the  province 
is  fertile,  but  subject  to  frequent  volcanic  eruptions.  Pop. 
13,115:  of  the  province.  123.695. 

AL15AY  BAY  or  GULF,  on  the  coast  of  the  isl.and  of  Lu- 
zon, one  of  tiie  Philippines.  It  is  large  and  secure,  and 
almost  landlocked. 

ALBAYDA,  il-Wni,,  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  12  miles 
S.W.  of  San  Felipe.     Pop.  3130. 

ALBEGNA,  Sl-b^n'yd,  or  ALBANIA,  ai-bain'yj,  (anc.  Al- 
binia,)  a  river  of  Tuscany,  rises  in  Slonte  Labro,  flows  S.W., 
and  enters  the  Mediterranean,  5  miles  N.  of  Orbltello,  after  a 
course  of  30  miles. 

ALBEMARLE,  a  town  of  France.    See  Aumale. 

ALBEilARLE,  al-lje-marl',  a  county  in  the  E,  central  part  of 
Virginia;  area  about  700  square  miles.  The  James  River 
forms  its  .southern  boundary,  and  it  is  drained  by  tlie  Ri- 
vanna  and  Hardware  lUvers,  affluents  of  the  James,  which 
rise  by  several  small  branches  in  the  W.  part  of  the  county. 
The  lilue  Ridge  forms  its  N.W.  boundary,  and  a  ridge  called 
Southwest  Mountain,  or  Carter's  Mountain,  extends  across 
the  county  in  a  N.E.  and  S.W.  direction.  The  surface  is 
beautifully  diversified,  and  the  scenery  in  all  parts  of  the 
county  is  exceedingly  picturesque.  The  soil  of  the  valleys 
and  1  iver  bottoms  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  a  large  portion 
of  the  highlands  is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  In  1S50  it 
produced  798,354  bushels  of  corn;  278,575  of  wheat ;  191.549 
of  oats;  4328  tons  of  hay;  1.456,.300  pounds  of  toljacco,  and 
164,882  pf)und8  of  butter.  The  produce  of  com  was  greater 
than  that  of  any  other  county  in  the  state.  Rivanna  River 
is  navigable  in  the  eafitern  part  of  the  county,  which  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Central  Railroad  of  Virginia,  lately  con- 
Btructed,  while  the  James  River  Can.il  p.isses  along  the  S. 
border.  Alljemarle  is  distinguished  as  the  native  phvce  of 
Thomas  Jefferson,  third  President  of  the  United  States. 
Capital,  Charlottesville,  Pop,  20,026 ;  of  whom  12,709  were 
free,  and  13,916  sIuvob. 
4S 


ALBEMARLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stanton  cc.,  North 
Carolina,  120  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

ALBE.AIARLE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  CO.,  Blississippi. 

ALBEMARLE  (iil-be-marl')  ISLAND,  the  largest  of  the 
Galapagos,  in  the  Pacific  ocean ;  lat.  0°  66'  S.,  Ion.  91°  38'  W. 
Summit,  4700  feet  in  elevation. 

ALBEMARLE  SOUND,  situated  in  the  N.E.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  extends  from  the  Atlantic  westward  alxmt  60  miles, 
and  is  from  4  to  15  miles  wide.  It  communicates  with  Cur- 
rituck Sound  and  with  Pamlico  Sound  by  narrow  inlets. 
Tlie  water  is  nearly  fresh,  and  not  affected  by  the  tide  wave 
of  the  sea,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  island. 

ALBENDORF,  Sl'bgn-dorf\  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Glatz.  Near  it  is  the  sanctuary  of  New 
Jerusalem,  said  to  be  visited  annually  by  80,000  pilgrims. 

ALBENGA,  il-bJn'gd,  (Hnc.AVbium,Tn(j(n(frmm,)  a  seaport 
city  of  Sardinia,  at  the  mCiuth  of  the  Centa,  in  an  unhealthy 
spot  of  the  Riviera,  44  miles  S.W.  of  Genoa.  Pop.  4736.  It 
has  Roman  antiquities  and  feudal  editices.  Albenga  was 
the  head-<iuarters  of  Napoleon  in  1796. 

ALBENS,  drb6N<=',  a  town  of  Sai-diuiii,  in  Savoy,  6  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Aix. 

ALBERBURY,  iW>er-ber^,  a  pari.sh  of  England  and  Wales, 
cos.  of  Salop  and  Montgomery.  Old  Parr  was  born  in  this 
parish  in  1483. 

ALBERCA,  ai-bJK/ki,  a  town  of  Spain,  4  miles  S.  of  Mur- 
cia.  Pop.  2406.  The  name  Alberca  is  also  given  to  a  river 
in  Alicante,  a  mountain  in  Avella,  a  town  in  New  Castile, 
and  a  village  in  Leon. 

ALBERCIIE,  il-baiR'ch.'l,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in 
Old  Castile,  and  after  a  course  of  about  148  miles,  falls  into 
the  Tagus. 

ALBERES  (drbair/)  MOUNTAINS,  the  name  of  the  E.  por- 
tion of  the  Pyrenees. 

ALBERIQUE,  dl-bil-ree/kA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  A'alencia,  11 
miles  N.  of  San  Felipe,  on  the  high  road  to  Madrid.    P.  3101. 

ALBERONA,  il-bA-ro/nS,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  a  valley,  22 
miles  W.  of  Foggia.     Pop.  2900. 

ALBEROBELLO,  iP  bi-ro-bSllo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Bari.     Pop.  3800. 

ALBERSDORF,  ai/bers-doRf\  a  village  of  Denmark,  Hoi 
stein,  19  miles  S.W.  of  llendsburg;  near  it  is  a  remarkable 
Ilea  then  altar. 

ALBERT,  irbain/,  (formerly  called  Ancre,}  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Somne,  on  the  Railway  du  Nord,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Amiens,  with  woollen  and  cotton  factories,  and 
paper  mills.    Pop.  (1852)  3,507. 

Al/BERT  LAKE,  in  South  Australia,  Russell  co.,  joins  Lake 
Victoria  by  a  strait  at  its  N.  extreniitj-. 

ATjBERTON,  dl'bgr-t9n,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

AI/BERTON,  a  town  of  North  Australia,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Alliert  River. 

ALBERTOPOLI.    See  Aldert-Ville. 

ALBERT  RIVER,  North  Australia,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Carpentaria. 

Al/BERTS,  a  post-ofiice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylv.ania. 

ALBERTSON,  Al'bert-spn,  a  village  of  Tipp.ah  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, 16  miles  S.  of  Ripley,  and  about  200  miles  N.  of  Jack- 
son.   It  is  surrounded  .by  rich  plantations  of  cotton. 

ALBERTSON'S,  a  post-office  of  Duplin  co,.  North  Carolina, 
about  80  miles  S.E,  of  Raleigh. 

ALBERT  TOWN,  a  village  of  South. Austnalia,  about  1 
mile  distant  from  Adelaide,  and  connected  with  it  by  a  good 
road,  constructed  at  an  expense  of  14.000?, 

ALBEltT-VILLE,  drbaiii/veel,  {li.  Alhertrrpdi,  dl-b^R-top/o- 
le,)  a  city  of  Sardinia,  Upper  Savoy,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Isero  and  Arlv,  formed  by  tlie  union  of  the  two  towns 
Ospitale(L'lIopital)and  Conflans,  in  1835.    Pop.  3406. 

ALBI.    See  Alhy. 

ALBIA,  al'be-a,  a  new  and  thriving  town,  capital  of  Mon- 
roe CO.,  Iowa,  about  60  S.E.  of  Dos  .Mcjines,  and  .about  24 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Oskaloosa.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  farming 
district,  diversified  by  prairies  and  woo<llaiKls.     Pop.  620. 

ALBIANO,  dl-be-d/no,  a  vill.age  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince of  Pisa,  16  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Pontrenioli. 

ALBINEN,  dl-bee'ngn,  a  village  in  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Valais. 

ALBIGA.    See  Aibt. 

ALBIGEOIS  or  ALBIGENSES.    See  Aldt. 

ALBINO,  Sl-bee'no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  8  miles  N.E. 
of  Bergamo,  on  the  Serio.     Pop.  2200. 

ALBION,  Allie-on,  the  ancient  name  of  Great  Brit.ain,  said 
to  have  been  given  to  it  on  account  of  the  lofty  white  cliffs 
on  the  S.  shores  of  the  island. 

ALBION,  Jlljo-on,  a  post-township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
26  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop  VtH. 

ALBION,  a  post-village  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island,  18 
miles  from  Providence,  has  manufactures  of  prints. 

ALBION,  a  stopping-place  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, in  tlie  township  of  New  Albion,  31  i-  miles  E,SJ!;.  of 
Dunkirk. 

ALBION,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Orleans  co., 
New  York,  is  situated  in  Barre  townsliip.  on  the  Erie  C.inal, 
and  the  Rochester,  Lockport,  and  Niagara  Fails  Railroad, 


ALB 


ALC 


•botit  40  m.  N.E.  of  Biiffiilo.  The  village  contains  5  clnirclies, 

1  academy  for  boys,  1  feniiile  seminary.  7  uteam-engines  for 
driving  niacliinery,  1  coiirt-linnse,  1  jail,  "2  stove-foniiilries, 

2  banks  and  1  newspaper  office.  Pop.  of  tlie  townsliip,  2'J70. 
ALBION,  a  township  of  Oswego  co.,  New  York,  on  the 

Watertown  and  Kome  Kailroad,  30  miles  from  M'atertown. 
Pop.  2348. 

ALBION',  or  JACK'SONVILLE,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of 
Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  26 
miles  S.\V.  of  Erie.  It  owes  its  (growth  to  the  navigation  of 
the  canal,  which  was  completed  in  1 845.    Pop.  300. 

ALBION,  a  post-villajje  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  about  88  miles 
in  a  straight  line  N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

ALBION,  a  post-township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  97 
miles  W.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  1720. 

ALBION,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michi- 
gan, in  the  above  township,  on  the  Kalamazoo  Kiver  and 
Slichigan  Central  Railrojul,  97  miles  W.  of  Detroit,  12  miles 
E.  of  Marshall,  in  the  midst  of  an  undulating  and  fertile 
country.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  and  one 
of  the  principjil  villages  in  the  covinty.     Pop.  about  1200. 

ALBION,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana, 
125  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis,  and  20  miles  N.^y.  of  Fort 
W,iyne,  was  laid  out  in  1847.  The  couuty  has  a  fertile  soil, 
and  is  settling  rapidly.     Pop.  403. 

ALBION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Edwards  co.,  Illinois, 
170  miles  i^.E.  of  Springfield,  has  a  high  and  healthy  situa- 
tion. A  plank-road  alx)ut  13  miles  long  connects  it  with 
Graysvilie.  Albion  contains  a  brick  court  house,  5  churches, 
1  bank,  and  a  woollen  factory. 

ALBION,  a  post-township  of  D,ane  co.,  Wisconsin.  The 
Till.age  is  about  25  miles  S.ii.  of  .Madison.     Pop.     1152. 

ALUION,  a  small  vilhige  of  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  50 
miliM?  W.  of  Madison. 

ALBION  GORE,  a  small  district  or  township  in  Kennebec 
CO.,  Maine.     I'op.  110. 

ALBIS.     See  Eliib. 

ALBIS.  irbefV,  mountains  in  Switzerland.    See  ZcEirn. 

ALBISOLA  MAlUNA.dl-lx-s-yiimd-reo'ni.atown  of  Pied- 
mont, province  of  .'^avona,  with  extensive  manufiictures  of 
porcelain  vases.     Pop.  1503. 

ALBISOLA  SUPKIIIORK,  M-he^onS.  soo-p.VnHyrA,  a  town 
of  Piedmont,  province  of  Stivona.     Pop.  2317. 

ALBLA.S.'illKDAM,  dl-blds's  r-ddm',*  village  of  the  Nether 
lands,  .South  Holbind,  9  miles  .S.E.  of  Rotterdam.  Here  is  a 
dam  on  the  little  streiiin  Albljis,  whence  the  name.  Pop.  2040. 

ALB0CA(~;EK.  dl-b<>ka/ther.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
32  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana. 

ALBOLODPiEY.  (ll-bo-lo-driUe,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  And.alu- 
cla,  20  miles  N.N.W.  from  Almoria,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
'iver  Almeria.     I'op.  2007. 

ALBONA,  il-lWni,  a  town  of  Istria,  near  its  E.  coast,  42 
miles  S.E.  of  Triost,  with  a  college. 

ALBON.  drbAxo'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Drome. 
5  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Vallier,  near  the  Rhone,  with  ruins  of 
the  ancient  castle  of  the  Comtes  d'Albon. 

ALBOIt  AN,  4l-bo-rdn',  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
beloniiing  to  Spain,  half  a  mile  lonz  and  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
broad.  Lat.  35°  56'  N.;  Ion.  3°  6'  40"  W.  Inhabited  by 
fl.shermen. 

AI>-liO.STAN,  Jl-bostin',  (i.e.  "the  garden,")  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Bostan,  El. 

ALBOllG,  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Aalboro. 

ALBOURN,  41'burn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ALBOX.  dl-bon',  a  town  of  Sp.ain,  in  AndalusLo,  40  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Almeria,  on  the  banks  of  the  Rambla  de  Oria. 
which  divides  the  town  into  the  two  quarters  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  La  Lema.  It  has  several  good  streeis,  and  a  fine 
square.     Pop.  7425. 

ALBRF'DA,  drbr.iMJ',  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Senegambi.a,  on 
the  O.ambia,  below  the  British  Fort  James.  The  French  have 
a  trading  station  here. 

ALBRTGHTON,  Al'brl-ton,  a  pjirish  of  England  co.  of  Salop. 

ALBRIGHTS,  Allirltes,'  a  post-village  of  Des  Moines  co., 
Iowa  .about  3  miles  N.W.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  65 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

ALBRIGHTS  VILLE,  dl^brites-viP,  a  post-viUage  of  Carbon 
JO.,  Pennsylvania. 

ALBUERA,  al-boo-A/ri,  a  river  of  Spain,  province  of  Ba- 
iajos,  rising  in  the  mountains,  empties  itself  into  the  Gu.a- 
rtiana  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

ALBUERA,  La,  Id  ll-boo-.Vra  or  li  Jl-bw^'ri,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Estremadura,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Bada.ios,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  On  the  16th  of  M.ay,  1811, 
the  British  and  allies,  under  General  Beresford,  here  gained 
a  victory  over  the  French,  commanded  by  Marshal  Soult. 

ALBUFEIUA,  dl-boo-fj/e-rj,  a  seaport  town  of  Portug.al, 
province  of  .ilgarve,  on  the  Atlantic,  46  miles  E.  of  Cape 
St.  Vinieut.  Pop.  2800.  Its  h.arbor,  which  admits  the  largest 
vessels,  is  defended  bv  a  citadel  and  batteries. 

ALB0FERA,  M-ho6-f\/ri,  a  lake  of  Spain,  on  the  coast,  7 
miles  S.  of  Valencia,  11  miles  in  length  by  4  in  breadth. 
It  communicates  by  a  narrow  channel  with  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  abounds  iu  fish  and  wild  fowl.  Rice  is  cultivated 
oa  its  banks. 


ALBTJLA,  Jl'boo-lJ,  a  mountain  pass  of  Switzerland,  Ori 
sons,  leads  ai'ross  Mount  Albula  from  the  valley  of  BergUn 
to  the  Upper  Engadine,  and  fiom  the  basin  of  the  Rhine  to 
that  of  the  Inn.  Its  culminating  point  is  7713  feet  abovu 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

ALBUSfOL,  dl-boon-yol',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu.sia, 
province  of  Grenada,  35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Almeria,  near  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  well  built,  has  clean,  paved 
streets,  a  iroo<l  .square,  and  several  convents.     Pop.  0764. 

ALBUeiUEKQUE,  ll-boo-kSn/kA.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura, near  the  Portuguese  frontier.  20  miles  N.  of  liadajos. 
Pop.  5470.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  ana 
W0f)llen  cloths. 

ALBUQUERQUE,  Jl-boo-kJH/ki.  almost  dl-boo-kair'k.A,  a 
post-town  of  Bernalillo  co.,  New  Mexico,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  aliout  60  miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Fe.  Camp 
Vigilance,  a  United  States  military  post,  garrisoned  by  dra- 
goons, is  in  the  immedi.ate  vicinity.      Pop.  1203 

ALBUQUERQUE,  dl-boo-k^R'kA,  a  village  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Matto  Grosso,  on  the  Paraguay,  88  miles  N.  of  Fort 
Nova  Coimbra. 

ALBUQUERQUE  ISLANDS,  or  SOUTH-WEST  KEYS,  a 
group  of  islands  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  110  miles  E.  of  the 
Mos(iuito  coast.     Lat.  12°  4'  N. ;  Ion.  81°  .50'  E. 

AliBURG.  Al'bftjg,  a  post-township  of  Grand  Isle  co., Ver- 
mont, situated  on  a  peninsula  between  the  Canada  line,  Mis- 
sisque  Bay,  and  Richelieu  River,  communicating  with  Lake 
Chami>lain.     Pop.  1793. 

ALBURG  SPRINGS,  a  post^village  of  Grand  Isle  co.,  Veiv 
mont,  87  miles  N.AV.  of  Mnntpclier. 

ALBU'RGII,  dl'brp'  or  il'btir-fih,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

ALBURY,  ill'ber-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

ALBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ALBUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

ALBY  or  ALBI,  alOiee  or  drhee',  (L.  AUriffa,  Allha  Au- 
(7!«.s'fci.)  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarn,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tarn  River,  on  a  hill  in  the  midst  of  the 
plain  of  Languedoc,  ,338  miles  S.  of  Paris,  and  42  miles  N.E. 
of  Toulimso.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop.  It  is  very  ill 
built,  the  streets  being  narrow,  irregular,  and  dirty,  and  the 
houses  all  of  brick.  Besides  a  tribunal  of  commerce  and  a 
commercial  college,  there  are  in  the  town  a  museum  of  na- 
tural history,  a  .socioty  of  rural  economy,  trade,  and  statis- 
tics, and  a  public  library  of  more  than  12,000  volumes;  also, 
a  theatre  and  l)arracks.  The  manutactures  are  of  coarse 
linen  cloths,  sacking,  cottons,  tal)le-cloths,  kandkerchiefs, 
and  wax  candles.  The  town  suffered  much  in  the  religious 
wars  of  France:  and  from  it  the  Protestant  reformers  of  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  called  in  French  Alhirjemx, 
(rlrbee^zhw J' :  Latin,  Alhi'ijenses,  al-be-jia's6z,)  took  their 
nam.>.     Pop.  in  1852)  1.3,788. 

A  LB  Y  or  A  L  B  I,  al'l  )et^  ( Fr.  pron .  3Pbee'.>  a  town  of  Sardin  ia, 
in  Savov,  on  the  Cheran,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Annecy.    Pop.  1092. 

ALBY  or  ALDBY,  Al'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ALBYN  or  ALBINN,  the  ancient  (Celtic?)  name  of  Scot- 
land, from  Alb  or  Alp,  signifying  "  highland"  or  "  moun- 
tain." 

AlyCACER  DO  SAL,  al-klss/er  do  sjl,  (i.  c.  "salt  ca-stle.") 
(anc. S(/aaa,)  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estr<>madnra, 
on  the  Sadao,  46  miles  S.E.  of  Lisbon.  It  has  manufactures 
of  mats  and  trade  in  salt. 

ALCALA  DE  CHIVERT,  il-kj-la/  drl  cbe-valt!tA  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Valencia,  29  miles  N,E.  of  Castellon.     Pop.  4954. 

ALCALA  DE  GUADATRA,  M-ki-W  dA  gwa-Di'rd,  a  town 
of  Spain,  7  miles  E.  of  Seville ;  with  a  Moori.sh  castle,  and  an 
extensive  trade  in  grain.     Pop.  6702. 

ALCALA  DE  HENARES,  i\-ki-W  dA  f'n-SJrh.  a  walled 
city  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Madrid,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Ilenares.  Since  the  removal  of  its 
university  to  Madrid,  it  is  in  a  state  of  rapid  decay.  The 
printing  establishment  founded  by  Ximenes,  and  which  pro- 
duced his  polyglot  bible,  no  longer  exists.  Alcal.a  has  a 
military  academy,  2  public  libraries,  and  3  schools  of  primary 
instruction.  Cervantes  was  born  here  in  1547.  Pop.  in 
1768,  22,000:  now,  3500. 

ALCALA  DEL  JUCAR,  ll-ka-lS/  dM  Ho-VkaR,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Murcia,  in  a  rocky  locality,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Jucar,  19  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albiicete.     Pop.  2883. 

ALCALA  DE  LOS  GAZULES,  il-ki-W  d.i  loce  gl-thoo/l?s, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the  slope  of  the  Ronda 
Jlountains.  37  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Cadiz.  It  is  situated  at  a 
height  of  2530  feet  above  the  sea,  and  comprises  an  old  and 
new  town.    Pop.  6120. 

ALCALA  DEL  RIO,  l\-ki-W  d?l  ree/c,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  8  miles  N.  of  Seville,  on  the  Guadalquiver. 
Pop,  2820. 

ALCALA-LA-REAL,  K\-H-W-\i-A-iV,  a  city  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  30  miles  S.W.  of  .Taen.  in  a  glen,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  Granada  Mountains,  at  a  height  of  about  2700  feet 
above  the  sea  level.  It  is  irregularly  built,  with  steep  and 
narrow  streets,  but  has  a  large  square,  ornamented  with  a 
fountain.  The  chief  public  buildings  are  a  town  and  court 
house,  a  civil  hospital,  formerly  a  fine  abl)ey,  several  con- 

49 


ALC 

vents,  and  a  t<iwer  containing  the  first  clock  made  in  Spain. 
Pop.  11.521. 

ALCAMO.  aiOtl-mo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  22  miles  E.  of  Tra- 
pani,  c;ipit;U  of  the  district,  picturesquely  situated  on  a  hill, 
with  towers  ana  edifices  of  a  Moorish  origin.  Pop.  15,500. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  theatre,  and  other  interesting  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  S''fl'''-</ta. 

ALCAXADRE,  dl-kd-nd/dri,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Aragon, 
rises  in  the  Sierra  de  Guara,  and  joins  the  Cinca  after  a 
eoui-se  of  about  00  miles. 

ALCAXAR,  il-fcd-naR',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  19 
miles  S.  of  Torto.sa.    Pop.  3022. 

ALCAXKDE,  dl-kd-ni'dd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Estremailura,  12  miles  X.  of  Santarem.    Pop.  2500. 

ALCASf  [Z,  il-kin-yeeth',  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  in  Ara- 
gon,  province  of  Teruel,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Guadalupe, 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Saragossa,     Pop.  5100. 

ALCANTARA,  dl-kdn'ti-rl,  (Arab.  "  the  bridge,"  anc. Korf- 
ba  OcEsarela.)  a  fortilied  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tagus,  near  the  Portuguese  frontier,  35 
miles  N.W.  of  Caceres.  Pop.  4273.  The  city  derives  its  name 
from  the  magnificent  bridge  over  the  Tagus,  which  was 
burned  by  the  national  troops  in  1836,  and  remains  in  a 
ruined  state. 

ALCANTARA,  dl-kSn  tl-ri,  a  river  of  Sicily,  which  sepa- 
rates the  districts  of  Messina  and  Catania,  and  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  S.  of  Taormina. 

ALCANTARA,  dl-kdn'td-ri,  a  seaport  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Marauhao,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the 
Haranhao,  near  its  mouth. 

ALCANTARILLA,  dl-kan-td-reel'ya,  ("the  little  bridge,") 
a  town  of  Spain,  5  miles  S.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  3481. 

ALCANTARILLA,  an  inn  and  a  Roman  bridge  in  Spain, 
IS  miles  S.  of  Seville. 

ALCARAZ,  ll-k^rdth',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albacete,  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  de  Al- 
caraz.  It  has  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  manufactures 
of  woollens,  and  mines  of  copper  and  zinc.    Pop.  7325. 

ALCASAiyiCA  CREEIC,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Ocmnlgee 
in  Irwin  co. 

ALCASSAR  CEGUER,al-kas'serthA-gaiR/,a  small  fortified 
village  of  Morocco,  on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  at  its  narrow- 
est part. 

ALCATRAZ  or  ALCATRAS,  il-ki-trls',  a  small  rocky 
islet  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Africa;  lat.  10°  37'  N.,  Ion.  15° 
21' W. 

ALCATRAZES  or  ALCATRASSES,  il-kj-tras'sls,  a  group 
of  barren  rocks  on  the  E.  coast  of  South  America,  20  miles 
from  the  mainland;  lat,  24°  6'  S.,  Ion.  45°  40'  W. 

ALCAUDETE,  dl-kOw-d-Vti,  (anc.  ITiiditufnum?)  a  town  of 
Spain.  Andtdueia,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Jaen.    Pop.  6242. 

ALCAZAR  (or  ALCACER)  DE  SAN  JUAN,  dl-kd/thf r  d.i 
sin-hoo-dn'  (almost  sdn-Hwdn',)a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 46  miles  N.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Pop.  7540.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  soap,  gunpowder,  and  hitre. 

AIXAZ/AKKEBEER  (or  KEBIR,)  ke-beeR/,  ("the  great 
palace,")  a  city  of  Morocco,  80  miles  N.W.  of  Fez.  Pop.  5000. 
Near  it  is  a  bridge  (Alcantara)  where  Sebastian,  king  of  Por- 
tugal, was  defeated  and  killed,  August  4,  1578. 

ALCESTE,  Jl-sesf,  a  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee- 
lee.  (Yellow  Sea,)  3  miles  N.W.  of  the  N.E.  point  of  Shan-toong. 

ALCESTER,  pronounced  and  sometimes  written  AWL'- 
STER  or  AW/STER,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick, at  the  junction  of  the  Alne  and  Arrow,  13  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Warwick.  Pop.  in  1851,  2339.  It  has  a  fine  church,  and 
is  the  principal  seat  of  the  needle  manufacture.  Alcester 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  Roman  station,  and  was  a  plaoe 
of  note  before  the  Contjuest.  Traces  of  its  ancient  abbey 
are  still  visible. 

ALCIRA.  il-thee'ri,  (anc.  Srriahicula.)  an  ancient  walled 
town  of  Spain,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Valencia,  on  an  island  in  the 
Jucar.  Pop.  13,000,  mostly  agricultural.  It  has  2  fine 
bridges,  and  ne.ar  it  is  a  remarkable  stalactitic  cavern. 

ALCISTON,  il'sis-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ALCOBA,  SERRA  DE,  sjK'Ridi  dl-ko^bd,  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  Portugal,  province  of  Beira. 

AIXJOBA^A,  dl-ko-bS/sl,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Estrem.idura,  on  the  small  river  Alcoa,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Lei- 
rla.  Pop.  2000,  with  an  ancient  abbey,  in  which  are  the 
tombs  of  many  kings  of  Portugal. 

A  LCOB  E  N  D A  S,  Jl-ko-pjn'd,^,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  1052. 

ALCOCER,  il-koHhaia/,  a  town  of  Spain,  29  miles  S.E.  of 
Guadalajara.     Pop.  1350. 

ALCOENTRE,  al-ko-^n'trd,  a  small  town  of  Portugal,  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Santarem. 

ALCOLEA  DEL  RKI,  ai-ko-lA'i  dJl  ree'o,  a  town  of  Spain, 
26  miles  N,E.  of  Seville,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Gujidal- 
quivir.  with  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle.  Pop.  1747.  Many 
small  Spanish  towns  are  named  Alcolea. 

ALCO'NA,  a  county  recently  organized  in  the  E.N.E. 
part  of  Michigan,  bordering  on  Lake  Huron,  contains  about 
e30  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Au  Sable  River.  The 
census  of  1850«gives  no  returns  of  the  (lopulation  or  pro- 
ductions of  this  county.  Pop.  in  1860,  1S6. 
60 


ALD 

ALCONBtTRT,  Jl'kpn-ber-i,  two  pfirishes  of  England,  CO. 
of  Huntingdon. 

ALCONCUEL,  dl-kon-chJl',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura. 25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Badajos.    Pop.  2020. 

ALCORA,  dl-ko/rd.  a  town  of  Spain,  45  mile.s  N.N.E.  of  Va- 
lencia,    Pop.  5609.     Exports  fruit. 

AiycORN'S,  a  village  of  Ad;iu-  co.,  Iowa,  100  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Iowa  City. 

ALCOUTIM  or  ALCOTDI,  ai-ko-tee\G',atownof  Portugal, 
province  of  Algarve,  on  the  Guadiana,  25  miles  N.E,  of 
Tavira. 

ALCOVE,  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  70  miles  N.E.  of  Madison. 

ALCOVER,  il-ko-vaiR',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Tarragona.    Pop.  2812. 

ALCOA'Y  RIVER,  Georgia.    See  L'lcofauhachee. 

ALCOY,  ai-ko'e,  a  town  of  Spain,  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ali- 
cante, Pop.  27,0(30.  It  has  many  new  buildings,  numerous 
paper  and  woollen  factories,  and  consider.tble  commercial 
activit)';  200,000  reams  of  paper  are  annually  made. 

ALCOY,  il-ko'e,  the  name  of  a  small  river  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  flowing  N.E.  about  45  miles  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

ALCDDIA,  dl-koo'Do-d,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Ma- 
jorca, on  a  peninsula  at  its  N.  extremity,  between  the 
b.ays  of  Puerto  Mayor  and  Puerto  Menor,  31  miles  N  j;.  of 
Pal  ma, 

ALCUDIA  DE  CAR  LET,  dl-koo'i>e-l  Ah  kaR-lJt',  a  town  of 
Spain,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Valencia.  Pop.  1759.  Alcudia  is 
the  name  of  several  other  Spanish  towns. 

ALCUESCAR,  il-kwiVkdR,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura, 28  miles  S,  of  Cioeres,  Pop.  3560.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Moors  of  Granada  in  830. 

ALDABRA,  il-di'bra,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  com- 
posed of  three  sepai-ate  parts  connected  by  coral  rocks,  N.  of 
Madagascar ;  lat.  9°  20'  S.,  Ion.  46°  35'  E. 

ALD.\N,  il-ddn',  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Ya- 
kootsk,  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Lena,  rises  in  the  Aldai> 
Mountains,  near  the  Chinese  frontier,  and  joins  the  Lena  in 
lat.  63°  12' N.,  Ion.  129°  40'  E.,  after  a  course  of  about  300 
miles. 

ALDAN  (al-dinO  MOUNTAINS,  a  chain  of  mountains  in 
E.  Siteria,  branching  off  northwestward  from  the  Stanovoi 
Mountains,  from  lat.  61°  20'  to  67°  30'  N.  Total  length,  above 
900  miles.  The  elevation  varies  from  2000  feet  to  upwards 
of  4000  feet.  Mount  Kapitan,  the  most  elevated  summit,  is 
4263  feet  high.  According  to  some  geographers,  the  Aldan 
Mountitins  comprise  the  whole  mountain  system  in  the  N  Ji 
part  of  Asia,  including  the  Kamtchatka  chain. 

ALDAYA,  il-di'd,  a  town  of  Spain,  7  miles  W.  of  Valen- 
cia.   Pop.  1975. 

ALDBOROUGII  or  ALDEBURGH,  ild/bflr-iih,  a  seaport 
town  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  between  the  sea  and  the 
estuary  of  the  Aide,  9^  miles  S.  of  Dunwich.  It  has  lately 
become  a  place  of  resort  for  sea  bathing.  Crabl)e;  the  poet, 
was  born  here  in  1754.     Pop.  (1851)  1627. 

ALDBOROUGII.  a  marketrto^vn  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Y'ork,  West  Riding,  wapentake  of  Claro,  on  the  Ure,  16 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Y'ork.  It  is  irregularly  built  on  the  North 
Watling  Street,  and  is  supposed  to  replace  the  ancient  Isn^ 
rium  Brigantium.    Pop.  (1851)  2438, 

ALDBOROUGII,  a  parish  of  Emrland,  co.  of  Norfolk 

ALDBOURNE.  Ald'biirn,  or  AUBOURNE,aw'burn,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ALDBROUGII,  ild'brtth,  (?)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Y'ork,  Etist  Riding,  contains  a  flourishing  village.  One  of 
the  finest  Roman  pavements  in  Britain  was  discovered  here 
in  1848. 

ALDBROUGII,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

ALDBURY,  Ald'ber-e.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

ALDBY'.  a  parish  of  England.     See  Albt. 

ALDE.  Aid,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  rises  near 
Framlingham,  runs  generally  south-eastward,  and  near 
Aldobrough  dilates  into  a  long  and  winding  estuary,  which 
joins  the  North  Sea  at  Orford. 

ALDEA  DA  VILA  DE  DUERO,  dl-d.VI  di've-ld  Ah  doo-Vro, 
a  town  of  Spain.  43  miles  W.  of  Salamanca,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Duero.     Pop.  1490. 

ALDEA  DEL  CANO,  dl-d.VJ  dJl  kd'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  15 
miles  S.  of  C&ceres.    Pop.  1205. 

ALDEA  DEL  OBISPO,  dl-d.VJ  dM  o-bees^po,  a  town  of 
Sp.ain.  province  of  Salamanca.     Pop.  506. 

ALDEA  DEL  REY,  dl-dA'S  dJl  A  or  rhie,  a  t^wn  of  Spain, 
New  C.tstile,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.     Po),.  16.50, 

ALDEA  GALEQA,  iUWi.  gd-l.Vgd.a  town  of  Portugal,  Es- 
tremadura, on  the  estuary  of  the  Tagus,  10  uiil.s  E.  of  Lis- 
bon. It  is  a  ferry  station  on  the  way  from  Lislxin  to  Ba- 
dajos.   Pop.  4000. 

ALDEA  A'ELHA,  dl-d.Vd  vtM'yd,  a  seaport  town  and  hai^ 
bor  of  Brazil,  on  the  Bay  and  8  miles  S.E.  of  EspirVo  Santo. 

ALDEBY,  dl'dt-be,  or  ALDEBURGH,  dld'bQr-ah,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ALDEN,  dl'dfn,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co..  New  York, 
22  miles  E.  of  Buffalo,  and  iS20  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2442. 


ALD 


ALE 


The  Tillage  is  situated  on  the  Rochester  and  Buffalo  Rail- 
road. 

AFjDEN,  a  post-villaze  and  township  In  the  N.  part  of 
MoIIenry  co..  Illinois.  TO  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago.      I'op.  94.i. 

ALDI<;N'IIAM.  Sl'den-am.a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Herts. 

ALiDKNIIOVKN,  dl'den-hoVen.  a  town  of  Khenish  Prus- 
sia, Sk  miles  .'*.W.  of  .luiieh.     Pop.  12u6. 

ALPENVILr>E,Al'den-Til,  a  post-office  of  W.-jyne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ALDEKBROOK,  il'df  r-br6«k,  a  posfcoffice  of  Independence 
CO.,  Arliansas. 

ALDEHBURY,  4l'der-ber-4,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

ALDER  (.il'dfr)  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co.,  107 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Altianv. 

ALDERFORD,  dl'der-ford,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ALDERLEY,  ^I'der-l^,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. In  the  church  is  the  tomli  of  Sir  Jlatthew  Hale, 
born  in  this  parish  Xoveml)er  1,  1009. 

ALDERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester.  It  is 
the  stjition  of  the  Manchester  and  Birmingham  Railway. 

ALUElt.MASTON,  .'il'dfr-uia.'i't9n,  a  market-town  and  p.a- 
rish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  on  the  Kennet,  8  miles  E.  of 
Newburv.     Pop.  783. 

ALDEIOIINSTER,  dl'd?r-min*st?r,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  \Vorcest<>r. 

Ar.DERNEY,  Al'der-n*,  or  AURIGNY,  (anc.  Piduna.)  an 
Island  in  the  ICnglis'h  Channel,  off  the  coast  of  Normandy, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  diocese  of  Minchester.  10  miles 
W.  of  Cape  la  Uogue.  Lat.  of  telegraph.  49°  41'  5"  N. :  Ion. 
2°  13'  7"  W.  Circumference,  about  8  miles.  Pop.  1030.  It 
is  well  cultivated,  and  not<'d  for  its  breed  of  small  cows,  but 
has  no  good  harbor,  and  little  trade.  In  its  centre  is  a  town 
of  the  same  name. 

ALUKKXEV,  Race  op,  a  strait  between  the  alwve  Island 
and  Capt"  la  Ilogue,  dangerous  ft-om  the  strength  and  rapid- 
ity of  its  tides.    .See  Caskets. 

ALDERSHOLT,  dl'dfrs-hAlt,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hajits. 

ALDEBTON,  Al'der-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

ALDERTOX,  a  p-arish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ALDERT(tX,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ALDERTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

AI>UEOHD.;ild'tfira,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

ALDII.VM,  dl'dam.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ALDIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AIVDIE.  a  small  post-vilUige  of  Loudon  CO.,  Virginia,  Little 
River,  149  miles  X.  of  Richmond.  A  slackwater  navigation 
is  in  progress  of  construction,  which  will  ext<ind  from  this 
villase  to  the  Potomac,  a  distance  of  17  miles. 

ALDIXGBOURXE,  ild'ing-burn,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Sussex. 

ALDIXGIIAM,  .ild'ing-am,  two  united  parishes  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Lancaster.  5J  'miles  S.  of  Ulverstone.  The  area 
of  these  parishes  lias  been  much  diminished  within  the  last 
three  or  four  centuries  by  encroachments  of  the  sea. 

ALDIXGTOX,  ild'ing-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent. 

ALDRIDGE.  .ild'ri.i,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

ALDllIXGIIAM,  dld'ring-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

ALDSTOXE,  Ald'ston  or  Jl'ston,  or  ALSTOX-MOOR,  a 
market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland.  19 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Carlisle.  Slore  than  1000  persons  are  em- 
ployed in  the  lead-mines  in  the  vicinity. 

ALD.^WOltTU,  dlds'wgrth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

ALDWIXCKLE,01d'win-k-l,)ALL  S.UXTS,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Northampton.  Dryden  was  born  here  in 
1631. 

ALDWIXCKLE,  St.  PETER'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

ALDWDRTII.  dld'wprth,  or  ALLDER,  Al'dgr,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Berks. 

ALEDO.  i-Wno.  a  town  of  Spain,  17  miles  S.S.W.  Murcia; 
with  ancient  Roman  walls.     Pop.  1029. 

ALEGRETE.  i-lA-gru'tA,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo.  8  miles  S.E.  ol'  l^ortalegre. 

ALEGRI.A.,  R-LA-gree'd,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  Oui- 
puzcoa,  in  a  plain  on  the  Oria,  at  the  foot  of  ."Mount  AldaVia. 
2  miles  S.W.  of  Tolosa.  Pop.  857.  Chief  industry,  agricul- 
ture, and  iron-forges  on  the  Oria. 

A  LEI,  i-lrl'.  a  river  of  Siberia,  an  affluent  of  the  Obi,  in  the 
government  of  Tomsk. 

ALETSKOI-LOKTEVSKOT,  i-lA'^skoyMok-tSv'skoyS  a 
town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Tomsk,  137  miles 
S.W.  of  B^jsk,  and  near  one  of  the  richest  copper-mines  in 
Sil>eria. 

ALEKSAXDRI.A.,  1-lSk-sin'dre-Jl,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Caucasus,  10  miles  S.  of  Georgievsk. 

ALEKSAXDRdV  or  ALEXAXDROV,  a-Uk-san-drov^  a 
town  and  forrress  of  Russia,  government  of  Caucasus, 
eituaiau  43  miles  N.W.  of  Georgievsk. 


ALEKSAXDROV.  European  Russia.    See  Alexaxt>bov. 

ALKKSAXDROVKA  or  ALEXAXDRUVIvA,  ^-iMi-sdn- 
drov'kj.  the  name  of  a  great  number  of  small  towns  ii) 
Russia,  there  being  no  fewer  than  four  in  the  government 
of  Kherson. 

ALEKS.^XDROVSK,  a  town  of  European  Russia.  See 
Alexantiriivsk. 

ALEKSIEPSKOE,  ^-Uk-se-Jp'sltoAN  a  town  of  Rus.sia, 
government,  and  110  miles  X.E.  of  Saratov. 

ALHKSIX  or  ALKXIXK,  ^-IJx-een',  written  also  ALE- 
SEI.\.\,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  government  of  Toola, 
on  the -Oka,  about  loil  miles  S.  of  Moscow.  Two  great  fairs 
are  held  here  annually.     Pep.  2500. 

ALEM.4XIA,  the  Spanish  name  of  Germant.  which  see. 

ALEMOL'TII,  AILOIOUTII.  or  ALXEMOUTU,  a  st-aport 
town  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Alne  in  the  Xorth  Sia.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Alnwick.    P.  4S8 

ALEMQUER  or.ALENQUER,  a-l^N^-kaip.',  a  fortified  town 
of.i'ortugal.  in  Estremadura.  on  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
25  miles  X.X.E.  of  Listen.  Pop.  3200,  with  extensive  paper- 
mills. 

ALEMQUER  or  ALENQUER,  i-l^so-kalR',  a  town  of  Bra- 
zil. 60  miles  W.S.M'.  of  Montalegre. 

ALEMTK.TO  or  ALEXTE.I(),  d-lt'^NO-tA'zho,  (i.  e.  "beyond  the 
T.agus."  the  speaker  l>oing  supp<ised  to  stand  in  Lisbon.)  a  pro- 
vince of  Portugal,  between  lat.  37° 20'  and  39°  40'  N. ;  having 
Beiraontho  N.,  Algarve  on  the  S.,  Spiiin  on  the  E..  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  part  of  E,stremadnra  on  the  W.  Area, 
10.024  square  miles.  Pop.(]S60)  284,831.  Climate  extremely 
hot  and  dry:  surface  undulating.  Chief  rivers,  the  Tagus 
(Tejo)  in  the  N.,  Guadl.ana  in  the  E.,  and  Sado  in  the  S.  Lis- 
bon is  mostly  supi)lied  with  com  from  hence,  and  rice  is 
grown  in  the  low  grounds.  There  are  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloth  and  eaithenware.  Principal  towns,  Evora, 
(the  capita!,?)  Beja,VillarVi9osa,  Portalegre,  Elvas,  and  ts- 
tremoz. 

ALEXQOX,  3-lJn'son,  (Fr.  pron.  SM^noVAno',)  a  city  of 
France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Orne.  in  a  plain  on  the 
Sai-the,  105  miles  W.S.W.  of  Paris.  Pop.  (1852)  14,760.  It 
is  well  built,  with  promenades  on  the  site  of  its  ancient 
walls,  a  cathedral,  court-house,  public  library,  and  a  church 
built  in  the  eighth  century.  The  industry  of  this  town  has 
greatly  changed  within  twenty  years;  it  now  consists  of 
tanneries,  cider  distilleries,  lileaching,  spinning,  and  print- 
ing. The  manufacture  of  the  celebrated  lace  called  point 
d'Alen^on  still  occupies  five  or  six  principal  houses:  the 
produce  is  distinguished  in  the  exliibitions  of  national  in- 
dustry. The  crystjil.s  called  Alongon  diamonds  are  found  in 
its  vicinity. 

ALKP'l'O,  called  by  the  natives  (Arabs)  HALEB,  or 
IIALEB  ES  SlIABBA,  hi'lJb  ?8  shaVbi,  (anc.  ClMlh/hm 
and  JleraJa,)  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of  a  pa- 
shalic,  in  the  N.  of  Syria,  and  one  of  the  princijial 
empfiriums  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  on  the  Kowek.  (anc. 
ChuHm.)  70  miles  E.  of  the  Jiedit^-rranean.  Lat.  36°  ll'  X. ; 
Ion.  37°  10'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  60,000  to  85,000 :  Tiut 
previously  to  the  earthiiuake  of  1S22  it  is  said  to  have  beeu 
upwards  of  200,(X)0.  In  ancient  times  the  citj'  rose  to  im- 
portance on  the  destruction  of  Palm3ra,  and  became  the 
great  emporium  of  trade  between  Europe  and  the  East.  It 
is  encircled  by  Saracenic  walls,  outside  of  which  are  large 
suburbs,  the  whole  being  aliout  7  miles  in  circumference. 
Its  appearance,  on  appraaching  it,  is  striking  and  pictu- 
resque. Numerous  mosques,  cupfibis,  and  min.arets — the 
last  of  dazzling  whiteness — crowd  on  the  eye;  the  fiat  roofs 
of  the  houses  on  the  hills  rise,  one  Ix'hind  another,  in  a  suc- 
cession of  hanging  terraces:  while  a  profusion  of  cypress  and 
poplar  trees  imparts  lieauty  .and  animation  to  the  whole. 
But  on  entering  the  gates,  much  of  this  pleasing  illusion  is 
dispelled.  The  .streets  are  found  to  be  gloomy  and  silent; 
the  shops  mean-looking,  and  the  baths  and  fountains  heavy, 
unadorned  structures.  The  houses,  however,  are  well  and 
substantially  built  of  stone,  two  or  three  stories  in  height ; 
mostly  in  the  Saracenic  style,  with  spacious  apartments,  large 
windows,  and  richly  ornamented  walls  and  ceilings,  the  latter 
Ijeing  often  beautifully  painted  and  gilded.  An  abundant 
supply  of  water  is  furnished  from  springs  about  8  miles  dis- 
tant, by  means  of  an  ancient  aqueduct.  The  celebrated  gar- 
dens, 12  miles  in  length,  are  situated  to  the  S.E.  of.the  city. 
Aleppo  has  a  castle,  a  Mohammedan  college  with  numerous 
pupils,  many  Christian  schools  and  churches,  .several  large 
inns,  and  many  extensive  warehouses  and  bazaars.  Sillis, 
cottons,  and  gold  and  silver  thread  stuffs  are  prepared  here 
for  the  supply  of  the  Turkish  provinces ;  and  here  are  also 
extensive  soap-factories,  dye-works,  and  rope-walks,  the  last 
in  some  vast  caverns  outside  the  city.  Aleppo  has  numerous 
mercantile  houses,  and  its  position  for  trade  is  very  advan- 
tageous. Principal  imports,  galls,  sUk,  wool,  goats'-hair, 
India  piece-goods  from  England:  cotton  yarn  and  fabrics, 
cochineal,  sugar,  indigo,  silks,  woollens,  and  colonial  goods, 
from  France;  woollens,  cups,  glass,  coral,  paper,  velvets, 
steel.  &c.,  from  Germany  and  Italy.  Large  caravans  arrive 
from  Bagdad,  Bosra,  Diarbekir,  Mosul,  Koordistan,  and 
Armenia.  Consuls  of  most  European  nations  reside  at 
Aleppo.    About  30  miles  N.W.  is  AnqouTagh, a  mountain 

61 


ALE 

with  ruins  of  a  convent,  and  a  number  of  deserted  villages. 

which  indicate  its  former  populousuess. Adj.  and  inhab. 

Alkpi'I.ne,  ^lep-peen';  native  Halebee.  hi'leb-ee. 

ALKIVPO,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1198. 

ALERIA,  d-li-ree'i,  a  decayed  town  of  Corsica.  It  derives 
its  name  from  the  liomaii  colony  of  Aleria. 

ALEUT/,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

.\LGS,  d/lJs,  an  episcopal  town  in  the  island  of  Sardinia,  30 
miles  N.N.AV.  of  Cagliari.  It  has  a  small  but  elegant  cathe- 
dral, and  mineral  springs.    Pop.  1135. 

ALliSlIK,  i-ljshk',  a  town  of  llussia,  government  of  Tau- 
rida,  on  the  left  bank  of  an  estuai-y  of  the  Dnieper,  opposite 
Kherson.    Pop.  1500. 

ALKSI.\.    See  Alms. 

ALESIUM.    See  Ause-Sainte-Reine. 

ALKSS.4lM)RIA,  ai-Js-sdn/dre-a,  (called  "Delia  Paglia," 
— dfil-id  pal'yd,  from  its  first  houses  having  been  roofed 
with  straw,)  a  fortified  city  of  Piedmont,  in  a  sterile 
plain  on  the  Tanaro,  and  on  the  railway  from  Turin  totienoa. 
b<i%  miles  E.S.E.  of  Turin.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1S62, 
27,027,  exclusive  of  the  suburbs,  and  the  garrison.  It  is 
well  built,  is  the  see  of  a  bisliop,  luis  a  catliedral,  a  royal 
college,  and  a  theological  seminary,  several  hospitals  and 
orphan  asylums,  a  gymnasium,  and  very  e.xtensive  bar- 
racks. The  formidable  foriifications  constructed  during 
the  domination  of  the  French  rendered  it  one  of  the  strongest 
places  in  Europe ;  but  these  are  demolished,  and  only  the 
citadel  is  left.  It  has  fabrics  of  silk.  linen,  and  woollen 
goods,  stockings,  and  hats,  with  a  large  trade,  and  two 
great  annual  fairs.  Two  miles  S.E.  of  Alessandria,  in  an 
extensive  plain,  is  the  village  of  Marengo,  celebrated  for  the 
great  victory  gained  here  by  jS'apoleon  over  the  Austrians, 
14th  of  June,  1800. 

ALESSANDRIA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citia,  1-1  miles  N.E.  of  Castrovillari.    Pop.  1500. 

ALESSANO,  M5s-s^no,  a  town  of  Naples,  19  miles  S.W.  of 
Otranto.    Pop.  1745. 

ALESSIO,  ^l&'se-o,  (anc.  irs'.ws,)  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Albania,  on  the  left  bank  and  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Drin,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Scutari.  Pop.  3000.  Scander- 
beg  was  buried  in  its  fortress. 

ALET  or  ALETII,  knif,  (L.  Alec>ta,)  a  small  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aude,  on  the  river  Aude,  6  miles  S.E. 
of  Limoux. 

ALEUTIAN  (a-lu'she-an)  or  ALEUTAN  (a-lu'tan)  ISLANDS, 
a  group  of  i.slands  belonging  to  Russia,  iii  the  North  Pacific, 
extending  between  Kamtchatka  and  the  peninsula  of  Aliaska, 
in  Russian  Americi.  from  lat.  52°  to  53°  N.,  and  from  Ion. 
172°  W.  to  171°  £.  They  include  several  groups,  y'iz..  the  true 
Aleutian,  Andreanov,  and  Fox  Islands,  and  are  rocky  and 
volcanic,  having  some  volcanoes  in  constant  activity.  The 
inhabitants,  estimated  at  8700,  subsist  mostly  by  hunting 
end  fishing,  vegetation  being  scanty,  and  agriculture  almost 
unknown.  Chief  exports,  otter,  fox,  and  other  skins,  the 
trade  in  which  is  monopolized  by  the  Russo-Americau  Com- 
pany. 

ALEXANDER  (Island,)  a  small  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  about  lat.  69°  30'  S. ;  Ion.  75°  0'  W. 

ALEX.'VX'DER,  a  county  towards  the  W.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  perhaps  300  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  South  Yadkin.  The  surfiice  is  elevated  and 
hilly;  a  portion  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  was  formed 
in  1846,  from  Wilkes.  Caldwell,  and  Iredell  counties.  Capi- 
t)il,  'liiylorsville.  Pop.  tj022;  ot  whom  5411  were  free,  and 
611  slaves. 

ALEXANDER,  a  county  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  of  245  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Ohio  with  the  Jlississippi  River,  the  latter 
of  which  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.  and  S.AV.,  and  sepa- 
rate-s  it  from  Missouri.  Ca-sh  River  flows  along  the  E.  border 
of  the  county  until  it  enters  the  Ohio  a  few  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  latter.  The  surface  is.  low,  and  some  parts  are 
subject  to  inundation;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  Central  Rail- 
road of  Illinois  has  its  S.  terminus  at  Caii-o,  in  this  county. 
Capital,  Tliebes.     Pop.  4707. 

ALEXANDER,  a  post-township  of  Wasliington  co.,  Maine, 
25  miles  N.  of  Macliias.    Pop.  445. 

ALEXANDER,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  co.,  New  York. 
Pop.  1801. 

ALEXANDER,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  on 
Tonawanda  Creek  and  the  Ratavia  and  Attica  Railroad,  258 
miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  6  stores,  3  churches,  and  a 
fiourishing  seminary.    Pop.  about  350. 

ALE.XANDEll,  a  post-village  of  Rurke  co..  Georgia,  near 
the  source  of  Beaver  Dam  Creek,  about  90  miles  E.  of  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

ALEXANDER,  a  small  village  of  Cannon  co..  Tennessee. 

ALK.XAXDER,  a  township  of  Athens  co..  Ohio,  about  80 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus.  The  village  is  nearly  in  the  centre 
of  tlie  township,  on  the  road  which  runs  S.  from  Athens  to 
the  Ohio  River.      Pop.  1675. 

AliKXANDER,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Rac- 
coon Fork  of  Licking  River,  about  12  mUes  VV.  of  Newark. 
Pop.  350. 

5-.^ 


ALE 

ALEXANDERSBAD,  a-Ux-du'dei-s-blf,  mineral  springs 
and  baths,  in  Bavaria,  province  of  Upper  Franconi.t,  17  milce 
N.E.  of  Baireuth. 

ALEXAN/DERSVILLE  or  ALEXAN/DERVI  LLE,a  post^vil- 
lage  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  Canal,  and  near 
the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  7  miles  S.  of  Dayton, 
and  75  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Columbus 

A  LEXAN  DRAPOL  FORT,  Russia.    See  Goombee. 

ALEXANDP.ETTA,  al-e.K-an-dret/ta.  See  IsK,\NnEROON. 

ALEXANDRIA, al-ex-an'dre-a, (anc.  AlexandrVa ;  Gr.  AAtf- 
aviptia;  Arab,  and  Turk.  Iskanderec/yeh  ;  named  from  its 
founder,  Alexander  the  Great,)  a  celebrated  city  and  seaport  of 
Egypt,  near  the  westernmost  branch  of  the  Nile,  on  theMedi- 
terranean,  112  miles  N.W.  of  Cairo,  with  which  it  commuui- 
cates  by  the  Mahmoodeey eh  Canal  and  the  N  ile.  Lat.  of  I  'haros, 
31°  12'  9"  N. ;  Ion.  29°  53'  E.  The  modem  city  is  built  on  a 
peninsula,  (anciently  the  Island  of  Pharos.)  and  on  the  isth- 
mus connecting  it  with  the  continent;  the  ancient  city  was 
on  the  mainland,  where  its  ruins  cover  a  vast  extent  of  sur- 
face. Alexandria  has  a  new  p;ilace  of  the  pasha,  a  large 
naval  arsenal,  naval  and  milittiry  hospitals,  a  custom-house, 
tribunal  of  commerce,  primary  school  of  instruction,  medi- 
cal, naval,  and  other  schools.  In  the  new  streets  and 
squares  it  has  more  the  a.spect  of  a  European  than  of  an 
African  or  Asiatic  city.  The  Turkish  quarter  is  irregular 
and  dirty,  but  the  Frank  quarter  has  many  good  streets, 
and  a  fine  scjuare  outside  of  the  cit}'.  Country  houses  line 
a  part  of  the  ancient  canal  leading  to  the  W.  arm  of  the 
Nile,  which  was  restored  by  Mohammed  All.  There  are  two 
ports,  in  the  western  and  best  of  which  ships  anchor  in  fiom 
22  to  40  feet  of  water.  A  castle  called  Farillon,  and  serving 
as  a  landmark  to  sailors,  replaces  the  famous  Pharos  of  anti- 
quity. Alexandria  is  the  great  emporium  of  Egypt.  The 
principal  exports  are  corn,  cotton,  wool,  gums,  rice,  dates, 
senna,  and  hides.  The  principal  imports  are  cotton,  woollen, 
and  silk  goods,  hardware,  and  machinery,  with  timber,  coal, 
drugs,  and  colonial  products.  The  total  value  of  exports  in 
1847  was  $11,659,705,  ($5,322.3.39  to  Great  Britain.)  and  of 
imports,  $6,744,085,  of  which  $2,216,255  was  fi-om  Great 
Britain.  The  number  of  foreign  arrivals  in  1849  was  1499, 
clearances.  1400.  Alexandria  is  an  important  station  in  the 
overland  route  to  India.  A  railroad  has  recently  been  con- 
structed to  Cairo;  a  connection  which  must  contribute 
greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  both  cities.  It  has  regular  steam 
communication  %vith  Constantinople,  Triest.  JIarseilles,  and 
England.  Consuls  of  the  chief  European  countries  reside  here. 

The  ancient  city  of  Alexandria  was  founded  in  the  year  332 
B.  c.  Under  the  liberal  sw.ny  of  the  Ptolemies  it  rose  to  great 
eminence  as  a  seat  of  learning,  becoming  not  more  famous  for 
theextentof  its  commerce  and  wealth  than  for  its  philosophy 
and  literature.  Even  after  its  subjection  to  the  Roman  Em 
pire,  Alexandria  scarcely  lost  any  of  its  splendor.  It  wag 
considered  second  only  to  Rome,  and  still  engrossed,  as  it 
had  done  before,  the  trade  of  India.  Its  library,  fjunded  by 
Ptolemy  Philadolphus,  surpassed  all  others  of  which  anti- 
quity could  boast,  nitmbering  700,000  volumes,  of  which 
400.000  were  in  the  library  of  the  Museum,  and  the  remain- 
ing 300,000  in  the  library  attached  to  the  temple  of  Serapis. 
The  former  was  accidentally  destroyed  by  fire  dviiing  the 
war  with  Julius  Caesar,  and  the  latter  by  command  of  the 
Calif  Omar,  in  the  year  640.  From  this  period  the  city  fell 
into  decay,  till  its  ruin  was  completed  by  the  discovery  of 
the  passage  to  India  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Its  popu- 
lation, once  numbering  600,000  souls,  is  said  to  have  lieen 
reduced  to  6000.  But,  under  the  goverment  of  Mohammed 
Ali,  it  greatly  recovered;  and  at  present  its  population  is 
computed  to  amount  to  80,000.  including  the  garrison  of 
6000  or  8000  men,  and  the  sailors  of  the  fleet,  reckoned  at 
12,000.  The  ancient  city  of  .Alexandria  was  of  gre.it  extent, 
having  a  circumference  of  15  miles.  Of  the  entire  area,  one- 
fourth  was  covered  with  temples,  palaces,  and  public  build- 
ings. Pompey's  Pillar,  Cle<3patra's  Needles,  and  the  cata- 
combs at  the   Necropolis,   are  now  the  most   interesting 

remains. Ad,),  and  inh.ab.  .\lf.xandrl\n,  al-ex-au'dre-an ; 

Arab.  Ska\dera.\ee,  skdn-der-3'nee. 

ALEXAN'DRI.\,  Piedmont.    See  Alessandria. 

ALEXAN/DRI.i,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton, 
parish  of  Bouhill,  on  the  Leven,  3i  miles  N.  of  Dumbarton. 
Pop.  30.39,  mostly  employed  in  cotton  printing. 

ALE.XAN/DRIA,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  the  Potomac  River,  opposite  AVashington  City, 
has  an  area  of  about  36  square  miles.  The  surface  is  hilly; 
the  soil  thin.  The  Or.ange  and  -Alexandria  Rai!roa<l  termi- 
nates at  Alexandria,  the  capital  of  the  county;  and  a  canal 
has  been  made  from  that  city  to  Georgetown,  in  the  District 
of  Columbia.  Pop.  12,652,  of  whom  11,2  i6  were  free,  and  1388 
slaves.  This  county  formerly  constituted  a  part  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  ■  It  was  retroceded  to  Virginia  by  an  actof 
Congress  passed  tluly  9th.  1844. 

ALI-LX.ANDltlA.  a  post-township  of  Grafton,  co.,  NaT* 
Hampshire.  .34  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1253. 

ALKXANDUIA,  a  village  towards  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Essex  CO.,  New  York,  near  the  N.  end  of  Lake  George. 

ALEXANDRIA,  a  post-township  of  JeiT-rson  co..  Now 
York,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence;  it  comprises  within  it? 


ALE 


ALG 


limits  a  portion  of  the  Thousand  Islands  in  that  river. 
Pop.  3S0S. 

AIjK.YANDRIA,  a  village  in  the  above  township,  aliout  a 
mile  from  the  .St.  I>awren<,'e.  and  27  miles  X.  of  Watertown. 

ALEXANDRIA,  a  township  in  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey.    Pop.  4ns8. 

ALK.XANDRIA,  a  posl>iiorou;jh  in  Morris  township, 
Huntinijrdon  co.,  Pennsylvani.^,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Canal, 
and  on  Frankstown  branch  of  the  Juniata.  98  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  llarrislmrji.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  one 
of  the  larfiest  towns  in  the  county.     Pop.  in  1860,  534. 

ALKXAXDRIA,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  Alex- 
andria CO.,  Virijinia,  on  the  rif;ht  bank  of  the  Potomac,  7 
miles  Iwlow  Wa-shington.  Lat.  38°  49'  N.;  Ion.  77°  4'  W. 
The  river,  here  one  mile  wide,  forms  a  commodious  harbor, 
suRiciently  deep  for  the  largest  ships.  The  city  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  uiidulatin!»  ground,  with  a  fine  view  of  the  Capi- 
tol at  Washington  and  of  the  broad  Potomac.  The  streets 
cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  are  generally  well 
piived  and  lighted  with  gas.  The  public  buildings  are  a 
court-house  and  alxiut  12  churches.  There  are  3  banks.  2 
newspaper  offices,  and  several  excellent  schools.  W^ter  ig 
supplied  to  the  city  from  a  small  stream  called  Cameron's 
Run.  Some  shipping  is  owned  here.  In  which  grain  and 
flour  are  exported.  Tobacco  was  formerly  an  export.  A 
canal  has  been  opened  to  Georgetown,  iiitensocting  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  and  a  railroad  90  iiiile.s  long 
extends  tVom  tliis  city  to  Gordonsvillo  on  the  Central  Rjiil- 
road.  Tliese  iiiiprovenieuts  were  finislied  in  1802,  and 
have  attracted  considerable  trade  to  tliis  port.  The  ship- 
ping ot  tlie  district,  June  30,  1S51,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  3771  tons  regi.stered,  and  &044  tons  enrolled  and 
licensed.  Of  the  latter,  7o2i)  tons  were  employed  in  the 
coa.st  trade,  and  liiCO  tons  in  steam  navigation.  The  foreign 
arrivals  for  the  year  were  67,  (tons  20,866,)  and  the  clear- 
ances for  foreign  ports  Gl,  (tons  17,o6.5.) 

Alexandria  is  now  connected  with  Leesburg  (about  40 
miles  distant),  and  a  railroad  has  lately  been  opened'  to 
\Va.shington,  thus  communicating  with  tlie  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Road.     Pop.  in  ISOO,  12,654. 

ALi;XANDKIA.  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama, 
aljout  130  miles  N.E.  of  Tu.soaloosa. 

AI/KXAXDRIA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rapides  parish, 
Ltmisiana,  on  Red  lUver.  350  miles  by  water  W.X.W.  of  New 
Orleans,  and  160  miles  liy  the  course  of  the  river  from  its 
mouth.  Steamboats  ply  fre<iuently  at  all  seflsong  between 
this  town  and  New  Orleans,  and  they  can  also  ascend  many 
miles  further.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  plain 
in  the  ceutreof  a  rich  cotton-growing  region.    Pop.  1401. 

ALKXAXDRIA.  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Tennessee, 
45  miles  K.  of  Nashville. 

ALK.XANDRIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  (Campbell  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  state  road,  leading  from  Newport  (the  for- 
mer cjipital  of  the  county)  to  Lexington,  about  13  miles 
S.S.K.  of  Newport,  and  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop. 
alout  1000. 

ALEXANDRIA,  a  postrvillage  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  near  the 
mouth  of  Scioto  River,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Portsmouth. 

ALEXANDHIA.  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Madison  CO., 
Indiana,  on  Pipe  Cfeek,  alxiut  45  miles  N.N.E.  of  IndianajK)- 
lis.  This  place  has  several  steam  saw-mills  and  stores,  and 
is  improving  rapidly. 

ALEXANDRIA,  a  thriving  town  of  Clarke  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  on  Fox  River,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Missis.sippi. 
It  contains  some  20  stores  or  upwards,  and  would  doubtless 
rise  to  be  a  place  of  much  importance,  was  it  not  unfortu- 
nately subject  to  inundations.     Pop.  952. 

ALEXAN'DRIA,  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Glen- 
garry, 70  miles  W.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  a  carding-mill 
and  tannery:  also  manuf;ictures  of  cloth,  pearl-ash,  wagons, 
and  other  articles.     Pop.  about  500. 

ALKXANDRIA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.. 
New  York. 

ALEXANDRIA,  (J-Ux-in/dre-a,)  St.  PAUL,  a  village  of 
Russian  America,  in  the  island  of  Kodiak,  with  an  excellent 
port. 

ALEXANOiRIA  TRO'AS,  called  by  the  Turks  ESKEE 
ST.A.MBOOL,  (i.  e.  "  old  city,")  a  small  town  on  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Tenedos. 

ALEXANDRIANA,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
North  Carolin.a,  160  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

ALEXANDRINA,  LAIiE,  South  Australia.   See  Victoria. 

ALEXANDROPOL.     See  Goomree. 

ALEXANDROVorALEKSANDR0V.a-l5x-anMrov'.atown 
of  Russia,  government,  and  55  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vladimeer, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Kliasma.  It  has  an  imperial  stud,  and 
a  convent  founded  by  Ivan  IV.,  who  established  here  the 
Srst  printing-press  known  in  Russia. 

ALEX.\NDROV,  a  new  town  of  Ru.ssian  Poland,  govern- 
ment, and  about  60  miles  W".  of  M'ar.saw.     Pop.  3200. 

ALEXANDROV,  a  Russian  fortress,  government  of  Cau- 
casus.     See  -AlF.KSANDROV. 

ALEXANDROVKA.    See  At.eksandrovka. 
ALEXANDROVSK,  i-lix'hi'drovsk'.  a  fortified  town  of 
Jussia,  capital  of  a  cu-cle,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dnieper, 


below  its  cataracts,  government  and  40  miles  S.  of  Tekate 
rino.slav.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  the  place  of  embarkation  lor  !il. 
the  products  exported  by  this  river  to  the  Black  Sea.  Therr 
are  towns  and  stations  of  the  same  name  in  the  government* 
of  Orenlxxjrg,  Caucasus,  and  in  Russian  America. 

ALEXANDR(A>KY,  it-lex-an-drov'skee,  or  ALKKSAN- 
DROVSKAYA,  d-lJx-dn-drov-skd/yd,  a  manufactui-ing  depot 
of  Russia,  government  and  6  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Neva,  with  cotton,  flax,  and  yarn  tacto- 
ries,  sail-cloth,  m.achinei-y,  and  a  government  porcelain  fac- 
tory. It  was  destroyed  by  fire  January  1,  1840:  but  has 
since  been  restored. 

ALEXISBAD,  d-Ux'is-bat/,  a  resort  for  mineral  wat<?rs.  ic 
AnhaltrBemburg,  2  miles  W.  of  Ilarzgerode. 

ALEXOPOL,  a-lJxVpol-  or  ALEXINK.  ^-l^x-een',  a  town  ol 
Russia,  government  and  40  miles  S.  of  Poltava,  on  the  Orel 
having  a  large  annual  fair. 

ALEYBEII,  d-lA'beh,  a  village  of  Western  Africa,  near  the 
left  bank  of  the  Senegal.  Lat'.  16°  50'  N. ;  Ion.  14°  4'  W.  It 
is  a  large  and  populous  placg, 

ALEYOR.     See  Alavor. 

ALFACAR,  il-f3-kd.K/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  1049.  The 
houses  of  this  town  retain  all  the  jx^culiarities  of  Moorish 
architecture. 

ALFAQUES,  dl-f^'kis,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  In  Catalonia, 
province  of  Tarragona,  on  the  B;iy  of  Alfaques,  (i.e.  "'the  Kiy 
of  the  sandbanks.")  in  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  branch  of  the  Ebro,  and  joined  to  it  by  a  canal,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Tortosa,  of  which  it  is  the  entrepdt.  It  has  extensive 
salt-works. 

ALFARO,  ai-fJ/ro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  on  the 
Ebro,  37  miles  S.E.  of  I^ogrofio.     Pop.  4084. 

ALFELD.  41'f^lt,  a  town  of  Germany,  27  miles  S.  of  Han- 
over, on  the  I>eine.     Pop.  2600. 

ALFIDEN  A,  M-fe-dtVnL  (anc.  Avfidefna,)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  23  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Sulmona, 
on  the  Sangro.    Pop.  2500. 

ALFOLD,  41'fold,  or  AW'FOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Sui  rey. 

ALFONT'.  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  24  mile* 
N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ALFORD.  il'tord,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Jiincoln,  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1045. 

ALFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 

AIjF(JRD,  4l'f9rd,  a  district  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen. 

ALFORD,  Al'f9rd,  a  post-township  of  Berksliire  co.,  Mas.sa- 
chusetts,  on  Green  river,  au  affluent  of  the  Uousatonie,  130 
miles  W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  542. 

ALF0RDS\'1LLE,  Al'fijrds-vil,  a  past-village  of  Robeson 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  107  miles  S.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

ALFORDSViLIiE,  a  vill.age  of  Davie.ss  co.,  Indiana,  near 
the  East  Fork  of  White  river,  and  15  miles  S.E.  of  Washing- 
ton, the  county  seat. 

ALFORT.  dribii/,  a  hamlet  of  France,  depariment  of  Seine, 
5  miles  S.E.  of  Paris,  with  a  royal  veterinary  college,  esta- 
blishment of  rural  economy,  and  a  botanical  garden. 

ALFORJA.  dl-foR'iii,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  15 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  2230. 

ALFRED,  Al'frfd,  a  post-village  and  township,  capit.al  of 
York  CO.,  Maine.  78  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.  The  village  cm- 
tains  a  court-house,  jail,  4  churches,  and  an  academy.    P.  1256. 

AIjFRED,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co..  New  York,  inter- 
sected by  the  New  Y'ork  and  Erie  Railroad,  about  250  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Albany.     It  contains  an  academy.     Pop.  1S67. 

ALFRED,  a  post-village  in  Orange  township,  Meigs  co., 
Ohio,  about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

ALFRED  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  Alfred  township,  Al- 
leghany CO.,  New  Y'ork,  250  mles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

ALFRETON,  lil'fre-ton,  a  market-town  and  paris'h  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Derby,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Derby,  it  is  supposed 
to  derive  its  name  from  Alfred  the  Great.  The  town  is  irre- 
gularly built,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  very  old.  Pop.  8326. 

ALFRISTON,  lll'fris-tpn  or  il'fris-ton,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Sussex. 

ALGAJOLA,  il-gk-yof\i,  a  small  fortified  town  and  seaport 
of  Corsica,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Calvi. 

ALGAN'SEE  or  ALGANSI,  a  post-township  of  Branch  co., 
Michigan.    Pop,  1121. 

ALGARINEJO,ai-gi-re-nA'Ho,atown  of  Spain,  48  miles  W. 
of  Granada.    Pop.  4383,  mostly  agricultural. 

At/GARKIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ALG  ARROBO,  4l-gdR-Ro/bo.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mal.aga.    Pop.  2914. 

ALGARVE,  4l-gaR/vA,  or  ALGAR/BIA,  the  southernmo.st 
province  of  Portugal,  with  the  title  of  a  kingdom,  having  N. 
the  province  Alemtejo,  E.  Spain,  and  S.  and  W.  the  Atlantic. 
Area,  2151  square  miles.  Pop.  (1850)  141.027.  On  its  N, 
frontier  is  the  Sierra  de  Monchique,  ramifications  of  which 
cover  most  of  its  surface.  In  the  S.  are  plains  yielding  aloes, 
dates,  and  other  tropical  products.  Some  wine  is  grown,  but 
little  corn  or  forage.  Chief  exports,  dried  fruits,  kermes, 
wine,  salt,  and  tunny-fish.  Chief  towns,  Tavira,  Furo,  and 
Lagos. 

53 


ALG 


ALG 


ALGATOCiy,  |l-gJ-to-thcen',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda-l 
luaia,  40  miles  \v7by~S.  of  Malagii.     Pop.  2-Aii. 

A  UJ.A  i'DA,  Jl-shl'di,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  6 
miles  S.K.  of  Palina.    Pop.  2869. 

ALGECIIiAS  or  AL6KZIKAS,  al-jez-ee'ras.  (Sp.  pron.  of 
both,  il-aA-thee'ras,)  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
proi  iucM  of  Cadiz,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  bay  of  Gibraltar, 
opposite  l^  and  6  miles  AV.  of  Gibraltar.  Lat.  36°  8'  N  ;  Ion. 
5°  26'  5"  W.  Kesident  pop.  about  11,000.  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  a  well-frefjuented  h;irbor.  The  fort  is  guarded  by  a 
battery  called  Fuerte  de  Santia^,  and  it  has  a  military  hos- 
pital of  the  first  class.  The  town  is  supplied  with  water  from 
springs  by  means  of  an  aqueduet,  carried  over  the  Sliel,  45 
feet  above  the  water.  Chief  tr.ade,  export  of  charco.il  and 
tanned  leiithor.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  s;inguinary  naval  en- 
gagement between  the  English  and  French  squadrons,  4th 
July,  1801. 

AL6EMESI,  dl-Hd-m.^-see',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Valencia,  near  the  Jucar,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Valencia.    Chief 
products,  rice  and  silk.    It  has  a  celebrated  annual  lair  in 
Septemlwr.    Pop.4492. 
ALGER.    See  .Algiers. 

ALGERIA,  al-jetyre-a,  (Fr.  Algirie,  2rzhi''ree',)  a  territory 
of  Northern  Africa,  once  the  Turkish  regency  or  pashalic  of 
Algiers,  but  since  1S30  a  French  colonial  province;  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  E.  by  the  regency  of 
Tunis,  S.  by  the  great  Sahara  Desert,  and  W,  by  the  empire 
of  Morocco ;  being  comprised  between  Ion.  2°  W.  and  8°  45' 
E.,  and  between  37°  5'  X.  lat.  seaward,  and  an  irregular  line 
stretching  S.  as  far  as  the  34th  N.  parallel.  Its  greatest 
length  from  E.  to  W.  is  about  600  miles ;  its  great<?st  breadth 
about  160  or  170  miles ;  and  its  superficial  area  has  been 
vaguely  estimated  at  90,000  square  miles,  much  of  which, 
however,  is  only  nominally  under  the  dominion  of  the 
French.  The  country,  under  the  Turks,  was  divided  into 
the  four  provinces  of  Algiers,  Oran,  Coustantina.  and  Titte- 
rie;  but,  since  1S43,  the  French  have  comprised  it  within 
the  three  of  these  first  named.  Algiei-s  is  subdivided  into 
four  departments,  Oran  into  four,  and  Constantina  into 
three.  The  zone  or  stripe  of  cultivated  land  lying  between 
the  mountains  and  the  sea  is  called  the  Tell ;  it  varies  in 
breadth,  from  50  miles  in  the  provinces  of  Oran  and  Titterie, 
to  120  miles  in  the  province  of  Constantina. 

The  Algerian  territory  is  mountainous,  consi-sting  princi- 
pally of  the  ridges  or  slopes  of  Mount  Atlas,  which  ramifies 
throughout  Algeria,  enclosing  several  plains  and  valleys 
sloping  towards  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  principjil  of 
these  are  the  Wana.shrees,  in  the  province  of  Oran.  and  the 
Jurjura,  S.E.  of  Algiers,  both  of  which  are  capped  with 
snow  in  winter;  the  chain  of  the  lefser  Atlas,  wliioh  tenni- 
nat-es  W.  of  Bona,  being  the  extreme  slope  of  the  List  longi- 
tudinal terrace  of  the  Northern  Atlas.  A  few  peaks  of  the 
greater  Atlas  rise  between  9000  and  10,000  feet,  whereas  only 
one  peak  in  the  lesser  Atlas  attains  a  height  of  4500  .feet. 
Several  low  plains  lie  between  the  lesser  Atlas  and  the  coast, 
the  longest  being  that  of  Metidjah,  or  Blidah,  S.  of  Algiers; 
it  is  nearly  44  miles  long  and  16  broad,  and  rises  towards 
the  Atlas  range  from  a  siindy  flat,  covered  with  grass  and 
brushwood,  to  the  beautiful  green  slopes  of  the  mountains, 
diversified  by  meadows,  fields,  .and  woods,  closely  resembling 
the  scenery  of  Europe^  The  coa.«it  line,  which  is  about  (500 
miles  in  length,  consists  nearly  of  an  uninterrupted  succes- 
sion of  clitfs. 

None  of  the  rivers  of  Algeria,  most  of  which  flow  into  the 
Mediterranaan,  are  navigable  for  any  great  distance  above 
their  embouchures.  The  country  is  everywhere  intersected 
by  watercourses,  which,  although  dry  for  a  part  of  the  year, 
bring  down,  during  the  rains,  a  quantity  of  water  which 
floods  and  fertilizes  the  plains.  These  streams  are  divided 
by  ihe  Atl.as  range  into  those  which  flow  N.  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  those  that  run  S.,  and  are  lost  in  the  lakes, 
swamps,  or  sands  of  the  Sahara.  The  primary  formations, 
which  are  found  chiefly  on  the  ranges  of  Mount  Atlas,  com- 
prise gneiss  and  micaceous  schist,  with  smaller  patches  of 
granite.  The  secondary  rocks  consist  of  lias  and  calcareous 
beds,  containing  few  organic  remains ;  and  those  of  the  ter- 
tiary period  are  chiefly  of  a  yellow-gray  limestone,  or  sand 
and  tertiary  clay,  enclosing  beds  of  gypsum,  iron,  and  salt. 
As  regards  mineral  product.s,  iron  is  most  abundant,  espe- 
cially in  the  province  of  Oran.  Copper  is  found  also  in  con- 
siderable quantities;  and  there  are  rich  lead-mines  in  the 
Jobel  Wanashre<!S  and  nejir  Mascara,  which  are  said  to  yield 
80  per  cent,  of  pure  metal.  Cinnatiar.  also,  is  wrought  in 
small  quantities,  and  there  are  ext»?nsive  quarries  of  nitre, 
salt,  talc,  and  potter's  clay.  Salt  and  thermal  springs  are 
numerous. 

The  climate  of  Algeria,  on  the  table-lands  of  the  lesser 
Atlas,  is  salubrious  and  temperato,  btnng  unhealthy  only 
near  the  marshy  plains,  or  on  the  coasts  at  the  outlets  of 
flooded  valleys.  The  average  annual  temperature  may  be 
stated  at  50°  or  60°  Fah. ;  but.  during  the  hot  season,  it  fre- 
quently rises  to  100°;  and.  during  the  cold  season,  it  falls  as 
low  ns  36°.  The  barometer  varies  but  little  amidst  all  the 
chanses  of  the  weather,  and  the  .annual  average  fall  of  rain 
at  Algiers  may  amount  to  28  inches. '  The  prevailing  winds 
54. 


are  N.,  varj-ing  from  due  N.  to  N.E.  and  N.W.  At  certidn 
seasons  the  kamseen,  (khamsin.)  or  hot  wind  of  the  Sahara, 
blows  for  a  few  d.ays  in  succe.ssion,  considerably  iucre.asiug 
the  temperature,  and  even  blighting  vegetation. 

AVhen  duly  irrigated,  the  soil  of  .\lgeria  is  as  fertile  as  in 
the  southern  territories  of  Europe,  ilany  of  the  hills  are 
clothed  with  wood  to  the  summit,  the  forests  forming,  in- 
deed, a  chief  portion  of  the  natural  wealth  of  the  country 
The  fig-tree,  in  some  districts,  is  cultivated  to  a  great  extent, 
and  pomegranates  are  abundant.  From  the  fruit  of  the 
jujube-tree,  which  is  very  common,  an  agreeable  kind  of 
cider  is  made.  The  orange  and  lemon  groves  are  very  ex- 
tensive. The  carob  or  locust-tree  is  found  wild  on  the  hills. 
Cherry-trees  are  also  met  with  in  the  wild  state.  The  date- 
pjilm  is  cultivated  in  the  interior  onlj-.  The  black  mulberry 
and  wild  olive  trees  are  the  largest  in  the  country,  and  the 
latter  is  among  the  most  common,  especially  in  the  vicinity 
of  Algiers.  A"in&s  are  grown  in  seveial  places,  from  the  pro- 
duce of  which  good  wines  are  made.  The  principal  cereal 
crops  are  barley  and  red  wheat,  the  foi-mer  cut  in  Maj',  and 
the  latter  in  June.  A  little  rye  is  also  cultivated  by  the 
French  colonists.  The  sugar-cane  has  been  tried,  but  with- 
out success,  owing  to  the  winter's  frost.  Wixh  indigo  and 
cochineal  the  result  has  been  more  favorable.  Tobacco  has 
been  tried,  and  with  such  success  as  to  lead  to  the  hope  that 
it  may  become  a  staple  article  of  produce.  But  one  of  the 
most  useful  vegetable  productions  of  the  country  is  the 
dwarf-palm,  which  covers  large  districts.  Its  leaves  are  made 
into  baskets,  cords,  lans,  sacks,  sleeping  mats,  Ac.  and  the 
tender  footstalks  of  the  lesives  and  tbe  young  flowers  form  a 
principal  article  of  food  for  the  Arabs.  The  culinary  vege- 
tables comprise  peas,  beans,  potatoes,  artichokes,  onions, 
carrots,  lettuce,  gourds,  cucumbers,  parsley,  basilic,  sweet- 
savory,  chervil,  fennel,  mint,  marjoram.  &c.,  all  of  which  are 
in  great  demand.  The  flora  of  Algeria  is  nearly  identical 
with  that  of  the  S.  of  Spain.  The  French  government  has 
done  much  to  improve  the  agriculture  of  the  country,  and 
early  established  a  model  garden,  orchard,  and  nursery  at 
Algiers,  which  has  now  several  dependent  esttiblishments  in 
other  parts. 

Besides  the  animals  which  are  found  in  the  opposite 
southern  regions  of  Eiu-ope,  the  lion,  leopard,  jackall.  and 
hyena  are  occasionally  seen  in  the  fastnesses  of  the  upper 
Atlas.  There  are  .also  antelopes,  jerboas,  ic.  and  a  few  mon- 
keys; and  near  the  Sahara,  vultures  and  ostriches  are  met 
with.  There  are  some  chameleons  and  a  few  scorpions  and 
serpents,  but  most  of  the  latter  are  harmless.  Locusts  occa- 
sionally visit  the  country,  and  are  sometimes  destructive  to 
tbe  harvests.  The  coasts  abound  with  fish,  including  fine 
tunny. 

The  indigenous  population  comprises  Berbers,  Moors, 
Arabs.  Turks,  Koloughs.  and  Jews.  The  Berbers  (called 
also  Kabyles)  form  nearly  a  half  of  the  whole:  they  inhabit 
the  mountains  lying  towards  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  where 
they  live  in  small  villages.  The  Berbers  are  the  most  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  Northern  Africa.  The  Moors  are  a 
mixed  race,  formed  by  the  union  of  various  raivs;  the 
m.ijority  of  their  ancestors  being  invaders  or  immigrants 
from  Morocco  or  other  regions  of  the  W.  The  Anils  were 
originally  Asiatics,  and  have  preserved  their  distinctive 
habits  for  perhaps  thirty  centuries :  but  it  is  probal'le  that 
at  one  period  they  greatly  intermixed  with  the  Berbers. 
The  Turks,  during  three  centuries  masters  in  the  land, 
have  dwindled  to  a  handful  since  the  F'rench  conquest.  The 
Koloughs,  or  "children  of  soldiers."  are  a  mixed  race,  from 
Turkish  men  and  Moorish  women.  There  are  likewise  many 
Jews,  especially  in  Algiers  and  Oran,  and  carrying  on  a  con- 
siderable foreign  trade.  The  nature  of  the  religion  of  the 
Berbers  is  nearly  unknown :  but  Islamism  is  the  creed  of 
all  the  other  native  races,  except  the  Jews.  The  general 
language  of  the  country  is  AraWe,  adulterated  by  foreign 
words,  and  others  from  the  Berlier  or  Kabyle  dialect. 

The  total  indigenous  population  of  Algi-ria  is  estimated 
by  some  at  about  2.000,000,  and  by  others  at  double  th.at 
amount;  but  the  exact  numliers  cannot  yet  lie  satislactorily 
ascertained.  The  progress  of  the  increase  of  the  European 
population,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  figures,  has 
l»en  rapid:— Tn  1840  it  was  28,736;  in  1844,  75.420;  in 
1845.96.190:  1852,119,264. 

In  1845  there  were  12,000  Roman  Catholics  in  Algeria, 
having  24  churches  and  23  chapels,  with  a  bishop  and  55 
priests.  The  Protestants  also  have  consistories  at  Algiers 
and  Oran.  The  Moslem  and  Jewish  town  population 
amounts  to  aliout  82.000.  The  public  education  is  under 
an  inspector  appointed  by  the  French  ministers.  A  college 
at  .Algiers  has  15  professors,  who  give  instruction  in  Arabic 
and  French,  as  well  as  mathematical  .and  practical  science, 
to  about  150  students.  Oran,  Bona.  Philippeville.  and  Bou- 
giah  hnvealso  their  res].«ctive  schools,  attended  by  about 
ltX)0  pupils,  of  whom  three-fourths  are  European,  and  one- 
sixth  .lews :  and  in  all  the  .eading  towns  are  communal 
and  primary  schools.  The  ignorance  of  the  natives,  how- 
ever, is  di'i>lorable;  and  hitherto,  owing  p;«rtly  to  indolence, 
partly  to  religious  prejudiiv.  they  have  rej-!Cted  all  attempts 
at  their  mental  improvement.    Algiers    uks  li  kcwise  a  theo 


ALG 


ALQ 


IO!»lcal  seminary,  and  a  collepre  for  Arabs  of  hiyh  rank. 
Nuns  also,  of  several  orders,  have  formed  schools  for  the 
natives  in  various  districts. 

The  value  of  imports  into  Algeria  in  1S44  was,  from 
France,  2.228,.380;. ;  other  foreign  countries,  973,390/.:  and 
the  exfiorts  to  France,  100.550?.;  to  other  countries,  224,000J. 
Ot  the  imports  the  principal  were,  cotton  goods,  valued  at 
480.300/.;  woollen  goods,  at  259.200/.;  silii  gwxls,  at  128,000/.: 
grain  and  flour,  at  1100.200/.;  lime,  at  259,500/. ;  and  refined 
*ugar,  at  116.000/.;  and  of  these.  S4  per  cent,  are  talien  by 
the  cities  of  .\lgi('rR,  Oran,  and  Philippeville.  The  exports 
of  the  same  vear  comprised  coral,  valued  at  50.840/.;  animal 
skins,  at  30.8t.0/.;  whe.at,  at  13,890/.;  olive-oil,  at  13,340/.; 
and  r.aw  wool,  at  5430/.,  with  smaller  amounts  of  wax, 
leeches,  tan-bark,  bones,  horns,  and  dressed  feathers.  In 
the  same  year  (1844)  Frjince  employed  in  trade  with  Algeria 
»00  ships,  of  154.000  tons;  Knghind,  190  ships,  of  22.650 
tons;  and  all  other  countries,  3030  ships,  of  316.000  tons. 
The  manufactures  of  Algeria  are  exceedingly  backward, 
owing  alike  to  tlie  indolence  and  ignorance  of  tlie  natives. 
The  Jews  take  the  higher  branches  of  handicraft,  as  jewelry, 
watcliraaking,  tailoring,  &c.;  the  .\rabs  are  employed  prin- 
cipally as  carpenters  and  tanners;  tlie  negroes  as  masons, 
bricklayers,  &c. ;  and  the  IJerljers  manufacture  gunpowder, 
and  work  in  the  iron,  lead,  and  copper  mines.  Tlie  cliief 
manufactures  comprise  linen,  woollen,  and  silk  fiibrics,  sad- 
dlery, car])ets,  firearms,  hardware  goods,  coarse  potti-ry,  and 
gunjwwder.  The  textile  fabrics  are  wholly  made  by  the 
women,  who  are  employed  .also  in  giindlng  com. 

The  roads,  previous  to  the  conquest,  were  exceedingly  de- 
fective ;  indeed,  there  was  not  a  regularly  formed  roail  in  tlie 
whole  territory.  It  now  appears,  liowever,  by  the  docu- 
ments accompanying  the  French  general  budget  of  1845, 
that  the  government  engineers  had  completed,  up  to  the 
close  of  the  fifteeuth  year  of  occupation,  4500  miles  of  new 
road. 

Ouvernment. — Algeria,  which  is  divided  into  the  three 
provinces  of  Algiers.  Oran,  and  Constantina,  was.  before 
1830,  under  a  Turkish  dey.  or  pa.sha,  of  ab.solute  authority, 
elected  by  and  ruling  over  the  army ;  but  it  is  now  under 
the  supreme  power  of  a  governor-general  appointed  by  the 
French  government;  and  under  him  are  a  secretary  and  in- 
tendant,  the  lattt'r  of  whom  is  termed  the  director  of  Ara- 
bian affairs.  The  governor  occupies  also  tlie  post  of  com- 
mander-in-chief. There  is  likewise  a  council  of  management, 
composed  of  three  mein)>i>rs.  the  director  of  the  interior,  the 
naval  commandant,  military  intendant,  attorney-general, 
and  director  of  finances,  nominated  by  the  government,  who 
advise  upon  and  confirm  the  acts  of  the  govenior-genenil. 
All  the  civil  provinces,  tiesidcs.  have  their  m.iyors,  justices 
of  the  peace,  and  commissaries  of  police.  The  annual  sala- 
ries of  the  chief  government  officers  are  estimated  by  Quetin 
at  149,000  francs,  or  .5960/.  sterling;  but  the  entire  actual 
expense  to  France,  of  the  civil  government  of  Algeria, 
amounted,  in  1845,  to  2,526,000  francs,  or  101.040/.;  while 
the  public  works  ,and  improvements  cost  105.800/.,  and  main- 
tenance of  the  army  366,(X)0/.;  making  a  grand  yearly  total  of 
673,300/.  It  appears,  however,  from  the  Almanaeh  de  f'ravce 
for  1845,  that  the  annual  cost  of  Algeria  to  France  amounts. 
in  fact.  1.210.000/.;  while  the  gross  receipts  of  customs  and 
dues  from  the  colony  amount  ye.irly  only  to  4,808.000  francs, 
or  191,700/.  The  military  foi-ce  kept  up  by  the  French  com- 
prises about  100.000  men,  one-tenth  of  wliom  are  natives ; 
and  the  principal  military  posts  are  at  Algiers,  Ilona.  Calla, 
Guelma.  Missergliiii.  and  Mas;<gram;  besides  which  there 
are  garrisons  of  French  troops,  to  overawe  the  natives,  in  all 
the  larger  towns. 

Histnry. — The  country  now  called  Algeria,  after  having 
reached  an  extr.aordinary  decrw  of  prosperity  and  gnatness 
tinder  the  Carthagenians  for  700  years,  and  again  under  the 
Romans  for  600.  fell  afterwards  into  the  power  of  the  Van- 
dals, and  after  these  came  the  Arabs.  These  last,  newly  con- 
verted to  Mahommedanism.  and  commanded  by  skilful  lead- 
ers, had  formed,  in  1068.  a  vast  empire,  wliich,  in  the  sequel, 
■was  broken  up  into  petty  monarchies;  and  then  the  pro- 
vince of  .\lgiors  made  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Telemsan.  or 
Tlemsen.  In  after  days,  the  brothers  Moudji  and  Kain-ed- 
dln,  noted  corsairs,  who  were  the  terror  of  mariners,  aided 
by  a  band  of  Turkish  pirates,  established  themselves  a.s  sove- 
reign masters  of  the  city  of  Algiers ;  and,  from  that  time, 
(a.d.  1506.)  it  became  the  seat  of  Barbary  piracy,  and  so  con- 
tinued for  more  than  three  centuries,  to  the  disgrace  of  all 
Christian  nations.  The  Turkish  militarv  at  no  time  ex- 
ceeded a  total  of  from  13,000  to  18,000  in  the  region  of  Al- 
giers. At  .all  times  they  dwelt  apart,  as  an  alien  cast*,  dis- 
daining to  intermarry  among  the  people  of  the  country.  In 
the  city  of  Algiers  alone,  in  the  year  1576,  it  was  ascertained 
that  there  were  25.000  Christian  slaves  held  in  rigorous 
bondage.  Finding  it  in  vain  to  attempt  to  subdue  these 
plnates  by  force  of  arms,  the  Christian  powers  gradually 
adopted  the  less  troublesome  expedient  of  paying  a  regular 
tribute  to  the  Pasha  (now  called  Bey)  of  Algiers,  to  enable 
their  subjects  to  traverse  the  Kuropean  seas  in  peace.  Mat- 
ters remained  in  this  state  till  1655.  when  .\dmiral  Blake,  by 
a  well-administered  castigation,  taught  the  Algerines,  for  the 


first  time,  to  entertain  a  due  respect  for  the  British  flag:  and 
he  was  followed.  al)0ut  a  half  i-eutury  later,  by  Admiral  >iatf 
thews,  who  couipelled  them  to  submit  to  humiliating  teriu.i. 
and  to  pay  a  heavy  fine.  In  1815.  the  Americans  captuied 
an  Algerino  frigate,  and  compelled  the  dey  to  renounce  all 
exactions  and  to  pay  an  indemnity  of  $r,o,OOi).  But  the  en 
tire  aliolition  of  Christian  slavery  in  the  Barbary  folates  wan 
accomplished  July  26.  1816,  ))y  bombarding  the  town  and 
port  of  Algiers  with  13  Eugli.sh  and  6  Dutch  ships,  when 
the  fleet  and  arsenal  of  the  .Mgeriues  were  utterly  aunilii- 
lated,  and  the  libeiiition  of  1008  captives  effected,  together 
with  the  repayment  of  ransom  to  i'ieily  and  Sardinia, 
amounting  to  $383,500.  Besides  this,  the  dey  was  compelled 
to  sign  a  treaty  by  which  the  practice  of  enslaving  Chris 
tians  was  aixilished.  Kleven  years  after  this  iieriod,  an  in 
suit  offered  by  Hussein  Pasha,  the  last  dey,  to  the  French 
consul,  whom  he  struck  in  a  moment  of  irritation,  induced 
the  government  of  Fiance  to  send  an  expedition  against  Al- 
giers, (ieneral  15ourniont  was  chosen  to  command  the  army, 
Admiral  Duperre  the  fleet,  and  Captain  Ilougon  the  convoy. 
All  set  s.-iil  from  Toulon,  May  25,  1830.  On  the  14th  the 
troops  landed  at  f-idi-Feruch,  15  miles  W.  of  the  city  of  Al- 
giers. After  some  figliting.  iu  which  the  Frendi  always  had 
the  advantage.  Algiers  o|xnied  its  gates,  July  13,  when  the 
dey  gave  up  his  city,  government,  and  treasure:  the  latter 
estimated  at  48.000.000  francs,  (about  9,600.000  dollars,)  ex- 
clusive, it  may  be  added,  of  what  was  taken  away  privately 
or  hidden  from  the  French.  A  few  years  after  the  nomiiial 
con(iuest  cf  Algeria — for  it  was  little  else,  in  i-eality,  foi 
many  yeare  subsetjuent  to  that  event — a  forniidalle  enemy 
to  the  French  arose,  in  the  person  of  Abd-el-Kader.  the  Bey 
of  Mascara,  who.  placing  himself  at  the  head  of  all  the  re- 
fractory Arabs  in  tlie  W.  part  of  the  country,  kept  the  French 
at  liay  for  upwards  of  14  years.  In  1845.  and  during  this 
protracted  warfare  iKjtween  Alid-el-Kader  and  the  French, 
the  latter  Ixirliarously  destroyed  500  or  COO  Jloors,  by  suf 
focating  them  with  smoke  in  the  cavern  of  Dahra,  in  which 
they  lijid  taken  refuge.  In  retaliation  for  this  dreadful  atro- 
city. Abd-el-Kader,  in  the  f(.)llowing  year,  put  to  death  300 
Fnmch  prisoners.  I>atterly,  the  war  iu  Algeria  had  been  car- 
rii>d  on  by  the  French  against  the  ptn'son  of  Alid-el-Kadet 
alone,  who  now  resided  entirely  in  tlie  mountain  tracts  of 
Morocco.  Hi're,  hemmed  in  liy  tlie  French,  and  by  the  forces 
of  the  Kmperor  of  Morocco,  who  was  in  the  French  interest, 
and  exliausted  by  numerous  riiverses.  Ald-el-Kader  at 
length  surrendereil  (December  22.  1847)  tf)  the  French  gene- 
ral. I>amori<iere :  and  thus  terniin.ated  the  war.  leaving  the 
con<iuei'ors  in  ((uiet  possession  of  tlieir  conrjUest.  and  at  full 
leisure  to  follow  out  those  plans  for  the  civilization  and  im- 
provement of  the  country  which  they  seem  to  have  earnestly 
entertained. Adj.  and  inbal).  AuiEiu.vx.  al-jee/re-an. 

AI>(ii:i<lA  DK  ALAVA,  &\-HiJTe-i  Ak  dnd-vA,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Alava,  9  miles  E.  of  Vittoriiu    Pop.  857. 

AI<<il';TF,,  dl-n.VtA.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Madrid, 
near  the  river  Jarama.     Pop.  1500. 

AL(ii;ZAHl';S.  dl-ll.'i-th^/r^s.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Muriia.     Pop.  2117.    F;xix)rts  grain  and  frxiit  to  Gibraltar. 

AUiF.ZKKItAII  or  AIXiKZIItAU.     See  Mesopot.\mia 

ALliEiaSE.  ALGEHIN,  ALGKKIXO.     See  Aloikus. 

ALGI'iZUK  or  ALJK/UK.  i.\-?.\ik-j.oo?J.  a  small  town  of 
Portugal,  in  .\lgarve.  23  miles  N.X.K.  of  Cape  St.  Vincent 

ALOIIKUO.  il-gi/ro,  or  ATXillEKI,  ai-gi'ree,- a  fortified 
town  and  small  port  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  r^ipital  of  the 
province,  on  the  W.  coast,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Sassjiri.  Pop. 
hOOO.  It  is  well  defended  next  the  sea.  but  is  commanded 
bj'  the  surrounding  mountains.  It  has  a  cathedral,  eon- 
vent.s,  and  public  schools.  The  port  fur  large  ves.sels  is  at 
I'orto  Corte.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Alghero.  In  1837.  395  vessels 
(aggregate  burden,  10.863  .tons)  entered  and  left  the  port. 
Exports  wine,  grain,  wool,  skins,  tob.acco.  anchovies,  coral.  &e. 

AUilEUS.  ai-jeerz',  (Arab.  Al-Jezair,  aijA-zaiii':  Fr.  Alger, 
iPzhaiR':  Sp.  ylr//^;/.  aR-nM':  Port..47-(?c/.aR-zhel':  GeT.Algier, 
31'gheeR^;  It.  Algifri.  dl-je-i'ree.)  a  seaport  and  city  of  North 
.\frica.  on  the  W.  side  of  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean. Lilt.  36°  47' 3"  X.,  ion.  3°  4' 5'' E.  If  was  once  the 
capital  of  the  regency  or  pashalic  of  the  same  name,  long 
nominally  dependent  on  the  Ottoman  Empire;  but,  since 
1831.  has  been  the  capital  of  the  Fi-ench  colonial  province 
of  Algeria.  It  is  built  on  the  X.  slope  of  Mount  Boujarin, 
which  ri.ses  about  500  feet  above  the  bay,  and  the  houses 
are  arranged  amphitheatrewise,  terminating  in  the  espla- 
nade on  which  stands  the  Kasbah.  or  old  citadel.  It  is 
wholly  e.nclosed  by  an  embattled  wall  12  feet  thick  and  30 
feet  high,  the  strength  of  which  is  vastly  increased  by  four 
castles  and  casemated  batteries.  The  external  aspect  of  the 
city  is  exceedingly  imposing,  owing  not  only  to  its  fonn  and 
position,  but  also  to  the  dazzling  whiteness  of  its  houses, 
which  are  visil)le  at  a  great  distance.  The  strwits  are  mostly 
narrow,  tortuous,  and  extiemely  dirt.v.  as  in  all  Moorish 
towns :  but  there  have  lieen  recently  constructed,  to  connect 
the  principjil  quarters  of  the  town,  three  long  thoroughfares, 
which  are  tolerably  wide,  and  comprise  the  principal  bazaars 
and  markets.  These  improvements  are  constantly  progres- 
sive; and  Algiers,  which  has  already  three  well  built,  open 
squares,  bids  tau  to  have  its  character  wholly  changed,  ant 

65 


=s2i 


ALG 

to  Tje  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  on  the  Meditorranean. 
The  houses,  whether  of  stone  or  brick,  are  annually  white- 
wssbed ;  and.  in  consequence  of  the  earthqjiakes.  they  are 
seldom  built  of  more  than  one  story  above  the  biisement, 
e.ich  tenement  being  flat-roofed,  and  provided  with  a  tank  at 
the  top  to  catch  the  rain-'nater;  besides  which,  Algiers  has 
numerous  fountains,  supplying  an  abundance  of  water  from 
the  aqueducts  and  reservoirs  above  the  town.  Among  the 
public  buildings  and  establishments,  are  10  large  mosques,  a 
iiandsome  cathedral,  several  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a 
Vrotestant  chajjel.  a  number  of  Jewish  synagc^nies,  six  col- 
leges, and  some  convents,  used  as  girls'  schools,  a  govern- 
ment house,  exchange,  bank,  4  courts  of  justice,  a  bishop's 
palace,  public  library  and  museum,  observatory,  several  hos- 
pitals, and  most  extensive  barracks  for  cavalry  and  infantry. 
Algiers  is  the  residence  of  the  governor-general  and  all  the 
leading  officers  of  the  Algerian  colony.  The  harbor  of  Algiers 
is  a  work  of  inimen.se  labour,  tirst  formed  by  Barbarossa  in 
1530.  having  a  mole  580  feet  in  length  by  l-io  in  width,  ex- 
tending from  the  mainland  to  an  islet,  on  which  are  a  strong 
castle  with  batteries,  and  a  lighthouse  exhibiting  a  revolv- 
ing light.  The  bay  offers  no  safe  anchorage  against  the 
severe  weather  of  winter.  The  extensive  jetty,  or  break- 
water, however,  which  is  to  be  2400  feet  long,  and  was  com- 
menced in  1836,  has  produced  a  sensible  alteration  for  the 
better.  The  commerce  of  Algiers,  which  was  wholly  insig- 
nificant in  the  time  of  the  regency,  has  risen  to  gi-eat  im- 
portance: and  it  has  become  the  entrepSt  of  foui^fifths  of  the 
trade  with  France  and  other  European  countries,  as  well  as 
with  Blidah.  Milianah.  and  other  towns  of  the  province. 
Steam  vessels  leave  Toulon  and  Marseilles  three  times  each 
month,  and  the  passage  is  performed  in  48  or  50  hours. 
Sta-uners  also  frequently  run  between  Algiers,  Bona,  Oran, 
Bougiah  and  Philippeville.  Algiers  is  the  healthiest  of  all 
the  cities  in  the  colony.     Pop.  94.600.  of  whom  45.000  are 

Europeans. Ad},  and  inhab.  Algeri.ne.  al-jer-een';  (Fr. 

Ai/jfKis,  ^rzh.-l'rix"';  Ger.  Aloierisch.  dl'ghee-rish ;  It.  Al- 
eEBJNO,  ll-j.^-ree/no ;  Sp.  Argeuxo.  aR-H.'l-lee'no.) 

AI/3IERS,  Louisiana.  P.  5816.   See  New  Okleaxs,  p.  1318. 

ALGIXET.  ill-je-nSt/  or  Jl-He-nfet/,  a  town  of  Spain,  16  miles 
S.  hy  W.  of  Yalenci.a. 

AliGOA  (al-go/a)  BAY,  an  extensive  bay  on  the  S.E.  coast 
of  Africa.  Cape  Colony .  between  Capes  Recife  and  Padron.425 
miles  E.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  is  open  to  S.  winds, 
but  h.as  good  anehor.ige.  The  Sunday  and  Baasher  rivers 
flow  into  the  bay,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  latter  is  Fort 
Eljzalwth.  Fort  Frederic  is  on  a  hill  adjacent.  Lat.  of  Croix 
Island,  in  the  bav.  3.3°  47'  6"  S. :  Ion.  25°  46'  7"  W. 

ALGODONALES.  dl-go-Do-niafs.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, at  the  foot  of  the  SieiTa  de  Lijar,  49.miles  X.E.  of  Cadiz. 
Pop.  33:38. 

AIXiODOXES.  Jl-go-do'nJz,  a  small  village  of  New  Mexico, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kio  del  Norte,  o8  miles  S.AV.  of 
Santa  Fe. 

ALGO'.MA,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  'Wisconsin, 
about  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Madison.      Pop.  699. 

ALGONAC,  argo-nak',  formerly  MAN'CHESTER.  a  post- 
village  of  St.  Clair  co..  Slichigan.  on  St.  Clair  River,  40 
miles  X.E.  of  Detroit.    It  has  several  churches  and  stores. 

ALGOX'QUIN.  a  nation  of  Indians,  once  very  powerful, 
who,  on  the  first  settlement  of  the  Europeans,  possessed  an 
extensive  domain  along  the  N.  hank  sf  the  St.  Lawrence, 
about  300  miles  above  Trois  Riviires.  The  entire  Algonquin 
nation  at  present  does  not  number  above  600.  The  princi- 
pal tribe  now  is  the  Chippewas. 

ALGONQUIN,  a  post-ofiice  of  Carroll  co..  Ohio. 

ALGONQUIN,  a  post>village  of  Houghton  co.  Michigan, 
about  400  miles  in  a  straight  line  N.W.  of  Detroit. 

ALGONQUIN,  a  post-township  of  McIIenry  co.,  Illinois, 
about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago,  intersected  by  the  Fox 
River  Valley  Railroad.     Pop.  1US7. 

ALGUADA  or  ALGOADA  (il-gwiMi)  POINT,  on  the  coast 
of  Malabar,  forming  the  N.  extremity  of  Goa  Bay ;  lat.  15° 
29'  N..  Ion.  73°  50'  E. 

AL-HADIIR.  ai-hJdV.  (anc.  linftm.)  a  mined  city  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  in  Mesopotamia.  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mosul, 
having  a  circular  s))ace  1  mile  in  di.ameter,  enclosed  bv  abas- 
tioned  wall,  and  many  perfect  remains  and  traces  of  build- 
ings and  tombs. 

ALU  AM  A,  dl-a/mj  or  dl-hi'mi,  ("the  bath,")  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Granad.o.  on  the  little 
stream  Marchan.  (maR-chiii'.)  Pop.  6284.  It  has  ruins  of 
Moorish  walls,  and  near  it  are  the  celebrated  warm  l>atbs, 
whence  its  Arabic  name. 

ALHAM A.  a  town  of  .«pain,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Murci.a,  with 
6935  inhabitants,  a  hospital.a  ruined  castle,  and  warm  baths. 

ALH.\.MnK.\.  the  Moorish  palace.     See  Gran.^da. 

ALHAMBRA.  il-hSni'liri.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
48  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.     Pop.  760. 

ALHAMBHA.  a  town  of  Spain.  62  miles  S.W. of  Saragossa. 
on  the  Jalon.  Pop.  558 :  with  celebrated  mineral  springs 
and  l«ths.  the  A>iiu(f  BiVrilitahw  of  ihe  Romans. 

ALHAM'HRA.  a  nost-villatre  of  .Madison  co..  Illinois. 

ALUANDRA.  dl-Su'dri.  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tagus,  18  miles  N.li.  of  Lis- 
66 


ALI 

bon.  Pop.  1800.  It  has  a  safe  i)ort,  a  fishery,  and  extensive 
tile  and  brick  works. 

ALII.^NDRA,  ll-hiu'drii,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Brazil.  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  I'aranahiba. 

AWIAURIN  DE  LA  TORRE.  iWw-reen/  dii  Id  tor./KA,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Granada.  15  miles  S.^V.  of  Malaca.   P.  2717 

AIJIAURIN  EL  GRANDE,  dl-ow-reen' 61-gr4nM,-l,  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  20  mily  W.  from  Malaga.  There 
are  4  squares,  2  churehes,  a  town  house,  public  store,  hospi- 
tal, numerous  fountains,  and  soiie  remains  of  an  Arab  forti- 
fication, and  of  a  Roman  aqueduct.  The  people  are  chiefly 
employed  in  working  the  marble,  fi-eestone,  and  granite 
quarries  in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  5514. 

ALIIENDIN,  Sl-en-deen/.  a  town  of  Sp.ain,  in  Andalusia, 
on  the  Dilar.  6  miles  S.W,  of  Granada.    Pop.  2275. 

ALHUCEMAS,  4l-oo-thA/nids,  a  small  island  and  fortress 
h)elonging  to  Spain,  in  the  Medit*;rranean,  on  the  coast  of 
of  Moi-occo,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Morro.  Lat.  35°  15'  N.,  Ion. 
4°  12'  E.  It  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1673. 

ALI,  I/lee,  an  ancient  town  of  SicUy,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Messina,  with  sulphur  baths.     Pop.  loOO. 

ALIA,  d/le-i,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  18  miles  S.W. 
of  Logrosan.     Pop.  3122. 

ALI-ABAD,  Mee-il-b4d',  (i.e.  "the  abode  or  city  of  Ali,") 
a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajeniee,  85  miles  N.E.  of 
Kashan,  with  500  houses.  Neai-  it  is  a  royal  residence,  buUt 
by  Shali-Ablias. 

ALI-AB.\D,  a  seaport  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Mazan- 
deran.  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Amol. 

ALI-ABAD,  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  65 
miles  N  .E.  of  Tabreez.  Au-Abad  is  the  name  of  several  other 
villages  in'Asia. 

ALIAGA.  3-le-d/gi,  a  town  of  Spjiin,  in  Aragon,  capital  of 
ajudici;il  district  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Guadalupe,  23 
miles  N.E.  of  Teruel.  Pop.  1122.  It  was  greatly  iujuied  by 
the  troops  of  Don  Carlos,  in  1840. 

ALIASKA,  ai-yasOvi  or  ALIASHKA,  a  peninsula  of  Rus- 
sian  America,  in  the  Pacific,  lietween  lat.  50°  and  55°  N.,  Ion. 
155°  W.,  350  miles  in  length  from  N,  to  S.  by  25  miles  in 
average  breadth ;  having  several  active  volcanoes. 

AI.il-BOGnAN,  ^ee-bo'g3n'.  a  town  cf  Afghanistan,  in  the 
valley  and  10  miles  E.  of  Jelalabad,  at  an  elevation  of  1900 
feet. 

ALI-BUNDER,  J/lee-b&n'der,  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  the 
Gonnee,  a  branch  of  the  Indus,  in  its  delta.  76  miles  S.SJi, 
of  Hyderaliad.  A  dam  erected  here  in  1799  has  rendered 
the  tionnee  innavigable  even  for  boats. 

ALICANTE,  d-le-kdn'tA  or  al-e-kant/,  (anc.  Lucenltum,)  a 
city  and  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  at  the  head  of  an  extensive  bay 
having  Cape  la  Huertas  at  its  N.E.  extremity,  and  Cape  Santa 
Pola  on  the  S.,  12  miles  apart.  It  lies  in  lat.  38°  20'  7"  N., 
Ion.  0°  26'  W.,  (R.)  at  the  base  of  a  rocky  eminence  400  feet 
high,  surmounted  by  a  strong  castle,  which  overlooks  it,  and 
commands  the  bay.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  entered  hy 
four  gates;  is  well  built;  has  clean,  well-paved  stovts,  and 
lofty  and  substantial  stone  houses,  provided  with  terraces 
and  verandas.  It  has  three  generiU  hospitals,  a  military 
hospital,  a  lying-in  hospital,  orphan  asylum,  and  house  of 
mercy;  a  college,  a  theatre,  several  extensive  storehouses, 
public  baths,  and  eight  fountains:  but  the  water  is  not 
good,  being  inipregnated  with  the  salts  of  magnesi.i.  lit 
manufactures  are  comparatively  insignificant,  consisting 
chiefly  of  esparta  cordage  and  matting;  much  reduced,  ho\f- 
ever.  of  late  years,  owing  to  the  unmanutactured  ru.shes  ex- 
ported and  sent  back  in  a  manufactured  state.  The  govern- 
ment has  here  a  cigar  factory,  which  employs  more  than  2200 
women ;  and  a  British  company  has  established  in  the  neigh- 
Iwrhood,  at  tlie  foot  of  Mount  Molinet,  works  for  smelting 
and  refining  the  ores  from  the  mines  of  Murcia.  Though 
the  city  is  considered  the  chief  commercial  port  of  Valencia, 
and  has  many  French  and  English  resident  merchants,  its 
trade  has  greatly  declined  of  late,  in  consequence  of  the  high 
import  duties,  which  have  given  rise  to  an  extensive  sy.stem 
of  smuggling,  connived  at  by  the  authorities.  The  harbor 
of  Alicante  is  only  a  roadstead  in  a  deep  bay.  small  vessels 
alone  being  able  to  approach  the  quay.  The  mole  lias  been 
greatly  extended,  and  a  fixed  light  has  been  placed  on  the 
mole  head.     Pop.  19,021. 

ALICANTE,aprovinceofSpain.  formed  in  1834  rf  the  S. 
part  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  A'alencia,  and  a  small  part 
of  Murcia.  Area,  2868  square  miles.  The  soil  is  fertile,  pro- 
ducing wine,  sugar,  rice,  oranges,  citron,  figs,  and  other 
fruits.    Pop.  1849, 363,219. 

ALICATA.  i-le-k^ta,  or  LICATA.  le-k^/tj,  a  se.».;x)rt  town 
of  Sicily,  province  of  Girgenti.  capital  of  the  canton,  on  the 
Mediterranean,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Girgenti.  Pop.  13.4C5.  It 
exports  corn,  macaroni,  fruit,  sulphur,  soda,  and  excellent 
wines.  Vessels  load  al)out  1  mile  from  the  town.  Near  it 
are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Gthi. 

ALICE.  Jl'iss,  a  lately  erected  and  rising  town  in  the  ex- 
treme E.  of  Cape  Colony,  division  or  district  of  A'i-toria,  on 
a  small  afiiuent  of  the  Cbumie,  41  uiiies  N  J';,  of  Graham's 
Town. 


ALI 


ALL 


AfJCE-nOLT  (ai'iss-hi^lt)  FOR'EST,  in  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  on  the  border  of  Surrey.  Area,  with  Woolmer  Fo- 
rest, 15,000  Hcres,  of  which  8700  are  crown  lands. 

ALICUDf,  d-le-koo/dee,  (anc.  Ericu/sa,)  the  westernmost 
of  the  Lipari  Islands.  It  is  conical  in  form,  6  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  rises  abruptly  from  the  sea.  It  produces 
sulphur,  fruits,  and  palms.  Pop.  1000. 
ALI'DA,  a  post-oilice  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 
ALIFK,  d-lee/fi,  (anc.  AUH/ck  or  AUilpha,)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Capua, 
nearly  deserted  on  account  of  the  insalubrity  of  its  atmo- 
sphere.    Pop.  1043. 

ALIGAUM,  il-e-gaum',  a  town  of  British  India,  Nizam's 
dominions.  68  miles  S.W.  of  Kllichpoor. 

AI/IGIHIK/  or  AL'LYGUUlt'.  a  fort  in  British  India,  in  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  50  miles  N.  of  Agra,  was  taken  by 
the  British  on  the  4th  of  Septemlier,  1803.  The  chief  civil 
officers  of  the  district  reside  at  Coel,  2  miles  southward. 

ALIKE  ISLANDS,  three  small  islands  in  the  strait  of  Jla- 
cassar,  l;it.  3°  41/  S.,  Ion.  110°  54'  E. 

ALIMKNA,  d-le-md/ud,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Sicily,  52 
miles  S.  !■:.  nf  Palermo.     I'op.  3400. 

ALI-MUSJID,  a'lee-mua'jiil.  or  ALIMUSJED,  a  ruined 
fort  of  Afghanistan,  in  the  Kliyher  pass,  on  a  peaked  rock, 
2433  feet  hi^h.  and  25  miles  W.  of  Peshawer.  In  the  lite 
war,  it  was  held  alternately  by  the  British  and  Afghans,  and 
was  destroyed  by  Sir  W.  Nott.  November,  1842. 

ALINE  LOCII,  d-leon'  loK.  a  small  arm  of  the  sea,  in  Ar- 
eyleshire,  Sound  of  Mull,  Scotland,  about  3i  miles  long,  and 
half  a  mile  broad. 

ALINGSAES,3/ling-s.4s\  a  town  of  Sweden,  32  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Wenerslmrg,  witli  mineral  springs,  and  manufactures  of 
hosiery,  wofillen  cloths,  and  tobacco  pi|)es. 

ALIO-AMBA,  d/le-o  dm'b.i.  a  market-town  of  Abyssinia, 
kingdom  of  Shoa,  5271  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  5 
miles  E.  of  Ankober. 

ALIPEE,  dlVpee'.or  AL'LAPEE/,  a  seaport  town  of  Hin- 
dostan,  state  of  Travancore.  Lat.  9°  SC  N.;  Ion.  76°  24'  E. 
30  miles  S.  Viy  E.  of  Cochin.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade 
in  teak-timber,  betel-nut,  coir,  and  pepper.  Pop.  about 
13,000. 

ALISE-SAINTR-HEIXE,  dUoez'-saNt-rAne,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  C8te-d'0r,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Semur,  with 
iron-mines  and  minonil  waters  in  its  vicinity.  This  is  the 
ancient  AUhhim,  descrilwd  by  Ca?.sar,  {Bell.  CaUic.  lib.  vii. 
sect.  69.)  and  taken  by  him  from  Vercingetorix. 
ALISON  I  A.    See  Allisoma. 

ALIWAL,  dl-e-will'.  a  vilbige  and  "grassy  plain"  in  North- 
western India,  near  the  S.E.  bank  of  the  Sutlej,  N.W.  of  Loo- 
dianah.  Here,  on  the  28th  of  .lanuary,  1S46,  General  Sir  U. 
Smith,  with  about  12,000  troops,  totally  defeated  a  Sikh  army 
cf  double  that  numlter. 

ALIXAN,  dMix'fiK"^,  (L.  Jlexia/num,)  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Drome,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Valence.    Pop.  2400. 
AL.fKZUI!.     See  Algezur. 

AL,TUBAKROTA,  dl-zhoo-biR-Ro'tA,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Estremadura,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Leiria,  on  the 
summit  of  a  mountain.  In  the  neighborhood,  John  I.  of 
Portugal,  surnamed  the  Great,  obtained  a  signal  victory 
over  .John  I..  King  of  Ca,stile,  August  14, 13S5,  when  12,000 
Castilians  were  slain. 

AUUSTKEL,  dl-zhoo-strJl',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Alemtejo.  77  miles  S.E.  of  Li.slion. 

AL-KAISAREEYEII  or  Al^KAISSEKIA,  ai-kl-sei^-ee/y,ih. 
a  town  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Morocco,  not  fer  from  Al-Cazar. 
Pop.  about  8000.  of  which  500  are  Jews. 

ALKEN.  dl'ken,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
bourg.  on  the  railway  from  Landen  to  Ilasselt,  4  miles  S.  of 
Hasselt.  Pop.  2711. 
ALKK.UTON.  Al'ker-ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
ALKIIAM,  il'kam,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
ALKINGTON,  a  parish  of  Kndand.  See  Whitchurch. 
ALKMAARor  ALCKMAER,  alk-mdR/,  (L.  ^?«na/r!a,)  an 
old  and  important  town  of  Holland,  province  of  North  IIol- 
land,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Amsterd.am.  and  5  miles  from  the  sea, 
on  the  Great  Amsterdam  Canal.  Lat.52°37'N.:  lon.40°44'E. 
Alkma.1T  is  a  clean,  well  and  regularly  built  town,  intersected 
by  various  gracliten.  (grdK/ten.)  or  small  canals,  the  banks 
of  which  are  planted  with  trees.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  court  of 
first  resort,  and  of  a  tribunal  of  commerce;  is  well  supplied 
with  education.al  and  sqientific  institutions,  having,  besides 
public  schools,  a  Latin  school,  a  drawing  school,  a  school  of 
clinical  medicine,  a  natural  history  and  literary  society,  a 
society  of  science  and  art.  &c.  Alkmaar  possesses  a  roomy 
haven,  and  carries  on  a  considerable  export  trade  in  butter 
and  cheese.  It  is  indeed,  for  cheese,  the  greatest  mart  in 
Holland,  or  even .  in  the  world :  the  quantity  sold  annually 
in  the  town  being  upwards  of  4000  tons.  This  cheese  is  ex- 
ported to  all  parts  of  Europe,  to  the  West  Indies,  and  to 
South  America.  The  manufactures  consist  of  sjilt,  soap, 
vinegar,  earthenware,  leather,  and  parchment.  Its  success- 
ful defence  against  the  Spaniards  in  1573.  gave  rise  to  the 
(paying.  "  Victory  besins  at  Alkmaar."  Various  eminent 
men  were  natives  of  this  town,  of  whom  may  be  named 
Cornelius  Drebbel,  the  inventor  of  the  thermometer;  he  died 


in  1634.    In  1595,  damask  weaving  was  inrented  here  Tjy 
Paschiers  Lammertyn.    Pop.  aliout  9000. 

AL-KOSII,  dr-kosW,  a  walled,  fortified  tcin  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Koordistan,  16  miles  N.  of  MjsuI.  Near  it  is  a 
Chaldean  convent,  the  monks  of  which  live  in  caverns. 
Pop.  3000. 

ALLAHABAD,  dl-ldh-hd-bdd',  (i.  e.  the  "city  of  God,"')  an 
ancient  city  of  Hindostan,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own 
name,  situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Ganges  and  Jumna, 
450  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Calcutta.  I^t.  25°  25'  20"  N.;  Ion.  81° 
51'  1"  E.  The  town  was  originally  built  of  lirick,  but  now 
consists  principally  of  mud  houses  raised  on  the  foundations 
of  the  old  buildings.  Its  antiquity  and  former  extent  a^e 
attested  by  the  fact  that,  for  several  miles  around  tbi;  for* 
the  soil  consists  of  mortar,  broken  pf)ttery,  and  brickdust. 
The  only  semarkable  buildings  are  the  fort,  the  Juniun 
Musjid,or  principal  mosque,  the  serai  of  the  Sultan  Khusro, 
and  the  imperial  tombs,  or  mausoleums.  The  fort  conj- 
pletely  counnands  the  navigation,  and  its  site  has  I**"*, 
selected  as  the  chief  military  deiiot  f(ir  the  upper  pi-ovinca* 
AUahaViad  is  the  seat  of  a  sufierior  court  of  justice,  and  ha? 
a  school,  established  by  some  English  gentlemen  in  1825,  tr 
which  native  pupils  are  taught  Persic,  Ilindostanee,  and 
stsveral  common  branches  of  education.  Pop.  in  1832,  04,78*1, 
of  which  20.6t'>9  were  Mnssulmen,  and  44,116  Hindoos. 

ALL.\HABAD,  a  town  of  North-w^estern  Hindostan,  in 
Bliawlfioor,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Ahmedpoor. 
AL-KSAK,  a  town  of  .Morocco.    Hev  Alcvzar  Kereer. 
ALLAGNA  DI  SESIA,  dl-ldn'yit  dee  sa/se-4,  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  in  tlie  valley  of  the  Sesia,  15  miles  W.N.W. 
ofVarallo.     Pop.  2000. 

ALLAII-SHEHR.     See  Aia-Shehr. 

ALLAIRE.  driAn/.  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of  Moi* 
bihan,  26  miles  E.  of  Vannes.     Pop.  2018. 

ALLAMUCHY,al-U-mootch'ee,or  ALLAMUCIIEE,  a  iwst- 
village  of  Warren  co.  New  Jersey,  about  60  mUes  N.  of 
Trenton. 

ALL.\N,  al1.in,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  joining 
the  Forth  2  miles  alx)ve  Stirling,  after  a  course  of  18  miles. 
ALLAN,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 
ALLAN,  BRIDGE  OF,  a  beautiful  village  of  Scotland,  eo. 
of  Stirling,  on  the  Allan,  3  miles  N.  of  Stirling.  Near  it 
is  a  mineral  spring,  which  of  late  yeara  has  been  much  re- 
sorted to. 

ALLAN,  dn^N"',  a  commune  and  villageof  France,  dep-irt- 
ment  of  Drome,  arrondissement  of  Moiit61imart,  celebrated 
for  its  excellent  wine,  (rouges  d'irrdinaire.)  Pop.  600.  The 
first  muloerry -trees  brought  to  France  were  planted  in  this 
commune. 

AL'LANBURG,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Wel- 
land,  at  the  N.  end  of  the  deep  cut  on  the  Welland  Canal,  7 
miles  from  St.  Catharine's.     It  contains  a  giist  mill,  a  saw 
mill;  al.so,  manufactures  of  cloth  and  other  articles.    P.  300. 
ALLANCHE.  dri6>'sh',  a  town  and  commune  of  France, 
department  of  Cantal,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Murat. 
AliLANDALE,  a  postrvillage  of  Habersham  co.,  Georgia. 
ALLAPAHA.    See  Alapaha. 

AI/LAPUTTY.  a  small  island  off  Jaffnaopatam,  at  the  N. 
extremity  of  Ceylon.    Lat.  9°  45/  N. ;  Ion.  SO''  'JJ  E. 

ALL.\RIZ,  di-ydrreeth',  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  in  G.nlicia, 
13  miles  S.E.  of  Oren.se.     Pop.  2756. 

ALLARMONT,  driaR'm<!>N»',  a  commune  and  village  of 
Fi-ance,  department  of  Vosges,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Die, 
with  paper-mills.     Pop.  754. 

ALLASS  (dl-ldss/)  STRAIT,  a  channel  between  the  Islands 
of  Lombok  and  Sumbawa,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
Length,  about  50  miles ;  breadth,  at  the  narrowest  part,  9 
miles. 

ALLASSAC.  dl'lds'sdk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Corrfeze,  15  miles  W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1151. 

ALLATOO/NA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co..  Georgia,  on  the 
Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  130  miles  N.W.  of  MiUedge- 
ville. 

ALL.^UCH,  driOsh',  a  town  and  commune  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  on  a  hill,  6  mUes  N.E.  of 
Marseilles.    Pop.  1606. 

ALLA-YAR-KA-TANDA,  dl-ld-yar-kd-tdn'dd,   a    town  of 
Sinde,   20  miles  E.  of  Hyderabad.   Pop.  5000.    It  has  cotton 
manufactures  and  dye-works. 
ALL'BRIGHT,  a  postroflfice  of  Preston  co.,  A'irginia. 
ALLCANNINGS,  Al-kan'nings,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

ALLE,  dlleh,  a  river  of  East  Prussia,  having  its  sources 
in  some  small  lakes  on  the  S.  borders  of  Polish  Prussia,  falls 
into  the  Pregel  27  miles  above  Konigsberg.  Its  whole  length 
is  about  115  miles. 

ALLEE  BLANCHE,  ITW  blftNsh,  (i.  e.  the  "white  p,"iss- 
age,")  a  valley  of  Sardinia,  in  Piedmont,  which  owes  its 
n.ame  to  the  deep  snow  with  which  it  is  always  covered, 
more  or  less,  in  the  greatest  summer  heats. 

AL1.EGAN,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Michigan, 
bordering  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  an  area  of  840  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Kalamazoo, liiver,  (navigable  by  smalJ 
steamtoats,)  and  also  drained  by  Black  and  Rabbit  I'.ivers. 
The  surface  is  generally  undulating;  the  soil  on  the  margins 

57 


ALL 

of  ihe  rivers  ia  a  deep,  black  alluvion,  and  in  some  other 
parts  sand  and  clay  predominate.  The  county  is  mostlj- 
covered  with  forests,  from  which  larse  quantities  of  luml>er 
are  procured.  A  limestone  quarry  has  been  opened  in  the 
S.W.  part  of  the  county.    Capital.  Allegan.    Pop.  16,087. 

ALLEGAN,  a  thriving  post-villiige,  capital  of  Allegan  co., 
Michigan,  on  both  sides  of  the  Kalamazoo  Kiver,  160  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  Detroit.  It  is  situated  at  the  he.ad  of  naviji ation 
for  small  boats,  and  has  an  active  trade.  Lumber  is  the 
chief  article  of  export.  Laid  out  in  1835.  A  bridge  crosses 
the  river  at  this  place.    Pop.  of  the  township,  938. 

ALLEGANY.    See  Alleghany. 

ALLEGHANY,*  al-le-gA'nee,  a  river  which  rises  in  Potter 
CO.,  in  the  N.  part  of  Pennsylvania.  After  making  a  circuit 
in  New  York,  it  returns  again  into  Pennsylvania,  and  unit^ 
ing  with  the  Jlonongahela  at  Pittsburg,  forms  the  Ohio.  It 
flows  through  a  hilly  country,  in  which  pine  timber  and 
stone  coal  are  abundant,  and  is  navigable  for  small  steam- 
boats nearly  200  miles  from  Pittsburg.  The  principal  towns 
on  its  banks  are  Warren,  Franklin,  and  Kittaniiing. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  New  York, 
bordering  on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  areaof  about  1050  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Genesee  River,  and  princi- 
pally drained  by  its  tributaries,  which  turn  numerous  grist 
and  saw  mills.  The  Genesee  Falls  at  Portage,  in  the  N.part 
of  the  county,  produce  an  immense  water-power.  The  coun- 
try on  each  side  of  the  Genesee  Valley  rises,  and  in  the  E. 
and  AV.  parts  the  surface  consists  of  table-land.  The  soil  is 
generally  fertile;  in  the  N.  part  best  for  grain,  although  the 
whole  county  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage.  Bog 
iron  ore  .ind  limestone  are  found.  The  New  York  and  Erie 
Kail  road  and  the  Genesee  Canal  travei-se  this  county.  Or- 
ganized in  1806.  having  been  formed  from  a  portion  of  Gene- 
see county.    Capital,  Belmont.   Pop.  41.881. 

ALLEGHANY,a  county  in  theW.S.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
h:is  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  The  Alleghany  and 
MoDongahela  Rivers  unite  near  the  centre  of  the  county,  and 
form  the  Ohio,  which  flows  towards  the  S.W.  It  is  also 
drained  by  the  Youghiogheny  River,  and  by  Chariiers, 
Turtle,  and  Pine  Creeks.  The  surface  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
rivers  is  much  broken,  and  furrowed  into  deep  ravines ;  a 
large  portion  of  the  upland  is  rolling  or  hilly,  and  presents 
a  beautiful  variety  of  landscape.  The  soil  of  the  S.E.  part  is 
excellent,  h.iving  a  basis  of  limestone;  in  the  N.'SV.  part  the 
soil  is  clayey,  and  nearly  all  of  the  county  is  arable  kind. 
Large  quantities  of  bituminous  coal  are  procured  from  the 
hills  near  Pittsburg.  The  manufacture  of  iron,  glass,  wool.  &c. 
is  carried  on  very  extensively ;  a  more  particular  account  of 
this  branch  of  industry  will  be  found  under  Pittsbvrg.  The 
county  is  literally  supplied  with  water-power.  The  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  follows  the  course  of  the  Alleghany  and  Ohio 
Rivers  through  the  county;  the  Central  Railroad  has  its 
western  terminus  at  Pittsburg;  wliieh  is  also  a  terminus 
of  two  other  raih-oads,  viz.,  tlie  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  and 
Chicago,  and  tlie  fittsburg  and  Kittanning.  In  respect  to 
population  and  manufacturing  industry,  AUeghany  county 
Is  the  second  in  the  state.  Organized  in  1788,  and  named 
from  the  AUegliany  River.   Capital.  Pittsburg.   Pop.  178,831. 

ALLEGH.A.N  Y,  a  county  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  Mary- 
land, bordering  on  Pennsylvania  and  A'irginia.  has  an  area 
of  about  8(X)  square  miles.  The  extreme  length  is  65  miles; 
the  breadth  varies  from  7  to  35  miles.  The  southern  bound- 
ary is  formed  by  the  l»otomac  River  and  its  north  branch; 
the  county  is  intersected  in  the  western  part  by  the  Youghi- 
ogheny River,  and  also  drained  by  Town,  Evi'is  AVills.  and 
Glade  Creeks.  It  is  traversed  by  the  main  Alleghany  Moun- 
tain, and  by  several  minor  ridges,  and  the  surface  is  exceed- 
ingly broken  and  rocky.  The  mountainous  districts  present 
broad  valleys  called  glades,  the  soil  of  which  is  fertile,  and 
peculiarly  adapted  to  grazing  and  dairy  farms.  They  fui^ 
nish  the  celebrated  glades  butter  and  mountain  mutton. 
The  prevailing  rocks  are  limestone  and  variou.sly  colored 
sandstf)nes.  Iron  ore  alx)unds  in  many  parts  of  the  county; 
large  quantities  of  stone-coal  are  procured  from  the  mines  a 
few  miles  W.  from  Cumberland.  The  beds  of  coal  are  from 
3  to  U  feet  in  thickness,  and  extend  from  the  Potomac  River 
to  the  boundary  of  Pennsylvania,  The  county  is  intersected 

•  It  is  much  to  be  desired  that  a  uniform  orthographv  of  this 
name  should  be  adopted.  In  New  York  it  is  commonly  written 
Alhganyj ;  in  Pennsylvania,  Allegheny;  and  in  Virginia  and 
the  Southern  States,  Alleghany.  As  nearly  all  of  the  works  on 
general  geography,  even  those  published  in  New  York  and  Penn- 
»ylvania,  spell  the  name  Ai-legha-ny,  the  citizens  of  those  states 
might,  it  is  believed,  without  any  unmanly  concession,  or  with- 
out the  slightest  abandonment  of  what  is  due  to  the  dignity  of 
sovereign  states,  conform  in  this  respect  to  the  usage  of  the 
majority.  The  impropriety,  not  to  say  absurditv,  of  this  dis- 
crepany  in  the  spelling,  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  a  represent- 
ation of  New  York  and  Pennaylvania  on  the  same  map.  We 
•hall  there  find  one  and  the  same  river  named  AUeghem/  near 
t(.s  source  ;  while  lower  down,  for  the  distance  of  some  JO  or  50 
miles,  it  ia  Allegany,  and  then  again  Allegheny  for  the  rest  of  its 
eourse.  If  we  have  occasion  to  speak  of  the  mountains,  wo  must, 
according  to  this  method,  call  them  Allegany  in  a  description  of 
New  York  ;  Allegheny  in  an  article  on  Pennsylvania;  and  Alle- 

ghiiny  in  treating  of  Virginia  or  anyof  the  Southern  or  Western 
tates. 

58 


ALL 

by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.   Capital,  Camberland. 
Pop.  28.;:U8.  of  whom  27.6S2  are  free. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  county  situated  a  little  S.W.  from  th« 
centre  of  Virginia,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  .Tackson's  River,  which  unites  with  the 
Cow  Pasture  River  on  the  E.  border  to  form  the  .lame* 
Kiver;  and  it  is  also  drained  liy  Potts  and  Dunlap  Ci-eekA 
The  main  Alleghany  chain  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.W.; 
a  ridge  called  Middle  Jlountain  extends  along  the  S.E.  Imr- 
der,  and  the  Warm  Springs  and  Peters  Mountains  stretch 
across  the  middle  of  the  county.  The  scenery  of  this  county 
is  remarkably  fine,  particularly  at  the  passage  of  Jackson's 
River  through  one  of  the  mountains.  The  soil  of  the  val- 
leys is  fertile.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  county.  The  James 
Kiver  Canal  is  designed  to  terminate  at  Coving-ton,  the 
county  seat.  A  railroad  is  projected  from  this  point  to  the 
Ohio  Kiver  at  Guyandotte.  The  Red  Sweet  Springs  of  this 
county  have  some  celebrity,  and  have  been  finely  improved; 
Capital,  Covington.  Pop.  6705,  of  whom  5776"  were  free, 
and  990  slaves. 

ALLEGHANY,  formeriy  called  BUR'TON,  a  post>.villag9 
and  town.ship  of  Cattaraugus  co„  New  York,  on  tiie  N.  bank 
of  the  Alleghany  River,  and  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, 408  miles  from  New  York  City.  The  village  contains 
a  bank,  and  receives  the  business  of  the  valley  of  the  Five- 
mile  Run.     Pop.  2129. 

A  LLEGnANY,a  post-office  of  .\llegbany  co.,Pennsylvania. 

,\LLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  2496. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1649. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1994. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  706. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania* 
Pop.  988. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania; 
Pop.  l.'>72. 

ALLEGHANY, a  township  of  AVestmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  ISSS. 

ALLEGHANY  BRIDGE,  a  postofiice  of  McKean  eo., 
Pennsylvania. 

ALLEGHANY  CITY.    See  Pittsburg. 

ALLEGHANY  COLLEGE.  Pennsylvania.    See  Meajvillb. 

ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS,  or  ALLEGnAN]ES,a  desif^ 
nation  sometimes  used  as  .synonymous  with  APPALACHIAN 
JIOUNTAINS,  and  employed  to  denote  the  great  mountain 
chain  or  system  which  extends  south-westerly,  nearly  paral- 
lel to  the  Atlantic  coast,  along  the  south-eastern  side  of  the 
North  American  continent.  (See  Appalachlan  .Mountaixs.) 
This  name  is.  however,  more  commonly,  though  rather 
loosely,  applied  to  that  portion  of  the  App.i!a<-biau  Rystem 
lying  S.AV.  of  the  Hudson  Kiver.  and  constituting  the  line 
which  divides  the  waters  that  flow  into  the  Atlantic  on  the 
E.  from  those  which  descend  the  Mississippi  on   theW. 

The  term  Alleguaxy  Mountains,  in  a  still  moi'e  restricted 
sense,  is  applied  to  a  broad  range  or  mass  of  mountains  in 
Pennsylvani.a,  Maryland,  and  Virginiix,  forming  the  western 
portion  of  the  great  AppaLichian  system  in  those  states. 
The  ridges  vrhich  form  the  .\lleghany  .ire  not  very  distinctly 
defined,  although  the  entire  chain  is  so  remarkable  a  feature 
in  the  geography  of  our  country.  The  length  of  this  moun' 
tain  range  may  be-  stated  at  300  miles :  the  mean  height  is 
about  2500  feet.  The  Alleghanies.  like  mo;.t  of  the  other 
chains  of  the  Appabichian  system,  do  not  rise  into  peaks,  but 
stretch  in  parallel  ridges,  exhibiting  the  appearance  of  gentlj 
rounded  knolls,  or  of  ea.sy  curves,  marking  the  line  of  the 
distant  horizon.  The  highest  summits  of  this  range  are  th« 
peaks  of  Otter,  in  A'irginia.  4-200  feet  above  the  sea. 

ALLEGHENY.    See  .Mlegiiaxt. 

ALLEGRAN'ZA,  (Sp.  Alegrama.  J-W-gn^n'thil.)  the  most 
northern  of  the  Canary  Islands,  10  miles  N.  of  Lanzarote 
Lat.  29°  26'  N.:  Ion.  13°  31'  AV. 

ALLEGRE,  dlMaigr',  a  town  and  commune  of  France,  a< 
the  foot  of  a  volcanic  mountain,  department  of  Haut* 
Loire.  12  miles  N.AV.  of  Le  Puv.     Pop.  (1851)  "2048. 

ALLEMAGNE  and  ALLEMANNI.     Stxj  Germaxt. 

ALLEMANCE,  il-leh-mdus',  a  post-office  of  Guildford  co., 
North  Carolina. 

ALLEMANCE  COUNTY.    See  AiA>fAxrE. 

ALLEMOND-EN-OYSANS,  airmAxo'-dftx-wa'zSs'*',  a  vil 
lage  of  France,  department  of  Isere,  in  a  beautiful  valley, 
about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Grenoble. 

AL'LEN,  the  name  of  two  sm.all  rivers  and  several 
streams  in  England. 

AL'LEN.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  300  square  miles.  Big  Barren 
River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.E..  and  it  is  traversed 
by  Trammel's  Creek.  The  surface  is  generally  level;  the 
soil  moderately  fertile.  Several  caves  have  been  found  in  th<> 
limestone  formation  of  this  county,  but  they  have  not  been 
explored  to  any  great  extent.  Salt  springs  are  found  The 
county  was  formed  in  1815.  and  named  in  memory  of  Colo- 
nel John  Allen,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  tliu  river  Itolalu. 


ALL 

Capital.  ScottHville.    Pop.  9187,  of  whom  7665  were  free, 
and  I'l'J'i  slaves. 

ALLKN,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an 
area  of  40.5  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Autrlaizeand 
Ottawa  lUvers,  and  also  drained  by  Riley  and  Sujmr 
Creeks.  The  peneral  surface  is  level;  the  soil  is  fertile, 
and  well  timbered  with  hard  wood.  Wheat,  Indian  corn, 
oats,  hay,  potatoes,  cattle,  and  swine  are  the  staples.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Miami  Canal,  by  the  Ohio  and 
Indiana  Railroad,  and  the  Dayton  and  Michij^an  Railroad. 
The  canal  affords  valuable  water-power.  Capital,  Lima. 
Pop.  VJ,\Sb. 

ALLKN,  a  county  in  the  E.N  E.  part  of  Indiana,  boi-der- 
ing  on  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  608  squaro  miles.  The  St.  Jo- 
seph and  St.  Mary  Rivers,  which  rise  in  Ohio,  unite  at  the 
county  seat,  and  form  tlio  Maumee;  the  county  is  also 
drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Aboito  and  Little  Rivers, 
and  by  Cedar  and  Crooked  Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level;  the  soil  is  excellent,  well  watered,  and  e.xtensively 
cultivated.  Excepting  some  wet  prairies  and  "oak  open- 
ings" of  moderate  extent,  the  county  is  well  timbered  with 
oak.  hickory,  beech,  maple,  ash,  &c.  In  18.50,  this  county 
produced  189,500  bushels  of  wheat,  more  than  any  other  in 
the  state,  except  La  Port.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Wa- 
bash and  Erie  Canal,  by  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad, 
and  tiie  Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  and  Chicago  Iliiilroad  Cap- 
ital, Fort  Wayne.  Allen  county  was  organized  in  1824, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  William  Allen,  of  Ken- 
tucky.   Pop.  29,328. 

ALLEN,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York,  250 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  991. 

ALLKN,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  Co.,  Pennsjivania. 

ALLEN,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  lo3f.. 

ALLEN,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  5.36. 

ALIjKN,  a  township  of  Hancock  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1009. 

ALLEX,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  Big 
Dorby  Creek.    Pop.  10.52. 

ALLEN,  a  township  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michigan.  Pop.  1590. 

ALLKN,  a  postoffice  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa,  about  100  miles 
W.  of  Iowa  City. 

ALLEN,  Bog  of,  the  general  name  applied  to  a  numerous 
series  of  lx)gs  in  Ireland,  strotcliing  across  the  centre  of  the 
country  from  Wicklow  Ilend  to  Galw.iy  on  the  S.,  and  from 
Ilowth  Head  to  Sligo  on  the  N.,  having  thus  a  breadth  of 
alxiut  27  miles  at  the  E.,  and  of  80  at  the  W.  extremity. 
The  liogs.  however,  all  lie  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Shannon,  and 
are  for  the  most  part  of  that  kind  called  red  bog. 

ALLENHURO,  ai1en-bMRa/,a  town  of  F^ast  Prussia,  on  the 
Alio,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Kiinigsberg.     Pop.  1370. 

ALLKN  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  .\llen  township,  Alle- 
ghany CO..  New  York,  about  260  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

ALLEN  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  Allen  township.  Union 
CO..  Ohio,  .about  36  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

AL'LENDALE',  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umbeiland,  33  miles  E.  of  Carlisle,  on  the  East  Allen.  The 
Inh.abitants  are  employed  principally  in  the  lead-mines  in 
the  vidnitv. 

ALLENDALE,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ALLENDALE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Kentucky. 

ALLEND.^^LE,  a  post-township  of  Ottx)wa  co.,  Michigan, 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Grand  Haven.     Pop.  245, 

ALLENDORF,  3l1en-doRf\  a  town  of  Ilesse-Cassel,  in  a 
pretty  valley  on  the  Werra,  where  it  receives  the  -\ltehains- 
bach,  24  miles  E.  of  Cassel.  Some  wine  and  silk  are  pro- 
duced, and  a  good  deal  of  tobacco  is  raised  and  manufactured. 
Pop.  3200. 

ALLENDORF,  a  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Qies.sen. 

ALLENDORF  is  likewise  the  name  of  four  villages  in 
Hesse -Cass(!l,  of  three  villages  in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  of 
ten  others  in  Prussian  Hanover,  Nassau,  &e. 

AL/LEN'S,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  62  miles  W.  of 
Columbus. 

ALLEN'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  ]\Larlon  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  1.30  miles  E.  of  Columbia. 

ALLEN'S  BRIDGE,  a  sm.all  village  of  Marion  co.,  .Alabama. 

AL'LENSBURG,a  postvillage  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  8  miles 
W.  of  Hillsborough. 

ALLEN'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Amherst  co.,  Virginia. 

ALLEN'S  FRESH,  a  post-office  of  Charles  co.,  Maryland. 

ALLEN'S  GROVE,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

ALLEN'S  GROVE,  a  post-viUage  of  Walworth  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

ALLEN'S  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co..  New  York, 
deliirhtfully  situated  8  miles  S.  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Railroad 
at  Bloonifield,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  plank-road. 

ALLEN'S  ISLE,  an  island  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Car- 
pentaria, in  North  Australia.    I^t.  17°  6'  S.,  Ion.  139°  25'  E. 

AL'LENSMOKK.  a  parish  of  England  '^  of  Hereford. 

ALLEN'S  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  CLaibome  parish, 
Louisiana,  about  400  miles  N.W.  of  New  Orleans. 

ALLEN'S  SPRING,  a  post-ofBce  of  Allen  co.,  Kentucky. 


ALL 

ALLENSTEIN,  ailgn-sfineS  a  town  of  Ea.>rt  Prussia,  on 

the  .Mle.  65  miles  E.  of  KSnigsberg.     Pop,  3360. 

AL'LENSTOWN,  a  post-township  of  Merrimac  CO.,  New 
Hampshire.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  414. 

AL'LKNSVILLE,  apost-village  of  Mifflin  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
76  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

ALLENSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Tod'l  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  180  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

ALLKNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Vinton  CO.,  Ohio,  about 
60  miles  S.S.IC.  of  Columbus. 

ALLENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana, 
about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

AL'LENTON  or  ALI/WINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland. 

AL'LENTON,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

ALLENTON,  a  post-village  of  Wilcox  co.,  Alabama,  about 
110  miles  S'  by  E.  of  Tuscaloosa, 

AL'LENTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Upper  Freehold  township, 
Monmouth  co.,  New  ,lersey,  12  miles  B.  by  N.  of  Trenton, 
It  ha.s  3  churches  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

ALLENTOWN,  formerlv  NOKTHAMl'TON,  a  thriving 
borough,  capital  of  Lehigli  co.,  I'enn.sylvania,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Lehigh  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Jordan  Creek, 
85  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harrisburg,  and  51  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Philadelphia.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence; 
and  the  dwellings  are  substantially  built  of  brick  and  stone. 
It  contains  a  fine  court-house,  an  academy,  a  theolodcal 
seminary,  a  military  institute,  7  churches,  3  banks,  aiid  6 
newspajier  offices.  The  canal  of  the  Lehigh  Coal  Company, 
and  the  Lehigh  Valley  Rjiilroad  ipa,ss  throudi  Allentown, 
which  U  also  connected  with  Headinir  by  another  railroad. 
The  Allentown  iron-works,  the  Lehigh  rolling-mill,  the 
Allentown  rolling-mill,  and  numerous  other  iron-works 
contribute  largely  to  its  prosperity.  The  adjacent  country 
is  fertile,  and  highly  imjiroved.  and  contains  extensive  beds 
of  iron  ore,  limestone,  and  roofing-slate.  There  are  in  the 
town  and  its  vicinity  some  15  flourishing  mills,  and  10  large 
anthracite  furnaces.     Pop.  8025. 

ALLENTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  Ottowa 
Creek,  6  or  7  miles  W.  of  Lima,  and  90  N,W.  of  Columbus. 
Pop.  about  200.    First  settled  a1x)ut  1843. 

ALLER.dller,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  near  Magdeburg, 
Prussia,  flows*  N.W.,  and  joins  the  Weser  on  the  right. 
Length,  about  130  miles.  Principal  affluents,  the  Ocker  arid 
Leine  on  the  left. 

Al/LER,  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
6J  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Somerton. 

AI/LERDALE,  the  name  of  two  of  the  five  wards  into 
which  the  county  of  Cumlierland,  England,  is  divided;  they 
together  return  two  memljers  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

AL'LERSTON,  a  p.^rish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

ALLERTHORPE,  ll/lf  r-thoi-p,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York. 

AT/IjERTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

AI^LERTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

ALLERTON  CHAPEL,  a  parish  of  England,  no.  of  So- 
merset. 

ALLERTON  MAULEVERER,  mal-ev'?r-fr,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  York. 

ALLESLEY,  Slzlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

ALLESTAR,  AriJs-tan/,  a  town  in  flie  peninsula  of  M» 
lacca,  kingdom  of  Queda  or  Kedda,  on  the  Queda  River.  It 
was  once  the  residence  of  the  king,  and,  in  1832,  contained 
2000  houses. 

ALLESTREE  or  ALLEST15EY,  alles-tree  or  alz/tree,  a 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  DerV>y. 

ALLEA^\RD,  ^UVaR/,  a  town  and  commune  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Is4re,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Grenoble,  on  the  Ozeins. 
it  is  celebrated  for  its  important  iron-mines,  yielding  about 
4500  tons  .annually.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  chateau 
Bayard,  where  was  born,  in  1476,  the  chevalier  "sans  peur 
et  sans  reproche,"  (without  fear  and  without  reproach.) 

AL/LEXTON  or  ALLIXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

ALLEY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Texas,  .about 
300  miles  N.E.  from  Austin. 

ALLGO'SA,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district.  South 
Carolina. 

ALLHALIiOWS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

ALLI,  illee,  a  small  river  of  Naples,  Calabria  Ultra,  rises 
in  Mount  Calii?tro,  and  after  a  course  of  about  18  miles  falls 
into  the  Gulf  of  Squillace. 

ALLIANCE,  al-ll'ans,  a  post>-village  of  Lexington  town- 
sliip,  Starke  CO.,  Oliio,  on  the  Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  and  Chi- 
ca'.ro  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  tbe  Cleveland  and 
Pittsburg  Railroail,  82  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsburg,  and  136 
miles  N.E  of  Columbus.  It  was  laid  out  in  1850,  and  seems 
destined  to  become  a  place  of  importance.     Pop.  1421. 

ALLIKR,  JlMe-4',  (anc.  Ela'ver,)  a  river  of  Franco,  the  most 
important  affluent  of  tlie  Loire.  It  rises  in  the  forest  of  Mer- 
coeur,  and  flowing  N.N.W.,  falls  into  the  Loire  about  4  miles 
W.  of  Nevors.  Its  entire  length  is  about  260  miles,  for  a 
third  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

ALLIER,  a  department  in  the  central  part  of  Fran  ;e,  bor- 


ALL 


ALM 


dering  on  the  Loire,  and  intersected  by  the  river  Alller,  from 
which  it  takes  its  name.  The  surCice  is  undulating,  and  the 
Boil  peuerally  fertile,  producing  more  grain  than  is  consumed. 
Small  proprietors  here,  as  well  as  throughout  France,  have 
much  increased  since  the  first  revolution.  The  vine  is  hut 
little  cultivated.  Large  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats 
are  reared,  and  horses  of  a  strong  breed.  A'arious  mines 
of  iron,  coal,  and  antimony,  marble  and  granite  quarries, 
and  porcelain-clay  pits  are  worked.  Two  canals,  and  one 
of  the  great  roads  leading  from  Paris  to  Lyons,  cross  the 
department.  Area,  2762  square  miles.   Pop.  in  1861,  356,432. 

ALLIF.E.     See  ALIFE. 

AI/LIGATOK,a  river  of  Xorth  Carolina,  is  an  inlet  which 
extends  from  Albemarle  Sound  southward  into  Tyrrell 
county,  and  into  the  Alligator  Swamp. 

ALLKjATOR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Columbia  co.,  Flo- 
rida, on  the  road  from  Tallahassee  to  Jacksonville.  120  miles 
E.  of  the  former.  It  contains  6  stores,  a  steam  saw  mill,  a 
tannery,  and  alx)ut  300  inhabitants. 

ALLIGATOR,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  parish.  Louisiana. 

ALLIGATOR'S  RIVERS,  South  and  East,)  two  rivers 
of  North  Australia,  both  of  which  flow  into  Van  Diemen's 
Gulf,  at  a  distance  from  each  other  of  about  20  miles. 

ALLIGAT()R  SWAMP,  an  extensive  marshy  tract  in 
North  Carolina,  occupying  a  great  part  of  the  peninsula  be- 
tween Pamlico  and  Albemarle  Sounds. 

ALLIGNY,  dl^een'yee',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ni^vre.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Chateau  Ciiinon. 

ALLIXGE,  dl'ling-gheh,  a  villjige  of  Denmark,  with  a 
small  haven,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Bornholm. 

AI/LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

ALLIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  Ailing- 
ton  Castle,  on  tlie  Med  way,  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  feudal 
remains  in  Kent. 

AL/LIXOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sufifolk.  See 
Athelington. 

ALLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ALLIXGTON. East,  a    parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ALLIXGTON,  West,  or  AL'VINGTON,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon,  adjoining  the  preceding. 

ALLIXGTON,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AL'LISOX,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  6StO. 

ALLISON,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky. 
'ALLISONIA,  al-lis-so'ne-a,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  on  Elk  River,  and  on  the  railroad 
between  Nashville  and  Chattanooga,  77  miles  S.E.  of  the 
former,  and  74  miles  from  the  latter.  It  is  an  important 
Etation  on  the  railroad,  and  has  a  large  cotton  factory, 
which  cost  al)out  $100,000,  including  machinery.  The 
water-power  is  said  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any  in  the  state. 
Laid  out  about  1860. 

ALLISON'S  CREEK,  of  York  district,  South  Carolina, 
flows  into  Cat.awba  River  from  the  right. 

ALLOA,  al'lo-ft,  a  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Clackmannan,  on  the  Forth,  at  the  head  of 
its  frith.  25  miles  W.N.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  town  (1841) 
64-W.  The  town  is  irregular,  but  lately  improved.  Its  older 
portion  is  built  around  the  remains  of  an  old  castle  of  the  Mar 
femily.  In  the  harbor,  ships  lie  beside  a  stone  quay  in  24 
feet  water  at  spring  tides.  Here  are  ship-building  yards,  a 
drydock,  tile-works,  'glass-works,  and  e.xtensive  collieries, 
distilleries,  and  breweries,  the  last  producing  excellent  ale. 
Woollen  goods  and  castings  are  produced  in  the  town. 
Chief  imports,  flax,  linseed,  grain,  timber,  iron,  from  Hol- 
land and  the  Baltic  coasts,  with  which  countries  it  has  a 
considerable  trade.  St«am  communication  daily  with 
Edinburgh  and  Stirling.  Tonnage  of  vessels  belonging  to 
the  port,  about  16.000.  It  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  site 
of  the  Alan/iM  of  Ptolemy. 

AL'LOMAKEli',  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Iowa,  bordering  on  Minnesota,  and  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  h.as  an  area  of  about 
660  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Yellow  River, 
and  intersected  by  the  Upper  Iowa.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is 
productive.     Capital,  Wawkoii,  or  Lansing.     Pop.  12,237. 

ALLONBY  or  AL  ANB  Y,  iWon-be,  a  chapelry  of  England. 
CO.  of  Cumberland,  parish  of  Broomfield,  on  a  bay  of  Sol- 
way  Frith  9  miles  N.X.W.  of  Cockermouth.  Allonby  is  re- 
sorted to  for  sea  bathing. 

ALLOS.  irios/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses 
Alpes.  10  miles  S.  of  Barcelonette.    Pop.  (1852)  1426. 

Al/LOWAY,  a  post-village  of  Lyons  township.  Wayne 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Canaudaigua  Outlet,  3  miles  S.  of 
Lyons. 

ALLOW  AY'S  CREEK,  of  Sal(}m  co..  New  Jersey,  flows 
Into  the  Delaware  Hiver  6  miles  S.  of  Salem. 

AL'LOWAY  KIRK,  RciKS  OF,  the  scene  of  Burns's 
poem  of  Tarn  O'Shanter,  near  the  cottage  in  which  the  poet 
was  born.  2J  miles  S.  of  .\yr.  On  the  banks  of  the  Doon, 
about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  ruin,  is  an  elegant 
monument  in  honor  of  Burns. 

AL'LOW.WSTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Salem  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, 60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Trenton. 
60 


ALL-SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Elmham,  bocTH 

ALL-SAINTS  BAY,  or  BAIIIA  DE  TODOS  OS  SANTOS, 
bj-ee/d  dA  to/doce  oce  sin'toce,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Bahia,  lat.  13°  10' S.,  Ion.  38°  60' W.  It  has 
two  entrances,  the  principal  of  which.  8  or  9  miles  wide,  is 
formed  on  the  E.  coast  by  the  promontory  of  St.  Antonia, 
on  which  is  situated  the  town  of  Bahia ;  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  island  of  Itaparica.  The  least  breadth  of  the  cliaiinel 
here  is  little  less  than  ii  miles ;  the  other  entrance,  called 
Barra  Falsa,  (fiilse  bar,)  is  less  than  2  miles  in  width.  The 
bay,  taken  in  its  whole  extent,  forms  a  very  deef  jCul^ 
which  bears  the  name  of  Reconcavo,  and  is  from  90  to  100 
miles  in  circuit.    The  largest  fleet  may  ride  in  it  in  safety. 

ALLS'BOROUGII,  a  postvillage  of  Franklin  co..  Alabama. 

ALLST.EDT.  (Allstadt.)  dll'stStt.  a  town  of  Germany,  ia 
Saxe-Weimar.  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Halle.     Pop.  2476. 

Al/LUM  BAY,  a  harlxtr  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England. 
Lat.  of  Needles  light-house,  50°  39'  54"  N.,  Ion.  1°  33'  56"  W. 

ALLYGHUR.     See  Aughir. 

ALM.\,  il'mj,  a  little  river  of  Russia,  in  the  Crimea,  flows 
W.,  and  falls  into  the  sea  about  20  miles  N.  of  Sevastopol. 
September  20,  1854.  after  a  severe  contest  for  an  hour  and  a 
half,  the  passage  of  this  river,  disputed  by  the  Russians,  was 
forced  by  the  allied  English.  French,  and  Turkish  troops. 

ALMACII.A.R.  il-mJ-cha8/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  18 
miles  X.by  W.  of  .Malaga.    Pop.  2081. 

ALMADA,  Jl-md'dS,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estre- 
madura,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Tagus,  opposite  Lisbon.  It 
has  a  strong  castle  on  a  rock,  a  hospital  for  British  seamen, 
a  Latin  school,  and  several  depots  for  wine.    Pop.  4538. 

ALMA-D.\GII,  4l'md-dilG',  (anc.  Amafnus,)  a  range  of  moun- 
tains in  Asiatic  Turkey,  Ls  a  branch  of  the  Mount  Taurus 
system,  forming  the  N.  boundary  of  Syria,  Length,  about 
160  miles :  width.  30  miles. 

ALMADEX,  ai-uid-D^n',  or  ALMADEN  DEL  AZOGUE,  31- 
m J-D^n'  dil  d-tho'gi,  (i.  e. "  the  mines  of  quicksilver,")  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  New  Gistile,  capital  of  the  judicial  district  in  the 
Sierra  Morena,  55  miles  S.W.  of  Ciudad  ReaL  Pop.  8645.  It 
has  an  extensive  practical  school  of  mines,  eEt.ablished  in 
1835,  2  Latin  schools,  and  3  hospitals.  l"he  quicksilver-mines 
of  Almaden  are  considered  the  most  productive  in  existence ; 
they  are  "  the  most  curious  for  their  natural  history,  and  the 
most  ancient  in  the  known  world."'  About  5000  men  are 
employed  in  and  aliout  the  mines,  and  those  who  woik  be- 
low are  employed  only  six  hours  a  day.  The  average  amount 
of  quicksilver  annually  produced  is  aijout  2.000.000  pounds. 

ALMADEN  DE  LA  PLATA,  4l-md-Den/  di  M  plj'td,  (i.«. 
"the  mines  of  silver;"  anc.  Sis>ap<m  or  Sisfapo.)  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia.  30  miles  N.X.E.  of  Seville.  Pop.  485. 
Silver-mines  were  formerly  worked  in  its  vicinitv. 

ALMADIA  (dl-md-dee'd)  ISLBTS,  a  ledge  of  black  rocks 
running  out  from  the  extreme  point  of  Ciipe  Verde;  lat.  14° 
44'  30"  N.,  Ion.  17°  35'  W. 

ALMAGELL.  dl-md-ghJU'.  Pass  of,  Switzerland,  in  Va- 
lais,  between  the  valleys  of  Zermatt  and  Visp,  11,6(53  feet  in 
elevation,  being  the  highest  pass  in  Europe. 

ALMAGRERA,  SIERRA  DE,  se^jr'rd  dd  dl-ma-gri'rd,  a 
cl.ay-slate  mounfjiin  range  of  Spain,  in  the  E.  of  Andalusia, 
celebrated  for  its  mines  of  silver  and  lead. 

ALMAGRO,  dl-md/gro,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile.  12 
miles  E.S.E.  from  Ciudad  Real.  It  is  extremely  well  built, 
has  spacious,  well-paved  street.s,  a  fine  square,  a  town  hall, 
two  hospitjils,  a  barrack,  formerly  the  palace  of  the  grand- 
masters of  Calatrava;  it  has  Latin,  nomial.  and  primary 
schools.  The  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  distilling  brandy, 
manufacturing  soap,  gypsum,  and  eartlienware.  and  in  mak- 
ing lace  for  the  markets  of  Madrid  and  Paris;  this  last  trade 
occupying  no  less  than  8000  females,  in  this  and  the  neigh- 
bouring towns  and  villages.    Pop.  12.600. 

ALM.AGUER,  dl'md^gain/,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
New  Granada,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Popayan,  on  a  table-land 
7440  feet  in  elevation. 

ALMAIIADIA,  or  MAIIADIA.    See  Afrikiah, 

ALMALEE,or  ALMALI,dl-md-lee',a  large  town  of  Asi.itic 
Turkey,  pash.alic  of  Anatolia,  on  the  sm.all  river  My  nt,  25  miles 
from  its  junction  with  the  sea,  and  57  miles  W.S.W. of  .\da- 
lia.  Lilt.  36°  47'  N.;  Ion.  29°  50'  E.  It  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated in  a  little  valley  or  natural  amphitheatre  of  the  Mas- 
sacytus  mountains.  The  whole  appearance  of  the  town  is 
exceedingly  pleasing  and  picturesque,  being  at  once  finely 
set  off  and  relieved  by  numerous  tall  poplars  and  lofty  mi- 
narets; and  further  adorned  by  gardens  with  which  it  is 
surrounded.  It  is  well  supplied  with  w.iter,  having  not 
only  enough  for  domestic  purposes,  but  for  the  propulsion 
of  numerous  mills,  and  the  accommodation  of  several  tan- 
yards,  dye-works,  and  factories.  Many  Frank  merch.ants 
resort  to  "this  citv  to  make  purchases.     Pop.  al>out  20,000. 

ALMAXS.A,  dl-mdn'sd,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Murcia.  37  miles 
E.  of  Albacete.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  has  mauufao 
tures  of  linen,  cotton,  and  hempen  fabrics,  brandy,  leather, 
and  soap.  Near  this  is  a  monument  op  the  spot  where  tha 
French,  under  the  Duke  de  Berwick,  gained  a  victory  over 
the  British  and  Spanish  troops.  April  25.  1707. 

ALMAXSOR,  dl-mdn-soR/.  I'ortugal,  an  aflSuent  of  the  Ta- 
gus, which  it  Joins  after  a  coui-se  of  24  miles. 


ALM 


ALN 


ALM  ANZA,  3l-m3n'thd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon, 
on  the  Cea,  33  miles  E.N.K.  of  Leon. 

ALMA^■7.0^^A,  ^l-m^n-tho'rd,  a  river  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
fiiUs  Into  the  Mediterranean  after  a  course  of  about  50 
miles. 

ALWIARAZ/,  or  il-mi-rith',  a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadnra, 
48  miles  N.K.  of  Caceres.  The  Ta.L?us  is  crossed  by  tlie  celo- 
brated  bridf^e  of  Almaraz,  built  in  1552.  On  the  18th  of  May, 
1812.  Lord  Ilill  gained  a  victory  over  the  French,  from  which 
he  took  the  title  of  Almaraz.     Pop.  500. 

AL>L'VS,  drinOsh',  alarjje  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
BAcs,  about  22  miles  K.  of  the  Dauulie.  l^at.  40°  V  N.;  Ion. 
19°  23'  E.  Pop.,  chiefly  Roman  Catholics,  8500.  Almas, 
either  singly  or  with  various  preiixes,  is  the  name  of  not 
fewer  than  39  places  in  Hungary,  and  of  numerous  places  in 
Transylvania. 

ALMAS,  il'mjs,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz,  60 
miles  G.  of  City  of  Natividade. 

ALMAS.llio  DOS.  a  river  of  Brazil,  falls  into  theMaranhao 
after  a  course  of  about  90  miles. 

ALMAZAN,  ai-mJ-than',  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  on  the  Douro,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge,  15  miles 
S.  of  Soria.     Pop.  24i)0. 

ALMAZAHRON,  dl-raa-thaR-Ron',  or  MAZARRON,  mi- 
th^R-roii',  a  town  and  port  of  Spain,  20  miles  ^V.  of  Carta- 
gena. It  is  well  built  with  wide,  though  crooked  and  steep 
streets,  and  comprises  two  p.irish  churches,  a  conveut,  schcxjl, 
town  and  session  house,  prison,  &c.  The  trade  of  Almazai^ 
ron  is  small,  being  chiefly  coasting.    Pop.  6814. 

ALMAZOllA,  ai-md-tho/rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
3  miles  S.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  3035, 

ALMEBY,  dm'bee,  or  ALMERLEY,  dm'gr-le,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

ALMKIDA,  il-m.Ve-dd,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  lieira,  on  the  Coa,  95  miles  N.E.  of  Coimbra.  Pop. 
6200.  Almeida  is  one  of  the  most  important  strongholds  in 
the  kingdom.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1702,  again 
by  the  French  in  1810.  On  the  5th  of  August,  1811,  the 
allies  under  Wellington  here  defeated  the  French  under 
Massena. 

ALMKIDA,  il-mj/e-d.i,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Espi- 
ritoSanto,  agreeably  situated  on  a  height  fronting  the  sea, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Reis-Magos,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Vic- 
toria, possesses  a  church,  an  extensive  market-place,  and  a 
large  edifice  erected  by  the  Jesuits,  (who  founded  the  town 
in  1580,)  which  is  now  used  as  the  town-hall,  the  jail,  and 
the  curate's  dwelling-house.     Pop.  4000. 

ALMKIRIM  or  ALMEYRIM,  ll-mil-reong',  a  town  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Estremadura,  5  miles  S.li.  of  Santarem. 

ALMKLEY,  Im'lee,  or  ALMERLEY,  dm'er-le,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

ALMELO.  ll-mA-lo',  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  on  the  Al- 
melo  Aa,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zwolle.  Pop.  3238.  It  has  a 
Latin  school,  and  manufactories  of  cotton  and  calico. 

ALMENDRALE.IO,  dl-mSn-dri-li'uo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estremadura,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.  It  comprises  one 
grand  square,  with  numerous,  generally  well-cuustructed, 
paved,  and  clean  streets,  ornamented  with  arcades  and  wa- 
tercourses. The  inhabitants  are  employed  in  agriculture, 
weaving,  expressing  oil,  and  distilling  brandy  on  an  exten- 
sive scale.     Pop.  6810, 

ALMEJJNO  SAN  SALVATORE,  dl-mSn'no  sin  si\-vi-MrA, 
a  town  of  Venetian  Lombardy,  capifcU  of  district  of  same 
name.  7  miles  N.\V.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  river  Brembo. 

ALMER,  dl'mer,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

AL:MERIA,  il-m.i-ree'd,  (anc.  Murlgis,)  a  city  and  port  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the  Mediterranean,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  its  own  name,  104  miles  E.  of  Malaga.  It  stands  S. 
of  the  Sierra  de  Enix,  in  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain.  It 
Is  in  great  part  enclosed  by  Moorish  bastioned  walls,  about 
2  milcS  in  ciicuit.  and  is  defended  seaward  by  the  two  forts 
of  Trinidad  and  Tiro.  The  streets  are  narrow,  tortuous,  and 
HI  built,  but  tolerably  well  paved  and  clean,  lined  princi- 
pally with  houses  erected  round  small  intern.al  squares, 
forming  court  yards.  Almeria  has  a  cathedral,  a  theologi- 
cal, a  classical,  and  a  female  college.  In  the  bay  there  is 
good  and  safe  anchorage,  in  12  and  14  fathoms.  About  130 
Spanish,  .ind  about  355  foreign  vessels  enter  and  leave  the 
port  annually,  besides  which  it  has  between  700  and  SOO 
coasters.  The  average  value  of  exports  amounts  to  $248,298. 
Its  imports  comprise  coal,  fire-bricks,  and  woollen,  cotton, 
and  .=ilk  fabrics.  Pop.  17,800. 
•  ALMERIA,  Gulp  of,  Spain,  in  Griinada,  about  25  miles 
iu  width  at  the  entrance,  and  in  depth  inland  about  10  miles. 

ALMERODE,  SP-mfr-o'deh,  a  town  of  Gerniiiny,  13  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Cassel.     Pop,  2107. 

ALMEYDA,  Portugal.    See  Almeida. 

ALMEYDA  (dl-mi/da)  BAY,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  Mo- 
eambique,  is  in  lat,  about  13°  30'  S.;  Ion.  40°  30'  E.  It  has 
safe  and  sheltered  anchorage. 

ALMIRANTE,  al^me-rant/,  a  post-village  of  W.Hlton  co., 
Florida,  near  the  Yellow  Water  River,  about  140  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Tallahassee. 

ALMIiiANTE  ISLANDS.    See  Amirajjte  Islands. 

ALJUSSA,  il-mis'sd,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  15  miles  S.E.  of 


Spaliitro,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cettina  in  the  Pea,  Is  renowned 
for  the  wines  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

ALJIKERK,  aim^k^Rk',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Noi'th  Brabant,  on  the  Aim.    Pop.  16S9. 

ALMOBOVAR,  dl-mo-do'var,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Alemtejo,  73  miles  S.S.W.  of  Evora.    Pop.  2tiuO. 

ALMODOVAR  DEL  CAMPO.  il-mo-do'var  dil  kdra'po,  a 
tov,  n  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Ciudad  Real. 
It  has  a  mint,  cathedral,  and  oil-mills.    Pop.  5020. 

ALMODOVAR  DEL  PINAR,  Al-mo-do'var  dM  pe-naii/,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  of  Cuunca.     Pop.  934. 

ALMODDVAR  DEL  RIO,  iil-mo-do/var  All  ree'o,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Cordova.     Pop.  1292. 

AL.MOGIA,  dl-mo-nee'd,  a  town  of  Spain,  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Malaga.     Pop.  4068. 

ALMOOUERA,  dl-mo-gA'ri,  or  UCERO,  oo-th.Vro,  a  river 
of  Spain,  iu  Old  Castile,  liills  into  the  Douro. 

ALMOHARIN,  dl-mo-i-reen',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura, 32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2191. 

ALMONACID  DE  ZORITA,  dl-mo-nd-tbeeD/  dd  tho-ree/td, 
a  town  of  Spain,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Guadalajara.  Near  this  the 
French  gained  a  victory  over  the  Spaniards,  11th  of  August, 
1809. 

ALMONASTEB  LA  REAL, dl-mo-nd.s-taiii/  Id  rd-dl',a  town 
of  Spain,  43  niiles  N.W.  of  Seville.     Pop.  2007. 

ALMOND,  d/mond,  a  small  liver  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Edin- 
burgh, falling  into  the  Frith  of  Forth  at  Cnuuond.  The  Ed- 
inburgh and  Glasgow  Railway  crosses  it  near  Kirkliston. 

ALMOND,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  flowing 
K.  to  join  the  Tay,  near  Perth, 

AL.MOND,  al'mynd,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Canisteo  River.     Pop.  1739. 

ALMOND,  a  prettily  situated  vill.ige  in  the  above  town- 
ship, on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  123  miles  E.  of 
Dunkirk.     Pop.  alx)ut  1200. 

ALMOND,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 

Almond,  a  post-viUage  of  Portage  co.,  ^\'isconsin,  about 
90  miles  N.  of  Madison. 

AL.MONDBURY,  d/mf)ud-bfr-e,  a  large  village,  township, 
and  parish  in  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding.  The  vil- 
lage lies  on  the  river  Calder,  35  miles  S.W.  of  York.  The  in- 
habitants of  Ixjth  the  village  and  parish  are  chiefly  employed 
in  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  mills.  Pop.  in  1841,  37,315;  of 
township,  8828. 

ALMOND  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Red  River  co..  Texas.  • 

AL.MONDSBURY,  d'mpnz-bjr-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Gloucester. 

AL^MONT',  atownshipof  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.'2296. 

ALMONT,  a  post-village  in  the  alx)ve  township,  on  an 
affluent  of  Clinton  River,  50  miles  N.  of  Detroit. 

AL5I0NTE,  dl'mon'td,  a  town  of  Spain,  iu  Andalusia,  in  a 
fertile  district,  21  miles  E.  of  Huelva.     Pop.  i.779. 

AJjMONTE,  a  river  of  Sixain,  in  Estremadura,  falls  into 
the  T.agus;  entire  length  about  75  miles. 

ALMORA,  dl-mo/rd,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Northern  Hin- 
dostan,  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  a  ridge  5337  feet  above  the 
sea,  85  miles  N.  of  Bareily. 

ALJIORADI,  dl-mo-rd-dee',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
on  the  Segura,  28  miles  S.S.W  of  Alicante.     Pop.  3095. 

ALMORlTIA,al-m;-ree/Ae-a,orBALLYMORAN,  bal-le-mo'- 
ran,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Westmeath. 

ALMSFORD,  dmz'ford,  or  ANSFOKD,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset. 

ALMUDEVAR,  dl-moo-dd-vaii/,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Huesca. 

A  LM  uSeC A  R,  dl-moon-yd-kaR/,  (anc.  Sexfi,)  a  seaport  town 
of  Sp,Hin,  in  Andalusia,  on  the  Mediterranean,  33  miles  S. 
of  Granada.  Pop.  5000.  Chief  trade  in  cotton,  sugar,  and 
export  of  fruit. 

ALMUNIA  DE  DOffA  GODINA,  dl-moo/ne-d  dd  din/yd 
go-dee/ud,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Grio,  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Saragossa.    Pop.  356:3. 

AL:\1WY'CII,  a  town  of  Wales.     See  Amlwch. 

AI/NA.  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  20  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Augusta,  on  the  Sheepscot  River.  Ship-building  is 
carried  on  here.    Pop.  805. 

ALNE,  din?  the  name  of  three  small  rivers  of  England,  in 
the  counties  of  Cumberland,  Northumberland,  and  Warwick. 

ALNE,  a  pai'ish  of  England,  iu  the  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

ALNEMOLTII,  a  town  of  England.    See  Alemouth. 

ALNESS,  dl-ness',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross. 

ALNEY',  dl'hee,  an  island  iu  the  river  Severn,  England, 
CO.  and  half  a  mile  from  Gloucester. 

ALNHAM,  dl'nam,  a  parish  and  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  Northumberland. 

ALNO,  dl'no,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  about  9 
miles  long,  by  4  miles  broad.    Lat.  62°  25'  N.;  Ion.  17°  20'  E 

ALNWiCK  or  ALNEWICK,  an'uik,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland,  on  the  river  Alne, 
from  which  it  derives  its  name,  32  miles  N.  of  Newcastle, 
connected  by  a  short  branch  with  the  Berwick  and  Newcas- 
tle Railway.  The  streets  are  in  general  sp-icious.  well  paved, 
and  lighted  with  gas,  and  the  town  throughout  abundantly 
supplied  w^ith  water.    The  houses  ai-e  mostly  of  freestonqi 

61 


ALN 


ALP 


many  of  tliem  handsome,  and  nearly  all  of  modem  erection. 
Pop.  in  lSo2,  7327. 

ALNWICK  C.\STLE,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Xorthum- 
berland,  adjoining  the  above  town  on  the  N.,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  founded  by  the  Romans.  It  covers  five  acres,  is 
one  of  the  noblest  mansions  in  England,  and  has  belonged 
to  the  Percy  family  since  the  reign  of  Edward  II.  In  1830, 
It  was  repaired  at  an  expense  of  200.CXX)^ 

ALOXI.A..  a-lo'nee'd.  or  LIMAN  PASHA,  le-mSn'  pl'shdS 
(anc.  Halo>ne.)  a  small  island  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  Sea 
of  Marmora. 

ALOOSHTAor  ALUSCIITA,  d-loosh'tl  sometimes  written 
ALOUCIIT.\.  a  town  of  European  Russia,  on  the  S.  coast  of 
the  Crimea,  beautifully  situated,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Simferopol. 
It  appeal's  to  have  l>een  a  place  of  considerable  importance. 
The  first  mention  made  of  it  is  in  the  sixth  century,  when 
its  castle,  which  bore  the  name  of  Alouston,  was  repaired 
by  the  Emperor  Justinian.  The  ruins  of  the  castle  still 
crown  the  rock  on  which  the  town  is  built. 

ALOOTA,  ALOUTA,  or  ALUTA,  i-\ooliL  called  also  ALT. 
ilt.  a  rapid  river  of  Transylvania,  rises  in  the  W.  Carpathian 
Mountains,  crosses  Wallachi.i,  and  falls  into  the  Danube  at 
Nicop;<!is,  after  acourse  of  alwut  270  miles. 

ALOHA,  i-Wi-L  a  city  of  Spain.in  Andalusia,  24  miles  X.W. 
of  JIalaga.  Agriculture,  pressing  of  oil,  and  the  manuSic- 
ture  of  soap  are  the  chief  employments  of  the  people.  Pop. 
6794. 

ALORE.  l-lOr'.  a  large  village  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Madras.  17  miles  N.W.  of  NeUore. 

ALORIE,  3-lo'ree\  a  large  town  of  Western  Afi-ica,  in 
Guine.%,  territ'^ry  of  Yarriba.  E.  of  the  Kong  Mountains.  40 
miles  S.S.^V.  of  Katunga.  and  ISO  miles  N.E.  of  Lagos;  lat. 
8°  15'  N'..  Ion.  6°  46'  E. 

ALOSNO,  d-los'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Ku- 
elva.     Pop.  2884. 

ALOST.  Jlost,  or  AALST,  list,  a  town  of  Beldum,  pro- 
vince of  E.Tst  Flanders,  near  the  confines  of  South  Brabant, 
15  miles  W.X.W.  of  Brussels,  and  3  miles  S.  of  the  .^^udegem 
station  of  the  Ostend  and  Bru.ssels  Railway.  It  is  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  which  have  five  gates,  and  is  traversed 
by  the  Dender,  which  h.is  been  c-onverted  into  a  canal,  from 
Ak)st  to  its  junction  with  the  Scheldt  at  Temionde  or  Den- 
iermonde,  S  miles  below.  The  handsomest  building  in  the 
town  is  the  church  of  St.  Martiu.  one  of  the  largest  and  finest 
in  Belgium.  The  chief  public  institutions  Ivsides  the  college, 
a.  handsome  structure,  are  the  hospital,  the  academy  of  de- 
sign, the  chamber  of  commerce,  and  the  horticultural  so- 
ciety. Both  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  Alost  are  of 
considerable  importance.  The  former  is  in  corn,  oil,  and 
particularly  hops,  which  are  extensively  grown  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. The  latter  are  chiefly  hice,  leather,  tobacco,  and 
the  various  products  of  numerous  breweries,  distilleries,  salt 
refineries,  ttax,  and  cotton  mills,  dye-works,  copper  and  iron 
foundries.  Alost,  of  which  the  earliest  mention  in  chaj-ters 
Is  A.  D.  870,  W.1S  anciently  the  capital  of  what  was  c-UleJ  Im- 
peri.al  Flanders.     Popi  19,3s3. 

ALOUCIITA.    See  Aloosuta. 

ALOUTA.    See.A.L00TA. 

ALOZAYN  A.  aio-thl'nd,  a  town  of  Spiun,.  in  Granada,  X.E. 
Of  Coin.     Pop.  2432. 

ALPEX,  dl'pen.  a  vilLige  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  9  miles  N.E 
of  Geldern.     Pop.  779. 

ALPliyXA.  originally  cilled  AXAMTCKEE,  a  new  counS. 
In  the  N.E.  part  of  Michigan,  bordering  on  Lake  Huron  and 
Tliuuder  Bay.  The  area  is  estimated  at  700  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Thunder  Bay  River.  The  census  of  1850 
furnishes  no  returns  for  this  county.     Pop.  in  IStiO,  290. 

ALPERA,  dl-p.Vr3,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  30  miles 
N.E.  of  Albticete.     Pop.  2432. 

ALPES-BASSES,  ALPES-IIAUTES.  See  Basses-Alpes, 
Hadtes-Alpes. 

ALPH.\,  il'fa.  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Kentucky. 

ALPHA,  a  po.st-otfice  of  Greene  co..  Ohio. 

ALPH'AMSTOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ALPHEN,  ll'feu.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  South 
Holland,  on  the  old  Rhine,  7  miles  E.  of  Leyden.  Pop.  2794, 
with  manufictures  of  linen  and  tobacco  pipes. 

ALPHE.N-EN-KIEL.  ai'ten-^n-reel,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  North  Brabant,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Breda.    Pop.  1726. 

ALPIIKTON,  al'fe-ton  or  dl'fe-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

ALPIIKCS.  a  river  of  Greece.    See  Rocthu. 

AL'PIIINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ALPHOXSE  (arfonz/)  ISLANDS,  two  small  islands  sur- 
rounded by  extensive  reefs,  situated  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 
The  N.  piiat  is  in  lat.  ti°  5J'  30"  S.:  Ion.  52°  41'  E. 

ALPIGX.\.NO,  dl-peen-yi'no,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince of  Turin.    Pop.  1600. 

AL'PIXGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Norfclk. 
,  ALPIRSBACH,  ai'p6eiis-bdK\  a  town  of  Wtirtemberg,  on 
the  Kinzig.     Pop.  16Si.). 

ALPX.ICII.  aip'nilK,  or  ALPNACIIT,  llp/nilKt.  a  village 

of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Unterwalden.  on  the  S.W.  arm  of 

the  I*»ke  of  Four  Cantons,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lucerne.     Pop. 

1300.    The  Slide  of  Mpnuc/t  «vas  a  remarkable  vooden  rail- 

fi2 


way.  by  which  timlier  from  Mont  Pilate  was  formerly  eon 
veyed  down  to  the  lake. 

ALPS,  ilps.  a  range  of  mountains  the  most  remarkable 
in  Europe,  whether  in  regjird  to  extent  or  elevation :  they 
form  a  crescent-shaped  chain,  culminating  in  Mont  Blanc, 
and  covering  the  greater  part  of  Switzerland,  and  part  of 
France,  Northern  Italy,  Bavaria,  Austria,  and  Turkey, 
foi-ming  the  central  portion  of  the  great  mountain  system 
of  Southern  Europe,  which,  in  a  manner  more  or  Uss  con- 
nected, extends  from  Cape  Finist^rre,  on  the  Atlantic,  to 
the  Bl.-ick  Sea.  Descriptively,  the  Alps  may  be  said  to  ori- 
ginate on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  betweeii 
Lyons  and  Nice;  when,  separating  the  basin  of  the  Rhone 
from  the  affluents  of  the  Po,  the  chain  stretches  across 
Switzerland  and  the  Tyrol  to  the  uitu-ces  of  the  Drave  and 
the  Salzach,  where  it  bifurcates.  'l"he  N.  branch  covers  the 
country  round  Salzbung,  Styria.  and  Austria,  and  proceeds 
N.E.  to  Brody,  in  Galicia;  wliile  the  S.  branch,  after  having 
separated  Carinthia  from  the  Venetian  territory,  snlKlivides 
on  the  frontiers  of  Illyria  into  two  branches,  including  the 
basin  of  the  Save,  and  appears  to  terminate  at  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Quarnero.  at  the  banks  of  the  Kulpa.  From 
this  river,  however,  a  chain  stretches  S.E.  through  Dalmatia 
and  Bosnia,  lowering  down  at  the  river  Narenta,  (an  affluent 
of  the  Adriatic,)' which  is  now  conventionally  assumed  as 
the  S.E.  boundary  of  the  Alps.  From  the  slojies  of  the 
A\ps  flow,  directly  or  by  affluent.*,  the  great  rivei-s  of  Cen- 
tral Europe,  the  Danube,  Rhine,  Rhone,  and  Po.  From  the 
Jura  Mountains,  the  Alps  are  separated  by  the  narrow  gorge 
through  which  the  Rhone  passes  below  Geneva,  fi-om  the 
.\pennines  by  the  valley  of  Savona.  E.  of  the  Col-de-Tende. 

The  Alps  comprise  the  following  divisions: — the  AVestern 
-ilps,  (consisting  of  14  branches,)  which  have  a  general 
direction  from  S.  to  N..  and  extend,  under  the  names  of  the 
Maritime  Alps,  from  the  sea  to  Monte  Viso.  near  the  .sources 
of  the  Po:  the  Cottian  .\lps.  (consisting  of  9  branches,) 
which  prolong  the  chain  to  Mont  Cenis,  and  include  Mont 
Genevre:  ami  the  Graian  Alps.  (L.  At'j)es  Graila;.)  which  in- 
clude Little  St.  Bernard,  and  terminate  at  Mont  Blanc.  The 
Eastern  .\lps,  or  those  chains  which  extend  from  W.  to  E., 
having  much  greater  breadth,  are  sepitrateU  into  a  northern 
and  southern  series:  the  foi-mer  comprise  the  Bernese  Alps, 
on  the  N.  of  the  valley  of  the  Rhone,  the.\]ps  of  St.  Gall,  on 
the  N.W.  of  the  valley  of  the  Rhine,  the  Noric  Alps,  which 
may  be  considered  as  extending  from  Lake  Constance  to 
the  Kahleuberg,  near  A'ienna.  and  the  Styrian  Alps,  a 
small  chain  between  the  Noric  and  Carnic  Alps.  The 
southern  series  is  composed  of  the  Pennine  Alps.  l*tween 
Mont  Bianc  and  Monte  Rosa;  the  Lepontine  Alps,  thence 
to  Mont  Bernardin,  near  the  sources  of  the  Upper  Rhine; 
the  Rhetian  .\lps,  which  terminate  at  Jlonte  Croce,  near 
the  sources  of  the  Piave;  and  the  Carnic  Alps,  extending 
to  the  lowest  part  of  the  river  Mur,  which  separates  them 
fi-om  the  mountains  of  Bakony.  Mont  Blanc,  which  at- 
tains an  elevation  of  15,810  feet,  is  the  culminating  point 
of  the  .A-lps  and  of  all  Europe;  the  other  principal  summits 
are  Monte  Ros.^,  15,208  feet,  Finsteraarhorn.  in  tlie  Bei-- 
nese  .\lps.  14.026  feet,  Monte  Viso.  12.5^5  feet,  the  Ortler 
Spitz,  in  the  Rhetian  Alps,  12.821  feet,  the  Gross  Glockncr, 
in  the  Noric  .\lps.  13,100  teet.  the  Terglou,  in  the  Carnic  Alps, 
9380  feet,  and  the  Eisenhut.  in  the  Styrian  Alps. 

The  passes  of  the  Alps,  called  in  French  cnls.  that  is.  de- 
pressions, are  the  roads  by  which  communication  is  etlected 
between  districts  on  opposite  sides  of  the  mountains.  They 
may  be  divided  into  three  classes:  1.  Tliose  practicable  for 
wheeled  carri.ages;  2.  Those  practicable  for  horses  or  mules; 
3.  Tho.se  suited  only  for  foot  passengers.  Of  the  first  class, 
by  far  the  most  frequented,  is  the  Mont  Cenis,  0775  feet 
high,  forming  the  principiil  route  from  France  to  ]  taly ;  the 
Simplon,  6592  feet  high,  from  Valais  into  Piedmont:  and 
the  SplUgen,  6939  feet  high,  and  Bernardino,  leading  from 
the  Grisons  into  Lombai-dy.  According  to  their  altitude, 
the  Alps  are  sometimes  divided  into  Ix)W.  Jliddle,  and 
High.  In  the  first  of  these  divisions  are  included  all  from 
2tKW  to  5500  feet  high :  in  the  second,  those  from  SolK)  feet 
to  8000  feet,  where  the  snow  line  commences;  and.  in  the 
third,  those  from  8000  feet  to  15.000  feet,  whose  summits 
are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  other  jirincipal 
p.^sses  are  the  Col  de  Tende.  in  the  Maritime  Alps,  5>90 
feet;  the  pass  of  Mont  Genfevre,  in  the  Cottian  Alps.  65C0 
feet:  the  pass  of  the  Great  St.  Bernard,  8150  feet:  the  pass 
of  Mount  St.  Gothard,  in  the  Lepontine  Alps,  6976  feet;  the 
Loiblberg,  in  the  Carnic  -ilps.  and  the  Semmering.  in  the* 
Noric  Alps.  The  Stelvio,  in  the  Empire  of  Austria.  9100 
feet,  is  the  highest  carriage  pass  in  the  Alps,  and  that  of 
St.  Gothard  is  the  only  one  which  is  carried  over  the  crest 
of  the  mountains ;  the  others  generally  cross  by  the  beds 
of  torrents. 

The  higher  Alps  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  and 
present,  with  their  magnificent  glaciers,  the  innumerable 
cascades  which  are  precipitated  from  their  summits,  and  the 
forests  and  meadows  which  cover  their  flanks  the  most  im- 
posing and  picturesque  scenery  in  Europe.  It  is  calculated 
that  in  the  range  of  the  Alps  tliere  are  fields  of  ice  covering 
an  area  of  1500  square  miles,  of  100  feet  iu  .bickuess.    Gla- 


ALP 


ALT 


ciero  aro  to  be  met  with  in  various  Alpine  regions,  but  those 
of  the  Alps  have  been  more  minutely  investiirated  than  any 
others.  They  consist  of  masses  of  snow-ice  formed  in  val- 
leys above  the  line  of  perpetual  congelation,  whose  prolonga- 
tions extend  to  those  lower  down,  reaching  frequently  to 
the  borders  of  cultivation.  They  present  the  appearance  of 
a  frozen  torrent,  frequently  several  miles  in  length,  tra- 
versed by  deep  rents  called  crevasses,  and  are  composed  of 
snow  melted  by  solar  heat,  and  frozen  into  granular  ice, 
constituting  a  compound  of  ice  and  water  more  or  less  yield- 
ing, according  to  the  state  of  wetness  or  infiltration.  Gla- 
ciers are  constantly  subject  to  the  laws  of  fluids,  and, 
therefore,  by  no  moans  stationary,  except  probably  during 
winter,  but  continually  moving,  their  rate  of  progression 
during  summer  being  from  18  to  24  inches  in  24  hours.  On 
their  surface  they  bear  large  quantities  of  stones,  some  of 
them  of  enormous  size,  brought  down  from  the  mountain 
recesses  where  the  glaciers  originate.  These  heaps  are 
alternately  deposited  at  the  fix)t  of  the  glaciers,  and  form  tei^ 
minal  mfrraiws,  presenting  the  geologist  with  excellent  ma- 
terials for  studying  the  structure  of  the  mountains  whence 
they  have  been  derived.  In  thickness,  glaciers  range  from 
a  few  feet  to  several  hundreds.  In  the  winter  of  1818-19, 
some  Swiss  glaciers  increased  so  greatly,  and  came  so  far 
down  into  the  lower  valleys,  as  to  sweep  away  whole  villages. 
In  the  valleys  above  the  glaraers,  deep  lakes  are  sometimes 
formed  which,  at  times  bursting  their  barriers,  rush  down 
the  gorges  and  lower  valleys  with  destructive  fury.  Small 
lakes  frequently  occur  in  the  Alps  of  great  altitudes  and  of 
considerable  depth.  They  are  to  be  met  with  near  the 
summit  of  many  of  the  cols  or  pas.ses,  at  the  top  of  the 
water  sheds,  and  fi)rm  the  natural  sources  of  streams,  which 
sometimes  have  their  courses  in  opposite  directions. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  of  the  phenomena  connected 
with  the  Alps,  are  the  whirlwinds,  called  iourmentet  (tooR^- 
m5xf)  liy  the  French,  and  Guxtn  (gdflx'en)  by  the  Germans. 
They  arise  with  great  violence,  often  accompanied  by  thun- 
der and  lightning,  tossing  the  snow  in  eddying  clouds, 
which  blind  or,  perhaps,  overwhelm  the  traveller;  and  fre- 
quently setting  in  motion  the  still  more  formidable  ava- 
lanche. The  last  (called  in  French  Lavanclie,  IdVftNsh',  or 
L'lvaiige.  Id^vAxzh';  German,  Diwine.  Id-ftee'neh, or  Lauwini', 
ldw-<*ee'iieh)  may  be  described  as  enormous  masses  of  snow, 
which,  detached  by  various  causes  from  their  original  posi- 
tion, roll  with  tremendous  noise  and  force  over  rock  and 
precipice,  down  to  ths  plains  below,  overwhelming  man  and 
beast,  forest  and  dwelling,  in  one  common  destruction.  A 
touch  of  the  foot,  or  the  slightest  motion  of  the  air,  even 
that  produced  by  the  sound  of  a  small  bell  or  other  instru- 
ment, is  often  sufficient  to  .set  the  aviilanche  in  motion. 
The  most  destructive  are  those  which  are  composed  of 
hardened  snow,  and  which,  rolling  or  sliding  down  fix)m  the 
mountains,  cai-ry  all  before  them.  From  the  frequent  oc- 
currence of  avalanches,  some  parts  of  the  Alps  are  entirely 
uninhabited :  and,  in  others,  large  patches  of  the  tallest  and 
strongest  trees  are  left  standing,  in  order  to  arrest  their  pro- 
gress; houses  are  built  under  the  shelter  of  rocks,  and  all 
other  available  means  adopted  to  avoid  the  effects  of  these  de- 
structive visitants. 

The  higher  ridges  of  the  Alps  consist  of  granite,  gneiss,  and 
other  primitive  rocks,  fianked  by  a  wide  extent  of  limestone, 
sandstone,  and  slate.  The  summits  ascend  considerably 
above  the  line  of  perpetual  snow,  (in  this  latitude  about 
8900  feet  above  the  sea:)  glaciers  descend  as  low  as  3400  feet 
above  the  sea.  Wheat  is  raised  at  an  elevation  of  3600  feet; 
oats,  at  4900  feet;  barley,  at  5100  feet:  the  oak  is  found  to 
the  height  of  4500  feet ;  pines  and  larches  as  high  as  6500 
feet  above  the  sea;  and  the  Alpine  rose  reaches  the  limit 
of  perpetual  snow.  The  mineral  products  are  chiefly  iron. 
copper,  and  lead;  but  quicksilver,  rock-salt,  and  some  gold 
and  silver  are  met  with.  In  the  French  Alps,  near  Gre- 
noble, small  veins  containing  native  gold  have  been 
worked;  after  being  neglected  for  half  a  century,  the 
works  were  resumed  in  1837. Adj.  Alpine,  il'pln. 

ALPS,  a  post-village  in  Nassau  township,  UensseLier  co., 
New  York,  24  miles  K.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

ALPS,  LOWER,  or  ALPES,  BASSES.    See  B.isSES-ALPES. 

ALPS,  SWABIAN.     See  AtB. 

ALPS.  UPPER,  or  ALPES,  IIAUTES.    See  IIautes-Alpes. 

ALPUEXTE.  dl-poo-6n'ti  or  il-pwSn'ti,  a  town  of  Spain, 
48  miles  \.W.  of  Valencia.  I'op.  2356.  It  was  a  Komau  sta- 
tion, and  has  many  ancient  remains.  The  name  signifies 
"  at  or  near  the  bridge,"  referring  perhaps  to  the  bridge  in 
the  vicinity  over  an  affluent  of  the  Ouadalaviar  river. 

ALPUJ.\RRAS,  dl-poo-HdR/ais,  a  mountainous  region  of 
Spain,  in  Granad;i,  extending  from  the  Mediterranean  to 
the  Sierra  N'evada,  divided  in  1834  between  the  provinces 
of  Granada  and  Almeria. 

ALQUI'XA.a  postrvillage  of  Fayette  CO.,  Indiana,  62  miles 
ES.E.  of  Indi.anapoHs. 

AL'RESFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ALRESFOliD,  New,  a  marke<>town  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Winchester.    Pop.  1578. 

ALRESF01{D.  Ova,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 
adjoining  the  above. 


AI/REWAS  or  ALDERWAS,  il'der-was,  a  parish  of  Eng. 
land,  CO.  of  Stafford. 

ALROE.  (Alriie,)  il'ro^gh,  an  island  of  Denmark.  ,at  the 
mouth  of  Ilorsens-fiord.  Lat.  55°  50' N.;  Ion.  10°  5' E.  It 
contains  a  village  called  Alroe-Ry,  which,  with  the  district 
around,  forms  the  Danish  parish  of  the  Siime  name. 

ALSACE,  dl'sdss/.  (L.  Ahalia.  al-.sA/she-a;  Ger.  Elscifs,  iV 
s3ss.)  one  of  the  old  German  provinces,  having  the  lihino 
on  the  E.,  and  the  Yosges  Mountains  on  the  W.  It  was 
ceded  to  France  in  1648.  and  now  forms  the  departments  of 
Ilaut  and  Bas  Khin,  (Upper  and  Lower  I'.hine.) 

ALSACE,  il'siss,  a  township  Of  Berks  co.,  Pennsvlvanla. 
Pop.  1299. 

AL-SALIK,  ai-sdneek/,  or  AL-SALIII,  a  town  of  Arabia, 
alxiut  2  miles  from  its  S.  coast,  and  10  miles  N.E.  of  Cape 
Has  Seilan.     It  has  2u0  houses. 

ALSDORF,  ais/doRf,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  8  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  1095. 

ALSEN,  dl/sen,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic, 
duchy  of  Sleswick,  and  .separated  from  the  mainland  by  a 
narrow  channel,  between  lat.  54°  61'  and  55°  5'  N.,  and  Ion. 
9°  37'  and  10°  V  E.    Pop.  22.600. 

ALSENO,  il-.s.i/no,  a  town  of  Italy,  duchy  of  Parma,  18 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Piacenza. 

.\LSFELD,  dls/f^lt,  a  town  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  on  the 
Schwalm,  26  miles  Fl.N.F!.  of  Giessen.     Pop.  3700. 

ALSII,  LOCH,  loK  Slsh,  is  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Ross.  opiK>site  the  S.  end  of  the  Isle  of  Skye. 

AL8LEBEX,  Ils^lA'bea,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in 
Mersehurg.  on  the  Saale,  29  miles  S.of  Magdeburg.    P.  1945. 

ALSLEBE.X,  ALTDORF,  an  adjoining  village,  with  a 
castle  and  fief  of  the  duchy  of  Anhalt  Dessau.     Pop.  1424. 

ALSO-KUBIN,  crsho'koo'been',  a  town  of  Hungary,  in 
Arva,  on  the  river  .\rva,  32  miles  N.N.E.  of  Xeusohl. 

ALSTAHOUG.  dl.s'ta-hoog\  a  maritime  village  of  Norway, 
province  of  Nordland,  the  most  northern  bishopric  in  Eu- 
rope, on  the  S.  shore  of  the  island  of  Alston.    I^at.  04°  55'  N. 

ALSTE.\D,  Al'sted,  a  post-township  of  Cheshire  co..  New 
Hampshire,  50  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Concord.  It  has  several 
foundries  and  paper  mills.     Pop.  1318. 

ALSTEN.  il'st^n,  an  island  of  Norway,  province  of  Nord- 
land. Lat.  C6°  N.;  Ion.  13°  E.  The  island  is  mountainous; 
one  of  the  Seven  Sisters  attains  an  elevation  of  4379  feet. 

ALSTER,  dl'ster,  a  river  of  Denmark,  in  Uolstein,  flows 
into  the  Elbe. 

ALSTON,  a  town  of  England.    See  Aldstone. 

ALSTON,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  district.  South  Carolina. 

ALSTONFIELD,  Al'stpn-feeld,  a  parish  of  EngUiud,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

ALSTON- MOOR,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Aldstoxe. 

ALT,  lit,  or  ALTEX,  dl'ten,  a  German  word,  signifying 
"old,"  forming  the  prefix  of  numerous  names  in  Central 
Europe,  as  Alt-Ofen.  •'  Old  Ofen  or  Buda."  Such  compounds 
are  usually  given  under  the  name  to  which  they  are  prefixed. 

ALTAFULLA,  ai-ti-fool'ya,  a  town  of  Spain,  6  miles  E.  of 
Tarragona,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gava.     Pop.  11 19. 

ALTA  GRACIA,  IVil  grd'se-d,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  New  Granada,  on  the  Orinoco.  40  miles  S.  of  Bogota. 

ALTA  GRACIA,  a  town  of  La  Plata,  in  the  province  of  Cor^ 
dova.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  4000. 

ALTA  GR.\CIA,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  A'enezuela, 
.at  the  mouth  of  the  Maracaylx)  Strait. 

ALTAI,  dl-tl',  more  correctly  ALTA  YEEN  OOLA,  {i.t. 
"golden  mountain,")  the  n.ime  of  a  group  of  mountains 
projecting  into  the  plains  of  Siberia  from  the  N.W.  angle 
of  the  elevated  table-land  of  Central  Asia,  and  lying  between 
the  sources  of  the  Irtish  on  the  W.  and  the  Yeui.sei  on  the 
E.  The  literal  appropriateness  of  the  name  borne  by  a 
group  of  mountains  so  distinguished  at  the  present  day  for 
its  mineral  riches  is  probably  but  accidental.  The  country 
in  question  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  Mongolian  tribe, 
called  the  Golden  Horde,  (prhi  atent,)  and  it  is  consonant 
with  their  usages  to  suppose  that  they  dignified  with  the 
title  of  golden  the  residence  of  their  chief,  or  the  locality  in 
which  ho  fixed  his  camp ;  and  that  the  name.  Alia  Yekx  Ool.^, 
or  Golden  Mountain,  {alta  signifying  "golden,"  in  Mongo- 
lian.) which  denoted  at  first  only  the  court,  or  royal  resi- 
dence, came  at  length  to  be  applied  to  the  whole  territory  of 
the  tribe.  At  the  present  day  the  name  Altai  is  given  exclu- 
sively, both  by  natives  and  Russian  settlers,  to  the  country 
actually  occupied  by  the  Kalmuks.  and  is  thus  confined  in 
its  application  within  comparatively  narrow  bounds.  Eu- 
ropean geographers,  on  the  other  hand,  have  hitherto  used 
it  as  a  general  denomination  for  a  supposed  chain  of  moun- 
tains extending  continuously  from  the  upper  wateis  of  the 
Irtish  W.  to  Lake  Baikal.  The  Altai  Mountains,  taken  ac- 
cording to  the  widest  acceptation  of  the  name  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  extend  through  6j°  of  latitude,  viz.  from  the 
vicinity  of  Tomsk,  at  the  N.  foot  of  the  Alatoo,  or  from  lat. 
56°  N.  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bookhtarminsk,  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Bookhtarma  and  Irtish,  in  lat.  49°  .00'  N.;  and 
through  7°  of  longitude,  from  the  mountains  of  Kolj'van, 
in  the  W.,  (Ion  82°  E.,)  to  the  Sayan  chain  in  the  E.  The 
several  ranges  embraced  within  these  limits  are,  pi'oceeding 
from  N.  to  S.  and  from  W.  to  E.  as  follows: — The  Alatoo 


ALT 


ALT 


winding  rerj  irregularly  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  aiid  sendini; 
down  copious  streams  botti  to  the  Obi  and  Yenisei;  tlie 
chain  of  Salair,  (sl-ld-eer',)  separated  from  the  Alatoo  by 
the  valleys  of  the  Tom  and  Inya. 

To  the  S.  and  W.  of  these  mountains  lies  the  wide  valley 
of  the  Obi.  to  the  southward  of  which  we  find  the  following 
Alpine  ranges,  riz.  the  Bashalatsk,  Chechuliha.  Tegeretsk, 
and  Kolyvan  Mountains,  all  striking  nearly  N.W.  and  S.E. ; 
then  the  Alps  of  Korgone,  Koksoo,  Oobinsk,  Toorgoosoon, 
(Turgusune.)  and  Oolbinsk ;  and,  bordering  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Katoonya.  the  Alps  of  Oorsool  (Ursfil)  and  Teretinsk ; 
on  the  right  bank,  the  fchains  of  Kholsoon,  (Kholsune,) 
Katoonya.  and  Arghyte;  S.  of  these,  the  Shebenooha  (Sche- 
benfiha)  chain  presents  to  the  N.  a  concave  outline,  pro- 
longed towards  the  N.E.;  and  this  direction  of  the  moun- 
tain chain  becomes  more  frequent  on  the  E.  of  the  Ka- 
toonya. The  Saljar,  Kurai,  and  Toboshok  Alps  still  stretch 
from  X.W.  to  S.E.,  but  the  Karagai  and  Moongooutaiga 
chiiins.  and  part  of  the  Sayan,  extend  in  a  S.W.  to  X.E. 
direction.  The  mountainous  region  thus  described  occu- 
pies an  area  of  alx)ut  40.000  geographical  square  miles, 
which  is  nearly  e<(ual  to  that  of  England :  it  is  all  comprised 
in  the  government  of  Tomsk,  with  the  exception  of  the  val- 
ley of  the  Abakan,  towards  the  N.E.,  which  belongs  to  the 
governmentof  Yeniseisk.  The  S.W.  slopes  of  the  Oobinsk,0ol- 
binsk,  and  Toorgoosoon  ranges  pour  some  streams  into  the 
Irtish,  while  the  X.E.  face  of  the  Alatoo  range  contributes 
to  swell  tlie  Yenesei ;  but  with  these  few  exceptions,  the 
waters  of  this  extensive  region,  the  rivers  of  which  are  large 
as  well  as  numerous,  all  flow  into  the  main  branch  of  the 
Obi.  The  Altai  group  has  been  de.scribed  by  a  geological 
writer  of  great  authority  as  a  vast  promontory,  connected 
on  the  S.  with  the  mainland  of  primitive  rocks,  and  sur- 
rounded on  the  other  three  sides  by  an  ocean  of  diluvial 
deposits.  This  opinion  refiuires  some  modification,  perhaps. 
as  far  as  regards  the  E.  district  of  the  Altai,  of  which  only 
the  N.  portion  presents  to  view  diluvial  formations.  The 
physiognomy  of  the  Altai  Mountains,  in  their  W.  and  S. 
divisions,  is  generally  grand  and  interesting.  The  rivers, 
which  are  very  numerous,  flow  rapidly  with  full  streams;  and 
the  various  forms  of  the  stratified  and  metamorphosed 
rocks,  of  the  limestones,  porphyry,  and  granite,  with  the 
Bielki  (white  or  snowy  mountains)  in  the  distance,  lend  to 
the  scene  the  charm  of  perpetual  novelty.  The  banks  of 
the  Katoonya,  in  the  heart  of  the  mountains,  presents  a 
landscape  of  the  most  impressive  character,  an  immense 
wall  of  rock  extending  from  W.  to  E.  supports  fields  of  per- 
petual snow  and  glaciers,  from  the  midst  of  which  rise  nu- 
merous rocky  points,  pyramids,  and  truncated  cones ;  while 
In  the  distiince  are  seen  the  two  towering  peaks  named  the 
Pillars  of  the  Katoonya.  These  peaks,  which  are  supposed 
to  be  the  highest  summits  of  the  Altai  Mountains,  stand  on 
a  wide  and  elevated  table-land  lying  between  the  sources 
of  the  Katoonya,  the  Bielaya.  (falling  into  the  Tehuya  or 
Chuya,)  and  the  Berell,  which  joiqs  the  Bookhtarma. 
Glaciers,  spreading  from  the  bases  of  the  Bielookha  (Bie- 
lukh.%)  or  "snowy  cones,"  supply  the  fountains  of  these 
three  rivers.  The  absolute  height  of  the  Pillars  has 
been  estimated  by  Dr.  Gebler  at  11,723  feet,  and  by  Tchi- 
hatcheff  at  12,790  feet.  The  area  covered  by  perpetual 
snow  in  the  AJtai  is  very  considerable,  but  the  height  of 
the  snow  line,  which  is  very  irregular,  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  yet  ascertained  for  any  locality  by  exact  observa- 
tion. It  is  supposed  to  be  relatively  high,  owing,  probably, 
to  the  great  mass  of  the  highland,  and  to  the  contiguity  of 
the  mountains,  as  well  as  to  the  peculiar  condition  of  the 
atmosphere ;  and  in  the  S.  and  more  elevated  portion  of  the 
Altai,  its  general  elevation  do3S  not,  perhaps,  tall  much 
short  of  8000  feet.  The  glaciers  of  the  same  region  occupy 
a  large  extent,  but  they  never  descend  far  below  the  snow 
line ;  and  it  is  a  remarkable  feet,  that  though  in  the  gra- 
nitic districts  of  the  Altai,  valleys  are  to  be  found  strewed 
over  with  blocks  of  granite,  which  in  some  places  occur  in 
great  numbers  even  on  the  crests  of  the  mountains,  yet 
boulders,  properly  so  called,  the  distribution  of  which  is 
generally  ascribed  to  the  agency  of  the  glaciers,  are  never 
met  with  either  in  the  Alpine  regions  of  the  Altai  or  the 
plains  surrounding  them.  The  Altai  Mountains  owe  their 
reputation  and  importance  chiefly  to  their  mineral  trea- 
sures, rich  silver,  copper,  and  iron  ores,  to  which  gold  has 
been  recently  added.  A  variety  of  porphyry,  commonly 
styled  jasper,  which  is  formed  in  the  lathe  into  handsome 
vases,  and  takes  a  fine  polish,  may  be  enumerated  among 
the  valuable  minerals  of  the  Altai. 

Al.TAMAH.4.  il'ta-ma-haw',  a  river  of  Georgia,  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Oconee  and  Ogeechee,  in  the  S.E.  central 
part  of  the  state.  It  flows  south-eastward  through  sandy 
plains,  which  are  partly  occupied  by  pine  barrens,  and 
empties  itself  into  the  Atlantic,  12  miles  below  Darien.  and 
about  60  miles  S.W.  of  S.avannah.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels 
of  30  tons  through  its  whole  extent,  which  is  about  140  miles. 

ALTAMIRA,  dl-tS-mee'ril,  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Ta- 
maulipas,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Tampico. 

ALTAMO.NT,  Jl'tymont\  a  small  post-village,  capital  of 
flrimdy  co.,  Tennessee,  situated  on  the  top  of  Cumberland 
64 


Mountain,  80  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville,  was  laid  out  in  1848, 
in  the  midst  of  the  woods. 

ALTAMURA,  41-td-moo/rd.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines.  28  miles  !^.V\ .  of  Bari 
It  is  handsome,  has  a  fine  cathedral,  a  hospital,  and  a 
university,  founded  by  Charles  of  Anjou.  It  is  defended 
by  a  good  castle,  and  is  built  on  the  ruins  of  tlie  ancient 
Lupatia.  •  Altamura  is  the  residence  of  the  royal  governor 
Pop,  16,000. 

ALT.i  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Limestone  co.,  Texas. 

ALTAVILIiA,  ^Hi-vil1d,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Priiicipato  Ultra,  6  miles  N.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  2i;00. 

ALTAVILLA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Citna.  9  miles  S.  of  Campagna.     Pop.  2400. 

ALT.VY,  ^l-t.V,  a  post-ofiice  of  Steulsen  co.,  New  York. 

ATiTAY  MOUNTAINS.     .«oe  Altai. 

ALTDAMM,  dlfdSmm.  a  fortified  city  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Pomerania,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stettin,  where  the  river 
Plone  flows  into  Dammsche-see.     Pop.  2419. 

ALTC.\R,  ilt/kar,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ALTDORP,  Switzerland.     See  Altorf. 

ALTDORF,  dltMoRf,  or  ALTOKF,  il'toRf,  a  town  of  Bava- 
ria, on  the  river  Schwarzach,  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile 
country.  13  miles  E.S.E  of  Nuremberg.    Pop.  2700. 

ALTDORF,  a-town  of  Wtirtemberg,  2  miles  N.NJE.  of 
Ravensburg.    Pop.  'iVTi,  (Roman  Catholics.) 

ALTDORF,  a  village  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  In 
a  fertile  district,  on  the  high  road  from  Ofteuljurg  to  Frei- 
burg. Altdorf  is  also  the  name  of  numerous  other  localities, 
all  unimportant. 

ALTE,  dl/tA,  or  ALTA,  dl'td,  a  village  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Algarve,  N.  of  Louie,  in  a  basin-like  valley,  on  the 
border  of  a  mountain  ridge. 

ALTEA,  dl-t.Vi,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  27  miles  N.E.  of  .Vlicante,  on  the  Alger,  and  on 
the  Mediterranean.    Pop.  5502. 

ALTliN,dl'ten,  a  river  of  Norway,  province  of  Finmark, 
rising  in  two  sources,  falls  into  the  Altenfiord  after  a  course 
of  about  50  miles. 

ALTKNA,  dl'te-nd,  a  town  of  Prussia,  ^Vestphaliii.  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Lenne.  Pop.  4100.  It  has 
manufactures  of  iron  and  steel. 

ALTENA.  Denmark.     See  Alton.\. 

ALTENAU,  dl'ten-Ow',a  mining-town  of  Hanover,  in  the 
Harz  Slountains,  E.  of  Klausthal.    Pop.  1620. 

ALTENAU  is  also  the  name  of  several  other  villages,  one 
in  Prussia,  and  one  in  Bavaria. 

ALTENBERG,  ai'ten-btag\  (old  hill.)  the  name  of  nu 
merous  towns,  villages,  and  districts  throughout  Germany 
of  which  the  only  one  worthy  of  being  named  is  in  Saxony, 
20  miles  S.  of  Dresden,  capital  of  the  bailiw  iek  of  the  same 
name.     It  is  the  seat  of  local  courts  of  justice.    Pop.  2036. 

ALTENBRUCil,  dl'tgn-brooK\  a  town  of  Hanover, 4  miles 
S.E.  of  Cuxhaven.    Pop.  2500. 

ALTENBURG,  ai'ten-bdoRO,  or  SAXE-ALTENBURO,  sax 
dl'ten-bCdRO,  (Ger.  Sacfisen-Altenburg.  sdk'sen-al'ten-li<SdEG.) 
a  duchy  of  West  Germany,  consisting  of  two  divisions, 
which  are  separated  from  each  other  by  the  interposition  of 
Reuss-Gera.  The  area  of  the  divisicjns  is  nearly  equal,  that 
of  Altenburg  containing  about  240  square  miles,  and  that 
of  Saal-Eisenberg,  nearly  270  stiuare  niile.s.  but  the  popula- 
tion of  the  former  jar  exceeds  that  of  the  latter,  the  one  be- 
ing 85,400,  and  the  other  only  47,4.W.  The  dilference  of 
population  is  accounted  for  by  the  different  characters  of 
the  surfiice  of  the  countries.  Altenburg  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  and  best-cultivated  districts  in  Germany ;  while  Saal- 
Eisenberg.  particularly  in  the  S.E.,  is  covered  with  moun- 
tains and  forests. 

ALTENBURG,  ("old  castle,")  a  city  of  Germany,  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Saxe  Altenburg,  26  miles  S.  of  Leip.sic,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  railway;  lat.  50°  5(i'  N.,  Ion.  12° 
27' E.  It  is  walled,  and  though  irregularly  built  upon  .seve- 
ral hills,  has  some  fine  streets  and  many  handsome  edifices. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  higher  courts  and  government  offices, 
and  contains  7  churches,  a  gymnasium,  a  considerable 
library,  3  hospitals,  philosophical,  horticultural,  historical, 
and  antiquarian  societies,  a  drawing  academy,  a  theatre, 
&c.  The  chief  manufactures  are  of  linen,  worsted,  brandy, 
starch,  porcelain,  optical  instruments,  &.c.     Pop.  17,459. 

ALTENBURG,  (Hun.  Mcigi/ar  Oi-ar,  mUd'^yOR/  o'vaR/,)  a 
market-town  of  Ilungary,  47  miles  S.^E.  of  Vienna,  in  a 
marsh,  on  an  island  of  tlie  Leytha.  Pop.  3400.  At  least  48 
pla,ces  in  Germany  have  the  common  name  of  Alteniiurg. 

A1VTI;NBURG,  a  village  of  Perry  co.,  Missouri,  about  5 
niiles  W.  of  the  Mississippi. 

ALTENDORF,  M^n-doRr,  ("old  village,")  the  name  of 
numerous  villages  in  Germany,  Bavaria,  Hesse,  Hanover, 
Ilolstein,  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Saxony.  The  largest  is  a 
village  In  Moravia,  on  the  Podelskybache,  near  Olmutz. 
Pop.  2020 

ALTENGAARD,  Jl't?n-goRd\  a  seaport  town  of  Norway, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Finmark,  on  the  Alten,  at  the 
head  of  a  fiord.  53  miles  S.S.W.  r f  Hammerfest.  lat.  69°  By 
N.,  Ion.  23°  6*  20"  E..  near  the  N.  limit  of  the  cultivation  of 
barley.    In  1842,  195  vessels,  mostly  Russian  and  Kor- 


ALT 


ALT 


we^lan,  entered  its  port,  ■with  cargoes  valued  at  68,72fl?., 
and  185  clwtred  with  carfrcxis  of  an  aggregate  value  of  72.400/. 

ALTEN-OOTTEKN.  il'tfn-got/teru,  a  village  of  Prus.sian 
Saxony.  24  miles  X.W.  of  Erfurt. 

ALTEMIKIM,  dl'tfn-hlme\  a  village  of  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Baden,  situated  in  a  rich  champaign  country. 

ALTKNIIOF,  4l'tvn-hOf\  a  village  of  Denmark^  duchy  of 
Sle.swlck,  .3  miles  S.E.  of  P'ckernfiirde.    Pop.  500. 

ALTENKIKGIIEN,ai'ten-k66RKVn,(t'.e. -old  churches,") 
a  fortified  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Lower  Khine,  16 
miles  N.  of  CoWentz,  on  the  ^Wed.  There  are  several  other 
places  in  Germany  named  Altenkirchen. 

ALTENMAltKT,  ^l/ten-maukO,  (i.e.  "old  market,")  the 
name  of  numerous  unimportant  places  in  Gennanv. 

ALTEXPLATUOW,  dl'ten-pia/tov,  a  village  ofPrus.«ian 
Saxony,  regency  of  Magdeburg,  circle  of  Jerichow.  i'op. 
1565. 

ALTE\STADT,  ai'ten-statt\  (i.e.  "old  town,")  the  name 
of  seven  unimportant  places  in  Bavaria,  two  in  llesso,  one 
In  '\VUrtem!x!rg,  and  one  in  Austria. 

Al.TKXSTElG  or  ALLTENSTAIG,  ai'ten-stIo\  a  town  of 
Wiirtemberg,  on  the  Nagold,  28  miles  H.W.  of  Stuttgart. 
I'op.  2000.     It  has  a  castle  and  various  manuf  ictories. 

ALTER-DO-C'IIA.M  (or  Cil.AO.)dl-taiR/dr>-sha/Axg,  (almost 
shOwng.)  a  walled  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo, 
on  the  Ariz.  14  miles  S.W.  of  I'ortalegre.    I'op.  2000. 

ALTEH-DO-CI  lAM  or  CIIAO,  il-taiR'do-shd>6Ng,  a  town  of 
Brazil,  on  the  Tapajos,  at  its  junction  with  the  Amazon,  10 
miles  S.  of  Santiirem. 

ALTEKNON  or  A  LTAUN UN,  Al'tar-nQn,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Cornwall. 

ALT-GI!ADISKA,  dlt-grS-dis'ki  a  fortress  of  Austria.  Sla- 
vonia,  on  the  Save,  opfjosito  BerMr,  or  Turkish  Gradiska, 
and  24  miles  S.W.  of  I'oscliega.     Pop.  2:500. 

A  LTH  A  LPENSLEBEN,  dlt-hdl'dens-h^bf  n,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sia, in  Saxony,  on  the  Bever,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Magdeburg. 

AI/riK  il!.\  K,  Al'thorn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ALTlKUtl'  (ftl'thorp)  MANOR,  in  the  co.  of  Northampton, 
England,  about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Northampton.  It  h.as  been 
possessed  by  the  Spencer  tamily  for  upwards  of  three  centu- 
ries, and  is  famous  for  its  noble  library. 

ALTIIOKI:'  MANOR,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
on  tlie  Trt^nt,  where  joined  by  the  Stamford  and  Keadby 
Canal. 

AI/l'IN  or  ALTYN,  il-tin',  or  TELETSKOI  or  TELET- 
SKOE,  tVl^t-skoi',  a  lake  of  Siberia,  320  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tomsk. 
It  is  of  irregulai'  shape,  75  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  by 
20  milos  in  average  breadth,  and  traversed  by  a  head  stream 
of  the  Obi. 

ALTKIRCn,  aifkCCitk',  (i. «.  "old  church,")  a  manufac- 
turing town  of  France,  department  of  Haut  Rhin,  (Alsace,) 
17  miles  W.  of  Basel.     Pop.  in  1S52,  3611. 

ALTMITIIL,  (AltmUhl.)  dlf  mUl,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  rises  7 
miles  N.E.  of  Rothenburg,  passes Leutersbausen.  Giinzeuh.'iu- 
sen,  and  EichstSdt,  and  joins  the  Danube  at  Kelheim.  The 
project  of  Charlemagne  to  join  the  Altmtlhl  with  theitegnitz, 
and  so  unite  the  Khine  with  the  Danube,  has  been  recently  ex- 
ecuted by  the  Bavarian  government;  and  the  Ludwigs  Cunal, 
or  canal  of  the  Maine  and  Danube,  between  Bamberg  on  the 
Regnitz,  and  Dietfurt  on  the  AltmUhl,  thus  connects  the 
Black  Sea  with  the  German  Ocean.  The  iron  hoht  Amstj^rdam 
en  Wmen  performed  the  first  voyage  direct  from  Amsterdam 
to  A'ienna  in  August,  1846. 

Al/rO,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  CO.,  Virginia. 

ALTO,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  Texas. 

ALTO,  a  postK)ffice  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

ALTO,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana, 

ALTO,  a  post-townsliip  forming  the  south-western  extre- 
mitv  of  Eond  du  Lac  co..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1266. 

ALT-(ETTING,  Slt^ot'ting,  (i.  e.  "Old  dotting,")  a  market- 
town  of  I5avaria.  41  miles  S.W.  of  Passau.  Pop.  1500.  In 
one  of  its  numerous  religious  edifices,  is  the  tomb  of  the 
famous  Avistiian  general  Tilly.    See  (Ettiso. 

ALT-OFEN,  ait'-A/fen,  (i.e.  "Old  Ofen  or  Buda,")  a  muni- 
cipal town  of  Hungary,  forming  almost  a  suburb  of  Buda. 
It  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Sicambria  of  the  Ro- 
mans.    Pop.  9150. 

ALTOMONTE,  lilHo-mon'tA,  or  ALTAMONT,  JlHi-mont/,  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra,  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Cassano.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
and  iron,  and  a  salt  spring.     Pop.  4600. 

ALTON,  Al'tyn.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hants,  on  the  Wey.  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Winchester.  It  is 
the  polling  place  for  the  county.     Pop.  3139. 

ALTON,  Al'tpn.  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine. 

ALTON,  a  post-township  of  Belknap  co..  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  Cocheco  Railroad,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Concord.  Pop. 
2018. 

ALTON,  a  post-village  of  Sodus  township,  Wayne  co..  New 
York,  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Syracuse  and  Rochester 
Railroad,  10  miles  N,  of  Lyons. 

ALTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Denton  co,,  Texas,  is 
«bout  240  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Austin  City,  and  a  few  miles  W. 
of  the  main  fork  of  Trinity  River.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich 
farming  district,  which  produces  cotton,  wheat,  and  Indian 


corn,  and  is  well  supplied  with  timber.  The  county  is  tra. 
vei-sed  by  tlie  large  forests  called  the  "  Cross  Timbers."' 
Alton  has  sprung  up  since  1846. 

ALTON,  a  post-vilhige  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
National  Road.  9  miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

ALTON,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

ALTON,  Arton.  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  Niadison  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Mississippi  River,  21  miles  above  St.  Ijouis,  3  miie» 
above  the  nioutli  of  the  Missouri,  and  70  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Springfield.  It  is  the  market  and  shipping  point  of  a  large 
scope  of  interior  prairie  country,  from  which,  grain,  hay, 
frnit,  and  lime  are  exported.  The  tr.ade  of  Alton  is  facili- 
tated by  two  long  lines  of  railroad,  viz.,  the  Chicago  Alton 
and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  tlie  St.  Louis  Alton  and  Terre 
Haute  Railroad.  The  city  contains  a  large  Roman  Catholic 
Cathedral,  9  or  10  churches,  1  or  2  banks,  and  5  printing 
offices,  from  which  2  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are 
issued.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  diocese  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  for  southern  Illinois.  Alton,  which  is  one  of  tho 
oldest  towns  in  tho  state,  has  grown  rapidly  since  the  state 
penitentiary  was  located  there  in  1832.  Tlie  penitentiary 
has  recently  been  removed  to  .Toliet.  Limestone  and  stone 
coal  are  abundant  in  this  vicinity.  Population  in  1850, 
3875;  in  1860,  6:33-'. 

ALTONA  or  ALTENA,  ai't^nJ,  the  second  city  in  the 
kingdom  of  Denmark,  and  though  the  most  recent,  yet  the 
largest  and  most  populous  in  the  duchy  of  llolstein.  on  tlie 
right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  a  little  below  Hanilnirg.  Of  its  six 
churches,  the  only  one  deserving  of  notice  is  the  high 
church,  which  has  two  towers,  and  is  considered  the  finest 
in  the  duchy.  Among  other  buildings  may  be  mentioned 
a  gymnasium,  with  a  library  of  12,000  volumes,  an  orph.an 
hospital,  and  a  large  infirmary.  Tho  trade  and  manufac- 
tures of  Altona  are  extensive,  and  have  been  carefully  fos- 
tered by  the  Danish  government,  which  has  endeavoured, 
by  special  privileges  and  immunities,  to  attract  to  it  part  of 
the  extensive  commerce  previously  monopolized  by  Ham- 
burg. Notwithstanding  the  rapid  and,  for  a  Euroi)ean 
continental  town,  almost  unprecedented  rise  of  Altona, 
Hamburg  maintains  its  pre-eminence,  and  has  even  con- 
verted the  former  into  a  kind  of  suburb  where  the  mer- 
chants of  the  latter  reside,  not  to  carry  on  but  to  retire  from 
business.  Perhaps  the  most  important  manufacture  of 
Altona  is  that  of  tobacco.  One  single  factory  employs  12 
persons,  and  works  up  600,000  jmunds  per  annum.  The  othe 
public  works  are  soap  and  oil  works,  dye-works  for  woollen 
goods,  chemical-works,  vinegar-works,  a  type  foundry,  an  ex 
tensive  linen  and  cotton  priutfield,  roperies,  tanneries,  an 
breweries,  famous  for  their  beer.  The  railways  recentl 
completed  in  the  neighborhood  have  added  greatly  to  the 
importance  of  Altona,  both  in  a  commercial  and  military 
point  of  view.  Its  harbor  is  only  a  winter  liaven  of  the 
third  class;  but  the  largest  merchant  vessels  once  over  the 
bar  of  lilankenese,  can  iinload  at  the  W.  end  of  the  town. 
The  number  of  vessels  belonging  to  Altona  is  238 ;  and  that 
of  the  vessels  of  all  kinds  tliat  visit  the  port  annually  has 
been  stated  as  high  as  5000.  Pop.  of  Altona  proper  in  1845, 
:B2.200;  but  including  Otteusen  and  Neumiihl,  which  ought 
to  be  regarded  as  its  suburbs,  37,000;  in  ISiiO,  45,.V24.  Other 
three  places  in  llolstein  and  eleven  in  different  parts  of 
Germany  have  the  name  of  Altona. 

AL'T(3N  B.\  Y,a  post-office  of  Belknap  co.,New  Hampshire. 

AL'TON  B.ARNES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

AI/TON  hill,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Tennessee. 

AL'TON  I'AN'OKAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

AL'TON  PRI'OKS,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  1 
mile  S  of  Alton  Barnes.    See  Alvetox. 

ALTOO'NA,  a  thriving  borough  of  Blair  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Central  Railroad,  244  miles  W.  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  117  miles  E  of  Pittsburg.  It  stands  near  the  E. 
base  of  the  Alleghany  Mountain,  where  the  railroad  begins 
to  ascend  it.  It  contains  11  churches,  1  high-school,  2  banks, 
3  newspaper  offices,  6  hotels,  and  extensive  machine-shops 
of  tlie  railroad  company,  who  employ  about  800  operatives. 
Locomotives  and  railway  cars  are  manufactured  here.  Laid 
out  in  1849.     Pop,  in  1860,  3591 ;  in  1865,  about  ."i5uO. 

ALTOON-KUPREE  or  ALTUN-KIUPRI,  Jl'toon'  kyoo'pree, 
(i.e.  "golden  bridge,")  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Al- 
toon-soo,  (gold-river,)  00  miles  E.S,E.  of  Mosul.  It  is  said 
to  have  8000  inhabitants,  but  its  population  has  been  much 
reduced  by  plague  and  famine. 

ALTORF  or  ALTDORF,  il'toRf,  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne  and  9j  miles 
S.  of  Schwytz.  It  has  a  decorated  tower,  said  to  mark  the 
place  where  Tell  shot  the  apple  off  his  son"s  head.  Burglen, 
the  reputed  birthplace  of  Tell,  is  a  village  in  the  immediate 
vicinity. 

ALTORF,  Bavaria.    See  Altdorp. 

ALTORFF,  drtoRff/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sleurthe. 

ALTRINGHAM,  Al'tring-am,  or  ALTRINCHAM,  a  mai^ 
ket-town  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on  Bowdon 
Downs,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  of  chapelry,  4488. 
It  has  some  manulactories. 

ALTSOL,  aiVsOl,  or  ZOLItJM,  an  old  hnperial  free  towp 

Go 


ALT 

of  Hiiiiga«7'  72  tulles  N.  of  Pesth.  on  the  Gran,  -n-here  it  is 
joined  by  the  Szalatna.  On  a  rocky  height  is  the  remains 
of  a  castle,  supposed  to  have  been  built  in  1457,  once  the 
favorite  hunting  seat  of  King  Mathlas  I.,  called  by  the 
Hungarian  peasjints,  "the  good  King  Mathias,"  now  prin- 
cipally used  as  a  prison.    Pop.  2000. 

ALTSTyETTEN,  (Altstatten,)  ilt/stjt'tgn.  a  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, 8  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Gall,  near  the  Khine.    Pop.  1000. 

ALTSTKELITZ,  Slt-strd/lits,  a  walled  town  of  Mecklen- 
burg, circle  of  Stargard,  in  a  plain,  near  the  Mtihlenbach, 
which  here  forms  a  lake,  58  miles  N.N.W.  of  Berlin.  Pop. 
2943. 

ALTUX-KUPRI.    See  Altoox-Kuprek. 

ALTURA,  dl-too/rj,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Palencia,  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Castellon  de 
la  Plana.    Pop.  1305. 

ALTWARP,  dlt/<*aRp,  a  -village  of  Prussia,  Pomerania, 
on  the  Great  Half.  E.  of  UckermUnde.    Pop.  1200. 

ALTWASSER,  aitr<*as'ser,  a  Tillage  of  Prussia,  35  miles 
S.W.  from  Breslau. 

ALTZEY.    See  Alzet. 

ALUM  BANK,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ALUM  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Delaware  CO.,  and  Hows 
Into  Big  Walnut  Creek,  about  8  miles  from  Columbus. 

ALUM  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Bastrop  co.,  Texas. 

ALUM  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

AL^UM-POOR/,  a  town  of  Uindostan,  in  the  Deccan,  on 
the  Kistna. 

ALUM  ROCK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Alleghany  co.,  Virginia. 

ALUM  SPRINGS,  a  postrofflce  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Virginia. 

ALUSIITA.    See  Alooshta. 

ALUTA.    See  Aloota. 

ALVA,  dl'va,  a  Tillage  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stir- 
ling, 7  miles  N.E.  of  Stirling.    Pop.  2092. 

ALVAH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff. 

ALVAN,  S,l'Tan,  a  post-ofRce  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

ALVAK,  iWar',  AL'VUR'or  AL'AVUR',  a  princip.ality  of 
Upper  Hindostan,  between  lilt.  27°  and  28°  N.,  N.W.  of  the 
district  of  Agra,  and  S.W.  of  Delhi.  Area,  3000  square 
miles.  In  Mohammedan  histories  it  is  sometimes  called 
Mewat,  and  its  inhabitants  Mewaties. 

ALVARADO.  dl-Td-rd/DO,  a  small  town  and  port  of  Mexico, 
40  miles  S.E.  of  Vera  Cruz.  The  port  is  capable  of  admitting 
vessels  of  12  and  13  feet  draught.  There  is  a  dockyard  at 
AlTarado. 

ALA'ARADO,  a  river  of  Mexico,  formed  by  the  union  of 
geTeral  streams,  rising  in  the  mountains  of  the  state  of 
Oajaca,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  through  the  ?agoon  or 
harbor  of  Alvarado,  after  flowing  a  direct  distance  of  120 
miles  from  the  junction  of  the  head  streams.  ^ 

ALVARADO,  a  post-town  of  Alameda  co.,  California. 

ALVAYAZERE,  ^1-vi-i-zi/rd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Beira-Baixa,  31  miles  S.  of  Coimbra.    Pop.  1343. 

ALVECHURCU,  4lv/church,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

ALVEDISTON,  commonly  pronounced  as/t9n,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ALVELEY,  Alv'lee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ALVERCA,  dl-T^RTid,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Estremadura,  on  the  Tagus,  with  a  small  port,  16  miles 
N.E.  of  Lisbon.    Pop.  1275. 

ALVERCA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  17  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Guarda.    Pop.  780. 

ALVERDISCOTT,  pronounced  and  sometimes  written 
ALSCOTT,  il'scot,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ALVERNIA,  il-v^R/ne-d,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  on  a  moun- 
tain of  Its  own  name,  2  miles  N.  of  Chiusi.  Its  monastery, 
founded  a.  d.  1218  by  St.  Francis  d'Assisi,  was  the  cradle  of 
the  Franciscan  order. 

AL/VERSOXta  post>office  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan. 

ALVERSTOKE,  4l/ver-stoke,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

ALVES,  il'vez,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin. 

AI/VESCOTT,  or  il'scot,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ox- 
ford. 

AL'VESTON,  or  ^Wton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester, 9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bristol.  In  this  parish  are  ves- 
tiges of  two  Roman  camps. 

ALVESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

AU  VETON  or  ALTON,  Al'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

ALVIE,  31'vee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness. 

ALVIONANO,  dl-veon-yd/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  5  miles  N. 
of  Cajazzo.     Pop.  2000. 

ALVINCZ,  01  vints'.  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Transylvania, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Maros,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Karlsburg. 
Pop.  3300. 

ALVINGHAM,  il/ying-ham,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

ALVINGTON,  4l/ving-t9n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

ALV5NGT0N,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ALVIKGTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ALVI'RA,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
66 


AMA  . 

ALVISO,  31-vee'so,  a  small  town  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, at  the  head  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  A  steamboat 
runs  regularly  between  this  place  and  San  Francisco. 

ALVITO,  dl-vee/to,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  7  miles  S.B. 
of  Sora.     Pop.  3200. 

ALVOR,  dl-voR',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Algarre, 
on  a  streamlet  of  the  same  name,  8  miles  N.E.  by  K.  of 
Lagos. 

ALVORNINIIA,  dl-voR-neen'yJ,  a  town  of  Portug.il,  pro- 
vince of  Estremadura,  54  miles  N.  of  Lisbon. 

ALAVALTON  or  AL/LERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

ALWINGTOX,  4lAwing-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

ALYTII,  3/lith,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
COS.  of  Perth  and  Forfar,  12  miles  W.  of  Forfar.    Pop.  2910. 

ALZANO-JIAGGIORE,  il-z^no-mM-}o'ri.,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  2100. 

ALZENAU,  alt/sg-n(3w\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Kahlbach,  20  miles  E.  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  local  court,  and  has  a  I'oyal  castle.    Pop.  1041. 

ALZEY,  dlt/sl,  a  walled  town  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  on 
the  Selz,  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mentz.  Pop.  4583.  It  has 
some  trade  in  leather. 

ALZONNE,  irzonn/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Carcassonne,  on  the  Canal  du  Midi. 
Pop.  (1852)  1598. 

AM,  dm,  a  frontier  stronghold  of  Afghanistan,  on  the 
Indus,  between  that  river  and  the  Mabeen  Hills,  60  miles 
N.E.  of  Attock. 

AMACET/TA  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  W.  A'irginia. 

AMACURA,  d-md-koo/rd,  a  river  of  South  America,  fell- 
ing into  the  great  southern  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  in  Ifvt.  8<^ 
34'  N.,  and  Ion.  60°  7'  W. ;  and  in  the  lower  part  of  its 
course  forming  the  boundary  between  British  and  Colom- 
bian Guiana.  It  is  navigable  for  small  vessels  to  the  influx 
of  the  Yarakita,  lat.  8°  N. 

AMADEEYEH,  AMADIAII.  or  AMADIEII,  d-md-deo^ya, 
a  fortified  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Koordistan,  on  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Tigris,  Co  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mosul.  There  is 
here  a  tomb  much  frequented  by  Mohammedan  devotees. 

AMAGAN'SETT,  a  post-village  of  East  Hampton  town- 
ship, Suffolk  CO.,  New  York,  near  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island, 
about  25  miles  from  Riverhead. 

AMAGEB,  d/md-gher,  sometimes  erroneously  called 
AMAK,  an  island  of  Denmark,  separated  from  the  island 
of  Seeland  and  city  of  Copenhagen  merely  by  the  harbor  of 
the  latter;  indeed,  part  of  the  city  and  suburbs  of  Chris- 
tuvnshavn  are  built  on  it.  Area,  about  20  square  miles.  It 
is  flat,  well  cultivated,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  kitchen 
garden  of  the  capital,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  means 
of  bridges  across  the  harbor. 

AMAKOOSA,  AMACUSA,  or  AMAKOUSA,  d-md-koo/sd, 
an  island  in  the  Japanese  Empire,  off  the  W.  coast  of  tho 
island  of  Kioosioo  or  Kiusiu.  The  centre  of  Amakoosa  is  in 
about  lat.  32°  20'  N. ;  Ion.  130°  15'  E. 

AMAKOOTAN  or  AMAKUTAN.    See  Koorile  Islands. 

AMAKOSA.    See  Kaffraria. 

AMAL,  d/mdl,  a  town  of  Sweden,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  We- 
nersborg. 

AMALFI,  d-mdl'fee,  (L.  AmaVpliis,)  a  decayed  city  and 
seaport  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra.  on  the  Gulf 
of  Salerno,  and  23  miles  S.E.  of  Naples.  Lat.  40°  3S'  N. ;  Ion. 
14°  37'  10"  E.  The  position  of  the  city  is  extremely  pic- 
turesque, extending  over  the  summits  of  a  sei'ies  of  lofty 
rocks,  still  crowned  with  embattled  walls  and  ruined 
towers — memorials  of  its  former  greatness.  Its  trade, 
which  at  one  time  comprehended  that  of  all  the  Levant, 
has  now  almost  entirely  disappeared;  and  with  it  the 
greater  proportion  of  the  population,  which  has  fallen  from 
50,000  to  less  than  4000.  Amalfi  rose  early  into  import- 
ance, having  attained  the  height  of  its  prosperity  during 
the  eleventh  century,  at  which  time  it  was  the  great  mart 
of  all  kinds  of  Eastern  merchandise.  It  assumed  the  form 
of  an  independent  republic,  and  continued  to  retain  its 
rank  as  a  commercial  and  maritime  city  tor  several  centu- 
ries, when  it  fell  into  a  decay  l'r(m\  which  it  never  after- 
wards recovered.  Amalfi  took  an  active  part  in  theCrusades. 
It  is  the  birthplace  of  Flavia  Gioja,  to  whom  the  invention 
of  the  mariners  compass  has  been  assigned,  and  of  Masac 
niello,  the  fisherman  of  Naples. 

AMAL'LAPOORAM',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  jntheCircars, 
on  one  of  the  outlets  of  the  Godavery,  05  miles  E  N.E.  of 
Masulipatam.  Its  inhabitants,  who  exceed  5000,  are  en- 
gaged in  weaving  cotton  fabrics. 

AMAMBAHI,  d-mdm-bd'ee',  or  AMAMBAY,  d-mdm-bi'.  a 
mountainous  range  and  river  of  South  America.  The 
mountain  range,  about  200  miles  long,  forms  the  water- 
shed between  the  Parana  and  the  Paraguay  Rivers;  and 
from  its  eastern  slope  flows  the  Tiver  of  the  .same  name  B. 
to  the  Parana,  which  it  joins  after  a  total  course  of  about 
100  miles. 

AMANA,  d-md-nd^,  a  river  of  Venezuela,  province  of  Cu- 
mana,  rises  a  little  W.  of  Urica,  and  fiills  iiitr  the  Gulf  of 
Poria.  its  entire  course  beinij  about  140  mile.s. 


>  AMA 

AM  ANA,  l-mH--aS/,  a  lake  in  Brazil,  formed  by  a  Wfurcar 
tioti  of  the  Tijuaoa.  It  lies  in  lat.  2°  35'  S.,  Ion.  64°  38'  W., 
and  is  about  20  miles  long  by  10  miles  broad.  About  8  miles 
N.  of  the  lake  is  a  villajre  of  the  same  name. 

AMANAPOOR,  S-mdn-i-poor',  a  military  station  Jn  the 
Island  of  Ceylon.    Lat.  7°  15'  N. ;  Ion.  80°  45'  E. 

AMAXCK,  iVftNss/,  a  rillafre  and  commune  of  France, 
department  of  Aube,  12  miles  from  Bar-sur-Aube. 

AMAXCE.  (anc.  ./lm<;??'Ma?)a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Meurthe.  37  miles  N.W.  of  Nancy. 

AMAXCK,  a  small  river  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
fiUls  into  the  Aude  below  Basse-Fontaine. 

.tMAX'DA.  a  post-office  of  Greenup  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  liiver.  1.38  miles  E.X.E.  of  Frankfort. 

AMAXDA,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  90  miles  >f.W. 
of  Columbus.    Pop.  117N. 

AMANDA,  a  villase  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  in  Lemon  town- 
ship, on  the  Miami  Canal.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Hamilton. 

AMAXDA.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fairfield  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Zane.sville  and  Maysville  Turnpike.  8  miles  S.W. 
of  r.«ncaster,  the  county  seat,  and  130  miles  from  Cincinnati. 
Pop.  1702. 

A.M.\.\'DA,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio,  about  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Finley.     Pop.  1470. 

AMAXDA,  a  township  of  Allen  CO..  toward  the  X.W.  part 
of  Ohio,  Intei-sected  bv  the  Bis  Auglaize  Kiver,  about  10 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Lima."  Pop.  1178. 

AMAX'DAVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia, 
about  90  miles  X.W.  of  Augusta. 

AMAXLJS,  d^uiSN'o'leo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
lUe-et-Vilaine.      Pop.  (1852)  2721. 

AMAXTEA,  3-mdn-ta/3,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Naples, 
15miles  S.W.  ofCosenza.     Pop.  3000. 

AMAXUS.    See  ALMA-DAGH. 

AMARAXTE.  3-m3-rin'tA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Minho,  on  the  Tamega,  a  tributary  of  the  Douro,  38 
miles  N.E.  of  Oporto.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  a  very  ancient  town, 
and  has  a  fine  bridge,  which  was  frequently  contested  dur- 
ing the  war  in  1809^ 

AMARAPOORA.  AMAKAPURA.  iim  3  ra-poo/ra,  or  UM'- 
MERAPOO'RA,  a  fortified  city,  and  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  Burmese  dominions,  on  the  Irrawadi,  6  miles  X.K.  of 
Ava.  In  1800,  the  population  was  estimated  at  175,000,  but 
the  seat  of  government  having  been  transferred  to  Ava  in 
1819.  it  has  since  rapidly  declined.  Most  of  its  houses  are 
of  bamboo,  and  near  it  is  the  temple  with  the  great  bronze 
statue  of  Gaudama,  brought  from  Aracan  on  its  conquest 
by  the  Burmese  in  1784. 

AMARGUKA.  3-maR-goo'ra,  an  island  and  volcano  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  Lat.  17° 
58' S.:  Ion.  174°  16' AV. 

AMARIBO,  a-mJVe-bo',  or  MAN  A,  mS'ni;.  a  river  in 
French  Guiana,  rises  about  li)t.3°  35' N.,  and,  aft-er  a  course 
of  146  miles,  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 

AMASIA,  AMASIEII,  or  AMASIYAH,  i-mSi/soe'a.  a  city 
of  .\sia  Minor,  on  the  Yeshil-Ii-mak,  (anc.  Iris,)  95  miles 
N.W.of  Seevas,  and  63  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Samsoon.  It  has 
nearly  4000  houses,  of  which  3500  are  Tui'kish.  350  Arme- 
nian, and  120  Greek;  whence  its  population  mav  be  esti- 
mated at  from  20.000  t»  25.000.  It  stands  on  botli  b,anks  of 
the  river,  between  almost  perpendicular  rocks ;  a  handsome 
stone  bridge  connects  its  two  divisions.  Many  of  the  houses 
are  built  of  stone;  it  has  a  strong  citadel,  a  fine  mosque, 
well-supplied  bazaars,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  silk,  of 
which  48.000  okes.  or  132.000  pounds,  (an  unusual  crop.) 
were  produced  in  its  vicinity  in  1840.  It  exports  silk  and 
salt.  Outside  of  the  city  are  the  excavated  "  tombs  of  the 
kings,"  described  bv  Strabo.  a  native  of  Amasia. 

AMASTRA,  a-m"as'tra,  AMAS/ERAII,  or  AMASREII, 
i-m.^s'reh,  (anc,  Amas'lTis.)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  a  rocky  peninsula  in  the  Black  Sea,  60  miles  X^.E, 
of  Ereglee.  Pop.  about  800.  It  has  a  bay  on  its  E.  side, 
where  vessels  anchor  in  3  or  4  fathoms  of  water. 

AMATAK.\.     See  York  Ishxd. 

AMATIIOXTE,  S-mi-thon't4,  (anc,  Amlafhus.)  a  village  of 
the  island  of  Cyprus,  near  its  S.  coast,  apparently  the  same 
place  as  Old  Limasol.     See  LiM.\sOL. 

AMATITLA.Y,  a-ma-t«e-tliin',  or  AMTTITAN,  J-m^-tee- 
tin'.  a-town  of  Central  America,  state  of  Ouatem.ala,  about 
15  miles  S,  of  the  city  of  Gxiatemala,  Lat.  14°  30'  X'.;  Ion. 
90°  17'  W.  It  is  irregularly  built,  and  none  of  the  houses- 
have  more  than  the  ground  story ;  they  are  principally  con- 
structed of  mud,  beaten  hard  with  a  wooden  mallet  after 
being  put  into  a  wooden  liox  of  the  dimensions  of  the 
walls;  which  box  is  moved  from  place  to  place  until  the 
desired  height,  length,  and  breadth  are  attained,  Each 
house  has  a  large  yard  and  a  plantation  of  cactus  attached 
to  it,  the  leaves  of  which  are  cut  and  ranged  in  long,  nar- 
row sheds,  to  preserve  the  cochineal  insect  in  the  winter 
season.  The  wells  in  the  town  are  all  brackish;  and  most 
of  those  in  the  vicinity,  particularly  in  low  situations,  are 
belling  hot,  but  perfectly  clear  and  free  from  impurities. 
Amatitlan  is  a  place  of  some  antiquity,  having  been  one  of 
the  principal  seats  oC  the  Jesuits,  who  had  large  sugar 
estates  in  the  vicinity.    The  Inhabitants,  nearly  all  mulat- 


AMA 

toes  and  samboes,  are  active,  industrious,  and  enterprising, 
Pop.  from  10,000  to  12.000. 

AMATRICE,  ^-md-tree'chi,  a  '"wn  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abru/.zo  Ultra  II,,  22  miles  N,  Oi  .iC,uil,''.,  Pop,  5000,  It 
has  a  manufactory  of  woollen  stuffs,  and  a  &i.tiOv,l  of  belles- 
lettres. 

AM.\XICIIT,  3-mdx-ee/kee,  a  seaport  town,  and  the  -ari:- 
tal  of  the  Ionian  island  of  Santa  Maura  or  Leucadia,  on  its 
E,  coast,  and  separated  from  the  castle  of  Santa  Jlaura,  at 
the  X.  extremity  of  the  island,  by  a  lagoon  about  1  mile 
across.  Pop,  of  town  and  citadel,  6000,  The  haibor,  im- 
proved by  a  mole,  is  adapted  only  for  small  craft,  Amaxichi 
is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  archbishop  and  of  a  British  go- 
vernor. Opposite  the  town  is  an  a(iueduct.  remarkable  for 
its  length,  nearly  destroyed  by  the  late  earthquake,  and 
near  it  are  remains  of  Cyclopean  walls,  probably  those  of 
the  ancient  LrvJcas. 

A  M  A  Y,  d'uiA'.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Liege,  on  the 
Mouse,  and  on  the  railway  from  Nnniur  to  Liege.  14^  miles 
S.W,  of  Liege,     Pop,  2470,  many  of  whom  are  brickmakers. 

AMAZOX,  nm',i-z9n,  (Sp,  pron,  d-mif-thSn',)  sometimes 
called  MARASfoX,  m.^-rdn-yon',  ORELLAXA,  o-rM-v.Vnd, 
or  SOLIMO'KXS,  Ihe  large.st  river  not  only  of  South'Amo- 
rica,  but  of  the  globe,  (though  the  MissLssippi  is  longer.)  has 
its  sources  among  the  Andes,  in  the  interior  of  Peru,  and 
pursuing  first  a  N,W,,  and  then  a  slightly  N,E.  coiu-se 
almost  across  the  entire  continent,  empties  the  drainage  of 
more  than  half  of  South  America  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
by  two  great  mouths,  the  southeiTi,  called  Para  River, 
which  enclose  on  three  sides  the  large  island  of  Joannes 
or  Mar.ijo,  The  outlets  of  this  giant  stream  are  almost 
directly  under  the  equator,  and  in  about  50°  \V,  Ion.  Its 
entire  length  is  about  4000  miles,  and  such  is  its  volu»-  e 
and  impetus,  that  it  carries  its  waters  unmixed  into 
the  sea  to  the  distance  of  above  eighty  leagues.  The 
breadth  of  the  largest  mouth,  according  to  the  Imperial 
G.azetteer,  is  96  miles;  but  the  two  arms,  with  the  isl.and 
included,  cover  a  width  of  perhaps  250  milefi.  Geographers 
are  not  agreed  as  to  which  sti-eani  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
parentage  of  this  great  flood  of  waters ;  .some  a.ssigning  it  to 
the  Tunguragua,  and  others  to  tlie  Ucayale  and  Apurimac. 
Our  own  opinion  inclines  to  the  first  named  as  the  most 
western  branch,  and  most  direct  in  its  coiirse,  though  not  the 
largest;  but  the  same  principle  decides  in  the  case  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, which  is  also  the  more  direct  in  its  course,  though 
much  inferior  in  length  and  in  volume  of  water  to  its  groat 
tributary  the  Missouri.  But  great  as  is  the  Mississippi,  it 
must  yield  both  in  quantity  of  water  and  the  number  and 
magnitude  of  its  tributaries,  to  the  Amazon,  the  king  of 
rivers.  The  Amazon  has  its  sources  among  the  slopes 
of  the  Andes,  in  the  interior  of  Peru,  and  between  10" 
and  \i\°  S.  lat.  and  70°  and  77°  W.  Ion.  The  Tungurar 
gua  or  Upper  MaraBon.  the  most  western  branch,  rising  in 
L.ake  Lauricocha.  in  lat.  10°  SO'  S.,  and  Ion,  76°  25'  W,, 
flows  N.W,  to  a  little  N.  of  6°  S.  lat.,  and  nearly  79°  W.  Ion., 
where  it  bends  to  the  N.E.,  which  course  it  maintains,  with 
slight  variations,  to  its  exit  under  the  equator;  so  that  in 
crossing  the  continent  from  its  most  western  curve,  its 
windings  deviate  within  6°  of  a  direct  eastern  course,  in  a 
flow  of  about  3000  miles.  Passing  E.  on  the  southern  side, 
there  enter  the  Amazon,  in  the  order  named,  the  Iluallaga, 
the  Ucayale, the  Jaliaryor  Yavary — all  from  Peru;  the  Ju- 
tay.  JuruS.  Telle  or  Tefe,  Coary,  Purus,  Madeira,  Tapajos, 
Xingu,  and  Tocantins,  from  Brazil;  while  from  the  X., 
commencing  at  the  Xapo,  in  Ion.  7.3°  SCW.,  and  following 
the  s,ame  order,  there  are  the  Putumayo  or  I^a  from  Equa- 
dor,  the  Japura  or  Caqueta,  the  Kio  Xegro  and  Trombetas 
from  New  Granada.  Venezuela,  and  Northern  Brazil.  Bth 
sides  these  main  tributaries,  there  are  smaller  affluents  and 
sub-tributaries,  that  elsewhere  would  be  classed  as  large 
rivers,  numbering,  according  to  some  geographers,  more 
th.an  200.  The  sources  of  the  Tunguragua  or  Upper  Mara- 
f!on,  of  the  Iluallaga  and  the  Montanjv — one  of  the  main 
confluents  of  the  Ucayale — are  all  within  a  few  miles  of  each 
other;  so  that  assume  which  we  may  of  the  three  rivers- 
just  named  as  the  parent  stream,  its  origin  will  be  nearly 
the  same.  The  Apurimac.  however,  another,  and  the  largest 
confluent  of  the  head  waters  of  the  Ucayale,  rises  in  a  small 
lake  in  lat.  15°  38'  S.,  and  Ion,  7.5°  W,,  nearly  5°  farther  S. 
than  the  other  sources  of  the  Amazon.  Of  ths  great  tri- 
butaries, the  Madeira  has  a  course  of  about  2000  miles,  th* 
Rio  Xegro  of  1500,  and  the  Ucayale,  Tapajos,  Xingu,  Tocan- 
tins, and  Caqueta  or  Japura.  perhaps  fiom  1000  to  1200  miles 
each.  These  affluents,  with  their  sub-tributaries,  pour  into 
the  parent  stream  the  drainage  of  the  greatest  river  basin — 
area  estimat<>d  at  from  1,5C0.0<I0  to  2.500.000  square  miles — in 
the  known  world,  finding  its  outlet  into  the  ocean  through 
one  main  channel.  The  Amazon  or  Orellana  is  called  by 
the  inh.ibitants  of  the  country  Tunguragua  or  Upper  Mara- 
fion  to  the  junction  of  the  Ucayale;  and  from  thence  to  its 
junction  with  the  Rio  X^egro  it  is  frequently  called  the 
Solimoens :  and  from  this  point  to  the  oc-ian  it  receives  the 
same  appellation  as  that  by  which  it  is  known  to  foreigners. 
According  to  Lieutenant  Herndon.  of  the  United  States 
Navy,  who  explored  this  river  In  1852,  ft-om  its  sources  to 

67 


AJIA 


AMB 


its  mouth,  by  nrdor  of  his  government — the  Amazon  is 
tmvl^ahlo  on  the  Ucayale  l)ranch  to  a  point,  at  high  wa- 
t^r,  distant  3:360  miles  from  the  ocean,  on  the  Iluallaga 
bi-nch  to  2813  miles,  and  on  the  main  stream  to  San  Boija, 
al>out  3000  miles  for  vessels  of  5  or  6  feet  draught  at  low 
water.  It  is  probable  that,  if  the  same  system  of  boating, 
were  adoptt^  as  in  the  'Western  United  States,  these  streams 
mi;;ht  l)e  ascended  by  steamboats  to  points  still  higher  than 
(hose  named  above.  In  connection  with  its  innumerable 
tiranches,  this  river  opens  to  the  ocean  perhaps  not  less 
tlihn  10,000  miles  of  interior  navigation  for  large  vessels, 
independent  of  its  singular  union  with  the  Orinoco, 
through  the  Cassiquiare  and  Rio  Negro  rivers.  The  Ama- 
zon is  500  yards  wide  at  the  mouth  of  the  Iluallaga,  about 
2S30  miles  from  its  mouth;  at  Xanta,  2325  miles  from  the 
sea,  it  is  J  of  a  mile;  J  of  a  mile  at  Loreto;  Ij  mile  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Jabary;  from  4  to  5  miles  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Japura;  1  mile  above  Coary;  10  miles  at  Gurupa; 
about  35  miles  above  the  separation  of  its  channels  of  exit, 
where  it  is  perhaps  150  miles  wide.  According  to  Hern- 
don's  table  of  distances,  it  is  31)44  miles  from  Oroya,  at  the 
head  of  the  Huallaga  branch,  to  the  Para  mouth.  The 
Amazon  is  studded  with  islands  (.some  of  them  quite  large) 
throughout  its  course;  it  tlows  with  a  current  varying 
from  1  mile  to  3.7  miles  an  hour,  with  a  geueral  average  of 
about  2^-  miles,  and  with  a  depth  of  from  42  feet  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Iluallaga,  to  312  fet;t  in  the  Para  branch,  just 
at  the  commencement  of  the  Delta.  These  measurements, 
as  well  as  most  of  the  more  recent  facts  in  this  sketch,  are 
tjiken  from  Lieutenant  IIerxdon's  Explorations  down  the 
VaUey  of  the  Amazon.  The  Amazon  is  perceptibly  affected 
by  the  tides  as  far  as  Obidos.  a  distance  of  about  400  miles 
from  its  mouth.  During  the  rainy  season  it  overflows  its 
banks,  submerging  the  country  for  hundreds  of  miles.  The 
Amazon  abounds  in  fish,  turtle,  and  alligators.  It  traverses 
a  region  of  almost  inexhaustible  fertility,  covered  with  dense 
and  Idfty  forests.  "If  the  name  of  primeval  forest,"  says 
Humboldt,  "  can  be  given  to  any  forest  on  the  face  of  the 
eiu-th,  none  can  claim  it  perhaps  so  strictly  as  those  that 
fiU  the  connected  basin  of  the  Orinoco  and  the  Amazon." 

A  remarkable  feature  of  this  river  is  the  bore,  which  occurs 
at  its  mouth,  two  days  before  and  two  days  after  full  moon. 
•On  these  occasions  the  waters  of  the  oce;in  rush  into  the  river 
in  huge  waves  of  from  10  to  20  feet  in  height,  three  or  four 
of  which  follow  each  other  in  succession  with  irresistible 
force.  These  are  sometimes  very  destructive  to  small  craft 
on  the  river,  whence  originated  probably  the  Indian  name 
of  the  stream — A.m.\ssona,  i-m3s'so-nd\  signifying  '-Ixsat  de- 
stroyer." The  mouth  of  the  Amazon  was  discovered  in  the 
year  1500  by  Viscount  Yanez  Pingon;  but  the  first  Kxxro- 
pean  who  descended  the  stream  was  Francis  d'Orellana.  a 
Spaniard,  who,  in  1533.  sailed  from  the  mouth  cf  the  Kio 
Xapo  to  the  ocean.  AVith  this  adventurer  originated  the 
story  of  a  community  of  female  warriors  whom  he  saw  (as 
he  relates)  in  great  numbers  on  the  river  banks  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  continent,  and  whom  he  represents  as  similar 
in  their  customs  to  the  Amazons  of  antiquity.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  the  Indian  name  of  the  river  (Amas.sona) 
may  have  suggested  to  Orellana  the  fable  of  the  Amazons. 

AM'AZON,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  about  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Belvidere. 

AMAZON'AS,  d-mS-so'nSs,  a  department  in  the  \.  part  of 
Peru,  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Chachapoyas  and  May  nas. 

AM.\ZU>IA,  d-mJ-zoo'm3.  a  large  town  of  West  Africa,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Niger,  about  lat.  5°  10'  N.,  Ion.  6°  10'  E. 

A.MBABIKOI,  dm-bd-be^koy'  a  vilLage  of  Lower  Egypt,  58 
miles  N.W.  of  Cairo. 

AMBACIA.    See  Amboise. 

AMBALEGA,  dm-bd-li'gi,  a  town  in  the  island  of  >Ia- 
duna,  Malay  archipelago.  It  lies  near  the  centre  of  the 
island,  and  is  suri-ounded  by  fine  wood,  has  a  temple,  and 
4000  inh.abUants. 

AMBAKES,  Sji'biVA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Oux>nde.     Pop.  (1862)  2701. 

AMBATIKI,  dm-bd-tee^kee,  an  Island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific, one  of  the  Feejee  group,  of  a  dome  shape,  and  ri.sing 
to  the  height  of  750  feet.     Lat.  17°  47'  S. ;  Ion.  179°  10'  W. 

AMBA'i'O  or  IIAMBATO,  dm-bi'to,  a  nev.ado  or  snowy 
summit  of  the  Andes,  W.  of  Cordillera,  immediately  N.  of 
Arequipa. 

AMBATO,  am-bd'to,  or  HAMBATO,  ASIEXTO  D',  d-se- 
In'to  ddm-bd'to,  a  town  of  Eeuiidor,  100  miles  S.E.  of 
Quito.  It  was  destroyed  in  169S  by  an  eruption  of  Cotopaxi. 
It  w:is  rebuilt  shortly  afterwards,  and  soon  became  more 
flourishing  than  before.  It  has  some  good  buildings, 
and  an  active  trade  in  grain,  sugar,  and  cochineal.  Pop. 
12,000. 

AMBAZAC,  ftM^bdV.dk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
llaute-Vienne,  10  miles  N.N'.VV.  of  Limoges.    Pop.  3021. 

AMBELAKIA,  dm-bi-ld'kee'l  or  AMPELAKIA,  a  town 
of  European  Turkey,  province  of  Thessaly,  on  the  S.  slope  of 
Slount  Ossa,  above  the  pass  of  Tempe,  15  miles  N.E.  of  La- 
rissa.  It  was  at  one  time  famous  for  its  cotton  and  yarn 
spinning  and  dyeing,  but  the  former  has  been  nearly  anni- 
liilated  by  the  cheaper  productions  of  England.    The  popu- 


lation  in  1798  was  4000 ;  it  afterwards  rose  to  SOOO,  and  now 
has  sunk  below  3000. 

AM'BER  or  AMB'IIEER',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  Rajpoo 
tana,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Jeypoor,  and  formerly  capital  of  tha 
Jeypoor  dominions. 

AJI'BER,  a  post-village  of  Otisco  township,  Onondaga  co., 
New  York,  is  situated  near  Otisco  Lake,  about  14  miles  S.S.E, 
of  Syracuse. 

AMBERU.  dm'btea.  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  formerly 
capital  of  Upper  Pjil;itinate,  on  both  sides  of  the  vils,  35 
miles  E.  of  Nuremberg.  It  is  well  built,  has  broad  and 
clean  streets,  and  contains  a  lyceum.  gymnasium,  theologi- 
cal seminary,  normal  school,  public  library,  and  several  en- 
dowed hospitals.  It  has  a  royal  manufiictory  of  arms,  which 
produces  yeiirly  from  10,000  to  20,000  muskets  of  the  best 
quality;  and  also  manufactures  of  cotton  stuffs.  Here,  on 
August  24,  1796,  the  Archduke  Charles  defeated  the  rear- 
guard of  the  French  army  under  General  Jourd:vn.  Pop. 
12.942. 

AM/BER-GATE,  a  station  on  the  North  Jlidlan  EaUway, 
England,  co.  and  lOi  miles  N.  of  Derby. 

AMBERGRIS  (amntigr-grees')  KEY,  an  uninh.aljited  island 
of  Central  America,  Yucatan,  off  the  N.E.  shore  of  British 
Honduras.  Length,  20  miles  from  N.E.  to  S.W.;  average 
breadth,  3  miles.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the  ambergris 
found  on  its  .shores. 

AMBJ^UIEUX,  6.M^b.AVe-tjh',  a  town  of  France, 'department 
of  Ain,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bourg.     Pop.  245S. 

AMBERLEY^,  amA)er-le.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

AMBERSON'S  VALLEY,  a  post^iffice  of  FrankUn  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

AMBEllT,  flM'baln/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-D6me,  on  the  Dore,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont.  Pop. 
(1852)  8133,  with  extensive  paper-works  and  m.auufactures 
of  ribbons. 

AJIBIALET,  <^-M*be'd-l;l/,  a  vUlage  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Alby.     Pop.  32  '6. 

AJIBIL,  dm-beel',  one  of  tbe  smaller  Pliilippine  islands, 
70  miles  S.W.of  Manila,  containing  a  lofty  volcanic  moun- 
tain. 

AMBIJ,  dm-bl',  a  village  of  Netherlands,  province  of  Lim- 
burg.     Pop.  685. 

A.MBLAU  or  AMBLAUW,  dmV13w',  an  island  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Booro.  Lat.  3°  62* 
S. ,  Ion.  127°  IS'  E.  It  is  10  miles  long,.and  dependent  on 
the  Dutch  government  of  Ambovna.    Pop.  733. 

AMBLECOAT  or  AMBLECOTE,  am^el-kote,  a  hamlet  of 
England,  co.  of  Stafford,  tuilf  a  mile  N.  of  Stourbridge. 
Pop.  10:33. 

AM'BLER'S  MILLS,  a  postroffice  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia. 

AM'BLESIDE,  a  market-town  .and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Westmoreland,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Lake  AVin- 
dermere,  12 j  miles  N.W.  of  Kendal. 

AMBLESTON,  am'bglz-t.9n,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Pembroke. 

AMBLETEUSE,  8M'b"l-tnz',  a  decayed  seaport  of  France, 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  on  the  English  Channel,  6 
miles  N.  of  Boulogne.  Pop.  581.  Here  James  II.  landed 
after  his  abdication  in  1689;  and  near  it  is  the  celebrated 
granite  column  which  Napoleon  erected  to  the  grand  army 
in  1805. 

AilBLEVE.  dmHjld-veh,  a  river  in  Prussia,  flows  W.,  and 
falls  into  the  Ourthe  10 miles N.ofDnrbuy.  Ithasacourse  of 
about  50  miles,  of  which  the  last  7  are  navigable. 

AMBOISE,  6.MbVdz',  (anc.  Amba'cia,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  on  the  Loire,  and  on  the  rail- 
way from  Orleans  to  Tours,  14  miles  E.  of  Tours.  Pop.  (1S52) 
4762.  Its  ancient  castle,  memorable  in  history  as  the  re- 
sidence of  many  French  kings,  has  been  lately  modernized 
and  improved.  Amboise  is  celebrated  for  the  "  anjitraiion 
(TAmboise,"  formed  against  the  Guises,  iu  1560.  It  has  ex- 
tensive manufactures. 

AMBOISE.  am'boiz'  or  dmVwdz',  a  cape,  island,  and  an- 
chorage of  Africa,  coast  of  Benin :  lat.  3°  58'  N.,  Ion,  9°  15'  E. 

AMBO'LOor  AMBOULE,  dm-bool',  a  town  of  the  island 
of  JIailagascar;  Lat.  24°  15'  S.,  Ion.  47°  0'  E,  in  a  rich  and 
beautiful  valley,  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name. 

AMBOLON,  dm-bo-15n',  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
S.W.  of  Mindoro;  lat.  12°  9'  N.,  Ion.  121°  12'  E. 

AMBON,  iyi^h6y-f,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mor 
bihan.     Pop.  2175,  with  a  smiiU  port  on  the  Penerf. 

AiPBOOR/,  a  town  of  British  IndLa,  presidency  of,  and 
108  miles  W.S.W.  of  M.adras. 

AMBOW  or  AMBAU,  dm'bdw',  a  small  island  in  the  South 
Pacific,  one  of  the  Feejee  group;  lat.  10°  30'  S..  Ion.  17S°  E, 
It  is  only  one  mile  iu  length,  and  about  half  a  mile  in 
breadth,  but  is  of  importance,  having  a  large  town  of  tha 
same  name,  and  being  the  seat  of  a  kind  of  sovereign 
authority. 

AM  BOY',  a  post-township  of  Oswego  co.,  towards  the  N, 
part  of  New  York,  about  17  miles  S.E.  of  Pulaski.   Pop.  1 402. 

AMBOY',  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.     Pep.  1033. 

AMBOY',  a  post-office  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio. 

AM  BOY,  Hillsdale  co.,  Midiigan.     See  Appesdix. 

AMliOY,  a  post-office  oi  Waaliiugton  co.,  lo.vA. 


AMB 

AMROY  CEXTRK.  a  postroffice  of  Oswego  co.,  New  York. 
AMBOY.  PEUTH,  New  Jersey.  See  Perth  Ambot. 
AMBOV.VA  or  AMBOI.N'A,  Jra-boi'na,  (Malay,  Amhm, 
"  dew,")  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  the  most  im- 
portant, though  not  the  largest  of  the  Moluccas,  lying  K.  of 
Booro,  lat.  (Allavy  Point)  3°  46'  S.,  Ion.  127°  59'  E.  The 
island  is  about  30  miles  long,  by  about  10  miles  in  breadth 
at  its  broadest  part,  though  generally  it  is  not  above  5  or  6 
miles:  area.  282  .square  miles.  It  is  subject  to  earthquakes; 
is  of  a  primitive  formation,  granite  in  some  localities  rising 
even  to  the  summits  of  the  mountjiins,  while  in  others  it 
underlies  serpentine  and  recent  calcareous  deposits;  in  the 
valley  the  .soil  is  of  a  reddish  clay,  mixed  with  sand.  Cloves 
are  the  staple  product,  the  annual  quantity  produced  being 
from  500,000  to  (500,000  pounds.  In  1796  the  island  was  cap- 
tured by  the  British,  and  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1801,  at 
the  peace  of  Amiens;  but  was  again  taken  in  1810,  and 
finally  restored  to  Holland  in  1814,  at  the  treaty  of  Paris. 
The  government  of  .\mboyna  includes,  besides  the  above, 
Zooroo.  .\mblau,  Ceram,  and  several  smaller  islands.  Pop. 
(1841)  29..^92. 

AMBOV.VA,  AMBOT  ANA,  or  AMBOYANA,  am-boi-a/nd, 
capital  of  the  above  island,  and  of  the  Dutch  residence  or 
government  of  Amboyna,  Moluccas ;  lat.  of  Fort  Victoria, 
30  ii>  ;//  s^  io„_  1-280  10'  E.,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Amboyna.  It  is  of  a  triangular  form,  is  clean  and  neat,  and 
regularly  built,  with  straight  and  wide  streets,  intersected 
by  numerous  streams,  planted  on  either  side  with  shrub- 
bery. A  public  garden  is  attached  to  the  town,  and  a  row 
of  houses,  adorned  with  a  double  row  of  nutmeg-trees,  and 
occupied  by  the  principal  inhabitants,  terminates  in  a  long 
esplanade,  lo;iding  to  the  citiidel  of  Fort  Victoria.  The  Bay 
of  .\mboyna  is  about  20  miles  long  and  from  2  to  7  broad, 
the  roads  secure  and  commodious,  and  the  arichor.age  good, 
with  a  depth  of  from  20  to  45  fathoms.  Pop.  of  the  town 
in  1841,  891)6. 

AMBllAOIA.  and  AMBRACIUS  SINUS.    See  Arta. 

AMBlllKilKS.  dM^bre-aiii/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
and  0  miles  N.  of  Mayenne,  on  the  Varenne.     Pop.  1221. 

AMBIllM,am-breem',  an  Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  New 
Hebrides,  lat.  l(i°  9'  30"  S.,  Ion.  167°  50'  E.  It  is  50  miles  in 
circumference,  fertile,  and  cultivated. 

AMBRIZ,  am'brii!  or  im-breez',  a  small  independent  Ne- 
gro kingdom  of  Africa,  S.  of  Guinea,  with  a  port  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river.Ambriz,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about 
70  miles  N.  of  Loanda.  Slavery  is  unknown  in  this  little 
territory,  and  among  its  singular  customs  is  the  prohibi- 
tion of  horses  and  beasts  of  burden.  Its  capital  is  Que- 
branza.  At  the  port  there  are  Portuguese  and  .\merican 
stores,  and  it  has  an  extensive  tnade  in  gum  and  ivory. 

AMBHlZETTK,dm-bre-zett/or  dm-bre-z^ftA,  a  kingdom  of 
Africa,  in  South  Guinea,  between  the  Congo  and  Anibri- 
zette  Uivers,  with  a  town  on  the  coast,  about  30  miles  N. 
of  Ambritz. 

AMBROOK  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  Russia,  in  the  Bal- 
tic Sea,  about  21  miles  N.E.  of  Demesnes  Point. 

AMBRON.W,  iM^bro^nA',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ain.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Bourg.  Pop.  1737.  It  has  an  an- 
cient Benedictine  abbey. 

AM/BROSDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

AM'BRUSETOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

AMBROSIA,  am-brc/zhe-a,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

AM'BRYN,  an  island  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  South 
Pacific,  lat.  16°  14'  S.,  Ion.  168°  24'  E. 

AMBUKOL,  dm^boo^kol',  a  village  of  Nubia,  on  the  Nile. 
Lat.  18°  4'  31"  N.;  Ion.  31°  34'  46"  E.,  about  8  miles  W.  of 
which  is  a  waste  named  Haagbarlak,  the  superficial  stratum 
of  which  is  coarse  sandstone,  containing  many  silicious 
fossil  trees,  parts  of  which  are  splintered  off  by  the  pea- 
santry and  used  as  gun-flints. 

AMKDorAMID.     See  Diardekir. 

A.MEENANA,  a-mee^nS/nd,  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  an  isl.and 
formed  by  the  Narra  and  Indus,  12  miles  N.  of  Sehwan. 

AM  HIDE,  d-mi'deh,  a  village  of  Netherland.s,  on  the  Lek, 
with  a  brewery.     Pop.  1070. 

AMKLA.N'D,  d/me-ldut\  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  North  Sea,  4  miles  N.  of  the  coast  of  Friesland ;  lat.  53° 
30'  N.,  Ion.  6°  15'  E.  The  island  is  13  miles  in  length  from 
E.  to  \V.,  by  2  miles  in  width. 

AM  ELIA,  d-m.i1e-d,  or  AM  ERTA,  d-mA/re-d,  a  town  of  the 
Papal  States,  delegation  of  and  22  miles  S.W.  of  Spoleto;  it 
is  the  .see  of  a  bishop,  having  a  cathedral,  3  churches,  and 
some  convents.  It  was  the  ancient  ^nie/n'a,  one  of  the  oldest 
cities  of  Umbria,  and  the  birthplace  of  Koscius,  the  cele- 
brated Roman  actor,  so  frequently  mentioned  by  Cicero. 
Pop.  5500. 

A.MELIA,  a-mee'le-a,  a  county  towards  the  S.E.  part  of 
Virginia,  has  an  area  of  300  square  miles.  The  Appomattox 
river  forms  about  half  of  the  boundary,  enclosing  it  on 
neiirly  all  sides  excepting  the  S.;  it  is  also  drained  by  the 
Namazine,  Flat,  and  Deep  Creeks.  The  surfiice  is'somewhat 
diversified;  the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  naturally  fertile,  but 
impoverished  by  long  cultivation.  A  portion  of  the  land 
?ias  been  "  turned  out,"  and  can  be  bought  at  a  merely  no- 
/ninal  rate.    The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Kicbmoad 


AME 

and  Danville  Railroad.  Organized  in  1734.  Capital,  Amelia 
Court  House.  Pop.  10,741 ;  of  whom  3086  were  free,  ana 
76.i5  slaves. 

AMELIA,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  in  Batavia 
township.  25  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Cincinnati. 

AMELIA  COURT  H<)USE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ame 
lia  CO.,  Virginia,  47  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond.  It  contain* 
very  few  dwellings. 

AMELIA  ISLAND  is  situated  on  the  coast  of  Nassau  co., 
in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida.  It  is  about  16  miles  in  length, 
and  4  in  bre.adth,  and  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a 
channel  of  from  2  to  4  miles  wide.    The  soil  is  generally 

AM^LIE-LES-BAINS,  d'mA'leeaA'baNo',  or  ARLES-LES- 
BAINS,  anlHA^bixg',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pyrenees-Orientales,  3  miles  W.  of  Ceret. 

AMEND,  d'm^nt,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia.     Pop.  S40. 

AMENI  or  AMENY,  d"m.Vnee\  one  of  the  Laccadive 
Islands;  l.at.  11°  6'  N.,  Ion.  72°  41'  E.  It  is  of  a  circular 
form,  1  or  li  miles  in  diameter. 

AAIENIA,  .vmee'ne-a,  a  post-village  and  township  ot 
Dutchess  CO..  New  York,  on  tlie  Harlem  Railroad,  88  miles 
N.N.E.  of  New  York.  It  contains  several  churches,  a  bank, 
an  academy,  and  a  few  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  228S. 

A.MENIA  UNION,  a  post-village  of  Amenia  township, 
Dutchess  CO.,  New  York,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Poughkecpsie. 

AMERICA.  a-m?r'e-ka.  (Fr.  JmMqiie,  d'mAVeek':  Ger. 
Amerila,  d-mA're-kd;  It.'Sp..  and  Port.  America,  d-niA're-kd  ; 
named  from  Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Florentine,  who  vi.sited 
South  America  in  1499,  and  published,  in  1500.  an  interest- 
ing account  of  his  voyage.)  one  of  the  great  divisions  of  the 
globe,  and.  with  the  exception  of  Asi.i.  the  largest,  extends 
from  Point  Barrow,  in  lat.  71°  24'  N.,  to  Cape  Forward,  the 
most  southerly  point  of  the  continent,  on  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  lat.  53°  5,3'  7"  S.  Horn  Island,  on  which  Cape 
Horn  is  situated,  and  the  other  islands  constituting  the 
archipelago  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  and  which  .ire  considered 
as  forming  part  of  South  America,  extend  between  2°  and 
3°  further  south.  America  consists  of  two  vast  peninsulas, 
called  respectively  North  and  South  America,  connected  by 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama  or  Darien,  which,  at  its  narrowest 
part,  is  only  28  miles  in  breadth,  its  general  width  being 
about  40  miles.  The  near  approach  to  entire  separation  be- 
tween the  two  peninsulas  is  effected  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  the  Caribbean  Sea,  which  form  a  vast  recess,  bounded 
on  the  S.  by  the  northern  shores  of  South  America,  on  the 
N.  by  the  United  States,  and  extending  VV.  more  than  Hif 
beyond  the  most  eastern  point  of  South  America.  The 
entire  American  continent,  stretching,  as  it  does,  from  the 
Northern  icy  ocean  to  the  cold  region  of  the  south,  a  dis- 
tance, in  a  straight  line,  of  about  9000  miles,  constitutes 
the  longest  continuous  body  of  land  on  the  globe.  Its 
greatest  breadth,  S.  of  the  equator,  is  between  Cape  St 
Roque  in  Brazil,  and  Cape  Parina  in  Peru,  between  lat.  4° 
and  7°  S.,  where  it  is  more  than  3250  miles  wide.  North 
of  the  equator,  the  greatest  breadth  is  near  the  parallel  of 
45°,  between  Cape  Causo  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  Cape  Lookout 
in  Oregon,  where  it  is  more  than  3100  miles  in  width.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Europe  and  Africa,  and  on  the  W'.  by  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  which  divides  it  from  Asia  and  Australia.  From 
Siberia,  however,  it  is  separated  only  by  Behring  Straits, 
not  more  than  48  miles  in  width  at  the  narrowest  part. 
The  extent  of  surface  has  been  variously  estimated.  Hassel 
has  given  it  at  17,303,000,  and  Balbi  at  14,622,0000  square 
miles;  but  in  every  estimate  allowance  must  be  made  for 
the  uncertainty  of  the  northern  limits.  Berghaus  makes 
the  area  about  14.219.967  square  miles,  not  reckoning  the 
islands,  to  which  he  assigns  an  area  of  about  98,660  square 
miles,  which,  without  doubt,  is  too  little.  The  physical 
features  of  this  great  division  of  the  globe  are  on  the  most 
gigantic  scale.  Here  are  the  greatest  rivers  and  lakes,  the 
largest  valleys,  the  loftiest  mountains,  (with  the  exception 
of  the  Himalayas,  which,  however,  they  greatly  exceed  in 
length,)  and  the  most  magnificent  forests  in  the  world. 
Here,  also,  is  exhibited  the  greatest  development  of  vol- 
canic phenomena,  the  chain  of  the  Andes  furnishing  the 
most  remarkable  example  of  linear  volcanoes  of  any  region 
on  the  globe.  Out  of  270  active  volcanoes,  the  estimated 
number  of  all  that  are  in  that  state  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  in  the  world,  190  are  on  the  shores  and  islands  of 
America,  being  upwards  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole. 

In  bodily  conformation,  the  aboriginal  tribes  of  America 
present  remarkable  similarities ;  but  their  languages,  though 
containing  many  roots  in  common,  are  exceedingly  various, 
amounting  in  number  to  no  fewer  than  600. 

Although  differing  considerably  in  general  contour,  the 
two  great  peninsulas  present  some  remarkable  points  of  re- 
semblance. Both  taper  towards  their  southern  extremities, 
iind  the  form  of  both  seems  to  have  been  in  a  great  mea- 
sure determined  by  a  range,  and  by  a  system  of  moun- 
tains; on  tho  W.  by  the  Andes,  and  their  continuations 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  stretching  from  Terra  del  Fuego  to 
near  the  Arctic  Ocean;  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Brazilian  Moun- 
tains, and  the  Alleghany  or  Appalachian  chain.     A  sub- 


AME 

divis'oTj  oalUJ  Central  America  comprises  part  of  North 
Amoi  ica     This  divisiou  will  be  uoticed  after  North  America. 

Adj.  a..d  inhab.  American.  a-mSr-ekan,  (Fr.  Am£uicain, 

J'mi'ree'kLNo';  Uer.  adj.  Amerik'anisch,  il-ini-re-ki'nish ;  in- 
hab. Amerikanischer.  l-mA-re-ki'iiish-gr.) 

AMEHICA,  NOKTII.  (Fr.  Aminqtie-SeptentHmale,  a'mA - 
reek'  s5tH5No'tre-o''n3l',  or  AmiriquK-du-Nm-d,  d'm.AVeek'  dil 
bor;  Ger.Nnrd  Amerila.  noRt  A-mA're-kd;  &■[>.  America  Sckn- 
trional,  j-mi're-kS  sA-t^n-tre-o-iidl'.)  exclusive  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, lies  between  the  16th  degree  of  N.  lat.  and  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  E.  by  the 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  Central  America,  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is 
more  irregular  in  form  than  South  America,  being  deeply 
indented  with  gulfs,  bays,  and  inlets.  Its  length  from 
Hudson's  Straits  to  the  Florida  channel,  following  the  wind- 
ings of  the  coast,  is  probably  4800  miles,  and  from  thence 
to  Panama  about  4500  more.  The  whole  length  on  the  Pa- 
cific side,  including  the  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  has 
been  computed  at  10,500  miles.  Of  the  extent  of  the  N. 
and  N.E.  shores,  no  conjecture  has  yet  been  hazarded,  but 
it  is  probably  not  less  than  3000  miles;  thus  making  an 
entire  coast  line  of  perhaps  22,800  miles.  Of  so  irregularly 
shaped  a  region,  any  estimate  of  its  area  must  be  exceed- 
ingly conjectural ;  but  it  is  generally  computed  to  be  about 
8.000.000  square  miles.  J.  D.  B.  De  Bow,  Superintendent 
of  the  census  bureau  at  Washington,  stjjtes  the  area 
to  be  8,373,648  square  miles,  assigning  3,050,398  square 
miles  to  British  America.  3.306,865  to  the  United  States, 
1.038,834  to  Mexico,  394,000  to  Russian  America,  384.000 
to  Danish  America,  (Greenland,)  and  203,551  to  Central 
America. 

Pnlitical  Divisions. — Xorth  America,  including  Greenland, 
is  divided  into  six  political  organizations,  viz.  Danish  Ame- 
rica or  Greenland;  British  America,  occupying  all  the  ter- 
ritory N.  of  the  great  lakes  and  49°  of  N.  lat.,  and  E.  of 
about  132°  W.  Ion.;  Russian  'America,  including  all  the 
N.W.  portion  of  the  continent  W.  of  132°  W.  Ion.;  the 
United  States,  occupying  the  territory  between  British 
America  on  the  N.,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  aud  the  re- 
public of  Mexico  on  the  S.;  Mexico,  lying  between  16° 
30'  and  32°  N.  lat.,  and  between  the  Pacific  on  the  W. 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  E.;  and  Central  America, 
which  occupies  all  the  northern  peninsula  S.  of  Mexico. 
The  unsettled  political  condition  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America  makes  it  difBcult  to  cla.^s  them,  as  civil  con- 
tentions and  divisions  are  constantly  taking  place. 

F.ioK  iifllie  Country,  Mountains,  dv. — The  mountain  ranges 
of  North  America  comprise  two  principal  systems,  viz.  the 
Chippewayan  or  Rocky  Mountains,  a  continuation  of  the 
Andes,  stretching  along  the  AV.  coast  at  a  distance  varying 
from  450  to  900  miles  from  the  P;Mific,  and  the  Appalachian, 
which  extends  in  a  N.E.  and  S.W.  direction  along  the  Atlan- 
tic coast.  Several  peaks  of  the  former  system  rise  far  above 
the  line  of  perpetual  snow,  of  which  the  higliest  ascertained 
are  Popocatapetl  and  Orizaba  in  Mexico,  the  former  17,720 
feet,  aud  the  latter  17.380  feet  above  the  sea-level;  Fre- 
moufs  Peak,  in  the  United  States,  13.570  feet,  and  Mount 
Brown  and  Mount  Hooker  in  British  America,  which  have 
an  elevation  of  15,990  and  15.700  feet  respectively.  A  range 
which  may  be  considered  as  a  part  of  the  same  system,  ex- 
tends between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific,  com- 
mencing in  the  S.E.  of  Russian  America,  and  terminating 
in  the  peninsula  of  California.  This  chain  is  called  in  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  Territories  the  Cascade  Bange,  and  in 
California  the  Sierra  Nev.ida  Mountains.  Still  nearer  to 
the  sea,  which  in  many  places  it  borders,  is  the  Coast  Range. 
The  highest  summits  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  vary  from 
10,000  to  17,900  feet,  the  latter  being  the  altitude  of  Mount 
St.  Elias,  in  Russian  America,  believed  to  be  the  highest 
land  in  North  America.  The  Cordilleras,  of  Mexico  and 
Centi-al  America,  have  several  of  the  most  active  volcanoes 
on  the  globe.  The  other  mountain  system,  the  Appala- 
chian, on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent,  taking  its  ri.se 
in  the  extreme  N.E.  of  the  United  States,  extends  nearly 
parallel  to  the  coast,  at  a  distance  varying  from  less  than 
100  to  near  300  miles,  to  the  state  of  Alabama,  culminating 
in  Mount  Mitchell  (6470  feet  high)  in  North  Carolina.  It 
comprises  several  ranges  nejirly  parallel,  which  have  a  mean 
elevation  of  about  2500  feet.  Between  these  two  mountain 
systems  lies  an  immense  plain,  the  largest  (if  we  except 
the  desert  plain  of  Africa)  in  the  world,  stretching  fi-om 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  a  distance  of  about 
2800  miles.  Much  of  this  vast  region  is  covered  with  im- 
mense forests ;  a  large  portion  is  no  doubt  doomed  to  ever- 
lasting sterility  on  account  of  the  severity  of  the  climate; 
but  the  region  S.  of  the  45th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  com- 
prising an  area  of  about  1,500,000  square  miles,  is  one  of 
almost  unexampled  fertility.  In  this  plain  are  situated 
the  great  American  lakes,  and  over  its  level  surface  flow 
the  majestic  rivers  Mississippi,  Mackenzie,  and  St.  Law- 
renct,  the  one  forming  the  southern,  the  other  the  north- 
ern, and  the  third  the  eastern  outlet  for  its  waters. 

Gedogi/.  Mineralixiy,  <fc. — A  remarkable  analogy  exists  in 
Uie  structure  of  the  land  in  North  America  and  Central 
70 


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and  Northern  Europe.  Gneiss,  mica-schist,  and  granite 
prevail  over  wide  areas  in  the  Alleghanies;  on  the  Atlantic 
slope  and  the  N.  latitudes  of  the  American  continent,  and 
on  the  high  and  middle  latitudes,  the  Silurian  strata  ex- 
tend over  2000  miles.  Crystalline  and  Silurian  rocks  form 
the  substratum  of  Mexico,  for  the  most  part  covered  with 
plutonic  and  volcanic  formations  aud  secondary  limestone. 
The  Rocky  Mountains  are  mostly  silm'ian,  except  the  E. 
ridge,  which  is  of  stratified  crystalline  rocks,  amygdaloid, 
and  ancient  volcanic  productions.  The  Coast  Chain  has  the 
s;ime  character,  with  immen.se  tracts  of  volcanic  rocks,  both 
ancient  and  modern,  especially  obsidian.  In  North  Ame- 
rica, volcanic  action  is  entirely  confined  to  the  coast  and 
highlands  along  the  Pacific.  The  principal  minerals  are 
gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  coal.  The  tirst  two  are 
found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the 
continent,  in  California,  New  Mexico,  aud  Mexico;  but  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  contain  gold  in  considerable  quanti- 
ties, especially  between  Marjland  and  Alabama.  The 
amount  of  precious  metals  produced  annually  in  Mexico 
previous  to  the  revolution  was  nearly  $25,000,000;  but 
since  that  time  it  has  sunk  to  about  half  that  amount. 
From  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  in  December,  1847, 
down  to  the  close  of  1853,  the  amount  received  at  the  dif- 
ferent United  States  mints  was  $219,144,919 ;  but  it  is  esti- 
mated that  $70,000,000  more  was  either  exported  to  foreign 
countries,  manufactured,  or  remained  in  California.  Alxiut 
$17,000,000  had  been  sent  to  the  United  States  mints  from 
the  Alleghany  mines  between  1828  and  1854.  Copper  exists 
in  great  abundance,  particularly  in  Mexico  and  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior.  In  the  latter  locality  it  is  chi- 
selled from  its  native  Ijed,  in  masses  of  150  tons  of  nearly 
pure  metal.  Quicksilver  is  found  in  California  and  Mexico. 
Perhaps  the  richest  lead  district  in  the  world  is  to  be  found 
between  lat.  41°  and  44°  N.,  on  both  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. In  one  year,  54.000,000  pounds  have  been  mined  at 
this  point.  The  coalfields  of  North  America  are  prodigious, 
covering,  in  the  United  States  alone,  an  area  of  altout 
133.000  square  miles;  besides  extensive  beds  in  New  Brunst- 
wick.  Nova  Scotia,  and  Vancouver's  Island.  Bituminous 
coal  is  the  most  abundant;  but  Eastern  Penn.sylvauia 
alone  sends  to  market  above  5.000,000  tons  annually  of 
anthracite.  Iron  exists  in  profusion.  Zinc,  cobalt,  anti- 
mony, arsenic,  titanium,  chrome,  Ac.  are  found  in  greater 
or  less  abundance.    Salt  is  widely  diffused. 

Bays,  Gulfs,  Lakes,  and  Jiivers. — North  America,  like 
Europe,  is  indented  with  great  bays,  gulfs,  and  lakes, 
opening  her  interior  to  commerce,  and  thus  promoting 
early  settlement,  civilization,  and  advancement.  Com- 
mencing on  the  N.E.  are  Baffin's  Bay,  separating  British 
America  from  Greenland;  Hudson's  Bay.  a  great  interior 
sea,  opening  into  the  Atlantic  by  three  wide  channels:  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  giving  entrance  to  the  great  lakes 
or  fresh-wjvter  seas  of  North  America ;  the  Bays  of  F'undy, 
and  Massachusetts,  Cape  Cod,  Delaware,  and  Chesapeake 
bays;  Long  Island,  Albemarle,  and  Pamlico  Sounds:  the 
Giilf  of  Mexico,  and  Bay  of  Hondura.s — all  on  the  E.  coast. 
The  indentations  on  the  Pacific  are  not  so  numerous  or  so 
large:  the  principal  are.  the  Gulf  of  California,  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco,  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  (leading  into  Pu- 
get's  Sound,  Admiralty  Inlet;  and  St.  George's  Gulf  or 
Channel.)  Queen  Charlotte's  Sound,  Cook's  Inlet,  and  Bristol 
Bay.  Five  of  the  largest  fresh-water  lakes  on  the  earth — 
viz.  Superior,  covering  32,000  square  miles;  Miihiean, 
22.000;  Huron,  20.400;  Erie.  9600:  and  Ontario.  6300— lie 
between  41°  and  49°  N.  lat..  and  between  76°  and  93°  of  W. 
Ion.,  all  connected  with  each  other  by  straits  or  channels; 
and,  by  means  of  their  common  outlet,  the  St.  Lawrence, 
open  the  commerce  of  the  interior  of  North  America  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  Winnipeg,  Athabasca,  Slave,  and  Great 
Bear  Lakes,  in  British  America;  Lake  Nicaragua,  in  Central 
America;  Lake  Chapala,  in  Jlexico,  and  Lake  Champlain 
and  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  the  United  States,  are  of  various 
lengths  of  from  70  to  300  miles.  Besides  these.  North  Ame- 
rica alx)unds  in  beautiful  sheets  of  water,  from  the  size  of 
ponds  up  to  that  of  lakes  of  from  10  to  50  or  60  miles  in 
length,  particularly  N.  of  42°  N.  lat.  No  portion  of  the 
world  is  more  favored  with  large  rivers  than  North  America, 
rendering  almost  every  portion  of  the  continent  accessible 
to  the  sea.  From  the  great  table-land  of  the  interior,  the 
Mackenzie  River  runs  N.  into  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  Sa.s- 
katchawan,  E.  into  Hudson's  Bay,  the  St.  Lawrence  into 
the  Atlantic,  and  the  Mississippi.  Missouri,  and  Kio  Grande 
del  Norte  S.  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Columbia,  empty- 
ing into  the  Pacific,  and  the  Colorado  of  the  W.  into  the 
Gulf  of  California,  have  their  sources  in  tlie  western  de- 
clivities of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  Atlantic  slope  is 
drained  by  a  large  number  of  rivers  from  200  to  OtO  miles 
in  length,  many  of  which  are  navigable  for  from  60  to 
200  miles.  The  Missouro-Mississippi  has  a  course  of  4349 
miles;  while  its  great  tributaries,  the  Arkansas  and  Red 
from  the  W.,  and  the  Ohio  from  the  E..  hs^e  coiTses  of 
from  1000  to  2500  miles  each,  and  these,  aj;ain.  h  ave  tri- 
butaries and  sub-tributaries  of  large  size.  The  St.  I  aw 
rence,  from  the  head  of  the  Bt  Louis,  one  of  the  nio»t  Im- 


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portant  affluents  of  Lake  Superior,  to  its  mouth  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  is  2250  miles  long.  The  Columbia  is 
about  12r»0;  the  Colorado  of  the  West,  1000;  and  the  Rio 
Grande,  1800  miles  long.  There  are  a  number  of  important 
streams  not  enumerated,  emptyiiij;  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
from  the  United  States.  Mexico  and  Central  America  have 
no  large  rivers. 

Jdandx. — Ketween  North  and  South  America,  in  the  great 
recess  formed  by  the  narrowing  of  the  continent  at  Central 
America  and  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  or  Panauin,  and  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  f)ce.an  and  Caribbean  Sea.  lies  an  exten- 
sive archipelago  called  the  West  Indies,  which  extends  E. 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  about  60°  W.  Ion., 
whence  it  turns  almost  directly  S..  stretching  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Orinoco  Kiver,  and  enclosing  the  Caribbean  Sea  on 
the  N.  and  E.  The  largest  of  these  islands  are  Cuba,  (also 
the  mo.st  western.)  Ilayti,  Jamaica,  and  Porto  Kico,  which, 
with  a  gnat  number  of  smaller  ones,  include,  in  the  whole, 
an  area  of  perhaps  90.000  square  miles.  About  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  the  large  island  of  Newfoundland, 
with  the  smaller  islands  of  Cape  Breton,  Prince  Edward, 
Anticosti.  kc. ;  while  off  the  coast  of  the  United  States — ex- 
cept a  number  of  small  islands  on  the  shores  of  Maine  and 
Massachusetts,  the  liahama  Isles  off  Florida  and  the  Ber- 
mudas, 700  to  900  miles  E.  of  Georgia — the  only  considerable 
Island  is  Long  Island.  On  the  Pacific  coast,  the  largest 
i.slands  are  Vancouver's,  Queen  Charlott«'s,  and  King 
George  III.'s  Archipelago.  W.  of  British  America;  and 
Prince  of  Wales,  Sitka,  Admiralty  Island,  and  the  Aleutian 
Islands  on  the  coast  of  Itussian  America.  The  latter  extend 
W.  toward  the  shores  of  Asia.  In  the  Arctic  Ocean  are  a 
numlier  of  large  but  barren  islands,  of  which  almost  nothing 
is  known. 

Climate. — In  general,  North  America  has  a  temperature 
10°  lower  than  in  the  same  parallels  in  Western  Europe, 
and  is  subject  to  greater  extremes  and  more  sudden  changes. 
In  lat.  40°  N.,  in  summer,  for  a  few  days,  the  heat  is  .as 
great  as  at  Calcutta,  and  in  winter,  for  short  periods,  the 
cold  is  as  severe  as  that  of  Russia.  The  Pacific  coa.st  is 
as  mild  in  climate  as  the  western  portion  of  Europe. 
In  the  northern  part  of  British  America  almost  per- 
petual winter  reigns,  and  in  the  southern  the  winters  are 
long  and  severe,  hut  the  air  is  still,  and  the  temperature 
not  so  variable  as  further  S. ;  so  that  the  cold  is  not  felt  as 
keenly  as  in  some  lower  latitudes.  The  want  of  any  great 
chain  of  mountains  to  the  N;,  and  the  great  breadth  of  land 
untempered  by  the  influence  of  approximate  seas,  render 
even  the  temperate  regions  subject  to  frefiuent  spells  of 
fierce  cold  N.  and  N.W.  winds.  In  the  middle  and  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  continent  N.  of  50°,  the  cold  is  so  intense  as 
to  make  the  country  almost  uninhabitable;  while  in 
Southern  Mexico  and  Central  America,  the  usual  climates 
of  the  torrid  zone  prevail,  varied,  however,  to  a  considerable 
degree  by  the  mountains  and  the  proximity  of  the  seas, 
the  former  occasionally  producing  frosts  even  between  15° 
and  25°  N.  lat.  The  table-lands  of  Mexico,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  their  liability  to  great  droughts,  form  a  delightful 
climate.  In  the  Canadas,  the  transition  from  winter  to 
summer  is  very  sudden,  leaving  a  very  short  spring. 

Vegetable  Productions. — North  America  is  characterized 
both  by  the  immensity  of^its  forests  and  the  value  and  size 
of  its  timber;  especi-ally  a  species  of  pine  or  fir  in  Oregon, 
which  attains  a  height  of  fiom  200  to  300  feet,  and  a  girth 
of  from  60  to  80  feet.  The  forests  of  Canada  contain  pine, 
oak,  ash.  hickory,  red  beech,  birch,  and  the  lofty  Canadian 
poplar.  In  the  United  States  are  several  varieties  of  oak, 
chestnut,  w^alnut,  several  varieties  of  maple,  (among  tliem 
the  sugar-maple,)  hickory,  cedar,  spruce,  hemlock,  bass- 
wood,  palmetto,  dogwood,  willow,  csitalpa,  wild  cherry, 
birch,  ash.  tulip  or  American  poplar,  elm.  scycamore,  locust, 
gum,  magnolia,  cypress,  Ac.  In  California  there  is  a  species 
of  cypress  called  redwood,  that  attains  an  enormous  size, 
sometimes  20  feet  in  di.ameter. 

Maize,  or  Indian  corn,  which  is  the  only  important  fari- 
naceous plant  peculiar  to  the  New  World,  has  an  extensive 
range  in  North  America;  but  is  most  successfully  cultivated 
In  the  Central  United  States.  Millet,  cocoa,  pimento,  vanilla, 
copfiiba,  cinchona,  jalap,  sassafras,  nux  vomica,  tobacco,  and 
the  cochineal  plant  (cactus  cochinilifer)  are  also  indigenous. 
So  likewise  is  the  potato,  now  widely  diffused  throughout 
Europe.  Wheat,  barley,  oats,  peas,  and  rice  succeed  well 
throughout  large  portions  of  the  continent;  so  also  do  va- 
rious kinds  of  fruit-trees,  such  as  oranges,  peaches,  lemons, 
and  apples ;  but  the  native  fruits  are  mostly  of  the  nut  kind. 
Sugar,  coffee,  and  cotton  are  among  its  staple  vegetable 
productions.  The  vine  hitherto  has  not  been  so  successfully 
cultivated,  probably  more  owing  to  defect  of  culture  than  of 
ancongeniality  in  the  soil  or  climat*.  There  are  several 
species  of  wild  or  indigenous  vines. 

Zfioltx/y. — The  animals  found  in  America  at  the  conquest, 
of  the  larger  kind,  were,  in  general,  fewer  in  number  and 
Inferior  in  ferocity  to  those  of  the  eastern  continent,  with, 
however,  striking  exceptions,  among  which  are  the  polar 
bear  ai.a  the  grizzly  bear,  the  largest  of  their  species,  as 
well  as  the  most  ferocious.    The  latter  is  peculiar  to  North 


America,  and  is  found  principally  in  the  regions  aaj;iv*-t 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  New  Slexico  to  at  least  61° 
N.  lat.  The  white  or  polar  bear  is  seldom  seen  S.  of  55°  N. 
lat.  The  bison  or  American  buffalo,  the  largest  native 
quadruped  of  the  New  A\'orld  now  existing,  roams  in  im- 
mense herds  on  the  prairies  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  but  in 
fast  diminishing  in  numbers  before  the  advance  of  the 
white  man,  as  well  as  by  the  hand  of  the  Indian.  Tlie  buf 
falo  sometimes  attains  a  weight  of  2000  pounds.  The  musk 
ox  is  a  small  animal,  weighing  little  more  than  300  poundti, 
with  a  strong  scent  of  musk.  There  are  several  varieties 
of  deep,  the  most  remarkable  of  which,  as  well  as  t  he  largest, 
is  the  moose,  attaining  a  height  of  6  feet,  and  with  antlerrf 
weighing  more  than  50  pounds.  The  reindeer  is  al.so  found 
here.  Among  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  a  peculiar  race 
of  sheep  and  goats,  the  former  much  larger  than  '.he  do- 
mestic sheep,  with  short,  tine,  and  flexible  wool;  and  the 
latter,  which  fre(iuents  the  highest  .peaks  of  the  mountains, 
is  covered  with  a  long  hair,  beneath  which  is  a  flne  wool. 
The  wolves  and  dogs  of  America  are  peculiar,  and  S(  me  of 
them  numerous.  The  prairie  wolves  inhabit  both  sides  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  very  swift,  and  hunt  in  packs. 
Among  the  domestic  dogs  are  the  well-known  Newfi.undland 
dog,  and  the  Mackenzie  River  dog.  a  small  and  playful  ani- 
mal. Foxes  are  numerous,  and  of  several  varieties ;  among 
them  are  the  red,  kit,  and  Arctic  fox.  The  red  fox  is  mucli 
hunted  for  his  skin.  Of  beasts  of  prey,  the  most  fero- 
cious are  the  grizzly  hear,  the  cougar  or  panther,  lynx, 
and  wildcat.  Among  the  smaller  quadrupeds  are  beavers, 
ottei'S,  racoons,  badgers,  opossums,  wea.si'ls,  hares,  musk- 
rats,  marmots,  squirrels,  porcujiines.  gophers,  and  prairie 
dogs.  The  latter  two  are  burrowing  animals.  Reptiles  are 
numerous,  and  some  dangerous;  of  the  latter  class  is  the 
rattlesnake,  the  lite  of  which  is  tiital,  unless  an  immediate 
remedy  is  applied;  it  attains  a  length  of  6  feet.  The  pike- 
muzzled  cayman  (a  species  of  crocodile)  is  a  native  of  the 
Southern  United  States  and  Mexico,  is  found  in  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  grows  to  the  length  of  14  or  16  feet.  Frogs  and 
toads  are  numerous.  Tortoises  of  several  varietje.s,  and  sea 
turtles  abound  on  the  S.  coasts.  Of  birds,  there  are  471 
known  species  in  North  America,  371  of  which  are  pecvtliar. 
Of  these,  the  wild  turkey  formerly  existed  in  great  num- 
bers, but  it  diminishes  as  the  settlements  advance.  Wild 
pigeons  go  in  such  immense  flocks  as  to  darken  the  air.  and 
when  tliey  roost,  to  break  the  branches  from  the  trees. 
Among  the  rapacious  birds  are  the  bald  and  Washington 
eagle,  the  sparrowhawk.  swallow-tailed  hawk,  falcon,  vul- 
ture, turkey  buzzard,  and  owl.  Among  gallinaceous  birds, 
turkeys,  pigeons,  grouse,  quails,  and  pheasants.  Among 
gralla',  crows,  herons,  flamingoes,  spoonbills,  rails,  and 
purple  gallinules.  Among  waterfowls,  .swan.s,  wild  geese 
and  ducks,  (including  the  canvasback  and  eider  duck.)  peli- 
cans, Ac:  and  among  the  smaller  birds,  lark.s.  orioles,  bunt- 
ings, magpies,  jays,  cedar-birds,  shrikes,  mocking-birds, 
tlirushes,  robins,  bluebirds,  grosbeaks,  parrots,  woodpeck- 
ers, humming-birds,  kingfishers,  chuckwills-widow,  whip- 
poorwill.  and  turtle-doves.  Of  fish,  there  are  innumerable 
varieties;  among  them  are  the  sturgeon,  salmon,  salmon 
trout,  whitefish,  (peculiar  to  the  great  lakes.)  mackerel, 
shad,  herring,  halibut,  sheepshead,  trout,  perch,  bass,  pike, 
char,  &e.  &c. 

I'tijmhiliim. — The  aboriginal  races  in  Central  America  and 
Mexico  still  form  an  imjjortant  element  of  the  population, 
and  number,  probably — including  the  mestizoes,  (white  and 
Indian.)  and  the  Indiiins  of  North  Anurica — S.OliO,000  per- 
sons. While  in  the  West  Indies  and  the  United  States, 
about  5.000.000  are  Africans  and  their  de.«cendants.  mostly 
in  a  state  of  slavery.  In  the  Viost  Indies  the  African  race 
constitutes  much  the  larger  part  of  the  population,  while 
in  .some  of  the  Southern  United  States  it  nearly  equals,  and 
in  one  instance  surpasses  the  white  inhabitants  in  num- 
bers. The  entire  population  of  North  America  in  1854  may 
be  safely  stated  as  exceeding  40.000.000.  The  white  popu- 
lation in  the  United  States  and  in  British  America  is  in- 
creasing in  a  ratio  hitherto  unexampled  in  the^  world. 

Jiaces  of  Mm. — The  origin  of  the  American  race  is  wholly 
unknown,  although  there  has  been  no  want  of  conjecture  on 
the  subject,  most  of  it  more  plausible  than  satisfactory.  This, 
however,  is  certain,  that  America  was  inhabited  by  a  people 
who  lived  long  antecedent  to  the  races  or  tribes  by  which 
the  continent  was  occupied  when  first  visited  by  Columbus, 
but  concerning  whom  history  has  preserved  no  record; 
although  many  evidences  remain,  not  only  to  prove  the  fact 
of  their  having  existed,  but  to  show  that  they  had  attained 
a  degree  of  civilization  altogether  unapproached  by  the  ab- 
origines of  the  present  daj'.  Among  the.se  evidences  are 
stone  walls  of  regular  masonry,  and  hearths  of  brick,  medals 
of  copper  and  silver,  swords,  and  implements  of  iron.  The 
Indian  tribes  of  America,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  the 
more  westerly  Esquimaux,  have  all  so  strong  a  resemblance 
to  each  other  in  physical  formation,  and  also,  though  in  a 
less  obvious  degree,  in  intellectual  character,  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  of  their  being  of  one  family,  and  of  their  having  a 
common  origin.  The  most  generally  received  opinion  is, 
that  they  sprang  originally  from  the  neighboring  tribes  of 

7J 


AME 

Asia,  who  inhabited  the  extreme  eastern  portion  of  the  old 
world,  and  whom  accident  or  adventure  had  wafted  across 
Kehring  Straits.  Indeed,  it  is  said  that  tradition  assigns 
the  first  origin  of  the  American  race  to  a  migration  of  their 
fiithers  from  beyond  the  Western  Ocean,  and  that  a  simi- 
larity of  language  may  be  traced  between  the  tribes  that  in- 
habit the  Caucasian  i-ange,  and  those  of  the  Cordilleras  of 
Mexico  and  I'eru.  The  American  Indians,  with  the  excep- 
tion above  made,  are  of  large  size,  robust,  and  well-propor- 
tioned, of  a  bronze  or  reddish  complexion;  hence  the  name 
"red  men"  which  they  have  bestowed  upon  themselves; 
coarse,  long,  blacli,  and  shining  hair,  thin  beasd,  low  fore- 
head, high  eyebrows,  prominent  cheek-bones,  nose  a  little 
Hattened,  but  well  marlved.  The  head  is  of  a  square  shape, 
face  broad  and  tapering  toward  the  chin,  features  viewed  in 
profile  prominent  and  deeply  sculptured.  Their  moral  cha- 
racter has  been  variously  represented — sometimes  better 
and  sometimes  worse  than  it  re;illy  is.  Excepting  extra- 
ordinary powers  of  endurance,  they  seem  to  possess  precisely 
the  virtues  and  vices  common  to  all  savages,  along  with 
some  good  qualities,  somewhat  rare,  perhaps,  among  uncivil- 
ized trilxjs.  They  are  grateful,  hospitable,  and  capable  some- 
times of  a  savage  magnanimity;  but  they  are  also  vindictive 
and  cruel.  They  are  patient  in  suffering,  heroic  in  death, 
but  wavering  iu  temptation,  and  without  honor  in  the  field; 
and  the  man  who  can  beiir,  without  flinching,  the  most  ex- 
quisite tortures,  will  often  perish  beside  a  barrel  of  spirits 
which  he  wanted  the  resolution  to  resist.  An  idea  very 
generally  prevails  that  the  aborigines  of  America  are  singu- 
larly grave  and  taciturn.  But  Washington  Irving  repre- 
sents them  as  "  taciturn  only  when  in  company  with  white 
men,  whose  good-will  they  distrust,  and  whose  language 
they  do  not  understand ;  and  that  when  among  themselves, 
there  cannot  be  greater  gossips.  Half  th^ir  time  is  taken 
up  in  talking  over  their  adventures  in  war  and  hunting, 
and  iu  telling  whimsical  stories.  They  are  great  mimics 
and  buffoons  also ;  and  entertain  themselves  excessively  at 
the  expense  of  the  whites  with  whom  they  have  associated, 
and  who  have  supposed  them  impressed  with  profound  re- 
spect for  their  grandeur  and  dignity.  They  are  curious  ob- 
servers, noting  every  thing  in  silence,  but  with  a  keen  and 
watchful  eye;  occasionally  exchanging  a  glance  or  a  grunt, 
with  eiich  other  when  any  thing  particularly  strikes  them, 
but  reserving  all  comment  till  they  are  alone.  Then  it  is 
that  they  give  full  scope  to  criticism,  satire,  mimicry,  and 
mirth.  In  the  course  of  my  journey  along  the  frontier,  I 
have  had  repeated  opportunities  of  noticing  their  excitability 
and  boisterous  merriment  at  their  games;  and  have  occa- 
sionally noticed  a  group  of  Osages  sitting  around  a  fire  until 
lat«  at  night,  engaged  in  the  most  animated  and  lively  con- 
versation, and  at  times  making  the  woods  resound  with 
peals  of  laughter."  The  Indians  of  North  America  have 
been  considered  an  inferior  race  intellectmilly,  and  they 
have  not,  perhaps,  made  advances  in  civilization  and  the 
arts  commensurate  with  their  opportunities ;  yet  it  may  be 
doubted  whether  it  is  not  owing  to  their  unconquerable 
love  of  liberty,  and  their  impatience  of  the  restraints  which 
civilization  imposes,  rather  than  to  any  want  of  capacity. 
The  Indians  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  still  forming 
the  larger  part  of  the  inhabitants,  have  amalgamated  to  a 
considerable  extent  with  the  whites,  and  to  some  degree 
have  adopted  their  habits.  The  more  barbarous  tribes  of 
the  United  States,  however,  seldom  mix  with  the  whites, 
and  are  already  pushed  by  the  advancing  tide  of  civilization 
beyond  the  Mississippi,  while  a  counter  tide  of  emigration 
from  the  Pacific  shores  is  hemming  them  iu  on  the  W.,  and 
they  seem  to  be  rapidly  diminishing  before  the  power,  the 
cunning,  and  the  diseases  of  the  white  man.  Still  a  large 
portion  of  the  continent  is  in  possession  of  aborigines  com- 
prising, besides  the  '.'/.  central  portion  of  the  United  State.s, 
the  N.  part  of  Mexico,  and  the  N.W.  part  of  British  America. 
Their  entire  number  is  supposed  to  amount  to  rather  more 
than  half  a  million,  of  which  about  300,000  are  within  the 
federal  territory.  On  the  borders  of  the  United  States  and 
Mexico  are  the  Comanches  and  the  Apaches,  two  of  the 
most  powerful  and  warlike  tribes  of  all  the  North  American 
Indians. 

Hidory. — If  we  except  the  reputed  early  visits  of  the 
Danes  and  Norwegians  to  Greenland  in  the  ninth  and  tenth 
centuries,  the  coasts  of  North  America  were  first  made 
known  to  the  civilized  world  by  the  discoveries  of  John 
Cabot  and  his  son  Sebastian,  in  1497,  one  year  before  Co- 
lumbus discovered  the  mainland  of  South  America.  The 
Cabots  sailed  under  a  patent  of  Henry  Vll.  of  England,  and 
it  is  believed  the  first  year  touched  at  Labrador,  and  the 
next  year  at  Newfoundland.  Caspar  de  Cortereal,  a  Portu- 
gue.se  nobleman,  followed  in  1500,  and  surveyed  600  or  700 
miles  of  the  coast  of  Labrador.  He  sailed  again  in  a  few 
years  afterward,  but  never  returned;  it  is  supposed  he  was 
murdered  by  the  natives,  in  revenge  for  having  carried  off 
a  number  of  the  natives  as  slaves  in  his  first  voyage.  Two 
expeditions  which  sailed  in  search  of  him  were  never  heard 
of  afterwards.  In  1512,  S.Cabot  visited  Hudson's  Bay, and 
In  the  same  year  Ponce  de  Leon  discovered  Kloriia.  Gio- 
vanni Vert  izzano,  a  Florentine  navigator,  under  the  piitron- 
72 


AME 

age  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  in  1524  surveyed  upwards  of 
2000  miles  of  coast,  including  all  the  United  States,  and 
part  of  British  America.  Some  years  afterwards,  Jacques 
Cartier  performed  several  voyages,  surveying  Newfound- 
laud,  and  was  the  first  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence.  Not  many 
years  subsequent  to  this,  a  French  fortress  was  erected  near 
the  present  site  of  Quebec.  Previous  to  that,  in  1519,  Mexi 
CO  had  been  discovered  and  conquered  by  Cortes.  In  July, 
1S50,  Captain  McClure,  of  the  British  navy,  entered  Behr- 
ing"s  Straits,  and  was  seen,  on  the  31st  of  that  month, 
off  Cape  Lisburne,  steering  in  a  N.E.  direction.  He  was 
next  seen  in  the  Bay  of  Mercy,  on  the  6th  of  April,  1853, 
by  Lieutenant  Pim,  coming  from  the  east,  thus  establish- 
ish  the  fact  of  a  comrauniaition  by  water  between  the  At- 
lantic and  Pacific,  through  the  Arctic  seas.  This  passage 
has  never  been  entirely  made  by  vessels,  the  journey  in 
question  having  been  performed  partly  on  ice  by  sledges, 
and  partly  by  sailing. 

Americ-\,  Central,  is  the  narrow,  tortuous  strip  ol 
land  uniting  North  and  .South  America,  but  lielongiug  pro- 
perly to  the  former,  lies  between  about  7°  .and  18°  of  N 
lat. ;  but  as  different  limits  are  assigned  to  it  by  different 
authorities,  these  cannot  be  s;ud  to  be  exactly  determined. 
Its  entire  length  is  between  SCO  and  900  miles,  and  its 
breadth  varying  from  about  20  to  30  miles  in  the  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  isthmus,  to  300  to  400  miles  in  its 
widest  parts;  including  an  area  of  about  200,000  square 
miles.  Taking  the  limits  above  stated.  Central  America 
will  be  found  to  comprise  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Guate 
mala,  British  Honduras,  and  parts  of  Mexico;  some  au- 
thorities also  include  Yucatan.  It  is  bounded  N.  by 
Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea,  E.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
and  S.W.  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  political  states 
generally  known  as  Central  America,  including  Guate- 
mala. San  Salvador,  Hondura.s,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Kica, 
lie  between  about  8°  and  17°  N.,  excluding  the  narrowest 
part  of , the  isthmus  on  tlie  S.,  (which  belongs  to  New  Gra- 
nada,) and  Balize,  Yucatan,  and  part  of  Mexico  on  the  N.; 
though,  geographically,  the  limits  seem  to  be  fixed  by 
nature  at  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  on  the  N.W.,  and 
the  entrance  into  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  from  New  Gra- 
nada, on  the  S.E. 

Face  of  the  Omntry,  Mountains,  cfc. — The  topographical 
fejitures  of  Central  America  are  very  striking.  Tlie  llocky 
Mountain  chain,  or  the  Andes,  traverses  the  whole  country 
near  the  Pacific  border;  and  though  not  rising  to  the  great- 
est altitudes,  its  numerous  volcanoes,  which  are  frequently 
in  action,  give  it  an  interest  greater  than  that  felt  in  coun- 
tries whose  mountains  are  even  more  lofty.  The  great 
range  is  divided,  in  Central  America,  into  three  distinct 
groups,  viz.  the  Honduras  and  Nicaragua  group,  the  Costa 
Kica  group,  and  the  group  of  Guatemala.  The  latter,  in 
the  N.W.  of  Central  America,  has  more  active  volcanoes 
th.in  any  other  country  of  equal  area,  except  the  island  of 
Java,  on  the  globe.  Of  these,  the  Volcan  de  Agua,  so 
called  from  emitting  torrents  of  water  and  stones,  instead 
of  fire,  is  said  to  be  ISKIOO  feet  in  elevation,  being  the  high- 
est land  in  Central  America;  but  the  general  height  of 
the  range,  taken  as  a  whole,  averages  only  from  3000  to  5000 
feet.  Some  parts  of  the  Costa  Kica  group,  in  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  attain  a  height  of' 9000  feet,  and  the  volcano  of 
Irasu  is  11,478  feet  above  the  sea.  On  the  N.  side  of  Lake 
Nicaragua,  the  border  of  the  plateau  forming  its  W.  limit 
rises  suddenly  to  a  height  of  8200  feet.  On  the  western 
slope  the  mountains  often  come  down  to  the  very  verge  of 
the  sea.  The  E.  or  N.E.  portion  is  a  vast  forest,  generally 
known  as  the  Mosquito  shore. 

Geology  and  Minerals. — Tlie  greater  part  of  the  rocks  in 
the  Istlimus,  near  Puerto  Bello,  are  porphyritic  or  horn- 
blendic.  Limited  lines  of  granite  and  schistose  formations 
occur;  but  silica  is  deficient,  quartz  rare,  and  limestone 
very  scarce.  Iron  is  abundant,  and  lime  and  building 
stone  are  obtained  from  coral  rocks  on  the  Atlantic ;  on  the 
Pacific,  shells  alone  afford  lime.  A  kind  of  aluminous 
magnesia  is  found  on  the  same  side,  but  argillaceous  depo- 
sits and  aluminous  rocks  are  rare;  stratification  is  seldom 
seen,  except  in  the  valleys  between  the  ridges  of  the  moun- 
tains, or  near  the  sea.  Granite,  gneiss,  and  mica-slate  form 
the  substrata  of  the  country,  but  the  abundance  of  igne- 
ous rocks  bear  witness  to  volcanic  action,  both  in  ancient 
and  recent  times.  An  earthqxiake,  so  lately  as  April, 
1854,  at  San  Salvador,  caused  the  loss  of  200  lives  and  some 
millions  of  property.  Gold,  silver,  lead,  and  mercury  are 
found.  Jasper  and  marble  are  worked  in  Honduras ;  and 
sulphur  is  collected  near  the  volcano  of  Quezaltenango. 
There  are  also  many  salt  springs;  and  salt  is  procured  in 
large  quantities  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

Mays,  Gulfs,  Lakes,  and  llivers. — The  rivers  of  Central 
America  are  sufficiently  numerous,  but  necessarily  short  in 
their  courses  from  the  narrowness  of  the  country.  They 
have,  however,  become  an  object  of  much  interest  from  the 
general  desire  of  the  civilized  world  to  open  a  ship  commu- 
nication between  the  two  oceans  at  this  place.  Of  the 
rivers,  the  TJsumaslnta,  flowing  into  the  Bay  of  Cam  peachy. 
is  the  largest;  but  the  Sau  Juan,  the  outlet  of  L*ke  Nica- 


AME 


AME 


ragua,  Is  best  known  and  most  tiaverped,  as  it  forms  a  part 
of  the  overland  route  of  one  of  the  lines  of  Calilbrnia 
steamers,  and  from  its  having  been  accuiately  surveyed 
with  reference  to  the  canal  alluded  to  above.  The  former 
is  perhaps  about  2uO  and  the  latter  100  miles  in  length. 
All  the  longer  streams  are  on  the  N.  and  E.  sides  of  the 
mountains,  and  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Atlantic 
seas  or  gulfs.  Of  these  the  most  important  are,  proceeding 
N.  from  the  mouth  of  the  San  Juan,  the  Bluefields  or  Es- 
condido,  \\'anks  or  Cape,  Tinto  or  Poyais,  the  Ulna  or  Ulua, 
Motagua  or  Molagua,  and  Cajabon.  The  most  important 
bays,  beginning  at  the  isthmus  on  the  Pacific  side,  are  the 
Bay  of  Panama,  Gulf  of  Dulce  or  Dolce,  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  and 
Bay  of  Fonseca  or  Conchagua;  and  on  the  Atlantic  side  the 
Bay  of  Honduras  (occupying  the  angle  between  Balize  and 
Honduras)  and  Gulf  of  Darien  or  tlraba.  The  portion  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea  bounding  Central  America  on  the  E.  is 
often  called  the  Bay  of  Guatemala.  The  principal  lake  is 
Lake  Nicaragua,  near  the  W.  coast,  which  is  about  90  miles 
in  length  and  30  in  breadth,  with  a  depth  varying  from  12 
to  240  feet,  and  an  elevation  of  125  feet  above  the  Pacific. 
The  other  lakes  are  Managua  or  Leon,  a  little  X.W.of  Nica- 
ragua; Lake  Atitlan  or  Atitan  and  Peter's  Lake,  in  the  N. 
of  Central  America;  and  several  .salt  lakes  or  lagoons  on  the 
Caribbean  shores.  Lake  Atitan  is  24  miles  iu  length  by  10 
in  breadth,  and  is  surrounded  by  mountains,  which  are  so 
precipitous  that  there  is  little  gradation  of  depth  near  the 
margin.    Bottom  has  not  been  found  at  300  fathoms. 

Climate. — In  Central  America,  says  Captain  Fitz  Roy, 
there  are  two  season.s,  one  of  which,  though  called  winter, 
is  when  the  sun  is  nearly  verticjil;  and  the  opposite  period, 
when  the  sun  is  not  so  high  at  midday,  is  the  summer,  in 
which  hot  and  dry  weather  prevails,  accompanied  by  a  clear 
and  healthy  atmosphere.  In  the  northern  parts  of  the 
isthmus  the  dry  season  lasts  longer  than  that  about  Darien 
and  Choco,  where  there  are  only  short  Intervals  without 
some  rain.  About  three  months  in  the  year  can  alone  be 
depended  on  as  dry  and  truly  fine  weather  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  At  that  time  regular  breezes  prevail 
from  the  northward  and  eastward,  interrupted  occasionally 
by  gales  from  the  N.  In  the  season  called  winter  the  sun 
is  seldom  .seen,  so  clouded  is  the  sky  and  so  frequent  are 
the  torrents  of  rain.  The  air  Is  then  extremely  sultry. 
Lightning  and  thunder  are  very  frequent,  and  westerly 
winds,  with  hard  squalls,  are  prevalent.  There  is  a  short 
interval  of  fine  weather  in  the  middle  of  the  rainy  sea.son, 
near  the  end  of  June,  (called  the  Little  Summer  of  St. 
John;)  but  the  regular  and  continued  summer,  a  very  dry 
and  parching  time  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  isthmus, 
lasts  from  December  to  April  or  May.  In  low  places,  near 
rivers  especially,  where  fresh  and  salt  waters  mi.x,  where 
mangrove-trees  abound,  and  decomposition  is  rapid,  the 
climate  is  very  unhealthy — often  fatally  so;  contagious 
miasmatii  being  abundant.  But  in  higher  regions,  where 
the  ground  is  less  hidden  from  the  sun  and  wind,  and 
noxious  vapors  are  not  generated,  there  is  nothing  in  the 
climate  to  injure  a  healthy  European  who  lives  temperately 
and  avoids  extremes.  In  the  low  districts  fevers  and 
agues  and  yellow-fever  prevail,  and  strangers  are  particu- 
larly liable  to  be  attacked  by  them.  Besides  storms  from 
the  N.W.  during  the  rainy  season,  gales  from  the  N.E.  are 
experienced  during  the  dry  period.  Panama  Bay  is  ex- 
posed during  the  long  rainy  season  to  westerly  winds, 
which  cause  heavy  swells  and  do  much  mischief  to  the 
shipping.  The  drj'  season  lasts  from  October  to  May;  and 
though  the  rest  of  the  year  is  called  the  rainy  sejison,  the 
rain  fells  mostly  at  night,  the  days  being  generally  fair, 
and  the  air  pure  and  refreshing.  The  thermometer  rises 
occasionally  to  86°  in  March  and  April,  but  usually  ranges 
between  74°  and  82°  at  midday. 

Vegetable  Productions. — The  grains,  vegetables,  and  fruits 
Of  Europe  grow  on  the  higher  parts  of  the  table-lands, 
while  iu  the  lower  and  warmer  districts  Indian  corn,  sweet 
potatoes,  sugar-cane,  indigo,  tobacco,  cocoa,  cochineal,  ba- 
nanas, mandioca,  and  almost  every  species  of  tropical  fruits 
flourish,  including  the  cherimoya,  said  to  be  the  most  ex- 
quisite of  fruits.  The  forests,  which  are  very  extensive, 
produce  mahogany,  logwood,  lignumvita;,  pimento,  sarsa- 
parilla,  vanilla,  and  black-balsam,  together  with  various 
gums,  drugs,  and  valuable  woods.  The  forests  of  Panama 
contain  at  least  97  different  kinds  of  trees  fatal  to  animal 
life.  The  coffee  crop  of  Costa  Hica  in  1852  was  90,000  quintals. 

Zoology. — The  only  animals  peculiar  to  Central  America 
are  the  manati  or  manatee,  found  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kio 
Juan,  the  winged  squirrel,  and  various  kinds  of  quadru- 
mana.  The  m.anati  is  something  between  a  quadruped 
and  a  fish,  with  the  forefeet,  or  rather  hands,  of  the  former, 
and  the  tail  of  the  latter.  It  is  from  8  to  12  feet  long,  and 
weighs  from  500  to  800,  and  even  1500  pounds.  Among 
the  birds  the  most  remarkable  are  humming-birds;  the 
quezal,  whose  feathers  are  of  a  bright  emerald  green;  the 
great  macaw,  and  several  others  of  the  most  beautiful  plu- 
mage. Serpents  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  dangerous, 
especially  on  the  thickly  wooded  coast  of  the  Pacific.  Two 
pedes  of  locusts  are  known  here,  a  brown  and  a  green; 


the  former  is  particularly  destructive.  The  rivers,  lakes, 
and  seas  abound  in  fine  fish. 

Commerce. — The  commerce  of  Central  America  is  verj 
trifiing,  and  the  value  of  its  exports  has  declined  since  thtr 
revolution.  Trade,  however,  is  perfectly  free  in  ill  the 
states,  and  foreigners  possess  all  the  privileges  en  jjyed  by 
natives.  The  ordinary  revenue  in  the  different  states  is 
derived  from  duties  and  imposts,  a  duty  of  5  per  cent,  on 
the  transfer  of  real  property,  and  a  monopoly  on  the  sale  of 
spirits  and  tobacco.  The  discovery  of  gold  in  California, 
since  it  has  led  to  much  travel  through  this  territory,  wil) 
very  probably  awaken  the  slumbering  energies  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  dispose  them  to  commercial  intercourse.  Most  of 
the  travel  between  the  Eastern  United  States  and  Califor- 
nia passes  through  this  territory,  and  a  railroad  frora 
Aspinwall  to  Panama  was  opened  February  17,  1855.  The 
idea  of  opening  a  passage  for  vessels  through  the  Isthniue 
of  Panama  has  long  agitated  the  civilized  world.  Two 
different  routes  have  been  proposed,  both  within  Central 
America — one  across  the  Isthmus,  from  Chagres  or  Puerto 
Bello,  to  Panama;  and  a  second  from  Port  San  Juan,  on  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  up  the  San  Juan  Kiver,  across  Lake  Nicar 
ragua,  and  from  thence  to  the  Pacific  by  different  routes. 
Two  other  lines  are  proposed,  not  strictly  within  the  limits 
here  assigned  to  Central  America:  one  fi-om  the  jnouth  of 
the  river  Co.atzacoalco  to  Tehuantepec ;  and  a  second  from 
the  Bay  of  Choco  along  the  Atrato  and  Naipi,  one  of  its 
branches,  and  thence  by  canal  to  Cupica  Bay  on  the  Pacific. 
An  attempt  to  explore  a  routo  by  way  of  the  Chucanaque 
Kiver,  by  a  corps  under  the  direction  of  the  United  States 
government,  in  1854,  resulted  in  a  complete  failure,  and  in 
great  suffering  to  all,  and  death  to  several  of  the  party. 

Grivernment. — The  five  states  of  Guatemala,  San  Salvador, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Pica  associated,  in  1821,  in 
a  confederation  similar  to  that  of  the  United  States;  but 
this  being  dissolved  in  1839,  the  different  states,  though 
nominally  republican,  have  since  been  in  reality  ruled  by 
a  succession  of  military  despots,  who.se  reign  has  usually 
been  as  lawless  as  brief  Attempts  have  been  made  to  form 
other  and  partial  confederations,  whose  duration,  when 
formed,  was  but  short.  The  state  of  Guatemala  has  pro- 
bably had  the  most  stable  government,  under  the  despotic 
and  sanguinary  Cari'era,  an  ignorant  mestizo  of  the  lowest 
birth,  of  whom  Squiers  has  said,  "He  exercised  a  power 
never  controlled  by  justice  or  tempered  with  mercy." 

PipuliUinn. — The  population  of  Central  America  consist? 
of  three  classes:  whites  and  Creoles;  mestizoes,  or  the  off 
spring  of  whites  and  Indians;  and  aboriginal  natives.  The 
proportions  of  this  population  have  been  estimated  at  one- 
twelfth  whites,  four-twelfths  mixed  races,  and  seven-twelfths 
Indians.  The  total  population  is  stated  at  2,140,000.  The 
moral  condition  of  the  whit«s  and  Creoles  is  represented  to 
be  iu  a  low  state,  while  ignorance  and  superstition  pervade 
nearly  all  classes,  and  many  of  the  aborigines  still  practise 
in  secret  their  pagan  rites,  and  venerate  their  ancient 
idols. 

History. — Columbus  visited  the  E.  coast  of  Central  Ame- 
rica in  1502,  passing  along  the  shores  of  Honduras,  the 
Mo.squito  Territory,  Costa  Rica,  and  Veragua.  In  1523, 
Cortez  despatched  Pedro  Alvarado  to  subdue  Central  Ame- 
rica, which  he  effected  in  two  years.  From  that  period  it 
remained  subject  to  Spain  until  1823,  when  it  threw  off  the 
yoke  and  formed  itself  into  a  federal  republic,  composed  of 
the  states  of  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Honduras.  Salvador, 
and  Costa  Rioa.  This  confederation  lasted  till  18.39.  Since 
then  the  country  has  been  in  a  continual  state  of  disturbance. 

AMERICA.  SOUTH,  (Vt.  Amiriqve-mridional.  i'm.Vreek' 
mAVeeMe-o'nSl',  or  Amirique-du-Sud.  J'mA^reek'dii  sfid:  Ger. 
Slid  Amerila,  slid  3-m.Vre-kd ;  Sp.  Atnerica  Meridi'mal.  d-mA'- 
re-kd  mil-re-de-o-nil'.)  is  a  vast  triansvtlar  peninsula,  extend- 
ing from  Point Gallinas,  in  lat.  12°  30'  N..  to  Cspe  Horn,  in  lat. 
55°  59'  S.  Its  greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S..  is  4S0O  miles,  and 
its  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  3230  miles,  including  an 
area  of  about  6.500,000  square  miles.  About  three-fourths  of 
it  lie  within  the  tropics,  and  the  remainder  in  the  S.  tem- 
perate zone.  Its  coast  lines  are  comparatively  little  broken  by 
indentations,  particularly  on  theW.  side,  excepting  towards 
the  southern  extremity,  where  there  are  considerable  bays 
and  gulfs  on  both  shores.  At  the  southei  n  extremity  there  is 
a  group  of  mountainous  Islands,  forming  the  Archipelago  of 
Terra  del  Fuego.  which  are  penetrated  in  every  direction  by 
bays  and  narrow  inlets,  ending  often  in  glaciers  formed  from 
the  snow  on  the  summits  of  mountains  6000  feet  high. 

BAitical  Divisions. — South  America  comprises  the  follow- 
ing states,  viz.  the  republics  of  Now  Granada.  A'enezuela, 
and  Ecuador,  (formerly  constituting  the  republic  of  Co- 
lombia,) British,  French,  and  Dutch  Guiana,  the  republics 
of  Peru,  Bolivia,  Chili,  the  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata(or 
Argentine  Republic,)  Paraguay,  Uraguay,  or  Banda  Oriental 
the  Empire  of  Brazil.  Patagonia,  Terra  del  Fuego,  and  the 
Falkland  and  other  islands. 

J^'ace.  of  the  Onmtry,  Mountains,  dx. — A  great  chain  of 
mountains  under  the  name  of  the  Andes,  which  connects 
with  the  Cordilleras  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  North 
America,  stretches  from  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  4500  miles 

73 


AME 


AME 


along  the  W.  coast,  in  one  continued  chain,  to  the  Straits 
of  Magellan  or  Magalhaens.  The  Andes  run  nearly  parallel 
with  the  Pacific,  and  at  no  great  distance  from  it.  The 
."dghest  known  peak  is  that  of  Aconcagua,  l)eing  23,910  feet 
)i\  eleTation  alx)ve  the  sea,  and  only  inferior  to  the  highest 
j-oaks  of  the  Himalaya  in  Asia,  Another  range  or  rather 
t">ro  ranges  in  Brazil,  run  parallel  to  the  coast  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, at  various,  but  not  very  great  distances,  and  with  nu- 
merous branches  stretching  far  into  the  interior.  The 
mountains  of  the  coast  extend  in  a  N.  and  S.  direction,  and 
those  in  the  interior  from  E.  to  W.  The  highest  peak  in 
Brazil  is  Itembe,  which  is  5960  feet  high.  Another  chain, 
called  the  Parime  or  Parima,  also  the  highlands  of  Guiana, 
and  sometimes  the  Acaray  Mountains,  extend  in  an  E,  and 
W  direction  about  600  or  700  miles,  separating  the  plains 
of  the  lower  Orinoco  from  those  of  the  Hlo  Negro  and  the 
Amazon.  The  highest  points  are  the  Mararaca,  about 
10.500  feet  high,  and  the  Duida,  8,500  feet  high.  A  branch 
of  the  Andes,  under  the  name  of  the  Coast  Chain  of  Vene- 
zuela, stretches  in  a  N.E.  direction  from  New  Granada, 
through  Venezuela  to  and  along  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The  cul- 
miuating  point  of  this  chain  is  the  Silla  de  Caracas,  which 
»ttains  an  elevation  of  8700  feet.  There  are  upwards  of  30 
volcanoes  in  South  America  in  a  state  of  activity,  and  all 
I'elonging  to  the  Andes.  The  highest  of  these  is  Gualatieri 
or  Sehama,  one  of  the  Peru  and  Bolivian  series,  in  l.at.  20° 
13'  S.;  Ion.  69°  17'  W.;  height,  22.000  feet.  The  heights  of 
the  others  vary  from  13.000  to  18.000  feet.  The  last  erup- 
tion occurred  in  18.31,  in  the  volcano  Pichincha,  one  of  the 
Quito  series,  in  lat  0°  12'  S.;  Ion.  83°  30' 30"  W.  The  inte- 
rior of  South  America  is  occupied  by  vast  plains,  stretching 
for  many  hundred  miles  without  exhibiting  the  slightest 
perceptible  inequality.  In  the  rainy  season  they  display  a 
surface  of  beautiful  green  ;  but  in  the  dry  season  the  soil 
crumbles  into  dust,  and  the  surface  is  rent  in  cracks.  Cro- 
sodiles  and  larger  serpents  remain  imbedded  in  the  dried- 
up  mud  till  the  first  showers  of  spring  arouse  them  fi'om 
tlieir  torpidity,  when,  says  Humboldt,  on  the  authority  of 
the  aborigines,  "  t)ie  moistened  clay  on  the  margin  of  the 
swamps  is  sometimes  seen  to  blister,  and  ri.«e  slowly  in  a 
kind  of  mound ;  then  with  a  violent  noise,  like  the  out- 
break of  a  small  mud  volcano,  the  heaped  up  earth  is  cast 
high  into  the  air,  and  forth  issues  a  gigantic  water-snake 
or  scaly  crocodile."  The.se  great  plains  are  called  Llanos  in 
Venezuela,  and  oa  the  Orinoco,  where  they  occupy  153.000 
square  miles;  Pampas,  In  Buenos  Ayres,  where  they 
stretch  over  a  surface  of  315,000  square  miles,  elevated 
about  1000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  and  Silvas.  in 
the  valley  of  the  Amazon,  where  they  cover  an  area  of  1500 
miles  in  length,  by  350  to  800  in  breadth,  densely  covered 
with  wood.  The  Pampas  of  Buenos  Ayres  in  some  parts 
are  covered  with  thistles  and  lucerne,  in  some  with  long 
grass,  and  in  others  with  bushes  and  dwarf  trees,  or  occu- 
pied with  swamps  and  bogs,  and  overrun  by  thousands  of 
wild  cattle  and  horses.  In  the  dry  season,  however,  viz. 
between  November  and  February,  these  plains  are  converted 
into  desolate  wastes,  when  all  vegetation  is  destroyed,  the 
waters  dried  up.  and  the  earth  rent  in  deep  crevices.  The 
deserts  of  Patagonia  occupy  a  table-land  which  appears  to 
rise  by  successive  steps  from  the  sea-level  towards  the  inte- 
rior. They  cover  an  area  of  100.000?  square  miles,  com- 
posed of  sandy  sterile  dunes,  intermixed  with  stones  and 
gravel ;  occasionally  diversified  by  huge  boulders,  tufts  of 
brown  grass,  low  bushes,  armed  with  spines,  brine  lakes. 
Incrustrations  of  salt,  white  as  snow,  and  by  black  basaltic 
platforms.  In  some  parts  the  Andes  spread  out  to  a 
great  breadth,  forming  S.  of  Quito,  a  table-land  sometimes 
160  miles  in  width,  divided  into  three  parallel  chains  united 
by  transverse  ranges.  These  plains  are  often  flanked  by 
lofty  ranges  on  the  E.  and  W.,  that  rise  from  them  as  from 
a  base,  forming  a  great  valley  nearly  equal  in  elevation  to 
the  highest  mountains  of  Europe.  One  of  the  grandest  fea- 
tures of  the  Andes  is  the  qtiebradas,  kA-brd'dls — immense 
•'  breaks."  or  valleys,  frequently  2000  feet  deep,  with  a  stream 
running  at  the  bottom.  Two  of  the  most  remarkable.  Chota 
and  Cutaco,  measured  by  Humboldt,  were  respectively  4920 
and  42(',0  feet  in  depth,  while  their  floors  were  many'thou- 
sand  feet  in  elevation  above  the  sea.  The  tropical  Andes, 
however,  with  all  their  grandeur,  lack  one  source  of  sulv 
limity,  namely,  glaciers  like  those  of  Switzerland  or  of  the 
Himalayas. 

Geology  and  Mineralogy. — Granite  forms  the  base  of  the 
whole  continent,  having  gneiss  here  and  there  associated 
with  it,  but  mica  schist  is  the  most  common  of  the  crystal- 
line rocks.  Quartz  rock  is  much  developed,  generally  mixed 
with  mica,  and  rich  in  gold  and  specular  iron.  The  pampas 
of  Buenos  Ayres  are  entirely  alluvial — the  deposit  of  the 
La  Plata  and  Parana  Kivers.  Granite  prevails  to  the  extent 
of  2000  miles  along  the  coast  of  Brazil ;  and,  with  the  sy- 
enite, forms  the  base  of  the  table-land.  The  superstructure 
of  the  latter  consists  of  metamorphic  and  old  igneous  rocks, 
sandstone,  clay-slate.  limestone,  (in  which  are  large  caverns, 
with  bones  of  extinct  animals.)  and  alluvitil  soil.  Porphyry 
and  red  sandstone  abound  all  over  the  .\ndes.  Granite, 
which  tbrms  the  loftiest  summits  in  Europe,  is  not  found 
74 


in  America  above  14.500  feet;  while  basalt,  which  Is  found 
in  Europe  only  at  the  height  of  4225  feet,  in  the  Andes 
reaches  the  altitude  of  15.500  feet.  Coal  has  been  found  at 
8650  and  14,700  feet  above  the  sea-level.  South  America, 
like  Mexico,  has  from  the  earliest  period  after  its  discovery 
down  to  the  present  time,  been  highly  productive  in  the 
precious  metals,  and  especially  in  silver.  Peru  has  yielded 
most  largely  of  gold.  Bolivia  (formerly  Upper  Peru)  of  sil- 
ver, and  Brazil  of  diamonds.  Chili  is  also  famous  for  its 
gold,  silver,  and  copper.  Rumors  have  reached  us  of  recent 
discoveries  of  gold  in  Peru.  The  province  of  Minas  Geraes, 
in  Brazil,  is  rich  in  mines  as  its  name  imports.  Besides  the 
mines  there  are  also  rich  gold  and  silver  waslnngs  in  Brazil 
and  other  parts  of  South  America.  Bell  gives  the  total 
product  of  all  the  silver  and  gold  mines  in  South  America, 
down  to  1803  and  1806,  at  $3,035,730,769.  Though  the 
mines  have  been  much  less  productive  in  the  last  half  cen- 
tury than  formerly,  the  feet  is  believed  to  be  more  owing  to 
the  disturbed  state  of  the  South  American  governments, 
and  to  an  ineflScient  system  of  mining,  than  to  an  ex- 
haustion of  the  .sources  of  supply. 

Rivers,  Lules,  and  Oulff. — The  rivers  of  South  America 
are  on  a  scale  no  less  grand  than  its  mountains — there  are 
three  great  river  basins.  On  the  N.  is  the  Orinoco,  with  a 
very  winding  course  of  about  1400  miles.  Braining  the 
centnal  regions  is  the  Amazon,  a  river  of  near  4000  miles  in 
length,  .some  of  whose  tributaries  surpass  the  largest  rivers 
in  Europe.  Having  its  sources  in  the  Andes,  it  receives  the 
waters  of  their  eastern  slope  from  the  S.  of  New  Granada  to 
the  S.  of  Bolivia,  and  crossing  almost  the  entire  continent, 
carries  to  the  ocean  under  the  equator  the  drainage  of  per- 
haps, the  greatest  river  basin  on  the  globe.  On  the  S. 
is  the  La  Plata,  (with  its  great  branches  the  I'aranaaud  Pa- 
raguiiy.)  which,  through  its  many  tributaries,  receives  the 
waters  of  Central  and  Southern  Brazil,  Southern  Bolivia, 
Paraguay,  Buenos  Ayres.  and  Uraguay.  and  empties  into 
the  ocean  by  a  channel  150  miles  wide,  in  about  35°  S.  lat. 
Among  the  great  tributaries  of  the  Amazon  are  the  Kio 
Negro  and  Japura  from  the  N.,  and  Ucayale,  Madeira,  Tapar 
jos.  Xingu,  and  Tocantins  from  the  S.  The  Sao  Francisco, 
in  Eastern  Brazil,  isa  river  of,  perhaps,  1200  miles  in  length. 
The  Kio  de  la  Plata  is  rather  an  estuary  than  a  river;  its 
navigation,  owing  to  its  shoals  and  strong  irregular  cur- 
rents, is  difficult.  Its  waters  are  so  turbid  that  they  tinge 
the  sea  visibly  for  200  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  basins  of 
the  Amazon  and  Orinoco  are  singularly  connected  by  the 
Cassiquiare,  which  at  high  water  unites  the  waters  of  the 
Kio  Negro  with  the  Orinoco. 

For  so  great  an  extent  of  country.  South  America  is  sin 
gularly  deficient  in  large  bays  and  great  lakes,  but  the  defi- 
ciency in  bays  and  gulfs  Is  ainply  compensated  by  the  three 
great  rivers  Amazon,  Orinoco,  and  La  Plata,  which  are  nar 
vigable  far  into  the  interior.  On  the  N.  are  the  Gulfs  of 
D.irien,  and  Venezuela  or  Maracaybo,  (the  latter  opening 
into  Lake  Maracaybo, which,  however,  is  more  properly  a 
gulf)  and  the  Gulf  of  Paria:  on  the  E.  are  the  Bays  of 
Bahia  or  Sao  Salvador.  Kio  Janeiro.  St.  Matthias,  and  Bay 
of  St. George;  and  on  the  AV.  the  GulfsofPeiSas,Guaytecas, 
Guayaquil;  and  the  Bay  of  Choco.  None  of  these  are.  how- 
ever, of  the  first  magnitude.  The  largest  lake  in'  South 
America  is  Lake  Titicaca,  which  is  situated  on  the  frontiers 
of  Bolivia  and  I'eru.  and  covers  aii  area  of  about  4000  square 
miles.  It  is  said  to  be  120  fathoms  deep,  and  is  elevated 
12.800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  .sea.  Some  of  the  tempo- 
rary lakes  of  South  America,  alternately  inundated  and 
dry,  or  in  a  marshy  state,  cover,  when  flooded,  vast  tracts 
of  country;  that  of  Xarayos.  on  both  sides  of  the  Paraguay, 
extends  over  36,000  square  miles.  In  the  elevated  moan- 
tain  valleys  and  table-lands  of  the  Andes,  there  are  many 
small  lakes  of  the  purest  blue  and  freen  colors,  and  some 
of  them  are  intensely  cold,  being  near  the  line  of  perpetual 
congelation. 

Zofilfigy. — South  America  does  not  abound  in  the  large 
and  fiercer  quadrupeds:  the  jaguar,  (felis  onca.)  an  animal 
larger  than  the  panther,  but  inferior  in  strength  and 
ferocity  to  the  Beng.al  tiger,  is  the  most  important.  The 
puma  or  American  lion,  the  ocelot,  and  tiger-cat  are  found 
in  South  America,  as  are  al.«o  the  anteater,  sloth,  armadillo, 
tapir,  deer,  and  antelope.  The  lama,  alpaca,  and  vicuiSa 
are  peculiar  to  South  America.  Apes  and  monkeys  abound 
within  the  tropics;  and  the  winged  vampiic,  an  enormous 
bat,  is  almost  wholly  confined  to  Gui.ana.  Colombia,  and 
Brazil.  This  dangerous  creature  sucks  the  blood  of  animals, 
and  even  of  man,  when  asleep.  In  the  marshes  of  tropical 
America  coils  the  huge  boa  constrictor,  and  large  centi- 
pedes, scorpions,  and  spiders  abound.  Ants,  termites,  and 
locusts  also  swarm,  the  latter  to  an  .ilarming  extent,  c.-ver- 
ing  the  ground,  especially  in  Buenos  Ayres.  for  200  iv  lies, 
and  eating  up  every  green  thing,  consuming  even  the  i  sots 
of  the  grass,  furniture,  clothes,  curtains.  &.<■..  The  mos(i  lito 
is  also  a  sore  grievance,  particularly  in  Venezuela.  In  the 
same  localities  is  the  cliegre,  another  dreaded  insect  In 
Brazil  is  the  beautiful  diamond  beetle.  The  condor,  the 
largest  bird  of  flight  known,  frequents  the  most  inaccessi- 
ble parts  of  the  Andes.    It  is  a  species  of  vulture,  md  bas  _ 


AME 


AME 


been  known  to  measure  from  3  to  3J  feet  from  the  end  of 
the  beak  to  the  extremity  of  the  tall,  and  14  feet  from  tip 
to  tip  of  the  wings.  Among  the  birds  are  vultures,  eagles, 
folcoiis.  and  other  birds  of  prey ;  and  many  birds  of  beau- 
tiful plumage,  among  which  are  a  great  variety  of  humming- 
birds, parrots,  macaws,  the  courouooui  (trogon  pavoninus) 
with  its  splendid  robe  of  green,  toucans,  orioles,  shrikes, 
thrushes,  umbrella  chatterer,  &c.  Among  gallinaceous 
birds  are  the  curassow,  penelope,  guan,  and  tinamon. 
Grouse,  bustards,  and  pheasants  are  unknown,  and  par- 
tridges rare.  Waterfowls  are  few,  but  water-hens,  tiger- 
bitterns,  and  a  few  ducks,  unknown  in  the  Northern  States, 
frequent  the  marshes.  The  seas  abound  in  fish,  and  in  the 
tropical  regions  are  enormous  lizards  and  alligators.  The 
electiical  eel  is  found  in  the  lakes  of  Caracas. 

Olimate. — There  are  no  parts  of  South  America  so  hot  as 
we  should  be  led  to  expect  from-  its  geographical  position — 
a  result  produced  by  the  operation  of  the  trade  winds,  the 
influence  of  high  mountains,  and  other  physical  causes.  In 
the  steppes  of  Venezuela,  the  hottest  region  of  South  Ame- 
rica, the  temperature  of  the  air  during  the  day  is  only  9S° 
in  the  shade ;  while  it  rises  to  112°  in  the  sandy  deserts 
around  the  Ked  Sea.,  Throughout  the  whole  basin  of  the 
Amazon,  though  under  the  efjuator,  the  climate  is  not  ex- 
cessively hot.  This  arises  from  its  immense  forests,  and  a 
cool  easterly  breeze,  (a  branch  of  the  trade  wind,)  which 
ascends  the  channel  of  the  Amazon  to  the  foot  of  the  Andes. 
Brazil,  and  the  country  extending  westward  from  it,  also 
enjoys  an  equable  and  temperate  climate.  At  l!io  Janeiro 
the  annual  mean  temperature  is  only  about  73°;  76°  at 
Lima,  and  68°  at  Buenos  Ayres.  The  narrowness  of  the 
continent  toward  the  S.,  and  its  exposures  to  the  rigors  of 
the  Polar  regions,  produce  at  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  a 
temperature  which  never  exceeds  46°,  while  snow  falls 
almost  daily.  Ou  the  \V.  coast  tiiere  is  a  district  of  nearly 
1000  miles  in  length,  between  7°  and  y2°  S.,  where  it  seldom 
rains. 

Vigetahh  Productions. — Extending  through  so  large  a 
space,  and  possessing,  in  consequence,  so  great  a  variety  of 
climate,  no  special  character  can  be  given  to  the  vegetation 
of  South  America.  Its  most  distinguisViing  feature  is  its 
prodigious  forests,  which  cover  about  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  continent,  and  are  so  dense  in  many  places  as  to 
make  it  necessary  to  clear  the  way  with  a  hatchet.  The 
trees  are  much  more  various  and  graceful  than  in  the  old 
world — many  even  of  the  largest  being  adorned  with  the 
most  brilliant  flowers.  A'egetation  presents  a  great  number 
of  gradations;  at  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea,  we  meet 
with  magnificent  palms,  odoriferous  lilies,  balsams,  cin- 
chona.s,  and  jessamines.  A  single  variety  of  the  palm  in- 
habits heights  of  from  5400  to  8700  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
arbore.scent  ferns  do  not  grow  beyond  4S00  feet;  while  the 
cinchona  extends  to  8700  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  same 
region  grows  the  passion-flower  tree,  as  lofty  as  the  Eu- 
ropean oak,  besides  a  number  of  beautiful  flowers.  The 
oaks  do  not  commence  in  the  tropics  at  a  lower  elevation 
than  5000  feet;  and  the  trees  with  large  trunks  do  not 
grow  beyond  the  level  of  9000  feet,  and  at  10,800  feet  almost 
all  vegetation  disappears.  A  broad  zone  of  from  6000  to 
12,600  feet  presents  us  with  the  region  of  alpine  plants, 
which  is  succeeded  for  2400  feet  by  grasses.  SugaiM-ane, 
wheat,  barley,  Indian  corn,  and  potatoes  flourish  at  various 
points  between  3000  and  11,000  feet.  Among  the  fruits, 
oranges,  limes,  cocoa-nuts,  pine-apples,  mangoes,  bananas, 
pomegranates,  mammoons,  goyabas,  jambas,  aracas,  and 
mangabas  flourish  in  those  regions  where  there  is  a  due  pro- 
portion of  heat  and  moisture.  South  of  the  tropics  are  found 
the  bitter  quassia,  tinga-bean,  rosewood,  indigo,  coffee, 
sugar-cane,  maize,  and  cacao.  "  Individual  plants,"  says 
Humboldt,  "  languishing  in  hot-houses,  can  give  us  but  a 
&int  idea  of  the  majestic  vegetation  of  the  tropical  zone." 

Cbmnierce. — South  America  abounds  in  productions  to 
stimulate  commerce,  including  the  precious  metals  and 
stones  coveted  by  all  nations  and  peoples,  the  most  deli- 
cious fruits,  the  most  useful  grains,  and  some  of  the  most 
efficient  medicinal  plants,  among  which  latter  may  be 
named  the  Peruvian  or  Jesuit's  bark.  The  coffee  and  sugar 
Of  Brazil  and  Venezuela,  and  the  hides,  horns,  and  tallow 
of  the  same  countries  and  Buenos  Ayres,  have  long  been 
exteiisively  exported,  as  well  as  oranges,  cacac,  rosewood.  Ac. 

Population. — There  exists  a  very  striking  physical  resem- 
blance between  the  native  inhabitants  throughout  the 
whole  continent  of  America:  being  almost  all  of  a  reddish- 
brown  or  copper  color,  with  long,  black  hair,  deep-set  black 
eyes,  aquiline  nose,  and  often  handsome  slender  forms.  In 
South  America  many  are  half  civilized,  but  the  greater 
number  are  still  in  a  state  of  utter  barbarism.  The  Arau- 
eanos  are  more  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Indians 
of  the  Pampas,  and  associate  in  small  communities,  have 
fixed  residences,  cultivate  the  ground,  and  manufacture 
quite  a  find  species  of  woollen  cloth;  they  are  also  skilful 
in  working  metals,  especially  gold  and  silver.  The  Pampas 
Indians  are  of  a  very  dark  complexion,  with  long,  thick, 
coarse,  oiack  hair ;  black,  scowling  eyes ;  low,  broad  foreheads ; 
faces  flat ;  high  cheek-bones  ana  large  jaws ;  no  beard ;  low 


stature  and  ill  made,  but  mus/'ijlar  and  athletic.  They  ars 
expert  horsemen,  do  rwj  caitivate  tno  ground,  and  are  of  a 
cruel  and  ferociour.  uisposition,  .settling  their  uisputes  with 
the  knife.  Of  the  Indians  of  Brazil  there  are  said  to  hare 
been  no  fewer  than  200  distinct  tribes,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Tapuyas,  .said  formerly  to  have  been  canni- 
bals; the  Tupis  or  Tupinambas.  inhabiting  the  coast  from 
the  Camana  to  the  Sao  Francisco,  paint  their  bodies;  the 
Cafusos,  a  mixture  of  Indians  and  negroes,  remarkable  for 
their  straight  hair,  which  rises  perpendicularly  from  the 
forehead  to  the  height  of  12  or  18  inches;  the  Purls,  the 
most  revengeful  and  vindictive  of  the  races  of  Brazil ;  and 
the  Itotocudos,  also  a  cruel  and  savage  race,  between  the 
Kio  Doce  and  the  Bio  Pardo.  The  Indians  of  Brazil  are 
generally  of  a  short  or  middle  stature,  and  mostly  of  a 
robust,  broad  make.  The  Patagonian  Indians  are  remark- 
able for  their  high  stature,  being,  on  an  average,  about  6 
feet;  they  lead  a  nomadic  life,  living  in  tents  formed  of 
poles  and  skins.  Tlie  entire  population  of  South  America, 
of  all  races,  is  e.stimated  at  16,0i,0,000. 

llistcrji. — Christopher  Columbus  himself  discovered  the 
continent  of  South  America,  on  his  third  voyage,  in  1498, 
landing  near  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  Biver,  and  thus  re- 
ceived some  small  compon.sation  for  his  great  enterprise, 
and  for  the  severe  labors  of  body  and  mind  he  had  undei^ 
gone,  not  unmixed  with  the  galling  sting  of  ingratitude. 
His  recorded  words  show  the  great  pleasure  he  enjoyed  in 
beholding  "  the  beauty  of  thp  new  land,"  which  made  him 
feel  as  though  "  he  could  never  leave  so  charming  a  spot." 
He  also  visited  the  Oulf  of  Darien  in  1502.  Alonzo  de 
Ilojeda  .sailed  along  the  coast  of  Venezuela  as  far  as  Cape 
Vela,  and  returned  to  Spain  in  1508.  In  the  same  year, 
Vincent  Yanez  Pinion,  a  companion  of  Columbus  on  his 
first  voyage,  discovered  the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  explored  the 
mouths  of  the  Amazon,  beholding  with  amazement  its 
vast  width,  and  the  immense  body  of  water  it  rolled  into 
the  ocean.  At  the  close  of  1500,  lioderigo  de  Bastedas  ex- 
plored the  coast  from  Cape  Vela,  where  Ilojeda's  progress 
terminated,  to  Puerto  del  Beterte,  where  that  of  Columbus 
closed.  In  1507,  Pin9on  and  Juan  Diaz  de  Solis  explored 
the  coast  to  the  40th  degree  of  S.  lat.  About  1511,  the  gallant 
Vasco  NuHez  de  Ballioa  crossed  the  Isthmus  of  Darien, 
discovered  the  Pacific,  and  opened  the  way  to  Peru  for  the 
cruel  conqueror  Pizarro,  who  followed  about  1524.  In 
1519,  Magellan  or  Magalhaons  discovered  and  sailed 
through  the  straits  now  bearing  his  name,  passing  W. 
across  the  Pacific,  and  thus  fii-st  circumnavigating  the 
globo. 

AMEIWCA,  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  about 
80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

AMKR'ICAN  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Marin  co.,  in 
the  W.N.W.  part  of  California,  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

AMERICAN  FORK,  a  postK)ftice  of  Utah  Territorv. 

AMERICAN  RIVER,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  California, 
is  formed  by  the  union  of  its  North  and  South  forks  at  the 
W.  extremity  of  El  Dorado  co..  and  after  flowing  in  a  gene- 
ral S.W.  course  between  Placer  and  Sacramento  counties, 
falls  into  the  Sacramento  River  near  the  city  of  this  name. 
It  has  lately  been  rendered  navigable  for  small  steamboats 
for  about  6  miles. 

Branches. — North  fork,  (considered  by  some  as  the  true 
American  River.)  rising  among  the  hills  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  flows  in  a  general  W.S.W.  direction,  marking 
the  greater  part  of  the  boundary  between  Placer  and  El 
Dorado  counties,  and  after  a  course  of  near  100  miles,  unites 
with  the  South  fork  from  25  to  30  miles  above  Sacramento 
City.  South  fork  takes  its  source  from  Bbnpland  lake,  in 
El  Dorado  CO.,  and  flowing  first  in  a  W.S.W.  and  then  in  a 
nearly  W.  course,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  El 
Dorado  and  Sacramento  counties.  Gold  is  abundant  on 
those  streams,  which  pass  through  one  of  the  principal 
mining  districts. 

AMER/ICUS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Sumter  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Muckalee  Creek,  100  miles  S.W.  of  Milledge- 
ville,  is  the  centre  of  an  active  retail  trade.  It  contains  3 
churches,  2  academies,  and  several  stores  and  mechanics' 
shops.    Incorporated  in  1832.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  1700. 

AMERICUS,  a  post>-village  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Wabash  River  and  Canal,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Lafayette,  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  district  which  is  improving 
rapidly. 

AMERKOTE,  amVr-kOt/,  or  OM'ERKOTE',  a  town  and 
fort  of  India,  in  Sinde,  90  miles  E.  of  Hyderabad.  Lat.  25° 
19'  N.;  Ion.  69°  47'  E.  in  the  Eastern  desei-t.  It  is  cele- 
brated as  the  birthplace  of  the  Emperor  Akbar.  The  fort  is 
about  half  a  mile  from  the  town. 

AMERONGEN,  d/mer-ong^n.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
provincejind  21  miles  S.E.  of  Utrecht.     Pop.  1500. 

AMERSFOBT  or  AMERSFOORT,  l/mers-f6P.t\  a  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Utrecht,  with  a  port  on  the 
Eem,  12i  miles  N.E.  of  Utrecht.  Pop.  about  13,000.  It  has 
a  court  of  primary  jurisdiction,  a  Latin  school,  and  school 
of  industry,  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen  stuffs,  and 
an  active  trade  in  dried  herrings,  tobacco,  and  corn,  of  which 
the  two  latter  are  extensively  cultivated  in  the  vicinity. 

75 


A.ME 

Ar^nCRSIIAM.  am'ersliam,  or  ArrMOMDESTIAM.  a  mar- 
ket-town. aii(i  parish  (and  until  tlie  Reform  Act,  a  parlia- 
mentary borough  (of  England,  co.  of  Bucks.  27  miles  S.E.  of 
Buckingham.  Tlie  poet  Waller,  who  twice  sat  for  the  bo- 
rough in  Parliament,  was  born  in  Coleshill.  iu  this  parish, 
in  I'eOo. 

AMES,  aimz,  a  post^village  of  Canajoharie  township, 
Montgomery  co.,  New  York,  about  13  mUes  nearly  S.W.  of 
Fonda.    It  has  an  academy. 

AMES,  a  post-township  of  Athens  CO.,  Ohio,  about  30 
miles  W.  of  Marietta.    Pop.  1335. 

AMESBURY,  aimz/bgr-e,  a  post-township  of  Essex  oo., 
Massachusetts,  extending  from  the  N.  bank  of  the  Merri- 
mack to  Xew  Hampshire,  about  40  miles  N.  of  Boston,  has 
some  manufactures.  One  vompany  for  making  flannels  has 
a  capital  of  $200,000.     Pop.  3877 . 

AMESBURY,  aunz/bgr-e,  (formerly  AMBROSEBURY  or 
,\MBRESBURY,)  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts.  It  is  of  high  antiquity,  has  the  remains  of  a  cele- 
brated abbey;  near  it  are  Stonehenge,  and  Amesbury 
House.  Addison  was  bom  at  Milston,  near  Amesbury,  on 
the  1st  of  May,  1672. 

AMESBURY  MILLS,  a  manufacturing  village  of  Essex 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  about  4  miles  N.W.  of  Newburyport. 

AMESVILLE,  aunz/vill,  a  postroffice  of  Ulster  co..  New 
York, 

AMESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  in  Ames 
township,  on  the  road  from  JMarietta  to  Athens,  11  miles 
.  N.E.  of  the  latter,  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  district. 

AMESVILLE,  a  post/village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Galena  Railroad,  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

AMFBEVILLE,  6M'freh-veel',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine  Inferleure. 

AMGA,  dm-gd/,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Yakootsk. 
It  rises  in  the  offshoots  of  the  Yablonoi  Krebet  Mountains, 
about  lat.  59°  N.,  Ion.  126°  30'  E.,  flows  N.E.,  and  falls  into 
the  Aldan  in  ion.  135°  E.,  after  a  course  of  about  460  miles. 
At  Amginsk,  where  it  flows  between  steep  rocks  30  feet  in 
height,  it  is  3000  feet  broad. 

AMGIXSIi,  im-gheensk',  a  village  of  Siberia,  on  the 
Amga,  which  is  here  about  3000  feet  wide.  It  is  a  posting 
station  and  ferry  on  the  way  between  Yakootsk  and  Okhotsk. 
Lat.  61°  N.;  Ion.  132°  E. 

AMHAR.A,  im-h3/r3,  a  kingdom  of  Abyssinia.  It  com- 
prises all  the  country  W.  of  the  Tacazze,  and  was  formerly 
one  of  the  most  powerful  states  of  Abyssinia.  The  capital 
is  Gondar. .A.dj.,  Amharic,  am-hJr'ik. 

AMHERST,  am'frst,  a  seaport  town  of  the  British  terri- 
tory in  Farther  India,  capital  of  the  most  N.  of  the  Tenas- 
serim  provinces,  and  their  chief  military  station,  on  Amherst 
peninsula.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Maulmein.  Lat  16°  4'  48"  N. ; 
Ion.  97°  45'  24"  E.  Pop.  in  1838,  5000.  (?)  It  was  founded 
in  1826.  The  harbor  is  spacious  and  secure,  and  ships  may 
lie  within  100  yards  of  the  shore,  in  3  fethoms  water  at 
low  tide. 

AMHERST,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  ai-ea  of  418  square  miles.  The  James  River  flows  along  its 
S.W.  and  S.E.  borders,  forming  in  its  course  almost  a  right 
angle,  and  constituting  about  half  of  the  entire  boundary. 
The  Blue  Ridge  forms  the  boundary  of  the  county  on  the 
N.W.,  and  the  surface  is  beautifully  diversified  by  moun- 
tains and  valleys.  The  passage  of  James  River  through 
the  Blue  Ridge  is  a  sublime  feature  in  the  scenery  of  this 
region.  The  soil  is  n,aturally  fertile.  A  canal  has  been 
opened  along  James  River,  on  the  border  of  the  county. 
Formed  from  Albemarle  in  1761.  Capital,  Amherst  Court 
House.  Pop.  13,742;  of  whom  7464  were  free,  and  6278 
slaves. 

AilHERST,  a  ijost-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  25 
miles  E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  3S4. 

AMHERST,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co.,  New 
Hampshire.  23  miles  S.  of  Concord,  on  the  Souhegan  River, 
which  iiffords  fine  water-power.     Pop.  1508. 

AMHERST,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mas.saehu- 
setts,  82  miles  W.  of  Boston,  intersected  by  two  branches  of 
the  Connecticut  River,  affording  good  watei^power.  It 
has  manufactories  of  machinery,  edge-tools,  cotton  goods, 
paper,  palm  leaf  for  hats,  2  banks,  8  churches,  1  newspaper, 
and  a  high  school,  &c.  Amherst  College,  a  flourishing  insti- 
tution, incorporated  iu  1821,  is  situated  in  this  township,  on 
an  elevation  commanding  a  beautiful  view  of  the  surround- 
ing country.     Pop.  320*1. 

AM  (I  ERST,  a  township  of  Erie  CO.,  New  York.  Pop.  50S9 

AMHER.-<T.  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 

AMHERST,  a  township  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1882. 

AMHERST,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  about 
33  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Cleveland. 

AMHEHSTBijRGH,  am'erst-bUrg.  a  garrison  iown  of 
Canada  West,  Essex  co.,  on  the  Detroit  River,  5  miles 
above  its  junction  with  Lake  Erie,  225  miles  W  S  W 
of  Toronto.  Lat.  42°  7'  N. ;  Ion.  83°  9'  W.  The  town  con- 
tains a  court  house,  5  places  of  worship,  a  reading  room  !ind 
market  place,  a  newspaper  office,  3  assurance  agencies,  a 
good  hotel,  (the  British  North  American.)  various  manufac- 
tories, and  above  15  stores  of  different  kinds.  Pop.  1300 
76 


AMI 

AMHERST  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post^viU.ige,  capital  of  Am- 
herst  CO.,  Virginia,  about  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Lynchburg. 

AMHERST  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  village  in  Amherst  town- 
ship, Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  about  35  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Cleve- 
land. 

AMHERST  ISLANDS,  a  group  lying  W.  of  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Corean  peninsula.  Lat.  34°  25'  N. ;  Ion.  126° 
WE. 

AMHERST  ISLES,  off  the  S.W.  coa.st  of  Aracan,  be- 
tween the  island  of  Cheduba  and  the  mainland.  Lat.  18° 
45' N.;  Ion.  94°  E. 

AMHERST  ROCKS,  in  the  Tong  Hai,  or  Eastern  Se.a,  o9 
the  coast  of  the  Chinese  province  of  Kiang,  in  lat.  31°  10'  N, 

AMICALO'L.\,  a  postrOfHce  of  liUmpkin  co.,  Georgia. 

AMICU,  a-me-koo',  or  AMUCU,  4-nioo-koo/,  a  lake  in 
South  America,  in  Venezuela,  province  of  Cuman.a.  situated 
on  a  level  tract  between  the  rivers  Rupununy  and  Tocoto. 
It  is  of  small  extent  in  the  dry  season,  Iwing  scarcely  three 
miles  in  length.  The  country  in  which  this  lake  is  situ- 
ated was  the  El  Dorado  of  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and 
was  known  as  "  the  great  lake  with  golden  banks ;"  and 
within  a  few  miles  of  it  was  supposed  to  stand  the  far-famed 
imperial  and  golden  city  of  Slanoa,  the  object  of  the  unfor- 
tunate expedition  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

AMIENS,  am'e-enz,  (Fr.  pron.  d^me-in"';  anc.  SamarahrVva, 
afterwards  Ambiafni.)  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  on  the  railway  from  Boulogne  to  Pari.s,  in 
the  centre  of  a  pleasing  and  fertile  district,  and  traversed 
by  the  Somme,  which  within  the  town  is  subdivided  into  11 
canals,  and  affords  great  facilities  for  its  numerous  manu- 
factures. It  was  once  a  place  of  strength,  and  still  pos- 
sesses a  regular  citadel;  but  its  other  fortifications  h.ave 
been  dismantled,  and  the  ramparts  have  been  replaced  by 
boulevards  lined  with  trees,  which  encircle  the  town,  have  ■ 
a  circumference  of  about  3  miles,  and  form  not  the  least 
important  of  its  decorations.  Amiens  is  divided  into  the 
upper  and  lower  town.  The  fomier  has  wide  and  regular 
streets,  lined  with  hou.sos,  with  a  few  exceptions,  built  on 
a  uniform  plan,  and  generally  of  two  stories.  The  latter 
has  narrow  streets,  hou.ses  old  without  being  properly  an- 
cient, and  is  throughout  so  intersected  by  the  ramifications 
of  the  Somme,  and  the  numerous  bridges  over  them,  .^s  to 
liave  made  Louis  XI.  give  it  the  n.^me  of  his  "little  Ve- 
nice." The  most  magnificent  edifice  of  Amiens  is  its  cathe- 
dral, of  European  lame.  It  was  founded  in  1220.  and  not 
completed  till  1288.  Its  W.  front,  which  is  .said  not  to  have 
been  finished  till  a  century  later,  is  flanked  b}'  two  quad- 
rangular towers,  and  decorated  in  the  richest  Gothic  style. 
The  spire,  of  a  light  and  airy  form,  is  420  feet  high,  i'he 
length  of  the  edifice  from  E.  to  W.  is  415  feet;  length  of  tiie 
tran.sept  from  N.  to  S.,  182  feet';  bre.adth  of  the  nave  with  its 
aisles,  78  feet  9  inches;  breadth  of  the  transept,  42  feet  9 
inches.  Other  buildings  of  note  are  the  Hotel  de  A'ille:  the 
royal  college,  formerly  the  abbey  of  St.  John;  the  Hotel 
Dieu,  or  general  hospital,  in  the  Rue  St.  Leu;  the  grand 
seminary,  with  its  magnificent  stair  and  columned  chapel; 
the  Chateau  d'Eau ;  Slalmaison,  occupied  by  the  exchange 
and  school  of  design;  the  theatre;  and  the  Bibliotheque 
Communale,  a  handsome  edifice,  with  a  peristyle  of  Doric 
columns,  containing  40,000  printed  and  4(1©  manuscript 
volumes.  Amiens  having  an  opening  to  the  sea  by  the 
Somme,  whic-h  Is  navigable  for  vessels  of  40  or  50  tons,  is 
well  situated  for  trade,  and  has  numerous  important  manu- 
factures. From  70.000  to  80.000  pieces  of  cotton  velvef^- 
the  peculiar  species  of  it  called  velvet  of  Uti-ccht — alone 
employing  400  looms,  and  130.000  pieces  of  fine  kerseymei-e, 
with  considerable  quantities  of  serges,  plush,  drugget,  cam- 
bric tapestry,  and  other  cotton,  linen,  and  woollen  stuffs 
in  great  variety,  are  annually  produced.  The  spinning  of 
flax  and  worsted  is  also  one  of  the  great  staples  of  Amiens. 
The  former  employs  3000  looms,  while  the  wool  worked  up 
by  the  latter  amounts  to  450,000.000  kilogrammes,  equal, 
nearly,  to  1,000.000,000  English  pounds,  or  40.000.0t0  packs. 
Among  the  miscellaneous  works  in  which  numerous  hands 
are  employed,  miiy  be  mentioned  dye.  soap,  and  beet-root 
sugar  works,  ble.achfields,  and  paper-mills.  Among  histori- 
cal recollections  may  be  mentioned  that  here  St.  Louis  gave 
judgment  as  arbiter  in  the  quarrel  between  Henry  111.  of 
England  and  his  barons,  relative  to  the  statutes  of  Oxford; 
and  tliat  here,  during  the  struggles  to  regain  the  Holy 
Land,  the  kings  of  England,  France,  Aragon,  Navarre,  and 
Bohemia  met  to  concert  a  new  crusade.  Here  too,  to  come 
down  to  more  recent  times,  was  signed  in  1802,  between 
Great  Britain  and  France,  a  short-lived  peace,  which  Xiears 
the  name  of  Amiens.     Pop.  (1852)  62,149.  in  1861,  68,780. 

AMIRANTE  (amVrant/)  ISLANDS.  (Port.  lUias  do  ^Imi- 
ranle,  eel'y.1s  do  dl-me-rdn't<^,  i.e.  "Admiral's  Islands,") 
an  archipelago  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  S.W.  of  the  Seychelles, 
Lat.  of  the  southernmost  island.  6°  53'  15"  S.;  Ion.  53°  S' 
24"  E.  They  consist  of  two  groups  composed  of  eleven 
small,  low  islands,  united  bv  banks  of  sand  and  coial. 

AMISTA  or  AMIS/IUS.    See  Ems. 

AMISS'VILLE,  a  post^village  of  Rappahannock  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 121  miles  N-W.  of  Richmond,  has  about  100  inh» 
bitAuta 


AMI 

AMISUS.    S*e  SAMSOOjf. 

AMITE,  am-eet/,  a  river  of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana, 
rises  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  former,  and  passing  into  Lou- 
siaiia.  pursues  a  southerly  course  until  it  reaches  Ascension 
parish,  where  it  turns  to  the  E.  and  enters  Lrfke  Maurepas. 
Small  steamboats  navigate  it  for  a-  distance  of  CO  miles. 

AMITE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Mississipi,  border- 
ing on  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  alwut  700  square  miles. 
The  Amite  liiver,  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  flows 
nearly  through  the  middle,  and  the  Ilomochitto  washes  its 
N.W.  border.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  fertile. 
A  large  part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  plantations  of 
cotton,  and  by  forests.  Oapital.  Liberty.  Pop.  12,336;  of 
whom  4436  were  free,  and  79U0  slaves. 

AMITITAN.    See  Amatitlan. 

AM'I'l'Y,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co..  Maine,  about 
100  mile?  N.E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  302. 

AMlTY,a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  ^'ew  York.  Pop.  2268. 

AMITY,  a  post-villago  of  Orange  co.,  New  York,  about 
120  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

A  M ITY,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.   Pop.  1.596. 

AMITY,  a  townsliiji  of  Erie  ro  .  I'eniisylviiiiia.    Pop. 1002. 

AJIITY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  35  miles  S.W.  of  Pittsburg. 

iMITY,  a  small  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Arkansa.s. 

AMITY,  a  po.st-village  of  Johnson  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
railroad  from  Madi.sou  to  Indianapolis,  6  or  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Franklin,  the  county  seat. 

AMITY,  a  po.strofflee  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa. 

AMITY,  a  post-office  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon. 

AMITY  HILL,  a  po.stH)ffice  of  Iredell  CO..  North  Carolina. 

AM/ITYVILLE,  a  postK)f(ice  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

AM.TEKAII,  dm'jgr-dh,  a  town  of  llindostan,  province  of 
Malwah,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Oojein.  situated  in  a  large  valley 
>.890  feet  above  the  sea.     Lat.  22°  23'  N. ;  Ion.  75°  13'  E. 

AM  LA,  dm'li.  one  of  the'Andreanov  Islands,  North  Paci- 
fic Ocean,  immediately  E.  of  Atcha.  Length  from  E.  to  W., 
40  miles;  breadth,  10  miles. 

AML.\I,  dm-li',  or  AML1.4.,  one  of  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
In  the  Fox  group.  Lat.  of  E.  point,  52°  6'  N.;  Ion.  172° 
60'  W. 

AMLWCH,  amiook,  a  seaport  town,  pailiamentary  bo- 
rough, and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  Anglesey,  on  its  N. 
coast,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Beanmaris  Lat.  63°  25'  N. ;  Ion.  4° 
19'  W.  Pop.  of  borough  3169.  Tho  rise  of  the  town  since 
1768  has  been  wholly  due  to  the  Parys  and  Mona  copper- 
mines.  Amlwch  returns,  along  with  Beaumaris,  &c.,  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

AMMALAPOOIV,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  66  miles  N.E.  of  Masi^lipatam. 

AM'-MAN  or  AM'MON,  (anc.  HaUbah,  the  capital  of  the 
Ammonites,  rebuilt  and  called  PhiUiddphila  by  theGreeks.) 
\  ruined  city  of  Syria,  piishalic  of  Damascus,  on  theZurka, 
An  affluent  of  the  Jordan,  55  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jeru.salem. 
'ts  numerous  remains  of  Greek  edifices  are  now  only  used 
as  places  of  shelter  for  halting  caravans. 

AMMEli,  dm'mer,  a  small  river  of  Germany,  in  Wtirtem- 
berg,  a  tributary  of  the  Neckar,  which  it  joins  near  Tu- 
bingen. 

AM'MEH  or  AMPER,  Sm'per,  a  small  river  of  Germany, 
in  Bavaiia,  rises  in  the  Tyrol,  and  joins  the  Isar  2  miles  N . 
of  Mosburg,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  76  miles. 

AMMKIi,  LAKE,  which  the  above  river  traverses  in  its 
progress,  is  10  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  by  4  miles  in 
its  greatest  breadth. 

AMMERSCHWIIIR,  Im'mfe'shveeii/,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Haut-Rhin,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Colmar.  Pop. 
(1852)  2205. 

AMMKRSTOL,  ^m^mers-tol',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
14  miles  E.  of  Rotterdam,  on  the  Lek.     Pop.  602. 

AM'.MITOK\  an  island  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Labrador,  be- 
tween 70  and  80  miles  S.E.  of  the  entrance  into  Hudson's 
Straits.     Lat.  59°  28'  N. ,  Ion.  63°  0'  W. 

A.MMON,  dm'mon,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  8  miles  W.N.W. 
ofWallenstadt.    Pop.  1600. 

AMMON,  Syria,    See  Amm.».n. 

AMMO'NIA,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Tennessee. 

AMMONOOSUCK,  LOWER,  a  river  of  New  Hampshire, 
ri.ses  in  Coos  co.,  near  Mount  Washington,  and  running 
through  Grafton  co.,  falls  into  the  Connecticut  River. 
Length,  100  miles.  One  of  its  principal  branches  is  called 
the  Wild  Ammonoosuck. 

AMMONOO'SUCK,  UP'PER,  a  river  of  Coos  co..  New 
Hampshire,  enters  the  Connecticut  at  Northumberland,  after 
a  course  of  about  76  miles. 

AMO.\S,  d'mo-ds\  or  AMWAS,  dmVJs',  (anc.  Em)maus  and 
Nicopfiilis,)  a  village  of  Palestine,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Jerusalem. 

AMOL,  S^mol',  a  city  of  Persia,  province  of  Mazanderan, 
on  the  Heraz,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  12  arches,  12  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Caspian,  and  20  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Balfurosh.  I'op.  in  winter,  when  it  is  greatest,  estimated 
at  from  35.000  to  40,000. 

AMuNEBURG,  (Amoneburg,)  3-mo'neh-lT(5oRa\  a  town  of 
Ilesse-Casttfcl,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Maiburg'.    Pop.  1143.  1 


AMO 

AMOO,  AMOU,  or  AMU,  i-moo/,  a  name  of  the  Oxub  Ritkk 

AMOOR,  AMOUR,  AMUR,  d-moor',  or  SAGHALIEN 
sd-gd-lee'an,  or  .si-gd-leen',  a  large  river  of  Eastern  Asia, 
formed  near  lat.  63°  N.,  Ion.  122°  E.,  by  the  unitjn  of  thfe 
Shilka  and  Argoon;  the  first  rising  in  the  Russian  govern 
ment  of  Irkootsk,  and  the  latter  near  Oorga  in  Mongolia. 
and  forming  for  about  4U0  miles  the  boundary  line  betweec 
the  Russian  and  Chinese  Empires.  Both  streams  flow 
mo.stly  N.E.  to  their  junction,  from  which  point  the  Amooi 
has  a  general  E.  course,  making,  however,  an  extensive 
bend  to  the  S.,  to  traverse  the  centre  of  Mantchooria.  It 
enters  the  Gulf  of  Saghalien,  opposite  the  island  of  the 
same  name,  in  lat.  52°  27'  N;  Ion.  140°  E.  Entire  course, 
from  the  head  of  either  the  Argoon  or  Shilka,  estimated  at 
2200  miles.  Chief  tributaries,  the  Tcheek'eeree  (Tshikiri) 
from  the  N.,  Soongari  and  Oosoori  from  the  S.  The  re- 
gion round  its  .source  is  arid  and  barren;  but  in  its 
lower  part  it  waters  a  fertile  country.  The  towns  of  Yaksa 
and  Saghalien-Oola  (one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Mant- 
chooria) are  on  its  banks.    See  SiUJiiUA 

AMOORANG  or  AMOURANG,  d-moo-rang',  a  b.ay  and 
village  of  the  island  of  Celebes.  The  bav  is  on  the  N.W. 
coast,  in  lat.  1°  11'  S.;  Ion.  124°  36'  E.  It  "is  about  14  miles 
long  inland,  and  6  miles  broad,  having  an  anchorage  for 
vessels.  The  village  lies  at  the  head  of  the  bay  25  miles 
S.W.  of  Menado. 

AMORBACH,  d/mor-bjK\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Mudau  and  Billiach,  44  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Frankforton-the-Main.  Lat.  49°  38'  N.;  Ion.  9°  12'  E. 
Pop.  2900. 

AMORGO-POULO,  d-mor'go-poolo,  a  small  island  in  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  S.  of  Amorgo,  about  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  lou. 
25°  40'  E. 

AMOR'GOS  or  AMORGO,  a-moR/go,  an  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago,  kingdom  of  Greece,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Naxos. 
Lat.  of  capit.al,  36°  52'  N.;  Ion.  25°  56  E.  Length,  13  miles; 
breadth,  6  miles.  Pop.  2800.  It  is  mountainous,  and  pro- 
duces good  oil,  but  not  sufficient  corn  for  its  inhabitants. 
Cliief  town,  Amorgos,  with  the  port  of  Santa  Anna  on  the 
N.E.  shore;  besides  which  it  has  4  villages,  and  a  remarka- 
ble monastery.     Simonides  was  born  here,  B.C.  060. 

AMOSKEAG,  am^os-keg',  an  important  manufacturing 
post-village  of  Hillsborough  co..  New  Hampshire,  17  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Concord.  The  Merrimack  River  here  falls  54  feet  in 
a  mile  and  a  half,  affording  extensive  water-power.  See 
Manchester. 

AMOU,  d'moo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Landes, 
on  the  Luy,  13  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Sevier.  Pop.  2197.  It  has 
a  fine  chateau  and  Gothic  church. 

AMOU  or  AMOU  DARL    See  Oxrs. 

A.MOUlt.    See  Amoor. 

AMOY,  d-moi',  or  EMOUI,  a  seaport  town  of  Oiina,  on  an 
island  of  the  same  name,  province  of  Fokien,  lat.  24°  10'  3" 
N.,  Ion.  118°  13'  5"  E.,  nearly  opposite  the  centre  of  the 
island  of  Formosa.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  Chinese 
word  Jltamun,  pronounced  by  the  natives  Ha-nioy.  It  is 
situated  at  the  S.  end  of  the  i.sland,  at  the  mouth  of  two 
united  rivers,  one  of  which  communicates  with  the  city  of 
Chang-choo-foo,  containing,  it  is  said,  upwards  of  800,000 
inhabitants,  and  of  which  Amoy.  though  itself  a  large  and 
populous  city,  is  consideied  merely  the  port.  Amoy  is  built 
on  a  declivity,  sloping  to  the  harbor,  and,  including  its 
suburbs,  is  supposed  to  be  about  9  miles  in  ciicumference. 
The  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty,  but  many  of  the  build- 
ings are  of  an  extraordinary  size.  The  native  imports  aro 
rice,  sugar,  and  camphor  from  Formosa  and  Foo-choo, 
alum  and  cotton  from  Shanghai,  and  grain,  pulse,  oilcake, 
and  a  coarse  description  of  cotton  goods  from  the  northern 
ports.  The  foreign  imports  are  Bengal  and  Bombay  cotton, 
cotton  goods,  cotton  yarn,  iron,  lead,  steel,  betel-nut,  liquid 
indigo  from  Manila,  pepper,  rattans,  rice,  grain,  bfeche- 
de-mer,  sharks'  fins,  and  buffalo  and  deers'  horns.  The 
native  exports  are  camphor,  sugar,  sugar-candy  of  the  finest 
quality,  earthenware,  paper  umbrellas,  paper,  joss-paper, 
joss-stick,  &c.  The  merchants  of  Amoy  are  distinguished 
for  their  enterprise,  and  are  considered  among  the  wealthi 
est  in  the  Chinese  Empire.  They  own  upwards  of  300  junks, 
some  of  them  800  tons  burden.  On  the  British  taking  pos- 
session of  the  island  of  Amoy,  on  which  the  town  stands, 
they  found  a  battery  1100  yards  long,  mounting  90  guns,  and 
constructed  with  extraordinary  skill.  There  were  sevtral 
other  smaller  forts  and  batteries,  one  of  which  mounted  42 
guns.  Amoy  was  captured  by  the  British  on  Axigust  26. 
1841,  and  by  the  treaty  of  Nanking,  dated  August  29,  1842, 
that  port,  with  others,  was  opened  to  their  trade,  and  a  Bri 
tish  consul  established  there.  A  supplementary  treaty, 
dated  October  8,  1843,  established  a  tariff  of  exports  and 
imports,  and  admitted  other  foreigners  to  the  same  privi- 
leges as  British  subjects.  Opium  is  sold  in  every  part  of 
Amoy,  and  is  hawked  through  the  streets.  The  consump- 
tion is  estimated  at  150  chests  per  month,  the  average  value 
being  170^  sterling  per  chest.  The  population — mostly  em- 
ployed in  the  coasting  trade — amounts  to  about  250,000  to 
300,000. 

77 


AMP 


AMS 


4WPAXA5I.  im-pJ-nJm',  a  town  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Lombok ;  lat.  8°  25' 
S..  Ion.  116°  E.  It  has  an  indifferent  harbor,  but  consider- 
able trade. 

AilPAZA,  im-pi'z3,  a  seaport  town  of  East  Africa,  Zan- 
gnebar,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Patta,  in  lat  2°  S.,  Ion. 
40°  50'  E. 

AMPELAKIA.    See  Ambelakia. 

AMPEZZO,  im-pJt/so,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  11  miles 
W.  of  Tolmezzo.    Pop.  2000. 

AMPFING.  dmp'finjr,  a  Tillage  of  Bavaria,  5  miles  W.  of 
MUhldorf.  Here  the  Emperor  Louis  of  Bavaria  vanquished 
Frederick  of  Austria  In  1822;  and  here  Moreau  commenced 
his  famous  retreat  in  1800. 

AM  PHIL  A,  Jm-fee'li  a  bay  and  island  in  the  Red  Sea, 
Abyssinia;  the  bay  in  lat.  U'^  42'  N.,  Ion.  40°  22'  E. 

AMPIIIXOME  (am-fin'o-me)  SHOALS,  on  the  N.W.  coast 
of  Australia;  lat,  19°  41'  S.,  Ion.  119°  24'  E. 

AMPIIISSA.  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Salona. 

AMPiriTKlTE  (am-fe-tri'tee)  ISLANDS,  a  part  of  the 
group  known  by  the  name  of  the  Paracels,  in  the  China  Sea, 
lyinjc  to  the  S.E.  of  the  i.sland  of  Hainan,  near  16°  N.  lat. 
and  112°  E.  Ion.  The  Amphitrites  are  in  two  groups,  to  the 
N.X.W.  and  S.S.E.  of  each  other,  and  having  a  deep-water 
diannel  between  them. 

AM'l'LEFORD  or  AMPLEFORTII,  am'pfl-forth,  a  parish 
of  Euj/land.  eo.  of  York. 

AMPLEPUIS,  fiM^plch-pwee'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Kh8ne,  19  miles  W.  of  YiUefranche.  Pop.  (1852) 
4,982. 

AMPXEY,  amp'nee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

AJliWEY  CRU'CIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

AMPXEY.  DOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Gloucester. 

AMPNEY.  ST.  MARY  or  ASIIBKOOKE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Gloucester. 

AMPXEY.  ST.  PETER,  or  EASINGTOX,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Gloucester. 

ASI'PORT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

AM  POSTA,  3m-pos'td,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Ebro,  47 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Tarragona. 

AMI'T'HILL,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  with 
A  station  on  the  London  and  Northwestern  Railway,  co.  and 
6  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Bedford.    Pop.  2001. 

AMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AJIPUDIA,  dm-poo'De-3.,  a  town  of  Spain,  18  miles  S.W. 
of  Palencia.  Pop.  1836.  It  was  the  head-quarters  of  Wel- 
lington's array,  6th  June,  1813. 

AMPUIS,  (\M*pwee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
RhSne.  on  the  Rhone. 

AMPUKDAX,  im-pooR-din'.  a  district  of  Spain,  province 
of  Catalonia,  between  the  river  Ter  and  the  town  of  Rosas. 
It  is  the  most  fertile  district  in  the  province. 

AMPURIAS,  CASTELLO  DE  SAX  MARTIN  DE.  kds-t^l'yo 
dA  s3u  man'teen  dj  dm-poo're-ds,  a  poor  hamlet  and  castle 
of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on  the  site  of  a  flourishing  city,  (the 
anc.  £mporia'.)  with  a  small  harbor  on  the  gulf  of  Rosas, 
(an  inlet  nf  the  Mediterranean. ~l  24  miles  X.E.  of  Gerona. 

AMllAX,  Sm'rdn',  a  walled  town  of  Arabia,  Yemen,  25 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Sana. 

AMRAX,  dmVdn',  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindostan,  in  Gui- 
cowar's  dominions,  Guzerat,  lii  miles  N.E.  of  Jooria. 

AMRAX  (dmVdnO  MOUNTAIXS,  a  range  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  Affjhanistan,  the  highest  summits  of  which  attain  an 
elevation  of  9000  feet. 

AMRAWUTTI,dm-ra-wfitnee,  or  AMARAVATI,  dm-a-ra- 
vd'tee.  a  considerable  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan,  Nizam's 
dominions,  28  miles  S.E.  of  EUichpoor.  It  has  an  active 
trade;  and  much  excellent  cotton,  grown  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, was  formerly  sent  hence  to  Bengal  by  land. 

AMRA^yUTTI  or  AMAKAVATI,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  10  miles  N.X.W.  of  Guntoor,  with 
some  Hindoo  antiquities,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Kistnah. 

A.M'UEE\  a  vill.■^:e  of  Sinde,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  In- 
dus, 18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sehwan.  It  was  formerly  a  large 
town,  but  portions  of  it  have  been  swept  away  by  the  river, 
and  it  is  now  greatlv  diminished. 

i»MRrrSlR,  am-rit'sir.or  AMRIT'SUR,  written  also  TJM- 
RITSIR,  um-rit'sir,  a  large  and  populous  citj-  of  the  Punjab, 
in  tlie  Biirec  Doab,  40  miles  E.  of  I-ahore.  Lat.  31°  40'  N. ;  Ion. 
74°  56'  E.  It  is  of  a  compact,  circular  form,  about  9  miles  in 
circumference,  and  contains  399  IHndoo  and  49  Moham- 
medan pl.toes  of  worship.  The  shops  and  bazaars  exhibit, 
in  great  abundance,  the  richest  products  of  India.  An 
ample  supply  of  excellent  water  is  obtained  from  650  wells. 
Amritseer  has  been  long  celebrated  as  a  holy  place,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  possessing  a  sacred  temple  situated  on  an 
island  in  the  centre  of  a  reservoir  or  tank  about  150  paces 
squai-e,  constructed  in  1581,  by  Ram  Das,  the  fourth  gura, 
or  spiritual  le.nder  of  the  Sikhs,  who  gave  to  the  work  the 
name  of"  Amrita  Saras,"  or  "  fount  of  immortality."  But  the 
most  remarkable  object  in  the  town  is  the  large  fortress  of 
Oovindghur,  built  by  Runjeet  Singh,  surrounded  by  a  deep 
ditch  of  about  2  miles'  cii'cuit  A  canal  was  construct*^ 
78 


by  the  ."Mime  chief,  from  Amritseer  Tn  the  Ravi,  a  distance  of 
about  30  miles,  but  is  little  used.  The  staple  manuth'tures 
are  shawls,  inferior  silks,  and  woollen  and  cottnn  cloths. 
Amritseer  ha?  also  an  extensive  transit  trade  with  larious 
parts  of  India,  and  is.  in  turn,  an  emporium  for  mauy  of 
their  productions,  including  large  quantities  of  rock-salt^ 
brought  on  camels,  from  a  mine  120  miles  N.  of  I.anore. 
Pop.  of  town,  115,000;  of  which  9000  are  Sikhs,  the  rest 
being  Hindoos  and  Mohammedans. 

AM'ROM,  AM'ROX,  or  AMRUM,  dm'rOdm,  a  crescent- 
shaped  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  German  Ocean,  about  17 
miles  from  the  mainland ;  lat.  54°  40'  X. 

AMROOAIL  dm-roo'd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Agrji.  85  miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Delhi. 

AM/ROTH  or  AMOBROTH,  a  maritime  parish  of  S.)uth 
Wales.  CO.  of  Pembroke,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Narbeth. 

AMSTEG,  dm'stJc.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  on  the  Reuss, 
and  on  the  route  of  the  St.  Gothard.' 

AMSTEL.  dm'stel,  a  small  river  of  the  Netherlands.  North 
Holland,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Drecht  and  My' 
drecht,  traverses  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  and  enters  the  Y 
after  a  northward  course  of  about  10  miles. 

AMSTEL,  NlEUWER,nytl'werdm'stfl,atown  of  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Holland.     Pop.  5084. 

AMSTEL,OUDER.ew'der  dm'stel.  a  town  of  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Holland,  on  the  Amstel,  4  miles  S.  of  Am- 
sterdam.   Pop.  2016. 

AMSTELVEEN,  dm'st?l-vain',  ("turf  or  turf-lands  of  the 
Amstel.")  a  village  of  North  Holland,  near  the  Amstel,  5 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Amsterdam.    Pop.  5050. 

AM'STERDAJI,  (Dutch  pron.  dm'ster-ddm'.)  formerlv  AM- 
STELREDAMME  or  AMSTELDAMME,  (•'  the  dike  or  dam  of 
the  Amstel;"  L.  Amstelodahnum,)  an  important  commercial 
city,  capital  of  the  kingdom  and  province  of  Holland,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Amstel  with  the  Y  or  Ij,  (pronounced  eye.) 
an  arm  of  the  Zuvder  Zee,  connecting  with  the  lake  o' 
Haarlem;  lat.  5'2°  22'  5"  N.,  Ion.  4°  63'  2"  E.  It  is  the 
largest  and  most  important  town  in  Holland,  constitution- 
ally its  capital,  (in  it  the  ceremony  of  coronation  is  per- 
formed.) but  the  seat  of  government  and  residence  of  the 
sovereign  is  at  the  Hague.  Amsterdam  stands  on  soft,  wet, 
morass  ground,  under  which,  at  the  depth  of  50  feet,  is  a 
bed  of  sand.  Into  this  sand,  piles  are  driven,  on  which 
buildings  are  reared.  The  sea  front  of  the  city  forms  nearly 
a  direct  line  along  the  Y,  flanked  at  either  end  by  extensive 
docks,  and  near  the  centre  intersected  by  the  Dam-Rak. 
The  principal  mouth  of  the  Amstel,  which,  entering  the  city 
on  the  S.E.,  takes  a  winding  course  through  it,  divirling  it 
into  old  and  new  sides,  {Oude  en  Kieume  Zijde,')  and  falls  into 
the  Y  by  this  and  numerous  other  courses.  Towards  the 
land,  the  walls  of  the  city  form  a  semicircle,  surrounded  by 
a  ditch  30  yards  wide,  bordered  by  a  row  of  trees.  The 
ramparts  have  been  pulled  down,  and  on  the  eight-and- 
twenty  bastions  have  been  erected  as  many  windmills  for 
grinding  corn  and  other  purposes.  In  the  walls  are  8  hand- 
some stone  gates  named  from  the  towns  to  which  they  lead. 
Outside  the  walls  the  city  is  surrounded  by  grassy  meadows, 
and  on  the  W.  are  upwards  of  50  saw-mills.  Towards  the 
sea,  on  both  sidos  of  the  Amstel,  the  streets  are  narrow  and 
irregular,  but  behind  this  portion  there  are  five  main  lines 
of  street.s,  following  the  direction  of  the  walls,  and  thus  de- 
scribing a  semicircle.  Of  these,  the  principal  three,  Heeren, 
Keizer,  and  Prinzensgraacht,  for  length,  breadth,  and  general 
eleg.ance,  may  vie  with  the  streets  of  any  capital  in  Europe. 
In  the  centre  of  each,  as  in  most  of  the  streets  in  Amster- 
dam, is  a  canal,  either  side  of  which  is  lined  with  broad, 
brick-paved  quays,  planted  with  niws  of  trees.  The  houses 
are  mostly  constructed  of  brick,  almost  all  approached  by 
flights  of  steps ;  many  are  six  and  seven  stories  high,  pointed 
at  the  top.  with  the  gable  towards  the  street,  and  decorated 
above  with  a  forked  chimney-stack.  The  city  is  cut  up  into 
90  islands  by  the  canals,  over  which  there  are  260  bridges, 
mostly  of  stone,  generally  provided  with  a  draw  in  the  centre. 
The  vessels  to  be  seen  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  loading  and 
unloading,  and  passing  to  and  fro  along  the  canals:  the 
lifting  and  lowering  of  drawbridges;  the  transit  of  meichan- 
dise  on  sledges,  and  the  general  stir  of  business,  give  the 
streets  of  Amsterdam  a  cheerful  and  lively  appearance. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  buildings  in  Amsterdam,  is 
the  palace,  formerly  the  town-hall.  It  is  a  stone  edifice,  in  the 
form  of  a  parallelogram,  262  feet  long,  206  feet  broad,  and 
108  feet  high,  (roof  inclusive.)  resting  on  13,669  piles,  driven 
70  feet  into  the  ground.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
great  hall.  111  feet  long,  52  feet  wide,  and  GO  feet  high,  lined 
with-  white  Itali.an  marble — an  .apartment  of  great  splen- 
dor. The  justiciary  hall,  next  to  the  palace,  is  the  finest 
building  in  the  city.  It  is  of  modern  erection,  in  iniit.-ttlon 
of  a  Grecian  temple.  It  was  opened  in  1836.  The  churches 
of  Amsterdam  are  generally  characterized  by  plainness  and 
simplicity  of  structure.  The  finest  in  the  city,  and  accord 
ing  to  the  Dutch,  one  of  the  finest  in  Eurojw.  is  the  New 
Church.  (Niemce  Kerl:,)  N.  of  the  palace,  founded  in  1 40S.  It 
is  350  feet  long,  by  "210  feet  wide  across  the  transepts-  the 
upper  part  rests  on  52  stone  pillars,  and  the  chui- h  i3 
lighted  by  76  large  windows,  some  of  wUch  aie  1  nely 


AMS 


ANA 


painted  It  contains  the  tombs  of  Admiral  de  Ruyter,  who 
sailed  up  tliB  Medway  and  burned  the  English  fleet  at  Chat- 
ham; of  the  famous  Dutch  poet,  Vondel,  and  of  various 
other  notalile  individuals.  The  Old  Church,  {Oude  Ke.rk,) 
fi>unded  in  the  fourteenth  century,  contains  the  tombs  of 
several  Dutch  admirals,  and  an  organ,  said  to  be  second 
only  to  that  of  Haarlem.  Besides  these  two,  the  Calvinistie, 
recognised  as  the  state  church,  possesses  eight  other  chapels 
and  churches.  The  Kvanijelical  Lutherans,  numbering 
about  32.000,  have  2  churches;  the  Scotch  Presbyterians, 
Free  Church  of  Scotland,  English  Episcopalians,  Moravians, 
Baptists,  Friends,  and  Greeks  have  their  places  of  worship. 
The  Koman  Catholics,  numbering  about  45,000,  have  16 
churches,  and  the  Jews,  numbering  In  all  about  21,500.  h.ave 
2  principal  and  7  subsidiary  synagogues.  Amsterdam  is 
remarkable  for  the  number  and  excellence  of  its  benevolent 
and  charitable  institution.s.  There  are  above  forty  of  them, 
many  possessing  buildings  of  considerable  elegance.  Among 
these  are  hospitals  for  the  poor,  the  Infirm,  tlie  aged  of  both 
Sexes,  orphans,  widows,  foundlings,  the  insane,  &c.,  and  in- 
stitutions for  blind  and  for  deaf  mutes.  Many  of  these,  being 
devoted  to  the  members  of  one  religious  community,  the 
result  is  several  hospitals  of  the  same  description  ;  thus,  the 
Calvlnists,  Lutherans,  and  Baptists  have  each  their  hos- 
pital for  old  men  and  women;  the  Roman  Catholics  have 
various  similar  institutions  for  their  own  members;  and 
the  Jews,  in  like  manner,  have  hospitals  for  the  sons  of 
Israel. 

Erlucalional  Institutions,  d-c. — Amsterdam  possesses  nu- 
merous and  excellent  primary  schools,  and  other  educa- 
tional institutions,  both  of  a  general  and  special  kind.  Like 
the  benevolent  institutions,  some  of  them  are  for  particular 
religious  denominations.  Among  the  most  important  may 
be  named  the  Atlicno'um  lllustre,  with  library,  botanic  gar- 
den, school  of  anatomy,  and  chairs  of  art,  law,  medicine, 
and  theology;  the  city  Latin  school;  the  seminaries  for 
educating  preachers  belonging  to  the  Remonstrants,  Evan- 
gelical Lutherans,  Baptists,  and  Dutch  Israelites ;  and  the 
medical  and  clinical  school.  Of  institutions  of  literature, 
science,  and  art,  there  are  the  royal  academy  of  fine  arts, 
founded  in  1S20,  and  having  450  pupils;  the  music  school, 
founded  in  1784;  the  naval  school;  the  royal  Dutch  insti- 
tution for  science,  literature,  and  fine  arts ;  and  the  society 
of  literature  and  fine  arts  caled  Felix  M'ritis.  This  last 
society  has  400  members,  all  merchants  and  citizens,  and 
divided  into  four  sections: — 1.  Literature,  commerce,  navi- 
gation, agriculture,  and  architecture.  2.  Natural  history. 
3.  Drawing  and  designing.  4.  Music.  5.  Last,  but  not  least, 
must  be  named  the  museum  of  pictures,  founded  in  1798. 
It  contains  a  fine  collection  of  works  of  Dutch  masters,  and 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  collections  of  prints  in  Europe, 
occupying  200  portfolios; 

Mannfacturfx,  Commerce,  rfc, — The  principal  manufac- 
tures include  tobacco,  soap,  oil,  canvas,  cordiige,  the  refining 
of  salt,  sugar,  and  other  substances,  glass-blowing,  brew- 
ing, and  distilling;  gas,  commenced  in  1846,  steam-en- 
gines and  machinery,  iron  steamers,  and  ship-building. 
Amsterdam,  however,  ranks  much  higher  as  a  trading  than 
a  manufactuiing  town.  The  total  value  of  its  exports  in 
1840  was  6,225,08.3Z.;  of  its  imports,  7,944.958/.  Among  the 
articles  of  export,  two  of  the  most  important  are  butter  and 
cheese.  The  amount  of  the  former,  exported  in  1843,  was 
423,520/. ;  of  the  latter,  508,491/.,  being  somewhat  more  than 
that  of  the  preceding  year,  though  less  than  that  of  1841. 
On  the  general  trade  of  the  place,  however,  there  was,  a  few 
years  ago,  an  average  inci'ea.se  of  about  15  per  cent.  The 
exports  consist  of  refined  sugar,  (in  1847,  311,174  cwt..)  raw 
sugar,  (in  1847,  718,835  cwt.,)  coffee,  spices,  thread,  chee.se, 
butter,  oil,  dyes,  colors,  corn,  and  meal.  The  exports  to 
Germany  and  the  Rhine  amount  to  nearly  one-third  of 
the  whole,  or  upwards  of  2,000.000/.,  but  from  tiiese  locali- 
ties the  imports  are  very  limited.  The  number  of  ves- 
sels that  entered  Amsterdam  in  1840  was  4177;  tonnage, 
437.695:  cleared,  3981;  tonnage.  423.060.  In  1848,  the  ar- 
rivals were  1972.  This  great  fiiUing  off  is  attributed  to  the 
limited  intercourse  with  the  Baltic^  in  con.sequence  of  the 
war  in  Sleswicli-Holstein.  The  approach  to  the  port  by  the 
Zuyder  Zee  being  impeded  with  sand-banks,  a  canal,  called 
the  Nieuwe  Diep,  was  completed  in  1825,  leading  from  Buik- 
sloot  to  the  North  Sea,  at  the  Helder,  a  distance  of  50  miles. 
It  is  125  feet  broad  at  its  surface,  30  feet  at  the  bottom, 
with  a  depth  of  20  feet  9  inches.  By  the  Amstel,  the  Zuyder 
Zee.  and  various  canals.  Amsterdam  has  water  communication 
with  all  parts  of  Holland;  and  by  riiilway,  it  communicates 
on  the  one  side  with  Hajirlem,  the  Hague,  and  Rotterdam; 
and  on  the  other  with  Utrecht,  Arnhem,   and  Prussia. 

The  goveinment  is  vested  in  a  senate  or  a  council  of  36 
members,  and  12  burgomasters.  The  members  of  the  coun- 
cil sit  during  life,  and  fill  up  the  vacancies  that  occur  in 
their  number  by  their  own  suffrages. 

Histnrii. — Early  in  the  thirteenth  century,  Amsterdam 
was  a  mere  fishing  village,  with  a  small  castle,  the  residence 
of  the  lords  of  Amst^^'  Towards  the  middle  of  that  cen- 
tury it  was  constituted  a  town,  and  in  1296  it  was  wrested, 
by  WiUiom  III.,  Count  of  Holland,  from  the  lords  of  Am- 


stel. In  1482  it  was  walled  and  fortified.  Its  career  of  rest 
prosperity  commenced  about  the  year  1578,  when  it  becamo 
a  part  of  the  United  Provinces,  although,  previously  to  that 
period,  it  had  nearly  monopolized  the  trade  of  the  Baltic. 
Additional  privileges  were  granted  by  the  Prince  of  Oi'ange, 
|n  1581,  while  the  siege  and  consequent  decline  of  Antwerp 
in  1585,  and  the  shutting  of  th«^  navigation  of  the  Scheldt 
in  1048,  were  the  means  of  raising  Amsterdam  to  the  rank 
of  the  first  commercial  city  in  Europe,  But  the  French  revo- 
lution, and  the  compulsory  alliance  and  complete  incorpora- 
tion of  Holland  with  France,  had  almost  annihilated  the 
commerce  of  Amsterdam,  both  foreign  and  domestic.  After 
the  changes  which  took  place  in  1813,  it  began  to  revive,  and 
has  since  steadily  improved.  Among  the  numerous  famous 
individuals  to  whom  Amsterdam  has  given  birth,  m.ay  be 
named  the  philosopher  Spinosa.  the  naturalist  Swammer- 
dam,  the  painters  Adrian  and  M'lUiam  Van  de  Welde,  and 
John  and  Michael  Van  lluisum,  and  Admiral  de  Ruyter. 
Pop.   1863,  266,679,  of  whom  20,000  were  Jews. 

AM'STERDAM,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  New  York. 
Pop.  4557^ 

A;MSTERDAM,  a  post^village  in  the  above  township,  on 
the  left  or  N.  bank  of  the  Slohawk  River,  and  on  the  Utica 
and  Schenectady  Railroad,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Albany,  and  62 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Utica.  It  contains  churches  for  the  Pres- 
byterians, Baptists,  Methodists,  and  Universalists ;  2  banks, 
an  academy,  2  newspapers,  and  various  iftiportant  manu- 
factories. A  bridge  cros.ses  the  river  at  this  place.  Popu- 
lation in  1864,  estimated  at  4000. 

AMSTERDAM,  a  post-village  of  Botetourt  co.,  Virginia, 
181  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  contains  1  brick  church  and  seve- 
ral trademen's  shops. 

AMSTERDAM,  a  post>village  of  Jeflerson  co.,  Ohio,  in 
Springfield  township,  21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stf -ibenville. 

AMSTERD.\M,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
■\Vabash  and  Erie  Canal,  9  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Loganspnrt. 

AiI8TERD.\M,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moines  River.  88  miles  \\.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

AMSTERDAM  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  S.  of  the  In- 
dian Ocisan,  about  60  miles  N.  of  the  island  of  St.  Paul:  lat. 
38°  5.3'  S. ;  Ion.  77°  37'  E.  It  is  4i  miles  in  length,  %  miles 
in  breadth,  27('0  feet  in  elevation,  and  evidently  the  crater 
of  an  extinct  volcano,  having  numerous  hot  springs. 

AMSTERDAM,  NEW.    See  New  Am.sterdam. 

AMSTiyrTEN,  am/st^tHgn,  a  village  of  Austria,  near  the 
Ips,  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lintz.  The  French  here  defeated  the 
Austrians  and  Russians.  November  5.  1805. 

AMTCHlTIvA  or  AMTSCIUTKA,  dm-chit/ka,  one  of  the 
most  westerly  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  lat.  51°  43'  N.;  Ion. 
178°  45'  E. 

AMTZELL,  amf/sfll,  a  village  and  castle  of  WUrtembnrg, 
circle  of  Danube,  4i  miles  W.N.W.  of  Wangen.     Pop.  2130. 

AMOOKHTA  or  AMUCHTA,  d-mooK'ta,  or  AMOLGHTA, 
one  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  Fox  group;  lat.  of  the  centre, 
52°  33'  N.;  Ion.  170°  45'  W. 

AMU.    See  Oxus. 

AMUCU.    See  Amictj. 

AMULGAWEIN,  d  mul-ga  w.in',  a  small  town  of  Arabia,  at 
theentranceof  thePersiauiiulf,  lat.25°35'N.;  Ion. 65° 42' E. 

AMUR.    See  Amoor. 

AMUSCO,  l-moosOio,  a  town  of  Spain,  11  miles  N.  of  Va- 
lencia.   Pop.  1743. 

AM'WELL.  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

AMWELL,  Little,  a  liberty  in  the  parish  of  All-Saints, 
CO.  of  Herts,  England,  Ij  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ware. 

AM'WELL,  a  former  township  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersey,  now  divided  into  East  and  West  Amwell. 

AMWELL,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Penns3'lvania. 
Pop.  2042. 

A JIYOON  or  AMYUN,  im-yoon',  a  town  of  Syria,  10  miles 
S.S,E.  of  Tripoli. 

AXABARA.  d-nS'bd-ra/,  a  river  of  Siberia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tobolsk.  It  rises  in  about  lat.  60°  30'  N.;  Ion.  107° 
E.,  and  falls  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  in  lat.  72°40'N.;  Ion. 
112°  30'  E.  The  Anabara  is  joined  at  its  embouchure  by  the 
Olen  or  Olia,  which  runs  nearly  parallel  with  It  for  between 
200  and  300  miles.  The  entire  course  of  the  former  is  about 
400  miles. 

ANABON.    See  Axnobon. 

ANACAPRI,  J-nd-k^pree,  a  town  and  castle  of  Naples, 
island  of  Capri,  at  its  N.W.  extrernity,  on  Mount  Solaro,  as- 
cended by  more  than  500  steps  cut  in  the  rock.    Pop.  1000. 

ANACilUANA,  3-nd-choo-a'ni,  a  vill.age  and  bay  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  lat.  6°  41'  N.;  Ion.  77° 
38'  W. 

ANACLACHE,  3-nJ-kl3/chi,  a  nevado  or  snowy  peak  of 
the  Bolivian  Andes,  supposed  to  be  upwards  of  22,000  feet 
high,  in  lat.  18°  12'  S.;  Ion.  09°  20'  W. 

ANACO'CA,  a  post-office  of  Sabine  co.,  Louisiina. 

ANACOSTIA,  a  postK)ffice  of  Washington  co.,  District  of 
Columbia. 

ANADAR/CO,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co.,  Texas. 

ANADEER,  AN.4DIR,  or  ANADYR,  a-ni-deeR',  a  river 
of  N.E.  Asia,  in  Siberia,  traversing  the  centre  of  the  Tchookt- 
cheecountry,  N.ofKamtchatka.    It  rises  in  Lake  Ivachno, 

70 


c 


ANA 

Atwut  lat.  66°  30' N.;  Ion.  173° E.;  flows firstW.,  then  E.,and 
&lls  into  an  inlet  of  tiie  Sia  of  Auadeer,  (North  raciiic.)  Ion. 
178°  E.  Course  about  450  miles.  Anadyrsk,  the  only  sta- 
tion on  it.  is  in  lat.  66°  10'  N.;  Ion.  167°  10'  E. 

AXADIA,  d-nd-dee'd,  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  proTince  of 
Alairoas,  45  miles  E.  of  a  city  of  that  name.    Pop.  1200. 

AXADOLI  or  ANADOLIA.    See  Anatoua. 

ANADYR  or  ANADIR.    See  Anadekr. 

ANAGNI,  i-nin'yee,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical 
States,  37  miles  E.S.E.  of  Rome.  Pop.  6450.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric,  erected  in  487,  and  the  birthpL^ce  of  Popes  Inno- 
cent III.,  Gregory  IX.,  Alexander  IV.,  and  Boniface  VIII. 

AXAGUA,  a-ni'gwi,  a  post-oflice  of  Victoria  co.,  Texas. 

AXAII  or  AXNA,  3/ni,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the 
Euphrates,  155  miles  N.AV.  of  Ilillah.  Pop.  about  3000.  It 
Is  picturesquely  enclosed  by  rocks  and  date-groves.  On  an 
island  in  the  river  are  remains  of  a  castle,  built  after  that 
destroyed  by  the  Emperor  Julian. 

AN\\UILT',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. 

AXAIIUAC,  dn-d-wdk',  the  great  central  table-land  of 
Mexico,  between  lat.  15°  and  30°  N.,  and  Ion.  95°  and  110° 
W.;  comprising  three-fifths  of  the  territory  of  the  Mexican 
confederation,  and  elevated  fi-om  6000  to  9000  feet  above  the 
sea.  It  is  bounded  E.  and  W.  by  the  two  great  mountain 
chains  into  which  the  cordillera  of  Central  America  subdi- 
Tides  in  its  progress  northward.  Many  lofty  mountains, 
including  JoruUo,  Popocatepetl,  (17,720  feet  high.)  and  other 
^'olcanoes,  i-ise  out  of  this  plateau,  but  much  of  its  surface 
is  tolerably  level.  North  of  Mexico,  in  the  Sierra  Madre, 
are  the  silver-mines  of  Zimap.^n,  the  richest  in  the  world. 

ANAHUAC  (an-a-wack')  Mountains,  a  mountain  chain 
W.  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  and  running 
nearly  parallel  to  it  from  40°  N.  lat.,  to  join  the  plateau  of 
Anahuac  in  Mexico.  It  may  be  regarded  as  a  branch  of 
the  Rocky  IHountains. 

ANAHUAC,  a  post-village  in  Liberty  co.,  Texas,  near  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  Galveston  Bay,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Trinity  River,  a1x)ut  35  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Galveston. 

ANAJAZ,  J-nd-zhiz',  a  river  of  Brazil,  island  of  .Joannas 
or  Marajo,  falls  into  the  estuary  of  the  Amazon  after  a  W. 
course  of  about  80  miles,  in  lat.  0°  52'  S.;  Ion.  51°  30'  W. 

ANAKLIA,  i-nd/kle-d,  a  fortress  and  seaport  of  Abkasia, 
on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  In- 
gcor,   60  miles  W.X.W.  of  Kootais. 

ANAK-SOONGI,  d'ndk'-soon'ghee,  a  sm.all  state  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  between  the  rivers  Manjoota 
and  Urie.    Its  capital  is  Moco-moca. 

AN  ALATIVOE,  an-al-.vtee-v<y,  a  small  island  "W.  of  Jaffna- 
patam,  on  the  island  of  Ceylon. 

AX'AiyOMIXK,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

AXAM  or  ANNAM,  dn'ndm',  EMPIRE  OF,  Ciilled  also 
COCinX'  CHINA,  from  the  name  of  one  of  its  most  im- 
portant provinces,  a  country  of  South-eastern  Asia,  oc- 
cupying the  E.  portion  of  the  great  promontory  N.E.  of 
the  Mal.ay  peninsula,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Gulf  of  Siam,  between  lat.  9°  40'  and  23°  22'  N.,  and  Ion. 
102°  .^nd  109°  30'  E.  It  is  9C6  miles  in  length  from  N. 
to  S.;  the  breadth  is  irregular,  being  at  the  narrowest 
part,  which  is  in  the  centre,  only  85  miles,  expanding  N.  to 
upwards  of  400  miles,  and  S.  to  about  270  miles.  It  com- 
prises three  distinct  territories  and  a  part  of  a  fourth. 
These  are  Tonquin.(which  occupies  the  whole  N.part  of  the 
empire;)Cochin  China  Proper,  Champa,  and  the  E.  portion 
of  Cambodia,  together  occupying  the  centre  and  S.  extremity. 
It  is  Ixiunded  W.  by  Lao  or  Laos  and  Siam,  N.  by  China,  and 
on  all  other  sides  by  the  sea.  The  whole  of  the  coast  is  con- 
siderably indented,  especially  at  the  mouths  of  the  rivers, 
where  it  affords  many  safe  and  commodious  harboi-s ;  the 
view  which  the  country  presents  from  the  sea  is  that  of 
a  varied  landscape,  composed  of  bold  headlands,  picturesque 
valleys,  well-cultivated  slopes,  extensive  downs,  and  low 
plains,  frequently  terminating  in  sand-hills,  with  a  back- 
ground of  rather  lofty  mountains  in  the  distance.  Along 
the  coast  there  are  numerous  groups  of  islands. 

ToN(juiN  is  mountainous  on  the  N.,  but  in  the  E.  is  level, 
terminating  towards  the  sea  in  an  alluvial  plain.  It  is 
fertile,  yielding  good  crops  of  rice,  cotton,  fruits,  ginger, 
and  spices,  with  a  great  variety  of  varnish  trees,  areca 
palms,  &c.  The  principal  river  is  the  Sang-koi,  which  flows 
from  the  interior  in  a  S.K.  direction,  and  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Tonquin  by  several  outlets.  It  has  numerous  tri- 
butaries, and  several  branches  are  joined  together  by  canals, 
both  for  irrigation  and  commerce.  Its  periodical  overflow- 
ing fertilizes  the  riceflelds  within  the  reach  of  its  waters. 
The  other  principal  streams  are  the  Koa-gok  or  Tonquin, 
and  the  Rok-bok.  The  climate  resembles  that  of  Bengal, 
but  participates  in  the  oppressive  heats  and  very  disagree- 
able cold  of  China.  It  is  peculiarly  subject  to  typhoons, 
which  sweep  the  land  with  inconceivable  violence.  Ton- 
quin is  the  only  part  of  the  empire  that  is  rich  in  metals, 
producing  large  quantities  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron. 
A  great  deal  of  gold  is  found  also  in  the  sands  of  the  rivers, 
thousands  of  people  being  employed  in  collecting  it.  The 
principal  town  or  capital  is  Ketcho  on  the  Sang-koi,  about 
100  miles  .X.W.  from  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 
80 


ANA 

Cochin  China  Proper,  lying  between  lat.  12°  and  18°  30*  N, 
is  about  90  miles  in  breadth;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  a  mnge 
of  lofty  barren  mountains,  hitherto  unexplored  by  any 
European.  The  country  is  for  10  miles  inland  a  complete 
desert,  and  is  generally  sterile,  but  contains  many  fertile 
spots.  Its  sandy  soil  also  bears  productions  peculiar  to  this 
region,  including  the  eagle-wood,  which  attains  greater  per 
fection  here  than  anywhere  else.  In  the  more  favored 
districts,  grain,  leguminous  plants,  and  all  the  articles  of 
sustenance  used  by  man  are  produced  in  great  abundance, 
including  sugar  and  cinnamon,  the  latter  of  supeiior  qua- 
lity. The  coast  is  beautiful  and  grand,  being  indented 
with  numerous  bays,  backed  by  motmtaius  which  rise 
to  a  height  of  several  thousand  feet,  and  are  broken  into 
innumerable  valleys  and  ravines.  There  are  a  num 
ber  of  rivers,  but  none  of  much  importance.  Cochin 
China  is  destitute  of  metals  so  far  as  yet  known.  The  capi 
tal  is  Hue. 

Camdodia  or  Kamboja;  about  one-half  only  of  this  terrl 
tory  is  within  the  limits  of  the  Empire  of  Auam,  the  other 
portion  being  in  Siam.  The  former  is  a  continued  flat  of 
rich  alluvial  soil,  full  of  navigable  rivers,  one  of  which,  the 
Mekong,is  among  thelargest  in  Southern  Asia.  Agriculture  is 
much  behind  here,  yet  such  is  the  fertility  of  the  land,  that 
Cambodia  is  considered  the  granary  of  Cochin  China.  It 
produces  vast  quantities  of  rice,  betel-nuts,  anise-seed,  and 
cardamoms,  all  esteemed  of  the  best  quality.  The  areca 
palm,  teak-tree,  and  various  dye  and  hard  woods,  also  grow 
here — some  of  the  latter  are  susceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish. 
Gamboge  and  a  variety  of  sweet-smelling  resins,  are  pecu- 
liar to  this  country.  Sticklac,  a  substance  used  in  dyeing 
red,  is  also  among  the  products  of  Camlwdia.  The  mul- 
berry-tree is  in  some  regions  extensively  cultivated,  to 
furnish  food  for  the  silkworm,  the  management  of  which  is 
Well  understood  by  the  natives.  The  climate  is  in  general 
temperate,  excepting  during  the  rainy  season.  May  and 
September,  when  it  is  often  very  sultry.  Prom  October  to 
January  the  weather  is  extremely  boisterous,  and  typhoons 
occasionally  occur,  but  are  neither  so  frequent  nor  so  vio- 
lent as  in  Tonquin. 

Champa  or  'fsiAMPA,  occupies  the  S.  portion  of  the  Ana- 
mese  empire.  It  is  extremely  sterile,  consisting  in  great  part 
of  sand-hills  without  any  vegetation,  peaks  with  stunted 
shrubs,  granite  formations  of  every  description,  and  a  red- 
dish, disintegrated  mass  of  stones.  Its  coast,  however, 
abounds  in  excellent  harbors,  and  yields  at  least  one  valua- 
ble product — the  eagle-wood,  (Alikxylum  Agallocliuni.)  which 
is  much  esteemed  all  over  Asia  for  its  pungent  fiagrancy, 
and  is,  on  this  account,  in  constant  use  in  burning  incense 
to  idols. 

The  geology  of  Anam  presents  little  variety,  its  prevailing 
formations  being  primitive,  and  consisting  mainly  of  granite 
or  sienite,  with  the  occasional  occurrence  of  quartz,  marble, 
limestone,  and  hornblende.  Although  nominally  patriar- 
chal, the  government  of  Anam  is  actually  de.'-potic,  even  the 
nobility  deriving  their  name  and  power  from  the  sovereign. 
There  are  two  classes  of  mandarins — civil  and  military — 
divided  into  ten  orders,  two  of  which  compose  the  king's 
council.  The  general  administration  is  conducted  by  that 
council  as  supreme,  and  six  ministers  of  state,  viz.  the 
minister  of  ceremonies  and  religion,  the  keeper  of  the  re- 
cords, the  minister  of  war,  the  treasurer,  the  minister  of 
justice,  and  the  minister  of  woods  and  forests.  Each  pro- 
vince is  governed  by  a  military  mandarin,  and  two  civil 
mandarins  as  deputy  and  sub-governor,  and  is  divided  into 
three  departments,  termed  kuyen,  each  of  which  is  subdi- 
vided into  various  districts,  named  tfio,  and  comprehends 
an  indefinite  number  of  villages.  In  military  allairs  the 
govei-nment  claims  the  service  of  every  male  inhabitant 
from  18  to  60  years  of  age.  The  entire  army  consists  of 
about  60,000  men;  but  has  occasionally  amounted  to  more 
than  double  that  number.  The  soldiers  all  wear  uni- 
form— a  red  tunic;  but  the  officers  wear  the  ordinary 
dress. 

The  mass  (tf  the  people  do  not  care  for  supernatural  wor- 
ship, and  are  subject  to  the  most  abject  superstition.  The 
doctrines  of  Boodha  are  pi-ofessed  by  a  few.  but  they  have 
hardly  either  temples  or  priests.  Veneration  for  the  de- 
parted dead  is  general ;  and  the  temples  containing  their 
tablets  are  the  most  sacred  spots  of  worship.  This  re- 
verence for  the  dead  is  manifested  by  an  interminable 
series  of  solemnities  and  ob.servance.s,  and  a  reckless  expend- 
iture. The  language  resembles  the  Chinese,  from  whi  m, 
as  they  have  no  national  literature,  they  receive  all  their 
books.  It  is  without  inflection,  and  shows  a  gieat  mass  of 
monosyllabic  words.  It  is  by  no  means  mellifluous,  and  is 
spoken  with  extraordinary  rapidity  by  the  natives,  lu 
writing,  they  use  the  Chinese  character;  with  considerable 
difference,  however,  in  some  of  their  combinations.  Jlar- 
riage  is  a  matter  of  traffic.  Polygamy  is  allowed,  but  the 
first  espoused  is  considered  the  wife.  The  population  of 
Anam  is  supposed  to  be  between  12,000.000  and  15,000,000. 
Adj.  and  inliab.,  Anamese.  an-am-eez'. 

ANAMIi.\S,  i-ndm'ba.s,  a  group  of  15  islands  in  the  China 
Sea,  off  the  E.  coast  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  aud  belonging 


ANA 

to  the  kingdom  of  .Tohore.  They  lie  between  lat.  2°  30'  and 
8^  30'  N.;  Ion.  104°  and  110°  E. 

ANAMABOE.  i^nd-marlio',  a  British  fort  of  Africa,  on  the 
Guinea  coast,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  Lat.  5° 
10'  N.;  Ion.  1°  5'  ^V.  Pop.  4500.  It  Is  the  residence  of  a 
governor,  has  a  small  native  garrison,  and  exports  palm- 
oil,  gold-dust,  ivory,  and  grains. 

ANAMlKAPUCtj.  d-nd-me-rd-poo-koo/,  a  river  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Para,  falls  into  the  estuary  of  the  Amazon,  in 
lat.  0°  15'  S. ;  Ion.  60°  55'  W.  Its  whole  course  is  about  200 
miles. 

AXAMfVSA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Wapsipinicon  Hiver,  40  miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City.  It  is 
BitTiatod  in  a  fertile  fanning  region,  which  is  occupied  by 
prairies  and  forests  of  hard  timber.  The  latter  are  distri- 
buted along  the  large  streams.    Pop.  8S9 

ANANA,  d-nd'nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Alava,  17 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Vitoria. 

AXAN'APOOR',  a townof  British  India,  in  the  presidency 
of  Bencal.  52  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cuttack. 

ANAN"ATAPOOR'..atownof]5ritish  India,  in  the  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  bH  miles  S.E.  of  Bellary. 

aS;'ANDALE\  a  small  post>-village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

ANANDALE,  a  postofflce  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virgini.a. 

ANANOOR  or  ANANIIU,  d-nd-noor',  a  town  of  Georgia, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Koor.  and  on  the  great  road  from  Tettis 
across  the  Caucasus,  32  miles  N.  of  Teflis. 

AXAPA,  d-nd-pd',  a  seaport  and  fortified  town  of  Russian 
Circassia,  on  the  Black  Sea ;  lat.  44°  54'  1".  N ;  Ion.  37°  18' 
6"  E.  The  port  is  tolerably  good  for  small  vessels,  but  the 
outer  road  is  unsheltered,  and  is  safely  accessible  only  in 
the  fine  seasons. 

ANAPIII.  d-nd/fee,  or  NANHi'iriO,  an  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago,  lat.  30°  23'  N. :  Ion.  25°  47'  E.  It  is  about 
7  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  broad.  It  is  composed 
chietiv  of  rocky,  barren  mountains,  and  it  has  no  port. 

ANAPLI.     SeeXAUPLlA. 

AN\\.QUASS'COOK,apost-offleeof  Washington  co.,  New 
York. 

AXARA.IAPURA,  ANUUAPIIAPUEA,  or  ANOORAAD- 
HAPOOKA.    See  Axarajapgora. 

ANAS.     See  Guadiana. 

AN.\STASIA.  an-a-st.Vshe-a,  an  island  on  the  E.  coast  of 
.  Florida,  is  18  miles  long  and'li  broad.  Lat.  about  29°  40' 
N.:  Ion.  81°  W. 

ANATA,  d/ndHd,  Cane.  An'aVioth,)  a  village  of  Palestine, 
4  miles  N.E.  of  .lorusalem,  the  reputed  birthplace  of  the 
prophet  Jeremiah.  It  appears  to  have  been  once  a 
place  of  strength,  havhig  remains  of  ancient  walls  and 
columns. 

ANATOLIA.  dn-a-toHe-a,  or  ANABOLIA,  d-nd-doHe-d.  writ- 
ten also  ANADO'Li  and  NATO'LTA.a  pashalic  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  forming  the  W.  portion  of  the  peninsula  called  Ana- 
tolia or  Asia  Minor.  It  extends  over  about  a  half  of  Ana- 
tolia or  Asia  Minor,  in  the  description  of  which  the  physical 
features,  products,  &c.  of  the  pashalic  are  included.  (See 
the  following  article.)  It  is  the  largest  and  richest  province 
In  the  empire,  and  the  most  populous  iu  Asia.  The  capital 
Is  Kutaieh. 

ANATOLIA,  ANABOLIA,  AN ADOLI,  (probably  from  the 
Greek  AvoroXij,  AnaMe,  i.e.  the  "rising,"  "Orient,"  or 
"East,")  or  NATOLIA.  a  name  given  to  the  peninsula 
forming  the  W.  extremity  of  Asia,  and  in  its  most  e.xtensive 
application  identical  with  Asia  Minor.  It  comprehends  the 
Turkish  pashalics  of  Anatolia, Itchelee,Karamania,  Marash, 
Seevas  or  Room,and  Trebizond.  Anatolia  is  included  between 
the  3»jth  and  42d  parallels  of  N.  lat.,  and  between  the  26th 
and  41st  meridians  of  E. Ion.;  bounded  N.by  the  Black  Sea, 
Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Dardanelles,  W.  by  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  and  S.  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea;  while  its 
eastern  boundary,  which  is  more  arbitrary,  is  usually  de- 
fined by  a  line  connecting  the  Alma-dagh,  near  the  Bay  of 
Iskanderoon,  with  the  Euphrates,  and  thence  up  to  its 
source,  whence  it  runs  down  the  Tchoruk  to  the  Black  Sea. 
Its  greatest  length,  from  the  Gulf  of  Adramyti,  E.  to  the 
Euphr.ates.  somewhat  exceeds  700  miles,  and  its  greatest 
breadth,  from  Cape  Anamoor,  in  Xvaramania,  to  Cape  Ke- 
rempe,  in  Anatolia,  is  about  420  miles;  estimated  area, 
about  270.000  square  miles.  The  N.  coast,  facing  the  Black 
Sea,  which  presents  few  striking  irregularities,  is  bold  and 
Kteep,  with  very  deep  water  close  to  the  shore  eastward,  but 
gradually  fells  as  it  approaches  the  Bosphorus.  The  W. 
coast,  from  the  Bosphorus  downwards,  presents  an  outline 
as  jagged  and  irregular,  with  cliffs  nearly  as  high  and  pre- 
cipitous, as  almost  any  coast  iu  the  world ;  including  the 
Gulfs  of  Adramyti,  Eouges,  Smyrna,  Sc.al.a-Nuova,  Mandel- 
yah,  and  Kos,  within  which,  however,  there  are  low  allu- 
vial shoi-es;  while  the  S.  coast  presents  a  bold,  irregular 
outline,  with  steep  and  lofty  rocks  closely  approaching  the 
•hore,  its  chief  bays  or  indentations  being  the  Gulfs  of  Ma- 
kree,  (or  Makri,)  Phineka,  Adalia,  and  Iskanderoon. 

The  surface  of  Anatolia  may  be  termed  an  elevated  plateau 
supporting  still  higher  elevations,  dotted  with  salt  lakes,  and 
enclosed  by  two  ranges  or  offshoots  of  the  Armenian  moun- 


ANA 

tain  system — the  Taurus  and  Anti-Taurus,  running  E.an 
W.  not  far  from  the  shores  of  the  Levant  and  Black  Sea 
respectively.  The  S.  range,  or  Taurus,  commences  close  to 
the  Euphrates,  where  Akjah-dagh  reaches  an  elevation  of 
about  10,000  feet,  and  running  W.,  with  a  very  irregulai 
course,  generally  speaking  parallel  to  the  Levant,  teiint 
nates  in  the  islands  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago.  It  has 
numerous  offsets,  both  N.  and  S.,  which,  as  well  as  various 
portions  of  the  main  range,  are  known  by  speci;il  names, 
as  Allah-dagh,  Bulghar-dagh,  Jebel-Gooreen,(Gurin.  or  Ku- 
rin.)  &K.  The  N.  or  Anti-Taurus  range  stretches  from  the 
Tchoruk  W.,  parallel  to  the  Black  Sea,  and  at  no  great  dis- 
tance from  its  shores,  and  terminates  at  the  Bcsphorus:  an 
offset,  tending  S.W.,  comprising  Mount  Olympus,  (8800 
feet,)  and  terminating  in  Mount  Ida,  (0400  feet  high.)  at  the 
Gulf  of  Adnimyti.  Between  these  two  main  ranges  there 
are  many  smaller  ones,  some  of  which  attain  a  great  eleva- 
tion ;  and,  indeed,  everywhere  lofty  mounhiin  masses,  more 
or  less  connected,  are  to  be  met  with.  Of  the  loftier  sum- 
mits may  be  named  the  volcanic  peak  of  Mount  Argieus,  or 
Arjish-Dagh,  13,000  feet,  the  highest  in  Anatolia,  situated 
13  miles  S.  of  Kaisareeyeh,  (or  Kaisaria;)  besides  which 
there  are  various  others,  attaining  an  elevation  of  from 
7000  to  10.000  feet.  The  centre  of  this  peninsula  independ- 
ently of  the  mountains  on  it,  is  an  extensive  plateau, 
averaging  about  50C0  feet  in  height,  about  250  miles  in 
length  from  N.K.  to  S.W.,  and  about  100  miles  iu  breadth; 
partly  drained  by  the  rivers  flowing  into  tlie  Black  Sea,  but 
covered  also  with  .salt  lakes,  marshes,  and  I'ivers  having  no 
visible  outlets.  The  largest  livers  of  Auatolia  flow  into  the 
Black  Sea.  but  their  coiuses  have  been  very  impeifectly  ex- 
plored. The  largest  are  the  Kizil-lrmak,  (anc.//«'/^,i.)  the 
Yeshil-Irmak,  (ane.ii'7-!S,)and  Sakareeyah,  (anc.  fiiriyafrius.) 
The  only  important  rivers  flowing  towards  the  Grecian  Ar- 
chipelago are  the  Bakeer-chai,  (anc.  Cai'c«.';,)theKodoos-chai, 
(anc.  Hf.rhnus,)  and  the  Bojuk-chai,  (anc.  A/aan'der.) 

It  may  be  said,  generally,  that  granite,  serpentine, 
and  schist  form  the  substance  of  the  upper,  and 
limestone  of  the  lower  regions  of  Anatolia,  trachytic 
rocks  being  also  found  E.,  which  are  succeeded  on  the 
W.  and  partly  overlaid  by  black  volcanic  breccia,  inter- 
spersed with  angular  blocks  of  trachyte;  while  the 
extreme  W.  part  of  the  peninsula  and  its  S.  coasts  consist 
almost  wholly  of  calcareous  rocks,  belonging  to  the  chalk 
formation;  volcanic  cones,  and  other  unquestionable  traces 
of  igneous  action,  extend  over  a  considerable  space;  and 
earthquakes  still  occasionally  occur,  such  as  those  that* 
destroyed  Landicea,  Apamea.  C'iholus,  SaixHs,  and  other 
cities  of  antic(uity.  Anatolia  contains  also  numerous  ther- 
mal and  sulphurous  springs;  some  of  these  springs  deposit 
pure  salt  round  their  orifices,  others  pure  sulphur,  and 
others  suljihato  of  lime  or  gypsum.  There  is  also  much 
difference  iu  the  heat  of  the  springs,  some  being  quite  cool, 
and  others  nearly  160°.  Marble  exists  in  groat  abundance, 
an  advantage  which  the  sculptors  and  builders  among  the 
early  Greek  colonists  turned  largely  to  account.  Coal  haa 
recently  been  discovered  along  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea, 
but  has  not  hitherto  been  worked  to  much  extent. 

The  climate  of  Anatolia,  so  much  lauded  by  the  ancients, 
admits  of  no  general  .description,  owing  to  the  diversitj-  in 
the  elevation  of  its  surface,  which  presents  winter  and  sum- 
mer within  one  day's  journey.  The  AV.  shores  have  been  cele- 
brated in  all  ages  for  their  genial  warmth.  The  coast  facing 
the  Black  Sea  is  almost  equally  favored  as  to  temperature, 
and  enjoys  the  additional  advantage  of  frequent  rains.  The 
elevated  plains  of  the  interior,  which  rise  about  3000  feet 
above  the  sea,  exclusively  of  mountains  towering  some 
thou.sands  of  feet  yet  higher,  are  extremely  cold  in  winter, 
but  .salubrious,  i'he  climate  of  Karamania,  unlike  that  of 
the  N.  part,  is  oppressively  hot  in  summer;  very  little  rain 
falls,  and  hence,  from  April  to  November,  the  inhabitants 
have  little  water,  except  what  is  preserved  in  tanks  and 
cisterns.    The  cold  in  the  passes  of  the  Taurus  is  intense. 

The  N.  slope  of  the  centr.al  plateau  so  abounds  with  forests 
of  oaks,  beeches,  planes,  ashes,  and  almost  all  other  build 
ing  timber,  that  the  Turks  have  called  one  of  its  forests 
the  Agatch-Deng'is,  or  Sea  of  Trees.  It  is  120  miles  long  by 
40  miles  in  breadth,  and  is  the  chief  and  all  but  inexhaust- 
ible source  of  supply  to  the  Turkish  navy.  The  trees  here 
are  of  a  larger  growth  than  in  most  other  countries  under 
the  same  parallel,  especially  in  the  sheltered  valleys  of  the 
S.W.  Sugar-canes  grow  in  Pamphylia;  and  wine,  olives, 
and  figs  are  abundantly  raised  in  the  S.  valleys,  especially 
throughout  Lycia.  The  jwppy  also  is  grown  in  very  large 
quantities.  The  flora  of  Western  and  Southern  Anatolia 
in  all  the  valleys  is  extremely  beautiful,  and  will  bear  com- 
parison with  that  of  Sicily  and  the  South  of  Spain.  Shrubs 
and  evergreens  are  abundant — the  latter  including  the 
myrtle,  which  here  attains  an  immense  size,  bay,  daphne, 
laurel,  and  a  variety  of  holly.  In  strong  contrast  with  all 
these  countries  are  the  vast  and  frigid  plains  of  the  inte- 
rior, which  produce  only  stunted  shrubs,  saline  plants, 
wormwood,  sage,  and  some  of  the  ferns.  There  are  other 
tracts,  the  only  vegetation  on  which  is  two  species  of  broom. 
The  wheat  of  Anatolia  Is  of  the  bearded  kind;  oats  are  set 

81 


ANA 


AND 


donj  seen ;  the  gra'n  supplied  to  horses  and  other  animals 
is  usually  barley.    Maize  is  raised  to  some  extent. 

The  Ottoman  Tu^ks.  who  form  about  nine-tenths  of  the  po- 
pulation, are  not  only  the  original  branch  of  the  Turkish 
femily.  but  also  the  most  numerous  and  most  civilized;  nor 
have  t  hey,  for  many  centuries,  varied  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent from  their  primitive  type.  There  are  many  thousands 
of  so-called  Turks,  who  are  not  so  really,  but  are  descended 
from  Greek  ancestors.  About  one-twentieth  part  are  Greeks, 
an  unprincipled,  dishonest  race;  and  the  remainder  com- 
prise Jews,  Armenians,  Koords,  and  some  few  Zingari  or 
Gypsies,  the  last  of  whom  are  itinerant  jobbers  and  tinkers, 
as  in  many  countries  of  Europe.  The  total  population  can- 
not be  exactly  ascertained,  but  it  has  been  estimated  to  be 
about  4,50i),000.  Agriculture,  as  a  practical  art,  is  wholly  un- 
known. Irrigation,  manuring,  and  cropping  are  little  prac- 
tised, and  all  the  implements  of  husbandry  are  in  the  most 
rude  and  primitive  state.  The  principjil  industry  of  Ana- 
tolia consists  in  growing  wine  and  oil,  and  in  weaving  car- 
pets, shawls,  and  making  fez  caps,  &c.  Asia  Minor  was  so 
well  known  to  the  Romans,  that  it  was  traversed  by  them  in 
almost  every  direction.  Of  these  roads,  however,  by  far  the 
most  important  were  the  two  that  led  into  Syria.  There 
was  a  well-frequented  road,  likewise,  by  Nicomedia(Ismeed) 
to  Bagdad,  and  another  led  S.,  near  the  shore  of  the  Pro- 
pontis,  to  Smyrna,  Ephesus,  &c.  In  all  these  lines  there 
are  ruins,  bridges,  &c.,  clearly  marking  their  former  exist- 
ence and  consequence.  As  respects  the  present  time,  roads, 
as  understood  in  Europe,  are  wholly  unknown ;  but  relays 
of  horses  are  maintained,  as  in  the  days  of  Xerxes,  at  dis- 
tant intervals,  and  are  stationed  at  the  large  towns  on  the 
leading  routes.  The  most  fi'equented  road  is  that  from 
Smyrna  to  Constantinople.  Anatolia,  or  Asia  Jlinor.  was 
the  seat  of  "the  seven  churches  which  are  in  Asia" — I'-phe- 
Bus,  Smyrna,  Pergamos,  Thyatira,  Sardis,  Philadelphia,  and 
Laodicea.  These  were  all  places  of  great  note  in  apcstolic 
times,  though  only  some  of  them  are  so  now,  and  that  only 
in  a  modified  sense.  The  principal  cities  of  Anatolia  are 
Smyrna,  Trebizond.Iskanderoon,  Adramyti,  Angora,  Seevas, 
Sinope,  Samsoom,  Konieh,  Kaisareeyeh,  andAfioom-Kara- 
Hiss;ir. Adj.  and  inhab.  AxaTOU.vn,  an-a-toAe-an. 

ANATOLI  CO,  a-nd-tol'e-ko,  an  island  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  ^Etolia,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Missolonghi,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Patras.  and  wholly  covered  by  a  town  of  400  houses. 

AXAVA,  d-nd-vl',  or  GUANAHAU,  gwi-ni-h6w',  a  riverof 
Brazil,  in  Portuguese  Guiana,  a  tributary  of  thaBranco  or 
Parima.  Its  whole  length  is  about  200  miles. 

ANAVELIIANA,  d-nd-vJl-yd'nS,  a  river  of  Brazil,  in  Por- 
tuguese Guiana,  an  aiHuent  of  the  Itio  Negro.  It  flows 
nearly  due  S.,  and  falls  into  that  river  near  Toroma;  length 
about  220  miles. 

ANAZO,  d-nl/z6*,  or  IIANAZO,  a  considerable  river  of 
Abyssinia,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Melee  and  the 
united  streams  of  Ancona  and  Sabalatte;  from  which  point 
the  Anazo  flows  nearly  due  E.,  taking  the  name  of  the  Yasso 
(yds'sO\)  latterly,  till  it  comes  within  10  miles  of  the  Sea  of 
Bab-el-Mandeb,  when  it  sinks  into  the  sand. 

ANB.\R,  dn-bar',  a  fortified  town  of  Independent  Tartary, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Khiva. 

AN  BAR,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Feloojah. 

ANQA,  in'sd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Donro,  about 
8  miles  from  Coimbra. 

ANCACII,  Sn-kStch',  a  department  of  North  Peru,  on  the 
MaraEion.  divided  into  5  provinces.  Capitiil,  Iluaraz.  Pop. 
in  1850,  219,145. 

ANCASTER,  JngHvas-ter,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

AX'CASTEU,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  Wentworth,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hamilton.  It  con- 
tains a  mill,  an  iron  foundry,  and  various  manu&etories. 

ANCENIS,  SNoVeh-nee',  (anc.  Andene/siumf)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  on  the  Loire,  21 
miles  N.E.  of  Nantes.    Pop.  in  1852,  3(389. 

ANCERVir,Li;,  Ss'^steVeel',  a  town  of  Friince,  depart- 
ment of  Sleuse,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Bar-le-Duc.     Pop.  22G.3. 

ANCIIOLME,  an'cholm,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln, rises  near  Market  Rasen,  flows  at  first  W.  past  that 
town,  and  then  northward  to  join  the  Ilumber,  9  miles  N.  of 
Glanford  Brigg,  to  which  town  it  has  been  made  navigable. 

ANCHOR  (ang'kgr)  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  New  Zea- 
land, on  the  N.  .side  of  the  entrance  into  Dusky  Bav. 

ANCHOR  ISLANDS,  two  islands  off  the  E.  coast  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Rio  de  .laneiro,  3  miles  E.  of  Cape  Frio. 

ANCHORITES.  an'k9r  ites,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  about  280  miles  N.  of  Papua. 

ANCIAENS,  J.v-Be-a/SNs,  a  walled  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
Tince  of  Tras-os-Montes,  near  the  Douro,  70  miles  eTn.E.  of 
Oporto,  with  thermal  springs.     Pop.  2000. 

ANCIAO,  (Anciao.)  in-se-J'^ng,  or  almost  Jn-sdwug'.  a 
small  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  13 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Coimbra. 

ANCIENT,  in'.shent,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  "Wisconsin. 

AN'CLIFF,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.of  Lancaster.  2  miles 
from  Wigan,  with  a  remarkable  well,  which  emits  inflam- 
mable gas. 

AN  CO,  dn/ko,  a  town  of  Southern  Pern,  department  of 
82 


Ayacucho,  on  an  afSuent  of  the  Apurimac,  50  miles  E.SA 
of  Iluamanga. 

ANCO'BER,  a  river  of  Africa,  on  the  Gold  Coast,  lat.  4° 
54'  N.,  Ion.  2°  16'  16"  W.,  forming  the  W.  limit  of  the  Dutch 
possessions  on  this  coast. 

ANCOBER,  a  town  of  Abyssinia.    See  Ankober. 

ANGOLAN  (dn^ko-ianO  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islands 
in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  S.  end 
of  Luzon. 

ANCONA,  3n-ko'nJ.  (anc.  Ancolna,  Gr.  .A  j^ui',  Ancort,  i.e. 
"  elbow,"  "  bend,"  or  '"angle,"  in  allusion  to  its  position  in  an 
angle  of  the  coast.)  an  important  city  and  seaport  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  on  the  Adriatic.  132  miles  N.E.  of  Rome.  I^iit. 
43°  37'  7"  N.;  Ion.  13°  30'  5"  E.  It  is  built  on  the  slope  of 
a  hill,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre  between  two  hills,  on 
one  of  which  stands  the  citadel,  and  on  the  other  the  cathe- 
dral. It  is  divided  into  two  .parts,  the  Citt^  Vecchia  (ehit- 
td/  vJk'ke-d)  and  the  Citta  Nuova,  (cbit-td'  noo-o/vd :)  the  for- 
mer occupies  the  higher  ground,  and  is  inhabited  by  the 
poorer  classes ;  the  latter  is  situated  along  the  shores  of  the 
gulf.  Ancona  is  the  seat  of  a  civil  tribunal,  of  a  tribunal 
of  primary  jurisdiction,  of  a  court  of  appeal,  and  a  bishop's 
see ;  and  is  governed  by  a  delegate,  who  is  a  prelate  of  the 
Roman  Church.  It  has  a  college,  2  hospitals,  10  churches, 
16  convents,  and  a  lazaretto.  Among  the  most  remarkable 
buildings  are  the  government  palace,  the  town-house,  the 
merchants'  h.all.  the  cathedral,  and  on  the  mole  tha  tri 
umphal  Coriiitliian  arch  of  Trajan,  built  of  Parian  marble. 
In  1732,  Ancona  was  declared  a  free  port;  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  A'enice,  it  has  a  larger  trade  than  any  other  port 
on  the  same  coast.  In  1843,  its  exports,  consisting  of  wool, 
skins,  silk,  sail-cloth,  tow,  grain,  alum,  sulphur,  fruit,  and 
Venetian  soap,  amounted  to $2,072,479.  The  impoits  of  the 
same  year  amounted  to34,94o,526.  In  1846,  the  number  ol 
vessels  that  arrived  at  Ancona  was  1455 ;  tonnage,  103,970. 
Value  of  total  imports,$4,746,0ol;exports.$2,142,222.  Ancona 
is  an  entrepot  for  European  goods  for  the  Levant,  and  the 
chief  point  for  the  steam  communication  between  the  latter 
and  the  Adriatic.  The  port,  which  is  the  only  good  one  on 
this  side  the  Adriatic,  between  Venice  and  Maufredonia,  is 
formed  by  a  mole  and  a  breakwater.  On  the  extremity  of 
the  former  is  a  battery  and  a  lighthouse.  A  new  beacon 
was  erected  in  1842  on  the  Volpe  or  Wolf  Rock,  ne.ar  the 
entrance  to  the  harbor.  Ancona  is  supposed  to  have  been 
fiiunded  by  a  Doric  colony,  or  by  a  band  of  Syracusan  patriots, 
who  fled  from  the  tyranny  of  Dionysius,  about  400  years 
B.C.  In  the  time  of  Caesar  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Ro- 
mans. The  Emperors  Trajan  and  Clement  XII.  injproved 
and  beautified  the  harbor.  In  1798  it  was  taken  by  the 
French;  and,  in  the  following  year,  it  surrendered  to  the 
allied  Russian,  Turkish,  and  Austrian  army,  after  a  long 
resistance.  In  1832  it  was  retaken  by  the  French,  who  re- 
tained possession  of  it  until  1838.  All  religiovis  sects  enjoy 
here  complete  toleration.    Pop.  in  18ii2,  31,238. 

AN/CON  A,  MARCH  Ql?,(li.MarcaoCAncmia,mhJki.  ddn- 
ko/nd.)  an  old  division  of  territory  in  Central  Italy,  which 
in  the  Middle  Ages  included  the  country  between  the 
duchy  of  Urbino  and  the  march  of  Fermo. 

ANCRE.    See  Albert. 

AN'CRAM,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  New  York. 
Pop.  1720. 

ANCRAM  LEAD-5ITNE,  a  post-village  in  the  above  towi>- 
ship,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albany.  Lead  ore  of  a  good  quality 
is  found  in  the  vicinity,  but  it  is  not  worked  to  any  exteuL 

AN/CROFT,  a  parish  of  EngLand,  co.  of  Durham. 

AN'CRUM.  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Rox- 
burgh. In  this  parish  was  fought  the  battle  of  Ancrum 
Moors,  in  1544,  between  the  Scotch  and  English,  in  which 
the  latter  were  defeated. 

AN'CRUM.  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Rox- 
burgh, on  the  Teviot.  Here  are  traces  of  a  Roman  camp, 
and  other  antiquities. 

ANCY,  Sso^see',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Rh6ne. 
Pop.  949.     It  has  manufactures  of  silk  stuffs. 

ANCY,  a  vUlage  of  France,  department  of  Moselle.  Pop. 
1164. 

ANCY-LE-FRANC,  3N"'see/-leh-frSN-«'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Yonne,  on  the  Canal  of  Bourgogne.  and  on 
the  Arman^on,  10  miles  SJl.  of  Tonnerre.  It  has  the  ruins 
of  a  noble  chateau. 

ANCYRA.    See  Angor.A.. 

ANDAD-KIIAN,  dn-dad-kin',  or  ANDEJAN.  Jn-de-j.<n', 
a  town  of  Independent  Tartary.  in  Khokan,  on  the  .Jaxartes, 
55  miles  E.S.E.  of  Khokan.  The  town  is  large,  surrounded 
with  gardens,  and  a  moated  fort. 

ANDAHUAYLAS,  dn-dd-wi'lds,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Southern  Peru,  department  of  Ayacucho,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Apurimac,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Iluamanga. 

ANDAIA.    See  Andata. 

ANDALUCIA.    See  Andalusia. 

ANDALUSIA,  an-da-lu'she-a,  (Sp.  Andalucia,  Jn-di-loo- 
thee'd;  Fr.ylnrfa?(/xie.  6.N0'dd*luV.ee':  Gor  Avdalusicv.  dn-dj- 
loo'ze-en,)  the  largest  of  the  ancient  divisions  of  the  S.  of 
Spain,  bounded  S.K.  and  S.  by  the  Mediterranean  and 
the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  S.W.  by  the  Atla,atic.  and  W.  by 


AND 


AND 


Vortusal.  It  is  now  divided  into  the  following  provinces, 
which  are  named  from  their  chief  towns:  Almeria,  Granada, 
Jaen,  Malaga,  Cadiz,  Cordova,  Haelva,  and  Seville.  Anda- 
lusia is  traversed  by  the  Sierras  Morena  and  Nevada,  the 
Latter  being,  with  the  exception  of  the  Alps,  the  most  ele- 
vated range  in  Europe,  several  of  its  summits  attaining  a 
height  of  from  10,000  to  11.500  feet ;  the  climate  on  the  coasts 
is  extremely  warm ;  its  chief  minerals  are  lead,  copper,  iron, 
and  mercury.  It  is  very  fertile  in  grain,  wines,  olives,  figs, 
sugar,  and  cotton,  and  furnishes  a  considerat)le  quantity 
of  silk  and  cochineal.  On  its  pasture  is  raised  a  celebrated 
breed  of  horses,  and  sheep  which  yield  fine  wool.  The  ma- 
nufactures, formerly  important,  have  greatly  declined.  The 
Vand.als  were  established  in  this  country  during  several 
years  in  the  fifth  century,  whence  it  was  called  Vandalu- 
sia,  aftei'wards  corrupted  into  Andalusia.  After  the  dis- 
memberment of  the  empii-e  of  the  caliphs  in  1030,  Andalu- 
sia formed  the  kingdoms  of  Cordova,  Seville,  Jaen,  Almeria, 
Malaga,  and  Granada,  which  were  all  successively  conquered 

by  the  kings  of  Castile.    I'op.  (ISt'J)  2,745.858. Adj.  and  in- 

hab.  An-dalushx,  an-da-lu'she-an.  (Sp.  And,\luz.  3n-dd-looth'.) 

ANDALUSIA,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

AND.\LUSI.\,  a  post-village  of  Covington  co.,  Alabama. 

AND.\LUSI.\,  a  post-ofiice  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee. 

ANDALUSIA,  a  village  of  Kock  Lsland  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississipiii  River,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Rock  Island.     Pop.  3i9. 

AN  D  ALUSI K,  ANDA  LUSI  EN,  A  NDAL  UZ.  See  An'DALUSI.^. 

ANDAMAN  (an-da-man')  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  den.sely 
wooded  islands  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  between  lat.  10°  and 
13°  N.,  and  nearly  under  the  93d  degree  of  E.  Ion.,  180  miles 
S.W. of  Cape  Negrais,  and  the  .same  distance  N.  of  the  Nieobar 
Islands.  The  Great  and  Little  Andaman  Islands  are  sepa- 
rated by  Duncan's  Passage.  Total  area  estimated  at  about 
3000  square  miles.  Population  apparently  very  scanty,  and 
in  the  lowest  state  of  liarbarism.  In  1793,  a  British  settle- 
ment was  established  at  Port  Cornwallis,  in  the  N.E.  of 
Gre.at  Andaman,  but  the  station  was  abandoned  in  1796. 

ANDAYA,  dn-dd/yd,  or  ANDAIA,  dn-dl'i  a  river  of  Bra- 
zil, rises  in  the  Sierra  il.'itta  Goi-da,  and  falls  into  the  Fran- 
cisco at  lat.  18°  10'  S.,  its  whole  course  being  about  120 
miles. 

ANDAYE  or  HENDAYE,  both  pronounced  SxoM.V,  a 
gmall  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses-Pyro- 
n6es,  12  mili-s  S.W.  of  Bavonne,  on  the  Bida-ssoa, 

ANDECAVI  or  ANDEG^AVI.     See  Angers. 

AN1)F]ER,  dn'daiR\  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Gri- 
Bons,  on  the  Rhine,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chur.    Pop.  549. 

ANDE.TAN.     See  Asdad-Kiian. 

ANDELFINGEN,  an/del-fing'en,  a  town  of  Switzerland. 
17  miles  N.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Thur,  here  crossed  by  a  co- 
vered bridge.     Pop.  2400. 

AXDELLE,  6N»'dJll'  a  river  of  France,  rises  W.  of  Forges- 
les-Eaux,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  passes  Charleval 
and  Komilly,  and  falls  into  the  Seine  above  Pout-do-l'Arche. 
Length,  24  miles. 

ANDELOT,  fiNo'deh-lo'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-Marne.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Chaumont,  on  the  Kognon, 
Pop.  1077.  This  is  a  very  ancient  borougli,  having  existed 
In  the  sixth  century. 

ANDELYS,  Les,  l.-\ze  SNoMleo',  a  town  of  Fr-ance.  formed 
by  the  union  of  Great  and  Little  AncTely,  department  of 
Eure,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Evreux,  and  near  the  Seine.  Pop. 
6161.  Near  Petit  Andely  -ire  the  ruins  of  the  Chfiteau 
Gaillard,  an  old  fortress  built  hj  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. 

ANDEM.\TUNUM.     See  LANGRE.g. 

AN'DENNES,  feoMJun',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Namur,  on  the  Meuse.  and  on  the  railway  from  Namur  to 
Liege,  11 J  miles  E.  of  Namur.  Pop.  4990.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  porcelain  and  tobacco  pipes. 

ANDKKAB.  anMer-ib',  or  INDERAB,  In-der-SW.  a  town 
of  Tartary.in  15udukhsh.an,about  85  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cabool, 
at  the  junction  of  tlie  rivers  Anderab  and  Kiasan.  It  is  a 
populous  place,  and  contains  the  storehouses  in  which  are 
kept  the  silver  brought  from  Ilariana  and  Bendjehir. 

ANDERAVIA,  an'-der-d-vee'd,  or  INDERABIA.  lu-der-J- 
bee'd.  a  small  island  in  the  Persian  Gulf.  Lat.  2G°  41'  N.; 
Ion.  f  3°  39'  E. 

A.NI''EliBY,  an'der-be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ANDERLECIIT.  ln/der-ljKt\  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  arrondissement  of  Brussels,  of  which  city  it 
tbrms  a  sul)urb  on  the  S.W.     Pop.  2500. 

ANDERMATT,  an'der-matt\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  valley  of  Ursern,  18  miles  S.  of  Altorf.  Near  it  is  the 
celebrated  Devil's  Bridge,  crossing  the  Reuss,  and  forming 
part  of  file  route  across  Slount  St.  Gothard  into  Italy. 

ANDERNACII,  Sn'der-njK\  (anc.  Antunacam  or  Antnnia- 
cum.)  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  the  Lower  Rliine.  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Coblentz,  in  a  plain  on  the  Rhine.  Ander- 
uach  has  long  been  famous  for  the  production  of  two  pecu- 
liar articles — millstones,  and  trass  or  cement. 

ANDEROT.    or  ANDEROV.     See  Undbroot. 

AN'DEIiSON  or  ANDERSTONE  WINTERBOURNE,  a  pa- 
rish of  Kngland,  co.  of  Dorset. 

AN'DEKSUN,  a  district  in  the  N.W.  part  of  South  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  the  Savannali  River,  which  separates  it 


from  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  Tt  is 
bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Saluda,  intersected  by  Klowee 
River,  a  branch  of  the  Savannah,  and  also  di-ained  by 
Rocky  River  and  Deep  Creek.  The  siirface  is  diversified  by 
hill  and  dale:  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  well  wateitsa,  ana 
extensively,  cultivated.  The  district  is  intersected  by  the 
Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad.  Anderson  was  formed 
out  of  a  part  of  the  former  district  of  Pendleton.  Pop.  22,873. 

ANDERSON,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Texas, 
contains  900  square  miles.  The  Trinity  and  Neches  Rivers 
wash  its  western  and  eastern  borders.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating, and  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The  Trinity 
River,  which  is  navigable  for  steamboats  as  high  as  this 
county,  flows  througfi  a  rich  valley  which  is  well  supplied 
with  timber.  An  active  emigration  has  been  directed  to 
this  region  for  a  few  years  past.  Capital,  Palestine.  Pop, 
10.398;  of  whom  6730  were  free. 

ANDERSON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  p.art  of  Tennessee,  has 
an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Clinch  River,  navigaljle  by  small  boats,  and  also  drained 
by  Powell's  River.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  consists 
of  a  deep  and  fertile  valley  between  Cumberland  Mountain 
on  the  N.W.  and  Chestnut  Ridge  on  the  S.E.  The  land  is 
well  timbered  and  well  watered.  Stone-coal  is  found  in 
some  parts  of  the  county ;  also  valuable  salt  springs  and 
sulphur  springs  at  Eslabrook.  Capital,  Clinton.  Pop. 
7068;  of  whom  6485  were  free,  and  5'>3  slaves. 

ANDERSON,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ken- 
tucky, has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  Ijy  Kentucky  River,  intersected  by  SaU 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Crooked.  Stony,  and  Hammond 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  rolling,  though  some  por- 
tions are  level;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  Kentucky  River  is 
navigable  on  the  border  of  the  county.  A  railroad  is  in 
progress  through  it  from  Frankfort  to  Harrodsburg. 
Named  in  honor  of  Richard  C.  Anderson,  former  member 
of  Congress  from  Kentucky.  Capital.  Lawrenceburg.  Pop, 
7404;  of  whom  00+7  were  free,  and  1307  slaves. 

ANDERSON,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  60 
miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

ANDKRSON,  a  po.st^village,  capital  of  Ander.son  district, 
South  Carolina,  148  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia.  A  branch 
railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  the  Greenville  and  Co- 
lumbia Railroad.  It  contains  several  churches  and  stores, 
and  a  newspaper  office.    Pup.  625. 

ANDERSON,  a  po.stroffice  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia. 

ANDERSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Grimes  co.,  Texaa, 
about  140  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Austin  City.    Pop.  677. 

ANDERSON,  a  townshipof  Ilamilttm  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 3439. 

ANDEliSON,  a  town.^hip  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1398. 

ANDERSON,  or  AN'DERSONTOWN,  a  flourishing  post- 
village,  capital  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  left  bank  of 
A\hite  River,  and  on  the  railroad  from  I'elfontaine,  Ohio,  to 
Indianapolis,  34  miles  N.E.  from  the  latter.  It  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  a  bluff  50  feet  above  the  river.  The  fer- 
tility of  the  adjoining  land  and  the  facilities  for  transjjorta- 
tion  render  tliis  a  place  of  active  business.  It  contains  a 
national  bank.  A  dam  has  been  thrown  across  the  river  a 
few  miles  aliove,  by  which  a  fall  of  34  feet  is  obtained,  and 
tlie  water-power  is  very  extensive.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
about  1500,  of  the  township.  25,s7. 

ANDERSON,  a  postoffice  of  Cl.ark  co.,  Illinois. 

ANDERSONBURG,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vani.a. 

ANDERSON  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana. 

ANDERSON'S  CREEK,  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
enters  the  W.  branch  of  Susquehanna  River. 

ANDERSON'S  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Crawford  co., 
and  forms  the  boundary  between  Spencer  and  Perry  coun- 
ties, until  it  falls  into  the  Ohio  near  Troy. 

ANDERSON'S  INLET,  in  Australia,  S.  of  Bass's  Straits, 
between  Capes  Liptrap  and  Patter.son. 

ANDERSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ANDERSON'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Caswell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

ANDERSON'S  STORE,  a  small  post-village  of  McNairy  CO., 
Tennessee. 

ANDERSON'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio. 

ANDERSTOWN,  Aladison  co.,  Indiana.    See  Anderson. 

ANDERSONVILLE.  an'der-son-vil\  a  post-village  oi  An- 
derson district,  South  Carolina,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Tugaloo  and  Kiowee  Rivers,  which  form  the  Savannah,  145 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

ANDERSONVILLE,  a  post-vill.age  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  about  50  miles  S.E.  by  E.  from  In- 
dianapolis. 

ANDES,  an'diz,  (Sp.  CcyrdUUrn  de.  Ins  Andes,  koR-deel-yd'rl 
d.i  loce  dn'djs,)  a  range  of  mountains  of  such  vast  extent 
and  altitude  ay  to  render  it  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
pliysical  features  of  the  globe.  Commencing  at  Cape  Horn, 
it  extends  nearly  parallel  to  the  Pacific  coast,  throughout 
the  entire  length  of  South  America  to  the  Isthmus  of  Pa- 
nama, a  distance  of  about  4500  miles.  From  this  point  the 
same  range  is  continued;  and,  under  different  names,  tra- 


AND 


AND 


Terses  the  whole  North  American  continent  from  S.  to  TT., 
tfrminating  iu  I'oiut  Barrow  on  tlie  Arctic  Ocean ;  extend- 
in:^  JQ  all  tbrough  near  130°  of  latitude,  or  about  9000  miles. 
The  Andes  consist,  for  the  most  part,  of  a  series  of  lofty 
ridges  running  more  or  less  parallel  to  each  other,  and 
coTering,  with  their  plateaux  and  declivities,  nearly  a 
sixth  part  of  South  America.  From  its  S.  extremity  the 
main  chain  runs  along  the  W.  shore  of  Terra  del  Fuego, 
and  consists  of  rocky  summits,  rising  in  many  places  to 
2000  or  3000  feet,  the  culminating  point  of  this  portion 
(Mount  Sarmiento)  "being  CQIO  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
Patagonian  Andes,  which  succeed  those  of  the  S.  insular 
district,  run  directly  northward  as  fiir  as  lat.  42°  S.,  flanked 
by  rocky  and  mountainous  islands  in  the  Pacific,  that  seem 
to  have  been  disunited  from  the  mainland  by  volcanic 
agency.  The  extreme  height  of  the  Andes  in  this  division 
is  8030  feet.  The  Andes  of  Chili,  which  follow,  extend  from 
lat.  42°  to  lat.  21°  S.,  and  form  a  single  chain  as  far  as  the 
35th  parallel  of  S.  lat.,  having  an  average  width  of  about  130 
miles.  The  principal  peaks  are  the  volcanoes  of  Antuco, 
(16,000  feet  high,)  Maypu,  (15,000  feet  high,)  and  Tupun- 
gato,  (15,000  feet  high;)  but  Vie  culminating  point,  nut  only 
of  this  portion,  hut  of  the  entire  range  of  the  Andes,  is  the 
ffiant  pori)hyrilic  Nevado  of  Aconcagua,  which,  according  to 
Captains  Fitzroy  and  Beechey,  rises  23,910  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  is  distinctly  visible  from  Valpiiraiso,  a  distance  of 
100  miles.  The  line  of  perpetual  snow  in  these  latitudes  is 
about  14.000  feet  above  the  sea.  Between  the  Chilian  Andes 
and  the  Pacific — a  distance  varying  from  80  to  150  miles — 
are  extensive  plains  elevated  from  1000  to  15o0  feet  above 
the  sea:  these  are  mostly  clothed  with  forest-trees  and  a 
rich  vegetation;  but  the  more  elevated  mountain  regions 
are  rocky  and  nearly  destitute  of  plants.  The  Bolivian 
Andes,  forming  the  central  division  (formerly  supposed  to 
be  the  most  elevated  portion)  of  the  system,  extend  north- 
ward fi-om  lat.  21°  to  14°  S.,  presenting  one  immense  mass 
of  rocks,  stretching  in  length  over  V°  of  latitude,  and  in 
breadth  from  200  to  250  miles.  In  this  section,  the  chain 
separates,  about  lat.  19°  S.,  into  two  great  longitudinal 
ridges,  the  E.  called  the  Cordillera  Keal,  and  the  ^V.  the 
Cordillera  of  the  Coast.  These  run  parallel  to  each  other, 
enclosing  the  table-land  of  Desaguadero,  elevated  12,900  feet 
above  the  sea,  extending  500  miles  in  length,  and  from  30 
to  60  in  breadth  along  the  txip  of  the  Andes,  and  enclosing 
the  Lake  of  Titicaca.  These  parallel  Cordilleras,  situated 
at  a  distance  of  about  230  miles  from  each  other,  are  united 
at  various  points  by  enormous  transverse  groups  or  moun- 
tain knots,  or  by  single  ranges  crossing  them  like  dikes. 
The  descent  to  the  Pacific  is  exceedingly  steep ;  the  dip  is 
also  very  sudden  to  the  K.,  whence  ofi'shoots  diverge  to  the 
lower  plains.  The  following  are  some  of  the  principal  sum- 
mits in  this  portion  of  the  Andes ; — 


Name. 


S.  lat.  W.lon. 


I.    COHnn.I.KRA  OF 

THE  Coast.. 


II.  C0RDIU.KKA  OP 


iOR  An-. 


Sahania 18°  7'    Wjo  52 

Parlnacota 18°  10'  69°  IV 

Gualateiri \-Z(P  13-69^  17' 

Pomarape 118°  8'  l69°  3' 

Vole,  of  Arequipail6o  19' ^71°  23 

Chipioani |17°  4'i- \e3P  47' 

lUimaui(iHi,snow),163  38  67°  49' 

Ancoliu'ma'.'.".".'.'.. 45052'  68°  33' 

Chacbacomaui. . .  16° 

iSupaiwasi,         or 

I     Huayua    Potosi 

Peak I190  30- 63°  10' 

Mesada  Nevada..  !ll)°  ;w;67<'  52' 

Angel  Peak jlK^  10' IBS"  14' 

Cacaca il60  25'l68''  58' 

'Cololo !u°  57"69''  10' 


Feet. 


22,350 
22,030 
22,000 
21,700 
20,300 
19,740 
N.  Peak  21,060 
S.  Peak,  i  21, 149 
N.  Peak.  >21, 043 
S.Peak.  21.286 
N.Peak.  20,233 


20,260 
19,356 
19,060 
18,210 
17,930 


From  tb,.  <ibove,  which  are  taken  from  Mr.  Pentland's  ob- 
servation? it  will  be  seen  that  the  highest  summits  are  W., 
not  E.  of  the  Desaguadei-o,  as  was  long  supposed  by  the 
most  eminent  geographers.  North  of  this  the  two  main 
Cordilleras  reunite  in  the  group  of  VilcaHota,  lat.  15°  S. 
The  Peruvian  Andes,  separated  from  the  Pacific  by  a  desert, 
from  50  to  100  miles  broad,  extend  from  lat.  14°  to  5°  S.,  and 
detach  two  eastern  offsets;  one  of  which  runs  N.W.  be- 
tween the  Jlaraflon  and  Iluallaga  Kivers,  and  the  other 
between  the  Iluallaga  and  the  Ucayale,  enclosing  a  pLiteau 
11,000  feet  high,  called  Pasco  or  Iluanuco.  The  main  range, 
termed  the  Cordillera  of  the  Coast,  runs  W.N.W.  in  a  di- 
rection parallel  to  and  about  70  miles  distant  from  the 
Pacific.  The  Andes  of  Quito  commence  at  lat.  5°  S.,  and 
run  nearly  due  N.  to  the  fable-land  of  Quito,  which  is  200 
miles  long,  30  miles  broad,  elevated  9C00  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  surrounded  by  the  most  magnificent  series  of  volcanoes 
in  the  world.  The  E.  range  comprises  the  volcanoes  of 
Saugay,  (16,138  feet,)  Tunguragua,  (10,421  feet,)  Cotopaxi, 
(18,875  feet.)  Antisana,  (19,140  feet,)  and  Jlount  Cayambe, 
(19,535  feet  high.)  On  the  W.  range  stands  Mount  Chim- 
borazo,  21,424  feet  above  the  sea.  About  lat.  1°  N.  is  the 
mount;iin  knot  of  Los  Pastos,  contuning  several  active 
volcanoes.  On  the  £.  side,  lat.  2°  N.,  is  the  mountain  knot 
84 


of  Paramo,  from  which  extend  three  separate  chaimi — 1. 
That  of  Suma  Paz,  running  N.E.  past  L;ike  Maracaybo, 
and  terminating  near  Caracciis,  on  the  Caribbean  Sea;  2. 
The  chain  of  Quindiu,  extending  N.N.E.  between  the  rivers 
Cauca  and  Magdalena ;  and.  3.  The  chain  of  Choco,  which 
follows  the  Pacific  coast  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  where 
it  forms  the  connecting  link  between  the  Andes  and  the 
Chippewayan  system  of  North  Ameiica.  North  of  the  5th 
parallel,  the  only  summits  within  the  line  of  perpetual 
snow  are  those  belonging  to  the  E.  chain.  The  volcano  of 
Tolima,  in  lat.  4°  46'  N.,  Ion.  75°  37'  W.,  rises  to  the  height 
of  18,270  feet.  The  coast  chain  is  comparatively  low,  never 
attaining  an  elevation  of  above  9000  feet. 

J'asses. — This  gigantic  mountain  chain  is  traversed  in 
different  parts  by  numerous  passes  or  roads,  at  heights 
almost  equal  to  those  of  the  extreme  summits  of  the  Eu- 
ropean ranges.  Most  of  these  are  narrow,  rugged,  steep, 
and  sometimes  slippery  and  dangerous,  passing  through 
gorges,  across  yawning  chasms,  up  nearly  perpendicular 
rocks,  and  often  winding  along  the  brinks  of  enormous 
precipices.  The  pass  from  Valparaiso  to  Jlendoza  is  12,450 
feet  high ;  that  fiom  La  Paz  to  the  valley  of  the  Beni.  15,349 
feet;  that  from  Arequipa  to  Puno,  15,590  feet;  and  the  one 
leading  from  Lima  to  Tarnia  and  Pasco  is  15,760  feet,  being 
the  highest  known  pass  of  the  Andes.  There  are  numerous 
other  passes  across  the  Andes,  many  of  which  exceed  15,000 
feet  iu  height.  There  are  said  to  be  six  passes  over  the 
Choco ;  but  these  are  for  the  most  part  practicable  only  by 
carriage  on  the  backs  of  natives.  A  great  commercial  road 
runs  longitudinally  along  the  Andes  the  whole  distance 
from  Trujillo  to  Popayan,  not  much  less  than  1000  miles. 

The  Andes  are  composed  partlj'  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica, 
and  clay-slate,  but  chiefly  of  greenstone,  porphyry,  and  ba^ 
salt,  with  limestone,  red  sandstone,  and  conglomerate. 
Salt  and  gypsum  are  also  found,  and  seams  of  coal  at  a 
great  elevation.  The  topaz,  amethyst,  and  other  gems  are 
abundant.  Volcanoes  are  numerous  in  the  Chilian  Andes, 
where  there  are  no  less  than  nineteen  in  a  state  of  activity; 
and  the  mountains  of  Ecuador  consist  almost  altogether  of 
volcanic  summits,  either  now  or  formerly  in  active  ignition. 
Of  these  the  most  dreaded  is  Cotopaxi.  In  some  of  its  erup- 
tions flames  rise  3000  feet  above  the  edge  of  its  crater,  and 
the  sound  of  its  explosions  is  heard  at  a  distance  of  650 
miles.  Its  form  is  most  regular  and  beautiful,  the  summit 
forming  a  perfect  cone,  covered  with  an  enormous  bed  of 
snow.  Earthquakes  generally  accompany  the  volcanic 
eruptions,  and  are  felt  over  all  the  adjacent  continent.  No 
portion  of  the  globe  is  subject  to  such  frequent  and  destruc- 
tive earthquakes  as  the  countries  embosomed  within  the 
range  of  the  Andes,  and  those  lying  between  them  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  cities  and  towns  of  P.o,gota,  Quito,  Itio- 
bamba,  Callao,  Copiapo,  Valparaiso,  and  Conception  have 
all  at  different  times  been  more  or  less  devastated  by  their 
agency.  The  Andes  are  celebrated  for  their  mineral  riches, 
producing  gold  and  silver  in  large  quantities,  with  platina, 
mercury,  copper,  lead,  tin,  and  iron.  Humboldt  estimated 
the  annual  product  of  the  mines  of  the  New  AVorld,  at  the 
commencement  of  the  present  century,  at  43,500.000  dol- 
lars, about  8,700,000J.  Glaciers  are  of  rare  occui-rence  in  the 
Andes,  being  found  only  in  the  narrow  ravines  which  fur 
row  the  sides  of  stftue  of  its  great  summits.  The  limit  of 
perpetual  snow  re.aches  the  height  of  13.800  feet  in  the  W 
Cordillera  of  Chili;  near  the  equator  it  is  15,000  feet,  and 
in  the  Bolivian  Andes,  (lat.  21°  S..)  17.000  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  potato  is  cultivated  in  the  Andes  at  an  elevation 
of  9S00  to  13,000  feet.  Wheat  grows  luxuriantly  at  a 
height  of  10,000  feet,  and  oats  ripen  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake 
Titicaca,  at  an  elevation  of  12,795  feet. 

The  name  Andes  is  derived  from  the  Peruvian  vrori  Anti, 
.signifying  "'copper."  It  was  first  given  to  a  range  of  moun- 
tains near  Cuzco,  but  aft^^rwards  applied  to  the  entire  ch.iin. 

ANDES,  an'djz,  a  post-township  of  Delaware  CO.,  New 
York,  70  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2990. 

AN'DKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

ANDKVOOKON/TO  or  ANDEVOUKANTE.  dn-df  voo-rdn'- 
ta.,  a  large  village  or  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  Madagascar, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  about  2000. 

ANDI.illY,  dn-de-3/ree,  the  name  of  two  villaires  of  AVest- 
ern  Africa,  in  the  Bondoo  country,  ne;ir  lat.  14°  6'  N.,  Ion. 
l-j°  ^y.  One  of  them  is  a  large  and  thriving  place,  with 
neat  houses. 

ANDKUOO,  and'koo/,  ANKKOUI.  Sn-koo'e,  or  ANKOl', 
a  town  of  Independent  "rartary,  capital  of  a  small  khanat  of 
the  same  n.ame,  on  the  N.  slope  of  the  Iluzareh  Mount.iius, 
about  70  miles  W.  of  Balkh.  It  is  advantageously  situated 
on  one  of  the  great  commercial  routes  between  Bokhara 
and  Afghanistan,  but  the  district  is  scantily  supplied  with 
water.  Pop.,  composed  of  Soonee  Mohammedans,  from 
25,000  to  30,000. 

ANDLAU,  Cxd'lO',  a  small  town  of  France,  department' 
of  Bas-Bhin,  on  the  Andlau,  an  affluent  of  the  111,  9  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Schelestadt.     Pop.  (1852)  2110. 

ANDOAIN,  dn-do-ine',  a  small  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Biscay,  6  miles  from  St.  Sebastian,  on  the  Oria.  It  is  oiu» 
of  the  stopping-places  of  the  French  mail. 


AND 


AND 


ANDOEN,  (AndBen.)  2ncl'o-en,  (i.  e.  "Diiek  Island.")  one 
of  the  Loflfoden  Islands,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Norwav,  20  miles 
long,  and  10  miles  broad.    Lat.  69°  20'  N. ;  Ion.  15°  15'  K. 

ASDOLSIIEIM,  an'dols-hImti\  (Fr.  pron.  aN-'dorzJm'.)  a 
Tillafre  of  France,  department  of  IIautri;hin.  Sj  miles  S.E.  of 
Colmar.  It  has  a  consisforial  Protestant  church.  P.  1092. 
ANDORA,  fc-do/ra,  or  MAIUNA  D'ANDOKA,  ma-ree/nd 
din-do'rd,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  territory  of  Ge- 
noa, on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  3  miles  SiS.W.of 
Alassio. 

.  ANDO'RA.  a  post-office  of  Philadelphia  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
ANDOHNO  CACCIOIINA.  an-doR/no  kat-choR/nl,  a  town 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  I'iella,  13  miles  N.E.  of 
Ivrea,  on  the  Cervo.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  painter 
Cafcliari. 

ANDORRA,  2n-dor'rJ,  (Vai-Ley  or)  a  neutral  country 
with  tile  name  of  a  rcpulilic,  situated  on  the  S.  slope  of  the 
Pyrenees,  hetween  the  French  department  of  Ari^ge  and 
the  Spanish  province  of  Lerida.  extendinf?  from  lat.  42°  22' 
to  42°  43'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  1°  25'  to  1°  65'  E.,  surrounded 
by  hijih  mountains,  on  which  the  snow  lies  for  six  months 
in  the  year.  Its  climate  is  cold,  hut  healthy;  soil  unpro- 
ductive in  grain,  but  contains  many  rich  mines  of  iron,  and 
one  of  lead.  The  government,  a  mixture  of  monarchy  and 
democracy,  is  vested  in  twentj'-four  consuls,  elected  by  the 
whole  population.  Its  constitution  was,  till  1848,  subject 
to  the  mutual  sovereignty  of  the  King  of  the  French  and 
the  Hishop  of  Urgel,  and  under  the  protection  of  the  Queen 
of  Spain.  The  inhabitants,  mostly  shepherds,  speak  the 
Catalan  language.  The  population  of  the  valley,  which  has 
been  annually  increasing,  was  in  1845  estimated  at  from 
6000  to  6000.  The  independence  of  this  little  state  dates 
from  Charlemagne,  in  790 — Adj.  and  iuhab.  Andorrese,  an- 
doB-Reeii'. 

ANDURRA,  dn-doR'nJ,  (Fr.  Jndorre,  Sn^Morr'.)  a  sm.all, 
ancient  town,  capital  of  the  above  republic,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Montelar,  12  miles  N.  of  Urgel.     Pop.  2800. 

AN'DOVEK,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
market-town,  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Wincliester,  and  63  miles  W.S.W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1851, 5187. 

ANTJOVEK,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  about 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Paris,  is  well  watered  by  Ellis's  River,  an 
affluent  of  the  Andro,scoggin.     Pop.  8^4. 

ANDOVER,  a  post'township  of  Merrimack  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Northern  Railroad,  21  miles  N.W.  of 
Concord.  Andover  Academy,  incorporated  in  1848,  had,  in 
1S53,  9  instructors  and  217  pupils.     Pop.  1243. 

ANDOVER,  a  post> town. ship  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont,  68 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  670. 

ANDOVER,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Merrimack  River,  and  on  the  Essex 
County,  the  Lawrence  and  Lowell,  and  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroads.  21  miles  N.  of  ]?oston,  and  16  miles  N.E. 
of  Salem.  The  situation  of  the  village  is  elevated  and  plea- 
sant. The  streams  in  the  vicinity  afford  excellent  water- 
power,  which  is  extensively  employed  in  manufacturing. 
Flannels,  linen,  and  shoe-thread  are  the  principal  articles. 
Andover  is  the  seat  of  Phillips  Academy,  one  of  the  oldest 
and  best-endowed  academical  institutions  in  New  England ; 
and  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  founded  in  1807. 
Phillips  Academy  w.as  instituted  in  1778,  principally 
through  the  efforts  of  the  Hon.  Samuel  and  John  Phillips, 
from  whom  it  derives  its  name.  It  has  a  valuable  chemical 
and  philosophical  apparatus,  and  libraries  containing  2500 
volumes.  The  buildings  are  on  a  range  with  those  of  the 
Theological  Seminary,  about  40  rods  distant.  The  large 
income  arising  from  the  funds,  amounting  to  about  $00,000, 
enables  the  trustetis  to  secure  the  services  of  distinguished 
teachers,  and  at  the  s.ame  time  make  but  a  moderate  charge 
for  tuition.  Abbott  Female  Academy,  a  flourishing  insti- 
tution, was  founded  here  in  1829.  The  Andover  Theological 
Seminar}',  under  the  direction  of  the  Congregationalists, 
stands  on  a  pleasant  elevation,  commanding  a  fine  prospect. 
A  president  and  five  professors  compose  the  faculty.  Tui- 
tion and  i-oom-rent  are  free  to  all,  and  additional  aid  is  fur- 
nished to  indigent  students.  Number  of  graduates  up  to 
186.3,  1466.  Number  of  students  the  same  year,  108. 
Volumes  in  the  library,  24,000.  Andover  contains  a  bank 
and  a  savings  institution.  A  religious  periodical  of  the 
highest  character,  the  Ribliotheca  Sacra,  is  published  here 
quarterly.  Incorporated  in  1646.  Pop.  in  1830,  4540 ;  1840, 
5207:  18.50,  6945;  in  181M),  4765. 

ANDOVER,  a  post-township  in  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut, 
about  18  miles  E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  517. 

ANDOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Alleghany  CO., 
New  York,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Genesee  River,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  tlie  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  258  miles  from 
New  York  city.     Pop.  about  500;  of  the  township,  1724. 

A.N'DOVEK,  a  post-village  near  the  S  extremity  of  Sussex 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  55  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

ANDOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ashtabula  CO., 
Ohio,  205  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  of  township  986. 

ANDOVER,  a  village  of  Calhoun  CO.,  Jlichigan,  about  140 
miles  W.  of  Detroit. 


ANDOVER,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois,  about  ?t 
miles  N.W.  of  Peoria. 

ANDRAIX,  in-dvifim,  ANDRACHE,  an-drach.  or.  AN 
DRAIG,  a  seaport  town  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  island  if 
Majorca,  8  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Palma.     Pop.  4609. 

ANDRAUM,  dn'di-Owm,  a  town  of  Southern  Sweden,  2* 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Christianstad,  with  extensive  alum- 
works. 

ANDRAVA,  (3n-drii/va,)  RAY,  Madagascar.  E.  coast,  about 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Amber.  Lat.  (Berry  Head)  12°  56' 
8"S.;  Ion.  49°  56' 5"  E. 

ANDREANOV   (dn-drjl-an-ovO  or   ANDRENO'VIAN    IS- 
LANDS, a  group  of  volcanic  islands  in  the  North  Pacific, 
belonging  to  Rus.sia,  and  forming  the  W.  division  of  the 
Aleutian  islands.     L.at.  52°  57'  N. 
AN'DREAS,  a  parish,  Isle  of  Man. 

ANDREASBERO,  an-drVils-bjRG'.  a  town  of  Hanover.  13 
miles  S.AV.  of  Elbingerode.  on  the  declivity  of  the  Andreas- 
berg,  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  Brocken,  1930  feet  above  the  sea. 
It  is  the  second  in  importance  of  the  mountain  towns  of  the 
Upper  Harz,  and  owes  its  origin  to  the  valuable  mines  of 
iron,  silver,  lead,  copper,  cobalt,  and  arsenic,  which  exist  in 
the  neighborhood,  and  were  first  opened  at  the  ccmmence- 
ment  of  the  sixteenth  century.     Pop.  4;'00. 

ANDKEEVA,  in-dA'^vH/i  or  ENDERI,^n\Ier-ee',  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  of  CHUcasuSjprincipality  of  Koomook, 
(Koumuke.)  40  miles  S.  of  Kizliar.  It  is  the  principal  town 
of  a  Tartar  district,  loosely  governed  by  chiefs,  really  or 
nominally  subject  to  Russia.  There  are  here  some  Moslem 
seminaries  for  Circassian  youths.  Pop.  of  town,  about 
12,000. 

ANDRETTA,  in^ariVti,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Apen- 
nines, 7  miles  E.  of  St.  Angelo.    Pep.  4450. 

AN/DREW,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Missouri,  border- 
ing on  the  Mis.souri  River,  which  separates  it  from  Indian 
Territory,  has  an  area  of  425  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Nodaway  River,  and  intersected  by  the 
PIatt«  and  One  Hundred  and  Two  Rivers,  which  flow  from 
N.  to  S.  The  soil  is  f'erlilo.  Capital,  Savanuah.  Pop.  11, 8505 
of  whom  10.970  wore  free,  and  880  slaves. 

ANDHEW,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  about  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Bellevue,  the  county  seat. 

ANDREW  CHAPEL,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.  Ten- 
nessee. 

ANDREWS,  a  post-office  of  Spottsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

ANDREWS,  a  post-village  in  Congress  township,  Morrow 
CO.,  Ohio,  about  46  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

ANDREW'S  MILL,  a  village  in  Loran  township,  Ste 
phenson  co..  Illinois,  about  15  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Freeport. 

AN'DREWSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  New  York. 

ANDRIA.  an'dre-d.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Bari,  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bari.  It  is  built  on  a  plain,  is  the 
seat  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a  fine  cathedral,  founded  in  1046 
by  Peter  Normanno,  Count  of  Trani.  It  possesses  also  a 
college  and  three  monts  de  piiti.  Its  supply  of  water  is  vei  y 
deficient,  it  has  a  good  trade  in  almonds.  Pop.  in  1862, 
30,067. 

ANDRINOPLE,  a  corruption  of  ADRIANOPLE. 

ANDRITZENA,  dn-drit-sa/nii.  a  town  of  Greece,  Morea,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Kyparissia,  said  to  afford  better  accommoda- 
tion for  travellers  than  most  places  in  the  Morea. 

ANDKO,  dn'dro,  or  AN'DROS,  an  isl.and  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  the  most  northern  of  the  Cyclades,  S.E.  of  Eu- 
boea,  25  miles  long,  6  miles  broad,  and  forming,  with  Tenos, 
a  government  of  Greece.  Pop.  15,200.  (?)  The  island  is 
mountainous,  and  the  soil  fertile. 

ANDROS,  the  capital  of  the  above  island,  on  its  E.  coast, 
has  5000  inhabitant*;,  and  a  harbor  for  small  vessels;  but 
the  best  port  in  the  island  is  that  of  Gaurio,  on  the  Vi .  coast. 

AN'DROS,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands.  Lat.  of  S.  point, 
24°  4'  N. ;  Ion.  78°  45'  W. 

ANDROSCOGGIN, anMros-cog'ghin,  or  AM'ERISCOG'GIN 
RIVER,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Margallaway 
River  and  the  outlet  of  Umbagog  Lake,  in  Coos  CO.,  New 
Hampshire,  and  flowing  southerly  for  some  distance,  turns 
Into  Maine.  After  intersecting  Oxford  and  Androscoggin 
counties,  and  forming  the  boundary  between  Cumborland 
and  Sagadahoc  counties,  it  falls  into  the  Kennebec  River, 
about  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  whole  length  is  about 
140  miles. 

ANDROSCOGGIN,  a  county  of  Maine,  in  the  S.W.  central 
part  of  the  state,  bounded  N.  by  Franklin,  E.  by  Kennebec, 
S.  by  Cumberland,  and  W.  by  Oxford  county;  area,  about 
500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Androscoggin 
River,  and  drained  by  the  Little  Androscoggin  which  afford 
extensive  water-power.  The  railroads  by  which  communi- 
cation is  had  with  other  parts  of  the  state  are  the  Kenne- 
bec and  Penobscot,  the  Androscoggin,  and  the  Maine  Cen- 
tral. Androscoggin  is  one  of  the  best  agricultural  coun- 
ties in  the  state.  It  was  organized  in  1854,  when  the  pop- 
ulation was  about  26,000.  Capital,  Auburn.  In  1860,  the 
population  was  29,726. 

ANDROY,  Sn-droi',  a  territory  of  Madagascar,  occupying 
the  S.  extremity  of  the  island. 

ANDRUSA,  in-droo'sd,  a  town  of  Greece,  department  of 

85 


AND 

Mcsseria,  7  miles  N.W  of  Kalamata,  in  the  Alorea,  formerly 
Important,  but  destroyed  duiing  the  late  war  of  iudepend- 
ence. 

ANBRYCHOW,  andree'-Kov,  or  ANDRICHAU,  an'dre- 
k8w\  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Galicia,  W.  of  Wadowice,  on  the 
Wieprz.     Pop.  300u,  witli  mauutkctures  of  linen  oluth. 

AXDUJAU  or  AXDUXAK.  au-doo/Har,  (anc.  lUilur'gis,)  a 
town  of  Spain,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Jaen,  at  the  foot  of  tlie 
Sierra  Morena,  on  the  Guadalquivir.  A  fine  road,  lined  with 
trees,  ieads  to  the  river,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  several 
alamedas.  Some  export  trade  is  done  in  grain,  fruit,  and 
cattle,  and  in  immense  numbers  of  porous  pitchers,  bottles, 
and  jars,  for  the  purpose  of  cooling  water.  It  is  an  un- 
healthy town,  experiencing  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 
Pop.  9353. 

ANDUZK,  fiso'diiz',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard, 
on  the  Gardon  d'Anduze,  5^  miles  S.W.  of  Alais.  Pop.  (1852) 
5399,  mostly  Protestants.  It  is  ill  built,  but  its  environs 
are  tine,  and  it  has  a  commercial  tribunal  and  manufac- 
tories of  hats,  silk,  twist,  and  leather. 

ANEGADA,  li-n&-g'd/d'L  the  most  N.  of  the  Antilles,  Bri- 
tish West  Indies,  18  miles  N.  of  Virgin  Gorda.  It  is  low, 
and  of  coral  formation ;  at  its  S.E.  extremity  is  a  dangerous 
reef  extending  for  10  miles  outwards,  and  has,  together  with 
the  island,  an  unhappy  celebrity  for  shipwrecks. 

ANERLEY,  au'er-le,  a  station  on  the  London  and  Brigh- 
ton Railway,  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  9  miles  S.  of  London. 

ANET,  dVd',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et- 
Loir,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Ureux,  between  the  Eure  and  Vesgre. 
Pop.  1409.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle  built  by  Henry  II., 
for  Diana  of  Poitiers ;  and  near  it  is  the  plain  of  Ivry,  where 
Henry  IV.,  in  1590,  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the  armies 
of  the  League  under  Mayenne. 

ANET,  i'-aiJ,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  17  miles  WJf.W. 
from  Berne. 

ANEY,  d-ni/,  a  parish  and  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

ANFE,  Jn'fJh,  a  small  port  of  Morocco,  S.W.  of  Salle. 

ANGAM.    See  Axgaum. 

ANGARA,  ing-gd-rd',  a  large  river  of  Siberia,  which  issues 
from  Lake  Baikal,  at  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  Ion.  102°  45'  E.,  and 
passing  the  town  of  Irkootsk,  pursues  a  N.  and  W.  course 
for  about  750  mUes,  when  it  is  joined  by  the  river  Tchado- 
bcts,  and  flowiug  300  miles  fartlier,  tails  into  the  Yenisei. 

ANGAKAES,  dn-gd-rd'fs,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  lluancavelica. 
Pop.  of  the  province  in  1850,  20.300. 

AXGAUil,  Sn-gawm',  or  ANGAM,  S.n-gS,m>,  an  island  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf.  Lat.  2(5°  37'  N.;  Ion.  65° 
54'  E.    It  is  from  5  to  8  miles  long. 

ANGAZIYA  or  ANGAZI.JA,  an-gS-zee'ya,  the  largest  of 
the  Comoro  Islands.    See  Comoro. 

ANGECOURT,  Sszh^koou',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardennes,  S.W.  of  Sedan.    Pop.  431. 

ANGEJA,  dn-zbA/zhl,  a  town  of  Portugal,  Beira.  Pop. 
1600. 

A.NGELFS,  LOS.    See  Los  Angeles. 

ANGEL'ICA,  a  post-village  of  Angelica  township,  in 
Alleghany  county,  New  York,  on  Angelica  Creek,  262  miles 
W.  by  S.  from  Albany,  and  about  3  miles  N.  from  the  Erie 
Railroad.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  2  printing  offices,  a 
bank,  and  numerous  stores.  A  large  quantity  of  lumber  is 
procured  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  of  the  township,  1708;  of 
the  village,  about  1200. 

ANGELINA,  an-je-lee'na,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  in 
Smith  CO.,  toward  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  the 
Neches  a  few  miles  from  Bevilport.  Jasper  co.  The  upper 
portion  is  called  Mud  Creek,  until  it  passes  the  mouth  of 
Shawnee  Creek. 

ANGELINA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area 
of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  An- 
gelina River,  from  which  the  name  is  derived,  and  on  the 
S.W.  by  Neches  River.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies 
and  groves.  Capital,  Marion.  Pop.  4271 ;  of  whom  3585 
were  free,  and  68o  slaves. 

AN'GEL'S  CAMP,  a  very  prosperous  mining  camp,  of 
Calaveras  co.,  California,  on  the  main  road  from  Sacramento 
City  to  Sonora,  about  7  miles  from  the  Stanislaus  River. 
Water  for  mining  is  scarce. 

ANGERA,  dn-jA/rd,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  on  the  E. 
shore  of  Lago  Maggiore,  38  miles  N.W.  of  Milan,  with  ruins 
of  an  ancient  castle,  and  numerous  Roman  antiquities. 
The  vicinity  furnishes  the  delicious  wine  called  rocca. 

ANGERA  P,  du'ga-rdp\  a  river  of  Eastern  Prussia,  rises  in 
the  Mauersee,  passes  Angerburg,  and  at  Insterbm-g  joins 
the  Inster  to  form  the  Pregel. 

ANGERBURG,  dng'^r-b<56Ro\  a  town  of  Eastern  Prussia, 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Gumbiunen,  on  the  Mauersee  and  the 
Angerap.    Pop.  3620. 

ANGERLO,  dng'Her-lo\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  9 
mijes  E.  of  Arnhem.    Pop.  1593. 

ANGERMANN,  ong'er-mitnn,  a  navigable  river  of  Sweden, 

rises  in  tlJe  mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden,  collects 

the  waters  of  several  lakes,  and,  flowing  S.E.,  empties  itself 

into  the  G  ulf  of  Bothnia,  N.  of  Ileruiisaud.  Length,  120  miles. 

86 


ANG 

ANGERMANNLAND,  ong/er-mdn-iand,  or  ANGERMA. 
NIA,  an  old  province  of  Sweden,  now  part  of  the  province 
of  Herniisand. 

ANGERMUNDE,  (Angermiinde,)  dng'er-mtin'deh,  a  town 
of  Prussia,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Berlin,  on  Lake  Miiude,  and  on 
the  Berlin  and  Stettin  Railway.    Pop.  4300. 

ANGERN,  ing'ern,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  17  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Magdeburg.    Pop.  1150. 

ANGERO'NA,  a  post-oflice  of  Jackson  co.,  Virginia. 

ANGERS,  an'jerz,  tbrmerly  written  ANGIERS,*  Fr.  pron 
Sx^Vhi/,  (anc.  JuUom/agus,)  a  fortified  city  of  France,  capita] 
of  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  formerly  capital  of  thb 
province  of  Anjou,  on  the  Mayenne,  4  miles  N.  of  its  juno- 
tion  with  the  Loire,  and  on  the  railway  from  Tours  to 
Nantes,  161  miles  S.W.  of  Paris.  Lat.  of  cathedral,  47°  28' 
17"  N. ;  Ion.  0°  33'  10"  W.  It  is  generally  ill  built,  but  has 
recently  been  much  improved.  Among  its  ancient  struc- 
tures are  the  ruins  of  a  ciistle,  once  the  stronghold  of  the 
Dukes  of  Anjou,  now  a  prison  and  powder  magazine,  the 
cathedral  in  which  Margaret  of  Anjou  was  buried,  vestiges 
of  a  Roman  aqueduct,  the  Hospice  St.  Jean,  founded  by 
Henry  II.  of  England,  and  the  tower  of  St.  Austin.  The 
Mayenne  divides  Angers  into  an  upper  and  lower  town,  and 
its  old  walls  are  converted  into  extensive  boulevards,  planted 
with  trees,  and  lined  with  handsome  houses.  It  has  a  mu- 
seum, a  library  of  35,000  volumes,  a  school  of  arts  and  trades, 
a  riding  school,  and  an  academy  of  belle.s-lettres.  The  mili- 
tary college,  where  Lord  Chatham  and  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton studied,  is  now  removed  to  Saumur.  Angers  is  the  seal 
of  a  royal  college,  university,  and  academy,  has  a  sailcloth 
factory,  manufiictories  of  linen  and  woollen  stuffs,  cotton 
and  silk  twist,  and  hosiery,  sugar  and  wax  refineries,  tan- 
neries, and  a  considerable  trade  in  wine,  corn,  and  slates 
quarried  in  the  neighborhood.  Eernier  the  traveller  and 
David  the  sculptor  were  natives  of  Angers.  The  population 
was,  in  1670,  about  50,000.  After  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  it  gradually  declined ;  and.  in  1789,  before  the  re- 
volution, was  only  27,596.  Since  1815  its  prosperity  has  re- 
vived.    Pop.  in  1852,  46,599,  in  1861,  51.797. 

ANGERSLEIGH,  ing'ggrs-le,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

ANGERVILLE,  fiNo'zhjRVeel',  a  town  of  France,  depai-t- 
ment  of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Orleans, 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Etampes.    Pop.  1534. 

ANGERVILLE,  a  fcwn  of  France,  department  of  Seine  In 
ferieure,  near  Havre.    Pop.  1028. 

ANGERVILLE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine 
Inferieure,  near  Yvetot.    Pop.  1835. 

ANG  HI  ARI,  dn-ghe-d/re,  (anc.  CasHrum  A  ngvlalre  t)  a  town 
of  Tuscany,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Arezzo.    Pop.  3000. 

ANGHIARI,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  on  the  Adige,  N.N.W. 
of  Legnago. 

ANGICOS,  dn-zhee'koce,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio 
Grande-do-Norte,  near  the  Conchas,  about  30  miles  from  its 
mouth.    Pop.  of  the  district,  2000. 

ANGISTRI,  dn-iis'tree,  a  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
.iEgina.  5  miles  S.W.  of  the  island  of  that  name. 

ANGLAJS.    See  England. 

ANGLE,  ftxo'g'l.  a  mountain  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-D6me,  at  the  f)ot  of  which  are  the  celebrated  mineral 
springs  of  Mont  d'Or. 

AN'GLK  or  N  AN'GLE,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

ANGLftS,  6N°'gl5s/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Castres.  Pop.  2S61.  Many  French  com- 
munes have  this  name. 

ANGLKSIiY  or  ANGLESEA,  ang'g'l-see.  (anc.  Mo'na,)  an 
i-sland  and  county  of  North  Wales,  in  the  1  rish  Sea,  connected 
with  the  county  of  Carnarvon,  across  Menai  Strait,  by  the 
Menai  bridge.  It  is  20  miles  long,  and  17  miles  broad.  Pop. 
50,891.  Surtju-elittlediversified.  most  of  the  land  unenclo.sed, 
and  timber  scarce.  Soil  mostly  fertile,  and  tolerably  well  cul- 
tivated for  wheat,  barley,  and  oats,  which,  with  cattle,  fish, 
copper,  and  lead,  are  exported  to  Liverpool.  &c.  Its  copper- 
mines,  discovered  in  1768,  were,  until  1800,  the  most  pro- 
ductive in  the  kingdom;  but  they  have  since  greatly  de- 
clined. The  principal  road  through  the  island  commences 
at  the  Menai  Strait,  which  is  crossed  by  a  magnificent  sus- 
pension bridge,  580  feet  between  the  piers,  and  100  feet  above 
low-water  mark,  allowing  the  largest  vessels  that  navigate 
the  strait  to  sail  under  it.  The  great  Britannia  tnbultir 
bridge,  for  the  conveyance  of  railway  trains  across  the  Menai 
Strait,  was  opened  for  the  first  time,  with  great  ceremony, 
on  March  5, 1849.  Anglesea  is  the  ifdna  of  Tacitus,  who  re- 
presents it  as  the  chief  se.at  of  the  Druids  iu  Britain,  and  i* 
has  numerous  Druidic  remains. 

ANGLESEYVILLE,  ang'g'1-se-vil,  a  chapelry  of  England 
CO.  of  Hants. 

ANGLET,  fiN^'glA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  w)  Bajsefr 
Pyrenees,  near  Bayonne.    Pop.  (1862)  3223. 

ANGLETERRE.    See  England. 

ANGLEY'S  (ang'glez)  BRANCH,  a  post-office  o.   <5arnw  »U 

district.  South  Carolina. 

*  "You  men  of  Angieus,  open  wide  your  pates"— 
"And  lay  tliis  Anujbks  even  with"ttie  ground.' 

Kiny  Jolin,  act  ii.  some  2. 


ANG 


ANII 


ANG'MERING,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ANGOISSE,  6x<''g\Ylco',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Nontron. 

A^GOLA,  ang-gola,  formerly  DON'GO  or  AMBONDE,  Sm- 
bon'di,  a  country  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  commencing 
about  lat.  8°  20'  S.,  and  extending  to  the  river  Coanza,  in 
lat.  19°  20'  S.  Along  the  coast,  the  country  is  flat  and  ste- 
rile, but  mountainous  in  the  Interior,  though  nowhere  at- 
taining any  great  elevation.  It  is  copiously  watered  by 
Tarious  rivers,  with  their  numerous  tributaries.  Among 
the  former  are  the  Coanza,  the  Bengo,  and  the  Danda.  The 
nights  are  cool,  and  the  dews  sufficiently  copious  to  pro- 
mote vegetation.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  ;  gold  and  copper  also  exists.  Here  are  mot  with 
nearly  all  the  specimens  of  the  known  wild  animals  of 
Africa,  including  lions,  tigers,  hyenas,  elephants,  rhinoce- 
roses, hippopotami,  &c.  Angola  has  long  possessed  an  in- 
famous notoriety  for  the  extent  of  its  slave  trade,  which 
Btill  appears  to  be  as  active  as  ever,  notwithstanding  all 
the  efforts  that  have  been  made  for  its  suppression.  Many 
thousands  of  slaveys  are  annually  shipped  to  Brazil.  In 
1840,  not  less  than  70  or  75  vessels,  each  capable  of  carrying 
from  300  to  500  slaves,  visited  this  part  of  the  African 
coast,  each  vessel  performing  4  or  5  voyages  in  the  year. 
The  coast  of  Angola  was  discovered  in  14Sli,  by  the  Portu- 
guese, who  soon  after  Began  to  form  settlements  on  the 
Congo,  and  at  various  points  S.  of  that  river.  They  still 
occupy  the  country,  having  a  number  of  forts  and  commer- 
ci.al  establishments  at  different  places ;  in  some  instances 
extending  manj  hundreds  of  miles  into  the  interior,  where 
the  Portuguese  colonists  and  natives  meet  for  the  purpose 
of  trading.  The  religion  is  Fetishism.  Pop.  estimated  at 
2,000.000. 

ANGOLA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Erie  co..  New  Torlt. 

ANGOLA,  a  post-offlce  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware. 

ANGOLA,  a  post-oflice  of  Onslow  co.,  North  Carolina. 

ANGOLA,  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana, 
144  miles  in  a  straiglit  line  N.E.  of  Indianapolis,  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  fertile  I'egion,  which  is  rapidly  improving. 
The  village  has  an  active  trade,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 

ANGOLA,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  about  45 
miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

ANGOLALLA,  3n-go-ldl'ia,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  in  Shoa, 
In  which  it  holds  the  second  rank  as  the  favorite  residence 
Of  the  sovereign;  on  a  hill,  17  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Ankobar. 

ANGOIIA,  an-go'ra  or  an-goo/r.a,  (Turk.  Engoor  or  Fiigmir, 
?n-gooR/;  anc.  Anci/lra.)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  215  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Constantinople ;  lat.  40°  29'  N.,  Ion.  33°  20'  E.  It 
Is  surrounded  with  ruined  walls,  and  contains  an  old, 
dilapidated  castle.  There  are  17  or  18  khans,  3  ham&ms, 
and  a  market-place,  once  handsome,  but  now  in  ruins,  con- 
siderable remains  of  Byzantine  architecture  belonging  to 
the  ancient  city,  and  a  few  relics  of  earlier  times,  both 
Greek  and  Roman.  Angora  is  celebrated  for  the  long-haired 
goats  bred  in  its  vicinity,  called  by  the  Arabs  the  chamal  or 
camel-goat,  meaning  '•  silky  or  soft."  The  quantity  of  goat's 
wool  exported  was  estimated  by  Mr.  Ainsworth  at  l,25O.0il0 
pounds.  The  items  of  export  next  in  Importance  are  me- 
rino twist  and  goats'  hides,  dyestuffs,  mastic,  tragacanth, 
and  otlier  gums;  also  honey  and  wax.  British  manufac- 
tures are  imported  to  some  extent.  Angora  is  the  seat  of 
a  Greek  bishop.  The  population  has  been  variously  esti- 
mated, but  is  probably  about  35,000,  of  whom  nearly  10,000 
are  Greeks  and  Armenians. 

ANGORNOU  or  ANGORNU,  in-gor-noo',  written  also  AN- 
GORNOW,  a  town  of  Bornoo,  Central  Afric.i,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Kooka,  near  the  W.  bank  of  Lake  Tchad.  Stationary 
population,  30,000.  Though  only  a  straggling  collection  of 
mud  cabins,  it  is  the  centre  of  a  laige  trade  in  slaves,  cot- 
ton, amber,  coral,  metals,  &c. 

ANGOSTA,  an-gos/td.  ANG07/IIA  or  ANGOXA,  an-go'shd, 
a  district  and  three  islands  S.E.  of  Africa,  in  Mozambique 
Channel.  The  district  is  extremely  fertile,  and  is  watered 
by  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

ANGOSTURA,  dn-gos-too'rd,  now  generally  known  as 
BOLIVAR  CITY,  an  important  commercial  town  of  Vene- 
zuela, South  America,  capital  of  the  province  of  Guiana, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Orinoco,  240  miles  from  the  sea. 
There  is  here  a  college,  an  hospital,  and  a  magnificent  hall, 
In  which  the  second  congress,  commonly  called  the  Con- 
gress of  Angostura,  was  installed,  February  15,  1819,  the 
ninth  year  of  the  independence  of  Venezuela.  The  pass 
in  which  Angostura  lies  is  defended  by  Fort  San  Rafell, 
situated  on  a  hill,  across  the  river  from  the  town.  I'rom  the 
mouth  of  the  Orinoco  to  this  city  the  voyage  occupies  from 
20  to  25  days;  back  again,  from  5  to  15  days.  Angostura  ex- 
ports cotton,  indigo,  tobacco,  coffee,  cattle,  &c.  Value  of  ex- 
ports in  1844,  92.364?.     Pop.  in  1840,  8500. 

ANGOULEME,  (AngoulSme,)  SN^'gooM  Jm'  or  S^o^goo^laim', 
(anc.  IncuUslma  or  Iculishna,)  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Charente,  on  the  Charente,  and  on  the  rail- 
way from  Paris  to  Bordeaux,  66  miles  N.E.  of  Bordeaux. 
Pop.  (1S52)  21,155.  It  is  situated  on  an  isolated  hill,  200  feet 
above  the  river,  and,  being  built  of  white  stone,  has  a 
clean,  cbearful  appoarauce.    It  has  an  old  castle,  a  cathe- 


dral, court-house,  theatre,  public  librarv,  hospitals,  s  royal 
college,  numerous  paper-mills,  distilleries,  a  cannon  foun- 
dry, manufactures  of  serges  and  earthenware,  and  an  ex- 
tensive trade,  liicilitated  by  a  small  port  on  the  Charente. 
The  naval  school,  formerly  here,  has.  since  IS^SO,  been  trans- 
ferred to  Brest.  Angouleme  is  the  birthplace  of  Margaret 
de  Valois,  Balz.ac,  and  Montalembert. 

ANGOULEME,  CANAL  D',  ki-ndl' daN«'gooUJm'.  a  canal 
in  the  North  of  France,  extending  from  the  canal  of  St. 
Quentin  (in  Aisne)  to  the  English  Channel  at  St.  Valer}', 
Course,  mostly  parallel  to,  or  identical  with,  the  Somme, 
Length.  76  miles.     It  pas.ses  Ham,  Amiens,  and  Abbeville. 

ANGOUMOJS,  SN<!'goo*mwd/,  an  old  province  of  Frsinco, 
of  which  the  capital  was  Angouleme,  now  forming  the  de- 
partment of  Charente  and  part  of  Dordogne. 

ANGOXA  or  ANGOZHA.    See  Angosta. 

AN"GOY',  a  territory  of  Lower  Guinea,  about  lat.  6°  S., 
bounded  S.  by  the  Zaire  or  Congo  Kiver,  and  W.  by  the  At- 
lantic. 

yliVGT?^,  dng'grd.  a  Portuguese  word  signifying  a  "  creek," 
"  bay,"  or  "  station  fur  ships."      ' 

ANGRA,  dn'grd,  a  seaport  town  belonging  to  Portugal, 
on  the  S.  side  of  Tercelra,  one  of  the  Azores,  of  which  it  is 
the  capital :  lat.  of  custom-house  38°  38'  9"  N ..  Ion.  27°  13'  7" 
\V.  It  is  well-built,  and  regular,  and  its  situation  beauti- 
ful. There  are  here  magazines  of  stores  for  the  use  of  the 
royal  navy,  and  for  merchant  vessels  in  distress.  Angra 
is  the  seat  of  the  local  government,  of  a  bishnjj'R  court, 
which  extends  its  jurisdiction  over  all  the  Azores,  and  is 
the  residence  of  English,  French,  and  Dutch  consuls.  Its 
harbor  is  the  the  only  good  one  in  the  island.  Its  chief 
exports  are  wine  and  grain.    Pop.  10,0€0. 

ANGRAB,  dn-grdiy,  a  river  of  Abyssinia,  takinir  its  rise 
in  Dembea,  falls  into  the  Tacazze  in  lat.  14°  20'  N.  Its 
whole  course  is  about  120  miles. 

ANGRA  DE  CINTRA  (dng'grd  d.i  seen'trfl)  BAY.  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  Africa.  The  S.  part  of  the  bay  is  in  lat.  22° 
68'  N.,  Ion.  10°  30'  W.  The  opening  into  it  is  about  7  miles 
wide,  and  from  7  to  9  fathoms  deep.  Its  extent  inland  is 
about  4  miles. 

ANGRA  DOS  REIS.  dng'grd  doce  rklbs  (or  rAze.)  a  seaport 
of  Brazil,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  70  miles  W.  of  Rio 
.Taneiro.  Lat.  23°  4' S.;  Ion.  44°  30' E.  The  port  in  front 
of  the  town  forms  a  semicircle,  the  extremities  of  wliich  are 
defended  by  forts;  and  the  roadstead,  which  is  shut  in 
from  the  Atlantic  by  the  Ilha  Grande,  affords  anchorage 
for  the  largest  vessels.  Angra  dos  Reis  carries  on  an  exteu- 
sive  trade  with  Rio  Janeiro,  principally  in  coCee.  Pop. 
above  3000. 

ANGRA  DOS  REIS,  a  bay  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  de 
.Janeiro,  in  that  part  of  it  called  Illia  Grande,  from  tlie 
island  of  that  name,  which  shelters  the  bay  from  the  At- 
lantic. It  extends  from  E.  to  W.  about  75  miles,  and  affords 
anchorage  for  the  largest  vessels. 

ANG  1!  A  PEQUENA,  dn'grd  p.A-kiUnd.  (t.  e.  "  little  bay,") 
or  SANTA  -CltUZ,  sdn'td-crooce.  a  bay  on  the  W.  coiust  of 
Africa,  lat.  2(i°  38'  18"  S..  Ion.  15°  0'  32"  E.  In  the  vicinity 
are  extensive  deposits  of  the  nitrates  of  potash  and  .soda. 

ANGRI,  dn'gree,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  on  the  railway  from  Naples  to  Nocera,  Hi 
miles  N.W.  of  Salerno.     I'np.  6-100. 

ANGROGN.\,  dn-STon'yi.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
37  miles  S.W.  of  Torino.     Pop.  26(!0. 

ANG  UILLA  (ang-ghilla.  f^p.Angitila  dn-ghee'ld)  or  SNAKE 
ISLAND,  one  of  the  British  West  India  islands.  Leeward 
Group,  8  miles  N.  of  St.  Martin.  Area.  35  square  miles. 
Pop.  (1842)  2934.  It  is  low  and  wooded;  cotton,  tot)acco, 
and  sugar  are  its  chief  products.  Off  its  N.E.  coast  is  the 
little  island  Anguii-letta. 

ANGUILLARA.  dn-gwil-ld/rd.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
19  miles  S.  of  Padua,  on  the  Adige.    Pop.  2.300. 

ANGUILLAR.\,  a  village  of  the  Pontifical  States,comai'^ 
ca    of,  and  N.W.  of  Rome. 

ANGUS,  ang'gus,  the  old  name  of  Forfarshire  co.,  Scot- 
land. Its  titular  earldom  now  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Ha- 
milton. 

AN  HALT,  dn'hdlt,  three  contiguous  duchies  of  Central 
Germany,  mostly  between  lat.  51°  .and  52°  N..  and  Ion.  11 
and  13  E.,  surrounded  by  Prussian  Saxony.  The  S.W.  por- 
tion, approaching  the  Harz,  is  hilly;  the  centre  is  a  fertile 
plain,  watered  by  the  Saale  and  Elbe.  E.  of  which  the  soil 
is  sandy  and  poor.  Population  chiefly  ProtestaTits,  and 
employed  in  agriculture.  The  fertile  districts,  which  are 
well  cultivated,  produce  a  surplus  of  corn  over  consump- 
tion, with  wine,  tobacco,  flax,  hops,  and  11-uits.  The  forests 
in  Bernburg  occupy  50  square  miles;  there  are  iron,  le.ad, 
and  copper  mines.  Manufactures  of  woollen  goods,  metallic 
and  earthen  wares  are  carried  on;  but  the  chief  exports 
are  the  raw  products.  The  duchies  are  distinguished  by 
the  names  of  their  chief  towns. 

I.  Anhalt-Bernburg,  dn'hdlt-bfRn'biJOiiG,  in  the  W.  Area, 
339  square  miles.     Pop.  in  1852  52,641, 

II.  Anralt-Dessau,  dn'hdlt-d^s'sOw,  in  the  E.  Area,  360 
squa.©  miles.    Pop.  in  1852  68.082. 

XII.  AxuALT-KoTUEN,  dn/bdlt-kiVt^n,  in  the  centie.    Area, 

87 


ANH 


ANN 


318  square  milps.    Pop.  43,677.    See  note  J  under  the  article 
GEKArANT,  pase  755. 

aXHANDUIIY-MIRIM.  in-yan-doo-ee'  me-reex<^.  and  AX- 
HANDUHY-GUAZU,  dn-ydn-doo-eo'  gwi-zoo',  the  names  of 
two  rivers  in  Brazil,  province  of  Matto-Grosso,  rising  in  the 
Serra  Galhano,  witliia  22  miles  of  each  other,  and  falling 
into  the  lUo  Yermelho;  the  former  about  lat.  "20°  ci)'  S.,  the 
latter  in  lat.  21°  20'  S. ;  the  course  of  one  being  about  150 
miles  in  length,  and  the  other  about  2iX)  miles. 

AN  HOLT,  dn'hSlt,  an  island  of  Denmark,  N.  of  Jut- 
land, in  the  Cattegat.  Lat.  of  the  lighthouse  at  its  N.E. 
extremity,  56"  44'  17"  N.;  Ion.  11°  39'  8"  E.  It  is  7  miles  in 
length,  by  4  miles  in  breadth,  and  is  surrounded  by  dan- 
gerous sho.als.  Pop.  200,  who  mostly  live  by  fishing.  Since 
1842  a  floating  light-vessel  is  stationed  S.i!.  of  the  island, 
from  5Iarch  to  December. 

ANHOLT,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  on  the  Alt 
Yssel.  an  affluent  of  the  Yssel,  near  the  Netherlands  frontier, 
13  miles  N.E.  of  Cleves.  Pop.  1950.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  princes  of  Salm-Salm. 

ANIANE,  d^ne-in',  a  to\Vn  of  France,  department  of  H6- 
rault,  on  the  Corbi^res,  16  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Jlontpellier. 
Pop.  2615.  Chief  industry,  cotton-spinning  and  manufac- 
tories of  leather.  Here  are  ruins  of  an  ancient  monastery, 
founded  by  St.  Benoit. 

ANIBA,  d-ne-bd/,  a  smaU  river  of  Portuguese  Guayana; 
after  a  course  of  about  100  miles,  it  forms  with  other  small 
affluents  of  the  Amazon,  the  island  of  Ramos,  in  lat.  2°  36'  S. 

ANICHE,  d'neesh',  a  village  of  Trance,  department  of 
Nord,  E.S.E.  of  Douai,  with  extensive  coal-mines.     Pop.  1818. 

ANICUNS,  d-ne-koons',  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Goyas,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Escal vada,  and  after  a  course  of 
about  200  miles  fiills  into  the  Curumba. 

ANIEH.    See  Anizeh. 

ANlLOltE,  d-ne-lo'r.i.  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Para,  falls  into  the  Madeira,  lat.  5°  10'  S.;  Ion.  60°  40'  W., 
after  a  N.X.'W.  course  of  about  130  miles. 

AXIMALLY,an-e-mal1ee,or  ANIMALAYA,  d-ne-md-ll'yd, 
a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madr.as,  district  of 
Coimbatoor.  23  miles  S.E.of  Paulghautcherry. 

AN  10.    See  Teteroxe. 

ANIO,  d/ne-o,  or  AGNO,  dn'yo,  a  river  of  Naples,  which 
traverses  Terra  di  Lavoro,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Gaeta. 

ANIOOY,  d-ne-oo'6,  or  ANIUJ  or  AXIUY,  dn-yoo'e, 
GnEATER,  and  Lesser,  two  rivers  in  tlie  N.E.  of  Siberia, 
country  of  the  Tchooktchees.  The  former  rises  about  lat.  67° 
10'  N.,  and,  after  a  W.  course  of  270  miles,  falls  into  the 
Kolyma  by  three  outlets,  at  lat.  68°  N.  The  latter  rises  in 
lat.  06°  30'  N.,  and  after  a  N.W.  course  of  about  250  miles, 
also  joins  the  Kolyma,  at  nearly  the  same  point  with  the 
Greater  Aniooy,  the  rivers  gradually  converging  until  they 
meet  at  thtar  embouchures. 

ANIZEU,  d'nee/zJh.  or  HANIFAII,  hd-nee'feh.  a  town  of 
Arabia,  pj-ovince  of  Nedjed  Proper;  lat.  26°  34'' N.;  Ion.  43° 
25'  E.;  beautifully  situated  in  a  valley.  It  is  extensive, 
amply  supplied  with  water,  and  well  built.  Being  situated 
In  the  heart  of  Arabia,  and  at  the  junction  of  many  prin- 
cipal caravan  routes,  it  is  a  place  of  great  commerciiil  im- 
portance. It  is  the  birthplace  of  Abd-ul-Waheb,  founder  of 
the  sect  of  Wah-abees. 

AN  JAR,  dn\jar',  an  uninhabited  island  of  the  Persian 
Gulf,  S.W.  of  Kishm.    Lat.  26°  41'  N.;  ion.  55°  66'  E. 

ANVAR'.  a  district  and  fortified  town  of  West  Ilindoosian, 
province  of  Cutch,  the  town  and  fort  situated  on  the  side  of 
a  hill.  10  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Cutch. 

AXJE-DIVA,  dn-jeh-dee/va  or  ANJADEE'PA,  an  island 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  Hind'oostan,  in  lat.  14°  45'  N. ;  Ion 
74°  15'  E. 

ANJENGA,  dn-jeng'ga  or  ANJUTENGA,  dn-joo-teng'ga, 
a  small  seaport  of  South  Ilindoostan,  province  of  Travaii- 
core.  about  70  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Cape  Comorin.  in  lat.  8°  S9' 
9"  N.,  Ion.  76°  45'  E.  In  1684,  the  East  India  Company 
obtained  permission  to  fortify  Anjenga  and  estalilish  a 
factory;  but  it  was  abandoned  in  1813.  It  exports  good 
coir  cables,  spices,  and  piece  goods. 

ANJER,  dn'yer,  a  town  and  seaport  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indies,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Java,  in  the  Straits  of  Sunda, 
defended  by  a  fort.    Lat.  6°  3'  10"  S..  Ion.  105°  56'  43"  E. 

ANJOS,  dn'zhoce,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao- 
Pedro-do-Rio-Grande,  on  the  Butucarahi.     Pop.  2053. 

AXJOU,  Jn'joo,*  or  an-joo',  (Fr.  pron.  ftN^'zhoo',)  an  old 
province  of  France,  intersected  by  the  Loire,  and  now  form- 
ing the  department  of  Mainfr«t^Loire,  and  parts  of  Sarthe, 
Mayenne,  and  Indre-et-Loire.    Its  capital  was  Aneers. 

ANJOUAN,  one  of  the  Comoro  Islands.    See  Johanna. 


*  This  accentnation  of  Anjou,  when  anglicized,  is  sanctioned 
by  tlie  authority  of  Shakspeare  and  other  poets,  as  well  as  by  the 
genius  of  our  language. 

"  Command  in  An'JOU  what  yonr  honor  pleases." 
"Upon  condition  I  may  quietly 
Enjoy  mine  own,  the  county  Maine  and  Anjou." 

Zfenry  VI.,  part  i.  act  v.  scene  S. 


A  VKAPTT/LY,  a  ionsiderable  town  of  British  India,  prft 
sidency  of  Madras,  24  miles  "W.  of  Yizagapatam. 

ANKARA,  dn-kd'rd,  a  country  or  kingdom  in  the  N.  end 
of  the  island  of  Madagascar,  extending  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  island  from  Cape  Amber  to  lat.  14°  25'  S.,  and  on  the  W. 
side  to  the  river  Samberanoo.  The  country  is  geuer.ally 
elevated,  formed  by  small  hills  and  plateaus,  disposed  like 
an  amphitheatre,  and  cut  up  by  deep  ravines.  The  whole 
coasts  are  deeply  indented  with  extensive  well-sheltered 
bays.  The  country  is  now  suliject  to  the  Ilovas,  and  is 
nearly  depopulated,  the  shores  and  the  banks  of  the  streams 
being  almost  the  only  parts  inhabited. 

ANKASSGERRY,  dn-kds-gher/ree,  or  ANKOSGERRY,  a 
town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  the  Mysore  territories,  40  miles  S.E. 
of  Bangalore. 

ANKLAM  or  ANCLAM,  dn'kldm,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Pomerania,  47  miles  N.AV.  of  Stettin,  capital  of  the 
circle,  on  the  Peene,  7  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Kleine 
llaff.     Pop.  8410,  who  manufacture  linens  and  woollens. 

ANKOBKR  or  ANKOBAR,  dn-ko/ber.  a  town  of  Abyssinia, 
capifcil  of  the  state  of  Shoa,  on  a  mountain,  near  lat.  9°  34' 
N.,  and  Ion.  39°  53'  E.,  at  an  elevation  of  8198  feet.  Pop. 
estimated  at  from  12.000  to  15000.  It  is  .said  to  consists  of 
clusters  of  thatched  houses,  enclosed  by  stockades,  and  in- 
tersper.sed  with  trees.  Chief  buildings,  a  royal  residence, 
and  several  churches. 

ANKOVA,  dn-ko'vd,  a  kingdom  of  Madagascar,  occupy- 
ing nearly  the  precise  centre  of  the  island,  and  the  most 
powerful  of  all  the  states  in  it.  It  is  destitute  of  wood,  and 
is  without  roads,  canals,  or  other  means  of  conveyance, 
rendering  its  capabilities  unavailing,  and  confining  the 
consumption  of  its  own  produce,  chiefly  rice  and  cotton,  to 
the  inhabitants. 

ANLOO,  dn-liy,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Drenthe,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Assen.    Pop.  2216. 

AN'MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ANNA,  dn'nd,  or  ANA,  a/nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  41  miles 
S.W.  of  Valencia.    Pop.  884. 

ANNA.    See  Annah. 

ANNA,  (SANTA,)  several  places  inSouth  America,  &c.  See 
Santa  Anna. 

AN'NABERG\  (Ger.  pron.  dn'nd-bjRo'.)  a  mining-town  of 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  in  Erzgebirge,  18  miles  S.  of  Cnem- 
nitz.  Pop.  6780.  It  has  mines  of  silver,  tin,  and  cobalt, 
manufactories  of  fine  lace  and  silk  ribbons,  a  Ivceum,  and  a 
good  library.  Axnaberq  is  also  the  name  of  numerous  places 
throughout  Germany. 

ANNABONW.     See  AnnoeoN. 

ANNABURG,  dn'nd-booRg\  a  markot-town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  12  miles  N.  of  Torgau,  with  1600  inhabitants,  and 
an  asylum  for  soldiers'  children. 

AN'NADUFF',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  eo.  of  Leitrim. 

ANNAGII,  dn-nd/,  two  islands  of  Ireland,  province  of 
Connaught.  co.  of  Mayo;  one  between  the  island  of  Achil 
and  the  mainland,  and  the  other  in  Loch  Conn. 

AN'NAGOON'DY,  a  small  district  of  British  India,  in  Be- 
japoor,  province  of  Deccan,  extending  along  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Toombuddra  River.  Sur&ce  wild  and  hilly,  and  covered 
with  wood.    Chief  town,  Bijanagur. 

ANNAH,  dn'nd.  a  town  of  Turkey,  capital  of  a  sanjak.  on 
the  Euphrates,  and  on  the  car.avan  roxite  from  Ba^rdad  to 
Aleppo,  about  160  miles  N.W.  of  the  former.  Pop.  5000.(?) 
The  number  of  houses  is  about  1800. 

ANNAMABOE.    See  Axamaboe. 

AN^NAMOO/KO,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  Lat.  20° 
15'  S. ;  Ion.  175°  2'  W. 

AN'NAN,  a  river  of  Scotl.and.  falls  into  the  Solway  Frith. 

AN'NAN,  a  parliamentary  borough,  seaport  town,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dumfries,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  I5  miles  from  the  Solway  Frith.  Pop.  of 
parliamentary  borough  in  1851,  4570. 

AN'NANDALE',  the  valley  of  the  Annan,  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries,  a  tract  of  country  about  30  miles  in  length  and 
from  15  to  18  in  breadth. 

ANNAP'OLIS,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  capital  of  the 
state  of  Maryland  and  of  .^nne  Arundel  co.,  on  the  south 
bank  of  Severn  River,  2  miles  from  its  entrance  intoChessk- 
peake  Bay,  SO  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Baltimore,  and  37  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Washington.  Lat.  38°  68'  50"  N.,  Ion.  76°  29' 
W.  The  Annapolis  and  Elk  Ridge  Railroad,  21  miles  long, 
connects  it  with  the  Baltimore  and  Washington  llaihoad. 
Annapolis  contains  a  fine  state-house.  a  bank.  6  cburchea, 
a  market-house,  and  2  printing  offices.  It  is  the  seat  of 
St.  John's  College,  incorporated  by  tlie  General  Assembly 
in  1789.  It  receives  a  regular  income  from  the  State  Gov- 
ernment. Tlireo  newspapers  are  issued  at  -Annapolis.  The 
United  States  naval  academy,  established  liere  in  1845,  to 
educate  officers  for  tlie  navy,  has  been  removed  to  New- 
port, Rhode  Island.  Pop.  about  5000.  Annapolis  was 
founded  about  1649.  The  settlement  vfas  at  first  called 
Providence,  afterward  Anne  Arundeltown;  and  lastly,  hav- 
ing received  a  city  charter  in  170S,  Annapolis,  (i.e.  ''the 
city  of  Anne,")  in  honor  of  Queen  Anne,  who  bad  bestowed 
several  valuable  presents  on  the  town,  given  an  organ  to 
one  of  their  churches,  &c. 


ANN 

ANNAPOLIS,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  68  miles  N. 
of  Columbus. 

ANNAPOLIS,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  15  miles 
W.  of  Steubenville. 

ANNAPOLIS,  a  flourishing  postrvillago  of  Parke  co.,  In- 
diana, 75  miles  W.  of  Indianapolis,  is  surrounded  by  a  fer- 
tile country,  wliich  is  mostly  well  cultivated. 

ANNAPOLIS,  a  river  of  Nova  Scotia,  North  America,  at 
its  mouth  expands  into  a  wide  estuary,  and  falls  into  the 
Sea  of  Annapolis,  after  a  coui-se  of  about  70  miles.  Naviga- 
ble about  30  miles. 

ANNAP'OLIS,  formerly  FORT  ROYAL, a  fortified  seaport 
town  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Annapolis, 
In  a  fine  inlet  of  tlie  Bay  of  Fundy,  95  miles  \V.  of  Halifax. 
Though  the  first  I'.uropean  .settlement  in  this  partof  Morth 
America,  having  lieen  founded  in  1604,  it  is  neither  popu- 
lous nor  flourishing.  The  harbor  is  excellent,  but  tlie  en- 
trance is  through  a  difficult  strait.  The  place  was_ originally 
gettled  by  the  French,  but  they  were  soon  after  expelled  by 
the  English,  who  founded  the  town  in  the  time  of  Queen 
Anne,  wlinnce  the  name  Annapolis,  or  "City  of  Anne." 

ANNAPOLIS,  a  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  North  America, 
extending  along  nearly  the  whole  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 
Ihe  soil  is  chiofly  marsh  and  upland.     Pop.  in  1827,  14,061. 

ANNAPOLIS  JUNCTION,  a  post-office  of  Anne  Arundel 
CO.,  Mayrland. 

ANN  ARBOR,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Washtenaw 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Huron  River,  and  on  the  Michigan  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  .38  miles  W.  of  Detroit.  It  lias  tlie  reputation 
of  being  one  of  tlie  most  pleasant  and  healthy  phtces  in  the 
state.  The  site  is  elevated  and  dry,  and  the  town  is  regu- 
larly laid  ont.  The  state  university,  established  at  this 
place  in  18:!7,  is  a  flourishing  and  liberally  endowed  institu- 
tion,att ended  l)y  about  950  students.  The  buildings  are  large 
and  pleasantly  situated.  It  has  a  library  of  90(X)  volumes,  an 
astronomical  observatory,  and  a  well  equipped  chemical  lab- 
oratory. The  three  colleges,  literary,  medical  and  law,  are 
largely  attended.  Ann  Arbor  is  situated  in  an  excellent 
farming  district,  has  an  active  trade,  and  contains  manu- 
factories of  wool,  iron,  ploughs,  and  flour,  for  which  tlie 
river  furijishes  motive-power.  The  city  also  contains  8 
churches,  1  national  bank,  2  Qther  banks,  and  a  large 
union  school.  4  weekly  newspapers  are  issued  here.  I'op. 
of  the  township  in  1850,  4SC8 ;  in  1860,  5097  ;  and  in  1864, 
8924. 

ANN  ARUNDEL.    See  Anne  Arundet,. 

AN'NATOM'.i\n  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,New  Hebrides, 
lat.  21°  S.,  Ion.  170°  E. 

ANNAWAI'KA,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Alabama. 

AN^NA^VUT'TV,  a  small  town  of  India,  Mysore  territory, 
61  miles  N.  of  liednore. 

ANNE  ARUNDEL,  ann  i-run'dfl,  a  county  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Maryland,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 
about  5  miles  S.  of  Baltimore,  has  an  area  of  750  square 
miles.  The  Patap.sco  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N. 
and  N.E..  the  I'atuxent  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  eastern  part  is 
traversed  by  South  and  Severn  Rivers.  The  surface  varies 
from  undulating  to  hilly;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
Wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  tobacco,  hay,  and  butter  are  the 
staples.  In  1850  it  produced  925,448  bushels  of  corn,  (more 
than  any  other  county  in  the  state  excepting  Prince  George ;) 
and  4,52.'5,340  pounds  of  tobacco,  (more  than  any  other  county 
except  Queen  Anne.)  The  principal  rocks  are  red  sandstone, 
gneiss,  and  sei-pentine;  copper  and  iron  are  found.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore  and  Washington 
Railroad,  and  in  part  by  the  Annapolis  Branch  Railroad. 
Anne  Arundel  is  the  third  county  in  the  state  with  respect 
to  population,  and  is  important  as  containing  Annapolis, 
the  capital  of  Maryland.  Named  in  honor  of  Lady  Anne 
AniniUI,  afterwards  the  wife  of  Cecilius,  Lord  Baltimore. 
Pop.  2:i,y00;  of  wlioni  16,508  were  free,  and  7332  slaves. 

ANNECY,  dnn'^sie', atownof  the  Sardinian  dominions,  in 
Savoy,  capital  of  the  province  of  Genevese,  at  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  a  lake  of  tlie  same  name.  22  miles  S.  of  Geneva. 
Pop.  9000.  Chief  edifices,  a  cathedral,  bishop's  palace,  and 
old  castle. 

ANNECY,  L.'VKE  OF,  in  Savoy,  province  of  Genevese,  22 
miles  S.  of  Geneva,  is  9  miles  in  length  from  N.W.  to  S.E., 
from  1  to  2  miles  in  breadth,  and  1420  feet  above  the  sea. 
At  its  N.W.  extremity  it  discharges  its  surplus  waters  into 
the  B'ieran,  an  affluent  of  the  Rhone. 

ANNECY  LK  VIEUX,  dnn'see/  leh  ve-uh',  (anc.  BmJtfef) 
a  village  2J  miles  N.E.  of  Annecy.  Pop.  1320.  It  appears 
to  have  been  an  important  place  under  the  Romans,  and 
has  many  remains  of  antiquity. 

ANNEJIASSE,  Snn^milss',  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  Savoy, 
on  the  Arve,  6  miles  i<.  of  Carouge,  with  many  Roman  re- 
mains.   Pop.  1040. 

ANNESLEY,  an'nes-le  or  anzlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Notts. 

ANNESTOWN,  ans'town,  a  maritime  village  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  and  lOj  miles  S.W.  of  Waterford,  on  a  small  bay. 
Pop.  149. 

AN/NET,  one  of  the  Scilly  islands,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of 
England,  oS  the  Land's  End. 


ANS 

ANNEVOYE,  Inn'vwl/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  prtvince  of 
Namur,  on  the  Meuse,  N.  of  Dinant,  with  important  fur- 
naces, producing  annually  iron  valued  at  800,000  francs. 

ANNEYRON,  in^nAV^N"',  a  town  of  Franw,  department 
of  Drome.    Pop.  2891,  with  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle. 

ANNI  or  ANI,  in'nee,  (L.  Ahnicum,)  a  ruiiied  city  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  28  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Kars,  on  the  Arpa-Chal. 
Its  walls,  about  6  miles  in  circumference,  and  some  fine  Ar 
meniau  churches,  are  still  nearly  perfect ;  remains  of  it* 
ancient  palace,  a  citadel,  and  numerous  stone  iiuildings, 
exist.  Until  taken  by  Alp  Arslan,  in  1064,  it  whs  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Pakradian  (Bagratian)  kings  of  Armenia. 

AN'NIN  CREEK, apost-ofliceofMcKean CO..  Pennsylvania. 

ANWl.'^QUAM',  a  post-offlce  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts. 

ANNiyiERS,  VAL  D',  \l\  ddn-nee've-i',  (Ger.  Eirijlschthal, 
ine'fish-t3l,)  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  A'aluis. 

AKNOBON,  ^n^no-bon',  (Port.  Jnwo  Bom,  dn'no-biN"',) 
a  small  but  beautiful  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  lat, 
1°  24'  S.,  Ion.  5°  35'  E.  It  is  4  miles  long,  and  2  wMe,  and 
rises,  from  an  unfiithomable  depth,  to  the  height  of  30 00  feet. 
It  is  covered  with  rich  vegetation.  "Vessels  often  stop  here 
for  refreshments. 

ANN(EULIN,  in^nchM^N"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  arrondissement  of  Lille.    Pop.  3405. 

ANNONAY,  in'no'niU,  (L.  Annmteum  or  Annmiiacum.y  & 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ardfeche,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Cance  and  the  Deaume,  here  crossed  by  a  suspension 
bridge,  37  miles  S.  of  Lyons.  Pop.  (1852)13214.  It  has 
thriving  manufactures  of  glove  leather,  (350,000  dozen  skins 
being  prepared  here  annually.)  and  is  noted  for  its  p-iper, 
made  at  the  mills  erected  by  the  Montgolfiers,  inventors  of 
the  air-balloon,  who  were  natives  of  this  town. 

ANNONE,  dn-no'n.l,  a  walled  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
Tanaro,  and  on  the  railway  fiom  Turin  to  Genoa,  15  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  1990. 

ANNOT,  in'no/,  a  small  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ba.sses-Alpes,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Digne.     Pop.  1178. 

ANNS/BU1{G,  atownsliip  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  about 
45  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  126. 

ANNS/VILLE,  a  township  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York,  about 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Syracuse.    Pop.  2837. 

ANNSVILLE,  a  village  of  Dinwiddie  co.,  Virginia,  about 
75  miles  N.W.  by  W.  from  Norfolk. 

ANNVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ANNWEILER,  inn'^Tler,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on 
the  Queich,  7  miles  W.  of  Landau.  Pop.'2696.  It  was  foi^ 
merly  a  free,  importing  city,  and  has  ruins  of  the  castle  of 
Triefel.s  in  which  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  was  confined  in  1139 

ANO'KA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota 
on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Mississippi,  at  the  junction  of  Kuni 
River,  about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Paul.  A  dam  has  been 
constructed  across  Rum  River  at  this  place  by  whicli  means 
a  valuable  water-power  lias  been  secured  for  mills.  The 
stream  is  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge  of  137}^  feet  span, 
costing  $4000.     Pop.  602. 

ANOK.\.  a  county  in  the  K.  part  of  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi  river.    Pop.  2100.    See  APPENmx. 

ANOPSIIEIIR,  an-op-shair',  or  AN  APASHEHER,  a-nM-p-a- 
sh^H'ligr,  a  populous  town  of  British  India,  in  Agra,  on  the 
Ganges,  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Delhi. 

ANOR,  i'noa',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Avesues.  Pop.  3006.  It  has  important  iron- 
works. 

ANOST,  i^nost/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Sa6ne- 
et-Loire,  near  Autun.     Pop.  (1852)  3863. 

ANOT'TA,  a  bay  and  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Jamaica,  lat. 
18°19'N.,  Ion.  76°  33' AV. 

AN  OVER  DE  TAJO,  d-no-vais/  Ak  Who,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  New  Castile,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  1554. 

ANRATII.  in'rdt,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Dusseldorf,  circle  of  Crefeld.    Pop.  1000. 

ANROCIITE,  (Anrochte,)  dn'i-tiKHeh,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
in  Westphalia,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Arnsberg.     Pop.  1000. 

ANS,  6n"  or  ins,  a  village  of  Belgium.  IJ  miles  N.W.  of 
Liefe.    Pop.  3862.    It  is  a  station  on  the  Waremme  Railway. 

ANSE,  6xs,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Rhone, 
near  the  Saone,  13 miles  N.  of  Lyons,  in  a  district  remaika- 
ble  for  its  fertility.    Pop.  (1852)  2050. 

ANSE-BERTRAND,  aNs-bjRHr6N«',  a  commune  of  Guade- 
loupe, Antilles,  on  the  coast,  N,W.  of  Grand  Terre. 

ANSE-D'ARLET,  6Ns-daR^l;l/,  a  commune  of  the  above 
island.    It  produces  the  best  coffee  in  the  island. 

ANSE,  LA  GRANDE,  &Ns  \i  grfixd,  a  commune  of  Mar- 
tinique, Antilles,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island.    Pop.  4500. 

AN'SELM,  a  post-offlce  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

ANS-ET-GLAIN,6Ns-A-gl^N<',  a  commune  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Liege,  on  the  railway  between  Waremme  and  Liege, 
2  miles  N.N.W.  of  the  latter  town.    Pop.  4071. 

ANSLEY,  anzlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

ANSLEY  BAY  or  GOOB  DUCNOO^aninlet  of  the  Red 
Sea,  Abyssinia,  extending  S.  from  Dissee,  or  Valentia  island, 
(lat.  15°  6')  for  about  25  miles  S. 

ANSO,  in'so,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Iluesoa,  21 
miles  N.W.  of  jaca.    Pop.  1416.    It  exports  excellent  wool. 

AN/SON,  a,  county  in  the  S.  part  of  North  Carolina,  bor- 


ANS 


ANT 


dering  on  South  (^rolina,  has  an  area  of  650  square  miles. 
Rocky  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  X.,  and  the 
Yadkin  or  Pedee  on  the  E.  It  is  also  drained  by  Brown's 
and  Lane's  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly;  the 
soil  mostly  fertile.  In  1S60  this  county  produced  10,864 
Ijales  of  cotton;  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any 
county  in  the  state,  except  Surry.  Granite  underlies  a  por- 
tion of  the  county.  The  Yadkin  furnishes  motive-power  for 
several  cotton  factories.  It  is  intersected  by  a  plank-road 
leading  to  Cheraw,  South  Carolina.  Capital.  Wadesliorough. 
Foi-med  in  1749,  and  named  in  honor  of  Admiral  Anson,  the 
famous  navigatur.  Pop.  13,664;  of  whom  6713  were  free, 
and  0951  slaves. 

ANSON,  a  post-townsliip  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Kennebec,  40  miles  N.  by  "\V.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  2100. 

AN'SON  BAY,  In  the  Canton  Kiver,  China,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Boca  Tigris,  at  its  entrance,  between  the  pro- 
montories of  Chuenpee  and  Anunghoy.  Herea  Chinese  fleet 
was  defeated  and  destroyed  by  the  British.  January  7. 1841. 

AXSON  BAY,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia,  lat.  13°  30' 
S.,  Ion.  130°  E. 

ANSOXIA.  an-so'ne-a,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  post- 
village  of  Derby  township.  New  Haven  county,  Connecticut, 
on  the  Naugatuck  Kailroad  and  Hirer,  5  miles  N.  of  Derby, 
and  16  miles  X.  of  Bridgeport.  This  Tillage,  which  has 
grown  up  witliin  the  last  few  years,  owes  its  prosperity  en- 
tirely to  manufactures,  which  are  here  extensively  carried 
on.    It  contains  2  or  3  chtu-ches,  and  a  tine  scliool. 

AX'SON'S  ISLAND  or  LORD  ANSON'S  ISLAND,  an 
Island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  called  by  the  natives 
Bouka;  lat.  of  the  northernmost  point,  5°  C  S.,  Ion.  154° 

AXSPACH,  ins'plK,  or  AXSBACII,  a  fortified  city  of  Ba- 
Taria,  on  the  Rezat,  25  miles  S.W.  of  X'uremberg.  Pop. 
12,245.  It  has  a  ro}'al  castle,  ancient  residence  of  the  mar- 
graves of  Anspach-Baireuth,  a  public  library  of  15,000  vo- 
lumes, and  manufactures  of  cotton  and  half-silken  stuffs, 
tobacco,  earthenware,  playing-cards,  cutlery,  and  white-lead. 

AXSTEY,  an'stee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

AXSTEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

AXSTEY,  a  ixarish  of  England,  co.  of  Milts. 

AXSTEY,  EAtT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

AXSTEY,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  ad- 
joins the  above  on  the  X. 

AX'STOX  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AX'STRUTHER,  E.4STER  and  Wester,  two  contigu- 
ous parliamentary  boroughs  and  parishes  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Fife,  forming,  with  Kilrenny,  a  continuous  narrow  town 
along  the  Frith  of  Forth,  13^  miles  S.E.  of  Cupar.  United 
pop.  1446.  There  is  a  good  harbor.  These  boroughs  unite 
with  Cupar,  Crail,  &c.  in  returning  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  Anstruther-Easter  was  the  birthplace 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Chalmers,  who  died  in  Edinburgh,  May 
31,  1847. 

AXT.4.,  in'tl,  a  town  of  Peru,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Cuzco. 
Lat.  13°  25'  S. ;  Ion.  70°  35'  W. 

ANTA,  in'ti.  a  small  lake  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  near  Cabo  Frio. 

AXTAKIA,  the  modem  name  of  Axtioch,  which  see. 

AXTALO  or  AXTALOW,  dn-tllS.  a  town  of  Abyssinia, 
capital  of  the  state  of  Tisrre,  on  a  declivity,  160  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Gondar,  said  to  comprise  about  1000  houses. 

ANTALOX,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1045. 

AXTAXG.  JnHing',  a  village  and  district  at  the  E.  end 
of  the  island  of  Java,  lat.  7°  43'  S.,  Ion.  119°  0'  E.,  about  2000 
feet  above  the  sea.  In  its  vicinity  are  numerous  Hindoo 
antiquities,  consisting  of  figures  of  Brahma,  Ganessa,  Ac. 
Population  variously  stated  at  7627  and  10,000. 

ANTARCTIC  Ocean,  the  name  given  to  the  expanse  of 
water  around  the  South  Pole,  within  the  Unlit  of  the  Ant- 
arctic Circle,  but  frequently  used  in  a  more  extensive  sense 
to  designate  the  cold,  oceanic  regions  in  high  southern  lati- 
tudes, without  any  very  positive  regard  to  the  limits  of  the 
Antarctic  Cirele.  The  mystery  in  which  these  all  hut  wholly 
unknown  regions  were  shrouded,  had  invested  them  with 
an  interest  which  prompted  many  a  daring  adventure,  but, 
until  recently,  without  any  good  result.  It  is  now  other- 
wise, although  there  is  yet  much  to  learn ;  a  space  equal  to 
double  the  area  of  Europe  being  still  unexplored.  The  Ant- 
arctic Ocean  was  long  considered  impenetrable  for  ships,  on 
aoisount  of  the  ice,  which  extends  much  further  from  the  pole 
than  in  the  .\rctic  Ocean.  January  2S,  1S41,  Sir  James  Koss, 
in  lat.-77°32'S.,  and  Ion.  167°  E.,  discovered  a  volcano  12,400 
feet  above  the  se*,  which  he  named  >Iount  Erebus,  after  one 
of  the  ships  of  the  expedition.  A  little  further  E.  another, 
but  extinct  volcano  was  seen,  and  named  Mount  Terror, 
after  the  other  ship  of  the  expedition.  Sir  James  is  of  the 
opinion  that  no  vegetation  exists  in  this  high  southern  lati- 
tude, no  trace  of  it  having  been  visible  on  Franklin  Island, 
(12  miles  long  and  6  broad,)  in  lat  76°  8'  S.,  Ion.  16S°  12'  E. 
It  would  also  appear  that  the  seas  are  comparatively  shallow 
in  these  regions,  the  soundings  of  the  Erebus  and  Terror 
rarely  exceeding  400  fathoms,  and  being  more  frequently 
00 


from  200  to  300.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  discoveries  of 
this  expedition  was  that  of  the  permanently  low  barometric 
pressure  in  high  southern  latitude  over  the  whole  Antaro- 
tic  Ocean ;  a  pressure  inferior,  bj-  more  than  one  inch  of 
mercury,  to  what  is  found  between  the  tropics.  The  posi- 
tion of  "the  southern  magnetic  pole.  Sir  James  places  in  Vio 
toria  Land,  in  lat.  75°  5'  S.,  Ion.  154°  8'  E.  It  was  the  opi- 
nion of  Captain  Cook,  and  is  now  ascertained  beyond  a 
doubt,  that  the  ice  of  the  antarctic  greatly  prtdoniinates 
over  the  arctic  regions;  that  encircling  the  South  Pole  com- 
ing 10°  nearer  the  Equator  than  the  ice  around  the  North 
Pole.  The  extreme  points  which  have  been  reached  by 
navigators  are  lat.  (Biscoe,  F'ebruarv  1,  1831.)  CS°  51'  S.; 
Ion.  12°  E.;  lat.  (Ross,  February  2,  1841,)  78°  10'  S.;  Ion. 
161°  27'  W. 

AXTAREE  or  ANTARI,  an-ta'ree\  a  small  village  of 
South-eastern  Africa,  on  the  Zanibeze. 

AXTAS,  dn'tds,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  40  miles 
N.E.  of  Almeria.  The  population,  almost  exclusively  agri- 
cultural, is  2300. 

AXTEQUERA,  Jn-tA-bA'ra,  (anc.  Jntir,va'ria.)  a  city  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  capital  of  the  judicial  district  of  the 
same  name,  28  miles  X.X.W.  of  Jl.ilaga.  I'op.  17.C31.  The 
city,  which  is  clean  and  well  built,  has  eight  squares,  of 
various  sizes  and  degrees  of  elegance,  six  churches,  an  in- 
firmary, poor-house,  a  foundling  hospital,  a  general  hospital, 
two  collegiate  schools,  in  which  all  linniches  of  education  are 
taught,  a  theological  seminary,  numerous  convents,  several 
hermitages,  and  an  extramural  cemetery  In  the  old  town, 
which  lies  higher  up  the  hill  than  the  modern  city,  there 
is  a  Moorish  castle,  built  on  Roman  foundations.  The  city 
is  well  supplied  with  good  water.  There  are  in  this  city 
eight  water-mills  for  spinning  and  weaving  woollen  fabrics, 
ten  tanneries,  with  an  equjil  number  of  erathenwm-e  facto- 
ries, and  several  dyers. 

AXTERRIEUX,  isoHjE-Re^rh',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cantal.  It  it-places  the  ancient  Anderilum, 
capital  of  the  Gabals. 

AXTERY  or  AXTARI.  3uH<H-ree',  a  considerable  town  of 
Hiudostan,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  (jwalior. 

ANTES,  a  post-town.ship  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Blah  ca, 
Penusvlvania.    Pop.  2204. 

AXri'ESTOWN  or  AXTISTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Blair  co., 
Pennsylvania. 
AN'THOX  Y,  an'to-ne,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 
AXTUONY,  an'to-ne,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

ANTHONY,  a  township  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  9'>5. 

ANTHONY,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  559. 

AXTHONY,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  Indiana. 
AXTHON  Y'S  CREEK,  post-ofiice  of  Greenbiier  co..Tirginia. 
ANTHONY'S  HILL,  rSpan.  Monte.  San  Jntmtin.  mon'ti 
s3n  dn-to'ne-o.)  a  mountain  and  port  of  North  Spain,  17 
miles  W.  of  liilboa. 

ANTHONY'S  (or  St.  ANTHONY'S)  NOSE,  in  Jlontgomery 
CO.,  New  York,  the  extremity  of  a  hill  or  mountain  called 
the  Klips,  (i.  e.  "rock  or  cliff,")  on  the  X.  bank  of  the  Mo- 
hawk, resembling  a  nose  300  or  400  feet  lopg. 

AXTHOXY'S  (or  St.  AXTHOXY'S)  XO.SE.  in  Putnam  co., 
New  York,  a  bold  promontory  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Ili\dson, 
projecting  from  the  S.  side  of  Bi-eakneck  Hill,  at  the  N.  en- 
trance to  the  hiirhlands.  57  miles  from  New  York. 
ANTH0NY'S"^S110ALS,  a  post-office  of  Elbert  co.,  Georsia. 
AXTIBES.  6N«Heeb/.  (anc.  Anlqili,Us.)  a  Strongly  fortified 
seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Var.  at  the  termina- 
tion of  a  peninsula  in  the  Mediterranean.  10  miles  S.E.  of 
Grasse.  Lat.  43°  35'  9"  N.:  Ion.  0°  67'  65"  E.  Pop.  (1S52| 
6133,  mostly  employed  in  fishing,  curing  fish,  and  trading 
in  dried  fniits  and  "oil.  It  h.is  some  structures  of  high  anti- 
quity. Its  port,  small  but  deep,  is  enclosed  by  a  mole,  and 
defended  at  its  entrance  by  Fort  Carre  on  a  rooky  islet,  on 
which  a  lightrhouse  was  erected  in  1S34.  On  every  side,  the 
town  is  environed  by  olive,  orange,  and  vine  plantations. 
Founded  by  a  Greek  colony  from  Slarseilles,  B.  c.  340. 

ANTICOSTI,  an-te-kos'toe,  a  large  desert  island  of  Canada 
East,  in  the  estuary  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  between  lat.  49° 
and  50°  N..  and  Ion.  62°  and  65°  W.  Area  estimated  at 
2000  square  miles.  Interior  mountainous  and  wooded; 
climate  severe.  The  N.  coast  is  high,  ami  without  harbors; 
the  S.  shore  low,  and  verv  dangerous.  The  light-house  on 
its  S.W.  point  is  in  lat.  4*9°  23'  53"  N.;  Ion.  63°  38'  47"  W. 
ANTIETAM  (an-tee'tam)  CREEK,  rises  in  tlio  S.  i)art  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  flowing  S.  into  Maryland,  falls  into  the 
Potoniac  River.  This  stream  gives  its  name  to  a  great 
battle  fought  Sept.  17,  1862,  in  Maryland,  between  the 
Union  troops  under  Gen.  McClellan  and  the  Confederates 
comtnande<l  by  Gen.  Lee.     The  former  were  victorious. 

ANTIGXAXO,  in-t<;en-yd'no,  a  town  of  Istria,  32  miles 
N.W.  of  Fiume.  Pop.  1200,  who  trade  in  wine  and  oil. 
ANTIGNANO,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  near  Asti.  Pop.  1750 
ANTIGN  .\N0,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  fort  or  the  coast. 
ANTIGN  Y,  dN^Heen^-ee',  a  village  of  France,  d'^Mrtmeut 
of  Vieune,  2  miles  S.W."  of  St.  Savin.    Pop.  1126 


ANT 


ANT 


ANTIGUA,  3n-tee'gd,  a  British  West  India  Island,  in  the 
Leeward  (iroup.  Lat.  of  St.  John's,  17°  8'  N. ;  Ion.  Gl°  52'  W. ; 
22  miles  S.of  Barbuda,  and  50  miles  N.  of  Guadeloupe.  Area, 
about  108  square  luiles.  Pop.  (1847)  36,190.  First  settle- 
ment of  British  took  place  in  1G.32.  Coasts  deeply  indented 
and  rugged ;  interior  rich  and  highly  diversified.  Climate 
remarkable  for  dryness.  In  favorable  years  sufficient  grain 
is  produced  for  home  consumption.  Total  value  of  exports 
In  1844,  $1,282,450,  of  which  sugar  amounted  to  $998,085,  and 
mol.T^sses  to  $257,318;  value  of  imports  in  the  same  year, 
$774,650,  of  which  British  and  Irish  produce  amounted  to 
$422,615.  Legislature  intrusted  to  a  governor,  a  council  of 
12,  and  an  assembly  of  25  members.  Public  revenue,  (1842,) 
$82,512;  expenditures,  $76,859.  Chief  towns,  St.  John's, 
whi^^h  is  the  capit.al,  Falmouth,  and  Parham. 

ANTIGUA,  dn-teo'gd,  a  station  in  the  Philippine  Islands, 
with  a  fort,  and  the  only  good  anchorage  on  the  island  of 
Panay. 

ANTIGUA,  LA,  U  kn-ieefsti,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Fuer- 
teventura,  in  the  Canaries,  in  a  fertile  plain.    Pop.  1780. 

ANTIGUKDAD,  dn-tee-gi-Ddi)/,  a  town  of  .*pain,  15  miles 
N.K.  of  Palencia.     Pop.  988.    Chief  commeree  in  grain. 

ANTI-IilB/ANUS  or  ANTI-LEB/ANON,a  mountain  range 
of  Palestine,  running  parallel  to  and  E.  of  Lebanon,  the  two 
ranges  enclosing  the  valley  of  Coelo-Syria.  It  becomes  de- 
tached from  Mount  Lebjinou  about  lat.  34°  N.,  extends 
southward  to  nearly  opposite  where  Lebanon  terminates, 
and  there  subdivides  into  two  chains,  which  bound  the 
valley  of  the  .Jordan,  the  Dead  Sea,  and  El  Ghor,  to  the  head 
oftheGulfof  Akabah. 

ANTILLES,  (dn'teol',)  Greateb  and  Lesser.  See  West 
India  Islands. 

ANTI-MELOS,  in-te-meo/los.  a  petty  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Melos  or  Milo. 

AN/TINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ANTIOCII,  an'te-ok,  (L.  ylH<ioc/(i'a;  tir.  Avrioxtia;  Turk. 
Antah-ia,  in-tifkee/a.)  a  city,  and  the  ancient  capit;il  of 
Syria,  in  its  N.  part,  57  miles  W.  of  Aleppo,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Orontes,  about  20  miles  above  its  mouth.  Lat.  36° 
11'  N.;  Ion.  36°  9'  30"  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  10,000.  Its  an- 
cient walls,  varying  from  20  to  70  feet  in  height,  enclose  an 
area  of  uneven  ground  several  miles  in  circumference,  much 
of  which  is  now  taken  up  by  gardens.  The  houses  are 
mostly  mean  and  of  slight  materials;  they  differ  from  those 
of  E.astern  towns  in  general,  in  having  sloping  roofs.  It 
has  about  a  dozen  mosques ;  but  in  this  town,  where  the 
designation  of  Cliristians  was  first  given  to  the  followers  of 
Jesus  Christ,  there  is  not  at  present  a  single  Christian 
church.  Baths  and  bazaars  are  numerous,  and  there  are 
manufactures  of  coarse  pottery,  cotton  stuffs,  and  leather; 
but  the  culture  of  silk  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry. 
About  9,000.000  drachms  of  silk  were  the  average  yearly 
produce  of  the  neighborhood  in  the  three  years  ending  with 
1837,  of  which  6,750,000  were  annually  exported,  chiefly  to 
France.  Other  exports  are  goat's-wool,  yellow  berries,  and 
salted  eels.  The  city  walls,  a  ruined  aqueduct,  two  bridges, 
and  a  portion  of  pavement  are  almost  all  the  remaining 
vestiges  of  ancient  magnificence.  Antioch  was  founded 
about  300  B.  c,  by  Seleucus  Nieator.  and  named  in  honor 
of  his  father  Antiochus,  a  Macedonian,  who  was  an  officer 
under  Philip ;  and,  though  it  suffered  severely  by  successive 
earthquakes,  it  maintained  its  importance  till  taken  by  the 
Sarai;ens  in  638.  Its  ancient  population  has  been  estimated 
at  400.000,  in  its  most  Hourishing  state.  Chrysostom  com- 
putes the  population  in  his  time  at  200.000,  more  than  one- 
half  of  whom  were  Christians.  It  was  the  capital  of  a 
Christian  principality  from  109S  to  1209,  since  which  time 
it  has  constantly  declined.  Some  ruins,  about  8  miles 
south-westward,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Orontes,  mark  the 
site  of  the  ancient  celebi-ated  grove  of  Daphne  and  temple 
of  Apollo. 

ANTIOCir.  a  post-office  of  York  district.  South  Carolina. 

ANTIOCH,  a  post-village  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia. 

ANTIOCH,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  CO.,  Alabama. 

ANTIOCH.  a  postKiffice  of  Gibson  co..  Tennessee. 

ANTIOCH.  a  sm.all  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  128 
miles  E.  of  Columbus,  contained,  in  1850,  107  inhabitants. 

ANTIOCH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lake  co..  Illi- 
nois, about  50  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  1494. 

ANTIOCH,  BAT  OF,  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  between 
lat.  35°  50'  and  36°  20'  N.,  and  in  Ion.  about  36°  E.,  ovei^ 
looked  on  the  N.  and  S.  by  mountains  upwards  of  5000  feet 
in  height.  It  is  free  from  rocks,  is  generally  well  sheltered, 
and  has  deep  water  almost  to  the  beach.  The  Orontes  enters 
it  near  its  centre.  On  the  N.  side  are  some  ruins  described 
as  those  of  Seleucia  Plena,  the  ancient  port  of  Antioch. 

ANTIOCH  COLLEGE,  Ohio.    See  Yellow  Springs. 

ANTIOCHE  PEKTUIS,  6N"Heosh  pi^iiHwee',  a  channel  on 
the  W.  coa.st  of  France,  between  the  islands  of  Oleron  and 
K6.     Light-house  is  in  lat.  41)°  2'  52"  N. ;  Ion.  ^2°  15'  E. 

ANTlOCHETTA,  Sn-te-o-kSfta,  a  port  of  A*a  Minor,  in 
Earamania,  on  the  Mediterranean,  88  miles  S.  of  Konieh. 

ANTIOCO.  dn-tiWrvko,  an  island  in  the  Jlediterranean, 
near  tne  S.^V.  coast  oi  Sardinia,  8  miles  long,  and  3  miles 
biY>aU.    Pop.  i''Jl<)     Iti  soil  'j  fertile,  aud  its  capital  of  the 


same  name,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island,  has  a  small  military 
port. 

ANTIOQUIA,  dn-te-o-kee'i,  or  SANTA  FE  DE  ANTTO- 
QUIA,  sdn'ta  fA  di  dn-te-o-kee/d,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  New  Gran.ida,  department  of  Antioquia,  on  tlie  river 
Cauca,  190  miles  N.W.  of  Bogota.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  the  chiet 
commercial  town  in  the  depai-tment,  having  an  active  trade 
in  maize  and  sugar. 

ANTIP/AKOS,  OLIAROS,  or  OLEAROS,  o-lee'l-ros,  an 
island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  government  of  Naxos,  IJ 
miles  \\.  of  Paros.  Lilt,  of  summit,  36°  59'  40"  N.;  Ion.  2-5° 
3'  27"  E.;  10  miles  long,  and  2  miles  broad.  Pop.  500, 
mostly  occupied  in  fishing.  It  is  celebrated  for  a  stalactite 
cavern  near  its  S.  extremity. 

ANTI-PAXO,  an'te-pax'o,  a  small  uncultivated  island  in 
the  Ionian  Sea,  Mediterranean,  \\  miles  S.E.  of  Paxo. 

ANTIPHELLUS.  an-te-fil/ia.s,  now  ANDIPIULO,  dn- 
dee'fe-lo  or  ANTIPIllLO,  dn-tee'fe-lo,  a  small  seaport  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  ten-itory  of  Lycia,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
39  miles  S.E.  of  Telmissus  or  Makree.  Lat.  36°  15'  N.;  ion. 
29°  40'  E. 

ANTIPODES,  an-tip'o-dJz,  a  small  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  S.E.  of  New  Zealand,  so  called  from  being  the 
land  most  nearly  opposite  to  Great  Britain.  Lat.  49°  32'  S.; 
Ion.  178°  42'  E. 

ANTIPOLIS.    See  Antibes. 

ANTISANA.  dn-te-sd/nd,  a  volcano  of  the  Andes,  in  Ecuv 
dor,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Cotopaxi,  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Quito: 
19,140  feet  in  elevation.  There  is  a  hamlet  of  the  same 
name  on  the  mountain,  13,455  feet  above  the  sea. 

ANTI-TAUKUS,  an/te-tau'rus,  a  mountain  chain  or  series 
of  chains  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  extending  for  some  distance 
parallel  to  the  Taurus  chain,  whence  its  name.  It  com- 
mences at  Mount  Arjish,  (anc.  Arga:fus,)  and  proceeds  north- 
Kistward  into  Armenia,  where  its  ranges  intermix  with 
offsets  from  the  Caucasus,  and  separate  the  basin  of  the 
Euphrates  on  the  S.  from  the  region  watered  by  the  Kizil- 
Irmak.  and  other  rivers  flowing  N.  into  the  Black  Sea. 

ANTIUM.    See  Anzo,  Porio  d'. 

ANTIVAUI,  dn-tee/vd-ree,  a  town  and  the  most  northern 
seaport  of  Albania,  14  miles  N.W.of  Scutari,  on  the  Adriatic. 
Its  citiidel  contains  400  hou.ses,  and  there  are  700  more  in 
the  town  and  suburbs.  The  harbor  is  shallow,  and  admits 
only  small  vessels.  It  exports  oil,  &c.,  and  its  bazaar  bag 
100  retail  shops. 

ANTOIN',  a  postofflce  of  Clark  co.,  Ark-ansas. 

ANTOING,  SnoHwAn"',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
n.ainault,  on  the  Scheldt,  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tournay.  Pop. 
2152. 

ANTON,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  rises  near  Over- 
ton, flows  southward,  and  enters  the  head  of  Southampton 
AVator,  4  miles  W.  of  Southampton.  Total  course,  above  30 
miles.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Andover,  Whitchurch,  and 
Komsey ;  from  the  former  of  which  to  the  sea  it  is  accom- 
panied by  the  Andover  Canal. 

ANTONGIL,  dn-ton-zheel',  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  Mada- 
gascar.  50  miles  in  length  from  S.  to  N.,  and  about  25  miles 
in  width  at  the  enti  ance.     I^t.  16°  S. ;  Ion.  50°  E. 

ANTONINA,  dn-to-nee/nd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Sao  Paulo,  on  the  bay,  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Paranagua. 

ANTONIO,  dn-to'neo,  a  fort  and  harbor,  of  Jainaicji,  23 
miles  S.E.  of  Anottabay.  Lat.  18°  14'  40"  N. ;  Ion.  7b°  31'  W. 

ANTONIVALD  or  AXTONIWALD,  dn-to'ne-vdltS  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  BuntzIau,on  the  Kamenitzbach.  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Buntzlau.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
fine  glass. 

ANTOORAH,  ANTOURAH,  or  ANTURA,  dn-too/ra,  a 
town  of  Syria,  on  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Iiebanon,  14  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Beyroot. 

ANTOOR'LEE  or  ANTURLT,  a  village  of  Hindostan,  pro- 
vince and  district  of  Candeish,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Boorhan- 
poor,  formerly  surrounded  by  a  mud  wall  with  brick  bas- 
tions. 

ANTRAIGUES,  SNo'trig',  a  village  of  France,  dep.artmeni 
of  Ardfeche,  on  a  volcanic  height,  llj  tiiles  W.  of  Privas. 
Pop.  1443.  Near  this  is  the  singular  causeway  called  the 
Chaussie-des-Gianti,  (i.  e.  "giants'  causeway,")  formed  by 
colonnades  of  basiilt,  700  yards  in  length. 

ANTRAIN,  SxoHrlNo',  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille- 
et-Vilaine,  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kennes.     Pop.  (1852)  1648. 

ANTRIM,  an'trim,  the  north-easternmost  county  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  having  the  Atlantic  on  the  N.;  the  North 
Channel,  dividing  it  from  Scotland,  on  the  E. ;  the  counties 
of  Down  and  Londonderry  on  the  S.  and  W. ;  and  Lough 
Neagh,  separating  it  from  the  counties  of  Tyrone  and  Ar- 
magh on  the  S.W.  Area,  1164  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851 
352.264.  A  third  part  of  the  surface  near  the  coast  is  moun- 
tainous, and  rises  in  some  places  to  1000  feet  in  height. 
In  the  S.W.  much  of  the  surface  is  boggy.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Bann,  forming  the  W.,  and  the  Lagan,  the  S.  boundary. 
The  famous  Giant's  Causeway  is  on  the  N.  coast  of  this 
county,  Antrim  county  returns  two  members  to  the  House 
of  Conjmons. 

ANTRIM,  an  inland  town  and  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  in  the 
above  county,  on  Six  Mile  Water,  near  its  mouth  in  Lough 


ANT 

Keagh,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  the  town,  includ- 
ing Massarene,  2645.  It  has  two  good  streets,  with  a 
church,  several  dissenting  chapels,  a  union  work-house,  a 
iwurtrhouse  in  which  general  and  petty  sessions  are  held, 
and  numerous  schools.  There  are  manufiictures  of  linen, 
calico,  hosiery,  and  paper;  bleaching  and  malting  are  car- 
iled  ou  here;  ineal  and  malt  are  sent  to  Belfast  by  Lough 
Neagh  and  the  Lagan.  Near  it  are  Antrim  Castle,  the 
geat  of  Lord  Massarene ;  Shane's  Castle,  the  residence  of 
the  O'Neills,  and  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  the  round  towers 
of  Ireland. 

ANTKIM,  called  also  MEOIS'SEE,  a  newly  formed  county 
of  Michigan,  in  tlie  N.W.  part  of  the  lower  peninsula,  bor- 
d'lring  on  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  of  Lake  Michigan.  The  area 
Is  estimated  at  about  700  square  miles.  The  census  of  1850 
furnishes  no  returns  for  this  county.    Pop.  in  ISciO,  179. 

ANTRIM,  a  post-townsliip  of  Hillsborough  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Concord,  on  the  E.  side  of  Con- 
toocool£  River.  This  township  has  a  number  of  valuable 
mill-seats;  also  several  tanneries.    Pop.  1123. 

ANTRIM,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
209  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

ANTRIM,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Franlilin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  3400. 

ANTRIM,  a  small  post-village  of  Madison  township, 
Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  91  miles  E.  b3'  N.  of  Columbus. 

ANTRIM,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Sliiawassee 
CO.,  Michigan,  about  60  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  646. 

ANTRIM,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Wyandott  CO.. 
Ohio,  about  5S  miles  N.  by  W.  Of  Columbus.     Po)i.  1245. 

ANTKODOCO,  an-troKio'KO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  7i  miles  E.  of  Civita  Ducale.    Pop.  3450. 

ANTROS,  SnoHi-os',  a  small  island  or  rock  on  the  W.  coast 
of  France,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde,  on  which  is  the 
well-known  liirht-house  called  the  Tower  of  Cordouan.  Lat. 
45°  35'  2"  N. ;'  Ion.  1°  10'  2"  W. 

ANTUCO.  jn-too/ko,  a  volcano  and  valley  of  the  Chilian 
Andes,  140  miles  E.  of  Concepcion.  Lat.  26°  50'  S.:  Ion.  70° 
40'  W.  The  volcano,  according  to  Lyell  and  Mi-s.  Sommei^ 
ville,  is  16,000  feet  high. 

ANTUNACUM.     See  Axdernach. 

ANTURA,  a  town  of  Syria.    See  Antoorah. 

ANTURLI,  a  village  of  Hindostan.    See  Antoorlee. 

ANTWERP,  ant'werp.  (Dutch,  Antwerpen,  dnt'<^^rp-en ;  L. 
Antuer'pia;  Fr.  Anve'rs.  A.\"H-aiR';  Sp.  Amhires,  Sm-Bi/rfts,)  a 
city  of  Belgium,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Scheldt.  27|  miles  by  railway  N.  of 
Brussels,  and  32  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ghent.  Lat.  of  the  cathedral, 
51°  13'  2"  N..  Ion.  4°.24'  2"  E.  It  is  strongly  fortified,  its  walls 
and  other  defences  completely  encompassing  the  city  on  the 
land  side,  from  the  river  on  the  N.  to  the  citadel  on  the  S., 
a  distance,  following  the  line  of  fortification,  and  including 
the  citadel,  of  about  2J  miles.  The  last — one  of  the  finest 
and  most  complete  defences  of  the  kind  anywhere  existing 
— was  built  by  the  Duke  of  Alva  in  1567.  Outworks  and 
forts  extend  along  both  sides  of  the  river  to  near  the  Dutch 
frontier.  The  general  appearance  of  the  city  is  exceedingly 
picturesque — an  effect  produced  by  its  numerous  churches, 
convents,  magnificent  public  buildings,  its  elaborate  and 
extensive  fortifications,  the  profusion  of  beautiful  trees  with 
which  it  is  adorned,  and  in  no  small  degree  also  by  the 
stately,  antique-looking  houses  which  line  its  older  thorough- 
fares. The  entire  breadth  of  the  city  at  its  widest  part — 
which  is  between  the  walls  and  the  river,  or  from  E.  to  AV. 
— is  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile;  its  greatest  length,  be- 
tween the  citadel  on  the  W.  and  the  fortifications  on  the  E., 
Is  alwut  1}  miles,  including  the  esplanade  or  Place  d'Armes 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  great  and  small  basins  on  the 
other.  Nearly  all  the  streets,  of  which  there  are  altogether 
about  200.  are  exceedingly  tortuous  and  irregular,  so  much 
80  that  a  stranger  has  great  difficulty  in  finding  his  way ; 
still  many  of  them,  from  the  elegance  of  their  buildings,  are 
imposing.  The  principal  one,  called  Place  de  Meir,  will  bear 
comparison  with  any  street  in  Europe.  The  squares,  of 
which  there  are  several,  are  also  fine.  At  the  he.ad  of  the 
numerous  public  buildings  with  which  the  city  is  adorned, 
stands  the  cathedral,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
specimens  of  Gothic  architecture  in  Belgium.  It  is  believed 
to  have  been  commenced  in  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  to  have  taken  84  years  to  fini.sh.  The  other 
churches  of  note  are  St.  .Tames's,  St.  Andrew's,  and  St. 
Paul's.  Among  the  other  edifices  are  the  Exchange,  built  in 
15K3,  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  a  splendid  structure  of  marble,  the 
Maison  Anseatlc,  or  hall  of  the  Hause  Towns,  and  the  p.ilace 
Intended  for  the  king  and  royal  family  when  they  reside  in 
Antwerp.  Its  institutions  comprise  academies  of  paintr 
ing.  of  the  fine  arts,  and  of  the  sciences,  a  gallery  of  sculp- 
ture, a  picture  gallery  with  200  pictures,  many  of  them  the 
finest  works  of  tlie  first  masters  of  the  Flemish  .school,  a 
public  library  with  15.000  volumes,  a  botanical  garden, 
numerous  lejimed  societies  and  schools,  and  several  hospi- 
tals, asylums,  and  work-houses.  Of  the  docks,  dock-yards, 
and  l)asins  constructed  by  Bonaparte,  at  an  expense,  it  is 
laid,  of  2.000.000Z.,  the  last  only  remain,  the  former  having 
been  demolished  after  his  down&ll;  the  area  of  the  great 
02 


AOI 

basin  is  17  .acres,  and  that  of  the  small  one  7  acres  They 
are  now  converted  into  commercial  docks,  and  are  lined  with 
capacious  warehouses.  The  harbor  thus  formed  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  world :  it  admits  vessels  of  any  size,  and  can 
easily  hold  1000.  The  principal  manufactures  of  the  city 
are  black  silks  and  velvets,  for  which  it  is  particularly 
famed.  Cotton,  linen,  lace,  carpets,  hats,  and  cutlery  are 
also  man  ufiictured  to  a  considerable  extent.  There  are  also 
sugar  refineries,  and  a  good  deal  of  ship-building.  The  trade 
and  commerce  of  Antwerp  are  extensive,  and  for  hides  it  is 
one  of  tlie  most  important  markets  in  Europe.  The  number 
of  foreign  vessels  that  arrived  there  in  1846  was  1970 ;  ton- 
nage, 286,474.  The  passenger  traffic  in  Antwerp  is  also  very 
considerable,  between  4000  and  5000  arriving  annuaily 
from  England  by  the  steam-packets,  of  which  there  are  9 
plying  between  Antwei-p,  Hull,  and  London.  It  has.  more- 
over, become  an  important  point  of  embarkation  for  emi- 
grants, 15,170  having  sailed  from  this  port  in  1846.  Ant- 
werp is  a  verj'  ancient  city,  and  had  a  much  larger  popula- 
tion and  a  much  more  extensive  foreign  trade  in  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  than  now.  It  was  then 
the  great  centre  of  European  commerce;  its  inhabitants 
numbered  200.000,  and  if  wo  may  believe  the  concurrent 
testimony  of  different  writers,  500  vessels  daily  entered  its 
port,  and  about  2500  ordinarily  lay  at  anchor  there. — Balhi. 
Pop.  in  1862.  117,324. 

ANTWERP,  a  frontier  province  of  Belgium;  bounded 
N.  by  Holland,  E.  by  Limbourg,  S.  bv  South  Brabant.  W.  by 
East  Flanders.  Area.  1094  square  miles.  Pop.  (1849)  413,824. 
Surface  mostly  level;  princip.al  rivers,  the  Scheldt  and  its 
afHuents  the  Nethe  and  the  Dyle.  In  the  N.  are  extensive 
heaths;  elsewhere  the  soil  is  fertile.  Products  comprise 
corn,  hemp,  hops,  madder,  pine  timber,  and  turf  Slanul'ac- 
tures  comprise  l.ace.  cotton,  silk,  and  tobacco.  It  is  divided 
into  the  three  arrondissements  of  Antwerp,  IMechlin.  and 
Turnhout,  its  chief  cities;  besides  which,  the  town  of  Lierre 
is  in  this  province. 

ANTWERP,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  with  a  village  of  the  same  name. 
Pop.  ;bi3. 

.^NTWEPwP.  a  post-village  of  Paulding  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  (,:anal,  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

ANTWERP,  a  township  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  >Iichigan. 
Pop.  1021. 

AN-UNG-HOY',  an  island  of  China,  in  the  Canton  River, 
opposite  Tycocktow  Island,  bounds  with  Chucupee  Island, 
the  entrance  of  the  Boca  Tigris,  on  the  E.  It  was  strongly 
defended  by  the  Chinese  during  the  late  war,  but,  with  the 
rest  of  the  Bogue  forts,  its  strongholds  were  taken  by  the 
British,  February  25, 1841 ;  and  its  works  were  subsequently 
destroved. 

ANt'RADHAPURA,  a-noo-rS-d'hd-poo'ra,  ANARA.TA- 
POORA,  a-na-rd-ji-poo'ra,  or  ANURAJAPOORA,  the  an- 
cient capital  of  the  island  of  Ceylon,  now  a  mass  of  ruins. 
It  lies  45  miles  S.E.  of  An-ipo.  and  48  miles  N.  of  Dambool, 
on  the  road  K'tween  these  two  places. 

ANVERS,  the  French  name  of  Antwerp,  which  see. 

ANVIL;  a  post-ofSce  of  Cl.irk  co.,  Arkansas. 

ANWICK,  an'ik  or  au'wick,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

ANWOTII.  an'ofh  or  an'woth,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  7  miles 
W.N.W.  of  KirkcudbriiTht. 

ANXIOUS  BAY,  South  Australia.  Lat.  32°  12' S.;  Ion. 
134°  15'  E. 

ANXUR.    See  Terracina. 

ANZA,  Sn'zd,  a  river  of  Piedmont,  in  Ossola,  rises  on  the 
E.  side  of  Monte  Rosa,  and  falls  into  the  Tosa. 

ANZARB.\,  In-zaa'ba,  (anc.  Casarela  Jtigtisfta,)  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey.  p.ashalic  of  Adama,  on  the  Jyhoon.  (anc. 
Pi/Hamtis.)  35  miles  N.E. of  Adana.and  formerly  a  residence 
of  the  Christian  princes  of  Antiocb. 

ANZASCA,  VAL  D',  vll  din-zisAva,  a  viilley  of  Piedmont, 
province  of  Domo  d'Ossola.  It  is  picturesque  in  all  its  ex- 
tent, and  remarkable  for  its  vegetation,  its  magnificent  cas- 
aides,  and  its  views  of  Monte  Ros.i.  The  beauty  of  the 
women  of  this  valley  has  been  remarked  by  all  travellers. 
Gold-mines  have  been  worked  in  it  since  the  time  of  the 
Romans. 

ANZERMA  or  ANCERMA,  ln-s?R'md,  a  town  of  South 
America,  New  Granada,  170  mUes  N.N.E.  of  Pop.ayan,  near 
the  river  Cauca. 

ANZI.  an'zeo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  on 
a  mountain,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  3297. 

ANZIN,  8N<=V.iVN°'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  N'^rd, 
on  the  railway  (wm  Douai  to  Valenciennes,  1  mile  N  W  of 
Valenciennes.  Pop.  (1862)  5(K)6.  It  is  the  centre  nt'  the 
greatest  coal-works  in  France,  and  has  iron  foundries  and 
gla.<s-works. 

A.NZO,  PORTO  D'.  poR'to  din'zo.  a  small  seaport  on  the 
Mediterranean,  34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rome.  On  a  iiromontcry 
overlooking  I  he  port  are  the  ruins  of  the  Roman  Anlium, 
birthplace  of  Nero  and  Caligula. 

AXZOOAN.  ANZOUAN,  or  ANZUAN,  or  HINZOAN,  an 
island  in  Mozambique  Channel.    See  Johanna. 

AOIZ,  lK>-eeth',  almost  i-weeth',  a  town  of  Spain,  Navarro- 


AON 

on  the  right  bank  of  the  Irati,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pamplona. 
Pop.  884,  chiefly  agricultural. 

AON  I  A,  a-o^ne-a,  a  post-office  of  "Wilkes  co.,  Georgia,  44 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 

AOK,  d'or,  or  AUK,  dwr,or  PO(yLO-ATJR,a  small  island  in 
the  China  Sea,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Malay  peninsula,  from 
which  it  is  about  47  miles  distant.  Lat.  2°  '&)'  N.;  Ion.  104° 
34' E. 

AOSTA,  2-os't3,  (anc.  AitgmHa  Pra-MHo.)  a  town  of  Pied- 
mont, capital  of  the  division  on  the  rii^lit  bank  of  the  Dora, 
49  miles  N'.N.W.  of  Turin.  Pop.  7120.  It  iswell  built.audits 
houses  are  interspersed  with  gardens.  Among  its  buildings 
are  a  Gothic  cathedral,  the  remains  of  a  Koman  amjihitht-atre, 
and  a  fine  triumphal  arch.  Trade  in  cheese,  leather,  hemp, 
and  wine.  A  meteorological  observatory  has  recently  been 
established  at  Aoste,  in  lat.  45°  44'  10"  N.,  Ion.  7°  20'  12" 
»■"  E.  The  rich  valley  of  Aosta  is  celebrated  for  its  iirunense 
forests  of  pines,  extensive  mines  of  iron,  copper,  lead,  and 
BJlver,  and  marble  quarries. 

AOUS.    See  Voyussa. 

AOUSTE,  d'oost/,  (anc.  AtigiJsta,)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  on  the  Drome,  17  miles  S.AV.  of  Die,  with 
oil  and  paper-mills.  Pop.  1148.  This  was  a  llomau  colony 
in  the  time  of  Augustus. 

APACHE  (l-pd'chA)  INDIANS,  a  predatory  tribe  inhabit- 
ing the  \V.  part  of  Texas,  and  the  8.  part  of  New  Mexico. 

APAE,  d'pee,  or  APEE,  a  small  island  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
In  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.    Lat.  16°  36'  S.;  Ion.  168°  10'  E. 

APAL.ACHEE.    See  Appalachee. 

APALACIIICOLA.    See  Appalachicola. 

AP.\M,  i'pdni',  a  province  of  Africa,  Gold  Coast,  belonging 
to  Holland,  with  the  fort  of  Lijdzaaniheit,  in  lat.  S'^  12'  30" 
N.,  Ion.  0°  41'  30"  W.  Pop.  of  district  estimated  at  350  able 
to  bear  arms. 

APAMAMA,  i-p3-md/ml,  an  island  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  one  of  the  Gilbert  Isles,  or  Kingsmill  group,  in  lat. 
0°  SO'  S.,  Ion.  173°  54'  \V. 

APAXOKMIA,  a-pS-nor-mee'a,  or  APONORMERIA,  J-po- 
nor-m.A-ree'i,  a  town  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  San- 
torin,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Scauro. 
Lat.  3u°  38'  N.;  Ion.  25°  28'  E. 

A  PARI,  3-pJ-ree',  a  town  in  the-  isl.and  of  Luzon,  in  the 
Philijipines,  at  its  N.  extremity  on  the  coast. 

APATIN,  d-pi-teen',  a  town  of  lluugury,  co.  of  Bacs,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  S.  of  Baja.  Pop.  7100,  who  trade 
in  hemp,  madder,  Woad,  and  silk. 

APEE  or  API.    See  Apab. 

APELDOOKN,  d/-pel-doRn\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  province  of  Gelderland,  on  the  Grift,  an  affluent  of 
the  Yssel,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Arnhem,  has  extensive  pJiper 
mills  in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  750. 

APENNINES,  ap'gn-ninz^  (It.  Appennino.  ^p-p.i-nee'no. 
anc.  ApainVnus  Mims.)  a  movintain  chain  which  detaches 
itself  from  the  Maritime  Alps,  in  about  Ion.  &°  E..  having  a 
general  direction  first  from  W.  to  E.,  nearly  parallel  with  the 
Pennine  and  Leopontine  Alps,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  valley  of  the  Po.  In  about  Ion.  12°  E.  the  chain  turns 
towards  the  S.,  and  traverses  the  Italian  peninsula  through- 
out its  entire  length  to  the  Strait  of  Slcssina,  separating 
near  the  S.  extremity  so  as  to  embrace  the  Gulf  of  Taran- 
to.  The  principal  branch  traverses  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, separating  the  waters  which  flow  to  the  Mediterranean 
from  those  which  fall  into  the  Adiiatie  and  the  Ionian  Seas. 
The  entire  length  of  the  chain  is  about  800  miles.  The 
Apennines  often  present  rounded  tops  and  a  uniform  crest, 
whence  branches  descend  to  the  coasts,  between  which,  val- 
leys, such  as  that  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  open  into  ex- 
tensive plains.  But  the  S.  slope  of  that  part  of  the  chain 
which  bounds  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  is  composed  of  escarpments 
which  rise  abruptly  from  the  sea.  Among  the  detached 
portions  of  the  Apennines  are  the  mountains  of  Piombino  in 
Tuscany,  Mount  Albano  near  Rome,  and  Mount  Vesuvius 
near  Naples.  M.  Bruguiere  proposes  to  distinguish  the 
mountains  in  Sicily  by  the  name  of  the  Insular  Apennines. 
None  of  the  summits  attain  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow, 
although  snow  lies  on  Monte  Corno  during  9  months  in  the 
year.  Mount  Etna,  (which  may  justly  be  regarded  as  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  Apennine  system.)  and  Monte  Corno,  in 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  are  the  highest  points  of  the  chain;  the 
former  having  an  elevation  of  about  10,875  feet,  the 
latter  of  9519  feet.  The  other  principal  summits  are 
jlonte  Cimone,  in  the  N.  Apennines,  6975  feet,  and 
Monte  Amaro,  summit  of  the  Monte  Majella  in  the  S. 
Apennines,  9131  feet,  but  the  chain  in  general  is  of  much 
lower  elevation.  The  S.W.  part  is  a  vast  volcanic  region 
comprising  Vesuvius,  the  only  active  volcano  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  and  many  thermal  springs.  On  the  N.  is 
the  volcanic  mass  of  Voltore  near  Melfi.  The  constitution 
of  the  chain  is  chiefly  calcareous;  primary  rocks  are  found 
only  at  the  two  extremities,  in  Piedmont  and  Calabria.  It 
Is  poor  in  metals;  iron  occurs  in  fm.ill  quantities,  and  ex- 
tensive saliferous  deposites  occur  near  Cosenza ;  but  the  cele- 
brated marble  of  Carrara,  Seravezza  and  Sienna  constitutes 
the  chief  riches  of  the  Apennines.  Below  3200  feet  in  eleva- 
tion the  flanks  of  the  principal  chain  are  covered  with  a 


APP 

varied  vegetation,  of  which  the  orange,  citron,  olive,  and 
palm  form  the  lower  zone;  but  forests  are  rare  in  the  Apen- 
nines. Above  3200  feet,  the  mountains  are  generally  arid 
and  devoid  of  vegetation. 

General  Aspect. — The  Apennines  do  not  present  the  pyra- 
midal peaks  of  the  Alps,  the  cloudy  tops  of  the  Pyrenees,  or 
the  scarped  walls- and  horizontal  lines  of  the  Jura.  The 
foi.ms  presented  by  them  are,  however,  agreeable  to  the  eye. 
The  sub-Apennines  are  undulating  and  rounded  in  their 
contour,  while  the  main  chain  is  distinguished  by  features 
much  more  marked  and  irregular. 

APENRADE,  d-pfn-ra/dgh,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Sleswick,  on  a  fiord  of  the  same  name  in  the  Little 
Belt,  35  miles  N.  of  Sleswick.  Lat.  55°  2'  4b"  N.;  Ion. 
9°  26'  12"  E.  Chief  indu.stry  in  agricultural  produce,  ship- 
building, and  the  transport  of  goods.  70  vessels  belong  to 
the  port.  In  1846,  30  ships  from  Apenrade  entered  the  ports 
of  Rio    Janeiro  and  Montevideo.    Pop.  4100. 

APESTHORPE,  aips'thorp  or  APPLESTHORPE,  ap^pflz- 
thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

APHRODITOPOLIS.    See  Atfieh. 

APIA,  d/pe-d,  a  village  and  harbour  in  the  island  of  Upolu 
or  Oahtooah,  one  of  the  Samoan  group  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.  Lat.  14°  2'  S.;  Ion.  171°  21'  \i.  The  harbor  is  small, 
but  safe.    It  is  much  resorted  to  by  whalers. 

APICE,  J'pee-chA,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Avellino.    I'op.  3500. 

APLERBECK,  ifpl?rlifek\a  village  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
phalia,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dortmund.    Pop.  1118. 

APLEY,  aptee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

APO.  d/po,  or  AP/PO,  an  island  and  shoal.  Strait  of  Min- 
doro,  sialay  Archipelago,  both  situated  Ix'tween  the  island 
of  Mindoro  and  that  of  Busvagon,  the  N.  point  of  the  for- 
mer being  in  Lit.  12°  39'  N.,  Ion.  120°  28'  E. 

APO,  i/po,  a  small  island  off  the  S.  extremity  of  Negrog 
Island,  one  of  the  Philippines,  in  lat.  9°  N.,  Ion.  123°  E. 

APOLAC/ON,  a  township  ofSus(iuehannaco.,Pennsylvania. 

APOLDA,  3-pol'dd,  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  Saxe-Wei- 
mar,  9  miles  N.E.  of  'Weimar,  on  the  railway  from  ANeimar 
to  Berlin.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  mineral  springs,  and  mauullic- 
tories  of  hosiery. 

APOLIJIA,  i-po-lee/ml,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Naviga- 
tor's Islands;  lat.  13°  49'  S.,  Ion.  172°  3'  W. 

APOLLINOPOLIS-MAGNA.    See  Edfoo. 

APOI^LO.  a  post-borough  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Kiskiminetas  River,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Pittsburg.  The 
Pennsylvania  Canal  passes  through  the  place.  Pop.  in 
1860,  449. 

APOLLONIA,  i-pol-lo/ne-a,  or  A:MANAIIEA,  d-ma-nd-h.Va, 
a  district,  cape,  and  fort  in  North-west  Africa,  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  Ashantee  country.  The  district  between  the  rivers 
Aukober  and  Assinee  is  about  53  miles  in  length  from  E.  to 
W.,  and  from  10  to  15  miles  in  breadth.  Its  coast  line  con- 
sists of  a  straight,  sandy  beach,  behind  which  is  an  undu- 
lating range  of  highland.  Cape  Apollonia  is  in  lat.  4°  69* 
N.,  Ion.  2°  35'  W.  Fort  .\pollonia,  a  British  settlement,  and 
the  first  European  fort  met  with  after  leaving  Sierra  Leone, 
stands  on  the  beach,  about  4  miles  trom  the  cape. 

APOLOBAMBA.a-po-lo-bdni'ba,orAl>OLABA>IBA,  atown 
of  Bolivia,  capital  of  a  province  or  district  of  its  own  name, 
on  a  tributary  of  the  Beni,  166  miles  N.  of  La  Paz. 

APONOltMERIA.     See  Apanormia. 

APOS'TLES'  ISLANDS,  in  the' Straits  of  Magellan,  where 
it  joins  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  Cape  Deseado ;  lat.  52°  34'  S., 
Ion.  75°  6'  W.  They  are  twelve  in  number,  a  circumstance 
from  which  they  have  obtained  their  name. 

APPALACIIEE,  ap-pa-lah'chee,  a  small  river  of  Georgia, 
rises  in  Gwinnett  coxmty,  and,  flowing  S.E.,  enters  the  Oco- 
nee about  8  miles  S.W.  of  Greensborough. 

APPALACIIEE  or  APALACIIEE  (ap-ij-lah'chee)  RIVER, 
a  name  sometimes  given  to  an  arm  of  Appalachee  Bay.  See 
St.  Mark's. 

APPALACHEE  BAY,  a  laree,  open  bay  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Florida;  lat. 30°  N.,  Ion. 84°  15' W.  Breadth,  about  90  miles ; 
extent  inland,  60  miles.  >, 

APPALACHIAN  (ap-pa-l.Vche-an)  MOUNTAIN^jilso  call- 
ed ALLEGHANY  MOUNTAINS,'the  general  appellation  of 
the  vast  mountain  system  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  North 
America,  extending,  under  various  names,  from  Maine  south- 
westward  to  the  northern  part  of  Alabama.  In  New  Hamp- 
shire, near  the  Northern  termination  of  this  chain,  it  is  less 
than  100  miles  from  the  Atlantic  eaast,  but  it  gradually 
diverges  as  it  advances  southward,  so  that  towards  its 
southern  extremity  it  is  about  300  miles  from  the  sea.  In 
New  England  and  New  York,  the  chain  is  somewhat  broken 
and  irregular,  many  of  the  ridges  of  which  it  is  composed 
running  nearly  N.  and  S.  But  in  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Southern  States,  the  different  ranges  are  more  continuous, 
and,  for  the  most  part,  nearly  parallel  to  the  general  direc- 
tion of  the  entire  chain.  The  name  Alleghany  Mountains 
is  more  commonly  applied  to  that  portion  of  the  Appalachian 
system  lying  S.  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Pennsylvania, 
although  it  is  often  extended  to  the  mountains  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  New  Jersey,  and  the  S.  and  E.  parts  of  New  York, 
including  the  Catskill.    But  as  the  chain  is  scarcely  less  iu- 

93 


APP 


APP 


terrtpled  by  the  Dela-ware  than  by  the  Hudson,  it  seems 
iiSic  lit  to  assign  any  reason  why  the  mountains  of  Xew 
Englmd  should  not  be  included  under  this  general  appella- 
tion as  well  as  those  of  Xew  York.  To  aroid  confusion  of 
names,  it  would  be  better  always  to  use  Appalachian  to 
denote  the  entire  mountain  system. 

The  highest  summits  of  the  Appalachian  chain  are  Mount 
MrrcHELi..  in  North  Carolina,  6470  feet.  Jlount  Washington, 
in  New  Hampshire,  6226  feet,  and  Mount  Tahawcs,  (or  Mount 
Marcy.l  in  New  York,  5467  feet  above  the  sea.  These  will  be 
more  fully  noticed  under  their  respective  heads, 

APPALACHICOLA,  ap^pa-lahVhe-ko'la,  a  river  of  Florida, 
formed  by  the  Chattahoochee  and  Flint,  which  unite  at  the 
S.W.  extremity  of  Georgia.  It  flows  southward  through 
Florida,  and.  after  a  course  of  about  100  miles,  empties  itself 
into  the  Gulf  of  Jlexico  through  a  bay  of  its  own  name.  It 
is  navicrable  for  steamboats  through  its  whole  course, 

Al'PALACHICOLA  BAY,  of  Florida,  between  St.  George's 
Island  and  the  mainland.  The  entrance  is  indicated  by  a 
fixed  liaht  at  the  N.W.  point  of  George  Island, 

APPAL.^^CIIICOLA,  a  post-town,  port  of  entry,  and  capi- 
tal of  Franklin  co..  Florid.i,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the 
game  name,  (which  tlows  through  Appalachicola  Bay  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.)  135  miles  S.W.  of  Tallahassee,  The 
harbor  is  accessible  by  steamboats  from  the  gulf,  and  large 
quantities  of  cotton  are  shipped  here.  It  contains  2  churches, 
1  newspaper  ofiice,  and  numerous  stores  &c.  Vop.  1904. 

APPALACUIN  or  APALACHIN,  ap-p.j-hih'chin,  a  post^ 
office  of  Tioga  co.,  New  Y'ork. 

APPANOOSE,  ap^pa-noos',  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa, 
bordering  on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  492  square  miles.  The 
Chariton  Kiver  flows  diagonally  through  the  county.  It  is 
drained,  also,  by  the  South  fork  of  Chariton,  and  by  Walnut 
and  Cooper  Creeks.  The  surface  is  rolling  or  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  fertile,  but  mostly  uncultivated.  Large  beds  of 
stone  co,al  are  found  in  several  places.  The  county  contains 
numerous  prairies,  and  many  of  the  streams  are  bordered  by 
trm-ts  of  timber.  Chariton  River  furnishes  ample  w.atet^ 
power.  First  settled  about  the  year  1845.  Capital,  Centre- 
viUe.    Pop.  11,931. 

APPANOOSE,  a  village  of  Hancock  co.,  in  the  W,  part  of 
Hlinois,  on  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  about  6  mUes  N,E,  of 
Nauvoo. 

APPELTERN,  ap'pel-tJRn\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderhiud,  ii  miles  S.S.W.  of  Druten.  Pop. 
2326. 

APPENWEIER.  lp/pen-«-rer,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the 
raihvav  between  Kehl  and  Carlsruhe,  8  miles  E.  of  Kehl. 
Pop.  1364. 

APPENZELL,  ap-pJnt-sJll'.  a  canton  in  the  N,E.  of  Swit- 
zerland, wholly  surrounded  by  the  canton  St.  Gall.  Area, 
153  square  miles.  Pop.  (1860)" 60,431  It  is  subdivided  into 
the  Outer  and  Inner  Rhodes,  the  former  liaving  48.431  inha- 
bitantis,  nearly  all  Protestants,  and  the  latter  12,000,  nearly 
all  Roman  Catholics,  Suriace  mountainous,  especiiilly  in 
the  S.,  where  Mount  Sentis  has  an  elevation  of  8232  feet, 
and  the  lowest  part  of  the  surface  is  1300  feet  in  height. 
Chief  river,  the  Sittem.  which  runs  through  its  centre.  The 
inhabitants  of  Inner  Rhodes  are  mostly  j^riculturists ;  iu 
Outer  Rhodes,  cotton  and  linen  weaving,  embroidering,  and 
dyeing  are  the  principal  branches  of  industry.  Capital  of 
Inner  Rhodes,  Appenzell.  Pop,  3200.  Capital  of  Outer 
Rhodes,  Trogen,  Pop.  2500:  The  government,  in  both  sul>- 
divisions,  is  vested  in  a  grand  council,  which  meets  the 
a.<:sembled  population  once  a  year  for  legislative  business. 
Appenzell  holds  the  13th  place  in  the  Swiss  Confederation, 
and  contributes  972  men  to  its  army.  Chief  towns.  Tro- 
gen, Gais,  and  Herisau  in  Outer,  and  Appenzell  in  Inner 
Rhodes. Inhab.  AppiiSZELLER,  ap-pJnt-sll'ler. 

APPENZELL,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  Inner 
Rhodes,  in  the  above  canton,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sittem, 
6  miles  S.  of  St.  G.ill.  Pop.  2,910,  mostly  Roman  Catholics, 
It  is  dirty,  and  ill  built ;  has  many  religious  edifices,  a  coun- 
eil-hou.se,  an  arsenal,  batlis,  bleacliing  grounds,  and  a  trade 
in  linen  fabrics. 

AP'PERSONS,  a  postroffice  of  Charles  City  co.,  Virginia. 

AI'PIANO.  dp-pe-d'no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  20  miles 
N,N,W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2117. 

AP'PIN,  a  wild  district  of  the  Scottish  Highlands,  Argyle- 
shire,  on  Loch  Linnhe,  formerly  the  country  of  the  Stew- 
arts. 26  miles  N.W.  of  Inverarv. 

Ai'PlNGEDAM,  ap'ping-ha-ddm',  a  town  of  Netherlands, 
14  miles  N.E.  of  Groningen,  on  a  canal  which  joins  it  to  the 
estuary  of  the  Ems,  3  miles  distant.    Pop.  1900. 

APPLEBACHSVILLE,  ap'pel-baks'vU\  a  post-office  of 
Bucks  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 

APPLEBY,  ap'p'1-be,  (probably  the  anc,  AhallalxL,)  a  mnni- 
cipiil  l>orough  and  market-town  of  England,  capital  of  the 
CO.  of  Westmoreland,  on  the  Eden.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Penrith. 
Pop.  2509.  The  town  is  on  a  hill-slope,  crowned  by  a  castle, 
and  almost  encircled  by  the  river,  over  which  an  old  stone 
bridge  leads  to  the  suburb  Bondgate.  It  is  irregularly  built, 
but  ha?  many  good  hoases.  Chief  edifices,  the  castle,  (which, 
under  the  heroic  Lady  Pembroke,  long  held  out  against  the 
Parliiimentary  army,  and  now  belongs  to  her  descendant, 


the  Earl  of  Thanet:)  the  church  of  St.T>awTence,  the  town 
and  shii-e  halls,  a  grammar  school,  founded  in  1574,  and  St, 
Anne's  Hospital  for  Widows,  founded,  in  1664,  by  Lady  Pem- 
broke. Previous  to  the  Reform  Act,  by  which  it  was  dis- 
franchised, it  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  assizes  for  the  county,  and  of  quarter  and 
petty  sessions. 

APPLEBY',  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

APPLEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  cos,  of  Derby  and  Lei- 
cester. 

APPLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Waj-ne  co.,  Ohio,  99  milei 
E.  of  Columbus. 

APPLE  CREEK,  Illinois,  faUs  into  the  Illinois  River  in 
Green  county. 

APPLE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 170  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

APPLE  CREEK,  a  small  sti-eam  of  Henry  co.,  in  the  W. 
part  of  Missouri,  falls  into  Grand  River,  an  affluent  of  the 
Osage  River. 

AP'PLECROSS',  a  very  extensive  maritime  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Ross, 

AP'l'LEDOKl-y,  a  small  seaport  of  England,  co,  of  Devon, 
parish  of  Northampton,  on  the  Torridge,  at  its  moxith  in 
Barnstaple  Bay,  2^  miles  N,  of  Bideford,  It  is  resorted  to  in 
summer  as  a  bathing-place,  and  has  a  harbor  subordinate  tc 
the  port  of  Barnstaple, 

APPLEDORE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Tenterden. 

APPLEDRAM,  ap'pl-dram,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex. 

APPLEDURWELL,  ap'p'l-dur'wel,  a  hamlet  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  parish  of  Godshill,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Newport.  A 
noble  mansion  here,  built  by  Sir  R.  Worsley,  contains  a  fine 
collection  of  paintings  and  antiquities. 

APPLEGAKTH,  apVl-garth/,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries. 

APPLE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

APPLE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co..  Alabam.%, 

APPLE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Meics  co.,  Ohio, 

APPLE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa, 

APPLE  RIVER,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Illinois,  rises  in  Jo 
Daviess  county,  and  flowing  in  a  southerly  course  with  a 
very  winding  channel,  falls  into  the  Mississippi  Kiver  in 
Carroll  county, 

APPLESHAW,apVl-8haw.parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Hants. 

AP/PLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

APPLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk, 

APPLETON,  a  township  of  Knox  co,,  Maine,  25  miles  E. 
by  S.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1573. 

APPLETON,  a  post-township  in  Licking  co..  Ohio. 

APPLETON,  a  small  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Hlinois,  12 
miles  N.E.  of  Pinckneyville. 

APPLETON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Outagamie  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Necnah  or  Fox  River,  and  on  the  Chicago  and 
North  Western  Railroad.  37  miles  N,  of  Fond  du  Lac,  and  27 
miles  S.AV.  of  Green  Bay.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a 
plateau  about  70  feet  above  the  river,  near  the  rapids  called 
the  Grand  Chute.  It  is  the  seat  of  Ijawrence  University 
and  contains  several  churches.  The  river  here  has  a  natu- 
ral fall  of  49  feet,  and  afl'ords  immense  water-power,  Apple- 
ton  has  communication  by  steamboats  \\1th  Lake  Michigan 
on  the  E,,  and  tlie  Mis.sissippi  River  on  the  W,  It  h;is  1 
paper-mill,  1  woollen  factory,  1  tannery,  1  iron  foundry,  1 
rake  factory,  4  flouring-mills,  1  barrel  factory,  and  1  manu- 
factory of  fanning  implements.    Pop.  in  1860,  2345, 

APPLETON,  a  post-office  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Missotiri. 

APPLETON-LE-STREET,  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Y'ork. 

APPLETON-ON-WISK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AP'PLING,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  1060  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.E.  by 
the  Altamaha  River,  and  drained  by  Little  Santilla  River 
and  Huiricane  Creek.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil 
sandy  and  poor.  Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Daniel  Appling, 
an  officer  in  the  war  of  1S12.  Capitfil,  Holmesville.  Pop. 
4190;  of  whom  3445  were  free,  and  745  slaves. 

Al'PLlNG.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York. 

APPLING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia, 
23  miles  W.  of  Augusta,  is  in  a  declining  condition.  It  haa 
a  court-house,  academy,  and  a  few  shops. 

APPODI,  Ip-po-dee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio 
Grande-do-Norte.  It  rises  in  Lit.  0°  25'  S.,  flows  N.N.E.,  and 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  4°  32'  S,  after  a  course  of  150  m. 

APPOLONIA,    See  Apollonia, 

APPOM.A.TTOX,  ap-po-maftox,  a  river  in  the  S,E.  part  of 
Virginia,  rises  in  Appomattox  county,  and  flowing  in  a 
general  eastward  direction,  forms  the  boundary  between 
several  counties  on  each  side,  pjisses  by  the  city  of  Peters- 
burg, and  enters  the  James  River  at  City  Point,  Large  ves- 
sels ascend  to  Peter.sburg,  about  20  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  batteaus  to  FarmvUle,  perhaps  100  miles  further. 
Length  estimated  at  150  miles. 

APPOMATTO.X,  a  county  in  the  S,E.  central  part  of  Vii^ 
ginia,  h.as  an  area  of  260  square  miles.  It  is  twundetl  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  James  River  and  Canal,  and  drained  by  the 
sources  of  the  Appomattox  Kiver,  from  which  the  name  is 


APP 


ARA 


derived.  The  surface  is  diTsrsified  by  several  small  ranges 
of  mountains,  and  covered  witli  extensive  forests.  Tiie  soil 
is  generally  fortilei  It  is  intersected  by  the  South  Side  Kail- 
road,  extending  fi-im  Petersburg  to  Lynchbur;;.  A  plank- 
road  has  lately  been  laid  in  the  county.  Capital,  Clover 
Hill.     Pop.  8889;  of  wbom  4289  were  free,  and  4600  slaves. 

APPOMATTOX  DEPOT,  a  post-oifice  of  Powhatan  co., 
Virginia. 

APH^OXC  or  PADANG,  piMdng',  one  of  the  three  large 
l.slands  N.K.  of  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
lacca, about  90  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Singapore. 

APPOQUIN'NIMINK,  a  small  creek  of  New  Castle  co., 
Delaware,  flows  eastward  into  Delaware  Bay. 

APPOQUINXIMIMi,  a  hundred  of  Newcastle  co.,  Dela- 
ware, has  a  population  of  4162. 

APJUCENA,  ipre-chd/ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanata.  23  miles  N.N.W.  of  Foggia.    Pop.  4560. 

APllKiLIANO,  d-preel-yi/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Citra,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  1000. 

APS,  ips,  (anc.  Al/ha  Auffitsftal)  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ardfeche,  12  miles  S.  of  Privas.  It  was  for- 
merly important,  and  has  many  Roman  antiquities. 

APSIIKRON,  ip-shA-ron',  written  also  APCIIEltON  and 
ABCIIKRON,  a  peninsula  in  the  Russian  dominions, 
Georgia,  extends  tor  40  miles  into  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
terminates  in  Cape  Apsheron.  Lat.  40°  82'  N.;  Ion.  50°  12' 
E.  It  forms  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Caucasian  chain,  and 
Is  of  calcareous  formation.  Its  soil  is  impregnated  with 
sulphur  and  inflammable  gas,  and  it  is  famous  as  the  place 
of  the  sacred  flame,  so  highly  venerated  by  the  fire-wor- 
shippers of  Ada.  See  Ateshga.  About  237,000  poods  of 
black  naphtha,  and  8i)4  of  white  naphtlia  are  obtained  an- 
nually in  this  peninsula:  besides  1000  poods  of  .salTron,  300 
of  madder,  and  150,000  of  salt.  On  its  S.  coast  is  the  port 
of  Bakoo. 

APSLEY  (apslee)  RIVER,  East  Australia,  N.  of  the  co- 
lony of  New  South  Wales,  rises  near  lat.  ol°  S.,  and  Ion. 
151°  40'  E.,  flows  generally  eastward,  and  enters  the  ocean 
under  the  name  of  McLeay  River,  40  miles  N.E.  of  Port 
Macfiuarrie. 

AT''SLEY  STRAIT.  Timor  Sea,  is  between  Melville  and 
Bathurst  Islands,  off  the  N.  coast  of  Australia.  Length,  46 
miles;  breadth  varies  from  1^  to  4  miles;  and  depth  of  chan- 
nel, from  8  to  24  fiithoras.  Shores  on  both  sides  low.  and 
bordered  by  mangroves.  A  British  settlement,  now  aban- 
doned, was  made  at-Fort  Douglas,  on  the  strait,  in  1824. 

APSORUS.    See  Lossixr. 

APT,  Spt,  (anc.  Jp'ta  Ju'lia,)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  on  the  Calavon,  29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Avig- 
non. Pop.  (lSf.2)  5770.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has 
s  curious  cathedi-al  and  many  Roman  antiquities,  with 
manufiietures  of  woollen  and  cotton  stuffs,  earthenware, 
and  confectionery.  It  was  embellished  by  Csesar,  whence 
Its  surname  Julie. 

APULIA,  a-pu1e-a,  or  LA  PUGLIA,  13  pool'yi.  an  ancient 
province  of  Soutliern  Italy,  one  of  the  principal  divisions  of 
OriBcia  Magna,  now  forming  the  three  Neapolitan  provinces 
of  Capitanata.  Bari,  Otranto.  and  part  of  Basilicata.  A  por- 
tion of  the  territory  is  still  called  La  Pcgua. 

APULIA,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  CO.,  New  York,  124 
miles  W.  of  Albany. 

APURE,  3-poo'rA,  a  river  of  Venezuela,  and  one  of  the 
chief  tributaries  of  the  Orinoco,  rises  in  the  Andes  of  New 
Granada,  nesir  lat.  7°  N.,  and  Ion.  72°  W.,  flows  generally 
eastward,  and  joins  the  Orinoco  in  lat.  7°  40'  N.,  and  Ion. 
66°  45'  W.  AfBuents.  including  the  Portuguesa  and  Gua- 
rico,  are  mostly  from  the  N.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Nutrias 
and  San  Fernando. 

APURIJIAC,  d-poo-re-mik',  a  river  of  South  America, 
rises  in  a  lake  in  the  Andes  of  Peru,  in  lat,  15°  38'  S,,  Ion. 
76°  25'  W.,  among  the  savannas  of  the  plain  of  Condoroma, 
It  flows  through  a  mountainous  country  in  a  N.  direction, 
and  joining  the  Ucay  or  A'ilcamayu,  in  lat.  9°  1.5'  S..  Ion.  72° 
30'  W.,  forms  the  Ucay.ale,one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of 
the  Amazon.  Its  while  course,  till  it  meets  the  Ucay,  is  be- 
tween 600  and  600  miles. 

AQUACKANOCK.  New  Jersey.    See  AcQUACKANONCK. 

AQU.T;  AUGUST.-E.    see  Dax. 

AQU.5;  LAT.t;.    See  Igualada. 

AQU.?-:  SEXTI.?=;.    SeeAix. 

AQUAMBO  or  AQUAMBOE,  S-kwam'bS'.  wi-ltten  also 
AK.\MBOE,  a  country  of  Africa,  Upper  Guinea,  E.  of  the 
liver  Volta.  with  a  town  of  the  same  name. 

AQUAPIM,  d-kwd-peem'  or  i-kwi-peeN»',  a  maritime  state 
of  Africa,  Upper  Guinea,  in  about  lat.  6°  N..  and  Ion.  0°, 
having  S.  the  Guif  of  Guinea.  Soil  rather  barren  near  the 
coast,  but  fertile  inland.  It  is,  however,  very  little  culti- 
vated, and  the  inhabitants  live  mostly  on  yams  and  dried 
fish.  They  have  some  domestic  manufactures,  but  most  of 
the  woven  fabrics  in  use  are  of  English  manufiicture,  and 
»re  paid  for  in  palm-oil  and  gold  dust, 

AQU  AR  A,  d-kwi'rft,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Citra,  lOi  miles  S,S,E.  of  Campagna.     Pop.  20.30. 

AQU.^^S'CO,  a  post-office  of  Prince  George's  co.,  Maryland. 

AQUL    SeeAcQci. 


AQUIA,  akwi'a,  a  post-oflRce  of  Stafford  co.,  Virginia. 

AQUIA  CREEK,  in  the  E.  part  of  Yirgini.i,  flows  through 
Stafford  co.  into  the  Potomac.  It  is  navigable  for  schooners 
several  miles  from  its  mouth. 

AQUILA,  i'kwe-l3,  a  fortified  city  of  Naples,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra,  on  the  Aterno,  58  mile.s 
N.E.  of  Rome.  Pop.  11,169.  This  is  one  of  the  best  built  • 
and  most  commercial  cities  in  the  kingdom.  It  was  much 
injured  by  earthquakes  in  1688,  1703,  and  1706;  on  its 
reconstruction  only  1  bastion  of  the  ancient  fortification 
was  preserved.  It  has  manufiietures  of  linens,  and  C  yearly 
fairs.  Aquila  was  built  by  the  Emperor  Frederick  II.  fiODi 
the  ruins  of  the  ancient  AmitcHnum,  the  birthplace  of  Sal- 
lust,  some  vestiges  of  which  city  are  still  traceable. 

AQUILA,  a-kwil'a,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  CO.,  Georgia. 

AQUILEJA.  a-que-l.Vyd,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Triest,  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic,  22  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Triest.  Pop.  1600.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans, 
this  was  the  centre  of  commerce  between  tlie  N.  and  S.  of 
Europe ;  its  population  was  reckoned  at  10,000  before  it  wa.s 
taken  and  burned  by  Attila,  It  was  then  called  the  second 
Jimne,  and  the  Emperor  Augustus  often  resided  in  it. 
M.iny  remains  of  anti(iuity  are  found  in  its  vicinity, 

AQUINO,  d-kwee/no,  (anc.  Aquilnum,  a  town  and  bi.shop's 
see  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Pontecorvo.  Pop.  1100.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Juvenal 
and  Thomas  Aquinas. 

AQUIRAS,  d-keo'ras,  a  small,  poor  village  of  Brazil,  but 
the  oldest  in  the  province  of  Ceara,  on  the  Pacoti,  between 
Lake  Aquiras  and  the  ocean.    Pop.  of  district,  about  5000. 

AQUIS-GRANUM.    See  Aix-l.v-Chapelle. 

AQUITAINE.  akVe-tAne',  (Fr.  pron.  d'kee'tJn',  L.  Aqui- 
tuhiia,)  one  of  the  fjur  great  divisions  of  Gaul  as  known  to 
the  Romans.  It  subsequently  took  the  name  of  Guienne, 
and  at  present  forms  the  departments  of  Gironde  and  Lot- 
et-Garonne. 

AQUITANIA.    See  Aquitaine. 

AQUOKEE  RIVER.     See  TocoA. 

AQUO'NE,  a  post-office  of  Mason  co..  North  Carolina. 

All  A,  ^tk,  a  small  river  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  rising  on  the 
S,  side  of  the  Pyrenees,  in  the  province  of  Iluesca.  and  uniting 
with  the  Cinca,  2  miles  S.  of  Ainsa,  after  a  c&urse  of  about 
45  miles. 

A  RABAT,  Jr'd-bit/,  a  fortress  of  the  Crimea,  on  the  sen 
of  Azov,  70  miles  E.N.E.  of  Simferopol.  It  was  originally 
fortified  by  the  Turks. 

ARABGIIEER,  AKABGIR,  a-rib-gbeer',  or  ARABKIR, 
t-rdlvkeer'.  {smc.Arahrace  f)  a  thriving  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pashalic  of  Seevas,  (Sivas,)  near  the  Euphrates,  and  on  the 
route  between  Trebizond  and  Aleppo,  135  miles  S,S,W,  of 
Trebizond.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  forest  of  fruit-trees,  and  is 
reputed  to  have  6000  houses,  4800  being  occupied  by  Mo- 
hammedans, and  1200  by  Armenians,  The  latter  are  mostly 
engaged  in  the  manufecture  of  cotton  goods  from  British 
yarn.    In  1835,  they  had  nearly  loOO  looms  at  work. 

ARABIA,  a-r.A'be-.a,  called  in  poetical  Linguage  ARABY 
Jr'a-be.  (Arab.  jRztf.ret  or  Je.ziret-d,-Arah.  je-zeer'f t  fl  3'rdb, 
i.  e.  '•  the  Isle  or  Peninsula  of  the  Arabs ;"  Turk,  and  Persian, 
AruhUtun,  J-rJb-e-stdn',  i.e.  "Arab  country;"  Fr.  Aralne, 
dVd^bee';  Ger.  Aral/ien,  d-rd'be-gn;  L.  Ara'bia.)  the  S.W. 
part  of  Asia,  is  encompa.ssed  on  three  sides  by  the  sea; 
namely,  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Pereian  Gulf  on  the  S.E.  by  the 
Indian  Ocean,  and  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Red  Sea.  Its  most 
S,  point — R&s'Arah,  (the  Cape  St.  Anthony  of  some  maps.) — 
stands  in  lat.  12°  35'  N.,  Ion.  43°  56'  E,  The  .'^hoals  and 
p.atches  of  rock  stretching  E.  from  this  cape  render  its 
vicinity  dangerous  to  mariners.  Thirty  miles  to  the  W.  of 
it  are  the  Straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb.  The  most  eastern  point 
of  Arabia— Ras-al-IIad— stands  in  lat.  22°  23'  N.,  Ion,  59°  55' 
E,  A  line  drawn  from  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez  to  that 
of  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  marking  the  limits  of  the  Araljian 
peninsula  on  the  N.,  will  be  found  to  run  nearly  in  tlie  30th 
parallel  of  N.  latitude.  But  beyond,  or  N.  of  this  line,  ex- 
tends a  vast  and  desert  region,  which,  being  now  occupied 
chiefly  by  Arab  tribes,  is  also  called  Arabia:  it  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates,  on  the  W.  bj-  the 
depressed  tract  in  which  lie  the  valley  of  thi  .7oi  dan  and 
the  Dead  Sea,  while  towards  the  N.  it  gradually  contracts, 
till  it  terminates  in  the  vicinity  of  Tadmor  or  Palmyra,  in 
iilwut  lat,  34°  N,:  so  that  Arabia  extends  in  length  from  N. 
to  S,  through  21°  of  latitude,  or  nearly  1300  geographical 
miles,  while  its  average  breadth  may  be  assumed  to  be  about 
600  miles.  It  includes  also  the  peninsula  of  Sinai,  betweiin 
the  Gulf  of  Suez  and  that  of  Akabah.  The  whole  area  of 
the  vast  country  thus  described  does  not  probably  fall  much 
short  of  750.000  geographical  square  mUes,  or  about  eight 
times  that  of  the  British  Islands. 

Notwithstanding  the  early  reputation  of  Arabia,  and  the 
interest  atta«hing  to  a  country,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
have  enacted  most  important  parts  in  the  early  commerce 
and  general  history  of  mankind,  we  still  remain  very  imper- 
fectly acquainted  with  it.  European  travellers  have  hitherto 
penetrated  but  partially,  and  to  a  short  distance  only  from 
its  coasts.  We  know,  however,  that  Araiiia,  taken  collec- 
tively, is  an  arid,  sunburnt  wilderness — the  hills,  naked 

9.=> 


ARA 


ARA 


rock :  the  plains,  rough  stone  or  drifting  sand.  In  this 
dreary  waste  may  be  traced,  here  and  there,  particularly 
near  the  mountains  in  the  S.  half  of  the  peninsula,  some 
green  spots  which  receive  the  ijeneiit  of  the  annual  rains; 
and  the  wadies  or  valleys,  descending  from  the  rain-collect- 
ing heights,  figure  only  as  so  many  green  lines,  more  or 
less  strongly  marked  in  the  dazzling,  sunburnt  prospect. 
But  it  is  seldom  that  the  tracts  of  cultivated  land,  even  in 
the  plains,  attain  a  width  of  20  miles ;  so  that  all  the  irri- 
gated tehSmas  or  lowlands,  and  all  the  gi-een  wadies  of 
Arabia  taken  together,  bear  but  a  small  proportion  to  the 
whole  peninsula. 

Arabia  is  commonly  divided  into  three  parts: — Arabia 
Feux,  or  happ'j ;  Pkte^a,  or  stony;  and  Deserta,  or  desert. 
Arabia  Felix  boi-ders  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  the  S.  part  of  the  Red  Sea ;  Arabia  Petrfea  lies  on  the  Hed 
Sea,  N.  of  Arabia  Felix,  and  is  underst^xid  to  include  the  terri- 
tory N.W.  of  Arabia  Deserta :  Arabia  lieserta  includes  all  the 
central  portion  of  the  country.  Among  the  Arabians  these 
names  are  not  known.  They  call  Arabia  Deserta.  Xedjed  or 
Nej"d;  Arabia  Petraea,  Hejaz;  Arabia  Felix  is  divided  into 
Yemen,  Iladramaut,  Oman,  and  Lahsa :  which  will  be  treated 
of  under  their  respective  heads.  1 1  may  be  observed  that  the 
above  divisions  are  very  loosely  laid  down  by  Arab  writers; 
and  the  limits  have  varied  considerably  at  difTorent  periods. 

The  cultivated  tracts  of  Arabia  are  generally  in  the  vici- 
nity of  the  mountains,  the  torrents  from  which,  in  the 
rainy  season,  collect  soil,  and  endow  it  with  fertility.  The 
proximity  of  the  green  fields,  however,  to  the  rocky  heights, 
depends  on  the  rapidity  of  the  streams,  and  the  configura- 
tion of  the  country.  There  are  also  some  oases  or  produc- 
tive spots  in  the  interior,  surrounded  by  deserts,  and  which 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  waters  of  streams  lost  in  the 
sands  higher  up,  are  here  again  collected  and  brought  to- 
wards the  surfiice.  The  mountains  exercising  this  benefi- 
■"ent  influence  on  the  land,  rise,  as  far  as  we  have  any  know- 
ledge of  them,  at  no  great  distance  from  the  se-i-shore,  and 
form,  with  their  ridges,  a  kind  of  elevated  frame,  which  en- 
closes the  greater  part  of  the  peninsula.  On  the  W.,  along 
the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea,  from  the  Gulf  of  Akahah  to  the 
Straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb^a  distance  of  1000  miles — the 
Arabian  mountains  are  conspicuous  throughout,  presenting 
peaked  summits  of  naked  rock,  from  5000  to  8000  feet  in 
height,  and  varying  from  12  to  60  miles  in  distance  from 
the  coast. 

The  sterility  of  Arabia  is  sufficiently  proclaimed  when  it 
is  stated  that  that  vast  country  has  no  considerable,  and 
scarcely  any  permanent  rivers.  A  few  small  streams,  in- 
deed, in  Omin.  as  the  Massora  and  Sib,  are  said  to  be  con- 
stant, that  is,  to  contain  water,  and  to  flow  throughout  the 
year  from  their  sources  to  the  sea;  hut  these,  supposing 
their  permanence  established,  form,  after  all,  but  rare 
exceptions. 

Arabian  rivers,  in  general,  are  either  consumed  in  irriga- 
tion or  absorbed  by  the  sands,  even  in  crossing  the  narrow 
f  ehiimas  or  lowlands  of  Hejaz  and  Yemen,  before  they  raich 
the  se.a-shore.  The  lakes  of  Arabia  are,  like  the  rivers,  but  of 
short  duration.  After  heavy  rains,  pools  are  formed,  which, 
being  i-apidly  evaporated,  leave  the  ground  incrusted  with 
salt.  Arabia  may  be  regarded,  collectively,  as  a  desert,  and 
the  cultivated  tracts  throughout  as  so  many  oases,  sur- 
rounded by  sterile  and  irreclaimable  wastes.  The  desert  of 
Ahkaf.  {i.e.  "the  waves  of  sands.")  however,  is  of  a  peculiar 
character,  swallowing  every  thing  which  falls  on  it,  and  is 
supposed  by  the  natives  to  be  the  abode  of  demons,  or  of 
the  children  of  Ad. 

In  considering  the  climate  of  Arabia,  it  is  necessary  to 
bear  in  mind,  first,  the  position  of  that  country,  between  the 
burning  deserts  of  Africa  on  one  side,  and  those  of  Western 
India  on  the  other.  Not  that  we  can  suppose  the  climate 
of  the  interposed  peninsula  to  depend  on  those  of  the  ad- 
jacent countries,  but  because  it  is  evident  that  Arabia  comes 
under  the  influence  of  those  meteorological  conditions  which 
have  consigned  to  drought  and  sterility  a  wide  belt  of  coun- 
try across  the  Old  World,  from  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic 
nearly  to  those  of  the  Pacific  Oce.an.  This  tract  of  desert,  it 
is  true,  lies  for  the  most  part  beyond  the  tropic  and  towards 
Central  Asia,  it  bends  much  to  the  N.;  the  Arabian  penin- 
sul.i,  on  the  other  hand,  extends  several  degrees  S.  of  the 
tropic.  But,  secondly,  the  intertropical  position  of  Arabia 
falls  into  the  domain  of  the  monsoons  or  periodical  winds 
peculiar  to  the  Indian  Seas.  Now,  the  monsoons  not  only 
interrupt  the  ordinary  course  of  the  trade  winds,  (which 
How  from  the  E.,  with  an  inclination  to  the  equator.)  but 
they  also  interfere  with  th,it  general  law  of  intertropical 
climate,  by  virtue  of  which  the  rain  falls  soon  after  the  sun 
has  passed  the  zenith,  .ind  the  hottest  season  is  also  the 
rainy  se.ison.  In  S.  Arabia,  on  the  other  hand,  the  hottest 
months  of  the  year  are  comparatively  dry  and  cloudless; 
and  the  scanty  rain  fells  chiefly  in  the  winter,  when  the 
atmosphere,  being  less  heated,  is  also  less  loaded  with 
aqueous  vapours. 

To  the  extreme  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  and  its  freedom 
from  cloud  or  v.apour — conditions  tending  to  accelerate  evapo- 
tion  and  the  radiation  of  heat — ^may  he  ascribed  the  remark- 


able degree  of  cold  occasionally  felt  in  Arabia,  and  which  haa 
given  rise  to  very  eiToneous  conjectures  respecting  the  el* 
vation  of  that  country.  At  Tayef^  not  above  32U0  feet  in 
absolute  elevation,  and  only  in  lat.  21°  12'  N.,  snow  is  said 
to  fall  once  in  everj*  four  years;  and  the  mountains  in  the 
neighbourhood,  from  5000  to  6000  feet  high,  are  annually 
covered  with  snow.  Further  S.,  ice  and  snow  are  of  frefjuent 
occurrence  on  mountains  ranging  from  COOO  to  SOOO  feet  in 
height;  while  in  Abyssinia,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Bed 
Sea.  they  are  hardly  known  at  the  height  of  12.000  feet.  On 
the  S.  coast,  in  like  manner,  we  hear  of  snow  and  ice  at 
moderate  elevations;  and  in  Om&n,  the  JeTiel  Akhdar,  only 
6000  feet  high,  and  lying  nearly  under  the  trtipic,  is  fre- 
quently crowned  with  snow  in  winter.  Yet  Muscat,  on  the 
se;i-coast  of  Omin,  is,  perhaps,  the  hottest,  inhabited  place  on 
earth — a  distinction  which  it  owes  in  a  gre.at  measure  to  its 
situation  beneath  bare  cliffs,  which  reverljerate  the  heat. 
At  this  place,  the  thermometer  in  the  shade  in  June,  gene- 
rally rises  above  100°  Fah.  in  the  afternoon.  The  heat 
of  Mocha,  also,  and  the  adjacent  tehama,  is  to  Europeans 
insupportable  in  summer.  In  gener;il,  the  violent  changes 
of  temperature  which  occur  frequently  in  Arabia,  are  preju- 
dicial to  health.  The  humid  S.  wind,  the  cold,  and  dry  N. 
wind,  and  the  stoims  from  the  E.,  attended  with  clouds  of 
fine  sand,  .all  bring  with  them  the  seeds  of  djsea.se.  The  N. 
wind  alone  is  regarded  as  s<Hlubrious  and  refreshing.  The 
coast  of  the  Hejaz  is  thought  to  be  particularly  unhealthy, 
and  of  late  years,  since  the  campaigns  of  the  Egyptian  army 
against  the  Wahaby,  the  pl;igue,  from  which  Arabia  pre- 
viously boasted  to  be  exempt,  has  been  added  to  the  list  of 
endemic  diseases.  Here  it  is  as  well  to  remark,  that  the 
imminent  danger  supposed  to  attend  the  occurrence  of 
storms  of  wind  in  the  desert,  the  sherky  (sirocco)  or  east 
wind  loaded  with  fine  sand,  and  the  simoom  or  hot  poison 
wind  from  the  South,  exists  only  iu  the  t;Ues  of  credulous 
travellers.  Whatever  inconveniences  must  be  endured  on 
such  occasions  by  men  and  cattle,  it  seldom  if  ever  happens 
that  they  are  suffocated  by  the  pestilent  bl.asts,  nor  are  the 
caravans  ever  buried  iu  overwhelming  sands. 

The  flora  of  Arabia  presents  but  little  novelty ;  it  seems  to 
he  made  up  of  contributions  from  Africa,  ludLa,  and  Ar- 
menia. The  sea-shore,  where  it  is  not  .ab.solutely  barren, 
exhibits  general  plantations  of  the  d.itopalm,  which  thrives 
even  where  the  ground  is  covered  with  jncrustatiuus  of  salt. 
On  the  S.  coast  towards  Omin.  the  mango  and  coco.H-nut  are 
occasionally  met  with.  Furtlier  inland  grows  the  fig-tree, 
the  tamarind,  the  almond,  and  in  Oman,  the  or.ange,  lemon, 
and  citron.  The  wild  bushes  are  chiefly  mimos(v,  eitphor- 
biaccte,  and  the  sidr  or  lotus  nebka.  With  these  grow  l.iven- 
der,  wormwood,  jasmine,  and  other  scented  plants.  As  the 
mountains  are  ascended,  the  vegetation  assumes  a  more 
European  character.  Apricots,  plums,  pomegranates,  and 
grapes  are  found  at  the  height  of  from  3000  to  HMO  feet; 
and  above  these,  the  sides  of  the  mountains  are  covered  with 
forests  of  juniper,  less  properly  called  cypress.  The  cotton- 
plant  and  the  sugar-cane  grow  in  the  tehama;  the  sumach 
or  gum  arable,  the  aloe,  and  the  casina  fistula  prefer  the 
hills;  and  the  tree  which  yields  the  olUxiJium  or  frankin- 
cense abounds  in  the  mountjiins  of  Shej  er  or  Shehr,  in 
Mahrah. 

The  Arabs  cultivate  for  food,  wheat,  rice,  barley,  and 
doorrah  (durrah)  or  hdcus  vulffare.  (the  jowdri  of  India.)  be- 
sides bananas,  water-melons,  and  other  garden  produce:  but 
their  chief  dependence  is  on  their  d.ite  plantations.  These 
occupy  everj-where  the  irriguous  land,  the  level  margin  of 
the  stream,  the  low  sea-marsh,  or  the  hollow  moistened  by 
land-springs.  The  borders  only  of  these  favored  spots,  if 
they  admit  of  h.aving  water  occasionally  led  to  them,  are 
given  up  to  the  cultivation  of  grain.  >"ear  every  large  date 
plantation  there  is  ordinarily  a  fort,  with  high  walls  and 
dry  ditch,  round  which  is  collected  nearly  the  whole  popu- 
lation of  the  district  or  u-adj/.  The  cultivation  of  coffee  was 
introduced  into  Arabia  from  S.  Abyssinia;  and  it  is  now 
well  known  that  the  best  coffee  exported  from  Mocha,  even 
at  the  present  day.  is.  in  fact,  the  produce  of  Abyssinia.  The 
khat,  also,  a  kind  of  te.a-plant.  is  originally  Abyssinian;  but 
the  use  of  it  as  a  stimulant  seems  as  yet  hardly  to  extend 
beyond  Yemen ;  yet  there,  such  is  the  passion  for  it,  that  it 
bears  a  very  high  price. 

The  Bedouin  procures  his  supplies  of  cloth,  oil,  and  oihsr 
luxuries,  in  exchange  for  civet,  musk,  ostrich-feathers,  an:* 
other  trifles,  but  chiefly  for  his  horses  and  camels.  The 
trade  in  coffee,  khat,  almonds,  balsam,  senna,  aiid  gum?, 
enriches  a  few  proprietors:  but,  generally  speaking,  the 
chief  mercantile  wealth  of  Arabia  is,  and  always  has  beru, 
derived  from  the  carrying  trade.  The  Ariib  is  the  actire 
factor  who  distributes  the  cotton  cloth  of  India  throughout 
hall-civilized  Africa,  and  carries  back  ivory,  ghee,  gums,  and 
dyewoods.  in  return.  The  productions  of  Arabia  are.  as  a 
source  of  wealth,  quite  insignificant  in  comparison  with  the 
advantages  of  occupying  the  coasts  which  connect  India 
with  Africa  and  Europe.  There  are,  however,  treasures  ou 
the  Arabian  coasts,  which,  though  not  absolutely  large, 
when  considered  as  sources  of  national  revenue,  are  yet  im- 
portant when  compared  with  the  much  vaunte<l  sweets  and 


ARA 


AEA 


perfumes  of  the  Interior.  The  pearl  hanks  In  the  Persian 
Gulf  extend  from  Bahrein  E.  above  300  miles.  These  give 
employment  to  nearly  30.000  men,  and  from  1.500  to  2000 
boats,  yielding  some  £200,000  yeiirly.  The  ijearls  are  nearly 
all  bought  by  the  biitti/as,  who  cngio-s  still  more  completely 
the  produce  of  the  pearl  fi.shery  in  the  Red  Sea,  on  the 
coasts  of  the  llejfi,z.  On  the  S.  coasts  of  Arabia,  the  fisher- 
men collect  much  ambergris  and  tortoise-shell.  They  take 
immense  quantities  offish,  particularly  on  the  line  of  coast 
between  Mahrah  and  Omiiu,  with  which  they  supply  the 
interior. 

Although  the  carrying  trade  between  India  and  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  has  long  since  sunk  into 
comparative  insignificance,  yet  enough  remains  to  show  the 
importance  and  the  foundation  of  the  monopoly  of  it,  once 
enjoyed  by  the  Arabs. 

While  navigation  was  in  its  infancy,  that  patient  and  en- 
during animal,  the  camel — so  justly  entitled  "  the  ship  of  the 
desert" — offered  the  most  convenient  and  econdmieal  mode 
of  conveying  goods  from  the  Persian  Oulf  and  South  Arabia  to 
Egypt  and  I'henicia,  whence  they  were  distributed  through 
the  West.  It  seems  certiiin,  that  the  trade  routes  of  the 
Arabs,  in  the  earliest  ages — in  the  ttfturishing  days  of  Tyre 
and  Sidon — nearly  coincided  with  those  followed  in  the  days 
of  the  caliphs,  when  the  caravans  started  from  Bahrein  for 
Bagdad,  and  thence  crossed  the  Syrian  deserts  to  Aleppo, 
Damascus,  or  Egypt;  or,  from  Dhofar  and  the  ports  of  Had- 
ramaut.  they  passed  through  Yemen  on  their  way  N.  The 
establishment  of  the  Mohammedan  religion  had  the  effect  of 
reviving  this  truly  Arab  branch  of  industry,  for  the  Hadji  or 
pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  which  was  enjoined  on  all  true  be- 
lievers, drew  crowds  annually  to  the  sacred  shrine  from  all 
parts  of  the  Mohammedan  world.  This  conflux  of  strangers 
re<(uired  large  supplies,  and  gave 'great  activity  to  trade; 
but  besides,  the  pilgrim  caravans  to  Mecca  being  deemed 
sacred,  experienced  tavor  and  prot«3ction  in  all  Mohammedan 
countries;  and  hence,  the  Hadji  merchants,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  security  thus  enjoyed,  always  united  com- 
mercial speculation  with  the  work  of  piety.  These  caravans 
(or  l:afUii/is,  as  the  Arabs  call  them)  are  at  times  exceed- 
ingly numerous.  There  are  authentic  .accounts  of  caiavans 
to  Mecca  which  numbered  120,000  camels.  Now-a-days  the 
ordinary  commercial  caravans  rarely  exceed  from  600  to 
1000  loaded  camels. 

Ilidnr;/. — In  early  times,  Arabia  was  called  by  the  He- 
brews simply  Kedem,  or  the  "East."  and  its  inhabitants 
Beuil  Ke/Un,  or  people  of  the  East.  The  name  Arabia, 
when  it  first  occurs  in  the  Scriptures,  (as  in  Ezekiel  xxvii., 
"  Arabia  and  the  princes  of  Kedar,")  is  evidently  not  ap- 
plied to  the  whole  peninsula,  but  only  to  the  territory  of 
some  pastoral  tribes.  The  doctors  of  the  Koran  ascribe  the 
first  origin  of  the  Arab  nation  to  the  sons  of  Iram.  (Ai'am.) 
Ad,  Thameed,  Jorhum,  Ac,  whose  posttrity  are  styled 
Arab-el- Jraliah,  or  thorough-bred  Arabs.  These  have  long 
since  vanished  from  the  page  of  authentic  history,  and 
figure  only  in  legends  of  remote  antiquity.  The  sons  of 
Kahtan  (Yoktan)  are  entitled  Mix>tarabah  (MUtarabah)  or 
Arabs  by  adoption;  and  the  Ishmaelites  are  named,  in  a 
similar  sense,  .Mustarabah.  But  it  may  be  inferred  from  the 
Hebrew  Sci-iptures  that  some  of  the  posterity  of  Ham,  also 
Seba,  Havilah.  Sabtah.  and  other  sons  of  Cush,  settled  in 
Southern  Arabia,  which  was  thus  clo.seIy  connected  with 
the  land  of  Canaan.  (I'henicia;)  and  this  connection  is  also 
testified  by  profane  historians.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  different  branches  of  the  Semitic  race,  who  thus 
occupied  at  an  early  epoch  the  Arabian  peninsula,  spoke 
different  dialects:  but  the  prevalence  since  acquired  by  the 
language  of  the  Koran  has  for  the  most  part  effaced  such 
distinctions.  It  has,  however,  been  recently  discovered  that 
the  upper  classes  in  Mahrah.  and  especially  in  Bhofir.  speak 
a  peculiar  language  called  Ehkili,  which  many  circum- 
stances combine  to  identify  with  the  ancient  Hamyaritic. 
At  Mareb  also,  where  remains  of  the  celebrated  dam  are  still 
traceable,  as  well  as  at  several  places  along  the  S.  coast,  in- 
scriptions in  the  Hamyaritic  tongue  and  characters  (proba^ 
bly  the  unknown  character  described  by  Arab  writers 
under  the  name  of  Musiind)  have  been  copied;  and  from 
the  study  of  them  it  has  been  found  that  the  Hamyaritic 
language  Ixire  a  close  resemblance  to  Syriac  and  Hebrew, 
and  still  more  to  Ethiopic,  which  last  may  be  considered, 
perhaps,  as  its  immediate  offspring.  Anterior  to  Moham- 
med. Hamyaritic  was  the  general  language  of  Southern 
Arabia;  but  the  language  of  the  Koran  quickly  displaced 
it;  and,  in  the  first  ages  of  religious  fervor,  it  fell  into  disuse. 
The  tribes  of  Mahrah  and  Dhofir,  therefore,  who  now  speak 
Ehkeelee  (Ehkili)  are  not  to  be  considered  on  that  account  as 
a  separate  race,  but  only  as  the  descendants  of  that  portion 
of  the  population  who  rejected  the  proffered  Isl4m  in  the  first 
insfcmce,  and  have  since  received  it  tardily,  and  perhaps 
Incompletely.  The  others  lost,  with  their  language,  a  chief 
mark  of  race,  but  they  retained,  and  still  retain,  ancient 
habits  and  dispositions  which  broadly  distinguish  them 
from  their  Ishmaelite  neighbors  further  N.  While  the  lat- 
ter are  unalterably  attached  to  a  pastoral,  roving  life,  to 
arras,  and  rude  independence,  the  former  devote  themselves 
U 


ardently  to  mercantile  pursuits,  and  dwell  in  towns ;  the> 
seek  the  advantage  of  social  combination,  and  cherish  the 
memory  of  their  ancient  kings.  It  would  appear  that  Jews 
were  always  numerous  in  Arabia.  Subsequent  to  the  dis- 
persion, they  possessed  Yathrib,  {Jatlirippa  of  Ptolemy,) 
afterwards  named  Mexlineh,  (the  city;)  and  in  Southern 
Arabia,  with  which  they  were  connected,  perhaps,  by  com- 
merce, they  seem  to  have  been  settled  in  a  still  earlier  age. 
Their  Scripture  lore  found  favor  with  the  people,  who  were 
quite  willing  to  believe  themselves  the  posterity  of  Yoktan, 
or  of  Abraham ;  and  even  kings  were  numbered  among  the 
converts.  Hence  we  may  reiiscmably  conclude  that  of  the 
Arabian  Jews  of  later  times,  the  great  majority  are  probalily 
not  Israelites  by  descent,  but  only  Judaizing  Arabs.  A  few 
Jews,  mostly  silversmiths  or  distillers,  are  to  be  found  in 
all  the  chii^f  market-towns  of  Arabia,  except  in  Ilejiz,  where 
they  are  forbidden.  In  Muscat  alone  they  are  exempt  from 
insult  and  vexation.  It  is  believed  that  in  early  ages  the 
chief  objects  of  adoration  in  Southern  Arabia  were  the  sun 
and  moon,  but  with  these  there  were  certainlv  other  deities 
of  a  more  popular  character.  In  the  recently  deciphered 
Hamyaritic  inscriptions  occurs  the  name  of  .\thor.  who  was 
proliably  the  same  as  Ashtoreth,  the  Venus  of  the  Pheni- 
cians.  The  northern  tribes  seem  to  have  borrowed  from 
the  pantheons  of  all  the  nations  with  whom  they  came  in 
contact;  and  the  Ka.aba  is  said  to  have  contained  at  one 
time  300  idols.  But  Mohammed  put  an  end  to  this  accu- 
mulating superstition,  by  establishing  a  system  of  pure 
monotheism,  with  which  he  a.ssociated  as  much  ritual  ob- 
servance as  sufficed,  without  being  wearisome,  to  connect 
his  doctrines  with  the  habits  of  the  people.  The  Ishmael- 
its,  the  fellow-countrymen  and  companions  of  Slohammed, 
hastened  to  rally  round  him  as  soon  as  success  began  to 
gleam  on  his  career,  and  willingly  exchanged  their  waver- 
ing superstitions  fof  doctrines  at  once  grand,  simple,  and 
decisive;  bxit  in  the  S.,  where  Judaism,  and  Christianity 
too,  had  gained  a  firmer  footing,  the  new  Ishmaelitic  creed 
met  with  an  obstinate  resistance;  and  it  is  said  that  some 
tribes  in  Asir,at the S.sideofNedjed, remained  unconverted 
till  the  early  part  of  the  last  century,  when  they  were  over- 
powered by  the  fanatical  Wahfiby. 

The  Ishmaelites  appear  to  have  always  retained  the 
habits  of  Bedouins;  they  were  wild  Arabs;  the  i)ossessioh 
of  Jlecca  and  the  Kajiba  was  theif  sole  boast ;  and  they 
made  no  figure  in  history  till  the  time  of  Mohammed.  The 
sons  of  Yoktan.  on  the  other  hand,  in  Southern  Arabi.a.  ad- 
vanced in  civilization,  engaged  in  commerce,  and  had  a 
regal  form  of  government.  In  the  fourth  century  of  our 
era,  a  king  of  Yemen  embraced  Judaism,  and  persecuted  the 
Christians  within  his  dominions,  putting  several  thousands 
of  them  to  the  sword.  This  .awakened  the  hostility  of  the 
Abyssinians.  (the  Axumites.)  and  at  length,  in  .i.D.  630,  an 
Ethiopian  army  crossed  the  lied  Sea  into  Yemen,  and  put 
an  end  to  the  Hamyarite  dynasty.  The  year  671  gave  birth 
to  Mohammed,  wliose  fiery  genius  was  no  doubt  worked 
upon  by  the  contest  of  religious  doctrines  which  agitated 
Arabia  in  that  age.  With  the  diffusion  of  the  new  tiiith,  a 
new  destiny  seemed  opened  to  the  AriiV).s.  The  continued 
success  of  their  arms  has  no  parallel  in  history.  Within 
the  course  of  a  few  generations,  Arab  dynasties  were  esta- 
blished from  Central  Asia  and  the  frontiers  of  India,  in 
Samarcand,  lialkh,  and  Cabool,  to  the  shores  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, in  Morocco  and  Spain.  In  the  flourishing  days  of  the 
caliphs  (t.  e.  "successors"  of  Mohammed)  the  Arab  mer- 
chant visited  China,  the  interior  of  Africa,  the  shores  of 
the  Baltic,  and  Northern  Siberia.  In  truth,  Arab  commerce 
at  one  time  embraced  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Old  World. 
But  this  wide-spread  superiority  was  in  its  nature  transient. 
The  power  of  the  caliphs  was  extingui.shed,  after  many  a 
sti-uggle,  by  that  of  the  Ottomans,  and  in  trade  the  Arabs 
were  graduiiUy  and  completely  supplanted  by  Western  na- 
tions.  Adj.   Arabian,  a-ri/be-an,   Arabic,  Sr/a-bik,  and 

Arabesque,  ir\a-besk';  inhab.  Arab,  Jr'ab,  and  Arabia:*. 

ARABIAN  GULF.    See  Red  Sea. 

ARA'BIAN  SEA,  a  large  expanse  of  sea  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  .\sia,  lying  between  the  peninsula  of  Hindostan  on  the  E., 
and  Arabia  on  the  W.  The  distance  from  the  Arabian  to  the 
Indian  coast  mav  be.  at  the  broadest  part,  about  1500  milea. 

AHABICUS  SINUS.    See  Red  Sea. 

ARABIE  and  ARABTEN.    See  Arabia. 

ARABIS,  a  river  of  Southern  Asia.    See  Poorallt. 

ARABY.    See  Arabia. 

ARACAN  or  ARKACAN,  SrVa-kan'  or  l-rl-Hn',  (called  by 
the  natives  liakliamg,  rd-King'  or  rd-kiN"',)  a  British  pro- 
vince of  Farther  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  extending 
along  the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  between  lat.  10°  and 
22°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  92°  and  94°  E.,  having  on  the  E.  the 
Burmese  dominions,  fi-om  which  it  is  sep-arated  by  a  high 
mountain  range,  and  on  the  N.  the  British  district  of  Chif.- 
tagong.  Area  estimated  at  16,500  square  miles.  Pop.  (1889) 
247,765.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Aracan,  Myoo,  Aeng,  and 
Sandoway,  all  in  some  degree  navigable.  Along  the  coast* 
are  numerous  islands.  The  soil  of  the  higher  grounds  is  a 
rich  loam;  that  of  the  lower  and  most  extensive  portion  is 
chiefly  argillaceous,  while  on  the  rivers  and  on  the  coasts 

97 


ARA 


ARA 


there  are  large  accumulations  of  sand.  Elevated  Ibresta, 
wooded  Talleys,  rivers,  and  small  lakes  form  the  geueral 
features  of  the  interior  mountain  district.  Between  the 
mountains  and  the  sea,  it  is  covered  with  thickly  wooded 
jungles,  which  are  so  intersected  by  rivers,  lakes,  creeks, 
and  inlets,  as  to  render  communication  from  town  to  town 
exceedin;;ly  difficult  The  chief  prodHcts  are  rice,  indijro, 
cotton,  timber,  salt,  oil,  buffalo  hides  and  horns,  ivory, 
tobacco,  silk,  and  fruits,  which  are  exported  to  Bengal  and 
Chittagong.  in  return  for  betel  and  British  and  Indian 
manufactures.  Iron,  coal,  and  naphtha  are  found  along 
the  coast.  Aracan  is  subdivided  into  the  districts  of  Ak- 
yab,  Kamree,  Aeng.  and  Sandoway;  chief  town,  Aracan; 
chief  military  station,  Kj'ook  Phyoo.  This  province  was 
conquered  by  the  Burmese  in  1784.  and  ttiken  from  them 
by  the   British   in  1S24. Adj.  and   inhab.  Aracanese, 

AKACAX  or  ARR.'V.CAX,  a  town  of  British  India,  beyond 
the  Ganges,  province  of  Aracan,  of  which  it  was  formerly 
the  capital,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  50  miles 
from  the  sea,  about  lat  20°  45'  N.;  Ion.  93°  10'  K.  It  was 
at  one  time  a  pliice  of  considerable  importance,  having  had 
a  population  of  96.000;  but  it  is  now  so  much  reduced  that, 
In  18:j6,  its  population  was  estimated  at  from  8000  to  10.000. 

ARACAN  (or  KULADYXE)  RIVER  rises  in  the  Burmese 
dominions,  lat.  2.3°  X.  and  Ion.  94°  E.,  and  after  a  generally 
southward  course  of  200  miles,  enters  the  Bay  of  Bengal  in 
Arac.in,  15  miles  X.E.of  Aky.ab.  It  is  navigable  in  its  latter 
part  for  vessels  of  250  tons  burden. 

ARACATI  or  ARACATY,  dri-kd-tee',  a  river-port,  Brazil, 
about  55  miles  S.E.  of  Ceara.  on  the  Rio  Jaguaribe,("  river  of 
Jaguars,")  10  milesfrom  the  sea.  Lat  4"  31'  S. ;  Ion.  37°  48' 
W.  It  contains  a  handsome  town-hall,  a  prison,  3  schools, 
and  5  churches.  The  princip:il  exports  are  cotton  and 
hides,  nearly  all  brought  from  the  interior.  Of  the  former 
about  5000  bags,  or  25.000  arrobas  of '32  pounds  each,  are 
exported  annually;  and  of  the  Litter,  2000.  In  the  rainy 
season  the  river,  which  runs  close  to  the  town,  often  rises 
12  feet  above  its  ordinary  level.  The  bar  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  which  h.is  a  depth  of  8  feet  at  low  water,  is  nai^ 
row  and  dangerous.     Pop.  about  5000. 

ARACATI  or  ARACATY.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Ceara,  enters  the  Atlantic  by  two  mouths.    Length,  120  miles. 

AR.\CE\A,  d-rd-th.Vnd.  a  town  of  .'>pain.  in  .\nd.ilusia, 
province  of  Iluelva.  33  miles  N.W.  of  Seville.    Pop.  2370. 

ARACIIAS.    S<v»  Araxas. 

AR.\QU.\HI,  d-ri-swd-hee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes.  rises  in  the  Serra  Esmeraldius,  flows  X.E., 
and  falls  into  the  Jequitinhonha,  after  a  course  of  upwards 
of  200  miles.  It  is  tolerably  deep,  and  might  be  rendered 
navigiible  for  more  th.an  half  of  its  course. 

.A.RAD,  Or^Od',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Maros, 
145  miles  S.E.  of  Pesth,  divided  by  the  river  into  Old  .\rad 
and  New  Arad. 

ARAB,  Old,  (Hun.  0  Arad,  o  JTrod';  Ger.  AU.  Arad,  iltr 
d'rdt.)  an  open  town,  capital  of  the  county  or  district  of 
Arad.  is  a  bishop's  see.  and  contains  a  Greek  theological 
seminary,  a  Roman  Catholic  gymnasium,  and  Wallacliian 
norm.il  school.  Manufactures  tobacco  and  snuff.  It  has  an 
important  fair,  second  only  to  the  fairs  of  I'esth  and  Debrec- 
zin,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  trade  is  carried  on  in 
cattle.     Pop.  26.9,n9. 

ARAD,  New,  (Hun.  Uj  Arad.  oo>e6r%d':  Qer.  Xeu  Arad, 
noi  d/rdt.)  lies  across  the  river  from  Old  .\rad.  in  the  banat 
of  Temesvar;  a  bridge  which  connected  the  two  was  de- 
stroyed during  the  late  revolution.  New  .\rad  is  chiefly  i-e- 
markable  for  its  extensive  fortress,  one  of  the  strongest  in 
Austria,  and  used  also  as  a  prison  for  political  offenders. 
Pop.  4000. 

AR.\D,  besides  the  above,  is  the  name  of  4  small  places  In 
Hungary,  not  deserving  a  separate  notice. 

Ali.\D  ISL.A.ND,  Persian  Gulf,  near  Bahrein  Island. 

ARAFAT  (4  id-ldt')  MOUNT,  or  JEBEL-ER-HAllM,  jib' 
Jl-Jr-rdh'm  (i.  e.  •'  the  mountain  of  mercy"),  a  granite  liill  of 
Arabia,  15  miles  E.  of  Mecca.  It  is  about  1  or  Ij  miles  in 
circuit,  and  its  summit  is  nearly  200  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  plain.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  objects  of  pilgrimage  to 
Mohammedans,  who  affirm  that  it  was  the  place  where  Adam 
first  received  his  wife  Eve,  after  they  had  been  expelled  from 
Paradise,  and  separated  from  each  other  120  years.  On  the 
summit  the  spot  is  shown  where  Mohammed  used  to  take 
his  stition  during  the  pilgrim.-ige.  The  mountain  not  being 
large  enough  to  accommodate  all  the  devotees  that  go  annu- 
ally on  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  the  law  declares  that  the  plain, 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  mountain,  may  be  re- 
garded a-s  comprised  under  the  term  Mount  of  Aralat. 

AR.^FURA.  SEA  OK,  N.  of  Australia.     See  Papua. 

All-  AdO,  a  cape  of  Oregon.  S.  of  the  mouth  of  Umpqua  River. 

ARAGON  or  ARRAGON,  &r/ra-pon,  (Sp.  pron.  dK-nd-gOn'; 
Fr.  Aragtm.  dVdV^N"';  It  Aragona,  1-rd-go'nd;  Ger.  Ara- 
gonxen,  l-rii-go/ne-en ;  L.  Aragnlnia.)  an  ancient  kingdom  of 
gpain.  bounded  N.  by  France.  E.  by  Catalonia.  S.  by  Valencia 
and  New  Castile,  and  \V.  by  theCastiles  and  Navarre.  Length, 
about  240  miles ;  average  breadth.  90  miles:  area.  1 5,988  square 
miles.    It  is  now  divided  into  the  three  provinces  of  Huesca, 


Saragossa,  ("Zanigoza.)  and  Ternel.  It  forms  a  basin  encom- 
passed by  the  Pyrenees,  the  Sierras  of  Mosella,  Albarracin,  Mo- 
lina, and  Soria,  while  offsets  of  these  chains  traverse  the  inte- 
rior in  all  directions.  Several  peaks  of  the  I'yrenees  rise  up- 
w.ards  of  11,000  feet  above  the-^ea,  their  tops  covered  with  per 
petual  snow.  Tlieir  sides  are  clothed  with  forests  of  oak,  beech, 
and  pine;  wliile  lower  down  are  rich  and  extensive  pastures, 
with  many  tieautiful  and  fertile  valleys.  The  largest  level 
tract  is  formed  by  the  valley  of  the  Ebro,  which,  enteiitig:  on 
the  W.,  flows  S.E.,  dividing  the  province  into  tw^o  nearly  equal 
parts.  The  Guadalaviar,  the  Jucar.  and  the  Tagus  nave 
their  sources  in  the  extreme  S.,  and  the  Ar;igon,  an  affluent 
of  the  Ebro,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  this  kingdom.  The  climate 
is  variable,  though  generally  healthy.  On  the  mountains, 
and  especially  among  the  Pyrenees,  it  is  extremely  cold,  but 
becomes  much  warmer  in  the  valleys  near  the  Ebro  and 
Cinca,  High  and  piercing  winds  from  the  N.W.  and  S.E., 
however,  fi-equently  prevail;  those  which  come  swe^ping 
down  fix>m  the  hills  of  Montc.iyo  being  peculiarly  penetrating. 
The  flora  of  .\ragon  is  varied  and  extensive;  but,  like  that 
of  the  rest  of  Spain,  little  known.  Its  minerals  are  ni.irbles, 
jaspers,  pit  coal,  copper,  iron,  lead,  quicksilver,  cobalt,  and 
alum.  Extensive  tracts  are  wholly  stony  and  bairen.  while 
others,  though  capable  of  cultivation,  are  entirely  neglected. 
Still,  where  proper  means  are  employed,  excellent  crops  are 
obtained  of  grain  and  fruit,  saffron,  flax,  and  hemp.  Silk- 
worms are  reared  in  considerable  numbers.  The  commerce 
is  limited,  the  principjil  means  of  transix)rt  being  by  the 
way  of  the  Ebro.  and  the  gre.it  canal  of  Aragon.  which,  com- 
mencing near  Tudela,  in  Navarre,  joins  the  Ebro  30  miles 
below  Saragossa.  Pop.  847,105.  The  kingdom  of  .Aragon 
was  founded  in  1034,  and  was  united  to  the  crown  of  Castile 

by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  who  m.irried  Isabella  in  1474. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Aragonese.  Jr*a-go-neez'.  • 

AR.A.GON  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and 
flowing  through  Navarre,  joins  the  Ebro  opposite  .\lfaro, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  SO  miles.  Chief  affluent,  the  Arga. 
On  it  are  the  towns  Verdun  and  Sangue-sa. 

ARAGON,  Imperial  Canal  of,  in  Spain,  .\ragon, 
extends  in  the  direction  of  the  Ebro,  from  Tudela  to  near 
Sastago  and  Tauste.  Length  opened  SO  miles,  average  width 
69  feet,  depth  9  feet.  It  is  mostly  lined  by  high,  massive 
walls,  is  navigable  for  boats  of  from  60  to  80  tons,  and 
crosses  the  .T.ilon  River  by  an  aqueduct  4800  feet  in  length. 
Begun  by  Charles  V.  in  152S.  it  remained  in  an  unfinished 
state  for  nearly  200  years.  It  is  now  in  active  operati(  ai,  but 
the  revenue  in  lS4i  and  1844  was  considerably  under  the 
expenditure. 

ARAGONA,  d-rd-go/nd.  a  town  of  Sicily,  "i  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Girgenti.  Pop.  6630.  It  has  a  castle,  with  line  p.iinfings 
and  antiquities.     Near  it  is  the  mud  volcano  of  Maccaluba. 

ARAGONA.  ARAGONIA.  AKAGONESE.  fee.  See  Araoon. 

AR.\GUARI.  d-rd-gwd-ree',  a  river  of  Bi'axil.  province  of 
Pari,  in  Brazilian  Guiana,  rises  in  the  Sierra  de  Tumcaraque, 
in  lat.  45°  N,  Ion.  52°  32'  W.,  and  foils  into  the  Atlantic  in 
lat.  1°  50'  N.     Total  couree.  about  160  miles. 

ARAGUAY,  dr-d-gwi',  or  ARAGUAYA,  d-r-dgwi'd.  a  large 
river  of  Brazil,  rises,  with  many  branches,  in  the  mountains 
near  lat.  18°  10'  S.,  Ion.  51°  30'  W.  It  flows  northward  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Goyaz  and  Jlatto-G rosso,  and  joins  the 
Tocantins  at  Sao  Joao,  sifter  a  total  course  of  at  least  1000 
miles,  about  the  middle  of  which  it  separates  into  two  arms, 
enclosing  the  island  of  Santa  Anna.  200  miles  in  length. 
This  river  flows  through  about  13°  of  latitude,  11  of  which 
are  navigable.    The  east  branch  is  called  the  Furo. 

AR.-VGONIA.    See  Aragon. 

ARAIIAL,  d-rd-hdl'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  22 
miles  E.S.E.  ftxim  Seville.  It  has  2  squares.  3  churches,  a 
Latin  school,  7  other  schools,  philosophical  society,  hospital, 
and  cemetery.  It  has  manutactures  of  felt  hats,  so:ip,  gyp- 
sum, earthenware,  oil.  and  wine.    Pop.  69S8. 

ARA  JOVIS.    See  .\ranjuez. 

ABAKAN.    Aracan. 

AR  AKHOVA,  d-rd-ko'vd.  a  village  of  Greece,  government  of 
Boeotia,  on  the  S.  declivity  of  Mount  Parnassus,  15  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Livadia. 

ARAL  (ii-'al)  SE.\,  an  extensive  but  imperfectly  known 
lake  or  inland  .sea,  in  Independent  Tartiry,  bt>tween  al>out  lat. 
42°  20'and47°0'N..!ind  lon.57°  25'.ind  61°0'E.  Excepting 
the  Caspian,  from  which  it  lies  from  150  to  200  miles  E.,  and 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Khassaks  Isthmus,  or  pla- 
teau of  OostA''oort,(Ust-Urt.Mt  is  the  largest  inland  sea  of 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  It  is  composed  of  two  portions — 
the  broad  expanse,  or  Sea  of  Aral  proper.  alx)ut  270  miles  long 
by  130  miles  broad ;  and  Like  Laudan  at  its  S.W.  extremity, 
about  100  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  25  miles  broad,  being, 
properly  speaking,  the  estuary  of  the  river  Liudan.  from 
which  it  is  named.  A  similar,  but  less  known  .-ind  less  ex- 
tensive expanse  exists  at  the  S.E.  extremity,  culled  the  Dan- 
kara  .Sea  or  Lake.  Both  the  Laudan  and  the  Dav.kara  Lakes 
are  shallow,  and  overgrown  with  i-eeds ;  the  depth  of  the 
former  not  being  more,  on  the  E.  shore,  than  a  single  iach, 
and  its  deepest  part,  as  far  as  yet  known,  not  exct»ed'  \g  4 
feet  10  inches.  The  W.  shore  of  the  Aral  Sea  is  forineu  by 
theOo6t-Yoort,plateau,  which  rises  upwards  of  ^00  leet  aboi* 


ARA 


ARA 


the  level  of  the  lake,  but  shelves  graJually  down  to  the 
water.  The  bed  of  the  sea  on  this  shore  is  beautiful  sand, 
and  sinks"so  gi-adually  that  one  may  advance  into  the  water 
a  distance  of  200  paces.  No  rivers  enter  the  .sea  on  its  \V. 
shore;  those  that  enter  from  the  E.  are  the  Sihon  or  Jax- 
artes,  the  Kuwandaria,  and  the  Jandaria.  The  Aral  Sea  is 
supposed  not  to  be  deep,  thou;;h  probably  having  water 
sufficient  to  admit  of  being  navigated  by  small  vessels.  The 
nom.idic  tribes  on  its  banks  resort  to  it  for  the  fish  with 
which  it  abounds,  (similar  to  those  found  in  the  Caspian,) 
more  especially  sturgeons.  Seals  are  also  met  with.  The 
water  is  saltish,  though  not  unpleasantly  so ;  it  may  be  used 
for  culinary  purposes,  and  is  drunk  freely  by  horses.  In 
winter  it  freezes,  the  lee  attaining  a  thickness  of  at  least  11 
inches.  The  W.  shore  is  infested  with  scorpions,  which  find 
shelter  under  the  numerous  small  limestones  with  which 
the  ground  is  there  strewed.  The  Aral  Sea  lies  between  the 
steppesof  Kirgheez  and  Khiva,in  the  great  depression  of  West- 
ern Asia,  Its  elevation  is  uncertain,  having  been  variously 
estimated;  l)ut,  in  IIumt«ldfs  opinion,  it  may  be  esteemed 
on  the  same  level  as  the  Caspian,  of  which,  in  times  remote, 
it  doubtless  formed  a  part.  Humboldt  su])poses  the  sea  to 
have  been  at  first  only  an  enlargement  of  the  Oxus,  now  its 
principal  trlbutai-y.  but  then  anatliuent  of  the  Caspian;  and 
formed  a  lake  which  now  has  no  visiWe  outlet,  and  as  its 
aflluents  do  not  furnish  a  supply  of  water  equal  to  the  amount 
of  evaporation  that  takes  place,  the  lake  is  supposed  to  be 
decreasing  in  size. 

This  lake  is  called  by  the  Kirgheez,  ARAl/-TESGnEEZ,  i.  e. 
"island  sea,"  (and,  d-r4l',  signifying  " island,")  from  the 
multitude  of  islands  it  contains. 

AKAMP^NGO,  i-rd-mfn'go,  an  ancient  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  in  Piedmont,  province  of  Asti.    Pop.  1080. 

AKAMIX'GO,  formerly  a  districtof  Philadelphia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, but  now  included  within  the  limits  of  the  city, 
about  4i  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the  state-house. 
^  ARAMON,  3'ri'm("ixo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gard,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Ntmes.  Pop.  (1861)  2,727.  It  has  manufactures  of  salt- 
petre, Ac. 

ARAX,  d-rin',  a  valley  of  Spain,  province  of  Lerida,  sur- 
rounded by  the  elevated  summits  of  the  Pyrenees,  and 
liable  to  dangerous  avalanches. 

ARANDA-DE-DUERO.d-rdn'dil-dA-dwA/ro,  a  town  of  Sp.ain. 
capital  of  the  judicial  district  of  the  s;une  name,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile. 4S  miles  S.  of  Burgos,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Duero. 
It  was  in  ancient  times  a  fortification  of  some  importiince, 
and  still  retains  part  of  its  walls,  which  were  made  availa- 
ble in  the  late  civil  wars.  When  the  court  is  held  at  this 
place,  the  piipulation  sometimes  numbers  20,000 ;  at  other 
times  it  does  not  exceed  4000. 

AR.\XJDEZ,  d-rJn-Hw?th', (anc.  J'ra  Jnlvin,)  a  town  and 
roval  residence  of  Spain,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tagus,  in 
Xew  Castile,  2S  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jladrid.  It  is  the  S.S.E.  ter- 
minus of  the  Madrid  and  Aranjuez  Kailw.ay.  Elevation,  1640 
feet.  Ordinary  pop.  ?.6.'!9.  As  a  place  of  recreation  for  the 
court,  this  town  combines  all  that  is  useful  and  agreeable : 
palaces,  hotels,  cafi6s,  and  numerous  public  gardens,  spacious 
streets,  and  elegant  squares,  theatres,  and  bull-rings.  It  has 
also  an  hospital,  and  an  iustitution  for  public  instruction. 

AR.\NSAS,  ar-an'sas,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  near 
the  S.E.  border  of  Bexar  county,  and  flowing  south-east- 
ward, forms  the  boundary  between  San  Patricio  county  on 
one  hand,  and  Goliad  and  Refugio  on  the  other,  until  it 
empties  itself  into  Aransas  Bay. 

ARANSAS  BAY,  otherwise  called  ARANSAZUA,  and 
ARANSASO  BAY,  on  the  coast  of  Texas,  immediately  N.  of 
Corpus  Christi  Bay.  Length,  about  18  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  8  miles. 

AR.\XSAS,  a  small  post-village  of  Refugio  co.,  Texas,  on 
Aransas  Bay. 

ARAXYOS.0h-r(5n'yosh\  a  river  of  Austria,  in  Transylva- 
nia, which  passes  Thorenburg,  and  joins  the  ilaros  on  the 
left.    Grains  of  gold  are  found  along  this  river,  whence  its 
name,  ariintj  signifving  "gold." 
'    ARAXYOS.atownofHungary,  N.W.ofBuda.    Pop.lSOO. 

ARAPAHOE  (a-rap'a-hO)  IXBIANS,  a  tribe  dwelling  be- 
tween the  South  fork  of  Platte  River  and  the  head  waters 
of  the  Arkansas. 

ARA  PILES,  d-ra-peelJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  4  miles  S,E. 
of  Salamanca.  Pop,  336.  This  was  the  scene  of  the  san- 
guinary engagement  called  the  battle  of  Salamanca,  in 
which  the  allies  under  AVelliugton  defeated  the  French 
under  Marmont,  22d  July,  1812. 

AR.A.R,  a  river  of  France.    See  Sa6xe. 

ARARAT,  ar'a-raC  a  celebrated  mountain  of  Western  A,sla, 
in  Armenia,  forming  the  point  of  contact  of  Russia  with  Tur- 
key and  Persia,  to  each  of  which  it  partly  belongs.  It  lies 
In  the  S.  portion  of  the  extensive  plain  of  the  .\ras,  about  ,35 
miles  broad,  and  of  whose  length  about  70  miles  can  be 
taken  In  by  the  eye.  It  consists  of  two  mountains,  the 
Great  Ararat  on  the  N.W.,  and  the  Little  A  rarat  on  the  S.E., 
their  summits,  in  a  direct  line,  being  about  7  miles  apart, 
and  +heir  bases  insensibly  blending  into  each  other  by  the 
iuteriwsition  of  a  wide,  level,  upland  valley.    The  summit 


of  the  Great  Ararat  Her  !n  lat.  .39°  42'  N.,  Ion.  43°  3R'  E.,  ami 
is  17,32:5  feet  above  the  sej-level,  and  14,320  feet  above  the 
plain  of  the  .\ras.  The  N.E.  ^lopfe  ,.f  the  mountain  is  about 
14  miles  in  length,  and  the  S.W.  alwut  20  miles.  On  the 
former,  visible  even  from  Erivan,  32  miles  distant,  is  a  deep, 
gloomy,  crater-like  chasm.  The  mountain  is  covered  with 
perpetual  snow  and  ice.  from  about  3  miles  from  its  sunmiit 
downward  in  an  oblique  direction.  On  the  entire  X.  half, 
from  about  14.000  foet  above  the  sea,  it  shoots  up  in  one 
rigid  crest  to  its  summit,  and  then  .stret^^hes  downward,  on 
its  S.  side,  to  a  level  not  quite  so  low,  forming  what  is  called 
the  Silver  Crest  of  Ararat.  Little  Ararat  rises  13.003  fett 
above  the  sea-level,  and  10,140  feet  above  the  plain  of  the 
Aras,  and  is  free  from  snow  in  Septemlwr  and  October.  Its 
declivities  are  greater  and  steeper  than  those  of  the  Great 
Ararat,  and  its  almost  conical  form  is  marked  with  several 
delicate  furrows,  that  radiate  downward  from  its  summit. 
The  top  of  the  Great  Ararat  was  first  reached,  Octotier  9, 
1829,  by  Professor  Parrot.  All  doubt  as  to  the  volcanic  na- 
ture of  the  two  Ararats  was  put  an  end  to  on  July  2,  1S40, 
when  an  eruption  took  place  from  the  head  of  the  great 
chasm,  which  destroyed  the  monastei-y  and  chapel  of  St. 
James,  the  village  of  Arguri,  and  their  Inmates.  That 
Xoah's  ark  rested  on  the  t'/p  of  Mount  Ararat  is  not  to  be 
credited;  the  difficulty  of  the  descent,  and  the  low  tempera- 
ture of  the  atmosphere,  which  must  have  killed  many  of 
the  animals,  alike  preclude  the  supposition ;  and,  moreover, 
Scripture  does  not  siiy  it  rested  on  the  top,  but  merely  "  on 
the  mountains  of  Ararat."  If  this  bo  the  mountain  there 
referred  to,  which  is  somewhat  doubtful,  swing  that  the 
olive  does  not  grow  near  it,  the  ark  must  have  rested  on  one 
of  its  lower  slopes.  The  name  Ararat  is  sjiid  to  be  derived 
from  Arai,  a  king  who  lived  1760  years  B.C.  He  fell  in  bat- 
tle, in  an  Armenian  plain,  which  was  hence  called  .Vrai- 
Arat,  "the  fall  of  Arai,"  Before  hun  reigned  Amassis,  the 
sixth  from  .Taphet,  who  called  the  country  Amasia ;  hence 
the  name  Massis,  by  which  alone  Armenians  in  the  present 
day  know  the  mountain.  By  the  Persians  and  Turks  it  is 
called  Agrida-rh;  the  third  syllable,  dagh,  means  moun- 
tain, but  philologists  are  not  agreed  on  the  signification  of 
Agri. 

AR'ARAT,a  small  river  of  Xorth  Carolina,  which  enters 
Yadkin  River  from  the  X.W..  a  few  miles  E.  of  Rockford. 

AR.\RAT,  a  post-ofRce  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ARARAT,  a  post-office  of  Patrick  co.,  Virginia. 

ARARAT  MOUNTAIN,  North  Carolina.    See  Pilot  Moun- 

T.\IN. 

AlHRAUMA,  d-rd-rCw'md,  a  solt-wat«r  lake  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  length,  from  E.  to  W..  22j  miles ; 
greatest  fireadth,  74  miles.  It  communicates  with  the  eca, 
to  which  it  lies  paniUel,  and  has  a  depth,  according  to  the 
state  of  the  tide,  of  from  26  to  80  feet, 

ARARIPE,  SERRA  DE,  sSr/rI  dA  d-rd-ree/pA,  an  ele- 
vat<^d  tible-land  of  Brjizil.  between  4  and  6  miles  S,W.  of  the 
town  of  Cratoor  Cratto.  in  about  lat.  6°  30'  S.;  Ion.  3S°  30' 
W.  It  forms  a  semicircle  round  the  undulatory  plain  on 
which  Crato  is  situated,  and  is  the  source  of  a  great  many 
fertilizing  streams. 

ARAS.  dVds'.  (anc.  Araxe.%  d-rax'iz.)  a  river  of  Armenia, 
rises  in  the  Turkish  pashiUic  of  Erzroom,  near  lat  41° 30' N'., 
and  Ion.  41°  10'  E.:  flows  eastward,  dividing  the  territories 
of  Russia  and  Persia,  and  joins  the  Koor,  within  the  Russian 
dominions,  CO  mlL'S  W.  of  its  mouth  in  the  Caspian.  Total 
course,  upwards  of  500  miles,  very  rapid,  but  often  fordable. 
Chief  affluents  .\rpa-Chai  and  Kara-Soo.  On  it  are  the  towns 
of  Abbasabad  and  Terri-Kala. 

ARASAIG,  drVa-sAg',  a  village  and  district  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Inverness,  on  the  W.  coast ;  the  name  also  of  a  pro- 
montory S.  of  Lochna-Gaul.  Steamers  call  regularly  off 
this  place. 

ARASSUAIIAY  or  ARASUAIII.    See  ARA^CAm. 

ARATICA.  d-rd-tee'ka,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the 
P.acific  Ocean,  in  lat.  15°  2G'  S.,  Ion.  145°  39'  46"  W.  It  is  8 
miles  in  length,  by  5  miles  across. 

ARATOR  or  ARRATOR,  a  postrvillage  of  Pettis  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 5S  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ARAU.     See  Aakad. 

ARAUCAXIA,  draw-kd'ne-d,  or  ARAUCANA,  araw4:d'- 
nd,  (Sp.  pron.  d-riiw-kd'ud.)  an  independent  territory  in  the 
S.  part  of  Chili,  between  lat.  37°  29'  and  40°  18'  S.,  having  the 
Andes  on  the  E  ,  and  the  Pacific  on  the  AV.  Its  entire  length, 
according  to  the  above  limits,  is  about  200  miles :  its  breadth, 
from  90  to  ISO.  As  it  differs  little  in  its  physical  features, 
climate,  or  productions,  from  other  parts  of  Chili,  (which  see.) 
this  article  will  be  limited  to  an  accnunt  of  its  inhabitants, 
who,  though  greatly  overrated  by  the  Spanish  writers,  are 
one  of  the  most  remarkable,  perhaps,  of  all  the  uncivilized  or 
semi-barbarous  races.  W  ith  some  of  the  vices  common  to 
all  savage  nations,  the  Araucanians  possess  many  noble 
qualities.  They  are  generous  and  humane  toward  the  van- 
quished, courteous,  hospitable,  benevolent,  and  grateful ; 
enthusiastic  lovers  of  liberty,  and  ever  ready  to  sacrifice 
their  lives  in  the  service  of  their  country,  the  Independence 
of  which  they  have  maintained  for  centuries  by  their  in- 
domitable courage,  and  singular  aptitude  for  war.    Seeing 


ARA 


ARC 


the  tvils  of  \vl)ich  gold  is  the  cause,  the  Araiicanians,  after 
they  had  expelled  the  Spaniards  from  their  country  by  force 
of  arms,  closed  their  uiiues,  avowing  the  most  profound 
contempt  for  that  precious  metal,  as  a  source  of  iutimous 
cruelty,  unmanly  avarice,  and  degrading  servitude.  They 
are  highly  susceptible  of  mental  culture,  but  despise  the  re- 
ftriiiuts  of  civilization.  They  cultivate  poetry  and  rhetoric. 
Their  style  of  orator3',  as  might  be  expected  in  the  case  of  a 
semi-lxu-barous  people,  is  highly  figurative  and  allegorical ; 
at  the  same  time  lively,  bold,  and  original.  Their  most  pro- 
minent vices  are  drunkenness,  debauchery,  and  presump- 
tion. The  Araueanians  have  divided  their  country  into  four 
tetrarchies  or  districts,  corresponding  to  the  natural  divi- 
sions of  the  territory,  namely,  the  "maritime  country,"  the 
'■plain  country,"  the  "foot  of  the  Cordilleras,"  and  "the 
Andes."  Each  of  these  is  governed  by  a  Ux{ui  or  tetrarch. 
The  Ai'aucanians  have  little  commerce  of  any  kind,  and  all 
their  tranactions  are  conducted  by  barter.  The  articles 
■which  they  usually  give  in  exchange  for  goods  are  horses 
and  horned  cattle. 

Polygamy  obtains  among  the  Araueanians,  and  celibacy 
is  considered  ignominious.  Their  marriage  ceremonies  have 
little  fonnality,  consisting  in  little  more  than  cu'rying  off 
the  bride  by  pretended  violence.  The  women  pay  great  at^ 
tention  to  cle;inliness  in  their  houses,  which  are  swept  seve- 
ral times  a  day,  and  all  their  utensils  carefully  washed  im- 
mediately after  being  used.  They  are  equally  cleanly  in 
their  per.sons,  as  are  also  the  men,  and  all  are  partiiil  to 
freijuent  bathing.  Their  religion  is  simple.  They  acknow- 
ledge a  Supreme  Being,  whom  they  tielieve  to  be  attended 
by  some  inferior  deities,  who  execute  his  behests.  They 
believe  al.so  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  but  have  some 
absurd  notions  regarding  the  future  state.    The  pop.  of 

Araucania  has  been  estimated  at  70,000. Adj.  and  iuhab. 

of  Aralcaxian,  J-raw-ki/ue-an. 

AKAUCO,  i-i-Ow'ko,  a  maritime  fortress  of  Chili,  on  the 
Bay  of  Arauco,  05  Jniles  S.S.W.  of  Concepcion,  built  to  re- 
strain the  incursions  of  the  Araueanians. 

AUAUCO,  ^-rowTvO,  a  district  of  the  department  of  La 
Rioja.  of  the  La  I'lata  Confederation. 

AK.\UIIE,  3-row'ra,  a  city  of  Venezuela,  plea.santly  situated 
on  the  Acaiigua,  an  affluent  of  the  Portuguesa,  60  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Trujillo.  Lat.  9°  17'  N.;  Ion.  09°  28'  W.  The 
sti-eets  are  straight  and  the  houses  well-built.  It  contains 
a  handsome  square  and  church.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  well- 
watered,  fertile  district,  which  yields  cotton  and  coffee,  and 
pastures  numerous  herds  of  cattle.    Pop.  10,000. 

ARAUSIO.    See  Orange. 

ARAVULU  (arV-vuiaee)  MOUNTAIN'S,  a  range  of  moun- 
tains, which,  traversing  the  territory  of  Ajmeer.  in  the  X.W. 
part  of  India,  from  S.S.W.  to  X.X.E..  extend  fii^m  lat.  24°  to 
2S°  N.,  or  about  300  miles.  It  nowhere  attains  any  great 
elevation,  the  highest  summit  not  exceeding  5000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  .sea. 

AKAWAN,  El.  ^1  J-ra-wSn',  or  AL  AROUAX.  31  .4-roo 
win',  a  town  of  Sahara,  territory  of  Zawat,  125  miles  N.  of 
Timbuctoo.    Lat.  1S°  65'  X.;  Ion.  3°  W. 

.4.RAXAS,  d-rd'shas,  a  town  of  Brazil,  formerly  in  the 
province  of  Ooyaz,  but  by  decree  of  April  4, 1S16,  transferred 
to  the  province  of  Jlinas  Geraes.  It  lies  W.  of  the  Matto 
Gordo  mountains.  Pop.  of  town  and  disti-ict,  the  latter 
being  extensive.  5000. 

ARAXES,  a  river  of  Armenia.    See  Aras. 

AR'BA,  a  post-offlce  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 

ARBACOO'CHEE.  a  post-ofiice  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 

ARBE,  aR/bi,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic,  Gulf  of  Quarnero, 
belonging  to  Austria,  11 J  miles  in  length;  and,  at  the 
broiidest  part,  near  the  centre,  4  miles  across.  The  princi- 
pal town  is  on  the  S.'VV.  side  of  the  i.^^land:  it  is  built  on  a 
hill,  and  contains  a  cathedral  and  collegiate  church.  Pop. 
between  4000  and  5000. 

ARBtyLA,  a  village  of  Palestine,  E.  of  the  Jordan,  and 
28  miles  S.E.  of  Tiberias. 

ARBF/LA,  a  post-office  of  Scotland  co.,  Mis.souri. 

ARBELA  OF  GALILEE,  in  Palestine,  identified  by  Ro- 
binson with  Irbid.  (Arab.  Irhil.)  is  on  tlie  "\V.  side  of  the 
Lake  of  Tiberias,  3^  miles  X.W.  of  Tibeiias.  Adjoining  are 
some  remarkable  caverns. 

ARBIL,  ar-beel',  or  ERBIL,  er-beel',  (anc.  ArbeHa,)  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  40  miles  E.  by  S.  of  JIosul.  Pop.  6000. 
The  modern  town,  enclosed  by  a  bastioned  brick  wall, 
mounting  some  cannon,  is  on  a  mound  60  or  70  feet  in 
height,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  a  ruined  suburb.  It  has 
some  lar.'^e  mosques,  baths,  and  bazajirs.  Here  Alexander 
the  Great  obtained  his  final  and  decisive  victory  over  Da- 
rius. B.C.  331. 

AR'BIRLOT,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

ARBOE,  ar-bo',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cos.  of  Londonderry 
and  Tyrone. 

ARBOGA.  aR-lx/gJl,  a  town  of  Sweden.  30  miles  S.W.  of 
Westerjls.  Pop.  2ul3.  It  is  famous  for  its  beer,  and  hiis  an 
Bctive  general  and  transit  trade  with  Stockholm  by  the  Ar- 
loga  River  and  Ma>lar  Lake.  The  Arboga  Canal  unites  the 
lakes  of  Jlwlar  and  Hjelmar. 

ARBOIS,  ia'bwd/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura, 


on  the  Cuisance,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Poligny;  elevation,  940 
feet.  I'op.  (1852)  6901.  It  is  celebrated  "for  its  wine,  and 
has  flatting  mills,  manufactures  of  eai-thenware  and  paper, 
and  .several  Roman  and  lledieval  remains. 

ARBOLEAS,  au-bo-lA/is,  or  ARBOLEDAS,  aR-bo-L4/Das.  h 
town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  41  miles  X.X.E.  of  Almeria, 
near  the  Almanzora,  on  a  declivity,  20  miles  fi-om  the  sea. 
Pop.  2378. 

ARBOLETES,  aR-bo-li't^s,  a  small  .seaport  town  cf  New 
Granada,  on  the  Gulf  of  Darien.   Lat.8°55'X.;  lon.7D'^25'W. 

ARBOX,  .HR^bdiN"',  (L.Arilxir  FeUix.)  a  town  of  Sw  itzerland, 
canton  of  Thurgau,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Constance,  on  its  late, 
with  1000  inhabitants,  employed  in  cotton  manufactures. 
ARBOX,  Africa.    See  Arebo. 

AK'BORFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

AREORIO,  aR-bo'ro-o,  a  Tillage  of  Piedmont,  10  milo9 
N.N.W,  of  Vercelli.    Pop.  1200. 

AR'BORA'I'TE,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

ARBOS,  aR/boce,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Foix,  22  miles 
N.E.  of  Tarragona.  Pop.  1200.  It  was  burned  by  the  French 
in  ISOS.  in  revenge  for  its  brave  resistance. 

ARBROATH,  ar'breth,  formeriy  AlVERBROTIIXX'K,  a 
seaport  and  manufacturing  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  F'orlar 
or  Angus,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream  called  the  Broth- 
ock,  whence  the  name  of  the  town ;  the  prefix  Aber  (Gaelic) 
designating  the  mouth  of  a  river,  or  its  point  of  junction 
with  the  sea.  L.at.  56>^  33'  7'  X.;  Ion.  2°  35'  AV.  It  is  16 
miles  X.E.  of  Dundee,  on  the  Dundee  and  Arbroath  line  of 
niiiftay,  now  connected  with  the  railways  to  the  Xorth  and 
South  of  Scotland.  The  houses  are  genei-ally  well  buUt,  and 
the  whole  town  has  a  cleanly  and  prosperous  appearance. 
There  are  public  reading-rooms  in  the  town,  with  a  well- 
supported  public  library,  and  several  excellent  scientific,  edu- 
cational, and  charitable  institutions.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  yarn  spun  from  flax  and  hemp,  canvas,  brown  and 
bleached  linen,  lejither,  cast-iron,  and  bone-dust.  Arbroath 
is  a  free  port,  and  owns  about  13,000  tons  of  shipping,  being 
an  increa.se  of  5tiC0  tons  since  1S41.  A  new  harbor  has  been* 
constructed  within  the  last  ten  years.  The  town  owes  it« 
rise,  if  not  its  origin,  to  an  important  monastic  institution 
planted  here  in  1178  by  William  the  Lion,  who  w;is  subse- 
quently interred  within  its  precincts.  Arbroath  unites  with 
Brechin,  Bervie,  Forfar,  and  Jlontrose  in  sending  a  member 
to  the  lIou.se  of  Commons.    Pop.  in  1861,  17,591. 

ARBUS,  aR'booce,  a  village  in  the  island  of  Sardinia,  SO 
miles  X.W.  of  Cagliari.  Pop.  of  commune,  2000,  employed 
in  adjacent  lead-mines,  and  manufactiu"es  of  cloth. 

AR/BUTHXOT.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ivincardine. 

ARC,  auk,  or  ARCO,  aR/ko,a  river  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
rises  in  Mount  Iseran.  and  joins  the  I.sire  near  Aiguel)elle, 
after  a  X.W.  course  of  40  miles.  It  pjisses  the  towns  of  Laus- 
lebourg,  St.  Jean  de  Maurienne.  and  Aiguebelle. 

ARC,  aitk,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Bouches-du- 
Rhone,  enters  theEtang  de  Berre  after  a  W.  course  of  about 
30  miles. 

ARC  is  also  the  name  of  several  villages  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Doubs.  Ilaute-Saone,  and  Cote-d'Or. 

AliCABUT'LA,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  5Iissi.=6ippi. 

ARCACIIOX,  BASSIX  D',  bSs's^.N-o'  ddR'kd'shAx"',  a  bay  of 
France,  formed  by  the  ocean  on  the  coast  of  the  department 
of  Gironde.  It  is  much  frequented  by  foreigners,  who  there 
load  cargoes  of  resin  and  pitch.  The  river  Leyre  falls  into 
this  bay.  On  its  S.  side  is  the  Port  de  la  Teste,  which  com- 
municates by  railway  with  Bordeaux. 

ARCADE',  a  village  in  China  township,  Wyoming  co., 
Xew  York,  about  35  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains  2 
flouring  mills,  2  woollen  fectorie.s,  3  stores,  and  1  academy. 

ARCADIA,  ar-kA/de-a,  (modernGr.^rA-adi'a,  aR-kd-dee'i,)  an 
ancient  province  of  Greece,  in  the  centre  of  the  Morea,  now 
divided  into  the  departments  of  Mautinea  and  Gortynos. 
The  country  is  mountainous,  and  affords  excellent  pasturage. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Arc.U)Ia.\.  ar-ki/de-au. 

ARCA'DIA,  a  post-oflice  of  Washington  co..  Rhode  Island. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Xew 
York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Rochester  and  Syracuse 
Railroad,  185  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Allmny.  It  contains  1  or  2  ■ 
churches,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  of  township,  5319. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-office  of  Bienville  pai'ish,  Lftuisiana. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

ARCADIA,  a  postroffice  of  ILuiiilton  c-o.,  Indiana. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  40  milea 
S.W.  of  Springfield. 

.\RCAniA,  a  post-village  of  Iron  county.  Missouri,  on 
one  of  the  sources  of  St.  Francis  River,  120  miles  S.E.  of 
Jefferson  Citv. 

AKCADI.\."  GULF  OF,  Greece,  in  the  Morea.  on  the  W 
coast.  It  is  shallow  and  open :  has  Cape  Katacolo  on  the  N^ 
and  Cape  Konello  on  the  S.,  distant  from  each  other  3fi 
miles. 

ARCA'XUJI.  a  postoffice  of  Darke  co..  Ohio. 

ARCAS.  aB/kds,  a  group  of  small  islets  or  rocks  in  ths 
Gulf  of  Mexico.    Lat.  20°  12'  0"  X. ;  Ion.  91°  59'  2"  W. 

ARCAS,  a.R/kds,  a  small  island  of  Western  Africa,  Sen» 
gambia.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Lttt.  11°  W  N. 
Ion.  15°  SS'  W. 


ARC 

ARCE,  an/chA,  a  town  of  Naples,  prOTlnce  of  Terra  di  La- 
voro.  lOi  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sora.     Pop.  4356. 

ARO-KN-BARKOIS,  ank-^NO-bdR^Rwd',  an.  ancient  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ilaute-Marne,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Chau- 
mont  on  the  Anjou.     Pop.  1645,  who  manufacture  woollens. 

AKCENE,  aR-chA'nrl.  a  villafre  of  Lombardy,  province  of 
Berxamo,  in  a  fertile  district.     Pop.  1250. 

AUCIIAfG,  Loch.  Iok  ar-kaig',  a  lieautiful  lake  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Inverness,  district  of  Lochaber,  1  mile  W.  of  Loch 
Lochy.  Length,  about  17  miles;  breadth, from  1  to  li  miles. 
It  is  hiprhly  picturesque,  though  little  visited  by  tounsts. 

AK'^if  AXtJEL,  ark-An'jel,  (Kuss.  pron.  ank-anf!:'ghSl.)  or 
AliKIIANC.HELSK,  aR-kitng-gh^lsk'.  a  government  of  Ru.s- 
sia  in  Kurope,  extending  from  the  Ural  Mountains  on  the 
K.  to  Finland  on  the  W.,  comprising  Russian  Lapland,  a 
distance  of  about  920  miles,  and  from  A'ologda  and  Olonetz 
on  the  S.  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  about  400  miles.  It  is  thus, 
including  the  White  Sea,  which  occupies  a  large  space 
nearly  in  its  centre.  alx)ut  400  miles  longer  than  Great 
Britain,  and  more  than  twice  its  width,  except  where  the 
latt<>r  is  broadest.  It  comprises,  besides,  the  large  island  of 
Nova  Zembla,  In  lat.  76°  N.  The  entire  province  is  nearly 
one  continuous  flat,  and  nearly,  also,  an  unvaried  scene  of 
desolation  and  sterility,  especially  in  the  northern  parts, 
whore  the  ground  remains  frozen  for  nine  months  in  the 
year.  Nor  are  the  southern  portions  much  more  inviting. 
Here  meagre  pastures,  marshes,  swamps,  and  extensive 
forests  occupy  nearly  all  the  surface,  leaving  but  little  for 
cultivation.  Almost  the  only  crops  raised  are  hemp,  flax, 
and  some  rye.  neither  the  climate  nor  soil  admitting  of  the 
cultivation  of  oats  or  wheat.  The  climate  is  excessively 
cold  in  winter,  and  oppressively  hot  in  summer,  with  sud- 
den transitions  between  the  two  extremes.  The  timber  of 
the  forests  is  valuable,  and  forms  the  principal  wealth  of 
the  government.  The  government  is  partitioned  into  eight 
districts.  Archangel,  Kem,  Kholmogory,  Kola,  Mezen, 
Onega,  Pinega,  and  Phenkoorsk.  The  means  of  land  com- 
"munication  in  all  parts  of  the  tei-ritory  are  very  imperfect; 
but  a  great  government  road  was  in  1839-40  constructed 
along  the  borders  of  the  White  Sea,  through  Kem  to  Tor- 
nei,  which  has  since  been  prolonged  to  tlie  frontiers  of 
Norway.  Pop.  in  1851,  234,004,  .all  Ru.ssians,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  about  7000  Samoieds,  600  Syriaenese,  and  about 
1700  or  2000  Laplanders. 

ARCn.'VNGEL,  a  seaport  town  of  Russia  in  Europe,  capi- 
tal of  the  above  government,  on  the  Uwina.  20  miles  from 
its  embouchure  in  the  Ray  of  Archangel,  and  670  miles 
N.E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Lat.  (Trinity  Church)  64°  32'  1"  N.; 
Ion.  40°  33'  6"  E.  It  is  ill  built,  and  consists  of  two  princi- 
pal and  very  irregular  streets,  connected  by  narrow  lanes, 
and  paved  with  wood.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  wood, 
and  two  stories  in  height;  those  of  the  wealthier  classes 
being  handsomely  and  comfortably  furnished.  The  most 
remarkable  buildings  in  the  town  are  the  great  bazaar  or 
m.art,  surrounded  by  high  walLs,  and  a  marine  hospital. 
There  are  11  churches,  an  ecclesiastical  seminary  with  9 
professors,  a  gymnasium,  and  schools  for  navigation  and 
engineering.  In  or  near  the  town  there  are  a  sugar  refine- 
ry, a  royal  dock-yard,  some  ship-yards  for  building  mer- 
chant ships  and  coasting  vessels,  rope-walks,  Ac.  The  har- 
bor is  at  the  island  of  SoUenbole,  about  1  mile  from  the 
town,  and  is  usually  free  from  ice  only  from  July  to  Sep- 
tember. The  trade  pf  Archangel  extends  as  far  as  Siberi.a, 
and  along  the  coasts  of  the  Whito  Sea.  E.  and  W.,  but  is 
greatly  dependent  on  the  demand  from  the  more  southerly 
ports  of  Europe,  and  especially  from  England,  for  corn; 
accordingly,  in  the  years  of  scarcity,  1846-47.  the  quantities 
shipped  were  very  great,  amounting  in  the  latter  to  33.300 
quarters  of  wheat,  155,258  quarters  of  rye.  10,4.30  quarters 
of  barley,  and  108,170  quarters  of  oats.  The  other  exports 
consist  principally  of  linseed,  fiax,  tow,  tallow,  train-oil,  mats, 
deals,  battens  and  ends,  pitch  and  tar.  The  imports  chtefly 
consist  of  articles  of  domestic  use.  such  as  coffee,  spices, 
salt,  woollens,  hardware,  <tc.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest 
ports  in  Russia,  having  been  founded  in  1584,  and  was 
long  the  only  one.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  and  the 
residence  both  of  a  civil  and  military  governor.  Pop,  exclu- 
sive of  the  garrison,  24,600. 

ARCHANGEL,  Bay  of,  in  Russia,  opens  to  the  White 
Sea,  having  Cape  Keretzkoi  on  the  N.K..  and  Cape  Onega 
on  the  S,W..  distant  from  each  other  85  miles.  It  pene- 
trates inland  about  65  miles. 

ARCHANGEL,  New,  Russisin  America.    See  Sitka. 

ARCIIANGELSK  or  ARKHANGELSK,  au-kSng-ghJlsk'.a 
mining  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg,  150  miles 
S.E.  of  Menselinsk. 

ARCIIANGELSK  or  ARKHANGELSK,  market-towns 
In  the  goverments  of  Yekaterinoslav,  Kherson,  and  Sim- 

AllCHANOELSK,  MALO,  mJ-lS'  aR-kJng-ghJlsk',  a  town 
of  Russia  in  Europe,  government  of  Olonets,  55  miles  N,E. 
Kareopol. 

ARCIIANGELSK,  MALO,  a  town  of  Russia  in  Europe, 
government  and  85  miles  S.  E.  of  Orel.    Pop.  1510. 

AKCUKNA,  aK-chi/rd,  a  town  of  fcpain,  14  miles  N.W.of 


ARC 

Miircia,  with  extensive  warm  baths,  (temperature  126° 
Kah..)  and  Roman  antiquities.     Pop,  2000. 

AR'CIII^t,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Il'trri- 
son  CO.,  Ohio,  about  110  miles  N,E.  by  E.  of  Columbjs, 
Pop.  776. 

AR/CHIBALD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Blakely  towu- 
.ship,  Luzerne  CO.,  Penn.syli  ania,  on  tlie  Lackawanna  River, 
4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carbondale,  and  26  miles  N,E,  of  Wilkts- 
barre.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Railroad,  17  miles  long, 
connects  it  with  Ilonesdale.  The  village  owes  its  import- 
ance and  rapid  growth  to  the  rich  coal-mines  which  are 
worked  in  the  vicinity  by  the  Delaware  and  Hudstm  Canal 
Company,  The  iron  business  is  also  carried  on  extensively. 
The  Lackaw.Tnna  River  Hows  tbrongh  a  fertile  and  populon? 
vallev.  bounded  bv  lii^h  ridges.     Pop.  abmit  1500. 

AR;CHIDONA,  aR-che-do'na.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, 34  miles  N.  of  Malag.a,  built  on  the  S.  slope  of  a  rugged 
and  lofty  mountain,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Loga.  The  houses 
are  good,  and  there  are  sever.al  churches,  a  medical  college, 
a  church  .seminary,  two  primary  schools,  a  large  hospital,  a 
prison,  and  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fort.  In  tlie  neighbor- 
hood are  rich  orchards,  giving  occupation  to  m.any  of  the 
inhabit.ants,  who  are  also  employed  in  weaving,  expressing 
oil,  and  curing  bacon,  which  they  export  in  large  quantities. 
Pop.  7610. 

ARCHIDONA,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  90 
miles  E,S.E.  of  Quito. 

ARCHIPELAGO,  ar-ke-pel'a-go,  a  name  which,  although 
neither  its  origin  nor  precise  signification  have  been  ascer- 
tained, is  now  generally  understood  to  mean  a  sea  inter- 
spersed with  numerous  islands  or  islets:  but  formerly 
applied,  more  especially,  to  the  .*"gean  Sea,  (which  see.) 

ARCHIPELAGO.  EASTERN.    See  SIalay  Archipelago. 

ARCHUDI  or  ARKUDI,  aR-koo'dee,  one  of  the  smallest 
of  the  Ionian  Islands,  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  most  N.  point 
of  Ithaca.     Lat.  38°  37'  N. :  Ion.  20°  42'  E. 

ARCI DOSSO.  aR-che-dos'so.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince of  Grossetto  8 miles  W.  by  N.  of  Radicofani.   Pop.  6(300. 

ARCIS-SUR-AUBE,  aRVee/.sUR-<5b,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aube,  capital  of  the  arrondissement,  on  the 
Aube,  16  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Troves.  Pop.  (1862)  2662.  It  is 
pretty  well  built,  has  manufactures  of  cotton  stockings  and 
yarn,  and  is  an  entrepfit  for  iron,  and  for  the  wooden  wares 
made  in  the  A'osges,  On  March  20,  1814,  Napoleon  defeated 
a  division  of  the  allied  army  near  this  place, 

ARCO,  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,    See  Arc. 

ARCO,  aR^ko,  a  town  of  Austria,  Tyrol.  8  miles  W,  of 
Roveredo,  on  the  Sarca,  with  2100  inhabitants,  an  oM 
castle,  arid  manufactures  of  silk. 

ARCOLA,  an-kc/lii,  an  ancient  town  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince of  Tjevante,  celebrated  for  its  wines.    Pop.  2350. 

ARCO'LA,  or  GUM  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co., 
Virginia,  146  miles  N.  of  Richmond,  contains  a  few  stores. 

ARCOLA,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  North  Carolina. 

ARCOLA,  a  village  in  the  E,  part  of  Lake  co,,  Ohio,  about 
36  miles  N,E,  of  Cleveland. 

ARCOLE,  aR-ko'lA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  15  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Alpone.  an  affluent  of  the  Adige. 
Pop.  1600.  Arcole  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  by 
Napoleon  over  the  Austrians,  November  17, 1790. 

ARCONA.    See  Arko.na. 

ARCOS  DE  LA  FRONTERA.  an'koce  dA  13  fron-t.Vrl.  a 
town  of  Spain.  And.alusia,  30  miles  N.E,  of  Cadiz,  on  an 
elevated  rock  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Guadalete,  The 
name  is  derived  fiom  its  being  built  in  the  form  of  a 
"bow."*  Pop.  11,272.  It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified, 
but  now  only  a  part  of  its  walls  remain.  Chief  manvifac- 
ture,  tliat  of  tanned  leather,  which  is  celebrated  in  tlie 
country,  having  been  the  first  established  in  Andalusia; 
thread  and  ropes  are  also  manufactured.  There  are  several 
vill.ages  in  Spain  and  Portugal  named  Arcos. 

ARCOT,  arVof,  (North,  and  South,)  two  contiguous 
maritime  districts  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
comprising  the  whole  country  from  Coleroon  River  on  the 
S.,  to  the  frontier  of  the  Nellore  district,  on  the  N.  and  E. 
of  Cuddapah,  Mysore,  and  Salem,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Chingleput  district,  lying  round  Madras.  United  area, 
13,400  square  miles.  Pop.  (1851)2.491,878,  Surface,  low 
near  the  .sea;  inland,  hilly,  with  extensive  jungles.  Chief 
rivers,  the  Coleroon  and  Palaur;  and  on  the  N.E,  coast  ia 
the  Pulicat  lake.  Chief  city  and  towns,  Arcot,  Vellore,  and 
Cuddalore.  Arcot  was  ceded  in  1801  to  the  East  India 
Company;  since  which  it  has  been  greatly  Improved  in 
every  respect. 

AlCCOT',  ARUCATI,  or  AROOKATEE,  J-roo-kMee,  a 
city  of  South  Hindostan,  the  Mohammedan  capital  of  the 
Camatic,  on  the  Palaur,  70  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Madras.  Lat. 
(fort)  12°  64'  14"  N.;  Ion.  79°  22'  23"  E.  It  was  first  estab- 
lished as  capital  of  the  Camatic  in  1716.  It  was  ceded  to 
the  East  India  Comp.any  in  1801,  along  with  the  whole  dis- 
trict.   The  town,  which  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Moham- 


*  The  addition  de  la  Fronlera  ("  of  the  frontier  or  limit")  may 
refer  to  its  position  towards  the  frontier  of  Spain,  or  possibly  to 
the  limit  of  some  local  province. 

101 


ARC 


AR1> 


m6<)icn8,  1h  of  modern  erection,  enclosed  by  walls,  and  con-  \ 
tains  a  few  buildings  worthy  of  notice.    The  fort  of  Arcot  | 
was  an  extensi  ,)  structure,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  has 
been  demollslei.    Pop.  about  40.000. 

ARCS,  Les,  1Az&  aRk,  (L.  (Xisftrum  dt  Arfcubus,)  a  com- 
muue  and  village  ol  France,  department  of  Var.  5  miles  S. 
jf  Draguigrian.  near  the  Argens.     Pop.  (1S51)  2769. 

ARCTIAS,  ark'sht.-.iis  or  ark'te-as.  a  small  isliind  of  the 
Black  Sea,  off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  2  miles  W.X.M'.  of 
Keresoon. 

ARCTIC  UIGIILAXDS,  a  country  situated  in  the  N.E. 
part  of  Baffin's  Bay,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Greenland,  between 
lat.  76°  and  77°  iO'  N..  and  Ion.  62°  20'  and  74°  20'  W. ;  dis- 
covered, in  1S18,  by  Captain  Ross,  who  gave  it  the  name  it 
now  bears.  The  coast  trends  S.E.  and  N.AV.,  extending  110 
miles.  On  the  X.  and  E.  hills  are  seen  rising  to  the  height 
of  upwards  of  1000  feet,  covered  with  ice.  and  separated  by 
ravines  filled  with  snow.  The  coast  also  is  icebound,  and  it 
is  only  alx)ut  the  ba,ses  of  the  rocks,  chiefly  granite  and 
gneiss,  close  by  the  sea,  that  a  stunted  and  scanty  vegeta- 
tion is  to  be  seen.  In  the  interior  nothing  is  found  grow- 
ing but  moss  and  lichens,  a  thin,  wiry  sort  of  grass,  and 
furze. 

ARCTIC  OCEAN,  (named  from  Arc/tos,  Gr.  Ap(cTos,  the 
"Bear,"  the  constellation  of  which  is  principally  included 
within  the  celestial  Arctic  Circle.)  that  portion  of  the  North- 
ern Sea  extending  from  the  Arctic  Circle  (lat.  C6°  o2'X.)  to 
the  North  Pole.  The  Arctic  Ocean  enters  deeply,  in  the  form 
of  gulfs,  bays,  Ac,  into  the  N.  jmrts  of  the  continents  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  America.  The  chief  of  these  indenta- 
tions are  the  '\\hite  Sea.  in  Europe:  Sea  of  Kara,  Gulfs  of 
Obi  and  Yenisei,  in  Siberia;  and  IJaffin's  Bay. in  North  Ame- 
rica. It  is  united  to  the  Pacific  by  Behring's  Straits,  and  to 
the  Atlantic  by  a  wide  sea.  extending  from  (Jreenland  on  the 
AV.  to  Norway  and  Lapland  on  the  E.  This  portion  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean  contains  one  of  the  largest  archipelagos  on  the 
globe.  The  middle  of  it  is  occupied  by  Greenland,  and  on 
the  E.  is  an  extensive  group  of  islands  known  under  the 
name  of  Spitzbergen,  the  small  island  of  Jan  Mayen.  ajid 
Iceland.  West  of  Greenland,  and  divided  from  it  by  Davis' 
Straits  and  Baffin's  Bay,  there  are  a  considerable  number 
of  islands  of  great  size,  with  which  we  are  yet  but  imper- 
fectly acquainted.  The  regions  embraced  by  the  more  re- 
stricted limits  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  (namely,  from  lat.  70°  N.) 
are.  perhaps,  the  most  dreary  and  desolate  on  the  fiice  of  Ihe 
globe.  Their  shores  are  covered  with  eternal  snows,  and 
the  entire  surface  of  their  seas  with  large  fields  .^nd  huge 
masses  of  floating  ice.  in  perpetual  motion,  and  who.se  con- 
stant and  tremendous  collisions  are  attended  with'the  most 
appalling  sounds.  Dense  fogs,  violent  storms,  and  endless 
nights  add  to  the  horrors  of  the  scene.  There  is  but  one 
month  in  the  year  (J,uly)  in  which  snow  does  not  fall. 
The  Arctic  Ocean  freezes  even  in  summer;  and,  during  the 
eight  winter  months,  a  continuous  body  of  ice  extends  in 
every  direction  from  the  pole,  filling  the  area  of  a  circle  of 
between  3000  and  4000  miles  in  diameter.  Some  of  the 
masses  of  ice  that  line  the  shores  of  this  ocean,  extend  many 
miles  in  length,  and  present  sea-fronts  of  200  feet  in  height ; 
while  fields  of  ice.  "20  or  30  miles  in  diameter,  and  from  10 
to  40  feet  in  thickness,  are  frequent,  and  sometimes  extend 
over  100  miles,  so  closely  packed  together,  that  no  opening 
is  left  between  them.  They  are  also  often  found  to  have  a 
violent  rotary  motion,  by  which  they  are  dashed  against 
one  another  with  tremendous  force.  The  icetiergs,  of  which 
vast  numbers  are  seen  floating  about,  vary  frt)m  a  few  yards 
to  miles  in  circumference,  and  rise  to  several  hundreds  of 
feet  in  height.  The  ice  in  these  regions  is  very  transparent 
and  compact,  and  remarkable  for  the  variety  and  beauty 
of  its  tints.  The  water  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  is  extremely 
pure,  shells  being  distinctly  visible  at  a  depth  of  SO  fathoms. 
The  pressure  of  its  water,  at  a  depth  of  ij  mile,  was  found 
to  be  2809  pounds  on  a  ."square  inch  of  surface.  In  the  year 
1848,  Captain  Roys,  of  the  United  States  whale-ship  Supe- 
rior, by  penetrating  through  Behring's  Straits  into  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  opened  a  new  field  to  the  whale-fishers.  Cap- 
tain Roys  filled  his  ship  in  a  few  weeks,  and  his  success  led 
more  than  300  .\merican  whale-ships  to  follow  his  example 
in  the  two  following  years.  These  vessels  procured  oil  of 
the  Value  of  $17,412,453.  In  the  same  year.  Dr.  Rae  ex- 
plored Boothia  Inlet,  and  found  that  "tVollastan  and  Victoria 
Land  were  continuous  for  1100  miles,  and  that  they  were 
separated  from  North  Somerset  and  Boothia  by  a  strait. 
An  expedition,  sent  out  from  New  York  under  the  patronage 
of  Henry  Grinnell.  Esq..  in  1850-1,  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin,  was  imbedded  in  a  mass  of  ice  for  8  months,  and 
drift<^  about  with  it,  a  mere  inert  body.  Captain  De  Haven, 
of  the  United  States  navy,  who  commanded  this  expedition, 
discovered  and  named  llaury's  Channel,  leading  W.  from 
■Wellington  Channel,  and  between  Cornwallis  and  Hamil- 
ton's Islands.  North  of  these  he  discovered  and  named 
Grinnell's  Land,  above  lat.  7tJ°  N.,  and  W.  of  the  92d  degree 
of  longitude.  Through  Maury's  Channel,  it  is  the  inten- 
tion of  the  second  Grinnell  expedition,  now  (1854)  to  seek  the 
supposed  open  polar  sea.  Dr.  Kane,  surgeon  of  the  former 
expedition,  and  author  of  a  very  interesting  narrative  of  its 
102 


proceedings,  gives  positive  facts  in  proof  c  i  the  formation  of 
icebergs,  by  the  breaking  off  of  glaciei-s  projecting  over  the  sea. 
The  second  Griunell  expedition  was  sent  out  in  18,')o.  Mr. 
Kennedy's  expedition,  also  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin, 
which  left  England  in  1851,  discovered  a  passage  from  Re- 
gent's Inlet  into  Victoria  Channel.  Another  expedition,  in 
1852,  on  the  same  errand,  under  Commander  Inglefield, 
surveyed  for  the  first  time  the  coast  N.  of  Cape  Parry,  and 
on  the  same  shore.  Speaking  of  the  larger  icebergs  in  the 
seas  on  both  sides  of  Greenland,  Dr.  Rink,  in  a  paper  read 
before  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  observes,  they  rise 
above  the  surface  of  the  sea  to  the  height  of  from  loO  to  150 
feet  and  upwards,  and  some  are  4OO0  feet  in  circumference. 
The  part  above  can  scarcely  be  considered  more  than  one- 
eighth  of  that  below  the  surCice  of  the  water,  so  that  the 
cubic  contents  of  such  an  iceberg  may  amount  to  about 
66,000,000  cubic  yards.  All  agree  that  the  icebergs  of  these 
arctic  seas  are  originally  formed  on  teri-a  firma  from  the 
snow  and  rains,  which  are  never  able  to  reach  the  ocean  in 
a  fluid  state ;  but  which,  in  the  course  of  years,  ai-e  trans- 
funned  into  masses  of  ice,  and  are  then,  through  some 
physical  agency,  thrust  forwai'd  into  the  sea.  The  s.ame 
authority  says  the  principal  ice-lriths  are  those  of  Jacob's 
Haven,  'Tossukatek.  Kariak,  K.anyeidbursoak.  and  of  Uper- 
nivik — .all  on  the  W.  side  of  Greenland,  and  l)etween  69° 
and  73°  N.  lat.  Most  icebergs,  says  a  commentator  on 
Dr.  Rink,  are  1600  feet  thick,  and  draw  more  than  ISJO  feet 
water.  Captain  Ross  measured  one,  the  summit  of  which 
was  325  feet  above  water. 

AliCU  HIL.  aR^kii',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine, 
3  miles  S.  of  Paris,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Sceaux. 
Pop.  (1S52)  3071.  A  fine  aqueduct,  constructed  by  Mary  de 
Medicis,  conveys  water  from  Rungis  to  Paris.  There  is  also 
the  remains  of  a  Roman  aqueduct. 

ARCY-SUR-CURE.  aR\see'sUR-kUR,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Yonne,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Auxerre.  I'op.  1495. 
Near  it  are  stalactitic  caverns  of  great  beauty. 

ARD,  LOCII,  loK  ard.  a  small  and  fine  lake  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Perth.  2  miles  W.  of  Aberfoyle,  and  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  river  Forth. 

ARDABEEL  or  ARDABIL,  aR-da-beel',  a  town  of  Persia, 
province  of  Azerbaijan,  on  the  Kara-soo.  90  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Tabreez.  The  houses  are  mean  and  small,  built  of  mud 
or  bricks,  and  surrounded  by  a  mud-wall.  The  fortress  u 
built  in  the  European  style. 

AKDAGII,  aR^dda,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  oo.  of 
Longford. 

ARD.\GII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

ARD.\GH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

AUD.\GH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

AliDAGII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 

ARD.\LES,  aR-di1^s,  a  town  of  Spain,  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Malaga.  Pop.  2890. employed  entirely  in  agriculture.  This 
vicinity  was  devastated  by  destructive  storms  iu  1830  and 
1840. 

ARDARA,  ar-dii-'ra,  a  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Ulster,  15 
miles  N.W.  of  Donegal,  head  of  Lochi-us  Bay.     Pop.  C03. 

ARD.\TOV,  aR-di-tov',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Simbciersk,  on  the  .\lateer,.(.41atyr,)  14  miles  W.  of  Alateer. 
Pop.  3872.     It  has  two  cathedrals. 

ARDATOV,  a  town  of  Russia,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Nizhnee 
Novgorod. 

AKDBRAC'CAN,  a  village  and  pari|ih  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Meath.  2^  miles  W.  of  Navan,  and  formerly  a  bishop's  see. 

A1>DC1IATTAN,  ard-Kat/t.-iLn.  a  district  of  Argyleshire, 
Scotland,  consisting  of  the  united  parishes  of  Ardchattan 
and  Muckairn. 

ARDCLACII,  ardOil^K,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Nairn. 

ARDEA,  aR-dA'd.  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States, 
20  miles  S.  of  Rome,  and  3  miles  from  the  Moditerranean. 
This  ruined  capital  of  the  ancient  ^?(/!/?i',  having  only  100 
ijihabitants,  occupies  the  rock  on  which  stood  its  ancient 
citadel,  and  where  some  Cyclopean  remains  are  still 
trac««ble. 

AHDEBYL,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Arpabeel. 

ARDECHE,  aR'daish'  or  aRMJsh'.  a  river  of  France,  the 
largest  stream  in  the  department  to  which  it  gives  its  name. 
Its  source  is  among  the  mountains  of  Cevenues;  and.  after 
a  course  of  45  miles,  falls  into  the  Rhone  about  a  mile  from 
Pont  St.  Esprit.  It  is  navigable  only  5  miles  from  its 
month.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  magnificence  of  the  .scenery 
on  the  Ardeche  in  the  earlier  part  of  its  course.  In  the  lower 
part  it  plunges  over  a  precipice,  called  Ray-Pic,  which  is 
almost  perpendicular,  and  is  above  100  feet  high.  Below 
this  cataract  is  the  Bridge  of  Arc.  justly  regarded  as  one  ol 
the  most  remarkalile  natural  curiosities  in  France. 

AUI)i;CHE.  a  department  in  the  S.E.  of  France,  between 
the  departments  of  Loire.  Isere.  Drome,  Vaucluse.  Gard.  I/v 
zere.  and  Ilaute-Ixiire.  Area. 2.110  sqnaremiles.  Pop.  (1S61J 
3SS,52S.  The  whole  department  is  of  a  mountainous  ch.a- 
racter.  Numerous  volcanoes  must  have  been  iu  active  ope- 
ration throughout  the  department  at  no  very  remote  geo- 
logical period.  Several  of  the  cratei-s  still  exhale  mephitic 
vapors,  and  warm  springs  issue  from  their  sides.  The  streams 
are  the  Ard^he,  the  Krieux,  and  the  Doux.    They  have  al^ 


ARD 


ARD 


on  E.  course,  and  belong  to  the  basin  of  the  Rhone.  Among 
the  mountains  various  metals  have  boon  found — sliver,  (a 
mine  of  which  gives  its  name  to  the  town  of  Argentifere,) 
antimony,  several  mines  of  lead,  and  iron,  which  is  now 
extensively  wrought,  and,  in  connection  with  the  limestone 
and  valuaiile  coalfields  of  Ard6che,  supplies  blast-furnaces 
and  forges,  which  rank  as  the  most  important  work  of  the 
kind  in  France.  The  prevalence  of  bas.alt  makes  It  the 
chief  building-stone  in  the  district,  but  the  calcareous 
rocks  contain  good  marble,  which  is  extensively  quarried! 
The  most  valuable  tree  is  the  Spani.sh  chestnut,  which 
covers  extensive  tracts,  and  yields  excellent  chestnuts, 
known  in  commerce  as  the  chestnuts  of  Lyons.  The  an- 
nual produce  is  estimated  at  400.000  bushels.  In  the  S., 
both  the  fig  and  oiiv-e  chrive:  and  the  whole  dep.artment 
abounds  with  mulberry-trees,  which  supply  food  for  silk- 
worms, the  rearing  of  which  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent. 
The  vineyards  are  numerous,  and  a  large  quantity  of  wine 
Is  produced.  Agriculture  has  its  chief  seat  in  the  S.  in 
the  ext«n,«ive  valley  of  Ard&che:  and  in  the  X.,  in  the  val- 
ley of  Erieux.  Along  the  valley  of  the  Rhone  are  rich  pas- 
tures, covered  with  cattle  and  sheep.  The  department  is 
divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  I'rivas,  Largentifere,  and 
Tournon.  Previous  to  1790,  this  territory  formed  a  portion 
of  Vivarais,  a  dependence  of  Languedoc.    Capital,  Privas. 

ARDKiy,  {Atlierdcp,  "town  on  the  Dee,")  a  municipal  bo- 
rough, town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Ix)uth,  on  the 
Dee,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Drogheda.  Pop.  of  town,  3679.  It 
consists  mostly  of  wretched  cabins,  but  has  some  good 
houses,  with  two  old  castles,  one  now  a  court-house,  a 
church  of  the  thirteenth  century,  a  spacious  Roman  Ca- 
tholic chapel,  union  work-house,  a  siivings  bank,  di.s- 
ponsary.  and  several  schools;  and  at  one  end  of  the  town 
Is  a  remarkable  mound  called  the  castle-guard. 

ARDEKOO  or  AKDKKU,  arMe-koo',  written  also  ARDE- 
KAX,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  two  days' 
journey  N.W.  of  Yezd.  It  has  1000  houses,  and  a  good 
bazaar. 

ARDELAX,  aR-deh-lin',  a  district  of  Persia,  in  Koordis- 
tan,  forming  a  part  of  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemee.  Chief 
towns.  Sinna  and  Kerraanshah. 

AR'DKX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

AR'DEX,  a  post-oflRc«  of  Berkeley  co.,  Virginia. 

ARDENNES  or  AK'DEX.aR'dJn*  or  aR-dJn',  Forest  of, 
(anc.  Ardue.nfna  SyVva.)  This  region,  familiar  to  the  read- 
ers of  Shakspeare,  is  a  vast  system  of  heights  and  forests, 
embracing  a  part  of  JJelgium,  the  grand-duchy  of  Lower 
Rhine,  and  the  X.  of  France;  extending  Vi'.  to  the  sources 
of  the  Somme,  the  Oise,  the  Scheldt,  and  the  Sambre,  and  E. 
to  the  Moselle.  The  Ardennes  of  Csesar's  time  e.xtended  to 
the  Rhine,  and  consisted  of  an  immense  forest.  At  present 
the  name  is  confined  to  the  chain  of  wooded  heights,  which, 
extending  N.W.  to  S.E.on  each  side  of  the  Meuse,  in  the  N. 
of  tlie  department  .of  Ardennes,  descend  between  Sainte 
Menehould  and  Luxembourg,  and  are  finally  lost  Jn  the 
■plains  of  the  ancient  Champagne. 

ARDENNES,  a  frontier  department  in  the  N.E.  of  France, 
formed  of  the  X.  part  of  the  old  province  of  Champagne, 
and  a  small  part  of  the  provinces  of  Picardie  and  Flandre, 
named  from  the  mountains  and  wooded  country  of  which 
it  forms  a  part,  having  X.  the  grand-duchy  of  Luxem- 
bourg, W.  the  department  of  Aisne,  S.  Slarne,  and  E. 
Meuse.  Area,  1955  square  miles.  Pop.  (1S61)  329,111. 
Rivers,  the  Meuse  and  its  affluents,  the  Bar,  the  Vence.  and 
Sermone;  the  Aisne,  and  its  affluents,  the  Aire,  the  Vaux, 
and  the  Retourne.  The  climate  is  generally  cold  and  hu- 
mid; the  soil  mountainous,  and  much  wooded  in  the  N. 
The  department  contains  numerous  iron-mines,  slate  and 
marble  quarries,  potter's  clay,  and  sand.  Abundance  of 
corn  is  raised  in  the  rich  valleys  of  the  Aisne;  cider  and 
beer  are  made,  with  a  little  wine.  Industry  is  very  active 
in  ironware.  It  has  royal  manufactories  of  fire-arms,  and 
metallic  wares  generally;  earthenware,  glass,  marble  goods, 
woollen  cloths,  shawls,  clockworks,  and  chemical  products. 
Trade  is  carried  on  in  the  agricultural  and  manufactured 
articles  of  the  department.  The  Meuse,  the  Aisne,  and  the 
Canal  of  Ardennes,  which  connects  the  two  rivers,  furnish- 
ing great  facilities  for  intercommunication.  Ardennes  is  di- 
vided into  the  arrondissements  of  Mezieres,  Rethel,  Rocroy, 
Sedan,  and  Vouziers,  its  chief  towns.     Capital,  Mezieres. 

ARDENTES  SAX  MARTIN,  aRMftxt/  sJn"  maBHA.N':',  a 
commune  and  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Indre,  6  miles,  S.E.  of  Chateauroux.  Pop. 
2000.    It  has  important  manufactures  of  scythes  and  tools. 

*  "  And  Arden.ves  waves  above  them  her  green  leaves. 
Dewy  with  nature's  tear-drops,  as  they  pass." — Byron. 
In  the  works  of  some  of  the  poets,  this  name  is  spelled  Anien, 
in  which  case  it  is  invariably  to  be  accentuated  on  the   first 
■y  liable 

"  Beyond  old  Arpen,  in  his  sister's  home"— 

"The  warrior  who  from  Arde.n's fated  fount 

I>rauk  of  the  bitter  «  aters  of  aversion." 

SouiHEY's  Juan  of  Arc,  books  i.  and  iv. 


ARDEXTES  ST.  TIXCENT.  aRMJNV  sJif  vSn«'s8k^,  a 
town  of  France,  on  the  riiiht  bank  of  the  Indre,  i'i  miles 
S.E.  of  Chateauroux.     Pop.  2480. 

ARDKRSEIR.  arMer-seer',  a  maritime  parish  cf  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Inverness. 

ARDES.  aRd.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Dome.  on  the  Cotiza.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Issoire.     Pop.  1793. 

ARDESE,  aR-dd/s.i.  a  large  village  of  Venetian  Lombardy, 
18  miles  X.X.E.  of  Bergamo.     Pop.  2118. 

ARDESIO.  aR-da'se-o,  an  ancient  village  of  Lnmbaray, 
province  of  Bergamo.  Pop.  ISOO.  It  has  extensive  marble 
quarries. 

AKDESTAN  or  ARDISTAN,  aR'de-stin',  a  town  of  Per.-.ia, 
86  miles  N.E.  of  Ispahan. 

ARD'FERT',  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Kerry,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Tralee. 

ARDFIN'XAN,  a  vill.age  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster, co.  of  Tipperary,  on  the  Sutr,  (ii  miles  S.W.of  Clonmel. 
Here  are  the  ruius  of  a  castle  built  by  Prince  John 
in  1184. 

ARDGLASS',  a  seaport  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Down,  on  the  Irish  Sea.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Downpatrick.  Pop. 
of  town,  10()6.  It  stands  on  elevated  ground,  between  two 
hills,  and  has  many  new  residences  frequented  by  visitors 
in  the  bathing  season.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  Irish  fish- 
eries on  this  line  of  the  coast,  and  from  30(3  to  400  vessels 
from  various  parts  of  England  and  Ireland  are  frequently  in 
the  harbor  at  one  time.  Several  vessels  ply  between  Ard- 
glass  and  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  pier  has  a  light-house.  A 
castellated  mansion  of  the  chief  proprietor  is  erected  on  a 
range  of  what  were  formerly  spacious  warehouses.'  This 
town  enjoyed  a  flourishing  commerce  during  the  Lancas- 
trian dynasty. 

ARDILLATS.  Les,  lAze  aR'dee'y^',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Rhone,  arrondlssement  of  Villefranche.  Pop. 
of  commune.  111'2. 

ARDIXGLEY,  ar'ding-le,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Su.ssex. 

ARDIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

ARDISH  or  ARJISII.    See  Akiilat. 

ARD'KKEX',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. 

ARI^KILIA  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co  of  Kildare. 

ARDLEIGli,  ard'leo,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ARD'LEY  (or  AUDLEY)  STRETT'ON,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Oxford. 

ARDMAYLE,  ard'mAle',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tip- 
perary. 

A  UDMORE.' a  maritime  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Waterford,  on  Ardmore  Head.  4  miles  N.E. 
of  Y'oughal.  There  is  here  a  greatly  venerated  stone,  bear- 
ing the  name  of  St.  Declan,  reputed  in  early  Christian  times 
to  have  founded  a  monastery  here. 

ARDMOlvE  HEAD,  a  promontory  on  the  S.  coa.st  of  Ire- 
land. CO.  of  Waterford.     Ijit.  61°  5'2'  N.,  Ion.  7°  40'  W. 

AHDMULCIIAN,  ard-mul'kan,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Meath. 

ARDXAGEEHY",  ard^n-a-ghee^hee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

ARDWAGLASS'  BAY.  an  inlet  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland, 
in  Connaught,  co.  of  Sligo.  It  extends  inland  for  6  miles, 
with  an  average  breadtli  of  2  miles.  It  receives  the  Owen 
beg  River,  and  at  its  head  is  the  town  of  Bailysadore. 

ARDNAMURCHAX,  ard-n.a-mtir'K.^n,  a  very  extensive 
parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Inverness  and  Argyle. 

ARDNAMLRCIIAX,  Point  op,  a  cape  or  headland  in 
Scotland,  the  westernmost  point  of  the  mainland  of  Britain 
A  light-house  has  been  recently  erected  here.  Lat.  5G°  43' 
45"  N..  Ion.  e°  13'  30"  W. 

ARD'NAREE',  in  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo,  is  that  part  of  the 
town  of  Ballina  E.  of  the  river  Moy.     See  Bali.ina. 

ARDNCRCIIER,  ard'nur'Ker,  or  IIORSKLKAP,  a  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.*  Westmeath.  and  King's  cos. 

ARDOCH.  aR'doK.  or  BRACO,  brd^ko.  a  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Perth,  4  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Muthill,  near  which  are 
traces  of  a  Roman  camp,  supposed  to  be  the  most  perfect 
existing  in  Britain. 

ARDORlI,  aR-di^rA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  I.,  near  the  Mediterranean,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gerace. 
Pop.  2959. 

ARDOY'E.  aR'dwd',  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pr  vince 
of  West  Flanders,  16  miles  S.  AV.  of  Bruges.  Pop.  (with 
commune)  7400,  engaged  in  linen  bleaching,  brewing,  and 
manufactures  of  wax  and  tallow  candles. 

ARDOY'NE,  ar-doin',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cos.  of  Wicklow 
and  Carlow. 

ARD'PAT'RICK.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

ARD'QUIN',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. 

ARDRAH,  ar'drah,  or  AZEM,  a  town  of  Africa,  capita;  . 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  kingdom  of  Dahomey,  lat. 
(P  35'  N.,  Ion.  3°  42'  E.,  about  20  miles  from  the  sea-coast, 
on  the  shores  of  a  lake.     Pop.  lO.UOO. 

ARDRAIIAN,  arMr^h'hau,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
nauixht,  CO.  of  Galwav. 

ARDREA  or  ARDREE,  ardVee/,  a  parish  cf  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  Queen's  co. 

103 


=S 


ABD 


ARE 


ARDltEA  or  AKDUEE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Kiluare. 

AKDKE^^.  and'r,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais.  ou  the  railway  from  Calais  to  Paris.  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Calais.  Pop.  11J9.  Near  this  was  held,  in  1520, 
the  celebrated  interview  of  the  "  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold," 
between  Henry  YIII.  and  Francis  I.  of  France. 

ARDRISTAX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Carlow. 

ARDROSSA.V,  ar-dros'ssn,  a  sseaport  town  and  parish  of 
Scotl.and,  co..  and  16  miles  X.W.  of  Ayr.  on  the  Firth  of 
Clyde,  opposite  the  Isle  of  Arran.  It  is  now  a  fiishionable 
bathinct-place,  with  good  hotels  and  handsome  vilLis;  arid 
it  communicites  by  a  branch  railway  with  the  Gla-sgow  and 
Ayr  lines  at  Kilwinning,  and  by  steam-packets  with  Arran, 
Belfiist.  and  Liverpool.  The  harbor,  formed  at  an  immen.se 
expense  by  the  late  Earl  of  Eglintoun,  is  sheltered  by  a 
pier  and  ilorse  Island,  and  has  a  light-hoa.se  on  the  N.E. 
of  the  Bi-eakwater,  with  a  fixed  light.  Lat.  55°  38'  27"  N.; 
Ion.  4°  49'  2S"  W.  Export  of  coal  from  this  port  has  been 
rapidly  increasing.    Pop.  of  town  in  1851.  2677. 

ARDSALLAGII,  ard'sjiiaan,  or  ARDSAL/LA,  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  co.  of  Jleath. 

ARDSKEAGII.  ard'ski',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

ARDSI/riV,  ardzlee,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

ARDSLEY,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

ARDSLEY,  West,  or  WOOIVKIRK,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

ARD'STRAW,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone, 
comprising  the  town  of  Xewtown-Stewart.  (See  Xewtowx- 
Stewart.)  and  villages  of  .4rdstraw  and  Douglas  Bridge. 

AltDTRE.V  or  ARTREA.  art-ree',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  cos.  of  Tyrone  and  Londonderry. 

ARDVAR,  Loch,  Iok  ard-var',  an  arm  of  the  sea  in  Scot- 
land, on  the  W.  coast,  co.  of  Sutherland.  Lat.  5S°  16'  N.; 
ion.  5°  4'  W.   It  is  a  small,  but  .safe  haroor  for  smaU  vessels. 

ARDUEXNA  SYLVA.    See  Ardennes. 

ARIVWICK.  a  suburb  of  Manehest<?r,  England,  and  within 
the  bounds  of  its  lx>rough.  The  Sheffield  Railway  joins  that 
of  Birmingham  in  this  suburb.    Pop.  in  1851,  15,777. 

ARDZ-liOOM  or  ARD7^RU^r.     See  Erzroom. 

AREAS.  4-r.Afis.  or  SAO  MIGUEL  DAS  AREAS.  sa'Ax« 
me-ghM'  dis  3-rA'as,  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of 
Sao  Paulo.  150  miles  X.E.  of  Santos,  and  110  miles  X.W.  of 
Rio  Janeiro,  on  the  confines  of  the  province  of  that  name, 
and  on  the  road  to  the  city  of  Sao  Paulo.  The  principal 
commerce  consists  in  coffee  and  fowls.  Pop.  of  town  and 
district.  6000. 

AR/EBO\  AR'OBO\  or  ARBOX,  aR^biN"',  a  town  of  Africa, 
In  Guinea,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Benin,  on  the  river  of  Formosa, 
40  miles  from  its  mouth. 

ARECIIAVALETA,  a-ri-cha-vi-li'tJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
the  province  of  Guipuzcoa.  27  miles  X.E.  of  A"ittoria,  on  the 
high  road  from  Madrid  to  Bayonne.    Pop.  24.30. 

ARECIFE.  d-rd-see'fA,  (i'.  e.  the  "reef.")  a  seaport  town  of 
the  Canaries,  in  the  island  of  Lanzarote,  on  its  S.E.  coast. 
Immediately  S.  of  the  small  but  secure  port  of  Xaos.  Pop. 
2500,  mostly  fishermen.  In  winter  its  Imrbor  is  resorted  to 
by  nearly  all  the  i.sland  boats. 

ARED,  a'rfd.  EI^AAR-EDII.  Jl-J'red".  JEB'EL  ARIDH, 
i'rid\orIMAREEYEH.(IMARlYEH.)e-ma-ree'yeh.amoun- 
taiu  range  in  .\rabia,  traversing  Xedjed  from  S.W.  to  X.E.  from 
Mecca  to  Bassorah.  a  total  distance  of  upwards  of  550  miles. 

ARELAS.  ARF.LATE.  or  ARELATUM.     See  Arles. 

ARELEY  or  ARLEY,  Upper,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

ARELEY.  KTXG'S.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

ARE.MBERG-MEPPEX,  (a/rem-b^RO'  mVPfn.)  DUCHY 
OF,  a  political  division  of  Hanover,  between  Oldenburg  and 
Holland,  comprising  an  area  of  740  square  miles.  It  is  tra- 
versed from  S.  to  X.  by  the  Ems, .and  consists  chiefly  of 
sandy  waters,  moors,  and  heaths.  In  1826  it  was  erected 
into  a  duchy,  by  George  IV.  of  Great  Britain.     Pop.  49,000. 

AREX.A..  i-nl'ni  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  on  Howakel  Bay,  on 
the  W.  shore  of  the  Red  Sea.  50  miles  S.E.  of  .\rkeeko. 

AREXA.  i-ri'nd,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  province  of 
Voghera,  ISJ  miles  X.E.  of  Voghera,  with  an  ancient  castle. 
Pop.  3090. 

AREX.A^.  J-r.Vni,  a  town  of  Xaples,  in  the  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra,  II. 

AREXA.  a-ree'na.  a  post-village  of  Iowa  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  Wiscon.sin  River,  about  -30  miles  W.  by  N. 
of  Madison.    Pop.  of  Arena  township,  1295. 

AR^EXAC,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan, 
bordering  on  Saginaw  Bay,  contains  about  544  .square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  S,andy  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  covered 
with  forests.  The  county  is  not  yet  organized,  and  is 
attached  to  Saginaw  countv  for  judicial  purposes.  It  is  not 
named  in  the  census  of  1860. 

AUEXACUM.    See  Arxheim. 

AREX.\S.  d-nUnis,  a  Spanish  word  signifving  "sand.s," 
the  name  given  to  various  islands,  capes,  sand-banks,  &c.  in 
different  parts  of  the  world. 

AREXDaL,  d'rfn-<lil\  a  seaport  town  of  Xorway,  36  miles 


X.K  of  Christiansand  on  the  Sk.aser-Rack.  Lat.  58°  28'  N.; 
Ion.  8°  32'  E.  It  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the  Xid  River,  and  ia 
built  on  rocks  projecting  out  into  the  commodious  haven, 
formed  within  the  islands Trommoe  and  Iliseioe.  The  build- 
ings are  of  wood,  clustered  in  declivities,  and  scattei-ed  up 
the  surrounding  heights,  one  of  which  is  crowned  by  a  hand- 
some church.  The  town  has  a  commercial  and  two  other 
schools,  a  custom-house,  and  three  yards  for  ship-building. 
X.  of  the  town  are  some  celebrated  iron-mines.  Aren  Jal  pos- 
sesses nearly  200  sea-going  .ships,  chiefly  employed  in  export- 
ing timber,  and  in  importing  grain  and  other  kinds  of  foodi 
About  4  miles  fi-om  the  port,  on  the  island  of  Torungen,  it 
a  fixed  light,  130  feet  high.  Lat.  5S°  23'  2"  N.;  Ion.  8°  52' 
5"  E.  In  1846,  the  town  proper  had  increased  to  3562,  in* 
eluding  suburbs,  4500. 

AREXDOXCK,  J/rfH-dAnk'  a  town  of  Belgium,  29  miles 
X.E.  of  Antwerp.  Pop.  .3488,  employed  in  stocking  and  linen 
weaving,  and  in  distilling. 

AREXDSEE,  i'rint-sxV,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  63 
miles  X.  of  Magdeburg.    Pop.  2016. 

AREXDTS/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

AREXSBURG.J'rens-bCfiRG^.  a  seaport  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Livonia,  capital  of  the  island  of  Oesel.  on  its  S. 
coast,  in  the  Gulf  of  Riga.  It  has  an  active  commerce.  Its 
harbor  being  shallow,  vessels  anchor  at  the  "Kettle,"  5  miles 
W.  of  the  town,  where  from  20  to  30  arrive  annuiillj',  mostly 
from  Lulieek,  Sweden,  and  Holland. 

AREXTHOX,  i-rdN<=H*>«',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
in  the  province  of  Faucigny. 

AREXYS  DE  MAR,  d-r.i-nees'  d.'l  maR.  a  seaport  town  of 
Spain,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in  Catalonia,  25  miles  X.E.  of 
Barcelona.  Pop.  4784.  With  a  few  manufactories  of  silk, 
cotton,  hosierj',  and  lace.  Chief  exports,  wine,  timber,  and 
charcoal. 

AREXYS  pE  MUXT.  l-rA-nees'  di  moont,  a  little  N.  of 
the  foregoing.    Pop.  1233. 

AREXZ.\XO.  i-rJn-zi/no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
15  miles  W.  of  Genoa.    Pop.  3250. 

AREXZ/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  C&ss  co..  Illinois,  on  In- 
dian Creek,  about  48  miles  W.  from  Springfield. 

AREQUIPA,  i-rA-kee/pd.  the  most  S.  department  of  Peru, 
extending  along  the  Pacific  tiet%veen  lat,  15°  and  21°  S.,  and 
Ion.  09^  and  75°  W.,  having  ou  the  E.  and  S.  Bolivia.  Pop. 
in  1850,  119,337. 

AREQUIPA,  a  city  of  Peru,  capit-il  of  the  department  of 
the  same  name,  450  miles  S.E.  of  Lima,  and  about  40  miles 
from  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  Lat.  16°  30'  S. ;  Ion.  72°  20' 
W.  It  is  finely  situated.  7850  feet  .ibove  the  sea  level,  on 
the  plain  of  Quilca,  on  the  river  Chili,  which  is  here  crossed 
by  a  handsome  stone  bridge.  It  enjoys  a  delightful  climate, 
and  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  built  and  most  litautiful 
towns  of  South  America.  It  has  a  square  ornamented  with 
an  elegant  bronze  fountain,  a  cathedral,  several  churches, 
3  nunneries.  6  convents,  a  college,  and  a  hospital.  The 
houses  and  public  edifices  are  all  of  stone,  generally  only  of 
one  floor,  with  thick  walls  and  vaulted  roofs,  to  resist  the 
shocks  of  earthquakes,  which  are  frequent  here,  and  so  de-' 
structive  as  to  have  laid  the  city  in  ruins  on  four  different 
occasions,  besides  the  damage  done  by  less  violent  con- 
vulsions. It  has  manufiictures  of  woollen  and  cotton  stuffs, 
and  gold  and  silver  tissue,  %vith  an  active  and  flourishing 
trade.  In  the  neighborhood  are  sever.il  gold  and  silver 
mines,  and  the  district  round  the  town  is  fertile  and  well 
cultivated.    Pop.  about  35,000. 

AREQUIPA,  Volcano  or,  the  most  celebrated  volcano 
of  the  .\.ndes  next  to  Cotopaxi.  in  Peru,  aliout  14  miles  E.  of 
Arequipa.  Height.  20,300  feet,  for  the  upper  500  of  which  it 
is  commonly  covered  with  snow.  It  forms  a  regular  cone 
truncated  at  the  summit,  and  has  a  deep  crater  from  which 
ashes  and  vapor  continually  issue. 

ARES,  d'rSs,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  9  miles  X.E.  of  Co- 
runna.  with  ruins  of  extensive  fortifications.     Pop.  1S50. 

AR^ETIIU'SA,  a  celebrated  fountain  of  Sicily,  in  the  city 
of  Syracuse.  It  springs  from  the  eirth  under  a  natural 
arch  in  the  rock  within  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  city  wall  only.  The  water  de- 
scribed by  the  ancient  writers  as  pure  and  sweet,  is  now 
brackish  from  the  sea  having  found  access  to  it. 

ARETTE,  d'rJtf,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  canton  of  .\ramitz.    Pop.  1172. 

AREVALO,  a-rA-vdno,  a  town  of  Sp-ain,  in  Old  Castile,  28 
miies  X.of  Avila.  on  the  Adaja,  with  remains  of  ancient  for- 
tifications.    Pop.  2201. 

AREZZO,  i-rii'so.  (anc.  Arreftium.)  a  city  of  It.aly,  Tus- 
cany, capital  of  the  province  of  its  own  name,  on  the 
Chiana,  an  affluent  of  the  Aruo,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Florence. 
Pop.  11,081.  Its  walls  are  evidently  Etruscan,  and  it 
abounds  in  architectural  remains  of  the  middle  ages:  but 
except  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre,  its  Roman  anri(|uitie8 
are  scanty.  Chief  edifices,  a  cathedral,  and  several  other 
churches  rich  in  works  of  art;  the  Cimous  loggie  of  Vas.arl, 
in  the  principal  square,  comprising  a  theatre,  custom- 
house, town-hall,  hospital,  a  museum,  a  libraiy,  and  tbi: 
house  in  which  Petrarch  was  born,  July  20,  1304.    Auci«b* 


ARG 


AUG 


Arrttium  was  famous  for  Its  manufacture  of  terra-cotta 
vases;  the  principal  manufactures  of  modern  Arezzo  are 
woollen  stuffs  and  pins.  The  city  is  celebrated  for  the 
great  number  of  eminent  men  who  were  liorn  in  it;  among 
whom  may  \xi  mentiorled  Maecenas,  Petrarch,  Vasari,  Guido 
the  inventor  of  musical  notation.and  the  physiologist  Redi. 
Michael  Angelo  was  born  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  in  1474. 

ARG  A,  a  p.';;!.  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  rising  in  the 
Pyrenees,  falls  into  the  Aragou.    Total  course,  60  miles. 

AKGiEUS  (ar-jee/us)  MOUNT,  (Turk.  Arjhh-Dagh,  &T- 
jeesh'-ddo,  or  Krdjhh  or  Erjish-Dugh,  er-jeesh'-ddo,)  the  lofti- 
est mountain  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Karamania,  about 
12  miles  S.  of  Kaisareeyeh.  Circumference,  about  60  miles; 
area,  300  square  miles ;  and  height,  13,100  feet.  It  is  isolated, 
except  on  the  S.E.  side,  jvhere  it  is  connected  with  a  branch 
of  the  Taurus  chain.  Its  flanks  are  studded  all  round  with 
volcanic  cones.  The  lower  line  of  perpetual  snow  is  ele- 
vated 10.700  feet. 

AR'GAM  or  ER/GIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

ARGAMASILLA  DE  ALBA,  aR-ga-md-seel'vl  d.i  Jni,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  84  miles  S.S.E.  of  Madrid,  on 
the  Guadiana.    Pop.  ICOO. 

ARGAMASILLA  DE  CALATRAVA,  AK-^l-rai-seeVyK  dA 
kd-li-tr^vd,  a  town  of  Spain,  13  miles  S.  of  Ciudad  Real. 
Pop.  2020. 

AROANA  MADEN.    See  Argiiaxa  Maden. 

ARGANDA  DEL  REY,  aR-g^n/da  dJl  ri/e,  a  town  of 
Spain,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  2772.  An  elegant  iron 
bridge  over  the  Jarama,  W.  of  the  town,  was  opened  in  Oc- 
tober, 1843. 

ARG  ANII^  aR-gJ-neeV.  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira.  capital 
of  the  comarca,  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Coimbra.     Pop.  1675. 

AR'GAtJM',  a  village  of  Central  India,  Berar  dominions, 
3S  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ellichpoor.  Here  the  troops  under  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  (then  General  Wellesley)  totally  defeated 
the  Nacrpoor  forces.  November  28,  1803. 

Xmiv.lj.  AliGELIXO.    See  Algiers. 

ARGELES,  aRzhMi/  or  aRVbgh-lil/,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ilautes-Pyrenfies  on  the  Gave  d'Azun,  17 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Tarbes.     Pop.  (1851)  1589. 

ARGELES.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pyr^nfes- 
Orientales,  12  miles  S.  of  Perpignan.  Pop.  2325.  Formerly  a 
fortified  town. 

ARGEXS,  aRV.hSN"',  a  river  of  France,  with  three  differ- 
ent sources.  Course,  about  60  miles,  falls  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean aViout  2i  miles  S.W.  of  Fr^jus. 

ARGENTA,  aR-j*5n'td,  a  town  of  Italy,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Fen-iua.     fop.  2600. 

ARGENTAN,  aR*zh5N*'t^N«',  (L.  Argemtasad.  Argentnnium 
Ca$trum.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  capital  of 
the  arrondissement,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  ilen^on.  Pop. 
(1852)  6673.  It  is  well  built  and  clean,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  linens  and  lace  called  point  (tArgentan,  with  bleach- 
ing grounds  and  tanneries. 

ARGENTARIA.    See  Argentiera. 

ARGENTA  RO,  aR-j^n-t^'ro,  or  EGRISOO-TAGII,  eg're-.soo'- 
tjg,  a  mountain  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  one  of  the  highest  of 
the  Balkan  lange  between  Servla  and  Macedonia. 

ARGENTAKO,  (aR-jJn-td'ro.)  MOUNT,  a  mountain  pro- 
montary,  Western  Italy,  projecting  into  the  Mediterranean 
at  the  S.  e.xtremity  of  Tuscany,  immediately  W.  of  Orhitello. 
Lat.  42°  24'  N. ;  Ion.  11°  10'  E. ;  culminating  point,  Ui  Cima 
delle  tre  Crnci,  1700  feet  in  elevation. 

ARGENTAT.  aRV.hSxoHd/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Corrfize.  on  the  Dordogne.    Pop.  (1851)  3535. 

ARGENTEAU,  aR'zh6N°Ho',  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  the 
Meuse,  6  miles  \.E.  of  Liege.  _Pop.  800. 

ARGENTEUIL.  aRVhix"'tuI',  (L.  Argentolhim,  a  town  of 
France.  dep;irtment  of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Seine,  11  miles 
N.E.  of  Versjiilles.  Pop.  (1S52)  4767.  It  was  to  a  monastery 
In  this  town  that  Heloise  retired  in  1120,  after  the  misfor- 
tunes of  Abelard. 

ARGENTl  ERA,  aR-jJn-te-A/ra,  ARGENTARIA,  aR-j^n-tJ- 
ree'a,  or  KHIMOLI,  Kee'mo-lee,  (anc.  Cimollk  or  Cimr/lits, 
and  Echiniifsa,  or  the  isle  of  vipers,)  an  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago.  Lat.  .36°  49' 3"  N.;  Ion.  24°  ."a' 5"  E.  It 
is  about  18  miles  in  circumference,  and  of  volcanic  formation. 

ARGENTlfeRE,  aRVh6No'te-aiR/,  orL'ARGENTlllRE,  laR'- 
ihSs^^te-aiR/.  a  commune  and  village  of  France,  department 
of  Hautes-.\lpes,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Briangon,  on  tlie  right  bank 
of  the  Durance.     Pop.  1233. 

ARGENTl  EKE.  COL  D',  kol  daRV.hSxo'te-aiR',  a  mountain 
T)as.s.  Maritime  .\lps.  on  the  ro,ad  fromBarcelonnettetoConi, 
/200  feet  alwve  the  sea  level.     Lat.  44°  27'  N.;  ion.  6"  55'  E. 

ARGENTINA,  aR-nJn  tee'nd,  a  small  port  and  settlement 
of  La  Plata,  at  the  head  of  Blanco  Bay,  390  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Buenos  Ay  res.     Lat.  38°  20'  S. ;  Ion.  62°  10'  W. 

ARGENTINE  (ar'jen-teen)  REPUBLIC,  (Sp.  liepuhlica  Ar- 
mntina,  ri-pooWle-ki  aR-Hjn-tee/ni/,)  South  America.  See 
Vlata. 

ARGENTINE,  ar'jen-tlne,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part 
>f  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  about  55  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit, 
"•c-p.  856. 

ARGENTON-SUR-CREUSE,  aEVh8N«H4N?-sUR-kruz,  (anc. 


Argentomfagus,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre, 
on  the  Creuze,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Chateauroux.  Pop.  (1851) 
5332.  It  has  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  manufactories 
of  wo<illen  cloths. 

ARGENTORATUM.    See  Steasbouro. 

ARGENTRE,  aR'zhSsoHr.V,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vitro.    Pop.  2163. 

ARGENTRE  SOUS  LAVAL,  aR'zhfiNoHri/  soo  la'vSl',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  6  miles  E.  of 
Laval.    Pop.  (1851)  1702. 

ARGIIANA-MADEN,  aR'ga-na/-ma/den,  a  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Diarbekir,  on  the  Tigris,  near 
its  source.  Pop.  about  4000.  It  has  some  copper-mines,  (mor 
den  signifies  "  mines,")  but  charcoal  has  to  be  brought  from 
a  distance  for  smelting  the  ore,  the  coal  of  its  vicinity  being 
of  very  inferior  quality. 

ARGIIURI.    See  Argooreb. 

ARGIGO.    See  Arkeeko. 

ARGISII.    See  Akhlat. 

AROIRO-KASTRO.    See  Argtro-Castro. 

Ali/GO,  (anc.  Guugiides  or  Gnrat)  an  island  in  the  Nile, 
Nubi!i,  between  lat.  19°  10'  and  19°  32' N.  Length,  from  N. 
to  S.,  25  miles;  breadth,  5  miles. 

AR'GO,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia,  120  miles  N.  of 
Milledgeville. 

ARGO,  a  small  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois,  200 
miles  N.  from  Springfield,  and  6  miles  E.  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

ARGO,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  CO.,  Missouri,  60  miles 
S.E.  from  Jefferson  City. 

ARGO,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa. 

AlOGOL/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Finistfere,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Chateaulin. 

ARGOL,  a  hamlet  of  France,  department  of  Finistfere, 
arrondissement  of  Brest,  with  a  small  harbor  on  the  Ger- 
man Ocean. 

ARGOL,  a  commune  and  town  of  France,  department  of 
Deux-Sevres,  with  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle. 

AR'GOLIS,  a  department  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  llorea, 
forming  a  small  part  of  the  ancient  Arfgolis,  and  extending 
along  tiie  N.  shore  of  the  gulf  of  the  same  n.irae. 

ARGONNE,  (aR'gonn',)  Forest  or,  the  former  name  of  a 
country  of  France,  departments  of  Meuse  and  A  rdennes.  It 
forms  a  .small  plateau  still  partly  covered  with  wood,  ex- 
tending from  Toul  to  MeziJres,  and  separating  the  basins 
of  the  Aisne  and  Meuse. 

ARXjOON'  or  ARGUN,  a  river  in  the  Rus.sian  dominions, 
government  of  Irkootsk,  rises  in  a  lake  in  Cliinese  Tartary 
and  flowing  from  S.  to  N.,  separates  'he  Russian  and  Chinese 
Empires,  and  joins  the  Shilka  to  fcrni  the  Amoor.  AiiGOoxsK 
is  a  pali.saded  fort  of  Russia,  government  of  Irkootsk,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Argoon,  in  lat.  51°  51'  N.,  Ion.  119°  50'  E. 

ARGOON  or  ARGUN,  a  river  in  the  Russian  dominions, 
Circassiii,  district. of  Tchetchentsi,  rises  in  the  Caucasus, 
flows  N.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Terek,  in  Ion.  46°  10'  E. 

AROOOREE  or  ARGURI.  aR-goo/ree,  a  village  of  Ruspian 
Armenia,  186  miles  S.  of  Tiflis,  on  the  level  ground  at  the 
end  of  the  great  chasm  on  the  N.E.  slope  of  Jlount  Ararat, 
about  5400  feet  above  the  sea.  This  was  formerly  one  of  the 
largest  and  mo.st  beautiful  villages  in  Armenia.  On  July  2, 
1840,  an  eruption  of  Ararat  overwhelmed,  in  one  common 
destruction,  the  village  of  Argooree,  and  the  monastery  and 
chapel  of  St.  James,  with  their  inhabitants  and  inmates, 
consisting  of  1500  Armenians.  400  Koordish  servants,  and 
8  monks.  Only  114  individuals  escaped,  who  were  engaged 
in  the  field,  and  otherwise  at  a  di.stance  from  the  scene  of 
the  calamity.  Since  the  eruption,  the  wells  of  the  village 
have  given  forth  discolored  water  of  a  sulphurous  taste. 

ARGOS,  ar'gos,  a  town  of  Greece,  department  of  Argolis, 
60  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nauplia,  near  the  head  of  its  gulf,  and 
20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Corinth.  Pop.  about  8000.  It  is  con- 
sidered the  most  ancient  city  of  Greece,  and  was  long  the 
capital  of  A.rgolis.  Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  was  killed  in  its 
streets  272  B.C.  The  ruins  of  Argos  Amphilocliicum.  Kcax- 
nania,  exist  at  the  SJ!.  corner  of  the  Gulf  of  Arta,  15  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Vonitza. 

ARGOSTOLI.  aR-gos'to-le,  a  seaport  town,  Ionian  Islands, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Cephalonia,  on  its  S.W.  side,  with  an 
excellent  port  in  the  Gulf  of  Argostoli.  Lat.  38°  10'  N. ;  Ion. 
19°  59'  3"  E.  Pop.  8000.  "  The  improvements  of  Colonel 
Napier  have  given  to  this  town  the  air  of  an  English 
watering-place."  It  is  the  residence  of  the  British  governor 
and  Greek  bishop,  and  is  the  seat  of  justice  of  the  island. 

AR'GOSVILLE,  a  post-ofiBce  of  Schohaiie  co.,  New  York, 
46  miles  W.  from  Albany. 

ARGOUGES,  aR'-goozh',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche.  arrondissement  of  Avranches.   Pop.  of  comm.,  1576. 

ARGOUN.    See  Argoon. 

ARGOVIE  or  AR60VIA.    See  Aargau. 

ARGUENON,  aR'gah-nAN"',  a  river  of  France,  department 
of  C6tes-du-Nord,  passes  Jugon.  and  falls  into  the  English 
Channel  at  the  port  of  Guildo,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Malo, 
navigable  with  the  tide  to  PlanccSt,  4  miles  from  its  mouth, 

ARGUIN,  aR-goo-een'  or  aR-gween',  an  island  off  the  W. 
of  Africa,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Blanco,  and  about  8  miles 

105 


AUG 


ARK 


ftr-n  1  tho  "hore.  Lat.  20°  27'  N. ;  Ion.  16°  37'  W.  It  is  from 
30  to  40  I  iles  long  and  1  mile  broad.  The  island  is  formed 
of  a  whi^o  rock  covered  with  shifting  sand;  it  produces  no 
wood,  but  has  abundance  of  excellent  water.  The  danger- 
ous bank  of  Arguin  extends  N.  to  S.  through  1^  degrees 
of  latit'ide  from  near  Cape  Blanco  to  Cape  Jlirik. 

AKOUIN,  a  town  of  ^Vestern  Africa,  on  the  coast  S.E.  of 
Cape  Blanco,  with  large  markets  in  June  and  December. 

ARGUN.     See  Argoox. 

ARGURI.    See  Argooree. 

AR'GUS,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama. 

AR6YLE  or  ARGYLL,  ar-ghlle',  a  maritime  county  of 
Scotland,  on  its  W.  side,  greatly  indented  by  arms  of  the 
sea.  and  having  on  the  X.,  Invemess-shire,  E.,  the  counties 
of  Perth  and  Dumbarton,  and  W.  and  S.  sides,  the  Atlantic 
and  Irish  Channel.  It  includes  the  islands  of  Mull,  Is- 
lay.  Jura,  Tiree,  Coll,  lona,  &c.  Area,  about  31S0  square 
miles,  of  which  2735  belong  to  the  mainland,  and  10(53  to 
the  islands.  Pop.,  in  1S51,  89.298.  Surface  mostly  rugged 
and  mountainous,  and  1,524,000  acres  unprofitable;  of  the 
remainder,  308,000  acres  are  under  culture,  and  600,000  acres 
uncultivated.  Loch  Awe  is  in  this  county,  and  the  total 
area  of  fresh  water  is  estimated  at  52,000  acres.  Great  num- 
bers of  cattle  are  reared  here  fbr  export  to  Southern  mar- 
kets. Manufactures  unimportant;  but  steam  navigation 
has  lately  given  impulse  to  all  branches  of  industry.  Chief 
towns,  Inverary,  Campbelton,  and  Ob.in.  It  returns  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.  Argy  le  gives  the  title  of  duke 
to  the  head  of  the  Campl)ell  family. 

AltGYLE,  ar-ghlle'.  a  county  of  New  South  Wales,  between 
kt.  34°  and  35°  S.,  aiid  Ion.  149°  and  150°  E.,  enclosed  by 
the  counties  of  Camden,  Georginiana.  St.  Vincent,  King,  and 
Murray.  Its  rivers  are  affluents  of  the  Warragamba.  It 
sends  1  member  to  the  legislative  council.    Pop.  diiOO. 

AKGYLE,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine,  about 
90  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  379. 

ARGYLE,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Washington  co., 
New  York,  on  Moseskill  Creek,  45  miles  N.  from  Albany. 
Pop.  3139.    It  has  an  academy. 

ARGYLE,  a  post-village  in  Cumberland  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 74  miles  S.S.W.  from  Raleigh. 

ARGYLi;,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Georgia. 

ARGYLK,  a  post-office  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois,  92  miles 
N.W.  from  Springfield. 

ARGYLK,  a  post-oifice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri. 

ARGYLE,  a  post-villj^je  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wassemon  river,  about  45  miles  N.E.  from  Galena. 

ARQYRO-CASTRO,  aR/ghe-ro  kds'tro,  (modern  Greek  ,4r- 
guri''-kis4ron  ;  Turk.,  Ergree  KaHree,)  a  town  of  Albania, 
sanjak  Uelviuo.  on  the  Deropuli,  a  tributary  of  the  Voyus- 
sa,  47  miles  X.^V.  of  Vanina.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  40(.)0 
to  9(;0D.  comprising  2000  Albanian  and  200  Greek  families. 
It  is  picturesi|nely  situated,  and  has  many  mosques,  a  cas- 
tle (the  residence  of  its  governor,)  and  a  good  bazaar. 

ARIA,  the  ancient  name  of  eastern  provinces  of  Persia. 
See  Pkrsh. 

ARIAXO,  i-re-3'no,  a  town  of  Itily,  state  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Piincipato-tritrii.  capital  of  district,  in  the  Apen- 
nines, 17  miles  of  E.  Benevento.  Pop.  11.718.  It  has  a 
mountain  fortress,  a  cathedral,  a  diocesan  school,  manufac- 
tures of  earthenware,  and  an  export  trade  in  wine,  and  in 
butter,  preserved  in  hollow  cheese  rinds. 

ARIAXO,  a  town  of  Italy,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ferrara. 
Pop.  2000. 

ARIC.A..  J-reoTvi.  a  maritime  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  own  name.  200  miles  S.S.E.  from  Arequipa.  Lat. 
18°  28'  1"  S. :  Ion.  70°  24'  W.  It  was  formerly  a  much  more 
important  place  than  now,  being  the  port  from  which  the 
produce  of  the  celebrated  mines  of  Potosi  were  shipped.  It 
has  manufactures  of  glass  beads,  and  is  the  principal  port 
through  which  the  foreign  business  is  carried  on  with  Bo- 
livia. The  district  is  about  480  miles  long,  and  averages 
about  40  miles  in  breadth,  Pop.  of  the  town,  though  once 
estimated  kt  30.000,  is  now  only  about  3500. 

ARICATI.    See  Aracati. 

ARICIHT,  ^-re-sliif,  a  flourishing  seaport  of  the  Cape 
Breton  Islands,  about  lat.  45°  28'  N.;  Ion.  61°  3'  W.  It  con- 
tains several  considerable  establishments  for  carrying  on 
the  fishery.     Pop.  2000. 

ARID,  ir'id.  a  sniiiU  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Lat.  46° 
66' S.:  Ion.  47°  30' E. 

ARlfiOE,  i^re-aizh',  ariver  of  Trance,  rises  in  the  Eastern 
Pj'renees,  traverses  the  department  of  A ri6ge,  and  IIaute-G.v 
ronne.  passes  Ax,  Tarascon.  Foix,Varilles,  Pamiers.  Saverdun, 
and  Ciutegabelle,  where  it  becomes  navigable.  It  joins  the 
Garonne  on  the  right. 

AUlfitiE.  a  department  in  the  S.  of  France,  having  S.  the 
Pyrenees  and  Spain;  W., Haut«>Garonne;  N.E.,  Aude;  and 
S.E..  lYrfinfie-S-Orientales.  Area,  1738  square  miles.  Pop. 
(ISO!)  251,850.  Two-thirds  of  the  province  is  covered  with 
mountains,  which  rise  from  N.to  S.,  and  reach  their  greatest 
elevation  on  the  extreme  frontier  in  the  Pyrenees.  The 
principijl  summit  is  Montcalm,  10,611  feet  high.  The  vari- 
ous branches,  stretching  from  E.  to  W.,  separate  the  depart- 
ment into  two  vallies ;  the  one  watered  by  the  Aritge,  and 
106 


the  other  oy  the  Salat,  both  navigable.  In  the  N  the  cli- 
mate is  mild  and  temperate;  but  in  S.  the  heat  is  oppres- 
sive in  summer,  and  the  cold  extreme  in  winter  The  higher 
lands  in  the  S.  furnish  principally  wood  .and  pasturage,  with 
some  medicinal  plants ;  the  lower  are  remarkable  for  their 
fertility.  The  vine  is  cultivated  up  to  the  middle  of  the 
higher  mountains.  Large  numbei-s  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 
goats  are  reared.  The  staple  trade  of  the  department  is  in 
iron,  the  principal  mines  of  which  are  in  the  Yicdessos,  and 
supply  nearly  60  furnaces  in  this  department  alone.  Lead 
and  copper  are  procured  in  various  places;  also  small  quan- 
tities of  silver.  Marble,  jasp.Tr,  gypsum,  slates,  and  coal  are 
worked.  Chief  commerce  in  iron,  wood  for  building,  grain, 
and  cheese;  and  manufactures  of  steel  wares,  paper,  cotton, 
and  woollen  cloth.  It  is  divided  iifto  the  thi-ee  arrondisse- 
ments  of  Foix,  Pamiers,  and  St-Girons. 

ARIEL,  .Vre-el,  a  post-office  of  AV,ayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ARIELLI,  d-re-ellee,  a  town  of  Italy,  kingdom  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Chieti.    Pop.  14tX>. 

ARIENZO,  d-re-Sn'zo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Naples,  on  Mount  Tifati,  between 
Naples  and  Benevento.  It  has  7  parish  churches,  an  hos- 
pital, and  a  mont-dc'piiU.    Pop.  between  10.000  and  11,000. 

ARIET'TA,  a  township  of  lljimilton  co..  New  York.  Pop. 
98. 

ARIGAL,  i're-g.^l,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  LHster,  ca  of 
Donegal,  1i  miles  E.  of  Guidore  Bay.     Height.  24C2  feet. 

AKIG'XA,  a  coal  and  iron  district  in  Ireland,  in  the  N.of 
CO.  of  Roscommon,  on  the  stream  of  the  same  name. 

ARIMINUM,     See  Rimim. 

AHIXOS,  i-ree/noce,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Matto- 
Grosso;  rises  in  the  Parecis  mountains,  takes  a  N.W.  course, 
and  falls  into  the  river  Tap.^jos.  an  affluent  of  the  Amazon,  in 
lat.  9°  30'  S.,  Ion.  58°  20'  W.,  after  a  course  of  about  700  miles. 

ARIXTHOD,  i'rjjjo*to',  an  ancient  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Jura.  19  miles  S.  of  Lons-le-Saulnier,  near  the 
Valouze.    Pop.  (1852)  1426. 

ARIP'PO,  a  maritime  village  of  Ceylon,  on  its  W.  coast, 
35  miles  X.X.E.of  Calpentyn.  It  is  the  residence  of  govern- 
ment authorities  during  the  pearl-fishing  season. 

ARISH.    See    El  Arish. 

ARISPE,  i-ris'pA,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Sonora,  on  tlv?  Sonora  River,  in 
the  Sierra  Madre.  Pop.  variously  computed  from  3000  to 
7600.  There  are  extensive  ruins  N.W.  of  the  town,  and  nu- 
merous mines  in  its  vicinity. 

ARIS'PE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Bureau  county,  Illinois,  about 
60  miles  N.  from  Peori.a. 

ARITH,  d'reet/,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  Savoy  Proper, 
near  the  river  Chfiran.    Pop.  1220. 

ARIZA,  it-ree'thi,  a  town  of  Spain,  70  miles  S.W.  of  Sa- 
ragossa. 

ARIZE,  3'reez',  or  LARIZE.  liVeez',  a  river  of  France, 
which  rises  among  the  mountains  of  Espla.s.  a  branch  of 
the  Pyrenees,  and,  after  a  course  cf  about  25  miles,  falls  in- 
to the  Garonne,  opposite  Carbonne,  in  lat.  4.3°  5'  X.,  Ion.  1° 
20'  E.  It  traverses  Roche-du-Mas,  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able caverns  of  the  Pyrenees. 

ARIZU  or  ARITZU,  d-rit-soo',  a  village  in  the  island  of 
Sardinia.  40  miles  X.  of  Cagliari.  on  a  mountain.  Pop.  2200. 
Chief  tr.ade  in  cattle,  cheese,  and  snow. 

ARJA,  aji'jd,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  pa.shalic  of  Bag- 
dad, on  the  Euphrates.  92  miles  N.W.  of  Bassorah. 

ARJEPLOG,  ia'y^-plog*,  atown  of  Swedish  Lapland.  PiteS 
Lappmark,  on  the  Horn  I^ake,  175  miles  N.X.E.  of  Umei. 

ARJISH,  aR'jeesh'.  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  AVal- 
lachia.  rises  in  the  East  Carpathian  Mountains,  and  joins 
the  Danube  42  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bucharest,  after  a  S.  eastward 
course  of  150  miles. 

ARJISH,  a  town  on  the  above  river.  90  miles  N.W.  of 
Bucharest,  with  a  rich  convent,  many  churches,  and  a  foi^ 

AR.nSII  or  ERJISH.    See  Arg-BUS. 

ARJONA.  aR-Ho'ni.  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  15  miles 
N.W.  ofJaen.     Pop.  3598. 

AR.TOXILLA  aR-Ho-neel'yi.  is  a  market-town  of  Spain,  5 
miles  X.W.  of  Arjona.     Pop.  2398. 

ARJUSAXIv,  iR^-zhU*-s3x°',  a  village  of  France,  depai-t- 
ment  of  Landes.  18  miles  X.W.  of  Mont  de  Mar.san.  Pop.  630. 

ARK  or  ARCII,  aRk,  a  small  island  off  Van  Dieman's 
Land.    Lat.  43°  17'  S. ;  Ion.  147°  19'  E. 

AlOKADEI/PHI.^,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clark  county, 
Arkan.sa.s,  on  the  right  bank  of  Washita  river.  at>out  75 
miles  S.^V.  from  Little  Rock.  Small  boats  navigate  the 
river  above  and  below  this  place.     Pop.  817. 

ARKADIA  or  ARCADIA.    See  Kyparissia. 

ARK.\X'S.\S.  (formerly  pronounced  Ai-'kanK,iw\)  a  river 
of  the  United  States,  next  to  the  Missouii,  the  largest  af- 
fluent of  the  Mississippi.  Rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
near  the  boundary  between  Utah  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
it  pursues  an  easterly  course  for  several  hundred  miles. 
Near  the  9Sth  degree  of  W.  longitude,  it  turns  and  flows 
south-eastward  to  Fort  Smith  on  the  western  boundary  of 
Arkan.stis.  Continuing  in  the  same  general  diruction,  it 
traverses  that  State,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equil  por 


ARK 

tions,  and  empties  itself  itself  into  the  Mississippi  in  lat. 
83°  54'  N.:  Ion.  91°  10' W. 

The  whole  length  exceeds  2000  miles.  The  current  is  not 
obstructed  by  considerable  falls  or  rapids.  It  is  navigable 
by  steamboats  during  nine  months  of  the  year  for  a  dis- 
tance of  800  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  difiference  between 
high  and  low  water  in  this  river  is  about  25  feet.  It  is 
from  three-eighths  to  half  a  mile  wide  throughout  the  last 
600  miles  of  its  course.  Stone  coal  is  found  in  many  places 
along  its  banks  between  Little  Kock  and  Van  Buren.  In 
the  former  part  of  its  course  it  flows  through  sterile  plains 
of  great  extent,  but  after  entering'  the  Stjite  of  Arkansas 
the  soil  of  the  regions  which  it  traverses  is  generally  very 
productive. 

AHIvANSAS,  generally  classed  as  one  of  the  Western 
States,  but  having,  for  the  most  part,  the  soil  and  products 
of  the  Southern,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Jlissouri,  K.  by 
the  Mississippi  River,  (which  separates  it  from  the  States 
of  Tennessee  and  Mississippi,)  S.  by  Louisiana  and  Texas, 
and  W.  by  Texas  and  Indian  Territory.  It  lies  between  33° 
and  36°  3U'  N.  lat.,  and  between  89°  45'  and  94°  40'  W.  Ion. : 
being  about  240  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  224  in 
breadth  from  E.  to  \V'.;  and  including  an  area  of  52,198 
square  miles,  or  33,406,720  acres,  only  1,983,313  of  which 
were  improved  in  1860. 

Face  of  tlie  Country. — The  eastern  part  of  Arkansas,  for 
about  100  miles  back  from  the  Mississippi,  is  generally  a 
vast  plain  covered  with  marshes,  swamps,  and  lagoons,  but 
occasionally  interspersed  with  elevations,  (some  of  which 
are  30  miles  or  more  in  circuit,)  which,  when  the  rivers  are 
overflowed  from  temporary  islands.  A  plunk-road  hiis  been 
made  through  a  part  of  this  region.  A  bill  having  re- 
cently been  passed  by  Congress,  giving  to  the  Southern  and 
Western  States  all  the  overflowed  swamp-lands  within  their 
respective  limits,  the  State  of  Arkansas  is  now  constructing, 
along  the  whole  eastern  boundary,  levees  of  great  strength. 
by  means  of  which  extensive  tracts,  that  hare  hitherto  been 
entirely  worthless,  will  be  converted  into  cultivable  land 
of  extraordinary  fertility.  The  Ozark  Mountains,  which  en- 
ter the  N.W.  part  of  the  StJite,  are  of  uncertain  height; 
they  do  not,  however,  exceed  2000  feet,  and  are  generally 
much  below  that  elevation.  The.se  mountains  divide  the 
State  into  two  unequal  parts,  of  which  the  northern  has 
the  climate  and  productions  of  the  Northern  States,  while 
the  southern  portion,  in  the  character  of  its  climate  and 
productions,  resembles  Mississippi  or  Louisiana.  The  Black 
Hills  in  the  north,  and  the  Washita  Hills  in  the  west,  near 
the  Washita  River,  are  the  only  other  considerable  elevations. 
The  central  parts  of  the  State,  as  well  as  the  regions  north 
of  the  Ozark  Mountains,  are  broken  and  undulating. 

Minerals. — Arkansas  gives  indications  of  considerable  af- 
fluence in  mineral  resources,  which  are  principally  coal,  iron, 
lead,  zinc,  manganese,  gypsum,  and  salt.  The  coal  field  of 
Arkansas  commences  40  miles  above  Little  Rock,  and  ex- 
tends on  both  sides  of  the  river  beyond  the  western  boun- 
dary of  the  State.  Cannel,  anthracite,  and  bituminous  coal 
are  all  found  in  the  State.  Gold  is  said  to  have  been  disco- 
vered in  White  county.  Near  the  Hot  Springs  is  a  cele- 
brated quarry  of  oil  stone,  superior  to  any  thing  else  of 
the  kind  in  the  known  world :  the  quantity  is  inexhausti- 
ble: there  are  great  varieties,  exhibiting  all  degrees  of  fine- 
ness. According  to  a  writer  in  De  Bow's  "  Resources  of  the 
South  and  West,"  there  is  manganese  enough  in  Arkansas 
to  supply  the  world;  in  zinc  it  excels  every  State  except 
New  Jersey ;  and  has  more  gypsum  than  all  the  other  States 
put  together,  while  it  is  equally  well  supplied  with  marble 
and  salt.  The  lead  ore  of  this  State  is  said  to  be  particu- 
larly rich  in  silver. 

liivers.  Lakes,  &,c. — Arkansas  h.is  no  sea-board,  but  the 
Missis.sippi  River  (which  receives  all  the  waters  of  this  State) 
coasts  the  almost  entire  eastern  boundary,  and  renders  it 
accessible  to  the  sea  from  many  points.  Probably  no  State 
in  the  Union  is  penetrated  by  so  many  navigable  rivers  as 
Arkansas :  owing,  however,  to  the  long-continued  droughts 
which  prevail  in  the  hot  season,  none  of  these  streams  can 
be  ascended  by  vessels  of  any  size  more  than  about  nine 
months  in  the  year.  The  Arkansas  is  the  principal  river 
that  passes  wholly  through  the  State.  It  enters  the  west- 
ern border  from  the  Indian  Territory,  and  sweeping  almost 
directly  through  the  middle  of  the  State  for  about  500  miles, 
(the  whole  distance  navigable  for  steamboats,)  after  receiv- 
ing a  number  of  small  tributaries,  discharges  its  waters  in- 
to the  Mississippi.  The  White  River  and  the  St.  Francis, 
with  their  affluents,  drain  the  N.E.  part  of  Arkansas.  They 
have  their  sources  in  Missouri,  and  their  outlet  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  The  White  River,  which  debouches  by  one 
channel  into  the  Arksvnsas,  and  into  the  Jlississippi  by  the 
other,  is  navigable  Ibr  steamboats  500  miles,  the  Big  Black 
River  for  60,  and  the  St.  Francis  for  300  miles.  The  Red  River 
runs  through  the  S.W.  angle  of  the  State,  and  receives  some 
small  tributaries  within  its  limits.  It  is  navigable  for 
tteamboats  beyond  Arkansas.  The  Washita  and  its  nume- 
rous affluents  drain  the  southern  part  of  the  State.  The 
main  streiim  is  navigable  for  375  miles,  and  its  tributary, 
the  Saline,  for  100  mUes.    The  Bayous  Bartholomew,  Boeuf, 


ARK 

Macon,  and  Tensas,  are  all  tributaries  of  tlie  Washita,  an(1 
have  an  aggregate  of  635  miles  of  navigable  ^vatcr.  They 
all  rise  in  the  S.  part  of  Arkan.sas,  and  flow  into  I^ouisiana, 
where  they  join  the  Red  River.  The  Little  Missouri  and 
Bayou  U'Arbonne  are  western  oitincnes  of  the  Arkan.sa«, 
the  former  navigable  60,  and  the  latter  50  miles,  for  light 
steamboats.    There  arenoconsideraVle  lakes  in  Arkansas. 

Otijects  of  Interest  to  I'ourifts. — Under  this  head  stand 
prominent  the  Hot  Springs,  situated  in  a  county  of  thfi 
same  name,  about  00  miles  S.W.  of  Littlp  Rock.  From  a 
point  or  ridge  of  land  forming  a  steep  bank  from  150  to  200 
feet  high,  projecting  over  Hot  Spring  Creek,  an  affluent  of 
the  AV'ashita,  more  than  100  springs  issue,  at  dilTerent  ele- 
vations and  of  different  temperatures,  from  135°  to  160° 
of  Fahrenheit.  A  considerable  portion  of  this  bank  con- 
sists of  calcareous  deposites,  formed  from  the  water  as  it  is 
exposed  to  the  air.  These  springs  are  visited  annually  by 
thousands  of  people.  The  waters  are  esteemed  particularly 
beneficial  to  persons  suffering  from  the  chronic  effects  of 
mercury;  also  in  rheumatism,  stiffness  of  the  joints,  &c. 
&c.  Near  the  top  of  the  bank  above  alluded  to,  there  is  a 
fine  cold  spring,  so  near  to  the  warm  springs  that  a  person 
can  put  one  hand  into  cold,  and  the  other  into  hot  water 
at  the  same  time.  The  creek  below  the  springs  is  rendered 
warm  enough  to  bathe  in,  even  in  the  coldest  season.  The 
mountains  on  the  western  border  of  the  state  abound  with 
picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.  There  is  in  Pike 
county,  on  the  Little  Missouri  River,  a  mountain  of  al.abas- 
ter,  said  to  be  of  the  finest  quality,  and  white  as  the  driven 
snow.  In  the  same  county  al.so  there  is  a  natural  bridge, 
which  is  regarded  as  a  great  curiosity. 

Climate. — The  climnte  of  the  northern  and  western  parts 
of  Arkansas  is  allied  to  that  of  the  North-western  States, 
while  the  southern  and  eastt^ru  portion  partakes  of  that  of 
Louisiana.  The  lowlands  are  unhealthy,  but  the  uplands 
will  compare  favorably  with  the  most  healthful  regions  of 
the  Western  States.  According  to  a  meteorological  table 
kept  in  Pulaski  county,  near  Little  Rock,  the  mean  tem- 
perature of  the  year,  from  the  16th  of  December.  1850,  until 
the  loth  of  December,  1851,  inclusive,  was  62°.66.  Mean 
temperature  of  the  months  of  December.  January,  and  Fe- 
bruary, for  the  years  1849  and  1850,  45°.82.  Mean  tem- 
perature for  the  corresponding  months  for  the  years  1850 
and  1851,  44°.52.  Mean  temperature  for  the  months  of 
June,  July,  and  August  for  the  year  1860,  79°.66.  Mean 
temperature  for  the  corresponding  months  for  the  year 
1851,  80°.26.  There  were  47  days  during  the  summer  of 
1850  when  the  mercury  rose  to  90°  and  upwards;  51  days 
during  the  summer  of  1851  when  the  mercury  rose  to  90" 
and  upwards.  The  greatest  elevation  of  the  mercury,  1850, 
was  the  24th  of  August,  when  it  rose  to  99°.  The  greatest 
elevation  for  1851  was  the  16th  of  August,  when  it  rose  to 
9UJ°.  The  lowest  depression  of  the  mercury  during  the 
year  1850  was  8°,  on  the  8th  of  December.  The  lowest  de- 
pression during  the  year  1851  was  12°,  on  the  19th  of  Ja- 
nuary. From  the  1st  of  March,  1850,  until  the  30th  of 
November,  1851,  inclusive,  there  fell  in  rain  and  snow 
79-66  inches  of  water,  making  an  average  of  about  3-79 
inches  per  month,  and  45-52  inches  in  1-2  months.  The 
greatest  amount  of  rain  during  one  month  was  in  April, 
1850,  when  there  fell  7-93  inches  of  water;  the  least  that 
fell  in  any  one  month  was  in  September,  1851,  when  there 
fell  -02  of  an  inch. 

Sful  and  Production!!. — There  is  a  great  variety  in  the  soil 
of  Arkansas;  along  the  river  intervals  it  is  of  the  richest 
black  mould,  (yielding  from  60  to  80  bushels  of  Indian  corn 
to  the  acre.)  but  much  of  it  unfit  for  cultivation  for  want 
of  a  system  of  drainage.  On  the  White  and  St.  Francis 
Rivers  there  is  some  laud  of  especial  excellence;. while  in 
the  country  back  from  the  rivers  there  are  some  sterile 
ridges.  Grand  Prairie,  between  White  and  Arkansas 
Rivers,  about  90  miles  long  and  30  bro.ad.  is  badly  sup- 
plied with  water,  but  most  of  the  other  prairie  lands  are 
well  watered.  The  region  N.  of  the  Ozark  Mountains,  in- 
cluding about  two  tiers  of  counties,  is  well  adapted  to  graz- 
ing; it  produces  also  abundance  of  excellent  wheat,  and, 
perhaps,  the  finest  apples  in  the  world.  This  .section  of  the 
country  is  elevated,  hilly,  or  rolling,  interspersed  with 
prairies,  and  abounds  with  fine  springs  of  excellent  water. 
Grain  and  stock  are  the  staples.  The  tops  of  the  hills  and 
mountains  are  often  flai  or  rolling,  and  covered  with  a  good 
soil  and  a  heavy  growth  of  timber.  The  staple  products  of 
Arkansas  are  Indian  corn,  cotton,  and  live  stock,  and  con- 
siderable quantities  of  wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  wool,  peas, 
beans,  sweet  potatoes,  Irish  potatoes,  fruits,  garden  vege- 
tables, butter,  hay,  rice,  beeswax,  and  honey,  with  some 
rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  wine,  cheese,  grass-seeds,  hops, 
hemp,  flax,  silk,  and  maple  sugar.  There  were  in  Arkan- 
sas, in  1860,  1,983,313  acres  of  improved  land  (7,590,393 
being  unimproved),  producing  957,601  bushels  of  wheat, 
17,8-23,588  of  Indian  corn;  475,-i68  of  oats;  440,472  of  pcaa 
and  beans;  418,010  of  Irish  potatoes;  1,566,540  of  sweet 
potatoes ;  16,831  pounds  of  rice ;  989,980  of  tobacco,  410,832 
of  wool;  4,067,556,  of  butter  f  50,949  of  beeswax ;  806.327  of 
honey;  367,393  bales  (of  400  lbs  each)  of  cotton;  9,356  tons 

107 


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of  hay;  value  of  live  stock  $22,090,97":  orchard  products 
at  $56,025 ;  and  slaughtered  animals  at  $3,878,990. 

Ihrest-Trees. — In  Arkansas  the  bottom  lands  are  gene- 
rally covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  cotton-wood,  ash,  cy- 
press, and  gum.  The  mountains  or  hilly  portions  have 
hickory  and  the  different  kinds  of  oak.  Pine  is  found  in 
considerable  abundance  on  the  Arkansas  Kiver,  near  the 
centre  of  the  state,  and  from  this  southward  to  Ked  Kiver. 
Beech  is  found  in  great  abuudance  on  the  St.  Francis 
River.  Immen^  quantities  of  these  different  kinds  of  tim- 
ber are  sent  down  the  Mississippi  River  to  New  Orleans. 
From  the  letter  of  a  highly  intelligent  correspondent  we  ex- 
tract the  following  passage: — "The  principal  forest-trees 
are  the  oak,  (white.)  found  in  remarkable  abundance  and 
of  good  quality:  the  other  oaks  are  also  abundant  and 
very  fine.  White  oaks,  6  feet  in  diameter  and  60  or  80  feet 
without  a  limb,  are  common.  Hickory,  ash,  black  walnut, 
gum,  cherry,  pine,  red  cedar,  dogwood,  cypress,  maple, 
beech,  cotton-wood,  poplar,  sugar-maple  iu  the  N.  parts; 
bois  d'arc.  (pronounced  bo-dark.)  sassafras,  and  black  lo- 
cust; all  these  are  found  in  abundance,  and  are  very  valu- 
able. The  pecan  is  included  iu  hickory,  aud  is  also  very 
abundant." 

Animals. — Arkansas  is  still  the  home  of  many  wild  ani- 
mals, and  the  bear,  buffalo,  (a  few  of  which  are  still  found 
in  the  ilississippi  Swamp  in  Crittenden  county.)  deer,  wolf, 
catamount,  wildcat,  beaver,  otter,  raccoon,  and  gopher  yet 
infest  its  forests,  prairies,  and  savannas.  The  gopher  is  a 
little  animal  found  chiefly,  it  is  said,  W.  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  rather  larger  than  a  rat.  and  has  pouches  on  each  side 
of  its  head  and  neck,  in  which  it  carries  out  the  dirt  it 
makes  while  excavating  its  burrow.  -It  is  very  destructive 
to  trees  by  gnawing  their  roots.  Of  birds  there  are  found 
wild  gee.se.  turkeys,  and  quails.  The  streams  abound  in 
fish,  particularly  trout. 

Manufactures. — Arkansas  is  not  extensively  engaged  in 
manufactures.  According  to  the  census  of  1860  there  were 
in  the  state  518  manufacturing  establishments,  employing 
1877  persons,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $1,280,503, 
producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $2,880,578  annually,  total 
amount  of  capital  invested  $1,316,610.  Of  these,  176  were 
eaw-mills,  capital  invested  $583,290,  value  of  annual  pro- 
ducts $1,155,902;  97  flour  and  meal  establishments,  capital 
invested  $254,350,  annual  products  $931,926;  61  establish- 
ments for  the  manufacture  and  preparation  of  leather, 
capital  invested  $94,600,  annual  products  $150,425;  17  boot 
and  shoe  manufactories,  capital  invested  $12,729,  annual  pro- 
ducts $44,020,  value  of  home  made  manufactures  $1,019,240. 

Intental Improvements. — Arkansas  is  so  well  supplied  with 
river  navigation,  that  she  will  scarcely  feel  the  want  of 
other  means  of  communication  till  her  back  country  is 
more  settled.  However,  she  too  has  been  seized  with  the 
spirit  of  the  age.  The  Memphis  and  Little  Rock  Railroad 
is  partly  completed,  and  several  others  have  been  pro- 
jected, viz.  one  from  Little  Rock  to  Fulton,  and  one  to  Fort 
Smith.  A  raili-oad  is  also  proposed  from  St.  Louis,  through 
Arkansas,  to  New  Orleans. 

Cbmmerct. — This  state  has  no  foreign  commerce,  though 
It  has  considerable  boating  trade  with  New  Orleans,  en- 
gaged in  the  export  of  its  productions.  The  rivers  of  Ar- 
kans-is  afford  an  interior  navigation  of  more  than  1000 
miles,  bringing  a  large  portion  of  the  state  within  the 
re.ach  of  navig.ible  waters.  Jt  is  stated  that  the  White 
River  is  more  easily  navigated  than  the  Ohio;  in  ad- 
dition to  this,  the  Arkansas  is  navigable  the  entire 
breadth  of  the  state,  the  St.  Francis  for  300.  and  the  Big 
Black  River  for  100  miles.  The  southern  and  south-west- 
ern portions  of  the  state  may  be  approached  by  ste-amboats 
through  the  Red  River,  the  Washita,  and  their  branches. 
Lumber,  cotton,  slaughtered  animals,  and  Indian  corn  are 
the  great  articles  of  export. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Arkans.18  4  colleges,  with  225  students,  and  an  income 
of  $5585 ;  727  public  schools,  with  19,242  pupils,  and  $120,613 
income,  of  wliich  $200  was  endowments,  and  $13,356  from 
public  funds;  109  academies  and  other  schools,  with  4415 
pupils,  and  $68,146  income,  of  which  $6,300  was  endowments, 
and  $S645  from  public  funds.  There  are  also  in  this  state 
115  libraries,  of  which  102  are  public,  aud  13  Sundaj'-school 
libraries,  comprising  23,221  volumes. 

Periodicals. — By  the  census  of  1860,  36  weekly  news- 
papers, with  an  aggregate  circulation  of  2,122,224  eopies  per 
annum,  were  published  in  Arkansas. 

Religious  Denominations. — Of  the  1008  churches  in  Arkan- 
sas iu  1860,  the  Baptists  own  281 ;  Christians,  33 ;  Episco- 
palian8,7;  M etiiodists, 505 ;  Presbyterians,  65 ;  Cumberland 
Presbyterians,  71;  Roman  Catholics,  37.  The  rest  belong 
to  the  various  minor  sects. 

Public  InstitiUinns. — .\s  yet  Arkansas  has  no  institutions 
for  the  insane,  or  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  or  blind.  There 
is  at  Little  Rock  one  state  penitentiary,  which  has  been 
ouce  or  twice  burned  down  by  the  convicts.  According  to 
the  census  of  IS.'iO,  Arkansiw  had  1  public  library,  with  250 
volumes,  and  2  Sunday-school  libraries,  \vith.l70  volumes. 

Oovernnient,  Financu,  «&. — The  governor  is  elected  by 


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the  people  for  4  years,  and  receives  a  »lary  of  $1800  pe* 
annum  aud  the  use  of  a  house.  The  Senate  consists  of  25 
members,  elected  for  5  years;  and  the  House  of  Hepresen- 
tatives  of  75  members,  elected  for  2  years,  both  Liy  the 
people.  The  members  of  both  these  bodies  receive  $3  pej 
diem  during  the  session,  and  $3  for  every  20  miles  travel. 
The  judiciary  consists,  1st,  of  a  Supreme"  Court,  composed 
of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associates,  elected  by  the  lesrisla- 
ture  for  8  years,  and  receiving  a  salary  of  $1800  per  aninim; 
and,  2d.  of  six  Circuit  Courts,  held  twice  a  year  "in  each  cir- 
cuit. The  circuit  judges  are  elected  by  the  people  for  4 
years,  and  the  prosecuting  attorney  for  2  years.  The  cir- 
cuit judges  receive  $1250  per  annum.  Arkansvis  sends  two 
members  to  the  national  IIou.se  of  Representatives,  aud  is 
entitled  to  four  electoral  votes  for  President  of  the  United 
States.  The  state  debt  in  1852  was  $1,506  562;  school  fund, 
none;  annual  expenditure,  inclusive  of  debt  and  schools, 
$35,000.  The  as.sessed  value  of  real  and  personal  property 
in  1850  was  $80,211,330. 

Population.  —  Arkansas  had  in  1820,  14,273  inhabitants; 
30,388  in  1830;  97,574  in  1840;  20'.»,877  in  1850;  in  1S60, 
435,450,  of  whom  324,143  were  whites,  144  free  colored, 
111,115  slaves,  and  48  Indians.  Population  to  square  miles 
8.  Representative  population,  391,004.  Of  the  free  popula- 
tion in  1860, 124,0'23  were  born  in  this  state,  196,552  iu  other 
states,  3741  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  375  were  born  in 
England,  1312  in  Ireland,  131  in  Scotland,  10  in  Wale.s,  154 
in  British  America,  1143  in  Germany,  235  in  France,  and 
381  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in  the 
leading  pursuits,  48,475  wore  farmers,  8350  farm  laborers, 
7044  laborers,  2137  housekeepers,  1613  carpenters,  1296  mer- 
chants, 1222  physicians,  1094  blacksmiths,  1071  overseers, 
972  clerks,  933  teachers,  894  seamstresses,  797  domestics, 
567  servants,  560  mechanics,  528  students,  494  clergymen, 
467  lawyers,  438  planters,  363  wheelwrights,  313  grocers, 
374  shoemakers,  254  millers.  In  the  year  ending  June 
let,  1860,  there  occurred  8856  deaths,  or  20.6  in  every  thou- 
sand. Of  131  deaf  and  dumb,  15  were  slaves  (see  IxTKODtic- 
Tiox  to  the  volume  on  Papulation  of  the  Kighlh  Census,  pp. 
liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  Ac);  of  144  blind,  26  were  slaves;  of  86  insane, 
5  were  slaves;  of  176  idiotic,  24  were  slaves. 

Ciiunlies. — There  are  in  Arkansas  55  counties,  viz:  —  Ar- 
kansas. Ashley,  Benton,  Bradley,  Calhoun,  Carroll.  Chicot, 
Clark,  Columbia,  Conway,  Crawford.  Crittenden,  Dallas, 
Desha,  Drew,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Greene,  Hempstead,  Hot 
Spring,  Independence.  Izard,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Johnson, 
Lafayette,  Lawrence,  .Madison,  Marion,  Mississippi,  Monroe, 
Montgomery,  Newton,  Perry,  Phillips,  Pike,  Poinsett,  Polk, 
Pope,  Prairie,  Pulaski,  Randolph,  St.  Francis,  Saline,  Scott, 
Searcy,  Sebastian,  Sevier,  Union,  Van  Buren,  Washington, 
Washita,  Wliite,  and  Yell.  Several  of  these,  including  Cal- 
houn, Columbia,  and  Sebastian  have  been  formed  since  1S50. 

T<mns. — There  are  but  few  large  towns  in  Arkansas.  The 
principal  are  Little  Rock,  the  capital  of  the  state,  population 
in  1860,  :i727;  ftimden,  2219;  Fort  Smith,  15:;0:  Pine  Bluff, 
1396:  Van  Buren,  969  ;  Fayettevillo,  969;  .irkadelphia,  817. 

History. — .\rkansas  was  settled  by  the  French  at  .4,ikan- 
sas  Post  as  early  as  1685.  and  formed  a  ])art  of  the  great 
tract  purchased  from  France  in  1803.  under  the  name  of 
Louisiana.  It  made  little  progress  until  after  its  formation 
into  a  territory  of  the  United  States  in  1819.  It  became  a 
memlwr  of  the  American  Union  in  1836. 

ARKANSAS,  ar-kiin's.is,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of 
Arkansii-s.  contains  1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  river  of  its  own  name,  and  the  White  River  flows  along 
its  E.  border.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  alx)ut 
one-third  of  it  is  occupied  by  Grand  Prairie,  the  largest  in 
the  State.  The  soil  of  this  part  is  fertile,  and  adapted  to 
corn  and  cotton.  The  rivers  are  navigable  by  steauilxiat* 
nearly  the  whole  year.  Capital,  .■\rkansas  Post.  Pop.  884-1 
of  whom  392;i  were  free,  and  4921  slaves. 

ARKANSAS  POST,  a  post-village,  capital  of  the  aliove 
county,  is  situated  on  the  left  b.ink  of  .\rkansas  River, 
about  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  117  miles  S.E.  of  Little 
Rock.  It  has  a  landing  for  steamboats,  and  contains  seve- 
ral stores.  It  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1685.  and  was 
for  niany  j-ears  the  depository  for  all  the  peltries  of  this 
region. 

ARKEEKO  or  ARKIKO,  ar-kee'ko,  writtten also  ARGEE- 
00,  a  se,iport  town  of  Abyssiniiu  state  of  Tigro.  on  a  bay  of 
the  Red  Sen,  opposite  the  island  of  Mas.sowah.  lat.  15°35'N  , 
Ion.  39° 25' E.  It  is  ill  built,  and  Dr.  Beke advises  traveller* 
to  iivoid  it,  "with  aJl  its  annoyances  .and  extortions." 

AR/KKNGAKTII-DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  county  ol 
York.  North  Riding. 

AR'KKSDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Essex. 

ARKIIOURI.    See  Aroooree. 

AR*KINSK'.  a  Cossack  settlement  in  Siberia,  about  Si"* 
miles  W.  of  Okhotsk,  on  the  Okhota. 

ARKLOW,  arklO.  a  maritime  town  and  parish  of  Irfland, 
CO.  of  Wicklow,  on  the  Avoca,  39  miles  S.S.K.  of  Dublin.  A 
bridge  of  19  arches  here  crosses  the  river,  which  falls  Into 
the  sea  about  500  yards  below  the  town.  Pop.  of  toar  Id 
1861,  3300. 

ARKLOW,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow,  iu  Leit, 


Ik 


ARK 

rter,  including  nine  parishes.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to 
the  House  of  Ormond. 

aKIvO.VA  or  AKCOXA,  aR-ko'nd,  a  promontory  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  island  of  UUgen,  in  the  Baltic.  There  is  here 
a  tixed  Ii-:ht.     Lat.  U°  40'  9"  N.,  Ion.  V.i°  26'  2"  E. 

AKK'l'ORT,  a  post-villaso  of  Steuben  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Caiiisteo  Kiver,  246  miles  \Y.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

AKK'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Hiding. 

AKKUDl.     See  Archudi. 

ARK'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  New  York. 

AKK'WKIGHT,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Maysville.    Pop.  110:J. 

AULA,  mCW,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura,  6 
miles  N.  of  Lons-le-Sauluier.     Pop.  163S. 

AHLANC  or  AllL.iXT.  aaHSso',  a  town-of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-BOme,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont.  Pop. 
(18.->2)  4,28S. 

ARl..'VNZ.4.,  an^lin'thS,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
rising  in  the  Sierra  de  Neilar,  flows,  W.,  and  joins  the  Ar- 
lanzon  after  a  course  of  about  60  miles. 

ARLA.NZON.  aR-l4n-th6n',  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, rising  in  the  Sierra  Pined.i,  and  flowing  S.W.,  fells  into 
the  Pisuerga,  after  a  course  of  about  70  miles. 

ARLBERO,  aRl'bJao',  or  AULEKSHEKO,  i'dlers-beRG,' 
("  eagle's  mount,")  a  branch  of  the  Khe/tian  Alps,  in  the 
W.  of  the  Tyrol  and  the  Vorarlberg. 

AR'LECDON  or  AK/LESDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

ARLES,  arlz,  (Fr.  pron.  aRl;  anc.  Arlelas,  Arelafte,  or  Are- 
la/ttim.)  a  city  and  riverport  of  France,  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-Hlione,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  principal  branch  of 
the  Rhone,  where  it  subdivides  to  form  its  delta,  and  at  the 
head  of  the  canal  from  Aries  to  Bouc,  15  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  and  44  miles  N.W.  of  Mar.seilles.  It  is  en- 
closed with  old  walls,  and  has  streets  tolerably  regular  and 
spacious.  Around  the  Palace  Koyale,  are  a  series  of  public 
buildings,  viz:  the  Hotel  de  Yille,  containing  a  public 
library  of  12,000  volumes,  the  museum,  a  Gothic  monas- 
tery, and  in  the  centre  is  an  ancient  obelisk,  the  only  one 
executed  out  of  Egypt.  The  celebrated  statue  of  the"  Venus 
of  Aries"  was  discovered  in  the  theatre.  The  other  build- 
ings of  uot«  are  a  cathedral  of  the  seventh  century,  and  the 
church  of  Notre  Dame.  Among  its  numerous  Koman  anti- 
quities is  comprised  an  amphitheatre,  which,  both  as  re- 
spects size  and  magniflcence,  is  supposed  to  have  surpassed 
that  of  Nfmeg.  Aries  is  the  chief  place  of  a  sous-prefect- 
ure, and  has  a  chamber  of  commerce,  an  agricultural  so- 
ciety, a  college,  and  a  school  of  hydropathy.  The  chief 
manufiictures  are  hats  and  sausages.  Aries  enjoys  excel- 
lent facilities  for  trade.  Its  quays  are  very  spacious,  and 
serve  as  an  entrepot  for  all  the  merchandise  which  passes 
between  Lyons  and  Marseilles.  The  great  railway  which  is 
to  pass  through  Paris,  and  connect  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  English  (Siannel,  has  been  completed  from  Marseilles 
to  Aries,  while  a  branch  of  the  same  unites  the  town  to 
Ntmos.  In  addition  to  its  steam  communic<ation  on  the 
lUione,  two  canals  terminate  in  the  town ;  one  connecting 
it  with  Durance,  and  the  other  with  Port  de  Bouc.  Aries 
is  the  birth-place  of  the  Emperor  Constantiue  the  younger, 
and  it  has  been  the  seat  of  many  celebrated  ecclesiastical 
councils.     Pop.  in  1862,  23,208. 

ARLES.  CANAL  D',  kd'njl'  daRl,  a  canal  of  Fnance,  de- 
partment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  commences  on  the  Rhone, 
at  Aries,  and  extends  to  Port  du  Bouc,  on  the  Slediterra- 
nean,  25  miles.  It  was  constructed  to  evade  the  dangerous 
passa<:e  of  the  Delta  of  the  Rhone. 

ARLESIIEIM,  aRles-hime\  a  small  town  of  Switzerland, 
about  5  miles  S.  of  the  town  of  Basel,  in  a  fertile  district, 
on  the  Birs,  1154  feet  above  the  sea. 

ARLES-SUR-TECII,  aRrsuR'tJsh',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Pyrenees-Orientales,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Perpignan. 

ARLEUF,  aRHuf,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ni^vre, 
arrondissement  of  Chateau  Chinon.    Pop.  3036. 

AKLEUX,  aR"luh',a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
6  miles  S.  of  Douai.    Pop.  1721. 

AKLEY,  arlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  "Warwick. 

AR'LINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester, 

AR'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ARLINGTO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ARLINGTON,  a  postrtownship  of  Bennington  co.,  Ter- 
mont,  106  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.  This  township  con- 
tains an  abundance  of  white,  gray,  and  clouded  marble,  a 
medicinal  spring,  and  a  large  cave.    Pop.  1146. 

ARLI.N'GTOX,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 

ARLINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 

ARLINGTON,  a  postoffice  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 

ARLINGTON,  a  postofflce  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

ARLON,  aR^lAN"',  (anc.  Orolun>nuni,)  a  frontier  town  of 
Belgium,  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Luxembourg.  Pop.  4193.  It 
has  an  extensive  trade  in  grain. 

ARLSEY,  arl'see,  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Bedford. 

ARMA,  aR/mi,  or  SANTIAGO  DE  ARMA,  sin-te-SJgo  di 
BK/m:i,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  220 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Popayan,  on  the  Arma,  an  affluent  of  the 
Cauca.  , 


ARM 

ARMACSO,  aR-m3-s3MNO,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  pro 
vince  and  island  of  Santa  Cathai-ina.  Lat.  27*^  30'  S.,  Ion, 
48°  40'  W. 

ARMACOLOrLA  CREEK,  in  Georgia,  enters  the  Etowah 
from  the  right,  near  the  S.W.  corner  of  Lumpkin  county. 

AR.MADA,  ar-mah'da,  a  post-township  of  .^laconib  co., 
Michigan,  about  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Detroit.     I'op.  1488. 

ARMAGH,  ar'mi/.  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster. 
Area,  612  sffuare  miles.  Pop.  196,085.  Surface  mountain 
ous  in  the  S.W.,  where  Slieve-Gallion  rises  to  1893  feet  it 
height;  elsewhere  flat  or  undulating.  Chief  rivers,  thp 
Callan,  Blackwater,  Bann,  and  Newrywater.  Soil  rathei 
fertile.     It  returns  2  members  to  the  House  of  Counnons. 

ARMAGH,  ar'md/,  {Ardrmagha,  "the  lofty  field.'")  a  city, 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, capital  of  the  above  county,  and  the  archiipiscopal 
seat  of  the  Primate  of  "all  Ireland,"  near  thu  Callan  and 
the  Ulster  Canal,  70  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin.  It  is  con- 
nected by  railway  with  Belfast,  is  well  built,  chiefly  of  hard, 
red  marble;  the  streets  diverge  fi-om  the  cathedral  down 
the  .<;ides  of  a  hill,  and  are  clean,  lighted  with  gas,  and  well 
supplied  with  water.  It  has  a  Protestant  chape!  of  ease,  2 
Roman  Catholic,  2  Methodist,  an  Independent,  and  3  Pres- 
byterian chapels,  a  county  court-house,  prison,  county  in- 
firmary, lunatic  asylum,  5  banks,  a  public  library  with 
14,000  volumes,  observatory  with  fine  appaiatus.  and  bar- 
racks for  800  men.  The  city  has  a  large  inland  tr.ide  in 
corn,  linen,  and  yam.  Assizes,  and  quarter  sessions  are 
held  here,  besides  a  manorial  court  by  the  anhbishop  for 
pleas  of  10/.  and  under.     Pop.  (1851)  8.849. 

ARMAGH,  ar'mah',  a  post-borough  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  turnpike  from  Blairsville  to  Elwnsburg, 
52  miles  in  a  direct  lino  E.  from  Pittsburg.     Pop.  190. 

ARMAGH,  a  township  ot  Mifllin  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Poj! 
1970. 

ARMAGNAC,  aR'mJn^yik',  a  small  territory  of  France, 
in  the  old  province  of  Gascony,  now  forming  i)art  of  the  de- 
partments of  Gers,  Hautes-PyrenSes,  and  Tarn-et-tiaronne. 

ARMAN^ON,  aR^mSN^'sis"',  a  river  of  France.  ri.ses  in  the 
Cote  d"Or,  and  falls  into  the  Yonne  5  miles  above  .Joigny. 
The  canal  of  Burgundy  accompanies  it  for  some  distiince. 
Length,  57  miles. 

ARMENIA,  ar-mee'ne-a,  nxxrk.  EmxineeJijeh;  the  Miiini 
of  the  Scriptures,)  a  mountainous  country  of  Western  Asia, 
not  now  politically  existing,  but  of  great  historical  interest. 
It  varied  in  extent  at  different  epochs,  and  its  precise 
Ifoundaries  are  not  now  known ;  but  it  may  be  regarded  as 
lying  between  l.at.  36°  60'  and  41°  40'  N..  and  Ion.  36°  20 
and  48°  40'  E»  It  was  almost  universally  known  as  Arme- 
nia Major  and  Armenia  Minor,  or  the  Greater  and  the  Less 
Armenia.  The  lx)undaries  of  each,  according  to  Colonel 
Chesney,  the  latest  authority  on  the  su"oject,  and  probably 
the  best,  are  as  follows :  Armenia  Majoi-,  commencing  at 
Samisat,  (Sume'isat,)  stretches  along  the  liuphrates,  which 
bounds  it  on  the  W.,  till  near  Erzengan,  a  few  miles  to  the  S. 
of  which  it  leaves  the  river  and  keeps  the  direction  of  Tre- 
bizond  as  far  as  the  mountains  S.  of  Goomish  Khanch.  It 
proceeds  N.E.  along  this  range,  then  skirts  the  N.  extremity 
of  the  district  of  Kars,  and  passing  onward  to  near  Titiis,  runs 
along  the  light  bank  of  the  ICoor,  whose  course  it  follows  tA 
its  estuary  in  the  Caspian,  which  now  becomes  the  boundary 
on  the  E.  Leaving  the  Caspian,  it  turns  S.W.  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Tabreez,  and  passes  through  the  districts  of  Van 
and  Diarbekir,  on  the  frontiers  of  which  it  again  meets  the 
Euphrates  at  Samisat.  Armenia  Minor,  or.  as  it  might  be 
allied,  the  territory  W.  of  the  Euphrates,  lies  along  the 
range  of  the  Kof-tagh,  which  runs  W.  almost  parallel  to  the 
Black  Sea,  and  forms  its  N.  boundary  as  far  as  a  point  on 
the  river  Halys,  or  Kizil-Irmak,  not  tar  from  its  estuary  in 
the  Black  Sea.  Armenia  Minor  follows  the  course  of  this 
river  for  about  180  miles,  and  continuing  S.'W..  meets  the 
Taurus,  which  becomes  its  boundary  almost  to  the  sea  near 
Ayas,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Iskanderoon.  From 
this  point  it  sweeps  round  the  S.  side  of  the  districts  of 
Adana  ai<d  Marash,  and  meets  the  Euphrates,  which  thus 
intersects  Armenia  almost  centrally,  and  forms  the  natural 
boundaries  between  the  two  divisions  now  described. 

According  to  the  native  historians,  the  name  Armenia  ia 
derived  from  Aram,  the  seventh  king  of  the  first  dynasty, 
who,  about  1800  B.  c,  gave  a  settled  character  to  the  king- 
dom. The  Armenians  call  them.selves  Haiks  or  llaikans, 
and  trace  their  origin,  in  their  traditions,  to  Haic  or  llaico, 
the  father  and  patriarch  of  the  people,  a  contemporary  of  the 
Assyrian  king,  Belus.  Of  the  cities  of  ancient  Armenia, 
some  ruins  are  yet  to  be  seen,  which  display  a  good  style 
of  architecture.  The  chief  towns  are  Erivan,  Erzroom, 
Nakhchivan,  A"an,  and  Akhalzikh.  Of  ancient  capitals  there 
were  several,  the  most  important  of  which  was  Artaxata, 
on  the  Aras,  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  constitutes  an 
elevated  table-land.  Mount  Ararat,  near  the  centre,  rises 
to  an  elevation  of  17,323  feet.  It  is  watered  by  the  rivers 
Koor,  Aras,  Tchoruk,  (anc.  Akamp>gis,)  and  the  two  heads 
of  the  Euphrates,  and  contains  the  sources  of  the  Tigris, 
and  the  three  large  lakes  of  Van,  Ooroomeeyah.  (Urumiyah.) 
andGookeka.  Thediinate  in  the  higher  regions  is  very  cold, 

109 


ARM 

while  the  valleys  in  snmmer  are  scorched  with  heat.  Soil 
very  various ;  it  has  many  fertile  corn-lands  and  pastures, 
and  its  valleys  produce  excellent  cotton,  rice,  tobacco, 
grapes,  and  other  fruits.  Copper,  lead,  alum,  and  some  sil- 
ver mines  are  wrought.  The  manufectures  are  unimport- 
ant. The  native  Armenians,  estimated  at  one-seventh  of 
the  whole  population,  are  distinguished  for  enterprise  in 
commercial  and  baniiing  ti-ansactions.  The  Armenian 
Christians  mostly  belong  to  an  ecclesiastical  establishment 
of  their  own,  similar,  in  many  respects,  to  the  Greek 
church;  but  many  have  adhered  to  the  Roman  Catholic 

church  ever  since  the  fifteenth  century. Adj.  and  inhab. 

Armkjjiax,  ar-mee'ne-an. 

AKMKXIA,  (Russ.  'Armenija,  aR-m?n-y3',)  a  trans-Cauca- 
sian government  of  Russia,  comprising  that  part  of  Arme- 
nia S,  of  Georgia,  and  X.  of  the  Aras  and  Mount  Araiut. 

ARM  EXI.\,  ar-mee/ne-a,  a  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  103. 

ARMENIA,  a  post-village  of  Scriven  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Central  Railroad.  46  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah. 

AKMKMERSTADT,     See  Szamos  Ujvar, 

AUMENO,  au-m.i'no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  29 
miles  N.N,\V.  of  Novara.     Pop.  1420. 

ARMEXT,  ar'mgnf,  ER'MENT',  or  HER'MOXT',  (anc. 
HermonUliis,)  a  village  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  about 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Thebes.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  Ilermon- 
thite  nome;  and  in  Christian  times  it  was  an  episcopal  see. 

ARMEXTIERES,  aR'md>oHe-aiR/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Xoi-d,  (in  the  Lys.  and  on  the  railway  from 
Calais  to  Paris,  9  miles  X.AV.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1852,  8340, 
•mployed  in  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  lace,  thread,  and 
sail-cloth.  It  hiis  an  active  trade  in  cotton  goods  and  agri- 
cultural produce. 

ARMK.\T(>,  aR-mJn'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basill- 
cata,  on  a  mountain.  27  miles  P.S.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  2800. 

AR'MIAXS'KOT-BAZAR,  or  BAZAR  OF  TUB  ARMEXI- 
AXS.  a  large  village  in  the  S.  of  Russia,  government  of 
Taurida.  lat.  40°  9'  N.,  Ion.  33°  43'  E.,  81  miles  S.E.  by  E. 
of  Kherson,  on  the  principal  road  from  Russia  to  the  Cri- 
mea. It  is  a  great  thoroughfare  during  the  summer,  up- 
wards of  20,000  cartloads  of  salt,  from  the  salt-lakes  of  the 
Crimea,  annually  passing  through  it,  for  the  supply  of  the 
S.  of  Russia. 

AR'MI  ESBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana. 

AR'MIXGIIALL\  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

AR'MIXGTOX,  a  post-village  of  Tazewell  co.,  lUinois,  46 
miles  X.X.E.  from  Sprinjjfield. 

AR'MITAGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  2  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Rudgeley.  The  grand  trunk  canal  passes  through 
a  large  tunnel,  and  joins  the  Trent  in  this  parish. 

ARM  LEY,  arm'lee.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AR'MU.XK,  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co..  New  York. 

ARMOY'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

AR.M'STROXG,  a  county  in  the  VV.  central  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, has  an  area  of  alx)ut  750  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  Alleghany  River;  the  Kiskiminetas  River 
forms  its  S.W.  boundary ;  the  Red  Bank  Creek  washes  its 
northern  border;  it  is  also  drained  by  Mahoning,  Cow- 
anshannock,  and  Crooked  Creeks.  The  surface  is  gene- 
rally hilly  or  rolling;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  especially 
on  the  river  bottoms;  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  county  is 
unfit  for  cultivation.  Iron,  salt,  and  stone  coal  are  "the 
principal  mineral  products  of  the  county;  limestone  is  also 
abundant.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  "extends  along  the 
southern  border,  and  the  Alleghany  Valley  Railroad 
passes  through  the  county.  Organized  "in  1800,  and  named 
in  honor  of  General  Armstrong.  Capital,  Kittannina-. 
Pop.  3.i,797. 

ARMSTRONG,  a  township  of  Indiana  co„  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1252. 

ARMSTRONG,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  ft2li. 

ARMSTROXO.  a  post-village  of  Wab.ash  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Wabash  River.  9  miles  X.X.E.  of  Mount  Carmel. 

Al!.M'srROXG  ACAD'EMY,  a  postoffice  of  Choctaw  Na- 
tion, Arkansas. 

ARMSTKOXG  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

ARMTIIiiRl'B,  arm'thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding. 

ARMU'CHKE,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia. 

ARMUIJEX,  a  town  of  Xetherlands.     See  -iRNEjniTDEX. 

ARMYKOS,  aR-mee'ros,  a  town  of  European  Turkey  pro- 
Tince  of  Thess.ily,  3  miles  X.W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Yolo. 

ARMYROS,  a  mountain  and  village  of  Albania,  17  miles 
S.W.  of  Arta.  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Arta. 

KWSK.  a  village  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  on  the  N.W. 
•hore  of  the  island  of  Andros. 

ARXA,ar'nd.a  town  of  the  W.  limit  of  the  Libyan  desert 
on  the  Kookoo,  (Kuku.)  42u  miles  X.E.  of  Lake  Tchad 

ARNAC-PUMPADOUR,  aR^ndk'-pAM'pJMooR',  a  villa'-e  of 
France,  department  of  Corrdze,  18  miles  X.W.  of  Bnves, 
Pop.  1380.  It  has  a  chateau,  built  in  1026,  and  given  by 
Louis  XV.  to  Madiime  d'EtioIes,  who  thence  took  the  name 
of  ilarquise  de  Pompaduur. 

ARX  A  Y-LE-DUC,  aR^nif-lf  h  dUk,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 


ARN 

ment  of  C&te  d'Or,  29  miles  S.W.  of  Dijon.   Pop.  2473,  partly 
employed  in  a  woollen  factory. 

ARXAU,  aR'nOw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow, 
on  the  Elbe,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Gitschin. 

ARXXAOUTS  or  ARNAOUTLIK.  See  Alb.\.m.\. 

ARNCLIFFE,  arnOvliff.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork. 

ARXE.  a  maritime  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

ARXEBrRG\  ar'neh-lio5R0\  a  town  of  Prussian  Srixony, 
45  miles  X.X.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Elbe.     Pop.  lO'.K). 

ARXEDO,  aR-n.-V'Do,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  29 
miles  S.E.  of  Logrofio.  Pop.  3335.  It  has  a  school  of  pri- 
mary instruction,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  fruit  and' 
wine. 

ARXEE',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency,  and  22 
mi.es  X.W.  of  Madras. 

.\HXEE,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency,  and  74 
miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Vellore. 

AKXEMUYDEX,  aE-nfh-moi'den,  almost  ar-neh-nii'dfh, 
or  ARMUIJEX.  aR-moi'en.  a  town  of  the  Xetherlands,  pro- 
Tin*  e  of  Zealand,  islandof  'Walcheren,  2^  miles  E.  of  Mid- 
d.'lburg.     Pop.  1340. 

ARXESBY.  arnz'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

AR'XETTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Monongalia  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

AR'XEYTOWX^,  a  post-village  in  Hanover  township,  Bur- 
lington CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton.  It 
contains  a  large  Friends' meeting-house. 

ARXGASK',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Perth  and 
Kinross. 

ARXIIEIM,  arn'hime  or  am'him,  a  post-village  of  Brown 
CO.,  Ohio,  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  It  has  about  100 
inhabitants. 

ARX'IIEM,  written  also  ARXIIEIM,  arn'hime,  a  fortified 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  capital  of  the  province  of  Gelder- 
land,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  boats.  50  miles  S.E.  of  Amsterdam,  with  which, 
and  with  Utrecht,  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  27,878, 
including  468  military.  It  is  a  very  ancient  town,  and  is 
well  built,  suri-ounded  by  country  houses  and  gardens,  and 
has  a  governor's  palace,  an  extensive  new  barrack,  a  church, 
in  which  the  dukes  of  Gelderland  are  buried,  a  grammar- 
school,  learned  societies,  courts  of  assize  and  commerce, 
manufactures  of  woollen,  cotton,  paper,  and  tobacco;  a 
good  port  on  the  river,  and  an  active  general  trade.  In 
1586,  Sir  Philip  Sydney  died  at  Arnhem.  from  a  wound  re- 
ceived in  the  battle  of  Zutphen.  In  1795,  the  town  was 
taken  by  the  French,  who  wei-e  driven  out  by  the  Prus- 
sians in  November,  1813.  It  has  several  times  suffered 
severely  bv  fire. 

ARX'IIEM  BAY,  Australia,  is  a  deep  inlet  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Arnhem"s  Land,  near  lat.  12°  S,,  and  Ion.  13G°  E. 

ARX  11  EM'S  L.\ND,  on  the  N.  coa.st  of  Australia,  comprises 
all  the  region  between  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  and  Anson 
Bay,  and  is  so  named  from  having  been  discovered  by  the 
crews  of  the  Arnhem  and  Pera,  In  1618, 

ARNIS.  an  island  and  fishing  village  of  Denmark,  on  the 
Schlei,  2  miles  S.  of  Kappeln.    Pop.  800. 

AR'XO,  (anc.  AHnus.)  a  river  of  Tuscany,  rises  in  Mount 
Faltei-ona,  (Apennines.)  at  an  elevation  of  4,430  feet  above 
the  sea.  25  miles  N.  of  Arezzo,  flows  at  first  S.E.  and  then 
X.W..  almost  describing  a  circle,  until  it  receives  the  Sieve, 
10  miles  E.  of  Florence;  after  which  its  course  is  W.  to  the 
Mediterranean,  which  it  enters  by  an  artificial  mouth,  7 
miles  below  Pisa.  Distance  from  source  to  mouth.  76  miles. 
Chief  affluents,  the  Sieve,  Chiana,  Pesa,  ELsa.  and  Era.  Its 
valley  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  tracts  in 
Italy.  The  Arno  communicates  with  the  Tiber  by  means 
of  the  Chiana,  which  formerly  was  an  affluent  of  the  latter, 
but  now  empties  itself  into  the  Arno.  Florence,  Figline, 
Empoli,  and  Pis,"i,  are  situated  on  or  near  the  banks  of  the 
.\rno,  which  is  navigable  naturally  from  the  sea  to  Flo- 
rence. 

AR'NOLD,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of,  and 
4  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Nottingham.    Pop.  in  1851,  4704. 

ARXOLDS  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  Ohio  2 
miles  below  Ri.sing  Sun. 

ARXOLDSDORF,  aR'nolts-doRf\  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Sile- 
sia, S.E.  of  Neisse,  with  paper  mills.     Pop.  1410, 

AR'XOLDSVILLE.  a  postoffice  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri 

AR'XOLDTON,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

Al{/XOIJ)TOX,  a  village  in  the  S.AV,  part  of  Campbell  »., 
Virginia,  about  110  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Richmond 

ARXOX,  aR^uA.N"'.  a  river  of  France,  falls  into  the  Cher 
after  a  X.  course  of  84  miles. 

AR'.VOX.  a  small  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

AKXSBERG,  anns/bSRO,  or  AREXSBKRG,  d/rens-bfBa\ 
capital  both  of  a  circle  and  government  of  its  own  name,  and 
at  one  time  capital  of  the  whole  duchy  of  Westphalia,  ts 
situated  on  the  spur  of  a  hill  half  encircled  by  the  Ruh;, 
and  immediately  below  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle  of  th» 
same  name,  44  miles  S.S,E.  of  MUn.ster.  It  is  divided  into 
the  old  and  new  town,  and  has  three  churches,  (one  Pro 
testant  and  tw»  Roman  Catholic,)  a  normal  and  an  agri- 
cultural school,  and  a  gymnasium  with  eight  professors. 
In  the  Middle  Ages,  Arnsberg  was  one  of  the  principal  seats 


ARN 

of  the  Vehmlc  court,  (Vehm-gericht,)  which  exercised  a 
powerful  sway  throujihout  Germany.    Pop.  4000. 

AllXSDOUi',  aBns/doRf,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  cir- 
cle of  Ilirschberg,  with  a  castle  and  paper  mills. 

ARNSXADT.  aRn'stdtt,  a  town  of  central  Germany,  prin- 
cipality of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.  on  the  Gera,  10 
miles  W.  of  Hrfurt.  Pop.  5000.  with  Yariou.s  manufactories. 
It  has  a  castle  of  the  prince  of  Schwarzburg,  and  ruins  of 
the  ancient  fort  of  Kasernburg. 

AKNS'l'KIN.  aRn/stlue,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Werra, 
11  miles  X.  of  WUrzburjjr.    Pop.  1396. 

AKNSWALDK,  acns'wdl-dgh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Stettin  and  Posen  Kailway,  20 
miles  S.li  of  Stargard.     Pop.  4022. 

AIIOA,  d-ro'd,  a  small  town  of  Venezuela,  province  of  ^ 
Carabobo.  30  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Tri.ste.  The  Aroa  river 
rises  in  the  sierra,  about  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  the  town,  and 
after  a  course  of  eighty  miles  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Triste. 

AHOCIIl';,  d-ro/chil,  (anc.  Aradci  VcHus.)  a  town  of  Spain, 
In  Andalusia,  on  a  hill.  44  miles  N.  of  Iluelva.     Pop.  2705. 

AROIi-SZALLAS,  a'rok'.'^l'Wi'Ii',  a  village  of  Hungary,  44 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Pesth,  and  an  entrep3t  tor  the  trade  between 
that  city  and  Upper  Hungary.     Pop.  9106. 

AKOIySKX.  d/rol-sen,  a  town  of  \V.  Germany,  capital  of 
the  principality  of  \Valdeck,  on  the  Aar,  21  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Cassel.  Pop.  2050.  It  hjis  manufactories  of  woollen 
cloth  and  leather;  and  a  beautiful  castle,  residence  of 
the  prince,  with  a  library  of  30,000  volumes,  valuable 
paintings.  &c. 

AliO>yi\.  a  post-viUage  of  Kankakee  cc,  Illinois. 

AROX,  d"-rAxG',  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Xidvre, 
joins  the  Loire  near  Decize.  after  a  course  of  25  miles,  the 
last  10  of  which  are  navigable. 

ARON,  a  village  of  i'rauce,  2  miles  E.  of  JIayenne.  Pop. 
1722. 

ARON  A,  d-ro'nd,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont, 23  miles  X.X.AV.  of  Xovara,  on  the  S.W.  .shore  of  Lago 
Maggiore.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  high- 
school,  several  churches,  a  port  and  a  dockyard  on  the  lake, 
with  an  active  trade.  On  a  hill  in  its  vicinity  is  a  colossal 
statue  of  San  Carlo  Borromeo,  born  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
town,  in  153S. 

AROXA.  d-ro'n£,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Teneriffe,  Ca- 
naiies,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Escalona. 

AROOAX.  a  town  of  Sahara.     See  Arawan. 

AROOAT,  AROUAT,  ARUAT.  d^roo-dt',  or  f:L  AKOO.VT,  a 
town  of  North  Africa,  capital  of  a  state  of  its  own  name,  in 
the  Sahara,  Iving  300  miles  inland.  Lat.  33°  4S'  X..  Ion.  1° 
3S'  E.  It  is  built  on  the  N.  and  E.  slopes  of  a  hill,  at  the 
foot  of  which  tiows  the  Wady-Slzi.  and  contains  aliout  SOO 
bouses,  surrounded  by  a  wall,  forming  nearly  a  square. 

AROO  ISLANDS.    See  Arroo  Islands. 

AROOXDOO  or  AROUNDOU,  d'roou'doo',  a  village  of  Vf. 
Africa,  on  the  Senegal. 

AROOS/XOOK,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  rises  in  Pis- 
cataquis CO.,  in  tlie  X^.  part  of  Miiine,  and  flowing  in  a  gene- 
ral north-easterly  coui-se  through  Penobscot  and  Aroostook 
counties,  falls  into  the  St.  John's  River  in  New  Brunswick. 
Length,  about  120  miles. 

AROOSTOOK,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Maine,  has  an  area  of  about  4950  square  miles.  The  St. 
John's  River  forms  its  northern  boundary,  and  it  is  drained 
by  the  Aroostook,  Matawamkeag,  and  other  smaller  streams. 
A  great  part  of  this  county  is  still  a  thickly-wooded  wilder- 
ness, the  southern  districts  only  being  settled.  The  surface 
is  undulating,  with  a  few  mountain  peaks,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Chase's  Mount  and  Mars  Hill.  The  soil  in  the 
cultivated  portions  is  fertile,  and  it  is  said  to  be  also  of 
excellent  quality  in  the  northern  part,  especially  along  the 
banks  of  the  Aroostook  and  other  streams.  The  St.  John's 
River  is  navigable  along  the  border  of  this  county,  and 
from  thence  to  its  mouth,  (two  short  carrying-places  ex- 
cepted,) for  vessels  of  fifty  tons  burden.  Organized  iu  1839. 
Capital,  Houlton.    Pop.  2-2,479. 

AROOSTOOK,  post-office  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

AROSA,  (d-ro'.sa.)  Bay  of,  Spain,  in  Galici.'».  on  the  'W.  coast, 
16  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Finistfire.     Lat.  42^5  30'  N.,  Ion.  8°  50'  W. 

AROSB.\JA.d-ros-bd'yd.  or  d-rosbi'd,  a  market-town  on  the 
N.'W.  coast  of  the  island  of  liadura.  in  the  Jialay  Archipelago. 

AROUAN,  a  town  of  Sahara.     See  Ae.vwan. 

AROUAT.    See  Arooat. 

AROUCA.  d-ro'oo-kd  or  d-roo'ka,  a  town  of  Portug.al,  pro- 
vince of  Douro.  28  miles  S.W.  of  Lamego.     Pop.  2515. 

ARPA-CHAI  or  ARPATCHAI,  ar'pd-chi',  a  river  of  Ar- 
menia, triVufciry  to  the  Aras,  which  it  joins  about  50  miles 
N.  of  Mount  Ararat,  after  a  coui-se  from  N.  to  S.  of  about  SO 
miles. 

ARPAIA,  aR-pI'd.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  2^  miles  E.N.E.  of  Arienzo.,  supposed  to  occupy  the 
Bite  of  the  Roman  Caudium,  near  which  their  army  suffei'ed 
the  humiliating  defeat  of  the  "Caudine  forks." 

ARPAJOX,  aR'piV,hi').\o/,  (formerly  CHaTRES,) a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Seiue-et-Olse,  on  the^  Seine.  1  mile 
from  the  I'aris  and  Orleans  Railway,  and  15  miles  S.S.E  of 
Yersailitnj.    Pop.  of  commune,  2017. 


ARR 

ARP.\JON.  a  village  of  France  in  the  department  of  Can- 
tal.  2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Aurillac.     Pop.  (1 852)  2271 . 

ARPIXO.  aR-pee'no,  (anc.  ArpVniim.)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  6  miles  S.W.  from  Sora.  agree- 
ably situated  on  rising  ground.  It  has  a  royal  college,  with 
six  professors,  several  churches  and  convents,  and  manu- 
factories of  cloths  and  woollen  stuffs,  the  best  in  the  king- 
dom; also,  tanneries,  and  in  the  environs  is  an  extensive 
paper-mill.  It  was  founded  by  the  A'olsci.  and  erected  into 
a  municipal  town  by  the  Romans,  who  wrested  it  from  the 
Samnites.  Ai-pino  is  celebrated  as  having  been  the  birth- 
place of  Caius  Mai'ius  and  Cicero.  The  surrounding  scenery 
is  singularly  beautiful.    Pop.  11,060. 

ARQUA,  aR-kwd',  or  ARQUATO,  au-kwd'to,  (anc.  Ar- 
quaUum.)  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  12j  miles  S.AV.  of 
Padua,  among  the  Euganean  hills,  worthy  of  notice  as  the 
place  where  I'etrarch  died  (.luly  19,  1374)  and  is  buried. 
His  house  and  tomb  are  well  described  by  Byron,  (Childe 
Harold,  cant,  iv,  stanza  31.  and  note  16.) 

ARQU.\,  aRliwd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Rovigo.     Pop.  2800. 

ARQUA,  aR/kwd,  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Zacatecas, 
formerly  prosperous,  but  now  falling  into  decay.  It  was 
well  built,  and  contained  numerous  squares  and  churches. 
Pop.  about  4000. 

ARQUAXA,  aR-kwd'td,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  17  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Ascoli.     Pop.  1550. 

ARQUAXO,  aR-kwd'to,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  on  the 
ArJa,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Piacenzii.     Pop.  2000. 

ARQUAXO,  a  town  of  Italy,  ne.ir  Padua.    See  Arqia. 

ARQUENNES,  au^kSnn'  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainault,  on  the  Sonne,  and  the  Charleroi  Canal,  17  miles 
N.E.  of  Mons. 

ARQUES,  aRk,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Sfine-Tn- 
ferieui'e,  is  navigable  from  Arques  to  the  English  Channel. 

ARQUES,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine  In- 
ferieure,  on  the  Arques,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Dieppe,  with  ruins 
of  an  ancient  castle,  an  important  stronghold  in  the  Midd'e 
Ages.  In  1589,  Henry  IV.  here  conquwed  the  leaguers 
under  the  Duke  of  Mayenne.    Pop.  (1851)  900. 

ARQUES,  a  village,  department  of  Pas  de  Calais,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  St.  Omer.     Pop.  1854. 

ARRACAN.    See  Aracan. 

ARR  ACHES,  dR'Rdsh',  a  vill.age  of  Italy,  in  Savoy. 

ARR  AGON.    See  Aragox. 

AR/1{.\H,  a  populous  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  capital  of  the  district  of  Shahahad,  36  miles  W. 
of  Patna. 

ARR.\N.  ar'ran,  an  island  in  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland, 
Frith  of  Clyde,  co.  of  Bute,  between  the  peninsula  of  Can- 
tyre  and  the  coast  of  Ayrshire.  It  is  20  miles  in  length 
from  N.  to  S.  and  about  10  miles  in  breadth.  Its  appearance 
is  very  remarkable,  the  N.  part  being  crowned  with  lofty 
granitic  mountains  of  a  coniciil  form,  connected  'by  sliarp, 
serrated  ridges,  and  iutersectod  by  deep  gxtllies  and  ravines. 
The  hi'ihest  summit,  Goatfell.  is  2900  feet  above  the  sea. 

.\RirAN,  North  Island  of.)  the  lai-gest  of  the  group 
of  islands  called  the  Rosses,  lying  off  the  N.AV.  coast  of 
Ireland. 

ARR.iN,  (South  Islands  OF),  a  group  of  islands  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Ireland,  at  the  mouth  of  Galway  Bay. 

AR'RAX-FOW'DY,  a  mountain  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of 
Merioneth,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Bala,  2955  feet  in  height. 

ARRAX  ISLES,  a  sea-girt  barony  in  Ireland,  co.  of  Gal- 
w.iy,  Connaught,  consisting  of  a  group  of  small  islands. 
Lat.  of  light-house  on  Inishmore,  the  largest  and  most 
northerly,  53°  7'  38"  N.;  Ion.  9°  42'  22"  W. 

AR'RAS,  (Fr.  pron.dR'Rdss';  anc.  Ifemetacum  and  Jfeyrwio- 
ce.nna,)  a  fortified  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  and  formerly  capital  of  the  province  of  Artois, 
on  the  .Scarpe,  and  on  the  Railway  du  Nord,  35  miles  N.E.  of 
Amiens,  and  100  miles  N.X.E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  50°  17'  31"  N.; 
Ion.  2°  46'  50"  E.  It  was  strongly  fortified  by  Vauljan,  and 
stands  partly  on  a  declivity  and  partly  on  a  flat,  and  con- 
sists of  four  parts,  the  city,  the  high  town,  the  low  town, 
and  the  citadel.  The  citadel,  though  enclosed  within  the 
same  wall  as  the  other  parts  of  the  town,  is  separated  from 
them  by  an  esplanade;  it  is  capable  of  making  a  vigorous 
defence.  Arras  is  well-built,  and  has  the  appearance  of  a 
Flemish  city;  chief  edifices,  a  citadel,  a  cathedral,  town- 
hall,  theatre,  arsenal,  barracks,  a  curious  belfry  tower,  &c. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  court  of  assize,  a  royal  society,  diocesan 
seminary,  schools  of  design,  belles-lettres,  and  an  institu- 
tion for  deaf  mutes.  It  has  a  botanic  garden,  museums,  and 
public  library  of  30,000  volumes.  Cliief  manufactures,  cot- 
ton thread,  calico,  hosiei-y,  lace,  coarse  woollens,  beet-root 
sugar,  earthenware,  and  soap;  it  has  an  extensive  general 
trade.  Arras  is  the  birthplace  of  Lebon,  Robespierre,  and 
Damiens.    Pop.  in  1846,  24,321. 

ARRAYAS,  dR-Ri'ds,  a  small  town  in  South  America, 
Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz.    Pop.  about  300. 

ARRAYOLOS,  dR-Rl-o'loce,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Alemtejo,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Evora.     Pop.  2200. 

ARRE.iU,  dR^Ro',  an  ancient  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilautes-Pyrenees,  15  miles  S.E.  of  iiagndres-de-Bigorre. 

Ill 


ARR 


ART 


AltHECIFE.    Se«  Arecife. 

AKJtENIG,  a  mountain  of  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth,  5i 
miles  W.  of  Bala,  2ti09  feet  in  elevation. 

AKKETIUM.     See  Arezzo. 

AKK£SliE,jR'Reh-s.i/.  a  lake  of  Denmark,  Seeland.  I^t. 
5.'>°  57'  X.  Formerly  a  bay  of  the  Cattegat,  communicating 
with  lioesKilde-fiord  by  a  small  canal. 

AUKKSKOV  SEE.iR'Res-kov  sd,  a  lake  of  Denmark,  Fu- 
nen,  the  larprest  in  the  island. 

AR'ltETON,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

ARKIATE,  dR-Re-d'tA.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
province  of  >tala":a,  in  the  vicinity  of  Ronda.    Pop.  3024. 

AUr.IFANA,  iR-p.efd'ni.  a  fort,  bay,  and  island  on  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Portugal,  province  of  Algarve,  the  first  in  lat. 
gt°  15'  X.,  Ion.  S°  52'  \V.  . 

AR'RINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co'.  of  Cambridge. 

AR'RIXGTOX,  a  post-offlce  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennessee. 

ARROAS  (ir-ro'ds)  ISLAXDS,  a  group  of  small  islands 
and  rocks  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  about  35  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Sumatra. 

ARROE  ar-i-o/,  (or  HARMSII,  har'nish')  ISLANDS,  a 
cluster  of  islands  in  the  Red  Sea,  about  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Mocha.  The  S.AV.  end  of  the  largest  called  Great  Ari-oe,  or 
Harnish  Island,  is  in  lat.  13°  39'  X.,  Ion.  42°  39'  E. 

AKUOESKIOBIXfl.    See  Aeroeskiobixo. 

ARROXCIIES,  iR-Ron'shJs,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Alenitejo,  on  the  Cayan,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Elvas. 
Pop.  1200. 

ARROO  AROO  or  ARRU,  (ar'roo',)  ISLAXDS,  a  group 
N.  of  Australia,  lying  between  lat.  5°  20'  and  G°  55'  S.,  and 
Ion.  l.">4°  10'  and  134°  45'  E.,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Papua,  th's 
largest  Ijeing  70  miles  long  and  20  miles  broad.  They  are 
separated  by  narrow  straits.  To  the  E.  of  the  group  is  an 
extensive  coral  reef,  where  pearls  and  trepang  abound.  The 
luhalutants  are  a  mixture  of  the  Malay  and  Polynesian 
negro  r.ices,  and  many  have  adopted  Christianity.  The 
proiducts  comprise  pearl,  mother-of-pearl,  tortoise-shell,  birds 
of  paradise  and  trepang,  which,  with  various  other  articles, 
are  brouj;ht  hither  by  Bugis  traders,  to  be  exchanged  for 
British  c.ilicoes,  iron,  hardwares,  arms,  and  gunpowder, 
from  Singapore.  Dobbo.  a  town  on  the  island  of  Warud,  in- 
habited hy  some  Dutch  and  Chinese  merch.ants,  is  at  present 
the  greatest  mart  in  the  N.  of  Australasia,  and  it  is  esti- 
mated that  British  goods  to  the  amount  of  at  least  $150,000 
are  iinix)rted  yearly  into  this  entrepot  of  the  Arroo  Islands. 
Pop.  of  the  group  estimated  at  60.000. 

AKROO  ISLAXDS,  a  p-oup  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Wash- 
ington Territory,  E.  of  Vancouver's  Island.  They  are  much 
resorted  to  on  account  of  their  fisheries. 

ARROQUIIAR  or  ARKOCIIAR,  ar'ro-Kar,  a  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Dumbarton. 

ARROUX.  Sb^roo',  a  small  river  in  France,  in  the  depart- 
ments of  Cote  d'Or  and  SaOne-et-Loire,  being  an  affluent  of 
the  Loire.    Length,  about  G5  miles. 

AR'ROW,  a  river  of  Wales  and  England,  rises  in  the  co. 
of  Radnor,  and  flows  into  the  Lugg,  near  Leominster. 
Total  course,  30  miles. 

AR'R()W,  a  stre.am  of  England  rising  in  theLickey  Hills, 
CO.  of  Worcester,  and  joining  the  Alne  at  Alcester. 

AR'ROW,  a  lake  and  river  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of 
Sligo.  The  lake,  4  miles  in  length  by  from  1  to  2  miles 
across,  and  ISl  feet  above  the  sea.  is  studded  with  islands, 
and  highly  picturesque.  The  river  flows  from  its  N.  ex- 
tremity, and  after  a  N.AT.  course  of  about  20  miles,  enters 
Ballysadare  Bay. 

Ail'ROW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

AR'UOWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ARROW  ROCK,  a  post>village  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  72  miles  by  water  N.W.  of  Jefferson 
City,  It  stands  on  a  high  bluff,  and  has  a  good  landing 
and  2  churches.    Pop.  about  450. 

AR'ROWSIC,  a  township  in  S.igadahoc  co.,  Maine,  occu- 
pying an  island  at  the  mouth  of  Kennebec  lUver.   Pop.  347. 

AR'ROWSMITII,  MOUXT,  Van  Diemen's  Land.  Lat.  42° 
7'  S.;  Ion.  146°  3'  E.,  and  4075  feet  in  elevation. 

AR'ROWSMITII  RIVER,  in  Western  Australia,  rises  in 
Herschell  range,  and  falls  into  the  sea  in  lat.  29°  30'  S. 

AR'ROWS.MITIIS.  a  postofflce  of  Defiance  CO.,  Ohio. 

ARROYO  DEL  PUERCO,  dR-Ro'yo  d^l  pwJaTio,  ("pig 
brook.")  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  10  miles  AV. 
of  Caeeres.  in  an  elevated  and  extensive  plain  enjoying  a 
temperate  climate.  The  houses  are  generally  two  stories 
high,  and  the  streets  clean  and  well  paved.  The  town  con- 
tains a  parish  church,  in  which  are  preserved  several  fine 
pictures  by  Morales,  6  endowed  schools,  an  hospital,  a 
palace  of  the  ancient  Dukes  of  Benevente.    Pop.  7395. 

ARROYO  MOLIXOS  DE  MOXTAXCIIES,  Jr-ro'vo  mo- 
lee'nooe  dj  mon-tin'ch?s.  or  ARROYO  DEL  MOLIXO^  Ir-ro'- 
yo  del  mo-lee'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  27  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Caeeres,  on  the  edge  of  the  ridge  of  Montanches. 
the  scene  of  the  surprise  and  defeat  of  the  French  by  Lord 
pill.  October  28.  ISll.    Pop.  3286. 

ARRU  ISLAXDS.    See  Arroo. 

AIVEUL\  a  river  of  India,  in  Sinde,  emerging  from  the  S. 
112 


end  of  Lake  Mnnchar,  on  the  W.  confines  of  Sinde,  after  a 
course  of  20  miles,  joins  the  Indus. 

ARSACIDES,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  Pacific 
See  Solomon  Isles. 

ARS.\GO,aR-sd'go.  a  village  of  Lombardy,  5  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Milan,  with  ruins  of  a  verj*  ancient  temple. 

ARSAM.\S  or  ARZAMAS',  dR-zl-mass'.  a  town  in  Russia, 
governmentof  Nizhnee-Xovgorod,  capitiilof  a  district  of  ita 
own  name,  on  the  Tiosha,  250  miles  E.  of  Moscow.  Lat. 
55°  25'  X.;  Ion.  43°  20'  E.    Pop.  9(.i00. 

AR'SEXAL.  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

ARS-EX-RE,  aRz-^NO-rd,  a  town  of  Friince.  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Be,  17 
miles  W.  of  La  Rochelle.    Pop.  (1852)  404-3. 

ARS-SUR-MOSELLE,  aR-sUR-mo^z^ll',  a  commune  and  Til- 
lage in  the  department  of  Moselle,  canton  of  Gorze. 

ARSIERO,  aR-se-A'ro,  a  village  of  Venetia,  0  miles  N.  of 
Scliio.    Pop.  2800. 

ARSOLI,  aR'so-lee,  a  village  of  Central  Itiily,  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Tivoli.     Pop.  2000. 

ART,  aRt,  a  vlll.Hge  of  Switzerland,  7  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Sehwytz,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  lake  of  Zug.  and  where 
guides  are  obtained  for  the  ascent  of  the  adjacent  Mount 
Klghl.    Pop.  2200. 

ART  A,  aR/td,  (anc.  Arac)lhut.)  a  river  of  European  Turkey, 
AlKania,  rises  in  Mount  Mezzovo,  and  fiows  to  the  Gulf  of 
Arta.    'Total  course,  about  60  miles. 

ART.\,  an'ti,  (anc.  vimbra'cia.)  a  town  of  Albania,  42  miles 
S.  of  Y'anina,  in  a  finely  wooded  tract  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Arta,  here  crossed  by  a  remarkable  bridge,  200  yards  in 
length,  7  miles  from  its  mouth.  Pop.  estim.ited'at  from 
6000  to  9000,  mostly  Greeks.  It  has  a  large  cathedral,  a 
ruined  convent  of  the  ninth  century,  now  a  caravanserai,  a 
citadel,  and  traces  of  its  Hellenic  walls,  with  manufactories 
of  coarse  cottons  and  woollens,  leather,  cajx)tes,  and  em- 
broidery, and  an  active  general  trade. 

AR/fA  or  XAR'DA,  a  town  of  Majorca,  near  the  N.W. 
part  of  the  island,  on  a  range  of  hills  which  extend  E.  to 
Cape  Pera,  the  point  of  which  is  defended  by  a  castle.  Pop. 
400u.  Chief  industry,  manufactures  of  coarse  linen,  dyeing, 
and  fishing.     Commerce  in  fruit. 

ARTA,  GULF  OF,  (anc.  Si'mis  Jmhra'dus.)  a  gulf  of  the 
Ionian  Sea,  in  the  Mediterranean,  forms  part  of  the  X.  fron- 
tier of  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  in  lat.  39°  X.,  and  Ion.  21°  E. 
It  is  nearly  landlocked,  having  Acarnania  on  the  S.  and  E., 
and  Albania  on  the  N.  liength  from  X.W.  to  S.K.,  25  miles; 
breadth,  from  4  to  10  miles.  The  famous  naval  battle  oi 
Actium  was  fought  near  the  entrance  of  this  gulf.  B.C.  29. 

ART.\IXE.  ar^tain'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

ART.\JOXA,  aR-td-no/nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
X'avarre,  18  miles  S.  of  Pamplona.  Pop.  1911.  It  consists 
of  a  walled  town  and  an  open  suburb. 

ARTAKEE  or  ARTAKLaR'tS-kee/,  (anc.  Ar'Uice.)  a  m.ari- 
time  town  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
peninsula  of  Cyzicus,  in  the  Sea  of  JIarmora.  70  miles  S.AV. 
of  Constantinople.  It  has  the  remains  of  an  ancient  mole. 
Its  vii'inity  produces  wine  greatly  esteemed  in  the  Turkish 
eapit.al. 

ART.\N.\,  aR-t3'nJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  11  miles 
S.AV.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.    Pop.  2077. 

ARTAS,  in'Oss/,  or  AR'TOSS/,  a  beautiful  and  fertile  val- 
le}'of  Palestine,  near  Bethlehem.  It  is  supposed  to  occupy 
the  site  of  the  gardens  of  Solomon.  The  name  is  not  im- 
probably a  corruption  of  the  Latin  Hortus.  a  "garden." 

ARTAXATA.  ar-tax-d/td,  a  former  capital  of  Armenia, 
now  a  mass  of  ruins,  on  the  Aras.  C8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Erivan. 
About  A.  D.  370,  it  was  taken  by  the  Pei-sians,  who  burned  it 
and  carried  its  inhabitants  into  captivity.  At  this  time  it 
contained  9000  Jewish,  and  40,000  Armenian  houses,  with  a 
population  of  about  190,000. 

ARTEIJO,  aR-tA'e-Ho,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  with 
mineral  springs,  on  the  Bolano,  at  its  mouth,  near  Corunna. 

ARTEX.\R.4,  aR-tA-ni'ra.  a  town  of  the  Canaries,  neai-  the 
centre  of  the  island  Gran  Canaria. 

ARTEXAY,  aRt'n.V,  a  town  of  F'rance.  department  of  Loi- 
ret.  on  the  P.iris  and  Orleans  Railway,  13  miles  X.  of  Orleans. 

ARTKRX,  aR'tern.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Jlerseburg,  30  miles  AV.S.AA'.  of  Halle.  Pop. 
3052,  employed  in  refining  salt  and  nitre. 

AilTII.  a  Village  of  Switzerland.     See  Art. 

ARTIIEZ,  aR"tA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees.  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orthez. 

ARTIIEZ  D'ASSOX,  aR'tA'  das'sAN"',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ba.sses-Pyrenees,  nrrondisseraent  of  Pan, 
Pop.  1692.  engaged  in  mining  and  iron-forging. 

ARTHIXGAVORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North 
ampton. 

ARTHUR,  a  river  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  rises  in  the 
Surrey  Hills,  and,  after  a  X.AV.  course  of  between  50  and  60 
miles,  fills  into  the  sea,  in  lat.  41°  10'  S.,  Ion.  144°  40'  E. 

ARTHUR,  Gke.\t  and  Little,  two  of  the  Slillt  Isl-iyds, 
(which  see.) 

ARTHUR,  PORT,  a  penal  settlement  in  A'an  Diemen'a 
Land,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Tasman's  Peninsula,  iritb 
anchorage  and  shelter  for  large  yesstls. 


--J 


AKT 


ASC 


AR/THTJR  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  in  the  Mulgraye  Archi- 
pelago. 

AR/TIIURET,  n  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

All/TIIUllSBUKG,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
York. 

Alt/THUR'S  SEAT,  a  famous  hill  in  Scotland,  immedi- 
ately S.E.  of  Edinburgh,  822  feet  above  the  sea. 

AR/TIIUH'S  SEAT,  a  hill  on  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  be- 
tween Port  Philip  and  the  ocean. 

AlfTIIUK'S  STONE,  a  cromlech  on  the  top  of  Cefn  Bryn, 
a  hill  of  Wales,  Glamorganshire,  9  miles  \V.  of  Swansea.  It 
consists  of  a  block  of  mill-stoue,  14  feet  in  length,  and  7  feet 
2  inches  in  thickness,  resting  on  8  supporters,  and  it  is  re- 
ferred to  in  the  Welsh  triads  as  one  of  the  three  most  stu- 
dendous  works  in  Britain — Stonehenge,  and  probably  Ave- 
bury.  lieing  the  others. 

AK'TIIURSTOWN,  a  hamlot  and  seaport  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  co.  of  Wexford,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Waterford  har- 
bor, 7  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Waterford. 

AKI'IC.  a  post-offlce  of  I)e  Kalb  co.,  Indiana. 

ARTLENBUIIG,  aRflfn-b6d!io\  a  town  of  Hanover,  on 
left  bank  of  the  Elbe,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  EUneburg.  I'op.SOO. 

AltTOlS,  aii'tw^',  (anc.  Atn-haHes,)  an  old  province  of 
France,  which,  with  part  of  I'icardy,  forms  the  present  de- 
partment of  Pas-de.Calais;  Arras  was  its  capital.  Artesian 
wells  derive  their  name  from  Artois. 

AR/TOX,  a  township  in  Penobscot  eo.,  Maine. 

A15TREA.     SeeAiiDTREV. 

ARTVEEN  or  AKTVIN.  aRt-veen',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, pash.'ilic  of  Trebizond,  cjipital  of  district,  in  a  ravine  near 
the  Tchoruk  river,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  34  miles  S.E.  of 
Batoom.  Estimated  pop.  5500.  It  is  mostly  built  of  wood, 
but  has  some  good  stone  resiliences  belonging  to  the  Turks, 
intersiKTsed  with  olive  and  mulljerry  plantations,  and  a  new 
and  largo  Roman  Catholic  cliurch.  Chief  exports,  butter, 
wax.  honev.  olives,  and  oil.  tlie  products  of  its  neighborhootl. 

ARUB-C  i-roo'bd,orORU'BA,an  island,  one  of  the  Dutch 
Antilles,  near  the  coast  of  Venezuela.  Lat.  (of  Fort  Zout- 
man )  12°  28'  30"N .;  Ion.  70°  11'  W.  Pop.  (1846)  2621,  of  whom 
561  were  slaves. 

AUUCAS.  d-rooOils,  a  Spanish  town  on  W.  shore  of  Go- 
mera,  one  of  the  Canaries,  on  the  slope  of  a  mountain  which 
is  upwards  of  3000  feet  in  height;  having  a  church,  chapel, 
school,  and  spacious  public  granary.     Pop.  4370. 

ARUDY,  d^-rilMee',  a  town  of  France,  departmentof  Basses- 
Pyrenees.  14  miles  S.S.W.of  Pau.    Pop.  (1852)  2026. 

ARUM  or  AARU.M,  d'rftm,  a  vill.ige  of  Holland,  province 
of  Friesland,  between  Harlingen  and  Bolsward,  and  5  miles 
distant  from  either  pUice. 

AiyUN,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  enters  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  at  Little  Ilampton,  after  a  course  of  nearly  40 
miles.  It  is  connected  by  a  canal  with  Chichester  harbor, 
and  with  the  Wey  and  Tliames. 

ARUNDKL.  ir'un-del.  a  municipal  and  parliamentary  bo- 
rough, marketrtown  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on 
the  Arun,  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  London,  with  station  on  South 
Coast  Railw.ay.  Pop.  2748.  Its  castle,  the  splendid  residence 
of  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  confers  the  title  of  earl  on  its  pos- 
sessor. Arundel  returns  one  member  to  the  Uouse  of  Com- 
mons. 

ARVA,  aR'v3.  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  fells  into  the 
Ebro  near  Tauste. 

ARVA.  dR'vi5h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  N.E.  of  AlsoKubin, 
on  the  Arva. 

ARVA,  aR'vdh\  a  co.  or  district  of  Hungary,  N.  of  the _pa- 
nube. 

ARVA,  a  river  in  the  N.  part  of  Hungary,  flows  through 
the  above  district  into  the  Waag. 

ARVA  or  .A.RVAGH,  ar'vdh,  a  {quoad  sacra)  parish  of  Ire- 
land. CO.  of  Cavan. 

ARVE.  aRv,  (It.  Arvo,  aR/vo,)  a  river  of  Sardinia,  rises  in 
the  Col-de-Balme,  and  joins  the  Rhone  immediately  after 
it  has  emerged  from  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  Length  45  miles. 
It  is   very  rapid  ,  and  often  ,  inundates  the  country. 

ARVERNI.  See  Auvergxe. 

ARVERT,  auH-aiR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rento-Iuferioure,  in  the  middle  of  a  peninsula,  between  the 
Seudre  and  the  sea,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Rochefort.  Pop.  2539, 
who  trade  in  salt,  cured  fish,  and  wine. 

ARVEYRON,  i,n\'i\-6yioJ  a  streamlet  in  Sardinian  States, 
Savoy,  an  affluent  of  the  Arve. 

AHVILL.VRD,  aRVee-yau',  a  village  of  Savoy,  near  the 
French  territory,  with  iron  foundries. 

ARVOREDO  (aR-vo-ri/do)  ISLAND,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Brazil.     Lat.  27°  17'  N. ;  Ion.  48°  22'  W. 

ARYS,  A'ris,  a  town  of  East  Prassia,  on  the  Lake  of  Arys, 
55  miles  S.S.W.  Gumbinnen.     Pop.  1120. 

ARZAMAS.     See  ArsamaS. 

ARZANA,  aRd-zS/ni,a  town  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  pro- 
vince of  Lanusei,  N.of  Cagliari,  with  iron  mines.    Pop.  1380. 

ARZAXO.  aRd-z3/no,  a  village  of  Naples,  3  miles  N.  of  that 
fity.  It  lias  some  beautiful  villas;  flax  and  hemp  are  much 
cultivated  in  the  neiirhborhood.    Pop.  4143. 

ARZEN.    SeeERZROoM. 

AJvZEW,  ai-'-ze-yoo',  or  ARZEO,  ar-zi/-o,  sometimes  written 
H 


AKZ.4W,  (anc.  Arsenafria,)  a  seaport  town  of  Algeria,  23 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Oran,  on  the  Mediterranean,  with  tine  Re- 
man remains,  and  vast  cisterns.  It  is  a  military  station  ol 
the  French  troops. 

ARZIGN  AND,  aRd-zeen-yS'no,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  10  miloc 
W.  of  Viccnza.  Pop.  4000,  wlio  manufacture  woollen  dotha, 
leather,  and  silk  twist.  Near  it  are  brick  fields  and  coal 
mines. 

ARZILLA,  aR-zil1d  or  aR-zeeOd,  a  small,  fortified  seaport 
town  of  Morocco,  province  of  Fez,  on  the  Atlantic,  23  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Cape  Spartel. 

ARZO,  aRd'zo,  a  vill.age  of  Switzerland,  in  Ticino,  near  the 
frontier  of  Lombardy,  with  quarries  of  excellent  marble. 

ARZOBISi'O  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Boxix  Islanm, 

A.*.\B.    See  Assab. 

ASAHAN  or  ASSAHAN,  Is-si-han',  a  town  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  capital  of  a  district,  and  situ- 
ated on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  about  20  miles  from  the 
Straits  of  Malacca, 

AS.\L.    See  Assal. 

ASAM.    See  Assam. 

ASAMA-YAMA,  d-sl'mS-yi'-ma,  or  ASAMA-NO-DAKE,  3- 
sd'-md-no-ddk',  a  lofty  and  very  active  volcano  in  Japan,  in 
the  interior  of  the  island  of  Niphon. 

ASANGARO,  ds^dn-gd/ro,  a  town  and  district  of  Peru,  N. 
bank  of  Ijake  Titicaca.  The  town  lies  on  a  river  of  same 
name,  alxjut  10  miles  from  its  embouchure  in  the  lake;  lat. 
15°  30'  S.,  Ion.  71°  30'  W. 

ASARO,  d-sd/ro,  a  town  of  Sicily,  Catania,  9  miles  N  J!,  of 
Castro-Giovanni.     Pop.  2908. 

ASBACH,  ds/bdK,  (Gross,  grSce,  and  KLErN,  kllne,  i.e., 
"great"  and  "little,")  two  contiguous  villages  of  Wiirtem- 
burg,  circle  of  Neckar,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Stuttgart. 

ASBACII,  ds'bds,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  circle  of 
Coblentz. 

ASBECK.  ds'bSk,  a  town  of  Prussia,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Ahaus. 

ASHEN,  is^ben',  a  considerable  kingdom  of  Central  Africa, 
a1x)ut  lat.  20°  N.,  Ion.  7°  E.  Aslx'n  is  also  the  name  of  the 
chief  town,  or  caravan  station  in  the  kingdom. 

ASBURY,  as'ber-e,  a  jtost-village  in  Mansfield  township, 
Warren  co.,  New  Jen^ey,  alwut  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Trenton. 

AS/BURY,  a  post-office  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia. 

AS'BURY,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 

AS/IiURY,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee. 

AS'liURY,  a  postofflce  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio. 

AS'ltURY,  a  post-office  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

A.S'BY  or  ASII'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmore- 
land. 

ASC  ALON,  as'ka-lon,ASCULAN,  ds'koo-ldn',orASC  ALAAN, 
d.s'kd-ldn',fanc.  Ashlelon,)  a  ruined  city  and  seapfirt  of  Syria, 
40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jerusalem,  and  about  14  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Gaza;  lat.  31°  39' N.,  Ion.  34°  31' E.  Ascalon  was  ori- 
ginally a  city  and  lordship  of  the  Philistines,  but  afterwards 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Jews,  and  of  various  other  nations 
in  succession.  A  little  to  the  N.  is  a  small  modern  village, 
named  ScaMna,  with  a  harbor  for  vessels  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade. 

ASCENSION,  a.s-sJn'shan,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic,  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain,  280  miles  N.W,  of  St.  Helena.  It 
is  of  a  triangular  shape,  8  miles  long,  and  6  miles  broad  at 
the  W.  end.  Lat.  of  the  fort,  7°  55'  55"  S.;  Ion.  14°  25'  6" 
W.  Pop.  about  400.  It  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and  generally 
mountainous,  especially  in  the  S.E.,  where  one  peak  is  2870 
feet  in  elevation.  Named  from  having  been  discovered  on 
Ascension  Day,  1501. 

ASCENSION,  as-s5n'shun,  a  parish  situated  towards  the 
S.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  con- 
tains about  420  square  miles.  The  surface  is  an  alluvial 
plain,  the  highest  parts  of  which  are  the  biinks  of  the 
river,  and  a  portion  of  the  land  is  subject  to  inundation. 
The  soil  near  the  river  is  fertile,  and  is  occupitxl  by  planta- 
tions of  sugar-cane  and  maize.  Bayou  La  Fourche,  a  navi- 
gable outlet  of  the  Slississippi.  commences  at  Donaldson- 
ville,which  is  the  seat  of  justice.  Pop.  11,484;  of  whom  4108 
were  free,  and  7376  slaves. 

ASCENSION  BAY,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Y'ucatan,  Central 
America,  N.  of  Espiritu  Santo  Bay. 

ASCII,  dsh,  the  westernmost  town  of  Bohemia,  13  miles 
N.W.  of  Eger.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
hosiery,  woollen  fabrics,  and  wire. 

ASCHACH,  dsh'dK,a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Danube,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Lintz.  It  is  a  mart 
for  laths,  timber,  fruit,  and  linens. 

ASCHAFFENBURQ,  ash-af'fen-burg,  (Ger.  pron.  d-shdf- 
fen-bodRG^,)  a  flourishing  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower 
Franconia,  in  which  it  holds  the  second  rank,  on  the  riirht 
bank  of  the  Maine,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  8400. 
It  has  a  royal  residence,  collections  of  art,  and  a  lifcrary 
of  22,000  volumes;  a  Gothic  church,  with  the  tombs 
of  its  princes;  a  gymnasium  and  public  schools;  manu- 
factures of  soap,  woollens,  straw  goods,  paper,  and  to- 
bacco ;    ship-building   yards,  and  a  considerable   transit 

ASCIIE  or  ASSCIIE,  ds/Keh,  (Fr.  pron.  dsh.)  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Brussels. 

113 


ASC 


ASH 


It  has  breweries,  d'stilleries,  tanneries,  and  soap-works. 
Pop.  of  town  and  commune,  5300. 

ASCHENDOKF.  dsh'en-doar.  a  village  of  Hanover,  26 
miles  X.  of  Meppen.  near  the  p:ms.     Top.  1400. 

ASCIIEKSLK15EX,  isfaVrs-LVbgn.  a  town  of  Prussia,  capi- 
tal of  the  circle  of  the  same  name.  27  miles  S.S.W.of  Magde- 
burar,  on  the  Eine,  near  its  junction  with  the  Wipper.  It 
is  surrou-ided  by  a  strong  wall  with  five  gates,  and  has  six 
churches,  (five  Protestant  and  one  Roman  Catholic.)  a  sy- 
nagogue, d  gymnasium,  a  poor-house,  and  a  foundling  hos- 
pital. The  chief  articles  produced  are  frieze,  flannel, 
worsted  stockings,  leather,  earthenware,  brandy,  beer,  and 
vinegar.     Pop.  of  t'jwn.  10.100 ;  of  circle.  40,700. 

ASCIAXO,  d-shi-'no,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  13  miles  S.E. 
of  Sienna,  in  the  Val  dOmbrone.     Pop.  24(30. 

ASCOLI,  SsOvO-le,  (anc.  As'culum  Picelnum,)  an  ancient 
episcopal  city  of  Central  Italj',  in  the  Marches,  on  a  hill,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Tronto,  53  miles  S,  of  Ancona,  and  16 
miles  W.  of  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  13.000.  It  is  well  built, 
handsome,  and  has  old  walls  and  a  citadel.  Chief  edifices, 
a  cathedral  and  numerous  other  churches;  a  modein 
palazzo,  containing^  museum,  library,  and  theatre;  a  Je- 
suits' college,  governor's  residence,  and  many  private 
palaces.  Its  harbor,  (Porto  d'Ascoli,  poR/to  dd.s'ko-le.)  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tronto,  is  frequented  by  coasting  vessels,  and 
defended  by  two  forts. 

ASCOLI  DI  SATRIANO,  isOco-le  dee  sj-tre-3'no,  (anc. 
As>ciilum,)  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  18 
miles  S.  of  Foggia.  Pop.  5560.  It  has  a  castle,  a  fine  cathe- 
dral, and  a  diocesan  school. 

ASCOXA,  ds-ko'ni,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticino,  on  Lago  Maggiore,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Locarno.  Pop. 
1000. 

AS/COT-HEATH,  England,  co.  of  Berks,  parish  of  Wink- 
field,  is  about  3$  miles  X.  of  the  South-western  Railwaj', 
and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Windsor.    It  is  known  for  its  races. 

AS'COTT.  a  p;»rish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ASCULU.M.     See  Ascou. 

ASCUTXEY  (Is-ktifnee)  MOnXTAIX,  a  huge  ma.ss  of 
granite  in  Windsor  co.,  Vermont.  From  the  summit  there 
is  a  fine  view  of  the  Connecticut  River. 

ASCUTXEY  VILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont. 

ASDOOD,  ASDOUD.  or  ASDUD.  dsMood',  (anc.  Ash'diid  and 
Azo>tus.)  a  village  and  seaport  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  21  miles  S.  of  Jaffa.  It  has  no  re- 
mains of  antiquity,  and  would  be  unworthy  of  notice,  but 
for  the  figure  it  m.akes  in  sacred  history  as  one  of  the  five 
principal  cities  of  the  Philistines.  The  sea  is  gradually  re- 
ceding from  its  now  shallow  harbor. 

ASEER  or  ASIR.  ^^seeR/,  an  independent  state  of  Arabis, 
occupying  the  highland  on  the  confines  of  Hejaz,  Yemen, 
andNedjed.  Itappear  to  be  of  recent  origin.  The  limits  of 
Aseerare  formed  by  deserts  or  impassable  mountains;  and, 
like  the  boundary  lines  of  all  other  Arabian  states,  do  not 
admit  of  being  precisely  defined.  It  is  situated  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  country,  near  the  18th  parallel  of  X.  lat.,  and 
comprises  several  fertile  and  well-watered  valleys,  the  chain 
of  which  may  be  presumed  to  extend  about  80  miles  in 
length.  They  have  probably  an  elevation  of  from  3000  to 
4000  feet,  while  the  rockj-  crests  around  them  m.iy  rise 
from  1000  to  1500  feet  higher.  In  the  lower  valleys,  the 
date-palm  grows  to  a  great  height;  cotton  is  also  cul- 
tivated. Higher  up,  the  date  groves  are  interspersed 
with  almonds,  figs,  apricots,  peaches,  and  vines ;  the  sides 
of  the  hills,  where  they  offer  any  soil,  being  clothed  with 
forests  of  sidr,  or  pine-like  juniper.  The  people  of  Aseer  are 
bigoted  followers  of  AM-el-Wahab,  by  whom,  it  is  said,  they 
were  first  converted  to  Mohammedanism,  in  the  beginning 
of  the  last  century. 

ASEEUGUUR,  J'seer-gQr'.  or  IIASSER,  hfe'ser,  a  town 
and  fort  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  at  its 
nearest  point  of  approach  to  the  Bengjil  presidency,  district 
of  Candeish,  12  miles  X.  of  Boorhanpoor.  The  fort,  strong 
and  well  supplied  with  water,  was  taken  in  1803,  and  again 
in  1819.  by  the  British,  who  have  held  it  ever  since  the 
latter  period. 

ASELE,  d-s-Vli,  a  parish  and  village  of  Swedish  Lapland. 
110  miles  X.W.  of  Umed,  capital  of  Asele  Lappmark,  on  the 
Angermann  River. 

AS'lrARBY",  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ASH,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  about  27  miles 
S.W,  by  S.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  2124. 

ASHAFAS  or  ASCIIAFAS,  S.=^h-d'fas,  a  group  of  small 
Islands  in  the  Red  Sea.  The  16th  parallel  of  N.  lat.  passes 
the  southernmost. 

ASUAXGEE,  4sh-in'ghee\  a  lake  of  Abyssinia,  in  Tigre. 
Greatest  length,  about  25  miles;  breadth,  about  14  mUes. 
Lat.  12°  18'  X.;  Ion.  39° 33'  E. 

ASIIAXTEE.  dstfdn'tee',  an  extensive  and  powerful 
kingdom  of  Western  Africa,  on  the  Gold  Coast,  Upper  Gui- 
nea, extending  from  lat.  5°  C  to  9°  30'  X.,  and  from  Ion. 
0°  55'  E.  to  4°  7'  W.;  bounded  X.  by  the  Kong  Jlountains, 
and  S.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  the  Assinie  river,  and 
E.  by  the  Volta  and  Loka  rivers.  It  is  thus  about  310 
miles  from  E.  to  W.,  and  nearly  the  same  from  X.  to  S.,  its 
lU 


general  form  being  compact.  It  is  well  watered,  partic(^ 
larly  towards  the  coast,  where  the  country  is  intersected 
by  sever.ll  considerable  streams  besides  those  named. 
The  country  is  in  general  mountainous,  though  it  has  no 
systems,  nor  any  great  elevations.  It  is  covered  with  dense 
forests  from  the  coast  to  a  distance  of  2o0  miles  inland. 
These  are  wholly  impenetrable,  excepting  by  paths  which 
have  been  opened  in  various  places  with  great  labor. 
Ashantee  abounds  in  gold:  the  richest  mines  are  in  Ga- 
man,  and  its  provinces  of  Baman.  Safoy,  and  Showy.  In 
these  places  the  precious  metal  is  found  in  large  pieces, 
some  of  about  4  pounds  weight,  called  rock-gold.  The  ore 
is  of  a  deep  color,  and  is  dug  out  of  pits  from  5  to  9  'feet  in 
depth.  About  10,000  slaves  are  em-ployed  on  the  1  anks  of 
the  Barra,  for  two  months  in  the  year,  collecting  gold-ilust. 
The  Ashantees  are  warlike  and  ferocious,  with  a  love  for 
shedding  human  blood,  and  inflicting  violent  and  .sangui- 
nary deaths,  amounting  to  a  passion.  In  war  they  spare 
neither  age  nor  sex;  and  human  teeth  and  human  jaw- 
bones are  worn  as  personal  ornaments.  Human  s.icrifices 
are  made  to  an  extent,  with  a  frequencj-,  and  accompanied 
by  an  atrocity  of  circumstances  hardly  credilile.  The 
Ashantees  excel  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  cloths,  and 
in  the  brilliancy  of  their  dyes.  They  also  make  good 
earthenware,  tan  leather,  and  work  in  iron,  making  sword 
blades  of  superior  workmansliip.  But  it  is  in  thefabrica- 
tion  of  articles  in  gold  that  they  display  the  greatest  skill, 
these  often  exhibiting  a  combination  of  fine  taste  with  dex- 
terous manipulation.  The  chief  article  of  export  is  gold, 
with  a  little  ivory  and  some  dye-woods.  They  al.so  export 
great  numbers  of  slaves.  Their  principal  imports  are- 
muskets,  gunpowder,  spirituous  liquors,  tobacco,  iron,  tin, 
copper,  lead,  with  cotton  and  Indian  goods,  the  latter 
chiefly  for  the  extraordinary  purpose  of  being  uni-avelled, 
on  account  of  their  colors,  to  be  remanufactured  in  the 
native  looms.  The  currency  is  gold  in  dust  and  lumps, 
and  the  well-known  cowrie-shell.  The  government  of 
Ashantee  is  a  despotism,  alleged  to  be  controlled  by  an 
aristocracy  consisting  of  four  persons,  and  an  assembly  of 
cabouers  or  captains.  The  capital  is  Coomassie.  Popula- 
tion of  the  whole  empire  estimated  at  3,000,000. Adj. 

and  inhab.,  Asu^anVee'. 

ASHWPOO/  or  ASirEPOCV.  a  small  river  of  Colleton  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  which  flows  into  the  sea  through  an 
estuarv  called  Coosaw  River. 

ASliAPOO  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  CoUeton  district. 
South  Carolina. 

ASH'AWAY,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

ASH-BOCKIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ASIIBOROUGH,  ash^bUr-rGh,  a  pos(>village,  capital  of 
Randolph  co.,  Xorth  Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  plank- 
road  from  Fayetteville  to  Salem,  78  miles  X'.W.  of  the  for- 
mer. One  newspaper  is  issued  here.  Deep  River.  5  miles 
distant,  affords  fine  water-power,  which  is  emplojed  in 
several  cotton  factories. 

ASHBOURXE  or  ASIIBURX,  ashTjiim,  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  England,  12  j  miles  X.W.  of  Derby.  Area  of 
parish,  12.800  acres.  Pop.  in  1S51,  5087.  The  town  is  neatly 
built,  and  has  a  large  church  erected  in  1240,  in  which  are 
some  monuments  of  the  Boothby  familj' ;  a  grammar 
school,  income  240?.  a  year,  several  other  charities,  manu- 
factures of  cotton  fcbrics  and  lace,  and  an  active  trade  in 
malt  and  cheese. 

ASHBOURXE  or  ASHBURX.  a  vill.age  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Meath,  14  miles  X.X.W.  of  Dublin.  Races  are  occasionally 
held  near  this  place. 

ASH'BRITTLE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ASHBURX  HAM,  ash'btirn-am,  a  parish  of  England,  oo. 
of  Sussex. 

ASU'BURXHAM,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co..  Mas- 
sachusetts, on.  the  Che.shire  Railroad.  55  miles  X.W.  of 
Boston.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  matches;  also 
of  boots,  cabinet  ware.  &c.    Pop.2108. 

ASHBURX  HAM  DEPOT,  a  post-vilLoge  of  Worcester  co^ 
M.is.sachusetts,  on  the  Cheshire  Railroad. 

ASH'BURTOX,  a  p.irli.imentary  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Exe- 
ter, and  192  miles  W.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1S51,  3432. 
The  town  is  surrounded  by  hills,  and  consists  mostlj'  of 
one  long  street;  it  has  woollen  mills,  a  venerable  clmrch, 
a  grammar-school  endowed  with  two  scholarships,  and  nu- 
merous charities.  It  was,  in  183S,  constitxited  one  of  the 
4  stannary  towns  of  Devon.  The  borough  returns  one  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.  This  is  the  birthplace  of 
the  celebrated  lawyer  Dunning,  afterw:irds  Lord  Ashbui* 
ton.  and  of  the  critic  and  poet  GifTord. 

ASH'BURY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

ASIIBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ASHBY',  ashtx*.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ASHBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffi.lk. 

ASIIUY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ASHBY,  ash'bee.  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 60  miles  X.W.  of  Boston.  It  cont.ilns  soma 
manufitctories  of  carriages,  boots,  &c.    Pop.  1091. 


Asn 


ASH 


ASHBT,  a  small  Tillase  of  Coles  co..  Illinois. 

ASH'BYBURO.  a  small  Tilla!,'e  of  Hopkins  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Green  lUver,  about  200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It 
Is  a  shippinp;  point  for  a  portion  of  the  county. 

ASIFBY-BY-PART/NEV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

ASIIBY  CANONS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

ASH  BY  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

ASHBY,  COLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

ASIIBY-DE-LA-LAUNDE,  ashO}ee-doh-la-laund,  a  parish 
of  Knpland,  CO.  of  Lincoln. 

ASUBY-DE-LA-ZOUCII,  ash'be-d5l-a-zoooh',  a  market- 
town  and  parish  of  England,  lt>i  mile's  N.W.  of  Loicester. 
Pop.  6230.  It  has  a  ruined  castle,  in  which  Mary,  queen  of 
Scots,  was  once  confined :  an  ancient  church,  in  the  decorated 
style;  a  grammar-school,  in  Emanuel  College,  Cambridge;  a 
theatre;  salt-water  baths,  resorted  to  hy  visitors;  manufac- 
tures of  hosiery,  hats,  and  bricks:  and  iron  smelting-works. 

ASIIBY  KO'VILLK,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ASIIBY  MAG'NA.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ASIIBY  I'UKRO'HUM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Lincoln. 

ASIIBY  ST.  LEGi;irS.  ash'bee  .sil'i-jerz.  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Northampton.  The  church  has  a  richly  orna- 
mented screen  and  roodloft,  and  contains  the  tombs  of  the 
Catesbv  family. 

ASIIBY,  WKST.  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ASIIBY- WITII-FEN'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

ASIIBY-WITII-O'BEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ASII'CHURCII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ASII'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ASII'COTII,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ASH  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co..  Mis.sissippi. 

ASIIDALAG,  dsh-dd-lig'.  a  large  and  beautiful  village  in 
Russian  Armenia,  about  35  miles  N.W.  of  Erivan.  high  up 
on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Alaghez  Mountains.  It  is  inhiibited 
exclusively  by  Christians,  enjoys  a  very  mild  climate,  and 
Is  surrounded  by  rich  irardens.  ' 

ASIIDiiD.     See  Asdood. 

ASH'DON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ASHE,  ash,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
Sto)ir,  5  miles  E.  by  N.  of  AVingham.  The  ruins  of  Bich- 
borough  Castle,  (anc.  Jihutitfpiiim.)  on  the  brow  of  a  hill, 
near  Sandwich,  in  this  parish,  consist  of  a  wall  from  12  to  30 
feet  high,  and  12  thick,  enclosing  an  area  of  about  5  .acres, 
where  various  antiquities  have  recently  been  discovered. 

ASHK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Kent. 

ASHE,  a  parish  of  Kngl.ind,  co.  of  Surrey. 

ASHE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

ASHE,  a  iiamlet  of  England,  co.of  Devon,  7  miles  E.S.E.of 
Oakhampton.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough. 

ASH  K.  ash.  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  North 
Carolina,  bordering  on  A'irginia  and  Tennessee,  has  an  area 
of  about  600  square  miles.  The  Watauga  and  New  Rivers 
rise  in  it.  This  county  con.sists  of  a  mountainous  region, 
situated  between  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  S.E.  and  Stone 
Mountain  on  the  W.  The  soil  in  many  parts  is  fertile,  and 
pro.Iuces  good  pasture.  Organized  about  1800.  Capital 
Jefferson.  Pop.  795fi;  of  whom  7565  were  free,  and  391 
slaves.  Named  in  lionor  of  Samuel  Ashe,  former  governor 
of  the  st,ate. 

ASH'KLDHAAI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I^ssex. 

ASII'lOLWORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ASH'EN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Essex. 

ASII'ENDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

ASH'KRY,  a  post-oflice  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 

ASIII'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co.,  Kentucky. 

ASHEVILLE,  ash'vil,  a  sm.all  village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

ASHKA'ILLE,  a  flouri.shing  post-vill.age,  capital  of 
Buncombe  co..  North  Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  Bun- 
combe Turnpike.  1^  miles  E.  of  the  French  Broad  River, 
and  255  miles  W.  of  Raleigh.  It  is  on  the  rovite  of  the 
Western  Turnpike,  which  is  now  in  process  of  construction 
from  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  state  to  Salisbury.  It  con- 
tains a  bank,  an  academy.  2  newspaper  offices,  and  several 
churches.  I'op.  about  1000.  The  site  of  Asheville  is  ascei-- 
tained  to  I>e  22iX)  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

ASHEVILLE,  a  sm.all  post-village,  capital  of  St.  Clair  co., 
Alabama.  120  miles  N.  of  Montgomery,  has  a  few  stores, 
and  about  250  inhabitants.  The  county  contains  extensive 
beds  of  bituminous  coal,  which  will  probably  be  worked  when 
the  railroad  is  finished  from  Selma  to  the  Tennessee  River. 

ASH'HELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ASH'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Friinklin  co.,  Massachu- 
spTfn,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield.  Several  small  tributa- 
ries of  the  Deerfield  and  Westfield  Rivers  afford  water- 
power,  which  is  used  in  pa-*  for  driving  12  saw-mills,  a 
manufacfory  of  Gardner's  mincing  knives,  a  wool  fivctory, 
a  grist-mill,  a  pill-box  and  wood-turning  establishment, 


and  several  other  tnrning  shops.  It  contains  4  churches, 
an  academy,  and  1  steam  saw-mill.  Pop.  in  l>'-iO,  i-i\)i  ;  in 
1860,  1302. 

ASHFIELD.  GREAT,  a  parish  n'Ec^l.^nd,  co.  of  Suffollc 
6j  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stowmarket.  *x>rd  Thurlow  was  born 
in  this  pari.sh  in  1732. 

ASH'KORD.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  12^  miles  S.W.  of  Canterbury,  and  53  from  Lend' n. 
The  South-eastern  Railway  has  a  station  here.  Pop.  in 
1S51,  5007.  The  priTicipal  street,  nearly  half  a  mile  in 
length,  is  paved  and  lighted.  The  church,  once  collegiata, 
is  large,  and  has  some  superb  monuments.  The  grammar- 
school  was  founded  in  1638  by  one  of  the  KnatchbuU  fiuuily. 

ASHFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

ASH1"'0RD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ASHFORD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  2  miles 
N.W.  of  Bakewell.  The  village  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  Wey,  here  cros.sed  by  three  stone  bridges. 

ASHFORD,  a  post-townshipof  Windham  co., Connecticut, 
30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  It  has  several  tanneries. 
Pop.  1231, 

ASHFORD,  a  post-township  of  Oittaraugus  co..  New 
York,  about  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo.     Pop.  1975. 

ASHFORD,  a  p.  township  of  Fond  dn  Lac  co.,AVisconsin. 

ASHFORD  BOWD'LER,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ASHFORDB  Y,  ash'fprd-be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 

ASlWoRD  CAR'BONELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sa^ 
lop,  adjoining  the  above. 

ASH  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Iro<|uois  co.,  Illinois. 

ASH  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Green  co..  Missouri. 

ASH1LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ASH'ILL.  a  parish  of  Fingland,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ASIiaNGDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex: 

ASH'I.N'GTON,  a  parisli  of  E/igland,  co.  of  Somerset, 

ASH'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ASH'KIRK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Roxburgh  and 
Selkirk, 

ASH'LAND,  a  county  in  Ohio,  situ.ated  in  the  N.E. 
central  part  of  the  state,  contains  about  390  square  miles. 
It  is  watered  by  the  Black  fork  and  Lake  fork,  which, 
.shortly  after  crossing  the  S.  line  of  the  county,  unite  and 
form  the  Mohiccan  or  AValhonding  Ri\er.  The  surface  in 
the  S.  is  hilly,  and  the  remainder  rolling.  The  soil  is  not 
surpassed  in  fertility  by  any  in  the  state,  and  it  is  particu- 
larly well  adapted  to  wheat,  gra.s8.  or  frnit.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  several  railroads.  Tlie  streams  above  named 
afford  extensive  water-power.  Formed  in  1846.  Capital, 
Asbb.nd.     Pop.  22,951. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-township  in  Middlesex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  24  nn'les  W.  by 
S.from  Boston,  has  manufactures  of  carriages,  bobbins,  and 
pai)er.     Pop.  1554. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Greene 
CO.,  New  York,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop  1212. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-town  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsj-lvania, 
on  the  railroad  from  Pottsville  to  Simbury,  12  miles  N.W.  of 
Pottsville.  It  owes  its  rapid  growth  to  the  coal  business. 
Pop.  3880. 

ASHLAND,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Honesdale  and  Delaware  Plank-rojid  170  miles  N.E.  of  Har- 
risburg.  It  is  half  way  between  Honesd.alo  and  the  Erie 
Railroad. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-office  ot  Cabell  co.,  Virginia. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-office  of  Bertie  co..  North  Carolina. 

ASHL.\ND,  a  post-office  of  For.sythe  CO.,  Georgia. 

ASHLAND,  a  small  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee. 

ASHL.\ND,  the  re.sidence  of  the  late  Henry  Clay,  the  dis- 
tinguished orator  and  statesman,  is  situated  in  Fayette  CO., 
Kentucky,  about  2  miles  S,E.  of  Lexington. 

ASHLAND,  a  handsome  town  of  Montgomery  township, 
and  cajntal  of  Ashland  connty,  Ohio,  on  the  Atlantic  and 
Great  Western  R.  R.,  85  miles  N.N.K.  of  Columbus,  and  55 
miles  in  a  direct  line  S.W.  of  Cleveland.  It  is  situated  in 
a  fine  farniing  country,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active 
trade.  Tlie  town  contains  a  national  bank,  2  newspaper 
offices.  8  churches,  several  manufacturing  establishments, 
and  many  elegant  residences.  Pop.  in  ISliO,  1748;  in  1864, 
2000. 

ASHLAND,  a  thriving  post>-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Whitewater  River  and  Canal,  7  miles  below 
Connersville,  the  county  town,  and  65  miles  E.  by  S.  of  In- 
dianapolis. It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  aud  ha«  valua- 
ble water-power. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-office  of  AVapello  CO.,  Iowa,  72  miles 
S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

ASHLAND  FURNACE,  a  postoffice  of  Cambria  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ASHLEY,  ashlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

ASHLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

ASHLEY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford, 

ASHLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ASHLEY,  ash'lee,  a  small  river  of  South  Carolina,  which 

Ho 


ASH 


ASI 


rises  in  Colletoy  district,  and  flowing  south-eastward,  unites 
witli  Ciioper  River  at  Charleston  to  form  Charleston  harlxir. 

AStlLEY.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Arkansas,  border- 
inpt  en  Louisiana,  contains  S70  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sectifd  by  Bai'tholomew  Bayou,  (navijrable  by  steamboats.) 
and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Saline  and  AVasbita  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level  or  undulatiii;;.  and  is  occupied 
bj'  several  small  prairies.  The  chief  productions  are  cot- 
ton. Indian  corn,  and  tobacco.  lu  ISoO  there  were  raised 
42.1.30  pounds  of  tobacco,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  in 
any  one  county  of  the  state.  Capital,  i'ountaiu  Hill.  Pop. 
8oS0 :  of  whom  4S'2y  were  tree. 

ASHLEY,  a  small  villaRe  of  Carroll  co.,  Arkansas. 

A8I1LEY  or  OXFORD,  a  flourishing  village  of  Oxford 
township.  Delaware  'co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad  from  Cleve- 
land to  Columbus,  101  miles  S.W.  of  the  former,  and  31 
miles  N.  of  the  latter.  It  is  an  important  depot  on  the 
railroad,  and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  Laid  out  in 
IsoO.     Pop.  near  500. 

A.SIILEY,  a  post-ofHce  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri. 

ASHLEY,  a  lake  in  Iron  co.,  Utah  Territorv.  in  lat.  about 
38°  2.V  N.,  Ion.  114°  W  W  Length,  abcmt  25  miles;  great- 
est breadth.  10  miles.     It  has  no  known  outlet. 

ASHLEY  CITY',  or  NEW  BALTIMORE,  a  small  village 
of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  St.  Clair,  7  miles  N.  of 
the  mouth  of  Clinton  River,  and  10  miles  N.E.  of  Monnt 
Clemens.  The  harbor  is  accessible  for  large  steamboats. 
The  village  was  laid  out  in  1851. 

ASHLEY-CUM-SYI/VERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cambridge. 

ASHLEY  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

ASIILEY"S  FORK,  a  tributary  of  the  Green  River  of  the 
Colorado,  in  Salt  Lake  and  Utah  counties,  Utah  Territory; 
it  enters  the  river  on  the.  left,  about  50  miles  below 
Brown"s  Hole. 

ASHLEYVILLE,  ashle-vil,  a  postKifflce  of  Ilamden  co., 
Massachusetts. 

ASHLEYVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Sheffield  township, 
Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts. 

ASHLEYVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 

ASH.M.WHAUGU,  ash'man-haw,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Norfolk. 

ASH'MOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

ASHMUXEIN.    SeeOsHMOONETN. 

ASH'OLT  or  AISH'OLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  So- 
merset. 

ASH'OVER,a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
65  miles  S.W.  of  Chesterfield. 

ASHOW,  ash's,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

ASH  PARK,  a  post-office  of  Cattarausus  co..  Xew  York. 

ASH^PETUCK'  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Fairfield  co.,  in 
the  S.AV.  part  of  Connecticut,  flows  into  Sausatuck  River. 

ASH'PORT,  a  village  in  the  W.  part  of  Lauderdale  co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about 
170  miles  W.S.W.  of  Xashville. 

ASH'PUIXGTOX,  a  p.^rish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ASH-Plil'ORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ASHRAF,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Ashruff. 

ASIIItEIGNEY,  ash'rA-ne,  or  RING'S  ASH,  a  parish  of 
Enel.and.  co.  of  Devon. 

ASH'KTDGE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  parish  of  Pittstone,  2 
miles  N.W.  of  Chesham.  A  parliament  was  held  here  by 
Edward  I.,  and  Princess  Eliza>)eth  lived  here  in  1554. 

ASH  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio. 

ASH  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co..  Illinois. 

ASHRUFF,  dsh'rrif.  ASHRAF.  ashVJf,  or  USIIRUFF. 
fishVrif.  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Mazanderan,  50 
miles  W.  of  Astrabad.  Ashruff  is  said  to  have  formerly 
contained  300  baths  within  its  walls;  but  it  has  now 
onlv  500  hoxises.  thinlv  scattered  through  an  extensive 
jungle.     Lat.  3(5°  41'  45''  N. ;  Ion.  53°  33'  53"  E. 

ASH  RUN',  a  post-office  of  Pendleton  co..  Kentucky. 

ASH  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  H.irrisnn  co..  Texas. 

ASH'TA.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  Gwalior  dominions,  63 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Oojein. 

.\.SHTABUL.\,  ash^t.vbula,  a  river  of  Ohio,  enters  Lake 
Erie  in  the  county  of  its  own  name. 

ASHT.A.BUL.4,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
C)hio,  bordering  on  Pennsylvania  and  Lake  Erie.  It  is 
drained  by  Grand  and  Conneaut  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
level;  the  soU  contains  a  large  portion  of  clay,  and  is 
adapted  to  grazing.  Hay,  Indian  corn,  oats,  butter,  cheese, 
wool,  and  cattle  are  the  staples.  It  is  intersected  by  a  rail- 
road leading  from  Cleveland  to  Erie.  The  county  was  first 
settled  in  1796.  by  natives  of  New  England.  Capital,  Jef- 
ferson.    Pop.  31,814. 

ASHTABULA,  a  post-township  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1418. 

ASIITABTTLA,  a  thriving  post-Tillage  in  the  above  town- 
ship, on  the  river  of  same  name,  about  3  miles  from  Lake 
Erie.  213  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  and  60  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Cleveland.  It  is  pleasantly  situjited.  and  many  of  the 
hotises  iire  neatly  built;  it  is  a  pl.ace  of  considerable  busi- 
ness. The  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  visited  by 
116 


the  lake  steamers.  A  railroad  connects  Ashtabula  with 
Cleveland,  and  with  Erie  in  Pennsylvania.  The  village 
contains  churches  of  4  or  5  denominations,  and  1  bank. 
This  place  was  settled  by  descendants  of  the  Puritan  stock. 
Pop.  in  1850,  821. 

ASHTAROTH,  aish'ta-roth,  an  ancient  city  of  Syria, 
named  in  Scriptxire  as  the  capital  of  ••  Og.  king  of  Bashan," 
identifiec^with  the  Tdd  Ashtereh.  in  the  pashalic  of  Damash 
cus,  in  the  plain  of  Ilauran,  5  miles  W.  of  Mezareeb 
(Mezarib.l 

ASIITEAD,  ash'tgd,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

ASHTO'L.\,  (the  Carhie  of  Nearchus.)  an  uninhabited 
isl.and  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  lat.  25°  8'  N.,  Ion.  63°  48'  E.,  12 
miles  from  the  Mekran  coast,  in  Beloochistan.  It  abound? 
with  turtle,  and  was  formerly  the  haunt  of  the  .Towasimee 
pirates. 

ASIITON,  ash'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ASHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ASIITON,  a  mining  village  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsjlvania, 
10  miles  W-  of  Mauch  Chunk,  I5  miles  from  Summit  Hill 
coal  mines,  and  115  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg.  The  inha- 
bitants are  mostly  employed  in  the  coal  business. 

ASIITON,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana. 

ASIITON,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri. 

ASIITON,  a  post-office  of  Dane  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

ASHTON,  COLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ASHTON-KEYNES,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ASIITON.  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ASHTON'S.  a  post-office  of  Shelbv  co..  Texas. 

ASHTON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co.,  Virginia. 

ASHTON.  STEEPLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE,*  a  parliamentary  borough,  ma- 
nufacturing town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  Of  Lancaster, 
on  the  Tame,  Ci  miles  by  railw.^y  E.N.E.  of  Manchester. 
Pop.  of  borough.  (1851)  29,791.  The  town  is  mostly  ill  built, 
but  it  has  a  large  church  of  the  time  of  Henry  V.,  a  good  mar- 
ket-house lately  erected  at  a  cost  of  lO.OOOi.,  various  schools 
and  charities,  assembly-rooms,  a  theatre,  and  mechanics' 
institute,  with  a  new  and  large  Independent  chapel,  and 
places  of  worship  for  Methodists,  Baptists.  Unitarians.  Ro- 
man Catholics,  Moravians,  and  Jews.  It  is  well  .situated 
for  manufacturing  industry,  coal  being  plentiful,  and  canals 
from  Manchester,  Iluddersfield,  and  Derbyshire  meeting  in 
the  parish.  The  principal  manufactures  are  cotton-yam 
spinning,  and  weaving  calicoes  iiy  the  power-loom.  The 
number  of  factories  existing  within  the  borough  is  84, 
working  35.33  horse-power,  and  giving  employment  to  14.377 
work-people,  the  weekly  wages  of  whom  amount,  usually, 
to  about  7900?.  The  consumption  of  raw  cotton  is  esti- 
mated at  1.400-000  pounds  weekly.  In  1843.  a  barrack  was 
erected  near  the  town,  at  a  cost  of  42.500Z.,  in  which  a  bat- 
talion of  infantry  and  a  troop  of  horse  are  permanently  st.i- 
tioned.  Ashton-under-Lj-ne  sends  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  increase  of  the  wealth  and  popu- 
lation of  this  town  within  the  last  half  century,  but  par- 
ticularly within  the  last  twenty  vears,  has  been  very  re- 
markable. In  1821,  its  populationwas  9222 ;  in  1841, 22,689 ; 
in  1851.  30.076. 

ASHTON-UPON-MERSEY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

ASHUELOT  (a.sh'we-lot)  RIVER,  Cheshire  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, falls  iuto  the  Connecticut  River  about  3  miles  from  the 
S.  boundary  of  the  state. 

ASH'URST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ASH'VILLE,  North  Carolina  and  Alabama.    See  Ashe- 

VILLE. 

ASH'A'ILLE.  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Texas. 

ASH'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio. 

ASH'WATER,  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co  of  Devon. 

ASH'WELL,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Herts. 

ASIIWELL.  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Rutland. 

ASHWELTHOIU'E,  asb'wel-thorp.  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Norfolk.  This  manor  is  the  property  of  Lord  Berners, 
whose  ancestors  owned  it  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 

ASH'WICK.  a  parish  of  Encrland,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ASH'WICKEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Norfolk. 

ASH'W(;>OD.  a  post  office  of  Tensas  parish,  Louisiana. 

ASH'WOOD.  a  post-office  of  Maurv  co.,  Tennessee. 

ASH'WORTH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ASIA,  i'she-a.  (not  A'zhe-a.)  (Fr.  A/ie,  J'zee';  Ger.  Agien, 
ifze-en  ;  L.,  It,,  Sp..  and  Port.,  Asia.  3'se-i,)  the  largest  of  tho 
great  divisions  of  the  globe.  Its  mainland  is  bounded  N.  by 
the  .\rctic  Ocean,  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean.  E.  by  the  North 
Pacific,  W.  by  Europe,  and  S.AV.  by  Africa.  Its  greatest 
length  is  from  the  Dai-danelles  to  Behring's  Strait,  a  dist.ince 
of  about  7.000  miles:  its  greatest  breadth  from  Cape  Severo- 
Vostchnoijin  Siberi.'*,  to  Point  Romania,  at  the  S.  extremity  of 
tho  Malay  Peninsula,  about  516C  miles.  Asia  isjoined  to  Eu- 
rope throughout  the  whole  length  of  its  western  limit,  being 
separated  from  it  by  an  arbitrary  lire  only,  part  of  which  is 
formed  by  the  Ural  Mountiins:  it  is  connected  with  .\frica  by 
the  Isthmus  of  Suez.  On  the  F„  it  is  separated  from  Anieric* 
by  Behring's  Strait,  where  the  two  continents  appi-oach  with- 
in 36  miles  of  each  other.    The  coa.=ts  of  Asia  are  singularly 


•  See  note  to  Newcastle-cxdku-Lvme. 


ASI 


ASI 


Irregular,  especially  on  the  S.  and  E.,  -vrhere  it  is  indented  by 
immense  bays  and  f?ulfs,  forming  projections  of  con-espond- 
Ing  magnitude.  The  principal  of  the  furmer  are  the  Persian 
Gulf,  Arabian  Sea,  ISayof  Uengal,  and  Gulf  of  Siam,  on  the  S. 
coast;  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  Yellow  Sea,  Sea  of  Japan,  Gulf  of 
Tartary,  Sea  of  Oklxotsk,  and  Gulf  of  Anadeer.  on  the  E.  coast. 
On  the  N.,  the  indentations  are  equally  numerous,  but,  with 
exception  of  the  Gulf  of  Obi,  not  of  the  same  extent.  The 
more  remarkable  peninsulas  are  tliose  of  Ilindostan,  Jlalac- 
ca,CochinChina,  Corea,  and  Anadeer,  on  the  S. and  E.  coasts. 
The  principal  islands  and  island  groups  within  the  limits  of 
this  division  of  the  globe  are,  on  the  S.  and  E.,  the  Lacca- 
dives,  Maldives,  the  Chagos  Archipelago,  Ceylon,  the  An- 
daman, and  N'icobar  Islands;  the  Mergui  Archipelago,  Su- 
matra, Java,  Borneo,  Celebes,  and  the  Sunda  and  ISanda 
Islands;  the  Moluccas.  Sooloo  Islands,  Philippines,  the  island 
nf  Hainan,  Formosa,  Chusan,  IIong-Kong,  the  Japanese  Em- 
pire, Saghalien  or  Tarakai,  and  the  Kooriles.  On  the  N.,  Ko- 
telnoi,Fadievskoi,NcwSiberia.Iviokoy,and(according  to  Hum- 
boldt) Nova  Zembla.  The  mainland  of  Asia  is  comprised  be- 
tween lat.  1°  15' and  78°20'N.,and  Ion.  27°E.and  170  W.  If  its 
Islands  are  included,  its  southern  limit  will  extend  to  lat.  11° 
S.,  the  most  S.  point  of  Rotte,  a  small  island  S.  of  Timor. 
Tlie  countries  comprised  within  its  limits  are,  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, Arabia,  Persia,  Keloochistan,  Cabool,  Punjab,  Sinde, 
Ilindostan,  Burmah,  Siam,  Laos,  Anam,  Malacca.  China, 
Mantchooria,  Corea,  Mongolia,  Thibet,  Tartary,  and  Asiatic 
Russia;  to  these,  and  to  the  islands  above  enumerated,  re- 
spectively, the  reader  is  referred  for  such  details  as  may  be 
missed  in  this  article,  which,  to  avoid  unnecessary  repeti- 
tion, is  intended  to  be  merely  general. 

The  vast  extent  of  Asia,  the  diversity  of  its  surfiice.  and 
the  conflicting  accounts  given  of  the  physical  structure  of 
large  portions  of  its  interior,  particularly  in  Centr.il  Asi.a, 
renders  it  extremely  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  give  such 
a  Tiew  of  its  general  conformation  as  should  be  at  once  accu- 
rate and  intelligible.  It  may,  however,  be  characterized, 
generally,  notwithstanding  its  enormous  elevations,  as  a 
Bat  country,  its  mean  level  above  the  .sea  not  exceeding 
1150  feet,  while  a  third  part  has  not  more  than  255  feet  of 
mean  height.  The  whole  of  that  portion  lying  N.W.  of  the 
Thian-Shan  Mountains,  or  of  lat.  4.5°  N.,  and  N.  of  the  Al- 
tai, or  of  lat.  50°  N.,  is  one  prodigious  plain  or  tract  of  low- 
land, a  third  larger  than  Europe,  the  elevation  of  which  is 
little  more  than  from  200  to  1200  feet.  The  southern  portion, 
which  stretches  along  the  Indian  Ocean,  is  composed,  like- 
wise, of  comparatively  level  regions;  so  is  also  a  great  part 
of  the  interior,  where  the  elevations  do  not  exceed  from  2000 
to  4000  feet  above  the  sea ;  though  formerly  believed  to  be 
more  than  double  the  height  of  the  latter  amount,  or  9000 
feet;  a  supposition  contradicted  by  the  fact,  that  grapes, 
vines,  oranges,  and  cotton  grow  there  readily  and  in  great 
abundance.  It  may  be  added,  that  the  heights  of  several  of 
the  other  plateaus  of  Central  Asia  have  been  greatly  ovei"-es- 
timated;  and  that  there  is  little  doubt  that,  if  carefully  me.a- 
sured,  most,  if  not  all  of  them,  would  be  found  to  fall  fiir 
short  of  the  heights  at  present  assigned  to  them.  Still, 
while  a  large  portion  of  Asia  is  comparatively  but  little 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  many  extensive  tracts  have  a 
great  elevation,  and  no  small  p,art  of  the  Continent  is  ac- 
tually below  sea  level.  The  extensive  country  N.  and  E.  of 
the  Caspian  Sea,  and  around  the  Sea  of  Aral,  form  a  vast 
cavity  of  about  55,000  square  miles,  all  of  which  is  below 
the  sea  level.  The  prodigious  mountain-systems  of  Asia  are 
no  less  remarkable  than  its  vast  plains  and  deserts.  With 
the  exception  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  none  of  any  note  occur 
throughout  the  whole  of  Northern  Asia  N.  of  lat.  50°,  and 
W.  of  Ion.  120°  E.;  but  E.  of  that  meridian,  the  Aldan 
Mountains,  and  the  Yablonoi  and  Stanovoi  Krebit,  attain  a 
considerable  elevation.  S.  of  lat.  50°,  and  N.  of  lat.  31°,  are 
to  be  found  the  principal  mountain-systems  of  Asia,  consist- 
ing of  four  great  ranges,  nearly  parallel  to  each  other  and 
to  the  Equator;  the  largest  extending,  in  an  almost  un- 
broken line,  under  the  various  names  of  Taurus,  Elbrooz, 
Hindoo  Koosh,  and  Kuen-lun,  from  the  Bosphorus  to  China 
Proper,  E.  of  the  100th  meridian,  forming,  as  it  were,  the 
backbone  of  the  Continent.  The  subsidiary  systems  lie  at 
various  angles  to  the  Equator;  but,  gener.ally  speiiking,  they 
run  parallel  to  the  coasts,  the  greater  number,  however,  hav- 
ing a  direction  S.E.  to  N.W.,  as  in  .Arabia,  Persia,  the  coast 
of  Malabar,  the  peninsula  of  Burmah,  Anam,  and  Malacca ; 
while,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  in  Northern  India, 
China.  Mantchooria,  and  N.E.  Siberia,  the  general  direction 
U  S.W.  to  N.E. 

Mnnntains. — The  great  mountain-systems  of  Central  Asia 
are  the  Himalaya,  the  Altai,  the  Thi.in-Shan  or  Celestial 
Mountains,  and  the  Kuen-lun,  all,  generally  speaking,  pji- 
rallel  to  the  Equ.ator.  The  Himalaya  range,  the  general 
course  of  which  is  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  consists  of  three  parts, 
the  Hindoo  Koosh  or  Indian  Caucasus,  which  extends 
from  the  Paropamisan  range,  in  Afghanistan,  to  Cashmere. 
The  Himalaya,  or  Imaus  of  the  ancients,  which  stretches 
•roni  the  Valley  of  Cashmere  to  Bhotan.  with  a  semi-circular 
inflection,  and,  lastly,  the  mountains  of  Bhotan  and  Assam. 
fbe  entire  length  of  the  range  of  the  Himalayas  is  about 


2000  miles.  The  mean  height  has  been  estimated  at  from 
10,000  20,000  feet.  The  highest  summit  yet  ascertained  witK 
anv  degree  of  certaintv.isthatofKunchaiajunga,inSikkim 
which  is  28,178  feet  in" height. 

Dhawalagiri  ranks  next  to  it.  But  there  are  several  othei 
peaks  said  to  be  of  eqiial,  and  some  of  even  still  greater  ele- 
vation. There  are  more  than  40  rising  above  21,0U0  feet. 
Jfost  of  the  passes  are  above  15,000  feet  in  height,  and  some 
of  them  18,000  and  19,000.  The  line  of  perpetual  conjjelar 
tion  is  at  an  elevation,  on  the  S.  side,  of  12,9S1  feet;  on  the 
N.,  of  16,620  feet:  a  result  precisely  the  revei-se  of  wliat 
would  would,  a  priori,  be  expected,  but  which  is  supposed 
to  be  owing  to  the  greater  serenity  of  the  sky  on  the  N .  side, 
the  less  frequent  formation  of  snow  in  very  cold  dry  air.  and 
the  radiation  of  heat  from  the  neighboring  plains,  which  aie 
much  nearer  than  thoseon  theS.  The  crest  of  the  Himalayas 
consists  of  stratified,  crystalline  rocks,  especially  gneiss,  with 
large  granitic  veins,  and  immense  beds  of  quartz.  The  zone, 
between  15,000  and  18,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  se.a,  is  of 
Silurian  strata;  granite  is  frequent  at  the  ba.se,  and  strata 
of  comparatively  modern  date  occur  at  great  elevations. 
Vegetation  is  prolonged  on  the  Himalayas  to  the  height  of 
upwards  of  18,000  feet.  These  magnificent  mountains  are 
intersected  by  valleys  and  ravines  of  tremendous  depth, 
through  many  of  which  rivers  and  torrents  rush  with  in 
conceivable  impetuosity.  The  system  of  the  Altai  sur- 
rounds the  sources  of  the  Irtish  and  Yenisei.  The  Altai 
proper  forms  little  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  the  entire 
System;  extending  from  W.  to  E.,  from  the  confluence  of 
the  Ooba  (Uba)  and  Irtish  to  Mount  Goorbee,  and  the  8.  of 
Lake  Baik.al.  Its  branches  or  continuations  stretch,  under 
various  names,  first  to  the  Gulf  of  Okhotsk,  and  afterwards 
to  East  Cape,  where  it  terminates;  the  whole  length  being 
about  4500  miles;  the  breadth  varying  from  400  to  1000 
miles.  The  highest  known  summit,  Bielukha,  in  the  Rus- 
sian Altai,  attains  an  elevation  of  11.000  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  common  distinction  of  "  Great"  and  "  Little"  .\ltai  is 
founded  on  error,  1x)th  the  name  and  chain  of  the  Great  Al- 
tai being,  according  to  Humboldt,  imaginary.  The  Thian- 
Shan,  or  Celestial  Mountains,  run  nearly  along  the  42d°  p.a- 
rallel  of  N.  lat.,  rising  in  Tartary,  and  terminating  in  the 
Desert  of  Gobi,  in  Mongolia.  Their  highest  summit,  Bogda 
OoLa,  or  "Holy  Mountain,"  is  always  covered  with  snow. 
Little  is  known  of  the  country  between  the  Thian-Shnn 
Mountiiins  and  those  of  the  Altai — a  space  of  about  400 
miles  in  breadth.  The  Kuen-lun  Mountains  run  nearly 
parallel  witli  the  former  range,  and  in  some  parts  with  the 
Hindoo  Koosli  also.  They  rise  a  little  to  the  E.  of  the  lOOtb 
degree  of  E.  longitude,  and,  under  the  various  names  o* 
Koolkoon,  Aneuta,  Kuen-Lun,  Hindoo  Koosh,  Elbi-ooz, 
and  Taurus,  running  W.  and  N.W.,  closely  skirt  the  Cas- 
pian and  Black  Seas  on  the  S.,  terminating  to  the  ^\'.  of 
the  latter,  thus  forming,  with  the  exception  of  the  American 
Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  the  longest  line  of  elevation  on  the 
globe.  The  Tiumerous  other  chains,  of  presiter  or  less  ex- 
tent, existing  over  this  great  continent,  will  be  found 
noticed  in  the  articles  on  the  countries  in  which  they  occur. 

Volcanoes,  Kurthquah-^,  rf-c. — The  continent  of  Asia  has 
few  volcanoes  in  a  stat«  of  activity,  though  its  islands  are 
crowded  with  them,  J,ava  containing  a  greater  number  than 
any  other  region  of  equ.al  extent  on  the  globe.  In  Western 
Asia,  the  only  active  volcano  existing  is  Demavend.  70  miles 
S.  of  the  S.  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is  14,695  feet 
in  height,  covered  with  snow,  and  is  constantly  smoking. 
The  table-land  of  Western  Asia  was  at  one  time  the  seat  of 
intense  commotion,  now  restricted  to  the  mountain  just 
named,  to  Selban-dagh,  .and  Ararat.  In  the  table-land  of 
Eastern  Asia,  the  only  instance  of  igneous  explosion  that 
occurs  is  in  the  volcanic  chain  of  tlie  Thian-Shan.  where 
there  are  two  active  volcanoes  at  the  distance  of  670  miles 
from  each  other,  Peshan,  and  Ilo-cheoo.  These  are  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  volcanic  district,  extending  X.  to  the 
Altai  Mountains.  Eire-hills  and  fire-springs  are  numerous 
in  China,  but,  so  far  as  is  known,  there  are  no  mountains 
that  eject  lava.  In  Kamtchatka,  however,  there  are  no 
fewer  than  9  volcanoes  in  a  state  of  activity.  Earthquakes 
are  frequent  and  violent  in  many  parts  of  Asia.  The  places 
most  subject  to  these  visitations  are  Asia  Minor,  the  Per- 
sian Mountains,  Cabool,  the  regions  between  Lake  Baikal 
and  the  volcano  of  Ho-cheoo,  in  the  S.E.  of  Tartary,  and  in 
the  province  of  Cutch,  in  Ilindostan. 

Table-lands,  Plains,  or  Steppes  and  Deserts. — The  table- 
Lands  of  Asia,  like  all  the  other  physical  features  of  that 
vast  continent,  are  upon  the  most  gigantic  scale.  That  of 
Ir,an,  in  Persia,  occupies  an  area  Of  170,000  square  miles, 
and  is  generally  from  4000  to  7000  feet  above  the  sea;  while 
that  of  Thibet  comprises  760,000  square  miles,  at  a  mean 
altitude  of  11,600  feet.  The  table-lands  of  the  interior  are 
frequently  fertile,  and  enjoy  genial  climates,  but  in  some 
instances,  as  in  that  of  the  table-land  of  Thibet,  are  cold 
and  sterile,  snow  falling  through  every  month  of  the  year. 
Among  the  less  extensive  table-lands  are  those  of  Taxila.  in 
the  Punjab,  of  Malwah  or  Central  India,  of  the  Deccan, 
and  of  Mysore.  Nearly  the  whole  of  North-western  Asia  is 
one  vast  plain  or  undulating  surface,  occupying  upwards 

117 


ASI 

rt'7,000  10  square  miles;  and  in  Western  Asia,  around  the 
Uispiaiv,  there  are  extensive  tracts  of  country  many  feet  be- 
low the  level  of  the  sea.  The  great  plain  or  steppe  of  Ishim, 
in  Siberia,  extAfnds  from  the  K.  slope  of  the  S.  extremity  of 
the  Ural  Mou.itains,  aci-oss  the  Tobol  to  the  Irtish,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  700  miles.  It  is  covei'ed  in  part  with  dense 
forests,  and  abounds  in  game.  Jse.xt  to  this  plain  is  the 
steppe  of  Uaraba,  occupying  the  space  between  the  Irtish 
and  the  Upper  Obi.  To  the  S.  of  these  steppes  is  another  of 
several  hundred  miles  in  extent,  lying  between  the  Altai 
Mountains  and  the  K.  eoufiues  of  Tartary,  and  including 
Lalie  TengUeez  (Teughiz.)  In  the  E.  of  China,  again,  there 
is  an  alluvial  plain  of  210,000  square  miles,  most  of  it  pro- 
ductive and  highly  cultivated ;  and  in  Ilindostan  there  are 
plains  that  extend  2000  miles  along  the  S.  slope  of  the 
llimalayas.  The  stepi>es  of  Asia  generally  consist  of  rich 
pastures,  intermingled  with  woods,  barren  sands,  muriati- 
terous  clay,  and  abounding  in  lalies,  pools,  and  streams  of 
salt  and  bitter  waters.  Deserts  are  numerous  in  Asia,  and 
many  of  them  of  great  extent.  The  most  remarkable  is  that 
of  the  Great  Gobi  or  tJhamo,  (t.  e.,  '•  sea  of  sand,")  its  whole 
length  being  probably  not  under  1200  miles.  The  great 
s;Ut  desert  of  Irak-Ajemee,  inPersiit,  is  about  390  miles  in 
length  and  210  miles  in  breadth.  There  are,  besides,  four 
other  deserts  in  this  division  of  the  globe,  the  whole  occu- 
pying three-tenths  of  its  entire  surface. 

Jiivers  and  Lakes. — Asia  contains  some  of  the  largest 
rivers  in  the  woi-ld.  Those  in  Western  Asia  are  the 
Euphrates  and  Tigris;  in  Eastern  Asia,  the  Amoor,  the 
lloang-llo,  the  l"ang-t,se-Kiang,  the  llong-Kiang^  and  the 
Sang-Koi  or  Tonquiu  Rivers;  in  Northern  Asia,  the  Obi  (or 
Ob.)  the  Irtish,  the  Yenisei,  the  Lena,  the  Indigbirka,  and 
the  Kolyma;  in  Southern  Asia,  the  Indus  and  its  con- 
fluents, the  Attok,  Jhylum.  Chenaub,  and  Sutlej;  the 
Ganges,  the  Brahmapootra,  the  Irrawaddy,  the  Marfaban, 
the  Menam,  and  the  Camlndia.  Some  of  the  basins  of  these 
rivers  are  of  vast  extent.  Thatof  the  Obi  is  above  1,355,000 
Kuglish  square  miles,  which  is  the  largest  in  the  world 
with  the  exception  of  those  of  the  Amazon  and  Mississippi. 
The  basin  of  the  Yenisei  is  above  1,045,000  square  miles; 
*Jiat  of  Lena,  792,500  square  miles ;  while  those  of  Amoor, 
Yaag-tse-Kiang  and  lloang-ilo,  are  all  above  650,000  sijuare 
miles.  The  river  of  greatest  length  in  Asia  is  the  Y'ang-tse- 
Kiaug,  the  entire  length  of  which  is  2900  miles;  that  of  the 
Yenisei,  25U0  miles. 

The  largest  lake  or  inland  sea  of  Asia  is  the  Caspian :  it 
has  no  outlet,  is  about  750  miles  in  length  from  A.  to  S., 
and  about  230  miles  in  breadth.  Next  in  extent  is  the  sea 
of  Aral,  in  Tartary:  area  20,000 square  miles;  it  is  shallow, 
and,  like  the  Caspian,  lias  no  outlet.  The  other  principal 
lakes  to  the  E.  are  Lake  Tengheez  or  Balkash,  and  Lake 
Baikal,  in  Irkootsk.  There  are,  besides,  a  number  of  smaller 
lakes  dispersed  over  the  continent.  A  great  many  of  them 
ai-e  salt,  some  of  them  intensely  so,  and  also  bitter. 

Minerals. — All  the  precious  and  useful  minerals  are  found 
in  Asia.  Diamonds  are  found  in  Buudelcund,  Sumbhul- 
poor,  Gundur,  the  Deccan,  the  Ural  Mountains,  Borneo, 
Ceylou,  and  various  other  places.  Kpck-crystals,  amethysts, 
rubies,  turquoises,  cornelians,  agates,  onyxes,  beryl,  lapis 
lazuli,  topazes,  and  various  other  precious  stones,  are  found 
in  many  difl'ereut  quarters.  Gold  is  found  in  a  great 
many  of  the  countries,  but  is,  perhaps,  most  abundant  in 
Siberia,  in  the  Altai  cliain,  called  emphaticjiUy  the  Gold 
Jlountaiiis.  Silver  is  a  product  of  China,  Asiatic  Kussia, 
Anam,  and  the  Japanese  and  Ottoman  Empires;  mercury 
of  China,  Thibet,  Japan,  India,  and  Ceylon.  Tin  is  met 
with  over  all  the  Malay  peninsula,  in  Burmah,  China,  and 
some  of  the  islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago;  copper  and 
iron  in  Japan,  Asiatic  Kussia,  Thibet,  Ilindostan,  Anam, 
Persia,  and  Asiatic  Turkey  ;  in  most  of  which  countries 
lead  also  is  found.  Coal  has  been  discovered  in  NortI'3rn 
China.  Bengal,  and  in  some  of  the  islands  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  and  doubtless  exists  in  many  other  localities 
not  yet  explored.  Salt  is  very  generally  diti'used  over  the 
continent,  few  extensive  districts  being  altogether  destitute 
of  Siilt-lakes  or  springs ;  but  our  knowledge  of  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  mineral  wealth  of  Asia,  as  well  as  on  many  other 
points,  is  still  exceedingly  imperfect. 

Ctimuie. — Asia,  a.s  a  natural  consequence  of  its  vast  ex- 
tent, stretching  from  the  polar  ciix-le  to  the  equator,  pos- 
sesses every  variety  of  climate,  from  excessive  heat  to  the 
most  intense  cold ;  being  exceeded,  as  regards  the  former, 
by  the  tropical  deserts  of  Africa  alone.  This  variety  of 
climate  is  further  Increased  by  local  influences,  particu- 
larly by  the  great  heights  of  its  table-lands  and  mountains, 
by  its  comparatively  compact  configuration,  not  being  deeply 
penetrated  by  gulfs,  and  by  the  great  extension  of  laud  it 
presents  towards  the  pole,  and  regions  of  perpetual  ice.  Be- 
yond the  56th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  which  includes  all 
Siljeiia,  the  ground  is  permanently  frozen,  in  some  places  to 
a  great  deptli ;  and  a  degree  of  cold,  exceeding  90°  below  the 
freezing  poiut,  is  here  of  annual  occun-enee;  while  in  other 
parts  of  the  same  region,  such  as  Tobolsk,  }5arnaul,  and 
Irkootsk.  the  summers  are  equal  to  these  of  Berlin,  Mun 
gter,  aud  Cherbourg,  but  ai-e  succeeded  by  winters  of  great 
118 


ASI 

severity,  the  mean  temperature  being  but  little  abore  zero. 
The  greatest  heat  experienced  in  Asia  occurs  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Mekrau,  in  Beloochistau,  where,  according  to  the 
natives,  the  unbvirnt  bricks  are  made  red  by  the  soorthing 
rays  of  the  sun.  But  the  remarkable  viu-iety  of  climate 
for  which  AsLa  is  distinguished,  is  not  manifested  by  its 
larger  regions  alone,  but  is  equally  exliibited  within  the 
limits  of  its  different  countries,  down  to  their  provinces  and 
districts.  Thus,  in  Afghanistan,  the  snow  lies  in  some 
places  for  three  months  iu  winter;  aud  the  thermometer 
sinks  to  from  lO'^  to  15°  below  zero;  while,  in  summer,  it 
ranges  from  90°  to  94°.  At  Delhi,  the  winter's  cold  is  sume- 
times  3°  or  4°  below  freezing;  while  at  Calcutta  the  ther- 
mometer rises  to  110°.  The  violent  winds  called  typhoons 
prevail  in  South-eastern  Asia  between  lat.  4°  aud  40°  N.; 
their  sphere  of  action  diminishing  westerly  to  a  space  in- 
cluded between  13°  and  20°  K.  lat.  They  thus  comprise 
all  China  and  the  empire  of  Anam  aud  Cochin  China,  to 
which  countries,  indeed,  and  neighboring  seas,  they  seem 
to  be  almost  exclusively  limited.  These  destructive  winds 
blow  at  all  seasons,  but  rarely  between  May  and  December. 
The  monscons,  which  also  prevail  in  this  quarter  of  the 
world,  extend  into  Asia,  from  their  central  region  iu  the 
Indian  Ocean,  as  lar  as  lat.  S6°  N.,  including  China,  all 
Ilindostan,  the  Punjab,  and  part  of  Thibet.  They  blow 
regularly  from  the  S.W.  from  April  to  October,  and  from 
the  N.E.  from  October  to  April;  the  change  being  accompa- 
nied by  heavy  rain,  and  violent  storms  of  thunder  and 
lightning.  The  rainless  regions  of  Asia  are  of  vast  extent: 
one  of  these  extends  from  Delhi,  in  Northern  Ilindostan,  to 
near  Nertchinsk.  in  South-e^istern  Siberia,  a  distance  of 
about  2500  mUes,  with  a  width  of  atout  1200  miles. 
It  thus  includes  part  of  Thibet,  the  great  desert  of  Gobi, 
and  a  part  of  Mongolia — a  space  estimated  to  comprise 
2,000,000  square  miles.  The  other  is  a  continuation  of  the 
vast  rainless  region  which,  commencing  on  the  borders  of 
Morocco,  terminates  iu  Beloochistan,  of  which  it  includes 
the  greiiter  pjirt,  with  a  large  portion  of  Persia,  the  N.  part 
of  Arabia,  and  the  S.  of  Syria. 

Veffetaiwn. — The  vegetation  of  Asia  is  as  various  as  its 
climate;  and  is  further  diversified  by  geographical  position, 
and  by  the  higher  or  lower  elevations  on  which  it  is  ex- 
hibited. The  extreme  S.  portions  only  present  the  charac- 
teristic features  of  tropical  vegetation,  excepting  in  partial 
instances;  the  other  parts  display  those  of  temperate 
regions,  extending  X.  into  those  of  the  arctic  zone.  No 
cereals  are  cultivated  in  Asia  N.  of  about  lat.  02°  N.  From 
that  parallel,  S.  to  the  Altai,  there  are  two  regions;  the 
northern  characterized  by  the  cultivation  of  barley,  oats, 
and  rye;  aud  the  southern  by  that  of  rye  and  wheat;  over 
both,  buckwheat  and  potatoes  are  raised.  The  W.  part  of 
the  continent  S.  of  the  Altai  to  about  lat.  20°  N..  is  wholly 
a  wheat  region.  The  tea-plant  is  cultivated  over  the  whole 
of  China  and  Cochin  China,  between  lat.  17°  and  35°  N'.; 
Ion.  94°  and  12U°  E.,  which  includes  Upper  Assam ;  but  is  most 
successful  between  the  parallels  of  25°  and  33°  N.,  which 
comprehends  the  prmcipal  tea  districts.  It  is  also  culti- 
vated in  the  Japanese  Islatids.  Cotton  is  grown  in  Centi-al 
asid  S.  India,  Burmah,  Siam,  Anam,  and  China.  Sugar  in 
Bengal,  and  the  other  countries  to  the  E.  just  named;  also, 
in  Malacca  and  Java.  Ceylon  and  Java  are  famed  for  their 
coffee,  which  also  grows  on  the  coast  of  Malabar,  iu  Sumatra, 
and  the  Philippines.  Cinnamon  Iuxuri;ites  in  Ceylon,  pro- 
bably its  native  seat,  and  is  grown  iu  Anam;  and  nutmegs, 
cloves,  and  peppers,  have  long  been  known  as  the  products 
of  the  famed  Spice  Islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  In 
these  latter  localities,  also,  the  sago-palm  attains  the  highest 
perfection;  and  in  many  of  them,  as  weU  as  on  the  conti- 
nent of  India,  the  valuable  indigo-plant  is  grown. 

Znologi/. — Asia  has  2SH  mammalia,  of  which  102  are  pe- 
culiar; 04  species  of  ruminating  animals,  of  which  40  are 
peculiar;  60  genera  of  carnivorous  animals,  aud  ISO  species 
of  apes  and  monkeys,  all  of  which  are  entirely  .-Vsiatic.  The 
quadrupeds  of  the  continent  and  islands  include  the  ele- 
phant, rhinoceros,  camel,  lion,  tiger,  leopard,  panther, 
hyena,  tapir,  wolf,  bear,  wild  boar,  hog,  dog.  antelope,  deer, 
chamois,  stag,  ox,  buffalo,  horse,  goat,  sheep,  wild  ass, 
monkey,  ape,  fox,  hare,  squirrel,  jackal,  elk,  martin  cat, 
wild  cat,  and  weasel.  The  liabiUd  of  the  elephant,  extends 
from  the  S.  point  of  Sumatra,  lat.O°S.  through  that  island, 
across  the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  over  the  S.  province  of 
China,  throughout  all  India,  including  Ceylou.  to  nearly 
lat.  30°  N.  It  is  also  met  with  on  the  Himalayas,  at  a 
height  of  from  5000  to  6000  feet,  and  roams  wild  iu  immense 
herds  through  the  forests  aud  jungles  at  the  f(vt  of  these 
mountains.  The  habitat  of  the  rhinoceros  is  nearly  the 
same,  only  extending  a  little  further  north  in  China. 
The  camel  is  a  native  of  Asi.i,  where,  from  the  earliest 
ages,  it  has  formed  the  chief  means  of  communication 
between  the  different  regions  of  the  East.  The  Asiatic  lion 
has  no  mane,  and  is  confined  to  a  comparatively  limited 
region.  The  tiger  of  Asia  (royal  tiger)  has  its  chief  habita- 
tion in  the  sultry  jungles  of  Bengal,  and  the  islands  of  Java 
and  Sumatra,  but  it  occasionally  wanders  as  Cu  as  tl  e  Altai 
and  Uimalaya  Motuitaius,  which  it  ascends  U>  a  he-^^ht  of 


ASl 


ASI 


9600  feet  In  search  of  prey.  The  leopard,  panther,  and 
hyena  are  common,  and  are  met  with  everywhere,  with  the 
exception,  as  regards  the  last,  of  the  Burman  empire,  in 
which  there  are  neither  hyenas,  wolves,  foxes,  nor  jackals. 
Among  the  most  remarkable  of  the  Asiatic  bears  are  the 
Syrian  bear,  the  Thibet  bear,  and  the  sun-bear  of  Sumatra. 
The  buffalo  is  a  native  of  China,  India,  Borneo,  and  the 
Sunda  Islands.  The  greatest  number  of  species  of  the  goat 
family  occurs  in  Asia,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  being  the 
goat  of  Cashmere,  which  is  also  spread  over  Thibet,  where 
they  browze  at  elevations  of  from  10.000  to  13,000  feet. 

The  reptile  fauna  of  Asia,  so  tar  as  known,  comprises  only 
44  species,  but  tliere  is  little  doubt  that  many  more  remain 
to  be  added  to  the  list.  At  the  head  of  this  class  of  animals 
Btands  the  crocodile;  the  Asiatic  eeiiera  of  which  the  gavial, 
(ffavialis  Gaiigetieus.)  frequenting  the  Ganges  and  other  great 
Indian  Kivers.  The  crocodile  with  the  helmet,  (crocodilus 
galcatiis,)  and  the  double  crested  crocodile,  (crocrxiilus  hv- 
porcalus.)  are  numerous  in  various  quarters,  both  conti- 
nental and  insular.  There  are  10  species  of  frogs  peculiar 
to  Asia,  and  9  species  of  toads.  Among  the  serpents  of  Asia 
are  the  Cobra  de  Capello,  and  a  species  Trigonocephalus,  both 
among  the  most  dangerous  snakes  in  existence;  vipers,  2 
species  of  which  are  peculiar  to  Asia.  Tree-serpents,  in- 
habiting the  great  tropical  forests;  boa  constrictors,  py- 
thons, the  largest  snake  of  the  Eastern  World;  chameleons, 
fresh-water  tortoi.ses,  of  which  8  are  peculiar  to  Asia.  Sea 
and  fresh-water  snakes  are  also  numerous;  the  former 
swarm  in  the  Indian  'Ocean,  and  many  of  them  are  ex- 
tremely venomous  and  ferocious, 

The  number  and  variety  of  birds  in  Asia  is  too  great  to  at- 
tempt either  enumeration  or  description;  they  include  eagles, 
vultures,  fiilcons,  buzzards,  quails,  pheasants,  partridges, 
starlings,  herons,  storks,  cranes,  swans,  wild-ducks,  pelicans, 
nightingales,  &c.  In  South-eastern  Asia  and  the  islands  of 
the  JIalay  Archipelago,  birds  of  tlie  most  gorgeous  plumage 
abound ;  while  several  of  those  above  mentioned,  though 
bearing  European  names,  here  present  themselves  in  the 
splendid  hues  of  the  tropics.  Asia  is  peculiarly  prolific  in 
gallinaceous  fowls,  some  of  them  possessing  most  brilliant 
plumage.  Among  these  may  be  named  the  horned  pheas- 
ants of  the  Himalaya,  a  species  of  Tragophans,  the  gold  and 
Bilver  pheasants  of  China,  and  the  argus  pheasant  of  Su- 
matra and  Borneo.  A  large  gallinaceous  fowl  {Mif/apodius) 
of  remarkable  habits,  is  found  in  some  of  the  islands  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago;  and  to  this  region,  or  to  the  S.  part  of 
continental  Asia,  we  are  indebted  for  that  most  valuable 
of  domestic  fowls,  the  common  cock  and  hen. 

Haces  of  Asia.  Language  and  Jieligion. — Asia  is  supposed 
to  have  been  the  cradle  of  the  human  race.  It  contains  a 
vast  variety  of  tribes  and  nations.  The  great  divisions  or 
families  consist  of  the  Caucasian  group,  the  Mongol-Tartar 
group,  and  the  >Ial.ayan,  and  Ethiopian  nations.  The  first 
occupy  nearly  the  whole  of  W.  Asia,  the  Himalaya  to  the 
Brahmapootra,  and  all  India  between  these  mountains  and 
the  ocean.  The  Mongol-Tartar  family  occupies  all  Asia  N. 
of  the  I'ersian  table-laud  and  of  the  Himalayas,  the  whole  of 
Eastern  Asia  from  the  Brahmapootra  to  Behring's  Strait.  It 
includes  the  Mongol  and  Tartar  tribes,  the  Chinesd,  Indo- 
Chinese,  and  Japanese.  The  Malay  nations  occupy  the 
whole  of  Malaisia.  The  Ethiopian,  Ceylon,  Borneo,  Sum- 
bawa,  Timor,  and.  exclusively,  or  partially,  numerous 
other  islands.  The  most  numerous  of  the  great  Asiatic 
races  is  the  Mongolian,  next  the  Caucasian,  then  the  Malay, 
and,  lastly,  the  Ethiopian,  frequently  now  called  the  Papuan 
race,  which  is  estimated  at  a  million  only.  The  languages 
of  Asia  are  nearly  as  numerous  as  its  tribes,  there  being 
according  to  Adelung,  no  fewer  than  937  different  dialects. 
The  prevailing  religions  of  Asia  are  Brahmanism  and  Bood- 
hism :  the  former  being  professed  in  Hindostan,  the  latter 
in  China,  Japan,  Anani,  Siam,  the  Burman  Empire,  Ceylon, 
and  among  the  Mongols  and  Toongooses.  In  the  S.W.  of 
Asia  Islamism  prevails;  and  Mussulmen  are  numerous  in 
India,  Malacca,  and  many  parts  of  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
There  are  multitudes  of  these  sects  iu  various  parts  of 
the  continent. 

Hidory. — The  term  Asia,  the  origin  of  which  is  unknown, 
■was  first  applied  to  a  small  province  of  the  peninsula  now 
called  Anatolia  on  Asia  Minor;  but  has  since  been  gradually 
extended  to  the  whole  Asiatic  continent.  The  early  his- 
tory of  Asia  may  be  regarded  as  that  of  the  world.  Here 
the  human  race  is  supposed  to  have  been  first  planted;  and 
here  also,  from  the  few  survivors  of  the  deluge,  arose  the 
primitive  families,  tribes,  nations,  and  dynasties,  of  whose 
history  only  a  few  fragments  remain.  The  ancient  history  of 
Asia  is  thenceforth  divisible  into  four  great  epochs,  of  un- 
equal duration,  corresponding  with  the  existence  of  four 
great  dynasties — the  Assyrian  or  Babylonian,  the  Medo- 
Persian,  the  Grecian,  and  the  Koman,  which  last  may  be 
considered  as  extending  to  the  period  of  the  Mohammedan 
conquest,  in  a.d.  038.  It  was  during  this  latter  period,  and 
■when  Its  power  was  at  its  height,  that  the  introduction  and 
establishment  of  Christianity  took  place.  This  event  formed 
a  new  era  in  the  history  of  man,  and  became  the  source  of 
great  and  tavovirable  changes,  both  in  the  physical  and 


moral  state  of  society.  It  has  given  a  tone  to  all  succeeding 
history,  and.  apart  from  its  blessed  results  to  cur  rnce^ 
must,  even  in  a  mere  historical  point  of  view,  he  regarded 
as  the  most  important  event  that  has  ever  occurred,  not 
only  in  the  historj'  of  Asia,  but  of  the  whole  world. 

During  this  long  period  geography  had  made  little  pro- 
gress. 15y  Ptolemy's  account,  it  would  appear  that  not 
more  than  about  one-fourth  of  the  continent  of  Asia  w.as 
known  to  the  ancients,  who  divided  it  into  Asia  Citerin- 
and  Asia  Ulterior,  the  former  corresponding  with  the  mo- 
dern Anatolia  or  Asia  Minor,  and  the  latter  with  the  rest 
of  Asia,  then  known. 

The  next  division  of  Asiatic  history  is  that  which  com- 
prehending what  is  usually  termed  the  Middle  Ages,  ex- 
tending from  the  commencement  of  the  Mohammedan  era 
to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  In  less  than  a  century 
after  the  flight  of  Jlohammed  from  51ecca  in  t22,  his  im- 
posture, which  was  destined  to  exercise  so  great  an  in- 
fluence in  the  Eastern  world,  had  been  spread  over  a  ter- 
ritory  extending  S.  and  N.  from  the  Bed  Sea  to  the  Cas- 
pian, and  E.  and  Vi.  from  the  confines  of  Tartary  and  India 
to  the  sliores  of  the  Atlantic.  In  1037,  the  Tartars,  under 
Togrul  Bog,  subdued  Persia,  and  his  successors  conquered 
India,  Tartjiry,  Syria,  and  Egypt  They  also  took  and 
plundered  Jeru.salem,  and  by  their  cruelties  toward  the 
Christian  pilgrims  to  that  city,  aroused  througliout  Eu- 
rope a  feeling  of  indignation  that  led  to  the  Crusades, 
These  memorable  expeditions  were  undertaken  in  suc- 
cession during  a  period  of  200  years,  commencing  about 
1095;  they  drew  into  their  cause  some  of  tlie  most  powerful 
kings  and  most  noted  warriors  of  the  Middle  Ages.  After 
various  changes,  the  dominion  of  the  Saracens,  under  the 
sway  of  Kublai  Khan,  was  extended,  about  the  middle  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  over  all  Western  Asia.  The  Cru- 
sades, and  other  contemporary  circumstances,  had  contri- 
buted, in  a  more  remarkable  degree  than  formerly,  to  direct 
the  mind  of  Europe  towards  Asia;  and  the  result  was  the 
establishment  of  permanent  commexxial  relations  between 
them. 

In  1498,  Vasco  de  Gama,  a  Portuguese  navigator,  douliled 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  opened  a  new  channel  of  inter- 
course with  the  East;  and  at  the  death  of  Albu(iuerque, 
their  famous  naval  commander,  in  1515.  the  Portuguese 
had  estiiblished  colonies  at  various  points  on  the  Asiatic 
coast,  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  the  Empire  of  Japan, 
a  distance  of  at  least  12.000  miles.  In  IfOO.  tlie  Portuguese 
encountered  a  ne^?  competitor  and  formidable  enemy  in  the 
Dutch,  who  sent  several  commercial  expeditions  to  the  Easl 
by  the  Cape  of  Gcod  Hope,  and  by  1040  had  made  them- 
selves masters  of  jiU  the  Eastern  islands  and  seas,  with  the 
exception  of  some  British  settlements  on  the  coast  of  Su- 
matra. The  attention  of  Britain  had  long  been  directed  to 
Asia,  and  the  discovery  of  the  passage  by  sea  had  given  a 
new  impulse  to  their  views  in  that  quarter.  Eor  many 
j'ears  after  that  event,  frequent  voyages  of  discovery  were 
made  by  British  navigators,  and  several  embassies  and 
other  journeys  were  perfoimed  by  British  subjects  on  land. 
But  the  formation  of  the  East  India  Company  inltOO,  which 
ultimately  established  British  authority  in  the  East,  has 
done  more  than  any  other  event  to  extend  our  geographical 
knowledge  in  that  quarter.  At  fii-st,  the  new  information 
obtained  was  scanty;  but,  from  1740,  during  the  wars  with 
the  I'l-ench  in  the  Deccan,  and  more  especially  from  1757, 
after  tlie  conquest  of  Beng.al.  it  rapidly  increa.sed;  many 
expeditions,  both  military  and  exploring,  have  been  made, 
and  the  quantity  of  unknown  territory  is  at  length  circum- 
scribed within  comparatively  narrow  limits. 

I'opuhttion. — The  entire  population  of  Asia  is  estimated 
at  480,000,000,  which  is  considerably  more  than  half  the 
entire  prpulation  of  the  globe.  It  is  thus  divided:  Cau- 
casian race,  lr4,000,000:  Mongolian,  291.OCO.000;  Malay, 
24.000,000 ;  Ethiopitin,  1.000,000,  of  which  the  islands  are 
supposed  to  contain  50,000  or  60,000. — —Adj.  AsuTic,  A'she- 
afik,  and  Asi.\s.  J'she-an,  (poetical;)  inhab.  A.siatic ;  (Fr. 
Asiatique,  i^zee^i'teek' ;  Ger.  adj.  Asiatisch,  i-ze-d'tish,  inliab. 
AsiATE,  ^-ze-.Vtfh.) 

ASIAGO,  d-see'4-go,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  in  Vicenza, 
capital  of  the  district  termed  the  "  Seven  Communes,"  inha- 
bited by  a  race  of  German  descent,  22  miles  N.  of  A'iceuza. 
Pop.  of  the  district,  25.500;  of  the  town,  4670. 

ASIA    ISLKS,  a  low  and  thickly-wooded  group  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  E.  of  Gilolo.     Lat.  1°.\.,  Ion.  131°  17'  E. 
ASIA  MINOR.     See  .\xatolia. 

ASIATIC  ARCHIPELAGO.  See  Maiat  Archipelago. 
ASIE.  ASIEN,  ASIATIC,  ASIATIQUK.  See  Asia. 
ASIMAGOMY,  d-se-md-go/mee,  a  lake  in  Upper  Canada, 
the  centre  in  lat.  4S°  35'  N.,  Ion.  85°  30'  W.  It  is  about  12 
miles  in  length,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  2  to  4  miles, 
and  discharges  itself  into  the  E.  extremity  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior by  a  stream  about  36  miles  long. 

ASINALUNGA.  a-see'nd-loon'ga,  or  SINA  LONGA,  see'na 
lon'gd,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  on  the  E.  slope  of  the  hill  which 
separates  the  A'al-di-Chi.ina  and  Val  d'Ombrono.     Pop.  2008. 
ASINAKA,  4-se-nd/ri,  a  small  island  off  the  N.W.  extre- 
mity of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  lat.  41°  5'  N.,  Ion.  8°  15'  E. 

119 


ASI 


ASS 


It  is  abont  10  miles  long;  by  2  miles  broad ;  mountainous, 
but  fertile.  It  hiis  a  pood  lighthouse,  and  an  excellent  port, 
called  Trabuccato.  (tri  book-klto.) 
A  SIR.    See  A  seer. 

ASIRMINTAR,  d-seer-min-t3r',  an  active  volcano  in  the 
island  of  OneUotan.  or  Amakootan.  one  of  the  most  northerly 
of  the  Koorile  Islands ;  lat.  49°  40'  X.,  Ion.  155°  8'  E. 

ASK,  Ssk,  or  ASKK,  ds'ek,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of 
Mazanderan.  at  the  S.E.  foot  of  Jlount  Demavend.  in  a  nook 
shut  in  by  its  spurs,  5900  feet  alxjve  the  sea.  and  GO  miles  S.W. 
of  Saree.  It  is  said  to  comprise  from  1000  to  1500  houses,  and 
is  the  principal  of  72  villases  within  the  district  of  Larijan. 
ASKALON,    See  Ascalon. 

ASKEATOX,  as-kA'ton,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Limerick,  on  the  Deel,  2  miles  from  its  confluence  with 
the  Shannon,  and  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Limerick.  The  Deel 
is  navigable  up  to  the  town  for  vessels  of  60  tons. 

AS'KERX  or  ASKERXE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Itiding,  7  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Doncaster.  and  re- 
sorted to  by  visitors  for  the  sake  of  its  sulphur  baths. 

ASKERSUXU,  S.s'ker-soondS  a  town  of  Sweden.  27  miles 
S.W.  of  Orebro,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Lake  \Vetter.  Pop. 
871.  It  has  a  port,  and  an  active  trade  in  grain,  fish,  and 
tobacco. 

AS/KERSWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
ASK  HAM,  ask'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVestmore- 
land. 

ASKHAM  BRY'AN,aparlshandtownshipof  England, CO. 

of  York. 

ASKIIAM  RICHARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

ASKOE,  (Askoe.)  itsk'-oVh,  a  small  island  of  Denmark,  ih 

the  Great  Belt.  2  miles  off  the  N.  coast  of  Laaland.    Lat.  64° 

54'  17"  X.,  Ion.  11° 29'  40"  E. 

ASK'RIGG,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

ASL  A.  isflL  or  ASSEL  A.  ds/seh-lA".  a  village  of  Algeria,  149 
miles  S.  of  Oran.  Lat.  33°  32'  X. ;  Ion.  0°  30'  W.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  a  small  stream  of  the  s.ame  name,  which  waters  the 
little  gardens  that  compose  the  principal  riches  of  the  in- 
iiabitants. 
ASL.A.CIvBY,as'lak-be,a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
ASLACTOX,  as'lak-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ASLACTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Notts.  Arch- 
bishop Cranmer  was  born  here  in  14S9. 

ASMAXSIlAUSEXorASSMANXSUAUSEN,is'mans-h8w'- 
zgn.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Xa.ssau,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rhine.  2  miles  X.AV.  of  RUdesheim. 

ASMILDKLOSTER,  ds-mild-klos'ter,  a   village   of  Den- 
mark, in  North  .Tutland,  on  tlie  E.  side  of  Tiborg  Lake. 
ASX.\j.    See  Esneh. 

ASXIERES.  ds'ne-alR',  the  name  of  several  villages  of 
France;  one  of  which,  agreeably  situated  on  the  Seine,  ai^ 
rondissement  of  St.  Dennis,  and  about  4  miles  from  Paris, 
forms  a  station  of  the  railway  from  Paris  to  St.  Gei-maln. 
The  Versailles  Railroad  here  branches  off  to  the  left,  and 
the  Rouen  Railway  to  the  right. 

ASO.  i'so,  or  ASOXE,  i-so'nA,  (anc.  Asf/na.)  a  river  of 
Central  Italy,  enters  the  Adriatic  7  miles  S.E.  of  Fermo, 
after  a  course  of  30  miles. 

ASOLA.  H-aoni,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern  Italy,  19 
miles  W.X.AV.  of  Mantua,  capital  of  the  district,  on  the 
Chiese.    Pop.  4000,  with  manufactories  of  silk  twist. 

ASOLO.   l-sono,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern  Italy,  19 
miles  X.W.  of  Treviso.     Pop.  3400.    It  is  a  very  ancient 
place,  and  has  several  Roman  antiquities. 
ASOPH.    See  Azof. 

ASOPO.  i-so'po,  or  ASCPUS,  a  river  of  Greece,  depart- 
ment of  Thebes,  rises  S.  of  Thebes,  flows  eastward,  and  en- 
ters the  Channel  of  Euboea,  23  miles  E.  of  Thebes ;  length, 
about  24  miles. 

ASPALAGA,  as-p.vlah'ga?  a  small  village  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  Gadsden  co.,  Florida,  about  45  miles  X.AV.  of  Tallahassee. 
AS/PALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
ASPAT'RIA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 
ASPE.  is'pA.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  A  alencia,  17  miles  AV.  of 
Alicant<>.     Besides  flour  mills,  there  are  here  IS  oil  mills,  5 
soap  factories,  and  10  brandy  distilleries.     The  commerce 
consists  chiefly  of  oil,  wine,  aiid  brandy.     Pop.  6744. 

ASPE,  Ssp,  a  valley  of  France,  department  of  B.tsses-Py- 
renees,  extending  about  27  miles  from  S.  to  X.,  from  Mount 
Aspe  to  the  ridge  of  the  Pvrenees,  near  Oleron. 
AS/PEDEX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
AS'PEXGROA'E.  a  post-ofllce  of  Pittsylvania  co..  Tirginia. 
AS'PEXGROVE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Calhoun  co.,  Florida. 
AS'PEXAA'ALL,  a  post-office  of  Charlotte  co.,  Airginia. 
ASPE  HEX.  as'p.A-ren,  a  town  of  the  Netheriands.  in  South 
Holland,  on  the  Linge,  20  miles  E.  by  X.of  Dort.  Pop.  1127. 
ASPEHO,  is'p^Ro.  or  ASBERG.  a  town  of  AAUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Xeckar,  8  miles  X.  of  Stuttgart,  on  the  railway 
from  Stuttgart  to  Ileilbronn.  Pop.  1500.    Near  it  is  the  cas- 
tle of  Hohen-.\sjK>rg.  on  a  steep  rock. 

ASPERX  or  GROSS  ASPERX,  gioce  Is'pem.  a  village  of 
Austria.  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  A'ienna.  celebrated  for  a  battle 
fought  Mav  21st  and  22d,  1809,  between  the  French  under 
120 


Napoleon  and  the  Austrians  under  the  Archduke  CharleBi 
in  which  the  former  suffered  s<!vere  losses. 

ASPET,  is'pA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haut» 
Garrone.  50  miles  S.AA'.  of  Toulouse.    Pop.  2573. 

ASPIIALTITES,  LAKE.    See  Dead  Sea. 

ASPIXAA'ALL,  an  important  seaport  of  Central  America, 
situated  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  Isthmus  of  I'anania,  40 
miles  from  Panama  ou  the  Pacific,  about  2000  miles  from 
New  York,  and  nearly  equidistant  from  San  Francisco  and 
A'alparaiso,  being  about  3300  miles  from  each  place.  The 
harbor  here  is  one  of  the  l>est  on  the  coast ;  it  has  a  depth  of 
water  suflicient  for  the  largest  ships,  and  anchorage  ground 
to  accommodate  half  the  commerce  of  the  United  States. 
Aspinwall  is  the  great  thoroughfare,  and  principal  entreji6t 
between  the  Atlantic  States  and  California.  It  has  semi- 
monthly communication  both  with  New  York  and  San 
Francisco  by  the  independent  line  of  steamers  and  by  the 
Pacific  mail  line,  a  steamer  sailing  from  NewYork  on  the 
6th  and  20th  of  each  month,  and  from  San  Francisco  on  the 
1st  and  15th.  British  mail  steamers  have  a  landing  here, 
and  also  on  the  opposite  side  at  Panama,  the  Britisli  mail 
being  transported  across  '.he  Isthmus  at  this  point.  A 
railroad  49  miles  in  length,  connecting  Aspinwall  with  Pa- 
nama, (on  the  opposite  side  of  the  isthmus,)  was  opened 
February  17,  1855.  The  unavoidable  detention  hitherto  ex- 
perienced by  persons  arriving  at  Panama  or  A.spiuwall  it 
thus  obviated,  and  the  tedious  process  of  crossing  the 
isthmus  with  mules,  is  exchanged  for  a  comfortable  trip  by 
railway.  A  large  depot  has  l>een  built  near  the  centre  of 
the  town ;  the  track  communicates  with  the  wharf  at  which 
the  steamers  laud.  Aspinwall  is  well  supplied  with  hotels, 
one  of  which  has  accommodations  for  600  visilors.  A  news- 
paper has  recently  been  est;iblished  here.  This  town  was 
founded  about  1850,  by  the  well-known  enterpiising  mer- 
chant whose  name  it  bears ;  and,  in  May,  1855,  it  is  estimated 
to  contain  2500  inhabitants. 

ASPLEY-GUISE,  asptee-ghiz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bedford.  ^ 

ASPRIERES,  3s'pre-aiR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Aveyron,  14  miles  N,X.E.  of  Aillefrancfie.    Pop.  1464. 

ASPROMOXTE,  Is-pro-mon'tA.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  6  miles  X.  of  Nice.    Pop.  1500. 

ASPROPOTAMO,  ds-pro-pot/d-mo,  (i'.  e.  "AVhite  River;" 
anc.  Achdolus.)  the  largest  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece, 
rises  near  Mezzovo  in  Albania,  flows  S.S.AA'.,  separating 
Acarnania  on  the  AV.  from  Eurytania,  Thessaly,  and  J'-to- 
lia  ou  the  E.,  and  enters  the  Ionian  Sea  (Mediterranean)  15 
miles  AA'.  of  Missolonghi ;  length.  100  miles.  On  the  Greek 
frontier  it  receives  the  Platauios.  immediately  after  which 
it  is  crossed  by  the  bridge  of  Korakos,  180  feet  in  leugtli, 

AS'PULL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ASPUZI,  Is-poo^zee',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  ot 
Marash,5  milesS.ofMalateeyeh.lt  is  surrounded  by  gardens 
and  orchards,  and  is  resorted  to  as  a  summer  residence  by 
the  inhaliitants  of  Malateeyeh. 

ASSAB.  (is'sdl/,)  Bay  of,  in  Abyssinia,  about  40  miles 
X.A\".  of  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-5Iandeb. 
Lat.  12°  55'  X. :  Ion.  42°  45'  E.  It  is  16  miles  in  length,  and 
upwards  of  5  in  width. 

AS/SABET,  a  small  stream  near  the  centre  of  Massachu- 
setts, rises  in  AA'orcester  co..  and  running  X.i;.,  unites  with 
the  Sudbury  at  Concord  to  form  the  Concord  River. 

ASSABET,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Sudbury  township, 
Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Assaljet  River,  aflbrd- 
ing  valuable  water-power,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Fitch- 
burg  Railroad,  about  22  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Boston.  It  has  a 
church,  a  store,  a  carpet  factory,  and  a  large  building  in 
which  are  annually  packed  about  40,000  tons  of  ice,  taken 
from  Factory  Pond. 

ASSACA,  is-sJ'kl,  a  province  of  Africa,  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name,  5  miles  AT.  of  Fort 
Orange.    Pop.  estimated  at  2000  men. 

ASSAL,  ds'sdl',  an  extensive  salt  lake  of  Eastern  Africa, 
25  miles  S.AV.  of  Tajoora.  al^iut  lat.  11°  40'  X..  and  Ion.  42° 
40'  E.  It  is,  according  to  D'llericoui-t.  upwards  of  700  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  of  an  oval  form ;  S  miles  in 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  4  miles  in  breadth.  The 
shores  are  covered  with  a  thick  salt  crust  resembling  ice, 
which  in  most  places  rests  on  the  ground,  the  waters  hav- 
ing subsided;  the  incrustation  is  frequently  found  to  bo 
about  half  a  foot  thick.  Numerous  caravans  from  Abys- 
sinia resort  to  this  lake,  to  carry  away  the  salt. 

AS'SAM'  or  ASAM,  a  large  district  or  country  of  India 
beyond  the  Ganges,  in  the  v.illey  of  the  Brahmapootra, 
between  lat.  25°  45'  and  2S°  15'  N.,  .and  Ion.  90°  35'  and  96<! 
50'  E.  Its  limits,  however,  especially  on  the  E..  .are  not 
well  defined;  but  its  extreme  length  may  be  estimated  at 
400  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  40  to  70  miles; 
are.%  about  22.000  square  miles.  It  is  divided  by  the  Brah- 
mapootra into  three  parts:  Outerkole,  comprehenditig  the 
province  on  the  X.  of  that  river;  Deccancole,  compTshend- 
ing  those  on  the  S.;  and  the  Alajuli  or  Great  Island,  formed 
by  the  separation  of  the  stream  into  two  bramhes.  named 
the  Lohit  and  the  Dihing.  It  is  otherwise  divided  into 
Camroop,  Assam  Proper,  and  Sodiya;  or  Low»r,  MidUU,  axA 


ASS 


ASS 


Upper  Assam.  The  country  has  the  appearance  of  a  perfect 
flat,  studded  over  with  little  conical  green  hills,  rising  ab- 
ruptly from  the  level  plains  to  the  heisfht  of  from  ■2U0  to 
700  feet,  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  lofty  mountains.  It 
contains  several  extensive  tracts  of  well-cultivated  land, 
among  which  are  some  districts  of  primitive  soil  above  the 
reach  of  inundation,  and  suited  for  crops  of  all  kinds. 
Thouj^h  the  country  is  generally  swampy,  and  intersected 
with  half-lilled  channels  and  stagnant  hikes,  yet  in  the  dry 
season  it  is  very  susceptible  of  cultivation,  and  amply  re- 
pays any  labor  and  expense  bestowed  upon  it.  The  soil  is, 
for  the  most  part,  composed  of  rich  bl.'ick  mould,  though 
occasionally  of  red  still  clay. 

Assam  has  no  fewer  than  61  rivers,  of  which  37  flow  from 
the  northern,  and  24  from  the  southern  mountains.  Of 
the  former  the  principal  is  the  Brahmapootra.  Gold  is 
found  in  nearly  all  the  mountain  streams  that  flow  into 
the  Brahmapf)Otra,  and  also  in  the  latter  river  itself  But 
the  best  is  found  in  the  most  winding  waters  with  th» 
strongest  currents.  Iron  abounds  in  most  of  the  hill  coun- 
tries. Coal  has  been  discovered  in  several  places,  and  lime- 
stone and  shell-lime  are  tbund  in  considerable  quantities. 
There  are  also  mines  of  precious  stones,  and  several  amber- 
mines,  which  are  wrought  with  considerable  advantage.  In 
the  Naga  Hills  are  numerous  brine-springs,  and  petroleum 
is  found  in  small  quantities  in  .some  parts  of  Upper  Assam. 

Very  violent  storms  are  frequent  during  April,  May,  and 
June,  accompanied  with  tremendous  thunder  and  light- 
ning, hail  showers,  and'  torrents  of  rain.  The  rainy  season 
lasts  six  months,  commencing  in  April  and  ending  in  Octo- 
ber. During  this  season  one  universal  deluge  prevails,  and 
all  the  labors  of  the  tield  are  necessarily  suspended. 

Kice  is  the  principal  crop;  sugar-cane  grows  well,  but 
does  not  attract  much  attention.  Mustard,  cotton,  and 
opium  are  extensively  cultivated.  The  teartree,  which 
grows  wild  on  the  mountains  in  great  abundance,  has  be- 
come an  iniix)rtant  article  of  cultivation  and  commerce. 
Coffee,  in  its  natural  state,  also  grows  luxuriantly,  but 
attracts  little  attention,  and  is,  in  consequence,  not  very 
fruitful.  The  betel-nut  palm  is  cultivated  to  a  large  extent 
about  most  villages.  Fruit-trees,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
do  not  thrive  in  Assam.  The  ratan  grows  wild  throughout 
the  country,  and  even  forms  impenetrable  jungles.  The 
plantain  grows  abundantly  on  most  of  the  hills.  India- 
rubber,  or  caoutchouc,  Is  an  indigenous  production  of  As- 
sam, but  is  inferior  to  the  American.  Many  valuable  gums 
are  found  in  the  forests,  including  gum-copal ;  and  fig-trees 
form  a  large  proportion  of  the  vegetation. 

AVild  elephants  are  numerous,  moving  about  in  large 
herds;  and  the  densest  parts  of  the  lorests  are  inhabited  by 
the  rhinoceros.  Tigers,  leopards,  bears,  and  buffaloes  also 
abound.  Wild  hogs  and  wild  game  are  numei-ous,  but 
poultry  is  scarce.  Porcupines,  flying  squirrels,  iguana,  ot- 
ters, pangolin,  civet-cat,  and  an  infinite  variety  of  monkeys 
and  snakes,  are  common  to  the  country.  The  white  ant  is 
•very  destructive.  Crocodiles  swarm  in  all  parts  of  the 
Brahmapootra,  and  tortoises  are  also  numerous. 

There  are  few  manufactures  in  Assam,  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  potters  and  coppersmiths,  all  kinds  of  artisans 
are  brought  from  other  parts  of  India.  There  are  three 
different  qualities  of  silk  made,  called,  r«spectively.  Path, 
Moonga,  and  Judy ;  the  first  is  a  fine  and  costly  fabric ; 
the  others  are  of  an  inferior  description.  Large  quantities 
of  lac  are  prepared  for  export.  There  is  little  or  no  trade. 
What  there  is  consists  in  exchanging  salt  for  lac,  gold-dust, 
and  ivory.  Nankins,  silks,  lacquered  and  china  ware,  lead, 
copper,  and  silver  are  imported  from  China  and  Burmah. 

The  towns  of  Assam  are  numerous,  but  are  composed  of 
long,  straggling  ranges  of  huts,  which  scarcely  deserve  the 
name  of  towns.  The  country  contains  many  ancient  tem- 
ples, and  several  large  and  substantial  causeways.  Pop.  in 
1836,  602.600.  Assam  was  ceded  to  the  British  by  the  Bur- 
mese in  1826,  and  is  subdivided  into  three  di.stricts ;  chief 
towns,  Ghergong,  Joorhath,  and  Goahati.  Brahniinism 
has  superseded  Boodhism  in  this  province. — Adj.  and 
Inhab..  Assame.se,  as'sam-eez'. 

ASSAMAKEII,  Ss-sil-md'reh,  a  Large  village  of  Western 
Africa,  on  the  Niger,  about  lat.  5°  5S'  N. ;  Ion.  6°  45'  E. 
Cam-wood  abounds  in  the  vicinity,  and  is  a  staple  ai-ticle  of 
commerce. 

AS^SAMOO'XICK,  a  postoffice  of  Southampton  co.,  Vir- 
giniia. 

AiSSARLO,  2s-saR/lo,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Soom-Eleeonthe  left  bank  of  the  Maritza,  N.W.  of  Adrian- 
jple. 

ASSATCIIINSKAYA  or  ASSATCIIINSKAJA  SOPKA, 
is-fdt-chin-ski'y4  sop'kd,  an  active  volcano  in  Kamtchatka. 
Lat.  52<^  2'  N.;  Ion.  157°  43'  E. 

ASSAYE  or  ASSYE,  is-si',  a  small  town  of  Ilindostan, 
province  »f  Berar.  in  the  Nizam's  dominions,  28  miles  N.  of 
Jaulnah.  ..t  is  memorable  as  the  place  where  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  (then  General  Wollesley)  commenced  his  career 
Dt  victory,  September  23,  1803,  by  defeating,  with  4500  men, 
the  combined  forces  of  Scindia  and  the  Nagpoor  Kaja, 
auiouuting  ik.  30.000  men 


ASSCIIE.    See  Asche. 

ASSEN,  Js'sgn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  capit.il  of  th» 
province  of  Drecthe,  on  the  lloorn-diep,  15j  miles  S.  oi 
Groningen.  Pop.  2500.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  trade  in 
stone  and  peat,  and  communicates  with  the  Zuyder  Zee,  by 
the  Smilder  Canal. 

ASSENDKLFT,  ds'sen-d?lft\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  North  Holland.  9i  miles  N.W.  of  Amsterdam.    Pop.  2711. 

ASSENEDE,  is-sen'p-dfh,  or  ASSENDE,  Ss'sSN-d',  a.  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  12j  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Ghent.  Pop.  with  commune,  3084,  with  woollen  and 
cotton  manufactures,  dye  and  soap  -works,  and  breweries. 

ASSENHKl.M,  ds'sen-hime\  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Heg- 
se-Darmstadt,  province  of  Ober  Ilessen,  on  the  Nidda,  14 
miles  N.N.E.  of  F'rankfort,  with  a  castle  of  the  Count  of 
Solms-Kodelheim.     Pop.  764. 

ASSENS,  is'sfns,  a  maritime  town  of  Denmark,  island  of 
Funen,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Odense,  with  a  small  harbor  on 
the  Little  Belt,  which  is  the  ordinary  port  for  the  tralfic 
between    Funen  and  Sleswick.    Pop.  2700. 

ASSEKIA,  is-sA-ree/L  or  PODGKAJE,  a  town  of  Dalmar 
tia,  with  ruins  which  show  that  it  has  once  been  a  splendid 
city.    It  is  the  Amia  of  Ptolemy. 

ASSEY,  as'see,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 

ASSIN,  as'seen',  a  small  state  in  the  Ashautee  territory, 
on  the  Amissa. 

ASSINEE^s'see^nee',  a  river  and  village  of  Guinea,  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  Africa. 

AS'SINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ASSIN'IBOIN,  a  large  river  of  North  America,  within 
the  Hudson's  Bay  territory,  which,  after  a  sinuous  course 
of  about  480  miles,  having  been  previously  joined  alx)ut  lat. 
60°  by  the  Ked  River,  flows  into  the  S.W.  end  of  Lal^  'Win- 
nipeg. It  gives  its  name  to  an  Indian  tribe  of  the  Sioux 
nation,  residing  in  the  W.  part  of  North  America,  near  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

ASSINIE,  is'se'nee',  a  country  of  Africa,  Upper  Guinea, 
at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Gold  Coast.  "The  French  took 
possession  of  a  part  of  this  coast,  and  founded  a  factory  on 
the  river  Gaboon  orAssinie  in  1843. 

ASSIS'CUNK  CREEK,  Burlington  CO.,  New  Jersey,  tails 
into  the  Delaware  River  a  little  above  Burlington. 

ASSISI,  3-see'see,  a  town  of  Italy,  state  of  Unibria,  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Perugia.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  picture.squely 
situated  on  a  steep  hill,  surrounded  by  battlemented  walls, 
and  a  long  line  of  aqueducts.  Its  churches  are  adorned 
with  early  specimens  of  Italian  painting.  The  cathedral  is 
a  structure  of  the  eleventh  century.  There  are  20  other 
churches,  and  12  monasteries  for  mendicant  friars.  Assisi 
has  been  a  bishop's  see  ever  since  a.  d.  240.  It  has  manu- 
fiictures  of  needles  and  files. 

ASSMANNSHAUSEN.    See  Asmaxshausen. 

ASSO,  ds'so,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  8  miles  N.E.  of 
Como. 

ASSO,  a  town  and  fort,  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Cepha- 
lonia,  15  miles  N.  of  Argostoli. 

ASSOFOODAII,  is-so-foc/ddh.  a  town  of  the  Foolah  coun 
try.  West  Africa,  about  lat.  10°  25'  N.-,  Ion.  2°  35'  E.  The 
natives  are  Mohammedans.    Pop.  12,000. 

ASSOOR,  ASSOUR,  or  ASSUR,  as'soor',  a  town  of  Nubia, 
kingdom  of  Dongola,  on  the  Nile,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Meroe,  celebrated  for  the  numbers  of  its  pyramids. 

ASSOUAN,  ASSOWAN,  or  ES-SOUAN,     See  Asswan. 

ASSUAPMOUSSOIN,  is'swdp'moos'swaNs',a  lake  inCanada 
East.  Lat.  49°  22'  N.;  Ion.  73°  55'  W.  It  is  from  S  to  10 
miles  in  length,  and  about  4  in  breadth. 

ASSUAY.    See  Ascay. 

ASSUMPTION,as-stimp'shan,oneofthe  Ladrone  Islands, 
Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  19°  41'  N. ;  Ion.  145°  27'  E. ;  and  10  miles 
in  circuit.     Altitude  of  summit,  2026  feet. 

ASSUMPTION,  one  of  the  Seychelles  Islands,  Indian 
Ocean.    Lat,  9°  46'  S. ;  Ion.  46°  34'  E. 

ASSUMPTION,  a  village  .and  river  of  Canada  East.  The 
river  joins  the  St.  Lawrence,  14  miles  N.N.K.  of  Montreal, 
having  passed  the  village  of  Assumption,  8  miles  above  their 
confluence. 

ASSU.MPrriON,  (Sn.  Asuncion,  a-soon-se-on/.  Port.  As- 
isumpfcu^,  Js-soom-sa'oN",)  a  city  of  South  America,  capital 
of  the  state  of  Paraguay,  on  a  height  on  the  Paraguaj'.  650 
miles  N.  of  Buenos  Ayres.  Lat.  25°  18'  S. ;  Ion.  57°  30" 
W.  Founded  in  1535  by  a  colony  of  Spaniards,  and  though 
oiiginally  but  a  small  fort,  from  its  advantageous  position  it 
became  in  a  few  years  a  city  of  some  importance.  It  has  5 
churches,  a  cathedral,  built  in  1845,  and  dedicated  to  Xue» 
tra  Seflora  de  la  Asuncion,  a  government  palace,  a  house  of 
representatives,  a  public  library,  a  custom-liouse,  a  mili- 
tary hospital,  and  a  college.  The  city  was  much  improved 
during  the  rule  of  the  dictator  Francia.  The  houses  are 
generally  built  of  brick,  one  story  high,  and  covered  with 
tiles.  Some  of  the  streets  are  paved ;  and,  on  the  whole, 
the  place  presents  a  neat  and  cleanly  appearance.  The  in- 
h.'ibitants  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  tobacco,  hides, 
mandioea,  cedar  planks,  and  especially  in  yerba  maU,  or 
Pai-agu.ay  tea,  grown  abundantly  in  the  surrounding  dis- 
tricts, and  exported  to  Buenos  Ayres,  Tucuman,  Chili,  Peru, 


ASS 


AST 


and  other  parts  of  South  America.  The  goTemment  has 
prohibited  the  export  of  rosewood  and  other  valuable  kinds 
of  M-()ods.  The  air  is  temperate,  and  the  climate  healthy ;  the 
adjacent  country  is  fertile,  and  abounds  in  rich  pastures. 
Wheat,  i/iaize,  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  mandioca.  and  pota- 
toes are  expensively  cultivated,  and  honey  and  wax  are  pro- 
duced in  abundance.     Pop.  about  12000. 

ASSCJMPTIOX,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisiana, 
wntains  320  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Grand  River,  and  intersected  by  Bayou  La  Fourche,  de- 
rived from  Mississippi  Kiver.  The  surface  is  nearly  level, 
the  soil  is  alluvial  and  fertile.  In  1850  it  produced  930.185 
gallons  of  moliisses,  a  quantity  greater  than  was  produced 
by  any  county  or  parish  in  the  United  States  except  Il)er- 
Tille,  Louisiaoa.  Lake  Verret,  which  is  situated  in  this 
parish,  is  about  10  miles  long  and  3  miles  wide.  Bayou  La 
Fourche  is  navigated  by  steamboats.  Capital,  Assumption 
Court  House.  Pop.  15,379 ;  ot  whom  72S3  wore  free,  and  bOyO 
ilaves. 

ASSUMPTION',  a  post-village  in  the  central  part  of  As- 
sumption parish,  on  the  AV.  side  of  Bayou  La  Fourche, 
about  38  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Baton  Koutre. 

AS'SUNPIXK,  or  AS'SANPINK  CHEEK,  of  New  Jersey. 
rises  in  the  W.  part  of  Monmouth  co.,  and  tiowing  first 
north-westerly  and  then  south-westerly,  Cills  into  the  Dela- 
ware at  Trenton. 

ASSWAX,  ASSOUAN,  or  ASSUAN,  Is-swan',  a  small 
town  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  re- 
markable for  its  commerce,  its  picturesque  situation,  and 
the  monuments  of  antiquity  which  are  found  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. Close  to  it,  on  the  south,  may  be  seen  the  ruins 
of  the  town  built  by  the  Arabs  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Syene*  Near  it  are  extensive  granite  quarries.  Lat.  24°  5' 
N.;  Ion.  32°  55'  E. -Adj.  and  inhab.,  Asswaxee,  as-swan'ee. 

AS'SYNT,  a  very  extensive  maritime  parish  of  Scotland. 
CO.  of  Sutherland.  In  this  district  the  Jlarquis  of  Montrose 
was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner. 

ASSYRIA,  as-slr'e-a,  a  name  which  is  usually  appro- 
priated to  the  first  of  what  are  known  ^s  the  four  great  em- 
pires of  the  world,  but  which  in  geography  is  more  correctly 
confined  to  what  was  cilled  Assyria  Proper,  and  ne.^rly  cor- 
responds with  the  modem  Koordistan.  Its  capital  was 
Nineveh,  of  which  the  ancient  ruins  may  still  he  traced, 
(see  Nixeveh;)  but  though  it  had  many  other  important 
cities,  even  the  sites  of  the  greater  number  are  Tinknown. 
-^— Adj.  and  inhab.  Assykian'.  a.s-sVe-an. 

ASSYRIA,  a  post-office  of  Barry  CO..  Michigan. 

ASTA  POMPEIA,     See  Asm. 

ASTABKL  SIIERM  AXTAR.  as-tdn)el  sheRm  inHaW,OT 
ISTABL  ANTAR.  is-td'bl  anHak',  a  town  of  .\rabia.  in 
Hejaz,  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  L,\t.  20°  24'  N.  Near  it 
ts  a  good  anchor  station,  in  a  deep  bay  formed  in  coral  rocks. 

ASTABORAS,  a  river  of  Nubi.i.    See  Atbara. 

ASTAFFORT,  is'tlrfoa/,  a  town  of  France,  Lot-et-Oai^ 
rone,  on  the  Gers,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Agen. 

ASTARA,  ils^td-rd/,  a  frontier  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Georgia,  province  of  Shirvan,  upon  the  river  Astara. 
which  forms  the  boundary  t)etween  Russia  and  Persia,  a 
^[uarter  of  a  mile  from  its  outlet  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

ASTBURY,  asVber-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

ASTELL'S  (as'teliz')  ISLAND,  off  the  N.  coast  of  Australia, 
N.W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

ASTEN  or  ASTHEN,  is/ten,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  North  Brabant.  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Eindhoven.  It  is  a 
large,  beautiful  village.    Pop.  2800. 

ASTERABAD.     See  Astrabad. 

ASTEitBY,  as'ter-be,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ASTFELD,  ist/fMt.  a  village  of  Germany,  Brunswick,  in 
the  district  and  vicinity  oif  Wolfenbtittel,  in  the  Ilarz 
Mountains. 

AST'IIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ASTI.  ds'tee.  (anc.  Asfta  Pbmpe)ia,)  a  citv  in  the  Sardinian 
States,  government  of  Alessandria,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Asti.  near  the  Tanaro.  and  on  the  Turin  and  Genoa  Rail- 
way, 3.Si  miles  E.S.E.  of  Turin.  The  town  is  surrounded 
with  decaying  walls,  formerly  celebrated  for  their  100 
towers,  although  few  of  these  now  remain.  It  is  in  general 
badly  built,  although  it  cont,"iins  many  noble  nmnsions; 
the  streets  are  wide,  but  little  fn^juented.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishop,  suffragan  to  Turin,  has  a  royal  college,  a  court  of 
justice,  a  school  of  jurisprudence,  and  a  theological  semi- 
nary, a  rich,  picturesque  building.  The  original  cathedral 
fell  in  1323.  and  wa.s  replaced  shortly  thereafter  by  the  pre- 
sent fine  venerable  Gothic  building,  in  which  are  numerous 
fine  p.iintings.  Besides  the  cathedral,  there  are  other  three 
fine  ( hurches  in  Asti,  which,  moreover,  possesses  a  printing' 
ofiice,  cnrried  on  continuously  since  its  establishment  in 
1479.  There  are  likewise  in  the  town  several  mills  for 
spinning  silk,  and  several  silk  manufiictories :  but  it  has 
otherwise  little  trade,  and  no  great  appearance  of  prosperity. 
The  vineyards  in  the  vicinity  supply  the  l)est  wines  pro- 
duced in  I'ietlmont.  and  a  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  in 
them.  Alfieri  was  ijorn  here  in  the  year  1749.  Asti  is  a 
town  of  high  antiquity,  having  been  in  existence  long 
previous  to  b.  c.  400,  when  it  was  devastated  by  the 
122 


Gauls.  It  subsequently  formed  alliance  with  the  Romans, 
and  was  afterwards  again  destroyed  by  the  Gauls,  but  was 
rebuilt  by  Pompey  the  Great.  After  a  series  of  vicissitudes, 
extending  through  many  centuries,  and  including  many 
sanguinary  visitations,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French, 
with  whom  it  remained  till  alxmt  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Duke 
of  Savoy,  to  whose  dominions  it  is  still  attached.   Pop.  20.239. 

ASTLEY,  ast'lee,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Ijancaster. 

ASTLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  4  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Nuneaton.  The  church  is  very  ancient;  and  the 
castle,  once  the  abode  of  the  Marquis  of  Dorset,  father  of  Lady 
Jane  Grey,  is  still  habitalile. 

ASTLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 'Worcester. 

ASTLEY-.MVBOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  m.  of  Salop. 

AS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

ASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

ASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Biding. 
The  poet  Mason  was  rector  of  this  paiish. 

ASTON,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1671. 

ASTON-AB/BOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

ASTON-BL.\NK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  G loucester. 

AS'TON-BOT'TERKLL.  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Salop. 

ASTON-CAXTLOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

AS'TON-CLINTON.  a  parish  of  EngLand,  co.  of  Bucks. 

ASTON-FLAM'VILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
cester. 

ASTON-ING'HAM,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Hereford. 

ASTON-LE-WALLS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

ASTON.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ASTON-ROW'ANT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ASTON-SAND'FOHD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
Scott,  author  of  the  Commentary  on  the  Bible,  was  rector 
of  this  parish. 

AS'TON-SOM'ER\aLLK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. The  manor  has  belonged  to  the  Somerville  family 
for  upwards  of  six  centuries. 

ASTON,  STEEPLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ASTON-SUB-EDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

AS'TON-TIR'ROLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

ASTON -UPON-TRENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby. 

AS'TONVILLE\  a  village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn.sylvanla, 
on  Lycoming  Creek,  aixiut  18  miles  N.  of  Williitnisport.  It 
has  mines  of  coal  and  iron  in  the  vicinity,  and  an  iron 
furnace  in  operation. 

AS'TOR  or  HASARA,  hd'savd\  a  river  and  fort  of  Central 
Asia,  the  river  a  tributary  of  the  Indus  N.of  the  Himalayas, 
joining  it  after  a  north-westward  course;  the  fort  is  situated 
on  it,  in  lat,  35°  16'  N, ;  Ion.  74°  44'  E. 

ASTOR.  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  at  the  S.W.end 
of  Green  Bay. 

ASTOItGA,  3s-toR'gi.  (anc.  Asltdrica  Augtis'la.)  a  walled 
town  in  Spain.  26  miles  W.S.W.  of  Leon,  on  the  Tuerto.  Pop. 
3000.  It  has  an  old  castle,  and  fortifications  in  ruins,  a 
Gothic  cathedral,  convents,  manufactories  of  linen.cloth.  and 
yarn,  and  some  Roman  antiiiuities.  Near  it  is  the  Lake  of 
Sanabriii.  with  the  insular  castle  of  the  Counts  of  Benavente. 

ASTORIA,  as-to're-a,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co.  New 
York,  on  Hallett's  cove,  just  l^elow  IIui-l  Gate,  about  6  miles 
from  New  York  city.  It  contains  several  churches  and  500 
inhabitants. 

ASTORIA,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.  al)out  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Lewistown.  the  county-se:it,  contains  a  few 
stores.  Ac.  The  adjacent  land  is  highly  productive,  forming 
part  of  the  valley  of  Illinois  River. 

ASTORIA,  a  postrvillage  of  Wright  co.,  Missouri,  96  miles 
S.  of  JefTei-sou  City. 

ASTORIA,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  in  Clatsop  co., 
Oregon,  on  the  S.  side  of  Columbia  River,  about  ten  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  was  formerly  an  importint  depot  of  the 
fur  trade,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  its  founder,  John 
Jacob  Astor.    A  custom-house  is  beins  erected  here. 

ASTRABAD,  ds'tri-bad',  (anc. //'/rci'ni'a,)  ASTER AB.\D, 
3s^-ter-i-bad',  a  city  of  Persia,  cipital  of  a  province  of  its  own 
name,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  N.  slope  of  the  Elbrooi 
range  and  on  a  small  stream  which  falls  into  Astrabad  Bay 
in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  Caspian,  about  20  miles  below.  It  has 
a  circuit  of  about  3  miles :  and  is  surrounded  by  a  dry  ditch 
and  a  mud  wall,  which,  though  once  lofty  and  flanked  by 
numerous  towers,  has  mouldered  down  to  an  earthen 
mound,  on  which  a  low  piu-apet,  loop-holed  for  musketry, 
has  been  erected.  A  greiit  ptirt  of  the  town  is  in  ruins,  but 
the  parts  still  standing  have  a  lively  or  picturesque  ap- 
pe.arance.  The  large  extent  of  open  space  within  the  town, 
generally  planted  or  laid  out  in  fine  gardens,  is  one  of  its 
peculiar  and  most  attractive  features.  None  of  the  build- 
ings are  deserving  of  particular  notice.  The  manufactures 
are  chiefly  confined  to  a  few  silk  and  cotton  stuffs;  and 
though  the  lociility  seems  well  fitted  to  make  it  the  key  of 
commerce  between  the  East  and  the  Caspian,  the  tra(^  It 
Inconsiderable.    The  greatest  obstacle  to  its  prosperity,  U 


AST 


ATA 


its  peptilimtial  atmosphere  which  has  procured  for  it  the 
oiniiKius  surname  of  City  of  the  I'lague.  During  the  sum- 
mer ntins,  no  inhabitant  whose  circumstances  enable  him 
to  dcpait.  remains  within  it.  Astrabad  is  the  birthplace  of 
Kvgurs  the  reigning  family  of  Persia,  and  is  always  go- 
verned by  a  royal  prince. 

ASTRAKHAN,  ^s-trd-kdn',  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  its  own  name  on  an  elevated  island  in  the 
Volga.  abou+  30  miles  from  its  embouchere  in  the  Caspian 
Sea.  Lat.  46°  25'  N.:  Ion.  4S°  0'  E.  It  is  irregularly  built, 
streets  crooked,  mostly  unpaved  and  dirty.  In  the  upper 
part  of  the  town  stands  tlie  cathedral,  from  the  towers  of 
which  a  fine  view  of  the  city  is  obtained,  with  its  streets 
and  canals  bordered  by  trees,  the  haven  covered  with  ships, 
and  of  the  broad  majestic  Volga,  with  its  beautiful  green 
islands.  There  are,  liesides,  31  stone  and  3  wooden  churches 
and  1.5  mosques.  The  other  public  buildings  of  note  are 
the  archiepiscopal  palace,  the  government-ofBces,  and  the  3 
factory  halls  for  the  Russian,  A.siatic,  and  Hindoo  dealers 
or  merchants.  Astrakhan  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  and  Ar- 
menian ecclesiastical  eparchy,  also  of  Greek  and  Armenian 
archbishopi-ics.  It  contains  a  high  court  of  civil  and  crimi- 
nal jurisdiction,  a  Greek  theological  seminary,  a  botanic 
garden,  a  gymnasium,  and  upward  of  2()  schools.  The 
manufactures  are  inconsiderable,  not  giving  employment 
to  more  than  200  working  people.  The  fisheries  form  the 
staple  trade  of  the  city,  immense  quantities  of  fish,  caviar, 
and  isinglass  being  exported  to  foreign  countries.  In  the 
fishing  season  from  20.000  to  30.0(10  persons  connected  with 
the  fisheries  resort  to  the  city.  The  haven  of  Astrakhan  is 
now  so  sanded  up  as  to  leave  only  6  feet  depth  of  water ;  so 
that  large  vessels  have  to  land  their  cargoes  on  an  island 
nearer  the  Caspian.  A  few  steam  tug-boats  are  employed  in 
taking  vessels  up  and  down  the  river.  In  1846,  three  iron 
steamers  were  started,  to  ply  between  Astrakhan  and  the 
other  ports  of  the  Caspian.  Previous  to  that  period,  there 
was  but  one  steamer  on  the  Volga,  and  it  was  of  only  40 
horse-power.  Fresh  water  being  scarce  in  the  city,  some 
attempts  were  lately  made  to  obtain  an  increased  supply  by 
artesian  wells,  but  none  was  found  at  a  depth  of  400  feet. 

The  resident  population  of  the  town  in  186S  was  44,790. 

Adj.  and  iiihab.  A-STRAKahxese,  d.s-trd-k.an-eez'. 

ASTllAKII.\N,  is-trJ-Kdn'.  a  government  of  Russia  in 
Europe,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  Ca.epian  Sea  betwt«n  lat. 
44°  40'  and  49°  45'  N.;  Ion.  43°  5'  and  51°  5'  E.,  having  the 
Maloi  Oozen  for  its  N.E.  boundary,  and  the  JIanitch  for  its 
S.W.  It  is  divided  into  two  nearly  e(iual  parts  by  the  Volga, 
which  traverses  it  from  N.W.  to  S.E.  Its  coast  line,  ex- 
cluding minute  senuosities,  is  alx)ut  520  miles  in  length,  .and 
is  crowded  throughout  its  whole  extent  with  small  islands, 
rocks,  .and  shifting  sand-banks.  The  entire  length  of  the 
province  is  370  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  250.  Area  61,197 
square  miles,  or  39,166,080  English  acres.  It  consists  wholly 
of  two  vast  steppes  or  plains,  separatt-d  from  each  other  by 
the  Volga,  the  greater  portion  of  which  are  arid,  sterile 
desert.  The  whole  of  Astrakhan  was  at  one  period  sul> 
merged  by  the  Caspian,  as  is  evident  from  the  saline  nature 
of  the  soil,  and  the  shells  it  contains.  The  soil  consists 
generally  of  mud.  s.alt,  and  sand  intermixed,  and  in  some 
parts  of  extensive  salt  marshes,  rendering  it  almost  whollv 
one  wide  and  sterile  waste,  destitute  of  wood.  A  few  fertile 
tracts  are  met  with  on  the  skirts  and  delta  of  the  Volga, 
including  some  excellent  p,astures.  Here  some  com  is  grown, 
with  some  fruits,  herds,  vines,  tobacco,  and  cotton.  Salt 
lakes  and  pools  are  numerous  throughout  the  province,  the 
largest  of  the  former,  liaskoochatskoe,  is  situated  E.  of  the 
Volga,  and  is  aliout  12  miles  in  length  and  5  in  breadth. 
The  fisheries  of  the  Volga  are  of  great  value,  no  stream  in 
the  world  being  more  abundantly  stocked  with  fish.  Many 
thousand  persons  are  employed  in  spring,  autumn,  and 
winter,  in  taking  fish,  chiefly  sturgeon:  from  the  roes  and 
bladder,  large  quantities  of  isinglass  and  caviare  are  manu- 
fectured. 

ASTROS,  is'tros,  or  ASTRO,  Js'tro,  a  town  of  Greece, 
Morea,  15  miles  S.  of  Argos.  on  the  Gulf  of  Argolis.  Here 
the  second  national  congress  of  the  Greeks  was  held  in 
April.  1823. 

ASTUDILLO,  3s-too-Deel'yo.  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Palencia.  The  public  buildings 
are  3  parish  churches,  a  town-hall,  parish,  convent,  2 
well-attended  schools,  and  an  hospital.     Pop.  4151. 

ASTURA,  Ss-t(X)'-ri.  a  maritime  village  of  Italy,  Pontifical 
Btntes  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Mediterranean,  (anc.  In'sula 
jis'tune,)  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Astura,  39  miles  S.E.  of 
Rome.  It  has  a  small  harbor,  and  a  lofty  tower,  supposed 
to  occupy  the  site  of  the  villa  of  Cicero,  and  near  which  he 
was  put  to  death  by  order  of  Antony,  B.C.  43.  Here  Con- 
radin.  the  last  of  the  Hohenstauffen  family,  was  betrayed 
after  the  battle  of  Tagliaeozzo.  in  1268. 

ASTURIAS,  Js-too're-3s.  an  ancient  division  of  Spain,  now 
province  of  Oviedo,  ("which  see.)  formerly  the  kingdom  of 
Asturia.  and  the  only  part  unconquered  by  the  Moors.  It 
was  inhabited  by  a  race  wltu  maintained  their  independence 
against  the  C.artjiaglfilans,  but  were  subdued  by  the  Romans 
in  the  time  of  Augustus.    After  the  fell  of  the  Roman  em- 


pire, Spain  was  overrun  by  the  Goths  and  Vandnis,  who 
were  opposed  by  the  Asturians  with  a  courage  that  loim 
resisted  all  their  efforts,  but  they  were  at  last  compelled  to 
yield.  Upon  the  Moorish  invasion,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
eighth  century,  the  mountains  of  As+uria  again  became  the 
refuge  of  those  who  still  struggled  against  the  eneniies  of 
Spain ;  Pela5'o  was  elected  king,  and  shortly  after  defeated  the 
Moors  at  Covadonga.  in  a  battle  which  may  be  considered  as 
the  inauguration  of  the  sanguinary  struggle  which  lasted  for 
eight  centuries,  and  ended  in  the  final  expulsion  of  the 
Sloors.  In  1388,  it  became  a  principality,  and  was  ap- 
pointed appanage  of  the  heir  to  the  Spanish  throne,  whc 
also  has  the  title  of  Prince  of  Asturias.  A  remarkabla 
security  of  person  and  property  has  long  existed  in  tliia 
country;  and  one  consetiuence  is,  that  the  peasantry,  in- 
stead of  congregating  in  walled  towns  for  protection,  live  in 
small  farms,  and  often  own  the  land  which  they  cultivate. 
The  patois  .spoken  by  the  peasantry  differs  from  theGalician, 
and  is  called  Bable.  Travelling  in  Asturias  is  performed  on 
mule  or  horseback,  the  roads  being  impassable  to  car- 
riages.  Adj.  and  inhab.,  Asturian,  as-too'n^-an. 

ASUAY  or  ASSUAY,  4s-soo-i',  or^ls-swi',  a  department  of 
Ecuador,  length  about  (344  miles;  breadth  about  276  miles. 
It  lies  on  the  E.  slope  and  to  the  E.  of  the  Andes,  and 
stretches  E.  over  the  immeasurable  plains  of  the  Amazon 
to  the  Orinoco  and  the  confines  of  Brazil.  The  whole  of  its 
W.  part  is  covered  by  the  Paramo  or  desert  of  Asuay.  whence 
the  department  is  named.  This  paramo  is  a  desert  mass  of 
mountains  running  E.  and  W..  joining  the  two  N.  and  S. 
parallel  ranges  of  mountains,  and  forms  the  S.  boundary  of 
the  plateau  of  Quito.  The  department  is  .watered  by  nume- 
rous streams,  all  affluents  of  the  Amazon. 

ASUNCION,  3-soon-se-on',  a  town  of  the  republic  of  Vene- 
zuela, on  the  N.  side  of  the  island  of  Marguerite. 

ASUNCION.    See  Assumption. 

A.SWARBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 

AS'W.^RDBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Lincoln. 

ASWATADA.    See  Querimha  Islands. 

ASYLUM,  j-sililm,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  S.  side  of  tlie  Susquehanna  River, 
about  38  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Wilke.sbarre.     Pop.  1241. 

ASYLUM,  a  post-oflice  of  Granville  co.,  North  Carolina. 

A  SYR.    See  Aseer. 

ASZALO,  <5s*si-lo',  a  market-town  of  Hungary  on  the 
Theiss.  3  miles  N.E.  of  Szisko. 

ASZOD,  a.s/sod\  a  town  of  Hungary,  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Pesth,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Theiss.  Pop.  2740,  many  of 
whom  are  occupied  in  preparing  sheep-skins. 

ATABAPO.  d-ti-bS/po,  a  considerable  river  of  Venezuela, 
rises  in  lat.  3°  10'  N.;  Ion.  06°  44'  W.,  whence  it  flows  nearly 
due  W.  for  about  70  or  80  miles;  then  turning  N.  falls  into 
the  Orinoco  at  San  Fernando;  length  about  140  miles. 
The  Atabapo  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  rifers  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  Its  waters  are  dark,  clear,  agreeable  to 
the  taste,  and  singularly  cool:  and  so  great  is  their  trans- 
parency, that  the  smallest  fishes  are  distinguishable  at  the 
depth  of  20  or  30  feet,  and  the  liottom,  which  consists  of 
w  hite  quartzy  sand,  is  usually  visible. 

ATACAMA,  3-td-kd/mJ.  a  thinly  peopled  province  of  Bo- 
livia, occupying  the  whole  of  the  seaboard  pos.sessed  by  that 
country,  and  extending  from  the  confines  of  Peru  to  those 
of  Chili;  length  about  290  miles;  breadth  from  the  Andes 
to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  about  150  miles.  It  is  divided 
into  the  upper  and  lower  country.  The  former  compre- 
hends the  part  on  the  N.E.  within  the  chain  of  the  Andes; 
and  contains  some  fertile  valleys.  In  the  S.  part  is  the 
desert  of  Atacama.  VicuBas  and  American  ostriclies  are  nu- 
merous. The  province  yields  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron, 
salt  and  alum;  and,  in  its  upper  parts,  has  many  warm 
medicinal  springs.  The  volcano  of  Atacama.  IR.OOO  feet 
high,  is  the  southernmost  of  the  Bolivian  series.  Lat.  21°  35* 
S.,  Ion.  69°  15'  W. 

AT.\CAMES,  S-td-kJ'mJs.  a  sm.all  seaport  town  of  Ecua- 
dor, 15  miles  S.W.  of  Esmeraldas. 

AT.\LAIA.  d-tl-ll'd,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  BeirarBaixa,  7  miles  S.  of  Thomar.    Pop.  2200. 

ATALANT.'V,  a  postoffice  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois. 

ATALAYA,  i-tl-li'd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  15  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Alagoas.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Alagoas  River.    Pop.  2000, 

ATALAYA,  a  fort  of  Brazil.  SO  miles  N.E.  of  Para,  on  the 
Atlantic,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Para  River. 

ATALAYA,  4-td-lT'd,  a  singular  town  of  the  island  of 
Canary,  near  Las  Palmas.  the  habitations  of  which  are  ex- 
cavated on  the  sides  of  Mount  St.  Antoine,  and  disposed  in 
regular  terraces.     Pop.  2000. 

ATARAIPU,  d-tl-ri-poo',  (the  "  devil's  rock.")  a  remarka- 
ble isolated  pyramidal  granitic  peak  in  British  Guiana,  lat. 
2°  55'  N.,  Ion.  68°  48/  W.  For  350  feet  above  its  base  the 
mountain  is  wooded,  and  for  650  feet  more  it  rises  in  a  pyra- 
midal form,  destitute  of  vegetation,  forming  a  striking  con- 
trast to  the  luxuriant  growth  at  the  base  and  in  all  the  sup- 
rounding  country. 

ATASCO'SA  CREEK,  Texas,  rises  in  Bexar  co.,  and.  flow- 
ing south-easterly,  enters  Bio  Frio  a  few  miles  from  its 
moutli. 

123 


.    ATA 


ATH 


ATAUAI,  a-tflw-I',  or  TAUAI,  also  written  ATOOI  and 
ATUI,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  lat.  22^  8'  N..  Ion.  159° 
•20'  W.,  about  240  miles  X.X.W.  of  Hawaii  or  Owyhee.  It  is 
of  an  oval  form,  40  miles  long,  and  more  than  24  miles  wide 
«t  the  broadest  part.  Area,  between  600  and  700  square 
miles.  It  slopes  on  all  sides  from  an  elevated  centre  to  the 
eea,  where  it  terminates  in  a  his^h  coast.  Numerous  wide, 
fertile,  and  cultivated  valleys  run  from  the  shore  inland. 
Pop.  1853  6,726. 

AT.A.U>',  i-tOwn',  a  decayed  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Guipuzcoa,  on  the  Argaunza,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tolosa.    Pop. 
2000.    It  had  formerly  an  important  fortress. 
ATAX.    See  Aude. 

ATBAilA.  dt-bi'ri.  a  territory  and  river  of  Nubia,  the  for- 
mer sometime*  called  the  island  of  Meroe.  from  its  beinp  par- 
tially insulated  by  the  river  Atbara  on  the  X.K.,  the  Bahr- 
el-.A.zrek  on  the  W.  and  S.W.,  and  the  Nile  on  the  N.^V. 
Linant  describes  it  as  a  very  flat  country,  with  mountains 
scattered  here  and  there,  like  stones  placed  on  a  floor.  The 
surface,  for  the  most  part,  is  thickly  covered  with  trees  and 
grass,  but  in  some  phvces  entirely  destitute  of  vegetation. 
The  whole  course  of  the  Atbara  River  from  Sofie,  the  point 
of  its  formation,  to  Kd-Damer,  (Adamer,)  where  it  joins  the 
Kile,  is  about  270  miles.  This  river  is  the  Astah/oras  of 
Strabo  and  Ptolemy, 

ATCHA,  at/ehi,  written  also  ATCHU,  ATCHA5I,  AT- 
CHAK,  ATSCIIAK,  or  ASKIIA,  one  of  the  Aleutian  islands 
of  the  Andrenovian  group,  Ion.  175°  W,,  about  75  miles  long 
by  10  miles  broad.  At  its  E.  point  is  a  harbor,  near  which 
Is  a  volcano  which  throws  out  a  considerable  quantity  of 
sulphur,  and  at  the  foot  of  which  there  is  a  hot  spring. 
Pop,  50  or  60, 

ATCHAFAL.\.yA  (atch-af-a-ll'a)  BAYOU,  Louisiana,  an 
outlet  of  Red  River,  commences  a  few  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Pointe  Coupee  parish. 
It  flows  nearly  southward  through  Chetimaches  Lake,  and 
enters  Atchatilaya  Bay,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  250  miles.  The  channel  is  obstructed 
by  driftwood;  but,  in  high  water,  steambo;its  navigate  it 
from  the  gulf  to  its  head.  Its  name,  in  the  Indian  dialect, 
signifies  "  lost  water."  There  are  strong  reasons  for  believ- 
ing that  this  bayou  was  formerly  the  main  channel  of  Red 
River. 
AT'CHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
ATCIIEEN.    See  AcHEEX. 

ATCIIKR.^,  dt-ch.i'ri,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Bombay, 
on  the  Malabar  coast,  55  miles  N,  of  Goa.  It  was  formerly 
a  notorious  depot  for  goods  obtained  by  piracy. 

ATCHINSK,  i-cheensk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Yeniseisk,  75  miles  W.  of  Krasnoyarsk,  on  the  Tchoolim 
(Tchulym.)  an  affluent  of  the  Obi. 

ATCHINSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Perm,  and 
in  the  vi.-inity  of  the  city  of  that  name. 

ATCH'ISON,  a  county  forming  the  N.\V.  extremity  of  Mis- 
souri, bordering  on  Iowa  and  the  Missouri  River,  has  an 
area  of  700  square  miles.  The  Missouri  separates  it  from 
Nebraska  on  the  W.,  the  Nodaway  forms  its  boundary  on 
the  E..  and  it  is  intersected  by  the  Tarkeo  and  NLshnabii- 
tona  Rivers.  Capital,  Linden.  Pop.  4649;  of  whom  4590 
were  free,  and  59  slaves. 

ATCHISON  CITY,  capital  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  36  miles  by  water  above  Leavenworth,  Pop. 
in  1860,  2iil6.     See  Appenwx. 

ATCHUJ  EFF,  at<hoo-zh5fr',  or  ATCHU,  StYhoo/.  an  island 
of  Russia,  in  the  Strait  of  Yenikale,  in  lat.  45°  15'  N.,  Ion. 
36°  40'  E. 

ATEC.i,  d-tA'kd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  .\ragon,  5  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Ciitalayud.  on  the  Jalon.     Pop.  3600. 

ATEK.  Kl.  i\  a'tef.  a  town  of  North  Africa,  in  the  Sahara, 
lat.  32°  28'  N..  Ion.  2°18'  E.  Itis  composed  of  from  500  to  600 
bouses,  including  6  mosques. 

ATEGERAT,  J-te-gher-it/,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  state  of 
Tigre,  on  a  mountain  8180  feet  in  elevation,"65  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Antalo.  with  a  royal  residence,  and  2200  inhabitants, 

ATELL.A.,  1-t^lll.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata. 
6  miles  S.  of  Melfi,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  an  affluent 
of  the  Ofanto. 
ATELLA.    See  Aversa. 

ATENA,  i-tA'ni,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Citra,  45  miles  S.K.  of  Salerno.    Pop.  3400. 

ATEUXO,  d-t^K/no,  (anc,  Aler>nus,)  a  river  of  Naples,  rises 
In  the  Apennines,  and  flows  into  the  Adriatic  at  Pescara. 
Length.  80  miles.  In  the  latter  half  of  its  course  it  is  called 
the  Pescara  River. 

ATE3I1GA,  a'tJshga\  ATESCH-JAH,  J't^shVja\AT'ESir. 
GAr,orATASHK-UUbA,  J'tish-ud'da,  (the  '-place  of  fire,") 
a  spot  on  the  peninsula  of  .\psheron,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
Caspian  Sea,  the  object  of  numerous  pilgrim.ages  by  the 
Guebers,  who  regard  it  as  sacred,  and  worship  the  fire  which 
issues  from  it  by  the  ignition  of  the  naphtha,  with  which 
the  soil  is  thr<iughly  impregnated.  The  Atesch-Jah  is  about 
one  mile  in  diameter,  and  from  its  centre,  when  the  weather 
is  dry,  emits  a  yellowish-blue  flame,  visible  by  day,  but,  of 
course,  much  increased  in  intensity  during  night. 
ATESS.A..  d-t^s/sl,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 


Citra,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tasto  d'.^mmone.  It  hag  a 
beautiful  collegiate  church,  4  parish  churches,  several  con- 
vents, a  hospital,  and  3  moids-de-piiti.    Pop.  7526. 

ATESTE.     See  Este. 

ATFEH.  It'ff^h',  a  village  of  Lower  Egypt,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  W.  branch  of  the  Nile,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mahmoo- 
deeyeh  Canal,  where  passengers  from  Alexandria  embark 
in  steamers  for  Cairo,  distant  88  miles  S.S.E, 

ATFIEH  or  ATFEH.  dt-fee',  a  town  of  .Middle  Egypt,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  40  miles  S.  of  Cairo,  supjiosed  to 
be  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Aphroditop/oUs.     Pop.  4000. 

.\TH  or  A.\TH,  dt,  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  on  the  Dender,  and  on  the  railwav  from  Brussels 
to  Lille,  20  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Tourn.\v.  Pop.  8789.  It  is  well 
built,  and  has  a  remarkable  church  and  college,  school  of 
design,  orphan  a-sylam,  town-hall,  and  barracks ;  also,  various 
manufiictUres,  bleaching  and  dveing-works,  &c. 

ATIPABAS'CA  or  ATTI  APES'COW,  a  lake  and  river  of  Bri- 
tish North  America.  The  lake,  l."»t,  59°  N.,  Ion.  from  100°  to 
112°  W.,  is  230  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  with  a  breadth 
averaging  20  miles.  Near  its  S.W.  extremity  it  receives  tha 
Athabasca  River,  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Jlountains.  and 
flows  north-eastward  to  join  it  after  a  long  and  tortuous 
course.  Lake  Athabasca  discharges  its  waters  northward 
by  Slave  River,  and  it  communicates,  lx)th  through  the 
Slave  Lake  and  Mackenzie  River  with  the  Polar  Sea.  and 
through  WoUaston  and  Deer  Lakes,  and  Churchill  I'.iver, 
with  Hudson's  Bay.  A  shoal  of  several  miles  in  extent 
is  formed  on  its  S.  shore  by  the  drift  timlier  and  vege- 
table debris  brought  down  by  the  rivers.  On  Athabasca 
River  is  Fort  Assiuiboine.  in  lat.  54°  20'  N..  Ion.  114°  3'  E, 
This  lake  is  sometimes  called  Lake  of  the  Mountiins ;  (Fr. 
Lac-dn-Montagnes.  lik  dA  m(\x«'tdB'.) 

ATHAS/SKL,  or  ItEL'lCKMUlt/RY,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Munster,  co.  of  Tipperarv, 

ATHBOY',  (the  "yellow  ford,")  a  town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath.  on  an  .affluent  of  the  Boyne, 
6  miles  N  W.  of  Trim.     Pop.  of  the  town,  2000. 

ATH'ELINGTON  or  AI/LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Suffolk. 

ATH'ELNEY,  Isle  op,  a  small  tract  of  about  100  acres  in 
England,  co.  of  Somerset,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Bridgewater.  and 
formerly  an  island  at  the  junction  of  the  Tone  and  PaiTot 
Rivers.  Here  Alfred  the  Great  found  a  refuge  during  the 
Danish  Invasion,  and  founded  an  abbey,  about  the  year  8S8. 

ATH'ELSTANEFORD,  a  parish  of  Scotland  co.,  and  3J 
miles  N.E.  of  Haddington.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Home, 
author  of  the  tragedy  of '■  Douglas,"  and  of  Blair,  the  author 
of  the  "Grave." 

ATHEN^?;.    See  Athens. 

ATHENRY,  athVn-ri',  a  to>vn  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Connaught,  13  miles  E.  of  Galway.  It  has  some  historical 
interest,  and  in  e;u-ly  times  sent  two  representatives  to  the 
Irish  Parliament. 

ATHENS,  ath'enz.  (anc.  AtJiefnre,  Gr.  AOnyai.  pronounced 
by  the  modern  Greeks  i-thee'nd.)  the  capital  of  Greece,  and 
not  only  for  several  ages  the  centre  of  European  civilization, 
but  still,  in  many  respects,  particularly  to  the  scholar  and 
the  artist,  the  most  interesting  city  in  the  world.  Its  site, 
equally  magnificent  for  scenery  and  advantageous  for  com- 
merce, is  about  4  miles  N.E.  of  the  Saronic  Gulf,  or  Gulf  of 
^ginn.  in  an  extensive  plain  of  its  own  name,  watered  by 
the  Ilissus  and  Cephisus.  and  surrounded  by  hills  on  all 
sides,  except  towards  the  sea.  where  it  lies  open,  and  gives  a 
fine  view,  both  of  the  gulf  and  the  numerous  islands  which 
seem  to  float  on  its  surface.  This  plain,  instead  of  being 
uniformly  level,  is  broken  by  numerous  ridges  of  limestone, 
several  of  which,  with  their  intervening  valleys,  are  partly 
occupied  by  the  city ;  while  the  highest  of  them  rises  up  pi'e- 
cipitously,  and  forms  the  Acropolis  or  citadel.  The  chief 
approaches  to  Athens  are  one  on  the  W.  by  way  of  Eleusis, 
over  a  well-made  carriage  road,  in  a  plain  remarkable  for  the 
luxuriant  beauty  of  its  oleanders;  and  another  on  the  S.W., 
by  the  celebrated  h.arbor  of  Pirseus,  along  a  tr:u-t  which, 
though  once  a  mere  swamp,  is  now  covered  with  vine- 
yard.s,  oliveyards,  and  fig  plantations.  In  its  most  prosper- 
ous days,  Athens  enclosed  a  large  spiice.  including  not  only 
the  city  proper,  but  a  long,  narrow  subjirb,  stretching  con- 
tinuously to  the  Pir.xus,  and  was  surrounded  by  walls 
which  had  a  circuit  of  nearly  20  miles.  Parts  of  these  walls 
still  remain,  particularly  on  the  S.  and  W. ;  but  w  ithiu  a 
comparatively  modern  period,  a  wall  of  about  4  miles  in  cir- 
cuit had  been  built,  enclosing  a  space  which,  during  the 
possession  of  the  city  by  the  Turks,  was  more  than  siif- 
ficient  to  accommodate  its  inhabitants.  Since  1834.  when 
Athens  again  became  the  seat  of  government,  this  wall, 
which  was  in  a  ruinous  state,  has  been  pulled  down  to 
make  way  for  new  streets  and  edifices,  which  are  rapidly 
springing  up  on  all  sides,  and  promise  to  give  the  city  at 
lei\st  the  appearanc-e  of  a  modern  capital,  how  much  soever 
they  may  £iil  to  rival  its  ancient  splendor. 

The  Acropolis,  or  ancient  centre  of  Athens,  on  which  most 
of  its  noblest  monuments  are  placed,  is  an  isolated,  rocky 
height,  rising  150  feet  above  the  adjacent  plain,  »nd  1 13x  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.    Its  summit  is  enclf*ed  by  woU» 


ATH 

8330  yards  in  circuit.  The  modern  city  is  built  mostly  on 
its  W.  and  N.  sides,  in  wliicli  directions  many  new  tliorougli- 
fiires  liave  been  laid  out,  the  principal  being  Jlinerva,  JEo- 
lus,  Hermes,  and  Market  streets.  Since  the  est,'il)Iishment  of 
the  seat  of  government  here  in  1S35,  the  old  walls  which, 
during  the  Turkish  rule,  surrounded  Athens,  have  been 
taken  down,  and  well-built  houses  are  springing  up  on  every 
side.  The  new  palace,  built  between  1836  and  1H43,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Lycabettus)  and  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
from  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  a  quadrangular  building,  300 
feet  in  length  by  280  in  breadth,  with  two  internal  courts,  a 
portico  of  i'entelic  marble,  and  richly  decorated  apartments. 
In  front  is  a  square,  in  which  the  bloodless  revolution  of  Sep- 
tember 15th,  1844,  was  enacted.  The  university  (founded 
1836)  is  the  finest  modern  building,  containing  an  anatomi- 
cal theatre,  a  library  of  28,000  volumes,  with  34  professors 
and  teachers,  and  (in  1845)  195  students  There  are,  besides, 
a  gymnasium,  witii  upwards  of  500  pupils,  a  military  and 
an  ecclesiastical  academy,  polytechnic,  American  mission- 
ary, infant,  and  Lancastei'ian  schools,  a  seminary  for  teach- 
ers, a  botanic  garden,  and  society  of  natural  history.  The 
cathedral  is  ahandsome  Byzantine  structure,  with  a  modern 
steeple.  Other  chief  modern  edifices  are  the  barracks,  civil 
and  military  hospitals,  a  new  cathedral  in  progress  of  con- 
struction, an  English  chapel,  Protestant  and  Greek  cemete- 
ries, royal  mint,  chamber  of  representatives,  theatre,  and 
observatory.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  sovereign,  the  seat 
of  a  university,  and  supreme  courts  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Attica. 

Athens  has  no  manufactures,  and  as  yet  cannot  be  said 
to  have  any  important  trade,  though  it  has  an  excellent 
harbor,  which  seems  to  invite  the  commerce  both  of  the  K. 
and  the  W.  This  harbor,  called  in  modern  times  Porto  Le- 
one, from  the  marble  colossal  lions  which  once  stood  upon 
it,  hut  still  better  known  by  its  ancient  name  of  Piraeus,  is 
about  4  miles  to  the  S.W.  of  the  city,  and  was  brought 
within  its  enclosure  by  means  of  what  was  called  the  Long 
Walls.  It  is  very  deep  and  capacious,  forming  a  large  basin, 
which  is  somewhat  difficult  of  entrance,  but  within  which, 
in  its  best  days,  1000  triremes  have  rode.  To  the  trade  of 
this  port,  and  the  naval  superiority  connected  with  it, 
Athens  was  mainly  indebted  for  the  pre-eminence  which 
she  held  among  the  states  of  Greece;  and,  apjmrently,  to 
the  same  sources  must  she  still  look,  if  she  is  again  to  be- 
come greitt.  Of  this  the  government  seems  fully  aware ;  and, 
accordingly,  one  of  its  earliest  labors  was  to  fill  up  a  marsh, 
and  commence  the  construction  of  a  quay,  at  which  several 
hundred  merchant  vessels  may  lie.  Pirasus  itself,  instead 
of  being  a  mere  suburb,  is  rapidly  rising  into  a  town.  It 
has  been  almost  entirely  built  since  1834,  and  already  con- 
tains 1000  houses. 

The  city  is  reputed  to  have  been  founded  by  Cecrops,  b.  c. 
1336 ;  it  fell  to  Kome,  b.  c.  86 ;  since  then,  it  has  belonged 
successively  to  Goths,  Byzantines,  Burgundians,  Franks, 
Catalans,  Florentines,  Venetians,  and  Turks.  Principal  an- 
tiquities, the  Acropolis,  or  ancient  citadel,  surmounted  by 
the  Parthenon,  an  edifice  of  white  marble,  228  feet  in  length 
by  lOO  teet  in  breadth,  and  still  tolerably  perfect ;  the  Erech- 
theium,  a  building  90  feet  in  length;  remains  of  the  Tem- 
ple of  the  Wingless  Victory,  recently  restored  inajudicious 
manner  by  the  government ;  the  PropylKa,  or  grand  entrance 
in  front  of  the  foregoing  temples ;  and  the  theatre  of  Herodes 
Atticus.  at  the  S.W.  angle  of  the  Acropolis.  N.  of  the  Are- 
opagus is  the  Temple  of  Theseus,  one  of  the  most  perfect 
monuments  of  ancient  Athens,  having  34  remaining  Doric 
columns  outside,  and  containing  a  rich  museum  of  antiqui- 
ties. Areopagus,  or  liars'  Hill,  where  St.  Paul  addressed 
the  Athenians,  the  Pnyx,  where  popular  meetings  were 
held,  the  Eleusinium,  the  prison  of  Socrates,  and  Tower  of 
the  ^V■inds,  vestiges  of  the  Temple  and  Theatre  of  Bacchus, 
the  Grotto  of  Apollo  and  Pan.  Outside  of  the  city,  16  Co- 
rinthian columns,  60  feet  in  height,  on  a  raised  platform, 
remain  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Olympius,  and  near  the 
Ilissus  the  Stadium,  or  ancient  race-course,  is  still  trace- 
able. Athens  became  the  seat  of  the  Greek  government  Re- 
moved hither  from  Nauplia)  in  1835.  Pop.  1861,  41,298. 
Atliens  is  said  to  have  been  named  in  honor  of  Minerva,  (in 
Gr.  Ab.-'j/a,  Athena,)  who  was  regarded  as  the  tutelary  god- 
dess of  the  city. Adj.  and  inhab.  Athesiax,  l-thee^ne-an. 

ATII'KNS,  a  county  in  Ohio,  situ.ited  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
the  stnte,  on  tlie  Ohio  River,  contains  about  430  square  miles. 
It  is  watered  by  the  Ilockhocking  Kiver.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  is-ith  intervals  of  rich  bottom  lands,  and  the  hills  are 
covered  with  fertile  soil  and  a  heavy  growth  of  trees.  Iron 
ore  is  found  in  many  places,  call  is  abundant,  and  salt  is 
manuf;>'tured  extensively  in  the  county.  The  Hocking 
Canal  ex  .'ends  from  the  centre  of  the  county  to  the  Ohio 
Canal.    Capital,  Athens.     Pop.  21,364. 

ATHENS,  a  post-township  of  Someraet  co.,  Maine,  45 
miles  N.  of  Augusta,  intersected  by  a  branch  of  the  Kenne- 
bec River.     Pop.  1417. 

ATHENS,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont, 
about  100  miles  S.  of  Montpelior.     Pop.  382. 

ATHENS,  a  post-borough  of  Greene  co.,  New  York,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  Hudson  Kiver,  29  miles  below  Albany,  and  op- 


ATI! 

posite  the  city  of  Hudson.  It  contains  5  or  6  churches  ant. 
numerous  stores.  Incorj)orated  in  1805.  Estimated  popula- 
tion in  ISCO,  1400.  A  steam  ferry-l)Oat  plies  between  Athen* 
and  Hudson.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2791. 

ATHENS,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  right  bank  of  the  N.  branch  of  Susquehanna 
River,  15  miles  N.  of  Towanda.  The  Tioga  or  Chemung 
River  flows  along  the  W.  side  of  the  borough  and  enters  the 
Susquehanna  2  miles  below.  The  confiuence  of  these 
streams  forms  an  elliptical  peninsula,  the  lower  extremity 
of  which  is  known  as  Tioga  Point,  which  was  formerly  a 
noted  station  of  Indian  traders.  Athens  is  delightfully 
situated  in  the  narrowest  part  of  the  peninsula.  It  con- 
tains several  mills,  foundries,  &.c.,  and  carries  on  an  active 
trade  by  means  of  the  North  Branch  Canal.  Incorporated 
in  1831.  Pop.  in  1860,  from  1200  to  1500.  Pop.oftlie  town- 
ship. .'^01.3. 

ATHENS,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Meadville.     Pop.  1192. 

ATHENS,  a  post-ofHce  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia. 

ATHENS,  a  fiourishing  town  of  Clarke  co..  Georgia,  is 
situated  on  the  Oconee  River,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Athens 
Branch  Railroad.  92  miles  W.N.W.  from  Augusta,  and  71  mile* 
N.  of  Milledgeville.  The  situation  is  healthy  and  the  climate 
delightful.  Since  the  construction  of  the  railroad  the  town 
has  increased  rapidlj',  and  has  become  the  market  for  an 
extensive  cotton-growing  region.  Among  the  public  build- 
ings are  5  churches,  a  town-hall,  a  bank,  and  several  large 
hotels.  There  is  a  cotton  manufactory  in  this  town  and  o 
others  within  a  few  miles.  The  Franklin  College  of  this 
place  is  a  flourishing  institution.  Population  in  1880, 
3848. 

ATHENS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Limestone  co.,  Alabama, 
154  miles  N.N.E  of  Tuscaloosa,  and  25  miles  W,  by  N.  of 
Iluntsville.  It  contains  a  court-house.  3  churches,  1  print- 
ing-office, several  stores,  and  a  female  institute,  the  build- 
ing of  which  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the  village. 

ATHENS,  a  po.st-village  of  Monroe  co..  Mississippi,  5  miles 
E.  of  Aberdeen,  the  county-seat,  and  170  miles  N.E.  of  Jack- 
son, in  the  midst  of  a  highly  productive  country,  which  is 
being  settled  rapidly. 

ATHENS,  a  post-village  of  Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana,  on 
the  road  from  Homer,  the  seat  of  justice  to  Sparta. 

ATHENS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Henderson  co.,  Texas, 
20  miles  E.  of  the  Trinity  River,  and  220  miles  N.E.  of  Austin 
City.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  undulating  countrj-, 
which  is  supplied  with  good  water,  and  is  well  adapted  to 
the  cultivation  of  cotton  and  maize.  Laid  out  in  ISol.  In 
1852  it  had  3  stores  and  .several  dwellings. 

ATHENS,  a  village  in  Izard  co.,  Arkansas,  on  the  N. 
bank  of  White  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Pine  Bayou,  about  6 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mount  Olive. 

ATHENS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  McMinn  co..  Tennessee, 
on  the  E.  Tennessee  and  Georgia  Railroad.  55  miles  N.E.  from 
Dalton,  and  154  miles.  E.S.E.  from  Nashville.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  3  churches,  several  seminaries,  1  printing  ofhce, 
2  l)anks,  and  numerous  stores.     Pop.  678. 

ATHENS,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Fayette  co„  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  turnpike  from  Lexington  to  Richmond,  11 
miles  S,E.  from  the  former,  is  surrounded  by  rich,  well-cul- 
tivated farms,  and  a  prosperous  community.  It  has  2 
churches,  several  stores,  and  about  500  inhalrjtants. 

ATHENS,  a  post-township  of  Athens  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2852 

ATHENS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ilockhocking  River,  72  miles 
S.E.  from  Columbus.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Ohio  University, 
the  oldest  college  in  the  state,  (founded  in  1804.)  The  Hock- 
ing Canal  connects  this  village  wltli  the  Ohio  Canal.  It 
has  a  national  bank  and  a  state  bank.     Pop.  near  \hOO. 

ATHENS,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1356. 

ATHENS,  a  post-township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan, 
about  20  miles  S.W.  from  Marshall.     Pop.  980. 

ATHENS,  a  post-village  of  Menard  co.,  Illinois,  12  miles 
N.N.W.  from  Springfield.    Pop.  392. 

ATHENS,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Kaskas- 
kia  River,  33  miles  S.  E.  of  St.  Louis.  The  river  is  naviga- 
ble for  small  boats  to  this  point. 

ATHENS,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Mis.souri,  on  the 
Des  Sloines  River,  25  utiles  from  its  mouth ;  has  3  stores  and 
a  flouring-mill. 

ATHENS,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin. 

ATH'ENSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsy- 
vania.  aliout  8  miles  W.  from  Philadelphia. 

ATHEN  SVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Illinois. 

ATHERTNGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ATHERINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  FbrHus  Adurhn  of  the  Romans. 

ATH'KRSTONE,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Warwick,  on  the  Roman  Watling-street,  12  miles 
N.N.W.  of  the  Coventry  Station  of  the  London  and  Birming- 
ham Railwav.    Pop.  in  1861.  3819. 

ATH/ERSTONE-ON-STOUR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick,  on  the  Stour. 

ATH'ERTON.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Newton.    Pop.  in  1851, 4C55,mostlv  employed 

125 


ATII 


ATL 


In   collieries,  cotton  feotories.  nnd  iron-works.    It  has  a 
Btation  on  the  Bolton  and  Kenvon  Railway. 

ATHKSIS.     PeeADiGE. 

ATHIS.  dHee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ome,  on 
the  Pans  and  Corbeil  Kailway.  10  miles  S.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in 
1852,  4605.     Manufactures  woollen  stuffs  and  ribbons. 

ATHTliEAGUE,  a  parish  and  Tillage  of  Ireland,  Con- 
naught,  counties  of  Roscommon  and  Gal  way. 

ATKLOXE,  ath-lAne',  {Atliluan,  '-ford  of  the  moon,")  a 
town  and  barony  of  Ireland,  on  both  sides  of  the  Shannon, 
»bout  67  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Dublin.  The  two  divisions 
were  formerly  called  English  town  and  Irish  town,  hut  are 
now  known  as  the  Leinster  side  and  Connaught  side.  On  the 
latter  side  is  the  castle  of  -ithlone,  erected  in  the  reign  of 
King  .7ohn.  and  enlarged  and  strengthened  in  that  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  now  strongly  fortified  in  the  modern  style. 
The  town  was  incorporated  by  a  charter  from  James  I.,  and 
received  a  further  charter  from  Charles  II.  It  derives  its 
import^mce  from  being  one  of  the  chief  stations  or  govern- 
ment depots  for  troops  and  military  stores  in  Ireland.  The 
barracks,  N.W.  of  the  ca.stle.  can  accommodate  2000  men ;  to 
it  an  ordnance-yard,  magazines,  armory,  with  muskets  for 
15,000  men,  and  hospital,  are  attached,  all  occupying  an  ele- 
vated position  on  the  river,  above  the  bridge,  and,  with  the 
three  large  squares  for  p.vade  and  exercise,  cover  at  least  15 
English  acres.  X.W.  of  the  barracks,  and  outside  the  town, 
are  extensive  outforts  and  batteries,  commanding  the  main 
road  from  Galway  and  Ballinasloe.  By  means  of  a  cjinal  .it 
Athlone,  a  mile  long,  constructed  for  the  purpose  of  avoid- 
ing some  fords,  the  Shannon  is  rendered  navigable  for  71 
miles  above  the  town.  The  facilities  for  carrying  on  trade 
here  are  further  augmented  by  the  grand  canal  from  Dul> 
lin,  which  joins  the  Shannon  17  miles  below  the  town.  The 
first  bridge  in  Ireland  is  said  to  have  been  one  built  across 
the  Shannon,  at  Athlone.  by  Turlough  O'Connor,  King  of 
Connaught,  in  1140.  Athlone  sent  two  members  to  the 
Irish  Parliament,  but  sends  onlv  one  to  the  British  House 
of  Commons.     Pop.  of  town.  (IS'-il.)  6393. 

ATIILUMXEY,  ath-lum'nee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Meath. 

ATIIXASSEY,  ath-nas/see,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

ATHN'OWEX.  ath-no'en,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

ATIIOL.  ATIIOLE.  or  ATHOLL.  ^'thol,  a  district  of  Scot- 
land, comprising  the  X.  part  of  Perthshire.  Area,  about  450 
square  miles.  The  country  is  elevated,  and  very  picturesque. 
Gairn  Gower  Mountain  is  3690  feet,  and  the  Searscock  3400 
feet  in  elevatio-i.  Blair-.\thol.  a  fertile  vale  on  the  Garry, 
and  the  forest  of  Athol,  100.000  acres,  are  stocked  with  red 
deer  and  game.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  head  of 
the  Slurray  family,  its  chief  proprietor. 

ATIIOL,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co..  5Iassachusetts, 
about  05  miles  W.X.W.  of  Boston,  intorsected  by  Millers 
River,  which  affords  abundant  water-power,  and  by  the  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  RR.  It  has  1  bank,  7  churches, 
and  manufactures  of  scythes,  cotton  goods,  Ac.     Pop.  2604. 

A'TilOI-.  a  post'Village  and  township  of  Warren  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  S.  bank  of  a  small  tributary  of  the  Hudson, 
about  60  miles  X.N.W.  of  Albany.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
1590. 

ATHOL  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co..  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Vernon  and  Massachusetts  Railroad,  33  miles 
■W.  of  Fitchburg. 

ATH'OS.  MOUXT.  called  Hn'glnn  m-ns,  Monte  Santo, 
or  the  Holy  Mountain,  by  the  modern  Greeks,  a  celebrated 
mountain  of  Greece,  at  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Chakis.  80  miles  S.E.  of  Salonica,  culminating  point  6778 
feet  iu  elevation.  Lat,  40°  16'  N..  Ion.  24°  10'  E.  Previous 
to  the  late  Greek  insurrection,  the  flanks  of  this  mountain 
were  occupied  by  several  villages,  and  22  convents,  besides 
500  chapels,  cellst  and  grottoes,  which  served  as  the  habita- 
tion of  more  than  4000  monks :  those  called  hermits  lived 
in  caves.  In  the  intervals  of  their  religious  duties,  these 
monks  were  employed  in  preparing  the  soil,  cultivating 
vines  and  olives,  and  rearing  many  bees,  which  enabled 
them  to  export  annually  a  great  quantity  of  wax.  They 
also  made  numerous  linages  and  other  objects  in  wood, 
which  were  shipped  at  the  port  of  Alvara,  a  fortified  village 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  mountain,  inljabited  by  500  monks. 
This  was  the  seat  of  the  first  ecclesiastical  seminary  of  the 
Greek  Church,  and  its  most  celebrated  theological  school ; 
here,  also,  were  preserved  the  remains  of  the  femous  libra- 
ries whii'h  furnished  to  learned  Europe  the  MSS.  of  so  many 
masterpieces  of  ancient  Greek  literature.  The  ancient  geo- 
graphers assigned  an  extraordinary  elevation  to  Mount 
Atlios.  and  asserted  that  the  sun  was  visible  from  its  sum- 
mit three  hours  earlier  than  on  the  shores  of  the  ^li^gean 
Sea.  Vestiges  of  the  canal  cut  by  Xerxes,  to  avoid  the  dan- 
gers of  circumnavigating  the  promontory,  have  recently 
been  discovered. 

ATIIY.  ath-i'.  (anc.  Athlegar,  "the  western  ford,")  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Ireland,  and  the  largest  in  the  county  of  Kil- 
dare.  Leinster.  on  the  Itarrow.  hure  crossed  by  a  bridge,  and 
on  an  arm  of  the  Grand  Canal,  33i  miles  S.W.  of  Dublin.  It 
is  the  seat  of  county  summer  assizes,  and  has  trade  in  com, 
12a 


butter,  and  malt.  Athy  is  one  of  the  chief  stations  on  tha 
Carlow  branch  of  the  Southern  and  AVestern  Railroad. 
Woodstock  castle,  built  in  the  fifteenth  century,  is  in  a 
state  of  tolerable  preservation.  The  town  stands  partly  in 
the  two  parishes  of  St.  John  and  St.  Michael.  Pop.  iu  1841, 
4698. 

ATIBAIA,  l-te-bi'd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name.  110 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Santos.  .     • 

ATIENZA,  a-te-in'thi,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  48 
miles  S.W.  of  Soria.     Pop.  2000. 

ATINA,  l-tee'ni  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Terra  dl 
Lavoro,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Sora,  near  the  Melfa.  It  has 
a  cathedral,  a  convent,  and  a  hospital;  was  formerly  a 
bishopric,  and  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of  Italy, 
being  named  by  Virgil  among  the  cities  that  took  part  in 
the  war  between  .^neas  and  Turnus,  prince  of  the  Bittuli, 
It  was  a  Roman  colony  during  the  reign  of  Nero,  and  then 
considered  one  of  the  most  populous  and  important  in  the 
empire.     It  has  some  manufactories  of  carpets.     Pop.  0768. 

ATITLAX,  a-tee-tlSn/,  a  lake,  town,  and  volcano  of  Cen- 
tral America.  80  miles  N.W.  of  Guatemala.  The  lake  is  24 
miles  in  length  from  E.  to  AV.,  by  10  miles  in  breadth,  very 
deep,  and  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains.  The  town,  San- 
tiago de  Atitlan,  is  on  its  S.  side,  between  two  volcanoes. 
Elevation  of  the  volcano  of  Atitlan,  12.500  feet. 

ATKARSK,  dt'kaRsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  50  miles  N.W.  of 
Saratov,  on  the  Atkara  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Medvieditsa. 
Pop.  1300. 

ATKHA.    See  Atcha. 

AT'KIXSON,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co..  Maine, 
about  80  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta,  has  an  academy  which  may 
claim  its  origin  from  John  Adams.     Poj).  897. 

ATKINSON,  a  post-township  of  Rorkingham  co..  New 
Hampshire,  about>35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  546. 

ATKINSON,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky. 

ATKINSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Sliffliu  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania. 

ATLANTA,  at-lan'ta,  a  flourishing  city  of  Fulton  co^ 
Georgia,  is  situated  alx)ut  7  miles  S.E.  of  the  Chattahoochee 
River,  and  on  the  line  of  railroads  leading  from  S,ivaunah 
to  Chattanooga  and  X'ashville,  Tennessee,  101  miles  X'.W. 
of  Macon,  171  W.  of  Augusta,  and  291  miles  from  Nash- 
ville. The  situation  is  elevated  and  remarkably  healthj. 
Four  of  the  principal  railroads  of  the  state  terminate  at  this 
town,  and  render  it  a  place  of  great  activity  in  business, 
and  a  depSt  for  the  cotton  and  grain  of  several  adjoining 
counties.  The  Georgia  Railroad  extends  from  Atlanta  to 
.^.ugusta;  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad  to  the  city  of 
Macon;  the  Atlantic  and  Western  Railroad,  which  was 
opened  in  1S50.  leads  to  Chattanooga,  Tennessee;  and  the 
La  Grange  Railroad,  which  was  finish'ed  in  1852.  connects 
Atlanta  with  West  Point,  72  miles  distant.  Atlanta  was 
laid  out  in  1845,  since  which  it  has  become  one  of  the  most 
important  towns  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  In  1847 
it  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  It  has  5  or  6  churches,  2 
newspaper  offices,  and  a  hank.  Pop.  in  1850,  2572;  in  1860, 
9554.  A  battle  was  fonght  in  this  vicinity  between  Gen. 
Sherman  and  Gen.  Hood,  July  22,  1864;  Atlanta  was  taken 
by  the  Union  troops  on  Sept.  2,  1864. 

ATL.4.NmC.  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
has  an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.E.  by  Little  Egg  Harbor  River,  on  the  S.E.  by  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  and  partly  on  the  S.  by  Tuckahoe  Creek,  and 
intersected  by  Great  Egg  Harbor  River,  which  falls  into  a 
bay  of  the  same  name.  It  is. indented  by  Great  Bay.  Abse- 
cum  Bay,  Grassy  Bay,  and  Lakes  Bay,  which  contain  beds 
of  oysters  and  other  shell-fish.  The  surface  is  level,  the 
soil  near  the  sea-coast  marshy,  but  in  the  interior  lieht  and 
sandy.  The  Camden  and  Atlantic  Railroad  passes  Through 
the  county.  Formed  in  1837  from  a  part  of  Gloucester 
county,  and  named  from  the  ocean  on  which  it  boi-ders. 
CapitaL  Cape  May  Landing.     Pop.  11,786. 

ATL.\XTIC.  apost-townsliip.  Monnionihco..N.J.  Pop.ie92 

ATLANTIC  CITY,  a  village  and  fashionable  watering- 
place  of  Atlantic  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  at 
the  S.E.  terminus  of  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  Railroad, 
(opened  July  1,  1854.)  Extensive  and  costly  buildings,  with 
every  accommodation,  have  recently  been  erected  here  for 
the  reception  of  visitors  seekins  sea  air  and  bathing, 

ATLAXrriC  OCEAN,  (L.  Athm'Hciut  Ocelanns.)  one  of  th« 
five  great  hydrographical  divisions  of  the  globe,  occupies  an 
immense  longitudinal  valley,  and  extends  from  the  Arctic 
Circle  on  the  N.  to  the  Antarctic  Circle  on  the  S..  bounded 
W.  by  the  coa-st  of  America  to  Cape  Horn,  and  thence  by  a 
line  continued  on  the  same  meridian  to  the  Antarctic  Cjrcle, 
and  E.  by  the  shores  of  Europe  and  Africa  to  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  thence  prolonged  on  the  meridian  of  Cape 
.\^gulha,s  till  it  meets  the  Antarctic  Circle.  Its  extreme 
breadth  is  about  5000  miles,  and  its  are*  is  computed  at 
25,000,000  square  miles.  It  is  naturally  divided  into  three 
portions :  1st,  the  N, ;  2d,  the  S. ;  and  3d,  the  intertropical 
Atlantic.  The  North  Sea  or  German  Ocean,  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  and  the  Irish  Sea,  form  portions  of  the  Atlanti': ;  but  the 
Baltic  and  the  Mediterranean,  which  commuuicutc  vri/h  th« 


ATL 


ATO 


North  Sea  by  naiTOW  channels,  are  properly  consictered 
separate  seas.  The  principal  gulfs  of  the  Atlantic  are,  in 
Europe,  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  or  Golfe  de  Oascogne;  in  Africa, 
the  Gulf  of  Guinea;  in  America,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
the  Gulf  of  St.  I>awrence.  The  chief  islands  are,  in  Europe, 
the  British  Isles  and  Iceland ;  in  Africa,  the  Azores,  Ma- 
deira, and  Canary  Islands,  and  the  Archip«la;;o  of  the  Gulf 
of  Guinea;  in  America,  the  Antilles,  Newfoundland,  and  the 
islands  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  Atlantic,  with  its 
branches,  drains  nearly  the  whole  of  Europe  AV.  of  the  basin 
of  the  Volifa ;  nearly  all  North  America  K.  of  the  Itocky  Moun- 
tains and  the  mountains  of  Mexico;  and  the  whole  of  So'ith 
America  E.  of  the  Andes.  Its  chiefaffluents  are.  in  Europe,  the 
Khine,  Loire,  and  Ta^us;  in  Africa,  the  Senejral,  Niger,  and 
Congo;  and  in  America,  the  St.  Lawrence,  Slississippi,  Ori- 
noco, Amazon,  and  La  Plata.  The  bed  of  the  Atlantic  is 
very  unequal  in  elevation,  in  some  places  rising  in  immense 
Band-banks  to  within  a  few  fothoms  of  the  surface,  and  in 
others  sinking  to  unfathomable  depths.  The  most  extensive 
banks  are  those  of  Newfoundland,  the  Dogger  bank  in  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  and  the  Agulhas  (3-gool'yis)  bank  off  the  S.  point 
of  Africa.  The  minimum  depth  on  the  bank  of  Newfound- 
land is  60  feet.  The  German  Ocean  varies  in  depth  from  66 
to  500  feet.  In  many  places  the  Atlantic  is  upwards  of 
15,000  feet  deep,  and  in  lat.  15°  3'  S.,  Ion.  2.3°  14  W.,  (16°  E. 
of  the  coast  of  Brazil,)  Sir  James  Boss  had  no  soundings 
with  a  line  of  4600  fathoms,  (27,600  feet,  or  nearly  5J  miles.) 
In  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  Sir  James  Ross  found  the  depth  to 
be  generally  about  2000  feet;  but  on  one  occasion  a  line  of 
24,000  feet  failed  to  reach  the  bottom.  The  saltness  and 
Bpecitic  gravity  of  the  Atlantic  are  greatest  ntar  the  equator, 
diminishing  gradually  toward  the  poles,  where  they  are 
affected  by  the  melting  of  tlie  ice.  The  degree  of  saltness 
Is  greater  in  the  Southern  Hemisphere  than  in  the  North- 
ern, and  greater  in  the  Atlantic  than  in  the  Pacific.  The 
temperature  is  higher  in  the  Northern  than  in  the  Southern 
Hemisphere,  and  i.'  highest  between  5°  45'  and  6°  15'  N.  lat., 
where  it  has  been  found  to  be  fmm  82°  .5'  to  84°  5'  Fahren- 
heit; but  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  it  attains  a  temperature  of 
88°  52'.  The  maximum  temperature  of  the  Atlantic,  there- 
fore, does  not  correspond  with  the  terrestrial  equator,  the 
line  of  greatest  warmth  being  invariably  found  N.  of  it. 

The  trade-winds  blow  regularly  in  the  intertropical  por- 
tion of  the  Atlantic;  Ijeyond  tlK^se  limits  the  winds  are  vari- 
able. From  the  prevalence  of  S.W.  winds  in  the  North  At- 
lantic, the  voyage  from  Eui-opo  to  America,  on  an  avemge 
of  six  years'  sailing  between  Liverpool  and  New  York,  re- 
quires 40  days,  while  the  return  voyage  is  performed  in  23 
days.  The  principal  currents  of  the  Atlantic  are  the  equa- 
torial current,  which  flows  from  the  coast  of  Africa  to  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  with  a  velocity  of  from  30  to  70  miles  a  day, 
and  the  Gulf  Stream,  which,  leaving  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
flows  through  the  Strait  of  Florida  with  a  velocity  of  80 
miles  a  day,  and  a  temperature  of  86°  Fahrenheit,  and  ex- 
tends, with  a  gradually  decreasing  velocity  and  diminished 
temperature,  to  the  Azores.  Its  mean  breadth  is  about  350 
miles,  its  broadest  part  being  between  40°  and  60°  N.  lat.. 
where  it  is  upwards  of  400  miles  wide;  its  narrowest  part  is 
in  the  Strait  of  I"lorida,  where  it  does  not  exceed  60  miles, 
and  is  often  much  narrower.  On  issuing  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  it  is  of  a  dark,  indigo-blue  color,  and  for  manj-  hun- 
dred miles  it  is  distinguishable  from  the  green  waters  of  the 
Atlantic.  In  the  centre  of  the  Atlantic  is  a  vast  eddy  or 
whirl,  caused  by  the  revolution  of  the  current,  which  is 
thickly  covei'ed  with  sea-weed  called  sargasoo,  or  gulf-weed, 
(Fucus  natans,)  in  many  places  so  closely  matted  as  to  retard 
greatly  the  pi\)gress  of  vessels.  The  space  covered  by  this 
weed  is  upwards  of  200,000  sfiuare  miles,  extending  from 
the  meridian  of  30°  W.  to  the  Bahama  Isl.ands,  between  the 
parallels  of  20°  and  45°  N.  Much  of  this  weed  is  floated 
down  the  Gulf  Stream  from  the  Mexican  Sea.  It  was  for- 
merly supposed  to  have  been  torn  from  the  bottom  of  the 
ocean,  but  there  is  now  good  reason  to  believe  that  it  propa- 
gates in  the  sea,  and  vegetates  floating. 

In  the  South  Atlantic  there  are  evident  signs  of  volcanic 
action,  rocks  and  islands  having  from  time  to  time  appeared 
and  disappeared. 

At  both  extremities  of  the  Atlantic,  vast  masses  of  ice 
are  accumulated,  in  a  variety  of  shapes  and  sizes,  forming 
icebergs,  icefields,  and  icefloes.  The  first  are  often  seve- 
ral miles  in  circumference,  and  rise  from  180  to  200  feet 
above  the  sea,  with  seven  times  as  much  below,  as  float- 
ing ice  shows  only  one-eighth  of  its  bulk  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  The  icebergs  come  to  a  lower  latitude 
by  10°  from  the  South  Pole  than  from  the  North,  being  often 
seen  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  appear  also  to  be 
larger — one  observed  by  Captain  D'Urville  was  13  miles  long, 
■with  perpendicular  sides  100  feet  high — but  they  are  more 
rare  in  the  South  than  in  the  North  Atlantic.  The  icefields 
are  generally  of  much  greater  extent  than  the  bergs,  though, 
as  their  names  would  impiy,  not  nearly  so  thick,  seldom 
exceeding  from  10  to  40  feet.  Some  of  them  extend  100 
miles  in  length,  with  an  average  breadth  of  50  miles.  These 
Immense  masses  of  ice  chill  the  winds  that  blow  from  them, 
aiid  cool  the  suirouuding  seas  to  a  distance  of  40  or  50  miles 


on  every  side.  Sometimes  they  acquire  a  rotary  motion  of 
great  velocity,  and  dash  against  each  other  with  tremeudona 
violence.  The  floe-ice  is  of  compai'ativelj'  small  size,  seldom 
extending  to  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  circumference. 

Fish  are  met  with  in  greater  variety  and  abundance  in 
the  North  Atlantic  th.an  in  the  S.  In  the  latter  there  are 
only  whale  fisheries,  while  in  the  former  there  are  the  cod 
fisheries  of  Newfoundland,  the  herring  fisheries  of  Great 
Britain,  the  pilchard  fisherii'S  in  the  British  Channel,  and 
the  whale  fisheries  of  Greenland,  &c. 

There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  ancients  had  anj 
definite  or  adequate  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
though,  doubtless,  in  very  early  times,  they  were  familiar 
with  the  existence  of  a  great  western  sea.  which — in  order 
to  distinguish  it  fromthe  Mediterranean — the  Greeks  named 
A.T\avTtKri  Oa^aaaa,  (Atlaiitile  tlialiixsn.)  or  ArXai"-iirui> 
Trt\ayoi,  (Alluntikmi pclayns.)  the  "Atlantic  sea"  or  the  sea 
beyond  Mount  .'Vtlas.  Horace  calls  it,  (Lib.  I.  Ode  31,)  At- 
lanlicum  ^quor,  the  "Atlantic  [watery]  plain." 

AT'LAS,  a  township  of  I^apeer  eo.,  Michigan. 

ATLAS,  a  post-village  of  I'ike  co.,  Illinois,  about  12  miles 
S.W.  of  Pittsfield.     Pop.  of  township,  1347. 

ATLAS  MOUNTAINS,  an  extensive  mountain  systehi  in 
North  Africa,  the  S.  extremity  of  which  commences  neai  Cape 
Noon,  in  lat.  28°  46'  N.,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and,  after  tra- 
versing the  territories  of  Morocco,  Algeria,  and  Tunis,  termi- 
nates on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  about  Ion.  11° 
E.  The  general  course  of  these  mountains  is  fiom  AV.S.W. 
to  E.N.E. ;  but  they  do  not,  like  iiost  other  .system.s.  consist 
of  one  continuous  and  definite  range,  but  of  a  congeries  of 
elevations,  sometimes  isolated  and  sometimes  connected, 
with  endless  branches  and  offsets,  iiTegularly  diffused  over 
nearly  the  whole  N.W.  extremity  of  Africa.  The  Atlas 
Mountains  have  been  divided  generally  into  two  principal 
and  parallel  ranges,  running  nearly  E.  and  Vs..  the  one  called 
the  Greater,  and  the  other  the  Lesser  Atlas ;  the  latter  lying 
toward  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  former  ad.i()ining  the 
Sahara  or  Great  Desert,  from  which  it  is  sepanited  by  low, 
sandy  hills.  The  entire  course  of  the  princijial  chain  may 
be  reckoned  at  alxiut  15(X)  miles,  measured  from  Cape  Noon, 
on  the  Atlantic,  to  Cape  Bon  or  Has  Adder,  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Little  is  known  of  the  heiAts  of  the  .4tlas 
Jlountains;  in  some  places,  however,  they  rise  above  the 
lino  of  perp<^ual  congelation,  and",  in  many,  approach  it. 
The  highest  ascertained  elevation  is  that  of  jliltseen,  in  Mo- 
rocco, stated,  by  Captain  Washington,  to  be  11.400  feet  high; 
but  their  general  altitude  is  moderate,  as  they  do  not  shoot 
up  into  lofty  peaks,  like  the  Alp.s,  but  consist  princijially  of 
broad  ridges  and  rounded  summits.  Of  the  geology,  botany, 
and  mineralogy  of  the  Atlas  range,  we  know  hardly  any 
thing.  As  respects  its  geology,  our  information  supplies 
only  the  fact  that-  granite,  gneiss,  and  schist  appear  071  the 
higher  peaks,  and  the  lower  parts  of  the  ridges  ai-e  fnrmed 
by  secondary  limestone;  while,  as  to  botany,  the  few  travel- 
lei'S  who  have  penetrated  these  regions  tell  us  that  on  the 
S.  side,  or  side  next  the  desert,  the  lower  ranges  are  covered, 
with  palm-trees,  more  especially  date-palm-trees;  hence  the 
name  of  this  region,  Drhd-rl-Je.re.fd.  (-the  land  of  dates.") 
Higher  up.  gum-ti-ees.  almonds,  olives,  and  other  tropical  pro- 
ductions abound;  while,  on  the  table-lands,  apples,  pears, 
cherries,  walnuts,  apricots,  &c.are  grown  in  great  quantities. 
Higher  up  still,  occur  forests  of  immense  pines.  The  mine- 
ral riches  of  the  Atlas,  so  far  as  known,  are  silver,  antimony, 
lead,  copper,  iron,  rock-salt,  saltpetre,  ic.  The  precious  me- 
tals, however,  are  confined  to  the  province  of  Sooz.  in  510- 
rocco,  but  even  there  they  do  not  appear  to  abound:  the 
jirincipal  silver-mine  is  situated  about  150  miles  S.W.  of 
Morocco.  Three  hundred  miles  N.E.  from  the  same  place  are 
mines  of  antimony  and  lead;  copper  is  also  plentiful  in  the 
same  vicinity,  though  there  seems  but  little  activity  on  the 
part  of  the  inhabitants  in  availing  themselves  of  these  re- 
sources. From  the  N.  and  W.  slopes  flow  the  principal 
rivers  of  Morocco  and  Algeria  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and 
Jlediterranean  Sea ;  and  from  their  S.  slopes  flow  numerous 
streams,  nearly  all  of  which  are  absorbed  in  the  sands  of 
the  Sahara. 

The  name  Atlas  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  Atlas, 
King  of  Mauritania,  who,  .according  to  ancient  fable,  having 
been  transformed  into  a  mountain,  was  feicned  to  support 
the  heavens  on  his  sfhoulders.  From  the  name  of  this  moun- 
tain region  came  the  name  of  the  adjoiningor  Atlant  ic  Ocean. 

These  mountains  also  possess  a  classical  celebrity,  from 
the  frequent  mention  made  of  them  by  the  ancients,  par- 
ticularly Herodotus,  and  the  exaggerated  notions  wliich 
they  seem  to  have  entertained  of  their  elevatinn.  The 
Atlas,  however,  of  the  writer  ju.st  named,  was  a  single,  iso- 
lated hill,  probably  the  highest  of  those  at  Cape  Gheer  or 
Ghir,  as  seen  from  the  Atlantic;  although  several  Greek 
authorities  give  the  name  to  the  branch  terminating  at  Cape 
Spartel,  at  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

ATLIXCO,  at-lix'ko,  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Puebla,  in 
a  very  fertile  district,  celebrated  for  its  fruits  and  its  fine 
climate.  20  miles  S.  of  Pueblo  de  los  Angeles. 

ATOKO.  i-toHio,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Ionian  Islands, 
lat.  3S°  30'  N.,  Ion.  20°  43'  E. 

127 


ATO 


ATT 


ATOLL,  S-toll',  or  ATOLLON,  l-tol-lon',  the  name  applied 
to  the  several  groups  of  coral  islands  composing  the  Mal- 
dive  Islands,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  An  atoll  or  lagoon 
island  is  a  circular  reef  of  coral  foi-matiou,  rising  out  of 
the  sea.  and  enclosing  a  lagoon. 

ATOOI.    See  Atau.u. 

ATORKOO  or  ATORKOU,  d-tor'koo/,  one  of  the  Koorile 
Islands.     See  It"8R00P. 

ATOUQtJIA,  l-too-kee'i,  a  maritime  town  of  Portugal, 
with  a  castle,  in  Estremadura,  42  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Lisbon. 

ATKAX,  i'trjn,  a  river  of  Sweden,  rising  in  a  small  lake 
and  flowing  N.  for  a  few  miles;  and  then  turning  rapidly  to 
S.S.^V..  it  forms  Lake  Asunden,  and,  after  receiving  several 
atfluents,  fiills  into  the  Cattegat  at  Falkenberg. 

ATKAXI,  i-tri'uee,  a  maritime  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno,  1  mile  N.E.  of 
Amalfi.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and 
maccaroni. 

ATKATO,  i-trMo,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Choco,  which,  after  a  northward 
course  of  about  200  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Darien  W.  of 
the  Jiay  of  Choco.  It  is  navigable  for  small  vessels  to  Ci- 
tari,  liO  miles  from  its  source.  It  has  been  proposed  to 
connect  this  river  with  the  San  Juan,  which  flows  S.,  and 
thus,  by  means  of  a  caual,  to  unite  the  Atlantic  with  the 
Pacific  Oce;in. 

ATRI,  i'tree,  or  ATRIA,  I'tre-l,  (anc.  Ha'dria  or  Ha'tria 
Picc'na.)  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  IS 
miles  S.E.  Teramo,  and  5  miles  from  the  coast  of  the  Adri- 
atic. The  Emperor  Adrian  was  originally  from  this  city. 
Pop.  6000. 

ATKIPALDA,  i-tre-pil'di,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  near  the  Sabato,  2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Avel- 
lino.     Pop.  4000.     Mautifactures  of  woollen  stuffs. 

ATRISCO,  i-trisTiO  or  d-trees'ko,  a  village  of  Bernalillo 
CO.,  New  Mexico,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  about 
a  mile  below  Albu  querque. 

ATSE/N  A  oniE,  a  post-office  of  Levy  co.,  Florida. 

ATSION,  at/se-on,  a  river  of  New  Jersey,  forming  a  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Atlantic  and  Burlington  counties, 
unites  with  the  Little  Egg  Harbor  River. 

ATSION,  a  post-village  in  Gallowaj-  township,  Burlington 
CO..  New  Jersev.  about  -27  miles  S.E.  of  Camden. 

ATTAIl,  at'tAh,  or  IDDAII,  id'da,  a  town  of  Africa,  In 
Guinea,  on  a  high  bank  near  tlie  Quorra,  100  miles  N.E.  of 
Aboh.  Lat.  7°6'N.  It  is  surrounded  by  plantations,  and 
has  an  appearance  of  cleanliness  and  prosperity. 

AT'TAIR',  a  town  of  Uiudostan,  S.  of  the  Chumbul,  46 
miles  S.E.  of  Agra. 

ATTA  K  APA.S.  pronounced  at-tfick'a-paw\  .-m  extensive  and 
fertile  district  in  the  S.  part  of  Louisiana.  It  produces  great 
quantities  of  sugar  and  molasses,  which  are  shipped  at 
Franklin  in  St.  Mary's  parish.  The  section  called  Attakapas, 
comprises,  according  to  the  old  maps,  several  parishes:  but, 
although  often  named  in  conversation  and  in  commercial 
reports,  it  has  no  legal  existence,  and  is  not  mentioned  in 
the  census. 

ATTAKEMBO,  It-tl-kJm'bo,  one  of  the  smallest  of  the 
Feejee  Islands.    Lat.  18°  25'  S.;  Ion.  179°  0'  ^Y. 

ATTALA,  at-tahla.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, contains  aliout  6-30  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  Vi'.  by  the  Big  Black  River,  and  intersected  by  the 
Yukamokluna,  The  surfiice  is  undulating  or  nearly  level; 
the  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  The  name  is  said  to  be  de- 
rived from  Atala,  the  heroine  of  an  Indian  romance  by  M. 
Chateaubriand.  Capital,  Kosciusko.  Pop.  14,109 ;  of  whom 
9154  were  free,  and  5015  slaves. 

ATTAL'AVILLE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Attala  co.,  Mississippi. 

ATTAM,  itHlm',  a  considerable  town  of  Africa,  on  the 
Old  Calabar  River,  near  lat.  0°  37'  N. ;  Ion.  9°  5'  E. 

ATTAl'UiyGUS,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Georgia. 

ATTARAM,  at-td-rSm',  a  river  in  the  Tenasserim  pro- 
vinces, having  its  source  in  the  lofty  range  of  mountains 
that  separate  the  Tenasserim  coast  from  SLam  Proper.  It 
fells  into  the  Gulf  of  Martaban,  after  a  course  of  about  90 
miles. 

ATTAWAL,  at-t4-wJll',  (Ata.h.  AUaioal,  i.e.  "the  long 
island.")  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea,  with  a  large  fishing  village, 
near  the  Arabian  coast,  about  120  miles  N.W.  of  Yembo. 

ATTEXBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notr 
tingham. 

ATTEXDORN,  at'ten-doRn\  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westpha- 
lia, 20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arnsberg.    Pop.  1537. 

ATTERCLIFFE,  a  town  of  Engkand,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding,  1^  miles  N.E.  of  Sheffield,  in  which  borough  it  is 
comprised.     Pop.  in  1851,  487  3,  chiefly  eoUiers  and  artisans. 

ATTEKSEE,  after-sA',  or  KAMMERSEE,  kim'mer-sA',  a 
lake  in  Upper  Austria,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Lintz;  about  12 
miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  3  miles  in  breadth.  The 
river  Ager  flows  from  its  N.  extremity.  The  decaying  vil- 
lage of  Attersee.  once  capital  of  the  district,  is  situated  on 
the  N.W.  side  of  the  lake. 

ATTERT,  2t'taiR/.  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  a  small  river  of 
the  same  name,  in  Luxembourg.  4  J^  miles  N.  of  Arlon.  P.  2216. 

ATTICA,  af  te-ka,  l(iT.ATTiKri,AttiKe,)  a  division  of  Greece, 
128 


in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  two  sides  of  which  are  washed  by 
the  -Egean  Sea,  while  the  third  is  separated  from  Bcefitia  by 
the  mountains  of  Cithieron  and  Parnes.  The  principal 
streams  are  the  Cephissus  and  Ilissus.  l>oth  very  small. 
Mount  Penteliciis,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Athens,  and  .S600 
feet  high,  has  inexhaustible  quarries  of  excellent  marble, 
and  silver  in  considerable  supplies  was  anciently  obtained 
from  the  mines  oiLaurinm.  near  Snnivm.  The  chief  vege 
table  productions  are  the  vine  and  olive. 

ATTICA  (at/te-k.?)  and  B(E0T1A,  (be-o'she-a.)  a  province 
of  Greece,  inKoom-EIee,partly  insular  and  partly  mainland. 
The  insular  part  consists  principally  of  the  islands  of  Sala- 
mis  and  ^Egina.  The  mainland  p.irt  joins  Phocis  and 
Phthiotis  on  the  W.  and  N.,  and  is  connected  with  the 
Morea  on  the  S.  by  part  of  the  narrow  tract  which  forms  the 
Isthmus  of  Corinth.    See  Attica  and  Bceotia. 

ATTICA,  at/te-ka,  a  postrtownship  of  Wyoming  co.,  New 
York.    Pop.  2544. 

ATTICA,  or  ATTICA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  the 
above  township,  on  Tonawanda  Creek,  31  miles  E.  of  Buf- 
falo. A  branch  of  the  Central  R.R.  connects  here  with  a 
branch  of  the  Erie  R.R.  It  contains  1  flour  mill,  a  national 
bank,  5  churches,  1  carriage  niantifactory,  and  5  or  C  stores. 

ATTICA,  a  iK)st-village  of  Venice  township,  Senecii  co., 
Ohio,  77  miles  N.  of  Columbus,  and  28  from  Sandusky  City, 
on  Lake  Erie.  It  has  3  churches,  2  hotels,  1  grist-mill, 
and  several  stores. 

ATTICA,  a  township  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  082. 

ATTICA,  a  post-office  of  I.«nawee  co..  Michigan. 

ATTICA,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Fountain  co.,  Indi- 
ana, is  finely  situated  on  the  Wabash  River  and  Canal,  14 
miles  aliove  Covington,  the  county  seat,  and  75  miles  N.W. 
of  Indianapolis.  The  surrounding  country  is  diversified  by 
majestic  forests  and  beautiful  prairies,  and  possesses  a  soil 
of  extreme  fertility.  Since  the  canal  was  completed  to  this 
point,  (1846,)  Attica  has  rapidly  increased  in  trade  and  po- 
pulation, and  a  large  amount  of  grain,  pork,  &e.  is  received 
here  annu.illy.  There  is  a  valuable  water-power  in  the 
vicinity.    Pop.  in  1860,  1713. 

ATTICA,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa. 

ATTICA,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  25 
miles  S.  of  Madison. 

ATTICA  CKNTRE,  New  York.    See  Attica. 

ATTIGXY,  St'teenVee',  (anc.  JUiniacum.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ardennes,  7^  miles  N.tr.  of  Tot> 
ziers,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Aisne.  Pop.  1397.  It  was  the 
summer  residence  of  many  early  kings  of  France,  and  the 
se,at  of  several  ecclesiastical  councils. 

ATTIXGIIAUSEN,  dt/ting-hew'zen,  a  village  of  Switzer 
land,  canton  of  Uri,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Keuss.  2  miles 
S,W.  of  Altorf.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  AV alter  Fiirst,  one 
of  the  liberators  of  Switzerland. 

ATTLEBOROUGH,  at/tel-bfir-rtih,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk.  14j  miles  S.W.  of  Nor- 
wich, with  a  station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway. 
Pop.  in  1851.  2324. 

ATTLEBOROUGH,  at'tel-btir-rnh.  a  post-township  of 
Bristol  cq..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Providence 
Railroad,  31  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston,  and  11  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Providence.  It  is  intersected  by  Mill  River,  which  affords 
fine  water  privileges.  The  manufacture  of  jewelry  is  pro- 
bably more  extensively  carried  on  here  than  in  any  other 
town  of  equal  population  in  the  United  States.  It  has  also 
numerous  cotton  mills,  manufactories  of  printed  calicoes, 
met.al  buttons,  clocks,  straw  bonnets.  &c.  Attleborough  has 
a  bank  and  an  insurance  office.  A  bi-anch  railroad.  4  miles 
long,  extends  to  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad,  at 
Vallev  Falls.    Pop.  6066. 

ATTLEBOROUGH,  a  po.st-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 120  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisbxirg.  and  8  miles  N.W.  of  the 
Delaware  at  Bristol.    Pop.  abotit  lOtW. 

AT/TLEBRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ATTLEBURY,  aftf  1-ber-re,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co., 
New  York. 

AT'TOCK',  a  fort  and  small  town  of  Ilindost.an,  in  the 
Punj.ib.  on  the  Indus,  immediately  after  the  influx  of  the 
Cibool  River,  and  where  it  becomes  navigalile,  and  is 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats  537  feet  in  length,  40  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Peshawer.  Elevation  above  the  sea,  799  feet. 
Pop.  2000.  The  fort,  erected  by  the  Enii>eror  Akbar  in  1681, 
is  strongly  built  of  stone,  but  commanded  by  neighboring 
heights;  the  town  within  it  has  gone  greatly  to  decay. 
The  three  conquerors  of  India,  Alexander.  Timur,  ai  d 
Nadir  Shah,  appear  to  have  crossed  the  Indus  by  means  of 
a  bridge  at  this  place,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  the 
ancient  Taxila, 

ATTOO,  ATTOU,  or  ATTU.  It-too',  the  largest  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  52°  67'  N.; 
Ion.  172°  15'  W. 

ATTOOR,  it-toor',  a  fortified  town  of  BriUsh  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  26  miles  E.  of  Salem. 

AT^rOYAC,  a  small  river  of  Texa.?.  rises  in  Rusk  co.,  and, 
flowing  southward,  enters  Angelina  River  at  the  S.E.  ex 
tremity  of  Nacogdoches  county. 

ATTRI,  dt/tree,  a  large  river  of  Hindostan,  which  Las  ita 


ATT 

source  in  the  S.  confines  of  Thibet,  when'e  It  flows,  nnder 
the  name  of  the  Teesta,  due  S.,  thrnugt  i  passage  in  the 
Uimalayas;  and  tiually  falls  into  the  main  branch  of  the 
Ganges  at  Jafferege,  its  whole  course  being  upwards  of  ICU 
miles. 

AT^TRUCK',  or  ATTRAK,  atHrdk/,  a  river  of  Persia,  in 
Khorassan,  near  the  frontier  of  Khiva,  has  a  W.  course,  and 
enters  the  Caspian  Sea  on  the  E.  side,  45  miles  N.  of  Astrabad. 

ATTV.\IASS,or  atHee-mass',  or  ALTIMASS,  arte-mass/,  a 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo. 

ATUKE.S,  d-too'rjs,  a  town  of  .South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
on  the  Orinoco,  105  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Fernando. 

AT'WATKR,  a  post-township  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  about 
12  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Ravenna,  and  intersected  by  the  Cleve- 
land and  Pittsburg  Railroad.     Pop.  118'. 

AT'UICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AT'WlJOl*,  a  postrofflce  of  iJe  Kalb  co.,  Alabama. 

AT/WOOD'S  KEY,  a  small  island  of  the  B,ihama  group, 
tn  the  AVest  Indies,  33  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Acklin  Island,  its 
centre  hill  being  in  lat.  23°  5'  N.:  Ion.  73°  43'  W. 

ATZENDJRF,  ifsen-doHO,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Magdeburg.    Pop.  1235. 

ATZOERSDORF,  ats'ghers-doRf\  a  village  of  Austria,  5 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Vienna,  on  the  railway  from  Vienna  to 
Baden.    Pop.  1900,  with  manufactures  of  chemical  products. 

AU,  Ow,  many  vilUiges  in  Ravaria,  Raden,  Upper  Austri;i, 
Switzerland,  &c. :  and  one  In  Hungary,  co. of  llonth,  4 uiiKs 
S.E.  of  Scliemnitz,  with  a  seat  belonging  to  Prince  Ferdi- 
nand of  Saxe  Coburg  tJotha. 

AURAOXE,  O'biiri',  (anc.  AUialniat)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Houches-du-RhCne.  10  miles  E.  of  Marseilles. 
Pop.  (l^-'2,)  6482,  with  manufactures  of  pottery  ware  and 
paper;  tile-works,  tanneries,  &c.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
Abbe  Rarthelemy. 

AUiJK.  db,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  plateau  of  Lan- 
gres,  llaute-Marne,  passes  Clairvaux,  Rar-sur-Aube,  and 
Arcis  in  the  department  of  Aube,  and  joins  the  Seine  23 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Troyes.  after  a  course  of  90  miles.  It  is 
navigable  from  Arcis,  28  miles. 

AUIJE,  a  department  of  France,  on  the  Seine,  between 
the  departmant,s  of  Marne,  Ilaute-Marne,  Cote-d'Or,  Yonne, 
and  Si-ine-et-Marne ;  between  lilt.  47°  55'  and  48°  45'  N.; 
formed  of  the  S.  part  of  the  province  of  Champagne  and  a 
small  part  of  Burgundy.  Area,  2351  square  miles.  Pop. 
(1801)  262,785.  Climate  mild  and  humid.  Surface  mo.stly 
level.  The  soil  in  the  X.W.  part  is  jx>or  and  sterile;  in  the 
S.E.  it  is  much  more  productive,  especially  in  cereals  and 
fruits.  The  rivers  are  the  Seine,  the  Aube,  (an  affluent  of 
the  Seine,)  the  Armauoe,  and  the  Vannes,  (an  affluent  of 
the  YoUne.  Many  work-horses,  cattle,  and  sheep,  are 
reared.  The  manufacturing  industry  is  active  in  pottei-y, 
cotton  stuffs  and  yarn,  hosiery,  wooUi^  fabrics,  glass, 
and  tiles.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrondisse- 
ments  of  Troyes,  Arcis-sur-Aube,  Rar-sur-Aube,  Bar-sur- 
Seine.  and  Xogent-sur-Selne. 

AUREL,  o'bJl',  a  town  of  Belgium,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Liege.  Pop.  3150.  It  has  a  large  weekly  market,  which 
has  been  held  fiom  time  inimemori;il. 

AUBEXAS.  ob^ni'.or  oHieh-nds',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardfeche,  near  the  Ard^che,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Privas. 
Pop. (1^2)  7410.  Situatedinamagnificentbafiin, surrounded 
by  the  volcanoes  of  the  Vivarais.  It  has  an  old  castle,  with 
silk  mills  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  handker- 
chiefs, and  paper. 

AUREXT'JX.  oMj^noHAn"',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aisne.  32  miles  N.E.  of  Laon,  with  1734  inha- 
bitants, a  cottnn-varn  factory,  and  3  annual  tairs. 

AURKRVILI.IERS.  S'beRVeeVA'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine,  5  miles  N.  of  Paris,  with  sugar  refineries. 
Pop.  2611. 

AUBETERRE,  oVtaiR/,  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charente,  on  the  Dronne,  25  miles  S.  of  Angoiileme. 
It  is  renmrkable  for  its  picturesque  position,  and  for  its 
church  l^ewn  out  of  the  mountain. 

AURIERE,  o^be-ain/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
nient  of  Puy-de-Dome,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont.    Pop.  3780. 

AL'BIERS,  Les,  lAz  o'be-aiR/.  a  market-town  of  i'rance, 
department  of  Deux  Sevres,  9  miles  N.W.of  Bressuire.  Pop. 
2121.  It  has  manu£ictures  of  linens,  handkerchiefs,  and 
cotton  yarn. 

AURIGNY,  O^been'yee/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cher,  on  the  X6re,  27  miles  X.  of  Bourges.  Pop.  (1852)2.530, 
engaged  in  woollen  weaving,  tanning,  and  an  active  trade 
in  wool  and  hardware.  It  confers  a  ducal  title  on  the  Eng- 
lish Iiuke  of  Richmond.  There  are  several  villages  of  this 
tfame  in  France. 

AURIX,  o'biN«',  or  ALBIX,  dl'biN«',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Aveyron,  16  miles  NJi.  of  Yillefranche. 
Pop.  (1S52)  4413. 

AURUXXE,  5'bonn',  a  town  of . Switzerland,  canton  of 
Vaud.  with  fine  views  of  the  Alps  and  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
12  mile.<  W.S.W.  of  Lausanne.     Pop.  1600. 

AURuURXE,  aw'burn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

AUBURX',  aw'biim,  Immortalized  by  Goldsmith  in  his 
I 


AUB 

"  Deserted  Village,"  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  village  <A 
Li<lioy,  in  Iicland,  co.  of  Westnieath,  near  bough  Kee,  i 
mile»"N.  of  Atlilone.  and  which,  since  the  poet's  time,  Inis 
generally  received  the  name  by  which  he  rendered  it 
t'amons. 

At''BURX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Androscoggin  Co., 
in  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  River  and  the  Maine  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  34  miles  N.  of  Portland.  It  lias  manufactures 
of  boots  and  shoes, shoe-pegs,  sash  and  blinds,  and  bobbins. 
About  300  persons  are  engaged  in  the  boot  and  shoe  busi- 
ness. Tlie  outlets  of  two  beautiful  sheets  of  water  affotd 
fine  mill  privileges.  enii)loyed  for  grinding,  sawing,  ic. 
Auburn  contains  several  churches  and  1  iiutiunal  bunk. 
Pop.  of  Auburn  township  in  1850,  2840;  in  ISiJO,  4U22. 

AURURN,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire.     Pop.  886. 

AURURN,  a  jiost-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
setts', about  5  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Worcester.  It  is  intersected 
bv  the  Western  Railroad  and  Norwich  and  Worcester  Rail- 
road.    Poll.  914. 

AUBURX,  a  beautiful  city,  capital  of  Cayuga  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  line  of  railroad  connecting  Albany  and  Buf- 
falo. 174  miles  W.  of  the  former,  and  152  miles  E.  of  the 
latter.  It  is  2j  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Owasco  Lake,  the  outlet 
of  which  Hows  through  the  town.  Lat.  42°  53'  >i.;  Ion.  7C° 
40'  W.  The  site  of  this  town  is  somewliat  uneven,  and  the 
streets  present  some  deviations  from  a  rectangular  plan. 
They  are  generally  wide,  well  sliaded,  and  furnished  with 
good  sidewalks.  The  city,  on  the  whole,  is  very  hund.somely 
iiuilt,  and  adorned  with  beautiful  gardens,  as  well  as  with 
ornamental  shrubs  and  trees.  The  princijial  public  build- 
ings and  mercantile  houses  are  on  Genesee  street.  They 
are  mostly  built  of  brick  or  stone,  and  have  3  or  4  stories. 
Auburn  is  the  seiit  of  a  theological  seminary,  founded  in 
1821,  under  the  direction  of  the  Presbyterians,  with  a  li- 
brary of  tiOOO  volumes.  The  whole  number  educated  in 
this  institution  is  about  600.  The  city  contains  1 1  churches, 
viz.  3  Presbyterian.  1  Episcopalian.  3  Methodist.  1  Baptist, 
1  Universalist,  1  Second  Advent,and  2  Roman  Catholic,  the 
Auburn  Academy.  6  banks,  .and  b  or  7  newspaper  offices. 
The  .\uburn  State  Prison  has  acquired  much  celebrity  fbr 
its  pectiliiW  system  of  prison  discipline.  The  building  is  a 
large  and  costly  stone  structure,  enclosed  by  a  wall,  which 
meiisures  500  fi.-et  on  each  side,  and  abovit  30  feet  in  height. 
The  number  of  convicts  sometimes  amounts  to  more  tlian 
800.  They  are  employed  in  a  variety  of  manufactures,  the 
annual  proceeds  of  which  are  genornll.v  sufficient,  it  is  said, 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  establi.shment.  The  Auburn 
Academy  has  from  75  to  100  students,  and  is  furni.shed  with 
good  apparatus  and  cabinets  of  natural  history.  There  are 
6  public  free-schools,  all  in  a' flourishing  condition.  The 
principal  hotels  are  the  American,  the  National  Hotel,  and 
the  Western  Exchange.  The  Owasco  outlet  furnishes  ex- 
tensive water-jiower,  which  is  employed  in  the  town  or  its 
immediate  vicinity  iu  manufactories  of  cotton,  wool,  car- 
pets, iron,  and  paper,  and  in  mills  of  various  kinds.  An-  - 
burn  is  only  11  miles  by  railroad  from  Cayuga,  from  which 
there  is  steamlx  nI  and  railroad  commiinication  with  Itha- 
ca, Owego.  &c.  Pop.  iu  1850,  9548;  iu  1(560, 10,986;  in  1864, 
about  15,000. 

AUBURX.  a  village  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad.  83  miles  N.W.  of 
Philadelphia,  and  9  miles  S.E.  of  Potlsville.     Pop.  527.   ' 

AUBURX,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co..  Virginia. 

AUBURX,  a  post-office  of  Wake  co.,  North  Carolina. 

AUBURX,  a  post-office  of  Gwinnett  co.,  Georgia. 

AUBURN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Macon  co..  Alabania, 
on  the  railroad  between  Montgomery  and  West  Point,  Geor- 
gia, 60  miles  X.E.  of  the  former.  It  has  a  healthy  situation, 
and  is  a  place  of  some  importance,  on  account  of  its  insti- 
tutions for  learning.  A  tire  occurred  here  in  the  winter  of 
1851-2,  by  which  a  number  of  houses  were  consumed. 

AUBURN,  a  post'-office  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 

AUBURN,  a  post-office  of  Cannon  co.,  Tennessee. 

AUBURX,  a  townsliip  of  Crawford  CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  1017. 

AUBURX.  a  township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio. 

AURURN,  a  pc  st-township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  about  27 
miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Cleveland.     Pop.  942. 

AUBURN,  a  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Clinton  River  and  the  canal  between  Clinton  River  and 
Lake  Michigan,  75  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Lansing,  and  4  miles  E. 
of  Pontiac.  the  county  seat.  It  contains  an  academy,  used 
also  as  a  church ;  1  store,  1  grist-mill,  and  1  sjiw-mill. 

AUBURN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Do  Kalb  co..  Indiana, 
on  Cedar  Creek,  134  miles  N  E.  of  Indianapolis,  and  22 
miles  N.  of  Fort  Wayne.    Pop.  639. 

AUBURX,  a  post-village  of  Moultrie  county.  Illinois, 
2  or  3  miles  N.  of  the  Kaskaskia,  and  65  miles  in  a  direct 
line  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

AURURN.  a  post-villnge  of  Sangamon  co..  Illinois,  17 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Springfield  It  is  situated  in  a  riiili  farming 
district,  wliich  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population. 

AURUR.V,a  village  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Lincoln  co., 
Missonri.  about  56  miles  N  W  of  St.  Louis. 

AUBURX.  a  post-village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  N. 

129 


AUB 

bank  of  Des  MMaes  River,  about  73  mUes  S.TV.  by  W.  of 

Iowa  City. 

AUBURN,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Fond  du  fcac  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.    I'op.  11^0. 

AUBURN,  a  poat-towu  and  capital  of  Placer  county, 
California,  is  situated  on  the  main  road* from  Sacramento 
to  Nevada.  ne;ir  the  junction  of  the  N.  and  S.  forks  of  Ame- 
rican River,  and  97  miles  NJi.  of  San  Francisco.  Pop.  in 
ISrO.  811. 

AUI3URN  CENTRE,  a  postroffice  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

AOIBURNDALE,  a  postroffice  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

AUBURN  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Susquehanna 
CO..  Pennsylvania, 

AUBUSSON,  o'bils's4x"»'.  a  town  of  Fr.ance,  department  of 
Creuse,  2u  miles  S.E.  of  Gueret,  on  the  Creuse.  Pop.  (18.^2) 
6666.  It  has  an  active  trade,  a  celebrated  carpet  factory, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs  and  yarn,  velvet,  and 
cotton  thread. 

AUCII.  ash,  (anc.  Augtis'ta,  afterwards  Aus'ci.)  a  city  of 
France,  capit.al  of  tlie  department  of  Gers,ou  the  right  bank 
of  the  Gers.  ii  miles  W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop.  (1852)  12,141.  It 
stands  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  crowned  by  a  Gothic  cathe- 
dral ;  the  upper  and  the  lower  town  are  connected  by  a  cu- 
rious bridiie  of  stiirs  across  the  river.  The  archbishop's 
palace,  prefecture,  town-hall,  seminary,  public  library,  and 
barracks  are  fine  edifices.  Aueh  is  the  seat  of  courts  of  as- 
size and  commerce,  a  royal  college,  &c.;  it  hius  manufac- 
tures of  cottons,  linens,  coarse  woollens,  and  leather,  and  a 
trade  in  wool.  wine,  and  Armagnac  brandy.  In  the  times 
of  Ciesar.  this  city  was  the  capital  of  the  Aus<:i. 

AUCIIKKUACIIEE,  aw'chee-hatch'ee,  or  AUCIIENE- 
IIATCIIKE.  a  small  river  of  Georgia.  It  Is  sometimes 
called  Little  Ocmuloee.  which  see. 

AUCIIBNAIRN.  SK'en-aiRu',  a  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Lanark,  about  3  miles  N.K.  of  Gksgow.  At  a  short  dis- 
tance S.AV.of  Auchenairn  is  Robroyston,  where  Wallace  was 
betraved  bv  the  "fiiuse  Meiitwith." 

AU'CHINBL.\.E,  6K'in-bli/,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Kincardine. 

AUGIII.N'DOIR  (SKMn-doirO  and  KEARN,  a  parish  of 
Scotland.  CO.  of  Aberdeen. 

AUCIIINLECK,  (Aflek?)  a  parLsh  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ayr.  Here  are  the  mansion  and  old  castle  of  the  Boswell 
fiunilv.  visited  and  described  by  Dr.  Johnson  In  1773. 

AU'CIIMIXHY,  6K'mith-e.  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Fortar,  on  the  North  Sea.  oi  miles  N.E.  of  Arbroath. 
AUCIITERARDKR.  6KHfr-aR'der.  a  town  and  parish  of 
Scotland.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Perth".  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851, 
2520.  The  town,  once  a  parliamentary  borough,  is  on  the 
Ruthven.  an  affluent  of  the  Earn,  and  on  the  road  between 
Glasgow  and  Perth.  It  has  an  endowed  school,  and  many 
handloonis  employed  for  Glasgow  hou.ses  in  the  weaving  of 
cotton  goods.  In  this  parish  originated  the  dispute  regard- 
ing the  Veto  Act.  which  terminated  in  the  secession  of 
the  Free  Church  of  Scotland. 

AUCHTERDERRAN,  fiK'tgr-dSWr^n,  a  parish  of  Scot 
land.  CO.  of  Fife. 

AUCIITKRGAVEN,  fiKHfr-gav'gn,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Perth. 

AUCIITERHOUSE,  fiKH^r-hOwc©',  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Forfar. 

AUCIITERLESS,  6K't^r-less',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen. 

AUCHTERMUCIITY,  SKHep-mus'tee,  a  royal  burgh  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cupar,  on 
the  road  to  Kinross.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,  2673.  The  town 
is  irregularly  built  on  a  rapid  streamlet,  which  is  used  to 
turn  tiax  and  other  mills.  Immediately  on  its  S.  side  is  the 
fine  old  castle  of  Myers. 

AUCUTERTOOL,  6K'tfr-tool',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife. 
AUCIUHLiA,  a  post-ofBce  of  Jefferson  co.,  Florida. 
AUCK'LAND,  a  maritime  county  of  New  South  Wales,  60 
miles  in  length  and  40  in  breadth. 

AUCKLAND,  dwk'Land,  a  port  and  thriving  settlement  in 
New  Zealand,  island  of  New  Ulster.  LatoCdl'S.:  lon.l75''45' 
E.  The  general  appearance  of  the  town  is  not  prepossessing. 
The  harbor  is  good  and  safe,  and  the  water  of  great  depth ; 
but  the  landing-places  are  exceedingly  bad,  and  at  low 
water,  and  even  half-ebb,  are  unapproachable,  from  the  ex- 
tent of  soft  mud  that  stretches  far  out  into  the  sea.  The 
customs'  duties  in  1848  exceeded  20.000Z.,  being  nearly 
7000?.  more  than  they  were  rn  .1847.  The  country  around 
is  not  remarkable  for  fertility,  but  yields  sufficient  for  the 
present  population  of  the  settlement.  Pop.  in  1844,  2754; 
In  1847.  5217. 

AUCKLAND,  BISHOP,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.,  and 
lOi  miles  S.W.  of  Durham.  The  n.ime  is  derived  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  bishop's  palace,  origin.ally  built  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  but  since  almost  entirely  renewed.  Pop.  in 
1S61.  5112. 

AUCKLAND  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  one  large  and  seve- 
taX  small  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  New 
130 


AUE 

Zealand.  Lat.  50°  48'  S.;  Ion.  166°  42' E.  The  largert 
island  is  alKiut  30  miles  long  and  15  miles  broad,  has  twc 
good  harbors,  and  is  covered  with  the  richest  vegetation. 
These  islands  have  been  granted  by  the  English  govern- 
ment to  the  Messrs.  Enderhy,  (by  one  of  who.se  ships  they 
were  discovered  in  1800.)  as  a  central  whaling  station. 

AUCK'LAND  (OAK'LAND)  ST.  ANDREW,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Durham. 

AUCKL.^ND,  WEST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Dur- 
h.am,  4  miles  S.W.  of  BLslKHvAuckland.  Pop.  in  18ol,  2303, 
employed  in  various  manufactures.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl 
to  the  Eden  family.  Within  a  short  distance  is  Raby  Castle, 
the  noble  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Cleveland. 

AU^OIS,  o^swi/,  a  village  of  Savoy,  7693  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  cvlebrated  as  the  most  elevated  vil- 
lage in  Europe,  a  distinction  foi-merly  conferred  on  Saint  A'e- 
raii.  in  the  depiirtmeut  of  U antes- Alpes,  (6088  feet  in  height.) 

AUCUTTA,  one  of  the  Laccadive  Islands,  off  the  Malaliar 
coast.  Lat.  10°  51'  N.;  ion.  72°  17'  E.  It  is  about  oj  miles 
in  length,  and  half  a  mile  in  breadth. 

AUDE,  od,  (anc.  A'iax,)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  near  the  village  of  Angles,  flows  at  first 
N.  to  Carcassonne,  and  then  E.  to  the  Mediterranean,  which 
it  enters  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Narlx)nne,  after  a  cour.se  of  130 
miles,  almost  wholly  within  the  department  to  which  it 
gives  its  name. 

AUDE,  a  maritime  department  of  the  South  of  France, 
formed  of  part  of  ancient  Liinguedoc.  Capit.-il.  Carc.a.s.sonne. 
Bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  depiirtments  of  llerault  and  Tarn, 
on  the  E.  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  S.  liy  Pyrenees- 
Orientales,  and  on  the  W.  by  Arifige  and  Haute-Garonne 
Area,  2340  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  283,606.  Climate 
variable,  and  subject  to  violent  winds  during  several  months 
of  the  year.  Soil  generally  fertile;  surface  broken  up  by 
mountains  and  hills;  it  contains  iron-mines,  marble  quar- 
rie.s,  and  mineral  waters.  The  rivers  and  canals  are  the 
Aude,  the  Lers,  and  the  Berre;  the  Orbiel,  Orbieu,  and 
Cesse,  affluents  of  th.i  Aude:  the  Canal  of  Languedoc,  or 
Canal  du  Midi,  intersects  this  department  from  W.  to  E., 
and  the  Canal  of  Kobine  or  Narlx)une  traverses  the  E.  por- 
tion from  N.  to  S.  Corn  and  wine  are  raised  beyond  the 
demand  for  home  consumption,  and  form  important  objects 
of  commerce.  It  has  manufiu'tures  of  woollen  cloths,  paper, 
and  ironware,  brandy  distilleries,  salt-works,  and  potteries. 
The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrondissemenls  of  Car- 
cassonne, Castelnaudary,  Limoux,  and  Narbonne. 

AUDEXARDE.  oMen-aud',  or  OUDENARDE,  Ow'den-ait/ 
dfh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the 
Scheldt,  14  milesS.S.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  in  1842,  0202.  It  is 
generally  well  built,  and  has  a  fine  Gothic  town-hall.  Chief 
industry,  tanning  and  brewing.  It  'is  celebrated  for  the 
victory  gaint'd  by  I'rince  Eugene  of  Savoy  over  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  11  th  of  July,  1708. 

AUDENGE,  0M6xzh',  a  village  of  France,  with  a  llshing 
port,  department  of  Gironde,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Bordeaux,  on 
theBiissind'Areachon.    Pop.  H78. 

AUDENIIAIN,  Ow/dgn-liiue\  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxo- 
ny, circle  of  Torgau.    Pop.  1070. 

AUIVENSII.'V.W,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca.ster, 
parish  of  Ashton-under-Lyne.  on  the  Ashton  Canal.  4^  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  in  1851,  5427,  employed  in  hat- 
making,  cotton-printing,  and  silk-weaving. 

AUDIERNE.  o'de-aian',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Finistere,  with  a  port  on  the  Bay  of  Aude,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Goyen,  20  miles  W.  of  Quimper.     Pop.  1485. 

AUDINCOURT,  8"dLN»'kooR/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Doubs.  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montbeliard.  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Doubs.  It  has  a  consistorial  Protestant  church, 
iron  foundries,  and  cotton-.spinning.     Pop.  (1851)  2144. 

AUIVLEM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

AUDLEY.  awdlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

AU^DRAIN',  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Mis- 
souri, has  an  area  of  68o"  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
North  Fork  and  Long  Branch  of  Salt  River,  and  by  the 
sources  of  Rivifere  an  Cuivre.  The  surface  is  level  or  undu- 
lating ;  the  soil  fertile.  A  large  portion  of  the  county  fcon- 
sists  of  Prairies,  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  Capital,  Mexico. 
Pop.  8075;  of  whom  6909  were  free. 

AUDRUICK,  oMr'week',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Calais,  12  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Calais.     Pop.  in  1852.  2263. 

AUDUBON,  aw'dfi-bon,  (Fr.  pron.  o'dii'bAs'",)  a  new 
county  towards  the  S.'W  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about 
630  square  miles.  It  Ls  traversed  by  the  Nishnabatona 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  Missouri.  This  county  is  not  in- 
cluded in  tlie  census  of  1850.  Pop.  in  ISC.O,  454.  Named 
in  honor  of  John  J.  Audubon,  the  distinguished  ornithol- 
ogist.   Capital,  E.xira. 

AUDUBON,  a  post-office  of  Il.ardem.an  co.,  Tennessee. 

AUDUBON,asmall4X)st-vill.igeofMontgomery  CO..  Illinois. 

AUE,  6w'eh,  a  town  of  Saxony,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Zwickau, 
has  an  old  town-house,  a  knitting-school,  and  a  tiu-furnaoa 
and  stamping-mill.  In  the  neighborhood  are  tin-mines 
beds  of  porcelain  earth,  and  stone  quarries.    Pop.  11.50. 

AUE,  the  name  of  geveral  rivers  in  Germany,  particuUrfy 


AUE 


AUG 


of  tTTO  In  Ilanover;  the  one  of  which  joins  the  Aller.  near 
Oellf,  and  the  other  falls  into  the  Kllje,  a  few  miles  below 
llomeburjr. 

AUKKBACn.  «w'fr-hjK\  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony. 
15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Zwickau.  Pop.  3117.  It  has  manulhc- 
tures  of  muslin,  calico,  lace,  needles,  and  potash. 

.\Ui;iU!AC'II,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  I5.^vari.'i,  on  a  hill 
abonndini:  with  caverns,  18  miles  S.  of  IJaireuth.    I'op.  1750. 

AUKItUACII,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ilesst^Darmstadt, 
province  of  Starkenburir,  12  miles  S.  of  Darmstadt,  on 
the  railway  from  Darmstadt  to  lleidellxirsc,  with  a  sum- 
mer residence  for  the  grand-duke,  and  mineral  springs  re- 
sorted to  by  numerous  visitors.     I'op.  ICOO. 

AUKH.S15KHG.  Ow'erR-li4R)^\^anc.  Arupiumf)  avillageand 
castle  of  Austria,  lllyria.  12  miles  .S.S.K.  of  Laibach. 

AUKKSTADT,  (Auerstidt.)  aw'er-st<^tt\  a  village  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  (joveriinient  of  .Merseburg,  10  miles  W.  of 
Naumburjj.  Here  the  French  under  Davoust  vanfjuished 
the  Prussians  und((r  the  King  of  Prussia,  October  14,  180*5. 

AUFIDENA.    See  Ai.fidbjja. 

AUFIDUS.     SeeOFAXTo. 

AUGKROfJiKS,  OV.hfr-oll',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  l'uv-ie-D6mo.  canton  of  Courpidre.     Pop.  (IS.Vi)  2592. 

AUGK.  VALl.KB  D',  vSn.Vdd/.h'.  a  country  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Calvados.  It  is  fertile  in  frrain.  fruit,  and  Hax, 
and  iias  excellent  pasturajte.  in  which  the  finest  horses  and 
cattle  of  Normandy  are  reared. 

AUGGUK.  awnV&r',  a  town  of  llindostan,  province  of 
Malwab,40miles  N.K.  of  Gojein,  lat.2;P  43'  .\..  Ion.  76=  1'  K.. 
between  two  artificial  lakes,  on  a  rocky  heiirht  1598  feet 
above  the  sea.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall,  and  con- 
tains a  Well-built  native  fortification,  but  chiefly  composed 
of  mud  houses,  in  1S20.  5000  in  number. 

AUftHAUEY,  aw'iiil-t),V,  an  important  coal  di.strict  of  Ire- 
land, in  Counaught,  on  the  N.  border  of  the  co.  of  Roscom- 
mon. 

AUGIIALOO.  aw'Ha-loo',  or  AUGIILOF^,  Awn-W,  a  parish 
of  Iifland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

AUGllAVAL,  aw-Hov'al.  or  OUGIIRVAL,  Cw-nev'al.  a 
parish  of  Ireland.  Connaujiht,  co.  of  Mayo,  comprising  the 
towns  of  Westport  and  \\\-stpnrt-<iuay,  (whicli  see.) 

AUGIIAVEA,  aw'na-vA',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Fermanagh. 

AUHillKK,  aw'ner,  a  town  and  castle  of  Ireland,  ITlster, 
CO.  of  Tyrone.  2  miles  N.K.  of  Clofrher.     Pop.  763. 

.\UGHM.\C.\KT,  awii*mj-kary,  ap-irish  of  Ireland,  Leins- 
ter.  Queen's  co. 

AUGIIXACFjOY,  awn'na-kloy',  a  market-town  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Tyrone,  parish  of  Carreteel,  11  miles  X.  of  .Mo- 
na^han.     Pop.  lS4i. 

AUGIINAMULLKX.  awii-nj-mullen,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Mona'.:han. 

AUGII.VISII  or  AGII.MSII,  awri'nish,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Doneiial. 

AlKillUIM.    See  AonniM. 

ArtillTiiN,  aw't<m.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

Al'Gin'DN.a  parish  of  England  co.  of  York,  East  Kiding. 

AlIiiIL..\,  or  AUJ1L.V,  a  town  of  North  Africa.     See 

AlVKKH. 

AU(iLAI7iE  aw-glAze/,  a  river  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  \.W. 
central  part  of  the  state,  and  flows  into  the  Maumee  Kiver 
at  Defiance.  It  is  navigable  for  keel-lxiatstoWapahkonetta. 
The  largest  affluents  of  this  river  are  Blanchard's  Fork  and 
Ottawa  Kiver. 

AUGLAIZK,  a  river  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
formed  by  the  union  of  two  Ijranches.  termed  the  Wet  and 
Dry  .\ugiaiise.  falls  into  the  Osage  a  few  miles  below  Erie, 
in  Camden  county.  The  main  stream  is  also  termed  the 
Grand  Auglaize,  and  the  Grand  GlaTO.  Brandies. — The  Dry 
Auglaize,  named  from  the  circumstance  that  a  part  of  its 
sources  are  in  the  tract  called  the  "  Dry  Glaze,"  in  La  Clede 
county,  after  inter.secting  Camden  county,  joins  the  other 
branch  to  form  the  Grand  .\uglaize.  The  Wet  Auglaize  is 
chiefly  compiised  in  Camden  county,  and  derives  its  name 
from  the  tract  called  the  "  Wet  Glaze,"  through  which  it 
flows.  * 

AUGLAIZK.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  contains 
399  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  liead  streams  of  the 
Auglaize  and  St.  Slary's  Kivers,  from  the  former  of  wliich 
the  name  is  derived.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  partly 
covered  with  forests  of  hard  timber;  the  soil  is  good.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal.  Near 
the  W.  border  is  a  reservoir,  9  miles  in  length,  formed  to 
supply  the  canal,  and  occupying  the  summit  level  between 
the  ( tiiio  Kiver  and  Uake  Erie.  Auglaize  county-  was  formed 
a  few  years  ago  by  a  division  of  Allen  and  Mercer  counties. 
Capitil.  Wapahlvonetta.     Pop.  17,1S7. 

AUGL.\.IZE,  a  township  of  Allen  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1669. 

AIHJLAIZE,  a  township  of  Paulding  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  500. 

AUGLAIZE,  a  postKjfhce  of  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio. 

AUGS'lJUKG.  (Ger.  pron.  uwgs'bSdRO.  anc.  Augiis^ta  Vin- 
deh'cn'rum.)  a  city  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  the  province  of  Swa- 
bla  and  Neuburg,  on  a  rising  ground  in  a  fertile  plain,  at 
the  angle  formed  bv  the  junction  of  the  Wertach  and  the 
leeh,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Munich.    Lat.  (St.  Ulricas  Tower) 


4SO  21 '  42"  N. ;  Ion .  10°  54'  1 6"  E.  A  ugsbwrg  hs?  oser.  innR 
distinguished  by  its  commercial  spirit  and  i>y  the  activity 
.and  industry  of  its  inh.al.itants.  and,  although  not  now  so 
important  a  place  as  formerly,  is  still  the  seat  of  extensive 
manufactures.  The  principal  public  works  are  4  cotton  fac- 
tories, spinning  and  weaving,  one  of  them  having  40.000 
spindles,  a  flax-mill,  silk  factory,  machine  factory.  pa}>er- 
mills,  lirass  foundry,  and  the  military  foundry,  containing 
the  princip:il  cannon  foundry  in  Havana.  An  extensive 
trade  is  done  in  printing,  engraving,  and  bookl)inding,  and 
the  celebrated  Algi-mrine.  Zeitunr/.  the  leading  journal  of 
Germany,  started  in  17'J.S,  is  pul'iished  here.  But  the  prin- 
cipal branch  of  business  to  which  the  city  owes  much  of  its 
modem  importance  are  l>anking  and  stock  exchange  ope- 
rations— .\ugsburg,  next  to  Frankfort,  Iieing  one  of  the  most 
influential  money  markets  on  the  continent.  It  is  also  the 
emporium  of  the  merchandise,  and  tlie  chief  mart  for  the 
8.alo  of  wines  of  Italy.  Switzerl-ind.  and  the  S.  of  Germany, 
and  hence  lias  an  extensive  transit  trade.  Its  mercantile 
establishments  are  aiwve  200,  and  its  annual  circulation  in 
bills  and  merchandise  varies  in  value  from  $14,000,000  to 
fis,0()(i,oti0.  It  is  cotinect<"d  by  a  niih-ooU  with  Mn- 
nii'h.  and.  in  the  opiiosite  diri-<:tIon,  with  Nureinl>erg.  Bam- 
berg, and  .«axony.  Augsl)urg  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity, 
the  Emperor  Augustus  having  estatilished  a  colony  thi-ix> 
about  12  years  n. c.  Augsburg  e.arly  took  a  conspicuous  part 
in  the  Heform.ati<m,  with  which,  for  a  long  series  of  years, 
its  history  is  closely  connected.  Augsburg  is  the  birthplace 
of  Holbein  the  elder,  and  other  eminent  ariiata.  I'op. 
45,389  including  alxiut  15.000  Protestants. 

AUGST,  Awost,  two  <-ontiguous  villages  of  Switzerland, 
cantons  of  Basel  and  Aargau.  on  the  Khine.  at  tlie  influx 
of  the  Ergolz,  6  miles  K.  of  Basel,  supposed  to  oecuj)y  the 
site  of  the  ancient  AuqiixHa  Htntraafrum. 

AUGSTHOLZ.  Swcst'hAlts,  or  AUOSTHOLZBAD,  Owost'- 
hAlts-ldt.  a  bathing-place  of  considerable  res»)rt,  in  .'Switzer- 
land, pn-ttily  situated  near  the  S.  side  of  Baldegger  Sea.  in 
the  .N.K.  of  Luzerne.  On  a  gentle  rising  ground  in  the 
neighlifirhood  stands  an  ancient  castle,  once  a  commandery 
of  knight.s,  supposed  to  have  been  founded  in  tlie  eleventh 
century. 

AUGUS'T.V,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Virgini.n, 
forming  part  of  the  Great  Valli*y  which  extends  along  the 
N.W.  Imse  of  tlie  Blue  Kidge.  The  area  is  atout  9(K)  square 
miles.  The  Shenandoah  and  Calf  Pasture  Kivers  rise  in  the 
county.  Tile  S.K.  ixmndary  is  fonned  liy  the  Blue  Hidge; 
the  surface  of  the  valley  is  elevated  and  hilly;  tlie  soil  is 
calcareous,  and  very  productive  of  grain  and  grass.  The 
quantity  of  liay  raised  in  1850  was  l,').28u  tons — greater 
than  was  produced  In  any  other  ctmnty  of  the  state,  except 
KiM-kini:h;iin  county;  and  tliat  of  butter,  275.483  pounds — 
greater  than  in  any  except  I/Oudon  county.  Fine  limestone 
uudi'rlies  a  great  part  of  the  valley,  and  extensive  l>eds  of 
anthrsu-ite  coal  have  iK-en  ojM^ned.  The  Central  Kailroad  of 
Virginia  pasfes  through  t4iis  county,  and  connects  it  with 
Rii'iimond.  Augusta  county  was  fonned  fromOninge  in 
1738.  Capital,  Staunton.  Pop.  27,749;  of  whom  22,133 
were  free,  and  .'iODi  slaves. 

AUGUST.\,  a  city,  seat  of  justice  of  Kenneliec  county, 
Maine,  and  capital  of  the  state,  at  the  head  of  sloop  naviga- 
tion, on  the  Kennebec  Kiver,  4:i  miles  from  its  mouth.  By 
railroad  it  is  ft)  miles  N.N.E.  of  Portland,  ti7  miles  S.W  of 
Bangor,  and  175  N.X.E.  of  Boston.  Lat.  44°  19'  X. :  Ion.  69° 
50'  W.  The  city  is  situate<i  principally  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Kenneliec  Kiver,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge 
520  feet  long.  About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  this,  a  rail- 
raad  bridge,  about  9iX)  feet  in  length,  has  just  been  com- 
pleted. A  short  distance  westivard  from  the  river  the  ground 
suddenly  rises  to  a  considerable  elevation,  after  which  the 
a.scent  is  very  gradual.  On  this  elevation  are  most  of  the 
residences  and  several  of  the  hotels.  The  business  portion 
of  the  city  is  principally  along  the  bank  of  the  river  under 
tlio  hill.  The  state-house — a  noble  structure  of  whitish 
granite,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  city — occupies  an 
eminence  commanding  a  wide  and  varied  prospect.  Imme- 
diately in  front  is  a  spacious  park,  handsomely  adorned 
with  walks  and  shade-trees.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  river  if 
the  United  States  Arsenal,  surrounded  with  extensive 
grounds,  tastefully  laid  out  and  enclosed  by  a  neat  iron 
fence.  The  arsenal  contains  alKiut  2000  stand  of  arms,  be- 
sides cannon  and  other  munitions  of  war.  The  hospital  for 
the  insane,  on  the  .same  side  of  the  river,  occupies  an  ele- 
vated position,  overlooking  a  landscape  of  almost  unrivalled 
beauty.  Augusta  has  9  or  10  churches  of  the  various  deno- 
minations. 4  or  5  banks,  and  a  flonrisliing  female  academy. 
It  contains  several  manufactories,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  a  large  cotton-mill,  and  8  or  9  hotels,  the  i)rin- 
cip.al  of  which  are  the  Stanley  House,  the  Augtista  House, 
and  tlie  Mansion  House.  By  the  construction  of  a  dam, 
584  feet  in  length,  across  tlie  Kennebec,  about  one-third 
of  a  mile  N.  of  the  city,  a  vast  hydraulic  power  has  been 
created  for  manufacturing  purposes.  By  this  means,  tlio 
navigation  of  the  river  above  lias  been  greatly  improved, 
so  that  during  tlie  summer  season  several  steamboats 
ply  daily  between  Augusta  and  Wuterville.    The  Portland 

131 


AUG 

»ni.  Kennebec  Kailroad,  connecting  Portland  with  Water- 
v-ille,  passes  through  Augusta.  Pop.  in  1830,  30S0;  in  1S40, 
u314 ;  in  1850,  8225 ;  in  18(30,  7(109.  All  the  husiness  portion 
oi  the  city  was  destroyed  by  fire  September  17, 1865. 

AU(jlJSrA,a  post-village  mid  townshiji  of"  Oneida  CO..  New 
Yoik,  on  Skananiloa  Creek,  about  100  miles  \V.  by  N.  of 
Albany.  Tlie  village  has  3  or  4  churches,  an  academy,  and 
several  stores.     Pop.  of  township,  2213. 

Ab'GL'ST.V,  a  post-village  in  the  central  part  of  SusSRX 
CO.,  New  .Tei-sey,  about  65  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

AUGUST.^.,  a  thriving  village  of  Potter  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Kettle  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Susquehanna. 
The  township  is  said  to  be  connected  by  water  (not  navi- 
gable) with  the  Mississippi,  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  Che.sa- 
peake  Bay.  Pine  timber  abounds  in  the  vicinity,  and  forms 
the  chief  article  of  export. 

AUGUST-^.,  a  handsome  city  of  Georgia,  and  capital  of 
Richmond  county,  on  the  Savannah  Kiver,  231  miles  from 
its  mouth,  120  miles  N.X.W.  from  Savannah,  and  136  miles 
N.^V.  from  Charleston.  Lat.  33°  28'  N. ;  Ion.  81°  54'  W.  It 
is  the  second  city  of  the  state  in  population  and  importance. 
The  Georgia  Railroad,  of  which  Augusta  is  the  eastern  ter- 
minus, extends  to  .'Vtlanta.  and  the  South  Carolina  Kailroad 
connects  it  with  Charleston.  The  following  extract  from  a 
letter  received  from  a  highly  intelligent  gentleman  of  this 
place,  will  be  interesting,  as  explaining  the  causes  of  its  for- 
mer and  present  prosperity : — "  Situated  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation on  Savannah  River,  it  was  for  many  years  the  chief 
and,  indei-^d,  only  inland  town  of  the  state  of  any  commercial 
importance,  and  so  continued  until  that  spirit  of  internal 
im|>rovement  was  aroused  in  the  people  of  Georgia,  which 
Ikis  acquired  for  our  state  the  enviable  fame  of  the  empire 
state  of  the  South.  For  some  years  after  the  construction 
of  the  Georgia  Railroad,  Augusta  visibly  declined,  as  was 
manifested  by  the  tenantless  houses,  empty  streets,  and  de- 
crease in  population.  This  decline  was  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  peculiar  kind  of  trade  (the  w,igim  trade)  on  which 
the  prosperity  of  the  city  had  depended,  was  entirely  taken 
away  from  her.  This  blight,  however,  was  not  of  long  dura- 
tion. The  character  of  our  business  has  altogether  changed. 
The  upper  country  of  Georgia  has  been  den.sely  settled,  the 
advance  in  improvement  and  civilization  htis  created  new 
wants  where  none  before  existed;  villages  have  sprung 
mushroom-like  into  life,  and  the  merchants  of  these  country 
villages  have  become  to  those  of  Augusta  what  the  mer- 
chants of  Augusta  were  to  those  of  Charleston,  New  York, 
and  Philadelphia.  In  a  word,  our  merchants  have  esta- 
blijihed  a  whoie.sjile  business,  and  now  sell  tens  of  thou- 
sands where  before  they  sold  but  thousands.  Another  cause 
of  prosperity  is  the  Augusta  Canal,  which  was  constructed 
in  1845.  It  is  9  miles  in  length,  and  brings  the  waters  of 
the  Savannah  River  some  35  or  40  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
city.  By  the  water-power  thus  furnished,  factories,  machine 
shnps,  and  other  such  establishments,  have  been  erected, 
and  are  now  in  successful  opA-ation.  Now  there  are  no 
houses  tenantless,  and  none  to  be  procured  at  any  rent. 
New  buildings  are  going  up  every  day  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  our  increased  population.  Augusta  has  increased  in 
lii>liu!iition  wonderfully  in  the  last  5  or  6  years."  Popuhi- 
tion  in  1850,  about  12,000;  in  1860,  12,493.  The  streets 
are  wide,  striiight,  and  lighted  with  gas.  Among  the  re- 
markable public  buildings  are  the  city-hall,  which  cost 
SlOO  000,  the  Richmond  Academy,  a  masonic  hall,  and  a 
medical  college.  Augusta  also  contains  about  14  churches, 
a  hospital,  arsenal,  6  banks,  (including  a  branch  of  the 
state  bank.)  and  4  or  5  newspaper  offices.  A  line  of  steam- 
boats communicates  with  Savannah.  A  bridge  crossing  the 
river  connects  the  city  with  Hamburg  in  South  Carolina. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post'-office  of  Benton  co.,  Florida. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post-village,  oipital  of  Perry  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Leaf  River,  a  branch  of  the  Pascagoula,  173  miles 
S.E.  of  Jackson. 

AUGUSTA,  a  village  of  De  Soto  parish,  Louisiana,  11 
miles  N.B.  of  Mansfield. 

AUGUST.^,  a  flourishing  post-vill.age  of  Jackson  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, on  White  River,  and  on  the  route  of  the  projected 
railroad  from  Little  Rock  to  St.  Louis. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Bracken  county,  Kentucky, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  45  miles  above 
Cincinnati,  and  74  miles  N.K.  of  Frankfort.  It  has  a  good 
landing,  and  is  the  most  important  town  in  the  county,  on 
account  of  trade  and  manufactures.  It  contiiins  a  town-hall, 
3  brick  churches,  several  tob.acco  warehouses,  large  steam 
flouring-mills,  and  a  tannery.  This  pUice  is  the  seat  of 
Augusta  College,  which  was  founded  in  1825.  Pop.  about 
1000. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  135  miles 
E.N.R.  of  Columbus. 

AUGUSTA,  a  pcst-village  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Kalamazoo  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  1.30  miles 
W.  of  Detroit,  and  12  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Kahunazoo  village. 

AUGUSTA,  a  township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan, 
rop.  lUn. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Marlon  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Michigan  road,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 
132 


AUM 

AUGUSTA,  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  about  125 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis,  was  formerly  the  county  seat, 
and  still  contains  the  jail  and  recorders  office. 

AL'Gl'ST.t.  a  postrvillage  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  about 
95  miles  N.W.  fi-om  Springfield,  is  situated  in  a  rich  prairie, 
Pop.  of  .Augusta  town>bip.  1679. 

AUGU.'^TA,  a  post-offlce  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri. 

AUGUSfA  or  NORTH  AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Des 
Moines  co  ,  Iowa,  on  the  left  bank  of  Skunk  river,  about  11 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Burlington,  and  opposite  tlie  village  of 
South  Augusta  in  Lee  countv.     Pop.  4.'i2. 

AUGUSTA,  called  also  SOUTH  AUGUSTA,  a  post-village 
of  Lee  county,  Iowa,  on  Skunk  River,  about  10  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Fort  Madison,  the  county  seat.  The  river  affords  water- 
power  for  a  few  mills. 

AUGUS'TA  or  AGOSTA,  a  settlement  of  Western  Austrar 
lia.  capital  of  the  district  of  Sussex,  on  the  W.  side  of  Flin- 
ders' Bay.  in  a  fertile  country;  founded  by  Governor  Stir- 
ling in  1S30. 

AUGUSTA  BONA.    See  Trotf,.s. 

AUGUSTA  E.MERITA.    See  Merida. 

AUGU.STA  SPRINGS,  Augusta  county,  Virginia.  12  mileH 
N.W.  of  Staunton,  the  county  seat.  The  situation  of  this 
medicinal  fountain  is  highly  picture.siiue  and  delightful, 
and  the  accommodations  for  visitors  are  ample. 

AUGUSTA  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Marion  oo.,  Indiana. 

AUGUSTA  SUESSIONUM.    See  S01S.SOMS. 

AUGUSTA  TAURINORUM.    See  Turin. 

AUGUSTA  VEUOMANDUORUM.    See  St. Que-N'tix. 

AUGUSTA  VINDELIGIKUM.     See  AiosuuRG. 

AUGUSTENBORG,  Ow'goos-tgn-boEg\  a  ducal  castle  and 
village  of  Denmai'k.  island  of  Alsen. 

AUGUSTENBORG,  <hv'goos-ten-bonG\  a  Danish  factory  of 
Africa.  Accra,  Guinea  coast,  9  miles  from  Christiaiisboi-g. 

AUGUSTINUSGA,  ow-gUs-tin-U.s'Ha.  a  village  of  Holland 
province  of  Friesland,  17  miles  E.  of  Leeuwarden. 

AVGISTIODUNUM.    See  AuTUx. 

AUG  L>^T(  l.MAGUS.     See  Sexlis. 

AC(JUSTONOMETUM.    See  Cuhimokt-F.uiraM). 

AUGUSTORITUM.    See  Limooes. 

AUGUSTOWO,  6w-goos-to'vo,  written  also  AUGUSTOW, 
the  northernmost  province  of  Poland,  between  lat.  52°  40* 
and  55°  5'  N.  The  surface  is  partly  mount;iinons.  mar.shy, 
and  densely  wooded.  Chief  rivers,  the  Niemen  and  Bug. 
Chief  towns,  Suwiilki.  tlm  c.ipit.il,  AVvsztynie.  WIadi.«lawow. 

AUGUSTOWO  or  AUGUSTOW.  a"town  of  Poland,  in  the 
above  province,  on  the  Netta,  140  miles  N.E.  of  Warsaw. 
Pop.  7321.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton  gwids, 
and  a  considerable  trade  in  horses  and  cattle.  It  was  founded 
by  Sigismund  in  15-57. 

AUGUSTOWO,  Canal  op,  a  canal  of  Poland,  which 
unites  the  Vistula  with  the  Niemen  River,  and  oonnects  it 
with  the  Baltic  at  Memel.  through  the  rivers  Narew,  Bobr, 
and  Netta.  extending  from  Wizna,  on  the  Narew.  to  the 
Niemen,  14  miles  N.  of  Grodno,  a  distance  of  150  miles;  it 
is  from  6  to  6  feet  deep,  furnished  with  17  locks,  and  was 
completed  between  1821  and  1831. 

AUJEELA,  AUJILA.  or  AUGILA,  aw-jee/li.  or  6w-jee'lA, 
an  oasis  and  town  of  .Africa.  Sahara,  on  a  route  between  Fez- 
zan  and  Ijower  Egypt,  150  miles  S.E.  of  the  great  Syrtis.  (a 
gulf  of  the  Mediterranean.)   Lat.  alxiut  29°  20'  N. :  Ion.  22°  E. 

AUKBOROUGH,  awk'bftr-gh,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

AULA,  Ow'13,  a  vUlnge  of  Northern  Italy,  on  the  Aula, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Massa.     Pop.  1800. 

AULA,  the  name  of  several  villages  in  Gennany  and 
Spain. 

AULDE-ARN.  dwVdairn,  a  maritime  parish  and  village  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Nairn.  E.  of  the  village,  in  May,  1645,  Mon- 
trose gained  the  battle  of  Auldearn. 

AUTjETTA,  Ow-letti.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Citra,  on  the  Calore,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Salerno.  Pop. 
2100. 

AULLAOAS,  Lagcna  be  Ij-goo'nil  d.-l  Cwl-y^'g^s.  a 
lake  of  Bolivia,  in  the  valley  of  Desaguadero.  which  lies  be- 
tweim  two  lofty  ranges  of  fhe  Andes,  at  an  elevation  of 
about  12,800  feet. 

AULN  AY-SUK-ODON.  srn.V-sUR-oMAN"'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Calvados.  18  miles  N.E.of  Vire.  on  the  Odon. 
Pop.  2102,  who  manufacture  cotton  goods.  Several  villagoa 
of  France  are  named  Aulnay. 

AULNE.  Cn.  a  river  of  France,  depai-tment  of  Finistire, 
passes  Chat<>auneuf  (whence  it  is  navigable)  and  Chateaulin, 
and  enters  Brest  Road  at  Liiudevenec.  It  forms  p;u-t  of  the 
canal  from  Nantes  to  Brest. 

AULONA.     See  Avloxa. 

AUI,1'S.     SeeAuPS. 

AULT.  0.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme.  onthe 
English  Channel.  17  miles  W.  of  .Abl)eville.     Pop.  1371. 

AULT-HUCK'NALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Derbv 

AUJI-A.  Ow'mi.  a  town  of  Germany,  ducbv  cf  Saxe  Wei- 
mar, on  the  Orla,  7  miles  S.E.  of  .Neustadt.    Pop  1600. 

AU'SI.ACKSTOWN,  a  village  of  New  Jersey.    Soe  Cebar 

AUMALE,  6'mll',  (formerly  ALBEMARLE,  ai'bfh-maiU/O 


ADM 


AUS 


a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inf6rieure,  on  the 
Bresle.  13  miles  E.X.K.  of  Xeufthatel.  In  15'Ji  it  was  the 
scene  of  a  (wmbat  with  the  Spaniards,  in  which  ilenry  IV. 
was  wounded. 

Al/■'MA^'S  UILL,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

AUMXIER,  awm-neeK.a  populous  town  of  India,  50  miles 
W.X.AV.  of  Xajrpoor,  on  the  Wurdab. 

AUXAY,  o'ni',  a  town  of  France,  dep.irtment  of  Charente- 
luferieure,  16N.E.  S.  of  St.  Jean  d'Angely. 

AUXAY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Xi"  vre.  P.  1114. 

AUXAY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et^Loir. 
Fop.  1021. 

AUXEAU,  6*n6',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et- 
Loir.       Pop.  1699. 

AUXEUlLi,  O'nul',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Oise, 
Pop.  1.3(t3. 

AUXIS  O^necce/  or  5'nee',  an  old  province  in  the  W.  of 
France,  lietween  .Saintonge,  I'oitou,  and  the  Atlantic,  form- 
Ing.  with  Saiuttnige,  the  modern  depiirtment  of  Chareute- 
Inferieuro. 

AUXSIiY,  awnsliee,  a  parish  of  Eni;land,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AUP8.  ops,  or  AULPS,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Var,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  2u68. 

AUKAKIA,  aw-rah're-a,  a  p<3st-village  of  Lumpkin  co., 
Georgia,  136  miles  X.X.AV.  of  Milledgeville,  is  surrounded 
by  a  hilly  region  containing  valuable  gold-mines. 

AU  K  AS,  Ow'rds,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  11  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Breshiu,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1020. 

AUK.W,  S'rif.  a  river-port  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan,  on  the  Aura}-,  10  miles  W.  of  Vannes.  Pop.  (IS.'i'.) 
3S1S2.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  has  an  excellent  port,  with 
fisheries,  and  cotton  spinning.  In  1364,  Dii  Guesclin  was 
made  prisoner  here. 

AUKK.  6r,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  an 
affluent  of  the  Drome.    Total  cour.se,  X.X.W.,  20  miles. 

AUKE,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et-lx)ir,  an 
affluent  of  the  Eure  from  the  left.    Coui-se,  E.X.E.,  32  miles. 

AURE,  VAL  D',  v41  don,  one  of  the  four  valleys  of  Upper 
Armagnac.  department  of  llautes-Pyrenees,  in  France. 

AUREIj1U8,  aw-ree'le-tis,  a  post-township  of  Cayuga  CO., 
New  York,  about  170  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  is  situated 
at  the  X.  end  of  Cayuga  Lake.    Pop.  2628 

AI'RELIIIS,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Ohio,  about  16  miles  N.  of  Marietta.    INjp.  832. 

AUR1<;L1US.  a  township  of  Ingham  co.,  Slicliigan,  about 
80  niib's  N  W.  by  W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  11U7. 

AURIAC,  6're-lk',  a  small  town  of  France,  department  of 
Uaute-daronne,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Toulou.se. 

AURICII,  Ow'riK,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  capi- 
tal of  the  principality  of  East  Friesland,  13  miles  N.E.  of 
Emden.  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  canal.  Pop.  3000. 
It  is  well  built.andhasacjistle  in  which  the  provincial  coun- 
cil meets,  Lutheran  and  Calvinistic  churches,  a  gj-mnasium 
and  public  library ;  also  distilleries,  manufactures  of  ropes 
and  toViacco,  and  an  active  trade  in  horses. 

AURIE.SVILLE,  aw'reez-vil,  a  post-otflce  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Xew  York. 

AURIGXAC,  o^reenVik',  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-Garonne,  38  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse. 

AURIGNY,  dVeeu^ee',  one  of  the  Cliannel  Islands.  See 
Alderxev. 

AUR1LL.\C,  CVeel\vik',  (anc.  Aureliacum,)  a  town  of 
Fr.ance,  capitiil  of  the  department  of  Cantjil,  (Auvergne,)  209 
miles  S.  of  Paris.  It  is  agreeably  situated  in  a  valley,  on 
the  Kank  of  the  Jourdanne,  is  well  built,  and  walled.  The 
houses  are  covered  with  slates,  obtained  from  quarries  in 
the  vicinity,  and  the  streets,  though  irregular,  are  wide  and 
clean,  being  constantly  irrigated  by  the  overflowings  of  a 
large  reservoir  at  the  top  of  the  town,  into  which  two  foun- 
tains pour  their  copious  supplies.  At  the  lower  part  of  the 
town,  along  the  side  of  the  river,  is  the  public  walk,  called 
Oours-Montyon,  or,  commonly,  Le  Gravier,  at  one  end  of 
which  is  an  elegant  bridge  of  three  arches  over  the  Jour- 
danne, and  at  the  other  a  beautiful  fountain,  surmounted 
by  a  column.  Among  the  ancient  buildings  of  Aurillac  may 
be  mentioned  the  castle  of  St.  Stephen,  the  church  of  St. 
Gerand,  that  of  Xotre  Dame  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and 
the  college,  an  extensive  pileof  buildings,  containing  a  valu- 
able library  and  a  cabinet  of  mineralogy.  The  principal  ma- 
nufactures are  kettles,  and  other  utensilsof  copper,  jewelry, 
woollen  stuffs,  carpets,  blondes,  lace,  and  paper.  Pop.  10,917. 

AURIOL.  6Ve-<il',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-Rhone,  14  miles  X.E.  of  Marseilles.  Pop.  3323.  It 
tjas  coal,  and  copper-works. 

AUROXZO,  6w-ron'zo.  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  30  miles 
N.E.  of  Belluno,  with  rich  zinc-mines.     Pop.  3100. 

AURO'RA,a post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  abmit 
100  miles  E.X.E.  of  Augu.st.a.     Pop.  277. 

AUROliA,  a  post-vill.age  of  Ledyard  township,  Cayuga  co., 
{Tew  York,  on  the  E.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake.  170  miles  \V.  of 
Albany.  It  is  delightfully  situated,  and  has  many  elegant 
residences  and  gardens,  overlooking  a  broad  and  beautiful 
expanse  of  water.  The  village  contains  the  Cayuga  County 
Academy,  with  about  70  pupils,  4  churches,  1   national 


bank,  and  a  large  manufactory  of  mowing  and  renpinj, 
machines.  It  has  an  active  business  in  sliipping  ])ni<hKi' 
Steamboats  stop  here  daily  in  their  p;issage  from  Ithaca  t« 
Cayuga,  and  on  tlieir  return.    Pop.  about  800. 

AURORA,  a  town.ship  of  Erie  co..  New  Y'ork.    Pop.  26S0. 

AURORA,  a  thriving  village  in  the  above  township,  on 
Cazenove  Creek,  contains  6  or  6  churches  and  C  stores.  Pop, 
near  2000. 

AUItOll.V,  a  postoffice  of  Marshall  co.,  Kentucky. 

AURORA,  a  post-township  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  about  io 
miles  S.E.  of  Cleveland.    Pop.  0«8. 

AUROR.\.  a  beautiful  town  of  Dearlxirn  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  'Mi  miles  l)elow  Cincinnati,  and  8G  miles  .^.E. 
of  Indianapolis,  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  region, 
which  li;is  been  settled  partly  by  immigrants  from  Germany. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  business,  and  communicates 
daily  with  Cincinnati  by  steamboat.  It  contains  3  or  4 
churches,  and  near  20  stores.  Incorporated  as  a  city  in  1848. 
Pop.  2yyo. 

AURORA,  a  thriving  city  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  on  Fox 
River,  an<l  on  the  Chicjigo.  Burlington  and  Qnincy  Riiil- 
road,  40  miles  W.  by  S  of  Chicago.  It  has  14  churches,  2 
banks,  a  fine  city  hall,  a  college.  1  newspaper  ofli'  e,  and 
extensive  maiuifiuitories.     (.''ee  Ai'Pkndix.;     Pop.  GOU. 

AURORA,  a  po.stK)ffice  of  Washington  co.,  Wi-sconsin. 

AURORA,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  In  lat.  25°  15',  and 
inhabited  by  Bedouin  Arabs. 

AURORA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific,  one  of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  lat.  15°  2'  3.")"  S.,  Ion.  li;8°  25'  15"  E.    • 

AURUXGABAD,6-rting-gji-bild',  an  old  Mohammedan  pro- 
vince of  India,  mostly  Ijetween  lat.  18°  and  21°  .X.,  and  Ion. 
73°  and  77°  E.,  and  now  divided  among  the  Xizaurs  terri- 
tory and  the  British  districts  Poonah.  North  Coucan,  and 
.\hmednugger,  in  the  Bombay  presidency. 

AUItUXGABAD,  (i.e.  the  "alxjde  of  Aurungzebe,")  a 
city  of  Hindostan,  capital  of  above  province,  180  miles 
E.X,E.  of  Bombay ;  lat.  19°  54'  N.;  Ion.  75°  33'  E.:  in  a  hol- 
low, in  the  immediate  neigiiborhood  of  an  extensive  marsh, 
and  of  a  large  tank  overgrown  with  rank  aquatic  vegeta- 
tion; both  of  which,  in  conjunction  with  a  very  v.ariable 
climate,  render  the  locality  unfavorable  to  health.  It  is 
separated  from  its  princi|)al  suburb  by  the  Kowlah,  across 
wliich  there  are  two  substantial  bridges.  Wlien  approached 
from  the  N.,  the  view  of  Aurungabad  is  impr)sing;  its  large 
white  domes  with  gilded  points,  and  its  lofty  minarets  ap- 
pearing to  rise  from  the  midst  of  l)eautifulgn)ves;  the  whole 
city,  with  its  terraced  houses,  covering  a  space  of  alx)ut  7 
miles  in  circumference.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall 
with  round  towers,  but  is  incapable  of  withstanding  a  regu- 
lar assault.  The  streets  are  broad,  some  of  them  paved,  and 
there  are  many  Jarge  and  good  houses;  ijut  signs  of  rapid 
decay  are  everywhere  visible.  The  principal  street  is  alxjut 
2  miles  long;  having  at  one  end  a  spacious  quadrangle,  and 
near  it  a  h.'indzomc  modern  bazjuir.  The  moscjues.  cara- 
vanseries,  and  other  public  buildings,  are  of  good  and  sub- 
stantial construction,  but.  in  point  of  architectural  beauty, 
much  inferior  to  those  of  Delhi  and  Agra.  One  of  the  most 
important  edifices,  and  al.so  in  the  best  state  of  preserva- 
tion, is  the  tomb  or  mau.solenin  erected  by  Aurungzeb 
(Aurungzebe)  to  the  memory  of  his  daughter.  Its  domes 
are  of  white  marble,  and  clustered  like  those  of  the  T.nje 
Mahal,  but  inferior  in  size,  fulness,  and  splendour.  Origi- 
nally a  small  village,  Aurungabad,  in  1034,  liecame  the  seat  of 
the  Mogul  government,  and  was  afterwards  a  favorite  resi- 
dence of  Aurungzeb,  from  whom  it  received  its  present  name. 
When  the  Nizams  became  independent  of  Mogul  authcu'ity, 
it  continued  their  capital  till  the  invasions  of  the  ilahrattas 
forced  them  to  remove  to  llyderaliad.  It  is  now  the  resi- 
dence of  a  British  political  iigent.  and  the  head-f^uarters  of 
a  battalion  of  the  Nizam's  army  under  British  officers.  Pop. 
60,000. 

AUSA.    See  Aussa. 

AU  S-4.BLE,  6-sdb"l,  a  river  of  Essex  co.,  New  York,  falls 
into  Lake  Champlain  aliout  15  miles  S.  of  Plattsburg,  after 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Clinton  and  Essex 
counties. 

AU  SABLE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  New  Y^ork.  Pop. 
3227. 

AU  SABLE,  a  post-office  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois,  50  miles 
S.W.  of  Chicago. 

AU  SABLE  FORKS,  a  small  m.anufacturing  post-village 
in  Jay  township,  Essex  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  Au  Sable  River, 
about  128  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

AUSCHE,  fiw'shfh,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Leitmeritz.    Pop.  1500. 

AUSCHWITZ,  Ow'.sh*its,  or  OSWIECIN.  o-swe-d/f«in.  a 
town  of  Austrian  Giillicia,  on  the  Sola,  near  its  influx  into 
the  Vistula,  33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cracow.     Pop.  2000. 

AUSCL    See  Auch.  ^ 

AUSEJO,  Ow-sA'ho.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile.  23 
miles  S.¥j.  of  LogroHo,  on  the  side  of  a  steep  hill.  The 
parish  church,  town-hall,  a  small  castle,  an  insecure  prison, 
and  a  group  of  well-built  mercantile  and  dwelling-houses, 
form  tile  main  bodv  of  the  town.    Pop,  2060. 

AUSOXIA.    See'liALt. 


AUS 

A.US1  ITZ,  «w'n  .its,  ii  tc-K-n  of  Morayia,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Brtiiin,  uear  the  railway  fiom  Vienna  to  Brtiun,  with  large 
ca(  tie-markets.    Pop.  2.«0. 

AUSSA,  5w/sd\  or  IIOUSSA,  hCw'sd,  written  also  IIAW.^- 
SA,  a  decayed  but  formerly  important  town  of  East  Africa, 
in  Adel,  about  So  miles  S.W.'of  Zeyla,on  the  Sea  of  Bab-el- 
Wandeb,  still  the  seat  of  some  traffic,  and  the  residence  of 
the  •'  learned  doctors"  of  the  Jludaito  tril)es.  Pop.  from  5000 
tt>6000. 

AUSSKE,  6w's,V,atown  of  Austria,  in  Sty  ria,  8  miles  N.E. 
of  Ilallstadt.  Pop.  1200.  Its  rich  mines  of  rock-salt  have 
been  worked  for  more  than  1000  years. 

AUSSEGG,  Cw'sJo,  or  AUSSIG,  dw'sio,  a  town  of  Austria, 
in  Bohemia,  on  the  railroad  from  Dresden  to  Prague,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Leitmeritz,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe.  Pop. 
ISOO.    The  painter,  liaphael  Jlengs,  was  born  here  in  1728. 

AUSSEGG  or  AUSSIG,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  go- 
vernment of  Merseburg.  the  head  quarters  of  the  Emjwror 
Charles  V.  before  the  battle  of  Miihlberg. 

AfSSEN,  iiw'sgn,  a  town  of  Khenish  Prussia,  government 
of  Tri^ves,  with  iron-works.     Pop.  1104. 

AUST,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Glouces- 
ter, 4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Thornbury,  on  the  Severn,  across 
which  is  the  "Old  Passage"  to  Chepstow. 

AUSTERLITZ.  aws'ter-litz.  (Ger.pron.  dws'ter-lits,  Morav. 
Slawkmv;  sldv/kov.)  a'  small  seignorial  town  of  Moravia, 
12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brilnn,  on  the  Littawa,  with  2400  inhabi- 
tants, and  the  splendid  castle  of  Prince  Kaunitz  Kittberg. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  gtiined  by  Napoleon  over  the 
Emperors  of  Austria  and  Kussia,  Docemlwr  2d,  1805. 

AUSTERLITZ,  a  post-vilUige  and  township  of  Columbia 
CO.,  New  York,  31  miles  S.S.E.  of  iVlbany.    Pop.  1889. 

AUSTERLITZ,  a  post-ofRce  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  178 
miles  sy.  by  X.  of  Detroit. 

AUSTIN",  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Texas,  con- 
tains 9.50  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Brazos  River. 
The  soil  in  the  N.  is  fertile:  the  S.  part  is  s.indy  and  infe- 
rior. The  Brazos  is  navigated  by  steamboats  through  this 
county  when  the  water  is  high.  Capital,  Belleville.  Pop. 
10,1.39:  of  whom  6225  were  free,  and  3yl4  slaves. 

AUSIIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tunica  co.^  Mississippi. 

AUSTIN,  capital  of  Texas,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Travis 
county,  on  the  left  or  N.  bank  of  the  Colorado  River,  about 
200  miles  by  land  from  its  mouth,  and  230  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Galveston.  Lat.  30°  15'  N.,  Ion.  97°  47'  W.  The  scenery 
around  Austin  is  highly  picture.sque,  and  the  view  from  the 
president's  house  remarliably  fine.  The  Colorado  is  navi- 
gable by  steamboats  to  this  point  during  high  water — that 
is,  in  the  winter.  Austin  cont.ains.  besides  the  state  and 
count}'  buililings,  several  newspaper  oflSces.  and  numerous 
Stores.  A  fine  state-liouse  has  been  ereoted  here.  Tlie 
Bupreme  coiu-t  is  lield  here  once  in  the  year.  The  seat  of 
government  was  establislied  at  Austin  about  the  year 
1844.    Pop.  in  1^60.  3494. 

AUSTIN,  H  post-office  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio. 

AUSTIN,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

AUSTIN,  a  post-office  of  _Scott  co  ,  Indiana. 

AUSTIN,  a  small  village  of  Atchison  co.,  Missouri. 

AUSTIN,  a  post-village  in  S.  part  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa, 
about  8  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri  River. 

AUSTIN,  a  bay  and  town  on  the  S.E.  point  of  the  island 
of  Barl)adoes,  West  Indies. 

AUS'TINBURG,  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township  of 
Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  50  miles  E.X.E.  of  Cleveland,  and  10 
miUis  from  .t^slitabula  Harbor,  on  Lake  Erie.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  community  of.pro»perous  farmers,  who  are 
mostly  employed  in  the  dairy  business,  and  is  a  place  of 
active  trade.  The  village  contains  3  churches,  and  the 
(Jrand  River  Institute,  a  tlourishing  seminai-y.  first  set- 
tled in  1799.     Total  pop.  11 K5. 

AUSTINTOWN,  a  township  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1507. 

AUS'TINVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Wythe  co.,  Virginia. 

AUSTIXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  CO.,  Missouri, 
140  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

AUSTONLEY,  aws't^n-lee,  a  townsliip  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding. 

AUSTRALASIA.  aws-tral-.Vshe-a.  a  divi.sion  of  the  globe 
forming  a  part  of  Oceanici.  ext<?nding  between  the  equator 
and  lat.  47°  S.,  consisting  of  the  continent  of  Australia,  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  (Tasmania.)  New  Zealand,  and  those  parts 
of  the  ilalay  Archipel^o,  and  Polynesia,  between  Ion.  130° 
and  170°  E.,  viz.  Papua,  the  Ari-oo  Islands.  Timor-I>aut,  New 
Britain,  New  Ireland.  New  Caledonia,  and  the  Admiralty, 
Solomon.  New  Hebrides,  and  Queen  Charlotte's  Islands. 
Australasia  is  called  iU!unisie.  by  the  French  geographers, 
on  .account  of  Its  inhabitants  b«'ing  chiefly  blaclJS.  Austra- 
lasia, signifying  "  Southern  Asia."  was  formerly  regarded 
as  belonging  to  Asia.  By  some  geographers,  the  term  is  not 
used.    See  Polynesm,  JIalat  ARCiin>ELAfio. 

AUSTRALIA,  aws-trale-a:  (¥r.  Justrahe.O^HrS^iee';  Ger. 
AtistrnlO^,  Ows-trdle-eu.)  {i.e.  the  '•southern''  region  or 
continent.)  or  NEW  IIOL/LAND.  the  largest  island' in  the 
world,  but,  on  account  of  its  ■"sst  extent,  more  properly 
regarded  as  a  coutiuent,  lies  between  the  Indian  and 
134 


AUS 

Pacific  Oceans,  S.  or  a  little  S.E.  from  Asia;  between  lat.ltf' 
39'  and  39°  11'  S.;  and  Ion.  llb°  5'  and  153°  16*  E.;  being 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Sea  of  Timor  and  Torres'  Straits, 
(which  separate  it  from  the  islands  of  Papua.  Timor,  Flores, 
and  other  smaller  islands.)  on  the  E.  by  the  Pacific,  on  the 
S.  by  Bass's  Straits,  which  separate  it  from  Van  Diemen'* 
Land  and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  W.  by  the  Indian  Ocean 
Its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  AV.  is  about  2400  miles,  and 
its  greatest  breadth  from  N.  to  S.  from  1700  to  1900  miles, 
having  a  coast  line  of  nearly  8000  miles,  and  including  an 
area  of  perhaps  3,000,000  square  miles. 

General  Aspect,  Rice  of  Vie  Oiuntry,  Mountains,  dx. — .4.us- 
tralia  is  singularly  compact,  and,  when  its  vast  extent  is 
taken  into  account,  presents  no  great  variety  of  surface,  or 
irregularity  of  outline ;  there  l>eing  no  remarkable  indenta- 
tions except  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  on  the  N.E.;  though 
there  are  several  good  harbors  and  Ciipatious  bays.  A  ridge 
of  rugged  mountains,  none  of  whose  elevations  have  been 
ascertained  to  exceed  7000  feet,  runs  parallel  to  a  great  por- 
tion of  the  E.  and  part  of  the  S.  coast,  at  distances  varying 
from  30  to  90  miles ;  while  the  S.  coast,  from  Cape  Leuwin  to 
Spencers  Gulf,  presents  a  low  and  sandy  surface.  The  N. 
and  W.  coasts,  so  far  as  have  been  yet  explored,  are  gene- 
rally low,  with  some  moderate  elevations  at  intervals.  The 
interior  is  also  believed  to  consist  <if  an  immense  plain,  the 
hilly  districts  rising  from  it  like  islands.  Captain  Sturt, 
who  penetrated  the  interior  in  1845  to  1.38°  E.  Ion.,  and  25° 
33'  S.  lat.,  descrilies  the  country  he  traversed  as  consisting 
of  alternate  sand  hills  and  tlals,  with  no  trace  of  vegetation 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  Passing  the  level  country, 
.^yiys  Sturt,  we  found  ourselres  among  sand  ridges  perfectly 
insurmountable,  and  so  close  that  the  base  of  one  touched 
the  base  of  another;  and  beyond  this  stretched  a  bound- 
less stony  desert.  Nor  is  it  much  better,  accoi-ding  to  Captain 
Stokes,  on  the  S.W.,  N  ,  and  N.W.  coasts,  which  he  exjilored 
between  1837  and  1843,  and  found  generally  flat  and  sterile. 

There  are  no  very  lofty  mountains  in  Australia.  The 
most  elevated,  principal  and  known  range  extends  along 
the  E.  coa.st,  at  distances,  as  before  stated,  of  from  30  to 
90  mile.s,  named  'jy  the  natives  Warragougs,  and  bj'  the 
settlers,  Australian  Alps.  These  have  three  subdivisions, 
viz.  the  Liverpool  Range,  Blue  Mountains,  and  a  third,  as 
yet  nameless,  stretching  far  to  the  N.  of  32°  of  S.  lat.  The 
chain  commences  near  Cape  Wilson,  the  most  southern 
point  of  the  continent,  and  probably  extends  with  little  in- 
terruption to  the  northern  shore.  The  highest  peaks,  viz. 
Mount  Kosciusko,  6500  feet.  Mount  Sea  View,  0000  feet; 
Mount  Lin  desay,  5700  feet;  Mount  Darg.al.  5490  feet ;  Mount 
Canoblas.  4010  feet ;  Mount  Mitchell.  4100  feet;  Mount  Pin- 
nabar.  41lX)  feet ;  and  Blount  Bathurst.  4000  feet,  are  all  in  New 
South  Wales,  except  Mount  Kosciusko,  which  is  on  the  lx>rder 
between  New  South  Wales  and  Victoria.  These  mountains, 
though  not  attaining  the  altitude  of  the  great  summits  of 
the  other  grand  divisions  of  the  world,  on  account  of  their 
abruptness,  present  scenes  of  great  wildness  and  grandeur, 
exposing  to  view  immense  precipices  and  gigantic  fissures, 
with  nearly  perpendicular  walls  of  from  1700  to  3000  feet. 
Some  summits,  from  being  perpetually  covered  with  snow, 
are  believed  to  be  higher  than  any  whose  elevations  have 
yet  been  measured.  Another  range,  commencing  near  the 
S.  coast,  at  Portland  Bay,  in  lat.  36°  52'  S..  Ion.  142°  25'  E., 
after  a  N.  course  for  some  distance,  sinks  into  grass  hills, 
which  connect  it  with  the  Australian  Alps.  Another  chain 
runs  N.  from  Cape  Jervls  and  S.  Australia  to  I<ake  Torrens. 
Besides  which,  there  are  several  detached  ranges  and  isolated 
peaks.  On  the  S.  W.  runs  a  range,  under  various  local 
names,  none  of  "which  are  believed  to  exceed  3000  feet  in  al- 
titude. 

Geolofi)/. — The  geology  of  Australia  is  exceedingly  simple. 
The  strike  and  the  dii-ection  of  the  principal  chain  of  hills 
is,  with  one  exception,  from  N.  to  S.  Tertiary  i-ocks  prevail 
on  the  S.,  N.  and  W.  coasts,  expanding  in  the  S.E.  into  a 
vast  tertiary  plain,  travei-sed  by  the  Murray  and  Darling 
Rivers.  Two  other  immense  tertiarj'  plateaux  occur  on  the 
S.  and  N.  coasts;  the  foi-mer  lining  the  great  Au.stralian 
Bight,  and  the  latter  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  both  spread- 
ing horizontally  for  unknown  distances  into  the  interior. 
On  the  E.  coast,  palsBOZoic  rocks,  basalt,  and  granite  occur  in 
alternate  patches,  along  the  whole  coast  from  Rass's  Strait  to 
Cape  Flattery,  in  lat.  15°  S.:  the  last  constituting  the  entire 
floor  of  the  W.  portion  of  New  South  Wales,  and  extending 
far  into  the  interior  of  the  continent. 

Minenih. — In  1851,  ere  the  world  had  recovered  from  the 
surprise  occasioned  by  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  it 
wa.s  again  startled  liy  the  announcement,  that  a  region  equal- 
ly rich  in  the  much-coveted  and  precious  ore  lay  among  the 
mountains  of  the  .Australian  Continent.  A  steady  and  ra- 
pid'emigration  to  the  new  El  Dorado  immediately  set  in.  and 
continues  to  flow  to  the  present  time.  (1854.)  giving  no  indi- 
cation of  decline,  but,  on  the  contrary,  new  disi-overies  are 
perpetually  stimulating  a  fresh  appetite  for  gold-seeking. 
Professor  Murchison  had  many  yejii-s  previously  int-nated 
the  pi-olmbility  that  the  Australi.HU  Alps  would  be  fo^md  to 
abound  in  gold :  but  his  predictions  were  not  verified  till 
April,  1851,  when  Edward  Hargreaves  announceu  to  tht  co- 


AUS 


AUS 


lontal  authorities  of  New  South  Wales,  that  he  had  discorered 
gold  near  Bathurst,  140  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Sjdney.  This 
was  soon  followed  by  still  richer  discoveries  the  next  year  in 
Victoria,  at  liallarat,  Mount  Alexander,  I^ke  Omeo,  and 
other  places.  By  May,  1852,  it  was  estimated  that  there 
were  3i  i.OCO  or  40,<X)0  men  at  Mount  Alexander.  One  lump  was 
found  at  this  place,  weighing  27  pounds  8  ounces  of  perf.x-tly 
pure  gold;  andanother,  not  so  pure,  which  yielded  100  pounds 
of  the  metal.  In  a  short  time.  3  tons  of  dust  and  ore  lay  at 
the  commissioner's  tent,  awaiting  an  escort.  In  precisely 
12  months  from  the  finding  of  the  first  gold,  £3,60U,0(H),  or 
about  §17.300,000,  were  exported.  There  were  brought  to 
Sydney.  Melbourae,  Adelaide,  and  Van  Dlemen's  Land,  from 
the  different  diggings  in  1852,  £14,108,304,  or  about 
$70,000,000  in  gold.  In  the  first  four  months  of  1S53,  the  gold 
brought  down  by  escort  exceeded  by  629,000  ounces  that 
brought  in  the  corresponding  months  of  18.')2.  The  amount 
exported  from  Sydney  alone,  in  1853,  was  nearly  $9,500,000, 
and  from  its  discovery  up  to  the  end  of  that  year,  $30,000,000. 
Previous  to  .\pril  1st,  1S54,  or  in  less  than  3  months,  511.279 
ounces  of  gold  had  been  shipped  from  Melbourne.  But 
the  mineral  resources  of  Australia  are  not  confined  to  gold 
alone,  as  copper,  tin,  manganese,  iron,  argentiferous  lead 
ores  are  found,  the  first  in  great  abundance,  especially  in 
S.  Australia,  where  mines  were  being  successfully  worked, 
when  the  discovery  of  gold  led  for  a  time  to  their  almost  en- 
tire abandonment.  In  the  year  ending  September,  1850,  there 
were  raisedl8,692  tons  of  copper  in  the  Burra  Burra  minealone. 
There  are  also  rich  copper  deposits  in  Victoria.  The  earthy 
minerals  are  marble,  susceptible  of  high  polish,  and  suitable 
for  statu.ary  and  ornamental  purposes;  granite,  limestone, 
sandstone,  slate,  potter's  clay,  coal,  and  sand  suitable  for 
glass  manufacturing. 

Gulfs,  Bays,  Lakes,  and  Rivers. — The  greatest  indentation 
of  the  coast  occurs  at  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  on  the  N.E. 
of  Australia,  which  extends  inland  for  aliout  650  miles,  with 
a  breadth  of  about  400  miles.  On  the  S.  -shore  in  S.  Au.s- 
tr.alia,  Spencer's  Gulf  projects  180  miles  into  the  interior, 
with  a  breadth  varying  from  80  to  10  miles.  The  other  prin- 
cipal bays  are  Shark's  Bay  on  the  W.  coast,  IIarvey"s  Bay 
on  the  E.,  and  St.  Vincent's  Gulf  on  the  S.,  neither  exceed- 
ing perhaps  60  miles  in  length. 

The  lakes  possess  no  characteristicsof  any  interest,  indeed 
they  hardly  deserve  the  name — the  larger  of  them  being, 
in  general,  rather  marshes  than  lakes,  depending  for  their 
supplies  of  water  on  the  rivers  that  flow  into  them,  instead 
of  being  themselves  the  sources  of  rivers;  the  consequence 
is,  that  they  are  often  so  dried  up  by  absorption  and  exhala- 
tion as  to  present  the  appearance  of  vast  reedy  swamps: 
and  even  when  filled  with  Avater,  more  resemble  submerged 
flats  than  lakes,  with  low,  muddy  shores,  so  soft,  and 
of  such  extent  as  to  render  the  water  unapproachable. 
Small  lakes  are  numerous  in  all  the  level  portions  of  Aus- 
tralia; but  they  are  all  .salt,  as  are  also  many  of  the  largest 
rivers,  their  muddy  banks  being  lucrusted  with  the  same 
substance. 

Some  conjecture  the  existence  of  a  vast  Interior  sea  or 
lake,  as  many  rivers  have  an  inward  flow;  but  these,  as  in 
other  hot,  desert  countries,  may  be  evaporated,  or  absorbed 
by  the  sand.  The  JIacquarrie,  rising  in  New  South  Wales, 
runs  X.W.  until  it  is  lost  in  a  morass.  The  largest  of  the 
lakes  or  swamps  yet  discovered  are  Lake  Torrens  and  Alex- 
andriua.  in  Southern  Australia,  and  Damlieling  in  W.  Aus- 
tralia. The  first  is  about  400  miles  in  length,  by  its  cir- 
cuitous course,  in  the  rainy  season;  hut  in  the  dry  season 
it  is  a  mere  salt  marsh. 

A  scarcity  of  fresh  water,  whether  in  the  form  of  rivers  or 
lakes,  is  one  of  the  prevailing  characteristics  of  Australia. 
Along  a  coast  line  of  not  less  than  8000  miles,  few  rivers  of 
any  considerable  magnitude  discharge  themselves  into  the 
sea — most  of  them  being  .absorbed  befijre  they  reach  it; 
while  on  the  S.  coast  there  is  not  a  single  watercourse  to  be 
found  from  Port  Lincoln  to  King  George's  Sound,  a  distance 
of  more  than  1500  miles.  Where  the  rivers  have  any  con- 
siderable length,  they  are  either  often  absorbed  before  they 
reach  an  outlet,  or,  in  the  long  droughts  to  which  this  land 
is  suliject,  form  but  a  series  of  stagnant  pools.  Compared 
with  its  vast  extent,  Australia  is  singularly  deficient 
not  only  in  large  and  navigable  rivers,  but  in  the  smaller 
watercourses,  necessary  for  watering  animals,  for  irriga- 
tion, and  for  mill-seats.  Among  the  largest  of  the  known 
rivers  are  the  Ilawkesbury,  Richmond,  Hunter's.  Murrum- 
bidgee,  Murray,  Lachlan,  Macquarrie,  and  the  Darling. 

The  Murray,  with  its  great  branches,  the  Murrumbidgee 
and  the  Darling,  is  the  great  river  of  Australia.  As  in  the 
Mse  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  it  might  be  questioned 
which  is  the  main  stream;  but,  following  the  custom  of 
other  geographers,  we  will  concede  it  to  the  Murray,  though 
the  Darling  appears  to  Ije  the  longer  branch.  The  Murniy 
and  its  branches,  the  Mun-umbidgee,  Ljichlan,  and  Darling, 
with  their  sub-tributaries,  run  mostly  in  a  W.  and  S.W,  di- 
rection, and  drain  the  western  slope  of  the  Australian  Alps, 
through  a  space  of  from  800  to  lOOO  miles  fi-om  the  sources 
of  tlie  Murray  on  the  S.  to  those  of  the  Darling  on  the  N. 
The  other  rivers  are  the  Hastings,  'Manning,  Clarence,  and  i 


Brisbane,  on  the  E.  coast;  and  "ttie  Fltzroy,  Victoria,  Af.«- 
laide,  Flinders,  and  Albert,  on  the  N.and  N.W.  coasts.  The 
latter  is  from  12  to  15  ftHjt  deep,  and  its  shores  afford  tb 
finest  specimens  of  river  scenery.  A  peculiarity  of  siinio  >/. 
these  rivers  is  their  sudden  rises — they  being  one  day  merely 
a  dry  channel  or  .series  of  sandy  pools,  and  the  next  a  deep 
river.  The  Ilawkesbury  has  lieen  known  to  lise  05  feet  Id 
a  few  hours,  converting  fruitful  plains  into  deep  lakes,  drown- 
ing people,  and  sweeping  oft  cattle.  A  large  river  was  di* 
covered  in  1K53,  which  flows  into  the  ocean  about  4o  miles 
N.  of  Point  Curtis.  The  Murray,  especially  above  tlie  mouth 
of  the  Darling,  is  much  obstructed  liy  snags  and  fiillen  trees. 
It  is  probably  from  12ii0  to  15t)0  miles  in  length. 

Climate. — In  respect  to  climate,  Australia  is  a?  anomalous 
as  in  its  other  features.  From  the  sterile,  burning  plains  of 
the  interior,  come  sweeping  hot  winds,  which  fill  the  air 
with  a  fine  dust,  that  penetrates  every  thing,  and  raises  the 
temperature  to  110°,  120°,  and  even  130°  in  the  shade,  in 
the  districts  between  26°  and  35°  S.  lat.  Long  di'oughts 
in  New  South  Wales,  coming  at  irregular  intervals,  and 
lasting  from  several  months  to  as  many  years,  destroy 
all  vegetation,  con\ert  the  streams  into  mere  pools  op 
s.and  gtsllies,  and  fertile  lands  into  deserts,  while  the 
herds  and  fiocks  perish  by  hundreds.  But.  on  a  sud- 
den, the  rains  fall  in  torrents,  the  dry  channels  are  filled 
with  rushing  floods,  and  the  dusty  plains  in  an  incredibly 
short  space  of  time  are  converted  into  verdant  pastures. 
But  with  all  these  inconveniences  the  climate  is  eminently 
salubrious,  especially  in  New  South  Wales  and  south  of  the 
tmpics.  North  of  the  tropics  much  more  rain  falls,  and  the 
diseases  peculiar  to  that  region  prevail.  On  the  W.  coast, 
southerly  winds  prevail  from  Octolier  to  April,  (the  be-iin- 
ning  of  an  Australian  winter.)  when  violent  gales  from  the 
N.  and  W.  set  in,  accompanied  by  heavy  rains.  On  the  N.W. 
coast  the  winds  are  more  various,  but  the  westerly  winds 
seem  to  prevail,  especiallj'  from  September  to  December.  This 
coast  is  sulyect  to  heavy  squalls,  of  short  duration  however, 
from  E.  to  N.  E.  Monsoons  blow  with  great  regularity  on  the 
N.  coast:  the  E.  monsixm  setting  in  about  the  beginning  of 
April,  and  the  W.  in  OctolK>r.  In  a  country  of  so  great  extent, 
and  affected  by  such  peculiar  geographical  positions  and  cir- 
cumstances, the  temperature  must  neces.sarily  be  varinus.  In 
New  South  Wale.s.  the  average temporatureofstiring  is  65° 5'; 
ofsummer.72°;  of  autumn.  (i6°;  andof  winter.  55°.  Captain 
Stokes  found  the  thermometer,  on  the  N.W.  coast,  at  08"  in 
the  shade  in  January,  fluctuating  during  the  day  between 
that  and  94°.  Captain  Wickham  found  the  average  range 
of  the  thermometer  on  the  .same  coa.st,  between  the  N.AV. 
Cape  and  the  meridian  of  120°  E..  on  board  ship,  at  midday, 
to  be  75°,  and  in  the  night  60°,  in  the  months  of  .May, 
June,  July,  and  August.  At  a  height  of  2000  or  3000  feet 
above  the  sea,  says  Sidiiey,  a  tem)ierate,  and  even  a  cold  re- 
frion  is  to  be  found  where  vegetables  of  Northern  Europe 
flourish.  Victoria  and  South  Aastralia,  as  far  as  exp<-rience 
goes,  are  not  subject  to  the  great  lieats  and  droughts  of 
New  South  Wales.  The  wintiTs  everywhere  are  mild,  and 
cattle  seldom  need  housing. 

.S'o/?  and  PriKliidions. — As  a  whole,  Australia  does  not  pos- 
sess great  advantages  in  the  qualities  of  its  soil ;  for,  with 
the  exception  of  a  margin  round  the  coast  of  a  few  hundred 
miles,  we  have  reason  to  Ix-lieve  that  the  groat  part  of  this 
island-continent  must  be  given  over  to  hoyieless  sterility. 
AVithin  this  fertile  rim,  however — such  is  the  extent  of 
Australia — there  is  a  capability  of  supporting  a  lai'ge  jio])u- 
l.ation:  though,  perhaps,  with  few  exceptions,  such  as  that 
of  Victoria  and  some  of  the  lH?st  parts  of  New  South  Wales, 
not  a  dense  one.  Of  the  habitable  portions,  it  is  estimated 
that  two-thirds  are  not  adapted  to  agriculture,  but  only 
suited  to  p.asturage.  AVith  the  exception  of  a  few  rich 
tracts,  most  of  New  South  Wales  E.  of  the  mountains  is 
poor  and  unproductive;  tmt  that  portion  W.  of  the  divid- 
ing range,  resting  upon  limestone,  is  lightly  covered  with 
immense  trees  of  the  eucalyptus  order,  and  with  abundant 
herbage;  while  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Aictoria  district  is 
of  a  fertile  character,  and  "the  plough  might  be  driven," 
says  Sidney,  "for  100  miles  in  a  straight  line,  turning  up  a 
rich  mould  along  the  whole  tract."  "  Between  Port  .Mac- 
quarrie and  Moreton  Bay,"  says  the  same  authority,  "are 
vast  tracts  of  well-watered  land,  covered  with  heavy  tim- 
ber. Pasture  lands  extend  for  hundreds  of  miles — now  as- 
cending the  mountain  slopes  to  their  very  summits,  here 
spreading  out  into  vast  plains,  and  there  undulating  gently, 
or  i-unning  over  rough  hills,  or  broken  with  rocky  ranges. 
and  ending  in  deep  gullies,  sandy  or  stony  deserts,  or 
marshes."  In  short,  the  habitable  portion  of  A  u.stralia  con- 
tains enough  of  fertile  land  to  support  millions,  \mt  con- 
tinually interrupted  by  barren  ranges  and  forests  of  scrub 
timber,  valueless  except  for  fuel. 

AVheat  yields  large  returns  in  A'ictoria,  and  every  species 
of  corn  flourishes  in  the  settled  parts  of  the  country.  To- 
bacco of  good  quality  is  grown,  but  not  extensively,  as  it 
can  be  imported  cheaper.  Australia  has  no  indigenous 
fruits,  except  some  insignificant  bi-rries  and  a  kind  of  chest- 
nut, but  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  bananas,  guavas,  pine-apples, 
peaches,  and  the  fruits  of  colder  climates,  thrive  well.     Most 

135 


AUS 

if  the  culinary  Togetablei'of  Europe  are  raised  success- 
f\Uly.  The  Tine,  the  mulberry,  and  the  olive  also  flourish. 
Oat?  grow  wild  on  the  Vi'.  coast.  But  wool-growing  and 
raising  cattle  had  been  the  principal  business  of  the  Aus- 
trali-.in  farmer  up  to  the  discovery  of  gold;  which,  by  creat- 
ing a  home  market,  wiU  doubtless  tend  to  increase  the 
culture  of  wheat  and  other  staples  of  human  food. 

Forest  Tree.'. — The  vegetation  of  Australia  is  very  peculiar, 
and  shows  it  to  be  in  a  comparatively  earlj-  geological  period. 
Among  the  trees  are  the  stringj'  bark,  iron  bark,  acacias,  (in 
more  than  100  varietie.s.)  eucah/ptits,  atsvarina,  Norfolk  Is- 
land pine,  the  fern-tree,  palm,  grass  tree,  Ac.  The  euca- 
lypti  are  called  gum-trees  by  the  colonists,  and  often  attain  a 
height  of  150  feet,  with  a  "girth  at  the  base  of  from  26  to 
40  feet.  Most  of  these  trees  shed  their  bark  annually — 
hence  they  are  called  stringy  bark.  Xearlj*  all  the  euca- 
lypti are  gum-trees,  though  one  species  only  yields  pure  giim 
— the  exudations  of  the  others  being  merely  re.sius;  another 
yields  a  sulistjince  called  manna,  of  two  kinds — one  pure 
white,  the  other  yellow,  but  both  sweet  to  lusciousness,  and 
with  the  flavor  of  almonds.  The  most  remarkable  and  most 
beautiful  of  the  trees  of  Australia  is  the  fern-tree,  which 
grows  to  the  height  of  16  or  20  feet,  when  it  suddenly 
spreads  out  its  enormous  leaves,  each  4  or  5  feet  in  length, 
in  every  direction.  The  palm  rises  to  the  height  of  70  or 
100 feet;  but  these  are  limited  to  the  X.  and  K.  shores.  The 
grass-trees  have  shrubby  stems,  resembling  small  palms, 
bear  tufts  of  long,  wiry  foliage  at  their  extremities,  from 
the  midst  of  which  ri»e  long  spikes  of  flowers,  which 
furnish  fodder  for  cattle.  Portions  of  the  leave*  may  be 
used  as  food,  and  the  natives  eat  the  inner  part  of  the  top 
of  the  trunk,  both  raw  and  roasted.  The  tree  csilled  the 
native  cedar  is  that  from  which  furniture  is  mostly  made. 
The  casuarina  (river  oak)  is  a  hard-grained  wood,  incapable 
of  being  split.  The  myall  (accacia  pendula)  is  a  small  tree, 
that  emits  an  agreeable  odor,  and  is  used  by  the  natives  to 
make  their  war  implements  of  The  myrtle,  or  te;»-tree.  is  a 
shrub  which  is  sulistituted  for  tea.  Tulip  and  sassafras  are 
abundant.  Of  the  eucalypti,  the  blue  gum  gives  a  tough  and 
heavy  timber,  of  which  wagons  are  constructed ;  the  white 
gum  makes  the  K-st  flooring-boards;  and  the  species  called 
stringy  bark,  which  is  the  most  abundant,  aflbrds  bark  in 
large  pieces,  suitable  for  making  huts.  There  is  a  fine  spe- 
cies of  pine,  around  Moreton  Bay,  which  is  exported  to  Syd- 
ney and  other  places.  Rosewood  and  sandalwood  are  among 
the  hard  timber.  The  lily,  tulip,  and  honeysuckle  grow  to 
the  size  of  trees.  The  mangrove  exists  in  the  north.  In 
the  interior,  immense  numbers  of  prickly  plants  cover  the 
ground.  Among  the  vegetable  anomalies  are  cherrie,s  with 
their  stones  on  the  outside,  and  trees  which  shed  their  bark 
instead  of  their  le-aves.  There  are  5440  species  of  plants  pe- 
culiar to  Australia. 

AnimuU. — In  its  zoology.  Australia  is  more  anomalous 
even  than  in  its  other  natural  features.  Hereare  no  ruminat- 
ing animals,  no  monkeys,  no  elephants,  rhinoceroses,  hippo- 
pitami,  deer,  lions,  tigers,  liears.  wolves,  hyenas,  nor  any 
beasts  of  prey.  The  wild  dog  is  the  only  carnivorous  land 
animal.  But.  on  the  other  hand,  it  possesses  a  number  of 
animals  p<-'euliar  to  itself.  It  has  more  than  40  species  of 
marsupials,  (animals  of  the  opposum  tribe.)  the  largest  of 
which  is  the  kangaroo,  sometimes  weighing  200  pounds,  and 
the  smallest  the  kangaroo  rat.  The  wild  dogs  (called  din- 
goes) do  not  bark,  but  yelp,  and  are  of  a  reddish  brown  co- 
lor. There  are  many  varieties  of  opossum  similar  to  those 
of  America;  one  species,  found  in  the  X.  coast,  is  about  half 
the  size  of  a  full-grown  rat,  with  the  color  and  fur  of  the 
chinchilla.  The  most  remarkable  quadruped,  however,  is 
the  ornithorhy  nchus.  with  the  beak  of  a  duck,  and  the  body 
of  an  otter.  It  is  an  egg-laying  mammal,  freqtienting  rivers, 
lakes,  and  their  margins.  It  is  about  13  inches  in  length. 
The  fix)t  is  armed  with  a  spur,  through  which  exudes  a 
dangerous  poison.  Besides  the.se  quadrupeds,  there  are 
porcupines  of  two  kinds,  flying  foxes,  flying  opossums,  and 
flying  ajuirrels.  wombats,  sloths,  ant-eaters,  ic.  Among 
the  birds  are  eagles,  falcons,  and  other  species  of  hawks, 
owls,  parrots,  parroquets,  cockatoos — many  of  them  of 
beautiful  plum.ige. — pigeons  of  most  beautiful  «nd  varied 
hues,  the  emu  or  cas.sowary — the  largest  of  Australian 
birds,  sometimes  T  feet  high. — birds  of  paradise,  rifle  birds, 
ring  orioles.  spottt>d  grossbeaks — a  splendid  bird — the  lyre- 
bird, 80  called  from  the  shape  of  its  magnificent  tail,  quails, 
gigantic  cranes,  ducks,  teal,  widgeons,  pelicans,  geese,  and 
black  swans — the  last  a  peculiarly  graceful  and  stately 
bird.  Captain  Stokes  met,  on  the  X.  coast,  with  a  galli- 
naceous bird,  which  erected  large  tumili.  about  5  feet  high 
and  30  feet  long,  in  which  they  deposit  their  eggs,  which 
are  hatched  by  tlie  heat  generated  there,  without  maternal 
care.    This  bird  is  about  the  size  of  a  moor  fowl. 

The  reptiles  are  quit*  numerous ;  the  most  formidable  of 
these  is  the  alligator,  which  aljounds  in  the  X.  Of  ser- 
pents there  are.  the  diamond  snake,  the  black,  gi-ay,  brown, 
whip,  and  yellow  snakes.  The  diamond  snake,  the  largest 
of  these,  attains  a  length  of  from  10  to  15  feet,  and  a  girth 
of  from  13  to  15  inches;  it  is  beautifully  marked,  and, 
(hough  not  poisonous,  its  bite  is  dangerous,  fi-om  the  size  of 
136 


AUS 

its  fongs.  The  black  snake,  which  is  from  3  to  5  feet  long, 
is  poisonous,  as  are  also  the  whip,  gray,  and  brown  snakes; 
but  the  most  fatally  venomous  is  the  yellow  snake,  whose 
bite  is  almost  cert.iin  death.  Lizards  and  frogs  are  uumei^ 
ous;  and  scorpions,  centipedes,  and  tarantulas  are  tbund. 
Of  marine  animals  and  fish,  there  are  caught  on  the  coast 
whales,  seals,  codfish,  of  very  large  size,  sharks,  and  trepans. 
Bream  are  caught  in  abundance,  as  well  as  a  variety  of 
other  fresh-water  fish,  caught  in  the  rivers,  and  eels,  (weigh- 
ing 20  pounds.)  in  the  lagoons.  Insects  are  muuerous,  viz. 
locusts,  three  kinds  of  stingless  bees,  ants — one  species  an 
inch  long, — that  erect  hills  13  feet  high  and  7  wide  at 
base;  very  large  spiders,  and  caterpillars,  that,  in  some 
seasons,  blight  the  finest  crops.  Of  the  mammalia.  40  spe- 
cies are  peculiar  to  Australia.  There  are  5  variities  of 
whales,  and  4  of  seals.  The  strong-winged  bat  of  Madagas- 
car is  indigenous  here. 

Gmimerc. — The  commerce  of  Australia  has  received  a 
great  impetus  since  the  gold  discoveries,  and  must  lapidly 
extend,  as  there  is  very  little  manulacturiug  in  the  cdlimies, 
nor  is  the  latter  likely  to  advance  .so  long  as  the  'auri  fames" 
is  gratified  as  it  now  is,  thus  enabling  the  rapidly  increasing 
population  to  buy,  and  stimulating  commerce  to  its  highest 
point.  Wool,  previous  to  the  gold  discoveries  in  1851,  was 
the  great  product  and  staple  of  export,  and  had  increased 
from  1,907,309  pounds  in  1830,  to  30,034,507  pounds  in  1848. 
The  totJil  exports  increased  from  2.244.920/.  in  1S47,  to 
12,891,8607.  in  1852;  and  the  imports,  from  2.41S.31U.  to 
6,606.454J.  The  tonnage  entered  in  1846  was  173.310;  and 
in  1862.  722.908.  The  value  of  exports  from  Victoria  in- 
creased from  1.422,909Z.  in  1S51,  to  7.451.549f.  in  1852;  and 
the  imports  from  1.056.437/.  to  4,069,742/.  The  largest  items 
in  the  exports  of  1852,  were  gold  and  v  ool ;  the  fai-mer 
amounting  to  6.136,728/.,  and  the  latter  (20.047,453  pounds) 
to  1,062.787/.  The  value  of  the  exports  from  Xew  South 
Wales,  rose  from  1,796,912/.  in  1851,  to  4,t:.04,034/.  in  1852; 
of  the  latter  amount,  2.660.946/.  was  gold,  t88,317/.  wool, 
and  174.731/.  tallow.  The  total  revenue  of  all  the  .\us- 
tralian  colonies  in  1852.  w.as  2.295.766/.  The  value  of  im- 
ports from  the  United  States  in  1S54,  was  about  640.000?.  As 
before  stated,  the  internal  commerce  of  Australia  is  not  likely 
to  be  much  facilitated  by  river  navigation ;  yet  it  is  believed 
that  the  Murray  and  some  of  its  tributaries  may  be  naviu'.ited 
successfully  and  profitably  by  steamboats  constructed  with 
special  reference  to  ad.iptability  to  these  waters;  while  a 
number  of  rivers  on  the  eastern  coast  may  be  accessiVile  by 
vessels  drawing  from  5  to  16  feet  water,  from  10  to  150  miles. 
Between  Moreton  Bay  and  Macquarrie  (270  miles)  there  are 
9  rivers  that  may  be  entered  by  coasting  vessels  and  small 
steamers.  A  railway  connects  Melbourne  with  the  shipping 
in  its  harbor,  and  another  connects  Adelaide  with  its  port, 
and  is  to  be  extended  to  Xorth  Arm  Harbor. 

Government. — The  British  color.ies  in  Australia  are  di- 
rected by  a  governor  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a  legisla- 
tive council,  partly  elective  and  partly  appointed  by  govern- 
ment. The  question  of  granting  more  liV'eral  institutions 
and  greater  independence  to  the  Australian  governments 
was  being  agitated  in  Varliameut  in  1854,  and  probably  ere 
these  sheets  reach  the  reader,  nuiy  have  gone  into  opeiation. 
An  upper  House  is  proposed,  based  on  a  large  property 
qualification, 

Bipidation. — The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Aiistralia  were 
represented  by  the  early  voyagers  and  settlers  as  among  the 
rudest  and  most  debased  of  thehimian  race;  but  recent  and 
less  prejudiced  travellers  give  a  much  more  favoraVile  cha- 
racter of  them,  describing  them  as  graceful  in  form,  with 
the  exception  of  a  general  prevalence  of  protuterant  sto- 
machs, agile  in  movement,  and,  for  savages,  niodtnitely 
quick  of  apprehension.  They  are  below  the  average  Ku- 
ropean  height,  with  small  heads,  slender  trunks,  n  unded 
and  muscular  arms  and  legs,  long,  black,  though  c(>arse 
hair,  and  the  whole  figure,  with  the  exception  mentioned 
above,  well  proportioned.  Their  eyes  are  large,  full,  and  pene- 
tr.ating.  expressing  their  emotions  with  vivacity  and  energy. 
The  women  are  not  so  well  formed  as  the  men.  in  consequence, 
pitiKibly,  of  their  performing  nearly  all  works  of  dru'igery. 
There  is,  however,  considerable  dilference  in  the  different 
tribes — those  on  the  E.  coast  being  generally  sujx>rior  in  in- 
tellect, habitations,  and  vestments,  to  those  on  the  S.  and 
W.  coasts;  some  of  the  latter  go  naked,  with  the  exception 
of  a  coarse  grass  mat  round  the  waist:  while  the  more  ad- 
vanced tribes  wear  cloaks  made  of  opossum  skins.  Some 
tribes  are  mild,  gentle,  and  intelligent;  while  othore  are 
fierce  and  vindictive.  Of  the  latter  cla.ss  are  the  natives 
about  Cape  Yillaret.  Cannibalism  is  practised  among  the 
fiercer  tribes.  Infanticide  prevails  to  a  great  extent.  Cap- 
tiiin  Stokes  found  on  the  X,  coiist  a  great  number  of  draw- 
ings of  animals  on  the  rocks,  which  displayed  "much  abi- 
lity," The  canoes,  too.  on  the  same  coast,  were  neatly  and 
artistically  made.  The  aborigines  pos.se.ss  no  regular  habita- 
tions, though  at  their  fi.shing  stations  they  erect  rude  huts. 
The  Aastralian  belongs  to  the  negro  or  I'apuiin  rai-e,  is  of  a 
chocolate  color,  and  not  so  stoutly  made  as  the  African 
negro,  but  much  more  lithe  and  agile.  A  colony  of  alxirf 
gincs  has  been  formed  at  flinders'  Island,  in  Itoss's  .StnUL 


AUS 

The  white  population  of  New  South  Wales,  la  March,  1851, 
was  197,168,  and  of  Victoria  or  Port  Philip,  77,345.  At^ 
the  same  time.  South  Australia  had  38,660,  and  We.s* 
Australia,  4404,  in  December,  1848 ;  malcirif;  a  total  for  the 
English  colonies  of  Australia  of  317-543.  But  these  censuses 
were  all  taken  previous  to  the  discovery  of  gold,  and,  of 
course,  before  that  great  inHux  of  immigration  caused 
thereby,  had  set  in.  In  this  year  (1855)  the  population  of 
the  whole  island  cannot  be  much  less  than  half  a  million. 
There  arrived  at  Sydney  in  1853,  passengers  to  the  number 
of  34.675,  and  16,307  departed,  leaving  an  accession  to  the 
colony,  at  that  port  alone,  of  18.368  inhaliitants.  The  total 
Increase  for  1S53  is  given  at  81,656,  and  of  Melbourne  alone, 
for  3  months  of  1S54,  at  13.397. 

QAonies  or  Diirisimis. — The  settled  portions  of  Australia 
are  the  colonies  of  Moreton  Bay,  New  South  Wales,  Victoria, 
Port  Philip  or  Australia  Felix,  in  the  K.  and  S.K.,  South 
Australia  in  the  S.,  and  West  Australia  in  the  S.W.  A 
colony  wjis  formed  an  the  N.  coast  in  1847,  but  was  aban- 
doned, after  an  outlay  of  $70,000,  by  government.  None  of 
these,  however,  have  settlements  more  tlian  150  or  200  miles 
from  the  coast.  A  new  colony  was  established  in  1853  at 
Port  Curtis,  on  the  N.  coast,  and  a  town,  to  be  called  Glad- 
6tone,'lald  out. 

Cities  and  Tmom. — The  largest  towns  In  Australia  are 
Sydney,  (pop.  60.000;)  Melbourne,  (pop.  23,000;*)  and  Ade- 
Liide,  (pop.  15.0(J0.)  The  other  principal  pl;ices  are  Para- 
matfa,  Geelong,  Bathurst,  Wind.sor,  Liverpool,  Morpeth, 
Maitland,  Newcastle,  Portland,  and  some  others. 

History. — To  the  Spaniards  belongs  the  honor  of  having 
first  visited  Australia,  though  in  this,  as  in  most  of  their 
other  colonies,  the  fruits  of  the  enterprise  of  a  former  day 
have  pass.;d  into  the  hands  of  others.  In  l(i05,  Louis  Vaez 
de  Torres  discovered  the  straits  which  now  l)ear  his  name, 
lying  between  Australia  and  Papua  or  New  Guinea;  and 
though  he  coasted  along  the  shore,  he  did  not  land.  The 
Dutcli  discovered  North  Australia  alwut  the  same  time,  mis- 
taking It  for  the  W.  side  of  New  Guinea.  Betwetm  lt)05  and 
the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  different  Dutch  navi- 
gators landed  at  several  points  on  the  Lsland.  giving  names 
to  many  loeilities,  especially  on  the  N.  and  W.  coasts,  which 
they  still  bear,  as  .\ruhem,  De  Witt,  Kdel,  &c.  But  as  with 
the  indolent  Spaniard,  so  with  the  industrious  Dutch — 
their  large  colonial  possessions  have  nearly  all  passed  out 
of  their  hands.  However,  in  the  case  of  New  Holland — as 
the  Dutch  named  Australia — there  was  no  attempt  made  to 
colonize.  Dampier  visited  New  Holland  thrice,  coasted  New 
South  Wales,  and  on  the  third  voyage  in  1710,  pas.s<>d 
through  Torres'  Straits,  and  explored  Shark's  Bay.  Captain 
James  Cook,  the  celebrated  navigator,  landed  at  Botany 
Bay  in  April,  1770,  and  afterwards  touched  at  several  points 
on  the  coast,  formally  taking  pos.session  of  them  in  the 
name  of  his  sovereign.  King  George  III.,  King  of  Great 
Britain;  and  in  January,  1788,  Captain  Arthur  Phillips 
formed  the  first  settlement — not  at  Botany  Bay,  but  about 
18  miles  further  N. — at  Port  Jackson,  where  he  landed  with 
850  convicts.  250  of  whom  were  females,  108  soldiers,  with 
40  women,  their  wives,  and  37  officers;  in  all,  including  the 
governor,  amounting  to  1096  souls.  In  1798,  Surgeon 
George  Bass  discovered  the  straits  separating  Australia 
from  Van  Diemen's  Land.  In  1800,  a  great  flood  occurred 
on  the  river  Ilawkesbury,  which  swept  off  houses  and  crops, 
and  caused  a  famine.  In  1808,  an  insurrection  of  the  mili- 
tary and  colonists  deposed  Governor  Bligh.  The  Bathurst 
district  was  discovered  across  the  mountains  In  1813.  Pan- 
dora's Pass,  leading  to  Liverpool  Plains,  and  said  to  lie  as 
picturesque  as  any  in  the  Alps,  was  discovered  in  1825. 
A  legislative  council  was  constituted  in  1829,  mostly  com- 
posed of  ofiicials :  it  established  jury  trials.  The  same  year. 
Swan  Kiver  was  settled,  and  Captain  Sturt  descended  the 
Murrumbidgee  and  the  Murray.  The  first  steamboat  was 
launched  and  the  Australian  College  established  In  1831. 
The  first  bishop  of  Australia  arrived,  and  South  Australia 
was  founded  in  1836.  Melbourne  wiis  laid  out  in  1837. 
The  sittings  of  the  legislative  council  was  first  opened  to 
the  public  in  1S3S.  Pop.  In  1841,  131,700,  of  whom  43.500 
were  females.  In  1843,  the  first  popular  legislative  council 
met,  24  of  whose  members  were  elected.  The  census  was 
taken  in  1846,  pop.  189,500,  of  whom  74.800  were  females. 
Victoria  was  erected  into  a  separate  province,  representative 
institutions  were  granted  to  it,  and  the  privileges  of  South 
Australia  and  N'ew  South  Wales  were  enlarged — all  in  1860. 
Gold  was  discovered  in  April,  1831.    Since  1840,  no  convicts 

have  been  introduced  Into  New  South  Wales. Adj.  and 

inhab..  -Australian.  aws-trMe-an. 

AU8TR.A  LIA,  P>.1STERN.    'See  New  South  Wales. 

AUSTRALIA.  FKLIX.    See  Port  Philip. 

AUSTRALIAN  ALPS,  a  mountain  range  of  Australia,  In 
the  colonies  of  l>ort  Philip  and  New  South  Wales,  extend- 
ing from  lat.  38°  S.,  Ion.  146°  36'  E.,  in  a  N.E.  direction  for 


*  Previons  to  the  gold  discovery  in  1851:  recent  travellers  state 
ts  iiopulation  at  KJO.OOO,  including  the  floating  population  ar- 
riving from  and  departing  to  the  mines. 


AUS 

about  200  miles,  and  forming  part  of  the  great  Australia* 
chain  from  Wilson's  Promontory  to  Cape  York. 

AUSTRALIAN  GRAMPIANS,  a  mountain  system  inVio 
toria  or  Port  Philip,  W.  of  the  Pyrenees. 

AUSTRALIA.  NORTH.    See  North  Australia. 

AUSTRALIAN  PYRENEES,  a  congeries  of  mountains  in 
Victoria  or  Port  Philip,  N.W.  of  Melbourne,  and  connected 
with  the  Australian  Grampians. 

AUSTKALIK.  AUSTRALIEN.    See  Australia. 

AUSTJtASIA  or  AUSTRASIK.     See  Ostrasia. 

AUSTRIA,  (aws'tre-9.)  EMPIRE  OF,  (Ger.  OesUrreick. 
Ss'tfr-riKe,  or  Otstreich,  5st/rlKe.  "the  eastern  kingdom f 
L.  Aiu'tria;  ¥r.  Jutriclie,  5'treesh'.)  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive and  most  populous  of  the  European  mon  archies,  extends 
from  about  lat,  42°  to  51°  N.,  or,  exclusive  of  Dalmatia  and 
the  narrower  part  of  Croatia,  from  about  lat.  44°  30'  to  51° 
N.,  and  from  about  Ion.  8°  30'  to  26°  30'  E. ;  comprising  258,000 
square  miles,  or  46,000  more  than  France.  Its  gre.atest 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  about  800  miles ;  its  greatest  breadth, 
fi-om  N.  to  S.,  with  the  exclusions  above  stated,  is  alxiut  tOO 
miles ;  bounded  S.  by  Turkey,  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and  the  in- 
dependent states  of  Italy;  W.  by  Sardinia,  Switzerland, 
Bavaria,  and  Saxony ;  N.  by  Prussia  and  Russian  Poland ; 
and  E.  by  Russia  and  Moldavia.  On  the  shores  of  the  Adri- 
atic, along  the  coasts  of  Dalmatia  and  Venetian  Lombardy, 
lies  its  only  sea  frontage,  extending,  exclusive  of  islands, 
about  500  miles. 

Tlie  Austrian  Empire  Is  composed  of  a  union  of  different 
states,  some  of  them  at  one  time  forming  independent  king- 
doms, inhabited  by  races  of  people  differing  from  each  other  in 
descent,  language,  customs,  laws,  and  reli:jion.  held  togethei 
as  one  empire,  by  being  under  one  sovereign  and  one  central 
government.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  name  and 
arort  of  the  provinces  of  the  empire,  according  to  the  arrange- 
mont  of  March  4,  1849,  \tith  their  population  in  1850: — 


Provincea. 


Lower  Austria 

Upper  Austria 

Snlzburg 

Bt.rria 

Carinthia 

Carniola 

Li tioi'Hie  ( Kustenland) 

Tyrol  and  Vurarlburg 

Bohemia 

Moravia 

Slleala 

Gnlicia 

Bultuwina,  (Bucl^owiua) 

Ralmatia 

Lombard Vt  (9  provinces) 

Venice,  (8  provinces) 

Hungary 

Wttiwodeof  Servia,  with  Temesvar. 

Croatia  and  Slavonla 

Transylvania 

The  Military  Frontier, 

ToUl 


Area  in 
■q.  m. 


7,fiS3 
4,616 
2,764 
8,664 
S.!)84 
8,S45 
3,065 
11,084 
20,012 
8,.i60 
l.'JM 
30,115 
4,021 

4,a'.!8 

8,»13 
9,198 
69,170 
11,550 
7,054 
23,078 
l-',92-' 


256.559 


116,514,466 


BiHlical  Divisions  and  Tbp.o/lhf.Auxlrian  Oroion  Lands,  1854. 


Provinces. 


Lower  Austria 

Upper  A  ustria 

Saljliurg 

Styria 

Carinthia 

Carniola 

Littorale 

Tyrol  and  Vorarlburg 

Moravia «..• 

Dalmatia 

Waiwode  of  Servia,  with  Temesvar. 

Croatia  and  Slavouia 

Transylvania 

Total 


62'^ 


643 
1093 
3142 
796 
783 


Pop.  In  1854. 


1.509 
9,694 


11,667,154 


General  Aspect. — Although  presenting  every  variety  of 
surface,  the  prevailing  character  of  the  Austrian  dominions 
is  mountainous,  there  being  but  few  districts  where  moun- 
tains are  not  found ;  while  the  plains  do  not  occupy  more 
than  a  fifth  part  of  the  whole  superficies.  The  loftiest 
ranges,  and  the  most  extensively  ramified,  are  found  In 
Tyrol,  Styria,  IllyrLa,  and  the  S.  parts  of  .\ustria  Proper. 
In  some  of  these  regions  the  scenery  Is  bold  and  romantic, 
and  has  been  considered  equal  to  that  of  Switzerland.  The 
most  extensive  tracts  of  low  or  flat  land  occur  in  Slavonla 
and  the  S.E.  and  central  parts  of  Hungary:  much  of  this 
lerel  land  is  remarkably  fertile,  but  it  is  met  at  variou? 
points  by  vast  moriisses  and  arid  steppes.  The  principal  val- 
leys are  found  in  Tyrol,  Salzburg.  Styrisi,  and  lUyria.  Exten- 
sive plains  stretch  along  the  courses  of  the  rivers,  particularly 
the  Po.  the  Danube,  and  the  March.  The  principal  rivers 
of  Austria  are  the  Danube,  the  Elbe,  the  Save,  the  Drave, 
the  Muhr,  the  March  or  Moi-awa.  the  Teiss  or  Theis.s,  and 
the  Maros.  The  Danube,  for  upwards  of  oOO  miles,  is  navi 
gable  for  pretty  large  vessels,  throughout  the  whole  Austrian 

137 


AUS 

terrltdi  V :  while  all  the  ofhers,  most  of  them  tributaries  of 
the  D^iiilie,  ore  nnvitrable  for  vessels  of  smaller  size.  All 
of  theia  abound  in  fish.  The  lakes  are  numerous:  though 
those  In  the  lowlands,  particularly  in  the  plains  of  IIun<:ary. 
are  rather  marshes  than  lakes,  being  collections  of  st.ignant 
water  with  swampy  margins.  Those  in  the  more  elevated 
resrious  of  Illyria.  Tyrol,  and  the  other  mountainous  dis- 
tri  -ts.  aie  pure  lakes,  surrounded  with  wood  and  rock,  and 
all  the  ovfter  attributes  of  picturesque  scenery.  The  finest 
!akes  are  to  be  found  in  Upper  Austria;  of  which  the  prin- 
cip.al  ire  the  Att«rsi^.  the  Mondsee.  the  Traunsee.  and  seve- 
ral others.    In  Styria.  the  lakes  are  numerous,  but  small. 

Climate,  and  Vrgt'tohh  Prnhictions. — Austria  lies  between 
the  isotherms  of  60°  and  50^.  and  has  a  climate  nearly  as 
various  as  its  surface.  In  some  parts,  as  in  IIun<rary,  the 
annu.'U  fell  of  rain  is  comparatively  small ;  while  the  W.  and 
N.AV.  parts  of  the  empire,  in  this  respect,  resemble  the  W. 
of  En.rlaud :  and  the  Alpine  regions  are  prnTiably  the  most 
rainy  in  Europe  The  N.  regions,  between  40°  and  51°  N.  lat, 
have  an  average  temperature  resembling  that  of  the  X.  of 
France.  Between  lat.  46° and  49°,  the  heat  is  considerable: 
and  between  42°  and  46°,  which  comprises  the  whole  of 
Southern  Austria,  it  is  still  greater,  the  winter  lasting  two 
or  three  months  only,  and  being,  in  general,  extremely  mild. 
In  the  first  region,  the  principal  products  are  wheat,  barley, 
oats,  and  rye:  in  the  second,  vines  and  nwize  are  added; 
and  in  the  third,  olives.  The  productive  capabilities  of  the 
soil,  however,  are  by  no  means  rendered  available  to  their 
full  extent.  The  quantity  of  land  under  cultivation  is  equal 
to  that  in  Great  Britain,  but  the  produce,  even  where  the 
soil  is  superior,  is  nearly  a  third  less.  The  wines  of  Austria 
are  poor,  with  exc^-ption  of  a  few  choice  kinds,  including 
the  well-known  Tokay ;  and  none,  therefbre.  but  such  de- 
scriptions are  exported,  and  these  in  very  limited  quantity. 
A  great  portion  of  the  worst  wine  is  made  into  brandy.  The 
average  produce  of  wine  is  about  3.200.000,000  giUlons,  of 
wliicti  Hungary  yields  by  fiir  the  largest  proportion.  The 
vineyards,  by  which  tl;e  above  quantity  of  wine  is  produced, 
occupy  487.200  acres.  The  quantity  of  arable  Land  is 
47.407.003  acres,  producing,  of  wheat,  maize,  rye,  barley, 
and  oats.  51.542.o06  quarters.  The  forests  cover  more  th.an 
a  fourth  part  of  the  productive  soil  of  the  empire,  and  form 
no  inconsiderable  source  of  wealth.  In  1844.  the  value  of 
the  timber  exported  was  427.0lX>?;  5Iuch  of  it  is  of  excel- 
lent quality,  and  well  adapted  for  house  and  ship  building, 
furniture,  and  for  all  other  purposes.  In  Upper  Hungary, 
trees  attain  a  vast  size,  but  are  much  neglected,  forest 
management  being  as  f:ir  behind  in  Austria  a.s  agriculture. 

AnimaU. — Wild  deer,  wild  swine,  chamois,  foxes,  lynxes, 
and  a  species  of  sniiiU  black  bear  are  found  in  many  districts, 
the  fox  and  lynx  being  particularly  abundant.  Herds  of  a 
native  breed  of  horses,  of  small  size,  roam  wild  over  the 
plains  of  Hungary.  All  the  domestic  anim.ils  of  England 
are  known  throughout  the  empire.  Domesticated  birds, 
especially  ducks  and  geese,  are  abundant,  and  wild  birds 
more  numerous  than  in  any  other  part  of  Europe. 

GRologfi,  Mineralofjfi.  d-c. — A  large  portion  of  the  countries 
now  composing  the  Austrian  Empire  was  at  one  time  sub- 
merged by  the  se.a.  particuLarly  Hungary,  where  the  gene- 
ral appe.arance  of  its  vast  plains,  the  nature  of  their  soil, 
and.  above  all.  the  occurrence  of  fossil  sea-shells,  leave  no 
room  to  doubt  the  former  dominion  of  the  oce,an.  Through- 
out all  .Austria  the  tertiary  formation  prevails,  with  a  mar- 
gin of  the  secondary  form.ation.  stretching  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent  into  the  surrounding  countries,  and  diversified 
by  patches  of  igneous  rocks  of  the  tertiary  and  alluvial 
epochs.  In  mineral  pi-oductions,  Austria  surpasses,  probii- 
bly.  every  other  country  in  Europe:  possessing,  it  is  said, 
with  the  exception  of  platinum,  all  the  metals.  In  Transyl- 
vani.a.  gold  is  obtained  in  large  quantity  ;  and  in  Hungary, 
silver  abounds.  Copper  and  lead  mines  exist  in  different 
parts  of  the  empire.  The  repositories  of  iron  are  inexhaust- 
ible :  but.  from  the  high  price  of  fuel,  the  quantity  produced 
Is  f;ir  short  of  what  it  mi^ht  be.  Tin  is  found  in  Bohemia, 
but  in  no  other  part  of  the  empire.  Quicksilver  is  obtained 
in  many  pl.ices;  but  the  richest  mine,  not  only  in  Austria, 
but  in  Europe,  is  that  at  Idria.  in  Carniola.  Calamine,  zinc, 
cobalt,  arsenic,  antimony,  chrome,  bismuth,  manganese, 
Olack  tourmaline,  alabaster,  serpentine,  gypsum,  blacklead, 
sl.ates,  and  flint  abound  in  many  portions  of  the  empire, 
and  coal  in  almost  every  province.  Salt,  vitriol,  alum,  sul- 
phur. Kiltpetre,  and  soda,  are  also  among  the  mineral  pro- 
ductions. In  every  part  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  mineral 
iprings  are  numerous.  The  precious  stones  are  the  Bohe- 
mian c.irbunele  and  Hungarian  opal,  bcth  much  esteemed ; 
the  chalcedony,  ruby,  emerald,  jasper,  amethyst,  topa?,,  cor- 
nelian, chrysolite,  and  l)eryl.  Marble,  of  every  description 
and  variety  of  color,  occurs  in  most  of  the  provinces. 

The  quantity  of  gold  obtained  in  1843  was  3S17  ounces;  of 
silver. 75,009 ounces:  of  quicksilver,3635  hundred-weight:  of 
tin.  found  chiefly  in  Bohemia,  only  90  tons.  Copper  is  found 
princi|ially  in  Hungary.  The  whole  produce  in  1843  wa.s  2716 
tons;  zinc  olitained.  280  tons;  lead,  6841  tons:  antimony. 378 
tons :  cobalt.  1 19  tons.  But  the  largest  produce  of  the  metals 
ts  iron,  which  amounted  to  2,726,526  tons.  An  important 
133 


AUS 

branch  of  the  iron  trade  of  Austria  is  the  manufiicture  of 
rails  for  railw.ays.  The  quantity  of  coal  produced  in  1812 
amounted  to  upwards  of  11,054.805  tons,  nearly  double  the 
amount  of  what  it  w.as  five  years  previously.  The  quantity 
of  salt  amounted  to  882.000  tons.  About  half  of  the  whole 
number  of  Austrian  mines  belong  to  private  companies; 
the  others  to  government. 

Industry.  Commerce,  rfc. — Among  the  textile  manufactures 
silk  holds  a  conspicuous  place,  although  confined  chiefly  to 
Vienna.  Milan,  Como,  Prague,  and  Pesth.  The  whole  pro- 
duce of  the  silk  manufactures  of  the  Austrian  Empire 
amounts  to  about  3,500.000/..  employing  altogether,  in  the 
various  processes,  about  160,000  persons.  The  whole  nupi- 
ber  of  silk  manufactories  in  the  empire  is  5119. 

In  1843.  the  entire  annual  produce  of  wool  in  the  empire 
was  771,875  hundre<l-weight,  of  which  Hungary  produced 
nearly  one-half.  The  manufacture  of  woollen  cloths  is 
confined  to  Bohemia  and  Moravia  chiefly.  The  entire  pro- 
duction of  Austria  in  woollen  cloth  •  and  worsted  stuffs 
mav  be  reckoned  at  about  1,000.000  pieces;  value  about 
4,500,000?. 

The  whole  quantity  of  linen  produced  is  about  6,570.000/., 
employing  30.000  looms,  and  about  500.0(X)  weavers.  Though 
machinery  for  flax-spinning  has  recently  been  introcluced,     - 
this  operation  is  still  performed  chi"fiy  l>y  the  hand. 

The  cotton-we.aving  of  .\ustria  is  also  upon  the  increase. 
In  1843.  there  were  employed  in  this  manufacture  about 
90,000  looms,  giving  occupation  to  about  150.000  hands,  and 
producing  annually  3.500.000  pieces.  The  chief  seat  of  the 
cotton  factories  or  spinning  establishments  is  Bohemia  and 
Lower  Austria. 

The  quantity  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  printed  in  1841 
was.  together.  2.035,000  pieces,  value  2.1S1.000/..  of  which 
.about  six-.sevenths  were  cotton.  The  principal  establish- 
ments for  Turkey-red  dyeing  are  in  the  X.  of  Bohemia,  in 
Vorarlberg.  Schumtierg.  Moravia.  Oalida.  Lc>mbardy,  Tre- 
viso  in  Venice.  Stein  in  Carniola.  and  one  or  two  other 
places.  The  united  produce  of  tlie  whole  was.  in  1841, 
12,000.000  pieces.  The  entire  quantity  of  goods — cotton,  wool- 
len, and  mixed  iiibrics — printed  in  Austria  is  nither  mora 
than  one-fifth  of  that  printed  in  England,  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  France,  upwards  of  one-fiurth  more  than  that  of 
Russia,  and  more  than  double  that  of  Prussia  and  Switzer- 
land. The  whole  cotton  manufactures  of  the  empire,  includ- 
ing spinning,  weaving,  and  dveing,  mav  be  estimated  al 
4,500.000/. :  the  number  of  haiids  employed,  at  300.000. 

Austria  is  remark,able  for  the  number  of  its  breweries  .and 
distilleries.  Of  the  former  there  are  3165.  which  produce 
about  100,000.000  gallons  annually,  consuming  about 
900,000  qtiarters  of  malt.  The  number  of  distilleries  in 
Austrlii,  exclusive  of  Htingary,  Tran.sjlvania.  and  the  mili- 
tary frontiers,  amounted,  in  1842.  to  16..')02.  producing 
35.465,.575  gallons  of  spirits,  of  which  G.alicia  alone  produces 
23.568.750  gallons.  Austria  has  in  all  123  sugar-refineries, 
of  which  number  25  work  from  colonial  sugar,  and  the  re- 
maining 98,  fi-om  beet-root.  The  former  used,  in  1843, 
29.332  tons  of  sugar:  the  latter,  105,503  tons  of  roots,  pro- 
ducing 8906  tons  of  refined  sugar. 

In  addition  to  her  general  import  and  export  trade.  .Aus- 
tria carries  on  a  vers-  considerable  amount  of  Ijusiness  in 
the  transit  of  goods  through  her  territories  to  other 
countries — partly  from  her  central  position  in  the  conti- 
nent, and  partly  from  her  numerous  n.avigable  stre.ams  and 
excellent  roads,  and,  in  later  times,  her  partially  completed 
railway  system. 

The  fbllowlng  tables  show  the  increase  and  extent  of  the 
genera]  commerce  of  the  Austrian  Empire: — 

•      Imports.  Kxiwrls.  Totsl. 

lK«-3 £10,627,000  £I1,66;,420 £2J.289,4M 

mfi-i 10.77.*. 1^9   11.109,. ill   :;1.8?T,4:!0 

1843 IN.all.lOO    ]8,0:i!<,SOO .W.SM.IOO 

lUi 19,144,900    18,5'-'0,600 37.675,500 

Custom  DiUUs  CnnfOted  on  Vie  Impoiis.  Exports,  and  Transit 
Trade  for  1850, 1851,  and  1852. 


1850. 

Imports £l,8,i4.SO0  .. 

Exports 109.600  .. 

Transit  trade..  6.600.. 


Total 1,971,000 


1851. 
£l,9:!!t,Tno  .. 

111,100  .. 
5.900  .. 


Z,0o6,700  .. 


IBS'!. 
£2,!7».700 
109.500 
T.-.-OO 

.    2,;90,400 


From  the  first  tal)ie  it  will  be  perceived  that  there  has  been 
sn  increase  in  the  total  imports  of  1844.  above  the  average 
of  1832  to  18.34.  of. "51  percent.  The  increase  on  theimportsof 
manufactured  and  half-manufactured  L'oods  was  61  percent. 
Both  the  exportation  of  wine  and  (he  importation  of  raw 
cotton  have  greatly  increased  of  late  years,  the  latter  being 
in  amount  nearly  twice  what  it  was  in  is:jl.  In  timber  a 
similar  improvement  b.as  taken  place.  In  the  iron  trade 
there  ha.s  been  an  improvement,  during  the  last  20  years, 
nearly  equal  to  400  per  cent.,  and  on  coals  to  700  per  cent- 
In  the  export  of  linen  goods,  there  has  lieen  a  gradutl  fall- 
ing off.  the  result  of  the  advance  of  cotton  and  ■»')olleu 
manufactures.  The  shipping  of  the  empi»<i  in  1841, 
amounted  to  5574  vessels  of  all  sizes:  tons,  215,598;  and 


J 


AUS 


AUS 


In  1S53.  to  9511  vessels :  tons,  311,763.  emploj-lnc;  34,831  men. 
The  prin.-ipal  ports  o*'  Austria  are  Triest,  Venice,  Chiofrgin, 
and  Fiunie — all  in  the  Adriatic.  The  nuinlier  of  vessels 
that  arrived  at  these  ports  in  1R44  was  31.858.  (tons, 
1.276,376,)  of  which  3624  (tons,  421.78.-!)  were  Austrian.  The 
clearances  for  the  same  year  were  32.0.52.  (tons,  1,207,307,) 
Of  which  3800  (tons,  427.679)  helono;ed  to  Austria. 

Internal  Imprm:emfnts. — The  means  of  communication 
in  Austria  are  extensive,  and  many  of  the  great  routes,  as 
that  of  the  Simplon.  are  remarltable  as  works  of  art.  The 
first  railway  opened  in  Austria  extends  from  Lintz  on  the 
I>anulie,  N.  to  Budweis  ou  the  Jloldau,  and  S.  to  Wells  and 
Gmlinden;  it  is  worlied  by  horse-power.  In  1848,  the  prin- 
cipal lines  of  railway  in  operation  and  progress  were  as  fol- 
lows:— 1.  From  Vienna  S.  to  Gratz;  2.  From  Grfitz  toCilly; 
3.  From  Cilly  to  Triest,  (in  progress;)  4.  From  Vienna  N.W. 
to  Stockerau,  and  E.  to  I?ruck;  5.  From  A'ienna  N.toUrtlnn, 
and  N.aud  N.W.  to  Olmutz  and  Prague.  In  Northern  Italy 
is  the  great  trunk-line  from  Milan  K.  to  Venice,  opened  for 
traffic  nearly  half  its  extent,  and  that  from  Milan  N.  to 
Monza.  In  Hungary  the  principal  lines  are — 1.  From  Pesth 
E.  to  Szolnok,  (or  from  the  Danube  to  the  Theiss;)  2.  From 
Pesth  N.  to  VV'aitzen,  and  from  Presburg  N.K.  to  Tyrnau. 
Steam-packets  are  established  on  the  Danube  and  on  the 
lakes  of  the  Lorn  ha  rdo- Venetian  Kingdom,  in  which  pro- 
vinces canals  are  numerous.  • 

Gorernnient,  <£c. — The  whole  legi.slative  authority  is  vested 
In  the  emperor,  who  exercises  supreme  control  in  all  the 
province!?,  excepting  Hungary  and  Transylvania,  liut  a 
constant  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  various  states  to  re- 
sume their  independence,  and  maintain  their  respective  na- 
ional  distinctions,  has  the  effect  of  tempering  the  exercise  of 
this  control,  and  thereby  preventing  what  has  been  lately 
threatened^the  dismemberment  of  the  empire.  The  pro- 
vincial states,  whose  business  it  is  tfl  receive  and  register 
the  laws  framed  by  the  emperor  on  financial  matters,  and 
to  allocate  or  apportion  the  amount  of  sxipplies  to  be  con- 
tributed by  the  different  districts,  meet  once  a  year,  or 
oftener,  if  necessarj'.  The  executive  government  acts  through 
councils  or  Ixjai-ds,  each  having  a  chancellor,  who  commu- 
nicates with  the  provincial  councils  and  with  the  cabinet. 
Hungary  and  Transylvania  have  each  a  sepjirate  chancery, 
and  are  governed  by  their  own  laws ;  as  are,  likewise,  the 
Italian  States.  The  nobles  form  a  separate  order  in  the 
state,  and  are  so  disproportionately  numerous  as  to  make  the 
distinction  appear  ridiculous,  the  total  number  of  nobility 
in  the  empire  being  no  less  than  400.(X)0,  or  1  to  every  90 
inhabitants.  Ofthe.se  there  are  259,648  in  Hungary  alone, 
or  1  for  every  20  burghers.  The  privileges  and  prerogatives 
of  these  last  are  seriously  detrimental  to  the  national  inte- 
rests in  various  respects;  those  of  the  nobles  of  the  other 
provinces  are  few  and  unimportant. 

The  administration  of  justice  is  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  the  superior  ministry  of  justice,  at  the  head  of  which 
there  are  two  presidents.  It  is  divided  into  two  senates, 
one  at  Vienna  and  one  at  Verona.  All  trials  are  conducted 
with  a  great  degree  of  secrecy,  and  those  of  criminals  are 
scandalously  protracted,  years  often  elapsing  before  their 
trials  are  brought  on,  and  years  more  before  they  are  con- 
cluded. Sentence  of  death  can  be  passed  after  confession 
only ;  a  law  which,  whatever  may  be  said  of  its  humanity, 
must  have  a  tendency  to  defeat  the  ends  of  justice. 

The  military  tbrce  of  the  empire  is  composed  of  a  standing 
anny  and  an  army  of  reser\-e.  The  permanent  force 
in  time  of  peace  is  414.000  men,  and  during  war,  639,659. 
Austria  possesses  a  great  many  fortificationg,  of  which 
Josephstadt,  Theresienstadt,  Olmutz,  Mantua,  Peschiera, 
and  Coraorn  belong  to  the  first  class;  Peterwardein, 
Brod,  Altgradisca;  Arad,  Eszek  Karlstadt,  Karlsburg.  Mun- 
kacs,  Temesvar,  Ragusa,  Cattaro,  Zara,  Legnago,  Venice, 
Kufstein,  SalzV>urg,  Pnague,  and  KBniggratz.  to  the  second 
class.  Austria  also  maintains  garrisons  in  Mentz.  Piacenza. 
Ferrara.  and  C'omacchio.  The  naval  armament,  under  a  naval 
commander  at  Venice,  consists  of  6  frigates,  6  corvettes,  7 
brig.i,  66  smaller  vessels,  11  steamers,  and  9  gunboats — in 
all,  104  vessels,  carrying  742  guns.  The  public  revenues 
arise  from  direct  taxes  on  property,  industry,  and  incomes, 
with  peisonal  and  Jews'  taxes.  Indirect  imposts  on  tobacco 
and  provi.sions,  a  salt  monopoly,  legacy  and  stamp  duties, 
postK)ffice  and  custom  dues,  and  the  revenues  from  the 
crown  domains  and  mines  ;  the  whole  estimated  in  1S53,  to 
amount  to  23.590.000?.  The  givater  proportion  was  contri- 
buted by  Bohemia,  Oalicia,  Illyria,  and  the  German  and 
Italian  provinces;  Hungary  contributes  a  ct-rtain  sum 
voted  Vjy  the  Diet,  and  supports  a  fixed  number  of  troops; 
and  in  Dalmatja  a  tithe  of  the  land  produce  is  taken  in 
lieu  of  taxes.  The  expenditure  the  same  year  exceeded 
the  revenue  to  the  amount  of  S.SOO.OdOi.  Of  the  total 
expenditures,  11.196,00(«.  was  for  the  army,  and  6.700.000i. 
for  interest  on  the  public  debt,  which,  in  1850,  amounted  to 
102.300,000;. 

The  Austrian  Empire  is  ecclesiastically  divided  into  15 
archbishoprics,  76  liishopries,  19  Protestant  superintenden- 
des,  and  28.903  parishes,  of  which  19.503  are  Koman  Catholic, 
and  SiO"^  aon-CathoUc.    The  number  of  clergy  in  1842  waa 


56-988.  The  number  of  Roman  Catholic  communicants 
in  1846,  was  26,357,172;  Greek  communicants,  3.694.896; 
non-united  Greek  communicants,  3,161,805;  Calvinisls, 
2,161,765;  Lutherans,  1,286,799;  Unitarians,  50,441;  other 
denominations.  23.50,  and  Jews.  729,005.  Th"  •"'"ijbers  of 
the  Greek  church,  and  the  Calvinists  and  Lutherans  mostly 
inhabit  the  ea-itern  provinces;  the  Unitarians  are  nearly 
confined  to  Transylvania.  The  administration  of  public 
instruction  is  under  the  direction  of  a  separate  commis- 
sion, and  extends  to  all  parts  of  education.  The  public 
schools  are  subject  to  uniform  laws;  they  are  classed  into 
high  schools,  gymnasiums  and  classical  schools,  and  elementr 
ary  schools.  The  number  of  national  schools  (exclusive  of 
Hungary,  Transylvania,  and  the  militai-y  frontier) is  28,380, 
and  pupils,  2,605,801,  \mng  nearly  1  to  every  10  of  the  popula- 
tion. There  were,  in  1848, 9  universities,  having  their  seiita 
at  Vienna,  Prague,  Padua,  Pavia,  Pesth,  Lemberg,  Gratz, 
Innspruck,  and  Olmutz,  with  419  professors  and  15,794 
students. 

Hofpitah. — Out  of  the  63  cities  and  principal  towns  of 
Au.stria,  21  possess  foundling  hospitals,  with  lying-in  estab- 
lishments attached.  The  numlx-r  of  foundlings  received 
into  these  hospitals  in  1833  was  14,897,  and  in  1840,  17,410. 
From  1821  to  1840  there  were  in  public  keeping  980,345 
children,  with  a  yearly  increase  of  numbers.  The  number 
of  foundlings  claimed  is  very  small  proportionably.  At  Lay- 
bach  242  only  were  sought  back  in  the  course  of  81  years, 
out  of  5302  foundlings.  In  the  Prague  Hospital,  2309  only 
were  sought  back  from  1822  to  1841,  out  of  87,.341  found- 
lings. In  Milan  the  proportion  sought  back  was  much 
greater,  indeed  remarkable,  when  the  other  cases  are  con- 
sidered: it  was  7623  out  of  20,147  foundlings,  or  consider- 
ably more  than  a  third. 

Papulation. — The  population  of  the  Austrian  Empire  in 
1816,  was  about  28.OU0.O00;  in  1826,  32,000.000;  in  1842, 
35,747,946;  in  1846,  37,58.3,755; (and  in  1857,  35,018,988).  Ac- 
cording to  race  and  language,  the  entire  population  is 
divided  thus : — 


Germans 7,200,000 

Slavonians 14,994.000 

Italians 7,500.000 

lilvriaus 3,:j00 

Greeli8 !.  6,600 


Armeniana 22,100 

Jews 641,000 

Gipsies 77,000 

Magvars 5,900,000 

Tartars 170,000 


In  1850,  the  number  of  towns  was  about  800,  of  which  1  (Vi- 
enna) had  upwards  of  400,000  inhabitants;  3  (Milan,  Prague, 
and  Venice)  more  than  100,000;  5  above  40,000;  7  above  30,000; 
11  above  2O,uO0;  and  35  above  10,000;  boroughs,  2320;  and 
villages,  69,000.  The  population  belongs  to  four  princip,al 
families — the  Deutsch  or  German,  Slavonian,  Italian,  and 
Hungarian  or  Magyars.  German  is  the  language  of  the 
countries  inhabited  by  the  first-named  family,  and  the 
idiom  employed  by  the  superior  administration  ;  the  differ- 
ent Slavonian  dialects  by  the  ,second;  Italian  and  a  mixed 
dialect  by  the  third;  and  the  Magyar  by  the  fourth, 
French  is  the  diplomatic  language  of  the  empire, 

Hidory. — After  the  erection  of  the  German  Empire  in  the 
ninth  century  by  Charlem.agne,  that  prince'  subdued  the 
district  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Danube,  to  the  E.  of  the  river 
Ens,  and  converted  it  into  a  military  frontier,  to  repel  the 
incursions  of  the  Huns  and  other  barbarous  nations.  It 
was  then  called  Octi-rciC/i,  or  the  "e<istkiiigdom"from  its  re- 
lative position  to  Germany,  but  subseiiuently  obtained  the 
name  of  Lower  Austria,  and  became  the  nucleus  of  the  pre- 
sent Austrian  Empire,  The  governors  of  this  district  or 
pi'ovince  were  appointed  by  the  Emperors  of  Germany,  to 
whom  they  were  subject,  with  the  title  of  margrave,  (Ger. 
marl-graf — " lord  of  the  marches,")  which  title  was  borne 
by  their  successors  for  three  centuries  after.  About  the 
middle  of  the  twelfth  century.  Upper  Austria  was  added 
to  Lower  Austria,  and  the  title  of  margrave  merged  into 
that  of  duke.  Soon  after.  Styria  came  by  bequest  to  the 
Dukes  of  Austria,  when  the  latter  for  the  first  time  esta- 
blished the  ducal  residence  in  Vienna.  Hitherto  the  Dukes 
of  Austria  had  been  of  the  house  of  Bamberg;  but.  in  1246, 
the  male  branch  became  extinct  when  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg 
Emperor  of  Germany,  vested  the  succession  to  the '  ducal 
throne  in  his  son  Albert  and  his  descendants,  and  with 
this  prince  commenced  the  Hapsburg  dynasty  ov<ir  Austri.'j. 
A'arious  accessions  of  territory  now  rapidly  increased  the 
ducal  dominions,  raising  Austria  from  the  rar,k  of  a  mere 
province  to  that  of  an  important  state;  and.  In  1438,  hei 
Duke,  Albert  II.,  was  elevated  to  the  dignity  of  Emperoi 
of  Germany.  The  imperial  crown  has  since  remained  in 
the  uninterrupted  possession  of  the  Hapsburg  line  of  Aus- 
tian  sovereigns.  The  political  commotions  of  1848.  by 
which  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  so  many  of  the  nations 
of  Europe  were  wrecked  for  a  time,  extended  to  Austria, 
where  a  predisposition  to  revolt  had  long  existed  previously, 
lieing  a  necessary  consequence  Of  the  association  of  the  jar- 
ring and  incongruous  elements  of  which  that  empire  is 
composed.  In  the  j'ear  above  named,  a  spark  of  the  revolu- 
tionary fires  of  France  ignited  the  combustible  materials, 
and  in  a  short  time  Austria  was  in  a  blaze.  Lon^bardy  i-e- 
volted.  The  Austrians  were  driven  out  of  Milan.  Venice, 
and  many  other  towns,  by  their  disaffected  inhaJjitants, 

1.39 


AUS 

who  subsequently  formed  an  alliance  with  Charles  Albert, 
Eiug  of  Sardinia,  who  then  invaded  the  Austrian  territory 
at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  and  for  a  time  victory  seemed 
to  fevor  the  Italians.  In  the  following  year,  however,  both 
the  insursrents  and  their  Sardinian  ally  were  repeatedly  de- 
feated by  the  Austrian  forces  under  Marshal  Radetzky.  and 
Lombardv  was  again  brought  under  the  Austrian  sway. 
Taking  advantage  of  this  state  of  things.  Hungary  also 
came  forward  with  a  demand  for  the  reestaVilishnient  of  her 
ancient  constitutional  rights.  Austria  resisted  the  demand 
and  appealed  to  the  force  of  arms.  For  a  time  victory  fa- 
vored tbe  Hungarians,  but  Ru.ssia  interfering,  the  contest  ter- 
minated in  favor  of  monarchy. Adj.and  inhab.  Austrian, 

aws'tre-jn;  (Fr.  Autrichien,  oHree''she-kii''';  Ger.  adj.  Oes-ter- 
EBiCHiscn.  bs'tgr-rrkish.  iuhab.  Oesterkeicher,  os'ter-i  fkgr ; 
It  AuHriaco.  ows-tree'3-ko ;  Sp.  A  ttstriaco.  ows-tre-a'ko.) 

AUSTKIA  (aws'tre^a)  ARCHDUCHY  OF.  The  Archducht 
OF  ACSTRIA.  or  AcsTRH  PROPER,  IS  the  nucleus  around  which 
has  grown  the  vast  empire  known  as  the  Austrian  dominions. 
Its  area  is  only  about  12.250  English  square  miles:  while  the 
area  of  the  entire  empire  is  estimated  at  266,569  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  X.  by  Bohemia  and  Moravia.  S.  by 
Salzburg  and  Styria,  E.  by  Hungary,  and  W.  by  Bavaria: 
lying  between  lat.  47°  28'  and  49°  2'  "X.,  and  Ion.  12°  45'  and 
17°  5'  E.  It  is  divided  into  two  provinces  by  the  Enns, 
which,  enters  the  Danube  from  the  S.,  near  the  town  of 
Enns,  the  line  of  separation  N.of  the  Danube  running  from 
a  point  on  that  river  4  miles  W.  of  Ips,  X.W.  to  the  Bohe- 
mian frontier.  The  province  W.  of  the  Enns.  al.so  called 
"  Austria  atoye  the  Enns,"  or  "  Upper  Austri.i."  ( Oierilftfr- 
rack,)  has  Lintz  for  its  capital :  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Inn  :  area,  4616  square  miles.  The  province  E.  of  the  Enns, 
also  called  "Austria  below  the  Enns,"  or  "  Lower  Austria," 
(Uiifi'r-  or  NiederSiterreich,)  has  for  its  capital  Vienna:  area, 
7633  square  miles;  being  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  March; 
and  S.E..  the  Leytha,  separating  it  from  Hungaryi 

Both  provinces  are  mountainous,  and  abound  in  beautiful 
and  romantic  scenery.  The  entire  vale  of  the  Danube,  from 
Passau  to  Vienna — a  distance  of  not  less  than  130  miles — 
presents  a  continued  series  of  the  most  picturesque  views, 
equ.-il.  it  has  been  asserted,  to  those  on  the  far-famed  Rhine; 
while  the  scenery  on  the  Enns.  and  several  of  the  other 
streams,  has  been  considered  but  little*  If  at  all  inferior. 
The  confines  of  the  archduchj',  on  the  S.,  are  marked  by  a 
chain  of  mountains,  including  a  range  of  the  Xoric  Alps, 
which  spreads  its  branches  over  the  whole  country  S.  of  the 
Danube.  The  X.  portions,  again,  are  traversed  in  all  direc- 
tions bj-  the  BohmeruKild,  or  Bohemian  Mountains.  Be- 
tween these  N.  and  S.  mountain  ranges,  lie  the  vale  and 
basin  of  the  Danute,  to  which  both  provinces  almost  exclu- 
sively belong.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Danube 
from  the  S.  are  the  Inn,  'fraun,  Enns,  Ips,  Trai.sen,  and 
Leytha — all  Alpine  streams,  and  remarkable  for  the  green 
tinge  of  their  waters — and  numerous  smaller  streams:  from 
the  X'.  come  the  Krems.  Kamp.  Goller,  March.  &c.\  the  last, 
after  the  Danube,  the  largest  stream  pertaining  to  the  pro- 
vince. The  lakes,  chiefly  confined  to  Upper  Austria,  are 
numerous,  and  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  their  scenery. 
The  principal  are,  the  GmUndensee  or  Traunsee.  about  7 
miles  long,  and  2  broad  at  the  widest  part :  the  Uallst^t- 
tersee.  6  miles  long  and  about  1  broad;  the  Attersee,  about 
12  miles  long  and  3  broad;  the  Mondsee;  the  Lake  of  St. 
Gilgen.  and  an  immense  number  of  smaller  lakes.  Swamps 
and  morasses  of  great  extent  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 
The  mineral  wealth  of  the  archduchy  is  not  great.  In  Lower 
Austria  there  are  some  iron-mines,  while  both  provinces 
contain  quarries  of  marble  and  freestone,  slate,  alum,  and 
potter's  clay :  and  coal,  alab;>ster,  gjpsum.  rock-crystal,  gar- 
nets, beryls,  topazes,  and  emeralds  are  obtained.  A  little 
gold  and  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  iron  are  found  in  certain 
localities;  salt  in  the  hills  of  Ischel;  and  sulphur  in  various 
quarters.  The  whole  produce  of  the  mines  and  furnaces  of 
the  archduchy  amounted,  in  1845.  to  69.9152.  Of  this  sum, 
27,153Z.  is  the  value  of  coal,  found  only  in  Lower  Austri.1. 

The  climate  of  the  archduchy  varies  with  the  level  of  the 
different  localities:  but  neither  the  heat  nor  the  cold  is  ex- 
treme, though  the  lower  province  is  subject  to  sudden 
changes.  The  average  annual  temperature  in  Vienna  is 
about  51°  Fah.  The  maximum  heat  does  not  exceed  97°, 
and  the  winter  cold  ranges  between  10°  and  12°  below  the 
freezing  point.  At  Lintz,  the  mean  heat  is  4S°  28'. 

The  soil  is  as  various  as  the  climate.  In  the  hilly  regions 
there  Is  little  cultivation,  but  compensation  is  found  in 
valuable  forests.  Agriculture,  however,  is  on  the  whole  in 
an  improved  and  improving  condition.  But  the  cultivation 
and  general  management  of  the  vine  is  still  defective.  The 
total  productive  superficies  of  the  archduchv  comprise 
9.005.0'.)2  acres:  of  which  3.1S0.710  acres  are  arable,  114.128 
acres  are  planted  with  the -vine.  1.392.654  acres  are  in  gar- 
dens, l.i»n4.6S3  in  pastures,  and  3.222.917  in  woodland. 

Throughout  the  territory,  fruits  and  kitchen  veaetables 
of  all  sorts  are  produced  in  great  abundance,  and  of  excellent 
quality.  Flax  is  cultivated  to  some  extent:  and  in  Upper 
Austria,  hops  also.  The  valley  of  the  Enns,  and  the 
plitiu  of  Tulla  on  the  Danube,  are  the  most  fertile  tracts, 
140 


ACT 

both  yielding  most  luxuriant  crops  of  com.  In  Upper 
Austria,  where  pastures  abound,  the  rearing  of  cattle  is 
general;  and  the  horses  bred  in  the  S.W.  parts  of  the  pro- 
vince are  noted  for  their  size.  Goats  abound  in  the  mout*- 
tainous  regions.  The  lynx,  wolf  and  bear  are  al.so  met 
with.  Foxes,  stags,  deer,  marmots,  polecats,  squirrels,  mar- 
t<;n.s,  hares,  and  wild  fowl  are  numerous. 

The  commercial  resources  of  the  archduchy,  and  the  ac- 
tivity and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants,  are  greater,  per- 
haps, than  tho.se  of  any  of  the  other  dominions  of  the  em- 
pire; lx)wer  Austria  and  Lombardy.  with  little  m<jre  than 
a  tenth  of  the  population  of  the  whole  Austrian  territory, 
engrossing  about  a  third  of  its  entire  trade. 

The  quantity  of  spirits  annually  distilled  in  the  arch- 
duchy is  very  considerable,  being  no  less  than  LlSCJlo  im- 
peri.ii  gallons;  of  which  rather  more  than  the  half  is  made 
in  Upper  Austria.  To  produce  this  quantity  of  spirits, 
there  are  7326  distilleries,  but  most  of  these  are  on  a  very 
small  scale. 

The  quantity  of  wine  produced  annually  amounts  to 
24,890,659  imperial  gallons.  There  are  in  Lower  Austria  7 
sugar-refineries,  and  3  manufactories  of  sugar  from  beet- 
root. Both  Austrias  produce  considerable  quantities  of  iron 
and  wool.  In  1S45,  the  amount  of  wool  was  4.44(5,000 
pounds.  Spinning  machinery  has  been  lately  intnxiuced 
into  the  country;  but  flax  is.  still  .spun  almost  exilnsively 
by  the  hand,  and  forms  a  principal  employment  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  mountainous  districts.  The  quantity  of 
linen  manufactured  in  1845.  was  2i'0.000  pieces  of  30  ella 
each:  value,  150.000/.  The  cotton  manufacture  is  also  con- 
siderable, and  is  rapidly  increasing.  In  Lower  Austria 
there  are  40  factories,  with  about  385.000  spindles :  in  Upper 
Ausfiia.  4  factories,  with  20,0(Xi  spindles.  Silk  is  likewise 
manufactured  to  a  large  extent,  especially  in  Vienna;  to  a 
more  limited  extent  in  Neustadt  and  some  other  towns. 
The  woollen  manufactures  have  not  Iteen  so  prosperous. 

In  Upper  Austria,  the  salt-works  afford  employment  to 
several  thousand  persons,  the  produce  amounting  annually 
to  about  46,000  tons.  The  other  manufactures  are  laces, 
ironware,  and  cutlery ;  tools,  copperware,  brasswork, 
jewelry,  articles  of  wood,  leather,  porcelain,  paper,  glass, 
chemicals,  beer,  and  spirits.  In  Lower  Austria  are  nume- 
rous tanneries,  bleachfields,  and  also  printfields.  at  which 
254,000  pieces  of  woollen  and  cotton  goods  are  printed 
annually. 

The  trade  of  the  archduchy  in  1845  was  as  follows : — 

Imports.  Fvports. 

tJpper  Austria £1,9T6.0B5 £1  3i9.70T 

Lower  Aunria 306.348 SsS.lSl 


Total.... £2,282,413 £1.717,838 

The  internal  traffic  is  much  facilitated  by  the  excellence  of 
the  roads,  the  navigable  rivers  and  canals,  the  steam  navi- 
gation of  the  Danube,  and  by  the, introduction  of  r.iilways, 
of  which  there  are  three  in  the  archduchy. 

Education  is  an  olject  of  anxious  .solicitude  to  the  govern- 
ment, which  provides  gratis  instruction  for  all  who  cannot 
afford  to  pay  for  it.  To  secure  an  ample  supply  of  teachere, 
numerous  normal  schools  have  been  established  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  particularly  in  Vienna,  which  fur- 
nishes from  1600  to  1700  teachers  annually.  Throughout 
the  whole  archduchy,  every  child  must  go  to  .sihool  for  a 
certain  number  of  years.  A  more  questionable  law  enjoins 
that  no  person  shall  marry,  or  set  up  in  any  trade,  who 
cannot  produce  a  written  certificate  of  attendance  at  school. 

The  inhabitants  of  Austria  Proper  are  almost  all  Ger- 
mans. I'op.of  Upper  Austria,  in  1845.  851.288:  of  I>ower  Aus- 
tria, 1,415,695;  together.  2.266,993:  of  which,  perhaps.  50.000 
or  60,000  are  settlers  from  other  parts  of  the  Austrian  domi- 
nions and  foreigners;  the  remainder  are  native-born 
Germans. 

AUSTRIA,  CIRCLE  OF,  an  old  subdivision  of  Germany, 
which  comprised  Austria  Proper,  or  Lower  Austria.  Styria, 
Carinthi.i,  Carniola,  and  the  Tyrol,  is  bounded  X.  by  Moravia, 
Bohemia,. and  the  circles  of  Bavaria  and  Swabia:  W.  by 
Switzerland;  S.  by  Lombardy  and  Istria;  and  E.  by  Cro»- 
tia  and  Ilunsary. 

A  USTHIAN.  A  USTRIA  CO.    See  Austri.a. 

AUSTRIAX  ITALY  comprises  the  Lombardo-Venetian 
kingdom,  the  Italian  Tyrol,  and  a  great  part  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Triest,  in  lllvria. 

AUSTRIAX  POLAXD,  Kingddm  of.    See  G.aucia. 

AUSTItY.  aws'tree.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

AUST'WICK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Vieni 
Riding. 

AUiWU'GA,  a  creek  in  A labjim.a.  enters  Alabama  River 
from  the  X.  about  12  miles  W.  from  Montgomery. 

AUTAUG.4,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Alabama,  hag 
an  area  of  1100  stiuare  miles.  The  Alabama  and  Coosa 
Rivers  form  the  entire  boundaries  of  the  county  on  the  S. 
and  E.  It  is  al.so  drained  by  the  Autauga  and  Mulberry 
Creek.s.  from  the  former  of  which  tlie  name  is  derived.  The 
surface  is  hilly  or  undulating:  fhe  .soil  is  fertile,  and  finely 
adapted  to  the  production  of  grain  or  |>asture.  Thi-;  u-ounty 
is  intersected  by  a  pbink-road  fi"om  Montgomery  to  luscar 


AUT 


AVE 


loosa,  and  b}-  the  route  of  the  raih-oad  lately  commenced 
from  SMlcni  towards  the  Tennessee  River.  Capital,  Kings- 
ton. I'uji.  16,739;  of  whom  71U2  were  free,  and  9007 
slaves. 

AUT AU'O  AVILLE,  a  posfrofSce  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama. 

AUTEKIVK,  S'te-reev',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-ttaronne,  on  the  riifht  bank  of  the  Ariege,  10  miles  S. 
of  Toulouse.   Pop.  in  1852  3,448. 

AUTEUIL,  SHl'I',  a  villaj;e  of  France,  department  of  Seine, 
3  miles  W.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  lS-52,  4274.  It  is  enclosed 
within  the  new  walls  of  Paris,  and  ajrreeably  situated  1»- 
tween  the  I$ois  de  Rouloijne  and  the  rijrht  bank  of  the  Seine. 
Boileau,  La  Fontaine.  Franklin,  and  other  illustrious  men 
had  country  houses  here.  In  the  square,  there  is  a  pyra- 
mid erei-ted  to  the  memory  of  d'Aguesseau. 

AUTIIUO.  d'tee',and  AUTinON,o't«-<!>M«'.  two  small  rivers 
of  France;  the  former  flows  N'.'W.,  between  the  departments 
of  Somme  and  Pas-de-Cathiis,  and  enters  the  Kujilish  Channel 
25  miles  .S.  of  Boulof^ne,  after  a  course  of  35  miles;  the  lat- 
ter, in  the  department  of  Maiue-et-Loire.  joins  the  Loire  4 
miles  S.K.  of  Anders,  aft«r  a  W.  course  of  about  35  miles. 

Al'TI.^SKlUOKIM  or.\L;Ti;?81(>DUKUM.     SeoAUiERKE. 

AUTinCHK.  and  MTrmCHlEN,  See  Austria. 

AUTlilCUM.     i«ee  Ciiautres. 

A  UTUX.6'tQN»'.(anc.i3tV^ac'<«.afterwBrds  j4H5'j(.<;<orf2//nMTO,) 
a  city  of  France,  department  of  .Sa9ne-et-]>oire.  on  the  Arroux, 
.W  niiUs  X.W.  of  Macon,  and  105  miles  S.K.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in 
1852, 11.997.  It  is  picturesciuely  seated  at  the  foot  of  tinely- 
wooded  mountains,  and  hsis  a  lofty  f^othic  cathedr.il.  a  col- 
lege, library,  museum,  lar^e  seminary,  and  tribunal  of  com- 
merce, with  manufactures  of  cai-pets  and  paper,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  timber,  hemp,  and  cattle.  Liirfre  masses 
of  its  ancient  walls  remain,  with  two  very  beautiful  and 
perfect  irates.  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre  and  of  sevei-.il 
temples,  a  pyramid,  and  numerous  frasrments  of  other  Ro- 
man edifices ;  it  has  also  a  choice  collection  of  ancient  medals. 
The  epi.scopal  see  of  Autun  was  once  heM  bv  Tallevrand. 

AUTANCUURY  aw-tan-ktir/ree,  or  AUTUNCARAY.a  sea- 
port town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  11  miWs 
E.  of  Hamnad.  It  has  a  coasting  tr.ade  in  rice  and 
tobacco. 

AUVEKONE,  oVaiiifl',  (anc.  ^rwr'ni.)anold  province  of 
France,  forniingthe  present  departments  of  Cantal.  I'uy-de- 
D6me,  and  a  small  part  of  Haute-Loire.  It  was  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower  Auver;?ne,  and  had  for  capitals,  respect- 
ively, St.  Flour  and  Clermont.  * 

AUVERU.N'K.  Mountains  op,  a  branch  of  the  C6vennes, 
extending  chiefly  in  the  departments  Puy -de-Dome  and  Can- 
tal, and  separating  the  basins  of  the  Allier,  Cher,  and 
Creuse  from  those  of  the  Lot  and  Dordogne.  These  moun- 
tains form  extensive  and  very  confu.sed  groups,  which  throw 
out  considerable  contreforts  to  the  N.  and  S.,  and  contain 
the  culminating  points  of  the  interior  of  F'rance.  viz.  the 
Mont  Dor.  6188  feet.  Cantal,  6U9a  feet,  and  Puy-de-Donie,  4806 
feet.  They  contain  a  great  numljer  of  extinct  volcanoes, 
and  present  sites  of  the  wildest  and  most  picturesque  gran- 
deur. The  cone  of  Mont  Dor  rises  .abruptly  to  a  height  of 
several  thousand  feet,  and  is  composed  of  scoria?,  pumice- 
stone,  and  tine  detritus  mixed  with  beds  of  ba-salt.  The 
numerous  minor  volcanoes  form  an  irregular  ridge,  extend- 
ing alun^'  a  platform  is  miles  in  length.  They  are  generally 
truncated  at  the  top.  and  the  crater  is  often  entire. 

AUV'ERS.  O'vaiR'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise,  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pontoise,  on  the  railway  from 
Paris  to  Amiens.     Pop.  22.%3. 

AUVILLAR  or  AUV1LL.\RS.  oVeeryaR' or  oVee^yaR'.  a 
town  of  Fi-ance,  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  23  miles  W. 
of  Montauban.     Pop.  in  1862.  2178. 

AUX  CAYKS.  a  town  of  llayti.    See  Gates. 

AUXERRE,  O^saiR/,  (anc.  A  utissiocMnvni.)  a  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Yonne,  93  miles  S.W.  of  Paris, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Yonne.  Pop.  in  1862,  14,16'j.  It  is 
surrounded  by  vineyards,  and  by  planted  boulevai-ds,  occu- 
pying the  site  of  its  ancient  walls,  and  has  some  good  streets. 
a  quay  along  the  Yonne.  a  fine  cathedral  and  other  Gothic 
cliurches,  a  curious  dock-tower,  a  public  library  of  25.000 
volumes,  musevim,  college,  tribunal  of  commerce,  theatre, 
hospital,  kc,  with  a  trade  in  wines,  timber,  and  charcoal, 
and  in  hosiery,  counterpanes,  barrels,  and  musical  strings 
manufactured  in  the  city. 

AUXl.MUM.     See  OsrMO. 

AUXOX,  Ox^An"'  or  6k'-sAx»'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aube.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Troves.  Pop.  2507.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  yarn  and  hosiery. 

AU.XONXE,  Ok'sc^nn'.  a  fortified  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  SaSne.  here  crossed 
by  a  long  bridge.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Dijon.  Pop.  in  1852,  6265.  It 
is  generally  well  built;  its  ramparts,  planned  by  Vauban, 
now  form  puVilic  walks:  and  it  has  an  arsenal,  barracks. and 
masa/.ines.  with  mauutiictures  of  woollen  cloth  and  nails. 

AUXY-LE-CIIATEAU,  (Auxy-le-Chateau.)  ok\see1eh-sha'- 
W.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  on  the 
Authie,  15  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Pol.     Pop.  2342. 

AU7.AXCES.  o^zSnss'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  32  miles  S.K.  of  Queret.  Pop.ofcommuue,^lS02)1343. 


AUZOX.  5^z6no',  a  Village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut* 
Loire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Allier,  34  miles  X.W 
of  Puy. 

AVA.  i'va,  (anc.  Amg-wa,  "a  fish-pond.")  a  city,  formerlj 
capital  of  the  Burmese  dominions,  on  the  Irrawadiiy,  o6C 
miles  X.  of  Rangoon.  I.at.  21==  58' N.,  Ion.  95°68' 10"  E.  It 
consists  of  an  outer  and  inner  city,  both  fortified,  and  had 
numerous  temples,  but  its  houses  generally  are  mere  huts; 
and  on  .March  23d,  1839,  every  substantial  edifice  was  de 
stroyed  by  an  e.irthquake :  since  which  period  the  seat  of 
government  has  been  transferred  to  BIonchnlKTO.  The  popu 
lation,  in  1826,  was  betweim  25.ii0(j  and  30,00t). 

AVA,  (fvd,  a  principality  of  .lapan,  on  the  i.sland  o, 
Niphon,  with  a  capital  town,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Y'eddo. 

AY  A,  a  principality  of  .Iap,an.  on  the  island  of  Sikoke,  witt 
a  town  on  its  .N.  coast ;  Itit.  33°  53'  M.,  Ion.  134°  12'  E.,  witl 
the  best  harbor  in  the  island. 

A  Y.\.  ah'va.  a  postrvilhige  and  township  of  Oneida  CO.,  New 
York,  about  50  miles  X.E.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  12C0. 

AVA,  a  post  office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia. 

AVA.  a  post-office  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  IS  milei 
W.N.W.  of  Rockford. 

AVAILLES  LI.MOU.SINE.  aHSI'(or  iVJ/ye)  lee'moo'zeen', 
a  commune  and  town  of  France,  department  of  Vienne.  on 
the  A'ienne,  17  miles  E.  of  Civray.  Pop.  2000.  Its  trade  i» 
mostly  in  wine  and  millstones. 

A  VALANCHK.     See  .\l.i's,  page  63. 

AVAL  ISLAND,  in  the  Persian  Gulf.    See  BAilREm. 

AV.^LLDX.  AsariAxo'.  (anc.  AlalHo.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Yonne.  on  the  Voisin.  26  miles  S.E.  of  .Auxerre. 
i'op.  in  1852.  5922.  The  town  is  situated  in  a  country  re- 
noH-ned  fir  fertility  and  picturesque  sites:  it  has  an  active 
tnide.  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and  pnner. 

AV.4L0N,  av'a-lon,  a  large  peninsul.a.  forming  the  S.B. 
part  of  Newfoundland,  having  Trinity  Bay  on  the  N.  and 
Placentia  Bay  on  the  S. 

AV'ALOX.  a  posf-offlce  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

AVAXT',  a  ptist-ofiice  of  Freestone  CO.,  Texas. 

AV.\RES,  3-vd/r6s.  Khanat  op,  a  political  division  of 
Eastern  Circassi.a.  lietween  the  rivers  Aksai  and  Koisoo, 
(lioisu.)  and  nominally  subject  to  Russia. 

AVARICUM.    See  BounoE,s. 

AVASI.  d^'i/seeVor  AVADSI,  dVdd'sec'.  a  town  of  .Tapan, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Sikoke,  S.  of  Niphon;  l.at.34°21'  N., 
Ion.  134°  47' E. 

A VATCH A.  a-vifcha.  or  AVATCIIKA,  d-vltchnvj,  a  town 
of  Kamtchatka.  on  Avatcha  Bay. 

AVATCIIA  or  AVATCIIKA,  a  bay  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Kamtchatka,  affording  the  liest  harljor  on  the  ctiast.  On  it 
are  the  towns  of  Avatcha  and  Petropaulovski,  at  the  latter 
of  which  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Av.itchka  IJiver. 

AV  ATCIIIXSKAYA  or  AWATSCIIINSKAJA,  d-vatch-in- 
ski'yd.  also  called  MOUNT  AVATCHA.  an  active  vfilcano  in 
Kamtchatka.  in  lat.  53°  15'  N.,  Ion.  168°  50' E.;  elevation, 
9055  feet.  At  its  summit  is  a  crater  several  hundred  yardp 
in  circumference,  and  on  its  E.  side,  at  an  elevation  of  5000 
feet,  is  another  crater,  similar  in  origin  and  appearance  to 
Mount  Somni.a.  (Vesuvius.)  In  1827,  Avatchinskaya  w.is  in 
violent  eruption,  and  discharged,  with  lava  and  stones,  a 
vast  ijuantity  of  water. 

AVE.  d'veh.  a  river  of  Belgium,  joins  the  Lesse. 

A'VEBUK  Y.  Al  V,  or  A'BURY,  a  village  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Milts.  6  miles  W.  of  Slarlborough.  Its  church  is 
of  high  antiquity,  and  the  village  occupies  the  site  of  a  struc- 
ture. ascrilHSd  to  the  Druids,  similar  to  that  of  Stonehenge, 
but  which  must  have  been  on  a  scale  still  more  stupendous. 
Few  traces  of  it  now  remain,  the  stones  having  been  used 
for  repairing  roads.  In  the  parish  is  Silsbury  hill.  170  feet 
in  height,  and  reputed  to  be  the  largest  barrow  in  Britain. 

AVEIRAS  DE  CI51A,  d-vi/e-rds  dl  see'md.  a  town  of  Por- 
tuiral.  province  of  Estremadura,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Santarem. 
Pop.  1073. 

AVEIRO,  d-vi'e-ro,  a  seaport  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Beira,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Vouga,  31  miles  X.AV.  of  Coim- 
bra.  Pop.  60t>0.  It  has  extensive  fisheries  of  anchovies,  her- 
rings, and  oysters,  and  commerce  in  salt,  fish,  oil,  wine,  and 
oranges. 

AVEIRO.  d-vA/e-ro.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  on 
the  Tapajos,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Santarem ;  lat.  3°  28'  S.,  Ion.  55'' 
25'  W. 

A'VELEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

AVELGHEM  or  AVELGEHEM.  d/vel-ghteV  or  d'vel-n?m^ 
a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Scheldt,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Courtrai.  Pop.  4711. 
Chief  industry,  brewing,  and  manufacture  of  tobacco  and 
candles. 

AA'ELLA,  d-vJl'ld,  a  town  of  Italy,  state  of,  20  milea 
E.N.E.  of  Naples,  of  which  city  it  commands  a  fine  view. 
Pop.  5600.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  Abelfla,  celebrated 
by  A'irgil.  {Aineid.  vii.  740.) 

AVELLIXO,  d-vSl-lee/no,  (anc,  Abelli/rmm.)  a  fortified  epis- 
copal city,  28  miles  E,  of  Naples,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Principato  Ulti-a.  Pop.  22.873.  It  has  a  citbedral,  several 
churches,  a  college,  a  public  granary,  manufactures  of  wool- 
len fabrics,  paper,  maccaroni,  and  sausages,  and  an  exten- 
di 


AVE 


AVI 


sive  trade  5d  hazelnuts,  (termed  nod  AreHane.)  chestnuts, 
aii'l  corn.  This  city  has  hardly  recovered  from  the  derasta- 
tlous  of  the  earthquake  of  1694.  Between  Avellino  and 
Benevento  is  the  Val  di  Gargano,  the  position  of  the  Cau- 
dine  Forks,  famous  for  the  victory  of  the  Samnites  over  the 
Romans,  who  were  there  made  to  pass  under  the  yoke,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  433. 

A'VEXBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
AVENCIIES,  avSNsh'.  or  WIFLISBURG,  •ftlf'lis-b«(Rg\ 
(anc.  Aven/ticum,)  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Vaud,  capital  of  the  district  of  the  same  name,  enclosed  by 
Frlhour<r.  li  miles  S.  of  Lake  Morat.  Pop.  1800.  This  was 
the  capital  of  the  Ilelvetii,  and  afterwards  a  flourishing  Ro- 
man colony,  destroyed  by  the  Huns  in  447.  Its  ancient 
walls  may  be  traced  for  a  circuit  of  more  than  5  miles,  and 
It  has  many  Roman  remains. 
AA'ENDALE.     See  Avondale. 

AVENING,  3/vfn-ing,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 
AVp;\IO.    See  Avignon. 

AVEN,  LOCII,  loKi'ven,  a  small  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Banff,  and  at  its  S.E.  extremity,  enclosed  by  the  lofty  moun- 
tains Cairngorm  and  Ben  Macdhui.    Aven  or  Avon  is  the 
name  of  several  Scotch  rivers. 
AVENTICUM.    SeeAvENCHES. 

AVEXWEDDE,  l/v^n-^JdMeh,  a  village  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia. 32  miles  S.AV.  of  Minden.    Pop.  1380. 

AVEXZA,  i-vin'zd.  or  LAVEXZA,  M-vJn'za,  a  town  of 
Italy,  province  of  Modcna,  on  the  torrent  Avenza,  near 
the  sea,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Carrara.  It  has  the  Modenese  cus- 
tom-house, and  a  splendid  castle,  built  by  Castruceio  degU 
Interuiinelli.     Pop.  2000. 

A  VEHEEST,  iVgr-aist/.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Overyssel,  21  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kampen.    Pop.  3781. 
A'VERIIAM,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 
AVERILL,    A/vfr-il,   a  township  of  Essex  co.,  Vermont, 
about  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Guildhall.     Pop.  12. 

A  VERN  .\.KOE.  ( Avernakoe,)  d-vJr'ni-kiJYh,  a  small  island 
of  Denmark,  near  the  S.  coast  of  Funeu. 

AVE R\0.  (J-vJr'uo.)  Lake  of,  (une.Aver'nu,'! ;  Gr.  Kopvoi, 
"  without  a  bird,")  a  famous  lake.  10  miles  W.  of  Naples,  near 
the  Bay  of  Baja.  It  occupies  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano 
about  half  a  mile  in  diameter,  is  very  deep,  and  has  no  out- 
let. It  was  anciently  surrounded  by  dense  forest,  and  so 
unhealthy  that  it  was  believed  no  bird  could  flyover  it  with- 
out being  destroyed,  whence  its  name.  Its  banks  are  now 
occupied  by  gardens  and  vineyards.  On  its  shores  are  the 
remains  of  an  octagon  temple.  Agrippa  formed  a  canal  Ije- 
tween  Lake  Averno  and  the  sea,  but  the  communication 
was  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Monte  Novo  in  1538. 

AVERSA,  i-vja'si,  a  town  in  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  9  miles  N.  of  Naples,  on  a  delightful  plain  covered 
with  orange-trees.  It  is  a  bustling  and  lively  place,  spa- 
cious and  well  built:  the  sejit  of  a  bishopric,  one  of  the 
richest  in  the  kingdom ;  of  a  royal  governor  and  a  t4ibu- 
nal.  and  contains  9  churches,  several  convents,  a  well-con- 
ducted foundling  hospital,  and  a  lunatic  a.sylum,  celebrated 
for  the  excellence  of  its  system.  Aversa  is  famed  for  its 
almond  cakes,  called  Utrrone,  which  are  in  great  demand  in 
Naples,  with  which  city  it  communicates  by  a  fine,  broad 
avenue.  Aversa  was  built  by  Rainalph,  a  Norman  chief. 
Andreas  of  Hungary  was  strangled  in  a  jconvent  here  by 
some  conspirators  on  Septemlier  8,  134.5.  Pop.  16,158. 
AVEKV,  A/ve-re,  a  post-office  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois. 
AVERY,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa,  about  100  mUes 
W.N.W.  of  Keokuk. 

AVERYSBOROUGH,  A/ve^riz-bOrVfih,  a  post  vUlage  of 
Cumlierland  co..  North  Carolina,  on  Cape  Fear  River,  about 
40  miles  S.  of  Raleigh. 

AVEI!\''S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co..  North 
Carolina. 

AVERY'S  GORES.  A  number  of  tracts  of  land  in  Ver- 
mont, granted  to  Samuel  Avery  in  1791,  have  received  the 
name  of  Avery's  Gores.  Most  of  these  have  been  annexed 
to  townships  in  the  vicinity.  Among  them  may  be  men- 
tioned Avery's  Gore,  in  Addison  county,  situated  nearly  on 
the  summit  of  the  Green  Mountain;  the  greater  part  of 
which  has  been  annexed  to  Granville;  and  Avery's  Gore,  a 
township  in  the  E.  part  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont,  about  45 
miles  N.  bv  W.  of  Montpelier.     l^op.  about  50. 

AVE.S.  l/v&s,  or  BIRD  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  in  the 
Dutch  West  Indies.  S.E.  of  the  island  of  Buen  Ayre,  so 
named  from  the  vast  number  of  birds  which  fre<iuent  them. 
The  onlv  inhal)itants  are  a  few  Dutch  fishers. 

AVES,  or  BIRD  ISLAND,  an  uninhabited  island,  147 
miles  W.  of  Dominica.     Lat.  15°  40'  N. ;  Ion.  03°  38'  W. 

AVESNES.  i\'ain',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord.  on  the  Helpe,  51  miles  S.E.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3,776.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  cathedr.il.  with  a  spire  up- 
wards of  .300  feet  in  height.  Manufactories  of  soap  and 
leather,  oil-mills;  and  a  trade  in  flax, -iron,  timber,  and 
stone. 

AVESNES  LE  COMTE.  Heh  kAxt.)  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Pas-do-Calai».  11  miles  W  by  S.  of  Arras. 
AVESNES  LEZ  AUBERT.  i\ain'lAzO'bii)E/,    a  town  of 
142 


France,  in  the  department  of  Nord.  fi  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cam- 
bray.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2786. 

AVESTAD  or  AFVESTAD,  a'vfes-tdd\  a  small  town  of  Swe- 
den,  on  the  Dal.  35  miles  S.E.  of  Falun.  Here  the  ore  from 
the  copper  mines  of  Falun  is  smelted :  and  the  town  has 
some  iron-works.  The  copper  coin  of  the  country  was  for^ 
merly  struck  here.    Lat.  60°  7'  N.;   Ion.  16°  9'  E. 

AVETON-GIFFORD,  aiv't9n-ghif/f(,ird,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land", CO.  of  Devon. 

AVEYllON,  dVA'rAs"',  (anc.  Vermiiiisf)  a  river  of  France, 
rises  in  the  fountain  of  Veyron,  near  Severat-ie-Ch&teau.  d(»- 
partment  of  Aveyron,  passes  into  department  of  Tarne-et- 
Garonne,  where  it  becomes  navigable,  and  joins  the  Tarn  7 
miles  N,  W.  of  Mountauban,  after  a  course  of  90  miles. 

AVEYRON,  a  department  of  South  France,  surrounded 
by  the  departments  of  Cantal,  Loz6re,  Gard,  H6rault,  Tarn, 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  and  Lot.  Capital,  Rodez.  An-a,  3340 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  396;025.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  mountainous  departments  of  France;  traversed  in  fhe 
East  by  branches  of  the  La  Margeride  range  which  unites 
the  mountains  of  Auvergne  with  the  G^vennes.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Lot,  the  Truyfere,  affluent  of  the  Lot, 
and  the  Viaur,  (aflluent  of  the  Aveyron,)  Tarn,  and  Avey- 
ron. The  soil  is  not  very  fertile,  an  d  climate  often  severe, 
but  sufticient  corn  is  raised  for  home  consumption.  JIany 
cattle  and  sheep  are  reared,  and  the  celebrated  I'oquefort 
cheese  forms  an  important  article  of  export.  The  coal  and 
iron  mines  here  are  among  the  most  important  in  France. 
Manufactures  principally  of  metallic  wares,  with  leather, 
woollen  stuffs,  hosiery,  and  gloves,  cotton  yarn,  and  paper. 
The  department  is  subdivided  into  the  5  arrondissc  nientsol 
Rodez,  Espalion,  Millau,   Villefranche.  and  Saint-AfTri(iue. 

AVEZZANO,  d-v^t-s5'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  II.,  22  miles  S.  of  Aquila.  Pop.  2850.  It 
has  a  palace  of  the  Colonna  &mily. 

AVIANO,  d-ve-d/no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  30  miles  W. 
of  Udine.  near  Monte  Cavallo.     Pop.  48110. 

AVIEMORE,  dv'e-mor,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Moray, 
on  the  Spey,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Inverness. 

AVIGLIANA,  i-yee\-yifui,  a  town  of  Piedmont.  14  miles 
W.  of  Turin,  with  2840  inhabitants,  who  manufacture 
woollen  cloth,  and  silk  twist. 

AVIGLIANO,  d-veel-yd'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  near  the  bifurcation  of  the  Apennines,  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Potenza.  Pop.  9670.  It  has  a  fine  collegiate  church, 
and  a  rayal  college.  It  was  partly  destroyed  by  a  landslip 
in  1824. 

AA'IGNON,  iiVeen'yAs"',  (pp.  Ariflon.  S-veen  ySn' ;  It. 
Ariijnnne.  i-veen-yo'na :  anc.  Arishiin.)  a  city  of  Franre.  capital 
of  the  department  of  Vauclu.«e.  situated  on  the  Rhone,  here 
crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge,  and  al.soby  »  bridge  of  bnats:  403 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Paris,  and  53  miles  N.N.W.  of  Alarseilles.  I>at. 
13°  .57'  X..  Ion.  4°  48'38"  E.  It  is  a  verv  ancient  city,  bnilt  on 
a  gentle  undulating  surface,  and  surrounded  by  lofty  walls 
which  are  crowned  with  battlements  flanked  with  square 
towers,  and  adorned  with  liandsoiue  gates,  along  the  ram- 
parts is  an  excellent  boulevard  planted  with  elms,  from  the 
lofty  platform  of  which,  particuhirly  from  the  Doms— a  rock 
which  stiu-ts  up  abruptly  from  the  Rhone  to  a  heiiiht  of  180 
feet — a  fine  view  is  obtjuned  of  the  rich  surrounding  coun- 
try. The  town  is.  upon  the  whole,  well  built,  but  the  streets 
are  narrow,  crooked,  ill-paved.and  extremely  dirty,  .\viguon 
is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  and  has  courts  of  primary  ju- 
risdiction, and  of  commerce;  a  college,  a  primary  normal 
school,  a  public  library  of  42,000  volumes,  an  athona>um.  a 
medical  libray.  a  museum  of  natural  history,  a  collection  of 
pictures  and  antiquities,  a  botanical  garden,  and  a  school  of 
design,  with  an  agricultural  society,  and  an  association 
Ciilled  the  Acadsmy  of  Vaucluse,  Among  its  charitable  in- 
stitutions are  a  subsidiary  infirmary  of  the  Hotel  des  Inva- 
lides  at  Paris,  for  old  and  wsunded  soldiers,  an  orphan  hos- 
pital, and  a  lunatic  asylum. 

Many  of  the  public  edifices  possess  great  interest.  The 
cathedral,  called  Notre  Dame  des  Dons,  a  building  of  great 
extent,  is  said  to  hjive  been  originally  founded,  in  the  first 
ages  of  Christianity,  on  the  ruins  of  a  heathen  temple, 
and,  after  its  destruction  by  the  barbarians  of  the  North, 
was  re-built  by  Charlemagne.  The  richly  sculptured  chapel 
of  the  Resurrection  is  considered  a  masterpiece.  Several 
popes  officiated  in  this  cathedral,  and  Innocent  A"I..  Urban 
v.,  and  Gregory  XI.  were  consecrated  in  it.  The  former 
palace  of  the  popes,  near  the  cathedral,  now  used  as  a  bar- 
rack and  prison,  is  a  vast  irregular  gothic  structure,  built 
at  different  periods,  \vith  walls  of  great  thickness  and  htlght, 
and  strong  towers,  some  of  them  150  feet  high.  The 
chamber  of  the  Inquisition,  established  here  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  and  several  of  the  atrocious  contiiiances  to 
subdue  the  minds  by  torturing  theliodies  of  its  victims,  are 
still  shown.  The  church  of  the  Cordeliers,  of  which  nothing 
now  remains  but  fragments  of  the  tower,  and  side  walla,  was 
celebrated  for  containing  the  tomb  of  Petrarch's  Laura,  Tbe 
church  was  destroyed  at  the  revolution,  when  the  tomb  of 
Liiura.  with  others,  was  broken  up,  and  the  contents  loat 
tered  to  the  winds. 
The  silk  manuiiu^are  is  the  principal  sour)  e  of  emi  loy- 


AVI 

ment  at  Avignon,  and  the  rearing  of  silk-worms  is  carried 
on  extensively  in  the  district.  The  city  has  also,  manufac- 
tures of  velvet,  woollen,  and  cotton  goods,  with  a  cannon 
foundry,  a  type  foundry,  iron-works,  paper  mills,  &c. :  and  a 
trade  in  wine,  brandy,  grain,  andiither  articles,  of  which  it  is 
the  entrepot,  for  Ijower  Dauphine,  Provence,  and  all  Lanpue- 
doc.  Two  steamers  ply  daily  to  Lyons,  and  two  to  A  rli;s.  The 
railway  connecting  Avignon  on  the  one  hand  with  Montpel- 
lier,  and  on  the  other  with  Marseilles,  has  been  completed; 
while  that  which  is  to  connect  it  with  Lyons  and  the  capital 
is  in  rapid  progress.  Avignon  is  supposed  to  liave  lieen  founded 
by  the  Ureeks,  who  settled  at  ^fass^lia,  now  Marseilles.  After 
the  Romans  it  passed  under  the  domination  of  Ooths,  and 
other  Xorthern  barbarians.  In  730  it  was  taken  by  Saracens 
who  possessed  it  till  737,  when  it  was  wrested  from  them  by 
Charles  Martel.  After  a  variety  of  fortunes,  during  which 
It  passed  to  the  counts  of  Provence,  it  was  sold  by  a  countess 
of  that  name,  in  1348,  to  Clement  \'I.,  who,  as  its  price,  not 
only  promised  to  pay  her  80,000  crowns,  but  declared  her 
innocent  of  the  murder  of  her  husband,  of  which  she  was 
almost  universally  believed  to  be  guilty.  From  that  time 
Avignon  continued  to  be  pos.sessed  for  more  than  four  centu- 
ries by  the  popes,  of  whom  not  fewer  than  seven  reigned  in 
it,  besides  three  others,  generally  regarded  as  schismatic 
popes,  who,  on  the  deposition  of  Gregory  XI.,  the  last  of 
the  seven,  set  up  their  throne  here,  and  maintained  it  for 
40  years.  The  popes  latterly  governed  Avignon  by  legates, 
the  last  of  whom  was  expelled  at  the  revolution  of  1791. 
Pop.  in  1852,  35,890, 

AVIGXONET,  dVeen^yo^n.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-Garonne,  near  the  Canal  du  Midi,  23  miles 
S.  E.  of  Toulouse.  Here,  in  1242,  five  inquisitors  were  mas- 
sacred by  the  Alldgenses. 

AVI  LA,  3/ve-l3..  (anc.  Obila,)  an  episcopal  city  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Adiya.  53  miles  N.W.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  a  ca- 
thedral, Dominican  convent,  and  manufactories  of  woollen 
and  cotton  fabrics,  and  it  had  formerly  a  flourishing  univer- 
sity. 

A  VILKS,  a-ve-les'(  L.  Flavionavia.)  a  seaport  town  of  Ppjiin, 
In  Asturias,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Oviedo,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
chief  branch  of  the  Aviles,  Pop.  6000.  It  has  good  private 
residences:  but  is  gleomy.  Harbour  shallow.  Trade  prin- 
cipally in  copper  wares,  and  in  coal  obtained  in  its  vicinity. 

AVIL'LA,  a  post-office  of  Noble  county,  Indiana. 

AA''1N(JT0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

AVINGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

AVIO.  (I've-o.  a  town  of  the  Tyrol.  12  miles  S..S.W,  of  Rove- 
redo,  on  the  .\dige.  Pop.  3200.  Manutactories  of  silk  and 
velvet,  and  fiint-quarries. 

AA'ISE.    See  IIawekza. 

AV'ISTOX.  a  post-\  Illage  in  the  \V.  part  of  Clinton  co., 
Illinois,  about  811  miles  S,  of  Springfield. 

AVIZ,  S-vee/./,  (anc,  AvisiumJ)  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Alemtejo,  on  the  river  Aviz,  27  miles  S.W.  of 
Portalegre.  Pop.  1.500.  Its  defences  are  in  ruins;  but  it  is 
still  the  capital  of  the  order  of  knights  of  Aviz,  founded  by 
Alplionso  I.  in  1146. 

AVIZE.  dSeez'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Marne, 
6  miles  S.S.E. of  Epernay.  Pop,  180*  It  is  an  entrepot  for 
the  commerce  in  champagne  wines,  which  are  stored  in  vast 
caves  cut  in  the  rock. 

AALONA,  Sv-lo'Tid.  or  VALONA,  va-lo/nl,  (anc.  Aitlnna) 
a  town  and  seaport  of  Albania,  on  the  Gulf  of  Avlona.  in  the 
Adriatic.  33  miles  S.W.  of  Herat.  Lat.  of  fort.  40°  27'  6"  N. ; 
Ion.  19°  26'  5"  E.  Pop.  with  suburbs,  from  8000  to  10,000, 
comprising  Christians,  Turks,  and  Jews.  It  stands  on  a 
hill,  encircled  by  a  wall,  and  on  its  S,  side  is  the  rock-fortress 
•»f  Canina.  Its  harbor,  which  is  the  best  on  ^he  Albanian 
loasl,  is  defended  by  Cape  Linguetta  on  the  S.W.,  and  the 
small  island  of  Sasseno  on  the  X.W.  The  Turks  manufac- 
ture woollen  stufls  and  arms ;  the  Christian  population  is 
mostly  engaged  in  commerce. 

AVtiOXA,  Gvtx  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  ex- 
tending for  10  mi'es  inland,  by  5  miles  in  width,  and  sepa- 
rated westward  from  the  Strait  of  Otranto,  by  Cape  Lin- 
guetta. 

AVO.  ah'vo,  a  post-office  of  Patrick  co.,  Virginia. 

AVO'CA.  d-volta,  or  OVO'CA,  a  valley  and  river  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Wicklow,  celebrated  as  the  scene  and  subject  of  one  of 
Moore's  songs. 

AVO'CA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Steuben  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Conhocton  creek,  and  on  the  Buffalo 
and  Corning  railroad,  225  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany. 
Pop.  1885. 

AVOCA,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Alabama. 

AVOC.A.,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  S. 
fork  of  Vermilion  Kiver,  98  miles  N.E.  from  Springfield. 

AVOCA,  a  post-village  in  the  S.  part  of  Jefferson  co., 
Missouri,  about  14  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  the  Mississippi 
Eiver. 

AVOCA.  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin, 
80  miles  N.E.  from  Madisor 

AVOCII,  AVACH,  ^'vik.  or  AUACII,  i'wAk,  a  parish  of 
Scotland,  county  of  Koss,  containing  the  village  of  Seatown. 


AYR 

AVOLA,  l-vo'la,  a  seaport  town  of  Sicily,  13  miles  S.W. 
of  Syracuse.  Pop.  C780.  The  town,  which  is  on  the  sup- 
posed site  of  ancient  iWa,  communicates  with  a  village  and 
battery  on  a  small  Ijay  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  has  a 
tunny  fishery,  a  refinery  of  home-grown  sugar,  ind  an  ac- 
tive trade  in  corn,  cattle,  oil.  and  fruits.  It  was  built  after 
the  earthquake  of  1093,  which  destroyed  the  ancient  Arola. 
The  exquisite  honey  which  rendered  Ihloi  (or  Hyhla)  famous 
is  still  furni.shed  in  great  abundance  in  its  vicinity. 

AVON,  d\6N=',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  the 
Seine-et-Marne,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons,  2  miles 
N.E.  Fontainebleau.     Pop.  1216. 

AVON, .  A/v^n,  two  rivers  in  Wales,  one  in  Monmouth 
CO.,  the  other  in  Glamorgan  co.,  falls  into  Swanse.a  Bay. 
Several  Scotch  rivers*f  the  same  name  are  affluents  of  the 
Clyde,  Spey,  and  Annan,  and  one  joins  the  Forth,  2  miles 
W.  of  liorrowstounness.  SeeAvoN,L6wER,  and  Avox,  Upper. 

AVON,  A/von,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Miune,  on 
the  S.  side  of  Sandy  Kiver,  about  40  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  802. 

AVON,  a  post-township  in  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut,  9 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford,  intersected  by  tlie  New  Haven 
and  Northampton  Itailroad.     Pop.  10.59. 

AVON,  i'von  or  i'von.  a  post-township  of  Livingston  Co., 
New  York,  19  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Rochester.     Pop.  2910. 

AVON,  a  post-village  in  the  alxive  township,  delightfully 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Genesee  River,  on  an  ele- 
vated terrace  100  feet  above  the  water,  conmianding  a  lieau 
tiful  and  varied  prospect.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  are 
two  celebrated  mineral  springs,  which  are  a  great  resort  tor 
invalids  during  the  summer  season.  The  waters  contain 
suli)hur  and  various  salts,  and  are  esteemed  particulaily 
efficacious  in  cutaneous  affections,  rheumatism,  and  indi- 
gestion. The  village  has  3  or  4  churches,  several  fine  hotels, 
and  a  number  of  factories. 

AVON,  a  post-township  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  about  20  miles 
E.  by  S.  from  Cleveland.     Pop.  1977. 

aVON,  a  post-oflftce  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

AVON,  a  township  of  Oakland  co.,  Micliigan.    Pop.  1769. 

AVON,  a  p<>st-to\vn»liip  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  594. 

AVON,  a  village  in  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  about  48  miles  W. 
from  Chicago. 

AVON,  a  post-village  of  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Missouri,  about 
16  miles  S.W.  of  the  Missis.sippi  River. 

AVON,  a  post-township  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin.  38  miles 
S.  of  Madison.    Pop.  908. 

AVON,  A/vgn,  a  river  in  Western  Australia,  Swan  Kiver 
Colony,  ban  a  N.W.  course  through  the  counties  of  Grant- 
ham and  York,  and  joins  the  Swan  River  at  Xortham. 
Near  this  river  a  Ciivern  with  some  curious  carving  has 
been  discovered. 

AVOXUALK.  d'von-dAle,  or  AVENDALE.  aparishof  Scotr 
land,  county  of  Lanark,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Strathaven.  The 
battle  of  Drumclog,  in  which  Claveihouse  was  defeated  by 
the  Covenanters,  was  fought  here  June  Ist,  1697.  Sir  W. 
Scott  has,  in  his  "Old  Mortality,"  described  this  action, 
which  is  commemorated  by  a  Gothic  monument,  23  feet  in 
height,  recently  erected  at  Drumclog. 

AVONDALE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  CO..  Pennsylv.inia. 

AVON,  HAMPSHIRE,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises 
near  Devizes,  flows  generally  southward  through  A\ilts  and 
Hants,  and  enters  the  English  Channel  after  a  total  course 
of  about  65  miles. 

AVON  L,\KE.  a  post-office  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio. 

AVON,  LOWER,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises  nearTet- 
hury,  flows  W.  through  the  counties  of  Gloucester,  AVilts, 
and  Somerset,  and,  after  a  course  of  80  miles,  enters  the 
Bristol  Channel,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Biistol:  which  city,  with 
Bath,  Bradford,  Chippenham,  and  Malmsbury,  are  on  its 
banks.  It  is  navigable  from  the  sea  to  Bath,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  Thames  by  the  Kennet  and  Avon  canal. 
Its  valley  is  highly  picture.sque. 

AVON,  A/von,  UPPER,  a  river  in  England,  which  rises  at 
Avon-well,  near  Naseby,  county  of  Northampton,  flows 
mostly  S.W.  through  the  counties  of  Leicester,  Warwick, 
and  Worcester,  past  Stratford  and  Evesham,  and.  after  a 
course  of  nearly  100  miles,  joins  the  Severn  at  Tewkesbury. 
It  is  navigable  from  the  Severn  to  Stratford  for  barges  of  40 
tons.    Its  affluents  are  the  Aloe,  Leame,  Stour,  and  Swift. 

AVOYELLES,  av-oi-^lz',  vulgarly,  a-vi'el,  a  parish  of 
Louisiana,  at  the  mouth  of  Red  River:  area  about  800  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Red  River,  which  also  forms 
part  of  its  E.  boundary ;  the  Atchafalaya  flows  along  the 
E.,  and  Saline  bayou  along  the  N.E.  border.  The  surfiu-e  ig 
nearly  level,  and  the  E.  part  is  subject  to  periodical  over- 
flow. The  W.  portion  consi.sts  mostly  of  prairies,  which  are 
moderately  fertile.  Capital,  Marksville.  Pop.  13,167;  of 
whom  59S2  were  free,  and  7185  slaves. 

AVRANCHES,  dv'rftxsh',  (L.  Abran'm.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  the  Manche,  near  the  Seez,  32  miles  S.W.  of 
St.  Lo.  It  is  remarkable  fjr  its  beautiful  situation  on  the 
summit  and  slope  of  a  hill,  with  the  ruins  of  its  cathedral, 
in  which  is  preserved  the  stone  on  which  Henry  II.  of  Eng- 
land knelt  to  receive  absolution  for  the  murder  of  Becket. 
The  town  is  mean,  but  the  beauty  of  its  position,  the  conti- 

143 


AWA 


AYR 


galiy  of  the  Channel  Islands,  and  the  cheapness  of  liTing, 
have  made  it  the  residence  of  numerous  English  timilies. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lace,  a  salmon  fishery,  and  a  public 
library.  This  city  was  taken  and  razed  hy  the  IJretons  in 
1203.  In  the  14th  century  it  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Eng- 
lish, who  kept  it  till  U50.  In  1562  the  Protestants  were 
here  defeated  by  the  Catholic  party.    Pop.  in  ISiil,  8932. 

AVH.A.-\CUIX,  3v\d.N"'sh4x»,  (Ahricati'niis  rii'gus?)  an 
ancient  district  of  France,  now  comprised  in  the  department 
of  Manche. 

AWA,  Japan.    See  Ava. 

AWAS^I  or  AWADSI.    See  Avasi. 

AWATCHINSKAyA.     See  AVATCHIXSKATA. 

AW.\TSKA.    See  Atatcha. 

A^V  K,  Loch,  16k  aw,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 
8  miles  N.W.  of  Inverary.  Length,  from  S.W.  to  N.  E., 
23  miles ;  average  breadth,  1  mile,  but  near  its  N.  end  it  is 
3  miles  across.  It  contains  an  island  with  a  ruin»d  monas- 
tery, and  its  whole  scenery  is  most  picturesque.  It  receives 
the  wat«rs  of  the  Urchan  Kiver  and  Lock  Avich,  and  it 
dischiirges  its  own  by  the  river  Awe  Into  Loch  Etive.  15en 
Cruachan  Mountain,  StiTO  feet  in  elevation,  rises  on  the 
K.W. 

AWLISCOMBE,  awOis-k^m,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

AWKE,  kr  or  awr.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

AX,  iks,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ari^ge.  21  miles 
S.E.  of  Foix,  on  the  AriSge.  Pop.  of  commune,  1991.  It  is 
much  frequented  for  its  thermal  springs,  of  which  it  has 
more  than  30;  temperature,  from  75°  to  170°  Fahrenheit. 

A.\'15R1I)GE,  a  municipal  town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset,  S  of  the  .Mendip  Hills,  and  9  miles  N.W.  of 
Wells.  The  town,  which  is  neat  and  improving,  is  the  seat 
of  quarter  and  petty  sessions.  The  Axe  drainage,  effected 
about  40  years  ago,  impi-oved  so  much  the  value  of  property 
in  this  parish,  that  land  previously  worth  only  '2s.  Crf.  per 
acre,  is  now  rented  at  5?.     Pop.  in  1S51,  9o9. 

AXE,  a.x,  a  small  river  of  England,  flowing  through  the 
ahove  parish  into  the  Severn. 

AXE.  a  sm.ill  river  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  entering  the 
English  Channel  at  Axmouth,  which,  with  Axmiuster,  is 
on  its  banks. 

AX  Eli,  Jx'el,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pi-o- 
Tince  of  Zealand,  on  an  island  in  the  Scheldt,  22  miles  W.  of 
Antwerp.    Pop.  2250. 

AXIIOLME.  (aks'olm.)  Isle  of,  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
In  its  N.W.  part,  formed  by  the  rivers  Trent.  Don,  and  Idle. 
It  comprises  about  47.000  acres,  and  is  crosse(Fby  the  Stam- 
forth  and  Iveadby  Canal.  Pop.  including  West  Stockwith, 
In  1851.12.522. 

AXIM.  d^sheeng'  or  3xMm',  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the  Guinea 
Coast,  belonging  to  IloUand.  adjacent  to  Fort  Saint  Antoine, 
73  miles  W.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  Lat.  44°  52'  X. ;  Ion.  2° 
14'  W.  It  contains  600  armed  men.  Axim  was  taken  from 
the  Portuguese  in  1042,  and  confirmed  to  Holland  by  the 
treaty  of  Westphalia.  There  is  a  garrison  with  a  Dutth 
comiuander. 

AX'MINSTKR.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon,  on  the  Axe,  24  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in 
1S51.  2769.  It  is  irregularly  built,  but  has  open  streets. 
Its  church  or  minster  was  founded  by  King  Athelstan,  in 
memory  of  a  battle  fought  with  the  Danes  in  the  vicinity. 
Axminster  has  a  noted  carpet  factory,  and  produces  also 
small  quantities  of  woollen  cloths  and  gloves. 

AX'MaUTII;  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

AXOOM.  A.XOU.M.  or  A.XUJI,  IkVwm',  written  also  AK- 
STJM.  I'Gr.  \v^oviit).  Auxoume.  A^ov/iii.  Axnum  is.  or  A^bypni, 
Axoine.)  an  .ancient  and  decayed  town  of  Abyssinia,  state  of 
ligre,  S5  miles  N.W.  of  .•Vntalo.  It  has  a  Christian  church. 
In  which  the  chronicles  of  Axoom  are  kept.  Among  its  an- 
tiquities are  a  monolith  obelisk,  60  feet  in  height  and  finely 
sculptured,  nuniemus  prostrate  obelisks,  and  an  inscription 
of  the  fourth  century.     Adulis,  its  ancient  port,  is  on  Ans- 

ley  Bay.  Red  Sea.  100  miles  north-eastward. Adj.  Axumitic 

or  AsooMiTic,  ax-oo-mit/ik.    Inhab.  Axumite,  ax'oom-tte'. 

AY  or  AI,  (Aii,)  i.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Marne. 
near  the  Marne,  14  miles  S.  of  Reims.  It  produces  much 
esteemed  wines.    Pop.  in  1852,  3302. 

AY.VCUCHO,  l4-koo'cho,  a  department  of  South  Peru, 
mostly  iHjtween  lat.  12°  and  16°  S..  and  Ion.  72°  and  76°  W.; 
having  the  department  of  Junin  on  the  X.,Cuzco  on  the  E., 
and  the  Andes  on  the  S.  and  W..  shutting  it  off  from  th.:t 
of  Lima.  Area  estimated  at  33,280  square  miles.  Chief 
rivers,  the  .\puriniac,  and  its  tributaries,  the  Urubambji, 
Pampas,  and  .Mantaro.  Principal  towns.  Iluamanga,  (the 
capital,  containing  26.000  inhabitants,)  Huancevelica,  and 
Ayacucho.  At  this  latter,  on  the  9th  of  December,  1824, 
the  combined  forces  of  Colombia  and  Peru  totally  defeated 
those  of  Spain,  and  put  an  end  to  the  Spanish  dominion  on 
the  American  continent.     Pop.  1850,  131.921. 

.\Y.\MO.NTE.  i-i-mon'tA.  a  seaport  town  of  Spain.  80  miles 
W.S.  W.  of  Sev  ille.  on  t  he  G  uadiana  near  its  mouth,  which  here 
forms  the  ^boundary  between  Spain  and  Portug.al.  It  has 
three  piiblic  squares,  all  with  well-plantM  walks.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are  two  churches,  a  town-house,  a  well-ea- 


dowed  hospital,  and  a  prison.  The  chief  occupation  is  fish- 
ing.   Pop.  4675. 

AYASOOLOOK,  i-.1-soo-look',  written  also  AYASALOUK 
and  AJASALUK,  a  miserable  village  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Ephesus.  with  a  mcsque,  castle,  and 
aqueduct  constructed  out  of  the  ruins  of  that  once  magnifi- 
cent city.  Here  have  been  discovered,  among  other  anti- 
quities, the  remains  of  the  great  temple  of  Diana,  which  i? 
mentioned  in  the  19th  chapter  of  the  Acts.  Lat.  37°  55' N.; 
Ion.  27°  20'  E.     See  Ephf.scs. 

AYH.\R,  I-baR/.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  X'avarre,  35  miles  S.E. 
of  Pamplona,  on  the  Aragon.    Pop.  1024. 

AYCLIFFE,  A/klif,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
It  has  a  station  at  the  crossing  of  the  Great  Xorth  of  Eng- 
land and  Clarence  R;iilways. 

AYEKBE  Y  ALDEAS,  I-^R^i  e  dl-di/Js,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Aragon,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Uuesca.    Pop.  2500. 

AYERSVILLE,  airz'vil,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

AYERSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio. 

AY'ISII  BAYOU,  a  small  stream  of  San  Augustin  CO., 
Texas,  intersects  the  county  from  X.  to  S.,  and  empties  it- 
self into  Angelina  River. 

AYLESBEARE,  ailz/bdr,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

AYLESBtJRY,  ailz'bfr-e,  (Sax.  Aeglesherg.)  a  parliament- 
ary borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  capital 
of  the  CO.  of  Bucks,  38  miles  from  London  by  the  Loudon 
and  Birmingh,im  Railway  and  branch.  Pop.  of  parliuienta- 
ry  borough  in  1851.  26.794.  The  town,  situated  in  the  rich 
tract  called  the  Vale  of  Aylesbury,  is  poorly  built.,  and  only 
noted  for  the  great  number  of  ducks  which  aii;  reared  here 
and  annually  sent  to  the  metropolis.  Aylesbury  gives  the 
title  of  marquis  to  the  Brudenell-Bruce  family,  and  re- 
turns two  members  to  Parliament. 

AYLESBY,  ailz'beo.  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AYIiESFORD,  ailz'fyrd.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Kent. 
The  remarkable  cromlech  called  Kitscoty-house,  in  this  pa- 
risli.  is  supposed  to  mark  the  burial-place  of  Catigei-u.  who, 
with  his  opponent  Ilorsa,  was  killed  here  in  the  third  re- 
corded Ijattle  between  the  Britons  and  Sjixons,  a.  ».  455. 

AYLESIIAM,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Hailsham. 

AYLESTOXE,  ail'stoue,  a  parish  .of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
cester. 

AY'LETTS,  a  post-offlce  of  King  William  co.,  Virgini.i. 

AYLMER.  ail'mer.  a  lake  in  British  North  .America,  im- 
mediately adjoining  Clinton  Colden  Lake,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  small  stream,  and  about  8o  miles  X.  of  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  the  Great  Slave  Lake.  It  is  about  50 
miles  in  length  and  30  in  breadth. 

AYLMER,  ail'mer,  a  post-town  of  Canada  East,  capital 
of  Ottawa  CO..  on  the  Chaudiere  Lake,  an  expansion  of 
Ottawa  Kiver,  8  miles  above  Bytown.  It  contains  several 
lumtering  establishments  and  a  good  public  house,  (the 
British  Hotel.)    I'op.  1100. 

.  AYLMER,  a  post-village  of  Can.ada  West,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
137  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  CO  miles  from  London.  It 
contains  a.  tannery  and  .several  stores. 

AYLMERTOX,  ail'mv'r-tyn,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk.  ♦ 

AYLSIIAM,  ail'sham,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Norfolk,'l2  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Norwich.  Pop. 
of  town  in  1851,  2184.  The  church  is  a  fine  building  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  town  is  well  supplied  with  water, 
and  lighted  with  gas,  and  is  the  residence  of  many  weavers 
employed  by  the  Norwich  woollen  manufacturers. 

AYLTON.  ail'tpn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

AYMESTREY,  aim'stree,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Here- 
ford. Near  the  village  are  traces  of  Komau  and  British 
encampments. 

AYNHOE,  ain'ho,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

AYORA,  i-o'rd.  a  town  and  river  of  Spain,  province  of  Va- 
lencia.   The  town  is  52  miles  S.W.  of  Valencia.     Pop.  5412. 

AYOTH  tor  AYOTT,)  i/yyt,  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

AYOTIIvor  AYOTT)  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Herts. 

AYOTITAN,  I-o-te-tin',  a  village,  of  Mexico,  department  of 
Jali-sco,  120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Guad:il.ajara. 

A  YOTLA.  i-ot/ld,  a  town  of  North  America,  20  miles  E.  ol 
Mexico,  on  the  route  to  Vera  Cruz. 

AYR,  Ar,  (anc  Vklogara.)  a  river  of  Scotliind,  rises  on  the 
border  of  Lanarkshire,  flows  generally  W.,  traversing  the 
CO.  of  Ayr  near  its  centre,  and  enters  the  sea  at  Ayr,  the 
harbor  of  which  town  it  forms,  after  a  course  of  about  30 
miles.    It  is  not  navigable. 

AYR,  or  AYRSHIRE,  dr'shjr,  a  maritime  county  of 
Scotland,  having  on  the  W,  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  and  land- 
ward the  counties  of  Renfrew,  Lanark,  Dumfries,  Kirkcud- 
briirht.  and  Wigton.  Area  estimated  at  1.024.000  acres,  of 
which  290,000  are  under  culture.  Pop.  in  1851.  183.858. 
Surface  in  the  E.  and  S.E.  mountainous ;  elsewhere  hilly ; 
and  along  the  coast,  especijilly  in  the  X..  there  is  a  gO(.il 
deal  of  fertile  land.    Oats  and  wheat  are  the  principal  cropB. 


--] 


AYR 


AZO 


Agriculture  has  been  Tastly  {mproved  of  late  years;  and 
draina<:e.  particularly  on  the  estates  of  the  Duke  of  Port- 
land, has  been  caiTied  to  a  gi-eater  extent  in  this  than  in 
any  other  county  of  Scotland.  There  are  ext<msive  iron- 
works at  Sluirkirk,  and  large  quantities  of  coal  are  raised 
and  exported  from  Ayr,  Troon,  and  other  ports.  The  wool- 
len, cotton,  and  flax  mills  are  of  considerable  extent,  and 
employ  upwards  of  2100  hands.  Ayrshire  returns  one  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

AYR.  a  parliamentary  borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  the  Ayr,  ao 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Glasgow.  Lat.  of  light-house,  5.5°  28'  17"  N. ; 
Ion.  4°  .38'  26"  W.  There  is  a  fixed  light  on  the  north  pier. 
Pop.  in  1851,  0115.  or,  with  its  suburbs,  Newton  and  Wal- 
lace-town, included  in  the  parliamentary  borough.  17.H24. 
The  town,  of  late  years,  is  much  improred.  The  chief  edifices 
are  a  good  county-hall,  a  to^v^l-housB,  with  a  spire  135  feet 
high,  assembly  rooms,  &c. ;  the  new  tower,  a  Gothic  build- 
ing, 113  feet  high,  ornamented  with  a  statue  of  Wallace;  an 
arcade;  an  old  and  new  church;  the  mechanics'  Institute; 
a  theatre ;  and  two  bridges  communicating  with  the  sub- 
urbs across  the  Ayr  Kiver. — celebrated  by  Burns.  The 
harbor,  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  Ayr  and  two  piers,  is 
shallow  and  exposed;  but  the  town  has  a  pretty  extensive 
general  trade,  rope-works,  saw  mUls;  manufactures  of 
Glasgow  woven  goods, carpets,  blankets,  leather;  and  several 
banks.  Its  exports  of  coal  amount  to  between  CO.OOO  and 
70,000  tons  annually:  its  Imports  consist  of  Irish,  Baltic, 
and  American  produce,  with  general  cargoes  from  the 
English  and  Scotch  ports.  Resistered  shipping  in  184S,  46 
vessels ;  aggregate  burden,  5443  tons.  Ayr  Is  a  place  of 
fiishionable  resort,  and  S.  of  the  town  is  a  racecourse  of 
90  acres.  Alloway-kirk  and  Burns's  monument  are  within 
2i  miles  of  Ayr,  on  the  S.  It  unites  with  Campbelton,  In- 
verary,  Irvine,  and  Oban  to  send  one  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

AYR.  Ar,  a  township  of  k'ulton  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  1055. 

AYRAO,  (Ayrao,)  i-r^'iTi".  almost  I-iOwK«'  a  marke^town 
of  South  America,  in  Brazil,  province  of  Par4,  110  miles 
N.W.  of  Rio  Negro. 

AYR,  (air.)  POINT  OF,  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.  Lat.  54°  24'  59"  N. :  Ion.  4°  21'  59"  W.  The  Hghtr 
house  has  a  revolving  light,  106  feet  high. 

AYI!>IIIRK,  a  county  of  Scotland.     See  Atk. 

AYRSHIRE,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co.,  New  York. 

AYS(;.\K'riI.  ais'garth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

A  YST(  tN,  ais'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

AYSVILLK,  aiz'vil,  a  postHSffice  of  Davis  co.,  Indiana. 

AYTON,  A/ton,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

AYTON,  East,  a  township  of  Kngland,  co.  of  York. 

AYTON,   Gre\t,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AYTON,   Little,   a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AYTON.  West,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

AYUTHIA,  the  old  capital  of  Siam.    See  Yuthia. 

AZ.A.'LIA.  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  51  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 
It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  district. 

AZAMBUXEIRA.  ^-zdm-boo-shri/e-ri,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Estremadura.  11  miles  W.  of  Santarem.  Pop. 
1650. 

AZA5I0R,  3-z,i-mor',  a  fortified  se.aport  town  of  Morocco, 
122  miles  N.N.W.  of  Morocco,  on  the  Atlantic,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Morbpva.(TJmm-er-r'bieh.)whieh  forms  its  harbor, 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Mazagan.  Lat.  33'^  17' 37"  N. ;  Ion.  8°15'  W. 
Pop.  variously  estimated  from  600  to  3000. 

AZANI.  i^zi/uee\  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anato- 
lia, on  the  Rhyndacus,  across  which  are  two  ancient  bridges, 
73  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brusa.  Its  remains  are  extensive,  and 
comprise  a  fine  Ionic  temple  of  Jupiter,  a  theatre  232  feet 
in  diameter,  a  quay  along  the  river,  and  numerous  inscrip- 
tions. \  village  of  about  60  houses  is  formed  of  a  portion 
of  its  ruins. 

AZAUCHAL,  a-thOw-gSl/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Badajos.  Agriculture,  domestic 
weaving,  oil  pressing,  and  brandy  distilling  are  the  chief 
occu|)ations.     Pop.  2890. 

AZAY'  L  E  FERRON,  aV,A/leh-fjR'RON«',a  town  and  commune 
of  France,  department  of  Indre,  29  miles  W.  of  Chateauroux. 
Pop.  2000. 

AZAY  LE  RIDEAU.  3'z.Vleh  reeMV,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  1 3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tours,  with 
one  of  the  finest  castellated  manor-houses  in  France.  Pop. 
of  commime.  1210. 

AZAY-5UR-CHER,  J'zi'stlR-shaiR/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tndre-et-Loire.  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tours.  Pop.  1296. 

AZCOYTTA  or  AZCOITIA,  is-koi'-te-a,  a  town  of  Spain, 
on  the  Urola.  province  of  Guipuzcoa.  16  miles  S.W.  of  San 
Sebastian,  with  mineral  springs  and  marble  and  stone  quat^ 
ries.  Pop.  3795,  chiefly  employed  in  agriculture  and  the 
manufacture  of  nails  and  hardware. 

AZEGLTO.  id-zAl'yo.  a  town  of  Piedmont.  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Ivrea   Pop.  206.  Exquisitewinesare  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

AZETTAO,  NoGUEiRA  de,  no-gj'e-rd  di  i-zi-e-tfiwRo',  a 
town  of  Portugal,  In  Estreniadura,  7  miles  W.  of  Setabal. 
Pop.  1600. 


AZERBAIJAN, az-?p-bl-jan',  or  AZERBIJAN,  (anc.  Mefdia 
AtrtfpnMni'.)  the  most  northerly  province  of  Peisia,  between 
lat.  36°  and  4<J°  N.,  and  Ion.  44^^  and  4S°  40'  E :  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  Persian  K(X)rdistan  and  liak;  on  the  E.  by  Ghi- 
lan;  on  the  N.E.  and  N.  by  the  Ku.ssian  dominions;  on  tht 
W.  by  Turkish  Koordistan.  Area  estimated  at  30.300 
square  miles,  and  the  population  at  2,000,000.  The  surface 
is  mostly  mountainous,  many  ranges  varying  from  70tK)  to 
9000  feet  in  height;  it  contains  the  mountains  of  S.ava- 
lany  and  Ararat.  Its  valleys  are  very  fertile,  yielding 
wheat,  maize,  rice,  cotton,  hemp,  madder,  tobacco,  and  saf- 
fron, so  that  it  is  reckoned  one  of  the  most  productive  por- 
tions of  the  Persian  dominions.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Aras,  (anc.  Araxles,)  forming  all  its  N.  frontier,  and  the 
Kara  Soo;  the  Lake  Ooroomeeyah  is  wholly  comprised  in 
this  province.  The  chief  cities  are  Tabreez,  Ooroomeeyah, 
(Oormiah.)ArdRbeel,and  Khoi. 

AZlLLI-l,  S*zeel',  or  i'zee'yf,  a  small  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aude,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Carcassonne.    Pop.  1500. 

AZn.MGIIUR',  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  mostly  enclosed  by  the  districts  of  Goruckpoor, 
(ihazipoor.  and  Juanpoor.  Are.a,  2121  si}uare  miles.  Pop. 
779,555.  The  surface  is  jjenerally  fertile;  it  is  watered  by 
the  Goggra.  Goomty,  and  Ganges.  The  chief  products  are 
sugar,  indigo,  and  opium.  The  manufiictures  of  cotton  and 
silk  goods  are  supposed  to  amount  in  annual  value  to 
230.000/. 

AZIMGHUR,  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  provinceof 
Allahabad,  ou  a  tributary  of  the  Ganges,  66  miles  N.  by  E 
of  Benares. 

AZl  NCOURT,  a  village  of  France.    See  Agincourt. 

AZIO,  M'zo-o.  a  district  and  promontory  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  Acarnania.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Arta,  sup- 
posed to  indicate  the  site  of  the  ancient  Actium,  but  of  which 
city  no  remains  exist. 

AZM  ElUG  UNGE,  dz-mSr-e-g&nj'.  a  town  of  Further  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Soormah,  a  tributary  of  the 
Bramahpootra.  76  miles  N.E.  of  Dacca.  It  has  a  consideia- 
ble  inland  trade,  with  yards  for  building  native  boats. 

AZ'OF  or  AZ'OV,  (anc.  Tan'ais  ;Russ.pron.  d-zov',)  a  town 
and  fort  of  Russia,  in  a  detached  part  of  the  government 
ofYekterinoslav,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Don,  into  the  Gulf 
of  Azov.  25  miles  E.  of  Taganrog.  Pop.  now  reduced  to 
about  1200.  in  conseciuence  of  the  shallowing  of  its  port. 

AZ'OF,  AZ'OPH,  or  AZ/OV,  Sea  of,  (called  by  the  Rus- 
sians Mure  Aic^^gkoe.  mo-r.V  i-zov-sko'.i ;  anc.  PaHus  Mwi/tis ; 
Gr.  Ainvn  Maiijnt,)  a  large  body  of  water  in  the  E.  pitrt  of 
Europe,  forming  the  northern  subdivision  of  the  Jtlack 
Sea.  with  whieh  it  is  connected  by  the  Strait  of  Yenlkaleor 
Kert«h,  (anc.  Cimmerian  iir).«/)/i«n/s,)  situated  between  the 
parallels  of  45°  15'  and  47°  18'  N.,  and  between  the  meri- 
dians of  35°  and  39°  E.;  its  length,  from  S.W.  to  N.E..  being 
168  miles,  its  average  breadth  about  80  miles,  and  its  area 
aboiit  14.000.  The  .\.  coast  is,  for  the  most  part,  bold  and 
craggy,  rising  about  100  feet  above  the  water:  the  E.  coast, 
inhabited  by  Cossacks,  is  very  low.  chiefiy  sandy,  and  intei^ 
sected  withljvkes  and  morasses;  the  W.  coast  is  formed  by 
the  tongue  of  sand  called  the  Tongue  of  Arabat,  which  di- 
vides it  from  the  Sivash  More,  or  Putrid  Sea:  while  the 
Crimea  and  the  territory  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  Black  Sea 
form  the  S.  shore,  on  which,  here  and  there,  are  some  hills 
visible  at  a  considerable  distance.  Its  greatest  depth,  be- 
tween Y'enikale  and  Bielosaria.  ou  the  N.  side,  is  7}  fathoms, 
and  it  diminishes  considerably  towards  the  Gulf  of  Don, 
several  banks  extending  a  great  distance  from  the  shore. 
The  water  is  muddy,  and,  from  the  numerous  rivers  run- 
ning into  it,  .almost  fresh.  The  Sea  of  .\zof  has  no  remark- 
able current,  the  strongest  never  running  more  than  1  mile 
an  hour ;  the  navigation  is  generally  stopped  from  Novem- 
ber to  March  by  ice.  Perhaps  no  body  of  water  of  equal 
extent  so  abounds  with  fish;  the  principal  fisheries  are 
along  the  S.  coast,  between  Cape  Dolgava  and  the  Strait  of 
Yenikale ;  the  sturgeon,  sterlet,  and  other  fish  are  prepared 
in  large  quantities,  both  caviare  and  isingliiss.  The  extreme 
W.  part  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  called  the  Putrid  Sea,  is,  during 
the  greater  p.art  of  the  year,  little  better  than  a  noxious 
qu.agmire.  and  at  all  times  wholly  useless  for  navigation. 
'The  Strait  of  Yenikale  is  about  11  miles  long  and  4  broad, 
though  the  navigable  channel  never  exceeds  1  mile  in 
breadth.  A  new  island  was  raised  in  the  Sea  of  Azof  in 
1814,  by  volcanic  eruption.  The  chief  towns  are  Taganrog, 
Mariopol,  and  Kertch. 

AZORl'IS.  az'ors  or  azorz';  (Port,  v^porcs,  t-.so'rjs ;  Fr.  i/M- 

Avreif.  eel  dVoR/;  Ger.  Azorisdte  Inseln,  dt-so/rish-eh  in'seln.) 

or  WESTEIIN  ISLANDS,  a  series  of  islands  in  the  North  At> 

lantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Portvigal.  situated  between  lat. 

36°  59'  and  39°  44'  N.,  and  Ion.  31°  7'  and  25°  10'  W.     They 

are  nine  in  number,  and   arranged  in  three  groups — the 

N.W.  being  composed  of  the  islands  of  Flores  and  Corvo; 

the  central  group,  about  114  miles  S.E.  of  these,  consists  of 

Terceira,  St.  George,  Pico.  Fayal,  and  Giaciosa:   and  the 

!  third  group.  69  miles  S.E.  of  the  central,  of  St.  .Michael  and 

St.  Mary.     St.  Mich.ael  is  the  largest  of  all  the  islands,  being 

I  50  miles  long,  and  from  5  to  12  broad.     St.  ilary  is  distant 

I  from  it  about  45  miles.    The  Azores,  aU  of  which  are  of  vol- 

145 


AZP 


BAB 


eantc  crisin.  seemingly  of  a  late  peiiod.  present  a  rery  rug- 
ged though  picturesque  asi>ect.  teinjr  lofty,  precipitous,  and 
generally  of  a  conical  foi-m.  The  most  remarkable  of  these 
mountain  summits  is  the  Pealc  of  Pico,  a  conical  mountain, 
which  shoots  up  to  the  heisrht  of  aljout  7618  feet.  Though 
presentini;  a  very  unpromising  appearance  from  the  sea,  a 
closer  inspection  discovers  these  islands  to  be  covered  with 
the  most  luxuriant  vegetation,  vineyards,  cornfields,  groves 
of  lemon  and  orange  trees ;  and  rich,  open  pastures,  skirted  by 
t^rautiful  wcmhIs,  meet  the  eye  in  every  direction.  The  cli- 
mate, thouiih  somewhat  humid,  is  delijrhtful,  and,  combined 
with  the  natural  fertility  of  the  soil,  brings  every  sort  of  vege- 
table product  to  the  utmost  perfection.  The  sugar-cane, 
coffee-plant,  and  tobacco  grow  luxuriantly ;  and  fruits  and 
plants  of  all  kinds,  and  from  all  countries,  could  be  here 
cultivated  with  greater  success  than,  perhaps,  ii5  any  other 
part  of  the  world.  Unfortunately,  however,  the  inhabitants 
have  neither  the  energy  nor  intelligence  necessary  to  turn 
the  natural  ad  vantages  of  their  position  to  the  best  account. 
They  know  nothing  of  gardening,  and  very  little  of  the 
science  of  agriculture.  Their  implements  are  of  the  rudest 
description ;  and  in  .sowing  they  throw  the  seed  about  at  ran- 
dom, calculating  on  the  bounty  of  nature  for  a  rich  return. 
in  which  they  are  never  disappointed.  The  lupine,  which 
grows  to  an  extraordinary  size  in  these  islands,  is  one  of  its 
most  valued  productions.  It  is  raised  in  great  quantities, 
and  the  .seeds,  after  being  soaked  in  sea-water  to  divest 
them  of  their  bitterness,  constitute  a  favorite  food  of  the 
poorer  cl.as.ses.  The  Azores  produce  annually  upwards  of 
17,000  pipes  of  wine  and  brandy,  and  about  KHJ.OOO  boxes 
of  oranges  and  lemons ;  the  greater  part  of  which  find  their 
way  to  Britain,  the  remainder  being  divided  between  Bra- 
lil.  Hamburg,  and  the  United  States.  They  also  export 
considerable  quantities  of  coarse  linen,  salt«d  pork,  and 
beef  Their  imports  are  chiefly,  from  England,  hardware, 
cotton  and  woollen  stuffs,  wearing  apparel,  Ac;  from  the 
Brazils,  rum.  coffee,  sugar,  &c.;  from  the  United  States, 
fish,  staves,  timber,  tar,  oil,  &c.;  from  Portugal,  salt,  tea, 
images,  crucifixes,  indulgences,  dispensations,  relics,  &c. 
These  last  are  sold  openly  in  the  shops,  at  high  prices. 

The  great  hinderance  to  the  commercial  prosperity  of  the 
Azores  is  their  want  of  good  harbors;  the  only  tolerable 
port  being  that  of  Angra,  in  the  island  of  Terceii-a,  and 
even  that  is  much  exposed,  and  offers  little  safety  excepting 
In  the  fine  season.  All  the  rest  are  open  bays  or  roadsteads, 
affording  hardly  any  protection  whatever.  The  Azores,  as 
already  i-emarked.  are  of  volcanic  origin,  and  many  tremen- 
dous evidences  of  the  activity  of  the  subterranean  "fires  have 
presented  themselves  at  various  times.  In  loitl,  an  earth- 
quake, which  continued  12  days,  destroyed  the  town  qf  Vill.a 
Franca  in  the  island  of  St.  Michael;  and.  in  1808.  a  voIc:ino 
rose  up  in  the  island  of  St.  Ge^)rge  to  the  height  of  S600 
feet,  and  becamq  extinct  after  burning  with  great  fury  for 
six  days,  and  sending  out  a  flood  of  lava  which  overflowed 
the  island,  and  covered  it  with  ruin  and  desolation.  In 
this  archipelago,  several  rocks  and  volcanic  islands  have 
from  time  to  time  been  thrust  up  from  the  bottom  of  the 


ocean.  The  last  that  appeared  was  in  1811,  off  the  W;  end 
of  St.  Michael.  In  June  of  that  year,  the  crater  of  a  volcano 
suddenly  emerged  from  the  sea.  rose  to  the  height  of  300 
feet,  raged  furiously  for  some  time,  ejecting  ashes,  cinders, 
and  stones,  and  again  gradually  disappeared.  Fouutaing 
of  boiling  water  also  exist  in  many  of  the  islands,  alfi">rding 
further  evidence  of  the  presence  of  internal  hejit.  The  po- 
riod  of  the  firet  discovery  of  the  Azores  is  not  ascertained, 
but  they  were  known,  and  sevei-al  of  them  were  laid  dow^u 
in  maps,  in  the  fourteenth  century.  Little,  howe\er,  w.w 
known  of  them  till  about  the  year  14.31  or  1432.  when  a  Fl» 
mish  merchant  of  the  name  of  Joshua  Yauderber^r,  in  a 
voyage  to  Lisbon,  was  driven  by  stress  of  weatiier  on  their 
coasts;  having  mentioned  his  discovery  on  hLs  arrival  at 
Lisbon,  the  Portuguese  government  immediately  fitted  out 
an  expedition,  and  took  possession  of  them,  givius  them 
the  name  of  the  AQores,  from  the  gi-eat  number  of  hawks 
found  on  the  islands — ^ifrir  Ix'ing  the  Portuguese  f.jr  hawk: 
They  were  at  this  period  totally  uninhabited,  and  w  jthout 
animals  of  any  kind,  excepting  birds,  which  were  numerous 
and  various.  A  dangerous  reef  of  rocks,  on  which  the  sea 
breaks  heavily,  has  been  recently  discovered  alicut  midway 
between  the  islands  of  St.  Michael  and  Terceira.  It  is  in 
about  lat.  38°  16'  or  38°  18'  X.,  and  Ion.  20°  41'  or  2i  -  .'^.O'  W. 
The  population  of  the  Azores  is  reckoned  altogether  at 
203,500:  Terceira,  40,000;  Santo  Miguel,  or  St.  Michael, 
80.000;  Pico,  24,000;  Fayal,  22,000;  Flores,  14,0(:0:  Santo 
Jorge,  or  St.  George,  10,000;  Graciosa,  7800;  Santa  Maria, 
oOOO    Corvo.  700. Adj.  and  inhab.,  Azoman,  arzo're-^. 

AZPEVTIA  or  AZPKITIA,  fls-pil'e-te-J,  a  w.-Uled  town  of 
.Spain,  on  the  Crola,  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  lo  miles  S.W.  of 
San  Sebastian.  It  is  well  constructed,  has  paved  streets  and 
three  squares?,  in  the  principal  of  which  are  the  foi-mer  con- 
vents of  St.  Domingo  and  St.  Augustine,  now  converted  into 
a  primary  school  and  public  reading-room;  in  the  .same 
S'luare.  bull-fights  are  held,  at  the  festival  of  St,  Loj'ola. 
The  marble  from  the  quarries  of  Mount  Itzairiz  is  cut,  in 
this  town,  in  mills  propelled  by  water  power.  Ignatius 
Loyola,  the  founder  of  the  Jesuits,  was  Iwru  alout  a  mile 
from  Azpeytiii,  in  a  house  which  is  still  preserved  within 
the  marble  walls  of  a  convent  that  Ijears  his  name.    Pop.  5300. 

AZ'TALAN,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Jefferson  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  W.  branch  of  liock  Kiver,  50  miles  W.  of 
Milwaukee.     Pop.  09S. 

AZUA,  d-zoo'd.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Ilayti,  on  the  Bia, 
near  its  S.  const.  So  miles  W.  of  St.  Domingo. 

AZUX,  VALLEt;  D',  vil-l.V  ddV,uN«',  a  valley  of  France, 
department  of  Ilautes-Pyrenees.  It  is  watered  by  the  Gave 
d'.^zun.  and  has  excellent  pa.sturages,  flax,  and  niiliet. 

.\ZUKAK.\,  d-zoo-rd'r^  a  town  of  rortu_'al.  pr.'viuce  of 
Minho,  on  the  riL-ht  tank  of  the  .\ve.  at  its  mouth,  opposite 
Villa  do  Conde,  and  2;5  miles  S.W.  of  I'laga.     Cop.  J.'oO. 

AZZAXO,  CASTEL  D',  kls-tJl'ddt-sii'no,  a  village  of  North- 
ern Italy,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Verona.  Here  the  French  de- 
feated the  Austrians.  in  JIay.  1799. 

AZZAKA  or  ATZAKA.  it-i^rL  a  village  of  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  province  of  Busacbi.    Pop.  of  commune,  1228. 


B 


T}A.  bJ,  a  word  signlfving  "river."    See  Senegal,  (note.^ 
J->     HAADKN,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Baden-. 

BA.^D.-^TKD.  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden.     See  Bast.u>. 

BAAGDK.  (IJaagoe.)  bo'goYh.  or  BOGOE,  (Bogoe,)  a  small 
Island  of  Denmark,  between  Falster  and  Seeland. 

BAAGOE.  (Baagae.)  or  BOGUE.  (Bog3e.i  a  small  island  of 
Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt,  between  Funen  and  Sleswick, 
with  a  village  called  Baazfibv,  boe'o-bU',  (j.  e.  '•  BaagSe-town.") 

BAAL'BKC  or  n\VREC.\the  Baalath  of  Scripture,  and  He- 
liopri'lhot  theGreeks,)  a  ruined  town  of  Syria,  formerly  a  city 
of  great  size  and  magnificence,  situated  on  the  lowest  decli- 
Tity  of  Anti-Libanus.  in  a  vallev  opening  into  the  plain  of 
El-Bekaa,  43  miles  X.W.  of  DamWus.  lat  34°  1'  30"  X.,  Ion. 
86°  11'  E.  Its  remains,  more  extensive  than  those  seen  any- 
where else  in  Syria,  except  at  Palmyra,  comprise  three  tem- 
ples, two  foi-med  with  immense  stones,  besides  numerous 
columns,  altars,  and  the  vestiges  of  the  citv  walls,  3  to  4 
miles  in  circuit.  The  date  of  its  origin  is  lost  in  remote  !vn- 
tiquity.  A  great  temple,  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world, 
was  erected  by  Antoninus  Pius.  It  continued  to  be  a  place 
of  great  importance  down  to  the  time  of  the  Moslem  invasion : 
It  was  Siicked  A.  D.  748.  and  finally  pillaged  bv  Timur  Bev.  in 
1400.  The  present  village,  to  the  E.  of  the  ruin.s.  has  fiillen 
greatly  Into  decay,  and  contains  about  20!i0  inhabitants. 
Some  of  its  buildings  were  probably  erected  as  late  as  the 
age  of  Hadrian  or  Antoninus  Pius;  but  others  are  evidently 
of  a  much  earlier  date,  and  answer  to  the  account  given  of 
the  '•  House  of  the  Forest  of  Lebanon."'  built  by  Solomon. 
(1  Kings  vii.  2-6,8-12.)  The  Greek  name  of  this  city,  He- 
ttopoLis.  has  the  same  signification  as  B.i_vlbec,  i.e."  city 
of  the  sun." 

BAAJIBRUOOE.  b|ma)rfig-gh?h.  a  village  of  HolUnd,  12 
mites  N.W.  of  Utrecht  on  the  Krommen  Angstel. 
146 


BA.4.R,  b|R,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  2}  mUes  X.  of  Zug, 
on  the  road  to  Zurich.     Pop.  2200. 

BAAUDWIJK.  bird'wike,  a  pleasant  village  of  IIf>lland, 
province  of  North  Brabant.  10  miles  E.  of  GeertruiJeuberg. 

BAAKLAXD,  liAR/Unt,  a  village  of  Holland,  luovince  of 
Zealaud,  island  of  South  Bevelaud,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Arne- 
muiden. 

BAAKLE.  blR^eh,  BAARLE-XASSAU,  Viaiilf-h-nis'sdw, 
orB.4.\L,  bil.  a  viiUge  of  Holland,  province  of  North  Br.v 
bant.  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bretla.  on  the  Bel,:;ian  fVoiitier,  so 
closely  connected  with  Biiarle-Hertog,  iu  Belgium,  that  the 
two,  in  fact,  make  but  one  vill!^;e. 

B.A.AUX,  baRn.  a  village  of  Ilolland,  province  of,  and 
12  miles  X.E.  of  Utrecht. 

B.\BA,  bd'hdVanc.  L>:c>tim.)  a  seaport  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
in  Anatoli-a,  near  its  W.  extremity.  Pop.  of  the  town,  4000, 
partly  employed  in  manufactures  of  cutlery. 

BABA,  b3/bS\a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thecsaly, 
on  the  Salembria,  (Peneus.)  14  miles,  X.E.  of  Larissa.  Pop. 
2000. 

BABA,  biTiJ,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  4S 
miles  N.  of  Guayaquil.     Pop.  4000.(?) 

BABABKG.  bi-ll-Vj^g',  SHKHER-BABIC,  sbjh'h-r  bl^bik', 
or  SHEHER-E-BABEC,  sh^h'hereh  bl1.^k\a  town  of  Per- 
sia, province  of  Kerman,  lat.  29°  53'  X„  Ion.  55-  3'  E.,  foi^ 
merly  a  flourishing  city,  but  now  much  decayed.  It  has  i 
gates,  and  from  each  a  long  street  leads  to  the  market-place 
in  the  centre,  the  dome  of  which  is  .«aid  to  be  the  largest  in 
Persl.1.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  deputy-governor  of  Ker- 
man, and  celebrated  for  its  fruit  gardens. 

B.-VBA-DAGH.  lii'bl^dlg'.  a  town  of  KuropeaoTnrKey,  pro- 
vince of  liulgaria,  on  the  vV.  shore  of  Lake  Haeseiii  03  n.ile* 
X.E.  of  Silistria.    Pop.  10,'X)0.    It  has  several  mosqu  «,  salt 


BAB 

works,  and  a  fishery,  and  is  supplied  with  water  hy  an  aque- 
duct from  2  to  3  miles  in  length. 

BABA-DAOH,  (ane.  Mms  Cud'mus,)  a  celebrated  moun- 
tain in  the  S.VV.  part  of  Asia  Minor ;  also  the  name  of  several 
other  mountains  in  Kuropean  and  Asiatic  Turkey. 

BAI5AH0Y(X  bd-hd-o'yo,  a  town  of  .South  America,  in  Ecu- 
ador, 20  miles  N.  of  Guayaquil,  on  the  Cai-acol. 

BABAKANDA,  M-bd-ldn'd4,  a  town  of  the  i'oolah  coun- 
try. West  Africa,  lat.  1U°  2'  N'.,  Ion.  2"  55'  K.  It  contains  a 
royal  residence,  in  which  the  king  or  chief  of  the  district 
frequently  resides.     Pop.  9000  or  10.000. 

BABB.A,  bitlVbi,  an  island  of  the  Asiatic  Archipelapro, 
about  80  miles  W.  of  Timor-haut. :  lat.  11°  60'  S.,  Ion.  129°  40' 
E.    Length,  18  miles:  average  breadth,  6  miles. 

B.VBCA'KY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

B.\B/COCK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

BABC0CK"8  (1 ROVK,  a  posT-office  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois. 

BABKK.  bdHi^k',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  on  the 
frontier  of  Herman,  100  miles  E-N.*;.  of  Sheeraz. 

BABKL  (Mb'el)  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Bass"s  Straits, 
contiguous  to  the  E.  point  of  Great  Island;  lat. 39° 57' S., 
Ion.  148°  20'  E. 

BAB-EI.rMANDEB,  b^li-ll-man'dW.C'the  gate  of  tears,") 
sometimes  improperly  called  B.\B-EL-MA.N1)EL.  a  strait 
uniting  the  Red  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  deriving 
its  name  from  the  danger  of  its  navigation.  Distance  across 
from  the  cape  on  the  Arabian  shore  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  20 
miles.  I'erim,  and  other  small  islands,  lie  off  the  >.'.  shore. 
Perim  Peak  is  a  conspicuous  object. 

BAB-EL-MANDEB,  Ska  or  (iriF  of,  is  that  part  of  the 
Arabian  Sea  between  lat.  10°  and  15"  X..  and  Ion.  43°  and 
61°  E..  having  on  the  \.  .Arabia,  and  on  the  \V .  and  S.  Aby.s- 
sinia  and  Adel,  (in  East  Africa.)  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  550 
miles  ;  bi-eadth,  from  100  to  200  miles. 

BABELTlIUAl',  brb^l-too^iy,  the  largest  of  the  Pelew 
Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  60  miles  in  circuit;  lat.  7°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
134°  40' E.         ' 

BABENIIAUSEX,  bd'bgn-hOw'zen,  a  small  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Hesse  Darmstadt,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Dai-mstadt. 
Pop.  1650. 

BABENIIAUSEX.  a  small  town  of  Bavaria.  34  miles  S.W. 
of  Aug.sburg.  Pop.  1700.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  Princes 
Fugger  von  Babenhausen. 

BABI ACORA,  bd-be-l-ko'rS,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  state 
of  Sonoraon  the  Sonora  river.  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  of  .\rispe. 

BABINAGKEDA.  biJ-lKMid-gra'dd.  a  large  village  of  Aus- 
tria, in  Slavonia.  about  30  miles  E.  of  Brod,  between  the 
morasses  of  Berav»  and  Koniska.     Pop.  4185. 

BABIXGELEY,  bab'ing-le,  or  BABUKGIILEY,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BAB'INOTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BABIXOVrrCIII,  W-be-no-vee'chee.  a  town  of  Russia,  66 
miles  N.X.E.  of  Moheelev,  on  an  affluent  of  the  DUna. 

H.\'BRAII,\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

B.4.BUYAN  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacitic  Ocean.     See  Madji- 

COSIMA. 

BAIVWOKTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

B.\BY^E,  bd^bi',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  15  miles  E.  of  Ilussingabad. 

BAli'YLOX.  (L.Bayylnn,(iT.  aaffvXosv,  BahuJon.)  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  celebrated  cities  in  the  world,  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  Babylonio-Chaldean  Empire,  was  situated  in  an 
extensive  plain,  on  the  Euphrates  was  tX)  miles  S.of  Bagdad. 
The  modern  town  Ilillah  occupies  a  portion  of  its  .site.  Uat. 
32°  28'  30"  X..  Ion.  44°  9'  45"  E.  According  to  Herodotus 
the  walls  of  Babylon  were  60  miles  in  circumference.  87 
feet  thick,  and  360  feet  high,  built  of  brick,  and  contain- 
ing 25  gates  of  solid  brass,  and  250  towers.  The  ruins 
of  Birs-Nimrod,  on  an  elevatt-d  mount,  are  supposed  to 
be  the  Tower  of  Babel  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  and  the 
Temple  of  Belus,  minutely  described  by  Herodotus.  The 
base  of  this  tower  measures  2082  feet  in  circumference;  its 
remains,  constructed  of  the  most  beautiful  brick  masonry, 
are  28  feet  in  breadth.  Babylon  was  in  its  glory  in  the  time 
of  Xebuchadnezzar.  It  was  be.sieged  and  taken  by  Cyrus, 
B.C.  638.  and  afterward  by  Alexander  tlie  Great.  Out  of  its 
ruins  four  gre.at  capitals,  besides  other  cities,  were  built. 
The  most  prominent  of  the  remaining  ruins  are  Birs-Nim- 
rod, the  Kasr.  ou  the  supposed  site  of  the  palace  of  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, and  the  Mujahlibah,  on  the  river  bank,  6  miles 
from  Hillah. 

HAB'Yl^OX,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New  York,  near 
S'Juth  Bay,  185  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany.  It  has  a  church 
and  several  stores. 

BABYLONIA,  bab-e-lo'ne-a,  the  ancient  name  of  a  pro- 
vince in  Middle  Asia,  now  called  Bagdad,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Mesopotamia,  E.  by  Tigris  Kiver,  S.  by  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  W.  by  the  Arabian  Desert.  The  alluvial  plains 
of  Babylonia,  Ohaldea,  and  Susiana.  at  the  head  of  the  Per- 
sian Gulf,  occupy  an  extent  of  32.400  sc|uare  miles.  The 
•country,  in  ancient  times,  was  famed  for  its  fertility;  now 
H  is  a  desolate  wa.st«.     See  Baod^d. 

BABY  PO;)L0,  (or  PULO.)  bd'bee  poo^o.  an  island  in  the 
Malay  Arcnipelago,  E.  of  the  N.E.  entrance  into  the  Strait 
of  Sunda. 


BAD 

BACAL.4R,  bd-kj-lan/,  a  seaport  village  of  Central  Ame- 
ric.a.  in  Y'ucatan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  San  Jos^.  iC' 
miles  N.N.^V.  of  Balize.  Pop.  4000,  chieflv  In  iiaus  inU 
English  smugglers.  The  San  Jo.se  is  innavigable  for  any 
but  the  smallest  vessels,  and  imported  produce  is  conveyed 
hence  into  the  interior  by  canoes. 

BACALII.\0,  (BacalhSo,)  l4-kdl-yd/<iN0,  an  island  off  the 
S.E.  coast  of  Newfoundland;  lat.  (N.  point)  4">°  9'  X..  Ion, 
62°  52'  W.  It  is  high,  nearly  4  miles  long  and  li  broad,  and 
is  distant  about  1  mile  from  the  mainland,  with  a  good  chan- 
nel between. 

BACAMARTE,  bd-kd-maB/tA,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
of  I'arahiba,  16  miles  from  CampinarOrande.  Its  inhabit- 
ants are  chiefly  engaged  in  cultivating  cotton. 

B.\CCAR.\T,  bik^kiVd/, a  town  of  France,  department  cf 
Meurthe,  16  miles  S.E.  of  ijuneville,  on  the  Meurthe.  Pf  p 
3620.  Its  crystal-works,  the  most  extensive  in  F' ranee,  em- 
ploy upwards  of  lOOO  men. 

BACCIIIGLIOXE,  bdk-keel-yo'nA,  (anc.  MnV^itcw  }f('mir 
or  Midu/dctui  Mifnor.)  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,  rises  near 
Vicenza,  passes  I'adua,  and  enters  the  Adriatic  3-  miles  S.  of 
Chinggia.  after  a  S.E.  course  of  55  miles. 

BACHARACH.  bd/Kd  rdK\  (anc.  Badchi  A'rat)  a  walled 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  22i  miK«  8.S.E.  of  Coblentz.  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  Pop.  1900.  The  vicinity  pro- 
duces wine  of  a  superior  quality.  BlUcher  cros.sed  the  Khiue 
here  on  the  1st  of  January,  1814. 

BACHELLERIE.  La.  Id  bdVh^n'jee',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sarlat,  on  the 
Cerne.  with  mineral  springs  and  baths.     Pop.  1440. 

BACHlUiORS  G  ROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Rock  CO..  Wisconsin. 

BACHELOR'S  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

B  ACH  ELOR'S  RETREAT,  a  postoflice  of  Pickens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BACH'MAN'SMILLS,a  post-offlce,  Carroll  co.,  Marvland. 

BACHOFEN,  (Bach«fen,)  bdK'o'f^n.  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia, on  the  Irnnk  of  the  Iser.  35  miles  X.E.  of  Prague.  lu 
the  Thirty  Y' ears'  War  it  was  pillaged  by  the  Swedes. 

BACH-YXYS,  Iwik-tin'is,  or  MACHUX18,  nidk-tin'i.».  a 
small  island  of  South  Wales,  in  the  Burry  estuary,  1 J  miles 
S.  of  Llanelly. 

BACK  CREEK,  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Vii-ginia.  rises  in 
Frederick  co.,  flows  north-eastward  through  Berkeley,  and 
enters  the  Potomac  about  10  miles  X.  of  Martinsburg. 

BACK  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  Hows  into  Guthrie's  Creek  in 
liawrence  countv. 

BACK  CREEK  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co., 
Virginia. 

B.\CKERGUXGE,  bak^r-gfinj/,  adistrict  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  comprising  a  part  of  the 
Sunderbund.and  mouths  of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmapootra. 

B.\CKF;RGUNGE,  a  town  in  British  India,  in  the  above 
district.  120  miles  E.  of  Calcutta. 

BACK'FOKD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BACKNANO,  bdk'ndng,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  16  miles 
X.E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  3600.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool- 
len cloth  anti  leather. 

BACK  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Stafford  co.,  in  the  X.E. 
part  of  Xew  Hampshire,  unites  its  waters  with  the  Piscataiiua. 

B.VClv'S  I>.\N1).  British  North  America,  is  a  name  ai)plied 
to  the  region  around  the  Arctic  Circle,  Ix^tween  Ion.  96°  and 
108°  AV..  explored  by  Captain  Back,  in  1831. 

B.\CK'S  RIVER,  in  British  North  America,  rises  in  Sus- 
sex Lake,  X.  of  Lake  Aylmer,  flows  N.  and  X.E.  through  a 
granitic  and  sandy  region,  traverses  Lakes  Pelly  and  Garry, 
and  enters  a  bay  supposed  to  be  the  S.W.  part  of  Boothia 
Gulf,  in  lat.  67°  V  31"  X..  Ion.  94°  39'  45"  W. 

B.\CK'VVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

B.\COLOR,  ba-ko-lor'.  a  town  on  the  island  of  Luzon,  ca- 
pital of  the  province  of  Pampanga,  about  38  miles  X.W.  of 
Manila,  in  a  plain,  and  near  the  river  Pampanga.  with 
which  it  has  communicatiim  by  means  of  a  canal.  It  was 
the  capital  of  the  I'hilippines  during  the  British  invasion, 
in  1762.     Pop.  8548. 

B.VCON'S  CASTLE,  a  post-office  of  Surry  CO.,  Virginia. 

BACON'S  COLLEGE.     Soe  HARnonsnuRO,  Kentucky. 

BAOJN'S  JIILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Texas. 

BA'COXSTUORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  on.  of  Xorfolk. 

BACQUEVILLE  or  BASQUEVILLE,  bdkVeel'.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Seiue-Iuferieure,  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Dieppe.     Pop.  1494. 

B.A.CS  or  BATSCH,  bdtch,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  a  county 
of  its  own  name,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Danube,  148  miles  S. 
of  Pesth.     Pop.  2770. 

BAGS  or  BACS-BODROGHER,  bdtch-Wdro*gher,  a  town 
in  the  S.  of  Hungary,  beyond  the  Danube. 

BACTRA.    See  Balkh. 

BACTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BACTOX,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

BACTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BADAGRY'.  bd-ddg'ree.  a  town  and  port  of  Upper  Guinea, 
on  the  Gold  Coast,  50  miles  E.X.E.  of  Whvdah. 

BAD.\GRY,  MOUNT,  in  Upper  Guinea;  is  in  lat.  6°  26 
N.,  Ion.  3°  14' E. 

147 


BAD 

BADA.rOS.  bad-a-hocp',  (Sp.  Badajoz,  bi-oj-hoee';  anc. 
flu;  Augu^Ui,)%foTtifie<i  froutier  city  of  Spain,  capital  of 
a  piiivinrt*  of  the  saiue  .lame,  (^formed  of  part  of  Kstrems' 
dura.)  rn  the  left  l.ank  of  the  Guadiana.  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kivillas,  132  miles  E.  of  Lisbon,  and  5  miles  from 
the  frontier  of  PortugiU.  Pop.  in  1849,  11,715.  The  hi!.'hest 
fiart  is  crowned  by  a  ruined  Moorish  castle,  whence  long 
lines  of  walls  desol-nd  to  the  river,  here  crossed  by  a  noble 
granite  bridge  of  2S  arches.  It  is  strengthened  by  various 
outworks,  and  by  the  fortified  height  of  .San  CrLstobal.  The 
streets  Lire  narrow  and  crooked,  but  well  paved  and  clean, 
and  the  houses  are  good.  Principal  buildings,  a  cathedral, 
several  hospit.ils,  au  arsenal,  and  within  the  citadel  a  lofty 
tower,  and  the  rem.iins  of  a  mosque.  It  has  manufactures 
of  soap,  coarse  woollens,  and  leather,  and  its  inhabitants 
carry  on  a  brisk  trade  with  Portugal.  Badajos  was  taken 
by  the  French  under  Soult,  on  the  H)th  of  March.  1811,  and 
by  the  English  troops  under  Wellington,  on  the  6th  of 
April,  1S12.     It  is  the  birthplace  of  the  paint«r  Morales. 

BADAKUSHAN.    See  Bidlkhshan. 

BADALONA.  M-Di-lo'nl,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  6 
miles  X.E.  of  Barcelona.     Pop.  in  18-W5,  o7T5. 

BADAUMY,  bi-daw'mee.  a  strong  hill  fort  of  British  In- 
dia, in  the  presidency  of  Bombay,  58  miles  N.E.  of  Darwar. 
It  was  taken  by  assault  by  the  British  in  1818. 

BAD  AXE.  the  former  name  of  a  county  (now  Vernon) 
in  the  W.  part  of  'Wisconsin,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi 
Kiver.  ci>ntains  772  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Bad 
Axe  and  Kickapoo  Rivers,  from  the  former  of  which  the 
name  is  derived.  The  surface  is  uneven.  This  county  is 
not  included  io  the  census  of  1850. 

BAD  AXE,  a  post-office  in  the  above  county. 

B.4D  AXE  KIVEK,  a  small  stream  of  Wisconsin,  enters 
the  Mississippi  in  the  county  of  its  name. 

BAIVBY.  a  parish* of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BAUUKSLKY  (badzaee)  CLINTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  \Varwick. 

B  ADDKSLEY  ENSOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BADDl-iSLlOY,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BADDESLtlY.  South,  a  hamlet  of  England,'  co.  of  Hants, 
in  the  parish  of  Boldre. 

BADDILEY.  bad'de-le.  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Chester. 

BAIVDOW,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

B.iDDOW,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BADE.     See  Badex. 

BjVDKBOKN,  b.Vdeh-boRn\  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy 
cf  Anhalt-Bernburg.  5  miles  from  Ballenstadt.     Pop.  1210. 

BAUE.V.  bd'deu  or  bVden,  (Fr.  B:di>,  bdd;  Sp.  and  It. 
Btd-^,  bi'dSu;  L.  Bi'da.)  Graxd  Dcchy  of,  (Ger.  Gniasher- 
zoffthum  Baden,  grnce  heRfsoa-toom  bd'den.)  a  state  pf  the 
German  Confederiition.  situated  between  lat.  47°  32'  and 
4S)°  52'  N.,  and  Ion.  7°  27'  and  9°  50*  E.,  occupying  the  angle 
foi-med  by  the  lihine,  on  turning  northward  at  Basel. 
Bounded  .\.  by  Bavaria  and  Hesse-Darmstadt.  E.  by  Bavaria, 
Wiirtemburg.  and  the  princi|ialities  of  llohenzoUern;  S.  by 
Switzerland,  and  W.  by  France  and  Rhenish  Bavaria.  Area, 
population,  and  subdivisions,  as  follows: — 


CIKCI.K8. 

Areainsq.m's. 

Pop.  in  1852. 

Chief  towns. 

^  Lake  (Constance).. 
*  Vppf  r  Rhine 

Middle  Rhine 

Lower  Rhine 

1303 
1654 
16;<3 
13U 

199,075 
349.  .-05 

3*6.578 

Constance. 
Freiburg. 
Carlsrulie. 
Maunheim. 

Total 

In  1861  the  entii 

5904 
•e  popnlation  was 

1,356,943 
estimated  at  1 

,369,291. 

Surface  mountainous,  covered  for  tour-fifths  of  its  extent  by 
the  mass  of  the  Sehwarzw.ild(-B/</cA;.F(/r<w<)with  the  contre- 
forts  which  extend  from  it;  the  Alp.  the  Heili'.renberg.  and 
tlie  Randen.  are  on  the  E.,  and  on  the  S.  the  Schwarzwald 
apd  Odenwald,  which  bound  the  eastern  Valley  of  theKhine. 
from  which  they  rise  abruptly,  and  form  a  chain  of  plateaus 
gradually  descending  towards  the  North,  and  varying  from 
ii'OO  to  41)00  feet  in  elevation.  The  culminating  points  are  the 
FeldWrg.  407:")  feet:  the  Kandel.  41ti0  feet;  the  Blauen.3822 
feet:  the  Katzenbiickel,  summit  of  the  Odenwald.  2300  feet; 
the  Randen,  2600  feet;  and  the  Kaiserstuhl,  an  isolated  vol- 
canic mass  near  Briesach,  1900  feet.  The  whole  western  pitrt 
of  the  territory  is  a  continuous  plain,  formed  by  the  Valley 
of  the  Rhine,  and  extending  between  it  and  the  mountains 
from  Ba.seJ  to  .Mannheim.  Principal  rivers,  the  Rhine, 
which  fi)rms  the  S.  and  W.  boundary  of  the  stite,  the  Murg, 
Kiuzig,  Weissmain,  ("White  Main."")  Neckar,  and  Danube; 
the  last  rises  iu  the  Grand  Duchy.  The  Lake  of  Constance 
(Constany)  forms  part  of  the  S.E.  frontier,  and  there  are 
several  small  lakes  in  the  interior.  The  climate  is  very  mild 
in  all  the  Valley  of  the  lihine;  rigorous  in  the  mountain  dis- 
tricts, the  summits  of  which  are  only  free  from  snow  during 
the  height  of  summer.  The  vine  is  cultivated  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  14IMJ  feet.  The  soil  is  in  general  very  fertile,  especially 
in  the  valleys  of  the  Rhine  tud  Neckar.  Agriculture  cousti- 
148 


BAT> 

tutes  the  chief  wealth  ef  the  state,  and  Is  conducted  with 
more  skill  than  in  any  other  part  of  Germany. 

Barley,  wheat,  maize,  potatoes,  fine  hemp,  flax,  and  to- 
bacco are  raised.  The  cultivation  of  fruit  trees  is  exten- 
sively carried  on.  and  fruit  is  grown  in  great  abundance. 
The  produce  of  wine  in  ten  recent  years  averaged  upwards 
of  lo.4ti0.000  gallons  annnallj*.  The  meadows  are  irrigated 
in  the  Italian  style.  Gi-eat  attention  has  been  bestowed  o 
improving  the  breeds  of  sheep,  and  cattle  are  extensively 
reiired.  Produce  of  timt-er  estimated  at  nearly  one  million 
cubic  fathoms  annually:  masts  of  150  feet  in  length,  and 
fine  oak  timber,  are  floated  in  rafts  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Rhine.  Mineral  products  comprise  salt  from  springs,  alum, 
vitriol,  sulphur,  and  coal,  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  a  little  sil- 
ver; gold-washing,  formerly  pretty  general  along  the  Rhine, 
is  now  insignificant.  The  duchy  is  extremely  rich  in  mine- 
ral springs.  Manufactures  Tiave,  of  late,  materially  in- 
creased; the  principal  are  cotton-spinning  and  weaving, 
ribbon-making,  and  the  production  of  lieet-root  sugar.  Im- 
portant branches  of  industry  in  the  Schwarzwald  are  the 
manufactures  of  strr.w-plait.  wooden  ornaments,  watches, 
clocks,  .iewellery.  musical  lx)xes.  and  organs.  Principal  ex- 
ports, timber,  wine.  corn,  and  kirdnvnsser,  salt,  linen,  and 
cotton  goods,  wooden  clocks,  straw  hats,  and  paper.  Princi- 
pal imports,  colonial  produce,  drugs,  wool,  horses,  fruits, 
iron  and  steel,  silk  fabrics,  and  articles  of  luxury.  The  ac- 
cession of  the  duchy  to  the  Prussian  Customs'  Union  in 
1835,  has  greatly  incretised  the  transit  trade,  which  is  fe- 
vered by  the  creation  of  free  ports  at  Constance,  Ac.  and  hf 
steam  navigation  on  the  Lake  of  Constance,  the  Rhine, 
Neckar.  and  Main.  The  lines  of  road  are  in  general  excellent, 
and  a  railway  extends  along  the  whole  length  of  the  territory 
from  Basel  to  Mannheim,  with  branches  to  Kehl  and  Baden. 

The  government  is  administered  by  the  grand  duke,  a 
chamber  of  peers,  and  a  chamlier  consisting  of  22  deputies  from 
towns,  and  41  fi-om  rurjil  districts:  it  has  the  reputation 
of  being  the  most  tolerant  and  lil>eral  in  Germany.  The 
majority  of  the  popnlation  is  Roman  Catholic,  but  the  reign- 
ing tamily  is  Protestant.  The  grand  duchy  possesses  an 
excellent  .system  of  public  instruction,  and  the  schools  are 
numerous.  Attendance  at  school  is  obligatory  on  all  chil- 
dren: and^?achvill.agehasat  least  one  primary  school.  Baden 
has  two  universities,  among  the  most  ancient  and  celebrated 
in  Germany :  that  of  Heidelburg  has  a  faculty  for  Lutheran, 
and  that  of  Freiburg  for  Catholic  theology.  The  former  had.  in 
1847,  65  professors  and  9'i5  students,  and  the  latter  219  stu- 
dents, 'i'here  are  4  public  libraries  in  the  grand  duchy. 
Circle  judicial  courts,  suliordinate  to  the  supreme  court  at 
Mannheim,  sit  at  Constance,  Freiburg.  Slannheim.  and 
Rastadt.  The  standing  army  amounts  during  a  part  of  the 
year  to  about  15.000  men.  Public  revenue  in  1854.  $11,912,110, 
and  the  expenditures.  $11,978,990:  pulilic  debt  the  same 
year.  |;25.522.9;^2.  Baden  lately  held  the  seventh  place  in 
the  German  Confederacy,  and  had  3  votes  in  the  full  coun- 
cil, and  1  iu  committee.  Contribution  to  confederate  army, 
lO.OOiir 

BADEX,  commonlv  BADEN-BADEN,  bi'den  ba'den.  (anc. 
Cix-'itas  Aitre'lia  A'pieii'fis.t  atown  and  celebrated  wtttering- 
place  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  in 
a  valley  of  the  Schwarzwald.  on  the  Oehlbach.  18  miles  S.S.W. 
ofCarlsruhe.  Pop.  6000.  In  summer  it  is  frequented  by  visi- 
tors from  all  parts  of  Europe:  in  1S45  these  amounted  to 
32.000.  of  whom  5000  were  English,  and  4000  French.  The 
town  is  situated  6  miles  from  the  Rhine,  and  is  connec*?d 
by  a  branch  with  the  railway  from  Mannheim  to  Basel.  It 
is  crowned  by  an  old  castle,  a  va.st  ruined  edifice  of  the  10th 
or  11th  century.  Principal  buildings — a  church,  with  the 
tombs  of  its  former  margraves:  a  new  castle,  with  subterra- 
nean vaults,  a  hall  of  antiquities,  a  pump-room  over  the 
chief  spring,  the  coyrmrsatiotix-haus.  and  other  edifices,  for 
the  convenience.of  visitors.  The  water  is  conveyed  by  pipes 
to  numerous  hotels,  in  which  baths  are  fitted  up.  There 
13  springs,  of  a  saline  nature,  varying  in  tempenituro  from 
117°  to  154°  Fahrenheit,  containing  also  iron  and  free  car- 
bonic acid.  This  is  generally  allowed  to  be  the  most  beauti- 
fully situated  of  all  the  Geniian  w.-vtering-places.  July  and 
An'just  are  the  months  in  which  it  is  most  frequented,  but 
visitors  arrive  from  May  to  October. 

B.4DEN.  (anc.  Therimm  Hilretliccr.')  a  town  and  watering- 
place  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  .Aargau.  on  the  Limmat.  13 
miles  N.E.  of  .\arau.  and  14  miles  N.W.  of  Zurich.  Pop^ 
1800.  Its  sulphur-baths  (tomperature  117°  Fahrenheit)  are 
frequented  chieflv  bv  the  Swiss. 

BADi:N  or  BAADEN.  bd'den.  (anc.  T'/ifj'mT  O^'tfVp.U  town 
and  bathing-place  of  Lower  .\ustria.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vi- 
enna, on  the  Schwilchut,  and  on  the  railway  from  Vienna  to 
Triest.      Pop.  4-SOO.    It  has  an  imperial  castle,  many  rich 
■  private  mansions,  and  military  baths  tor  200  men.     It  has 
I  several  hospitals  and  public  charities,  and  has  been  fre- 
quented annually  by  liJ.OOO  visitors.     Tlie  springs  are  sul- 
i  phureous.  and  vary  In  temperature  from  92°  to  97°  Fahren- 
!  heit.    In  the  baths  here  persons  of  both  sexes,  '•  atf  h-ed  in 
j  loose  flowing  robes,  promenade  arm-in-arm.  as  if  at  a  s"iV?f." 
]  In  the  vicinity  is  the  castle  of  WMburg,  built  by  the  Arch- 
I  duke  Charles  iu  1823. 


BAD 


BAG 


BA'DEX,  a  pnst-villajre  of  Bearer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  lEaih-oad,  21 
miles  N.W.  from  I'ittsburn;. 

BADEX-IIAUSKN,  bd/dgn-hOw'zfn,  is  a  village  of  the 
duchy  of  BruTiswick,  in  the  Harz,  8^  miles  S.  of  Seesen. 

BADENOCII,  t)i'den-noK\  an  extt^nsivo  Highland  district 
of  Scotland,  forming  all  the  S.E.  part  of  Inverness-shire,  be- 
tween Athol  and  the  Monadhlead  mountains,  and  traversed 
by  the  river  Spey. 

BADEN WKILKR.  biMen-fvIlgr,  a  village  of  Baden,  2 
miles  E.  of  Mulheim.  Pop.  2050.  It  has  alkaline  thermal 
springs,  (tenipeniture  81°  Fahrenheit.)  and  baths,  frequented 
annually  by  from  20O  to  300  visitors,  and  very  perfect  remains 
of  Roman  liaths. 

BABKSWUll.  bld'es-wiir',  or  BADDES.SUR,  bld-dSs-sGr',  a 
gmall.  but  neatly  built  town  of  Uiudostan,  province  of  Oris- 
ga.  picturesquely  situ.ated  on  the  Mahanuddy,  32  miles  S.W. 
Of  Cuttjick.     Lat,  2U"  17'  N.;  Ion.  8o°  25'  E. 

B.MMi'KR.  a  piu-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BADriK'AVOK'l'lI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

EAD(iKnV0r.TlI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BADG'INGTON  or  BAD/DINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Gloucester. 

BADIA,  bd-dee'i,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  on  right  bank 
of  the  Adige,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kovigo.  Pop.  3700,  who 
manufacture  earthenwares,  and  trade  in  corn,  flax,  cheese, 
leather,  and  silk. 

BADIA  CALAVEXA,  hirdee'-i.  H-\k-\&/uL  a  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  A'eron.a.     Pop.  2000. 

BADIA  TEDALDA.  bi-dee'il,  tA-ddl'dd.  a  town  of  Tus- 
cany, '£i  miles  N.K.  of  Arezzo,  on  a  skirt  of  the  Alps.  Pop.  2074. 

BAD'INGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BADKU.    See  Bakoo. 

B.\DLESJIEKE,  bad'd^lz-meer,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
Of  Kent. 

BAD'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BAD'.MINTON,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. The  Duke  of  Beaufort's  residence,  erected  in  1682, 
stands  in  .an  extensive  park  within  the  parish. 

BAD'MIXTOX,  Little,  is  a  tithing  in  co.  of  Gloucester, 
parish  of  Ilawkesbury. 

BADOLATO,  bi-do-li'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ca- 
labria Ultra  II.,  15  miles  S.  of  Squillace.     Pop.  3394. 

BADOXG,  biMong'.  the  chief  commercial  state  on  S.  side 
of  the  island  of  Bali,  Malay  Archipelago.  Area  about  100 
square  miles.  It  has  a  seaport  town  of  same  name,  with  a 
Dutch  settlement,  and  exports  rice,  coffee,  toljacco,  maize, 
cattle,  and  pigs  to  Singapore,  Mauritus,  and  Australia, 
and  receives  in  return  European  manufactures,  opium,  and 
Chinese  coin. 

BADOXYILLER,  biMAN<='veeriiiiB/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Meurthe.  on  the  Blette,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Lune- 
ville.  Pop.  in  1852, 2356,  who  manufacture  nails,  awls,  and 
other  tools,  earthenwares,  cotton,  and  woollen  hosiery. 

BADO/XY  or  BODO/XY,  Lower,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Tyrone. 

BADO'NY  or  BODCNY,  Upper,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Tyrone. 

BADOOR,  bi-door',  or  BHUGWAR,  the  princip.al  river  of 
Beloochistan,  has  a  S.W.  course,  and,  under  the  name  of  the 
Doostee,  cut  rsthe  Arabian  Sea.  in  lat.  25°  15' N.,  Ion.  61° 
50'  E.    The  towns  Kedje  and  Punjgoor  are  on  its  banks. 

BADRACIIELLUM,  ba-drd-chSl'lCim,  (Sanscrit,  Bhudra- 
cliiiliim,  "  the  s.icred  mountain,")  a  town  of  India,  Deccan,  in 
Nizam's  dc^iinions,  on  the  Godavery,  160  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Hyderabad. 

BAD  RIVER,  of  Saginaw  county,  Michigan,  falls  into  the 
Shiawasseee. 

B.\DSEY,  bad'see,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BADSnVORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  York,W.  Riding. 

BADUL'L.i,  a  military  post  in  Ceylon,  district  of  Ouva,  40 
miles  S.E.of  Kandy,  and  '2100  feet  above  the  sea.  It  has  a 
fort,  some  good  barracks,  and  an  hospital,  but  it  is  so  un- 
lie/ilthv  that  no  European  troops  are  now  stationed  there. 

BADVWELIy-ASII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BAELEGEM,  bdleh-H^m', a  village  of  Belciura,  province  of 
E.  Flanders,  9  miies'S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2882. 

BAELEX,  bJ/len,  a  manufacturing  town  of  Belgium,  Ant- 
werp, 14  miles'S.E.of  Turnhout,  on  the  Great  Neethe.  Pop. 
8039. 

BAELI;N,  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  a  province  of  Liege, 
6  miles  N.E.  of  Verviers,  with  iron-works.     Pop.  1916. 

BAEXA,  bd-.Vnl,  or  VAEXA.  \i-iJnL  (anc.  Cas'tra  Vinia/- 
na  ?)  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cor- 
dova, on  the  Marbella:  large  quantities  of  grain  and  oil  are 
exported  to  Malaga,  and  the  trade  with  the  interior  is  ex- 
tensive.    Pop.  12.944. 

BAEPEXDI,  bi-i-p^n'dee.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Ger.ies.  180  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rio  Janeiro,  on  a 
streamlet  of  the  same  name.  • 

BAERUM,  bA/room.  a  village  of  Norway,  7  miles  W.  of 
<)hristiatua,on  a  small  stream  of  same  name,  with  the  oldest 
Iron  forges  in  Norway. 

BAESRODE,  bds-ro'deh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  E. 
flanders,  on  thiS  Scheldt,  3  miles  E.  of  Termonde.    Pop.  2910. 


BJ;TERR^.    See  BiziEES. 

B.£T1S.    See  GuADALQUivin. 

BAEZA  or  BAEQA,  hMlihl,  (anc.  Bea'tia.)  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,"  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jaen.  capitnl  of  the 
district  of  the  same  name,  amid  rich  and  well-watered 
plains.  When  seen  from  a  distance,  its  numerous  churches 
and  monasteries,  many  of  them  of  Gothic  architecture,  and 
its  lofty,  steep-roofed  houses,  present  a  very  striking  ap- 
pearance. At  one  time  it  liad  a  double  enclosure  of  tur- 
reted  walls,  but  of  these  only  a  few  fragments  now  remain. 
The  principal  edifices  are  the  cathedral,  now  united  to  that 
of  Jaen,  the  university,  and  the  old  monastery  of  St.  Pjiliji 
de  Neri.  Baeza  contains  3  monasteries,  and  is  the  seat  of 
several  district  courts,  and  possesses  a  seminary,  (scmi'ndn'o 
conciliar,)  in  wliich  both  theology  and  philosophy  are 
taught,  an  economical  society,  and  several  endowed  schools, 
chiefly  for  elenientjiry  instruction.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures are  cloth,  leather,  and  soap.  The  celebrated  sculptor 
Ga*par  Becerra  was  born  here  in  1520.     Pop.  10.851. 

BAEZA,  bd-A/sd,  a  town  of  .South  America,  Ecuador,  90 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Quito,  on  the  Coca  River. 

BAFFA,  bdf'fd,  (anc.  JWplios,  of  which  the  modern  name 
is  a  corruption.)  a  town  of  'Turkey  in  Asia,  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Cyprus,  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nicosia.  Ijit. 
34°  47'  20"  N. ;  Ion.  32°  26'  20"  E.  It  is  defended  by  a  small 
citadel;  the  port  is  accessible  only  for  small  boats.  It  is 
now  in  ruins,  and  almost  deserted.  The  territory  is  fertile 
in  grain,  cotton,  and  silk.  Baffa  was  an  important  place 
under  the  Venetian  rule,  and  occupies  the  site  of  the  Am-a 
Paplius  of  the  ancients,  a  famous  shrine  of  Venus.  The 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city  occupy  a  considei-able  space. 

BAFFA.     See  Bassa. 

BAF/FIN'S  BAY,  or  BYLOT'S  BAY,  a  large  gulf  or  inl.nnd 
sea  communicating  with  the  North  Atlantic  by  I)avis's 
Straits,  on  the  N.E.  oast  of  America.  K'tween  lat.  68°  and 
78°  N.,and  Ion.  62°  .and  80°  W.,  extending  from  S.E.  to  N.W. 
about  950  miles,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  2S0  miles.  It  was 
first  explored  by  William  B.affln  in  1016,  in  honor  of  whom  it 
was  named,  and  more  fully  by  Captain  Ross  in  1818,  and  Cap 
tain  Parry  in  1819.  It  is  of  great  depth  in  many  places,  but 
of  extremely  unequal  bottom,  the  ascertained  depth  varying 
from  200  to  1050  fathoms.  Its  shores  are  rocky  and  precipi- 
tous, attaining  a  height  in  many  places  of  1000  feet,  lacked 
by  i-anges  of  lofty  mountains  covered  with  pei-petual  snow. 
The  coasts  are  rendered  remarkable  by  the  presence  of  pro 
digious  numbers  of  high,  sharp,  conical  rocks,  so  artificial 
in  form  and  appearance  that  they  are  called  monumetii.--. 
Both  sides  of  the  bay  are  indented  with  numerous  sounds^ 
creeks,  and  inlets,  few  of  which,  however,  have  yet  been  ex- 
plore^. It  abounds  in  black  whales  of  a  large  size,  and  in 
seals. 

BAFFIN'S  ISLAND,  a  Em.all  island  In  Fox's  Channel.  N. 
branch  of  Hudson's  Bay.     I^t.  65°  40'  N. ;  Ion.  83°  29'  W. 

BAFFIN'S  ISLANDS,  three  small  islands  on  the  E. 
shore  of  Baffin's  Bay,  and  so  called  by  Captain  Ross.  They 
are  in  lat.  74°  4'  N.;  Ion.  58°  W. 

BAFFO,  bdf'fo.  a  considerable  town  of  the  Mahee  country, 
a  district  of  Dahomey,  AVestern  Africa,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
one  of  the  Kong  Mountains. 

BAFLO.  bdf-lo/,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gronin- 
gen,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Appiugedam. 

BAFRA,  bd'frd,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Peevas, 
on  the  Kizil-Irmak.  (anc.  Ilallya,)  13  miles  S.  of  its  mouth  fn 
the  Black  Sea,  and  49  miles  S.E.  of  Sinope.  It  contains 
1160  houses,  and  has  a  fine  bridge,  2  mosques,  well-supplied 
bazaars,  and  a  trade  in  tobacco. 

BAGACU.M.     See  Bavay. 

BAGAGEN,  b4-gd-zh?N°',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Goyaz,  rises  in  the  Sena  Viadeira,  and  falls  into  the  Ma- 
ranhao,  about  20  miles  above  the  junction  of  that  stream 
with  the  Tocantins,  after  a  course  of  about  160  miles. 

B.^OANGA,  bd-gdng'gd,  a  seaport  town  and  bay,  Malay 
Archipelago,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Island  of  Mindanao, 
(Philippines.)    Lat,  7°  30'  N.:  Ion.  126°  20'  E. 

BAGARIA,  bd-gd-ree'i,  or  BAGHERIA.  bd-gd-ree'd.  a  towji 
of  Sicily,  7  miles  E.  of  Palermo.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  many 
fine  residences  of  the  Sicilian  nobility. 

BAG'BOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

B.^GDAD,  bdg-ddd'.*  or  bag'dad,  sometimes  written  BAG  • 
DAT,  a  large  and  celebrated  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  formerly 
capital  of  the  empire  of  the  caliphs,  now  capital  of  the  pnshalic 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  banks  of  the  Tigris,  about  190  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  lluphrates.  Lat.  33°  19'  50" 
N.;  Ion.  44°  22'  38"  E.  The  city  stands  on  both  banks,  two- 
thirds  being  on  the  left,  and  the  remainder  on  the  right  of 
the.  river,  which  is  here  about  620  feet  wide,  the  communi- 


*  Southey  appears  always  to  place  the  accent  on  the  last  syl- 
lable of  this  name,  which  accords  with  the  native  pronauciatiou. 

"The  old  man  answered,  'To  Bagdad  I  go.'" 

" stands  not  Bagdad 

Near  to  the  site  of  ancient  Babylon  ?" 
"At  length  Bagdad  appeared. 
The  city  of  his  searcli."— JTiaZoia,  booki  iv.  and  v. 
149 


BAG 


BAG 


cation  beii  g  mainfalned  by  a  long,  narrow,  and  very  Sncon- 
veni.-'r.l  br*d>;e  of  ))oatS.  It  is  of  an  irregular,  oblonc;  form, 
and  About  5  miles  in  circuit,  and,  as  seen  from  a  little  dis- 
tant e.  nas  a  strikini;  appea  -ance.  being  surrounded  by  for- 
niidf  Vie  looking  walls  of  furnan^  burnt  bricks,  strengthened 
with  round  towers  and  mounted  with  cannon,  A  forest  of 
p:ilni  and  date  tre«5  growing  around  and  within  the  city, 
adds  to  th'!  picturesiiue  effei't.  The  interior,  however,  dis- 
appoints the  high  expectations  which  a  distant  view  is  cal- 
culated to  excite.  Bagdad  was  formerly  a  pl.ice  of  extensive 
trade,  having  been  for  many  ages  the'  great  emporium  for 
commerce  of  all  the  surrounding  countries,  but  it  has  of 
late  years  much  declined.  The  yearly  trade  between 
Aleppo  and  Bagdad  at  present  seldom  exceeds  one  caravan 
of  700  to  1000  camels:  that  between  Damascus  and  Bag- 
dad one  of  1200  or  1500  camels.  The  chief  imports  of 
this  trade  are  cotton  twist,  calicoes,  shirtings,  prints,  imita- 
tion shawls,  woollen  cloths,  and  dyes.  The  returns,  inde- 
pendent of  remittances  in  specie,  in  which  the  greater  part 
is  paid,  are  Persian  tombak.  galls,  buffalo  hides.  1-^st  India 
indigo,  pearls.  c;ishmere  shawls,  some  Jlocha  coffee,  gums, 
myrrh,  Ac.  Baidad  has  few  manuf;ictures:  the  principal 
are  red  and  yellow  leather,  both  of  which  are  much  es- 
teemed, and  a  kind  of  plush,  of  rich  and  beautiful  patterns, 
which  is  used  by  the  Turks  for  covering  cushions  and  sofas. 
The  climate  of  B.igdad  is  intensely  hot  in  summer,  but  on 
the  whole  salubrious,  although  subject  during  part  of  the 
summer  to  a  hot  wind,  known  by  the  name  of  samid.  which 
is  said  to  feel  as  if  it  had  just  passed  over  the  mouth  of  a 
lime-kilu.  Rain  rarely  fells  later  than  the  l>eginning  of  May, 
or  earlier  than  towards  the  end  of  September,  after  which  it 
continues  to  tiill  copiously,  though  the  winter  on  the  whole 
isdry.  Two  striking  features  of  this  far-famed  Eastern  city  are 
the  immense  numbejs  of  ugly  negro  slaves  and  white  donkeys 
that  throng  the  streets.  Only  an  imperfect  approximation 
can  he  made  to  the  actual  population.  It  once  exceeded 
lOO.OOO :  Fontanier  makes  it  as  low  as  30,000,  The  proliable 
number  does  not  exceed  05,000.  The  streets  are  narrow, 
irregular,  and  the  houses  are  in  general  meanly  built;  but 
some  fine  old  structures  remain,  comprising  the  "gate  of 
the  talisman."  a  lofty  minaret  built  in  7S5,  the  tomb  of  Zo- 
beide.  Vife  of  the  Caliph  Ilaroun-al-Raschid,  the  tomb  of  a 
Turkish  saint  of  the  twelfth  century.  The  edifice  of  its  fa- 
mous college,  founded  in  1233,  now  serves  for  a  caravan- 
serai and  the  custom-house.  A  citadel,  though  of  no  great 
strength,  here  commands  the  passage  of  the  Tigris.  There 
are  about  100  mosques,  many  of  them  with  lofty  domes  and 
minarets.  The  baz.aars  are  large,  and  abound  with  most 
of  the  goods  sold  in  European  markets.  This  city,  built 
out  of  the  ruins  of  Clesiphon,  was  founded  by  Almanior  in 
7i>i.  and  continued  to  flourish  under  succeeding  caliphs, 
until  sacked  bv  Hoolagoo  in  1259.  It  has  been  held  by  the 
Turks  since  163S. 

B-\GT).\.D,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Tennessee. 

B.1GD.\D,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri. 

BAGDAD,  (bfe-dSd',)  P.\shauc  of,  (ane.Chalda^a,  Me- 
ti'ipota/mia,)  an  extensive  territory  forming  the  S.E.  portion 
of  Asiatic  Turkey.  Length  from  N.W.  to  S.E.  630  miles; 
(irciitest  breadth,  about  460  miles.  The  Euphrates  and 
Tigris  flow  through  the  district,  and  unite  at  Koma.  in  lat. 
31°  X.,  and  Ion.  47°  E.  The  country  E.  of  the  Tigris  in- 
cludes Itoordistan  and  Khoozistan :  the  plains  of  the  former 
are  tertile,  producing  grain  and  fruit:  the  latter,  though 
possessing  a  good  soil,  in  some  parts,  is  generally  a  desert 
wasl«:  it  Is,  however,  famed  for  its  d.ates.  The  country  to 
the  W.  of  the  Euphrates  is  a  flat,  sandy  desert,  without 
water,  and  destitute  of  herbage,  with  the  exception  of  the 
banks  of  the  river,  which  are  very  fertile.  The  lower  part 
is  liealthv,  producing  abundant  rice  crops, 

BAGDAT.  bdg'dJt/.  a  small  fortified  town  of  Asiatic  Rus- 
sia, territory  of  Transcaucasia,  district  of  Imeritia,  15 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Kootais. 

B.\GE,  bd'zh.l.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao-Pedro- 
di>Rio-Grande.  near  Piratini.  on  the  S.  frontier  of  the  pro- 
vince.   It  has  a  church  and  2000  inhabitants, 

BAGE-L.\-V1LLE,  b,4'zh:\Mil-veeV.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partmeiit  of  Ain,  near  Bage  le-Chatel.     Poji,  2069. 

BAGE-LE-CIIATEL.  bd'zhV-leh-shatJl',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ain,  15  'miles  W.N.W.  of  Bourg. 
Pop.  740. 

BAG'EXBCX  HEAD,  a  cape  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Wexford, 
at  the  entrance  of  Bannow  B:iy,  At  this  point  Earl  Strong- 
bow  made  his  descent  on  Ireland  in  1170, 

BAG  !I  or  B AUGH,  a  town  of  Af.'hanistan,     See  Ba.KQ. 

BAGT.SCriF>SERAT.    Si-e  Bakhtchissarai. 

BAGIIUL,  bl'gni',  a  Sikh  state  in  North-western  Hindos- 
tan.  under  British  prottfclim,  pop.  40,000. (?)  Annual 
revenue.  5000Z.,  of  which  3iM.  a,  year  are  paid  to  the  Bri- 
tish as  tribute.     Armed  force,  3000  men. 

B.VGILLTFAWl^bagllf  fdwV.andB.\GILLTFECII.'lN, 
t):ig'ilt  feK'.an.  two  townships  of  Wales,  co,  of  Flint,  2i  miles 
E.  of  HolywelL  United  pop,  2300,  employed  in  coal  and 
lead-works, 

BA'VINTOX,  a  pari.«h  of  EngLand,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BAG'L.\..\,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 
130 


B.A.GLEN,  bfeM^n^  or  BAGALEEX,  ba'g.ylain',  a  Dutch 
residency  on  the  island  of  .lava,  near  the  centre,  ou  the  i?. 
side:  surface  elevated,  volcanic,  and  very  fertile.  Chie/ 
productions,  rice  and  sugar.  Pop.  300,000.  Capital,  Poer- 
woredjo. 

BAGNA,  ban'yd,  or  BAGXI,  ban'yee,  a  town  of  Turkey  In 
Europe,  province  of  liooui-Elee,40  miles  W.  of  Philipopolis,on 
the  Maritza,  with  thermal  spriu>;s. 

BAGXACAVALLO,  bdn'yJ-kiCvai'lo,  a  town  of  Italy,  11 
miles  W.  of  Riivenna.     Pop.  3491. 

BAGXAJA.  bdn-ya/ya,  a  viUage  of  Italy,  3  miles  N.K  of 
Viterbo.     Pop.  1.500. 

BAGNA  LGUKA.    See  Banijh-cka. 

BAG'XALSTOWX,  -«  town  of  Ireland.  Leinster,  10  mUes 
S.  of  Carlow,  on  the  Barrow.  Pop.  2225,  It  has  a  hand- 
some sessions-house,  and  trade  in  granite  and  flag-stones, 

BAGXAX,  big'nin',  or  BAGUAX.  big^wdu',  a  sm.'Ul 
island  of  the  Malav  .\rchipelago,  off  the  E.  caast  of  Borneo. 
Lat.  6°  8'  X.,  Ion.  118°  30'  E. 

B,\GXARA.  bdn-y3/r3.  a  se.aport  town  of  Xaples.  province 
of  Calabria  L'ltra  II.,  on  the  Gulf  of  Gioja,  10  miles  .\.E.  of 
Regglo.  Pod.  2S00.  Excellent  wine  is  produced  in  the  vicinit  v. 

BAGXAUA,  bin-yd'ra,  a  town  of  Italy,  2o  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Ravenna. 

BAGXAKEA,  bdn-vl-rA'!,  (sine.  BaVnt^tm  Wffis,)  a  tovn 
of  Italv,  Pontifical  States,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Orvieto. 
Pop.  3000. 

BAGXASCO,  bln-yasOco,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  25  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Conl,  on  the  Tauaro.  Pop.  1500,  who  trade  in 
corn,  wine,  and  silk. 

BAGXfiKES-DE-BIGORRE,  bJnVaiR'-deh-bee'goRE/,  (anc. 
Vi'cwi  Aquen'sis,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilautes- 
Pyrenees,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Adour.  at  the  entrance  of 
the  valley  of  Campan,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tarbes.  Pop.  in 
1846.  6401.  This  is  the  best  frequented  watering-place  in 
France,  and  is  a  cheerful,  clean  town,  with  whitewashed 
houses,  shaded  promenades,  and  channels  of  clear  water 
running  through  its  streets.  It  has  e.xcellent  hotels,  a 
public  library,  theatre,  and  concert-room,  college,  hospital, 
and  Protest.ant  church;  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens, 
and  crape  Killed  "  bardges."  There  are  20  bathing  establish- 
ments, the  springs  varying  in  temperature  from  72°  to  124° 
Fahr,  Its  waters  were  resorted  to  by  the  Itoman.s,  and  are 
annually  visited  from  May  to  October  by  from  5000  to  6000 
strangers. 

BAGXfiRES-DE-LUCIIOX,  b3nVaiR/-dph-lUVhAs«',  (the 
A'qiue  Convenalrum  of  the  Romans.)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Garonne,  in  the  valley  of  the  same  name  in  the 
Pvrenees,  5  miles  from  the  Spanish  frontier,  and  22  miles 
S.S.W.  of  St.  Gaudens.  Pop.  in  1S46,  2415,  It  has  cele- 
brated sulphureous  thermal  springs,  (temperatui-e.  from  88'^ 
to  152°  Fahr.,)  and  a  handsome  bath  establishment,  usually 
frequented  from  May  to  October  by  from  1400  to  1500 
vJ.sitors  annuallv. 

BAGXES-LE-CIIABLE.  bjH'lgh-shJba,  a  parish  and  vil- 
lage of  Switzerland,  Valais,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dranse, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Martigny,  in  the  valley  of  Bagnes.  Eleva- 
tion, 2716  feet.  Pop.  of  parish,  which  comprises  the  whole 
v.illey,  9000.  The  Val-de-Bagnes  was  twice  inundated  du- 
ring the  sixteenth  century,  and  again  by  the  debacle  of 
1818,  when  the  Di-anse.  having  been  blocked  up  by  ice,  a 
lake  half  a  league  in  length  was  formed,  on  the  bursting  of 
which  the  torrent  carried  off  4iXI  cottages :  34  lives  were  lost. 

B.\GXI,  bdn'yee,  the  name  of  .several  villages  of  Italy,  all 
so  called  from  their  mineral  baths.  » 

BAGXI,  a  decaying  town  of  Sicily,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sy- 
racuse.   Pop.  2300. 

BAGXI  DELLA  PORRETTA,  bjn'yee  djlld  poR-R^t/tl  a 
village  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States.  2  miles  X.E.  of  Civita 
Vecchia,  with  mineral  springs,  called  by  Pliny  the  A'qua 
Tau/ri.  and  a  remarkable  aqueduct  constructed  bv  Trajan. 

B.A.GXI  DI  LUCCA,  bdn'yee  deelook'kd.  a  village  of  lt.ily, 
11  miles  X.  of  Lucca,  in  a  beautiful  situation,  and  visited 
by  numerous  bathers. 

BAGXI  Df  PISA,  bJn'yee  dee  pee'il,  a  vilLige  of  Italy,  4 
miles  X.E.  of  lMs.a. 

BAGXI  MOKBA.  bdn'yee  moR/bd,  a  village  of  Italy,  in 
Tuscany,  30  miles  W,S.W.  of  Sienna,  with  mineral  springs 
and  baths  established  in  the  twelfth  century. 

B.iGXOLES,  bdu'yol',  a  vlll.age  of  France,  department  of 
Orne.  in  a  %-aUey  13  miles  S.E.  of  Domfront.  It  has  hot 
saline  springs,  (^temjierature.  82°  Fahr..)  and  cold  ferrugi- 
nous springs  and  Uiths  much  fre<iuented.  The  military 
baths  of  Bagnoles  contain  200  beds. 

B.\GXOLET,  biin'yo'lA',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine,  X,E.  of  Paris.  h,as  gj-psum  quarries.    Pop.  Iu99. 

B.\GX(;)IJ,  bdn-yo'lee,  a  town  of  Xaples,  12j  miles  X.W. 
of  Campobasso.    Pop.  4200. 

B.\G.\OLI,  a  town  of  Xaples,  Princip.ato  Ultra,  9  miles 
S.W.  "of  St.  .\ugelo-de-Loml)ardi.     Pop.  4700. 

B.\GXOLO,  bin-yi>lo.  a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy,  7  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Brescia.    Pop.  27'X). 

B.\GXOLO,  a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  12 
miles  X.W.  of  Saluzzo.  Pop.  6000.  Many  villages  of  Italy 
have  this  name. 


BAG 

BAOXOLS,  bSn'yol',  (anc.  Balnea,)  a  village  of  France, 
depjirtraent  of  Gard,  on  a  rock  near  the  Cfcze,  13  miles  N.K. 
of  Uzes.  Pop.  in  1846,  3S03.  It  has  one  good  square  adorned 
with  a  fountain,  a  communal  college  and  hospital,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  serge. 

BAGNOLS-LES-BAINS,  banVoIM.A-bJx"/,  a  Tillage  of 
Fram.e,  department  of  Lozfire,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mende, 
with  warm  baths. 

BAGXOXK,  bdn-yo/ni,  a  town  and  commune  of  Tuscany, 
province  of  I'i.'ia,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Pontremoli,  at  the  S.  base 
of  -Mciunt  Orsajo.  It  contains  a  large  sijuare,  a  parish 
church,  and  a  castle.     Pop.  4S55. 

BAGOLIXO,  bd-gi>lee'no,  a  village  of  Xorthern  Italy,  23 
miles  X.E.  of  lirescia.     Pop.  3650.     With  iron  forges. 

BA(:;0OLEE,  BAGOULY  or  liAGOOLY.    See  Pactolus. 

BA(iRAUAS,  a  river  of  Xorth  Africa.     See  .Medjerd.i. 

BAG'SIIOT,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Sur- 
rey, p;irish  of  AVindlesham,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Windsor. 
Bagshit-heath.  formerly  a  roj-al  enclosure,  was  broken  up 
during  the  civil  war.    A(}joiulng  are  many  handsome  vilhis. 

BA(iTHOKPE,  bag'thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BAGUER-MORVAN,  ba'gaiR/-mou'v5x<",  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaiue.  Pop.  of  commane, 
1979. 

BAGUER-PTCAX,  ba'gaiK/-pBe^kSjfo',  a  village  of  France, 
department  Ille-et-A'ilaine.     Pop.  of  commune,  1654. 

BAGULCOT,  bd-g&l-c-of,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bombay,  80  miles  X.E.  of  Darwar.  Pop.  7500.  (?) 

BAIIADURl'OOR,  bd-hdMar-poor',  a  town  of  India,  22 
miles  S.  K.  of  Baroda. 

BAUADURPOOK.  a  town  of  India,  133  miles  S.of  Owalior. 

BAHADKA,  lidhd/dra,  a  town  N.W.  India,  120  miles 
W.X.W.  of  D.'lhi. 

BAUA'LA  CHEEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  Pearl  River  lu 
Lawrence  county. 

BAIIA'MA  CUAXNEL,orTnE  GULF  OF  FLORIDA,  the 
narrow  .sea  between  the  Florida  coast  and  the  Bahama  Islands, 
near  40  miles  long,  and  about  45  wide.  The  currents  here  are 
violent,  caused  by  a  curve  in  the  gulf  stream,  running 
among  the  islands  at  a  rate  of  from  2  to  5  miles  an  hour; 
many  vessels  have  been  wrecked  in  this  strait. 

BAIIAMA,(ba-h.Vma)  GR.\:fD,  one  of  the  principal  islands 
of  the  Bahama  group,  57  miles  E.  from  the  coast  of  East 
Florida.  Lat.  (W.  end)  26°  41'  X. ;  Ion.  70°  0'  W.  It  is  about 
70  miles  long  by  9  broad,  healthy  and  tolerably  fertile, 
but  thinly  inhabited. 

BAHAMA  ISLAXDS,  or  LUCAYOS,  loo-kl'oce,  a  group 
of  about  500  islands  or  rocky  islets,  belonging  to  Great  Bri- 
tiiin.  lying  X.E.  of  Cuba,  and  E.  of  the  coast  of  Florida,  the 
gulf  stream  of  which  passes  between  them  and  the  main- 
lauJ.  They  e.xtend  from  the  Grand  Bah.ama  or  Mantanilla 
Cays,  in  lat.  27°  31'  X.,  and  Ion.  79°  5'  W.,  to  the  Mouchoir 
Bank,  in  lat.  21°  X.,  and  Ion.  70°  32'  W.,  a  distance  of  up- 
wards of  000  miles.  Generally  speaking,  they  present  a  Hat 
appeai-ance.  and  are  mostly  long  and  narrow.  They  are 
formed  of  calc;\reous  rock,  which,  by  retaining  the  moisture. 
Is  found  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  various  kinds  of 
fruits.  Of  the  whole  group,  not  more  than  12  or  14  are  in- 
habited, and  some  of  the  largest  are  altogether  uninhabited, 
or  but  thinly  peopled;  while  others,  again,  are  mostly  un- 
explored. Though  generally  sterile,  some  of  tha  islands 
produce  oranges,  limes,  lemons,  esculent  vegetables,  maine, 
&c.,  fiir  the  consumption  of  the  inhabitants,  and  a  little  cot- 
ton for  exportation.  The  general  wild  vegetation  of  the 
Bahamas  is  a  close  growth  of  trees,  comprising  the  Madeira, 
horstvliesh  mahogany,  mastic,  lignumvitiB,  pigeon,  alum, 
dyewoods,  &c.,  with  an  entangled  underbrush.  In  the  more 
southern  islands  there  are  natural  salt-ponds  of  great  value, 
the  cultivation  of  which  is  increasing,  but  is  capable  of 
much  further  improvement. 

The  value  of  exports  in  1852  was  39,638?.,  of  which  14.440?. 
was  salt,  11.275/,  sponge,  and  10.850?.  fruit.  Value  of  im- 
ports. 139.5637.,  of  which  50.775?.  was  from  the  United  States. 
and  26,374?.  from  Great  Britain.  Property  offered  for  sale 
from  vessels  wi-ecked  on  the  coasts,  46,51 5?.  Vessels  entered. 
400,  (tons.  41.138:)  cleared,  409:  274  being  to  the  United 
States,  Total  revenue  for  the  year,  26,104?. ;  expenditures, 
23,213?.  The  seat  of  governmer.t  is  Nassau,  island  of  Xew 
Providence,  one  of  the  largest,  and,  from  its  geogr.iphical 
position  and  natural  adv.intages,  the  mos^t  important  of  the 
group.  Here,  also,  are  the  head-quarters  of  the  troops.  The 
legi.'ilnture  consists  of  a  governor  and  council  appointed  by 
the  crown,  and  a  house  of  assembl}'.  Education  is  under 
the  management  of  a  Board  of  Education.  The  number  of 
free  schools  in  1852  was  21,  attended  by  1874  pupils.  There 
■were  also  13  church  schools,  attended  by  1079  pupils, 
besides  25  S.abbath-schools,  with  1645  pupils.  Annual 
government  grant  for  public  schools,  1150?.  The  present 
inhabitants  are  composed  of  two  classes,  residents  and 
wreckers:  the  former  are  chiefly  the  descendants  of  Ame- 
rican tories,  great  numbers  of  whom  repaired  to  these 
Islands,  with  the  remains  of  their  property,  at  the  close  of 
the  American  war. 

Ban  Salvador,  one  of  the  islands,  was  the  first  land  disco- 


BAII 

vered  by  Columbus  on  his  first  voyage  in  1 192,  At  this  pe- 
riod the  larger  Bahamas  were  densely  peonled  by  a  mild  and 
inoffensive  race  of  Indians,  whom  the  Spamaras  remo»'>U  ia 
Ilispaniola  to  work  in  the  mines,  or  act  as  diverx  In  ihu 
pearl  fisheries  of  Cuniana.  By  this  cruel  treatment  iha 
race  Ijocame  entirely  extinct  in  the  course  of  about  fourtf^n 
years.  The  Bahamas  now  remained  uniuhal;ited  lor  nearly 
a  century  and  a  half,  when  they  were  colonized  by  the 
English  in  1029,  who  were  in  turn  expelled  by  the  -Spaniardji. 
The  islands  subsequently  changed  masters  repeatedly,  but 
were  finally  ceded  to  the  British  in  17S3.  The  principal 
islands  are  Grand  Bahama,  Great  and  Little  Abaco,  Andros 
Islands,  New  I'rovidence.  Eleuthera.  San  Salvador.  Great 
Exuma,  Rum  Cay,  Watling  Island.  Long  Island,  Crooked 
Island,  Acklin  Island,  Atwood's  Key,  Mariguana  Island, 
Grejit  and  Little  Inagua,  and  the  Caiicos  Islands, 

The  entire  population  in  1845  amounted  to  20,500;  in 
1852  it  was  2^.092. 

BAH.\R,  bA'har',  (Vihar,  "a  monastery  of  Boodbists,")  a 
town  of  British  India,  in  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  a  fer- 
tile plain,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Patna.  Pop.  3U,000.  It  is  large, 
straLTgling.  and  in  a  sUite  of  decay. 

BA'HAR',  BEIIAR.  BEYIIAR,  bi'har',  written  also  VI- 
II.\R,  formerly  a  Mohammedan  province  of  India,  occupying 
partofthevalleyof  the  Ganges,  and  intersected  l>y  that  river, 
is  now  divided  into  various  districts  of  the  Bingal  presidency. 

B.\II.\RI,  bj'na-ree\  (i.«.the  "sea"  country.)  thenameof 
the  maritime  or  northern  portion  of  Egypt,  corresponding 
to  the  division  commonly  called  lovs'er  Egypt.     See  Eoi'i'T. 

BAllAWALPOOR,   llindostan.     See  BhawU'OOh. 

BAillA,  bd-ee/a,  or  SSO  SALVADOR,  sl'Ang  .sjll-vj-dor', 
an  important  maritime  city  and  seaport  of  Bi-azil.  capital 
of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  l)eantifully  situated  in 
.an  elevated  p<5sitionon  theW.  side  of  a  strip  of  land  forming 
the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  Balrla  de  Todos-os-Santos, 
or  .\11-Saints  Bay,  immediately  within  Cape  San  Antonio, 
on  which  is  a  revolving  light  140  feet  al)0ve  the  sea  level :  in 
lat.  13°  0'  42"  S. ;  Ion.  38°  31'  42"  W.  It  is  800  miles  X.X.E. 
of  Rio  de  Janerio,  and  the  seat  of  the  only  archbishopric 
in  the  empire.  Nothing  can  be  finer  than  the  view  of  Bahia 
when  seen  at  a  short  distance  from  the  sea:  one  part  towers 
above  another,  and  whitened  houses  and  red-tiled  roofs  con- 
trast magnificently  with  the  rich  foliage  interspersed  be- 
tween. It  is  composed  of  two  parts,  the  upper  («??«)  and  lower, 
(hdixa.)  The  shore  or  town  (liun  dn  Fnit/a.)  consists  of  a 
single,  narrow.  badly-p.aved.  dirty  street,  witli  a  gutter  in  the 
centre,  fiillowing  the  sinuosities  of  the  shore,  and  in  all 
about  4  miles  long.  The  buildings  (of  stone)  are  high,  and 
though  old,  have  a  cheerful  exterior — those  nearest  the 
shore  projecting  considerably  into  the  sea.  In  this  part  of 
the  city  dwell  the  mercantile  agents,  and  here  the  great 
business  bustle  exists.  Recent  alterations  have,  however, 
greatly  improved  the  appearance  of  the  lower  town,  into 
which  omnibuses  have  tjeen  introduced;  here  likewise  are 
situated  the  custom-house,  those  stores  or  magazines  called 
tmpieiies,  for  merchandise  of  all  kinds,  the  granary,  the 
arsenal,  and  the  .ship-building  yard.  The  upper  town  stands 
at  an  elevation  of  several  hundred  feet  above  the  lower 
town,  and  the  streets  connecting  the  two  parts  are  conse- 
quently very  steep,  following,  in  some  instances,  the  zigzag 
course  of  ravines,  and  in  others  slanting  across  the  hill- 
slope.  This  is  the  larger,  finer,  and  more  populous  part  of 
the  city.  Here  the  wealthier  classes  dwell,  and  here  are 
situated  the  most  important  public  buildings.  The  general 
aspect  of  the  upper  city  is  antique;  it  is  built  on  the  crest 
of  a  hill,  and  comiwsed,  chiefly,  of  one  or  two  principal 
streets,  which,  in  their  direction,  follow  the  outline  of  the 
hill,  and  are  in  all  about  6  miles  long.  These  streets  ar<< 
well  paved,  more,  however,  with  the  view  of  preserving 
them  from  injury  by  rain,  than  facilitating  locomotion,  which, 
indeed,  in  Bahia.  except  for  foot  passengers,  appears  to  be 
a  sec-ondary  consideration — the  irregularity  of  the  ground 
rcjndering  the  use  of  wheeled  carriages  almost  impracticar 
ble.  Rome  is  not  built  on  so  many  hills  as  Bahia.  which, 
according  to  one  writer,  is  so  irregular  in  its  surface  as  to 
give  it  the  appearance  of  having  been  thrown  up  by  an 
earthquake.  On  one  of  the  most  commanding  heights  is 
situated  the  finely  w<x)ded  promenade.  {Itixsfio  Pulilicn.) 
from  which  a  magnificent  view  can  be  obtained ;  it  overlooks 
likewise,  the  city  and  bay,  towards  which  latter  it  is  Iwrdered 
by  a  steep  precipice,  protected  by  an  iron  railing, 

A  marble  monument,  to  commemorate  the  landing  of 
Don  John  VI.,  the  first  royal  governor  of  Brazil,  dworates 
the  promenade.  Bahia  exceeds  every  other  city  in  the  em- 
pire for  the  number  and  sumptuousness  of  its  churches : 
many  of  these  are  attached  to  mrnasteries  and  convents, 
which  with  their  inmates  are  more  numerous  here  than  else- 
where, and  all  in  the  most  excellent  state  of  repair,  such  as 
convents  of  Benedlctes,  Carmelites,  shod  and  unshod.  Fran- 
ciscans, Capuchins,  &c.  Bahia  is  abundantly  provided  with 
public  buildings.  Besides  those  mentioned  as  being  in  the 
lower  town,  the  more  important  are  the  governors  palace. » 
quadrangular  edifice  of  600  feet,  on  each  face ;  the  achiepi.s- 
copal  palace,  communicating  with  the  cathedral:  the  mint, 
court-house,  a  public,  and  a  military  hospital,  orphan  seiui- 

161 


BAH 

nary,  thestre.  and  granary.  The  suburbs  of  Bahia  are  beau- 
tiful— ^■ic^ori:l  Hill  being  peculiarly  so.  Here  are  situated 
the  finest  houses  and  gardens  of  the  city,  the  residences  cf  the 
principal  British  merchants,  and  the  fcnglish  cemetery.  In 
ISll,  a  public  library  was  established  in  the  city,  which 
likewise  h.as  a  surgical  school,  besides  several  private 
schools.  The  upper  town  has  some  printing  presses,  and  is 
the  seat  of  the  manu6\ctures  of  the  place,  consisting  of  to 
baijco.  glass,  brandy,  <S:c.  Alternate  laud  and  sea  breezes 
render  the  climate  of  Bahia  pleasant,  though  the  temperar 
ture  ranges  between  75°  and  8a  Fah. 

The  harbor  of  Bahia  is  one  of  the  best  in  America,  and 
suitable  for  vessels  of  any  size.  It  is  defended  by  seven 
forts,  and  at  its  entrance  is  a  lightrhouse.  War  vessels  lie 
In  front  of  the  city.  S.E.  of  Fort  Sao  Marcello ;  nierehant 
vessels  lie  further  N.W.,  towards  Fort  Monsterrat.  The  com- 
merce of  Bahia  consists  chiefly  in  the  export  of  sugar,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  rum,  and  other  articles  of  native  product,  but 
has  fiiUen  off  considerably  since  the  revolution  of  1837,  and 
does  not  appear  even  now  to  be  recovering  itself.  One  con- 
siderable branch,  the  importation  of  slaves,  has  been  mate- 
rially curtailed  by  the  activity  of  British  cruisers.  The 
foreign  arrivals  for  1840  were  707,  (tons,  10t).:2t)l,)  and  the 
clearances  for  foreign  ports  were  764,  (tons.  112.075.)  In  1847, 
the  foreign  arrivals  were  only  335,  (tims,  76,2:>0.)  and  an  efjual 
number  of  vessels  with  a  tonnage  of  7^,537,  cleared  for 
foreign  countries.  The  principal  articles  exported  in  1846, 
were  sugar,  67,565  cases,  1332  boxes,  and 3425  bbls. ;  cotton, 
10,913  bags;  coffee.  20,443  bags;  tobiicco,  2674  rolls.  57,631 
packages,  and  18,678  bales;  hides,  125,634,  and  piassava. 
38,802  bundles.  The  value  of  foreign  Imports  into  the 
Province  of  Bahia,  in  1846,  was  1,4;31,548/, 

Bahia  de  Todos-os-Santos,  or  All  Saints'  Bay,  was  dis- 
covered in  1503,  by  Americus  A'espucius.  In  1510,  a  ves- 
sel, commanded  by  Diego  Alvares  Correa.  was  wrecked  near 
the  entrance  of  the  bay,  and  every  one,  himself  excepted,  was 
murdered  by  the  Tupinambas  Indians.  Having  secured  a 
musket,  and  saved  some  powder  and  ball,  Correa  soon  ac- 
quired unbounded  influence  over  the  Indians,  who  knew 
nothing  of  firearms ;  and,  in  process  of  time,  he  married 
Paranuassu.  diiughter  of  the  chief  Itaparica.  whose  name 
was  given  to  the  island  in  front  of  the  city.  He  now  began 
a  settlement,  which  he  named  Sao  Salvaidor,  subsequently 
recognised  by  the  Portuguese  government  as  the  capital  of 
the  Brazilian  F^mpire,  and  residence  of  the  governor-general, 
the  first  one,  Thomaz  de  Sou/.a,  landing  in  1549.  From  this 
time  it  continued  to  increa.se  rapidly  in  size  and  importance, 
but  underwent  many  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  having  been 
taken  by  the  Dutch}- and  even  after  reverting  to  its  original 
possessors,  it  suffered  from  attacks  of  its  former  captors.  It 
continued  to  be  the  capital  till  1763,  when  the  viceroj-alty 
was  transferred  to  Kio  Janeiro.  In  1808,  Don  John,  the 
first  member  of  the  royal  liunily,  lauded,  as  stated  alx)ve. 
He  was  pressed  to  make  his  court  at  Bahia,  the  citizens  pro- 
mising to  erect  him  a  magnificent  palace.  The  wide  mouth 
of  the  bay,  and  the  difiSeulty  of  effectually  fortifying  the 
harbor,  formed  a  weighty  objection  to  the  city  as  a  residence 
for  royalty.  The  prince  regent,  therefore,  resolved  to  pass 
on  to  Rio  Janeiro;  but  before  the  fleet  weighed  anchor, 
he  communicated  to  Count  de  Ponte,  the  governor,  that  cele- 
brated document,  the  Corta  Kegia,  by  which  the  ports  of 
Brazil  were  thrown  open  to  the  commerce  of  all  nations.  The 
first  printing  press  was  established  in  1811,  and  the  first 
sugar  mill  was  introduced,  from  England,  in  1815.  At  the 
Portuguese  revolution,  in  1820.  Bahia  was  plunged  into  the 
horrors  of  civil  war,  from  which  it  was  freed  in  1823.  It 
had  a  small  revolution  of  its  own  in  1837,  which  did  grejit 
damage  to  the  prosperity  of  the  city,  but  was  soon  sup- 
pressed by  the  supreme  government.  Pop.  alx>ut  120,000. 
The  whale  fisheries  of  this  city  were  once  the  greatest  in  the 
world,  and  considerable  numbers  of  whales  are  still  caught 
in  the  neighboring  seas,  and  brought  here  for  flensing  and 
boiling. 

B.\niA,  bi-ee/iL  a  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  bounded 
W.  and  N.  by  Pernambuco.  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Bio  Sao  Francisco.  It  is  comprehended  between  lat.  9° 
20'  and  16°  35'  S.,  and  Ion.  37°  20'  and  44°  50'  W.;  estimated 
area,  222.168  square  miles,  divided  into  13  districts!.  The 
province  is  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by  a  mountain  range, 
under  various  names.  Almas,  Chapada,  &c.,  at  a  distance  of 
rather  more  than  200  miles  from  the  sea,  forming  the  water- 
shed between  the  rivers  that  flow  E.  to  the  AUantic.  and 
those  that  flow  W.  to  the  Kio  Sao  Francisco.  Numerous  off- 
sets of  this  main  chain  traverse  the  province  in  various  di- 
rections. The  principal  agricultural  products  are  sugar, 
cotton,  tobacco,  coffee,  mandioca,  rice,  beans,  and  maize. 
Among  its  plants,  and  their  products,  are  Brazil-wood  of 
different  kinds,  cedar,  gum  elemi  and  copal,  dragon's-blood, 
jalap,  ipecacuanha,  and  ssvffron.  The  oranges,  mangoes,  and 
numerous  other  fruits,  are  excellent.  This  province  sends 
14  deputies  to  the  general  assembly,  and  7  senators  to  the 
upper  chamU'r.  Its  own  provincial  legislative  assembly 
is  composed  of  36  deputies,  who  are  paid  both  during  the 
session  and  its  prorogations,  and  receive,  besides,  an  indem- 
nity proportioned  to  'iie  distance  they  have  to  travel.  The 
152 


BAI 

revenue  of  the  province,  for  the  financial  year  1849-.50.  wag 
estimated  at  about  74.000/.  sterling.     Pop.  about  800.000. 

BAHIA  BLAXCA,  bl-ee'd  bldn'kd,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, on  the  E.  coast  of  South  America,  360  miles  S.AV.  of 
Buenos  Ayres.     Many  fossil  remains  have  been  found  here 

BAHIA  DE  TODOS-OS-SANTOS,  bi-ee'd  dA  to'aoce-oco. 
s3n'toce.    See  All  S.^ints'  Bay. 

BAHIA  HONDA,  hH-eefi  fm'dl,  (i.e.  "deep  bay.")  a  har- 
bor of  Cuba,  on  its  N.  coast,  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Havana. 
It  is  protected  by  a  fort,  and  is  resorted  to  by  privateers, 
and  for  landing  slaves. 

BAHLINGEN,  bilinp-en.  a  town  of 'Wtirtemberg.  on  the 
Eisach,  38  miles  S.W.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  3250.  It  hns  Unen 
and  woollen  manufactures,  tanneries*,  and  some  trade. 

BAHLINGEN,  a  village  of  Baden,  N.W.  of  Freiburir.  Pop. 
1750. 

BAHN,  bSn,  a  town  of  Prussi.an  Pomerania,  on  the  Tube, 
23  miles  S.  of  Stettin.    Pop.  2150. 

BAHNASA.    See  BEHXESEn. 

J3AHR.  bdn'r,  the  Arabic  name  for  a  sea.  lake,  or  river. 

BAHREIN,  b^h-rAne',  or  AVAL  ISLAND,  (anc.  lyios  or 
Tyhos.)  in  the  Persian  Gulf  is  surrounded  by  several  small 
isliinds  and  numerous  shoals,  in  a  baj'  in  the  district  of 
Bahrein,  near  the  coast  of  Arabia,  200  miles  S.  of  Bushira. 
The  capital,  Manama,  is  in  lat.  20°  14'  N„  Ion.  50°  30' 30"  E. 
Pop.  68,000  (?)  (Mohammedims.)  Bahrein  I.sland,  27  miles 
long,  and  10  miles  broad,  is  hilly  in  the  centre,  anil  only 
half  of  it  is  cultivated;  but  it  produces  abundance  of  dates 
and  other  fruits,  and  a  small  quantity  of  wheat,  barley,  and 
clover.  The  other  chief  islands  are  Arad.  Jlaharjiy.  and  Ta- 
mahoy.  The  pearl  fishery  here  employs,  during  tile  season^ 
1500  boats,  and  yields  pearls  to  the  value  of  200.0007.  annu- 
ally— the  total  value  of  the  pearl  fishings  in  the  gulf  being 
reckoned  at  300,0007.  Principal  exports,  pearls,  dry  dates» 
tortoise-shell,  sharks'  fins,  mats,  canvas,  and  colored  cloths, 
sent  to  Bassorah,  Persia,  Arabia.  India,  and  other  coun- 
tries, in  return  for  rice,  pepper,  timber,  iron,  spices,  coffee, 
dried  fruits,  and  corn.  About  20  Bahrein  ships,  of  from 
140  to  350  tons  each,  are  emploved  in  the  India  trade. 

BAIIU-EL-ABIAD,biln'r-el|/be-ad,  (-'white river.) BAIIR- 
EL-.\ZREK,  baH'r-el-dz/rgk,  ("  blue  river,")  rivers  of  Africa. 
See  Nile. 

BAHR-EL-MERJ,  bdn'r-el-meRj,  (i.e.  "lake  of  the  niea- 
dow,'")  called  also  Lake  of  Damascus,  a  marshy  lake  of  Syria, 
15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Damascus.  It  receives  the  Bai-rada  River, 
but  has  no  outlet. 

BAIIRENBUKO,  bS/ren-bCORG^  a  town  of  Hanover,  26 
miles  S.W.  of  Iloya,  on  the  Aue.    Pop.  612. 

B.\I,  bi,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkestan,  on  the  Mocssoor, 
(Mousser?)  115  miles  E.SJi;.  of  Aksoo. 

BAI  .51,  Italy.    See  Baj.\. 

B.A.I.E.'Syri!V.     See  B.UAS. 

BAIAS,  BAYASS,  BYASS,brass',or  PAYAS.  pfis/.  (ano. 
BaV(E,)  a  small  town  of  N.  Syria,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Aleppo, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Iskanderoon,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river, 
probably  the  ancient  Issus.  It  has  a  castle,  and  a  harbor 
adapted  for  small  craft.  N.  of  it  ai-e  ruins  of  the  ancient 
town  Issus;  and  between  it  and  Iskanderoon,  14  miles 
s-mthward,  was  fought  the  second  famous  battle,  in  which 
Darius  was  defeated  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

BAIBOOT.  BAIBOUT.  or  BAIBUT,  brboof,  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Erzroom,  on  the 
road  from  Trebizond.  Pop.  3000.  It  was  formerly  a  strong- 
hold of  the  Genoese,  and  has  the  remains  of  fortifica- 
tions erected  by  that  people.  The  quantity  of  snow  which 
Cills  in  its  vicinity  generally  interr  upts  the  communication 
during  several  months  of  the  year. 

BAIERN.     See  Bav.^ria. 

BAIERSBRONN,  bi'ers-bronn\  a  village  of  Wiirteraberg, 
BL-ick  Forest,  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  4400. 

BAIERSDORF,  bi'grs-doRr,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Reg- 
nitz,  4  miles  N.  of  Erlangen.    Pop.  1546. 

BAIKAL  (biOcil)  LAKB,  or  HOLY  SKA.  the  largest  lake 
of  Asia,  (exclusive  of  the  Caspian  and  Aral  Seas.)  in  Siberia, 
government  of  Irkootsk,  between  lat.  51°  20'  and  bb'^  30'  N., 
and  Ion.  103°  and  110°  E.  It  is  cre.scent-shaped,  and  is  a 
sinus  or  expansion  of  the  bed  of  the  Angara.  Length,  from 
N.E.  to  S.W.,  nearly  400  miles;  average  breadth.  45  miles; 
estimated  area,  14,000  square  miles;  height  above  the  sea, 
1419  feet.  Its  depth  Is  very  great  in  the  centre,  but  is  not 
ascertained.  Its  basin  is  enclosed  by  the  Baikal  Mountains, 
a  spur  of  the  Altai  system.  These  mountains  often  lise  up 
precipitously,  in  fantastic  pe.iks.  from  the  shore  of  the  lak«s 
and  appear  to  be  continued  precipitou.tly  l>eneath  its  surface, 
in  some  parts  there  is  a  depth  of  100  fathoms  ;  in  otber.s,  nr 
bottom  has  yet  been  found.  The  prevalence  of  volcanic 
rocks,  and  the  violent  twisting  and  upheaving  of  the  more 
regular  strata  by  their  agency,  together  with  the  tliermal 
springs  which  abound  in  the  neighborhood,  seem  to  justify 
the  belief,  generallj"  entertained,  that  the  bed  of  the  lake  1« 
a  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano.  This  belief  derives  additional 
support  from  the  fact  that  volcanic  agency  ii;  still  active 
throughout  the  surrounding  countiy.  Scarcely  a  year 
elapses  without  an  earthquake.  The  lake  receives  numerous 
affluents,  the  principal  of  whlcL  are  the  Upper  Angara.  U&r 


BAI 

goozeen,  and  Selenga  Rivers,  and  gives  origin  to  tlie  Lower 
Angara,  a  cliief  tributary  of  the  Yenesci.  It  contains  several 
islands,  that  of  Olktitn,  n(^ir  the  N.  coast,  being  30  miles  in 
length.  Lower  Baikal  forms  a  part  of  the  great  commercial 
line  of  communication  between  China  and  Russia,  and 
trade  is  much  facilitated  by  the  establishment  of  steam- 
boats in  1S4 4.  Its  two  ports  are  i'osolskaya  and  Listwinisch- 
naya,  the  latter  being  an  excellent  harbor.  The  surface  is 
frozen  from  November  to  April.  Its  seal  and  sturgeon  fishe- 
ries are  valuable,  and  about  100,000  poods  of  small  herrings 
are  taken  in  it  yearly,  besides  large  quantities  of  the  go- 
lomynka,  (Callioni/miLt  Baicalensis,)  which  yields  a  great 
amount  of  oil. .A.dj.  I5aikai,e.\n  or  Baikali.w,  bl-kal'e-an. 

UAIKUNTAl'OOR,  bl-kanHa-poor',  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Bengal,  10  iniles  S.E.  of  Patna,  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Ganges.     It  is  a  famous  place  of  Hindoo  worship. 

BAIL'DON,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  Kngland.  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding.  7  miles  N.  of  Bradford.    Pop.  in  1851,  3008. 

BAILKX.     See  Batlen. 

BAT'LEY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BAI'LEYSHURG,  a  post-office  of  Perrv  co.,  I'ennsylvania. 

BAILEYSBURG,  a  post-village  near  the  S.  extremity  of 
Surry  co.,  Virginia,  about  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Richmond. 

BAILEY'S  CHEEK,  a  postoffice  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri. 

BAILEY'S  SPRINGS,  a  postoffice  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

BAILEYTOWN,  a  village  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles 
N.  by  W,  of  Valparaiso. 

BAILEYVILLE.  a  postrtownship  of  Washington  co., 
Maine,  about  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baugor,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  St.  Croix  River.     Pop.  30,3. 

BAILIEBOROUGII,  b.Vle-bar-tth,  a  town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  Ulster  co.,  on  the  Blackwater  River,  17  miles  S.E. 
of  Cavan.  Bailieborough  castle  is  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
castle  of  Ton  regie. 

BAILIQUE.    SeeBATUQUE. 

BAILLEUL,  bil\viih',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  near  the  Belgian  frontier,  9  miles  E.  of  Uazebrouck. 
Pop.  about  7000.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  the  general 
aspect  of  an  old  Flemish  town.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollens,  cottons,  lace,  hats,  beet^root  sugar,  and  oil,  and  the 
choose  of  its  environs  is  held  in  repute. 

BAILLEUL,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  6 
miles  N.VV.  of  La  Fleche.    Pop.  1067. 

BAILY  (bi'lee)  ISLANDS,  the  most  southerly  islands  of 
the  Jionin  group,  in  the  North  Pacific,  in  lat.  20°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
142°  E. 

BAIMOCZ  or  BA.IMOCZ,  brmots',  a  walled  town  of  Hun- 
gary, 40  miles  N.E.  of  Neutra.  Pop.  890.  It  has  well-fre- 
quented warm  baths,  and  a  castle  of  the  PallTy  family. 

BAIN,  bix",  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vi- 
laine,  18  miles  S.  of  Rennes.     Pop.  1249. 

B  AIN'B  111  DOE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding,  parish  of  Aysgarth,  on  the  Ure,  li  miles  S.W.  of 
Askrigg.  In  the  neigiiborhood  are  2  fine  waterfalls,  a  lake, 
and  a  Roman  camp,  where  a  statue  of  the  Emperor  Corn- 
modus  was  discovered. 

BAIXBRIDGE,  a  posf^village  and  township  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  Y'ork,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  104  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Albany.  The  village  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  and  12 
stores.  A  steamboat  was  built  here  in  1862.  to  run  on  the 
Susquehanna  to  Lanesborough,  30  miles  distant.  Pop.  of 
the  village,  about  900;  of  the  township.  1588. 

B.A.INBRIDGE,  a  post-village  in  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  20  miles  E.S.E. 
of  llarrisburg.     Pop.  about  500. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Decatur  co..  Geor- 
gia, on  the  left  bunk  of  the  Flint  River,  IfeS  miles  S.W.  of 
Milledgfvillo.    Pop.  1869. 

BAINBRIDGE.  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky. 

BAIN BRl  DGE,  a  township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  708. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Paxton  town- 
ship, Ross  CO.,  Ohio,  on  Paint  Creek,  19  miles  S^\.  of 
Chillicothe,  and  54  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati.  The  adjacent 
country  is  highly  productive,  and  finely  diversified  in 
scenery,  and  the  "vilhige  has  an  active  trade.  It  contains 
i  churches,  1  manufactory  of  woollen  goods,  2  flouring- 
mills,  and  3  saw-mills.  It  was  laid  out  in  1805.  Pop.  in 
1860,  679. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berrien  co, 
Michigan,  about  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Berrien. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  township  in  Du  Bois  co., Indiana.  Pop. 
2131. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  36 
Biles  W.  of  Indian.apolis. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  postoffice  of  Williamson  co.,  Illinois, 
ibout  175  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

BAINBRIDGE.  a  village  in  the  E.part  of  Cape  Girardeau 
CO.,  Mis.souri.  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about 
L4  miles  E.  by  N.  of  .Jackson. 

BAINDEK.     See  Batonder. 

BAINDT.  bint,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  5  miles  N.N.E. 
.jf  Ravensburg.  with  a  castle  of  the  Prince  of  Salm-Reiffer- 
6cheid-Dvk,  formerly  an  imperial  abbey  of  the  Cistercians, 
founded  in  1238. 


BAJ 

BAINS,  bSN",  (i.e.  "the  baths,")  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Epinal.  much  ft-e- 
quButed  for  its  baths.  Pop.  In  1851.  2646.  The  waters  vary 
In  temperature  from  92°  to  122°  Fahrenheit.  Here  are  ele- 
gant baths,  saloons,  and  promenades:  the  season  for  resort- 
ing hither  begins  on  the  i5th  of  May,  and  continues  to  the 
loth  of  September. 

BAINS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  PyrfenecS-Ori- 
entales,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Ceret.     Pop.  1800. 

BAINS,  or  BAIN,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Hie- 
etrVilaine.    Pop.  (with  commune)   1852,  3907. 

BAINS  DE  RENNES.  bl\°  deh  rjnn,  a  village  of  Fnince, 
department  of  Aude,  10  miles  S.E.  of  I^imnux. 

BAINS-DU-MONT-D'OR,  bA.No-dti-mANf-doH,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Puy-de-D6me,  20  miles  W.  of  Issoire 
Pop.  1000.  It  is  situated  in  a  picturesque  valley,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  abounding  with  minerals  and  me- 
dicinal plants,  and  celebrated  for  mineral  waters.  The 
baths  were  erected  In  1819,  on  a  vast  scale,  at  the  public 
expense,  and  are  built  entirely  of  lava. 

BAIN'TON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 

BAIOCUSSES  and  BAIROUT.    See  Beyroot. 

BAIRAMITSII,  bl-rd-mitch'  or  bl-rd-mcetch'.  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Anatolia.  25  miles  K.W.  of  Adra- 
myti,  Roman  antiquities  abound  in  its  vicinity. 

BAI HDS^I'OWN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Oglethorpe 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  Athens  Branch  of  the  Georgia  Railroad, 
83  miles  W.  of  Augusta.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich  cotton 
plantations,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  places  in  the  county. 
There  is  an  extensive  carriage  factory  here. 

BAIRDSTOWN,  Kentucky.    See  Bardstowx. 

BAIREUTII,  bi'ruth,  (Ger.  pron.  bi'roit.)  a  city  of  Bava- 
ria, capital  of  the  circle  of  Upper  Franconia.  on  the  Red- 
Main,  126  miles  N.  of  Munich.  Lat.  of  castle.  49°  50' 42" 
N.,  Ion.  11°  38' E.  Pop.  18,044  mostly  Protestants.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  public  fountains  and  promenades,  a  new 
palace,  opera-house,  riding-school,  theatre,  a  I'rot^stant  con- 
sistory, a  college,  grammar  and  diocesan  schools,  man ufao 
tures  of  cotton  and  woollen  cloths,  tobacco  and  pipes,  parch- 
ment, leather,  and  porcelain.  Baireuth  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  a  margraviate,  and  the  seat  of  a  court.  In  the 
neighborhood  are  three  palaces.  Fantasie.  Sanspareil.  and 
Hermitage.  The  first  is  surrounded  by  gardens  laid  out  in 
terraces  and  alcoves,  whii'h  are  a  favorite  re.«ort  of  the  inha- 
bit'ints  of  Baireuth.  In  the  last,  the  grounds  of  which  were 
laid  out  in  the  seventeenth  century,  are  shown  the  apart- 
ment and  the  bed  of  Frederick  the  Great,  and  here  his  sis- 
ter, the  margravine,  wrote  her  memoirs.  In  a  cemetery  at 
the  entrance  of  the  town,  is  a  monument,  erected  by  the 
King  of  Bavaria  to  the  celebrated  writer  Jean  Paul  Fre- 
derick Richter,  who  died  here  In  1825. 

BAIROUT  or  BAIRUT.    See  Betroot. 

BAIKRO,  bi'Ro,  a  village  of  Brazil,  proyince  of  Sao  Paulo 
4  miles  N.  of  Sao  Sebastilio.  It  has  a  convent  of  Franciscans, 
and  the  inhabitints.  all  Indians,  are  occupied  in  fishinir. 

BAIRRO  DAS  SILVEIRAS,  bt'RO  dhs  seel-v^'e-rSs,  a  village 
of  Brazil,  on  the  N.E.  frontiers  of  the  province  of  SSd  Paulo, 
near  the  town  of  Lorena.    Pop.  2000. 

BAIS.  1)4.  a  village  of  France,  12  iniles  E.S.E.  of  Mayenno. 

BAIS,  a  village  of  France,  dep.artment  of  Ille-el>Vllaine,  9 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Vitrfi.    Pop.  3728. 

BAISE  or  B.\YZE,  bAze  or  bSz,  a  river  of  South-western 
France,  rises  near  Ijannemezan,  flows  N.  through  the  depart- 
ments of  I lautes-Py rentes,  Gers.  and  Ilautf^flaronne,  and 
joins  the  Garonne  near  Aiguillon.  Total  coinse.  about  145 
miles.  The  towns  of  Mirande,  Valence,  Condom,  and  Nerac 
are  on  its  banks,  from  which  last  it  is  navigable  to  the  Ga- 
ronne, a  distance  of  45  miles. 

BAISIEUX,  b.iVe-rh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  arrondissement  of  Lille.     Pop.  1808. 

BAISY-TIIY,b4'zee^-tee',a  village  of  Belgium,  in  Brabant. 
Pop.  1200.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle  in  which  Godefroy 
de  Bouillon  was  born. 

BAIT'ING  HOLLOW,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New 
York,  221  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albany. 

BAITMAII,  bite'ml  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Indore  do- 
minions. 54  miles  S.S.W.  of  Oojein. 

BAITOOL.  bl-tool',  a  fortified  town  of  British  In<L'a.  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  50  miles  N.E.  of  EUichpoor.  Lat.  21°  55' 
N.;  Ion.  78°  E. 

BAIX,  bAx  or  bA,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dfeche.  7  miles  E.  of  Privas.    Pop.  of  commune,  1314. 

BAIX  AS,  b^x^ds',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6- 
nees-Orientales.  6  miles  N.  of  Perpignan.    Pop.  19C0. 

BAJA.  bCh'vOh\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs, 
on  the  Danube,  90  miles  S.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  14.537.  It  has 
Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches,  a  synagogue,  diocesan 
s<:hool,  castle,  county  court,  and  a  large  market  for  hogs. 

B  A.T  A.  b3/yl,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the  Moldava,  65  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Yassy. 

BAJA.  bi'yS,  (L.  Bailer.)  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  (now  In 
ruins.)  10  miles  W.  of  Naples,  on  the  famous  bay  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  fort  built  by  the  Empei-or  Charles  V.,  in 
lat.  40°  51'  N.,  Ion.  14°  3'  E.,  under  which  large  ships  can 
anchor.    Pop.  800.   £ai<E,  was  a  principal  port  and  favorite 

15& 


BAJ 


BAK 


wat8f'''<-plas«  of  the  ancient  Romans;  the  sites  of  several 
(ani)ile<^  villas,  and  liaths  are  still  traceable  on  its  shore. 

BA  lADA-DKSAXTA-FE,  b^-ni'diHiil-sin'tl-fi,  a  city  of 
the  1  lata  C!onfederaoy,  capital  of  the  province  of  Kntre 
Rios.  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Parana,  opposite  Santa  Fb,  and 
now '.-ailed  Parand.     Pop.  about  6tXX). 

BAJA  T)E  KAMA,  hi/yi  di  rd'nid,a  town  of  TVallachia,  68 
miles  X.AV.  of  Krajov.-i. 

B  V.IAZID.     See  RwxzEED. 

BA.JIBO.  or  BAJIEBO,  bJ-jee'bo,  OiD  and  Nev,  two 
towns  of  Western  Afrioa,  on  opposite  banks  of  the  Niger, 
about  47  miles  below  Boossa, where  Park,  the  celebrated 
African  traveller,  was  killed.  Lat.  9*=  31'  X. :  Ion.  i°  'Zb'  E. 
At  this  town  L.ander  met  with  very  large  canoes,  having  a 
hut  in  the  middle,  which  contained  merchants  and  their 
■whole  families. 

BA.TMOCZ,  or  BOJNITZ.    See  B.umocz. 

BA.IOOR  or  BAJOUR,  bi'joor',  a  district  of  Northern 
Afgh.inistan,  in  lat.  3.5°  X.,  and  between  Ion.  71°  and  72° 
E.,  Separated  from  the  Hindoo  Koosh  range  on  the  X. 
by  the  territories  of  Kafiristan  and  Chitnu.  Estimated 
area.  370  square  miles.  Pop.  about  120.000.  It  is  a  fertile 
plain,  enclosed  by  mountains  covered  with  oak  and  cedar 
forests,  and  yielding  iron  ore  of  good  quality. 

B.\.JO0R  or  B.VJOCR,  b^'joor'.  a  town  of  Afghanistan, 
capital  of  the  .above  territory.  130  miles  X.E.  of  Cabool. 
Lat.  34°  50'  X. ;  Ion.  71°  30'  E.  Pop.  about  5000.  It  is  sup- 
pased  to  be  the  BcunJra  mentioned  by  the  historians  of 
Alexander. 

B.\K.ABAXY.4.bOh'koh'bln'ySh\  a  royal  mining  town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Uouth,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Scheuinitz.  The 
mining  operations,  once  exten.sive,  are  now  greatly  reduced. 

BAKAVAIK.     Se.' BiCK.OEER. 

BAKEER-  (orBAKIR-)  CHAI,  bi'keer'-chl.  i.e.  "copper 
river."  (anc.  GiUcus,)  a  river  of  Asia  Minor,  falling  into  the 
Gulf  of  S.andarlee.  (or  Sandarli.)  lat.  3S°  45'  X.,  Ion.  27°  E. 

BAKEER-KOOREH-SEE  or  BAKIR-KUREU-SI.  b^'keer'- 
koo'ieh-see.  (i.  «.  "  copper  district,"')  a  small  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  Anatolia,  in  a  district  formerly  containing  pro- 
ductive copper-mines,  near  the  Black  Sea,  and  70  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Sinope,  with  a  handsome  mosque.  It  is  supposed 
to  be  the  Hxndracur'gium  of  Strabo. 

BAKEL.  bd'kel',  a  large,  well-built,  and  thriving  village 
of  Western  Africa,  Lower  Galam  country,  on  the  Senegal. 
Lat.  14°  54'  X.:  Ion.  12°  14'  W.  Here  the  French  have  a 
fiictory,  which  is  tolerably  well  fortified,  and  has  a  garrison 
of  about  50  bl.ack  soldiers. 

BA'KER,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  40i0  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Flint 
River,  (navigable  by  steamboats.)  and  also  drained  bylch.a- 
waynochaway  Creek.  The  surCice  is  level;  the  soil  excel- 
lent. The  creek  above  named  furnishes  valuable  water- 
power.  Organized  in  1825,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colo- 
nel John  Baker,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
Capital.  Xewton.  Pop.  4985;  of  wliom  1493  were  free,  and 
3492  slaves. 

B.\KER  or  BAKER'S,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co_ 
Oliio,  56  miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

BAKER,  a  township  of  Martin  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1031. 

B.^KER,  a  township  of  Morgan  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  438. 

B.\KER  BANK,  a  post-offlce  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BAKEirS  BRIDGE,  a  vilLage  of  Alleghany  co.,  Xew  York, 
on  the  Xew  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  15  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Ani;elica. 

BAKER'S  CORXERS,  a  post-offlce  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  In- 
diima. 

BAKER'S  FALLS,  of  the  Hudson  River,  are  situated  on 
the  border  of  Sandy  Hill  township,  Washington  co.,  in  the 
E.  part  of  X'ew  York.  The  river  here  descends  70  feet  in 
ab<5ut  100  rods. 

BAItERSFIELD.a  post-township  in  Franklin  co.,Termont. 
abjHt  40  miles  X.X.W.  of  Montpelier,  Intersected  by  branches 
of  the  Missisque  River.  It  has  two  academies  and  some 
manufactures.-   Pop.  1451. 

B.VKER"S  G.A.P,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BAKER'S  RIVER,  of  Grafton  co.,  near  the  centre  of  Xew 
Hampshire.  Sills  into  the  Pemigewasset  River,  a  few  miles 
abjve  Plymouth. 

BAKER'S  RUX.  a  post-offlce  of  Hardy  co.,  Virginia. 

BA'KERSTOWX,  a  post-village  in  West  Deer  township. 
AUe-'hany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  16  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Pittsburg. 

BA'KERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 32  miles  W.  of  Hartford. 

BAKERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  New  York,  on 
Saranac  River. 

BA  KERSVILLE.  a  post-offlce,  Somerset  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

BAK  KRSVI  I,LE.  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Marjland. 

BAKEKSVlLLE.a  small  post-village  in  Yancey  co.,  North 
Carolina.  a>iout  200  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

BAKKRSVII^LE.  a  post-offlce  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

B.VKEW  VAAj.  b^k'well,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Derby,  the  town  on  the  Wye.  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Derwent,  H  miles  N.W.  of  .Matlock.  Pop.  in  1S51, 
98y7,  many  of  whom  are  employed  in  stone  quarries,  coal 
154 


and  lead  mines,  and  cotton  mills.  Its  old  church  containt 
monuments  of  the  Vernons  and  Foljambes.  It  has  several 
small  charities;  also  chalj-beate  springs,  with  handsome 
bath-rooms  and  museum.  Chatsworth.  the  princelyseat  of 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  is  in  this  jwrish ;  and  about  2  miles 
southward  is  Iladdon-hall,  a  mansion  of  the  Duke  of  Rut- 
land, lord  of  Bakewell  Manor. 

BAKIIMOOT,  BAKHMUUT,  or  BAKHMUT,  bdk'mootA  a 
town  of  Russia,  120  miles  E.  of  YekaterinosJav.  I'op.  4000. 
It  has  coal-mines,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  hor.«es  and 
cattle,  and  was  formerly  verj-  important  and  fortified.  In 
!be  vicinity  are  the  remains  of  an  .incieut  Tartar  walL 

BAKHORA.  a  tribe  of  Africa.    See  Xgami. 

BAKHTCHISa.VRAI,  bSK-chLs-sa-ri',  or  BAGTCHE-SE- 
RAI.  bSg-che-sg-ri',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Tauriila, 
(Crimea.)  on  the  Tchoorook  (Tschourouk)  15  miles  in  the 
S.W.  of  Simferopol.  It  is  the  capital  in  which  the  khans 
or  Tartar  sovereigns  of  the  Tauridian  peninsula  long  held 
sway  as  deputies  or  tributaries  of  Turkey,  U-fore  Russia  es- 
tablished herself  in  the  Crimea.  It  is  an  interesting  place, 
and  pronounced  by  Doctor  E.  D.  Clark  "one  of  the  most  re- 
markable towns  in  Europe."  The  Tartar  impi-ess  is  still 
strong  upon  it.  It  stands  at  the  bottom  of  a  narrow  val- 
ley, hemmed  in  by  precipitous  rocks  and  watered  by  a 
rivulet,  and  consists  almost  entirely  of  a  single  street, 
built  along  the  side  of  this  rivulet,  and  lined  with  bazaars 
and  workshops,  in  which  the  Tartar  toils,  in  primitive  sim- 
plicity, in  the  production  of  articles  of  the  very  same  form 
and  quality  as  were  fVirnished  by  Ms  forefathers  two  centuries 
ago.  The  town  cont.iins  several  mosques,  which  are  usually 
emIx)Somed  among  trees,  and  whose  minarets  ri.tie  high  above 
the  hou.ses;  andisadorned  with  numerousfountains.  The 
Karaim  Jews,  a  peculiar  section  of  that  people,  carry  on  consi- 
derable trade  in  common  stuff  goods,  mercery,  and  colonial 
produce.  The  old  palace  of  the  khans,  a  singular  edifice,  is 
in  good  repair,  and  even  suitably  furni.'ihed.  I'he  build- 
ings present  all  the  usual  irregularity  of  Eastern  mansion.s, 
but  the  wide  galleries,  brilliint  paintings,  pavilions  of  a 
make  so  light  that  they  seem  hardly  to  belong  to  the  body 
of  the  edifice,  and  a  profusion  of  great  overshadowing  trees, 
produce  an  effect  seldom  obtained  by  systematic  regularity. 
It  first  became  the  residence  of  the  khans  in  1475.  In  the 
sixteenth  century  their  dominion  extended  not  only  over 
the  entire  Tauridian  peninsula,  but  the  contiguous  terri- 
tory, W.,  N.,  E.,  and  S.,  from  the  banks  of  the  Danube  to 
the  foot  of  the  Caucasus;  but  their  rule,  continually  shaken 
by  the  Russian  invasion  and  influence  from  the  year  1736 
downward,  ceased  altogether  in  17S3.  when  the  country  was 
incorporated  with  that  empire.  Pop.  about  10.000.  of  which 
a  majority  are  of  the  Tartar  blood;  the  rest  are  Russians, 
Greeks,  .\rmenians,  and  .lews. 

BAKUTEGAX  or  BAKIITEGIHX,  baK't-^-gan'.  LAKE, 
in  Persia,  province  of  Fars.  50  miles E.  of  Sheeraz.  is  COmiles 
in  length  from  E.to  W..  with  an  average  breadth  of  8  miles. 
It  receives  at  its  W.  extremity  the  Bundemeer  (liundemir) 
River,  (anc.  Araxet.)  The  lake  yields  for  traffic  a  large 
quantity  of  salt. 

BAKHTIYARI  (biK-tee-yi'ree^)  MOUXTAIXS.  a  range  of 
mountains  in  South-western  Persia,  extending  parallel  to 
the  rocky  range  of  .\wa  and  Laristan.  The  highest  of  these 
rise  about  lOOO  feet  above  their  base. 

BAKIR-CIIAI.    See  Bakeer-Chai. 

BAKdXY-WALD.  boh'kofi'  (or  bl-ko'nee)  «ait.  (Ger.  Ba- 
/.■owy<T-U'!?rf,  bl-kAn'yfr-willt\  t.  «.  ••  Forest  of  Bakony,")  a 
mountain  range  of  llung:iry,  S.  of  the  Danulie.  lietween  the 
K.iab  River  and  LakeBalatony,arid  st-parating  the  great  and 
little  Hungarian  plains,  the  lormer  of  which  is  on  its  S.E. 
side.  Average  elevation.  2000  fw?t.  It  is  densely  wooded, 
and  contains  quarries  of  excellent  marl  le,  which  is  exported 
by  way  of  the  Danube  from  Komom.  Ac. 

BAKOO.  BAKOU  or  BAKU,  bil'koo'.  written  also  BADKU, 
a  seaport  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  Shii  ■  an,  in  Trans- 
cauKisJa,  on  S.  shore  of  the  peninsula  of  Apsheron,  and  AV. 
coast  of  Caspian  Sea.  of  which  it  is  one  of  the  most  fre- 
quented ports;  lat.  40°  21'  X.,  Ion.  49°  51'  6"  E.  The 
walls  of  the  town  were  formerly  washed  by  the  Caspian,  but 
they  are  at  present  al)Out  five  yards  distant  from  it :  the  se.a, 
however,  ha.s  gained  upon  the  land  in  other  places,  the  ruins 
of  ancient  buildings  being  found  .at  the  depth  of  upwards 
of  18  feet.  It  stands  on  a  declivity,  the  summit  of  which 
is  crowned  by  the  palace  of  the  former  khans:  is  defended 
by  a  double  wall  and  deep  ditch  constructed  in  the  time  of 
Peter  the  Great,  and  has  two  strong  forts,  under  whose  pi-o- 
tection  vessels  can  anchor,  in  from  four  to  six  fathoms'  wa- 
ter, within  80  yards  of  the  shore,  in  a  spacious  road,  shel- 
tered from  all  quarters.  The  town  is  ill  built,  streets  nai^ 
row  and  crooked,  the  houses  small,  with  fiat  roofs,  coated 
with  naphtha.  The  Virgin's  Tower  is  the  mc>st  striking  ob- 
ject in  the  place.  There  are.  however,  several  spacious 
mosques,  public  squares,  marts,  and  caravanserais,  a  Greek 
and  an  .\rmenian  church,  and  some  Tartar  schools.  The 
chief  exports  of  the  town  and  neighborhood  are  naphtha, 
salt,  and  saffron:  in  return  for  which  it  receives,  chiefly 
from  Persia,  raw  silk  and  cotton,  rich  carpets  and  shawls, 
rice,  &c.;  and  from  Europe  all  kinds  of  ironwai-e  audcutr 


BAK 

lery,  cottr.n,  linen,  and  woollen  manufactured  goods,  thus  [ 
becoming  an  entrepOt,  through  which  an  important  trade 
is  carried  on  between  the  K.  and  W.     Pop.  5500.    The  ad-  ! 
jacent  island  of  Saliim  has  important  fisheries.    Tlie  penin-  | 
sula  of  Apsheron  is  celebrated  for  its  mud  volcanoes  and  | 
naphtha  springs,  the  latter  yielding  annually  upwards  of  i 
4000  tous.     Near  these  springs   is  the  Ateshaga,  or  •'■Field 
of  Fire."  nearly  half  a  square  mile  in  extent,  and  from 
which  inflammable  gas  is  continually  escaping.    In  ancient 
times  it  was  held  in  the  highest  veneration  by  the  Quebers 
of  Parsees,  and  frequented  by  thousands  of  pilgrims.    They 
have  still  several  temples  here,  and  many  of  them  spend 
their  days  in  worship,  and  in  penitential  exercises  so  se- 
vere as  often  to  cost  them  their  lives.    The  lihanateof  Bakoo 
was  formerly  attached  to  Persia,  but  wrested  from  it  by  Rus- 
nia  about  1723 ;  restored  in  1735,  but  retaken  in  1801  by  the 
Russians,  to  whom  it  now  belongs. 

BAKOO,  BAKU,  bd-koo',  or  BAKOVA,  bd-ko'vj,  a  town 
of  Moldavia,  on  the  Bistritz,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Yassy.  It 
was  formerly  imjiortant,  but  is  now  nearly  in  ruins. 

BAKOU  or  BAKU.     See  Bakoo. 

BALA,  bd'ld.  a  township  and  market-town  of  Wales,  co. 
of  Merioneth,  near  the  N.  end  of  the  lake  of  same  name. 
Assizes  and  quarter  sessions  are  held  here  and  at  Dolgelly 
alternately. 

BAhABAC,  bd-ld-baK',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, I'hilippines,  30  miles  S.  of  I'alawan.  Lat.  7°  69'  N.,  Ion. 
117"  3'  K.  The  Balabac  Passage,  between  it  and  Banguey 
Island,  is  35  miles  across. 

BALA-BAGII,  bd'ld-bao',  a  fortified  town  of  Afghanistan, 
and  the  most  important  mart  in  the  Valley  of  .lelalabad, 
from  which  town  it  is  13  miles  W.  It  is  famous  for  its  fruits. 
Near  it  are  numerous  tope^  or  mounds,  supposed  to  be  of 
Boodhic  origin. 

BAl..ABAh.\0.\N.    See  Paterxo.stf.rs,  Little. 

BALACHKKor  BALACIIKV.    See  Balashev. 

BALACIINA.    See  Balakhna. 

BALAGANSK,  bd'ld-gdnsk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  An- 
gara, 110  miles  N.W.  of  Irkootsk.    Pop.  372. 

B  A  I,' A -<i  II A  UTS',  an  extensive  district  in  the  S.of  India, 
so  called  from  its  being  situated  "  above  the  Ghauts."  It 
forms  a  part  of  the  presidency  of  Madras. 

BALAGUKIl,  bd-la-galii'.  ('anc.  Bergu/nuJ,)  a  fortified  town 
of  .«pain,  16  miles  N.K.  of  Lerida,  on  the  Segre.  It  is  walled, 
and  has  several  squares,  a  college,  hospital,  and  a  castle  of 
considerable  strength.     Pop.  4H42. 

BAIj.VGUftllES.  bd'li'gaiR/,  town  and  commune  of  France, 
department  of  Ariege.     Pop.  of  commune,  1289. 

B.^LAKIINA.  bi-ldK'nJ,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of, 
and  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Nizhnee  Novgorod,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Volga,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Oosola,  (Usola.) 
It  was  formerly  surrounded  by  wooden  towers  and  walls, 
which  were  destroyed  by  fire;  but  it  still  has  a  rampart 
of  earth,  with  a  deep  fosse.  It  contains  15  churches  and 
a  convent,  and  has  a  considerable  trade,  chiefly  In  grain. 
Pop.  35110, 

BALAKLAVA  or  BALACLAVA,  bd-ld-kld/vd,  a  town  of 
Russia,  on  the  Black  Sea,  government  of  Taurida,  38  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Simferopol:  lat.  44°  29'  N.,  Ion.  33°  34' 40"  E. 
It  has  a  good  (but  little  frequented)  port,  completely  shel- 
tered by  lofty  hills.  The  general  appearance  of  the  town, 
perched  upon  heights,  is  very  picturesque.  It  has  a  fortress, 
placed  immediately  atove  the  harbor,  on  an  almost  inac- 
cessible rock,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Greeks,  Balaklava 
is  the  port  of  the  Lmxtrigonians,  at  which  Ulysses  is  said 
to  have  touched;  and  the  description  of  the  bay  given  by 
Homer  is  so  graphic  and  correct,  that  Dulxils  de  Monpereux 
gays,  (<■ '■Voyage,  atUnur  du  Qiucase,"}  did  lie  wi.sh  to  give  a 
description  of  it  he  could  not  do  better  tlian  borrow  that 
of  the  old  poet.  Under  the  domination  of  the  Genoese 
it  was  called  Cembalo,  a  modification  of  the  ancient  appella- 
tion (Si/mhalon)  given  it  by  Arrian,  In  the  environs  is 
a  wooden  Greek  convent,  built,  it  is  believed,  on  the  site 
of  the  celebrated  ancient  temple  of  Diana  Taurica,  A  num- 
ber of  churches  and  mosques  in  ruins  attest  the  ancient 
magnificence  of  the  town.     Pop.  about  2000. 

BALA  (ba'la)  LAKK,  orPEM'BLEMERE,  the  largest  lake 
In  N.  Wales,'  co.  of  Merioneth.  Length  about  4  miles, 
breadth  1  mile.  It  belongs  to  Sir  W,  W,  Wynn,  who  has  a 
fishing-seat  on  its  banks.  The  river  Dee  issues  from  this 
lake;  at  the  head  of  which  are  remains  of  a  Roman  sta- 
tion. 

BALAMBANGAX,  bd-ldm-bdng-gdn',  an  island  of  the 
Miilay  Archipelago,  off  the  N,  extremity  of  Borneo,  Lat.  7° 
19' N..  ion.  110°  59' E,  A  settlement  formed  here  by  the 
East  India  Company,  in  1774,  was  destroyed  by  the  Soo- 
loos,  and  another  planted  in  1803  was  afterwards  aban- 
doned, 

B.^LjVN,  bd'lftjfo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, I5  miles  S,E.  of  Sedan,  with  cloth  manufactures  and 
extensive  iion-works.     Pop.  of  commune,  1068. 

B.'VLAXGA,  bd-ldng'gd,  a  town  of  Luzon,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Bataan,  on  the  W,  side  of  Bay  of  Manila.  It  is 
esteemed  healthy,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  alcalde, 

BALAKUC-LES-BAINS,  bd'ldVUkMi-bL\",   a  viUage   of 


BAL 

France,  department  of  Herault,  with  hot  sulphur  gpnnjs 
(temperature,  126°  Fah,)  and  baths.  Resident  pop,  of  com- 
mune, in  1852,  595, 

BALASFALVA,  l6Mdsh'fol'veh\  a  town  of  Transylvania, 
at  the  union  of  the  Great  and  Little  Kukel  Rivers,  IS  m?V> 
N,E,  of  Karlsburg,  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  bishop, 
and  has  one  IjUtherau  and  several  Wallachian  churches, 

BALASIIEV  or  BALACHEF,  bd-ld-shJf,  a  town  of  Ruar 
sia,  government,  and  125  miles  W,  of  Saratov, on  the  Khoper, 
Pop,  2000, 

BALASORE,  bdra-s6r',  a  maritime  district  of  Briti.sh  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Bengai,  having  E,  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and 
landward  the  districts  of  Midnapoor  and  Cuttack.  ,\rea. 
1890  S(|uare  miles.  Estimated  pop.  600,000.  Rice  and  salt 
are  the  chief  articles  of  produce. 

BALASORE,  or  VALKSWARA,  vd-lgs-wd'rd,  a  large  town 
and  capital  of  the  above  district,  on  the  Boorabullung,  8 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  123  mUes  S,W,  of  Calcutta,  Pop. 
11,500.  It  was  formerly  of  some  consequence,  and  has  dry 
and  repairing  docks ;  but  is  now  only  frequented  by  Mai- 
dive  and  coasting  vessels, 

BALASSA-GYARMATH,  bdh'lOsh'shOhMyCR'mSt/,  a  town 
of  Hungary,  capital  of  the  co,  of  Neograd,  near  the  Eipel,  a 
tributary  of  the  Danube,  40  miles  N.N  .E.  of  Pesth.  I'op.  4580 

BALATONY,  bd'l(5h'toH\or  BALATON  LAKE.(Ger.  Pl<it- 
ten-See.  pldt/tjn-sA',  anc.iWso.)  the  largest  lake  in  Hungary, 
55  miles  S.W.  of  Pesth.  Length  from  S.W,  to  N.E„  alioui 
48  miles;  greatest  breadth  about  10  miles.  Estimated  area, 
420  square  miles.  Greatest  depth  39  feet,  but  at  its  N,  and 
broadest  end  it  is  shallow.  Its  waters  are  slightly  salt. 
This  great  lake,  or  submerged  marsh,  receives  upwards  of 
30  streams,  the  largest  of  which  is  the  Szala;  and  its  sur- 
plus waters  are  carried  to  the  Danube  by  the  Sio  and  Sarviz, 
It  is  rich  in  fish,  and  its  borders  are  marshy, 

BALAYAN,  bd-ld-ydn',  a  bay  in  the  Island  of  Luzon,  op- 
posite the  N,  end  of  Mindoro  Island,  about  9  miles  long  by 
6  broad,    A  village  of  same  name  lies  a  little  N,  of  the  bay. 

BALAZ£,  bd'ld'z.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire,  arrondissement  of  Roaune,  canton  of  Vitrfe.  Pop,  of 
commune,  1230, 

BALBEC.    SeeBAALBEC. 

BALBIRNIE,  bdl-bjr'nee,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Fife, 
7i  miles  N,  of  Kirkaldy,  on  the  Leven. 

BAUIRIG'GAN,  a  maritime  town  and  chapelry  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  co,  of  Dublin,  on  the  Irish  Sea,  ISJ  miles 
N,N.E,  of  Dublin,  Pop,  2959.  It  is  a  thriving  commercial 
town,  and  a  favorite  watering-place,  and  has  a  handsome  new 
church,  Roman  Catholic  and  other  chapels,  public  baths,  a 
dispensary,  saving's  bank,  coast-guard  station,  and  two 
cotton-miils.  The  small  harbor  is  protected  by  a  quay,  on 
which  there  is  a  liaht-houso  with  a  fixed  light.  Lat,  53°  SC 
46"  N,,  Ion,  6°  11'  W. 

BALBY,  bAl'bee,  a  township  of  England,  co,  of  York,  W, 
Riding,  1  j  miles  S,W.  of  Doncaster.  Ilere  the  first  meetings 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  took  place, 

BAIjCAR/|{Y,  a  small  seaport  of  Scotland,  on  the  W,  side 
of  the  entrance  to  Auchincalrn  Bay  and  Solway  Frith,  10 
miles  E,S,E,  of  Kirkcudbright, 

BAI.gAS  orBALSAS,bdl'sds,  (from  6a?.<;a,  a  «  float,")  a  river 
of  Brazil,  rising  in  theSerra  Corvados,  which  separates  Slaran- 
hao  from  (Joyaz,  and  falls  into  the  Parnaiba  or  Paranahiba, 
in  lat,  7°  15'  S,,  ion,  45°  10'  W„  after  a  course  of  upwai-dg 
of  200  miles,  for  80  of  which  it  is  navigable  tbr  canoes,  or 
floats,  (biilsas,)  whence  the  river  is  named, 

BALCOMBE.  bdl'ktim,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Sussex. 
The  Ixmdon  and  Brighton  Railway  here  passes  through  a 
tunnel  of  1139^  yards  in  length. 

BALCO/NY  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  James  River,  153  miles  W.  from  Richmond. 

BALD  CREEK,  a  post-office  in  Yancey  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

BALD  EAGLE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
a  few  miles  W.  from  Lock  Haven,  borders  on  the  W.  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna,  and  is  drained  by  B.ald  Eagle  Creek. 
Pop,  1476. 

BALD  EAGLE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

BALD  EAGl^E  CREEK  rises  near  the  centre  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  empties  itself  into  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, at  Lock  Haven. 

BAI>D  EAGLE  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  situated  S,E. 
from  Bald  Eagle  Creek,  extends  from  Huntingdon  north- 
eastward, through  the  middle  of  Centre  county,  and  through 
Clinton  into  Lycoming  county. 

BALDEGG,  bdl'd^g,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  on  a  lake  of 
the  siime  name,  9  miles  N.  of  Lucerne.  The  lake  is  3.i  miles 
long,  1  mile  broad,  and  1629  feet  in  elevation. 

BALDENBURG,  bdI'den-b66RG\  a  small  town  of  W.  Prus- 
sia. 33  miles  N.W.  of  Koiiitz.     Pop.  1200. 

BALDERAS,  bdl-d.Vi-d.s,  a  town  of  Spain,  30  miles  S.S,W. 
of  Leon.  Pop,  4320.  It  hasmanufactures  of  leather  and  h-Mts. 

BALDERN,  bdl'dern,  a  small  town  of  Wtirtemberg,  9  miles 
S.E.  of  Elwangen.  Pop.  504. 

BALDERNOCK,  bdl'der-nock,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Stirling. 

BAiyDERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

165 


BAL 


BAL 


HA  ID  HEAD,  several  promontories,  capes,  or  headlands 
in  various  p;trts  of  the  world. 

BALD  HKAD,  a  cape  of  Australia,  on  the  S.W.  coast, 
formiug  the  S.\V.  entrance  into  King  George's  Sound;  lat. 
(of  S.  point)  Sb°  7'  S.,  Ion.  118°  1'  E. 

BALD  ilKAD,  a  headland  of  the  United  States,  in  Maine; 
lat.  43°  13'  ^'.j  Ion.  70°  34' ao"  W. 

BALD  HEAD,  a  headland  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Smith's 
Island,  otf  the  coast  of  >orth  Carolina;  lat.  33°  51'  N^  Ion. 
78°  W. 

BALD  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachusetts. 

BALD  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Miiscogee  co.,  Georgia. 

BALD1:?SKK0,  b4l-dis-«Uro,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  pro 
vince  of  Ivrea,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  a  hill.     Pop.  600. 

BALDISSEKO,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Turin. 
Pop.  1720. 

BALDISSERO,  a  Village  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Alba. 
Pop.  iiOOO. 

BALDISSERO  DI  ROLETTO,  bSl-dis-sA^ro  dee-ro-l^t/to,  an 
ancient  borough  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  on  a  hill  near  Pine- 
rolo.     Pop.  1720. 

BALDJIK.    See  Baltshik. 

BALD  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BALD  M0UNTAl5<,  an  isolated  peak  of  Somerset  co., 
Maine. 

BALD  MOUNTAIN  RIDGE,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Somerset 
cOt  Maine. 

BALDOCK,  bdl'dgck,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Ilerts,  on  the  Great  Northern  Road,  34  miles  W. 
N.W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1851,  1920. 

BALDO,  MONTE,  nion'tA  bil'do, a  mountain  of  Lombardy, 
on  the  E.  of  Lake  of  Garda.  It  is  composed  chiefly  of  hori- 
zontal strata  of  marble  and  calcareous  tufa,  and  contains 
the  green  sand  called  the  sand  of  Verona,  and  also  beautiful 
petrilactions.     Elevation,  7100  leet. 

BALDONE,  bil'd6-u?h,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Courland,  25  miles  E.  of  Mitau,  celebrated  and  frequented 
for  its  hot  baths. 

BALDON  MARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BALD.JN   TOOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BALDtJYLE,  bal-doyl',  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  6 
niles  N.E.  of  l)ublin,"is  resorted  to  in  the  summer  mouths 
AS  a  watering  place. 

BALDKASlIANE,bai-dra-sh.ine',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ul- 
ster, counties  of  Antrim  and  Londonderry. 

BALD  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  cranklin  co.,  Georgia, 

BALDWIN,  bild'win.  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Georgia ; 
has  an  area  of  257  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Oconee,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Little  River,  and  also  drained 
by  Black  Camp  and  Fishing  creeks.  The  surface  is  generally 
hilly,  excepting  the  southern  part:  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween the  primary  and  tertiary  formations  passes  through 
the  county  in  a  N.E.  and  S.W.  direction.  The  soil  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  river  is  fertUe,  and  in  some  other  parts  much 
worn.  A  branch  of  the  Central  l!ailroad  passes  through  the 
county.  Slilledgeville  is  the  county  seat,  and  capital  of  the 
state.  Named  in  honorof  Abraham  Baldwin.  United  States 
senator  from  Georgia.  Pop.  9078;  of  whom  4149  were  free, 
and  4929  slaves. 

BALDWIN,  a  county  of  Alabama,  situated  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  state,  at  the  mouth  of  Mobile  River,  bordering  on 
Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  about  1900 
square  miles.  The  Mobile  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the 
W.,  the  Alabama  on  the  N.W.,  and  the  Perdido  on  the  E. 
The  surface  is  level  and  undulating ;  the  soil  sandy,  and 
unproductive.  Pine  timber  is  abundant,  A  railroad  is  pro- 
jected through  this  county  from  Mobile  Bay  to  Girard. 
Capital,  Blakely.  Pop.  7630 ;  of  whom  3816  were  free,  and 
3714  slaves. 

BALDWIN,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co..  Maine,  about 
25  miles  W.N.W.  from  Portland.  The  Saco'  River, '  which 
flows  through  the  township,  has  a  fall  of  80  feet  in  about  00 
rods,  affording  water-power  probably  equal  to  the  best  in  the 
state.  Baldwin  contains  a  newspaper  office,  several  mills 
for  the  ])rortucIion  of  Inmber,  and  two  rake  manufactories. 
A  railroad  was  chartered  in  the  autumn  of  1853,  to  follow  the 
course  of  the  Saco  River.    Pop.  1227. 

BALDWIN,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co.,  New  York. 

B.\LDWIN,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  274(1. 

B.iLDWIN,  a  small  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
rauia. 

B.^LDWIN,  a  village  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the  Big 
Black  River,  about  S6  miles  h-om  Jackson. 

B.tLD^VIN.  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  20  miles 
W.  from  St.  Louis. 

BALDWINSVILLF,  bild'winz-vil,  a  post-village  of  Tem- 
pleton  township,  Worcester  co^  Slassachusetts,  about  55 
miles  W.N.W.  from  Boston. 

BALDWINS VI LLE,  a  post-village  of  Lysander  township, 
Onondaga  co..  New  York,  on  the  Seneca  River,  where  it  is 
crossetl  by  the  Oswego  and  Syracuse  R.  R.,  12  miles  N.  by 
W.  from  Syracuse,  and  21  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Oswego.  The 
Seneca  Rivi-r  iiftbrds  good  water-power,  which  is  improved 
for  manufacturing  purposes.  It  cuntains  a  natiomil  bank, 
I5« 


several  mills,  and  factories,  and  a  flourishing  academy 
Canal-boats  are  conducted  to  the  village  through  the  Seneca 
River,  from  the  Oswego  Canal.     Pup.  about  1200. 

BALDWI.NSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois. 

B.\LDWINSV1LLE,  a  village  of  Mississippi  co.,  Mis.<ourl, 
on  the  bank  of.  the  Mississippi  River,  3  or  4  miles  above 
Wolf  Island. 

BALE,  a  town  of  Switzerland.    See  Basel. 

BALE  or  BATHLiY,  bathaee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BALEARIC  ISLES,  (anc.  Balea/res.)  a  group  of  5  islands 
in  the  Mediterranean,  between  lat.  38°  40'  and  4u°  5'  N.,  and 
Ion.  l°and  5°  E.,  consisting  of  Majorca,  Minorca.  lvi?a.  Foi-m- 
entera,  and  Cabrera,  and  forming  an  administrative  provinc« 
of  Spain.  Capital.  Palma.  United  area,  ^200 square  miles. 
Pop.  232,753.  Climate  temperate,  and  healthy ;  soil  fer- 
tile. In  1840,  the  total  Imports  into  these  islands,  prin- 
cipally fiom  France,  Algeria,  and  the  Spanish  V,  est  Indies, 
amounted  to  91,440i.;  the  total  exports,  mostly  to  the  same 
countries,  are  Slated  to  have  amounted  to  ll>t;.840/. 

BALERNA.,  bi-l^R/n4,  a  village  of  Switzerland.  Ticino,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  Como.  Pop.  7t.i2.  It  has  a  palace  of  the 
bishops  of  Como,  and  celebrated  tile-works. 

BAL'FRON,  a  village  and  jiarish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stir- 
ling, Mi  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stirlini:. 

BALFUROSH.  birfhr-osh'.  BALFROOSH.BALFROUCHor 
BALFRUSCH.  bdl-froosh',  written  also  BALFRUtll  orlUL- 
FURUSII  (originally  Ba)/(ir(/^i,  the  -mart  of  burdens,")  a 
town  of  Persia,  province  of  Mazanderan.  on  the  ISahbul.  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  9  arches,  12  miles  from  its  mouth  in 
Ihe  Caspian,  and  20  miles  W.  of  Sari.  Pop.  estimated  liy  Fra- 
zer  in  1822,  at  200,000  (?) ;  but  it  has  since  been  devastated 
by  the  plague  and  cholera.  It  is  built  in  the  midst  of  a  forest, 
is  large,  straggling,  and  interspeised  with  gardens.  Streets 
broad  and  straight,  but  unpaved;  hou.«es  mostly  of  brick; 
bazaars  and  caravanserais  numerous,  and  from  2U  to  80  Mo- 
hammedan colleges.  South  of  the  town  are  the  remains  of 
a  palace  on  an  artificial  island,  foi-med  by  Shah  .\blas.  Bal- 
furosh  has  a  large  general  trade,  and  communicates  with  it« 
port  on  the  Caspian  bv  a  good  road  for  wheeled  vihicles. 

BALGA,  bil'gi,  a  village  of  East  Prussia,  24  miles  S.  W. 
of  Konigst>erg.  on  the  Frische-haff. 

BALGACH.  bil'glK,  a  village  of  Switzerljind,  11  miles  E. 
of  St.  Gall,  with  sulphur  springs  and  baths. 

BALGONIE,  b^l-gf/nee.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fif* 
Here  is  an  old  castle  of  the  Leslies. 

BALGOUNIE,  bil-goo'nee,  Bmo  of,  in  Scotland,  on  Pon 
River. 

BALI,  biOee,  BALLY,  .biiiaee,  or  LITTLE  JAVA,  an 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  immediatelv  E.  of  Javit 
Lat. of  the  town.  8°42'6"N.;  lon.ll6°33'E.  This  island  is70 
miles  in  length,  by  35  miles  in  breadth.  Pop.  in  184t),  700,000. 
Two  mouutitiu  chains  traverse  it  from  E.  to  W.  Culminat- 
ing point,  the  volcano  of  Aireeni;,  which  was  in  a  state  of 
activity  in  1843.  Estimated  height,  11.326  feet.  The  island 
is  abundantly  supplied  w  ith  Water  from  numerous  large 
rivers  and  lakes.  Principal  exports,  rice,  cotton,  codee.  to- 
bacco, hides,  oil,  edible  bird's-uest.s,  "catechu,  with  c-otton 
cloths  and  yarn;  imports,  opiimi,  l>etel,  gold,  silver,  and 
ivory.  A  good  deal  of  coffee  is  carried  to  Singapore  from 
the  N.  coast,  most  of  which,  however,  is  smuggled  fi-om  the 
E.  of  Java.  The  revenues  of  the  ports  ai-e  commonly  farmed 
by  Chinese  settlers.  Bali  is  subdivided  among  eight  petty 
states;  of  these,  B.idong  in  the  S.  is  the  chief.  'Ihe  \illaga 
system  prevails  here  as  in  Java  and  India,  and  Uali  is  the 
only  island  of  the  Archipelago  where  the  Hindoo  is  the  pre- 
dominant religion.  Principal  towns,  Badong  in  the  S> 
Billing  in  the  N.,  and  Karang-,\ssani  on  the  >;.  coast.  The 
Strait  of  Bali,  between  this  island  and  Java,  is.  where  nar- 
rowest, only  3  miles  across.  A  Dutch  settlement  was  founded 
at  Port  Badong  in  IS45. 

BALIAB.UtDA.     See  Patras. 

B.4LIGR0D,  bil/le-grod\  a  town  of  .\ustrian  G.ilici;v,  18 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Sanok,  in  the  Carp-itliians.  In  its  vicinity 
are  numerous  salt  lakes  and  iron-mines. 

BALlKESli.  bi-lee-kes/sr.  BALU-KISSAR,  bi-loo-kis's^r, 
or  BALIK-SHEIIR,  bil'hk'sh^h'her.  a  town  of  Asia  Miner, 
.Anatolia,  in  a  fertile  pl.iin,  75  miles  S.W.  of  Brusa.  It  if 
meanly  built  of  unburned  bricks,  and  is  said  to  be  jxxipled 
by  2000  Turks,  and  200  Armenian  lamilies.  It  is  governed 
by  an  aga,  with  authority  over  40  Turkish  villages:  baa 
trade  in  silk  at  a  large  annual  fair,  a  ri'cently  established 
manufactory  of  felt  for  military  clothing,  and  the  tomb  of 
a  celebrated  Mohammedan  sjunt. 

BALIQUATRO,  bi-le-kwi'tro,  the  N.W.  point  of  the  island 
of  Samar.  one  of  the  Philippines:  also,  a  small  island  in  St. 
Bernardino  I'assase,  between  that  point  and  the  island  of 
Luzon.     Lat.  12°  40'  N..  Ion.  124°  10'  K. 

BALIZAC.  bi'lee'zik',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ghonde.    Pop.  IU3S. 

BALIZE.  BKLIZE.  b^-leez/,  or  BRITISH  H0ND(7RAS, 
(Mexiiau-Spaiiish,  Buliza.  bj-lee'si.)  a  Hritish  colony  E  of 
Yucatan,  in  Central  America,  between  lat.  16°  l>i'  and  18°  iVf 
N.,  and  Ion.  88° and  90' W.;  bounded  E.  by  the  Gulf  o»"  Hon- 
duras, Nji.  by  the  state  of  Yucatan,  and   VV.  and  S   oT 


BAL 


BAL 


QiiHtemala.  Lenf?tli  about  170  miles,  breadth  100  miles. 
Tlie  shores  are  studded  with  numerous  small  islands ;  along 
the  coast  the  land  is  swampy,  interior  wooded,  and  the  .soil  of 
the  valleys  fertile.  Climate  moist,  but  favorable  to  vt^eta- 
tion.  and  not  unhealthy ;  watered  by  the  Balize  Kiver,  Kio 
Hondo,  and  Siboon.  Country  adapted  for  raising  su^ar, 
coffee,  cotton,  and  indigo.  Mahogany,  cedar,  sarsaparilla, 
logwood,  fustic,  brasileto,  and  other  dyewoods  are  articles 
of  e.xport;  wild  anim.ils,  birds,  fish,  and  turtle  abundant. 
The  possession  of  the  colony  was  long  disputed  by  the  Spa- 
niards, but  finally  yielded  up  to  Britain  iu  1783.  The  river 
Balize,  which  has  generally  a  N.E.  coarse,  is  said  to  be  navi- 
gable for  200  miles  inland.  Balize  is  a  corruption  of  Waliz, 
a  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  place  from  its  having 
been  disi'overed,  and  resorted  to  by  an  English  pirat* 
named  Wallace. 

nWA'AK  or  BELIZE,  ha-leez',  a  town  of  Central  America, 
capital  of  the  colony  of  British  Honduras,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  its  own  name,  which  is  crossed  by  a 
substantial  wooden  bridge.  Lat.  17°  2^  18"  N.,  Ion.  88° 
12'  W.  It  consists  of  a  long  street,  running  par.allel  to 
the  sea-shore,  from  which  three  or  four  smaller  strc>ets 
diverge.  The  houses  are  constructed  entirely  of  wood,  and 
are  raised  8  or  10  feet  from  the  ground  on  pillars  of  mahoga- 
ny; they  are  well  built,  spacious,  and  convenient.  The 
town  seems  almost  entirely  inhabited  by  blacks — the  streets, 
gtores.  and  niarketrpla^^es  being  thronged  with  them.  Tiey 
are  described  by  ilr.  Stephens  as  a  fine-looking  race,  tall, 
straight,  and  athletic,  and  well  dressed — the  men  in  white 
cotton  shirts  and  trousers,  with  straw  hats;  the  women  in 
white  frocks  and  short  sleeves,  and  broad  red  bordei-s,  and 
adorned  with  large  ear-rings  and  necklaces.  During  the 
throe  dry  montlis  of  the  year,  April,  May,  and  June,  fresh 
water  is  extremely  scarce  here,  and,  indeed,  throughout  the 
whole  settlement,  there  being  no  rivulets,  and  the  watei-s  of 
the  rivers  being  brackish  for  several  miles  upward. 

An  iron  market-house  has  recently  l»en  erected  in  the 
town,  for  which  40<X)?.  was  voted.  A  savings  bank  has  been 
esbiblished  under  the  guarantee  of  the  local  legislature. 
There  are.  also,  a  public  hospital,  a  dispensary  for  the  relief 
of  the  poor,  an  asylum  for  the  reception  of  lunatics,  and  a 
grammar  school.  This  school,  which  is  entirely  supported 
by  the  local  government,  has  a  department  of  girls  annexed; 
the  Baptists  and  Wesleyans  have  chapels  here,  with  schools 
connected.  There  are  five  judicial  courts  in  Balize — the 
Bourt  of  ordinary,  and  the  supreme,  grand,  svimuiary,  and 
police  courts.  The  anchorage  in  front  of  the  town  is  ex- 
cellent, being  protected  from  the  heavy  swells  of  the  open 
sea  by  the  numerous  quays.  A'alue  of  cochineal  exported 
in  ISol,  169. Uo;.;  indigo,  60.550i.;  specie,  27,97 M.;  other 
exports.  153,777?.:  total,  41  l,443i. 

B.\LIZE,  Louisiana.     See  ^0RTH-EAST  P.\ss. 

BALlv.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Fries- 
land,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Hindeloopen.  Pop.  1227. 

BALK.\>!,  bil-kdn',  (anc.  Ha^inus,)  An  important  moun- 
tain chain  of  European  Turkey,  e.xtending  from  the  plain 
of  Sophia.  Ion.  23°  E..  to  Cape  Emineh  on  the  Black  Sea, 
and  forniiug  a  .series  of^eaks  of  little  elevation,  the  highest  of 
which  are  covered  with  grass  and  fi-uit-trees.  Few  of  the 
peaks  are  distinguished  by  local  names,  and  these  are  ge- 
nerally derived  from  the  nearest  towns.  The  name  Kodja 
Balkan  is  limited  to  the  portion  of  the  ancient  Hamiis,  west 
of  the  Btilkan  of  Shipka.  The  western  part  of  the  Great 
Balkan  runs S.S.E. and  N.N.W.,  and  separates  Bulgaria  from 
Upper  Moesia  on  the  N.,  while  on  the  S.  it  serves  to  connect 
the  ILnemus  with  Mt.  Ithodope.  The  chain  in  general  is 
4900  (eet  in  elevation.  N.W.  of  Kalofer  it  rises  to  &32o  fetft. 
It  slopes  abruptly  S.  to  thealluviiilpl.ain  of  Tatar-Bazardjik 
and  I'hilippopolis,  but  terminates  more  gently  on  the  N.  by 
means  of  the  crests  of  the  Balkan  of  Etropol.  Its  waters 
Uow  cbietiy  in  transverse  valley.s.  Snow  lies  on  the  higher 
summits  till  the  month  of  June,  but  entirely  disappears  in 
July.  The  eastern  part  of  the  Balkan  consists  of  a  series 
of  minor  chains  decreasing  iu  elevation  as  they  approach 
the  plains  of  the  Danube  on  the  N.  and  the  Black  Sea  on 
the  E.  The  Emineh  Dagh  is  2660  feet  in  elevation.  The 
Balkan  is  connected  with  the  mountains  of  Middle  Europe 
by  the  ranges  of  Montenegro,  Herzegovina,  and  the  Dinaric 
Alps  on  the  VV.,  and  the  mountains  of  Greece  on  the  S.  The 
deep  and  narrow  gorges  afford  paths  difficult  for  beasts 
of  burden ;  and  the  range  is  traversed  by  only  one  great 
route,  that  of  the  gate  of  Trajan,  by  which  the  communi- 
cation is  kept  up  between  Vienna  and  Constantinople. 

BALKASH.  barkdsh',  or  TENGIIEEZ,  (TENGHIZ,)  ten^ 
geez',  an  extensive  lake  of  Central  Asia,  on  the  borders 
of  Chinese  Toorkistan  and  the  Russian  government  of 
Tomsk,  between  lat.  44° and  47°  N.,  and  Ion.  77°  and  81°  E. 
It  is  situated  near  the  north  edge  of  the  great  central  basin 
of  the  continental  streams,  and  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Eelee,  (Hi.)  and  several  smaller  streams,  but  has  no  outlet. 
Length  from  N.E.  to  S.W.  150  miles;  greatest  breadth  75 
miles.     At  its  northern  extremity  is  a  wide  reedy  marsh. 

BALKEE,  bil'kee\  a  village,  (once  a  town  of  importance,) 
In  India,  Deccan,  Nizam's  dominion,  22  miles  N.W.  of 
Beeder. 


BALKH,  bilk,  a  province  of  Central  Asia,  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Bncfria,  now  subordinate  to  the  Ahanat  of 
Bokhara,  extending  between  lat.  35°  and  37°  N.,  and  Ion, 
f4°  and  69°  E.,  having  on  the  N.  the  Ox  us,  on  the  E. 
Budukhshan.amlon  the  S.  the  Hindoo  Kocsh  Jlount.iins, 
and  W.  the  desert.  Length  about  250  miles;  breadth  120 
miles. 

BALKH,  (anc.  Zariasfpa  and  Badlra.)  the  capital  city  of  the 
above,  is  situated  on  the  right  banK  of  the  Adirsiah  or  Balkb 
Kiver,  105  miles  W.  of  Khoondooz.  Pop.  2000.  (?)  The  modern 
town,  enclosed  by  a  mud  wall,  and  having  a  cit;idel,  oc- 
cupies but  a  fraction  of  the  surface  embraced  by  the  ancient 
city;  the  remains  of  which  cover  a  space  20  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  comprise  18  aqueducts,  besides  buildings  of 
various  age.s.  all  in  utter  ruin.  Numerous  canals  irri 
gate  the  vicinity,  which  is  famous  for  its  fruit  and  corn. 

BALKHAN  (hBv.hil.)  BAY,  an  iul<?t  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
between  lat.  39°  and  40°  N.,  and  Ion.  63°  and  54°  E. 

BALLA.  bal'ld,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo,  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Castlebar,  frequently  alluded  to  by  ancient  chroni- 
clers, but  now  having  only  600  inhabitiints,  with  a  round 
tower,  and  ruins  of  a  church. 

BALL.^GHADERIN,  bari.a-na-dil/rin,  a  town  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Mayo,  near  the  Lung,  a  tributary  of  the  Sliannon,  30 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Castlebar.  Pop.  1342.  It  has  asmall  infan- 
try barrack. 

BALLAGHMORE,  baridh-more',  a  village  of  Ireland, 
Queens  co.,  near  Roscrea,  with  the  ruined  abbey  of  Mo- 
naincha. 

BALLAHULISH,  baiil-hoo/lish,  or  BALLACHULISH, 
bd-la-Koc/lish.  a  quoad  sacra  parish  of  Scotland,  counties  of 
Inverness  and  Argyle.  in  each  of  which  it  has  a  church,  on 
Lochs  Leven  and  Linnhe,  IH  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fort  William. 
Pop.  1255.  A  large  slate  quarry  has  lieen  wrought  here 
since  1700.  The  annual  produce,  some  years  since,  was 
from  five  to  seven  millions  of  roofing  slates,  weighing  about 
10.000  tons. 

B.\LLAX,  bdri6x<^,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tndre-et-Loire,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Tours.  Pop.  of  commune. 
1192. 

BALLANTRAE.  bandn-trA/.  a  maritime  pari.sh  and  vil- 
lage of  Scotland,  28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ayr.  It  commuuicatee 
with  Glasgow  by  steam,  thrice  a  week. 

B.\L'LAKD,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  Missouri  and  Illinois,  from  which  it  is  st^parated 
by  the  Ohio  River.  It  is  traversed  by  Jlaytiold's  Creek. 
Tlie  surface  is  undulating,  and  well  timbered ;  the  .soil  of 
the  S.  part  is  fertile,  and  of  the  N.  part  poor.  The  county  was 
formed  out  of  parts  of  McCracken  and  Hickman  counties  \.\ 
1842.  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Capt.  Bland  Ballard,  an 
officer  in  the  war  of  1812.  Capital,  Blundville.  Pop.  8691i: 
of  w  horn  6974  were  free. 

BALLARD'S  BRIDGE,  a  postrofflee  of  Chowan  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BAL'LARDSVILLE.  a  post-village  in  the  N.  part  of  B<,oii«i 
CO.,  ^■irginia.  aVioxit  250  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Richmond. 

BAL'LARDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Oldham  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, about  30  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Louisville,  has  one 
church  and  two  stores. 

BAL'LARD  YALE,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 

BALL.\S.  bdrUs',  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  Nile, 
about  lat.  26°  N. ;  Ion.  32°  42'  E. ;  celebrated  for  its  earthern 
jars,  called  from  the  name  of  the  town,  Ballasoe,  w  bich  are 
used  all  over  Egypt  for  carrying  water.  I,arge  rafts,  made 
of  Ballasee  jars,  are  frequently  floated  down  the  Nile,  to  be 
disiwsed  of  in  the  markets  of  the  metropolis. 

BALLATER,  billet-er,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Abei- 
deen,  on  the  Dee,  37  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aberdeen.  Pop.  about 
350.  Its  chalybeate  springs  are  resorted  to  by  numerous 
visitoi-s. 

BALLAUGII,  baWa,  a  parish  of  England  in  the  Isle  of 
Man. 

BALL  C.\MP,  a  post-offlce  of  Knox  co..  Tennessee. 

BALLENSTEDT,  bdl1en-stjtt\  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy 
of  Anhalt-Bemburg,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Hallierstadt.  Pop, 
3800.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  Dukes  of  AIlhal^Bernburg, 
and  the  original  seat  of  the  hottse  of  Prussia. 

BALLENY.  (bane-ne.)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  five  small 
volcanic  islands  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean.  Lat.  66° 44' S. ;  Ion. 
163°  11'  E.    Discovered  in  1839. 

BALLEROY.  bdrieh-rwd/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Calvados.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Bayeux. 

BAL'LEW'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Landry  parish,  Lou- 
isiana. 

B.4LL  GROUND,  a  postoffice  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia. 

BALLIBAY.    See  Ballybay. 

BALLIXA,bare-nd'.  (formerly  BaTlfelt,  "the  ford  of  flags,"; 
a  market-town  of  Ireland,  province  of  Connaught.  co.  of 
Mayo,  in  which  it  ranks  third  for  extent,  popubition,  and 
tiade,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mcy,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Castlebar.  Pop.  5313,  exclusive  of  Ardnaree,  which  has  a 
population  of  1206.  It  has  several  good  streets,  a  parish 
church,  a  Roman  Catholic  church.  Baptist  and  Jlethodist 
chapels,  a  large  union  work-houie,  sessious-honse,  lever  hos 

157 


BAL 

pital,  dispensary,  many  public  schools,  barracks,  and  two 
bridges  across  the  Moy ;  with  brexveries,  tiour  mills,  manu- 
fiustories  of  snuff  aud  coarse  linen,  a  trade  in  cured  provi- 
sions, fish,  Ac,  and  sereral  branch  banks.  Its  salmon 
fishery  ranks  next  in  importance  to  that  of  the  Bann. 
General  sessions  in  July. 

BAL'LINABOY'.  a  parish  of  Irel.-ind,  co.  of  Cork. 

B.A.VLIXACAlt/KlG,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Lelnster,  co.  of 
Carlow. 

BALLINACARRIG,  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  8 
miles  W.  of  Bandon,  with  ruins  of  a  castle  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 

BALLIXACOURTY,  bll-lin-i-kOr'tee,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Galwaj-,  at  the  head  of  Galway  Bay.  several  Islands  in 
which  it  comprises,  with  a  village  3t  miles  S.  of  Oranmore. 

BALLINACOUBTY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Kerrv. 

BAL'LIXAHAG'LISH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Mayo. 

BALLIXAIIAGLISII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co. 
of  Kerry. 

BAL'LINAHIXCII',  a  barony,  parish,  demesne,  lake, 
river,  seat,  and  ruined  castle  of  Ireland,  province  of  Con- 
naught,  district  of  Counemara.  The  seat  of  the  proprietor 
of  the  district  (Martin)  is  37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Galway.  The 
barony  comprises  the  mountain  group  of  Binabola  or  the 
"  Twelve  Pins."  and  the  seaport  of  Clifden.     Pop.  32.405. 

BALLIXAHIXCH,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co. 
of  Down.  10  miles  E.  of  Dromore.  Pop.  911.  In  June,  1698. 
a  battle  was  fought  here  between  the  Irish  insurgents  and 
the  royal  troops. 

B.VL'LIXAKILL',  a  town  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  Queen's 
CO.,  11  miles  S.  of  Maryboro'.  Pop.  1540,  partly  employed  in 
woollen  weiiving.    It  has  the  remains  of  an  old  castle. 

BALLIXAKILL  is  also  the  name  of  several  other  parishes 
of  Ireland.   • 

BAL'LIXAMORE',  a  village  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co. 
of  Leitrim.  13  miles  X.E.  of  Carrick.     Pop.  246. 

BAL^LIXAMUCK',  a  village  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  11  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Longford.  Here  the  French  trofips  under  General 
Humbert  surrendered  to  the  English  forces,  Septemter  8, 
179S. 

BAL'LINASCREEX',  a  parish  of  Ireland.,  co.  of  London- 
derry. 

BAL'LIXASKEL/LIGS  (or  BAL'LIXSKEI/LIGS)  BAY, 
IreLind,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Kerry;  entrance  between  Hog 
Head  on  the  E.,  aud  Bolus  Head  on  the  W.  Breadth,  5 
miles. 

BALLIXASLOE,  bariin-a-siy,  a  town  of  Ireland,  Con- 
naught, counties  of  Galway  and  Roscommon,  on  the  Suck, 
an  affluent  of  the  Shannon,  22  miles  S.  of  Roscommon. 
Pop.  6,240.  The  Suck  divides  it  into  two  portions,  con- 
nected, acro.ss  an  island,  by  a  causeway  and  two  bridges. 
The  town  is  neatly  built,  and  has  a  curious  church,  Roman 
Catholic  and  Metliodist  chapels,  several  puWic  schools,  the 
district  lunatic  asylum  for  the  province,  a  court-hou.se  and 
bridewell,  market-house,  union  work-house,  and  savings 
ItMink;  with  flour-mills,  tan-yards,  breweries,  coach-building 
and  hat  manufactories.  Here  the  largest  fair  in  Ireland  for 
the  sale  of  cattle  and  sheep  is  held,  from  the  oth  to  the  9th 
of  October  annually.  About  12.000  head  of  black  cattle. 
End  90.000  sheep,  are  annually  brought  to  this  lair.  Bal- 
linasloe  is  the  station  for  the  Galwav  militia  staff. 

BAL^LIXCAl/LA  or  BAL'UXCilO'LA,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land. Connaught.  cos.  of  Galway  and  Maj'o. 

BAL^LINCOI/LIG.  a  town  of  Ireland,  province  of  Mun- 
ster, CO.  of  Cork,  on  the  Lee,  5  miles  W.  of  Cork.  Pop.  1246. 
It  has  a  large  artillery  barrack,  and  extensive  gunpowder 
mills,  and  near  it  is  a  dismantled  castle  built  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  III. 

BAL'LIXCUSLAXE'  or  BALLYCUSLANE,  a  parish  of 
Ireland.  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry, 

BAL'LIXI)KR/RY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim. 

BALLIXDERRY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Tvrone. 

BALLIXDEKRY,  a  village  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Wicklov/.  2  miles  X.^V.  of  Uatlulrum. 

BAL'LIXDOOX',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of 
Galway. 

BAL'LIXGAIVDY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

BAL'LIXG.^R'RY,  a  pari.<ih  of  Ireland,  co.  and  17  miles 
S.W.  of  Limerick.  Here  are  ruins  of  ancient  religious 
bouses. 

B.\L'LIXGAR'RY.  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Tipperary.  20  miles  X.K.  of  Clonmel.  Pop.  of  town.  643,  em- 
ployed in  the  Slieveilargy  coal-mines.  Two  other  paHshes 
of  this  name  are  in  the  counties  of  Limerick  aud  Tipperary. 

BAF/LIXGDON  or  BRUX'OOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Essex. 

BAL'LI.VGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BAL'LIXGUAY',  a  p;irish  ot  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

BAL'LIXLAXIVEKS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

BAL'LIXOE',  a  parish  of  IreUnd,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 
US 


BAL 

BAL'LIXROBE'.  a  town  and  pari.sh  of  Ireland.  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Mayo,  on  the  Robe,  3  miles  from  its  entrance  Into 
Lake  Mask,  and  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Castlebar.  Pop.  of  town, 
2l">78.  It  is  well  built,  has  a  small  parish  church,  a  largo 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  Baptist  meeting-hou.=e,  several 
schools,  a  union  work-house,  and  bridewell,  formerly  a 
military  .station.    General  sessions  in  June  and  December 

BAL'LIXTEM'PLE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Cavan.     Also  the  name  of  5  other  parishes. 

BAL'LIXTOB'BER,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland.  12  miles  X.W.  of 
Roscommon,  with  the  ruins  of  a  fine  ea.stle.  This  is  also 
the  name  of  2  baronies  in  the  same  couutj',  and  of  .i  parish 
in  the  county  of  Mavo. 

BAL'LIxfO'GHER,  a  township  of  Ireland,  province  of 
Connaught,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Sligo.     Pop.  234. 

B.\L'LIXTOY',  a  maritime  vilkige  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  .\ntrim,  4  miles  X.  of  Ballycastle.    Pop.  4S16. 

BALL  .MOUXTAIX,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

B.4LL0X,  bdriAN«/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Orne,  12  miles  N.X.E.  of 
Le  Mans.  Pop.  2129.  It  has  manufiictin-es  of  linens.  In 
ancient  times.  Ballon  was  one  of  the  chief  fortres.ses  of  the 
province  of  Maine.     It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1417. 

BALLOX  D'ALSACE,  bdri.'i.N'/  ddi\sdss',  one  of  the  loftiest 
mountains  of  the  Vosges  chain  in  France,  at  the  junction 
of  the  departments  of  Haute-Saone,  Vosges,  and  Uaut- 
Rhin.  4688  teet  in  elevation. 

BALLOX  DEGCEBWILLER,barkVdehghJbVeeriaiR/, 
a  mouut.tinof  the  Vosges  chain,  department  of  Uaut-Rhin, 
canton  of  Guebwiller,  is  43I.X)  feet  in  height. 

B.\LLOTS,  bdrio',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Mayenne,  arrondissement  of  Chateau-tiontier.    Pc.p.  1395. 

B.\LL  PL.4.Y,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  CO.,  Tennessee. 

B.\LL'S  POXD,  a  post-office  of  FairtieUl  CO.,  Connecticut. 

BALLSTOX,  a  post-township  of  Saratoga  co.,  Xew  York, 
25  miles  X.  from  Albany,  is  intersected  by  the  Schenectadj 
and  Saratoga  Railn>ad.    Pop.  2234. 

BALLSTOX  CEXTRE,  a  postvillage  of  Saratoga  co..  New 
Y^ork.  25-miles  X.  of  Albany. 

B.^LLSTOX  SP-4.,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Saratoga  co , 
X'ew  York,  on  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  30 
miles  X.  of  Albany,  and  7  miles  S.W.  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
The  mineral  springs  at  this  place  have  cousideralile  cele> 
brity.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches, 
a  bank,  and  1  newspaper  office.  Pop.  in  1864,  about  2o00. 
Tlie  last  part  of  the  name  is  derived  from  Spa,  a  celebrated 
watering-place  in  Belgium.     See  Sp.k. 

BALLSTTOWX,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

BALLS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Powhattan  co.,  \'irginia. 

B.VLLS'VILLK.  a  village  and  township  of  Sandusky  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Sandusky  River,  li  miles  a)x)ve  Fremont. 
The  falls  of  the  river  afford  valuable  water-power,  which  is 
employed  iu  1  cotton  factory,  1  woollen  factory,  and  several 
mills.     Pop.  2188. 

B.VLI/VILLE,  a  village  of  Orange  co.,  Xew  York,  -23  miles 
\V.  by  N.  of  Xewburg. 

BALLY,  bailee,  (i.e. a  "town,")  a  prefix  to  about  120 
parishes  in  Ireland. 

B.'V.L'LY,  a  town  in  the  5Ialay  Archipelago,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Lombok,  in  lat.  8^  40'  S.,  Ion.  116° 
30' E. 

BALLY.    See  B.tLl. 

B.\L*LYBAY',  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster.  8 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Monaghan,  on  the  rcuid  from  Dublin.  It  is 
thriving,  and  has  a  public  librarj-  of  about  10*.H)  volumes, 
and  an  active  linen  trade.    Pop.  of  the  town,  17CS. 

B.\L'LYBU'FEY,  a  town  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Done- 
gal, on  the  Finn,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lifford.  Pop.  782.  It 
has  a  union  work-house,  and  is  the  principal  depot  for  the 
retail  supply  of  the  neighboring  mountain  di.strict. 

B.\L'LVI50Y''.  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Leiu.ster,  King's  co. 

BAL'LYBUX'.NlOX,  a  township  of  Ireland.  Munster.  co. 
of  Kerry,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Shannon.  17  miles  X.  ol'Tra- 
lee.  Pop.  274.  It  is  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing:  and  near 
it  are  some  maritime  caves,  one  with  a  vault  from  70  to  80 
feet  in  height, 

B.\L'LYBUR'LEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  King's 
CO..  on  the  Grand  CanaL 

BAL'LY'CAl/LEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Kilkenny. 

BAL'LYC.'VS'TLE,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  province  of 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Antrim,  at  its  X.  extremity,  in  a  bay  opposit« 
Rathlin  Island,  and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Fairhead.  Pop.  1397. 
It  is  picturesque  and  well-built:  but  its  harbor,  after 
150.000/.  have  been  expended  in  the  erection  of  a  pier,  ii 
filled  with  .sand. 

B.\LLYCASTLE,  a  maritime  village  of  Ireland.  Con- 
naught. CO.  of  Mayo.  Pop.  798.  It  is  a  coast-guard  station, 
and  is  resorted  to"  for  sea-bathing. 

BAL^LYCLiVRE/.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim,  11  miles  X.  of  Belfast.     Pop.  847. 

BAL'LYCOX'XELL,  a  town  of  Ireland,  Conniught,  co 
and  9  miles  X.W.  of  Sligo.     Pop.  553. 

BALLYCOXXELL,  a  town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  and  18 
miles  X.AV.  of  Cavan.    Pop.  387 


BAL 


BAL 


BAVLYCOTTON,  a  bay  and  village  of  Ireland,  Munster, 
CO.  and  20  miles  S.K.  of  Cork.    I'op.  of  village,  449. 

BAL*LYDUFF',a  po.st-village  in  Manvers  township,  co.  of 
Durham,  Canada  We.st,  55  miles  X.E.  of  Toronto.  Pop. 
about  100. 

BAl.'LYEASTON,  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  An- 
trim, with  a  village  1  j  miles  N.  of  Ballyelare.     Pop.  265. 

LAL'LYFKK/KIS  i'Ol.NT.  a  headland  in  Ireland,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  CO.  Down.     Lat.  64°  39'  N.;  Ion.  5°  34'  \V. 

BALDLY  KIN',  a  cluipelry  of  Ireland,  and  a  seat  of  the  Pole 
&mily,  4  miles  X.  of  Maryborough. 

BAL'LY«A\V'LEY.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Ty- 
rone, 3x  miles  N.N.W.  of  Aughuacloy.  It  manufactures 
linen  and  gloves  to  a  considerable  extent.    Pop.  881. 

BAL^LYIIAISE'.  a , market-town  of  Ireland,  province  of 
Ulster  CO..  and  4  miles  N.N.H.  of  Cavan.     Pop.  704. 

BAL'LYIIKIGIl,  barie-hi/,  or  BALLYIIEIGUE.  a  parish 
and  township  of  Ireland.  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  on  Bally- 
beigh  Bay,  an  inlet  of  Tralee  Bay,  9  miles  X.E.  of  Tralee. 
Pop.  4795. 

BAL'LYJAMESDUFF',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  pro- 
vince of  Ulster  CO..  and  11  miles  S.E.  of  Cavan.     Pop.  1871. 

BAIi"LYK1;A\'.  a  pariish  of  Ireland.  King's  co. 

BAL'LYLOXG'FOKD,  a  town  and  harbor  of  Ireland.  In 
Munster,  co.  of  Iverry,  5  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Tarbert,  on  the 
estuary  of  the  Shannon.  Pop.  1143.  The  harlior  has  16 
feet  of  water  at  high  tide.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of 
liislaghtin  Abliev. 

hALLYWVOhWE,  Mrie-loH-lo/,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Leinster.  co.  of  Westmeath. 

BA1/LVM.\.CEL'LIG0TT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster, 
CO.  of  Iv<iriv. 

BAL'LYMA'IION.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Longtbrd,  on  the  Inny,  11  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Longford. 
Pop.  1229.  It  consists  mostly  of  a  single  street,  with  a 
church,  a  large  Itoman  Catholic  chapel,  sessions  and  mar- 
ket houses,  and  a  handsome  bridge  of  5  arches. 

BAL'LYMASCAX'LON,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinstor,  co. 
of  Louth. 

BAJ/LYME'XA,  a  market-town  of  Ireliind,  Ulster,  co. 
of  Anti-im.  on  the  Braid,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  21 
miles  X.W.  of  Carrickfergus.  Pop.  with  Ilarryville.  5549. 
It  is  well  built  and  thriving,  and  has  a  good  market-house, 
a  parish  church,  various  chapels,  the  diocesan  school  of 
Connor,  other  large  public  schools,  a  bridewell,  and  a  union 
work-house.  It  e.xports  linens  and  potatoes,  and  has  nu- 
merous bleaching-grounds,  a  cotton  spinning  mill,  a  distil- 
lery, and  .sevei'al  bniuch  banks.  General  sessions  in  Ja- 
nuarv  and  .lune,  alternately  with  Ballvmoney. 

BA'L'IA'.MO'XEY,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Antrim.  17  miles  X.W.  of  Bally  mena.  Pop.  of  town. 
249U.  It  is  irregularly  built  on  an  eminence,  and  has  a 
tf)wn-hall,  various  places  of  worsliip.  and  schools,  a  bride- 
well, union  work-house,  dispeiisjiry,  and  mendicity  society. 
It  has  an  extensive  malting  trade,  and  tallow  and  other 
fiiotories. 

B.VLLYMOXEY,  a  parish  and  township  of  Ireland,  county 
of  Cork. 

BAL'LYMORE',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Westmeath. 
Pop.  34S7. 

BALLYMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 
Pop.  568. 

BALLYMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Armagh,  with 
market-town.     Pop.  11.520. 

BALLYMORE  EUSTACE,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land. CO.  of  Kildare.  on  the  Llffey,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Sligo. 
Pop.  2129:  of  the  villaLre.  936. 

BAL'LY.MOTi:',  a  vULige  of  Ireland,  Ulster  co„  and  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Sligo.  Pop.  839.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a  large 
castle  built  in  lyOU,  and  of  a  Franciscan  mouastt-rv. 

BALLY.MY  AECK,  balVme-.-lk',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Mun- 
ster. CO.  of  Tipperary. 

B.\L'LYU'VEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of 
Mavo. 

BAL'LYHAG'GET,  a  town  of  IreLand,  province  of  Lein- 
ster, CO.  of  liilkenny,  on  the  Xore,  10  miles  N.N.W,  of  Kil- 
kenny.    Pop.  1577. 

BAL'LYSADAUE/,  a  thriving  town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, 5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sligo,  finely  situated  on  the  Owen- 
teg,  at  its  mouth  in  Ballysadare  Bay,  a  branch  of  Sligo 
Bay.  Pop.  of  town,  860.  The  liver  here  rolls  over  shelving 
rocks,  turning  sever.T.1  corn  mills,  and  at  the  foot  of  its 
lowest  fall  is  a  hiirbor  with  safe  anchorage.  Near  the  town 
are  the  remains  of  an  abliey  of  the  seventh  century. 

BAL'LYS.AX/.  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Leinster,  co.  of  Kildare. 

BAL'LYSCUL'LIOX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim. 

BAL'LYSII.\X'XOX,  a  sejiport  town  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Donegal,  in  which  it  is  the  principal  town,  though 
not  the  capital,  on  the  Erne,  at  its  mouth  in  Ballyshannon 
B.<iy.  25  miles  X.W.  of  Enniskillen.  Pop.  in  1841.  3513.  It 
consists  of  3  steep  and  irregular  streets  on  one  side  of  the 
river,  across  which  it  communicates  by  a  bridge  of  14 
atchei  with  the  wretched  suburb  of  Purt.  It  has  a  church. 
2  Roman  Catholic,  a  Presbyterian,  and  2  Methodist  chapels, 


a  market-house,  with  an  a.s.sembly  room,  an  artillery  ^a^ 
rack,  and  union  work-house,  and  ruins  of  the  ancient  castle 
of  the  Earls  of  Tyrconnelj.  Ballyshannon  is  the  head- 
quarters of  the  county  militia,  and  the  place  where  the  only 
newspaper  of  the  countv  is  published. 

BALLYSIIAXXOX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kildare. 

BAL'LYTORiy.  a  town  of  Ireland,  Lein.ster,  co.  and  11 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Kildare.  Pop.  441.  Ilere  Edmund  Burke 
received  the  rudiments  of  his  education. 

BAL'LYVOUR'XEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  with 
a  village  7^  miles  W.  of  Macroom. 

BAI/LYWALTER,  a  pari-^h  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

BAL'LYWII/LIN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Londonderry. 

BALMACLELLAN,  bdrmd-klMlan,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright. 

B.\LM.\GHIE,  bdl-ma-ghee',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Kirkcudliright. 

BALME,  bJlm,  a  village  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin, 
on  the  Stura,  at  an  elevation  of  1620  feet.     Pop.  400. 

BALME,  COL  DE,  kol  dfh  Ulm.  a  pass  of  the  Alps,  which 
forms  the  limit  between  Savoy  and  the  Valais.  7218  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  pass  is  much  frequented, 
and  has  a  refuge  for  travellers. 

B.\LMERINO,  bSl-mt^ree'uo.  a  parish  and  village  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  Tay,  6  miles  .\.  of  Cupar.     Pop.  993. 

BALMORAL,  bdl-mo'rdl,  a  ca.stle  of  Sc9tland,  on  the  rivei 
Dee.  44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Aberdeen.  It  is  now  a  i-oyal  resi- 
dence.   See  Cratiit. 

BALQUIIIDDER,  bil-kwld'der,  a  parish  and  vill.ige  of 
Scotland  co.,  and  34  miles  W.  of  I'erth.  Pop.  S71.  The  parish 
is  about  20  miles  in  length  by  10  in  breadth :  and  the  tiimous 
Rob  Roy,  who  performed  many  of  his  exploits  within  its 
limit.*,  lies  buried  in  its  ch  urch-vard. 

BAL'SALL.orTEM'PLE-BAL'SALL,  a  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  AVarwick,  in  Ilampton-in-Arden.  Pop.  1160. 
Here  are  the  remains  of  the  chjipel  of  Balsall,  built  in  the 
twelfth  century. 

B.\I/SII.AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BALSORA.     See  Bassorah. 

BALSTIIAL,  b3ls't^l,a  town  of  Switzerl.md.  canton,  and 
11  miles  N.E.  of  Soleure,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  DUnnem.  Pop.  1000  (Catholic")  Near  it  is  the  cele- 
brated defile  of  Klus.  with  a  village  of  the  same  name,  and 
extensive  iron  foundries  and  forges. 

B.ALTA,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  in  lat.  00°  4!>'  N., 
Ion.  0°  45'  AV..  immediately  E.  of  Unst.  between  which 
island  and  Balta  is  a  harbor  termed  Balta  Sound. 

B.ALTA,  b,4l't2,  a  town  of  Russian  I'oland.  government 
of  I'odolia.  on  the  Kodema.  an  affluent  of  the  Buir.  1M2  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Kamieniec.  I'op.  V500.  It  is  well  built  and  thriv- 
ing; contrasted  with  It  is  a  miserable  suburb  beyond  the 
river,  in  the  government  of  Kherson. 

BALTAR.  Ml-tan',  a  large  village  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Minho.  14  miles  E.X.E.  of  Oporto. 

BALTIC,  bawl'tik,  (Ger.  Op.-txee.  cist's.'*,  "  Kn.<tt  Pea:'"  Fr. 
BaUiqtie..  bSrteek' ;  Sp.  and  1 1.  BalHco.  bjl'te-ko :  L,.  M.  ihf.  BaV- 
Ileum ;  anc.  Si'niis  Coda'nus,)  an  inland  sea  of  X.  Knrope.  en- 
closed on  nearly  all  sides  by  Sweden,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  and 
communicating  with  the  Cattegat  and  the  North  Sea  by  th« 
Sound  and  the  Great  and  Little  Belts.  It  extendi  from  Swine- 
miindein  the  S.  to  Torne.i  in  the  N..  about  900  miles,  and  from 
Carlscrona  in  the  W.  to  Memel  in  the  E..  about  1^0  miles.  Its 
area,  including  theGulf  of  Bothnia,  Finland,  and  Riv'a,  occu- 
pies a  space  of  about  IfiO.OOO  square  miles :  and  its  basin,  which 
receives  the  drainage  of  more  than  a  fifth  of  the  surface  of 
Europe,  is  at  least  900.00()  square  miles.  Xotwith-standing 
its  areat  extent,  the  Baltic  has  all  the  characteristic."  of  an  in- 
land sea  or  great  lake.  Xo  sea  has,  in  proportion  to  its  size,  so 
great  an  influx  of  fresh  water;  fience  it  cont.iins  but  little  salt. 
In  proportion  to  the  North  Sea.  this  is  found  to  be  as  194  to 
373.  The  X.  part  of  the  Baltic  is  generally  called  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia;  on  the  E.  are -the  Gulfs  of  Finland  anil  Riga, 
on  the  S.E.  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic.  and  on  the  S.AA".  the  Gulf 
of  Lulieck.  The  depth  of  the  Baltic  on  the  AV.  is  not  more 
than  15  fathoms,  and  in  general  it  is  only  from  8  to  10 
fathoms  deep :  on  the  S.  it  is  nowhere  more  than  oil  fiithoms; 
but  towards  the  X".  it  deepens  to  100  fathoms.  The  Baltic 
receives  the  waters  of  the  Motala-Elv,  the  lakes  of  M.tlar, 
Onega,  and  Ladoga,  the  DUna.  Xiemen,  A'istula.  and  the 
Oder,  besides  numerous  smaller  streams.  The  great  amount 
of  .sand  and  mud  carried  down  by  the  rivers  has  consider- 
ably raised  the  bottom  of  this  sea.  and  "losed  the  mouths 
of  many  of  its  navigable  streams,  so  that  ships  which  foi-- 
merly  entered  these  rivers,  must  now  be  anchored  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  their  mouths.  This,  together  w  ith 
the  numerous  islands  and  sand-banks,  and  the  gi'adual 
upward  movement  of  the  bed  of  the  sea.  (at  the  rate  of 
several  feet  in  a  century.")  readers  navigation  on  the  Danish 
shores  of  the  Baltic  troublesome  and  dangerous.  The  chief 
islands  of  this  sea  are  those  of  the  Danish  Archijielago.  be- 
tween the  coasts  of  .Tutland  and  Sweden ;  the  islands  of 
Rilgen.  Bornholm.  (Eland,  Gottland.  Dagiie,  and  (Jesel,  the 
group  of  Oland.  and  that  of  Holmtin.  The  Baltic  ha,s  no 
tides,  or  rather  the  effect  of  the  tide  is  so  little  felt  as  not  to 

159 


BAL 


BAL 


be  ODservable;  but  it  is  subject  to  changes  of  level,  depend- 
ing on  the  winds,  retardiug  or  accelerating  the  passage  of 
the  water  through  the  sound  and  the  belts.  Thus,  during 
a.  X.E.  wind,  the  S.W.  portion  of  the  sea  is  often  raised  as 
much  as  4  feet  alxive  the  usual  level  of  the  Xorth  Sea. 
This  has  led  to  the  erroneous  opinion  that  the  Baltic  is 
always  higher  than  the  German  Ocean;  on  the  contrary, 
after  X.W.  gales  and  during  spring  tides,  the  Atlantic  rises, 
and  pouring  a  Hood  into  the  Baltic,  commits  great  havoc 
among  the  islands  of  the  Danish  Archipelago.  The  great 
amount  of  water  which  flows  into  the  Baltic,  especially 
during  the  melting  of  the  snow  in  spring,  occasions  a  gene- 
ral current  in  the  direction  of  the  ocean ;  and  it  has  been 
calculated  that  the  number  of  days  in  which  the  water 
flows  into  the  Cattegat.  is  in  proportion  to  those  in  which 
it  follows  in  an  opposite  direction,  as  24  to  1.  During  win- 
ter this  sea  is  usually  frozen  to  a  greater  or  less  distance 
along  the  coasts ;  and  in  severe  winters,  not  only  the  sound 
and  the  belts,  but  a  great  part  of  its  surface  is  covered  with 
Ice.  In  the  reign  of  King  Christopher,  (13i4.'l  the  Raltic  was 
frozen  so  hard.  that,  for  six  weeks,  the  people  travelled  be- 
tween Denmark  and  Germany  on  the  ice.  The  Baltic  con- 
tains abundance  of  fish,  and  a  great  quantity  of  amber  is 
gathered  on  its  S.  shores.  The  most  important  ports  are 
St.  Petersburg,  Rigji.  Kiinisberg,  Dantzic,  Stralsuud,  l,u- 
beck.  Copenhagen,  Carlscrona,  Stockholm,  and  Christiania. 

BALTIC  PORT,  or  BALTIISKOI,  bai-UMs-koy',  a  small 
seaport  of  Russia,  inE8thonia,on  the  island  of  Ratg,  at  the 
Intiux  of  the  rivulet  Padis,  into  the  Baltic,  near  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  3S  miles  W.  of  Revel. 

BALTAXAS,  bdl-td'nis.  or  VALTAXAS,  vdl-ti'nas,  a 
town  of  Spain,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Palencia.    Pop.  2350. 

BALTKE  or  BALTI.  bdl'tee,  Asia.     See  Bclti. 

BALTIC  PROVINCES  is  the  name  applied  to  the  Ru.s.sian 
governments  of  Courland.  Esthoniiu  Livonia,  and  St.  Peters- 
burir.  with  the  principality  of  Finland,  situated  on  the 
Baltic  Sea. 

BALTIMORE,  bawl'te-more  or  bawlt/f-mgr.  a  seaport  town 
of  IiX'laud,  at  its  S.  extremity,  province  of  Jlunster.  county 
of  Cork,  on  a  small  arm  of  the  Atlantic  47  miles  S.W.  of 
Cork.  Lat.  51°  29'  X.,  Ion.  9°  20'  W.  Pop.  16S.  It  has  a 
oonsiderable  coast  trade.  Registered  shipping  belonging  to 
the  port  in  1847.  120  vessels,  3'.i26  tons. 

B.\LTIMORE,  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  Maryland,  bor- 
deiing  on  Pennsylvania,  and  ou  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  has  an 
area  of  about  700  square  miles.  The  Patapsco  river  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  S.  and  W.,  and  it  is  intersected  by 
Gunpowder  River.  The  surface  is  pleas.antly  diversified  by 
hills,  some  of  which  rise  about  800  feet  alx)ve  the  tide-water. 
The  ledge  of  primitive  rock  which  limits  the  ascent  of  the 
tide,  traverses  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  county.  The 
land  Iq  many  parts  is  rocky,  but  in  general  productive. 
Granite,  gneiss,  hornblende,  limestone,  and  soapstone  are 
the  principal  rocks  of  the  county,  which  also  contiins  mines 
of  copper,  iron,  and  chrome,  and  beds  of  red  and  yellow 
ochre  and  magnesia.  The  B,^ltimore  and  Ohio,  the  Balti- 
timore  and  Su>quehanna.  and  the  Philadelphia  and  Balti- 
more railroads  all  terminate  in  this  county,  which  is  by  fiir  the 
most  populous  and  important  in  the  state.  Capital,  Tow- 
gontown.     Pop.  2fc'6,5.!)3. 

BALTIMORE,  a  township  of  Windsor  CO.,  Vermont.   P.  116. 

B.4LTIM0RE,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Baltimore  co.,  Maryland,  is  situated  on  a  small  bay  or  estu- 
ary, which  extends  about  two  miles  and  a  half  inland  from 
the  X'.  side  of  Patapsco  River,  about  12  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Chesiipeake  Bay.  The  city,  by  ship  channel,  is 
about  2iX)  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  3S  miles  by  railroad 
N.E.  from  Washington,  and  98  miles  S.W.  from  Philadelphia. 
Lat  39^  17'  X.,  Ion.  76°  37'  W.  Baltimore  is  admirably  situ- 
ated both  for  foreign  and  internal  trade,  having  a  sp;»pious 
and  se-ure  harbor,  lieiug  in  a  central  position  as  regards  the 
Atlantic  portions  of  the  Union,  and  having  direct  communi- 
cation with  the  Great  West  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road to  Wheeling;  besides  being  connects  by  railway  with 
the  X.E.  and  S.W.,  it  is  united  to  various  minor  places,  viz. 
to  Harrisburg,  York,  and  Ch.^mbersburg.  in  Pennsylvania ; 
to  Annapolis.  Frederick  City,  and  Cumberland,  in  Maryland, 
and  to  Winchester,  in  Virginia,  while  the  extension  of  new 
railroads  in  every  direction  is  increasing  her  lacilitips  for 
trade  almost  daily. 

Grzneml  A.ipect. — Perhaps  no  city  in  the  United  States  has 
Buch  a  picturesque  site  as  Baltimore,  covering  as  it  does  a 
number  of  eminences,  which,  however  inconvenient  they 
may  be  for  the  residents,  furnish  a  plea.sant  variety  for  the 
stranger.  If  the  visitor  ascends  the  Washington  Monument, 
in  the  X.  part  of  the  city,ou  a  hill,  itself  100  feet  above  tide, 
he  has  one  of  the  finest  panoramas  furnished  by  any  city  in 
the  Union.  Immediately  beneath  and  around  him  are  some 
of  the  most  capricious  streets,  lined  with  residences  rarely 
equalled  in  elegance,  size,  and  position.  To  the  X.  and  X.W. 
are  the  newer  and  finer  buildings,  constituting  the  fivsiiion- 
able  part  of  the  city,  while  to  the  S.  lies  the  great  centre  of 
trade :  a  little  to  the  S.E.  is  the  harbor,  and  beyond  it  Federal 
Hill ;  while  far  in  the  distance,  b\it  nearly  in  the  same  di- 
rection, stretches  the  beautiful  arm  of  the  bay  ou  which 
160 


Baltimore  stands.  To  the  E.and  S.E.  across  .Jones's  Falls  (a 
small  creek  which  divides  the  city  into  two  portions)  lie  the 
Old  Town  and  Fell's  Point ;  and  to  the  W.  the  newer  por- 
tions, which  are  extending  rapidly.  The  view  is  varied  by 
the  dome  of  the  Catholic  cathedral,  the  Unitarian  clnirch, 
and  the  Exchange,  by  the  shot-tower,  by  the  Battle  Monu- 
ment, and  by  the  steeples  and  towers  of  the  various  churches 
scattered  in  all  directions;  the  whole  girt  on  the  X.W.  and 
E.  by  beautiful  hills  crowned  with  a  natural  growth  of 
trees.  Although  the  site  of  the  city  Is  such  as  to  Ciiuse  irre- 
gularity in  some  of  the  streets,  the  diffei-ent  sections  are 
laid  out  with  great  uniformity.  Baltimore  street,  the  fashion- 
able promenade,  and  seat  of  the  retail  and  jobbing  busi- 
ness, divides  the  city  into  two  nearly  equ.al  portions,  the 
larger  part  lying  to  the  X.  Charles  street,  crossing  this  at 
right  angles,  also  divides  the  city  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts,  the  portion  called  Xorth  Charles  street  being  mostly 
occupied  with  elegant  residences,  and  South  Charles  street, 
between  Baltimore  and  I/imbard  streets,  with  extensive 
wholesale  warehouses. 

From  the  number  and  prominence  of  its  monuments, 
Baltimore  has  been  denominated  the  "  Monumental  City." 
The  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the  Washiuarton  Monument, 
standing  in  a  small,  open  area  at  the  intei-section  of  Charles 
and  Monument  streets.  Its  base.  50  feet  square  and  20  high, 
supports  a  Doric  column  17l5j  feet  in  height,  which  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  colossal  statue  of  'Washington.  16  feet  high, 
giving  its  summit  an  elevation  of  312^  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  harhor.  The  shaft.  20  feet  squ.are  at  the  base,  and  14 
at  the  top.  is  ascended  by  means  of  a  winding  stairway 
within.  The  whole  is  constructed  of  white  marble,  and  cost 
$200,000.  Battle  Monument,  also  a  beautiful  structure  of 
marble,  is  situated  in  Monument  Square,  in  Calvert  street, 
near  I..exington  street.  From  the  base,  which  is  s(|uare  and 
ornamented  with  various  devices,  rises  a  facial  column.  18 
feet  high,  on  the  bands  of  which  are  in8cril)ed  the  names  of 
those  who  fell  while  defending  the  city  from  the  attack  of 
the  British,  September  12th.  1814.  This  is  surmounted  by 
a  beautiful  statue  of  the  Goddess  of  Liberty,  '14  feet  high, 
making  the  entire  height  of  tjie  monimient  5214  feet.  An- 
other object  of  much  interest  to  strangers  is  the  Merchants' 
Shot  Tower,  the  highest,  it  is  said,  in  the  world,  hiiving  an 
elevation  of  246  feet. 

Among  the  public  buildings  of  Baltimore  may  be  mentioned 
the  court-house,  a  handsome  brick  edifice,  145  feet  long, 
65  wide,  and  two  stories  high,  with  a  dome.  It  is  situated 
on  Monument  square  and  Lexington  street,  and  cost  !?1 50,000. 
Tlie  new  U.  S.  Court-llouse,  corner  of  North  and  Fayette 
streets,  is  a  handsome,mi»ssi  ve  strncture.built  of  granite.and  is 
rapidly  approaching  completion.  Tlie  Exchange  in  Gay  street 
is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  costly  buildings  in  the  city. 
It  is  240  feet  in  length,  143  in  depth,  and  three  stories  high 
above  the  basement.  The  dome  is  53  feet  in  diameter,  and 
115  feet  above  the  pavement.  The  S.  end  is  occupied  as  the 
Custom-honse,  the  N.  by  the  Merchants'  Bank,  and  in  the 
rotunda  is  the  city  post-office.  The  original  cost  of  the  Ex- 
change property  was  about  $600,000.  'The  Maryland  Insti- 
tute, 355  feet  long  and  60  wide,  situated  on  Baltimore  street, 
is  one  of  the  largest  buildings  ever  erected  in  the  United 
States,  for  the  promotion  of  the  mechanic  arts.  It  consists 
of  a  centre  and  two  wings,  the  latter  three-stories  each,  with 
a  cupola.  The  first  story  is  occupied  as  a  market,  and  in 
the  second  is  the  main  hall,  242  feet  in  length,  and"  60  in 
breadth.  The  three  story  edifice,  fronting  on  Baltimore 
street,  contains  the  library,  reading-room,  offices,  &c.  The 
building  cost  about  $60,000.  The  Corn  and  Flour  Exchange, 
corner  of  South  and  Wood  streets,  is  a  handsome  and  sub- 
stantial structure.  The  Calvert  station  for  the  Northern 
Central  Railway,  has  a  very  imposing  front,  and  is  315  feet 
long  and  120  wide.  Cost,  $45,000.  The  Camden  station,  at 
the  intersection  of  Howard  and  Camden  streets,  for  the  Bal- 
tim.ore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  build- 
ings of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.  The  depot  of  the  Phila. 
and  Hal  t  imore  R  .H.  Company,  at  the  corner  of  President  street 
and  Canton  Avenue,  is  also  a  large  and  costly  structure.  Car- 
roll Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Baltimore  and  Calvert  streets,  is  a 
handsome  edifice,  containing  a  spacions  exlubition  room, 
now  occupied  by  the  Baltimore  Gymnasimn.  The  new  As- 
sembly Rooms,  at  the  corner  of  Hanover  and  Lombard 
streets,  are  the  fiishionable  lecture  and  concert  rooms  of  the 
city.  A  large  and  elegant  iron  building,  the  first  ever  erected 
in  Baltimore,  located  at  the  corner  of  South  and  Baltimore 
streets,  is  occupied  by  the  proprietors  of  the  Bjilfimore  Sun. 
The  Odd  Fellows  and  Masonic  Halls,  the  one  a  Gothic,  and 
the  other  a  Grecian  temple,  are  conspicuous  for  the  taste 
displayed  in  their  erection. 

The  most  imposing  church  edifice  in  Baltimore  is  the  Ko- 
man  Catholic  cathedral,  on  Mulberry  street,  between  Charles 
and  Cathedral  streets.  It  is  a  massive  granite  structure,  190 
feet  long,  177  broad,  and  127  feet  from  the  ground  to  the  top 
of  the  cross  surmounting  the  dome.  The  cathedral  contains 
one  of  the  largest  organs  in  the  United  States,  having  6000 
pipes  and  36  stops;  and  two  beautiful  paintings,  one,  "The 
Descent  from  the  Cross,"  presented  by  Louis  XVI.  of  France; 
the  other,  "  St.  Louis  iJurying  his  ofScers  and  soldiers  slain 


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before  Tunis,"  presented  by  Charles  X.  Of  the  other  Roman 
Catholic  churclies,  St.  Alplionsiis  cliurcli,  at  tlio  corner  of 
Saratoga  Hnd  Park  streets,  witli  a  spire  200  feet  higli,  ami 
St.  Vincent  do  Paul's,  iu  Front  street,  are  both  large  and 
costly  edifices.  Grace  church  (Episcopal),  erected  at  the 
corner  of  Monument  and  Park  streets,  is  a  magnificent 
Gotliic  structure  of  red  sandstone;  near  it  is  another  Epis- 
copal church  (Emanuel),  of  gray  sandstone,  also  in  the  Gothic 
style;  and  at  the  corner  of  Charles  and  Saratoga  streets 
stands  St.  Paul's  church  (Episcopal),  in  the  Grecian  style, 
which,  in  its  erection,  cost  $142,000.  The  Unitarian  church, 
corner  of  Charles  and  I-'ranklin  streets,  is  an  elegant  bnild- 
ng.  The  First  and  Second  Presbyterian  churches  are  haiid- 
lome  edifices,  built  in  the  Gothic  style.  The  whole  number  of 
churches  in  Baltimore  (1865)  is  as  follows; — Methodist  Epis- 
copal, in  its  several  divisions,  47;  Koman  Catholic,  20;  Pro- 
testant Episcopal,  19;  Presbyterian,  15;  Lutheran,  10;  Bap- 
tist, 10;  Methodist  Protestant,  8;  Jewish  Synagogues,  6; 
German  Reformed,  3;  Friends' meeting-houses,  3;  Swoden- 
borgian,  3 ;  Christian  Baptist,  or  Disciples'  church,  2 ;  Evan- 
gelical Association,  2;  German  Independent  churches,  4; 
Unitarian,  1;  Universalist,  1;  Seamen's  Union  Bethel,  1: 
United  Brethren,  1 ;  of  the  above  churches  several  are  used 
by  African  congregiitions,  besides  which  there  are  five  Afri- 
can churches  exclusively  under  the  control  of  persons  of 
their  own  color.    Total,  161. 

Iiiftilidions. — Tlie  educational  and  literary  institutions  of 
Baltimore  are  numerous.  Among  these  may  be  named  the 
University  of  MaryUuid,  at  the  intersection  of  Green  and 
Lombard  streets;  the  medical  department  of  the  University, 
founded  iu  1S07;  Loyola  College,  at  the  corner  of  Madison 
and  Calvert  streets;  Baltimore  College,  being  the  school  of 
letters  of  the  University  of  Maryland,  on  Mulberry  street 
opposite  the  cathedral ;  and  the  Theological  school  formerly 
connected  with  St.  Mary's  College.  (See  table  of  Colleges, 
Appendix.)  The  Athenivum,  at  the  comer  of  St.  Paul  and 
Saratoga  streets,  is  occupied  jointly  by  the  Mercantile  Li- 
brary Association,  which  has  a  library  of  aliout  19,000 
volumes  and  extensive  reading-rooms;  the  Baltimore  Li- 
brary of  15,000  volumes,  with.reading-roonis :  and  the  Mary- 
land Historical  Society.  The  latter  has  a  collection  of  al)Out 
1000  volumes,  and  a  gallery  in  which  are  held  annual  exhi- 
bitions of  paintings  and  sculpture.  The  Peabody  Institute, 
corner  of  Charles  and  Monument  streets,  founded  by  the  mu- 
nificence of  the  eminent  London  banker,  is  designed  to  con- 
tain, besides  a  large  library,  a  superior  collection  of  jiaintings. 
The  reading-room  connected  with  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  lo- 
cated near  the  Mei-chants'  Exchange,  la  supplied  witli  news- 
papers from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  newspaper  press 
comprises  about  25  publications,  7  or  8  of  which  are  dailies. 

Baltimore  contains  three  hospitals,  viz.,  the  Mnrj'land 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  situated  on  an  eminence  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  city;  Mount  IIopo  Institution,  under  the 
management  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  near  North  Avenue 
and  the  Baltimore  Infirmary,  occupying  a  capacious  build- 
ing on  the  S.  side  of  Lombard  street,  near  the  University. 
The  latter  is  also  under  the  supervision  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity,  and  has  accommodiitiong  for  300  patients.  The 
Church  Home  and  Infirmary,  on  Broadway,  north  of  Balti- 
more street,  connected  with  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  the 
Union  Protestant  Infirmary,  at  tjie  corner  of  Mosher  and 
Division  streets,  are  both  under  the  management  of  ladies, 
and  open  for  the  reception  of  medical  and  surgical  cases. 
A  handsome  edifice,  called  the  Aged  Womens'  Ilome,  has 
been  erected  on  West  Lexington  street,  near  Calhoun  street. 
A  similar  structure  has  recently  been  erected,  on  the  ad- 
joining lot,  for  aged  men.  There  is  a  Home  of  the  Friend- 
less at  the  corner  of  Townsend  street  and  Druid  Hill  Avenue. 
The  other  principal  benevolent  institutions  are  5  Orphan 
asylums,  and  the  Almshouse.  A  new  Almshouse  is  now  in 
course  of  erection,  some  2  miles  from  the  eastern  limits  of 
the  city.  The  State  Penitentiary,  with  the  jail,  occupies  a 
square  E.  of  Jones's  Falls.  In  Deceniber,  1861,  it  contained  349 
convicts,  who  were  principally  employed  in  the  various  me- 
chanic arts.  The  jail  is  a  large  stone  structure,  built  in  the 
Gothic  style,  with  towers,  and  was  completed  in  1860,  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  of  $250,000.  The  House  of  Refuge,  intended 
as  a  place  of  discipline  for  juvenile  delinquents,  is  situated 
near  the  Frederick  turnpike,  about  two  miles  from  the  city. 
At  the  close  of  the  year  1S62,  there  were  329  inmates.  The 
public  schools  of  the  city  in  1863,  w^ere  as  follows,  viz.,  1 
male  and  2  female  high  schools,  1  floating  school  for  sea- 
men. 13  male  and  15  female  grammar  schools,  20  male  and 
30  female  primary  schools,  and  5  evening  schools  for  males. 
The  above  schools  were  attended  by  15,661  pupils,  being  an 
increase  of  1.370  over  the  year  1862.  Number  of  teachers 
employed,  350.  The  whole  amount  expended  for  school 
purposes,  during  the  year  1863,  was  $169,667.97. 

There  is  a  large  number  of  hotels  in  Baltimore,  two  of 
which  are  of  the  first  class,  viz.,  the  City  Hotel,  or  Barnum's, 
at  the  corner  of  Calvert  and  Fayette  streets,  and  the  Eutaw 
House,  at  the  corner  of  Baltimore  and  Eutaw  streets. 

P.iW.s.  — Druid  Hill  Park,  embracing  548  acres  of  land, 
lying  just  beyond  the  northern  boundary  line  of  the  city, 
was  opened  to  the  public  on  October  19, 1861.    It  is  remark- 


'  able  for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  Patterson's  Park,  lying  In 
the  eastern  part  of  the  city,  is  an  enclosure  of  36  acres,  em- 
bracing the  earthworks  thrown  up  for  the  defence  of  the  eit j 
in  the  War  of  1812.  Franklin,  Union,  Madison,  and  other 
squares,  and  the  Eastern  and  Calvert  street  Springsi  are 
I  attractive  places  of  resort  during  the  sunmier  S(!ason. 
I  Oitniuerce.  Financea,  dc. — In  commercial  importance, lial- 
timore  ranks  aniong  the  first  cities  in  the  United  Sta'es. 
I  Its  position  is  such  as  to  ren<ler  it  a  great  centre  of  tradd. 
Situated  near  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  it  enjoys  superior  advan- 
tages for  foreign  conmierce,  while  the  numerous  lines  of 
railway  that  here  have  their  termination,  invite  to  it  the 
agricultural  and  mineral  wealth  of  a  viust  interior.  The 
completion  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  liailroad  to  Wheeling 
is  destined  to  exert  an  immense  influence  on  the  commercial 
activity  of  this  great  emporium.  There  were  on  January 
2d,  1S05, 17  banks  in  Baltimore,  two  of  which  were  organ- 
ized under  the  National  Banking  law,  and  their  aggregate 
capital  was  811,322,988;  besides  which  there  are  3  Savings 
Banks  which  have  on  deposit,  and  safely  invi-sted.  or  loaned 
upcjii  interest  paying  stocks,  the  sum  of  $6,.371,0S2.42.  In 
IMU,  baltiniore  had  1  life,  9  fire,  and  2  marine  insurance 
conqianies,  besides  many  insurance  agencies.  The  total 
asse.ssed  real  atid  personal  jiropertv  of  the  city,  amounted 
on  January  1st,  1865,  to  8140,000.000. 

The  arrivals  at  the  port  of  Baltimore,  exclnsive  of  bay 
craft,  in  the  year  ending  December  .31st,  1 864,  were  1143 
steamei-s.  S8  ships,  137  biuks,  197  brigs,  1025  schooners; 
total  2.540.  In  the  same  period  29  vessels  of  3S04  tons  bur- 
then, were  built.  There  were  received  in  1864, 483,000  tons 
of  Cumberland  coal,  10,000  bales  of  cotton,  97,620  bags  of 
coffee  from  Rio  and  other  South  American  ports;  4400  tons 
of  guano;  27,771  hogsheads  of  sugar,  besides  8184  boxes  of 
sugar  from  Havanna,  and  12,814  bags  and  470  cases  from 
Brazil;  West  India  molasses,  5635  hogsheads,  1812  tierces, 
2471  liarrels:  salt  from  Liverpool,  114,236  sacks — coastwise, 
23.84S  sacks;  pork  and  bacon.  18.727  tons;  lard,  3000  tons; 
1,960,092  bushels  of  wheat :  2,286.003  bushels  of  corn ;  946,710 
bushels  of  oats ;  55,.51S  bushels  of  rj-e ;  12,lX)0  bushels  of  peas ; 
60,000  bushels  of  beans — the  total  of  all  kinds  of  grain  and 
pulse,  o,.320,323  buslK-ls ;  Quercitron  bark,  24,263  bags ; 
56,190  barrels  of  whiskey ;  and  52,619  hogsheads  of  tobacco. 
There  were  also  inspected  1.0.3.3.433  barrels  of  wheat  flour; 
7140  barrels  of  rvc  flotir:  .30.977  barrels  corn  meal;  261,257 
sides  of  leather:  mackerel.  30,401  barrels,  1290  half-barrels, 
and  55  kits;  herring,  20,650  barrels,  .307  halfbarrels;  and 
shad,  736  barrels.  Foreign  imports  of  Baltimore,  in  1864, 
$6,076,300.  Exports,  S12,.362,448.  The  registered  tonnage 
of  Baltimore  for  1864.  wiis  45,198;  enrolled  and  licensed, 
20.3,497  — total,  248,695  tons. 

Baltimore  enjoys  superior  advantages  for  manufactures. 
Jones's  Falls,  Gwynn's  Falls,  and  Patapsco  river  afford  im- 
mense water-power,  which  is  extensively  employed  for  flour- 
mills,  of  which  there  are  over  60  within  20  miles  of  the  citv. 
Numerous  cotton,  iron,  and  other  numufactories  are  also  in 
operation,  and  some  of  the  largest  engine  establishments  in 
the  United  States  are  located  here. 

The  city  is  principallj-  supplied  with  water  from  Jones's 
Falls.  Swann  lake,  from  wliicli  the  water  is  conducted,  is 
lociitod  some  seven  miles  from  the  city,  anil  is  225  feet  above 
tide  and  the  Mount  Royal  Reservoir,  which  is  within  a  short 
distance  of  the  northern  limits  of  the  city,  is  150  feet 
above  tide.  Washington  Factory  dam  is  110  feet  above  tide. 
The  sources  of  supply,  upon  which  the  city  depends,  are 
sufficient  for  a  population  twice  as  great  as  Baltimore  now 
contains.  On  Federal  Hill  is  an  observatory,  which  sei-ves, 
in  connection  with  another  at  Bodkin  Point,  to  announce 
the  approach  of  vessels.  At  Locust  Point,  piers  of  an  ex- 
tended character  are  erected,  and  the  receipt  and  transship- 
ment of  coal,  iron,  and  the  heavier  articles  of  merchandise 
are  carried  on  at  this  place. 

The  boundary  avenues  around  the  city,  from  250  to  300 
feet  in  width,  and  in  their  united  length  exceeding  12  miles, 
are  being  improved  by  planting  handsome  rows  of  trees 
their  entire  distance.  Greenmount  Cemetery  is  the  princi- 
pal burial-place.  It  is  a  beautiful  enclosure  of  60  acres, 
lying  in  the  city  limits,  and  is  laid  out  and  embellished  in 
the  most  tasteful  manner.  The  other  cemeteries  are  Balti- 
more, London  Park,  St.  Paul's,  Mount  Olivet.Western,  Mount 
Carmel,  Cathedral,  and  Holy  Cross,  and  the  Laurel  Cemetery 
for  persons  of  color.  The  entrances  to  Greenmount  and 
Baltimore  Cemeteries  are  imposing  gateways  of  stone. 

There  are  4  Dispensaries  in  the  city,  from  which  the  poor 
obtain  medicines  and  professional  advice,  gratuitously. 

Hialory.  —  The  present  site  of  the  city  of  Baltimore  was 
first  fixed  upon  for  a  town  in  1729;  the  name  Baltimore 
was  given  to  it  in  1745.  In  1768  it  became  the  sliire  town 
of  the  county.  Its  firet  newspaper,  "  The  Slaryland  Journal 
and  Baltimore  Advertiser,"  a  weekly,  was  issued  on  the 
20th  of  August,  1773.  It  became  a  port  of  entry,  a  custom- 
house was  opened,  and  a  naval  officer  appointed,  in  1780. 
None  of  the  streets  were  paved  till  1782,  when  a  beginning 
was  made  on  Baltimore  street,  which  has  always  been  re- 
garded as  the  main  street  of  the  city.  In  the  same  year 
the  first  regular  communication  with  Philadelphia  —a  lino 

161 


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efstaffe-coRcb-^ — was  commenced ;  watchmen  were  employed 
in  1784 ;  an  act  of  incorporation  was  obtained  on  the  last 
day  of  the  year  I'iiO.  and  the  city  government  was  organized 
in  17H7.  A  census  was  taken  in  1775,  when  the  town  was 
found  to  contain  6f4  houses  and  6334  persons.  In  1790. 
there  were  in  Baltimore  13.530  inhabitants;  in  ISOO,  26,514; 
in  1810.  46.4.55;  in  1820,  62,738;  in  1830,  80.620;  in  1840, 

102,51.3;  in  1850,  169,054;  in  1860.  212,418. Adj.  and  in- 

hkb.  IJalt)Mori.\n,  bawl-te-nio're-an. 

BALTIJIORK,  a  post-office  of  Hickman  co„  Kentucky. 

BALTIMORE,  a  tiourishing  post-village  of  Liberty  town- 
ship, Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  24 
miles  in  a  direct  line  S.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  one  of  the 
prinrip:il  business  places  in  the  county.    Pop.  about  700. 

BALTIMORE,  a  pos^office  of  Barry  co.,  Michigan. 

BALTIMORE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  Rirer,  78  miles  X.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

BALTIMORE,  a  post-village  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  10 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Galena. 

BALTIMORE,  a  small  town  near  the  boundary  between 
Tuolumne  and  Mariposa  counties,  California,  on  the  left 
biink  of  the  Mercede  Kiver,  about  1  mile  from  its  junction 
with  the  San  Joaquin. 

BALTIMORE  UUXDRED,  Sussex  co.,  Delaware.  Pop. 
2580. 

BALTIXGLASS,  bawlt-ing-glass',  a  town  of  Ireland,  Lein- 
ster,  cos.  of  Wicklow  and  Carlow,  on  the  Slaney,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Carlow.  Pop.  of  town,  1928.  The  town  has  a  bride- 
well and  infirmary,  with  some  bleachfields,  remains  of  an 
abbey  of  the  twelfth  century,  and  a  castle  of  the  Eajl  of 
Aldborough.  chief  proprietor. 

BALTOXSBOROUGH,  bai't^ns-bHr-rtlh,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Somerset. 

BAI/TRUM,  a  small  low  island  of  Hanover,  in  East  Fries- 
land,  in  the  German  Ocean,  3}  miles  from  the  coast.  3  miles 
long,  .ind  three-fourths  of  a  mile  broad.  Pop.  103,  fi.shermen. 

B.iLTSUIK  or  BALTSCIIIK,  bdlt'sheek',  written  also 
B.A.LDSIIIK  and  BALDJIK,  bil'jeek',  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Varna,  on  the  Bl.ick  Sea,  near 
tlie  ruins  of  Tomi,  the  place  to  which  Ovid  was  exiled. 

BALU-KISSAR.    See  Baukesr. 

BALU  ISLAXD,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  Gulf  of 
Martaban,  at  the  embouchure  of  the  Salwin  or  Than-Lyeng 
River,  which  separates  Burmah  from  Siam.  It  is  17  miles 
long  and  8  broad,  extending  from  lat,  16°  14'  to  16°  31'  N. 

BALV.iXO,  bil-vi'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basi- 
lioata,  15  miles  W,  of  Potenza.    Pop.  4000. 

BALVASII'  (or  POOLVASII')  BAY,  Isle  of  Man,  at  the  S. 
end  of  the  i.sland.  Lat  54°  7'  X. ;  Ion.  4°  45'  W.  The  bay 
is  sp.-wious.  and  affords  good  anchorage  and  shelter. 

BALWIEHZlSlvI,  bil'veer-zis'kee.  a  town  of  Poland,  in 
Augustow,  23  miles  E.  of  Mariampol,  on  the  Xiemeu.  Pop. 
130b. 

BALZ.\C.  bil'zic',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente.  3  miles  X.  of  Angouleme.    Pop.  of  commune,  1000. 

BALZOLA.  bil-zo'li.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  5  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Casale.  with  a  hospital.    Pop.  2440. 

BAM'B.i,  a  considerable  town,  capital  of  a  province  of  its 
own  name  in  South-western  Africa,  in  Congo,  about  100 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Ambriz.  The  province  has  mines  of  salt, 
silver,  copper,  lead,  and  iron, 

BAMB.\RI{A,  b.am-bar'ra,  an  independent  state  of  West- 
ern Africa,  in  Soodan,  mostly  between  lat.  12°  and  14°  X„ 
and  Ion,  5°  and  9°  W„  having  on  the  S.  the  Mandingo 
country,  and  elsewhere  Kaarta,  Beroo,  (or  Beeroo,)  and  other 
states.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  level  table-land,  traversed 
in  its  centre,  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  by  the  Xiger,  (Joliba.)  on 
which  are  all  its  principal  towns.  Sego,  Sansanding.  Yami- 
na,  and  Bammakoo.  The  heat  of  the  climate  is  intense, 
but  more  supportable  than  in  the  surrounding  countries : 
the  rainy  se;isou  lasts  from  June  to  November.  The  shea 
or  buttei^tree,  bombax  orcotton-tree,  baobab,  oil-palm,  date, 
tamarind,  &c,  are  indigenous;  maize,  millet,  rice,  and  ca.s- 
sava  yield  two  crops  a  year.  The  Bambarras  are  negroes  of 
the  JLindingo  race,  and  tolerably  advanced  in  agriculture; 
they  spin  and  dye  various  fabrics,  work  in  iron  and  gold, 
manufacture  leather,  and  carry  on  a  pretty  extensive  trade 
with  mo!!t  of  the  countries  from  Timbuctoo  to  Guinea,  ex- 
porting iron,  cloths,  ivory,  slaves,  and  grain,  and  importing 
salt,  hardware,  arms,  and  Manchester  goods.  The  govern- 
ment is  oligarchicjil,  and  three-fourths  of  the  population  are 
slaves.  The  greater  number  are  pagans,  but  the  upper 
classes  profess  Mohammedanism;  the  barbarities  which  are 
enacted  in  .\shantee  do  not  prevail  in  this  part  of  Africa, 

BAMBECQUE.  bjM'bJk',  a  viUage  of  France,  department 
of  Xord,  arrondissement  of  Dunkerque.    Pop.  of  commune, 

ii.-ig. 

BAMBERG,  bamTserg,  (Oer.  pron.  Wm'bJRO,"!  a  town  of 
Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Main,  beautifully  situated  at  the 
foot  of  a  range  of  slopes  clothed  with  orchards,  hop-gardens, 
and  vineyards,  and  traversed  by  the  Ifegnitz.  the  branches 
of  which  divide  the  town  into  three  districts,  and  give 
It  a  form  very  much  resembling  the  letter  K.  The  com- 
munication between  these  districts  is  maintain(Ml  by  seven 
bridges,  one  of  them  an  eWant  suspension  bridge,  about 
162 


250  feet  long  and  30  broad.  The  town  is  surrounded  by 
walls,  and  well  built.  Its  hand.some  houses,  spacious,  welt 
paved,  and  well-lighted  streets,  together  with  the  pleasant 
walks  and  the  gardens  of  the  environs,  make  it  one  of  the 
finest  towns  and  most  delightful  residences  in  Bavaria. 
Among  the  public  buildings  of  liOte  are  the  Dom  Kirche  or 
cathedral,  a  fine  structure  in  the  Byzantine  style,  founded 
in  1004,  and  containing,  among  othor  interesting  monu- 
ments, the  curious  and  richly  sculptured  tomb  of  the  Em- 
peror Henry  II.  and  his  empress,  Cunigunda;  the  church 
of  St.  James,  founded  in  1073;  St.  Gaugolphs  church;  the 
upper  parish  church,  or  St.  Mary's,  a  haudsom-.'  Gothic 
building  of  a  quadrangular  form ;  and  the  Jesuit  church 
of  St.  Martin's,  a  massive  structure,  in  which  beauty  and 
grandeur  are  happily  combined,  and  to  which  is  attached  a 
library  particularly  rich  in  manuscripts.  To  these  build- 
ings may  be  added  the  old  Benedictine  monastery,  occupy- 
ing the  height  called  St.  Michael's  Mount,  and  r.uw  con- 
verted into  a  work-house;  the  old  palace  of  the  lii^hcips  of 
Bamberg,  the  theatre,  and  the  towu-haU.  The  educational 
and  literary  institutions  comprise  a  lyceum,  in  which  fuU 
courses  of  divinity  and  philosophy  are  given  by  eight  pro- 
fessors, assisted  by  other  teachers,  and  attended  by  700 
pupils;  a  normal  school,  a  mechanics'  institute,  a  drawing 
academy,  and  a  royal  library,  containing  about  56,0(W 
volumes;  a  museum  of  natural  history,  and  a  cabinet  of 
natural  and  experimental  philosophy.  There  are  also  sur- 
gical, anatomical,  and  other  medical  schools  attached  to  the 
general  infirmary,  founded  in  17S9  by  Bishop  Frank  Lud- 
wig,  of  Erthal,  and  possessing  a  capital  of  upwards  of 
30,000i.  The  principal  manufactures  of  the  town  are  of 
porcelain,  gloves,  jewelry,  wax,  tobacco,  starch,  musical  in- 
struments, marble  wares,  kc.  Large  quantities  of  garden- 
seeds  and  of  liquorice  are  raised  in  the  vicinity:  of  the 
latter,  about  50,000  pounds  are  annually  sent  abroad.  The 
beer  of  Bamberg  is  in  much  repute  throughout  the  sur- 
rounding country,  and  the  demand  for  it  is  so  great  as  to 
employ  upwards  of  60  breweries.  The  environs  .ibound  in 
picturesque  scenery.  It  is  connected  by  railway  with 
Jfuromberg.  Pop.,  exclusive  ot  military,  23,542;  of  whom 
400  are  .Tews.        

BAMBERG.  NEW,  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Tvith 
quicksilver  mines,  now  abandoned. 

BAMBOORA.  bam-boo'ri.  a  rained  citv  of  Sind;?.  W.  of 
Tatta,  in  lat.  24°  40' N.,  Ion.  67°  41'  E.," bearing  traces  of 
former  importance,  and  suppo.sed  to  have  been  identical  with 
Brahmixabad,  the  capital  of  a  flourishing  Hindoo  kingdom 
in  the  tenth  c«nturv. 

BAMB(K)K.  or  IJAMBOUK,  bdm-book',  written  also 
B.A.MBUK,  a  country  in  the  interior  of  North-western 
Africa,  in  fhe  angle  formed  by  the  Faleme  and  th-^  Senegal, 
S.  of  the  latter  river,  E.  of  bondoo,  and  N.  of  Wooli  and 
Dentila,  between  lat.  12°30' and  14°  30' N..  and  between  Ion. 
10°  30'  15"  and  12°  15'  W.  Its  precise  extent  h.as  not  been 
ascertained,  but  is  supposed  to  be  about  140  miles  in  length, 
by  80  to  100  in  breadth.  It  is.  on  the  whole,  a  mountainous 
district,  and  in  some  parts  rugged,  though  attaining  no 
great  elevation,  the  highest  points  never  exceeding  600 
feet  above  the  general  level  of  the  land,  wliiie  the 
ordinary  heights  are  about  3iX)  feet.  The  higher  regions 
are  sterile,  being  composed  mostly  of  naked  rock,  but 
the  valleys  and  plains  are  remarkable  for  their  fertility, 
and  for  the  luxuriance,  or  rather  exuberance,  of  their 
vegetation,  every  sort  of  platit  and  tree  attaining  the 
most  gigantic  dimensions — among  the  latter,  the  enor- 
mous baobab,  the  calabash,  and  tamarind,  with  a  great 
variety  of  acacias  and  palm-trees,  all  of  which  reach  here 
the  utmost  limits  of  their  growth  and  fruitfulness.  The 
rich  soil  produces  likewise  in  abundance,  and  almost  with- 
out culture,  maize,  millet,  cotton,  water-melons,  and  an 
inmiense  variety  of  leguminous  plants.  The  lowlands, 
which  are  subject  to  inundation,  yield  large  crops  of  rice 
of  the  finest  description.  Immense  herds  of  wild  oxen  and 
cows  rove  through  the  forests  or  feed  on  the  rich  pa.sture 
of  the  plains.  Lions  and  elephants  are  also  numerous,  and 
birds  and  insects  of  all  descriptions,  while  the  rivers  swarm 
with  crocodilies  of  the  most  fonnidaWe  kind.  But  the 
most  remarkable  feature  of  Bambcok  is  its  rich  gold-mines. 
The  principal  one,  an  insulated  hill  of  3000  paf-es  in  cir- 
cumference, and  about  300  feet  high,  is  at  the  distance  of 
about  1  mile  from  the  large  and  wealthy  town  of  Xatakoo. 
The  soil  is  almost  wholly  auriferous,  every  cubic  fcxit  con- 
taining gold  in  the  shape  of  lumps,  grain.s.  or  spangles. 
There  are  also  numerous  other  noted  gold-mines  in  Barn- 
book.  Slost  of  the  gold  found  is  given  to  the  Moors  in 
exchange  for  salt — &  scarce  and  much-coveted  commodity 
in  this  part  of  Africa,  as  in  many  others.  Baml>ook  \b 
densely  peopled.  The  natives  are  Mandingoes,  and  so  no- 
torious for  their  ferocity  and  crtielty,  as  to  l>e  esteemed  the 
type  of  barbarism.  Bainbook  was  at  one  time,  during  the 
fifteenth  century,  in  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese,  who 
had  been  tempted  by  its  gold-mines  to  invadi-  the  country 
They  do  not  appear,  however,  to  have  held  rt  long.  The 
ruins  of  ancient  Portuguese  forts  and  housei.  are  still  to  bt 
seen  in  the  country. 


BAM 


BAN 


BAMBOUOUGir,  Isam'bnr-r&h,  or  BA^rBROUOn,  bam'- 
br6h,  a  ward  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
the  parish  on  the  coast,  16  miles  S.K.  of  Berwick.  Pop.  4545. 
Bamborough  Castle,  founded  about  a.  d.  554,  stands  on  a 
high  rock  projecting  into  the  North  Sea,  and  contains  a 
granary  for  supplying  corn  to  the  poor  at  a  cheap  rate, 
apartments  for  shipwrecked  seamen,  schools,  a  public  li- 
brary, dispensary,  and  infirmjiry,  supported  out  of  estates 
bequeathed  for  charitable  purposes  by  Lord  Crewe,  Bishop 
of  Durham,  in  ITl.'i. 

BAMIAN,  bd'mee^an',  BAMIGAN,  or  BAUMEEAN,  a 
famous  valley  and  pass  of  Afghanistan,  leading  into  Inde- 
pendent Toorkist.an,  (Khoondooz.)  between  the  Hindoo 
Koosh  range  and  I'aropamisan  Mountains,  and  important 
ft8  the  only  known  pass  across  the  Himalaya  chain  practi- 
cable for  artillery.  Lat.  34"  50'  N.;  Ion.  67°  48'  E.  Great- 
est elevation  of  pass,  8496  feet.  Here  are  numerous  caves, 
and  some  remarkable  gigantic  statues  cut  in  the  rock.  The 
whole  valley  is  .strewed  with  the  ruins  of  the  city  oi"  Gul- 
gula,  destroyed  by  the  Mongols  under  Jenghls  Khan 
about  the  year  1221. 

BAMMAKOO,  bim-mj-koo',  a  town  of  'Western  Africa, 
state  of  Bambarra,  on  tlie  Niger,  (Joliba,)  145  miles  W.S.W. 
of.«ogo. 

BA.MOO.    See  Bhamo. 

BAMI'OORA.    See  Bhanpoora. 

BAMI'TONorBATHAMl'TON.  a  market-town  and  pa- 
rish of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  6  miles  N.  of  Tiverton.  Pop. 
in  1851.  2102. 

BAMl'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland.  It 
has  two  parish  libraries  and  two  endowed  schools,  besides 
a  grammar  school. 

BAMPTON-KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
Land. 

B.\MPTON,  Little,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

BAMPTON-WiTH-WEALD,  a  parish  of  Engbind,  co.  of 
Oxford,  with  a  market-town. 

BAN,  bin,  or  BANOVITZ,  hin-i-vitti',  a  town  of  Northern 
Ilunjjary,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Trentschin.  Pop.  2o00  Slowaks, 
and  .■Si'O  .lews.    The  chief  trade  is  in  cattle,  wood,  and  iron. 

BANAGANPILLY,  bln-S-gin-pillee,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cuddapah. 
In  a  low  range  of  hills  ne.ar  it  diamonds  are  found. 

BANAGHER,  bau'a-her.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  near 
its  centre,  in  Leinster,  King's  co.,  on  the  Sh.annon.  here 
crossed  by  an  old  bricb^e  400  feet  in  length,  and  guarded  by 
batteries,  21  miles  W.S.M'.  of  Tullamore.  Pop.  2827.  It 
consists  mostly  of  one  long  street,  with  a  modern  church, 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  royal  endowed  school,  national 
school,  and  infantry  barracks. 

BANAGHER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  TJlster  co.  of  London- 
derry. 

B.ANALBUFAR,  ban-yll-boo-faR',  a  town  of  the  island  of 
Majorca.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Palma,  with  marble  quarries. 
Pop.  5000. 

BANAI.rMTLITARGREN7.E,  (Banal-MilitSrgrenze,)  W- 
nil  me-le-tain/grfnt'seh.  in  Austria,  a  division  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  Military  Croatia,  between  the  rivers  Save,  Kulpa,  and 
Una.  subdivided  into  the  two  nearly  efjual  districts  of 
BanaKirenz-Regimeut  I.  and  BanaKirenz-Kegiment  II., 
ea"h  with  an  area  of  400  geographical  .square  miles. 

BAXAM,  bd*ndm'.  a  large  ^^llage  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Ana- 
tolia, 26  miles  S.E.of  Angora,  between  the  mountains  of 
Elma  and  L'ra  Tnirh. 

BANANA  (bd-nj'n.?')  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islands 
N.W.  of  Africa,  off  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone,  near  Cape 
ShUllng.  Lat.  8°  8'  N.;  Ion.  13°  11'  42"  W.  The  largest 
is  4  miles  long  and  1  broad. 

BAN  ANAL,  bi-nd-ndl',  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Sao  Paulo,  on  the  road  from  the  city  of  that  name  to  Bio 
Janeiro,  in  the  district  of  Areas,  and  near  the  Parahiba 
do  Sul. 

BAN.ANAL,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, on  a  streamlet  of  the  same  name,  which  is  an  affluent 
of  the  Pai-ahiba  do  Sul  from  the  right,  and  navigable  for 
about  f.  miles. 

BAN  ANAL,  a  river  island  of  Brazil,  called,  also,  SANTA 
ANNA,  formed  by  the  river  Araguay.  It  lies  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Matto-CirosRO,  is  200  miles  long,  by  about  35  broad, 
covered  with  vast  forests,  and  has  in  its  centre  a  navigable 
lake,  said  to  be  about  90  miles  long  by  30  broad.  The  soil 
of  the  island  is  extremely  fertile.  The  name  Bananal  was 
given  it  from  the  remarkable  increase  iu  the  banana-trees 
plant«}d  there  by  the  discoverers  in  1773. 

BA.NARA,  bd-nd/rd,  a  large  village  of  Persia,  province  of 
Lari.stan,  48  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lar. 

BANAS-CHAI,  bdn'ds-chi',  a  river  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Ana- 
tfiUn,  fiows  S.W.  to  the  Mender,  (anc.  il(r:andi;r.)  which  it 
joins  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Alah-Sbehr.     Length,  70  miles. 

BAN  ASSAC,  bdn^nfls'sdk',  a  village  of  France,  depai-tment 
of  Lozfere.  arrondissement  of  Marvejols.  Pop.  of  commune, 
1818. 

BANAT,  bd-ndt/,  (Ger.  Banater  Grenze.)  a  large  province 
of  Austria,,  consisting  of  the  three  countiesof  Temesvar,  To- 


rontal,  and  Kiisso.  and  two  military  districts,  called  the 
German  liauat  and  the  W.allaoho-iiiVrian  UauaT.  vireateirt 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  120  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  from  "^ 
to  S.,  98  miles.  Bounded  by  the  Danube,  Theiss.  and  M»- 
ros.  on  all  sides  except  the  E.,  where  it  becomes  billy. 
With  this  exception,  the  surface  is  flat,  and  on  the  W.  is 
partly  covered  with  swamps.  The  other  rivers  are  the 
Temes.  the  Nera,  the  Karasch,  and  the  Alt  Bega,  so  called 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  Neu  Bega.  a  canal  about  85  miles 
long,  and  whoUy  within  the  province.  Taken  as  a  whole.^ 
the  Banat  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  districts  in  J^iu'opo, 
Its  wheat  has  long  been  famous  for  the  great  quantity  and 
excellence  of  the  flour  it  yields,  while  its  maize  frequently 
gives  24,  48,  or  even  60  returns.  The  vine  is  extensively 
planted,  and  great  attention  is  paid  to  the  rearing  of  the 
silk-worm.  Good  cotton  also  is  grown  The  minerals, 
hitherto,  have  not  been  considered  of  very  much  importp 
ance,  but  an  extensive  coalfield  has  been  ri>centlv  disco- 
vered.    Pop,  nearly  1,000,WO, 

BANAUL,  bdn-awl',  a  village  of  Cashmere,  40  miles  .?,E. 
of  Serinagur. 

B.\NAWAR.AM,  bd-nd-wdr-dm',  a  town  of  Southern  In- 
dia, in  the  Mysore  dominion,  77  miles  N.N.W.  of  Seriuga- 
patam. 

BAN'BRIDGE.  a  market-town  of  Irel.and,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Down,  parish  of  Seapatrick,  on  tiie  Upper  Bann,  7  miles 
S,W,  of  Dromore,  Pop,  3324.  The  town  is  neat  and  thriv- 
ing, and  has  a  handsome  new  church,  several  dissenting 
chapels,  two  market-houses,  and  a  brown  linen  hall.  Jt  is 
a  principal  seat  of  the  linen  trade  of  the  county,  and  has 
extensive  cloth  and  thread  factories,  bleaching-grounds, 
and  chemical-works. 

BANBURY,  ban'bi'r-e,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of  l^ngland.  co.  of  Ox- 
ford, on  the  Cberwell.  12  miles  N.E.of  Cbipping-Norton.  and 
17  miles  W.  of  the  AVolverton'station  of  the  North-western 
Railway.  I'op.  8715.  It  is  remarkably  neat  and  clean:  has 
a  large  church,  built  in  imitation  of  St.  I'buI's  Cathedral; 
a  bluiM-oat  .school,  a  brisk  carrying  trade  by  the  0.\ford 
and  Birmingham  Canal,  and  busy  markets  for  agricultural 
produce.  Banbury  has  long  been  noted  for  cheese  of  sujxv 
rior  quality,  and  for  cakes  which  bear  its  name.  It  sends 
one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

BANCA.  BANKA.  or  BANOKA,  bjink'ka.  a  large  island 
in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  ix'longing  to  llolland.  between 
Sumatra  and  Bornef>,  celebrated  for  its  tin.  It  is  of  irregu- 
lar shape,  abjut  IDS  miles  long  by  ('4  broad  at  its  N.  end, 
the  broadest  part;  art«.  4340  square  miles.  It  lias  several 
considerable  bays,  of  which  the  most  Important  are  Mun- 
tolt  and  Claba.  The  surface  is  hilly,  but  none  of  its  eleva- 
tions much  exceed  2000  feet.  The  liigher  hills  are  of  granite, 
the  lower  of  red  ferruginous  earth.  In  black  alluvium  be- 
tween these  latter  are  found  the  tin  deposits,  discovered  first 
by  chance  in  17 1 0,  and  rarely  more  than  25  feet  below  the  sur- 
faoe.  Only  a  small  portion  of  the  island,  in  the  N.  end.  near 
the  capital,  Mintow  or  Mintao,  has  yet  been  explored  for 
this  metal,  the  yield  of  which,  in  1S44,  reached  4189  tons. 
The  Banca  tin  is  the  best  obtained  in  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, and  is  said  to  be  equal,  or  nearly  so,  to  that  obtained 
in  Britain,  Besides  this  metal,  the  island  yields  iron,  b  ad, 
copper,  silver,  and  ar.senic,  rock-crystal  and  amethyst ;  and 
in  the  W.  part  there  are  Ix'ds  of  lignite.  Among  the  vege- 
table productions  may  be  named  dragon's-blood,  sassafras, 
nutmegs,  benzoin,  sago,  cassia,  &c,  Banca  is  inhabited  by 
Malays,  Chinese,  and  a  small  number  of  Bengal  Cipays 
and  a  still  smtiller  number  of  Boogis  from  CelelK'S,  The 
Chinese,  numbering  1S,WX),  are  the  only  'aborious  race  in 
the  island.     Pop,  in  1840,  .36.000, 

B.\NCA,  a  small  i.sland  group  at  the  N.E.  point  of  Ce- 
lebes, .separated  from  that  island  by  a  narrow  strait  of  the 
same  name.  The  largest  island,  whence  tlie  group  takes 
its  name,  is  in  lat.  (E.  point)  1°  4.3'  S.;  Ion.  126°  12'  E. 

BANCALAAN,  bdn-kd-UW,  a  small  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  near  the  S.W.  coast  of  Palawan.  Lat.  8°  15'  N., 
ion.  127°  IS' E. 

BAXCALLAN,  island  of  Madura.    See  B^nkalas. 

BANCA  POOR,  bdn-kd-pnor'.  a  town  of  British  India.  pr<^ 
sldency  of  Bombay,  .38  miles  S.E.  of  Darwar,  and  formerly 
an  important  fortress. 

BAN'CA,  STRAIT  OF,  between  the  islands  of  Banca  and 
Sumatra,  varies  from  8  to  20  miles  in  breadth, 

BANpE  (banss)  ISLAND,  a  small  fortified  island  in  the 
estuary  of  the  Sierra  Loone  River,  Western  Africa, 

BANCIIOKY-DEVENICK.ban-cho're-dJv'en-ik,  a  maritime 
parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Aberdeen  and  Kincardine,  inter- 
sected by  the  Dee,  5  miles  S.W.  of  .^.berdeen.  In  this  parish 
are  three  fishing  harbors,  some  large  cairns,  the  remains  of 
a  Druidie  temple,  and  a  foot  suspension  bridge,  305  feet  in 
length,  across  the  Dee. 

BANCHO'RY-TER'NAN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kin- 
cardine. 

BAXCOO'RAH,  or  WEST  BURD'WANV,  a  district  of  Brl- 
tish  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  formerly  nimed  the  .Tun- 
gle  Mehals.  Area,  "3000  square  miles.  Pop.  500,000  (?) 
The  surface  is  undulating;  \he  valleys  are  cultivated,  bill 


BAN 


BAN 


ihc  hills  covered  with  fore^-ts  nnd  jungles.  Bancoornh,  its 
piir.^ipal  town,  is  f.5  Miles  W.  of  Buidwan. 

UWCOOT',  or  FOKT  VICTOU'IA.  a  town  and  fort  of 
■British  India,  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bombay,  at  the  mouth  of 
Bancciot  Uiver.    It  has  a  small  harbor,  and  some  trade  in  salt. 

BAX'CKOFT,  a  new  county  in  the  X.X.W.  part  of  Iowa, 
bordering  on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  -iiW  S'luare  miles. 
It  is  principally  drained  by  Manketo  River  and  its  tributa- 
ries. Several  small  lakes  are  situated  in  and  near  the  X. 
border  of  this  county.  It  is  not  included  in  the  census  of 
ISoO. 

BANCROFT,  a  township  in  Aroostook  co.,  Maine.  Pop.  304. 

BAXCKOFT,  a  post-othce  of  Hampshire  co..  Massachusetts. 

BAXCKOFT,  a  small  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia,  110 
miles  X.W.  of  Augusta. 

BANDA  or  BAXDAII,  banM.i.  a  flourishing  town  of  Hin- 
dostan.  in  Bundeleund,  capital  of  a  rajahship  tributary  to 
the  British,  95  miles  W.  of  Allahabad. 

BAXDA  or  BAXDAII,  a  small  town  of  Hindostan,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  district  of  Surat. 

B.\XDA  (bdn'dd)  I.SLES,  a  group  of  twelve  small  but  im- 
portant islands  in  the  Jlolucca  Archipelano.  belonging  to 
the  Dutch,  50  miles  S.  of  Ceram.  Lat.  4° "30'  S.:  Ion.  129° 
60'  E.  Pop.  in  1S40,  4065.  They  are  ail  lofty  and  volcanic, 
and  the  four  larger  are  exclusively  appropriated  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  nutmegs  and  mace ;  400,000  poun  Is  of  the  foi^ 
mer  and  130.000  pounds  of  the  latter  are  produced  here  an- 
nually, and  form  the  chief  exports.  The  harbor,  which  is 
b^'autiful,  well  sheltered,  and  easy  of  access,  lies  X.  of  the 
island  of  Great  Banda,  and  between  it  and  the  islands  of 
Banda  Xeira  and  Goonong  Apee,  all  of  which  approach  close 
to  each  other.  It  is  defended  by  several  forts,  of  which  the 
most  important  are  those  of  Belgica  and  Xassau  on  Bauda 
Xeira,  and  Ilollandia  on  Great  Banda.  On  the  former  of 
these  islands  is  the  governor's  residence,  and  the  small  vil- 
lage or  town  of  the  same  name,  the  houses  in  which  are 
built  chiefly  of  wood,  and  roofed  with  leaves,  on  account  of 
the  fre-iuent  earthquakes  to  which  the  group  is  subject. 
The  island  of  Goonong  Ajiee  rises  7S80  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  active  volcanoes  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago. The  proximity  of  this  volcano  subjects  the  Banda 
Islands  to  the  rav.ages  of  fi-eiiuent  eruptions  and  earth- 
quakes, some  of  which  have  been  very  destructive. 

BAXDA  ORIENTAL.    See  UnuGUvv. 

BANDA  SEA,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  the  space  of  sea 
enclosed  by  the  islands  of  Booro  and  Ceram  on  the  X. ;  Timor 
and  the  Serawatty  Islands  on  the  S. :  Timor  Laut,  Larat,  and 
other  small  islands  on  the  E. :  and  the  Flores  Sea  on  the  W. 

BAN-DE-LA-ROCIIE,  bd.VMleh-li-rosh'.  a  valley  of  France, 
department  of  Vosges,  celebrated  as  the  scene  of  Oberlin's 
labors.  At  the  entrance  to  the  v.iUey,  in  the  church-yard  of 
the  quiet  village  of  Fonday,  is  the  tomb  of  Oberlin,  a  plain 
stone,  with  his  n.ame  engraved,  and  an  incription,  bi-aring, 
in  t^rms  eijually  true  and  touching,  '•  He  was  sixty  years  the 
&ther  of  this  district." 

BANDER.     See  Buxder. 

BANDITTI  (ban-dit'tee)  ISLE,  Malay  Archipel.ago,  in  the 
Strait  of  Lombok,  between  I^ombok  and  Bali,  20  miles  in  cir- 
cumference.    Lat.  8°  50  X.,  Ion.  115°  30'  E. 

BANDOL,  bS.NoMol'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
delightfully  situated  on  the  shore  of  the  Mediterranean,  9 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Toulon.  Pop.  1814.  It  exports  wines,  and 
has  (50  fishing-boats  belonging  to  its  port. 

B.^NDON,  ban'd9n.  a  river  in  the  3.  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork, 
rises  in  the  Carberry  mountains,  near  Dunmanway.  flows 
gener.iUy  E.  to  Innishannon.  and  thence  S.E.  to  the  Atlan- 
tic, forming  the  harbor  of  Kinsale.  Length,  40  miles,  for  15 
of  which  it  is  naviirable  for  vessels  of  200  tons. 

BAN'DON  or  BAX'DONBRIDGE,  a  town  of  Ireland,  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Cork,  on  both  banks  of  the  Randon,  a  beauti- 
ful stream,  celebrated  by  Spenser  as  "  The  pleasant  Bandon, 
crowned  by  many  a  wood."  There  are  several  good  streets 
in  the  town,  sti-aight  and  well  kept:  houses  of  stone  from  a 
quarry  in  the  vicinity,  generally  well  built,  lighted,  and 
amply  supplied  with  water,  Tiie  principal  public  build- 
ings are  a  court-house,  market-house,  and  savings  bank. 
There  are  two  good  classical  schools,  besides  two  parochial 
schools,  in  connection  with  the  Church  of  England,  two 
national  and  one  .Methodist  school,  for  the  instruction  of 
the  lower  classes.  Bandon  was,  about  25  years  ago.  a  flour- 
ishing m.inufacturing  town,  but  hardly  a  vestige  of  its  for- 
mer prosperity  now  remains.  It  is  peopled  by  a  colony  of 
English  Protestants.  It  returns  a  member  to  the  Uouse  of 
Commons.    Pop.  9049. 

BA.N'DiJNG',  a  town  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Jav.a.  Xear  it  is  the  volcano  of  GoenongGoeutoer, 
by  an  eruption  of  which,  in  1822.  SO  villages  were  destroyed. 

B.\N'D0OGUiy,  a  town  of  India,  in  Bundeleund,  58  miles 
S.W.  of  Rewah. 

BANDiyRA,  a  town  of  India,  on  Salsette  Island,  6  miles 
N.  of  Bombay. 

B.^NKC  or  B.\XXEC.  bJn^Jk'.  an  Island  of  France,  de- 
partment Finistere,  between  Ushant  and  the  mainland,  in 
lit.  4S°  2T  7"  X.,  Ion.  5°  1'  42"  W. 

BAXE'XjA,  a  post-village  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
161 


the  Yallobusha  River,  at  the  head  of  keel-boat  navigation, 
132  miles  X.  bj-  E.  of  Jackson.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich 
plantations  of  cotton,  and  has  an  active  trade. 

BaSeRAS.  bdn-yi/rds,  a  town  of  Spiiin.  27  miles  N.W 
of  Alifante,  with  an  .ancient  castle.    Pop.  2300. 

BASeZA,  La,  ll-bdn-yA/thi  a  town  of  Spain.  2C  miles 
S.M'.  Leon.     Pop.  2270.    It  has  celebrated  weeklv  fairs. 

BAXFF,  bamf,  or  BAXFFSHIRE,  bamf'shjr,  a  maritime 
county  of  Scotland,  having  X.  Moray  Frith,  E.  and  S.  of  the 
county  of  Aberdeen,  and  W.  of  the  counties  of  Inverness  and 
Moray.  Area  variouslj-  estimated  at  fi-om  500  to  ti47  square 
miles.  Of  320,000  acres,  about  120,000  are  cultivated,  130.000 
uncultivated,  and  TO.tKiO  unprofitable.  Pop.  in  1851,  54,17L 
The  surface  is  mountainous  or  hill}-,  except  on  the  coa«t, 
where  it  is  level  and  pretty  fertile.  Cairngorm  mountain, 
4095  feet  in  height,  is  mostly  in  this  county.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Spey,  Avon,  and  Doverou.  Cattle  breeding  is  the  principal 
branch  of  rur.al  industry;  tillage  farms  are  small,  though 
property  is  in  few  hands.  The  fisheries  are  impi)rtaut. 
Chief  towns,  Banff,  Cullen,  and  Portsoy.  This  county  re- 
turns one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Gordon  Castle, 
one  of  the  seats  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  is  in  this  county. 

BAXFF,  sometimes  written,  and  always  pronounced, 
BAMFF.  a  royal  and  parliamentary  borough,  seaport  town, 
of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  aliove  co..  on  the  Doveron.  at  its 
mouth  in  Morav  F'rith.  38  miles  X.N.'SV.  of  Aberdeen.  Lat. 
of  pier,  57°  40'  3"  X.,  Ion.  2°  31'  5"  W.  Pop.  I'OOO.  The  '•  sea 
town"  stands  on  an  abrupt  height,  on  the  coast,  the  '■  inland 
town"  on  the  river,  and  the  "castle"  between  the  two. 
Banff  is  well  built,  andhasa  town-house. with  a  high  spire, 
jail,  market-house,  grammar  school,  several  other  public 
schools,  and  public  baths.  A  bridge  over  the  Doveron 
unites  the  town  with  JIacduff,  and  its  harbor  has  a  low- 
water  pier.  Herrings,  salmon,  cattle,  and  grain  are  shipped 
hence  to  London,  and  in  1846,  697  vesse'.s  (aggregate  bur- 
den 38,120  tons)  entered,  and  573  (aggregate  burden  31.0S0 
tons)  cleared  from  the  port,  which  includes  the  creeks  of 
Fraserburg.  Gardenstown,  Macduff,  Portso}',  Port  Gordon, 
and  Garmouth.  Registered  shipping  (1847)114  vessels:  ag- 
gregate burden.  9396  tons.  Banff  unites  with  Elgin.  Cullen, 
Inverary,  Kintore,  and  Peterhead  to  send  one  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons.  Archbishop  Sharpe  was  a  native 
of  Banff. 

B-iNYiALL/,  a  post-oflice  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

BANG.\LORE,  bangVa-lorty.  a  large  and  strongly  fortified 
town  in  Southern  India.  Mysore  dominions,  on  a  table-land 
nearly  SiXK)  feet  in  elevation.  70  miles  X.E.of  Seringapatam. 
It  is  enclo.sed  by  double  walls,  and  has  a  citadel  containing 
the  palace  of  Tippoo  Saib.  It  is  the  head-quarters  of  the 
British  resident  and  Madras  officers  in  Mysore.  Owing  to 
its  salubrity,  it  is  a  good  deal  frequented  by  Europeans,  and 
is  furnished  with  many  European  shops,  with  assembly  and 
reading  rooms,  and  good  barracks.  The  temperature  rarely 
exceeds  8'2°,  or  sinks  below  56°  Fahrenheit.  The  air  is  re- 
fii?shed  by  genial  showers.  The  principal  manufactures  are 
of  silk  and  cotton  fixbrics.  It  was  taken  by  the  British, 
under  Lord  Comwallis.  in  1791.     Pop.  60.000. 

BAXGANAPILLY,  bdng-gin-a-piKlee.  a  sm,%U  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Jljidras.  69  miles  S.S.E.  of  Adoni, 
on  the  Sooroo.  •  In  its  environs,  diamonds  and  precious 
stones  are  found. 

BANG.\SSI,  b.^ng-gJs'see.  a  large  fortified  town  of 'Western 
Africa,  in  the  Mandingo  countrj-.  near  the  Woolima  Kiver. 

BANGEY,  or  BAXG.WI.     See  Bo.\o.\T. 

B-4.NGIL,  bdn-gheel'.  a  town  of  Java,  23  miles  S.  of  Soer* 
baya,  having  good  houses  and  a  spacious  market-place. 

BAXGKA.    See  Baxca. 

BAXG'KOK'  or  BANGKOK/,  the  capital  city  of  Siam,  and 
one  of  the  most  commereial  places  in  Asia,  on  the  Menam, 
about  20  miles  above  its  mouth.  Lat.  13°  68'  X.,  Ion.  100^ 
34'  E.  The  population,  according  to  Xeale,  is  not  less  than 
400.000,  two-thirds  of  whom  are  Chinese.  It  stretches  along 
both  banks  of  the  river,  and  consists  of  three  portions,  viz. 
the  palace  or  citadel,  on  an  island  enclosed  by  w.alls,  and 
comprising  the  residences  of  the  .sovereign  and  court,  with 
many  temples  and  gardens:  the  city  proper;  and  the  float- 
ing town,  composed  of  movable  bamlx>o  rafts,  each  bearing 
rows  of  8  or  10  houses.  It  has  numerous  Boodhic  temples; 
and  in  the  palace  is  a  spacious  audience  hall.  The  more 
solid  buildings  are  of  brick :  but  the  majority  of  the  dwell- 
ings are  of  wood,  mounted  on  posts.  Most  of  the  inter- 
course is  carried  on  by  water,  and  the  Menam  is  navigable 
to  the  city  for  vessels  of  2-50  tons.  Bang-kok  has  manufao- 
tures  of  tin  and  iron  wares,  and  leather.  The  exports  com- 
prise sugar,  (fj-om  10,000  to  12.000  tons  yearly.)  black  pi'pper, 
(4tKX)  to  5000  tons.)  tin,  cardamoms,  fine  woods,  ivory,  cot- 
ton, rice,  hides,  horns,  skins,  and  feathers.  The  imports 
are  tea,  quicksilver,  raw  and  m:«nufactured  silks,  porcel.-iin, 
and  numerous  manufactured  articles  fmm  China;  camphor, 
and  edible  bird's-nests  from  the  ilalay  Archipelago;  and 
European  and  Indian  piece-goods,  opium,  and  gl.ass  wares 
from  the  British  and  Dutch  settlements  in  the  East.  The 
value  of  exports  in  184(;  amounted  to  120.0iX/..  and  of  im- 
ports to  liio.OOOf.  The  c-ountry  around  is  flat,  but  c^-uUiins 
rich  mines  of  iron,  and  extensive  foi-ests  of  t«ak. 


BAN 


BAN 


BAXQOR,  bSs^'KOR/.  ft  villaiie  of  France,  departuient  of 
Morliifaiin,  in  the  island  of  Belle-Isle.    Pop.  lt;38. 

UAN'(i()K,  b.ing'iihfr,  ("white  choir.")  a  city,  parlia- 
mentary borough,  seajiort,  and  parish  of  Xortli  Wales,  at  the 
head  of  Beaumaris  Bay  co.,  and  9  miles  N.E.of  Carnarvon. 
I'op.  of  the  parish.  95(34;  of  the  city,  033S.  It  lies  in  a  ro- 
mantic valley,  and  consists  chiefly  of  one  narrow  street, 
nearly  a  mile  in  length.  The  cathedral,  date  626,  (?)  is  au 
emV.attled,  cruciform  structure,  with  a  low,  uia-isive  tower; 
Its  choir  is  appropriated  to  the  cathedral  service;  its  nave, 
141  fet't  in  length,  is  used  as  the  parish  church :  and  in  one 
of  the  transepts,  service  is  celelirated  in  the  Welsh  tongue. 
Bangor  has  an  episcopal  palace  and  deanery,  a  free  school, 
founded  in  the  reigu  of  Klizaiieth.  almsliouses,  a  town-iiall, 
assembly  rooms,  and  excellent  accommodation  for  visitors, 
many  of  whom,  since  the  construction  of  the  Menai  bridge, 
and  the  establishment  of  steamers  from  I<iverpf>ol,  have  re- 
sorted hither  for  sea-bathing.  The  bay  admits  ves.sels  of  300 
tons,  but  the  trade  Is  small,  consisting  chiefly  in  the  e.xjxirt 
of  slates.  The  fairs  held  at  the  Meiiai  bridge,  are  the 
largest  cattle  fiiirs  in  North  Wales.  The  borough  unites 
with  Carnarvon,  Conway,  Crickeith,  Nevin,  and  I'wllheli 
In  sending  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  superb  residence  of  O.  II.  D.  I'ennant, 
Ksq..  a  castle  built  in  the  Saxon  style,  at  a  cost  exceeding 
100.000/. 

BANGOll,  a  parish  of  North  Wale.s,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

BANGOR,  lian'gor,  a  sesiport  town  and  parish  of  Ireland. 
In  Ulster,  CO.  of  I)own,  on  Belfast  Lough,  12  miles  K.N .K.  of 
Belfast.  Pop.  of  the  town.  3110.  It  has  various  places  of 
worship,  a  market-house,  siivings'  bank,  public  library,  Ac, 
with  ('otton  factories,  a  trade  in  linens,  and  a  fishery.  The 
town  is  frequented  as  a  bathing-place.  Here  was  once  a 
Eimous  monast^jry,  said  to  liave  been  destroyed  by  the 
Danes  in  N20;  and  near  the  town  is  B.ingor  Castle,  the  seat 
of  the  Earl  of  Bangor,  chief  proprietor. 

BA.N'OOU,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Pe- 
nobscot CO.,  Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of  Penobscot  Itlver, 
about  60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  60  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Augusta,  116  AV.  of  l<:astport,  126  N.E.  of  Portland,  231  N.E. 
of  Boston,  and  661  miles  N.E.  of  Washington.  I^t.44°47' 
50"  N.,  ion.  08°  47' W.  It  is  situated  on  Jjoth  sides  of  the 
Kenduskeag  lilver,  which  here  enters  the  Penobscot.  Tliis 
str(^am,  about  190  yards  wide,  is  crossed  iiy  several  bridges, 
uniting  the  two  parts  of  the  city.  A  fall  in  the  Kendn.s- 
keag.  alx)ut  lialf  a  mile  from  its  mouth,  affords  extensive 
water-i)ower.  A  short  distance  atwve  the  city,  a  i)ridge  1320 
feet  long  extends  across  the  Penoljscot.  connecting  Ban- 
gor wit  li  Brewer.  Tiie  harbor,  which  is  at  and  lieiow  the 
bridge  across  the  Penobscot,  is  nearly  600  yards  wide,  and  at 
high  tide  (the  tide  rises  here  17  feet)  is  of  sufficient  depth 
for  vessels  of  the  largest  size.  Bangor  is  one  of  the  greatest 
lumber  depots  in  the  world.  The  great  extent  of  country 
drained  by  the  Penobscot  and  its  tributaries  is  heavily  tim- 
bered with  pine,  spruce,  hemlock,  and  cedar,  the  cutting 
and  hauling  of  which  to  the  numerous  saw  mills  th-it 
everywhere  line  the  Ijanks  of  the  rivers,  afford  one  of  the 
chief  occupations  of  the  inhabitants.  The  va.st  amount  of 
lumber  which  these  mills  yearly  produce  is  all  brought  to 
Bangor  for  exportation,  this  port  bi-ing  at  the  head  of  n;ivi- 
gation  on  the  Penobscot.  Nearly  2ii00  ves.sels  are  annually 
employed  in  this  trade  during  the  season  of  navigation, 
which  usually  continues  8  or  9  months  in  the  year.  Bangor 
is  also  extensively  engaged  in  foreign  commerce,  in  the 
coast  trade,  and  in  ship-building.  The  city  has  a  ple.a.sant 
location,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  surround- 
ing country.  The  buildings  are  generally  neat  and  well 
constructed,  while  some  exhibit  a  style  of  superior  elegance. 
A  new  custom-house  is  now  in  course  of  erection,  the  cost 
of  which,  when  completed,  it  is  estimated  will  exceed 
$100,000;  it  is  situated  in  the  bed  of  the  Kenduskeag 
Kiver,  between  two  Viridges.  from  either  of  which  it  is  en- 
tered. The  Bangor  House  is  a  hotel  of  the  first  class,  and 
probably  inferior  to  none  in  the  stite.  The  city  contains 
12  or  13  banks,  and  11  churches,  4  of  which  cost  about 
$25,000  each.  The  Bangor  Theological  Seminary  is  situated 
in  the  more  elevated  portion  of  the  town,  commanding  a 
fine  view  of  the  Penobscot  River.  It  was  organized  in  1816. 
being  first  established  at  Hampden.  6  miles  S.  of  Bangor. 
Two  daily  and  four  weekly  newspapers  are  published  here. 
The  schools  of  Bungor  are  grailfd,  comprising  primary, 
grammar,  and  high  schools,  and  are  in  a  most  prosperous 
condition.  In  the  high  schools,  both  for  the  boys  and 
the  girls,  the  course  of  study  comprises  all  the  branches 
usually  pursued  preparatory  to  entering  college.  Among 
the  manufacturing  establishments  may  be  mentioned  4 
\arge  foundries,  with  machine  shops.  4  extensive  ste.am  fur- 
niture manufactories,  and  several  steam  sawing  and  plan- 
Uig  mills.  Steamboats  make  regular  trips  from  Bangor  to 
Boston,  Portland,  and  pLices  along  the  river  al>out  two- 
thirds  of  the  year.  The  Penobscot  and  Kennebec  Kaili-oad 
connects  it  with  Waterville.  and  another  railroad  is  pro- 
jected to  Lincoln,  alx)ut  50  miles  up  the  Penobscot  valley. 
Bangor  also  has  railroad  communication  with  Old  Town.  12 
lailes  listant.    The  lumber  surveyed  at  this  port  In  1852, 


amounted  to  199,389,422  feet.  The  aggregate  burden  o  ino 
shiiiping  owned,  June  30,  1863,  amounted  to  22.181  ona 
registered,  and  22,0^7  tons  enrolled  and  licensed:  .  Kil, 
44,2(i9  tons.  During  the  year  ending  June,  1863,  7  siii))s 
and  bar<iH(!S  and  3  brigs  were  built  hero.  The  aggregate 
tonnage  of  these  Wiis  5249  tons.  Population  in  1820,  1221 ; 
in  1830,  2868;  in  1840,  8627;  in  1850,  14,432:  and  iu  IfeOO 
16,407.  • 

BANGOR,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co..  New  Vork, 
about  100  milw  N.  l)y  W.  of  Albany,  is  intersected  by  the 
Northern  Railroad.     Poj).  2;)-'o. 

B.\NGOU,  a  township  in  Elkhart  county,  Indiana.  Pop 
587. 

BAN'GOR  MONACIICRUM,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  cos. 
of  Flint  and  Denbigh,  on  the  Dee,  7  miles  N.  of  Ellesmew. 
This  is  the  supposed  seat  of  one  of  the  largest  monasteries 
hi  Britain,  which,  .according  to  Ijimtiard.  w.is  Inlial  ited.  in 
the  sixth  century,  by  2100  monks,  1200  of  whom  were  nias!- 
sacred  early  in  the  seventh  century  by  the  Norlhunibrian 
Saxons.  Gildas.  tlie  earliest  British  historLin,  is  s:iid  to 
have  been  a  monk  of  this  community. 

BANG-PA-KUNG.  bingp^-kting'.  a  river  of  Slam,  having 
its  sources  in  the  mountains  which  separate  Siam  from 
Cambodia,  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  Length,  abimt  200 
miles. 

BANG-PA-.SO,  bing-pi-sO.  a  town  of  Siam,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict fertile  in  rice  and  sugar,  near  the  mouth  of  the  liang- 
pa-kung,  lat.  13°  30'  N..  Ion.  101oi;VE.,  47  miles  E.S.K.  of 
Bangkok.  It  is  a  considerable  town,  containing  several 
thousand  inhabitants,  and  surrounded  by  a  wooden 
stockade. 

BANGUEY,  bSng-gA',  an  Island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
off  the  N.  extremity  of  Borneo.  Lat.  7°  9'  N.,'  Ion.  117°  6'  E. 
Turtle  are  plentiful  on  this  island. 

BAN'IIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

B.4NII0.  bjn'yo.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Belra, 
13  miles  N.E.  of  Vi.seu.     Pop.  2(  0). 

BANIAK  (ba-ne-ik')  ISLANIhN  a  group  in  the  Indi.in 
Ocean,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra,  in  l.at.  2°  20'  N..  Ion.  90° 
40'  E.  A  conical-shaped  hill,  on  Poolo  Bauiak  Island,  Is  a 
conspicuous  sea-mark. 

BANIALUKA,  bd'no-il-loo'kJ.  a  fortified  town  of  Euro- 
pean  Turkey,  province  of  Bosnia,  capital  of  a  sanjak,  on  the 
Verbas,  94  miles  S.W.  of  Bosna-S<'rai.  It  is  said  to  have  a 
citadel.  40  mosques,  several  colleges,  public  baths  and  ba- 
zaars, and  a  manufactory  of  gunpowder;  but  It  is  rarely 
visited  bv  travellers.     Pop.  7800. 

BANIAS.     See  Paneas. 

BANIAS.  bd/ne-iis,  a  village  of  Syria,  62  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Tripoli,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

BANnSTER.  a  river  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Pittsylvania  county,  and  flowing  in  a  south-easterly  course, 
enters  the  Dan  River  in  Halifax  county,  about  10  miles  be- 
low the  village  of  Banister.  It  Is  navigable  by  batte;ius 
from  Its  moulh  to  Meadsville. 

BANI.STER.  orllALIKAX  COURT-HOUSE. a  flourishing 
post-village.  cai)ital  of  Halifiix  county,  Virginia,  on  Banis- 
ter River,  10  miles  almve  its  entrance  into  the  Dan  River, 
and  on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad.  120  miles  S.W. 
of  Kiclimond.  The  situation  is  elevated  and  pleasant.  Rjw 
nister  h<as  a  very  active  mercantile  Inisiness.  in  which  .1 
capital  of  j!200,o6o  is  invested.  It  is  the  terminus  of  three 
lines  of  stages.  The  Banister  River  is  navigable  for  bat- 
tenus  from  its  mouth  to  Meadsville.  about  10  miles  above 
the  court-house.  A  rich  mine  of  plumbago  lias  recently 
been  opened  6  miles  from  tliis  place.  Pop.  In  1860,  about 
1600. 

BANJALUKA.    See  BvNaAi.CKA. 

BANJERMASSIN  or  BAN JARMASSIN,  bJn-yer-mls-sin/ 
orbdn-ygr-mis-sing',  (7J;?)jer,  water,  mafstin.  salt,)  an  exten- 
sive country  of  Borneo,  occupying  tlie  S.E.  part  of  the  island, 
iwunded  W.  by  the  river  Banjer,  and  E.  by  the  Strait  of 
Macassar.  It  is  intersected  from  N.  to  S.  by  a  range  of  moun- 
tains, some  of  which  are  upwards  of  3000  feet  in  elevation, 
and  watered  on  the  W.  by  the  Banjer,  and  its  tributary  the 
Nagara,  and  E.  by  several  large  streams.  Pop.  in  1846,  esti- 
mated at  120,000,  nearly  all  Moh.immediins.  It  is  governed 
by  a  sultan,  whose  power  Is  absolute,  except  in  so  far  as 
limited  by  treaties  with  the  Netherlands  government.  All 
the  diamonds  above  5  carats,  found  in  the  mines  of  Banjor- 
massin.  are  considered  the  property  of  the  sultan :  liut  the 
Netherlands  government  receives  a  tribute  equal  to  one- 
tenth  of  the  vjilue.  The  inhaliitants  of  Banjormassin  are 
celebrated  for  the  m.anufacture  of  all  kinls  of  arms,  guns, 
pistols,  swords,  itc,  whicli  are  finished  in  the  most  elalxirate 
style.  The  chief  seat  of  this  manufacture  is  Nagara.  a  dis- 
trict of  10.000  inhabitants,  extending  on  lioth  sides  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name.  N.E.  of  the  Dutch  fort  of  MaraVi.a- 
han.  The  iron  of  Doussen  (so  called  from  the  river  of  the 
same  name)  is  employed  in  the  manufacture,  and  serves  in 
pLace  of  money  with  tlie  aborigines:  the  gold,  copper,  and 
silver,  used  in  decoration,  is  imported.  The  sultan  imposes 
a  tax  of  10  per  cent,  on  all  the  arms  exported.  Excellent 
coal  was  discovered  in  this  territory  in  1846.  and  is  exten- 
sively worked  by  the  Netherlands  government. 

166 


BAN 


BAN 


BAX'JEIMASSIN,  in  Borneo,  the  fortified  capital  of  the 
Dut'ii  res;  leiice,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river 
Baiiior,  alv-)iit  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Java  Sea,  hit. 
S°  ZV  S.,  Ion.  ^14°  37'  E.  As  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  ot>- 
gti-ucteil  by  a  bar,  large  vessels  anchor  at  Tabeniow,  a  port 
on  the  coast,  alx)ut  50  miles  S.  of  the  town.  Banjermassin 
has  an  extensive  trade  with  China :  its  chief  exports  consist  of 
pepper  and  other  spices,  gold-dust,  diamonds,  wax.  camphor, 
rattans,  edible  bird's-uests,  and  small  arms.  The  imports 
are  piece  goods,  opium,  cutlery,  and  gunpowder.  The  Dutch 
have  had  a  factory  here  since  174S.  and  the  territory  was 
ceded  to  them  in  1787 :  a  German  mission  to  the  Dyaks  was 
established  here  in  1S37. 

B.iXJOEMAS,  bdn^oo^mJss',  a  town  of  the  Dutch  East 
Indies,  near  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Java ;  lat  7°  33'  X., 
Ion.  109°  20  E.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor,  and 
contains  a  fort  and  garrison.     Pop,  9000. 

BA.N"JOE\V.A.XGI.     See  B.\XTUW.tNGY. 

BAXKA.    See  Basca. 

BAXKALAX,  bdn^kd^ian',  a  town  of  the  Dutch  East  In- 
dies, on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Madui-a,  15  miles  X. 
of  Soerabaya,  in  Java.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  small  state  of 
the  same  name,  and  seat  of  a  Dutch  vice-residency. 

B.\XKEL,  blu^kJl',  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
at  the  entrance  into  the  Bav  of  Tolo,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Celebes :  lat.  2°  20'  S.,  Ion.  122°  oC  E. 

B.iXKS'  ISL.\XD,  of  British  Xorth  America,  is  in  the 
Pacific,  in  lat.  53°  20'  X.,  Ion.  130°  W. 

BAXKS'  ISL.AXDS,  a  group  of  17  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  in  lat.  14°  S.,  Ion.  169°  W.,  and  named  in  honorof  Sir 
Jo.seph  Banks. 

BAXKS'  ISL.AXDS,  a  group  in  South  Australia,  in  Spen- 
cer's Gulf  lat. 34°  30'  S.,  Ion.  136°  20'  E., 

BAXKS'  LAXD,  British  Xorth  America,  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  lat.  74^  N.,  Ion.  116°  W.,  70  miles  S.W.  of  Melville 
Island. 

BAXKS'  PEXIXSULA,  in  Xew  Zealand,  on  New  Munster 
or  Middle  Island,  near  the  centre  of  its  E.  coast;  lat. 43° 
40'  S.,  Ion.  173°  W.  Length,  about  50  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  25  miles,  forming  a  high  table-land. 

B.iXKS'  STU.AIT,  between  Van  Diemen's  Land  andFour- 
neaux  Islabds.     Breadth,  15  miles. 

BAXK.S'  TUAVX,  in  Xew  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
"W.  of  Svdney. 

BAXSlO.    See  Bh.amo. 

BAXXA,  bjn'ni.  a  river  of  Southern  Guinea,  having  its 
sources  in  a  mountainous  region,  aljout  80  miles  from  the 
coast,  falls  into  the  sea  in  about  lat.  3°  30'  S. 

BAStOS.  hin'yoce,  (i.  e.  '■  baths,")  forms  the  name,  or  part 
of  the  name,  of  numerous  towns  and  villages  in  Spain,  of 
which  the  following  are  the  most  important : 

B.\^OS.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  24  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Jat^n.     Pop.  1770. 

BA!^OS,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  30  miles  W. 
of  Pal -noia.     Pop.  ICvjti. 

BASOS  DE  CERRATO.  hin'yoce  dA  thJR-r,5'to.  or  BANOS 
DE  RIO  PISDERGA,  biu'yoce  dA  ree'o  pe-sw^R'gd,  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  Leon,  6  miles  S.  of  Palencia.     Pop.  272. 

BAXOS  DE  EBRO.  bdn'yoce  dA  a/hro.  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile.  15  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Logroflo.     Pop.  331. 

B.\X  K  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Kempton  co.,  Kentucky. 

BAXKS.  a  township  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles 
X.\V.  of  Mauch  Chunk.  It  contains  the  Beaver  Meadow 
'X>al-mines.     Pop.  2502. 

B.\XK.STOX.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  eo.,  Georgia. 

B.^NKSTOX,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

BAXKS^VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  CO.,  Connecti- 
cut. 6  )  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford. 

B.\NK'TOX.  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois,  about  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

B.\.X^KYBAZAR',  a  small  town  of  British  India,  province 
of  Bengal,  on  the  Iloogly,  13  miles  X.  of  Calcutta. 

BAXX,  LOW  ER,  a  river  of  the  X.  of  Ireland,  issues 
from  Lough  Beg,  Hows  X.X.W.  between  the  counties  of  Lon- 
donderi-)'  and  .Antrim,  and  enters  the  ocean  4  miles  S.W.  of 
Portrush.  aft«r  a  course  of  40  miles.  Though  impeded  by 
sand-banks,  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  200  tons  from  the 
sea  to  Coleraine.  Its  salmon  and  eel  fisheries  are  important. 
Bann  is  also  the  name  of  a  small  affluent  of  the  Slanej',  in 
the  countv  of  Wexford. 

BAX'XACKS,  (incorrectly  written  BOOXACKS,)  a  tribe 
of  Indians  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Oregon. 

B.ANX.A.LEC,  bAn'-ni*-lek',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Finistdre,  8  miles  X.W.  of  Quimperle.  It  is  not«d  for  its 
wrestling-matches,  which  attract  multitudes  of  spectators. 
During  the  wars  of  the  League  a  bloody  battle  was  fought 
xmder  the  walls  of  the  town.  Pop.  of  commune  in  1851,4174. 

B.AX  X  E.  binn.  a  vilLige  of  France,  department  of  .ArdAche, 
wrondissement  of  I..arjenti&re.     Pop.  of  commune.  1755. 

B.AN'XER,  a  post-office  of  Lafavette  co..  Mississippi. 

B.AX'XERMAX,  a  post-office  of  Xew  Hanover  co.,  Xorth 
Carolina. 

BAX'XIXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

BAX'XOCKBURX,  a  town  of  Scotland,  county,  and  2i 
miles  S.  of  Sterling,  ou  the  Bannock,  a;n  affluent  of  the 

lue 


Forth,  femous  for  the  great  victory  gained  here,  24th  Jnuo, 
1314,  by  the  Scots  under  Bruce,  over  the  English,  com- 
manded by  Edward  II.  and  his  generals.  The  latter  are 
stated  to  have  lost  50,000  men,  and  the  Scots  only  4000. 
Xear  it,  at  &iucJn'e  Burn,  in  14S8.  James  III.  of  Scotland 
was  defeated  by  his  son.  Bannockburn.  with  a  population, 
in  1851,  of  2627.  is  now  noted  for  peaceful  industry,  having 
manufactures  of  tartan  shawls,  carpets,  and  hearth-rugs  for 
the  English  markets,  with  some  tweeds  and  leather:  and  all 
the  tartan  worn  by  the  Highland  regiments  in  the  British 
army  has.  for  the  last  half-centui-y,  been  made  here. 

B.\X'XOW.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

B.AXX,  UPPER,  a  river  of  the  X,  of  Ireland,  rises  in  the 
Mourne  Mountains,  flows  through  the  counties  of  Down 
and  Armagh,  in  a  X.AV.  direction,  and  joins  Lough  Xeagh 
on  its  S.  side.  It  communicates  with  the  Xewry  Canal,  and 
is  navigable  for  vessels  of  60  tons  to  Portadown. 

BANOL.AS.  bAn-yo/l3s,  a  town  of  Spain.  7  miles  X'.  of  Ge- 
rona,  with  minerai  springs  and  baths,  and  manufactures  of 
cotton  febrics,  oil.  and  paper.     Pop.  4C-00. 

BAXROD,  bdx«^i-oo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Orne.    Pop.  of  commune.  1054. 

BAXSTKAD,  bdn'stead!  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BAXSWARA,  ban-swA'ra.  or  BAXSWAKAH,  a  town  of 
Hindostan.  capital  of  a  small  state  in  the  province  of  G  uzerat, 
tributary  to  the  British.  110  miles  X.E.  of  Baroda.  It  is 
handsome,  and  has  a  lai-ge  fortress,  and  several  temples. 

BAXTALLAX,  bAnH3l-lin'.  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Philippines.  Lat.  11°  X.; 
Ion.  123°  20'  E. 

BAXTAM,  bln^tlm'.  a  residency,  and  former  kingdom  of 
the  Dutch  East  Indies,  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  tha 
Island  of  Java.  Lat.  of  tort,  6°  1'  39"  S..  Ion.  lOtP  1(V  41"  E. 
Pop.  in  1838,  362.242.  It  is  divided  into  3  regencies,  Ce- 
ram,  (or  Serang.)  I.«bak,  Tjiringin.  The  chief  products 
are  rice,  pepper,  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  and  indigo.  Capital. 
Serang. 

B.A.XT.AM,  an  old  and  celebrated  town  of  Java,  capit.al  of 
the  former  kingdom,  and  present  province  of  same  name. 
It  is  beautifully  situ.ited  on  a  bay  and  river  of  same  name, 
and  backed  bv  loftv  picturesque  mountains.  Lat.  6°  1'42" 
S.;  Ion.  106°  iO'  42''  E.  The  river  of  Bantam  divides  into 
three  arms,  the  centre  one  of  which,  not  ver^'  deep.  p.isses 
through  the  town,  the  other  two  bounding  it  right  and  left. 
The  Sultan's  palace,  and  the  Dutch  forts.  (Spehvijk  and  Dia- 
mant.)  are  in  ruins:  and  the  only  building  of  note  is  the 
mosque  or  temple,  surrounded  by  a  lofty  wall,  and  adorned 
with  a  small  tower  or  minaret.  Bantam  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  famous  towns  in  the  East.  and.  at  one  time,  was 
the  principal  mart  of  the  Dutch ;  but  its  trade  has  now  been 
transferred  to  other  channels. 

B-AXTAM.  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co..  Ohio. 

BAXTAM  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connec- 
ticut. 

B.AXTJAR.  bant'ydn',  a  town  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies, 
on  the  X.  coa.st  of  the  Island  of  Java,  residency  of  Rembang 
It  has  a  fine  port,  with  extensive  ship-building  docks. 

BAXTRY,  biin'try.  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork, 
near  the  head  of  Bautrv  Rav.  44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cork. 
Lat.  51°41'X.;-  Ion.  9°  27' W.  Pop.  4082.  It  has  little 
trade,  and  no  manufactures.  Close  to  it  is  Seticourt,  the 
seat  of  the  Earl  of  Bantrv. 

BAXTRY  BAY.  a  large  bay  in  S.  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co. 
of  Cork,  and  one  of  the  finest,  harlxjrs  in  Europe,  e.xtending 
for  25  miles  inland.  Within  it  are  Bear  and  Whiddy's  Is- 
lands, between  which  and  the  mainland  the  water  is  from 
20  to  40  feet  deep,  .and  the  anchorase  is  everywhere  cood. 

BAXTZEXHEIM.  bant/sen-hime\  (Fr.  pron..  bint'seh- 
nJm'.)  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haut'llhin,  arron- 
dissement  of  .Altkirch.    Pop  of  commune,  1133. 

BAXWELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset.  A  fine 
park  here  belongs  to  the  Bishops  of  Bath  and  Wells,  who 
have  held  the  manor  since  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confes.sor. 
Banwell  has  a  station  ou  the  Gi-eat  Western  Railway,  3  miles 
X.E.  of  Weston-super-Mare. 

3AX YA.  FELSO.  (Felsij.)  f M\sho'  b|n' yoh\  (i.  c.  "  the  upper 
mines,")  a  town  of  Hungary,  4  miles  E,  of  Xagy-Banya,  Pop. 
4536.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  mine.*,  and  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  and  iron,  with  foundries,  forges,  and  potteries 

BAXYAR-MASSIX.    See  Banjarm.assin. 

BAXYA.  X.\GT.    See  X.\gy  B.asta. 

BAXY'ULIS  DES  ASPRES,  bdn-yUlee'-clAze-ap'r,  a  com- 
mune of  France,  department  Pyrenees-Orientales.  Pop, 
472.  Celebrated  for  the  defence  which  its  inhabitants  made 
in  1793.  when  attacked  by  7000  Spaniards,  who  were  com- 
pelled to  surrender. 

BAXYULIS-.SUR-MER,  bJnVvtriee'-sUR-maiR.  (i.e.'Tinn- 
yulis  on  the  Sea,")  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyre- 
nees-Orientales, with  .a  fi.shiug  port  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Pop.  of  commune.  1357.  Xear  it  are  four  ancient  towers, 
one  of  which  (the  Ban  de  Caroch)  marks  the  limit  between 
France  and  Spain.  The  district  produces  the  celebrated 
wines  of  Grenache  and  Hancio. 

BAXYlW.AXGY'orBANJOEWAXGLbin-yoo-wang'-ghee, 
a  seaport  town  and  military  post  on  the  E.  coast  sf  tb4  !» 


BAN 

land  of  Jara,  teJotiBlng  to  Ilolliind.  in  lat.  8°  15'S.,  Ion.  114° 
28'  K.,  with  a  port  for  ships  of  1000  tons,  and  an  exttmsive 
trade. 

B.VNZ,  bints,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  3  miles  P.W.  of  Lich- 
lenfcls,  on  the  Main,  with  a  palac^j  of  Duke  William  of  Ba- 
varia. 

BAX-ZARDAII.  binVaR/dah,  or  KAI.AIIT-YEZDIJTRD, 
kd^-ld'hce'-yezMo-jerd',  a  strong  mountain  fortres.s  of  Per- 
sia, pr.i^ince  of  Irak- A.iomee,in  Mount  Zaj;ros,  immediately 
E.  of  Z<.hab.  and  identical  with  the  stronghold  of  llolwan, 
to  whi"h  the  last  Sasanian  king,  Yezdljird,  retired  after  the 
capture,  of  Ctesiphon  by  the  Arabs,  in  the  seventh  century. 
BAftrj,  bi^ol',  a  state  of  Western  Africa,  Penegambia,  hav- 
ing the  state  of  !<in  on  the  S.,  of  Cayor  on  the  N.,  the  Jaloof 
territory  nn  the  K.,and  the  Atlantic  on  the  ^Y. 

h.KOSKK.  bi-o'nee.  a  rajahship  of  Ilindostan,  in  Bundel- 
cund.  tributary  to  the  Bnti.sh. 

BA  I'AUM  K,  ba*i)Cm'.  O,.  HajxiVmn,)  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  department  of  Pas<le-Calais,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ar- 
ras. Pop.  2973.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and  a  hand- 
some fountain  supplied  by  an  Artesian  well;  it  is  the  seat 
of  extensive  manufactures  of  lace,  woollens,  cottons,  and 
fine  thread. 

B.VP.VUJIE,  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of  Peine- 
Inferieure,  2  miles  N.W.  of  liouen,  with  manu£ictures  of 
linens. 

BAP'CmW*.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  1  mile  S.E. 
of  Sittingliourne. 

BAPTIST  MIS/SIOX,  a  post-ofHce  of  Cherokee  Nation,  Ai^ 
kan.sas. 

BAl'TISTTOW\\a  post-village  of  Ringwood  township. 
In  the  yV.  part  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey,  8  miles,  in  a 
Straight  line,  W,  bv  N.  from  Flemington. 

BAP'TJST  VAl/LEY,  a  post^fflce  of  Tazewell  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BAR,  bar,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Bahar,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  (iang.«. 
Including  Masargung,  it  is  estimated  to  comprise  5000 
houses,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade. 

B.\R.  baR,  a  river  of  Franco,  department  of  Ardennes. 
It  rises  mar  Buzancy,  and  falls  into  the  Meuse  below 
Donchery,  forming  part  of  the  Canal  of  Ardennes. 

B.\R,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Corrdze,  4^  miles 
N.  of  Tulle,  on  the  Corrfeze.     Pop.  of  commune.  12J8. 

BAR,  baR.  a  town  of  Russia,  Podolia.  50  miles  N.K.  of  Ka- 
mieniec,  defended  by  a  citadel,  built  on  a  nn-k.  Pop.  3000. 
In  ITfiS  the  Poles  here  formed  a  confederacy  against  Russia. 
B.\R.  a  township  in  Daviess  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.'SQ'i. 
BAi;.\,  hi'vk,  a  river  of  .\fghanistan,  which  joins  the  Ca- 
bool  river  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Peshawer,  after  a  N.E.  course  of 
60  miles. 

BA  It  ABA,  hii■TiM'.{V^.vis9..BaraUml■a.ia,  ba-rJ-bln-skJ/-ya,) 
a  vast  steppe  of  Siberia,  extending  between  the  Obi  and  the 
Irtish,  covered  with  numerous  s.alt  lakes  and  marshes.  It 
was  colonized  l)y  Russia  in  1767,  and  since  then  a  consider- 
able portion  of  it  has  been  cultivated. 
BARABOO.     See  BARRAnoo. 

B.A.I{AOO.\.,  bj-ri-ko'd,  a  se.aport  town  of  the  Spanish 
West  Indies,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  Island  of  Cuba.  I,at. 
of  principal  fort.  20°  21' 36"  N.;  Ion.  74°  29' .'il"  W.  Pop. 
about  21)00.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  remarkable  table-mountain, 
termed  the  A  ii  vil  nf  Biracoa.  In  1841,  its  exports  amounted 
in  value  to  $S6,918.  comprising  tobacco  to  the  amount  of 
$70,811:  and  its  imports  in  1841  to  J81,S32.  Total  value  of 
exports  in  1842,  §85,233:  in  which  year  21  vessels,  aggregate 
burden  2224  tons,  cleared  from  the  port. 

BAKAIIAT,  bdVi-hit/  a  town  of  North  Ilindostan,  capif.-il 
of  the  Briti.sh  district  of  Gurhwal,  on  the  Bhairirathi.  50  miles 
N,W,  of  Serinagur,  It  is  a  station  of  the  Hindoo  pilgrims 
on  the  route  to  Ganeootri. 

BAI'.AITCIIE,  ba-r.aitch',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  Oude, 
capital  of  district,  on  an  afflueut  of  the  Goggra,  62  miles 
N,E.  of  Lucknow,  It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  is 
described  by  Aub  Fazel,  in  1582.  as  a  large  city. 

B.\!!AK,  bd*-rdk'.  the  principalriverofCachar,(in Farther 
India.)  the  S.  (ftvision  of  which  territory  it  traverses  with  a 
very  tortuous  course.  After  a  S,W.  course  through  Sylhet, 
It  joins  the  Brahmapootra,  43  miles  N,E,  of  Dacca,  Total 
length  about  ;J50  miles:  width  variable,  but  in  some  places 
In  Cachar  it  is  200  yards  across,  and  it  has  during  the  rains 
a  deplh  of  30  or  40  feet.     Principal  affluent  the  Soormah, 

BARANCA.  NUEVA,  nw.Vvi  bj-rdn^kl,  a  town  in  New 
Granada,  at  the  junction  of  the  Mahates  with  the  Rio  Mag- 
dalena,  45  miles  S,E.  of  Cartagena,  It  is  a  thriving  pl.ice, 
and  the  point  of  embarkation  of  gootls  and  travellers  from 
Cartapjna,  going  up  to  Magdaleua,  and  of  debarkation  for 
those  coming  down  that  river 

BAIiANELLO,  bi-rS-n^llo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,  capital  of  a  district,  5  miles  S,W.  of  Campobasso, 
Pop,  2500, 

BARANOW.  bi'-rj-nov',  a  town  of  Austri.an  Galicia,  Lem- 

berg,  42  miles  N.N.E,  of  Tarnow.  on  the  Vistula.    Pop,  1000. 

The  Poles  were  defeated  here  by  Charles  Gustavus,  iu  1656, 

BARANOW.  a  town  of  Poland,  N.W,  of  Lublin,  on  the 

Wieprz.    Pop,  1300. 


BAR 

I     B.\RA\OW,  a  village  of  Prussian  Poland,  S,E,  of  Kem- 
pen.     Pop,  845, 

BARANQUILLA.  bd-ran-keei'ya,  a  town  of  S,  America, 
New  Granada,  68  miles  N,E.  of  Cartagena,  with  a  port  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Magdalena,  at  its  mouth, 

BARANTCIIINSK,  bd-ran-chinsk'  or  ba-rdn-cheensk'.  a 
villaire  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Perm,  58  mlle« 
S.S.W.  of  Vcrkhotoorie,  with  some  o.xtensive  government 
iron  and  steel  works. 

B.\R.\NY.\,  bd-rdn'-ya,  one  of  the  most  populous  counties 
of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube.  Capital,  FUiifkirchen.  .\rea, 
19.30  square  miles.  Pop.  233,8.50.  It  is  partly  mountainous, 
and  partly  marshy,  but  very  fertile.  Chief  products,  wheat, 
tobacco,  wine,  and  frviit. 

BARANVA  VAR.  bOh-rdn'-yflh-vdR,  a  village  of  Hungary, 
in  the  above  county  ;  has  some  traces  of  the  ancient  forti- 
fication of  the  same  name, 

BARATARIA  (bar-ra-ta)i're-a)  BAY,  situ.ated  in  the  S,E. 
part  of  Louisiana,  extends  northward  from  the  Gulf  of 
.Mexico,  between  the  parishes  of  .U-llerson  and  Plaqueuiine. 
It  is  about  15  miles  long,  and  6 miles  wide, 

BARAU,  bd'rCw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  14  miles  S,S,W.  of 
Pisek,     Pop.  1315. 

BAKBACENA,  bdRba-s.Vnd,  a  village  of  Portuial,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo.  13  miles  N.W.  of  Elvas.     Pop.  80lj. 

BARBACENA.  baR-bd-s,V-nd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes,  in  the  Sierra  Mantiqueira,  125  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Rio  Janeiro,  and  3500  fwt  above  the  sea.  The  indus- 
try is  chiefly  directed  to  extracting  gold,  and  exporting  large 
quantities  of  cotton  and  coffee  to  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

BARBACOAS,  bdR-bJ-ko'ds.  a  seaport  town  of  South 
America.  NewOranada,  department  of  Cauca,  on  the  Pacific, 
150  miles  N.N.E.  of  Quito. 

BAKB.ICOAS,  a  town  of  Venezuela,  68  miles  S.S.W.of  Ca- 
racas. 

BARBADOS  or  BARBADOES.  bar-b.Vdoz.  themost  eastern 
of  the  Caribbee  Islands,  situated  aliout  78  miles  E.  from  St. 
Vincent,  and  oqailly  distant  S.S.E.  from  St.  Lucia.  Its 
capital,  Bridgetown,  situated  at  the  S.W.  corner  of  the 
island,  is  in  lat.  13°  4'  12"  N.:  Ion,  59°  37'  W.  Barbados  is 
21  miles  in  length,  13  in  breadth,  and  .55  in  circumference, 
excluding  the  sinuosities  of  the  bays,  and  contains  aliout 
106.s<iuare  miles.  It  is  nearly  encircled  by  coral  reefs,  which 
in  some  places  extend  3  miles  to  seaward,  and  render  the 
navigation  dangerous.  The  surface  is  much  diversified, 
and  often  pictun^sque,  presenting,  on  a  small  scale,  a  suc- 
cession of  valleys,  hilKs,  table-lands,  cliffs,  gorges,  and  ra- 
vines, some  of  the  latter  oxhit)iting  perpendicular  walls  of 
150  feet.  The  lowlands  are  of  limited  extent,  and  are  con- 
fined to  the  N..  S„  and  S.E.  parts  of  the  island,  Altout  a 
seventh  part  of  Barl)ados  consists  of  tertiary  sandstones  ana 
limestones,  rising  to  considerable  heights;  the  remainder  Ig 
covered  by  raised  coral  reefs,  divided  by  vertical  walls  of  co- 
ral rocks,  some  of  them  nearly  200  feet  high,  into  6  terraces, 
indicating  as  many  periods  of  upheaval.  Witli  the  excep- 
tion of  themost  minute  forms  of  organic  life,  marine  bivalve 
and  univalve  shells,  no  fossil  remains  of  any  kind  have  been 
hitherto  discovered  in  the  ro<-ks  which  compose  the  island. 
It  is  not  supposed  tl^at  Barbados  possesses  any  of  the  pre- 
cious metals.  Bituminous  coal  is  found  in  many  plaivs, 
and  is  used  as  fuel  in  furnaces.  Petroleum,  potter's  clay, 
and  oclires.  yellow  and  brown,  also  abound.  There  are  also 
.several  mineral  springs  on  the  island,  but  no  streams  do- 
.serving  the  name  of  rivers;  altliough  some  are  .so  called, 
they  are  mere  streamlets,  excepting  during  the  trf>pical  tor- 
rents, when  they  become  impassable.  The  productive  soil 
of  Barbados  is  of  a  reddish-brown  hue  on  the  hitrher  table- 
land: in  the  lowlands  it  is  black,  and  somewhat  reddish  in 
the  parts  where  it  is  shallow.  This  black  mould  is  thel)est 
suitwl  to  the  sugar-c.ane.  It  is  considered  one  of  the  healthi- 
est islands  in  the  West  Indian  Archipelago.  1'he  heaviest 
rains  fall  in  November  and  December.  Barbados  is  subject 
to  hurricanes  and  thunderstorms  of  the  most  violent  cha- 
racter. There  are  now  no  woods  or  forests  in  the  island, 
these  having  Ijeen  all  cut  down  to  make  way  for  agricul- 
tural operations.  Barb.ados  possesses  an  unusual  portion 
of  cultivable  soil.  Out  of  an  area  of  106.470  acres  which  it 
contains,  no  fewer  than  lOO.OiiO  are  under  cultivation, 
40,000  of  which  are  annually  planted  with  sugar-canes;  the 
remainder  being  either  appropriated  to  provisions  or  used 
as  pasture.  The  staple  articles  produced  in  the  island  forex- 
port,  are  sugar,  arrow-root,  aloes,  and  cotton.  The  quantity 
of  sugar  produced  in  the  island  at  different  periods  has  been 
as  follows:— in  1842.21.545  hogsheads,  value.  671.515/.;  in 
1847,  32,257  hogsheads,  value,  <i53,980;.;  and  in  1852.  48.785 
hogsheads,  value,  739,884/.,  being  nearly  double  the  produce 
of  1842.  ^ 

Tradf.  and  Nnvigation .—Tho  imports,  in  1852,  amounted 
to  767,974/.;  the  exports.  951.723/.;  outward  shipping, 
105.570  tons;  inward.  108,377  tons.  The  trade  with  Great 
Britain  has  always  been,  and  continues  to  be,  the  most 
important.  surpa.ssing  in  amount  the  whole  commerce 
of  Barbados  with  all  other  parts  of  the  world.  The  number 
of  vessels  belonging  to  the  colony  in  1843  w.as  41— tonnage, 
1778;  of  these,  12  were  above  50  tons.    The  revenue  of  the 

167 


BAR 

island,  chiefly  derived  from  the  exports  and  imports,  from 
duty  on  brandy  and  pin,  and  from  surplus  tonnage  and 
crown  duties,  aniounted.  in  1852.  to  54,09^..  and  the  expen- 
diture to  64.978/..  of  which  11.381?.  was  for  the  civil  govern- 
ment, and  15.368/.  for  the  police.  The  local  government  of 
Barbados  consists  of  a  governoi^in-chief.  assisted  by  a  coun- 
cil. The  governor  is  Invested  with  the  chief  civil  and  mili- 
tary authority.  The  council  is  composed  of  12  members, 
who  are  appointed  by  mandamus  of  the  sovereign.  The 
house  of  assembly  is  composed  of  24  delegates,  elected  annu- 
ally, two  for  each  parish,  and  two  for  the  city  of  Bridgetown, 
by  the  body  of  the  people.  The  governor  may,  at  any  time, 
of  his  own  authority,  adjnurn.  prort^ue.  or  dissolve  the 
assembly.  In  1M(3.  the  militia  of  the  island  amounted  to 
1733  men.  including  officers.  Ac.  The  church  accommoda- 
tions compri.aed,  in  1852,  25,264  seats,  for  a  population  of 
135.939.  The  schools  for  the  education  of  the  poor,  in  1852. 
were  attended  by  7077  pupils.  There  are  also  Sunday-schools 
attached  to  nearly  all  the  churches  and  chapels.  Atthe  head 
of  the  educational  establi.shments  of  the  i.'lnnd  stands  Cod- 
rington  College,  founded  by  Colonel  Codrington.  a  native  of 
Barbados.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  has  a  disposable 
annual  revenue  of  3610/.  The  benevolent  and  charitable  in- 
stitutions are  numerous,  and  on  a  scale  highly  creditable  to 
the  Christian  feeling  of  the  inhabitants.  There  are  several 
literary  and  agricultural  societies,  and  five  weekly  news- 
papers, one  of  which.  The  Barhadocs  Mercury,  has  existed  for 
upwards  of  114  years. 

The  early  history  of  the  island  is  involved  in  uncertainty, 
and  the  events  of  the  settlement  variously  related.  It  would 
8eem.  however,  to  have  been  known  to  geographers  in  the 
early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  as  appears  from  a 
manuscript  chart  of  the  world,  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  and  believed  to  iiave  been  executed  previous  to 
the  year  1.536.  where  it  is  shown  in  correct  relative  position 
to  the  other  Caribtiee  Islands,  under  the  name  of  Bernados. 
Xo  settlement,  however,  was  made  in  Barbados  till  1625, 
when  Sir  William  Courteen,  a  merchant  of  London,  esta- 
blished a  colony  here,  although  it  had  been  visited  20  years 
i)efore  by  an  English  vessel,  called  the  Olive  Blossom,  the 
first  ship  from  that  country,  it  is  supposed,  that  had  ever 
touched  its  shores.  It  h.is  remained  in  the  pos.session  of 
the  British  ever  since  the  founding  of  the  settlement. 

The  population  of  Barbados  is  8,iid  to  be,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Malta,  the  most  dense  of  any  spot  of  land  in  the 
world,  and  is  believed  to  be  fiist  increasing.  At  present  it 
is  about  122,198.  which  gives  734-8  Individ u;ils  to  each  sijuare 
mile :  lieing  nearly  three  times  that  of  England,  Wales, 

and  Ireland,  and  nearly  eight  times  that  of  Scotland. 

InhaJ).  Barb.vdian,  Iwir-tiA/de-an, 

BAItB.VDOS,  baR-bi'doce,  an  auriferous  river  of  Brazil, 
province  of  >Iatto-G rosso;  £ills  into  the  Paraguay  after  a 
S.E.  course  of  120  miles. 
B A  R  B  A  X  A.    See  Boj.^xa. 

BARB.\XT  A.  bdR-bd-nee'd.  a  town  of  Piedmont  on  the  tor- 
rent F.-uidaglLa.  17  miles  X.  of  Turin.  Pop.  I'CO. 
BAR/DARASVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Hardy  co..  Virginia. 
BARB.\REEX.  bir-bd-reen'.  a  small  town  and  se.-jport  of 
Ceylon,  on  the  W.  coast,  3^  miles  S.  of  Cultura;  lat.  6°  28' 
X..  ion.  80°  3'  E.  It  has  mivnufactures'of  cordage  and  iron, 
and  is  a  port  of  entry  and  export 

B.\RB.\KY.  bart)er-e,  (anc.  Maurita'nia,  Xumidfia,  Afri- 
ca Propria,  and  Ci/renuHca.)  an  extensive  region,  compris- 
ing all  the  northern  portion  of  Africa,  from  Egypt  to  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Greater 
Atlas,  and  extending  between  lat.  25°  and  37°  X..  and  Ion. 
10=  W.  and  25°  E.  It  is  divided  by  the  Atlas  Mountains 
into  two  regions,  that  on  the  X.  comprising  the  four  Bai^ 
bary  Stat-es.  viz.  the  Empire  of  Morocco,  the  province  of  Alge- 
ria, and  the  beylics  of  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  and  the  S.  restion 
called  the  BeltHi-eKTereed.  or  country  of  dates.  Barbary  and 
Egypt  formed  neariy  all  of  Africa  known  to  the  ancients.  It 
was  peopled  chieHy  by  Moors,  Xumidians.  and  Phoenician 
colonists;  it  attained  great  celebrity  under  the  dominion 
of  the  Carthaginians;  was  .ifterward  subject  to  the  Rom.ans, 
and  occupied  for  nearly  a  century  by  the  Tandal.s.  The 
Arabs  took  it  finally  fixin  the  Romans.  (Byzantines.)  about 
A.  D.  697.  The  name  Barbaky  appears  to  h.ive  been  derived 
from  BfrUr,  an  appellation  by  which  the  Arabs  designated 
the  people  of  this  region  iJelbre  the  Saracen  conquest. 
Some,  however,  derive  it  from  harharus,  (Imrbarian.) 

B.4,RB.\STE,  baa'bisf,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-(iaronne,  in  the  arrondissement  of  Nerac.  Pop.  of 
commune.  1852,  715. 

BARBASTRf*.  bdu-bls'tro,  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  in  Ara- 
pon.  on  the  Cinca,  50  miles  X.E.  of  Saragossa.  Pop.  in 
1845.  6<14.3.  It  has  a  cithedral.  with  some  paintings  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  3  convents,  and  philosophical.  lurricul- 
tural,  commercial,  and  other  literary  and  beneficent  asso- 
ciations. 

BAK'BEETOWX.  a  ix-st^iffice  of  U.irdv  co.,  Virsinia. 
BARBKXTAXXK,  ImR'Wx='tiinn'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  BouchesHiu  Khono,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Avignon. 
Pop.  in  \<b%  3051.     It*  neighborhood  produces  excellent 
wine  and  truit. 


BAR 

BAR'BER,  a  post-offlce  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio. 
BARBERIXO  DI  MUGELLO.  baH-b.vree'uo  dee  moo-jflHo, 
a  town  of  Tuscany.  15  miles  X.  of  Florence,  on  the  .^ieve.  It 
has  extensive  manufactures  of  straw  hats.  Pop.  alx)ut  2000. 
In  its  environs  is  the  royal  villa  of  Caffegiolo,  the  ancient 
residence  of  the  Medicis.' 

BAKBEKIXO  DI  VAL  D'ELSA,  bdr-bii-ree'no  dee  vil 
d^Ksi,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  in  which  is  the  palace  of  the 
Barberini.  birthplace  of  Pepe  Urban  A'lII.     Pop.  855. 

BAR/BER"S,  a  post-oflice  of  Columbia  co..  Florida. 

BAR'BER-S  CORXEKS,  a  post-village  of  WiU  co..  Illinois, 
15  miles  N.  of  Joliet. 

BARBER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-o£5c8  of  Isle  of  Wight 
CO..  Virginia.  

BAR'BERSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  .Jefferson  co..  Indiana. 

BARBERRY  (bar^bfr-re)  -MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Choc 
taw  CO..  Alaliama. 

BARBEZIEUX,  baR'bfh-ze-ch'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ch.arente,  19  miles  S.W.Iof  Angouleme.  '  Pop.  of 
commune,  2335.    It  is  famous  for  truffled  capons. 

BAKBOXA,  baR-bo'nS,  a  vjll.age  of  Xorthern  Italv,  23 
miles  S,S,W.  of  Padua,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Adige.  "Pop. 
2500.  " 

B.^RBOXXE,  baR'bonn',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Marne.  5  miles  S.  of  Sezanne.     Pop.  of  commune.  1276. 

BARBOUR,  liar^bur,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  Vir. 
giui.1,  has  an  area  of  330  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  bv 
Tygarfs  Valley  River,  a  branch  of  the  Monongaliel;v  and 
also  drained  by  Buchanan  Kiver  and  Elk  Creek.'  The  west- 
ern part  is  billy,  and  the  eastern  mountainous.  A  ridge 
called  Laurel  Mount  forms  the  E.  toundary.  The  soil  in 
many  parts  is  good,  and  particularly  adapted  to  ]>asturage. 
Stone  coal  and  iron  are  abundant,  "it  w;is  formed  in  1843, 
fi-om  Uarrison,  Lewis,  and  Randolph,  and  derived  its  name 
from  a  distinguished  familv  of  A'irginia.  Capital.  Philippi. 
Pop.  8958 ;  of  whom  8S63  vvere  free,  and  95  slaves. 

BARBOUR,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Alabama,  ha« 
an  areji  of  825  square  miles.  Tlie  Chattahoochee  River  forms 
the  entire  E.  boundary,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Pea  Rivoi-. 
The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  of  the  river  bottoms  ig 
fertile.  The  county  is  partly  covered  by  forests  of  pino. 
The  Chattahoochee  River  is  navigable  for  steamboats.  Capi- 
tal, Clayton.  Pop.  30,812;  of  whom  14,662  were  free,  and 
16,150  slaves. 

B.^RBOUR,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co..  Alabam.i. 

BARBOUR'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BARBOURSTILLE,  bar'berz-vil.  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Caliell co.,W. Virginia,  on  the  Guyandotte  River.  7  miles  from 
its  entrance  into  the  Ohio,  and  352  miles  W.  N.AV.  of  Rich- 
mond. The  main  road  leading  from  the  A'irginia  Spring's  to 
the  Ohio  River  pa.«scs  through  thi.s  village.    Free  pop.  341. 

BAKBOURSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Virginia. 
76  miles  X.W.  of  Richmond,  has  a  plea.sant  situjvtion,  and 
contains  several  stores  and  mechanics'  shops. 

BAI5B0URSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Knox  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  Cuml)erland  River,  122  miles  S..S.E.  of 
Frankfort.  The  road  from  Frankfort  to  Tennessee,  by  the 
Cumberland  Gap,  passes  througli  it.  Coal  and  iron  ore  are 
abundant  in  the  vicinity.  The  village  has  3  churches,  seve- 
ral stores,  and  nearlv  200  inhabitants. 

BARB0URSA'1LL"E.  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  13 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Madison. 

BARBOURSVILLli,  a  post-village  of  Dehaware  co.,  New 
York,  about  30  miles  E.  of  Binghamton. 

B.\RBOURVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Oranire  CO.,  Virginia, 

BARBUDA,  bar-boo'da,  one  of  the  British  AVest  ndi« 
Islands,  Leeward  group,  in  the  Atlantic.  22  miles  X'.  of  An- 
tigua. TheX.  point  is  in  lat.  17°  47' X..  Ion.  62°  2' AV.  Area, 
aimut  75  wjuare  miles.  Pop.  1600.  The  greater  part  of  the 
island  is  flat  and  fertile,  producing  corn,  cotton,  pepper,  and 
tobacco,  but  no  sugar.  There  is  no  port,  but  a  roadstead 
with  several  forts  on  the  AA'.  side. 

BARBY,  liaR/l>ee.  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  15 
miles  S,E.  Magdeburg,  on  the  Elbe.  Pop.  3400,  emploj-ed  in 
linen  and  woollen  manufactures. 

BARBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  X'orth.ampton. 

BAI{C.\,  biii'kd,  a  town  of  Portug-al.  province  of  Alinho, 
10  miles  X,  of  Braga,  on  the  Lima.    Pop.  1900. 

B.VRCA,  (anc.  CyrenaUca.)  a  maritime  recion  of  X'orth 
Africa,  between  l.at.  .30°  and  3.3°  X.,  and  Ion.  20°  and  25°  E., 
forming  the  E.  division  of  Tripoli,  and  having  AV.  the  rest 
of  that  dominion,  with  the  Gulf  of  Sidra.  (.anc.  ,8|'/r/)"s  .1/iyor,) 
X.  the  Mediterranean,  E.  Egypt,  and  S.  the  Libyan  waste. 
On  the  S.aud  in  the  interior  it  is  desert,  but  along  the  cMst 
the  soil  is  fertile,  though  neglected.  In  many  parts  it  yields 
crops  of  corn,  and  presents  wide  tr.icts  of  fine  pastur,ige;  on 
the  mountain  sides  are  forests  of  pine.s.  date  .">nd  olive  trees, 
and  flowering  shrubs.  It  has  no  permanent  rivers,  but  nu- 
merous mountain  torrents,  which  flow  to  the  arid  pl.iins  of 
the  Libyan  deserts.  The  population,  estim.ated  at  l.OOO.OOO, 
consists  of  Bedouin  Arabs,  with  a  few  Jews  in  tlie  towns. 
This  ivgion  was  anciently  the  seat  of  the  I'entapoUs.  (cr 
'•five  cities"'.)  viz:  Beivnice.  .\rsinoe.  Barca,  .\poUnnia.  and 
Cyrene,    Barca,  (Gr.  Bapxi;,)  so  called  from  the  ancient  city 


BAR 


BAR 


of  Barca,  was  reprarded  as  one  of  tho  chief  granaries  on  the 
African  coast.  The  Romans  succeeded  the  Greeks;  and  the 
remains  of  temples,  aqueducts,  and  other  great  public  un- 
dertakings, together  with  tlie  digoovery  of  numerous  Unt^k 
and  Iloman  cians,  whose  inscriptions  identify  them  with 
the  country,  show  at  once  the  importance  to  which  it  had 
attained,  and  the  amount  of  civilization  introduced.  All 
this,  brwever,  has  long  passed  away,  and  the  Arab  is  again 
sole  master  of  the  country.  The  seat  of  the  tabulous  Hes- 
perian gardens  was  jilaced  here. 

BAKCARKOTA.  bau-kdR-Ro'tl.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  19  miles  S.  of  Bad;ijos,  with  a  castle,  and  42S5  in- 
habitants. 

15ARCKIX0S,  baR-sJlloce,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Minho,  on  the  Cjivado,  9  miles  \V.  of  Braga.  Pop.  3892. 
It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls. 

BAHCELL<).S,  baR-sel'loce,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Para,  on  the  ritrlit  hank  of  the  Kio  Negro. 

BA11CKI„().\A.  bait-sil-lo'ni,  (L.  Bai'citw;  Gr.  Bapxivav,) 
a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  the  Siime 
name,  in  Catalonia.  312  miles  K.N.E.  of  Madrid.  L.it.  (Mole 
light)  41°  22'  3ii"  N.,  Ion.  2°  11'  E.  A  railway  connects  It 
with  Matai'O.  It  is  surrounded  with  walls,  and  defended 
by  a  citadel,  which  forms  its  N.E.  Iwundary.  It  is  not 
strong,  however,  in  itself,  being  commanded  by  the  fort 
of  Slontjoi,  occupying  a  height  of  that  name  in  the  S.  The 
possession  of  tliis  firt  necessjirily  secures  that  of  the  town 
and  citadel  also.  Barcelona  is  divided  into  two  nearly  e<iual 
parts  by  a  Jiiiely-plantod  promedade,  called  IjaKambla,  run- 
ning N.N.W.  from  the  shore.  The  N.W.  division  forms  the 
old,  and  the  S.W.  division  the  new  town,  the  former  consist- 
ing of  narrow,  erotjked,  ill-paved  streets,  while  those  of  the 
latter  are  more  spacious  and  regular.  To  the  E.  of  the  town, 
and  S.  of  the  citadel,  is  the  extensive  suburb  of  Barcelo- 
netta,  laid  out  with  great  regularity,  built  chiefly  of  brick, 
and  occupied  by  sailors  and  other  sea&ring  people.  Many 
of  the  houses  of  Barcelona  itself  are  also  of  brick,  but  most 
of  them,  particularly  in  the  new  town,  are  of  hewn  stone, 
several  stories  in  height,  and  of  an  imposing  appearance.  In 
recent  times,  great  imi)rovement8  have  lieeu  made;  gas  has 
been  introduced,  and  e.xtensive  sewers  have  been  con- 
structed; fountains  of  the  finest  water  are  found  in  every 
quarter,  and,  in  addition  to  La  Ilambla,  already  mentioned, 
the  Muralla  de  Tierra  and  the  Muralla  del  Mar  form  almost 
unriv.alled  promenades.  The  principal  public  edifice  is  the 
cathedral,  wbii-h  stands  in  the  highest  part  of  the  old  town. 
Its  origin  dates  from  the  first  ages  of  Christianity,  but  its 
present  form  of  liothic  architecture  appears  to  belong  to  the 
end  of  the  thirteenth  century.  It  is  approjiched  by  a  lofty 
flight  of  stei>s,  and  surmounted  by  two  towers.  There  are 
numerous  other  churches,  several  of  them  ancient  and  hand- 
some, but  scarcely  entitled  to  a  separate  notice.  One  of  the 
most  remarkaljlo  buildings  of  Barcelona  is  the  ?alaclo  de  la 
Deputiicion,  where  the  cortes  of  the  province  uscrf  to  hold 
their  sittings.  It  is  in  the  Greco-Uoman style,  and  is  now 
called  the  Audiencia,  being  occupied  by  the  courts  of  law; 
the  records  of  Aragon  and  Catalonia  are  kept  in  it.  Some 
of  them  are  of  tlie  ninth  century,  and  the  whole  collection 
Is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  kind  in  existr 
enee.  Of  the  modern  buildings,  the  principal  are  the  cus- 
tom-house, the  exchange,  the  theatre,  and  the  prison.  The 
conventual  establishments,  though  many  of  them  have 
been  suppressed,  are  still,  nominally,  22.  Tlie  principal 
educational  establishment  is  the  university.  In  connection 
with  it  are  numerous  schools,  in  which  elementary  educa^ 
tion  is  provided  for  all  classes.  The<ilogical  education  is 
given  chiefly  in  the  8eminario  Conciliar,  while  there  are 
several  separate  establishments  specially  set  apart  for  the 
study  of  medicine.  Charitable  and  beneficent  institutions 
are  uumenms ;  the  chief  being  the  Casa  de  Caridad,  Casa  de 
Misericordia.  and  the  Hospital  of  the  Holy  Cross.  Among 
literary  institutions,  may  be  mentioned  4  public  libraries, 
and  2  museums,  the  Academy  of  Belles-Lettres,  and  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Ac. 

Barcelona  is  the  seat  of  various  manufactures,  th»  princi- 
pal of  which  are  silks,  woollens,  flowered  cottons,  calicoes, 
!ace,  and  shoes ;  and  it  also  has  a  foundry  for  cannon.  The 
amount  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  manufactured  in  one 
vear  h,is  been  estimated  at  440.000/.,  and  the  number  of 
«hoes  annually  exported  at  "00,000,  valued  at  70,290J.  Its 
other  chief  exports  are  iron,  copper,  fire-arms,  cork,  fruit, 
wines,  and  brandies.  Its  principal  imports  are  Baltic  tim- 
ber, wax  from  .\fricA,  stockfish  from  Newfoundland  in  Bri- 
tish bottoms,  Swedish  iron,  Styrian  steel,  Kiga  and  Peters- 
burg hemp,  copper  and  iron  ware  from  Germany,  and  vari- 
ous articles  of  French  and  Italian  manufacture.  The 
trade  of  Barcelona  has  greatly  fallen  off  from  what  it  used  to 
be  in  former  times;  more  especially  the  decrease  of  inter- 
course with  Britain  is  very  marked.  Half  a  century  ago, 
many  hundreds  of  British  vessels  entered  the  port  in  the 
rourse  of  a  year;  in  1S41,  the  number  was  57,  which,  in 
.846,  had  increased  again  to  90;  the  tonu.ige  at  the  same 
dates  being,  respectively.  7409  and  15,080.  Among  the 
causes  assigned  for  this  decay  in  the  trade  with  Britain  are. 
the  non-importation  of  English  hardware,  the  German  being 


now  preferred,  on  account  of  its  greater  cheapness;  the  fall- 
ing olfof  the  traffic  in  Newfoundland  fish,  wliich  has  piissed 
almost  entirely  into  the  hands  of  the  Swedes  and  Norwe- 
gians:  and.  lastly,  an  almost  total  cessation  of  the  cotton 
trade  with  England,  the  Catalonians  now  importing  their 
cotton  themselves  direct  from  Pernambuco.  The  main 
part  of  the  trade  now  is  coasting:  the  number  of  Spanish 
vessels  entered  in  1846  was  2925  ;  cleared.  3271 :  and  fur  the 
preceding  years  the  proportion  was  similar.  The  port  of  the 
city  is  commodious,  but  obstructed  by  a  bar.  which  will  not 
allow  of  vessels  entering  that  draw  more  than  12  feet  water ; 
large  ships  are  therefore  obliged  to  anchor  outside.  On 
the  mole,  which  is  400  fathoms  in  length,  there  are  two 
batteries,  two  redoubts,  and  a  light-house. 

Barcelona  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Carthag*' 
nians  under  Hamilcar  Barca;  hence  its  name.  After  the 
fill  of  Carthage,  the  Romans  first  tecaiue  its  uuLsters,  then 
the  Goths,  who  possi'ssed  it,  with  the  rest  of  Catalonia,  till 
the  year  714,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens.  In 
H05.  it  was  retaken  from  them,  and  governed  by  French  vic»- 
roys.  In  874.  it  became  an  independent  earldom,  and  main- 
tained its  independence  till  the  annexation  of  Catalonia  to 
the  crown  of  Aragon,  in  the  twelfth  century.  In  1714.  it 
was  besieged  by  the  Duke  of  Berwick,  for  Philip  V.  of  Spain, 
and  taken,  after  a  defence  equalling,  in  desp<Tate  valor.  Ih.at 
of  Saragossa,  in  more  modem  time.s.  In  li^'O,  when  the 
population  wag  one-third  less  than  now.  the  number  of 
monks  in  the  city  was  1212;  of  secular  priests,  1216;  and 
of  nuns,  664.  Pop.  252,015.  Area  of  the  province,  2816  sq. 
miles.    Pop.  in  1857,  713,734. 

BAR'CELO'NA,  a  post-village  of  Westtield  township,  Chau- 
tauqua CO.,  New  York,  on  I<ake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Chau- 
tauqua Creek,  57  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo.  The  Buffalo  and 
State  l>ine  Uailro.id  pas.ses  through  it.  It  has  a  steanil<oat 
landing,  and  considerable  business  in  shipping  produce. 
The  exports  and  imports  in  1851  were  valued  at  $.''.3y,]83. 

BARCELONA,  (bllHiA-liVnJ.)  New,  a  town  and  ix>rt  of 
Venezuela,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neveri,  on  the  Caribbean 
Sea;  lat.  10°10' N.,  Ion.  04°  47' W.  The  houses  are  mostly 
of  mud.  ill-constructed,  and  poorly  furnished.  The  streets 
are  unpaved,  and,  in  wet  wi«ther.  extremely  filthy;  while 
in  dry,  the  dutt  is  intolerable.  Its  harbor  and  shipping  are 
protected  by  a  fortress,  called  El  Morro  de  B.ii-oeloiia.  situ- 
ated on  a  hill  which  rises  to  about  400  feet  aliove  the  level 
of  the  sea.  In  1S47,  the  numljer  of  ves.scls  entered  was  27, 
(tonnage,  3241 :)  cleared.  39.  (tonnage.  4497.)  Barcelona  is 
a  most  unhealthy  phice.  from  the  e-xccssive  heat  and  mois- 
ture of  the  air.  The  country  around-  however,  is  extremely 
fertile.  The  chief  trade  of  the  town  is  in  horned  cattle 
jerked  beef,  and  hides;  and  of  agricultural  produce  in  in- 
digo, annot'to,  cotton,  and  cacao.  Pop.,  15,000,  half  whites, 
and  half  mul.attoes  and  negroes. 

BAUCELONETA,  blR-sA-lo-nA/tl,  a  town  of  South  Ame- 
ri<».  in  VenezueL'^,  on  the  Paraguay,  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  An- 
gostura. 

BARCELOXNKTTE,  baR's?h-lon-n^tt/,a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Basses-Alpes,  29  miles  N.E.  of  Digne.  Pop, 
in  ls,")2,  2242.  It  is  IteautifuUy  situated  on  the  right  hank 
of  the  Uliaye,  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  3030  feet  in  elevation. 
It  hasa  college,  normal  school,  and  agricultural  society,  with 
silk-looms,  woollen  manufactures,  and  large  weekly  m.or- 
kets.  It  gives  its  name  to  a  rich  valley,  in  which  many  cat- 
tle and  sheep  are  reared. 

BAR^CELORE',  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  district  of  Canara.  on  the  Malabar  coast, 
N.N.Sv.  of  Mangalore,    It  is  the  Buract  of  the  ancients. 

BAR'CHESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick, 

BARCHFELD,  baRK'f^lt,  a  market-town  of  Hesse^assel, 
3.'i  miles  N.E.  of  Fulda,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Welra, 
I'op.  1400.  It  has  a  mansion  of  the  landgraves  of  Hesse- 
Philipsthal-Barchfeld. 

BARCINO.    See  B.^rcelo.n.*. 

BAR'CLAY,  a  post-ofl[ice  of  Whitesides  co..  Illinois. 

BARCLAY'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  San  Miguel  co.,  New 
Mexico. 

B  A  R'CLAYSVILLE,  a  postrofflce  of  Cumberland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BAR'COMB.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Sussex, 

BARCUS.  biR'kUce'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Basses-Pyr6n4es,  in  the  arrondissement  of  Mauleon,  Pop. 
of  commune  in  1851,  2341. 

B.4KD.  liiRd,  a  fortress  and  village  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
bank  of  the  Dora  Baltea,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Aosta.  It  WM 
razed  by  the  French  in  1800.  but  has  been  restored. 

BARDEL.  bar'dJl',  a  town  of  Japan,  on  the  Bay  of  Totomi, 
in  the  S.E.  of  the  island  of  Niphon. 

BAR'DEN.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  TTest  Rid- 
ing, on  the  Wharfe,  14  miles  N,E,  of  Skipton.  Pop.  in  18.51, 
1208.  Here  are  remains  of  an  ancient  tower,  locally  famous 
.as  the  favorite  residence  of  Henry  Cliffoid.  '•  the  .shepherd 
lord,"'  restored  to  the  former  possessions  of  his  family  by 
HenrvVII. 

BARDENBERG.  baR'den-hJRo/,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. 5  miles  N.N.E.of  Alx-la-Ch.apelle,  with  coal-mines.  Pop. 
1290. 

169 


BAR 

eAUTVFlELD    Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

JJAllD'KIELD.   Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

B  A  RIVFIELD  SA'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BAKDI.  baR'dee,  a  town  of  Nortnern  italy,  province  of 
«  irma,  lO'/^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Borgo  Taro.    Pop.  700. 

BAKDI.i,  bdR-dee/ian  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  on  the 
E.  cojist  of  Lower  Siam ;  lat.  10<^  50"  X.,  Ion.  99°  50'  E.  It  is 
do  mile?  in  length.  10  miles  in  breadth,  very  lofty,  and  is 
<epnrated  from  the  mainland  by  a  channel  about  2  miles  in 
width. 

BARO)!.?  or  BAR'DEES'.  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  3  miles 
8.S.E.  of  Girgeh.  The  French  gave  battle  hero  on  the  6th 
of  April,  1799. 

BARDNEY,  bard'nee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
6i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wragby.  On  a  large  barrow,  in  this 
parish,  there  is  a  cross  to  the  memory  of  Ethelred,  king  of 
Mercia,  said  to  be  buried  there. 

BARDOLIXO,  baR-do-lee/no,  a  town  of  Venice,  1  mile  W. 
of  Verona,  with  a  port  on  Lake  Garda.  Near  this  rllLige,  at 
the  famous  battle  of  Rivoli,  January,  1797,  the  French 
under  Napoleon  defeated  tiie  Austrians  under  Alvenzi.  Pop. 
2200. 

BARDONNECIIE,  (BardonnSche.)  baRMon^nJsh'.  a  village 
of  Piedmont,  19  miles  W.  of  Susa,  with  a  trade  in  cattle. 
Pop.  1060. 

BARDOS,  haRMos',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Biisses-PyrSnfies,  in  the  arrondissement  of  Baj-onne.  Pop. 
of  coramunf  ^I8b2)  2t)12. 

KARDOWIECK,  baR/do-*eek\  a  town  of  Hanover,  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Lilneburg,  on  the  Ilmenau.    Pop.  1400. 

BARDSE".  bard'zee,  (i.  e.  "Bard's  I.sland,"  so  called  from 
having  been  the  last  retreat  of  the  Welsh  bards,)  an  island 
of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon,  in  the  Irish  Sea,  near 
the  N.  point  of  Cardisran  Bjiy,  4j  miles  S.W.  of  Aberdaron. 
Lat.  of  li,j;ht-house,  52°  45'  N.,  Ion.  4°  48'  W.  Pop.  90.  It  is 
accessible  only  at  a  small  harbor,  at  the  S.E.  side.  It  has 
no  church,  but  the  inhabitants  meet  to  read  prayers  in 
Its  ruined  abbey.  The  island  is  the  property  of  Lord  New- 
borough. 

BARDSET,  a  parish  of  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Wetherby.  It  is  considered  the 
birthplace  of  Cbngreve,  the  poet,  baptized  here  in  1670. 

B  ARDSTOWN.  also  written  BAIRDi^TOWN,  a  post-town, 
capital  of  Nelson  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the  turni)ike  from 
Louisville  to  Nashville,  40  miles  S.E.  of  the  former,  and  50 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  handsomely  situated  on  an 
elevated  plain,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  N.  of  the  Beech  fork 
of  Salt  River,  and  is  a  place  of  some  importance  for  its 
ma»"*'"ctnres  and  educational  advantages.  It  contains  St. 
Jc.-pn's  College  (Roman  Catliolic),  several  churches, and 3 
academies,  which  are  said  to  be  in  a  flourisliing  con- 
dition. It  has  aUo  1  cotton,  1  woollen,  and  1  bagging 
factory,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  A  branch  railroad  con- 
nects it  v.-ith  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Kailroad.  Pop. 
136. 

SARDT.    See  Barth. 

BARD'   "ELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BAREGES.     See  BARRfioES. 

BAREILY,  bar-ale.  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  having  N.,  W.,  and  S.  the  dis- 
tricts of  Kumaon,  Moradabad,  andFmTUckabad,and  E.  the 
states  of  Oude  and  Nepaul. 

BAR  EILY,  a  city  capital  of  the  above  district,  and  of  a  divi- 
sion of  Upper  Provinces,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Ganges,  IIS 
miles  N.E.  of  Agra.  There  are  here  several  mosques,  and  an 
old  fort  in  ruins.  The  civil  and  military  servants  of  the  Eiist 
India  Company  live  in  cantonments  S.  of  the  town,  where  a 
new  and  strong  quadrangular  citadel,  surrounded  by  a 
ditch,  has  been  built.  The  town  contains  above  130  Persian 
and  Hindoo  schools,  and  some  hundreds  of  seminaries,  besides 
an  English  college,  teachers  of  medicine,  &c.  The  articles 
nianufiictured  wholly  by  Mohammedans  are  cutlery  of  all 
kinds,  chiefly  warlike,  such  as  swords,  daggers,  bows  and 
arrows.  &c, ;  saddles  and  horse-trappings,  fine  carpetings, 
embroidery,  jewelry,  and  lesither.  The  brazen  water-pots 
of  Bareily  are  very  much  valued,  as  well  as  the  cabinet- 
work. Bareily  is  the  head-quarters  of  a  civil  establishment 
and  circuit  court,  to  which  9  other  districts  are  subordinate. 
Pop.  (one-third  Mohammedans.)  (55,796. 

BARK  MOUNTAIN,  a  peak  In  the  W.  part  of  the  High- 
lands, in  Orange  co..  New  York. 

BARKNTIN,  bi^rftN'oHix"'. a  villageof  France, department 
of  Seine-Inferieure,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Rouen.  Pop.  of  com- 
inune(lS<52)  3073. 

BARENTON.  bJVSNO^tANo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
i)f  M.anche,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Mortain.   Pop.  of  commune,  3009. 

B.W5ESVILLE.  balrVvil,  a  post-ofBce  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

BARKTK,  bd-rA't.i,  a  town  of  Naples,  with  celebrated 
baths.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Aquila.    Pop.  1000. 

BARETOON  or  BARETOUN,  AL,  i\  bd^re-toon',  (anc.  Ptt- 
r<rtfr>>nium.)  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
borders  of  the  Desert  of  Barca,  Lat.  31°  30*  N. ;  lou.  27°  30' 
E.  It  is  now.  perhaps,  belt  -r  known  by  the  name  of  Port 
Hhaddra.  or  Berek  Marwi. 

BARETSCII  WEIL,  bd'rftch-ftne',  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
170 


BAR 

canton,  and  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zurich,  with  extensive  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  silk.     Pop.  34('2.  Protestants. 

BAKE'A'I  LLE.  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BARFLEUR,  baR'fiuR/,  .an  ancient  seaport  town  of  Franco, 
department  of  Manche,  on  the  English  Channel,  15  mile« 
E.  of  Cherbourg.  Pop.  of  commune,  llf^o.  It  was  formerly 
one  of  the  best  ports  in  Normandy,  but  now  its  harbor  is 
partly  filled  up  with  sand.  It  is  a-^serted  that  Willwm  the 
Conqueror  set  out  from  this  port  for  the  conquest  of  Eng. 
land.  About  1  mile  X.  is  a  granite  li'_'ht-house,  271  feet 
above  the  sea,  on  Cape  Barfleur.  in  lat.  49°  40'  N. :  Ion.  1°  16'  W 

BARFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

B.\RFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BARFORD,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford 

BARFORD,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BARFORD,   Little    a  p;irish  of  Enixland,  co.  of  Bedford. 

BARFORD  ST.  MARTIN'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

BARFRESTON,  bar/firfs-t^n,  or  BARSTTON,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BARGA,  biR'gi,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Lucca, 
on  the  Serchio,  16  miles  N.  of  Luccji.  Pop.  2540.  The 
cnmimitd  of  Barga,  with  a  population  of  6790,  extends  into 
the  province  of  Modena. 

BAR'GAINTOWN,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  in  the 
S.E.  part  of  Atlantic  co.,  New  Jei-sey,  about  55  miles  S.S.E, 
of  Camden. 

BAltGAR'RAN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  pa- 
rish of  Erskine,  41  miles  N.N.W.  of  Paisley.  The  manufac- 
ture of  fine  thread  was  first  established  here  in  Scotland. 

B.'VRGAS,  baR'gis,  a  town  of  Spain,  6  miles  N.W.  of 
Toledo.     Pop.  3457.     Commerce  in  grain  and  cattle. 

BAR'GASVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co..  Indiana. 

B.\RGE.  b;iR'^,  (Fr.  pron.  bdRzh.)  a  town  of  the  SardinL".n 
St.ates,  in  Piedmont,  at  the  foot  of  Monte  Monbracco,  on  the 
Grandon,  2S  miles  S.S.W.  of  Turin.  It  has  a  communal  col- 
lege, manulactures  of  fire-arms,  and  carries  on  a  lirisk  gene- 
ral tr.ade.  Slates  are  quarried  in  the  neighborhood.  In 
180S  it  suffered  greatly  from  an  earthquake.     Pop.  7000. 

BARGEMONT,  baRzh'mAs"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Var,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Draguiguan.  Pop.  of  conc- 
mune,  1750. 

BARGOOZEEN.  or  BARGOUZIN,  baR-goo-zeen',  a  river  of 
Siberia,  government  of  Irkoot«k.  flowing  into  Lake  Baikal 
on  its  E.  side,  after  a  course  of  200  miles. 

BARGOOZEENSK  orBARGOOZINSK,  baR-goo-zinsk'.  is  a 
modern  town  and  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  alx)ve  river, 
220  miles  E.X.E.  of  Irkootsk.  In  its  environs  are  thermal 
springs  and  baths. 

BARGOUZIN.    See  Bargoozees. 

B.^RHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Huntingdon. 

B.iRIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BARHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BAR'HAMSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  New  Kent  co..  Virginia. 

BAR'HOLME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

B.\1{I,  b3/ree,  (anc.  Ba'rinm.,)  a  fortified  city  and  seaport 
of  Naples,  capital  of  the  province  of  Terra-di-Bari.  on  a  pe- 
ninsula in  the  Adriatic,  140  miles  N.N,E.  of  Naples.  Lat. 
41°  7'  52"  N.;  Ion.  1(3°  53'  4"  E.  Pop.  in  1S6-2,  32,994.  It  is 
defended  by  walls  towards  the  sea;  the  Corso  is  a  fine  new 
street,  but  in  general  the  town  is  mean  and  dirty.  Princi- 
pal buildings,  a  citadel,  cathedral,  a  college  of  nobles.  lyceum, 
large  dioces;»n  seminary,  new  theatre,  large  arsenal,  corn 
magazines,  and  hospit.als.  It  has  civil  and"  criminal  coxirts; 
manufiictures  of  cotton,  linen,  and  silk  fabrics,  saip,  glass, 
and  liquours;  and  it  exports  corn,  oil.  and  fruits.  Its  cjuay 
and  roadstead  are  good,  but  its  harbor  admits  only  of  small 
vessels.  Bari,  conquered  by  the  Normans  in  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury, was  for  some  time  the  capital  of  their  Duchy  of  Apulia 

B.UH,  Terra  Dl,  t^R'Rd  dee  bi'ree,  a  province  of  Naples, 
bounded  E.  by  the  AdrL^tic.  N.  by  Capitanata.  W.  by  Basi- 
licata,  and  S.  by  Otranto.  It  is  mostly  flat,  and  very  fertile 
in  grain,  wine,  and  fruit.  Climate  dry,  and  very  warm  in 
summer.    .Area,  2368  square  miles.     Pop.  in  ISfii  ,'554.402. 

B.^RT,  a  vill.age  of  Greece,  government  of  Attica.  12  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Athens,  near  it  is  a  stahvctitic  cave  in  Mount 
Hymettus,  with  ancient  inscriptions. 

B.\RI.  a  village  of  .Sardinti,  province  of  Lanusei,  55  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1500. 

BARIGAZZO,  bi-re-git'so.  a  village  of  Northern  It^ily,  in 
the  former  province  of  Lunigiana.  Ne;u-  this  is  observetl  a 
phenomenon  similar  to  that  at  Pietramala.  Natural  fire 
issues  from  the  soil,  ascends  several  feet,  and  continues  for 
some  davs  without  intermission. 

B.\RIGIANO,  bl-re-ji'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
.'ibruzzo  Ultra  I..  12  miles  S.E.  of  Aquila.     Pop.  1800. 

B.\KILE.  bi-rci'lA,  atown  of  Naples,  provinceof  Ba.-ilicata, 
4  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Molfi.  agreeably  situated  on  a  hill.  It  was 
founded  bv  a  Greek  colony  of  the  Lower  Empire,  and  the 
rites  of  the  Greek  Church  were  practised  .as  late  as  the 
seventeenth  century.    It  has  three  fhurdics.     Pop.  3730. 

B.\RIMA.  bd-ree-mi/.  a  river  and  headland  of  British 
Ouiana.  Point  Barima.  in  lat.  8°  46'  N..  Ion.  (.0^  W..  forms 
the  N.  extremity  of  that  colony,  and  immediately  W  of  it 
the  river  enters  the  estuary  of  the  Orinoco. 


BAR 


BAR 


BA'PINO.  a  pnst-towtuhip  of  Tfashin^n  co..  Maine,  on  [ 
the  S.  side  of  the  St.  Croix  lUver,  about  150  miles  JJ.E.  by 
E.  of  Aujcusta.     I'op.  409. 

BARt.  TKRR  A  DI.    See  Bari. 

BAKJAK.  biR'zhJk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gard.  19  miles  N.K.  of  Alais.     Pop.  in  1852,  2507. 

BA  li  JOIiS,  bJuV.hol'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
11  miles  N.X.W.  of  Brignoles.    Pop.  in  1852,  3302. 

BAHKA.     See  IJURKHA. 

BAlJK'llV,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BAltKKHO.  baii'k^h-boo,  a  town  of  Sweden,  12  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Kalmar. 

BAUKEIIDlKir,  bar-kph-dee'fh,  a  populous  Tillajte  of 
Western  Africa,  Damga  country,  on  the  Senegal,  inhabited 
by  a  warlike  and  agricultural  tribe,  called  Daliankes,  whose 
chief  resides  here. 

BAIl'K  KK,  a  township  of  Broome  CO.,  New  York.   Pop.  1090. 

BAIl'KER'S  SEiVTLEMENT,  a  postofflce  of  Barbour  co., 
Virginia. 

BAIt'KERSVILLE,apost-offlce  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York. 

BAR'KKRVII.LE,  a  manufacturing  \illage  of  I'ittsfield 
town»ihip.  Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  about  50  miles  N.W. 
of  Springfield. 

BAI'iK'dAM.  a  parish  of  England,  ca  of  Berks. 

BAKKIIA.M 'STEAD,  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, 20  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford,  contains  some  very  fine 
water  privileges.  It  has  manufactures  of  forks  and  various 
kinds  of  ha  rdware.     Pop.   1 272. 

BA1;K'ING,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  I^ondon.  Pop.  9888.  The  town,  on 
the  Kddney,  about  2  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Thames,  has  an  embattled  gateway,  remnant  of  a  convent, 
the  abbess  of  which  held  baronial  rank ;  a  church  with  cu- 
rious monuments,  an  ancient  market-house,  a  school  on 
Bell's  system,  and  a  considerable  transit  trade  in  coal  and 
timber.  In  a  house  standing  near  the  town,  the  Gunpow- 
der I'lot  is  s;iid  to  have  been  concerted. 

BAKMvINO.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BARK  ISLAND,  a  township  of  England,  CO.  of  York,  West 
Ridinu'. 

BA1;K0L,  bar'kol',  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkisten,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Khamil.     Residence  of  a  m)lit.iry  governor. 

BARK  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Washington  co., 
and  enters  Rock  River  in  Jefferson  co. 

B.\KK  !!IVKR,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BAKK.S/DALE.  a  postrvillage  of  Ilaliiax  CO.,  Virginia,  132 
miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

BAI;K'ST0N,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Llecester. 

BARK'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BA  I!  K'TON,  a  village  of  Saline  co.,  lUindJs,  8  miles  S.W. 
of  lialeiuh. 

BARli'WAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  15  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Hertford. 

BARK'WITII.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BARKWITII,  West,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BAltLASSINA,  bdit-lis-see'nd.  a  village  of  Lombardy,  14 
miles  N.  of  Milan,  with  a  magnificent  Dominican  convent, 
which  now  serves  as  a  theological  seminary. 

BAR'LASTON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

BAK'LAVINGTON,  or  BARI/TON,  a  p.vish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Sus.=ex. 

BARL'ROROUGII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BAR-r.E-DUC.  baR'leh-dUk',  or  BAR-SUR4)RNAIN,  bjR- 
iUR-0K*ni.N"',  a'  town  of  France,  department  of  Meuse,  125 
miles  E.  of  Paris,  on  the  Ornaln,  on  the  new  canal  from  the 
Marrie  to  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  r.iilway  (in  progress)  from 
Paris  to  Stnisbourg.  Pop.  in  1862,  14,816.  Tribunal  of  the 
eomiuune,  capital  of  the  arrondissement  of  Forestiers.  com- 
prising the  department  of  the  Meuse.  It  has  a  communal 
colle^ie,  a  normal  school,  and  public  library ;  an  active  in- 
dustry, with  manufactures  of  cotton  and  calicoes:  a  com- 
modious port,  and  an  extensive  commerce  in  timber  from 
the  Aosges  for  the  supply  of  Paris,  and  in  wine,  iron,  and 
wool.  It  was  founded  in  the  tenth  century,  and  was  for- 
merly the  fortified  capital  of  the  duchy  of  the  same  name. 
Birtliplace  of  the  Duke  of  Guise  and  of  General  Excolmans. 

BARLETTA,  baR-l4t/ti,  (anc.  Burduli  and  Baroluml)  a 
fortified  seaport  city  of  Naples,  province  and  33  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Bari,  on  a  rocky  island  in  the  Adriatic,  connect- 
ed bv  a  bridge  with  the  mainland.  Lat.  41°  19'  26"  N. ;  Ion. 
16°  is'  10"  E.  Pop.  26,474  It  is  "hemmed  in  with  regu- 
lar built  walls  and  angular  towers ;"  streets  wide  and  well 
paveil.  houses  lofty  and  of  fine  stone.  It  has  a  citadel, 
cathedral,  college,  and  a  colossal  statue  of  the  Emperor 
Ileraclius.  Its  harbor,  formed  by  a  mole  on  which  is  a 
light-liouse.  admits  only  small  vessels ;  but  it  has  a  consi- 
derable trade  with  tha  other  ports  of  the  Adriatic  and  the 
Ionian  Islands,  exporting  corn,  wine,  oil.  fruit,  wool,  and 
Jikins.  and  salt  from  lakes  and  springs  in  the  vicinity. 

BAR'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ilorts. 

BAR'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BAR'LINGS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BARLOVESTO,  baK-lo-vW-to,  a  town  of  the  Canary  Is- 
lands, on  the  N.E.  of  the  island  of  Palma.  Pop.  2148.  Occu- 
pied in  linen  weaving. 


B.\RLOW.  a  post-township  of  Washington  cc,  Ohio,  about 
12  miles  W.  of  .Marietta.     Pop.  I'-'OO. 

B.'Vlt'LOW,  Gre-vt  and  Little,  two  contiguous  town 
ships  of  England,  co.  of  Derby.  3  miles  N.W.  ol  Chesterfield 

BARMBECK,  bdRm'bek,  a  village  of  Northern  Germany 
3  miles  N.E.  of  Hamburg.  Pop.  1539,  engaged  in  cotton 
manufiictures. 

BARM'BY-ON-MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

B.^RJli-lN,  baR/mgn,  a  manufacturing  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  circle  of  Elberfeld,  district  of  Dusseldorf  situated 
In  the  valley  of  the  Wipper,  27  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cologne.  It 
is  in  fact  a  continuation  of  the  town  of  Elberfeld,  to  which 
it  is  united  by  a  bridge,  and  with  which  it  forms  one  unin- 
terrupted street  of  6  miles  in  length;  and  is  composed  of 
an  agglomeration  of  numerous  places  of  different  names, 
now  constituted  a  town.  Its  situation  is  healthy  and  pic- 
turesque, but  the  town  itself  is  dirty,  and  not  prepossessing 
The  staple  m.inu&ctures  are  ribbons  and  tapes,  which  are 
very  widely  diffused.  Silk  is  likewise  manufactured,  with 
cotton  and  linen  fabrics,  linen  and  cotton  tliread.  velvet, 
lace,  steel  and  plated  articles,  hardware,  chemical  products, 
and  earthenware,  with  establishments  for  calico-printing, 
which  have  long  been  famous  for  the  excellence  of  the  dye 
called  Turkey  red.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  kitchen 
gardens,  the  cultivation  of  which  employs  many  persons. 
It  contains  four  churches,  one  of  which,  the  Protestant 
church,  is  a  very  handsome  building;  a  higli  school,  a  de,if 
and  dumb  asylum,  exchange,  two  banks, a  police  court,  and 
a  commercial  tribunal.  The  district  in  which  the  united 
towns  of  Elberfeld  and  Barmen  are  sltuatiM  is  the  most 
populous,  the  most  industrious,  and  most  thriving  in  the 
Prussiiin  dominions.     Pop.  in  1861,  49,772. 

BAR  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  Maine. 

BAK'MING.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BAR/MOUTH  or  AlVERMAW,  a  market-town  and  sea- 
port of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth,  on  the  estuary  of  the 
Maw,  7i  miles  S.W.  of  Dolgelly.  Pop.  930.  It  is  fre(iuented 
for  sea-bathing,  and  has  an  export  trade  in  timber,  bark, 
slates,  copper,  lead,  and  vards  for  ship-building. 

BAItMSTEDT,  bdum'st^itt.  a  market-town  of  Denmark, 
Holstein.  14  miles  E.  of  GlUckstadt.  Near  it  is  the  ancient 
castle  of  Ifdntzau. 

BARM'STdN.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  Ea.st  Riding. 

BAR'NACK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BAJONAOORty,  a  town  of  British  India,  6  miles  N.  of 
Calcutta,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  lloogly.  Formerly  a  Portu- 
guese settlement. 

BAR'NARD,  a  group  of  islands  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia, within  the  Great  Barrier  Reef,  extending  in  a 
straggling  direction  for  6  miles  to  the  S.  of  Double  Point. 
Lat.  17°  40'  S. ;  Ion.  146°  30'  E. 

BAR'NARD.  a  township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  about 
85  miles  N.N.E.  from  Augu.sta.     Pop.  172. 

BARNARD,  a  post-township  of  Windsor  CO.,  Vermont, 
about  35  miles  S.  of  Montpelier,  watered  by  several  tributa- 
ries of  White  River.  It  has  several  carriage  ni'.'.hufactories. 
Pop.  1487. 

BAR'NARD  CASTLE,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of 
England,  co.  of  Durham,  parish  of  Gainford.  on  the  Tees, 
21  i  miles  S.W.  of  Durham.  Pop.  in  1851.  41)08.  It  has  a 
hospital  for  poor  persons,  founded  in  1229  by  John  lialiol, 
King  of  Scotland,  (a  n.ative  of  this  place.)  and  the  ruins  of 
the  stately  castle  whence  the  town  derives  its  name,  built 
by  Barnard,  the  grandfather  of  Baliol.  It  has  manufactures 
of  hats,  carpets,  and  thread ;  and  one  of  the  largest  com 
markets  in  the  North  of  England  is  held  here  on  Wednes- 
day. Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  church,  the  only  remains 
of  the  town  of  Mancond,  formerly  an  important  place ;  and 
extensive  stone  quarries 

BAR'NARDISTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BAR'NARDSVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Roan  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  1.30  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

BARNAUL,  baR-n6wl',  the  principal  mining  town  of 
Western  Siberia,  government  of  Tomsk,  on  the  Barnaul  Obi, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Obi.  230miles  S.S.W.  of  Tom.sk.  Pop. 
9927.  It  is  under  the  immediate  authority  of  the  cabinet 
of  St.  Petersburg,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  mining  board,  and 
the  capital  of  a  mining  di.strict  '•  as  extensive  as  the  whole 
kingdom  of  Hungary."  (JliUer.)  The  town  is  regularly 
Imiit.  and  has  upwards  of  30  public  offices,  including  4 
Russian  churches,  magazines,  and  hospitals,  geological  and 
other  museums,  besides  about  120  furnaces,  at  which  large 
quantities  of  auriferous  silver,  lead,  and  copper  ores  are 
smelted,  and  a  vast  amount  of  cast  iron  is  produced.  A  mag- 
netic and  meteorological  observatory  was  erected  here  in  1 841. 

BARN'BROUGH  or  BARNBOKOUGII,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land.  CO.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

BARN'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BARNBY-lN-XIIE-WlLLOWS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Notts. 

BARNBY-ON-DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  -> 

BAR'NEGAT',  a  small  vill  ge  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  Kiver,  4  miles  below  Poughkeepsie. 

171 


BAR 


BAR 


BAR^XEG  \Tt,  a  post-town  of  Union  township,  in  the  S. 
part  of  Ocean  county,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  Double 
Creek,  nearly  opposite  the  inlet  of  that  name,  1  mile  from 
Barnegat  Bay,  aud  about  14  miles  S.  of  Tom"s  Kiver.  It  has 
2  places  of  worship,  an  academy,  a  temperance  hall,  and  3 
stores.  The  inliabitants  are  largely  engaged  in  navigation 
and  the  coasting  trade,  and  about  three-fourths  of  the  capi- 
tal owned  here  is  invested  in  vessels  trading  from  New  York 
and  Jersey  City  to  the  South.  This  place  is  much  fre- 
quented by  gunners  in  quest  of  wild  fowl,  which  abound  in 
the  bay.  and  the  boarding-house  on  the  beach  opposite  the 
Tillage  is  re.«ort«d  to  for  bathing.  Lines  of  stages  connect 
tins  place  with  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Tuckerton. 
Pop.  about  G60. 

liAKNEGAT  BAY',  on  the  E.  border  of  Ocean  county, 
Kew  Jersey,  extends  X.  from  Barnegat  Inlet  to  the  mouth 
of  Metetecuuk  River,  about  23  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  4 
wide.  It  is  separated  from  the  ocean  by  Squam  Beach  and 
Island  Beach,  narrow  strips  of  land  from  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
to  a  mile  wide.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Metetecunk  Kiver, 
Kettle  Creek,  Tom's  Kiver,  Cedar  Creek,  and  Forked  Kiver. 
The  inlet  from  Uio  ocean  is  over  a  mile  in  width. 

BAKNEK  V I  LlAi,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co.,  Xew  Y'ork. 
B.A.RN  ES,  barnz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the 
Thames,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Loudon.    At  Barn-Elms,  in  this 
parish,  \Valsingham  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth,  Cowley 
the  poet  resided,  and  the  Kit-Cat  Club  held  its  meetings. 
BAKNES,  a  post-office  of  Kichlaud  co.,  Ohio. 
BAKN'ESBOKOUGH,  a  post-vill.%ge  of  Gloucester  co.,  New 
Jerse}',  7  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Woodbury. 

BAKXES'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Xew  Y'ork. 
BAKNESS  CROSS    RO.^DS,  a  post-office  of  Dale    co., 
Alabam.a. 

BAK.N'ES'VIEW,  a  village  iu  Clark  CO.,  Missouri,  about  2 
miles  E.  of  Wyaconda  River. 

BARNES' VILLK.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mary- 
land. 38  miles  N.^V.  of  Washington,  and  4  miles  E.  of  the 
Potomac  Kiver. 

BAKXESVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Pike  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Macon,  and  IS  miles  of  Griffin.  The  village  has  an 
active  business  in  cotton,  &c,  and  contains  a  church  and 
5  stores. 

B.\KXESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co  ,  Ohio,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  50  miles  E.  of  Zaueaville.    It  contains 
2  or  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  1  national  bank.  Pop.  1107. 
BAR'NET.  post-towuship  of  Caledonia  county,  Vermont, 
about  25  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Montpelier,  at  the  junction  of 
the   Passumpsic  with   the  Connecticut  River,  and  ou  the 
Connecticut  and  P:issumpsic  Rivers'  Railroad.     Its  manu- 
factures comprise  leather,  woollen  goods,  boots  aud  shoes, 
&c.    Pop.  1994. 
BAKNET,  a  township  of  Forest  CO..  Pennsylvania.  Pop.614, 
BAKNET-BY-1'UE-^\0LD,  a  parish  of  England,   co.  of 
Lincoln. 

BAR/NET,  CHIPPING,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Hereford,  on  the  Great  Xorthera  Koad.  11  miles 
N.X.W.  of  London.    Pop.  in  ISol.  2380.    The  town  stands 
on  a  height,  and  has  a  church  built  in  1400,  a  grammar 
school  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1573,  and  some  well- 
endowed  alms-houses.     An  obelisk  near  the  town  com- 
memorates the  liattle  fought. there  in  1471,  between  the 
Y'ork  and  Lancaster  armies,  when  the  latter  were  totally 
defeated,  and  their  leader,  the  great  Earl  of  Warwick,  was 
killed. 
BARXET.  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  adjoining  the  above. 
BAKXET.FKYERN. a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Middlesex. 
BAit/XETX'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co..  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Rappahannock  River,  93  miles  X.  by  W.  of 
Richmond. 

BAKNEVELD,  baR/ngh-Tjlt\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland.  ISmiles  N.W.of  Arnhem.  Pop.  2390. 
BAKXEVELD  (baR/ugh-vSlt")  ISLAXDS.  Southern  Ocean, 
off  Terra  del  Fuego.    Lat  of  X.E.  extremity,  85°  48'  S.: 
Ion.  60°  45'  W. 
BAK'XEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
BARNEY'S,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co..  Arkansas. 
B.A.RN'UAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
B.\KNHAM.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
BARN  HAM  BROOM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
BAKX'IIART'S  MILLS,  a  smaU  post^vUlage  of  Butler  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 
BAli/NIXGHAM,  a  parish  cf  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
BAKXINGUAM,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Y'ork,  North 
Riding. 

BAKXINGUAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

B.^R'NXXGUAM  NORAVOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BARNINGHAM  WINTER  or  TOWN,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Norfolk. 

BAKNOLDBY-LE-BECK.  ban'npld-be-lgh-b^k',  or  BAR/- 
NETHY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

B.1K'X0LDWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  I 

178 


BARXSLEY,  bamznee,  or  BARNESLEY,  ST.  MARY,  • 
market-town  and  ehapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding,  parish  of  Silkstone,  10  miles  S.  of  Wakefield,  and  8 
miles  X.  of  Sheffield,  with  a  station  on  the  North  Midland 
Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  14.913.  The  houses  are  mt.ttly  of 
stone.  It  has  a  spacious  market-place,  a  free  grammar 
school,  a  national  school,  a  subscription  library,  a  scientific 
institution,  and  extensive  manuiactures  of  iini'U  yarn, 
damasks,  and  drills;  a  glass  factory,  iron  foundries,  needle 
and  wire  works,  bleaching,  dyeing,  and  coal  works.  The 
Barnsley  Canal  connects  the  Calder  and  Don,  and  places 
Barnsley  in  communication  with  Wakefield  aud  Leeds. 
About  1  mile  distant  are  the  remains  of  Monk  Briton 
Priory. 
BARXSLEY'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
BAiiXSTABLE.  baru'sta-b'!,  the  most  eastern  county  of 
Massachusetts,  has  an  area  oi'  about  290  square  miles.  It 
consists  of  a  peninsula  and  a  number  of  islands,  and  in- 
cludes Cape  Cod,  which  extends  iu  a  northerly  direction  for 
atx)ut  66  miles.  The  soil  is  generally  light  aud  s;indy. 
Largo  quantities  of  salt  ai-e  manutactured  here  from  the 
sea-water.  The  X.W.  part  of  the  county  is  crossed  by  the 
Cape  Cod  Branch  Kaili-oad.  Organized  in  lOfeo,  and  pro- 
bably named  from  Barnstaple,  a  seaport  town  of  Enirland. 
Capital,  Barnstable.     Pop.  35,990. 

ij.^KX  STABLE,  a  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  jtistice  of 
Barnstable  county,  Mas.saehu.setts.  on  the  S.  side  of  Barn- 
stable Bay,  which  opens  into  Cape  Cod  Ikty.  The  Old  Colony 
Railroad  is  intended  to  extend  to  this  place,  oo  miles  S.E. 
of  Boston,  and  28  miles  SJK.  of  Plymouth.  The  township 
reaches  entirely  across  the  cape,  including  seveiul  villages 
within  its  limits.  At  the  mouth  of  the  bay  is  a  Ijar,  having 
on  it  from  6  to  7  feet  of  water.  Barnstable  has  a  bank,  a 
savings  institution,  and  insui-ance  compiiny.  Oue  weekly 
newspiiper  is  published  in  the  town.  The  inhabitants  are 
extensively  engaged  in  the  coast  trade  and  the  fisheries. 
The  aggregate  burden  of  the  shipping,  June  30.  1854.  was 
7515  tons  registered,  and  74.44;3  tons  enrolled  and  licensed; 
total,  81.958.  During  the  year,  19  schooners,  with  an  ag- 
gre_'ate  burden  of  2003  tons,  were  admeasured.  Packets 
and  steamboats  are  constantly  plying  between  this  port  and 
Boston.     Pop.  5129. 

BARXSTAPLE,  barn'st-vp'l,  a  parltamentary  and  munici 
pal  borough,  seaport,  m;uket-town,  and  parish  of  England, 
in  the  county  of  Devon,  on  the  Taw,  6  miles  from  its  mouth 
in  Barnstaple  Bay,  here  crossed  b}-  a  stone  biidge  of  sixteen 
arches,  34  miles  X.W.  of  Exeter.  Pap.  iu  ISol,  8667.  The 
town  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Athelsian.  and  was 
incorporated  by  Henry  I.  It  is  well  built,  has  a  large  an- 
cient church,  and  a  grammar  school,  endowed  in  164'J,  occu- 
pying part  of  an  old  moniistery,  in  which  Bishop  Jewel  and 
and  the  poet  Gay  were  educated ;  a  charity  scliool.  an  alms- 
house, and  numerous  other  charities;  amech.auics'  institute, 
tanneries,  potteries,  an  iron  Ibuudrj",  paper  mill,  aud  manu- 
factories of  low  broadcloths,  patent  lace,  and  fishing  nets. 
Chief  import,  timl>er.  The  shipping  trade  has  declined, 
owing  to  an  obstruction  caused  by  the  accumulation  of  sand 
iu  the  river  and  harbor.  In  1846.  492  ships,  with  an  aggro- 
gate  burden  of  37,305  tons,  entered,  aud  473  ships,  with  k 
burden  of  25.343  tons,  cleared  fiom  the  port;  registered 
shipping  in  1847,  5010  tons.  Barnstaple  sends  two  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

BARNSTEAD,  a  post-township  of  Belknap  co.,  Xew 
Hampshire,  altout  15  miles  N.E.  of  Coucorti,  has  several 
starch  mills  aud  tanneries.     Pop.  ISbs. 

BAKN'STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BAKXSTOX,  or  BARXSTOX  CORXERS,  a  vill.ige  and 
township  iu  the  county  of  Staustead,  Cauada  East,  14  miles 
E.  of  Staustead. 

BARXSTOKF,  b.iRns'toBf,  a  village  of  Hanover,  co.  of 
Hoja.  9  miles  X.  of  Diepholz. 

B.\RXVlLLE-SUR-.MER,baRnVeel'siiR-maiR.  (anc.  Cn-cM- 
Uinum  Pt)Hu$,)  a  small  town  aud  seaport  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Valognes.     Pop.  1205. 

BARN'WELL.  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  adjoining 
the  town  of  Cambridge,  on  the  X.E.,  with  a  chapel  built  in 
the  eleventh  century.  Pop.  6909.  It  is  a  great  mart  for 
leather,  wool,  cheese,  and  cattle. 

BAKN'WELL.  a  district  iu  the  S.W.  part  of  South  Caro- 
Una,  bordering  on  the  Savannah  River,  which  sep'irate?  it 
from  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  1550  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  by  South  Edisto  Kiver,  and  drained  by  the  sources 
of  the  S.alkehatchie.  which  flows  south-eastward.  The  i-ur- 
face  is  hilly;  the  soil  moderately  fertile,  especially  near  the 
rivers.  The  pine  is  one  of  the  most  common  forest-trees. 
The  Savannah  River  is  navigable  for  steamboats  on  the 
border  of  the  district,  which  is  also  intersected  by  the  Sl  utb 
Carolina  Railroad,  extendiiig  to  Charleston.  Capital.  Barn- 
well Court  House.  Pop.  30,i-t3;  ot  whom  13,34:i  were  liee, 
and  17.401  slaves. 

BARXWELL,  or  BARXWELL  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post- 
village,  capital  of  Barnwell  district,  South  Carolina,  near 
Sjilkehatchie  River,  55  miles  in  a  direct  line  S  S.W.  from 
Columbia.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  cotton  district,  and  has 
«ome  trade.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  several  churches. 


BAR 


BAR 


BAUXW^ELL,  KING'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BAKNWRLL,  ST.  ANDREW'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Northampton.  It  has  a  station  on  the  Peterborough 
branch  of  the  London  and  North  Western  I'.ailway. 

BARN'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Gloucester. 

BARO,  bdVo',  a  river  of  Africa;  rises  in  the  country  of  the 
Wallegas,  S.W.  of  .\byssyuia,  ne;ir  lat.  8°  N..  in  an  extensive 
plateau,  in  which  the  tributaries  of  the  Uahr-el-Abiad  (White 
Nile.)  have  their  source.  The  course  of  the  Bare  is  not  ex- 
plored yet,  but  the  natives  represent  it  as  a  very  large  river, 
the  valley  of  which  is  inhabited  by  Shankalahs,  and  fre- 
quented bv  herds  of  elephants. 

«AK(MCU,  bi-i-otch',  or  BROACH,  a  district  of  British 
India,  in  the  presidency  of  Bombay,  having  on  the  S.  Surat. 
E.  a  part  of  the  Guicowar's  dominions,  N.  and  W.  the  river 
Mhye  and  Gulf  of  Cambay.  Area,  1351  square  miles.  Pop. 
239.527. 

BAROACH,  (probably  the  ancient  Bnrygaza,)  capital  of 
the  aliove  district,  is  on  the  Nerbudda,  3ti  miles  N.  of  Surat. 
Pop.  estimated  in  1S12,  at  32,700;  but  it  has  since  greatly  de- 
clined, and  is  poor,  mean,  and  dirty.  Trade  in  cotlon,  grain, 
and  seeds,  exported  to  Bombay  and  Surat.  Here  is  a  Brah- 
minical  endowed  hospital  for  sick  animals,  into  which  even 
insects  are  received. 

B.\R*  >DA,  bar-o'da.  a  city  of  Ilindostan,  capital  of  the  Gui- 
cowar's dominions,  78  miles  N.N.E.  of  Surat.  Pop.  estimated 
at  100,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  double  wall  with  round  tow- 
ers, and  has  four  spacious  and  well-built  streets,  meeting  in 
a  central  niiirket-place.  A  Bi-itish  resident,  with  a  body  of 
troops,  is  st.ationed  at  Baroda,  which  has  a  considerable 
trade.  Near  it  are  numerous  g.ardens,  mosques,  and  welLs. 
Baroda  was  a  large  and  wealthy  town  during  the  reign  of 
Aurungzebe,  and  is  still  considered  one  of  the  richest  cities 
of  its  size  in  India.  Here  is  a  stone  bridge  over  the  Viswa- 
mitra,  remarkable  as  being  the  only  one  in  Guzerat. 

BAROS.  bd/ro.x.  a  town  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  W.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Sumatra.  250  miles  N.W.  of  Padaug. 

BARUTSK,  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Nga.mi. 

BARQUKSI.METO.  haB-kjUse-mMo,  a  city  of  A'enejsuela, 
capital  of  the  province,  situated  on  an  affluent  of  the  Portu- 
guesa,  1(55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Caracas.  Pop.  with  suburbs, 
12.000.  It  was  entirely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  180"2, 
previously  to  which  it  had  15,000  Inhabitants. 

BAR  R.  baR.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the  Bas-Rhin, 
at  the  fix)t  of  the  Vosges,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop. 
of  the  commune  in  1851,  4517.  It  has  a  Protestant  consis- 
tory church,  and  was  formerly  fortified. 

B.\.ltR,  baR,  a  parish  of  Scotland  county,  and  18  miles  S.  of 
Ayr.  Some  of  its  mountains  are  2.700  feet  in  height,  and  it 
has  several  lochs  and  large  moras.ses. 

BARR.\,  baR/nil.  a  town  of  N.aples,  3  miles  E.  of  the  capi- 
tal, with  5900  inhabitants,  and  numerous  country  residences. 

BARRA,  a  town  of  Naples,  2^  miles  S.E.  of  Reggio.  Pop. 
2600. 

BARRA,  bir'rJ,  a  petty  state  of  N.W.  Africa,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gambia,  extending  about  54  miles  along  the  coast, 
with  a  breadth  of  about  42  miles.  It  is  in  general  well 
cultivated,  and  contains  a  number  of  considerable  vilUges, 
with  some  pine  forests. 

BAU'RABOO'  or  BARABOO,  a  river  of  Wisconsin,  rises 
near  the  N.W.  corner  of  Sauk  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Wiscon- 
Bin  River,  a  few  miles  below  Portage  City. 

BARItABOO,  a  post-township  in  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  13'30. 

BAR  It  ABOO,  or  BARABOO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sauk 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  onBarralmo  River.     See  Appbndix. 

BARR.A.CONDA.  bar-rd-kon'dl,  a  town  of  Western  Africa, 
Senegambia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Gambia,  190  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

BAKR.VOKPOOR,  bdr-rak-poor',  a  seat  of  the  governor- 
general  of  British  Indi.i,  presidency  and  province  of  Beng.al, 
on  the  Iloogly,  10  miles  N.  of  Calcutta.  Here  is  a  fine  park 
four  miles  in  circumference,  and  laid  out  in  European  style, 
near  which  is  a  large  military  village,  with  cantonments. 

BAR'R.^^CKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Kjiilroad. 

BARRADA  or  BUR.\DA,  bar-ri'di,  (anc.  Chrysm->rhnax.) 
a  river  of  Syria,  rises  near  33°  h&  N.  lat.  and  36°,  E.  Ion.  flows  S. 
along  the  Anti-Libanus,  and  then  turning  S.S.E.  proceeds  in 
a  tortuous  course  through  a  rich  valley,  bordered  alternately 
by  bold  rocks  and  wooded  hills.  On  approaching  Damascus 
it  is  divided  Into  two  branches,  one  of  which  passes  along 
the  N.  side  of  the  city,  while  the  other  is  diverted  into  eight 
JifTerent  channels,  for  watering  the  city  and  irrigating  its 
gardens.  The  former  branch  is  supposed  tobe  the  i'/iaW^j/Mir, 
and  the  Latter  the  ^6'a»ia  of  ancient  times.  The  branches 
shortly  after  unite,  and  the  trunk,  receiving  two  tributaries, 
enters  tlie  marshes  and  lake  of  Bahr-el-Merj. 

BARRA-DO-RIODE-CONTAS,  baRAid-do-ree'c-dA-kon'tils, 
a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  230  miles  S.W.  of  Bahia. 
Pop.  3000. 

BARrRA-DO-RIO-DE-SXO-JOlO,  baR'rd-do-ree'o-do-sa'ANo- 
zho-d'AN",  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  100  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Rio  Janeiro.    Pop.  2000. 


BARRA-DO-RTO-NtJUO,  blR/Rj-do-ree'o-n.Vgro,  capitaU 
the  province  on  the  Rio  Negro,  near  its  junction  «ith  tht 
Amazon.  Pop.  of  district.  tOOO,  v\  ho  subsist  by  raisiiij;  U 
bacco,  cofft-e  and  cocoa,  making  turtle  oil,  and  salting  ilsh 
In  1842,  all  that  part  of  the  province  of  Paia  to  the  left  ol 
the  Amazons  was  detached  to  form  the  new  pio^ince  of 
Barni-do-I  i  io-dos-N  egros. 

BAKRA-DO-RIiXJKANDE.  liK/Rd-do-reo'o-gran'dA,  a  vil- 
lage of  Brazil,  about  350  miles  West  of  Rahiii,  on  the  Sao 
I'raucisco.     Pop.  4000. 

BARR.\FRANCA.  bfc-Ra-fran'ka,  a  town  of  Sicily,  district 
of  Piazza,  and  10  miles  S.E.  of  C.iltanisetta.     Pop.  tli'iOO. 

B.\UR.\GII.  bdr'rih,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinst«r,-the 
county  of  Carlow. 

BARHA.  (bJr'ra  or  b^r'rl  or  BAIVRAY)  ISLANDS,  a 
grou])  of  npwaids  of  twenty  islands,  forming  a  parish  of  the 
.same  name,  on  the  western  coast  of  Scotland,  county  of  In- 
verness, fi)rming  partof  the  chain  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Outer  Hebrides.  About  ten  of  them  are  inhabited,  and  the 
others  used  as  grazings.  The  prim-ipal  island,  from  which 
the  group  is  named,  is  about  12  miles  in  length,  varying  in 
breadth  from  3  to  6  miles:  its  N.  point  is  in  lat.  57°  2'  N.; 
Ion.  7°  34'  W.  The  ruins  of  several  religious  houses, 
apparently  of  very  old  date,  exist  in  Barra,  the  more  re- 
markable of  which — two  churches,  s.iid  to  have  Iwn  built 
by  the  monks  of  Icolmkill — are  at  a  place  called  Killbar. 
There  are  al.sf)  numerous  ancient  watch-towers  distributed 
over  the  islands;  and  on  every  lake  there  is  a  dun  or  fort, 
supjxised  to  have  been  built  by  the  S<-andinavlans.  Many 
druidical  circles  are  also  to  be  met  with.  The  ancient  castle 
or  stronghold  of  the  MacNeils,  the  former  proprietors  of 
Barra.  a  rude  and  lonely  mansion,  stands  in  the  middle  of  a 
lieautiful  bay,  upon  a  small  rock,  which  is  entirely  covered 
by  the  sea  at  high  water.  Here.  In  times  of  old.  they  main- 
tained the  state  .and  authority  of  soven'ign  princes,  rulinj; 
with  despotic  sway,  and  mimicking  the  pomp  and  dignitv 
of  royalty.  The  light-house  on  Barra  Head,  the  highest  iu 
Britain,  is  680  feet  above  the  sea. 

BAKRACO.\.     See  Baracoa. 

BAR/RALLVlLLE,apoet-offlceof  Alleghany  CO.,  Mary  land. 

JIARRAMAHL.  \ii.Vi-\\i-mAV.  or  barV.a-maul',  a  district 
of  British  Indi,a,  in  the  presidency  of  Madras,  is  a  rich 
and  extensive  table-land,  in  the  province  of  Salem.  See 
Salkm.  j) 

BARRA  MANSA.  b.?R-RA-min'sa,  a  town  of  Brazil,  70 
miles  N.W.  of  Rio  Janiero,  on  the  right  bank  of  t ho  Para- 
hiba-do-Sul.     Pop.  6000. 

BARR.\N,  bftR'RftN'o',  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gers.  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  \  uch.  Population  of  comni  une,  1821. 

B.\RRANCA.  bdR-Rdn'kd,  a  town  of  South  America.  New 
Onvnada,  on  the  Magdalena  River,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Car- 
tasrena. 

BARRANQUILLA.    See  B.4RANQnu..\. 

BARRATARIA  BAY.     See  IUrataria  Bat. 

B.MIR AUX,  bin^Bo',  a  village  of  France,  depaitmentof 
Isdre.  22  miles  N.E.  of  Grenoble.  Population  of  cjmmune 
in  1852,  20-29.    Near  it  is  a  fort  built  in  1596. 

BARRAX,  bdii-RaH'.  a  town  of  Spain.  23  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Albacete.     Pop.  2576.    Commerce  in  frviit. 

BARRE.  bS,r'roe,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co..  Vei^ 
niont.  6  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Montpelier.  is  w"ll  watered  by 
two  branches  of  the  Onion  River,  which  affords  g<V)d  mill 
privileges.  The  soil  is  perhaps  the  best  in  the  state.  The 
township  contains  a  quarry  of  superior  granite,  from  which 
the  stone  used  in  building  the  state-house  was  taken.  It 
has  3  churches,  1  woollen-factory  and  2  furnaces,  ic.  Pop. 
1S:». 

BARRE,  a  township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachusetts, 
about  55  miles  W.  of  Boston,  well  watered  by  the  Wifre 
River,  which  affords  many  valuable  mill-seats.  It  has  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  scythes, 
shoes,  a  national  bank,  and  1  newspaper.     ]'op.  2073. 

BARRE,  a  township  of  Orleans  co..  New  york,  44  miles 
N.E.  of  Buffalo.  The  Erie  Canal  and  the  Rochester  and 
Lockport  Railroad  pass  through  it.     Pop.  4258. 

BARRE,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  1-290. 

B.^RREAH,  b2r-r.Vih,  a  neatly  built  town  of  Ilindostan, 
Ciipital  of  a  rajah.ship,  50  miles  N.Il.  of  Baroda. 

BARRE  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Barre  township,  Oiv 
leans  co.,  New  York,  254  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  has  1  or 
2 churches  and  several  stores. 

BARRE  FORGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

B.'VRREGES,  b^R^Raizh',  a  village  and  celebrated  watering- 
place  of  France,  department  of  Ilautes-Pyrences,  on  the 
Gave-de-Bastan,  in  the  valley  of  the  same  name.  3240  feet 
above  the  sea.  and  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bagneres-<Ie-liigorre. 
It  consists  of  about  60  houses,  most  of  them  temporary  sheds, 
abandoned  during  winter,  on  account  of  the  cold  and  the 
danger  to  which  it  is  exposed  from  avalanches.  It  is  fre- 
quented annually  by  about  1500  invalids,  for  the  sake  of  its 
sulphurous  springs,  which  have  a  temperature  varving 
from  104°  to  122°  Fahrenheit.  The  baths,  which  for  acen- 
tury  have  enjoyed  the  highest  reputation,  were  founded  by 

173 


BAR 


BAR 


Louis  XV.    There  are  government  military  lijeths  for  500 
men.     In  the  ricinitv  is  the  beautiful  cascade  of  Gararnie. 

B.4  R'REL-OF-UC'fTKR  ISLAND,  a  skerry  or  small  islet 
of  Scotland,  Orkney,  off  the  S.  end  of  Pomona.  It  derives 
Its  name  from  the  cireumstanee  of  the  tennant  paying  the 
proprietor  a  barrel  of  butter  as  rent  for  the  privilege  of 
klllinsr  seals  on  it,  the  only  thing  of  value  it  produces. 

BARmK\,or  BIG  BARKEN  RIVER,  rises  in  Smith  and 
Jackson  counties,  near  the  N.  border  of  Tennessee.  Passing 
into  Kentucky,  it  flows  westward  and  north-westward,  until 
It  enters  Greene  River  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Warren  CO., 
after  a  course  of  about  100  miles.  SteomVioats  of  medium 
sisse  ascend  about  30  miles  to  Bowling  Green,  in  all  stages 
of  water. 

BARREN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  of  at)out  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Little  Bar- 
ren River,  and  by  Beaver  and  Skeggs  creeks.  The  surface  is 
generally  rolling,  and  in  some  parts  hilly ;  the  soil  is  more 
fertile  than  the  name  would  imply,  though  not  of  the  first 
quality.  The  origin  of  the  name  may  be  traced  to  the 
thinly  timbered  tracts,  which  are  called  "  Barrens"  in  this 
part  of  the  West.  The  rock  which  underlies  the  sui-fece  is 
a  cavernous  limestone.  Sulphurous  and  saline  springs  are 
found  in  the  county,  and  several  furnaces  have  been  esta- 
blished for  the  preparation  of  salt.  Organized  in  1798.  Capi- 
tal, (jhusgow.  Pop.  Iti.Utio;  of  whom  12,oh7  were  free,  and 
iOTS  slaves. 

BARREN,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BARREN,  a  post-office  of  Hanison  co..  Indiana. 

BARREN  CREEK  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co., 
Marjiand. 

BARREN  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois, 
20  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Princeton. 

B.\RREX  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

B.\RREN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Tennessee. 

BAR'REN  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Hunter  Islands,  off  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  Van  Diemen's  I^and.  Length  from  N.  to 
S.  15  miles :  greatest  breadth  4  miles. 

BARREN  ISLAND,  a  volcanic  island  in  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
pal.  E.  of  the  Andaman  I.sles,  with  a  cone  1848  feet  in  height, 
and  fi-equentlv  in  erujrtion. 

BAKRENJUEY.  bar'ren-ju'ee,  a  point  of  New  South 
Wales,  Cumlx-rland  co.  It  is  a  rocky  peninsula,  joined  to 
the  mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  bounded  by  the  soa  on 
the  E.  and  Pittwater.  an  inlet  from  Broken  B-iy,  on  the  W. 
Lat.  .3.3°  37'  S..  Inn.  51°  ^b'  E. 

BARREN  PLAIN,  a  post-office  of  Robertson  co.,  Tennes- 
see. 32  miles  from  Nashville. 

F.ARKE  (bUr'roe)  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Worcester  co., 
M.i.ssnchusetts. 

BARREN  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  A'anzant  co.,  Texas. 

B.\R'RET,  a  township  in  Jefferson  co.,  PennsylvanLi. 
Pop.  579. 

B.\KRET'S.  a  small  villaire  of  Ohio  co..  Kentucky. 

BAR/JiETSVlLLE.  a  post-village  in  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia, 
about  110  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milledireville. 

BARREVILLE.  bAr're-vil.  a  post-village  of  McHenry  co., 
Illinois.  46  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

BAUR,  GREAT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  in  the  county  of 
Stafford. 

B.\RRIIEAD.  bar-hfd'.  a  large  manufacturing  village  of 
Scotland,  county  of  Renfrew,  in  the  vale  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  Severn,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Glasgow.  In  the  village  and 
its  vicinity,  there  ai-e  4  spinning  factories  with  about  80.000 
spindles,  and  2  weaving  factories.  9  bUacheries,  7  print- 
fields,  a  flour  mill,  an  iron  foundry,  and  a  machine  shop,  em- 
ploying in  .all  alxiut  5000  hands.  "  The  railway  to  Barrhead, 
opened  in  184^.  has  greatlv  increased  the  prosperity  of  the 
place.     Pop.  in  1S51.  6069. " 

B.^RRIE,  bar'ree.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  county  of  ForCir. 
on  the  German  Ocean.  X.W.  of  the  Frith  of  Tay.  "having  two 
light-houses  which  form  the  leading  lights  for  vessels  enters 
Ing  the  Tay. 

BAK'KIE.  the  capital  of  Simcoe  co..  Canada  West,  on  an 
arm  of  Lake  Simcoe,  00  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toronto,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  laihv.iy.  It  ha.s  a  branch  bank,  agencies 
of  several  fire  and  life  assurance  companies,  numerous  stores, 
two  schools  for  young  ladies,  and  a  printing-office,  from 
which  a  weekly  newspaper  is  issued.  A  steamboat  plies 
between  Barrie  and  other  ports  on  the  l.ake.     Pop.  about  800. 

BAK'RIERS  REEF,  THE  GREAT.  The  reef  called  em- 
phatically the  Great  Barriers  Reef  from  its  vast  extent,  is 
situati'd  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  .\ustrali;i.  It  commences  with 
Breaksea  Spit,  in  lat.  24°  30'  S. :  Ion.  1.58°  20'  E.,  and  extends 
to  Bristow  Island  on  the  coast  of  Papu.a,  in  lat.  9°  15'  S. ; 
Jon.  14.3°  20'  E..  beini  a  dist.ance.  in  a  straight  line,  of  about 
12'i0  miles.  It  stretches  along  the  coast  at  a  mean  distance 
at  about  30  miles,  Wing  in  some  places  not  more  than  10 
or  15  miles  from  the  land,  and  at  others  upward  of  100. 
This  pro  iigiotis  reef  is  wholly  composed  of  coral,  and  rises,  in 
general.  precipitoTisly  from  a  very  great  depth,  no  bottom 
having  ben  reached,  in  some  places  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
barrier,  with  a  line  of  285  fathoms. 

BARUIGA  NEORA,  baR-!i«e'i^  nA'grI,  a  town  or  village 
174 


'  of  TJruenay,  South  America,  85  miles  N.E.  of  Montevideo 
[  In  its  district  are  large  breeding  estates,  each  stocked  with 

from  eO.OOO  to  2iXI.000  head  of  cattle. 
.      BAK'BINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Camlridge. 

BARRINGTON,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Somen-set. 

BAR'RINGTON,  a  post-township  ot  Strafford  co.  New 
Hampshire,  80  miles  E.  of  Concord:  has  many  streama 
affording  excelfent  water-power.     Pop.  Utiki. 

BARRINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Bristol  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  about  8  miles  S.E.  of  Providence,  intersected  by 
Palmer's  River.    Pop.  1000. 

BARRINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Yates  co..  New  York, 
on  Crooked  Lake,  about  54  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester.  Pop. 
1574. 

BARRINGTON,  a  post-township  in  Cook  co.,  Illinois, 
about  35  miles  N.W.  from  Chicago.     Pop.  1312. 

JJARRINOTON,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Berks  and  Gloucester. 

BARRINGTON,  LiTTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

BARRIOS,  Los,  loce-bjR'neoce.  a  town  of  Spain.  48  miles 
S.E.  of  Cadiz.     Pop.  2722.  engaged  in  linen  weaving. 

BARROIS,  biR^Rwil/.  an  old  division  of  France,  in  Lorraine, 
now  formii^  the  greater  part  of  the  department  of  the 
Meuse. 

BARROSA.  bfa-Ro'sl,  a  village  of  Spain,  on  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Andalusia,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Cadiz.  Here,  in  1811, 
the  British  troops  gallantly  repulsed  the  French  fora»s  un- 
der Victor. 

BARROW,  bSr'rS,  or  BORRAGH,  bor/rSn,  a  river  of 
Ireland,  next  in  Importance  to  the  Shannon,  rises  in  the 
Slievebloom  mountains,  Leinster,  flows  generally  south- 
ward, and.  after  a  course  of  about  90  miles,  joins  the  Suir  to 
fcrm  the  estuary  of  Waterford  harlior.  It  divides  the  coun- 
ties of  Kildare.  Carlow,  and  Wexford,  on  the  E.,  from  KU- 
kenny  and  Queen's  counties,  on  the  W,  Affluents,  the  Nore, 
Blackwood,  and  Greese  rivers.  The  towns  Portarlington, 
Monastereven,  Athy,  Carlow.  Craig,  and  New  Ross,  are  on  its 
banks.  It  is  navigable  for  large  ships  from  the  sea  to  Ross, 
and  for  barges  to  Athy.  60  miles  above  its  mouth,  where  it  is 
joined  by  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Canal. 

B.VRROW,  bJr'ro.  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  S.ilop. 

BARROW,  a  parish  of  England,  count  v  of  Suffolk. 

BARROWBY,  liKr o-be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

BAR'ROWDALE.  a  village  in  Fairfield  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  25  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

BAR'ROM  DEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

BAR'ROWFORD,a  township  of  Eneland.  co.  ofLanraster. 

BARROW.  GRE.\T,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Clie.ster. 

BARROW  GURNEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BAROtOM'    ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  is  in  lat.  20° 
45'  S..  Ion.  1.39°  3'  W.    It  is  sm.all.  but  well  wooded,  and  af- 
fords fresh  water.    It  was  named  in  honor  of  Sir  J.  Barrow, 
bv  its  discoverer.  Captain  Eeechev.  in  1820. 
"BARROW.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BARROW  ON  TRENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BARROW  ROCKS,  off  the  S.  coast  of  Arabia,  alxnit  50 
miles  N.E.  of  Aden. 

BARROW,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BARROW  STRAIT,  the  passage  from  Baffin  Bay,  west^ 
ward,  into  Prince  Regent  Inlet.  l.at.74°  N..  and  between  Ion. 
84°  and  90°  W..  averaging  40  miles  in  breadth.  Depth  fre- 
quently upwards  of  200  fiithoms.  Coasts  rugged  and  moun- 
tainous. Barrow  is  the  name  of  several  mountains,  and  of 
a  vallev  in  East  Australia. 

BARROW  UPON  IIUMBER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

BARROW  UPON  SOAR,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of 
Leicester. 

BARI'.'S  STORE,  a  post-offioe  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illiiioi.s. 

B.\RRY.  bSr'ree.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cilamop- 
gan.  on  the  British  Ch.annel,  7i  S.W.  of  Cardiff.  Pop.  in 
1851,  74.  A  small  island  of  about  3000  arces,  in  this  pari.sh, 
near  the  mainland,  in  Bristol  Channel,  is  said  to  give  the 
name  to  the  Barry  family  in  Ireland. 

B.\R'RY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Michigap, 
contains  570  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Thoriiap- 
ple  River,  and  also  drained  by  Fall  and  JIuddy  Creek.s.  The 
surfece  is  undulating,  and  is  diversified  by  numerous  .small 
Lakes,  prairies,  .and  forests  of  heavy  tiinlier.  among  which 
the  sugar-maple,  ash.  beech,  and  tulip-tree  are  found.  The 
soil  is  mostly  fertile.  The  Thornapple  River  furiii.>.hB8 
water-power.  Named  in  honor  of  William  T.  Barry,  post- 
ma.ster-general  under  President  Jackson.  Capital.  Hast- 
ings.    Pop.  13,858. 

BARRY,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  bordei- 
ing  on  .\rkansas.  has  an  area  of  703  square  miles.  .It  is 
traversed  by  White  River,  of  .\rkansas.  and  al.so  drained  by 
King's  River  and  Fl,at  Creek,  The  surface  is  hilly  and  di 
versified  by  prairies  and  forests ;  the  soil  is  generally  feitlle 
Limestone  is  one  of  the  principal  rocks.  The  coujity  con 
tains  mines  of  lead,  which  have  not  been  explored  to  muck 
extent.  It  is  libeniUy  supplied  with  water-power.  Ciipitai 
Cassville.  Pop.  7995 ;  of  whom  7748  were  free,  and  247  slavuR.' 


BAR 


BAR 


BAKRT.  a  post-township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
8  miles  N.W.  ofl'ottsville.  intersected  by  the  Pottsville  and 
Danville  Railroad.    Pop.  943. 

BAKllY,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  CO.,  Maryland. 

BARRY,  a  post-village  of  Cuvahoga  co^  Ohio,  15  miles 
E.S.Ii!.  of  Cleveland. 

BARRY,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  Sand- 
gtone  Creek,  and  on  the  Central  Kailroad,'82  miles  W.  of 
Detroit.  It  has  some  trade,  and  contains  lor  2  mills.  There 
is  a  sandstone  quarry  in  the  vicinity. 

BAKKY,  a  township  of  Barry  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1101. 

BAURY.  a  post-village  and  township  ot  Pikeco.,  Illinois, 
83  miles  W.  of  Springfield,  and  about  10  nxiles  from  the 
Mississippi  River.  It  is  situated  in  an  undulating  and  fer- 
tile prairie,  which  is  mostly  under  cultivation.  The  village 
has  several  stores.    Total  pop.  2143. 

BAKRY,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Missouri,  17  miles 
N.W.  of  Independence. 

BARRY'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BARRYTON,  bJr're-ton,  a  post-village  of  Choctaw  co., 
Alabama,  KSS  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Tuscaloosa,  and  5  or  ti  miles 
W.  of  the  'i'ombigboe  River.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  Washington  county. 

BAR'RYl'OWN,  a  post-village  and  railroad  station  of 
Duchess  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  lliver  Kailroad, 
about  50  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

BAll'UYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  107  miles  from  New 
Y'ork  city.  The  railroad  station,  formerly  called  Shohola,  is 
on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Delaware  lliver,  in  I'ike  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

BAURYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Stark  cc,  Ohio,  130  miles 
N.E.  of  Columlius. 

BARS.    See  Barsch. 

BARSAC.  baB'sdk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gi- 
ronde,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  19  miles  SJ"!  of  Bor- 
deaux. Its  vicinity  produces  the  fine  white  Bordeaux 
wine. 

BARSCII,  baRsh,  (Hun.  Rirs,  bCRsh,)  a  town  of  Hungary, 
capital  of  the  county.  67  miles  N.N.M'.  of  Pesth,  and  divided 
by  the  river  Gran  into  Old  and  New  Barsch,  formerly  a  free 
fortified  t<jwu,  which  jrave  its  name  to  the  province.  The 
county  of  Barsch  has  134.000  Inhabitants.  In  the  S.  it  is 
rich  in  grain  and  fruit.  The  mountains  in  the  N.  formerly 
yielded  gold  and  silver. 

BAR/SII.A.M,  a  parish  of  England  co,  of  Suffolk.  Eachard, 
the  historian,  was  born  here. 

BAUSIIAM,  East,  a   parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

B.\K.^IIAM,  North,  a   parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BAR.'^IIA.M,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

B.4.RS0E,  (BarsOo.)  bau'so'eh,  a  small  island  and  village 
of  Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Apeurade. 

BAR'STON.  a  parish  of  En^rland,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BAR-.SUK-AUBE,  baR-sUii-6b,  (L.  Bar'rum  ad  JWuUim.) 
an  ancient  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube,  2S  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Troyes,  on  the  Aube.  Pop.  in  1862.  4442.  It  has 
a  considerable  commerce  in  wine,  wood,  hemp,  and  wool. 
This  little  town,  the  environs  of  whidi  are  picturesque,  was 
the  scene  of  two  battles  between  Napoleon  and  the  allies  in 
1814.  in  consequence  of  which  it  was  nearly  destroyed. 

B^R-SUR-ORNAIN.  See  Bar-le-Duc. 
•  BAR-SUR-SEINE,  baR-sUR-sAne,  (L.  Bar'rum  ad  Seij'ua- 
nian,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube,  17  miles  S.E. 
of  Troyes,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine.  Pop.  in  18S2, 
2745.  Commerce  in  grain,  wine,  brandy,  and  wool.  This 
was  an  important  town  in  the  Middle  Ages,  and  often  ruined 
during  the  wars  of  Burgundy.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  severe 
engagement  between  Napoleon  and  the  allies,  25th  May, 
1S14.' 

BART,  a  post-township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Lancaster.    Pop.  1532. 

B.\RTAN,  bau'tSn',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  on 
the  Bartan-Soo,  (anc.  Parthe)nius.)  near  its  mouth,  in  the 
Black  Sea,  45  mileji  N.E.  of  Ereglee.  It  stands  on  two  chalk 
hills,  with  an  intermediate  valley,  and  has  about  650  hou.ses 
and  5  mosques.  Near  it  some  Roman  remains  have  been 
discovered. 

BARTEN,  baR/ten,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  47  miles  S.E. 
of  KSnigsberg.     Pop.  lOHO.    It  is  defended  by  a  castle. 

BARTEN HEIM,  baR/ten-hime\  (Fr.  pron.  baRHen-?m',) 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut-Rhin.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1852,  2ul0. 

BARTENSTEIN,  baR/ten-stine\  a  town  of  East  Prussia, 
33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kijnigsberg,  on  the  Alle.  Pop.  3700,  en- 
gaged in  manufacture  of  linens,  woollens,  and  leather. 

BARTENSTEIN,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg.  circle  of  Jaxt, 
with  a  population  of  1100,  and  a  castle,  the  residence  of  the 
princes  of  Hoheulohe-Bartenstein. 
BARTEll  BllOOK,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 
BAR/TEKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

BARTFA,  bdRf fOh.  or  BARTFELD,  baRffJlt,  a  town  of 
North  Hungary,  co.  of  Saros,  on  the  Tepla,  155  miles  N.E.  of 
Pesth.    Pop  in  1840,  4658.    It  has  superior  schools,  and  a 


trade  in  wine,  linen,  brandy,  and  earthenware.    Ito  hot 
baths  are  the  most  frequented  in  Hungary. 

BARTH  or  BARDT,  baRt,  a  seaport  town  of  Prussi.a,  Po 
merania,  on  the  Binnensee,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Baith.  17 
miles  W.N. W.  of  Stralsund.  Pop.  4643.  It  hiis  ship-build- 
ing docks,  and  trade  in  corn  and  wool. 

BARTH  E-DE-NESTE,  La,  Id-baRtrdf h-n?st,  a  vill:ige  of 
France,  department  of  Hautes-Pyrenies,  12  miles  East  ttom 
Bagng'res-de-Bigorre.    Pop.  1045. 

BARTHOI/OMEW,  a  bayou,  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana, 
rises  in  Jefferson  county  of  the  former  state,  and  flowing 
nearly  southward  into  Louisiana,  enters  the  Washita  at 
Washita  City,  near  the  8.W.  extremity  of  Morehouse  parish 
It  is  navigable  by  steamboats  250  miles. 

BARTlioLOMEW.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Indi- 
ana, cfjn tains 40(J  s<iuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Driftwood 
fork  of  White  River,  and  by  Flat  Rock  and  C'lifty  creeks. 
The  surface  in  the  W.  is  hilly,  and  in  the  other  parts  mostly 
level.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  ciunty  is  largely  siiiijilied 
with  water-ix)w er.  The  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad 
passes  through  it.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Jo.seph 
Bartholomew,  a  senator  of  the  state.  Capital,  Columbus. 
Pop.  17,8&i. 

BARTHOLOMEW,  a  postK)fflce  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas. 

BAItTHOLOMEW,  a  township  in  Jefferson  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  147. 

BAR/THOMLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Chester 
and  Stafford. 

BART'LETT,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hampshire, 
80  miles  N.E.  of  Concord,  intersected  by  the  Saco  River. 
Pop.  761. 

BARTLETT,'  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  20 
miles  W.  by  S.  from  Marietta. 

BARTLETT'S  ISLAND,  of  La  Pointeco.,  Wisconsin,  in 
Lake  Superior,  is  alout  7  miles  in  length,  and  3  in  its  grent- 
est  breadth.     Lat.  47'  N. ;  Ion.  90°  3o'  W. 

BART/LETTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  low.i. 

BARTLOF.  GROSS,  groce-baRt'ldf.  a  village  of  Prusda, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Heiligenstadt.     Pop.  1100. 

BART'LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BARrrON  is  the  name  of  several  townships  and  hamlets 
in  England,  and  of  a  farm  in  the  Isle  of  Wright.  1  mile  from 
East  Cowes,  the  house  on  which,  a  structure  of  the  Eliza- 
bethan period,  has  been  restored  as  a  summer  residence  for 
her  Majesty. 

BAItTON,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BARTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

BAR/TON,  a  post-township  of  Orleans,  co.  of  Yennonl, 
aliout  40  miles  N.E.  from  Montpelier.  is  drained  by  Bartca 
River,  and  has  tine  watur-jjower.     Pop.  la'.'O. 

BARTON,  a  post-township  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York,  with 
a  village  of  the  same  name  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  25  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Klmira.    Pop.  4234. 

BARTON,  a  post-office  of  AUeghatiy  co.,  Maryland. 

B.\RTON,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mi-ssissippi. 

BARTON,  a  township  in  Gibson  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  957. 

BARTON,  a  postKiffice  of  Washington  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BARTON  BEN'DISH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BARTON  BI/>UXT,  a  parish  of  ETigland,  co.  of  Derbv. 

BARTON,  EARL'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BARTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BARTON  HARTS/HORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Buckingham. 

BARTON  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Schoharie  CO.,  New  York 

BARTO'NIA.  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Winchester,  the  county  town. 

BARTON-IN-CLAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

BARTON-l.v-FA'BIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notting- 
ham. 

BARTON  MILLS,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BARTON-ON-IRWELL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  on  the  Liverpool  and  >Ianehester  railway,  6i 
miles  W.  of  Manchester.  The  first  aqueduct  bridge  con- 
structed in  England  across  a  navigable  river,  here  carries 
the  Bridgewater  Canal  over  the  Irwell,  and  consists  of  three 
arches  raised  40  feet  above  the  river. 

BARTON  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Orleans  co.,  in  the 
N.  part  of  A'ermont.  falls  into  Memphremagog  lake. 

BARTON'S  CREEK,  of  Tennessee,  flows  into  Cumberland 
River  from  the  left,  in  the  S.  part  of  Montgomery  county. 

BARTON'S  CREEK,  apostoffieeof  Dick.sonco..  Tennessee. 

BARTON  SAINT  DAVID'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

BARTON  SAINT  MARY,  or  BARTON  STREET,  a  hamlet, 
CO.  of.  and  adjacent  to  the  city  of  Gloucester. 

BARTON  SEAGRAVE,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BARTON  STACEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BARTON  STREET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

BARTON.  STEEPLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BARTON  TURFF.  a  pari.^h  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BARTON'S  LANDING,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Orleans 
CO.,  Vermont,  in  Barton  township. 

175 


BAR 

B.UVTONSVTLLi:,  a  post^TiUajre  of  Wlndhaid  oo.,  Ver- 
mont. 95  miles  N.  W.  from  Montpelier. 

B  \RTOXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylva- 
Dia. 

UARrrON  UXDEU  NEEDAVOOD,  a  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Stafford. 

BARTON,  UPOX  HEATH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick,  5  miles  S.  of  Sbipton-on-Stour.  About  2  miles 
from  tlie  Tillage  Is  "  Fourshire  stone,"  marking  the  junction 
of  the  counties  of  Warwick,  Worcester,  Gloucester,  and 
Oxford. 

BAR/TON-UPOX-HUM'BER,  a  market-town  of  England, 
to.  of  Lincoln,  at  its  northern  extremity  on  the  Humber,  li 
miles  S.AV.  of  Hull,  with  which  town  it  has  important  steam 
communication.  The  town  near  the  banks  of  the  river, 
here  6  miles  across,  consists  chiefly  of  two  spacious  streets. 
St.  Peter's  church  is  a  large  ancient  edifice,  and  there  are 
alms-houses  and  an  endowed  charity  school.  Trade  princi- 
pally corn  and  flour;  manufactures  of  rope.«,  .sacking,  bricks, 
and" tiles.  About  3  miles  south-eastward  are  the  remains 
of  Thornton  Abbey,  founded  in  1139. 

BARTON  VIiyLAGE,  a  thriving  village  of  Orleans  co^ 
Vermont,  in  Barton  township,  43  miles  X.E.  of  Montpelier, 
contains  a  model  school-house. 

BARTON  WEST'COTT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BARTSCH,  baRtch,  a  river  of  Pru.ssia,  rises  in  the  S.  of 
the  province  of  Posen,  and  tills  into  the  Oder  on  the  right, 
above  Glogau.  It  passes  Adelnau,  MUitsch,  and  Herrnstadt, 
and  is  navigable  to  Militsch. 

BART'VllXE,  a  post-oflice  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

BARUGII  or  BAKGII,  bir'ah,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  York.  West  Riding. 

BARUTII,  b^root,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 31  miles  S.E.  of  Potsdam,  with  iron-works.  Pop. 
1670. 

BARUTII,  a  village  of  Saxony.  7  miles  \.E.  of  Bautzen. 

BAKVAS,  ban/vis,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  Isle 
of  Lewis,  one  of  the  Outer  llebrides,  co.  of  Ross. 

B.\KW,\LDE,  baR/*irdeh.  a  small  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
Tince  of  Brandenburg,  31  milesN.N.E.  of  Fi-ankfort-ou-Oder. 
Pop.  22^. 

BARWALDE.  a  small  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pome- 
rania.  near  Stettin.    Pop.  970. 

B.iRWALL.\H.  bar-wSllah,  a  large  brick-built  town,  in 
the  X.^V.  part  of  Hindostan.  near  Pattialah. 
•  BAR'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BARAVICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

B.^^RWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BAR'WICK  IN  EL/MET,aparish  of  England,  CO.  ofYork, 
VTest  Riding,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Leeds.  It  has  traces  of  a 
eastle.  said  to  have  been  a  residence  of  the  Northumbrian 
king  Edwin. 

BARYSZ,  bS'rish.  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicla,  19  miles  E. 
N.E.  of  Stanislawow.    Pop.  1900. 

BAS,  bds,  or  BATZ,  bits,  a  small  island  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Manche,  in  the  English  Channel,  off  the  N . 
coast  of  the  department  of  Finist^re,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Moi^ 
laix.  Pop.  1132.  It  is  3  miles  in  length,  by  about  2  miles  in 
breadth :  and  h.is  on  it  a  few  small  villages,  and  two  forts. 
The  channel  between  this  island  and  Roscoff  is  an  excellent 
roadstead.  A  revolving  light  stands  at  an  elevation  of  223 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  lat  48°  44'  48";  Ion.  4°  1' 
30"  W. 

BAS  or  BATZ.    See  Bas-ex-Basset. 

BASTHURCH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

B.iS'CO.  a  post-office  of  Hancock  CO..  Illinois. 

BAS'COBEL.  a  post-villageof  Jackson  CO.,  Geor^a,  80  miles 
N.  from  Milledgeville. 

BASCO/NA,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  Ohio. 

BASCONS,  bds'kAxo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Landes.     Pop.  of  commune,  1150. 

BASEELAN  or  BASILAX,  bi-see/linV  one  of  the  lai^est 
Islands  of  the  Sooloo  .\rchipelago,  off  theS.W.  extremity  of 
Mindanao,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  strait  of  Bas&e- 
lan:  about  15  miles  broad,  a  safe  channel,  though  bavins: 
Irregular  tides.  Lat.  (E.  point)  6°  41'  N. :  Ion.  122°  17'  E. 
It  is  about  42  miles  in  length,  by  6  average  breadth.  Basee- 
lan  is  a  favorite  resort  of  pirates  calling  themselves  lUanos, 
(il-ld'noce,  or  eel-yi'noce.) 

BASEL,  bifzel,  (Ger.  Baxd.  bl/zel.  Fr.  Bash  or  BaU.  bal. 
L.  Bixiliit  or  Batilea.)  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  Switzerland, 
capital  formerly  of  the  whole  canton  of  Ba.sel,  but  since  the 
division  of  that  canton,  capitiil  only  of  the  canton  of  Biisel 
Town.  It  Is  4:5  miles  N.  of  Bern,  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Rhine,  which  L«  here  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge,  supported 
partly  on  stone  piers.  The  river  divides  the  town  into  two 
parts— Gross  Basel,  or  Great  Basel,  on  the  left  hank,  and 
K1.EIN  Ba.«el.  or  Little  Ba.sel,  on  the  right  bank ;  lat.  47°  34' 
JJ.;  Ion.  7°  36'  E.  Basel  is  surrounded  by  walls,  and  is  toler- 
ably well  built:  streets  irregular  but  clean,  and  plentifully 
supplied  with  fountains.  The  cathedral,  buHt  by  Henry  II.. 
In  1019,  has  a  tower  250  feet  high,  and  is  one  of  the  finest 
ihnrches  in  Switzerland.  It  contjiins  the  tombs  of  Era.s- 
inns,  (Ecolampadius,  BernouilU,  and  Anne,  wife  of  Rudolph 
of  Hapsburg,  mother  of  the  line  of  Austrian  princes.  In  a 
176 


BAS 

corner  of  the  square  in  which  the  cathedral  is  situated,  is 
the  public  library,  containing  50.000  volumes,  with  many 
important  miinu.scripts.  an  interesting  collection  of  p.iintings 
and  drawings  by  Holbein,  and  a  number  of  antiquities  from 
Augst.  the  site  of  the  Roman  Augusta  llaurnciviim.  Be- 
hind the  cathedral  is  a  terrace,  alout  lO  feet  al>ove  the  level 
of  the  river,  planted  with  chestnut-trees,  and  commanding 
a  fine  view  of  the  Rhine,  the  town,  and  the  hills  of  the 
Black  Forest.  The  arsenal  contains  the  armour  worn  by 
t^harles  the  Bold  at  the  battle  of  Nancy.  The  university, 
founded  in  1459,  by  Pope  Pius  II.,  and  reorganized  in  1.^17, 
with  24  professors,  was  the  first  great  seminary  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  learning  established  in  Switzerland.  It  once 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation,  and  numbered  Lra.smiis,  Ber- 
nouilli,  and  Euler,  among  its  professors;  the  two  latter  were 
natives  of  Basel.  The  town  has  also  a  n0rm.1l  school,  a 
gymnasium  with  12  professors,  an  element;iry  polytechnic 
school,  a  theological  institution,  a  school  of  practical  agri- 
culture, and  the  Erasmus  college.  The  library  of  the  tlieo- 
logical  institution  contains  20.000  volumes:  and  a  special 
library  attached  to  the  botanical  garden  is  said  to  be  the 
richest  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  As  a  commercial  and  m.inu- 
facturing  town,  Basel  is  the  most  important  in  Switzerland, 
This  is  partly  to  be  attributed  to  its  position  on  the  frontiers 
of  France  and  Germany,  a  few  miles  below  the  spot  where 
the  Rhine  becomes  navigable,  and  at  the  termination  of 
the  French  and  German  railways  on  either  side  the  river, 
which  naturally  renders  it  the  entrepot  of  the  commerce  of 
Switzerland  with  France,  Germany,  and  the  Low  Countries. 
Its  riblion  manufactories  are  extensive :  and  it  also  produces 
pajier.  silks,  gloves,  leather,  jewelry,  printed  cottons,  and 
turnery  wai<e.  About  a  qxiarter  of  a  mile  lieyond  the  gates 
a  cross  is  erected,  to  commemorate  the  battle  of  St.  Jacob, 
fought  In  1444,  when  1600  Swiss  attacked  a  Frencli  army  of 
twenty  times  their  number,  commanded  by  the  dauphin, 
afterwards  Louis  XI.,  and  for  10  hours  kept  it  in  check; 
nearly  all  the  Swiss  fell,  not  more  than  10.  according  to 
some  accounts,  escaping  alive.  This  exploit  first  spread  the 
fame  of  Swiss  valour,  and  led  to  the  enrolment  of  the  Swiss 
body-guard  of  France.  The  vineyards  near  the  field  of  bat- 
tle produce  a  red  wine  Q&WeA  SclitoeizerhJui,  (Swiss  blood.) 
esteemed  the  best  in  the  canton.  Down  to  the  end  of  last 
century,  (1795,)  the  clocks  of  Basel  were  kept  an  hour  in  ad- 
vance of  those  in  other  places  of  Europe — a  singular  cus- 
tom, the  origin  of  which  is  unknown.  The  treaties  of  peace, 
between  France  and  Spain,  and  France  and  Prussia,  were 
signed  here.  July  22. 1795.     Pop.  37,918,  mostly  Protest-ints. 

B.\SEL,  or  B.\LE,  since  1501.  one  of  the  cantons  of  the 
Swiss  confederation  situated  in  the  N.W.,  on  the  frontiers  of 
France,  and  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden.  Area,  a1x>ut  185 
square  miles.  Surface  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Rhine  and  its  tributaries,  the  Birz  and  Ergolz.  Corn  enough 
is  raised  for  home  consumption,  and  some  wine  is  produced. 
Chief  manufactures,  ribbons,  woollens,  linens,  leather,  iron 
and  steel  wares.  In  1S32  it  was  divided  into  two  portions 
entirely  independent  of  each  other;  viz.  Ba.=el  Town,  (Bale 
Ville,)  which  comprises  the  cit}'  and  several  surrounding 
communes;  pop.  in  1S50,  29.555;  and  Basel  Country.  (Bale 
Campagne.)  the  capital  of  which  is  Liesthal.  with  the  re- 
maining communes  of  the  canton.    Pop.  in  18.50,  47.830. 

B.tSE  L.\KE.  a  post-office  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 

B.\SELE.  td-.sVlfh  or  bdVail'.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Dender- 
monde.  In  the  vicinity  is  a  Gothic  castle  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  surrounded  by  a  fine  domain,  with  a  lake  and  sus- 
pension bridge.  In  the  commune  from  60  to  70  millions  of 
bricks  are  annually  made.    Pop.  4918. 

BASELICE,  hS-s^l'e-ch.A,  a  town  of  Naples,  on  a  mount.ain, 
21  miles  S.E.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  4010. 

BAS-EN-BASSKT,  bSz  6>"  bds's;!',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Loire.  11  miles  N.  of  Yssingeaux.  Neai 
it  is  the  picturesque  ruined  castle  of  Rochebaron.     Pop.  3386 

BASENTO.  a  river  of  Italy.     See  B  vsiP>-Tn. 

BAS'FORD.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

BASFORD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  with  a 
station  on  the  London  and  North-Westem  Railway,  2J  milei 
S.S.W.  of  Crewe. 

BASH'.\M"S  GAP,  a  post-oflice  of  Morgan  co.,  Alabama. 

B.\'SHAN.  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Alabama. 

B.'VSH'EBA,  a  post-office  of  llenrv  co.,  Georgia. 

BASHEE,  BASHI  (bd'shee'.)  ISLANDS,  or  BATANE3, 
bJ-tS/n^.  a  group  of  islands,  in  the  archipelago  of  the 
Philippines,  between  Luzon  and  Formos.'i,  t  etween  lat.  20° 
and  21°  N.;  and  abo-Ht  Ion.  122°  E.,  with  a  Spanish  colony 
founded  1783.     They  were  discovered  by  Danipier. 

B.\SIIT,  bash'ee.  a  post-office  of  Clark  co..  Alabama. 

BASIIKEERS  or  B.4SHK1RS.  bi-h'keerzV  a  peculiar  p.>o- 
pie  inhabiting  the  plains  adjoining  the  S'nith  Uralinn 
Mountains,  on  the  confines  of  Europe  and  .^sia,  between 
the  piirallels  of  52°  and  55°  .HO'  N..  lat.  and  the  meridians  of 
58°  and  63°  E.  Ion.  The  origin  of  these  people  is  extremely 
obsciu^:  their  language,  which  differs  but  little  from  thatof 
the  T.artars  of  Kazan,  seems  to  connect  them  with  the 
Turkish  race,  while  In  looks  and  features  <hey  are  said  to 
l>ear  a  stronger  resemblance  to  the  Finnish  tribes.    It  is  not 


--] 


BAS 

linproba1)le  that  they  are  the  descendants  of  Btil<?arians, 
Nojrays,  and  other  Tartar  adventurers  who  settled  in  the 
Uralian  valleys,  partly  expelling,  partly  mixing  with  and 
absorbing  the  original  Finnish  population.  The  15ashkt«rs 
are.  at  tlie  present  day,  the  only  people  within  the  limits  of 
the  Russian  Kmpire  who  still  elingto  their  ancient  nomadic 
habits.  Their  territory,  S.W.  of  Slatoost,  (Zlatoust,)  is  of 
the  finest  kind,  well  watered,  wooded,  and  abundantly 
fertile:  but  these  equestrians  think  only  of  pasture,  and 
never  of  their  own  accord  engage  in  agricultural  pursuits. 
They  do  not  go  beyond  Yekaterinboorg  on  the  one  side,  nor 
Orenboorg  on  the  other.  In  1770.  they  reckoned  27.000 
femilles.  or  probably  about  160.000  souls;  in  1838,  they 
had  increased  to  195,000,  of  whom  about  20,000  were  in  the 
govei-nment  of  Perm.  th3  remainder  in  that  of  Orenboorg. 

BASHT.  bJsht.  a  citadel  and  village  of  Persia,  province 
of  Fars.  80  miles  W.X.W.  of  .Sheeraz.  It  resembles  the  cas- 
tles of  the  old  feudal  barons  in  Europe,  the  cliief's  fort 
being  .surrounded  by  the  habitations  of  his  vassals. 

15.\,SID0H,  bdse-do',  or  BAS'SADOUE',  a  decayed  village 
at  the  west  end  of  the  island  of  Kishm,  in  the  I'ersian  Gulf. 
Lat.  26°  39'  N.;  Ion.  55°  22^  E.  Its  vicinity  is  quit«  barren, 
and  intolerably  hot  in  summer.  It  has  become  the  principal 
station  for  British  ships  in  the  gulf  and  has  a  small  bazaar, 
a  hospital,  and  subscription  rooms  supported  by  Indian 
officers.  Xear  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  old  Portuguese  town 
and  fort  of  the  same  name.  There  is  good  anchorage  in  the 
roads,  but  the  p<irt  is  of  diflficult  entrance. 

BASTKNTO,  ba-sWn't6',  or  BASENTO,  ba-sJn't<V.  (anc. 
Casuen'tiia.)  a  river  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata.  rises 
In  the  .\pennines,  \V.  of  Potenza.  flows  E.S.E.  and  enters 
the  gulf  of  Tarauto.  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Taranto.  Length 
50  miles.    Near  its  mouth  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient 

BA'SILi.  a  village  of  Liberty  township,  Fairfield  CO.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Oliio  Canal,  12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  I^ancaster. 

B.\S1LD0N.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks.  71  miles 
N.W.  of  Heading.  Near  the  village  the  Great  "Western  Hall- 
way crosses  the  Thames. 

BASILIAor  BASILKA.    See  Basel. 

BASILICATA.  bd-se-le-kd/tl,  (anc.  Litcafma,)  a  province 
of  the  state  of  Naples,  having  on  the  N.  Capitanata,  on 
the  E.  Bari.  on  the  S.E.  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  on  the  S.  Cala- 
bria Citra,  and  on  the  W.  Principato  Ultra  and  Citra.  Capi- 
tal. I'oteuza.  Area,  41C2  square  miles.  I'op.  in  1850,  501.222. 
It  is  mostly  mountainous,  being  traversed  by  the  Appen- 
nines,  and  is  not  very  fertile.  It  has  a  fine  plain  on  the 
shores  of  tiie  gulf,  watered  by  seveial  small  streams.  Chief 
products,  wine,  cotton,  lint,  tobacco,  and  saSrou.  Princi- 
pal towns.  Potenza,  Francavilla,  and  Tursi. 

BASILUZZO.     See  Vacchellce. 

BASING,  b.i'zing,  OLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 
2  miles  N.E.  of  Basingstoke.  Tlie  magnificent  castle  built 
here  by  'William  Pautet,  first  Slarquis  of  Winchester,  and 
lord  treasurer  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  was.  in  the  civil  war,  de- 
feuded  for  two  years  against  the  Parliamentary  forces  by 
John,  fifth  marquis.  It  was  finally  stormed  by  Cromwell, 
October  14th.  ItUo,  and,  aft«r  yielding  rich  plunder  to  the 
besiegers,  was  burned  to  the  ground. 

B.\'SINGsT'.  )KI<!,  a  municipal  borough  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Hants,  on  the  S.Western  Railway,  45j  miles 
W.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851.  4263.  It  has  a  church 
built  in  the  reign  of  llenry  VIII.,  an  ancient  free  school, 
with  an  income  of  200f.  a-year:  a  blue-coat  school,  founded  in 
1646,  several  other  charities,  (including  an  estate  left  by  Sir 
G.  Lancaster,  rent  250/.  per  annum:)  a  market-house,  town- 
hall,  and  jail,  and  a  large  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  greatly 
facilitated  by  the  Basingstoke  Canal,  by  which  it  commu- 
nicates with  the  Wey  and  the  Thames.  Near  Basingstoke 
is  a  tract  of  108  acres,  on  which  every  householder  has  a 
right  of  pasture :  and  immediately  N.  of  the  town  are  the 
pictures<iue  remains  of  the  ancient  chapel  Of  the  Holy 
Gho.«t. 

BA'SIX  HAR'BOR.  a  village  and  port  of  Addison  co., 
Vermont,  on  Lake  Champlain.  20  miles  S  from  Burlington. 

B.\.SIN  KNOB,  a  post-villiige  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri,  near 
a  hill  of  its  own  name,  115  miles  W.  by  N.from  JeDferson 
City. 

BASINWEKK,  bA'sin-werk.  a  village  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Flint,  containing  ruins  of  an  ancit-nt  alibey  and  chapel 
of  the  Knii;hts  Templars,  erected  bv  Henry  II. 

BASKAHE'GAN  lUVER,  in  Maine,  rises  in  a  lake  of  its 
own  name,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Matawamkeag. 

BA.S'KINGHIDCiE,  a  post-village  in  the  N.E.  part  of  So- 
merset CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  40  miles  N.N.E.  from  Trenton, 
It  contains  a  Presbyterian  church,  a  classical  academy,  and 
iieveral  stores, 

B.\SLE.     See  BASEt. 

B.\S'LOW,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  3i  miles 
H.B.  of  Bakewell. 

BAS'NETTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Virginia. 

BA'SON  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co.,  Texas. 
BAS0UDA.bd-8t>w'-d!i,  a  town  of  Central  India,  dominion 
of,  and  150  miles  S.W.  of  Gwalior,  and  said  to  comprise  2000 
bouses  .. 

M 


BAS 

BASOUDA,  a  town  of  Central  India,  dominion  of,  and  157 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Gwalior,  and  h.iving  500  houses. 

BASQUE  (bask)  PROVINCES,  (Span.  ruscrmgarJa!:,  vfc- 
kon-gd/i)is,)  a  country  of  Spain,  bounded  N.  by  the  Bay  of 
Bi.scay.  E.  by  Navarre.  S.  by  the  province  of  LogrcHo,  and 
W.  by  Burgos  and  Santander.  The  three  Basque  provinces 
are  Biscjiy,  capital  Bilbao:  Guipuzcoa.  capital  Tolosa;  and 
Alava,  capital  Vitoria.  The  Basques,  who  are  nearly  all 
shepherds,  have  always  been  celebrated  for  their  bravery 
and  vivacity.  They  speak  a  language  which  has  no  analogy 
with  any  other  living  tongue,  and  which,  in  remote  ages,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  used  over  all  the  peninsula.  The  French 
part  of  the  Basque  country,  which  is  now  comprised  in  the 
department  of  Basses-Pyrenees,  was  formerly  dependent  on 
the  province  of  Gascony.  and  had  for  capital  Bayonne.  A^. 
and  Inhab.  Basque,  bask. 

BASQUEVILLK.     See  B.acQUETILLE. 

BASRA.     See  BAS.^iORAH. 

B.\S-HHIN,  bd'r^N"',  (»'.«.  " Lotver  Rhine.")  a  depart- 
ment in  the  E.  part  of  France,  contiguous  to  th.it  of  Haute 
Rhin.  (Upper  Rhine.)  on  the  N.  Area,  1777  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1861,  577.674.  It  is  situated  between  the  A'osges 
Mountains  on  the  W.,  and  the  Rhine  on  the  E.,  which  sepa^ 
rates  it  from  Baden,  and  which  here  receives  the  111.  Moder, 
and  Lauter:  the  last  separates  it  on  the  N.  from  Rhenish 
Bavaria.  The  soil  is  rich  in  mines  of  iron  and  coal,  is  well 
cultivated,  and  fertile  in  com,  wine,  tobacco,  beet-root,  lin- 
seed, and  hemp.  One-third  of  its  surface  is  covered  with 
forests.  It  has  numerous  and  various  flourishing  manufac- 
tures, and  its  commerce  is  facilitated  by  the  canal  of  the 
Rhine  and  Rhone,  and  several  other  canals,  and  by  the 
Strastiourg  and  BSle  Railway.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  arrondissements  of  Strasbourg.  S.averue,  Schfilestadt, 
and    W  issembourg.    Capital  Starsbourg. 

BASS,  a  large,  insulated,  green.stone  rock  of  Scotland,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  3  miles  X.E.  of  North  Ber- 
wick. Lat.  50°  4'  53"  N.,  Ion.  2°  37'  57"  W.  It  is  about  a 
mile  in  circumference,  and  420  feet  elevation ;  a  cavern- 
ous pa.ssage  penetrates  through  the  rock  from  N.W.  to  S. 
E.  On  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  about  7  acres  of  tine 
pasture  land.  In  summer  it  is  frequented  by  myriads  of 
solan  treese. 

BASSA,  I)!ls'-sa.  BAFFA  boof'-fl.  or  BUF'FA.  a  harbor  of 
Guinea,  on  the  Grain  Coast,  between  the  Capes  of  Mesurado 
and  I'almas,  in  about  lat.  7°  N.,  Ion.  10°  20'  W. 

B.iSSAC,  bjs'sdk'.  a  vilhtge  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente.  9  miles  E.  of  Cognac.  Pop.  of  commune,  806.  Com- 
merce in  wine  and  cognac  brandy. 

BASS.\1X,  bis'-sIne'orbds'sAne'.  a  principal  seaport  town 
in  the  Burmese  dominions,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the 
right  branch  of  the  Irrawaddv.  Km)  miles  W.  of  Rangoon. 
Lat.  10°  49'  N.;  Ion.  94°  45'  E.  "Estimated  pfip.  ."iOOO. 

BAS'SALEG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Monmouth. 

B.\SS.\M,  Grand,  grand  bSs'silm',  or  grfl.N"  lijIsV6.\o',  a 
town  of  Africa,  Upper  Guinea,  on  the  Gold  Coast,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  of  its  own  name.  The  French  established 
a  station  here  in  1844. 

BASSA.M.  Grand,  called  also  RIO  DE  SUETRO  DA  COSTA, 
ree'o  d.i  swA'e-ro  dd  kos'ti.  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  the 
emboucliure  of  which  is  on  the  southern  part  of  the  Ivory 
Coast,  in  lat.  5°  10^  N..  Ion.  3°  45'  W. 

BASSANO.  bds-s3/no.  an  episcopal  cits'  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  Venice,  and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Vicenza.  on  a  height 
at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  near  the  Brenta,  in  a  country  which 
produces  excellent  wine  and  fruits.  It  is  surrounded  by 
walls,  is  well  built,  and  well  paved,  having  marble  foot- 
paths. Pop.  12,000.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  their 
industry,  their  m.anufactures,  and  tr.ade  in  silk  fabrics, 
woollens,  and  copper  ware.  In  the  private  houses,  the 
communal  palace,  and  the  churches,  are  celebrated  paint- 
ings, especially  those  of  Giacomo  tia  Fhtite,  sumamed  Bas- 
sano.  It  has  a  picture  gallery,  a  handsome  theatre,  and 
a  magnificent  botanic  garden.  The  printing  establishment 
of  Ifeniimdimi^ ancient  and  celebrated.  A  handsome  bridge 
was  built  on  the  Brenta  in  the  middle  of  last  century,  to 
replace  that  by  IWladio,  destroyed  in  1748.  On  September 
9,  1796,  the  Anstrians,  under  AVurmer,  were  here  defeated 
bv  the  French,  under  Bonaparte. 

'BAS'SAR/,  POO'LO,  a  small  i.sland  in  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, N.  coast  of  Ceram.  a  little  AV.  of  the  entrance  into  Sawa 
Bay:  lat.  2°  45'  S..  Ion.  129°  10'  E. 

BASSAS  DA  INDIA.  basZ-sSs  di  in'de-i.  or  een'de-a.  an 
island  in  Mozambique  Channel ;  lat.  22°  2S'  S..  Ion.  40°  36'  E. 
The  name  of  Baxos  da  India,  given  it  by  the  Portuguese 
discoverers,  it  still  bears  in  all  European  charts  except  th 
English.  It  is  of  a  circular  shape,  about  three  or  four  miles 
in  diameter. 

B.\SS£E.  La,  bfc'sA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  on  the  canal  of  La  Bassfie,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Lille. 
Pop.  of  commune  in  1S.=.2.  2755. 

B.'i.SSEIN,  bis-s.-lne'.  a  seaport-town  of  British  India,  pr» 
sidency.  and  30  miles  N.  of  Bombay,  in  the  district  of  Concan. 
It  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Portuguese  in  1531,  cap- 
tured by  the  Mahrattas  in  1750.  and  ceded  to  the  British  on 
the  treaty  of  peace  with  the  native  powers  in  1S02. 

177 


BAS 


BAS 


BASSENl  frWAITE,bas'-sen-thwait.  a  parish  of  England, 
ec .  of  Cumlmriand. 

BASSKNTIIWAITE.  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber 
land,  is  in  a  rale  of  much  l>eauty.  and  flanked  on  either 
side  by  the  mountains  of  Skiddaw  and  AVinthoi-p  Brows. 
Length  4  miles,  by  1  mile  in  breadth. 

BASSEK.SDORF,  bfe'-sfrs-doRf\  a  villapre  and  parish  of 
Switzeriand.  6i  miles  X.X.E.  of  Zurich.    Pop.  2200. 

BASSES-ALPES,  biss^dlp', (i. e.  '-Lower  Alps,")  a  frontier 
department  of  the  S.E.  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Sardi- 
nian states.  Area,  2.600  square  miles.  Pop.  in  ISHl,  146.368. 
It  is  chiefly  mountainous.  The  level  portion  is  in  the  S., 
but  only  one-fourth  of  the  land  is  cultivated.  Principal 
rivers,  the  Durance  and  Var.  Soil  generally  sterile,  but 
between  the  mountains  are  valleys  which  are  generally 
very  fertile.  Numerous  sheep  from  neighboring  depart- 
ments are  fed  on  the  mountains. 

B.\t^'SES,  Great,  a  ledge  of  rocks  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
off  the  S.  K.  coast  of  Ceylon.  The  easternmost  rock  is  in  lat. 
6°  11'  4S"  X..  Ion.  81°  39'  28"  E.,  8  miles  from  the  mainland. 
BASSES,  Little,  near  the  above,  in  lat.  6°  52'  53"  N., 
Ion.  81°  58' 25"  E..  is  the  more  dangerous  of  the  two  groups. 
A  lisjht-house  is  to  lie  erected  on  Foul  Point 

BASSES-PYK£.\:fiES,  bdss-pee'-rd'ni/,  (!.  e.  "  Lower  Pyre- 
nees,") a  frontier  department  of  France,  formed  of  part  of 
the  old  province  of  Beam,  bounded  E.  by  the  dejMirtment 
of  IIautes-Pyr6iiees,  S.  by  the  Pyrenees,  W.  by  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  on  which  are  the  ports  of  Bayonne  and  St.  Jean-de- 
Luz.  and  X.  by  the  departments  of  Landes  and  Gers.  Area, 
2,862  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  436,628.  Capital,  Pau. 
Nearly  half  the  surface  is  covered  with  pastures  and 
marshes.  one-si.\th  part  is  occupied  by  fine  forests,  and  the 
rest  is  fertile.  Xumerous  torrents  descend  from  the  moun- 
tains, the  chief  of  which  are  the  Gave-de-Pau,  Gave  d"01e- 
ron.  and  the  Xive.  The  minerals  comprise  iron,  copper,  and 
marble.  The  mineral  springs  of  Eaux-Bonnes  and  Eaux- 
Chaudes  are  much  frequented,  and  the  salt  from  the  springs 
of  Salies  is  in  repute.  Among  the  vegetable  products  are  the 
oak.  gall-nut,  lint, and  wine;  and  among  animals,  the  bear, 
isard,  a  species  of  chamois.  Manufactures  unimportant; 
the  chief  are  iron  forging,  and  the  pit)duction  of  linen  and 
paper.  The  department  is  divided  into  thearrondissements 
of  Bavonne,  Maulgon,  Oloron.  Orthez,  and  Pau. 

B.A.SSE-TEKKE,  bitsHaiR/,  a  seaport,  a  town  of  West  In- 
dies, capit.il  of  the  French  Island  of  Guadeloupe,  on  its  S.W, 
ccist,  in  lat.  15°  S^  30"  X.,  Ion.  61°  44'  AV.;  it  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  governor,  the  seat  of  a  royal  court  and  courts 
of  assize,  and  has  several  schools  and  a  botanic  garden. 
ITiere  is  no  harbor,  and  the  roadstead  is  exposed.  The 
commune  of  Basse-Terre  has  a  pop.  of  12.414.  of  whom  7536 
are  slaves,  but  the  town  has  only  5.500  inhaliitants. 

BASSE-TEKKE,  liass'tair'.  .seaport,  a  town  of  West  Indies, 
capital  of  St,  Christopher,  one  of  the  Briti.«h  Antilles,  on  its 
M',  coast,  in  lat,  17°  17'  30"  X..  Ion.  62°  42'  W.  Pop.  6500. 
Its  harbor  is  defended  by  several  batteries,  and  it  has  an  ac- 
tive trade. 

BASSK-TERRE,  a  town  of  W.  Indies,  in  Marie  Galante, 
(an  island  12  miles  S.E.  of  Guadeloupe.)  on  its  W.  coast. 

BASSETTS  CHEEK  of  Alabama  flows  south-westward, 
through  Clarke  co..  into  Tombigbee  River. 

BAS.<IO.\.\XA,  bd.s'-seen-yd'nl  a  town  of  Piedmont,  8 
miles  X.E.  of  Alessandria,  formerly  fortified;  excellent  wine 
is  produced  in  its  vicinity.     Pop.  2800. 

BASSIXGBOURX,  bas'sing-burn,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Camliridge. 
BAS'SIXGHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
BAS/.-iIXGTUORPE,  bas'sing-thoi-p,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln, 

BASS  OF  IXVERURY,  inVgr-oo'ree,  in  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen,  is  a  mound  near  Inverury,  believed  to  cover  an 
ancient  castle. 

B.\SSiyR.\.  a  small  village  of  Franklin  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  Jlissouri  River.  50  miles  W.  from  St.  Louis. 

BASSOI'.AH.  has'so-ri.  BASRA,  bis'rah.  B.VLSORA.  biU- 
so-rd.  or  BUS'SORAII,  (Arab.  •'  a  margin.")  a  frontier  city  and 
river  port  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  iff  the  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  on  the 
Shat-el-Arab.  (i.e.  Kirxr  of  the  Arabs.)  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris.  70  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  and  270  miles  S,E,  of  Bagdad.  Lat.  30°  30  X., 
Ion.  47°  34'  15"  E.  Pop.  usually  estimated  at  60.000.  Half 
of  these  are  Arabs,  one-fourth  Persians,  and  the  rest  Turks, 
Jews.  Koords.  and  Roman  Catholics.  It  is  enclosed  by  a 
wall  of  sun-dried  brick  from  7  to  9  miles  in  circumference 
the  space  including  ricefields.  date  groves,  and  gardens, 
and  intersected  by  canals.  The  streets  and  houses  are 
mean,  and.  except  the  English  factory,  the  governor's  resi- 
dence, and  a  few  of  the  mosijues,  there  are  no  good  edifices. 
The  lia/..iars  are  mean,  but  stocked  with  all  kinds  of  poods, 
B.-us.sorah  Vieing  the  great  emporium  of  the  Turkish  Empire 
for  I'jistern  produce.  Ships  of  400  tons  burden  can  come 
up  to  the  city,  the  trade  of  which  is  mostly  carried  on.  in 
Aniliian  Imttoms,  Imports  comprise  muslins  and  piece 
goods,  spices,  drugs,  rice,  sugar,  indigo,  silk,  cotton  yarn, 
Burat  manuCtctures.  and  other  Indian  and  Chinese  (wods, 
with  lead,  tin,  steel,  &c.,  «hich  have  been  exported  to  In- 
178 


dia  from  Europe;  shawls,  assafoetida.  and  fruits  from  Ptn^ 
sia;  coffee,  dates,  and  gums  from- Arabia;  pearls  from  Bah- 
nin,  and  coral  from  the  Mediterranean,  by  way  of  Aleppo, 
Principal  exports,  horses  to  Bombay,  the  pi-ecious  metals, 
dates,  copper,  gall-nuts,  raw  silk,  gold  fringe;  and,  among 
the  retwrns  to  Persia  are  many  English  cotton  prints  n»- 
ceived  by  the  Black  Sea  and  Constantinople. 

BASS  RIVER  HOTEL,  a  post-ofliice  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

BASS'S  STRAIT  separates  Australia  from  Van  Diemen'n 
Land.  It  was  first  explored  by  Bass,  a  surgeon,  in  1798. 
Average  breadth  150  miles,  and  much  encumbered  with 
islands  and  coral  reefs. 

BASSUM,  bis'sddm,  a  town  of  Hanover,  18  miles  W.  of 
Hoya.     Pop.  1009.  with  manufactures  of  straw  hats. 

BASTAD,  (BAstad.)  bos'-tdd.  a  town  of  Sweden.  CO  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Christianstad,  with  a  small  port  in  the  Gulf  of 
Laholm.  in  the  Cattegat.     Pop.  e*0. 

BASTAX,  bds-tin',  a  valley  of  Spain,  in  Navarre.  It  af- 
fords excellent  pasturage,  is  well  watered,  and  contains  14 
villages. 

BASTELICA,  ba^-tU'e-kJ,  a  village  of  Corsica,  IS  milea 
E.X.E.  of  Ajaccio.     Pop.  in  1846,  2528. 

BASTIA,  bis-tee'i,  a  fortified  seaport  town,  and  formerly 
the  capital  of  Corsica,  on  its  X.E.  coast,  67  miles  X.X.E,  of 
Ajaccio.  This  town,  the  wealthiest  and  most  populous  in 
the  island,  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  amid 
olive,  orange,  and  citron  gardens,  and  has  a  fine  appe;irance 
as  approached  from  the  sea.  Several  of  the  churches  are 
handsome,  with  rich  gilding  and  marble  sculpture,  resem- 
bling the  churches  of  Italy.  Bastia  is  the  seat  of  a  royaJ 
court  of  appeal  for  the  island,  of  a  court  of  commerce,  and 
of  an  inspector-general  of  forests.  It  has  a  royal  college,  a 
royal  school  of  hydrography,  and  public  library,  with  I'OOO 
volumes,  and  is  the  residence  of  consuls  from  most  of  the 
European  states.  The  staple  of  Bastia  is  leather.  Its  nume- 
rous tanneries  annuallv  prepare,  on  an  average,  from  5000 
to  6000  bullock  hides,  iOOO  calf  and  6000  sheep  skins.  The 
trade  is  chiefly  in  wine,  oil,  leather,  goats'  hair,  and  coraL 
Coral  fishing  is  also  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Of  late 
years  Bastia  has  greatly  increased  in  importance,  and  hag 
become  a  centre  of  an  extensive  traffic  between  France,  Si- 
cily, Italy,  and  the  Levant.  The  former  incommodious 
port  is  in  process  of  being  replaced  by  a  new  one.  which 
will  enclose  a  surface  of  26  acres,  one-half  of  which  will  pre- 
sent a  depth  of  19  feet,  and  one-fourth  of  26  feet :  the  whole 
to  be  protected  by  a  mole.  Before  the  annexation  of  Cor- 
sica to  France,  Bastia  was  the  capital  of  the  island.  Pop,  in 
1846, 12,571. 

BASTIDK,  bdsHeed'.  or  LA  BASTIDE,  M  bis'tet^',  the 
name  of  several  small  towns  of  France,  among  which  the 
following  are  the  principal : — 

BASTIDE-CLAIHENCE,  blsHeed'  kliMxss/.  department 
of  Basses-Pvrenee.s,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bavonne,     Pop.  2000, 

BASTIDE-D'ARMAGXAC,  ba.sHeed'  daR^nidnVik'.  d^-part- 
ment  of  Gers,  27  miles  W.  of  Condom.  Pop.  of  commune, 
1763. 

BASTIDE-DE-SEROU,  bis'teed'  deh  seh-roo/.  department 
of  Ariege,  capital  of  the  canton,  9  miles  W.X.W.  of  Foix. 
Pop. 1107. 

BASTIDE-ROUAIROU.X,  bis'teed'  roo'A'roo',  department 
of  Tarn.  21  miles  S.E.  of  Castres.    Pop.  1496. 

BASTIOX.  bisHe-Aj[«',  a  vill.age  of  Algeria,  near  Constan- 
tine.  Near  it  is  the  bastion  built  by  the  French  African 
Company  in  1520,  the  first  establishment  of  the  French  in 
Algiers.    It  was  abandoned  for  C.ille. 

BASTOGNE,  MsHoB',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxembourg,  capital  of  the  district,  25  miles  N.  of  Arlon 
Pop.  in  1842,  2265. 

BAS^TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BASTTROP,  a  county  of  Texas,  in  the  central  part  of  the 
state,  contains  690  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  In"  the 
Colorado  River.  The  .surface  is  undulating:  the  soil  is  gene- 
rally very  fertile.  The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with 
water-power.  Steamboats  navigate  the  Colorado  through 
this  county  during  six  months  or  moreof  the  year.  Named 
in  honor  of  Baron  de  Bastrop,  a  Mexican.  Capital,  Bastrop. 
Pop.  7006;  of  whom  4415  were  free. 

BASTROP,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Morehouse  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  Bayou  Bartholomew,  an  affluent  of  AV.i.^hita 
River,  about  300"miles  N.  by  W.  of  Baton  Rouge.  It  la 
situated  in  a  fertile  district,  and  it  has  some  trade.  The 
navigation  of  the  bayou  has  been  opened  for  steamboats  to 
this  place.    Pop.  481. 

BASTROP,  a  thriving  post-vill.ige,  capital  of  Bastrop  co., 
Texa.s.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado  River.  35  niiles  E.S. 
E.  of  Austin  City,  and  141  miles  N.W.  of  Matagorda.  The 
river  flows  through  an  undulating  and  fertile  cotton-plant- 
ing district,  and  is  navigable  bv  steamboats.   Pop.  1107. 

BAKWICK,  bar'wik,  or  BERKSWICK,  burks/wik,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

BAT.\AN.  bdHd-in'  or  bd*t3n'.  a  province  of  Luzon,  one 
of  the  Philippine  Islands,  forming  a  peninsula  on  f  hv  AV.  side 
of  the  Bay  of  Manila.  It  is  poor  and  little  cultivated,  yet 
produces  the  best  sugar  in  the  Philippines,  and  good  indigo, 


BAT 

BATABANO,  b3 ti[-nl-no^  or  BATAVAXO.  TiatJ-Tj-tio'.  b 
Ee»port  town  of  Cuba,  on  its  S.  coast,  35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ha- 
vana, with  which  it  communicatps  hv  a  railroad.     T'op.  2000. 

B.VrAC  (bd'tak')  or  BA'TAG'  ISLANDS.  Malay  Archi- 
pelajTO-  N.  coast  of  Samar.  one  of  the  Philippines.  I>at.  (N. 
point)  VJ^  43'  N.;  Ion.  125°  5'  K.  Inside  of  this  isl.ind  is  the 
port  of  PaLapa.  having  5  or  6  fathoms  water,  accessible 
Dv  two  channels,  onr-  on  each  side  of  liatae. 
"B.VTALIIA.  bi-tdl'yd,  a  town  of  Portujral,  Estremadura, 
7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leiria.  with  1550  inhabitants,  and  a  hand- 
gome  convent,  founded  by  John  I.  to  commemorate  the  vic- 
torv  of  Aljubarrota  in  1S.35. 

BATALIN,  bd-tA-lin'  or  bi-til-leen'.  an  island  of  the  Slalay 
Archipelago,  off  the  K.  coast  of  Celebes.  Lat.  1°  20' S. ;  Ion. 
124°  K.     Lenj^th.  26  miles :  average  breadtk,  7  miles. 

B.\TAN,  bi-tan'.  an  islaiid  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  the 
principal  of  the  Bashee  (Ratines)  group,  belonging  to  the 
Philippines.  Lat.  (aithedi-al  of  San  Domingo)  20°  27'  30" 
N.;  Ion.  12J°  59'  K.  It  is  about  12  miles  long  by  about  4 
broad,  covered  with  rich  vegetation,  and  is  mountainous, 
the  highest  peak  K'ing  5000  feet  high,  and  apparently  an 
extinct  volcano. 

B.VTAN.  a  town  of  Thibet.    See  P.*. 

BATANKS.    See  Basiisk  and  A.\tax. 

BAT\\XG',  a  village  and  seaport  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Island  of  Oilolo,  Mal-iv  Archipelago. 

BATANGAS,  bd-tin^is.  a  province  of  the  Philippines, 
Island  of  Luzon,  south  of  Manila,  intersected  by  lat.  14°  N., 
and  bounded  S.  by  the  Mindoro  Strait.  It  is  composed  prin- 
cipally of  platoaux  and  fertile  meadows,  variegated  with 
beautiful  and  fragrant  tlowers.  yielding  ample  f'lod  to  in- 
numerable hununing-Viirds  and  bees,  the  latter  producing 
Large  qu.intities  of  honey. 

B.M'ANG.^S,  a  town,  capital  of  the  above  province,  situated 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  5s  miles  S.  of  Manila.  Lat.  13°  3.5' 
X. :  Ion.  121°  9'  23"  E.  It  was  founded  in  1581.  is  large,  built 
with  tolerable  regularity,  has  spacious  streets,  an  elegant 
roj-al  house,  the  dwelling  of  the  alcalde,  with  several  elegant 
private  houses.  It  is  well  situated  for  trade,  the  large  bay 
on  which  it  lies,  being  about  10  miles  square,  opens  into  the 
Strait  of  Mindoro,  which  is  the  track  of  a  great  number  of 
ves.sels.     Pop.  of  town  and  district.  17.330. 

BATTAX(t  ISLAND.     See  Battam. 

BArANG'  PAS'SA  and  BATANG'  LVBO,  two  fine 
stre.ams  of  Sumatra,  affluents  of  the  Rokan  or  Rakan, 
which  falls  into  the  Straits  of  Malacca  at  Tanah  Pooti. 

BAT  ANTA,  bi-t;lu'ti.  on  island  off  the  X.W.  end  of  Papua. 
Lat.  (\Y  end)  0°  5S'  S..  Ion.  130°  30'  E. 

,     BATA  V  AN  AN,  Ijd-tiva-nin'.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelairo.     Lat.  (N.  point)  14°  11'  N.,  Ion  12:3°  30'  E. 

B,\T.WANO,  a  town  of  Cuba.     See  Batahano. 

B.\T.\VIA,  the  I>atin  name  of  Holland,  (which  »ee.) 

BATAVIA.  ba-t.Vve-a,  (Dutch  pron.  hi-ti've-i.)  a  city  and 
seaport  of  Java,  capital  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the 
East  and  of  the  residency  of  the  same  name  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Jakatra  Kiver,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island.  Lat. 
6°  8'  S. :  Ion.  100°  50'  E. ;  with  a  free  port,  extensive  and  safe. 
Pop.  11S.300;  of  whom  2S00  are  Europeans:  25,000.  Chi- 
nese: 80.000.  abori<rines;  1000,  Moors  and  .\rabs:  and  9.500, 
slaves.  It  is  built  on  marshy  ground,  and  intersected 
by  canals  in  the  Dutch  style;  defended  by' a  citadel  and 
several  batteries,  and  has  a  considerable  garrison  and  ma- 
rine arsenal.  Batavia  was  long  very  unhealthy,  hut  has 
been  much  impmved  by  draining  and  by  the  er^tion  of 
handsome  suburbs.  Jlean  temperature  of  the  year.  7S°.3: 
winter,  78°.  1 :  summer,  78°.6  Fahr.  Temperature  at  mid- 
day, from  80°  to  'M :  at  ni-ht.  70°  Fahr.  It  has  a  stadt-house, 
exchange,  hospital,  numerous  chui-ches.  a  mosque,  a  Chi- 
nese and  2  orphan  hospitals,  several  Chinese  temples,  a 
large  club-house  termed  the  Hurmnnie.  and  a  botanic  gar- 
den. It  is  the  seat  of  a  supreme  commission  of  public  in- 
struction for  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  and  has  a  school  of  arts 
and  sciences,  and  publishes  a  news]>aper.  The  Jakatra  is 
navigable  by  vessels  of  4ij  tons.  2  miles  inl.and.  The  bay  or 
harbfir  forms  an  open  but  small  roadstead  of  great  beauty, 
and  may  be  entered  by  the  largest  vessels.  It  contains  a 
number  of  islands,  many  of  them  named  after  towns  in 
Holland.  On  Onrust  is  the  n.aval  arsenal,  well  fortified; 
on  another  island  is  a  convict  establishment:  on  a  third,  a 
hospital ;  and  on  a  fourth,  warehouses.  Bat.avia  is  the  great 
commercial  emporium  of  tiie  Malay  .\rchipelago,  and  ab- 
soibs  by  far  the  greatest  part  of  the  trade  of  Java  and  Mar 
dura:  the  exports  of  whi 'h  island.s.  in  1841.  amounted  in 
value  to  00.290.688  tlorins.  (S24.319.600,)  and  the  imports  to 
•Z9.4S3.16:j  florins.($10,923,5no.)  The  exiwrts  consist  mostly 
of  coffee,  sugar,  pepper,  indigo,  hides,  cloves,  nutmegs, 
mace,  tin,  rice,  rattans,  and  arrack.  Chief  imports,  linen 
and  cotton  goods,  woollen  stuffs,  provisions,  wines,  metallic 
wares,  and  manufactured  articles  of  all  kinds  from  Europe 
and  America:  with  the  products  of  the  .\rchipelago.  China. 
Siam,  Bengal,  Japan,  and  the  West  Indies.  In  1841.  1905 
ships,  aggregate  burden,  124.228  lasts,  entered  the  port:  of 
which.  1454.  azgriirate  burden.  97,142  lasts,  were  Dutch, 
and  the  rest  chiefly  Asiatic,  English.  American,  and  Portu- 
guese.    Total  customs  revenue  in  1841.  6.193,126  florins, 


BAT 

?2.49T.400.  Batavia  has  a  bank,  with  branches  at  Sama- 
rang  and  Soerabaya;  also  manufactures  of  leather  and 
earthenware,  mostly  c(  nducted  by  Chinese  residents.  It 
was  founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1619:  taken  by  the  English  in 
1811,  and  occupied  by  them  till  1816.  The  district  of  Bata- 
via, extending  along  the  N.  shore  of  the  Island,  is  flat  ant 
not  so  fertile  as  the  other  parts  of  Java.  Pop.  in  1845, 
27o,0(X).  The  residence  of  the  governor-general  was  trans 
ferred  from  Buitenzorg  to  Batavia  in  1847. 

B.^T.\'VIA,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  co.,  New  York, 
Pop.  3316. 

BATAVIA,  a  h.andsome  post-village  in  the  above  town- 
ship, capital  of  Genesee  countv,  on  'Tonowanda  Creek,  and 
on  the  New  York  Central  and  Buffalo,  Corning  and  New 
York  Kailroads,  36  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Huffalo,  and  32  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Kochester.  It  contains  7  churches.  3  banks, 
over  40  stores,  and  the  offlce  of  the  Holland  Land  Com- 
pany. The  streets  are  wide  and  well  shaded,  and  the 
houses  neatly  built.  Batavia  is  tlie  terminus  of  tlie 
Bataviaand  Attica  Hailroad.  The  Canandaigua  and  Ni.igara 
Falls  R.H.  also  passes  through  the  village.  Incorporated 
in  1823.  Three  newspapers  are  published  here.  Poi).  in 
1864,  3500. 

BAT.AVIA,  a  post-village  of  Bntavia  townsliip,  capital  of 
Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E.  fork  of  Little  Miami  River.  21 
miles  E.  of  Cincituiati.  and  100  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus.  It 
was  laid  out  about  1820.   Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  2903. 

BAT.WI  A,  a  township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio. 

BAT.A.VIA,  a  post-township  of  Brancli  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1189. 

BAT.WI.A.a  post-township  of  Kane  co, Illinois.  Pop.  1621. 

BAT.tVI.V.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Fox  River,  35  miles  W.  of  Chicago,  has  an  active 
trade,  and  contains  a  national  bank.  It  is  connected  by 
railroad  with  Chicago  and  Galena. 

BATAVI.\  KILL,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  New  York. 

BATCHIAN.     See  Batshian. 

BATCOMBK,  bat'kuni,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BATK  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Western  Hindostan,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Cntcli.  \M.  22°  2ty  N.;  Ion.  69°  15' E.  It  has  a 
good  harbor,  and  is  the  site  of  a  famous  Hindoo  temple. 

BATK'MAX,  or  BATKMAN'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of 
Houston  CO..  (Jeorgiii,  21  nillos  S.W.  of  Macon. 

BATE.AIAN  (bait'mnn)  BAY,  Australia,  on  the  S.E.  coast, 
142  miles  S.W. of  I'ort  Jackson.'  Lat.  36°  15'S ;  Ion.  150°  20'  E. 

BATKN,  b|-tSn',  a  town  of  Spain,  In  Catalonia,  50  miles 
W.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  2444. 

BATEXBUUG,  bd't.;n-brirg\  a  town  of  the  Netlierlands, 
province  of  GelderTand,  9  miles  W.  of  Nymwegen,  on  the 
Meuse.  Pop.  C36.  It  is  the  Op'pidum  Balavo'rum  of  the 
Romans. 

BATES,  baits,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  about  lOOO  square  riiiles. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Marais  des  Cygnes.  or  Osage  River, 
and  also  drained  by  the  Little  Osage  and  Marmiton,  which 
unite  and  enter  the  first-named  river  within  the  county. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  and  consists  mostly  of  prairie. 
Named  in  honor  of  Frederick  Bates,  former  governor  of 
Missouri.  Capital,  Butler.  Pop.  in  1860,  7215;  of  whom 
6773  were  free,  and  442  slaves. 

B.\TKSVILLK,  baits'vil.  a  post-village  of  Habersham  co, 
Georgia.  145  miles  X.  of  MlUedgevllle. 

B.VrKSVILLK.  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Independence 
county,  Ark.,  on  White  River,  about  4(K(  miles  from  its  mouth, 
90  miles  N.X.E.  of  Little  Rock,  and  115  miles  from  Memphis, 
Tennessee.  Small  steamers  can  ascend  the  river  to  this 
point  at  nearly  all  seasons.  A  great  influx  of  emigration  is 
directed  to  this  section  of  the  state,  which  offers  strong  In- 
ducements In  soil  and  climate.  Pine  timber  and  water- 
power  are  abundant  in  the  county.  Batesville  is  the  most 
Important  town  In  the  X.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  has  an 
active  trade.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
several  churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  in  1860 
670. 

BATESVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  about 
90  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

BATKSA'ILLE,  a  small  village  of  Bates  CO.,  Missotiri. 

B.Vl'KSVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

B.\Tir,  bdt.  a  town  of  Hungary,  N.  of  the  Danube,  co.  of 
Ilonth.  5S  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2-358. 

B.\TH,  bjth,(anc.  A'qum  .SW/i>,)aclty,  parliamentary  and 
municipal  l>orough  of  England,  capital  of  the  county  of  So- 
merset, on  the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  2  stone,  2  Iron,  anu  3 
suspension  bridges,  and  on  the  Great  Western  Rallwav.  12 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Bristol,  and  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  London.  "Lat 
51°  23'  N. :  Ion.  2°  22'  W.  Area  of  borough.  980  acres. 
Pop.  In  1851.  54.240;  but  this  number  Is  said  to  be  fre- 
quently augmented  by  14.000  visitors.  Bath  was  known  to 
the  Romans  under  the  name  of  Aipin  Snlis ;  .and  baths  were 
erected  in  the  reicrn  of  Claudius.  The  earliest  extant  char- 
ter-is that  of  Richard  I.,  which  was  confii-med  by  Henry 
III.,  and  extended  to  Its  present  form  in  the  reign  of 
George  III.  The  city  stands  enclosed  by  an  amphlthe.Htre 
of  hills,  on  the  W.  declivity  of  which  Its  finest  quarters  ex- 
tend in  successive  terraces;  and  being  mostly  built  of  white 

17» 


BAT 


BAT 


freestone,  in  a  highly  embellished  style  of  architecture,  is 
admittfui  to  Ihj  the  li.ind.some.st  city  in  Britain.  The  principal 
e<lifice»  are  the  Abbey  church,  in  the  latest  Gothic  style, 
210  feei  in  lenirth,  and  with  a  tower  170  feet  in  heijrht;  St. 
James's,  St.  Michael's,  the  ^uild-h.-jll.  city  jail,  a  superb 
theati-e,  the  freem:isons"  lodjre.  subscription  club-house, 
a.s.sembly  and  concert  rooms,  several  large  and  flourishing 
hospitals,  and  the  buildin;rs  connected  with  its  famous 
baths.  In  the  W.  of  the  city  is  the  Royal  Victoria  Park; 
and  it  has  numerous  other  favorite  promenades  and  places 
of  public  recreation,  among  which  are  the  Sidhey  Gardens. 
Rith  has  many  educitional  and  other  establLshments : 
among  which  are  a  grammar  school,  founded  by  Edward 
VI .  and  to  the  ra.tstership  of  which  is  attached  the  rectory 
of  Charlcombe;  blue-coat  and  national  schools;  Partis's  Col- 
lege for  30  decaj'ed  gentlewomen;  the  Hospit-il  of  St.  John 
the  Itapti-st,  with  an  inwme  of  H.3i)5?. :  a  Roman  Catholic 
collegiate  establishment:  the  Bath  and  West  of  England 
Society;  Biith  Litei-ary  and  Philosophical  Institution;  a 
public  subscription  library,  and  a  mechanics'  institute. 
Tlie  hot  springs,  to  which  this  city  owes  its  oriirin,  are  saline 
and  chalybeate,  tempeniture  from  90°  to  117°  Fah. :  they 
rise  immediately  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  supply  five 
distinct  establishments,  the  King's,  Queen's.  Cross,  Hot.  and 
Abbey  Baths.  The  first  four  belona  to  the  corporation,  and 
yielded,  in  1839,  a  revenue  of  1646?.  To  the  King's  Bath  is 
attached  the  great  pump-room,  a  saloon  85  feet  in  length, 
4S  feet  in  breadth,  and  34  feet  in  height,  and  containing  a 
marble  statue  of  the  celebrated  '•  Beau  Nash,"  the  arbiter 
of  fashion  at  Bath  for  50  years  during  the  last  century,  and 
to  whom  the  city  owed  much  of  its  prosperity.  The  Abbey 
baths  are  the  property  of  Earl  Manvers.  and  are  furnished 
ill  a  style  adapted  for  the  wealthy  classes,  by  whom,  how- 
ever, Bath  has  ceased  to  be  freiiuented  so  much  as  formerly, 
having  been  superseded  by  Brighton.  Cheltenham.  &c.  Its 
former  manuficture  of  coarse  woollens,  termed  "  Bath  coat- 
ing." has  greatly  declined;  its  shops,  however,  are  generally 
a.s  weU  supplied  as  those  of  London,  which  they  rival  in  ap- 
pearance. The  city  is  well  situated  for  general  commerce, 
and  communicates  with  Bristol  and  various  other  towns  by 
the  Kennet  and  Avon  C^anal.  Corporation  revenue  in  1S46-7, 
21.346/. ;  expenditure,  19.9-28/.  V2<. :  assessed  taxes,  30,878/. 
10s.  Bath  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Registered  electors  in  18 1'i-S,  2941.  Bath,  with  Wells,  form 
a  bishopric,  comprising  all  the  county  of  Somerset,  except  a 
part  of  Bristol:  but  the  bishop's  palace  and  cathedral  are  at 
.  Wells.  Bath  gives  the  title  of  Marquis  to  the  head  of  the 
Thynne  family. 

B.\TH.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Virsrinia.  contains 
725  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cowpasture  and 
Jackson's  Rivers,  branches  of  James  River.  The  surface  is 
traversed  by  valleys  and  mountain  ridges  of  the  .\lleghany 
chain,  and  displays  a  profusion  of  magnificent  scenery.  The 
lii:;hlands  produce  valuable  timber  and  excellent  pasture. 
Limestone  and  iron  ore  are  abundant.  Bath  county  derives 
its  name  from  the  numerous  medicinal  springs  which  occur 
in  it.  Capital,  Warm  Springs.  The  county  was  organized 
in  1791.  Pop.  3676;  of  whom  2730  were  free,  and  946  slaves. 

BATH,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  of  about  290  square  miles.  The  Licking  River  forms 
the  entire  boundary  on  the  X.E  ,  and  it  is  also  drained  by 
Slate  Creek.  The  surface  is  diveiviifled.  being  in  some  parts 
level,  in  others  undulating  or  hilly.  The  N.W.  portion  of 
the  county  is  based  on  limestone,  and  is  very  fertile ;  the 
soil  of  the  other  portion  is  inferior.  Stone  coal  and  iron  are 
abundant  in  the  S.E.  part.  The  county  derives  its  name 
from  the  numerous  medicinal  springs  found  witliin  it, 
among  wliich  are  the  "celebrated  Olympian,  or  Mud  Lick 
Springs."  Capital.  Owingaville.  Pop.  12,113;  of  whom  9613 
were  free,  and  "2000  slaves. 

iJATII.  a  city  jrt  of  entry,  and  seat  ot  justice  of  Sagada- 
hock  county,  ./aine,  is  situated  on  the  ri^ht  bank  of  the 
Kennebec  River,  12  miles  from  the  ocean,  30  miles  S.  of  Au- 
gusta. 36  miles  X.E.  of  Portland,  and  147  miles  N.E.  of  Bos- 
ton. The  city  extends  about  2}  miles  along  the  bank  of  the 
river,  and  nearly  1  mile  back.  It  is  not  laid  out  with  any  great 
regard  to  regularity.  The  site  slopes  gradually  towards  the 
E.,  and  being  quite  uneven,  the  streets  are  generally  ac- 
commodatt(d  to  its  inequalities.  The  town  is  well  built, 
and  is  lighted  with  gas.  It  has  a  first-class  hotel,  6  national 
banks,  a  siivings  bank,  and  'J  cliurches,  1  of  which — the  Cen- 
tral Congregational — cost  about  $.30,000.  The  Beacon  street 
Methodist  Church  is  also  a  h.indsome  edifice.  The  schools 
are  graded,  and  are  among  the  very  best  in  the  state.  The 
high  school  is  attended  both  by  boys  and  girls.  Six  news- 
pjipers  are  published  in  the  city,  viz.  1  daily,  1  tri-weeklv,  3 
Weekly,  and  1  educational  journal.  In  the  business  of  ship- 
building. Bath  is  surpassed  only  by  New  York.  Boston,  and 
Philadelphia.  Forty-eight  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  bur- 
den of  21.3.39  tons,  were  admeasured  in  the  district  during 
the  year  ending  June  30.  18S2.  Of  these,  40  were  ships,  6 
brigs,  and  3  schooners.  In  1854,  66  ships,  and  13  other  ves- 
sels (tons,  58,454)  were  built,  being  the  greatest  amount  of 
shipping  constructed  in  any  distrrct  in  the  United  States, 
except  Xew  Ta~k  and  Boetou.  /n  the  year  eudJuK  June. 
180 


1863,  16  ships  and  barques,  2  brigs,  1  steamer,  and  2  smaller 
vessels  were  built  here.  Tonnage,  15,9s8  tons.  This  di». 
triet  ranks  the  sixth  in  the  United  States  in  the  amount 
of  shipping  owned,  which,  according  to  the  custom-house 
returns  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  18(33.  was  116,580 
tons  registered,  and  24.135  tons  enrolled  and  licensed; 
making  a  total  of  140,716  tons.  Of  the  latter,  20,315  tons 
were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  21:>S  in  the  cod  fishery, 
and  926  in  the  mackerel  fishery.  Bath  enjoys  superior 
advantages  for  navigation,  as  the  river  here  is  seldom  frozen 
in  winter.  The  princijal  imports  are  sugar,  mol.asses.  iron, 
hemp,  and  salt.  The  manufactures  of  the  place  are  surh  as 
relate  chiefly  to  ship-building.  Among  these  may  l>e  men- 
tioned an  extensive  cordage  factory,  a  large  establishment 
for  m.aking  ship  blocks,  and  4  steam  saw  mills.  Bath  has 
steamlxsat  communication  with  Portland  and  Boston.  It  is 
the  terminus  of  a  branch  railroad  which  communicates  with 
the  Kennebec  and  Portland  Raiiroad  at  Brunswick.  This 
latter  point  is  the  S.  tenninus  of  the  Androscoggin  Rail- 
road, which  extends  to  Farmington,  63  miles  distant.  An- 
other railroad  is  also  chiirti-ro*!  which  will  open  railway 
commnuicatioii  between  Bath  and  Rockland,  a  distance  of 
44  miles.  Settled  in  1756,  and  incorporated  in  1780.  Pop. 
in  1820.  3026;  1830,  3773;  1840,  5141;  1850,  8020;  and  in 
1860,  8076, 

BATH,  a  post-township  of  Qrafton  co.,  New  Hampshire,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  about  80  miles  N.E.  of 
Concord,  watered  by  the  Aminouoosuck  River,  which  affords 
many  fine  mill-seats  and  abundant  water-power.   P^p.  1366. 

BATH,  a  village  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Hud- 
son River,  opposite  Albany. 

B.\TH.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Bath  township,  capital 
of  Steuben  co..  New  York,  on  the  left  bank  of  Conhocton 
Creek,  and  on  the  Buffalo.  Coming  and  New  Y'^ork  Railroad, 
219  miles  W.  by  S.  ot  -Albany,  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Ci  ruing. 
It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  about  6  churches, 
3  banks,  and  several  newspaper  offices.  There  are  a  number 
of  mills  and  factories  in  the  vicinity.  Biith  is  surrounded 
by  a  rich  and  populous  country,  and  has  considenible  busi- 
ness. Incorporated  in  1836.  Pop.  of  the  township,  5129. 
Pop.  of  the  village  in  lSr.0,  al>out  3000. 

BATH,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvar 
nia,  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harrisburg,  and  12  miles  VV.  of 
Easton,    Pop.  486. 

BATH,  or  BERK'LEY,  SPRINGS,  capital  of  Morgan  co., 
W.  Virginia,  is  situated  about  3  miles  from  the  Potomac 
River  and  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  125  miles  W.  of 
Baltimore.  The  Berkley  Springy  wliich  rise  in  the  niidsi 
of  this  town,  are  esteemed  very  efficacious  in  dyspepsia,  neu-, 
ralgia,  chronic  rheumati.sm.  itc.  and  are  frerjuerited  by 
iarge  uumters  of  invalids.  The  temperature  is  74°  Fabien- 
heit.  Tlie  accommodations  are  elegant,  and  sufficiently 
extensive  for  700  persons. 

BATH,  a  post-village  of  Beaufort  CO.,  North  Carolina,  143 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

B.\TH.  a  post-oflice  of  Edgefield  district.  South  Carolina. 

BATH,  a  village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia,  about  60  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Milledi.'eville. 

B.\TH.  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co..  Georgia,  is  deliiht^ 
fully  situated  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta,  and  is  a  place 
of  n>sort  for  planters  during  the  summer. 

B.\TH,  a  township  in  Allen  Co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1332. 

BATH,  a  township  in  Greene  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2131. 

BATH,  a  post-township  in  Summit  co ,  Ohio,  about  23 
miles  W.  of  Riivenna.    Pop.  1165. 

BATH,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  577. 

B.VrH.  a  town<hip  in  Kriinklin  co..  li.Jiaua.     Pop.  7^12. 

B.\TH.  a  village  of  Union  CO.,  Indiana,  about  50  miles  K. 
of  Shelbyville. 

BATH,  a  post-village  of  Mason  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Illinois  River.  60  miles  below  Peoria.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  fertile  country,  and  has  some  trade.  It  was  for- 
merly the  county-seat.     Pup.  513. 

B.'VTH,  a  post-village  of  Canada  We.st,  co.  of  .\ddinpton, 
situated  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  18  miles  W,S.W.  of 
Kingston.  It  has  an  iron-foundry  and  several  carriage 
manufactories.     Pop.  about  600. 

B.tTH  ALUM,  a  post-ofiice  of  B.ith  co..  Vircinia. 

B.\TH  ALUM  SPRINGS,  a  fashionable  watering  jlace  of 
Bath  CO.,  Virgini.H.  situated  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  ••  AVarm 
Springs  Mountain."  U'4  miles  W,N.W.  of  Richmond,  and  6 
miles  S.E.  of  the  Warm  Springs.  l"he  proprietor  has  ex- 
pended above  $30,000  in  the  erection  of  buildings  andothe 
improvements. 

BATHAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BATHAXG.    See  Va. 

BATH  COURT-HOUSE,  Bath  co.,  Virginia.     See  M'ak 
Sprinos. 

BATIIEALTON,  bath-eel'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

B.\THE.VSTON,  hath-ees'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset,  2^  miles  X  E.  of  Bath,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  uninterrupted  lines  of  houses.  An  entrenchment  i-a 
Salisbury  Hill,  in  this  parish,  is  supposed  to  h.ive  formtd 
the  camp  of  the  Saxons  during  the  siege  of  Bath,  k.  d.  577. 


BAT 


BAT 


BATTITOHD.  a  parish  of  Enprland.  co.  of  Somerset. 

BATH'CJATE,  a  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lin- 
lithgow, on  the  middle  road  between  Kdinburirh  and  Glas- 
gow. 17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kdinlmrith.  Pop.  of  the  town.  3341. 
Till'  nld  town  is  Imilt  on  a  steep  declivity :  the  new  town  i.s 
refill  I  rly  built  on  more  level  ground,  and  well  paved, 
li::iit.-d.  and  supplied  with  water.  The  church  was  eieeted 
in  IT-'iJ :  and  there  is  a  well-endowed  academy  ;  also  branch 
banks.  matuiEictures  of  cotton  goods  for  Ula-sgow  houses, 
and  coal  and  lime  works. 

BATH  Sl'i'JNti.  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Tennessee. 

BATII'UII.ST.  a  seaport  town  of  West  Africa,  capital  of 
the  Uritish  colony  of  Seneirambia,  on  the  small  island  of 
St.  Mary's,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia  iUver.  in  lat.  13°  28' 
N.,  Ion.  lij°  35' W.  I'op.  in  1836,  2825,  mostly  blacks.  In 
the  main  street,  facing  the  river,  are  some  European  dwell- 
ings and  Witnihouses:  the  rest  of  the  town  consists  of  Afri- 
can huts.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  government  house, 
a  large  hospital  for  liberated  Africans,  and  Wesleyan  schools. 
The  exports  comprise,  gum.  wax,  hides,  ivory,  gold,  tortoise- 
shell,  rice,  cotton,  Afiiciui  teak,  palm-oil, and  country  cloths. 
Registered  shipping  in  1846.  1574  tons.     See  also  G.^mbia. 

BATII'UKST,  a  town  of  South  Africa.  Cape  Colony,  dis- 
trict of  Albany,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Uraham"s  town. 

B.\ THUKS'r,  an  inland  county  of  New  South  Wales,  about 
80  miles  t'rrtm  the  coast.  Area.  I.r.)0,4ll0acres.  Thisisoneof 
the  most  flourishing  counties  in  New  .South  Wales.  Pop.  43'Jl. 

BATII'URST.  a  towa  of  -New  South  Wales,  capital  of  the 
above  co.,  on  the  Macquarrie,  98  miles  'W.N.W.  of  Sidney. 
It  is  prosperous  and  improving.     Pop.  in  l.'^iS,  1883. 

n.\'l'HUKST,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Gloucester  co.,  New 
Brunswick,  on  Bathurst  Bay,  which  opens  into  the  Bay  of 
Chaleurs.  about  175  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St.  John.  Lat.  47° 
37'  N.,  Ion.  65°  45'  W.  The  bay  is  3^  miles  long,  by  2  miles 
wide,  and  is  sheltered  from  every  wind.  In  1851,  the  en- 
trances were  89  vessels,  (tons,  14.065,)  and  the  clearances, 
79,  (tons,  1,').991.)  Value  of  imports,  $77,850;  of  exports. 
gll5  0  Ml.     Pop.  about  1800. 

BATIIUHST.  a  tract  of  land  discovered  bv  Sir  E.  Parry, 
In  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  lat.  76°  N.,  Ion.  100°  W. 

BATII'UIIST  INLET,  of  British  North  America,  is  in  lat. 
67°  3.)   X.lon.  109°  W. 

JJATU'UKST  ISLAND,  off  North  Australia.  120  miles  W. 
of  Port  Essington,  immediately  W.  of  Melville  Island. 
Shape,  triangular;  leujjth.  and  greatest  breadth,  aliout  30 
allies  e;ich.  It  is  densely  wooded,  except  at  its  W.  extremity, 
which  is  sandy  and  barren. 

B.\TII'Ul{Sr  L.\KK.  near  the  centre  of  Newfoundland,  is 
40  miles  in  length  from  AV.  to  E.,  by  6  miles  across,  and  dis- 
charges its  surplus  waters  eastward  by  the  river  of  Exploits. 

B.\.T1I'VVICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  form- 
ing an  E.  suburb  of  the  city  of  Bath,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected bj'  two  bridges  across  the  Avon.  It  has  handsome 
streets  and  villas,  and  a  Vau.xhall  or  Sidney  Gardens. 

B.VriC.\LO,  bil-te-kd'lo,  a  town  and  seaport  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Island  of  Ceylon,  capitiil  of  the  district  of  the  same 
name,  on  an  island  about  3j  miles  in  circumference,  culled 
by  the  natives  Puliantive,  close  to  the  land.  Lat.  7°  42'  30" 
N. ;  Ion.  81°  42'  E.  Being  embosomed  in  cocoa-nut  trees, 
it  presents  a  very  pleasing  appearance.  It  is  protected  by  a 
small  sijuare  fort,  and  is  chieliy  occupied  by  Dutch  burghers 
and  natives. 

BATIUNOLLES-MOXCEAUX,  ba'teenVoll'-mA.N'oVO',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Seine,  N.E.  of  Paris,  of  which 
city  it  forms  a  suburb.    Pop.  in  1846.  19.380. 

B.VTINDAII,  bi-tin'dd,  a  town  of  North-western  India,  in 
Rajpootana.  ISO  miles  N,W.  of  Delhi.  Its  neighborhood  was 
formerly  celebrated  for  its  breed  of  horses. 

B.VT1SC.\N,  bi'tis^kdN"'  or  bi-tis-kdn'.  a  river  of  Canada 
East,  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  near  a  village  of  the  same 
name.  5  miles  above  St.  Anne. 

B.VTISC.^N.  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Cham- 
plain,  situated  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  117  miles  N.E.  of 
Montreal      Pop.  about  700. 

BAT'LEY,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Kiting,  2  miles  E.  of  Dewsbury.  Pop.  in  1S50,  about 
10,000.  mostly  employed  in  woollen  cloth  and  carpet  manu- 
fectures,  for  which  there  are  large  and  numerous  mills.  The 
church,  built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  contains  monu- 
ments of  the  S.avilles  and  Htzwilliams. 

B.VTON  ROUGE,  bafgn  roozh,  a  post-office  of  Chester  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

BATON  ROUGE,  bat/on-roozh,  (Fr.  pron.  ba'tAN"' roozh,) 
a  city  capital  of  the  state  of  Louisiana,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
the  parish  of  East  Baton  Rouge,  is  sit  uated  on  the  left  or  E. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  129  miles  above  New  Orleans;  lat. 
30°  28'  N..  Ion.  85^'  11'  W.  It  stands  on  the  first  blufT  or  high 
bank  which  occurs  in  ascending  the  river.  This  bank  is 
elevated  about  25  or  30  feet  alxive  the  highest  overflowings. 
Baton  Kouge  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  healthiest 
towns  in  the  southern  portionof  the  Mississippi  valley.  The 
esplanade  in  front  of  the  town  presents  a  delightful  view  of 
the  m.HJestic  Mississippi,  and  the  rich  tracts  of  cultivation 
Thich  lino  its  banks.  Below  Baton  Rouge,  the  broad  and 
deep  river  sweeps  through  a  plain  which  is  occupied  by 


luxuri.ant  plantations  of  sugar-cane,  and  adorned  by  spleT^- 
did  villas  and  gardens,  and  groves  of  ti-opical  fru>'.  tree* 
To  protect  the.se  from  inundation,  a  levee  or  embankment 
of  earth  has  been  raised  to  the  height  of  6  or  8  feet.  The 
seat  of  government  was  estalilished  here  in  1847.  Since 
that  period  the  business  of  the  place  has  become  more  active, 
and  the  value  of  property  has  lieen  greatly  enhar.ced.  If 
contains  an  elegant  state-house,  situated  immediately  on 
the  bank  of  the  river,  Batxm  Rouge  College,  4  churches,  aji 
arsenal  and  barracks  of  the  United  States.  2  newspaper 
offices,  and  a  penitentiary.  Population  in  l8i)0,  542S.  Tiie 
following  is  said  to  be  the  true  explanation  of  the  origin 
of  the  n.ame  Biltim  Rmuje: — It  appears  that  when  the  place 
was  fir.st  settled,  there  was  growing  on  the  spot  a  cypress  (the 
bark  of  which  tree  is  of  a  reddish  color)  of  immense  size  and 
piodigious  height,  entirely  free  fnmi  brancheii,  except  at  its 
very  top.  One  of  the  settlers  playfully  remarked  tliat  this 
tree  would  make  a  handsome  cane :  whence  the  place  has 
since  been  called  Baton  Rouge,  (i.e.  the  "red  staff  or  cane.'') 
See  Gii/firre's  Histnire  de  Lovixiane.,  vol.  ii.  p.  134,  New 
Orleans  edition. 

BATOO,  BATOU,  BATU.  or  BATTOE.  tatHoo'.  a  volcanic 
and  densely  wooded  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off 
the  W.  coivst  of  Sumatra,  lat.  0°  10'  N.,  Ion.  98° 40'  E.  Esti- 
mated area,  4ti0  square  milts. 

BATOO- for  BAToU-)  BHARA,  bi'too/  b'h^ril,  written 
also  BATU-BARU.  bdHoo'-bd'roo',  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Sumatra:  lat.  3°  20'  N.,  Ion.  97°  E.  Its  inhabitants  cany  on 
an  active  maritime  trade. 

BATOOAXI.  BATOUANI,  bS-too-S'nee,  or  BATOA'NL  a 
town  of  South  Africa,  at  the  E.  end  of  t>ake  Ngami.  where  the 
river  7x)0ga  (Zouga)  leaves  it.     Lat.  20°  ZV  S.,  Ion.  2.3°  30'  E. 

BATOO.M,  BATOUM.  or  BATUM,b(t-toom',  a  seaport  town 
of  Turkey  in  .\sia.  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Black  Se.a,  4  miles 
N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Tchoruk  ;  lat.  of  Cape  Batoom  41°  39' 
24"  N..  Ion.  41°  37' E.  It  is  a  safe  port,  and  is  capable  of 
contiiining  a  great  many  ships  of  large  size.     Pop.  25.000 

B.VTOORIN,  BATOUiilN,  or  BATURIN.  batoo-rin'o.  bi.- 
too-reen'.  a  town  of  Little  Russia,  63  miles  E.  of  Tchernigov, 
on  the  Seim.  Pop.  9000.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  het> 
man  of  the  Ukraine  Cossacks,  from  1699  to  1708. 

B.Vl'ROON  or  BATH  UN,  bd-troon'.  a  small  town  and  port 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  12  miles  S.  of  Tripoli. 

B.iTS'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BATSIIIAN.  BATCIIIAN.  bat-she-dn'.  orBATSIAN.  h^t- 
se-dn'.  an  island  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  Molucca  Archi- 
pel.igo.  in  the  Ternate  group,  S.W.  of  Gilolo;  lat.  0°35'S., 
Ion.  127°  35'  E.  Estimated  area,  900  sfjuare  miles.  It  Is 
mountainous  and  fertila  The  Dutch  took  it  from  the  Spa- 
niards in  ItilO. 

BATSTAD.     See  B.Istad. 

BAT'STO,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  liatsto  River,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Camden. 

BAT'STO  RIVER,  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  falls 
into  Little  Ej/  Harbor. 

BAT'TA.  bdf  td.  or  BATTAK.  hdf  tdk'.  a  district  of  Suma- 
tra, extending  from  the  B.attu  Barra  River,  on  the  N.N.W. 
to  the  Kackan  on  the  S.S.E.,  and  occupying  th<j  entire 
bre.adth  of  the  island. 

BATTAG  LI  A.  bdt-tdl'vd.  a  village  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citra.  district  of  Sala.     Pop.  1 218. 

BATTAGLIA,  La,  Id  bdt>tiil'yd,  a  town  of  Northern  It.aly, 
in  Venice,  9.J  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Padua.  Pop.  27CO.  It  has 
thermal  springs,  (temperature  158  Fahrenheit,)  and  well  fre- 
quented baths. 

BATTAIIATCIIEE  RIVER,  Alabama,    See  BuTTAHATcmE. 

BATTALAH,  bdt-tii/iah.  a  town  of  the  Punjab.  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Amritseer,  celebrated  for  its  climate,  which  is  con- 
sidered the  most  healthy  In  the  Punjab. 

BATTAM,  bdt'tdm'.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
W.of  Bingtang,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Singapore,  in  lat.  1°£'  N., 
Ion.  104°  E.  It  is  about  28  miles  long  by  8  broad,  and  con- 
tains a  good  harbor,  called  Booking  Bay,  which  has  lately 
been  much  frequented  by  American  ships  trading  with 
Singapore.  By  disch.arging  and  receiving  their  cargoes 
there,  they  avoid  the  duties  exacted  at  the  latter  port. 

BATTANTA,  bdt-tdn'td,  an  island  of  Australasia,  off 
the  N.W.  extremity  of  Papua:  lat.  0°  56'  S  ,  Ion.  130°  25'  E. 
Estimated  area,  200  square  miles. 

BATTASZEK,  bdtrtas-s5k'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary.  W. 
of  the  Danube,  county  and  16  miles  S.  of  Tolna.    Pop.  5370. 

B.-VTTECOL'LAH.  (anc.  Batucala,  i.e.  "the  round  town.") 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  Ca- 
nara,  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  115  miles  S.S.E.  of  Goa. 

B  ATTENBEKG.  bdt'ten-bJi?G\  a  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
province  of  Ober-IIessen.  31  miles  N.  of  Giessen,  on  the  Eder. 
Pop.  954.    It  has  iron  foundries. 

BATTENFELn.bdt/ten-fJlt\  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
province  of  Ober-Hessen.     Pop.  561. 

BATTENHEIM,  (Ger.pron.  bdt/ten-hlme' :  Fr.  pron.  bdt'- 
tjn^^m'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haut-Rhin, 
arrondissement  of  Altkirch.     Pop.  1092. 

BAT'TENKILL  RIVER  rises  in  Vermont,  and  flowing 
westwardly,  falls  into  the  Hudson  River  in  Washington 
county,  in  the  E.  part  of  ?<ew  York. 

181 


BAT 


BAXJ 


BATTENniJ.E,  a  post-rillage  of  Washington  eo..  Xew 
Yorli,  38  milos  N.  by  K.  of  Albany.  It  has  several  stores 
and  mills. 

BATTERSKA.  bat'ter-see\  a  parish  of  Enjrland,  eo.  of 
Surrey,  on  the  Thame's,  4  miles  S.W.  of  London.  In  the 
church  is  a  monument  to  the  celebrated  Lord  Bolin^broke. 

BAXa'ICALOA,  b.it't^kdl-lo'i  a  town  and  seaport  on  the 
r.  coast  of  Ceylon,  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Trincomalee.  Itst;inds 
0  a  a  small  isiaud,  and  has  a  fort;  and  a  harbor  fit  for  vessels 
of  80  tt  ns. 

BATTICE,  bJt'teece',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Iiiese.  4  miles  N.M\  of  Verviers.  Pop.  42S0.  It  has  mauu- 
fiicturef  of  cloths. 

BAT"nCOTTA,  a  village  of  Ceylon,  in  Jaffna,  contains  a 
Bemin.ary  established  by  the  American  missionaries,  into 
which  native  youths  only  are  admitted.  There  is  here  like- 
wise a  Bible  association.    Pop.  of  parish  and  village,  6841. 

BATTISFOUD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BATTLE,  a  market^town  and  parish  of  England,  oo.  of 
Sussex,  6  miles  X.W.  of  Hastings.  Pop.  in  1851.  3849. 
The  town,  enclosed  on  three  sides  by  wooded  hills,  con- 
Bists  mostly  of  a  single  street,  half  a  mile  in  length,  ter- 
minated by  the  fine  gateway  of  its  old  ablie)-.  In  its  church 
are  numerous  antique  monuments  and  devices.  It  has  a 
school,  a  union  work-house,  and  several  gunpowder  mills. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  great  battle  (usually  called  the 
battle  of  Hiistings)  fought  on  the  heath  between  it  and  Epi- 
ton,  October  14.  1006.  by  which  .the  Saxon  dynasty  in  Eng- 
land was  finally  overthrown  by  the  Normans,  under  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror.  Ifcittle  Abbey,  founded  by  William  on 
the  locality  where  Harold's  banner  had  been  planted,  was  of 
great  extent,  as  is  attested  by  its  remains.  On  a  part  of  its 
site  stands  the  mansion  of  the  Welisters,  lords  of  the  manor. 

BATTLE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

BATTLEBOUOUGU,  bat/tgl-bur'ruh,  a  post-village  in 
Ediecombe  co..  North  Carolina,  about  60  miles  E.  of  Kaleigh. 

B.VfTLE  BKIDGE.  a  suburb  of  London,  on  its  N.  side, 
where  Gray"s  Inn  road  joins  the  New  Koad,  said  to  derive 
■  t«  name  from  a  conflict  between  the  troops  of  Boadicea  and 
the  Romans. 

BAT'TLE  C-XEEK,  of  Michigan,  the  largest  tributary  of 
the  Kalamazoo,  rises  in  Eaton  county,  and  entei-s  the  river 
dt  the  village  of  Battle  Creek.  It  furnishes  extensive  water- 
power.    The  Indian  name  of  this  creek  is  Wapiki.s'ko. 

BATTLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Tennessee. 

B.\TTLE  CREEK,  an  incorporated  town,  or  city,  of  Battle 
Creek  township,  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  the  Kalamazoo  River 
and  Battle  Creek,  VZO  miles  W.  of  Detroit,  and  13  miles  W 
of  Marshall.  It  is  liberally  supplied  witli  water-power,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  very  productive  country.  It  has  an 
active  trade,  and  contains  8  cliurches,  2  banks,  2  or  3  news- 
paper offices,  3  Union  school-houses,  1  woollen  factory,  3 
iron  foundries,  5  flouriiig-niills,and  several  machine-shops. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  3.509;  of  the  city  in  1866,  about  4000. 

BATTLE  FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  it 
derived  its  name  from  the  great  victory  gjiined  here  in  1403 
by  the  ti-oops  of  Henry  IV.  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  over 
those  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland,  whose  son.  Hotspur, 
was  killed  in  the  battle,  and  his  ally,  the  Earl  of  Douglas, 
fciken  prisoner. 

BArrLB  FIELD,  a  post^village  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

BATTLE  GROUND,  a  village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia,  130 
miles  N.N.AV.  of  Milledgeville. 

BATTLE  GROUND,  a  post-office  of  Emanuel  eo.,  Georgia. 

B.A.TTLE  GROUND,  a  post-office  of  Tippecanoe  co .  Indiana. 

BATTLESDEN.  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Bedford. 

BATTLE  SNAKE,  a  post-office  of  White  CO.,  Illinois. 

BATTLE  SPRINGS,  a  i>Oi=t-oflfice  of  Hinds  co..  Mississippi. 

BATTLE  SWAMP,  a  lK)st-ottice  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland. 

BATTOE,  or  BATTOU.     See  Batoo. 

BATTS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Barbour  co..  Alalmma. 

BATTUECAS.  or  LA.S-BATTUECAS.  liis-bat-tw.-l/kas,  two 
remarkable  valleys  in  Sp:un,  province  of  Salamanca,  in  the 
midst  of  high  and  rugged  mountains,  on  the  borders  of  Es- 
tremadura.  S|Xiuish  traditions  had  peopled  these  wild  and 
lonelv  glens  with  demons  and  other  supernatural  Iieings: 
but  the  establishment  of  a  Carmelite  convent  there  in  1599 
tended  to  put  an  end  to  this  absurd  belie£ 

BATU.    See  B.\to3, 

BATUM.    See  B.atoom. 

BATURITE.  ba-too-re<yt.-L  (formerly  JIONTEMOR  TEL- 
nO.)  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Ceara.  95  miles  S.W.  of 
Aracati.      It  has  a  church,  school,  and  electoral  colleges. 

BATURSKA-WOL.\,  batoors'ka-wola.  a  large  villaire  of 
Austrian  Poland,  in  Gaiicia,  9  miles  W.  of  Bochnia.  Pop. 
2300. 

B.A.TZ,  bJts.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loiro-In- 
ftrieure.  ina  marsby  tract,  on  the  Athinfic.  42 miles  W.N.W. 
of  Nantes.  Pop.  of  commune  12SC,  employed  in  adjacent 
salt-wocks.  and  in  fishing. 

BAT7-.    See  Bas. 

BAUBAUAJO  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  St  Joseph's 
River  a  few  miles  above  Misliawaka. 
182 


BAUBELTHOUAP.    See  BABELTnuAt 

B.\UBUL.\,  bOw-boo'ld,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  joins 
the  Jaiou. 

BAUCO,  MwHio,  (anc.  Soviln<tV)  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Pontifical  States,  C  miles  E.  of  Frosinone.     Pop.  3000. 

BAUD.  IjO.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan, 
13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pontivv.     Pop.  of  commune.  (1852.1  5403. 

BAUDMANNSDORF.b«wt/mdusdoKr,orBAUMSDORFF, 
Wwms'doRf.  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a  monument 
commemorative  of  the  victory  of  the  Prvissians,  26th  of  May, 
1813.  " 

BAUDOUR.  bo'dooK/,  a  vill.ageof  Belgium,  province  of  Hai- 
naut,  7  miles  W.  of  Mons.  is  noted  for  its  potterv.    Pop.  294(5. 

BAUEli'WlTZ.  Ii6w'er-wlts\  a  town  of  Prussian  .'^ilesia.  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Zinna,  38  miles  S.  of  i  ippeln.   Pop.  2300. 

BAUG,  bawg,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  State  of  ludore, 
83  miles  S.W.  of  Oojein.  Near  it  are  remarkable  cave-tem- 
ples.     Pop.  5000. 

BAUGE,  b6^zh.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Maine- 
etrLoire,  on  theCouesnon,  23  miles  E.N  E.  of  Augers.  Pop. 
in  1852, 3329.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and  manufactures 
of  woollens  and  coarse  linens.  The  English,  under  the  Duke 
of  Clarence,  were  defeated  here  in  1421. 

BAUG£  LE  VIEIL,  W'zhA/lfh  ve-iP,  a  villi^ge  of  France, 
department  of  JIain(*et-Loire,  S.W.  of  Bauge,  with  ruins  of 
a  castle  of  the  eleventh  century.  "         * 

BAUGHMAN,  baw'm.in.  a  post-township  in  Wayne  co, 
Ohio,  about  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Woo.ster.    Pop.  "ZiWo. 

BAUG'HURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BAUG'LEE,  a  town  of  British  India,  province  of  .Malwah, 
on  the  Keiree-Nullah.  5  miles  N.  of  Soondersee. 

BAUGO,  a  post-office  of  Elkhart  co..  Indiana. 

BAULE.  ICl,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  of  commune,  2095. 

BAU'LEAH,a  populous  conjmercial  town  of  Briti.sh  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  ou  the  Ganges,  35  miles  NJJ.  of 
Moorshedabad. 

BAULON.  l>6Mt\x<=/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  111©- 
et-Yilaine.  16  miles  S.AV.  of  Rennes.     Pop.  of  commune,  1416. 

BAUMA.  Ww'md,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  10  miles  E.  of 
Zurich.     Pop.  1550. 

BAUM'BER  or  BAMOJURGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

BAUMEEAN  or  BAUMIAN.     See  B.\>ru.v. 

BAUMES-LES-DAMES,  lOm-l.i-dam.  a  town  of  Fr.ince, 
department  of  Doubs,  on  the  Doubs.  18  miles  N.E.  of  B«- 
san^on.  Pop.  in  1851,  25S7.  It  has  rich  quarries  of  gyp- 
sum, and  paper  and  iron  works. 

BAUME-LES-MESSIBURS.  lom  lA  m?s'se-rh',  formerly 
BAUME-LES-MOINES.  lome  ]A  mwjn.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  .Jura,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Lons-le-.Saulnier,  It 
has  a  magnificent  church,  and  was  formerly  noted  for  its 
large  monastery  of  Benedictine  monks.     Pop.  771. 

BAUMGARTEX,  Ifiwm'gaR-ten.  a  village  of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, 13  miles  N.E.  of  Glatz,     Pop.  1250. 

BAU.MGARTEX.  a  village  of  Austria,  near  "Vienna,  with 
a  castle  of  the  Prince  of  Esterhazj'.  Baumgarteu  is  the 
name  of  manv  other  villaires  in  Germany. 

BAUMHOLDER.  bCwmiliol-der,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. 12  miles  N.E.  of  St.AVendel.     Pop.  1370. 

BAUMS'TOWN,  a  small  post-village  in  Berks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BAUN.A.Cn,  hCw'niK,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  6|^  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Bamberg.  Pop.  KXtO.  In  its  vicinity  is  the  grotto  of  th« 
Magdalene,  frequented  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage. 

BAUNE.  lo'ni/,  a  commune  and  village  of  France,  de- 
piirtment  of  Maine-et-Loire.     Pop.  of  commune.  1197. 

BAUNEI,  16w-nA'e,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  76  miles  NJE.  of 
Cagliari,  near  the  coast.     Pop.  1460. 

BAUNTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glouoester. 

BAUNTnVAH.  a  town  of  British  India,  Guz<»at  penin- 
sula. 27  miles  W.  of  Joonaghur. 

BAU'PETTAH.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dra.s.  29  miles  S.  of  Guntoor. 

BAURE,  l><5w'r.-l.  BAUHUS.  hdw'rooce,  or  BAURES.  IVSw'- 
rJs,  a  river  of  Bolivia,  rising  in  Liike  Quazaniire.  lat.  15°  18/ 
S..  Ion.  6-^30' W..  flowing  N. W..  and  falling  into  the  Guapore 
after  a  course  of  alxmt  300  miles. 

BAUSIM.     See  V.AUSIM. 

BAUSKEA,  bows/ke-i,  a  small  town  of  Rus.sia.  govern- 
ment of  Courland,  with  a  castle  on  the  Aa,  23  miles  S.E.  of 
Mitau.     Pop.  1200. 

BAUSSAINE.  JjK,  li.  hS'sAn'.  a  village  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  llle-et-Vilaine,  arrondissemeat  of  St.  Malo.  Pop. 
of  commune.  1223. 

B.\UTSCH,  Mwtch,  a  town  of  Moravia.  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Olmutz.     Pop.  2»;69.  principally  engaged  in  linen  weaving. 

BAUTZEN,  Mwf/sen.  or  BUDISSIN,  Inxj^dis-sin.  a  town  of 
Saxony,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Spree,  on  the  railway  from 
Dresden  to  Gtirlitz.  31  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dre.=den.  Pop'aliout 
12.000.  It  has  a  cathedral  common  to  Roman  Catholii'S  and 
Protestants,  a  gymnasium.  2  public  libraries,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woollen,  linen.  leather,  and  paj)er,  and  an  a'tivt 
general  trade.  The  K-ittle  of  Bautzen,  gained  by  Najvileoi 
over  the  allies,  was  fought  May  21  and  22,  ISis.    Kuan- 


BAU 


BAV 


BATrrzEX,  (?'.e.  "Little  Bautzen,")  is  an  atyacent  village,  with 
200  inhabitants. 

BAUVliCIIAIN-TOURRINKS,  bSv'shJ.No'-tooR^een',  a 
villaj;e  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  arrondissement  of 
Louvain.     Pop.  of  commune,  1852. 

BAUZAC,  boV.ik',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Loii-e.    Pop.  of  commune,  (1852,)  2626. 

BAVAKIA,  (CIIiCLK  OF,)  an  old  subdivision  of  Ger- 
many, which  comprised  the  southern  and  eastern  portions 
of  tli-3  modern  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  E.  of  the  Rhine,  with 
the  archlii.shopric  of  Salzburg. 

BAVAHIA,  bl-v.Vre-a,  (KINGDOM  OF.)  (Ger.  Batumi  or 
Bdi'inJ'VfTn;  Fr.  Baviire,  biVe-aiR/;  L.  J5<n'ar(rt,)a  stateof 
Central  Kurope,  forming  part  of  the  German  confederation. 
This  kingdom  is  composed  of  two  isolated  masses  of  territory, 
the  eastward  and  largest  of  which  is  situated  between  lat. 
17°  2i)'  and  50°  1'  N..  and  ion.  9°  and  13°  48' K.,;  bounded  N. 
by  Ilesse-Cassel,  Saxe-Meiningen,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  the 
priu'ipality  of  lleuss,  and  the  kingdom  of  Saxony ;  K.  by  Bo- 
hemia and  Austria :  S.  V)y  Tyrol ;  and  W.  by  WUrtemberg, 
Baden,  and  Ilesse-Darmstadt.  The  westernmost,  forming 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  or  the  Palatinate,  the  original  possession 
of  the  reigning  family,  is  situated  on  the  Vi'.  of  the  lihine,  be- 
tween lat.  48°  57'  and  40°  50'  N.,  and  ion.  7°  5'  and  8°  27'  K., 
bounded  N.  by  Rhenish  Pru.ssia  and  Ile.sse-Darmstadt;  E. 
by  Baden,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Kliine;  S.  by 
France,  and  W.  by  Rhenish  Prussia  and  Ilesse-IIomburg. 
Munich  (MUnchen)  is  the  civpital.  The  st;ite  is  divided  into 
eight  circles,  (kreise,)  the  extent  and  population  of  which 
are  as  follow : — 


Circles,  (Kreis.) 

Areain  sq.m. 

Pop.  Deo. 
31,  1846. 

Pop.,  Deo. 

31,  1852. 

1.  Oberbayern,  (Upper  ) 

Bavaria,)                S 

2.  Neiderba.yern,(Low-  > 

er  Bavaria,)             $ 

3.  Pfiilz,  (Palatinate.) 

4.  Oberpfali  anit  Ratis-  > 

bon.(Regci*8burp,)  5 

5.  Oberfranken,     (Up-  5 

per  Pranconia,)      ( 

6.  Uittclfranken,  (Mid-  ) 

die  Fraucoula,)  J 
T.  Unterfranken     and  ) 

Aschatfcuburg.  j 
8.  Schwaben  (Swabia)  > 

and  Neuburg,         j 

Total, 

6614 

4113 
2226 
4198 

222S 

2798 

3604 

3858 

705,544 

543,708 
608,470 
467,806 
601,163 
527,866 
592,080 
558,436 

731,831 
519,596 
611,476 
468,479 
499,709 
533,830 
595,748 
565,783 

29,637 

4,504,874 

4,559,452 

The  total  population  of  Bavaria,  according  to  a  recent 
census  taken  in  1801,  is  4,689,8.37.  The  E.  part  of  the  terri- 
tory lies  between  the  Alps  and  the  mountains  of  Central 
Germany,  occupying  the  basin  of  the  Danube,  which  river 
traverses  it  for  a  space  of  180  miles,  and  in  tlwt  part  of  its 
,X)urse  receives  on  the  right  the  lUer,  the  Lech,  the  Lsar, 
and  the  Inn;  and  on  the  left  the  Kocher,  the  AVornitz,  the 
AltmUhl,  the  Na;ib,  the  l{i>gen,  and  the  Ilz,  A  small  part 
of  the  N.E.  of  Bavaria  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  ElV>e, 
and  is  watered  by  the  Eger  and  the  Sa;ile.  All  the  N. 
part  of  the  principal  territory  is  drained  by  the  Slain, 
whicli  has  its  source  in  the  kingdom,  and  receives  the 
Tauber,  the  Rodach,  the  Saale,  (of  Franconia.)  and  tlie 
Regnitz.  Rhenish  B-ivaria  belongs  exclusively  to  the  basin 
of  tlie  Rhine,  which  forms  its  K.  boundary;  it  is  watered  by 
the  Lauter.  the  Queich.  and  the  Xahe.  A  small  portion  of 
the  Lake  of  Constance  lielongs  to  Bavaria:  its  other  prin- 
cipal lakes  form  a  chain  along  the  S.  slope  of  the  Alps ;  they 
are  the  Ammer-See.  in  the  bed  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  the  WUrm-See,  on  an  affluent  of  the  .A.mmer,  and  the 
Chiem-See,  formed  by  the  river  Alz.  Its  smaller  lakes  are 
the  Staffel-,  Kochel-.  Wulchen-,  and  KHnigs-See.  The  coun- 
try is  in  general  elevated  and  mountainous;  the  Alps,  on 
the  S.,  have,  in  the  Zugspitz.  an  elevation  of  10,150  feet. 
The  highest  point  of  the  Bijhmer-wald.  on  the  E.,  between 
Bavaria  and  Bohemia,  are  Arber,  4013  feet,  and  Rachelberg, 
4561  feet.  Its  most  remarkable  offset  is  the  Bayerische-wald. 
between  the  Danu1>e  and  Regen.  The  other  principal  chains 
are  the  Fiehtelgebirge,  on  the  N.E.,  in  which  the  Schneoberg 
(i.  e.  •■  Snow-mountain")  is  34S1  feet  high.  This  range  is  con- 
nected on  the  N.W.  with  the  ThUringer-wald.  and  on  the  X.E. 
with  the  Erzgebirge.  The  Frankischer  Jura  is  a  branch  of  the 
Kchtt'lgebirge,  which  extends  S.  between  the  Regnitz  and 
the  Vils.  The  northernmost  chain  of  Bavaria  is  the  RhOnge- 
birge,  culminating  point  the  Kreuzberg,  3000  feet  in  eleva- 
tion. S.W.  of  this  is  the  Spessart.  an  offset  of  the  Odenwald, 
In  which  the  Ilohewart  is  1968  feet  in  elevation.  In  Rhenish 
Bavaria  the  chief  mountain  is  the  Ilardt,  the  culminating 
point  of  which,  the  Donnersberg,  is  2300  feet  in  elevation. 

The  principal  plains  are  the  Donau  Moos,  on  the  J5.  of  the 
Oanube.  between  the  Lech  and  the  Pasir;  the  valley  of  the 
Lech,  .above  and  below  Auirsburg,  and  that  of  the  lsar,  be- 
tween Munich  and  Freislng. 

The  climate  of  Bavaria  is  temperate  and  healthy;  al- 
though, on  account  of  the  general  elevation  of  the  surface, 
it  is  colder  than  the  other  countries  of  Germany  situated 


further  north.  The  soil  Is  one  of  the  most  fertile  in  Central 
Europe;  the  mountains  yield  excellent  pasturage,  and  are 
covered  with  vjist  forests  of  valuable  timlier.  Grain  is  culti- 
vated at  an  elevation  of  32S0  feet :  forests  reach  to  5."00  feet ; 
and  grazing  extends  to  8500  feet,  or  the  line  of  perpetvwl 
snow,  whicli  occurs  only  on  the  higher  Alps. 

The  wealth  of  the  country  consists  almost  entirely  in  Its 
agricultural  produce.  Besides  the  ordinary  kinds  of  grain, 
a  small  quantity  of  buckwheat  and  maize  is  cultivated. 
The  wines  of  Franconia,  in  the  valleys  of  the  Main,  the 
Saal,  and  the  Tauber,  are  much  esteemed,  especially  those 
called  Steinwdn  and  Leiskmvein,  from  the  banks  of  the 
Leiste,  near  Steinberg.  Rhenish  Bavaria  al.so  produces  e.x- 
cellent  wines,  particularly  those  of  the  neighborhood  of 
Diedesheim  and  Wachenheim.  The  hfips  of  Bavaria  are  es- 
teemed for  their  excellent  ([U-ality.  Fruit  is  cultivated  in 
considerable  quantities,  as  well  as  hemp,  flax,  lin.seed,  beet- 
root, aud  liquorice.  Cattle-rearing  is  the  exclusive  industry 
of  the  inhabitjints  of  the  Alps :  sheep,  of  wliich  the  breed 
has  been  improvedof  late,  are  of  great  importance  in  Mittel- 
franken,  and  pigs  and  goats  are  extensively  leared  in  Un- 
terfranken. The  rearing  of  silk-worms,  which  was  recently 
introduced,  has  not  yet  attained  any  importance. 

Although  the  soil  of  Bavaria  is  rich  in  useful  minerals, 
they  have  never  been  extensively  worked,  i^alt,  coal,  and 
iron  are  the  principal  products.  Salt,  which  is  a  govern- 
ment monopoly,  is  produced  by  evaporation,  and  from  the 
rich  mines  of  Berchte.sgaden,  ISeichenhall.  Traunstein,  Ro- 
senheim. Kissingen,  Soden,  Orb,  DUrkheim,  and  Philips- 
thai.  Iron  is  worked  everywhere  throughout  the  tei-ritory. 
Small  quantities  of  copper,  manganese,  cobalt,  and  mei^ 
cury  are  produced  in  Rhenish  Bavaria.  There  are  nuineif  lus 
quarries  of  excellent  marble,  alabaster,  gypsum,  and  build- 
ing stones ;  and  the  porcelain  clay  is  reckoned  the  best  in 
Europe.  Among  the  many  mineral  springs,  with  establish- 
ments of  baths,  the  most  frequented  are  those  of  Kissingen, 
Brtlckenau,  and  Rosenheim. 

Manufacturing  industry  is  but  little  developed  in  this 
country.  Its  principal  branch  is  the  brewing  of  beer,  which 
is  much  esteemed,  and  carried  on  to  a  vast  extent,  there 
being  upwards  of  5tJ(X>  breweries  in  the  kingdom.  Linen 
weaving  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent ;  wonllen  and 
cotton  are  not  manufiictured  in  sufficient  quantity  for  home 
consumption.  The  other  chief  manufactures  are  tanning, 
paper-making,  working  in  wood  and  straw,  hardware,  beet- 
root sugar,  tobacco,  and  porcelain.  The  jewellery  of  Augs- 
burg and  JIunieh  is  much  esteemed,  as  are  tlie  mathema- 
tical and  optical  instruments  of  the  capital :  the  tobacco  and 
toys  of  Nuremberg,  the  wooden  clocks  of  the  Rliiiiigebirge, 
the  porcelain  flf  the  royal  manufactory  Nympbenburg.  and 
the  pottery  of  Deggendorf  and  Ilafnerzell.  called  '•  Pottery 
of  Passau."  Next  to  Augslmrg.  and  Nuremberg,  the  chief 
seats  of  manufacturing  industry  are  Anspach,  Bamlwrg, 
FUrth,Memmiiigen,.Schweinfurt.  and  WUrzburg. 

The  commerce  of  Bavaria  Is  almost  exclusively  confined 
to  agricultural  produce.  The  exports  are  estimated  at 
alwut  1.230,000^  annually,  and  consist  of  grain,  timlier, 
wine,  cattle,  salt,  hides,  wool,  hops,  fruits  and  fi-uit-trees, 
liquorice,  madder,  butter,  cheese,  glass,  and  jewelrj'.  The 
chief  Imports  are  cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  and  other  colonial 
products,  silks  and  woollen  fabrics  of  fine  qualities. 

Bavaria  has  for  centuries  possessed  the  transit  trade  be- 
tween Northern  Germany  and  Austria,  Switzerland  and 
Italy.  The  roads  are  in  general  l>ad.  and  railways  have  not 
yet  been  extensively  constructed  in  the  kingdom.  The  fol- 
lowing railways  were  in  operation  in  1848  : — Nuremberg  to 
FUrth,  5  miles.  1835,  (this  was  the  first  line  opened  in  Ger- 
many;) Augsburg  to  5Iuni<'h,  32  miles.  1840 ;  Augsburg  to 
Donaunorth,  27  miles,  1844;  Nuremlierg  to  Bamberg,  33 
miles,  1847.  Railways  in  progress  In  1848; — Augsburg  to 
Lindau,  on  the  Lake  of  Constance;  Donauwoith  to  Nu- 
remberg. 

The  great  routes  of  navigation  are  the  Danulie  and  the 
Rhine,  traversed  by  steam  packets  and  tlie  Main.  The 
other  navigable  rivei-s  are  the  Inn,  the  Salza,  Regnitz, 
and  Altmiihl.  The  chief  floatable  rivers  are  the  AVeis.se 
Main,  the  Rodach.  the  Iller,  Lech.  Wertach,  lsar.  and  Lol- 
s.ich.  The  lines  of  canal  are  not  extensive,  but  one  of  them, 
the  Liidwigs-Kana},  connecting  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube, 
is  likely  to  become  one  of  the  most  Important  In  Europe. 
See  AltmUhl.  Among  the  establl.'shments  most  favorable 
to  commerce  are  the  exchange  banks  of  Nuremberg,  Ans- 
pach. and  Munich.  Bavaria  joined  the  ZollrVernn  (Prussian 
Commercial  Union)  in  1833. 

Bavaria  is  a  kingdom,  and  Its  form  of  government  Is  a 
constitutional  monarchy.  The  throne  Is  hereditary  In  the 
male  line.  The  constitution  dates  from  25th  JLay.  1818, 
and  no  change  can  take  place  without  the  concurrence  of 
the  national  states.  The  executive  power  belongs  to  the 
king;  the  ministers  and  all  functionaries  are  responsible. 
The  legislative  functions  are  exercised  concurrently  by  the 
king  and  the  two  chamljers  of  the  national  states.but  the 
royal  prerogative  is  very  extensive.  Public  revenue  for  the 
financial  period  from  1851  to  1835  estimated  at  §13.914.274  per 
annum;  expenditure,  $14,930,200;  debt  in  1851.  *54,798,218 


BAY 


BAV 


The  kingdom  is  divided  into  2  Catholic  archbishoprics, 
those  of  Munich  and  Bamberg;  6  bishoprics,  171  dean- 
eries, and  2756  parishes.  The  direction  of  the  Protestant 
••eliirion  i?  under  a  general  consistory.  (Ober-cnnnstni-ium.) 
and  i  provincial  consistories,  at  Baireuth,  Kreuz-Wertheim. 
and  Spever.  The  proportion  of  the  different  sects  was.  in 
1852.  Catholics,  3,176,33.3:  Lutherans,  1,231,463:  Reformers, 
2431;  Jews,  56.033;  minor  sects,  5560.  Public  instruc- 
tion is  more  limited  in  Bavaria  than  in  several  other 
German  states:  it  has.  however,  been  much  improved  of 
late.  Its  direction  is  under  the  minister  of  the  interior. 
Elementary  schools  {Volks-schule)  exist  in  all  the  parishes, 
and  attendance  on  them  is  oblisatory  for  children  till 
the  ajie  of  14;  and  after  leaving  them  they  are  bound 
for  two  years  more  to  attend  a  Sabbath-school.  The  king- 
dom possesses  three  universities,  two  of  which  (Munich  and 
Wiirzburg)  are  Catholic,  and  one  (Krlangen)  Protestant.  In 
1847,  the  University  of  Munich  had  76  professors,  and  1471 
Btudent.s.  of  whom  125  were  foreigners;  in  1846-7,  Wiirz- 
burg had  521  students.  72  of  whom  were  foreigners;  and 
Erlaugen  had,  at  same  date,  364  students,  of  whom  7  were 
foreigners.  Besides  the  numerous  elementary  schools,  Ba- 
varia has  a  school  of  forests  at  .\schaffenburg,  re-established 
in  1843;  a  school  of  husbandry  (landswerthschaft)at  Sehleiss- 
heim;  a  mining  school  at  Steben,  a  seminary  for  students, 
9  lyceums.  26  gymnasia.  60  Latin  schools,  9  normal  schools, 
3  polytechnic  schools,  1  roy.al  school  of  architecture,  1  school 
of  trades,  22  schools  of  rui-al  industry,  1  blind,  and  1  deaf- 
dumb  school.  The  capital  possesses  scientilic  and  literary 
institutions,  and  collections  of  art  among  the  most  exten- 
sive in  Europe,  besides  important  academies  and  national 
societies.    See  Munich. 

The  armed  force  of  the  kingdom  comprises  the  permanent 
army,  the  army  of  reserve,  and  the  militiiv,  {luiidwcJir.) 
Every  male,  without  e.\ception.  is  liable  to  serve;  but  the 
sous  of  the  nobility  have  the  privilege  of  entering  the  mili- 
tary school  of  cadets.  The  army  is  raised  by  conscription,  and 
the  period  of  service  is  four  years,  from  the  age  of  21  to  26. 
The  permanent  army,  in  time  of  peace,  amounts  to  58,239 
men.  besides  4  companies  of  veterans,  of  whom  about  one- 
third  are  usually  under  arms.  In  ca.se  of  war.  depots  are 
formed  for  iulantry  and  cavalry.  The  landwehr  is  organized 
and  armed  in  two  levies. 

The  name  Bav.4.ria,  (or  Btiaria)  is  derived  from  the 
ancient  Boil,  who  took  possession  of  this  country  COO  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  The  Boii  were  in  turn  conquered 
by  the  Komaus.  who  retained  the  territory  till  the  tiiU  of 
the  empire,  when  it  was  overrun  by  the  Ostrogoths  and 
Franks.  The  sovereignty  of  lijvaria  was  subsequently 
assumed  by  Charlemagne,  and  on  the  death  of  that  monarcli. 
the  kings  of  the  Franks  and  Germans  governed  it  by  their 
lieutenants,  who  bore  the  title  of  JIargrave,  afterward  con- 
verted into  tliat  of  Duke,  and  latterly  (1623,)  into  that  of 
Elector.  In  1070,  Biivaria  passed  into  the  possession  of  the 
femily  of  the  Guelphs,  and,  in  IISO,  it  was  transferred  bj- 
imperial  grant  to  Otho.  Count  of  AVittlesbach.  On  the  ex- 
tiuctiou  of  the  direct  line  of  that  family,  in  1777,  the  Elector 
P.alatine.  Charles  Theodoie,  added  the  Palatinate,  and  the 
duchies  of  Juliers  and  Berg  to  the  Bavarian  dominions.  In 
1799,  Chai-les  Theodore  died  without  issue,  and  the  Sulzbach 
branch  of  the  line  of  the  palatinate  became  extinct  with 
him.  The  Duke  Maximilian  Joseph  of  Deux-Ponts  came 
into  possession  of  all  the  Bavarian  territories.  The  peace 
of  Luneville  (February  9,  1801)  put  an  end  to  the  renewed 
war,  and  it-s  most  importent  article — the  cession  of  the  left 
bank  of  the  Khine  to  France — essentially  affected  Bavaria. 
^y  hilst  it  lost  all  its  posse.ssions  on  the  left  b;ink  of  the  Rhine, 
and  also  the  lands  of  the  palatinate  on  the  right  bank,  it 
obtained,  on  the  other  hand,  by  an  imperial  edict,  an  indemi- 
nification.  by  which  it  gained,  in  addition  to  the  amount 
lost,  a  surplus  of  2l09  square  miles,  and  516,000  inhabitants. 

The  political  importance  of  Bavaria  with  respect  to  Aus- 
tria, as  well  as  to  France,  was  fully  displayed  in  the  war 
of  1805.  When  Austria  resumed  hostilities  against  France, 
she  required  the  elector  of  Bavaria  to  unite  his  troops 
with  the  Austrian  army,  and  refused  to  allow  him  to  re- 
main neutral,  which  (as  the  emperor  wrote  to  the  elec- 
tor, Septem))er  3d,  1804,)  France  herself  only  would  suf- 
fer as  long  as  she  should  tind  it  expedient.  Bavaria,  how- 
ever, did  not  find  it  accordant  with  its  own  interests  to 
place  itself  entirely  in  the  power  of  Austria.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  war,  the  elector  joined  the  French  with  about 
30.IX>0  troops,  and  the  peace  of  Presburg  annexed  to  his 
dominions  10.595  square  miles  and  1,000.000  inhabitants, 
and  conferred  on  him  the  dignity  of  king;  in  return  for 
which  he  ceded  'Wiirzburg,  which  w.hs  erected  into  an 
electorate  in  the  place  of  Salzburg.  The  King  of  Bavaria, 
like  the  rulers  of  WUrtemburg  and  Baden,  now  assumed 
sovereignty  over  the  lands  of  the  nobility  of  the  empire 
within  his  borders.  When,  in  1812.  the  war  between  France 
and  Russia  broke  out.  Bavaria  sent  anew  it«  whole  propor- 
tion of  troops  to  the  French  army.  Insignificant  remains 
only  of  the  30.0:X)  Bavarians  returned  in  the  spring  of  1S13. 
Maximilian  Joseph,  notwithstanding  this  .sacrifice,  placed 
firesh  troops  under  the  command  of  Napoleou  as  the  pro- 
184 


lector  of  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine,  when  the  new  cani- 
paign  was  opened  near  the  close  of  April.  This  army  also 
suffered  great  losses,  but  distinguished  itself  with  its  wonted 
bravery,  under  the  cotomand  of  Maishal  Oudinot.  It  suf- 
fered particularly  in  the  battles  of  LuckauandGros-sbeeren, 
(1813.)  In  1805,  Bavaiia  was  raised  by  the  treaty  of  I'res- 
burg  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom,  with  some  further  accessions 
of  territorv.  all  of  which  were  confirmed  by  the  treaties  of 
1814  and  1S15. 

Early  in  March.  1848,  the  people  demanded  the  immediate 
convocation  of  the  chambers,  the  liliertj-  of  the  press,  that 
judicial  trials  should  be  public,  that  an  electoral  reform 
should  be  granted,  and  that  the  army  should  take  an  oath 
to  observe  the  constitution.  The  king  having  refused  to 
convoke  the  chambers  before  the  end  of  May,  the  people 
flew  to  arms,  attacked  and  captured  the  arsenal  after  a  short 
engagement.  They  subsequently  marched  against  the  royal 
palace,  the  military  refusing  to  charge  on  them,  although 
commanded  to  do  so.  By  this  predicament,  the  king,  finding 
further  resistance  useless,  yielded  to  all  the  demands  of  the 
people,  who  now  returned  their  arms  to  the  ar.senal,  and 
afterward  dispersed  quietly.  Fresh  tumults,  however,  cio- 
curred.  and  on  March  21st.  King  Louis  announced  his  re- 
signation of  the  sceptre  to  his  son,  the  crown  prince  JIaxi- 
milian.  the  second  of  that  name  who  has  filled  the  throne 
of  Bavaria.  As  one  of  the  states  of  the  German  confederacy, 
it  had  lately  one  vote  in  the  ordinary  assemblies  of  the 
diet,  where  it  held  the  third  rank,  and  four  votes  in  full 
council.     Its  military  contingent  was  35,600  men.  forming 

the  seventh  corps  of  the  federal  army. Adj.  and  inhab. 

Bavarian,  ba-v.i're-an. 

BAV  AY,  bdVA/,  {a.\ic.Bag>acttm,) »,  io-wn.  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  14  miles  K.N.W.  of  Avesnes.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1852, 1020. 

BAVENO,  bd-vA'no,  a  vill.age  of  Piedmont,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Lago  Maggiore,  opposite  the  Borromean  islands. 
Pop.  1000.  Near  it  are  celebrated  quarries  of  granite,  em- 
ployed in  the  <^>thedral  of  Milan;  and  behind  the  viilaga. 
Monte  Monterone,  4350  feet  in  elevation,  commands  ex 
tensive  pro.spects. 

BAV'ERSTOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Wilts. 

BAXIE'RE.  the  French  name  of  Bavaria,  which  see. 

BAVaNGTON",  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co, 
Pennsylvania. 

B.\VISPE,  bS-vis'p.i.  a  town  of  Mexico,  province  of  Chi- 
huahua, in  a  mountainous  district,  near  the  source  of  a 
river  of  the  s-ime  name. 

BAWBURGII,  bawOjurg,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BAAVDESWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BAWD'RIP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BAWD'SEY.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

B.^W.SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BAWn'RY,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork.  on 
the  Idle.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Doncaster.  Pop.  1083.  Trans- 
ports stone,  timber,  lead,  and  iron,  by  the  1  die.  to  Hull  and 
London.  Near  it  is  a  hospital  for  the  poor,  founded  in  the 
fourteenth  century:  anda  mile  distant  a  farm-house,  which 
originally  formed  part  of  the  palace  of  the  archbishops  of 
Y'ork.  and  was  once  occupied  by  Cardinal  Wol.sey. 

BAXn'ERLY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

B.\Y',  bA,  a  township  in  Ottowa  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  450. 

B.4.Y,  a  post'Office  of  Pope  co..  Illinois. 

BAY,  bl.  a  lake  in  the  Island  of  Luzon.  S.  of  Manilla ;  it 
is  of  very  irregular  form,  but  measures  above  30  miles  both 
in  length  and  breiidth. 

BAYAMO,  bi-yi'mo.  or  SAN  SALVADOR,  a  town  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Santiago,  near 
the  Cauto.  a  small  stream  that  falls  into  the  Kav  called  the 
Canal  of  Bayamo.  It  is  situated  in  lat.  20°  40'  N.,lon.  76° 
55'  W..  and  cariies  on  a  good  trade.  Pop.  variously  esti- 
mated from  7500  to  14.000. 

BAYAN,  brdu',  or  BAIN,  bine,  (KIIARA-KOOLA,  kj- 
rd-koo'ld.)  a  lofty  mountain  range  in  Asia,  on  the  N.E.  bor- 
der of  Thibet,  a  br.anch  of  the  Kuen-lun. 

BAYAO,  bi-ylMso.  almost  bi-ycSwxo/,  a  town  of  Brazil,  on 
the  Araguay  liiver.  140  miles  S.S.W.  from  Para,  in  lat.  about 
3°  S..  and  Ion.  49°  W. 

BAYARD.  CHATEAU.    See  Allevard. 

BAYENDEU.  bl'pii-der,  or  BAINDIOR,  blnd'er,  a  town  of 
Asia  Minor,  p.ashalic  of  Anatolia,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Smyrna. 
Pop.  2000. 

BAYASS.  See  Baias. 

BAYAZEED  or  BAYAZID,  bl-a-zeed',  written  also  BA JA- 
ZID,  a  fortified  town  of  Turkish  Armenia,  pa.shalie,  and  150 
miles  E.S.E.of  Erzroom,  capital  of  a  sanjak,  S.AV.  of  Mount 
Ararat.  Pop.  estimated  from  50lX)  to  15,000,  mostly  Koords. 
It  surrounds  a  hill  crowned  by  a  citadel,  and  has  a  mosque, 
a  palaw,  a  monastery,  and  arsenal ;  but  the  town  is  filthy, 
miserable,  and  has  been  declining  ever  since  the  Russian 
conquest  of  Georgia. 

BAY'DON.  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Milts. 

BAYEI  YE.  bd-y,Vyih.  a  tril)e  of  poople  in  ».  Africa,  inhabit- 
ing the  banks  of  Lake  Ngami,  a)id  of  the  river  Zoo»f», 

BAYERN.    SeeBAVABiA. 


BAY 


BEA 


BAYEUX,  bd^uh',  (anc.  Baincasheit.)  a  city  of  France, 
department  of  Calvados,  capital  of  arrondissement,  17  miles 
VV.X."VV.  of  Caen,  on  the  Aure.  Pop.  in  1851.  9300.  It  has 
a  venerable  cathedral,  in  which  is  preserved  the  celebrated 
tapestry  of  IJayeux,  said  to  be  the  work  of  Matilda,  wife  of 
Villiam  the  Conqueror,  and  representinjr  his  exploits  in 
the  conriuest  of  England  :  a  communal  college,  and  public 
library.  liayeux  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  manufactories 
of  lace,  damasks,  ciilico.  cotton  yarn,  andserjies,  a  large  porce- 
lain factory,  and  trade  in  cattle,  horses,  and  butter. 

B.4Y'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BAY'KTELD,  a  post-village,  co.  of  Huron,  Canada  West,  is 
on  Lake  Huron,  70  miles  W.  of  Toronto.    Pop.  126. 

BAY'FURD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

BAY  HUNDRlvD,  a  post-otlice  of  Talbot  co..  Maryland. 

BAY  ISLA.N  I).S,  CoLO.w  OF  the,  the  name  given  to  a  group 
of  small  islands  in  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  near  the  N.  coast 
of  the  state  of  Honduras.  They  comprise  Hoatan  or  Kuatan, 
Bonacca,  Utille,  Bariiarate,  Moxat,  and  Helene.  The  inha- 
bitants are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the  Cayman  Islands.  At 
their  own  request,  they  were,  in  the  year  1852,  incorporated 
into  the  British  dominions.  Estimated  pop.,  4u0  to  500.  A 
trade  is  carried  on  with  New  Orleans  and  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

BAYLA.     See  Bklv. 

BAYLEHAM,  bail'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BAYLK.V  or  BAll.EN,  bilin',  a  town  of  Spain,  22  miles 
N.X.E.  of  .Jaen.  I'op.  4976.  The  capitulation  of  Bayleu  was 
«igned  .lune  20,  1808. 

BAYLIQUH,  bl-Iee'k!!,  or  MAXIATUBA,  mi-nei-too'ba, 
an  island  off  the  coast  of  Brazil,  in  the  estuary  of  the 
Amazon,  00  miles  S.  of  Cape  Norte.     Length,  10  miles. 

BAY  MUU.NT,  a  postoflice  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

BAY  OF  ISLANDS,  New  Zealan>j,  a  large  and  commodious 
harbor,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  New  Ufster.  Lat.  (E.  point.  Cape 
Brett)  36°  10'  .S..  Ion.  174°  22'  E.    It  is  studded  with  islands. 

BAYONA,  bil-yo'nd,  an  ancient  seaport  town  of  Spain,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Vigo.  Pop.  1719.  The  i.sland  of  Bayona  or 
CiES  {Insula  CiccB)  is  in  Vigo  Bay,  6  miles  N.W.  of  the  town. 

B.VYONNE.  b4\vonn',  (a.nc.  Lapur'aum,)  a  fortified  city 
of  France,  near  its  S.W.  extremity,  department  of  Basses- 
I'yrenees,  capital  of  arrondissement,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Adour  and  Nive,  which  separate  it  into  three  quarters, 
Great  and  Little  B.iyonne,  and  the  suburb  of  St.  Esprit,  3 
miles  from  the  s&'i,  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  the  Spiinish  fron- 
tier at  Fontarabia.  Lat.  of  cathedra)  43°  29'  29"  N.,  Ion. 
1°  28'  33"  VV.  Pop.  in  1852,  18,870.  It  is  well  built,  and 
agreeably  situated,  with  handsome  quays  and  promenades. 
Its  cathedral  is  small,  and  of  the  twelfth  century,  and  its 
citiidel  is  one  of  the  finest  works  of  Vauban.  It  has  a  mint, 
theatre,  schools  of  commerce  and  navigation,  naval  and 
commercial  docks,  tribunal  and  chamber  of  commerce,  di.s- 
tilleries,  sugar  refineries,  and  glass-works,  with  export  trade 
in  timber,  tar,  cork,  superior  hams,  chocolate,  liqueurs,  and 
cream  of  tartar.  It  imports  fine  wool,  liquorice,  and  olive- 
oil.  In  1849  the  number  of  vessels  that  entered  the  port 
was  728,  of  which  59  wore  British :  cleared  the  same  year, 
726,  of  which  43  were  British.  It  sends  annually  several 
vessels  to  the  whale  fishery.  The  military  weapon,  the 
haynnet.  takes  its  name  from  this  place,  near  which  it  was 
Invented.  This  city,  though  often  besieged,  lias  never  been 
taken:  and  it  enjoys  the  rare  distinction  of  having  refused 
to  participate  in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew'. 

BAYOU,  bi'oo,  or,  more  usually,  bl'o,  a  term  confined 
chiefly  to  the  States  of  Louisiana,  Texas,  and  Arkansas, 
signifying  properly  any  stream  which  is  derived  from  some 
other  stream  or  from  a  lake;  in  other  words,  any  stream  which 
Is  not  fed  by  fountjiins.  Th£  term,  however,  is  sometimes 
loosely  applied  to  streams  of  a  different  description ;  it  may 
then  he  regarded  as  equivalent  to  "  creek"  in  its  American 
signification.  Bayou  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  the 
French  bnyaxu  a  "gut"  or  ''channel,"  a  derivation  which 
is  rendered  more  probable  by  the  prevalent  pronunciation, 
bi'o. 

BAYOU  BARTARY,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BAYOU  B(EUF,  bi'oo  bl^  a  postK)ffice  of  St.  Landry  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BAYOU  CHICOT,  bi'oo  shee/ko\  a  village  in  Calcasieu 
parish,  Louisiana,  about  75  miles  N.W.  from  Baton  Kouge. 

BAYOU  CHICOT,  a  post-office  of  St.  Landry  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BAYOU  CniTTO,  Louisiana  and  Mississippi.  See  Chitto 
Batou. 

_  BAYOU  GOULA,  bi'oo  goo^la,  a  post-office  of  Iberville  par 
rish.  Louisiana. 

BAYOU  PIERRE,  bi'oo  pe-ain/,  a  postoffice  of  DeSoto  pa- 
rish, Louisiana. 

BAYOU  RAMOIS,  bi'oo  rd'-moi',  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's, 
Louisiana. 

BAYOU  SARA,  bi'oo  sA/ra,  a  thriving  post-village  of  W. 
Feliciana  parish.  Louisiana,'  on  the  Mississippi  River,  165 
miles  above  New  Orleans,  and  at  the  S.  terminus  of  a  rail- 
road leading  to  Woodville,  Mississippi.  It  is  a  shipping 
pt«nt  for  the  cotton  and  corn  produced  in  the  vicinity.  The 
bajou  of  the  same  name  enters  the  river  here.    Pop.  540. 


B.\Y  PLACE,  a  small  village  of  Poinsett  co.,  Arkan.sa«i. 

BAYPOOR,  bi-poor'.  a  seaport  town  of  British  India,  presi 
dency  of  5Ia<Iras,  on  the  coast,  6  miles  S.  of  Calicut. 

BAYREUTH,  a  city  of  Bavaria.     See  BuRr.UTii. 

BAY  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Craven  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BAY'S  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

BAY  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Tishemiugo  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

BAYS'WATER,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
and  parish  of  Paddington,  on  the  Uxbridge  ]!cad,  4  miles  ^V. 
of  St.  I'aul's.  London.  It  contains  numerous  handsome  villas. 

BAY'T(JN,  a  parish  of  Engbind,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BAY  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co..  Vircinia. 

BAY'VILL,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

BAY'VILLE,  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois, 

5  miles  N.E.  from  the  Mississippi  River. 

BAZA,  bi'thi  (anc.  BaMi.)  a  city  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  53 
miles  E,N.E.  of  Granada.  It  has  a  hospital,  college,  several 
elementary  schools,  civil  and  ecclesiastical  prisons,  and 
numerous  fountains  and  promenades.  It  is  famed  in  early 
Spanish  history.  In  1489  it  was  taken  from  the  Moors  bV 
the  Spaniards,  after  a  siege  of  nearly  seven  months.  In 
1810  the  French,  under  Marshal  Soult.  here  defeated  the 
Spaniards,  under  Generals  Blake  and  Freire.     i'op,  10.133. 

BAZADOIS.  bdVdMwd/,  an  old  division  of  France,  now 
comprised  in  the  departments  of  Gironde  and  Lot-et-Garonne. 
Its  capital  was  Bazas, 

BAZAR-KHAN,  b4V3r-K3n'.  a  town  of  Asia  Jiinor,  pashalic 
of  Anatolia,  58  miles  N,  of  Makree.  It  derives  its  name  from 
being  the  grand  mart  for  the  vill.'xges  in  its  vi<'inity, 

BAZARUTO  (bi-zi-roo'to)  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  on  E 
coast  of  Africa,  110  miles  S.  of  Sofala.  Lat.  21°  87'  S.,  Ion. 
36°  28'  E. 

BAZ.\S,  bi'zd'.  (anc.  Chs'sium,  afterwards  VamH<T,)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Gironde,  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boi^ 
deaux,  on  the  Beuve.  Pop.  of  commune  in  1852,  4627. 
It  has  Glass-works. 

BAZEIliLES,  bdVjiil'  or  bd'z.Vyfh,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ardennes,  arrondissement  of  Sedan.  Pop.  of 
commune,  1631. 

BAZftLE.  bj>zail',  or  bJ-z.Vlph,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  Hi  miles  N.E.  of  Termonde.  on  the 
Scheldt,    i'op.  4407. 

BAZET'TA,  a  post-township  in  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  abom 

6  miles  N.E.  from  Warren.    Pop.  1177. 

BAZIN,  bj-zin',  a  town  of  Ilungary,  co.  of  and  11  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Presburg,  with  mineral  springs  and  celebrated 
baths. 

BAZIRA.    See  B.uoor. 

BAZOCHE  or  BAZOCHES,  ba'z8.sh',  and  BAZOIJGKS, 
bi-zooh',  several  communes  and  villages  of  France,  the 
principal  of  which  are  the  following: 

BAZOUGES-LA-Pi^.ROU.SE,  biV.oozh'  U  prl'rooz/,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  lUe-et-Vilaiue,  17  miles  N.N.E.  ol 
Fougdres.     Pop.  3928. 

BAZOCHE-GOUET,  h^zosh'  goo-A',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  arrondi8.senieut  of  Kojent-le- 
Rotrou.     Pop.  in  1852.  '2309. 

BAZZANO,  bit-sii'uo,  a  town  of  Italy,  11  miles  N.  of  Bo- 
logna.    Pop.  2610. 

BEACHAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucking- 
bam. 

BEACII'AMWELL,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BEACH  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BEACH  CREEK,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  68;?. 

BEACH  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BEACH  HAVEN,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BEACHINGSTOKE.    See  Beecfingstokk. 

BEACH  TREE  VILLAGE,  a  post-office  of  Tyler  co.,  Texas. 

BEACH'VJLLE,  a  post-village  in  co.  of  Oxford,  Canada 
West,  22  miles  N.E,  from  London,  on  the  railroad  fi'om 
Hamilton  to  Windsor. 

BEACHY  (beech'ee)  HEAD,  the  most  lofty  headland  on 
the  S.  coast  of  England,  projecting  into  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 2i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ea.stbourne.  It  consists  of  chalk 
cliffs,  rising  perpendicular  to  564  feet  above  the  sea,  and  has 
a  liirht-house.    Lat.  60°  44'  N.,  Ion.  0°  13'  E. 

BEACON  HILL,  or  OLD  BEACON,  a  mountain  in  Dutchess 
CO.,  New  York,  near  Fishkill.  is  one  of  the  highest  summits 
of  the  Highlands,  having  an  elevation  of  about  1470  feet. 

BEACONSFIELD,  bee'konz-feeld,  a  mai-ket-town  and  pa- 
rish of  England,  co.  of  Bul^ks,  23  miles  W.N,AV.  of  London. 
The  town  is  situated  on  an  eminence,  on  which  beacon  fires 
were  formerly  lighted :  has  4  streets,  and  a  church,  in  which 
lie  the  remains  of  Edmund  Burke.  In  its  churchyard  is  a 
monument  to  the  poet  Waller,  who  owned  tlie  manor 
About  3  miles  distant  is  Bulstrode,  the  celebi'ated  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Portland, 

BEACULL,  liee'kull',  (Native  TJaciila,)  a  fort  and  small 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  on  the  Mala))ar 
coast,  95  miles  N.W.  of  Calicut. 

185 


BiEA 


BEA 


BEAFORD,  bee'ford.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BEAGLE  (bee'gU  I  BANK,  an  extensive  coral  sand-bank 
on  N.AV.  coiist  of  Australia;  lat.  15°  19'  S.,  Ion.  123°  35'  E. 
It  is  aliout  i  or  5  miles  in  length. 

BEAGLE  ISLAND  and  REEF,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
South  Australia,  about  CO  miles  N.N.W.  from  the  entrance 
Into  Spencers  Gulf;  lat  34°  49'  S.,  Ion.  134°  49'  E. 

BEAKESBOUllNE,  beeks'burn,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent. 

BEAL,  beel,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  flows 
north-weslward.  and  joins  the  Medwaj-,  near  Talding. 

BEAL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  in  Island- 
shire,  with  a  station  on  the  North  British  Kailway,  68 
miles  N.  of  Newcastle. 

BEALE,  beel.  a  township  in  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BEALE'S  MILLS,  a  postK>ffice  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BEALETOX,  beel'ton,  a  post-officeofFarquierco.,  Virginia. 

BEAI/INGS.  GHEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BEALINGS.  LITTLK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BEALS/VILLE.  a  post-village  in  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  about  2S  miles  S.  from  Pittsburg. 

BEALS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.  110 
miles  E.  from  Columbus.  It  contains  3  churches,  and  about 
300  inhabitants. 

BEAL'VILLE.  a  small  village  of  Desha  co.,  Arkan.sa.s. 

BE.\MINSTER,  bee'min-ster,  a  market-town  of  England,' 
CO.  of  Dorset,  on  the  Birt,  15  miles  M'.N.W.  of  Dorchester. 
It  is  a  handsome  town,  with  a  large  church,  a  free-school, 
and  other  charities;  also  manulactures  of  sail-cloth,  tin, 
Iron,  copper,  and  earthen  wares. 

BE.A.JI'JSH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

BEAMiVVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  98  miles 
W.  from  Columbus. 

BEAMS'\'ILLE,  «  post-vill,age  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  near  the  railroad  from  NLagara  to  Hamilton,  22 
miles  E.S.E.  from  the  latter  place.  It  has  an  iron  foundry, 
a  steam  mill,  a  potash  &ctory,  and  a  distillery.  Pop.  about 
400. 

BEAN  BLOSSOM,  a  township  in  Monroe  co,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1184. 

BEAN  BLOSSOM,  a  post-ofBce  of  Brown  co.,  Indiana. 

BEAN  BLOSSOM  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Brown 
county,  and  flowing  nearly  westward,  enters  the  W.  fork  of 
White  River,  in  Monroe  county.  It  is  navigable  in  high- 
water  about  20  miles. 

BEAN  CREEK,  Ohio.    See  Tiffin's  RrVER. 

BEAN'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Hunter  co.,  Texas. 

BEAN'S  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Granger  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 226  miles  E.  from  Nashvilie,  and  2  miles  from  the 
Gap  of  Clinch  Mountain.  Mineral  springs  and  metallic  ores 
abound  here. 

BEANTOWN,  a  post-Offlee  of  Charles  co.,  Maryland. 

BEAR,  bair.  or  BERE  ISLAND,  a  rocky  island  off  the  W, 
coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  in  Bantry  Bay,  13  miles  W.  of 
Biintry.  Length, 6  miles;  average  breadth, Ij  miles.  On  it 
Is  the  township  of  Ballinacallagh,  and  it  shelters  Bearhaven, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  bay. 

BEARA,  be-.i'r4,  a  considerable  town  of  British  India,  40 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Surat. 

BE.\R  BONE,  a  post-office  of  Calcasieu  parish,  Louisiana. 

BEAR  BRANCH,  a  post-offloe  of  Duplin  co.,  N.  Carolina. 

BEAR  BRANCH,  a  postKjffice  of  Richmond  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

BEAR  BRANCH,  a  post-offlce  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana. 

BEAR  CAMP  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  Carroll  county, 
In  the  E.  part  of  New  Hampshire,  fells  into  Ossipee  Lake, 

BEAR  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Alleghany 
River,  in  Armstrong  countv. 

BEAR  CUEEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  through  Franklin 
county,  and  enters  the  Tennessee  near  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  the  State,  and  on  the  line  between  Alabama  and  Missis- 
sippi. 

BEAR  CREEK,  in  the  W,  central  part  of  Kentucky,  rises 
In  Grayson  county,  flows  S.W.,  and  enters  Greene  River 
at  the  E,  extremity  of  Butler  county. 

BEAR  CREEK,  of  Lenawee  county,  Michigan,  flows  into 
the  Raisin  River. 

BEAR  CREEK,  Iowa,  falls  Into  the  Makoqueta  River,  in 
Jackson  county. 

BEAR  CUEKK,  a  postroffice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsj-lvania, 

BEAR  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Georgia. 

BEAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 

BE.\R  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Sabine  CO.,  Texas. 

BEAR  CREEK. apost-township.  Jay  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  1085. 

BEAR  CREEK. a  township, G.allatin  co., Illinois. 

BEAR  CHEEK,  a  postoffice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois. 

BEAR  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Cedar  co.,  Missouri. 

BEAR  CREKIC.  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Arkansas. 

BEAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Powe.shiek  co..  Iowa. 

BEAR  CUEEK,  GUE.\T,  a  river  of  Canada  West,  which, 
offer  a  S.W.  course,  enters  the  N.W.  point  of  Lake  St.  Clair. 

BE.^RDEX,  beer'den,  a  post-office  of  Lavacca  co..  Texas. 

BEAUDEN,  a  village  of  Gentry  co,  Missouri,  about  80 
mllefi  N.  by  E.  from  Independence. 
186 


I     BEARD'S  BLUFF,  a  small  post-village  of  Marshall  oo, 
Alabama. 

BEARD'S  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  rises  in  Tatnall  county, 
I  and  flows  southward  through  Liberty  county,  into  the  Al- 

tamaha. 
1      BEARD'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Liberty  co.,  Georgia. 
I      BEARDSrrOAVN,  a  small  post-village  of  Perrv  co ,  Tennes- 
'  see.  on  Buffalo  River,  98  miles  S.W.  IVoni  Nashville. 
I      BEARDSnrOWX,  a  thriving  town,  the  capital  of  Cass  co, 
i  Illinois,  on  the  left  bank  of  Illinois  River,  50  miles  W,N.W. 
I  from  Springfield.    It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
several  churches,  and  one  newspaper. olfice.     Pop.  oS'^l. 

BE.\R'F1ELD,  bair'feeld,  a  township  in  Perry  co.,  Oliio, 
I  Pop.  965. 

.BEAR  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BEAR  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa. 
!      BEAR  ISLANDS,  an  isLind  in  Northern  Ocean,  315  miles 
I  S.  of  Cape  South,  in  Spitzbergen ;  lat.  74°  30'  N.,  Ion.  20°  E. 

BEAR  ISLANDS,  three  islands  in  Jame.s's  IJav:  one  in 
lat.  54°  24'  N..  Ion.  80O50'W.;  another  in  lat.  54°32'N.;  the 
third  in  lat.  54°  46'  N. 

BEAR  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  North  Polar 
Sea,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Siberia,  between  lat.  70°  and  7(F 
30'  N.,  and  Ion.  1134°  and  16S°  E. 

BEAR  ISLANDS,  off  the  coast  of  the  United  States,  (Jiaine 
and  N.  Carolina.) 

BEAR  LAK  E,  GREAT,  (i. «.,  the  lake  lying  utder  the  con- 
stellation of  the  Great  Bear,  being  intersected  by  the  Arctic 
— from  Arctiys,  "  bear" — Circle,)  a  lake  of  British  North  Ame- 
rica, iaetween  lat.  65°  and  67°  N.,  and  Ion.  117°  and  123°  W. 
Shape  very  irre_'ular ;  area  may  be  estimated  at  14.000  square 
miles;  height  above  the  sea  at' 2.30  feet.  Its  depth  has  never 
been  ».scertained ;  but  where  tried  no  bottom  was  found  witt 
270  feet  line.'  The  water  is  remarkably  transparent,  and 
appears  of  a  light  blue  color.  The  lake  abiunds  with  fish. 
It  discharges  its  waters  by  Bear  River  into  the  Mackenzie. 
It  remains  frozen  over  from  December  to  June. 

BEARLY,  bair'lee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BEA  ir.MONT'.  a  post-office  of  Schuylkill  CO..  Pennsylvania. 

BEAR  MOUNTAIN.  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  near  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  Dauphin  county.  .\t  its  foot  flows  Bear 
Creek,  on  which  is  the  Bear  Valley  Coal  Basin,  containing 
beds  of  coal  from  7  to  24  feet  thick.  The  mountains  enclos- 
ing Bear  Valley  rise  about  750  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
creek. 

BEARN,  b.VaR/,  an  old  province  of  Franco,  of  which  the 
capital  was  Pau,  now  forming,  with  a  .small  part  of  Guy- 
enne,  the  department  of  Basses-Pvr6nees. 

BEAR  or  UTAH  RIVER,  of  Utah  Tenit-ory,  rises  near 
lat.  41°  N.,  and  Ion.  111°  W,  and,  flowing  at  first  N.,  then 
N.W.,  and  at  last  nearly  S,S.W.  in  its  general  direction,  it 
falls  into  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Although  it  begins  and  ter- 
minates in  Utah,  nearly  one-half  of  its  course  (the  middle 
portion)  is  included  within  the  limits  of  Oregon  Territory. 
The  entire  length  is  about  400  miles. 

BEAR  RIA'ER,  towards  the  N.  part  of  Califoniia,  rises 
on  the  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and,  after  forming  tho 
boundary  between  Yuba  and  Placer  counties,  for  its  whole 
length,  empties  itself  into  Feather  River,  31  miles  below 
Marvsvill^. 

Bi'lAR'STEAD,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Kent. 

BE.\RSVILLE,  bairz/vil,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

BEARSVILLE,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  in  Ohio 
township,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county.    Pop.  100. 

BE.^R  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Duplin  co..  North  Carolina. 

BEARTOWN,  bair'town,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania, 

BEAR  VALLEY.    See  Bear  MorsTAiN. 

BEAR  WALLOW,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

BEAS,  bee'as.  or  BEYPASHA,  ba'p.ish'i  (anc.  W/ph'asis,) 
one  of  the  great  rivers  of  the  Punjab,  Wej^tern  Indi.t,  ri.se3 
on  the  S.  verge  of  the  Ritanka  Pass,  in  the  Himalaya  Moun- 
tains, 13,200  feet  above  tho  sea-level.  Lat.  32°  34'  N„  Ion 
77°  12'  E.  It  flows  generally  south-westward,  and  joins  the 
Sutlej  at  Endreesa,  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Amritseer,  after  a 
course  estimated  at  from  210  to  220  miles.  At  20  miles 
above  this  confluence  it  has,  during  August,  been  740  yards 
in  width;  but  in  winter  it  is  in  most  pliices  fordabla. 
Chief  affluents,  the  Hulku  and  Binoa. 

BEAS  DE  SEGURA,  bi'Ss  dA  sA-goo/rS.  a  town  of  Spain, 
48  miles  N.E.  of  Jaen,  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  Guadali- 
mar.    Pop.  2695. 

BEASELEY,  beez'lee,  a  post-offlce  of  Jeffei-son  co,  Flo- 
rida. 

BEATH,  beeth  or  baith.  a  pari.sh  and  vill.age  of  Scotland, 
CO,  of  Fife.  5i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Aberdour.    Pop.  973. 

BEATIA.     See  Baez.v. 

BEAITIE'S  (bi/tiz)  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co, 
Mississippi. 

BEATTIE'S  FORD,  a  post-offlce  of  Lincoln  co.  North  Cr 
rolina. 

BE.\TTIB'S  PRAIRIE,  a  small  village  of  Benton  oo,  Ms- 
sou  rL 


BEA 

BEATTTESTOWN,  bi/t&t-ttSwn,  a  Bnjall  post-yillage  In 
Warren  CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  45  miles  N.  by  W.  from 
Trenton. 

BEATTVS  BRIDGE,  a  posfcoffice  of  Bladen  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BKATY'S  (bi'-t^z)  MII,LS,  a  postofflce  of  Marion  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BKAUCAIRE,  WkAn/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Card,  on  the  ri;iht  bank  of  the  Khone,  13  miles  E.  of  Ntmes, 
oppo.«ite  Tarascon,  with  whic-h  it  i.s  connected  by  a  noble 
suspension  bridj;e,  at  the  head  of  the  Canal  de  Beaucaire, 
and  near  the  junction  of  railways  from  Avignon  to  Mai^ 
seilles  and  Bejiuciiire,  Cette,  and  Alais,  by  Ntmes.  Pop.  in 
1852,  11,045.  Its  annual  fair  (.luly  22d  to  28th)  was  formerly 
the  largest  in  Europe,  and,  although  decreasing  in  import- 
ance, it  is  still  very  considerable,  being  attended  by  mer- 
chants from  all  parts  of  Europe,  Barbary.  and  the  Levant, 
to  the  number  of  100,000.  Every  kind  of  merchandise, 
however  rare,  is  here  to  be  met  with,  and  it  is  estimated 
that  property  to  the  amount  of  $1,100,000,  changes  hands. 

BEAUCAMPS-LE-VIEUX,  bO^kSsoMeh-ve-Uh'.  {i.e.  "the 
Old  liwiucf^mps,")  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Somme, 
22  miles  W.  of  Amiens.     Pop.  of  commune,  1^02. 

BKAUCE,  b6c«,  (anc.  lieVsiat)  a  district  of  France,  partof 
the  ancient  Orleanois,  of  which  the  capital  is  Chartres;  this 
fertile  di.strict  now  forms  parts  of  the  departments  of  Loir- 
et-Clii-r  and  Kure-et-Ixjir. 

BEAIJCHA.MP-IIOOTHING.    See  Roothino,  Beauchamp. 

BEAUCIIKN'E,  W-shain',  a  small  island  in  the  3.  Atlan- 
tic, about  34  miles  S. of  Kast  Falkland  Islands;  lat.  (S. point) 
62°  n.V  42"  S.,  Ion.  59°  12'  42'  W. 

BEAUCIIIEF  ABBEY,  bo'cheef  al/bee,  an  extra-paro- 
chial, chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  3J  miles  S.W.  of 
Sheffield.  The  tower  of  its  chapel  formed  part  of  the  abbey 
built  here,  according  to  Dugdale,  by  Fitz-l!anulph,  lord  of 
Alfreton,  in  expiation  of  the  murder  of  Thomas  &  Becket. 

BKAUCOUP,  bo'koop',  a  small  bayou  of  Caldwell  parish, 
Louisian.a,  flows  south-ea.stward  into  Bayou  Castor. 

BKAUCOUP,  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Illinois. 

BKVUCOUllT,  bd'kooR/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaut-Rhin,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Belfort.  Pop.  of  commun«, 
2228. 

BEAUDESERT,  hoMJz-ain/,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

BKAUFAY,  fcO'Cl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sartbe,  lOmiles  X.N.E.  of  Le  Mans.  Pop.with commune,  2220. 

BEAUFOltT,  bo^foR/,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  Doron,  a3 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Chambery.  Pop.  3052.  It  has  an  extensive 
trade  in  the  celebrated  gruyires  cheese. 

BKAUFOBT,  bS'fou',  (i.e.  "fine  fort,")  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Maine-et-Loire.  16  miles  K.  of  Angers.  Pop. 
of  commune  in  1851.  5207.  It  has  a  college,  and  manufac- 
tories of  cauvas  and  coarse  linens. 

BEAUFOltT,  a  village  of  France,  dep.artment  of  Jura.  8 
miles  S.  W.  of  Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop.  of  commune,  (1S52,)  1208. 

BE  A  UFO  KT,  bo'f9rt.  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Boo- 
thia. \.W.  or  outer  island  in  lat.  69°  5.5' N. ;  ion.  97° 5' W. 

BEAUFORT,  a  bay  of  Russian  America,  on  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  l.at.  70°  N. ;  Ion.  142°  W. 

B1;AUF(^RT.  bu^fort,  a  county  in  theeastem  part  of  North 
Carolina,  bordering  on  Pamlico  Sound,  at  the  mouth  of 
Pamliao  River,  by  which  it  is  intersected.  The  surface  is 
level,  the  soil  .sandy,  and  in  .some  places  marshy.  The  Pam- 
lico Kiver  is  navigated  through  the  county  by  vessels  draw- 
ing eight  feet  of  water.  Capital,  Washington.  Formed  in 
1741,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  one  of 
the  projirietors  of  the  soil.  Pop.  14,760;  of  whom  8888  were 
free,  oiid  T'^""^  slaves. 

BE.\UFOUT,  bu'fort,  a  district  forming  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  South  Carolina,  boarding  on  the  Atlantic,  and  on 
the  .Savannah  River,  which  separates  it  from  Georgiiu  It  is 
about  CO  miles  long,  and  has  an  area  of  1540  square  miles. 
The  Combahee  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.E.,  and  it 
is  intersected  by  the  Coosawhatcliie,  which  enters  the  sea  by 
two  main  channels.  Broad  and  Coosaw  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  a  level  plain,  but  little  elevated  above  the  sea;  the  soil 
alluvial  and  sandy.  Cotton,  rice,  Indian  corn,  and  sweet 
potatoes  are  the  staples.  In  1850,  this  district  prwluced 
47,230,082  pounds  of  rice,  (more  than  any  county  in  the  United 
St;ites;)  4i)2.(i71  bushels  of  corn:  485,077  of  sweet  potatoes, 
(more  tiian  any  other  district  in  the  state,  except  Charleston.) 
The  Savanntih  River  is  navigaVile  for  steamboats  along  the 
border,  and  the  other  streams  for  smaller  craft.  Be-aufort  is 
among  tlie  most  populous  districts  of  the  state.  Capital, 
Coojiawhatchife.  Pop.  40.053;  of  whom  7o-o  were  free,  and 
32,530  slaves. 

BEAUFORT,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Carteret  co..  North 
Carolina,  at  the  mouth  of  Newport  River,  a  few  miles  from 
the  sea.  168  miles  E.S.E.  of  Raleigh,  and  11  miles  N.AV.  of 
Cape  Lookout.  The  harbor  is  the  best  in  the  state,  and  is  ac- 
oessiMeby  ste.amboats  from  Albem-arle  Sound.  The  town  has 
consideralile  trade,  particularly  in  turpentine,  resin,  and 
other  pi*oducts  of  the  pine  A  light^house  has  tjeen  erected 
on  Cape  Lookout,  and  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  is  defended 
by  Fort  Macon.     The  shipping  of  the  district,  June  30, 


BEA 

1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  bu  rden  of  77  6  tons  roglstei  e<L 
and  1851  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  During  the  year,  4 
schooners,  with  a  burden  of  460  tons,  were  built,  Beaufort 
contsins,  besides  the  county  buildings,  several  seminaries, 
and  one  or  two  churches.    Pop.  1010. 

BEAUFORT,  a  post-town  and  port  of  entry  of  Beaufort 
distiict.  South  Carolina,  on  a  small  arm  of  the  sea.  called 
Port  Royal  River,  alx>ut  50  miles  iu  a  direct  line  W.S.W.  of 
Charleston,  and  16  miles  from  the  sea.  It  has  a  good  ha«^ 
bor,  with  about  16  feet  of  water  over  the  bar,  at  Port  Royal 
entrance.  It  contains  (1864)  6  chnrdies,  1  pulilic  library, 
a  Freedmans  bank,  a  seminary  for  girls,  and  an  arsenal, 

15EAUF0RT,  a  postroffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri. 

BEAUFORT,  biVf^rt,  an  extensive  inland  district  of  the 
Cape  Colony,  South  Africa,  enclosed  by  Clanwilliam,  Worces- 
ter, George,  Uiteiihage,  andGraaf  Reinet  districts,  and  hav- 
ing N.  tlie  Bosjesmans'  country.  Estimated  area,  20,000 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1838,  5904,  Beaufort,  its  capital 
town,  Is  iu  lat.  82°  31'  S,;  ion.  22°  40'  E. 

BEAUFORT,  h«/fort,  a  district  of  Western  Australia,  hiir- 
ing  N.W.  and  S.  the  districts  of  Lsmsdowne,  Ilowick,  and 
Minto,  and  on  E.  an  unsettled  country. 

BEAUGENCY,  W^zhdN^'see',  (L.  B-lgenciacum,)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Loiret  on  the  Loire,  and  on  the 
railway  from  Orleans  to  Tours,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Orleans. 
It  has  manufiictories  of  woollens,  and  an  extensive  trade  in 
wines.  I'op.  in  1851,  5258.  I'art  of  the  town  walls,  and  the 
donjon  tower  of  the  ca.stle,  still  exist,  and  near  it  is  an 
enormous  Celtic  monolith. 

BEAUllARNOIS,  bo'hdr'n.V,  a  co.  in  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Canada  East,  bounded  on  the  S,  by  New  York,  and  on 
the  N,W,  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  has  an  area  of  717 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  (Jhateaugay  River  and 
other  streams.  The  chief  staples  are  oats,  wool,  and  the 
products  of  the  dairy.  This  county  produced,  in  1852,  more 
butter  than  any  other  county  in  either  Can.ada,  and  double 
that  of  any  other  in  Canada  East,  The  chief  towns  are 
Huntingdon  and  Beauharnois.    Pop.  40,213. 

BE.\U1IARN0IS,  a  post-village  in  the  seigniory,  and  co. 
of  the  same  name,  Canada  East.  It  is  situated  on  Lake  St. 
Louis,  formed  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  33  miles  S.W.  from 
Montreal.     Pop.  aVnjut  800, 

BEAUJEU,  lio^ji'h',  atown  of  France,  formerly  the  capital 
of  Beaujolais,  department  of  Rhone,  on  the  ArdiSre,  iu  a 
district  famous  for  its  wines,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lyons. 
Pop.  of  commune  in  1852, 3028,  with  manufactures  of  paper, 
cotton  goods,  and  hats. 

BEAUJOLAIS,  bO'zho'lA',  a  district  of  France,  part  of 
ancient  Lyonnais.  Its  capital  was  the  town  Beaujeu.  It 
now  forms  the  N.  part  of  the  department  of  Rh3ne.  and  a 
small  part  of  Loire.  In  162ii  it  passed  to  the  Orleans  fitmi- 
ly,  who  held  it  till  the  Revolution. 

BEAULIEU,  b6'!e-uh',  almost  bolVfh',  {i.e.  "beautiful 
place."')  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Corrfeze,  on  the 
Dordogne,  20  miles  S.  of  TuUe.  Pop.  of  commune  in  1852, 
2490. 

BE.\ULIEU,  a  town  of  France,  dep-artment  of  Indre-efc- 
Loire,  Ij  miles  N.E.  of  Loches.  Pop.  of  commune,  1887. 
BEAULreu  is  the  name  of  many  other  communes  and  villages 
of  France. 

BEAULIEU,  bewlee,  or  EXE,  ex,  a  tidal  river  of  Eng- 
land,  CO.  of  Hants,  rises  near  Lyndhur.st  in  the  New  Forest, 
and  after  a  S.  course  of  10  miles,  enters  the  English  Channel 
6i  miles  E..\,E.  of  Lymington. 

BE.iULlEU.orEXE,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Hants,  situ- 
ated on  the  river  of  tlie  same  name,  at  its  mouth,  6  miles  N,E. 
of  Lymington.  Beaulieu,  which  owes  its  name  to  the  beau- 
ty of  its  position,  has  the  remains  of  an  abbey,  founded  by 
King  John,  In  this  sanctuary  Jlargaret  of  Anjou,  and 
afterwards  Perkin  Warbeck,  took  refu.;e.  and  within  its  ma- 
norial bounds  exemption  from  arrest  for  debt  is  stiii  enjoyed, 
— Beaulieu,  road  station,  South-western  Railway,  is  6  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Redbridge, 

BEAULY,  bOlee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness, 
enters  the  head  of  Beauly  Frith,  8  miles  W.  of  Inverness, 
after  a  N,  E,  course  of  10  miles.  At  Beauly  are  the  ruins 
of  a  priory,  Beauly  Loch  (anc.  Farar)  forms  the  upper 
basin  of  the  Moray  Frith. 

BEAUM ARCHES,  bO'maR'shi/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Auch.  Pop,  (with  com- 
mune.) 1367. 

BEAUMARIS,  bo-mJ/ris,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish  of  North  Wales, 
capital  of  the  Lsland  and  co.  of  Anglese.a,  near  the  N.  en- 
trance of  Menai  Strait,  3  miles  N.  of  Bangor,  The  town  is 
neatly  built,  and  has  a  free  grammar '  school,  good  hotels, 
town  and  county  halls,  a  prison,  and  a  custom-house,  with 
remains  of  a  castle  erected  by  Edward  I,  The  bay  of  Beau- 
maris affords  safe  anchorage,  but  the  town  has  little  trade, 
and  its  inhabitants  live  chiefly  by  se.a-bathing  visitors  from 
Liverpool,  with  which  it  communicates  by  steamboats. 
Reiristered  shipping  in  1847, 17,219  tons.  Beaumaris  unites 
with  Amlwich,  Holyhead,  and  Langeiin,  iu  sending  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Baron-hill,  the  seat 
of  the  Bulkeley  family,  is  in  its  vicinity. 

187 


SEACME.  La,  13  1:16016.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ardeche.  (Tivarais)  6j  miles  from  Aubenas;  it  is  pictu- 
resquely situated  under  a  mass  of  basalt,  occupying  the 
angle  of  a  valley  nearly  opposite  to  the  junction  of  the 
Fontaulier  w-th  the  Ardeche.  Crowninj;  a  lofty  peak  be- 
tween these  stream.'',  stands  the  uumautled  ruins  of  an  old 
castle,  which  belonged  to  the  dukes  of  Ventadour.  Pop.  1065. 
Three  other  village.«  of  Frauce  have  the  name  of  Beaume. 

BKAUMONT,  l^'mA.W,  (i.  e.  '-beautiful  hill  or  moun- 
tain,") a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  2 
miles  S.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  1820. 

BEAUMONT,  bo'mdxo',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut.  19  miles  S.E.  of  Mons.  Population.  2ti91.  It 
owes  its  name  to  its  site  on  an  elevated  table-land,  from 
which  an  e.xtensive  and  richly  diversified  prospect  is  ob- 
tained. The  marble  of  Beaumont  is  in  great  demand  for 
ornamental  purposes. 

BEAU.ViONT,  bO'mont,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

BKAUMONT,  bO^mont,  a  postrOfSce  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 
BE.A.UMONT,  a  post-office  of  Chatham  co..  North  Carolina. 
BEAUMONT,  a  post^village,  capital  of  Jefferson  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  Neches  Kiver,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  300 
miles  E.  from  Austin  City.  Small  vessels  ply  regularly  be- 
tween Galveston  and  this  place.  The  county  consists  of  a 
level  plain,  which  is  spai-sely  inhabited.  The  chief  business 
of  the  people  is  the  raising  of  cattle  and  horses,  immen.se 
herds  of  which  range  over  the  vast  prairies,  and  feed  on  the 
natural  gra.sses. 

BEAU.MONT,  bo'mJNo',  in  Canada  East,  co.  ofBellecha8.se. 
is  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  9  miles  E.  by  N.  from 
Quebec. 

BEAUMONT  DE  LOMAGNE,  bO'mJK"'  dehlo'mlH'.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  on  the 
Gimone.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Montauban.  Vop.  (1S52)  4176.  It 
is  regularly  and  very  neatly  built  round  a  spacious  square, 
and  has  manufactories  of  coarse  cloth,  hats,  &c. 

BKAUJIONT  LE  VIOO.MTE,  b6^mAN«V  le  vee'kAst/,  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  ofi  and  on  the  Sarthe,  15^ 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Le  Mans.  Pop.  1893;  employed  in  manu- 
factories of  druggets,  &c. 

BEAUMONT  SUR  OISE,  b6'mAso/sUR  wis,  (or  wiz,)  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise.  near  the  rail- 
way du  Nord.  20  miles  N.  of  Paris.  Pop.  2207,  partly  em- 
ployed in  tanneries.  Beaumont  is  also  the  name  of  seve- 
ral other  villages  and  communes  in  France. 

BEAUMONT  WITH  MOZE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 

BlIAUXE,  bdn,  (anc.  VeUavnndufmim.)  an  ancient  town  of 
France,  department  of  C6te-d"0r,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cote-d'Or 
Mountain,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons.  23  miles 
S.r.\V.  of  Dijon.  Pop.  in  1851. 10,969.  It  has  a  noble  hospital, 
founded  in  1443,  a  library  of  10,000  volumes,  manufactures 
of  cloth,  cutlery,  leather,  vinegar,  and  casks,  and  extensive 
trade  in  the  wines  of  Burgundy;  those  raised  on  the  hill 
above  the  town  are  in  high  repute.  This  town  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  celebrated  geometer.  Gaspard  Monge,  one  of  the 
founders  i>f  the  Polvtechnic  School. 

BKAUN'E  LA  HOLANDE.  bon  Ij  ronSxd',  a  viU.age  of 
France,  department  of  Loiret,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Orleans. 
Pop.  of  commune.  (1852,)  2131. 

BE.\UPKfi,  bO^pr.V,  a  group  of  Isl.inds  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  lat.  20°  17'  S. ;  Ion.  106°  17'  E.  Discovered  by  D'En- 
trecasteaux  in  179.3. 

BEAUPUfi.-VU.  bS^pr.Vd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  Evre,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Angers.  Pop. 
in  1852.  3Wi9.     It  has  dye-works. 

BE.VUQUESNE,  bo'k.-in',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Somme,  a  miles  S.S.E.  of  Doullens.  Pop.  of  commune  in 
1851. 2T07. 

BE.VUHEPAIRE.  bo'rjh-piK/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Isdre,  14  miles  S.  E.  of  Vienne.  Pop.  of  commune, 
(1S52.)  2480.  Behupep.ure  is  also  the  name  of  several  other 
cantons  and  villiiges  of  France. 

BEAUSSET,  Le,  leh-bO'sl'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Var,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Toulon.  Pop.  of  commune  in  1S52, 
2S33.  ' 

BEAUV.\IS,  bOW,  (anc.  Si^Roc'acMm  and  CiBsarmnfagtti.)  & 
citj-  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Oise.  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Avelon  with  the  Therain.  in  a  rich  valley  sur- 
rvjunded  by  wooded  hilLs,  41  miles  N.N.W.  of  Paris.  Pop. 
In  1862.  14.216.  Several  branches  of  the  river  run  through 
and  by  tiie  side  of  the  town,  forming  canals  which  are  of 
great  .si<r»-ice  to  the  manufactures.  It  hiis  clean  open  streets, 
and  pleasant  Iwulevards;  its  cathedral  is  oneof  the  largest  in 
France,  but  incomplete.  It  w.as  formerly  fortified.  Be;iuvais 
has  a  chamlier  of  manufactories,  a  commercitU  tribunal,  a 
communal  college,  a  public  library,  j»nd  manufactories  of 
tapestry  in  the  Gotjelin  style:  extensive  fcinneries.  and  dye- 
works,  and  m.inufactories  of  flannels,  woollen  cloths,  linens, 
and  printed  cottous.  It  Is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  having 
existed  under  the  Romans.  It  was  besieged  in  vain  by 
the  English  in  1443.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  events 
in  Its  history  is  the  siege  which  it  successfully  stood  in 
188 


BEA 

1472.  against  an  army  of  80,000  Burgundians.  under  Charles 
the  Bold.  Though  ungarrisoned,  the  citizens  boldly  ciosod 
their  gates,  and  made  a  most  heroic  defence.  The  women 
particularly  distinguished  themselves.  One  of  them,  .leanue 
Fouquet,  surnanied  Hachette,  (i.  e.  "hatchet,")  seeing  a 
Burgundian  pLinting  a  .standard  on  the  walls,  hurled  him 
to  the  bottom,  and  t>ore  it  off  in  triumph.  In  the  procession 
of  St.  Angadr^me.  which  stiU  commemorates  the  raising  of 
the  siege,  the  ladies,  conformably  to  an  ordinance  of  Louis 
XI.  lead  the  way,  beivring  the  banner  which  La  Ua.-hette 
so  valorously  acquired. 

BEAUVAL,  Wvil',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somme.  14  miles  N.NJJ.  of  Amien.s.     Pop.  in  1852,  251:8. 

BEAUVILLE,  lOVeel'or  bo'vil',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne.  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Agen.  Pop.  1567. 
BEAUVOlK-SUlt-MEK,  lioVwdE/sUE-maiR,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Vendue,  3  miles  from  the  sea,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  cnial,  30  miles  S,M".  of  Nantes. 
Pop.  of  commune.  2292.  Vessels  of  about  70  tons  come  up 
the  canal  to  load  with  corn  and  salt,  produced  in  the  marshes 
of  the  vicinity.  Be.\lvoie  (i.e.  " beautiful  view,")  is  the 
name  of  several  villages  of  France. 

BEAVER,  beo'ver,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Pennsiyl- 
yania,  bordering  on  Ohio,  contains  £50  square  miles.  It' is 
intersected  by  the  Ohio  and  Beaver  rivers.  The  surface  is 
undulating,  and  the  soil  highly  productive,  especially  on  the 
river  bottoms.  Extensive  beds  of  bituminous  coal  and 
strata  of  limestone  occur  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  county, 
and  the  forests  afford  an  abundance  of  timber.  Thecountv  is 
liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  and  Cliicago  R.R.  Capital,  Beaver. 
Pop.  29.140. 

BEAVER,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Beaver  co..  Pennsyl. 
vania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio,  a  little  below  the 
mouth  of  Beaver  River,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Pitt^burg.  ami  230 
miles  VV.  of  Harrisburg.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  plain, 
and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  an  academy,  3 
or  4  churches,  and  numerous  stores.  Beaver  River  furnishes 
extensive  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  factories  of 
various  kinds.    Laid  out  in  1791.    Pop.  In  1860.  817. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1315. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Crawford  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1098. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  901. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
874. 

BEAVER,  a  post-township  of  Snvder  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  1805. 

BEAVER,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Texas. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Columbiana  CO.,  Ohio. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2074. 

BE.WER,  a  township  of  Noble  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1761. 

BEAVER,  a  post-township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  25  miles  S.S.B. 
of  Chillicothe.    Pop.  698. 

BE.WER,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana. 

BSAVER,  a  township  of  Pulaski  co^  Indiana.    Pop.  357. 

BEAVEK.  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois. 

BEAVER  BUOOK.  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Vork, 

BE.WER  CREEK  of  .'^outh  Carolina  enters  Congaree  Kiver 
from  the  ri-ht.  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Lexington  district. 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into 
Tombigbee  River. 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Alabama  enters  the  Alaliama  from 
the  W.  in  Wilcox  county. 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Missouri  flows  into  White  River 
from  the  left,  in  Taney  co.,  a  few  miles  below  Forsyth.  Lilr 
tie  Beaver  enters  the  above  creek  in  the  same  county. 

BEAVEK  CREEK  of  Ohio  enters  the  Maumee  in  Wood 
county. 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Lorain  CO.,  Ohio,  falls  into  Lake  Erie. 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Indiana  enters  the  White  River  in 
Martin  co. 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  flows  into 
Raisin  River  near  Adrian. 

BE.WER  CREEK  of  Iowa  rises  in  Boone  co,,  and  enters 
the  Des  Moines  in  Polk  co, 

BEAVER  CREEK  of  Iowa,  an  affluent  of  Iowa  River, 
enters  the  latter  near  Marengo,  Iowa  co, 

BEAVER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

BEAVER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Virginia. 

BEAVER  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Dale  co.,  Alabam.i. 

BEAVER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

BEAVER  CREEK,  a  township  in  Greene  00..  Ohio,  about 
10  miles  W,N.W.  of  Xenia.    Pop.  2227. 

BEAVER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Bond  co.,  Illinois  SO 
miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

BEAVER  DALE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alaliara-i. 

BE.WER  D.\M.  a  post-office  of  Goochland  co..  Virginia 

BEAVER  D.\M.  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  NortL  Tarouna. 

BEAVEK  D.\M,  a  post-office  of  Middleburg  district,  &uth 
Carolina. 


BEA 


BED 


BEAVEK  DAM,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Mississippi. 

BKAVEK  UAM.  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co.,  Kcntiicky. 

BEAVKR  DAM,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co  ,  Ohio. 

liKAVKU  DAM.  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana. 

IJKAVKIl  DAiM,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Dodj;e  co..  Wisconsin,  on  Beaver  Dam  Creek,  and  on  the 
Alihvaukesaiid  St. Paul  R.R.,  ahout  45  miles  N.E.  of  Madison, 
and  9  nii'cs  N.W.  of  Juneau.  It  has  a  valuable  water-power, 
1  woollen  factory.  Ac.  It  contains  Wayland  University,  9 
churches,  1  bank.  2  newspaper  offices,  '2.  flouring  mills,  1  • 
niaiiufactory  of  farming  iniplcments.  gettled  about  1840. 
Total  pop.  in  IStlO,  276.i;  in  isrs,  about  3500. 

BKA\']-;i{DAM  CKKKK  of  Georjria  rises  in  Burke  CO., 
and  enters  Briar  Creek  near  Jacksonborouih. 

BKAVKKDAM  CllKKK  of  Elbert  co.,  Oeorf^ia,  flows  S.E. 
into  the  Savannah,  about  20  miles  K.  of  EUerton. 

BKAVK15DAM  CKEEK  of  Michij;an  flows  into  the  Shia- 
wassee in  Saginaw  co. 

BEAVEUDA.M  RIVER  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  rises  in 
B'ox  Lake,  and  flows  southward  into  Rock  Kiver. 

BKAVERDAM  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BE.WER  DAMS,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co..  New  York. 

BEAVKR  DA.MS,  a  small  village  of  Queen  Anne  CO., 
Maryland. 

BKAVERDAM  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Hickman  co., 
Tennessee. 

BEAVER  FURNACE,  a  small  Tillage  of  Union  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BKAVKR  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Michilimackinac  co., 
Michi'.'an. 

B!;A  V  KR  ISLANDS,  a  group  near  the  northern  e.xtremity 
of  Lake  Michigan,  between  45°  .10'  and  45°  50'  N.  lat.,  and 
near  !S5°  30'  W.  Ion.  The  priucipid  one,  Big  Beaver,  h.'is  an 
area  of  about  40  square  miles. 

BKAVKR  KILL,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

BKAVKll  L.VKE  of  Indiaiiii.  situated  in  Jasper  co.,  is  the 
largest  lake  within  the  borders  of  the  state,  having  an  area 
of  lO.OilO  acres. 

BKAVKll  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co..  Kentucky. 

BEAVER  MEADOW,  a  post-village  of  Carbon  county, 
Pennsylvania,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Mauch  Chunk,  and  about 
100  miles  N'.X.W.  of  Philadelphia.  A  railroad  extends  from 
the  ci>al-mines  of  this  place  to  the  Lehigh  River,  near 
Maunch  Chunk,  by  which  a  large  quantity  of  coal  is  trans- 
ported. 

BKAVER  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BP;.\VKR  PONDS,  post-office,  Montgomery  co.,  Kentucky. 

BE.WKR  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Tennessee. 

BK.WEH  RIVKR  rises  in  Rockingham  county,  in  the 
S.E.  part  of  New  Hampshire,  and  falls  into  the  Merrimack 
near  Lowe-U.  It  forms  part  of  the  boundiiry  between  Rock- 
ingham and  Hillsborough  counties. 

BKAVKR  RIVER  of  New  York  rises  in  Herkimer  CO., 
In  the  N.K.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  falls  into  Black 
River,  in  Lewis  co. 

BKAVKR  RIVER,  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Mahoning 
and  Shenango,  in  the  W.  part  of  Pennsylvania.  It  flows  in 
a  southerly  direction,  and  joins  the  Ohio  River  near  the 
town  of  Beaver. 

BKAVKR  RUIN,  a  post>office  of  Union  co.,  Arkans.aa. 

BKAVER  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Snyder  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BEAVERTON,  bee'ver-t9n,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co., 
Alabama. 

BKAVERTON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
is  situated  on  I.iake  Simcoe,  at  the  entrance  of  the  river 
Beaverton.  75  miles  X.  by  K.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  several 
jiills.  and  about  150  inhabitants. 

BE.WERTOWN,  a  post-village  ofSnyderco.,  Pennsylvii- 
nia;  aboxit  14  miles  S.W.  >-/ New  Berlin,  the  county  seat. 

BE.WER  VALLEY,  a  postoffice  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvaiii.i. 

BKAWORTHY,  bee'wiir-THe,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

BKB\YII-EI.rHAGAR,  be-b-V-el-hS/gar,  or  BEBEK  EL 
HADJ AR,  bA-b4k'el  hdd'jilr,  (anc.  Isi'.umJ)  a  ruined  town 
of  Egypt,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Man.soorah,  and  liaving  more 
extensive  remains  of  antiquity  than  anv  other  town  of  the 
delta  of  the  Nile. 

EKR'BIN'GTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BKBKHAN.     See  Behbeham. 

BK'CAN  or  BE'KAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

BKCANCOUR,  bi'kSNo'koor',  a  post-village,  Canada  East, 
of  the  CO.  of  Nicolet,  at  the  junction  of  the  Becancour  with 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec. 

BE(^C.\'R1A,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
16  miles  S.  of  Clearfield.     Pop.  1065. 

BECCLKS,  bMc'klz,  a  municipal  borough,  port,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  county  of  SutTolk.  on  the 
Waveney,  33  miles  N,E.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  in  1851,  439S. 
Founded  in  1369,  and  is  richly  ornamented  with  sculpture. 
It  has  a  free  school,  endowed  with  100  acres  of  land, 
a  grammar  school,  a  town-hall,  a  large  jail,  and  a  theatre. 


By  the  river,  navigable  for  vessels  of  100  tons,  Boccles 
maintains  an  active  carrying  trade  in  coals  and  com 
coastwise,  and  a  good  deal  of  malting  is  earned  on  in  tho 
vicinitv. 

BEC^DU-RAZ,  bSk-dU-rdz,  or  POINT  RAZ.  a  dangerous 
promontary  of  France,  coast  of  Brittany,  surrounded  with 
rocks.  There  is  a  light-house  on  it.  Lat.  4b°  2'  12''  N.; 
Ion.  4°  4;j'  42"  W. 

BECERIL  DE  CAMPOS,  bA-th.A-reel'dA  kdm'poce,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  19  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia.   Pop.  2oli9. 

BfiCIIKltEL,  biiish^r^l'.  a  small  town  of  France,  depai-t- 
ment  of  llle-ot-Vilaiue,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Rennes.  Pop. 
844.     Formerly  fortified  and  important. 

BECHIN,  bi'Kin,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circuit  of  Tabor,  54 
miles  S.  of  Prague.    Pop.  2130. 

BKCHTELSVILLE,  b^k't^lz-vil,  a  posiK)fflce  of  Berks 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

BECHTHEIM.  Ix^Kt/hlme,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesse 
D.armstadt.  19  miles  S.  of  Mentz.     Pop.  1600. 

BECHUANAS.  BETCHUANNAS,  l.Jt-choo-^naz,  written 
also  BICHUANAS  and  BOSHUANAS,  tosh-oo-i'naz.  a  n.v 
tion  of  Southern  Africa,  inhabiting  the  couYitry  N.  of  lat. 
27°  S.,  and  between  Ion.  22°  and  28°  E.  They  are  said  to 
be  superior  to  the  Kaffresin  arts  and  civiIization,(^Li(;HTE\- 
8TEiy,)and  in  personal  appearance,  their  complexion  belnj; 
a  brighter  brown,  and  their  features  more  European.  They 
inhabit  large  towns;  their  hou.ses  are  well  constructed,  and 
remarkable  for  their  neatness;  they  cultivate  the  soil,  and 
store  their  grain  for  winter  consumption.  Their  chief  town 
is  I.attakoo. 

BECK'AMSVILLE,  a  postH)fflce  of  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BKCKANEER.    See  BiCK.^yEER. 

BECKBURV.  b^k'ber-e.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BKCK'KNHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BECKKNRIED,  blk'gn-reet\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Unterwalden,  6  miles  N,E.  of  Stanz,  with  a  port 
on  the  Lake  of  Four  Cantons.     l*op.  1500. 

BECK'ERMET,  ST.  BRIDGETS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cumberland. 

BECKERMET,  ST.  JOHN'S,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumln'rland. 

BKCK'EKSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BEClv'ET.  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  co.,  JIassaciiu- 
setts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  135  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  15T8. 

BECK'ETSVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  TalLiooosa  co., 
Alabama. 

BKCKETT'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Pickaway  co  ,  Ohio. 

BKCK'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BKCK'H.\M,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BKCKHAM.  WKST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BECK'INGHAM  WITH  SUTTON,  a  p.^rish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Notts. 

BECKINGIIAM  WITH  SUTTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln. 

BKCK1NGT0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer.set. 

BKCK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Bucks  and  Oxford. 

BECKLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BECKLEY,  bi^k'lee,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Raleigh 
county.  Western  Virginia,  about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Charleston, 
and  10  miles  W.  of  tlie  New  River.  The  county  has  a 
mountainous  surface,  and  is  but  thinly  inhabited,  being 
mostlv  overspread  with  forests. 

BECKSTEIN,  bjk'stine,  or  BOKSTETN,  (Bokstein.)  >ok'- 
stlne,  a  vill.age  of  Upper  Austria,  with  important  gold  and 
silver  mines  in  the  valley  of  Gastein. 
1^    BECKUM.  bJk'kWm,  a  town  of  Prussia,    Westphalia,  23 
miles  S.E.  of  MUnster.     Pop.  1800. 

BECLAEERE.  bA-kld'A-rfh,  a  town  and  commune  of 
Belgium,  province  of  West  Flandei-s,  6  miles  E.  of  Ypres, 
Pop.  2235. 

BEC,  LE,  leh  bSk, a  villageof  France,  department  of  Eure. 
In  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries  its  Benedictine  abbey 
gave  2  archbishops  to  the  see  of  Canterbury. 

BECSKEREK,KIS.kishbaitch>ki-r^k',or  LITTLE  BECS- 
KEREK,  a  town  of  Hungary,  banat  of  Beeskerek,  county 
of,  and  ten  miles  N.W.  of  Temesvar.  It  is  inhabited 
by  Germans  and  Wallachians.  •  The  former  have  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  the  latter  a  Greek  non-united  churdi. 

BECSKEREK,  NAGY,  nftdj  baitcli'kA-rJk'.  or  GREAT 
BECSIvEREI\.  a  town  of  Hungary,  banat  of  Beeskerek,  pro- 
vince of  Thither  Theiss,  county  of  Torontal,  capital  of  the 
district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  left  bank  of  Bega,  45  miles 
S.W.  of  Temesvar,  with  which  it  communicates  by  the  Bega 
Canal.  It  pos.sesses  important  privileges  as  a  market-town, 
is  the  seat  of  several  district  offices,  and  contains  a  Roman 
Catholic  (parish)  and  a  Greek  non-united  church.   P.  12,000. 

BECTIA'E.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath.    Here  are 
the  ruins  of  Bective  Abbey,  founded  .a.d.  1146. 
.     BECZKO,  (Beczk6,)  bJts'ko',  a  town  of  North  Hungary, 
CO.  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Trentschin.    Pop.  2200.    It  has  a 
ruined  castle. 

BEDAF.  b.Vddf,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North 
Brabant,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc. 

189 


BED 


BED 


BF.^DAIiE',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ensland,  county 
of  York.  N'orth  Riding,  32  miles  N.X.W.  of  York.  I'op.  in 
1851,  2832.  It  has  a  church  erected  in  the  time  of  Edward 
VI..  with  a  tower,  which  the  inhabitants  successfully  de- 
fended during  an  inroad  of  the  Scots;  and  a  grammar  school 
and  2  hospitals  for  aged  men.  The  country  around  is  richly 
cultivated,  and  its  breed  of  horses  is  in  high  repute. 

BEDAKIEU.Y.  b.iMdVe-lh',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilerault,  on  the  Orbe,  18  miles  N.  of  Beiiers.  Pop.  in 
1851,  9959.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  has  manufectures  of 
woollens,  paper,  silks,  hosiery,  and  hats. 

BEDAKRIDES,  hiVidR^Reed',  (anc.  Biturri'tce,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Vauclu.se,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Arignon, 
on  the  OuT^ze.    Pop.  in  1852.  2703. 

BEDDGELART  orBETIIGELERT,  blTH-ghJllgrt,  a  parish 
of  Xorth  Wales,  cos.  of  Carnarvon  and  Merionetli. 

BED'DIXGUi.M.  a  parish  of  EnirL-ind.  co.  of  Sussex. 

BED'DINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the 
Croydon  Railway,  12  miles  from  South  London.  The  Gothic 
church  contains  several  monuments  of  the  Cnrewe  family, 
at  whose  se-at,  in  this  parish.  Queen  Elizalieth  was  a  visitor. 

BEDTDIXGTON,  a  township  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Maine, 
about  38  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  144. 

BEDEEKARFEE  or  BEDIKARFI,  bed-e-kar'fee,  a  large 
and  populous  town  of  Central  Africa,  kingdom  of  Borneo.  110 
miles  ^V.  of  Kooka.  on  the  Yeou,  which  falls  into  Lake  Tchad, 
about  110  miles  to  the  X.E.    Lat  12°  45'  X. ;  Ion.  12°  47'  E. 

BKDEGOOXA.  BEDEGOUNA,  or  BEDE-GUXA,  b^dV 
goo'nd.  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  kingdom  of  Bornoo,  130 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kooka.  and  80  miles  S.S.W.of  Old  Birnie. 
Lat.  12°  17'  X..  Ion.  12°  SO*  E. 

BEDERKESA.  bi'der-ki'zl  a  village  of  Hanover,  with  a 
castle,  built  in  14'-10.  20  miles  W.  of  Stade. 

BED'FIELD,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BEIVFOXT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

BEU>'PORD,or  BEDFORDSHIRE, bed'fjrd-shir,  an  inland 
county  of  EngLind,  enclosed  by  the  counties  of  Xorthamp- 
ton.  Iluntingdon,  Cambridge,  Herts,  and  Bucks.  E.xtreme 
length,  36  miles:  breadth,  23  miles.  Area,  297,632  acres. 
Pop.  in  1851,  124.478.  Surf»c«  generally  level,  or  slightly 
undulating,  except  in  the  S.,  where  it  is  traversed  by  the 
Chilt^rn  Hills.  Principal  rivers,  the  Ouse,  IveL  and  Lea. 
Soil  varies  from  the  stifTest  clay  to  the  lightest  sand,  the 
former  producing  good  crops  of  wheat  and  beans,  the  latter, 
turnips  and  garden  produce,  which  last,  with  butter,  is 
raised  extensively  in  the  E.  for  the  London  market :  80.000 
acres  are  estimated  as  under  tillage,  and  lt58.000  acres  in 
pasture,  including  ma:iy  p,irks  and  commons.  Princip.il 
manufactures,  straw  plait  for  bonnets,  and  pillow-lace;  the 
latter  h:is  greatly  declined.  Chief  towns.  Bedford,  Big- 
gleswade, Leighton,  Buzzard,  Dunstable,  and  Luton.  The 
great  X\  road  intersects  the  county,  and  the  London  and 
Birminghaai  Railw.iy  p:isses  within  its  S.W.  border.  It 
returns  4  members  to  the  House  of  Commons;  2  for  the 
county,  and  2  for  the  Iwrough  of  Bedford. 

BED'FORD,  a  p,irliamentary  borough  and  market-town 
of  England,  capital  of  above  co.,  on  the  Ouse,  crossed  bj'  a 
bridge  of  5  arches,  45  miles  X.X.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1851.  11.693.  It  has  4  Gothic  parish  churches:  a  tamous 
gFamm.ar  school,  founded  in  1556,  with  8  exhibitions  of  80?. 
a  year  each,  to  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Dublin,  and  open  to 
the  children  of  all  resident  householders:  free  and  blue-coat 
schools,  a  hospital  for  a  master  and  10  poor  brethren, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Edward  II.,  and  58  alms-houses. 
AH  these  chai-ities,  with  80lW.  distributed  yearly  in  mar- 
riage portion-;,  and  500Z.  given  to  decayed  householders,  are 
supported  b/ a  bequest  of  Sir  W.  Harper,  Lord  Mayor  of( 
London  in  jotll,  the  income  from  which  is  now  about 
14.000i.  per  annum:  and  Bedford  has,  for  its  size,  more 
public  endowmeots  than  any  other  place  in  the  kingdom. 
The  public  building  are  the  county-hall,  jail,  house  of  cor- 
rection, lunatic  asylum,  infirmary,  and  penitentiary,  a 
public  library,  and  assembly  rooms.  The  town  h-as  a  manu- 
factory of  straw  plait;  but  its  principal  trade,  which  is 
carried  on  by  the  Ouse  with  Lj-nn  Regis,  is  in  corn,  malt, 
coals,  and  timber.  It  is  connected  by  a  branch  with  the 
London  and  Xorth-west«rn  Railroad.  It  h.as  returned  2 
members  to  the  IIou.se  of  Commons  since  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  and  is  the  princip.il  polling  place  for  the  county. 
Bedford  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Russell  family;  near 
It  are  the  remains  of  Caldwell  .and  Xewnh.am  priories. 

BED'FORD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lanc.vster.  near 
the  Bolton  and  Leigh  R.-iUroad.  7  miles  X.E.  of  Xewton-in- 
Makerfield.  Pop.  in  1851.  5384.  employed  in  cotton  Cictories. 
•BED'FORD.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Penn.sylvania, 
bordering  on  Maryland.  h.as  an  area  of  about  1000  square 
miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Raystown  branch  of  the  Juniata 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Dunning's,  Aughwick.  and 
Wills  creeks.  The  surface  is  very  mountainous,  being  tra- 
versed by  numerous  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  range,  the 
principjil  of  which  are  named  Warrior  Ridie,  Tussey's 
Mount.iin.  Dnnning's  Mountain,  and  Broad  Top  ilountain. 
Tho  iiuiin  .\lleghany  extends  along  the  W.  border  of  the 
ocunty.  Many  of  the  valleys  are  of  the  richest  limestone; 
ihe  slate,  shale,  and  saudstone  lands,  where  sufficiently 
190 


lerel,  are  susceptible  of  much  improvement :  but  one-half 
of  the  county  is  rocky  motintain.  unfit  for  cultivation. 
Iron  ore  is  abundant,  and  rich  mines  of  stone  coal  have 
been  opened  on  Broad  Top  mountain,  in  the  X.  part  of  the 
county.  The  streams  furnish  extensive  water-power.  A 
turnpike,  leading  from  Pittsburg  to  Philadelphia,  passes 
through  the  county.  Formed  in"^1771.  and  named  from  a 
county  in  England.     Capital.  Bedford.     Pop.  2t'.7nfi. 

BEDFORD,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Virginia, 
•has  an  area  of  504  square  miles.  The  James  Kiver  forms 
its  X.E.,  the  Staunton  its  S.W.  boundary,  and  Otter  Creek 
flows  through  the  middle.  The  county  has  an  elevated 
surface,  and  the  scenery  is  delightful,  the  N.W.  boundary 
passing  .along  the  summit  of  the  Blue  Ridse.  whi 'h  here 
attains  in  the  Peaks  of  Otter  the  height  of  4200  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  soil  is  highly  productive.  In  1850  there  were 
raised  294,852  bushels  of  oats,  the  greatest  quantity  p;o  iuced 
in  any  one  county  of  the  state,  except  Halifax.  James  River 
Can.il  pa.sses  along  the  Ixirder.  and  the  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Bedford  cf  .unty  ■ 
was  formed  from  Lunenburg  in  1763.  Capital.  Liberty 
Pop.  25.0ii8;  of  whom  14,^92  are  free,  and  10,176  slaves. 

BEDFORD,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  of  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Duck 
River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  fertile,  :;nd  ex- 
tensively cultiTttted.  The  county  is  intersected  by  a  turn- 
pike leading  to  Nn.shville,  and  by  the  Xashville  and  Chat- 
tanooga Kailroad,  lately  opened.  The  streams  finiii<h  a 
considerable  water-power.  Capital,  Shelbyviile.  Pop.  21.584; 
of  whom  14,840  were  free,  and  6744  slaves. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hampshire,  about  20  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Concord,  "Aatered 
by  the  Merrimack  and  Piscataquog  Rivers.     Pop.  11T2. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co..  Ma.*<achu- 
setts.  on  the  E.  bank  of  Concord  River,  and  drained  by  the 
Shawshine.  which  affords  water-power,  14  mUes  X.  AV.'froia 
Boston.  The  manufiicttire  of  paper,  hair-cloth,  aid  silk 
fringe  has  been  recently  introduced  here,  and  is  success- 
fully prosecuted.  In  the  centre  is  a  beautiful  and  flourish- 
ing village,  containing  2  Congregational  churches,  a  high 
school,  town-hall  for  civil  and  literary  purposes,  and  4 
stores.  The  manufacture  of  children's  shoes  to  any  consi- 
derable extent  in  this  part  of  the  state,  was  ftr.st  comnienced 
here,  and  is  carried  on  to  great  advantage.  About  IJ  miles 
X.  from  this  village  are  3  mineral  springs  with  sr.aciouB 
buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors.  P.  in  18'<1.  84S. 

BEDFORD,  a  Tillage  and  railroad  station  of  Klnir's  co., 
Xew  York,  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  5  mHes  S.E  fron 
Xew  York. 

BEDFORD,  a  village  in  Saranac  township,  Clinton  co, 
'X'ew  York,  on  the  Saranac  River,  about  140  milec  X.  from 
Albany.    It  contains  1  glass  manufactory.    Pop.  about  300. 

BP'DFORD.  a  post-village  and  semi-capital  of  Westchester 
CO..  Xew  York.  125  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Albany.  It  cou- 
tains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  several  stores  and  2  or 
3  churches. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-township  of  Bedford  co..  Pennsylvania, 
drained  by  Dunning's  Creek,  contains  the  boruugl;  of  its 
own  name.    Pop.  2105. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Bedford  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Raystown  branch  of  the  .Juniata.  104  niiliss 
W.S.W.  from  Harrisburg.  It  is  beautifully  situated  oa 
elevated  ground,  and  enclosed  on  two  sides  with  high 
ridges,  one  of  which  rises  about  1200  feet  aliove  the  valley. 
The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  brick  and  stone.  About  a 
mile  from  the  town  are  the  Bedford  Springs,  which  are 
much  resorted  to  by  invalids  and  others  in  summer.  They 
contain  carbonic  acid,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of 
lime,  and  muriate  of  soda.    Pop.  about  1200. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Trimble  co..  Ken- 
tucky, about  40  miles  X.W.  from  Frankfort,  and  6  miles 
from  the  Ohio  River,  contains  the  usu.il  public  buildings, 
3  churches,  and  about  300  Inhaliitants. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Cuyahoga  cc., 
Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  14  milea 
S.E.  from  Cleveland.     Pop.  1098. 

BEDFORD,  a  township  in  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1273. 

BEDFORD,  a  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1462. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-township  in  Calhoun  co.,  Idicliigan. 
Pop.  1210. 

BEDFORD,  a  township  in  Monroe  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1239. 

BEDFORD,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  LaArence 
CO..  Indiana,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  high  ground.  •'!  miles 
from  the  E  fork  of  White  River,  and  75  miles  S.S.W.  from 
Indi.anapolis.  It  contains  a  fine  court-house,  4  churches,  1 
higli-scliool.  1  academy,  1  newspaper  office,  2  banks,  Ac.  It 
is  connected  by  a  niilroad  with  Xew  .Albany  im  the  South, 
and  with  Indianapolis  and  Cliic.igo  on  the  north. 

BEDFOKD.villageintheS.partof  Henderson  CO.,  Illinois. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co..  Mis-sonri. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village,  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  >Iissig- 
quoi,  on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  L.a\vrence  Railroad,  about  45 
miles  S.E.  from  Montreal.  It  has  1  or  2  axe  factories,  a 
foundry,  aud  several  mills. 

BED'FORD  ISLAND,  iu  the  South  Pacific,  lat.  21=  S'  30", 


BED 

S.,  Ion.  136°  38'  W.,  Is  low  and  wooded,  and  apparently  a 
coral  reef,  enclosing  a  lagoon. 

BEiyKORD  LKV'KL,  a  district  of  England,  including  the 
Isle  of  Kly,  in  the  county  of  Cambridge,  Petersborough  Fen, 
Northamptonshire:  the  parts  of  Holland  in  Lincolnshire; 
about  .11  >.000  acres  in  Huntingdonshire;  63.000  in  Norfolk, 
and  30,0:)0  in  Suffolk,  comi)rising  the  greater  portion  of  the 
"  Fens."  a  marsliy  flat,  iutersecte.d  by  the  Nene,  Cam,  Ouse, 
and  Welland  rivers.  The  Ilomans  formed  an  immense  em- 
bankment here,  which  excluded  the  tide,  and  rendered  the 
district  for  a  time  very  fertile,  until  the  sluices  became 
choked,  and  the  level  was  graduiilly  conT»rt«d  into  one 
vast  morass,  increased  by  inundations  of  the  sea  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  Various  attempts  were  made  to  drain 
it  in  the  reigns  of  II«nry  Vl.  and  Charles  I.,  and  it  was 
finally  reclaimed  Iw  the  1-^rl  of  Bedford  in  the  .seventeenth 
century.  Under  Charles  II.  its  management  was  intrusted 
to  a  corporation  which  still  exists.  This  tract  produces  fine 
crops  of  grain,  fl,tx,  and  cole-seed;  and  vast  numbers  of 
.wild  ducks  are  caught  here  by  decoys. 

BEDKOKD  STATION,  a  postofflce  of  Westchester  CO., 
New  York. 

BEDIIAMT'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

Bl<yi)I.  a  post-office  of  Grimes  co.,  Texas. 

BKDIKAKFI.    See  Bf.dkekaefek 

BKD'lN'iiFIKLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BKI)'IX<iUAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BKDIZZ'lI.li,  bA-dit'so-l.i  a  vilUge  of  Lombardy,  9  miles 
S.E.  of  linsi'ia,  near  the  Chiesa.     Pop. 2i)(X). 

BKD.I.V,  bi'j'J,  a  district  of  Nubia,  lying  along  the  W.  coast 
of  the  lied  Sea.  and  extending  N.  from  Suakin  to  Cape 
Camol.  between  lat.  1'.)°  and  22°  30'  N.  It  is  chiefly  inha- 
bited by  the  Bi.sharye,  a  tribe  of  Bedouins. 

BKDLeS.     See  BlTLls. 

BlID'IilNOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

BKD'MTNSTKK.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on 
the  Extter  Uailway,  IJ  miles  S.W.  of  Bristol,  of  whiuh  its 
village  firms  a  suburb. 

BKD'MINSTEll,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1996. 

BEDMIXSTER.  a  post-township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  3-5  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia,  drained  by  Tohiekon 
Creek.     I'op.  'J'J;W. 

BEDNOllE,  bed'nor',  a  town  of  Southern  India.  Mysore 
dominions,  capital  of  the  district.  150  miles  N.W.  of  Seringa- 
patain.  It  was  a  city  of  wealth  and  consefiuenee  when 
taken  by  Ilyder  Ali  in  1763,  but  has  since  declined. 

BEDOMA,  bi-do'ue-i,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  8  miles 
Vk'.  of  Borgo  Taro,  at  tlie  foot  of  Monte  Selpi.  It  is  toler- 
ably well  built,  and  has  a  church,  medical  college,  and 
eleiiientury  schools.     I'op.  5-'>78. 

BfioaCIN.  b.Vdw4N»',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vauduse,  arrondis.sement  of  Carpentras.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  pottery -ware,  and  silk  spinning.  Pop.  of  commune 
in  1S52,  2574. 

BEDOUIN  or  BEDUIN,  bfd'oo-in.  written  also  BEDA- 
VTKKX  and  BEDAWHI^CBedawi,)  '-inhabitants  of  the  de- 
sert," a  race  which,  suppo.sed  to  be  derived  from  Ishmael,  the 
son  of  Hagar.  had  its  original  seat  in.  and  forms  the  great  bulk 
of  tlie  population  of.  .\rabia.  It  is  not.  however,  confined 
to  that  covmtry,  but  has  spread  in  all  directions,  particu- 
larly to  the  E.  and  W. 

BKDOUNE.     See  Petooxe. 

BKD;)US,  behMoo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Basses-Pyrenees,  12  miles  S.  of  Oleron.  Pop.  12"<9.  It  has 
a  custom-house,  and  is  the  last  post-house  in  France  on  the 
route  to  Spain. 

BEDItETTO.  bA-dr?yto.  a  vill.age  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Ticino,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Alrolo.  in  the  valley  of  the 
same  name,  which  forms  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  of  Le- 
vantine. 

BKD'RULE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

B  KD'STi  )N  K.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BEDUM,  bA'drnii.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gro- 
ningen.  11  miles  W.  liy  S.  of  Appingedam.    Pop.  800. 

BEDWAI'iDINE,  be'd'war-diue,  aparish  of  England,  co. 
of  AVorcfstcr. 

BED'WAS.  a  parish  partly  in  England,  co.  of  Monmouth, 
and  partly  in  South  W.ales.  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

BKD'W'ELTY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

BED'WIN,  GRE.\T.  a  town  and  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of 
Wilts,  on  the  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Ilun- 
gerford.  It  was  formerly  a  place  of  Importance,  and  sent  2 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons,  until  disfranchised  by 
the  Reform  Act.  Chisbury  Ciistle,  a  Saxon  stronghold,  is  1 
mile  N.E. 

BEDWIN,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hun- 
gerford. 

BED'WORTII.  a  pansh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick 

BEE  BRANCH,  a  post-ofiice  of  Pettis  co..  MissourL 

BEE'BT,  a  parish  of  Engl;vnd,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BEECH  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  .\rkan8a8. 

OEECII  BLUFb".  a  post-office  of  Madison  eo..  Tennessee. 

BEECH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  Pennsylvania. 

BEECH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Arkansas. 


BEE 

BEE'CHER'S  ISLAND,  a  small  village  of  Tioga  co.,  Venn 
gylvania. 

BEECH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Kentucky 

BEECH  GROV  E,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co..  Arkaniias. 

BEECH  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  CO.,  Tennessee. 

BEECH  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Rush  co.,  Indian.a,  alwut 
36  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

BEECH  HAVEN. a post-oliiceofLuzerne CO., Pennsylvania. 

BEECH'INGSTOKK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BEECH  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BEECH  LAND,  a  postoffice  of  Washington  co..  Kentucky. 

BEECH  L.\XD,  a  post-office  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

BEECH  LEVfIL,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Arkansas. 

BEECH  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Giljson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BEECH  WOOD,  a  post-office  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wiscoiisiiu 

BEECH  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvauiu 

BEE'CHY  MINE,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Indiana,  near 
the  Ohio  line. 

BEE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe  co..  Tennessee. 

BEE  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri,  35 
miles  N.W.  of  Independence. 

BEI-yDER,  written  also  BIDER.  one  of  the  old  provinces 
of  India,  between  lat.  16°  and  20°  N.,  and  Ion.  76°  and  80° 
E.,  now  wholly  included  in  the  Nizam's  dominions.  It  is 
intersected  and  partliUly  bounded  south-eastward  by  the 
river  Godavery. 

BEE'DER,  a  fortified  city  of  India,  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict. 75  miles  N.AV.  of  Hyderabad.  It  was  formerly  fiimoua 
for  its  tuteiiag  mixed  metal  wares. 

BEE'DING,  or  SEAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BEE'DON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

BEiyFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Ea.st  Riding. 

BEE'GAH.  a  small  Sikh  station  of  North-western  India, 
under  British  protection.  Pop.  3000.  Annual  revenue, 
about  400/.;  armed  force,  estimated  at  200  men. 

BEE  HIVE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  CO.,  Missouri,  40 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Independence. 

BEEK,  baik.  a  village  of  Netherlands,  province  of  Lim- 
burg,  6i  miles  N.E.  of'  M.aestricht.  Pop.  2-;ti8,  employed  in 
tanning,  and  trading  in  leather  and  timber.  Beek  is  the 
name  of  several  villages  in  Belgian  Limbourg. 

BEEKM.AlN,  a  post-township  of  Dutchess  co..  New  Y'ork, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Poughkeepsie,  is  drained  by  Fishkill  Creek. 
Pop.  KiTl. 

BEEKMAN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co..  New 
.Jersey. 

BEEKM  ANTOWN  or  BEEKMAN,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Clinton  co.,  New  York,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake 
Champlaiu,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Pliittsburg.  Pop.  of  township, 
2977. 

BEELER'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BEELSTIY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BEE'M.\H.  bet-'md.  a  river  of  Southern  India.  ri.ses40  miles 
N.  of  Poonah.  flows  S.E..  and  joins  the  Kistnah  15  miles 
S.W.  of  Mutkul;  length,  400  miles.  Chief  affluent,  the 
Seena. 

BEE'MERA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co..  New  .Ter- 
sey,  about  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Newton,  has  2  churches,  and 
several  stores  and  mills. 

BEEMSTER,  baim'ster.  the  most  populous  of  the  polders, 
or  drained  grounds  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North 
Holland,  13  miles  N.  of  Amsterdam.  It  has  .an  area  of  SUOO 
morgen  or  acres,  with  a  neat  village,  and  2971  inhabitants, 
who  rear  numerous  sheep  and  cattle. 

BEEN'HAM-VAiyENC  E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Berks. 

BEER,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  But. 

BEER-AL'STON,  a  town  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  near 
the  Tam.ar,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Plymouth.  It  owed  its  former 
importance  to  some  lead-mines  in  the  vicinity  ;  and.  before 
the  passing  of  the  Reform  Act,  it  sent  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

BEERAN.\n,  beeT-3n'3h,  a  village  of  North-western  Hin- 
dostan,  in  the  province  of  Ajmeer,  PO  miles  N.W.  of  IlansL 

BEERBHOOM  or  BIRBHOOM,  beer*b'hoom',(Sanscrit  I'lra- 
bhumi,  "  the  land  of  heroes.")  a  district  of  Iliodostaii.  at  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  the  province  of  Bengal,  between  lat.  23 
25'  and  24°  25'  N.,  and  Ion.  86°  20'  and  88°  20'  E. 

BEER  CREEK  of  Jay  co..  Indiana,  flows  into  the  W.abash 

BEERCROCOMBE,  beer-kro'kjm,  a  parish  of  England,  cc 
of  Somerset. 

BEEREN,  GROSS,  groce  b.Vren,  a  vilUge  of  Priis.si.i,  11 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Potsdam,  well  known  as  the  scene  of  a  great 
victory  g.ained  by  the  Prussians  over  the  French  on  the  22d 
and  23d  of  Auirust.  1813.    Pop.  242. 

BEERFELDEN,  balR/fJl-tien,  a  village  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, on  the  Mlmling,  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mannheim.  Pop. 
2000.  who  manufacture  woollens. 

BEER-FERmiS,or  FEKItERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co 
of  Devon. 

BEER-HACK'ET,a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BEE  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co..  Missouri. 

BEER.T(X)N.     See  Bhirj.4N. 

BEERNEM,  baiB/nem,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 

191 


BEE 


BEI 


West  Flanders.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Bmges.  It  has  trade  in 
tiuen  and  cattle,  and  also  possesses  corn, oil,  and  malt  mills. 
Pop.  3440. 

BEEROO,  or  BEROO,  beeVoo',  a  kingdom  of  West  Africa. 
N.  of  Bambarra. 

BEEK-KE'GIS.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
ol  IJorSft,  7  tnile.s  N.W.  of  Wareham.  The  ancient  church 
contains  several  monuments  of  the  Turbervilles. 

BEKKSE,  bain'seh.  or  BEERZE,  baiR/zeh,  a  river  of  Hol- 
land, province  of  North  Brabant,  an  affluent  of  the  Dommel. 
Into  which  it  falls  near  Boxtel. 

BEEKSIIEBA,  be-er'she-ba.  (anc.  Bir-es-Seba.)  a  ruined 
border  town  of  Palestine.  40  "miles  S.S.W.  of  Jerusalem.  It 
was  a  favorite  station  of  the  patriarch  Abraham,  and  the  S. 
limit  of  the  Promised  I^ind,  while  Dan  formed  the  N.  fron- 
tier. Here  are  still  two  deep  wells  of  pure  water,  built  up 
with  masonry,  very  ancient,  and  the  scattered  ruins  of  a 
former  town. 

BEEP.S/VILLE.  a  village  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
West  fork  of  White  River. 

BEERTA.  baiR'ti,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  and 
24  miies  E.  by  S.  of  Groniugen.    Pop.  1600. 

BEE^'BY.  a  parish  of  Ent'land.    See  Uawerbt. 

BEESBY-IN-TUli-lIARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

BEESKOW,  bi'skov.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 17  f  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Spree.  Pop.  4150,  eugaired  in  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  linen  fabrics,  and  in  kilns  and  breweries. 

BEESLEY'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Cape  May  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

BEEST,  liaist,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gelder- 
land.  29  niik-s  W.S.W.  of  Arnhem,  on  the  Linge.  Pop.  1000, 
chiefly  airricultural. 

BEE8/ro.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BEH.VXON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  3^  miles  S.W. 
of  Xotti!igham,  with  a  station  on  the  North  Midland  Railway. 

BEES'i'ON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West 
Riding. 

BEESTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BEESTON,  ST.  ANDREW,  a  p,arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BEESn:ON,  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BEE.S'TON  RjyGIS.  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Norfolk. 

BEETGUM.  bait/gQm.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Friesland.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Leeuwarden.    Pop.  800. 

BEET'H  \.M.  or  BETHOLME,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Westmoreland. 

BEET'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BEETOWX,  a  post-villaire  and  township  of  (irant  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien.     Pop.  14S1. 

BEtyTREE,  a  post-office  of  Kershaw  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

BEETSTERZWAAG.  bait/stfr-zwig'.  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  Friesland.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Heerenveen.  Pop.  700. 

BEFORT.  b.VfoR/.  a  town  of  France.     See  Belfort. 

BEG.  LOUGH.  Idn  beg,  a  small  lake  of  Ireland,  co.  of  An- 
trim, separated  from  Lough  Neaghby  a  neck  of  land.  It  is 
about  4  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  Ij  broad. 

BEG  \.  Iji'gOh.  a  river  of  Eastern  Hungary,  joins  the  Theiss 
21  miles  E.  of  Peterwardein,  and  forms  part  of  the  Bega  Ca- 
nal, which  extends  St)  miles  from  Facset  to  Bec.<!kerek. 

BEG.\RD,  beh-gaR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C8tes-du-Nord,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Guingamp.  Pop.  in  1S52, 
4053. 

BEGBROOKE,  bJgn)ra«k,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxtbrd. 

BEGELLT,  beg-ethlee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

BEGEMDER,  b&i^hjm'der,  a  province  of  Abyssinia,  E.  of 
Dembeii.  about  200  miles  in  length,  and  50  or  60  in  breadth. 

BEGHARMI,  ba-gar'mee,  or  BAGHERMEH.  ba-gheWmJh. 
a  country  of  Central  -\fi-ica,  in  Soodan,  S.E.  of  Lake  Tchad, 
situated,  with  its  capital  town  Mesna,  near  lat.  12°  N.,  Ion. 
19°  E. 

BEGHRAM,  b&V3m',  a  plain,  and  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  city  of  Afghanistan.  35  miles  N.N.E.  of  CabooL 
Coins,  rings,  and  other  relics  have  been  discovered  here; 
but  the  site  has  not  yet  been  identified. 

BEGKOS.  bjg'kns\  BEIKOS  or  BEICOS.  bi'kos.  a  Large 
Tillage  in  Asia  .\Iinor,  Anatolia,  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name 
in  the  Bosphorus,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Scutari.  In  ancient 
Qreek  mythology,  this  locality  was  famed  as  the  scene  of 
^ontest  between  Pollu."i  and  Amycus. 

BEGLES.  bai'g'l,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  the 
Qlronde,  2  miles  .S.  of  Bordeaux,  on  the  Garonne.  Pop.  of 
th?  commune,  (1852,)  2S44. 

BEG'LEYS.  a  post-offlce  of  Perry  co..  Kentucky. 

BEGSHEHER.  bJs-shfn'hfr.  BEG-SHEHR.  b^g-sh^HV.  or 
BEY.SUEHER,  bi-shiH/hfr.  a  lake  and  river  of  Asia  Minor, 
Karamanl.a.  The  lake,  (proliably  the  ancient  Coralis  or 
Karajeli.)  44  miles  S.W.  of  Koujeh,  is  about  20  miles  long, 
from  5  to  10  miles  broad,  and  confciins  many  islands,  ft 
discharges  itself  into  the  Soglah  Lake,  25  miles  S£-  by  the 
192 


Beg-sheher  Biver ;  the  towns  of  Beg-sheher  and  Kerell,  (or 
Karajeli.  anc.  OrjraUa  f)  are  on  its  E.  shore. 

BEG-SHEHER.  bJg-sh^H'her  or  shaili'her.  BET-SHE- 
HER  or  BEI-SHEHER,  bA-sliJn'her.  a  town  of  Turkey  in 
Asia,  pashalic  of  Karamani.i.  3S  miles  S.W.  of  KoniehJ  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Beg-sheher,  which  is  here  crossed  by 
a  stone  bridge  of  seven  arches. 

BEGUILDRl',  beg-wil'dree,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  en 
of  Radnor. 

BEHAR.    See  Bahab. 

BEHItEHAN  or  BABAHAN,  bA-b.A-han'.  a  walled  town 
of  Persia,  province  of  Ears,  in  a  fertile  plain.  130  miles  W. 
N.W.  of  Sheeraz.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  enclosed  by  an  earthen 
wall,  and  has  a  citadel. 

BEHLE,  bA'leh.  a  village  of  Pruseia,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Czarnikow.    Pop.  1750. 

BEHNARD,  bA'naK/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Malne-fctrLoire.  (.Vnjou.)  on  the  Loire,  about  9  miles  from 
Angers.     Pop.  2712. 

BEHNESEH.  beh'nJs'eh.  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Bahi^ 
Y'oosef  (Joseph's  Canal.)  4S  miles  S.S.W.  of  BenisooC  It 
has  ruins  of  ancient  Oxi/ri/nclius.  celebrated  for  its  vast 
number  of  monasteries,  established  in  the  fourth  century. 

BEH()BI.\.  b.-l'ho'be-i',  a  hamlet  of  France,  department 
of  the  Basses-Pyrenees,  with  a  custom-house  in  the  pass  of 
the  Pyrenees,  on  the  route  to  Spain. 

BEilKING.  (ix^ring.  Dan.pron.KVring.)  BAY',  or  .\DMI- 
R.4LTY  B.4\'.  an  inlet  of  the  Paciiic  Ocean.  Russi.m  America, 
lat.  59°  30'  N„  with  Port  Muk-rave  on  the  S..  Ion.  140°  W. 

BEIIRIXG  SEA.  is  that  part  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean 
between  the  Aleutian  Islands,  in  lat.  55°,  and  Bchi-ing 
Strait  in  66°  N..  by  which  latter  it  communicates  with  the 
Arctic  Ocean.  It  has  on  its  W.  side  Kamtehatka  and  the 
Tchooktchee  country  with  the  Gulf  of  Anadeer.  and  on  its 
E..  Russian  America,  with  Norton  Sound  and  Bristol  Bay. 
It  contains  several  large  islands,  and  receives  the  Anadeer 
River.     Foes  are  almost  perpetual  in  this  sea. 

BEHRING'S  ISLAND,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Behring's 
Sea.  the  most  western  of  the  Aleutian  chain,  lat.  (W.  point) 
55°  17'  N.,  Ion.  165°  46'E.  Named  from  the  celebrated  navi- 
gator Behring.  who  died  on  the  island.  Dec.  8.  1741.  his 
vessel  having  been  wrecked  here  on  the  3d  of  the  previous 
month. 

BEHRING  STR.UT,  the  channel  whi.-h  separates  Asia 
and  America  at  their  nearest  approach  to  each  other,  and 
connects  the  .\rctic  with  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Between  East 
Cape.  (Asia.)  lat.  66°  6'  N..  Ion.  169°  3S'  W..  and  Cape  Prince 
of  AVales,  (America.)  lat.  65°  46'  N..  Ion.  ICRO  15'  E.:  t  is  S6 
miles  across.  Its  depth  in  the  middle  varies  from  29  to 
30  fathoms.  Shores  rocky,  bare,  and  greatly  indented.  It 
was  discovered  by  Aitus  Behring  in  1728,  and  first  explored 
by  Cook  in  1788. 

BEI-BAZAK.  b.^-ba-zar'.  or  BEG-BAZAAR.  bfg-b.^-zar', 
a  town  of  Asia  Minor.  Anatolia,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Sangarius.  62  miles  W.  of  Angora.  It  is  neatly  built,  has 
several  autiiiuities,  and  a  trade  in  sheep,  goats'  wool,  and 
pears. 

BEICOS  or  BEIKOS.    fee  Begkos. 

BEIERTHEIM,  bj'ert-hime\  a  village  of  Riden.  circle  of 
the  Middle  Rhine.  Pop.  660.  Mineral  springs  much  fre- 
quented. 

BEIGIITON,  bi'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BEIGHTON  or  BEYTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

BEIGHTON  or  BOYTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norf.  Ik. 

BEIJERLAND,  bryer-l3nt,  or  OLD  BKIJERLAND,  a 
village  of  Holland,  province  of  South  Holland.  7  miles  S.S. 
W.  of  Rotterdam.  It  has  two  harbours,  frequented  by  nu- 
merous vessels  during  the  flax  season.  Pop.  3000,  chiefly 
agricultural. 

BEILA.  BETT.AH,  BELAH.     See  Beia. 

BEILAN.  b-^-l^n'.  a  town  and  pass  of  .«yri.a,  at  its  north- 
ern extremity,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  l>ulf  of  Iskanderoon. 
The  pass,  between  the  mountains  Rhossus  and  Amanns.  is 
considered  identical  with  the  Amanian  Gatm  of  antiquity, 
it  being  the  only  route  commonly  )M-acticabli>  from  Cilic'ia 
into  .*yria.  The  town,  near  the  crest  of  the  pass,  li.-is  about 
5000  inhabitants,  stone  houses,  and  numerous  aqueducts. 
Here  the  Egvptian  troops  totallv  defeated  the  Turks  in  1832. 

BEILEN  "or  BEYLEN,  bi'leii.  a  village  of  Hollind>  pro- 
vince of  Drenthe.  10  miles  S.S.'W.  of  .4s.sen.     Pop.  5<)0. 

BEILNGRIES.  birn's.T^>es\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Alt- 
mUhl.  18  miles  N.  of  Ingolstadt.     Pop.  1104. 

BEILSTEIN.  brie'stine.  a  .small  town  of  WUrtemberg, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Ileilbronn.     Pop.  1200. 

BEIL.STEIX,  a  villaire  of  Rhenish  Pru>si3.  22  miles  S.W. 
of  Coblenfz.  on  the  Mo.selle.    Pop.  300. 

BEINE,  bin.  or  b^n,  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of 
the  Marne,  8  miles  E.  of  Reims.   Pop.  of  the  commune,  lOoS 

BEIRA  or  BEYRA,  We-rL  a  province  of  Portugal 
between  lat.  39°  30'  and  41°  30' N..  and  Ion.  6°  40'  and 
9°  50'  W..  having  N.  the  provinces  of  Minho  and  Traiw*- 
Monies;  S..  Estremadura  and  .\lemtejo:  E..  Spain,  and  W., 
the  Atlantic.    Area,  6S93  square  miles.    Population  in  1850, 


BEI 

631,416.  Surface  mountainous,  traversed  by  the  Serra  Ks- 
trella;  soil  not  fertile.  Chief  rivers,  the  Douro,  forminj; 
tee  N.  boundary,  and  the  Tagus,  on  the  S.  frontier;  the 
Agueda  on  the  N.E.,  and  the  Moudefro  in  the  centre.  I'ro 
ducts,  wine,  wheat,  barley,  maize,  olives,  and  fruits.  On  the 
mountains  many  sheep  are  pa.stured.  and  celebrated  cheese 
is  made :  marble,  iron,  and  coal  are  wrought ;  the  manufac- 
tures are  uiiim))ortant.  Chief  towns,  Coimbra,Ovar,Aveiro, 
Viseu,  and  Lame^o.  In  1S35,  the  province  was  divided 
Into  Upper  Beira,  capital  "N'iseu,  and  Lower  Beira,  capital 
Castello  Branca  The  heir  apparent  to  the  Portuguese  throne 
has  the  title  of  the  Prince  of  Beira. 

BEIRUT,  BKIKOUT  or  BEIROOT.    See  Bethoot. 

BEl.SAM,  bi-sln',  (anc.  BHhshan  and  Sci/thnpolis.)  a  village 
of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  on  rising  ground,  near 
the  Jordan,  55  miles  N.N.E.  .Jerusalem.  It  consists  of  60  or 
70  houses,  with  considerable  remains  of  the  ancient  city, 
comprising  traces  of  walls  on  an  acropolis,  a  Roman  bridge, 
fragments  of  houses  and  columns,  a  theatre,  and  excavated 
tombs. 

BEISIIETIR.     See  BF.G-snEiiF,R. 

BEITAVEND,  b.Vtd-vi^nd'.  a  vilLige  of  Persia,  in  Irak-.\je- 
mee  about  15  miles  N.E.  of  Shooster. 

BKIT-EL-EAKIH.  b,'ltV.l-fd'k6ii\  ("house  of  a  saint.")  a 
maritime  town  of  Arabi.i,  Yemen,  on  the  Red  Sea,  100  miles 
S.W.  of  Sana.  Pop.  about  HOiX).  It  is  a  large,  open  town, 
with  a  strong  citadel,  a  mosque,  and  houses  of  brick  and 
clay,  roiifed  with  date-leaves.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  Yemen 
trade  in  cjfTee;  this  article,  wax,  gums,  and  coin,  are  ex- 
changed to  caravans  which  come  hither  from  all  parts  of 
Arabia,  Persia,  Syria,  and  Egypt,  for  Indian  and  British 
piece  goods,  spices,  and  sugar.  Its  principal  merchants  are 
Hindoos.  At  the  tomb  of  a  sheikh,  near  the  town,  a  festival 
of  throe  days  is  held  annually,  and  to  this  meeting  its 
commercial  importance  is  due. 

BEIT-EL-MA,  bifel-md',  a  village  of  Syria,  pashalic  of 
Aleppo,  on  the  Oronfes,  .about  5  mill's  S.W.  of  Antioch, 
supposed  to  occupy  a  portion  of  the  site  of  anc.  Daphnp.  It 
has  some  classic  remains,  and  the  ruins  of  an  early  Chris- 
tian church. 

BEITII,  beeth,  a  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ayr 
and  Renfrew. 

BEIT.STAD,  bIfstJd.  a  town  of  Norway,  55  miles  N.E. 
of  Trondhjem.  on  Beitetad-fiord.     Pop.  2700. 

BK.JA,  b:l/zh3,  (anc.  l\ix  JuHia,)  a  fortified  town  of  Portu- 
gal, in  the  province  of  Alemtejo,  on  a  hill,  36  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Evora.  Pop.  55O0.  Its  walls  are  flanked  by  40  towers, 
and  it  has  a  castle,  cathedral,  hospital,  and  Latin  school, 
with  tanneries,  and  a  manufacture  of  earthen-wares. 

BEJA,  bA'zhd.  a  villagoof  Brazil,  on  the  Rio  Para,  35  miles 
S.W.  of  Para. 

BEJA,  a  town  of  Africa.  60  miles  W.  of  Tunis. 

BEJ.V(iHUR,  he'jd-gur',  (anc.  Vijiyalnirf)  a  large  and 
strong  hill  fort  of  India,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Indore. 

BE.IAPOOR,  be'ja-poor',  (formerly  written  VISIAPOUR.) 
an  old  province  of  Southern  India,  between  lat.  15°  and  18° 
N.,  and  Ion.  73°  and  78°  E..  intersected  by  the  Krishna  or  Kist- 
nah  River,  and  bounded  southward  by  its  tributary  the 
Toombuddra.  It  is  now  subdivided  among  the  dominions 
of  Sattara  and  the  Nizam,  the  British  districts  of  Concan, 
Poonah,  and  Darwar,  (Bombay  presidency,)  and  the  Portu- 
guese territory  of  Goa. 

BEJAPOOR,  (anc.  Vljaj/apura,)  "the  impregnable  city," 
capital  of  the  above  province,  126  miles  S.E.  of  Sattara,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Kistnah.  In  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries  it  was  the  capit.al  of  a  flourishing  Hindoo 
sovereignty,  and  it  has  a  magnificent  external  show  of 
domes  and  minarets,  though  its  dwellings  are  mostly  mud 
huts.  Principal  edifii:es  in  the  outer  city,  the  mosque  and 
mausoleum  of  Ibrahim  .\dil  Shah,  a  noble  structure,  worthy 
of  comparison  with  the  most  famous  Mogul  buildings  of 
Northern  India,  numerous  other  mosques  and  tombs,  a 
ruineil  palace,  and  a  bazaar;  in  the  inner  city,  the  mauso- 
leum of  .Mahmoud  Shah,  the  great  mosque,  military  trea- 
sury, and  a  low  temple  in  the  earliest  style  of  Hindoo  archi- 
tecture, and  popularly  supposed  to  have  been  raised  by  the 
Pandoos,  a  mythological  race.  There  are  here  some  guns  of 
enormous  size — one  of  brass  cast  in  1549,  and  capable,  it  is 
said,  of  carrying  an  iron  ball  weighing  2646  pounds.  All 
these  edifices  are  of  solid  materials ;  many  present  the  most 
Bxquisite  workmanship ;  and  for  5  miles  W.  of  the  fort,  the 
whole  area  enclosed  by  the  outer  walls  is  covered  with 
tombs,  and  remains  similar  to  those  around  Delhi.  B'rom 
the  great  extent  of  its  ruins,  it  would  seem  to  have  been  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  India,  while  the  splendor  of  these  ruins 
has  procured  for  it  the  name  of  the  Palmyra  of  the  Deccan. 

BEJAPOOR.  a  town  of  the  Guicowar's  dominions,  40  miles 
N,  by  E.  of  Ahmedabad,  lat.  23°  37'  N.,  Ion.  72°  46'  E. 

BEJAR,  bi-Haa',  a  town  of  Spain,  45  miles  S.  of  Sala- 
tianeii.  in  a  valley  of  the  Sierra  de  Bejar.  Pop.  4664.  It  has 
cloth  manufjictories,  and  a  trade  in  hams. 

BEJAR.  a  town  of  Texas.     See  Bex.\r. 

BEJAWER.     See  Bij.iw.\e. 

BEJKR,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Vejeii. 

BJiJETSK,  bi-zhStsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
N 


BEL 

67  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tver,  near  the  Mologa.  Pop.  3200.  0 
has  a  large  annual  fair  f  )r  corn,  iron,  silk,  and  other  goodi 

BEJlGHUli,  bet-'je-gar'.  a  town  of  British  India,  province  ol 
.\gra,  within  the  Mahratta  territory,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Agra 

BEJIS  or  REGIS,  bd-Hee.s',  a  town  of  Spain,  3!l  miles  AV.  ol 
Castellon-de-la-Plana.     Pop.  3155,  engaged  in  linen  weaving 

BEJOUR.     SeeBiJAWAK. 

BEJUCAL.  bil-iioo-kdl'.  a  town  of  the  Spanish  West  Indies, 
island  of  Cuba.  15  miles  S.  of  Havana.     Pop.  2,500. 

BKKES,  b.Vk^sh',  or  BEKESVAR.  b.Vkfsh'v^R',  a  town 
of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  White  and  BlackKBriJs,  57  miles  S.W.  of 
Debreczin.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1840,  18,850;  county,  153.018. 
It  was  formerly  fi)rtified,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
cattle,  corn,  and  honey. 

BELA,  BELAH,  BEI  LA,  or  BEYLAH,  bA/ld,  a  town  of 
Beloochistan,  capital  of  the  province  of  Loos,  (or  Lus.)  near 
the  Poorally  River,  and  120  miles  S.  of  Khozdar,  Pop.  from 
4'M50  to  ntXMX  It  consists  of  about  800  hou.ses,  built  of  mud. 
The  fortified  p.ilace  of  thejVnn,  or  chief  of  the  province,  and 
a  mosque,  arc  its  only  substantial  buildings. 

BEL.'i.,  a  town  of"  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
district,  and  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cawiipoor. 

BEL.\,  b;l'lf»h\  a  town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Kesmark.      Pop.  3400. 

BELA  BANYA.    See  DIll.n. 

BELABUE,  beh'Idbr'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Indre,  7  miles  S,E.  of  Blanc,  on  the  Anglin.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune in  lS.i2,  2346.  In  the  old  castle  of  Belavre  was 
strangled  the  Sieur  de  Flavi,  whose  cowardly  order  to  shut 
the  gates  of  Compiegne  led  to  the  capture  of  Joan  d'Arc. 

1U;LAD-EL-D.)ERYD.      .SeeHKLED-EI.-.(EREKD. 

BELAIA,  hkWi.  or  BIELAJA,  by.i-lii'ya,  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, which  rises  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  government  of  Oren- 
boorg,  and  after  proceeiling  for  about  1(K>  miles  S,E.,  suddenly 
turns  almost  due  N.  for  another  100  miles  ;  then  turns  N.E., 
and  ultimately  joins  the  Kama  on  its  left  bank.  Its  whole 
course  is  al)OUt  550  miles.   Of  these,  240  miles  are  navigable. 

BEI.,.\1.\,  b,A-li'd.  (i.e.  '•white,'")  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Okhotsk,  and,  flowing  W.,  joins  the 
Aldan. 

BEL.\IR.  a  flourishing  village  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont, 
on  Barton  River,  the  outlet  of  Barton  lake,  and  on  the  I'as- 
sumpsic  River  Railroad,  40  miles  N.  b}'  E.  of  Montpelier. 
It  has  3  churches.  3  hotels,  6  or  7  stores,  and  300  inhabitants. 
Barton  River  affords  motive-power  li>r  several  mills. 

BEL  AIR.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harford  co.,  .Maryland, 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Bnltimore.  and  tiO  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Anapo- 
lis.  It  has  recently  been  improved  by  the  paving  of  the 
streets  and  the  making  of  a  turnpike  to  Baltimore.  The 
Village  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  1  or  2  churches 
and  an  academy. 

BEL.\IR,  a  post-village  in  Lancaster  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, 90  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbia. 

BEL.\IR.  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Georgia  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

BEL  AIR,  a  small  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Illinois. 

REPAIR/  or  BELL  AIR.  a  post-village  of  Crawford  CO., 
Illinois,  123  miles  S.E.  from  Springfield. 

BELALCAZAR,  bi-Ml-kd/thdR,  a  town  of  Spain,  43  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  3380.     Manufactures  woollens. 

BELASPOOR,  b!lni,'!-poor'.  a  town  of  North  Hindostan, 
capital  of  the  rajah.ship  of  Cahlore,  on  the  Sutloj,  185 
miles  N.W.  of  Delhi.  It  is  regularly  built  and  roughly 
paved,  and  in  1810  was  said  to  comprise  3000  houses. 

BELASPOOR,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, 110  miles  E.N.E.  of  Delhi. 

BKL.4UGH.  Iiee'law,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BELAUN,  be-lawn',  or  BELAAVAN,  be-law'an,  a  small 
island,  Sooloo  .\rchipelago.  about  35  miles  S.  of  the  island 
of  Basilan.  lat.  (E.  point)  6°  N.,  Ion.  122°  8'  E. 

BELBEYS  or  BELBEIS,  WPb.Ase',  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt, 
on  the  E.  arm  of  the  Nile,  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cairo.  Pop. 
5000.  It  is  enclose*!  by  earthen  ramparts,  has  numerous  mos- 
ques, and  is  a  station  on  the  route  from  Esrypt  to  Syria. 

BELBROUGHTON,  bel-braw't9n,  a  parish  of  England,  CO. 
of  Worcester. 

BELCASTRO,  b^l-kds/tro,  a,  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  II..  14  miles  N.E.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  1(X)0. 

BELC  ELE,  bM-sA/leh.  a  villaie  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders.  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2856. 

BEL'CHALWELL,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Dorset. 

BELCH  AMP-OT'TEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BELCH  AM  P.  ST.  PAULS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Essex. 

BELCHAMP  AVALTER'S,  a  parish  of  England;  co.  of  Essex. 

BEL'CHER,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  New  Y'ork. 

BEiyCHER  ISLANDS,  twosmall  groups  in  Hudson  Bay. 
Lat.  56°  N.,  Ion.  80°  AA'. 

BEL'CHERTOAYN,  a  post-township  of  Ilamp.^hire  CO., 
5Iassaehusetts.  70  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  carriages,  sash,  and  blinds,  and  also  an 
establishment  for  making  forks.     Pop.  2709. 

BELCH'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BELCHITE,  b^l-chee'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  22  miles  S.S.B. 
of  Saragossa.   Here,  June  18, 1809,  the  French,  under  Suchel, 

193 


BEL 


BEL 


defeat>J  the  Spaniard?  under  General  Blake.  Pop.  2655. 
Ihf  town  has  woollen  manufactures. 

BEI/DKN,  a  poslH)ffice  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  76  miles 
N.W  ofChica.-'o 

BKLKD-EWKREED,  BEL-ED-ELtTERID,  BET>AD-EL- 
DJERYD.  BELED-ELvTEREDE.  bJl'ed-el-jer-eed',  and  writ- 
ton  also,  BILED-UL-GERID.  b^l'ed-601-jer-eed'.  (i.e.  "coun- 
try of  dates,')  a  vast  repion  of  Africa,  extending  S.  of  Mount 
Atlas,  E.  of  Slorocco  and  S.  of  Algeria,  to  Tunis  and  Tripoli  on 
the  E.  It  13  generally  arid,  and  covered  with  sterile  plains 
of  sand  and  rocks,  but  contains  several  oases  fertile  in  diites, 
and'is  inhabited  by  nomadic  triV>es. 

BELEM.  bi-lSx"',  a  town  of  Portugal,  2  miles  S.  of  Lisbon, 
on  the  right  bank  and  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus.  Lat. 
of  the  castle,  3S°  40'  N.,  Ion.  9°  14'  W.  Pop.  of  the  town, 
6000.  It  has  a  fortress,  with  a  remarkable  tower,  a  hospi- 
tal, high  school,  and  convent,  in  which  several  monarchs 
are  buried,  a  custom-house,  quarantine  establishment,  and 
large  iron  foundry.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1807, 
and  by  the  troops  of  Don  Pedro  in  1833. 

BELEM,  bilSx"',  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia. 

BELEM,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Kio  Grande. 

BELE  JI,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Parahiba, 

BELEM.  a  citv  of  Brazil.    See  Para. 

BELfiXYES.  bA'l5n'ylsh\  atown  of  Ilungarv,  co.  of  Bihar, 
on  the  Koriis,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gross-Wardein.  Pop.  3250. 
It  has  marble  quarries  and  mines  of  iron,  &c. 

BELESTA.  beh-lSs^td/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ariege,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Foix,  with  iron  foundiies  and 
marble-works.     Pop.  of  commune  in  1852,  2700. 

BELFAST,  Uppee  and  Lower,  two  baronies  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Antrim. 

BELFAST,  bJl-f  !lst/,  a  seaport  town  and  parliamentary 
borough  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim,  88  miles  X,X,E.  of  Dub- 
lin; lat.  64°  36'  24"  N.,  Ion.  5°  56'  12"  W.  It  is  mostly  on 
low  ground,  on  the  I^gan,  near  its  embouchure  in  Belfest 
Bay.  The  river,  which  is  here  about  250  yards  wide,  is 
crossed  by  an  elegant  stone  bridge  of  five  arches,  each  of  50 
feet  span.  Two  other  bridges,  of  less  pretension,  cross  the 
stream.  The  town,  owing  to  its  extremely  low  position,  has, 
from  a  distance,  nothing  imposing  in  its  appe.arance ;  but, 
on  a  nearer  approach,  is  found  to  improve  considerably. 
The  houses,  mostly  of  brick,  are  well  built,  and  many  of 
them  handsome;  the  streets  are  regular,  spacious,  and 
cleanly,  well  macadamized  and  lighted,  and  the  whole  gene- 
ral aspect  of  the  place  eminently  calculated  to  make  the 
most  fevorable  impressions,  not  a  little  strengthened  by  the 
cheerful  stir  and  activity  which  prevails  in  the  mercantile 
quarters,  and  which,  associated  with  an  enterprising  spirit, 
have  obtained  for  Belfast  the  reputation  of  being  the  first 
town  in  Ireland  in  commercial  prosperity,  and  second  to 
Dublin  only  as  a  port.  The  places  of  wonship  are  numerous, 
consisting  of  8  Established  churches,  21  Presbyterian,  1  In- 
dependent, 8  Methodist.  1  Society  of  Friends,  and  4  Roman 
Catholic.     Some  of  the.se  are  handsome  structures. 

At  the  head  of  the  educational  institutions  is  the  Queen's 
College,  a  magnificent  structure  of  brick  and  stone,  built  at 
an  expense  of  upwards  of  25.000?.,  and  opened  for  the  recep- 
tion of  students  in  November,  1849.  'The  collegi.ate  body 
consists  of  the  president,  vice-president,  and  20  professors ; 
and,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  institution,  "iOOOl.  a  year  is 
allowed  from  the  consolidated  fund.  The  other  educational 
establishments  are,  the  Royal  Academical  Institution,  foun- 
ded in  1810  by  voluntary  subscription,  an  annu.al  parlia- 
mentary grant  of  about  1900J,  a  year,  which  it  rewived 
latterly,  is  now  discontinued;  the  Belfast  Academy,  the 
Lancasterian  School,  numerous  national  schools,  and  private 
seminaries.  The  charitable  and  benevolent  institutions 
eomprise  the  poorhouse,  with  medical  and  surgical  hospitals 
attached:  the  lying-in  hospital,  the  fever  hospital,  the  dis- 
trict lunatic  asylum,  the  deaf,  and  dumb,  and  blind  asylum, 
anew  and  elegant  edifice;  the  Ul.«ter  female  penitent j.ary, 
and  the  union  workhouse.  The  other  public  buildings  are, 
the  commercial  buildings,  erected  on  a  capital  of  20,000?., 
containing  a  spacious  public  news-room,  hotel,  offices,  and 
aissembly-room ;  the  white  and  brown  linen-halls,  the  thea- 
tre, the  music  hall,  tlie  new  house  of  correction.  The 
literary  and  scientific  instillations  comprise  a  natural  his- 
tory society,  a  royal  botanical  and  horticultural  society,  a 
society  foi  the  promotion  of  knowledge,  Ulster  Teachers' 
AssociatioTi  Belfast  Music  Class,  rhetorical  society,  and  Bel- 
last  Mechanics'  Institute. 

Miimifucli,  re.i  ami  Trade — Belfast  is  the  great  depot  of  the 
linfen  trade  of  the  North  of  Ireland,  as  well  as  the  chief  seat 
of  the  manufactories  of  both  linen  and  cotton.  In  1841, 
there  were,  in  the  town  and  its  Immedlite  vicinity,  25 
steam  mills  for  spinning  linen  yarn ;  there  are  now  (1850) 
upwards  of:!0.  employing  many  thousand  persons — one.alone 
affording  constant  work  to  1200  people,  the  annual  amount 
of  whose  wages  is  about  20,000?.  The  number  of  spindles 
now  at  work  in  Belfiist  and  the  neighborhood,  is  between 
3(W,000  and  4<10,000.  The  other  branches  of  industry  in 
the  town  or  its  vicinity  are,  2  distilleries,  12  breweries, 
several  large  fiour  and  corn  mills,  4  large,  and  several 
,;iBaUer  foundries,  geTeralianyards,.2  vitriol- works,  a  patent 
194 


felt  manufactory,  saw  mills,  &c.;  4  extensive  ship-yards,  and 
yards  for  manufacturing  ropes  and  .sailcloth.  The  com- 
merce of  Belfost  is  very  considerable,  and  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing. The  most  important  branch  is  across  the  Irish  Chan- 
nel. In  1853.  5711  ves.sels  (tons.  76S.500)  entered  the  port.; 
being  an  increase  of  2341  vessels  (tons,  405.467)  since  1843. 
The  registered  shipping  of  the  port  increased  from  359 
vessels  (tons,  49.402)  in  1843,  to  493  vessels  (tons,  83,128)  iu 
1853.  Twenty-five  steamers  ply  regularly  between  Belfast 
and  London,  Liverpool,  Fleetwood,  Carlisle,  fl'liitehaven, 
Glasgow,  Greenock,  Stranraer,  Andrcssan,  and  Dublin. 
The  chief  articles  of  export  are  cotton  and  linen  manufac- 
tureji,  corn  meal,  ftour,  provisions,  flax,  tow,  and  horses. 
Previous  to  the  potato  failure.  Belfast  had  also  a  very  large 
provision  trade;  and,  since  the  partial  restoration  of  that 
crop,  it  has  begun  to  revive. 

Belfast  Lough  is  13i  miles  in  length,  and  8  in  breadth  at 
the  entrance,  gradually  narrowing  as  it  approaches  the 
town.  Prior  to  1S39,  large  vessels  had  to  lie  in  the  pool  or 
basin  of  Garmoyle,  4  miles  from  the  town ;  but.  in  1840,  a 
new  channel  was  formed,  having  9  feet  of  water  at  low  tide, 
so  that  vessels  drawing  16  feet  water  can  now  come  up  in 
neap  tides,  and  those  drawing  18  feet  in  spi  ing  tides.  A  light- 
house and  pilotjStation  have  been  established  .at  Garmoyle. 

Belfast  is  govferned  by  10  aldermen,  one  of  whom  is  mayor, 
and  30  councillors,  and  returns  2  members  to  Parliament. 
The  country  around  is  extremely  beautiful.  The  lough 
itself  is  a  fine  object;  and  the  hills  which  bound  it  and 
partly  encircle  tie  town,  are  being  gradually  brought 
under  cultivation,  while  their  slopes  are  thickly  studded 
with  the  villas  and  countrj-  houses  of  the  merchants.  Bel- 
last  is  comparatively  a  modern  town,  dating  from  about  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  when  it  was  erected 
into  a  municip.al  and  parliamentary  borough.  In  1704,  one 
of  the  first  editions  of  the  Bible  printed  in  Ireland  wa« 
printed  here ;  and  in  1777  the  cotton  trade  was  introduced, 
from  which  its  chief  prosperity,  it  is  considered,  has  arisen. 
Three  railways  diverge  from  Belfast ;  N.W.  the  Ballymena 
and  Carrickfergtis  Railway,  N.E.  the  County  Down,  and 
S.W.  the  Ulster  Railw.iv,  in  connection  with  a  line  to  Dub- 
lin. Pop.  in  1841,75,308";  in  1861,  119,242.  , 

BELFAST',  a  seaport,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Waldo  CO,,  Maine,  at  the  head  of  Penobscot  Bay.  It  is 
30  miles  from  the  ocejin,  30  miles  S.  of  Bangor,  109  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Portland,  and  125  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Eastport.  On 
the  opposite  side  of  the  bay,  9  miles  distant,  is  Castine,  It 
is  irregularly  built,  but  has  a:  pleasant  situation  on  the  side 
of  a  hill.  The  Paasaggassas-^awakeag  River,  a  small  stream, 
passes  nearly  through  its  centre,  dividing  it  into  two  parts. 
It  is  extensively  engaged  in  foreign  commerce,  iu  the  coast 
trade,  and  in  the  fisheries.  The  harbor,  which  is  rarely 
obstructed  with  ice,  is  spacious,  well  protected,  and  of 
suflicient  depth  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  During 
the  winter  season,  it  is  the  centre  of  a  large  portion  of 
the  trade  of  the  Penobscot  valley,  the  river  above  being 
frozen.  Lumber  and  fish  are  the  principal  exports.  Ship- 
building is  extensively  carried  on.  Thirty  vessels,  (7  of 
them  ships.)  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  5803  ton.s,  were 
admeasured  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1S.54.  The 
shipping  of  the  district  at  this  date  amounted  to  17,504 
tons  registered,  and  38,395  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  In 
the  year  ending  June  30,  1863,  8  ships  and  barqxic-s.  1  brig, 
and  4  schooners  were  built  here.  Tonnage.  5234.  A  cou>-t- 
iiouse  has  recently  been  built  in  the  place.  Belfast  also 
contains  a  number  of  churches,  a  bank,  2  newspaper  offices, 
and  an  iron  foundry.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1S30,  3077 ; 
iu  1840,  4186;  in  1830,  6051. 

BELF.\S T,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  Co.,  Kew  York, 
about  60  miles  S  E.  of  Buffalo,  is  intersected  by  the  Genesee 
River  and  Canal.     Pop.  1827. 

BELFAST,  a  township,  Fulton  co..  Pennsylvania  Pop.  822. 

BELF.\ST,  a  post-otfiee  of  Northampton  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

BELFAST,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Tennessee. 

BELFAST,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

BELFAST,  a  village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  72  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Columbus. 

BELF.\ST,  a  village  of  Lee  co.,  Towa,  on  the  Des  Moines 
River.  18  miles  W.S.W.  from  Fort  Madison. 

BEL'FORD,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Engbnd.  cos. 
of  Northumlx>rland  and  Durham,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ber- 
wick. Pop.  (1852)  1857.  The  town  is  finely  situated,  within  2 
miles  of  the  sea.  on  the  Newcastle  and  Berwick  Kailwtvy,  and 
has  a  large  corn-market. 

BEI/FORD,  a  small  post-village,  Nash  co..  North  Carolina. 

BELFOBT,  bM'foB/,  or  BEFORT;  b.VfoR',  a  fortified  town 
of  France,  department  of  llaut^Khin.  on  the  Savnureuse, 
38  miles  S.S.W.  of  Colmar.  Pop.  in  1S52,  7847.  Its  citadel 
was  constructed  by  Yauban,  and  it  has  .a  fine  church,  col- 
lege, and  public  library  of  20,000  volumes,  with  iron  foun- 
dries and  wire  factories. 

BELG.E.  InM'jee,  the  name  given  by  Ca>sar  to  the  inh.abit- 
ants  of  one  of  the  three  divisions  of  ancient  Gaul.  Their 
territory  extended  from  the  Rhine  to  the  Seine,  cm-prising, 
in  addition  to  the  modern  Belgium,  part  of  IloUand  and  a 
large  portion  of  North  Western  France. 


BEL 


BEL 


BELGARD.  ■h?l'ftaTtt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Pomerania,  16 
miles  S.W.  of  Coslin,  capital  of  the  circle,  on  the  Persante. 
Pop.  33-30.  It  is  the  neat  of  a  forest  board,  and  has  an  old 
castle,  and  manufactiire.s  of  woollen  stuffs. 

BKLGAUM,  bM-j>;awm',a  fortified  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  41  miles  N.W.  of  Darwar.  on  a  hijrh 
and  healthy  site.  Pop.  7C50.  Its  works  are  strong;  and  it 
held  out  vigorously  against  the  British,  until  captured  in 
1818.  It  is  now  the  head-quarters  of  the  southern  division 
of  the  Bomtiay  army. 

BKIiOKM'iEK.  hjrzhftN"He-A'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Var,  ahout  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toulon.    Pop.  1320. 

BKLO  KRN,  hfl'srhern,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the 
left  hank  of  the  Elbe,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Torgau.  I'op.  3010. 
It  has  potteries  and  breweries. 

BKliUKWOSO,  bJljo-yo'so,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  in 
liOmbardy,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pavia.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  well 
built,  and  has  a  noble  castle  of  the  princes  of  Belgiojoso.  in 
whii'h  Francis  I.  spent  the  night  after  his  defeat  at  Pavia, 
February  24,  1525. 

BKJ.(J"IKATE,  bJl-je-ri'ti,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  with  a 
small  harbor,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lago  Maggiore.     Pop.  740. 

BKUJIUM.  I^^l'je-hm,  (Fr.  La  Belgii'iw,  \l  b^rzheek';* 
Oer.  Si-lrjie.n.  bJl'gheen-,  anciently  a  part  of  GaVlia  BfVgica.)  a 
kinirdoni  in  the  W.  of  Central  Europe,  between  lat.  49°  .30' 
and  51°  -'a'  N..  and  Ion.  2°  35'  and  6°  7'  E. ;  bounded  X.  l)y  TI(  .1- 
land,  N.W.  by  the  North  .*ea  or  German  Ocean.  W.  and  8.  liy 
France,  and  E.  by  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, and  Dutch  Limburg.  Greatest  length,  fi'om  N.W.  to 
S.E.,  165  miles;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  120  miles; 
area,  aboiit  11.400  Sfiuare  miles.  For  administrative  pur- 
poses, it  is  divided  into  9  provinces — Antwerp,  South  Bra- 
bant. East  Flanders,  West  Flanders,  Ilainaut,  Liege,  Lim- 
bourg, Luxembourg,  and  Namur.  These  provinces  do  not 
differ  much  in  area,  and  are  so  arranged  .as  to  form  a  com- 
pact and  commodious  division  of  the  kingdom  ;  South  Bra- 
bant, which,  from  containing  Brussels,  the  cnpit.il,  may  be 
considered  the  metropolitan  province,  occupying  the  centre, 
while  the  others  cluster  round,  and.  with  the  exception  of 
the  extreme  provinces  of  Luxembours  and  West  Flanders, 
actually  touch  it.    Pop.  in  1862, 4,836,566. 

Pliyxical  Features. — A  general  idea  of  the  surface  of  the 
country  may  be  obtained  by  regarding  it  as  an  inclined 
plane,  somewhat  rugged,  and  consider.ibly  elevated  in  the 
S.E.,  from  which  it  slopes,  more  or  less  gradually,  N.  and 
W.,  till  it  sinks  into  low  plains,  only  a  few  feet  aliove  the 
level  of  the  sea.  The  elevated  districts  are  formed  by  rami- 
fications of  the  Ardennes,  which,  entering  Belgium  from 
France,  stretch  along  the  S.  of  Namur,  occupy  the  greater 
part  of  Luxembourg,  and  attain  their  culminating  point  in 
th.j  S.E.  of  Liege,  at  Stavelot,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Spa, 
where  the  height  exceeds  2000  feet.  The  rocks  appear  to 
rest  on  primary  formations;  but  those  which  reach  the 
surface  generally  consist  of  slate,  old  red  .sandstone,  and 
mountain  limestone.  Proceeding  N.W..  in  the  direction  of 
the  dip.  these  rocks  take  a  cover,  and  the  ccal  formation  be- 
comes fully  developed.  This  coalfield  is  a  continuation  of 
that  of  the  N.  of  France,  and  stretches  through  Belgium  in 
a  N.E.  direction,  occupying  the  greater  part  of  the  province 
of  Ilainaut  and  a  considerable  part  of  that  of  Liege,  and 
skirting  the  provinces  of  Namur  and  Luxembourg.  It  con- 
tains numerous  workable  seams,  both  of  coal  and  iron.  N. 
and  W.,  beyond  the  limits  of  this  coalfield,  a  more  recent 
formation  is  found,  covered  by  deep  Ix-ds  of  clay  and  sand, 
the  former  prevailing  more  in  the  interior,  and  the  latter 
near  the  coast,  where  it  has  been  drifted  into  hillocks  or 
downs,  and  forms  the  only  barrier  against  the  encroiich- 
ments  of  the  se-a.  Some  of  the  clay  in  this  district  is  fit  tor 
the  manufacture  of  tine  pottery;  hut  the  greater  part  of  it 
is  suitable  only  for  coarse  ware,  or  for  bricks.  In  accord- 
ance with  the  general  slope  of  the  surface  already  mentioned, 
the  main  stre.ams  of  Belgium  have  a  N.  direction  ;  and  the 
wliole  country  lies  within  the  basin  of  the  German  Ocean. 
In  the  S.E.,  where  the  surface  is  elevated  .and  broken,  nu- 
merous torrents  descend  with  rapidity ;  and,  becoming  con- 
fined within  rocky,  precipitous,  and  richly  wooded  banks, 
often  furnish,  if  not  the  grandest,  the  most  picturesque  and 
enchanting  of  landscapes.  On  reaching  the  lower  country 
their  speed  is  slackened,  .and  their  augmented  volume  moves 
along  in  a  slow,  winding  course.  Only  two  of  them — the 
Jleuse  and  the  Scheldt — have  a  magnitude  which  entitles 
them  to  the  name  of  rivers;  but  so  important  are  these  two 
in  themselves,  and  so  numerous  their  atiluents,  that  no 
courtry  in  Europe  is  better  supplied  with  water  communi- 
cation. The  climate  of  Belgium  bears  a  considerable  resem- 
bliince  to  that  of  the  same  latitudes  in  England.  Though 
subject  to  svidden  change,  it  is.  on  the  whole,  temperate  and 
agreeable.  The  only  parts  of  the  country  which  can  be  cou- 
siaered  unhealthy  are  the  low  flats  which  prevail  in  Flan- 
ders, and  the  polders  or  rich  alluvi.al  tracts  which  have  been 


*  It  may  be  proper  to  observe  that  French  is  spoken  by  the 
educated  Belgians  generally.  The  l.ingnage  of  the  lower  classes 
8,  for  the  most  part,  either  Flemish,  or  a  Corrupt  dialect  of  the 
French. 


pained  from  the  rivers  by  embankment,  chiefly  in  Antwerp. 
There  agues,  and  other  diseases  engendered  by  a  humid  and 
sluggish  atmosphere,  are  prevalent. 

Woods  and  fhrestii. — Nearly  one-fifth  of  the  whole  surface 
of  the  kingdom  is  occupied  by  wood.  Tlie  distriliution  of  it, 
however,  is  by  no  means  equal;  .and  hence,  while  tjie  two 
Flanders  and  Antwerp  fall  much  below  the  average  amount, 
Luxembourg  and  Namur  rise  far  ahove  it,  and  are  very 
densely  wooded.  These  woods  are  the  remains  of  the  ni,- 
cient  forest  of  Ardennes,  which  C;csar  describes  as  stretch- 
ing far  out  into  France  from  the  banks  of  the  Rhine.  South 
Brabant  also  possesses  several  fine  forests;  among  others, 
that  of  Soignies,  with  which  the  field  of  Waterloo  has  made 
us  familiar.  In  the  other  provinces,  scarcely  any  thing  de- 
serving the  name  of  forest  is  seen.  Wood  is  distributed 
over  them  in  occiisional  patches,  and  more  frequently  in  the 
form  of  hedgerow.  The  timber  thus  grown  forms  a  well- 
known  feature  in  the  rich  rural  landscapes  which  the  old 
B'lemish  masters  loved  to  paint. 

Agriculture. — The  greater  part  of  the  country  is  well 
adapted  for  agricultural  operations,  and  the  inhabitants 
have  so  h.appily  availed  themselves  of  their  natural  ad\an- 
tages,  that  they  early  began,  and  in  some  respects  still  de- 
serve to  be  regarded  as  the  model  farmers  of  Eurojje.  In 
the  highlands  traversed  by  the  Ardennes,  the  climate  is 
ungenial,  .and  the  soil  so  shallow  and  stony,  as  almost  to 
forbid  the  lalxir  of  the  plough.  Hero  the  occupants  display 
their  skill,  in  turning  the  natural  pastures  of  the  district 
to  the  best  account.  These  produce  a  hardy  breed  of  horses, 
which,  being  admirably  adapted  for  light  cavalry,  are  largely 
exported  tn  France  for  th  t  purpose,  while  vast  herds  of 
swine  are  fed,  almost  at  no  expense,  on  the  mast  of  the 
forests.  At  the  same  time,  no  part  of  the  surface  is  allowed 
to  lie  waste.  Where  arable  land  occurs,  it  is  carefully  ap- 
plied to  its  proper  use.  Even  the  vine  has  not  Ijeen  for- 
gotten, and  sunny  slopes  on  which  little  else  could  have 
l)een  grown,  have  been  made  to  yield  a  tolerable  wine.  In 
the  opposite  extremity  of  Belgium,  chiefly  in  the  province 
of  Antwerp,  and  partly  in  that  of  Limbourg,  occurs  a  va.st 
expanse  of  mo(^rland  waste,  known  by  the  nameof  Campine, 
of  the  most  dreary  ajipearance,  a  dead  monotonous  Hat, 
composed  for  the  most  part  of  bai-ren  sand,  in  which  the 
ordinary  heaths  and  lidieiis  will  scarcely  grow.  The  greater 
part  of  this  tnict  si-ems  destined  to  remain  for  ever  in  its 
natural  state;  but  whenever  a  patch  of  more  promising  ap- 
pearance occurs,  the  hand  of  iudusti-y  has  been  at  work, 
and  cornfields  and  green  pastures  have  become  not  unfre- 
quent  even  in  the  Campine.  Agricultural  colonies  have 
been  planted  in  different  parts  of  the  district,  and  by  their 
exertions  a  wondrous  improvement  has  been  made;  and  on 
parts  of  this  waste,  some  of  the  finest  cattle  of  the  countiy 
are  reared,  and  much  dairy  produce  of  excellent  quality  is 
olitained.  With  the  e.xception  of  the  two  districts  now  de- 
scribed, there  is  no  part  of  Belgium  in  which  agricultxire 
does  not  flourish;  but  the  husbandry  which  has  Ix'en  so 
much  lauded,  is  seen  in  its  greatest  perfection  in  the  two 
Flanders.  Its  excellence  is  owing  not  to  any  superior  know- 
ledge of  what  may  be  called  the  theory  of  .agriculture,  nor  to 
any  remarkable  ingenuity  in  the  invention  of  implements, 
but  chiefly  to  an  innate  spirit  of  economy  and  industry — an 
economy  which  carefully  approprjat*'S  every  gain,  however 
small,  and  an  industry  which  grudges  no  labor,  however  gre.at, 
provided  it  is  possible,  by  the  application  of  it,  to  obtain  au 
additional  amount  of  valu,able  produce.  In  fact,  the  Flemish 
hustandry  partakes  more  of  the  nature  of  garden  than  of 
field  culture.  In  many  of  its  operations  horse  labour  is 
employed.  The  plough  and  the  harrow  are  in  frequent  re- 
quisition; hut  the  implement  on  which  the  greatest  de- 
pendence is  placed,  is  the  earliest  and  simplest  of  all — the 
spade.  The  following  table  of  the  provinces  of  Belgium  ex- 
hibits their  area,  extent  under  cultivation,  and  population, 
January  1,  1849; — 


Paov..,c.,. 

Arcft  in  ao. 

Cultivated. 

Wood 

Waste. 

Population. 

Antwerp 

699.778 

394.792 

80.601 

186.618 

413,R'4 

Krahi\i)t  (S.)... 

810,938 

671,504 

10(i,175 

3,117 

711,332 

Kl:»u.1eis,  (W.) 

79f<,916 

669,219 

72.S56 

11,379 

626,b47 

Klandf's  (E.).. 

740.47-i 

621,701 

74,438 

2,781 

781,143 

Hain.aiit 

919.346 

723,997 

150,201 

9.043 

723.539 

l.io-,. 

7U.B18 

51S..5,35 

1.34,121 

33.612 

460,663 

Limburg 

596.048 

381, 1»3 

88,163 

123.908 

185.6.-1 

Luxembourg... 

1,W  1,009 

371.6:16 

343,577 

343,256 

187,978 

•"■'i'""' 

904,465 

447,8-6 

310,086 

119,407 

268,143 

7,275,612 

4,800,393 

1,360,218 

813,116 

4,359,0;(0 

It  thus  appears  th.at  about  two-thirds  of  the  whole  kingdom 
is  under  cultivation,  and  nearly  eight-ninths  profit.atly  oc- 
cupied, leaving  only  about  one-ninth  waste.  In  the  more 
favoured  provincas,  pai-ticularly  those  of  .South  Br.ihant, 
the  two  Flanders,  and  Ilainaut.  the  quantity  of  waste  is  so 
very  small,  that  the  whole  surface  may  be  regarded  as  one 
vast  garden.  It  is  an  error,  however,  to  assert,  as  is  usually 
done,  that  Belgium  raises  more  corn  than  it  consumes.  For 
several  years  the  import  has  considerably  exceeded  the  ex- 

19.5 


BEL 


BEL 


j>i>rt.  In  1S44,  the  import  of  wheat  for  home  consumption 
auiouuted  to  above  60.U00  quarters.  One  of  the  most  pro- 
fitable crops  raised  in  Belj^um  is  flax.  The  value  of  this 
crop  in  Flanders  alone  is  estimated  at  one  million  and  a 
h;Uf  sterling  annually.  Considerable  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  rearing  of  stock,  and  the  breeds  both  of  cattle 
and  horses  are  of  a  superior  description.  Throughout  the 
kingdom,  the  estimated  number  of  horses  is  250,000;  of 
cattle,  900,000;  and  of  sheep,  753,000. 

Mines. — The  mineral  riches  of  Belgium  are  great,  and, 
after  agriculture,  form  the  most  important  of  her  national 
interests.  They  are  almost  entirely  conlined  to  the  four 
provinces  of  llainaut,  Liege,  Namur,  and  Luxembourg,  and 
consist  of  lead,  manganese,  calamine  or  zinc,  iron,  and  coal. 
The  lead  is  wrought  to  some  extent  at  Vedrin,  in  Liege ; 
but  the  quantity  obtained  forms  only  a  small  part  of  the 
actual  consumption.  Manganese,  well  known  for  its  im- 
portant bleaching  properties,  is  obtained  both  in  Liege  and 
Jvamur.  The  principal  field  of  calamine  is  at  Liege.  All 
these  minerals,  however,  are  insignificant  compared  with 
the  iron  and  coal.  The  former  has  its  seat  in  the  country 
between  the  Sambre  and  the  Jleuse.  and  also  in  the  province 
of  Liege.  At  present,  the  largest  quantity  of  ore  is  raised 
in  that  of  Namur.  The  coalfield  already  described  has  au 
area  of  iibove  500  sqiiare  miles.  The  annual  product  exceeds 
3,000,000  tons,  and  of  these  nearly  two-thirds  are  obtained 
in  the  province  of  llainaut.  It  forms  the  largest  and  most 
valuable  of  all  the  Belgian  exports.  More  than  a  half  of  the 
whole  cotil  raised  is  taken  by  France.  Besides  minerals,  pro- 
perly so  called,  Belgivun  is  abundantly  supplied  with  build- 
ing and  paving  stone,  limestone,  roofing  slate,  and  marble. 
Of  the  last,  the  black  marble  of  Dinant  is  the  most  celebrated. 

Manufacturer. — The  industrial  products  of  Belgium  are 
very  numerous,  and  the  superiority  of  many  of  them  to 
those  of  most  other  countries,  is  confessed.  The  fine  linens 
of  Flanders,  and  lace  of  South  Brabant,  are  of  world-wide 
reputation.  Scarcely  less  celebi-ated  are  the  cai-pets  and  por- 
celain of  Tournay,  the  cloth  of  Verviers,  the  carriages  of 
Brussels,  the  cutlery  of  Namur,  the  extensive  foundries, 
machine-works,  and  other  iron  establishments  of  Liege. 
The  cotton  manufacture,  confined  chiefly  to  Flanders  and 
the  province  of  Antwerp,  engrosses  a  capital  of  2,500,000^., 
and  gives  employment  to  more  than  12,000  persons. 

Trade  and  Commerce. — The  geographical  position,  the  ad- 
mirable facilities  of  transport>  and  the  indefatigable  industry 
of  the  inhabitants,  early  combined  to  place  Belgium  at  the 
very  head  of  the  trading  countries  of  Europe.  The  gradual 
rise  of  competitors  still  more  highly  favored,  has  deprived 
her  of  this  pre-eminence;  but  her  trade  is  still  of  great  im- 
portance, and  within  recent  years  has  made  a  rapid  advance. 
Her  coal  and  iron,  and  the  numerous  products  of  her  manu- 
factures, furnish  in  themselves  the  materials  of  extensive 
traffic;  while  the  possession  of  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
the  world,  situated  on  a  magnificent  river,  which  directly, 
or  by  canals,  stretches  its  arms  into  every  part  of  the  king- 
dom, and  now  made  accessible  by  a  system  of  railways  with 
every  kingdom  of  Central  Europe,  promises  to  make  it  the 
seat  of  a  transit  trade  even  more  important  than  that  which 
it  monopolized  during  the  Middle  Ages.  The  limited  extent 
of  the  seacoast,  on  which  alone  mariners  can  he  reared, 
seems  to  make  it  impossible  for  Belgium  ever  to  take  high 
rank  as  a  naval  power;  but  if  others  must  be  the  sea- 
carriers,  she  certainly  bids  fair  to  become  the  greatest  land- 
carrier  of  the  world.  This  she  owes  chiefly  to  the  admirable 
system  of  railways,  which  originated  in  a  law  passed 
March  1,  1834,  and  were  executed  by  the  government. 
This  system  has  it  centre  at  Mechlin,  from  which  a  line 
proceeds  N.  to  Antwerp;  another  W.  to  Ostend;  another 
S.W.  throvigh  Mons,  and  on  to  the  Northern  Kailway  of 
France,  which  communicates  directly  with  Paris ;  and  an- 
other S.E.  to  Liege,  and  on  into  Prussia,  where  it  first  com- 
municates with  the  Rhine  at  Cologne,  and  thence  by  that 
river,  and  by  rail,  gains  access  both  E.  and  S.  to  all  the 
countries  of  Central  Europe.  In  addition  to  these  great 
trunks,  one  important  branch  connects  Liege  with  Namur 
and  Mons;  and  another  from  Antwerp,  after  crossing  the 
W.  trunk  at  Ghent,  passes  Courtrai  and  proceeds  directly  to 
Lille. 

Shipping  Entered  and  Cleared  at  the  Pnrti  of  Belgium  in  the 
year  1852. 


Kalion. 

Entered. 

Cl-EAKED.                      1 

Vcs'ls. 

Tons. 

27,572 
7,305 
21,381 
14,372 
131.infi 
19.053 
78.0K7 
48.976 
64,3I>1 

Men. 

25.718 
7,282 
2l,33fi 
14.020 
89.032 
15.970 
67,011 
48,679 
63,028 

Ves'ls. 

Tons. 

Men. 

Swedish 

l)»ui»h 

152 
82 
91 

no 

Ml 
225 
452 
72 
357 

149 

as 

90 
142 
814 
235 
462 

69 
372 

2416 

27,608 
7,242 
21,533 
14,131 
132,266 
20.005 
81,077 
47,423 
65,424 

4.511 
2.831 
6,042 
B.iail 
58.470 
12.821 
40,764 
16,349 
24,023 

Prussian 

Nelherlandisli .. 
liritisli 

United  States... 
Otlier  Countries. 

1375 

412,615 

352,317 

416,709 

173.672 

106 


Total  Valtie  of  the  Imports  and  Exports  of  Belgium  far  1854 


S  weden  and  Norway 

Denmark 

German  Zollverein 

Netherlands 

Great  Britain ; 

F' ranee 

Portugal 

S  \vi  tzerland 

Kini;doni  of  Naples 

British  India,  Singapore, 

and  China 

Africa 

United  States 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico 

Havti  and  Venezuela 

Brazil 

Arijentiiie  Republic 

Chili  and  Peru 

Spain 

Other  Countries 


Total 857,329,200 


Imports. 


$4,223,000 

454,000 

222,000 

4,701,SOO 

8,705,000 

11,375,000 

10,257.000 

243,800 

227.200 

298,500 

284.400 
8.39,600 

6,8*8,000 

2,548,000 

1,162,600 

1.937,600 

1,203,000 

471,400 

550.800 

736,500 


Exports. 


SS59.800 

212,000 

212,200 

8.645,200 

8,875,600 

8,964,600 

17,771.600 

290,000 

562,200 

222,800 

171,600 
112,600 

3,015,400 
6--6.800 
19,400 
984,000 
290,400 
725,600 
192,400 

4,710,000 


Total. 


$5,082,800 

666,000 

434,200 

1.3,347.000 

17,580,600 

20..339,600 

28,028,600 

533,800 

789.400 

521,300 

456,000 
952,200 
9,903,400 
3,174,800 
1,182.000 
2,921,600 
1,4<I3,400 
1,197,000 
743.200 
5,446,500 


357,464,200     ^114,793,400 


The  total  value  of  imports  in  18ii  was  $61,500,000,  and 
of  exports,  556,700,000. 

People,. — The  Belgian  population  is  the  densest  in  Europe, 
and  is  composed  of  two  distinct  races — Flemish,  who  are  of 
German,  and  Walloons,  who  are  of  I'rench  extraction.  The 
former,  by  far  the  more  numerous,  have  their  principal  lo- 
cality in  Flanders;  but  also  prevail  throughout  Antwerp, 
Limbourg,  and  part  of  South  Brabant.  The  latter  are  found 
chiefly  in  llainaut,  Liege,  Namur,  and  part  of  Luxembourg. 
The  language  of  each  corresponds  with  their  origin — the 
Flemings  speaking  a  dialect  of  German,  and  the  Ayalloons  a 
dialect,  or,  rather,  corruption  of  French,  with  a  considerable 
infu.sion  of  words  and  phrases  from  Spanish  and  other  lan- 
guages. This  distinct  mixture  of  races,  and  the  repeated 
changes  of  masters  to  which  they  have  been  subjected,  have 
necessarily  been  very  unfavorable  to  the  formation  of  a  na- 
tion.al  character.  Still,  in  some  leading  features,  there  is  a 
remarkable  uniformity  in  the  population.  Though  the  posi- 
tion of  the  country  between  France  and  Germany  has  made 
it  the  battle-field  of  Europe,  the  inhabitants  show  few  warlike 
tendencies,  and  are  unwearied  in  pursuing  the  arts  of  peace. 
Hostile  armies  have  frequently  met  upon  their  soil  to  de- 
cide the  fate  of  kingdoms,  carrying  devastation  into  every 
quarter;  but  no  sooner  have  they  withdrawn,  than  the  la 
bors  of  the  field  and  the  workshop  have  been  quietly  re- 
sumed, and  the  very  traces  of  devastation  been,  in  a  few 
years,  effaced. 

Government. — The  government  is  a  constitutional  mo- 
narchy, based  on  the  broadest  principles  of  rational  liberty. 
The  sovereignty  is  hereditary,  except  in  failure  of  heirs 
male ;  the  senate  and  the  hoxise  of  representatives  are  both 
elected  by  the  people.  Total  registered  electors  in  1842, 
49.313.  Punishment  of  death  has  been  abolished ;  universal 
toleration,  freedom  of  the  press,  and  trial  by  juiT  are  esta- 
blished. The  popuLation  is  almost  wholly  Konian  Catholic; 
but  the  clergy  of  all  sects  are  supported  by  the  state.  The 
chief  divisions  of  the  territory  are  into  9  provinces,  each  of 
which  is  subdivided  into  arrondissements  administratifs,  and 
arrmidissements  judiciaires;  subdivided  again  respectively 
into  cantons  de  milice  and  cantons  de  justice  de  paix.  Each 
canton  is  compo.sed  of  several  communes,  of  which  the  sum 
total  throughout  the  kingdom  is  2514.  Each  province  has 
its  governor,  a  council  of  from  50  to  70  members,  and  a 
court  of  assize;  and  in  most  of  the  large  manufacturing 
towns  is  now  a  council  des  prudhommes.  Each  arrondisse- 
ment  has  a  court  of  primary  jurisdiction,  and  each  canton 
a  police  tribunal.  Courts  of  appeal  are  established  in  Brus- 
sels, Ghent,  and  Liege;  and  the  whole  are  subordinate  to  a 
court  of  cas.sation  in  Brussels.  The  kingdom  has  4  uni- 
versities, the  seats  of  which  are  Ghent,  Liege,  Louvain,  and 
Brussels;  in  most  of  the  cities  are' diocesan  seminaries;  in 
many  high  schools,  termed  gymnasia ;  and  Belgimn  is  re- 
markable for  her  public  libraries,  14  in  number.  The  com- 
pulsory system  of  education  in  force  under  the  Dutch  rule 
was  abolished  by  the  Belgians  in  1830,  and  the  amount  of 
public  instruction  is  much  less  than  previously;  but  in 
e;ich  commune  is  a  primary  school.  Each  commune  has  also 
its  bureau  of  charity  for  the  permanent  relief  of  the  poor, 
and  numerous  hospitals  and  asylums  are  established  in  the 
principal  cities  and  towns.  Belgium  has  22  fortified  places ; 
the  armed  force  in  1S47  amounted  to  180,000  men,  of  whom 
90,000  belonged  to  the  troops  of  the  line,  and  90.000  to  the 
civic  or  Imrgher  guard.  The  navy  of  Belgium  is  confined 
to  a  few  steamers  and  small  flotilla  of  sun-lxiats.  The  public 
revenue  in  1854,  was  $25,000,000,  expenditure,  $25,900,000, 
public  debt,  $130,700,000. 

History. — The  first  mention  of  the  country  is  made  hy 
Julius  Ca?sar,  who  includes  it  in  one  of  the  three  divisions 
of  Gaul,  and  descrilies  its  inhabitants  as  particularly  dis- 
tinguished for  valour.  It  continued  under  lloman  domina- 
tion till  A.  D.  409,  when  it  became  part  of  the  empire  of  the 


BEL 


BEL 


Franks;  which,  under  Clovis,  extended  from  the  Rhine  to 
the  I/)ire.  On  the  death  of  Clovis.  in  nil,  it  was  divided 
among  his  sons,  and  firmed  f  >ur  separate  kinjrdoms.  Ulti- 
mately, alx)ut  A.  D.  800,  they  all  merired  in  the  empire  of 
Charlemagne.  In  the  partition  which  took  place  on  his 
death,  almost  the  whole  of  modern  Belfriuni  fell  to  his  son 
Lothuire.  It  was  afterwards  subdivided  into  several  duchies, 
which,  havinff  been  gradually  absorbt'd  by  that  of  lirabant, 
passed  with  it  to  the  house  of  Burfrundy.  in  1406,  and  con- 
tinued with  it  till  1477,  when,  by  the  marriajre  of  Mary, 
heiress  of  Charles  the  Bold,  it  became  united  to  Austria; 
and  shortly  after  formed  part  of  the  extensive  dominions  of 
the  Kmperor  Charles  V.  Through  him,  Belgium  was  united 
to  the  Spanish  monarchy.  On  the  peace  of  1714,  it  was 
ceded  to  Austria ;  which  maintained  its  possession  till  1791, 
when  the  armies  of  the  French  republic  overran  the  coun- 
try, and  portioned  it  out  into  nine  departments,  as  part  and 
parcel  of  France.  On  the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  the  allies 
united  Belgium  and  Holland,  under  the  king  of  the  latter, 
into  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  Tiie  union  was 
never  harmonious,  and  proved  short-lived.  Taking  advan- 
tage of  the  agitation  caused  by  the  expulsion  of  the  Bour- 
bons from  France,  in  1830,  the  Belgians  revolt<>d.  and  ob- 
tained a  recognition  of  their  independence.  They  have 
since  enjoyed  great  prosperity  under  the  enlightened  and 
constitutional  government  of  their  own  king,  Leopold  I. 

BKl.tilU.M,  a  township  of  O/.aukeu  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Lake  jri(;liigan.     I'op.  i2'23. 

BEIjGOROD,  bfitgo-rod',  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of,  and  72  miles  S.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Donets.  Pop. 
10,318.  It  is  divided  into  an  old  and  a  new  town,  is  an 
archljishop's  see.  and  has  numerous  churches,  &c.,  and  manu- 
Cictories  of  leather. 

BKLdUADK,  beli^rid'.  (anc.  Slngid%Jnumr,Xxir)s..J}il-gr(i,i(}, 
bil-grdd',)  an  important  fortified  city  of  Servia,  on  the  rK'ht 
bank  of  the  Danulie,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Save,  44  miles 
S.K.  of  Petenvardein ;  lat.  44°  47'  57"  N.;  Ion.  20°  28'  14"  K. 
Pop.  30.000.  It  is  the  largest  and  best  built  city  of  Servia.  and 
one  of  the  strongest  pl.ices  in  Europe,  being  garrisoned  by 
6000  Turks.  The  citadel,  occupied  by  the  Turkish  pasha 
and  troops,  is  on  the  tongue  of  land  betwom  the  rivers,  be- 
hind which  rises  the  city  proper,  with  antique-looking  Ger- 
man edifices,  a  new  cathedrtU.  a  palace,  and  barracks.  The 
Turkish  quarter,  with  tlie  old  palace  of  Prince  Eugene, 
slojjes  down  to  the  Danube;  the  Servian  quiirter,  with  the 
custom-house  and  consular  residence,  borders  on  the  Save, 
which  is  lined  by  a  good  quay  and  rows  of  modem  houses. 
Belgrade  had  formerly  quite  an  oriental  appearance,  but  it 
is  becoming  abandoned  by  wealthy  Turks ;  chiirches  are 
superseding  mosques :  new  buildings  are  being  constructe<i 
In  the  German  fashion:  and  the  bazaars  have  now  glazefl 
shop-windows.  The  streets,  however,  remain  iilthy,  ill- 
paved,  and  not  lighted,  and  the  public  baths  and  inns  are 
wretched.  It  has  manufactories  of  arms,  carpets,  silk  goods, 
cutlery,  and  saddlery;  with  a  new  lyceum,  and  several 
schools.  It  has  an  excellent  port,  an  incre."».«ing  general 
trade,  and  is  the  cntrefiot  of  commerce  between  Turkey  and 
Austria,  and  the  seat  of  the  prini'ipal  .authorities  of  Servia. 
Belgrade  was  at  one  time  strongly  fortified,  and  might  still 
be  rendered  almost  impregnable:  but  its  works  have  been 
neglected,  and  are  now  rapidly  decaying. 

The  military  experiences  of  Belgrade  have  rendered  it 
famous  in  history.  Being  the  key  of  Hungary,  it  was  long 
an  object  of  fierce  contention  between  the  Austrians  and  the 
Turks.  It  was  besieged  by  the  latter  in  1456;  and  again, 
with  more  success,  in  1522,  from  which  time  it  was  held  by 
them  till  16S8,  when  it  was  retaken  by  the  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia. Two  years  afterward,  it  was  again  captured  by  the 
Turks.  In  1717  it  was  besieged  by  Prince  Eugene,  with  an 
army  of  90,000  men.  After  a  desperate  conflict  between  tiie 
contending  armies,  the  Turks  were  defeated,  with  a  loss  of 
13,000  killed,  5000  wounded,  and  3000  prisoner.s— the  Aus- 
trians having  only  3000  killed  and  4500  wounded.  In 
1739,  the  Turks  made  another  vain  attempt  to  retake  Bel- 
grade, but  came,  soon  after,  into  possession  of  it  by  treaty, 
retaining  it  till  1789,  when  it  w:is  taken  by  the  Austrians, 
who  restored  it  to  the  Turks  in  1791 ;  since  which  time  it 
has  remained  in  their  possession,  except  for  a  short  time 
during  the  Servian  insurrection,  when  (1S13)  its  suburbs 
were  burned,  and  its  fortifications  partly  destroyed. 

BELGRADK,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,Room-Elee,  13 
miles  N.  of  Constantinople,  and  where  many  opulent  inha- 
bitants of  that  city  have  country  houses. 

BKL^GHADEy,  a  post-township  of  Kennehiec  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  .\ndroscoggin  and  Kennebec  Railroad,  67  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Portland.  It  has  an  academy,  and  much  fine  fruit.  Pop.  1592. 

BELGlt.iDE,  a  small  village  of  Newton  en..  Texas,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Sabine  River,  about  55  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Sabine  City. 

BELGRADE  MILLS,  a  post-village  in  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  about  16  mih^s  N.W.  of  Augusta. 

BKLaRAM,b6l-gram',orBAL.A.GRAME,  a  town  of  India, 
dominion  of  Oude,  58  miles  N.W.  of  Lucknow.  It  is  a 
'own  of  some  antiquity,  but  greatly  fallen  off.  It  has  de- 
layed buildings  in  the  best  style  of  Mogul  architecture. 


BEL/GRAYE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Leicest*'T.  Tl 
gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Marquis  of  W'estmins*^er. 

BELMIA'VEN,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Had- 
dington. It  gives  the  title  of  ijaron  toa  branch  of  the  IlHmll 
ton  family. 

BELHKl/VIE,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aber- 

BELICI,  bi/le-che.  or  BELTCE,  bAle-chA,  ;ane.  //vp'.w*, 
or  Hijpha,)  a  river  in  the  W.  of  Sicily,  rises  9  mile^  SL  of 
Palermo,  flows  S.S.W^.,  and  entt^rs  the  Mediterrant>*u  15 
miles  N.W.  of  Sciacca.     liOngth  about  60  miles. 

BELIDA,  a  town  of  Africa,  Algeria.     See  BliriAn. 

BELIN,  b«>h-llN°',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  25  miles  S.S,'SV'.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop,  of  comra'ine, 
in  185?,  154.5. 

BELITZ  or  BEELITZ.  Wlits.  a  fortified  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  and  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Potsdam. 
Pop.  2:5.50,  partly  engaged  in  linen  manufactures. 

BELIZE.     See  Balizf.. 

BELK,  b^lk.  or  HU.M'MOCK  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  one  of  the  Serangani  Islands,  2.'?  niilef" 
S.  of  Serangani  Point,  island  of  Mindanao;  lat.  5°24'N,; 
Ion.  12r)0  21'  E. 

BEL'KN.^l*,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, hns  an  area  of  al»out  390  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Pemigewasset.  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Win- 
nlpiseogee  Itiver,  the  two  principal  branches  of  the  Merri- 
mack, and  Winnipiseogee  Lake  forming  the  greater  part  of 
its  north-eastern  bound.ary.  It  contains  numerous  lakes 
and  ponds,  and  many  fine  mill-streams.  The  surface  is 
rough  and  sometimes  rocky,  but  the  .soil  generally  fertile. 
The  railroad  connecting  Concord  and  Warren  passes  through 
the  W.  end  of  this  county,  and  it  is  partly  intersected  by 
that  connecting  Dover  with  Alton.  Capital,  Gilford.  Pop. 
18,549. 

BELL,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area 
of  850  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Leon  River  and 
Lampasas  Creek,  which  unite  nt^ir  the  county  seat  to  form 
Little  River.  The  surface  is  uneven.  The  land  is  adapted 
to  pasturage.  Bell  county  was  formed  since  the  census  of 
1850  wiis  taken.     Capital,  Belton.     Pop.  4799. 

BEl/L,  a  township  of  Clciirfleld  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  659. 

BI-;LL,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

BELL.\.  li^Kll.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basillcata,  14 
miles  S.SAV.  of  Melfi.    Pop.  500t\ 

BEr>LAC,  i)f  ridk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
A'ienne,  2:5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Limoges.  Pop.  in  1851,  3788, 
who  manufacture  coarse  woollens  and  paper. 

BELLAGHY,  b?11a-hee.  a  village  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Londonderry.  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Magherafelt.     Pop.  7:19. 

BELL.\GHY,  a  village  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Sligo, 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Swineford.     Pop.  292. 

BELLAGIO,  b^I-ld/jo,  (L.  Blht'eiif.)  a  small  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  16  mili^s  N.N.E.  of  Como,  at  the  extremity  of 
the  promontory  which  divides  the  lakes  of  Como  and  I/ecco. 
It  has  numei-ous  rich  villas  and  gardens,  and  commands  ex- 
tensive prospects. 

BELL  AIH,  Illinois.    See  Belair. 

BELL  AIR,  a  post-village  in  Richmond  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Georgia  liailroad.  about  12  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Augusta. 

BELL  AIR,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri,  about 
40  miles  W.N.W.  of  .Tefferson  City. 

BELLAIRE,  Wl'air',  or  BELL  AIR,  a  post-village  of  Bel- 
mont co.,Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  al)Out  5  miles  below  Wheu'- 
ing.     It  is  tlie  E.  terminus  of  the  Central  R,R.    Pop.  1466. 

BELLA  ISOL.V.     See  Borromean  I.«i.es. 

BELLAMY'S  (bM'a-m(!"z)  MILLS,  a  sm.all  post-village  of 
Can.ada  West,  co.  of  Lanark,  situated  on  Indian  Creek,  about 
75  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Kingston. 

BELL.\NO,  bJl-ld'no,  a  village  of  Lombardy.  government 
of  Mil.an.  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lecco.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
torrent  Pioverna,  on  which  is  a  cascade  called  the  Orridu  dt 
Bi'Ufiim.  OR'Rfe-do  dee  b^l-ld'no. 

BELLARY,  bM-lah'ree.  one  of  the  Balaghaut  ceded  dis- 
tricts of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  having  oil  the 
E.  Cuddapah,  on  the  W.  the  Bombay  district,  Darwar,  on 
the  N.  the  Niz.am's  dominion,  and  on  the  S.  Mysore. 

BELL.VRY,  citpital  of  the  above  district,  and  headquarters 
of  a  division  of  the  Madras  army,  266  miles  N.W.  of  Madras. 
It  has  a  square  fort  on  a  rocky  height ;  tielow  which  is  the 
town,  with  a  good  bazaiir,  some  barracks,  and  neat  military 
cantonments. 

BELL.\RY,  a  decayed  town,  presidency  of  Bengal,  Gur- 
rah-Mundlah  district,  lat,  23°  48'  N.;  Ion.  80°  20'  E,  It  was 
formerly  extensive,  and  ne.ar  it  are  some  fine  Hindoo  temples 

BELL.4S,  bJl'lds,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estrem.v 
dura,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Lisbon,  on  the  Ancelva,  with  mineral 
baths,  and  a  fine  castle.     Pop.  4000. 

BELL'BKOOK,  a  post-vill.age  of  Greene  CO..  Ohio,  70  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Columbus,  contains  several  churches  and  stores. 
Pop.  near  350. 

BELiyiJUCKLE.  a  post-oflRce  of  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee 

BELLE  AIR,  bM-air'.  a  post-villaire  of  Clay  co..  Indiana. 

BELLE-ALLIANCE,  La,  Id  bMl^arie-ftxss'.  a  farm-house, 
of  Belgium,  in  the  field  of  Waterloo,  on  the  right  side  of  the 

197 


BEL 

highroad  to  Ernssels  and  about  2  miles  S.  of  Mont  St. 
Jtdn.  Ue^H  Napoleon  marshalled  his  guards  for  their  last 
effort  at  AVaterloo,  and  here  Wellington  and  Bltieher  met 
after  The  battle  was  gained. 

15E1.LEAU,  bens',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

15EIjLE  CENTKE.  a  post-village  of  Logan  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  lUulroad,  about  60  miles  N.W.  of 
Columbus. 

BELLECHASSE,  bSrahJss',  a  county  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Canada  East,  bordering  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence  on  the 
N.W.,  and  on  the  state  of  Maine,  United  States,  on  the  S.E., 
has  an  area  of  1083  square  miles.  The  chief  staples  are 
niaple-,5ugar,  flax,  hay,  and  oats ;  some  attention  is  also  paid 
to  the  manufacture  of  woollen  goods  and  leather.  Chief 
town,  Berthier-en-bas.    Pop.  17,982. 

BEL^LEEK',  a  parish  and  village  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
■Fermanagh,  on  the  Erne,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  4  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Ballyshannon.  Pop.  2875,  of  whom  251  are  in  the 
village. 

BELLE-FONTAIXE,  bJrfixo-tin',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Vosges,  10  miles  S.  of  Epinal.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, (1S52,)  2155.  It  has  iron-works,  and  manufactories  of 
coarse  cutlery. 

BELLE-FONTAINE,  a  hamlet  of  Switzerland,  santon  of 
Berne,  on  the  Doubs,  with  extensive  iron-works. 

BELLEFONTAINE,  bM-fon'tin,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw 
00..  Mississippi, 

BELLEFONTAINE,  (i.  e.  '-fine  fountain,")  a  flourishing 
post-vill.age  of  Lake  township,  and  capital  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Sandusky  Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Kailroad,  where 
it  is  ciossed  by  tlie  Bellefontaine  liailroad,  116  miles  N.N. 
E.  of  Cincinnati,  and  55  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich,  thickly-settled  country,  has  an  ex- 
tensive produce  trade,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.  In  1851, 
fifty  new  bviildings  were  erected,  and  it  then  contained,  be- 
sides several  churches,  two  steam  mills,  one  bellows  foundry, 
four  large  warehouses,  Ac.  The  name  is  derived  ft'om  the 
fine  springs  in  the  vicinity.  Two  newspapers  are  published 
here.     Laid  out  in  1820.     Pop.  2599. 

BELLEFONTAINE,  a  village  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  7  miles 
E.  of  Portland. 

BELLEFONTAINE,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
about  lo  miles  N.  of  St.  Louis. 

BELLEFONTAINE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Mahaska 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des  Moines  lUver,  11  miles  W.  of  Oskaloosa, 
and  SO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

BELLEFONTE,  bJlYonf ,  a  postrhorough  of  Spring  town- 
ship, and  capital  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Spring 
Creek,  86  miles  N.W.  of  Ilan-isburg,  and  177  from  Washing- 
ton. It  has  a  beautiful  situation,  near  the  foot  of  the  Bald 
Eagle  Mountain,  and  is  surrounded  by  hills.  The  name  is 
derived  from  a  large  spring,  from  which  water  is  distributed 
in  pipes  through  all  parts  of  the  town.  Spring  Creek,  a 
rapid  and  permanent  stream,  affords  abundant  water-power, 
which  is  employed  in  a  variety  of  manufactures.  Large 
quantities  of  iron  and  grain  are  exported  from  Bellefonte 
by  means  of  a  canal  which  extends  to  the  Susquehannah 
liiver.  The  town  contains  two  large  axe  factories,  two  iron 
foundries,  a  national  bank,  and  one  or  two  newspaper  offices. 
Pop.  in  1850, 1179;  in  1860,  1477. 

BELLEFONTE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  Ala- 
bama, near  the  W.  bank  of  Tennessee  Kiver,  166  miles  N. 
E.  of  Tuscaloosa.    It  contains  several  churches  and  stores. 

BELLEFONTE,  a  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Missouri, 
about  60  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Jeffersoa  City. 

BELLE  FOUNT,  bSl  fflwnt,  a  small  village  of  Washington 
CO.,  Missouri. 

BELLEFOUNTAIN,  bSl-fownt/in,  a  post-office  of  Columbia 
CO.,  Wisconsin. 

BELLEGARBE,  bJrgaud',  a  hamlet  of  France,  department 
of  Pyrenees-Orientales,  on  the  Spanish  frontier,  17  miles  S.  of 
Perpignan,  with  an  important  citadel  built  by  Louis  XIV. 

BELLEGAKDE,  a  hamlet  of  France,  department  of  Gard, 
arrondissment  of  Nlmes.     Pop.  of  commune,  (1852,)  2167. 

BELLEGAKDE,  PONT  DE,  pi^"  deh  bJirgaRd'.  a  hamlet 
of  France,  department  of  Ain,  ai-ro'ndissment  of  Nantua, 
with  a  custom-house.  Near  it  is  the  celebrated  lirte  du 
lth6)U. 

BELLEGHEM,  bMleh-nSm',  a  town  of  Belgium,  West 
Flanders,  3  miles  S.  of  Courtrai;  with  breweries,  and  oil- 
Jiills,  and  some  trade  in  flax  and  thread.    Pop.  32.3.3. 

BELLE  IIA'VEN,  a  post-office  of  Accomac  co.,  Virginia. 

BELLE  ISLE,  or  BKLLISLE,  bi^l-Iie/,  (Straits  of)  one  of 
the  outlets  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  between  the  coasts 
of  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  about  lat.  52°  N.  Its  length 
US  about  SO  miles,  and  its  breadth  12  miles.  Its  navigation  is 
considered  unsafe,  and  it  is  therefore  but  little  frequented. 

BELLEISLE,  an  island  of  British  North  America,  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle, 
between  Labrador  and  the  northern  extremity  of  Newfound- 
land. Lat.  of  N.  point  52°  1'16"N.;  Ion.  55°  19'  4"  W. 
Wlieat  is  said  to  ripen  well  on  it,  and  it  yields  potatoes  and 
other  vegetables. 

BELLE  ISLE,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York, 
137  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 
198 


BEL 

BELLEISLE-EN-^IER,  blreel'8N°-maiR,  an  isle  of  Franc^ 
department  of  Morbihan,  in  the  Atlantic,  8  miles  S.  of  Qm- 
berou  Point.  Length  about  11  miles;  greatest  breadth  6 
miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  8553.  mostly  engaged  in  the  pilchard 
fishery.  The  island  is  noted  for  its  excellent  wheat,  and 
its  fine  breed  of  dravight  horses.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
rocks,  and  has  a  good  anchorage  and  several  small  ports. 
The  island  forms  a  canton,  and  is  defended  by  a  citadel. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1761,  and  held  by  them  till 
1763. 

BELLEISLE-EN-TERRE,  bJireel'eNO-taiR,  a  small  town, 
of  France,  department  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  10  miles  West  cf 
Guingamp.     Pop.  in  1851.  1740. 

BELLEM,  bel'lJm,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  arrondissement,  and  lOj  miles  N.  W.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1630. 

BELLEMONT,  bell-mont/,  a  pos1>-village  of  Fayetta  co., 
Tennessee,  about  40  miles  N.  E.  of  Memphis,  has  one  or 
two  stores. 

BELLEMONTE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BELLEMONTE.  a  post-office  of  St.  Louis  co..  Missouri. 

BELLEME,  (Belleme,)  BELLESME,  bSriJm>,  orbjri.iim', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  near  the  forest  of  Bel- 
leme, 22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Alentjon.  Pop.  of  commune,  3241. 
It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  linen  and  cottons. 

BELLE  OMBRE,  bell  ombr,  a  post-office  of  Ballard  CO., 
Kentucky. 

BELLE  PL.ilN.  a  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Missouri,  about 
20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Keokuk. 

BELLE  POINT,  a  post^village  of  Delaware  CO..  Ohio,  on 
the  Scioto  River,  about  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

BELLEPOINT,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa. 

BELLE  PORT,  a  postrvillage  of  Suffolk  co.,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  near  Fireplace  Bav,  210  miles  S.S.E.  of  .\lbanv. 

BELLE  PRAIRIE,  bSll  pri/ree,  a  postoffice  of  Hamilton 
CO.,  Illinois, 

BELLE  RIVER,  a  small  stre.am  of  Michigan,  rises  in 
Lapeer  county,  and  enters  the  St.  Clair  River  at  Newport. 

BELLE  Kl'Vl^J,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan. 

BELLE  RIVIERE,  bMl-reeVe-air',  a  village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Two  Mountain,  .33  miles  N.W.  of  Montreal. 

BELLEVALE.    See  Bellvau:. 

BELLE  VERNON,  hU\  ver'non,  a  post-village  of  Fayett* 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Monongahela 
Kiver.  about  28  miles  S.  by  E.  of  I'ittsburg. 

BELLE  VERNON,  a  post-village  of  w'yandott  Co.,  Ohio, 
about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Sandusky  City. 

BELLEVIEW,  bjlfvu'.  a  village  of  Jefferson  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, 5  miles  S.  of  Brookville,  the  county  seat,  contains 
2  stores  and  a  few  dwellings. 

BELLEVIEW,  a  village  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  llarrisburg,  has  about  30  houses. 

BELLEVIEW,  a  post-viUage  of  Talbot  CO.,  Georgia,  60 
miles  W.  of  Macon. 

BELLEA'IEW,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bossier  parish, 
Louisiana,  is  situated  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Shrevepoi't, 
and  1  mile  S.E.  of  Lake  Bodcau. 

BELLEVIEW,  a  post-office  of  Rush  CO.,  Texas. 

BEIjLEVIEW.  a  post-village  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky, 
10  miles  from  Ilopkiusville,  the  county  seat,  has  1  church 
and  1  or  2  stores. 

BELLEVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois,  about 

2  miles  E.  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

BELLEVIEW,  a  township  in  AVashington  co.,  MissourL 
Pop.  1451. 

BELLEVILLE,  bJllVeel',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine,  forming  a  suburb  of  Paris,  and  enclosed  by  new 
fortifications.  Pop.  of  commune  in  1852,  34,915.  It  stands 
on  an  eminence,  interspersed  with  villas  and  public  gar- 
dens, and  has  manufiictories  of  cashmeres,  chemical  products, 
soap  and  metals. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rhone, 
8  miles  N.  of  Villefranche.     Pop.  of  commune.  (1862,)  .3070. 

BliLLEVlLLE,  bSll'vil,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Sackett's  HaHxir  and  Ellisburg  Railroad, 
170  miles  N.W,  of  Albany,  has  an  academy,  several  stores, 
and  mills. 

BEIjLEVILLE,  bSlI'vil,  a  thriving  post-village  and  town- 
ship  of  Essex  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the  Pas- 
saic River,  3  miles  above  Newark,  and  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
New  York.  ItcontainschurchesfortheEpi.seopali.ins,  Metho- 
dists. Reformed  Dutch,  and  Catholics.  It  has  several  manu- 
factories, and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  Pop.  of  the  Tillage 
in  186(1,  estimated  at  1800;  of  the  township  iu  186U,  3969^ 

BKLLEVILLE.  a  small  post-village  of  .Alifflin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  8  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Lowistown. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co.,  Virgini.a. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Hamilton  co.,  Florida,  on 
the  Withlacoochee  Itiver,  90  miles  E.  from  Tallahassee,  ha*' 

3  stores  and  about  100  inhabitants. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Conecuh  co,,  Alabama, 
10  miles  N,W,  from  Sparta,  the  county  seat,  contjiins  3 
churches.  1  school,  and  1  or  2  stores. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  AusMn  a  ,  Texat- 


BEL 


BEL 


a'bont  110  mUes  'E.S.E.  from  Austin  City,  and  ICO  miles  in 
a  (tirfct  line  N.W.  from  (ialveston. 

BKLl^KVILLE,  a  village  in- Desha  co.,  Arl^ansas,  on  the 
8.  side  of  Arkansas  River,  about  8  miles  S.E.  from  Arkansas 
post. 

BELLKVILLE,  a  village  of  Dickson  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
Hie  It  ft  1  nnk  of  Cumberlaird  lUver,  at  the  mouth  of  llar- 
petli  liivcr,  about  2S  miles  N.W.  from  Xashvillo. 

ISKLLKVILLK,  a  post-offlce  of  Roane  CO.,  Tennes.see. 

BELIjKVILLK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Richl.and  CO., 
Oliio,  on  the  railroad  between  Mansfield  and  Kewark,  10 
miU'S  S.  from  the  former,  and  58  mile.s  N.X.E.  from  Colum- 
bus. A  tiirk  of  Mohiccan  River  flows  through  the  place. 
Pop.  above  500. 

BI;lLEVILLE,  a  post-offico  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan. 

BI'ILLEAILLE,  a  tiourishiiig  po.st-villago  of  Hendricks 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  National  lioad.  19  miles  W.P.W.  from 
Indianapolis.  The  Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis  Railroad 
passes  near  it.    Pop,  294. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  flourishing  citj',  capital  of  St.  Clair  co., 
niinoi.?,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  higii  ground,  110  miles 
S.  from  .Springfield,  and  1-1  miles  S.E.  from  8t.  Louis.  It  is 
a  place  of  much  activity  in  trade  .and  manufactures,  and  is 
rapidly  increa.'iiug  in  population.  The  surrounding  country 
is  very  productive,  and  comparatively  populous.  The  town 
Is  supplied  with  excellent  «  ater,  and  has  beds  of  stone  coal, 
which  are  said  to  extend  30  feet  below  the  surfiice.  Belle- 
ville contains  a  handiioine  coiirt-liouse,  7  churches,  2  banks.a 
convent  lor  tlie  instruction  of  young  ladies,  4  fiouring-mills, 
7  breweries,  2  distilleries.  2  foundries,  1  woollen  factory,  and 
5  newspaper  offices.  Population  in  ISCl.  estimated  at  10,000. 

BELLEA'ILLK,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  county-town  in  the  county  of  Hastings, 
Canada  West,  is  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Quinte.  50  miles 
W.  from  Kingston.  Here  are  agencies  for  the  Bank  of 
Montreal,  the  Commercial  Bank,  and  several  fire  and  life 
assurance  companies.  The  town  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  numerous  stores,  several  printing-offlw^s, 
from  which  2  newspapers  are  issued,  3  or  4  foundries,  an 
axe  factory,  and  several  mechanic  shops.    Pop.  alxiut  4000. 

BELLEY.  hiVW,  (anc.  Brl'lica.  BiWcum,  and  Bt-IH'cium,) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  near  the  Rhone,  39 
miles  E.  from  Lyons.  Pop.  in  1852,  4517.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  bishopric,  has  a  fine  church,  and  was  formerly  fortified. 
In  its  vicinity  are  the  best  lithographic  stones  in  France. 
It  has  manufactures  of  muslins,  and  trade  in  Gruy^re 
cheese.  Belley  served  as  a  place  of  arms  to  Cwsar  against 
the  .\llobroges.  Alaric  burned  it  in  390.  It  was  possessed 
In  the  Middle  Ages  by  the  Dukes  of  Savoy,  and  was  ceded 
to  Fiance  in  1601. 

BKLLEVUE.  bel-vew'.  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Georgia, 
18  miles  N.N.W.  from  Milledgeville. 

BELLEVUE,  a  fiourisiiin.:  post-village  of  Lyme  town- 
ship, Huron  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Rail- 
road, 45  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo,  96  miles  N.  from  Columbus, 
and  15  from  Lake  Erie.  It  is  one  of  tlie  largest  villages 
in  tlio  county,  and  has  a  considerable  trade.  Population, 
785. 

BELLEVUE,  a  pos(>vil!age  and  township  of  Eaton  co., 
Michigan,  on  Battle  Creek,  120  miles  W.  from  Detroit,  and 
16  miles  N.  from  Srarsliall,  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 
It  contains  several  mills,  propelled  by  water-power,  and 
has  a  valuable  quarry  of  limestone  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  of 
the  township.  1551. 

BELLEVUE,  a  tliriving  post-village,  capitid  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi  Itiver,  24  miles  below  Dubuque, 
and  13  miles  S.  from  Galena.  It  is  situated  at  the  end  of  a 
beautiful  valley,  on  a  bank  elevated  30  feet  above  higli- 
•water  mark,  and  has  one  of  the  finest  landings  on  the  river, 
formed  by  a  gravelly  beach,  with  sufficient  depth  of  water. 
A  fine  fitrming  district  lies  back  of  tliis  place,  the  produce 
of  which  is  shipped  here  by  steamboats.     Pop.  1064. 

BELLI'AIK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Stafford  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BELL'FONT',  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  16  miles 
E.  by  8.  from  New  Lisbon. 

BELLIIKIM.  b^ll'hime,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  about 
5  miles  from  Germersheim,  on  the  Spiegelbach.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  anti(iuity,  being  noticed  so  early  as  the  eighth 
centurv.     Pop.  2375. 

BELLICA,  BELLICUM,  or  BELLICIUM.    See  Beiiet. 

BELLIE,  b^l'lee,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of 
Moray  and  Banff,  on  the  Spey,  8  miles  E.  from  Elgin.  The 
village  of  Fochabers,  and  Gordon  Castle,  a  seat  of  the  Duke 
of  Riclimond.  are  in  this  parish. 

BELLIG  AM,  bJlHe-gim'.  a  town  of  Ceylon,  province  of  the 
^anie  name,  situated  on  a  small,  but  Iwautiful  bay,  between 
Matura  and  Point  de  Galle.  It  contains  many  religious 
•edifices,  in  one  of  which  is  a  colossal  figure  of  Boodha,  in  a 
reclining  posture. 

BEL'LINGH AM.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  England, 
00,  of  Northumberland,  on  the  Tyne,  14  miles  N,N,W,  from 
Hexliam.  Pop.  in  1851,  1594.  The  lands  belonged  to  the 
Earl  of  Derwentwater;  were  forfeited  to  the  crown  in  1715, 
and  grart«d  to  Greenwich  Hospital. 


BF.LI/INGHAM.  a  post-township  of  Norfbri  ao.,  Masis* 
chusetts.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Boston,  intersected  by  brauchet 
of  Charles  I!iver,  affording  good  water-])Ower.  It  lias  an  aca- 
demy and  several  boot  and  shot*  manufactories.     Pop.  131?. 

I5!':i/LIN(!HAM  HAY,  a  thriving  settlement,  capital  of 
Whotcom  CO..  Washington  Territory,  on  a  fine  b.sy  of  itt 
own  name,  firmed  by  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  about  125  miles 
X.  by  E.  of  Olvnipia. 

BELLIN(iSilAi:SEN  (bMMings-hr.w'zen)  T.^LAND.  one  of 
the  Soci(4v  Islands,  is  in  lat.  15°  48'  S.,  ion.  154°  3))'  W. 

BELLI  NGWOLDE,  b^ning-wSI'deb.  a  frontier  village  in 
the  Netherlands,  province,  and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  GroningetL 
Pop.  2784. 

BELLINZONA,  b^lMin-zo/ni  (Ger,  Bellem,  WWfnts,  anc. 
Bilitio,)  a  town,  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  Swiss  canton  of 
Tidno,  on  the  Ticino,  here  crossed  by  a  long  bridge,  10 
miles  N,  of  Lugano.  Pop.  1520.  It  is  well  liuilt  in  the 
Italian  style,  but  its  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty.  It  has 
several  castles;  and  is  the  seat  of  an  active  transit  trade 
betwi-en  Switzerland  and  Italy. 

BELL  MONT,  a  post-offlce  of  Somerset  co.,  Maryland. 

BELLO'NA,  a  village  of  Yates  co..  New  York,  near 
the  W.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake,  about  185  miles  W.  by  S. 
from  .\lbany.  contains  1  chnrcn.  and  8  stores.  The  Canau- 
daigua  and  Elniira  Railroad  passes  through  it.  Pop.  about 
250. 

BELLOU- EN-HOC LME.  Wrioo'to"  hoolm.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ome,  arrondissement  of  Domfront. 
Pop.  of  commune.  2872. 

BELLOl'-SCR-HUINE,  biVloo'sUit-ween,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Orne,  arrondissement  of  Mortagne. 
Poj).  of  commune.  937. 

BELLO\'AR  or  BELOVAR,  b?l-lo-vaR',  a  town  and  post- 
station  of  Austria  near  the  Croatian  military  frontier,  on 
the  I!ell(.var,  12  miles  S.E,  of  Kreutz.     Pop.  2800. 

BELLOWS  F.ALLS.  a  post-village  of  Windham  co..  Ver- 
mont, on  theW.side  of  Connecticut  River.  SO  miles  8.  by  W. 
from  Montpelier.  In  the  river,  nearly  opposite  tliis  place, 
are  numerous  falls,  having  a  descent  of  44  feet  in  the 
course  of  half  a  mile.  Around  these  falls,  a  canal  with 
nine  locks  has  been  cut  through  the  solid  rock.  A  bridge, 
erected  in  1785,  of  alxjve  ShO  feet  in  length,  crosses  the 
river  at  thi.s  place.  The  village  is  situated  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  railroads  connecting  Boston  with  Montreal, 
and  New  Haven  with  St.  .lohnsbury.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  beautiful  scenery,  and  for  its  celebrated  medicinal  spring. 
It  contains  a  l)auk,  5  duirclies,  1  newspaper  office,  and  a 
saving  institution,  and  lias  some  manufiictures. 

BELL  I'LAIN,  a  post-offlce  of  .Marshall  eo..  Illinois. 

BELL  I'OINT.  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Virginia. 

BELL  PliAlltlE,  bell-pnl'ree,  a  post-offlco  of  Benton  oo., 
Minnesota  Territory. 

BELI.rROCK,  or  INCH-CAPE,  a  reef  of  rocks  in  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Scotland,  12  niiies  S.E.  of 
Arbroath.  The  reef  is  about  2000  feet  in  length:  and,  at 
spring-ebbs,  a  portion  is  uncovered  t«  the  height  of  4  tVft. 
Between  1808  and  1811.  a  light-house  was  built  on  it,  which 
is  115  feet  in  height,  and  42  feet  in  diameter  at  its  fiase, 
with  a  revolving  light ;  lat.  btP  20'  3"  N.,  Ion.  2°  23'  0"  W. 
At  the  distance  of  100  yards  all  round  the  rock,  at  low 
water  of  spring  tides,  the,re  is  atiout  3  fathoms  depth  of 
water. 

BELL  ROT.  a  post-offlce  of  Gloucester  co..  A'irginia. 

BELLS'l!ilI!Or(iH,  a  village  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

BV;LL8'lili;(ilI.  a  post-office  of  Dickson  co..  Tennessee. 

BELI/S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Louisiana  co., 
Virginia. 

BELI.i'S  LANDING,  a  small  post-viUage  in  Monroe  oo., 
Alaliama. 

BELLS  MINES,  a  posfcoffice  of  Crittonden  co..  Kentucky. 

BEIjI>"S  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Madiwin  co..  Iowa. 

BELLS  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Fairfield  district.  South 
Carolina. 

BELI/S  VALLICY,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 147  miles  W.  from  Richmond. 

BELL  TOWN,  the  capital  of  a  self-.styled  regal  chief  of 
Guini>a.  on  the  Cameroon.s  River,  near  its  estuai-y.  It  is 
large,  and  regularly  built,  consisting  of  neat  bamlioo 
houses,  ilerchant  vessels  may  lie  in  the  river  quite  close 
to  the  town. 

BELL'TOWN.  a  po.st-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Tennessee. 

BELLIINO.  bSl-loo'uo,  (anc.  Bilhi/iium  or  Bflii/nium.)  a 
city  of  N.  Italy,  in  Venice,  on  the  Piave,  51  miles  N.  of  A'enice. 
Pop.  9700.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  w.ills;  it  has  a  fine  aque- 
duct, a  cathedral  designed  by  Palladio,  a  rich  hospital, 
diocesan  and  high  schools,  a  public  library;  manufactures 
of  silk  tiibrics,  leather,  hats,  and  earthenware,  a  trade  in 
timber,  and  large  lairs  in  February  and  April.  The  title 
of  Duke  of  Belluno  was  conferred  by  Napoleon  on  Marshal 
Victor. 

BELLUS,  bJl'loosh',  or  BELUSSA.  biMUoo'.seh\  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  co.  and  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Treutschen, 
on  the  Waag.     Pop.  2;i30. 

BELL'A'ALE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  New  Y'erk,  26 
miles  S.W.  from  Newbury. 

15»y 


J 


BEL 


BEL 


BEtLTILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Florida. 

BKLLA'ILLE  or  BELLKVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Austin  CO..  Texas. 

SELLYE.  bJl'yeh\  a  village  of  S.  Hungary,  co.  of  Baranya, 
16  miles  S.E.  of  FUnf  kirclien,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1075. 

BELMONT,  bdrmiN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire.  16  miles  N.E.  of  Koanne.  Pop.  of  commune,  1S52,  3713. 
ITiis  is  the  name  also  of  several  other  villages  of  France. 

BELMONT',  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  liordering  on 
the  Ohio  Kiver,  which  separates  it  from  "Virginia,  contains 
520  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Indian,  Wheeling,  Cap- 
tina,  and  McMahon  creeks,  which  flow  nearly  eastward. 
The  surface  is  finely  diversified  hy  hills,  which  are  capable 
of  cultivation  to  the  summit.  The  soil  is  excellent.  The 
county  contains  an  abundance  of  stone  coal.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Central  Kailroad  of  Ohio.  Capit*l,  St.  Clairs- 
villc.     Pop.  3ii,.39S. 

BELMONT,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  about 
35  miles  E  by  N.  from  Augusta.     Pop.  686. 

BELMONT,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co..  New  York, 
3.T  miles  W.  from  Plattsburg,  is  drained  by  the  CUateaugay 
River.     Pop.  1376. 

BELMONT,  a  post-office  of  Ijoudon  co.,  Virginia. 

BELMONT,  a  postroffice  of  Newberry  district.  South  Caro- 
lina. 

BELMONT,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

BELMONT,  Wisconsin.      See  Bel.monte. 

BELMONT,  a  postoffice  of  Gonzales  co.,  Texas. 

BELMONT,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Arkansas. 

BELMONT,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee. 

BELMONT,  a  small  village  of  Campbell  co.,  Kentucky. 

BELMONT,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co^  Ohio,  about  22 
miles  W.  by  S.  from  Wheeling. 

BELMONT,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  70  miles  W. 
from  Springfield. 

BEL.MONTE,  bJl-mon'tA,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Citra,  on  a  mountain  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 14  miles  S.W.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  2914. 

BELMONTE,  bJl-mon'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  36  miles  S.W. 
of  Cuenca.    Pop.  2694. 

BELMONTE,  b^l-mon'ti,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira-Baixa,15  miles  S.  of  Guarda.     Pop.  ll.iO. 

BELMONTE,  bM-mon'tA,  or  RIO  JEQUITINHONIIA, 
ree'o  zhA-ke-teen-yAn'yd,  a  river  of  Brazil,  in  the  province 
of  Bahia,  formed  by  the  union  of  two  rivers,  which  rise 
in  the  Serra  Frio;  it  flows  generally  N.E.,  and  enters  the 
AUantic  in  lat.  16°  55'  S.,  Ion.  38°  55'  W. 

BELMONTE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
above  river,  with  a  small  port  on  the  Atlantic.  Pop.  600, 
mostly  fishermen. 

BELMONTE,  bel-mont/,  a  post-village  of  Panola  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  Tallahatchie  River,  7  miles  above  Panola, 
the  county  seat,  and  167  miles  N.  from  Jackson. 

BELMONTE.  a  village  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana,  11  miles 
S.  by  W.  from  1-a  Porte. 

BEL\MONTE'  or  BELMONT,  a  village  of  La  Fayette  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  60  miles  W.S.W.  from  Madison,  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  territorial  government.  Three  mounds 
rise  from  the  prairie  in  this  vicinity  to  the  height  of  about 
100  feet,  one  of  which  is  called  the  Belmont  Mound. 

BEL'MORE'  or  BELLMORE,  a  village  of  Parke  co.,  In- 
diana, 54  miles  W.  from  Indianapolis,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  plank-road,  has  about  100  inhabitants. 

BELMUL'LET,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  -Mayo,  on  Blacksod  Bay,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Bangor.  Pop.  637.  It  has  sprung  up  since  1825,  and  is 
now  a  thriving  place ;  it  has  a  pier,  a  coast-guard  station, 
and  exports  of  agricultural  produce  and  fish,  Ac. 

BELOBANYA,  b.tto-hdn'yflh',  a  royal  free  town  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Honth,  circle  and  2  miles  N.  of  Schemnitz.  Pop. 
1740. 

BEL(EIL,  b^rd',  a  town  of  Belgium,  19  miles  E.  of 
Tournav.    Pop.  2267. 

BELtEIL,  berail',  (Fr.  pron.  bjl^ul',)  a  post-village  of  Ca- 
nada East,  CO.  of  Verch6res,  on  the  River  Richelieu,  24 
miles  N.E.  from  Montreal. 

BELOIT,  a  post-township  in  Rock  CO.,  W'isconsin,  about 
12  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Jaiiesville.  ' 

BELOIT,  a  flourishing  city  in  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Rock  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Turtle  Creek,  and  on  tlie  S 
state  line  50  miles  E  S.E.  from  Madison,  and  75  miles  S.W 
from  Miiwaukie.  It  is  built  upon  two  plains,  one  rising 
abrui)tly  60  or  70  feet  from  the  other,  and  is  regularly  laid 
out  with  public  grounds,  Ijroad  streets  ornamented  with  fine 
shade  trees,  and  surrounded  by  fertile  i)rairies,  interspersed 
witli  groves  of  timber.  The  city  was  incorporated  in  1S50, 
is  well  supplied  with  water-power  from  the  two  streams 
passing  through  it.  Beloit  is  noted  for  its  fine  churches,  9 
in  all;  one  of  wliich,  the  Ist  Congregational,  is  built  of 
stone,  and  described  as  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  in 
the  state.  It  has  fine  public  schools,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Beloit  College,  founded  in  1846.  well  endowed  and  very 
flourishing.  There  are  over  40  stores,  2  printing  offices — 
from  one  of  which  a  newsjjaper  is  issued — 2  banks,  3  flour- 
ing-Diills  4  paper-mills,  2  foundries  and  machine-shops,  2 

aoo 


paper-bag  factories,  1  willow-ware  factory,  the  largest 
roa])or-8ickle  and  mower  knife-blade  factory  in  the  V.  S.,  2 
reaper  and  mowing  miu;hine  factories,  and  many  smaller 
manufactories  of  different  wares  and  farming  implements. 
Two  railroads  pass  through  the  city,  one  from  Chicago  to 
Madison,  and  one  from  Miiwaukie  and  Racine  to  Savannah 
on  the  Mississippi.  Pop.  in  1850,  2782 ;  in  1860,  4098 ;  in 
1865,  over  5000. 

BEL(X)CraSTAN,  bel-oo'chis-tSn',*  (anc.  GedrnIHa,  and  the 
countries  of  the  OrilUz,  Ichlhynphlagi,  Ac.,)  an  extensive 
country  of  Southern  .\sia,  forming  the  S.K.  part  of  the 
old  dominion  of  Pei-sia,  between  lat.  24°  50'  and  30°  20* 
N.,  and  Ion.  57°  40'  and  69°  IS'  E,;  having  on  the  E. 
Sinde,  N.  Afghanistan,  N.W.  and  W.  the  Persian  Desert, 
and  extending  on  the  S.  for  600  miles  along  the  shores  of 
the  Indian  Oce.an.  Estimated  area.  160.000  square  miles. 
It  is  subdivided  into  the  six  provinces  of  Kelat,  Sarawan, 
Cutch-Gundava,  Jhalawan,  Loos,  and  Mekran.  Nearly  the 
whole  country  is  mountainous,  except  in  the  N.W.  and 
along  the  coast — its  general  characteristics  being  a  rugged 
and  elevated  surface,  barrenness,  and  deficiency  of  water. 
Its  mountains  in  the  E.  are  connected  with  those  of  South 
Afghanistan,  and  rise  to  considerable  elevation;  the  Bolan 
Pass,  and  even  the  bottoms  of  some  valleys  are  upwards  of 
5793  feet  in  height,  and  the  capital,  Kelat,  is  6000  feet  alxn-e 
the  sea.  In  the  N.,  the  peak  of  Takkatoo  is  considered  to 
have  an  elevation  of  11,000  feet.  The  riveis  are  very  insig- 
nificivnt,  except  after  heavy  rains;  the  largest, the  Doostee, 
though  supposed  to  have  a  course  of  1000  miles,  has  been 
found  at  its  month  only  20  inches  deep,  and  20  yards  in 
width.  The  climate  is  exceedingly  varied,  being  cold  in 
the  elevated  parts,  and  excessively  hot  in  the  lower  valleys. 
In  the  low  and  watered  plains  of  Cutch-Gundava  and  Loos, 
rice  and  sugar-cane,  with  cotton,  indigo,  and  tobacco,  are 
raised;  in  other  piirts,  wheat,  barley,  madder,  and  pulse, 
with  European  fruits,  melons,  pomegranates,  rhubarb,  and 
assafoetida  are  the  principal  products ;  on  some  of  the  moun- 
tain sides  the  tamarisk  and  habool  attain  the  size  of  large 
timber-trees.  In  the  wide,  sandy  desert  of  Mekran,  where 
the  returning  army  of  Alexander  the  Great  suffered  its  .se- 
verest hardships,  the  date  is  the  only  valuable  product 
Pastures  are  generally  poor,  and  cattle  few;  but  a  good 
many  sheep  and  goats  are  kept,  the  pursuits  of  the  people 
being  mostly  pastoral.  The  Bactrian  (or  two-humped)  ca- 
mel and  the  dromedary  are  used  as  beasts  of  burden ;  in 
the  N.AV.  some  good  horses  are  bred.  The  strata  about  Ke^ 
lat  and  Mustung,  as  well  as  other  explored  localities,  con- 
sist of  secondary  limestone  and  sandstone,  and  conglo- 
merates; and  the  N.W.  extremity  shows  indication  of 
volcanic  action.  Mineral  products  comprise  copper,  lead, 
antimony,  iron,  sulphur,  alum,  and  sal-ammoniac,  but  these 
are  turned  to  little  account.  Piepared  skins,  woollen  felt 
and  cloths,  carpets  and  tent-covers  of  goats'  or  camels'  hair, 
and  rude  fire-arms,  are  all  the  manufactured  products. 
The  trade  is  comparatively  small,  and  almost  monopolized  by 
Hindoos.  Sonmeanee  is  the  only  seaport:  its  custom  dues 
were,  in  1840,  farmed  for  3400i.  Principal  exports,  butter  or 
ghee,  hides,  wool,  a  few  drugs,  dried  fi-uits,  fish,  a  little 
corn,  and  vegetable  oil;  imports,  British  and  Indian  manu- 
factures, rice,  spices,  dye-stulTs,  and  slaves  for  Muscat. 

Tribes,  Manners.,  and  Customs. — The  inhabitants  are  di- 
vided into  two  great  branches,  called  Beloochees,  and  Bra- 
hooees,  differing  in  their  language,  figure,  and  manners, 
and  each  subdivided  into  a  number  of  minor  tribes.  The 
Beloochees  are  tall,  and  well  formed,  and  have  small  bones, 
long  faces,  with  prominent  features,  a  dark  complexion,  and 
black  hair.  They  are  indolent  and  dissolute,  avaricious, 
vindictive,  and  cruel.  The  Brahooees,  so  called  from  the 
words  bah-roh-i,  (on  the  waste,)  are  much  shorter  and  broader 
than  the  Beloochees  ;  and  have  large  bones,  round  faces,  and 
flat  fe.atures,  their  hair  .and  beards  frefjuently  brown.  They 
are  most  numerous  in  the  province  of  Jhalawan,  and  in  the 
N.  and  W.  parts,  but  are  found  everywhere.  They  have 
gre.ater  physical  strength,  and  are  less  addicted  to  rapine 
and  predatory  violence  than  the  Beloochees.  Both  races  are 
hospitiible,  brave,  and  capable  of  enduring  much  fatigue. 
Both  Beloochees  and  Brahooees  are  of  the  Soonee  .sect  of 
Mohammedans,  and  opposed  to  the  Sheeites  (Shiites.) 
Neither  race  possesses  a  written  langu.ige,  and  their  early 
histories  have  not  been  preserved.  The  Belooi.'hee  language 
resembles  the  modem  Persian,  the  Brahooeothe  Hindoo.  AH 
the  Beloochees  are  excellent  marksmen,  and  attached  to  field 
sports.  They  keep  as  many  slaves  as  they  can  maintain, 
and  often  domesticate  and  tre.it  kindly  the  captives  carried 
off  in  their  predatory  excursions.  Polygamy  is  universaL 
Wives  are  obtiiined  by  purchase,  payment  being  made  in 
sheep,  &c. 

Government. — The  government  is  despotic,  the  khan  har- 
ing  unlimited  power  over  life,  person,  and  property,    lie 

*  We  are  informed,  on  gooj  mithority,  that  the  usti  re  pro- 
nunciation of  this  name  is  bcl-ciVhis-tan',  but  gene  r."il  use  «p- 
pears  to  have  affixed  to  the  ch  iU  soft  sonml :  even  thi  IVeiicr. 
pronounce  the  name  in  thifi  manner.  Balbi  wiltet  it  Belout 
chiaUxn. 


BEL 


BEM 


usually  resideg  in  Kelat,  and  his  rule  Is  almost  confined  to 
the  immediate  province  around  it ;  the  greater  pirt  of  the 
country  beiag  held  by  tribes  who  aclinowledge  suljection 
only  to  their  own  chiefs,  lie  has  no  standing  army,  but  all 
the  heads  of  triljes  are  bound  to  furnish  contingents  of  men 
la  case  of  war,  iis  well  as  to  pay  tribute — an  obligation  which 
Is  often  evaded.  The  khan's  revenues  are  estimated  at  up- 
wards of  30,0001.  IIo  has  a  great  numljer  of  household 
sUves,  from  among  whom  he  .selects  fit  persons  to  be  ap- 
pointed governors  of  towns  and  provinces. 

Modern  Hidory. — About  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
Beloochistan  was  made  tributary  by  Nadir  Shah,  who  \>e- 
stowed  it  on  Nasir  Khan,  with  the  title  of  Beglerbeg  or  com- 
jnander-in-chief.  The  latter  greatly  extended  the  l$eloocheo 
dominions,  and  was  the  ablest  ruler  who  has  ever  governed 
Beloochi.stan.  On  his  death,  in  1795,  the  country  was  left 
In  a  comparatively  prosperous  condition ;  but  since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century,  especially  since  1809  and 
1810,  it  has  suffered  much  from  intestine  wars  and  revolu- 
tions, and  its  territorial  boundaries  have  been  greatly  cur- 
tailed. In  March,  1839,  on  the  advance  of  the  Itritish  army 
of  the  Indus  through  the  Bolau  I'as.s,  towards  Afghanistan, 
the  conduct  of  .Mehrab  Khan,  the  ruler  of  IMoochistan,  was 
marked  witli  so  much  hostility,'  that  Mjyor-General  Will- 
shire  was  detached  to  assault  Kelat,  which,  with  the  citadel, 
was  taken  by  storm  after  a  siege  of  a  few  hours,  Nov.  13,  the 
same  year.  The  khan  himself  and  abtrnt  400  of  his  troops 
were  slain;  and  2000  of  his  soldlera  became  prisoners.  In 
1840,  the  governor  established  at  Kelat  by  the  Hritish,  with 
a  feeble  garrison  of  sepoys,  was  overpowered  by  the  Be- 
loochees ;  but,  at  the  close  of  the  same  year,  the  capital  was 
reoccupied  by  the  army  under  General  Nott.  In  1841,  >lir 
Nasir  Khan,  the  youthful  son  of  Mehrab  Kahn,  was  re- 
cognised as  ruler  by  the  British,  who  soon  after  left  the 
country.  Principal  town,  Kel;it.  Pop.  uncertain,  being 
estimated  at  from  450.000  to  2,000,000,  which  latter  is  pre- 
sumed to  Ikj  nearer  the  truth. Adj.  and  inhab.  BeiAxA 

CHEE.  or  BELOf/cH*. 

BELOOIl  T.VGII  or  BELOUR  TAGII.    See  Bolor  Taoh. 

BKLORADO,  b.ilo-ril'Do,  a  town  of  Spain,  25  miles  K.  of 
Burgos,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiron.    Pop.  2450. 

BELOSTOK.     Sue  Bialystok. 

BELOVAR,  a  town  of  Croatia.    See  Bellovar. 

BELP,  bilp,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Bern.  Pop.  1500.  On  its  S  side  is  the  Bdpberg,  a 
mountain  2940  fwit  high,  containing  many  petrifactions. 

BELPASSO,  Wl-pds'so,  a  town  of  Sicily,  7i  miles  N.W.  of 
Catania.     Pop.  2500. 

BELPECH,  b^rp^sh',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
13  miles  S.W.  of  Castelnaudary.  Pop.  of  commune,  1852 
2598. 

BEL'PER,  a  marketrtown  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  parish 
of  Dullield.  on  tlie  North  Midland  Railway,  7  miles  N.  of 
Derby.  Pop.  9S85.  It  is  well  built,  has  4  churches,  a  me- 
chanics' institution,  library,  and  a  stone  bridge  across  the 
Derwent.  Bel|)er  owes  its  prosperity  to  its  cotton,  and  silk 
and  cotton  hosiery  manufectures,  which  are  very  extensive, 
the  latter  said  to  be  the  largest  iVi  the  kingdom,  while  In  the 
former  one  company  alone  employs  2000  persons.  Nails  and 
earthenware  are  also  manufactured  here  to  a  great  extent. 

BEL^PRE',  a  post^village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
N.  banli  of  the  Ohio  River,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  -Marietta, 
and  opposite  Parkersburg,  Virginia.  It  is  the  E.  terminus 
of  tlie  -Marietta  and  Ciuciunati  RiUlroad.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 1629. 

BELSANO,  bel-sah'no,  a  post-office  of  Cambria  co.,  Pa. 

BEL.SCHIK.     See  Bkshkk. 

BEIASTEAD  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BEL'STOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BELTS,  Great  and  Little.  The  Great  Belt,  a  strait 
forming  the  central  communication  between  the  Baltic  and 
the  Cattegat,  and  separating  the  island  of  Funen  from 
that  of  Seeland.  Its  length  is  about  37  miles,  its  medium 
breadth,  18  miles.  The  depth  of  its  channel  ranges  between  6 
and  26  fathoms.  It  has  many  shoals,  and  the  navigation 
through  it  is  difflcalt.  In  autumn  .and  winter,  ships  h.ave 
often  a  rough  passjige.  Owing  to  the  strength  of  the  cur- 
rent it  is  seldom  frozen  over,  but  is  often  much  encumbered 
with  drift  ice.  Light-houses  with  fixed  lights,  chiefly  for  the 
purpose  of  guiding  the  packets  lietween  Funen  and  See- 
land, have  been  placed  on  Knudshoved,  an  eastern  promon- 
tory of  Funen,  on  Ilalstov,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Seeland.  and 
on  SprogS,  a  small  island  which  lies  in  the  middle  of  the  strait 
between  these  two  points,  and  is  constantly  wearing  away 
by  the  force  of  the  waves. — The  Little  Belt  is  another 
strait,  forming  the  western  communiciition  between  the 
Baltic  and  the  Cattegat,  and  separating  the  isl.and  of 
Funen  from  the  mainland  of  Jutland.  Its  length  is 
about  30  miles;  its  breadth  varies  from  1000  vards  to  12 
miles;  its  depth  ranges  between  5  and  30  fethoms.  The 
same  inconveniences  and  dangers  beset  this  passage  as  the 
former.  It  is  annually  frozen  up  from  December  "to  April. 
The  two  Belts,  with  tlie  Sound,  form  the  only  communica- 
tion between  the  Baltic  and  the  Cattegat. 

BELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 


BELTOX,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

BELTiJN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BELTON,  a  postrofflce,  Anderson  district.  South  Carolina 

BELTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bell  CO.,  Texas,  70  mU<« 
N.N.E  from  Austin. 

BELTRUJI.  b^l'tr&m,  a  vlUage  of  flie  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Gelderland,  16}  miles  K.S.E.  of  Zutphen.     Pop.  500 

BELTS/VILLE,  a  postofllce  of  Prince  George's  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

BEL^TUR/BET,  a  municipal  borough  and  market-town  M 
Ireland,  co.  of  Ulster,  and  8^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cavan,  on  thrr 
Earn.     Pop.  2070. 

B  ELU  R  T AG  H.    See  Bolor  Tag  h. 

BELVEDERE,  b^l-vA-d.Vr.i,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  ot 
Calabria  Citra.  on  the  Mediterranean,  32  miles  N.W.  of  Co- 
seiiza.     Pop.  34(X). 

BELVEDERE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Marches,  15  mile? 
W.  of  Ancoiia. 

BELVEDERE,  bJl-vi-d-Vri,  a  hamlet  of  Saxe-Weimar, 
near  Weimar,  with  a  summer  palace  of  the  grand  dukes. 

BKLVES,  b^lv,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dordo^ne, 
13  miles  S.W.  of  Sarlat.     Pop.  of  commune,  1852,  2636. 

BELVIDERE,  bel-ve-deer',  a  township  of  Lamoille  co.,  Ver- 
mont, .30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Jlontjielier.     Pop.  300. 

BELVIDERE,  a  post-village  of  Amity  township,  Alleghfiny 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Genesee  River,  near  the 
point  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, 379  miles  from  New  York  city. 

BELVIDERE,  an  incorporated  town,  capital  of  VVarreu 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Pequest 
Creek,  at  its  junction  with  the  Delaware,  13  miles  above 
Easton.  and  tl.i  miles  W.  of  New  York  city.  Tlie  JJelvi'lero 
Delaware  Railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  Treuton. 
It  contains  a  court-liouse,  1  bank,  a  new  academy,  4 
churches,  2  printing  ollices,  and  20  stores.  There  is  a  bridge 
acro.ss  the  Delaware,  and  one  across  tlie  Pequesl  Creek.  Tlie 
latter  stream  falls  nearly  50  feet  in  the  last  mile  of  its  course, 
alTording  aliundant  water-power.  Belvidere  has  1  iron  loun- 
dry,  1  large  new  cotton-factory,  3  grist  and  2  saw-milla. 
Pop.  about  ISOO. 

BELVIDERE,  a  post-village, capital  of  Boone  co..  Illinois, 
on  the  Kishwaukee  River,  luid  on  tiie  Chicago  and  Galena 
Railroad.  78  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago,  and  15  miles  E.  of 
Rockl'ord.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  and  undulating  coun- 
try, and  has  an  active  trade.     Pop.  1114. 

BELVOIR,  bee'vfr,  an  extra-parochial  district  of  En(?- 
land,  COS.  of  Leicester  and  Lincoln.  5  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Great 
Grantham.  Area,  170  acres.  Pop.  lo9,  chiefly  dependant? 
of  the  Duke  of  Rutland,  whose  magnificent  seat,  Belvoir  Cas- 
tle, stands  on  an  i.solated  mount,  overlooking  a  rich  vale. 
Notwithstanding  modern  additions,  this  mansion  preserves 
the  style  of  an  old  Karonial  residence.  The  original  build- 
ing was  erected  by  William  de  Todenei,  standard-bearer  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  and,  with  its  numerous  dependent 
manors,  came  Into  the  possession  of  the  Manners  tiimily  in 
the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 

BE'LYAX'D(3,  a  river  In  Australia,  falling  into  the  Suttor 
River :  lat.  20°  25'  S.,  Ion.  147°  3'  E. 

BELZ,  b^lts,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  40  miles  N.  of 
Lemberg.  Pop.  2400.  It  has  a  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic 
church,  and  a  castle. 

BELZ,  liilz,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan. 
19  miles  W.  of  Vanues.     Pop.  of  commune  in  1862,  1615. 

BELZIO,  bSlt/sic,  a  town  of  Prussia.  19  miles  S,S.E.  of 
Brandenburg.  Pop.  2550.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths  and  paper. 

BELZO'RA,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Texas. 

BEM.  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BE'MAN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Sampson  co., 
North  Carolina. 

BEMB-\TOO'KA,  called  also  BEiPBATOOK'  and  BOjr- 
BETOK',  a  b.ay  and  town  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Madagascar; 
l.at.  16°  S.,  lon.46°  E.  The  town  Is  inconsiderable ;  but  the 
bay  Is  Said  to  be  capable  of  containing  the  largest  fleet. 

BEM'BKIDGE,  a  village  and  small  watering-place  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  at  its  ,E.  extremity,  parish  of  Brading.  on  a 
declivitj'  at  the  S.E.  side  of  Brading  harbor,  and  consisting 
mostly  of  elegant  residences,  surrounded  by  beautiful 
scenery. 

BEM'ERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BEMFICA,  b?m-fee'ka,  a  town  of  Portugal,  8  miles  N.W. 
of  Lisbon.  Pop.  3873.  It  has  magnificent  aqueducts,  and 
numerous  villas. 

BE.MFLEET.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.     SeeBEXFLEET. 

BE.MINI  (b:l-mee'ne)  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  of  the  Ba- 
h.->mas,  in  the  British  AVest  Indies;  l.at.  25°  40' N.,  Ion.  79° 
10'  W. 

BE'MIS'S  CREEK,  a  postrOfflce  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsyl- 
van  la. 

BEMMEL,  b^m'mel,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Gelderland,  7  miles  S.  of  Amhem.    Pop.  3720. 

BEJIPTON,  a  pari.=h  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East  Riding, 

BE/MUS'S  HEIGHTS,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Cham  plain  Canal,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Albany, 

201 


BEN 


BEN 


PEy,  BEIT^.OT  BTTE/iV. a GaeMc  word,  signifying  "an  ele- 
Tattsd  summit,"  and  applied,  witli  various  distinguishing 
affixes,  to  a  numlLier  of  the  highest  Scottish  mountains. 

BEX4BARKE,  bi-ni-b^R'Ei,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  44 
miles  K.  of  Iluesca.    Pop.  2211. 

BENACKK.     SeeBiNACRE. 

BENACUS  LACUS.    See  G.\RD.4,  LAKE  OF, 

BEX-AHIN.  bSn^d^^N"',  a  Tillasre  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Liege,  2  miles  W.  of  Iluy.    Pop.  1200. 

BEXAGUACIL,  bA-nd-gwd-theel',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vinco  and  11  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia,  with  remains  of  old 
fortification*     It  has  manufactures  of  linens.     Pop.  30.34. 

BEXAMAHGOSA,  bi-nd-mdR-go'.';!  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, 18  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Malaga,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.    Pop.  3200. 

BEX  AMEJ  I,  bi-nd-mA-Hee'.  a  town  of  Spain,  89  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Cordova,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Genii.    Pop.  452-5. 

BEXAMi.X;ARKA,  Ui-nd-mo-kdR/Bl, a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalunia,  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Malaga.     I'op.  2364. 

BEXAOCAZ,  bA-nd-o-kdth',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Cadiz.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  beautiful 
promenade  and  avenue,  adorned  with  fountains  and  gar- 
dens.   Pop.  3176. 

BEXAXOIR',  ("  the  mountain  of  gold,")  one  of  the  peaks 
or  "  paps"  of  the  island  of  Jura,  in  Scotland ;  elevation, 
2420  feet. 

BEN'^AOJAX,  bi-nd-o-nln',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
42  miles  W.N.W.  of  .Malaga.    Pop.  2377. 

BEXAKES,  ben-d'rJz.  a  district  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  situated  between  lat.  24°  and  25°  N.,  and 
between  the  rivers  Ganges  and  Sye,  (which  on  three  sides 
separate  it  from  Ghazipoor,)  having  W.  the  districts  of  Mir- 
zapoor  and  Juanpoor. 

BEX.\RES,  ben-d'rJz.  (unc.  VaranaaJii,  or  A'asj,  i. e.  "  the 
splendid,")  a  large  and  famous  cityof  Hindostan,  and  which 
may  be  considered  its  Hindoo  (as  Delhi  was  its  Moham- 
medan, and  Calcutta  is  its  British)  capital.  It  is  the  capital 
of  a  division  of  the  Bengal  presidency,  and  of  the  above  dis- 
trict, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ganges,  390  miles  X.W.  of  Cal- 
cutta, and  420  miles  S.K.  of  Delhi.  Lat.  of  the  observatory, 
25°  18'  33"  X.,  Ion.  82°  55'  52"  E.  It  is  celebrated  as  having 
been  in  ancient  times  the  seat  of  Brahminical  learning,  and 
hence  has  been  styled  the  Athens  of  India.  It  m.iy  also  be 
regarded  as  the  Hindoo  Rome,  or  the  ecclesiastical  metropo- 
lis of  this  vast  country.  Stationary  population  estimated  at 
from  200,000  to  600,000;  but  at  certain  festivals  the  number 
is  immensely  increased.  Its  external  appearance  is  highly 
imposing ;  it  stretches  for  4  miles  along  the  river,  from  which 
ascend  many  handsome  ghauts,  or  flights  of  stone  steps. 
The  streets  are  very  narrow ;  the  buildings  lofty.  In  ISOl, 
there  were  estimated  to  be  12.000  brick  or  stone  houses  from 
1  to  6  stories  in  height,  built  around  court-yards,  orna- 
mented with  much  painting  and  carving,  many  of  the 
largest  containing  200  inhabitants  in  each ;  besides  16,000 
aiud-built  dwellings,  with  tiled  roofs.  The  principal  edi- 
fices are  the  great  mosque  of  .\urungzebo,  numerous  other 
mosques,  a  gre.at  number  of  Hindoo  temples,  an  ancient  ob- 
servatory, and  the  Hindoo  Sanscrit  College,  the  chief  seat 
of  native  learning  in  India.  At  Seroli,  a  little  to  the  E..  is 
a  tope,  now  ruined,  but  originally  similar  to  those  in  the 
other  parts  of  Hindostan.  Among  its  inhabitants  are  many 
wealthy  native  bankers  and  dealers  in  diamonds,  for  which 
gems  the  city  is  famous.  Benares'  has  a  Large  trade  in 
shawls,  muslins,  silks,  cottons,  and  fine  woollens  of  its  own 
manufacture,  and  in  European  goods,  salt,  indigo,  and 
opium.  The  town  is  also  crowded  with  mendicant  priests; 
and  there  are,  it  is  said,  8000  hou.ses  occupied  by  Brahmins 
who  live  on  the  alms  and  offerings  of  the  pilgrims.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  British  court  of  circuit  and  appeal,  an  English  col- 
lege, established  in  1S32.  and  numerous  Christian  missions, 
and  Moliammedan  and  Hindoo  schools. 

BEXASAL,  bi-nS-sdl',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  30 
miles  X.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.    Pop.  2108. 

BEXA8QDE.    See  Venasque. 

BEXATliK,  b.i-na/tJk.  or  BKXATKY,  Un-SiVkee,  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  21  miles  X.E.  of  Prague.  The  celebrated  astro- 
nomer. Tycho-Brahe,  died  here  in  160i.  Several  villages  in 
Bohemia  have  the  same  name. 

BEX-AVEX,  bJn-A'ven,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
Grampians,  between  the  counties  of  Aberdeen  and  B.anflf, 
and  .sopai-ating  the  basins  of  the  Aven  and  Dee.  Estimated 
height  .ibove  the  sea.  .3<J67  feet. 

BEXAVENTE,  bA-nd-vSn'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  34  miles  N. 
of  Ziimnra.     T'op.  2561.     Itha-s  Roman  remains. 

BEXAVEXTE.  bA-nS-vSn'td.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Aleint^o,  with  a  royal  castle  on  the  Zatas,  27  miles  X.E. 
of  Lisbon,     i'op.  19.54. 

BEXB.MJN,  .bSn'b.awn'.  a  mountain  of  the  Binabola  group, 
or  "Twelve  Pins,"  Ireland,  in  Connanght,  co.  of  Galway, 
barony  of  Ballinahincli.    Elevation,  2395  feet. 

BEXBECULA.  b^n-b-A-kooni,  one  of  the  Hebrides  Islands, 
lietween  Xorth  and  South  Uist,  about  8  miles  in  length,  and 
as  mu<:h  in  breadth.  It  is  low,  flat  and  greatly  indented 
by  b:iys,  boggy,  and  little  productive. 

BENHiRCiOK'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Izard  co.,  Arkansas. 
202 


BEX"^BURB',  a  Tillage  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone, 
on  the  Blackwater,  5  miles  X.W.  of  Armagh.  Pop.  330. 
It  has  a  ruined  castle. 

BEXCOOLEX,  or  BEXKOELEX,  bJn-coolen,  a  residency 
and  seaport  town  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Sumatra.  Pop.  of  residencv,  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  94.000  to  200,000;  of  the  town,  about  6000, 
being  not  more  than  on^lialf  it  formeily  contained.  It  is 
placed  in  a  very  unliealthy  situation,  and  defended  by  Fort 
Mariborough.  Lat.  3°  47'  6"  S.,  ion.  102°  19'  E.  The  chief 
trade  is  the  importation  of  g<x>ds  from  Batavia.  Bengal,  and 
Europe.  It  was  founded  by  the  English  in  1685,  and  ceded 
to  the  Dutch  in  exchange  for  Malacca  in  1S24. 

BEXCRUACHAX,  bJn-kroo'Kan,  a  mountain  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Argyle,  district  of  Lorn,  between  lochs  Etive  and 
Awe.  Height,  estimated  at  3670  feet;  base,  20  miles  In 
circuit. 

BEXDEMEER,  or  BEXDEillR.    See  Bcjn>EMEER. 

BEX1)ER,  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  province  of  Bessarabia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Dniester,  48  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  58  miles 
AV.X'.W.  of  Odessa.  Pop.  4700.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  and 
ditch,  and  has  a  citadel  on  an  eminence,  with  about  600 
artillerymen.  In  its  environs  is  Varnitza,  the  retreat  of 
Charles  XII.  after  the  disastrous  battle  of  Poltava.  Ben- 
der was  taken  and  stormed  by  the  Russians  in  1770  and 
in  1809. 

BEX'DERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 14  miles  N.  of  Gettysburg.     I'op.  200. 

BEX'DY'S  LAXDIXG,  a  post-office  of  Tyler  co.,  Texas 

BEX'EDICT,  a  postrvillage  in  Charles  co..  Marvland.  on 
the  W.  side  of  Patuxent  River,  about  38  miles  'S.S.W.  of 
Annapolis. 

BEXEDICTA,  a  township  in  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  :{(i7. 

BEX'DOCIIY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

BEXDORF,  bjn'donf  a  town  of  ]?henish  Prussia,  4J  miles 
X.  of  Coblentz.  Pop.  2227.  It  is  situated  in  a  mining  dis- 
trict, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  has  iron  forges, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  yarn. 

BEXDRAMO,  bJn-drd'mo.  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  .Ana- 
tolia, on  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  S.  of  the  peninsula  of  Cyzicus. 
It  is  said  to  have  4  mosques  and  1000  houses.  (?) 

BEXE,  b.VnA,  (anc.  Augus'tn  Bagieminlrum  f)  a  town  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  province  of  IMondovi,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Coni.  It  has  a  college,  a  hospital,  and  an 
old  castle.    Pop.  8087. 

BEXEBOLA.    See  Bixaboi.\. 

BEXECIA.    See  Benicia. 

BKXEDTCTBEUERX,  bSn'S-dict-boi'eRn,  a  hamlet  of  Ba^ 
varia,  Sj  miles  W.  of  Tiilz,  with  a  castle,  celebrated  glass- 
works, and  marble  quarries.  It  had  formerly  a  Benedictine 
abbey,  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  Germany. 

BEX'EFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BfiX'EXDEX*.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BEXESCHAU,  bA'neh-sh5w\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  24  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Prague.  Pop.  1800.  Several  villages  in  Bohemia 
and  Prussian  Silesia  have  this  name. 

BEXEST,  bA'nfey,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente,  10  miles  W.  of  Confolens.  Pop.  1480.  Here  Charle- 
magne gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  Saracens. 

BEXET,  bA'ni/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ven- 
dee, 12  miles  S.E.  of  Fontenay.  Pop.  of  commune,  1852, 
2508. 

BEXEA'ENTE,  bd-n.l-vJn'tA.  a  seaport  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Espirito  S.anto,  47  mili^s  S.  of  A'ictoria,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Benevente,  on  tlie  Atlantic.  The  harbor  is 
much  frequented,  and  ship-building  is  carried  on.  Pop. 
3000. 

BFINEVENTO,  bJn-e-vSn'to,  (anc.  BcnerenUiim,)  a  city  of 
Southern  Italy,  ca])ital  of  a  province  of  tlio  same  name, 
State  of  Napoli.  is  situated  on  a  hill,  near  the  confluence  of 
the  Galore  and  Sabato,  32  miles  N.E.  of  Xaples.  Pop.  16,500. 
With  its  castle,  it  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  town  out  of 
the  ruins  of  which  it  was  built,  and,  except  Rome,  perhaps  no 
Italian  city  can  boast  of  so  many  remains  of  antiquity.  The 
Arch  of  Trajan,  now  the  Porta  Aurea,  is  still  nearly  perfect. 
The  chief  modern  buildings  are  a  catliedral.several  churclies, 
town-hall,  diocesan  school  and  library,  hospitals,  and  several 
palaces.  It  is  an  archbishop's  see,  and  has  9  annual  fairs. 
Under  the  Lombards.  Benevento  was  the  capital  of  a  power- 
ful duchy :  and  in  1806,  Napoleon  erected  it  into  a  princi- 
pality  for  TallejTand.  It  was  restored  to  the  pope  in  1814. 
Near  it,  in  1266,  the  battle  was  fought  in  which  Charles  of 
Anjou  defeated  Manfred,  kingof  X'aples,  who  lost  his  life  in 
the  action.  The  province  of  IJenevento  contains  an  area  of 
90  square  mil(;s,  and  a  population  of  220,506.  It  was  auuoxea 
to  tlie  kingdom  of  Italy  in  1861. 

BEXELA.    See  Banela. 

BEXEVOL-iV.,  a  post-oflice  of  Washington  co.,  Maryland 

BENEVOLA,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co  ,  Alabama. 

BKNM<:ZKT',a  township  of  Elk  co., Pennsylvania.  Pop.21 . . 

BKNFKLD,  bSn'fSlt',  (Fr.  pron.  bSn  llld',)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Bas-Rhiu,  lOJ^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sclifi- 
lestadt.    Pop.  in  1852,  3001. 


BEN 


BEN 


BEXT-fyEET,  NoKTH,  a   parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BEN'FhKKT,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BE.N'FOllD'S  STUKE,  a  postroflice  of  Somerset  CO.,  i'enn- 
Bylvauin. 

BEX  FIiANK'LIN,a  post-office  of  I^amar  co.,  Texas. 

BEXti AIj,  biii-i;awl',  (anc. Ikngala,  \)hn-g¥iL,)  a.\iras\Aency 
and  province  of  British  India.  It  is  by  fiir  the  largest  of  the 
three  presidencies  into  which  India  is  divided,  comprising, 
with  Agra,  about  a  fourth  of  the  whole  area  of  Hither  India, 
together  with  the  later  ceded  provinces  beyond  the  Ganges. 
The  territory  extends  between  hit.  20°  and  Sl°  N.,  and  Ion. 
74"  and  91°  E. :  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nepaul,  Sikkim,  and 
Bootau;  on  the  E.  by  the  districts  adjoining  tlie  Burmese  do- 
minion; on  the  S.  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  the  territories  of 
Berar,  ludore,  and  (Jwalior;  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Rajpoot 
and  Sikh  principalities.  This  great  region  is  divided  into 
the  upper,  or  western  provinces,  including  Delhi,  and  all 
that  portion  W.  of  Ion.  80°;  the  central,  including  AUaha^ 
b;id,  Bahar,  and  others,  as  far  E.  as  Ion.  87°;  «nd  tlie  lower, 
containing  the  remaining  territory  to  the  S.  and  E.  The 
£>Ilowiug  table  exhibits  the  divisions,  area,  and  population  : 


Divisions  and  Fkovinces. 


a.  In  Hindottan, 

1.  Divisloa  of  Calcutta 

2.  "         Patna 

3.  -"  Moorshedabad 

4.  "  Dacca 

(tTpper  Provinces,  late  Agra  Presi- 
dency.) 

5.  Division  of  Benares 

6.  "  Bareily 

SoutU-west  ceded  districts 

Total  ia  Hindostan 

h.  In  Farther  India. 

f  Ass5m.' 

Burmese        J  Aracan 

Ceded  Provinces.  ]  Cachar  and  Jynteah.. 

fitralta  (Singapore 

SettLmoats.     ]  Penang,  ic  ... . . . 

(  Malacca  and  Naning. 

Total  in  Farther  India 

Grand  total 


87,548 
47,rJ5 
8a,(>69 
29,010 


29,3>0 
39,.'!;« 

108,000 


is.voo 

16,aO 
I0..1.>0 
32,600 


404,860 


9,970,270 
7,61.i.4M 
»,1:;7,H5 
6,659,S04 


8,K)7,R'.'3 
10,H9J.»19 
3,177,456 


1,110,000 
247,765 
104.n40 
86,000 

164,600 


o7,9)<6,6o6 


The  greater  proportion  of  this  territory  consists  of  the 
Immense  plain  or  valley  of  the  Ganges.  To  the  N.,  this  plain 
rises  into  the  mountainous  regions  of  Kumaon.  and  on  the 
S.  are  the  Vindhyan  Mountains,  and  the  table-land  of  Cen- 
tral ludia.  The  river  Ganges  flows  in  a  S.E.  direction 
through  the  whole  extent  of  the  presidency,  and  is  joini-d  in 
its  course  by  numerous  tributaries,  of  which  the  Jumna, 
Cliuiiibul,  Ooggra,  Gunduck,  and  Sone  are  the  most  con- 
siderable. The  eastern  divi.aion  of  the  country  is  traversed 
by  the  I!nihmap'x)tra,  which  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  near  the  confluence  of  the  Ganges.  Both 
these  great  rivers  divide  into  numerous  branches  before 
reaching  the  .sea,  and  their  united  deltas  form  a  tract  of 
rich  alluvial  soil  exceeding  30,000  square  miles  in  extent. 
There  are  no  inland  lakes,  but  numerous  lagoons  and 
marshes,  especially  in  the  lower  districts.  The  surface  of 
the  country  generally  exhibits  a  deep  clay  alluvium,  int<;i^ 
Bpersfd  with  sandy  tracts,  with  tertiary  deposits  in  some 
localities.  Approaching  the  Himalayan  range  to  the  N.  are 
granitic  and  porphyritic  rocks,  with  secondary  limestone 
and  sandstones;  N.W.  are  basaltic  find  greenstone  rocks. 
The  Vindliyan  and  Garrow  chains  of  mountains  are  of  vol- 
canic origin.  Nitre  is  found  in  great  quantities  in  Bahar, 
fts  well  as  common  salt,  both  of  which  are  largely  e;cported. 
Salt  is  a  government  monopoly,  and  in  18-11  ite  sale  realized 
1,925.000^.  Diamonds  are  found  in  a  conglomerate  in  Bun- 
delcund;  and  gold-dust  and  silver  are  in  some  of  the  rivers. 
Coal  and  ii-ou  are  found  in  Sylhet  and  Burdwan. 

Tlie  mean  annual  temperature  of  the  plains  is,  for  Cal- 
cutta and  Benares,  from  78°  to  79°  Fahrenheit,  and  at  Delhi 
73°  Fahrenheit.  During  the  winter  months,  in  Kumaon, 
there  is  heavy  frost  and  snow.  In  Bengal,  the  rainy  seiison 
eomuiences  in  .luiie.  and  continues  till  the  middle  of  October. 
The  annual  fall  of  rain  is  from  70  to  SO  inches.  The  win- 
ter, or  cold  season,  lasts  from  November  to  the  middle  of 
February.  whiMi  the  hot  season  begin.s,  and  continues  till 
the  middle  of  June.  During  the  rainy  seasons,  the  lower 
provinces  especially  are  overttowod  by  the  Ganges  and  its 
ti-ibutaries.  Hence  these  districts  are  highly  fiivorable  to 
the  cultivation  of  rice,  which  is  here  the  principal  product 
of  the  soil.  In  the  upper  districts,  wheat  and  barley  are  the 
principal  crops.  Indigo  is  largely  cultivated  from  Dacca  to 
Delhi,  there  being  upwards  of  -100  indigo  fjictoi'ies  in  the 
presidency.  Its  culture  occupies  more  than  a  million  of 
acres,  and  its  annual  produce  is  estimated  to  be  worth  from 
2,000.0'J«/.  to3.000,000Z.  sterling,  half  of  which  jimount  is  year- 
ly expended  in  its  production.    Opium  is  a  government  mo- 


nopoly, and  is  cultivated  only  in  Bahar  and  Benares,  whore 
the  piiiduce  is  considered  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  opiura 
of  Jlahvah.  The  quantity  of  I'atna  and  Benares  opiiua 
disposed  of  at  the  public  s;iles  in  the  year  1843-4,  amounted 
in  value  to  2,282,7802.  Cotton  is  a  staple  crop;  and  the  .soil 
in  Benares  is  capalJe  of  piodueing  sugar  e^ual  tc  that  of 
tile  West  Indies.  Coffee,  pepixjr,  and  tohacct«  aie  raised,  and 
most  of  the  spice  and  fruit  trees  of  Asia  have  been  accli- 
mated somewhere  in  this  wide  region.  The  forests  («ntain 
teak,  saul,  siasoo,  banyan,  ebony,  oak.  and  pine  timber,  with 
rattans,  liamhoos,  cocoa,  areca,  and  other  palms.  A  great 
quantity  of  silk  is  produced  in  Bengal  proi>er,  between  lat. 
22°  and  26°,  and  Ion.  80°  and  90°.  Elephants'  teeth,  and 
hides  of  various  kinds,  form  important  articles  of  tr.^e. 
Nitre  is  obtained  principally  in  Bahar  province,  and  that 
exported  from  Calcutta  in  1841-2  amounted  to  011.072 
maunds,  worth  321.073^.  Muslin.s,  cotton  piece  goods,  dia- 
per, pack-thread,  sail-cloth,  chintxes.  silks,  calicoes,  blanket- 
ing, and  other  woven  goods,  are  staple  manufactures:  hut, 
of  late  years,  they  have  begun  to  l>e  superseded  by  &brics 
from  Europe. 

The  trade  of  liengal  with  liritain  is  at  once  extensive  and 
various.  The  chief  im|X)rts  are  metals,  foreign  wines  and 
spirits,  beer,  woollen  and  cotton  cloths.  c«tton  yarn,  glass, 
and  hardware;  tlie  export.s.  silk,  and  silk  manufactures, 
cotton,  indigo,  sugar,  salt|)etr(;,  and  lac-dye.  Bengal  has 
also  a  considerable  trade  witli  France,  Portugal,  the  United 
States,  China,  Buraiah,  Java,  and  several  of  the  larger 
islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  The  following  table  ex- 
hiliits  the  proportion  of  tlie  commerce  of  Bengal  enjoyed  bjr 
each  country  iu  the  year  1849-60 : — 


COUNTMEB. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

£4,057.^75 
li3,3B0 
13,'.;27 
12,763 
163,SJ4 
•i«8.»-.'4 

»a«,07-i 

S48,H»9 
S39,9M 
67,877 
lli,887 

£4,768,074 

6-'».0.'l 

13.551 

9,272 

191.881 

356,440 

3,219,«96 

408,:'06 

469,974 

316,110 

548,356 

2,13i 

Cliina 

..   .                               ••■•■.■ 

£6,497,114 

£10,932,712 

The  aggregate  exports,  as  shown 

above,   exceed  those 

of  the  pi-eceding  year  by  1,078,203/.;  and  the  imports  by 
791.1:!8/. 

The  government  is  vested  in  the  Governor-general  of  In- 
dia, and  a  council  of  five  niemliers — three  apiiointed  by  the 
East  India  Company:  a  fourth,  also  appointed  by  the  Com- 
pany, but  not  one  of  their  numlier,  and  the  fifth  the  com- 
mander-in-chief. The  upper  provinces  are  under  a  lieuto- 
nant'governor  at  Agra,  suliordinate  to  the  governor-general 
at  Ciilcutta.  In  each  district  or  collectwrate  is  a  judge,  em- 
powered to  decide  appeals  originating  in  the  di.strict,  and  to 
try  civil  suits  to  the  amount  of  2000/.  Su))erior  to  these  tri- 
bunals are  courts  of  appeal  in  Calcutta,  Sloorshedabad.  Dac- 
ca. I'atna,  Benares,  and  Bareily ;  and  a  supivme  court  sits  in 
Calcutta,  from  which  there  is  appeal  only  to  the  British 
sovereign  in  council.  In  the  upper  provinces  the  land  reve- 
nue is  collected  for  the  government  by  officers  appointed  un- 
der the  native  village  system  of  India;  in  the  lower  pro- 
vinces, the  zemindars,  or  hereditary  tax-collectors,  consti- 
tuted proprietors  of  the  soil  by  Lord  Corn  wallis's  Act,  account 
to  the  government  for  nine-tenths  of  the  sums  they  collect 
as  rent,  and  reserve  the  remaining  one-tenth  for  their  own 
remuneration.  See  India.  Numerous  schools  for  the  natives 
have  been  established  by  government  throughout  the  presi- 
dency, and  there  are  colleges  at  Calcutta.  Delhi.  Agra, 
Benares,  besides  missionary  stations  and  schools  for  the 
religious  instruction  of  the  natives. 

The  population  of  this  presidency  embraces  a  great  variety 
of  races — Hindoos  of  all  castes,  Moguls.  Mahrattas,  .'^ikhs, 
Rajpoots,  peculiar  wild  tribes  in  Gundwanah,  and  Bogli- 
poor;  and  heyond  the  Brahmapootra,  Mughs.  Garrows.  and 
other  races,  differing  widely  from  tho.se  of  Westein  Asia. 
The  prevailing  religions  are  the  Braminical  and  Woham- 
mediin;  Boodhism  is  confined  to  the  countiies  E.  of  the 
Brahmapootra;  and  the  hill  tribes  have  rude  paganisms  of 
their  own.  The  Protestant  establishment  consists  of  an 
ardideacon  and  about  forty  chaplains,  subordinate  to  the 
Bishop  of  Calcutta;  there  is  al.w  a  small  establishment  for 
the  Scotch  Kirk.  The  Koman  Catholic  establishment  is  un- 
der the  vicar-apostolic  of  Agra,  and  a  legate  at  Calcutta,  both 
subordinate  to  the  Koman  Catholic  bishop  at  Madras.  Pub- 
lie  revenue  is  derived  from  the  land-tax,  and  subsidies  from 
protected  native  states :  mint,  post-office,  stamp,  and  excise 
duties :  a  house-tax  in  Calcutta,  judicial  fees  and  fines,  sayer 
and  abkarry  duties,  customs,  pilotage,  monopoly  of  salt  and 
opium,  kc:  total  receipts  in  1842-3,  9,446.M8/.:  expendi- 
ture, 1,628,751/.;  n^t  revenue,  7,817,067/.    Principal  cities, 

203 


BEN 


BEN 


Calcutta,  the  capital  of  British  India;  Delhi,  the  Moham- 
mediia  capital ;  Uenares,  Moorshedabad,  Dacca,  Bahar,  Patna, 
Allahabad,  Agra. 

History. — The  English  first  established  themselves  in 
Beni^al  in  1656,  when,  through  the  influence  of  an  Knglish 
medical  man  named  Boughton,  the  East  India  Company  ob- 
tained the  sanction  of  the  Kniperor  of  Delhi  to  locate  them- 
selves on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Hoogly.  Thirty  years 
afterwards,  the  Company's  fiictors  having  had  a  rupture 
with  the  Moslem  commander  at  the  place  where  they  were 
located,  removed  to  Ctilcutta,  then  the  village  of  Chutta- 
nutty,  where  they  continued  to  carry  on  their  trade.  In 
1700,  the  Viceroy  of  Bengal,  being  in  want  of  money  to  dis- 
pute the  succession  to  the  Mogul  throne,  obtained  a  large 
sum  from  the  Company  for  the  township  on  which  their 
Eictory  stood  at  Calcutta,  and  some  adjacent  lands.  Seven 
years  afterwards  (namely,  1707)  Calcutta  was  erected  into  a 
presidency,  and  the  foundation  of  British  power  in  India 
laid.  For  nejirly  half  a  century  the  Company  pursued  a 
peaceful  and  profitable  commerce;  but,  at  the  expiration  of 
that  period,  (1756.)  Calcutta  was  attacked  and  taken  by  the 
Soubahdar  of  Bengal,  who  threw  the  Englishmen  he  found 
there  (147  in  number)  into  a  dungeon,  the  well-known 
Black  HijU  of  Calcutta,  where  123  of  them  perished  in  11 
hours.  In  the  ensuing  year,  Calcutta  was  retaken  by  Lord 
Clive — an  event  which  was  followed  by  a  series  of  victories 
on  the  part  of  the  British,  that  terminated  in  the  con- 
quest of  a  large  part  of  India.  The  principal  accessions  of  ter- 
ritory since  that  period  have  been  Benares,  in  1775 ;  Oude 
districts,  1801;  Delhi  territory,  1805;  Kumaon,  1815;  S.W. 
(Nerbudda)  districts,  1818;  Singapore  and  the  Berar  dis- 
tricts, and  Burmese,  1826. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Bengalese, 

Wp^gaul-eez'. 

BENGAL,  a  posWownship  in  Clinton  CO.,  Michigan,  about 
40  miles  N.E.  from  Hastings.    Pop.  fi.^S. 

BENGAL,  BAY  OF,  (anc.  Oangetfictis  St/ntw,)  apartof  the 
Indian  Ooean,  extending  between  Hither  and  Farther  India, 
Including  the  sea  from  Cape  Negrais  on  the  K..  to  the  delta 
of  the  Godavery  on  the  W.,  between  lat.  16°  SC  and  23°  N. 
Its  chief  affluents  are  the  Ganges,  including  the  Brahma- 
pootra, and  the  Godavery.  The  Sea  of  Bengal,  which  is 
sometimes  described  as  part  of  the  bay,  extends  to  lat.  8°  N., 
betw(>en  the  Islands  of  Ceylon  and  Junkceylon.  Depth  from 
4  to  60  fathoms,  from  the  delta  to  a  distance  of  100  miles.  The 
tide  in  thfe  Bay  of  Bengal,  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Megna, 
sometimes  rises  70  and  even  80  feet. — Da.  Hooker. 

BENGAL  PROVINCE,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  im- 
portant of  the  old  Mohammedan  provinces  of  Hindostan, 
between  lat.  21°  and  27°  N.,  and  Ion.  87°  a-nd  92°  E.  It 
comprises  the  delta  of  the  Ganges,  with  the  lower  course  of 
the  Brahmapootra,  and  is  traversed  by  numerous  other 
rivers,  its  surface  being  mostly  a  dead  level.  It  is  wholly 
included  in  the  British  dominion,  and  forms,  under  the 
above  presidency,  the  divisions  of  its  three  principal  cities, 
Calcutta,  Moorshedabad,  and  Dacca,  which  are  subdivided 
into  numerous  subordinate  districts. 

BENGAZI  or  BENGHASY,  b^n-gi'zee,  (anc.  Berenice,)  a 
maritime  town  of  Northern  Africa,  Barca,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Sidi-a,  (anc.  Sijr'tis  Maljor,)  420  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tripoli.  Lat. 
32°  6'  8"  N.,  Ion.  20°  2'  7"  E.  Pop.  about  5000.  It  is  finely 
situated  in  a  fertile  plain,  extending  to  the  foot  of  the  Cy- 
renaic  Mountains ;  but  is  miserably  built,  and  filthy,  and 
its  port  is  shallow.  It  has  a  castle,  the  residence  of  a  bey ; 
and  some  trade  with  Barbary  and  Malta,  in  wool,  oxen, 
sheep,  salted  butter,  and  com.  Near  this  city,  according 
to  some  mythologists,  were  the  "  Gardens  of  the  Hesperides," 
and  traces  of  ancient  buildings  are  often  met  with  buried  in 
the  sand. 

BEN'GEO  or  BEN'GnOO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hertford. 

BENG  ERMO  W,  b^n^her-mdw/,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  the 
dominion  of  Oude.  45  miles  W.  of  Lucknow. 

BENGE'WOllTH,  binj'wgrth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
W'orce.sler. 

B  KNGHASY.    See  Bengazi. 

BEN'GORE  HEAD,  a  promontory  on  the  N.  coast  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Antrim,  immediately  E.  of  the  Giant's  Cause- 
way.    Lat.  55°  15'  N.,  Ion.  6°  30'  W. 

BEN'QOWER,  a  mountain  of  the  Binabola  Group,  in  Con- 
naught.  CO.  of  Gal  way,  Ireland.    Elevation  2336  feet. 

BENGUELA.  bSn-gi/li,  a  maritime  country  of  Western 
Africa,  nominally  claimed  by  Portugal,  between  lat.  9°  and 
16°  S.,  and  Ion.  12°  and  17°(?)  E.,  having  N.  Angola,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  river  Coanza ;  and  W.  the  South 
Atlantic.  Surface  mountainous,  rising  progressively  in- 
land by  a  series  of  terraces.  Principal  rivers  have  all  a  \V. 
course.  The  climate  is  very  unhealthy,  and  fever  is  preva^ 
lent.  The  thermometer  varies  from  94°  to  105°  Fah.  in  the 
shade  at  noon.  The  soil  is  well-watered,  and  very  produc- 
tive; little  corn  is  raised,  but  tropical  fruits,  European 
vegetables,  and  cattle  are  abundant,  and  numerous  fine  tur- 
tles are  obtained  on  the  sea-coast.  Mineral  products  com- 
prise copp<!r,  sulphur,  petroleum,  and  gold.  Among  the  na- 
tives hero,  are  the  Giagas,  a  race  of  fierce  savages,  whose  in- 
Oarsions  are  much  dreaded  by  the  Portuguese.  Fetishism  is 
Man  prevailing  superstitioa.  Beasts  of  prey,  including  tho 
204 


lion  and  hyena,  are  numerous.  The  government  of  the  pro. 
vince  is  under  the  Immediate  control  of  the  governor-general 
of  Loando.  New  Benguela,  Novo  Kedondo,  Ic,  on  the  coast, 
and  a  few  stations  in  the  interior,  are  occupied  by  the  Portu- 
guese, whose  rule,  however,  extends  little,  if  at  all,  beyond 
those  settlements. 

BENGUELA,  NEW,  or  ST.  PHILIP  DE  BENGUIXA, 
(Port.  Sdo  tUipe.  de  Benguela,  si'ANo-fA-lee'pA-dd-bSn-g.i/la,) 
a  seaport  town,  and  the  Portuguese  capital  of  the  above 
country,  with  a  noble  harbor  on  the  Atlantic,  near  the  river 
Catumbella.  Lilt.  12°  33'  9"  S.,  Ion.  13°  25'  2"  E.  It  is  .situar 
ted  in  a  charming  and  very  fertile  valley.  Pop.  .SOOU,  of 
whom  one-third  are  whites  and  mulattoes.  Its  principal 
inhabitants  are  slave-dealers,  whose  iniquitous  trade  is  so 
flourishing  that,  in  1S38,  nearly  20,000  slaves  were  exporr 
ted.  Moralty  is  at  the  lowest  ebb,  and  there  is  no  school 
of  instruction  in  the  town.  The  streets  are  straight  and 
wide,  but  contain  more  ruined  than  inhabited  houses :  they 
are  mostly  built  of  clay  and  palm  branches.  The  ruins  of 
Old  Benguela,  the  original  capital  of  the  country,  are  .situated 
on  the  coiist,  l30  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  Benguela. 

BENHA'DEN,  a  post-oflice  of  Wakulla  co.,  Florida. 

BEN'HALL',  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BENHOLME,  ben^hOm.'  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotl.and, 
CO.  of  Kincardine,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stonehaven.  In  this 
parish,  is  Benholme  Tower,  a  stronghold  and  ancient  resi- 
dence of  the  Benholmes. 

BEN-HOl'E,  Wn^hop/,  a  mountain  range  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Sutherland,  parish  of  Durness.     Elevation,  3160. 

BENI,  bi-nee',  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Bolivia,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Chuqueapo  and  Mapiri,  in  lat.  1G°  S. 
and  Ion.  69°  W.  It  flows  mostly  northward,  through  the 
department  of  Santa-Cruz-de-la-Sierra ;  and  in  lat.  10°  35' S. 
joins  the  Mamore  to  form  the  Madeira,  which  latter  ulti- 
mately flows  into  the  Amazon.  The  course  of  the  joint 
rivers  exceeds  2000  miles.  The  country  it  traverses  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  but  almost  wholly  unexplored.  Affluents, 
the  Coendo,  La  Paz,  Tuche,  Masisi,  &c.  The  towns  of  San 
Miguel,  Mani.  and  Pueblo  de  los  Keyes  are  on  its  banks,  in 
the  upper  half  of  its  course. 

BENI,  a  large  department  of  Bolivi.a,  deriving  its  name 
from  the  above  river,  having  S.  the  depai-tments  of  La  Paz, 
Cochabamba,  and  Santa  Cruz;  N.  and  E.,  Brazil;  and  W., 
Peru.  Chief  towns,  Trinidad  and  Loreto.  An  English  com- 
pany has  received  a  large  grant  of  land  in  this  department 
for  the  purpo.se  of  colonization. 

BENICARLO,  b.-l-n&-kiii/lo,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain.  42 
miles  N.E.  of  Cast«l]on-de-la-Plana,  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Pop.  6160.  It  is  ill  built  and  mean;  has  a  ruined  castle,  a 
fishing  port,  and  a  trade  in  full-bodied  wines,  which  are  ex- 
ported chiefly  to  Bordeaux,  for  mixing  with  clarets  and 
other  French  wines. 

BENICIA,  be-nish'e-fi,  the  former  capital  of  the  state  of 
California,  is  situated  in  Solano  co.  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Strait  of  Carquinez  (kar-kee'nes),  connecting  San  Pablo  and 
Suisun  Bays.  It  is  from  one  to  two  miles  wide,  and  several 
miles  long.  The  site  of  the  town  is  excellent,  the  land  gently 
rolling  for  about  a  mile  from  the  extreme  water  or  S.  front, 
and  a  little  over  that  distance  E.  and  W.  Beyond  these 
limits,  in  tlie  rear,  tlie  hills  gently  rise,  and  beyond  thom, 
again,  are  a  succession  of  hills  and  valleys.  There  is  little 
or  no  cultivation  in  or  around  the  town,  and  not  a  tree  to 
be  seen,  though  the  extent  of  vision  is  necessarily  contracted 
by  the  proximity  of  the  surrounding  hills.  The  Capitol  is 
a  tine,  large,  brick  edifice,  and  stands  on  the  brow  of  a  slope 
a  half  a  mile  from  the  water  front  of  the  city.  It  is  adorned 
in  front  by  two  large  Corinthian  columns.  The  caps  of  the 
latter,  as  well  as  the  foundation  blocks?,  door-sills,  Ac,  are 
of  stone,  quarried  a  short  distance  below  the  town.  These 
(juarries  are  inexhaustible.  This  stone  is  very  soft  and 
easily  worked,  but  it  is  said  to  harden  on  exposure  to  air. 
Shii)8  of  the  largest  size  can  lie  in  the  harbor  close  to  the 
town.  Here  are  situated  the  extensive  depot,  machine-shops 
and  foundries  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company,  where 
is  done  the  heaviest  work  on  the  Pacific  coast.  It  is  also 
the  government  depot  for  the  coast,  including  extensive 
barracks,  quartermaster's  and  commissary  storehouses,  sta- 
bles and  workshops.  Also  an  ordnance  department,  with 
very  extensive  storehouses,  magazines,  workshops,  &c.,  built 
of  the  finest  kind  of  sandstone.  The  immense  quantities  of 
arms  and  ammunition  for  the  coast  are  stortMi  and  repaired 
here.  In  the  town  are  extensive  quarries  of  hydraulic 
cement  of  tho  best  quality,  which  is  e.\teusively  maiiulac- 
tured.  Large  quantities  of  brick  are  made.  The  chunhes 
are  Methodist,  Episcopal  and  Catholic.  There  is  commnni- 
cation  daily  with  all  parts  of  the  state  by  steamboat.  Benicia 
is  celebrated  for  its  schools,  which  are  second  to  none  in 
the  state.  The  Female  Seminary  of  Miss  Atkins  is  one  of 
the  best  in  the  county.  St.  Catharine's  Academy  for  young 
ladies,  under  care  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Domlnick,  is  a  flou- 
rishing institution.  Among  the  other  educational  institn- 
tions  are  St.  Doniinick's  theological  school,  a  collegiate  in- 
stitute, and  a  law  school.     Pop.  1600. 

BENIDORM,  bi-ne-doRm',  a  town  of  Spain,  25  miles  N.B. 
of  Alicante,  near  the  Mediterranean.    Pop.  4502,  empluy»J 


BEN 

In  Irnny  snd  anchovy  fisheries.    Near  the  coast  there  is  an 
Island  ot'the  same  name. 

BKN'IGANIM,  bA-ne-j;4-neem',  a  town  of  Spain,  proyince 
of  Valencia,  5  miles  S.K.  Of  San  Felipe  de  Jativa.    Pop.SJoT. 

B1:M-IIASSAN,  bA'nee-hSs/sdn,  a  Tillage  of  Central 
Egypt,  15  miles  S.S.K.  of  Miiiieh.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Nile.     In  its  environs  are  num(M0us  sculptured  prottos. 

BKNI-ISGUJiN,  bA/nee-is'ghJn',  a  town  of  Algeria,  in  the 
Sahara  Desert,  on  the  VVady  SIzab.  Lat.  33°  30'  N.;  Ion.  2° 
K.  It  i.s  describetl  as  apprnachiag  in  size  the  town  of  Al- 
giers, as  being  strongly  built,  and  surrounded  by  a  ram- 
p;irt,  on  which  are  five  towers. 

BIONIX.  ben-eeu',  a  negro  country  or  kingdom  of  Western 
Africa,  in  Upper  Guinea,  on  the  Bight  of  Benin.  (Gulf  of 
Guint-u.)  extending  along  the  coast  on  tnjth  sides  of  the 
Benin  lliver;  but  how  tar,  and  to  what  distance  inland,  is 
not  known;  indeed,  respecting  the  whole  counti-v,  our  in- 
formation is  e.xceedingly  defective.  ]t  is,  howtrer,  now 
understood  to  be  neitlicr  so  extensive  nor  important  as  at 
one  time  it  w.as  deemed.  The  capital  is  Benin.  The  coast 
is  tbifkly  indented  with  estuaries,  some  of  them  of  consi- 
derable breadth,  and  studded  with  islands.  The  country  is 
flat  fVir  some  distance  inland,  when  it  begins  gradu.ally  to 
rise,  till  it  attains  a  height  of  lietwet'U  2UU0  and  3000  feet. 
It  is  very  well  wooded,  and  being  likewise  well  watered,  it 
is  rich  in  all  the  vegetable  productifins  of  the  tropics.  Cot- 
ton is  indigenous,  and  its  wool  is  woven  into  cloth  by  the 
women.  Sugar-cane  of  good  quality  is  grown;  the  soil  is 
laid  out  la  square  plots,  producing  yams,  plantains,  Canada 
and  Iiidi:tJi  corn.  The  religion  is  Fetishism.  Human  sacri- 
fices are  numerous. and  cruelty,  in  its  most  atrocious  forms, 
is  characteristic  of  the  people  and  the  government.  An 
extensive  traffic  in  slaves  is  carried  on  in  this  country. 
Besides  this  nefiirious  traffic,  there  is  a  considerable  trade 
in  salt,  palm-oil,  and  blue  coral. 

BKiM.X,  a  large  town  of  Western  Africa,  capital  of  the 
above  kingdom,  Jat.  0°  12'  N.,  Ion.  5°  45'  E.,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  foimerly  called  by  the 
Portuguese  Kio  Formoso,  but  now  ascertained  to  be  one  of 
the  mouths  of  the  Niger.  As  in  almost  all  African  towns, 
the  houses  are  set  down  without  the  slightest  regard  to 
order,  and  often  at  wide  distances  from  each  other.  They 
are  built  of  clay,  neatly  thatched  with  reeds,  straw,  or 
leaves,  and  kept  exceedingly  clean.  The  palace  of  the  king 
stands  outside  of  the  city,  and  is  defended  by  walls.  Benin 
was  at  one  time  the  great  emporium  of  the  district  for 
slaves,  but  this  traffic  is  now  carried  on  nearer  the  coast,  as 
large  vessels  could  not  come  within  a  shorter  distance  of  the 
town  than  Gato,  or  Agatton,  a  port  about  40  miles  down 
the  river.  It  is  still  the  scene  of  a  busy  market  for  cattle, 
sheep,  goats,  pigs,  poultry,  yams,  cottons,  ivory,  and  Kuro- 
pean  wares,  with  fruits  of  various  kinds.  Belzoni,  the  cele- 
brated traveller,  died  here  in  1823.  Pop.  estimated  at 
15.000. 
■  BENIN,  BIGHT  OF,  the  northern  portion  of  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea,  between  the  Slave  Coast  and  Calabar  River.  The 
coast  is  irou-ljouud,  and  the  rivers  offer  little  tacility  for 
traffic. 

BKNINGUET,  b^h-nSNo'gA'.  a  small  island  off  the  N.W. 
coast  of  France,  department  of  Finist^re,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Ushant. 

BENIN,  RIVER  OF,  (called  by  the  Portugnese  RIO  FOR- 
MOSO, ree'o-foR-mo'so,  and  still  recognised  by  that  name,) 
in  ^Vc■stern  Africa,  kingdom  of  Benin,  and  believed  to  bo 
one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Niger.  It  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  about  ISO  miles  below  Benin,  and  about  120  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cape  Formosa.  Eat.  (entrance  N.W.  point.)  5° 
K/  N. :  lijD.  5°  4'  E.  It  is  a  fine  bold  river.  It  divides  into 
two  branches,  both  of  which  wore  ascended  in  1840,  in  a 
steamer,  by  Captain  Becroft;  the  one  branch  for  a  distance 
of  50  miles,  and  the  other  for  a  distance  of  70  miles.  Further 
progress  w:is  stopped  by  the  impenetrable  nature  of  the 
aquatic  vegetation.  The  river  is  2  miles  wide  at  its  mouth, 
across  which  is  a  bar,  with  12  feet  of  water  at  spring  tides. 

BENIOLEED,  bA-ne-o-leed'.  a  town  and  valley  of  North- 
western Africa,  regency  of  Tripoli,  about  100  miles  S.S.E.  of 
the  seaport  town  of  that  name. 

BENISA,  bil-nee's^.  a  town  of  Spain,  39  miles  N.E.  of  Ali- 
cante, near  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  3678.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  linens  and  woollens. 

BKM-S.A.BIII,  bd'nee-sd-bee',  a  town  of  Morocco,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Drah  or  Draha,  on  the  Drah,  224  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  the  city  of  Morocco.    Lat.  28°  68'  N.  Ion.  6°  45'  W. 

BEXISALEM,  bA-ne-sd-lJm',  a  Spanish  town,  island  of 
Majorca,  lo  miles  S.W.  of  Inc;v,  liaving  spticious  streets,  two 
fquarts.  a  town-hall,  and  a  cemetery.     Pop.  3027. 

BENI-SOOEFor  BENI-SOUEF.  bj'nVswSf,  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  62  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Cairo.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  the  entrepot  for  the  produce  of  the 
rich  valley  of  Fayoom,  and  has  large  cavalry  barracks,  ex- 
tensive cotton  mills,  and  alabaster  quarries. 

BENKAH,  b^n'kdh,  a  fortified  village  of  Bootan,  on  a 
nearly  inaccessible  rock,  3100  feet  above  the  sea,  and  de- 
tended  by  numerous  round  towers  and  a  citadel. 

BEN'EAK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa. 


BEN 

BENLAWERS,  bln-law'ers,  a  monntain  of  Scotland, 
nearly  in  its  centre,  co.  and  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  P«'rth.  on 
the  W.  side  of  Loch  Tay,  3945  feet  in  elevation.  It  com- 
mands a  magnificent  view  of  the  country  from  Loch  L-^gg-JU 
ne.arly  to  Edinburgh. 

BENLEDI.  Ix^n-lJd'dee,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Callander.  2803  feet  in  height.  It; 
scenery  has  been  immortalized  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  the 
"  Lady  of  the  Lake." 

BEX-LOMOND,  bjn-16'mond,  a  famous  mountain  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Stirling,  at  the  S.W.  extremitv  of  the  Grampian 
chain,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stirling.  Height,  3190  feet.  On 
the  N.  this  mountain  terminates  by  an  .abrupt  precipice, 
2000  feet  in  height ;  on  its  W.  side  is  Locli  Lomond.  Th* 
view  from  its  summit  emtiraces  Ben  Nevis,  the  Atlantic,  and 
the  cities  of  Edinl>urgh  and  Glasgow. 

BEN-LOMOND,  a  mountain  of  Van  Diemen's  Land.  (Tas- 
mania.) about  25  miles  E.  of  Launceston,  and  rising  to  an 
elevation  of  5000  feet. 

BKN-MACDHUI,  Wn-mak-doo^e,  or  BEN-MACDHU,  Un- 
mdk-du',  the  summit  of  a  lofty  mountain  range  in  Sotland 
CO,  of  Abei-deen,  on  the  border  of  Inverness-shire,  Height 
4305  feet, 

BEN-.MORE,  bJn-mor.  («'. «,  "big  mountain,)  a  mountain 
of  Scotland,  in  the  Hebrides,  island  of  Mull,  9  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Torosay.    Height,  3*19  feet. 
.  BENMORli-IIEAD,  Ireland.    See  Fairhe.\d. 

BENNE15E0LA.     See  Binauola. 

BKXNECKENSTEIN,  bjn-njk'en-stlne\  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  in  a  detached  portion  of  territory  in  the  Harz 
22  miles  S.W.  of  HallxM-stadt.     Pop.  3614. 

BENNEKOM,  Ij^n'ne-kom,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Guelderland.  10  miles  W,  by  N,  of  Arnhem. 

BEN'NKKSVILLE,  a  village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsj-lvaniaj 
situated  in  Half  Moon  Valley,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Bellefonte, 
and  98  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  The  name  of  the  post^ 
office  is  Half  Moon. 

BKX'NETTSBURGH,  a  post-office  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
York. 

BEN'NET'S  CORNERS,  a  post-offlce  of  Madison  co.,  New 
York. 

BENNETT'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

BENNETT'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York. 

BENNETT'S  CREEK,  of  Frederick  co,  Maryland,  flows 
westward  in  the  Monocacv  River. 

BENNETT'S  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into  the 
Chowan  River  from  the  north  at  the  S.  part  of  Gates  co. 

BENNETT'S  CltOSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Sampson  co., 
North  Carolina. 

BENNETTS  FERRY,  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  co.,  Ten. 
nessee. 

BENNETT'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Lewis  co.,  Virgini<n. 

BENNETT'S  RIVEK.a  post-offlce  of  Fulton  co..  Arkansas. 

BENNETTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co..  New 
York. 

BENNETTSVILLE,  a  post-village,  caplt,-U  of  Marlborough 
district,  South  Carolina,  about  8  miles  E,  of  Great  Pedee 
River,  and  100  miles  E,N,E,  of  Columbia.  It  has  several 
churches  and  stores. 

BENNETTSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  St.  Clair  co..  Alabama. 

BENNETTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  railroad  from  New  Albany  to  Salem,  10  miles  N.  of 
the  former. 

BENNETTSVILLE,  a  sm.all  village  of  Scott  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  railroad  from  JelTersonville  to  Columbus. 

BEX-NEVIS,  bJn-ne'vis,  a  famous  mountain  of  Scotland, 
and  the  loftiest  in  Britain,  co.  of  Inverness,  immediatelv  E. 
of  Fort  William.  Lat.  56°  48'  N.;  Ion.  5°  W.  Elevation, 
according  to  ordnance  survey,  4368  feet.  Circumference  at 
base,  about  24  miles.  On  its  N.E.  side  it  terminates  by  a 
precipice,  1500  feet  in  height.  The  view  finm  its  summit 
comprises  most  of  the  Western  Islands,  and  the  countrv  E. 
from  it  to  Cairngorm  and  Ben-Macdhui.  The  base  of  the 
mountain  consists  of  granite  and  gneiss — the  upper  part  is 
composed  of  porpliyry. 

BEN-NEVIS,  a  mountain  of  Van  Diemen's  Land.  (Tas- 
mania.) aliout  25  miles  E,  of  Launceston.    Heiirht.  3910  feet. 

BEX'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Herts, 

BENNINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BEN'NINGTON,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Vermont,  has  an  area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  head  waters  of  Battenkill,  Hoosick,  and 
Deerfield  Rivers,  and  other  small  streams,  which  furnish 
abundant  water-power.  Although  some  good  land  is  found 
within  the  limits  of  this  county,  a  greater  part  of  the  sur- 
face is  mountainous  and  unfitted  for  cultivation.  The  at- 
tention of  the  inhabit.ants  is  in  great  measure  turned  to 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  wool.  Great  quantities  of 
spruce  and  other  lumber  are  found  in  all  parts  of  this 
county.  This  county  contains  quarries  of  white,  gray,  and 
clouded  marble,  which  are  extensively  worked,  and  beds 
of  yellow  ochre  and  iron  ore;  lead  is  also  sometimes  found. 
The  railroad  connecting  Troy  with  Rutland  crosses  the  N. 

206 


BEN 

W.  pftrt  of  the  connty,  and  that  extendfng  from  Rutland  to 
Bennington  partly  intersects  it.  Seats  of  justice,  Benning- 
ton and  Manchester.    Pop.  19,4-36. 

BEXXINGTON,  a  post-township  in  Hillsborough  co.,  New 
Hampshire.     Pop.  450. 

BE.VNINOTOX,  a  post-township  of  Bennington  co..  Ver- 
mont, 117  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  The  battle  of  Ben- 
nington, in  which  a  detachment  of  the  array  under  General 
Burgoyne  was  defejited.  was  fought  here,  August  16,  1777. 
It  contains  Bennington  Centre,  the  county-seat,  and  Ben- 
KiNGTOx  VitiAGB.  wluch  See.  The  Troy  and  Boston,  and  the 
Western  Vermont  Railroads,  unite  at  jf  orth  Bennington,  in 
this  township.     Pop.  4389. 

BENNINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Wyoming  co„  New 
Tork,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo,  is  drained  by  Cayuga  Creek. 
Pop.  2618. 

BENNINGTON,  a  village  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania.  It 
has  recently  sprung  up  at  the  coal-mines  on  Alleghany 
Mountain. 

BENNINGTON,  a  township  in  Licking  co.,  Ohio.  Pop, 
1012. 

BENNINGTON,  a  post-township  in  Morrow  co.,  Ohio, 
about  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  107.5. 

BENNINGTON,  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  about  100 
miles  W.S  VV.  of  Sandusky  City. 

BENNINGTON, a  po.st-township  in  Shiawassee  co.,  Michi- 
gan, alKiut  so  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  S95. 

BENNINGTON,  a  thriving  post^village  of  Switzerland  co., 
Indiana.  8  mile.s  from  the  Ohio  River  at  Vevay. 

BENNINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Des  Moines  River,  about  25  miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Des  Moines. 

BENNINGTON  CKNTRE.  or  OLD  VILLAGE  OF  BEN- 
NINGTON, a  post-village,  semi-capital  of  Bennington  co., 
Vermont,  in  Bennington  township,  117  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Montpelier,  contains  the  county  buildings.  Pop.  between 
400  and  51 K). 

BKNNINGTON  VILLAGE,  a  manufacturing  village  of 
Bennington  township,  Bennington  county,  Vermont,  about 
1  mile  E.  of  the  old  village.  It  contains  2  banks,  4  or  5 
churches,  an  academy,  and  1  or  2  printing  offices.  Besides 
the  several  factories,  foundries,  and  tanneries  in  the  place, 
there  is  an  establishment  for  making  a  peculiar  kind  of  fire- 
brick. These  bricks  are  used  in  glass-ovens  and  furnaces 
where  a  high  heat  is  required,  and  are  generally  preferred 
to  any  imported.  They  are  composed  chiefly  of  quartz  and 
kaolin,  a  species  of  feldspar — minerals  found  In  great  abun- 
dance in  the  eastern  part  of  the  township.    Pop.  about  2500. 

BKN.VINGTON  IKON-WOKKS.  situated  about  3  miles  E. 
of  Bennington  Centre,  consisting  of  several  large  furnaces, 
which  give  employment  to  about  200  h.tnds,  and  produce 
from  2(K10  to  30i)0  tons  of  pig  iron  annuallv. 

BENNINGTON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

BENNISCILbln'nish.orBENISCHI,  bA'nish-e,  a  town 
of  .Austrian  Silesia,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Troppau.  Pop.26SG, 
engaged  in  minina,  and  the  manufacture  of  linen. 

BKN'XIWOKTU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BENNSfl.\U8EN,  Wus-h6w'zen,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Saxonv,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Meiningen,  with  iron  forges. 
Pop.  l'775. 

BENNAVIIIR,  bSnnVeen',  a  commune  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  HautrKhin,  with  a  station  on  the  Strasbourg  and 
Bile  Railnav,  3^  miles  S.  of  Colmar. 

BEN(X)B,  or  BENOUB,  b^n-ooR  (Omfphis.)  a  village  of 
Lower  E'lypt,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Mansoorah,  on  the  eastern 
arm  of  the  Nile. 

BENOA\"M,  bjn-dwm',  a  town  of  Central  .Africa,  in  Soodan, 
near  the  border  of  Senegambia.  Lat.  15°  5'  N. :  Ion.  9°  W. 
It  is  a  principal  caravan  station  on  the  route  from  the  Sene- 
gal to  Timbuctoo, 

BEN'SALEM,  bjn'si/lem,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  '^iol. 

BEN  SEEING,  bSns'bjRO,  a  small  markel>-town  of  Rhenish 
Pnis.sia.  9  miles  K.  of  Cologne,     Pop.  864, 

BENS^BOKOUGII,  a  village  in  the  N.  part  of  La  Oede 
CO.,  Missouri,  on  an  affluent  of  the  .\nglaize  River. 

BENr^EN.  b.'n'sfn.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Leitmeritz.  with  two  castles.     Pop.  482. 

BENSIIEIM,  bJns'hIme.  an  old  fortified  town  of  Ilesse- 
Darmttadt.  on  the  Bergstrasse,  14  miles  S.  of  Darmstadt. 
Pop.  4<i0i"i.  emploved  in  raisins  wine. 

BEN'SINGTON  or  BEN'SON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

BEN'SON.  a  post-township  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont,  about 
60  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  several  boot  and  shoe 
manufactories,  and  one  of  carriages.     Pop.  1256. 

BENSON,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co,,New  York,  about 
50  miles  N.N.W.  of  AIImuv. 

BENSON  CENTRE,  a  jpost-offlce  of  Hamilton  co.,  New 
York. 

BENSON'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Rutland  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 

BENTALA,  bJn-tl'ia,  a  town  of  Senegambia,  about  210 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Sierra  I.«one,  on  a  tributary  of  th«  Rio 
Grande. 


BEN 

BENT  CREBK,  a  neat  post-village  of  Appomattox  co, 
Virgini.^,  on  James  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Bent  Creek,  IIU 
miles  W.  of  Richmond.  A  plank-road  extends  frnni  this 
place  to  Clover  Hill,  the  county  town.  It  has  several  stores, 
and  a  large  flouring  mill. 

BENTEVOGLIO,  bte-te-v51'yo,  a  post-ofBce  of  Albemarl* 
CO.,  Virginia. 

BEN'TIIALL,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Salop. 

BEN'THAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  Wert 
Riding. 

BENTHEIM,  bjnt/hime,  a  town  of  Hanover.  38  miles  W. 
of  Osnaburg,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the  Dutch  fiontier. 
Pop.  1972.  It  is  the  seat  of  royal  and  manori.al  courts :  and 
has  manufactures  of  linen  cloths  and  parchment,  with 
stone  quarries  and  sulphur  baths. 

BENTINCK  (bJn'tink)  ISLAND,  alow  wooded  i>land  in 
the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  10  miles  from  the  mainland  of 
North  Australia.     Lat.  17°  S. :  Ion.  139°  40'  E. 

BENT'LEY,  a  parish  of  Enarland,  co.  of  Hants. 

BENTLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BENT'LEY,  a  post-ofRee  of  Richmond  co..  New  York. 

BENTLEY  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BENTLEY,  FENNY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BENTLEY,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Eugl.ind,  co.  of  Essex 

BENTLEY,  LITTLE,  a  p.-vrish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BEXTLEY'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,New 
York. 

BEXT'LEYVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co, 
Pennsylvania. 

BENTLEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Halifax  co.,  Virginia, 
on  Staunton  River,  115  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

BENT  MOUNTAIN,  a  postKjfiiceof  Roanoke  co.,  Virginia. 

BENI'ON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  the  Peninsula  of 
Florida,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  ol 
perhaps  1000  square  miles.  The  Withlacoochee  River  forms 
its  northern  boundai-y.  The  surface  has  but  little  eleva- 
tion, and  is  mostly  occupied  by  pine  woods  and  swamps; 
the  soil  is  sandy,  and  produces  sugar-cane.  Indian  com, 
and  rice.  Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  H.  Benton,  of  Mis- 
souri. Capital,  Melendez,  Pop.  in  1850,  926 ;  of  whom  60-1 
were  free,  and  322  slaves. 

BENTON  (CA  LHOUN),  a  co.  in  the  E.N.E.  of  Alabama,  }k>t- 
dering  on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  1170  square  miles.  The 
I  Coo.sa  River  washes  its  N.W.  border:  the  Tallapoo>a  flows 
through  the  S.E.  part;  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Tallasa- 
hatchee  and  Chocolochee  Creeks.  The  county  is  traversed 
by  mountain  ridges.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  exceedingly 
fertile,  and  much  improved.  The  mountains  are  rich  in 
minerals;  gold  and  lead  have  been  found.  Iron  ore.  fine 
marble,  and  limestone  are  abundant.  Chalybeate  and  other 
mineral  springs  occur  in  several  places.  The  long-leaved 
pine  is  one  of  the  most  numerous  trees  in  the  forests.  The 
railroad  lately  commenced  between  Selma  and  Tennessee 
River  passes  through  the  county.  Capital.  Jacksonville. 
Pop.  21,539 ;  of  whom  17.197  are  free,  and  4342  slaves. 

BENTON,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Ar- 
kansas, contains  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Illinois  River  and  Flag  Creek.  The  surface  is  mostly 
level,  and  the  soil  very  productive.  The  stre-ams  afford  ex- 
cellent water-power.  A  strong  current  of  emigration  is 
moving  towards  this  section  of  the  State.  Capital.  Bonton- 
vllle.     Pop.  9306;  of  whom  8922  were  free,  and  384  slaves, 

BENTON,  a  county  in  the  N.N  W.  part  of  Tennessee,  haf 
an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River 
(navigable  by  steam)  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  E., 
and  the  Big  Sandy  washes  its  N.W.  border.  The  soil  isisaid 
to  be  fertile.  Capital,  Camden.  Pop.  8463;  of  whom  7929 
were  free,  and  534  slaves. 

BENTON,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Indiana,  bor- 
dering on  Illinois,  contains  414  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Pine  and  Sugar  Creeks.  More  than  half  of  the  surface  is 
an  undulating  prairie,  the  soil  of  which  is  highly  produt- 
tive;  and  about  one-fifth  is  covered  with  forests  of  oak,  ash, 
sug!\r-maple.  walnut,  &c.  Organized  in  1840.  Capital,  Ox- 
ford.   Pop.  2809. 

BENTON,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  770  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  th« 
0<age  River,  which  flows  eastward,  and  in  its  pas.^.ige  re- 
ceives the  Pomme  de  Terre  and  Grand  Rivers.  The  county 
is  also  drained  by  Tebo,  Beaver,  and  Cole  Camp  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified,  and  consists  partly  of 
prairies;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  Osage  River  is  navigable 
during  high  water.  Lead  is  fonnd  in  the  county.  Capital, 
Wai-saw.  Pop.  9072;  of  whom  8473  were  free,  and  699 
slaves. 

BENTON,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Cedar 
River  and  by  Prairie  Creek,  and  the  Iowa  River  touches  it< 
S.W.  extremity.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are  said  to  be 
more  extensive  than  the  woodland.s;  the  soil  is  fertile,  am' 
the  climate  healthy.     Capital,  Vinton.     Pop.  8496. 

BENTON,  a  county  in  the  ccntr.il  part  ot  Minnesota,  har 
an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  th( 
W.  by  the  Mississippi  River  and  also  drained  by  the  Elk 


BEN 

River,  the  west  forfc  of  Rum  River,  and  hittllf  Rock  Creek. 
The  Burface  is  somewhat  diversified,  and  piirtly  covered 
witli  forests.  Tlie  .soil  in  some  parts  is  productive.  Capital, 
Saulv  Rapids.    Pop.  627. 

BKNTON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Oregon,  has  an  area 
of  about  1-(X)  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Willamette  River,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  I'acific  Occiin,  ami 
is  drained  by  the  Alseya  and  Yaquina  Rivers.  Tlio  central 
part  Is  traversed  by  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains,  the  di- 
rection of  which  is  north  and  south.  Capital,  CorvalUs. 
Pop.  3074. 

BENTON,  formerly  SEBASTICOOK,  a  post-township  of 
Kennebec  co..  Maine,  on  the  Sebasticook  River,  alxint  IdO 
miles  XE.  of  Portland.  The  name  was  changed  June  19, 
18.^.0.     Pop.  1IS3. 

BKNTON,  a  post-townsliip  of  Grafton  cc,  New  Hampshire. 
Pop.  459. 

BKNTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Yates  co..  New 
York,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake,  about  ISO  miles  W. 
of  Albany.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Canandaigua  and  Kl- 
mira  Hailm.ad.    Pop.  246'2. 

BKNTON,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BKNTON,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
H.iO. 

BENTON,  a  poRt-vlllasre  of  Lowndes  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
Alabama  River,  about  35  miles  W.  of  Montgomery.  It  owes 
its  importance  to  the  navi^^ation  of  the  river,  and  does  a 
large  business  in  proportion  to  its  size.  The  land  in  the 
Tioiiiity  produces  jrood  crops  of  cotton.    Pop.  400  or  500. 

BKNTON.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Yazoo  co.,  Mississippi,  about 
40  miles  N.  of  Jackson,  and  11  miles  E.  of  Yazoo  City,  was 
formerly  the  county  seat.  It  contains  1  church,  1  academy, 
and  several  stores. 

BKNTON.  a  pos(>villapte.  capital  of  Saline  co.,  Arkansas, 
25  miles  S.W.  of  Little  Hock,  .and  2  miles  N.E.  of  Saline 
River,  which  alToi-ds  water-power.  It  has  a  court-house, 
jail,  and  a  few  shops.  Fine  marble,  soapstone,  and  silver 
are  found  in  the  vicinitv. 

BENTON  or  BKNTON VILLE,  a  pos1>vilIage,  capital  of 
Polk  CO..  Tennessee.  4  miles  S.  of  Hiawassee  River,  and  75 
miles  S.S.W.  of  KBoxville.  It  has  a  court-house,  jail,  aca- 
demv.  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  hundred  inhabitants. 

BENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marshall  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Clark's  River,  about  270  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frank- 
fort. 

BKNTON.  a  small  vilLage  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Chaplin  Biver. 

BKNTON,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  about  40  miles  E. 
of  Cincinnati. 

BKNTON.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio, 
ahout  S4  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.N.W.  of  Columbus.  The 
post-oflftce  is  called  Benton  Kidare. 

BKNTON,  a  post-village  of  Uolmes  co.,  Ohio,  92  miles  N.E. 
of  Columbus.  „  _,  .       T^       ,1. 

BKNTON.  a  township  in  Ottowa  CO.,  OIno.     Pop.  144. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Paulding  co  ,  Ohio.     Pop.  209. 

BKNTON,  a  township  in  Pike  co.,  Oliio.     Pop.  811. 

BKNTON,  a  small  vilhige  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Port- 
age CO.,  Ohio. 

BKNTON,  a  township  of  Berrien  CO.,  Michigan.  The  N.\>  . 
ccrner  touches  Lake  Michigan.    Pop.  1028. 

BENTON,  a  township  in  Katon  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  755. 

BKNTON,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Klkhart  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Elkliart  River,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Goshen,  tlie 
county  seat,  has  2  churches,  a  large  flouring  mill,  2  tan- 
neries, and  several  stores.     Pop.  13S6. 

BENTON,  a  township  in  Monroe  Co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  690. 

BKNTON,  a  piwt-oflRce  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 

BKNTnN,  a  township  iu  Adams  co.,  Illinois. 

BKNTON,  a  pfjst-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co..  Illinois, 
Is  situated  on  a  prairie  neiir  IMg  Muddy  River,  152  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  S'pringfield.    Pop.  380. 

BENTON,  a  village  m  the  .N.  part  of  Henderson  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 2  miles  E.  of  tlie  Mississippi  River. 
BENTON,  a  townsliip  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  729, 
BENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Missouri,  240 
miles  K.S.E.  of  Jefferson  City,  has  a  court-house,  jail,  and  a 
few  stores.     Pop.  380. 

BKNTON.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, situated  in  Benton  township,  13  miles  N.  of  Galena, 
Illinois,  and  85  miles  t^.W.  of  Madison.  It  is  surrounded 
by  rich  lead-mines,  in  which  many  persons  are  employed, 
and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  The  village  contains  2 
churches,  5  stores,  1  smelting  lurnace,  &c.  Total  j)opulation, 
2091. 

BENTON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Benton  township, 
Yates  CO..  New  Ynrif,  189  miles  W.  cf  Albany. 
BENTON  FKR  RY,  a  postroflice  of  Marion  co..  W.  Virginia. 
BENTON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 
BENTON  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 
BEN'TONSPORT,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  6  miles  E.  of  Keosauqua, 

BKN'TONS  VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina    See  AppiLN'Bix 


BER 

BENTONVILLE,  a  post-offic«  of  W.arren  co.,  Virginia. 

BENTONVILLE.  a  post^village,  capital  of  Benton  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, 225  miles  N.W.  of  Little  Rock,  and  about  2J  miles 
from  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  state.  The  county  has  a 
large  portion  of  good  arable  land,  and  is  liberally  supplied 
with  water-power.  The  ])opulation  of  tliis  section  is  increas- 
ing rapidly  by  immigration.     Pop.  about  500. 

Bl^NTONVILLK,  Tennessee.     See  Bknton. 

BENTONVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Adams  co., 
Ohio,  12  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  108  S.S.W.  of  Colum- 
bus. It  is  connected  by  a  plank-road  with  the  Ohio  River 
at  ^Manchester.     Pop.  al)OUt  4u0. 

BENTONA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  CO.,  Indiarsa,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Connersville,  the  county  town. 

BKNT(JTTE,  b^n-totf,  a  small  town  of  Ceylon,  on  Ceylon 
River.  12  miles  S.  of  Caltura. 

BENT'WORTH,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BENVENUE,  bJnS-g-uew',  a  post-ofllce  of  Dauphin  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

BEN'WKLL,  a  township  of  England,  co.-  of  North  umber 
land,  2  miles  W.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  in  1851,  1272.  em- 
))!oj'ed  in  collieries,  one  of  which,  in  the  last  century,  took 
fire,  and  burned  for  nearly  30  years. 

BENWOOD,  Marshall  co.,  W.  Virginia.    See  Appexdix. 

BEN-WYVIS.  ben-wi'vis,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross.  10  miles  W.  of  Kiltearn.     Ueitht,  2720  feet. 

BKNZKRTA.    See  Bizert.\. 

BEN'ZINGER,  a  post-township  of  Elk  co„  Penn.sylvania, 
about  It  0  miles  N.W.  of  llarrisburg.     Pop.  1247. 

BEODRAf  b.Wdrd,  a  market-town  and  poststation  of 
Hungary,  in  the  bauat,  and  47  miles  \V.  of  Temesvar. 
Pop.  3120, 

BKO'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BEf/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BEQL'I.\,  bA-kee'a,  the  northernmost  of  the  Grenadines, 
West  India  Islands,  lat.  13°  N..lon.  r,\o  jg/  w.,  8  miles  S.of 
St.  Vincent.  Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W..  7  miles ;  breadth,  11 
miles.     On  its  W.  side  is  the  inlet  of  Admiralty  Hay. 

BER.^R,  bA-rar'.  a  large  province  of  llindostan,  in  the 
Deccan,  under  British  protection,  ntid  the  nominal  sove- 
reigntv  of  a  rajali ;  between  lat.  17°  4S'  and  22^  43'  N..  and 
Ion.  ~b°  20'  and  x-JP  48'  E.  G  reatest  length,  from  N .  to  S.,  330 
miles  :  breadth.  300  miles;  area,  56,723  square  miles.  It  is 
centrally  situated,  being  almost  efiuidistant  from  the  Bay 
of  Bengal  and  the  W.  coast  of  India  :  and  consists  chiefly  of 
an  elevated  valley,  reached  by  a  chain  of  i/ha  uls  or  moun- 
tain passes,  sometimes  sloping  gradually,  sometimes  termi- 
nating abruptly  towards  the  valley.  The  chief  rivers  are 
the  Wurda,  the  Kliahan,  Wynegunga,  and  other  affluents 
of  the  Godavory.  The  soil  is  fertile,  yielding  almndant  corps 
of  dry  grains;  also  flax,  sugar,  betel,  and  tobacco.  The 
wheat  is  reckone<l  the  best  in  India,  and  is  harvested  three 
months  after  it  is  sown,  leaving  time  for  a  crop  of  Indian 
orn.    Cotton  is  grown  to  .some  extent. 

BKRAT,  bSr-df,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  .Mbania, 
sanjak  of  .\vlona.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kricnt.  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  8  arelies,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Avlona. 
Population  between  8000  and  10.000,  of  whom  two-thirds  are 
Greeks  and  one-third  Turks.  It  consists  cf  an  upper  town 
or  citadel,  containing  the  vizier's  palace,  several  Greek 
chuivlies.  and  about  250  hou.sea;  and  the  lower  town, 
mostly  inhabited  by  Turks,  with  numerous  mosques  and  a 
good  bazaar. 

BER.\UN,  bA'rOwn,  fL.  Beraii/na.  or  Bfraufnum.)  a  walled 
town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Beraun  Kiver, 
17^  miles  S.W.  of  Prague.  Pop.  2200,  employed  in  potteries, 
iron  forges,  coal-mines,  and  stone  quarri  js. 

BKR'BER.i,  (anc.  MaHiiP.)  a  seaport  station  of  East  Africa, 
Somauli,  on  a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  .\den.  100  miles  K.S.E.  of 
Zeyla.  Lat.  10°  2(7  15"  N..  Ion.  45°  7' 57"  E.  An  annual  fair  is 
held  here  from  October  till  April,  at  which  from  lu.OOO  to 
20.000  persons  assemble;  and  to  whi^h  cofTee,  grains,  ghee, 
ostrich  feathers,  gums,  hides,  gold-dust,  cattle,  ivoi-y,  and 
slaves  are  sent  from  the  interior  of  Africa;  and  iron.  Indian 
piece-goods,  cutton,  rice,  &c.,  from  Arabia  and  other  parts- 
of  Asia. 

BElt'BERS.  a  name  given  by  the  Arabs  to  the  original 
inhabitants  of  North  Africa,  who.  however,  do  not  recognise 
it,  calling  themselves,  in  their  own  languages,  Amazeergh 
or  Tamzeerght. 

BKRBICK,  ber-beece',  the  most  western  district  of  British 
Guiana,  extending  along  the  coast,  and  up  the  Berbice 
River,  and  mostly  between  lat.  6°  and  7°  N..  and  ion.  57° 
and  58°  W.  Pop.  in  1834,  21.589,  of  whom  570  are  whites. 
It  is  subdivided  into  six  parishes.  Principal  products,  sugar, 
coffee,  and  cotton.  In  1846,  73,307  cwts.of  sugar  and  51,257 
gallons  of  rum  were  exported  to  the  United  Kingdom.  Total 
value  of  exports  in  1844,  226.213/.. — tho.<o  to  Great  Britain 
amounting  to  222,859?.;  value  of  imports,  C5.P40/.  In  the 
same  year  86  vessels,  aggregate  burden  11.906  tons,  entered, 
and  72  vessels,  burden  11,826  tons,  cleared  from  the  colony. 
Hegistered  shipping  in  1844,  18  vcs-^els.  aggregate  burden, 
854  tons.  Principal  town,  New  Amsterdam. 
BKRBICK  RIVKR.  in  the  above  district,  rises  in  about 
I  lat.  3°  30'  N.  Ion.  5S°  W.,  having  at  first  a  N.  and  afterwards 

au7 


BER 


BER 


B  X.E.  course,  between  the  Essequibo  and  the  Corentyn 
Rivers,  and  joins  the  Atlantic  by  an  estuary  5  miles  in 
width,  10  miles  N.  of  New  Amsterdam,  in  lat.  6°  21'  N., 
Im.  57°  12'  \y.  Sir  R.  Schomburgk  ascended  it,  in  1837,  to  lat. 
3'^  55'  N.,  where  it  was  33  yards  wide,  with  a  depth  of  from  8 
to  10  feet.  In  its  upper  part  it  has  numerous  rapids  and 
cataracts;  but  it  is  navigable  for  105  miles  from  the  sea,  for 
vessels  drawing  7  feet  water.  Among  the  luxuriant  ve- 
getation on  its  banks,  the  magnificent  Victoria  reffia  was 
discovered. 

BEKCETO,  bfe-chA'to,  a  picturesque  village  of  North 
Italy,  duchy  and  28  miles  S.W.  of  Parma.    Pop.  900. 

UEKCHKJl,  bJR'Kem,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  2,342,  partly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  chiccory. 

BKKCHKM,  a  village  of  Belgium,  2  miles  S.  of  Antwerp, 
on  the  railway  to  Brus.sels.  Pop.  2729,  engaged  in  bleaching 
ond  in  manufactures  of  canvas,  starch,  and  tobacco. 

BERCIIEM,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
North  Brabant,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  1841. 

BERCHING,  bSn/king,  a  small  town  of  Bavaria,  on  Lud- 
Wig's  Canal,  30  miles  W'.N.W.  of  Ratisbon.    Pop.  1351. 

BERCHTESOADEX,  b^RK'tes-gdMen,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  12  miles  S.  of  Salzburg,  with  1800  inhabitants  en- 
gaged iu  salt-works  and  manufactures  of  bone  and  wooden 
waris.  In  the  royal  salt-mines  in  its  vicinity  200  miners 
are  employed,  and  the  annual  produce  is  16,000  cwt.  of  rock- 
salt.  It  ha,s  a  i'ranciscan  monastery,  a  charitable  asylum, 
and  a  royal  palace. 

BERCK-SUll-MER,  b^Rk-stlR-maiR,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Pas-de-Calais,  on  the  English  Channel,  8  miles 
S.^V.  of  Montreuil.  Pop.  of  commune,  21t)0:  61  fishing 
boats  belonged  to  Its  port  in  1837. 

BEliCY,  b^R^see',  a  village  of  France,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Seine,  forming  a  S.E.  suburb  of  Paris,  between  the 
city  wall  and  the  line  of  its  new  fortifications.  Pop.  in  1852, 
10,860.  It  is  an  entrepot  of  articles  for  consvunption  in  Paris, 
especially  wine  and  brandy. 

BERDI.INSK,  bJR-de-dnsk',  a  maritime  town  of  South 
Russia,  Taurida,  at  the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Berda,  on 
the  N.  shore  of  the  sea  of  Azof,  150  miles  N.E.  Simferopol. 
I'his  new  and  flourishing  town  is  remarkable  for  its  rapid 
extension,  having  in  the  ten  years  of  its  existence  esta- 
blished an  extensive  trade  and  attaine<l  a  population  of 
10,000.  Its  prosperity  is  ascribed  to  the  excellence  of  its 
port,  and  the  coal-mines  and  salt  lakes  iu  its  vicinity.  The 
roadstead  is  the  best  in  the  Sea  of  Azof.  A  light-house 
stands  at  its  entrance. 

BERDITCHEV,  or  BERDITSCIIEV,  b^R-de-chM  a  town 
of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  24  miles  S.  of 
Zhltomeer,  (Jitomir.)  Pop.  (1868)  51,626,  mostly  Jews.  It 
is  dirty  and  ill  built,  but  important  for  its  commerce,  and 
celebrated  for  its  four  annual  tairs,  the  chief  of  which  Is 
held  during  the  four  weeks  succeeding  August  16.  The 
average  value  of  the  goods  brought  annually  to  these  fiiirs 
is  estimated  at  3,797,000  roubles  or  $2,900,000. 

BER'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BERE.\.,  be-ree'a,  post-office,  Gi-anville  co..  North  Carolina. 

BERE.\,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Cuyahoga  CO., 
Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus  Railroad,  12  miles  S. 
W.  of  Cleveland.     It  contains  a  union  school. 

BERE-CIIURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BERE,  FOREST  OF,  a  pretty  extensive  tract  of  forest- 
land  in  England,  co.  of  Hants,  between  Portsdown  and 
the  Southdown  ranges.  Much  of  it  is  now  enclosed,  but 
other  parts  produce  fine  oak  timber.  In  it  are  the  villages 
Purbrook,  Southwick,  and  Horndean. 

BEREGII,  biVJg',  a  county  of  Upper  Hungary,  this  side 
the  Theiss.  Pop.  119,161.  Chief  towns  Bereghszasz  and 
Munkacs. 

BEREGII,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  above  co.,  14  miles 
S.  of  Munkacs.    Pop.  1750. 

BEREGHSZASZ,  biVi-g^ss',  a  town  of  East  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Beregh,  18  miles  S.  of  Munkacs.  Pop.  3560.  It  has 
Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Protestant  churches. 

BEREGUARDO,  bi-ri-gw^R'do,  a  village  of  Lombardy, 
9  miles  N.W.  of  Pavia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  canal  of  the 
same  name  in  the  Ticino. 

BER^ENI'CE,  a  ruined  city  of  Egypt,  anciently  the  empo- 
rium of  its  commerce  with  India,  on  a  bay  of  the  Red  Sea, 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Ras  Bernass.  It  has  the  remains  of  a  tem- 
ple of  Serapis. 

BERENT  or  BEHREND,  bA/rSnt,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
government  of  D.antzic,  on  the  Ferse,  82  miles  S.W.  of 
Dantzic,    Pop.  2000. 

BERENY  J  ASZ.    See  Ja8Z-Ber£jjt. 

BERESINA,  or  BEREZINA,  b^R-e-zeen'i,  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Minsk,  in  the  N.'  of  whlcli  it  rises,  flows 
generally  S.,  and  joins  the  Dnieper  in  lat.  62°  28'  N.  Length 
200  miles.  Principal  affluent,  the  Svislotch.  The  towns  of 
Borissov  and  Bobruisk  are  on  its  l»nk.s.  It  is  navigable, 
and  is  connected  with  the  DUna  by  a  canal,  which  thus 
establishes  a  communication  Imtween  the  Baltic  and  Black 
Seas  This  river  is  memorable  for  the  disastrous  passage  of  the 
French  army  during  Napoleon's  retreat  from  Moscow,  in  1812. 
208 


BERESIN^,  a  village  of  Russia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Beresina,  48  miles  E.  of  Minsk,  at  which  Charles  XII.  crossed 
the  river,  June  29,  1708. 

BERETHALOM,  bi^riHA^om',  or  BERTHALM,  hlvJiiXm, 
a  market-town  of  Hungary,  Transylvania,  in  a  valley 
between  vine-clad  hills,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Hermannstadt. 
Pop.  3290. 

BERETTYO,  bAVJyyo\  a  river  of  East  Hungary,  rises  in 
the  Beregh  hills,  and  after  a  somewhat  winding  course  of 
170  miles  falls  into  the  Kiji-os,  near  Szarvas. 

BERETTYO-UJFALU,  bAVJt/yo^oo'ee-f  dMoo',  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  beyond  the  Theiss,  co.  of  Bihar,  on  the  Berett- 
yo.  witli  a  reformed  church.     Pop.  5426. 

BEREZNA,  hk-rhiJnh,  a  town  of  Russia,  on  the  Desna, 
government  and  20  miles  E.  of  Techernigov.    Pop.  5500. 

BEREZOV,  or  BEREZOFF,  b^r-ez-off',  written  also  BE- 
REZOW,  (a  town  of  birch-trees.)  a  town  of  Siberia,  govern- 
ment and  400  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tobolsk,  on  the  lower  banks 
of  the  Sosva.  It  is  important  as  the  sole  trading  station 
throughout  a  wide  extent  of  country,  and  has  a  considerable 
traffic  in  furs. 

BEREZOV,  a  gold-mining  village  of  Asiatic  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Perm,  N.E.  of  Yekaterinboorg. 

BERG,  b^RG,  numerous  villages  in  Germany,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is  in  WUrtemberg,  \\  miles  N.E.  of  Stuttgart, 
with  770  inhabitants,  who  manufacture  cotton  yarn  and 
copper  wares. 

BERGA,  b^R'gJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  51  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bar- 
celona. Pop.  6333.  It  has  a  garrison,  an  hospital,  and 
several  convents. 

BERGAMA,  beR-gd/mi,  (anc.  PcrfgarmiB,)  a  ruined  city 
of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  on  the  Mender  Cliai,  (Simoi^,) 
1 J  miles  S.E.  of  the  site  of  ancient  Troy.  It  has  extensive 
remains  of  a  palace,  an  amphitheatre,  triumphal  arches,  and 
bridges,  intermixed  with  huts,  burial-grounds,  mosques, 
and  khans.    Pop.  about  10.000. 

BERG-AMBACHT,  bSRO^lm-baKt/,  a  village  of  Holland, 
14  miles  E.  of  iiotterdam.    Pop.  650. 

BERGAMO,  hiufgi  mo,  (anc.  Berlgomum,)  a  fortified  city 
of  Lombardy,  capital  of  the  piovince  of  Bergamo,  29  miles 
N.E.  of  Milan.  It  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  cities  in 
North  Italy,  and  has  numerous  churches  and  chapels,-  a 
cathedral,  12  monasteries,  10  nunneries,  a  town-hall,  many 
charitable  institutions,  a  college,  athenaeum,  academy  of  the 
fine  art.s,  diocesan  and  other  schools,  a  public  library,  a 
military  asylum,  and  several  theatres,  with  extensive  manu- 
factories of  silk,  woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  fabrics,  silk 
twist,  and  iron  goods.  Tlie  largest  fair  in  Northern  Italy  is 
held  here  annually  in  August,  the  aggregate  sales  at  which 
sometimes  amount  to  l,200,0C0i.  It  has  also  large  cattle 
markets,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  grinding-stones.  quar- 
ried in  the  vicinity.  During  the  height  of  the  Venetian 
power,  Bergamo  was  a  dependency  on  its  territory;  under 
Napoleon  it  was  the  capital  of  tlie  department  of  Serio. 
Bergamo  is  the  birth-place  of  Bernardo  Tasso,  father  of  Tor- 
quato  Tasso,  to  the  latter  of  whom  a  colossal  statue  has 
been  erected  in  the  great  square :  of  Tiraboschi.  a  learned 
Jesuit,  author  of  the  Storia  della  Litteratura  Italiana;  of 
Antonio  Serassi,  the  biographer  of  Dante,  I'etrarch,  and 
Tas.so;  and  of  many  p'ainters  of  note.    Pop.  24,566. 

BERGANTINO,  bte-gSn-tee'no,  a  market-town  of  North 
Italy,  Venice,  25  miles  'W.  of  Rovigo.     Pop.  3000. 

BERG,  DUCHY  OF,  on  the  Rhine  between  Cologne  and 
Coblentz,  was  formed  by  Napoleon  in  1806,  and  ceded  to 
Prussia  in  1815,  is  now  comprised  in  Prussian  Westphalia. 

BERGEDORF,  bJR'gheh-doRf\  {i.e.  "hill  village.")  a  town 
of  North  Germany,  belonging  jointly  to  Hamburg  and 
Lubeck,  on  the  Hamburg  and  Berlin  Railway,  10  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Hamburg.    Pop.  2151. 

BERGEIJK,  b^Wohike,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  25  miles  S.  of  Bois-lo-Duc.   Pop.  1761. 

BERGEN.  bJR'ghgn,  a  fortified  city  and  seaport  of  Norway, 
capital  of  a  province,  on  a  i.ieninsula.  at  the  end  of  a  deep 
bay,  on  the  Atlantic,  190  miles  W.N.W.  of  Christiauia.  Lat. 
of  castle,  60°  24'  N.,  Ion.  6°  IS'  E.  Pop.  in  1845,  25.611.  It 
is  well  built  and  picturesque;  it  rises  iu  the  form  of  an  nmr 
phitheatre,  and  lias  a  cathedral,  several  other  chvu-ches, 
hospitals,  charitable  institutions,  a  tlieatre,  national  mu- 
seum, diocesan  college,  naval  academy  and  other  schools, 
and  5  public  libraries.  Bergen  is  surrounded  by  elevated 
mountains  on  the  landside,  which  renders  the  climate  hu- 
mid, and  heavy  rains  are  very  frequent.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
court  of  .secondary  jurisdiction,  and  of  one  of  the  three  pub- 
lic treasuries  of  Norway.  It  has  a  branch  of  the  Norwegi.in 
bank,  and  is  the  station  of  a  naval  squadron.  Its  harl">r, 
deep  and  sheltered,  but  rocky,  is  defended  by  several  forts; 
which,  with  the  town  walls,  mount  about  100  guns.  It  has 
manufactures  of  earthen-ware,  tobacco,  and  cordage;  distill- 
ing and  ship-building  are  carried  on ;  the  fishery  is,  however, 
the  principal  source  of  employment,  and  fleets  of  from  60  to 
SO  small  vessels  come  from  the  northern  provinces  in  sum- 
mer, bringing  to  Bergen  fish,  roes,  fish-oil,  blubber,  skins, 
and  feathers,  and  taking  back  gof  ds  in  return.  The  foreign 
trade  is  mostly  with  the  countries  of  Northern  Europe.  Prin- 
cipal imports,  corn,  brandy  and  wines,  cotton  and  woollen 


BER 


BER 


manufactures,  colonial  produce,  and  hemp;  exports,  dried 
and  salted  fish,  lobsters,  oil,  horns.  Iron,  rock-moss,  skins, 
and  timber.  In  1S42,  1078  vessels,  mostly  Norwegian. 
Danish,  British,  anj  German,  of  an  aggregate  burden  of 
80,545  tons  entered,  and  1U(5(5  vessc-ls,  burden  80,278  tons, 
cleared  from  the  port.  Bergen  was  foundiKl  in  the  eleventh 
century,  and  was  at  an  early  period  a  town  of  the  Hanseatic 
League,  but  since  Christiania  has  become  the  seat  of  the 
legislature,  as  well  as  of  a  university,  it  has  taken  prece- 
dence of  the  former,  while  lofty  ranges  of  empty  warehouses, 
extending  along  the  quay,  testify  at  once  the  large  scale  on 
which  trade  was  here  conducted  by  the  Han se  merchants  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  decay 
which  ensued  on  the  ovej'throw  of  the  Hanseatic  influence 
in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth.  Bergen  sends  four  repre- 
sentatives to  the  storthing,  or  senate,  of  Norway.  Although 
there  is  little  attraction  in  the  town  itself,  its  vicinity  is 
exceedingly  picturesque,  having  mountains  2000  feet  in 
height  on  three  sides,  and  the  fiord,  with  its  islands,  in 
front.  Numbers  of  beautifully  situatetl  villas  are  scattered 
along  the  heights,  commanding  fine  and  extensive  views. 
The  stift  or  province  of  Bergen  had'  in  1845,  a  population  of 
276,281. 

BKKGEN,  bJno'en,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Pomerania,  near 
the  centre  of  the  island  of  KUgen.  of  which  it  is  the  capital, 
15  miles  X.K.  of  Stralsund.  I'op.  3024.  It  has  manufictures 
of  woollen  cloth  and  brandy,  and  a  convent  for  noble  ladies. 

BKIIGEX,  a  village  of  Hanover,  34  ftiiles  S.W  of  LUne- 
burg.  with  a  population  of  830.  It  has  linen  manufactures. 
This  is  the  name  of  several  other  villages  in  Gei-many. 

BKUGK.V,  b^n'Hen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Limburg,  on  the  right  bank  of  theMeuaeSO  miles  K.S.K. 
of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  3442. 

BKKOKN.  ber'gheii,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  New  Jer- 
sey, bordering  on  New  York,  has  an  area  of  about  350  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Hudson  liiver.  and  is 
intersected  by  Kamapo,  Hackensaek.  and  Saddle  Kivers, 
which  iitTord  valuable  water-power.  The  famous  pali.sades 
of  the  Hudson  are  situated  on  the  K.  border  of  this  county. 
The  surface  is  generally  uneven,  and  in  the  W.  part  moun- 
tainous. The  soil  is  fertile,  particularly  along  the  valleys 
of  the  streams.  Magnetic  iron  ore  and  limestofle  are  found. 
This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Erie  Railroad  and  by  the 
Nortliern  Kuilroad  of  New  jersey.  Organized  in  1710,  but 
the  area  lias  since  been  considerably  diminislied  by  the 
formation  of  Passaic  and  Hudson  counties.  Capital,  Hack- 
ensaek.    Pop.  in  1850,  14,725;  in  1800,  21,618. 

BEUGEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co., 
New  York,  on  tlie  Kocliester  and  Batavia  Kailroad,  about 
235  miles  W.  by  N.  of  .Albany.    Pop.  2008. 

BEKGEN,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Hudson  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  tlie  top  of  Bergen  Kidge,  3  miles  W.  of  New 
York  city.  It  has  an  elegant  church,  a  bank,  and  other 
buildings.  Settled  about  the  year  1616.  Pop.  in  1850,  2758 ; 
in  1860,  7429. 

BERGKN  IRON-WORKS,  a  postrvlllage  of  Brick  town- 
Bhip,  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey. 

BER(J'EN'-OP-ZOOM,  or  more  correctly  BERG-OP-ZOOM, 
bSRG'op-zOme\  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  N'orth  Brabant,  on  the  Zoom,  near  its  jvinction 
with  the  East  Scheldt.  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Breda.  Lat.  51° 
29'  7"  N. :  Ion.  4°  17'  5"  E.  Population,  9900.  It  h-as  a 
good  harbor.  2  arsenals,  a  town-house,  a  Latin  school,  a 
school  of  architecture,  manufactures  of  earthen-ware,  and  a. 
considerable  trade  in  anchovies.  It  was  long  styled  the 
"  maiden."  on  account  of  the  numerous  sieges  it  had  sus- 
tained, especially  by  the  Spaniards  in  1588  and  1622.  The 
fcrtifications  were  extended  by  the  celebrated  Cochoorn  in 
1703.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1747  and  in  1794,  and 
defended  by  them  against  the  English  in  1814. 

BERGKN  (ber'ghgn)  POINT,  a  postofflce  of  Hudson  co., 
New  Jersev. 

BERGEN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BERGERAC.  b5RVheh-rilk',atown  of  France,  dep.artment, 
and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dordogne,  here  crossed  by  a 
noble  bridge  of  5  arches.  It  is  capital  of  the  arrondissement, 
in  a  fertile  plain,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Perigueux.  Pop.  in  1851, 
10.402.  It  has  a  communal  college  and  public  library,  tri- 
bunal of  commerce,  and  manufactures  of  paper,  iron,  and 
copper  wares,  serges,  and  hosiery,  and  exports  white  wines, 
liqueurs,  and  provisions  to  Bordeaux.  Bergerac  wivs  for- 
merly fortified,  and  sustained  many  sieges.  It  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1345.  and  retaken  in  1370.  Its  fortifica- 
tions were  razed  by  Ix)uis  XIII.  in  1621. 

BERGHEI.M, b^RG'hlme,  (Fr.pron.hjRVh5m'.)a  commune 
and  village  of  France,  department  of  Haut-Rhin,  8j  miles 
N.  of  Colmar.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  3596. 

BERGIIEIM.  bSRG'hIme,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
fia.  14  miles  \Y.N.W.  of  Cologne.    Pop.  866. 

BERGIIEIM,  a  village  of  Germany.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Wal- 
deck,  with  a  oastle  of  the  Princes  of  Waldeck,  and  600  inha- 
bitants.  This  is  the  name  also  of  other  villages  in  Germany. 

BERG  HOLT,  (bjrg'hilt,)  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

0 


BERGHOLT.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BERGIIOLTZ.  bJiigliAlts.  or  NEW  IJERGHOLTZ.  a  port- 
village  in  Wheatfield  township,  Niagara  county,  New  York, 
almut  15  mill's  N.  of  Buffalo.  Tha  village  and  immediate 
vicinity  contain  1  church,  and  2  school-houses  with  3 
teachers  and  200  schohii-s.  This  place  was  sotth^d  in  1843, 
by  Lutheran  emigrants  from  Bergholtz,  PrUfsia.  Pop. 
about  2000,  including  that  of  two  other  villagss  in  tha 
immediate  neighborhood,  which  may  be  regarded  as  sub- 
urbs. 

BERGOO  or  BERGOU,  bSr-goo',  an  extensive  territory  in 
the  interior  of  Africa,  bounded  E.  by  Nubia  and  Dartbor, 
and  W.  by  Begharmi. 

BERG-OP-Zi  »0M.    See  Beroex-op-Zoom. 

BERGREICHEN'.STEIN.  biKG-riK'en-stIne\  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  of  I'r.achin.  42  miles  W.N.W.  of  Budweis.  Pop. 
4100.  Its  once  productive  gold-mines  are  now  nearly  aban- 
doned, and  its  population  employed  in  agriculture, 

BERG.STADT,  bL^Ro'stdtt.  a  town  of  Moravia,  19  miles  N. 
of  Olmutz.  Pop.  1320,  with  iron-mines;  its  silver-mineft 
have  been  occasionally  worked  since  14:j7. 

BKRGUES,  bfeg.  a  fortified  town  of  France,  depjirtment 
of  Nord,  in  a  marshy  tmct,  on  the  Colne,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Lunkerque.  Pop.  in  1852.  5968.  It  has  a  communal  col- 
lege, hospital,  and  public  library;  with  dislillerie.s.  salt  and 
sugar  refineries,  manufactories  of  soap,  tobacco,  and  earthen- 
ware, and  consideratile  commerce  in  cattle,  cheese,  aud  lace 
It  communicates  with  Dunkerque  and  the  .sea  by  the  canal 
of  Bergues,  which  admits  ves.sels  of  300  tons. 

BERGU.M,  l)5tt'nilm,  or  bJi;'ailm.  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Friesland,  on  the  Bergum  Ijike,  8  miles  E. 
of  I.<eeuwardcn.    It  h.as  an  extensive  horse  fair.     Pop.  2028. 

BERGUN,  (BergUn.)  bjB'gtln,  a  village  of  Switzeri.and, 
canton  of  Orisons,  on  the  N.  slope  of  the  Albula  Jlountain, 
and  on  the  route  from  Chur(Coire)  to  the  Engadine.  Eleva- 
tion. 4544  feet.  Pop.  600,  (Protestants.)  Below  the  village 
is  the  remarkable  valley  of  the  BergUnerstein. 

BERGUSIA.     See  B.\L.\GUER. 

BERGZABRRN,  b^Ro't.sa'bfrn,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bava- 
ria, on  the  El  Ibiich,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Landau.     Pop.  2565. 

BERHAMPOOU,  bJr^m-poor',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  district  and  6  miles  S.  of  Moorsheda- 
bad,  on  tlie  Bhagirathi  River,  facing  which  are  a  fine  espla- 
nade, and  barracks  for  European  troops. 

BERING  EN,  b.Vring-^n.  a  jwrish  and  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  and  3  miles  W.  of  Schatfhausen.     Pop.  1417. 

BERISLAV,  or  BERISLAW,  b.'i-re-sldv',  a  town  of  South- 
em  Russia,  government  and  25  miles  E.  of  Kherson,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Dnieper,  here  crossed  by  a  floating  bridge. 
It  has  trade  with  the  Orimea. 

BERJA,  bSu'ud.  a  town  of  Spain.  22  miles  W.  of  Almeria, 
on  the  S.  slope  of  the  .*ierra  de  Gador.  Pop.  9840.  It  is  the 
centre  of  extensive  lead-mines,  of  which  several  hundreds 
are  opened  in  the  mountain. 

BERJEorBERJ.     See  BlRZE. 

BERK,  a  post-oflice  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BERKA,  bCR/kii.  a  village  of  Central  Germany,  duchy  of 
Saxe-Weimar.  on  the  Ilm,  6  miles  S.  of  Weimar.  Pop.  1228. 
It  has  a  ruined  castle,  and  snlphur  baths. 

BERKA,  a  village  of  Central  Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe- 
Weimar,  on  the  Werra,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Eisenach.  Pop. 
1180. 

BERKELEY,  berklee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.,  and  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  in 
1861,  4344.  The  town,  on  an  eminence  in  the  vale  of  Ber- 
keley, near  the  Severn,  and  the  Gloucester  and  Bristol 
Railway,  has  a  handsome  church,  which  is  the  buri.al- 
place  of  the  celebrated  Dr,  Jenner,  a  grammar  .school,  found- 
ed in  1696,  and  some  trade  in  timber,  coal,  malt,  and  cheese, 
tacilitated  by  the  Gloucester  and  Berkeley  Canal.  Berke- 
ley Castle,  on  an  eminence  S.E.  of  the  town,  is  a  large 
irregular  pile,  enclosing  a  spacious  court,  and  regarded  as 
one  of  the  finest  and  most  perfect  feudal  structures  in  the 
kingdom.  It  has  a  keep,  baronial  '  jill,  chapel,  and  dun- 
geon; and  the  apartment  is  still  shown  in  which  Edward 
II.  was  murdered,  A.  D.  1327.  Berkeley  was  granted  to  the 
Fitz-Hardinges  by  Henry  II.,  and,  with  its  extensive  ma- 
nor, comprising  nearly  30  parishes,  is  still  held  by  their  de- 
scendants. Its  vale  is  not«d  for  rich  pasturage,  and  pro- 
duces the  fatnous  "  double  Gloucester"  cheese.  The  Berke- 
ley-road station  of  the  Bristol  and  Bfrmingham  Railway,  1 J 
miles  distant,  is  22J  miles  N.  of  Bristol. 

BERKELEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BERKELEY,  berk'lee,  a  co.  in  the  N.E.  part  of  W.Virginia, 
bordering  on  the  Potomac,  wliich  separates  it  from  Mary- 
land, has  an  area  of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.E.  by  Opequan  Creek,  and  intersected  by  Back 
Creek.  It  occupies  the  most  northern  part  of  the  Valley  of  . 
Virginia.  The  surfiiee  is  hilly  and  mountainous;  the  soil 
of  the  valleys  and  river  bottoms  is  mostly  fertile.  Lime- 
stone underlies  a  large  part  of  the  county;  anthracite  coal 
and  iron  are  abundant.  The  streams  furnish  consideratile 
water-power.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad.  Organized  In  1772,  and  named  piobably 
from  Sir  William  Berkeley,  formerly  governor  of  Virginia. 

209 


BER 


BER 


Caiiital,  Martinsburg.  Pop.  12,525,  of  whom  10,875  were 
freo,  and  1650  slaves. 

liERKLEY,  a  post-township  of  Bristol  co.,  Massachusetts, 
35  miles  S.  of  Boston,  on  the  E.  side  of  Taunton  River.   P.  825. 

BERKLEY,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Ahibama. 

BERKLEY,  a  township  in  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  675. 

BERKELEY  SOUND,  the  most  frequented  inlet  of  the 
East  Falkland  Islands,  in  vhe  Atlantic,  near  its  N.E.  ex- 
tremity. Lat.  51°  30'  S.;  Ion  57°  56'  W.  It  is  of  difficult 
entrance,  hut  contains  several  good  harbors,  and  affords 
abundant  supplies  of  wttter,  cattle,  and  vegetables,  for 
shipping.  * 

BEKiC'LEY  SOUND.    See  Berkeley  Sou^fD. 

BERK'LEY  SIDINGS,  Virginia.    See  Bath. 

BERKESWELL,  bgrks/wgl,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

BERKHAM'STEAD,  GREAT,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Ilerts,  on  the  Grand  Junction  Canal 
and  the  London  and  Birmingham  Railway,  28  miles  N.\V. 
of  London.  Pop.  iu  1851,  .3395.  The  town,  in  a  deep  vale. 
Is  irregularly  built,  mostly  of  brick.  It  has  a  spacious 
church,  which  contains  12  small  chapels,  a  grammar  school, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  a  blue-coat  school, 
numerous  smaller  claarities,  a  jail,  with  house  of  correction, 
and  the  remains  of  a  strong  castle,  famous  in  English  his- 
tory. The  population  is  partly  employed  iu  the  manufac- 
ture of  straw-plait.  Cowper  the  poet  was  born  here  in  1781, 
while  his  father  was  rector  of  the  parish. 

BERKHAMSTEAD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hertford. 

BERKHAMSTEAD,  ST.  MARY.    See  North  Church. 

BERKS,  or  BERK'SHIRE,  berk'shir,  formerly  written  and 
still  often  pronounced  BARK'SHIRJ;,  an  inland  county  of 
England,  having  on  the  N.  the  counties  of  Oxford  and  Bucks; 
on  the  E.,  Surrey ;  on  the  S.,  Hants ;  and  on  the  W.,  Wilts  and 
Gloucester.  Area,  450,348  acres.  Pop.  in  1851, 170,065.  The 
surface  is  beautifully  varied,  and  generally  well  wooded.  The 
Thames  forms  all  its  N.  boundary;  the  other  principal  rivers 
are  its  atHuents,  the  Kennet  and  Loddon.  A  tract  of  downs 
extends  through  its  centre;  its  S.E.  and  E.  parts  are  occu- 
pied by  Windsor  Forest  and  Park.  About  260,000  acres  are 
estimated  to  be  under  tillage;  72,000  acres  in  pastures;  and 
30,000  acres  waste.  The  soil  is  fertile ;  subsoil,  chalk,  gravel, 
and  clay.  Agriculture  is  rather  backward;  though  many 
parts  oif  the  county,  especially  in  the  vales  of  the  Kennet 
and  the  "  White-horse,"  are  noted  for  fertility.  Property  is 
greatly  subdivided.  Few  farms  consist  of  more  than  500 
acres.  The  manufactures  are  unimportant :  those  of  wool- 
lens, for  which  the  county  was  once  famous,  have  entirely 
disappeared;  but  an  extensive  trade  la  agricultural  produce 
is  carried  on  by  the  Thames,  the  Wilts  and  Berks,  and  Ken- 
net and  Avon  Canals,  and  the  Great  Western  Railway,  which 
last  intersects  the, county  throughout.  It  returns  9  mem- 
bers to  the  House  of  Commons,  3  of  whom  sit  for  the  county. 

BERKS,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  has 
an  area  of  920  square  miles.  Schuylkill  River  flows  through 
the  county  in  a  S.E.  direction,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal 
parts,  and  it  is  drained  also  by  Tulpehocken,  Maiden,  Mana- 
tawny,  and  Little  Swatara  Creeks.  The  surface  is  finely 
diversified.  The  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain  forms  its 
N.W.  boundary;  the  S.E.  central  part  is  traversed  by  a 
ridge  which  is  here  called  South  Mountain,  and  in  Virginia 
the  Blue  Ridge.  Between  these  is  the  Kittatinny  A'alley,  in 
which  a  large  part  of  the  county  is  comprised.  The  soil  of 
this  valley  is  of  limestone  formation,  highly  productive, 
and  well  cultivated;  the  slate  and  shale  lands  ot  the  de- 
clivities are  also  susceptible  of  profitable  cultivation.  The 
iron-mines  of  this  county  are  rich  and  extensively  worked ; 
copper  is  found  in  small  quantities,  in  connection  with  the 
iron.  The  Schuylkill  Canal  p.asses  through  the  county, 
and  the  Union  Canal  extends  from  Reading  to  the  Su.sque- 
hanna  River.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Philadelphia  and 
Reading  Railroad,  and  by  other  railroads.  Berks  was  first 
settled  by  Germans  about  1734,  and  organized  in  1752. 
Capital,  Reading.  The  name  is  derived  from  Berks,  a 
county  of  Eiifiland.     Pop.  93,818. 

BERKSHIRE,  England.    See  Berks. 

BERIi'SIIIRE,  bgrk'shir,  a  county  forming  the  W.  extremi- 
ty of  Massachusetts,  extending  across  the  entire  breadth  of 
the  state,  has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Housatt)nie,  Deerfield,  Famiington,  and  Hoo- 
fcick  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abun- 
dant water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven  or  liilly,  and  in 
eome  parts  mountainous.  Saddle  Mountain,  in  the  N.  part, 
is  the  highest  elevation  in  Massachusetts.  Berkshire  is  re- 
markable for  its  varied  and  picturesque  scenery.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  grazing.  Marble, 
,lron  ore,  and  limestone  are  abundant.  The  railroads  con- 
necting Boston  with  Albany,  and  Bridgeport  with  Albany, 
travei-se  this  county,  and  two  branch  railroads  are  included 
within  it.  Org.anized  in  1770,  and  named  from  Berkshire,  a 
coniity  in  England.    Capital,  Lennox.     Pop.  65,120. 

BEKIfSIKRE,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont, 
about  50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montnelier,  on  the  N.  side  of 
Missisque  River,  lias  very  great  water  privileges.  Pop.  1890. 
210 


BERKSHIRE,  a  post-township  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York, 
15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Owego.     Pop.  IISI. 

BERKSHIRE,  a  post-office  of  Gwinnett  co  ,  Georgia. 

BERKSHIRE,a  post-village  and  township  of  Delaware  CO., 
Ohio,  about  24  miles  N.N  E.  of  Columbus.   'I'otal  pop.  1392. 

BERKSHIRE,  a  post>village  of  Kane  Co.,  Illinois,  60  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Cliicago. 

BERKSHIRE  VALLEY,  a  post^village  of  Morris  co..  New 
Jersey,  12  miles  N.W.  from  Morristown,  has  one  Presbyte- 
rian church.  A  branch  of  Kockaway  River,  flowing  thj'ough 
the  place,  gives  motion  to  several  forges. 

BERLAER,  hivJlir,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Antwerp,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Mechlin.     Pop.  2925. 

BERLAIMONT,  bJR'l.-l'mANi:',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  on  the  Sambre,.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Avesnes. 
Pop.,  with  commune,  in  1852, 2353,  employed  in  manufactures 
of  pottery,  and  in  brick-making. 

BERLANGA,  bSR-En'gS,  a  small  town  of  Spain.  22  miles 
S.W.  of  Soria.     Pop.  1692. 

BERLANGA,  a  town  of  Spain,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Badajoa. 
Pop.  4128. 

BERLEBURG,  Unn?-1>56m\  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia, 28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Arnsberg,  is  capital^of  the  circle  of 
Wittgenstein.  Pop.  2152.  It  has  a  castle,  the  residence 
of  its  princes ;  manufactures  of  woollen  clothes,  and  in  its 
vicinity  are  several  iron  forges. 

BERLENGAS,  b^R-lSn/gas,  (Fr.  Berlingues,  hlv^llyg',)  a 
group  of  small  rocky  islands  off  the  W.  coast  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Estremadura,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Poniche.  The 
small  island  Berlinga  is  defended  by  a  fortress. 

BERLICHINGEN,  beu/liK-ing-en,  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  on  the  Jaxt,  7i  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Ktluzelsau.  There 
was  formerly  here  a  castle,  the  natal  place  of  the  family 
of  Berlichingen,  from  which  sprang  the  famous  robber- 
knight,  Gotz  von  Berlichingen,  with  the  iron  hand,  whom 
Goethe  has  made  the  subject  of  one  of  his  dramas.  Pop. 
1410. 

BERLIKUM,  bjR/le-ktim,  a  village  of  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  5  miles  E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Pop.  2222. 

BERLIKUM,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
West  Friesland,  has  a  large  .annual  fair.    Pop.  1220. 

BERLIN,  bgrlin,  (Ger.  pron.  bJR-leen',  (L.  "  BeroWnum, 
or  BtrWnum")  an  important  city  of  Germany,  capital  of 
the  Prussian  monarchy,  and  of  the  province  of  Branden 
burg,  on  the  Spree,  156  miles  E.S.E.  of  HambiU'g.  and  100 
miles  N.  of  Dresden.  Lat.  (of  new  Observatory)  52°  45'  16" 
N.,  Ion.  13°  23'  53"  E. ;  elevation  above  the  sea,  115  feet ; 
mean  temperature  of  the  year.  48°.2 :  summer  6i°.5 ;  win- 
ter 31°.4  Fahrenheit.  After  Vienna,  Berlin  is  the  largest 
town  in  Germany,  and  for  the  beauty  and  size  of  its  build- 
ings, the  regularity  of  its  streets,  the  importance  of  its  insti- 
tutions of  science  and  art,  for  its  activity,  industry,  and 
trade,  is  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  Europe.  It  is  built  on 
a  sandy  plain,  on  both  banks  of  the  Spree,  is  about  10  miles 
in  circumference,  and  occupies  an  extent  of  6800  acres. 
The  chief  divisions  of  the  city  are,  1.  Berlin  Proper;  2.  Co- 
logne, {alt  and  neu  Kbln.)  on  the  Spree ;  3.  Louisenstadt,  iu 
the  S.;  4.  Friedrichstadt,  in  the  S.W. ;  5.  Friedrichswer- 
der,  between  alt  and  neu  Kiiln  and  Friedrichstadt;  6.  Neu- 
stadt,  or  Dorotheenstadt,  between  Friedrichstadt  and  the 
Spree;  7.  Friedrich  Wilhelmstadt,  built  in  1828,  and  the 
suburbs  of  Stnalhau,  Spandau,  and  Konigstadt,  Oranien- 
burg,  and  Potsdam.  The  city  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  18 
feet  high,  and  is  entered  by  16  gates,  one  of  which,  the 
Brandenburg  gate  on  its  W.,  is  a  colossal  structure,  sur- 
mounted by  an  image  of  victory,  in  a  car  drawn  by  4  hor.ses, 
and  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  It  was 
carried  to  Paris  in  1807,  and  restored  in  1814.  Of  the  40  bridges 
which  cross  the  Spree  and  its  branches,  the  principal  are 
the  long  bridge,  with  an  equestrian  statue  of  the  great 
elector  Frederick  William;  the  Schlossbrticke,  or  palace 
bridge,  with  groups  of  heroes  in  marble;  Frederick's  bridge, 
consisting  of  8  arches,  and  constructed  of  iron.  The  city 
generally  is  regular  and  handsome,  but  the  houses  are  Of 
little  elevation.  The  finest  streets  are  in  Friedrichstadt  and 
Dorotheenstadt;  the  most  celebrated  is  that  called  "  Unter- 
den-Linden,"  a  broad  and  imposing  street,  planted  with  4 
rows  of  lime-trees,  ornamented  by  an  equestrian  statue  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  terminated  by  the  Brandenburg  gate 
at  the  one  end,  and  the  royal  palace  at  the  other.  The  other 
streets  most  worthy  of  notice  are  Friedrich  street.  Wilhelm 
street,  Paris  square,  Wilhelms  place.  Belle  Alliance  place, 
and  the  Gens-d'Armes  market.  Around  the  principal  squares 
and  streets  are  grouped  numerous  jiublic  buildings,  among 
which  are  the  royal  castle  and  palace,  the  arsenal,  the  uni- 
versity, museums,  exchange,  opera-house,  theatres,  and  the 
p.alaces  of  the  princes.  There  are  about  .30  chun'hes.  The 
cathedral  in  the  Lustgarten  is  the  finest,  but  none  of  them 
are  remarkable  for  their  architecture.  Berlin  has  numerous 
and  excellent  h6tels  and  caf6s,  and  its  pul)l'c  conveyances 
are  under  the  best  management.  In  summei,  upwards  of  a 
1000  droskeys  are  kept  in  the  streets  for  hire.  The  suburbs 
have  many  attractions,  among  wiiich  are  the  Thier-garten, 
a  large,  open  park  outside  of  the  Brandonbui  g  gate,  in  which 
a  "  corso"  has  been  recently  established,  and  the  Kreutzberg, 


BER     . 

a  sand-hill,  S.  of  the  gate  of  Ilalle,  on  which  is' erected  an 
iron  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  Prussians  who  fell  in 
the  wars  of  Napoleon,  and  whence  the  only  good  view  of  the 
city  is  obtained.  Berlin  is  the  great  centre  of  instruction 
and  intellectual  development  in  Northern  Germany ;  its 
educational  establishments  are  numerous  and  celebrated. 
The  university,  founded  in  1809,  and  comprising  schools 
of  jurisprudence,  medicine,  and  philosophy,  had.  in  1843-4, 
1056  students.  There  are  6  gymnasia,  2  Protestjint  theolo- 
gical seminaries,  a  military  school,  schools  of  artillery,  mili- 
tary engineering,  architecture,  sculpture,  painting,  and 
music ;  a  preparatory  school  of  music,  and  many  elementary 
schools.  It  has  extensive  public  libraries,  among  which  the 
royal  library,  founded  in  1U50,  has  600,000  printed  volumes, 
and  500  MSS.  Among  its  valuable  collections  are  royal  mu- 
seums of  painting,  sculpture,  antiquities,  coins,  and  medals, 
a  museum  of  natural  history,  a  i-oyal  astronomical  and 
magnetical  observatory,  and  a  royal  botanic  garden,  one  of 
the  richest  and  most  complete  in  Europe.  Its  justly  cele- 
brated academic  institutions  comprise  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences, (Akadeiaie  di:r  Wisseiiscliaften,)  academy  of  the  fine 
arts,  academy  for  the  encouragement  of  industry,  and  the 
academy  of  music;  a  geogi'aphical  society,  founded  in  1828, 
aiid  a  S(X'iety  of  natural  history.  It  has  2  royal  theatres; 
its  celebrated  opera  house,  burned  in  1843,  was  rebuilt  in 
1844.  Among  its  charitublo  institutions  are  the  IlOtel  des 
Invalides,  for  3U0  soldiers  and  12  officers,  and  an  orphan 
hospital.  IJerlin  is  the  first  city  in  Germany  for  the  variety 
and  importance  of  its  manufactured  products.  The  differ- 
ent articles  of  industry  are  cloths,  linens,  carpets,  silks,  rib- 
bons, and  printed  cottons,  iron-wares,  especi;»llj'  the  beauti- 
ful cast-iron  articles  called  ••  lierlin  jewelry,"  paper,  porcelain, 
mathematical  and  optical  instruments,  chemical  and  dye- 
stuffs,  including  the  celebrated  "  Prussian  blue,"  and  mu- 
sical instruments.  Among  its  great  industrial  establish- 
ments are  the  royal  iron  foundry  and  royal  porcelain 
manufactory.  The  productions  of  the  press  in  typography, 
cartography,  and  lithograjihy,  are  numerous  and  excellent. 
For  the  encouragement  of  commerce  there  is  a  roj-al  bank, 
a  royal  mercantile  marine,  (Si:i:ha7iiitungs-institut,)  esta- 
blished in  1772.  and  steam-packet  companies.  All  the  great 
roads  in  the  kingdom  meet  in  Berlin;  its  position,  on  a 
navigable  river,  communicating  by  canals  with  the  Elbe, 
Oder,  and  Vistula,  renders  its  navigation  of  considerable 
Imporfcmce;  and  it  is  now  the  centre  of  a  system  of  rail- 
ways which  connect  it  with  the  Baltic  by  Ilamburg  and 
Kia  on  the  X.W.,  and  by  Stettin  on  the  N.E.  On  the  S.E. 
a  line  extends  by  Breslau  to  Vienna,  on  the  S.  to  Leipzig 
and  Dresden,  and  on  the  W.  to  Magdeburg  and  Hanover, 
and  many  other  less  important  places. 

llisliiry. — About  two  centuries  ago,  Berlin  was  a  place  of 
little  importance.  It  was  confined  to  the  immediate  bank 
of  the  Spree,  and  the  island  which  divides  its  channel,  and 
consisted  of  a  series  of  villages,  which  have  gradually  verged 
Into  each  other,  and  now  form  its  different  quarters.  The 
first  important  improvement  was  made  by  the  great  elector, 
Frederick  William,  who  planted  the  Unter-den-Linden.  His 
successor,  Frederick  I.,  seconded  his  efforts ;  but  Berlin 
never  assumed  tlie  appearance  of  a  capital  till  the  time  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  who,  determined  to  make  it  worthy  of 
his  extended  dominions,  enclosed  a  large  space  withiu  the 
walls,  and  proceeded  to  build  upon  it,  to  supply  the  wants, 
not  so  much  of  actual  as  of  an  anticipated  population.  He  was 
twice  interrupted  in  the  work,  and  almost  driven  from  his 
purpose,  when,  in  1757,  the  city  fell  into  tlie  hands  of  the 
Austrians,  and  in  1700  into  tho.se  of  the  Austrians  and 
Russians.  But  he  soon  repaired  the  damage,  and  his  suc- 
cessors following  ardently  in  his  steps,  Berlin  has  rapidly 
risen  to  be  the  second  city  in  Germany  in  respect  of  popula- 
tion, and  perhaps  the  very  first  in  respect  to  architectural 
grandeur  and  political  inttuence.  Pop.  in  1861,  547,571,  of 
whom  22,ri26  were  soldiers. 

BER'LIN,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  45  miles 
N.W.  of  Augusta. 

BEULIN,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
about  125  miles  N.  of  Concord,  well-watered  by  the  Andros- 
coggin and  Ammonoosuck  Rivers.    Pop.  433. 

BERLIN,  a  towui^hip  of  Washington  co., Vermont,  5  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier,  intersected  by  the  Vermont  Central 
Railroad.     Pop.  1545. 

BEKLIN,a  post-township  of  Worcester  co..  Massachusetts, 
SO  miles  W.  of  Boston,enjoys  good  water  privileges.  Pop.llOO. 

BKRI.IN,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co, Connecticut,  on 
the  Hanfordand  New  Haven  Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  a 
branch  railroad  leading  to  Middletown,  11  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Hartford,  and  25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  Haven.  The 
manufactures  of  lierlin  comprise  various  kinds  of  hardware, 
carriages,  and  other  .articles.  The  manufacture  of  tin  was 
early  introduced  here,  and  is  still  carried  on.    Pop.  2146. 

BERLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rensselaer  ao.. 
Now  York,  ibout  22  luilf^s  E.  from  Albany.    Pop.  2223. 

BERLIIr,  a  posi-Dorough  of  Somerset  co..  Pennsylvania, 
V8  miles  S.E.  from  Pittsburg,  and  143  W.  from  Harrisburg, 
Is  near  the  western  base  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  It  is 
ous  of  tli£  Iftrgest  towns  in  the  county,  and  contains  4 


BER 

churches.  The  plank-road  from  Cun;berlai.4.  Varylftnd.  to 
the  Youghiogheny  River,  passes  through  this  place.  Beds 
of  excellent  coal.  5  feet  in  thickness,  have  been  opened  very 
near  the  town.     Pop.  643. 

BERLIN,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Poji 
1786. 

BKRLIN, a  flourishing  post-village  of  Worcester  co, Mary- 
land, 7  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  123  miles  S.E.  from 
Annapolis.     It  has  considerable  trade.     Pop.  about  800. 

BEKLI.V,  a  post-oflice  of  Soutliampton  co.,  Virginia. 

BEKLIN,  a  post-oflice  of  Forsyth  co..  North  Carolina. 

BERLIN,  a  small  post-village  in  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

BERLIN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hardeman  co.,Tennes- 
see,  on  the  State  Line  hoad  from  Memphis  to  Tuscumbia, 
about  50  miles  E.  from  the  former.  It  is  situated  in  a 
wealthy  neighborhood,  and  has  an  active  business.  The 
route  of  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad  passes  very 
near  the  village.    Pop.  in  ISiio,  about  300. 

BKRLIN,  a  township  in  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1303. 

BERLIN,  a  township  in  Erie  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1717. 

BERLIN,  a  post-township  in  Holmes  CO.,  Ohio,  about  8 
miles  K.  from  Millersburg.    Pop.  1253. 

BEItLIN,  a  pobt-village  of  Holmes  CO.,  Ohio,  94  miles  N.E. 
from  Columbus.  It  contains  2  churches,  1  foundiy  and  ma- 
chine shop,  and  several  stores. 

BERLIN,  a  small  post-village  of  Jackson  CO.,  Ohio,  near 
the  Scioto  and  Hocking  Valley  Railroad,  81  miles  S.S.E. 
from  Columbus.  It  contains  1  church.  The  post-oflice  in 
Berlin  Cross  Roads. 

BEKLIN,  a  township  in  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1011. 

BERLIN,  a  township  in  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1156. 

BERLIN,  a  village  of  Shelby  co  ,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  and 
Erie  Canal,  88  miles  W.  by  N.  from  Columbus;  contains 
about  loO  inhabitants. 

BERLI.V,  a  town.«liip  in  Ionia  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1026. 

BERLIN,  a  post-office  of  Ottawa  co.,  Micliigan. 

BEULIN,  a  post-township  in  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  about 
75  miles  N.N. K.  from  Detroit.     Pop.  1030. 

BKRLI.N,  a  i)ost-villago  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  about  40 
miles  N.  from  Indianapolis ;  was  laid  out  iu  1847.  It  has  2 
stores. 

BERLIN,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  road 
from  Knoxvillo  to  Rock  Island,  150  miles  N.W.  from 
Springfield. 

BEULIN,  a  post-village  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
railroad  between  Springfield  and  Jacksonville,  15  milts  W. 
by  S.  from  the  former. 

BEhH.N',  a  small  post-village  in  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  25  miles  S.E.  from 
Dewitt. 

BKRLIN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Green  Lake  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Neenah  Kiver,  about  75  miles  N.N.E.  from 
Madison.  It  lias  a  good  landing  for  steamboats,  and  i^  con- 
nected with  Milwaukio  by  railroad.  It  contains  2  banks. 
Pop.  of  Berlin  township,  1449. 

BERLIN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Waterloo, 
35  miles  W.N.W.  from  Hamilton.  It  has  a  newspaper  office, 
numerous  mechanic  shops,  and  about  SOO  inhabitants. 

BERLIN  CENTRE,  a  vilhige  in  Berlin  township,  Rens- 
selaer CO.,  New  York,  20  miles  E.  from  Albany. 

BERLIN  CENTRE,  a  post-offlce  of  Mahoning  CO.,  Ohio. 

BERLINCIIEN,  b^Rlin-Ken.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  52  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 
with  manufactures  of  cloth  and  paper.    Pop.  3620. 

BERLIN  CKOS.S-ROADS,  a  post-ollice  of  JackMon  co.,  Ohio. 

B  BERLIN  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Coos  co..  New  IL'unp.'ihire. 

BER'LINVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  108  miles 
N.  of  Columbus. 

BERMEJO,  a  river  of  South  America.    See  Vermejo. 

BERMEO,  b^R-mVo,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Bay 
of  Biscay,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Bilbao.  Pop.  3625.  mostly  en- 
gaged in  fisheries.  Alonzo  de  Ercjlla,  the  epic  poet,  was 
born  here  at>out  1530. 

BEHMING.    See  Birmino. 

BER'MOXDSEY,  a  parish  of  England,  and  a  suburb  of 
the  metropolis,  co.  of  Surrey,  included  in  the  borough  of 
Southwark,  on  the  East.  Pop.  in  1851,  48.128,  mostly  em- 
ployed in  ship-building,  in  extensive  tanneries,  and  in  a  large 
retail  trade.  Bermondsey  has  2  chapels  for  its  large  Roman  Ca- 
tholic population,  a  convent,  many  schools,  and  other  chari- 
ties, and  some  small  remains  of  a  celebrated  abbey,  founded 
about  A.  c.  10S2. 

BERMUDA,  (or  SOMER.?)  ISLAXD.S,  or  THE  BERMUDAS, 
hgr-moo'daz*.  a  group  of  islands  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain.  580  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Ilatteras; 
situated  between  lat.  32*'  14'  and  32°  25'  X..  and  Ion.  64°  38' 
and  64°  52'  W.  They  lie  S.W.  and  N.E.,  based  on  the  edge  of 
a  bank  stretching  in  the  same  direction,  23  miles  by  13 ;  but 
only  occupy  a  sp.ace  of  about  18  miles  by  6.  though  .said  to 
be  365  in  number.  They  are  separated  from  each  other  by 
very  narrow  channels,  and  are  mostly  rocky  islets,  five  only 


*  This  name,  in  Shakspeare's  time,  appears  to  have  been  pro- 
nounced after  the  Sp.inish  mode,  Bermootues,  .is  we  find  it  thu« 
written  in  the  Ttnivest,  act  1,  scene  2.     (See  Int.  XXIV.,  7.) 

211 


BER 

Tielnjt  of  any  considi^rable  size.  They  are  of  difficult  access, 
being  enclosed  on  three  sides,  N.,  AV.,  aud  S.,  by  foi'inidable 
ciiral  reefs,  nearly  all  under  water,  and  extending,  in  some 
parts,  10  miles  from  the  islands,  the  only  reefs  of  this  de- 
FOiiptiou  occurring  in  the  whole  central  expanse  of  the  At- 
luntic  Ocean.  In  removing  some  reefs,  by  means  of  divers, 
at  the  entrance  of  St.  George's  harbor,  in  the  island  of  that 
name,  evidences  were  found  confirmatory  of  the  idea  that 
parr  of  the  former  land  of  the  Bermuda  Islands  has  sub- 
sided, and  is  now  below  the  sea.  The  islands  have  little  ele- 
vation,and,  in  their  general  aspect,  much  resemble  the  West 
India  Islands.  The-climate  is  delightful,  an  uninterrupted 
spring  clothing  the  fields  and  trees  with  perpetual  verdure. 
Severe  thunderstorms,  however,  fi-equently  occur ;  and  when 
S.  winds  prevail,  the  atmosphere  becomes  charged  with  an 
humidity  unfavorable  to  various  complaints,  including 
those  of  a  pulmonary  nature.  Though  the  soil  is  not  so  fer- 
tile as  it  was,  being  now  much  exhausted,  almost  every  de- 
scription of  fruit  and  vegetable  grows  here  abundantly; 
the  arrow-root  is  said  to  be  superior  to  that  of  any  other 
place.  The  orange  orchards  of  the  islands  are  extending  and 
improving.  It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  there  are  nei- 
ther springs  nor  fresh-water  streams  in  the  Bennuda.s,  and 
only  a  few  wells,  the  water  of  which  is  brackish. 

The  principal  employment  is  building  vessels,  generally 
of  cedar — small,  swift,  and  durable.  Platting  straw,  and 
the  niid-rib  of  the  palmetto  leaf,  is  also  carried  on  to  some 
extent.  I'riucipiil  exports,  arrow-root,  potatoes,  and  onions. 
The  amount  of  imports  into  the  Bermudas,  for  the  year 
ending  January  5,  1848,  was  13S,992Z.  16s.  M. ;  exports  for 
the  same  year,  20,2052.  6*.  8d.  The  number  and  tonnage  of 
vessels  inwards,  for  the  same  period,  were  1S5;  tonnage, 
19,399 ;— outwards,  189;  tonnage,  20,400.  The  number  and 
tonnage  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  colony  in  the  year 
named,  were  52 ;  tonnage,  3372.  The  largest  harbor  Is  that 
of  St.  George's,  a  beautiful  and  romantic  bay,  capable  of  con- 
taining a  large  fleet,  but  of  diflicult  ingress  and  egress,  from 
the  narrowness  of  its  entrance,  now,  however,  much  im- 
proved. It  is  strongly  fortified,  and  generally  garrisoned  by 
a  regiment  of  the  line,  with  some  companies  of  artillery  and 
engineers.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  governor,  council, 
and  legislative  assembly.  The  council  is  composed  of  eight 
members  and  a  president,  nomiiiated  by  the  governor,  but 
subject  to  confirmatien  by  the  crown :  the  house  of  assem- 
bly of  3G  members,  returned  by  the  nine  tribes  or  parishes 
into  which  the  island  is  divided.  The  islands  contain  nine 
churches,  five  chapels  for  dissenters,  and  24  public  or  free 
schools,  principally  supported  by  different  societies  in  Eng- 
land, and  by  funds  under  the  control  of  the  Bishop  of  Nova 
Scotia,  iu  whose  diocese  the  Bermudas  are  situated.  There 
are,  besides  the  above,  25  private  schools.  An  establishment 
for  convicts  has  recently  been  pl.aced  here.  The  number  of 
the  latter,  in  1848,  amounted  to  1750.  The  capital  is  Ilamil- 
tou,  on  Bermuda  or  Long  Island.  There  is  regular  steam 
communication  between  Bermuda  and  New  York,  and  Ber- 
muda and  St.  Thomas.    Pop.  in  1848,  estimated  at  from  9.500 

to  about  11,000  whites,  colored,  and  free  blacks. Inhab. 

Bermddian,  ber-moo'de-fin. 

BERMU/DI.\X,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
19  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Harrisburg. 

BKRN  hern.  (Fr.  Berne,  b^Rn,  Ger.  Bern,  l)?Rn,)  Canton 
OF,  a  state  of  Central  Europe,  one  of  the  three  Vorort,  or 
governing  cantons  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  situated  be- 
tween lat.  46°  20'  and  47°  .30'  X.,  and  Ion.  6°  50'  and  8°  27'  E. 
Bounded  X.  by  France,  E.  by  the  cantons  Soleure,  Aargau, 
Lucerne,  Unterwalden,  aud  Uri,  .S.  by  the  Valais,  and  W.  by 
Vaud,  Freyburg,  and  Xeufchatel.  Area,  2567  square  miles. 
Pop.  iu  1S60,  467,141,  the  greater  part  of  whom  are  Protes- 
tants. The  country  is  very  mountainous,  comprising,  in 
the  S.,  many  of  the  highest  points  of  the  Alps,  as  the  Fin- 
stei^aar-IIorn,  Jungfrau,  Schreckhorn.  and  Monch,  the  ter- 
races and  contre-forts  of  which  form  the  Bernese  Oherland, 
celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  valleys,  the  chief  of  which 
are  the  Simmenthal,  Lauterbrunneu,  Grindelwald,  and 
Hasli.  The  N.  part  of  the  canton  is  covered  by  the  Jura 
Mountains,  the  two  regions  being  separated  by  the  A'alley 
of  the  Aar.  Nearly  the  whole  territory  belongs  to  the  basin 
of  the  Khine,  and  is  drained  by  the  Aar  and  its  tributaries, 
the  chief  of  which  are  the  Emmen,  Simmen,  Kander,  and 
Thiele.  The  lakes  of  Neufchatel  and  Bienne  are  formed  by 
the  Thiele.  and  tho.se  of  Thun  and  Brienz  by  the  Aar.  Cli- 
mate healthy ;  excessively  cold  in  the  region  of  the  Alps, 
where  the  pei-petual  snow  forms  the  most  extensive  glaciers 
in  Switzerland,  but  mild  at  the  foot  of  the  Jura,  and  in  the 
valley  of  Inlerlachen.  The  mountains  are  covered  with  ex- 
tensive forests  of  pine  and  beech,  and  the  soil  is  fertile  in 
the  valleys.  The  .imount  of  grain,  potatoes,  hemp,  and  lint, 
is  insufHcient  for  consumption.  The  vine  is  cultivated  to  a 
considerable  extent  in  the  valleys  of  the  Thiele,  and  on  the 
lakesNeufcbfifel,  Bienne,  and  Thun.  Pasturage  extensive, 
and  the  learing  of  cattle  is  the  chief  source  of  wealth ; 
those  of  the  Emmen  and  Saane  being  considered  the  best 
in  Switzerland,  and  the  celebrated  cheese  there  produced  is 
oneof  thechlef  artlclesof  commercein  thecanton.  The  horses 
of  the  Emmen  thai  are  much  esteemed.  The  canton  has  mines 
212 


BER 

of  iron,  lead,  and  copper,  marble  and  gypsum  quarries,  flna 
freestone,  granite,  and  lime.  Iron  is  worked  extensively  in 
the  Jura.  Among  the  many  mineral  springs,  those  of  M'eis- 
senburg,  Blumenstein,  Fiiitigen,  and  Gurnigel  are  most 
frequented.  The  chief  objects  of  industry  are  the  manufHo 
tures  of  linens  aud  woollens,  iron  and  copper  wares,  watch- 
making, and  the  wooden  wares  of  the  Olwrland.  The  chief 
imports  are  salt,  colonial  produce,  grain,  tobacco,  and  me- 
tals. The  canton  is  traversed  by  excellent  roads,  and  steam 
packets  ply  on  the  lakes  and  on  the  river  Aar.  The  educa- 
tional establishments  of  the  canton  are  numerous  and  ex- 
cellent, comprising  a  university,  polytechnic,  aud  norm,al 
schools,  and  the  celebrated  agricultural  and  industii.Hl  in- 
stitution at  Hofwyl.  Bern  is  the  largest  canton  of  the 
Swiss  Confederacy,  and  holds  the  second  rank  in  the  federal 

diet.    Its  contingent  to  the  anuy  is  5824  men. Adj.  and 

inhab.  Bernese,  bern-eez^. 

BERN  or  BE  UN  E,  bfen.  (L.  B'rhia,)  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
capital  of  the  canton  of  the  .same  n.ime,  on  a  small  peninsula 
formed  by  the  Aar,  here  crossed  by  two  stone  bridges,  one 
of  which  (opened  in  1844)  is  900  feet  in  length,  80  miles  N.E. 
of  Geneva,  and  23  miles  S.  of  Basel.  Elevation  (of  observa- 
tory,) 1856  feet.  Population  29,016.  Bern  is  the  seat  of  the 
Federal  Diet,  alternately  with  Zurich  and  Lucerne  and  resi- 
dence of  three  foreign  ministers.  It  is  the  finest  town  in 
Switzerland,  and  one  of  the  most  handsome  in  Europe;  it 
is  entirely  built  of  freestone,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  ar- 
cades formed  by  the  houses  in  all  its  principal  streets,  and 
for  its  numerous  fountains,  many  of  which  are  ornamented 
with  curious  sculpture.  It  has  a  Gothic  cathedra! :  a  uni- 
versity, founded  in  1834:  an  observatory;  a  public  library, 
with  35,000  volumes  and  a  collection  of  MSS.;  a  museum  of 
natural  history ;  an  ar.senal ;  a  mint,  in  which  the  coins  of 
several  cantons  are  struck,  and  many  charitable  institu- 
tions. Its  chief  industry  consists  in  the  manufacture  of 
gunpowder,  fire-arms,  and  m.athematieal  instruments,  straw 
hats,  paper,  and  leather.  The  property  belonging  to  the 
corporation  is  very  large;  and  the  revenue  not  only  suffices 
t<i  defi-ay  the  public  expenses,  but  to  provide  all  the  citizens 
with  fuel,  and  still  leaves  a  surplus. 

Bern  owes  its  foundation  to  Berchtold,  fifth  Duke  of  Zah- 
ringen ;  who,  in  1191,  fortified  the  peninsula  on  which  the 
town  stands,  and  invited  merchants  and  craftsmen  to  resort 
thither  for  protection.  In  1218,  it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
a  free  town  of  the  empire,  with  extensive  privileges.  In 
135-3,  it  entered  the  Swi.ss  Confederation,  at  that  period  con- 
.sisting  of  seven  cantons,  and  obtained  the  second  rank.  In 
1798,  Bern  was  obliged  to  open  its  gates  to  the  republican 
armies  of  France,  and  the  canton  was  dismembered.  From 
1799  to  1S03,  it  was  the  seat  of  the  Helvetic  Government. 
The  government  of  Bern  had  hitherto  been  oligarchical, 
but,  in  1830,  the  population  threw  off  the  rule  of  the  privi- 
leged families,  and  appointed  a  supreme  council,  which  en- 
tered on  its  duties  in  October,  1831.  Bern  is  said  to  derive 
its  name  from  haren,  the  plural  of  the  German  word  hilr,  (a 
bear ;)  and  that  animal  figures  on  the  armorial  bearings  of 
the  town,  as  well  as  on  the  coins,  sign-posts,  fountains,  and 
public  buildings.  For  many  centuries,  living  bears  have 
been  maintained  at  the  public  expense,  as  part  of  the  state 
property.  The  great  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  Bern 
are  Protestants.    Bern  is  the  birthplace  of  IlaUer. 

BERNADOS.    See  Barkados. 

BERNADOTTE,  ber'na-dott/,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Fulton  CO.,  Illinois,  on  Spoon  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Il- 
linois, 65  miles  N.W.  from  Springfield.    Po').  1058. 

BERNALILLO,  ber-na-lil'lo,  a  connty  in  the  W.  central 
part  of  New  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  above  6000  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  tlie  Rio  Grande  and  the  Rio  Puereo,  and 
also  drained  by  the  Zuni  River  and  Rio  San  Jose.  The 
surface  in  the  E.  part  is  rough  and  mountainous.  This 
county  produced  in  1860,  10,212  bushels  of  wheat,  42,149 
of  corn,  and  66,340  pounds  of  wool.  It  contained  14.150 
COWS,  oxen,  and  other  cattle,  and  268,682  sheep,  more  of  the 
latter  than  any  other  county  in  the  territory.  In  1850  it 
produced  17,701  bushels  of  wheat.  Capital,  Albuquerque. 
Pop.  87ri9. 

BliR'N.\.RDS',  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2471. 

BKRNARD'STOWN,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  tlie  Connecticut  River  Railroad,  100  miles 
W.N.W.  from  Boston.     Pop.  9GS. 

BERNARDS'A'ILLE,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware,  8  miles  above  Trenton,  has  a  lattice  bridge 
across  the  river. 

BERN.\U,  bJn'nSw,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran 
denburg.  on  the  Stettin  Railway,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Berlin. 
Pop.  31340;  employed  in  weaving  woollen,  cotton,  and  silli 
stuffs ,  and  in  breweries. 

BER/XAU,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Tipper  Rhine.  Pop. 
160<1.  Tbis  is  the  name  also  of  several  villages  in  Germany 

BERN.W,  b^R'n.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure, 
on  the  Charentonne,  25  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Evreux.  Pop.  of 
commune,  in  1852,  7362.  It  h.ns  a  communal  aillege,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  linens,  and  yarn  :  it  is  the 
seat  of  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  of  tha  largest  horse  ui' 


BER 


BER 


In  France,  freqtienfed  by  40,000  perFonf.  The  Benedictine 
abb<?y,  founded  in  1018,  is  now  converted  into  warehouses. 

BKRNBURCi,  bernl.urir  or  bjRn'l<>OR«,  a  town  of  North- 
em  (ierniany,  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Anhalt-Hernburg.  on 
the  Ssale,  here  crossed  Vjy  a  massive  bridge,  23  miles  S.  of 
Magdeburg.  I'op.  6772.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new 
town,  Iwth  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  ducal  castle,  several 
churches,  council-house,  high  schools,  and  orphan  asylum. 
It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain,  paper,  and  starch.  It  is 
connected  by  raihv.ays  with  Berlin,  Magdeburg,  and  Dresden. 

BBKNK,  Switzerland.     See  Bern. 

BKHNE,  b^n'neh.  a  town  of  Northern  Germany,  duchy 
and  11  miles  E.  of  Oldenburg.     I'op.  :i72.5. 

BEHXE,  bern,  a  post-townshipof  Albany  cc,  New  York,  22 
miles  W.  froiii  Albany.     I'op.  3066. 

BKHNK,  a  township  of  Berlvg  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  2516. 

J!E1!.\E,  a  townsliip  in  Athens  cc,  Ohio.     Pop.  1022. 

JIKUN  E,  a  townsliip  in  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2481. 

BKK.N  E,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

BEItNl'X'K,  b^R/nJlc.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  the  Up- 
per Eranconia,  on  the  AVhite  Main,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oels- 
nitz.  8  miles  .\.E.  of  Baireutli.  Pop*.  1042.  engaged  in  manu- 
facture of  alum,  vitriol,  and  iron  wire,  and  in  a  pearl  iishery 
In  the  river. 

BEllXECK,  b?R-n?k',  a  village  of  Switzerl.and,  canton,  and 
11  miles  E.  of  St.  G.ill,  with  1300  inhaltitants,  an  active 
commerce,  and  manufactures  of  embroidered  muslins. 

BERNKRA,  ber-ni/r3,  three  islands  of  the  Hebrides;  one, 
the  most  S.  of  the  group,  another  in  Ilarri.s's  Sound,  and 
the  third  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Island  of  Lewis. 

BERNESE  OBERLAND,  Switzerland.    See  Bern. 

BERN7IIAKDS  BAY,  a  post-ofRce  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York. 

BER'XIER,  a  small  island  of  Western  Australia,  N.W.  of 
Shark  Bay.     Lat.  24°  oO'  S.,  Ion.  11.3°  15'  E. 

BERNINA,  bja-nee'nj,  amount.ain  of  the  Rhnetian  Alps, 
Switzerland,  canton  of  (irisons.  36  miles  S.E.  of  Ohur(Coire.) 
remarkable  for  its  extensive  glacier.  The  Pass  of  Bernina 
forms  a  communication  Iw'tween  the  Upper  Kngadine  and 
the  \'alteline.  at  an  elevation  of  7672  feet. 

BEKNKASTEL,  l)gRn'kas-tel.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussi.a, 
23  miles  N.E.  of  Treves,  situated  beneath  a  ruined  fortress 
on  the  Jloselle.  Pop.  2100;  with  copper  and  lead  mines,  and 
consider-able  trade  in  wine. 

BEI{/NON,  a  post-village  in  Woonsocket  township,  Provi- 
dence CO.,  Rhode  Island,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Providence. 

BERNSTADT.  Wun'stdtt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sil.'sia,  22 
miles  E.  of  Breslau.  Pop.  3000,  It  has  a  ducal  castle,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

BERNSTADT,  a  town  of  Saxony,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Baut- 
zen.    Pop.  16.50,  partlv  engaged  in  woollen  manufactures. 

BERNSTADT,  a  village  of  'WUrtemberg,  circle  of  the 
Danube. 

BERN,STEIN.  bJnn'stine,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  1650,  who 
manufacture  woollen  stuffs. 

BERNSTEIN,  a  town  of  W.  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg, 
14  miles  W.  of  GUns.     Pop.  1200. 

BERN'VILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Tulpehocken  Creek,  and  the  Union  Canal,  12  miles  N.'NV. 
from  Heading.  It  has  4  stores.  1  iron  foundry,  2  churches, 
and  about  70  houses.  Three-fourths  of  the  inhabitants 
speak  German. 

BER(EA  (of  Svria.)    See  Aleppo. 

BEHtEA  (of  iiacedonia.)     See  Veria. 

BERONDA,  b.'l-ronMJ.  a  petty  state  of  Ilindostan,  Bun- 
delcund ;  area,  275  square  miles.     Pop.  24.000. 

BERMIA-VOI/,  an  independent  territory  and  town  of 
Northern  .\fghanistan.  the  town  situated  in  a  valley,  and  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  lOS  miles  N.  of  J'eshawer. 

BERHE,  baiR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bouches- 
d\i-Rh6ne,  with  a  port  on  the  Etang  de  Berre,  near  the  rail- 
way from  Avignon  to  Marseilles,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Marseilles. 
Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 1926.  It  has  trade  in  salt,  fruits, 
and  olive-oil. 

BERRE.  ETANG  DE,  kH^yot  deh  baiR,  a  vast  lagoon  of 
France,  department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  E.  of  the  eastern- 
most branch  of  the  Rhone.  It  discharges  itself  into  the 
pea  by  a  p.assage  called  the  Port-de-Bouc,  and  has  extensive 
Siilt-works  and  eel  fisheries. 

BERRIAN,  bSrVn-ln'.  a  vill.age  of  Northern  Africa,  in  the 
Sahara  of  AlcXTia,  25  miles  E.  of  Gardaia.  It  is  walled,  and 
has  from  250  to  300  houses 

ISERRI E,  ber'ree,  a  township  in  Athens  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  819. 

BER'RIEDALE,  an  extensive  maritime  parish  of  Scot/ 
lard.  CO.  of  Caithness,  with  a  castle  on  the  coast,  7i  miles 
8.8. W.  of  Latheron. 

BER'RIEN.  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Michi- 
gan, bordering  on  Laka  Michigan  and  Indiana,  has  an  area 
of  about  6'i0  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  St.  Josepl^'s, 
Pawpaw,  and  Galien  Rivers.  The  surface  is  rolling:  the  soil 
of  various  qualities.  The  valley  of  the  St.  .Joseph's  has  a 
leep.  black, sandy  loam,  extremely  fertile.,and  is  covered  with 
iense  forests  of  hard  timber.  The  St.  .Joseph's  River  is  na- 
vigable for  keel-boats  through  this  county.    The  latter  is 


amply  supplied  with  water-power,  and  contains  several  qua* 
ries  of  sandstone.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad 
Capital,  Berrien.  .  Pop.  22.378. 

BERRIEN',  a  post^tflice  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia. 

BEI{RIEN.  a  .small  village  of  Heard  CO.,  Georgia.  8  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Franklin. 

BERRIEN  or  BERRIEN  SPRINGS,  a  post-village,  capita, 
of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan,  in  a  township  of  its  own  name,  on 
the  St.  Joseph's  River.  15  miles  in  a  direct  line  from  its  en- 
trance into  I.ake  Michigan,  and  160  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Lan- 
sing. The  river  is  navigable  for  keel-boats  about  130  milei 
from  its  mouth,  and  flows  through  a  rich  farming  country. 
Pop.  of  the  townsliip,  1260. 

BERRIEW,  bJr're-u,  or  ABER  RHIW,  aVer  ree'oo,  a 
parish  of  North  Wales,  co.of  Montgomery,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Rhiw  and  Severn  Rivers,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Welshpool. 
Pop.  22,19. 

BERRI.MA.  ber-ree'mS.  a  town  of  New  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Camden,  66  miles  S.W.  of  Sydney.     Pop.  377. 

BERRIN,  ber-reen',  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  Senegam- 
bia.  in  the  countrv  of  the  Feloops,  on  the  Casamanza.  Lat. 
12°28'N..  Ion.li;°2S'W. 

BER/RTNGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  S.alop. 

BER'ROAV,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Somerset. 

BER/ROW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BEltRY  or  BERRI,  Wr'ree.  (Fr.  pron.  bte'Ree',)  one  of 
the  old  provinces  of  France,  near  its  centre,  now  forming 
the  modem  departments  of  Cher  and  Inclre;  its  capital  was 
Bourges. 

BERRY,  ber'ree,  a  Dostrtownship  in  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  673. 

BERRY,  CANAL  DE.  k^'n^l'  deh  b^R^Ree'.  a  canal  of 
France,  connects  the  waters  of  the  Loire  with  the  canal  of 
Dlgoin,  and  passes  the  departments  of  Cher,  Loir-et-Cher, 
and  Indre-et-Loire. 

BER/RYN-ARBOR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BER'RY-POM'EROY.  a  pansh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BER'RYSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  Lykens  Valley,  39  miles  N.  of  llarrisburg.  Tlie  high 
ridges  which  Ixiund  the  valley  contain  abundance  of  coal. 

BER/RY'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co..  Ken- 
tucky. 

BER'RY'S  LICK,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co..  Kentucky. 

BER'KY'S  MILL,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.'.  Kentucky. 

BERmvSVILLE.  a  post-township  in  Knox  co.,  Indiana, 
about  16  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Vincennes. 

BER'RYTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  14 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Dover. 

BERRYTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Illinois,  about  30 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

BER/RYVILLE.  a  town,  capital  of  Clark  co..  Vlrdnia.  on 
Opequan  Creek,  and  on  the  turnpike  from  Winchester  to 
Wa.shington.  12  miles  E.  of  the  former,  and  158  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Richmond.  It  has  some  trade,  and  contains  an  aca- 
demy and  1  or  2  churches.    Free  i)op.  3.56. 

BERRY VI LLE,  a  post-village  In  Scott  CO.,  Mississippi, 
aboxit  40  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Jackson. 

BERRYVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Carroll  CO.,  Arkansas. 

BERRYVILLE.  a  vill.age  of  Highland  co..  Ohio,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Hillsborouirh.  cont.sins  from  100  to  200  inhabitants. 

BER'SHAM.  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh, 
1  mile  W.  of  Wrexham,  with  iron-works. 

BERS'HEBA,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia. 

BERSIIEBA  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Grundy  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

BER/STED.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Sussex. 

BERTHIER,bi^RH«-A',  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Canada 
East,  bordering  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  has  an  area  of  9590 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  .\ss\imption  River,  and 
several  smaller  streams.  Lake  Maskinonge,  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  the  county,  is  about  4  miles  long  and  3  miles  wide,  and  is 
the  source  of  the  Maskinonge  River,  an  affluent  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  The  chief  pi-pducts  are  woollen  goods,  linens,  flax, 
oats,  and  tobacco,  of  the  three  last  of  which  this  county  pro- 
duced, in  1852.  more  than  any  other  in  Canada  East.  Chief 
town.  Berthier-en-Haut.     Pop.  .34.608. 

BERTHI ER-EN-B AS,  b^RHe-A'SN"  b^,  or  BELLE  CHA SSE 
DE  BERTHIER,  Wll-shiss-deh  biR'te-.V,  a  post-village  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Belle  Chasse,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec.  It  contains 
several  stores  and  mills. 

BERTHIER-EN-HAUT,  b5RHe-i/-5N«-h5,  a  post-village  of 
Canada  East,  county  of  Berthier,  on  the  north  shore  of  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  about  55  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal.  It  has 
a  foundry,  a  tannery,  numerous  stores,  and  a  steamljoat 
landing. 

BERTIGNAT,  bte'teen'yd',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Puy-de-D5me,  arrondissement  of  Ambert.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2945. 

BERTINCOURT,  WRHS^o^kooR',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Pas-de-Calais,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Arras.  Pop. 
of  commune.  1,')27. 

BERTINORO,  bjR-te-no'ro,  a  town  in  the  north  eentral 
p.art  of  Italy,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Forli,  celebrated  for  its  wines. 
Pop.  4780. 

213 


BER 


BES 


BER'TR'.N'iy,  »post-vil]a!re  and  township  of  Berrien  co., 
Miehican,  on  St.  .foseph's  River.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Berrien. 

BERTH*;LSDORF.  b^R/tels-dop.r,  a  village  of  Saxony,  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Bautzen,  is  the  seat  of  the  central  conference 
of  the  sect  of  Herrenhuter  Christians. 

BEHTIIOLD.SDORF,  bjR't^ls-doRf\  a  town  of  Austria, 
near  the  railway  from  Vienna  to  Triest,  8  miles  S.  of  Vi- 
enna, surrounded  by  vine-clad  hills,  with  an  old  church,  a 
castle,  and  warm  baths.     Pop.  2226. 

BERTilOUD,  a  town  of  Switzerland.    See  BuRonoRF. 

BERTIE,  ber-tee',  a  county  in  the  X.E.  part  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, at  the  W.  end  of  Albemarle  Sound,  contains  about 
900  square  miles.  It  is  Vtounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Chowan, 
and  on  the  S.  by  the  Roanoke  River,  and  drained  by  Cashie 
River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Ca- 
pital, Windsor.  Pop.  14,310;  of  whom  tjl26  were  free,  and 
S186  slaves. 

BERTRAXD  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Winn  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BERTltlCH,  b^Rt^rk,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  6  miles 
S.W.  of  Cochem,  in  a  romantic  glen,  with  mineral  baths, 
known  since  the  time  of  the  Kom;jns. 

BERTRY,  b^R^ree',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  arrondissement  of  Cambrai.  canton  of  Clary.     P.  2273. 

BERUT  or  BEROUT.  See  Bf.yroot. 
•  BERVIE,  beR/vee,  or  INVERBERVIE,  in'ver-berVee,  a  par- 
liamentary borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Kincardine,  on  the  North  Sea,  SJ  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stone- 
haven. Pop.  1342;  of  the  borough,  878,  mostly  engaged  in 
fishing.  The  town  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Bervie, 
the  harlwr  being  at  Gourdon.  1  mile  S.  It  unites  with 
Montrose,  Arbroath,  Brechin,  and  Forfar,  to  send  one  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

BERWICK  or  BERWICKSIHRE,  bjr'rik-shjr,  a  county 
of  Scotland,  forming  its  S.E.  extremity,  on  the  coast  of  the 
German  Ocean,  and  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Northumberland, 
and  W.  by  Haddington  and  Edinburgh  shires.  The  principal 
division  was  formerly  called  the  Merse,  (March  or  border 
district.)  Area,  446  square  miles,  or  285,600  acres,  of  which 
160,000  are  cultivated,  lOO.OUO  uncultivated,  and  25,600  un- 
profitable. Population  in  1851,  36.297.  Its  N.  part  con- 
5ists  of  the  l»rren  Lammennoor  hills ;  but  the  district  of 
Lauderdale  in  the  W.,  and  the  Merse  in  the  S.,  are  level, 
and  among  the  mo.st  fertile  and  best  cultivated  tracts  iu 
Britain.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tweed,  Eye,  and  the 
Leader,  Whitadder,  Blackadder,  and  other  affluents  of  the 
Tivaed'  The  estates  are  mostly  of  medium  size.  The  manu- 
fiictures  are  comparatively  unimportant;  among  the  princi- 
pal is  the  weaving  of  ginghams  at  Earlston.  This  county 
returns  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

B  E  R  W ICK,  a  town  of  Scotland.     See  Bkrwick-OX-Tweed. 

BEUWK^K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BER'WIClv,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Maine.     Pop.  2155. 

BERWICK,atownship  in  Adams  co.,Pfnnsyl vania.  P.869. 

BERWICK,  a  village  in  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania.  See 
Abbottstowx. 

BERWICK,  a  post-borough  of  Briar  Creek  township,  Co- 
jumbia  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on'the  right  h-ank  of  the  North 
Branch  of  the  Sus'iuehanna  Kiver,  95  miles  N.N.E.  of  Har- 
risburg.  The  North  Branch  Canal  passes  through  the  place, 
and  a  bridge  1260  feet  long  connects  it  with  Nescopeck,  a 
Tillage  of  Luzerne  county.  Iron  ore  and  stone  coal  are 
abundant  in  this  neighborhood.  Berwick  has  1  or2churches 
and  several  stores.     Pop.  about  600. 

BERWICK,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  CO.,  Ohio. 

BERWICK,  a  postrvillage  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois,  95  miles 
N.W.  of  Springfield. 

BERWICK.  NORTH,  a  pariiamentary  borough,  seaport 
town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Edinburgh. 
Pop.  of  borough,1851,  8C3.  It  has  a  shallow  harbor,  but  an 
active  trade  in  corn :  and  it  is  frequented  as  a  bathing-place.- 
Roistered  vessels  of  the  port  in  1843,  9 ;  aggregate  burden, 
515  tons.  This  borough  joins  with'  Haddington,  Dunbar, 
Jedburgh,  and  Lauder,  in  sending  one  memter  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  the  parish  are  the  Bass  Rock,  Tant- 
allan  Castle,  and  North  Berwick-law;  the  last  a  conical  hill, 
940  feet  in  height,  forms  a  conspicuous  landmark, 

BER/WICK-ON-TWEED,  a  fortified  se-iport  town,  munici- 
pal and  parliamentary  borough,  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Northumberland,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Tweed,  at  its 
mouth,  and  on  the  North  British  Railway.  47  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Edinburgh.  Lat.  of  the  light-house,  56'=  46'  N.,  Ion.  1°  59' 
W.  Population  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851,  15,094. 
I'he  town  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and  fortifications.  It  is 
connected  with  its  suburbs.  Tweedniouth  and  Spittal,  by  a 
stone  bridge  of  15  arches,  built  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  A 
splendid  new  bridge  now  conducts  the  North  British  Rail- 
way across  the  Tweed.  It  has  an  indifferent  hart)or,  shel- 
tered by  a  long  pier,  a  decorated  Gothic  church,  built  during 
the  common  weal yi,  many  dissenting  chapels,  a  town-hall 
with  an  exchange  and  jail  attached,  a  governor's  residence, 
pauper  lunatic  asylum,  theatre,  grammar  school,  free  .schools, 
supported  by  the  corporation,  assembly  rooms,  public  sul)- 
ecription  library  with  6000  volumes,  and  infantry  barracks. 
2.U 


An  iron  foundry  here,  at  which  steam-engines  ant  mfU 
machinery  are  built,  employed  lately  from  CO  to  70  hands; 
manufactures  of  .sail-cloth,  cordage,  and  linen  fabrics  are  car- 
ried on,  and  near  the  town  are  several  coal-mines.  Berwick 
has  considerable  trade  with  Norway  and  the  B.Hltic,  whence 
it  imports  timber,  staves.  l>ones,  iron,  hemp,  tallow,  snd  oil 
Exports  to  London,  Leith.  Newcastle,  and  Hull  consist 
chieflj-  of  agricultural  produce,  wool,  ale,  whiskey,  coal, and 
fish,  especially  salmon,  its  fishery  of  which  in  the  Tweed  is 
still  very  productive.  Aggregate  burden  of  vessels  enter- 
ing the  port  in  1844,  49,174  tons;  of  ves.sels  cleared  thence, 
49,067  tons.  Registered  shipping  of  the  port  in  1847.  4584 
tons.  The  borough  has  sent  two  memljers  to  the  Hou.se  of 
Commons  since  the  reign  of  Mary.  Before  the  late  munici- 
pal reform,  Berwick  was  a  free  town,  independent  of  both 
Scotland  and  England ;  but  it  is  now  constituted  an  Eng- 
lish county  for  all  purposes  except  parliamentary  elections. 

BERWICK   ST.  JAMES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BERWICK  ST.  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BERWICK  ST.  LEONARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

BERWICKSHIRE.    See  Berwick,  a  county  of  Scothind. 

BERYTUS.    See  Betr^wt. 

BERZELIA,  ber-zeel'ya,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad.  20  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

BERZOCANA  DE  SAN  FLLGENCIO,  b^R-tho-kd'na  di 
sin  fool-Hju'the-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrem.idura.  6  miles 
N.E.  of  Logrosan.  on  the  borders  of  New  Castile.    Pop.  2026. 

BESALU,  b.'l-si-loo',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  15 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Gerona.    Pop.  2012. 

BESAN^ON,  bfh-zSx«'s(!iN>:',  (anc.  Tefon'tio.)  a  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Doubs,  45  miles  E.  of  Dijon,  on 
the  Doubs.  and  on  the  Canal  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine.  Pop. 
in  1852,  41.297.  It  is  a  strongly  fortified  city,  and  is  well 
built,  though  the  houses  are  old,  and  the  streets  gloomy ; 
its  citadel,  on  an  elevated  rock,  is  considered  impregnable. 
The  chief  edifices  are  a  Gothic  cathedral,  court-house,  town- 
hall,  royal  college,  ar.senal,  hospital,  barracks,  theatre,  public 
library,  and  museum.  There  are  many  Roman  antiquities, 
comprising  a  triumphal  arch,  and  the  remains  of  an  aque- 
duct and  amphitheatre.  It  is  an  archbishop's  see.  and  the 
seat  ofa  tribunal  of  commerce,  anacarrfdwie  unirersiiaire^  dio- 
cesan school,  academy  of  sciences  and  arts,  schools  of  artil- 
lery and  medicine,  and  a  deaf  and  dumb  institution.  It  is 
the  centre  of  an  extensive  manufacture  of  watches,  jewelry, 
porcelain,  drmrgets.  carpets,  and  iron  wire,  and  has  large 
iDreweries.  About  2000  persons  are  emploved  in  the  manu- 
facture of  watches,  and  600.<i00  Ixittles  ofartificial  Seltzer 
water  are  made  here  annually.  BesanQon  is  an  iniiKirtant 
entreijot  for  the  produce  of  the  South  of  France,  and  a  great 
part  of  Switzerland.  This  city  is  very  ancient,  and  was  a 
fortified  place  in  the  time  of  Ca?sar.  It  was  ceded  to  Spain 
by  the  peace  of  Westphalia.  It  was  twice  taken  by  Louis 
XIV..  and  was  united  to  France  in  1678.  In  1405.  a  councU 
was  held  here  under  Charles  of  Neufch&tel.  The  Austrians 
besieged  it  without  success  in  1814. 

BES'FORD.  a  ch.npelry  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester,  with 
a  station  on  the  Bristol  and  Birmingham  Railway,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Worcester.    Pop.  in  1851, 177. 

BES^FORD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BESHEK,  bd-shek',  or  BELSCUIK,  bil-shik'.  (anc,B«ff«,) 
a  lake  of  Turkey,  in  Macedonia,  a  little  E.  of  the  Gulf  of 
Contes.sa,  into  which  it  poui-s  its  superfluous  watei-s,  and 
about  20  miles  E.  of  Saloniea.  Greatest  length,  from  E.  to 
W..  about  14  miles;  greatest  breadth,  4  miles. 

BESIDI.T"..    See  Bisignano. 

BESIGHEIJI,  bA'slg-hime\  a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  at.the 
confluence  of  the  Neckar  and  Enz,  15  miles  N.  of  Stuttgart, 
on  the  railway  to  Heilbronne.  Pop.  2430.  The  district  is 
celebrated  for  its  red  wines. 

BESOEKI.    See  Bezoeki. 

BESNI.  bjs'nee.  (anc.  Xisrisf)  a  town  of  .\sia  Minor,  pa- 
shalic  of  Marash,  in  a  narrow  glen,  2340  feet  above  the  sea, 
and  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Samisat.  It  is  said  to  have  2500 
Mohammedan  and  250  Armenian  houses. 

BESSAN.  bJsVSx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  H6- 
rault,  11  miles  E.  of  Beziers,  on  the  Hfirault.     Pop.  2186. 

BESSARABIA,  b^s-sa-rd/be-a  or  bes-^-rd'be-3,  an  adminis- 
trative province  of  South  or  New  Russia,  (capital  Kishenov,) 
bounded  E.  by  the  government  of  Kherson,  N.E,  and  N.  by 
Podolia,  W.  by  the  Bukowina  and  Moldavia,  and  S.  by  Bul- 
garia and  the  Black  Sea.  Area,  18,358  square  miles.  Pop. 
in  1851,  874,044.  The  surfllce  is  uniformly  low  and  Hat,  ex- 
cept in  the  N..  where  it  is  travei-sed  by  some  of  the  centre- 
forts  of  the  Carjijxthians ;  the  climate  is  healthy,  and  the 
soil  very  fertile.  The  principiil  rivers  are  the  Danube  on  the 
S.,  Pruth  on  the  W..  and  Dniester  on  the  E.  fi-ontier.  These 
rivers  wholly  enclose  the  province,  except  at  its  N.W.  extre- 
mity. Wheat,  barley,  maize,  milli-t,  tot«cco,  hemp,  and 
fl.ix  are  raised,  as  well  as  all  kinds,of  fiuit,  and  wines  of 
good  quality  ;  but  the  greater  proportion  of  profitaljle  land 
is  in  pasturage.  The  manufactures  art  nearly  confined  to 
soap,  leather,  caudles,  and  siiirituous  lijuors.  The  princi- 
pal exports  are  wool,  cattle.' tallow,  salt,  and  cheese.  T'jere 
is  an  agricultural  colony  of  Bulgarians  on  the  PrutiL  and 
another  of  Germans  iu  the  S.    The  chief  towns  are  lU'he* 


BES 

nau,  Beuder,  Akerman,  and  Ismail.     Bessarabia  was  ceded 
bv  Turki;y  to  Russia  by  tlie  treaty  of  Uucharest.  in  ISI'2. 

UKSSASTAUIK,  b^s-sis-ta'deer?  or  BESSE.STAD,  bSs'sgs- 
tAd\  a  small  town  of  Iceland,  S.W.  of  KeikiaTik,  with  a 
gyuinasiuui,a  classical  school,  and  a  library  of  2000  volumes, 
the  only  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  island. 

BlSSSl-i,  bjss,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Dome,  -JO  miles  S.S.W.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  of  commune,  2167. 
It  is  situated  on  the  E.  declivity  of  Mont^D'Or,  and  in  its 
vicinity  are  the  cascades  of  Entraigues  and  Doj;ne,  the  ba- 
saltic columns  on  the  Mallvoisiire,  the  Puy-de-Sancy,  and 
the  lake  of  Pavin. 

BESSE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Yar,  7  miles 
S.E.  of  BiisnoUes.    Pop.  1720. 

BESSELSLEIGII,  bJ.s/sgl-sle,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Berks. 

BES.SENAY,  b?s''s.VnV,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  IlhSno,  13  miles  W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  2054.    . 

BESSE  SUK  BTvAYE.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  6  miles  S.  of  St.  Calais.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1S52, 2336. 

BESSIXES,  bjs'seen',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-A'ienne,  10  miles  E.  of  Bellac.  Pop.  of  commune,  in 
1852,  2656. 

BES'SIN'OBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

BES^SINGIIAII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BE.STIIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BEST'LAND,  a  post-office  of  lissex  co.,  Yirginia. 

BESZTEUCE  BANYA.    See  Neusohl. 

BET'AOIISTOWN,  (vul!,'ar,  BdtysUnon,)  a  village  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath.  on  the  coast,  3  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Drogheda,  on  the  Dublin  and  Drogheda  Kailway. 

BETAlSOR,b;\.-ti-sore',  a  town  and  place  of  pilgrimage  in 
British  India,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Agra,  on  the  Jumna.  Near 
it  are  remains  of  an  ancient  Hindoo  city. 

BETANZOS,  bi-t3n'thoce,  (line.  Flah'um  Brigayiftium,,)  a 
town  of  Spain,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Corunna,  on  the  river  of  the 
Siime  name,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Bay  of  Betanzos.  Pop. 
4780.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  Galicla,  and  has  remains  of 
ftufient  fortifications. 

BETAXZOS,  BAY  OF,  in  Spain,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic; 
Its  branches  form  the  harbors  of  Ferrol  and  Corunna. 

BETCH'WORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BETETA,  oA-tA/ta,  a  village  of  Spain,  48  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Cuenca.  I'op.  1100.  It  has  mineral  springs  (temperature 
7°  Fahrenheit)  and  royal  baths. 

BETII.VB'ARA,  a  Moravian  village  in  Forsyth  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BETIIA'NIA,  a  postvillage  In  Forsyth  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

BETHANY,  beth'a-ny,  (Arab.  El-AzirezeJi,)  a  village  of  Pa- 
lestine, on  the  E.  slope  of  the  Mount  of  Olives,  2  miles  E.  of 
Jerusalem.  It  is  now  a  poor  place,  inhabited  by  some  20 
families,  in  a  few  dwellings  built  with  the  materials  of  an- 
cient edifices.  The  inhabitants  show  tlie  pretended  sites  of 
the  houses  of  Lazarus,  of  JIartha.  of  Simon  the  leper,  and 
of  Mary  Magdelene.  The  alli>ged  tomb  of  Lazani.s,  a  large 
excavation  in  the  rock,  is  also  pointed  out.  Of  Bethphage, 
a  village  formerly  a  little  further  E.,  no  trace  exists. 

BETHANY,  a  post-township  of  New  Haven  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 8  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Now  Haven.     Pop.  974. 

BETHANY,  a  post-tow n.ship  of  Genesee  co.,  New  York, 
240  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  Ithas  an  academy.  Pop. 1897. 

BETHANY,  or  BETHANY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  the 
above  township,  about  35  miles  S.W.  of  Rochester. 

BETHANY,  a  post-borough  of  Dvberry  township,  Wiiyne 
■  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  3  miles  N.  of  Ilonesdale,  and  1  mile  W. 
of  Dyberry  Creek.     It  was  the  county  seat  until  1842.     The 
borough  contains  1  church,  ah  aciidemy,  and  about  350  in- 
habitants. 

BETHANY,  a  post-village  of  Brooke  co.,  W.Virginia,  on 
Buffalo  Creek,  7  miles  from  the  Oliio  River,  and  16  m.  N.E. 
of  'Wheeling.    The  surrounding  country  is  fertile  and  beau- 
tiful.    The  village  is  the  seat  of  Bethany  College,  which 
was  established  in  1841,  by  Alexander  Campbell,  a  Baptist 
minister. 
BETHANY,  a  post-office  of  York  district.  South  Carolina. 
BETHAXY,  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia,  35  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Milledgeville. 
BETHANY,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Texas. 
BETHANY,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  20  miles 
N.N.i;.  of  Cincinnati. 

BETHANY,  a  village  of  B*artholomew  co.,  Indiana,  8  miles 
W.  of  Columbus. 

BETH  AN  Y,  a  village  of  Christian  co.,  Illinois,  20  miles  S.E. 
of  Springfiold. 

BETHANY,  avillage  of  Clay  co.,  Missouri,  15  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Liberty. 

BETHANY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harrison  CO.,  Mis- 
souri, 155  miles  N.AV.  of  Jeiferson  City.     Pop.  of  tp.,  2302. 

BETHANY  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Iredell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BETH  EDE^^  a  post-village  of  Newberry  district,  South 
Carolina,  li  ha.-i  manufacture?  of  woollen  goods,  starch,  and 
leather. 
BEXHEl,  bSth'el,  (Arab.  Btiteen,  or  Beitin,  bA'teen',)  a 


BET 

mined  tovrn  of  Palestine,  pashalio  of  Damnscns,10  miles  HT. 
of  Jerusalem.  ItH  remains,  which  prove  it  to  have  been  a 
place  of  some  importance,  consist  of  numerous  ruined 
churches  and  a  large  reservoir,  the  whole  covering  tlireo  or 
four  acres  on  a  hill-summit, 

BETHEL,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Androscoggin  River, and  on  tlie  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railroad,  7o  miles  N.N.W.  of  Portland.  It  has  6  dmrches, 
6  stores,  an  academy,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  2623. 

BETHPIL,  a  post-township  of  ^Vindsor  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  A'ermont  Central  Railroad,  ,38  miles  S.  of  Montpelier, 
and  39  miles  N.  of  Windsor.  In  tho  place  is  an  inexhausti- 
ble quarry  of  soapstone.  formerly  exported  in  considerable 
quantities.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and  a 
bank.     Pop.  l.'-04. 

BETHEL,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  town.sliip,  Fair- 
field CO.,  Connecticut,  about  2.i  miles  N  W.  by  \V.  from  New 
Haven,  on  the  Danbury  and  Norwalk  R.R.  The  inliabitants 
are  almost  entirely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  hats. 
Tho  village  contains  3  churches  and  a  bunk.     Pop.  1711. 

BETHEIj,  n  post-village  and  township  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York,  120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2854. 

BETH  EL,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  35 
miles  N.E.  of  llarrislmrg.    Pop.  2159. 
BE'I'HK.L,  a  township,  Delaware  co,  Pennsylvania.  P.  511. 
BETHEL,  a  town.sliip  of  Fulton  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1,535. 
BETH  EL,  a  township.  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  2197. 
BETHEL,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co, West  Virginia. 
BETHEL,  a  small  village  in  Hertford  co ,  North  Carolina, 
BETIIKL,  a  post-office  of  York  district,  South  Carolin.a. 
BETHEL,  a  post-village  of  Glynn  co.,  Georgia,  on  Turtle 
River,  about  70  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.S.W.  of  Savannah. 
BETHEi,,  a  post-office  of  AVilcox  co.,  .Alabama. 
BETHEL,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Texas. 
Bl'/niEL.  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 
BETHEL,  a  small  post-village  of  Bath  CO.,  Kentucky. 
BETHEL,  a  township  in  Clark  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2898. 
BETHEL,  a  post-village  of  Tate  township,  Clermont  co., 
Ohio,  33  miles  S.E.  of  Cincinnati,  is  one  tho  oldest  villages 
of  the  county.    It  contains  several  stores  and  shops.    Pop. 
estimated  at  5U0. 
BETHEL,  a  township  in  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1708. 
BEMIEL,  a  township  in  Monroe  co ,  Ohio.     Pop.  1335. 
BETHEL,  a  township  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan.   Pop.  1185. 
BETHEL,  a  township  in  St,  Clair  to.,  .Micliigan. 
BETHEL,  a  town.sliip  in  Posey  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  443, 
BETHEIj,  a  post-office  of  W.ayne  co.,  Indiana. 
BETHEL,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co..  Illinois,  near  the 
Sangamon  and  Morgan  Railroad,  48  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 
BETHEL,  a  thriving  pfjst-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  North  Fork  of  North  River.  98  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jeffer- 
son City.    It  was  settled  about  1842  by  a  company  of  Ger- 
mans from   Pennsylvania.    The   titli;  of  their  property  is 
vested  in  one  person,  and  held  for  tlie  lienefit  of  the  com- 
munity.    They  have  4000  acres  of  fertile  land,  and  carry  on 
f;irniing  and  mechanic  arts  with  success.     The  German  lan- 
gu.oge  is  taught  in  their  schools  exclusively,  and  commonly 
u.sed  among  themselves?    They  have  a  large  and  elegant 
place  of  worship.     The  village  contains  a  glove  factory  and 
mills  of  various  kinds.    I'op.  about  UiOO. 
BETHEL  COLLEGE.    See  M.\c  Lemoresviixe. 
BETHES/DA.  a  post-office  of  WilIi.im.son  co..  Tennessee. 
BETHES'DA.  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio, 
BETH  HtVKON,    Upper    and    Lower,    (A.ra.h.  Beitnor-el- 
Fo/,(/,  b.VtooK/-el-fS'ka,  iinABeiloor-fl-Tahti.  biVtooitZ-el-tdH'ta,) 
two  villiiges  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  9  miles  N. 
W.  of  Jerusalem.    In  the  former  are  some  traces  of  ancient 
walls,  a  reservior,  Ac,  and  between  the  two  villages,  is  a 
pass,  down  which  Joshua  drove  the  Amorite  kings,  (Joshua 
X.  1-11 :)  and  through  which  has  always  been  the   main 
route  for  heavy  transport  between  .Terusalem  and  the  coast. 
BETHLEHEM,  b^thle-hem,  (Bcil-eI-L,'/tm,  the  "house  of 
bread.")  a  famous  city  of  Palestine,  which,  though  insignifi- 
cant in  point  of  size,  will  be  ever  memorable  as  the  birth  place 
of  the  Founder  of  Christiiinity,    It  stands  on  the  moun- 
tain  chain   of  Anti-Libanus,  5j   miles  S.W.  of  Jerusalem. 
Pop.  said  to  be  .3000,  nearly  all  Christians — a  bold  and  hardy 
race,  who  have  succe.ssfuUy  resisted  Turkish  oppression.     It 
is  a  large,  straggling  village,  with  one  broad  street,  at  the 
extremity  of  which  there  is  a  magnificent  church,  erected  in 
the  4th  centui-y  by  the  Empress  Helena,  over  the  site  (the 
'•Grotto  of  the  Nativity,")  traditionally  celebrated  for  tho 
birth  of  the  Saviour,  and  attached  to  which  are  large  con- 
vents, belonging  to  Roman  Catholics,  Greeks  and  Armenians. 
All  around  are  a  multitude  of  chapels,  erected  as  memori.'ils 
of  events  commemorated  in  sacred  history  ;  and  numerous 
reservoirs  and  springs,  to  which  .sacred  traditions  are  at- 
t.oched.    On  the  W.  side  of  tlie  town  are  the  remains  of  the 
ancient  aqueduct  which  conveyed  water  to  Jerusalem  from 
sever.al  pools  near  Bethlehem.    The  country  around  is  ex- 
tremely fruitful,  to  which  circumstance,  doubtless,  the  town 
oriirinallv  owed  its  name. 

BETH'LEHEM.   a    post-township   of  Grafton    co..   New 
Hampshire,  75  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Concord.     Pop.  896. 
BETH'LEHEM,  or  BETH'LEM,  a  post-township  of  Litcb- 

215 


BET 

fleM  CO.,  Connecticut,  30  miles  N.W.  of  New  Haven.    Pop. 
81.5. 

BKTIIT.EHEM,  a  post-township  of  Albany  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  5  miles  S.  of  Albanj'.     Pop.  5641. 

BETHLKIIKJI,  a  post-township  of  Hunterdon  CO.,  New 
Jersey,  lo  miles  N.W.  of  Flemington.    Pop.  1859. 

BETIILi:ilKM,a  post-township  of  Northampton  co.,Penn- 
Bylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  Kiver,  7  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Easton. 
Pop.  including  the  borough  of  the  same  name,  3535. 

BETHLEHKM,  a  post-borough  in  the  above  township,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Lehigh  Kiver,  11  miles  above  Easton, 
and  51  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  a  pleasant  and 
commanding  situation,  and  is  an  agreeable  place  of  resort  in 
Bummei".  This  town  was  founded  in  1741  by  the  Moravians, 
who  have  a  large  stone  churdi  in  the  Gothic  style,  142  feet 
long,  and  a  female  seminary  which  eiyoys  a  high  reputation, 
besides  other  schools  and  benevolent  institutions.  The  N. 
Pennsylvania  U.K.  connects  Bethlehem  with  Philadelphia, 
and  the  Lehigh  Valley  R.R.  with  Eiiston  and  Mauch  Chunk. 
It  contains  a  bank  and  several  mills.     Pop.  about  2000. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  post-office  of  Chambers  co.,  Alabama. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,Ohio.  P.b75. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  village  and  township  of  Starke  CO.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  Canal,  CO  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Cleveland.    P.  2401. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  township  in  Cass  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1012. 

BKTHLEHEM.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clark  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  River,  IS  miles  below  Madison,  has 
one  olmrch.     Piip.  730. 

BETHLEHEM,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
16  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

BKTHLEHEM,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa. 

BETHLEHEM  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co.,  New 
York. 

BETH'NAL  GREEN,  a  parish  of  England,  an  Eastern  su- 
burb of  London,  co.  of  Middlesex.    Pop.  74,000. 

BETH'PAGE,  a  small  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Big  Creek. 

BKTHSAIDA  (bJth-sAjM.a)  OF  GALILEE,  an  ancient  town 
of  Palestine,  which  probably  stood  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ti- 
berias ;  but  its  site  is  undetermined,  and  Its  name  disused. 

BETHSAIDA  OF  GAULONITIS.  (afterwards  Ju/lias,)  was 
on  the  N.E.  side  of  the  same  lake,  21  miles  S.  of  Paueas;  it 
is  now  wholly  in  ruins. 

BETHSHAX.     See  Beisas. 

BETH-SHE'MESH,  an  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  the  re- 
mains of  which  are  supposed  by  Robinson  to  be  at  Ain 
Shems,  a  village  and  parish  of  Gaza,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Jerusalem,  where  are  extensive  ancient  ruins. 

BETHUNE,  biUUn',  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  France, 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  on  a  rock  near  the  river  Lawe, 
and  the  Canal  of  Aire,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Arras.  Pop., 
8,000.  It  has  a  aistle  constructed  by  Vauban,  college, 
Gothic  church,  and  commerce  in  cheese,  grain,  oil,  and  lint. 
Bethune,  taken  by  the  French  in.l645,  and  retaken  by  the 
allies  in  1710,  was  secured  to  France  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht 
in  1714. 

BET'ICK.  in  Central  Asia,  is  an  important  ferry  across  the 
Oxus,  on  the  route  between  I'ersia  and  the  territory  of 
Bokhara,  CO  miles  S.W.  of  Bokhara.  The  Oxus  hius  been 
here  found  050  vards  across,  and  from  25  to  29  feet  in  depth. 

BETISBOOKA  or  BETISBOUKA,  bA-ti.s-boo'kd,  a  con- 
siderable river  of  JIadagascar,  enters  Slozambiiiue  Channel 
(Bembatooka  Bay,)  on  its  X.W.  coast.  About  15  miles  from 
Its  mouth  it  eniai'ges  into  a  gulf  with  numerous  islands. 
It  is  the  principal  means  of  commercial  communication  be- 
tween the  Ovah  capital  and  the  coast. 

BKT'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

BETLIS  or  BEDLTS,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,   See  Bitlis. 

BETLUGA  or  BETLOUGA,    See  Vetiug.v. 

B?:T'SHANGER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BETSILP;0,  b§t-se-li/o,  a  province  of  Madagascar,  in  the 
Intf  rior  of  the  southern  part  of  the  island,  divided  into  North 
and  South  Betsileo. 

BKTSIMS.^RAKA,  b^t-sim-sd-rd'kS,  a  maritime  province 
of  Madagascar,  East  coast,  between  lat.  10°  45'  and  18°  S. 

BETTEMBUUG,  bJt/tJm-btJKg\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands. 5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Luxembourg.    Pop.  1100. 

BETTENDORF,  bJftgn-doRf\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Luxemtourg,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Ditkirch. 

BKTTEXHAUSEN,  b5t/t?n-h6w'zen,  a  village  of  Germany, 
In  Hesse-Cassel,  in  the  Nieder-Hesscn,  on  the  Losse, 
with  a  population  of  880,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  goods, 
paper,  and  metallic  wares. 

BGTTENHAUSEN,  a  villjige  of  Gei-many,  in  Saxe-Meinin- 
gen.  on  the  Herpf.     Pop.  7^2. 

BETTIAH,  bJt/tee\'l.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Beng.il.  district  of  Shahabad,  90  miles  N.N.W.  of  I'atna. 

BKTTISCOMBE,  a  parish  of  Encland,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BETTOLA,  SAN   GIOVANNI  Dl,  sdn-jo-vin'nee  dee  hit- 
to'ld,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  about  20  niiUw  S.  by  W.  of 
PLiceuza,  ou  the  Nura.    It  contains  a  church,  and  a  school 
216 


BEV 

for  both  sexes.    The  vicinity  is  fertile,  but  not  wholly  culti- 
vated.    Pop.  6608. 

BETTSCHWANDEN,  1)Stch'*an-den,  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of,  and  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Glarus,  on  the  Lintli 
Pop.  ICOO. 

BETTS/VILLE,  a  post^village  in  Liberty  township,  Seneca 
CO.,  Ohio,  40  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Sandusky  City. 

BET'TUS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BETTWS,  bit'toos,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth 

BETTWS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

BETTWS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

BETTWS,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery, 
The 'ruined  castle  of  Dolevowiu  in  this  pari.sli  is  supposed  to 
be  of  British  origin ;  near  it,  antique  brazen  vessels  have  been 
found. 

BETTWS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

BETTWS.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

BETTWS  BLEDRWS,  bJVtoos  bl^d'roos,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Cardigan. 

BET'TWS  DIS/ERTH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  county  of 
Radnor. 

BET/TWS  GAR'MON,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  at  the  foot 
of  Snowdon,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

BETTWS  GWERFYL-GOCH,  b^t'toos  gwer'fil  goK,  a  parish 
of  Wales,  CO.  of  Merioneth. 

BET'TWS  JEV'AN  or  E  WAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Cardigan. 

BETTWS  LEIKE,  bjt/toos  li'kS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Cardigan. 

BETTWS  NEAVYDD,  bSftoos  nywiTH,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Slonmouth. 

BETTWS  Y  CEOD,  hJt'toos  e  ke'od,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon.  The  picturesque  bridge  of  "  the 
Cauldron  "  is  in  this  parish. 

BETTWS  YN  RHOS,  bSt/toos  in  hBos,  a  parish  of  North- 
AVales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

BETWAH,  hitfwK,  a  river  of  Hindostan,  rises  in  the  Vind- 
hyan  Mountains,  Bhopaul,  flows  mostly  N.E.,  and  after  a 
total  course  of  340  miles,  joins  the  Jumna,  30  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Kalpee.  In  a  part  of  its  course  it  runs  through  beds  of 
iron  ore.  Its  banks  are  in  many  places  highly  cultivated, 
and  on  them  are  the  towns  of  Bilsa  and  Jhansi. 

BEULAH,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co..  North  Carolina. 

BEULAH,  bul.i,  a  post  office  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa. 

BEUSICHEM,  \)o'ze-KSm\  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderland,  7  miles  N.\V.  of  Hell.  In  the  vicinity,  across 
the  Leek,  formerly  stood  the  old  castle  of  Beusichem.  Pop. 
900. 

BEUTELSBACn,  boi'tels-baK\  a  market  town  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  on  the  Beutel,  10  miles  E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  1850. 
It  is  one  of  the  oldest  possessions  of  the  reigning  family  of 
Wttrtemberg. 

BEUTHEX,  boi'tgn,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  50  miles 
S.E.  of  Oppeln,  near  the  Poli.sh  frontier.  Pop.  4950,  who 
manufacture  woollen  cloths,  earthenwares,  and  zinc  wares, 

BEUTHEN,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  circle  of  Breslau, 
on  the  Oder,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Glogau.  Pop.  3640.  It  has 
manufactories  of  cloths  and  straw  hats. 

BEUZEVILLE,  buzH-eel',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Euro,  7  miles  W.  of  Pont  Audemer,  with  a  station  on 
the  Paris  and  Havre  railway.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
2608. 

BEVAGNA,  bi-vdn'yj  a  town  of  Italy,  state  of  Umbria, 
18  miles  S.E.  of  Perugia.    Pop.  3720. 

BEV/ANS.  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  .Tersey. 

BEVEDERO,  bA-v4-dVro,  a  considerable  lake  in  La.  Plata, 
province  of  Mendoza,  between  lat.  32°  45'  and  34°  17'  S. ; 
Ion.  66°  and  66°  32'  W.  It  is  composed  of  two  distinct  por- 
tions, called  sometimes,  the  Greater  and  the  Less  Bevedero, 
connected  by  a  rivsr  channel  about  8  miles  long.  The 
smallest,  and  most  N.,  measures  about  22  by  15  miles:  and 
the  larger,  which  is  very  irregular  in  form,  though  somewhat 
triangular,  measures  40  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  3  or  4 
to  25  miles  from  E.  to  W. 

BEVELAND,  North  and  South,  (Dutch  pron.  W 
vg-ldnt\)two  islands  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  ZeiUand, 
in  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  divided  westward  by  a  narrow 
channel,  from  the  Island  of  Walcheren.  Lat.  61°  .SO"  N.; 
Ion.  4°  E.  Estimated  aggregate  area.  120  square  miles  S. 
Beveland  is  the  largest  and  most  fertile,  and  has  on  it  the 
town  of  Goes,  the  capital,  and  Fort  Bath. 

BEA'ENAIS,  b;l\eh-nA/,  a  village  of  France,  dejhirtment 
of  Isere.     Pop.  of  commune,  1064. 

BEVEXSEN,  b.Vven-sen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  13  miles  S.S. 
E.  of  l.Uneburg.  witli  linen  manufactures.    I'op.  1288. 

BE'A'EKCOATES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts, 

BEVEREN,     See  Bevern. 

BEVERLEY,  bjv'er-le,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  and  market  town  of  England,  co.  of  York,  capital 
East  Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Hull  and  Bndgewatel 
Railway,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hull.  Pop.  8671.  It  is  a  re- 
markably clean  and  handsome  town,  with  a  main  stieet 
nearly  1  mile  in  length,  terminated  by  an  ancient  gateway. 
The  borough  consists  of  three  parishes.  Tlie  minster,  or 
college  church,  was  founded  aboui  a.  d.,  700,  by  the  arch- 


BEV 


BEZ 


bishop  of  Tork.  afterwards  canonized  as  St.  Jolin  of  Bever- 
ley. Tlie  pre.sent  .structure,  suppased  to  Iiave  been  completed 
early  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  i.s  remarkable  for  elegance 
and  extent ;  it.s  W.  front  has  been  considered  the  finest  speci- 
men of  the  perpendicular  Gothic  in  England.  St.  Mary"s 
church  is  also  a  magnificent  structure.  The  town  has  a 
very  ancient  grammar  school,  a  blue  coat  school,  an  hospital 
for  widows,  with  numerous  other  charities,  a  guildhall 
(Ilallgarth,)  register  office  for  East  Riding,  new  session  hall, 
a  theatre,  reading  rooms,  a  mechanics'  institution,  and  a  fine 
market  cross.  Its  trade  in  corn,  coals,  and  leather  is  con- 
siderable, and  gre.itly  facilitated  by  a  canal  communicating 
with  the  river  IIull.  The  corporation  holds  a  criminal  court, 
with  the  fower  of  capit;il  punishment,  (which  however,  is 
never  exercised.)  also  courts  of  session  and  requests.  Bever- 
ley returns  two  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  is 
also  the  place  of  the  election  of  members  for  the  Kast 
Riding  of  Yorkshire. 

BEVERLOO,  bA\'?r-15'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limbourg,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Ilasselt.  On  the  extensive 
heaths  in  the  neighborhood  is  held  a  yem-ly  camp  for  exercis- 
ing the  Belgian  army.    Pop.  1505. 

BEVEIlIiV,  bJv'^r-Ie,  a  thriving  post-town  of  Essex  eo., 
Massachusetts,  on  an  arm  of  Ann  Harbor,  opposite  Salem, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  abridge,  about  1500  feet  long, 
and  on  the  Eastern  Railroad  16  miles  N.N.E.  from  Boston.  A 
branch  railroad  connects  it  with  Gloucester.  The  town  has 
a  bank,  an  insurance  office,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a  high- 
school,  9  clinrches,  and  a  public  library.  There  are  manu- 
facture.'consisting  chiefly  of  shoes;  alsocarriagcs.Britannia 
ware,  and  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  &c.  The  industry  of 
the  inhabitants,  however,  is  chiefly  directed  to  commerce 
and  the  fisheries.    Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  6154. 

BEVERLY,  a  post-borough  of  Burlington  co.,New  Jersey, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Delaware  River,  and  on  the 
Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad,  15  miles  above  Philadelphia. 
It  has  been  built  since  1S4S,  and-  contains  5  churches,  a 
town-hall,  2  hotels,  and  a  United  States  hospital.  Steam- 
boats touch  at  this  place  several  times  every  day  in  their 
passage  between  Philadelphia  and  Burlington.  Pop.  in 
1860,  1220;  in  1865,  about  1400. 

BI';VEI;LY,  a  po&t-village,  capital  of  Randolph  CO.,  West 
Virginia,  on  Tygaifs  Valley  River.  210  miles  N.W.  from 
Richmond,  is  pleasantly  situated  In  a  valley  among  the 
Alleghany  mount:»ins.    It  has  a  few  stores  and  shops. 

BEVERLY,  a  post-oflice  of  Anson  co..  North  Carolina. 

BEVERLY,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of  Washington  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Muskingum  River,  20  miles 
above  Marietta,  and  60  below  Zanesville.  The  river  has 
been  made  navigable  for  steamtoats  by  a  series  of  dams, 
and  one  of  th(?se  produces  fine  water-power  here,  which  is 
partly  improved.    Hero  is  a  national  bank. 

BEVKRfiY,  a  post-village  of  Adams  CO.,  Illinois,  about  .30 
miles  E.S.E.  from  Quincy.  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  dis- 
trict, and  contains  several  stores. 

BEVERLY,  a  post-township  of  Adams  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1086. 

BEVERLY,  a  posfcofflce  of  Dane  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

BEVERLY  FARMS,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co.,  Massachu- 
Betts. 

BEVERN,  b.Vvfrn,  or  BEVEREV,  b.Vver-en,  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  E.  Flanders,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Termond. 
Pop.  of  commune,  6050,  of  whom  2000  are  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  lace. 

BEVERX,  bi'vern,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, 3  miles  N.E.  of  Holzminden.     Pop.  1170. 

BE'VERSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BEVERUXGEN,  bii/ver-COng-en,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia, 
Westphalia,  47  miles  S.S.E.  of  Minden,  on  the  Weser.  Pop. 
1918,  who  manufacture  leather  and  soap,  and  carry  on  an 
active  transit  trade. 

BEVEltWYK,  or  BEVERWIJK,  bA/ver-wTk\  a  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  of  N.  Holland,  at  the  head  of  the  Y,  the 
name  of  the  town  is  simply  Y,  7  miles  N.  of  Haarlem.  Pop. 
2252.  In  its  vicinity  the  expedition  of  the  Prince  of  Orange 
to  Eniland.  and  the  Revolution  of  1688,  were  planned. 

BEVILACQUA.  bA-ve-lSk'kwl  a  village  of  N.  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Venice.  25  miles  E.  of  Verona,  with  an  old  cas- 
tle of  the  counts  of  Bevilacqua. 

BEV'ILPORT,  a  post-village  of  .Tasper  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Angelina  River,  just  above  its  entrance  into  the  Neches 
River,  6  or  8  miles  W.  from  Jasper,  the  county  seat.  The 
Neohes  is  navigable  in  high  stages  of  water.  The  village 
lias  1  warehouse  and  1  store. 

BE'VIS'S  TAVERN,  a  post-offlce  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

BEW/CASTLE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Brampton.  It  was  anciently  a  Roman  sta- 
tion, and  has  remains  of  a  fortress,  built  soon  after  the 
"wnquest.  In  its  churchyard  is  a  curious  obelisk,  bearing 
inscriptions  supposed  to  be  Danish.  In  the  parish  are  mines 
of  coal  and  lead. 

BEWDLEY.  biid^ee.  (originally,  Beaulieu.)  a  parliamentary 
and  municipal  borough,  and  market-town  of  England,  co., 
aJJd  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Worcester,  on  the  Severn,  across 
which  it  oommuriicates  with  its  suburb  Wribbenhall,  by 


a  stone  bridge.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1S51, 
0124.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  good  modern  town-hall,  » 
neat  church,  a  free  grammar  school,  several  other  schools, 
alms-houses;  manufactories  of  combs,  carpets,  iron  and 
brass  wares ;  some  tanneries  and  malt-hou.ses ;  and  a  trausil 
trade  by  the  Severn.  Bewdley  sends  1  member  to  th« 
House  of  Commons. 

BEW'ERLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Ripley.  Pop.  in  1851, 1265,  mostlj 
engaged  in  adjacent  lead  mines. 

BEW'LEYVILLE,  a  postof&ce  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

BEX,  bJks,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Lausanne. 
Pop.  30IX).  Celebrated  for  its  extensive  salt  mines  and  sul- 
phur baths. 

BEXAR,  bd-ar',  or  bi-naK',  a  large  county  in  the  S.  part  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  8900  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  by  the  Nueces  River,  on  the  N.E.by  theCibolo,  and 
by  the  Medina,  San  Antonio,  Rio  Frio,  and  San  Miguel 
Rivers.  The  county  contains  extensive  prairies ;  the  .soil  is 
sandy,  and  some  parts  are  fertile.  Cupital,  San  Antouia^ 
Pop.  14.4.54,  of  whom  13.059  were  free. 

BEXAR.    See  San  Antonio. 

BEXAR,  a  post-village  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia,  120  miles 
W.N.W.  from  .Milledgeville. 

BEXAR,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Alabama. 

BEX'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

BEX'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BEX'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BEYAS,  a  river  of  the  Punjab.     See  Beas. 

BEYED,  bi'M',  a  lofty  mountain,  in  Abyssinia,  province 
of  Z.amen,  kingdom  of  Tigre;  lat.  13°  IS'  N.;  Ion.  .38°  40'  B. 
It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  and  is,  from  this  circum- 
stance, believed  to  have  an  elevation  of  not  much  less  than 
16.01(0  feet. 

BEYERLAND,  bi'f r-iant\  or  BEIGERLAND,  an  island  of 
S.  Holland,  between  the  Old  Maas  on  the  N.,  and  Holland's 
Diep  on  the  S.,  6  miles  S.  of  Rotterdam.  Among  its  villages 
are  Old  Beyerland,  pop.  3546;  New  Beyerland,  pop.  1104;  and 
S.  Beverland,  pop.  1278. 

BEYHAR.    See  Diihab.  ' 

BEYLAII.    See  Bela. 

BEYLEN.    See  Beilen. 

BEYRA.    See  Beira. 

BEYROOT,  BEYROUT,  BEIROTJT,  biUroot,  or  BAIRUT, 
(Turk.  pron.  bi'root' ;  th.at  of  the  .\rabs  corresponds  with 
the  first;  Or.  Bi;pvro(,  La.t.  Bi-rfi/tus,)  a  seiiport,  and  the 
most  flourishing  commercial  town  of  Syria,  (in  proportion 
to  its  size,)  in  the  pashalic  of  Acre,  on  a  bay  of  the  >ii'diter- 
ranean,  57  miles  W.N.W.  of  Damascus,  of  which  city  it  is  the 
port,  and  3  miles  S.  of  Cape  Boyroot,  which  is  in  lat.  3.3° 
50' N.;  Ion.  35°  26' E.  Pop.,  including  suburbs.  30.000.  Its 
walls  are  about  3  miles  in  circumference,  outside  of  which 
are  suburbs  equalling  the  town  in  extent.  It  has  some 
large  and  well-supplied  bazaars.  Streets  narrow,  but  clean, 
it  being  plentifully  furnished  with  springs :  and  it  is  said 
to  have  derived  its  original  name  from  the  Phoenician  deity 
Baal  Becrith,  '•  lord  of  wells."  Along  the  shore  are  some 
remains  of  antiquity,  comprising  Mo.saic  p.avements,  co- 
lumns, and  a  thick  wall.  The  harbor,  protected  by  a  mole, 
is  adapted  only  for  sm.iU  boats:  but  in  the  bay  beyond  it, 
ships  may  anchor  in  from  6  to  11  fathoms.  The  town  has 
important  manufactuns  of  silk  stuffs,  and  also  of  gold  and 
silver  thread.  Much  raw  silk  is  produced  from  the  silk 
worms,  raised  in  the  immediate  vicinity :  a  branch  of  bu  sine«s 
which  has  greatly  increased  within  a  few  years.  Principal 
exports,  silk,  galls,  madder,  gums,  paints  and  oils  ;  imports, 
muslins,  cottons,  tin,  hardware,  cloths,  aiid  manufactures  of 
W.  Europe.  In  1841.  383  ships,  mostly  Turkish.  Arab,  and 
Greek,  aggregate  burden,  38,441  tons,  entered  the  port  with 
cargoes  to  the  value  of  66.748/. ;  and  nearly  an  equal  number 
cleared  with  cargoes  worth  $25,000,  besides  ballast.  Beyroot 
was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the  English  in  1840. 

BEYSHEHER.    See  Begsheher. 

BEZE,  brlze,  or  bJz,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  C8t« 
d'Or.  13  miles  N.E,  of  Dijon.     Pop.  1100,  engaged  in  mining 

BEZIERS,  b-Vze-i/,  (anc.  Bate.r'rce,)  a  city  of  Franco,  de- 
partment of  Herault,  on  the  Orb.  38  miles  S.W.  of  Montpel- 
lier.  Pop.  in  1852,  19,333.  It  is  built  in  a  delightful 
situation,  remarkable  for  the  salubrity  of  its  climate,  and 
has  a  Gothic  church,  college,  and  cavalry  barracks;  an 
aijueduct  of  Roman  origin,  and  ruins  of  a  Roman  amphi- 
theatre, a  public  library,  tribunal  of  commerce,  agricul- 
tural society,  and  manuCietures  of  silk,  hosiery,  dimity, 
parchment,  gloves,  verdigris,  and  confectionary,  with  tan- 
neries, and  extensive  brandy  distilleries;  and  it  is  the 
centre  of  a  considerable  trade.  In  1209,  this  city  was  the 
scene  of  a  barbarous  mas.sacre  of  the  Albigon.ses.  Riquet, 
the  engineer  of  the  Canal  da  Midi,  was  born  here. 

BEZOEKI,  b.a-zoo'kee,  a  province  of  Java,  occupying  th» 
whole  E.  end  of  that  island.  It  is  volcanic  and  moun- 
tainous. 

BEZOEKT,  a  town  of  Java,  capital  of  aliove  province,  on  a 
rivulet  of  the  same  name,  at  its  embouchure  in  the  Strait  of 

217 


BEZ 


BHU 


Ma.lura,  '9  nines  S.S.E.  of  Soexabaya.  A  good  deal  of  busi- 
ness is  (5  one  iiere  in  the  products  of  the  province.  The 
roadstead  is  secure  in  the  K.  monsoon. 

BEZONS,  bfh-zAs"',  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-€t-Oise,  9  miles  N.  of  Versailles,  on  the  Seine,  with  a 
bridae  of  9  timber  arches,  for  the  Kouen  Railway,  and  ex- 
tensive fairs. 

BKZOllA.  bA-zo/rd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Masulipatam,  on  the  Kistnah, 
where  Ihere  is  a  ferry  station  of  the  great  thorou;zhCire 
between  the  Circars  and  the  Camatic.  There  is  here  a 
mosriue,  and  numerous  Hindoo  temples,  with  excavations 
similar,  though  inferior,  to  those  of  Western  India. 

BIIADRIN  ATII.  Vhid-rin-ifh'.  a  town  of  North  Ilindosten. 
Gurhwal,  in  a  valley  of  the  Himalayas,  SO  miles  N.  of  Al- 
mora,  10,294  feet  above  the  sea,  and  remarkable  for  a  temple 
reported  to  be  endowed  with  the  revenues  of  700  villages, 
and  visited  annually  by  50.000  Hindoo  pilgrims. 

BHADRINATH,  a  peak  of  the  Himalaya8,17  miles  W.  of 
the  alx)\  e  town,  and  23,441  feet  in  height.  Lat.  30°  42'  N. ; 
Ion.  79°  l.V  E. 

B'HAG,  BAGII  or  BIIAUG,  Vhig  or  bio,  a  town  of  Be- 
loochistan,  province  of  Cutch-Gundava,  at  the  S.  entrance 
oftheBolan  pass,  60  miles  N.W.of  Shikarpoor(inSinde):lat. 
28°  56'  N.;  lop.  67°  64'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  mud  wall,  has 
2000  mud  houses.  Large  bazajir,  some  transit  trade,  and  a 
manufiictory  of  gunpowder 

BlIAi^IKAXHI.    See  GANGES. 

BIIAMO,  b'hi^mO',  or  BHANMO,  Vbdn^mo',  a  large  town 
of  Burmah.  and  the  centre  of*  its  trade  with  China,  on 
the  Irrawaddy,  40  miles  W.  of  tho  Chinese  frontier,  and 
180  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ava.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  stockade,  and 
better  built  than  most  Burmese  towns.  It  comprises  2000 
houses,  many  of  brick,  inhabited  by  Chinese,  and  around  it 
are  many  populous  villages.  Woollen,  cotton,  and  silk 
goods,  are  imported  from  China  by  winter  caravans;  and 
the  Shan  tribes,  who  resort  to  the  town,  exchange  their 
native  produce  for  large  quantities  of  salt,  rice,  and  gtiapce 
(a  sauce  made  of  dried  fish.)  The  government  revenue  of 
the  district  is  said  to  amount  to  about  30,000?.  annually. — 
Old  Bhamo,  the  original  Shan  town,  is,2  days'  journey  fur- 
ther up  the  Tapan.  the  nearest  tributary  of  the  Irrawaddy. 

BH  AN  POORA,  b'hdn-poo/ri,  a  town  of  Iliadostan,  46  miles 
S.S.W.  ofKotah. 

BIIANVOORA,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  65  miles  S.W.  of  Cuttack. 

BHATOONG,  b"hJt'gong',  a  decayed  city  of  Nepaul,  9 
liiiles  E.S.E.  of  Khatmandoo.  It  is  the  favorite  residence 
of  the  Nepaul  brahmins,  and  has  a  palace  and  some  other 
tolerably  well-built  edifices. 

BHATNEER,  bdt'neer/.  or  BHUTNEER,  bQCneer',  a  town 
of  British  India,  in  the  N.E.  quarter  of  Ajmeer,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  and  the  modern  capital  of  the  Bhatty  country, 
185  miles  W.N.W.  of  Delhi,  lat.  29°  36'  N.;  Ion.  74°  12'  E. 
The  inhabitants  of  this  district  were  originally  .shepherds, 
and  are  a  wild,  plundering  people.  They  profess  the  Mo- 
hammedan faith. 

B  IT  A  UG  UL  POOR.    See  Boolipoor. 

BlIAVANI-KUDAL,  b'hd-va/ne-koo-dai',  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  58  miles  N.E.  of  Coimbatoor, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Bhavani  and  Cavery  Rivers.  Here 
are  famous  temples  of  Vishnu  and  Seeva  (Siva.) 

BIIAWLPOOR,  b'hawrpoor',  or  bawrpoor',  or  DAOD- 
POOTR.\.  dd-od-poo'tr3,(the  abode  of  refugees.)  written  also 
BAH.iW.^LPOOR,  an  independent  state  of  N.W.  Iliudostan. 
between  lat.  2S°  and  30°  N.,  and  Ion.  69°  and  74°  E..  having 
N.W.  the  Ghara  (Sutlej)  and  Indus  Rivers,  separating 
It  from  the  Punjab;  E.  and  S.E.  the  Bickaneer  territory, 
S.  Jessulmeer,  and  S.W.  Sinde.  Estimated  area,  22.000 
square  miles,  and  population  250,000,  mostly  Jets,  with 
some  Hindoos,  Beloochees,  and  .\fghans  of  a  bulky,  strong 
make,  and  dark  complexion.  Surface  level,  and  chiefly 
desert,  except  along  the  Ghara,  where  is  a  strip  of  territory, 
about  10  miles  in  width,  of  high  fertility,  producing  rice, 
wheat,  maize,  indigo,  sugar,  opium,  and  the  flnest  fruits. 
Cattle,  wild  hogs,  game,  and  poultry,  are  plentiful.  Ex- 
ports consist  of  raw  cotton,  sugar,  indigo,  hides,  ghee,  and 
various  provisions,  with  drugs,  dye-stuflFs,  wool,  and  cearse 
cotton  cloths.  Principal  imports,  the  manufactured  goods 
of  Britain  and  Ilindostan.  Annual  public  revenue  about 
150.000?.  The  rajah  maintains  a  standing  army  of  nearly 
7000  men,  with  6  field-pieces:  and  he  can  raise  an  irregular 
force  of  20,000  men.  IHs  adherence  to  the  British,  in  the 
late  Afghan  war,  was  rewarded,  in  1843,  by  the  annexation 
to  his  dominions  of  some  districts  in  Northern  Sinde.  I'rin- 
cjpal  towns,  Bhawlpoor,  Ahraedpoor,  Ooch,  and  Khanpoor. 

BII.\WliP001l,  the'capital  of  the  above  state,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Ghara,  ami  on  a  route  from  India  to  Afghanistan.  140 
miles  N.W.  of  Bickaneer.  Lat.  29°  26'  N.;  ion.  71°  37'  E. 
Pop.  about  20,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  gardens  and  by  a  mud 
wall  4  miles  in  circumference.  The  houses  are  meanly  con- 
structed of  bi-ick,  and  the  khan's  residence  is  a  very  plain 
building.  Hindoo  weavers  are  numerous.  Bliawlpoor  is 
Bimous  for  its  scarfs  and  turbans,  manufactured  by  Hin- 
doos; and  chintzes,  and  other  cotton  goods  are  woven  here, 
21S 


to  the  estimated  annual  value  of  about  52,000?.  It  Is  also 
an  entrepot  for  European  and  Indian  goods,  exported  henc« 
to  Bnlkh,  Bokhara,  and  even  to  Astrakhan. 

BHEELS,  beelz,  a  race  of  mountaineers  of  Ilindostan, 
inhabiting  the  mountains  of  Candeish  and  the  wild  and  un- 
cultivated country  along  the  Nerbudda  from  the  plains  of 
Newaur  to  those  of  Guzerat.  They  differ  from  the  other 
natives  in  appearance  and  manners,  and  are  believed  by 
some  to  be  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  country.  They 
are  small,  have  dark  complexions,  go  almost  in  a  state  of 
nudity,  are  constantly  armed  with  bows  and  arrows,  and  are 
greatly  addicted  to  thieving  and  robbery.  They  are  said  to 
be  Hindoos  of  the  Brahminiciil  persuasion. 

BHEER,  beer,  a  town  of  India,  Deccan,  Nizam's  dominion, 
70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Aurungabad. 

BIIIND,  b'hind  or  bind,  and  BHIN'DUPv/,  towns  of  Ilin- 
dostan ;  the  latter,  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Odeypoor. 

BHIRJAN,  beer'jdn',  BEERJOON,  beer'joou',  or  MIIIR- 
JAN,  meer^jdn',  one  of  the  most  E.  towns  of  the  Persian 
dominion,  in  the  desert.  ISO  miles  S.  of  Meshed.  It  com- 
prises from  4000  to  5000  brick  houses,  several  airavan  serais, 
mosques  and  baths,  a  citadel,  and  a  governor's  pal.ace.  It 
has  a  local  repute  for  the  excellence  of  its  carpets;  but  its 
inhabitants  bear  a  bad  reputation  for  dishonesty  and 
treachery. 

BHOB.\NESER,  bo-bSn-Js'er,  (anc.  Bhavanestvara.)  a 
ruined  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district, 
and  16  miles  S.  of  Cuttack.  It  has  numerous  remains  of 
temples  and  sculptured  figures,  and  a  tower  ISO  feet  in 
height,  supposed  to  date  from  the  seventh  century. 

BIIOOJ.  b"hooj  or  booj,  a  strongly  fortified  city  of  Ilindos- 
tan, capital  of  Cutch,  and  in  a  plain  near  its  centre.  35  miles 
N.  of  the  Gulf  of  Cutch,  lat.  23°  15'  N.:  Ion.  69°  52'  E.  Pop. 
30,000.  (?)  Its  white  buildings,  intermixed  with  date-groves, 
render  it  externally  imposing ;  and  its  houses  are  mostly 
built  within  strong,  walled  enclosures,  each  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a  separate  fort.  It  has  a  castellated  palace, 
ornamented  with  enamelled  domes,  numerous  temples,  a 
mausoleum,  and  other  public  buildings, — the  whole  enclosed 
by  a  thick  and  high  stone  wall,  flanked  with  towers,  and 
furnished  with  artillery.  The  hill  Bhoojan,  near  it,  is  also 
fortified,  and  has  a  temple  to  the  Nag.  or  cobra-de-capello. 
Bhooj  is  renowned  in  India  for  its  manufactures  in  gold  and 
silver.  'The  fort  of  Bhooj  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1819, 
and  both  port  and  town  suEfered  considerably  from  an 
earthquake  the  same  year. 

BHOONG-BARA,  b'hoong'-bS/ra.  a  dist-ict  of  Sinde,  lat. 
28°  N.;  Ion.  69°  E.,  comprising  15  villages,  yielding  an  an- 
nual revenue  of  about  60,000  rupees,  and  which,  in  1843, 
was  transferred  by  the  British  to  the  rajah  of  Bhawlpoor. 

BHOPAUL,  bo>pawl,  or  BOPAUL,  a  state  of  Hindostan, 
tributary  to  the  British,  mostly  between  lat  22°  30'  and  23° 
30^  N.,  and  Ion.  77°  and  79°  E..  having  N.  and  W.  the 
Gwalior  dominion,  E.  Bengal  presidency,  and  the  Nerbudda 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.  Estimated  area  0772  square 
miles.  Surface  uneven,  and  traveised  by  the  A'indhyan 
mountains;  soil  fertile  and  well  watered;  the  country 
prosperous  and  tranquil.  Public  revenue  estimated  at 
nearly  180,000/.  annually.  Principal  towns,  Bhopaul,  Ash- 
tah,  and  Baree. 

BHOPAUL,  the  capital  of  the  above  state,  105  miles  E.  of 
Oojein,  is  enclo.sed  by  a  dilapidated  .stone  wail,  outside  of 
which  are  some  large  pools,  a  fort  .and  a  decayed  suburb. 

J5H0TAN  or  BIIOOTAX.'    See  Bootan. 

BHOWANIPOOR,  b'ho-wdn-e-poor',  a  village  or  station  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  96  miles  W.  of  Dinage- 
poor.  Here  a  great  annu.al  fair  is  held,  from  April  7th  to 
17th.  at  which  100,000  per.sons  often  assemble. 

BHOWAXY,  b'hO-wln'nee,  is  a  town  of  India,  in  Raj- 
pootana.  80  miles  W.  of  Delhi,  which  was  tiiken  by  the 
British  in  1809. 

BHOWNUGGER.  b'hSw'nfig'gtir.  a  seaport  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Gulf  of 
Cambav.  in  which  it  is  one  of  the  chief  ports,  51  miles  S.W. 
ofCambay. 

BHUGWAR,  a  river  of  Beloochistan.    See  Badoor. 

BHUJEE,  b'hoo/jee,  or  boo'jee,  a  petty  state  of  Hindos- 
tan, situated  between  the  Sutlej    and  .lumna,  with  a  fort. 

BnURTPOOR,b'h!irfi)Oor/.astateof  Ilindostan,  tributary 
to  the  British,  between  lat.  20°  30'  and  27°  30'  N..  and  Ion. 
77°  and  78°  E.,  having  N.  and  N.E.  the  presidency  of  Bengal 
(Upper  provinces,)  S.E.  and  S.  the  Gwalior  dominions,  and 
AV.  the  Slacherry  dominions.  Area  1946  square  miles. 
Pop.  uncertain.  Surface  well  watered;  products,  cotton, 
corn,  sugar,  and  salt  from  biiue-springs.  Principal  towns, 
Bhurtpoor  and  Deeg. 

BHUIsrPOOR/,  BHARrPOOR'or  BHARATPURA,  b'hj- 
rlt-poo'r/;,  the  capital  of  the  above  state,  33  miles  W.  of  Agra. 
It  is  said  to  be  8  miles  in  circuit.  At  the  N.M'.  part  of  the 
town  is  a  fort,  within  the  walls  of  which  is  the  rajah's  palace ; 
it  was  formerly  so  strongly  foitified  that  Lord  Lake  lost  3100 
men  under  its  walls,  before  its  capitulation  to  h)s  troops  in 
1S05.  It  was  again  captured  by  the  British  in  lK2fi.  and  ita 
defensive  works  have  been  mostly  demol  shed.  ftaniHng 
on  a  plain,  Bhm-tpoor  is  seen  at  a  great  distan  m.     Ol  *]^ 


BHU 


BID 


pronchiiis  it,  luxuriant  fields  of  wheat  and  barley  are  met 
wHii  on  cvury  side. 

liUUT.NKKR.     See  Bhatneer. 

BIA.  bee'Oh.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Pesth,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Buda,with  a  Reformed  church.    Pop.  1-122. 

BIAFRA,  be-af'ra.  (BIGHT  OF,)  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  between  Cape  Formosa  and  Cape 
Lopez,  within  Ion.  5°  and  10°  E.,  and  contaluinj;  the  Islands 
of  Fernando  Po,  Prince,  and  St.  Thomas.  It  receives  the 
Cameroons,  Malimba,  Mooney,  and  Old  Calabar  rivers,  and 
all  those  waterinj;  the  E.  part  of  the  Niger  delta.  Of  Biafra 
kingdom,  E.  of  the  bight,  little  is  known. 

BIAL.Il,  be-d/ld,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  43  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Cracow,  on  the  Biala.  across  which  a  stone  bridge 
connects  it  with  Bielitz,  in  Moravia.  Pop.  4000,  who  manu- 
facture linen  cloths. 

BIAL.V,  he-ifli,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Podlachia, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Bug,  37  miles  E.S.E.  of  Siedlec.  Pop. 
8600.     Biala  is  also  the  name  of  several  villages  in  Galicia. 

BIALLA,  be-dWa,  a  small  town  of  E.  Prussia,  68  miles  S. 
of  Gumbinnen.     Pop.  1120. 

BIALYSTOK,  be-il'istok,  (BELOSTOK.)  a  province  of 
European  Russia,  and  formerlv  a  part  of  Poland,  between 
lat.  52°  and  54°  N.,  and  Ion.  22°  and  24°  E.,  having  E.  the 
government  of  Grodno,  and  on  other  sides  the  kingdom  of 
Poland.  Area,  3424  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1842,  265,944. 
Surface  flat  and  fertile.  Forests  extensive  and  valuable. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Bug,  Narew,  and  Bober.  Large  quan- 
tities of  wheat,  rye,  Ac,  are  raised,  and  sent  to  Dantzic,  with 
flax,  hemp,  hops,  and  timber.  In  1837,  here  were  33  woollen 
cloth  Cictories,  besides  some  manufactures  of  hats,  leather, 
soap,  tallow,  &c.  It  was  ceded  to  Russia  by  the  treaty  of 
Tilsit,  in  1807.  Principal  towns  and  seats  of  commerce, 
Bialystok,  and  Knyzyn. 

BIALYSTOK,  the  ft)rtified  capital  of  the  above  province, 
on  the  Bialy,  an  affluent  of  the  Narew,  45  miles  S.W.  of 
Grodno,  lut.  53°  V  35"  N. ;  Ion.  23°  15'  E.  Pop.  8218.  It  is 
well  built,  and  handsome.  Its  cliief  edifice,  the  castle  of 
Count  Branicki,  has  been  called  the  "  Versailles  of  I'oland." 

BIANA,  be-dn'd,  a  town  of  Ilindostau,  in  the  Bhurtpoor 
dominions.  54  miles  S.W.  of  Agra. 

BI A NCAVIM,A,be-an'ka-vil1i  (i.e.  "white  villa,") a  town 
of  Sicily.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Catania,  on  the  declivity  of  Mount 
Etna.     Exports  grain,  cotton,  and  silk.     I'op.  5870. 

lilANCO,  be-Jn'ko,  or  lilANCA,  be-.ln'kd,  an  Itjilian  word, 
signifying  "white,"  and  forming  a  part  of  numei-ous  names, 
as  Cai'E  Rianco,  "  White  Cape,"  &c. 

BIANCO.  CAPE.    See  Cape  Bianco. 

Bl.V.NCO,  be-4n'ko,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Geruce. 
Pop.  1300.  Bianco  is  also  the  name  of  some  villages  in 
Italy,  and  the  Ionian  islands ;  and  of  a  canal  which  passes 
througli  the  city  of  Adria. 

BI ANDRATE,  be-an-drJ'tA,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  8  miles 
Vi.  of  Novara.     Pop.  1124. 

BIAR,  be-aa',  a  town  of  Spain,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Alicante, 
with  a  castle  and  remains  of  fortifications.    Pop.  2903. 

BI.VRRITZ,  be-Ja^Rits';  a  maritime  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Basses-Pyrenees,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Bayonne,  with 
well-frequented  baths  and  curious  grottoes.     Pop.  1892. 

BIASCA,  be-is'kd,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticino,  capital  of  district  Riviera,  9  miles  N.  of  Bellinzona, 
with  a  very  ancient  church.  Pop.  1912.  In  1512,  it  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  inundation  of  the  Blegno. 

BIBB,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by 
the  Ocmulgee  Kivor,  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  Echaconnee 
Creek,  and  also  drained  bj'  the  Tobesof  ka  and  other  creeks. 
.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  is  generally  poor,  except  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Ocmulgee  River.  Macon  county  is  partly 
intersected  by  three  extensive  lines  of  railway,  which  con- 
nect at  Macon,  the  county  seat.  Named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
William  Wyatt  Bibb,  a  former  member  of  Congress  from 
Georgia.  Pop.  16,291,  of  whom  9501  were  free,  and  6790, 
slaves. 

BIBB,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Alabama,  has  an  area 
of  lOoO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cahawba 
River,  which,  in  pasf^ing  through  it,  receives  the  Little 
Cahawba.  The  surface  is  Iiilly ;  the  soil,  in  some  parts,  fer- 
tile. Extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  and  stone  coal  are  found 
in  the  county.  Capital,  Centreville.  Pop.  11,894,  of  whom 
8052  were  free,  and  3842,  slaves. 

BIBBIBNA,  bib-be-.Vnd,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  16  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Arezzo,  on  the  Aruo:    Pop.  1000. 

BIIJBONA,  bib-bo'nd,  a  small  town  of  Tuscany,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Cecina.  There  is  a  fort  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Mediterranean,  3j  miles  distant  S.W. 

BIRERACri,  bee'bei-dK\  a  walled  town  of  WUrtemberg, 
on  the  Riss.  23  miles "S.S.W.  of  Ulm.  Pop.  4800,  engaged  in 
weaving  of  linen  and  mixed  fabrics,  and  in  bleaching,  tan- 
ning, and  fur  dressing. 

BIliKRAClI.  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the  Kinzig,  10  miles 
aS.E.  of  Offenburg.     Pop.  1207. 

BIRKKICII.     See  Biebrich. 

BIPIANA,  l>o-be-i'nd.  a  village  oi  Piedmont,  at  the  en- 


trance to  the  valley  of  Lucema,  province  of  Pinerolo  Pop 
2860. 

BIB^LIS,  bib^is,  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  province 
of  Starkenburg,  9  miles  N.Sv.  of  Ileppenheim.     Pop.  20.50. 

BIBURY,  bl'bgr-e,  a  parish  of  Englani,co.  of  Gloucester. 

BICANEBE.    See  Bickaxeer. 

BICCARI,  bik'kd-re.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capi- 
tanata,  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Foggia.    Pop.  3400. 

BICESTEII,  bis'ter,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, county,  and  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Oxford.  Pop.  in  1851 
3054.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  its  large  church,  erected  iu 
14(K),  contains  some  curious  sculptures.  It  has  2  endowed 
schools,  and  a  small  lace  manufacture. 

BICETKE,  a  hamlet  of  France.     See  GENTniT. 

BICIIANA,  i)e-chi'nd.  a  considerable  town  of  Aby^ssinia, 
Amhara,  capital  of  a  chiefship,  160  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oondar 
It  is  enclosed  by  ruinous  walls,  and  meanly  built ;  it  is  the 
seat  of  a  large  weekly  market. 

BICKANEER,  BICANERE,  or  BICANIR,  bik-an-eer', 
written  also  BAKANAIR,  a  Rajpoot  state  of  Ilindostan, 
tributary  to  the  British,  mostly  between  lat.  27°  and  29°  N., 
and  Ion.  72°  and  76°  E.,  having  N.  the  Bhatty  country,  E 
the  presidency  of  Bengal,  (Up|)er  provinces.)  S.  the  Joud- 
poorand  Jeypoor  dominions,  and  W.  lihawlpoor.  Estimated 
area  18,000  square  miles.  Population  uncertain.  It  !a 
comprised  in  the  Indian  desert.  Surface  elevated,  but  flat 
and  sandy,  and  the"  crops  are  precarious.  Indian  pulses 
are  almost  the  only  articles  raised;  and  rice  is  supplied 
from  Lahore,  wheat  from  Jeypoor,  and  copper,  spices,  and 
coar.se  cloths  from  Jesselmore.  Other  imports  are  salt,  su- 
gar, opium,  and  indigo.  Horses  and  bullocks  are  almost 
th(?  only  exports.    Principal  towns,  Bicanere  and  Chooroo. 

BICKANEER,  a  fortified  town,  capital  of  above  state,  240 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Delhi,  is  enclosed  i)y  a  strong  wall,  flanked 
with  towers,  in  which  are  a  number  of  mud  houses  painted 
red,  some  lofty  wliite  buildings,  temples,  and  a  pretty  ex- 
tensive citadel.  In  it  is  a  well  300  feet  deep  and  20  feet  in 
diameter.  On  its  north  side  is  a  wooded  valley ;  but  else- 
where all  around  is  an  arid  desert.    Pop.  estimated  at  70,000. 

BlClv'ENMILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

Blf'K'ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BK'K'Elil^TAFFE,  a  town.ship  of  England.  CO.  of  Lancaster. 

l!I("K'l  MiTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BICKl.\(iT()N,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BICiCLEKlH,  biklee,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Devon,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Exe  and  Dart.  3  miles  S.W.  of  Tiverton. 
The  celebrated  B;mifylde  Moore  Carew,  who  became  "  king 
of  the  gypsies,"  was  ijorn  here  in  1093. 

BICK'LEY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Bussel  co.,  Virginia. 

BICK'NELLVILLE,  a  manufacturing  village  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  New  York,  on  the  W.  branch  of  St.  Regis  River. 

BICK'XOLLER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset.  12 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Bridgewater.  Near  the  church  are  the 
remains  of  some  ancient  fortifications. 

Bl  CK'NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BICK'NOR,  ENGLISH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester, on  the  Wye,  3  miles  N.  of  Colford.  The  church  stands 
within  the  fosse  of  an  ancient  fortification. 

BICK'NOR,  WELSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth, almost  encircled  by  the  Wye. 

BICK'WITHS,  a  village  of  Mississippi  co.,  Mis.souri.  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  15  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 

BICTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BICZOW.    See  Bidschow. 

BID  AC  HE,  beeMdsh'  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas- 
ses-Pyrenees, capital  of  canton,  ou  the  Bidouze,  17  miles  E. 
of  Bayonne.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2711. 

BIDASSOA,  be-Dis-so/d,  a  small  river  forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  France  and  Spain.  It  rises  in  Spain,  and 
flowing  S.W.  and  N.,  enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay  at  Fonta- 
rabi.a.  On  an  island  in  its  mouth  the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees 
was  concluded  in  1059. 

BIDAIS',  a  creek  of  Walker  co.,  Texas,  flows  into  Trinity 
River. 

BID'BOROUGH,  bid'-b&h-rfih,  a  parish  of  England  so.  of 
Kent. 

BID'DEFORD,  a  post-township  of  Y'ork  co.,  ISIaine  on  the 
S.  side  of  Saco  River,  about  14  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Portland. 
(For  a  description  of  the  town  of  Biddeford,  see  Saco.)  Pop. 
9349. 

BIDrOENDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BID'DENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  West  Bedford. 

BID'DESTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BID'DISHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BID'DLESDON,  or  BITTLESDEN,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Bucks. 

BID'pULPH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafl'ord.  In  the 
parish  is  an  ancient  circle  of  upright  stones,  termed  the 
Bredstones  ;  and  several  paved  artificial  caves. 

BID'EFORD,  a  municipal  borough,  seaport,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Torridge,  IJ 
miles  above  its  influx  into  the  estuary  of  the  Taw.  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Barnstable.  Pop.  in  1851.  6899.  The  town'consists 
mostly  of  old  brick  houses,  with  timber  frame-work.  It  has 
a  stone  bridge  of  24  arches,  built  in  the  fourteenth  century, 

219 


BID 


BIE 


maintained  by  a  bridge-estate,  producing  4007.  per  annum,  a 
shui-ch,  grammar  school,  neat  town-hall,  union  workhouse, 
tn  hospital  for  aged  poor,  an  assembly-room,  with  manufac- 
tures of  ropes,  sails,  and  earthenware,  tan-yards,  and  doclis 
for  ship  building.  Chief  imports,  timber  from  Canada  and 
the  Baltic,  coals  and  colonial  produce;  exports,  sails  and 
cordage,  oak-baric  to  Ireland,  earthenware  to  Wales,  and 
corn  and  flour  to  Bristol.  Registered  shipping,  (1847,)  includ- 
ing numerous  boats  engaged  in  the  coast  fishery,  149  ves- 
sels, aggregate  burden  11,805  tons.  Vessels  entered,  25,930 
tons.  Vessels  cleared,  12,975  tons.  Customs  revenue,  5045?. 
The  spacious  quay  near  the  centre  of  the  town  is  at  full 
tides  accessible  to  vessels  of  500  tons ;  and  about  2 j  miles 
above  the  bridge,  the  Torrington  Canal  joins  the  river.  The 
trade  of  Bideford  was  formerly  very  extensive;  its  imports 
of  Spanish  wool  and  Virginia  tobacco  being  exceeded  only 
by  those  of  London,  in  the  early  part  of  last  century.  Its 
importance  as  a  commercial  town  has  greatly  declined ;  but 
many  opulent  merchants  still  reside  in  the  vicinity.  Near 
it  is  the  watering-place  Appledore. 

BID'FORD  or  BlTrPORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Warwick. 

BIDGIIIKLI,  bid-ghiklee,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  Ana- 
tolia, 17  miles  N.  of  Adalia,  said  to  comprise  1000  houses. 

BIDMEEGIIUIV or  BlD'ZEGUK/',(Hindo().  Vijayaghar,)  de- 
cayed fortress  in  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district 
of  Mirzapoor,  47  miles  S.  of  Benares,  formerly  a  stronghold 
of  the  Riiahs  of  that  city.     Taken  by  the  British  in  1781. 

BIDSCIIOAV  (beetch'ov.)  NEW,  (Bohem.  Biczow,)  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  the  same  name,  50  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Prague.    Pop.  7891,  of  whom  3863  are  Jews. 

BID'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on  the 
Mersev,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Great  Neston. 

BID'WILL'S  BAR,  a  post-office  of  Butte  co.,  California. 

BIDZKJUR.    See  Bidjeegur. 

BIEBRICII,  bee/briK,  or  BIEBERICH,  BIBERICH,  bee'- 
ber-iK,  a  village  of  Western  Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Taunus 
Railway,  with  a  handsome  new  quay  and  commodious  ware- 
houses, 3i  miles  S.  of  Wiesbaden.  Pop.,  with  Mosbach,  2882. 
Its  ducal  residence  is  the  finest  palace  on  the  Rhine. 

BIECZ.  or  BIETSEII,  beetch,  or  be-4tch',  a  town  of  Po- 
land, Gallicia,  11  miles  W.  of  Jaslo,  on  the  Koppa.  Pop. 
1920. 

BIEDENKOPF,  bee'dg n-kopf,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  province  of  Ober-Hessen,  on  the  Lahn,  24  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Giessen.  Pop.  3289,  with  an  active  commerce, 
and  extensive  manufactories  of  cloth. 

BIEL,  a  town  of  Switzerland.    See  Bienne. 

BIELAU,  beelfiw,  4  contiguous  villages  of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, in  the  circle  of  Reichenbach,  with  an  aggregate  popu- 
lation of  0995.  in  all  of  which  woollen  and  linen  weaving 
Is  the  chief  branch  of  industry. 

BIELAYA  or  BIELAJA,  be-i'li'l,  a  river  of  Russia.  See 
Belaia. 

BIELAYA  or  BIELAIA,  be-AMi'it,  a  village  in  the  govern- 
ment of.  and  44  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiev,  where,  and  at  Alexan- 
dria in  the  vicinity,  are  magnificent  mansions  of  the  Countess 
Branicki. 

BIKLEFEL'B,  bee^eh-fMt^  a  walled  town  of  Prussia, 
Westphalia,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Minden,  on  the  Minden  and 
Cologne  Railway.  Population,  6955.  It  is  the  centre  of  the 
Westphalian  linen  trade,  and  has  extensive  bleaching- 
grounds.  also  manufactories  of  woollen  stuffs,  thread,  leather, 
soap,  tobacco,  and  meershaum  pipes.  The  castle  of  Sparen- 
berg,  S.  of  the  town,  now  serves  for  a  prison. 

BIELEV  or  BIELEF,  be-A'liv',  (Russ.  Bjetevi,)  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  of,  and  64  miles  S.W.  of  Toola,  on  the 
Oka.  Pop.  7000.  It  has  manufactories  of  soap,  leather,  and 
hardwares,  and  a  considerable  trade,  it  being,  next  to  Toola, 
the  largest  town  in  the  government. 

BIELGOROD.  be-Jl'go-rod',  (Russ.  Bjelffwod,  "white 
town,")  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of,  and  73  miles  S.  of 
Koorsk,  on  the  DonetB.  Pop.  10,318.  It  consists  of  an  old 
town,  a  new  town,  and  3  suburbs ;  and  has  13  churches  and 
3  monasteries.  It  owes  its  name  to  a  chalk  hiU  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity. 

BIELITZ,  beelits,  a  town  of  Silesia,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Tes- 
chen,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Biala  River,  across  which  a 
stone  bridge  connects  it  with  the  town  of  Biala,  in  Austrian 
Gallicia.  Pop.  6000,  who  carry  on  an  extensive  trade  in  fine 
woollen  cloths  and  cassimeres.  It  has  a  castle,  hospital,  and 
school:  and  is  the  seat  of  a  Protestant  consistory. 

BIELITZA  or  BIELITSA,  be-.-HifsJ,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  55  miles  E.  of  Grodno,  on  the  Niemen. 
Pop.  900. 

BIELITZA,  NOVO,  no'vo  be-A-lit'sa,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Moheelev,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mies  and 
Sozh  with  the  Dnieper,  63  miles-N.  of  Tchernigov.    Pop.  2000. 

B1ELI>A,  be4l'li,  a  town  of  I'iedmont,  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name,  on  the  Cervo,  .38  miles  N.E.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
about  9000.  It  has  several  educational  est.iblishments,  and 
a  few  manufactories  of  paper,  woollen  stuffs,  and  hats. 

BIELOI.  be-A/loy,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  70 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Smolensk,  on  the  Obeha.  an  affluent  of 
the  Mezha.  (Meja.)  Pop  3476.  Bieloi  is  the  name  of  other 
220 


small  towns  of  Russia,  and  an  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
government  of  Tobolsk. 

BIELO-OZERO,  be-A'lo  o-z.Vro,  ("the  white  lake.")  a  lake 
of  Russia,  government  of  Novgorod,  alxiut  lat.  60°  10'  N., 
Ion.  37°  30'.  E.  Length,  25  miles:  breadth,  20  miles.  It  is 
very  deep,  and  contains  a  great  quantity  offish.  Its  waters 
flow  to  the  Volga  by  the  fheksna  River,  and  it  communi- 
cates Viy  canals  with  the  Onega,  Sookhona.  and  Dwina. 

BIELOPOL,  be-;Vlo'pol,  (Russ.  Bielopolie.  be-.Vlo-pol'v.i,)  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of,  and  106  miles  N.AV.  of  Khar- 
kov, on  the  Vira.  Pop.  9000,  who  distU  spirits,  and  carry  on 
an  active  general  trade. 

BIELOPOL,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  Herzegovina,  28 
miles  S.W.  of  Novi-Bazar.     Pop.  3000. 

BIELOZERSK,  be-iUo-zainsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of,  250  miles  E.N.E.  of  Novgorod,  on  the  S.  shore  of 
the  Bielo-Ozero.  Pop.  3090.  It  is  built  mostly  of  wood,  and 
has  an  active  trade  with  the  southern  provinces  in  pitch, 
tallow,  cattle,  and  corn. 

BIELOZERSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of,  and  200 
miles  S.W.  of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Tolx)l. 

BIELSK,  be-Jlsk',  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  25  miles  of 
Bialystok.  Pop.  2400.  It  is  well  built,  has  a  fine  custom- 
house, and  until  1795  was  the  capital  of  a  palatinate. 

BIELSK,  a  village  of  Poland,  province  of,  and  9  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ploek. 

BIENNE,  beinn'.  Lake  of,  in  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton, and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  and  3  miles  N.E.  of  the  Lake 
of  S'^eufchatel.  Length  10  miles;  breadth  1  to  3  miles.  Ele- 
vation above  the  sea,  1419  feet;  greatest  depth,  400  feet.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Thiele,  which  joins  the  Aar,  4  miles 
E.  of  Bienne.  Its  shores,  though  pleasing,  are  not  of  strik- 
ing beauty,  and  its  chief  interest  arises  from  its  cont;iiniug 
the  island  of  St.  Pierre,  the  residence  of  Rousseau  in  1705. 

BIENNE,  be-^nn',  (tier.  Biel,  beel,)  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  canton,  and  17  miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  at  the  north  ex- 
tremity of  the  above  lake.  Pop.  4248,  mostly  Prote.=tants. 
It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has  a  high  school,  and 
several  mills.  For  some  years  past  the  industry  and  com- 
merce of  Bienne  have  been  rapidly  on  the  increa.se.  In 
1848  there  were  upwards  of  150  watchmakers,  while  in  1844 
there  was  not  one.  Numerous  Roman  coins  have  been 
found  in  its  vicinity. 

BIENTINA,  be^n-tee'nJ,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  11  miles  E. 
of  Pisa.  Pop.  2209.  The  Lake  of  Bientina,  N.  of  the  to^vn, 
and  partly  in  the  duchy  of  Lucca,  is  5  miles  in  length  and  2 
miles  in  breadth,  and  discharges  its  waters  southward  into 
the  river  Arno. 

BIENVENIDA,  be-Jn-vA-nee'Bl,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Esti'ar 
madura,  48  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  3280. 

BIENA'ILLE,  be-^n'vill,  (Fr.  pren.  be'^N"Veel',)  a  parish 
towards  the  N.W.  part  of  Louisiana,  contains  081  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Lake  Bistineau.  and  in- 
tersected by  Black  Lake  and  Saline  bayous.  The  surface  is 
mostly  occupied  by  forests,  and  by  plantations  of  cotton  and 
maize.  Lalie  Bistineau,  the  outlet  of  which  enters  Red 
River  near  the  S.W.  corner  of  the  parish,  is  navigable  by 
steamboats  for  about  60  miles.  Bienville  was  formed  since 
1846,  from  part  of  Claiborne  parish.  Capital,  Sparta.  Pop. 
11,000. 

BIENVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Yazoo  co.,  Mississippi. 

BIENVILLERS,  be-4N"VeeVi/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Pas-de-Calais,  arrondissement  of  Arras.  Pop. 
of  commune  1187. 

BIEQUE.    See  Vieqce. 

BI'ERLY.NoRTH,a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Bradford.  Pop.  in  1851, 11,710,  p:vrtiy 
employed  in  quarries  and  coal-pits. 

Bl'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

BIERVLIET,beeB'vleey.  a  small  town  of  the  Netherland.s, 
province  of  Zealand,  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sluis.  It  is  remnrk- 
able  chiefly  as  the  birth-place  of  William  Beukels.  tlie  re- 
puted inventor  of  the  art  of  curing  herrings,  to  whom,  as 
founder  of  a  source  of  national  wealth,  a  monument  was 
erected  by  Charles  V.  An  inundation,  which,  in  1377,  sub- 
merged 19  villages,  detached  Biervliet  from  the  continent, 
and  its  site  is  still  insular. 

BIE'RY  TOWN,  a  village  in  Fayette  township.  Seneca  co., 
New  York,  about  8  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  'Wateiloo.  It  is 
finely  situated  on  elevated  ground,  in  the  mid'-.t  of  a  fertile 
country.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  tiiverns,  2  stores,  and 
1  steam-mill.     Pop.  about  150. 

BIES-BOSCH,  bees'bosk',a  niarshy  lakeof  thoNetherlands, 
forming  the  eastern  extension  of  the  branch  of  the  lleuse, 
called  Holland's  Diep,  between  the  provinces  of  South  II  ol- 
hind  and  North  Brabant.  It  is  very  shallov.  and  contains 
numerous  islands.  This  lake  was  formed  19th  Novomber, 
1421,  by  an  inundation  which  is  said  to  have  submerged 
72  villages,  drowning  100,000  inhabitants. 

BIESHEIM,  bees/hime,  (Fr.  pron.  beeVJm'.)  a  village  i)l 
France,  dep.artment  of  Haut-Hhin.    Pop.  of  commune  1762. 

BIETIGHEIM,  beiytio-hime',  a  town  of  WUrtembeig,  OB 
the  Enz.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  2920. 

BIETIGHEIM,  a  vUlage  of  Baden,  10  milee  S.W.  of  Carls- 
ruhe.    Pop.  1482. 


BIE 

JtrEA'ftVE,  beeVain',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainiiut.  2.')  miles  N.E.  of  Toumai.     Pop.  3270. 

lilKVKES,  be-aiv'r',  a  Tillage  of  France,  on  the  Bi^vre, 
on  affluent  of  the  Seine,  5  miles  S.  E.  of  Versailles.     Pop.  1 142. 

niFERNO,  be-f^R/no,  TIFKKNO,  te-fjii'no,  or  TIVKR/.\0. 
'anc.  Tifirhms,)  a  river  of  Naple.s,  province  of  Molise,  rises 
in  the  Apennines,  flows  N.E.,  and  enters  the  Adriatic  3  miles 
S.K.  of  Termoli.     Length.  40  miles. 

BIG  A,  bee'gj,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Anatolia, 
capital  of  the  sanjak,  on  the  Bolki.  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  its 
mouth  in  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  42  miles  N.E.  of  Adramyti. 

BIG  BAR,  a  post-oflice  of  Trinity  co.,  Califirnia. 

BKi  BAK/REN,  a  post^jfTice  of  Claiborne  co.,  Tennessee. 

BIG  BAY  CREEK,  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Illinois, 
(alls  into  the  Ohio  River. 

BIG  BEA'VER,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1094. 

BIO  BEAVER,  a  postoffice  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

BIG  BEND,  a  small  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BIG  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co^  Virginia. 

BIG  BEND,  a  postK)fTice  of  Avoyelles  p;msh.  Louisiana. 

BIG   REND,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansa.s. 

BIG  BEND,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Fox  River,  and  on  the  plank-road  from  Milwaukee  to  East 
Troy,  aliout  20  miles  S.W.  of  the  former. 

BIG  BLACK  RIVER  of  Mississippi,  rises  in  Choctaw  co., 
and  llowing  south-westward,  empties  itself  into  the  Missis- 
sippi at  Grand  Gulf.  The  length  is  estimatiid  at  about  200 
miles.  It  flows  through  fertile  plains,  mostly  occupied  by 
plantations  of  cotton. 

BIG  BLUE,  a  small  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Jlissoiirl,  8 
miles  W.  of  Independence. 

BIG  BLUE  RIVERof  Jackson  CO.,  Missouri,  flows  north- 
ward into  Missouri  River.  Ijttle  Blue  River  flows  through 
the  same  county,  and  enters  the  Missouri  farther  down. 

BIG  HRODK,  a  postofflce  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

BIG'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BIG'RY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BIG'RY  PORK\  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Mississippi. 

BIG'BYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Maury  co.,  Tennessee, 
50  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Nashville. 

BIG  C.\NE.  a  post-office  of  St.  Landry  parish,  Louisiana. 

BIG  CEDAR,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  14 
miles  S.  of  Independence. 

BIG  CEDAR  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  enters  the  Bro.-id 
River  from  the  left,  near  the  N.W.  part  of  Kichliind  district. 

BIG  CEDAR  CREEK,  Iowa,  flows  into  Skunk  River,  in 
Uenry  county. 

BIG  CEDAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Green  Brier  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BIG  CEDAR  GROVE,  a  creek  of  Indiana,  which  enters 
the  AVhite  Water  6  miles  below  Brookville. 

BIG  COLE,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Virginia. 

BIG  CREEK  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into  Black 
Warrior  River. 

BIG  CREEK,  Arkansa-s,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the  state, 
and  flowing  southward  enters  the  AVhite  River  in  Desha  co. 

BIG  CREEK  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Ripley  co.,  and  falls  into 
Graham's  Fork  of  White  River,  in  Jefferson  co.,  after  a 
course  of  40  miles. 

BIG  CREEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Missouri,  flows  S.E..  and 
enters  Grand  River  in  Uenry  co.,  a  few  miles  W.  of  the 
county  seat. 

BIG  CREEK,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Missouri,  flows  south- 
ward through  Ilarrison  co.,  and  enters  Grand  River  in  Da- 
viess CO. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district.  South 
VArolina. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  co.,  Georgia,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Gumming. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co.,  Mis.sjssippl. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Rapides  parish.  Louisiana. 

BIO  CREEK,  a  postoffice  of  Fort  Bend  co.,  Te.xas. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  township  in  Crawford  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop. 
895. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  677. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Tennessee. 

BIO  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois. 

JtIO  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  John.son  co.,  Missouri,  on  a 
stream  of  its  own  name,  40  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Independence. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  township  in  Henry  co.,  Missouri. 

BIG  CY/PRUS  BAy/OU,ofTexas,  rises  in  Wood  and  Hop- 
kins counties,  and  empties  itself  into  Soda  lake,  a  few  miles 
below  Jefferson,  in  Cass  county.  The  lake  extends  across 
the  E.  lioundary  into  Louisiana  and  flows  into  Red  River. 
Steamboats  ascend  from  Red  Kiver  to  Jefferson  during  more 
than  half  the  year. 

BIG  DOLLAR,  a  posfroffice  of  Wood  co.,  Texas. 

BIG  DRY  WOOD  CREEK,  of  Missouri,,  flows  into  Mar- 
mitou  lUver  from  the  right,  in  Bates  co. 


BIG 

BIOnSLOWS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  La  Porte  co ,  Indiana, 
15  miles  .S.W.  of  La  Porte. 

BIG  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  North  Carolina. 

BIG  FISHING  CREEK,of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Bald 
Eagle  Creek  in  Clinton  co.,  3  or  4  miles  W.  of  Lock  Haven. 

BIG  FLATS,  a  post-township  of  Chemung  co..  New  Yorkj 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  293  miles  from  Nev 
York  city.     Pop.  1853. 

BIG  FOOT  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Walworth  co, 
Wisconsin. 

BIG  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Arkansas. 

BIQ'GA,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands,  in  Yell  Sound,  Scot- 
land. 

BIO'GAR,  a  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  11 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Lanark.  Pop.  of  parish  IS&j.  of  town  1395. 
It  consists  mostly  of  one  long  and  wide  street,  and  h.is  an 
elegant  parish  church,  (anciently  collegiate  and  well  en- 
dowed,) dissenting  ch.ipel,  commercial  l>ank  agency,  savings 
bank,  and  subscription  liliraries.  Many  of  the  inhabitants 
are  employed  in  cotton  weaving  for  Glasgow  housi-s.  Some 
tumuli  here  mark  the  scene  of  a  battle  fought  between  the 
Scots  and  English  in  the  time  of  Edward  II. 

BIG'trER.  a  township  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  797. 

BIG  GLADES,  a  post-office  of  Ru.sseU  co.,  Virginia. 

BIGGLES\VADE,  big'ghlgz-w.id,  a  maiket-town  and 
piirish  of  England,  co.  and  9i  miles  II.S.E.  of  Bedford,  on  the 
navigable  river  I  vel.  Area  of  parish.  4220  acres,  much  of  which 
is  laid  out  in  market-garden.s,  for  the  supply  of  the  London 
markets.  Pop.  In  1851,  4460.  The  town  is  nwitly  built  of 
brii'ks,  and  has  a  church,  formerly  collegiate,  erectrd  about 
V£iO,  2  well-endowed  parish  .schools,  a  union  work-house, 
and  a  small  manufactory  nl  thread  lace.  The  market  is  still 
one  of  the  largest  In  England  for  corn.  It  is  the  polling- 
place  for  the  county. 

BIG  HA.     SeeBlGA. 

BIG  HATCH'Y  RIVER,  Tennessee.     See  HATCtilE  RiVER 

BIG  HILL,  a  post-oflice  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky. 

BIG  HDiyLOW,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  New  York. 

BIO  HORN  RIVER,  of  Missouri  Territ^iry,  the  largest 
affluent  of  the  Yellowstone  River,  rises  near  Fremont's 
Peak,  in  lat.  above  42°  20'  N..  Ion.  110  W.,  flowing  at  first 
easterly,  and  then  northerly,  it  falls  into  the  Y'ellovi'stone 
in  alxiut  46°  N.  lat.,  and  106°  30'  W.  Ion.  Entire  length, 
about  4<X)  miles. 

BIGHTON,  bl'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  H.ants. 

BIG  IN'DIAN  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Floyd  co.,and 
flowhv;  south-westward,  pas.ses  Corydon,  and  enters  the 
Ohio  about  9  miles  above  Leavenworth.  It  is  about  60 
miles  long. 

BIG  IS'LAND,  a  post-ofRce  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

BIG  ISLAND,  a  post-township  of  Marion  CO.,  Ohio.  P.  Ml. 

BIG  LAU'REL,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

BIO'LER,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ponnsvlv.ania. 

BIG  LICK,  or  GAINSOJORO.a post-village  of  Roanokeco., 
Virginia,  170  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond.  The  Viiginiaand 
Tennessee  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

BIO  LICK,  a  post-township  in  Hancock  co.,  Ohio,  about  40 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Marion.     Pop.  1256. 

BKt  MEAD'OW,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co.,  Virginia. 

BIO  MiyrO,  a  small  stream  of  Arkansas,  rises  near 
Little  Rock,  and,  flowing  S.E.,  enters  the  Arkansas  River 
in  Arkansiis  countv. 

BIO  MILL  CREEK,  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania,  lUlls  into 
the  Clarion  River. 

BIO  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Dorchester  co ,  Maryland. 

BIG  MOUND,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

BIG  NECK,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois. 

BIG'NOR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BIG  NORTH  FORK,  of  White  River.  See  White  Riveb, 
of  Arkansas. 

BIG  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Kemper  co..  Mississippi. 

BIG  OAK  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Tuolumne  co..  California. 

BIGORRE,  bee^gOKii/,  an  old  subdivision  of  South-western 
France,  province  of  Gaseony,  now  forming  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  IIautes-Pyr6n6es.     See  BAO>'£RES-DE-Bi<iuRRE. 

BIG  OTTER,  a  postoffice  of  Braxton  co.,  Virginia. 

BIG  PIG'EON  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee, 
rising  on  the  N.W.  declivity  of  the  IMue  Ridge,  in  the  W. 
part  of  the  former  state,  it  flows  north-westward  and  west- 
ward into  Tennessee,  and  enters  French  Broad  River  a  little, 
below  Newport. 

BIG  PINE  CREEK,  of  Texas,  enters  Neches  River  from 
the  W.  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Trinity  county. 

BIO  PINE  CREEK,  Indiana.    See  Pine  Creek. 

BIG  PINE-TREE  CREEK,  of  Kershaw  district,  South 
Carolina,  flows  into  the  Wateree,  near  Camden. 
BIG  PI'NEY  FORK,  of  Gasconade  River.    See  Gasconadb. 
BIG  PLAIN,  a  post-ofilee  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio. 
BIG  PLOn'ER  (pltiv/er)  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  to 
wards  the  N.E.'part  of  the  state,  and  flows  into  the  Wisconsin 
at  Portage  Court-house. 
BIG  POND,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 
BIO  POND  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  oo, 
Pennsylvania. 

221 


BIG 


BIL 


BIG  rRA>HTE,  (prA/ree.)  a  post-offlce  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

BKJ  I IIAJRIE,  a  post-office  of  Xewago  co..  Michigan. 

BIO  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois. 

BIG  U  ACOOV  CKEEK,  of  Indiana,    See  Racoon. 

BIG  RKAU'Y,  a  post-office  of  Edmonson  co.,  Kentucky. 

BIG  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Washington  co.,  and 
fl  )ws  N.  through  Jefferson  co.  into  Slaramec  River. 

BIG  RIVER  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Trancois  co.,  Mis- 
BDuri. 

BIG  ROCK,  a  Tillage  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Muskin- 
gum River.  85  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

BIG  ROCK,  a  p3st-township  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  911. 

BI(}  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa. 

BIG  SAN'DY  CREEK,  Texas.    See  Alabama  Creek. 

BIG  SANDY  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  falls  into  the  Ohio  in 
Spencer  county. 

BIG  SANDY  CREEK,  a  river  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee, 
rises  in  Henderson  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Tennessee  Riverat 
■he  N.  extremity  of  Benton  co.  Its  course  is  nearly  N.  by 
E.,  and  its  whole  length  perhaps  80  miles. 

BIO  SEWnCKLY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the 
Youghiogheny  River. 

BIG  SKIN  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia. 

BIG  SNI'BAR  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  enters  the  Missouri 
River  from  the  right  in  Lafayette  co.,  about  5  miles  above 
Lexington. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

EIG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  ILaywood  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  small  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Ala- 
bama, 145  miles  N.  of  .Montgomery. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Izard  CO.,  Arkansas. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, about  4t  miles  S.W.  of  Louisville,  is  situated  partly 
In  Meade  and  Hardin  counties.  A  large  spring  rises  near 
the  middle  of  the  village,  and  flows  several  hundred  feet; 
then  sinks  into  the  ground  and  disappears.  The  village  has 
one  church  and  several  stores. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  township  in  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2377. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Ottoway  CO.,  Michigan. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles 
N.  of  Levenworth. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  small  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 50  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BIG  SPRING  POINT,  a  postrvillage  of  Yates  co..  New 
York.  100  mill's  W.  of  Albany. 

BIG  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Pocahontas  co..  A'^irginia. 

BIO  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  La  Porte  CO.,  Indiana. 

BIG  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Columbus  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

BIG  TIM'BER  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
forms  the  boundary  between  Camden  and  Gloucester  coun- 
ties, until  it  enters  the  Delaware  5  miles  below  Camden. 

BIG  TREE  COR'NERS.  a  post-office  of  Erie  CO.,  New  York. 

BIG  VERMIL'ION  RIVER,  of  Indiana.     See  Vermilion. 

BIG  WAIVNUT  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  N.  central 
part  of  the  state,  and  enters  the  Scioto  about  12  miles  S.  of 
Columbus. 

BIG  WAU'IIOO,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

BIG  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois. 

Bill  ACS,  bce'hatch',  or  BIHATCII.  sometimes  written 
BIHACH  and  BIIIACZ,  a  fortified  town  and  important 
stronghold  in  European  Turkey,  in  Croatia,  on  an  island 
in  the  Unna,  near  the  Dalmatian  frontier,  65  miles  W.  of 
Banialuka.     Pop.  .3000. 

BIHAR.  bee'haR',  a  town  of  Ilungarv,  beyond  the  Theisg, 
CO.  of  Bihar,  8  miles  N.  of  Gross- Wai-dein.    Pop.  2440. 

BUSK.    See  Busk. 

BIJANAGUR  or  BIJNAGUR,  beej'ni-giir',  sometimes 
written  BISN.^OUR.  (anc.  Bijayanagara,  i.  e.  "the  city  of 
triumph.")  a  decayed  and  deserted,  but  once  famous,  city  of 
Southern  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Bel- 
lary,  on  the  Toombuddra,  which  separates  it  from  Anna- 
goondy.  L:it.  15°  14'  N.;  Ion.  76°  37'  E.  It  stands  in  a 
plain  encumbered  with  granite  rocks,  which  intersperse  all 
through  its  thoroughfares,  and  have  been  sculptured  into 
a  variety  of  f)rms.  The  city,  8  miles  in  circumference,  is 
pnclosad  by  the  river  and  othen  natural  barriers,  or  by 
strong  walls.  Principal  edifices,  the  temples  of  Wittoba 
Mahadeva,  Seeva,  Krishna.  Ganesa,  and  Rama,  the  residence 
of  the  rajah,  the  remains  of  four  places  in  an  inner  city, 
and  some  singular  temples  and  sculptures  on  the  rocks  in 
the  Toombu  Idi-a — all  granite  edifices.  Bijanagur  was 
founded  in  l:i36,  and  in  the  sixteenth  century  was  the  capi-* 
tal  of  an  extensive  Hindoo  kingdom,  which  was  destroyed 
and  its  capital  sacked  by  the  Jlohammedans  of  the  Deccan 
in  1.S64. 

BIJAWAR,  BEJAWER.  be-jaw'e  r,  or  BE  JOUR.  be-jOw'er, 
a  state  of  Hindo.stan.  in  Bundelcund,  with  a  capital  of  the 
same  name,  75  miles  S.E.  of  Jhansi.  Area.  900  square  miles. 
Pop.  90,000.  I'ublic  revenue,  3-i,000«.  Armed  force,  1000 
men. 

222 


BIJBAHAR,  beej^bj-har',  or  VIJAPAKA,  vee'ja-pS-rlr,  the 
largest  town  of  Cashmere,  next  to  its  capital,  20  miles  S.E. 
of  the  city  of  Cashmere,  on  the  Jhylum,  here  crossed  by  a 
remarkable  timber  bridge,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Serinagur.  Lat. 
33°37'N.;  Ion.  76°  4' E. 

BIJ'NA,  a  petty  state  of  Hindostan,  in  Bundelcund. 
Area,  27  square  miles.   P.  2800.   Armed  force,  about  260  men, 

BIJNAGUR,  a  city  of  India.    See  Bijanagur. 

BIJ'NEE,  or  KHUNG'TAGIIAUT',  a  town  of  Hindostan, 
capital  of  a  rajahship.  jointly  tributary  to  the  Britiish  and 
to  Bootan,  26  miles  N.N.E.  of  Goalpara,  in  As.sam.  It  con- 
sists of  a  fort,  some  temples,  and  a  number  of  huts. 

BUSK,  BUSK,  or  BIYSK,  beesk,  or  be-isk'.  a  fortified  town 
of  Siberia,  government  and  270  miles  S.  of  Tomsk,  capital 
of  the  district,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Bia  and  Katoonia. 
Pop.  3500. 

BILBAO,  bil-b3'o,  often  written  and  pronounced,  in  F,ii^ 
lish,  BILBOA.  bilfjo-a,  a  city  and  principal  portof  the  North 
of  Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Biscay,  ( Vizcaya.)  on  the 
Nervion,  6  miles  from  its  mouth  at  Portugalete,  and  28  miles 
N.  of  Vitoria.  Lat.  4.",°  14'  3/'  N. ;  Ion.  2°  56'  5"  W.  Pop. in 
1845,  11,900.  It  is  enclosed  by  lofty  mountains,  and  is  well 
built.  A  fine  promenade  borders  the  river,  which  is  here 
crossed  by  a  new  iron  suspension  bridge  and  an  old  stone 
bridge  of  three  arches;  convents  and  monasteries  are  nume- 
rous ;  it  has  also  a  cathedral,  a  large  new  hospital,  toTn- 
hall,  arsenal,  and  pviblic  slaughter-house.  Bilbao  has  .lupe- 
rior  schools,  supported  by  its  consulado  or  tribunal  of 
commerce,  and  a  large  public  cemetery.  Principal  manu- 
factures, hardwares,  anchors,  leather,  paper,  hats,  tobacco, 
and  earthenware;  there  are  large  rope-walks,  and  docks  for 
building  merchant  vessels,  with  iron  and  copper  mines  in 
the  vicinity.  Exports  comprise  wool,  iron,  fish,  and  fruits. 
Principal  imports,  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics  and  colonial 
produce.  Bilbao  was  founded  in  1300;  at  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century  it  became  the  seat  of  the  famous  consulado, 
originally  established  at  Burgos,  and  having  the  highest 
authority  in  Spain  as  a  commercial  tiibunal.  It  was  the 
scene  of  frequent  contests  in  the  late  Carlist  wars,  and  Zu- 
malacarregui  received  his  death  wound  here,  .June  10,  1835. 

BILBOROUGH,  biPbOr-rah,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Nottingham. 

BIiyBROUGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

BIl/DESTONE,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  England,  co 
of  Suffolk,  11 J  miles  N.W.  of  Ipswich.    Pop.  857. 

BILEDULGERID.    See  Beled-el-jereed. 

BILGORAY,  beePgo-ri'.  a  town  of  Poland,  government 
and  47  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lublin,  on  the  Lada.    Pop.  ISOO. 

BILIARSK,  bee'le-aRsk',  a  village  of  Russia,  government 
and  68  miles  S.E.  of  Kazan.  Pop.  2500.  Near  it  are  exten- 
sive ruins,  supposed  to  mark  Biliar,  a  considerable  Tartar 
city. 

BILIN,  be-leeu',  (Bohemian,  B>/Jina,l>e-leefnn.;  li.Bdinii,) 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  17  miles  W.  of  Leitmeritz,  on  the  Bila. 
Pop.  3100.  It  has  two  castles,  and  celebrated  and  much- 
fre(iuented  mineral  springs,  the  acidulated  waters  of  which 
form  an  article  of  export,  to  the  extent  of  900,000  jars 
yearly. 

BILINBAEVSK,  bee-lin-b3-Jvsk'.  a  mining-town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Perm,  in  the  Ural  Mountains.  30  miles 
W.  of  Yekaterinboorg.     It  has  extensive  iron-works. 

BILIRAN.  be-le-rdn',  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  N.  of 
Leyte.     Ijit.  11°  27'  N..  Ion.  124°  30'  E. 

BILITIO.    See  Bellinzona. 

BILIUI,  a  river  of  Siberia.    See  Viliooi. 

BILLERBECK.  bil1er-bJk\  a  smiiR  town  of  Prussia,  in 
Westphalia.  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Miinster.     Pop.  1440. 

BILLERBECK.  or  FRIEDRICHSHULD,  free'driK.9-hMlt\ 
a  village  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of  Pomerania,  regency 
of  Ciislin,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Rummelsburg. 

BILLERICA,  biner-ik-a,a  beautiful  post-village  of  Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  Massachusetts,  18  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Boston.  It 
contains  4  churches,  a  new  town-house,  and  the  Howe 
School,  opened  in  1862,  with  a  fund  of  $27,000.  Pop.  of 
township.  1776. 

BIL/LERICAY,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex,  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  London,  and  3  miles  S.E.  of 
the  Eastern  Counties  Railw.ay.  Pop.  in  1851.  1533.  It  has 
an  ancient  brick  chapel,  a  union  work-house,  and  mannfao 
tures  of  silk  braid  and  lace. 

BliyLESDON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
and  85  miles  E.  of  Leicester.  Pop.  878.  It  was  a  Roman 
stjition. 

Bll/LESLEY.  a  p.aHsh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BILLIERS.  beePyA/  or  bee'yi\  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Mo'rbihan,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Vannes,  with  a  small 
port  on  the  Vilaine.     Pop.  of  commune,  1085. 

BILLIGHEIM,  binio-hIme\  n  market-town  3f  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  on  the  Klingbach,  4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Liindau.  Pop. 
4760.  It  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  churches,  an  1 
some  man\ifactures  of  hosiery,  &c. 

BILLIGHEIM,  a  market-town  of  the  Grand  Do<:hy  li 
Baden,  E.  of  Mosbach. 

BILOilNQ,  GIVEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ol  Nortli- 
ampton. 


BIL 


BIN 


BILLreO,  LITTLE,  a  pariah  of  England,  co.  of  Xorth- 
ampton. 

BIiyLTXGBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BIL'LINGE.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BILLI\(iE  IllGlIEK-KND.  township  adjoininj,' the  above. 

BIL'LINGFOKD,  two  parishes  of  Eni<land,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BIL'LI.NOH AM,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Durham.  It 
has  a  station  on  the  Hartlepool  and  Stockton  Itailway. 

BILLINGHAY,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BIL'LING'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co., 
Illinois. 

BIIVLINGSIIURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BIL'LIXGSLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BIL'LINGSPORT,  a  village  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  12  miles  below  Camden. 

BIL'LINGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Indiana, 
70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

BIL'LTNGTON.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BIL'LITON',  mi/LETON',  or  BLITOXG,  bleeHon',  an  is- 
land of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  intermediate  between  Suma- 
tra and  Borneo.  Lat.  of  hill  on  the  N.W.  part,  3°  13'  S.; 
Ion.  108°  7'  E.  Area  estimated  at  1150  square  miles.  Pop. 
6000.  It  is  surrounded  by  rocks  and  islets,  and  is  rich  in 
iron-ore  and  valuable  timber ;  it  does  not  produce  rice 
enough  for  home  consumption,  but  about  25  boats  go  from 
It  annually  to  Singapore,  with  trepang,  bird's-nests,  sea- 
weed, tortoise-shell,  and  wax. 

BILLITON  PASSAGE,  between  the  above  island  and 
Borneo,  is  about  130  miles  across. 

BIiyLOCKLY  or  BIL'LOCKBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

BILLOM,  bee!^y<^N°'  or  bee^AN"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-Dome,  on  a  hill,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Clermont. 
Pop  of  commune,  in  1K52,4430.  It  has  a  communal  college, 
and  some  mauufictures  of  fine  e;irthenwares,  called  the 
"  pottery  of  Bretagne."  It  is  considered  the  oldest  town  of 
Auvergne. 

BII^LY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim. 

BIliMA,  bil'md,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  Nigritia,  near 
lat.  18°  40'  N.,  Ion.  14°  E..  on  the  route  from  Fezzan  to  Lake 
Tchad.     It  is  said  to  have  abundant  s>ipplies  of  water. 

BILNEY,  bil'nee,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BILNEY,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BILLS  CREEK,  Iowa,  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Otter 
Creek,  which  it  enters  between  Warren  and  Lucas  counties. 

BIL/LUMS  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Tyler  co.,  Texas. 

BILOXI,  be-lox'ee.  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  Biloxi  Bay.  wliich  communicates  wilh  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  about  90  miles  E.N.E.  of  New  Orleans.  It  is  a  place 
of  summer  rjsort  for  the  citizens  of  New  Orleans. 

BILSA,  bil'sd,  (anc.  JSiVwsa,)  a  town  of  Hindostan,  do- 
minion and  1S3  miles  S.  of  Gwalior,  on  the  Betwah.  It  Is 
enclosed  by  a  stone  wall,  and,  in  1820,  had  6000  houses. 
Excellent  tobacco'  is  giown  in  the  vicinity ;  in  1834,  Bilsa 
district  yielded  an  annual  revenue  of  32.500/. 

BILSUY,  bils'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

Bl  LS'DALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y^ork,  North 
Biding. 

BILSEN,  bil'sen,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
bourg,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Ilasselt,  on  the  Demer.  Pop.  30S5. 
It  has  manutactuies  of  cutlerv  and  earthenwares. 

BIL'SINGTUM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BILS'TIIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

BILS'TON.  a  market-town  and  chaj)elry  of  England,  CO.  of 
Stafford,  parish  and  2j  miles  S.E.  of  Wolverhampton,  and 
witiiin  Ij  miles  of  the  Willenhall  station  on  the  Liverpool 
and  Birmingham  Railway.  Pop.  in  1861,  23.527.  It  is  very 
irregularly  built,  but  has  many  good  residences,  a  hand- 
some chapel  of  ease  eiwted  in  1830,  and  another  Episcopal 
chapel.  A  third  church  has  recently  been  erected.  The 
nianufactuiing  industry  of  Bilston  is  very  great.  The  noise 
and  smoke  of  engines  and  furnaces  are  heard  and  seen  in 
all  directions  and  for  many  miles  around  the  town.  The 
manufactures  include  tin.  japanned,  and  enamelled  wares 
of  every  kind,  iron  wire,  nails,  screws,  iron  gates  and  pali- 
sades, machinery,  steam-engines,  &c.  There  are  also  mills 
for  forming  pig-iron  into  bars,  and  many  iron  and  brass 
foundries.  Coarse  pottery  is  made  from  clay  which  is  found 
in  the  vicinity  in  grent  abundance.  Among  its  numerous 
schools  is  one  founded  in  1S38.  and  endowed  with  2000/..  for 
the  benefit  of  orphans  left  destitute  by  the  cholera,  which 
raged  here  in  1832  with  frightful  violence.  Bilston  forms  a 
part  of  the  parliamentary  borough  of  Wolverhampton. 

BILTON,  a  pari.-:h  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  1$  miles 
S.W.  of  l?ugby.  Here  Addison  resided  after  his  mai-riage 
with  the  Countess  of  Warwick. 

BILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

BILTOX-WlTII-IIARROGATE,a  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  West  Riding. 

BIMA,  bee'ma,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies, 
capital  of  a  state  of  the  same  name,  in  the  island  of  Sum- 
bawa,  on  a  bay  of  its  X.  coast,  100  miles  E.  of  Sumbawa.  It 
is  the  residence  of  the  sultan  and  of  a  Dutch  agent.  Chief 
exports,  timber  and  valuable  horses. 


BIMBER.  bim'ber,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Chenaub,  100  miles  N.  of  Lahore.  It  consists  of  about 
1000  low  and  flat-roofed  houses. 

BIMBIA.  bim'liee-i.  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  enters  the 
Bight  of  Biafra  W.  of  the  Cameroons  River.  On  its  banks 
are  many  populous  villages,  under  the  rule  of  a  chict'  who, 
in  1833.  pliiced  himself  under  British  protcctinn. 

BIMIXI,  be-mee'nee,  a  small  group  oi  islands,  surrounde>l 
by  reefs,  in  the  Bahama  Archipelago,  E.  of  Cape  Florida. 

BIMLIPATAM,  bimMip-J-tam',  (anc.  Bhimidaputnna.)  a. 
seaport  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  17 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Viz.agapatam,  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  It  ha» 
a  brisk  coasting  trade. 

BINAB,  be-ndb/,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
on  the  Sofi  Chai,  a  tributary  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  lake,  and  56  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tabreez.  It  is  of 
modern  origin,  and  has  about  16O0  houses,  clean  strL>ets, 
several  good  caravanserii's,  and  an  abundance  of  water. 
Around  it  are  numerous  orchards  and  vineyards;  and  it 
yields  to  its  chief  an  annual  revenue  of  40'.i0  tomavf.  and  a 
contingent  of  400  men  to  the  army  of  Azerbaijan.  Pop.  "500. 
BlN^\BO'LA,  BUJOABO'LA,  BEX'NEBEO'LA,  or 
TWELVE  PINS,  a  mountain  range  of  IreLand.  in  Ccn- 
n.aught.  CO.  of  Galway,  barony  and  5  miles  N.E.  of  Bailina- 
hinch;  the  culminating  point  of  Knockannahiggen  is  2400 
feet  above  the  sea. 

BIX'ACRE  or.  BEN'ACRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk.  In  1786,  a  stone  vessel,  cont;iiuing  900  silver  Ro- 
man coins,  was  found  in  this  parish. 

BIXASCO,  be-nds'ko,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Northern 
Italy,  in  Lombardy,  on  the  Pavia  Can,al,  11  miles  N.W.  of 
Pavia.     Pop.  5000. 

BIX-BIR-KILISSEII.  bin-beeR-kilMis-sMi'.  some  ruins  in 
Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Karamania.  20  X.X.W.  of  Karaman, 
consisting  of  ancient  tombs,  portions  of  early  Byzantine 
cliurches,  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  LysHra,  where  the 
cripple  was  healed  by  St,  Paul. 

BIX'BROOKE,  a  village  and  formerly  a  market^town  of 
England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  7  miles  X.E.  of  Market-Raisen. 
Pop.  1187. 

BIXCIIE,  bin'Keh  or  binK,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut,  on  the  Haine.  and  on  a  branch  of  the  M(ms  Canal, 
10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mons.  Pop.  in  1842,  5235.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cutlery  and  hardwares,  and  a  considerable  trade 
in  lace,  paper,  marble,  and  coal. 

BIX'CIIESTER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Dnrh.am, 
ward  of  Darlington,  IJ  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bishop-Auckland. 
Pop.  in  1851,  30.  It  is  supposed  to  Iiave  been  the  Roman 
Binorium ;  various  Roman  antiquities  have  been  discovered 
in  the  parish. 

BI  X'COM  BE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset.  . 

BIXDRABUXD,  binMrd-bfind'.  (anc.  Vrindin'iina.'^  a  con- 
siderable town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  upper 
provinces,  on  the  Jumna,  40  miles  X.N.W.  of  Agra.  It  has 
several  sacred  pools  and  caves,  and  numerous  temples  of 
Krishna,  one  of  which  is  among  the  most  massive  works  of 
Hindoo  architecture. 

BIX'EGAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BIX'FIELD,  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks.  Pope's 
father  resided  here,  and  the  tree  is  still  shown  under  which 
the  poet  is  said  to  have  written  a  considerable  part  of  his 
"Windsor  Forest." 

BINGEN,  bing'gn,  a  town  of  Germany,  grand-duchy  of 
Ilesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  left  biink  of  the  Rhine,  at  the  in- 
flux of  the  Nahe,  17  miles  W.  of  Jlentz.  Pop.  4500,  who 
manufacture  leather  and  raise  superior  wines.  It  owes  its 
origin  to  the  Roman  castle  or  klopp  of  Drusu.s.  Near  it.  the 
Rhine,  breaking  through  a  mountain  chain,  narrows  to  form 
the  Bingerloch,  a  dangerous  r.ipid  at  low  water:  in  the 
neighborhood  are  RUdesheim,  the  castle  of  Ehrenfels.  and 
ch.apel  of  St.  Roch;  and  on  an  i.sland  in  the  lihine  is  the 
Maui>etliurm,  (i.  t.  "mouse-tower,")  a  structure  erected  for  a 
toll-house  in  the  thirteenth  century. 

BINGEXIIEIM,  bing'fn-hlme\  a  market-town  of  Hesse- 
Darmst.adt,  10  miles  N.  of  Hanau.     Pop.  700. 

BIXGHAM.  bingZ-am.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, in  the  rich  vale  of  Belvoir,  co.  and  8^  miles  E.  of  Xot- 
tinghani.  Pop.  in  1851,  2054.  It  is  a  polling-place  for  the 
S.  division  of  the  county. 

BIXGHAM,  bing'am,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co., 
Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Kennebec  River,  about  CO  milefi 
N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  831. 

BINGHAM,  a  post-township  of  Potter  co  ,  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  New  Y'ork  State,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Oouder.iport, 
is  drained  by  tlie  Genesee  liiver.    Pop.  778. 

BINGHAM,  a  post-township  in  Clinton  co.,  Michigan, 
aWiut  22  miles  E   of  Lvons.     Pop.  1460. 

BINGHAMTON,  bing'am-tpn.  a  city,  and  capital  of  Broome 
CO.,  New  York,  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango 
and  Susquehanna  Rivers,  where  the  former  is  crossed  oy 
the  New  Y'ork  and  Erie  Railroad,  225  miles  from  New  York 
City,  and  at  the  southern  terminus  of  the  Syracuse  and 
Binghamton  Railroad,  80  miles  from  Syracuse.  The  Che- 
nego  Canal  also  connects  it  with  Utica.  The  citj-  is  hand- 
somely laid  out,  and  contains,  besides  the  co.  buildiugs 

233 


BIN 

sbotit  TO  chnrches,  several  seminaries,  1  nations!  bank,  3 
other  banks,  about  50  stores  and  warehouses,  and  manu- 
factories of  flour,  lumber,  carriages,  firearms,  &c.  Tlie  flour 
and  lumber  trade  are  extensively  carried  on.  Excellent 
water-power  is  furnished  by  the  Chenango  and  Susquehanna 
Kivers,  which  are  crossed  here  by  several  bridges.  Three 
newspapers  are  published  here.  Binghamton  was  settled 
in  17S7  by  Mr.  Bingham,  from  whom  it  received  its  name, 
«nd  was  incorporated  in  1818,  Pop.  in  1863,  9094;  in  ISOO, 
832.5. 

BIXGHAilTOX,  a  small  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois, 
about  bX)  miles  W.  of  Chicago. 

BING'II.\.MSTOW\,  or  SALEEX',a  maritime  village  of 
Ireland.  Connauaht.  co.  of  M,ivo,  on  theW.  side  of  Bl.icksod 
Bay,  2i  miles  SiS.W.  of  Belniullet,  Pop.  436,  engaged  in 
fishing.    Exports,  corn  and  potatoes. 

BING'LEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  fork.  West  Riding,  on  the  Aire,  and  the  Leeds  and 
Liverpool  Canal,  15  rniles  'W.y.yV.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  in  1851, 
15,339:  of  town,  10.1,57.  It  h.is  a  neat  church,  a  grammar 
school  founded  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  (revenue,  470?. 
per  annum.)  a  court-house,  several  charities,  numerous 
worsted,  yarn,  cotton,  and  paper  nuinufactories,  and  some 
trade  in  malt. 

BIXGTAXG,  bing-tang',  BINTAM,  or  PULO-BINTAM, 
poo^o-bin-tam'.  an  island  in  the  MaL-iy  Archipelago,  inter- 
sected by  the  eciuator,  in  Ion.  about  104°  20'.  K.  Length.  .30 
miles,  and  nearly  the  same  in  breadth.  It  contains  6000 
ginger  gardens. 

BtX'HAM.  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Norfolk, 

BIXIC.  bee^neek',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Xord.  7  miles  X.X.W.  of  St,  Brieuc.  Pop.  of 
commune,  in  1852,  2640,  It  has  important  fisheries  and 
ship-buildini  vard.s. 

BIXK'LEY'S  BRIIKJE,  a  post-ofHee  of  Lancaster  co,, 
Pennsylvania. 

BIX'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BIX'SEY;  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford, 

BIXSOX  CEXTRE.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co„  New  York. 

BIX'STEAD.  a  parish  of  Engbind,  Isle  of  Wight. 

BIXSTEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BIX'STKD.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Uants. 

BIXTAXG.     See  BiXfiXANG. 

BIXTEXXE,  bin-tJn',  an  inland  town  of  Ceylon,  on  the 
Mahavillyguuga.  30  miles  E.  of  Kandy. 

BIXTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BIXTREE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 

BIOBIO,  bee'o-bea'o,  the  largest  river  in  Chili,  rises  in 
the  Andes,  tlows  generally  W.X.W.,  forming  the  houndarj- 
between  the  province  of  Concepcion  and  independent  .\r:»u- 
tania,  and  enters  the  Pacific  at  Concepcion,  after  a  course 
estimated  at  2iX)  miles. 

BIOGLIO,  be^l'yo,  a  vUIiige  of  Piedmont,  5  miles  E.N.E, 
of  Biella.     Pop.  2227. 

BIOKXEBORG,  be-oR'nJh-boRg\  a  seaport  town  of  Finland, 
lien  of  Atx),  on  the  Kumo,  at  its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  00  miles  X.X.W.  of  .\bo.  Pop.  4567.  It  is  pretty 
well  built,  and  ha.«  some  ship-building,  and  an  export  trade 
In  timl>er.  pitch,  tar,  and  fish, 

BIOT,  be-o'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var,  canton 
and  3  miles  N.X.W.  of  Antihes.    Pop.  of  commune,  1267, 

BIOUL.  be-ool',  a  town  of  Belgium,  8  miles  N,W.  of  Dinant, 
with  a  castle.    Pop.  913. 

BIR,  pronounceil,  and  sometimes  written  BEER,  beer, 
(Turk.  Bireh-jH:  or  Bee^reh-JeeK\  anc.  BMtha.)  a  walled  town 
of  .Asiatic  Turkey,  120  miles  S,W,  of  Di-arbekir,  on  the 
Euphrates,  where  it  approaches  nearest  to  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 115  miles  X.E.  of  Antioeh.  Ljit.  37°  3'  N.:  Ion.  3S°  E. 
It  has  from  1800  to  2000  houses,  the  inhabitants  Turks, 
with  a  citadel  on  a  steep  rock,  and  several  mosques.  Here 
It  was  lately  proposed  to  commence  the  steam  navigation  of 
the  Euphrates  downwards  to  the  Persian  Gulf  Many  other 
smaU  towns  in  Arabia,  &c.  have  the  prefix  Bi'r.  meaning 
"a  well,"  and  it  is  the  name  of  a  river  in  Abyssinia,  tri- 
butary to  the  Abai. 

BIRTJECK-FELLS,  a  district  of  England,  co.  of  West- 
moreland, comprising  p.>iVts  of  the  parishes  of  Urosby-Rar 
yensworth.  Orton,  and  Shap, 

BIRBIIOOM,    See  Beerbhoom. 

BIRCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 

BIRCH.  LTTTbE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BIRCH.  MUCH,  a  parish  of  EnsUnd.  co.  of  Hereford. 

BIRCH'AM.  great,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Xorfolk. 

BIRCH  AM  NEWTOX,  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co  of  Xorfolk. 

BIRCIIAM  TOFTS,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Xorfolk, 

BIRCIIANGER,  birch'an-jer,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of 

BIR'CHARDVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Susqueh.anna  co,, 
Pennsvlvania. 

BIR'CHETTSVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Cleveland  oo,.  North 
Carolina. 

BIR'CHINGTON,  a  seaport  village  and  parish  of  England, 
and  a  member  of  the  cinque  port  of  Dover,  co.  of  Kent,  Isle 
of  Thane t,  3i  miles  W,S.W.  of  Margate.  Pop.  874.  In  the 
church  are  many  ancient  monuments. 


BIR 

BIRCH'OLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 

BIRCH'OYER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  6 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Matlock,  whence  numerous  visitors  repair 
to  visit  its  famous  rocking-stone.     Pop.  in  1851,  78. 

BIRCH  POND,  a  postoffiee  of  Crawford  CO..  ilissouri. 

BIKCH  POXD.  a  small  villase  of  Dent  co..  Mis.souri. 

BIRCH  RIVER,  a  post-ofRce  of  Nicholas  co.,  Virginia,  284 
miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Richmond. 

BIRCIirfOX,  a  post-office  of  Braxton  co..  Virginia. 

BIRCH'VILLE,  a  township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  OD 
LHke  Huron,     Pop.  1800. 

BIRD,  a  post-olfice  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michiean. 

BIRD/BROOK,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Essex. 

BIRIVHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex, 

BIRD  ISLAXD.  West  Indies.    See  Aves, 

BIliD  ISLAXD,  one  of  the  Sandwich  IsLands,  North 
Pacific  Ocean. 

BIRD  ISLAXD,  one  of  the  Low  Islands,  Pacific,  near  the 
the  middle  of  the  group. 

BIRD  ISLAXDS,  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  are  in  Algoo 
Bav. 

BIRn)INBTJRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick, 

BIRD  IX  H.\XD,  a  small  village  of  Lanca.st<}r  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  railroad,  7  miles  E.  of  Lancaster, 

BIRD'SALL,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co,,  New  York, 
about  60  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  909. 

BIRD'SALL.  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

BIRDS'BOROUGH.  a  post-office  of  Berks  co..  Pennsvlvania 

BIRD'SONG  CREEK,  in  the  W.  pirt  of  Tennessee",  enters 
the  Tennessee  River  from  the  left,  in  Benton  co. 

BIRD'S  RUX.  a  post-office  of  Guerasey  co.,  Ohio. 

BIRDS/VILLE,  a  sm.all  village  in  Burke  co,,  Georgia, 
about  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

BIRDS/VILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tarant  county, 
Texas,  on  the  W,  fork  of  the  Trinity  River,  alx)ut  2-50  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  situated  in  a  fine  and  fertile 
prairie,  which  is  as  yet,  howevei,  thinly  settled.  Com- 
menced in  1851. 

BIRD  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Camplx>ll  co.,  Kentuckv, 

BIRIOOSSA  or  BIRIOUSSA  or  BIRIUSA,  be-re-oos's3,  a 
river  of  Siberia,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
governments  of  Irkootsk  and  Yenesei.  It  is  one  of  the  head 
streams  of  the  Ona.  an  .affluent  of  the  Tchoona  (Tchuna,) 
and  has  a  X,  course  of  about  2(X)  miles. 

BIRIOOTCH  or  BIRIOUTCIIE,  be-re-ootch',  a  town  of 
Russiii,  on  the  Sosna,  government  and  76  miles  .S.S.W,  of 
Voronezh.  Pop.  5451.  It  is  encircled  by  an  earthen  rampart 
and  ditches,  and  has  numerous  churches  and  4  annual  thirs. 

BIR.T  or  BIR.TE.     See  Birze. 

BIRK'BY.  a  parish  of  Enskand,  co.  of  York,  X^'orth  Riding, 

BIRICEXFELD,  birk'en-fclt\  or  been'ken-felt'.  a  princi- 
pality of  Germany,  belonging  to  Oldenburg,  but  detached 
from  the  rest  of  th.at  duchy,  W,  of  the  Rhine,  and  enclosed 
by  Rhenish  Prussia  and  Meisenheim.  Area.  143  sqivare 
miles.  Pop.  in  1849,  30,966.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
well-wooded.  Principal  river,  the  Xahe,  an  affluent  of  the 
Rhine,  Chief  products,  cattle,  iron,  flax.  hemp,  and  oil- 
seed-s.  It  is  divided  into  3  amis,  or  baihvicks.  Birkenfeld, 
Oberstein,  and  Xohfelden.  and  was  ceded  to  Oldenburg  by 
the  treaty  of  Vienn.a.  in  1815. 

BIRKEXFELD,  bSeRnienf&ltN  a  town  of  Germany,  capital 
of  the  aI>ove  principality,  near  the  X\ihe.  25  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Treves.  Pop.,  with  adjoining  villaste  of  Eckweiler,  2385.  who 
manufacture  linen  and  woollen  fabrics  and  leather.  It  has 
superior  schools,  and  large  cattle  CUi-s,  X'ear  it  is  the  old 
fortress  of  BuRo,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  counts-palar 
tine  of  Birkenfeld-Zweibriicken. 

B1RK'EXHE.\D.  a  now  and  thriving  town  and  township 
of  England,  county  of  Chester,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Mei^ 
sey.  immediat<?ly  opposite  Liverpool,  and  15  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Chester,  with  which  it  communicates  bv  railw.iv.  Pop. 
in  1841,  8225 ;  in  1851,  24.285.  It  has  wholly  ri.«en  up  since 
the  formation  of  ship-building  docks  in  1824,  on  W.aUa.sey- 
pool,  immediately  on  its  X.W.  side:  and  in  1844.  a  series  of 
magnificent  docks  were  begun  oq  the  side  of  the  Mersey,  of 
which  the  Woodside  Basin,  and  another,  were  completed 
and  opened  in  April,  1847.  Besides  many  spacious  streets 
and  dwellings,  there  are  a  large  square,  sevenal  handsome 
churches,  a  medical  college,  an  institute,  a  good  market- 
house.  430  feet  in  length,  and  130  feet  in  breadth,  a  public 
slaughter-house,  a  pier  in  the  Mersey,  and  a  park  of  120 
acres:  and  in  its  vicinity  are  numerous  villas,  many  of 
which  are  the  residences  of  Birkenhead  and  Liverpool  mei^ 
chants.  Here  are  also  the  remains  of  an  ancient  priory,  r.n 
a  rock  projecting  into  the  Mersey.  Polling-place  for  South 
Cheshire.  The  communication  with  Liverpool  is  kept  up 
by  means  of  small  steamers  which  cross  the  river  every  15 
minutes.  Birkenhead  has  also  railway  communication 
with  all  parts  of  England. 

BIIiKET.  bWR^ket  or  biR/ket,  ("Lake,")  the  name  of  seve- 
ral lakes  and  places  of  Egjpt : — 

BIRKET-EL-HAD.n.  or  the  "lake  of  pilgrims,"  being  a 
sm.all  lake  10  miles  X,E.  of  Cairo,  on  the  oanks  of  which 
the  pilgrims  to  Mecca,  by  way  of  Suez,  assemble  on  theJr 
departure  thither,  and  separate  on  their  return. 


BIR 


BIR 


BIRKET-EL-KEROOX  or  BTRKKT-EL-KEROUN,  is  the 
modem  name  of  Lake  Mceuis,  which  see. 

BIRKKT-Kr^MARIOOT.     See  Mareotis. 

BIKK-FELL,  a  mountain  of  Ilngland,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
on  the  S.  side  of  UUeswater,  5  miles  N.  of  Ambleside. 

BIll/KI\,  a  parish  of  En^rland,  co.  of  York,  West  Hiding. 

BlRKSTl'UN.    See  BuRfiSTEix, 

BIR'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BIlflilNO,  a  parish  of  Eu^rland,  co.  of  Kent. 

BIRLIXGIIAM,  bir'ling-am,  a  parish  of  Enghind,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

BIRMA,  BIRMAH,  or    the  BIRMAX    EMPIRE.     See 

BUKMAn. 

BIRMEXSDORF,  bSSa/mgnsdoRr,  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Aargau.  It  h;is  mineral  springs  and  baths. 
Pop.  897. 

BIR/.MIN'a  or  BER/MIXO,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co., 
Missouri,  4.")  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Independence. 

BIRMIXOIIAM,  bjr'ming-am,  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  one  of  the  principal  manufacturing  towns 
of  England,  county  and  17  miles  N.W.  of  Warwick,  100  miles 
N.W.  of  London,  and  78  j  miles  S.E.  of  Liverpool.  Area  of 
borough,  which  includes  the  adjacent  townships,  Aston. 
Edgbaston.  &c.,  18,780.  acres.  Pop.  in  1690,  4000;  in  ISOl, 
60.822;  in  1801,  295,955.  The  town,  on  the  river  Rea.  occu- 
pies the  E.  declivity  of  three  undulating  hills,  and  from  the 
S.E.  presents  to  view  a  mass  of  red  brick  houses,  inter- 
spersed with  several  lofty  church  spires,  and  a  vast  number 
of  tall  chimneys  belonging  to  the  factories.  Its  lower  part 
consists  of  unprepossessing  streets,  old  houses,  and  work- 
shops; but  its  upper  portions  comprise  many  broad  streets 
and  good  residences.  In  its  centre  is  a  handsome  quarter, 
rivalling  in  appearance  the  best  parts  of  the  metropolis,  and 
containing  the  town-hall.  Edward  VI.'s  grammar  school,  St. 
Philip's  and  Christ's  Churches,  Queen's  College,  theatre, 
and  other  principal  edifices.  The  uneven  ground  on  which 
Birmingham  is  built,  fiicilitates  its  drainage,  and  thus  con- 
tributes to  its  salubrity.  It  is  also  well  lighted  with  gas, 
and  paved,  though  many  parts  of  the  town  are  ill  furnished 
with  footpaths.  The  superb  town-hall,  one  of  the  finest 
edifices  in  England,  occupies  a  commanding  site,  and  is  in 
classic  style;  it  is  fronted  with  marble,  and  has  a  saloon 
145  feet  in  length,  65  feet  in  breadth,  and  the  same  in 
height ;  it  can  accommodate  8000-  persons,  (or  4000  seated.) 
and  contains  a  fine  organ,  .some  pipes  in  which  are  said  to 
be  the  largest  in  Europe;  in  this  hall  the  triennial  musical 
festivals  are  held.  The  theatre,  erected  in  1S21,  at  a  cost 
of  14,000/.,  and  having  a  front  in  the  Ionic  order,  is  a  hand- 
some building,  and  one  of  the  most  commodious  of  its  class 
out  of  the  metropolis.  The  free  grammar  school,  founded 
in  1552,  is  a  richly  decorated  Gothic  edifice,  (174  feet  by  125 
feet.)  rebuilt,  in  1834,  by  Jtr.  Barry,  at  a  cost  of  nearly 
60,000/.;  it  has  a  revenue,  now  probably  amounting  to 
ll.OOOL  a  year,  and  10  exhibitions  of  50/.  per  annum  for 
four  years,  to  any  college  at  Oxford  or  Cambridge.  In  1847, 
the  different  classes  were  attended  by  120<D  pupils.  Queen's 
College,  lately  established,  and  munificently  endowed  by 
private  bene&ctions,  is  in  connection  with  the  University 
of  London,  and  regulated  on  the  old  collegiate  system; 
attached  to  it  are  a  flourishing  medical  school,  and  Queen's 
Hospital,  also  recently  founded.  Birmingham  originally 
consisted  of  but  one  parish:  it  is  now  divided  into  five — St. 
Martin,  St.  Philip,  St.  Thomas.  St.  George,  and  All  Saints. 
St.  Martin's  church,  in  the  Bullring,  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  town,  was  built  in  the  eighth  century.  It  was  originally 
of  stone,  and  is  now  encased  in  brick.  There  are  several 
other  chapels  belonging  to  the  establishment.  These  pa- 
rishes were  formerly  within  the  archbishopric  of  Lichfield 
and  Coventry,  but  were  transferred  by  the  church  com- 
missioners to  the  diocese  of  Worcester.  The  dissenting 
chapels  comprise  those  of  the  Independents,  Friends,  Me- 
thodists, Swedenborgians,  Roman  Catholics,  and  Unitarians, 
(the  last  a  numerous  sect  in  Birmingham ;)  and  here  is  a 
Jews'  Synagogue.  The  other  princip.al  buildings  are,  a 
large  general  hospital,  general  dispensary,  athenasum, 
large  market-house,  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  a  vast  brick 
edifice,  the  barracks,  and  railway  station,  which  last  is  a 
generij  point  of  junction  of  the  railways  from  London, 
Liverpool,  Derby,  Worcester,  &c.  The  public  institutions 
comprise  a  society  of  arts,  with  a  drawing  academy,  and 
annual  exhibition  of  paintings,  public  library,  with  27.000 
volumes,  philosophic  and  mechanics'  institutions,  a  blue- 
coat  school,  (annual  revenue,  2500/.,)  Springhill  College,  for 
Independents  and  Baptists,  national  and  proprietary 
schools,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  educational  establish- 
ments ;  deaf  and  dumb,  and  magdalen  asylums,  eye  and 
ear,  and  lying-in  infirmaries,  a  botanic  garden,  horticul- 
tural and  statistical  societies,  and  a  public  cemetery  com- 
pany. The  town  has  extensive  baths,  and  a  place  of  amuse- 
flient  ti-rmed  '-Vauxhall." 

Birmingham  is^nsidered  one  of  the  healthiest  towns  in 
*he  kingdom,  owing  probably,  in  part,  to  the  large  quantity 
of  vitriol  consumed  in  manufactories  which  is  thought  to 
exert  a  purifying  influence  on  the  atmosphere ;  and,  in  part, 
to  Its  excellent  system  of  drainage ;  but  more,  perhaps,  to 


the  .spaciousness  of  its  dwellings.  One  man  in  Birmingham 
is  said  to  live  on  the  same  space  as  two  in  Manchest^jr  and 
three  in  Liverpool,  and  the  mortiility  of  each  town  is,  as 
nearly  as  possible,  in  the  same  ratio.'  ^ 

Maniifaxtures. — The  origin  and  progress  of  the  prosperity 
of  Birmingham  is  wholly  attributable  to  the  excellence  ant 
extent  of  its  hardware  manufactures.  Its  geographically 
central  situation  on  the  border  of  a  great  coal  and  iron  dis- 
trict, combined  with  the  command  of  a  wide  and  ready 
transit  both  by  canal  and  railw.iy,  have  contributed  to  ren- 
der it  one  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  towns,  in  the  par- 
ticular  line  above  alluded  to,  in  the  world.  Of  the  early 
history  of  Birmingham  as  a  manuCicturing  town,  little 
further  is  kliown  beyond  the  general  fact,  that  it  has  en- 
joyed a  reputiition  for  its  iron  and  steel  manufactures  for 
several  centuries,  although  the  greatest  and  most  rapid 
progress  has  taken  place  within  the  last  40  years.  In  1805, 
the  amount  of  hardware  and  cutlery  exported  was  4288 
tons;  in  1844  it  amounted  to  22,552  tons;  all  the  interme- 
diate years,  with  two  or  three  exceptions,  showing  a  pro- 
gressive increase.  In  1821,  the  value  of  the  exports  was 
1,2.37,692/.;  in  1844,  2.179,087/.  But  the  value  of  hardware 
goods  was  probably  a  third  more  in  the  former  than  in  the 
latter  year;  so  that  the  quantity  exported  in  1844  exceeds 
that  of  1821  far  more  than  the  respective  valuations  indi- 
cate. The  extraordinary  reduction  in  the  price  of  Birming- 
ham manufactures  has  been  caused  partly  by  a  reduction 
in  the  cost  of  mateiial,  but  chiefly  and  in  many  ca.ses  solely 
from  improved  methods  of  production.  Since  1821,  on  fire- 
arms the  reduction  is  about  53  per  cent.;  on  gun-locks,  from 
05  to  85  per  cent.;  on  spoons  and  stirrups,  Ac,  from  01  to 
69  per  cent.;  and  on  iron  chains.  08  per  cent.  One  of  the 
most  important  manufactures  of  Birmingham  is  that  of  fire- 
arms. During  the  last  war,  5,000.000  stpnd  of  arms  were 
furnished  on  account  of  government,  and  of  the  private 
trade.  The  manufacture  of  swords  is  also  one  of  the  staple 
trades  of  Birmingham.  At  Soho,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
town,  was  formerly  one  of  the  largest  steam-engine  manu- 
factories in  the  world,  belonging  to  Boulton,  partner  of  the 
celebrated  James  Watt;  but  the  steam-engine  department 
is  now  carried  on  exclusively  at  Smethick,  a  short  distance 
to  the  west  of  Soho,  where  extensive  works  have  recently 
been  erected  by  the  same  company.  Goods  of  various  de- 
scriptions, however,  are  still  made  here,  such  as  vases, 
candelabras.  and  other  articles  in  bronze  or  (rrmulu,  with 
large  quantities  of  plate.  Here  also  the  copper  coinage  of 
the  kingdom  was  formerly  e.xecuted.  The  coining  mill, 
working  8  machines,  was  capable  of  throwing  off  4000 
pieces  of  money  per  hour.  Cast-iron  articles  of  all  kinds, 
and  of  the  most  beautiful  patterns  and  workmanship,  arc 
manufactured  here  to  a  great  extent,  suixrseding  those 
made  of  more  expensive  metals.  In  former  years,  iron-, 
founding  was  limited  to  large  and  heavy  articles;  but  it  is 
now  extended,  with  the  most  entire  success,  to  the  lightest 
and  most  graceful,  in  the  finishing  of  which  bronze  is  now 
very  generally  employed.  The  quantity  of  solid  gold  and 
.silver  plate  mauufiictured  in  Birmingham  is  not  great; 
but  the  consumption  of  silver  in  plating  was  very  consider- 
able, having  been  estimated  at  about  200,000  ounces  a  year; 
it  is  now  somewhat  less,  being  partly  superseded  by  metallic 
compounds.  The  beautiful  invention  of  electro-plating,  first 
discovered  in  this  town,  tends  very  greatly  to  the  increase  of 
the  consumptionof  silver  and  also  of  gold.  Jap.anning  in  all 
its  forms  and  varieties  is  carried  on  here  to  a  larire  extent. 
Glass  manufiicturing  and  glass-staining  or  painting  forms 
another  important  branch  of  manufacture;  in  the  former, 
ornaments  of  a  large  size  are  made,  which  it  was  once 
thought  could  be  produced  only  in  metal:  on  these,  the 
most  beautiful,  delicate,  and  brilliant  surfaces  are  raised 
by  the  lathe  and  cutting  tool.  The  manufacture  of  steel 
pens,  scarcely  known  25  years  ago,  is  another  important 
branch  of  the  trade  of  Birmingham.  The  whole  quantity 
of  steel  pens  now  manufactured  is  estimated  at  750,000,000 
annually,  consuming  above  400  tons  of  steel.  Large  quan- 
tities of  these  are  exported.  Pins  are  also  made  here  to  a 
great  extent;  and  such  is  the  extraordinary  productive 
powers  of  the  machinery  employed,  and  of  the  system  of 
minute  subdivision  of  labor,  that  12.C00  pins  can  be  cut 
and  pointed  in  an  hour,  and  50,000  heads  rounded  off 
in  the  same  space  of  time.  Buttons  are  also  extensively 
manufactured,  the  whole  number  made  annually  in  the 
town  being  estimated  at  750,000,000.  Fancy  seals,  brooches, . 
tlasps,  and  other  trinkets,  composed  of  what  is  called  Bir- 
mingham gold  and  polished  steel,  are  made  in  immt^nse 
quantities,  of  the  most  beautiful  workmanship,  and  at 
prices  which  excite  astonishment.  Great  numbers  of  gold 
rings  are  also  manufactured ;  in  1839,  no  fewer  than  25,000 
gold  wedding-rings  were  assayed  and  marked  at  the  assay 
office  in  Birmingham.  The  above  sketch  gives  only  a  selec- 
tion of  a  few  of  the  leading  articles  manufjtctured  at  this 
great  seat  of  human  industry.  The  simple  enumeration 
of  all,  without  any  statistical  detail,  would  occupy  a  far 
greater  space  than  could  bfe  afforded  in  a  work  of  this  na- 
ture. The  machinery  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
nails,  screws,  button-shanks,  and  in  rolling  out  thick  bars 

225 


BIR 


BIR 


or  ingots  of  metal  into  long  thin  sheets,  are  among  the  most 
vronderful  inrentions  of  mechanical  genius.  Not  many 
large  capitalists  are  engaged  in  the  manufactures  of  Bii^ 
mingham^  a  great  proportion  avera:5iug  from  5007.  to  10007. 
These  persons  give  out  their  work  to  the  workmen  they 
employ,  who  are  generally  paid  by  the  piece,  and  work  at 
home.  The  workman,  when  the  work  put  into  his  hands 
requires  the  aid  of  machinery,  may  hire  for  any  given  time 
one  or  more  rooms,  together  with  a  certain  quantity  of 
steam-power,  in  any  one  of  a  number  of  buildings  appro- 
priated to  such  purposes,  which  are  furnished  with  steam- 
power,  working-shafts,  lathes,  benches,  &c.  The  engine- 
power  of  Birmingham  in  1849  was  estimated  at  that  of  5400 
horses,  and  consumed' 377  tons  of  coal  per  d.ay.  The  work- 
ing of  this  power  employed  from  8000  to  10,000  persons. 
It  is  computed  that  more  than  20.000  fiimilies  are  employed 
in  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  Birmingham,  and  that  the 
annual  value  of  articles  produced  amounts  to  4,000,0007. 
There  is  a  branch  bank  of  England  in  Birmingham;  seven 
other  banks,  and  a  very  flourishing  savings  hank. 

By  its  charter  of  incorporation,  dated  1838,  Birmingham 
is  divided  into  16  wards,  and  governed  by  a  mayor  and  re- 
corder, 16  alderman,  and  48  common  councilmen.  Corpora- 
tion revenue  in  1846-7,  82,2677.  It  has  a  borough  court  of 
quarter  sessions,  and  a  town  court  of  requests.  As.sessed 
taxes  in  1846-7,  26.0757.  Since  the  Reform  Act  it  has  sent 
2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

Hidory. — Birmingham,  it  is  said,  was  known  to  the  Ro- 
mans under  the  name  of  Brenuiimm.  and  is  mentioned  in 
Doomsday  Book.  Bermengeliam.  The  name,  as  well  as  those  of 
the  neighboring  hamlets  of  Castle  Bromwich  and  West 
Bromwich  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived  from  the  great 
quantity  of  broom  which  grows  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  arms  pre- 
vious to  the  Roman  invasion.  Of  its  early  history,  however, 
little  is  known.  It  was  the  centre  of  the  Saxon  kingdom  of 
Mercia,  and  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  was  a  place  of  some 
importance.  Birmingham  was  distinguished  in  the  cause 
of  the  Parliaments,  and  was  the  scene  of  some  conflicts,  in 
the  last  of  which,  in  1643,  it  suffered  considerable,  having 
been  taken,  partially  burnt,  and  a  heavy  fine  inflictwi  on 
the  inhabitants,  by  Prince  Rupert.  It  suffered  to  a  fearful 
extent  from  the  plague  in  1665.  Its  first  considerable  in- 
crease in  size  and  population  took  place  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  Towards  the  middle  of  the  last  century  it  began 
to  assume  an  important  appearance,  and  has  since  conti- 
nued rapidly  to  increase.  It  is  not  eighty  years  since  it  was 
made  a  post-town:  previous  to  this,  letters  used  to  be  di- 
rected to  Birminsfham,  near  Walsall.  The  American  and 
French  wars  during  the  latter  half  of  the  last  century 
and  the  early  part  of  this  were  the  great  causes  of  the  pros- 
perity and  increase  of  this  place  by  the  great  demand  which 
they  caused  for  muskets.  Birmingham  is  considered  the 
healthiest  place  in  Kngland.  For  this  it  is  no  doubt  partly 
indebted  to  the  vitriol  consumed  in  its  manufactures,  but 
more  to  its  excellent  dr.^inage,  broad  streets,  and  open  areas. 
.  BIRMINGH.A.M,  bir'ming-ham,  a  flourishing  manufactur- 
ing borough  of  Derby  township'.  New  Haven  co..Connecticut, 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Naugatuck  with  the  Ilonsatonic 
Biver,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bridgeport,  and  9  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  New  Haven.  The  Natigatuck  Railroad  passes  through 
Derby  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Naugatuck  River.  A 
substantial  bridge  connects  the  two  places.  A  steamboat 
also  plies  daily  between  Derby  and  New  York.  The  village 
is  principally  situated  on  a  hill,  and  commands  a  fine  view 
of  the  Ilousatonic  and  Naugatuck  valley.  It  is  liand- 
somely  laid  out,  having  a  public  square'in  the  centre, 
around  which  stand  the  churches  and  schools.  Tlie  street 
leading  to  the  river  is  occupied,  the  upper  part  of  it  with 
stores,  and  the  lower  with  large  manufactories,  extensive 
warehouses,  lumber  and  coal  yards.  The  first  pin  factory 
ever  established  in  the  United  States  was  located  at  Bir- 
mingham, and  is  still  in  successful  operation,  emploving  a 
large  number  of  hands.  Here  are  also  extensive  mills  for 
rolling  copper,  iron,  and  steel;  also  manufactories  of  car- 
riage axels  and  springs,  bolts,  tacks,  augurs,  well-chains, 
and  numerous  other  articles  of  hardware.  The  town  has 
several  churches  and  a  bank.  It  is  well  supplied  with  good 
pure  water,  distributed  by  means  of  pipes  to  different  parts 
of  the  borough,  while  the  Ilousatonic  River  is  capable  of 
furnishing  an  almost  unlimited  amount  of  water-power  for 
Bnanufiicturing  purposes.    Pop.  2500. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  manufacturing  villasre  in  Au  Sable 
tcwnship,  Clinton  co..  New  York,  on  Au  Sable  River,  about 
100  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  village  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey,  5 
miles  N.N.W.  from  Trenton. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  villige  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  N.  branch  of  Itancccus  creek,  4  miles  E.  from  Mount 
Holly,  has  several  mills. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  550. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.e-Jl. 

BIR.MINGHAM,  a  flouri.shing  borough  of  Alleghany  co., 
226 


Pennsylvania,  on  the  loft  hank  of  the  Monongahela  Rivor, 
2  miles  from  its  confluence  with  the  Alleghany.  A  flno 
bridge,  160U  feet  long,  connects  it  with  Pittsburg.  The  ma- 
nufacture  of  glass  and  iron  constitutes  the  principal  busi- 
ness of  the  place.  (See  Pittsburg.)  Pop.  6046.  The  name 
of  the  post-oliice  is  Buchanan. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  thriving;  post-borough  of  Huntingdon 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Little  Juniata  Rive'i-,  and  on  the  cen- 
tral railraad,  105  mUes  W.N.^V.  from  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  a 
place  of  active  trade,  and  has  extensive  iron-works  in  the 
vicinity.    Pop.  221. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  post-ofRce  of  Jack.son  co,  Alabama. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  post-offlce  of  Pontotoc  co.,  MississippL 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  postoftice  of  Marshall  co..  Kentucky. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Vermilion  River,  115  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Columbus.  It 
posses.se8  excellent  water-power,  and  is  improving  rapidly. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  about 
12  miles  W.S.W.  from  Canfield. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Eloomfield 
township,  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  railroad  from 
Detroit  to  Pontiac,  18  miles  N.W.  from  the  former.  The 
northern  branch  of  Rouge  River  passes  through  the  place, 
affording  water  power.  The  village  has  2  stores,  1  flour  mill, 
and  1  foundry. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  post-village  of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Crooked  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Illinois  River,  about  80  miles 
W.N.W.  from  Springfield,  and  on  the  border  of  a  fertile 
prairie.    It  has  a  suw-mill  and  grist-mill.    Pop.  of  tj).  1047. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  small  vUlage  of  Cape  Girardeau  co., 
Missouri,  on  the  >Iississippi.  about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

BIRMINGHAM,  a  small  village  of  Perry  co.,  Missouri. 

BIRSIINGH.\M,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
12  miles  N.  of  Keosauqu.a. 

BIR'NAM,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  county  and  12  mUes 
N.W.  of  Perth,  and  a1x)ut  an  equal  distance  W.N.AV.  of 
Dunsinnan.  It  was  anciently  included  in  a  rojal  forest, 
which  Shakspeare  has  immortalized  as  "  Birnam  Wood," 
in  his  trasedy  of  Macbeth. 

BIRNBAUM,  beean'bCwm,  (Polish,  Mkdzychod,  me-^d^ 
ziK'od.)  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  44  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Posen,  on  the  Warta.  Pop.  2637,  who  manufacture  wool- 
len cloths  and  yarn. 

BIRNEE,  NEW,  a  walled  town,  20  miles  S.  of  Kooka. 

BIR/NEE  or  BIRNIE,  OLD,  a  large  town  of  Centra] 
Africa,  Bornoo,  on  the  Yeoo,  70  miles  W.  of  Kooka.  Pop. 
estimated  at  10,000.  It  covers  a  space  of  several  square 
miles,  is  enclosed  by  remains  of  substantial  walls,  and  in  the 
days  of  its  splendor  is  said  to  have  contained  a  population 
of  200,000. 

BIR'NIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin.  Here  is  an 
old  Saxon  church. 

BIRON,  beeViN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Dordogne,  arrondissement  and  22  miles  S.E.  of  Bergerac. 
Pop.  of  commune,  1124.  l{  was  formerly  fortified,  and  its 
magnificent  chateau  contains  the  tomb  of  the  Marechal  de 
Biron,  beheaded  in  1G02. 

BIRR,  beeR,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  A.argavi, 
3  miles  S.  of  Brugg.  Here  Pestalozzi  commenced  his  cele- 
brated sj'stem  of  education  in  1768. 

BIRR,  bir,  or  PARSONS' TOWN,  a  market  town  of  Ire- 
land, in  a  parish  of  the  same  name,  co.  of  Leinster,  and 
62^  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  toAvn,  6^6;  of  parish, 
9567.  A  well-built  town,  with  castle  belonging  to  the  Earl 
of  Rosse,  under  whose  proprietorship  the  modern  town  h.as 
risen  into  its  present  prosperous  state.  It  was  known 
under  the  name  of  Biorra,  in  the  sixth  century  ;  and  in  the 
ninth  was  the  stronghold  of  the  O'Carrols.  In  1G20,  Sir  W. 
Parsons,  ancestor  of  Lord  Ros.se,  received  a  grant  of  the  town 
and  adjoining  estate  from  James  I. 

BIRRESBORN,  b66ii/Kgs-boRn\  a  hamlet  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, circle  of  Prtim.  It  has  well  frequented  mineral  springs; 
near  it  is  the  acidulated  spring  of  Brudeldreis. 

BIR/SAY  and  HAIUHAy,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  11  mUes 
N.W.  of  Kirkwall,  Orkney  Islands. 

BIRSE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

BIRSE,  b^R/seh,  a  small  rivor  of  Switzerland,  canton  oi 
Bern. 

BIRSEN.    See  Birze. 

BIRSK,  beeKsk,  an  ancient  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Orenboorg,  on  the  Bela'ia.  50  miles  N.W.  of  Oo(;i.  Pop. 
3600.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  some  mauufiicto- 
ries  of  silk,  woollen,  and  cotton  fabrics. 

BIR/STALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  M'est 
Riding,  near  the  York  and  North  Midland  Railway,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  29,723,  mostly  dependent  on  its  woollen 
and  worsted  manufectures.  for  which  there  were,  in  1838, 
41  mills,  employing  together  2092  hands,  besides  a  cotton 
and  two  silk  factories.  Coal  and  iron-mines  gave  employ- 
ment to  500  persons  at  the  aliove  date.  The  church,  built 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  has  lately  ]^en  eularired  :  and 
a  new  Gothic  chapel  was  recently  erected  at  Hirkenshaw. 
Birstall  is  a  polling-place  for  the  West  Riding  of  the  county 
At  Kieldherd,  in  this  county,  Dr.  Priestly  was  lyirn  In  1733. 

BIRST'MOKTON,  a  parish  of  Enfluu'l,  co.  of  Wen  ester. 


BIR 


BIS 


BTT^TLE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  parish 
of  Middleton,  25  miles  N.K.  of  Bury. 

BIItT'tiEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

BIRZE  (ir  niUJE.  )i66rz1i?  written  alsoBIKSEN.  hggR/sen. 
a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Vilna,  N.E.  of  Ponoriezh 
with  a  castle  of  the  Princess  IJadzivill. 

BISACCt.\,  h^sifcha,  (anc.  Romhdn-  or  lirnnhda,)  a  to^yn 
of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  built  on  a  hill, 
30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  5700. 

BIS.'VCQUTNO,  bosdk-kwee'no.  BUSAQUINO,  boo-si- 
kwee'no,  or  JIUSACOHINO.  boo-sAk-kee'no,  a  town  of  Sicily, 
27  miles  S.  of  Palermo ;  with  an  extensive  trade  in  grain, 
oil,  and  lint.    Pop.  8000. 

BISAGNO,  be-s3n'yo,  a  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  dis- 
trict in  the  vicinity  of  Genoa;  gives  name  to  the  river, 
which,  passing  the  eastern  walls  of  the  city,  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean  near  the  lazaretto. 

BI8.\>IBERG,  tiee'.«dm-bjRg\  a  village  of  Lower  Austria, 
H  miles  S.E.  of  Korncuburp.     Pop.  P42. 

BIS.\MUE|{G,  a  hill  in  the  vicinity  of  the  alx)ve  village, 
11S9  feet  in  elevation. 

BISAXO,  be-sl/no,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
off  the  N.K.  extremity  of  Celebes.    Circumference,  20  miles. 

BL^ANTHE.    See  Rodosto. 

BIS.WAS,  be-si'ds,  a  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  all 
the  Philippine  Isl.ands,  excepting  Luzon.  It  Is  derived 
fi-om  the  language  spoken  throughout  them,  called  BUai/it, 
which  ha<  numerous  dialects,  and  differs  greatly  from  the 
Tagala.  the  language  spoken  in  Luzon. 

BISBAL.  La,  \k  bees-bdl',  a  town  of  Spain.  10  miles  E.  of 
Gerona.  with  a  bridge  on  the  Adaro.    Pop.  3110. 

BIS'BROOKE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

BTSC.\I{A,  bis-ka'rd,  a  town  of  Algeria,  capital  of  th# 
district  of  Zaab,  S.  of  Mount  Atlas,  and  on  the  Kantara, 
205  miles  S.E.  of  Algiers.     Held  by  the  French  since  1844. 

BISCAUI,  bis'kd-re,  or  bees'kd-re,  a  town  of  Sicily,  45  miles 
W.  of  Syracuse,  on  the  Dirillo.     Pop.  2700. 

B1SC.\U0SSE,  bees'kaR'Ross',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
mentnftheLandes,  SmilesN.W.of  I'arentis-en-Born.  P.1551. 

BIS'CATIKIRPE.  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  7?  miles  N.N.E.  of  Wragbv. 

BIS'CAY,  orBISCAYA,  bis-ki''a."(Sp.  Vizcaya,  vees-ki'd  or 
veeth-ki'i.)  one  of  the  three  Basque  provinces  of  Northern 
Spain,  bounded  N.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay;  S.  by  the  province 
of  Alava ;  E.  by  Guipuzcoa;  and  W.  by  Santander.  Area, 
1004  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1849,  150,000.  Capital,  Bilbao. 
Under  the  name  of  Biscav  are  sometimes  comprehended  the 
three  Basque  provinces  of  Biscay,  Guipuzcoa,  and  Alava. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Biscay'an.    See  Basque. 

BISCAY,  a  town  of  New  Mexico.     See  Duranoo. 

BISCAY,  Bay  of.  fFr.  Golfe.  de  Gkucngne.  golf  d^h  gls'koH'; 
anc.  AquitanUctis  Sifnus  and  Gal'licus  OceUinus.)  a  bay  of  the 
Atlantic,  extending  from  Ouessant  (Ushant)  Island,  on 
the  VV.  coast  of  France,  to  Cape  Ortegal,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Spain.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the  Loire,  Charente,  Gironde, 
and  .\dour.  Its  principal  ports  are  Lorient,  Nantes,  La 
Kochelle,  Roehefort.  Bordeaux,  and  Bayonne,  In  France; 
Pasages,  St.  Sebastian.  Bilbao,  Santander,  and  Gijon,  in 
Spain.  Chief  islands,  Belleisle,  R6.  and  Oleron,  on  the  coast 
of  France.  Its  N.  and  S.  coasts  are  bold  and  rocky ;  but  on 
the  E.,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde  to  the  Adour,  the 
coast  is  composed  of  sand  downs,  and  interrupted  by  nume- 
rous lagoons.  The  depth  varies  from  20  fathoms  on  the  W. 
of  France,  to  200  fathoms  on  the  N.  of  Spain.  Navigation 
is  much  impeded  Irvthe  heavy  seas  produced  by  N.W.  winds 
and  by  a  current  (Rennd's)  which  sets  In  from  the  Atlantic, 
and,  sweeping  round  the  northern  coast  of  Spain,  runs  N. 
and  N.W.  along  the  western  coast  of  France,  and  entei-s  the 
Irish  Channel. 

BISCEGLIA,  be-shJl'ya  or  be-sh,^l'y3,  a  fortified  se.aport 
town  of  Naples,  Terra  di  Bari,  on  the  Adriatic.  21  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Bari.  Pop.  13,141.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  num- 
ber of  churches,  convents,  and  public  reservoirs,  a  dio- 
cesan school,  and  theatre.  Its  port  admits  only  small  ves- 
sels, and  its  trade  is  insignificant. 

BLSCIIIIEIM,  bish'hime,  (Fr.  pron.  bee^shJm'.)  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  the  Bas-Rhin,  2  miles  N.  of  Stras- 
bourj.     Pop.  of  commune  in  1852,  3137. 

BISCIIOFSBURG,  bish'ofs-b06Ra\  a  town  of  East  Prussia, 
on  the  Dimmer,  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Konigsberg.  Pop.  2450, 
who  manufacture  linen  yarn  and  fabrics. 

BISCIIOFSIIEIM,  bish'ofshlfme\  (Fr.  pron. bee'shorslm'.) 
a  small  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  li  miles 
N.  of  Obernal.     Pop.  1661. 

BISCIIOFSIIEI.M  AM  RIIEIN,  bish'ofs-hlme'  im  rine.  a 
small  town  of  Germany,  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  19  miles 
S.W.  of  liastadt.     Pop.  1744. 

BISCIIOFSIIEIM  AM  TAUBER,  bish'ofs-hlme^  im  tCw^- 
bf  r.  a  small  town  of  Germany,  grand  duchy  ot  Baden,  19 
miles  S.W.  of  Wiirzburg.     Pop.  2338. 

BISCIIOFSIIEIM  VOR  DEM  RHON,  bish'ofs-bime^  foR 
dSm  ron,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Wiirzburg.     Pop.  1830. 

lilSCIlOFS-LAAK,  bi.<h'ois-i|k\  a  town  of  Ulyria.  in  Car- 
niola,  government,  and  15  milta  \.E.  of  Laybach.    Pop.  1850. 


BISnCITOFSPTETV,  bish'ofs-stine',  a  town  of  East  Pnim 
sia,  46  miles  S.S.E.  of  KBuigsberg.  Pop.  2836,  who  mano- 
facture  hosiery,  leather,  and  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

BLSCIIOFSWERDA,  bishVfs-ft^B'dd,  a  town  of  the  king, 
dom  of  Saxony,  on  the  railway  from  Dresden  to  Bautzen, 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dresden.  Pop.  2486,  who  manufacture 
linen  and  woollen  fabrics. 

BISClUtFSWERDER,  (Polish.  Elslnpierz,  bis-koo'-p«^ftch,) 
a  small  town  of  Western  Prussia,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Marien- 
werder. 

BISCIIOFSZELL,  bish'ofs-tsJlP  (i.e.  "bishop's  ceU,*')  a 
town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurpau,  on  the  Sitter,  near 
its  mouth  in  the  Thur,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Constance.  Pop. 
2000,  mostly  engaged  in  cotton  weaving  and  dyeing. 

BTSCIIOF-TEINITZ,  bl^h'of-tl'nits,  or  TEINITZ,  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Pilsen.  Pop.  2200.'  It  has  a 
noble  castle  and  park;  m.anufaetories  of  lace  and  linens, 
and  glass-works. 

BISCHWILLER,  bish'wirier,  (Fr.  pron.  beeshVeelMaiR',) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  the  Bas-Rhin.  on  theModer, 
14  miles  N.  of  Strasbourg.  I'op.  in  1851,  6642.  It  has  mar 
nufactories  of  coarse  woollen  and  linen  cloths,  gloves,  and 
earthen-wares.  It  has  also  trade  in  leather,  beer,  and  agri- 
cultural produce.  In  its  environs  is  the  rich  iron  mine  of 
Mittelhardt.  Bischwiller  was  formerly  fortified,  but  dis- 
mantled in  1706. 

BISENTI.  be-sJn'tee,  or  BISENTO.  b(>s?n'to,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo,  Ult.,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Teramo. 
Pop.  2500. 

BISENTTNA,  be-sjn-tee'ni.  or  POSSENTIXA,  an  islet  of 
the  Papal  States,  in  Lake  Bolsena. 

BISENZ,  bee'-s^nts,  a  town  of  Moravia,  11  miles  .S.W.  of 
Ilradi.sch.  Pop.  2050.  It  has  a  fine  castle  and  gardens,  and 
giTiws  excellent  wines. 

BISERT,  be-saiRt/,oryySERT,ve-saiRt',  a  river  of  Russia, 
government  of  Perm,  rises  in  the  Ural  .Mountains,  and,  after 
a  S.W.  course  of  atiout  SO  miles,  joins  the  bank  of  the  Oofa 
a  little  above  Krasno-<;)ofimsk. 

BISII'AM  MONT.\OUE.(nion'fa-gu,)aparishof  Engliind, 
CO.  of  Berks,  on  the  Thames,  6^  miles  N.W.  of  Maidenhead. 
Its  inhabitants  are  partly  engaged  in  a  large  manufactui-a 
of  sheet-copper.  Its  manorhouse  is  a  pfirtion  of  an  ancient 
priory,  in  which  the  great  Earl  of  Warwick,  "the  king- 
maker." and  his  brother.  Lord  Jlontague,  were  buried. 

BISIIAMPTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  M'orcester. 

BIS'HOP  AND  CLERK,  a  group  of  rocky  i.slands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  S.W.  of  New  Zealand.  Lat.  65°  15'  S., 
Ion.  158°  56'  E. 

BIS'HOP  (ane.  Saim'numr)  AND  CLERKS,  a  group  of 
rocky  Islands  in  St.  George's  Channel,  off  the  coast  of  Pem- 
brokeshire, Wales,  about  5  miles  W.  of  St.  David's. 

BIS'HOI'-AUCK'LAND,  a  town  of  England.  See  Auck- 
land Bishop. 

BISII'OPBRIDGE  or  BISIIOPBRIGGS,  a  village  of  Scot- 
land,  CO.  of  Lanark.  al)Out  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Glasgow,  and  a 
station  on  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway.  The 
quarries  in  its  vicinity  are  very  extensively  worked  and 
furnish  much  of  the  fine  freestone  of  which  Gla.sgow  is  built. 

BI.^'IIOI'  IlILL.  a  post-ofldce  of  Henry  CO.,  Illinois. 

BlSIl'OPSBOURNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BISII'OP'S  GAN'NINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

BISII'OP'S  CASTLE,  a  municip.al  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  18i  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Shrewsbury.  Pop.  in  1851.  1961.  The  town  contains  some 
remains  of  a  former  castle  of  the  bishops  of  Hereford,  on  the 
site  on  which  is  now  the  Castle  Inn.  It  is  now  a  polling- 
place  for  South  Shropshire. 

BISII'OP'S  FONT'IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

BISII'OP'S  FROME,  a  parish  of  Engband,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BISII'OP'S  HULL,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co,  of  Somerset, 

BISII'OP'S  LYDIARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So 
merset. 

BISII'OP'S  MIO'DLEHAM,  a  parish  and  township  of 
England,  county  palatine  of  Durham,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Durh.am. 

BISII'OP'S  NYMP/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon . 

BISII'OP'S  STORT'FORD.  a  parish  and  town  of  England, 
CO.  and  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hertford,  on  the  Eastern  County 
Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  5280.  The  town,  situated  in  a  fer- 
tile valley  on  the  river  Stort,  consists  of  4  sti'eets,  with  an 
elegant  church,  town-house,  Methodist,  Independent,  and 
Quaker  chapels,  and  2  daily  schools.  It  is  a  polling  station 
for  the  county. 

BIS'HOP'S-SUTTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BISHOP'S  TACH'BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

BISHOP'S  TAWN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BISHOP'S  TEIGNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BISH'OPSTOKE,  a  piirlsh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants.  It 
has  a  station  on  the  South  Western  Railway. 

BISII'OPSTONE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

227 


BIS 


BIT 


HTPH'OPSTOXE.  a  parish  of  Enjrland,  co.  of  Hereford. 

RTSII'OI'STONK    a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

liLSH'Ol'STONK,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

J!I8II'OPSTltOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

15ISn'0P'S  WALT'IIAJI,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  So\ithampton.  The  ancient  palace  of  the 
bishop  of  AVinchester  stands  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the 
town. 

ItlSII'OPTIIORl'E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  The 
palace  here  has  been  the  residence  of  the  archbishop  of  York 
since  the  destruction  of  Cawood  Castle  in  the  parliamentary 
war. 

niS'IIOPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

r.lSII'OPTON,  a  Tillage  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kenfrew,  8 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Greenock,  on  the  Greenock  and  Glasgow 
Kailway,  which  passes  through  Bishopton  ridge  by  a  tunnel 
2S00  yards  in  length. 

BISH'OPVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BISH'OP  AVEAR/MOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  pal.a- 
tlne  of  Durham,  and  forming  the  S.  part  of  the  town  of 
Sunderland.  The  celebrated  archdeacoti  Paley  had  a  living 
and  residence  here.    See  Suxdeklaxd. 

BISH'OP  WILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  East  Riding  of 
Yorkshire. 

BISIITON  or  BISII'OPSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

BISIGXANO,  be-seen-yS'no,  (anc.  Be.fi(l/i(e.)  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra,  14  miles  N.  of  Cozen  za, 
the  seat  of  a  bishop,  and  defended  by  a  citadel  occupying 
the  summit  of  the  highest  of  the  seven  hills  that  surround 
it.  It  contains  a  cathedral,  19  churches,  several  convents,  a 
seminary,  two  hospitals,  and  a  house  of  refuge.  The  culti- 
vation of  the  silkworm  forms  a  principal  branch  of  indus- 
try.    Pop.  10,000. 

BISKRA,  bis'krd,  a  citadel  of  Western  Africa,  in  tlie 
Sahara,  2U  miles  S.E.  of  Algiers;  lat,  34°47' N.,  Ion.  5°  22' 
E.  It  consists  properly  of  a  collection  of  7  villages,  lying 
among  plantations  of  date-trees  covering  nearly  50,000  acres 
of  ground. 

BIS'LEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester,  on  the  Gloucester  and  Bristol  Railway,  Si  miles 
K.N.E.  of  Stroud.  Pop.  in  1851,  4801.  It  has  an  elegant 
church,  an  endowed  free  school,  charities  producing  about 
88^  per  annum,  and  considerable  manufactures  of  woollens. 
The  common  of  1200  acres,  given  to  the  poor  of  Bisley  by 
Roger  Mortimer,  earl  of  March,  in  the  reign  of  Edwai-d  III., 
has  been  in  great  part  enclosed. 

BIS'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BIS/MARK,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  37  miles  N.  of 
Magdeburg,  with  6  yearly  markets.    Pop.  1600. 

BIS'PIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BIS^PHAM,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Liincaster. 

BISSAGOS,  bis-sd'goce,  or  BIJOO'JA  ISLANDS,  an  archi- 
pelago off  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  consisting  of  16  large  and 
numei'ous  small  islands,  between  lat.  10°  2' and  11°  55' N., 
and  Ion.  15°  and  17°  W.  The  islands  appear  to  be  densely 
peopled,  but  the  natives  are  of  a  savage  negro  race,  and  little 
is  known  of  the  interior;  they  contain  many  fine  ports. 
The  chief  products  are  rice  and  fruit,  and  many  cattle  are 
reared. 

BISS.40,  (Bissao,)  be-sd'AN",  almost  >ie-sCwN«',  an  island 
and  Portuguese  settlement  of  Western  Africa,  in  Senegam- 
bia,  one  of  the  Bissagos  group,  opposite  the  delta  of  the  Jeba 
River.  Lat.  of  the  fort,  11°  51' N.,  Ion.  15°  37' 6"  W.  Pop. 
8000.  This  island  "  is  the  great  stronghold  of  the  Portu- 
guese slave  trade,"  and  nearly  all  its  European  inb.abitants 
are  concenied  in  the  infamous  traffic.  It  has  also  considera- 
ble trade  in  hides,  rice,  wax,  and  Gambia  produce,  and  im- 
ports from  Bathurst  from  15,000i  to  20,000Z.  worth  of  British 
manufactured  goods  annually. 

BIS'SELL,  a  small  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois. 

BIS'SEL'S,  a  post-office  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio. 

BISSINGEN,  bis'sing-en,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  41  miles  S. 
of  .\nspach.  Pop.  1830,  who  manufacture  linen  and  wool- 
len cloths,  and  wooden  wares.  Bissingex  is  also  the  name 
vi  several  villages  of  WUrtemberg.  the  principal  of  which 
is  19  miles  S.E.  of  Stuttgart,  with  1720  inhabitants. 

BIS'SOLEE'or  BISULI,  bis'soo-lee',  (anc.  Visavili.)  a  town 
of  British  India,  in  the  Punjab,  on  the  Ravee,  95  miles  N.E. 
of  Lahore.  It  has  a  lai'ge  bazaar,  and  a  vast  palace,  re- 
garded by  Vigne  as  the  finest  of  its  kind  in  the  East,  and 
resembling  a  European  feudal  mansion. 

BISSOLEE  or  BISULI,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  31  miles  W.  of  Bareily. 

BISSUNPOOR,  bis'slin-poor',  (anc.  VUhnapura,)  an  an- 
cient town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  77  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Calcutta,  on  the  route  to  Benares. 

BISTAGNO,  bis-tan'yo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  21  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Alexandria.     Pop.  2000. 

BISTAM,  bis-tdm',  or  BOSTAM,  bos-tJm',  a  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Astnibad. 

BISTINEAU  Oiis'tin'o',)  a  lake,  situated  near  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  Ix)uisiana,  forms  the  boundary  between  Bossier 
and  Bienville  parishes,  and  extends  N.and  S.  about  30  miles, 
228 


following  the  bendings.  with  a  mean  breadth  of  about  2 
miles.  The  Dauchite  River  enters  the  Lake  at  the  X.  extre- 
mity, and  a  short  outlet  connnects  it  with  Red  Kiver  ou 
the  S.     Steamboats  navigate?  its  whole  extent. 

BISTINEAU  or  BISTENEAU,  a  post-office  of  Bossier  par 
rish,  Ix)uisiana. 

BISTRAU,  bees'trCw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  tho 
lordship  of  the  same  name,  in  a  deep  valley,  39  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  1926. 

BISTRITZ,  bis'trits,  a  river  of  Transylvania,  rises  in  the 
Bistiitz  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Szamos  after  a  AV.  cour.se 
of  about  50  miles. 

BISTRITZ,  a  river  which  rises  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Hxm 
gary,  flows  S.E.  through  Bukowiiia  and  Moldavia,  joins  the 
Sereth  near  Bakoo,  after  a  course  of  about  110  miles,  and  is 
named  the  "Golden  Bistritz,"  from  its  auriferous  sands. 

BISTRITZ,  two  rivers  of  Galicia,  tributaries  to  the 
Dneister. 

BISTRITZ,  a  fortified  town  of  Transylvania,  in  Saxon- 
land,  on  the  Bistritz  River,  50  miles  N.E.  of  Klausenburg. 
Pop.  6500.  It  has  several  churches,  a  gymnasium,  grammar 
schools,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  cattle. 

BISTRITZ,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the  ••  Golden"'  Bistritz, 
60  miles  AV.S.W.  of  .lassy.  Also  several  villages  in  Moravia, 
Bohemia,  and  lUyria. 

BISULI,  two  towns  o'f  India.    See  Bissolee. 

BISUTOON,  or  BISUTUN,  bis-so-toon'.  (anc.  BaglmUm, 
"  the  place  of  gardens,")  a  ruined  town  of  Persia,  province  of 
Irak-.\jemee  21  miles  E.  of  Kermanshah.  Here  are  some 
remains  of  Sassanian  buildings,  Greek  inscriptions,  and 
traces  of  works  ascribed  to  Somiramis. 

BISWAII.  bis'wd,  a  small  town  of  British  India,  Oude  ter- 
titory,  43  miles  X.  of  Lucknow. 

BITBURG,  bit/li65RG,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  17  miles 
N.AV.  of  Treves.  Pop.  2040.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  an- 
cient Bcrdce  Viciis,  and  near  it  many  Roman  antiquities 
have  been  discovered. 

BITCH  K,  beetch,  a  town  and  fortress  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  in  a  pass  of  the  Vosges,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Sarreguemines.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851,  3797.  The  fort, 
on  an  isolated  rock  in  the  middle  of  the  town,  is  well  sup- 
plied with  water,  defended  by  SO  cannons,  and  is  regarded 
as  next  to  impregnable.  The  town,  near  a  lake,  has  manu- 
factures of  paper  and  porcelain,  and  near  it  are  large  glass- 
works. 

BITCH'FIELD.  a  parish  of  Encland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BITETTO,  lie-t^t/to,  a  town  of  Naples,  10  miles  S.  of  Bari. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  has  several  convents,  and  a  cathe- 
dral.   Pop.  4004. 

BITIOOG,  BITIOUG,  or  BITIUG,  be-teoog',  a  river  of 
Russia,  which  rises  in  the  S.  of  the  government  of  Tambov, 
and  after  a  S.  cour.se  of  above  130  miles,  joins  the  Don  on 
the  left  about  15  miles  above  Pavlovsk. 

BITLIS,  bitMees',  or  bit" liss^,  BETLIS,  bet-lees',  written  also 
BIDDISand  BEDLIS,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  and 
62  miles  AV.  of  A'an,  on  the  AV.  side  of  Lake  A'an,  and  5156 
feet  above  the  sea  level.  The  population  consists  of  2000 
Mohammedan  and  1000  Armenian  families.  It  is  irregu- 
larly built  in  a  wide  ravine  surrounded  by  limestone  hills, 
nearly  2000  feet  above  the  valley,  and  its  stone-built  houses 
give  it  the  appearance  of  a  European  town.  It  contains  3 
mosques,  atout  12  convents,  some  baths  and  caravanserais, 
and  an  old  castle,  supposed  to  date  from  the  fourth  century. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  cloths,  celebrated  for  their 
bright  red  dye;  al.so  fire-arms  and  silver  articles,  and  it  ex- 
ports tobacco  of  superior  quality  to  Erzroom  and  Constan- 
tinople. Near  it  the  army  of  Solyman  the  Magnificent  was 
signally  defeated  liy  the  Persian.s,  a.  d.  1554. 

BITOXTO,  be-ton'to,  (anc.  BitunHum.)  a  town  of  Naples, 
10  miles  AA'.S.AV.  of  Bari.  Pop.  22,126.  It  is  handsomely 
built  and  thriving,  and  has  a  fine  cathedral.  Excellent 
wine  is  riiised  in  it^  vicinity. 

BITRITTO,  be-trifto,  a  town  of  Naples,  6i  miles  W.S.AY. 
of  Bari.  Pop.  2300.  It  has  commerce  in  wine. 
BITSCHAA'ILLER, bitch'ftirier.  (Fr.  pron. beetchHeeriaiR'.) 
a  town  of  France,  dep.artmentof  IIaut-Rhin,18  miles  X.N.li 
of  Belfort.  on  the  Thuren.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 2948. 
It  has  extensive  iron  foundries,  manufactures  of  machinery, 
and  cotton  si)inning. 

BIT'TADOX,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Devon. 

BITTER  FELD,  bit/ter-f  Jlt\  a  walled  town  of  PrussLan 
Saxony,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mulde,  18  miles  N.E.  of 
Halle.  Pop.  3959.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth 
and  earthenware,  and  was  founded  by  a  colony  of  Flemings 
in  the  twelfth  century. 

BITESCH,    GROSS.    See  Gross    Bitesch. 

BITTESCH,  KLEIN,  kline  bee'tfsh,  village  of  Moravia, 
10  miles  N.AV.  of  B.tlnn. 

BITTERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BITTESAVELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BITTI,  biftee,  a  village  of  the  Island  of  Sardinia,  division 
of  Sassari,  58  miles  S.E.  of  Sassari.    Pop.  2C86. 

BITTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glouwistcr 

BITTOOil',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
province  of  Allahabad,  on  the  Ganges,  9  miles  N.AA'   c* 


BIT 


BLA 


Cawnpcor.  to  -which  place  the  British  civil  station  was  re- 
hioveil  In  1820. 

lUTUKIGES.    See  Bocrges. 

BIVKRl,  be-vA'ree,  BTVIKRE,  be-Te-A'rA,  or  LENTINT, 
len-tce'nee.  a  lake  of  Sicily,  17  miles  W.X.W.  of  Agosta.  In 
winter  it  is  aiiout  19  miles  in  circuit,  but  much  of  it  is  in 
summer  a  mere  marsh.  Its  proprietor,  the  Prince  of  Butera, 
derives  consideralOe  revenue  by  farminp  out  its  fisheries  of 
eels,  muilets,  A-c,  iii  which  from  60  to  tO  boats  are  usually 
enpaired. 

BIVIO.    SeeSTALtA. 

BIvaxOSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BIVON.A,  be-vo'nj.  (anc.  Hippolnium  and  Vifho,)  a  town 
of  Sicily.  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Girgenti.    Pop.  2382. 

BIX,  biks,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BIX'LKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BIYSK.    See  Busk. 

BIZK,  beez.  n  village  of  France,  department  of  Aude,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Narbonne.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 1135. 

BIZK-NISTOS.  bei'//nees'tos',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilautes-Pvrenees.    Pop.  of  commune,  3419. 

BIZEUTA,  be-zJa/td.  or  BENZERTA,  b6n-z6R'tl  (.inc. 
Hip'pri  ZarHtus  or  ZaHytux)  the  most  northern  t«wn  of  Africa, 
and  a  fortified  seaport  of  Tunis,  at  the  head  of  a  gulf  of  the 
Mediterranean,  and  at  the  mouth  of  a  lagoon,  38  miles  N.W. 
of  Tunis.  Pop.  10,000.  It  is  about  1  mile  in  circumference, 
and  defended  by  two  castles,  but  comniiinded  by  adjacent 
heights.  Though  its  port  now  admits  only  small  vessels,  it 
was  f  irmerly  one  of  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean. 

BJ.  Names  of  places  in  Russia,  &c.,  beginning  with  these 
letters,  are  referred  to  Bi. 

BJi  )RKO,  (Bjcirko,)  byoR/ko,  an  island  of  Sweden  in  Lake 
Ma?lar,  alxjut  13  miles  from  Stockholm.  It  is  supposed  that 
here  stood  the  famed  and  great  city  Bjcirko,  and  ruins 
of  walls,  gates,  Ac.  seem  to  confirm  the  accuracy  of  the  sup- 
position. 

BLA'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BLACK,  a  township  in  Perry  co..  Indiana. 

BLACK  AND  WHITES,  a  post-offlce  of  Nottaway  co., 
Virginia. 

BLACK/ANTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co..  of  Devon. 

BLACK  BAYOU,  (bi'oo,)  a  small  stream  of  Terre  Bonne 
parish,  Louisiana,  communicates  through  Atchafalaya  Bayou 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  navigable  by  small  steamers 
rom  the  gulf  to  Tigerville. 

BLACK/BERRY,  a  post-township  In  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1080. 

BLACK'BIRD,  a  post-ofBce  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware. 

BLACK'BOROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BLACK  BROOK,  a  post-town.ship  of  Clinton  co.,  New 
York,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Plattsburg,  is  intersected  by  the  Sa- 
ranac  River.     Pop.  3-lo2. 

BLACK'BURN.  a  parliamentiry  borough,  parish,  and 
market-town  of  England,  co.  of  LaneasttT,  22  miles  N.N.W. 
of  .Manchester.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  in  ISfil,  63,125.  It 
stands  in  a  barren  district,  and  is  irregularly  built.  The 
church  was  rebuilt  in  a  magnificent  style  in  1819,  at  a  cost 
of  26,000?.,  and  in  the  pai-ish  are  22  perpetual  curacies. 
Here  are  numerous  dissenting  chapels,  a  grammar  school 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  having  an  annuiil  reve- 
nue of  about  120/.,  numerous  other  schools,  in  which  up- 
wards of  5000  children  are  educated,  an  Independents'  theo- 
logical academy,  a  cloth-hall,  theatre,  lying-in-hospital,  horti- 
cultural society,  assembly-rooms,  and  several  banks.  Black- 
burn is  the  seat  of  flourishing  manufactures  of  cotton  goods, 
(especially  of  the  coarser  kinds  of  calicoes  and  muslins,)  of 
which  from  50,000  to  60,000  pieces  are  manufactured  weekly 
In  the  town  and  vicinity,  employing  about  10,500  persons. 
The  annual  value  of  goods  produced  is  estimated  at  above 
2,00O.000J.  The  abundance  of  coal  iu  the  vicinity,  and  the 
proximity  of  the  London  and  Liverpool  Canal,  have  greatly 
contributed  to  its  commercial  importance,  and  it  communi- 
cates by  railway  with  Bolton,  Bury,  Manchester,  ke.  Since 
the  reform  act  it  has  sent  two  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  James  Ilargreaves,  the  inventor  of  the  spin- 
ning-jennv.  was  a  native  of  Blackburn. 

BLACK'BURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BLACK  CREKK,  a  small  stream  of  Alleghany  co.,  New 
York,  flows  north-eastward,  and  enters  the  Genesee  River  4 
or  5  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Angelica.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal 
follo%vs  the  course  of  this  creek  for  about  10  miles. 

BLACK  CREEK  of  John.son  co..  North  Carolina,  flows  into 
the  Neuse  a  few  miles  below  Smithfield. 

BLACK  CREEK  of  Mississippi,  rises  in  Marion  CO.,  and 
flowing  S.E.  enters  the  Pascagoula  River  near  the  centre  of 
Jackson  county. 

BLACK  CREEK  of  South  Carolina,  flows  south-eastward 
through  Darlington  district,  and  enters  the  Great  Pedee  at 
the  S.  extremity  of  Marlborough  district. 

BLACK  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  New 
York,  275  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

BL  \CK  CHEEK,  a  post-township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
Fjlvania.     Pop.  497. 

BLACK  CREEK,  a  postK)pce,  Wayne  co.,  North  Carolina. 


BLACK  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Scrlven  co..  Geordn- 

BL.A.CK  CREEK,  a  township  in  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.  Pop  913 

BLACK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio. 

BLACK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana. 

BLACK  CHEEK,  a  post-otfice  of  Marquette  co.,  ^Viscon- 
sin. 

BLACK  EARTH,  a  post-village  of  Dane  co..  Wisconsin, 
about  15  miles  W.  from  Madison;  contains  a  good  flouring- 
mill. 

BL.\CK  FACE,  a  post-office,  of  Nottowav  co.,  Virginia. 

BLACK  FERRY,  a  post-offlce  of  Randolph  co..  Arkansas. 

BLACK'FEET  INDIANS,  (Fr.  Fieds  Nnirs.  pe-.V  nwaR,'  a 
powerful  and  warlike  tribe  in  the  N.  and  W.  portions  of 
Missouri  Territory. 

BL.\CK'FISH,  a  small  river  of  Arkansas,  flows  through 
Crittenden  county,  into  St.  Francis  River. 

BLACK'FORD,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Somerset. 

BLACK'FORD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

BLACK'FORD,  a  county  in  the  B.N.E.  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  180  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Salamonie 
River.  The  surface  is  partly  level  and  partly  undulating, 
and  the  soil  productive.  The  Salamonie  River  is  a  fine  mill- 
stream.  Blackford  was  organized  in  1837.  Capital,  Hart- 
ford.    Pop.  4122. 

BLACKFORD,  a  post-offlce  of  Hancock  co.,  Kentucky 

BLACKFORD.  Indiana.    See  Hartford. 

BLACK  FOREST,  (Ger.  Sclnvarzwald,  fhyiMsf^M.)  a 
mountainous  region  of  South-western  Germany,  in  the 
grand  duchy  of  Baden  and  the  W.  of  WUrtemborg,  between 
lat.  47°  30'  and  49°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  7°  40'  and  9°  E.,  separat- 
ing the  basins  of  the  Rhine  and  Neckar.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  extensive  forests,  and  its  mines  of  silver,  copper, 
zinc,  lead,  and  iron ;  in  many  places  it  is  3700  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  the  Feldberg,  4ri75  feet  in  elevation,  is  the  loftiest 
mountain  in  Western  Germany.  The  Danube,  Neckar, 
Kinzlg.  Murg,  Eltz,  Ac,  rise  in  this  region,  the  inhaViitjints 
of  which  are  mainly  engaged  in  rearing  live  stock,  trading 
In  timber,  manufacturing  wooden  clocks,  toys,  and  woollfn 
febrics.  ScriWARZWALi)  (Black  Forest)  is  one  of  the  four  circles 
of  the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemburg.  It  was  included  in  the  Hi-r- 
o/nHa  St/Ova  of  the  ancient  Romans.  The  mountains  of  the 
Schwarzwald  were  sometimes  called  Herci/n'ii  MnnUfs. 

BLACK  FORK,  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Mo- 
hiccan  River. 

BL.VCK  HALL,  a  district  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia. 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part 
of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  576  s<iuare  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Cedar  River,  which  flows  in  a  S.E.  direction,  dividing 
it  into  nearly  equal  parts.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are 
estimated  to  be  more  extensive  than  the  timbered  land. 
Capital,  Waterloo.     Pop.  8244. 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  small  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BLACK  H.\W^K,  a  post^village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi, 
80  miles  N.  from  Jackson. 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  village  of  Clark  cc,  Missouri,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Des  Moines  River. 

BLACK  H.\.WK,  a  post-offlce  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

BLACK  HAWK  CREEK,  Iowa,  enters  the  Red  Ced.ar 
River  in  Black  Hawk  co. 

BLACK  HAWK  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Concordia  co., 
Louisiana. 

BLACK  HEAD,  a  cape  in  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  E.  of 
Lizard  Point ;  lat.  50°  N.,  Ion.  6°  7'  Vf. 

BLACK  HEAD,  a  cape  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co..  of  An- 
trim, N.  of  the  entrance  of  Belfast  Lough;  lat.  64°46'N., 
Ion.  5°  42' W. 

BLACK  HEAD,  a  cape  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare, 
S.  side  of  Galway  Bay ;  lat.  53°  9'  N.,  Ion.  9°  16'  W. 

BLACK  H  EAD,  a  cape  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigtown,  6  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Stranraer. 

BLACK'HEATH,  an  open  common  in  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  5  miles  S.E.  of  London,  and  mostly  in  the  parish  of 
Greenwich,  and  adjoining  its  park.  It  is  bordered  by  nu- 
merous handsome  villas  and  rows  of  houses;  and  on  it  are 
two  Episcopal  chapels,  and  Morden  College;  the  last  named 
founded  for  decayed  merchants  by  Sir  J.  Morden,  baronet, 
in  1695,  has  an  annual  revenue  of  about  5000?.,  and  sup- 
ports a  chaplain  and  30  brethren  above  50  years  of  ago. 
Blackheath  is  crossed  by  the  Roman  WatUng  Street;  on  it 
various  sepulchres  and  other  remains  of  the  middle  ages 
have  been  discovered ;  and  it  was  the  scene  of  several  in- 
surrectionary movements,  including  those  of  Wat  Tyler  and 
Cade.  It  is  now  a  favorite  place  of  holiday  resort  for  the 
inh.abitants  of  the  metropolis,  and  fairs  are  held  there.  May 
12  and  October  11. 

BLACK'HEATH,  a  large,  elevated  tract  of  heath  land  in 
England,  co.  of  Surrey,  from  Z  to  t>  miles  S.E.  of  Guildford. 

BLACK  HETH,  a  post-office  of  Chesterfield  co.,  ■\'irginia. 

BLACK  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Kaufman  co.,  Texas. 

BLACK  HILLS,  the  name  of  a  mountain  range  in  Mis- 
souri Territory:  commencing  near  the  Missouri  River,  in 
about  47°  N.  lat.,  and  103°  W.  Ion.,  it  extends  nearly  along 
this  meridian  to  about  43°  N.  lat.,  and  then  suddenly 

22» 


BLA 


BLA 


chnoges  its  diroction,  running  nearly  due  W.  till  it  is  lost 
litw  ug  the  spurs  of  tin>  Rocky  Mountains.  It  divides  the 
txlbutaries  of  the  Yellow  Stone  from  those  of  the  Missoui'i 
on  the  K.,  and  from  those  of  the  Platte  River  on  the  S. 
Laramie  Peak,  the  highest  known  summit  of  this  range, 
has  in  f>levati(7n  of  about  8000  feet  above  the  sea.  Recent 
explorations  have  shown  that  the  portion  running  N.  and 
S.  is  much  nearer  to  the  Missouri  River  than  was  formerly 
supposed ;  in  consequence  of  which,  several  affluents  of  that 
river  are  considerably  shorter  than  they  are  usually  repre- 
sented on  the  maps. 

BLACK  HOLE.    ?^  Calcutta. 

BLACK  HOLK,  post    ffice.  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BLACK  HORSE,  a  po^t-office  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

BLACK  JACK,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  Louisiana. 

BLACK  JACK,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas. 

BLACK  JACK,  a  post-office  of  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BLACK  JACK,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois. 

BLACK  JACK  GROVE,  a  village  of  Hopkins  co.,  Texas. 

BLACK  JACK  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg 
district,  South  Carolina. 

BLACK  LAKE,  a  post-office,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York. 

BLACK  LAKE,  of  Katchitoches  pari.sh,  Louisiana,  is 
formed  by  a  bayou  of  its  own  name,  and  discharges  its  wa- 
ters through  Saline  Bayou. 

BLACK  LAKE  BAYOU,  of  Louisiana,  rises  in  Claibourne 
parish,  enters  Black  Lake,  in  Natchitoches  p;irish. 

BLACK  L.'VND,apost-officeof  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi. 

BLACK'LEY  or  BLAKE'IA',  a  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster,  4  miles  N.  of  Manchester.  Some  of  the  largest 
dye-works  in  England  are  established  here. 

BLACK'LEYVILLE  or  BLACKLEYSVILLE,  a  post-vil- 
lage in  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  about  8  miles  S.AV.  of  Wooster. 

BLACK  LICK,  a  post-township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 12  miles  S.  by  VV.  from  Indiana.     Pop.  22o9. 

BLACK  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

BLACK  LICK  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Cone- 
maugh.  in  Indiana  co. 

BLACK  LOG  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  extends  from 
the  Juniata  River  south-westward,  along  the  S.E.  boundary 
of  Mifflin  county,  separating  it  from  Juniata  county. 

BLACK'LEYSVILLE.    See  Blackletville. 

BLACKLOW-IIILL,  England,  is  li  miles  N.  of  Warwick. 
A  stone  cross  here  marks  the  spot  where  Piers  Gaveston,  the 
favorite  of  Edward  II..  was  beheaded  by  the  barons  in  1312. 

BLACK'MARSTONE,  parish  of  England.  See  Dymchurch. 

BLACK  MINGO,  a  post-office  of  Williamsburgh  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BLACK'MORE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BLACK  MOUNTAIN,  of  North  Carolina,  is  a  semi-circular 
mass  of  land  about  20  miles  in  length,  and  approaching  in  a 
part  of  its  course  to  within  3  miles  of  Blue  Ridge  Mountains, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  outlying  ridge.  It  contains 
Cllngman's  and  Mitchell's  Peaks,  the  former,  as  measured  by 
Hon.  T.  L.  Clingman  in  Sept.  1S55,  in  honor  of  whom  it  is 
named,  6941,  and  the  latter  G732  feet  in  height,  being  the 
most  elevated  land  E.  of  the  Slississippi.  Black  Mountain 
derives  its  name  from  the  dark  green  foliage  of  the  forests 
of  the  balsam  tir-tree  which  line  its  top  and  sides. 

BLACK  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  McDowell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BLACK'NESS,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow,  on 
theFrithof  Forth,14milesW.N.V\.of  Ertinburch.  A  castle 
here,  gaiTisoned  by  a  small  force,  was  anciently  the  Roman 
fort  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  wall  of  Antoninus. 

BLACK  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Charleston  district.  South 
Carolina. 

BLACK  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Wavne  co.,  Illinois. 

BLACK  OAK  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Hardeman  co., 
Tennessee. 

BLACK  OAK  POINT,  a  post-office.  Hickory  co.,  Missouri. 

BLACK'POOL,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on 
the  coast,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Poulton.  Pop.  in  18f)l,  2180.  It 
is  a  sea-bjithing  station,  and  communicates  by  a  branch  with 
the  Preston  and  Wyre  Railway.  The  number  of  visitors  at 
one  time,  during  the  bathing  season,  varies  from  2000  to  COOO. 

BLACK  RIVER,  a  river  of  Jamaica,  after  a  very  tortuous 
southward  cour.se  of  33  miles,  enters  Black-river  Bay,  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea.  At  its  mouth  is  Black-river  village,  for  25 
miles  above  which  it  is  navigable  for  b-^ats. 

BLACK  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Ireland,  tributary  to 
the  Suir. 

BL.ACK  RIVER,  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont,  falls  into  the 
Connecticut  River,  a  little  below  Springfield. 
_  BLACK  RIVER,  of  Orleans  CO.,  in  the  N.  part  of  Vermont, 
lalls  into  Meniphremagog  Lake. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  New  York,  rises  in  Herkimer  co., 
and  flows  north-westward  through  Oneida  and  Lewis  coun- 
ties to  the  Great  Bend.  Below  this  it  pursues  a  westerly 
course,  and,  passing  by  Watertown,  flows  through  Black 
River  Bay  into  Lake  Ontario.  The  whole  length  is  about 
125  miles,  and  the  breadth  at  Watertown  (6  miles  from  its 
mouth)  is  60  yards.  There  is  a  fall  of  63  feet  near  Turin, 
Lewis  county,  below  which  the  river  is  navigable  about  40 
miles  to  Carthage.  From  the  latter  place  to  Watertown  the 
230 


navigation  is  obstructed  by  extensive  rapids.  A  ciinal  has 
.been  opened  from  the  Upper  Palls  to  the  Erie  Canal  at 
Rome. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  New  Jersey.    See  Lamington  RrvEK. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  near  the  N.W. 
border  of  Sumpter  district,  and  flowing  in  a  south-easterly 
course,  falls  into  the  Pedee  Rivei',  near  its  mouth,  and  a  few 
miles  above  Georgetown. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  Louisiana.     See  Washita. 

BLACK  RIVER  or  BIG  BLACK  RIVER,  of  Mi.ssouri  and 
Arkansas,  the  largest  affluent  of  White  River,  rises  in  the 
S.E.  part  of  the  former  State,  and,  flowing  in  a  general 
southerly  course,  enters  the  White  River  about  40  miles  be- 
low Batesville,  in  Arkansas.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats 
during  9  months  of  the  year,  for  about  100  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Its  whole  length  is,  perhaps,  400  miles.  It  abounds 
with  trout  and  other  excellent  iish. 

BLACK  RIVER,  formed  by  two  branches  which  rise  in 
the  N.part.  of  A.shlandco.,Ohio,  flows  in  a  general  northerly 
direction,  and,  after  traversing  Lorain  county,  empties  itself 
into  Lake  Erie. 

BLACK  RIVER  or  NORTH  BLACK  RIVER,  of  Michi- 
gan,  a  small  stream  which  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  the  State, 
and  enters  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  line  between  Allegan  and 
Ottawa  counties. 

BLACK  RIVER  or  DELUDE,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Sani- 
lac county,  and,  flowing  nearly  sov\thward,  enters  St.  Clair 
River  at  Port  Huron,  2  miles  S.  from  Lake  Huron.  The 
whole  length  is,  perhaps,  80  miles.  Small  vessels  can  a.scend 
20  miles  from  its  mouth. 

BLACK  RIVER  or  SOUTH  BLACK  RIVER,  of  Michi- 
gan, a  small  stream  which  enters  Lake  Michigan  at  South 
Haven,  in  Van  Buren  county. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  ri.ses  in  Johnson  county, 
and,  flowing  north-eastward,  falls  into  Lamine  River,  in 
Cooper  county,  about  20  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Branclw.s. — The  Clear  Fork  enters  the  river  from  the  right, 
in  Johnson  county.  Dan's  Fork  flows  into  it  from  the  left, 
in  Saline  county.  The  Salt  Fork  flows  through  Saline 
county,  and  enters  the  river  from  the  left.  These  are  more 
properly  affluents  than  branches. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Marathon  county, 
in  the  N.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flows  in  a  south- 
westerly course  through  La  Crosse  county  into  the  Mis.sis- 
sippi.  It  is  200  yards  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  maintains 
that  width  for  about  50  miles  to  the  falls,  which  are  at  the 
head  of  navigation  for  small  boats.  The  Indian  name  is 
Sappah. 

BLACK  RIVER,  of  Mis.souri  Territory,  fells  into  the  N. 
fork  of  Platte  River,  about  150  miles  below  Fort  Laramie. 

BLACK  RIVER,  a  po.st-office  of  Jefferson  co..  New  Y'ork, 

BLACK  RIVER,  a  township  in  Independence  co.,  Arkan- 
sas.   Pop.  742. 

BLACK  RIVER,  a  township  in  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  663. 

BLACK  RIVER,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Loniin  co., 
Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River,  124  miles 
N.N.E.  from  Columbus,  and  8  miles  N.  from  Elyria.  Pop. 
787.  The  village  is  the  principal  port  of  the  county,  having 
a  beacon  and  several  warehouses. 

BLACK  RIVER  CHAPEL,  a  post-office  of  New  Hanover 
CO.,  North  Carolina. 

BLACK  RIVER  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  La  Crosse  co., 
Wisconsin. 

BLACKROCK',  a  town  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  and  4 
miles  S.E.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Dublin  and  Kingston  Railway, 
and  on  the  S.  shore  of  Dublin  Bay.  Pop.  2372.  It  is  a 
place  of  summer  resort  for  bathing. 

BLACKROCK,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth,  at  the 
head  of  a  small  bay,  about  2J  miles  S.E.  of  Dundalk.  Pop.  507. 

BLACKROCK,  a  vilKige  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co..  and 
3  miles  E.  of  Cork,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Lee.  Pop.  300.  It 
comprises  many  handsome  villas,  among  which  is  Castle- 
Mahon,  the  residence  of  Lady  Chatterton ;  a  nunnery.  Black- 
rock  Castle,  and  many  other  antique  edifices. 

BLACK  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

BLACK  HOCK  HARUOIi.     See  Fairiielt). 

BLACK  ROCK,  a  post-town  of  Erie  co..  New  York,  at  the 
commencement  of  Niagara  River,  aliout  2  miles  below  Buf 
falo.  It  now  constitutes  a  part  of  Buffalo,  with  which  it 
has  recently  been  incorporated.  It  has  5  or  6  stores,  and  3 
churches,  viz :  1  Presbyterian,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Baptist. 
It  possesses  abundant  water-power,  furnished  by  the  N  iagara 
River :  there  are  numerous  flour-mills,  and  other  establisli- 
ments. 

BLACK  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryl.ind. 

BLACK  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Rappahannock  co.,  Vir 
ginia. 

BLACK'ROD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancasti^r,  pa- 
rish of  Bolton,  near  the  Wigan  and  Preston  Railway,  4| 
miles  S.E.  of  Chnrley.   Pop.  2615. 

BLACK'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Wilcox  co.,  Alabama, 

BLACKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Vi^ 
ginia,  about  200  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Richmond.  Pop 
250. 


BLA 

BLACK*  or  KTJXIXE  (uk'sin)  SKA,  (Fr.  Mer-Xmre,  malR  ' 
nw3n;  anc.  Ptm'tus  EuxVnux;  Turk.  Kara  Drtigis,  kJ'ri 
deng'is.)  a  jri-eat  inland  sea  between  Kurope  and  Asia,  be- 
tween lat.  40°  45'  and  46°  45'  N.,  and  Ion.  27°  .30'  and  41°  50' 
E.  Extreme  length,  700  miles;  greatest  breadth,  3So  miles. 
It  is  surrounded  by  the  countries  of  Russia,  Armenia,  and 
Asiatic  and  Kuropcaii  Turkey,  and  communicates  by  the 
Strait  of  renikale  with  the  .Sea  of  Azof  on  the  N.E.,  and  by 
the  Biwpborus,  with  the  Sea  of  Marmora  in  the  S.W.  The 
shores  of  the  Euxine  are  bold  and  high  on  theN.E.,  E.,  and 
S.W.,  but  flat  on  the  N.  and  N.W.;  its  depth  varies  from  4 
to  48  fathoms  near  its  shores,  but  in  the  middle  no  sound- 
ings have  been  obtiiined  at  160  fathoms.  The  water  con- 
tains one-seventh  less  salt  than  the  ocean,  and  is  so  fresh 
that  it  freezes  very  ea.sily.  It  has  numerous  small  ports; 
but  the  only  gulf  of  inipurtance  is  that  of  Kerkinit.  between 
the  Crimea  and  the  continent  of  Russia.  There  are  several 
Islands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  but  few  rocks  or 
nhoal.s— the  largest  of  these,  Serpent  Island,  is  furnished 
with  a  light-house.  The  chief  affluents  of  the  Euxine  are 
the  Danube,  Dniester,  Bug,  Dnieper,  the  Don,  (by  the  Sea  of 
Azof  and  the  Strait  of  Yenikale.)  and  the  Kooban  in  Kurope; 
and  the  Kizil-Irmak  and  Sakareeyah  in  Asia.  It  is  calcu- 
lated that  the  Ulack  Sea  receives  one-third  of  the  running 
waters  of  Europe,  and  in  consequence  of  this  immense  in- 
flux, it  is  believed  that  a  current  flows  constantly  to  the 
Mediterranean:  but  recent  investigation  shows  that  this,  as 
well  as  the  opinion  that  the  Sea  of  >Iarmora  is  lower  than 
the  Euxine.  is  founded  in  error.  {Ilonuu.  de  Hdl.  Bulletin 
Soc.  de  Geog.,  1848.)  The  Black  Sea  has  no  tide;  it  is  liable 
to  frequent  storms,  such  as  are  generally  met  with  in  great 
lakes  and  inclosed  se.as;  but  its  navigation  is  so  fcir  from 
being  dangerous,  as  formerly  represented,  that  probably  no 
sea  of  eiiual  extent  is  more  sjife.  It  is  traversed  regularly 
by  steam-packets  between  Constantinople  and  the  mouths 
of  the  Danube,  and  between  the  principal  ports  of  Russia. 
The  Black  Sea  extended  at  a  remote  period  much  farther  B. 
and  N.  than  it  does  now,  occiipying  the  whole  of  the  vast 
plains  and  steppes  that  surround  the  Caspian  and  the  Sea 
of  Aral,  in  Tartary,  neither  of  which  had  then  a  separate 
existence,  being  included  in  this  greiit  Inland  se.i.  The 
amount  of  evaporation  which  takes  place  in  the  Black  Sea 
must  be  very  gre.at,  as  the  discharge  by  the  Bosphorus  Is 
wholly  insufficient  to  account  for  the  disposal  of  the  Im- 
mense quantities  of  water  passed  into  it  by  its  rivers.  Ilovr 
It  should  retain  its  saltness.  notwithstanding  this  large  and 
constant  accession  of  fresh  water,  has  not  yet  been  satis- 
&ctorilv  explained. 

BL.iCK'SHIRK'S,  a  post-ofRce  of  Marion  co.,  Virginia. 

B[j.4CK'S0U  B.VY,  an  extensive  inlet  on  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Mavo.    Lat.  of  entrance,  54°  5'  N-,  Ion.  10°  W. 

BLACK  S l> id N'G,  a  post-village  of  Baldwin  co.,  Georgia, 
about  l.'>8  miles  N.\V.*of  .Savannah. 

BLACK'STAIRS,  a  mountain  range  of  Ireland,  forming 
part  of  the  boundary  between  the  counties  of  Carlow  and 
Wexford.    Mount  Leinster,  2610  feet,  is  the  highest  peak. 

BLACK'STOCKS,  a  postKifflce  of  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BL.A.CK'STONE.  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Bl.acUstone  River,  and  on  the  Providence 
and  Worcester  Railroad,  at  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Norfolk 
County  Railroad.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.  It  has  a  bank, 
and  the  Blackstons  Manufacturing  Company,  who  produce 
10.000.000  vards  of  printed  cloths  annually.     Pop.  5453. 

BLACK'STOXE-EDGK.a  range  of  high  hills,  mostly  moor- 
land, forming  part  of  '-the  Backbone  of  England,"  in  the 
counties  of  York  and  Lancaster.  6  miles  E.X.K.  of  Roch- 
dale. A  stone,  dividing  the  counties  of  York  and  Lancaster, 
stands  on  the  summit  of  these  bills. 

BLACK'STONK  RIVER,  in  Massivchusetts.  rises  In  Wor- 
cester CO.,  and  running  in  a  S.E.  course,  meets  the  tide- 
waters in  Providence  River.  The  Bl.ackstone  Canal  follows 
this  river  from  Worcester  to  within  about  8  miles  of  its 
mouth.    It  affords  valuable  water-power. 

BLACKS'VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Monongalia  CO.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia, 20  miles  N.W.  of  .Morgantown.  The  line  Ijetween  Vir- 
ginia and  Pennsylvania  passes  through  the  village.  It  has 
a  few  stores. 

BLACK  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio. 

BLACKTAIL,  a  large  shoal  off  the  Engli.sh  coast,  co.  of 
Eisex,  in  the  estuary  of  the  Thames,  below  Canvey  Island. 
A  beacon  has  been  placed  on  It. 

*  The  name  Black  Sea  is  said  to  have  been  given  by  the  Turks, 
who,  being  accustomed  only  to  the  navigation  of  tlie  Archipelago, 
where  the  numerouj  islands  and  tlieir  convenient  ports  offered 
many  places  of  refuge  in  ease  of  danger,  found  the  traversing 
such  an  open  expanse  of  water  very  perilous,  and  accordingly 
expressed  their  fears  by  the  epithet  "black"  (kara.)  Partly  on 
the  same  account,  and  partly  because  the  shores  of  this  sea  were 
occupied  by  barbarous  nations  *b.e  ancient  Greeks  first  called  it 
•gjiios,  (ajcenoa,)  i.e.  "inhosf.icable ;"  but  afterwards,  when  they 
h!id  become  be'^er  a>quaiated  with  the  art  of  navigation,  and 
had  establishta  numerous  colonies  on  the  shores,  they  changed 
the  bamt  co  tvjcwj  or  iviuvos,  (tuxenoa  or  euxeinos,)  i.e.  "hos- 
piublc." 


BLA 

BLACKTOFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York  Ea^ 
Riding,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Ouse  and  Trent 

BL.iCK'VILLE,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BLACKVILLE.  a  small  post-village  of  Barnwell  distnrt. 
South  Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  90  mxles 
W.N.W.  of  Charleston. 

BLACK'WALL'.  a  suburb  of  the  English  metropolis,  co. 
of  Middlesex,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lee  and  the  Thames, 
4  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Paul's.  Pop.  with  the  parish,  in  IS.^il, 
28,384.  Here  are  the  East  and  West  India  docks^and  nu- 
merous yards  for  shii)-building.  A  railway  3$  miles  in 
length,  connects  Blackwall  with  the  city  of  London,  and  is 
raised  above  the  streets  on  a  brick  viaduct,  the  trains  being 
propelled  by  locomotive  engines.  By  this  route  many  pag- 
sengors  now  proceed  to  embark  in  steamers  at  Blackwall  In- 
stead of  London  Bridge,  and  thus  avoid  the  dangers  ana 
delay  of  the  "  Pool." 

BLACK  WAL'NUT,  a  post-village  of  Halifax  co.,  Virginia. 
138  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

BLACK  WAR'RIOR  RIVKR.  in  Alabama,  ia  formed  by 
the  .Mulberry  fork  and  IjOCU.st  fork,  which  unit,j  near  the  S 
extremity  of  Walker  county.  The  river  then  flows  south- 
westerly, and  passing  by  Tuscaloosa  and  Eut.iw.  falls  into 
the  Tombigbee  a  little  above  Demopolis.  It  is  navigable  for 
stoamboiits  150  miles  from  its  mouth,  whi<h  Is  nearly  the 
whole  extent  of  the  main  stream.  Large  stea^llloats  make 
regular  pa.ssage8  fi-om  Mobile  to  Tuscaloosa,  a  distance  of  305 
miles.  Stone  coal,  iron,  and  other  valuable  minerals  are 
found  along  its  banks.  This  river  is  sometimes  called  Tus- 
cjiloosa,  wliich  was  the  Indian  name. 

BLACK'WATER,  a  neat  village  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 
at  its  X.K.extremity,  on  the  Blackwater  River,  3  miles  N.N.W. 
of  the  Farnlxiro  station  of  the  South-western  Railway. 

BLACK'WATKR,  a  township  of  Ireland,  co ,  and  5  miles 
N.W.  of  .\rmagh. 

BLACK'WATER,  a  township  of  Ireland,  co.  and  9  miles 
N.K.  of  Wexford. 

BLACK'WATKR.  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Cork,  rises  about  16  miles  N.K.  of  Killarney.  flows  at  first 
southward  but,  afterwards  E.  to  Cappm|uin,  where  it  al> 
ruptly  turns  again  southward,  and  enters  the  sea  at  Youghal, 
after  a  course  estimated  at  100  miles.  The  tide  rises  in  it  to 
Cappoquin.  to  which  town  it  Is  navigable:  and  besides 
which.  Mallow,  Fermoy,  Lismore,  and  Youghal  are  on  its 
bank.s.  The  chief  affluents  are  the  Dundalo,  A  wbeg,  Fun- 
cheon.  and  Bride. 

BLACK'WATKR,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  cos.  of  Ty- 
rone  and  .\rmagh,  falls  into  Lough-Neagh  at  its  S.W.  corner. 
Caledon  and  Charlemont  are  the  principal  towns  on  its 
banks,  at  which  last  it  receives  the  Ulster  Canal.  BlacK- 
w.\TER  is  the  name  of  several  smaller  rivers  in  Ireland. 

BLACK'W.4TKR,  (anc.  Iduman'vi,)H  river  of  Knpland.  co. 
of  Essex,  rises  near  Saffron-walden,  flows  south-eastward, 
after  uniting  with  the  Chelmer,  fiills  Into  the  arm  of  the 
North  Sea  called  Blackwater  Bay. 

BLACK'WATER,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  rises 
near  Cranbrook,  and  Is  tributary  to  the  Stour. 

BLACK'WATKR.  a  river  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Il.ants.  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  that  county  and  Berks,  and 
joins  the  Loddon  5}  miles  S.W.  of  Wokingham. 

BliACK  WATKR,  a  post-offlce  of  Sussex  Co..  Delaware. 

BLACK  AVATKR,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co.,  Virginia. 

BL.\CK  W.\TER,  a  post-offlce  of  Kemper  co..  !Mississippi. 

BLACK  W.\TKR.  a  post-office  of  Morgan  CO..  Kentucky. 
■     BLACK'WATER  CRKKK  of  Walker  c*,  Alabama,  enters 
the  Mulberry  fork  of  Black  Warrior  River. 

BLACK'WATKR  RIVER,  in  Merrimack  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, falls  into  the  Contoocook  Kiver  about  8  miles  N.W.  of 
Concord. 

BLACK'WATER  RIVER.  In  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  rise? 
at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flows  eastward  through 
Franklin  county  into  the  Staunton  River. 

BLACK'^VAfKR  RIVER,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  rises 
in  Prince  George  co.,  and  flowing  in  a  general  S.E.  course, 
falls  into  Nottow.ay  River  near  the  boundary  between  Vir- 
ginia and  North  Carolina,  after  foi-ming  the  boundary  be- 
tween Southampton  on  the  right,  and  Isle  of  Wight  and 
Nansemond  counties  on  the  left. 

BLACK'WATKRTOWN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Armagh,  on  the  Blackwater  River,  here  communicating 
with  the  Ulster  Canal,  2J  miles  S.S.W.  of  Moy.  Pop.  369. 
Here  was  a  fort  famous  in  the  rebellion  of  O'Neil,  in  the  six- 
teenth century. 

BLACK'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby.  Seve- 
ral townships  in  the  counties  of  Durham  and  Cumberland 
have  this  name. 

BLACIv'WELL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co,  of  Worcester, 
with  a  station  on  the  Bristol  and  Birmingham  Railway,  2 
miles  N,  of  Bromsgrove, 

BLACK'WELL,  a  post-offlce  of  Caswell  co,.  North  Carolina. 

BL.\CK'^VELL'S,  a  village  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  Millstone  River.  (S\  miles  S.  of  Somerville. 

BLACK'WELL'S  ISLAND,  in  the  East  River,  opposite  New 
York,  is  theseat  of  the  city  penitentiary. 

231 


BLA 

BLACK  WOLF,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wiscon- 
«in,  73  miles  X.N.E.  of  Madison. 

BLAClv'WOOD  RIV£R,  iu  Western  Australia,  cos.  of 
Durham  and  Nolson,  flows  successively  W.  and  S.,  and 
enters  tiio  Hardy  Inlet  6  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta,  in  lat,  34° 
14'  S.,  Ion.  Ito"  12'  E.  It  traverses  a  well  wooded  and  good 
grazing  country,  and  is  navigable  for  boats  to  25  miles  from 
the  sea. 

BLACK/WOODTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Camden 
CO.,  New  Jer.sey,  on  Big  Timber  Creek,  12  miles  S.S.E.of  Cam- 
den.   It  has  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  stores  and  mills. 

BLA'BEN,  bli'den,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  circle 
of  Oppeln.     It  has  a  castle,  and  1071  inhabitants. 

BLA'DEN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
has  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Cape  Fear  Kiver,  and  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  South  Kiver. 
The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  is  diversified  by  a  num- 
ber of  small  and  beautiful  lakes,  which  abound  with  trout 
and  other  fish.  Some  of  these  lakes  are  3  or  4  miles  in  dia- 
meter. The  soil  of  the  county  is  sandy,  and  rests  on  exten- 
sive beds  of  marl.  Tar,  turjientine,  and  other  products  are 
procured  from  the  pine  forests.  Cape  Fear  Kiver  is  naviga- 
ble by  steamboats  through  this  county.  Capital,  Elizabeth. 
The  county  was  formed  in  1734,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Martin  Bladen,  one  of  the  lords  commissioners  of  trade  and 
plantations.     Pop.  11,995. 

BL.-VDEN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Stewart  co.,  Georgia. 

BLA'DENSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Prince  George  co.,  M.a- 
ryland,  on  the  Eastern  branch  of  the  Potomac,  and  on  the 
Baltimore  and  Washington  Kailroaii,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Wash- 
ington.    Pop.  aiwut  500. 

BLA'DENSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  43 
miles  in  a  direct  line  N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  land  around 
it  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated. 

BLA'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford,  IJ  miles  S. 
of  Woodstock.  An  almshouse  foi;  poor  women  here,  was,  in 
1798,  endowed  by  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough  with  30001. 
consols. 

BLADON'S  LANDING,  a  village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Alabama, 
on  theTombigbee  River,  4  miles  above  Coffeeville. 

BLADON'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  and  fashionable  wa- 
tering place  of  Choctaw  co.,  Alabama. 

BLAEN-IIONDDAN,  blln-hon'THan,  a  hamlet  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Glamorgan,  parish  ofCadoxton,  3  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Neath.   Pop.  1150,  partly  employed  in  copper-mines. 

BLAEN-PORTII,  blin'portli',  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Ca.-digan. 

BLAG'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BLAGNAC,  bldn^ydk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-Garonne,  2  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, 1538. 

BLAIN,  bl^x",  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-In- 
lerieure,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nantes,  on  the  Isac.  Pop.,  with 
commune,  in  1852,  G170.  Here  ax-e  ruins  of  an  ancient 
castle,  formerly  a  strong  fortress. 

BLAIN,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BLAINE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Kentucky. 

BLAIN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co., 
Tennessee,  202  miles  from  Nasliville. 

BLAINS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  plank-road  from  Evansville  to  New  Harmony,  13  miles 
N.W.  of  Evansville. 

BLAINVILLE,  bl^NoVeel',  the  name  of  numerous  com- 
munes in  France ;  the  principal  in  the  denartment  of 
Manche,  with  a  vilLige,  6  miles  W.of  Coutances.   Pop.  1770. 

BLAIR,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  central  part  of  Pennsylva' 
nia,  has  an  area  of  (v'lO  square  miles.  The  Little  Juniata  rises 
in  the  N.  part,  and  the  Frankstown  branch  of  the  Juniata 
flows  through  the  county  in  a  north-easterly  direction ;  it  is 
also  drained  by  Clover  Creek.  The  surface  is  very  moun- 
tainous, the  Alleghany  Mountains  forming  the  boundary 
on  the  W.,  and  Tussey's  Mountain  on  the  E.  The  interior 
is  also  traveriksd  by  Dunning's  and  Brush  Mountains.  The 
soil  of  the  limestone  valleys  is  very  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated, but  nearly  half  of  the  county  is  too  rugged  and  ste- 
rile for  tillage.  The  iron-mines  of  this  county  are  rich,  and 
extensively  worked ;  bituminous  co.al  is  found  in  the  moun- 
tain on  tlie  W.  border.  The  Central  Railroad  passes  through 
the  county.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  Portage  Railroad 
terminate  at  the  county  seat.  Formed  in  1S45-6,  out  of 
parts  of  Bedford  and  Huntingdon,  and  named  in  honor  of 
John  Blair,  one  of  the  early  settlers  in  this  region.  Capital, 
UolUdaysburg.     Pop.  27,829. 

BLAIR,  a  townsliip  of  Blair  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.,  in- 
cluding lloUidaysburg,  3645. 

BLAIR-ATH'OL,  or  ATH'OLL,  a  large  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Perth,  and  comprising  all  its  N.  part'  with  a  village, 
30  miles  N.W.  of  Perth.  Estimated  area,  312  square  miles. 
Pop.  2231.  In  it  are  tlie  mountains  of  Benygloe.  (3725  feet,) 
and  Bendearg.  (.3.i50  feet  in  elevation.)  with  the  pass  of  Kil- 
fiecrankie,  Athol  forest,  and  Blair-Athol  Castle,  the  seat  of 
the  Duke  of  Athol. 

BL.MK-GOW'RIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  with 
a  village  on  the  Ericht,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Perth.    Pop.3471, 
employed  in  weaving  and  spinning  yarn. 
•2S2 


BLA 

BLAIR  LOGIE,  blair  lo'gee,  a  small  village  of  Scotland,  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Stirling,  is  much  resorted  to  by  invalids  on 
account  of  the  salubrity  of  its  climate. 

BLAIRS^TOWN.  formerly  GRAVEL  HILL;  a  post-village 
and  township  of  AVarren  co..  New  Jersey,  on  PaulinskTll 
Creek,  85  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Trenton.  It  contains  2  churches, 
a  classical  academy,  a  large  grist  mill,  and  about  30  dwell- 
ings.   Pop.  1642. 

BLAIRS/VILLE,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Indiana  co., 
PeuTisylvania,  on  Conemaugh  liiver.  and  on  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Canal,  75  miles  by  canal  E.  of  Pittsburg,  171  miles  W, 
of  Ilarrisburg.  A  brancli  railroad  connects  it  with  the 
Central  Railroad,  which  is  about  3  miles  distant.  It  is  a 
place  of  active  trade.  The  greater  part  of  the  grain,  pork, 
lumber,  and  coal  which  are  exported  from  the  count v  are 
shipped  at  this  place.  The  river  is  crossed  here  by  a  liand 
some  bridge,  with  a  single  arch  of  295  feet.  Bl.airsvillo  con- 
tains 5  or  6  churches,  1  national  bank,  and  a  number  of 
substantial  buildings  of  brick  and  stone.  Pop.  in  1850. 
1135;  in  1860,1009. 

BLAIRS'VILLE,  a  posfcKjffice  of  York  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

BL.-VIRS'VILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Union  co.,  Geor- 
gia, 165  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Milledgeville.  It  is  surrounded 
by  the  magnificent  mountain  scenery  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
by  a  region  which  is  remarkably  rich  in  minerals.  Among 
these  are  gold,  iron,  and  marble.  The  village  contains  a 
court-house,  2  hotels,  a  scliool.  and  0  stores. 

BL.4.IRS'VILLE,  a  small  post-village  in  Posey  co.,  Indi- 
ana, 120  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis, 

BLAIRS'VILLE,  a  vill.age  of  Williamson  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Big  Muddy  Kiver,  40  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi.   It  was  laid  out  in  1847. 

BLAIS/DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BLAISOIS,  bli'zwj/,  a  former  division  of  France,  in  Or- 
leanois,  of  which  Blois  was  capital,  now  comprised  in  and 
forming  a  great  part  of  the  department  of  Loire-et-Cher. 

BLAISON,  bl;l'sA><:',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  arrondissement  and  10  miles  S.E.  of  An- 
gers, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire.    Pop.  of  commune,  1142. 

bLaKE/LY,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  25 
miles  N.E.  of  Wilkesbarre,  is  drained  by  Lackawanna  River, 
and  contains  large  mines  of  anthracite  coal.    Pop'.  37;)1. 

BLAIvE'LY,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BLAKE'LY.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Early  co.,  Georgia, 
170  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville,  contains  a  cliurdi,  a 
school,  and  several  stores.  It  was  made  the  county  seat  in 
1820. 

BLAKE^LY,  a  post-village,  capitjil  of  Baldwin  co.,  Ala- 
bama, on  the  "Tensaw  Kiver,  at  its  entrance  into  Mobile  Bay, 
about  12  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Mobile.  It  has  a  harbor  accessi- 
ble to  steamboats,  and  contains  a  court-house  and  nume- 
rous stores.  ► 

BLAIvE^MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BLAKE'MOKE  (or  WHITE  HART)  FOREST,  in  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset,  is  a  large  tra.-t,  comprising  several  hundreds 
in  the  N.  and  W.  parts  of  the  county. 

BLAKE'NEY,  a  seaport  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk, 7  miles  E.  of  Wells.  Pop.  in  1851,  1108.  It  has  an 
ancient  church,  and  some  fine  remains  of  antiquity,  com- 
pleted .K.  D.  1321.  Its  harbor  affords  good  shelter :  and  about 
54  vessels,  averaging  60  tons  each,  belonged  to  the  port  iu 
1833. 

BL.^KE'NEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BLA'KENHAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

BLAK'ENHAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

BLAKESTJURG,  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  11  miles 
N.  of  Greencastle,  the  county  town. 

BLAKESBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa. 

BLAKES'LEY,  a  parish  of  lOngland,  co.  of  Northampton, 
4  miles  W.N .W.  of  Towcester.  Blakesley  Hall  is  said  to  have 
been  a  possession  of  the  knights  of  St.  .John. 

BLAliES'VILLE,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  alwut  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Corydon. 

BLAMONT,  bld'mAN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  10  miles  E.  of  Luneville,  on  the  Vezoxize.  Pop.'of 
commune,  in  1852, 2576. 

BL.4M0NT,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Doubs,  9 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Montbfiliard.  I'op.  of  commune,  iu  18.52.718. 
This  small  place  was  protected  by  an  ancient  fortress,  wliich 
was  ruined  in  the  wars  of  1814. 

BLANC,  a  postofflce  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

BLANCA,  blin'ka,  a  town  of  Spain,  20  milec  N.W.  of 
Murcia. 

BL.\N'CHARD,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine, 
about  120  miles  N.  of  Augusta,  intersected  by  Piscataquis 
River.    Pop.  164. 

BLAN'CHARD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Hancock 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1161. 

BLAN'CH.^RD,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Hardin  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  680. 

BLAN'CHARD,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  cf  Putnara  oo,, 
Ohio.    Pop.  1B93. 


BLA 

BL  AN'CHAKD'S  BRIDGK,  a  small  post-village  in  Hancock 
CO.,  Ohio. 

I{L.\N'CIl.\RD'S  FORK  rises  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of 
Ohio,  and  joins  the  Auglaize  River  in  Putnam  county. 

BLANCill'>.  bltNsh,  a  post-offlceof  I*afayette  CO.,  Missouri. 

BLANCH  li  (blinch)  FURNACK,  a  small  village  of  Mercer 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

BLAN'CIIE.STEU,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  15 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Wilmin-^ton.    Pop.  553. 

BLANCIIT/AND.  a  village  and  cbapelry  of  Kngland.  co. 
of  Nrrthumberland,  on  the  Derwent,  9  miles  S.S.l-;.  of  Ile.x- 
bam,  with  the  rem.iins  of  an  abbey  founded  in  1165. 

BLANC,  Le.  leh  blSN".  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Indre.  on  the  Ci'euse.  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chateauroux.  It 
was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  wool-spinning  works  and 
tanneries.     Pop.  in  1S52.  678S. 

BLANC.  MONT.    See  Moxt  Bi.ano. 

BLANCO,  bUnglio,  or  BLANCA.  bllng^kS,  a  Spanish 
word  signifying  "white."  and  forming  a  part  of  various 
names  in  different  parts  of  the  world. 

BLANCO,  CAPK.    See  Cape  Blanco. 

BLAN'DENSA'ILLK  or  BLAN'DKXSBURG,  a  post-village 
of  McDnnongh  co.,  Illinois,  100  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

BLANU'FOIID  FO'HUM,  a  municipal  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  on  the  Stour, 
here  crossed  by  3  bridges,  and  near  the  ford  called  by  the 
Romans  Traj'-cflus  BiUinien/sis,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Dorchester. 
Area  of  parish,  920  acres.  Pop.  3343.  The  town,  in  the 
midst  of  one  of  the  finest  tracts  of  sheep  pasture  in  the  king- 
dom, is  very  ne.atly  and  regularly  built,  with  a  church  in 
the  Grecian  style.  It  has  a  handsome  tawn-hall  and  neat 
theatre,  free-grammnr  and  blue-coat  ^chools  with  small  en- 
dowments, almshouses,  (revenue  120?.,)  a  charitable  ba:iuest, 
now  yielding  300i!.,  and  a  manufacture  of  shirt-buttons. 
It  is  the  polling-place  for  the  county.  It  gives  the  title  of 
Marquis  to  tlie  Duke  of  Marlborough. 

BLAND'FORD  ST.  MARY'S,  a  parish  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  Stour.  communicating  by  bridge,  and  li  miles  S.  of 
Flandford  Forum. 

BLAND'VILLK,  a  post^village,  and  the  capital-of  B;illard 
CO.,  Kentucky,  on  Mayfield  Creek,  about  7  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  the  Mississippi  Riv«r.  It  has  2  churches  and 
several  stores,    i'op.  50U. 

BL.A.N'KA,  bll-ni/i,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  ot,  and  20 
miles  N.W.  of  .Murcia.    Pop.  2240. 

BL.ANES,  blil'-nJs.  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  22  miles  S. 
of  Gerona,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

BLAN'F'JKD,  a  post-township  of  Hampden  co.,  Mass.i- 
chusetts,  15  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Springfield,  is  intersected  by 
branches  of  Westtield  River,  and  has  excellent  water-power. 
Pop.  1256. 

BLANGY,  blSNO^zhee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Seine-Inferieure,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Neufchatel.  Popi  of 
commune,  in  1852, 1811. 

BLANKENBBRGIIK,  bl(ln'k?n-b5Bo\  a  maritime  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  W.  B'landers,  with  a  sm.ill  fishing  port 
on  the  English  Channel.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Bruges.   Pop.  1800. 

BLANKEXBUlia,  bian'kenbO«RQ\  a  town  of  Germany, 
duchy  and  37  miles  S.E.  of  Brunswick,  formerly  capital  of 
an  independent  principality.  Pop.  3500.  It  is  walled,  and 
has  a  ducal  palace.  It  was  the  residence  of  "  Monsieur," 
afterwards  Louis  XVIII.,  from  1796  to  1798. 

BL.\NKENHURG,a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Sohwarx- 
burg-Rudolstadt.  on  the  Rhine,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sonders- 
hausen.    Pop.  1315. 

BLANKENBUIIG,  blin'ken-l)8«iu}\  a  hamlet  of  Switzei^ 
land,  canton  of  Bern,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Thun. 

BLANKENESE,  blin'-ken-.V-Sfh,  a  town  of  the  Danish 
dominions,  duchy  of  Holstein.on  the  Elbe,  6  miles  W.  of  Al- 
tona.  with  a  f^>rry  to  Cranz.  in  Hanover.  Pop.  3000,  mostly 
seafaring  people.  In  summer,  it  is  a  place  of  holiday  resort 
for  the  inhabitants  of  Hamburg  and  Altona. 

BLANKEXHAYN,  bldn'-ken-hine\  a  town  of  Central 
Germany,  grand  duchy  and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Weimer.  Pop. 
1600,  employed  in  manufactures  of  ginghams  and  porcelain. 

BLANKENSTEIN,  bldn'-ken-stine\  a  small  town  of  Prus- 
sian Westphalia.  24  miles  N.E.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  Ruhr. 

BL.AN'KET  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BLANK'NEY  (with  LIN  WOOD,)  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

BLANQUEFORT,  bl5>fk'foR/.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde.  6  miles  N.W.  of  Bordeaux.  I'op.  of  com- 
mune, in  1S52,  2274. 

BL.VNQUEKORT.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
ftrGaronne,  29  miles  N.N.E.  of  Agen.  Pop.  of  commune,  in 
lSo2,  1760. 

BLANQUILLA,  bian-keel'yd.  an  Island  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  belonging  to  Venezuela,  74  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tortuga, 
and  having  on  its  W.  coast  the  village  of  Agueda. 

BLANTV  RE.  blJn-tire',  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Lanark.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Glasgow.  Ilere  are  extensive 
cotton-spinning  and  dye-works,  and  the  ruins  of  a  priory  on 
the  Clyde.  The  village  is  lighted  with  gas.  and  has  a 
station  on  the  Clydesdiile  Junction  Railroad. 


BLE 

BLANZAC,  bWNo'zJk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Charente,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  AngoulSme.  I'op.  of  commuue, 
in  1852,  730. 

BLANZY,  blteo'zee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Siione-et-Loire,  on  the  Canal-du^Centre,  18  miles  SJi.  of  Au- 
tun.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  3789. 

BLAR'NEY.  a  village  of  Ireland,  Mun.ster  co.,  and  4  rail>?8 
N.W.  of  Cork,  on  a  rivulet  of  same  name.  The  beauty  of  its 
surrounding  scenery  has  been  rendered  famous  in  song.  Iv 
its  castle,  formerly  the  property  of  the  Earls  of  Clancarty, 
is  reported  to  i>e  a  wonderful  stone,  the  kissing  of  wliich 
has  been  popularly  believed  to  have  tlie  power  of  imparting 
that  peculiar  style  of  eloquence  termed  "  blarney." 

BLASCON.    See  Brescou. 

BLA.SENDORF,  bU'zen-dORr,atown  of  Transylvania.  See 
Balasfalva. 

BLASEWITZ,  bia/zeh-ftits,  a  village  of  Saxony  about  5 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Dresden,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe,  and 
only  deserving  of  notice  because  Schiller  has  named  the  ft*. 
male  sutler  in  the  camp  of  Wallenstein.  Gus-Mof  Blafiwitz, 
doubtless  afler  a  person  of  the  same  name  who  ^in  Schiller^ 
time)  sold  cakes  at  the  inn  close  to  the  ferry.    Pop.  230. 

BLASIENZELLE,  bli'ze-vn-tsMleh,  orBLASIEXCELLA, 
bli/ze-gn-t^lsli,  a  town  of  Germany,  Saxe-Coburg-tJotha,  20 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Gotha,  with  a  powder-mill  and  manufacto- 
ries of  iron-wares.    Pop.  1330*. 

BLAS'liET  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  rocky  Islands  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Ireland,  at  the  entrance  of  Dingle  Bay,  the  larg 
est  of  which  is  2^  miles  in  length.  One  of  the.se,  the  isle  of 
Tiraght,  forms  the  westernmost  land  in  Europe. 

BLAS'TO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BLATCII'INGTON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex. 

BLATCU1NGT0N,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex. 

BLATCH1NW0RTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster.  4}-  miles  N.E.  of  Rochdale,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  Manchester  and  Leeds  Railway.  Pop.  in 
1851,  3896,  chiefly  engaged  in  woollen  manufactures. 

BLATUERWYCKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BLATNA,  \AiVnk,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Uslawa,  50 
miles  S.W.  of  Prague.    Pop.  1500. 

BL.ATON,  blJ'tflNo',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Uainaut,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Tournay.    Pop.  of  commune,  2319. 

BLAUBEUREN,  blOw'boi'ren,  a  town  of  WUrtemtKirg. 
on  the  Blau,  10  miles  W..\.W.  of  Ulm.  Pop.  1905,  who 
weave  and  bleach  linens.  It  has  an  old  Benedictine  mo 
nastery,  and  a  Lutheran  seminary. 

BLAU'VELTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rockland  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  29  miles  N.  of  New  York  City. 

BLAVIA.    See  Blate. 

BL.AW'ENBURO,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, 15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Trenton,  has  1  church  and  1  store. 

BL.WHAHi,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of. Sutfolk. 

BL.AYE,  bli,  (anc.  BliJvia,)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
France,  department,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Gironde, 
here  about  2i  miles  across,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bordeaux. 
Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  4669.  It  has  a  strong  modern 
citadel,  in  which  the  Duchess  de  Berri  was  imprisoned  In 
1833,  a  handsome  public  fountain,  a  theatre,  hospital,  agri- 
cultural society,  Ac,  with  considerable  exports  of  wine, 
brandy,  corn,  fruits,  and  soap.  Its  harbor  is  defended  by 
forts  -Medoc  and  Pate,  and  is  much  freq>iented.  All  vessels 
inward  bound  to  Bordeaux,  Ac,  are  required  to  anchor  in 
the  road  of  Blaye,  and  to  exhibit  their  papers;  and  many 
outward  ves.sels  call  there  to  take  in  stores,  and  to  complete 
their  cargoes. 

BL.AY'DON,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  with  a 
station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway,  4  miles  W. 
of  Newcastle. 

BLAY'DON-BURN,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Durham, 
6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Newcastle. 

BLE.4.'D0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BLEAN,  bleen,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  2  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Canterbury.  Pop.  60(5.  Blean  is  a  centre  of  a 
poor-law  union,  comprising  16  parishes.  The  ancient  forest 
of  Blean,  whicli  has  now  lost  its  privileges,  was  formerly 
of  great  extent,  and  wild  boars  were  hunted  in  it  as  late 
as  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 

BLEAS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

BLECH'INQDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BLECKEDE,  blek'klMeh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  12  miles 
E.  of  Ltlneburg,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe,  with  a  toll  on 
the  river.     Pop.  1485. 

BLEDD-FA  or  BLETH'VAUGH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Radnor. 

BLED'DOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

BLED/INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BLED'SOE,  a  CO.  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Tennesee, 
contains  about  330  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Sequatchie  River.  The  s\irface  is  elevated  and  rather  moun- 
tainous. Capital,  Pikeville.  Pop.  4459,  of  whom  3770  were 
free,  and  6S9  slaves. 

ULED'SOE,  a  post-office  of  Hickory  co.,  Missouri. 

233 


BLE 


BLI 


BLED'SOE'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  oo., 
Arkansas. 

BLEE'KEll,  a  postrtownship  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York, 
•bout  oU  miles  N.W.  >if  Albany.    Pop.  1002. 

BLEGNO  or  BLEXJO,  blJn'yo,  or  blAn'yo,  a  river  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino,  flows  S.  of  and  joins  the  Ticino, 
(or  Tesi^in.)  on  left  bank  nesr  Biasca.  It  gives  its  name  to 
the  Val-di-Blegno,  a  rich  valley,  which  forms  a  district  of 
the  ciuiton. 

BLEIBACH.  bU'bJK,  a  vill.ige  of  Illyria,  8  miles  "W.  of 
Tillach.  near  the  celebrated  Bleiberg,  (lead  mountain,)  in 
which  1  copper  and  3  lead  mines  are  in  operation. 

BLKIBEKG,  Hi'b^Rg,  {i.e-  "lead-mountain,")  a  villa^ 
of  lUyriii,  about  7  miles  W.  of  Villadi,  has  a  Protestant 
chapel.  The  lead-mines  at  Bleiberg  are  the  most  extensive 
in  Austria,  and  yield  annually  from  33,000  to  35,000  cwt.  of 
excellent  metal. 

BLEICHERODE,  birner-o'deh,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  the  Bude.  at  the  foot  of  the  Pockenberg,  circle 
and  10  miles  S.W.  of  Xordhausen.  Pop.  2750,  engaged  in 
weaving  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  and  in  bleaching  hemp. 

BLEISTADT,  bli'stitt,  a  mining  town  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Voigtland,  14  miles  X.N.E.  of  Eger. 

BLEISW'IJK,  blise'wike,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
provinceof  South  Holland.  7  miles  N.  of  Rotterdam.  Pop.  1279. 

BLEKING,  a  province  of  Sweden.     See  CarIjSCROXa. 

BLELING,  bleeOing.  a  small  principality  and  capital  of 
the  siime  name,  N.  side  of  the  island  liali,  against  which  a 
successful  expedition  was  directed  by  the  Dutch  in  July, 
1846,  in  con8e<iuence  of  the  piratical  doings  of  the  Knjah 
and  his  subjects.  The  town,  Jat.  8°  ly  S.,  Ion.  115°  5'  E,  is 
the  second  on  the  island. 

BLELLING.    See  Buuxo. 

BLEN'COVV,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Penrith.  Pop.  64.  It  has  a  grammar 
school,  founded  in  1570,  at  which  the  late  Yimous  lawyer. 
Lord  EUenborough,  was  educated. 

BLEN'DON,  a  postrtownship  in  the  northei-n  part  of 
Franklin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1079. 

BLENDON  INSTITUTE,  a  small  vUlage  in  Franklin  co., 
Ohio. 

BLEXDWORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Hants. 

BLEN'EAU.  bli'uo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tonne,  2i>  miles  \V'.S.\V.  of  Auxerre.  Pop.  of  commune, 
in  1S52,  1719.  The  Prince  of  Conde  was  here  vanquished 
by  Turenne  in  1052. 

BLENHEIM,  blfen'im,  (Germ.  Blindheim,  blinfhlme.)  a 
Tillage  of  Bavaria,  23  miles  E.N.W.  of  Augsburg,  famous 
for  the  decisive  victt)ry  gained  near  it  by  the  English  and 
Imperialists,  under  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  Prince 
Eugene,  over  the  French  and  Bavarians  (called  bv  tlie 
French  the  battle  of  llochstedt.)  on  the  2nd  of  Aug.  lt04. 

BLENHEIM,  blfin'im  or  bUn'hime,  a  post-township  of 
Schoharie  CO.,  New  York.  42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.  P.  1307. 

BLENHEliM,  a  post^village  in  the  southern  part  of  Scho- 
harie CO.,  New  York.  4.5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albiiny. 

BLENHEIM,  blSn'im,  PAKK  (formerly  AVoodstock 
Park.)  an  extra-parochial  district  of  EngL^nd,  co.  of  Ox- 
ford. 62i  miles  W.N.AV.  of  London.  Pop.  109.  Area,  2940 
acres,  being  the  demesne  attached  to  Blenheim  House, 
the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  This  edifice,  con- 
structed by  Vanbrugh,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  at  a 
cost  of  500,000/.,  was  given  by  the  nation  to  the  first  Duke 
of  Marlborough,  in  honor  of  whose  great  victory,  in  1704, 
it  received  its  name.  The  mansion,  richly  ornamented 
externally,  occupies  three  sides  of  a  square,  and  its  prin- 
cipal front  extends  348  feet  from  wing  to  wing.  The  inte- 
rior is  enriched  with  the  most  costly  furniture,  tapestry, 
sculpture,  and  a  magnificent  collection  of  paintings.  The 
grounds,  considered  the  chef-d'oeuvre  of  the  celebrated  land- 
Scape  gardener  Bronn,  contain  an  artificial  lake,  fountain, 
triumphal  arch,  and  column  supporting  .a  colossal  statue 
of  the  duke,  and  clusters  of  trees  said  to  be  arranged  in 
the  order  of  the  troops  on  the  field  of  Blenheim.  The  en- 
closed royal  pal.ice  of  Woodstock  formerly  stood  in  the  park, 
and  a  pool  is  still  pointed  at  which  bears  the  name  of 
"  Rosamond's  Well."  Blenheim  is  held  by  the  descendants 
of  the  duke,  on  the  tenure  of  presenting  yearly,  at  Windsor, 
on  the  anniversary  of  the  battle,  a  standard  emblazoned 
with  three  fleur-de-lis, 

BLENJO.    See  Blegno. 

BLENK'INSOP,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 17  miles  W.  of  Hexam.  Pop.  845,  engaged  in  large 
eoal-works.  Here  is  a  strong  square  tower,  the  ancient 
stronghold  of  the  Blenkinsops,  of  border  celebrity. 

BLENNEVILLE,  bl^nn'viU.  a  small  seaport  town  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Kerry,  on  Tralee  Bay,  IJ  miles  S.W.  of  Tralee, 
where  most  of  the  exports  of  that  town  are  shipped.  P.  226. 

BLENOD-IJJS-TUUL,  bl^h-noni-tool,  a  vUlsige  of  France, 
department  of  the  Meurthe,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toul.  Pop. 
of  cijmmyne.  1550. 

BLEUE,   blAVi/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 

Indre-et-Loire,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tours,  on  the  Clier,  here 

crossed  by  a  bridge  built  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth 

century  by  Henry  II,  of  England.     Blere  is  the  entrepot 

234 


for  the  timber  from  the  forest  of  Loche,  and  for  most  of  the 
merchandise  that  comes  down  the  Cher  from  the  Berry  and 
the  Bourbonnois.  In  the  canton,  and  near  the  town  of 
Blere,  is  the  castle  of  Chenongeaux.  (sheh'^ntes'so'.)  which  at 
first  was  a  simple  manor-house,  but  extended  to  its  present 
dimen.sions  in  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  It  was  purchased,  in 
1535,  by  Henry  II.,  who  gave  it,  with  the  duchy  of  Valen- 
tinois.  to  the  celebrated  Diana  of  Poitiers,  who  embellished 
it  with  great  magnificence;  but,  before  her  designs  were 
completed,  was  obliged  to  cede  it  to  Catherine  de  Medicis, 
who  continued  the  embellishments  on  a  still  more  lavish 
scale.  It  was  afterwards  possessed  by  the  house  of  Conde, 
and,  in  1733.  was  purchased  by  M.  Dupin,  (former  General,) 
the  wit  and  beauty  of  whose  widow  attnacted  to  it  the  most 
distinguished  literati  of  the  last  centui^.  The  castle  is  con- 
structed on  a  kind  of  bridge  across  the  Cher,  and  has  a  long 
gallery  which  leads  from  one  side  of  the  river  to  the  other. 
It  fortunately  escaped  the  Revolution,  and  is  in  perfect  pre- 
seiTation.  Many  fine  pictures  decorate  the  interior.  The 
architecture,  furniture,  and  decorations  all  belong  to  the 
time  of  the  Valois.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851.  3676. 

BLES/SiNGTON,  a  parish  aiid  market-town  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Wicklow,  near  the  Liffey,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Dublin. 
Pop.  of  town.  466.  It  gave  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  Gardner 
family,  the  widow  of  the  last  of  whom  was  the  well-known 
authoress,  the  late  Countess  of  Elessington. 

BLEl^CII'lNGLY,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey,  on  a  branch  of  the  London  .and  Brighton  Railway, 
IS  miles  S.  of  London,  and  4^  miles  E.  of  Reigate.     Pop.  in 
1851,  1553.     The  town,  on  an  eminence,  commands  exten- 
sive views,  and  has  a  fine  church  in  the  early  English  style, 
a  school  endowed  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  alms- 
houses founded  in  1608.    Bletchingly  returned  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons,  until  disfranchised  by  the  Re- 
form Act. 
BLETCIIINGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
BLETCH'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
BLETH'EKSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  oo.  of  Pem- 
broke. 
BLETim'AUGH,  Wales.    See  Bledd-Fa. 
BLET'SOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedfoi-d. 
BLEVILLE.  blA'veel',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-Inferieure.  2  miles  N.  of  Havre,  with  mineral  springs. 
Pop.  of  commune,  1160. 

BLEVIO,  bhl've-o,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  near  the  lake 
of  Como.  with  numerous  elegant  villas, 

BLEW'BERRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
BLEW'FIELDS,  Central  America.  See  Bluefields. 
BLICK'LING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk.  Anne 
Boleyn.  whose  family  owned  the  manor,  w.as  born  here  in 
1507.  Blickling-hall,  the  seat  of  Lord  Suffleld,  is  a  good 
sperimen  of  the  Elizabethan  style:  it  contains  a  library  of 
10.000  volumes,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  park  and  gardens 
comprising  1000  .acres,  with  a  fine  .sheet  of  water. 

BLlDAir  or  BLIDA.  bUVdi,  a  con.Mderable  town  of  Al- 
geria, on  the  borders  of  the  Jletidjah  Plain,  province  and 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Algiers.  Taken  by  the  French  in  1830,  and 
occupied  by  them  since  1838.  Pop.  in  1846,  9103,  of  whom 
2290  were  Europeans. 
BLIIVWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
BLIESKASTEL  or  BLIESCASTEL.  blees/kSs-t^l',  a  town 
of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on  the  Blies,  6 j  miles  W. of  Deux-Ponta. 
Pop.  1874. 

BLIOH,  bli,  a  frontier  county  of  New  South  Wales,  hav- 
ing E.  and  S.  the  counties  of  Brisbane.  Philip,  and  Welling- 
ton, and  N.  and  W.  an  unsettled  district.  It  has  no  towns 
or  vill.ages  of  importance. 

BLIGH'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  the  Feejee  .irehipelago, 
Pacific  Ocean,  named  .after  their  discoverer  in  17  89. 

BLIGNY-SUR-OUCHE,  bleen'yee'-sUR-oo.'ih.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Cote  d'Or,  arrondissement  and  9 
miles  N.  of  Beaune.    Pop.  of  commune  in  1851,  1395. 

BLILING,    blU'ling,   or   BLELLING.   blMMing',  written 
also  BLELLENG,  a  seaport  town  of  the  island  of  B.ali,  Ma- 
lay .\rchipelatrn.  on  its  N.  coast.  It  ia  the  residence  of  a  rajah. 
BLINDHEIM.     See  BLErtfiEiM. 

BLI  N  K  Hc">N  NY,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York. 
BLISH'S  MILLS,  a  postHjfiice  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri. 
BfclSKOWICE,  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Lispitz. 
BLIS'LAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwalL 
BLIS'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton, 
4 miles  N.E.  of  Towcester,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and 
Birmingham  Railway. 

BLISS' FIELD,  a  ptist-village  and  township  of  Lenawee 
county.  Michigan,  on  the  Raisin  River,  and  on  the  railroad 
from  Toledo  to  .\drian,  22  miles  N.W.  of  the  former,  and  10 
miles  from  Adrian.    It  contains  seVeiiil  stores  and  mills 
Pop.  of  township,  1827. 
BLISS^VILLE,  a  postrofiice  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 
BLISSVILLE,  a  post-otlice  of  Marsh.HlI  co.,  Indi.ana. 
BLISSVILLE,  a  post-oifice  of  Jefterson  co.,  Illinois. 
BLITH'FIELD  WITH  NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO,  of  Stafford. 

BLIV'EN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  McUenrj  cc,  Il?iaoi% 
23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Waukegan. 


BLO 


J3L0 


BLOCK'ER'S,  a  postofflce  of  Cumberland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BLOCKER'S,  a  post-office  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Alabama. 

BLOCK  HOUSE,  a  German  Tillage  or  settlement  In 
Liberty  township,  Tioga  co.,  Penn.sylvaoia,  30  miles  N.  of 
Williamsport.  contains  near  200  houses. 

BLOCK  H()USE,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Virginia. 

BLOCK  l.SLAND,  belonging  to  Rhode  Island,  is  situated 
In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  midway  between  Point  Judith 
and  .Montauk  Point,  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long  Island. 
It  is  S  miles  in  length,  and  from  2  to  6  miles  in  breadth, 
and  constitutes  the  township  of  New  Shoreham.  On  the 
N.VV.  part  are  2  fixed  lights.  68  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.    I^t.  41°  13'  N. ;  Ion.  71°  35'  W. 

BLOCK'LEY,  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BLOCKLEY,  formerly  a  post-township  of  Philadelphia 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  intersected  by 
the  Columbia  Rjulraid,  but  now  included  within  the  limits 
of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  remarkable  as  containing 
two  important  institutions,  viz.  Blocklej'  Almshouse,  and 
Blockley  Insane  Asylum,  for  particulars  of  which  see 
Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1850,  5916. 

BLOCK'VILLE,  a  post-office  of'Chautauqua co..  New  York. 

BLOD'OETT'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cortland  co.,  New 
York. 

BLOEMENDAAL,  bloo'mgn-dai,  (t.  e,  « bloomingdale,") 
a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in  South  IloUand,  Ij  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Oouda. 

BLOEMENDAAL,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  In  North 
Holland,  2  miles  N.  of  Haarlem,  with  15U0  inhabitants  en- 
gaged in  linen  bleaching. 

BLO/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BLOIS,  bloi,  or  more  correctly  blwd,  an  ancient  city  of 
France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Lwir-et-Cher.  on  both 
sides  of  the  Loire,  and  on  the  railway  from  Orleans  to  Tours, 
100  miles  S.VV.  of  Paris,  and  35  miles  S.W.  of  Orleans.  Pop. 
in  1851, 17,749.  Blois  is  picturesquely  situated  on  a  steep 
slope,  crowned  by  its  ancient  castle.  It  is  an  archbishop's 
Bee,  and  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a  college,  a  normal 
school,  a  diocesan  seminary,  a  botanic  garden,  and  a  public 
library.  The  most  remarkable  edifices  are  the  Hotel  de 
Yille  and  the  episcopal  palace.  The  castle  of  Blois  is  celiv 
brated  from  its  historical  associations.  It  was  for  several 
centuries  the  abode  of  the  counts  of  that  name,  and  after- 
wards the  favorite  residence  of  the  kings  of  France.  It  has 
been  inhabited  by  more  than  TOO  princes  or  crowned  heads, 
who  from  time  to  time  embellished  and  extended  it.  Louis 
XII.  was  liorn  there;  and  Francis  I.,  Henry  II.,  Charles 
IX.,  and  Henry  III.  held  their  courts  in  it.  Among  other 
events,  the  ca^tle  of  Blois  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of 
the  Guises.  During  the  religious  wars  which  at  that  pe- 
riod (15S8)  desolated  France,  the  States  known  by  the  name 
of  the  States  of  Blois  were  convoked  in  the  castle  by  Henry 
III.,  to  put  an  end,  if  possible,  to  the  troubles  by  which 
the  kingdom  was  distracted.  The  Due  de  Guise  and  his 
orother  the  cardinal  were  on  their  way  to  attend  the  sitting, 
when  the  former  was  stalibed  almost  in  pre.sence  of  the 
king.  The  cardinal  was  murdered  next  day  by  some  sol- 
diers in  the  tower  of  the  castle,  and  his  body  was  burnt  to 
prevent  the  leaguers  from  making  relics  of  his  remains. 
The  castle  has  been  rebuilt  and  extended  at  so  many  va- 
rious periods,  that  nothing  remains  of  its  original  structure 
except  the  Got  hie  tower.  It  is  now  used  as  barracks;  but 
the  states-hall,  the  queen's  room,  and  the  corridor  where 
the  DukeofGui.se  was  assassinated,  are  still  pointed  out. 
The  town  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  an  extensive  county.  In  the  sixteenth  century  it  was 
twice  the  seat  of  the  states-general  of  the  kingdom.  When 
the  allied  armies  menaced  Paris  in  1S14,  the  Empress  Maria 
XiOuisa  retired  here,  and  made  this  place  for  a  short  period 
the  seat  of  imperial  government,  the  last  acts  of  which  were 
dated  and  despatched  from  Blois.  There  is  here  an  ancient 
aqueduct  cut  in  the  rock  by  the  Romans ;  it  is  still  used 
for  supplying  the  town  with  water.  The  magnificent  dykes 
for  the  protection  of  the  valleys  from  the  encroachments  of 
the  Loire,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  works  of  the  kind  in 
Europe,  commence  at  Blois.  It  has  manufiictures  of  gloves 
and  porcelain,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  wine,  timber,  and 
Orleans  brandy. 

BLOKULLA,  blo-koollj.  a  small  rocky  isl.and  In  the 
Baltic,  between  Gland  and  the  mainland  of  Sweden,  and 
to  which  many  northern  superstitions  refer. 

BI.OKZYL,  blok'zile,  a  maritime  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Overyssel,  with  a  good  port  on  the  E. 
coast;  of  the  Zuiderzee,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Zwolle.  Pop. 
1666. 

BLOMBERG,  blom'bJRO,  a  village  of  Central  Germany, 
Lippe-Detmold.  with  a  castle,  on  the  Distel,  40  miles  S.W. 
of  Hanover.  Pop.  1960,  who  manufacture  woollens  and 
leather.  Till  1838  it  belonged  to  the  Prince  of  Lippe- 
Schaumburr; 

BLOMBERG,  a  village  and  castle  of  Baden,  32  miles  N.W. 
of  Constiince.  Pop.  509.  Its  castle  was  ruined  during  the 
Swedish  wars. 

BLONlli.  bJin'yi^  a  town  a  Poland,  16  miles  W.  of  War- 


saw.   Pop.  1 000.    It  is  celebrated  in  the  lilstory  '.  t  the  wsm 
between  the  Swedes  and  Poles. 

BLO'-NOR'TO.\or.\OR'TON-BELLEAU,(beH6',)apari5U 
of  Knglanil,  co.  of  Norlblk. 

BLOOD'S  POINT,  a  post-office  situated  in  the  N.  part  of 
Do  Kalb  CO.,  Illinois. 

BI-OOD'Y-FAR'LAND,  a  promontary  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Donegal,  on  its  N.W.  coast,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  the 
island  of  Innixbotlin. 

BLOOD'Y  RUN,  a  post  village  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvar 
nia,  on  the  Ilaystown  bi-aiich  of  the  Juniata,  8  miles  E.  of 
Bedford.     It  has  a  church  and  several  stores. 

BLOO.M,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania.  It 
contiiins  Bloomsburg,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  2668. 

BLOOM,  a  town.ship  of  Fairfield  Co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  22'25. 

BLOOM,  a  township  of  Morgan  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1136. 

BLOOM,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  17.'il. 

BLOOM,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1720. 

BLOOM,  a  township  of  \Vood  co.,  Ohio,  about  20  miles  W. 
of  .Maiune  City.     Pop.  1198. 

BLOO.M,  a  post-olhce  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana. 

BLOOM,  a  post-towuship  of  Cook  Co.,  Illinois,  .about  27 
miles  S.  of  Chicago. 

BLOOM  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio. 

BLOOM'ER,  a  post-ollice  of  Sebastian  co.,  Arkansas. 

BLOOM'EUY,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,W.  Virginia. 

BLOOM'FIELD',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Somerset 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  W.  side  of  Kennebec  River,  opposite 
Slcowhegan.  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  toll-bridge, 
about  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  The  Portland  and  Ken- 
nebec Railroad,  which  is  completed  to  this  place,  connects  it 
with  Augusta.  It  contiiins  2  churches,  a  flourishing  aca- 
demy, a  bank,  3  stores,  an  oil-cloth  factorj',  1  paper-mill,  1 
factory  for  making  shovels,  and  2  for  making  shovel-handles, 
1  planing  machine,  1  foundi-y,  1  tannery,  besides  several 
saw  and  grist-mills.  I'op.  of  the  township,  in  1850, 1301 ; 
in  1860, 1397. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Vermont, 
on  the  W.  .side  of  Connecticut  River,  about  60  miles  N.E.  of 
Moiitpelier.    Pop.  3"20. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co.,  Connectl- 
out,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford,  intersected  by  Wood  River. 
Pop.  HOI. 

BLOO.M  FIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co., 
New  Jersey,  on  the  Morris  Canal,  3*^  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Newark,  and  54  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton.  It  is  built  princi- 
cipally  on  one  street,  2  or  3  miles  in  length,  and  contains  4 
or  a  cliurclies  and  several  seminaries,  in  the  vicinity  aro 
manufactories  of  cotton,  wool,  paper,  Ac.    Pop.  4790. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Crawford 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Meadville,  drained  by 
Oil  Creek.     Pop.  1662. 

BLOO.M  FIELD,  a  post-borough  of  Centre  township,  and 
capital  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  24  miles  N.W.of  llarris- 
burg,  and  5  miles  from  the  Central  Railroad.  It  has  a 
court-house,  several  churches,  and  an  academy.     Pop.  661. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia,  168 
miles  N.  of  Richmond,  hiis  a  clmrch  and  a  few  stores. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Nelson  co., 
Kentucky,  39  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  is  situated  in  a  rich 
farming  district,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  places  in  the 
county.  It  contains  1  chiu"ch,  several  stores,  and  about 
500  inhiibltants. 

BLOltM  FIELD,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Jackson  co, 
Ohio.    Pop.  1775. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  village  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Ohio,  12  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  ^teubenville. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Logan  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  611. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  about  31  miles  N.N.E.  of  Co- 
lumbus.   Pop.  1289. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  village  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Circleville. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto 
and  Hocking  Valley  Railroad,  18  miles  from  Portsmouth, 
and  about  100  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Trumbull 
00^  Ohio.     Pop.  843. 

BL00.MFIF;LD,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Oakland  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1925. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  village  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  7  miles  N 
of  Portland. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana, 
about  20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albion.    Pop.  8tj9. 

BLOOMFIELD,aflourishingpost-village,  capital  of  Greece 
CO.,  Indiana,  near  the  \V.  fork  of  White  River,  and  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis.  It 
is  situated  on  high  ground,  1  mile  E.  from  the  river.  The 
fertility  of  the  surrounding  land,  and  the  navigation  of  the 
canal,  render  this  a  place  of  active  business. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  6  milrj 
E.  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

BLOJMFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Edgar  CO.,  lUiuois,  about 
125  miles  E.  of  Spriugfield. 

235 


BLO 

BLOOMFIFXD.  a  rillage  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois,  3J^ 
Siili!S  S.E.  of  Maconit). 

BLOOM  FIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stoddard  co., 
llissouii,  on  Lick  Creek,  a  tribuUiry  of  Lake  Stoddard,  2S0 
miles  S.K.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BLOOMFIELD,  the  capital  of  Da>-is  Co.,  Iowa,  110  miles 
S.F-.  of  Des  Moines,  is  situated  on  a  fine  rolling  jirairie,  and 
is  the  principal  town  in  f lie  county.  It  is  surrounded  with 
land  of  great  fertility.  It  contains  1  newspaper  office,  13 
stores,  and  3  cliurclies.    (See  Appen-dix.)    Pop.  940. 

BLOOMFIEI.D,asmall  post-village  of  Des  Moines  co, Iowa. 

BLOOM  FIELD,  a  post-township  and  village  in  Walwortli 
co.,Wiseonsin,  about  45  miles  S.S. W.of  Milwaukie.  Pop.  1146.- 

BLOOM  HELD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Prince 
Edward,  on  Great  Sandy  Bay, about  42  miles  S.W.  of  King- 
ston. It  has  several  mills  for  sawing  and  grinding;  also  one 
for  carding  and  fulling,  a  tannery,  and  about  250  inhabitants. 

BLOOM  FIELD,  n  post-village'of  Canada  AVest,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, about  100  miles  W.  from  Kingston.    Pop.  about  100. 

BLOOMFIEI.D  CENTRE,  a  village  in  Bloomfield  town- 
ship, Oakland  Co.,  Michigan,  on  tlie  Detroit  and  Pontiac 
Railroad,  20  miles  N.X.W.  of  lietroit. 

BLUOM'INGBURG,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Kew 
York,  100  miles  S  S.W.  of  Albany. 

BLOOMI.NGBURG,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  E.  fork  of  I'aint  Creek,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus.  It 
is  one  of  the  principal  villages  of  the  county,  containing  3 
churches  and  several  stores. 

BLOOM'IXGDALE,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co.,  New  York. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  post-village  of  Pa.ssaic  co.,  Kew 
Jersev,  on  Pequannocli  Creek,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Newark. 

BLOOMI.NGDALE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio, 
124  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  township  in  Van  Buren  co.,  Michi- 
gan.   Pop.  H27. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  post-township  in  Du  Page  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  25  miles  W.  by  N.from  Chicago.    Pop.  1375. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  village  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois,  35  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Peoria. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  small  village  in  Winnebago  co,  Wis- 
consin. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  small  village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  post-township  near  the  centre  of 
Orange  co.,  New  York.    Pop.  224**. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  township  in  Richland  CO.,  Ohio. 

Pop.  i3r.o. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  village  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Lake  shore.  5  miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Joseph. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  about  5  miles  N.  of  Brookville.  Pop.of 
township,  y67. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  village  in  Bloomingdale  township, 
in  the  N.  part  of  Du  Page  co,  Illinois. 

BLOOJI'INGPOKT,  a  village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  S.  of  Winchester. 

BLOOM'INGSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana, 
35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Logansport. 

Bi-O  >M'INGTON,  a  decayed  post-village  of  Tipton  Co., 
Tennessee,  is  nearly  deserted. 

BLOOMIN(iTON,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co ,  Kentucky. 

BLnoMIXGTON,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township, 
capital  of  Monroe  co  ,  Indiana,  51  miles  S  W.  of  Indianapolis, 
and  80  mile^  N.W.  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  East  and  West 
forks  of  While  River.  The  place  was  first  settled  in  1S19. 
The  State  University  at  this  place  is  a  flourishing  institu- 
tion. It  was  organized  in  1S29,  and  had,  in  1.S63, 105  stu- 
dents. The  village  contains  7  churches,  1  academy,  1  bank, 
1  newspaper  office,  2  woollen  factories,  and  1  flouring-mill. 
The  railroad  extending  from  New  Albany  to  Michigan  City, 
passes  through  Blooniington.  Pop.  in  ISGu,  about  2400; 
that  of  the  township,  in  ISiJO,  was  2419. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  city,  capital  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois, 
is  pleas;uitly  situated  on  the  Central  Railroad,  wliere  it  is 
crossed  by  the  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  R.R.,  CO  miles  N.NsE. 
of  Springfield,  and  126  S  S.W.  of  Chicago.  It  is  about  2 
miles  S.  of  tlie  State  Normal  University,  a  prosperous  insti- 
tution which  is  attended  by  about  500  students.  The  build- 
ing is  said  to  have  cost  ?200,000.  (See  NoiiM.^i,  in  the  Ap- 
pendix.) It  also  contiiins  the'Wesleyan  University,  10 
churches,  3  banks,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pod.  in"l850. 
1534;  in  lsr,o,  707.^. 

BLOOMINGT'  »N,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Buchanan  co.,  Mis.souri,  on  the  road  from  St.  Joseph  to  Wes- 
ton, 12  miles  fnmi  each.  The  name  of  the  post-office  is  PeKalb. 
The  village  has  4  dry-goods  stores.     Pop.  of  township,  IfitiO. 

BL'  )O.MINOTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Macon  co.,  Mis- 
souri, lot)  miles  N.  by  M".  of  Jefferson  City,  and  2  or  3  miles 
N.  of  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad. 

BLOOMINGTON,  Iowa.    See  Miscatixe. 

BLOOMINGTON, apost-office of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Polk  CO.,  Oregon. 
23a 


BLO 

RLOO'M'ING  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co„ 
Petinsylvania,  on  the  State  road,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Meadvilla, 
has  about  100  inhabitants. 

BLOO.MINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  6 
miles  S.  of  Sandu.sky  City. 

BL00M'SBi:rg,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Bloom  town- 
ship, capital  of  Columbia  co.,  I'ennsylvania,  is  situatwl  on 
Fishing  Creek,  1  mile  N.  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susque- 
hannii,  78  miles  N.N.E.  of  Harrisburg.  It  is  plea.santly 
sitiiated  and  well-built,  and  contains  a  court-house,  9 
churches,  3  iron  furnaces,  and  3  foundries.  The  surround- 
ing country  contains  abundance  of  iron  ore  and  limestone 
Three  newspapers  are  publi,^he<l  in  tlie  borough.  Blooms 
burg  has  considerable  trade,  for  which  the  North  Branch  . 
Canal,  the  Lackawamia  and  Bloomsburg,  and  the  Catawissa 
and  Erie  Railroads,  afford  abundant  facilities.  The  seat  of 
justice  was  removed  from  Danville  to  this  town  by  a  vote 
of  the  people  in  1845.     I'op.  of  the  township,  in  ISfO,  2  68. 

BLOUMSBURG,  a  post-village  in  Halifiix  co.,  Virginia, 
about  116  miles  W.S.W.  of  Norfolk. 

BLOOM'SBURY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  and 
Hunterdon  counties.  New  Jersey,  on  the  Musconetcong 
River,  and  on  the  .New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  about  40 
miles  N.W.  of  Trenton,  and  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Eiuston.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley,  and  on  the  boundary  of  the 
counties  .just  named.  It  contiiins  2  churches,  2  large  mer- 
chant mills,  and  several  stores. 

BLOOMSBUR  Y,  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey.    See  Tkextox. 

BLOOM'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Coquago  River,  74  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.  It  has  1 
or  2  churches,  and  several  stores. 

BLOOMVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Bloom  township,  Seneca 
CO.,  Ohio,  3n  miles  S.W.  of  Sanduskv  City. 

HLOOilVILLE,*a  post- village  of  Will  co_  XHinois,  50  miles 
S.W.  of  Chicago. 

BLORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Dove, 
3^  miles  N.W.  of  Ashbornc.  The  second  battle  between 
the  forces  of  York  and  Lancaster  was  fought  on  Blore-heath, 
in  1459. 

BLOSS'BCRG,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Tioga  CO.,  Penns.y!vania,  on  the  Tioga  River,  at  tlie  southern 
terminus  of  the  Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad,  133  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Harrisburg.  It  owes  its  growth  and  importance 
to  the  valuable  mines  of  bituminous  coal  which  are  worked 
in  the  vicinity.  Iron  ore  is  also  found,  in  connection  with 
the  coal,  and  there  is  a  furnace  in  operation  at  this  place. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  800. 

BLOS'SOM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana. 

BLOSSOM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Princess  Anne  co.,  Vir* 
ginia. 

BLOS'SOM  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Lamar  co.,  Texaa. 

BLOSSVALE,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

BLOTSHEIM,  blotsliinie,  (Fr.  pron.,  blots'Jm'.)  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Ilaut-Rhin,  4  miles  W.  of  Uu- 
nirigue.     I'op.  of  commune,  2230. 

BLOUNT,  blimt,  a  county  toward  the  N.  part  of  Ala- 
bama, hiis  an  area  of  955  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  the  Locust  Fork,  and  Mulberry  Fork,  of  Black 
Warrior  River.  The  county  is  partly  occupied  by  smaP 
jnountains,  connected  with  the  Blue  Ridge,  which  extends- 
near  the  northern  border.  The  highlands  afford  fine  tim- 
ber and  pasture.  Blount's  Springs  are  in  this  county. 
Capital,  Blountsville.  Pop.  10,St55,  of  whom  10,199  were 
free,  and  r,»;6  slaves. 

BL(5UNT,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  bop- 
bering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  abotit  4.- 0  sfjuare 
miles.  The  llolston  River,  navigable  by  steamboats,  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  N.W.,  the  Tennessee  on  the  W .;  the 
.county  is  also  intersected  by  Little  River,  and  numerous 
creeks.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and  beautifully  diver.iified 
by  mountain  ridges,  the  highest  of  which  are  cal'ed  Iron  or 
Smoky  Mountain,  and  Chilhowee  Mountain.  The  soil  of 
the  valleys  is  very  fertile,  and  much  iniprove<l.  The  streams 
of  this  county  are  rapid,  and  furnish  immense  motive-]»ower. 
The  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia  Ilailroad  jiasses  near  the 
western  border.  Extensive  lieils  of  marble,  limestone,  and 
iron  ore  are  found.  Capital,  Marysville.  This  county, 
which  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  Tennessee,  was  named  in 
honor  of  Willie  Blount,  the  first  governor  of  that  state. 
Pop.  13,270,  of  whom  11,907  were  free,  and  13ii3  slaves. 

BLOUNrs  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BLOUNT'S  FERRY,  a  jwst-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Floridiu 

BLOUNT"S  or  BLUNTS  SPRING,  a  fashionable  water- 
ing-place of  Blount  CO.,  Alabama,  on  the  Mulberry  Fork  o* 
Black  Warrior  River,  about  >>0  miles  N.E.  of  Tusealoosv 
Chalybeate  Springs,  with  nearly  every  variety  of  sulphur 
springs,  are  found  here. 

BLi»UNT'STOWN,asmall  post-villageof  Calhoun  co..Fla. 

BLOUNT'SVILLE,  a  |>ost-village  of  Jones  co.,  Georgia,  1ft 
miles  W.  of  Milledgeville. 

BLOUNTSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Blount  co, 
Alabama,  on  the  Locust  Fork  of  IJlack  Warrior  River,  about 
100  miles  N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa.  It  coutuius  a  court-house,  1 
or  2  churches,  and  several  stores. 


BLO 


BLU 


BLOUN'TSVILLE,  a  post-Tillage,  capital  of  SulliTan  co., 
Tennessee,  a  few  miles  N.W.  of  the  Ilolston  Klver,  and 
about  liio  miles  N.K.  of  Knoxvllle. 

BLOUNTSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana, 
24  miles  N.W.  of  Centievirie. 

BLO\V'IXG  CAVK,  a  post-oflHce  of  Decatur  co.,  Georgia. 

BLOX'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BLO.VIUJLME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BLO.VW'Oirril  a  parish  of  Engliind,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BliUDKNZ,  bloo/d8nts,  a  town  of  the  Tyrol,  circle  of  Vo- 
rarllierg,  with  a  castle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Ille.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Feldkirch.     Pop.  lS(i6.  • 

BLUDOVVITZ,  MITTEK,  mifter  bloo'do-ftits\  (i.e.  "mid- 
dle Bludowitz,")  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle  and  10 
miles  W.  of  Teschen,  contiguous  to  the  above. 

BLUDOWITZ,  NIEDKR,  nee'd^r  bloo'do-ivits',  (i. e.-" lower 
Bludowitz,")  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle  and  10  miles 
W.  of  Teschen,  contiguous  to  the  above. 

BLUDOWITZ,  OBKR,  iVber  bloo'do-*its\  (i.  «.  "upper 
Bludowitz,")  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle  and  10 
miles  W.  of  Teschen,  contiguous  to  the  above. 

BLUl'i  BALL,  a  village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey,  3 
or  4  miles  S.  of  Freehold,  has  2  churches,  aud  about  25 
dwellings. 

BLUE  BALL,  a  small  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Tenn- 
sylvania. 

BLUE  BALL,  a  post-office  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland. 

'BLUK  BALL,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.^  Ohio. 

BLUE  BAYOU,  of  Louisiana,  flows  S.K.  on  the  boundary 
between  Terre  Bonne  and  La  Fourche  Interior  parishes,  and 
enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  traverses  a  flat,  swampy  dis- 
trict, in  which  there  is  but  little  aralile  land. 

BLUE  BELL,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. ^ 

BLUE  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Auglaize  River  in 
Paulding  co. 

BLUE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Habersham  co.,  Georgia. 

BLUE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

BLUE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ad.ams  co.,  Ohio. 

BLUE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  6 
miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Brookville. 

BLUE  CREEK,  a  townsliip  in  Adams  co., Indiana.   P.  651. 

BLUE  EARTH,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minnesota, 
bordering  on  the  Minn&sota  River,  contains  abo\it  750  sq. 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  JIankato  or  Blue  Earth 
River,  and  drained  by  the  Maple  River.  This  county  is 
not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Capital,  Mankato. 
Pop.  4.^0:',. 

BLUE  EARTH  RIVER.  Minnesota.    See  Mankato. 

BLUE  EYE.  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 

BLUE'FIELDS  or  BLEW/FIELDS.  a  river  and  town  of 
the  Mosquito  Territory,  Central  America,  the  river  entering 
an  inlet  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  l.at.  12°  N.,  Ion.  83°  W.,  af- 
ter an  eastward  course  of  several  hundred  miles,  for  the 
last  80  miles  of  which  it  is  navigable.  At  its  mouth  is  the 
town  on  a  commanding  height,  with  a  good  harbor,  and  the 
modern  re.sidence  of  the  king  of  the  Mo.squito  country. 

BLUE  GRASS,  a  post-office  of  Vermillion  co.,  Illinois. 

BLUE  GRASS,  a  po.st-offic«  of  Fulton' Co.,  Indiana. 

BLU  E  GRASS,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  45  miles  E. 
by  S.  of  Iowa  City» 

BLUE  HILL,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  on  an 
arm  of  Frenchman's  Bay,  about  80  miles  E.  of  Augusta,  has 
an  academy,  and  considerable  ship  building.     Pop.  1993. 

BLUE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Texas. 

BLUE  HILL  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  CO.,  Maine. 

BLUE  HILLS,  a  ridge  in  New  Hampshire,  of  which  Sad- 
dleback -Mountain  is  the  principal  peak. 

BLUE  HOUSE,  a  postJofflce  of  Colleton  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BLUE  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Alabama. 

BLUE  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Indiana,  9  miles 
W.N.AV.  of  Charleston. 

BLUE  LICK  SPRINGS,  a  village  and  watering  place  of 
Nicholas  co.,  Kentucky,  70  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort.  Its 
mineral  waters  are  in  high  repute,  and  are  extensively  ex- 
ported to  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 

BLUE  MOUND,  a  post-township  in  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  22  miles  S.W.  of  xMadison.    Pop.  809 

BLUE  MOUND,  a  small  village  of  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BLUE  MOUNTAIN,  a  township  in  Izard  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  334. 

BLU  E  MOUNTAINS,  of  Pennsylvania.    See  Kittatinnt. 

BLUE  M(3UNTAINS,  of  Oregon,  a  range  extending  from 
about  40°  N.  lat.,  southward  to  the  limits  of  Utah  Territory. 
tt  is  about  200  miles  E.  of  the  Coast  Range,  with  which  it 
is  nearly  parallel. 

BLUE  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  In  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  island  of  .Jamaica.  The  principal  ridge  extends  from  E. 
to  W.,  and  varies  in  height  from  5000  to  atiove  (5000  feet. 

BLUE  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  in  Eastern  Australia,  New 
South  Wales,  counties  of  Cork  and  Westmoreland,  between 
lat.  S?j°  .-ind  34°  S.,  and  Ion.  150°  and  151°  E..  and  in  which 
originates  several  of  tLe  rivers  flowing  into  Broken  Bay,  as 
well  as  some  affluents  of  .Macquarrie  River.    A  road  made 


by  convict  labor,  across  the  mountains  northward,  in  some 
places  reaches  to  34C0  feet  in  height  above  the  sea. 

BLUE  PITS,  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  a  staticm  on  the 
Leeds  and  JIanchester  Railway,  2  miles  S.  of  Rochdale. 

BLUE  PLUM,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Tennessee. 

BLUE  POND,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  CO.,  Alabama. 

BLUE  RIDGE,  the  most  easterly  ridge  of  the  Alleghanj 
Slountalns,  extending  in  an  almost  continuous  chain  from 
West  Point,  in  New  York,  through  Pennsylvania,  Virginia 
North  Carolina,  Georgia,  to  the  N.  part  of  Alabama.  Thi» 
range,  after  passing  through  the  north-western  counties  ot 
New  Jersey,  is  travei-sed  by  the  Delaware  immediately  be- 
low the  influx  of  the  Lehigh,  and  again  by  the  Schuylkili 
at  Reading.  It  runs  in  a  south-westerly  course,  neailj 
parallel  to  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  between 
Lancaster  and  Lebanon,  Y'ork  and  Cumberland,  Franklin 
and  Adams  counties,  to  the  Maryland  line.  In  Pennsyl 
vania  it  is  termed  the  South  Mountain.  Cros.sing  the  Po- 
tomac at  Harper's  Ferry,  in  Virginia,  it  first  takes  the  name 
of  Blue  Ridge.  It  forms  the  dividing  line  between  Eastern 
and  Western  Virginia.  A  large  portion  of  the  streams  of 
Eastern  Virginia  have  their  sources  on  the  south-eastern 
slope  of  this  range.  The  Roanoke  and  James  River  alone 
take  their  rise  considerably  farther  inland,  breaking  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  in  order  to  convey  t^eir  waters  to  the  dis- 
tant .sea.  This  mountain  range  advancing  south,  passes 
near  the  western  limit  of  North  Carolina,  grazes  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  South  Carolina,  intersects  the  N.W.  part  of 
Georgia,  and  is  finally  lost  in  Alabama.  Mount  Mitchell, 
&470  feet  high,  in  North  Carolina,  is  the  most  elevated  sum- 
mit of  this  range,  and  of  the  whole  Appalachian  .system. 
Tlie  Otter  peaks,  in  Bedford  county,  Virginia,  the  next 
highest  portion  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  are  4200  feet  high. 

BLUE  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Botetourt  co.,  Airtrinia. 

BLUE  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Yancoy  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BLUE  RIDGl''.  a  pt<st-office  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

BLUE  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana. 

BLUE  RIVEli,  of  Africa.     See  N ilk. 

BLUE  RIVER,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Henry  co.,  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  state,  and  flows  in  a  S.W.  direction  to  the  mouth 
of  Sugar  Creek,  in  Johnson  co.;  after  which  it  takes  the 
name  of  Driftwood  Fork,  or  East  Fork  of  White  River.  It 
is  from  30  to  60  yards  wide  above  Sugar  Creek,  and  affords 
excellent  water-power.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are 
Newcastle  and  Shelbyville. 

BLUE  RIVER,  in  the  S.  part  of  Indiana,  is  a  fine  mill 
stream,  which  rises  in  AVashington  co.,  and  flowing  south- 
westerly tails  into  the  Ohio  at  Leavenworth. 

BLUE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  AVhitley  co.,  Indiana, 
flows  into  Eel  River,  2  miles  below  Columbia. 

BLUE  RIA'ER,  a  small  stream  of  Grant  co.,  AA'isconsin, 
flows  into  the  AVisconsin  River. 

BLUE  RIA'ER,  a  township  in  Harrison  co.,  Indiana. 

BLUE  RIA'ER,  a  township  in  Johnson  CO.,  Indiana.  P.295. 

BLUE  RIA'ER,  a  small  village  of  Iowa  co.,  AVi.sconsin. 

BLUE  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BLUE  ROCK,  a  post-township  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio, 
about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zanes^ille.     Pop.1160. 

BLUE'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas. 

BLUE  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Smyth  co.,  Virginia. 

BLUE  SPRING,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Morgan  co.,  Alabama. 

BLUE  SPRING,  a  village  of  Baker  co.,  Georgia,  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Newton. 

BLUE  SPRING,  a  postKiffice  of  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee. 

BLUE  SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

BLUE  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri, 
9  miles  S.E.  of  Independence. 

BLUE-STACK  MOUNTAIN,  Ireland,  Ulster, 'co.  of  Done- 
gal, near  Glenties,  has  an  elevation  2213  feet. 

BLUESTONE,  a  small  river  in  the  S.AA'.  part  of  A'irginla, 
rises  in  Tazewell  co.,  flows  north-eastward  through  Mercer 
CO.,  and  falls  into  the  New  River,  5  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Greenbrier. 

BLUE  STONE,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co.,  A'irginla. 

BLUE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Greenbrier 
CO.,  A'irginla. 

BLUE  AVING.  a  post-office  of  Granville  co..  North  Carolina. 

BLUFF,  a  village  of  Ilolt  co.,  Missouri,  about  90  miles 
N.AV.  of  Independence. 

BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BLUFF  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Mahaska,  co.,  Iowa. 

BLUFF'DALE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Illinois,  63 
miles  W.S.AV.  of  Springfield. " 

BLUFFDALE,  a  small  post-village  of  Des  Moines  co.,Iowa. 

BLUFF  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Yates  co.,  New  York. 

BLUFF  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana. 

BLUFF  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

BLUFF'PORT,  a  village  of  Howard  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River. 

BLUFF  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia 
about  .30  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus  City. 

BLUFF  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co ,  Alabama. 

BLUFF  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Attala  co.,  Mississippi. 

BLUFF  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri. 

2:17 


BLU 


BOC 


nLUFF  S) 'KINGS,  a  post-office  of  Travis  co..  Texas. 

BLUFF  SI  rings;  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co..  Tennessee. 

EI^UFF  SinilNGS,  a  small  Tillage  of  Jackson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

BLUFFTON,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  co..  Soutli  Carolina. 

BLUFFTON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  'Wabash  Kiver,  100  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis,  25 
miles  S.  of  Fort  Wayne,  was  first  settled  in  1838.  It  eon- 
^Jlin.s  a  good  court-house.  4  or  5  churches,  and,  in  IStiO,  had 
"60  inhaliitants. 

BLUFFTON,  a  small  post-village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wis- 
•wnsin.  60  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Madison. 

BLUFF'AIIJ,E.  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois,  3  miles 
E.  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

BLUAIENSTEIN,  bloo/men-stIne\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
finely  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Stoekhorn,  canton  of  Bern, 
5  miles  W.  of  Thun,  with  mineral  springs  and  well-fre- 
quented baths. 

BLUMENTH.\L,  bloo'men-tdr,  («.«." flowery  valley,"  or 
"bloomingdale.")  a  village  of  Hanover,  11  miles  N.W.  of 
Bremen,  near  the  Weser,  with  a  small  ix)rt.  Blume>'TH.\l 
is  also  the  name  of  other  villages  in  Germany. 

BF^UN'DERVILLE,  a  village  of  Ballard  co..  Kentucky. 

BLUND'ESTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BLUN'llAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

BLUNTISIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BliUH'TOX.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

BLY'BOROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BLYHAM  or  BLIJHAM,  bli'hto,  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  Groningen,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Winschoten,  near 
the  Hanoverian  frontier.     Pop.  800. 

BLYM'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Stafford. 

BLYTH,  With,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  York  and  Not- 
tingham. The  Tillage,  formerly  a  market-town,  has  a  very 
fine  old  church. 

BLYTH  or  BLY'TIIE,  a  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  the  Blyth  Kiver,  at  its  mouth,  8  miles 
E.S.E.  of  .Morpeth.  Pop.  19'21.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor 
for  vessels  of  moderate  burden,  a  light-house  In  lat.  55°  7'  N., 
Ion.  1°  30'  2"  W.,  a  dry-dock,  a  custom-house,  dependent  on 
Newcastle,  and  considerable  exports  of  coal,  iron,  and  salt. 
About  lUO  ves.sels  belong  to  its  port. 

BLYTH  or  BLYTHE,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk, 
rises  near  Laxford,  flows  eastwai-d,  and  enters  the  North  Sea 
near  Southwold.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  BIythburgh  and 
Halesworth,  to  which  it  is  navigable,  a  distance  of  8  miles 
from  the  sea. 

BLYTH  or  BLYTHE.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, flows  through  Stonington  vale  into  the  North 
Sea  at  lilvth. 

BLYTH  or  BLY'TIIE.  ariver  of  England,  an  affluent  of 
the  Thame,  co.  of  'Warwick. 

BLYTH'BURGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BLYTHE,  bllTH,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    I'op.  3421, 

BLYTH  K.  a  township  in  Marion  CO.,  Arkansas. 

BLYTHE'A'ILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  S,  part  of  Jasper 
CO..  Missouri. 

BLYTH'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BLY'TDN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BO  or  PO.  a  group  of  seven  islands  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, E.S.E.  of  the  island  of  Gilolo,  lat.  1°  17'  S.,  Ion.  129° 
18'  E. 

BO'A  ISLAND,  In  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Fermanagh,  Is 
the  largest  isl.and  in  Lough  Erne.     Acres  1400. 

BOAD,  bo*3d',  a  large  fenced  village  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  province  of  Orissa,  on  the  Mahanuddy, 
103  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cuttack,  commanding  the  principal 
pass  between  that  town  and  Bagpoor.  The  surrounding 
distrii-t  is  a  large  zemindary,  densely  wooded  and  thickly 
inhatiited. 

BOADILLA  BE  RIOSECO.  bo-d-ded'ya  dA  r^o-si/ko,  a 
town  of  Spain.  26  miles  N.X.W.  of  Palenci.a.     Pop.  950. 

B0.\I^SBU1{G.  liols'b&rg,  a  post-village  of  Harris  township, 
Centre  co..  I'ennsylvania,  is  beautifully  situated  in  Penn 
■N'alley,  near  the  source  of  Spring  Creek,  85  miles  N.W.  of 
Harrisburir.  and  10  miles  S.  of  Bellefonte.  •  Pep.  near  400. 

BO.^^KD'M.^N,  a  post-t'>wnship  in  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio, 
about  6  miles  F:.  of  Canfield.     Pop.  916. 

BOARD'TREE.  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia. 

BO.VRU'YILLE.  a  small  village  of  Passaic  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  Hingwood  River,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Hackensack. 

BOAR'HUNT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BOAR'ST.\.LL,  a  parish  of  England.     See  Borstall. 

BOAVISTA.  bo-J-vees'ti  or  BON  AVISTA,  {i.e.  "fine 
view,")  an  island  of  .\frica.  the  easternmost  and  next  to  San- 
iago,  the  largest  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  lat.  of  N.W.  point, 
1  i°  13'  is"  N..  Ion.  22°  56'  24"  W.  It  is  of  a  pentagonal  form, 
and  about  20  miles  in  length.  The  surface  is  flat,  with  two 
basaltic  peaks  in  the  centre;  soil  suitable  for  the  production 
of  cotton  and  the  cocoa-tree,  but  cultivation  is  neglected,  the 
population  being  chiefly  occupied  in  tlie  manufacture  of 
salt,  which  forms  the  principal  source  of  wealth.  This  island 
has  3  ports  for  large  vessels :  Porto  Sal  Rey  on  the  W.,  Porto 
do  Noite  on  N.E.,  and  Porto  Curralinho on  the  S.E.    Pop. 


in  1845,  4395.    Chief  towns,  Rabil  (the  capital)  and  Porto  Sal 
Rey. 

BO'AZ.  a  post-office  of  Osage  co.,  ^lissouri. 

BOB'BING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BOB'BINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Salop  and 
Stafford. 

BOIVBINOWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BOBBTO,  bol/be-o,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  Stati-s,  divi- 
sion of  Genoa,  on  the  Trebbia.  39  miles  E.S.E.  cf  Alexan- 
dria.    Pop.,  with  commune,  3743. 

BO'BER,  a  river  of  Prussian  Silesia,  rises  on  the  Bohe- 
mian frontier,  and  after  a  N.N.W.  course  of  alxmt  115  miles, 
joins  the  Oder  at  Crossen.  Chief  affluent  the  Queiss  on  left. 
The  towns  of  Landshut.  Hirschberg.  Lowenberg.Buntzlau, 
Sprottau,  Sagan,  Nanniburg.  and  Bobersberg  are  on  its  banks. 

BOBER.  a  river  of  Poland.     SeeBOBR. 

BOBERKA.  bo'ber-kJ\  or  BOBRICA.  a  town  of  Austrian 
Poland,  Galicia,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Lemberg.  I'op.  2700.  in- 
cluding many  Jews.  It  lias  a  castle,  a  high  school,  and 
linen  manufactures. 

BOBERSBERG,  bo'bers-l)?RG\  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  17  miles  S.  of  Crossen,  on  the  Bobi-r.  Pop. 
1460. 

BOBI A,  boOjc-a,  or  PIRATE  ISLE,  a  small  island  of  Africa, 
in  the  Bay  of  Amboises.  off  the  coast  of  Guinea.  It  is  the 
remains  of  a  once  large  island,  and  continues  to  denease  by 
action  of  the  waves.  Shores  abrupt  and  difficult  cf  access, 
but  densely  popuL-yted. 

BO'BIL'EE  or  BOBIL'LY,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Briti.sh  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  36  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Chicacole. 

BOBINGEN,  bo'bing-en,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  36  miles 
W,N.W.  of  JIunich.  Pop.  1403,  partly  engaged  in  brewing, 
and  refining  nitre. 

BOBLINOEN,  boVling-fn,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  .3.300,  who  manufacture 
woollen  cloths,  vinegar,  and  chemical  products. 

BOBR,  IxyVr,  a  navigable  river  of  Poland,  tributary  to 
the  Narew.    Its  length  is  perhaps  60  miles. 

BOBROV  or  BO^BROFF/,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  60  miles  S.E.  of  Voronezh,  on  the  Bitioog.  Pop.  4865. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  beavers  (bobry)  which  formerly 
abounded  in  its  vicinity. 

BOBRUISK,  bo-broo-isk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  88  miles  S.E.  of  Minsk,  on  the  Beresina.  Pop.  oooO.  It 
was  formerly  fortified,  and  ineffectually  besieged  by  the 
French  in  1812.  It  is  a  station  for  steam-packets  on  the  river. 

BOBTOWN,  a  manufacturing  village  in  PittsfieW  town 
ship.  Berkshire  CO.,  Ma.ssachusetts,  about  30  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Northampton.  The  principal  articles  of  manufacture 
are  woollen  goods. 

BOCA,  bo'ki,  (j.«.  "mouth,  inlet  or  entrance,")  a  term 
applied  to  numerous  straits  and  rivers. 

BOCACHICA,  bo'ki  chee/ki,  (i.«. '-little  mouth  or  en- 
trance.") the  channel,  28  miles  below  Cartagena,  in  New 
Grenada,  to  whose  port  it  leads. 

BOCA  DEL  TOKO,  bok'd  djl  to'ro.  (i.  e.  "  bull's  mouth,") 
Caribbean  Sea,  Costa.Rica.  lat.  9°  20'  N.,  Ion.  82°  W. 

BOCA  DE  NAVIOS,  bo'kd  dA  nd've-oce.  (». e.  "entrance 
for  ship?,")  the  S.  and  largest  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  River, 
South  America. 

BOCAGE,  Le,  leh  bo^kizh',  an  old  districtof  France,  In 
Normandy,  of  which  Vire  was  the  capital.  It  is  now  in 
eluded  in  the  department  of  Calvados. 

BOCAGE,  part  of  the  department  of  La  Vendue,  so  called 
on  account  of  the  great  quantity  of  wood  with  whiih  it  is 
coveted. 

BOCA  GRANDE.  boM  gr3n'dil,  ("  great  entrance.")  a  bay 
of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  Central  America,  Costa  Rica,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Zucar  River. 

BOC.\.INA,  bo- ki'ni,  a  mountain  range  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  It  is  an  offset  of  the  Orgaos  or  Organ 
Mountains. 

BOCAIRENT,  bo-ki-rJnt/,  or  BOCAYRENTE,  lx)-kl- 
rfn'ti.  a  town  of  Spain,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Alicante.  Pop. 
4070.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth  and  paper,  and  bi-andy 
distilleries. 

BOCA  (or  BOCCA)  TIGRIS.  bokTiS  tee'gris,  cr  the 
"BOGUE,'^  the  entrance  to  the  Canton  River,  Cliina,  about 
lat.  22°  45'  N.,  Ion.  113°  35'  E.  All  the  estuary  of  the  river 
southward  of  this  is  called  the  "  Outer  \\aters."  The  Hogue 
has  on  its  E.  side  the  islands  Anuughoy  and  Chuenpee.  and 
on  the  W.  Ty-cock-tow  Island:  in  itS  centre  are  the  rocky 
islets.  North  and  South  Wantung,  all  of  which  are  ;tn)ngly 
fortified.  The  Bogue  forts  were  captured  by  the  British, 
February  26,  1841. 

BOCCA  DI  CATTARO.    See  Cattaro. 

BOCC.A.  DI  FALCO,  bok'ki  dee  fll'ko,  a  village  of  Sicily, 
near  Palermo,  with  a  rich  botiuiic  Harden.     Pop.  4000. 

BOCCHETTA  (bok-k^t'til)  MOUNTAl.V,  one  of  the  West 
Apeunines,  traversed  by  the  road  from  Genoa  to  Novi,  row 
much  improved,  and  passable  for  carriages.  The  summit  4-f 
the  pass  is  2556  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

BOCCHIGLIERO.  iMikkeel-yA'ro.  a  town  of Aaple<,  pr<>  floyi 
of  Calabria  Citra,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rossano.    Poj   2:*j0 


BOC 


Boa 


BOCHNIA,  boK'ne-S,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  Galicia, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cra- 
cow. Pop.  5300.  It  has  several  churches,  4  gymnasium, 
and  mines  of  rock  salt,  which  employ  600  miners,  and  yield 
annually  250,000  cwt.  of  salt.     Pop.  of  circle.  178.760. 

BOCliOLUorliOCHOIiT.  both  pronounced  boK'Alt,  a  town 
of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  44  miles  \V.  of  Mlinster,  on  the  Aa. 
Pop.  4271,  with  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool- 
len, and  silk  fabrics,  hosiei'y,  and  brandy.  There  are  ex- 
tensive iron  works  in  its  vicinity. 

liOCUOLD,  a  village  of  Belgium,  Limbourg,  2J  miles  N. 
W.  of  Bree. 

BOCIIU.M,  boK'o5m,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  26 
miles  N.K.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop.  4290.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
mining  court,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  cas- 
simeres,  and  hardwares. 

BOCK.iU,  bok'kOw,  a  town  of  Saxony,  4  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Schwarzenberg.  Pop.  1700.  It  has  extensive  chemical 
manufiictures  and  mines  of  cobalt  and  silver. 

BOCKK.NK.M,  bok'ken-^m,  a  town  of  Hanover,  16  miles 
S.S.E.  of  inidesheim.  Pop.  2457,  who  manufacture  linen 
fabrics  and  yarn,  tobacco  and  potash. 

BOCKENilEni.bok'kfn-bime\  a  town  of  Hesse  Cassel,  3 
miles  N.W.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Main.  Pop.IJSOO.  It  has  ma- 
nufiictures of  piano-fortes,  jewellery,  and  Iron  ware.  It  was 
separated  from  Bergen  in  IS32. 

BOCKKLUfeS,  bok'Hooss,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  with  a 
castle.  15  miles  N.W.  of  .Marchegg.     Pop.  1490. 

BOCK'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BOCKLETON,  bok'el-t^n,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of 
Hereford  .and  Worcester.  . 

BOCOGXANO,  bo-kAn-yd/no,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Cor- 
sica, 20j  miles  N.E.  of  Ajaccio.     Pop.  in  1851,  80O. 

BOO'ONNOC,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  4  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Lostwithiel.  William  Pitt,  earl  of  Chatham,  was 
born  here  in  1708. 

BOCZ.\,  Ixjfsa,  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Lipiau,  11 
miles  S.B.  of  Werbicze.  Pop.  1220.  Its  once  important  gold 
mines  are  rendered  useless  by  inundations. 

BODCAU  (bod'kOw)  LAKE,  of  Bossier  parish,  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  Louisiana.  Bodcau  bayou  or  river  enters  the  N.E. 
extremity,  and  also  forms  the  outlet  by  which  the  water  is 
discharged  from  the  other  end  into  Bed  Kiver.  Length, 
about  20  miles;  createst  breadth,  3  or  4  miles. 

BODCAU  BAYOU  or  UIVKR,  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana, 
rises  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  former  state,  and  flowing  south- 
ward into  Louisi.ana,  enters  Bed  Kiver  in  Bossier  parish, 
after  passing  thi'ough  IJodcau  Lake. 

BOD'UINGTO.V,  LOWER  and  UPPER,  two  parishes  of 
England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BOD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BODED'ERN,  a  paHsh  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

BODE'GA,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  county,  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  California,  is  situated  on  Bodega  Bay,  62  n)iles  in  a 
(straight  line  N.W.  by  N.  from  San  Francisco.  Tills  settle- 
iient  was  made  by  the  Russians  in  1812,  who  erected  here  a 
stockaded  fort.  It  \v:\»  afterwards  ceded  to  Captain  Sutter, 
tlie  founder  of  New  Helvetia.     Pop.  924. 

BODEGA  BAY  is  of  a  very  irregular  shape.  Length,  per- 
haps, 10  miles;  greatest  breadth,  4  or  5  miles. 

BOD  KG  RAVEN,  bcyde-griWen,  a  village  of  S.  Holland,  on 
the  Old  Rhine,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Leyden.    Pop.  of  parish,  2120. 

BO'DEN  HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BO'DENH.\M.  a  post>village  in  Giles  co.,  Tennessee,  about 
70  miles  S.S.W.  from  Nashville. 

BODENSTADT,  bo'den-stdtt\a  town  of  Moravia,  19  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  1200. 

BODEX-SKE.  Germany.    See  Constance,  Lake  op, 

BODENSWEIER.  bo/dens-wper,  a  village  of  Baden,  4^ 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Bischofsheim.    Pop.  1050. 

BODENAVERDER,  bo'den-^teMer,  awalled  town  of  Han- 
over, on  an  island  in  the  Weser,  enclosed  by  the  territory 
of  Brunswick,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Ilameln.  Pop.  1486.  Chief 
Industry,  cotton-spinning,  and  trade  in  timber. 

BODEWRYD,  bo-du'rid,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

BODFARY,  bod-f't/ree,  or  BODVART.  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  cos.  of  Flint  and  Denliigh,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Denbigh. 
tt  was  a  Roman  station,  and  has  Roman  antiquities. 

BOD'FUAN  or  BOD'VEAN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon. 

BOD'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BO'DIIL\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the 
Rother.  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  B.attle.  Bodiham  Castle,  built  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  is  a  magnificent  ruin,  surrounded 
by  a  moat,  and  its  grwit  entrance  defended  by  an  iron 
portcullis,  still  entire. 

BOD.MANN,  bod'mjnn,  (L.  Bodami  Gistmm,)  a  village 
of  Baden,  on  Lake  Constance,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stockach. 
Pop.  881,  with  ruins  of  an  ancient  royal  castle,  former  resi- 
dence of  the  lieutenants  {Botcmann  or  Bndmanro,  i.  e. "  mes- 
Benger"or  "Icr/atus")  of  the  Carlovingian  kings,  whence  the 
Lake  of  Constance  was  named  Bodman-see  or  Boden-see. 

BOD'MIN,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  town, 
and  parish  of  Englana,  aipital,  co.  of  Cornwall,  232  miles 


W.S.W.  of  London,  and  26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Plymouth.  Pop. 
in  1851,  4705 ;  of  the  borough,  which  eonipiises  3  other  pv 
rishes,  6901.  The  town  consists  of  a  long  street,  in  a  hol- 
low between  two  hills.  The  church  is  .spacious;  it  was  rebuilt 
aliout  1472.  It  has  a  grammar  school,  founded  by  Queen 
Elizabeth,  a  mayoralty-house,  a  court-house,  in  which  are 
held  the  county  assizes  and  borough  sessions,  a  county  jail 
and  house  of  correction,  county  lunatic  asylum,  a  good  mar- 
ketrhouse,  and  a  corn  market,  formerly  the  refectory  of  a 
priory,  originally  founded  by  British  monks  about  a.d.  518. 
The  chief  manufacture  is  of  shoes.  It  .sends  2  members  to 
the  House  of  Commons.  A  railway  from  Wade-bridge,  141 
miles  iu  length,  connects  the  town  with  the  Bristol  ChanneL 
Bodmin  was  at  one  time  the  seat  of  the  bishoprick  of  Corn- 
wall: of  which  it  is  now  one  of  the  stannary  towns. 

BOD'XEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BODOE,  (Bodiie,)  bo'do'gh,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Nor- 
wiiy,  stift  of  Nordland,  on  the  mainland,  nearly  opposite 
the  S.  extremity  of  the  LofToden  islands.     Pop.  277. 

BODROGH-KERESZTUR,  boMrog'-kAVisHooR/,a  town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Zemplin,  on  the  Bodrogh.  a  tributary  of  the 
Theiss,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Tokay.  Pop.  4500,  mostly  Magyars. 
It  has  several  churches,  a  synagogue,  and  trade  in  cattle 
and  wine,  and  4  large  annual  fairs.  The  Tokay  wines  are 
raised  in  its  vicinity. 

BODWROG,  bo-doc/rog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

BODY  CA^IP,  a  postofTice  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

BOEN,  bwSN'o,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire, 
9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montbrisou.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851. 
1024.    It  has  manufactures  of  paper,  and  trade  in  wine. 

B()EO  CAPE.    See  Cape  Boeo. 

BCEOTIA,  be-o'she-a  or  VIOTIA,  (modern  Gr.  pron.  ve-o- 
tee'd;  Gr.  Butcona.  Buiotia.)  a  department  of  the  l<iiigdom 
of  Greece,  (capital  Livadia)  on  the  continent  of  Hellas, 
having  N.  the  department  Phthiotis,  S.  Thebes  and  the 
Gulf  of  Corinth,  \V  Phocis,  and  E.  Thebes  and  Lake  To- 
polias.  Pop.  in  1840,  31,679.  Surface  well  watered  and 
fertile.     Mount  Helicon  is  on  its  S.E.  border. 

BOErriA,  a  postrofftce  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 

BOEUF  B.A.YOU,  hit  bl'oo  in  Ijouisiana,  communicates 
with  Red  River  and  the  Atchafalaya. 

BOEUF  B.\YOU,  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  commences 
in  Chicot  county  of  the  former  state,  a  few  miles  W.  from 
the  Mississippi,  from  which  it  derives  supplies  in  times  of 
floods.  After  passing  into  Louisiana,  it  flows  south-west- 
ward to  the  E.  border  of  Caldwell  parish,  and  turning  to- 
ward the  S.E.,  unites  with  Washita  River,  about  10  miles 
above  Harri.sonburg.  In  high- water,  steamboats  can  as- 
cend from  the  Washita  about  150  miles. 

BOEUFF  PRAIRIE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Franklin  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BOG,  two  rivers  of  European  Russia.    See  Buo. 

BO'GAN,  or  NEW-YEAR  RIVER,  (the  "Allan  Water" 
of  Oxley.)  a  considerajile  river  of  New  .'k)uth  Wales,  rises  in 
Harvey  range,  near  lat.  .33°  S..  ion.  148°  30'  E.,  flows  gene- 
rally N.W.,  and  joins  the  Darling  River  about  lat.  30°  S., 
Ion.  146°  E.     Total  course,  upwards  of  300  miles. 

B(yGANDS,  a  post-village  of  C«rroU  co.,  Missouri,  about 
100  miles  N.W.  from  Jefferson  City. 

BO'tJANSVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BO'G.\RD,  a  postrtownship  in  Daviess  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
917. 

BOGARRA,  bo-giR/nl,  a  town  of  Spain,  32  miles  S.W.  of 
Albacete.     Pop.  2096.     Manufactures  linens  and  woollens. 

BOGDOIN  DABASSOO  (orDABASSU)  bog/doin,  dd-bas^su, 
a  salt  lake,  Russia,  government  Astrakhan,  at  the  foot  of 
the  remarkable  hill  Bogdo-oola,  and  14  miles  E.  of  Tcher- 
noiar.sk.    It  is  about  10  miles  long,  and  6  miles  broad. 

BOG'DO  OO'LA,  a  mount«in  of  South  Russia,  in  the  N.W. 
of  the  government  of  Astrakhan.  It  rises  abruptly  out  of  the 
flat  st«ppe,  and  is  held  sacred  by  the  Kalmucks.  Its  sum- 
mit contains  fragments  of  mussel  limestone,  but  is  chiefly 
composed  of  masses  of  rock  salt. 

BOGEN,  bo'ghen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  lower  bank  of 
the  Danube,  6  miles  E.  of  Straubing.  It  has  large  breweries. 
Pop.  1143. 

BOGENBERG,  bo'ghgn-b?Ro\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  a  moun- 
tain of  the  same  name,  with  a  chapel,  a  celebrated  nlace  of 
pilgrimage. 

BOGEN  IIAUSEN,  bo'ghen-hSw'zen.a  village  of  Bavaria, 
2  miles  N.E.  of  Munich,  on  the  Isar,  with  the  royal  ob- 
servatory of  Munich,  one  o*"  the  best  in  Europe,  iu  lat.  48° 
8'  54"  N..  Ion.  11°  36'  22"  E.,  erected  in  1817. 

BOGENSE,  bo'ghen-seh,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Den- 
mark, on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island    Funen.     Pop.  1400. 

BOG'GAH,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre.sidency  of  Bengal, 
on  the  Gunduck,  30  miles  N.AV.  of  Bettiah. 

BOG  GROVE,  a  township  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois. 

BOGG.S,  a  township  of  Centre  co, Pennsylvania.  Pop.  2243. 

BOGGS,  a  township  of  ClearfieUl  co.,  Pennsvlvania.  P.  561. 

BilGGY  DEPOT,  a  post-oflice  of  Choctaw'co.,  Arkansas. 

BOGHAZ  IvIEUI.  or  KEWEE,  bo^dz'  kA'wee,  or  KOI, 
(perhaps  the  a.ac.Ta'viuin,)  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic 

2;iU 


BOG 


BO  II 


of  Srt(>Tas,  88  miles  S-W.  of  Amasla.  Hero  are  portions  of  a 
larg:*  t*-mple,  supposed  to  be  that  of  Jupiter,  mentioned  by 
Strabo  (lib.  xii..)  and  of  a  Cyclopean  wall,  and  '2  fortresses, 
besides  vai-ious  bas-reliefs. 

BOGUT,  a  postoffice  of  .\lbany  co.,  New  York. 

BOGIE,  bo'y;hee,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aber- 
deen; it  flows  northward  through  the  parish  of  Auchiudoir, 
and  joins  the  Deveron  near  Huntly. 

BOGLIPOOK,  bo',i?le-poor',  or  BHAUGULPOOR,  a  district 
of  British  India,  ijahar  province,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
traversed  by  the  Ganges. 

BOGLIPGOR,  (•■  the  al>ode  of  refugees,")  is  the  capital  of 
the  above  district.  2  miles  S.  of  the  Ganges,  and  lU-i  miles 
N.W.  of  Moorshedabad.  Pop.  estimated  at  30,000,  the  ma- 
jority Jlohammedans.  It  covers  a  large  surface,  and  con- 
sists of  a  number  of  scattered  market-places  and  collections 
«)f  mean  houses,  with  an  English  church  and  chapels, 
cchool,  jail,  hospital,  Mohammedan  Arabic  college,  and  se- 
veral mosques.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  silk  ftibrics. 
Near  it  are  some  remarkable  round-towers,  to  which  the 
Jains  resort  in  pilgrimage. 

BOG/NOR,  formerly  HOTIIAMPTON,  a  maritime  market- 
town,  chapelry,  and  bathing-place  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex, 
6  miles  S.E.  of  Chichester,  pai'ish  of  South  Berested.  Pop. 
in  1S51,  2694.  It  was  a  mere  fishing  village  previously  to 
1780,  when  its  proprietor,  Sir  I{.  Ilotham,  began  improve- 
ments which  have  now  rendered  it  a  favorite  place  of  re.sort. 
It  is  sheltered  from  N.  winds,  and  has  many  pleasant  resi- 
dences, a  good  market-place,  several  places  of  worship,  and 
a  school  founded  by  the  Princess  Charlotte.  A  rocky  coast 
renders  it  accessible  only  to  small  coasting  vessels.  It  has 
ft  station  on  the  South  Coast  Rjiilway. 

BOGODOOKHOV,  BOGODOUKHOV  or  BOGODUKIIOV, 
bo-go-doo-kov',  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
29  miles  N.W.  of  Kharkov.  Pop.  5000,  engaged  in  leathei^ 
dressing,  boot-making,  and  trade  in  cattle  and  hides. 

BOGOE.    See  Baaooe. 

BOGOOSLAV,  BOGOUSLAV,  or  BOGUSLAW,  bo-goo- 
slJv',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  70  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Kiev,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rossa.  It  confciins  three  churches,  (two  Greek  and 
one  United.)  A  great  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  are 
Jews.    Pop.  6000. 

BOGORODITSK,  bo-go-ro-ditsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Toola,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Toola.  Pop.  2900.  It  has  a 
royal  castle,  and  trade  in  honey  and  flax. 

BOGOSLOVSK,  bo-go-slovsk',  a  mining  village  of  Rimsia, 
In  the  Ural  Mountains,  government,  and  185  miles  N.E.  of 
Perm,  near  lat.  60°  N.;  960  feet  above  the  sea. 

BOGOTA,  bo-go-tj',  formerly  SANTA  FE  DE  BOGOTA, 
sin'td  fA  diV  bo-go-td',  a  city  of  South  America,  capital  of  the 
republic  of  New  Granada,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  Lat. 
4°  35'  48"  N.;  Ion.  74°  13'  45"  W.  Itis  situated  on  the  Sjtn 
Francisco  River,  in  an  elevated  plain,  8863  feet  above  the 
sea.  at  the  foot  of  two  lofty  mountains,  with  a  delightful 
though  moist  climate,  resembling  a  perpetual  autumn ;  the 
temperature  rarely  exceeding  59°  Fahrenheit.  Seen  from  a 
distance,  it  presents  a  very  imposing  appeprance,  rising  in 
the  form  of  an  amphitheatre.  The  streets  are  narrow,  but 
regular,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  many  of 
them  having  a  stream  of  water  flowing  down  the  middle. 
They  are  all  paved,  and  have  footpath.s,  but  are  indifferently 
lighted;  and  there  being  no  common  sewers,  are  often  in  a 
filthy  state.  The  principal  street,  Calle  Real,  is  very  hand- 
some, terpiinating  at  one  end  in  a  square,  fornied  by  the 
palace  of  the  president,  the  cathedral,  the  custom-hou.ie,  &c. 
There  are  several  other  squares  besides,  of  inferior  preten- 
Mons,  though  spacious,  and  all  ornamented  with  fountains. 
Bogota  being  subject  to  earthquakes,  the  houses  are  low, 
and  strongly  built,  few  of  them  exceeding  two  stories  in 
height.  They  are  constructed  of  sun-dried  brick,  white- 
washed and  tiled,  without  chimneys,  stoves  only  being 
used.  Traffic  is  carried  on  in  the  streets  by  mules,  no  ve- 
hicles of  any  kind  being  employed.  The  religious  structures 
of  the  city  are  disproportionately  numerous,  there  being  no 
fewer  than  26  churches,  a  cathedral,  9  monasteries,  and  3 
nunneries,  to  which  more  than  half  the  houses  in  the  city 
belong.  The  churches,  though  gorgeously  adorned  inte- 
riorly, display  more  splendor  th.an  taste.  ISogota  contains 
a  university,  three  colleges,  most  of  the  professors  in  which 
are  monks  or  priests,  a  school  of  chemistry  and  mineralogy, 
,  a  Lancasterian  school,  a  national  academy,  a  public  library, 
an  observatory,  a  botanic  garden,  and  a  well-attended  thea- 
tre. It  has  manufactures  of  soap,  cloth,  leather,  and  precious 
metal;  and  an  active  trade.  The  environs  of  Bogota  are 
highly  interesting.  The  Rio  Francisco,  which  traverses  the 
city,  joins  the  Rio  Bogota  in  the  centre  of  the  plain,  and  the 
conjoint  waters  descend  in  a  S.W.  direction,  through  a  ravine 
nearly  20  miles  long.  At  the  cataract  of  Tequendama  the 
cleft  between  the  rocks  is  only  36  feet  wide,  and  the  waters 
descend  in  an  unbroken  mass  650  feet.  About  20  miles 
from  the  fells  is  the  natural  bridge  of  Icononzo  or  I'andi, 
formed  by  two  rocks  that  unite  the  opposite  sides  of  a  deep 
mountain-cleft,  300  feet  above  a  small  torrent.  North  of  the 
city,  gigantic  fossil  bones  have  been  tbund.  The  Campo  con- 
210 


tains  also  coalfields,  and,  towards  the  N.  border,  the  rich  salt- 
mines of  Zipaquira.  Here  also  is  Lake  Guatavita.  into  which 
it  is  supposed  the  ancient  inhabitants  threw  their  treasure 
when  conquered  by  the  Spaniai-ds.  Bogota  was  founded  by 
Quesada  in  1538,  and  made  an  archbishopric  in  1561.  It  was 
formerly  capital  of  the  Spanish  viceroyalty  of  New  Granada, 
and  also  capitjil  of  the  republic  of  Colombia.     Pop.  40.000. 

BOGUE  UOMO  (bog  ho'mo)  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  falls 
into  Leaf  River  from  the  N.,  in  Perry  co.,  a  few  miles  below 
Augusta. 

BO'GUS  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana. 

BOGUTSIIAR,  or  BOGOUTCIIAR,  boi;oo-chaR',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  138  miles  S.S.E.  of  Voronezh,  near 
the  Don.     Pop.  2600. 

BOGWANGOIiA,  bog-w3n-go'li,  a  large  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Moorshedabad. 
It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  grain,  &c. 

BOII AIN,  bo^jNo/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aisne, 
12  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Quentin.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
4146,  who  weave  shawls  and  woollen  fabrics. 

BOH  ALLE,  LA,  Id  bo^hdll'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Jlaine-et-Loii-e,  arrondissement  of  Angers.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, 1 144. 

BOIIARM',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Banff  and  Sloray, 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Elgin.  Pop.  1261.  Here  are  ruins  of  Castle 
Galvall,  built  by  De  Moravia  in  the  eleventh  century. 

BOHEMIA,  (bo-hee'me-a,)  Ivingdom  of,  (Ger.  BShraen, 
bo'mgn,  Fr.  Boheme,  bo'aim',)  a  political  and  administrative 
division  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  forming  the  E.  part  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  between  lat.  48°  33'  .and  51°  3'  N., 
and  Ion.  12°  and  16°  46'  E. ;  bounded  N.  by  Saxony  and 
Prussian  Silesia,  E.  by  Prussia  and  Moravia.  S.  by  Lower 
.Austria,  and  W.  by  Bavaria.  Length  from  E.  to  W.,  210 
miles;  breadth  from  N.  to  S.,  171  miles.  Area  estinlated  at 
20,000  square  miles,  "The  territory  forms  an  extensive  up- 
land valley,  with  an  inclination  to  the  N,W.  It  is  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  mountains,  and  belongs  almost  ex- 
clusively to  the  basin  of  the  Elbe,  by  which  stream  nearly 
all  the  water  that  falls  in  the  country  is  drained  off  throvigh 
a  single  defile  on  the  Saxon  frontier,  which  separates  the  Erz- 
gebirge  from  the  Ljiusitz  branch  of  the  Riesengebirge. 

Mountains. — Four  chains  of  lofty  mountains  constitute 
the  natur.al  boundaries  of  the  Bohemian  basin.  N.  and  N.E. 
it  is  separated  from  Silesia  by  the  l!iesengebirge,(».e.  "giant 
mountains,")  one  of  the  principal  branches  of  the  Sudetic 
chain.  The  highest  peaks  are  the  Riesenkoppe  ("giant  top") 
or  Schneekoppe,  (snow  top.)  5400  fefet;  the  double-capped 
Brunnberg  or  Bornberg,  6007  feet ;  and  the  Sturmhaube, 
(•■storm-hood,")  4756  feet,  N  and  N.W.  it  is  separated  from 
Saxony  by  the  Erzgebirge,  ("ore  mountains;")  parted  N.E, 
from  the  Riesengebirge  by  the  defile  through  which  the 
Elbe  leaves  Bohemia.  The  Erzegebii-ge  is  not  so  much  a 
chain  of  mountains  as  a  huge  continuous  mound,  sloping 
gradually  on  the  Saxon  side,  but  remarkably  abrupt  on  the 
Bohemian.  W.  and  S.W.  Bohemia  is  separated  frf)m  Bava- 
ria and  the  arch-duchy  of  Austria  by  the  Bohmerwaldge- 
birge,  (Bohemian  forest  mountains.)  a  range  which  forms 
part  of  the  SijVva  Hercyhiia  of  ancient  geographers.  At  its 
N.W.  extremity  it  is  separated  from  tlie  Efzgebirge  by  the 
depression  through  which  the  Eger  flows.  It  is  wild,  pre- 
cipitous, and  full  of  deep  ch.isras  and  ravines;  towards  Ba- 
varia it  is  very  steep,  but  of  more  gradual  inclination  on 
the  Bohemian  side.  This  chain,  uniting  at  its  S.W.  extre- 
mity with  the  Bohmerwaldgebi  rge,  and  at  its  N.E.  with  the 
Riesengebirge,  completes  the  circle  of  mountains  by  which 
Bohemia  is  enclosed.  The  Moravian  chain  is  of  gentle  ac- 
clivity, of  the  average  height  of  3281  feet,  and  separates  the 
basin  of  the  Elbe  and  Moldau  from  that  of  the  Danube. 
Several  offsets  from  these  chains,  of  inferior  height,  inter- 
sect the  kingdom. 

Geology  and  Minerals. — The  whole  of  these  mountain 
ranges,  generally  speaking,  are  of  primitive  formation, 
though  later  formations  are  found  on  the  N.W.  and  N.E. 
In  the  centre  of  the  country  is  an  extensive  sandstone  for- 
mation ;  and  that  the  carboniferous  series  likewise  exists,  is 
evidenced  by  the  presence  of  coal,  of  which  the  quantity 
produced  in  1845  was  2S5.180  tons,  and  in  1846,  321,855. 
Indeed,  one  the  chief  sources  of  the  country's  wealth  has 
been  its  valuable  minerals,  found  chiefly  in  the  Erzgebirge 
and  the  spurs  of  the  F'ichtelgebirge,  ("pine-mountains.")  Of 
gold  and  silver  it  now  yields  little;  of  the  latter,  in  1844,  the 
quantity  obtained  was  only  21,24^^  pounds  troy.  But  it  pro. 
duces  cinnabar,  tin,  bismuth,  copper,  zinc,  nickel,  lead,  man- 
ganese, litharge,  sulphur,  alum.  iron,  arsenic,  chrome,  sul- 
phate of  iron  and  copper,  and  plumbago:  some  of  these  in 
considerable  quantity.  For  theyeais  1842.  1843,  and  1844, 
the  total  money-value  of  the  produce  of  the  mines  was,  re.spe-v 
lively.  317,17a.,  322,09M.,  and  3(58,109!.  In  1845.  the  quantity 
of  plumbago  produced  was  about  400  tons,  and  in  1846,  up- 
wards of  550  tons.  Quarries  are  worked  everywhere,  and 
excellent  marble,  alabaster,  quartz,  granite,  freestone,  stipe- 
rior  millstones,  and  grindstones  are  obtained.  The  beauti- 
ful garnets,  famous  over  Europe,  are  found  chii-fiy  in  the 
circles  of  Czaslau  and  Leitmeritz;  and,  in  vaiious  localities, 
topazes,  chalcedonies,  amethysts,  jaspers,  sapphires,  crnne- 


BOH 


BOH 


Hans,  ruliie?,  agates,  and  many  other  kinds  of  precious 
stones,  porcelain  earth,  and  potters'  clay. 

jKivers,  Lukes,  and  {Springs. — The  streams  of  Bohemia 
converge  from  all  sides  towards  the  Kllie,  which  rises  in  the 
Riesenfrebirge,  aiid  of  whidi,  either  directly  or  indirectly, 
with  the  exception  of  some  inconsiderahle  trilmtaries  of 
the  Drinube  and  Oder,  they  all  are  affluents,  and  by  which 
their  waters  are  diained  olT  through  a  mountain  defile  in 
the  Saxon  frontier,  where  the  level  of  the  river  is  287  feet 
al>ove  the  sea.  Bohemia  has  no  large  lakes,  but  it  is  said 
to  possess  20,000  ponds  and  100  mineral  springs.  Some  of 
these  last  are  famed  o\er  Europe,  of  which  may  be  specified 
the  saline  chalybeate  springs  of  i'ranzensbrunn ;  those  of 
Marienbad  and  GiosshUbel ;  the  warm  alkaline  aperient 
springs  of  Carlsbad  and  Toplitz.  (lGt;°  and  99°  Fahrenheit, 
respectively;)  the  bitter  cathartic  waters  of  Sedlitz,  ,Said- 
schUtz,  and  Piittna;  the  sulphurous  springs  of  Tijplitz; 
besides  a  host  of  others  of  less  repute. 

Climale. — The  climate  is  vai-iable.  but  in  general  healthy, 
and  warmer  in  the  low  districts,  the  central  parts,  and  to- 
wards the  N.,  than  in  the  S.  The  mean  annual  temperit- 
ture  at  Prague  in  48°  43'  Fahrenheit;  winter,  32°  31'; 
spring,  47°;  summer,  69°  .50';  autumn,  50°  22'.  In  the 
I)6hmerwald.  the  snow  is  often  found  12  feet  deep,  and  lies 
till  the  middle  of  April ;  in  some  of  the  other  ranges  it  re- 
mains througliout  the  whole  year. 

Vegetation,  Agriculture,  d:c. — Excepting  in  the  lofty  moun- 
tain ranges,  the  soil  of  IJohemia  is  generally  fertile,  more 
especially  in  the  N.  and  N.E..  and  in  the  valleys  ofthe  Eger 
and  the  Elbe.  The  whole  amount  of  arable  land  is  esti- 
mated at  12.259.31)2  acres,  of  which  6,101,649  acres,  or  nearly 
one-half,  is  under  tlie  plough,  the  remainder  being  laid  out 
in  orchards,  vineyards,  pastures,  &c.  The  principal  crops 
raised  are  rye  and  oats,  about  equal  in  quantity;  barley 
and  wheat,  al)out  half  the  two  former.  Potatoes  and  tur- 
nips are  grown  extensively,  and  considerable  quantities  of 
legumes,  poppies,  rape  and  clover  seeds,  iiax,  and  hemp. 
Of  the  hops,  which  are  good,  a  large  portion  is  sent  to  Uar 
varia.  Fruit  is  abundant  on  the  lower  gi'ounds;  and  in 
the  warmer  localities,  on  the  banks  of  the  FUbe,  the  vine 
ripens,  and  yields  about  250,000  gallons  of  wine.  Besides 
the  portion  under  cultivation.  3,756.290  acres  are  under 
wood,  yielding  annual]}'  3.638.000  cui)ic  fathoms  of  ttmlier, 
value  1,910,811?.  The  breed  of  sheep  is  now  greatly  im- 
proved, and  the  wool  excellent.  The  rearing  of  poultry  and 
bees  is  extensively  prosecuted,  but  attempts  to  Introduce 
the  silkworm  have  not  been  successful.  On  the  whole, 
aarriculture  has  made  considerable  progress  in  Bohemia  of 
late  years ;  but  still  the  utmost  capabilities  of  the  soil  are 
not.  and  cannot  ise.  fully  developed  under  a  system  which, 
as  there,  excludes  the  cultivator  from  participation  in  its 
produce. 

Mixnitfuctiires. — In  manufacturing  indu.stry,  this  country 
has  long  been  considered  one  of  tlie  most  important  pro- 
vinces ofthe  empire.  The  chief  seat  of  this  industry  is  in 
the  northern  provinces,  and  among  the  German  population 
ofthe  mountains:  it  consists  principally  in  thread,  linens, 
cotton,  iron,  woollens,  glass,  and  paper.  In  1844,  there 
were  produced  1.500.000  pieces  of  linen,  of  30  ells  each, 
value  1,050,000?.  There  are  83  cotton-spinning  factories  in 
the  kingdom,  with  395,000  fine  spindles,  producing  about 
3.500,000  pieces,  and  employing  about  150,000  persons. 
The  whole  quantity  of  wool  produced  in  Bohemia  is  esti- 
mated at  106,960  hundred-weight,  and  the  cloth  made  at 
about  186.000  pieces,  value  1.082,000?.  The  manufacture  of 
potash  employs  nearly  6000  people,  and  leather,  4000.  In 
1845.  there  were  10  manufactories  of  sugar  from  potatoes, 
and  25  from  beet-root.  Besides  these,  there  are  5  sugar 
refineries.  There  are  likewise  917  breweries,  and  1228 
brandy  distilleries,  mostly  on  a  very  small  scale,  producing 
4,052.852  imperial  gallons  of  spirits.  The  total  amount  of 
cast-iron  manufactured  in  Bohemia,  in  nails,  wire,  cutlery, 
locks.  <tc..  may  be  estimated  at  17.500  tons  per  annum,  em- 
ploying about  6000  persons;  and  the  value  of  the  whole 
Ironware  produced,  170,000?,  Glass  has  been  a  staple  article 
of  Boliemian  manufacture  since  the  thirteenth  century, 
although  it  is  not  supposed  to  be  so  flourishing  now  as  it 
was  formerly.  There  are  in  the  kingdom  67  glass-works, 
besides  mirror  factories  and  glass-cutting  works,  and  facto- 
ries of  glass  pearls,  employing  in  all  about  30.000  persons. 
About  one-third  of  the  entire  population  of  the  kingdom, 
It  is  estimated,  are  employed  in  the  various  manufactures. 

Oiinmerce. — The  commerce  of  the  country  consists  in  the 
exportation  of  the  products  of  the  soil  and  manufactures, 
the  importation  of  colonial  goods,  and  the  transit  of  mer- 
chandise from  Northern  Germany  to  Austria,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy.  The  FUbe  and  the  Moldau  are  navigated  by 
gteam-packets,  and  the  latter  communicates  with  the  Da- 
nube by  a  horse  railway  from  Budweis  to  Lintz,  Prague  is 
connected  by  railway  with  Olmutz  ou  the  ii.  and  Lana  on 
the  W.  It  is  also  connected  by  railway  with  Vienna  on  the 
one  hand,  and  with  Leitmeritz  and  Dresden  on  the  other. 

Bohemia,  witli  the  title  of  kingdom,  forms  a  provincial 

government  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  having  certain  politi- 

cil  privileges ;  it  is  comprised  in  the  states  of  the  Germanic 

Q 


Confederation.  The  Emperor  of  Austria  bears  the  title  o. 
King  of  Bohemia,  and  is  crowned  at  Prague.  It  came  inti 
the  posse.s.sidu  ofthe  House  of  Austria  in  1526.  It  consist* 
of  1  district.Prap,(PrngU(')and  16  circles — Beraun,  Bid.«chow, 
Budweis.  Buntzlau,  Chrudim,  Cza.slau,  Filbogen,  Kaurzim, 
Klattau,  KijniggrBtz,  Leitmeritz.  i'ilsen,  Prachin,  Kakonitz, 
Sa«tz,and  Tabor.  The  Koman  Catholic  is  the  religion  of  the 
state,  and  the  other  sects  are  only  tolerated.  Btihemia  pos- 
sesses numerous  establishments  for  public  instruction. 
The  university  of  Prague  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  cele- 
brated in  Germany;  it  had,  in  1S42,  71  professors  and 
teachers,  and  2741  students.  The  kingdom  has  3  episcopal 
schools,  22  gymnasia,  having  (in  1846)  5683  pupils.  The 
number  of  private  schools  was  (in  1845)  3490,  attended  by 
516.831  pupils,  while  the  numlHsr  of  children  able  to  attend 
school  was  544,922.  There  are  many  learned  societies  in 
Bohemia,  with  which  are  connected  public  libraries,  botanic 
garden.s.  and  .scientific  collections;  and  it  has  charitable  in- 
stitutions in  all  file  principal  cities.  The  cliief  fortificaticms 
are  at  Prague.  .Toseplistadt.  KoniggrJitz,  and  Theresienstadt. 

Bohemia  derives  its  name  from  tlie  Boii,  a  Celtic  people, 
who  settled  in  the  country  about  600  years  B.  c,  and  who 
were  expelled  in  the  time  of  Augustus  by  the  Marcomanni. 
About  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century  a  numerous  army 
of  Czeches  entered  the  country,  and  sutidued  it.  The  first 
duke  known  to  us  by  name  is  Przemislas,  a  peasant  whom 
the  Princess  Libussiv  married  in  A.  D.  032.  and  raised  to  the 
throne.  In  1061,  the  Fhnperor  Henry  IV.  gave  the  royal 
title  to  the  Dukes  of  Bohemia.  By  the  extinction  of  the 
male  line,  the  crown  came  to  the  House  of  Luxembourg  in 
1310.  when  Charles  IV.  united  Bohemia  with  the  German 
F:mpire.  After  many  vicissitudes,  itohemia  fell  to  the 
House  of  Austria,  in  the  person  of  i'erdinand  the  Arch- 
duke, brotlier  of  Charles  V.,  and  brother-in-law  of  Louis 
II,,  King  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  who  was  killed  in  1526 
in  a  battle  with  the  Turks,  near  Mohacs.  At  tliis  period 
Bohemia  pos.sessed  a  comparatively  free  constitution,  and 
most  of  its  inhabitants  were  I'rotestants.  In  consequence  of 
the  encroachments  of  the  succeeding  emperors  on  the  reli- 
gious liberties  of  the  Protestants,  serious  disturliances 
arose,  which  threatened  the  House  of  Austria  with  the 
lo.ss  ofthe  kingdom.  In  1619.  the  people  olTered  the  crown 
to  Fredeiick  V.,  Elector-Palatinate,  to  the  exclusion  of  F'er- 
dinand  II.  But  the  battle  of  the  White  Mountain,  fought 
in  November,  1620,  and  in  which  F'rederick  was  totiiUy  de- 
feated, put  an  end  to  the  rising  hopes  of  the  Protestants, 
and  proved  the  source  of  innumerable  calamities  to  the  Bo- 
hemians, who  were  subjected  by  their  conquerors,  the  Aus- 
trians,  to  a  persecution  scarcely  paralleled  in  history.  The 
Protestant  religion,  held  by  three-fourths  of  the  people, 
became  well  nigh  extinct;  the  free  constitution  was 
totjiUy  subverted,  and  Bohemia  converted  into  an  absolute 
and  hereditary  monarchy,  and  the  Roman  Catholic  faith 
established  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  From  this  time 
the  kingdom  continually  declined.  More  than  30,000  fami- 
lies, including  many  of  the  nobility,  all  the  Protestant 
ministers  and  teachers,  numerous  mechanics,  &c.,  were 
forcibly  driven  into  ^ile,  or  had  their  estates  and  property 
confiscated.  AVhen  Frederick  II.  died,  in  16.37,  out  of 
3.000,000  inhabitants  which  Bohemia  contained  in  1617, 
there  remained  only  780,000.  On  the  death  of  Charles  \l., 
(1740.)  Charles  Albert,  Fllector  of  Biivaria,  claimed  the 
crown,  but  Maria  Theresa  succeeded,  after  an  arduous 
struggle,  in  securing  possession  of  the  kingdom,  .'^he  was 
succeeded  by  her  son,  Jo.seph  II.,  in  1780  ;  and  from  this  time 
downwards  a  more  liberal  and  enlightened  system  of  adminis- 
tration has  been  pursued,  under  which  Bohemia  is  advancing 
in  prosperity  as  steadily  as  anv  other  portion  of  the  Austrian 

Empire.     Pop.  in  18,50.'  4,409.900. Adj.  and  inhab.  BoHS?- 

mian;  (Ger.  adj.  BiiiiMiscn,  bo'mi-h;  inhab.  BSiime,  bo'meh.) 

BOHE'MIA'CREEK,  Maryland,  flows  into  F:ik  River. 

BO^IIERMEEN',  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co,  of 
Meath,  4$  miles  W.N.W.  of  Navan.  on  the  road  to  Kells. 
Pop.  831.  Ardbraccan  episcopal  palace,  Oatlands,  and  Al- 
lanston  are  in  the  vicinity. 

B0HMF:n,  BiJhmisch.     See  Bohemia. 

BOHMERWALD. (Bohmerwald,) bo?mer--ftalt,»(t. e.  "Bohe- 
mian F'orest,")  a  chain  of  mountains  in  Germany,  between 
Bohemia  and  Bavaria,  extending  S,W.  to  N.E.,  and  separat- 
ing the  basins  of  the  Elbe  and  Danube.  Length,  a)»ut  120 
miles :  mean  breadth.  25  miles.  The  principal  .'unimits  are 
the  Aber,  4848  feet,  and  the  Rachelberg,  4743  feet  in  eleva- 
tion. It  is  the  Sylya-gabreta,  forming  part  of  the  Ilercynian 
forest  of  the  Romans. 

BOHMiSCH-BROD.     See  Brod. 

BOHMISCH-LEIPA.    See  Leippa. 

BOHOE,  bo^ha',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Fermanagh. 

BO^IIOL/,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  between  Zebu  and 
Leyte,  and  70  miles  N.W.  of  Mindan.ao.  Lat.  10°  N.;  Ion. 
124°  E.    Length,  40  miles:  average  breadth.  30  miles. 

BOHOLA.  bo-HoOd,  or  BUCHOLLA,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo. 

BOHORODCZAN.  bo-ho-rot/chjn,  a  town  of  Austrian  Oa- 
licia,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stanislawow.  It  has  a  tribunal  of 
mines.    Pop.  1920. 

241 


BOI 

BOT-APAD,  boi-3-b3d.  a  town  of  Asifl  Sfinor.  in  Anatolia, 
on  the  Kara-Soo,  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sinope.  Pop.  2000  (?) 
It  has  numerous  mosques,  several  inns,  and  a  hill  fort. 

B0TL'1^'G  SPllIXO,  a  post-office  of  Fentress  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

BOU-IXG  SPRINGS,  a  post-Tillage  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  25  miles  W.  of  llarrisburg. 

BOILING  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  ALabama. 

BOILS'TON.  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BOIPEliA-VELIIA,  bo-e-pinji-vail'yd,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  and  66  miles  S.W.  of  Bahia,  on  the  island  of  the 
same  name. 

BOIS  BLANC  (bvf-a  blfts")  ISLAND,  in  Lake  Huron,  about 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Mackinaw.  Lat.  45°  45'  N. :  Ion.  84°  55'  W. 
It  is  about  10  miles  long  and  3  broad,  and  has  a  light-house 
on  its  E.  end. 

BOIS  D'ARC,  boMark',  a  township  in  Hempstead  co.,  Ai^ 
kansas. 

BOIS  D'ARC,  a  village  of  Green  co.,  Missouri,  about  130 
miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BOIS  D'ARC  CREEK,  Ellis  co.,  Texas,  flows  eastward  into 
Trinity  River. 

BOIS  D'ARC  RIVER,  of  Texas,  also  called  EAST  FORK 
of  the  Trinity,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing 
southward,  enters  Trinity  River  in  Kaufman  county. 

BOIS-DE-LESSINES,  b wd-^leh-l^s'seen' or  — lA'seen',  a  vil- 
lage and  commune  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  28 
miles  N.E.  of  Tournai,  with  some  linen  manufactures. 
Pop.  1752. 

BOIS-GUILLAUME,  bwj ghee*y5me',  (i.  e.  "William's 
woods,")  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure, 
2  miles  N.  of  Rouen.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851,  2465. 

BOIS,  LE,  Igh  bwi,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  14  miles  W.  of  La  Rochelle.  in  the  He 
de  Re.    Pop.  of  commune,  2062. 

BOIS-LE-DUC.  bwd-leh-diik',  {puUh.'SHertngenhosch—clen 
Bosch — in  English,  "  the  duke's  wood,")  a  fortified  city  of 
the  Netherlands,  capital  of  North  Brabant,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Dommel  and  the  Aa,  3  miles  S.  of  the  Meuse.  and  28 
miles  S  S.K.  of  Utrecht.  Pop.  in  1863  (excI\i.«iveof  garrigon) 
23,640.  It  is  about  5  miles  in  circumference,  defended  by 
a  citadel  and  two  forts,  well  built  and  intersected  by  several 
canals.  Its  buildings  comprise  one  of  tlie  finest  cathedrals 
in  the  Netherlands,  6  other  churches,  a  town-hall,  a  gram- 
mar school  in  wliicli  Erasmus  was  partly  educated,  a  college, 
academy  of  arts,  arsenal,  several  hospitals,  and  a  prison. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linens,  thread,  needles,  cutlery, 
and  mirrors,  with  breweries  and  distilleries,  and  a  con- 
Biderable  trade.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  vicar-general,  and  tri- 
bunals of  primary  jurisdiction  and  commerce.  It  was 
founded  In  1184  by  a  duke  of  Brabant,  in  a  wood  where  he 
was  hunting,  whence  its  name.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
In  1794. 

BOIS,  LES,  U  bwJ,  (Ger.  Rudishnlz,  roo'dis-hAlts\)  a  village 
of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  26  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bern,  3421 
feet  above  the  seii  level,  on  the  Jura  Mountains.     Pop.  994. 

BOISLKUX,  bw^Muh',  a  village  of  France,  with  a  station 
on  Railway  du  Nord.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Arras. 

BOISSEZON,  bwds^seh-z(\xo',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  7  miles  E.E.S.  of  Castres.  Pop.  of  commune, 
in  1852,  3003. 

BOISSY,  bwS'soe',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Paris.  Near  it  is  the  superb 
chateau  of  Gros-Bois.  and  many  handsome  country-houses. 
Other  villages  of  France  have  the  same  name. 

BOITZENBURG  or  BOIZENBURG,  boit/sen-bd6Ro\  a  town 
of  Northern  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  duchy  of 
Giistrow,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  Ham- 
burg and  Berlin  Railw.ay,  34  miles  S.W.  of  Schwerin.  Pop. 
3184.  It  has  an  extensive  wool-market,  and  various  manu- 
facturing establishments,  ship-building  docks,  a  consider- 
able transit  trade  both  by  land  and  water,  and  a  toll-house 
on  the  Elbe. 

BOITZKNBURG  or  BOIZENBURG,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  62  miles  N.  of  Berlin,  with  a 
castle  of  the  Count  Arnim.     Pop.  780. 

BO  JAN. 4,  bo-yi/nj,  (anc.  Barhafna.)  a  river  of  European 
Turkey,  dr.ains  Upper  Albania,  under  the  name  of  the  Mo- 
racca  or  Moroka,  traverses  the  Lake  of  Scutari,  and  enters 
the  Adriatic  8  miles  S.  of  the  town  of  Scutari ;  length,  65 
miles. 

B0.TANO,  bo-yj'no,  (anc,  Boviafnum.)  an  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  10  miles  S.W.  of  C!impobas.so.  Pop.  3000.  It  was 
sacked  by  the  Romans  in  298  B.  c,  and  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  1805. 

BOJANOWO,  bo-yj-nc/vo.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  44 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Breslau.  Pop.  2450.  It  is  built  mostly  of 
wood,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

BOKA,  br/kOh^  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal,  on 
the  Tenies,  between  Kanak  and  Szetsany,  33  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Temesrvar.      Pop.  2-599. 

BOKE'S  CREEK,  a  township  in  Logan  co.,  Ohio.   P.  1085. 

BOKE'S  CREEK,  a  postKjffice  of  Union  co.,  Ohio, 

BOIvH A  KA.  bo-Kd'ri.  (Fr.  Bimkhara.  boo^k^'rd';  anc.  Sngdi- 
O/wu and  7V«)!so.riu'Ka,) orOOZBEKlSTAN,(UZBEKISTAN,) 
242 


BOK 

007.-b?KMs-tln',(t. «. "  land  of  the  Oozbeks,")  called  also  G  R  EAT 
BUCHA'BIA,  a  state  of  Central  Asia,  in  Independent  Toor- 
ki.stan,  between  lat.  36°  and  41°  N.,  and  Ion.  63°  .and  70°  E., 
having  N.  the  Sea  of  Aral  and  the  country  of  Khokrin,  E. 
Khoondooz,S.theOxus,  andW. Khiva.  Estimated  area.^^io.OOO 
square  miles.  It  is  mountainous  towards  the  E..  where  it 
includes  the  valleys  forming  the  W.  slopes  of  the  great 
Asiatic  plateau.  Some  of  the  summits  of  this  chain  have 
been  estimated  at  a  height  of  18,000  feet,  being  enveloped 
in  snow  in  June.  On  the  S.,  the  kingdom  is  bordered  by 
the  Hindoo  Koosh  and  the  N.  verge  of  the  Persian  plateau. 
All  the  rest  of  the  country  is  low  and  flat,  belonging,  in  its 
characteristics,  to  the  dry  steppes  and  sandy  waste?  of  the 
Caspian  and  Aral  seas.  It  is  imperfectly  watered,  possess- 
ing only  two  streams  of  any  consequence,  the  Amoo.  Jihoon 
or  Oxus  traversing  the  counti-y  from  S.E.  to  N.W.  Besides 
these,  there  are  some  other  smaller  streams,  as  the  t^.imar- 
cand,  Zerafshan  or  Zurufshan,  the  Kurshee  or  Karehi,  de- 
scribed by  Burns  as  a  mere  rivulet.  Along  the  banks  of 
these  rivers  lie  the  only  cultivated  Lands  in  the  country, 
not  reaching  to  more  than  one-tonth  of  the  entire  area. 
Along  the  Samarcand  is  a  valley  of  the  same  name,  so 
vaunted  for  its  beauty  by  the  Arabian  conquerors  that  it 
was  called  an  earthly  paradise.  The  territory  on  the  banks 
of  the  Oxus  is  likewise  greatly  favored  by  nature.  N.  of 
the  Oxus  and  of  the  mountains  W.  of  Bokhara,  the  cnuntrj 
is  occupied  by  a  succession  of  low.  rounded  ridges  of  oolite, 
limestone,  and  gravel,  covered  with  a  scanty  verdure.  Be- 
tween these  ridges  are  hardened  plains  of  argillaceous  clay, 
forming  excellent  natural  roads.  On  these  occur  sand  hills, 
of  no  great  extent,  but  sufficient  to  absorb  the  rivulets 
flowing  towards  the  Oxus.  W.  of  the  city  of  Bokhara,  and 
S.  of  the  Oxus,  however,  the  country  is  covered  with  these 
hills  or  rather  mounds  of  loose  sand,  of  a  horseshoe  .shape, 
about  15  or  20  feet  in  height,  resting  on  a  firm  soU,  having 
been  accumulated  by  the  winds;  and  so  numerous,  that 
little  space  is  left  for  cultivation.  In  the  valleys  formed  by 
these  sand  hills  deposits  of  salt  and  saline  rivulets  fre- 
quently occur.  The  only  lake  of  importance  is  Dengis  or 
Karakool.  about  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  the  city  of  Bokhai-a.  It 
is  deep,  brackish,  and  about  10  miles  long. 

Gold  in  considerable  quantities  is  found  among  the  sands 
of  the  Oxus,  but  there  are  no  mines  of  that  metal  in  the 
kingdom  ;  neither  are  there  any  of  silver,  copper,  or  iron,  all 
these  being  imported  from  Russia.  Sal-ammoniac  is  found 
in  its  native  state,  and  salt  deposits  are  numerous.  Rice, 
wheat,  barley,  maize,  cotton,  indigo,  and  fine  fi  uits,  are 
chief  objects  of  culture.  Timber  is  veiy  scarce.  Cattle  and 
live  stock  of  most  kinds  are  numerous :  some  breeds  of  horses 
are  very  excellent;  camels  are  the  principal  beasts  of  Imrden. 

Cotton  thread,  silk  stuffs,  shagreen,  sjibres  and  other  cut- 
lery, gold,  silver,  and  turned  articles,  and  fire-arms  are  ma^ 
nufactured.  and  by  its  position  l)etween  the  Russian  domi- 
nions and  southern  Asia,  the  country  has  considerable  com- 
mercial importance.  The  exports  comprise  silk,  cotton, 
wool,  caarse  chintzes,  cotton  thread,  lambskins,  Inpis  lazuli, 
and  dried  fruits.  The  imports,  muslins.  Benares  brocades, 
white  cloth,  sugar,  and  shawls,  from  the  S. ;  and  from  Rus- 
sia numerous  kinds  of  European  manufactures,  a  large 
quantity  of  which  is  British.  From  Chinese  Tocrkistan, 
coarse  porcelain,  musk,  tea  in  great  quantities,  silks,  rhu- 
barb. Thibet  wool,  &c,  are  received.  The  khan,  though 
nominally  despotic,  is  greatly  under  the  influence  of  the 
priesthood,  and  Mohammedanism  is  perhaps  more  strict  in 
this  than  in  any  other  country  of  Asia.  The  public  reve- 
nue is  estimated  at  about  400.0007.  annually.  Armed  force, 
about  20.000  horse  and  4000  foot,  independent  of  a  militia 
of  50.000  cavalry.  The  principal  cities  are  Bokhara,  Samar- 
cand, Balkh,  and  Kui-shee. 

Bokhara  in  part  corresponds  to  the  Bactria  of  the  ancients. 
After  the  destruction  of  the  Greek  Bactrian  empire,  it 
formed  a  powerful  kingdom,  conquered  in  705  by  the  Arabs. 
In  12.32.  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  .Tenghis  Khan,  whose  de- 
scendants were  dispossessed  by  Timor  in  l.'iOS.  In  1505,  the 
Oozbecks  (Uzbecks  or  Ouzl>eks)  became  masters  of  the  coun- 
try, and  the  throne.  Bokhara  contains  19  towns  of  some  note, 
including  the  capital.  The  population  has  been  v.iriously 
estimated:   by  Meyendorff  at  2.478.000;  by    Khanikoff  at 

2.000.000:  and  by  Burns  at  1,. 500.000. Adj.  and  inhab. 

BoKHAHiAK,  bo-k^'-re-an,  and  Bukharian,  bu-k.Vre-an;  also 
BOKH.ARESE,  Vio^-kA-reez'. 

BOKII.'V.ItA.  ("the  treasury  of  sciences,")  a  celebrated  city 
of  Central  Asia,  capital  of  the  above  Kh.anat.near  the  Zer-af- 
chan  River.  130  miles  W.S.W.  of  Samarcand.  Lat.3;i°  48'  N,, 
Ion.  64°  26'  E.  It  is  situated  in  a  flat  country,  emliosomed 
among  hills,  and  said  to  be  8  miles  in  circumference,  en- 
closed by  earthen  ramparts,  entered  by  12  gates,  and  inter- 
sected by  numerous  canals.  The  streets  are  very  narrow, 
and  the  houses  mostly  small  and  flat-roofed.  In  the  centre 
is  the  citadel,  containing  the  palace,  harem,  and  residences 
of  the  state  officers,  with  the  royal  stables,  barracks,  Ac. 
Bokhara  is  Siiid  to  have  360  mosques,  several  of  great  archi- 
tectural beauty,  and  103  colleges,  this  city  having  lieen  long 
famous  as  a  seat  of  Mohammedan  learning.  In  lS-40.  thero 
were  10,000  students.    The  lity  contains  38  caravansaries, 


BOK 

and  15  principal  batlis.  Among  its  population  are  about 
4000  Jews,  who  carry  on  an  active  commerce;  here  may  be 
met  the  natives  and  merchants  of  I'ersia,  Turkey.  Russia, 
Tartary,  China,  India,  and  Cabool.  Tradition  assigns  the 
foundation  of  IJokhara  to  Alexander  the  Great.  It  was 
ruined  by  .Tenshis  Khan  in  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  w.is  not  rebuilt  until  the  end  of  his  rei^tn. 
Under  Timor  it  flourished  anew,  and  it  is  now  one  of  the 
richest  citius  in  Central  Asia.  In  our  day  it.  h:i.s  acquired 
unfortunate  notoriety  from  the  immolation  of  Colonel  St/>d- 
dart  and  Captain  Conolly  within  its  walls.  With  regard 
to  the  population  of  Bokhara,  accounts  differ  widely.  Hums, 
In  18.35,  states  it  at  l.ill.OOO.  while  Khanikoff,  in  1813,  esti- 
mates it  at  00.000  to  VO.OiJO. 

BOKOL,  bo^kol',  a  lari;e  vill.age  of  .''ene;;ambia,  near  the 
Senegal  River,  in  lat.  10°  21'  N..  Ion.  15°  21'  W.,  governed  by 
a  marabout.  It  has  some  trade,  and  the  people  are  onfjajted 
In  cultivating  the  soil  and  hunting  the  cayman,  (a  species 
of  alligator.) 

BOLAIJOLA,  boia-bo'li  or  BOUAHOUA,  bo/ra-bo/ra.  writ- 
ten also  BONAIiO.VA.bo'nd-bo'ni.  oneof  the  Society  Islands, 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  situated  .\.\V.  of  Taliiti.  and  nearly  30 
miles  in  circumference,  well  wooded  and  populous. 

BO'I^iAM.  a  parish  of  KngLand.  co.  of  Northumberland. 

BO'L.WD'S.  a  post-office  of  Itawamba  eo.,  .Mississippi. 

BOliAN  (boMdn')  l'.\SS.  a  remarkable  defile  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Heloochistan,  consisting  of  a  succession  of  ravines, 
about  55  miles  in  aggregate  length,  (from  ne.ar  Padnr  to 
Shawl.')  on  tlie  route  from  the  Lower  Indus  to  the  talde-iand 
of  Afghanistan.  Lat.  20°  30'  to  29°  52'  N.,  Ion.  between  67° 
and  67°  40'  E.  The  greatest  elevation  of  the  pass  is  5793  feet. 
Avenigerate  of  the  ascent  from  the  S.  is  90  feet  a  mile.  The 
road  is  qnita  practicable  for  wheeled  vehicles,  but  is  infested 
liy  Belooi'hee  freebooters.  The  Bolan  Uiver  rises  in  this 
pass  at  1491  feet  above  the  sea.  Its  declivity  is  rapid:  and 
the  road  through  the  pass  generally  follows  the  river 
course. 

BOL.WO.S.bo-li'noce,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Jalisco.  65  miles 
N.N.VV.  of  Gu.adalajara.  chiefly  remarkable  on  account  of  the 
rich  silver-mines  in  its  neighliorhood. 

BO'LAS.  OKKAT,  a  parish  of  tingland,  co.  of  Salop. 

BOLAWADU.V.    See  Bllwadeejj. 

BOLHKC.  boPbjK'.  a  manufacturing  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-Infferieure.  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to 
Havre,  and  on  the  Bolbec,  whicii  furnislies  abundant  water- 
power,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Havre.  Pop.  in  1851.  9*71.  It  is 
well  built,  and  ornamented  with  fountains,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a  chamber  of  manufactures,  with  largo  and  thriving  ma- 
nufactures of  cotton  fabrics,  which  are  mostly  sent  to 
Rouen;  also  woollen  and  linen  fjictories,  dye-works,  and 
chemical  fictories. 

BOI.IUTLNE,  or  BOLBITINUM.     See  Rosetta. 

BOLD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  5  miles 
E.S.E.  of  I'rescot.  Here,  in  the  manor-hou.se,  the  Cimily  of 
Bold  resided  from  the  conquest  until  1761. 

BOL'UKN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

BOLDRE,  bol'der,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  in 
the  New  Forest.  2j  miles  N.  of  Symington.  The  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Gilpin,  author  of  "Forest  Scenery,"  wiis  rector  of  this 
parish,  where,  with  the  profits  of  his  pen  and  pencil,  he  en- 
dowed two  schools. and  where  he  is  buried  "amid  the  scenes 
he  so  much  loved,  and  so  well  described." 

BOLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

BOLECHOW.  bo-l:l/Kov.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Gall- 
cla,  11  miles  S.  of  Stry.  on  a  tributary  of  the  Dniester.  It 
possesses  productive  salt-works.     Pop.  2^500. 

BOLESKINE,  bol'skin.  and  AB'ERTARFF'.  two  unittnl 
parishes  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness;  Boleskine  church  be- 
ing 23  miles  S.W.  of  Inverness.  A  part  of  the  Caledonian 
Can.Tl,  Fort  Augustus,  the  Fall  of  Foyers,  and  many  granite 
and  limestone  quarries  are  in  these  parishes. 

BOIiUAKY,  bol-g.i'ree,  a  village  of  Russia,  60  miles  S.  of 
Kazan,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Volga,  near  the  ruins  of  Bria- 
kimov.  the  ancient  capital  of  the  Bulgarians. 

BOLl  or  B()LY.  bo'lee,  (anc.  Hadrianop'oli^)  a  town  of 
Asia  Minor,  pjishalie  of  Anatoli.a,  capital  of  the  sanjak,  on 
an  eminence.  7(5  miles  N.W.  of  Angora.  It  is  a  poor  place, 
with  about  1000  houses,  a  dozen  mosques,  and  a  ruined 
castle. 

BO^LIGEE',  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Alab.ama. 

BOL-ILMEN.bol-il-niJn/,or  MAXITCH,  md-neetch',  a  lake 
ta  Russia,  formed  by  the  Manitch,  l:>etween  the  governments 
i>f  Don  Cossacks  and  Caucasus.  It  is  a  long,  irregular  ex- 
panse of  brackish  water,  stiretching  nearly  50  miles  from  S.E. 
to  N.W.,  but  in  average  breadth  does  not  exceed  3  miles. 

BOLIXGBROKE.  bo'liug-brfiOk,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.  3j  miles  W.S.W.  of  Spilsby.  Pop. 
in  1S51,  9S0.  It  has  remains  of  the  castle  in  which  Henry 
tV.  was  horn,  and  a  manufacture  of  earthenware.  It  gives 
the  title  of  viscount  to  the  St.  John  family. 

BO^LTNGREENV,a  post-office  of  Holmes  "co..  Mississippi. 

BO'LTNGTON,  a  post-office  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia. 

BOL'IVAR.  a  county  in  the  W  part  of  Mississippi,  has  an 
area  of  about  800  .square  miles.  The  Mississippi  River  forms 
its  W.  bouu'lary,  separating  it  from  Arkansjis.    The  surface 


BOL 

Is  a  level  and  alluvi.al  plain,  usually  called  "swamp  laud," 
part  of  which  is  frequently  overflowed  by  the  river.  Th« 
soil  is  extremely  fertile,  but  a  Large  part  of  it  remain'  ntr- 
cultivated,  being  considered  less  healthy  than  the  uplands 
of  the  interior.  Cotton  is  the  chief  product.  Capital,  Boli- 
via.    Pop.  10,171,  of  whonj  1393  wore  free,  and  907S  slaves. 

BOLIV.^R,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Allegh.any  co, 
New  York,  2S5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  959. 

BOLIV.\R,  a  village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn.sylvanla.. 
on  the  Central  Railroad  and  Pennsylvania  Can.al.  21  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Greensburg.  A  plank-road  connects  this  point 
with  Indiana  Court-Hou.se. 

BOLIVAR,  a  post-ofHco  of  Frederick  co.,  M.aryland. 

B0L1V.\R,  a  post-oflice  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabjima. 

BOLlVAll,  (lalveston  co.,  Texas.    See  Point  Bolivar. 

BOLIVAR,  a  township  in  Jefferson  co.,  Arkansas. 

BOLIVAR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Poinsett  co.,  Ark.an- 
sas.  117  miles  N.E.  of  Little  Rock.  It  is  situated  in  a  level 
and  fertile  region,  which  produces  cotton  and  maize. 

BOLIVAR,  a  handsome  and  thriving  town,  c;ipital  of 
Hardeman  co.,  Tennessee,  is  situated  1  mile  S.  of  the 
Hatchee  River,  and  170  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville.  The  river 
is  navigable  for  steamboats  from  six  to  nine  months  in  the 
year.  Bolivar  is  surrounded  by  rich  land  and  wealthy 
planters,  and  has  an  active,  increasing  trade.  It  contains 
3  or  more  churches,  2  academies,  and  about  1200  inhabi- 
tants. 

B'  »LI  VAR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  co..01iio, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal  with  the 
Ohio  Canal,  111  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop  about  500. 

BOLIVAR,  a  post-villiige,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri, 
about  1 10  milw  S  W.  of  Jefferson  City.     Pop.  109. 

BOLlVAll  CITY,  (Ciudad  Bolivar.)    See  Angostura. 

BOLIVIA,  bo-liv'e-a,  (Sp.  pron.  bo-lee've-l)  or  UPPER 
PERU,  a  republicau  state  of  South  America,  between  lat. 
9°  30' and  25°3o'-S..  Ion.  .58°  and  70°  K)'  W.,  having  N.  and 
E.  the  Brazilian  dominions,  S.  the  Plata  confederacy,  and 
W.  Peru,  with  only  a  short  coastrline  on  the  Pacific  of  250 
miles,  at  its  S.W.  extremity.  Extent  of  frontier.  3000  miles. 
Extreme  length,  llOO  miles;  extreme  width.  800  miles.  Ka- 
timat4;d  aroii,  population,  and  subdivisions  as  follows : — 


Departmenta. 

Area  In 
sq.  miles. 

Popula'D. 

Chief  cities. 

La  Pax 

S9.8.V) 
31.800 
8,480 
S4.M.W 
40.000 

1  200,000 
1    20  000 

300.000 
2.tO.(X)0 

80,000 
175.000 
200.000 

25,000 

La  Paz. 

Potosi. 

Oruro. 

Chuquisaca. 

Cocliabamba. 

Santa  Cruz. 

J  Tarlja. 
I  Cobija. 

Oruro 

Chuquiaaca,  or  Sucre 

Saiiia  Cruz  du  la  Sierra 

Tarija 

Prov.  La  Mar  or  Cobija 

ToUl 

874,480 

1,030,000 

Aufd. — There  is  no  country  in  the  world,  perhaps,  possess- 
ing such  a  variety  of  soil  and  climate,  of  physical  asfiect  and 
productions  as  Bolivia.  Nowhere  else  are  to  be  seen  such 
contrastsof  nature  exhibited  in  close.)uxtaposition.andonso 
grand  a  scale.  The  broiidest  part  of  the  Andes,  where  these 
muunt.iins.  encompassing  the  great  Lake  of  Titicaca.  divide 
into  two  chains,  known  as  the  ICast  and  West  Cordilleras, 
lies  within  the  limits  of  this  state.  On  its  W.  side,  there- 
fore, Bolivia  presents  to  view  an  immense  pile  of  moun- 
tains, rising,  in  many  points,  beyond  the  limits  of  perpetual 
snow,  and  enclosing  within  them  an  elevated  plateau  nearly 
100  miles  wide.  The  slope  of  the  West  Cordillera  toward 
the  Pacific  Oce<an  presents  a  most  forbidding  a.>ipect:  bare 
rocks,  fearful  precipices,  and  moving  sands,  witfc.  but  few 
and  partial  traces  of  verdure,  weiiry  the  eye  of  the  traveller 
as  he  toils  up  the  steep  paths  which  lead  him  from  the 
burning  climate  of  the  Ciiast  to  the  regions  of  perpetual 
winter.  Arrived  on  the  elevated,  treeless  plain,  and  having 
now  in  view  the  snowy  peaks  of  the  East  Cordillera,  he 
may  admire  the  grandeur  of  the  scene,  but  not  without  a 
sense  of  its  dreariness  and  monotony.  But  when  he  arrives 
at  the  passes  of  the  East  Cordillera,  and  looks  down  on  the 
deep  valleys  which  stretch  beyond,  he  is  ravislied  at  the 
totiil  change  which  the  garb  and  aspect  of  nature  at  this 
point  undergo,  and  gazes  with  delight  on  the  luxurious 
prospect  of  interminable  forests  and  the  hundreds  of  lively 
streams  which  hasten  on  to  form  the  large.at  rivers  in  the 
world.  The  Andes,  while  they  present  to  the  W.  an  abrupt 
and  uniform  ridge,  throw  off  to  the  E.  numerous  ramifica- 
tions, which  extend  a,  long  way  from  the  Cordillera.  In 
the  valley  of  the  lUiapey  or  Rio  Grande,  the  chains  of  the 
hills  connected  with  the  Andes  m.ay  be  traced  to  a  distance 
of  350  miles  from  the  sea  coast.  Such,  then,  is  the  width  of 
the  Bolivian  mountain  region.  And  here,  again,  nature 
takes  a  new  face.  The  hills  cease,  and  .are  .succeeded  by  a  plain 
exceeding  in  superficial  extent  all  tJieat  Britain,  in  which  no 
stone  nor  even  a  pebble  isto  be  found,  and  which  is  annu- 
ally flooded  to  such  a  degree  by  the  numerous  fine  rivers 
which  run  through  it  toward  the  Amazon,  that  communicac 
tlous  by  boat  are  practicable  across  it  through  the  stately  foi- 

243 


BOL 

wts  in  nearly  nil  direction/t.  This  is  the  country  of  the  Moxus. 
Bttvond  this,  toward  the  I'araguay,  the  plain  rises  in  Rene- 
ral  above  the  rsach  of  inundation,  and  rocks  and  hills  of 
moderate  heijrht  auain  make  tlieir  appearance.  This  is  the 
country  of  the  Chi'iuitos.  These  dry  plains  separate  the 
Vjasin  of  the  Amazon  from  that  of  the  La  Plata ;  but  some 
of  the  atilueuts  of  the  Paraguay  approach  so  close  to  the 
sources  of  the  Itenez,  that  in  lloods,  it  is  said,  a  canoe  can 
pass  from  the  one  river  to  the  otlier.  The  West  Cordillera 
cf  the  Andes,  in  Bolivia,  attains  a  great  height  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  sea,  and  exhibits  not  a  few  nevados  or 
summits  rising  above  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow,  which, 
'n  the  vicinity  of  a  great  table-land,  lies  higher  than  on  an 
insulated  mountain,  and  rarely  descends  here  below  an  ab- 
solute elevation  of  17.0'JU  fet't. 

The  road  from  Arica  into  Jiulivia  passes  between  tlieiVcva- 
dos  of  Tacora  and  Niuta.  while  on  the  left  is  seen  that  of 
Chipicaui.  and  on  the  right  a  still  loftier  series  of  snowy 
crests.  The  height  of  th^'se  mountains,  as  determined  by 
Mr.  Pentland,  are  as  follows : — 

Mnuntaius.  Feet.   ]    Mountains.  Feet. 

Tacoi-a 18,890      Pariiiacota M.OSO 

Chipioani 19,740     Pomarape 21,700 

LaUama Peak.iulat.lS^ 7  S.  22,350  |  Uualateiri,  in  lat.  IS^" 23' S.  22,000 

The  Pa-ss  of  Tacora  is  itself  at  an  elevation  of  14,400  feet, 
wliich  is  about  the  general  height  of  the  W.  portion  of  the 
table-land  to  which  it  conducts.  The  village  of  Tacora,  one 
of  the  most  elevated  hihabitod  places  on  the  earth,  is  but 
150  feet  below  this  ridge.  Of  the  Nt'vados  in  the  East  Cor- 
dillera, on  the  opposite  side  of  the  plain,  the  most  con- 
spicuous are — 

Ancohuma,  or  Xevado  of  Sorata 21,286 

lllimaui... 21,U9 

Huuyna     Potosi 20,2(i0 

Ciiacliacomani,  (two  gummits) i  2o' 115 

Here  it  must  be  remarked  that  Ancohuma  and  Illimani 
were  long  regarded  as  the  highest  mountains  in  America, 
or  even,  witli  the  exception  of  one  or  two  points  of  the  Hi- 
malayas, in  the  whole  world.  The  recalculation,  however, 
of  the  observations  made  to  ascertain  their  height,  has  re- 
cently reduced  them  to  the  measure  given  above.  Sorato 
losing  by  this  correction  nearly  4U00  feet  of  its  supposed 
elevation.  From  Illimani.  a  chain  of  mountains  runsW.  by 
S.,  which  bear,  throughout  a  grejit  portion  of  it,  perpetual 
snow ;  and  may,  therefore,  be  assumed  to  reach  an  elevation 
of  18.000  feet. 

Valleys. — Between  the  snowy  heights  of  the  Cordillera 
extends  a  great  plain,  from  X.X.AV.  to  S.S.E.  for  above  liUO 
miles.  Its  W.  side  has  an  elevation  of  14,400  fe'et,  for  a 
width  of  about  40  miles  ;  it  then  sinks  abruptly  about  1000 
feet,  and  slopes  to  the  shoi'es  of  the  Lake  of  Titicaca,  the 
level  of  which  is  about  12,8U0  feet,  above  that  of  the  ocean. 
Here,  then,  i.s  a  great  valley  equal  in  area  to  Ireland,  and 
lying  at  the  height  of  from  12,280  to  14.400  feet  above  the 
sea.  This  remarkable  feature  in  the  geography  of  Bolivia  is 
the  more  deserving  of  attention,  inasmuch  as  it  was  on  the 
shores  of  J.,ake  Titicaca  that  the  power  of  the  Inciis  chietiy 
lay,  and  the  indigenous  civilization  of  America,  cradled  in 
that  elevated  region,  grew  up  with  a  character  harmonizing 
complet«ly  with  tlie  skies  above,  and  the  scenes  around  it. 
There  are  also  numerous  other  valleys  in  Bolivia,  the  chief 
of  which,  in  respect  of  magnitude,  is  Valle  Grande  or  the 
valley  of  the  Bio  Grande. 

h'hvi-s  and  Lakes. — Tlie  streams  which  descend  from  the 
>V.  valley  of  the  Andes  do  not  reach  the  Pacific,  except  the 
Loa,  which  flows  180  miles,  but  with  a  very  scanty  sui>ply 
of  water.  But  the  rivers  that  descend  from  the  E.  declivity 
of  the  Andes  are  countless.  These  belong  to  the  basins  of 
citlier  the  Amazon  or  La  Plata;  among  the  former  the 
Peni,  Mamore,  Kio  Grande,  and  Chapri,  tributaries  of  the 
Madeira,  are  the  principal;  and  among  the  latter,  the  Pil- 
coniayo  and  Paraguay.  The  Desaguadero  has  its  entire 
course,  about  180  miles,  in  Bolivia;  it  flows  out  of  Lake 
Titicaca,  the  S.E.  half  of  which  is  in  this  republic,  into  Lake 
Aullagas  or  Ullaguas,  S.E.  from  the  former,  and  lower  in 
level  by  490  feet.  It  is  said  to  be  navigable  from  one  lake 
to  the  other.  Lake  Aullagas  has  no  outlet:  its  waters  are 
gait,  and  are  dischtirged  only  by  evaporation.  Many  other 
lakes  exist  in  the  wide  plains  of  the  E.,  a  region  which  is 
Stated  to  be  little  above  the  sea  level. 

Gedlrigy. — The  slope  of  the  \Vest  Cordillera,toward  the  sea, 
is  formed  almost  wholly  of  trachytic  conglomerates,  in  va- 
rious stages  of  decomposition ;  it  is  generally  whitish,  or  of 
a  reddish  hue;  but  dark-colored  rocks  of  kindred  origin  fre- 
quently bieak  through  it.  The  point  which  shelters  the 
harbor  of  Cobija  is  a  mass  of  basaltic  porphyry.  The  Cerro 
de  Tacora,  and  other  dome-shaped  summits  of  the  ridge,  are 
of  trachyte,  the  bare  rock  being  often  exposed,  as  on  the 
JVkkiuI/)  of  Chipicani.  in  conseciuence  of  its  steepness.  It  has 
been  said  that  some  of  the  conical  summits  of  this  Cordillera 
are  extinct  volcanoes,  and  that  tlie  Cerro  de  Tacora  is  a  true 
solfatara;  but  it  seems  now  fully  established,  that  no  lavas 
or  other  volcanic  prodnctions,  of  a  geologically  recent  age, 
are  ibund  on  the  Boli\iaa  tjible-laud,  which  is  never  dis- 
244 


BOL 

turbed  by  earthquakes;  and,  as  to  active  volcanoes,  thf  Bo- 
livians know  of  only  one,  which  is  situated  in  the  t>.  part  of 
the  .Maritime  Cordillera,  in  the  province  of  Carangas.  The 
disintegrated  trachyte,  which  covers  the  Vi'.  and  more  ele- 
vated part  of  the  table-land,  abounds  in  quartz  crystal.^, 
exhibits  much  saline  efflorescence,  and  is  generally  adverse 
to  vegetation.  In  the  East  Cordillera  the  snows  of  the  Illi- 
mani rest  on  an  immense  pile  of  granite.  The  granite  seems 
to  extend  from  Illimani  N.W.;  but  toward  the  S.,  from 
Oruro  to  I'otosi,  it  is  probjible  that  the  Silurian  and  other 
overlying  strata  have  been  raised  by  tracliyte.  The  granite 
shows  itself  only  in  the  elevated  chain  of  the  East  Cordillera; 
but  to  the  E.  of  it  are  found  a  few  spots  of  porphyry,  and 
with  these  end  all  traces  of  Plutonian  rocks  tliroughout  the 
lowlands  of  Bolivia.  The  rock  next  met  with  in  the  plains 
is  older,  and  of  a  totally  different  character.  The  hills  or 
mountains  of  the  Chiquitos  are  200  miles  distant  fi-om  the 
nearest  branch  of  the  Cordillera,  and  form  a  system  quite 
distinct  from  the  Ande.«  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Brazilian 
Mountiiins  on  the  other.  They  consist  of  gneiss,  a  stratified 
rock,  which  here  extends  from  AV.N.W.  to  E.i^.E.,  and  re- 
sembles a  long  island  in  the  midst  of  a  sea  of  alluvium.  It 
has,  in  many  places,  been  broken  and  dislocated  by  the 
forces  which  have  raised  it  into  its  present  position.  The 
gneiss  is  overlaid  by  foliated  Silurian  strata,  the  lowest  of 
which  has  a  thickness  of  at  Usist  OtiO  feet;  and  on  this  again 
rests  sandstone  of  the  Devonian  series,  after  which  comes 
the  red  carboniferous  sandstone.  The  depressions  in  the.se 
formations  are,  as  it  may  be  supposed,  filled  up  and  levelled 
by  alluvian  or  sedimentary  deposits  of  various  ages.  Of 
these,  the  most  remarkable  are,  the  alluvium  of  the  Pam- 
pas, which  seems  to  have  been  derived  from  the  wear  of  the 
gneiss  rock,  and  contains,  in  great  abundance,  the  fossil  re- 
mains of  mammalia,  many  of  them  of  great  size,  as  the 
giant  armadillo,  the  three-toed  sloth,  and  the  American 
hcjrse,  &a.;  this  stratum,  which  contains  the  remains  of  an 
extinct  animal  world,  is  covered  immediately  by  a  dejxjsit, 
enclosing  the  shells  of  existing  species:  another  alluvium, 
called  the  guarani  tertiary,  contains  hydrates  of  iron  in 
abundance,  and  is  generally  found  resting  horizontally  on 
the  carboniferous  limestones. 

Minerals. — Here,  as  elsewhere,  the  precious  metals  are 
found  chiefly  in  the  Silurian  strata,  where  these  approach 
the  igneous  rock.s.  Gold  is  found  in  many  of  the  streams 
that  fall  down  the  E.  side  of  tlie  Cordillera;  and  at  Choque- 
cameta,  near  Cochabamba.  at  the  sources  of  the  Kio  Grande, 
as  well  as  at  Tipoani,  near  Sorata,  the  washing  of  the  gold 
Siinds  is  still  carried  on  with  profit.  In  the  same  district 
the  schists  of  Palca  are  rich  in  silver ;  and  thence  S.E.,  by 
Oruro  to  Potosi,  this  whole  country  is  iiimed  for  the  incal- 
culable treasures  which  have  been  drawn  from  it,  chiefly  in 
the  form  of  auriferous  silver  ores.  But  these  mines  are 
now,  tor  the  most  part,  filled  with  water,  and,  under  the 
old  system  of  working  them,  at  least,  may  be  considered  as 
exhausted.  A  gold  mine  has  recently  been  discovered  about 
7  day's  journey  from  La  Paz.  Jlercury  was  discovered  in  1507, 
at  liuanca  Vilca,  (now  Guanca  Vellica.)  and  for  many  years  it 
yielded  a  large  profit.  The  tinmine.<of  Ouanuui,in  the  de- 
partment of  (irura,  are  said  to  be  the  richest  in  the  world.  At 
Corocoro  and  lluallamarca,  both  in  the  same  department, 
but  120  miles  asunder,  copper  is  found  nearly  pure.  Yet 
these  resources  of  industry  avail  but  little  in  a  country  so 
ill  circumstiinced  as  Bolivia  in  respect  of  means  of  commu- 
nication; for  neither  the  tin  nor  the  copper,  however  easil/ 
obtained,  civn  defray  the  expense  of  their  carriage  to  the 
coiist. 

Zoohgy. — The  quadrupeds  inh.ibiting  the  elevated  parts 
of  the  Cordillera  are  few  in  number  as  well  as  in  species. 
The  llama  and  alpaca,  which  are  domesticated,  are  thought 
to  be  but  varieties  of  the  guanaco.  On  the  same  heights 
with  these  is  often  seen  the  rough-haired  deer,  (Ce.i-vu$  An- 
tisianus.)  The  chinchilla,  hunted  for  its  beautiful  fur,  and 
now  almost  extirpated,  also  prefers  the  neigliborhood  of  the 
snow,  as  does  the  viscacha  or  long-eared  mai-mot.  On  the 
wooded  sides  of  the  East  Cordillera,  the  cactus  thickets  afford 
shelter  to  hears.  Lower  down,  the  peeari  wastes  the  culti- 
vated fields,  and  the  jaguar  attacks  the  cattle.  The  tapir, 
the  glutton,  sloth,  armadillo,  and  many  other  animals,  are 
killed  by  the  natives  for  food.  The  vampire  bat  is  so 
troublesome  in  Caupolican  and  other  parts  of  the  Yungas, 
as  to  prevent  the  rearing  of  cattle.  The  forests  are  ciowded 
with  monkeys  of  different  species,  always  social  and  active. 
But  that  which  chiefly  astonishes  the  naturalist  here,  is 
the  multitude  of  the  feathered  tribe.  WJiether  on  the  sea- 
shore or  in  the  forests,  they  are  numerous  enough,  when 
on  the  wing,  to  darken  the  sky.  Erom  the  condor,  which 
soars  above  the  Andes,  to  the  diminutive  humming-birds— 
from  the  loud-screaming  parrot  to  the  musical  oi-ganito — 
birds  of  all  character,  size,  and  plumage,  are  to  be  found  In 
Bolivia. 

Climate. — Bolivia,  as  might  be  supposed,  embraces  every 
variety  of  climate,  from  the  heat  and  humidity  of  tlif  torrid 
zone  to  the  perpetual  frost  of  the  polar  circle.  On  the  ele- 
vated table-land  there  is  frost  every  nigbr.  ana  the  morning 
ice  on  the  river  Tacora  is  always  strong  enough  to  bear  a 


BOL 


BOL 


man;  but  here,  on  the  borders  of  perpetual  snow,  the 
climate  has  one  great  advantage  over  that  of  polar  regions, 
for  the  sky  is  always  brij:;ht  and  cloudless,  and  the  air 
dry.  The  atmospheric  phenomena  which  characterize  this 
region  may  be  best  studied  on  the  Kast  Cordillera,  whence 
may  be  seen,  toward  the  E.,  like  a  misty  sea,  the  clouds 
which  roll  over  the  luxuriant  forests  of  the  plains  and  val- 
leys beneath.  This  sea  of  clouds  generally  rests,  at  a  cer- 
tain elevation,  on  the  side  of  the  Cordillera;  but  during 
three  months  of  the  year,  it  rises,  and  fragments  of  it  pass 
over  to  the  table-land.  Then  follow  violent  storms  and 
showers  of  rain;  and  at  this  season  (chiefij*  in  December, 
the  Unttfst  month)  the  nevadns  put  on  their  annual  cover- 
ing of  new  snow.  But  the  clouds  and  rains  rarely  reach 
the  W.  half  of  the  table-land,  and  never  pass  the  West  Cordil- 
'era.  From  Copiapo  in  Chili,  (lat.  27°  S.,)  to  I'aytfi  in  Peru, 
(lat.  5°  S..)  no  rain  has  fallen  on  the  coast  within  the  me- 
mory of  man.  Adjacent  to  this  arid  region,  the  table-land 
of  IJolivia  enjoys  bright  skies  lor  9  months  in  the  year,  and 
has  i  months  of  rain  to  restore  the  verdure,  and  of  moun- 
tain snows  to  supply  the  rivers.  But  a  little  farther  E., 
even  a  day's  journey  down  from  the  crest  of  the  Cordillera, 
may  he  found  places  where  rain  falls  every  day  In  the  year. 
The  inhabitants  of  these  countries  distinguish  three  regions 
of  climate — the  Puno,  Paramo,  and  Yunga.  The  first  is 
el(nated  and  cold,  and  disagreeable  to  those  unused  to  it, 
from  tile  difflculty  of  respiring  in  an  attenuated  atmosphere. 
This  is  the  region  of  the  llama  and  alpaca;  higher  up  still, 
Is  the  I'uno  brava,  which  is  frequented  by  the  wild  guanaco 
and  the  vicuBa.  The  country  round  Lake  Tilicaca  comes, 
for  the  most  part,  under  the  denomination  of  Puno.  The 
second  or  middle  region  is  the  Paramo,  which  is  ti'inperate 
and  productive.  The  Paramos  have  been  naturally  taken 
advantage  of  by  the  Eviropean  settlers,  who  have  filled 
them,  as  in  the  valley  of  La  Paz,  with  European  gniins  and 
fruits.  Below  the  Paramos  lie  the  Yungas  or  valleys,  hav- 
ing a  decidedly  hot  climate,  and  distinguished  by  a  rank 
vegetation.  Thus  La  Paz,  seated  in  a  Paramo,  and  enjoying 
a  climate  resembling  that  of  the  S.  of  B'rance,  is  close  to  the 
region  of  the  llama  on  the  one  side,  and  on  the  other  to 
valleys  yielding  excellent  coffee,  cacao,  and  other  tropical 
productions.  Water  does  not  seem,  in  this  part  of  the 
world,  to  be  a  principal  agent  in  creating  or  disseminating 
disease;  for,  while  some  valleys,  apparently  favored  by  na- 
ture, are  .scarcely  habitable,  owing  to  fever,  the  villages  of 
the  Indians,  in  the  midst  of  marshes  or  of  inundated  fo- 
rests, are  often  quite  healthy. 

Botnny. — The  botany  of  Bolivia  is.  of  course,  as  various  as 
Its  climate.  On  the  ridge  of  the  West  Cordillera,  there  is  no 
deficiency  of  species  of  Aljiine  plants;  but,  tjiken  collec- 
tively, they  form  Imt  a  scanty  vegetation,  so  that  the  tree- 
less and  dreary  plain  seems,  at  the  first  glance,  to  be  wholly 
destitute  of  vegetable  life;  yet  dwarf  plants  occupy  the 
clefts  of  the  loosened  rocks.  A  broom  grows  to  the  height 
of  5  or  15' inches,  according  to  the  elevation  of  the  ground; 
and  several  small  plants,  (as  Laretia  acauli.''.  Verhrva  mi- 
mina,  and  Lt/copmiium  ha.ttattim,)  attaching  themselves  to 
the  projecting  parts  of  rocks,  there  increase,  in  the  cour.se 
of  ages,  perhaps,  into  tufts  of  considerable  "inagnitude.  so 
compiict  that  lichens  grow  upon  them,  and  so  strong  that 
tile  axe  alone  can  lay  them  open.  Owing  to  their  density 
and  resinous  nature,  these  tufts  are  valuable  as  fuel.  An 
aromatic  little  bush  characterizes  the  trachytic  plain;  lower 
down,  as  soon  as  available  soil  is  met  with,  the  Indian 
plants  potatoes,  and  in  favorable  spots  rye  is  sown,  not  for 
the  sake  of  the  grain,  which  does  not  ripen  here,  but  as 
green  food  for  the  loaded  mules  that  cross  the  plain.  To- 
wards the  shores  of  the  lake,  though  trees  are  still  wanting, 
the  grasses  become  luxuriant,  and  20  species  of  gramineous 
plants  have  been  gathered  there  in  a  hasty  excursion.  In  de- 
scending the  East  Cordillera,  the  first  plant  which  attracts 
especial  attention  is  the  cactus,  like  a  candelabra,  or  in  other 
m.ajestic  forms,  and  which,  in  a  particular  zone,  (perhaps 
about  7000  feet  above  the  sea,)  attains  a  height  of  40  feet. 
This  is  followed  by  the  zone  of  acacias;  and  lower  down  the 
species  increase,  and  the  forest  thickens,  till  at  length,  near 
the  foot  of  the  mountains,  the  bamboo  and  tree  ferns  grow 
beneath  the  canopy  formed  by  the  graceful  foliage  of  palms 
nearly  300  feet  high.  An  attempt  to  describe  systematically 
the  productions  of  these  forests  would  here  be  out  of  place. 
Let  it  suffice  to  tay.  that  in  these  primeval  forests  the  In- 
dians find  all  their  wants  supplied.  Here  they  procure  the 
trunks  of  trees,  from  which  their  large  canoes  are  made,  as 
well  as  the  canes  to  build,  and  palm-leaves  to  cover  their 
iouses.  From  the  inner  bark  of  a  kind  of  m\ill)erry  they 
obtain  a  vegetable  gauze,  of  which  they  make  their  shirts, 
and  which  does  not  lose  by  a  comparison  with  cotton.  The 
woods  of  the  Moxos  abound  in  the  JIfiti  leaf  or  Paraguay 
tea ;  nearer  the  Cordillera  is  found  the  tree  which  yields  the 
Ijalsam  of  Peru;  and  higher  up,  that  producing  quina  or 
Peruvian  bark. 

Cultivation. — The  valleys  occupied  by  the  Spanish  settlers 
on  the  E.  slope  of  the  Bolivian  highland.s,  and  varying  in 
height  from  12.500  to  8000  feet  above  the  ocean,  produce 
abundantly  all  the  fruits  and  grains  of  Europe.    The  vine, 


the  cultivation  of  which  was  forbidden  by  the  jealous  policj 
of  Spain,  is  now  introduced.  The  warm  and  well-watereQ 
valleys,  as  that  of  Cochabamba,  supply  with  corn  and  fruit 
the  populous,  but  comparatively  sterile  districts  of  tlio 
table-land.  In  the  Yungas,  and  the  hot  plains  of  Santa 
Cruz,  the  objects  of  culture  are,  coffee,  (said  to  be  excel- 
lent,) cacao,  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  maize  at  all  .seasons, 
yuca  or  mandioc,  batatas,  guavas,  the  chirimoy.a.  (a  delicious 
fruit,)  the  sugar-cane,  and,  above  all,  coca.  This  is  the  leaf 
of  a  shrul)  {Kri/dirori/lum  J'lTuvianu.m)  which  the  inhabit- 
ants of  this  part  of  the  world  masticate  as  the  Malays  chew 
the  betel-nut:  with  it,  the  smallest  quantity  of  food  will 
sustain  them  through  great  fatigue.  The  yearly  sale  of  coca 
in  Bolivia  amounts  to  10,150.000  p<mnds, 

Onnmerce. — The  trade  of  Bolivia  is  nearly  all  internal, 
and  of  small  amount:  the  Yungas  supply  the  high  lands 
with  com  and  coca ;  the  high  lands  send  chalona  or  dried 
meat  to  the  Yungas;  the  cattle  in  the  eii-stern  plains  are 
worthless;  the  mines  of  Potosi  are  useless,  and  the  steam- 
engine,  that  might  re-establish  them,  cannot  lie  packed  on 
mules  to  cross  the  cordillera.  The  Spanish  settlers,  who 
thought  of  nothing  but  tlie  precious  metiils.  have  never 
condescended  to  profit  from  the  example  of  the  Incns.  to 
construct  good  roads.  Hence  it  is  that  wheeled  vehicles 
are  unknown  in  Bolivia.  The  construction  of  a  good  road 
for  wheel  carriages  over  the  Western  Cordillera,  and  of  a 
railway  connecting  the  ParanS  with  Chuquisfica.  may  appear, 
perhaps,  to  be  undertakings  f.irbo}ond  fhe  present  resouires 
of  the  republic;  but  they  must,  nevertheless,  precede  any 
considerable  development  of  its  trade  and  industry.  The 
vnlueof  importsatLaPaz.from  theUnited  States,  amounted, 
in  1852,  to  $210,705.  and  in  1853.  to  only  $41,572. 

rtriple. — The  population  of  this  countrv  is  variouslv  esti- 
mated at  from  600.000  to  1,000.000;  prob.ably  it  does  not  ex- 
ceed 1,000,000;  of  whom  two-thirds  belong  to  the  aboriginal 
races,  or  else  are  Mestizoes,  These  latter  are  divided  into 
Cholos,  uniting  European  and  Indian  blood:  and  Zanibnes, 
proceeding  from  European  and  negro 'panmts.  The  Indlgo 
nous  inhabitants  of  the  Bolivian  highlands,  near  Lake  Titi- 
caca.  are  the  Aymaru;  while  to  the  N.  and  E.  dwell  tlie 
Quichua,  with  whom  the  former  were  united  under  the  do- 
minion of  the  Incas.  These  two  nations  speak  distinct, 
though  cognate  languages.  Numerous  monuments  of  the 
national  prosperity  and  civilization  of  the  Aymarus  still  re- 
main. Ancient  villages,  with  domed  houses  built  of  stone 
or  of  sun-dried  brick,  and  with  enclosures  for  cattle,  trunc- 
ated obelisks  facing  E.  and  W..  and  well-built  tombs,  con- 
taining the  mummies  of  whole  families,  arranged  together 
in  a  sitting  posture,  are  strewed  thickly  over  the  country, 
and  seem  to  indicate  the  former  existence  of  a  considerable 
population. 

History. — The  early  history  of  Bolivia  Is  included  in  that 
of  Peru.  As  the  state  was  constituted  in  1825.  Bolivian  liis- 
tory,  property  so  called,  commences  with  that  epoch.  The 
con.stitution  which  was  dr.awn  up  for  the  new  state  by 
General  Bolivar,  and  was  adopted  by  tlie  Congress  in  1S26, 
makes  ample  provision  for  personal  and  political  liberty, 
securing  religious  toleration,  the  freedom  of  the  press,  and 
independence  of  the  tribunals.  It  established  a  legislative 
body,  composed  of  three  chamlx>rs,  namely,  tribunes,  senar 
tors,  and  censors,  and  gave  to  the  president,  who  is  elected 
for  life,  the  power,  also,  of  naming  his  successor.  The  coun- 
try is  divided  into  3  llshoprics;  but  there  is  no  church  ex- 
clusively supported  by  the  state.  The  public  revenua  is 
aViout  $i.70<i,000  a  year.  The  standing  army  is  about  2000 
men.  There  is  said  to  be  no  public  debt.  Chuquisaca  is 
the  capital  and  seat  of  government.  Cobija  is  the  only  sea- 
port.  .\dj.  and  inhab..  BoLivi.w,  bo-liv'e-an, 

BOLIVIA,  bo-liv'e-a.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bolivar  co., 
Mississippi,  on  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  about  150  miles  above 
A'icksburg,  has  a  landing  for  steamboats,  and  a  few  houses. 

BOLIV'IA,  a  village  of  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Mis.souri,  about 
20  miles  S.W.  of  the  Missis.sippi  River. 

BOLKEXIIAIN,  bol'l<en  hine\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
on  the  Neisse,  Pop.  2450.  It  has  linen  and  woollen  manu- 
factures.    W.  of  the  town  is  the  ruin  of  Bolkoburg  Tower. 

BOLKIIOV,  bol-Kov',  or  BOL'KHOFF'.  a  town  of  Russi.o, 
government,  and  30  miles  N.  of  Orel,  on  the  Noogra.  Pop. 
upwards  of  10,000.  It  is  well  built,  though  mostly  of  wood, 
and  has  extensive  manufactures  of  leather,  gloves,  hats,  and 
hosiery,  with  a  trade  in  hemp,  linseed  oil,  tallow,  and  hides. 

BOLL,  bSll,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  5  miles  S.W.  of  (icp- 
pirigen,  with  1500  inhabitants,  and  mineral  springs  and 
baths,  much  frtsquented. 

BOLLATE,  bol-ld't.'l,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  province 
and  6  miles  N.AV.  of  Milan,  with  a  square  and  a  parish 
church.  ^Pop.  2021. 

BOLLEXE  or  BOLLENNE.  bolMain',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Taucluse,  22  miles  N.  of  Avignon.  Pop.  with 
commune,  in  1852,  4931,  employed  in  silk-thread  factories 
and  dye-works. 

BOL'LEN-TEE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester, 
parish  of  Wilmslow,  on  the  Chester  Extension  Railwaj',  t 
miles  S.W.  of  Stockport.  Pop.  2212,  mostly  employed  in 
silk  and  cotton  mann&ctures. 

245 


BOL 


BOL 


BOLLiyOEN",  bollin^n,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  with 
Jlineral  bath?;  canton,  Jind  3  miles  N.K.of  Bern.     Pop.  1400. 

BOL'LINljTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BOLLULLOS  Da'u  CDNDADO.bol-yool'yoce  dil  kon-dd'DO. 
a  modiiru  town  of  Sjvin,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Uuelva.   Pop.  4630. 

BOLLWILLEK,  boUVeelMaiR/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haut-lUiin.  on  the  Strasho»irg  and  Bfile  Railway, 
7i  mUes  N.E.  of  Miilhausen.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1862, 
1901,  with  a  celebrated  nursery  for  indigenous  and  exotic 
plants. 

BOLM,  b6!ia,  a  maritime  district  or  territory  of  Western 
Africa,  S.S.K.  from  the  peninsula  of  Sierra  licoue,  extending 
N.  from  the  Sherboro  Kiver  to  Yawry  Bay,  and  intersected 
nearly  in  the  centre  by  the  8th  parallel  of  S.  lat. 

BOL'-MEN,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  53  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chris- 
tianstad,  about  20  miles  long  by  7  broad.  In  it  is  the  island 
of  Boluisii.  forming  a  wlioie  paiisU. 

BOL'NEY.  a  pari.sh  of  En;,'laud,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BOLX'HURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

BOLOGNA,  bolAn'ya,  (Fr.  iJo^ne, bo'lofl' ;  Sp. Bolonia.ho- 
lo'ne-d ;  anc  FdsUiM,  liotinfuia,)  a  famous  city  of  lt;Uy,  in 
the  State  of  -Emilia,  ca|)ital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
finely  situated  in  a  plain  N.  of  the  Apenuiues.on  the  Canal  of 
Bologna.  24  miles  S.E.  of  Modena.  and  27  miles  S.W.  of  Fer- 
rara.  Ltit.  of  observatory,  44°  29'  54"  X.,  Ion.  1 1°  21'  E.  Ele- 
vation. 205  feet  a  t>ove  the  se,a.  Pop.  S9,'^o0.  It  forms  an  oval, 
enclosed  by  a  brick  wall,  about  2  miles  in  length,  by  li  miles 
in  breadth,  enkred  by  12  gates,  and  iuter.sected  by  the  Keno 
Canal.  With  its  rich  and  varied  culoun-ides.  affording  a  plea- 
sant shelter  from  the  sun  and  rain,  well-paved  streets,  noble 
institution.^,  and  a  tionrishing.  iutelligfUt.  .ind  learned  popu- 
lation, it  rivals  Rome  in  all  except  classical  and  religious  in- 
terest, and  the  extent  of  its  museums.  Bologna  is  one  of 
the  greatest  centres  of  public  instruction  in  Italy.  Its  uni- 
versity, the  oldest  in  tlie  peninsula,  and  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient in  Europe,  (founded  1119.)  had,  in  1.S41,  560  students. 
It  has  an  academy  of  fine  arts,  with  rich  galleries  of  painting 
and  sculpture.  agran(^chooU>f  mu.sic,  1  library  with  150,000 
volumes,  and  another  with  83,000  volumes  and  4000  manus- 
criats,  cabinets  of  natiu^il  history,  an  observatory,  and  a  bo- 
tanic garden,  one  of  the  richest  in  Europe.  It  is  said  to  have  74 
churches,  35  convents  for  monks,  and  38  for  nuns,  all  of  which 
are  adorned  with  fine  works  of  art.  The  principal  churches 
are  San  Stefano.  one  of  the  oldest  in  Italy;  the  cathedral,  a 
fine  edifice  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
with  paintings  bj-  the  Cai-acci;  S.an  Petronio,  with  magnifi- 
cent works,  and  the  meridian  of  Cassini  traced  on  the  Hoor; 
St.  Dominic,  St.  Bartolomeo,  &c..  many  of  which  date  from 
the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  era.  The  other  princi- 
pal edifices  are  the  palazzo  publico,  podestk  palace,  registry, 
chamber  of  commerce,  scuole  pie.  numerous  fine  private  pa- 
laces, (including  one  built  for  Rossini  in  1825.)  and  the 
famous  tower  of  Asinelli.  the  loftiest  in  Italy,  built  in  1110, 
and  the  leaning  tower  of  GarLsenda.  from  the  top  of  the  for- 
mer of  which,  it  is  said,  that  103  cities  m.ay  be  seen.  In  the 
principal  square  is  a  large  fountain  with  a  fine  statue  of 
Neptune.  Outside  of  tlie  city,  an  arcade,  nearly  3  miles 
in  length,  leads  to  the  church  of  the  Madonna  di  San  Luca. 
Bologna  has  numerous  hospitals,  theatres,  academies 
learned  societies,  and  schix.ls;  manu&ctures  of  crape,  che- 
mie;il  products,  wax  candles,  musical  implements,  p.aper, 
cards,  and  tnortadelU.,  or  sausages,  in  high  repute;  and  a 
considerable  trade  in  other  products.  It  has  been  an  arch- 
bishop's see  since  the  fourth  century,  and  is  the  residence 
of  a  cardinal's  legate,  and  the  se;it  of  the  court  of  appeal  for 
the  four  N.  legations  of  the  Pontifical  States. 

History. — Bologna  is  the  Bnnoaia  of  the  Romans.  A 
Christian  church  was  erected  in  it  in  the  third  century, 
and  in  728  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Lomliards.  from 
whom  it  was  taken  in  800  by  Chii.-lemagne.  In  the  twelfth 
century.  Bologn.a  took  possession  Oi  •■•^veral  of  the  surround- 
ing cities,  and  for  156  years  i_1118  to  1274)  formed  the  most 
flourishing  republic  in  Italy.  In  1506.  it  was  united  to  the 
Papal  States.  Bologna  has  produced  8  pope.s  100  cardinals, 
the  naturalists  Galvani  and  Aldrovandi,  the  anatomists 
Malpighi  and  Mondino,  the  .astronomer  Jlarsigli,  the  mathe- 
matician and  engineer  Manfredi,  the  painters  Guido,  Al- 
bano,  Barbiori,  Domenichino,  the  three  Canicci,  and  the 
professors  Monti,  Orioli,  Tomuiasini,  and  Mezzofanti.     Pop. 

89,850. Adj.  and    inhab.,  Bolonese,  bo'lo-neez',   Bolog- 

SI.1N,  bo-Wne-an,  or  bo-lAn'yan. 

BOLOXCHEX.  bo-lnn-chSn',  a  thriving  village  of  Central 
America,  Yucatan,  50  miles  X.E.  of  Campeachy.  Pop.  7000. 
It  derives  its  name  from  two  Maya  words,  Bolen,  nine,  and 
chen,  wells:  nine  wells  having  formed  from  time  immemo- 
rial, the  centre  of  a  population ;  and  these  wells  being  in 
tiiQ  ph'zci.  or  square  of  the  village,  which  consists  of  a  long 
line  of  straggling  bouses  or  huts  on  either  side  of  the  road. 
The  wells  are  circular  openings,  cut  through  a  stratum  of 
rock,  evidently  communicating  with  a  common  re.servoir, 
for  the  water  is  always  at  the  same  level  in  one  that  it  is 
in  all  the  rest.  At  a  short  distance  from  the  vill.age  is  a 
very  remarkable  cave,  descending  which,  Mr.  Stephens 
reached  a  pool  of  water  at  a  depth  of  al>out  450  feet  perpen- 
dicular height,  and  1400  feet  distant  from  the  entrance  to 
246 


the  cave.  Mr.  Stephens  also  visited  six  other  pools,  tihicb 
were  reached  by  Viirious  pii-ssages  diverging  from  the  great 
cavern.  This  latter  (210  teet  in  depth;  is  of  great  size,  and 
is  lighted  from  a  hole  in  the  sulace. 

BOLOK-TAGII,  WloR'-tdg',  sometimes  written  BELUR- 
TAGH  or  BELOOR-TAGII,  a  great  mountiiin  chain  of  Cen- 
tral Asi.a,  which  separates  the  Cliiiicse  Empire  on  the  E. 
from  Khoondooz, and  Kafiristan  on  the  W.  It  extends  be- 
tween lat.  35-"  and  45°  N.,  and  Ion.  70°  and  75°  E..  forming  « 
part  of  the  table-land  of  Pamir,  connected  with  the  Ilindoo 
Koosh  on  the  S.,  and  Thian-Shan  Mountains  in  the  centre. 
Its  culminating  points,  beween  lat.  35°  and  40°,  are  soj^ 
posed  to  exceed  19,000  feet  in  elevation.  Three  great  passes 
cross  this  chain;  two  from  Y'arkand  and  Kashgar  west> 
ward,  about  lat.  39°,  and  one  from  Bud  ukhshan  into  Little 
Thiliet. 

BOLOTAXA,  bo-lo-ti/nl,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  province  of 
Nuoro.  28  miles  E.  of  Bo.sa.    Pop.  3230. 

BOLSAS.  bol'sSs,  a  river  in  the  confederacy  and  in  the  do> 
partment  of  Mexico.  This  river,  after  a  long  westerly  course, 
in  a  part  of  which  it  sepanites  the  departments  of  Mexico  and 
Michoacau.  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean  225  miles  S.AV.  of  Maxico. 
On  it  ai-e  the  towns  of  Miscala.  Iluetamo.  and  Zacatula. 

B()LSEXA,  bol-si'n J,  (anc.  VolsinUi  or  VU^iii'ium.)  a  town 
of  Italy,  Pontifical  States,  20  miles  X.N.W.  of  Viterbo,  on  the 
northern  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Bolsena.  It  was  one  of  the  12 
Etruscan  cities,  capital  of  the  Volsci,  and  birth-place  of  Se^ 
janus;  but  is  now  a  miseraWe  village.  The  Lake  of  Bolsena 
{Lacua  Vr/lsiniensis)  is  10  miles  long,  and  8  miles  broad,  sur- 
rounded by  finely  wooded  hills,  and  commanding  many 
magnificent  prospects.  It  discharges  its  waters  by  the  Mar- 
ti* River.  S.W.  in  the  Slediterranean,  and  in  it  are  the  two 
small  islands  of  Bi.sentina  and  Martana. 

BOLSIIERETSK,  bol-sh6r-6tsk',  a  seaport  town  of  X.E. 
Asia.  Kamtchatka,  120  miles  W.  of  Petropaulovski    I'op.  200. 

BOLSOX  DE  31 APIJII,  bol'sou'  d.-l  mi-pee'mee,  a  wild  and 
rocky  district  in  the  N.  part  of  the  Mexican  confederacy, 
surrounded  by  the  departments  of  Coahuila,  Chihuahua, 
and  Durango,  in  which  last  it  is  included.  Area,  nearly 
00.000  square  miles.     Peopled  only  by  Indian  tribes. 

BOL'SOVER,  (often  pronounced  bow'zfr,)a  town  of  Eng. 
land,  CO.  of  Derby,  0  miles  E.  of  Chesterfield.  It  has  an 
ancient  church,  with  a  fine  sepulchral  chapel  of  the  Caven- 
dish family,  and  a  castle,  part  of  which  is  still  habitable, 
and  in  wluch  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  entertained  Charles  I, 
in  1633. 

BOL/STEX'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine. 

BOLSWARD,  holsVant/.  a  fortified  town  of  the  Xether- 
lands,  province  of  P'riesland.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Leouwarden. 
Pop.  in  1840,  4223.  It  has  a  Latin  school,  manufactures  of 
woollens,  and  a  large  trade  in  butter. 

BOLT.^X.A.,  bol-td'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  SO  mileg 
X.E.  of  IIue.sca,  on  the  Ara.    Pop.  2360. 

BOI/roX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

BOLTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

BOLTON,  a  post^township  of  Chittenden  co.,  Vermont, 
about  20  miles  N.W.  from  Montpelier,  intersected  by  the 
Vermont  Centi-il  Railroad.     Pop.  t>45. 

BOLTON.apost-townsliip  of  Worcester  co.,Massachusett8, 
27  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.     IVp.  1348. 

BOLfOX,  a  post-township  of  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut,  on 
the  Providence.  Hartford  and  Fislikill  Railroad,  about  15 
miles  K.  from  Hartford.  This  townsliip  contains  an  exten- 
sive quarry  of  a  superior  quality  of  stone.     Pop.  683. 

BOLTON,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co..  New  York,  on 
Schroon  River  and  Lake  George,  about  GS  miles  N.  from 
Albany.    Pop.  1289. 

BOLTON,  a  post^vilUge  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Wil- 
liamson CO.,  Illinois. 

BOLTON,  a  vill.tge  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York,  28  miles 
N.N.AV.  from  Toronto.  It  contains  a  soap  and  candle  fao- 
torv.  a  saw-mill,  tannery,  and  about  400  inhabitants. 

BOLTOX  ABBEY,  a  parish  and  chapelry  of  England,  CO. 
of  Y'ork.  West  Riding. 

BOLTON,  BY  BOWLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York. 

BOLTON  LE  5I00RS,  beVton-le-moors,  a  large  manuCio- 
turing  town,  parliiimentary  and  municipal  borough,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  hundred  of  Stafford,  on 
an  affluent  of  tlie  Irwell.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Manchester,  and 
175  miles  X.X.W.  of  Ijondon.  Pop.  of  borough,  chiefly  com- 
posed of  tlie  township  and  Little  Bolton,  70,396.  It  is  well 
supplied  with  water,  and  of  late  years  several  new  squares 
and  many  handsome  villas  have  Ijeen  constructed,  mostly 
on  the  S.  side.  Principal  edifices  an  anciept  parish  church, 
several  hand.some  chapels  of  ease,  and  numerous  dissenting 
places  of  worship ;  a  gi-amraar  school,  founded  in  lf41,  (reve- 
nue, 4S5/,  a  year;)  a  charity  school,  endowed  in  1093.  (reve- 
nue, 227J.:)  '2  town-halls,  2  cloth-halls,  a  neat  exchange, 
theatre,  assembly  and  concert  nwms.  &c.  It  has  several  g<x  d 
libraries,  a  mechanics'  institute,  daily  and  Sunday-school., 
and  several  large  charity  endowments,  including  the  Pop- 
plewell's  munificent  legacy  of  27,700J.,  3  pei  cents.,  for  the 
promotion  of  religion  and  learning  for  the  poor.    The  woolr 


BOL 

len  manufactures  of  Bolton,  Introduced  by  Flemlnfrs,  in 
1337,  were  in  a  flourishing  state  before  the  reign  of  Henry 
Tin.,  but  the  frreat  prosperity  of  the  town  dates  from  the 
introduction  of  the  invention  of  ArltwriKht  and  Crompton, 
constructors  of  the  mule-jenny,  both  natives  of  this  parish, 
■which  has  since  become,  throuixh  their  labours,  one  of  the 
principal  seats  of  the  English  cotton  manufactures.  In 
1S38,  there  were  69  cotton-mills,  employing  9.918  hands, 
chiefly  in  the  manufacture  of  mu.sliiis,  fine  calicoes,  cotton 
shawls,  quiltings.  jeans,  fustians,  Ac;  and  the  average 
luantity  of  cloth  bleached  in  the  parish  annually,  has  been 
estimated  at  from  6,000,0ti0  to  7,000,000  pieces.  Bolton  has 
also  large  paper,  fla.x,  and  saw-mills,  chemical  works,  and 
foundries.  The  numerous  coal-pits  wrought  in  the  vicinity, 
with  canal  carriage  to  .Manchester,  have  greatly  promoted 
the  prosperity  of  the  town,  now  still  further  advanced  by 
a  railway  to  Bury  and  Manchester,  anotlier  to  Leigh,  form- 
ing an  easy  communication  with  Liverpool,  and  a  third  with 
Preston  and  the  N.  Markets.  Since  the  reform  act,  Bolton 
has  sent  two  memlxjrs  to  the  Ilou.se  of  Commons. 
BOLTON,  LE  SANDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 

BOLTOX-ON-SWALE.  a  parish  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

BOLTON,  I'EIICY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

BOLTON'S  DEPOT,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 

BOLTON-UI'OX-DEAUNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  West  Riding. 

BOLTONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cobb  co.,  Georgia, 

BOLT'S  FORK,  a  post-oflice  of  Lawrence  co.,  Kentucky. 

BOLVA,  bSl'vd,  a  river  of  Russi.i.  rises  in  the  N.W.  of  go- 
vernment of  Kalooga,  and,  after  a  S.  course,  joins  the  Desna 
near  liriansk.     During  part  of  the  year  it  is  navigable. 

BOLZANO,  a  town  of  Germany.    See  Botzen. 

BOM  ARSUND,  bo'm:ir-soond\  improperly  written  BOMER- 
SUND,  formerly  an  important  fortre.ss  of  Russia,  on  the 
S.P;.  side  of  the  i.-sland  of  Aland.  Lat.  60°  12' 40"  N.,  Ion. 
20°  15'  E.  The  little  village  of  Bq.mar  is  in  the  immediat« 
vicinity.  Bomarsund  was  taken  by  the  allied  tieets  of  Eng- 
land and  France,  August  16,  1854.  The  fortifications  weie 
aft<;rwards  blown  up  by  the  conquerors. 

BOMBA,  Ixjm'bJ.  a  villitge  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  IS  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vasto.  Pop.  2200.  Its  vicinity 
produces  oil  and  wine,  which  are  highly  esteemed. 

BOMB.AJf',  l>Rt;siDENXY  OF,  the  most  westerly,  and  the 
smallest  of  the  three  presidencies  of  British  India,  mostly 
between  lat.  14°  and  24°  N.,  and  Ion.  72°  and  7C°  E.,  having 
N.W.  and  N.  the  Guicowar"s  dominions,  E,  the  territories  of 
Indore  and  the  Nizam,  S.  Goa,  My.sore,  and  the  Madras 
presidency,  and  W,  the  Indian  Ocean.  Area,  population, 
and  subdivisions,  as  follow : — 


Collectoratea. 

AreaiD 

Latest 

Areata 

Latest 

»q.  m. 

pop. 

Bombay  Island. 

18 

MO.OOO 

N.  Cnncan  ..,, 

5.500 

387. '.iM 

Poonah 

8,-81 

5.18.31.3 

1  Sural.  &c 

1,449 

454,431 

Ahinv-duuggur.. 

S.HIO 

ti«(l,a7« 

Baroaoh 

1.351 

•,!39,527 

Camli'ish 

vi.in 

478,457 

Abmedabad,,, 

4,072 

528,073 

Darwar 

9,122 

8:iS,7.i7 

Kaira 

1,827 

484,735 

S.  Jaghircdars. 

2.978 

778. ISS 

Sattarah.&o,, 

6.169 

736,284 

8.  Concan 

6,770 

650,857 

■ 

Total 

68.074  i7,2«0,27'7 

In  the  Bnmhoy  Calender  for  1S45,  the  aggregate  area  is 
set  down  at  59,438  square  miles,  and  pop,  at  6,201,546;  but 
this  seems  to  be  exclusive  of  Sattarah,  which  is  now  sulv 
stantially  British  territory.  The  surCice  is  irregular,  pre- 
senting the  diversities'  of  low.  barren  hills,  mountainous 
tracts,  valleys,  and  elevated  bible-lands.  The  mountains 
comprise  a  large  portion  of  the  West  Ghaut  range,  which  line 
the  whole  W,  coast  of  peninsula  Ilindostan,  the  Sanpooi'a, 
chain,  the  W,  portion  of  the  Vindhyan  chain,and  firther  N. 
the  Aravulli  chain.  East  of  the  latter  lies  the  t.ible-lnud 
of  Malwah, having  an  aver.age  height  of  1600  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  of  which  two-thirds  are  in  the  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, The  principal  rivers  are  the  Nerbudda  and  Tapty, 
both  falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Cambav:  but  there  are 
several  other  considerable  streams  that  bave  their  sources 
only  in  the  presidency,  such  as  the  Oodavery  and  Kishna, 
which  CtU  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  The  valleys  are  remarka- 
oly  fertile,  and  many  parts  of  the  presidency  are  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation.  The  roads  are  so  exceedingly  bad,  as 
seriously  to  affect  the  development  of  its  resources,  and,  con- 
joined with  the  absence  of  navigable  rivers,  to  limit  greatly 
Its  internal  traffic.  A  railway,  however,  has  recently  been 
commenced  at  Bombay,  which  may  be  the  precureor  of  a 
lietter  sUite  of  things,  as  regards  internal  communication. 
The  climate  is  for  the  most  part,  less  hot,  and  more  healthy 
than  in  the  other  presidencies,  a  great  part  of  the  country 
lieing  under  the  influence  of  the  sea-breezes.  Rice  and  cot- 
ton are  the  principal  articles  of  culture,  and  the  cotton  of 
this  presidency  is  decidedly  superior  to  that  of  the  others. 
Some  sugar  and  indigo  are  rai.sed  in  Candeish,  Opium  is 
nowhere  cultivated,  and  other  great  staples  of  Indian  pro- 
duce are  only  raised  in  small  quantities :  but  in  return, 
the  cai'damons,  pepper,  and  teak,  exported  from  India,  are 


BOM 

almost  exclusively  the  growth  of  this  region.  The  \  rti* 
tricts  are  tamous  for  their  great  vanety  of  fruits:  coco.a- 
palms  cover  a  very  large  extent  of  sandy  land  in  the  Con- 
can,  Ac;  Vool  has  l.itely  been  exported  in  considerable 
quantities  from  Bombay;  and  groat  exertions  have  been 
made  to  introduce  the  culture  of  silk.  The  cattle  of  Guzo- 
rat  are  a  large  and  fine  breed  ;  W.  of  the  Ghauts,  the  ox  and 
buffalo  are  almost  the  only  domestic  animals.  Thu  wnoin 
presidency  is  assessed  under  the  native  village  .system  ot 
India,  except  the  districts  of  Surat  and  Kaira.  where  thfl 
ryotwarry  s^'stem  is  in  force.  Principal  manufactures  are, 
of  embroiilered  silks,  and  woollen  and  cotton  cloths.  Foj 
an  account  of  the  foreign  trade,  sec  Bomisay  City.  Govern 
mcnt  vested  in  a  governor  and  3  members  of  council,  of 
whom  one  is  commander-in-chief;  the  whole  administration 
being  subordinate  to  the  governor-general  of  1  iidia  in  coun- 
cil. In  the  capital  of  each  collectorate  i.<  the  seat  of  a  Briti.st 
collector,  and  a  judge,  subordinate  to  the  central  court  (jf 
Bombay.  A  few  years  ago.  the  army  comprised  aliout  30,000 
men  and  officers,  of  whom  (250  were  Europeans.  The 
whole  of  the  Indian  marine  is  attached  to  this  )ire,«idency. 
In  the  S.  there  are  many  native,  and  Roman  Catholic,  and 
Nestorian  Christians.  The  I'ar.sees  are  now  almost  confined 
to  this  part  of  Asia,  Total  net  revenue  in  1842-3,  2.091,.395/. ; 
expenditures,  2,124,290?,  There  are  in  the  presidency  an 
Engli.^h  Episcopal  bishopric,  with  24  clergy,  a  Scotti.«h  kirk, 
and  Roman  Catholic  establishment,  which  receive  govern- 
ment aid.  Elpliinstone  College  was  founded  in  1837,  and 
there  are  120  schools  for  the  native  Hindoos,  in  which  from 
801)  to  900  boy.s  receive  education,  besides  nearly  20(.:0  native 
village  schools.  Bombay  was  tlio  earliest  possession  of  the 
British  in  the  East.  It  was  ceded  by  the  Moguls  to  the 
Portuguese  in  1530.  and  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
English  in  1662,  as  a  part  of  tlie  dowry  of  the  Infanta  of 
Portugal,  on  her  marriage  with  Charles  II,;  but  by  far  the 
greater  part  of  the  territory  has  been  acquired  between  1803 
and  ISIS. 

BOMBAY,  (Port.  Bnm  or  Bita  Btihia.  hSsa  or  bo/j  bd-ee'l, 
i.e.  "  good  harbour,")  a  city,  seaport  and  capital  of  the  alx)ve 
presidencv.  is  situated  on  a  neck  of  land  at  the  S,E,  extremity 
of  the  isla'nd  of  Bombay.  Lat.  18°  .W  N.;  Ion.  72°  53'  E.  It 
consists  of  the  fort  or  old  town,  1  mile  in  length  by  i  mile  in 
breadth,  and  in  which  the  European  inhabitants,  and  most 
of  the  I'arsee  merchants  reside;  and  the  new  town,  about  1 
mile  distant  northward,  inhabited  by  the  Hindoos  and  Mo- 
hammedan native  population,  beyond  which  suburb  are 
many  detached  villas  and  bungalows  belonging  to  European 
and  other  residents.  Bombay  has  a  lively  appearance  from 
the  sea;  but.  as  a  city,  it  is  greatly  inferior  to  Calcutta  or 
Madni.s.  The  houses  within  tlie  walls  are  built  of  wood,  and 
covered  witli  tiles.  Principal  edifices  in  the  fort  are  the  court- 
house, secretariate,  and  other  government  offices,  custom- 
hou.se,  town-hiill,  castle,  mint,  cathedral  of  St,  Thomas,  St. 
Andrew's  Scotch  church.  European  hospital.&c,  I  n  the  centre 
of  the  fort  is  an  irregular  open  space  called  the  "  0  reen ;"  and 
outside  of  the  massive  fortific-itions  is  the  esplanade.  In  the 
new  town  are  Elpliinstone  college.  Sir  .1,  Jejeebhoy's  hospital, 
the  Byculla  church  and  club,  the  house  of  correction,  theatre, 
and  the  great  Hindoo  temple  of  Mnmha  Deri.  On  the  S,W, 
the  fort  is  connected  by  Colaliba  causeway,  with  the  island 
of  Colabbii,  on  which  are  the  lighthouse,  observatory,  lunatic 
asylum,  some  mercantile  buildings,  and  a  stone  pier.  The 
government-house  is  at  Parell,  6  miles  N,  of  the  fort.  The 
property  of  tlie  island  belongs  principally  to'  the  Parsees, 
who  are  the  chief  merchants  and  moneyt>d  men.  Tlie  harbour 
of  Bomli.iy  is  unequalled  for  safety  in  all  India,  whence  the 
name  "  Bom  Bahia"  or  more  properly  "Boa  Bahia,"  given  to 
it  by  the  Portuirnese.  This  was  afterwards  changed  into 
Bombay,  It  affords  good  anchorage  for  ships  of  the  largest 
burden ;  on  it  are  also  excellent  building  and  other  docks 
for  ships  of  the  first  das.s.  Next  to  Calcutta  and  Canton, 
Bombay  is  the  principal  commcrciiil  emporium  in  the  J'.ast, 
and  for  many  years  its  trade  has  been  uniformly  increasing. 
1'he  imports  from  China  are  greater  than  at  either  of  the 
other  presidencies,  and  consist  of  raw  silk,  sugar,  and  sugai-- 
candy,  silk  piece-goods,  treasure,  &c.,  which  last,  in  184.3-4, 
was  imported  to  the  amount  of  2.743.810/.  Imports  from 
Great  Britain  are  cotton  and  woollen  stuffs,  cotton  yarn, 
hardwares,  copper,  iron,  lead,  glass,  apparel,  furs,  wine,  and 
beer.  Among  the  other  articles  imported  are  ivory,  spices, 
coffee,  and  the  produce  generally  of  Persia,  Arabia,  and  the 
Malay  Archipelago.  In  theyear  1843-4, 377  ves.sels  (aggregate 
burden.  168,882  tons)  entered  the  port.  The  total  tonnage 
of  ves.sels  leaving  the  port,  in  1853-4  amounted  to  357.298 
tons.  1  n  1834,  the  ,aggreg,ate  value  of  imports  was  3,653,3191. 
The  following  table  shows  the  value  of  the  imports  and  ex- 
ports each  year  from  1844-5,  to  1S47-S : — 

Imports, 

£3. 773, 161 

3.004.948 

2.701,417 

2,949,591 

Of  the  imports.  Great  Britain  furnished,  in  1848.  to  the 
value  of  1,289,757Z„  and  took  of  theexports  951.370/,  Chlua 
furnished  to  the  value  of  738,434/,,  and  took  2,959,169/. 

247 


Kxports, 

1844-5 £5.126,552. 

1845-6 5.801.780., 

1846-7 4.604.897. 

1847-8 4.326,796, 


=JJ 


BOM 


BON 


Bombay  is  the  chief  Indian  port  connected  with  the  es- 
tablishment of  ste;im  navigation  between  India  and  tireat 
Britain.  In  1837,  three  steam-vessels  sailed  betwt*en  Bom- 
bay and  Suez;  and  in  1S43,  there  were  eijrht.  There  is  now 
a  regular  transmission  of  mails  by  steam,  every  fortnight, 
by  way  of  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Ked  Sea.  Steamers 
piy  between  Bombay  and  Point  de  Galle  in  Ceylon,  where 
they  meet  other  steamers  which  proceed  to  Madras  and  Cal- 
cutta, and  also  to  Canton  in  China.  A  railway  between 
Bombay  and  Tannah,  a  town  and  fortress  on  the  island  of 
Salsette.  25  miles  N.N.K.  of  the  former,  commenced  October 
*31.  1S50,  is  the  first  railway  begun  in  India.  Telegraphic 
wires  connect  Bombay  with  Madras  and  Calcutta. 

BoMB.iV  ISL.4.XD,  On  which  the  city  is  situated,  is  one  of  a 
duster  of  islands,  and  the  largest  of  all,  excepting  Salsette, 
with  which  it  has  long  lx?en  connected  by  a  mound  and 
arched  stone  biidge;  another  connecting  mound  was  formed 
towards  the  N.VV.  a  few  years  ago.  It  is  about  Smiles  long 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  3  miles  broad,  formed  by  two  ranges 
of  rock  of  unequal  length,  running  parallel  to  each  other  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  island.  The  interior  was  formerly  liable 
to  be  overflowed  by  the  sea,  which  is  now  prevented  bj'  s\ib- 
gtantial  works  and  emliankmeuts,  but  the  lower  parts  are 
still  covered  with  water  during  the  rainj'  monsoon.  On  the 
S.W..  the  island  terminates  in  a  rocky  peninsula  60  feet  high, 
called  Malabar  I'oiut,  stretching  far  into  the  sea.  It  is 
adorned  with  a  pleasing  variety  of  country  seats.  Inter- 
spersed with  groves  of  cocoa-nut  trees,  and  traversed  in  all 
directions  by  good  roads.  Magnificent  views  are  obtained 
from  this  point.  The  S.E.  extremity  of  the  island  again 
terminates  in  a  similar,  but  much  longer  projection.  Here, 
also,  are  a  number  of  spacious  houses,  most  of  which  are 
surrounded  by  small  gardens,  and  overshadowed  by  man- 
goes, palms,  and  tamarinds.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  supreme 
court  is  confined  to  the  island  of  Bombay,  and  to  Kurnpt>ans 
in  the  rest  of  the  presidency;  the  civil  and  criminal  laws 
are  those  of  England.  Bombay  is,  next  to  Madras,  the  oldest 
of  the  British  posse.ssions  in  the  East.  At  present  it  rules 
the  whole  N.W.  coast  of  India.  The  mean  temperature  of 
Bombay  is  higher  than  that  of  Calcutta,  but  lower  than  that 
of  Madras,  which  is  84°  Fahrenheit,  Bomljay  82°,  and  Cal- 
cutta 79°. 

The  population  of  Bombav  has  increased  tenfold  within  a 
century.  In  1716,  it  was  estimated  at  16.<X)0:  in  1816,  at 
161,550 ;  it  is  now.  ai-cording  to  the  census  of  1849.  upwards 
of  600.000.  compo.sed  of  British.  Portuguese,  and  Armenians, 
Jews.  Mohammedans,  Hindoos,  and  I'arsees. 

BOM^BAY'.  a  post'township  of  Franklin  co..  New  York,  on 
Little  Salmon  Biver.  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Malone.  P.  2440. 

BOMERSUND.    See  Bomarsund. 

BOM-FIM.  bAs'^-fees",  (i'.  e.,  "good  end,")  a  town  and  vil- 
lage of  Brazil,  province  and  95  miles  S.E.  of  (5oyaz. 

BOM-FIM.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  and  05  miles  W. 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Bon-Fim  is  the  name  of  other  villages  in 
the  provincas  of  Minas  Geraes,  Maranhao,  and  Bahia. 

BOM-JARDIM,  b6N«-jaR-deex'>',  (i.  e.,  "good  garden,")  a 
town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  210  miles  S.  of  Ceara.  Pop. 
6000.  half  of  whom  are  Indians. 

BOMJARDIM,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia. 
Pop.  1200. 

BOM-.JESt;S.  bAsQ  zhi'soos,  the  name  of  numerous  places 
in  Brazil,  all  unimportant.  Among  them  are  a  village,  in  the 
province  of  Pernambuco,  three  villages,  in  the  province  of 
Bahia.  and  ao  island  on  the  Bav  of  Rio  de  J.ineiro. 

BOMMEL,  bom'mel.  (Dutch,  'i^alt  B'mmd.  zdlt  bom'mfl,) 
a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gelderliind,  on  the 
Waal,  25  miles  E.  of  Dort.  Pop.  in  1840,  3600.  It  was  for- 
merly an  important  fortified  place,  but  its  port  is  now 
greatlv  obstructed  by  shoals. 

BOMMEL.  or  DEN  BOMMEL.  dJn  hom'mel.  a  village  of 
South  Holland,  island  of  Overflakkee,  7  miles  W.  of  WU- 
lemstad.      Pop.  1199. 

BOMMEL-FIORD,  bom'mSl-fe^Rd',  a  strait  between  the 
islands  of  Storen  and  Bommel-Oe.  (Vom'mel-o'eh,)  on  the  \V. 
coast  of  Norway.     Ijit.  59°  40'  N,;  Ion.  6°'20' E. 

BOMMELWAARD,  l«m'mel-*.iRt,  an  island  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, province  of  Gelderland.  3  miles  E.  of  Bommol.  on 
which  is  the  fortress  of  Loevenstein,  the  place  of  Grotius' 
imprisonment. 

BOMST,  bomst,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  48  miles  'W.S. 
W.  of  I'osen.     I'op.  2250,  who  manufacture  coarse  woollens. 

BOM-SUCCESSO,  bAx=-soos-sA'so,  or  IBITUKUNA,  ee-be- 
too-roo'ni,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Miuas-Geraes,  250 
miles  N.E.  of  Villa  Rica, 

BON,  CAPE,      See  Cape  Box. 

BONA  or  BONAH,  bo'ni,  (Fr,  Bone,  hon:  anc.  Hip/po- 
Jle'gius.)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Algeria,  85  miles  N.E, 
of  Const.antino,  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  near  the 
month  of  the  Seibous,  (Seibouse.)  Lat.  of  the  hospital,  36° 
53'  58"  N. ;  Ion.  7°  46'  5"  E.  I'op.  in  1847,  9799.  of  whom  6000 
are  Europeans.  It  is  nearly  2  miles  in  circumference,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  wall  with  squ.^re  turrets  and  four  gates; 
Fort  Ciijogne  is  its  chief  defence.  Streets  narrow  and  crooked ; 
but  Bona  h.is  gre-atly  improved  since  possessed  by  the 
French,  and  h-as  many  new  squares,  uiarkets,  l>azaars,  shops, 
248 


cafes,  reading-rooms,  a  theatre,  ic;  manufactures  of  native 
clothing,  tapestry,  and  saddlery,  and  an  excellent  trade  in 
corn,  wool,  hides,  wax,  and  coral.  Beyond  a  swamp  S.  of 
Bona  are  the  ruins  of  Hij^lpo-Ke'yius.  once  the  See  of  St. 
Augustine,  but  destroyed  by  the  Caliph  Othnian,  Bonahaa 
regular  steam  communication  with  Marseilles  and  Cette,  ia 
F'rance,  and  Algiers,  and  Tunis,  in  Africa, 

BONABONA,     See  Bolabola. 

BON ACCA,  l>ou-ak/ka,  or  GUANA JA.  gwa-n^'na.  an  island 
of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  Honduras  Bav,  30  mile.s  N.  of  Cape  C'as- 
tilla.  Lat.  16°2S'N.,  ion,  85°55'AV.  (?)  It  is  about  9  miles 
long,  and  from  1  to  3  broad, 

BON  AIR,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Tennessee, 

BON-AIR,  an    island.  West  Indies.    See  Bues-.\tee, 

BON  AIR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Tenneswe. 

BO'NAPARTE.  a  post-village  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois,  25 
miles  W.  by  S.  from  Chicago. 

BONAI'ARTE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  river  Des  Moines,  about  35  miles  N.W.  from 
Keokuk.  It  is  situated  in' a  rich  farming  district,  and  hu 
several  stores  and  a  large  mill. 

BON  AQUA,  a  post-office  of  Hickman  co..  Tennessee. 

BONATI,  bo-nd'tee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princt- 
pato  Citra.  near  the  Gulf,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Poli.'astro.     P.  3038. 

BOXAVENTURA,  South  America.     See  Bcexaventira. 

B0NAA-ENTURE,bon'av6N=HiiR',acounty  ofCanada  liast 
Area,  4560  square  miles.     Pop.  10,844,    Capital.  Carleton. 

BONAVIST'A,  a  bav,  cape,  and  station  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  the  bay  in  lat.  48°  42'  N.,  and  Ion.  53°  S'  W. 

BO .\  BROOK,  a  post-oflice  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia, 

BONIJy,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  l^incoln. 

BON'CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  l.sle  of  Wight. 

BOND,  a  county,  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Shoiil  Creek  and  its  branches,  the  East  and  West  Forks, 
which  flow  southward;  the  Kaska.skia  Itiver  touches  the 
S.E.  extremity.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  presents  an 
alternation  of  t>eautiful  prairies  and  tracts  of  timber  in 
nearly  equal  proportions.  The  soil  is  highly  productive. 
Stone  coal  is  found  near  Shoal  Creek.  The  National  Raid, 
and  the  projected  railway  from  Terre  Haute  to  St.  lx)uis.  pass 
through  the  county.  Named  in  honor  of  Shadrach  Bond, 
first  Governor  of  Illinois.    Capital.  Greenville.    Pop.  9S15. 

BONDENO,  bon-dA'no,  (anc.  Padi'iium.)  a  town  of  North 
Italv,  Pontifical  States,  11  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Ferrara,  Pop. 
3160.  • 

BONDOO  or  BONDOU,  bon'doo',  a  little-known  country 
in  Senegambia;  bounded  N.  by  Galam,  W,  by  Foota- 
Damga,  E,  by  the  Falem6,  (a  tributary  of  the  Senegal,  which 
separates  it  from  Bambook.)  and  S.  by  the  Tenda  and 
Woolee  (Woolli)  countries,  cloiw  to  the  Gambia;  extent 
supposed  to  be  about  97  miles  N.  to  S.,-  and  f^O  miles  E.  to  W. 
It  is  mostly  a  flat  country,  with  some  elevations  of  no  great 
height,  in  its  N.  and  central  parts;  and  watered  on  its  E. 
side  by  numerous  small  streams  that  fall  into  tlie  F"alem6. 
It  is  very  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  producing  cotton,  mil- 
let, maize,  indigo,  pistachio-nuts,  tobacco,  &c.  Vegetation  is 
exul)erant,  and  there  are  extensive  forests,  including  the 
baot)ab,  acacia,  kc.  Iron  alxiunds,  but  is  not  worked,  and 
al.«o  some  gold  is  obtained.  The  people  have  a  tolerable  stock 
of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep.  AVild  beasts  are  numerous.  The 
Faleme  swarms  with  crocodiles.  The  natives  ai'e  s]iiiited, 
brave,  and  (for  Africans)  industrious ;  weaving  of  cotton  cloth 
is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  chiefly  of  long  and  narrow  slips 
of  cotton,  Q&Wedpagne;  which,  besides  being  made  up  into 
garments,  serve  as  a  kind  of  currency.  The  Bondoo  people 
are  chiefly  Foolahs,  but  include  several  tribes;  many  of  them 
can  read  and  write  Arabic,  there  being  regular  schools  for 
teaching  that  language;  and  all.  or  nearly  all.  are  professed 
Mohammedans.    Pop.  estimated  by  some  at  1,500,000, 

BOND'S  POINT,  a  post-oflice  of  Christian  co.,  Illinois. 

BOND'S  VILLAGE,  a  post-office  of  Hampden  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

BON  DUES,  W>5r«Mti',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
5  miles  N.  of  Lille.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851,  3028. 

BONIVVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Bennington  co.,  Vermont. 

BONDY'.  l>AN«-dee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Paris^  near  the  forest  of  Bondy.  with 
numerous  country  residencesT  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851, 804. 

BONE,  a  town  of  Algeria.    See  Bona. 

BONE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ritchie  co.,  Virgini.i. 

BONEFRO,  t)o-n>Vfro.  a  town  of  N.iples,  province  of  Molise, 
6J  miles  S.S.E.  of  Larino.    Pop.  3700. 

BONESECOUR  BAY.    See  Bonsecours  Bat, 

BONE  YARD,  a  postofflce  of  Tishemingo  co,,  Mississippi 

BONG  or  PONG,  a  province  of  Burmah.    See  Pong. 

BONGAY,  BANGEY,  bon-g.V.  or  BANGA  VI.  bin  gd'vee.  an 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  on  the  E.  rxsast  cf  Celebes: 
lat.  (S.  point)  2°  W  S.,  Ion.  123°  53'  E.  It  gives  name  to  a 
group  of  about  100  islets,  much  resorted  to  for  s-aves  and 
wood. 

BONGO.    See  BcxwooL, 

BONGOOS,  bon'goos',  a  town  on  a  nay  ol  same  nanM..  W. 
coast,  island  of  Sumatra,  a  few  mile«  S.  of  the  «"  m  of  Pa- 
dang 


BON 


BOO 


BOXIIAM,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Fannin  co., 
Texas,  about  12  miles  S.  from  Ked  Uiver,  and  270  miles  N. 
by  K.  from  Austin  City.  It  is  situated  on  Bois  d"Arc  Creek, 
and  in  a  larjie  and  fertile  prairie,  wliich  produces  cotton, 
wheat.  Ac,  Steamboats  navigate  lied  River  on  the  border 
of  Fannin  county.    Free  pop.  477. 

BO.N'IIAMTOWN,  a  village  of  Middlesex  CO.,  New  Jersey, 
6  miles  N.E.  from  New  Brunswick. 

BON  IIAH/BOUIl,  a  village  of  Daviess  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  158  miles  below  Ix>uisville,  and  3  miles 
below  Owensboro,  the  county  seat.  There  is  a  rich  coal 
mine  worked  in  the  vicinity.  The  village  has  a  good  harbor 
and  a  large  manuCictory  of  cotton  and  wool. 

BON'HILfi,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  3 
miles  N.  of  Dumbarton.  Pop.  in  1851,  7042,  mostly  employed 
in  the  bleaching  and  printfields  of  the  Leveu  Valley.  The 
village  of  Alexandria  is  in  this  parish.  Smollett  was  horn 
at  Bonhill  JIansion  House  in  1721. 

BON  HOM.MK,  (i.  e.  "good  man,")  a  post-township  in  St. 
Ch.arles  co.,  Missouri. 

BONIIOMMK,  COL  DU.    See  CoL  du  Boxno.MME. 

BON  I,  bo'nee,  or  BONY,  (called,  by  the  inhabitants, 
SEWA,)  a  territory  in  the  S.W.  peninsula  of  the  island  of 
Celebes,  on  the  west  side  of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  N.  of 
Boolekomba,  about  80  miles  in  length,  and  stretching  from 
a  half  to  two-thirds  across  the  peninsula.  The  N.  part  is 
beautiful  and  fertile,  producing  rice,  sago,  and  cassia.  The 
inhabitants  e.Kcel  in  the  working  of  gold,  iron,  and  cotton. 
In  which  they  trade  with  the  whole  Archipelago.  The  an- 
cient institutions  of  Boni,  whose  first  prince  is  believed  by 
the  people  to  have  come  Trom  heaven,  are  remarkable  for 
their  near  appraach  to  constitutional  monarchy.  Its  first 
king  gave  the  country  settled  laws,  and  appointed  seven 
elective  lords  to  assist  the  crown  in  administering  the 
government.  When  the  British  took  Celebes,  in  1811,  they 
offended  the  Bonese  by  proliibiting  the  slave  trade,  and  on 
being  refused  indemnity  for  injuries  done  to  British  com- 
merce, were  attacked  by  General  Nightingale,  who  took  and 
plundered  their  capital.  This  only  produced  exasperation, 
and  was  followed  by  some  British  ships  being  attacked,  and 
their  crews  sold  into  slavery.  Hence  another  expedition 
against  them,  in  1814,  when  their  king  was  slain.  Pop. 
200,000. 

BONI,  GULF  OF,  called  also  BUGIIIS  (hoo'ghees)  BAY,  is 
about  200  miles  in  length,  by  fi-om  40  to  80  miles  in  breadth, 
and  separates  the  two  southern  peninsulas  of  Celebes. 

BONIFACIO,  bo-ne-fd'cho,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
Corsica,  on  a  small  peninsula  in  the  strait  of  same  name,  44 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Ajaccio.  Pop.  in  1851, 3380.  It  has  a  secure 
harbor,  and  a  considerable  trade. 

BONIFACIO,STKAIT  OF,  between  the  Islands  of  Corsica 
and  Sardinia,  is  7  miles  across  in  its  narrowest  part. 

BONIFATI,  bo-ne-f3/tee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
CalaJiriii  Citra,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Ccsenza.    Pop.  2300. 

BON  ILL  A,  bo-neel'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  28  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Avila,  with  1700  inhabitants. 

BONILLO,  bo-neel'vo,  a  town  of  Spain,  34  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Albacete.     Pop.  5980. 

BONIN,  bo-neen',  or  ARZOBISPO.  aR-so-bees'po,  ISLANDS, 
in  North  Pacific,  between  lat.  26°  30'  and  27°  44'  N.,  and  Ion. 
140°  and  143°  K.,  consist  of  three  groups,  the  most  north- 
erly called  Parry  Islands,  and  the  most  southerly,  Baily 
Islands.  The  princip.al  of  tUe  central  group  are  Peel  and 
Kater  Islands,  at  the  former  of  which  some  English  and 
other  Europeans,  concerned  in  the  whale  fishery,  are  settled, 
as  well  as  some  natives  of  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

BONIN-SIM.\,  bo-neen-see'mS,  a  group  of  small  islands 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Archipelago  of  Magellan,  lat.  27°  N. ; 
Ion.  141°  20'  E..  inhabited  by  a  colony  of  .Japanese. 

B0N'1ST.\.LL0,  bo-nis-tll'lo,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  3  miles 
E.  of  Carniignano,  with  a  grand  ducal  villa  and  priory. 
Pop.  1425. 

BONITG,  ho-neetA  a  post-offlce  of  Guadalupe  co.,  Texas. 

BONITO,  bo-nee/ti,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Citra.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Ariano.    Pop.  3700. 

BONMAIION.    See  Bcnmahox. 

BONN,  bonn,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  4i  miles N. of  Frey- 
burg,  on  the  Sarine,  with  mineral  springs  and  baths,  for- 
merly much  frequented. 

BONN,  bonn,  (L.  Boiifna.)  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cologne,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  the  river,  and  by  a  railway, 
opened  February,  1844.  Pop.,  exclusive  of  students  and  the 
garrison,  19.139.  Bonn  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  univer- 
lity,  founded  in  1818,  and  occupying  an  old  castle  of  the 
(lectors  of  Cologne.  It  has  a  library  of  100,000  volumes, 
with  a  museum  of  Rhenish  antiquities.  In  1844,  it  was 
attended  by  7 14  students.  Connected  with  the  university 
here  is  an  observatory,  a  rich  botanic  garden,  and  museum 
>f  natural  history  with  an  extensive  collection  of  minerals, 
«nd  a  school  of  agriculture,  with  an  experimental  farm,  at 
the  chateau  of  Popplesdorf  Bonn  is  the  seat  of  a  superior 
mining  court,  and  has  an  active  commerce,  and  manufac- 
tiires  of  cotton,  silk,  and  tobacco.  It  is  a  very  ancient 
town,  and  has  a  venerable  cathedral  and  town-hospital ;  it 


has  also  a  riding-school,  and  many  pri>'ate  education.'il  esta- 
blishments. Its  environs  are  very  beautiful,  and  the  'uotels 
for  the  accommod;ition  of  tourists  are  on  a  scale  of  great 
magnificence.  Beethoven  was  born  here,  and  a  stai  ue  is 
erected  to  his  memory  in  the  market-place.  His  Royal 
Highness,  Prince  Albert,  was  a  .student  at  Bonn. 

BONN,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles  N. 
by  E.  from  Marietta. 

BONNAT,  bon^nd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  11  miles  N.  of  Gueret.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
2965. 

BONNE  FEMME  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  through  the 
middle  of  Howard  county,  and  passing  the  county  seat, 
falls  into  the  Missouri  River  about  6  miles  below  Booneville 

BON'NER'S  MINE,  a  vill.age  in  the  S.  part  of  Carroll  cc  , 
Georgia,  near  the  Tallapoosa  River. 

BONNETABLE,  bonnHlb'l',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Sarthe,  on  the  Dive,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Le  Maus.  Pop.  in 
1852,  5028.  employed  in  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures. 
It  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

BONNET  CARRE,  bon'net  kjr'ree  or  hoiOn.V  car'rA',  a 
post-village,  capital  of  St.  John  Baptist  parish,  Louisiana, 
on  the  Mississippi,  45  miles  above  New  Orleans. 

BONNEVAL,  bonnVdl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir.  on  the  Loir,  here  crossed  by  numerous  l)ridges, 
19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chartres.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 3055. 

BONNEVILLE,  bonnVeel',  (L.  Bimtvipiolisf)  a  town  of 
Savoy,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Arve, 
15  miles  E.S.K.  of  Geneva.  Pop.  in  1852,2600.  Near  tl\e 
fine  bridge  across  the  Arve,  in  its  vicinity,  is  a  coluuin  95 
feet  in  hfyght.  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  Charles  of  .Savoy. 

BONNIEIIKS,  bon^ne-aia/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Paris  and  Havre  Railway,  43  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  779. 

BONNINEUX.  bonVe-i'h',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Vancluse,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Apt.    Pop.  in  1852,  2074. 

BONNINGHEIM,(Bonninght"im.)  bon'ning-hime\a  town 
of  WUrtemberg,  19  miles  N.N. W.  of  Stuttgart.  I'op.  2270.  It 
has  a  roval  residence,  and  a  matiufactory  of  writing-quills. 

BON'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BONNY,  bon^nee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lolret, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Glen.  Pop. 
of  commune,  in  1852  2139. 

BONNY  DOON,  a  post-oflice  of  Jefferson  co..  Georgia. 

BONNY  EAGLE,  a  postofflce  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

BON'NY  RIVER,  one  of  the  arms  of  the  Niger,  at  its  delta 
between  the  Old  and  New  Calabar  Rivers,  enters  the  Atlan- 
tic (Bight  of  Biafra,)  about  lat.  4°  SC  N.  and  Ion.  7°  10'  E 
Bonny-town  is  on  the  eastern  bank,  near  its  mouth.  The 
country  around  this  river  is  an  uncultivated  swamp,  little 
alx)ve  the  level  of  the  ocean,  and  very  unhealthy.  The  slave 
trade,  which  has  long  been  very  extensively  carried  on  from 
the  Bonny,  is  said  to  have  been  diminished  of  late,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  increase  of  trade  In  palm-oil. 

BO.VNY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co,.  New  York. 

BONO,  Ix/no,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province 
of  Nuoro,  on  the  Tirisi,  44  miles  S.E.  of  Sassari.    Pop.  3iJ80. 

BO'NO,  a  post>village  and  township.  In  Lawrence  co., 
1  ndiana,  on  \A  hite  River,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Bedford.  It  stands 
on  a  high  bluff.     Pop.  of  township,  667. 

BONONIA.     See  BouxjNA. 

BONO.A.,  ho-no'l,  an  island  of  the  M.alay  Archipelago,  with 
a  Dutch  trading  station,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Ceram. 

BONORVA.  bo-noR/vi,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sassari.    Pop.  4572. 

BON  PAS,  a  post-offlce  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois. 

B0NPLAND(b<iN<''pl6N0')  LAKE,  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Califor- 
nia, is  about  14  miles  long  by  6  miles  wide.  Named  in  honor  of 
M.  Bonpland.  the  travelling  companion  of  Baron  Humboldt. 

BONSECOURS  or  BONESECOUR,  (bone'se-koor')  BAY, 
Alabama,  a  triangular  projection  or  arm  on  the  E.  side  of 
Mobile  Bay. 

BON'TESHALL  or  BON'SALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Derby. 

BONTHAIN,  honHIne'  or  honH'hine',  a  seaport  town  of 
the  island  of  Celebes,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  W.  penin- 
sula, with  a  Dutch  fort  and  good  harbor,  35  miles  S.E.  of 
Macassar.  Lat.  6°  27'  N.;  Ion.  119°  53'  E.  Neai  it  is  the 
grand  cascade  of  Sapho. 

BO'NUS,  a  post-township  in  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  about  8 
miles  N.E.  from  Belvldere.    Pop,  1100. 

BO'NUS  PRAI'RIE,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois, 
about  6  miles  N.E.  from  Belvidere. 

BONNIL/STON,  a  parishof  South  Wales,  co.  ofGlamorgan- 

BONWELL.  a  post-office  of  Edgar  co..  Illinois. 

BOO  ISLANDS,  a  small  group,  JIalay  Archipelago,  65 
miles  S.E.  of  GIlolo.    Inhabited  and  fertile. 

BOO'BY  ISLAND,  a  mere  rock  in  Torres  Strait,  lat.  10° 
30' S.;  Ion.  141°  52' 50"  E.  It  derives  Interest  from  con- 
taining a  depot  of  provisions  and  water  left  by  men-of-war 
and  other  vessels  passing,  for  the  use  of  those  who  have  been 

BOO'DROOM,  BOUDROUM,  boMroom',  or  BO'DRUN,  bo^ 
droon',  (probably  the  anc.  Halicarnan/svs,)  a  seaport  town  of 
Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Kos, 

249 


BOO 

ne  ifillw  K.  of  Irfmyma.  Lat.  37°  2'  21"  N.,  Ion.  27°  25'  18"  E. 
Pop.  ILlS^.J?)  It  has  a  small  but  good  harbor,  frequented  by 
Tuikish  .'nnsers.  and  In  which  ships  of  war  are  built.  The 
streets  are  narrow  ani  dirty;  bazaars  poor;  houses  of  stone, 
and  interspersed  wilh  pardens.  Principal  edifices,  a  castle, 
built  by  the  knijrht.s  of  Uhodes.  and  still  in  tolerable  repair; 
a  governors  residence,  and  some  mosques;  with  a  ruined 
amphitheatre  and  other  extensive  remains  of  antiquity. 

B(X)'DROOM',  a  ruined  city  of  Anatoli.%  6  miles  S.  of  Isbarta, 
the  remains  of  which  comprise  7  or  8  temples,  a  theatre.  Ac. 

BOOFAREEK.  BOUFAHIK  or  BUFAKIK,  boo-fi-reek',  a 
village  and  military  station  of  Algeria,  on  the  road  from 
Algiers toBlidah and Oran.l6milesS.S.W. of Alaiors.  P. 2131. 

BiXKJOOLMA,  BOUGOUL.M,\,BUGULMA,boo-gool'ma,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg.  130  miles  AV.S.AV. 
of  Oofa.  Pop.  about  2000.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  cotton 
and  woollen  fabrics,  and  two  large  annual  fairs,  at  which 
goods  to  the  amount  of  a  million  rubles  are  often  sold. 

BOOINSK,  BOUIXSK  or  BUINSK,  boo-insk'or  bo-eensk', 
a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  68  miles  N.N.'W.  of  Sim- 
b>3ersk.  on  the  Carla.     Pop.  21  OS. 

BOOJNOORD  or  BOUDJNOURD,  booj^nooRd',  a  consider- 
able town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  160  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Astrabad.     Lat.  87°  2S'  N.,  Ion.  57°  15'  E. 

BOOK  ARIA,  boo-kd're-l  a  town  of  West  Africa,  100  miles 
N.N'.E.ofFreetown, Sierra  Leone.  Lat.9°38'X.,lon.l2°31'W. 

BOOK'ERSYILLE,  a  village  of  Wilkes  co^  Georgia,  45 
miles  W.N.AV.  from  Auj^usta. 

BOOK'IIAM,  GKEAT.a  pjirishof  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BOOKIIA.M.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Surrev. 

BOOKIITARMINSK.BOUKIITARMINSKorBUKHT.AK- 
MIXSK,  booK-t.iE  minsk',  a  fortress  of  Asiatic  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  480  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tomsk,  on  the  Irtish,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Bookhtarma  (Buchtarma)  Kiver,  and  iO 
miles  from  the  Chinese  frontier. 

BOOKIT  BARISAX  or  BUKIT  BARISAN,  book'it  bi'-re- 
sln',  a  chain  of  mountains  of  primitive  form.ition.  in  tlie 
island  of  Sumatra,  running  along  the  whole  length  of  the 
island,  from  Acheen  Head  to  the  Straits  of  Sunda. 

BOOLAK,  BOULAC  or  BULAK,  boo'ldk',  a  town  of 
Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  at  the  divergence  of 
its  Pelusiac  branch.  1  mile  N.AV.  of  Cairo,  of  which  it  forms 
a  suburb,  and  opposite  the  island  of  s;mie  name.  It  is  the 
port  of  Cairo,  and  at  which  all  the  ships  navigating  the 
Nile,  discharge  their  c;»rgoes.  It  was  burned  bj-  the  French 
in  1799,  and  rebuilt  by  Mohammed  Ali,  who  has  established 
a  large  cotton  spinning,  weaving,  and  printing  work,  a 
school  of  engineering,  which  has  ISO  pupils,  and  a  printing 
press,  from  which  issue  a  weekly  newspaper  in  Arabic,  and 
treatises  for  the  use  of  the  students  of  the  Pasha"s  colleges. 
Around  it  are  numerous  country  residences  of  Egyptian 
grandees. 

BOOLBT,  bodee,  a  town  of  Guinea,  65  miles  S.W.  of 
Benin,  on  the  S.  side  of  Benin  River,  Ht  its  mouth.  Lat. 
about  5°  14'  N..  and  Ion.  5°  6'  E. 

BOOLEKOMBA,  boo-le-komtia,  and  BONTIIAIX,  bon' 
tine,  a  territory  of  the  S.W.  part  of  the  island  of  Celebes. 

BOOLEKOMBA  POINT,  (called  ai.eo  CAPE  LASSOA  or 
BORAK,)  the  S.E.  point  of  the  West  Peninsula  of  Celebes. 
Lat.  5°  35'  S..  Ion.  120°  27'  E. 

BOOLUNDSHAIIUR.  boo-iand-shJw'er.  or  BOLUXDSIIU- 
HUR,  a  district  of  British  Indi.i,  presidency  of  Bengtil. 

BOOM,  borne,  a  town  of  Belgium,  10  miles  S.  of  Antwirp. 
with  a  small  port  on  the  Rupel.  Pop.  6223.  It  has  the 
most  extensive  brick  and  tile  work.s  in  the  kingdom. 

BOOXARBASIII  orBUXARBASHI,  boo'nar'bd'shee,  a  vil- 
lage of  Asia  Minor,  in  .\natolia.  at  the  extremity  of  the  plain 
of  Troy,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  Sigaean  promontory,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  immediately  outside  the  limits  of  ancient  Troy. 

BOOXARBASIII  RIVER.    See  Scamaxder. 

BOOXDEE.  BODXDI,  or  BUXDI,  boon'dee',  a  swte  of 
Hindoslan,  tributary  to  the  British,  in  Rajpootana.  between 
lat.  25°  and  20°  X.,  and  about  Ion.  76°  E.  Area,  2290  square 
miles.    Principal  towns,  Boondeo  and  Patun. 

BOOX'DEE,  a  city  of  Ilindostan,  capital  of  the  above 
state.  88  miles  S.E.  of  Ajmeer.  It  consists  of  a  new  and  an 
old  town,  the  former  enclosed  by  a  high  stone  wall,  and 
having  a  noble  high  street,  stone  houses,  a  palace,  and  nu- 
merous temples,  fountains,  and  sculptures.  Old  Boondee, 
W.  of  the  foregoing,  is  large,  but  decaying.  The  mountain 
passes  N.  of  the  city  are  ornamented  with  gateways,  sculp- 
tures, and  other  architectural  works. 

BOOXE,  boon,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  525  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.E.  by  Coal  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Kanawha,  and 
also  drained  by  Little  Coal  River  and  Laurel  Creek.  The 
surface  is>  hilly  and  mountiiinous,  and  mostly  covered  with 
forests.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Boone  county  was 
formed  out  of  portions  of  Logan  and  Kanawha  counties, 
and  nanred  in  honor  of  Daniel  lioone.  the  renowned  pioneer 
of  the  West.  Capital,  Boone  Court-House.  Pop.  4840,  of 
whom  4682  were  free,  and  158  slaves. 

BOONE,  a  county  forming  the  N.  extremity  of  Kentucky, 
contains  about  300  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  bounds 
it  on  the  N.  and  W.  for  a  distance  of  about  40  miles,  forming 
2&0 


BOO 

the  "  Great  \orth  Bend,"  and  septirating  it  from  Oliio  and 
Indiana.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly  ;  the  .soil  is  based 
on  limestone,  and  is  productive.  The  rock  found  next  to 
the  surface  is  the  blue  or  Trenton  limestone.  Boone  county 
was  formed  in  1798.  Capital.  JSurlington.  Pop.  11,196,  of 
whom  9451  were  free,  and  1745  slaves. 

BOOXE,  a  county  situated  a  little  N.AV.  of  the  centre  of 
Indiana,  contains  408  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Eagle  and  Sugar  Creeks.  The  surface  varies  from  level  to 
undulating;  the  soil  is  several  feet  deep,  and  well  adapted 
to  grain  or  gr;iss.  This  county  was  originally  covered  with 
a  dense  forest  of  the  oak,  ash.  beech,  sugar-maple,  and  wal- 
nut. Great  improvement  hiis  been  made  witliiu  the  last 
10  years.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Lafayette  and  Indiana- 
polis Railroad.    Capitiil,  Lebanon.    Pop.  18,753. 

BOOXE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering  on 
Wisconsin,  ha.s  an  area  of  270  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Kishwaukee  River,  an  affluent  of  Rock  River; 
it  LS  also  drained  by  the  Piskasaw  and  other  creeks.  The 
surface  is  undulating,  and  is  divided  by  prairies  and  wood- 
lands; the  soil  is  excellent.  The  Chicago  and  Galena  Rail- 
road passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  Belvidere.  Pop. 
11.678. 

BOOXE,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  648  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by 
the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  E.  by  Cedar  Creek,  and  tra- 
versed by  Roche  Percee  and  Petite  Bonne  Femme  Rivers, 
which  flow  nearly  southward  into  the  Missouri.  The  sur- 
face is  moderately  diversified,  and  consists  partly  of  prairie 
and  partly  of  timbered  land :  the  soil  is  uniformly  and 
highly  productive,  and  extensively  cultivated.  Stone-coal 
and  limestone  are  found  in  the  county.  Boone  county  is 
one  of  the  most  populous  in  the  state.  Capital,  Columbia. 
Pop.  10,486,  of  whom  14,452  were  free,  and  50:;4  slaves. 

BOOXE,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  ptirt  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Des 
Moines  River,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  The 
county  has  a  fertile  soil,  is  well  timbered,  and  coutaini 
stone-coal.  The  population  is  increasing  rapidly.  Capital, 
Boonesborough.    Pop.  4232. 

BOOXE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Watauga  co..  North 
Carolina,  about  200  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Ralt-igh.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  mountainous  district.  Daniel  Boone,  from  whom 
the  name  is  derived,  once  resided  in  the  vicinity.  The  seat 
of  justice  was  established  here  at  the  formation  of  the 
county  in  1849. 

BOONE,  a  township  of  Ciiss  co..  Indi.ana.    Pop.  951. 

BOONE,  a  township  in  Crawford  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  524. 

BOO.VE,  a  township  in  Madison  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  070. 

BOOXE,  a  township  in  Porter  co.,  ludiana.     Pop.  873. 

BOOXE.  a  post-village  and  township  in  AVarwick  co.,  In- 
diana. Pop.  of  the  village  about  600,  and  of  the  township, 
2531. 

BOONE,  a  post-township  in  Boone  co.,  Illiuoi.s,  about  10 
miles  N  E.  of  Belvidere. 

BOO.NE,  a  post-township  in  Franklin  co.,  Missouri. 

BOONE,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co..  Iowa. 

BOONE  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Boone 
CO.,  W.  Virginia,  on  the  Little  Co.il  River,  alwut  30  mile* 
S  S.W.  of  Charleston.  The  surrounding  country  is  very 
thinly  settled. 

BOONE  GROVE,  a  post-ofKce  of  Potter  co.,  Indiana. 

BOOXE  RIVER,  Iowa,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  tlie  state, 
and  flowing  southward,  enters  Des  Moines  Kiver,  in  Web- 
ster county. 

BOOXESBOROUGII,  boons'bur-uh,  a  post-olHce  of  Wash- 
ington CO..  Arkansas. 

BOOXES'BOROUGU,  a  decayed  village  of  Madison  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  Kentucky  River,  about  IS  miles  S.E.  of 
Lexington;  this  place  is  memorable  a*  the  site  of  a  fort 
which  was  built  in  1775  by  D.aniel  Booue,  the  pioneer  of 
Kentucky,  and  was  the  first  erected  in  the  state.  Here  alsj 
met  the  first  legislative  assembly  of  the  Western  States. 

BOONES'BJROUGII,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Boone  CO., 
Iowa,about  2  miles  E.  of  Des  Moines  Kiver.   See  Appe.ndix 

BOOXESBOKOUGII.apost-villageof  Booue  CO.,  Missouri 
30  miles  X.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BOOXE  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 

BOONE  VAI.LKY,  a  post-office  of  Letcher  co.,  Keutncky. 

BOOXEVILLE,  boon'vil,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co.,  Nei^ 
York,  on  the  Black  River  Canal,  31  miles  N.  ot  Utica,  con- 
tains several  churches,  a  bank,  and  numerous  stores  and 
mills.     Pop.  of  Booneville  township.  4212. 

BOOXEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Brazos  co.,Texas, 
110  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Austin,  and  about  10  miles  E.  of 
Brazos  River. 

B  JONE  VILLE,  a  post- village  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas,  about 
3ti  miles  S.E.  of  Van  Buren. 

BO  JNE  VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Owsley  CO.,  Kentucky,  ot 
the  south  fork  of  the  Kentucky  River,  about  100  miles  S.E. 
of  Frankfort.   It  has  1  church,  1  school,  and  several  stores. 

BOOXEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Warwick  co, 
Indiana,  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  11  miles  from  the 
Ohio  River,  and  170  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis.  It  waa 
settled  in  1817.    Pop.  621. 


BOO 


BOO 


BOONEVILLE,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Cooper  co., 
Missouri,  is  situated  on  tlie  riglit  (S.)  banlc  of  tlie  Missouri 
River.  4^  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  owes  its  prosperity 
and  importance  to  its  advantajies  88  a  conimercial  point, 
which  liave  drawn  to  it  tli*  principal  trade  of  south-western 
Missouri,  of  a  portion  of  Arkansas,  and  the  Cherokee  na- 
tion. For  health  it  is  unsurpassed  by  any  city  of  the  Union, 
botli  town  and  country  liaving  escaped  the  ravages  of  the 
cholera  during  the  epidemic  of  1849-50.  It  has  a  bank,  8 
churclies,  and  1  newspaper  office.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
rich  farming  region.  The  grape  is  e-xtensively  cultivated 
here,  and  will  probably  become  an  important  article  of  ex- 
port. Iron,  lead,  stone-coal,  marble,  and  hydraulic  limestone 
are  abundant  in  the  vicinity.  Settled  by  Daniel  Boone,  the 
celelirated  pioneer  of  Kentucky.     Pop.  in  1860,  2596. 

UOONKVILLK,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa,  UO  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

BOON'IIILli,  a  pnst-office  of  Johnson  co..  North  Carolina. 

BOO.NS'BOKKUGII.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Maryland,  10  miles  S.  by  K.  of  llagerstown,  and  91  miles 
from  Anuiipolis,     Pop.  about  900. 

BUONS'BOROUGII,  Kentucky.    See  BooxEsnORonQii. 

BOONSBOUOUGH,  a  village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  110  miles 
N.  of  Peoria. 

BOONSBOKOUGII,  a  village  of  Howard  co.,  Missouri,  2  or 
3  miles  K.  of  Missouri  lUver,  and  about  14  miles  W.  of 
Fayette,  the  county  seat. 

BOON'S  CKEEK,  a  post-office  Washington  co.,  Tennes.see. 

BOON'S  GHOVE,  a  posfcoffice  of  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 

BOON'S  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

BOON'S  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  Missouri. 

BOON'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  i'rankliu  co.,  Virginia,  184 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 

BOON'S  STATION,  a  postroffice  of  Alamance  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BOONTING  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  four  small  islands  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago.  The  most  southern  is  in  lat.  5° 
45'  N.,  Ion.  100°  20'  E. 

BOON'TON,  an  important  pcstrtown  of  Hanover  township- 
ship,  .Morris  county.  New  Jer.sey,  is  situated  on  the  Kocka- 
way  lliver,  and  on  the  Morris  Canal,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Morris- 
town.  This  town  has  an  e.xtensive  iron  manufa<;tory, 
consisting  of  a  blastfurnace,  a  large  rolling-mill,  and  a  nail 
fectory,  the  whole  forming  one  of  the  most  complete  and  ex- 
tensive establishments  in  the  country. 

BOONTON,  a  small  village  in  the  W.  part  of  Boone  co., 
Missouri. 

BOON'VILLE,  a  village  !o  the  S.W.  part  of  Adams  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  .Mississippi  River. 

BOO-REGREB,  BOU-REGREB,  or  BU-REGREB,  boo-rgh- 
grJ'/.  (anc.  Sa'laf)  a  river  of  Morocco,  enters  the  Atlantic  at 
Rabatt,  108  miles  W.  of  Fez,  by  a  mouth  500  yards  across, 
within  ^hich  is  an  imperial  dock-vard. 

BOORGHAS,  BOURGIIAS,  boorV'Ss',  written  also  BOUR- 
GAS  and  BURGHAZ,  a  seaport  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Room-EIee,  on  a  promontory  in  the  Gulf  of  Boorghas,  in 
the  Black  Sea,  76  miles  N.E.  of  Adrianople.  Pop.  6000.  It  is 
neat  and  clean,  and  has  an  extensive  manufactory  of  clay- 
pipes  and  bowls,  with  an  active  trade  in  iron  and  provisions. 
The  Gulf  of  Boorghas  is  14  miles  in  length,  runs  from  E.  to 
W.,  and  has  a  depth  of  from  5  to  12  fathoms. 

BOORGHAS.  BOUROHAS  or  BURGHAZ,  a  vill.nge  of  Asia 
Minor,  pashalic  of  Anatolia,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Abydos. 

BOORMIANPOOlt',  (Hindoo,  Barhanpnora,  bar-hiln-poo'rd,) 
a  city  of  India,  the  ancient  capital  of  Candeish.  in  the  Gwalior 
dominions,  on  the  Taptee,  130  miles  S.S  E.  of  Oojein.  It  is 
one  of  the  largest  and  best-built  cities  of  the  Deccan;  houses 
mostly  of  brick,  and  tiled :  the  streets  are  wide  and  regular, 
and  water  is  distributed  through  it  by  conduits.  The  Boh- 
rahs.  a  !Mohanimedan  sect  of  Arab  descent,  have  most  of  the 
trade.  The  vicinity  is  noted  for  its  delicious  grapes.  On  the 
river  bank  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  palace  and  fort. 

BOOR  LOS  or  BOURLOS,  booRlos',  a  lagoon  of  Lower  Egypt, 
in  the  Delta  of  the  Nile,  about  5  miles  E.  of  Rosetta.  Length, 
from  West  to  East.  38  miles ;  average  breadth,  17  miles.  A 
narrow  tongue  of  land  separates  it  from  the  Mediterranean, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  single  channel.  It  is  con- 
nected with  the  Nile  by  several  canals;  but  is  shallow, 
marshy,  and  n.avigable  only  along  its  north  shore. 

BOORNABAT.or  BOURN  ABAT,  booR-nd-bdf,  a  village  of 
Asia  .Minor,  Anatolia,  4  miles  N.E,  of  Smyrna,  at  the  head 
of  its  gulf.  It  is  a  favorite  suburb  of  the  merchants  and 
consuls  of  Smyrna,  most  of  whom  have  country  houses  here. 

B'OORO,  BOURO,boo'ro\  or  BOEROE,boo'roo\  an  i.sland  of 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  mostly  between  lat,  3°  and  4°  S,, 
and  Ion.  126°  and  127°  E.,  50  miles  W.  of  Ceram.  Estimated 
area.  1970  square  miles,  and  population  60.000.  It  is  moun- 
tainius,  well  watered,  and  fertile;  producing  rice,  sago, 
fruits,  dye-woods  and  the  best  cajeput  oil,  and  abounds 
with  deer  and  babyroussa  hogs.  At  its  east  end  is  a  Dutch 
station,  termed  Fort  Defence ;  and  on  its  north  side  is  Cii- 
jeli  l'>.^y,  with  a  good  anchorage,  and  where  plentiful  sup- 
plies of  provisions  are  procurable, 

BOOROOGIKt,  BURUGIBD,  BOOROJERD  or  BOORO- 
JI RD,  all  pronounced  boo-roo-jerd',  a  town  of  Persia,  pro- 


vince of Irak-Ajeniee,90  mUes  S,S.E.  of  Hamadan,  in  a  fertilo 
valley,  and  said  to  liave  12,000  inhabitants. 

BOOSEMPKA,  boo-sSm'pra,  a  river  in  Western  Africa^ 
kingdom  of  Ashantee.    It  is  navigable  as  far  as  explored. 

BOOSSA  or  BOUSSA,  boo/.sa,  a  large  town  of  Central  Af- 
rica, W.  of  Soodan,  capital  of  a  principal  city  of  same  name, 
on  an  island  in  the  Niger.  About  lat.  10°  14'  N.,  Ion.  5°  2o'  E. 
Pop.  variou.sly  estimated  from  lO.OiiO  to  18,000.  It  spreads 
over  a  wide  space  enclosed  by  a  well-built  wall.  Here  Muug 
Park  met  his  death. 

BOOS'N  AH,  a  town  of  British  Indi.a.  presidency  of  Bengal, 
district  of  Jessore.  102  milts  N.E.  of  Calcutta. 

liiiOTAN.  BOUTAN,  BUTAN,  booHIn',  BHUTAN,  b'hooV 
tdn',  or  PHO^TAN',  an  independent  state  in  North  India, 
between  lat.  26°  00'  and  28°  N..  and  Ion.  88°  SO'  and  about 
94°30'E.;  bounded  N.  by  the  Ilimalaya-s,  which  divide  it 
from  Thibet,  S.  by  Bengal  and  Assam,  and  W.  by  a  branch 
of  the  Teesta,  which  separates  it  from  Sikkim ;  the  E.  boun- 
dary is  not  certainly  known;  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about 
95  miles;  area,  roughly  estimated  at  64,500  sr^uare  miles. 
It  is  a  mountainous  country,  consisting  chiefly  of  terraces 
of  the  Himalaya8,of  which,  on  the  frontiers  of  Thibet,  it  con- 
tains some  of  the  loftiest  peaks;  that  of  Shumalari  or  Cha- 
malari  attaining  an  elevation  of  27.200  feet.  The  country 
lowers  gradually  by  steps  to  the  BrahmaiKiotra,  to  the  basin 
of  which  it  wholly  belongs,  and  near  which,  on  the  frontier 
of  Bengal,  is  a  strip  of  jungle-covered  country,  25  miles  broad, 
forming  the  only  plain  in  Bootan.  The  loftier  mountains  are 
bare,  many  of  them  covered  with  snow.  Lower  down,  at  an 
elevation  of  from  8000  to  10,000  feet,  are  fine  forests  of  pine, 
birch,  maple,  ash,  and  yew,  but  no  oak.  The  hilly  tracts 
likewise  produce  the  smaller  fruits  of  Europe — blackberries, 
raspberries,  apples,  apricots,  <tc.  The  valleys  are  mere  water- 
courses between  tlie  hills  ;  and  their  vegetation  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  south  of  Europe.  In  the  lower  parts  the  vege- 
tation is  tropical.  Iron  is  the  only  metal  as  yet  wrought, 
and  good  building  stone  abounds.  Among  its  principal  pro- 
ducts are  oak,  pine,  and  other  timber,  rattans,  numerous 
fruits,  and  esculent  vegetables.  Some  wheat,  barley,  rice, 
maize,  and  buckwheat  are  raised  in  terraces  along  the  hill 
sides;  but  supplies  of  grain,  as  also  of  sugar  and  tobacco, 
come  mostly  from  Bengal,  in  return  for  native  cloths,  rock- 
salt,  rhubarb,  jabrung  spice,  a  few  Thibet  goods,  and  mules 
and  ponies  of  an  excellent  breed.  Except  potter's  clay,  iron 
appears  to  be  the  only  mineral  raised,  though  Bootiin  is  re- 
ported to  be  rich  in  copper  and  other  metals.  The  chief  ma- 
nufactures are  of  woven  goods,  paper,  a  species  of  satin  from 
bark,  ttibacco  pouches,  gunpowder,  arms,  and  hardwares.  The 
principal  trade  is  with  Bengal ;  from  Thibet,  however,  some 
silks  and  rich  tea  are  imi)ort*,'d.  Travellers  in  liootan  have 
remarked  the  great  numVjer  of  its  castellated  strongholds, 
and  praise  the  ingenuity  and  solidity  of  it.s  suspension  and 
wooden  bridges.  Towns  are  few;  the  principal  are  Tas- 
sisudou  and  Punakka,  alternately  the  residences  of  the 
Deb-rajah.  This  functionary,  who  is  also  the  principal 
merchant  in  the  country,  exercises  all  the  actual  sover- 
eignty; the  Dharma-rajah,  or  nominal  sovereign,  considered 
to  have  divine  attributes,  being  vested  with  none  of  the 
civil  power.  The  government  appears,  from  the  reporfof 
Captain  Pemberton,  who  recently  visited  Bootan,  to  be 
about  as  bad  as  possible,  rapacity  and  immorality  prevail- 
ing throughout  nearly  all  rank:,  of  the  community.  The 
state  religion  is  Boodhism,  and  Bcotivn  swarms  with  priests, 
the  monastic  endowments  absorbing  a  large  part  of  the  na^ 
tional  property.  The  custom  of  polyandry,  probably  pecu- 
liar to  the  countries  of  the  Himalayas  is  here  prevalent; 
but  polygamy  also  prevails,  and  to  these  causes  the  com- 
parative thinness  of  the  population  has  been  attributed. 
Inhab.  Bootke'.\  or  Bhoote'.\. 

BOO'TERSTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Dublin. 

BOOTH,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York. 

BOOTHAUK,  boo'fhawk',  a  fortified  village  of  Afghanis- 
tan, 12  miles  E.  of  Cabool.  Here  commences  the  .series  of  de- 
files between  Cabool  and  Jelalabad,  and  here  also  were  begun 
the  guerilla  attacks  of  the  Afghans,  by  which  the  British 
tioops,  under  General  lilphinstone.  were  destroyed  in  1842. 
The  Pass  of  Boothauk  is  5  miles  long,  and  in  its  narrowest 
parts  50  yards  wide,  hemmed  in  by  perpendicular  cliffs  500 
leet  high. 

BOOTHB.W,  a  post-town.ship  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  situ- 
ated between  the  Damariscotta  and  the  Sheepscot  Rivers, 
h.aving  the  Ocean  on  the  S.,  about  40  miles  S.E.  from  Au- 
gusta. The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  coast,  and  is 
accessible  at  all  seasons,  being  never  frozen  in  the  winter. 
The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  foreign  and 
coastwise  trade,  and  in  the  coal  and  mackerel  lislieiies. 
About  100  vessels  are  either  entirely  or  in  part  owned  here. 
Shipbuilding  also  employs  a  large  amount  of  capital.  The 
town  has  several  tide-mills  for  sawing  and  grinding,  &c. 
Ferries  connect  the  town  with  Bristol  and  with  Southport, 
an  island  in  the  bay.  The  village  has  a  Congregational  church, 
7  stores,  and  an  academy  is  chartered  to  lje  built  the  present 
season  (1S54).     Pop.  in  1850.  2004;  in  1800,  2857. 

BOUTH'BV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

iibi 


BOO 


BOR 


BOOTHJJT-PAQNELL,  booth'bee-pag'nell,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. 

BOOTHIA  FELIX,  boo'the-J  fe'liks,  an  insular  portion  of 
Itritish  North  America,  extending  into  the  Arctic  Ocean,  be- 
tween lat.  OlPand  75°  N..  and  Ion.  92°  and  97°  W..  so  named 
in  honor  of  Sir  Felix  Booth.  It  was  discovered  by  Captain 
James  Koss,  who  here  determined  the  position  of  the  mag- 
netic pole. 

BOOTHIA  GULF,  a  southward  continuation  of  Prince 
Regent  Inlet,  in  British  America,  which  separates  Boothia 
Felix  from  Cockburn  Island  and  Melville  Peninsula.  It  is 
\l)out  31(1  miles  in  length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  with  a  breadth 
Tarying  from  60  to  100  miles. 

BOOTHS,  HIGHER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
cast<»r. 

BOOTHS,  LOWER,  a  township  of  England,  oo.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

BOOTLE.  bcKytel.  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cunilierland.  on  the  Iri.sh  Sea,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Haven- 
glass.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  Parney  and  Bootle  Falls  and 
Black-comb  Mountain  :  elevation.  1919  feet. 

BOOTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  I^ancaster,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mer.sey,  3  miles  of  N.  of  Liverpool,  by  the  resi- 
dents of  which  town  it  is  much  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing. 
Pop.  in  1851,  4106. 

BOOTIIS/XILLE,  a  village  of  Marion  co,,  Virginia,  with 
about  150  inhabitants. 

BOOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BOO'TOX  or  BOUTON.  booHon',  written  also  BATOX,  an 
Island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  Lat.  6°  S.,  Ion.  123°  E.,  and 
S.E.  of  the  island  of  Celebes.  Estimated  area,  1800  square 
miles.  The  island  is  elevated  and  fertile  in  rice,  maize,  and 
tropical  fruits.  The  Dutch  formerly  sent  an  officer  here 
annually  to  destroy  the  clove  trees,  so  as  to  secure  their 
monopoly  of  the  clove  trade.  The  town  Booton  is  at  the 
south-west  extremity  of  the  island.  The  Strait  of  HoaUm,, 
from  15  to  20  miles  in  width,  separates  this  island  from 
Pangan.eane  and  Celebes. 

BOO'TON'S  TAN-YAKD,  a  post-office,  Madison  co.,  AMrginia. 

BOOZOOLOOK.  BOUZOULOUK  or  BUSULUK,  boo-zoo- 
look',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of.  and  145  miles  N.W. 
of  Orenboorg,  on  the  Samara,  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and 
has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  silk. 

BOPAUL,  a  state  and  city  of  Hindostan,    See  Bhopail, 

BOPFINGEN,  bop'fing-f  n,  a  town  of  AVUrtemberg,  on  the 
Eger,  7  miles  N,  of  Neresheim,    Pop.  1560. 

BOPPAIiD  or  BOPPART,  bop'pirt  {a.uc.  BodrUriga  t)  & 
walled  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  9  miles  S.  of  Coblentz,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  It  owed  its  origin  to  a  fort  built 
by  Drusus.  Streets  narrow  and  antiquated.  It  has  two  fine 
Gothic  churches,  a  female  seminary,  2  hydropathic  establish- 
ments, one  of  which  occupies  the  former  nunnery  of  Ma- 
rienkloster.  and  manufactures  of  cotton  cloths  and  yarns, 
and  an  active  transit  trade.  In  the  Jliddle  Ages  it  was  the 
seat  of  many  imperial  diets.    Pop.  3680. 

BOQUE'S  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Scioto  River  in  Del- 
aware county. 

BOQUET.  bo'k.V,  a  river  of  Essex  co.,  New  York,  falls  into 
La3(e  Champlain. 

BORABORA.    See  Bol^bola. 

BORAHOLM,  bo'ra-holm,  an  uninhabited  island  of  the 
Orknev  Group. 

BORAS,  (Boris,)  bo'rbs,  a  town  of  Sweden,  50  miles  S.E. 
of  Wenersborg.     Pop.  2328,  who  manufacture  linens. 

BORBA.  boR/bd,  a  village  of  Portugal,  in  the  province  of 
Alemtejo,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Elvas.    Pop.  3500, 

BORB.\.  a  town  of  Br.izil,  in  the  province  of  Parfi,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Madeira,  95  miles  S.S.W,  of  Barra-do-Rio- 
Negro, 

BORBETOMAGUS.   See  Worms, 

BORBOREMA,  boR-bo-ri'mJ,  a  mountain  range  in  Brazil, 
forming  the  southern  boundary  of  the  province  of  Ceara, 

BORCKTTE,  a  town  of  Prussia,    See  Buetscheid. 

BORCDLO,  BORKULO,  or  BORKELO.  boK^keh-lo/,  a  town 
Of  Holland,  15  miles  E.  of  Zutphen  or  Berkel. ' 

BORDEAUX,  boRMo',  or  bor'do,*  formerly  written  BOUR- 
DEAUX,  booRMo',  (L.  Burdighila ;  Gr.  BoupJiyaXa.")  a  city  in 
the  S.W.  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  Gironde.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  60  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the 


*  The  accent  is  nsually  placed  on  the  last  syllable  of  this  name, 
in  ordinary  discourse.  But  the  poets,  we  believe,  almost  inva- 
riably accentuate  the  penultima.  This  is  evidently  the  mode  in 
which  it  was  pronounced  by  Shakspeare.  Scott,  whose  authority 
may  have  more  weight,  as  being  more  modern,  follows  his  ex- 
unpla, 

"England's  hope  and  France's  fear, 
Victor  of  Cressy  and  Poitier, 
lu  Bordeaux  dying  lay." 

Lines  on  tlie  Black  Priace.    Roi  Roy. 
"That  venison  free  and  Bordeaux  wine 
Slight  serve  the  archey  to  dine." 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  Canton  V. 
The  true  explanation  of  this  apparent  discrepancy  seems  to  bo 
that  both  poets  give  what  was  formerly  regarded  as  the  true 
EnglUh  accentuation. 
•2a2 


Atlantic.  Lat.  44°  50'  19"  N.,  Ion.  0°  34'  32"  W.  Pop.  in 
1S62,  16'2,750.  It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities  of 
Eurojie  in  point  of  industry,  commerce,  and  the  cultivation 
of  the  arts  and  sciences.  It  communicates  by  a  railway  with 
the  port  of  La  Teste,  and  by  another  with  Paris.  It  is  au 
archbishop's  see,  the  seat  of  a  national  court,  and  of  a  univer- 
sity academj' :  capital  of  the  11th  militarj'  division,  and  has  a 
tril  'Unal  of  commerce,  an  exchange,  and  a  bank  with  a  ca- 
pital of  300.000  francs,  a  secondiiry  school  of  medicine,  col- 
lege, normal  school,  school  of  navigation,  and  a  mint.  In  the 
old  part  of  the  city  the  streets  are  crooked  and  narrow,  but 
the  new  quarters,  especially  the  rue  Chapeau  Rouge,  t  he  allees 
de  Tourny.  and  the  many  public  edifices  are  of  great  beauty 
and  elegance.  Among  the  most  remarkable  of  these  are  the 
remainsof  the  palace  of  Gallienus,  the  cathedral,  a  fineGothic 
structure,  the  church  of  the  Fueillants.  which  contains  the 
tomb  of  Montaigne;  the  great  theatre  built  by  Louis  XVI,, 
one  of  the  finest  in  Fiurope,  seated  for  40(i0  persons;  the  ex- 
change, the  I'alais  Royal,  formerly  the  archiepiscojial  palace; 
the  Hotel  de  la  Marine,  the  triumphal  arch  of  the  port  of 
Bourgogne,  and  especially  the  magnificent  bridge  across  the 
Garonne,  which  consists  of  17  arches,  and  is  1595  ft-et  in 
length.  Under  the  name  of  Burdigiila.  this  was  a  rich  and 
important  place  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  of  the  country 
by  the  Romans,  who  made  it  the  capital  of  the  "id  Aquitania, 
and  it  was  embellished  by  the  emperors. 

Situated  on  a  n.avigaUe  river,  in  this  part  about  2C00  feet 
broad,  and  from  60  to  90  feet  deep,  which  puts  it  in  commu- 
nication on  one  side  with  the  ocean,  and  on  the  other  with 
the  Mediterranean,  b}'  the  Canal  du  Midi,  Bordeaux  h.as 
become  the  first  port  in  the  South  of  France,  and  also  ranks 
as  the  second  in  importance  in  the  kingdom.  Its  harbor 
or  basin,  formed  by  the  Garonne,  is  capable  of  containing 
1200  ships  of  any  size,  and  is  accessible  even  for  sbips  of  600 
tons  at  all  times  of  the  tide;  it  has  docks  and  building 
yards  for  every  size  of  vessels,  even  for  ships  of  the  line, 
it  is  the  entrepot  of  prohibited  goods;  and  ha.^  manufac- 
tures of  all  kinds,  especially  tobacco,  vinegar,  nitric  acid, 
liqueurs,  and  chemical  products:  sugar  and  saltpetre  refine- 
ries, numerous  distilleries,  cotton  and  woollen  spinning, 
and  manufiictures  of  printed  calicoes,  and  iron  foundries.  Its 
commerce  extends  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  Its  priuciiml 
exports  are  wines,  brandy,  and  fruits;  chief  imports,  colo- 
nial merchandize,  cotton  goods,  iron,  coal,  and  building  tim- 
ber. In  1846,  the  number  of  vessels  which  entered  the  port 
was  918,  tonnage  143.2'28,  cleared  727,  tonnage  134.542.  In 
1843,  48  vessels  (tonnage  C637.)  were  engaged  in  the  cod- 
fishery,  but  in  1846  they  had  lallen  ofif  to  II,  tonnage  847. 
The  whale  fishery  at  onetime  carried  on  here  to  a  considera- 
ble extent,  seems  to  be  altogether  abandoned.  The  value  of 
goods  placed  in  bond  in  1846,  was  2.108.903/.,  taken  out 
2.'26S,49'2/.  The  number  of  vessels  Inelonging  to  the  jiort,  in 
the  same  year,  was  374,  tonnage  €0.980.  The  principal  mer- 
chants are  engaged  in  the  wine  trade;  nearly  theh.ilf  of  the 
best  sorts  of  wine  are  sent  to  England,  since  little  of  the  finest 
Mtdnc  is  tised  in  France;  Paris  takes  only  the  second,  third, 
and  fourth-rate  wines.  Before  the  revolution,  the  annual 
export  of  wine  amounted  to  100,000  hogsheads:  in  18'27,  the 
amount  was  54,4i!2.  The  principal  fruits  exported  are  plums 
and  almonds.  The  wines  of  Bordeaux  were  celebrated  as 
early  as  the  fourth  century.  The  city  was  sacked  by  the 
Visigoth.s  who  were  driven  from  it  by  Clovis.  It  wa^ 
ravaged  by  the  S.aracens  and  Normans  in  the  eighth  and 
ninth  centuries,  and  came  into  the  posses.sion  of  the  Dukes 
of  Gascony  in  911.  In  115'2,  it  passed,  by  the  marriage  of 
Henry  Plantagenet  with  Eleonore  of  Gulenne.  under  the 
dominion  of  England ;  since  145"),  it  has  belonged  to  France. 
Among  the  many  distinguished  men  who  weiv  born  in  this 
city  and  its  vicinity,  may  be  noticed  the  poet  Ausonius, 
Montaigne,  >Ionte.squeiu,  the  Black  Prince,  liichard  II.  of 
England,  and  Pope  Clement  V.,  the  moralist   Beifiuin,  and 

the   painter  Carle  Vernet, Aiy  and  inhab.  Borbel.us, 

bor'deh-Ii ;  fem.  Bordelaise,  borMeh-1.4z', 

BORDEAUX,  bor'do',  a  postoflice  of  Abbeville  district. 
South  Carolina, 

BORDELOIS  or  BORDELAIS,  boKdUA',  or  boR'deh-l.'i'.  an 
old  subdivision  of  France,  which  formed  part  of  the  province 
of  Guienne,and  of  which  Bordeaux  was  the  capital;  it  now 
forms  the  greater  part  of  the  department  of  Gironde.  and  a 
portion  of  Landes. 

BOK'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 

BORIVKNTOWN,  a  borough  of  Bordentown  township, 
Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Camden  and  A)nboy 
Rjiilroad,  30  miles  N  E.  of  Philadelphia,  67  miles  S  W.  of 
New  York,  and  6  miles  S.K.  of  Trenton.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  an  elevated  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Del- 
aware River,  about  66  feet  above  the  level  of  the  water. 
The  railroad  passes  under  the  principal  streets  by  means 
of  a  viaduct.  The  place  contains  7  churches,  3  first-class 
hotels,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  otfice,  1  female  college,  7  privatu 
schools,  and  3  public  schools,  the  largest  of  which  is  capa- 
ble of  accommodating  800  scholars,  3  large  foundries,  and 
many  other  large  manufacturing  establishments.  The 
mansion  formerly  occupied  by  Joseph  Bonaparte,  ex-kinsr 
of  Spain,  in  the  viciuity,  is  an  object  of  much  iutorust  to 


BOR 

visitors.  Bordentown  is  the  terminus  of  the  Delaware  and 
Riiritan  Ciinal.  A  railroad  also  connects  it  with  Trenton. 
Steamboats  from  I'hiladelpliia  touch  at  tliis  i)lace.  causing 
it  to  be  nidch  frequented  in  the  summer  season.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1825.     I'op.  about  5000. 

BOIIDEIIBS,  boR^daia/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
HautB3-Pyrenees,  29  miles  S.S.E.  of  I'arbes.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1852,  501. 

BOKDESUOLJI,  boR/des-holm\  a  village  of  Denmark, 
Holstein,  on  the  Kiel  and  Altona  Uailway,  12  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Kiel. 

BOllDES,  LES,  \k  boRd,  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ari6ge.  12  miles  W.  of  I'amiers. 

B0iyDEi5Ll<;V,  a  chapolry  of  England,  parish  of  Aston,  in 
the  town  of  Birmingham. 

BOKD'LEY,  a  village  of  Union  co.,  Kentucky. 

BOliDOi;,  l)OR'do\'h,  one  of  the  Fariie  Islands  belonging 
to  Denmark. 

BOUEE  or  BORT,  bo-res',  a  fortified  town  of  Afghanistan, 
province  of  Sewestan.  on  tlie  route  from  Dera  Ghazee  Khan 
toCandahar.     Lat.  30°  55'  N.;  Ion.  G8°  35*  E. 

BDIvE'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  2i  miles 
N.E.  of  Chelmsford.  Newhall,  in  this  parish,  built  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VII.,  and  successively  tlie  abode  of  Princess 
Mary,  Villiers,  (Duke  of  Buckingham.)  Cromwell,  and  the 
Duke  of  Alljermarle,  is  now  occupied  as  a  nunnery. 

Bu'KEEL/,  or  I'ltlAR  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islets 
on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  Vau  Diomeu's  Laud.  Lat.  43°  32'  S. ; 
ion.  147°  21'  E. 

BOMIEKAY',  a  smal^  fertile  island  of  the  Hebrides,  1  mile 
N.  of  Xorlh  Uist. 

BO'REUAY',  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  2  miles  N.  of  St. 
Kilda. 

BO  110.    SoeBuRO. 

BURGA,  boR/gil,  a  town  of  Finnish  Russia,  82  miles  N.E. 
of  Revel,  near  the  Vorga.     Lat.  f>0°  22'  N. ;  Ion.  25°  45'  E. 

BORCJI'IXTREICII,  boR/ggn-triK\  a  town  of  Prussian  Westr 
phalia.  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cassel.    Pop.  1820. 

BOlKiERUOUT,  boii/ggr-hCwt^  a  town  and  commune  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Antwerp,  on  the  high  road  from  Ant- 
werp to  Turnhout.     Pop.  4491. 

BUKGIIETTO,  boR-git/to  or  boR'ghJfto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Loniltardy,  7  miles  S.  ot*Lodi.    Pop.  2200. 

BORGIIETTO,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  the  Mincio,  15  miles  3. 
W.  of  Verona.  Pop.  2500.  It  has  a  castle  and  a  vast  forti- 
fied causeway. 

BORGIIETTO,  a  village  of  Italy,  Sardinian  domiidons,  43 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Genoa.     Pop.  1500. 

B01lGIIOLM,boRg'holm,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the 
Island  of  Oeland,  with  a  harbor  on  the  E.  coast,  2  miles  N.E. 
of  Kalniar. 

BOKGHOLZ,  boRo'hAlts,  a  village  of  Prussia,  Westphalia, 
66  miles  S.E.  of  Minden,  on  the  Bever.     Pop.  1270. 

BORGIIOLZHAUSEN,  boRo/hAlts-hdw'zen,  atown  of  Prus- 
sia,  ^Vestphalia.  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Minden.    Pop.  1390. 

BORGIA,  boR'jd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  II.,  tii  miles  S.W.  of  Catauzaro.  Pop.  3300.  It  was 
almost  wlioUy  destroyed  by  an  earthijuake  in  1783.  In  its 
vicinity  excellent  wine  is  produced. 

BiillliNE,  born,  a  lake,  or  rather  bay,  situated  in  the  S. 
E.  part  of  Louisiana,  12  miles  E.  of  New  Orleans,  communi- 
ates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  E.,  and  is  connected 
with  hake  Pontehartrain  on  the  W.  by  means  of  the  l!igo- 
lets  Pass,  about  10  miles  long.  Length,  about  60  miles ; 
greatest  breadth,  20  miles. 

BORGO,  boR/go,  a  seaport  town  of  Finland,  on  a  bay  of 
the  w;uir  of  Finland,  124  miles  E.  of  Al)o.  Pop.  2U3S.  It  is 
a  bishop's  see,  and  has  a  high-school,  and  manufactures  of 
sail-cloth  and  tobacco. 

BORGO,  a  village  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  Tyrol,  on  the 
Brenta.  Pop.  2000.  There  are  villages  of  the  same  name  in 
Cephalonia,  Greece,  and  Corsica. 

BORGO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Parma,  l.S  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Piacenza.  I'op.  1200.  BoROO  (••  town,")  is  a  prefix  to  the 
names  of  many  other  places  in  Ifcilv. 

BOROO  A  BUGGIANO.    See  Buggiano. 

B<JRGO  FORTE.  boR/go  foR't.i,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardy.  7  miles  S.  of  Mantua,  on  the  Po.     Pop  3500. 

B()RGO  L  AVEZZANO,  boR/go  Id-v  Jt-si'no.  a  town  of  Italy, 
In  Piefimont.  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Novara.    Pop.  2170. 

BORGOMANERO,  boR'gS  mi-nA/ro,  a  walled  town  of  Pied- 
mont, 20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Novara,  near  the  Agogna.  Pop. 
7095.     It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  commercial  college. 

BORGO  MASINO,  boR'go  md-see'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Piedmont,  province  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  2066. 

BOlUiO  MOZZAXO,  boR/go  mot-si'no,  a  town  of  Italy, 
In  Lucca,  on  the  Serchio,  6  miles  N.N.E,  of  Lucca.  Pop. 
741. 

BOUGO  NUOVO,  boR/go  noo-c/vo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Pia- 
cenza. 4  miles  N.ll.  of  Lucca.    Pop.  2830. 

BOKGOOor  BORGOU,  boR-goo/,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  in 
Soodan,  W.  of  the  Quorra,  about  lat.  10°  N. ;  Ion.  4°  K.  The 
principal  towns  are  Boossa.  Kiama,  and  Niki. 

BORCJOO  or  BORGOU,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  in  East  Soo- 
dan, about  440  miles  E.  of  Lake  Tchad.    Capital,  Wara, 


BOR 

BORGO  SAN  DALMAZZO,  boR/go  sJn  dll-mJt/so.  a  town 
of  Italv,  in  Piedmont,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Coni.     Pop.  3C00. 

BOltGO  SAN  DONINO,  boR/go  skn  do-nee^no,  a  walled 
town  of  North  Italy,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Parma,  on  the  Sti- 
rone.  Pop.  4u00.  The  principal  buildings  are  a  remarkable 
cathedral,  and  the  town  hall.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk 
and  linen  fabrics. 

BORGO  SAN  LORENZO.  boR/go  s^n-lo-rjn'zo.  a  town  ol 
Italy,  in  Tuscany,  on  the  Sieve,  in  a  fertile  district,  14  miles 
N.E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  32:50. 

BORGO  SAN  SEi'OLCRO,  IxiR/gosIn  sA-poWcro,  a  town  of 
Tusciuy,  on  the  Tiber,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Arezzo.  Pop.  4297. 
It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  still  a  strong  citadel.  Its 
cathedral  and  numerous  churches  are  adorned  with  fine 
works  of  art. 

IJORGO  SESIA,  boR/go  s.Vse-i,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sar- 
dinian dominions,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  3000. 

BORGO  TARO.  boR/go  td'ro,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  on  the 
Taro.  36  miles  S.W.  of  Parma. 

BORGO  TICINO,  boR/go  te-chee'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Sardinian  dominions,  27  miles  N.  of  Novara.   Pop.  1851. 

BORGOU.    See  Borgoo. 

BORGO  VERCELLI.  boR/go  viR-chJlltM",  a  town  of  Tus- 
cany, 3  miles  N.E.  of  Vercelli.    Pop.  2586. 

BORGUE.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland.  In  it  are  th» 
remains  of  Kirk  Andrew  and  Senwick  churches,  Pluntoii 
castle,  and  the  tower  of  Balmangan. 

BORINAGE,  bo'ree'nizh',  a  small  district  of  Belgium, 
in  the  province  of  Ilainaut,  important  for  its  coal  mines, 
which  occupy  nearly  the  entire  extent.  It  comprises  the 
communesof  Jemmapes,  Quaregnon,  Ilomu,  Wasmes,  I'atu- 
rage,  Frameries,  &c.     Pop.  atjout  32,000. 

BOMtlSl'OL',  a  market  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Tehernigov. 

BORlSSOGLEBSIv,  bo-ris-so-gl5bsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  100  miles  S.S.  E.  of  Tambov,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Vorona.     Pop.  2500. 

BORISSOOLEBSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  2? 
miles  N\  W.  of  Yaroslav,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga. 
Pop.  4000. 

BORISSOV,  bo-roe'sov,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
38  miles  N.E.  of  Minsk,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Berdsina.  Near 
this,  at  the  village  of  Studienka.  the  disastrous  passage  of 
Beresina  was  effected  by  the  French  army,  20th  and  27  th  of 
Novemljer,  1812. 

BORJA,  boR/nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  39  miles  W.N. 
W.  of  Saragossa.     Pop.  3242. 

BORJA,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  on  the 
Amazon,  E.  of  Santiago. 

BORJAS,  boR/iiis,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  10  miles  E.S. 
E.  of  Lerida. 

BORItAI,  boR-kl'.  or  BORGUT,  boR-gee',  a  bay  in  the  Arc- 
tic Ocean,  on  the  Silierian  coast,  between  lat,  70°  4'  and  72° 
N.,  Ion.  129°  and  133°  E. 

BORKAL,  boRncdl,  or  BERKEL,  b^R/kel,  a  river  of  Rhen- 
ish Prussia  and  tlie  Netherlands,  flows  W.  through  the  pro- 
vince of  Gelderland,  and  joins  the  Yssel  at  Zut|)hen,  which 
town  it  divides  into  two  parts.     Length,  60  miles. 

BORKEN,  l)0R/ken,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prus.sian  West- 
phalia, 34  miles  WiS.W.  of  MUnster,  on  the  Aa.  Pop.  300O, 
wlio  manufacture  linen  fabrics  and  chiccory. 

BORKEN,  a  town  of  llesse-Cassel,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Cassel.     Pop.  1373. 

BORKULO,  a  town  in  the  Netherlands.     See  Borcclo. 

BORKUM,  boR/k<56m,  an  island  in  the  North  Sea,  belong* 
iug  to  Hanover,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ems,  26  miles  N.W.  of 
Emden.    Lat.  of  light-house,  53°  35'  N.,  Ion.  6°  41'  E.    Pop. 
485.    The  island  is  low,  and  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  nar-      ) 
row  channel.    Length,  6  miles;  average  breadth,  2  miles. 

BOR'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Arkansas. 

BOR'IjEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BOItMES,  boRm.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Toulon.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,2019 

BORMIDA,  boR-mee'di,  a  river  of  Piedmont,  rises  in  the 
province  of  Acqui,  and  joins  the  Tanaro  Ij-  miles  E.  of  Ales- 
sandria, after  a  N,E,  course  of  28  miles. 

BORMIO.  boR/me-o,  (Ger.  Mhrms,  woRms,)  a  town  of  North- 
ern Italy,  in  Lombardy,  29  miles  N.E.  of  Sondiio,  near  the 
Adda.  Pop.  1200.  N.  of  Bormio,  at  .Alolina,  on  the  Adda, 
are  the  ancient  and  celebrated  salt  baths  called  Bagni  di 
Bormio,  (bdn'yee  dee  bou/me-o,)  temperature  99°  5'  Fahren- 
heit, still  much  frequented. 

BORN  A,  boR/nd.  a  town  of  Saxony,  16  miles  S,S.E.  of  Leip- 
sic.  Pop.  3804.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and 
earthenwares. 

BORNABI.    See  Ascension. 

BORNAND,  GRAND,  grSx"  boRV5N"',  a  town  of  Savoy, 
province  of  Faueignv,  11  miles  E.  of  Anuecy.     Pop.  2500. 

BORNAND,  PETIT,  pfh-tee'  boR'naxc',  a  town  of  Savoy, 
province  of  Faucigny,  6  miles  S.  of  Bonneville.    Pop.  2000 

BORNE,  born,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Warwiclt, 
which  joins  the  Thame  near  Tamworth. 

BORNE,  boR'neh  or  boRn.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands; 
province  of  Oveivssel.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Delden.     Pop.  2000. 

BORNEO,  bor'ne-o  (called  by  the  natives  POOLO-KALA- 

253 


BOR 

MANTIN,  kn  lim' niln-tln',  or  KI-T:>rMA\''TAX';  see  ITis- 
tor;/.  page  25j.)  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  lying 
tinder  the  equator,  and  nearly  bisected  by  meridian  114°  E. 
Excepting  Australia,  it  is  the  largest  island  on  the  globe.  Its 
most  N.  point  (CapeSampaiimanjo)isinlat.  7°5'X.;  its  most 
8.  (Cape  Salatan^  in  lat.  4°  13'  S  ,  so  that  it  extends  through 
12''  IS'  of  lat.,  Ijeing  divided  by  the  equator  into  two  nearly 
equal  portions;  while  in  longitude  it  stretches  through  10°  28', 
from  Cape  I'adan  on  the  W.  (lOSO  52'  E.)  to  Cape  Oonsang  on 
the  E.  (in  119°  20'.)  The  greatest  length  of  the  island  is  in  the 
direction  of  N.E.  by  N.  and  S.W.  by  S..  from  Cape  Sampan- 
manjo  to  Cape  Sambnr.  a  di.etance  of  S50  miles;  its  width 
Is,  in  some  places.  (00  miles,  but  diniinisbos  towards  the  N. 
The  area  is  variously  estimated  at  from  280.000  to  SeO.OOO 
square  miles — more  than  three  times  as  lar^jeas  that  of  Great 
Britain. 

Su>-rfmn<ling  .SIms. — Borneo  forms  the  central  mass  of  the 
archipelago,  which  extends  from  Sumatra  in  the  W.  to  the 
Moluccas  and  Philippine  Islands  in  the  E..  and  which  is 
sharply  circumscribed,  on  the  S.,  by  the  chain  of  islands 
that  stretches  from  Java  to  the  Arroo  group,  in  the  vicinity 
C'f  Papua.  The  seas  surrounding  it  are  variously  denomi- 
nated from  the  adjoining  shores.  From  N.  to  S.W.  it  is 
washed  by  the  Chinese  Sea.  which,  narrowing  in  the  latter 
direction,  betweeu  Cape  Sambar  and  the  island  of  Biliton, 
takes  the  name  of  the  Straits  of  Carimata.  On  the  S.,  Bor- 
neo faces  the  Sea  of  Java :  on  the  E.,  it  is  separated  from 
Celebes  by  the  Straits  of  Macassar;  N.  of  which,  from  Cape 
Kauioongan  to  Cape  Oonsang.  a  distance  of  250  geographi- 
cal miles,  its  shores  are  washed  by  the  Sea  of  CeleK>s.  The 
ioasts  of  this  great  island  are  beset  by  numerous  reefs, 
w^hich.  in  many  places,  rise  into  countless  islets :  and  fai^ 
fher  off  lie  clusters  of  islands,  such  as  tho.se  of  Balabalagan, 
or  Little  Paternosters,  in  the  Straits  of  Macassar:  of  Cari- 
mata, in  the  straits  of  the  same  name;  and  the  i.slands  of 
Tamlielan  and  Xatuna,  in  the  Chinese  Sea.  These  insular 
groups,  usually  considered,  with  little  reason,  as  belonging 
to  Borneo,  are  as  yet  hardly  known  in  detail. 

General  Aspect. — Though  the  mountains  of  Bom^  are  in 
some  places  visible  from  the  sea.  particularly  off  its  X. 
coasts,  yet  the  general  character  of  its  shores  is  that  of  man- 
grove wastes,  or  of  interminalile  low  plains,  liable  to  inun- 
dation, and  covered  with  dense  forests.  The  parts  fre- 
quented by  Europeans  are  chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of  great 
rivers,  which  form  extensive  deltas,  wherein  there  is  hardly 
any  thing  to  be  seen  but  the  water  and  the  impervious 
forest.  There  must  of  course,  be  a  great  extent  of  elevated 
country  in  the  interior,  whence  descend  the  innumerable 
streams  intei-secting  the  maritime  tracts;  but  still  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  a  very  large  portion  of  Borneo  con- 
sists of  immense  alluvial  plains  of  the  greatest  fertility,  and 
raised  but  little  alxive  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Moutitains. — The  mountains  in  the  interior  of  Borneo,  as 
has  been  already  observed,  become  more  conspicuous  to- 
ward the  N.  The  highest  of  them.  Kinibaloo.  in  lat  6°S' 
N.,  and  Ion.  116°  33'  E..  .attains  an  elevation  of  13.680  feet. 
On  the  E.  side  of  this  mountain  there  is  said  to  be  a  great 
lake  of  the  same  name,  fi-om  which,  if  the  accounts  of  n.a- 
tives  are  to  be  relied  on,  issue  numerous  rivers.  Erom  this 
culminating  point,  a  chain  of  mountains  may  be  conjec- 
tured to  extend  S.W.  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the 
island,  terminating  a  little  E.  of  Cape  Sambar.  From  about 
lat.  2°  X.,  and  from  that  part  of  the  central  ridge  named 
Angaranga,  a  ramification,  known  in  its  successive  portions 
as  the  Longooloo  and  Sakooroo  Mountains,  extends  E.  by 
S.  to  Cape  Kanloongan.  lat.  1°  N.  A  second  ramification 
leaves  the  central  ridge  a  little  farther  S.,  and  running  S.E. 
about  200  miles  turns  S..  and  finally  S.W..  till  it  terminates 
in  Cape  S.alataTi,  the  most  S.  point  of  the  island.  Again, 
from  the  mountains  of  Madei.  in  the  central  region,  lat.  1° 
N.,  a  chain  of  mountains  runs  W.  about  200  miles,  and  then 
N.,  till  it  ends  in  Mouut  Pangi,  near  Cape  Datoo,  (Tanjong.) 
lat.  2°  5'  N.  Thus  it  appears  that  Borneo,  the  mountain 
chain.<  of  which  all  branch  out  from  one  centnal  nucleus, 
resembles,  in  its  formation,  the  neighboring  island  of  Celebes. 
With  the  exception  Of  Kinibaloo,  none  of  the  mountains  of 
this  island  are  supposed  to  attain  a  height  of  above  6500  feet. 

JUvers. — The  rivers  are,  in  general,  tide-rivers,  descend- 
ing, in  a  winding  course  and  with  little  current,  through 
vast  level  deltas,  the  lower  portions  of  which  are  often  over- 
flowed by  the  seii.  Hence  their  mouths  are  nearly  all 
barred  or  obstructed  by  sand-banks;  and  while,  with  broad 
streams  and  numerous  branches,  they  afford  great  advan- 
tages within  for  internal  communication,  they  are  quite  in- 
accessible from  without  by  vessels  of  moderate  size.  The 
mountains  running  S.W.  and  then  W.  to  Cape  Datoo,  con- 
fine a  maritime  tract,  600  miles  long,  facing  the  N.W.  and 
N..  and  intersected,  probably,  by  several  hundreds  of  rivers; 
the  direct  course  of  which,  however,  from  the  mountains, 
can  hardly  ever  exceed  l-'iO  miles.  Toward  the  N.,  some  of 
these  riveifl  descend  with  so  lively  a  stream  as  to  carry 
fresh  water  to  the  sea-side,  an  advantage  of  rare  occurrence 
on  other  parts  of  the  Bornean  coast.  In  lat.  5°  \.  is  the 
estuary  of  the  river  Brfinai  or  Borneo  Proper,  which  some 
duHcribe  as  the  largest  river  of  the  whole  island.     It  is 


BOR 

Jn  reality,  however,  a  stream  of  second  or  fhlrd-ratp  magnl 
tude,  but  has  the  advantage  of  flowing  in  a  sing'e  bnad 
channel,  easily  entered  by  ships  of  burden.  Near  lat.  2°  N. 
are  the  mouthLs  of  the  Kejang  and  the  Sarelius.  l>o»h  trrtal 
rivers ;  the  former  being  nearly  1  mile  wide  80  mi'n'<  above 
its  mouth.  But  the  Batang  Loopar.  about  50  miien  farthei 
S.,  lat.  1° 35'  X..  fiir  exceeds  them,  and  is  probably  the  largest 
river  in  this  region  of  the  island,  being  4  or  5  milis  wide, 
with  depth  of  water  sutlicient  for  a  frigate.  Then  f  >llows, 
40  miles  W.,  the  Sarawak,  a  river  of  comparatively  short 
course,  but  offering,  in  its  numerous  branches,  e;ctraordl- 
nary  fiicilities  for  internal  communication.  In  thi?  region 
confined  by  the  AV.  and  S.W.  chains  flows  the  Siimlas,  M 
large  a  river  as  that  of  Brfinai  and  the  Kapooas,  the  most 
northern  mouth  of  which  is  under  the  equator.  This  ia 
probably  the  greatest  river  of  Borneo,  its  sources  being  350 
miles  distant,  in  a  straight  line,  while  its  winding  course 
can  hardly  be  less  than  700  miles  in  length.  Between  the 
S.W.  and  S.  chain  of  mountains  lies  an  immense  alluvial 
expanse,  watered  by  numerous  large  rivers,  the  Pembooan, 
the  Sampit,  Mendawei,  Kahajan.  Murong.  and  Banjarmas- 
sin  or  Banjar,  the  last  named  river  being  the  largest  of  all, 
and  hardly  inferior  to  the  Kapooas.  The  region  enclosed 
between  the  S.E.  and  E.  chains  (Pangaloo  and  Sakooroo) 
is  drained  by  the  Kootai,  a  river  not  much  inferior  to  the 
Banjarmassin.  Its  delta  embraces  above  100  miles  of  coast 
on  the  Straits  of  Macassar,  beginning  a  little  S.  of  the  equa- 
tor. X.  of  the  E.  chain,  the  Pantai,  or  river  of  Berow.  enters 
the  sea  in  lat.  2°  X.:  while  the  Sabanoon  and  Vmara.  (both 
mouths  of  the  Boolongan,)  lie  respectively  in  lat.  2°  45'  and 
2°  52'  X.  These  rivers,  though  barred,  are  not  inaccessible, 
and  may  be. navigated  a  long  way  up.  Farther  N.,  for 
some  hundreds  of  miles,  the  details  of  the  coast  are  but 
little  known. 

Lakes. — Of  the  lakes,  little  is  known,  and  that  chiefly 
through  native  information.  The  most  celebrated  of  them 
is  that  of  Kinibaloo,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  mountiin  of  the 
same  name.  About  three  degrees  farther  S.  report  place? 
another  great  lake.  like  the  former,  the  source  of  many  great 
rivers.  In  the  alluvial  plains,  also,  lakes  are  numerous, 
but  not  remarkable  either  for  their  magnitude  or  phy.sic,ni 
features.  The  chain  of  lakes  which  connects  the  Kapoas 
■and  the  Kotaringin  is  s,aid  to  prove'that  the  principality  of 
Matan,  at  the  S.W.  angle  of  Borneo,  was  insulated,  at  a 
comparatively  recent  period,  by  a  narrow  strait  or  ai-m  of 
the  sea. 

Geology. — Borneo  being  so  little  explored,  its  geological  for- 
mation is  necessarily  very  imperfectly  known.  In  Sarawak, 
granite,  with  the  sevei-al  allied  varieties  of  rock,  prevail 
along  the  coast,  the  valleys  being  filled  chiefly  with  a  de- 
tritus of  feldspathic  materials,  while  limestone  mountain? 
encompass  this  district  on  the  S.  The  Gunong  I'.atooR, 
('■  hundred  mountains.")  a  chain  separating  the  Tanah-laut, 
at  the  S.E.  angle  of  the  isl.ind,  from  the  valley  of  the  Ban- 
jarmassin. is  formed  of  granitic  rocks,  underlying,  probably, 
the  limestone,  which  shows  itself  farther  X.,  in  the  s;mie 
valley.  In  both  the  granitic  distiicts  here  mentioned  ar« 
tbund  quartzose  masses,  resembling  scoriae,  widely  tiir:.semi- 
nated,  and  containing  iron.  It  is  in  this  diluvial  formation 
of  quartzose  gravel,  reddened  with  oxide  of  iron,  that  the 
gold  and  diamonds  of  Borneo  are  found  in  such  abundance. 
In  the  vicinity  of  Brunai  or  Borneo,  and  also  in  Labuan.  30 
miles  farther  "X.,  coal  has  been  discovered,  under  circum- 
stances which  indicate  the  existence  of  a  large  field  of  this 
v.aluable  mineral.  Basalts  and  other  volcanic  rocks  oc>  ur 
in  Maludu  Bay.  and  also  at  the  falls  of  the  Dooson  or  Ban- 
jarmassin River.  Besides  gold,  the  annual  produce  of 
which  has  been  estimated  at  a  quarter  of  a  million.  Bornen 
vields  copper,  tin,  antimony,  and  iron,  which  last  is  of  th» 
best  quality.  The  diamonds  are  widely  disseminated  in  tb» 
red  soil,  but  the  largest  are  said  to  lie  found  on  .Mount 
Landa,  in  Pontianak.  One  of  the  largest  known  was  found 
here  about  300  years  ago,  weighing  367  carats. 

Climatf.. — The  wet  season  in  Borneo  begins  in  September 
and  ends  in  April,  during  which  the  rain  falls  heavily,  at- 
tended with  much  thunder  and  lightning,  and  violent 
squalls.  During  the  rest  of  the  year,  or  the  dry  season.  a« 
it  is  called,  copious  showers  fall  nearly  every  day.  In  the 
equatorial  parts,  the  winds  are  variable  throughout  the 
year,  sea  breezes,  however,  blowing  close  on  shore.  In  Pon- 
tian.ik,  the  summer-heat  rarely  exceeds  82°  Fahrenheit 
This  equabilitv  of  temperature,  and  the  atmospheric  circu- 
lation, mav,  perhaps,  explain  why  the  European  visitors  to 
the  swampy,  luxuriant  shores  of  Borneo  rarely  complain  ot 
their  insalubrity. 

Zoiingy. — .K-a  equatorial  land,  exceeding  France  in  extent, 
varied  "and  fertile,  and  still  for  the  most  part  in  a  state  of 
nature,  m.ay  well  be  supposed  to  teem  with  animal  life  in 
great  diversity  of  form.  Here  it  will  be  sufficient  tn  point 
out  what  is  peculiar  to,  or  characteristic  of  Borneo,  in  the 
department  of  zoology.  A  great  portion  of  thi.<  island  is 
covered  with  dense  forests,  excluding  the  light,  and  Ire- 
quently  inundated  beneath  to  a  depth  of  some  fe-t.  In 
these  secure  retreats  lives  the  ourang-outang.  {Simia  so- 
tyrus,)  an  animal  peculiar  to  Borneo  and  Sumatra.    Two 


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other  remarkable  apes,  the  long-nosed  and  crested,  inhabit  ! 
the  skirts  of  the  same  woods,  near  the  banks  of  rivers  and 
lakes.  The  only  gibbon  (p/r)  found  in  the  island,  haunts 
the  fig-tree  thickets  on  the  slopes  of  the  mountains.  In  the 
mountainous  districts  is  found  also  the  striped  tiger,  {HUs 
macroceli.^:}  which  is  here  the  chief  beast  of  prey,  though 
not  so  powerful  nor  voracious  as  the  panther,  liut  the  most 
remarkable  animal  in  Borneo,  after  the  ourang-outang,  is  a 
gingularly-wliiskered  carnivorous  crcJiture.  resembling  at 
once  the  otter  and  ornithorhynehus,  and  which  has  received 
the  scientific  name  of  I'otamnphilus  barl/cUus.  The  beiir 
does  not  appear  to  be  a  new  species.  A  porcupine  {Hystrix 
fasdaUi)  supplies  a  favorite  food  to  the  natives,  who  say 
that  this  animal  alone  can  feed  with  impunity  on  the  upas. 
There  is  reasou  to  believe  that  neither  the  elephant  nor  rhi- 
noceros exist  in  Boineo ;  which  possesses,  however,  a  pecu- 
liar species  of  hog.  (.S'm.s-  hurljcdu.i.)  distinguished  by  its  enor- 
mous whiskers  and  hideous  aspect.  The  banteng,  a  large 
and  handsome  species  of  buffalo,  inhabits  the  mountains; 
the  napu.  a  musk,  frefjueiits  the  borders  of  the  woods.  Of 
deer,  only  three  species  are  known.  In  the  rivers  of  Itorneo 
are  three  species  of  crocodile,  one  of  which  resembles  the 
gavial  of  the  Ganges.  Kish  are  extremely  abundant  along 
the  shores.  In  the  Chinese  Sea,  all  the  reefs  and  islets  are 
covered  with  oysters.  In  the  Straits  of  Macassar,  pearls  and 
mother-of-pearl  are  f)rdinary  productions. 

li'ilany. — Of  the  ctiuntless  forms  of  the  vegetable  kingdom 
which  ciothe  this  prolitic  island,  only  a  few  can  here  be  men- 
tioned. The  cocoa-nut.  betel.  s;igo,  and  gomati,  the  fibre  of 
which  serves  to  make  cordage,  are  the  palms  most  highlj' 
esteemed  by  the  n.atives.  The  Nijm.  frulicrns  also,  which 
adorn  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  where  it  invariably  grows  on 
the  side  of  the  deep  water,  while  the  mangrove  overspreads 
the  shallow  side,  is  of  great  importance.  Its  scented  flow- 
ers feed  the  bees  which  furnish  the  wax  exported  in  such 
quantity ;  its  fruit  reseml)li>!)  the  cocoa-nut. and  its  branches 
serve  to  form  the  roofs  of  houses.  This  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  niehong,  the  leaves  of  which  are  used  to 
cover  the  roofs,  and  its  exterior  sheath  of  wood  for  flooring 
and  boatrbuilding.  A  species  of  sugarcane  here  grows  wild, 
as  well  as  a  kind  of  nutmeg.  (In  this  state  fi.ivorless.)  and 
a  cinnamon,  which  has  a  taste  of  cloves.  The  mountain 
sides,  where  there  is  a  sandstone  soil,  are  covered  with  piue 
woods;  and  still  higher  up,  the  ironwood-tree  (IHospyroz) 
attains,  with  slow  growth,  colossjil  dimensions.  In  tlie  dis- 
trict of  Sarawak,  and  probably  throughout  the  island,  the 
gutta-percha  tree  {hmtandra  nutUi)  is  plentiful.  It  attains 
a  diameter  of  6  feet,  and  is  called  Niato  by  the  natives,  who 
are  ignoi'ant  of  the  use  of  its  juice. 

I'lodKcr. — The  productions  of  Borneo  which  find  their 
way  into  commerce  are  gold,  platina,  tin,  antimony,  copper, 
Iron,  and  diamonds.  Kdible  birds'  nests,  collected  in  the 
Interior,  as  well  as  on  the  coasts,  trepans  or  holothuria, 
fished  in  the  Straits  of  Macassar — these  three  articles  are 
destined  wholly  lor  the  Chinese  market.  Camphor,  iron- 
wood,  ebony,  ratans,  cassia,  wax,  sago,  and  rice,  are  in  gene- 
ral demand.  Among  the  vegetaVjle  productions  are  maize, 
rice.  yams,  batatas,  cocoa-nut,  betel,  tobacco,  cotton,  sugai-- 
cane.  pepper,  and  other  spices  and  tropical  fruits. 

InhaUtanU. — "  Borneo,"  says  Mr.  Craufurd,  in  an  essay 
recently  read  before  the  Koyal  Geographicjil  Society  of 
London,  "i-;  inhabited  by  four  descriptions  of  peojile: — the 
aboriginal  inhabitants,  the  .Malays,  the  Chinese,  and  the 
Boogis  of  Celebes.  The  first  are  the  most  numerous.  They 
have  no  native  name  by  which  they  distinguish  them- 
selves in  the  aggregate;  but  each  tribe  commonly  takes 
the  name  of  the  priiKip;il  river  on  which  lie.s  its  chief  resi- 
dence. The  Malays  call  them  all  Dyak,  a  word  equivalent 
to  our  term  "  savage,"  and  add  to  the  general  term  the 
name  of  the  tribe's  chief  river,  as  Dyak  Kayan,  &c.  They 
are  allied  to  the  Malays,  and  are  divided  into  probably  not 
fewer  than  lUO  tribe.*,  speaking  as  many  different  tongues. 
But  they  are  not  all  in  an  equally  abject  condition ;  for,  while 
some  are  mere  naked  hunters,  the  majority  have  fixed  abodes, 
and  have  made  some  progi-ess  in  the  useful  arts.  In  person 
the  Dyaks  are  of  middling  stature,  well  made,  but  not  robust, 
and  are  faiier  than  the  Jlabiys,  have  good  foreheads,  regular 
features,  and  a  frank,  agreeable  aspect.  Their  eyes  are  some- 
what oblique,  and  their  cheek-bones  prominent.  The  Dyaks 
on  theW.  side  of  the  island  srenerally  dwell  in  sheds  or  liouses 
built  on  piles  from  5  to  20  feet  from  the  ground,  with  par- 
titions of  split  cane,  and  covered  with  the  leiif  of  the  niebong. 
Someof  these  houses  have  been  seen  nearly  5uO  feet  long,  and 
capable  of  lodging  400  persims.  Their  arms  are  a  buckler  of 
hard  wood,  a  spear,  a  sword,  a  knife,  and  a  tube  about  five 
feet  long,  throuv  h  which  poisoned  arrows  are  blown.  Their 
pnOius.  or  var-boats.  50  feet  long,  and  their  utensils,  show 
considerable  inec'ianical  skill.  The  most  advanced  and  power- 
ful of  these  is  the  Kayan  (or  Kajan)  tribe,  whose  territoiy 
extends  across  the  'eland  for  about  three  degrees  on  each  side 
of  the  equator  They  dwell  in  well-constructed  houses  of 
wood,  with  shingled  roofs;  they  grow  rice,  the  batata,  sugar- 
cane, banana,  piue-apple,  and  tobacco,  but  are  unacquainttxl 
with  the  art  of  weaving,  being  clothed  in  the  bark  of  trees. 
m,  of  late,  in  foreign  fabrics.    Some  other  tribes,  however, 


cultivate  cotton,  and  have  acquired  the  art  of  weaving.  They 
have  domesticated  the  .amnion  fowl.  hog.  and  dog.  but  have 
no  beasts  of  burden.  Some  of  the  customs  of  the  Dyaks  are 
extremely  barbarous,  and  oftbe.se  the  most  remarkable  is  the 
hoarding  of  the  heads  of  enemies  or  strangers  whom  they  have 
waylaid  and  murdered;  and  no  man  can  marry  until  he  has 
won  the  object  of  his  affection  by  presenting  to  her  at  least 
one  of  these  horrid  trophies.  These  fruits  of  muider  are 
pickled,  and,  with  cowry  shells  in  the  eye-sockets,  and  tufte 
■  )f  grass  in  the  ears,  are  hung  up  in  the  head  house.  On 
festivals  they  are  taken  down  to  adorn  the  persons  of  the 
heroes  to  whom  they  respectively  belong.  The  Dyaks  have 
hut  one  wife,  though  there  is  said  to  exist  among  them  much 
license  before  marriage.  With  respect  to  reli;4ion,  they  have 
neither  priests  nor  temples,  nor  do  they  pray  or  fa.st.  On 
remarkable  occasions,  however,  it  seems  they  sacrifiee  a 
human  victim — a  slave  bought  for  the  purpose — and  even 
partake  of  the  flesh.  Though  they  have  no  regular  system 
of  religious  belief,  they  have  many  strange  superstitions; 
they  draw  omens  from  the  flight  or  sight  of  bird.s.  and  of  the 
note  of  one  in  particular  they  stand  in  great  awe.  trembling 
violently,  and  immediately  taking  another  road.  Their 
burials  form  not  the  least  singular  part  of  their  customs. 
Most  of-the  tribes  inter  the  dead;  but  some  burn  the  body, 
and  others  suspend  the  coffin  from  a  tree.  On  the  death  of 
a  chief,  he  is  dressed  in  his  war  habiliments;  his  arms  are 
deposited  by  his  side,  and  a  quantity  of  fixjd  enclosed,  when 
a  hi;rh  mound  is  raised,  encircled  by  bamboo,  on  which  fresh 
heads  are  placed." 

Borneo  is  divided  into  many  separate  states,  governed  by 
native  chiefs.  One  of  the  best  known  of  these  is  Brunai,  or 
Borneo  I'roper.  which  extends  over  the  level  sp.HCe  on  the  N. 
coast,  the  sultan  of  which  is  now  placed  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Sir. lames  Brooke.  (.See //i'.<torv,  in  this  article.) 
The  principal  other  states  are  Samb.\s,  I'o.n'TI.\.n.\k,  SlMP.iNQ, 
M.\T.\N.  Banjerm\ssin,  and  S.vraw.\k,  (which  see.) 

By  a  treaty  concluded  between  the  Sultan  of  Borneo  and  the 
United  StJites.  .Tune23. 1S.50,  the  citizens  of  the  latter  country 
have  full  liberty  to  pass  with  their  merchandise  through  all 
parts  of  his  Ilighness's  dominion,  and  to  trade  with  his  sub- 
jects, the  various  articles  of  commerce  being  subject  only  to 
certain  custom-duties  now  established. 

The  authority  of  the  Dutch  extends  over  a  great  portion 
of  the  i.sland.  which  they  divide  politically  into  the  residency 
of  the  W.  coast,  capital  I'ontianak.  and  the  residency  of  the 
S.  and  K.  coasts,  capital  Banjermassin.  By  a  decree  of  the 
governor-general  of  the  Netherlands  Kast  Indies,  dated  28th 
February.  1S46,  these  possessions  are  henceforth  to  form  a 
special  government. 

Htjntlatinn. — According  to  the  most  recent  information, 
the  population  of  Borneo  may  be  estimated  at  2.000.000,  of 
whom  4tn).000  are  Malays,  Hi6,000  Boosis  from  Celebes,  and 
140.000  Chinese;  the  rest  are  Dyaks,  or  Indigenous  tribes. 

History  and  Name. — The  Kuropeans  w  ho  first  visited  this 
island,  early  in  the  sixteenth  century — Ixirenzo  de  Gomez 
in  161H,  and  I'igafetta,  with  the  shijis  of  Magellan's  expe- 
dition, in  1521 — both  named  it  Brunai  or  Brun6.  from  the 
port  and  principal  city  on  its  N.W.  shores,  at  which  they 
touched.  This  name,  written  by  the  Malays  themselves 
Bfirni  or  Boorni.  is  obviously  the  Sanscrit  lihurni  or 
BItnnrni.  ("land;")  its  conversion  into  Borneo,  and  applica- 
tion to  the  whole  island,  came  into  use  among  Kuropeans  in 
the  seventeenth  century.  Some  writere  have  stated  that 
the  i.iiland.  in  its  whole  extent,  is  called  by  the  natives  Pulo 
Kalamantan;  but  those  who  have  had  most  intercourse 
with  the  native  tribes  of  Borneo,  deny  that  they  have  any 
general  name  for  the  whole  i.sland. 

The  first  Dutchman  who  arrived  at  Borneo  was  Oliver  Van 
Noort,  in  1598.  The  reputation  of  the  island  for  diamonds 
and  Bezoarstone  (the  latter  was  considered,  at  that  time,  as 
a  univer.siil  medicine)  induced  the  Dutch  .settled  in  liatavia 
to  send,  in  1608,  to  the  Queen  of  Succadana.  an  officer,  de- 
manding a  treaty  of  commerce;  to  whom  she  replied  that 
•■  the  trade  of  her  country  was  free  to  all  nations."  In  1609, 
however,  they  succi'eded  in  making  a  treaty  w  ith  the  Sul- 
tan of  Sambas.  A  factory  was  thus  established,  and  the 
factors  gradually  raised  themselves  into  sovereigns  by  steps 
which  cannot  Ije  here  detailed.  In  1709,  the  Kngli.-ih, 
having  taken  Manila,  obt.ained  from  their  ally,  the  Sultan 
of  Sooloo.  the  cession  of  his  claim  to  the  N.  coasts  of  Borneo, 
and  took  possession  of  Balambangan.  But.  in  1775,  the 
garrison  of  th,at  island,  composed  chiefly  of  Bugis,  was  cut 
to  pieces  by  a  baud  of  pirates;  and  the  settlement  was  con- 
sequently abandoned.  When  .Tava  was  taken  by  the  Bri- 
tish, in  the  late  war.  the  Dutch  power  in  Borneo  fell  to  the 
ground,  and  the  native  chiefs,  watched  by  a  few  British  po- 
litical agents,  resumed  the  exerci.se  of  their  original  autho- 
rity ;  but  they  now  found  themselves  unable  to  eoxie  with 
the  Chinese  Kong-sies:  and  were,  therefore,  well  pleased  at 
the  return,  in  1818.  of  their  Dutch  masters. 

But  the  most  important  event  in  the  recent  history  of 
Borneo,  and  one  likely  to  lead  to  the  most  beneficial  results 
as  regards  civilization  and  commerce,  is  the  enterprise  of  Sir 
.Tames  Brooke,  who  first  visited  the  island  in  1  6;i9,  and  hag 
since  been  actively  engaged  in  the  suppression  of  piracy, 

265 


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the  administration  of  justice,  and  the  piirniirairement  of 
oom^eree  and  manuCictures. Adj.  and  inhab.  Bor'sean. 

UORXEO,  bor'neo,  15RUNAI,  hroo/ni.  or  B'KXI,  beR'nee', 
a  town  near  the  North  coast  of  Borneo,  and  on  the  river 
Brunai.  in  lat.  52°  30'  N..  Ion.  114°  52'  E.  It  is  built  on  piles 
In  the  river,  and  defended  bj- batteries.  Pop.  in  1848.22.000.  (?) 

BORXHIiM,  bORu'hem,  a  town  and  commune  of  Belgium, 

firovince  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Scheldt,  15  miles  W.  of  Mech- 
In,  with  numerous  looms  for  linen-weaving,  several  brew- 
eries, and  tanneries.     Pop.  4194. 

BOUMIOL.M,  boRn'holm,  (anc.  Borringiaf)  an  island  of 
Denmark,  in  the  Baltic  Seii.  90  mfles  E.  of  Zealand,  and  25 
miles  S.  of  the  southernmost  point  of  Sweden.  Its  most 
northern  point  is  Cape  Hammeren,  on  which  is  a  light-house 
279  feet  hijrh,  in  lat.  65°  17' 4"  N.,  Ion.  14°  46' 30"  E.  It  is 
about  23  miles  long  by  18  broad ;  estimated  area,  is  230 
square  miles.  In  jreneral.  the  coast  is  high  and  rocky,  pre- 
senting perpendicular  cliflfs,  close  to  which  is  deep  water. 
AVhere  cliffs  do  not  prevail,  reefs  and  sand-banks  stretch  out 
to  se;i,  rendering  all  approach  dangerous,  more  especiiiUy  in 
stormy  weather,  when  the  surf  is  heavy.  The  island  has 
no  good  or  secure  harbor  for  large  vessels,  and  only  few  and 
indilftrent  ones  fir  small.  The  best  is  at  Kiiune,  on  the 
S.W.  side,  with  11^  feet  water.  The  roadstead,  however,  is 
not  very  good,  being  exposed  to  the  S.W.  winds.  Bornholm, 
both  geographically  and  geologically,  belongs  to  Sweden. 
Excepting  a  heath-tract  near  tlie  centre  of  the  island,  on  a 
plateau  250  feet  above  the  sea,  the  land  is  generally  fertile, 
producing  the  same  grain  crops  as  the  rest  of  Denmark,  and 
the  same  trees,  l>ee<.'h  excepted.  The  island  has  no  lakes  of 
any  size,  and  its  strejims.  numerous  enough,  are  merely 
rivulets,  with  narrow,  rocky  courses.  Good  building-stone 
and  marble  are  quarried  and  exported.  Coal  is  likewise 
raised,  and  used  to  some  extent,  but  it  is  of  an  inferior  qua- 
lity. The  island  has  long  been  famous  for  its  rock  crystals. 
Its  watches  have  likewise  a  local  reputation.  The  chief 
support  of  the  inhabitants  is  agriculture,  cattle-rearing,  fish- 
ing, and  seafaring.  The  principal  town  and  port  is  KQnne, 
after  which  come  Nexiie.  and  Svanike.    Pop.  26.600. 

BORNO,  boR'no,  a  large  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  32  miles 
N.E,  of  Bersiamo,  on  the  Oglio. 

BOK'XOO'orBORNOU,  (native  Kanowra,)  a  country  of 
Central  Africa,  in  Soodan,  between  lat.  10°  and  15°  X.,  and 
Ion.  12°  and  18°  E..  having  N.  Kanem  and  Sah-ira.  E.  Lake 
Tchad  and  Begharmi,  S.  Mandara,  and  W.  Iloussa.  Lake 
Tchad  appears  to  receive  all  the  waters  of  Bornoo.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Shary  from  the  mountains  of  Mandara,  and 
the  Yeou  from  those  of  Iloussa.  The  climate  is  excessively 
liot :  temperature  in  summer  ( JIarch  to  June)  104°  to  107° 
Fahrenheit.  The  dry  season  is  from  April  to  October,  and 
the  rainy  sejison  during  the  remainder  of  the  year.  The 
whole  country  is  flat,  and  by  far  the  greater  part  is  covered 
■with  a  thick  underwood,  high,  coarse  grass,  and  creeping 
and  climbing  pl.ints,  while  all  around  Lake  Tchad,  and  for 
a  considerable  distance  W.S.W.  and  S.,  it  is  alluvial  and 
marshy.  The  chief  productions  are  millet.  b;»rley,  beans, 
m.iize.  cotton,  and  indigo ;  trees  are  scarce,  and  it  has  no 
fruit  or  edible  roots.  Minerals  are  unknown.  The  princi- 
pal wealth  of  the  inhabitants  is  in  slaves  and  cattle,  and  the 
horses  of  Bornoo  are  greatly  prized  in  the  markets  of  Sou- 
dan. The  chief  exports  a<-e  slaves,  gold-dust,  and  civet.  The 
mass  of  the  people  (^Kanowry)  are  negroes,  professingFetish- 
ism,  divided  into  tribes,  and  speaking  different  idioms. 
The  dominant  race  (Shouas)  are  of  Arab  descent,  and  Mo- 
hammedans. Principal  towns,  Kooka,  the  residence  of  the 
sovereign,  Engomoo,  Deegoa,  Old  and  New  Birnie,  and  Affa- 
gay,  several  of  which  are  populous,  well  built,  and  enclosed 
by  walls. Adj.  and  inhab.  Bor\\ooese'. 

BOKXOS.  boR/uoce.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  28  miles 
N.E.  of  Cadiz,  on  the  Ouadalete.  Pop.  4826.  It  contains 
the  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Medinaceli.  part  of  which  consists 
of  an  old  Moorish  castle,  in  good  preservation. 

BORXOU.    See  Bornoo. 

BORODINO,  bor-o-dee'no,  (Russ.  pron.  bo-ro-de-no',)  a 
village  of  Bussiia,  government,  and  75  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Moscow,  on  the  Kologa,  an  affluent  of.the  Moskva,  cele- 
brated for  the  dear-bought  victory  gained  by  the  French 
over  the  Russians  on  the  7th  of  September,  1S12. 

BORODI'NO,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York,  18 
miles  S.W,  of  Syracuse. 

BORODI'NO,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  Michigan. 

BORODINO,  NEW,  a  recently-founded  settlement  of  exiles 
in  Siberia,  near  Krasnoyarsk,  government  of  Venisiesk. 

BOROOJIRD,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Booroojird. 

BOROU.    See  Booro. 

BOROUGH,  bar/riih,  a  village  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cai- 
marthen,  parish  of  Llanelly,  14  miles  S.E,  of  Carmarthen. 
Pop.  in  1>51,  8415,  chiefly  coal-miners  and  sailore, 

BOU'OUOnBRIDGE,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  parish  of  Aldborough,  on 
the  river  Ure.  here  navigable,  and  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge, 
17  miles  N.W.  of  York.  Pop.  in  1851,  1095.  It  has  a  small 
church,  a  handsome  market  cross,  and  3  branch  banks. 
Races  are  held  annually.  Before  being  disfranchised  by  the 
Befonu  Act,  it  sent  2  members  to  the  Uouse  of  Commons. 
256 


Many  Boman  and  British  antiquities  have  been  found  here, 
the  most  curious  of  which  are  the  tlfi-ee  rude  stone  obelisks 
called  the  "Devil's  Arrows,"  aliout  half  a  mile?,  of  the  town. 
This  was  anciently  a  famous  Druidical  meeting  place.  The 
town  communicates  by  a  branch  with  the  Great  North  of 
England  Railway. 

BOROUGH  OF  CAMBRIDGE,  a  village  in  Cambridge 
township,  Lamoille  co.,  Vermont,  contains  a  church,  2  ta- 
verns, and  2  stores. 

BOROVITCIIEE  or  BOROA'ITCIII.  bo-ro-vit'chee,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  96  miles  E,S,E,  of  Novgorod,  on 
the  Msta,  near  the  Rapids  of  Borovitskie.  Pop,  4CO0,  who 
carrj'  on  an  active  trade  in  salt.  coal,  and  limestone. 

BOROVITCIIEE  or  BOROVITCHI,  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  72  miles  N.E.  of  Tchernigov. 

BOROVITCIIEE  or  BOROVITCHI.  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  46  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pskov. 

BOROVSK,  bo-rovsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kalooga,on  the  Protva,  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict. Pop.  5000.  It  has  manufactures  of  sail-cloth  and 
leather,  and  its  onions,  garlic.  Ac.  are  in  great  repute.  Near 
it  is  a  rich  convent,  founded  in  1444. 

BtJRRIOL,  boR-Re-ol',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  4  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  2069. 

BOR'RIS,  or  BUR'RIS-ID'RONE,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co. 
and  16  miles  S.  of  Carlow.  Pop.  9.50.  In  it  is  Borris  Castle, 
the  seat  of  Thomas  Kavanagh.  Esq. 

BOR'RIS-IN-OS/SORY.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster.  Queen's  CO..  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Roscrea.  Pop,  821,  It 
was  formerly  a  military  position  of  some  strength,  and  has 
a  neat  court-house. 

BORRISLEAGH,  bor'ris-la',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster.  CO.  of  Tipperary. 

BOR'RIS-O'KANE,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland.  inMun- 
ster.  CO.  of  Tipper.iry,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Parsonstown.  Pop. 
of  town,  1625. 

BORRIS-O'LEAGII,  bor'rls-o-lA'.  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co,  of  Tipperarv,  in  a  picturesque  district,  6  miles 
S.S.W.  ofTemplemore.    Pop.  1438. 

EOKROMEAN  (bor-ro-mee/an)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  four 
small  islands  of  the  Sardinian  dominions,  in  the  Bay  of 
Tosa,  forming  the  W,  arm  of  the  Laggo  Maggiore : — 

IsoLA  San  Giovanni,  ee'so-ld  san  jo-vdn'nee,  or  IsouN.i, 
e-so-lee/n3,  is  the  northernmost,  and  is  occupied  by  gardens 
and  fertile  fields. 

Isola  Madre,  ee'so-ll  mi'dr.A.  the  largest,  is  covered  with 
orange  and  citron-trees,  and  gardens  of  exotic  plants. 

IsoLA  SuPEKiORE.  ee/so-ld  soo-pA-ree-o'ri,  or  Isola  dei  Pes- 
CATORi,  ee'so-ld  dA'e  pJs-ci-to'ree,  {i.e.  "the  Fishermen's 
Island,")  is  inhabited  by  fishermen,  and  contains  the  small 
church  of  the  islands, 

IsoLA  Bella,  ee'so-ld  biMOl,  is  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
group.  This  island,  which  was  formerly  a  barren  and  sterile 
rock,  was,  in  1671.  transformed  into  a  delicious  garden,  rising 
in  10  terraces,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  enclosing 
a  magnificent  palace.  The  garden  contains  fine  specimens 
of  the  most  interesting  tropical  plants,  and  the  palace  is 
adorned  with  paintings  and  statues.  The  family  of  Count 
Borromeo  have  been  proprietors  of  these  islands  since  the 
thirteenth  century. 

BOR/ROWDALE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber 
land,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Keswick.  Pop.  in  1851,  1425.  Here 
is  the  famous  mine  whence  is  obtained  the  finest  black-lead 
or  plumbago  in  the  world.  It  is  opened  but  once  in  7  years, 
enough  of  produce  being  then  extracted  to  supply  the  Lon- 
don market  for  that  period.  The  annual  sale  averages  about 
3000/.  The  picturesque  scenery  of  Borrowdale  attracts 
many  tourists. 

BOR'ROWSTOUNNESS',  or  BONESS,  bS-nfs.s'.  a  burgh  of 
barony,  seaport,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Linlithgow,  on 
a  low  peninsula  in  the  Frith  of  I'orth,  17  miles  W.N,W.  of 
Edinburgh,  Pop.  in  1851,  5192.  The  streets  are  narrow, 
and  the  houses  low  and  old-£jshioned.  The  harbor  is  safe, 
and  some  ship-building,  and  trade  in  coal  and  salt  from  the 
vicinity  are  carried  on.  The  town  has  also  distilleries,  and 
manufactures  of  earthenware,  soap,  and  vitriol.  In  1844, 
100  vessels  (aggregate  burden  6536  tons)  belonged  to  this 
port.  Registered  shipping  in  1847.  5944  tons.  The  coal- 
mines of  the  parish  extend  under  the  bed  of  the  Forth,  so 
as  almost  to  meet  those  of  Culross  from  the  opposite  side. 
Xear  Bo'ness  is  Kinniel  House,  long  the  residence  of  the  phi- 
losopher Dugald  Stewart. 

BORSA,  boR/sh6h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  JIarmaros, 
47  miles  S.E.  of  Szigeth,  on  the  Viso.  Pop.  3478.  There  are 
silver  and  copper-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

BORS.NA  or  BORZX.t.  t)ORz'nd,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tchernigov.    Pop.  1200. 

B<JRSOD,  lioR^shod',  or  BORSCHOD.  boR'shot,  an  admi- 
nistrative province  of  Hungary,  The  district  extends  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Sajo,  and  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  in 
the  kingdom.  Chief  products,  grain,  wine,  and  fruits;  cattle 
are  extensively  reared,  and  its  commerce  is  important.  Pop. 
in  1840,  183,184. 

BORSSELE.  boRs/sA'lfh,orBRAMSALE,  bBdm-si/lfh,  ori- 
ginally two  islands  of  Holland,  provinc«  of  Zealand,  but 


BOR 


BOS 


now  part  of  Sfuth  BeToland,  joined  by  means  of  gradual 
ftcquisitions  from  the  river  and  the  sea. 

UORSTALL,  or  BOAR'STAI.L,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  IJuek?.  B  miles  S.S.K.  of  Bicester.  The  chapel  contains 
monuments  of  the  Aubrey  family.  In  the  civil  war  HorstiiU 
house  was  garrisoned  for  King  Charles  I.,  and  taken  by  I'air- 
tiix  in  1646. 

BORT,  boB,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Corr^ze,  on 
the  Dordogne,  14  miles  S..S.K.  of  Ussel.  I'op.  of  the  com- 
mune, iu  1851,  2659.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  horses  and 
cattle.    This  is  the  birth-place  of  Jlarniontel. 

BOUTII'VVICK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

BORTIl'WICK  CASTLK,  a  strong  fortress,  built  in  the 
fifteentli  century;  was  famous  in  the  civil  wars  of  both  the 
succeeding  centuries.  Dr.  Robertson,  the  historian,  was 
bom  iu  the  manse  of  B(>rthwick. 

BORTIGALI,  l>oR-te-gd'lee,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  province 
of  Cairliari.  40  miles  S.E.  of  Sa.ssari.    Pop.  2920. 

I50R  VSTIIKNES,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Dnieper. 

BORZD.NASCA,  boud-zo-nds'kd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
Stitcs,  10  miles  N.N'.K. of  Chiavari.  Pop. 4810.  Ithasmau- 
ufactures  of   cloths. 

BOSA,  bo's!,  a  seaport  town  of  the  iiiland  of  Sardinia,  30 
miles  S.  of  Sassari,  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  Termo,  on  the  W. 
eoast.  Pop.  6250.  It  is  a  bisliop's  see.  and  is  a  well  built 
and  paved,  having  a  catliedral  and  a  diocesan  school.  Its 
liarl)or  is  safe,  being  slieltered  by  the  island  of  Bosa. 

BOS'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BOS'CASXLIi,  a  small  maritime  and  market-town  of 
England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  on  the  Bristol  Channel,  in  a  deep 
vale.  2  miles  S.E.  of  Bossiney.     Pop.  about  800. 

BOS'CAWEN  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  Navigation  group.    Lat.  15°  50'  S.,  Ion.  173^  35'  VV. 

BOSCAWEN,  (commouly  pronounced  bo.s'quoin,)  a  post- 
township  of  Merrimack  co.,  New  Hampshire,  10  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Crvncord.  on  the  western  side  of  the  Merrimack. 
Intersected  by  the  Northern  Railroad.  Pop.  2274.  It  has  an 
insurance  company  and  a  manufactory  of  platform  scales. 

BOSCO,  lx).s'ko,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Alessandria. 

BOSCO  or  BOSCO  TRE-CASE,  bos1<o  trA-ki/si,  a  town  of 
Naples,  Casteliamare,  on  the  soutliern  declivity  of  Mount 
Vesuvius.  Pop.  8600.  It  has  a  royal  manufactory  of  arms 
and  gunpowder. 

BD.S'COBKL,  an  extra-parochial  liberty  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Shiffnall.  i'op.  in  1851,  20.  The 
mannr-house  here  was  the  retreat  of  Charles  11.  after  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  3d  September,  1651.  For  greater  secu- 
rity, the  king  pjussed  the  next  day  concealed  in  a  thick  oak 
tree  whii'h  grew  near,  from  an  acorn  of  which  the  present 
"  Royal  oak,"  at  Boscobel,  has  sprung. 

BiJS'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England.' co.  of 'Wilts. 

BiJSDAKllOS,  losMda^Ro/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  the  Basses-Pyrenees,  arrondissement  and  canton  of 
Pau.     Pop.  of  commune,  1935. 

BO'SIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BO'SIIHSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  and  4i  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Pembroke.  Pop.  225.  A  cave  here  communicates 
with  the  sea,  the  waters  of  which  sometimes  rush  in  with 
such  violence  as  to  project  a  column  of  fuam  more  tlian  30 
feet  above  its  mouth. 

Bi)S.JEAN,  bo'zhfiNo/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire.     Pop.  of  commune,  1015. 

BOSJESMAN'S,  (bos/ye.s-manzN)  BOSCIIMAN'S,  (bosW- 
manz.)  or  BUSHMEN'S  (boosh'menz)  COUNTRY,  a  region 
of  South  Africa,  N.  of  the  colonial  territory  of  tlie  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  The  inhabitants,  a  race  of  Hottentots,  are  the 
most  diminutive  and  savage  of  these  regions. 

Bi).SKOOI',  bos-kop',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Sfjuth  Holland.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Ley  den.     Pop.  1884. 

BOSKOWITZ,  bo.s'ko-wits\  a  town  of  Austria,  Moravia, 
21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Brliiin.  Pop.  2962.  It  has  a  noble  resi- 
dence, and  manufactories  of  Prussian  blue,  alum,  vitriol, 
glass,  potash,  and  liqueurs. 

BOS'MITCH,  a  river  and  village  of  Persia;  the  river,  an 
affluent  of  that  which  passes  Tabreez ;  and  the  village  on  its 
banks  12  miles  E.  of  Tabreez. 

BOSNA,  boz'nd,  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  Bosnia,  to 
whidi  it  gives  its  name ;  after  a  tortuous  northward  course 
of  about  150  miles,  joins  the  Save,  24  miles  E.  of  Brod.  Its 
greatest  breadth  about  400  feet.  Principal  affluents,  the 
Laschra.  Krivaga.  and  Spressa.  The  towns  Jepee,  Maglai, 
and  Doboi,  !ire  on  its  banks. 

BOSNA  SERAI,  bos'uJ  sgr-i',  also  written  SERAIO, 
»f-ri'o,  SER.AIEVO  or  SERAJEVO,  ser-i-yi/vo,  a  town  of 
European  Turkey,  capital  of  the  province  of  Bosnia,  on 
the  Migliazza,  an  affluent  of  the  Bosna,  122  miles  S.W. 
Of  Belgrade.  Pop.  60,000,  of  which  40,000  are  Turks,  3000 
Catholics,  and  the  remainder  Greeks  and  Jews.  It  is  well 
built,  and  though  most  of  the  houses  are  of  wood,  has 
a  gay  and  pleasant  appearance  from  the  number  of  mi- 
narets and  steeples  with  which  it  is  embellished.  It  is 
defended  by  a  strong  citadel,  and  was  formerly  surrounded 
by  walls,  now  in  ruins.  It  is  the  seat  of  many  of  the  chief 
authorities  of  the  province;  has  man uCvctories of  fire-arms, 


jewellery,  leather  and  woollen  goods,  and  is  the  principa. 
entrepot  for  the  commerce  of  'Turkey,  Dalmatia.  Croatia, 
and  South  Germany.  In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  iron 
mines,  and  the  mineral  baths  of  .Serai'ew/.o.  The  town  de 
rives  its  name  from  an  old  palace  (Serai)  built  by  Mohammed 
II..  and  the  inhabitants  enjoy  a  municipal  administration 
nearly  independent  of  the  pasha,  who  resides  at  Travnik. 

BOSNIA.  Ijoz/ne-d,  (billed  BOSNA,  boz'iid,  by  the  Turks,^ 
a  province  of  European  Turkey,  comprising  Bosnia  Proper 
Turkish  Croatia,  and  Herzegovina,  situated  at  the  extreme 
western  part  of  the  empire,  between  lat.  42°  30',  and  45°  15' 
N.;  bounded  N.  and  W.  by  the  provinces  of  Au.stria,  S.  by 
Montenegro  and  Albania,  and  E.  by  Servia.  Area  estimated 
at  18,800  square  miles,  and  pop.  at  900,000,  The  surtace  is 
almost  wholly  mountainous,  traversed  by  the  chain  of  the 
Dinaric  Alps,  and  covered  by  its  contreforts,  and  those  of  the 
Julian  Alps,  lising  in  many  places  upwards  of  6000  feet.  A 
great  part  of  it  is  situated  in  the  basin  of  the  Danube,  and 
watered  by  the  Save  and  its  affluents,  the  Verba,  Bosna,  and 
Drin.  The  southern  portion  ^llerz^'g■)vina)  is  watered  by 
the  Narenta.  which  tiows  into  the  Mediterranean.  The  soil 
is  in  general  ill-suited  for  cultivation,  except  in  the  valley 
of  the  Save.  On  the  N.  slofies  ot  the  Dinaric  .\lps  are  exten- 
sive forests,  yielding  valuable  timber,  and  the  pasturage  is 
excellent,  ^^'heat,  barley,  and  maize,  are  raised  in  sufli- 
cient  quantity  for  home  consumption,  and  in  the  soutliern 
districts,  tlax,  tobacco,  wines,  and  olives.  Fruits  are  culti- 
vated in  great  abundance,  especially  prunes,  of  wliicli  a 
species  of  wine  is  prepared.  The  rearing  of  cjittle  is  an  im- 
portant branch  of  agriculture ;  the  horses  are  of  an  excellent 
breed,  and  the  sheep  furnish  a  celebrated  kind  of  wool. 
Croatia  is  renowned  fur  its  honey.  The  mountains  contain 
gold  mines,  which  were  worked  by  the  Romans,  and  mines 
of  silver  and  mercury;  but  the  government  permits  only 
the  mining  of  iron,  and  that  of  lead  in  one  or  two  places. 
Manufacturing  industry  is  limited  to  fire-arms,  leather, 
woollen  and  cotton  stuffs,  and  gunpowder.  Chief  ex|X)rts, 
leatlier,  hides,  wool,  goats'  hair,  honey,  cattle,  timber,  and 
mineral  waters.  Imports,  colonial  produce,  silks,  paper, 
salt,  oil,  and  dried  fruits.  The  transit  trade  is  considerable 
between  Turkey  and  the  Austrian  States.  The  roads  are 
very  bad,  and  in  general  only  practicable  for  beasts  of  bur- 
den. The  Bosniaks  are  of  a  Sclavonian  origin,  and  a  good 
many  lielong  to  the  Greek  church.  As  a  frontier  province, 
Bosnia  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  empire;  it  has  a 
great  number  of  fortifications.  Previous  to  640  it  was  go- 
verned by  independent  princes,  called  Itans  or  Waiwodes, 
who  became  vas.sals  to  Hungary.  The  Turks  rendered  it 
tributary  in  1463,  and  it  was  united  to  the  empire  by  Soli- 
man  II.  in  1522. Adj.  and  inhab.  Boz.ma.n.  boz'ne-an. 

BOS'PORUS.dess  correcUy  written  BOS'PH(>RUS.);Turk. 
Boghaz,  Wgdz';  L.  Hos'pnrvs  T/irakius ;)  called  also  the 
STRAIT  OF  CONSTANTINOPLE,  a  narrow  passage  which 
connects  the  Black  Sea  with  the  SeJi  of  Marmora,  and  sepaiates 
Europe  from  Asia.  It  is  about  17  miles  long,  and  varies  in 
width  from  a  half  mile  to  IJ  miles.  A  current  sets  con- 
stantly through  it  from  the  Black  Sea.  running  with  great 
violence  and  rapidity  when  the  wind  is  from  the  N.E.,  but 
hardly  perceptiWe  when  it  blows  from  the  opposite  quarters, 
namely,  the  S.W.  The  depth  of  water  is  considerate,  and 
the  navigation  safe.  The  scenery  along  the  banks  of  the 
channel  is  extremely  beautiful,  witli  magnificent  palaces,  of 
which  no  fewer  than  10  are  imperial  summer  residences, 
and  most  of  them  on  the  Asiatic  side,  handsome  houses  and 
noble  gardens  being  thickly  distributed  over  tlie  face  of  the 
country  in  the  vicinity  of  the  strait,  on  both  sides,  alter- 
nated with  picturesque  cliffs  of  jasper,  porphyry,  and  agate. 
At  the  narrowest  part  of  the  channel,  about  8  miles  from  its 
southern  entrance,  occur  the  two  castles  or  torts  called  re- 
spectively Room-Elee  (Houmeli)  Hissar  and  Anadoli  Ilissar; 
tlie  former  on  the  western  or  European  side,  and  the  latter  on 
the  eastern  or  Asiatic.  The  Bosporus  was,  in  ancient  times, 
remarkable  for  its  tunny-fishery,  which  is  still  a  source  of 
considerable  profit  to  the  inhabitants.  The  rivers,  great 
and  small,  that  fall  into  the  strait,  are  said  to  amount  to  30 
ill  number.  The  Bosporus  of  Constantinople  is  called  the 
Thracian  Bosp<irus,  to  distinguisli  it  from  the  Cimmerian 
Bosporus,  the  narrow  channel  that  connects  the  Sea  of  Azof 
with  the  Black  Sea,  now  called  the  Straits  of  Yenikale.  By 
a  treaty  executed  in  1829.  between  the  Russians  and  the 
Porte,  the  navigation  of  the  Bosporus  was  opened  to  the 
merchant  ships  of  all  nations. 

BOB'S  ALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

BOS/SARDSYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Penn 
sylvania. 

BOS/SERMAN'S  MILLS,,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BOS/SIER\  (Fr.  pron.  bos'se-A/,)  a  parish  in  the  N,W.  part 
of  Louisiana,  bordering  on  Arliansas,  contains  1066  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Bed  Itiver.  and  on  the 
E.  by  Dauchite  Bayou  and  Lake  Bistineau.  The  chief  pro- 
ductions are  cotton  and  maize.  Red  River  is  navigated  by 
steamboats  to  the  '•  Raft,"  which  is  situated  on  the  border 
of  this  parish.    Bossier  was  formed  out  of  the  western  part 

257 


BOS 


BOS 


of  Claiboni<!  parish.  Capital,  Belleview.  Pop.  11,548,  of 
whom  3348  were  free  and  SOOO  slaves. 

BOSSIKR  I'OIN'r,  a  po8tK)ffice  of  Bossier  pari.sh,  Loui- 
siana. 

BOS'SIXEY,  with  TREVENA,  a  disfranchised  p-irliar 
mentary  br>rou<;h  of  England,  consisting  of  two  small  villar 
ges  on  tlie  northern  coast  of  Cornwall,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Camelford.     Pop.  'M6. 

BOSSUT-LES-WALCOURT,  bos'sU'-lA-Tarkoon/.  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut.  14  miles  S.  of  Charleroi. 
Pop.  of  commune.  581.  Near  this  place  the  Trench  gained 
a  victory  over  the  Austrians  in  1792. 

BOSTAX,  EL,  el  bos^tin',  (i.  e. '•  the  Garden :"  anc.  Oomal- 
flrt  f)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  and  40  miles  N.W. 
of  Ma  rash,  on  the  Sihoon.  (Sarm.)  and  on  the  N.  side  of 
Mount  Taurus.  Pop.  from  8000  to  9000.  It  has  several 
mosques,  with  a  considerable  trade  in  wheat,  and  is  said  to 
have  about  40  dependent  villages. 

BOST'ICK'S  MILLS,  a  postoffiee  of  Richmond  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BOSTOX,  bos'ton,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, seaport  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
ina  rich  agricultural  district  on  the  estuary  of  the  Witham, 
b  miles  from  the  sea  and  28  miles  S.E.  of  Lincoln.  Pop.  in 
1861,  15.132.  The  town  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts  by  the  M'itham,  here  crossed  by  an  iron  bndge  of 
one  arch,  86  feet  in  span;  it  is  well  built,  paved,  and 
lighted,  and  abundantly  supplied  with  good  water.  Its 
parish  cliurch.  built  in  13ii9.  is  the  l.ai-gest  without  aisles 
in  the  kingdom;  length  291  feet;  breadth  99  feet.  The 
tower,  291  feet  in  height,  resemliles  that  of  Antwerp 
cathedral,  and  forms  a  landmai-k  visible  40  miles  distant. 
Boston  has  a  grammar  school  founded  in  1554,  Blue-coat 
and  numerous  other  schools,  a  town-hall,  a  union  poor- 
house,  house  of  correction,  custom-house,  large  market- 
house,  and  vauxhall,  with  assembly-rooms,  3  public  libra- 
ries, several  banks,  manufacturies  of  sailcloth,  canvas,  and 
sacking,  2  or  3  iron  foundries,  and  some  shipyards.  Owing 
to  neglect  in  keeping  the  river  clear,  the  trade  became 
nearly  extinct  in  the  last  century,  but  recent  improvements 
now  enable  vessels  of  300  tons  to  unload  in  the  town, 
whence  the  navigation  is  continued  to  Lincoln  by  small 
steamers  and  barges.  The  chief  imports  consist  of  Baltic 
produce,  with  coal  and  manufactured  goods  coastwise. 
Chief  exports,  oats,  wool,  and  wood,  which  last  is  exten- 
sively produced  in  the  vicinity.  Registered  shipping  of 
port  in  1S47,  186  vessels;  aggregate  burden.  8768  tons. 
Boston  sends  two  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In 
the  reign  of  Edw.ird  III.,  and  subsequently.  Boston  was  one 
of  the  princijxil  commercial  ports  of  England.  Fox.  the  bio- 
grapher of  the  ni.irtyrs.  was  bjrn  here  in  1517.  The  town 
gives  the  title  of  Aiscount  to  the  Irbv  famil  v. 

BOS'TOX,  a  village  of  England,  co".  of  York,  West  Riding, 
3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wetherby,  in  a  valley  on  the  Wharfe. 
Pop.  1014. 

BOS'TON^.  the  second  commercial  city  of  the  United  States, 
capital  of  Massachusetts,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Suffolk  co.,  is 
situated  at  theW.  extremity  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  464  miles 
by  railroad  X.E.of  \Va.shington:  236 miles  X.E.of  Xew  York; 
200  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Albany  ;  105  miles  S.S.W.  of  Portland : 
43  miles  X.X.E.  of  Providence;  76  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord: 
and  124  miles  N.E.  of  Hartford.  Lat.  of  the  State-house, 
42°  21'  22"  X.,  Ion.  71°  4'  9"  W.  The  city  consists  of  thi-ee 
parts,  Boston  Proper.  East  Boston,  and  South  Boston. 
Boston  Proper,  or  Old  Boston,  occupies  a  peninsula  em- 
bracing about  700  ax-res:  the  surface  is  very  uneven,  and  in 
three  places  rises  into  hills  of  considerable  elevation,  the 
highest  being  138  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  A  narrow 
isthmus,  or  '-Xeck."  as  it  is  called,  a  little  more  than  a  mile 
in  length,  joins  the  peninsula  to  the  mainland  of  Roxbury 
on  the  S.  This  Neck,  once  overflowed  by  the  tides,  was  the 
only  passage  to  the  city  till  the  year  17Sii,  and  by  fortifying 
it  in  the  early  part  of  the  Revolution,  the  British  were  en- 
abled to  cut  off  all  intercourse  between  Boston  and  the  sur- 
rounding country.  It  has  since  been  raisetl,  and  made 
much  wider,  so  that  at  present  there  are  four  avenues  lead- 
ing over  it  from  Roxbury  to  Boston.  Besides  these  tho- 
roughfares, seven  bridges  connect  Boston  Proper  with 
Charlestown.  South  Boston,  and  the  mainland.  The  first 
one  built  was  the  Charles  River  Bridge.  15'i3  feet  long,  lead- 
ing to  Charlestown.  It  was  opened  for  travel  on  the 
eleventh  anniversary  of  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill.  June 
17th,  17S6.  Tlie  Old  Cambridge  Bridge.  2758  feet  in  length, 
with  a  causeway  of  3432  feet  extending  across  Charles 
River  to  Cambridge  Road,  was  completed  in  1793.  The 
South  Boston  Bridge,  1550  feet  long,  leading  from  the  Neck 
to  South  Boston,  was  opened  in  ISiiS.  Canal  Bridge,  2796 
feet  in  length,  connecting  Boston  with  L-chmere  Point,  was 
finished  in  1809.  From  the  centre  of  this  bridge  another 
bridge,  1820  feet  in  length,  extends  to  Prison  Point,  in 
Charlestown.  Boston  Free  Bridge,  about  500  feet  in  length, 
leailing  to  South  Boston,  and  Warren  Bridge,  1390  feet  long, 
leading  to  Charlestown,  were  finished  in  1828.  In  addition 
to  these,  the  Western  .Avenue,  about  1}  miles  long,  and 
from  60  to  100  feet  wide,  extends  from  the  foot  of  Beacon 
SJ8 


street  to  Sewell's  Point  in  Brookline.  It  is  built  upon  • 
substantial  dam,  which  ig  constructed  across  the  bay,  en- 
closing an  area  of  from  000  to  700  acres.  This  enclosure  is 
now  being  filled  up  to  an  average  height  of  18  feet  from  the 
water-level  with  gravel  brought  from  Needliam,  14  miles. 
The  part  graded  is  liandsomely  laid  out  in  wide  streets,  and 
already  contains  some  of  the  finest  dwellings  and  public 
buildings  in  Boston.  When  completed  it  willbe  by  far  ths 
most  elegant  portion  of  the  city,  constituting  a  new  Boston 
quite  as  large  as  the  original  peninsula.  This  portion  of  the 
city  is  known  as  the  "  Back  Bay  Lands."  With  the  excep- 
tion  of  Western  Avenue,  all  the  other  bridges  leading  from 
the  city,  either  are  or  will  Isecome,  at  a  given  time,  the  pro. 
perty  of  the  state,  and  free  for  public  use.  The  various 
railroads  conducting  into  the  city  proper  have  bridges  con- 
structed expressly  for  their  accommodation.  Places  in  the 
vicinity,  not  reached  by  any  of  these  thoroughfares,  commu- 
nicate with  Boston  by  means  of  steam-ferries. 

South  Boston,  set  off  from  Dorchester  in  1804,  extends 
about  2  miles  along  the  south  side  of  the  harbour,  between 
Boston  Proper  and  Fort  Independence.  It  embraces  about 
600  acres  of  varied  surface,  and  is  handsomely  laid  out; 
many  of  the  streets  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  and 
form  s(iuares.  Near  the  centre,  and  atout  2  miles  from  the 
state-house,  are  the  famous  '•  Dorchester  Heights,"  by  the 
fortification  of  which,  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  Ameri- 
cans succeeded  in  expelling  the  enemy  from  Boston.  These 
"  Heights,"  nearly  130  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean, 
afford  a  magnificent  view  of  the  city,  bay,  and  surrounding 
country.  One  of  them  contains  a  capacious  reservoir  of  the 
Boston  Water-works. 

East  Boston  occupies  the  western  part  of  what  was  for- 
merly known  as  Noddle's  Island.  Samuel  Maverick  lived 
on  this  island  as  his  homestead  in  1630,  the  same  time  that 
John  Blackstone  owned  and  improved  the  peninsula.  It 
embraces  about  660  acres  of  arable  land,  together  with  a 
large  body  of  flats.  The  surfiice  is  quite  uneven,  portions 
of  it  rising  into  considerable  elevations,  which  afford  fine 
sites  for  dwellings.  The  island  is  situated  at  nearly  the 
same  distance  (about  650  yards)  from  Boston  Proper  as'fix)m 
Charlestown.  It  was  purchased  and  laid  out  into  streets  in 
1832,  since  which  time  it  has  increa.sed  rapidly  in  popula- 
tion. It  has  already  become  a  place  of  extensive  business, 
particularly  in  ship-building  and  the  various  branches  of 
manufactures,  among  the  more  important  of  which  may  be 
mentioned  an  immense  sugar  refinery,  and  a  large  steam 
flouring  mill.  A  wharf.  1000  feet  in  length,  is  devoted  to 
the  use  of  the  Cunard  line  of  Liverpool  steamshiiis.  Eai-t 
Boston  is  the  terminus  of  the  Grand  Junction  lUih-oad. 
The  several  parts  of  the  city,  together  with  the  town  of 
Chelsea,  constitute  the  county  of  SuiTolk. 

The  streets  of  Boston  were  originally  laid  out  upon  nc 
systematic  plan,  and  being  accommodated  to  the  uneven- 
ness  of  the  surface,  many  of  them  are  crooked  and  narrow; 
but  these  defects  have  of  late  been  remedied  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  so  that  now  the  principal  thoroughfares  are 
convenient  and  spacious.  Washington  and  Tremont  streets 
are  the  fcshionable  promenades.  Although  Boston  Proper 
is  circumscribed  in  its  limits,  it  contains  one  of  the  finest 
public  parks  (the  Common)  that  is  to  lie  found  in  any  city 
of  .America.  Known  to  the  earliest  settlers  by  the  name  of 
"Tower  Fields,"  and  occupied  afterwards  as  a  town  cow- 
pasture,  Boston  Common  has  since  been  set  apart,  orna- 
mented, and  carefully  preserved  for  the  common  benefit  of 
the  citizens  in  all  coming  time.  Nearly  50  acres  are  in- 
cluded within  its  boundaries,  embracing  almost  every  va- 
riety of  surfiice,  from  the  level  plat  to  the  gentle  slope  and 
abrupt  ascent.  Towering  elms,  some  of  which  are  loO  years 
old.  enclose  the  borders,  while  within,  graded  walks,  beauti- 
fullj'  shaded,  intersect  each  other  in  every  direction.  X'ear 
the  centre  is  a  small  pond,  where  a  fountain  sends  up  its 
crjstal  stream  whirling  and  sparkling  60  or  70  feet  into  the 
air.  The  entire  grounds  are  surrounded  by  a  costly  iron 
fence.  1977  yards  in  length.  The  northern  portion  of  the 
Common,  occupying  the  southern  declivity  of  Beacon  Hill, 
affords  a  fine  view  of  Charles  River,  and  the  country  in  that 
direction.  The  space  towards  the  west,  between  the  Com- 
mon and  Charles  River,  is  occupied  by  a  botanic  garden, 
covering  about  25  acres.  Other  pulilic  grounds  have  been 
laid  out  in  the  newer  portions  of  the  citr. 

Boston  harbor  opens  to  the  sea  lietween  two  points  nearly 
4  miles  distant  from  each  other — Point  Alderton  on  Nan- 
tasket,  and  Point  Shirley  in  Chelsea.  It  is  shelten^d  from 
the  ocean  by  the  peninsulas  of  which  these  two  points  are 
the  extremities,  and  a  large  number  of  islands.  I'otween 
which  are  three  entrances.  The  main  passage,  which  is 
alxmt  3  miles  S.E.  of  the  Navy-yard,  and  so  nari-ow  as 
scarcely  to  admit  two  vessels  to  pass  abreast,  lies  lietween 
Castle  and  Governor's  Islands,  and  is  defended  by  Fort  In- 
dependence and  Fort  Warren.  A  pass.age  N.  of  Oovemors 
Island  is  also  protected  by  Fort  Warren.  A  new  fortress, 
of  great  size  and  strength,  now  nearly  completed,  on 
George's  Island,  guards  the  entranca.  to  tho  outward  or 
lower  harbor.  The  entire  surface  included  wit'iin  Point 
Alderton  and  Point  Shirley  is  esticaated  at  75  square  milee. 


BOS 

about  half  of  which  affords  good  anchorage-ground  for  ve§- 
gels  of  the  largest  class.  It  is  easy  of  access,  free  from  sand- 
bars, and  seldom  obstructed  with  Ice.  The  whole  is  thickly 
studded  with  islands,  and  is  the  reservoir  of  several  small 
streams,  among  which  are  the  Mystic,  Charles,  Neponset, 
and  the  Manatiriuot  Rivers. 

Piihlic  Buihliiigs. — Among  the  public  buildings,  the  State- 
bouse,  from  its  position,  is  the  most  conspicuous.  It  stands 
on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Hill,  fronting  tlie  common.  It  was 
erected  in  179S.  on  ground  termed  in  the  grant,  "  Governor 
Hancock's  pasture."  The  edifice  is  173  feet  long,  and  61  leet 
wide,  with  a  dome  50  feet  in  diameter,  and  30  feet  high,  the 
summit  of  wiiich  is  alx)ut  120  feet  from  the  ground,  and  230 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  soa.  In  1854  extensive  additions 
wore  made  to  the  N.  fnnit  for  a  State  Library.  The  view 
which  is  afforded  from  the  cupola  is  unsurpassed  by  any 
thing  in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world,  Kvery  por- 
tion of  the  city  is  before  the  eye  of  the  beholder.  The  har- 
bor is  spread  out  towards  the  K.,  emlxisoming  a  multitude 
of  beautiful  islands,  and  whitened  with  a  thousand  s;iils. 
On  the  other  hand  is  an  illimitable  expanse  of  country 
adorned  with  fruitful  fields,  and  everywhere  dotted  over 
with  elegant  villas  and  flourishing  villages;  while  to  the  N. 
towers  liunker  Hill  Monument,  marking  the  place  where 
the  first  great  battle  of  the  Kevolution  was  fought.  The 
number  of  persons  who  vi.-<ited  the  cupola  of  the  State- 
hou.se  from  April  to  November,  1S49.  was  62,430.  On  the 
entrance-floor  stands  a  fine  statue  of  Washington,  by  Chan- 
trey.  The  representatives'  hall  is  in  the  centre  on  the  prin- 
cipal floor,  the  si^nate  chamber  in  the  K..  and  the  governor's 
and  council  chamber  in  the  \V.  wing.  The  old  State-house 
is  still  standing  at  the  upper  end  of  State  street,  on  the 
site  occupied  as  the  seat  of  government  in  Ma.ssachusetts 
140  years.  The  first  building  was  erected  in  1659,  (after- 
wards destroyed  by  fire;)  the  second  in  1714,  (also  destroyed 
by  fire:)  and  the  present  one  in  1748.  Faneuil  Hall,  the 
"Cradle  of  Liberty,"  as  it  is  called,  is  an  object  of  much  in- 
terest, as  being  tlie  place  where  the  orators  in  the  days  of 
Hancock  and  Adams  roused  the  people  to  resistance  against 
British  oppression.  It  is  situated  in  Dock  Sf|uare.  and  is 
100  feet  long,  80  wide,  and  3  stories  high.  The  hall  is  76 
feet  square,  and  28  feet  high,  with  deep  galleries  on  three 
sides.  The  building  was  presented  to  the  citizens,  in  1742, 
by  Peter  Kaneuil,  Esq. 

Qnincy  Market,  immediately  K.  of  Faneuil  Hall,  on  Dock 
street,  was,  at  the  time  of  its  erection,  the  handsomest 
market-house  in  the  United  States,  It  is  upwards  of  500  feet 
long,  50  feet  wide,  and  2  stories  high,  with  a  dome.  The  se- 
cond story,  called  Quincy  Hall,  is  so  constructed  that  it  can 
be  occupied  as  several  apartments,  or  thrown  into  one.  as 
occasion  may  require.  The  building  was  erected  in  1826,  at 
a  cost  of  about  $150,000.  There  are  several  other  markets 
in  the  city,  besides  those  of  blast  Boston  and  South  Boston, 
The  Custom-house  is  near  the  head  of  Long  Wiiarf.  fronting 
both  on  Commerce  street  and  on  the  harbor.  It  is  built  of 
granite,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  surmounted  by  a  dome, 
the  top  of  which  is  90  feet  from  the  ground.  The  foundations 
rest  upon  3000  piles.  Its  length  is  140  feet:  width,  includ- 
ing the  projections  of  the  cross,  95  feet.  Kach  front  has  a 
portico  of  6  Doric  columns — each,  a  siuiile  stone,  costing 
ibout  $5000.  The  entire  cost  of  the  building  was  upwards 
of  Sl-OOO.OOO.  The  Merchants' Exchange  is  a  m.agnifieent 
fire-proof  building,  situated  on  the  S,  side  of  State  street. 
It  has  76  feet  front,  and  extends  back  250  feet  to  Lindall 
street,  covering  13.000  feet  of  ground.  The  front  is  com- 
posed of  Quincy  granite,  with  4  pilasters,  each  a  single  stone 
45  feet  high,  and  weighing  about  55  tons.  The  roof  is  of 
wrought  iron,  covered  with  galvanized  sheet-iron.  The  great 
central  hall,  80  feet  by  58,  is  occupied  as  the  Merchants  Ex- 
change and  reading-room.  In  the  basement  is  the  city  post- 
office.  The  building  was  finished  in  1S42,  and  cost,  exclu- 
sive of  the  ground,  $175,000,  A  new  City  Hall,  of  light- 
colored  granite  from  Concord,  N.H.,  is  now  (I860)  nearly 
completed,  costing  about  $600,000,  in  front  of  which  is  to  be 
placed  the  statue  of  Franklin.  The  Court-house,  also  of 
granite,  is  in  Court  square,  between  the  City  Hall  and  Court 
street.  It  contains  the  rooms  of  the  city,  county,  and 
United  States  Courts.  The  City  Prison,  consisting  of  a 
centre  building  in  the  form  of  an  octagon  with  4  wings  ex- 
lending  in  opposite  tUrections,  is  near  the  foot  of  Cambridge 
iitreet.  The  new  Tremont  Temple,  erected  on  the  site  of 
the  one  burnt  in  1852,  in  on  Tremont  street,  opposite  the 
Tremont  House.  The  main  hall,  which  is  on  the  upper 
floor,  is  130  feet  by  about  73,  and  45  feet  in  height,  having 
galleries  on  three  sides,  with  8  separate  flights  of  stairs. 
Directly  under  this  liall  are  13  rooms,  averaging  about  16 
feet  in  width,  and  from  32  to  38  feet  in  length.  Fronting  on 
Tremont  st:  eet  are  4  rooms  occupied  as  stores,  in  the  rear 
of  which  are  2  others,  each  32  feet  by  16,  and  a  vestry  73 
feet  by  33.  Still  farther  in  the  rear  is  another  hall  or 
chapel,  73  feet  by  53,  with  a  ceiling  25  feet  high.  The  Bos- 
ton Music  Hall,  completed  in  1852,  fronts  both  on  Winter 
street  and  on  Bumstead  place.  The  length  of  the  central 
hall  is  130  feet;  ^vidth,  80  feet;  height,  65  feet;  with  two 
tiers  of  galleries  extending  on  three  sides.    It  is  one  of  the 


BOS 

finest  concert-halls  in  the  United  States.  Mnslc  Tlall  con- 
tains the  "Great  Organ,"  one  of  the  most  powerful  and 
most  admirable  instruments  ever  constructed.  It  was  built 
at  Ludwigslust,  in  Germany,  and  cost  $60,000.  It  has  89 
stops,  ami  nearly  6000  pipes.  Its  entire  height  is  60  feet, 
breadth  48  feet,  and  depth  24  feet.  The  Fitcliburg  Railroad 
Depot,  at  the  corner  of  Causeway  and  Haverhill  streets.  w;i3 
at  the  time  of  its  completion  the  handsomest  railway  edifica 
in  the  United  States,  and  cost  upwards  of  $70,000. 

In  Boston  there  are  about  100  churches  of  the  -aHcaa 
denominations,  viz, :  Unitarian,  22;  Congregationailst.  14 
Baptist,  13;  Methodist,  12;  Episcopal,  11;  Roman  Ca  the  lie, 
11:  Unlversalist,  6;  besides  those  of  various  other  deno- 
minations, Christ  Church,  (Episcopal,)  built  in  1723,  i? 
the  oldest  church  edifice  in  Boston.  The  Old  South  Meeting- 
house, erected  in  1730,  is  the  next.  From  the  great  histnri- 
cal  interest  conne<ted  with  this  church,  it  is  selected  tiir  the 
annual  election  sermon,  preached  before  the  governor  and 
general  court. 

The  wharves  and  warehouses  of  Boston  are  on  a  scale  of 
magnitude  and  grandeur  surpassed  by  no  other  city  of  e<iual 
population.  The  N.  and  E.  sides  of  Old  Boston  are  lined 
with  wharves  and  docks,  which,  taken  together,  make  up 
an  aggreg.ate  length  of  over  6  miles.  Many  of  them  are 
.stupendous  structures.  Long  wharf,  lined  with  spacinus 
warehouses,  extends  into  the  harbor  l^OO  feet:  T  wharf 
reiiches  from  the  centre  nearly  to  the  outer  extremity  of  this 
wharf  on  the  N.  side,  and  is  parallel  to  it.  The  two  are 
united  by  means  of  a  short  cross-wharf.  The  next  S.  t» 
Long  wharf  is  Centre  wharf,  1379  feet  long,  with  a  uniform, 
range  of  warehouses  4  stories  high,  throughout  its  whole 
extent.  The  Custom-house  is  situated  between  these  two, 
on  Commercial  street.  Still  farther  S.  is  India  whaif,  S'SO 
feet  in  length,  and  from  246  to  280  in  breath,  having  a 
range  of  lofty  warehouses  in  the  centre.  Here  are  found 
vessels  from  China  and  India.  The  most  important  N,  of 
these  are  Commercial  wharf.  Lewi.s's  wharf,  and  the  Eastern 
Railroad  wharf.  Commercial  wharf  and  Lewis's  wharf  are 
each  occupied  by  a  range  of  massive  granite  wan^houses. 
On  the  »stern  Railroad  wh.arf.  the  landing  of  the  East  Itos- 
ton  Ferry,  there  are  two  such  ranges,  with  an  avenue  be- 
tween lejiding  to  the  shition-house. 

InHituti"ns. — Boston  contains  a  great  number  of  literary, 
scientific,  and  educational  institutions.  The  Boston  .\th©- 
naeum,  incorporated  in  1S07.  and  situated  in  Beacon  street, 
is  rapidly  l^eeoming  one  of  the  most  richly  endowed  and 
splendid  literary  institutions  in  the  world.  The  I'erkiiis 
family,  one  of  the  richest  of  ••  the  solid  men  of  Boston," 
gave  to  the  society  $fil,0(X».  Other  large  and  liberal  dona- 
tions were  received  from  different  pei-sons,  until  the  so- 
ciety were  able  to  erect  a  library  building,  at  a  cost  of 
$136,(X)0,  on  a  lot  of  ground  that  cost  $55,000.  The  librai-y 
contains  alxsve  50.000  volumes  of  books,  besides  an  extensive 
collection  of  manusciipts.  The  Athenaeum  likewise  con- 
tains a  fine  gallery  of  sculpture,  and  also  one  of  paiutings. 
The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  organized  in  17i)4, 
possesses  a  library  of  12.000  volumes,  and  about  450  vo- 
lumes of  manuscripts,  together  with  an  extensive  collection 
of  pamphlets,  maps,  charts,  coins,  and  other  relics.  The 
Boston  Library  Society,  founded  in  1794,  have  a  hall  in  the 
Tontine  Buildings,  and  a  library  of  about  14.000  volumes. 
The  American  Aciidemy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  has  a  library 
of  15,000  volumes.  Excepting  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  at  Philadelphia,  this  is  the  oldest  organization  of 
the  kind  in  the  United  States,  having  been  founded  in 
1780.  It  occupies  an  apartment  in  the  Athenaeum.  The 
Slercantile  Library  Association,  instituted  in  1820,  has  a 
collection  of  upwards  of  13,600  volumes.  The  first  Me- 
chanics' Apprentices'  Library  Association  ever  organized 
was  established  at  Boston  in  1820.  The  State  Library, 
foxinded  in  1826,  has  8000,  and  the  City  Library,  founded  in 
1851,  10,000  volumes.  The  Public  Library  building,  on 
Bovlston  street,  facing  the  Common,  was  dedicated  Jan,  1st, 
18.58.  The  cost  was  $:i63,633.  This  library  contains  95,000 
vols.,  and  is  free  to  every  citizen  of  Boston.  The  expense 
of  carrying  on  the  library  for  the  last  year  exceeded  830,000. 
Among  the  other  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  So- 
ciety of  Natural  History,  the  building  for  which,  on  the 
"Back  Bay  Lands,"  cost  $100,000,  also  the  Institute  of 
Technology,  the  edifice  for  which,  in  the  same  locality, 
cost  $100,000.  The  Medical  College  connected  with  Hai^ 
vard  University  is  situated  in  Boston.  The  Lowell  In- 
stitute was  established  by  John  Lowell,  junior,  who  be- 
queathed to  it  a  legiicy  of  $250,000.  The  bequest  pro- 
vides for  regular  courses  of  free  lectures,  to  be  given  upon 
natural  and  revealed  religion,  physics  and  chemistry,  in 
their  application  to  the  arts,  and  numerous  other  important 
subjects.  There  are  also  many  other  similar  societies,  such 
as  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Society, 
the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  the  American  Ori- 
ental- Society,  the  American  Statistical  Association,  tha 
Boston  Lyceum,  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  the  Musi- 
cal Educational  Society,  and  the  Boston  Academy  of  Music. 

Closely  identified  with  the  history  of  Boston  is'her  system 
of  public  instruction.    Ever  cherished  with  maternal'  care, 

259 


BOS 


BOS 


)ifir  sclioiils  h^tTe  long  been  ornaments  to  the  city,  and 
tlie  pride  of  New  Eiifjlanil.  As  early  as  1635,  tlie  town  re- 
corils  liear  evidence  to  tlie  establishment  of  a  "  free  Bcliool," 
and  from  that  hour  to  the  present  no  interest  has  received 
more  earnest  attention  than  the  subject  of  education.  The 
system  comprises  three  grajles  —  primary,  gi-ammar,  and 
higli  scliools.  There  are  254  primary,  20  grammnr,  and 
3  high  schools.  The  high  scliools  are,  the  Latin  school, 
for  boys,  comprising  268  pupils;  the  English  high  school, 
for  boys,  wit li  200  pupils;  and  the  high  and  normal  school, 
for  girls,  with  340  pupils.  There  are  in  the  primary  schools 
13,.5O0  pupils,  with  an  attendance  of  90  per  cent. ;  in  the 
grammar  schools  13,500  pupils,  with  an  attendance  of  93 
per  cent.  Total  numl>er  of  pupils  in  the  piiblic  schools  about 
28,000.  Whole  number  of  male  teachers,  including  masters, 
sub-masters,  and  ushers,  is  55.  Whole  number  of  female 
teachers,  503.  Sahiries  of  the  niiisters  of  the  three  liigh 
schools,  $3000;  of  the  masters  of  the  grammar  schools, 
$2200;  of  the  sub-masters  of  the  high  schools,  $2200;  of  the 
sub-masters  of  the  grammar  schools,  ?1S00;  other  salaries 
varying  from  $1800  to  $400,  according  to  the  length  of  term 
of  service.  The  salaries  are  fixed  by  the  school  committee, 
which  consists  of  the  mayor,  the  president  of  the  common 
council,  and  si.x  persons  from  each  of  the  12  wards.  The 
amount  of  money  expended  in  the  schools  for  the  year  1863, 
for  salaries  and  incidental  expenses  alone,  exclusive  of  the 
cost  of  school-houses,  was  about  §175,000.  The  average 
cost  of  tuition  of  esich  scholar  for  the  last  ten  years  hiis 
been  $14.08.  Total  amount  expended  for  school  edifices,  up 
to  May  1, 1861,  upwards  of  §2,000,000.  Instruction  in  mu- 
sic has  been  given  for  many  years  in  the  gi-ammar  schools. 
In  1864  the  school  committee  appointed  an  instructor  in 
music  in  the  primary  schools,  to  commence  with  the  young- 
est scholai-s,  at  a  salary  of  $1200. 

The  benevolent  institutions  of  Boston  are  numerous  and 
well  endowed.  The  Masstichusetts  General  Hospitiil  occu- 
pies a  plot  of  4  acres  of  ground  in  the  western  part  of  the 
city,  on  the  right  bank  of  Charles  liiver.  The  building  is 
constructed  of  Chelmsford  gninite,  274  feet  long,  and  54 
■wide.  Besides  a  permanent  fund  of  5171,119,  it  has  other 
soui'ces  of  income,  making  the  total  receipts  for  the  j-ear 
1850,  $38,517.  The  number  of  patients  admitted  during  the 
same  perioil  was  746.  Tlie  McLeitn  Asylum  for  the  Insane, 
a  branch  of  the  General  Hospital,  is  delightfully  situated  on 
an  eminence  in  Somerville,  about  2  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 
The  a.sylum  comprises  a  group  of  5  elegiint  buildings,  sur- 
rounded with  15  acres  of  ground,  beautifully  laid  out  and 
ornamentetl.  Thirty  thousand  dollars  have  been  contri- 
buted, since  1845,  for  the  support  of  this  institution  by  a 
single  iutlividual,  the  Hon.  William  Apjileton,  of  Boston. 
The  McLean  Asylum  received  its  name  from  John  McLean, 
Esq.,  of  Boston,  a  liberal  benefactor  of  the  General  Hospital. 
The  I'erkins  Institution  and  Massachusetts  Asylum  for  the 
Blind  occupies  the  fine  building  formerly  known  as  the 
Mount  Washington  House,  in  South  Boston.  In  addition  to 
other  contributions,  it  receives  $9000  annually  from  the 
state.  The  average  number  of  pupils  is  about  100.  There 
is  also  located  in  South  Boston,  the  Boston  Lunatic  Hospi- 
tal. The  expense  of  wliich  institution  for  the  year  1863 
was  $29,236,  and  the  number  of  inmates  108.  An  institu- 
tion called  the  "  Boston  Farm  Schof)l,"  with  accommodations 
for  about  300  indigent  boys,  is  situated  on  Thompson's  Island. 
The  new  Almshouse,  an  imposing  structure,  in  the  form  of  a 
Latin  cross,  is  on  Deer  Island,  where  also  are  the  House  of 
Industry  and  Reformation  (formerly  located  in  South  Bos- 
ton), and  the  Quarantine  Hospital.  In  the  House  of  Indus- 
try and  Refonnation  and  House  of  Correction  in  1863  there 
were  S97  inmates,  expense  $95,014.  In  the  western  portion 
of  the  city  is  the  Boston  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  in  the 
southern  part,  the  New  England  Female  Medical  College. 
The  other  principal  benevolent  institutions  are  a  school  for 
Idiotic  children,  which  is  in  successful  operation,  and  the 
Home  for  Aged  Indigent  Females.  The  last  Boston  Direc- 
tory contains  a  list  of  above  60  societies  under  the  head  of 
"  Religious,  Charitable,  and  Reformatory,"  and  some  50  under 
the  head  of  "  Educational,  Scientific,  and  Commemorative." 
The  most  important  of  the  benevolent  institutions  of  Boston 
is  perhaps  the  F'ree  City  Hospital,  completed  In  1864  at  a 
cost  of  about  $400,000. 

There  are  issued  in  Boston  about  100  periodical  publica- 
tions, treating  of  almost  every  subject,  wliether  of  news,  art, 
literature,  or  science.  Of  these, -more  than  12  are  dailies. 
Among  the  others  are  comprised  several  of  the  most  distin- 
guished literarj'  and  scientific  journals  in  the  United  Stjites. 
Commerce,  Finances,  rfc. — Incommercial  importance,  Bos- 
ton ranks  among  the  first  cities  of  America.  "Iler  foreign 
commerce  has  always  been  great,  ami  extends  to  almost 
every  nation  on  the  globe.  Her  coast  trade  is  also  immense. 
Along  the  wharves,  in  every  direction  and  at  all  times,  may 
be  .«een  forests  of  masts,  and  vessels  from  all  parts  vf  the 
world.  The  totivl  number  of  vessels  that  entered  the  port 
of  Boston  and  Ch;irleston  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1863,  was  .3011  (tonnage  639,82S) ;  of  these,  8.36  were  Ameri- 
can 'tonnage  275,593),  and  2175  foreign  vessels  (tonnage 
864,235).  The  total  number  that  cleared  for  the  siime  year 
260 


was  2972  (tonnage  586,559),  of  which  749  (tonnage  216,643) 
were  American,  and  2223  (tonnage  369,yl6)  were  foreign. 
With  tliese  figures,  it  maybe  interesting  to  compare  the  sta- 
tistics of  commerce  and  navi^atitm  before  the  war,  s<ime  ten 
yeai-s  back.  During  the  yciir  1852.  there  were  at  Boston  2974 
foreign  i, tonnage  51S,078  and  6496  coastwise  arrivals.  Of  the 
coastwise,  1838  were  trom  Philadelphia,  500  from  New  York, 
298  from  Bangor,  283  from  Baltimore,  277  from  Portland, 
156  from  New  Orleans,  and  smaller  numbers  from  other 
ports.  Of  the  foreign  arrivals,  about  75  were  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  beyond.  The  clearances  for  the  same  ye;ir 
were  6154  vessels.  The  total  number  of  foreign  aiTivals  during 
the  year  ending  June  30, 1854,  was  3075  (tonnage  653,443).  of 
which  990  (tonnage  320,174)  were  by  American  vessels ;  total 
number  of  clearances  to  foreign  ports,  3054  (tonnage  613.439). 
The  aggregate  shipping,  June  30, 1854,  w^as  437,324  tons  reg- 
istered, ami  58,556  enrolled :  total,  495,880  tons.  During  the 
yeiir,  68  vessels  (59  of  them  ships),  with  an  aggregate  ol  69.350 
tons  burden,  were  admeiisured.  Three-fourths  of  the  trade 
carried  on  by  the  United  States  with  Russia,  and  more  than 
half  with  the  East  Indies  (including  nearly  all  th  )  Calcuttii 
tnule)  comes  to  this  port.  Boston  has  also  extei  sive  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  countries  bordering  on  the  Metli- 
terranean,  with  South  Americ;u  and  the  West  India  Islands. 
The  f<.ilIowing  statements  exhibit  some  of  the  chief  im- 
ports and  exports  of  Boston  for  the  year  1S64,  and  some  of 
the  previous  yeivrs.  The  imports  of  coffee  have  been  as  fol- 
lows.   From  the 


East  ludies,  I 

Ilayli, 

Rio  Janeiro, 

Manilla, 

Other  foreign  ports. 

Coast  ivise. 


Total,  bags. 


28,291 
21,762 


1863. 


19,057 


10,110 
35.065 


1862. 


T580 

28,806 

4921 


The  exports  of  the  same  ai'ticle  have  been  as  follows : — 


1861,  bags 
1863,    " 

1862,  " 


Foreign. 


1098 
2599 
6849 


The  total  receipts  of  cotton  have  been,  in  1864, 77,890  bales ; 
186.3,  63.230 ;  1862,  43,493. 

The  exports  of  cotton  have  been,  in  1864,  S26  bales ;  1863, 
1172;  1862,251. 

The  imports  of  mackerel  from  the  provinces  have  boon  as 
follows;  in  1864,  37,502  barrels;  1863,31,110;  1802.20.120. 

The  imports  of  other  principal  kinds  offish  have  been — 


Codfish,  quintals 
do.       bbis 

Salmon,  tierces  . 
do  bbls..., 
do         boxes.. 

Herring,  bbls... 


36.865 
23,319 


25,583 
■iX 
19S7 
I6T9 
3i8 
36.  J  28 
25,761 


31,039 

"887 

1289 

620 

41.593 

19.S02 


The  exports  of  the  principal  kinds  of  fish  have  been — 


1864. 

9181 
96U3 
40.671 
(U.6I1 
97,116 
14,777 

1863. 

186i. 

Codfish,      drun-.s 

10.351 
8405 
27.071 
59.166 
131.S94 
15,095 

9811 
8<H1 

5a, -'55 
47.155 
133.912 
16.331 

Mackerel,  bbls 

do           bbls 

The  total  receipts  of  flour  have  been,  in  1864,  1,346,403 
barrels;  1863,1,444.063;  1862,1.365.832. 

The  exports  of  flour  have  been,  in  1864,  341,932  barrels; 
1863,  433,957 ;  1862,  55.5.591. 

The  receipts  of  grain  liave  been — 


Wheat. 

Corn. 

Oats. 

«-"• 

1864,  bushels 

1863,         "       

1B«2,         "       

55.069 
44.760 
63.015 

1,604.639 
1.614.064 
1,889.021 

1,746,932 
1,444.608 
1,168,991 

34,285 
27.312 
S9,973 

Tlie  exports  of  corn  for  1864  have  been  35,007  bushels; 
for  1863,  26.027.  The  export  of  wheat  for  1864  was  6  bush- 
els; for  18tK!,  1483.  The  imports  of  hides  for  1864  liave  been 
as  follows:  from  Buenos  Ayres, 94,215  hides;  Central  Ame- 
rica, 12,422 ;  Sierra  Leone.  52,617 ;  other  African  ports.  109,- 
931;  Hon(dulu,  11,170;  California.  80,7>'4;  New  Orleans. 
41,288;  Texas.  2600;  besides  a  liirge  number  from  vanoitf 
other  places,  making  in  all  for  1864,  833,806;  1863, 742,392; 
1862,598.980. 

The  increasing  importance  of  the  ice  trade  in  Boston  U 
exhibited  in  the  following  stiftemeut :  The  total  exiKrt  of 


BOS 


EOT 


Ice  for  IS&t  was  104,354  tons;  1863,  71.215;  1862,  78.102. 
Of  the  104,.354  tons  exported  in  186i,  there  were  sent  to 
Gilcuttii,  7472  tons;  Ilong  Kong.  2381 ;  )ioni bay,  3255 :  Ba- 
tavia,  2429;  Madras,  1508;  Citlhis;  2983;  Mauritius,  1350; 
Rio  Janeiro,  3319;  Aspinwall,  1209;  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
2232;  Barbadoes,  1309;  Siiint  Thomas,  1282;  Demurara, 
12.38;  Havana,  8130. 
Tlie  imports  of  iron  have  been  as  follows : — 


lailrnad  ban,. 
Pig  iron,  tons.. 


769,072        793,317        981,883 

10.14  2719 

18,45i  28,51^  22,371 


The  imports  of  molasses  for  1864  have  been  as  follows : — 


Bbls. 

TiercM. 

Hhd.. 

Forei<n 

1744 
9340 

11.084 

23.157 

4775 

3772 
220 

8a92 
3444 
4836 

42,459 

U,245 

56.704 
68,103 
70,339 

Total  for  1864 

Total  for  186;J 

The  exports  of  molassosi  have  been — 


Hhdj. 

TiercM. 

Bbli. 

1864 

5060 
11,444 
10,780 

303 
5C4 
624 

880 
2277 
690 

1863 

1862 V 

Of  tlio  5060  hbds.  for  1864,  3776  were  e.xported  coastwise. 

The  annexed  table  exliibits  some  of  tlie  leading  impoits  and 

exports  of  Boston  for  the  year  ending  December  31, 1852: — 


Article!. 

Coffee 

Cotton 

Mackerel... 
Herring 

bbli 

Codfish quintals. 

'^      ..« calks... 

"       drums.. 

Flour bbU.... 

Molasses hhds... 

**         tierces. 

"  bbls 

Wheat bushels 


Exported.     Received, 


106,147 

l-3..')05 

3U6 

281,166 

120.043 

48.570 

17,529 

20,567 

63,568 

48,110 

241 

7356 

2836 

269,771 

896,454 

6319 

71.504 

509 

S.3.S9 

sjos 

4481 

25,187 

762,939 

74,180 

2,118,.«8 

The  total  amount  of  imports  at  the  port  of  Boston  for  the 
year  1^64,  was  $30,751,595 ;  of  exiwrts,  $21,142,834. 

There  were,  in  1865,  45  banks  in  Boston,  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  about  $130,000,000,  and  with  a  circulation  of 
abnnt  $7,000,000. 

Seven  gretit  lines  of  railroad  terminate  in  this  citv,  open- 
ing communication  with  tlie  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Ogdens- 
burg  in  New  Yorli,  and  La  Prairie  in  Canada,  and  another 
extending  through  Maine,  thatconnects  Boston  with  Mon- 
treal. The  (ireiit  Western  line  extends,  one  brancli  through 
Albany,  Buffalo,  Detroit,  and  Chicago,  and  another  through 
Canada  West,  from  the  Suspension  Bridge  below  Niagara 
Falls  to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit. 

Boston  is  abundantly  supplied  with  excellent  water  from 
the  Cochitiiate  Lake,  situated  about  20  miles  W.  of  tlie  city, 
and  covering  an  area  of  650  acres.  Its  elevation  is  12i^ 
feet  above  spring  tide.  The  water  is  conveyed  by  means  of 
a  brick  conduit  to  a  grand  reservoir  in  Brookliue,  and  from 
thence  to  the  different  distributing  resorvoirs.  The  water 
is  carried  over  Charles  River  in  two  iron  pipes,  each  30 
inches  in  diameter,  resting  on  a  granite  bridge,  having  3 
arches,  each  30  feet  span. 

Among  the  principal  hotels  of  Boston  may  be  named  the 
following: —The  Tremont  House,  on  Trcm'ont  street;  the 
Revere  House,  on Bowdoin  Square;  the  Parker  House;  the 
American  House,  on  Hanover  street ;  the  Winthrop  House, 
on  Tremont  street;  and  the  Adams  House,  on  Washington 
street.     Most  of  the  above  are  first-cla-ss  hotels. 

Ifistnry. — From  the  peculiar  conformation  of  its  surface, 
the  first  settlers  called  Boston  Tremont,  or  trimountain. 
The  present  name  was  given  it  in  honor  of  Rev.  John  Cotton, 
from  Boston,  England.  The  Rev.  John  Blackstone  Wiis  the 
first  white  inhabitiint.  He  lived  here  alone  until  the  ar- 
rival of  Jolin  Winthrop,  the  first  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 
in  10:30.  About  the  year  1635,  Mr.  Blackstone  removed  to 
Rhode  Island,  having  sold  his  "  right  and  title  to  the  penin- 
sula of  Shawmut"  for  30i.  The  first  church  was  built  in 
1032.  and  the  first  wharf  in  1673.  Four  years  after,  John 
Uayward  was  appointed  post-ma.«ter,  '•  to  take  in  and  convey 
otters  acoording  to  direction."  The  first  newspaper  was  is- 
sved  April  17th,  1704,  called  the  Bnsfton  News  Letkr.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  was  born,  .lanuary  17th,  1706.  In  1768,  the 
jifficulties  between  the  colonies  and  the  mother  country 
becoming  serious,  two  redments  of  British  .soldiers  were 
landed  in  Boston,  October  1st,  and  quartered  in  the  Old 
litate-Uouse.    March  5th,  1770,  the  citizeus  were  fired  on  in 


th?  streets  by  the  soldiery,  and  several  killed  and  wounded 
March  31st,  the  i>ort  of  Boston  was  closed  by  act  of  Parlia 
ment.  On  the  17th  of  June,  1776.  was  fought  the  battl«  ol 
Bunker  Hill.  From  this  time,  the  British  army,  to  the  n.-jn- 
ber  of  alout  lO.OoO  troops,  had  possession  "of  L'o.^ton  tU 
March,  1776,  when  they  were  compelled  by  the  .4u:piicai.? 
intrenched  on  Dorchester  Heijihts  to  \^ithdraw  from  tJ-e 
town  and  harlor.  The  first  Mood  shed  in  defence  of  Ameri- 
can liberty  was  shed  in  Boston,  and  throughout  the  entire 
war  no  people  contributed  moie  largely  towards  its  support, 
Boston  continued  a  town  until  its  pf.pulation  had  increiUJcd 
to  nearly  45.000.  The  government  was  administefed  t)y  a 
board  of  selectmen,  ax  cording  to  the  cu.«toui  of  other  towM 
in  New  Kngland.  At  length  a  majority  being  ftvorable  to  a 
municipal  organization.  Boston  1  ecaniean  incorporate<l  city, 
February  23d,  1822.  The  city  is  divided  into  12  wards,  and 
governed  by  a  mayor,  a  board  of  aldermen,  consisting  of  12 
persons,  and  the  common  couni'il.  con.-<isting  of  4*  persons, 
whii;h  boards,  in  their  joint  capacity,  according  to  the  revised 
charter  of  1854,  are  denominated  fhe  City  Council.  Pop.  in 
iSOO,  24,937;  1810,33.250;  1820,  4:5.298; "18.30,  61..391;  1840. 

9.3,.383;  1850,  136,881;  ISbO,  177,840. Inhab.  Bostoxia.v, 

l)os-to'ne-an. 

BOSTOS,  a  post-viliage  and  township  of  F.rie  co..  New 
York,  18  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Buffalo.    Pop.  1716. 

BOSTON,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn.=ylvani.-». 

BOSTON,  a  post-office  of  Culpejiper  co..  Virginia. 

BOS'J'ON,  a  post-village  of  Thomas  co.,  Georgia,  11  miles 
S.F,.  ofThomasville. 

BOSTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Bowie  co., 
Texas,  350  miles  N.l':.  of  Austin  City,  and  .ibout  12  miles 
S.  of  Red  Kiver.  wliidi.  in  this  part  of  its  course,  is  a  large 
navigable  stream,  Mowing  through  a  rich  farming  region. 

BO.STON,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Arkan.sas. 

BOSTON,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BOSTON,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Kentucky. 

BOSTON,  a  small  vill.-jge  of  Whitley  co..  Kentucky. 

BOSTON,  a  village  in  the  S.W.  part"  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

BOSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Summit  co.,Ohio, 
1.39  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.   Pop.  1202. 

BO.'^TON,  a  post-township  in  Ionia  co.,  Michigan.  V.  1244. 

BOSTON,  a  post-township  in  Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  about 
8  miles  S.E.  of  Centreville.   Pop.  887. 

BOSTON,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indian.a,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  was  laid  out  in  1S50. 

BOSTON,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana,  7  miloR 
E.S.E.  from  Salem. 

BOSTON,  a  small  pos<>village  of  Andrew  co.,  Missouri. 

BOSTON,  a  vill.ige  of  Warrick  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Kvans- 
ville  and  Illinois  Hailroad,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Boone»ille. 

BOSTON,  a  town  of  Placer  co.,  California,  on  the  right 
hank  of  American  I'iver.  about  5  miles  alxjve  its  entrance 
into  the  Sacramento  River. 

BOSTON  COKNER,  a  postofflce  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massiv 
chusetts. 

BOST'RA.    See  Bozrah. 

BOST'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Cabarras  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

BOSTWICK.  a  post-office  of  Jlonroe  co.,  Illinois. 

ROST'WICK  LAKE,  a  pnst-office  of  Kent  CO.,  Michisran. 

BOS'WORTH,  UUSOJANDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

BOS/WORTII,  MARKET,  a  markeUown  and  parish  of 
England,  near  the  Ashby  Canal.  11  ^  miles  S.W.  of  Li-ices- 
ter.  Pop.  in  1851,  2449.  They  are  jMirtly  employtnl  in  the 
knitting  of  worsted  stockings.  On  a  moss  in  the  vicinity, 
on  the  22d  of  .\ugust,  1485.  was  fought  the  decisive  battle 
which  terminated  the  wars  of  the  Roses,  with  the  life  of 
Richard  III.,  (the  only  English  monarch  slain  in  battle 
since  the  conquest.)  A  well  is  still  shown  at  which  Richard 
is  reported  to  have  drunk  during  the  battle:  also  an  emi- 
nence, called  Crownhill.  where  Lord  Stanley  placed  the 
crown  upon  the  he.id  of  the  victor.  Henrv  VII. 

BOSZORM  KN  Y,  (liiisziirmeny.)  I  o'soR^niAfi'.  a  town  of  Hun- 
gary, co.  of  Bihar,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Grosswardein.  Pop  17.000. 

BOSZORM  EN  Y,  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szaboli  z.  capi 
tal  of  the  llaiduck  district.ll  miles  N.W.of  Debreczin,  with 
Protestant  and  United  Greek  Churches,  and  the  district 
courtrhou.ses. 

BOTAFOGO,  ho-t3-fo'go,  a  considerable  village  of  Brazil, 
about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  communicating  with  the  Bay  of  Hio  de  Janeiro. 
This  village,  which  is  rapidly  increasing  in  size,  is  comp<ise<l 
of  fine  country  houses,  ranged  in  a  semicircle  round  the  N. 
marcin  of  the  bays, 

BOTANIC  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Nash  co..  North  Carolina. 

BOTANY  (bofa-ne)  BAY,  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Australia,  New  South  AVales,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, 5  miles  S.  of  Sydney.  I^t.  oi°  S.,  Ion.  151°  15'  E. 
It  is  about  1  mile  wide  at  its  entrance,  but  farther  inland 
the  breadth  is  3  miles;  length,  5  miles,  with  good  anchor- 
age in  from  4  to  7  fathoms  water,  both  on  the  N.  and  S.  sides 
It  was  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1770.  and  derived  its 
name  from  the  variety  of  new  plants  then  observed  on  its 
shores.    It  became  an  English  penal  colony  in  1787.    On  its 

261 


BOT 


BOU 


coast  is  <i  column  erected,  in  1825,  to  the  memory  of  the 
Frenc}i  i  ivigaior,  La-Pei-ouse.    Soe  Stdset. 

BOJ'Al  Y  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
off  the  S  E.  extremity  of  New  Caledonia ;  lat  22°  27'  S.,  Ion. 
167°  1'  K. 

BOTAVIA,  (?)  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

BOXCHKA,  botcli'ki,  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pasha- 
lic  of  Trebizoud,  on  the  Tchoruk,  30  miles  S.  of  Batoom, 
anii  comprising  from  80  to  100  large  and  partially  stone-built 
houses.  Its  inhabitants  make  bricks  and  earthen  jars,  and 
carry  on  ii  transit  trade  bv  the  river. 

BOTKL  TOBAGO,  b.>-toi'  to-bd'go,  an  island  in  the  China 
Sea,  45  niili>s  S.E.  of  Formo8;i.  Lat.  of  S.K.  point,  22°  1'  40" 
N.,  Ion.  121°  .^y  45"  E.   South  of  it  is  the  island  Little  Botel. 

BOTESD.\LE.  bots'dale.  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Suffolk,  7  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Eye.  In  the  chapel 
are  deposited  the  remains  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon  and  Lord 
Chief  Justice  Holt. 

BOTKTOUIIT,  bofe-tort,  a  co.  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
A'irginia,  has  an  area  of  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  James  liiver.  and  also  drained  by  Craig's  and  Catawba 
Creeks.  The  Blue  llidge  forms  the  S.E.  boundary,  and  the 
surface  Is  broken  by  other  high  ridges.  The  famous  Peaks 
of  Otter  rise  near  the  boundary  between  this  and  Bedford 
county.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  good.  The  James  Iliver 
Canal  has  been  opened  from  Richmond  to  Buchanan,  in  this 
ciiunty.  which  is  intersected  by  the  Airginia  and  Tennessee 
Kailroad.  Organized  in  17ti9,  and  named  in  honor  of  Go- 
vernor Botetourt.  Capital,  Fincastle.  Pop.  11,516,  of  whom 
8747  were    free,  and  2769  slaves. 

BOTETOUllT  SPRINGS,  a  post-vUlage  in  Roanoke  co., 
Virginia. 

BOTII'.iLL.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 
Id  the  church  is  an  altar-tomb  of  the  Ogle  family,  of  whose 
ancient  seat.  Bothall  Castle,  there  are  still  some  remains. 

BOTII'AMSALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

BOTIIELLE,  bo-thjll',  a  postroffice  of  Fond  du  Lac  oo., 
Wisconsin. 

BOTIIENHAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BOTIIKEN'NAR,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling. 

SOTIIXAXG.  bot'ndng.  a  village  of  WUrtembei^,  1  mile 
W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  1130. 

BOTH'NIA,  (Sw.  BiilUn.  bot/ten.)  a  country  of  Northern 
Europe.  X.  and  W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  foi-merly  belong- 
ing entirely  to  Sweden,  but  now  divided  into  Russian  Both- 
ni;i,  E.  of  the  Torned.  comprised  in  the  Russian  government 
of  Finland,  and  Swedish  Bothnia,  which  forms  the  govern- 
ment of  Pi  ted  and  UmeA. Adj.  and  iuhab.,  Bothxian, 

both'ne-an. 

BOTHNIA,  GULF  OF  (Sw.  BoiUn  Wilen,  boften  wee^ken.) 
a  gulf  of  Europe,  forming  the  northern  part  of  the  Baltic 
Sea.  between  lat.  60°  and  6tjO  N.;  Ion.  17°  and  25°  35'  E., 
from  the  .\land  Islands  to  TorneS,  having  East,  Finland,  and 
West.  Sweden.  Length,  400  miles;  average  breadth,  about 
100  miles.  Its  average  depth  is  not  greater  than  that  of  the 
Baltic  generally,  but  it  has  fewer  shoals  and  better  harbors 
than  are  met  with  in  most  parts  of  that  sea.  It  receives 
nearly  all  the  great  rivers  of  Sweden  and  Finland.  On  its 
shores  are  the  towns  of  Abo,  Vasa,  Uleiborg,  TorneS,  Pitei, 
UmeA,  Hernosand.  and  Gefle. 

BOTH'WELL.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  with  a 
village  on  the  Clyde,  SJ  miles  S.E.  of  Glasgow.  In  it  are 
extensive  collieries  and  iron  works,  (the  income  of  which 
has  been  estimated  at  160,000?,  a  year.)  with  freestone  quar- 
ries, the  noble  remains  of  Bothwell  Castle.  Bothwell  Bridge, 
the  scene  of  an  action  between  the  Coveuantei-s  and  Royal 
forces  in  1679,  and  a  new  church  with  a  tower,  120  feet  high. 

BOT'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BOTOSCHANI  or  BOTOUSCHAXY.     See  BotuscH-OTT. 

BOTRIPH'NIE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff. 

BOTSORIIEL,  botSor'el',  a  vill.ige  of  France,  department 
of  Finistfere.     Pop,  of  commune,  in  1852,  4908. 

BUTTESFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BOTTKSFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Linc-oln. 

BOTTISIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Cambridge. 

BOTTLE  HILL,  New  Jersey.    See  Madisos. 

BOTTS/FORD,  a  village  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgia,  112  miles 
8.W.  of  JlilledgeviUe. 

BOTTW AR,  G IIOSS,  groce  bott/wilR,  (t. e.  "Great  Bottwar,") 
a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  16  miles  N,X  .li.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  2549. 

BOTTWAR.  KLEIN,  (or  "Little.")  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg, in  the  circle  of  Neckar.     Pop,  1031. 

BOTTWNOG,  bot-too/nog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon. 

BUTUSCHANY.  or  BOTOOSCHAXI.  bo-toos-shd/nee.  writ- 
ten also  BOTOUSCHAXY.  a  town  of  .Moldavia,  59  m.  N.X.W. 
of  Jassy.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with  Germany 
in  wine,  cattle,  wool,  honev.  wax,  and  tobacco.     Pop.  4500. 

BOTUSFLliM'lXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  CornwaU. 

BOTZKN.  lx)t/sen.  (It.hnlzano.  bol-zj'no.  anc;  Pons  DnJsit) 
a  town  of  the  Tyrol,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Talfer  and  the 
Eisach.  32  miles  N.N.E.  cf  Trent.  Pop,  9000.  It  is  built  in 
the  Italian  style,  and  has  a  gymnasium ;  it  is  protected  from 
sudden  inundations  of  the  river  by  a  strong  dyke  nearly  2 
miles  in  length.  Its  inhabitants  manu£tcture  linen  and  silk 
262 


fabrics,  silk  twist,  hosiery,  leather,  &c.;  they  carry  on  an 
active  transit  trade  between  the  countries  N.  and  S.  of  the 
Alps.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Tyrol,  which  gave  its  name 
to  the  district.  Botzen  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Roman  citadel  l'^ms  l>ittsi. 

BOTZLINGEN,  (Botzliugen.)  bots/ling-?n,  a  hamlet  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Uri,  on  the  Keuss'  3  milesS.  of  Al- 
torf,  and  the  place  of  the  annual  cantonal  a*.sembly. 

BOUAFLE,  boo-dfl'.or  bwdfl.  a  village  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Seine-et-Oise.  14  miles  N.AV.  of  Versailles,  Pop.  1092 

BOUAYE.  boo-.V,  or  bwi.  a  village  of  I' ranee,  department 
of  Loire-lnferieure.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Nantes,     Pop.  1298. 

BOUC.  PORT  DE.  poR  dfh  book,  {cx>  as  in  motm.)  a  small 
place  of  France,  department  of  Bouches-du-RhSne,  at  the 
S.E.  terminus  of  the  canal  extending  from  Aries  to  the 
Mediterranean. 

BOUCfi.  boo*sd/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ome, 
7  miles  S.W.   of  Argentan,  with  iron-works.     Pop,  1538. 

BOUCH.\IX,  boo'shSss',  a  small  strongly-fortified  frontier 
town  of  France,  department  of  Noi-d,  on  the  Scheldt,  12 
miles  S.E,  of  Domii.  Pop.  of  commune.  1183.  who  refine  .salt, 
and  manufacture  beet-root  sugar.  It  was  taken  by  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  in  1711 ;  re-taken  by  the  French  in  1712, 
and  ceded  to  France  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht. 

BOUCHEMAIXE,  boosh'mdu/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Maine-et-Loire.  on  the  Loire,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Maine.     Pop.  of  commune,  1333. 

BOUCHES-DU-RIIOXE,  booshdU-ron.  (i.e.  "mouths  of 
the  Rhone,")  a  maritime  department  of  the  S.E.  of  France, 
formed  of  a  part  of  Provence.  Area,  2195  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1861,  507,112.  It  is  divided  into  three  cou)mun.-il  ar^ 
rondissements,  Mai-seilles,  Aix,  and  Aries;  27  cantons  and  106 
communes.  The  chief  rivers  and  canals  are  the  Rhone,  which 
separates  into  several  branches  betwwn  Aries  and  the  sea, 
forming  a  kind  of  delta  called  lie  de  la  Caniargue ;  the  Durance, 
affluent  of  the  Rhone:  the  navigable  canal  of  Aries  and  Bouc, 
the  canal  from  the  Durance  to  Marseilles,  and  the  canal  of 
Craponne;  the  princip.al  marshes  are  the  AtctJip's  de  Berre, 
and  de  Valcares.  There  are  numerous  small  islands,  the 
chief  of  which  are  Pomfegue  and  Ratoneau,  opposite  Mar- 
seilles. Climate  dry  and  warm:  surface  intersper.sed  with 
mountains,  and  bordered  S.  by  marshes  which  are  general- 
ly dry,  and  very  fertile  in  some  parts.  The  plain  of  Crau, 
stony  and  sterile,  extends  S.W.  to  the  left  of  the  Delta.  The 
corn  raised  is  insufficient  for  consumption ;  but  wine  is  ex- 
ported, and  silk,  almonds,  olives,  figs,  and  dried  grapes,  are 
important  products.  Cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  are  exten- 
sively raised,  and  the  tunny  fishery  i«  considerable.  The 
department  contains  marble  quarries,  salt  marshes,  and 
mineral  waters,  and  has  an  active  export  and  import  trade 
with  the  Levant,  Africa,  and  Italy;  it  h.as  celebrated  manu- 
fiictures  of  white  soap,  olive  oil.  chemical  products,  essences, 
and  perfumes;  brandy  distilleries,  sugar  and  sulphur  re- 
fineries.    Capital,  JIarseilles. 

BoucHES  was  the  pi-efix  to  the  names  of  several  depart- 
ments of  the  French  Empire  under  Xapoleon. 

BOUCHES  DE  L'ELBE,  boosh  dyh  ijlb.  ("mouths  of  the 
Elbe,")  a  former  department  of  the  F'rench  Empiie  under 
Napoleon,  which  composed  the  territory  of  Hambui-g.  with 
parts  of  Luxembourg,  Uolstein,  Hanover,  and  Brunswick. 
Capital.  Hamburg. 

BOUCHES  DE  L'ESCAUT, boosh  djh Us'ko',  ("mouths of 
the  Scheldt.")  a  former  department  of  the  F>ench  Empire 
under  Xapoleon,  which  included  the  province  of  Zealand. 
Capital,  Middleburg. 

BOUCHES  DE  L"YSSEL,  boosh  deh  lis'sjl',  ("  mouths  of 
the  Y'ssel,")  a  former  department  of  the  French  Empire 
under  Napoleon,  which  included  the  province  of  Over  Yssel. 
Capital.  ZwoUe. 

BOUCHES  DU  RHIN,  boosh  dtl  rSx",  ("mouths  of  the 
Rhine,")  a  former  department  of  the  French  Empii-e  under 
Napoleon,  which  included  the  eastern  pai-t  of  Dutch  Bra- 
bant.   Capital.  Boi.s-le-Duc. 

BOUCHES  DU  WESER,  boosh  dU  viVaiR',  ("  mouths  of 
the  Weser,")  a  former  department  of  the  French  Enipii-b 
under  Napoleon,  which  included  the  territory  of  Bremen, 
and  parts  of  Oldenburg  and  Hanover.    Capital,  Bremen. 

BOUCHET,  Le,  lyh  boo'sh:!'.  a  hamlet  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  arrondis.sement  and  7  miles  S.W.  of 
Corbeil.  The  celeb  ated  Duquesne,  Maniuis  of  Bouchet, 
was  interred  in  a  field  near  his  castle,  in  this  vicinity. 

BOUCHOUX,  Les,  1.^  boo'shoo',  a  village  of  Franco,  de- 
partment  of  Jura,  PJ  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Claude.     Pop.  III61. 

BOUCKVILLE,  bOwk'vil,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.^ 
New  York. 

BOUDJNOURD.    See  Boojsookd. 

BOtlDROU.M.    See  Boodroom. 

BttUDKY.  boo'dree/,  or  BAUD'RIA.  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
5  miles  S.W.of  Neufchatel,  on  the  Reuss.     Pop.  1430. 

BOUfi,  boo-,V.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Atsna 
arrondissenient  of  Vervins.  canton  of  Nouvion.     Poji.  1434. 

BOUEXIERE,  La,  Id  bwJk'se-aiu ,  a  village  ol  France,  de 
partDient  of  llle-et-Vilaine,  12  miles  E.N  Ji.  of  Reones.  Pop 
fo  commune,  in  1851.  2550. 

BOUFARIK.    See  BuoFAE££K. 


BOIt 


BOCJ 


BOrFFTOTTLX.  boofYe-oo',  a  Tillage  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  4  miles  E.  of  Ch;irlui-oi,  with  manufactures  of 
pottery,  and  Iron  foundries.     Pop.  of  commune,  1027. 

BiJUCt.MNVlLLE,  boo^g&NoVeel',  a  bay,  so  designated 
from  the  French  navigator  of  that  name,  in  South  America, 
Patagrmia,  «n  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  Lat.  53°  25'  S. ;  Ion. 
T°  13'  W.  ' 

BOUCAINVILLE  TSLA\D,  Salomon  group.  In  the  Pa- 
cific, between  lat.  6°  30'  and  7°  2'S.;  about  Ion.  155°  E.  It 
is  mountainous,  well  wooded,  and  populous. 

BOUGAINA'ILLE  STRAIT,  between  the  island  of  Espiritu 
Eanto  and  M.allicollo,  in  Xew  Hebrides. 

BOUCillROOD,  Mw'rood,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Radnor. 

BOUriTI'TOy,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfollt. 

BnU(ilI'Tf)\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

B<>L(;iI/T)lN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

BOU(ilI'T()N  ALUl'II,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

B(^UGII''TON,  GREAT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chestt-r. 

BOUOirXON  MALIIERBE.  aparish  of  England,  co.  Kent. 

BOUGH'TON  MONCIIELSEA,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent. 

BOUGII'TON  UNDER  BLE  AN,  a  parish  of  England. 

BOUGIAII,  boo'jee'i,  (Fr.  Bmiqic.  1)oo/zhee',  anc.  fiiViJrrr) 
written  also  BUGIA  and  BOUJAYAII.)  a  fortified  maritime 
town  of  Algeria,  113  miles  E.  of  Algiers,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  has  no  harbor,  but  secure 
anchorage  at  the  mouth  of  the  Adou.s.  Pop.  in  1S47,  731,  of 
whom  500  wore  Europeans.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  oil 
and  wax,  and  it  gave  its  name  to  the  wax  candle,  (botigie.) 
for  the  manufacture  of  which  it  has  long  IxH'n  celebrated. 
In  1852,  245  vessels,  (tons,  8520,)  arrived  from  France.  It 
was  in  ancient  times  an  important  town,  and  has  extensive 
ruins.    The  French  took  possession  of  it  in  18.33. 

BOUGIVAL,  booV,heeS-2l',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Si'ine-et-Oise.  4  miles  N.  of  Versailles.    Pop.  1057. 

BCiUGUENAIS,  l)00g*nA',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ixiire-Infdrieure,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  3413. 

BOUIE  (boo'ee)  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Mississippi, 
flows  into  Leaf  River  in  Perry  co. 

B()UrLI>A.\TE,  boo'yS^t',  a  town  of  the  French  colony 
of  Guadeloupe,  Antilles,  on  the  West  coast  of  the  island,  8 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Basse-Terre,  so  called  from  the  hot  mineral 
sprinss  in  its  vicinity.     Pop.  2067,  of  whom  1654  are  slaves. 

B'UILLAllGUKS,  boo'ydag',  a  Tillage  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gard,  canton  of  Ntmes.    Pop.  1718. 

BOUILljE,  La,  14  bool  or  Id  boo'yeh,  a  small  town  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Kouen.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  i^eine.  Pop.  1772.  It  is  a 
packet  station  for  Rouen.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  quarry  with 
curious  sfalactitic  grottoes. 

B0UILL15-L0RET,  bot.ry.V  (or  boo''yA/)  loVA',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Deux-Sferres,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Thouars.     Pop.  1088. 

BOUILLON,  booryAs"  or  \>oo'^^y«>,  (L.  BuJh'nium,  an 
ancient  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Luxembourg, 
on  the  Semoy,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  NeufchSteau.  Pop.  in 
1842.  2703,  who  manufacture  woollen  stuffs.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  the  same  name,  possessed  by  Godfrey 
of  Bnuillon.  the  famous  leader  of  the  first  crusade. 

BOUIN,  boo-S,N»',  or  bw&xo,  an  island  off  the  west  coast 
of  I  ranee,  department  of  Vendee,  from  which  it  is  separa- 
ted by  a  narrow  channel.  22  miles  S.  W.  of  Nantes.  Area 
S  square  leagues.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2800.  It  has 
rieli  salt  works,  and  produces  excellent  grain.  The  village 
of  .same  name  has  a  good  port. 

BUUINSK.    See  Booinsk. 

BOUKIIARA.    See  Bokhara. 

BOUKIIARIE.    See   Buciiaria. 

BOUKHTARMINSK.    See  Bookhtarminsk. 

BOULAC.  BOULAK  or  BOULAQ.     See  Boolak. 

BOULAY,  booHA',  a  town  of  France  department  of  Moselle, 
arrondissement,  and  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Metz,  on  the  Kultz- 
bach.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851,  2849.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  glue,  hardware,  and  chemical  products. 

BOULDEl!.  a  post-ofBce  of  Linn  co..  Iowa. 

BOULD  SPltlNGS.  a  post-oflice  of  McClennan  co.,  Texas. 

BOULEBANI,  booMe-bri/nee.  a  town  of  West  Africii.  capi- 
tal of  Bondoo.  near  the  Falemfi;  lat.  14°  20'  N.,  Ion.  12°  24' 
W.  Most  of  the  people  here  are  slaves  of  the  monarch,  who 
draws  a  large  revenue  from  their  sale.    Pop.  about  2200. 

BOULGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BOULOGNE.  booMAn',  or  boo'loH'.  or  BOULOGNE-SUR- 
MEU,  booMofi'stiR-maiR,  (anc.  Gfnoriclctim,  afterwards  Bn- 
yw>nia,)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Llanne,  and  at  the  head  of  the  railway  from  Amiens  to 
Boulogne.  139  miles  N.N.W.  of  Paris,  and  19  miles  S.  W.  of 
Calais.  Lat.  fof  the  column)  50°  44'  32"  N.:  Ion.  1°  36'  15" 
E.  Pop.  in  1S62,  30,783 ;  (in  1831.  20.856.')  of  whom  a  creat 
number  are  English  residents.  It  is  divided  into  the  Upper 
and  Lower  towns.  The  first,  on  a  hill,  whence  the  English 
coast  is  distinctly  visible,  is  well,  though  irregularly  built, 
ana  iius  2  squares  ornamented  with  fountains,  a  feudal  cita- 


del and  ramparts,  a  modern  cathedral,  an  episcopal  palarai 
a  town-hall,  and  a  house  in  which  Le  Sage,  the  author  o| 
Gil  Bias,  lived  and  died.  The  Lower,  or  new  town,  stretch- 
ing from  the  Upper  town  to  the  sea,  is  newly  and  regularly 
built,  and  more  populous.  It  has  fine  public  bath.s,  with 
ball  and  concert-rooms,  a  commercial  college,  a  theatre,  a 
museum,  including  a  library  of  23.000  volumes, an  hospital, 
custom-house  and  barracks.  Boulogne  has  also  two  English 
churches,  several  excellent  hotels,  a  great  number  of  board- 
ing schools,  (both  French  and  Engli.sh.)  a  school  of  uaviga* 
tion,  tribunal  of  commerce,  societies  of  agriculture,  com- 
merce, and  arts;  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens,  sail  cloth, 
cordage,  bottle-glass,  and  earthenware.  In  its  vicinity  are 
important  marble  quarries.  Its  fisheries  are  very  extensive, 
and  furnish  the  chief  supply  of  fish  for  the  Paris  markets; 
but  the  town  is  mainly  indebted  for  its  prosperity  to  its 
English  residents,  who.  since  the  peace  have  resorted 
thither  in  great  numbers,  particularly  during  the  summer. 
Steamers  make  the  passage  to  Dover  in  3^  hours,  and  to 
London  in  about  12  hours.  The  completion  of  the  railroad 
to  Amiens,  in  1848,  brought  it  into  communication  with 
Paris.  The  number  of  passengers  who  emiiark  and  disc^m- 
bark  annually  is  about  60.000.  The  port  is  not  very  easy 
of  access,  being  formed  by  two  wooden  piers  stretching  out 
only  to  low-water  mark,  but  the  tide  rises  upwards  of  16 
feet,  and  ships  find  pretty  pood  anchorage  about  i  a  mile 
from  the  harbor.  In  ls43,  the  foreign  vessels  that  enter«i 
at  Boulogne  were  831 :  tons  80,610:  cleared  802;  tons  82.408. 

Boulogne  still  exhibits  some  Roman  remains.  It  was  on 
the  heights  of  Boulogne  that  the  Emperor  Cali'.'ula,  A.  n..  40, 
encamped  an  army  of  100.000  men  for  the  fruitless  purpose 
of  invading  Britain;  and  here  al.so,  in  1804.  nearly  18  centu- 
ries later.  Napoleon  assembled  an  army  of  180.000  men,  and 
a  flotilla  of  24(X)  transports  for  the  same  purpose.  The 
Colonne  Napoleon,  a  column  164  feet  high,  about  1  mile  from 
the  town  still  commemorates  the  latter  attempt.  The  North- 
men took  Boulogne  in  882.  and  massacred  tlie  inhabitants. 
On  the  13th  of  September,  1544,  the  town  capitulat<Hl  to 
Henry  VIII.  of  Phiglatid,  after  a  siege  of  six  weeks.  The 
English  retained  it  till  15.50,  when  Edward  VI.  restored  it 
to  France  upon  the  payment  of  400.000  crowns.  Cbiirles  V. 
demolished  it  in  1553.  During  the  Republic,  Boulogne  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Port  de  I'Union. 

BOUI/K>NE,  booMiifl'.  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of 
naute-<^^iaronne.  44  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop.  in  1362^ 
1848.    Chief  trade  in  salted  poultry,  grain,  and  chestnuts. 

BOULrxiNE,  a  town  of  Fr.ance,  department  of  Seine,  be- 
tween the  right  bank  of  the  Seine  and  a  wood  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  the  new  walls.  4^  miles  AV.  of  Paris.  Pop.  of 
commune,  in  1852,  7602.  The  wood  to  which  the  gives  its 
name,  B^s  de  Bfnil'iffne.  is  the  finest  promenade  in  the  en- 
virons of  Paris.  It  formerly  contained  the  abbey  of  Long- 
Champs,  a  celebrated  place  of  pilgrimage. 

BOULOIRE.  boo'lwjR/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe.  15  miles  E.  of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  in  18.52,  2128. 

BOULONNOIS  or  BOUL0NNAI,«.  booMon^iA'.  a  former 
division  of  France,  in  the  province  of  PicardV.  of  which  the 
capital  was  Boulogne,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Pa.s-de-Calais. 

BOULSTON  or  BULLSTON,  bOSl'st^n,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Pembroke. 

BOULT'IIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BOULnVAREVJLLE,  a  post-office  of  Newberry  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BOUND'AKY,  a  post-office  of  .lay  county,  Indiana. 

BOUND  BROOK,  a  post-village  of  Bridgewater  township, 
Somerset  co..  New  .lersey.  on  the  Raritan  River,  and  on  the 
New  .Tersey  Central  Railroad.  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  York, 
and  7  miles  N.AV.of  New  Brun.swick.  It  hasa  Presbyterian 
church,  an  academy,  and  numerous  stores.  The  upper  p.irt 
of  the  villiige  is  called  Middlebrook.    Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

BOU-NOijR.\,  boo^noo'rl,  a  walled  town  of  Algerian 
Sahara,  south  slopes  of  the  Atlas;  lat.  32°  28'  N.;  ]on.  2°  E. 

BOUNTY  ISL.\NDS,a  small  sroup  of  i.slands  in  the  South 
Pacific.  S.E.  of  New  Zealand.     Lat.  47°  44'  S. :  Ion.  90°  7'  W. 

BOUNTY  LAND,  a  postK)ffiee  of  Pickens  district.  South 
Carolina. 

BOUKBEUSE.  booR'buz'  or  booRHiOz'.  a  small  river  in  the 
ea.stern  part  of  Mi.ssouri.  ri.ses  by  several  branches  in  the  N. 
part  of  Crawford  co..  and  flowing  in  a  north-easterly  direc- 
tion, enters  the  Maramec  River  in  Franklin  co,.  about  8  miles 
S.K.  of  Union.  It  affords  excellent  and  permanent  water- 
power,  and  traverses  a  district  abounding  in  copper,  iron, 
and  lead.    The  name  in  F'rench  signifies  "muddv." 

BOUR^BON,  (Fr.  pron.  booRn)(\Ne',)an  island  of  the  Mas- 
carene  Group,  Indi.an  Ocean,  forming  a  I'rench  colony, 
in  lat.  20°  51'  4.3"  S.;  Ion.  55°  30'  16"  E.  Lent'tb.  38 
miles;  breadth  28  miles.  Pop.  in  1847.  108.000,  of  whom 
65.000  were  slaves.  The  island  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and 
of  an  elliptical  form.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  a 
chain  of  mountains  which  divides  it  into  two  portions,  dif- 
fering in  formation,  climate,  and  productions:  these  are  on 
the  E.  pnitie  du  ri-nt  (windward)  and  W.partii'  arms  le  retU 
(leeward)  side.  The  chief  summits  are  the  I'iton  de  Neiges, 
aa  extinct  volcano,  10.100  feet.  Grand  Benard  9500  feet, 

263 


BOU 


BOU 


Oimanilef.  730C  feet,  and  Piton  de  la  Foumaise.  (pee'tixo^deh 
Id  fiioH'tiAz',)  an  active  volcano,  7218  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
WK.  There  are  no  extensive  plains,  but  the  mountains  which 
cover  t)ie entire  surface  are  separated  by  narrow  valleys;  it  is 
watered  by  numerous  streams,  all  of  which  are  rapid,  and 
none  naviirable.  The  climate  has  recently  undergone  a  great 
change.  Bourbon,  which  long  enjoyed  the  reputation  of 
being  the  most  healthy  spot  of  the  colonial  world — an  insu- 
lar paradise — is  now  visited  by  the  bloody  flux  and  the  ty- 
phoid fever  of  Bourbon,  which  attacks  every  European  after  a 
residence  of  4  or  5  yeai-s.  Neither  earthquakes,  yellow  fever, 
nor  poisonous  sei"pent.s  are  known  in  the  island.  The  heat 
is  not  excessive ;  mean  temp,  at  St.  Denis  77°  Falirenheit. 
Annuiil  average  of  rain  128  inches.  Yearly  average  of  wind, 
309  days  E..  &ti  days  W.  Winter,  from  1st  of  May  to  1st  of 
October;  rainy  season,  from  1st  of  November  to  30th  of  April. 
The  prevailing  winds  drive  the  rain-clouds  to  the  E.  side  of 
the  island,  and  often  originate  the  most  t-errific  hurricanes; 
on  such  occasions  the  waves,  usually  3  to  4  feet,  rise  to  60  or 
60  feet  in  height,  and  rage  w^ith  incalculable  power,  the  sky 
assumes  a  copper  color,  the  t<?mperature  rises  to  its  maxi- 
mum intensity,  the  barometer  sinks  to  its  lowest  point,  rain 
fells  in  torrents,  and  the  wind  blows  with  resistless  force — 
men,  animals,  tree.s.  and  even  houses  are  overturned.  Bour- 
bon has  no  port,  and  its  anchorage  is  insecure.  In  1S43— t, 
11  large  vessels  were  wrecked  near  its  shores.  The  soil  is  very 
fertile  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast.  The  chief  products  are 
sugar,  coffee,  cloves,  mjiize,  rice,  and  tobacco.  The  corn 
raised  is  insufficient  for  consumption;  it  is  only  used  by 
Europeans,  and  manioc  is  the  chief  food  of  the  slaves.  Prin- 
cipal exports,  sugar,  coffee,  cloves,  dye-woods,  and  saltpetre; 
Imports  wheat,  oil,  wine,  cattle,  timlier,  salt,  glass,  and 
manufactured  goods.  Bourbon  was  discovei-ed  in  1545  by 
the  Portuguese,  who  called  it  MufcarenJias,  from  the  name 
of  their  chief.  The  French,  who  formed  a  colony  in  1055, 
named  it  Bourbon,  which,  under  the  empire,  was  chitnged 
to  lie  Bonaparte.  It  was  occupied  by  the  English  in  ISIO, 
and  restored  to  France  in  1814.  The  island  is  divided  into 
the  arrondissement  of  St.  Denis,  comprising  the  great  natural 
division  called  the  '•  partie  du  vent,"  and  the  arrondissement 
of  St.  Paul,  comprising  the  '•jwrtie  som  Ui-eni."  Capital, 
St.  Denis. 

BOUUBON,  btir'bon,  a  county  in  the  north  central  part 
of  Kentucky,  h.is  an  area  of  alx)ut  300  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  X.E.  by  the  South  Licking  Hiver,  and  drained 
by  Hinkston.  Stoner"s,  and  Stroad's  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  gently  undulating;  the  soil  is  derived  from  fine  limestone, 
and  is  extremely  rich,  forming  part  of  the  region  called  the 
'*  Garden  of  Kentucky."  In  1850,  it  produced  7S,621  pounds 
of  wool,  more  than  any  other  county  in  the  state,  and 
1,705,599  bushels  of  corn  more  than  any  other,  excepting  Shel- 
by county.  Lead  ore  is  found  in  small  quantities:  sulphur, 
and  chalybeate  springs  are  numerous.  The  county  is  intei^ 
Bected  by  the  Covington  and  Lexington  Railroad.  Organized 
in  1785,  and  named  in  compliment  to  the  royal  family  of 
France.  Capital,  Paris.  Pop.  14,860,  of  whom  6093  were 
free,  and  6767  slaves. 

BOURBOX,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  Indiana 

BOURBON,  a  poslK)ffice  of  Coles  co..  Illinois. 

BOURBON,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co..  Missouri. 

bourbon'  LANCY,  booR'bA.No'.  ld>'gee',  a  small  town  of 
France,  department  of  Sa6ne-et- Loire,  2<)  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Charolles.    Pop.  3160.    It  has  Roman  antiquities. 

BOURBON  L'ARCIIAMBAULT.  booRMxi.No/ laRVh5Mn:6', a 
small  town  of  France,  department  of  Allier.  13  miles  W.  of 
Moulins.  Pop.  3094.  It  has  some  remains  of  the  ancient 
castle  of  the  Bourbons,  built  in  the  13th  century.  It  was 
formerly  capital  of  the  seigniory  of  Bourbon,  the  lords  of 
which  originated  the  reigning  families  of  that  name. 

BOURliONNAIS.    See  Bourbox.nois. 

BOU  R  BON  N  E-LES-B  AINS,  booR'bonnaA-bL\<>,(anc.  A'qwe 
BorvalnU.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  liauto-Marne, 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Langres,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Borne 
and  Aspance.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1S52,  4135.  It  has  some 
fine  promenades  and  fountains,  and  2  magnificent  establish- 
ments connected  with  its  saline  hot  springs,  which  were 
known  to  the  Romans.  To  one  of  these  establishments  are 
attached  numerous  public  baths  and  saloons ;  to  the  second 
a  vast  military  hospital  with  540  beds.  The  waters  have  a 
temperature  varying  from  122°  to  150°  Fahrenheit,  and 
between  May  and  October  the  nimiber  of  visitors  averages 
800,  exclusive  of  military. 

BOURBONXOIS  or  BOURBOXNAIS,  booR'bon'ni/.  an  old 
province  in  the  centre  of  i' ranee,  now  forming  the  department 
of  Allier  and  a  part  of  Cher;  itscapital  was  Moulins.  This  pro- 
vince was  confiscated  to  the  crown  in  1531,  under  Francis  I. 

BOUIfBi).\Ti)N,  a  small  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 25  miles  X.  of  Columbia:  the  county  seat  is  situated 
In  a  rich  farming  district,  and  has  some  trade. 

BOURBON-VENDEE.  booR'b4N<^-v6.\<=Mi/,  or  NAPO- 
LEON VENDUE,  nd'pone-ANo'  v6.N«='dil',  formerly  LAROCIIE- 
SUIi-YON.(li-rosh-sliR-yAxo.)  a  town  of  West  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  the  Vendee,  on  the  Yon,  40  miles  S.  of 
Nantes.  I'op.  in  1852,  7498.  Streets  broad  and  well  laid 
out;  but  the  town  is  dull  and  has  little  ti-ade.  Chief 
264 


I  buildings,  parish  church,  town-hall,  prefecture,  and  b«j»' 
racks.  It  has  a  hospital,  small  theatre,  library  of  6000 
volumes,  a  college,  normal  school,  and  a  societj*  of  agricul- 
ture, arts,  and  sciences.  The  town  occupies  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Roche-sur-Y'on,  a  large  feudal  castle,  founded  prior 
to  the  Crus-tdes.  dismantled  by  Charles  1 X.  and  Louis  XIII., 
and.  in  1793.  thoroughly  destroyed  by  the  Republicans.  In 
1805,  Napoleon  selected  Bourlion  for  the  capitiU  of  the  de- 
partment, and  devoted  3.000.000,  francs  (12(1.000^)  to  the 
erection  of  the  public  edifices  requisite  for  the  chief  town 
of  the  prefecture.  It  was  named  Napoleonville  until  1814, 
when  a  decree  of  the  Comte  d'Artois,  dated  April  25| 
changed  it  to  Bourbon-Vendee. 

BOURBOULE,  La,  Id-boou'bool',  a  hamlet  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Puy  de  Dome,  22  mile^  S.W.  of  Clermont,  on 
the  Dordogne.  with  mineral  springs  and  well-frequented 
baths.     Pop.  106. 

BOURBOURG-VILLE.  booR'booRVeel',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Nord,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Duukerque,  on  canal 
of  same  name,  which  connects  Dunkerque  to  the  Aa.  Pop. 
in  1851,  2528.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  manufeiy 
tures  of  so<ip,  chemical  products,  and  beet-root  sugar. 

BOURBOURG-VILLE  CAMPAGNE.  booR^booB^veerkSx'- 
piiV,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord.    Pop.  2l40. 

BOURBRIAC,  booR*bre-dk',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cotes  du  Nord,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Guingamp.  Pop, 
of.commune,  in  1851.  4353. 

BOUKDEAUX,  a  city  of  France.    See  Bordeaxix. 

BOUUDEAUX.  booRMo',  a  coniniuue  and  town  of  France, 
department  of  Drome,  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Valence.  Pop.  1424. 

IJOURDEILLES,  booRMA'yeh  or  booRMAl',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Dordogne,  11  miles  NJ;.  of  Peii- 
gueux.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dronne.    Pop.  1485. 

BOU-REGREB".     See  BiW-regred. 

BOURGACHARD,  booRVd\«hiR'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  13  miles  E.  of  Pont-Audemer.  Pop.  1216.  It 
has  manufactures  of  cloth  and  paper. 

BOUKGANEUF,  booR'g^'nuP,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  20  miles  W.  of  Aubusson,  on  the  Thorioc 
Pop.  of  commune,  in  1S51,  3384. 

BOURG  ARGENTAL,  booR  aR'zh5x='tii/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Montbrison. 
Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851,  1685. 

BOURGAS,  a  town  of  Europe;in  Turkey.    So6  Boorshas. 

BOUUG  D'OYSAXS,  booR^  dwd/sfe"'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Is6re,  on  the  Romanche,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Grenoble.     Pop.  K212.    There  are  le.id  mines  in  its  virinity. 

BOURG  DU  PE.\GE,  booR'  du  pA'ilzh',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Drome,  on  the  Isere.  opposite  St.  Romans, 
with  dye-works  and  manufactures  of  silks.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1S51,  425S. 

BOURG-EX-BRESSE.booRg'-Sxg-brfs.s/,  a  town  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Ain.  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  MScon, 
on  the  Reyssousse.  Pop.  in  1862, 12.008.  It  has  a  com- 
munal college,  normal  school,  .a  pyramidal  monument  in 
honor  of  General  Joubert,  a  magnificent  hospital,  ciiurch 
founded  by  Margaret  of  Austria,  and  containing  her  lomb, 
a  library  of  19.000  volumes,  and  a  liotauie  garden.  It  haa 
considerable  commerce  in  grain,  hides,  cattle,  and  poultry. 
It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  astronomer  Lalaude. 

BOU  RGES,  booRzh,  (anc.  Avar'icum.  afterwards  Biturigfs,) 
a  city  in  the  centre  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Cher.  123  miles  S.  of  Paris,  on  the  Canal  du  Berry,  and  on 
the  Railway  du  Centre,  at  the  junction  of  the  Auron,  the 
Yevrette,  the  Langis,  and  the  Moudon.  which  form  the 
Eure.  Pop.  in  1852,  25,0.37.  It  is  a  ver}-  ancient  town,  and 
was  formerly  fortified;  it  is  ill  built,  and  thinly  populated. 
It  has  a  royal  college,  a  normal  school,  and  public  iibrary 
of  25.000  volumes,  a  magnificent  cathedral,  larger  than 
Xotre  Dame  at  Paris,  and  considered  one  of  the  finest  struct- 
ures in  Europe;  a  noble  Hotel  de  Ville,  formerly  residence 
of  Jacques  Coeur.  It  hiis  manufactures  of  cloth  and  cutlery, 
and  commerce  in  grain,  hemp,  and  the  porcelain  of  Foecy. 
It  is  the  birth-pl;vce  of  Louis  XI.,  of  Jacques  Cocur,  the 
celebrated  financier  of  Charles  VII.,  and  of  Bourdaloiie. 

Bourges  is  of  high  antiquity.  Six  centuries  Ivfoi  e  the 
ChristLin  era.  it  was  the  capital  of  Celtic  Gaul.  In  the  time 
of  Julius  Caesar  it  was  called  Avuricum.  and  was  the  capital 
of  the  Biluriges,  from  whom  the  modern  name  is  eviJonlly 
derived.  Ca;siir  besieged  and  took  it.  B.  c.  52.  Under  the 
Romans  it  became  the  capital  of  Aquitania,  In  475,  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of -the  Visigoths,  but  submitted  to  Clovis, 
when  he  had  vanquished  Al.Hric.  in  the  plains  of  Vouille. 
It  then  became  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Berri ;  and, 
during  the  Middle  Ages,  partook  of  the  vicissitudes  cobj- 
mon  to  the  towns  of  France.  The  great  fire  of  1487  destroyed 
3000  houses,  and  gave  a  blow  to  the  commercial  pros- 
p(>rity  of  the  town,  from  which  it  never  recovered.  The 
cloth  manufacturers,  who  were  at  that  time  numerous,  re- 
moved from  the  place,  and  Lyons  profit*.'d  by  the  dis.aster, 
as  the  Ciirs  were  transferred  to  that  town.  In  16^3.  the 
plague  carried  off  5000  of  the  inhabitants.  Seven  councils 
have  been  held  at  Bourges,  and  the  Pragmatic  Sane  Urn  wa« 
accepted  here  by  the  clergy  in  1438.  It  was  celebrated  in 
the  Middle  Ages  for  the  number  of  carulvals  held  lu  I ,  and 


BOU 


BOV 


It  was  to  Bourges  that  Charles  VII.  retired  at  the  com- 
mencement of  his  reiitn. 

B0U1!C.KT,  booiOzhA/,  or  CIIATILLON,  shk'tee'yiiii'^,  a 
lake  of  Sardinia  in  .Savoy,  7  miles  W.X.W.  of  Chjimb6ry,  near 
tlu!  frontiers  of  France;  it  is  11  miles  in  length  ri.  to  N.  by 
2  miles  across,  and  discharges  its  surplus  waters  into  the 
Khoue  Viy  the  canal  of  Saviere. 

BOUUGET,  a  small  town  of  Savoy,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Chambery,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway,  at  the  S. 
extrtmity  of  the  above  lake,  having  12U0  inhabitants,  and 
some  Homau  antiquities. 

BODKU,  GltANU.  gr6.NO  booR,  or  MAUIOOT,  miVee'go', 
a  t<iwn  of  the  French  .Vntilles,  capital,  and  on  the  W.  side 
oi'  the  island  Jlarie-Cjalaute.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  military 
oouiuiandmant.     I'op.  18h9,  of  whom  796  are  slaves. 

IMJUKGIIAS.     See  BoORGHAS. 

BOUitU  LA  REINK,  booR-)4-rain,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Paris,  with  an  extensive 
cattle-market ;  near  it  is  a  country  palace,  which  was  inlia- 
bited  by  Henry  IV.   i'op.  of  commune,  in  1S52, 14'55. 

BUUUG  IjASTIO,  booK-lis^teek',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  l'uy-de-l)6me,  26  miles  M'.S.W.  of  Clermont. 
Pop.  of  commune,  in  KS,")1,  2404. 

BOURU  LES  VALENCE,  LE,  Igh  booR  lAvi^lfiNss/,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  DrOme.  i  a  mile  X.of  Va^ 
leuco,  of  which  it  furms  a  suburb  on  the  Rhone.   Pop.  2870. 

BUURG,  LK,  lyh-booR,  a  town  and  village  of  France, 
department  of  Vendue,  arrondissemeut,  Bourbon  Vendee. 
Pop.  of  commune,  17ti8. 

BOURG.  LE,  leh-booR,  or  BURG,  (Ger.  Burgthal,  booRd/- 
t3l.)  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  10 
miles  S.\V.  of  Basel,  at  tiie  foot  of  the  Blauerberg,  with  sul- 
phur springs  and  liaths.  well  frecjuented. 

B(JCRG.\EUF-EN-I{ETZ.  l)0ORHn;f'-a.NO-rJt8,  a  small  sea- 
port town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  21  miles 
S.W.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2882.  It  exports 
salt,  oysters,  brandy,  and  agricultural  produce. 

BOURGUGNE.    See  Burgundy. 

BUURGOlN,  booRVw^N"',  (anc.  BergiJsium,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  ls6re,  on  the  Bourbre,  7  miles  W.  of 
La-Tour-du-Pin.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851,  4749.  It  has 
manufiictures  of  calicoes,  beet-root,  sugar,  and  paper. 

BOURG,  PETIT,  pvh-tee' booK,  a  town  of  the  French 
Antilles,  in  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Pointe-A.-PitrK.     Pop.  .3:jl8,  of  wht>m  2783  are  slaves. 

BOUKG  ST.  AM>KOL,  booR-si.NO-tfiNo'dA'ol',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ard6che,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rhone,  35  miles  S.  of  Privas.    Pop.  in  1852,  4S57. 

BOURG  ST.  MAURICE,  booR'siiya  mOVeece/,  a  town  of 
Savoy,  province  of  Tarantasia,  on  the  ls6re,  13  miles  N.K. 
of  Moutiers,  near  the  Little  St.  Bernard  I'ass.  Pop.  3300.  It 
has  large  annmil  fairs,  and  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Berginltritm. 

BOURG-SUR-GIROXOE,  booR-stlR-7,heeVANd',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Gironde,  on  the  Dordogne.  14  miles 
N.  of  Bordeaux,  with  extensive  quarries,  from  which  Bor- 
deaux is  almost  entirely  Iniilt.    Pop.  in  1851,  2094. 

BOURG UEIL,  booR^ul',  (anc.  Biirgolliiim.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Indre-et^Loire,  27  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Tours.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 3405.  It  has  trade  in  wine. 

BOURIiUIG.SuN.  ( Hurgundian.)    See  Burgundy. 

BOURLON,  booR^ANo',  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais.    Pop.  1615. 

B'tURLOS.     SeeBooRLOS. 

BOURMO.NT,  liooR^mA.N°',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Marne.  near  the  Meu.«e.  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chaumont. 
Pop.  1041.     It  has  a  communal  college. 

BOURX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BOURXABAT.    See  Boorxabat. 

BOURNE,  born,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln,  near  the  Fens,  34  miles  S.S.B.  of  Lincoln.  Pop. 
of  parish,  in  1851,  3317.  It  lias  a  fine  Gothic  church,  with 
2  towers,  a  handsome  town-hall,  an  endowed  school,  a  hos- 
pital and  almshouse,  a  union  workhouse,  a  branch  bank, 
several  large  tan-yards,  and  some  trade  in  wool  and  malt, 
Sacilitated  by  a  canal  to  Boston.  The  great  Lord  Burleigh 
vas  born  here  in  1520.  and  the  unfortunate  Dr.  Dodd  in 
1729.     Many  Roman  coins  h.ave  lieen  found  here. 

BOURXE,(EAST)orEASTBOURNE,  a  parish  of  England, 
QO.  of  Hants. 

BOURNE.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BOURNEMOUTH,  bSrn'muth.  a  village  of  England,  co. 
of  Hants.  6  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Christ  Church.  It  lies  on  the 
coast,  and  having  of  late  years  become  a  place  of  fashionable 
resort  for  bathing,  many  tasteful  villas  have  sprung  up. 

BOURNE  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BOURXEVILLE.  boorn'vil.  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Ross  CO.  Ohio.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Chillicothe,  contains  several 
stores,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

BOUR'NEY  or  BOURCHIN,  bOn/Kin,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Hunster.  co.  of  Tipperary. 

BOURX-MOOR,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

BOURXS'BURG,  a  viUage  in  Randolph  co.,  Missouri, 
about  55  miles  X.X.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BOURO  or  BOUKOU     See  Booed. 


BOURTANGE.  KSwR/tang^Hfh,  or  boonHSNzV,  a  small 
town  and  strong  fortress  of  tlie  Netherlands,  in  the  v.ast 
morass  of  same  name.  31  miles  S.E.  of  Groningen.  on  the 
Hanoverian  fi-ontier.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  15SJ 
and  atrain  by  the  French  in  ]7'.t5. 

BOiiRTAXGER  MORASS, bOwR/t^ng'ner  (or  booii/tdcg>r) 
mo(>-rds.«/.  an  extensive  morass,  or  swamp,  upwju-ds  of  4(1  miles 
in  length,  on  the  confines  of  Holland  and  Hanover.on  the  Ems. 

BOURTH,  booRt,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure, 
27  miles  S.W.  of  Evreux.     I'op.  of  commune,  in  1851,  1953. 

BOURTIE,  booR/tee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  1*5  miles 
N'.AV.  of  Aberdeen.  In  this  parish  is  an  old  entrenchment 
called  "  Cummin's  Damp." 

BOUIfToX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BOUR'TON,  OS  DUNSMUOR,  a  parish  of  England,   co. 

BOUK/TON,  ON  HILL.aparish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

BOUWTON,  ON  THE  MATER,  a  parish  of  England,  co, 
of  Gloucester.  Some  curious  Komau  antiquities  have  lieen 
discovered  here. 

BOU  S.^DA,  boo  si/di,  a  town  of  Algerian  Sahara.  lat.35° 
33'  X'.,  Ion.  4*^  9'  E. ;  in  a  tertile  site,  in  the  midst  of  an  arid 
plain,  among  the  Atlas  Mountains.  It  consists  of  5(J0  or  000 
houses,  and  five  mos(iues.  divided  into  8  distinct  quarters, 
each  of  wliich  being  surrounded  with  its  own  gardens, 
gives  the  whole  the  aspect  of  a  cluster  of  villages. 

BOUSSA.    See  Boossa. 

BOUSS.iC,  boos'sik'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  on  a  steep  rock,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Gueret.  Pop. 
of  commune,  995.  It  is  crowned  by  an  ancient  castle,  and 
surrounded  by  decayed  walls. 

BOUSSIERES,  boosVe-uiB/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Doubs,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Besan9on.  near  the  left  bank 
of  the  Doubs.  In  its  vicinity  is  the  celebrated  grotto  of 
Osselle,  composed  of  along  series  ofcaves  remarkable  for  beau- 
tiful stalactites  and  the  number  of  fossil  lones  it  contain.s. 

BOU.SSOLE,  (iKXj'sol'.)  STRAIT,  is  the  channel  which  con- 
nects the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  with  the  Pacific,  in  the  centre  of 
the  Koorile  Islands.   Lat.  46°  30'  N. 

BOUSSU.  bix)B*8U',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilai- 
naut.  7  miles  W.  of  Mons,  on  the  Haine.    Pop.  2984. 

BOUTAX.    See  Bootax.  - 

BOUTOX,  one  of  the  Malay  Islands.    See  Booton. 

BOUTONNE,  booHdnn',  a  river  of  France,  department  of 
Deux-S6vres,  and  Charente  Inferieure.  joins  the  Cliarente, 
8  miles  E.  of  Rochefort,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  1)5  miles.  It 
is  navigable  during  part  of  the  year  from  St.  Jejiu  d'Augely, 
the  chief  town  on  its  liankg. 

BOU'TON  VI  LLE,a  post-ofUceof  Westchester  CO.,  New  York, 

IK(UVIGXES,  boo'veefi'.a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  14  miles  S.  of  Namur,  on  tlie  Meuse.  It  has  iron  works, 
and  manufactures  of  tobacco.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and 
taken  by  the  French  in  1554. 

BOUVIXES,  booVeen',  a  villa  e  of  France,  department  of 
X'ord,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Lille,  celebrated  fir  the  victory  gained 
by  Philip  Augustus  over  the  Emperor  Otlio.  in  1214. 

BOUXVILLER.  boo^-eeriaiR/,  (Ger.  Biic/i.itvillir,  bocks/- 
*irier.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the  Bas-Rhin,  on  the 
Moder,  15  miles  N.E.  of  .Saverne.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
3973.  It  has  a  communal  college,  a  fine  Gothic  castle,  mines  of 
alum,  manufactures  of  chemical  products,  and  metalbuttons. 

BOUZONVILLE,  boo^z6N"Veel',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Thionville,  on  the  Nied, 
with  tanneries  and  manufactures  of  glue  and  nails.  Pop. 
of  commune,  in  1852,  2129. 

BOUZOULOUK.    See  BoozooLOOK. 

BOV  A,  bjVvi,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra, 
18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Reggio.  Pop.  2.')0t).  It  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  the  earthquake  of  1783,  but  is  rebuilt  in  a  superior  style, 
and  has  a  cathedral  and  hospital. 

BOVENDEN,  IxVv en-den.  a  town  of  Hanover.  4  miles  N. 
of  Gottingen.  near  the  Seine.  Pop.  1800.  who  manufacture 
linens  and  yam.     Near  it  is  the  ruined  fortress  of  Plesse. 

BOVES,  bo/v^s?  a  town  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Conl, 
4  miles  S.  of  Coni.      Pop.  in  1839.  8709. 

BOVES,  boT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  pomme, 
on  the  Railway  du  Xord.  4  miles  S.  of  Amiens.    Pop.  1(190. 

BOVEVAGH,  boVev-ia',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster  co., 
Londonderry. 

BO'VEY.  (NORTH")  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BO/VEY,  (SOUTH,)  or  BOVEY  TRACEY,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BOVIANUM.    See  Bojano. 

BOVI'NA.  a  post  township  of  Delaware  co.,  New  York, 
about  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1242. 

BOVI'NA.  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
railroad  between  Vicksburg  and  Jackson,  12  miles  E.  of 
the  former,  is  a  dep6t  for  the  cotton  raised  in  the  vi<dnity. 

BOV'IXGDON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BOVIXO,  bo-vee'no,  (anc.  Vil/i'imm,)  a  fortified  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Foggia. 
Pop.  5200.  It  has  many  religious  edifices.  Here  the  Impe 
rialists  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  1734. 

BOVOLENTA.  bo-vo-Un'ti.  a  village  of  North  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Venice,  10  miles  S.S  Ji.  of  Padua.    Pop.  2800. 

26d 


BOY 

BOVOLO  .^E,  bo-vo-le/nl,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  13  mHes 
g£.E.  of  V-iona. 

BOW,  a  post  township  of  Merrimack  co.,  New  Ilampphire, 
about  5  miles  S.  of  Concord,  on  the  £.  side  of  Merrimack 
River.     I\  p.  909. 

BOW  OT  HARP  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Low  Archi- 
pelLogo,  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  of  the  X.E.  point,  18°  6'  18"  S..  Ion. 
140°  51'  15"  W.  It  is  of  coral  formation,  30  miles  in  length 
bv  0  miles  in  breadth,  and  bow-shaped,  whence  its  name. 
Discovered  bv  Itousrainville,  1768. 

BOW  or  STRAT'FORI>-LE-B0W,  a  vUlage  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

BOWDARlv.  bo'dark',  a  post-office  of  Green  co..  Missouri. 

BOW'DEN,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BOW/DEN,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BOW'DEN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  11  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Kelso.  The  Eildoa  Hills,  elevation  13&1  feet, 
form  part  of  the  boundarie.s  of  this  parish  on  the  South. 

BOWDEN'S  ED(JE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BOWDITCH  (bo'ditch)  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South 
Pacific ;  Int.  (N.  point)  9°  -iO*  S..  Ion.  17 1°  4'  W..  of  coral  forma- 
tion, and  triangular  form,  with  the  apex  S.  It  is  8  miles  long 
from  N.  to  S..  and  about  4  miles  broad.  Bowditch  Island  was 
discovered  by  Commander  Wilkes,  of  the  United  States  ex- 
ploring expedition,  on  January  29,  1841,  the  island  not 
having  been  laid  down  in  any  chart  previous  to  that  period, 
and  being  still  wanting  in  many  maps, 

BOWDOIN,  tio'din,  a  post-township  of  Sagadahock  co,, 
Maine,  about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  .A.ugusta.     Pop.  1744. 

BOWDOIN  CENTRE,  a  postH)fflce  of  Sagadahock  co., 
Maine. 

BOWDOIN  COLLEGE.    See  Britsswick. 

BOWDOINIIAM,  bO'den-ham.  a  post-town.ship  of  Sagada- 
hock CO..  Maine,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Kennebec  River,  25 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Augusta.  The  village  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  Cathans  River,  which  is  navigable  for  .ships 
of  lOtK)  tons,  and  on  the  Kennebec  and  Portland  Railroad, 
35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Portland.  It  contains  8  churches  and 
10  stores.  Bowdoinham  has  long  been  noted  for  its  ship- 
building which,  however,  is  less  prominent  now  than  for- 
merly. Four  ships  and  1  brig  are  being  buUt  in  1854.  Pop. 
about  1500.  of  the  township,  in  1660,  2343. 

BOW/DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Chester. 

BOWDON,  a  post-office  of  Can-oil  co,,  Geonria, 

BOWDON,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabiima, 

BOW'EN,  a  township  in  Madison  co.,  Arkansas. 

BOWEN'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Irwin  CO.,  Georgia. 

BOWEN'S  PRAIRIE,  a  postrvillage  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa, 
about  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

BOW'ENVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Georgia,  on 
Snake's  Creek,  130  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville,  Th» 
creek  affords  excellent  water-power,  which  has  been  im- 
proved by  the  erection  of  a  cotton  manufactory. 

BOWER,  a  post-office  of  Clearfield  co„  Pennsylvania. 

BOWER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness. 

BOWER  B.4.NK,  a  postKiffice  of  Piscataquis  co„  Maine. 

BOWER-CUALK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BOWER  HILL,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

BOW'ER'S.  a  post-office  of  Southampton  co.,  Virginia. 

BOWERS-GIFFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BOWEK'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  51is- 
Boari. 

BOW'ERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia, 
121  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

BOWERSVILLE,  a  small  post-village  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Greene  co.,  Ohio. 

BOWES,  bOz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

BOW'FELL.  a  mountain  of  England,  co,  of  Westmoreland, 
8  miles  W.N.W,  of  Ambleside.     Elevation.  2911  feet, 

BOWIE,  Ixxyee,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Texas,  and  bordering  on  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  960  sqviare 
■miles.  The  Red  River  bounds  it  on  the  N,,  and  Sulphur  Fork 
of  Red  River  on  the  S.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  covered 
'With  timber.  The  soil  is  very  good,  and  adapted  to  cotton, 
grain,  and  pa.sture.  Many  horses  and  cattle  are  reared  here, 
and  exported  to  New  Orleans.  Capital,  Boston.  Pop.  5062, 
of  whom  2401  were  free,  and  2661  slaves.  Named  in  honor 
of  James  Bowie,  inventor  of  the  weapon  which  bears  bis 
name. 

BOW'LAND  FOREST,  in  England,  cos.  of  York  (West 
Riding)  and  Lancaster,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Clitheroe.  has  an 
are;*  of  25,700  acres,  the  greater  part  of  which  has  been 
enclosed. 

BOWLESVILLE,  bOls'vil,  a  posfrofflce  of  Fluvanna  co., 
Virginia. 

BOWLING,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caroline 
CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  road  from  Richmond  to  Fredericks- 
burg. 45  miles  N.  of  the  former,  is  situated  in  a  fertile  and 
healthy  region.  It  contains  2  churches,  3  stores,  and  2 
mills.  Free  pop.  237. 
266 


BOX 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  post-villaire  of  Oriethorpe  co..  Geor. 
gia,  57  miles  N,  of  Milledgeville,  and  3  miles  from  the  Athens 
Branch  Railroad, 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  small  rill^e  of  Stewart  co^  Ten- 
nessee. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
Warren  CO.,  Kentucky,  on  Barren  River,  an  affluent  of  Green 
River,  145  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  navigation,  and  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  particu- 
larly in  pork  and  tobacco.  The  river  has  been  made  navi- 
gable in  all  stages  of  water  for  steamboats  of  nieilitim  size. 
The  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad  passes  tliroiigli  Bow- 
ling Green.  Much  attention  lias  been  directed  to  manu- 
factures at  this  place.  It  has  1  iron  foundry.  1  woollen  and 
1  candle  factory,  and  several  mills;  also  a  bank.  Pop. 
about  2500. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  township  in  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1213.  "       ' 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  township  in  Marion  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  637. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  AVood  co., 
Ohio,  130  miles  N,N,W.  of  Columbus,  and  12  miles  S,  of 
Perrvsburg. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  post-village,  capit.il  of  Hay  co..  In- 
diana, on  the  left  bank  of  Eel  I'.iver.  an  affiueut  of  White 
River,  60  miles  W.S.W,  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  a  brick 
court-house,  a  county  seminary,  and  about  1 00  houses.  Laid 
out  in  1825. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois, 
50  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.E.  of  Sprinrfeld. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  a  post-village,  capit.il  of  Pike  co.,  Mis- 
souri. "6  miles  NJJ.  of  Jeffei-son  City,  is  situated  on  an  arm 
of  Grand  Prairie.  It  has  a  court-house,  a  newspaper  office, 
and  several  stores. 

BOAV/LINGSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BOWMAN,  a  postoffice  of  Marsh.ill  co.,  Virginia. 

BOWMAN'S  CREEK  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
into  the  Susquehanna  River." 

BOWMAN'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BOWMAN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office.  Rockingham  co„ Virginia. 

BOWMAN'S  M0UNT.\.1N,  in  Pennsylvania,  is  situated 
in  the  S.  part  of  Wyoming  co^  E.  of  Bowman's  Creek,  an 
affluent  of  the  Susquehanna. 

BOAV'.MANSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co,,  Pe&n- 
Bvlvania. 

"  BOWMANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Durham,  situated  on  an  excellent  harlKir  of  Liike  Ontario, 
42  miles  N.E.  of  Toronto.  Here  are  agencies  for  the  Bank 
of  Montreal,  Bank  of  Upper  Canada,  3  insurance  companies, 
and  the  office  of  a  weekly  newspaper.  The  village  contains 
about  a  dozen  stores,  several  hotels,  and  has  manufactures 
of  carriages,  cabinet-ware,  leather,  boots  and  shoes,  cast- 
ings, Ac.    Pop.  about  1500. 

BOW/MORE.    See  Kiu-abrow. 

BOWNE,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co..  Michigan. 

BOW^NESS',  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co,  of  Cumberland, 

BOWNESS',  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  AN'estmoreland, 
on  N.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Windermere,  7i  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Kirkbv-Kend.il. 

BOWSIIERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wvandot  co..  Ohio. 

BOWYER'S  KNOB,  a  post-office  of  F.iyette  co.,  Virginia. 

BOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Wilts. 

BOXBERG,  boks'b^Rg,  a  small  town  of  Baden,  19  mile* 
S.S.E.  ofWertheim. 

BOX'BOROUGH.  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 24  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  403. 

BOX  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  Texas. 

BOX  ELDER,  a  post-office  of  Weber  co..  Utah  Territory. 

BOX'FORD,  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Berks. 

BOX'FORD,  a  parish  of  EnL'Iand.  co.  of  Suffi>lk. 

BOX'FORD.  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts, 
about  25  miles  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1020. 

BO.VGROVE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SuR.sex. 

BOX  HILL,  in  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  2  miles  N.E.  of 
Dorking;  forms  part  of  the  range  of  Northdowns.  and  is 
remarkable  for  a  flourishing  wood  of  box  trees  on  and 
around  its  summit,  and  for  the  extensive  prospect  which  it 
commands. 

BO.VLEY.  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Kent. 

BOX'LEY,or  BOX'LEYTOWN.  a  pst-vilLige  of  Hamilton 
CO.,  Indiana,  30  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  .ibout  150. 

BOXMEER,  box^maiR/,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc,  near 
the  Meuse. 

BOX'.MOOR.  England,  a  st.ition  on  the  London  and  Bli^ 
mingham  Railway,  co.  of  Herts,  24}  miles  W.N.W.  of  Loudon 

BOX  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Talhot  o..  Get>rgla. 

BOXTED,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BOX'TED.  a  parish  of  England^  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BOXTEL.  box'tfl.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Brabimt,  on  the  left  bank  rl  the  lioainiel,  6  miles 
S.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Pop.  4013,  Here  the  J'leru'U  defeated  ihe 
Anglo-Dutch  army  in  1794. 


J 


BOX 


BRA 


BOX^\^TXE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Montgomery  co.,  Qeorgia, 
about  liiO  uiiles  S.  of  Milledpeville. 

BoX'WKLL-WITII-LEIGIIXJiKTON,  (li'tgr-ton,)  a  parish 
of  EiiLrland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BO.\.'WOKTU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BuYACA,  bo-yd'kd,  a  village  of  the  republic  of  New  Gra- 
nada. South  America,  department  of  Boyaca,  6  miles  S.  of 
Tunja,  celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  by  Bolivar  over  ihe 
Spaniards,  7tli  August,  18l9,which  secured  the  independence 
of  Ojlouibia.  The  department  of  Boyaca  extends  between 
the  plain  of  BogoUi  and  the  iwrders  of  Venezuela,  comprising 
the  whole  of  the  Kastern  Andes.    Capital,  Tunja. 

BOi'ANA,  bo-yifnd,  a  bay  and  town  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
Mada'.;ascar,  aliout  "U  miles  K.  of  Cape  St.  Andrew. 

BOYANAGII,  boy-ya'uih,  or  BOYOUNACII,  bo-yon'ln,  a 
parisii  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway. 

BOi'B'S  CKEEIv,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  CO.,  Tennessee. 

BOYD'S  FERKY,  a  post-office  of  Pitt  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BUYD'S  STOllK,  a  village  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri,  110  miles 
8.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BOYD'S  TAVEltN,  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  co.,  Virginia. 

BOYD'SXON'S  MILLS,  a  po8tK)ffice  of  Kosciusko  co.,  In- 
diana. 

BOYDS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Weakly  co.,  Tennessee, 
124  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 

BOYD'TON,a  post-office  of  York  district,  South  Carolina. 

BOYDrroWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  MecklenVierg  co., 
Virginia,  6  miles  N.  of  the  Koanoke  Kiver,  and  90  miles  S.W. 
of  Itichmond.  A  plank-road  76  miles  long  connects  it  with 
Petersburg.  It  coutaius  3  churches  and  a  number  of  stores. 
About  a  mile  from  Boydtown  is  the  Kaudolph  Macon  Col- 
lege, under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists. 

BOYUTOWN,  New  South  Wales.     See  Twofoid  Bay. 

BoY'EIt  KIVEK,  Iowa,  rises  in  the  N.W.part  of  the  state, 
and  flowing  south-westward,  enters  the  Missouri  a  few  miles 
from  Kanesville. 

BuY'EifS  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co., 
Missouri,  on  an  affluent  of  the  I'latta  lliver,  So  miles  N.  by 
W.  ot  Independence. 

BOY'ERSTUVVN,  a  post'Offlce  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BOY'KIN'S  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Kershaw  district. 
South  Carolina,  on  the  Camden  Branch  Kailroad,  9  miles  S. 
of  Camden. 

BuYIjE,  boil,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon,  now 
divided  into  the  barony  of  Boyle  in  the  N.,  audl'rench  Park 
on  the  S. 

BuY'LE,  a  town  and  jmrish  of  Ireland,  in  the  Imrony  of 
Boyle,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  here 
crossed  by  an  old  and  a  new  one-arched  bridge,  8  miles  N.W. 
of  Carrick-on-Shannon  Pop.  of  the  town,  3235.  The  chief 
buildings  are  the  old  and  new  sessions-houses,  bridewell, 
dispensary,  barracks,  parish  church,  large  Roman  Catholic 
chapel,  and  the  remains  of  a  fine  Cistercian  abbey,  founded 
In  the  twelfth  century. 

BO  YL  E,  boil,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kentucky  has 
an  area  of  ISO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by 
Dick's  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Kentucky,  and  drained  by 
the  head  streams  of  Salt  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified;  the  soil  is  very  deep  and  rich.  The  principal 
rock  which  underlies  the  county  is  limestone.  Seven  m.ic- 
adamized  roads  terminate  at  Danville,  and  a  railroad  has 
been  commenced  from  that  town  to  Lexington.  Formed  in 
18-11.  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Boyle,  chief  justice  of 
Kentucky.  Capital,  Danville.  Pop.  9304,  of  whom  6025 
were  free,  and  3279  slaves. 

BOY'LER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Missouri. 

BoY'LE'S  MILL,  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Henry  co., 
Iowa. 

BOYLS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BOY'LS'TON,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, about  35  miles  W.  of  Boston.  It  liiis  some  manufac- 
tures of  boots  and  shoes  ;  on  the  Nashua  River,  wliich  flows 
through  the  N.E.  part  of  the  township,  is  Sawyer's  Mill 
Village.  Five  new  school-houses,  several  of  which  are  very 
superior,  have  been  erected  in  Boylston  within  the  last  few 
years.     Pop.  929. 

BOYLSTON,  a  post-township  of  Oswego  co.,  New  York, 
140  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  909. 

BOYLSTON  CENTRE,  a  postoffice  of  Worcester  oo.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

BOYN'DIE,  a  maritime  parish  of.Scotland,  co.  of  Banff, 
on  Moray  Frith.  In  it  are  the  ruins  of  Boyne  Castle,  and  a 
chalylieate  spring  in  high  repute. 

BUY'.NE,  boin,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  rises  in  the 
Bog  of  Allen,  ne.ar  Carbery,  and  flows  generally  N.E.  by 
Trim  and  Navan  to  Drogheda,  about  4  miles  below  which  it 
enters  the  Irish  Sea.  It  is  navigable  for  barges  of  70  tons 
to  Navan,  19  miles  from  the  sea;  and,  at  high  w.'iter,  for 
vessels  of  200  tons  to  Drogheda.  About  2J  miles  W.  of  the 
liist  named  town,  a  lofty  obelisk  marks  the  spot  where  the 
force*  of  William  III.,  on  the  1st  of  July,  1690,  gained  the 
great  victory  over  those  of  James  II.,  so  well  known  in  Bri- 
Ush  history  as  the  "  Battle  of  the  Boyne." 

BOY.NE.'a  river  of  Eastern  Australia,  enters  Ilervey'sBay 
In  lat.  al^  a«'  S.,  Ion.  152°  E. 


BOTNTON,  a  par»Jih  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

BOYSn'OWN,  or  BAL/TIBOYS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  lu 
Leinster,  co.  of  Wicklow. 

BOYI'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon. 

BOY'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BOY'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BOYTON.    See  Beiohton. 

BOSCE  AT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BOZ.MAN'S  TURNOUT,a  postoffice  of  Newberry  co..  North 
Carolina. 

B0Z1{AII,  boz'rd,  (L.  Bos'ira,)  a  ruined  town  of  Syi-la,  pa- 
ghalic  and  7ti  miles  S.3.E.  of  Dama.scus.  It  is  mentioned  in 
Scripture  as  a  chief  town  of  the  lidomites,  and  also  as  in 
possession  of  the  Moabites.  It  afterwards  Ijecame  the  see 
of  a  Christian  archbishopric,  and  latt*;rly  the  chief  seat  of 
the  Nestorians.  The  remaining  walls,  castle,  large  reser- 
voir, and  other  ruins,  are  Saracenic.  It  is  situated  in  th« 
open  plains,  and  is  the  last  inhabited  plane  in  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Ilauran.  It  scarcely  now  contains  a  dozen 
families. 

BO/VRAH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  London  co., 
Connecticut,  about  35  miles  Fl.S.E.  of  Hartford,  well  watered 
by  the  Y'antic  River.    Pop.  1216. 

BOZZOLO,  bot/so-lo,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern  Italy,  in 
Lombardy,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mantua.    Pop.  4900. 

BRA,  hri,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Alba,  on  the 
Stura,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Coni.  Pop.  8000,  It  has  a  gym- 
nasium, foundries  of  metal,  manufactures  of  silk,  and  a  large 
trade  in  corn,  cattle,  and  wine.  Near  it  is  the  village  of 
Polenza.  the  ancient  PnUen'tia. 

BRAAK.  br^K,  BRAKKE,  brik'kfh,  or  NEW  RIVER, 
In  Southern  Africa,  rises  in  Graaf  Reinet,  near  lat.  31°  S., 
and  falls  into  the  Gariep  or  Orange  River  after  a  course  of  12 
miles,  exclusive  of  windings.  The  Great  and  Little  Braak 
are  the  two  head-streams  of  the  Great  F'ish  River. 

BRAAKE.  or  BRAKE,  bri'kfh,  a  village  of  Northern 
Germany,  duchy,  and  17  miles  N.E.  of  Oldenburg,  with  a 
harbor  on  the  Weser,  and  ship-building  yards.     Pop.  1.^97. 

BRABANT,  bri-bant/  or  bral>'ant,  (Fr.  pron.  bri'bAN"'; 
Dutch,  Brahand.  brS-b^nf;  Sp. /J)'rt6«»i<£,  br3-bln't.i.)an  old 
duchy  of  the  Netherlands,  which  formed  part  of  the  circle  of 
Burgundy,  in  the  German  Empire.  After  the  truce  in  1009, 
it  was  divided  into  Spanish  Brabant,  now  forming  the  pro- 
vinces of  South  Brabant  and  Antwerp  in  Belgium,  and 
Dutch  or  North  Brabant,  which  still  belongs  to  Holland. 

BRABANT,  NORTH,  (Dutch,  Niiord  Bniband,  nort  bri 
b3nt,')  a  province  in  the  S.  of  Netherlands,  situated  lietween 
lat,  51°  13' and  SlofiC  N.,  and  Ion.  4°  12' and  5°  58'  E.,  Ixiunded 
N.  by  the  Meuse,  Holland,  Diep,  and  Gelderland,  W.  by  Zee- 
land,  S.  by  Belgium,  and  E.  by  Limberg.  Capital,  Bois-le- 
Due.  Area,  1988  8(iuare  miles.  Pop.,  January  1,  1S52, 
400,075,  mostly  Roman  Catholics;  pop,  in  1853,  405,5;J5.  The 
chief  rivers  are  the  Jleuse.  Dommel,  Aa.  Donge,  and  Lintel. 
The  country  is  uniformly  flat,  and  mar-^hy  in  some  places ; 
the  soil  in  general  fertile,  and  wood  rare.  The  re;»ring  of 
cattle  and  sheep  is  the  principal  branch  of  rural  indu.«trv. 

BRABANT.  SOUTH,  (Dutch,  Xuid  JiralKtnd.zoi(\,)\)rL 
bint/,  a  province  of  Belgium,  near  its  centre,  situated  Ije- 
tweeu  lat.  50°  32'  and  51°  3/  N.,  and  ion,  4°  and  5°  10'  E..  and 
surrounded  by  the  provinces  of  Antwerp,  Limbourg.  I.iiege, 
Namur.  Hainaut,  and  East  Flanders.  Capital,  lirussels. 
Area,  1267  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1849,  711,332;  pop.  in  lh29, 
656,146.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  generally  fertile. 
The  principal  rivers  are  tke  Sonne,  Dyle,  au'l  Demer,  The 
woods  are  extensive,  and  include  the  foreft  of  Soignies. 
Iron  and  stone  abundant.  This  province  U  Intersected  by 
several  important  canals  and  railways.  It  Is  subdivided 
into  three  arrondissements,  Brussels,  LouT»la,  and  Nivelles. 
S.  of  Brus.sels  is  the  field  of  Waterloo. 

BRABOURN  E,  brA/b9m,  a  parish  of  Enf,land,  co.  of  Kent. 

BRAC'ADALE,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  In- 
verness. 

BRACARA  AUGUSTA.    See  Bbaga. 

BRACCIANO,  brit-chil/no,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  the  Ponti- 
fical States,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Rome.  P.>p.  1380.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  shore  of  the  l«k«  of  tht.  same  name,  which 
is  22  miles  in  circumference,  and  gives  rise  to  the  Arrone, 
(iR-Ro/nA : — anc.  ^I'co.)  In  its  vicinity  aire  thermal  springs  and 
loaths,  and  the  fine  old  castle  of  the  Dukes  of  Biacciano. 

BRACEBOROUGH,  brace/b&Mah,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln. 

BRACE'BKIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln 

BRACE'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BRACE-.MEOL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BRACE/VILLE,  a  post-township  ha  Trumbull  ca.  Ohio. 
Pop,  1049. 

BRACE/WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BRACHELEN,  brl'iiA-len,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  9 
miles  N.W.  of  JUlich.    Pop.  2146.    It  has  paper  mills. 

BRACIGLIANO,  bri-cheel-yd'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Principato  Citra,  lOi  miles  N.  of  Salerno.    Pop.  3000. 

BR  ACK^ABEEN',  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co.,  New  York, 
45  mUes  W.  of  Albany. 

267 


BRA 


BRA 


BRACK'EN,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
aenng  on  Ohio,  coiitaius  about  '2uO  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  north  fork  of  Licking  River.  Tlie  surface  is 
rolling  and  hilly;  tlie  soil  is  biused  on  limestone,  and  is 
mostly  fertile.  The  name  of  the  county  is  derived  from  a 
Bmall  creek  which  rises  in  it.  Organized  in  1796.  Capital, 
Augustii.     Pop.  11.021,  of  whom  10,271  were  free. 

BKACKEXHKIM.  brd^keu-hime'.  a  town  of  AVurtemberg. 
21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stuttgart,  ou  the  Zaber.  Pop.  1520.  It 
has  a  I.atin  school,  and  an  ancient  castle. 

BR  ACK'ETT'S,  a  vUlage  of  Effingham  co.,  Illinois,  35  miles 
£.  of  Vandalia. 

BRACK'BT'S  BRIDGE,  a,  yillage  in  the  W.  part  of  Fulton 
CO.,  New  York. 

B1!.\CK'LEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Xorthamptou.  on  the  Ouse.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  Sj 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Banbury.  Pop.  in  1851.  2157.  Until  dis- 
franchised by  the  Reform  Bill,  it  sent  two  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  the  middle  ages,  tournaments  were 
often  held  at  Brackley.  Dr.  Clarke,  the  celebrated  traveller, 
■was  born  here  in  1767. 

BRACK'NEY,  a  post-office  of  Susquehaana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

BRA'CON-ASH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRADANO,  brd-di/uo.  (anc.  BradeJnus.)  a  river  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Basilieata,  rises  in  the  Apennines,  flows  S.E.  60 
miles,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Taranto  on  the  X.W. 

BRADBORNE.  brad'born,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Derby. 

BRAD'DEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

BRAD'DOCK'S  FIELD,  a  noted  Ijattle-field  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Monongahela  Kiver.  11  miles  above  Pittsburg, 
where  General  Braddock  was  defeated  by  the  French  and  In- 
dians. A  pl.ank-road  runs  through  the  place,  and  the  Penn- 
Bvlvauia  Railroad  passes  along  the  high  ground  imme- 
diateiv  above. 

BRA'DEXIIAM,  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.,  of  Berks. 

BRADKX  IIAil,  E.\.6T,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BR ADEX IIA-M,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

BRA'DEX  VILLE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
Bylvania. 

BRA'DESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRAIVFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

BR.\DF1ELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

BR.\D'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

BRAD^FIELD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Eiding. 

BRAD'FIELD  COM'BUST,  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

BRAD'FIELD.  ST.  CLARE, parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

BR  AD'FI  ELD,  ST.  GEORGE,  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

BRAD'FORD,  brad'ford,  a  parliamentary  Iwrough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West  Hiding,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Aire,  and  branch  of  the  Leeds  and  Liver- 
pool Caual.  8  miles  W.  of  Leeds,  on  the  Leeds  Railway.  Pop. 
in  1S51.  149.5-13.  The  town  is  built  entirely  of  stone,  has 
streets  mostly  narrow,  but  well  paved  and  lighted.  The 
principal  buildings  are  the  parish  church  erected  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI..  a  grammar  school  founded  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.,  having  a  good  library,  and  sending  candi- 
dates for  exhibitions  to  Queen's  College.  Oxford,  a  handsome 
exchange,  cloth-hall,  court-house,  jail,  mechanics'  institute, 
several  banks,  numerous  schools,  charitable  institutions, 
and  places  of  religious  worship;  and.  in  the  vicinity,  col- 
leges for  Baptist.s,  Independents,  and  Wesleyans.  Its  rapid 
advance  is  mainly  attributable  to  its  central  position  in  the 
great  manufacturing  district  of  Yorkshire,  and  to  the  abun- 
dance of  coal  and  iron  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Bradford 
is  now  the  principal  seat  of  the  worsted  yarn  and  stuff  ma- 
nufactures in  England,  and  the  great  mart  for  the  long 
wools  used  in  these  fabrics.  There  are  in  the  parish  no  less 
than  112  mills  for  spinning  and  weaving  worsted  stuffs,  and 
mixed  worsted,  alpaca,  and  mohair,  and  cotton  and  silk 
fabrics.  Of  these,  38  are  in  the  town.  Broad  and  narrow 
cloths,  (employing  6  extensive  mills,  chiefly  in  adjoining 
townships,)  wool-cards,  and  ivory  and  horn  combs  are  made 
In  great  quantities.  In  the  town  and  neighborhood,  some 
very  extensive  d\e-works  have  of  late  years  been  erected. 
The  cotton  manufactures  are  of  recent  introduction,  but  are 
making  rapid  progress.  There  is  here  a  flourishing  savings' 
bank,  with  a  handsome  building  erected  in  1S37.  The  sta- 
tion of  the  Leeds  and  Bradford  Railway,  through  which 
communication  is  established  with  the  X.E.  and  X.W.  of 
England,  and  with  Scotland,  is  within  ."300  yards  of  the  ex- 
change. E(iually  easy  communication  is  afforded  with  the 
S.E.  and  S.W.  of  England  by  the  Lancashire.and  Yorkshire 
Kailw-ay,  connecting  with  Bradford  by  two  branches.  A 
direct  line  from  Bradford  to  Leeds  is  contemplated.  Brad- 
ford was  incorporated  in  1847.  A  mayor,  14  aldermen,  and 
12  common  eouncilmen  constitute  the  corporate  body.  By 
the  Reform  Act,  it  returns  two  members  to  Parliament.  In 
this  town,  temperance  societies  are  said  to  have  been  first 
established.  Every  seventh  year  a  popular  festival  is  cele- 
brated here,  in  honor  of  St.  lilase,  the  reputed  inventor  of 
wool-combing.  The  townships  forming  the  parliamentary 
borough  contiiineU  in  ISUl,  lo,2t>4;  iu  1S41,  t)t),71s;  and  iu 
1861,  106,218  iuhubitauts. 
268 


BR.^D'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BRAD'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BRAD/iX)UD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BRAD'FORD,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, bordering  on  New  York,  has  an  area  of  1170  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Xorth  Branch  of  Susque- 
hanna River,  and  drained  also  by  the  Tioga  Kiver.  and  by 
the  Towanda.  A\  yalu.^ing.  and  Sugar  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
broken  and  hilly,  and  covered  with  extensive  forests  of  fine, 
hemlock,  and  sugar-maple.  The  soil  is  moderately  fertile. 
Lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  The  county  contains 
iron  and  bituminous  coiil;  sandstone  underlies  the  greater 
part  of  the  surface.  The  streams  afford  motive  power  for 
numerous  mills,  and  the  county  is  tniversed  by  railroad 
from  William.'iport  to  Elmira.  Formed  in  1810.  and  called 
Ontario;  in  1812  the  name  wa«  changed  to  Bradford,  in 
honor  of  M'illiam  Bradford,  Attornev-General  of  the  United 
States.     Cajntal,  Towanda.    Pop.  48.734. 

BR.iD'FOKIi,  a  po.st-townsliip  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
about  85  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  Two  small  streams  afford 
water-power,  which  is  employed  in  driving  5  saw-mills,  3 
shingle  and  2  grist-mills.  There  are  also  in  the  township 
several  tanneries,  in  one  of  which  about  10,000  hides  are 
annually  worked.     Pop.  1558. 

BRAD'FORD.  a  post-township  of  MeiTimack  Co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  .Merrimack  and  Connecticut  Rivers 
Railroad.  Pop.  IISO.  It  has  manufactures  of  leather  and 
of  sash  and  blinds. 

BRAD'FORD,  a  post-township  of  Orange  co.,Vermont,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  Connecti- 
cut and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Railroad,  about  30  miles  S.W.  of 
Montpelier.  It  contains  2  newspaper  offices,  an  academy, 
and  has  mantifactures  of  iron  castings,  machinery,  woollen 
goods,  stjirch,  and  other  articles.     Pop.  1689. 

BRAD'FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  CO., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  S.  side  of  Merrimack  River,  and  on 
the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  34  miles  X.  of  Boston.  It 
contains  the  Bradford  Academy,  and  is  connected  with  Hav- 
erhill by  a  bridge  680  feet  in  length,  and  a  viaduct  for  the 
railroad.    Pop.  1688. 

BRAD'FORD,  a  post-townshi])  of  Steuben  co..  New  Y'ork, 
about  60  miles  S.S  E.  from  Rochester.     Pop.  1211. 

BRADFORD,  a  township  of  Cleai-field  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  966. 

BR.4DF0RD,  a  post-township  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 14  miles  N.W.  from  Smithport.     Pop.  1515. 

BRAD'FORD.  a  thriving  manufticturing  post-village  of 
Coosa  CO.,  Alabama,  on  Sochapatoy  Creek.  50  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Montgomery,  and  36  miles  from  Wetunipka.  It  haa 
grown  up  since  1848.  The  extensive  water-j)Ower  is  im- 
proved bj'  the  erection  of  a  cotton  factory,  which  employs 
about  100  hands.  Bradford  is  connected  by  a  plank  road 
with  Wetuinpka  and  the  Tennessee  River.  About  1  mile 
from  the  village  there  is  a  quarry  of  beautiful  gray  staiuary 
granile,  which  is  capable  of  being  split  in  any  direction, 
and  %vorke<i  into  anv  desirable  shape. 

BRAD'FORD.aviliageofSciotoco..Ohio,onthe01iio  River. 

BR.AD'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  N.N.E.  from  Corydon. 

BR.AD'FOKD,  a  post-oflHce  of  Starke  CO.,  Illinois. 

BRAD'FORD,  a  post-township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa. 

BR.AD'FOR  D,a  town.sliip  of  Hock  co.,Wi6Con8in.  Pop.1245. 

BRADFORD,  a  post-village  of  Simcoe  CO.,  Can.ada  West,  on 
a  small  stream  flowing  into  Smicoe  Lake,  37  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Toronto.  It  contains  churches  of  four  denominations,  6 
stores,  a  grist  mill,  numerous  mechanic  shops,  and  about 
600  inhabitants. 

BRAIVFOKD  AIVBAS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BRADFORD  CEXTRE.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  Vermont. 

BRAD/Ft^RD.  GREAT,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  A\ilts.  on  the  Avon,  and  the  Kennet  and  .\von 
Canal,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bath,  and  29  miles  X.AV.  of  .Salis- 
bury. Pop.  in  1851. 4240.  It  is  separated  into  2  parts  by  the 
Avon,  here  crossed  by  2  bridges.  Thechurch  is  a  fine  ancient 
edifice,  and  there  are  numerous  independent  chapels.  Brad- 
ford has  2  endowed  schools  and  alms-houses,  a  union  work- 
house. 2  branch  banks,  and  manufactures  of  fine  woollen 
cloths  and  kerseymeres,  which  have  flourished  siuce  the 
time  of  Henrv  Vill..  and  some  stone  quani -s. 

BRADFORD  IXSTITUTE,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BRAD'FORD  PEV'ERELL,  a  parish  of  England,  ca.  of 
Dorset. 

BRADFORD  SPRINGS,  a  post-offlce  of  Sumter  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BRAD'FORDSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  liiver,  69  miles  S.  by  W. 
from  Frankfort.  It  contains  2  churches,  and  above  100  in- 
habitants. 

BRAIVG.'VTE.  an  extra-parochial  liberty  of  England,  ca 
and  5  miles  X.W.  of  I>eicester.  It  has  ruins  of  a  noble  man- 
sion, in  which  L.Hdy  Jane  Grey  was  Ixirn.  A.  D.  1537. 

BR.VDING.  a  maiitime  town  and  (larisb  near  t)»e  E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  co  d  Hantij,  7  luUee 


BRA 


BRA 


E.S.E.  of  Newport.  It  has  a  charter  of  corporation  from 
Edward  VI.,  a  church  said  to  have  been  built  in  704,  a  town- 
aall,  ;ind  a  quay  accessible  to  SDiall  vessels  at  high-water. 

BHADLliV,  bradlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BU.\L»'1/EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BH.VD'IiEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

ISlt.VU'liEy,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford.  In  the 
vicinity  is  an  ignited  bed  of  coal,  which  has  burnt  for  6U 
years,  in  8pit«  of  many  attempts  at  its  extinction. 

BK.VD'bEV.  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Arkan.sas,  con- 
tains i»o8  scjuare  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Saline  Kiver, 
and  lx)Uiided  on  the  W.  by  Moro  liiver.  The  surface  pre- 
sents no  great  ineciualities.  Cotton  and  maize  are  the  chief 
productions.  Capital,  Warren.  Pop.  8388,  of  whom  6(598 
were  tree,  and  21)90  slaves. 

BK.'i  D'LKY,  a  county  in  tlie  S.S  E.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  Geoi-gia,  has  an  area  of  about  400  B(2uare  miles. 
The  Iliawassee  Kiver  forms  its  N.E.  boundary.  The  surface 
is  mountainous,  particularly  in  the  S.  part.  The  soil  is 
mostly  fertile,  and  well  watered.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  great  railroad  of  E.  Tennessee.  The  highlands  pro- 
duce abundance  of  timber.  Capitjil,  Cleveland.  Pop.  11,710, 
of  whom  U),;)28  were  free. 

BKAU'LEY,  a  township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
E.  si<le  of  the  Penobscot  River,  about  4b  miles  N.  by  E. 
from  Bangor.     Pop.  844. 

BKAD'hEY,  a  post-office  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan. 

BKAU'LEY.  a  post-village  in  the  N.  part  of  Jackson  co., 
Illinois,  14  miles  S.W.  from  Pinckneyville. 

BKAD'LEY,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BKAD'LEY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BKAD'LEY  IN  THE  MOOKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Stafford. 

BKAD'LEY,  XOIITII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Milts. 

BRAU'LEYSVALE,  a  township  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vei^ 
mout,  about  45  miles  N.E.  by  E.  from  Montpelier. 

BKAU'LEY,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BKAD'LEY  VILLE,  a  post-olfiee  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Cirolina. 

BKADMOHE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

BRAD'MNCII  or  BKAINSi  a  decayed  market-town  and 
pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  near  the  Exeter  and  British 
Railway,  S^  miles  N.N.E.  of  Exeter.  The  town,  pleasantly 
situated  on  an  eminence,  consists  mostly  of  neat  thatched 
houses,  it  has  an  ancient  church,  a  guildhall  with  a  jail 
beneath.  S(!veral  paper-mills,  and  some  manutiictures  of 
woollen  .stuffs.     Pop.  in  1851,  18;i4. 

BKA'Dl)N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BKAD'I'OIjE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BKADSBEKU,  br^ds'b^RG.  an  amt  or  bailiwick  in  the  S. 
part  of  Norway.     Area,  54ly  square  miles.     Pop.  72.891. 

BHAD'SII.^W,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancfister,  3 
miles  N.E.  of  Bolton.  Bradshaw-hall  was  the  residence  of 
John  Bradshaw,  who  presided  at  the  trial  of  Charles  I. 

BKAD'SHAW,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 

BRAD'SHAW-EDGE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BKA1)'ST>)NE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BRAD'WKLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

BK.\D'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BKAD'WLLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRAU'WELL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  parish 
of  II(3pe,  3s  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tidwell.  Pop.  1334,  mostly  em- 
ployed iu  lead  mines  and  smelting  works,  but  partly  in  a 
cotton  factory.    In  this  parish  is  a  fine  stalactitic  cavern. 

BKAD'WELL  NEAU  THE  SEA,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Essex. 

BRAD'AVORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BRADY,  brd'dee,  a  township  iu  the  W.  part  of  Clearfield 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1087. 

BRADY,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  927. 

BR.ADY,  a  township  in  Williams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1826. 

BRADY',  a  township  in  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1011. 

BRA'DY""S  BEND,  a  post-township  in  Armstrong  co., 
Pennsyhaiiia.  on  the  W.  side  of  Alleghany  River,  about  15 
miles  N.N.W.  from  Kittaimiug.     Pop.  1890. 

BR.ADY'S  CREEK,  of  Texas,  flows  eastward,  and  enters 
San  Saba  Kiver  in  Bexar  county. 

BRADY'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland. 

BRA'DYSVILLE  or  BRADYVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Adams  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  MaysviUe  Turnpike,  8  miles  from 
the  Ohio  Kiver. 

BRA'DYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cannon  co.,  Tennessee, 
56  miles  E.S.E.  from  Nashville. 

BRAEKEL,  brA/kfl,  a  town  of  North  Germany,  Bruns- 
wick. 14  niile.s  S.W.  from  Ilolzminden,  at  the  junction  of 
die  Briicht  and  Nethe.    Pop.  27U0. 

BRAEM.\K,  brVmar,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  Aberdeen. 

BR  AF'FERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
fUding. 

BR.\F'FIELD-ON-THE-GIlEEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
>f  Northampton. 

BRA(i.\,  brjfgd,  (anc.  Braclara  Auc/usHa.)  a  city  of  Portu- 
^1,  capital  of  the  province  of  Minho,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Porto. 
Pop  17.000     It  is  surrounded  by  old  walls,  and  defended 


by  a  fortress ;  and  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  who  is  pri- 
mate of  Portugal.  It  has  a  fine,  richly  ornanienti'd  (iothie 
cathedral  of  the  thirteenth  century,  an  archbishop's  palar«, 
hospital,  a  college,  several  schools,  many  fountains,  and  some 
Roman  ruins.  It  has  manutactures  of  firearms,  jewelry, 
cutlery,  and  hats.  In  its  vincinity  is  the  celebrat<-d  sanc- 
tuary oiJems  do  Munte^  visited  by  numerous  pilgiims. 

BRAGANgA  or  BRAGANZA,  brd-gdu'sd,  a  town  of  I'ortu- 
gal,  province  of  Tra»-os-Monte.s.  mar  the  N.E.  frontier,  on 
the  Ferrenza.  26  miles  N.W.  of  Miranda.  I'op.  5000.  It  id 
partly  fortified,  luiu  a  citadel,  a  college,  and  manufactures 
of  velvet  and  other  silk  fabrics,  and  had  fonneily  some 
silver  mines.  The  ancestors  of  the  present  reigning  fami- 
lies of  Portugal  and  of  Brazil  were  Dukes  of  Bragauza,  until 
called  to  the  Portuguese  throne  in  1640. 

BRAGANGA  or  BRAGANZA,  \iYi-%lnlf^i\  an  ancient  towp 
of  Brazil,  province  of  I'ara,  loo  miles  N.E.  of  Beleni,  on  the 
Caite,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  bay  of  the  s-tme  name:  !at.  1° 
S.,  Ion.  47"^  2o'  W.  It  lias  several  churches  and  a  pri.son.  and 
the  river  is  navigable  up  to  it  at  high  water.  Pop.  of  town 
and  district.  6000. 

BRAGANZA  or  BRAGANZA,  a  town  of  Br.azil.  province  of, 
and  50  miles  N.E.  of  Sao-Paulo.  It  has  a  church;  its  district 
is  fertile,  feeds  numbers  of  cattle  and  pigs  for  the  Kio  de  J.'i- 
ueiro  market,  and  has  a  number  of  sugai^mills.  Pop.  10,000. 

BKAGERN  AES.     See  DR,\>tilK.\. 

BR.\(iGS.  a  postK)flice  of  Lowndes  eo..  Alabama. 

BRAGG'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co..  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Miltbrd  Branch  Kaihoiid,  about  25  miles 
S.W.  from  Boston. 

BRAIIE,  br^v^h,  or  BRA.\;  br|,  a  river  of  I'russia,  fiowg 
S.  and  joins  the  Vistula  on  lower  branch  above  Forden.  It 
is  connected  w  ith  the  Netze  by  the  Canal  of  Bromberg,  and 
thus  unites  the  Oder  and  Vistula. 

BKAI1EST.\D,  bri'h^"S-tdd\  a  seaport  town  of  Russia.  Fin- 
land. 30  miles  S.W.  of  Uleaborg,  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
Trade  in  pitch  and  tar.     Pop.  IICO. 

BRAHILOV,  bri'heeUov',  BRA'ILOFF'.  or  BRAILOW, 
bri'ee-lov';  called  also  IBRAIL,  and  IBKAHIL.  ee'brd-eel', 
a  forMfied  town,  and  the  principal  port  of  Wallachia,  on  the 
lower  branch  of  the  Danulie,  103  miles  N.E.  of  Bucharest. 
Pop.  estimated  at  tiOOO.  It  appears  to  be  rapidly  increasing 
in  imi)Ort!ince.  Its  warehouses  are  extensive,  and  its  harlor 
is  securely  sheltered  by  a  small  island.  Most  part  of  the 
exported  produce  of  ^Vallachia  (the  annu<il  value  of  w  hich 
is  about  llO.OOOi.)  is  shipped  here.  The  imports  amount 
to  alx)ut  350.000/.  Brahilov  is  annually  visited  by  about  700 
vessels.      The  trade  is  chieflv  conducted  by  Greeks. 

BRAH.MAPOOTKA,  or  BRAH.MAI'UTRA.  br«lh'ma-poo/- 
tra.  (i. «.  "  the  Son  of  Brahma,")  or  BU  K'RA>I  POOTEK.'  i  anc. 
Dyardanes  or  (iklanes^)  a  gre»it  river  of  South  Asia,  form- 
ing the  eastern  t)oundary  of  Ilindostan.  It  is  supposed  to 
t.ike  its  origin  in  Thibet,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Himalaya 
Mountains,  about  lat.  30°  30'  N.,  Ion.  92°  E.,  althou^ih  some 
other  conjectures  would  make  its  source  still  farther  to 
the  E.,  about  Ion.  97°  E.  After  an  eastward  course  to 
about  Ion.  96°,  it  bends  soutliward,  and  breaks  throuirh  the 
lUmalayauiutoL'iiper  Assam,  where  it  is  joined  by  theDihing 
and  Dihong,  dividing  into  two  branches,  so  wide  apart  as  to 
encircle  the  island  of  Majuli,  50  miles  long.  The  united 
I'ranch  again  separates  and  encloses  a  larger  island,  (Kal- 
lung,)  75  miles  iu  length.  It  h.as  now  a  westward  course 
throughout  .\ssam  to  Ion.  90°,  where  it  again  bends  .south- 
ward, and  after  traversing  the  Bengal  districts.  Rungpoor, 
Mymunsing,  Dacca,  and  Tiperah,  it  joins  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, in  hit.  22°  50'  N.,  Ion.  90°  40'  E.,  by  an  estu.-u-y  20  miles 
in  width,  in  conjunction  with  the  eastern  and  Imgest  arm 
of  the  Ganges,  \\here  the  Brahmapooti-a  enters  the  plains 
of  Bengal  near  Goalpara,  it  is  about  1200  yards  wide,  and 
very  rapid.  At  about  26°  N.  lat.,  a  large  branch,  the  Jena, 
unites  it  with  the  Ganges.  Its  entire  course  is  estimated 
at  1500  miles.  Principal  tributaries  in  Bengal,  the  Soor- 
mah.  Barak,  Goomty,  Teesta,  Megna.  the  name  of  which 
last  it  assumes  after  their  junction.  In  Assam,  it  receives 
at  least  60  alfluents,  and  encloses  many  large  islands.  Its 
current  is  so  violent  as  generally  to  unfit  it  for  navigation. 
It  inundates  the  country  S.  of  the  Himalayasfrom  April  to 
September,  discharging  into  the  sea  a  greater  quantity  of 
water  than  the  Ganges.  Its  banks,  consisting  mostly  of 
jungle  .and  marsh  lands,  are  often  quite  destitute  of  tracks. 

BKAHOUIC  (bri-hoo'ik)  MOUNTAINS,  a  name  given  by 
Pottinger  to  the  llala  Mountains,  between  Beloochistan 
and  Sinde, 

BRAIC-i'-PWLL,  bri'-kf-pool,  a  headland  in  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carnarvon;  lat.  62°  47'  N.,  Ion.  4°  48'  W. 

BRAILES,  brilz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BRAILOFF,  or  BRAILOW.     See  Br.\hilov. 

BR.\ILS'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derbv. 

BRAINE-LA-LEUDE,  br.in-li-lud,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Brabant,  12  miles  S.  of  Brussels,  with  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  cloths  and  starch.     Pop.  2771. 

BKAINE-LE-COMTE,  brin-leh-ki.vt  or  br§n-leh-kA.\t,  a 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  llainaut,  on  the  Brussels  and 
Valenciennes  Railway,  13^  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mens.  Pop.  62,o2, 
partly  engaged  in  raising  flax  and  spinning  linen  yam. 


BRA 


BRA 


kiRATNIlRD'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-TSUag»  of  Rensselaer  co., 
f:  V  York,  on  Klnderhook  Creek,  16  miles  S.E.  from  Albany. 

bKAlNS,    a    town  of  England.     See  Bradotnch. 

BRAINS/FIELD  or  BRAIWIELD,  a  parish  of  England, 
cr.  of  Hertford. 

BUAIN'TKEE,  a  markeWown  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex,  8i  miles  E.  of  Dunmow,  on  an  eminence,  ad- 
joining the  Tillage  of  Bocking.  It  has  a  spiicious  Gothic 
church,  several  chapels,  an  endowed  school,  in  which  the 
naturalist  Kay  was  educated. 

BI!.\IN'TKEE,  a  township  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont,  20 
miles  S.  by  W.  from  Montpelier,  intersected  by  the  Vermont 
Central  Railroad.  It  has  manufactures  of  furniture,  and 
other  articles.     Pop.  1225. 

BRAIN'TREE,  a  post-township  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  South  Shore  and  Old  Colony  Railroad,  10  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  The  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  is 
carried  on  lierevery  e.xtensively.  Machinery, woollen  goods, 
cordage,  twine,  mats,  crash,  Ac,  are  also  manufactured  in 
the  town.     Pop.  3468. 

BRAIN'TREE,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  408. 

BRAIXTREM,  a  post-ofliceof  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

BR AISII  WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BUAITHWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BRAKE.    See  Bra.vke. 

BHAlvEL,  brd'kel.  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  42 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Min'den.     Pop.  2H20. 

BKAKEL,  Neder,  nA'der  br3/kfl,  (i.e..  "Lower  Brakel,") 
a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  8  miles  S.E. 
of  Audenarde.     Pop.  3S07. 

BKAKEL,  Op.  op  bri/kel.  (i.e.  "Upper  Brakel,")  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders.  1  mile  S.W.  of  Neder 
Brakel.     Pop.  2300.     It  has  manufactures  of  cloth. 

BRAKE'S  RUN.  a  post-office  of  Hardy  co..  Virginia. 

BRALIN,  brd-leen',  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  39  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Breslau.  It  has  a  custom-house,  and  manufac- 
tures of  cloths.    Pop.  1470. 

BR.V.MAN'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Schenectady  co., 
New  York. 

BRAMBACII,  brimliiK.  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  a  gorge  of 
the  Erzgebirge,  ne;ir  the  Bohemiiin  frontier,  11  miles  N.  of 
Eper.     Pop.  1200. 

BRAMBANAN,  bram^bi-nan'.  a  district  in  the  i.<iland  of 
Java,  province  of  Soerakarta.  fiimous  for  its  magnificent  re- 
mains of  Brahniinical  temples.  These  are  entirely  compo.sed 
of  plain  hewn  stone,  without  the  least  mixture  of  brick, 
mortar,  or  rnblish  of  any  kind.  Capfciin  Baker  declares, 
after  exten.sive  experience  of  like  surveys  in  India,  that  he 
had  never  met  with  such  finished  spocimi»ns  of  human  labor, 
and  of  ancient  scionce  and  taste,  crowded  together  in  so 
small  a  compass  as  at  the  Chaudi  Sewu,  or  ''Thousand 
Temples,"  at  Brambanan. 

BliAM'BEK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BHAM'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

BRAM'BEAN",  a  parisii  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BRA.M'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRAM'FIELU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sutfolk. 

BRA.M'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BI!.VM'II.\LL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BHAM'UAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BKAM'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BKA.MLKY,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Surrey. 

BRAMLEY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  "York,  West 
Riding,  3i  miles  W..\.W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  in  ISol,  8949, 
mostly  eniraied  in  the  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth. 

BKAMP/FURD-SPEKE.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BltAMP'TON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cumberland,  ward  of  Esk dale,  near  the  Carlisle  and  New- 
castle Railway.  8j  liiiles  E.N.E.  of  Carlisle.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3S25.  The  town,  in  a  deep,  narrow  vale,  has  a  town-hall,  a 
grammar  school,  a  hospital  f  jr  12  poor  people,  founded  by 
Edward,  Earl  of  Carlisle,  in  16S8,  a  union  work-house  for 
14  parishes,  2  large  breweries,  and  considerable  manufac- 
tures of  checks  and  ginghams. 

BiiA.VIP'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  3  miles 
W.N.^V.  of  Chesterfield.  Coal  and  iron  are  found  in  this 
parish,  which  has  also  large  manufactures  of  earthenware, 
and  extensive  bleaching-grounds. 

BKA.MPTO.X,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BRAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRA.MPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BK.^.Ml'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

BltA.MPTON,  a  post-village  of  Peel  co.,  Canada  West,  26 

liles  S.W.  of  Toronto.     It  contains  a  Methodist  and  Pres- 
yterian  church,  7  stores,  a  foundry,  a  fauning-mill,  and 
about  700  inhabitants. 

BRA.MPrrON  AlVBOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Here- 
ford. 

BRAMPT'ON   BRY'AN,  a  parish  partly  in  South  W.iles, 
CO.  of  liadnor.  and  partly  in  England,  co.  of  Hereford,  5  miles 
E.  of  Knighton.   Some  remainsof  a  Norman  castle,  destroyed 
in  the  Parliamentary  War,  stiU  exist  here. 
270 


BRAMPTON  CHAPEL,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Nortlfc 
amp  ton. 

BUAMPTON  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BKAMSCHE,  brim'shfh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  10  miles 
N.N.W.  of  OsnabrUck,  on  the  Haase.     Pop.  1550. 

BRAM'SHALL.  a  p,%rish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford 

BR  AM'SHAW,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  Wilts  and  Hants 

BItAM'SHOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BRAMSTEDT,  brdm'st^tt.  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Hol- 
stein,  26  miles  N.  of  Hamburg,  on  the  Bramaue,  with  sul- 
phur springs  and  baths.    Pop.  1700. 

BRA.M'WITH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BRAN,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  rises  in  Loch 
Freuchie.  and  joins  the  Tay  near  Dunkeld,  after  a  N.E, 
course  of  about  14  miles  through  a  highly  picturesque 
region. 

BRANCALEONE,  hrin-kil-LWnA,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gerace.  Itwaa 
partially  destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of  1783. 

BRA.N/CASTER  or  BRAN'OHESTER,  (anc.  Brmnodw- 
num.)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  sea. 

BRAiNCl-yPElTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
The  church  has  some  monuments  to  the  Nevills,  Ivirls  of 
Westmoreland,  on  the  site  of  whose  fortress  stands  the 
noble  cattle  of  Brancepeith. 

BKAN'CH,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Michigan,  borlering 
on  Indiana,  contains  528  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  St.  Joseph's  and  Prairie  Rivers,  and  also  drained  t.y  tho 
Coldwater  and  Hog  Rivers.  The  surface  is  rolling;  the  soil 
is  a  rich,  sandy  loam,  mostly  free  from  stones.  About  two- 
thirds  of  the  county  are  occupied  by  oak  openings,  and  the 
remainder  is  heavily  timbered.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the 
county,  which  is  intersected  by  the  Southern  Railroad, 
Organized  in  1833.  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Branch, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy  under  President  Jackson.  Capital, 
Coldwater.     Pop.  20.9S1. 

BRANCH,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1596. 

BRANCH,  a  post-village  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
W.  branch  of  Coldwater  River,  89  miles  S.S.W.  of  Liuising, 
was  formerly  the  countv  seat. 

BRANCH'BURG,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey, 
Pop.  11 84. 

BRANCH  DALE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Peunsyl- 
vania. 

BRANCHES  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Duplin  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BRANCH  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

BRANCH  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BRANCH'PORT,  a  post-village  of  Jerusalem  township, 
Yates  CO.,  New  York,  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Crooked 
Lake,  about  200  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  7  ttores, 
1  tavern,  1  foundry,  1  mill,  and  3  churches.  It  derives  its 
name  from  its  position  on  one  of  the  bninches  of  Crooked 
Lake.     Pop.  about  300. 

BRANCH  RIVER,  of  Rhode  Island,  falls  into  the  Black- 
stone  River  about  4  miles  above  Woonsocket. 

BRANCH  VILLAGE,  a  manufacturing  village  in  Smith- 
field  township.  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island,  about  10  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  1  cotton  mill,  employing 
25  hands,  producing  $25,000  per  annum,  and  1  scythe  ma- 
nufactory, capable  of  turning  out  3000  to  4000  dozen  scythes 
annually.     Pop.  about  150. 

BRANCH'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  a  branch  of  the  Paulicskill,  77  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 
It  contains  a  church,  an  academy,  and  several  stores  and 
mills. 

BRANCIIVILLE.  apost-officeof  Southampton  co.,  Virginia. 

BRANCHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Orangeburg  district. 
South  Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Columbia  Branch,  62  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Charleston,  and  67  miles  S.  of  Columbia. 

BRANCHVILLE,  a  post-ofBce  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Alab.ima. 

BRANCHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Tennessee. 

BRANCO,  brdng/ko,  one  of  the  Cape  de  A'erd  Islands.  S.  ot 
St.  Lucia.     A  long  sandy  spit  stretches  Irom  its  S.  E.  side. 

BRANCO,  brSxo'ko,  a  river  of  Brazil,  an  affluent  of  tho 
Rio  Grande,  province  of  Bahia,  rises  in  the  Serra  Dura.  lat. 
11°  25'  S.,  Ion.  46°  10'  AV.,  flows  in  a  S.E.  course  of  about  12k 
miles,  and  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  to  Tres-Barras,  a 
distance  of  40  miles. 

BRANCO,  RIO,  ree'o  brlngHvo,  a  river  of  Brazil,  ri.^es  in 
the  Parime  Mountains,  and  flows  S.  400  miles  to  the  Rio 
Negro,  which  it  joins  near  lat.  1°  20'  S. 

BKANCOURT,br6N»'kooR/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne.     Pop.  of  commune,  1617. 

BRAND,  brdnt,  a  town  of  Saxony,  23  miles  S  W.  of  Dres- 
den. Pop.  2150,  employed  in  mining,  and  in  manuLicture 
of  trinkets,  l.ace,  and  wooden  utensils. 

BRA.XDEIS,  brin'dice.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Kaur- 
zim.  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  2500. 

BRANDEIS-AM-ADLEK,  brdn'dice-im-ddlfr,  a  town  kA 


BRA 


BRA 


Bohemia,  28  miles  S.E.  of  KonlggrStz,  on  the  Stille-Adler. 
Pop.  1771:. 

BRAN'DENBUKG,  (Ger.  pron.  brlii'dgn-bdORG' ;  Fr. 
Bratuliml/ourfj.  brdiiMon-boOR',)  a  province  of  Prussia,  in 
the  centre  of  the  kinjjdom,  of  which  it  forms  the  nucleus, 
situated  between  lat.  51°  25'  and  63°  34'  N.,  and  Ion.  11° 
26'  and  10°  10'  E.;  hounded  N.  by  Mecklenburg,  ti.K. 
by  Pomerania,  E.  by  West  Prussia  and  Posen,  S.  by  Si- 
lesia and  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  W.  by  the  pro- 
vince of  Saxony  and  Hanover.  Area,  15.792  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1837,  l,U9-t,0-f2;  in  1S61,  2,467,759.  Surface  almost 
uniformly  fiat  and  sandy,  but  diversified  by  numerous 
lakes.  It  is  situated  in  the  basins  of  the  Kllie  and  the 
Oder,  and  watered  by  these  livers  and  numerous  affluents, 
among  which  the  Warthe.  Netze,  Bober.  Neisse,  Fiuow,  and 
M'else,  affluents  of  tlie  Oder,  and  the  Havel,  Spree,  Dosse, 
and  lilde.  affluents  of  the  Kllie,  are  navigaVjle;  and  the  two 
principal  rivers  are  connected  by  several  canals.  Soil  infer- 
tile. Chiuf  crops,  buckwheat,  rye,  potatoes,  hemp,  flax,  to- 
bacco,  and  hops.  Sheep  are  extensively  reared,  and  wool  is 
an  importiiut  product.  The  principal  mineral  products  are 
iron,  gypsum,  alum,  and  vitriol.  There  are  numerous  mine- 
ral springs  and  baths.  The  manufactures,  in  great  variety, 
are  carried  ou  in  the  principal  towns,  and  the  province  has 
many  breweries,  distilleries,  tanneries,  potash,  charcoal, 
lime,  and  sulphur  works.  Trade  is  facilitated  by  numerous 
canals,  excellent  post-roads,  and  railways  from  the  capital 
In  all  directions.  Brandenburg  possesses  the  most  cele- 
brated establishment*  for  public  instruction  in  the  kiiii;- 
dom.  It  is  divided  into  the  two  regencies  of  Potsdam  and 
Fmnkfurt.    CapiUiI,  Berlin. 

BR.VXDKNBUKG,  brdn'den-bO(5RQ\  a  town  of  Prussia,  in 
the  goveiument  of  the  same  name,  circle  of  Potsdam,  capital 
of  the  small  circle  of  West  llavelland,  on  the  Havel,  and 
on  the  Berlin  and  M.agdeburg  Hallway.  37  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Berlin.  Pop.  in  1861,  21,547.  It  is  encloeed  by  walls,  and 
divided  by  the  river  into  an  old  and  new  t/)wn ;  between 
which,  on  an  island,  is  the  quarter  ciUed  "  Venice,"  having 
a  cathedral  of  the  fourteenth  century,  a  ciistle,  St.  Cathe- 
rine's church,  a  council-house,  which  deserve  notice  for 
their  antiquity  and  works  of  art.  Brandenburg  has  a  school 
f  >r  the  noliles>-e  of  the  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  (HiWr  Aka- 
demt.)  many  charitable  foundations,  a  college,  and  a  pu)> 
lie  library;  in  the  market-place  is  the  Kolandsatlle,  a  column 
formed  of  a  single  block  of  stone,  18  feet  in  height.  It  is  the 
seat  of  several  high  tribunals,  and  has  manufactures  of 
woollens,  linens,  husiery,  and  p-aper;  breweries,  tanneries, 
boat-buildinsr.  and  an  active  commerce  by  laud  and  water. 

BKAXDKNUUUG,  a  village  of  East  Prussia,  13  miles  S.W. 
of  Kiiniirsberg.     Pop.  986. 

BKA\'l)K\i?UU<i.capit.alof  Meflde  CO.,  Kentucky,  on  a 
high  bluff  of  the  Ohio  Kiver.  40  miles  below  Louisville,  and 
90  miles  W.  by  S. of  Franktort.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches. 
2  flouring  mills,  4  warehouses,  and  has  considerable  trade. 
Pop.  618. 

BRANDENBURG,  MARK  OF,  an  old  state  of  Germany. 
In  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  divided  into  two  parts — the 
electoral  and  new  mark;  it  is  now  comprised  in  the  Prus- 
sian province  of  Brandenburg,  and  part  of  the  province  of 
Saxony.  The  margraves  of  Brandenburg  h.aving  joined  to 
the  electorate,  the  duchy  of  Prussia  and  some  otlier  posses- 
sions, the  great  elector,  Frederick  III.,  declared  himself 
king  of  Prussi.a.  under  the  name  of  Frederick  I.,  in  1701. 

BRANDENBUHG,  NEW.  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
town  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Mecklenburg,  near  the  X.  shore 
of  Tnilensee  Lake,  at  the  outlet  of  the  river  of  same  name, 
18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Strelitz.  Pop.  (3003.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  a  grand-ducjil  palace,  a  grammar  school,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen,  cotton,  and  diamask  goods,  spirits, 
leather,  paper,  end  chemii-al  products. 

BR.VN'DK.STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRAXUKSTON,  a  parish  of  Knghmd.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRANDIIOF.  brdnt/hof  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria.on 
the  X.  declivity  of  the  Seeberg.  9  miles  S.  of  Mariazell,  (he 
principal  residence  of  the  Archduke  John,  (Vicar  of  the 
German  Empire.)  and,  since  1818,  the  scene  of  his  patriotic 
exertions. 

BR.\N'DON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk,  on  the  Little  Ouse.  or  Brandon  ]{iver,  and  with  a 
station  ou  the  Ely  and  Norwich  Railway,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of 
London.  Pop.  in  1851,  2215.  It  has  an  endowed  grammar 
ichool.  large  rabbit-warrens,  for  supplying  the  London  mar- 
ket, and  a  manufacture  of  gun-tiints.  considered  superior  to 
any  other  in  Europe.  Brandon,  whence  the  Dukes  of  Suf- 
folk formerly  took  one  of  their  titles,  now  gives  the  English 
title  of  duke  to  the  house  of  Hamilton. 

BR.A.NDON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  with  a 
station  on  the  London  and  Birmingham  Railway,  5  miles 
B.E.  of  Coventry. 

BRAN'DON.  a  mountain,  headland,  bay.  and  village  of 
Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Kerry.  The  mountain,  22  miles 
W,  of  Tralee.  is  3126  fjet  in  elevation,  and  terminates  N.E. 
in  the  headland,  which  forms  the  W.  limit  of  Brandon  Bay, 
an  arm  of  Tralee  Bay.  The  bay  is  4^  miles  wide  at  its 
entrance,  and  stretches  about  5  miles  inland.     It  is  formed 


between  Brandon  Head  on  the  W.  (lat.  62°  18'  N.,  Ion.  10= 
10'  W.)  and  a  narrow  neck  of  land  on  the  E.,  which  sepamtoe 
Brandon  from  Tralee  Bay.  The  village,  a  fishing  and  coiLst- 
guard  st.ation,  is  ou  the  W.  side  of  Brandon  Bay,  10  miles 
N.i<;.  of  Dingle. 

BItAN'DON,  a  post-town.ship  of  Rutland  co.,  A'eruiont, 
about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier,  on  Otter  Creek,  and  on 
the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Itailroad.  It  contains  an  aca- 
demy, and  has  manufactures  of  woollen  goods,  leather,  iron 
castings,  boots  and  shm>s.     Pop. .'5077. 

BRANDON, atown.shipofF'ranklinco..  New  York.  Pop.794. 

BRANDON,  a  post-villiige,  capital  of  Rankin  co..  Missis- 
sippi.at  the  eastern  terminusof  the  Vicksburgand  Brandon 
Railroad.  12  miles  E.  of  .Jackson.  Fifteen  years  ago  it  was  a 
flourishing  place,  and  about  that  dat*  the  failure  of  the 
Brandon  Bank  rendered  it  a  '-deserted  village,"  until  the 
railroad  restored  it  to  prospc-rity.  About  10,000  bales  of 
cotton  are  shipped  here  annually. 

BR.^NDON,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

BRANDON,  a  post-township  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
about  38  miles  N.N.W.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  1302. 

BRAN'DON,  a  post-office  of  Peel  co.,  Canada  West. 

BRANDON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRAN'DOXVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Preston  co., 
Virginia,  280  miles  X.W.  of  Richmond.  A  turnpikoroad 
extends  from  this  village  to  Fishing  Cri'ek. 

BRANDS'BUKTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

BRAND'S  IRON-WORKS,  a  pst-offlce  of  Washington  co, 
Rhode  Island,  30  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Providence. 

BRANDT  or  BRANT,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co..  New 
York,  on  Lake  Erie,  24  S.S.W.  of  Buflivlo.  It  is  intersected 
by  Lake  Shore  Railroad.    Pop.  1097. 

BRANDT,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 

BRANDT  LAKE,  of  Warren  co..  in  the  N.E.  part  of  New 
Y'ork,  discharges  its  waters  by  Schroon  Itiver.  Its  length 
is  about  6  miles. 

BRAN'DVSTATIOX,apost-offlceofCulpepperco.,Virginia. 

BRANDYWIXE,  a  hundred  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware. 

BRAXDYWINE,  a  post-office  of  Priuce  George's  co., 
Maryland. 

BRAXDYWINE,  a  township  in  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  992. 

BRAXDY'WINE,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Shelby 
CO..  Indiana,  on  a  plauk-roud,  6  miles  X.W.  of  Shelbvville. 
Pop.  983. 

BRAXTiYWINE  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware, 
is  formed  by  the  E.  and  W.  branches,  which  unite  in  Ches- 
ter CO.  of  the  former  state.  Flowing  in  a  south-easterly 
cour.«e,  it  falls  into  the  Christiana  Creek  at  Wilmington, 
Delaware.  A  noted  battle  was  fought  on  its  banks  between 
the  British  and  Americans  in  1777. 

BRAXDYWINE  CliliEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Hancock 
CO..  and  flows  south-westward  into  Blue  liiver,  a  few  milei 
below  Shelbvville. 

BRANDYWINE  MANOR,  a  postofflce  of  Chester  co, 
Pennsylvania. 

BRANDYWINE  MILLS,  a  small  post-village  in  Summit 
CO..  Ohio. 

BRAXDYWINE  SPRINGS,  Newcastle,  Delaware,  4  miles 
X.W.  of  Wilmington. 

BRAXDYWINE  VILLAGE,  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware,  a 
suliurb  of  Wilmington,  which  see. 

BRAN'FORD,  a  post-town  and  seaport  of  New  Haven  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven  and  New  London  R;iilroad, 
8  miles  E.  by  S.  of  New  Haven.  It  has  3  churches,  an  aca- 
demy, a  hotel,  several  stores,  a  large  foundry,  a  shoe  manu- 
factory, and  other  establishments.  In  the  summer  season 
it  is  much  frequented  as  a  watering-place.  The  h.irbor, 
which  is  about  li  miles  S.W.,  is  well  protected  from  the  sea, 
.and  of  sufficient  depth  for  vessels  of  over  300  tons.  This 
port,  in  early  times,  was  the  rival  of  New  Haven,  and  the 
centre  of  an  important  foreign  trade.     Pop.  2123. 

BRAN'FORD.  a  township  in  Lee  co..  Illinois. 

BKANNA,  brdn'n3.  a  village  of  Bohemia.  2j  miles  E.  of 
Starkenbach.  celebrated  for  producing  the  finest  thread  and 
lace  in  the  kinsdom.     Pop.  1937. 

BRANXODU'XUM.     See  Bb.4Ncaster. 

BRANS'BY,  a  p-trish  of  Enirland.  co.  York.  North  Riding. 

BRAXS/COMBE.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BKAXSK,  brdnsk.  a  town  of  Russia.  31  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Bialvstok.  on  the  Noortchek  (Xourtschek).     Pop.  1350. 

BRANS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BR  AX8T0X,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BRAXT,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Canada  West.  W.  of 
Ijftke  Ontario,  has  an  are;i  of  416  square  miles.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Grand  River.  The  cliief  staples  are  lumber, 
wool,  potatoes,  hops,  maple  sugar,  and  the  products  of  the 
d.airv.     I'rincipal  town,  Brantford.     Pop.  25,426. 

BiiAXT.     See  Br.^ndt. 

BRANTFORD,  a  comnercial  town  and  irapital  of  Prant 
CO..  Canada  West,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Hamilton,  situated  on 
Grand  River,  which  is  navigable  to  within  2^  miles  of  the 
town,  for  vfhich  distance  a  eanal  has  been  opened,  affording 
uninterrupted  water  communication  with  Lake  Erie,  and  ou 

271  ■ 


BRA 


BRA 


the  BaSTalo,  Brantford  and  Goderich  Railroad,  completed  to 
this  point,  Jan.  1.3.  l^^ol,  and  will  soon  connect  with  the 
Great  Western  Railway  at  Paris.  5  miles  distant.  It  has 
agencies  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal,  Bank  of  British  Njorth 
America,  ti  insurance  companies,  and  contains  churches  of  6 
denominations,  2  newspaper  oflices,  and  about  60  stores. 
The  buildings  erected  here  by  the  railroad  company  are  on 
an  extensive  scale,  occupying  11  acres.  The  repair  shop, 
built  of  white  brick,  is  2(52  feet  lonjj,  60  feet  wide,  and  2  stories 
hi^h.  The  enfrine  house,  machine  shop  and  foundry,  coii- 
Btructed  of  the  Siime  material,  is  170  feet  by  30,  and  the  round- 
house, immediately  in  front  is  153  feet  in  diameter,  containing 
13  stalls  for  locomotives.  Among  the  manufactures  of  the 
town  may  Ije  mentioned  brass  and  iron  castings,  tin  and  ja- 
panned-ware.  sash  and  blinds,  agricultural  implements  and 
Stone-ware,  produced  nowhere  else  in  Canada  West.  Pop.  4000. 
BRAN^'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
BltAXmXGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Eiding. 
BRAXTIXGIIAM.  a  post^ffice  of  Lewis  co..  New  York. 
BKANTOME,  brS.vHSm',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Dordoirne.  on  the  Dronne,  12  miles  N.  of  Perigueux.  Pop. 
of  commune,  in  1851.  2756.  It  had  formerly  an  abbey  of  the 
Bentidiitines.  of  which  the  historian  Brantome  was  abbot. 
The  truffles  of  its  vicinity  are  in  high  repute. 

liUAXX'HOLM  or  BRAXK'SOME,  the  ancient  seat  of 
the  Dukes  of  Buccleugh.  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxlmrgh.  on  the 
Teviot,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Hawick.  It  has  especially  acquired 
renown  as  the  scene  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel ;""  but  the  only  relic  of  the  origin.il  castle  is  a  square 
tower  connected  with  the  modem  edifice. 

BRAXX'TOX.  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land.    In  this  parish  is  a  monumental  pUlar  commemora- 
tive of  the  battle  of  Flodden,  fought  S«pt«mber  19, 1513. 
BRAS  U'OU.    See  Cape  Breton. 

BRASH'KR,  township,  St.  L;iwrence  co..  New  Y'ork.  P.  3377. 
BUASII'liR  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  Xew 
York,  on  the  St.  Regis  River,  and  near  the  Northern  Rail- 
road, 35  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg.    It  contains  a  foundry,  and 
haa  manufactures  of  agricultural  implements. 

BRASII'ER  I'ROX-WORKS,  a  post-village  of  St.  T.awrence 

CO.,  New  York,  on  Deer  River,  2i  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Helena.    It 

has  iron  furnaces,  for  smelting  iron  ore  found  in  its  vicinity. 

BRASH'KRSVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Kentucky. 

BRA.'^ILE,  BRASILIA,  BRASILIEX.    See  Brazil. 

BP.ASPART.  bri.s'piR'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 

Finist^re.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Chateaulin.    Pop.  3029. 

BRASS,  brdss,  a  river  and  town  of  Africa,  in  Guine.a,  the 
river  Iieing  one  of  the  arms  of  the  Niger  at  its  delta,  and 
the  town  on  this  arm  in  lat.  4°  35'  N.,  Ion.  6°  16'  2"  E. 

BRASSAC,  brSs'sSk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  12  miles  E.  of  Castres.    Pop.  it»  1852,  2229. 

BRASSAC.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
D6me.  OJ  miles  S.S.E.  of  Issoire,  on  the  Allier.    Pop.  2U17. 

BRASSAC,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Dordogne, 
arrondissement  of  Riberac.    Pop.  1910. 

BRASSCHAET,  brds'sKSt\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  7  miles  N.E.  of  Antwerp.    Pop.  2222. 
BRAS'.SIXGTOX,  a  cliapeli-y  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
BRASS'T()WX.  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  Georgia. 
BRAS'TED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
BRAT  HAY,  a  small  river"  of  England,  co.  of  VTestmore- 
land.    It  Hows  throuL'h  Great  Langdale.  and  joins  the  Ro- 
thay  near  its  mouth  in  Lake  AVindermere. 

BR.^TSLAV,  brdts-lM  written  also  BRATZLAF,  (Pol. 
Bradav.'.  brdts^dv,)  a.  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Podo- 
lia.  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Bug.  110 
miles  E.  of  Kamieniac  It  is  defended  by  an  old  r.auipart 
and  fosse,  and  makes  some  figure  in  history,  having  been 
taken  successively  by  the  Poles  and  Turks,  previous  to  its 
final  reunion  with  Russia.  Pop.  2600. 
BRATTIA.     See  Ba.4ZZA. 

BRATTLEBORO',  a  post-township  of  Windham  county, 
Vermont,  on  the  right  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  100  miles 
S.  of  Moutpelier.  Among  the  manu&ctures  may  be  men- 
tioned castings,  madiinery,  and  carriages.  A  fort,  called 
Fort  Dummer,  was  built  in  1724.  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the 
township,  on  what  is  now  called  -'Dummer  Meadows." 
This  was  the  first  settlement  made  in  Vermont.  Pop.  3855. 
BRATTLKBORO'  (EAST  VILLAGE),  a  post-village  of 
Brattleboro'  township,  Windham  co.,  Vermont,  ia  situated 
on  the  Connecticut  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Whetstone 
Creek,  and  on  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad,  about  110 
miles  S.  of  Montpelier,  and  70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Albany. 
It  contains  7  churches,  2  national  banks,  a  savings  insti- 
tution, a  graded  school,  and  a  large  melodeon  factory. 
Three  newspapers,  besides  the  State  Educational  Journal, 
are  published  here.  The  Vermont  Asylum  for  the  Insane 
near  this  place  had  442  patients  iu  the  month  of  August, 
1863.  During  the  year  119  were  discharged,  of  w^hom  41 
had  recovered.  A  bridge  crosses  the  Connecticut  River 
here. 

BRATTLEBORO'  (WEST  VILLAGE),  a  post-village  of 
Brattleboro'  township,  Windham  co^  Vermont,  on  Whet- 
Btoue  Creek,  about  2  miles  W.  of  the  East  Village,  and  110 
272 


miles  S.  of  Montpelier.  Here  is  a  well-known  institution 
called  the  Glenwodd  Ladies'  Seminary. 

BRATTLEBY.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BRATTLEVILLE,  a  .small  village  in  the  S.  part  of  McDo- 
nough  CO..  Illinois. 

BitATI'OX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  3  miles 
N.E.  of  Westbury.  Here  is  a  large  intreuchment,  supposed 
to  be  Danish. 

BKATIijX   CLOn'ELLY,  a  p.<irish  of  Encland.  co.  Devon. 

BRATTOX  FLEM'IXG,  a  parish  of  Enaiand.  co.  of  Devon. 

BRATT()X  SK  V'MOUR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 

BRATTONSVILLE,  a  post-otfice  of  ifork  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BRATTONVILLE,  a  pos^office  of  Armstrong  eo.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BRATZ,  (Bratz.)  brJts.  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  province 
of  Posen.  circle,  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Meseritz.  on  the  Obra. 
Pop.  1410. 

BRATZKOI,  br3ts-koy',  a  town  of  Siberia,  government, 
and  250  miles  N.W.of  Irkootsk,at  the  continence  of  the  Oka 
and  Anffara.     Lat.  55''  34'  N.;  Ion.  101°  47'  E. 

BRATZLAF.    See  Bratslat. 

BR.\UB.\CH,  brow^dK,  a  town  of  Germany,  7  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Nassau,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.  Pop. 
1507.  It  its  vicinity  are  silver  and  copper  mines,  the  mine- 
ral springs  of  DinkhoUl,  the  castle  of  iiaxbuig,  and  the  old 
fortress  of  Philipsburir. 

BKAUG'HIXG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

BRAUXAU,  bi-Ow'uOw,  a  frontier  town  of  l;i)per  Austria, 
57  miles  W.  of  Lintz,  at  the  junction  of  the  Salsa  and  the 
Inn.  Pop.  2000,  employetl  iu  woollen-weaving  and  brewing. 
It  was  held  by  Napoleon  in  1805  and  1808. 

BRAUXAU,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  33  miles  N.E.  of  Konig- 
griitz.  Pop.,  with  suburbs.  3100,  engaged  in  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  linen  fabrics,  linen  y.arn.  and  afiuafortis.  and 
with  extensive  bleaching-works.  It  has  a  gj-mnasium  and 
a  richly  endowed  Benedictine  alVbey. 

BRAUXCl'VWELL.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BUAUNFELS.  brdwn'fys,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  37 
E.N.K.  of  Coblentz.  with  a  population  of  1472.  a  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  Prince  of  Solms-Bi-aunfels,  a  manufacture 
of  fire-«ngines.  and  4  yearly  markets. 

BRAUX'FELS.  a  post-oflice  of  JIanitoowoc  co..  Wi.sconsin. 

BRAUNHIRSCHEX.  bi-OwnOieeR'shen,  a  village  of  Lower 
Austria,  cirele,  and  near  Vienna,  with  sevei-al  manufactures 
and  extensive  general  trade.     Pop.  27C0. 

BKjVUXLIXGEX.  brOwn'ling-en.  a  town  of  Baden,  29 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Freiburg,  on  the  Bregach.   Pop.  1572. 

BKAUNSBACH.  browns'bdK.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  KUuzelsau.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kocher, 
with  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1000. 

BRAUXSBERG,  bi-(5wns'b^u6.  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  85 
miles  S.W.  of  Konigsberg.  on  the  Passarge,  near  its  mouth 
in  the  Frische  llaff.  Pop.  8360.  It  is  the  residence  of  the 
Bishop  of  Ermeland,  with  a  theological  seminary  for  the 
education  of  Roman  Catholic  clergymen,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth  and  yarn,  and  a  trade  in  corn  and  timber. 

BRAUXSBKRG,  a  town  of  Moi-avia,  SS  miles  N.E.  of  Pre- 
raii.     Pop.  2787. 

BRAUXSCHWEIG.  Germany.    See  Brcsswick. 

BR.\UXSE11''EN,  br6wn'si-fen.  a  small  town  of  Au.'stria, 
in  Moravia,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Qlmutz.    Pop.  2062. 

BRAVA,  brd'vd.  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands, about  10 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Fogo.  Lat.  (W.  point)  14°  4^  42'  N. ;  Ion. 
24°  45'  15"  W. 

BRA  A' A,  brd'vd,  a  town  of  Eastern  Africa,  coast  of  Zan- 
guebar,  110  miles  S.W.  of  Mairadoxo.  It  cai-ries  on  a  consi- 
derable trade  with  India  and  Arabia. 

BRAVO-DEL-XORTE,  RIO.    See  Rio  Granke. 

BRAW'DIE'S  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Ogle  co..  Hlinois. 

BRAW'DY,  a  psirish  of  South  AVales.  co.  of  Pembrok*. 

BRAXTED,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  En._'land.  co.  of  Essex. 

BR  ANTED,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BRAX'TON,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  W.  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  1546  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Elk  and  Little  Kanawha  Kiver.«,  and  also  drained  by  Holly 
River  and  Birch  Creek.  The  surljice  is  hilly  and  rough, 
e.\tensively  covered  with  forests,  and  the  soil  is  well  watered 
and  generiiUy  fertile.  Stone-coal  is  found  in  several  places, 
and  salt  springs  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county.  Formed 
in  1836,  and  named  in  honor  of  Cart<'r  Braxton,  oue  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Capital,  Sutton.' 
Pop.  4a>J^  of  whom  4888  were  free  and  89  slaves. 

BRAXTON  COURT  HOUSE,  Virginia.     See  SUTTON. 

BRAY,  brd,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Berks. 

BRAY,  a  maritime  town  and  pjirish  of  Ireland,  counties 
of  Dubliu  and  Wicklow,  on  the  Bray,  at  its  mouth,  12  mili-s 
S.S.E.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  3169.  The"  town,  which  is  neatly 
built,  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river,  lieie  crossed  by 
an  old  bridge.  It  has  several  n-ligious  ediflcos.  a  h'>spital, 
an  old  castle,  (now  converted  into  barracks.)  a  harbor  lor 
small  sloops,  and  some  manufactories  of  woollen  and  linen 
fabrics.  The  beauty  c'  its  envin:)ns  render  it  a  tivojil* 
place  of  summer  resort  tin-  sea-bathing. 

BIVAY,  brd,  a  river  o:  France,  between  the  departmenta 


BRA 


BRA 


of  Sarthe  and    Loir-et-Cher.    It  joins  the  Loire  on  the  ri^ht 
at  Souge. 

BRAY,  bri,  a  small  district  of  France,  in  the  old  province 
of  Xorinaady,  now  included  in  the  department  of  the  Seine 
Inferieure.  Bray  is  also  the  name  of  several  other  places  in 
France. 

BRAY'BROOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BRAY'FIELD,  COLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

BRAY-HEAU,  a  promontory,  about  H  miles  S.W.  of  the 
town,  rises  to  807  f'et  alx)ve  the  sea. 

BRAY-SUR-SiilM-:,  brA-sUii-sAn,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seiue-et^Marne,  on  the  Seine,  10  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Proving.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1851, 1752. 

BRAYSVILLK,  a  post-office  of  De;irborne  CO.,  Indiana. 

BRAY'T OFl',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BISAY'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  WestRiding. 

BRAZEY  EN  I'LAINE,  brd'zee'  d.NO  plAn,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  the  Cote-d'Or,  arrondissement  of  the 
Beaune.     Pop.  of  the  commune,  1836. 

BR.VZIL.  bri-zil',  (Port,  and  Sp.  pron.  brd-zeel'  or  brd-seel' ; 
Fr.  Brisil,  bri^zeel';  Ger.  Jirusilien,  brd-zee'le-gn  ;  It.  Brasile, 
br3-see'I.i,  L.  Brasil/ui,)  a  vast  empire  of  South  America,  oc- 
cupying nearly  oue-half  of  that  entire  continent.  It  is  of  ex- 
tremely irre^rular  outline,  and  varying  dimensions,  its  great- 
est diameter  being,  E.  to  VV'.,  from  Cape  .\ugustiu,  lat.  h°  21'  S., 
Ion.  34°  50'  W.,  to  the  river  Yavari  or  Jabary,  whicii  separates 
it  from  Peru,  2u;i0  miles :  and  N.  to  S.,  from  Cape  Orange,  lat. 
4°  23'  .v.,  ion.  37°  27'  W.,  K.  of  Oyapok  Bay,  to  the  river  Tahim, 
2540  miles  ;  area  roughly  estimated  at  3,y5ti.S0U  square  miles. 
It  is  Ixninded  S.E.,  E.,  and  N.K.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  N. 
by  French,  Dutch,  and  English  Guiana, and  Venezuela;  W. 
and  S.W.  by  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia.  Paraguay,  and  the  Ar- 
gentine province  of  Missiones,  and  by  the  republic  of  Uru- 
guay. Its  entire  coast-lino,  from  the  river  Tahim,  or  Itahy, 
lat.  32°  45'  .S.,  to  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Oyapok,  lat.  4°  0'  N., 
Ion.  51°  32'  W.,  is  upwards  of  3700  miles.  Throughout  this 
va.stextent  of  coast,  there  are  few  great  indentations;  though, 
in  some  parts,  smaller  harbora  and  inlets  are  pretty  numer- 
ous, many  of  the  former  excellent,  and  generally  surrounded 
by  Hats.  The  principal  bays,  reckoning  from  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  tile  empire,  are  Ilha  Grande,  Kio  Janeiro,  St,  Salva- 
dor or  All  Saints',  on  the  S.E.  coast;  and  St.  Marcus,  St. 
Jose,  Pinzon,  and  Oyapok,  on  the  N.  and  N.E.  coast.  The 
principal  capes  or  headlands  are  Capes  Frio,  St.  Thom6,  Point 
St.  Aiitouio,  St.  Augustiu,  St.  Roque,  on  the  S.K.  and  E. 
coasts;  and  Magoary,  Norte,  and  Orange,  on  the  X. coast. 

General  l>excrij>ti(in. — Tlie  appearance  of  the  coast  of  Bra- 
zil is  very  different  at  dilferent  places.  From  the  river 
Tahim  to  the  island  of  Santa  Catharina,  a  distance  of  about 
400  miles,  it  is  low,  sandy,  and  intereected  by  the  outlets  of 
numerous  lakes  or  lagoons,  which  skirt  the  shoi-es  through- 
out tliis  whole  extent.  From  this  point,  or  from  alsout  lat. 
27°30'S.,  to  lat.  21°45'S.,  700  miles,  the  land  is  veiy  ele- 
vated, appearing  rugged  and  mountainous  from  a  distance, 
but,  when  more  nearly  approached,  becomes  highly  pic- 
turesque, its  hills  being  clothed  with  a  thick  woods,  and  its 
valleys  with  a  never-failing  verdure.  This  part  of  the  coast, 
the  most  rocky  portion  of  which  is  between  Santos  and  Cape 
Frio,  may  be  seen  from  sea  at  a  distance  of  55  miles. 
From  lat.  21°  45'  S.,  or  from  about  Sao  Joao  to  Bahia,  lat.  13° 
S.,  650  miles,  the  coast  is  in  general  low  and  level,  with 
hardly  any  indentations.  From  Bahia  to  about  lat.  4°  N., 
which  embraces  the  whole  E.  projection  of  Brazil,  the  coast 
(about  SOO  miles  in  extent)  is  of  moderate  height,  nowhere 
rising  above  30  feet,  and  is  also  destitute  of  harbors,  ex- 
cepting those  formed  by  the  mouths  of  the  rivers.  From 
this  point  to  the  Aimizon.  it  is  extremely  low  and  marshy ; 
\V.  and  N.  of  that  river  it  is  sandy,  and  somewhat  higher, 
though  still  of  inconsiderable  elevation.  From  these  de- 
Tails  it  will  be  seen  that  the  only  portion  of  the  coast  of  Bra- 
zil that  can  be  called  mountainous,  or  which  has  any  pre- 
tension to  pictuivsque  appearance,  is  that  between  the 
island  of  Santa  Catharina,  lat.  27°  35'  S.,  and  Sao  Joao  da 
Praia,  lat.  21°  40'  S..  or  about  a  fifth  part  of  the  whole.  With 
the  exception  of  the  Rio  Francisco  and  the  Paran4,  all  the 
large  rivers  of  Brazil  empty  themselves  on  its  N.  shores ;  and 
almost  all  run  parallel  courses  from  nearly  S.  to  N.,  travers- 
ing the  vast  plains  which  occupy  the  centre  and  N.W.  por- 
tions of  the  empire,  and  presenting  means  of  internal  com- 
munication unequalled  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe.  The 
surface  of  Brazil,  generally,  is  divided  into  upland  and  low- 
land, in  pretty  equal  portions;  the  former,  which  comprises 
the  hilly  districts  and  table-lands,  extends  over  the  E.,  S., 
and  central  parts,  and  has  an  average  elevation  of  from 
2000  to  25fK)  feet,  although  at  some  points  it  reaches  from 
4000  to  6U00  feet ;  the  lowland  comprises  the  silvas  or  woody 
regions,  and  llanos  or  plains,  and  flats;  the  former  lying 
principally  along  both  sides  of  the  Amazon,  and  the  latter 
stretching  chiefly  along  the  N.  and  N.E.  shores. 

Brazil  is  divided,  politically,  into  18  provinces,  of  which 
there  are  at  least  11  each  exceeding  Great  Britain  in  super- 
ficial extent.  It  is,  however,  very  diflicult  to  ascertain  accu- 
mtely  the  area  of  the  provinces,  and  of  the  whole  empire, 
the  oxiirtiug  data  being  very  unsatisfactory  and  conflicting. 


In  the  following  table,  the  area  of  the  provinces  has  been 
calculated  from  the  measurements  given  in  hiccionario  Geo- 
firtJiCD  dn  Imjvriodn  Branl,\8ib\  and  the  population  has 
been  supplied  through  a  private  source  as  the  most  recent 
and  most  accurate  existing : — 


Pbovimcks. 


Uaritime  Provinces. 

iPara 
Maranbio 
i;;;^^................... 
Rio  Oraii'de  (do  Norte')". ". '. '. 
rParabika    ,... 

EastCoast.ii;^";*."""'™ 

I  Alagoas 

ISurgipe 

i  Bahia 
Kspirito-Santo 
Rio  de  Jaueiro 
Sio  Paulo 
Sauta  Catharina 
S5a  Pedro  do  Rio  Graude 

Inland  Province*. 

Minas  Geracs 

M  a  no  Gros:«o 

Ooyaz 


Area,  sq.  i 


98.1,aw 

^■>,»n 

82,593 
52,403 
2 -'.784 
40.il85 
80.082 
20.1)00 
,S  1.9.58 

147,4t« 
34,176 
70.631 

131,7115 
2,i.n02 
93,756 


lfi0.84T 
673.526 
274,702 

3,004,460 


PoputatioD, 


205.000 
390.000 

so.oro 

190.000 

110.000 

ifiO.OOO 
600.000 

no.ano 

17.5.000 
780.(XIO 
140,0.x) 

aw.noo 

438,000 
90.000 
260,000 


900.000 
180.000 
185,000 


Mmintiiins.  Tahh-Utnds,  ami  Plains. — In  remarkable  con- 
trast to  the  countries  on  the  W.side  of  the  South  American 
continent.  Brazil  has  no  mountains  of  very  great  elevation; 
with  exception,  perhaps,  of  Itambe,  an  isolated  peak  in  tbn 
province  of  Jlinas  Geraes,  which  is  variously  stated  at  59l>0 
and  842t)  feet  alx)ve  the  sea.  The  higher  mountains  of  Bra- 
zil, most  of  them  occurring  at  greater  and  lesser  distances 
from  the  E.  coast,  extend  genersilly,  like  the  Andes,  from  S. 
to  N„  although  numerous  inferior  ranges  traverse  the  coun- 
try in  various  other  directions.  The  most  connected  chains, 
and  those  in  wiiich  the  highest  summits  occur,  are  the  Serro 
do  Espinlni^o,  the  Setra  dos  Orgaos,  and  the  Serro  do  Mar, 
The  first  originates  in  Bahia,  about  lat.  15°  S.,  and,  inter- 
secting the  province  of  31inas  Gerae.s.  terminates  at  lat.  23°  S. 
1 1  lies  parallel  to  the  coast,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  of  about 
250  miles ;  its  culminating  points  are  Piedade,  5830  feet  high, 
and  Itacolumi,  5750  feet.  The  Serra  dos  Orgaos.  (■'organ 
mountain,")  so  called  from  tlie  fancied  re.semblance  of  its 
peaks  to  the  tubes  of  an  organ,  and  the  Serro  do  Mar,  which 
form,  in  fact,  but  one  chain,  the  first  name  being  applied 
to  tlie  N.E.  half  of  the  range,  and  the  second  to  the  S.W., 
extend  also  parallel  to  the  coast,  but  at  a  distance  from  it  of  a 
very  few  miles  only,  extending  fi-om  about  lat.  22°  to  27°  S. 
The  culminating  point  of  this  range.  Morro  dos  Cauudos, 
which  occurs  in  th«  Serra  dos  Orgaos  division,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  4470  feet.  Hilly  regions  also  extend  N.and  W.  from 
these  mountain  systems,  through  the  provinces  of  Minas 
Geraes,  Pernambuco,  Goyaz,  and  Matto  Grosso.  but  none  of 
the  peaks  appear  to  attain  any  very  great  elevation.  To- 
ward the  Rio  Paraguay,  the  hills  become  lower,  and  tenni- 
nate,  on  the  Bolivian  frontier,  in  elevated  marshes.  In  tliis 
locality  occurs  the  water-shed  between  the  affluents  of  the 
Amazon  and  La  Plata.  It  is  of  very  inconsiderable  eleva- 
tion; and  some  of  the  sources  of  the  Madeira,  which  falls 
into  the  former,  and  of  the  J'araguay.  the  head  stream  of  the 
latter,  are  not  more  than  3  miles  apart  and  might  easily  be 
joined  bj'  means  of  a  canal.  The  hilly  region  or  table-land 
extends  along  the  E.  side  of  the  empire  as  far  N.  as  lat.  3° 
S.,  but  inland,  in  Matto  Grosso.  not  farther  than  12°  S.; 
and,  N.  of  lat.  10°  S.,  the  Serra  Ibiapaba  may  be  taken  as 
the  Vi'.  limit.  This  table-land  occupies  half  the  empire,  to- 
gether with  part  of  the  Argentine  Republic  and  Uruguay, 
and  its  average  elevation  is  from  2000  to  2500  feet.  Along 
the  Amazon  and  its  affluents,  the  vast  plains  or  silvas  are 
said  to  occupy  a  space  equal  to  six  times  the  size  of  France. 
Another  great  plain  stretches  between  the  Serra  Ibiapaba 
and  the  river  Tocantins,  measuring  from  N.  to  S.  upwards 
of  600  miles,  and  from  E.  to  AV.  more  than  400. 

Bivfrs  and  Lttles. — The  river  system  of  Brazil  is  un- 
equalled, perhaps,  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  for  the 
number  and  magnitude  of  the  streams  of  which  it  is  com- 
posed, the  surface  of  the  whole  N.^V.  portion  being  inter- 
laced with  rivers  of  every  length  and  volume;  pre.senting 
the  eoniple.x  appearance  of  veins  in  the  human  body,  to 
which  the  Amazon  and  its  larger  tributaries  may  be  said  to 
stand  in  the  relation  of  main  arteries.  By  far  the  greater 
portion  of  these  numiierless  streams  have  a  N.  direction, 
and  finally  find  their  way,  either  directly  or  through  their 
principals,  to  the  N.  shores  of  the  empire.  The  largest  river 
of  Brazil,  and  the  largest,  it  is  believed,  in  the  world,  though 
not  the  longest,  is  the  Amazon,  which  enters  the  empire 
from  the  AV..  about  lat.  4°  30'  S.,  Ion.  70°  \V.,  and.  after  a 
N.E.  cour.se  fi'om  the  point  named,  of  about  800  miles,  tails 
into  the  Atlantic  near  the  equator.  The  next  in  size  is  the 
Rio  Francisco,  which,  after  flowing  N.  for  about  800  miles, 
suddenly  turns  due  E.,  and  subsequently  S.E..  falling  into 

273 


J 


BRA 


BRA 


the  sea  about  lat.  11°  S.  In  order  of  magnitudt-  follow  the 
Rio  Negro  and  Madeira,  both  tributaries  of  tiie  Amazon. 
The  other  large  rivere  in  this  portion  of  the  empire  are  the 
Branco,  a  tributary  of  the  Kio  Xegro;  the  Tapajos  and 
Xingu,  other  two  large  tributaries  of  the  Amazon;  the  Ara- 
guay,  Tocantins,  Maranhao,  and  Parana-iba.  Passing 
along  the  coast  S.  from  the  embouchure  of  the  Francisco, 
the  following  considerable  rivers  occur,  the  Vazabarris.  Ita- 
pacurn.  Paragujtssu.  Belmonte  or  Jequitinhonha.  province 
of  IJahia;  Doce,  province  of  Kspirito  Santo  ;and  the  Purahiba- 
do-sul.  the  S.  boundary  of  the  same  province.  In  this  enu- 
meration of  the  rivers  having  their  embouchures  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Brazil,  we  have  omitted  an  immense  number  of 
smaller  streams,  perhaps  not  many  below  a  hundred.  In 
the  interior  of  the  S.  portion  of  the  empire  occur  the  large 
rivers  Uruguay,  Iguacu.  Paranapaneme.  Tieta,  Pari,  Para- 
guay, and  Parana,  with  numerous  smaller  streams — smaller 
in  comparison  to  these,  but  still  large  rivers — winding  in  all 
directions  through  every  province.  Most  of  the  rivers  in 
this  part  of  Brazil  have  a  W.  and  S.  direction ;  those  having 
the  former  proceeding  from  the  W.  side  of  the  serras  by 
which  this  part  of  the  coast  is  lined ;  and  those  having  .the 
latter  issuing  from  tlie  hilly  tract  which  crosses  the  centre 
of  the  province  of  Matto  Grosso  from  E.  to  W.,  and  which 
forms  the  water-shed  of  the  Vi'.  and  central  part  of  the  em- 
pire, the  rivers  of  the  province  of  Para  flowing  from  it  N., 
and  those  of  Matto  Grosso  S.  and  W.  Of  the  rivers  last 
named,  the  Paraguay  and  Parang  are  the  largest,  and  have 
the  longest  courses.  The  ParanA  forms,  throughout  a  portion 
of  its  course,  the  boundary  between  the  Brazilian  territory 
and  Paraguay  quitting  the  former  about  lat.  2o°  40'  S. 

Brazil  has  comparatively  few  lakes  of  any  great  extent. 
The  largest  is  the  Lagoa  dos  Platos,  in  the  province  of  Rio 
Grande  de  Sao  Pedro.  It  is  150  miles  in  length,  and  36 
miles  in  breadth  at  the  widest  part,  and  is  separated  from 
the  sea  by  a  narrow  strip  of  land  only;  it  discharges  its 
waters  into  the  ocean  by  a  channel  called  the  Rio  Grande. 
Farther  X.,  several  smaller  lakes  occur,  the  largest  of  which 
may  be  from  20  to  30  miles  in  length.  There  are  hardly  any 
others  worth  mentioning  throughout  the  whole  of  Brazil. 

Gtnlngy  and  Mineralogy. — Granite  prevails  to  the  extent 
of  2000  miles  along  the  coast  of  Brazil,  and.  with  syenite, 
forms  the  base  of  the  table-land.  The  superstructure  of  the 
latter  consists  of  metamorphic  and  old  igneous  rocks,  sand- 
stone, clay-slate,  limestone,  in  which  are  large  caverns,  with 
bones  of  extinct  animals  and  alluvial  soil,  of  which  the  N. 
Dart  of  the  empire  is  almost  wholly  composed,  being  inter- 
sected by  numerous  large  streams.  The  mineral  wealth  of 
Brazil  is  considerable,  and  includes  gold,  silver,  and  iron, 
diamonds,  topazes,  and  other  precious  stones.  Among  the 
earliest  discovered,  and  first  wrought  gold-mines,  were  tho.«e 
of  Jaragua,  but  they  have  long  ceased  to  be  reguliily 
worked,  the  procious  metal  being  found  more  easily,  and  in 
greater  abundance,  mingled  with  the  s;inds  and  alluvial  de- 
posits of  rivers.  The  entire  quantity  of  gold  produced  has 
greatly  fallen  o(T  of  late  years,  being  now  hiirdly  a  fourth  of 
what  it  was  three-quarters  of  a  century  since,  owing  chiefly 
to  the  auriferous  sand  having  beeii  exhausted. 

No  country  is  so  rich  in  diamonds  as  Brazil.  The  most 
celebrated  mines  are  those  of  Serra  do  Frio,  a  district  sur- 
rounded by  almost  inaccessible  rocks,  and  guarded  with  the 
utmost  vigilance.  The  diamonds  have  l)een  hitherto  found 
in  the  beds  of  rivers  only,  and  are  washed  from  the  sjind 
and  flints  with  which  they  are  mingled,  much  in  the  same 
way  as  the  gold.  The  largest  known  diamond  was  tbund  iu 
the  Rio  Abaste  in  1791,  and  weighs  138^  carats.  Another, 
worth  45,000?.,  was  found  in  1847.  liich  mines  were  dis- 
covered in  1852  iu  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  The  go- 
vernment receives  one- fifth  of  the  total  value  of  all  the  gold 
and  diamonds  found  in  the  country.  Notwithstanding  the 
astounding  names  of  these  two  items  of  the  mineral  wealth 
of  Brazil,  neither  of  them  have  been  nearly  so  profitable, 
nor  so  beneficial  to  the  general  interests  of  the  country,  as 
the  homeliest  of  its  agricultural  productions.  In  the  short 
space  of  a  year  and  a  half,  the  exports  of  sugar  and  coffee 
amounted  to  more  than  the  value  of  diamonds  found 
throughout  a  period  of  eighty  years. 

Climate. — As  almost  the  whole  of  Brazil  lies  S.  of  the 
equator,  and  in  a  hemisphere  where  there  is  a  greater  pro- 
portion of  sea  than  land,  its  climate  is  gener.^Ily  more  cool 
and  moist  than  that  of  countries  in  corresponding  latitudes 
In  the  Northern  liemisphere.  This  is  particulai-ly  applicable 
to  the  flat  portions  of  the  empire,  where  impenetrable 
forests  occupy  the  alluvial  plains;  and,  by  preventing  the 
sun's  rays  reaching  the  earth,  cut  off  one  of  the  principal 
sources  of  heat — radiation.  In  the  S.  parts  of  Brazil,  in 
iKjnsequence  of  the  gradual  narrowing  of  the  continent,  the 
climate  is  of  an  insular  character — cool  summers  and  mild 
winters.  The  quantity  of  rain  that  falls  in  Brazil  differs 
widely  in  amount  in  different  lo</alities.  The  N.  provinces 
generally  are  subject  to  heavy  rains  and  violent  storms ;  but 
the  S.  regions  rejoice  in  a  settled,  mild,  and  salubrious  cli- 
mate. The  rainy  season  commences  in  (October,  and  usually 
lasts  till  -March,  setting  in  with  heavy  thunder-storms.  At 
Kio,  where  the  climate  has  been  much  modified  by  the  clear- 
274 


[  ing  away  of  the  forests  in  the  neighborhood,  the  mean 
temperature  of  the  year  is  72°;  and  the  rains  have  been  so 
diminished  as  to  have  seriously  reduced  the  supply  of 
water  to  the  city.  Generally,  the  climate  of  Brazil  is  d» 
lightful,  diffusing  and  maintaining  a  perpetual  summer 
throughout  tliis  fiivored  land.  Near  the  coast,  the  tempera- 
ture is  modified  by  the  trade-wind. 

Sill.  Vegitabh  Productions,  d-c. — The  soil  of  Brazil,  so  far  aa 
its  capabilities  hiive  been  tested,  is  highly  fertile;  although 
but  a  comparatively  small  portion  has  yet  been  subjected 
to  this  test,  not  more  than  a  hundred  and  fiftieth  part  of 
the  whole  surface  being  under  cultivation,  and  this  portion 
is  entirely  limited  to  the  coast  and  to  the  N.E.  part  of  the 
empire,  which  seems  peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  maize,  sugar,  and  coffee.  The  pastures,  however,  are 
of  vast  extent;  and,  being  covered  with  prodigious  lierds 
of  horned  cattle,  form  one  of  the  principal  .sources  of  the 
wealth  of  the  country.  Being  almost  wholly  within  the 
limit  of  the  palm  region,  the  vegetation  of  Brazil  is  charao 
terized  generally  by  the  peculiar  physiognomy  which  that 
beautiful  family  of  vegetables  impiesses  on  tropical  coun- 
tries. Of  these,  no  fewer  than  100  species  are  natives  to  the 
country.  The  chief  food-plants  are  sugar,  coffee,  cotton, 
cocoa,  rice,  tobacco,  maize,  wheat,  manioc,  beans,  bananas, 
ipecacuanha,  ginger,  yams,  lemons,  oranges,  figs,  &c..  the 
two  first,  sugar  and  coffee,  being  the  staple  products  of  the 
empire.  The  manioc  is  a  native  of  Brazil,  and  its  farina  is 
almost  the  only  kind  of  meal  used  in  that  country.  An 
acre  of  manioc  is  said  to  yield  as  mxich  nutriment  as  six 
acres  of  wheat.  The  Indians  find  in  this  beiiutiful  and 
useful  plant  a  compensation  for  the  rice,  and  other  cerealia 
of  the  Old  AVorld.  But  it  is  in  the  boundless  forests  of  Bra- 
zil that  the  vigor  of  the  vegetative  power  is  exhibited  in 
its  most  imposing  form.  No  language,  it  has  teen  said,  can 
descrilje  the  glory  of  the  Brazilian  forests;  the  endless 
variety  of  form,  the  contrast  of  color  and  size,  the  largest 
trees  bearing  brilliant  blossoms  of  every  hue,  and  clothed 
with  a  drapery  of  curious  epiphytes  and  festoons  of  climbing 
plants,  while  thousands,  of  a  diameter  of  not  less  than  8 
and  12  feet,  stand  so  close  together  that  it  is  inipospible  (the 
intervals  being  filled  up  with  an  undergrowth  of  plants;  to 
clear  a  passage  between  them.  In  contrast  to  these  giants 
of  the  forest  stands  the  graceful  palm,  the  delicate  acacia, 
and  Kamboos.  and  grasses  of  40  feet  high.  But  it  is  not  in 
the  plains  alone  that  this  gigantic  vegetation  i.«  met  with. 
The  sides  of  the  mountains  are  also  clotbed  with  trees  of 
enormous  size,  including  the  most  beautiful  specimens  of 
the  palm  and  tree-fern.  The  cocoa-nut  palm  attaiTis  a  great 
size  on  the  sea  shores ;  and  the  curious  IJertholettia  or  mon- 
key-pot tree,  the  kernels  of  which  are  exported  from  Para 
under  the  name  of  Brazil-nuts,  is  met  with  in  many  locali- 
ties, but  more  especially  in  the  N.'VV.  parts  of  the  empire. 
A  peculiar  characteristic  of  Brazilian  vegetation  is  the  host 
of  species  of  myrtle-trees,  which,  though  not  of  much  use 
economically,  perfume  the  air  with  their  exhalations. 
Among  the  more  valuable  trees  of  the  Brazilian  forest.S'are 
the  .anda^igd,  or  Purga  das  Paulistas,  (Anda  Gonieni.)  the 
seeds  of  which  yield  a  tasteless  oil.  more  powerfully  cathar- 
tic than  castor-oil;  the  cacao  or  chocolate-tree,  the  cae.salpina 
echinata  or  Brazilwood-tree,  used,  under  the  name  of  Per- 
nambuco  wood,  for  dyeing  silk  of  a  crimson  color;  the  rose- 
wood-tree, the  fustic,  mahogany,  and  a  variety  of  others 
well  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  ship-building.  The  differ- 
ent kinds  of  li)re.sts  and  woods  in  Brazil  are  distinguished 
by  the  inhabitants  by  particular  names.  There  are  ths 
Matos  Virgens.  or  virgin  forests,  such  as  those  which  exist 
on  the  Organ  Mountains  and  along  the  whole  Maritime  Cor- 
dillera; the  Catingas.  consisting  generally  of  small  and  de- 
ciduous trees;  the  Carrascos,  close-growing  shru>)S  of  about 
3  or  4  feet  high :  and  the  Capiveira,  such  wooded  tracts  as 
are  formed  by  the  .small  trees  and  shrubs,  which  spring  up 
where  virgiii  forests  have  been  cleared  away.  The  t)eauty, 
variety,  and  abundance  of  the  flowers  of  this  extraordinary 
country  are  no  less  remarkable  than  any  other  of  its  vege- 
table productions. 

AnimaU. — The  principal  domestic  animals  of  Brazil  aie 
horned  cattle  and  horses ;  the  numbers  of  the  former  are 
immense,  covering  the  boundless  plains  of  the  interior.  The 
greatest  part  of  them  live  in  a  wild  state.  Horses  and  mules 
are  numerous  in  the  S.  provinces.  Sheep  are  in  little  re- 
pute, the  meat  being  ill-flavored,  and  the  wool  of  indiffer- 
ent quality.  Goats  and  hogs  are  abundant.  The  woods  of 
Brazil  swarm  with  rapacious  animals,  tiger-cats.  hyena& 
saratus,  (a  ferocious  creature  about  the  size  of  a  fox,) 
jaguars,  sloths,  porcupines.  Ac.  Wild  hogs  are  also  com- 
mon, as  well  as  an  amphibious  animal  called  the  water- 
hog  or  capybara,  resembling  a  hog  iu  form,  but  of  the  size 
of  a  heifer.  Monkeys  are  likewise  numerous ;  and  vam- 
pyres  are  in  some  localities  so  destructive  as  to  prevent  the 
rearing  of  cattle.  Among  the  feathered  tril>es  are  the 
smallest,  the  humming-fiird.  and  one  of  the  largest,  the 
emu  and  vulture.  AVater-fowl,  especially  geese  and  ducks, 
abound,  in  certain  seasons,  on  the  lakes  and  lagoons  at  the 
S.  extremity  of  Brazil.  The  reptiles  consist  of  the  Voa  con- 
strictor, the  corral  snake,  the  gurucucii,  and  the  Jarar,^ 


BRA 


BRA 


(  Bnthrnpf  Kfiiwie/lii,  Pplx,">  all  Tenomous,  and  much  dreaded 
by  the  natives,  especiallj*  the  last,  which,  when  full  ^rown. 
Is  usually  about  6  feet  lonp,  and  is  nearly  allied  to  the  rat- 
tlesnake genus.  In  the  marshy  countries  of  the  S.,  the  boa 
3r  pj'thon  is  said  to  attain  a  length  of  48  feet:  but,  accord- 
ing to  Humboldt,  the  largest  skins  which  have,  as  yet.  been 
brought  to  Europe,  carefully  measured,  do  not  exceed  from 
21  to  23  feet.  The  insects  of  Hrazil  are,  many  of  them,  re- 
markable for  the  beauty  of  their  colors  and  their  size,  espe- 
cially the  butterflies.  Other  descriptions  are  so  numerous 
In  the  woods  that  their  noi.se  is  heard  in  a  ship  at  anchor 
some  distance  from  the  shore;  while  the  white  ants  are  so 
numerous  and  destructive,  th.at  Humboldt  says  there  is  not 
a  manuscript  in  South  America  one  hundred  years  old.  The 
ncorpions  of  Brazil  attain  a  length  of  6  inches.  Most  of  the 
bees  of  tliis  country  are  stiugless.  there  being  no  fewer  than 
30  species  of  that  description.  The  number  of  fish  caught 
in  the  Amazon  and  other  rivers  of  the  empire  is  very  great, 
constituting  a  principal  part  of  the  subsistence  of  the  inha- 
bitants, European  settlers  as  well  as  Indians. 

Commerce. — The  principal  articles  of  import  are  cottons, 
trinkets,  furniture,  wax,  candles,  hats,  dry  fruits,  and  wine 
fi-om  France:  glass,  beer,  linen,  paper,  i-c.  from  Holland; 
the  Rjime,  with  the  addition  of  iron  and  brass  utensils  from 
Germany  and  Bohemia;  iron,  copper  uten.sils,  sail-cloth, 
cords,  ropes,  Ac.  from  Russia  and  Sweden ;  wine,  brandy, 
fruits,  &c.  from  I'ortugal,  and  wheat,  tiour,  biscuits,  soap, 
leather,  Ac.  from  America.  The  exports  consist  of  coffee, 
sugar,  cotton,  hides,  cabinet  and  dye  woods,  drugs,  gums, 
and  diamonds.  The  value  of  cotton  good.s,  nearly  all  from 
Britain,  imported  into  Brazil  between  August  22,  1S46,  and 
March  22,  1848,  was  |J;V2,ii5(>.410.  The  total  value  of  imports 
in  1S45  was  S:!2.381.519,  and  of  exports  |26,fi24,94l.  The  an- 
nual imports  from  Great  llritaiii  are  above  $15.000,000., 
and  the  exports  to  the  .same  quarter,  considerably  above 
$r),noo.OOO.  The  annexed  table  shows  the  trade  of  Brazil 
with  the  United  States  for  three  years  ending  1853: — 
Years.  ImpnrU.  Exports. 

18.51 $J.75;).91« Sll,5'i.i..'W4 

1S52 2, 782,179 lA2S(t,JM9 

1853... S,7»4,l»0 U,Bn,»61 

The  totiil  amount  of  coffee  produced  in  Brazil  in  1S20, 
was  95.700  bags,  478,500  arroba.s,  and  15,312.(X)0  Ibi.:  in 
1S5T  the  amount  produced  was  1.700,060  bags,  9,480,155 
arrobas,  and  303,550,960  lbs.,  having  doubled  every  5  yeai-s 
up  to  1840.  since  when  the  increase  has  been  SO  per  cent. 
The  exports  of  colTee  from  Kio  during  11  years  ending  with 
1851.  to  the  United  !<tates.  amounted  to  6.671.093  bags;  and 
to  Great  Britain  8,115,652  bags;  of  which  631,903  bags  to 
the  United  States,  and  599,642  bags  to  Great  Britain,  were 
exported  in  1851  alone.  The  custom-house  duties  for  1851 
amounted  to  14,000,tW0  niilreas,  or  about  $11,600,000.  The 
number  and  tonnage  of  vessels  that  entei-ed  and  cleared  from 
the  principal  ports  of  Brazil  in  1847,  was— entered,  4072 
vessels,  (tonnage,  535,106:)  cleared,  vessels  3998,  (tonnage, 
589,159.)  Very  strenuous  efforts  have  been  recently  made 
by  the  Brazilian  government  to  put  down  the  slave  trade. 
In  September,  1S50,  a  law  was  passed  declaring  it  piracy; 
several  vessels  have  since  been  captured  by  Brazilian  men- 
of-war,  and  two  have  alresidy  been  declared  good  prizes. 
According  to  a  report  of  the  Brazilian  government,  there 
were  60,000  slaves  imported  from  .\frica  in  1848,  and  54.000 
in  1849;  in  1851,  the  numlier  had  fallen  to  32S7,  of  which 
1006  were  captui'ed  by  a  Brazilian  cruiser ;  and,  in  1852,  only 
one  slave  vessel  landed  on  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

lieliijim,  Gnvemmftit,  etc — ^The  established  religion  of 
Brazil  is  Roman  Catholic,  although  other  religions  are  tole- 
rated. The  government  of  the  empire  is  mon.archical,  here- 
ditary, constitutional,  and  representative.  The  legislative 
power  is  in  the  General  Assembly,  which  consists  of  two 
chambers,  the  senate  and  chamber  of  deputies;  the  former 
elected  for  life,  and  the  latter  for  four  years.  The  expendi- 
ture for  1S49-50  was  2,680.217/.,  being  less  than  the  receipts. 
The  del't  in  1S51  was  stated  at  about  §62,000,000,  of  which 
$30,000,000  were  in  foreign  lx>nds.  During  the  year  the 
government  issued  notes  to  the  amount  of  $20,000,000, 
making  its  total  liabilities  $82,000,000,  The  military  force 
for  18.50-51.  was  fixed  at  25.000  men  of  the  line,  besides 
which  there  are  t'O.OOO  national  guards,  and  each  province 
has  a  well  eijuipped  municipal  guard  or  police  force.  The 
navy,  in  1850,  comprised  40  vessels  of  all  sizes;  3  fri- 
gates. 7  corvettes,  and  9  steamers;  the  remainder  consist- 
ing of  brigs,  schooners,  Ac,  manned  in  all  by  3500  men. 
Tlie  steam  force  is  annually  on  the  increase.  There  are 
two  banks  in  the  empire — -the  Bank  of  Brazil,  with  a  capital 
of  $10,000,000.  and  the  Bank  of  Commerce,  with  a  capital  of 
$6,000,000. 

Literalure,  Education,  rf-c. — In  every  town,  schools  for 
teaching  the  first  rudiments  are  now  to  be  found,  to  which 
all  citizens  are  .admitted  free.  There  are  two  universities — 
one  in  S.ao  I'aulo.  the  other  in  Pernambuco;  of  which  the 
former  is  held  in  the  liighest  estimation.  In  all  large  towns 
there  are  professorships  of  L.atin.  Greek.  English,  French. 
philoso])hy,  rhetoric,  geometry,  chemistry,  botany,  &c.,  and 
printing  presses  are  now  common  throughout  Brazil 


Pt-npU. — The  free  population  of  Brazil  consists  of  Euro- 
peans, white  persons  bom  in  Brazil,  or  native  Brazilians; 
mulattoes:  JIamalucoes.  a  mixed  caste  between  whites  .and 
Indians;  Indians  in  a  domesticated  state,  called  Caboclos; 
Indians  in  a  savage  state,  called  Tajmyas :  free  negroes,  boi  u 
in  Brazil;  manumitted  Africans;  Mestizoes,  a  mixed  caste 
between  Indians  and  negroes.  The  slave  population  com- 
prises Africans.  Creole  negroes,  mulattoes.  and  Mestizoes. 
The  native  Brazilians  are  an  idle  and  inactive  race,  with  few 
wants,  and  fewer  enjoyments.  The  mulattoes,  the  offspring 
of  Europeans  and  negroes,  are  Ingenious,  and  evince  an 
aptitude  for  the  mechanical  arts.  The  T.apuya.s,  or  native 
Indians  of  Brazil,  are  of  a  copper  color,  robust,  and  well 
made,  but  of  short  stature.  They  generally  go  n.aked.  paint 
their  skins,  and  are  fond  of  ornamentiug  their  heads  with 
feathers.  To  this  r.ace  belong  the  Botocudes  or  BotocudDcs, 
a  ferocious  tribe,  who  inhabit  the  banks  of  the  Bio  Doce  and 
the  Itelmonte.  They  are  said  to  tie  descendants  of  an  anr'ient 
people  calletl  the  Aymores,  who  distinguished  themselves  by 
their  cruelty  to  the  Portuguese. 

Ifisiori/. — Brazil  was  discovered  May  3, 1.500,  by  Vincente 
Yanez  Pinion,  one  of  the  companlona  of  Columbus,  but  was 
subsequently  taken  possession  of  by  Pedro  Alvares  Ca- 
bral.  Various  towns  now  sprung  up  along  the  coast  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Portuguese  government,  but  not  with- 
out much  annoyance  from  the  cupidity  and  jealousy,  or 
envy  of  other  nations,  especially  the  English.  Dutch,  and 
Spaniards,  who  repeatedly  attacked  and  destroyed  thior 
settlements.  The  I'ortuguese,  however,  still  retained  pos- 
session of  the  country,  which,  notwithstanding  these  ca^ 
lamities,  continued  to  prosper.  On  the  invasion  of  Portu- 
gal, in  1808,  by  the  French,  the  sovereign  of  that  kingdom, 
John  VI,,  sailed  for  Brazil,  accompanied  by  his  court  and 
a  large  body  of  emigrants.  Soon  after  arriving  there,  he 
began  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  country  by  placing 
the  administration  on  a  better  footing,  and  throwing  open 
its  ports  to  all  nations.  On  the  fall  of  Bonaparte,  the  king 
raised  Brazil  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom,  and  assumed  the 
title  of  King  of  Portugal,  Algarve,  and  Brazil.  The  revo- 
lution which  took  place  in  Portugal.  In  1820,  compelling  the 
king  to  return  to  that  country,  he  next  year  sailed  for 
Lisbon,  leaving  Pedro,  liis  eldest  son  and  successor,  as 
lieutenant  and  regent.  In  the  following  year,  1822,  Don 
Pedro  availing  himself  of  a  general  wish  on  the  part  of 
the  I'razilians  for  an  entire  separation  from  the  parent 
country,  declared  Brazil  to  be  a  free  and  independent  state, 
and  assumed  hlm.«i'If  the  title  of  emperor.  The  king,  after 
some  slight  and  Inefft'ctual  attempts  to  re-establish  the 
former  relations  between  I'ortugal  and  Brazil,  acknow- 
ledged the  independence  of  the  latter  country  In  1825. 
Some  years  afterwards,  a  series  of  tumultuary  proceinlings 
ended  in  the  abdication  of  Don  I  •idro.  who  left  Brazil  .\pril 
7th,  IS.'il,  leaving  his  son.  who  was  under  age,  as  his  sncces- 
.sor.  The  rights  of  the  latter  were  recognised  and  protected, 
and  a  regency  of  three  persons  appointed  by  the  chamber  ol 
deputies  to  conduct  the  government  during  his  minority 
In  1840,  the  young  emperor  was  declared  of  age.  being  then 
in  his  15th  year,  and  was  crowned  on  July  18,  1841. 

BItAZIL,  a  post-office  of  Saline  co.,  Arkan.«as. 

BRAZIL,  a  post-village  of  Clay  oo.,  Indiana,  on  the  Na- 
tional Road,  and  on  the  Terre-Haute  Railroad,  16  miles  E. 
of  Terre-Haute. 

BRAZITOS,  bra-zee'toce,  a  locality  of  Mexico,  in  Chihuar 
hua,  one  day's  march,  S.  of  El  Pa.so. 

BI!AZORf.\,  bri-zo/re-,a,  a  county  In  the  S.E.  part  of 
Texas,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contiiins  about  IS-^O 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Brazos  and  Snn  Ber- 
nard rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  allu- 
vial and  sandy.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by 
prairies,  which  are  mostly  uncultivated.  The  soil  of  the 
river  bottoms  is  fertile,  and  is  covered  with  forests  of  the 
live  oak,  red  cedar,  Ac,  which  extend  2  or  3  miles  back  from 
tlio  stream.  Capital.  Brazoria.  Pop.  7143,  of  whom  2033 
were  free,  and  5110  slaves. 

BRAZORIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Brazoria  co„  Texas, 
on  the  western  bank  of  Bi'azos  River,  about  30  miles  from 
its  moxith,  and  60  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Calveston.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  150  miles  during  a  large  portion  of  the  year. 
Brazoria  Is  said  to  be  stationary  at  present,  the  trade  of  the 
river  having  been  diverted  to  Columbia,  which  is  10  miles 
above. 

BR.\ZOS.  brah'zos,  a  river  of  Texas,  the  largest  that  inter- 
sects the  state,  excepting,  perhap.'!,  the  Colorado.  It  rises  in 
the  table-land  of  Bexar  co.,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state, 
and  flows  first  eastward  until  it  approaches  the  Upper  Cross 
Timbers  of  Cook  county.  Here  it  assumes  a  S.S.E.  direction, 
which  it  maintains  In  general  for  the  remainder  of  its 
course,  and  flows  nearly  parallel  with  the  Trinity.  After 
passing  by  Waco,  Washington,  Richmond,  and  Columbia,  it 
empties  into  the  Gulf  of  jfexico.  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Gal- 
veston. The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  more  than  900 
miles;  the  direct  distance  from  its  source  to  its  mouth  is 
near  500.  In  the  rainy  season,  from  February  to  May 
incJusive,  it  is  navigable  for  steamlKjats  to  AVashington, 
which  is  about  300  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  at  all  seasons 

275 


BEA 


BRE 


?*i  far  fts  Cclum'hia  about  40  miles.  In  the  lower  half  of  its 
com-wo  it  tio-vs  throojjh  an  alluvial  plain,  which  Is  but  little 
elevated  alx've  the  sea.  The  valley  of  the  Brazos  is  occupied 
by  pl!vnt;ilions  of  cotton,  Indian  corn,  and  .sugar,  and  by 
exttn.'ive  forests  of  the  live  oak  and  red  cedar. 

BK.A.ZOS,  a  county  in  the  eastern  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  oSu  .square  miles.  The  Brazos  Kiver,  from 
which  the  name  is  derived,  forms  its  boundary  or.  *,he  S.W., 
and  the  Navasoto  flows  along  the  eastern  border  until  it 
enters  the  former  river,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
county.  The  surface  is  .somewhat  uneven,  and  the  .soil  gene- 
rally fertile.  Capital,  Booneville.  Pop.  2770,  of  whom  1713. 
were  free. 

BKAZOS  S.\NTTAGO,  brah'zos  san-te-ab'go.  a  post-villajre 
and  port  of  entry  of  Cameron  co.,  Texas,  on  the  G  ulf  of  Mexi- 
co, near  Point  Isabel,  alx)ut  .35  miles  E.X.E.  of  Brownsville. 

BRA7.Z.\.,  brdt'.si.  {avc.  Brat'Ua,)  slu  island  of  Dalmatia  in 
the  Adriatic,  8  miles  S.  of  Spalatro.  Are;i.  170  square  miles. 
Pop.  15,495.  Surface  mountainous  and  rugged,  producing 
scarcely  one-fourth  of  the  corn  consumed;  but  the  island 
is  industriiiusly  cultivated,  and  yields  oil,  figs,  almonds. 
Baffron.  and  the  best  wine  in  Dalmatia.  Its  kids'  milk  and 
cheese  are  in  repute,  and  it  is  famed  for  its  honey.     Piinci- 

Eal   villages,   Milna  and   Neresi.    The  channel  of  Brazza 
etween  it  and  the  mainland,  is  from  7  to  8  miles  across, 
and  capable  of  affording  .secure  anchorage  for  shipping. 

BUK.VD.\l/B.\NK,  an  extensive  district  of  Scotland,  com- 
prising the  western  part  of  the  co.  of  Perth.  Although  tr.i- 
versed  by  the  Grampians,  it  has  good  roads  and  bridges. 
Copper  is  found  at  Aithra,  .ind  lead  at  Tyndrum.  The 
scenery  of  Loch  Tay  and  other  situations  is  highly  pictur- 
est|ue.  Chief  proprietor,  the  Marquis  of  Beadalbaue;  resi- 
dence. Taymouth  Castle. 

BHKAU'SALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BHEAFY,  bree'fee  or  brA'fee,  BKEAGinVEE,  brA'wee,  a 
parish  of  Ireland,  province  of  Connau'.;ht.  co.  of  Mayo. 

BKEAKABEEN,  New  York.     See  Brack.^bken". 

BKE.VK'XECK,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co..  Pennsylvaniti. 

BREAKNECK  HILL,  in  Putnam  co..  New  York,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  Hudson,  at  the  northern  entrance  to  the 
Highlands.  It  is  1187  feet  high,  and  terminates  iu  the  pro- 
montory called  St.  Anthony's  Nose. 

BREAKSEA,  (brik' see,)  I.SLANDS,  a  small  group  of  the 
New  Zealand  Islands,  on  the  south-western  extremity  of 
New  Munster,  at  the  entrance  of  a  narrow  strait  between  I'a- 
terson  and  Resolution  Islands;  lat.45°  35'  S.;  lon.lOC°40'E. 

BREAKSEA  SPIT,  a  reef  of  18  or  19  miles  in  length,  on 
the  eastern  coast  of  Australia,  stretching  N.  from  Sandy 
Cape.  Its  extreme  N.  point  is  in  lat.  24°  24'  S.;  Ion.  Ib.i'-' 
18'  E. 

BRE.\L,  bri'dl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et- 
et-Vilaine,  10  miles  S.AV.  of  Kennes.    Pop.  of  commune,  2200. 

BREAOIOKE  or  BIIO'MERE,   a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hants. 
.  BRE.VNE.  breen,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BREAN'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Martin's  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BREATHITT,  brSth'it,  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Kentucky,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  North  and  Middle  Forks  of  Kentucky 
River,  and  drained  also  by  Troublesome  Creek.  The  sur- 
lace  is  broken  by  high  hills  and  fertile  valleys,  and  mostly 
covered  with  forests.  Timber,  stone  coal,  beeswax,  and  gin- 
seng are  the  chief  articles  of  export.  Sandstone  underlies 
the  county,  which  also  contains  extensive  deposits  of 
iron-ore  and  stone-coal.  Formed  in  1839,  and  named  in 
hiinor  of  John  Breathitt,  late  governor  of  Kentucky.  Ca- 
pital, Jackson.  Pop.  4980,  of  wliom  4790  were  free,  and 
190  slaves. 

BREATHITT,  a  small  village  in  the  above  county,  on 
the  e.T5terii  bank  of  Kentucky  River. 

BREAUTE.  brA'S'tV,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Seine-Inferieure,  15  miles  S'.E.  of  Havre.    Pop.  1300. 

BRECEY,  )ireh-.s.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Manche.  27  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Lo.     Pop.  in  1852,  233S. 

BRfiCIIE-DE-ROLAND,  braish-dfh-roMa.N<=',  a  defile  of  the 
Pyrenees,  between  France  and  Spain,  about  11  miles  S. 
of  Luz,  forming  a  difficult  passage,  from  200  to  300  feet 
wide,  in  a  rocky  wall  from  300  to  600  feet  high,  surrounded 
by  the  rocks  called  Tours  de  Marbore.  at  an  elevation  of 
9500  feet  above  the  .sea.  Its  name,  signifying  the  '•  breach 
of  Roland,"  is  derived  from  a  popular  tradition  that  Roland 
opened  the  breach  by  a  blow  of  his  sword. 

BRECH-FFA,  brjK'fd,  or  BRECHVA,  brSk'vi,  a  parish  of 
Bouth  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

BRECHIN,  brjK/in,  a  parliamentary  borough  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  on  the  S.  of  Esk,  7i  miles  W.N. W. 
of  Montrose,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  branch  of 
the  Northern  Railway.  Pop,  5903.  It  stands  on  an  abrupt 
declivity,  and  some  of  its  streets  are  very  steep;  but  it  is 
well  built  It  was  anciently  created  into  an  episcopal  see 
by  David  I.,  in  U50.  Its  cathedral,  founded  in  the  twelfth 
century,  has  a  spire  128  feet  in  height,  and  now  serves  as 
the  parish  church;  attached  to  it  is  a  remarkable  round 
tower,  similar  to  those  of  IieUnd,  103  feet  iu  height.  The 
276 


other  edifices  consist  of  various  chapels,  the-  town-house, 
the  public  schools,  and  some  remains  of  an  ancient  hospl- 
tiil.  From  1000  to  1500  hands  are  estimated  to  be  engaged 
in  the  manufactures  of  linens  and  sail-cloth,  and  in  spin- 
ning and  bleaching,  also  in  distilleries  and  brewing.  Brechin 
unites  with  MontTOse  in  sending  one  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

BRECHT,  br^Kt,  a  commune  and  town  of  Belgium,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  .\ntwerp.  I'op.  3126.  who  are  chiefly  engaged 
in  woollen  manufactures  and  iron-works. 

BRECK'ENRIDGE,  a  county  in  the  north-western  part 
of  Kentucky,  bordering  on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  about 
450  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  forms  its  boundary  on 
the  N.W.  and  Rough  Creek  on  the  S.;  it  is  also  drained  by 
Clover  and  Sinking  Creeks.  The  surface  consists  of  rolling 
uplands:  the  soil,  having  a  basis  of  red  cl.ay  and  limestone, 
is  fertile  and  well  watered.  Siiiking  Creek,  which  is  a  valu- 
able mill-stream,  suddenly  sinks  beneath  the  earth  a  few 
miles  from  its  source,  and  shows  no  trace  of  its  existence 
for  6  or  6  miles,  when  it  returns  to  the  surface  and  flows 
into  the  Ohio.  Near  the  creek  is  Penitentiary  Cave,  which 
is  said  to  contain  apartments  of  great  dimensions,  but  has 
not  been  fully  explored.  Formed  in  1799,  and  named  in 
honor  of  John  Breckenridge,  a  statesman  of  Kentucky. 
Capital,  Hardinsburg.  Pop.  13,236,  of  whom  10,896  were 
free,  and  2340  slaves. 

BRECKKRFELD,  brfk'ker-f?lt\  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia, 141^  miles  E.  of  Elberfeld,  with  paper  nianufactories 
and  powder-mills.     Pop.  1320. 

BRECKLES.  lirSk'l'z.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRECK'NOCK,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  844. 

BRECK'NOCK,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1488. 

BRECKNOCKSHIRE.    See  Brecox. 

BREOK'VILLK.  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky. 

BRECKS' VILLE,  a  township  of  Cuyahoga  co^,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1024. 

BRECON,  BRECK/NOCK,  or  BRECK'NOCKSHIRE,  an 
inland  co.  of  South  Wales,  enclosed  by  the  counties  of 
Cardigan,  Radnor.  Carmarthen,  Glamorgan.  Monmouth,  and 
Hereford.  Area.  51 2.000  aci-es,  of  which  about  232.(i00  are  cul- 
tivated. Pop.  in  1861,  61.474.  The  surface  is  mostly  moun- 
tainous ;  the  Brecknock  Beacon  (the  loftiest  summit  in  South 
Wales)  is  2862  feet,  and  Cradle  Mountain,  2545  feet  above  the 
sea.  'The  AVye  forms  all  the  northern  boundary;  the  other 
rivers,  the  IL'sk  and  itsaffluent.s,  water  m.anj'  small  but  fertile 
valleys.  Agriculture  is  mostly  in  abackward  state.  The  prin- 
cipal products  areoats.  bailey,  wheat,  wool,  butter,  cheepe.  and 
cattle,  which  are  mostly  sent  to  the  neighlioring  English  fairs 
and  markets.  The  breed  of  sheep  is  small,  but  of  excellent 
quality.  The  county  yields  copper,  lead.  iron.  coal,  and  lime- 
stone; and  on  its  southernmost  border  are  some  large  iron 
works.  Principal  towns.  Brecon,  Crickhowell.  and  Rnilth. 
Brecknock  is  divided  into  six  hundreds,  and  71  parishes, 
mostly  in  the  diocese  of  St.  David'.s.  It  sends  2  members  to  the 
Hou.se  of  Commons.  1  for  the  county,  and  1  for  the  b<jrough 
of  Brecon.  The  Welsh  language  is  now  mostly  disused,  ex- 
cept in  the  northern  and  eastern  p.irts  of  the  county. 

BRE'CON,  BRECK'NOCK.  or  AlVER-HON'DEY.  a  parlifi- 
mentary  and  municipal  borough  and  town  of  South  Wales, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Brecon,  on  the  L'sk.  at  the  influx 
of  the  Honddu  andTarrell.  14  miles  S.  of  Builth.  Pop.  of 
parliamentary  borough,  (consisting  of  3  parishes,  2  extra- 
parochial  districts,  and  Trecastle  ward,  10  miles  distant.)  in 
1851,  6070.  It  has  a  most  picturesque  site  and  many  well- 
built  houses ;  chief  structures,  one  bridge  over  the  Vsk,  and 
three  others  across  the  Honddu,  St.  .Tohn's  Church,  a  colle- 
giate church  founded  by  Henry  A'lII.,  the  old  castle,  and 
an  ai-senal.  It  has  a  collegiate  school,  an  academy  for  inde- 
pendent ministers,  alms-houses,  other  charities,  coal  and 
lime  wharfs,  and  a  brisk  general  trade,  but  no  manufactories 
of  importance.  Its  public  ))romenades  are  noted  for  their 
beauty  :  its  ancient  walls  w^re  demolished  by  the  inhabit- 
ants during  the  last  civil  w.ir.  Brecon  communicates  with 
the  Moimiouth  Canal  by  the  Brecknock  and  Abergavenny 
Canal.  35  miles  in  length,  and  by  a  railway  with  Merthyr 
Tydvil,  14  miles  S.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  county  assizes, 
quarter  sessions  .and  petty  sessions,  and  the  place  of  parlia- 
mentary election  for  the  county.  It  sends  one  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons  since  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The 
renowned  actress,  5Irs.  Siddons.  was  bom  here  in  1755. 

BREDA,  brd-dj',  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Brabant,  in  a  wide  marsh,  on  the  Jlerk, 
24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bcis-le-Duc.  Pop.  in  1863,  1 5,-380.  Its 
defences  are  capable  of  being  increased,  by  flooding  the  sur- 
rounding country.  The  town  is  regularly  and  well  built, 
and  has  ramparts  planted  with  trees.  Principal  edifices,  the 
Citadel,  rebuilt  by  William  HI.  of  England,  town-hall, 
courthouse,  arsenal.  4  Roman  Catholic  and  2  Protestant 
churches,  the  principal  of  which  latter  is  surmounted  by 
a  spire  362  feet  in  height,  and  contains  the  tomb  of  (lonnt 
Engelbert  of  Nassau,  a  general  under  Charles  V.  Breda 
has  a  magnetic  observatory,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  commercial 
tribunal;  it  b.as  a  Latin  school,  manufactories  of  wocUvti 


BRE 


BRE 


and  linen  fabrics,  and  musical  instruments.  It  was  taken 
by  Prince  Maurice  of  Jvassau  in  1590,  by  the  Spaniards 
under  8pinola  in  1625,  and  by  the  French  in  1793;  and  is 
celebrated  lor  the  association  of  nobles  formed  in  1506,  under 
the  name  of  "  the  Compromise  of  Breda,"  and  for  the  Con- 
gress of  1 667  and  1746. 

UKKD'BUliY,  a  township  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Chester. 

liUKDK,  breed,  a  parish  of  Enjrland.  co.  of  Sussex. 

Bl!  HDnvNBURY  or  BKia)ENBUKY,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Ilerefurd. 

BHKDKVOORT,  br.Vd?h-voRf,a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Geldei'land.  on  the  Bredevoorter  Aa,  in  a  marshy 
district.  30  miles  S.K.  of  Arnhem.      Pop.  900. 

BI!KD'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

Bl!  i;i)'(  i  A  K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BKIvIi'llUltST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

Bit  KD'K  OT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BliK'DilX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BRECON,  br^'h-dcjji"',  a  village  of  France,  department 
Cantjil,  in  a  valley  remarkable  for  its  fine  waterfalls,  li 
miles  S.\\'.  of  M  urat.     I'op.  of  commune,  2-100. 

BlilODSTEBT,  brjt'stjtt,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Sleswick.  near  the  North  Sea.  and  24  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Flensl>org.     Pop.  of  vilLige,  ISOO;  of  district,  10.900. 

BKEB'WARUINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BKE'DY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BRKOY,  LUNG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BUEE,  bri,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Limbourg, 
csapital  of  canton.  IS  miles  W.  of  Ruremonde.     Pop.  1610. 

BRI'lUDK,  bri'deh  or  breed,  a  river  of  South  Africa,  Cape 
Colony,  districts  of  Worcester  and  Zwellendam,  rises  in  the 
M'arm-Bokkeveld,  a  mountain  basin  about  lat.  33°  10'  S., 
and  Ion.  ly"30'E.,  flows  at  first  N.W.,  breaks  through  the 
mountains  at  Mostert  and  Hock  Pass,  and,  after  a  course 
mostly  south-eastward,  enters  the  sea  at  I'ort  Beaufort.  It 
is  the  deepest  and  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  colony ; 
but  its  navigation  is  impeded  by  a  bar  at  its  mouth,  with 
only  13  feet  water  at  low,  and  19  feet  at  high  spring  tide. 
Its  affluents  are  the  IIe.\  and  Zondereinde;  the  towns  of 
Worcester  and  Zwellendam  are  near  its  banks. 

BREKIVINGS,  a  post-ofBce  of  .\dair  co.,  Kentucky. 

BREHyDON-ON-TllE-IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

BREEDS'VILLE,  a  post-ofHee  of  Van  Buren  co..  Michigan. 

BRKKSK,  a  village  in  the  western  part  of  Allegau  co., 
Michigan,  on  an  expansion  of  the  Kalamazoo  River. 

BRKKSE.  a  post-village  of  Greene  CO.,  Illinois,  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Springfield. 

BREI'lSJ-yviLLE,  a  village  in  the  south-western  part  of 
Jackson  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

BREGAOLIA,  VAL,  Switzerland.    See  Val  BreqagU-C 

BKEGANgON,  brfh-gft.Ni'sA.N"',  a  small  fortified  islet  of 
France,  department  of  Var,  20  miles  E.  of  Toulon  in  the 
Bay  of  lly^res. 

BRKGKNZ,  or  BRIMENTZ,  bri'ghjnts,  (anc.  nriffnn'lium 
or  Bn'gim'tia,)  a  frontier  town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  capital  of 
circle  of  Vorarlberg,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  l-ake  of 
Constance,  between  the  Swiss  and  Bavarian  territories,  80 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Innsprllck.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  some  cotton 
manufactories,  with  an  active  transit  trade;  it  exports  a 
large  number  of  ready-made  wooden  houses  for  the  Alpine 
districts  of  Switzerland,  and  vine-poles  for  the  vineyards  on 
the  lake. 

BRKG'ENZ,  a  post-office  of  Chocfcvw  co..  Alabama. 

BREGLIO,  brAl'yo,  a  town  of  S.ii-dinia.  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Nice,  on  the  Koia,  Pop.,  with  commune,  2476.  Near  it 
are  the  ruins  of  Brivella  Castle. 

BRKII.\L,  briMl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Manche.  and  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Coutances.     Pop.  1600. 

BREMIAR  or  BRY'IIER,  one  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  co. 
of  Cornwall.  England,  30  miles  W.  of  Land's  End.  The 
length  is  about  Ij  miles,  and  the  breadth  half  a  mile.  It  is 
mountainous,  and  has  some  Druidical  remains.'  I'op.  about 
2500,  chiefly  engaged  in  fishing. 

BRFUIAT,  bri^d',  a  small  island  of  France,  in  the  English 
Channel.  otT  the  coast  of  Britanny,  department  of  the  Cotes- 
du-N'ord.  4  miles  N.  of  Paimpol.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
1559.  It  is  .alwut  3  miles  long  and  2  miles  broad,  and  is  se- 
parated from  the  mainland  by  a  channel  1  mile  broad.  It 
has  a  lighthouse,  and  is  defended  by  12  small  batteries. 

BREIIN.\,  brA/nd,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Saxony, 
12  miles  N.K.  of  Halle.    Pop.  1033. 

BREIGHT'.MET,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BREIN'IGSVILLE,  a  postK)fflce  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BUEIX'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BREISACH,  bri'zdK,  NEW,  (Fr.  Muf  Brisach,  ncf  bree'- 
zdk'.)  a  frontier  town  of  France,  department  of  the  Haut- 
Rhin,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Colmar.  Pop.  I742.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  was  strongly 
fortified  by  Vauban. 

BUKIS.iCH,  OLD,  (Fr.  Brisach.  bree'zJk';  Ger.  JU  Brei- 
tacli,  a'.t  bri-zdK',)  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Badea,  en  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  immediately  oppo- 
tite  the  foregoing.   Pop.  3100.  It  has  a  handsome  cathedral. 


a  college,  and  some  transit  trade.  It  was  formerly  fortlPeA. 
but  dismantled  in  1041. 

BREISGAU,  brice/gOw,  an  old  division  of  Germany,  in 
the  S.W.  of  Swabia.  Chief  towns.  Freiburg,  Old  Bnisach, 
and  Liiufenburg.  It  was  long  held  by  the  Counts  of  Hrii- 
sach,  and  was  afterwards  united  to  the  dominions  of  Austria 
It  was  ceded  in  1806  chiefly  to  Baden,  with  a  sniall  portion 
to  Switzerland  and  WUrteml  erg. 

BREISIG,  NIEDER,  nee'dfr  brl'ziG,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  circle,  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1150. 

BREISIG,  OBER,  oOier  bri'zio,  a  village  in  the  same  circle 
with  the  above.     Pop.  WIO. 

BREITENBACH,  brT'ten-bSK\  a  town  of  CentnHl  Oer 
many,  principality  of  .'Jchwarzliurg-Sondersliausen,  23  miles 
N.  of  Coburg.  Pop.  2100,  engaged  in  manufactures  of  poi^ 
celaine.  wooden  wares,  and  musical  instruments. 

BREITENBACH,  a  village  of  llesse-Cassel,  circle  of  Zie- 
genhain. 

BREITENBACH,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
14j  miles  N.  of  Soleure. 

BRIETENBACH,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  the 
Bas-Rhin,  arrondissement  of  Schelestxidt,  canton  of  Ville. 
Pop.  of  commune.  1595. 

BREITENBURG,  bri'ten-b8finG\  a  village  and  lordship  of 
Denmark,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Hamburg,  and  formerly  a  place 
of  great  strength. 

BREITENFELD,  brI'ten-f(Mt\  a  village  of  Saxony,  4  miles 
N.  of  Leipsic,  remarkable  for  two  battles  gained  by  the 
Swedes  during  the  Thirty  Y'ears'  War;  the  one,  September 
7th,  1631;  the  other,  November  2d,  1642.  The  King  of 
Sweden  had  his  head-fjuarters  here  on  the  17th  October, 
1813.     A  monument  was  erected  on  the  battle-field  in  ISol. 

BREJO.  brA'zh(\.  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Ma- 
ranhao,  capital  of  a  comarca  of  the  same  name,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  river.  210  miles  S.W.  of  the  city  of  Maranhuo. 
(Silo  Luiz.)     Pop.  3000. 

BRIXLINGTON.    See  BWDLiNOTOrr. 

BREMBIO,  br&m'beeV,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  9 
miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Lodi,  on  the  Bremblolo.     Pop.  2746. 

BREMBO,  lir^m'l»o,  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,  rises  in  a 
series  of  small  lakes  on  the  mountain-ridge  separating  the 
province  of  Bergamo  from  the  Valteline,  and  after  a  southern 
course  of  altout  40  miles,  joins  the  Adda  on  the  right. 

BREMEN,brJm'en,  (Ger.  pron.  brA/men.  Fr.  J?reHi<'.  braim, 
or  brJm,  L.  Bntfma.)  one  of  the  four  free  cities  of  (ier- 
many,  on  both  banks  of  the  Weser,  59  miles  S.W.  of  Ham- 
burg. Lat.  (of  observatory)  53°  4'  3fi"  N.,  Ion.  8°  48'  54"  E 
Pop.  in  1S62.  67,217,  nearly  all  Protestants.  The  city 
is  divided  by  the  river  into  the  old  town  on  the  right,  and 
the  new  town  on  the  left  bank.  In  the  foi-mer.  the  streets 
are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  the  houses  are  decorated  in  the 
style  of  the  Middle  Ages;  while  in  the  latter,  the  streets  are 
more  regular,  and  the  houses  modern  in  style.  The  river 
is  cross«»d  by  an  old  and  a  new  bridge;  the  quays  are  exten- 
sive, and  the  ramparts  form  agreeable  promenades.  The 
principal  buildings  are  St.  J'eter"s  Church,  or  the  Dom  Kirclie, 
the  Church  of  St.  Ansgarius,  remarkable  for  its  spire,  vip- 
wards  of  300  feet  in  height,  a  town-hall,  a  fine  old  Gothic 
building  which  has  lieen  recently  restored ;  the  Observatory 
of  Olbers.  a  museum,  with  a  libr.ary  of  25.000  volumes,  a 
gymnasium,  school  of  commerce  and  navigation,  a  school  of 
design,  and  a  public  library  of  20.000  volumes.  Bremen  hag 
an  extensive  foreign  trade,  especially  with  North  Ameri<'a, 
and  Is  tho  great  emporium  of  Brunswick,  Hesse,  and  Ha- 
nover. The  shipping  of  Bremen  has  more  than  doubled 
within  the  last  20  years,  and  is  still  on  tlie  increase,  but 
owing  to  the  sanding  up  of  the  river,  large  ships  cannot 
reach  its  harbor,  and  Bremerhafen  was  built  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Weser  for  their  accommodatitm.  In  1843,  it  had  10 
ships  of  13.646  tons  more  than  Hamburg.  Bremen  is  the 
principal  German  port  for  the  shipment  of  emigrants  for 
America.  In  18-14, 19.145  embarked  from  it  in  146  vessels, 
of  which  111  belonged  to  Bremen.  In  1845,  steamboats  be- 
gan to  ply  between  Bremen  and  Hull;  it  has  also  regular 
steam  communication  with  Bremerhafen  and  Oldenburg. 
In  1848,  Bremen  had  346  vessels  of  73.089  tons.  Principal 
imports,  tobacco,  coffee,  sugar,  and  other  colonial  pio- 
ducts,  oil,  iron,  tin,  wines,  rice,  tea,  cqtton  manufactures, 
timber,  hemp.  Chief  exports,  linen  and  woollen  goods, 
grain,  oak  bark,  glass,  smelts,  and  provisions.  The  imports 
were  287,480  tons,  value  4,302,841?.  The  exports  135,5(0 
tons,  value  3,537,179i.  The  chief  industry  of  Bremen  con- 
sists in  ship-building,  and  manufactures  of  woollens  and 
cottons,  paper,  starch,  colors,  chiccory,  and  cigars:  it  has 
also  extensive  sugar  refineries,  beer  breweries,  and 
brandy  distilleries.  A  railway  connects  Bremen  with 
Hanover,  and  thence  with  East,  North,  and  Central  Gei^ 
many  on  the  one  hand,  and  with  Western  Germany,  Bel- 
gium, and  France  on  the  c  ther. 

Bremen  was  founded,  oi  at  any  rate  first  ro.se  into  note, 
about  the  year  787  or  788.  when  it  was  made  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  by  Charlemagne;  subsequently  elevated  to  the 
dignity  of  an  archlishopric.  which,  at  the  treaty  cf  West- 
phalia, in  1648,  was  secularized  in  favor  of  Sweden.    After 

277' 


BRE 

various  political  changes,  the  city  was  taken  by  the  French 
In  I8O0.  and.  ItDUi  ISIO  lo  1813,  it  was  the  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  moutbii  of  the  Weser.  In  1815,  it  was  re- 
stored to  its  old  franchises  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 
Bremen  holds  the  third  rank  among  the  free  cities  of  the 
Germanic  Confederacy,  and  with  them  the  seventeenth  in 
the  Biet.  It  if  the  birthplace  of  Olbers,  the  astronomer,  and 
of  lleeren.  the  historian. 

The  territory  of  the  free  city  of  Bremen,  extending  on 
both  sides  of  the  river,  comprises  a  space  of  112  square 
miles,  with  a  population  of  98,576,  and  has,  besides  the  city, 
tlie  town  of  Urenierhafen,  2  market-towns,  12  parishes,  and 
58  villages. 

BKE'JIEN,  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Broad  Bay  Sound,  35  miles  S  S.E.  of  Augusta. 
Museongus  Cove,  into  which  empties  a  mill-.streani,  affords 
good  ship  anchorage,  and  is  much  frequented.  About  100 
vessels  are  owned  here,  and  are  chiefly  employed  in  the  cod 
and  mackerel  lisheries,  but  some  in  the  West  India  and 
coastwise  trade.    Pop.  907. 

BREMEN,  a  post-office  of  Mulilenburg  CO..  Kentucky. 

BIIEMKN,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.  49  miles 
S.E.  of  Columbus,  and  about  10  miles  E.  of  Lancaster. 

BREMEN,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana. 

BREMEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cook  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, about  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cliicam.    Pop.  790. 

BREMEN,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  4  miles  above  St.  Louis. 

BREMEN,  DUCHY  OF,  (Ger.  Herzogtlmm-Bremen,  hinV- 
sAG-toom-bri'men.)  an  old  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  fyower  Sa.xo'ny;  it  was  first  a  bishopric,  and  then  an 
archhishopric.  afterwards  secularized  and  ceded  to  Sweden 
in  11548.  In  1719,  it  was  sold  to  the  Duke  of  Brunswick. 
Chief  towns,  Verden  and  Stado.  The  town  of  Bremen  was 
not  comprised  in  it;  it  now  belongs  to  Hanover,  and  forms 
part  of  the  landdrostei  of  Stade. 

BRE'MER,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  4;30  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Cedar,  Wapsipinicon.  and  English  Rivers,  which  flow  in  a 
south-easterly  direction.  The  county  is  Siiid  to  contain 
good  land,  well  supplied  with  water  and  timber;  the  cli- 
mate is  healthy.  This  county  is  not  included  in  the  census 
ol  1850.  Named  in  honor  of  Frederica  Bremer,  the  Swedish 
authoress.     Capital,  Waverly.     Pop.  4915. 

BREMERHAFEN,  bnVmer-hdY^n,  a  town  of  Germany, 
belonging  to  the  republic,  and  34  miles  N.N.W.  of  the  city 
of  Bremen,  in  the  Hanoverian  territory,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  estuary  of  the  Weser,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Geeste. 
Pop.  in  1842,  i380.  This  thriving  port,  built  by  Bremen  in 
1831),  for  the  accommodation  of  large  vessels  connected  with 
its  trade,  is  occupied  by  a  Hanoverian  garrison,  and  guarded 
by  the  ILinoverian  fort,  Wilhelm,  recently  constructed  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  It  consists  of  an  outer  har- 
Itor,  a  sluiced  dock,  and  an  inner  harbor.  The  difference 
between  the  lowest  ebb  and  the  highest  tlood  is  26  feet,  but 
the  average  rise  does  not  exceed  10  feet. 

BREMERLEHE,  briUmer-lA'fh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  36 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Stade.    Pop.  1545. 

BRE.MERVORDE,  brd'mfr-foRMeh,  a  village  of  Hanover, 
on  the  Oste,  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bremen.  Pop.  2481.  It  has 
extensive  distilleries,  paper  and  leather  manufactories,  and 
an  active  commerce,  being  connected  by  canals  with  the 
Elbe  at  Stade.  and  the  Weser  near  Bremen. 

BREMGARTEX,  brSm'g^R'ten,  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  2  miles  N.  of  Bern,  on  the  Aar,  with  a  castle 
and  some  Roman  antii^uities. 

BREMOARTEN,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau, 
on  the  Reuss,  14$  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aarau.  Pop.  1000.  Louis 
Philippe  lived  here  iu  retirement  during  the  French  Kevo- 
lutiun.  till  1795. 

BREMGARTEX.  a  vUlage  of  Baden,  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Freiburg.     Pop.  661. 

BRE.M'HILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts.  The  Rev. 
W.  L.  Bowles,  the  poet,  was  incumbent  of  this  parish. 

BRE/.MILHA.M  or  COURTCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.Wilts. 

BREXCH'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BREXDITZ,  br^n'dits,  a  village  of  Moravia.  2  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Znaym.  This  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  Arch- 
duke Charles  during  the  Biittle  of  Znaym,  in  1809.  Porce- 
lain clay  is  exported  from  its  vicinity  for  the  imperial  manu- 
factory of  Vienna. 

BRENDOLA,  br^n'do-U.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Vieenza.     Pop.  3319. 

BREX'DOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BREXEAO  (br^n-niy)  RIVER,  of  Oregon,  falls  into  Lewis' 
River  near  43°  30'  N.  lat..  and  llo'-  30'  W.  Ion. 

BREXETS,  Lrs,  li-brgh'n.V,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  12  miles  W.N.W.  of Ne ufchatel,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Doubs,  which  here  forms  a  tine  cascade,  85  feet  in 
height,  and  turns  numerous  mills.  Pop.  14(0,  who  manu- 
facture watches,  optical  instrumeuts,  lace,  and  hardwares. 

BREXG.     See  Blre.no. 

BREX'HAM,  a  post-vill!»ge.  capital  of  Washington  co., 
Texas.  100  niles  E.  of  Austin  City,  and  2o  miles  S.W.  of  the 
Brazos  River  at  Wasbiugtou,  it  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful 
278 


BRE 

and  fertile  country,  in  which  much  improvement  has  been 
made.     J'op.  9A). 

BRENKELEN,  br^n'ki-len.  a  village  of  Holland,  8  miles 
N.  by  AV.  of  Utrecht,  on  the  Vecht.     Pop.  1500. 

BRENN,  brSnn,  a  populous  village  of  Western  Africa,  on 
the  Senegal,  about  50  miles  above  its  embouchure. 

BRENNE,  brSnn,  a  river  of  France,  department  of 
COte-d-Or,  joins  the  Armancon  on  the  right  near  St.  Remy. 

BRENNE,  LA,  Id-br^nn,  an  old  district  of  France,  in  the 
provinces  of  Touraine  and  Berry.  The  name  is  still  pro- 
served  in  the  mar.shy  district,  between  Chateauroux  and  Le 
Blanc,  department  of  Indre. 

BRENNER,  brjn'ner,  a  mountain  of  Austria,  one  of  tha 
culminating  points  of  the  Tyrol,  between  the  Inn,  the  Aicha, 
and  the  Adige;  elevation  b788  teet.  The  route  from  Inn- 
spriick  to  Brixen  traverses  this  mountain,  at  an  elevation 
of  4650  feet. 

BRENO,  brA/no.  a  town  of  Lombardy,  35  miles  N.E.  of 
Bergamo,  on  the  Oglio.  In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  stalao 
tite  grottos.     Pop.  2466. 

BRENT,  brJnt.  a  river  of  England,  cos.  of  Herts  and  Mid- 
dlesex, after  a  tortuous  course  enters  the  Thames  at  Brent- 
ford, crossed  by  a  railway  viaduct. 

BRENT,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  rising  in  Sher- 
wood Forest,  enters  the  ISristol  Channel  near  Bridgewater. 

BRENT,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset.  On 
the  lofty  hill  called  Brent-Knoll,  in  this  parish,  are  traces  of 
a  Roman  camp. 

BRENT,  Eleigh,  (ee'lee,)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk 

BREXT,  SotTTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BRENT,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BRENTA,  br^n'td.  (anc.  Medalacus  or  Medit>acus  Mafjor,)  n 
navigable  river  w  hich  rises  in  the  Tyrol,  and  traverses  Lom- 
bardy. p-issing  Bassauo ;  it  ftnjds  the  Canal  of  Breiitelle.  w  hich 
joins  the  Bacchiglione  W.  of  Padua.  At  Dolo,  it  supplies  the 
Brenta  Morta  Canal  of  Brenta,  called,  in  its  lower  course, 
Brenta  Magra;  the  rest  of  the  Wiiters  of  the  Brenta,  under 
the  name  of  Brenta  Nova  Or  Brentone,  join  the  Bacchiglione; 
and  several  canals,  among  which  is  the  Brenta-Novis.'iima, 
leave  the  Canal  of  Brenta  near  Mira,  and  joining  the  river  of 
.same  name  near  Brondolo.  it  enters  the  Adiiatic  at  Porto  di 
Brondolo :  entire  length,  90  miles. 

BRENT'FORD,  a  market-town  of  England,  and  the  nominal 
capital  of  the  co.  of  Middlesex,  on  the  Thames,  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge  leading  to  Kew,  and  on  the  Great  Western  Road, 
li  miles  W.  of  London.  The  river  Brent,  85  miles  W.  of  St. 
PauVs,  also  crossed  by  a  bridge,  divides  the  town  into  Old 
and  New  Brentford.  Pop.  of  the  former,  5058.  Pop.  of  tha 
latt«r,  in  1851.  2063.  The  town  consists  of  a  long  street, 
paved,  and  indifferently  built,  and  it  is  frequently,  as  sung 
by  Thompson,  "  a  town  of  mud."  It  has  2  well-endowed 
charity  schools  and  a  union  workhouse,  and  is  lighted  with 
gas.  Its  trade  is  facilitated  by  the  Grand  Junction  Canal, 
which  joins  the  Brent  near  Uanwell.  Brentford,  though 
usually  considered  the  county  town,  has  nothing  to  distin- 
guish it  as  such,  except  its  being  the  place  of  election  of  the 
members  of  parliament  for  the  county,  the  magisterial  busi- 
ness of  Middlesex  being  conducted  at  Clerkenwell. 

BREX'TINGBY.  a  parish  of  England.    See  Wtforddy. 

BREN/TON  BAY.  an  inlet  on  the  N.  coast  of  Melville 
Island,  Australia,  between  Smoky  Point  and  Point  Byng. 
It  abounds  with  turtle. 

BREXTONICO,  brin-to-ne'-ko.  a  parish  and  village  of 
Austria,  Tyrol,  6^  miles  S.W.  of  Roveredo,  on  the  N.  slope 
of  Monte  Baldo,  with  quarries  of  fine  marble.    Pop.  1447. 

BREX'TOXVILLE,  a  village  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Bloomington. 

BRENTS'VILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Prince  William 
CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  Occoquan  Creek,  104  miles  N.  of  Rich- 
mond: it  contains  1  church  and  a  few  stores. 

BRENTS'VILLE,  a  village  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  near  the 
White  River,  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  liidianapolis. 

BREXT-TOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  4  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Tavistock.  It  has  mines  of  manganese,  and  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  •'  Tor,"  a  lofty  spur  of  the  Dartmoor 
Hills,  on  which  is  its  church,  and  w  hich,  though  far  inland, 
serves  as  a  conspicuous  landmark  for  mariners. 

BRENT'WOOD,  a  chapelry,  formerly  a  market-town  of 
England,  co.  of  Essex,  parish  of  South  Weald,  on  the  Eastern 
Union  Railway,  17  miles  E.N.E.of  London.  Area,  730  acres. 
Pop.  in  1851,  2205.  It  has  an  old  Gothic  chape!,  a  free 
grammar  school,  founded  in  1637,  an  almshouse,  and  a 
building  in  which  assizes  were  formerly  held. 

BRENT'AVOOD,  a  post-town.ship  of  Rockingham  CO.,  New 
Hampshire,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  887. 

BRENZ,  brJnts,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  10  miles  S.E.  of 
Ileidenheim,  on  the  Brenz.     Pop.  830. 

BREN'ZETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BREREHURST,  breer'hftrst,  a  hamlet  ct  England,  co  of 
Stafford,  parish  of  Wolstauton,  2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Newcastle 
under-Lyne.     Pop.  1518. 

BRERETOX,  breer'tpn.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co  of  Chester 

BRESCA.  brJs'kd.  a  village  of  IPvrui.  on  the  S.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Veglia,  iu  the  Adriatic.    Pop.  2500. 


BRE 


BRE 


nnE'CELTA,  brA-shJlla,  or  BREGELLA,  br.VjJllJ,  (anc. 
Brixi'lllam.)  a  walled  town  of  Northern  Italy,  Motlena.  gov- 
ernment of,  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Itecprio,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  I'o.     Pop.  200i).     Recently  fortified. 

liRKSClA,  brjsh'e-a  or  bri^sh'd,  (anc.  BriVta,)  a  city  of 
Italy.  rx)mbardy,  capital  of  the  province,  60  miles  K.N.K. 
of  Milan,  on  the  Garza  and  on  the  railway  from  Milan 
to  Vcjiice;  elevation  612  feot.  I'op.  a4,9ao,  exclusive  of  its 
suliiirlis.  Sun  Naz.'iro,  Sant'  Allesandro.  Sant'  Eufeniia, 
and  Fiumcelhj.  It  is  handsome,  flourishinfr,  and  enclosed 
by  ramparts,  now  dismantled.  Principal  buildinprs.  the  New 
Cathedral,  entirely  of  marble,  begun  in  1604,  the  Old  Cathe- 
dral, and  a  baptistery,  both  constructed  during  the  Lombard 
dynasty,  numerous  churcjies,  richly  adorned  with  works  of 
art,  the  episcopal  palace,  hall  of  justice,  on  the  site  of  an  an- 
cient temple,  a  large  theatre,  the  liroletto,  or  old  palace  of 
the  republic,  several  good  private  palaces,  numerous  foun- 
tains, and  many  remains  of  antiquity.  In  a  Roman  edifice, 
exciivated  in  1822,  a  tine  museum  of  anti(iuities  has  been 
deposited.  It  has  a  public  liVirary  with  a  collection  of  rare 
AIS8.,  a  college,  high  school,  athenaeum,  and  many  endowed 
charitaf'le  establishments.  The  arms.and  cutlery  made  here 
have  long  lieen  considered  the  best  in  Italy.  Brescia  has 
aLso  nianufiictures  of  silk,  woollen,  and  linen  fabrics,  paper, 
and  leather.  Near  it  are  large  iron  works  and  oil  mills ;  and 
Its  wine  enjoys  repute.     A  large  fair  is  held  here  annually. 

Brescia  was  the  seat  of  a  school  of  painting  of  great  merit, 
to  which  many  eminent  artists  belonged,  including  Ales- 
sandro  Bonvidno.  The  city  is  of  great  anticiuity.  having 
been  the  chief  town  of  the  Cenonianl.  a  Gallic  tribe,  who 
were  subsequently  conquered  by  the  Romans,  when  it  be- 
came (but  at  what  period  is  unknown)  a  Roman  colony,  and 
afterwards  a  niunicipium.  In  the  year  412,  it  was  burnt  by 
the  (ioths,  and  was  soon  after  destroyed  by  Attila;  but  was 
rebuilt  about  the  year  452.  In  93(i,  Otho  I.,  of  Saxony,  de- 
clared it  a  free  city,  and  it  so  remained  for  noai"ly  three  cen- 
turies, when  it  fell  a  prey  to  the  factiims  of  the  Guelphs 
and  (ihibelilnes,  and  ultimately  put  itself  under  the  protec- 
tion of  Venice.  In  1790,  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  and 
was  assigned  to  Austria  by  the  General  Treaty  concluded  at 
Vienna  on  June  9,  1S15.  In  1849,  it  was  involved  in  the 
commotions  by  whicli  so  large  a  portion  of  Continental 
Europe  was  disturbed  in  that  year:  its  streets  were  liarri- 
caded.  but  the  city  was  eventu.ally  carried  at  the  point  of 
the  bayonet  by  the  Austrians,  under  General  llaynau. 
Bresiaa  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  suffragan  to  the  Archbishop 
of  Milan.    Pop.  in  1862,  40,499. 

BRKSCOU,  brJs^koo',  {v^nc.  Bla^con.'')  a  small  island  of 
France,  department  of  Herault,  near  the  coast,  with  a  port, 
and  a  small  fort  constructed  in  1589,  lo  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Cette.     Pop.  20. 

BKK8K1;nS  brLs^kens,  or  BRESJES,  brSs'yJs,  a  village 
of  lloll.iiid.  province  of  Zealand,  5i  miles  §.  of  Middelburg, 
on  the  West  Scheldt.     Pop.  C'iO. 

BRESLAU,  br^s'law  or  \)rh^\6\v,{l,.BratisMma,)  written 
also  BRESLAW,  the  third  city  of  the  Prussian  dominions, 
sapital  of  the  province  of  Silesia,  on  the  Oder,  at  the  influx  of 
theOhlau.  and  on  the  railway  from  Berlin  to  Vienna,190  miles 
S.E.  of  Berlin.  Lat.  (of  observatory)  51°  6'  57"  N.;  Ion.  17° 
2'33"E.  Elevation,  409  feet  above  the  Baltic.  Pop.  in  1861, 
138,651,  of  whom  nearly  three-fourths  are  Protestants.  In 
1811.  the  population  wa,s  63,237.  It  is  divided  by  the  Oder  into 
the  tild  and  new  town,  surrounded  by  planted  walks,  and  5 
suburbs,  the  whole  united  by  numerous  bridges.  It  has 
many  fine  squares,  and  good  public  edifices;  the  latter  com- 
prise the  Ciithedral,  founded  in  the  twelfth  century,  St. 
Elizabeth's  Church,  with  a  spire  364  feet  in  elevation,  seve- 
ral other  churches  richly  ornamented,  the  old  town-house, 
built  in  the  fourteenth  century,  the  governors  house,  arch- 
bishop's palace,  mint,  exchange,  barracks,  and  university 
buildings.  In  one  of  the  squares  is  a  colo.ssal  bronze  statue 
of  BlUcher.  The  university,  transferred  hither  from  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Oder  in  1811,  has  a  public  library  of  250,000 
printed  Tolumes,  and  2.'500  manuscripts;  and  about  700  stu- 
dents. Breslau  has  3  other  libraries,  4  gymnasia,  (3  Pro- 
testant and  1  Catholic,)  an  astronomical  and  a  magnetic  ob- 
servatory and  botanic  garden,  schools  of  indu.stry,  surgery, 
architecture,  arts,  a  Roman  Catholic  and  3  Protestant  col- 
leges, numerous  inferior  schools  and  charitable  establish- 
ments. Breslau  is  the  seat  of  courts  for  the  province  and 
regency,  and  has  a  royal  mint  and  bank,  with  a  royal  office 
for  mining  productions.  It  is  the  great  emporium  for  the 
linens  of  Silesia,  for  which  it  has  4  annual  fairs  of  8  days 
each,  and  the  greatest  mart  for  wool  in  Germany.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linen,  woollen,  cotton,  and  silk  fabrics, 
lace,  needles,  plate,  jewelry,  earthenware,  colors,  soap, 
alum,  starch,  snuff,  and  se^Unsr-wax ;  and  an  exten.sive 
trade  in  mining  produce,  timoer.  iisx,  bemp,  madder, 
corn,  and  oxen  from  the  South  Russian  provinces,  and 
In  Hungarian  wines  and  other  mercliandise.  Breslau  is  the 
first  woollen  market  on  the  continent.  The  number  of 
distilleries  in  the  town  is  about  100.  It  has  an  active  trade 
on  the  Oder,  and  communicates  by  railway  with  Berlin  and 
Frankfort  on  the  N.,  Dresden  on  the  W.,  Cracow  on  the  E., 
and  Vienna  in  the  S.    It  was  bombarded  and  taken  by  the 


French,  January  7,  1807,  and  its  fortress,  then  partly  de- 
stroyed. ha«  since  been  entirely  razed. 

BRESLE,  brail,  a  small  river  of  Frunce,  lietween  the  de- 
partments of  Sonne  and  Seine-In fcrieure,  enters  the  English 
Channel  at  Treport,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  35  miles. 

BRKSLES,  brail,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Oise. 
10  miles  E.  of  Beauvais.  Pop.  of  commune,  1824.  In  the 
eleventh  century  it  was  an  episcopal. 

BRESSA,  br^s'sa,  or  BRESSAY,  bres'sA,  one  of  the  She(> 
land  Islands.  E.  of  Mainland,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
Bressay  Sound.  Pop.  904.  With  Barra  and  Quarft'  it  fm-ms 
a  parish,  which,  in  1841,  had  179S  inhabitants.  Lerwick  is 
supplied  with  peat,  and  the  whole  of  Shetland  with  slates 
from  tiiis  island.  Bressay  Sound  is  a  rendezvous  of  tfeo 
English  and  Dutch  herring-boats  and  whale-ship",  and 
often  affords  shelter  to  ships  of  war. 

IMIESSE,  br^BS,  an  old  division  of  Vrance.  in  the  r-cvf.nca 
of  Burgundy,  capital  of  Bourg,  now  compii.st^  in  ;.to  de- 
partment of  Ain.  It  was  obtained  by  exchange  from  Sisoy 
in  ItiOl. 

BRESSE,  La,  \k  brJ.ss,  a  village  of  France.  deps.rW.tnt  f  f 
Vo.sges.  arrondis.sementof  Remiremont.     Pop.  in  18t2,  5433. 

BRES'SINGIIA.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norroik. 

BRESSUIRE,  brJs^sweeR/,  a  town  of  France,  den.ti'ii'ient 
of  Deux-Sevres,  35  miles  N.  of  Niort.  Pop.  in  18?2,  2705. 
Tlie  tower  of  its  church  is  remarkable  for  its  elevatH  n  and 
antiquity.  Bressuire  was  foitified  in  the  Middle  Age),  and 
was  taken  from  the  English  by  the  celelirated  Du  Guescli'i  in 
1373.   It  was  nearly  destroyed  during  the  wars  of  La  Vendee. 

BREST,  brfest,  (L.  lires/tum ;  Fr.  pron.  the  same  as  the 
English.)  a  city  of  France,  dep.artuient  of  Finist^ro,  r)2 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Quimper,  and  310  miles  W.  of  Pari.",  on  the 
N.  shore  of  a  sm.all  gulf  called  the  Road  of  Brest.  I^t.  (of 
observatory)  48°  23'  32"  N.;  Ion.  4°  2'/  25"  W.  Pop.  in 
1862,  67,833.  Brest  is  a  fortified  city  of  the  first  class,  and 
the  strongest  military  port  in  France.  It  is  encircled  Iiy 
ramparts  which,  being  planted  with  trees,  form  agreeable 
promenades,  and  afford  a  fine  view  of  the  harlH>r  and  shi]>- 
ping.  From  its  natural  advantages,  the  extent  of  it-  a  arious 
establishments  and  its  means  of  defence,  Brest  is  considered 
one  of  the  first  naval  ports  of  Europe.  The  outer  road  is, 
perhaps,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world ;  and,  although  ex- 
ceeded in  extent  by  those  of  Constantinople  and  Itio 
Janeiro,  it  b.as  no  superior  in  the  safety  and  excellence  of  its 
anchorage.  It  communicatos  with  the  sea  by  a  single  pas- 
s.age  called  the  Goulet,  1750  yards  broad.  In  the  middle  of 
this  channel  rise  the  Mingan  Rocks,  which  contract  the 
entrance  still  more,  and  oblige  ships  to  pass  immediately 
under  the  batteries.  From  this  entrance  to  the  moutli  of 
the  Elon,  the  road.stead  is  about  6  miles  in  length.  Its  dia- 
meter varies  considerably,  from  the  irregularity  of  the 
shores,  but  in  some  places  it  is  3  miles;  so  that  the  port 
could  contain  all  the  navies  of  Europe.  There  are  atout 
400  pieces  of  cannon  and  mortars  in  the  various  batteries 
that  command  the  cliannel.and  the  anchorage  inside  is  still 
further  protected  by  the  guns  that  line  the  shore.  Outside 
of  the  Goulet  is  the  fort  of  St.  Matthew,  and  the  new  light- 
house. Its  inner  harbor  is  one  of  the  most  secure  in  Eu- 
rope, and  could  accommodate  (iO  ships  of  the  line.  It  is 
protected  b^  batteries  and  a  citadel  liuilt  on  a  rock,  and 
communicates,  by  a  canal,  with  the  port  of  Nantes.  Among 
its  most  important  work.s,  are  5  large  basins,  extensive 
quays,  an  arsenal,  vast  magazines,  building  yards,  l.irge 
IJarracks,  and  a  prison,  Imilt  on  a  hill,  with  ac<'onimodation 
for  4000  delinquents.  The  city,  built  on  tlie  sli  pes  of  con- 
sideralile  hills,  is  divided  by  the  port  in  two  parts,  which 
communicate  only  by  boats;  that  on  the  right  is  called  Jie- 
couvrance..  The  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the  town  are  con- 
nected by  steep  streets,  and  in  some  places  only  by  stairs. 
Brest  has  many  important  educational  establishments,  a 
medical  school,  naval  school,  communal  college,  and  a  scliool 
of  hydrography,  a  public  library,  botanic  garden  and  obser- 
vatory. The  post  has  little  trade  excepting  for  the  supply 
of  the  naval  department,  and  its  manufactures  scarcely  ex- 
tend beyond  glazed  hats  and  tarpaulins  for  the  seamen 
The  merchant  sliippiug  is  small  in  extent,  bringing  princi- 
pally timber,  building  materials,  wine,  grain  and  ftour,  salt, 
iron,  hemp,  tar,  kc.  The  number  of  coastwise  arrivals 
in  1852,  was  3936.  Although  Brest  has  been  alleged  to 
occupy  a  Roman  .site,  no  mention  of  it  occurs  in  liistory  til] 
the  year  1240.  at  which  period  its  castle  was  ceded  to  John, 
first  Duke  of  Brittany.  This  castle  had  a  .small  town  in  its 
vicinity,  and  was  several  times  besieged  by  the  English, 
French,  and  Spaniards.  Cardinal  Ricl4flieu  was  the  first 
to  take  advantage  of  the  natural  capabilities  of  the  port  for 
a  naval  station,  and,  in  16;31,  commenced  the  fortifications 
which  were  improved  and  extended  by  Vauban.  Slary, 
Queen  of  Scots,  landed  at  Brest  in  1548,  on  her  way  to  St 
Germain.  In  1694,  it  was  attacked  by  an  English  fleet  >in- 
der  Admiral  Berkley,  but  the  expedition  failed,  and  900 
men  who  landed  were  cut  to  pieces,  as  the  tide  h;id  receded 
and  left  the  boats  dry.  In  1773.  tne  line  of  fortifications 
was  considei-ably  extended,  and  the  town  soon  became  a^ 
populous  av  it  is  at  present. 

11  REST,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 

279 


BRE 

Erie,  5  miles  E.  of  Monroe  City,  was  laid  out  on  a  large 
»c.iie  wheu  spoculation  was  at  its  height,  but  has  declined. 
A^  larpe  (juantity  of  lumber  is  sawn  here  and  exported. 

BKKSTMTOV.    See  Brzesc  Litewski. 

BRETACNE.  breh-tift'  or  brit/an,*  (usually  called  by  the 
Knglish  Brittany,  brif  tvne.  and  sometimes  Little  Britain. 
St»e  Gr£vt  Britain.)  an  old  province  in  the  X.W.  of  France, 
forming  an  exU-nsive  peninsula  between  the  English  Channel 
and  the  Atlantic Ltcean.  now  comprised  in  the  departments  of 
Finistere.  Cotes-du-Nord.  Morbihan.and  Loire-lnferieure.  It 
Wits  divided  into  Ilaute-Bretacne.  the  capital  of  which  was 
Rcunes.  and  Basse-Bretagne,  capital,  Vannes.  Thif  province 
uerives  its  name  from  the  Cymric  word  Brylhon.  (plural  of 
Brwth.  signitviii.r  "  warlike.")  It  was  .settled  by  the  Cymry, 
before  any  of  this  warlike  nation  established  themselves 
in  Wales.  It  long  preserved  its  sovereigns,  who  bore,  suc- 
cessively, the  titles  of  kings,  counts,  and  dukes.  It  was 
united  to  France  bv  the  mari-iage  of  Charles  YIII.  with  Anne 
of  Breta..'ne.  daughter  of  the  last  duke.  Fr,incis  II.,  in  1491. 

BUKTENOfX.  liret-noo'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot,  22  miles  X.N.W,  of  Figeoc,  on  the  C«re.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1S51.  852. 

BRKTECIL  brehHcI',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure.  lli'miles  S.W.  of  Evreux.  on  the  Iton.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1851.  214a  engaged  in  extensive  iron-works.  It 
has  remains  of  a  castle  built  by  William  the  Conqueror. 

BUETEUIL,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  on 
the  Railway  du  Xord.  16 miles  N.X.E.  of  Beauvais.  Pop.  of 
commune.  In  1851,  2736.    It  was  formerly  fortified. 

BRET'FOKTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BKFTII'El'iTOX.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BR^TIG  X  Y,  brd'tet-a-yee'.  a  village  of  France,  depiirtment 
of  Eure-et-Loir.  on  the  Paris  and  Orleans  Railway.  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Chart  res.  By  a  tre^ity  concluded  here,  in  1360,  be- 
tween the  FVench  and  English,  the  French  king.  John,  re- 
gained his  freedom,  which  he  had  lost  at  the  Battle  of  Poi- 
tiers, 4  vears  previouslv. 

BRETOX  (brit/t^n)  B.tY,  West  Australia,  co.  of  Twiss, 
about  IS  miles  X.  of  Perth,  the  capital  of  the  colony.  The 
river  Garban  discharges  itself  into  the  bay. 

BRETON.  CAPE.    See  C.\PE  Breton. 

BRETTEX.  brSt'ten,  a  town  of  AVest  Germany,  Baden,  13 
miles  E.  of  Carlsrube.  Pop.  3000.  Melancthou  was  bom 
here.  1497. 

BRETTEXIIAM.  a  parish  of  Eneland.  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

BRETTEXHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRETTOX,  MOXK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Bamsley,  on  the  North  Mid- 
land Railway. 

BRE'rroX,  WEST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork. 

BREUKELEX.  brii'kJl-en,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
8  miles  X.X.W.  of  Utrecht,  on  the  A'echt.  and  on  the  Am- 
sterdam and  Arnhem  Railway.    Pop.  1599, 

BREVAKD.  a  county  of  Florida.    See  St.  Lucte. 

BREVEX  or  BREYEXT,  br.Vv6x<  a  mountain  of  the 
Penine  Alps,  Savoy.  Its  summit,  8500  feet  abofe  the  sea,  is 
the  best  place  to  take  a  view  of  the  whole  of  Mont  Blanc. 

BREYIG.  brA'vig.  a  town  of  Xorway  stift  Aggershuus,  11 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Laurvig,  with  a  port  on  the  Langesunds 
Fiord.     Pop.  1166.    It  has  trade  in  iron. 

BREAIXE.  L.*,  11  bnV'veen',  a  parish  and  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  15  miles  W'.of  Xeufchfitel,  in  the 
valley  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  2319.  engaged  in  watch  and 
lace  making,  and  working  in  metals.  Near  it  is  a  bed  of 
coal,  supposed  to  be  the  fossil  relic  of  a  forest  swallowed  up 
during  an  earthquake.  September  18, 1356. 

BREWER,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  E.  biiuk  of  Penobscot  River,  opposite  Bangor,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge.  There  are  here  7  saw 
mills  driven  by  water-power,  and  3  by  steam.  1  planing 
mill.  1  tannery,  and  1  boat  manufactory,  a  good  town-house, 
3  churches,  and  7  stores.  Brick-making  and  ship-building 
arwalso  carriid  on.     Pop.  2835. 

BRi;W'EI!SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

BUEWERSYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  In- 
diana, about  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

BKEW'ERTON,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co..  New  Y'ork, 
on  the  Oneida  River,  144  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  P  640. 

*  Shakspeare  always  aecentaatei  this  name  on  the  first  syl- 
lable. 

"  Arthur  of  Bretagne  yield  thee  to  my  hand" — 
"  Ye  men  of  ^gterg,  open  wide  your  gates 
And  let  young  Arthur,  king  of  Bretagne  in." 

King  John,  act  I.,  scenes  Ist  k,  2d. 
"  Therefore  the  Dukes  of  Berry  and  of  Bretngne, 
Of  Brabant,  and  of  Orleans  shall  make  forth 
To  line  and  new  repair  our  towns  of  war." 

King  Uf.nrg  V.,  act  II.,  scene  4th. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  this  name  was  originally  pronounced 
Bree'tan  by  the  English,  and  that  the  sound  of  long  e  became 
contracted  into  short  t.  (as  in  Grfrnirirh,  pron.  grin'ij,  been, 
bin,  tc.,)  the  pronunciation  conforming  exactly  to  that  of 
Bret'm  nr  Britain,  wbiuU  are  obviously  but  different  forms  of  the 
same  uame. 
280 


BRI 

BREWERTON,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BREWER  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Brewer  township, 
opposite  Bangor,  Penobscot  co..  Slaine. 

BREW'HAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

BR  EWII  AM.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BREWaXGTON,  a  postofflce  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BREWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Stafford  and  Salop 

BREW'STER.  a  post-township  of  BarnstaCle  co..  Massa^ 
chusetts.  about  65  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1489. 

BREW'STER'S  MlLLS.apost-officeof  Preston  co..Yirginl(i. 

BREWTON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Tatnall  co..  Georgia. 

BREWSTER'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co. 
New  York. 

BRE^XICE.    See  Brzesnitz. 

BREZOLLES.  breh-zoU',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loire,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dreux.     Pop.  912. 

BREZOWA,  brA-zo'wi.  Iluntrary,  co.  of  Neutra,  19  miles 
N.W.  of  I>eopoldstadt.     Pop.  6157. 

BRIANCON,  bre-ds«''s<'vxo'.  (anc.  BriganHium.'S  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Hautes-.\lpes,  on  the  ri'-'ht  lank  of 
the  Durance,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Gap.  near  the  Italian  fron- 
tier: a  fortified  place  of  the  first  da.ss.  formerly  a  kind  of 
Alpine  Gibraltar.  It  stands  on  an  eminence  at  the  Sx)t  of 
the  Col  de  Qenfevre.  at  the  point  where  two  smnll  rivers 
unite  and  form  the  Durance.  It  is  42S4  fet^  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  and  is  the  highest  town  m  France.  The  fortifi- 
cations consist  of  a  triple  line  of  walls  encircling  the  town, 
with  7  forts  commanding  the  approaches.  The  road  to  Italy 
is  commanded  by  several  redoubts  and  half-moon  batteries. 
The  princip,il  works  are  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Clair6e 
whose  deep  gorge  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  a  single  .irch. 
All  the  heights  in  the  vicinity  are  converted  into  points  of 
defence,  and  the  position  is  considered  impregnable.  Brian- 
9on  is  the  French  arsenal  of  the  .\lps.  and  the  centrcil  point 
of  attack  and  defence,  from  which  troops  can  be  marched  on 
the  passes  of  Mont  Cenis,  St.  Bernard,  the  Simplon.  and  the 
Col  de  Tende.  From  the  town  itself  there  is  a  practicable 
passage  into  Italy  by  Mount  Gen^vre.  Brian^on  has  soma 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  cutlery,  and  lead-pencils. 
Pop.  in  1851.  4439. 

BRIAXCOXXOISor  BRIAXgONNAIS.  bre-8xo'so:i'n,V,  an 
old  district  of  France,  in  IIaute-Dauphin6,  the  capital  of 
which  was  Brian9on,  now  included  in  the  department  of 
Ilautes-Alpes. 

BRIANSK,  bre-3nsk',  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.  on  the  Desna,  70 
miles  W.N. W.  of  Orel.  Pop.  6000.  It  h.ts  16  churches,  a  mo- 
nastery, with  a  seminary,  the  imperial  building  yards,  a 
cannon  foundry,  and  a  manufactory  of  small  arms. 

BRI'AR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  1734.. 

BRI.^RE,  bre-^R/,  (anc.  Brirndt</rum.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Loiret.  on  the  Loire,  at  the  head  of  the  canal 
de  Briare,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Glen.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1S52, 
3477.  The  Canal  de  Briare,  connecting  the  Loii-e  with  the 
Seine  at  Montargis.  34^  miles  in  length,  is  the  oldest  worlt 
of  the  kind  in  France,  having  been  commenced  in  1606. 

BRIARITZ     See  Appendix. 

BRIATEXTE,  bre-S't^xt/,  a  town  of  France,  derartment 
of  Tarn,  on  the  Adou.  6  miles  N.f;.  of  Lavaur.    Pop.  1458. 

BRI.\TICO,  bre-l'te-ko.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  CiiL^brU 
Ultra.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Xicotera. 

BRIBIESCA.  br^be4s'ka.  a  town  of  Spain,  20  miles  N.R 
of  Burgos,  on  the  Oca.  Pop.  2040.  Here,  in  1388.  John  I., 
King  of  Ca.Btile,  held  a  meeting  of  the  States-general,  at 
which  the  title  of  Prince  of  Asturias  was  conferred  in  pe» 
petuitv  on  the  heir-presumptive  of  the  crown  of  Spain. 

BHl'CETH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRICIIERASCO,  bre-ki-rls^ko,  a  market-town  of  Pie* 
mont,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Pinerolo.  Pop.  with  commune,  3421, 
engaged  in  tanning  and  paper-making. 

BRICK,  a  township  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey.    Pop.  13.S5. 

BRICK  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  GuUford  co.,  Nartk 
Carolina. 

BRICK  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co..  Tennessee. 

BRICK  CREEK,  a  post-offitv  of  Unm  co.,  Tex.s.s. 

BRICK'ENDON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

BRICK'ERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  cc,  Pemn- 
sylvanla. 

BRICK  HEAD,  a  district  in  DeKalb  co..  Georgia. 

BRICK'IIILL.  BOW.  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  Jf  Buck*. 

BRICKHILL.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks 

BRICKHILL.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks 

BRICK'LAXD.  a  post-offl<-e  of  Lunenburg  co..  Yiru'inja. 

BRICK  MEETING  HOUSE,  a  postKifflce  of  Cecil  co, 
Maryland. 

BKICKSBOROUGH,  briks'btir-rtih.  a  village  of  Cumbei>- 
land  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  Maurice  Jtiver,  14  miles  S.E.  of 
Bridgeton. 

BlilCK  STORE,  (I  postoffice  of  Xewton  co.,  Georeia. 

BRICK'YILLE.  a  post-office  nf  Lawrence  to.,  Alabams- 

BKICKVILLE.  a  village  of  Morgan  co_  lUinois,  26  mlleB 
W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 


BRI 

BRIC!QUEBT:C,  breek'bJk',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Manche,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Valognes.     Pop.  1963. 

UUIDK.  a  river  of  Ireland,  Munster,  cos.  of  Cork  and 
Waterford,  rises  in  the  Xajfle  Mountains,  and  after  an  east- 
ward course  of  25  miles,  joins  the  IJlackwater  Kiver,  8  miles 
N.  of  You'ihal.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Kathcormack  and 
Tallow,     it  is  navisahle  for  barges  to  Kintalloon. 

BIIIDK,  a  river  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  joins  the 
Lee,  er  miles  W.  of  Cork.    Course,  11  mil<*s. 

BRIDl'IKIKK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

BKI'DELL.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

BIIIDES/JJUKU,  formerly  a  postrvillage  of  Philadelphia 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  Uiver,  at  the  mouth  of 
B'rankford  Creek,  7  mili'S  from  the  State-house.  It  is  now 
included  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia. It  contains  a  United  States  arsenal  and  many  tine 
residences.     Pop.  in  18.50,  915. 

BUIDESKIRK,  a  parish  of  England  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

BRIUIl.S'ToWE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BKIDKOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BKIDOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BRIDGEBOKOUGII,  bridg'b&r-rah,  a  post-office  of  Bur- 
lington CO.,  New  Jersey . 

BRIDGE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  into  Ocklockonee 
Eiver,  in  Thomas  county. 

BRIDGE  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio. 

BRIDGE/FORD,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

BRIDGEFORD,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

BRIDOE'FORTII,  a  postofflce  of  Limestone  co.,  Alabama. 

BRIDGE'IIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRIDGl-yilA.MPTON,  a/ post-village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  seacoast.  20  miles  W.  of  Montauk  Point. 

BRIDGE  LEYDEN,  a  village  of  Cook  co.,  IlUuois,  12  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

BRIDGEND,  bri'jend\  a  market-town  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  (Glamorgan,  on  the  Ugmore,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge, 
6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cowbridge.  A  railway,  4i  miles  iu  length, 
connects  Bridgend  with  the  Duffryn-Llynvi  line. 

BRlDGENORTir,  bnj'north,  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  on  the 
Severn,  12o  miles  N.W.  of  London,  and  8  miles  S.E.  of  Much- 
Wenlock.  Ancient  name,  Brugia  or  Bruges;  supposed  to 
have  been  founded  by  EthelHeda.  daughter  of  Alfred.  Pop. 
of  municipal  l)orough,  in  1851,  6172.  The  town  consists  of 
an  upper  and  lower  part,  connected  by  a  bridge  of  6  arches. 
The  upper  town  is  picturesquely  built  on  a  rock,  crowned 
by  an  ancient  ca-stle,  and  the  2  parish  churches ;  between 
them  is  a  large  public  re.servoir.  There  are  in  this  place  a 
grammar  school  founded  in  1603,  8  daily  and  other  schools, 
and  2  well-endowed  almshouses  for  widows,  an  ancient 
town-hall,  jail,  work-house,  theatre,  and  public  library, 
with  some  worsted  and  nail  manutiictories,  slips  for  boat- 
building, a  large  market  for  agricultural  produce,  and  an 
extensive  carrying  trade  by  the  Severn.  It  sends  2  mem- 
bers to  the  House  of  Commons. 

BRIDGE'1'(>1{T,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  is  situated  on  an  arm  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
at  the  mouth  of  I'equonnock  River.  By  railroad  it  is  18 
miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Haven,  58  miles  N.E.  of  New  York,  54 
miles  S.W.  of  Hartford,  178  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.  Lat.  41° 
10' 30"  N.:  Ion.  73°  11'  46"  W.  The  city,  which  is  hand- 
somely laid  out  and  beautifully  adorned  with  sliade-trees, 
is  built  chiefly  on  a  plain  elevated  some  10  or  12  feet  above 
high-water  mark.  About  half  or  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
N.W.  of  the  harbor,  there  is  a  sudden  ascent  of  nearly  50 
feet,  called  Golden  Hill,  and  forming  a  small  table-land 
about  half  a  mile  square.  This  height,  which  affords  a 
splendid  view  of  the  city  and  sound,  is  occupied  by  elegant 
private  mansions.  Lindencroft,  the  residence  of  P.  T.  Bar- 
uum,  is  about  half  a  mile  W.  of  this  place. 

Bridgeport  has  a  large  coasting  trade,  and  a  number  of 
vessels  engaged  in  the  wlwilo  fisheries,  but  it  is  principally 
supported  by  its  manufactures.  Many  of  those  ai-e  very 
extensive,  including  the  large  sewing  machine  factories  of 
Wheeler,  Wilson  &  Co.,  an  establishment  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  steel  in-ojectiles,  and  comprise  carriages,  leather  of 
all  descriptions,  bra.ss  and  iron  castings,  machinery,  various 
articles  of  hardware,  Siush  and  blinds,  &c.  One  of  the  most 
extensive  carriage  establishments  in  the  United  States  is  in 
Bridgeport.  Tli»  city  contains  5  banks,  4  savings  institu- 
tions, 2  or  3  newspaper  offices,  and  about  14  churches  of  the 
various  denominations.  The  Housatonic  and  the  Naugatuck 
Railroads  botli  terminate  in  lliis  place.  It  is  also  on  tho 
line  of  the  New  Y'ork  and  New  Haven  Railroad.  Steam- 
boats ply  daily  between  Bridgeport  and  New  York.  The 
harbor  is  safe,  but  does  not  admit  vessels  of  the  largest  size, 
there  being  but  13  feet  of  water  on  the  bar  at  high  tide. 
The  township,  embracing  about  10  square  miles,  was  sep*- 
••ated  from  Stratford  in  1821,  and  incorporated  in  1836.  Pop. 
In  1840.  4570;  in  IhoO,  7560;  in  1860,  13,299. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
»n  Ghittenango  Creek,  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Syracuse. 

BRIDGIiPORT,  a  post-village  of  Seneca  co..  New  York,  on 


BRI 

the  Cayuga  Lake,  at  the  W.  end  of  Ca3ruga  Bridge.  12  r.-:fle» 
W.  of  .\uburn. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  of  Burlington  co..  New  ^>rsey 
on  Wading  River,  29  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Mount  IIollv. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-office  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  small  village  of  Clearfield  co..  Pennsyt 
vania.  on  the  turnpike  between  Clearfield  and  Erie. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-borough  of  Bridgeport  township. 
Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Monon- 
gahela  River,  just  above  the  mouth  of  Dunlap's  Creek,  40 
miles  S.  of  I'ittsburg.  It  is  connected  with  Brownsville  by 
an  iron  bridge  crossing  Dunlan's  Creek.  There  are  manu- 
factories of  various  kinds  at  this  place.     Pop  1276. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  of  Franklin  co..  Pennsylvania, 
12  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chambersburg.  It  contains  1  store 
and  1  mill. 

BRIDttEPORT,  n  post-borongh  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Schuylkill,  opposite  Norristown.  It  is  the 
E.  terminus  of  the  Chester  Valley  Raihxjad.     Pop.  1011. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  CO.,  Slaryland. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  in  Harrison  co.,  W.  Virginia, 
5  miles  E.  of  Clarksburg. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-office  of  Cocke  co.,  Tennessee. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  turnpike  from  franklbrt  to  Louisville,  4  miles  S.W. 
of  the  former. 

BRI  DG  EPORT,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  opposite  Wheeling  City,  has  an  active  business 
in  forwarding  goods  to  the  West.  It  contains  several  mills 
and  warehouses,  and  a  national  bank.     Pop.  641. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co ,  Ohio,  on  tho 
railroad  between  Cincinnati  and  Dayton,  10  miles  S.S.W. 
of  the  latter. 

BRIDGEl'ORT,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Sagi- 
naw  CO.,  Michigan.    Pot).  491. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Elkhart  co, 
Indiana. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Ohio  River,  about  130  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis, 
was  laid  out  in  1849.  Boatrbuilding  is  carried  on  here,  and 
good  timber  for  that  purpo.se  is  abundant  in  the  vicinity. 
The  village  has  about  160  inhabitants. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Perry  co., 
Indiana. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  and  landing  place  of  Greene  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Illinois  River,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Carrollton, 
Grain  and  other  .irticles  are  shipped  here. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  in  the  W.  part  of  Warren  co., 
Mis.souri,  near  the  Missouri  River. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  postrvillage  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mako<|ueta  River,  about  75  miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Wi-sconsin,  on  the 
Neenah  or  F'ox  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Plum  Creek.  It  has 
extensive  water-power. 

BRIDGEPORT  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Saginaw  co, 
.Michigan. 

BRIDGE  PRAIRIE,  a  township  in  St.  Clair  co..  Illinois. 

BRIDGERHLE,  a,  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon. 

BRIDGE-SOLLERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BRIDGETON,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine, 
about  35  miles  N.W.  of  Portland.  It  has  numerous  saw- 
mills and  tanneries.     Pop.  2556. 

BRIDGETON,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  Cum- 
berland CO.,  New  Jersey  (in  Bridgeton  and  Coliansey  town- 
ship), is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Cohansey  Creek,  20  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Delaware  Bay,  60  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Trenton,  and  4U  miles  S.  of  Philadeliihia,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  the  W.  Jersey  R.R.  It  is  neatly  built,  and 
contains  8  churches,  a  court-house,  1  bank.  2  academies,  a 
public  library,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  It  has  an  active 
trade,  in  which  a  large  number  of  schooners  and  sloops  are 
employed.  A  drawbridge  connects  the  opposite  banks  of  the 
creek.  It  contains  an  extensive  iron  foundry,  a  rolling-mill, 
a  nail  factory,  a  glass  factory,  a  new  woollen  factory,  and 
other  important  manufactories.    Pop.  iu  18l'5,  about  7000. 

BRIDGETON,  a  postoffice  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama. 

BRIDGETON,  a  postrvillage  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Racoon  Creek,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Rockville. 

BRIDGETON,  a  pos(>village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  15 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

BRIDGETOWX,  a  post-office  of  Carolina  co.,  JIaryland. 

BRIDGETOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Mun.ster,  co.  of  Cork. 
Al.so  the  name  of  several  villages  in  Ireland. 

BRIDGETOWN,  the  capital  town  of  the  isl.and  of  Barba- 
dos, on  the  W.  coast.  Lat.  1.3°  4' N.;  Ion.  59°  37' W.  Pop. 
in  1844, 19.3C2.  It  stretches  along  the  N.  shore  of  Cariisle 
Bay,  is  well-built,  and  surrounded  by  plantations.  It  has 
a  jail,  council-house,  good  shops,  and  a  market  well  supplied 
with  provisions.  About  1  mile  distant  is  the  governor's 
hou.se,  and  2  miles  S.  of  the  town  are  St.  Peters  barracks, 
with  quarters  for  200  men,  a  spacious  parade  ground,  and 
complete  arsenal.    Bridgetown  was  made  a  city  i3i  134i 

281 


BRI 


BRI 


Rt  Micb  \eYs  church  Is  the  cathedral ;  the  bishop's  residence 
Is  In  thi  vicinity. 

BRIDGE  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Buclcs  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BltllKfB'VILLE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York, 
on  Neversink  River,  106  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

BRIDOEVILLE,  a  village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Pequest  River,  3  miles  E.  of  Belvidere. 

BRIDGEVILLK,  a  post-villae;e  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  on 
the  Nanticoke  River,  38  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Dover. 

BRIDOEVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  no.,  Ohio, 
62  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

BRIDGEWATER,  brij'wd-ter,  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  river  port,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset, on  both  sides  of  the  Parret,  about  7  miles  from  its 
mouth,  in  the  Bristol  Channel,  29^  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bristol, 
near  the  Bristol  and  Exeter  Railway,  a  station  of  which  is 
alxiut  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  town.  Pop.  in  IS51, 
10,960.  The  town  is  neatly  built,  remarkably  clean,  and 
well  supplied  with  water.  It  has  an  ancient  Gothic  church, 
containing  a  fine  altar-piece,  a  small  grammar  school  and 
other  endowed  schools,  an  alms-house,  infirmary,  market- 
house,  with  a  dome  and  Ionic  portico,  union  poor-house, 
jail,  court-house,  and  2  or  3  banks.  The  quay  is  accessi- 
ble to  vessels  of  200  tons,  but  the  entrance  of  the  harbor  is 
difficult,  and  the  tide  often  Avashes  it  with  great- violence. 
Imports,  iron  ore,  hemp,  tallow,  and  timber,  with  Welsh 
coals,  and  groceries  coastwise.  Exports  of  agricultural  pro- 
duce, bricks,  &c.  Registered  .shipping  of  port,  in  1847,  8552 
tons.  A  canal  connects  Bridgewater  with  Taunton.  Bridge- 
water  was  constituted  a  free  borough  in  1200  by  King  John. 
By  the  municipal  act  it  was  divided  into  2  wards,  with  9 
councillors  each,  who,  with  6  aldermen  and  a  mayor,  com- 
pose the  government  body.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  It  is  a  polling  place  for  West  Somerset,  and 
gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Egerton  family.  Admiral 
Blake  was  born  here  in  1699. 

BRIDQi/SVATER,  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  Rail- 
road, 48  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Concord.     Pop.  5ti0. 

BRIDGEWATER,  a  post-township  of  Windsor  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 52  miles  South  of  Montpelier,  interbected  by  the 
Qucechy  River  and  its  upper  tributaries,  which  aftbrd  some 
water-power.  It  contains  an  inexliaustible  quarry  of  soaj)- 
Btone,  which  has  been  extehsively  wrought.  Iron  ore  is 
also  found.    Pop.  1292. 

BRIDGEWATER.  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mas- 
sacluisetts,  on  tlie  Old  Colony  and  Newport  R.R.,  27  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  Machinery,  including  cotton-gins,  Ac, 
Is  extensively  manufactured.  It  lias  an  academy,6  churches, 
and  is  the  seat  of  a  state  normal  school,  and  of  a  state  alms- 
house, founded  in  1852.     I'up  in  1860,  37ei. 

BRIDGEWATER,  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, 30  miles  N.W.  of  New  Haven.  The  manufacture  of 
hats  is  extensively  carried  on  liere. 

BRIDGEWATER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oneida 
CO.,  New  York,  16  miles  8.  from  Utica.    I'op.  1261. 

BRIDGEWATER,  a  township  ol  Somerset  co..  New  Jer- 
sey.   It  contains  Somerville,  ttie  county-seat.    Pop.  4947. 

BRIDGEWATER.  a  post-borough  of  Beaver  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  tlie  Ohio,  immediately  below  the  moutli  of 
Beiiver  River,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  A  bridge  across 
Beaver  River  connects  it  with  Rochester.    Pop.  822. 

BRIDGEWATER,  a  post-offlce  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

BICIDGEWATEB,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BKIDQEWATER,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  3053. 

BRIDGKWATKK,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Nortli  River,  a  branch  of  the  Slier.andouh, 
about  125  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond,  has  an  active  trade, 
and  contains  several  mills  propelled  by  water-power. 

BItlDGEWATER,  a  post-olfice  of  Burke  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BRIDGEWATER.  a  post-township  in  Williams  co.,  Ohio, 
about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Defiance.    Pop.  1040. 

BHIDGKWATER,  a  post-township  in  Washtenaw  co., 
Michigan,  about  18  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Adrian.  Population, 
1290.  ■  f  , 

BRI'DLE  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Grayson  co.,  Virginia. 

BRID'LINGTON  or  BUKLLINGTON,  (usually  pronounced, 
and  often  written  BUR'LINGTON.)  a  pari.«h  of  England. 
CO.  of  York,  East  Itiding,  including  the  market-towns  of 
Bridlington  and  Bridlington  Quay,  6  miles  W.  of  Flam- 
borttugh  Head,  and  26i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hull.  Pop.  In  1&51, 
6846,  The  former,  consisting  chiefiy  of  a  long  narrow  street, 
ha?  ihe  remains  of  a  priory,  built  in  the  thirteenth  or  four- 
teenth centuries,  and  now  used  for  the  parochial  church. 
ThQOther  editices  are  the  town-hall,a  commercial  exchange, 
and  numerous  di.ssenting  chapels.  It  gives  title  of  earl  to 
the  Cavendish  family. 

BRIDLINGTON  QUAY,  on  a  fine  bay  about  1  mile  S.E. 
of  the  above,  is  well-built  of  brick,  has  many  good  hotels, 
baths,  and  lodging-houses,  and  is  frequented  during  sum- 


mer for  sea-bathing.  Its  harbor  U  formed  by  two  band- 
some  piers,  and  it  has  an  active  exi)ort  trade  in  corn.  Re- 
gistered shipping  of  port  in  1847,  30N2  tons. 

BRID'PORT,  a  parish  and  munifipal  borough,  seaport- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  on  the  Brit  or 
Bride  River,  here  crossed  by  several  bridges,  about  1  j  miles 
from  the  English  Ch.annel,  and  16  miles  A.W.  of  Dorchester. 
Pop.  in  1861,  4653.  The  town  consists  of  three  principal 
streets,  and  has  many  handsome  houses,  a  cruciform 
Gothic  church,  a  town-hall,  prison,  maiket/house,  branch 
bank,  almshouse,  mechanics'  institute,  with  manufactories 
of  sail-cloth,  shoe  thread,  lines,  nets.  Ac  for  the  fisheries, 
and  an  extensive  trade  coastwise  and  to  the  Baltic.  The 
harbor,  about  one  mile  S.  of  the  town,  admits  vessels  of  200 
tons.  Registered  shipping  in  1847,  2197  tons.  Bridport  is 
divided  into  2  wards,  and  .sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  It  confers  the  title  of  viscount  on  the  Hood 
family. 

BRID'PORT,  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont, 
about  45  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake 
Champlain.  opposite  Crown  Point,  New  York.     Pop.  1298. 

BRlJiC.  bre-jk',  a  village  of  Prance,  department  of  Flnis- 
tere,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Quiniper.     Pop.  in  1851,  5493. 

BRIE-COMTE  ROEEKT,  bree'-kA.ve  ro'laiH',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  the  Seine-et-Marne,  near  the  V^res, 
11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Melun.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2716. 
It  was  founded  by  Robert  of  France,  brother  of  Louis  VII., 
whence  its  name.  It  has  an  interesting  church  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  manufactories  of  pens,  bricks,  and  leather; 
and  trade  in  rural  produce. 

BRIEG,  breeo,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  27  miles  S.E.  of 
Breslau,  on  the  Oder,  and  on  the  railway  fiom  Breslau  to 
Oppeln.  Pop.  in  1846,  12,150.  It  is  well  built,  with  fine  pro- 
menades on  the  former  ramparts,  and  has  a  gynmasium.,  a 
good  library,  and  manufactories  of  linen,  cotton,  and  woollen 
fal  rics.  Brieg  is  the  seat  of  a  head  officer  of  royal  Silesia 
mines,  of  a  royal  salt  factory,  and  of  the  district  coasts. 
1 1  was  formerly  fortified,  but  dismantled  by  the  French  in 
1807. 

BRIEG,  breeo,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Valais, 
on  the  Rhone.  31  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sion,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Simplon  Pass.  It  has  an  active  transit  trade. 
The  baths  at  Briegkr  B.\d,  (breeo'yr  bdt,)  in  its  vicinity,  were 
formerly  much  frequented. 

BRIEL,  breel,  (Fr.  Brielle,  bre-ill',)  a  firtified  seaport 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  S.  Holland,  on  the 
island  of  Voorne,  on  the  Meuse.  at  its  mouth.  14i  miles 
W.  of  Rotterdam.  Lat.  of  li-ht-hou?e,  51°  54'  11"  N.:  Ion. 
4°  9'  61"  E.  Pop.  in  1840,  4,504.  It  has  many  military 
magazines  and  a  good  harbor.  It  was  the  nucleus  of  the 
Dutch  Republic,  its  capture  by  William  de  la  .Marck.  on  the 
1st  of  April  1672,  having  been  the  first  imixirtant  event  in 
the  struggle  between  Holland  and  Spain.  Admirals  Van 
Tromp  and  De  Witt,  were  natives  of  Uriel. 

BRIENNEorBRIENNE-Ll.-CIlATEAU.bre-?nn'-leh-sha'- 
tfi/,  called  also  BRIENN  F>N  A  POL  EON ,  brt-^nn'-na'po^hMso', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  the  Aube,  ne;ir  the  right 
bank  of  the  -Aube,  14  miles  N.AV.  of  l!ar-sur-.\ul>e.  Pop.  of 
commune,  1830.  It  takes  its  designation  from  a  superb 
chateau  built  here  shortly  before  the  Revolution  by  the  last 
Comte  de  Brienne;  but  is  more  celebrated  as  the  place  where 
Napoleon  received  the  rudiments  of  lii.<  military  eilucation, 
and  where,  on  the  29tli  January.  18 14  he  met  the  .\llies  in  a 
bloody  battle,  in  which  tlie  French  had  the  advantage. 

BRlfiNON,  hre\ihiAN"',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Yonne,  10  miles  E,  of  Joigny,  ne.ir  the  Canal  de  Bour- 
gogne.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  27ii6. 

BltlENZ,  bree'Juts,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  N.  shore  of  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  at  the  foot  of  the  Bricmergrat  Mountain. 
Pop.  3102. 

BRIENZA,  bre-Jn'zd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basl- 
licata,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  4301). 

BRIENZER-SEE.  bree'Jnt-ser-sd.  (or  Lake  of  Brienz.)  Is 
formed  by  the  River  Aar.  at  the  foot  of  the  valley  of  HaslI 
and  above  the  Lake  of  Thun.  Length,  8  miles,  breadth,  1^ 
miles.  Surface,  850  fi'ct  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  depth, 
500  to  2000  feet.  It  is  entirely  surrounded  by  elevated 
mountains;  those  on  the  S,  side  rise  in  a  point  over  the 
lake,  and  the  torrents  which  flow  from  tbem  form  several 
cascades,  the  principal  of  wliich  is  the  fall  of  tlie  (liisslmch. 

BRIERCLIFFE,  bri'fr-kliff',  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

BRIER  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  AVilkes  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

BRIER  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  rises-  In  Warren  co.,  and 
after  a  soutli-easterly  cour.se  of  more  than  100  miles,  enters 
Savannah  Rivera  few  miles  E.  of  Jacksonborongh. 

]?RIER  HILL,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawi-ence  co.,  New 
Y^ork. 

IHII/ERLY  HILL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford, 
parish  of  KIngswinfoiid,  2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stourbridge. 
Here  are  extensive  collieries  and  iron  works. 

BRIES.  breece,  or  B  RISEN,  bree'zen.  (Hun.  Bressn^  linnya, 
brJz'no  b|n'y6h,)  a  royal  free  town  in  Hungary,  co.  of  Sohl 


J 


BBI 


BRI 


on  the  Gran,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Neu  Sohl.    It  contains  a 
eollt'ge  and  Krammar  school.    Pop.  3500. 

BIdKV,  bre-i/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the  Mo- 
selle, U  mill's  N.W.  of  Metz.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
2004.  who  manufacture  coarse  woollen  stuffs  and  cotton. 

BKIKZE.N,  breefsgn,  a  town  of  Prussia,  23  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Culm.     Pop.  1160. 

BKIUA.  bree'gl,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  30  miles 
N.E.  of  Nice,  on  the  Livenza.     Pop.  3000. 

BKrO.\N'ri\US  LACUS.    See  Constance,  Lake  op. 

BKIfJANTIUM  (OF  GAUL.)    See  Brun^on. 

BKItiANTIUJI  or  BUIUANTIA  (OF  GEK.MANY.)  See 
Bregknz. 

BKIGG.  a  town  of  England.    See  Glandpord  Brigg. 

BKIGG'S  .MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Ohio  eo.,  Kentucky. 

BltlG'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

BRIG'UOUSE,  a  township  of  England.  See  Hipper- 
holm  e. 

BKIGIIT,  a  postrofBce  of  Dearbome  co.,  Indiana. 

BKIGIIT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down,  Ulster. 

BItUJHTIIKLMSTON'E.    See  Brighton. 

BRIGHT'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BRKillT'LINGSEA,  a  maritime  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Essex,  forming  a  peninsula  between  the  Oolne  and 
Brj.{htlingsea  Creek,  7  miles  S.S.E  of  Colchester.  Pop.  in 
1851,  1S52.  Brightlingsea  is  a  member  of  the  Cinque-ports 
of  .Sandwich. 

BKIGHTON,  brl't9n,  (formerly  BRIOIITIIELMSTOXE,) 
a  parliamentary  borough,  seaport  town,  palish,  and  water- 
ing place  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the  English  Channel, 
47  miles  S.  of  London.  Lat.  of  light-house,  chain  pier-head, 
60°  r.O'  N.,  Ion.  0°  8'  W.  Pop.  in  1801,  7339;  in  1841, 
46,730;  in  1861,  77,693.  The  town,  shelUiredon  the  N.and 
N.E.  by  the  South-down.s,  extends  (including  Keniptown) 
for  3  miles  along  the  coast,  fronted  by  a  sea-wall  about  60 
feet  in  height,  whi(!h  forms  a  magnificent  jjromenade,  and 
occupying  declivities  on  both  the  E.  and  W.,  with  a  central 
valley,  in  which  are  the  "  Pavilion,"  a  palace  built  in  an 
oriental  style  by  George  IV.  when  Prince  of  Wales,  the  fine 
church  of  St.  Peter,  and  the  noblo  open  space  termed  the 
Steyne.  It  consists  almost  wholly  of  new  and  elegant 
streets,  squares,  and  terraces  built  in  a  style  equal  to  the  best 
in  the  metropolis.  The  principal  structxires  are  the  sus- 
pension chain-pier,  extending  1014  feet  into  the  sea,  St. 
Peter's  church,  containing  a  font  reputed  to  have  been 
brought  from  Normandy  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  nu- 
merous other  churches,  the  county  hosjMtal,  town-hall, 
theatre,  assembly-rooms,  various  baths,  and  many  excel- 
lent hotels.  On  the  Steyne  is  a  bronze  statue  of  George 
I'',  liy  Chantrey.  There  are  158  daily  schools  within  the 
parish,  several  of  which  are  endowed ;  it  has  also  alms- 
houses, and  numerous  medical  and  other  charities,  and  is 
the  Seat  of  the  Sussex  Literary  and  Scientific  Institution, 
founded  in  1836.  Brighton  College,  tor  the  education  of  the 
sons  of  noblemen,  was  opened  in  1847.  Its  fisheries  employ 
about  150  boats,  and  supply  large  quantities  of  fish  to 
the  London  markets.  It  communicates  with  London  by 
the  London  and  Brighton  Railway,  by  tlie  South  Coast 
Railway  44  miles  distant,  and  with  tiastings  by  the  Eastern 
Branch,  and  by  steamers  with  Dieppe,  (Franco,)  80  miles 
distant.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  witli  water  and  well 
ligliteil  with  giis.  The  borough  is  governed  by  a  constable 
and  12  head-boroughs.  Since  the  Reform  .^ct,  Brigliton  has 
returned  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Brighton 
is  conjectured  to  have  been  a  Roman  station,  and  is  sup- 
posed by  some  antiquaries  to  have  derived  its  ancient  name 
from  Bi  ichtelm.  a  son  of  Cissa,  the  first  King  of  Sussex.  In 
the  time  of  George  II.  it  was  a  mere  fishing-village,  and  it 
owed  its  rise  to  the  partiality  displayed  for  it  by  George  IV. 
The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  providing 
for  tlie  numerous  visitors  who  resort  to  this  place. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, is  situated  on  '  Presque  Isle  Harbor,  on  Lake 
Ontario,  about  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  5 
or  6  stores,  and  numerous. saw-mills.    Pop.  about  700. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
about  45  miles  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  733. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co-.A^ermont,  about 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  945. 

BUIUIITON,  apost-town.ship  of  Middlesex  CO.,  Massachu- 
setts, 4  miles  W.  of  Boston,  on  the  Boston  and  AVorcester 
Baihoad.  In  this  township  is  a  celebrated  cattle-market. 
The  village  contains  a  bank.     Pop  3375. 

BUIGlirON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Monroe  CO., 
New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  Qenessee  River,  and  about 
3  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester,  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  Ro- 
chester and  Syracuse  Riiilroad.  It  contains  a  bank,  and  the 
Cloverstreet  tioniinary.     Pop.  3183. 

I5RIG  MTON.  a  post-township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  contains  or  adjoins  Beaver,  the  county- 
seat. 

BRIGHTON,  or  OLD  BRIGHTON,  a  handsome  post-bo- 
ro\igh  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  or  western 
bank  of  Beaver  River.  4  miles  from  ila  entrance  into  the 
Ohio,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Peuusylvauia  Railroad,  29  miles 


N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water 
power  and  stone-coal,  and  contains  a  large  cotton  factory, 
paper-mill,  and  Uouring-mill,  &c.  A  bridge  crosses  the  river 
here,  and  connects  this  town  with  the  borough  of  New 
Brighton.  Brighton  is  a  place  of  active  business.  »'op 
alxjut  900. 

BRIGHTON,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvani.-!. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  district,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

BRIGHTON,  a  village  of  Cuyahoga  co.  Ohio,  4  miles  S.W. 
of  Cleveland,  is  separated  by  a  small  creek  from  Bnxiklyn 
village. 

BRIGHTON  or  BRIGHTON  CENTRE,  a  village  in  Clarke 
CO.,  Ohio,  about  35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-township  in  Loraine  co.,  Ohio,  about 
30  miles  S.E.  of  Sandusky  City.    Pop.  646. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Livingston 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Grand  River  (plank)  road,  and  on  Ore 
Creek,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Lansing.  It  has  several  stores  and 
1  or  2  mills.    Pop.  about  500;  of  the  township,  1181. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-ofBce  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-village  of  .Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  60  miles  S.W.  of 
Springfield. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-oflfico  of  Polk  co..  Missouri. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington 
CO ,  Iowa,  about  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City.     Poj).  1060. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  Kenosha  CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1238. 

BRIGHTON,  a  township  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BRIGHT  SEAT,  a  postofflce  of  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

BRIGHT'SIDE-BIERIX)Wor  BIERLEY,  a  township  of 
England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding.  Pop.  10.089,  chiefly 
artisans,  employed  by  the  Sheffield  manufacturers. 

BRIGHTj^VlLLE.  a  small  post-village  in  Marlborough 
district.  South  Carolina. 

BRIGHT' WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

BRIGHT'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRIGHT'WELL  BALIVAVIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  0.\ford. 

BRIGNAIS,  breen'yA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone.  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lyons,  on  the  Giron.    Pop.  1901. 

BRIG'NALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.  Its  beautiful  scenery  is  noticed  in  Scott's  •'  Rokeby." 

BRIGNANO,  breen-yd'no,  a  vill.ige  of  North  Italy,  Lom- 
bardy,  10  miles  S.  of  Bergamo.  Pop.  2400,  who  manufacture 
silk  twist  and  linen  fabrics. 

BRItiNOLES.  breenVol'  or  breen'yAl',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Var,  in  a  fine  valley  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Calami,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Di-aguignan.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, in  1852,  5809.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  several 
squares  plauted  and  decorated  with  fountains,  a  public 
library,  a  normal  school,  manufactures  of  silk  twist  and 
leather,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  wines,  brandy,  liqueurs, 
olives,  and  prunes  of  superior  quality. 

BRI'GOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

BRIG'SliEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BRIG'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North.ampton. 

BRIHUE6A.  bre-wil'ga,  a  town  of  Spain.  New  Castile,  20 
milos  E.N.E.  of  Guadalajara,  on  the  Tajuna.  Pop.  4364.  It 
is  old,  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  manufactures  of 
lineu  and  wcwUen  fabrics.  Here,  in  1710,  the  French,  under 
the  Duke  de  Venddme,  defeated  the  Allies  under  Lord  Stan- 
hope. 

BRILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks 

BRII^LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BllILON,  bx-et/lon,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  22  miles 
E.  of  Arnsberg.  Pop.  3537.  Its  large  parish  church  is  said 
to  date  from  the  time  of  Charlemagne. 

BRIM'FIKLD,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BRIM'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hampden  co.,  Massa/- 
chusetts,  about  70  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It  has  m.inu- 
factnres  of  carriages,  leather  and  cotton  goods.     Pop.  1363. 

BRIMFIELD,  a  post-township  in  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  about 
40  mileti  S.S.E  of  Cleveland.     Pop.  905. 

BRIMFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois.  18  or 
20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Peoria,  is  situated  on  the  border  of  a 
fertile  prairie.    Pop.  of  township,  1102. 

BRIM'HAM,  a  chapelry  of  England.    See  n.\RTWiTH. 

BRIMPS'FIELD,  a  p,ari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BRIMP'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

BRIMI"TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BRINDIOK,  brin'de-ok,'  or  BLITAR,  blee'tar',  an  Inland 
town  of  .Tava,  capital  of  district,  70  miles  S.W.  of  Soerabaya. 

BRINDISI,  brin'de-se  orbreen'de-so.  (Gr.  BpevTcaiov,  BrSn- 
tfision,  Livt  .Brundifsium  or  Brundii/sium.)a  fortitied  city  and 
seaport  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  at  the  head  of  a  bay 
in  the  Adriatic,  45  miles  E.N.E.  of  Taran to.  Pop.  6200.  It  was 
anciently  one  of  the  most  important  maritime  cities  of  Italy, 
and  its  chief  port  for  communication  with  Greece.  It  is' still 
enclosed  by  walls  of  eon.siderable  extent;  but  the  space  with- 
in is  scarcely  half  occupied ;  its  houses  are  mean,  and  its 
port  was  ruined  in  the  fifteenth  century,  but  large  vessels 
can  anchor  in  its  road.    Briudisi  is  defended  by  a  castle 

2SS 


BRI 


BRI 


«nd  batteries.  In  1S43  a  a  light-honse  was  erected  on  the 
Mole,  in  lat  40°  39'  17"  N. :  Ion.  17°  oS'  21"  E..  and  exten- 
•iire  improvements  were  commenced  on  tiie  port  in  1S44.  It 
has  few  remains  of  antiquity.    Virgil  died  here,  B.  c.  19. 

BRIN'DLK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BRIXDIiE'tOWN.  a  post-office,  Burke  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BRIXOHAJIS  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Tippecanoe  co., 
Indiana. 

BRIXG'IIURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BRIXGIERS,  a  small  village  in  St.  James  parish,  Loui- 

BiUXGLES  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Rowan  co.,  North 
Caroliuii. 

BRINGTON',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BRIXGTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BRIXINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  N'orfolk. 

BRIXK'BURN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland, 9  miles  X.X.W.  of  Morpeth.  Here  are  the  ruins 
of  a  priory  in  a  situation  of  singular  beauty,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Coquet. 

BRIXKMIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BRIXK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BRIXK'LEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ilaliiax  co.,  North 
Carolina,  90  miles  X.E.  of  R.aleigh. 

BRIXK'LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wat-wick. 

BRIXIC'WORTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts 

BRIN'XIXGTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BRIX'SOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BRIX'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRIXTON,  a  post-office  of  Champjugn  co.,  Ohio. 

BRIOXES,  bre-o'nJ.s.  a  wiilled  town  of  Spain,  IS  miles 
W.N.W.  of  LogroBo.  on  the  Ebro.    Pop.  3021. 

BRIOXI  (hre-o'nee^  I.^L.\XDS,  a  group  of  small  islands 
in  the  Adriatic,  on  the  coast  of  Illyria. 

BRIONXE.  bre-onn'.  (anc.  Brio/nia,)  a  town  of  Fnance,  de- 
partment of  Eure.  9  miles  X'.E.  of  Bernay.    Pop.  in  1852,3302. 

BRIOUDE.  bre-ood',  (anc.  Briva'ta.)  a  town  of  France. 
.  department  of  Haute-Loire.  on  the  Allier,  29  miles  N.W.  of 
Le  Puy.  Pop.  in  1852,  4910.  It  has  a  fine  church  in  the 
Byzantine  style,  founded  in  the  nineteenth  century,  a  com- 
munal college,  and  a  public  library.  At  Old  Brioude,  3 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Brioude,  are  the  remains  of  a  bridge  over  the 
Allier,  which  fell  in  1822.  It  consisted  of  a  single  arch,  $8 
feet  high,  and  206  feet  in  span.  It  was  built  by  Marie 
Louise,  wife  of  the  Dauphin  of  Auvergne.  in  1368.  The 
Marquis  de  Lafayette  was  born  at  Brioude  in  1757. 

BRISACH.    See  Breisacu.  Old. 

BRIS'BANE,  a  county  of  East  ,A.ustralia,  New  South 
Wales,  having  N.,  Liverpool  Planes,  and  on  other  sides 
the  counties  of  Gloucester,  Durham,  Hunter,  Phillip,  and 
Bligh.  The  Hunter  and  Goulbourn  Rivers  form  its  S. 
boundary.  It  consists  of  several  ranges  of  table-land,  with 
occasional  peaks,  some  of  which  rise  to  a  considerable  ele- 
vation. In  this  county  is  situated  the  burning  hill,  called 
Mount  AVingen  or  the  Burnins  Mountain ;  lat.  31°  55'  S. ; 
Ion.  150°  56'  E.  The  portion  of  it  under  process  of  combus- 
tion is  from  1400  to  1500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

BRISB.VNE,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  Bris- 
bane River,  10  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  ceasied  to  be  a 
penal  settlement  in  1842,  and  has  .since  had  a  thriving  ap- 
pearance, with  an  increasing  export  trade  in  wool. 

BRISBANE-DOWNS  are  in  the  S.  part  of  New  South 
Wales.  Ion.  149°  E.,  and  between  lat.  36°  and  37°  S.,  about 
2000  feet  in  average  height,  and  well  adapted  for  sheep 
vralks. 

BRIS/BAXE  RIVER,  in  the  co.  of  Brisbivne.  New  South 
Wales,  enters  Moreton  B,ay  near  lat  27°30'  S.,  Ion.  153°  15' E., 
knd  is  ascended  by  the  tide  for  50  miles  from  the  sea. 

BRIS'COE  RUX.'a  post-office  of  Wood  co.,  Virginia. 

BRI'SET,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Briceth. 

BRISIGIIELLA,  bre-se-ghjl'll,  a  town  of  Italy,  28  miles 
S.W.  of  Riivenna.     Pop.  2200. 

BRIS'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BUIS'LIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BRISSAC,  brees'sik',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Angers.     Pop.  in  1852.  972. 

BRISS.VGO,  bris-si'go,  a  parish  and  town  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  canton  of  Ticino.  on  I^ago  Maggiore.  5  miles  S.W.  of 
Lacatno.  It  Is  finely  situated,  and  has  an  active  transit 
trade 

BRfSSARTTIE,  breesVaRt/,  a  villase  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire.  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Angers,  with  a 
ehurch.  founded  in  the  ei.;hth  or  ninth  century. 

BRISTERSBUHGH.  a  post-offlceofFauquierco.,  Virginia. 

BRISTOL,  bris'tol.  a  city,  seaport,  and  county  of  Eng- 
land, situated  chiefly  in  Gloucestershire,  and  "parily  in 
Somersetshire,  on  the  Avon,  at  its  confluence  with  the 
Frome,  and  8  miles  S.K.  of  its  emlx>uchure.  in  the  Bristol 
Chaiinel:  11}  miles  N.W.  of  Rath.  33^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Glou- 
cester, and  118J  miles  W.  of  Ix)ndon.  with  which  it  Is  con- 
nected by  the  Great  Western  Railway.  I^t.  of  cathedral 
61°  27'  N..  Ion.  2°  36'  W.  Area  of  borouih.  including  the 
dlstiict  added  by  the  municipal  act,  9870  acres.  Inhabited 
bctues  in  1»41, 1S,907.  Pop.  in  1801,  39,914,  and  in  1S41, 
284 


123.188 ;  in  1861, 164,093.  including  parliamentary  bound- 
ary.  Bristol  extends  over  several  hills  and  intermediate 
valleys.  The  old  city  between  the  Avon  and  Frome  i«  Ill- 
built:  and  the  quarters  still  farther  S.  are  of  an  inferior 
character,  but  aU  around  these  are  many  new  streets, 
squares,  and  handsome  modern  residences,  especially  on 
the  N.  and  W..  in  which  latter  direction  is  Clifton.. com- 
prised in  the  city  liberty.  The  whole  city  is  well  paved 
and  sewered,  and  plentifully  supplied  with  water.  Principal 
edifices,  the  cathedral,  a  beautiful  structure,  founded  in  the 
time  of  King  Stephen,  175  feet  in  length,  12ti  feet  In 
breadth,  and  having  a  tower  140  feet  in  height.  Of  the  19 
parish  churches,  the  most  interesting  are  those  of  St.  Mary 
Reddiff,  completed  in  1376.  and  considered  one  of  the  finest 
in  England;  St.  James",  formerly  collegiate;  St.  Stephen's, 
built  about  a.  d.  1470:  St.  Mark's  now  the  chapel  of  the 
mayor:  and  the  Temple  Church.  Dissenting  places  of  wor- 
ship are  numerous.  Other  principal  editices  are  the  Guild- 
hall, built  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.;  the  new  Council- 
house,  jail,  and  bridewell ;  the  Exchange,  a  building  in  the 
Corinthian  style,  erected  at  a  cost  of  60,000?..  and  used  as  a 
corn-market;  the  Commercial  Rooms;  Bristol  Infirmary, 
now  the  Royal  Infirmary,  with  a  library  and  museum,  and 
receiving  annually  7600  patients;  the  General  Hospit.al,  in- 
stituted in  1832.  and  now  being  rebuilt,  As.sembly  Rooms, 
office  of  the  Bristol  Steam  Navigation  Company,  the  largest 
in  the  kingdom,  with  a  hall  used  for  concerts.  Ac,  the  baths 
and  pump-rooms  at  Clifton,  a  handsome  theatre,  and  nume- 
rous good  bridges.  There  are  600  schools  in  the  city,  edu- 
cating about  25,000  pupils:  of  which  12  are  endowed  insti- 
tutions. The  grammar  school,  founded  in  1532.  has  several 
small  exhibitions,  and  2  fellowships  in  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford.  Queen  Euzalieth's  Hospital  educates  100  boys,  and 
h.as  a  revenue  of  nearly  5001W.  a  year.  Colston's  three  schools 
are  perhaps  next  in  importance.  Almshouses,  and  medical 
and  other  benevolent  institutions  are  very  numerous;  the 
endowed  charities  are  estimated  at  23,i.X)0;.,  and  it  Is  esti- 
mated that  between  12,000(.  and  15,000?.  of  voluntary  con- 
tributions are  distributed  annitilly  on  account  of  various 
charities.  Bristol  has  a  new  proprietary  college  belonging  to 
the  Baptist.s.  a  school  of  medicine,  a  public  library  with  00.000 
volumes,  law  and  medical  libraries,  and  a  mechanics"  insti- 
tution. It  long  ranked  as  the  second  commercial  emporium 
of  England,  but  its  progress  had  not  kept  pace  with  that  of 
other  ports,  more  advantageously  situated  as  outlets  of  great 
manufacturing  districts.  It  has,  however,  large  iron  and 
brass  foundries;  copjier,  tin,  zinc,  and  glass  works:  chemical 
and  color  works :  sugar-refineries  and  distilleries:  and  con- 
siderable manufactures  of  pins.  shot,  china,  eai-thenwares, 
soap,  leather,  t«l>acco,  cottons,  hats,  and  floorcloths,  with  ex- 
tensive establishments  for  ship-building;  and  in  its  vicinity 
are  large  brick  and  coal  works. 

The  Avon  at  Bristol,  though  narrow,  is  deep  enough  for 
large  ships,  and  early  in  the  present  century,  its  course  was 
turned  for  some  distance,  at  a  cost  of  700.0iK)/..  and  its  old 
channel  now  forms  a  harlx>r.  furnished  with  locks  and  qu.ay8 
6000  feet  in  length.  Ships  of  large  burden,  and  first-rat« 
steamers,  load  and  discharge  cargo  at  Kiugroad,  in  the 
mouth  of  this  river.  The  city  retains  a  large  share  of  the 
West  India  trade.  Imports,  consist  chiefly  of  sugar,  molasses, 
rum,  coflee,  tobacco,  with  wool,  turpentine,  hemp,  timber, 
wine,  and  brandy  from  North  and  South  .America,  the  ISaltic, 
and  France.  Exports  consist  mainly  of  the  liefore-mentioned 
manufactured  goods  to  foreitrn  ports,  and  of  colonial  produce 
to  Ireland.  Value  of  British  and  Irish  produce  exported  in 
1851,  419.958?.  In  1850. 646  British  and  foreign  ships,  aggr*. 
gate  burden  64.3.217  tons,  entered;  and  177  ships,  burden 
47,795  tons,  cleared  out  of  the  port.  Customs  revenue  in 
1851, 1.100.509/.  Registered  shipping  in  1847, 295  ves.sels,  ag- 
gregate burden  38.914  tons.  Bristol  communications  by  rail- 
way with  Birmingham  and  Exeter,  with  theTh.ames,  ic,  by 
the  Kennet  and  .\von  Canal.  It  was  the  fir.st  port  in  l!ritain 
whence  regular  steam  communication  with  theCnited  States 
was  established,  and  the  "Great  Britain"  steamship  was 
built  at  Bristol.  It  has  a  chamber  of  commerce  and  several 
mercantile  corporate  Ixidies:  and  it  lately  had  6  liankin>T  com- 
panies. In  1848  it  was  made  a  free  port.  The  city  Is  divided 
into  10  wards,  and  governed  by  a  mayor,  16  aldermen,  and 
48  councillors.  Its  corporation  has  jurisdiction  on  the  .\von 
from  4  miles  alxive  the  city  down  to  the  sea,  and  along  the 
ch.annel  to  Clevedon:  also  the  right  to  license  pilots  for  nu- 
merous ports  on  the  Bristol  Channel.  Coporation  revenue 
in  1846-7,  4S.4S.37.:  expended  53.300?.  Spring  assizes  for 
civil  causes,  quarter  sessions,  sheriff's,  and  other  courts  aie 
held  here.     It  .sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Comui.>ns. 

Under  Henry  VIII.  Bristol  was  made  a  bishop's  see.  latel/ 
united  with  that  of  Gloucester.  1 1  was  a  fin-titied  city  .w  early 
as  the  fifth  century :  in  Norman  times  it  had  a  ca.stle  buiit  by 
the  Earl  of  Gloucester,  son  of  Henry  I.  In  1831  it  was  the 
scene  of  a  violent  riot,  during  which  its  episcopal  palace  and 
many  other  buildings  were  destroj-ed.  Among  its  distin- 
guished natives  m.ay  l>e  noticed  SeKnstian  Cal)ot.  Chatterton, 
Southe.v.and  the  sculptor  Bay  ley.  Bri.stol  confers  tlietitleof 
marquis  on  the  Hervey  family.  The  scenerj-  in  the  vicinity, 
especially  at  Uotwell  Saline  Spring,  is  excevding^  beaucifidr 


BRI 


BRI 


The  name  Bristol  seems  to  be  derived  from  Briestow,  an 
old  Saxon  name  of  this  city,  wiiicli  may  be  literally  trans- 
lated "breach  place;"  t.  e.  the  place  or  town  of  the  breach 
or  chasm  through  which  the  Avon  finds  a  passa<;e  to  the 
sea.  The  ancient  British  name  was  Caer  Odor,  the  ''  city 
of  the  breach." 

BKIS'TOL,  a  county  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Ma.ssachusetts. 
has  an  area  of  about  51"  scjuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  is  drained  by  the  Taunton 
River  and  smaller  streams,  which  afford  valuable  water- 
power.  It  bas  a  seacoast  of  about  18  mile.s,  affording  many 
excellent  har))ors.  The  inhabitants  are  Itir^ely  engaged  in 
navigation  and  the  fisheries.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
broken,  but  generally  level :  the  .soil  in  some  parts  is  good, 
md  in  otlieis  of  an  inferior  quality.  Extensive  beds  of  iron 
ore  are  found  in  this  county,  and  quantities  of  the  iron  are 
manufactured  into  various  articles.  Railroads  connecting 
Boston  with  I'rovidenee,  Fall  River,  and  New  Bedford,  in- 
tersect this  county.  Organized  in  1685,  and  named  from 
Bristol,  a  city  of  Kngland.  Seats  of  justice,  Taunton  and 
New  liedf  )rd.     Pop.  9;j,794. 

URIS'TOL,  a  county  in  tho  K.  central  part  of  Rhode 
Island,  has  an  area  of  about  26  square  miles,  being  the 
smallest  county  in  tlie  state.  It  is  Iwiunded  on  the  K.  by 
Jlount  Hope  IJay,  and  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  Narraganset 
Bay.  It  enjoys  almost  uiu'ivalled  facilities  for  navigation 
and  the  fisheries;  a  large  amount  of  cayiital  is  invested  in 
the  whale  fishery.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven.  Mount 
Hope,  once  the  residence  of  tho  Indian  King  Philip,  is  the 
g;reate»t  elevation.  Tlie  soil  is  very  fertile.  This  county 
was  organized  in  1746.    Capital,  Bristol.    Pop.  8907. 

BIUS'TOL,  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  Co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  30  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  .Augusta;  possesses 
abundant  water-power.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively 
engaged  in  navigation  and  in  ship-biiilding.     Pop.  3335. 

HHIS'TOb,  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 30  miles  N.  of  Concord.  Pop.  1124.  It  has  manufao- 
tmes  of  leather  and  woollen  goods. 

BiUSTOb.  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,Termont,  about 
28  miles  S.W.  by  \V. of  Montpelier.  1 1  contains  an  academy, 
and  has  manufactures  of  iron  castings,  machinery,  car- 
riatres.  &c.     Pop.  1355. 

BRISTOL,  a  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Bristol 
county,  Rhode  Island,  on  a  peninsula  extending  S.  into  Nar- 
raganset Bay,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Providence.  14  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Newport,  and  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Salt  River.  The 
township  is  5  miles  long  and  2  miles  broad,  embracing  12 
square  miles  of  surface.  On  the  E.  is  Mount  Hope  Bay,  ex- 
tending up  towards  Fall  River.  Between  this  and  Narra- 
jansiit  Bay  on  the  W.  is  Mount  Hope,  once  the  residence 
of  the  celebrated  King  Philip.  More  than  one-fourth  of  the 
entire  population  are  engaged  in  iiortk-ulture.  The  town  is 
situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  inclining  gently  towards  the 
Narraganset  shore.  Portions  of  it  are  beautifully  shaded. 
It  contains  several  churches,  4  banks,  and  2  newspaper 
oflloes.  Manufacturing  in  this  place  has  received  consider- 
able encouragement  within  a  few  years  past,  and  is  now  in 
a  very  tliriving  condition.  The.  harbor  is  easy  of  access, 
safe,  and  of  sufficent  depth  for  vessels  of  a  large  size.  Bris- 
tol has  an  extensive  trade  along  the  coast,  and  some  com- 
merce with  the  AVest  India  Islands.  Its  shipping  in  1854 
amounted  to  an  aggregate  burden  of  14.603  tons;  12,6i3 
tons  were  registered.  Five  ve.sscls,  (4  of  them  ships.)  with 
an  aggreg.ate  burden  of  4516  tons,  were  built  during  the  year. 
A  steamboat  plying  between  Providence  and  Salt  River 
touches  at  this  place.  Bristol  is  much  resorted  to  in  the 
Bummer  season  for  its  fine  sea-air.  King  I'hilip,  who  waged 
a  destructive  warfare  with  the  New  England  colonies,  was 
liilled  here  in  1676.  During  the  Revolutionary  Mar  the 
town  was  bombarded  by  the  British,  and  most  of  it  burned 
to  the  ground.     Pop.  of  tlie  township,  fi'Iil. 

BI'.ISTOL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hartford  oo., 
Oonnceticut,  on  the  line  of  the  Hartford  and  Fishkill  Rail- 
road, about  16  miles  S.W.  by  W.  from  Hartford.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  extensive  manufacture  of  clocks  and  stockinet 
goods;  it  has  brass  and  iron  foundries,  machine-shops,  &c. 
There  is  in  the  vicinity  an  important  copper  mine.  P.  3436. 

BitlSTOL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontario  Co., 
New  York,  212  miles  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  li'57. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Delaware  River. 

BRI:?TOL.  a  pleasant  post-borough  of  Bucks  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Delaware  River,  nejirly  opposite  Burlington. 
19  miles  above  Philadelphia,  and  115  miles  E.  by  S.  frijni 
Harrisburg.  It  was  the  first  seat  of  justice  of  Bucks  co., 
and  it  is  still  the  largest  town.  The  railroad  from  Phila- 
delphia to  New  York  passes  through  this  place,  and  the 
Delaware  branch  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  terminates  here. 
Tlie  town  is  neatly  built,  and  contains  several  churches,  a 
town-ball,  a  bank,  and  a  mineral  spring.  It  communicates 
daily  witli  Philadelphia  by  steamboats.  Founded  in  1697. 
Pop.  3314. 

BKl  STOL,  formerly  a  township  of  Philadelphia  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, 6  miles  N.  of  the  State-house,  but  is  now  em- 
braced within  the  corporate  limits  of  Piiiladelphia. 


BRISTOL,  a  jwst-office  of  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Maryland. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-township  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  about  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Marietta.     Pop.  16;i4. 

BRISTOL,  a  village  of  Perry  Co.,  Ohio,  48  miles  M'.N.W. 
of  Marietta. 

BRISTOL,  a  township  of  Trtimbull  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1120. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  Ohio,  100  miles  .\  .E. 
of  Columbus,and  14  miles  from  Wooster.     Pop.  about  300. 

BRISTOL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  and  on  the 
Micliigan  Southern  Railroad,  156  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 
It  lias  a  cliurch,  a  flouring  mill,  and  several  stores. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-township  in  Kendall  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1369. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-village  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Fox  River,  6  miles  below  Oswego,  and  52 
\\  .S.W.  of  Chicago.  It  has  abundant  water-power,  with  a 
flouring  and  a  saw-mill. 

BRISTOL,  a  village  of  Efflngliam  co.,  Illinois,  12  miles 
S.W".  of  Ewingtou;  the  county-seat  was  laid  out  in  1851. 

BRISTOL,  a  township  in  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Madi.son.     I'op.  1'254; 

BRISTOL,  a  i)ost-village  and  township  in  the  S.  part  of 
Kenosha  c^.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1392. 

BRISTOL  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Russlir 
America,  between  Cape  Newnham  and  the  Peninsula  of 
-Aliaska.  Lat.  about  54°  N.,  160°  W.  Its  discovery  is  as- 
signed to  Captain  Cook. 

BRI.STOL  CKNTRF;,  a  pos(>o<fice  of  Ontario  co..  New  York. 

BiasTOL  CHANNEL,  an  arm  of  the  Atlantic,  entering 
between  St.  Ann's  Head  on  the  N.  and  Lands  Kiid  on  the 
S.,  extending  into  the  S.W.  part  of  Great  Britjiin,  between 
lat.  50°  and  51°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  3°  and  5°  3u'  W.,  bounded 
northward  by  South  A\ales,  and  south  by  the  English 
counties  of  Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall.  At  its  eastern 
extremity  it  terminates  in  tiie  estuary  of  the  Severn,  be- 
sides which  river  it  receives  the  Farrat,  Taw.  Torridge.  Taff, 
and  Towy,  Sandy  Island,  with  lighthou.se,  is  in  the  mouth 
of  the  channel,  and  the  towns  of  llfracombe.  Combe-Martin,. 
Watchet,  Swansea,  Kidwelly  and  Tenby  are  on  its  coasts. 
It  contains  Miltbrdhaven,  Carmarthen  Bay,  and  Swansea 
Bay  on  the  N..  and  Barnstable,  I'orlock,  and  Bridgewater 
Bay  on  the  S.  Its  tides  flow  rapidly  upward,  and  meeting 
with  the  currents  of  the  Severn,  cause  the  phenomenon 
called  the  bore. 

BRISTOL  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Prince  William  co. 
Virginia. 

BRIS/TOLVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Rarry  co.,  Michigan. 

BRIS'TOLVILLl';,  a  postoflice  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

BlUSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRITISH  CHANNEL.    See  Engush  Ch.^nnel. 

BRIT'ISH  AM  ER/ICA  comprises,  with  exception  of  the 
Russian  Possessions,  tho  whole  of  North  America  N.  of  pa- 
rallel of  49°,  together  with  some  irregular  portions,  includ- 
ing New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  stretching  S.  to  lat.  43° 
30'  N.,  and  the  triangular  portion  of  which  tlie  Canadns 
form  the  Imse.  the  apex  extending  S.  to  lat.  41°  56'  N.  This 
vast  territory  is  bounded  E.  by  tlie  Atlantic;,  Da>  is  Strait, 
and  Baffin's  Bay,  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  N.W.  by  Russian 
America,  W.  l)y  the  Pacific,  and  S.  by  the  United  States.  It 
comprehends  the  Canadas.  (East  and  West.)  New  Bruns- 
wick. Nova  Scotia,  Cape  Breton.  Prince  Edward's  Island, 
Newfoundland,  North-west  Territory,  and  Hudson's  15ay 
Territory.  Generally  speaking,  British  America  is  a  level 
country.  With  the  exception  of  the  Rocky  Mountiiins  on 
the  \V..  it  has  but  few  elevations,  and  these  are  for  the  most 
part  of  inconsiderable  height.  The  coast  has  numerous  in- 
dentations: the  most  remarkable  of  which,  on  tlie  E.,  are 
theGulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson's  Bay.  The  latter  com- 
mnnicating  with  the  Atlantic  through  Iludstm's  and  Fi-o- 
bisher's  Straits,  and  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  means  of  Fox 
Channel,  Gulf  of  Boothia,  Prince  Regent's,  and  other  in- 
lets, penetrates  to  ne.ar  the  centre  of  the  continent,  forming 
one  of  the  most  extensive  inland  seas  on  the  globe.  The 
surface  of  the  country  is  extremely  diversified  with  rivers 
and  lakes.  The  St.  Lawrence,  a  river  of  immense  volume, 
750  miles  in  length,  forms  the  outlet  of  the  great  Canadian 
lakes.  The  Saskatchawan,  rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
traverses  15°  of  longitude,  or  a  distance  of  at  least  900 
miles,  and  falls  into  the  great  Lake  Winnipeg  in  5o°  N.  lat. 
This  lake  is  connected  with  Hudson's  Bay  by  the  Nelson  or 
Port  Nelson,  about  500  miles  in  length.  Lake  Athabasca, 
situated  about  lat.  58°  N.  and  Ion.  110°  W.,  receives,  among 
others,  the  Peace  River  and  the  Athabasca,  a  large  stream, 
rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the  Source  of  the  Co- 
lumbia. The  Mackenzie,  entering  the  Arctic  Ocean,  is  one 
of  the  largest  rivers  on  the  globe.  But  such  is  the  comi)li- 
cated  water  system  of  this  region,  with  its  endless  lakes 
communicating  with  one  another,  that  it  is  almost  iuipo»- 
sible  to  say  what  should  be  regarded  as  the  source  of  this 
river.  If  we  consider  the  Athabasca  as  its  remote  branch, 
the  Mackenzie  flows  through  about  16°  of  latitude;  or,  if  wo 
take  the  Peat« River,  w^hich  rises  much  taither  N.,aud  traco 
It  to  the  Mackenzie,  the  length  of  the  main  stream  will  be 

285 


BRI 


BRI 


aboai  the  same.  Kast  of  the  Mackenzie,  and  flowing  Into 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  are  the  Coppermine  and  Fish  Rivers.  The 
basin  of  the  Winnipeg  may  be  considered  as  a  continuation 
of  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  as  a  portion  of  one  high  plateau 
divided  into  two  parts.  There  can  be  but  little  doubt  that 
the  greater  part  of  the  vast  region  included  under  the  name 
of  British  America  is  doomed  to  everlasting  sterility,  on  ac- 
count of  the  severity  of  the  climate.  The  most  northern 
station  In  which  vegetation  has  been  discovered  is  Melville 
Island.  74°  50'  X.  lat.,  where  the  mean  annual  temperature 
is  from  1°  to  2°  below  zero,  and  that  of  July  about  i'JP.  The 
species  th.at  e.xist  here  consist  chietiy  of  saxifrages,  grasses, 
cruciform  plants,  mosses,  and  lichens ;  not  a  ti^ee,  or  even 
a  bush,  is  able  to  rear  its  head ;  nor,  indeed,  is  there  a  single 
plant  or  woody  structure,  except  a  little  willow,  (tiilix  ar- 
lica.)  which  rises  six  inches  high.  It  is  in  these  latitudes 
that  the  red  snow-plant,  (Prottxoccut  nivalis,')  that  most  sim- 
ple of  ciyptogamic  vegetables  exists  in  all  its  beauty.  As 
we  advance  southward,  vast  forests  of  spruce  firs,  {Ahies 
attia  and  nigra.)  among  which  grow  the  reindeer  moss  and 
other  lichens,  overspread  the  land.  To  these  are  added  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  wild  currants  and  berries,  and  a  variety  of 
p.ipilionaceous  plants,  which  abound  in  the  open  plains. 
With  these  are  combined,  as  we  continue  to  advance,  the 
majestic  poplars  of  Canada,  {Popidus  hmdionica,  jfnd  others,) 
birches.  (^Bdula  papyrava  and  populifnlia.)  and  many  sorts 
of  oaks  and  ashes,  together  with  butternuts  (Juylans  cene- 
rea)  and  hickories,  (C'ari/a  alba  and  amara.) 

The  animals  hunted  for  food  are  deer,  of  four  different 
kinds,  buffaloes,  rabbits,  and  porcupines.  Wild  fowl  are 
also  numerous,  especially  grouse,  wild  geese,  and  ducks. 
The  principal  objects  of  traffic,  in  the  more  northern  parts, 
are  the  skins  of  fur-clad  animals,  of  which  there  are  here  a 
great  variety.  The  chief  tribes  Inhabiting  these  northern 
regions  are  the  Chippewas,  the  Assiniboins,  the  Crees,  the 
Slave  Indians,  and  the  Ksquimaux.  Of  all  these  tribes,  the 
Crees  have  the  best  character,  being  active,  honest,  and  hos- 
pitable, kind  to  their  women,  and  fondly  attached  to  their 
children.  For  an  account  of  that  portion  of  the  country  un- 
■  der  cultivation,  see  Canada. 

BRITISH  EMPIRE.  THE,  in  many  respects  the  greatest 
now  existing,  or  that  has  ever  existed  in  the  world :  and  re- 
markable not  more  for  the  magnitude  to  which  it  has  at- 
tained, than  for  its  comparatively  humble  origin — an  em- 
pire which,  though  apparently  destined  by  geographical 
position,  to  occupy  only  an  archipehigo  in  the  X.W.  corner 
of  Europe,  so  remote  as  to  have  been  at  one  time  deemed 
bej'oud  the  limits  of  civilization,  now  stretches  out  its  arms 
in  every  quarter,  in  a  manner  encircling  the  globe,  and 
ruling  its  destinies,  pre-eminent  alike  in  wealth  and  popu- 
lation, niannei-s  and  religion,  law,  literature  and  arts. 

The  British  Empire  comprehends  two  great  divisions : — 
1,  The  British  Isles,  or  what  is  commonly  called  the  Uxi- 
TED  KixoDoM  of  Great  Britain  and  iKiiAXD ;  2,  CoioxiES 
and  Depexdexcies. 

Oe.nerai  Description. — The  British  Isles  occupy  a  kind  of 
archipelago  in  the  X.W.  of  Europe,  and  consist  of  the  two 
principal  islands  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  a  great 
number  of  smaller  islands,  which  sometimes  singly,  but 
more  frequently  in  groups,  line  the  shores  of  the  other  two. 
or  lie  in  the  surrounding  seas  at  no  great  distance  from 
them.  On  the  ^'.^V.  and  S.W.  they  lie  open  to  the  surges 
cf  the  Atlantic;  on  theE.  they  are  washed  by  the  North 
Sea  or  German  Oceiin,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Atlantic  and  the 
English  Channel.  Taking  the  most  northern  point  of  Unst. 
in  the  Shetland  Isles,  (lat.  60°  49'  N.,)  and  the  most  south- 
ern point  of  England,  Lizard  Point,  (lat.  49°  57'  30"  N..)  as 
their  extremities  north  and  south,  and  Lowestoffe  (Ion.  1° 
41)'  E.)  and  Dunmore  Head  (Ion.  10°  27'  W.)  as  their  extre- 
mities east  and  west ;  straight  lines  drawn  through  these 
four  points  will  include  a  space  extending  over  nearly  11° 
of  latitude,  and  rather  more  than  12°  of  longitude.  Hence, 
at  the  summer  solstice,  the  longest  day  at  the  northern  will 
exceed  that  at  the  southern  extremity  by  2  h.  40  min.,  be- 
ing IS  h.  48  m.  at  the  former,  and  only  16  h.  8  m.  at  the  lat- 
ter, while  at  all  seasons  there  will  be  a  difference  between 
the  ea.«tern  and  wtftern  extremities  of  nearly  49  m.  of  time. 
The  United  Kingdom,  formed  by  the  union  of  what  were 
formerly  the  three  independent  kingdoms  of  Scotland,  Hug- 
land,  and  Ireland,  Is  still  similarly  suMivided  for  admini.s- 
trative  purposes.  The  principal  "subdivision  of  the  king- 
dom is  into  counties,  of  which  England,  with  AVales,  has 
52.  Scotland  32,  and  Ireland  also  32. 

The  coLoxiES  and  depexdexcies  are  not  confined  to  any 
particular  quarter  of  the  world,  but  He  scattered  over  its 
surface,  often  at  immense  distances,  some  of  them  forming 
the  very  antipodes  of  the  mother  country,  while  others 
Btretch  over  the  globe  in  succession,  from  east  to  west,  and 
make  that  which  was  once  flatteringly  said  of  the  Span- 
ish monarchy  to  be  emphatically  true  of  the  British  em- 
pire— that  "the  sun  never  gets  upon  it."  It  is  singular, 
however,  that  with  all  these  vast  dominions.  Britain  pos- 
Besses  not  one  colony,  and  has  only  one  dependency  on  the 
continent  of  Europ.j.  On  the  accession  of  her  pre.sent  Ma- 
jesty, the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  previously  included  in  the 
286 


empire,  passed  from  it,  under  the  operation  of  the  S.ilic  law ; 
and  the  only  continental  spot  now  i-emaining  is  theimpreg 
nable  fortress  of  Gibraltar.  To  this  may  be  added,  in  the 
same  quarter,  the  strong  island  of  Malta,  pfissessed  in  al-so- 
lute  right,  and  the  Ionian  Isles,  held  under  the  name  of  a 
protectorate;  and  off  the  estuary  of  the  Elbe,  the  lock  of 
Helgoland,  which  had  great  commercial  importance  dur- 
ing the  ascendancy  of  N'apoleon,  but  lost  it  on  his  downfall 
The  following  table  exhibits  the  area  and  ]X)pulation  of 
the  different  countries  of  which  the  Brttish  Empire  is  com- 


Area  and  Poptilation  of  tke  British  Emptre. 


EuaopK. 

British  Isles 

Helgolaud 

Gibraltar 

Malta  and  Goro 

Ionian  Islands 


Afgica. 

Gambia - 

Sierra  I^eone 

Gold  Coast  Possessions., 

Fernando  Po 

Ascension 

St.  Helena 

Cape  Colony , 

Natal 

Mauritius 

Seychelles 


Asia. 

Aden 

India,  British 

India,  Dependencies. 
Tenasserim  Province: 

Ceylon 

Penang 

Malacca 

Singapore 

Lalx>oan 

Bong  Kong 


Ahebica. 

Canada  East 

Canada  West 

New  Brunswick 

Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton. 

Prince  Edward  Island 

Newfoundland 

Hudson's  Bay  Territory 

Labrador  ...'. 

West  India  Islands 

Bermudas 

Honduras 

Guiana ". 

Falliland  Islands 


Australasia. 

New  South  Wales 

South  Australia 

Western  Australia 

Victoria  or  Port  Philip 

Australia,  not  settled 

Van  Dicmen's  Land 

New  Zealand 

Norfolk  Island 

Auckland  Island 


Total.. 


130 
l,09i 


300 
!,000 
400 


756.199 

661.3*8 
a9.168 
i!4,6()4 


209,990 
147. 8.1-.' 
27.700 
18,746 

1'.i:h 

57,000 

2,190.0*10 

423,500 

12,88» 

"ie.ooo 

76.000 
13,000 


350.000 

300.000 

70,000 

90.000 

2,500,000 

;:4,ooo 

97,000 

ise 

8,3o6,7Sl 


27,332,145 

2.300 
13.r-'3 
UK.  247 
21<J,71I7 


5.693 

4 4. was 

275  000 

850 

400 

4.977 

1611.408 

lil.OOO 

161.920 

159,243 


50,000 
117,174.637 
53,63!).0;il 

ii.s.ooo 

1,507.3.6 
4:i.t43 
5.'-,000 
57,421 


276.117 
90.000 

101.600 

180.000 
5.000 

785.098 
11.000 
11.1X10 

135, ;«4 


3T.6S0 
10. .Ill 
151.127 


205,884,357 


UxiTED  Kingdom. — Geography. — As  already  observed,  it 
occupies  a  kind  of  archipelago  in  the  N.W.  of  Europe,  and 
consists  of  numerous  groups  of  islands,  the  princiiial  of 
which  are  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  separated  from  each 
other  by  the  Irish  Sea,  which,  near  the  centre,  att.",ins  its 
greatest  width  of  alxiut  130  miles ;  but  between  Holyhead 
in  Wales  and  Howth  Head  in  Ireland,  in  the  track  taken 
by  the  English  packets,  is  not  wider  than  60  miles ;  and 
between  the  Mull  of  Cantyre  in  Scotland  and  Fair  Head  in 
Ireland,  narrows  to  about  12  miles.  Great  Britain,  the 
larser,  and  bv  tar  the  more  important  of  the  two  islands,  in 
situated  between  lat.  49°  57'  42"  and  58°  40'  24"  N.  It  id 
the  largest  island  in  Europe,  and  the  sixth  largest  in  th«« 
world,  the  only  islands  ranking  before  it  in  this  re.«i)ect  1»- 
ing  Australia,  Borneo,  Papua  or  New  Guinea,  Sumatra,  and 
Niphon.  Its  nearest  appnwich  to  the  continent  of  Euiope 
is  at  its  S.E.  extremity,  where  the  Strait  of  Dover,  separat- 
ing it  from  France,  is  only  21  miles  Iroad.  On  Ixith  sides 
of  the  Strait  the  di.'^tance  is  rapidly  increased.  To  the  W„ 
the  English  Channel  widens  out  till  the  extremities  of 
England  and  France  are  100  miles  asunder.  On  the  E..  the 
German  Ocean,  where  it  separates  England  from  Belgium 
and  Holland,  is  also  about  1(K)  miles  across,  but  a  little  N. 
it  suddenly  gains  thrice  that  width,  and  retains  it,  so  a.s  to 
place  the  E.  shores  of  Great  Britain  at  the  average  distance 
of  350  miles  from  the  W.  shores  of  Denmark  and  Nf  rway. 
The  contour  of  Great  Britain  is  so  very  irregular,  that  it 
seems  vain  to  compare  it  to  any  miithematical  figure.  Tbe 
N.  part,  in  particular,  exhibits  on  its  E.  coast  a  succession 
of  large  salient  angles,  'while  tl.e  '.V.  coast  is  broken  and  i  aj?- 
ged  in  the  extreme;  the  landu'^er  and  anon  jutting  out  Into 


■m. 


3111 


the  sea,  and  the  sea  making  deep  inroads  Into  theland.  as  if 
(lie  two  elements  had  not  yet  ascertained  their  boundaries, 
and  were  contending  for  the  mastery.  The  greatest  length 
of  Great  Itritain,  measured  on  a  line  bearing  N.  by  W.  from 
live  to  Dunnet  Head,  is  G08  miles.  The  breadth,  necessa- 
rily modified  by  the  numerous  indentations  of  the  coast, 
varies  exceeding!}'.  The  longest  line  which  can  be  drawn 
across  the  island  is  367  miles,  from  Land's  End  to  Lowes- 
tofle;  but  the  longest  line,  measured  from  the  \V.  to  the  E. 
coast  on  a  parallel  of  latitude,  between  St.  David's  Head 
and  the  Xaze,  is  only  2S0  miles.  The  breadth  of  the  island, 
between  the  Clyde  at  Dumbarton  and  the  Forth  at  Alloa,  is 
only  33  miles;  in  the  Oikel,  which  falls  into  the  Dornoch 
Firth,  the  tide  ascends  till  it  is  within  18  miles  of  the  W. 
c.oa.st,  and  the  remarkable  chain  of  lochs  which  stretch 
acro.ss  the  island  leaves  so  little  land  intervening  between 
the  opposite  coasts,  that  the  communication  left  unfinished 
by  nature  has  been  completed  by  art,  and  now  forms  the 
Caledonian  Canal.  The  area  of  Great  liritain,  including 
the  groups  of  the  Orkneys,  Shetlands,  and  Ilebrides,  is 
about  88.C151  square  miles.  Of  these,  England  and  Wales  oc- 
cupy 57,812  square  miles,  and  Scotland  20,014  square  miles. 

Ireland,  as  already  mentioned,  lies  to  the  W.  of  Great 
Brit;\in,  being  separated  from  it  by  the  Irish  Sea,  and  sur- 
rouude<l  on  all  other  sides  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  no- 
where extends  so  far  as  either  the  N.  or  S.  extremities  of 
Great  Britain,  but  occuijies  an  intermediate  space  between 
lat.  51°  2.V  and  55°  2.3'  N.,  its  N.  extremity  being  on  the 
same  parallel  A^ith  the  central  part  of  Ayrshire,  and  its  S. 
extremity  being  opposite  to  Bristol  Channel,  nearly  in  the 
latitude  of  London.  E.  and  W.  it  lies  between  Ion.  6°  and 
11°  'W.  Its  shape  is  much  more  regular  tlian  that  of  Great 
Britain,  and  bears  a  considerable  resemblance  to  a  ihom- 
boid.  The  greatest  diagonal  is  between  Mizzen  Head  in 
Cork  and  Fair  Head  in  Antrim,  about  300  miles;  the  great- 
est length,  measured  On  a  meridian,  is  230  miles ;  and  the 
greatest  breadth,  measured  on  a  parallel,  is  180  miles.  The 
breadth  across  the  centre  is  nearly  165  miles.  Owing  to  the 
compactness  of  its  form.  Ireland  does  not  exhibit  such  va- 
riation of  breadth  as  we  have  seen  to  exist  in  Great  Britain; 
but  the  breadth,  from  Galway  Bay  to  Dublin,  is  not  110 
miles;  and  the  shortest  breadth  of  all,  between  Ballyshan- 
non  and  Dundalk,  is  only  85  miles.  One  remarkable  fact 
is,  thiit  notwithstanding  the  general  compactness  of  Ire- 
land, its  opposite  coasts  and  arms  of  the  sea  are  so  conve- 
niently situated  iu  regard  to  each  other,  that  there  is  not 
a  spot  on  its  surface  which  is  not,  in  some  direction  or 
other,  within  55  miles  of  the  ocean.  The  area  of  Ireland  is 
about  32,513  square  miles. 

Physticuil  Fwtiires. — In  its  physical  features,  Great  Britain 
Is  among  the  most  interesting  i.<lands  in  the  world.  Though 
of  comparatively  limited  extent,  all  varieties  of  scenery  are 
exhibited  on  its  surface,  and  all  tbrms  of  geological  strui'- 
ture  lie  within  its  ix)som.  The  N.  part  of  Great  Britain  is. 
for  the  most  part,  rugged,  mountainous,  and  barren.  To 
the  X.  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  Fritli  of  Clyde  on  the  AV.  to 
Stonehaven  on  the  E.  coast,  the  whole  country  is  composed 
of  primary  rocks.  Gneiss  and  mica  slate,  with  numerous 
outbursts  of  granite,  form  lofty  mountain  chains,  whose 
lower  slopes  are  usually  covered  with  beds  of  conglomerate 
and  old  red  sandstone.  The  principal  chain  is  the  Gram- 
pians :  but  though  these  mountains  are  the  loftiest  in  the 
island,  they  are  by  no  means  of  the  first  class.  Their  cul- 
minating points,  Bennevis  and  Benmacdhuie,  are  respec- 
tively 4380  and  4305  feet.  From  their  X.  sides  snow 
scarcely  ever  disappears.  These  mountains,  from  the 
nature  of  the  materials  of  which  they  are  composed,  fre- 
quently assume  the  form  of  peaks  and  frowning  precipices, 
which,  as  they  descend,  instead  of  terminating  at  the  gene- 
rsti  level  of  the  base,  are  continued  downwards,  and  become 
the  romantic  barriers  of  deep,  extensive  lakes,  presenting 
scenes  In  which  sublimity  and  beauty  strangely  intet>- 
miiigle.  The  last  range  within  the  line  already  mentioned 
is  that  of  the  Ochils.  which  are  much  less  elevated  than 
the  Grampians,  and  exhibit  scenery  of  a  much  tamer  de- 
scription. Instead  of  towering  up  in  sterile  peaks,  they  are 
generally  rounded,  and  clothed  io  their  summits  with  ver- 
d.-int  or  heathy  pastures.  On  their  S.  slopes  a  new  geologi- 
cal formation"  appears.  The  carboniferous  system,  at  first 
with  its  strata  almost  turned  on  edge,  and  thrown  into 
confusion  by  contact  with  masses  and  veins  of  trap,  soon 
l)ec«mes  fully  developed,  and  stretches,  with  occasional  in- 
terruptions, from  the  E.  to  the  W.  coast,  over  the  basins 
lx)(h  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde.  The  mineral  treasures  of  this 
district  make  it  one  of  the  most  important  in  Great  Britain. 
To  the  S..  immediately  Ijeyond  the  limits  of  this  coalfield, 
the  country  again  assumes  an  alpine  character,  and  moun- 
tains, which,  for  the  most  part,  are  composed  of  rocks  of  grey- 
vacke  and  coarse  slate,  rise  with  heights  varying  from  2000 
to  oUOO  feft  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  A  considerable  part 
of  this  district  is  occupied  by  the  Lead  Hills,  so  called  from 
tba  rich  veins  of  lead  by  which  its  strata  of  greywacke  are 
intersected.  Still  farther  to  the  S^se^eral  large  masses  of 
granit«  occur.  Coal  also  again  appears,  and  forms  two  mi- 
nor coalfields. 


Towards  the  P.E.,  the  mo.st  conspicuous  feature  is  fbrmed 
by  the  Cheviot  Hills,  a  porphyritic  range,  which  once  formed 
part  of  the  boundary  between  two  independent  kingdoms, 
and  sends  its  ramifications  into  both.  Those  which  pass 
into  England  may  be  regarded  as  the  commencing  lir.ks  of 
a  long  chain  of  mountjiins  and  liills,  which  extends,  with 
scarcely  a  .single  interruption,  along  the  W.  .side  of  that 
division  of  the  island,  forming  its  most  iniportniit  water- 
shed, and  throwing  out  numerous  branches,  particularly 
those  which  penetrate  into  Cumberland  .and  W.-ile",  and 
give  a  somewliat  modified  but  scarcely  less  attractivi  repe- 
tition of  the  magnificent  scenery  to  which  reference  has 
lieen  made.  In  the  N.  part  of  this  chain  the  most  striking 
feature  is  formed  by  the  series  of  romantic  lakes  so  well 
known  to  tourists  from  all  countries.  Here  granite  and  a 
species  of  basjilt  are  occjisionally  seen,  but  the  prevailing 
rocks  are  slates  and  sandstones,  belonging  to  the  Silurian 
series.  In  other  parts  of  this  range  trap-porphyry  occurs. 
It  forms  tlie  very  summit  of  Scawfell,  and  is  seen,  in  still 
more  interesting  circumstances,  at  Sotaller  in  Borrowdale, 
where,  at  its  contact  with  a  bed  of  red  unctuous  Hay  and 
ironstone,  occurs  the  celebrated  vein  of  graphite,  which  has 
long  furnished  the  finest,  black-lead  pencils  in  the  world. 
Another  largely  developed  rock  of  the  same  range  is  the 
limestone.*  which  forms  lofty  mountain  masses — Inglebo- 
rough.  Whernside,  Pennigant.  and  Cross  Fell  being  almost 
entirely  composed  of  it.  This  limestone  is  often  intersected 
by  rich  veins  of  lead.  In  the  lengthened  chain  alreadj-  re- 
ferred to,  is  the  Cambrian  range,  spread  over  the  great  part 
of  Wales,  and  containing,  among  otheis,  the  highest  moun- 
tain of  South  Britain — Snowdon.  3571  feet.  The  rocks,  like 
those  of  the  Cumbrian  range,  lie  low  in  the  geological  scries, 
and  consist  almost  entirely  of  slate  and  different  varieties 
of  trap  and  porphyry.  The  great  exception  is  towards  the 
8.  limits  of  the  range,  where  the  Silurian  rocks  are  overlain 
by  an  extensive  tract  of  old  red  sandstone,  supporting  in  its 
turn  by  the  mountain  limestone,  wliich,  like  a  girdle,  en- 
circles the  most  extensive,  if  not  the  most  valuable,  of  the 
British  coalfields. 

To  the  S.  of  the  Cambrian  is  the  Devonian  range,  stretch- 
ing from  the  Bristol  to  the  British  Channel.  Here  granite 
is  extensively  developed,  ana,  often  possessing  the  property 
of  decomposing  rapidly,  furnishes  the  white  clay  called  l.ao 
Un,  of  which  our  finest  porcelain  is  made.  The  mineral 
treasures  are  tin  and  copper,  veins  of  which,  generally  at  a 
high  angle,  and  in  a  direction  from  E.  to  W..  intersect  the 
slate  and  granite,  and  vary  in  width  fnim  a  few  inches  to 
several  feet.  Xot  unfrcquently  a  vein  commencing  with 
tin  is  converted  into  a  vein  of  copper  after  a  consideralile 
depth  h.as  been  reached.  Tin,  too,  occurs  in  the  sands  of 
rivers  and  valleys  in  the  form  of  grains  and  pebbles,  and  is 
known  by  the  name  of  stream-tin.  The  different  ranges 
now  desciibed  as  occupying  tlie  W.  side  of  England,  from 
its  X.  to  its  S.  extremity,  are  composed  entirely  of  primary 
rocks,  or  at  least  of  rocks  which,  with  the  exception  ef  the 
great  Welsh  coalfield,  and  anotherof  limited  dimensions  on 
the  X.  coast  of  Ctimberland,  never  stand  higher  in  the  geo- 
logii'al  series  th.in  the  lowest  strata  of  the  carboniferous 
system.  On  proceeding  E.  the  case  is  reversed,  and  the  old- 
est strata  which  occur  are  identical  with  those  which  were 
formerly  the  most  recent.  Here,  a<-cordingly,  secondary 
formations  prevail,  beginning  with  the  mountain  limestone 
or  coarse  quartzose  sandstone,  on  which  our  coalfields  are 
usually  lasf d,  and  ascending  by  regular  gradations  up  to 
the  more  recent  tertiary  deposits. 

Tlie  coalfields,  notwithstanding  their  incalculatile  econo- 
mical value,  occupy  a  comparatively  limited  extent  of 
surface — an  extent  certainly  not  under  estimated  at  one- 
twentieth  of  the  whole.  A  line  diawn  from  Lyme  Begls 
to  Bath,  thence  to  Gloucester,  Warwick,  Leicester.  Xot- 
tingham,  and  Tadcaster,  and  from  Tadcaster  to  Stock- 
ton-on-Tees, has  on  its  E.  .side  nearly  two-thirds  of  the 
wliole  surface  of  England.  In  the  wliole  of  this  space  no 
coal  is  worked.  If  the  series  of  strata  are  regular,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  coal  exists,  hut  probal)ly  at  a  depth 
far  beyond  the  reach  of  any  known  means  of  excavation. 
Immediately  alxive  it  lie  immense  beds  of  red  marl,  sands, 
sandstones,  and  conglomerates,  composing  the  new  red 
sandstone  series,  and  remarkable  for  the  saline  springs  and 
rock-salt  with  which  it  abounds.  This  series  occupies  a 
considerable  portion  of  surface,  but  its  .saliferous  deposits 
nowhere  appear  so  rich  as  in  the  neighborhcRid  of  Chester. 
Above  the  new  red  sandstone  is  the  oolitic  series,  composed 
of  numerous  beds  of  limestones,  clay  schists,  and  sand- 
stones, and  stretching,  with  parti.al  interruption,  fiom  the 
S.  of  England  into  Yorkshire.  It  is  rich  in  fossils  and  beds 
of  fire-clay,  and  furnishes  much  of  the  finest  building-stone 
in  the  kingdom.  Passing  the  wealden  series,  so  called  from 
having  its  chief  development  in  the  Weald  of  Sussex,  we 
reach  the  chalks,  which  occupy  the  uppermost  pla<'e  in  the 
secondary  formation,  and  which,  though  confined  to  a  few 
patches  of  Xorth,  consitute  a  marked  feature  in  the  geolocy 
of  South  Britain,  where  they  not  only  compose  the  prevail- 
ing strata  of  extensive  undulating  tracts,  but  form  in  many 
places,  both  on  the  E.  and  S.  coasts,  bold  and  giddy  cliffs, 

287 


BRI 


BRI 


from  whose  white  color  the  ancient  name  of  AJlrion  is  said 
to  be  derived.  The  tertiary  formation,  which  includes  all 
tlie  rocks  above  the  chalk,  is  of  comparatively  limited  ex- 
tent, and  is  succeeded  by  immense  beds  of  diluvial  gravels, 
sands,  and  clays,  in  which  are  found  remains  of  the  larger 
existing  quadrupeds,  several  of  them,  like  the  elephant  and 
rhinoceros,  belonging  to  genera  which  now  exist  only  in 
much  hotter  climates.  Alx)ve  these  diluvial  beds  lie  allu- 
vium and  other  gnperljcial  deposits,  the  constituents  of 
which,  mainly  depending  on  the  rocks  from  which  they 
have  been  disintegrated,  determines  the  natural  properties 
of  the  soil,  sometimes  giving  it  an  almost  inexhaustible  fer- 
tility, and  sometimes  dooming  it  to  perpetual  barrenness. 

Turning  from  Great  Britain  to  Ireland,  one  of.  the  most 
marked  features  which  meets  our  view  is  the  dreary  ex- 
panse of  bog  that  stretches  over  its  interior.  The  surface, 
as  might  hence  be  inferred,  is  much  flatter  than  that  of 
Great  Britain.  It  is  not,  however,  by  any  means  destitute 
of  mountains.  Of  those  no  fewer  than  twenty-four  exceed 
2000  feet,  and  four  exceed  3000  feet.  Carn  Tual,  the  culmi- 
nating point  of  the  island,  is  3404  feet.  It  belongs  to  a 
great  range  called  the  Mountains  of  Kerry,  which,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Lakes  of  Killarney,  placed  in  the  vei-y 
heart  of  them,  furnish  scenes  of  grandeur  which  few  coun- 
tries can  surpass.  The  great  mountain  groups  consj.st  of 
primary  and  transition  rocks,  and  are  generally  situated 
near  tlie  coasts,  which  accordingly  become  of  the  boldest 
description.  Inland,  behind  these  lofty  barriers,  lies  a  va.st 
undulating  plain,  occasionally  penetrated  and  broken  up 
by  masses  of  primary  rocks,  but  occupied  almost  through- 
out its  whole  extent  by  .secondary  tbrmations.  Of  these  by 
for  the  most  largely  developed  is  mountain  limestone,  much 
of  it  so  fine-grained  and  compact  as  to  furnish  quarries  of 
marble,  both  black  and  variegated,  but  seldom  containing 
the  rich  veins  of  lead  which  usually  accompany  the  .same 
formation  in  England.  Coal  has  been  found  to  a  greater  or 
less  e.xtent  in  no  fewer  than  17  Irish  counties.  In  general, 
however,  its  quality  is  Inferior.  Still  higher  in  the  series 
above  the  coal,  the  upper  strata  of  the  secondary  formation 
are  considerably  developed  in  the  >'.,  where  they  are  capped 
by  numerous  masses  of  volcanic  origin.  The  most  niagniti- 
cent  specimen  of  these  is  the  range  of  basaltic  columns 
which  tbrms  the  celebrated  Giant's  Causeway. 

liivfrs  and  PorU. — The  mountain  chains  which  consti- 
tute the  principal  water-sheds  of  Great  Britain  are  gene- 
rally at  no  great  distance  from  the  W.  coast,  and  hence  the 
rivers  which  descend  from  them  in  that  direction  have  a 
short  course  and  are  comparatively  unimportant.  The  two 
great  exceptions  to  this  rule  are  the  Clyde  and  the  Severn. 
They  owe  both  their  volume  and  the  length  of  their  course 
to  a  series  of  longitudinal  valleys,  which,  instead  of  open- 
ing directly  to  the  coa.st,  take  an  opposite  or  parallel  direc- 
tion; and  thus,  rather  skirting  the  water-shed  than  flowing 
from  it,  obtain  much  larger  supplies  of  water  than  a  direct 
course  could  have  given  them.  The  former  of  these  rivers, 
though  of  Viist  commercial  importance,  is  indebted  for  it 
far  less  to  its  natural  channel,  than  to  the  immense  sums 
judiciously  expended  through  a  long  series  of  years  in  im- 
proving and  almost  creating  its  navigation.  To  counter- 
balance the.«e,  the  only  rivers  of  any  consider.able  volume 
of  which  the  W.  coast  can  boast,  though  it  also  possesses 
the  Mersey,  in  commercial  importance  the  second  river  of 
the  empire,  tlie  K.  coast,  proceeding  from  N.  to  S.,  receives 
the  Spey,  Don,  Dee,  Tay,  Forth,  Tweed.  Tyne,  Ouse.  Trent, 
and  Thames.  This  li.st  contains  the  Tay,  in  volume  the 
first  river  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  Thames,  not  much  less  in 
volume,  and  in  navigable  importance  one  of  the  greatest  rivers 
of  the  world.  It  is  remarkable  that  no  river  of  importance 
empties  itself  either  on  the  X.  or  S.  coast.  Owing  to  the 
great  central  flat  of  Ireland,  its  rivers  usually  flow  on  in  a 
gently  winding  course,  and,  little  interrupted  by  natural 
obstructions,  are  admirably  fitted  for  navigation.  Those  of 
importance  are  not  very  numerqus,  but  one  of  them,  the 
Shannon,  is  understood  to  be  the  largest  river  of  the  British 
Isles.  Within  7  miles  of  its  source  it  enters  Lough  Allen, 
which  is  itself  navigable,  and  after  passing  out  of  the  lough 
pursues  a  S.W.  cour.se  of  214  miles,  the  whole  of  which  is 
available  for  transport  by  smaller  vessels,  while  from  its 
mouth  up  to  Limerick,  a  distance  of  70  miles,  its  floats  ves- 
sels of  400  tons.  'SVhile  both  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  are 
provided  with  numerous  streams  which  are  either  them- 
selves navigable,  or,  when  they  cease  to  be  so.  furnish  the 
means  of  continued  navigation  by  acting  as  the  feeders  of 
canals,  the  coasts  are  scooped  out  into  deep  and  shelteied 
bays,  in  some  of  which  whole  fleets  of  the  largest  ships 
can  ride  in  safety.  It  is  true,  however,  that  the  number 
of  ocean  harbors,  properly  so  called,  is  not  great,  and 
that  the  E.  coast  of  Britain,  in  particular,  is  so  scantily  pro- 
vided, as  to  make  the  construction  of  a  great  harlior  of 
refuge  at  some  central  point  a  work  of  primary  necessity, 
which  must  sooner  or  later  be  performed.  The  best  of 
these  harl>or8  are  situated  on  the  S.  coijst,  at  the  very 
points  where  the  proximity  of  the  continent  and  the  pre- 
sence of  a  mighty  rival  made  it  of  most  importance  to  pos- 
sess them. 
288 


Climate. — Among  the  many  advantages  wliich  <he  British 
Isles  derive  from  their  geographical  position,  one,  the  bene- 
ficial effects  of  which  cannot  easily  be  overrated,  is  the 
peculiar  kind  of  climate  conferred  by  that  position — a  cli- 
mate in  which  the  natural  rigors  of  a  comparatively  high 
latitude  are  so  modified,  that  at  no  sea.son  is  either  cold  or 
heat  in  extreme;  and  the  mean  temperature  maintained  Is 
one  of  the  most  favorable  to  the  full  and  healthy  develop- 
ment both  of  animal  and  vegetable  life.  The  central  latitude 
of  the  United  Kingdom  is  nearly  55°  X.,  and  the  isothermal 
line  which  passes  through  it  indicates  a  mean  annual  tem- 
perature of  50°.  On  crossing  the  German  Ocean,  and  aj^ 
preaching  the  coast  of  Holland,  the  isothermal  line  is 
deflected  S.;  and  this  deflection  continues  to  increase  in 
the  same  direction  till  it  reaches  lat.  45°,  on  the  K.  side  of 
the  Sea  of  Azof.  From  this  point  it  pursues  its  course  w kh 
great  uniformity,  skirting  the  N.  shore  of  the  Caspian,  and 
passing  onward  through  Mongolia  flnd  Slantchocria,  on  the 
N.  of  China,  to  the  Sea  of  Japan.  It  thus  becomes  esta- 
blished that  in  respect  of  mean  temperature  the  British 
Isles  have  the  advantage  of  all  countries  of  the  same  lati- 
tude to  the  E.  of  them;  and  that  on  the  continent  of  Asia 
.this  advantage  is  so  marked  as  to  amount  to  a  difference  of 
10°  of  latitude,  the  IJriti.sh  latitude  of  55°  enjoying  as  much 
annual  he.it  as  the  Asiatic  latitude  of  45°.  But  this  is  by 
no  means  the  whole  amount  of  the  advantage.  A  mean 
temperature  is  an  average  obtained  b)- adding  temperatures 
of  diffei-ent  seasons  together,  and  then  dividing  them.  A 
winter  of  10°  and  a  summer  of  t!0°  give  the  same  mean  tem- 
perature as  a  winter  of  40°  and  a  summer  nf  fO°;  but  how 
unlike  the  climates!  The  former  gives  a  range  of  tempera- 
ture equal  to  80°,  the  latter  a  range  equal  only  to  20°;  in 
other  words,  the  inhabitants  living  under  the  one  climate 
are  alternately  benumbed  by  piercing  cold  and  enervated 
by  scorching  heat,  whereas  tho.se  living  under  the  other 
are  blessed  with  a  kind  of  perpetual  spring.  Xow  it  is  pre- 
cisely in  regard  to  range  of  temperature  that  the  superior- 
ity of  the  British  climate  becomes  most  apparent.  The 
range  of  the  temperature  between  the  coldest  and  the 
warmest  months  is.  at  Paris.  30°;  at  London,  only  2(j°.  In 
the  S.AV.  and  S.E.  of  France  it  is,  respectively.  81°  and  35° 
30',  and  in  Italv,  32°  .30' ;  in  England  generally,  onlv  24° 
30'.  The  range 'of  Edinburgh  is  25°  ."';  that  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, no  less  than  55°.  The  mean  winter  temperature  of 
Dublin,  only  39°  8',  is  3°  6'  higher  th.in  that  of  Jlilan,  Pa- 
via,  Padua,  or  the  whole  of  Lombardy.  In  the  N.E.  of  Ire- 
land the  myrtle  grows  in  the  open  air.  as  in  Portugal:  and 
in  the  S.E.  of  Cornwall  the  mean  temperature  is  only  2°  4' 
less  than  that  of  Montpellicr  and  Florence. 

iNDrsTRV. — Great  Britain,  though  somewhat  late  in  en- 
tering on  the  career  of  improvement,  and  hence  indebted  to 
foreigners  for  the  fir.st  e.s,tabi?»hment  of  more  than  one  flour- 
ishing manufacture,  ultimatrly  succeeded  in  outstripping 
her  competitors,  and  now  confessedly  leads  the  world  in 
m.any  of  the  great  branches  of  industry.  This  unexampled 
success  is  owing  partly  to  physical  and  partly  to  moral  causes. 
To  the  former  belong  the  vast  resources  of  the  country  itself 
— thefertllitj'of  its  soil  sufficiently  great  to  reward  industry, 
but  not  to  foster  indolence,  the  comparative  mildness  of  its 
climate,  and  the  untold  treasures  deposited  1  eneath  its  sur- 
face; to  the  latter  belong  the  spirit  of  activity,  enterprise, 
and  independence,  engendered  by  free  institutions,  and  the 
perfect  security  of  propert}'.  gxiarded  fro.n  foreign  aggres- 
sion by  invincible  fleets,  and  elTectually  maintained  at 
home  by  good  laws,  fairly  and  vigorously  administered. 
Another  great  cause  of  indu.strial  prosperity  may  he  found 
in  the  obstacles  which  have  been  removed  and  the  facilities 
i  aflbrded,  by  bringing  all  the  jiarts  of  the  United  Kingdom 
into  ea.sy  communication  with  each  other  by  mesms  of 
roads,  canals,  and  railways.  On  all  of  these,  .sums  of  almost 
fabulous  amount  have  been  expended,  and  the  pi-oportion 
which  their  united  lengths  bear  to  the  whole  area  far  ex- 
ceeds that  of  any  other  country. 

Length  in  miles  of  Beads,  Carrah.  and  Eailways  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Roads.  Canals.  Knilwajs. 

England  and  Wales 119.5.M  2,400 4.222 

Scotland 18,348 113  750 

Ireland 262 473 

Total 2,775  8,447 

Jgrimltvre. — Though  agriculture  Is  at  once  the  most 
useful  and  the  earliest  of  arts,  there  is  none  in  which  im- 
provement advances  with  so  .sluggish  a  pace.  A  routine 
once  established  becomes  almost  immovable :  and  n.it 
unfrequently,  when  every  thing  el.se  has  yielded-  to  the 
force  of  improvement,  the  husbandman  continues  in  the 
ancient  tract,  performing  all  rural  operations  after  the 
fashion  and  with  the  rude  implements  of  centuries  before. 
Instead,  however,  of  the  slovenly  manner  in  which,  not  a 
centurj-  ago.  all  operations  upon  the  soil  in  Britian  were 
performed,  new  implements,  many  of  them  of  re<'ent  and 
ingenious  contrivance,  have  been  very  generally  adopted, 
and  now  execute  the  ivork  in  the  most  efficient  manner. 
Draining,  not  confined  as  formerly  to  swampy  spots,  is 


BRI 


BM 


«xt<>n<ii;d  syr-tematically  to  whole  farms,  and  every  field 
of  til.  1)1,  not  a  single  furrow  being  left  ^vithout  its  ar- 
titicial  (Ir.iiii  of  tiles  or  stones,  into  which  the  surplus 
water  uiay  percolitto  froely,  and  yet  so  gradually  as  not 
to  cany  '•({  nourishment  alonp  with  it.  Science,  too,  has 
brtun  called  in  to  act  as  the  handmaid  of  art.  The  or- 
ganism of  plants,  the  primary  elements  of  which  they  are 
composed,  and  the  food  on  which  they  live,  have  been  a.ssi- 
duously  and  skilfully  investigated,  and  most  important 
results  obtained,  paiticularly  in  regard  to  manures  and 
rotations.  These  results,  instead  of  remaining  a  dead  let' 
ter,  have  passed  from  books  into  the  hands  of  practical 
farmers;  and  the  farm-yard,  though  still  justly  retainins; 
its  pre-eminence,  has  ceased  to  be  the  only  source  from 
which  the  soil  derives  its  nourishment,  and  becomes  capa- 
bfe  of  producing  heavy  crops.  Artificial  manures,  in  great 
variety,  have  come  into  common  use,  not  only  increasing 
the  produce  of  lands  previously  cultivated,  but  extending 
the  limits  of  cultivation  itself.  Steeps  which,  from  the 
impossibility  of  carrying  up  the  requisite  weight  of  farm- 
yard dung,  could  not  be  brought  under  a  regular  course 
of  cropping,  are  easily  supplied  with  a  few  hvfndreds-weight 
of  bone-dust,  or  of  some  substance  chemically  prepared. 
This  application  first  secures  a  crop  of  turnips;  sheep  eat 
them  where  they  grow,  and  thus  supply  the  soil  with 
additional  nourishment  of  the  richest  kind;  a  grain  crop 
of  wheat  or  barley,  sown  with  grass-seeds,  follows,  and  the 
succeeding  year  shows  a  rich  clothing  of  the  finest  grass, 
where  all  previously  was  weeds  and  barrenness.  This 
grass,  allowed  to  lie.  becomes  for  years  a  feeding  pasture, 
or,  cut  for  hay,  is  broken  up  at  the  close  of  the  year  for 
another  green  crop.  The  rotation  is  now  complete,  and 
the  process  as  described  again  begins.  The  effects  pro- 
duced by  such  means  are  truly  astonishing.  Under  an 
improved  system  of  management,  the  produce  of  many 
farms  has  at  least  been  doubled,  and,  over  the  whole  king- 
dom, has  so  greatly  increased,  that  the  territory  which 
once  with  difficulty  supported  ten  millions,  finds  no  dilli- 
culty  in  supporting  twenty.  Part  of  the  result,  no  doubt. 
Is  to  be  ascribed  to  additional  lands  which,  formerly  pos- 
sessed as  commons,  or  lying  as  unimproved  wastes,  have 
been  brought  under  cultivation.  But  the  far  greater  p.irt 
is  undouljt^^dly  derived  not  from  new,  but  from  the  in- 
creased productiveness  of  old  lands. 

The  following  table  gives  a  good  general  idea  of  the  state 
of  land  in  the  British  Empire: — 


Arabte 

and 

Gardens. 


Eugland..!lO,'2.).',M)0 


Willcs 

Scotl.ind  . 
Irelnnd... 
ISiit-Iblea. 


SBO,570 
'2.49.1,9.)0 
o,38«,OH) 


Meadows, 

P.'istui'us,  and 

llar.-ihes. 


AoreiJ. 
15,379,200 
2,'>>B,430 
2.771,0.^ 
6,73fi,2K) 
974,0(iU 


28,08«,9«0 


Wastes  Ini- 
piOiable, 


ACfCr*. 

3,451,000 

530,000 

5,»ri0.000 

4,900,000 

IWi,100 


15,000,100 


Wastes 
not     im- 
provatle. 


Acres. 
3,256,400 
1.105,000 
S,5'3,9.<)0 
2,416,r>(i4 
5fi9,469 


15,871,463 


Summary. 


Acres. 
32,342,400 

4,752,0(H) 
19,738,930 
19,441,94-4 

1,119,159 


•8,074,433 


One  of  the  most  striking  Cicts  apparent  from  the  above 
table  is  the  proportion  which  the  available  land  of  Kngland 
and  A\'ales  bears  to  its  whole  area,  compared  with  the  same 
proportion  in  Scotland.  In  England  and  Wales,  excluding 
wastes  of  all  kinds,  improvable  and  unimprovable,  and  in- 
cluding only  the  two  first  heads  of  the  table,  that  propor- 
tion is  seveu-uinths;  in  Scotland  it  is  little  more  than  one- 
fourth,  proving,  that  while  the  former  is  agriculturally  one 
of  the  most  favored  iwrtions  of  the  world,  the  latter  is 
among  the  poorest.  Ireland  is  in  a  middle  state,  having 
more  than  one-half  of  its  surface  available.  The  land  un- 
der the  ploujrU  in  Great  Britain  is  generally  cultivated  on 
systematic  principles,  according  to  one  or  other  of  the  follow- 
ing rotations : — 

First  notation. — 1.  Fallow,  often  not  manured;  2.  Wheat; 
3.  Beans,  heavily  manured;  4.  Barley,  with  grass  seeds;  5. 
Hay;  6.  Oats. 

Second  Rot'jtion. — 1.  Potatoes  or  turnips,  generally  latter 
eaten  off  by  sheep ;  2.  Barley,  with  grass  seeds ;  3.  Hay  or 
pasture;  4.  Wheat  or  oats. 

Third  Nofatum. — 1.  Part  fallow,  manured;  part  potatoes 
or  turnips ;  2.  Wheat  or  barley,'  with  grass  seeds ;  3.  Hay 
once  cut.  then  pastured;  4.  Pasture;  5.  Oats. 

In  addition  to  the  crops  above  mentioned,  several  others 
are  occasionally  introduced.  The  most  important  of  them 
are  rye,  cole  or  rape,  beet-root,  hops,  and  flax.  From  the 
above  table  of  the  state  of  the  employment  of  the  land, 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  quantity  under  the  plough  in 
England,  is  about  five  millions  of  acres  less  than  that  in 
meadow  and  pasture.  In  Scotland,  there  is  not  much 
arable  land  kept  permanently  in  grass,  except  that  which 
is  intended  for  ornament,  in  the  neighborhood  of  country 
seats.  Me.",dows  artificially  formed  for  irrigation,  by  a 
kind  of  catch-work,  exist  on  an  extensive  scale,  in  par- 
ticular localities,  but  meadows,  in  the  sense  in  which  an 
Englishm.an  understands  the  term,  are  scarcely  known. 
T 


The  meadows  of  England  are  permanent  hay-fields,  which 
are  annually  cut,  and  maintained  in  leriility.  by  regnlai 
and  heavy  doses  of  farmyard  manure.  MucU  of  the  laud 
employed  thus  is  naturally  of  poor  quality,  having  only  a 
thin  covering  of  soil  over  a  hungry  gravel,  or  ferruginous 
tenacious  clay,  but,  by  the  careful  management  of  perhaps 
a  century,  has  become  covered  with  a  close  sward  of  the  rich- 
est green,  and  of  admirable  feeding  qualities.  Taking  the 
term,  farming,  in  its  widest  sense,  as  including  not  merely 
the  raising  of  crops  of  grain,  or  roots,  but  the  rearing  and 
fattening  of  stock,  the  improving  of  breeds,  and  diary  ma- 
nagement, there  is  no  country  in  the  world  that  cati  be  com- 
pared to  several  of  the  S.  districts  of  Great  Britain.  It  ist 
sufficient  to  mention,  among  horses,  the  race-horse,  the  finest 
type,  and  the  parent  of  the  best  existing  breeds  of  that  ani- 
mal; among  cattle,  the  short-horns  of  Durham;  and  among 
sheep,  the  celebrated  South  Downs  and  Leicesters.  In  diary 
produce,  several  districts  are  equally  pre-eminent. 

MiN'EBAL. — Such  is  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  British  Isles, 
that,  with  the  exception  of  quicksilver  and  gold,  which, 
though  found  both  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  are  too  limited  in 
quantity  to  repay  the  labor  of  searching  for  them,  it  is  scarcely 
possible  to  mention  a  metal  or  mineral  product,  of  commer- 
cial value,  which  is  not  worked,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent, 
Ix^neath  their  surface.  Among  these,  the  first  place  is  un- 
questionably due  to 

Oml. — It  claims  precedence,  not  merely  because  the  an- 
nual output  of  it,  in  regard  both  to  quantity  and  aggregate 
value,  exceeds  that  of  any  other  mineral  product,  but  be- 
cause without  it  the  other  natural  resources  of  the  country, 
and  the  industry  of  its  inhabitants,  must  have  forever  re- 
mained, in  a  great  measure,  undeveloped.  The  coal-fields 
are  not  confined  to  one  particular  district,  but  occupy  a  se- 
ries of  basins,  sometimes  touching,  but  more  frequently  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  each  other,  and  extinding,  in  an 
irregular  curve,  from  the  S.  slopes  of  the  Ochil  Hills  to  the 
Bristol  Cli.innel.  Beginning  with  Scotland,  we  find  a  field, 
commencing  in  the  W.  by  great  outliursts  of  trap,  of  which 
Stirling  Castle  crowns  the  most  prominc^nt  summit.  It  oc- 
cupies a  great  part  of  Fit'eshire,  a  small  isolated  portion  of 
Perthshire,  and  almost  the  whole  of  Clackmannanshire.  The 
coal  of  this  field  isof  several  kinds;  but  the  most  important 
seams  are  splint,  part  of  it  of  a  free,  open,  burning  quality, 
greatly  in  demand  for  steam  navigation,  from  its  not  corrtid- 
ing  the  furnaces  and  boilers,  and  part  of  it  admirably  adapted 
for  the  blast-furnace.  Part  of  this  field  contains  a  coal 
which,  in  its  richness  and  quality  of  caking,  beitrs  a  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Newcastle,  and  has  boon  worked,  as  an- 
cient records  prove,  for  at  least  five  centuries.  (In  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  Forth,  and  almost  in  visiljle  communication 
with  the  field  alre^jdy  described,  another  field  extends  over 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  Lothians.  It  furnishes  the 
greater  part  of  the  fine  fuel  which  is  used  in  the  metropolis 
of  Scotland,  and  contains  excellent  se.ams  of  parrot  coal. 
To  the  W.,  but  at  some  distance,  lie  the  co.al-basins  of  Lan- 
ark, Kenfrew,  and  Ayrshire;  the  first,  famous  throughout 
the  world  for  the  immense  manufacturing  establishments 
which  it  mainly  has  called  into  existence,  and  made  pros- 
perous; the  second,  remarkable  ehiefiy  as  containing,  near 
Johnstone,  the  thickest  seam  of  coal  in  Scotland,  or  (if  the 
Dudley  field  be  not  an  exception)  in  the  British  Isles ;  and 
the  last,  as  yet  imperfectly  developed,  but  evidently  des- 
tined to  liigher  importance  than  it  has  yet  attained.  In 
the  N.W.  of  Dumfries-shire,  there  is  a  coal  field,  the  capa- 
bilities of  which,  hitherto  little  known,  because  of  its  in- 
land and  almost  inaccessible  position,  will  be  proved,  now 
that  an  important  railway  intersects  it.  In  the  S.E.  of  the 
same  county  is  another  small  field,  interesting  as  the  last 
of  the  Scotch,  and  the  connecting  link  with  the  great  En- 
glish coal-fields. 

Immediately  on  passing  the  border,  the  first  of  these  fields 
lies  before  us,  extending  over  the  greater  part  of  the  counties 
of  Northumberland  and  Durham,  and  centering  near  New- 
castle, which  gives  it  its  name.  The  proximity  of  this  field  to 
the  sea,  and  the  excellence  of  the  coal,  (uni-ivalled  for  domes- 
tic use.)  early  made  it  the  great  theatre  of  mining  operations, 
which  are  there  can-led  on  to  an  extent,  and  on  a  scale  of 
magnificence  which  make  it  a  world's  wonder.  It  furnishes 
the  larger  propoition  of  sea-borne  coal,  whether  to  domestic  or 
foreign  ports,  and.  notwithstanding  the  competition  which 
it  now  has  to  sustain  with  inland  supplies  by  railway,  still 
sends  anntially  to  London  about  3.000,000  tons.  Several  of 
the  pits  have  a  depth  exceeding  150  fathoms,  and  more  than 
one  colliery  has  a  capital  exceeding  100.000/.  sterling.  On 
the  opposite  coast,  nearly  in  the  same  latitude,  is  a  small 
coal-field,  the  workings  of  which,  at  Whitehaven  and  Work- 
ington, have  been  carried  to  a  great  distance  beneath  the 
sea.  The  next  coal-field  to  the  S.  is,  in  many  respects,  the 
most  important  of  all.  It  includes  a  large  central  space, 
not  entirely  occupied  by  coal,  but  interrupted,  longitudi- 
nally, by  a  broad  belt  which  consists  of  the  lower  strata  of 
the  carboniferous  system,  and  thus  forming  a  kind  of  twin- 
fields,  the  one  of  which  extends  from  Leeds  to  Nottingham, 
while  the  other  has  its  greatest  length  from  S.W.  to  NJE., 
and  borders,  at  its  E.  and  W.  extremities  respectively,  on 

289 


J 


33RI 


BRI 


Manchester  and  Liverpool.  1 1  can  thus  boast,  not  only  of 
being  the  seat  of  what  has  been  termed  the  world's  great 
workshop,  but  of  furnishing  the  most  essential  elements 
both  of  its  existence  and  prosperity.  The  only  other  coal- 
field of  a  maiuitude  similar  to  those  alreadj-  mentioned,  is 
that  of  South  Wales,  which,  though  it  long  lay  almost  un- 
known or  unheeded,  has,  in  comparatively  recent  times,  be- 
come the  centre  of  some  of  the  gi-eatest  public  works  of  the 
empire.  It  is  of  an  irregular  oval  shape,  and  passing  from 
Monmouth  on  the  E.,  continues  W.,  without  interruption, 
through  Glamorgan  to  Carmarthen  Bay,  across  which 
onother  field  or  continuation  of  that  already  mentioned, 
stretches  irregularly  to  St.  Bride's  Bay.  From  the  extent 
of  this  field,  and  the  number  and  thickness  of  its  seams, 
which,  near  its  centre,  number  iJ,  with  an  aggregate  thick- 
ness of  95  feet,  the  field  of  South  Wales  has  probably  a  better 
title  than  any  other  in  the  kingdom,  to  be  deemed  almost  in- 
exhaustible. There  are  several  other  minor  fields,  all  of  them, 
with  the  exception  of  that  of  North  Wales,  situated  near  the 
centre  of  England.  In  South  Stiiffordshire  occurs  the  enor- 
mous seam  known  as  the  Ten-y.ard  Coal  of  Dudley.  The  pro- 
duce of  the  coal  mines  in  Grea.t  Britain  in  1852  was  esti- 
mated at  37,000.000  of  tons,  and  apportioned  as  follows: 
thirteen  millions  to  domestic  use,  twelve  to  iron-works,  and 
twelve  to  manufacturing  and  miscellaneous  establishments 
and  export.  Assuming  the  medium  price  of  6s.  Sd.  per  ton, 
the  value  is  12,4*^7,5007.  sterling.  The  export  of  coal  to  fo- 
reign countries,  in  1840,  was,  1,606,000  tons;  in  1850  it  had 
increased  to  3.531.000  tons. 

Iron. — Almost  the  whole  of  the  iron  ore  smelted  in  Bri- 
tain is  a  ftirbonate.  Of  the  great  coal-fields,  none  is  so  des- 
titute of  iron  as  that  of  Xewc.a-stle;  and  hence,  though  not 
a  few  blast-furnaces  are  in  operation  there,  the  ores  used  are 
obtained,  not  from  the  surrounding  pits,  but  by  importa- 
tion, often  from  considerable  distances.  The  most  impor- 
tant iron  districts  of  Kngland  are  those  of  South  Yorkshire, 
Shropshire,  South  Staffordshire,  and  South  M'ales.  The 
ores  are  obtained  partly  from  baTuU.  and  partly  from  seams. 
The  former  name  is  usually  applied  to  nodules  or  balls, 
generally  of  a  round  or  oval  shape,  which  lie  together  with 
considerble  regularity,  often  in  contact,  but  always  without 
adhesion,  and  are,  for  the  most  part,  imbedded  in  thick  beds 
of  shale  or  blies.  The  latter  name  is  given  to  iron-stone 
lying  in  regular  strata,  and  worked  in  the  same  manner  as 
coal.  These  strata  generally  are  only  a  few  inches,  and 
scarcely  ever  a  foot  in  thickness.  The  most  valuable  of  the 
stratified  ironstones  is  the  blact.hund,  so  called  from  the 
darkness  of  color  produced  by  the  large  proportion  of  coaly 
matter  which  it  contains.  It  is  singular  that  the  only  part 
of  England  known  to  contain  this  stratum,  is  a  portion  of 
the  coal-field  of  South  Wales.  In  Scotland,  also,  it  was  at 
one  time  supposed  that  it  was  merely  a  local  deposit,  and 
that  its  existence,  or  at  least  its  good  qualities,  were  con- 
fined to  the  range  of  a  few  miles  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Aii-drie.  A  more  careful  examination  has  proved  that  few 
of  the  Scottish  coal-fields  are  without  these  blackband 
seams,  and  numerous  iron-works  have,  in  consequence, 
arisen  in  a  multitude  of  districts  where  their  profitable  exist- 
ence had  hitherto  been  deemed  impossible.  A  discovery  of 
perhaps  greater  importance  than  that  of  the  blackband,  be- 
cause applicable  to  the  iron-works  of  England  as  well  as  to 
those  of  Scotland,  took  place  about  the  same  time.  By  heat- 
ing the  blast,  before  entering  the  furnace,  to  about  600°,  its 
power  is  so  much  increa.sed.  that  the  most  stubborn  mate- 
rials quickly  give  way  before  it,  and  raw  coal  becomes  even 
more  efficient  in  smelting  than  coke  w.as  before.  A  ton  of 
iron  can  thus  be  obtained  with  much  fewer  materials,  and, 
what  is  of  considerable  moment,  in  fax  less  time.  A  fur- 
nace which,  under  cold-blast,  makes  70  tons  a  week,  easily 
makes  100  under  hot-blast.  Another  improvement,  by 
which  the  ga.«es  evolved  within  the  furnace  are  not  allowed 
to  escape,  but  collected,  and  made  avail.able  for  fuel,  is  in 
operation  in  several  works,  and  promises  important  results. 
The  annual  make  of  pig-iron  in  the  kingdom  is  estimated  at 
1,500,000  tons.  Alxiut  one-third  is  used  for  castings,  and 
the  remainder,  not  exported,  is  converted  into  malleable 
iron.  In  this  siicond  part  of  the  process,  Scotland  appa- 
rently fails.  Her  furnaces  smelt  about  one-third  of  the 
whole  produce,  but  a  considerable  part  of  this  is  sent  as  pig 
to  England,  to  be  made  m.alleable  there,  either  by  itselt^  or 
In  mixture  with  Ensrlish  pis. 

The  principal  statistics  of  the  iron  trade  are  given  in  the 
following  table : — 

Production  of  Iron,  and  Eiport,  in  Great  Britain. 

Export,  in  tons. 
Tean.  Furnace*.    Quantities,  In  tons.     Bar  Iron.    Pig  Iron. 

1S30 »76 S77.417  59,885....  1J.036 

1840 40J  l.S9);.4O0  144,719 49.S01 

ll>ii! 655 2,701,000  from  ScoUand  424,068  tons. 

The  whole  production  of  1849  has  been  estimated  at  1,.500,000 
tons.    Of  this  quantity.  Scotland,  possessing  113  furnaces, 

f  reduced  690.000  tons.     The  annual  produce  per  furnace,  in 
796,  did  not  exceed  1033  tons;  in  1849,  it  had  risen  to  6106 
tons. 

290 


The  principal  localitifh  in  which  lead,  copper,  ani  tin  are 

found,  have  been  alrejidy  mentioned. 

Estimated  annmd  average  Produce  of  smdtfA  Lead,  Oopyer, 
and  Tin,fromlSii>-4S,in  tons. 

Lead.  Copper.  Tin. 

England So,--'l  l->,!<70 5000 

Wales 10,027  iO,8l3  — 

Scotland 942 — 

Ireland 811  — 

IsleofMan 1.663 — 

Total 49,164  33,693  5000 

The  ton  of  lead  is  supposed  to  yield,  on  an  average,  about  8 
ounces  of  silver. 

It  seems  unnecessary  to  give  any  details  as  to  minerals  of 
minor  importance.  The  princip,il  articles  are  salt,  of  which 
the  quantity  obtained,  chiefiy  from  rock-salt  and  brine  pits, 
has  been  estimated  at  nearly  550,000  tons.  The  locality  in 
which  sjilt  is  most  extensively  worked  at  present,  centres 
near  Chester;  and  the  supply  is  so  great  as  to  be  inexhausti- 
ble. Quarries  also  exist  in  every  part  of  the  British  Isles, 
except  the  south-east  of  England.  They  furnish  granite 
susceptible  of  a  polish  which  makes  it  fit  for  statuary,  free- 
stone of  the  purest  white  and  most  durable  substance,  and 
immense  quantities  of  the  finest  roofing  slates.  As  to  the 
value  of  the  produce  from  quarries,  little  authentic  infor- 
mation exists. 

Fislieries. — The  principal  British  fisheries  are  those  of  sal- 
mon, herring,  and  cod.  The  first  is  carried  on  chiefly  in  the 
rivers  and  estuaries  of  Scotland  and  Ireland ;  the  second  on 
all  the  coasts  and  islands  of  Scotland,  the  great  centre  of  re- 
sort for  curing  being  the  towns  of  Wick.  Peterhead,  and 
Fraserburgh;  the  last  around  the  X.  isl.ands.  and  along  the 
E.  coast  of  Great  Britain,  particularly  the  edges  of  the  Dog- 
ger Bank,  off  thecoast  of  Yorkshire.  Among  minor  fishe- 
ries may  he  mentioned  those  of  mackerel,  pilchards,  oysters, 
and  lobsters.  Of  these  la-^t,  and  indeed  of  all  kinds  of  fresh 
fish,  by  far  the  largest  consumer  of  the  kingdom  is  London. 
Manufactures. — Taking  the.«e  in  the  order  of  their  import- 
ance, we  begin  with  cotton.  The  history  of  this  manuiao- 
ture.  which  now  employs  more  hands  than  any  other  within 
the  kingdom,  and  furnishes  above  one-third  in  value  of  the 
whole  exports,  is  indeed  remarkable.  The  raw  material  is 
of  vegetable  origin,  and  is  obtained  from  the  internal  coat- 
ing of  the  pod  or  seed-vossel  of  the  Gossypiun.  of  which 
there  are  several  varieties,  some  growing  as  a  tree  or  shrub, 
and  others  as  an  annual  herbaceous  plant.  It  is  fi-om  the 
latter  that  the  far  greater  part  of  the  supply  is  obtained; 
and  for  this  supply,  as  none  of  the  varieties  grow  in  the 
British  islands,  the  manufacturers  are  entirely  dependant 
on  other  countries  Cotton  grows  well  in  India,  and  would 
undoubtedly  thrive  well  in  many  of  the  other  British  pos- 
sessions ;  but  at  present,  and  for  many  years,  the  supply 
has  been  in  a  manner  monopolized  by  a  few  of  the  slave 
states  of  North  America.  In  so  far,  therefore,  as  regards 
the  raw  materi.al,  this  country  has  no  advantage  in  the 
market  over  other  competitors;  but.  compared  with  one  of 
the  most  enterprising  of  them,  is  placed  in  unfavorable 
circumstances.  On  the  subject  of  this  manufacture,  in- 
teresting volumes  have  been  written;  and  as  any  analysis, 
however  condensed,  would  fer  exceed  our  limits,  the  leading 
fects  must  be  exhibited  in  a  tabular  form. 
Tabu  of  ImporU  of  OMon  Wndl.  into,  and  of  ExpnrU  and  de- 
clared value  of  Oitton  Manufactures,  Twist,  ami  Tarn  from 
Vie  United  Kingdom. 


Import. 

Export. 

Tears. 

Wool. 

Twist  A  Yarn. 

Cotton  Goods. 

Dec.  Value. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

yds. 

£ 

1820 

151,672,656 

23.032,325 

248,370,690 

in.516.748 

1830 

263,961.45-2 

64,645,342 

444,.'>98,498 

19.428,664 

18*0 

592,488,010 

118.470,223 

790,631.997 

24.668,618 

1845 

722,080,000 

135,144.865 

1,091 ,685.469 

26.119.304 

1849 

755,469.006 

154,457,540 

l,442.813.64o 

19.642,770 

1850 

664,696,816 

135,790,-278 

l,472,334,3!ll 

21,431,180 

WooUen.—ThXi  is  the  most  ancient,  and  was  for  centuries 
the  great  staple  manufacture  of  Brit.ain.  The  flocks,  fed  on 
the  English  downs  and  other  pastures,  furnishe<i  wool  of 
peculiiir  excellence,  and  in  such  abundance  as  both  supplied 
the  home  demand  at  a  moderate  price,  and  left  a  large  sur- 
plus for  exportation.  There  cannot  be  a  doubt  however, 
that  the  first  great  improvements  were  not  of  native  in- 
vention, but  were  introduced  by  foreigners,  whom  either 
the  wise  policy  of  British  sovereigns  had  allured,  or  the 
merciless  bicotry  of  their  sovereigns  had  driven  into  tho 
kingdom.  Thoush  the  manufacture  cannot  boast  of  an 
extension  like  that  of  cotton,  it  holds  the  next  place  to 
it ;  and.  besides  working  up  the  greater  part  of  the  wool 
grown  within  the  kingdom,  draws  largely  on  other  coun- 
tries for  additional  supplies,  particularly  on  Australia. 
The  chief  .=eat  of  the  woollen  manufiicture  in  England  la 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  I<ancashire.  Gloucestershiro, 
and  Wiltshire,  being  the  most  distinguished  fur  broad- 
cloths; Norfolk  for  worsted  stufib,  Leicestershire  ana  Not- 


BRI 


BRI 


tinghamshire  for  woollen  hosiery.  Blankets  and  flannels 
have  numerous  localities,  but  for  the  tiner  qualities  the 
W.  of  Kni:land  and  several  ot'  the  Welsh  counties  are 
•most  conspicuous.  Carpets,  of  every  quality  and  patr 
tern,  are  extensively  niade  at  Kidderminster,  Cirencester, 
Worcester,  <tc. ;  but  those  of  Wilton  and  Axminster  are  so 
superior  as  t«  suffer  little  by  comparison  with  the  celebrated 
fabrics  of  Turkey  and  Persia.  Tlie  woollen  manufactui"e  of 
Ireland  is  on  a  very  limited  scale,  being  confined  to  a  few 
brandclo'th  factories  near  Dublin  and  Cork;  and  a  few 
blankets  and  tianuels,  the  former  in  Kilkenny,  and  the  lat- 
ter at  Wicklow.  Scotland  has  made  much  more  progress, 
but  still  bears  no  proportion  to  linfrland.  The  chief  seats 
of  the  Scotch  woollens  are  Aberdeen  for  broadcloths,  chiefly 
coarse,  and  the  spinning  of  worsted ;  Kilmarnock  for  car- 
pets, bonnets,  and  shawls;  Stirling  and  its  neighborhood  for 
carpets  and  tartans. 

Linen. — In  England  the  spinning  of  flax  is  carried  on  to 
a  great  extent,  but  its  manufacture  into  cloth  is  compara- 
tively limited.  A  considerable  quantity  of  damask  and  dia- 
per is  made  at  Barnsley.  Linen  is  the  great  staple  of  Ire- 
land, and  it  was  long,  in  regard  to  textile  fabrics,  the  staple 
also  of  Scotland.  In  the  former,  extraordinary  means  were 
employed  Xa  foster  it.  It  early  fixed  its  seat  in  the  N., 
near  Belfast,  and  there  the  great  changes  which  have  taken 
place  in  the  mode  of  manufacture,  by  the  substitution  of 
spinning  mills  and  factories  for  the  domestic  wheel  and 
loom,  appear  only  to  have  fixed  it  more  permanently.  Al- 
most the  only  form  into  which  flax  is  manufactured  in  Ire- 
land is  plain  linen,  chiefly  shirtings.  In  Scotland,  the  m.a- 
nufiacture  assumes  g'-eater  variety.  Besides  plain  linen,  it 
has  manufactures  of  Osnaburgs,  sheetings,  sailcloth,  sack- 
ing, Ac,  chief  se.at,  Dundee;  and  of  diaper  and  damask, 
chief  seat,  Dunfermline.  The  staples  of  both  towns  are  by 
far  the  most  important  of  their  kind  in  the  kingdom. 

Silk. — Here  the  raw  material  is,  like  cotton,  entirely  of 
foreign  production,  with  the  important  difference  in  favor 
of  silk.  that,  instead  of  being  almost  monopolized,  and  con- 
sequently liable,  in  regard  both  to  quantity  and  price,  to  be 
controlled  by  a  single  country,  the  limits  of  its  production 
include  an  immense  range,  of  which  a  considerable  portion 
belongs  to  the  British  colonies  and  dependencies.  In  this 
branch  of  manufacture,  at  least  in  finer  fiibrics,  Britain 
must  vield  the  palm  of  superiority,  and  Ije  contented  with 
Bomething  loss  than  equality.  The  number  of  silk  mills  is 
considerable  and  confined  chiefly  to  England.  Paisley  is  al- 
most the  only  town  out  of  it  in  which  the  silk  manufacture 
is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent;  and  even  there,  the  cele- 
brated shawls  of  unrivalled  excellence  are  generally  a  mixed 
Cibric  of  silk  and  wool. 

In  ISuO,  there  were  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom 
72,67-t.483  pounds  of  wool;  1,821,578  hundredweight  of  flax 
and  codilla;  and  •t,9-l'2,417  pounds  of  silk.  The  value  of  ma- 
nufactured articles  exported  was,  woollen  goods,  8  584,859^ ; 
woollen  yarn,  1.451,093?.;  linen  goods,  3,957,7352.;  linen  yarn, 
8S7.295/. ;  and  silk  goods,  l,050,ti45;. 

Besides  the  manufiictures  already  mentioned,  there  is  a 
great  number  which,  though  separately  of  less  importance, 
absorb  immense  sums  of  capital,  exhibit  many  of  the  most 
wonderful  specimens  of  human  ingenuity,  and  give  subsist- 
ence to  millions  of  the  population.  We  can  do  little  more 
than  glance  at  the  most  prominent. 

Under  the  head  of  minerals,  we  only  noticed  the  prelimi- 
nary steps  of  converting  ores  into  metals.  A'ast  processes 
rem.ain  behind,  and  constitute  numerous  branches  of  manu- 
facture under  the  general  name  of  hardware.  Several  of  the 
articles  produced  are  of  a  boldness  and  magnitude  almost 
sublime,  and  many  of  them  are  so  small  as  to  he  almost  mi- 
croscopic. To  the  former  class  belong  iron  bridges,  no  longer 
suspension  only,  but  tubular  bridges,  one  of  which,  the 
latest  wonder  of  the  age.  now  spans  the  Jlenai  Straits; 
steam-engines,  either  lifting  up  whole  rivers  from  the  lowest 
depths,  or  ploughing  the  widest  and  stormiest  oceans;  or, 
it  may  be.  performing  some  minute  or  singularly  delicate 
process,  which  the  most  skilful  human  fingers  would  vainly 
attempt  to  imitate;  machinery  of  every  kind,  by  which  in- 
animate matter  acts  as  if  it  were  endowed  with  vitiility,  not 
only  performing  its  appointed  tasks,  but  giving  distinct  and 
audible  warning  when,  from  accidental  causes,  it  becomes 
Incapable  of  performing  them.  For  minuter  articles  of  hard- 
ware, reference  may  Ije  made  to  the  countless  products  of 
Sheffield  and  Birmingham,  not  excluding  articles  in  the 
precious  metals — plate,  jewelry,  and  watches,  made  also  ex- 
tensively in  the  same  towns,  but  more  especially  in  Liver- 
pool and  London.  Passing  from  metals,  we  come  to 
earths,  lx>th  in  the  more  ordinary  forms  of  pottery,  and  in 
the  form  of  porcelain,  with  its  classic  shapes  and  gorgeous 
colors,  and  exquisite  designs.  In  the  district  of  the  potteries 
in  Stafford,  we  see  a  grojit  national  interest,  almost  created 
by  tne  enterprise  find  genius  of  a  single  man.  Among 
earths,  too,  at  least  as  to  principal  constituents,  we  may  in- 
clude glass,  and  the  numljerless  forms  of  beauty  and  utility 
which  it  has  been  taught  to  assume.  The  principal  se.ats 
of  the  manufacture  are  Newcastle  and  South  Shields;  but 
should  the  beautiful  material  which  it  produces  become  ap- 


plicable in  the  erection  of  structures  such  as  the  ono 
erected  in  London  for  the  "  World's  Fair,"  it  is  evident 
that  both  in  this  and  other  lands  the  manufacture  cf 
glass  is  only  beginning  to  exist.  Another  manufacture, 
almost  of  equal  beauty,  and  of  more  Importance  to  civiliza- 
tion, is  that  of  paper.  It  is  of  vast  extent,  and,  in  its  pro- 
ces.ses,  exhibits  some  of  the  highest  triumphs  which  hum.an 
ingenuity  has  yet  .ichieved.  In  connection  with  it  are  vari- 
ous manufactures,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  as,  directly 
or  indirectly,  the  parent — type-founding,  pnnting,  books, 
and  with  them  literature  in  its  various  departments,  en- 
graving, Ac. 

Trade  and  Commerce. — In  every  country  possessing  much 
accumulated  capital  and  a  dense  population,  partly  in 
wealthy,  and  generally  in  somewhat  comfortable  circum- 
stances, the  home  may  safely  be  presumed  to  be  greater 
than  the  external  trade.  Its  extent,  however,  cannot  easily 
be  ascertained,  even  in  countries  where  all  the  districts  and 
towns  are  hemmed  round  with  officers  to  levy  customs  on 
every  article  which  may  be  brought  into  them,  and  Viecomes 
altogether  conjectural  in  a  country  like  the  United  King 
dom,  where  there  is  no  restraint  to  prevent. persons  from 
transporting  their  goods  throughout  its  wliole  lengtli  and 
breadth.  The  foreign  trade  or  commerce  of  the  kingdom, 
is  more  easily  calculated,  at  least  in  its  leading  branches ; 
but  the  magnitude  to  which  it  has  attained  is  so  great,  and 
the  strides  with  which  it  continues  to  advance  so  rapid,  that 
it  is  impossible  to  contemplate  it  without  a  feeling  of 
wonder  and  amazement.  The  following  tables  exhibit  the 
principal  articles  of  export  and  import : — 

Jmpf/rts  into  the  United  Kingdom  in  1849  and  1S50. 


Animals, living — liorned  cattle  number. 

Slrecp  and  lambs number. 

.Viihes,  rearl  and  pot cwts. ... 

Bacon  and  pork cwta.  ... 

S-vlne number. 

Barilla  and  alkali tons  .... 

Bark  for  tanners  or  dyers'  usc.cwts. ... 

Beef,  fresh  and  salted cwts. ... 

Bones  of  animals,  &c tons  .... 

Brim.««tone cwts 

Butter c wts. . . , 

Caoutchouc cwts.  ... 

Cheese cwts. ... 

Clocks value... 

Cocoa lbs 

Coffee lbs 

Corn — wheat qrs 

Barley qrs 

Oats qrs 

Rye qrs 

Pease qns 

Beans qrs 

Indian  corn  or  maize qrs 

Buckwheat  orbigg qrs 

Malt qrs 

Wbeatmcal  or  flour cwts. ... 

Indian  corn  njeal cwts.  ... 

Other  meal cwts.  .... 

Cotton  manufac.,  not  made  > pieces... 

up — Kast  India  piece  goods  )  value  . . . 

Other  articles value  ... 

Cotton  manufactures value  .. . 


:  lbs. 


Cotton  yarn j  ,.^,„g 

Dyes  and  dyeing  stuffs tons 

Kggs number 

Embroidery  and  needlework.. value 

Flax  and  tow,  or  codilla  of), 

hemp  and  flax S""" 

Fruits,  currants,  Ac... cwts 

{  chests,  boxes 

Lemons  and  oranges i  No.  (loose).. 

(  value 

Raisins cwts 

Glass  manufactures cwts 

Glass,  l-Sth  ofan  inch  thick. sq.  feet 

Guano tons 

Hams cwt& 

Hemp,  undressed cwts 

Hides,  tanned  and  untanned.  .cwts 

Lace,  thread,  &c value 

Lard cwts 

Leather  manufactures pairs 

Gloves pairs 

Other  manufactures  of  leather,  value 

Linen  manufactures — lawns.  )_„,, 

not  French jvaiue 

Cambrics  A  French  lawns. pieces 

Damasks  &  damask  diapers.sq.  yards. . . . 
Plain  linen  &  diaper,  and  f 

manufactures     unenu-  >value 

merated,  not  made  up.  ) 
Sails  and  articles  wholly  *     ,   . 
or  in  part  made  up....  i 

Mahogany tons 

Metals — copper  ore  &  rcgulus .  .tons 

Copper,  unwroughtand  part  )      , 

wrought J"'*" 

Iron,  in  bars,  unwrought tons 

Steel,  unwrought tons 

Lead,  pig  and  sheet tons 

Spelter tons 

Tin,  in  blocks,  ingots,  bars,  }      , 

nr-  cloHo  fCwta 


or  slabs. 


i" 


5,1,449 

l'.'9,266 

158,541 

732,970 

2,653 

1.404 

S68,i)8i 

149,962 

29,424 

845,388 

281,969 

5,328 

390.147 

£64,585 

7,805.335 

63,315,787 

3,845,378 

1.3,81,008 

1,267,106 

240,556 

234,368 

457,9.33 

2,224,459 

11,150 


3,349,839 

101.684 

60,320 

178,418 

£45,545 

£246.301 

£40,911 

413,478 

£45,759 

233.065 

97,745,849 

£104,700 

1,806,673 

496,865 

361,412 

44,551 

£3,094 

209,180 

32,746 

68,106 

83,4.38 

11,751 

1,061,893 

678,952 

£85,243 

186,373 

700,171 

3,666,752 

£4,639 

£1,9W 


£33,762 


15,915 

35,827 


66.462 

143,498 

184,043 

547,!jfi8 

7,287 

1,745 

380,674 

135.414 

27,183 

664,6:i0 

331,1.35 

7,617 

347,773 

78,041 

■  4,478.328 

50,809,521 

3,754.693 

1,043.051 

1,165.8.56 

94.078 

181,419 

443..3n6 

1,286,264 

868 


3,855,059 

l',401 

7,448 

186,010 

68,933 

297.176 

44,315 

905,966 

97.561 

195,060 

105,761,995 

136,198 

1,821,578 

463.093 

403,501 

60,415 

3.573 

276.312. 

29,H01 

122,391 

116,926 

16,268 

1,048,635 

591.920 

80.857 

229,614 

777,944 

3,261,061 

5,289 

2,049 

30,334 

17,882 


8,534 
32.778 
45,930 
97,706 
34,066 


BRI 


iayc  BTx —  continued. 


Oil -train,    bliibbir,     "Dd  Jj^^j     __ 

spermaceti ) 

f*uini cwts 

Cocoa-nut \...  .cwts 

Olive tuns 

Oil  secd-calses tons 

Upiuiu Ib3 

Potatoes cwts 

QuioltsilTer lbs 

Riee cwts 

Rice  in  husk qrs 

Saltpetre  and  cubic  nitre cwts 

Seeds— clover cwts 

Flaxseed  and  lin.seed qrs 

Rape qrs 

Tares qr3 

Silk— raw lbs 

Waste,  liuubs,  and  husks... cwts 


Thr 


.lbs. 


Sill:  manufactures lbs 

Velvet — broad  stuffs lbs 

Ribbons  of  velvet  or  silli  >]v 

embossed  with  velvet. . ,  5      

Plush  for  making  hats lbs 

Silk  manufactures  of  India... pieces 

Spices cwts 

Spirits— rum proof  galls. 

Brandy .». proof  galls. 

Geneva proof  galls. 

Sugar,  unrefined cwts 

Sugar,  rettned cwts 

Molasses cwts 

Tallow ; cwts 

Tar lasts 

Tea lbs 

Timber,  battens,  Ac hundred... 

Olittir  timber loads 

Tobacco^unmanufactured  ...lbs 

Manufactured,  and  snuff.. ..lbs 

Turpentine,  common cwts 

Watches value 

Whale  &ns cwts 


Wine— Cape gallons. . 

French gallons. , 

Other  sorts gallons. . 


Wool,  cotton lbs 

Alpaca  and  the  llama  tribe. lbs.... 
Woollen  mauufactures value.. 


1849. 


20,012 
493,331 
64, 452 
16,964 
59,462 
105,7l'4 
1,417,867 
2,682,592 
976,196 
31,828 
566,794 
130.254 
626,495 
29,480 
30,623 
4,991,472 
12,757 
614,770 
754,127 
31,972 

51,803 

165.963 

518,748 

9,376,679 

5,306,827 

4,479,549 

471,236 

6,937,349 

304,392 

1,062,8.37 

1,465,629 

15,206 

53,459,469 

22 

1.703.609 

42,098,126 

1,913,474 

412,042 

£86,305 


75,113,347 
1,655  ,.300 

£737,870 


21,328 

448,589 

98,040 

20.783 

65,055 

126,318 

1,348,883 

355,079 

785.692 

37,154 

529,012 

94.040 

608,986 

107,029 

27,298 

4,942,417 

15,600 

409,526 

643.396 

27,674 

16,675 

138,909 

715,739 

13,914,959 

4,188,6.39 

3,237,598 

337,042 

6,286,031 

355,387 

905,054 

1,241,781 

12,096 

50,513,003 

34 

1,749,267 

33,894,506 

1,532.829 

434,621 

97.245 


Exports  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  1849  and  1850,  with 
tlieir  Declared  Value. 


Alkali,  vii.  fo^a,  cwts.    . 
Beer  and  ale.  barrels  .    . 

Ilutter,  cwts 

Canrllcs,  \hs 

Checst,  cwts 

Coalg  and  Culm,  tona  .    ■ 

Cordasc,  cwts 

Cotton  manufactures,  yds. 

Sewing  thread,  lbs. 

Hofliery,  doaen  paira    . 

Various 

Cotton  yam,  lbs.     .    .    . 
Earthenware,  pieces    .    . 

Fish,  barrels 

Glass  manufactures,  cirta. 
Haberdashery,  &o.       .    . 

Hardwares,  ic 

leather,  unwrous;ht,  owts. 

wrought,  lbs.     . 

Linen  manufaciurei,  yds. 

Sewing  thread,  lbs. .    . 

Various 

Linen  yarn, lbs.      .    .    . 

Machinery 

Metals,  tons 

Oil  and  seeds,  gallons 
Paint«r9*  colors,  ko.     .     . 

Salt,  bushels 

Silk  manufactured,  lbs.  . 

Silk  stockings,  doz.  pairs 

Various 

Silk,  thrown,  lbs.    .    .    . 
Silk,  twist  and  yarn,  lbs. 

Soap,  cwts 

Staiionerr 

Sugar,  refined,  cwts.  .  . 
Wool,  sheep  or  lambs*,  lbs. 
Woollen  manuf.  {  f^^\ 

8u>okiDgi,  doi.  pairs    . 

y&rioua 

Woolleo  jarn,  cwti.    .    . 


Quantities. 

Declared  Value. 

1849. 

l&iO 

1849. 

18,10. 

£ 

£ 

689.8SS 

888,146 

302,062 

402,129 

136,092 

182.510 

411<,325 

657,8»4 

64.831 

60.068 

217,844 

211,871 

2,353,106 

2,723,531 

80,044 

98,108 

6.7.59 

8,633 

.24,921 

30,604 

2,828,039 

3,347,607 

1,087,122 

1,280.341 

74,169 

89.219 

136.237 

155.210 

1,442,813,645 

1,472,834,931 

19,280,129 

21,091,688 

4,9o5.259 

4,357,110 

428,276 

439,750 

303,507 

234,163 

119,4.'>8 

104,4X4 

24,3,188 

236,058 

149,5(«.281 

131,433.168 

6,704,089 

6,880,948 

61,!j'28,196 

76,962,7;)6 

807,396 

999.354 

336,400 

360.539 

428.202 

387,3'.13 

268,678 

8J6,C14 

284.350 

308.346 

1.192,168 

1.470.384 

2,201,316 

2,639,728 

10,895 

1,654.107 

32,112 

1.649.062 

1    601,298 

608,666 

111,462.396 

122.800,623 

3,216.366 

3,609,079 

2,874,038 

3,361,922 

269,178 

330,328 

17,728 

17,204,083 

18,669,318 

732,066 

887.296 

700,631 

760.455 

829,629 

8,001,459 

8,761,190 

2,732,720 

3,292,166 

2-9,407 

413.620 

208.289 

247,803 

18,6.'K1,!<66 

15.824.780 

262,991 

224,673 

817,061 

1,184,480 

610,126 

816,907 

18,753 

16,750 

•  34.488 

23,683 

164,037 

210,156 

106,869 

69,874 

81.160 

63,176 

809,801 

475.536 

118.632 

161,6:11 

101,222 

124,088 

159,675 

201,374 

314,704 

407,384 

228.273 

209,288 

373,721 

344.134 

11»1)0,472 

12,000,459 

530,806 

623.904 

2,891,184 

2,778,724 

4,642,582 

5,.383,(«2 

61,656,130 

63,781 ,068 

2,413,625 

2,876,848 

106,646 

119,873 

74,482 

199,761 

250,467 

103,116 

128,151 

1,090A'23 

1,461,098 

Tot 

ll    .    .    .    . 

68,910,803 

05,767,315 

U'dared  Valut  <f  Exports  to  the  United  States  and  the  British 
Provinces  of  Ncrth  A  merica,  for  the  three  years  ending  1853. 


Years. 

United  atnte 

British  Provinces. 

1850. 

£14,891,961 

£3,2.35,051 

1851. 

14,362,976 

3,813,707 

1852. 

16,567,737 

3,065,364 

1853. 

23,658,427 

4,898,545 

BRI 

An  Acco7wt  of  the  Total  Official  Value  of  aU  the  Imports  into, 
and  nf  all  Exports  from  the  United  Kingdom,  e:cclu.sive  of 
the  Trade  between  Great  Britain  and  Irdmid,  in  eacli  of  the 
following  years: — 


OfXcia!  Value 
of  Imports. 

OfSoial  Value  of  Exports. 

Declare! 
Value  of  the 
Pro<luce  and 
Manufactures 
of  the  United 
Kingdom 
Exported. 

Tears 

Produce  and 

Manufactures 

of  the  United 

Kingdom. 

Foreign  and 

Colonial 
Merchandise. 

Total  Exports. 

1820 
1825 
18.30 
18:15 
1640 
1845 
1,S49 
1850 

£ 
32,4.38,650 
44,137,482 
46,245,241 
48,911,642 
67,432,964 
85,281,958 
105.874,607 

£ 
38,395,625 
47,16«,0'20 
61,140,864 
78,376,732 
102,705,372 
134,599,116 
164,539,504 

£ 
10,5.i5,9I2 
9,169.494 
8.550,437 
12,797,724 
13,774,306 
16,280,870 
25,561,890 

£ 
48,951,537 
56,335,514 
69,691,302 
91,174,456 
116,479.678 
150,879,986 
190,101,394 

£ 
36,424,652 
38.877,388 
38,251 ,50> 
47,372.270 
51,406.430 
60,111,081 
58,910,883 
65,756,032 

Declared  Value  of  British  Manufactured  Goods  Exported  to 
the  urukr-m^mtioned  Countries  in  1846,  1847. 


British  Colonies. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Mauritius 

St.  Helena  and  Ascension 

Australia , 

British  North  America 

British  West  Indies 

British  India  and  Cejlon 

FOREtSN    CODNTBIES. 

France 

Belgium 

Turkey  

Russia 

Holland 

Italy 

Hanse  Towns 

Foreign  West  Indies 

Sumntra  and  Java 

African  Coast 

China 

South  America 

Brazil 

United  Slates 


4,80,979 
310,231 
28.309 
1,440,000 
3,308,059 
2,505,587 
6,434,456 


1,122,6.30 
383,879 
35.000 
14,513,700 
4,898.544 
1,906,639 
8,185,695 


2,636,330 
1.371,817 
2,208,815 
1,228,404 
4,452,955 
3,2.36,629 
8,145,081 
1,2.58,668 
5.58.212 
617,764 
1,373,689 
3,840,740 
4,452,9.55 
23,658,472 


The  total  imports  of  grain,  meal,  and  flour  into  tbe 
United  Kingdom  iu  1851  were,  6.618,026  quarters,  of  which 
5,330,412  were  wheat;  in  1862,  7,746,669  quarters,  4.1G-t,603 
of  which  were  wheat;  and  in  1853,  10,173,135  quarters, 
6,235,860  quarters  being  wheat. 

Imports  into  the  United  Kingdom : — 

Sugar 1845,.. 4,129,443 cwts 1853,.. 7,523,187  cwts. 

Cocoa 1841, ..1,928,847 lbs 1853,.. 4,126,687  lbs. 

Tea 1851, .53,965,112  "  1853,-58,860,127    " 

Tobacco 1841, .22,309,360  "  1852,.28,.35S,908   " 

Revenue  on  Tobacco. 1841, .£3,580,164 1852,.£4,560,S31. 

Wine 1841, ..5,743,722  gals 1853,. .7, 197 ,522  gals. 

Beer 1841, ..4,520,541  qurs 1853,.. 5,254,923  qurs. 

Spirits  of  all  kinds. .1841, .24,124,921  gals.. 1852,. 30,052,284  gals. 

The  quantity  of  spirits  imported  in  1853  exceeded  that  of 
1861  by  1,044.721  gallons.  The  duties  of  tea  for  1852 
amounted  to  £6,985,482. 

Oiffee  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom : — 


Consumed  In 

British  Coft'ee,  lbs... 
Foreign    do 


1841. 

17,532,448 
10,833,969 


1842.  1852.  185S. 

17,299,916    27, "22,806     28,149,482 
11,219,730  I    7,321,570      8,442,332 


28,519,646  j  35,044,376  ,  36,591,814 


Shipping  employed  in  Vie  Trade  of  Uie  United  Kingdom 
in  1848. 


Inward. 

Outward. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

British 

Foreign 

21,783 
13,100 

4,565,5.33 
1,960.412 

21.117 
13,645 

4,724,027 
2,056,654 

34,883 

6,525,945 

34,762 

6,780,081 

Mercantile  Shipping  belonging  to  the  British  Empire  in  1848. 


292 


Sailing 
VaiBels. 

Tons. 

Steam 

Vessels. 

Ton..      vlr^s. 

ToU\      ' 
Tons 

United  Kingdom 
Colonies  and  / 
dependencies  J 

24,520 
7,908 

3,249,383 
638,064 

1118 
126 

151,426    25,638  1  3.400,80l»l 
13,287       &.Cm  1     «5I,S5i| 

Total 

32,428 

3,887,447 

1244 

164,713  1  33,672  |  4,052,160' 

BRl 


BRI 


The  foUowing  abstract  from  the  parliamentary  returns 
exhibit  the  number  of  vessels  owued  iu  Oreat  Britaiu,  how 
employed,  &c.,  iu  1853 : — 
^  Sailing 

vessels.        Tons.    Steamers.   Tons. 

Employed  la  the  home  trade 8,«7. . .  .G»iS»,342. . .  .374 85,471 

**         partly  home  trade  and 

partly  foreign 970.... 156,800 28 7,250 

"         entirely  foreign  trade 8,110... 2,663,685. ...237... .125,539 

Total  British  shipping 18,-.!06... 3,730,087,  sail  and  steam. 

Kiver  steamers  are  not  included  in  the  above. 

The  total  number  of  hands  employed  was  172,525. 

(Jove.rnment. — Under  this  head  the  first  thing  in  order  is 
the  Constitution.  The  Biitisk  Cnnditatiun  is  the  growth, 
and  einlxidies  the  wisdom  and  experience  of  ages.  So  man 
or  set  of  men  first  preconceived  it  in  theory,  and  then  pro- 
ceeded to  give  it  a  real  existence.  It  assumed  its  leading 
features  iu  times  when  theories  were  little  thought  of,  and 
has  become  what  it  now  is  almost  imperceptibly,  without 
pi'emeditated  design,  so  that  it  may  truly  be  regarded  as 
more  tiie  result  of  providential  arrangement  than  of  hu- 
man invention.  A  constitution  so  formed  is  necessarily 
full  of  anomalies,  which  perplex  the  tliwrist,  and  refuse 
to  bend  into  accordance  witli  his  speculative  forms.  The 
type  of  government  to  which  it  belongs  is  a  limited,  he- 
reditary monarchy,  in  which  the  executive  power  is 
lodged  in  the  sovereign,  but  controlled  in  its  exercise  by 
the  legislative  power,  shared  in  common  by  three  bodies, 
of  which  the  sovereign,  though  the  first  in  dignity,  is  by 
no  means  the  most  influential  member.  The  second  and 
third  of  these  bodies  are  the  House  of  Lords  and  House  of 
Commons,  who  meet  and  vote  in  separate  chambers.  'With 
the  sovereign  at  their  head,  they  form  the  Legislature  or 
Parliament;  and  every  eniictment,  before  tiecoming  law, 
must  obtain  their  separate  as.sent,  given  first  by  the  llouse 
la  which  it  originated,  and  expressed  either  tinanimously 
or  by  an  open  vote;  then  in  lilve  manner  by  the  other 
House:  and,  finally,  by  tlie  sovereign,  the  date  of  whose  as- 
sent is  held  to  bo  that  of  the  operation  of  the  act,  provided 
no  other  date  is  specially  expressed.  The  House  of  Lords  is 
composed  of  Lords  temporal,  that  is,  peers  of  blood-royal, 
British  peers,  representative  peers  not  IJritish,  ajid  of  Lords 
spiritual.  Peers  of  blood-royal  sit  by  courtesy;  British 
peers,  after  their  first  creation,  by  hereditary  light ;  repre- 
Eentative  peers  by  election.  Peers  of  the  last  clitss  are  partly 
Scotch,  partly  Irish,  and  are  elected  by  the  other  peers  of 
their  respective  countries,  wlio  are  not  British.  Scotch 
peers,  1(3  in  number,  are  elected  for  each  parliament ;  Irish 
peers,  28,  sit  for  life.  Lords  spiritual  are  archbisliops  and 
bishops  of  the  United  Church  of  Kngland  and  Ireland.  All 
those  of  England,  with  the  exception  of  four  without  seats, 
sit  tor  life..  Those  of  Ireland,  only  four  (one  an  archliishop) 
sit  by  rotation  for  a  single  session.  The  House  of  Lords  is 
presided  over  by  the  Lord  Chancellor,  and,  in  addition  to  its 
legislative,  performs  judicial  functions,  being,  in  all  civil 
causes,  the  Supreme  Court  of  Appeal  tor  the  three  kingdoms. 
The  third  body  is  the  House  of  Commons.  Its  memlnTS  are 
elected  for  a  single  parliament,  which  expires  legally  in 
seven  years,  and  generally  sooner.  Its  niemliers,  058,  are 
arranged  as  follows  : — England — 10  counties,  l-l-l  members, 
2  universities,  4  members,  186  cities  and  boroughs,  323 
members;  total,  471.  Wales — 12  counties,  15  members,  57 
cities  and  boroughs,  14  members;  total,  29.  Scotland — 33 
counties,  30  members,  76  cities  and  boroughs,  23  members; 
total,  53.  Ireland — 32  counties.  64  memlters,  1  university, 
2  members,  33  cities  and  boroughs,  39  members;  total,  105. 
The  number  of  electors,  according  to  the  registrations  of 
1849-50,  is  as  follows : — 

England.       TVales.    Scotland.     Ireland.       Total. 

Countle 461.413....  86,984....  48,456 31,832 578,685 

Boroughs 378,384....  11,035....  41,849....  40,234....  471,502 

839,797         48,019         90,305         72,066      1,050,187 

The  presiding  oflRcer  of  the  House  of  Commons  is  the 
ifpeaker.  one  of  the  members  elected  by  a  majority  of  the 
others  at  the  commencement  of  eaeii  parliament,  for  its  whole 
duration.  In  general,  any  legislative  measure  may  origi- 
nate in  either  House,  but  the  Ilouse  of  Commons  possesses 
the  exclusive  privilege  of  originating  money  bills,  and  voting 
money — a  privilege  which  it  guards  so  jealously  that  it  will 
not  allow  the  Lords  to  make  any  change  on  a  money  clause 
In  any  bill  of  the  most  general  nature,  which  the  Commons 
may  have  passed  and  sent  up  to  them.  The  acts  of  the  go- 
vernment are  considered  to  Ije  the  acts,  not  of  the  sovereign, 
but  of  the  ministry  which  for  the  time  conducts  the  govern- 
ment. This  ministry  consists  principally  of  what  is  called 
the  cabinet,  in  which  are  14  high  functionaries.  Of  these 
the  most  important  are,  the  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  who 
is  Prime  Minister;  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  the 
tiOrd  Chancellor,  and  the  three  Seeretjiries — Home,  Foreign, 
and  Colonial.  Several  other  functionaries,  though  not  possess- 
hig  stoats  in  the  cabinet,  are  usually  regarded  as  part  of  the 
ministry.  It  is  not  with  the  sovereign,  then,  but  with 
ministers,  that  the  responsibility  rests ;  and  hence,  for  their 
own  safety,  when  they  lose  the  confidence  of  parliament  and 
the  «t  autry,  they  bive  no  a>-y<rnative  but  to  resign.    Other 


ministers  of  different  principles  succeed,  and  diiUcultlei 
which  might  have  seemed  to  threaten  a  collision  between 
the  highest  powers  of  the  state,  pass  off  quietly,  and  aru 
soon  forgotten.  In  this  way  the  constitution,  "like  some 
mechanism  of  exquisite  contrivance,  possesses  within  itself 
a  power  of  readjustment,  and  seems  destined — if  neither 
overpowered  by  external  violence,  nor  torn  to  pieces  by  in- 
ternal dis.sension — to  be  as  busting  as  the  world. 

Intimately  connected  with  the  constitution,  or  important 
integral  portions  of  it,  are  its  ecclesiastical  establisliuients 
of  which  there  are  two,  b<ith  Protestjiiit,  and  in  doctrine  al- 
most identical,  but  very  different  in  form — the  one,  under 
the  name  of  the  United  Church  of  Kngland  and  Ireland, 
being  Episcopal,  and  the  other,  confined  to  Scotland,  Pres- 
byterian. These  churches  will  be  fully  described  under  the 
heads  of  England,  Ireland,  and  Scotland. 

After  ecclesiastical,  our  attention  is  naturally  directed  to 
judicial  estalilishments,  for  an  account  of  which  we  again, 
and  for  the  same  reason,  refer  to  the  heiids  of  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland. 

Army  and  JS'avy. — The  extent  of  the  British  Empire  ne- 
cessiirily  makes  the  aggregate  military  force  very  considei'- 
able;  but  there  is  no  European  state  in  which  the  standing 
army  bears  so  small  a  proportion  to  the  whole  population. 
Tlie  total  nunilier  of  troops  of  the  line  in  1S52,  including 
Queen's  troops  in  the  pay  of  the  East  India  Company,  was 
129,625.  To  these  must  be  added  14,410  artillery,  making  the 
whole  force  144,0:;5.  The  number  on  home  service  was  only 
51,947,  of  whom  30,305  were  in  Great  Britain,  and  21,642  in 
Ireland.  In  many  respects,  and  particularly  as  a  de- 
fensive force,  the  army  must  yield  to  the  navy.  The  ad- 
vantages of  Britain's  insular  position  are  often  talked  of, 
as  if  the  mere  fact  of  living  on  an  island  were  in  itself 
a  source  of  safety,  whereas  the  safety  is  not  in  the  po- 
sition, but  in  the  ability  to  defend  it.  In  early  times,  im- 
mense fleets,  filled  with  warlike  hordes,  issued  from  the 
"  frozen  loins  of  the  populous  Xorth,"  and  "  poured  like  a 
deluge"  on  the  shores  of  Great  Britain,  which,  from  their  viist 
extent,  and  with  the  feeble  means  possessed,  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  defend.  Her  insular  position  was  in  those  times  her 
greatest  weakness,  and  so  must  it  be  again  if  she  ever  lose 
her  superiority  at  sea.  The  principal  details  respecting  the 
navy  are  as  follows : — 

The  number  of  Ships  and  Steam  Vessels  in  the  British  Navy, 
with  the  numlter  nf  guns  they  mount,  and  the  horse-pmver 
of  Uveir  evgine,s.,  corrected  up  to  1850 : — 

19  First-rates of  120,  116,  and  IlOguns,  mustering  2216 guns. 

76  Second  and  third-rates,  vary- 
ing from 104to70  "            "           6196  " 

126  Fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth-rates   65  to  18  "            "           4^73  " 

79  Sloops 18to    8  "              "              »t6  " 

16  Brigs 6to    3  "            "               78  " 

22  Steamships  and  frigates,  with   12,222  borsc-power  and  281  ' 

42  Sloops 13,;i00  "                    261  " 

38  Gun-vessels 6748  "                    125  " 

2  Schooners,  (screw,  with  auxil- 
iary steam  power) 120  "                      20  " 

Horse-power  of  steam   guard  and 
block-ships,  classed  as  fourth-rates     3800 

Making  a  total  of  420  vessels,  mounting  15,026  guns,  of 
which  114  are  steamers,  propelled  by  engines  of  an  aggre- 
gate power  of  36,180  horses.  This  does  not  include  the  fleet 
of  mail  steamers  at  Dover,  Pembroke,  Holyhead,  Liverpool, 
&c.,  which  are  only  armed  with  light  six-pounder  guns  for 
signals. 

Finance. — To  carry  on  the  affairs  of  such  a  wondrous  fa- 
bric as  the  British  Empire,  neces.sarily  requires  sums  of  an 
amount  so  immense,  tliat  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  form  a 
definite  conception  of  them,  notwithstanding  the  minute 
accuracy  of  the  series  of  official  bluo-lxioks  in  which  they 
regularly  appear.  The  separate  amounts  of  revenue  and  ex- 
penditure under  their  different  heads,  as  well  as  the  total 
amount,  are  given  below.  This  vast  revenue  is  generally 
raised  in  accordance  with  what  is  understood  to  be  the 
soundest  principles  of  political  economy ;  in  other  words, 
the  taxes,  direct  and  indirect,  and  the  customs  which  fur- 
nish it,  are,  with  few  exceptions,  collected  in  the  least  ol>- 
noxious  form,  fall  lightest  on  articles  of  primary  necessity, 
or  the  raw  materials  of  manufacture,  and  heaviest  on  arti- 
cles either  of  luxury,  for  which  the  persons  using  them 
must  be  .supposed  well  able  to  pay,  or  of  noxious  consump- 
tion, from  the  use  of  which  the  persons  unhappily  addicted 
to  them  ought,  if  possible,  to  be  deterred  by  the  high  price 
which  they  are  compelled  to  pay.  Nowhere  can  we  find 
data  better  fitted  to  explain  the  actual  position  of  the  coun- 
try than  in  the  various  sources  from  which  its  revenue  is 
obtained ;  for  example,  the  direct  taxation  on  property  and 
income,  .showing  the  vast  amount  of  wealth  which  must  an- 
nually be  produced,  when  7d.  per  pound  raises  a  sum  of 
more  than  6,000,000?.  sterling;  the  inconceivable  amount 
of  correspondence,  in  endless  forms  of  variety,  which  must 
be  carried  on,  when  a  single  penny  on  each  letter,  after  pay- 
ing all  expenses  of  management,  yields  a  clear  surplus  of 
more  than  1,200.000?.  But  our  limits  forbid,  and  nothing 
more  can  be  done  here  than  to  append  the  following  impor. 
taut  tables : — 

2Q3 


BRI 


BRI 


JS'et  Revenw,  and  Expenditure  of  the  Vhiltd  Kingdom. 


Customs 

Excise 

Stamps 

Taxes  

Property  Tax.... 

Post-office 

Crown  Lands,... 
Small  Berenues . 


Total  Revenue 

EXPBNDITURK. 

Public  Debt 

Civil  List 

Uiplomatio  Services 

Courts  of  Justice 

Navy 

Army 

Ordnance 

Annuities  and  Pensions. 

Miscellaueous 

Opium  Compensation... 

Irish  Distress 

Kaffir  War 


Tears  ending  April  5. 


1849. 


£ 

21,170.860 

13,932.277 

6,665  36o 

4,318.903 

5,317,245 

812,000 

100.000 

60.132 


20,442,759 

14.043,064 

6,843,547 

4,332,980 

5,4««.248 

823.000 

160,000 

155,028 


18,954,362 
13,737,599 
6,477,34 
3,l'01,O4: 
5,589,079 
1,066,000 
392,888 
159,862 


52,276.782  52,266.626' 49,578,184 
656.6661  650,i;92|  758,789 
84.284       ..    ..         1,322,469 


53,017.732'5-',916,918i  51,659,442 


1846. 

28,213,523 

392,463 

174,265 

751,810 

6.968,917 

6,715.409 

2,236.507 

540.9.35 

3,634,245 

646 


1847. 

28,0»5.202 

.193,221 

175,143 

942,754 

7,708.294 

6.534,699: 

2,645 ,646i 

531,818 

4,039,794 


1849. 
28,489,860 

395,670 

165,591 
1,113,973 
7,962,397 
6,743,634 
3,001,128 

503,694 
4,521,243 


682,000       389,920 


51,185,073 


1850. 
18,194,507 

396,451 

160,360 
1,081,462 
6,711,724 
6,490.475 
2,485,387 

436,933 
4,421,118 


49,628,724 j51, 708,571' 53,287,110  50,378,417 


At  the  Revolution,  in  16S8,  the  national  debt  was  664,263/., 
and  the  interest  and  management  39,855/.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  last  European  war,  in  1793,  it  was  239,350. li£/. ; 
and  in  1S17,  shortly  after  its  termination,  840,860,491/.  In 
1850  it  was  773,1 6S,316Z.,  and  the  interest  and  management, 
as  seen  above,  28,194,507/. 

In  1710,  the  population  of  England  and  AVales  was 
5,066,337 ;  and  nearly  at  the  same  time,  that  of  Scotland, 
1.050.000;  and  that  of  Ireland,  2,099.094 ;  in  all  7,215,-431. 

The  census  was  first  actually  taken  in  1801  in  Great  Bri- 
tain, and  in  1821  in  Ireland. 

Summary  Account  of  the  Pnpulatlnn  of  Great  Britain  and 
Jrelaud,  including  the  Army  and  Navy,  at  the  periods  at 
which  Censuses  have  been  taken. 


England    .    . 

W.-ilM     .      .     . 

Scotland    .    . 
Armj,  Nary.Ac. 


Total  Population 
of  the  United 
Kingdom     . 


8,231,434 
541.546 

1,550,068 
470,693 


9,538,827  11,261,437 
611,788       717.438 

1,805,088  2,00;i.4o« 
640,500,      319,300 


12,696,803  14,431.13S 


_         21,282,900 


13,091,005 

806,182 

2,365.114 

277,017 


14,9<.I5,133 

911.603 

2,620.184 

193,469 


27,019,568 


16,921.888 

1,006,721 

2,833,742 

162,490 


By  the  above  table,  it  will  be  perceived  that  the  popula- 
tion of  Great  Britain  has  about  doubled  in  the  last  50  years, 
a  result  which  it  is  supposed  was  not  attained  in  the  eleven 
centuries  that  el.ipsed  between  the  landing  of  Julius  Cassar 
and  that  of  William  the  Conqueror.  The  increase  since  1841 
has  been  2,289,426,  or  12  per  cent.,  while  the  decreiise  in  Ire- 
land has  been  1,689.426,  more  thaa  20  per  cent.  Great,  how- 
ever, as  has  been  the  increase  of  population  in  England, 
AVales,  and  Scotland,  during  the  past  50  years,  it  is  as  no- 
thing compared  with  that  of  the  metropolis  in  the  same 
period.  In  1801,  the  population  of  London,  taking  the  same 
area  as  in  1851,  was  958,863.  In  March,  1851,  it  h.ad  increased 
to  the  enormous  amount  of  2,361.640,  being  double  the  ag- 
gregate population  of  Wales,  297,727  more  than  are  con- 
tained in  the  densely-populated  manufacturing  county  of 
Lancashire,  and  one-third  more  than  Yorkshire.  During 
the  last  10  years,  its  increase  in  population  is  without  a 
parallel  in  the  history  of  the  world,  l^iverpool  is  justly 
considered  the  second  city  in  the  kingdom,  and  yet  it 
would  t«ke  two  Liverpools  to  make  up  the  increaise  of  the 
population  of  London  from  1841  to  1851.  And  yet,  in  every 
nine  minutes,  one  person  in  the  metropolis  dies. 

Great  Britain,  in  March,  1851,  had  815  towns  of  various 
magnitudes;  5S0  in  England  and  W.ales;  215  in  Scotland, 
and  110  in  the  Channel  Islands.  The  population  of  the 
kingdom  is  very  nearly  equally  divided  between  these  815 
towns  Jtnd  the  country,  10.556,288  inii.aWtants  being  in  the 
former,  and  10.4<»,189  in  the  latter.  In  England  and  Wales 
the  average  population  in  each  town  is  15,501 ;  in  Scotland, 
6664.  A  town  in  Scotland,  therefore,  contains  less  than 
half  the  population  of  a  town  in  England.  Each  fiimily 
consists  of  4-73.  and  each  house  contains  5-7  persons.  In 
the  towns  there  are  6-2  persons  to  the  acre,  and  iu  the 


country  5-3  acres  to  a  person.  The  population  of  Groat 
Britain  is  not  merely  great  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of 
surface,  but  is  much  more  crowded  together  in  dense  masses 
than  that  of  any  other  country  in  Europe.  France,  in  ad- 
dition to  its  metropolis,  has  only  seven  towns  with  a  popu- 
lation exceeding  100,000.  The  United  Kingdom,  besides  its 
metropolis,  has  no  fewer  than  thirteen. 

This  great  population,  like  that  of  Europe  generally,  be- 
longs to  what  is  called  the  Caucasian  race,  wliich  exhibits 
the  human  form  in  its  highest  physical  type,  and  is  so  su- 
perior to  all  other  races,  that  in  whatever  quarter  of  the 
globe  it  fixes  its  seat,  it  sooner  or  later  becomes  dominant. 
One  of  the  most  celebrated  varieties  of  this  race  is  the  An- 
glo-Saxon ;  and  to  it,  though  with  a  considerable  intermix- 
ture of  other  Gothic  races,  the  great  majority  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  Great   Britain    unquestionably    belongs.     The 
Anglo-Saxons,  however,  were  not  the  original  owners  of  the 
soil.    They  found  the  Celts  and  Welsh  (Oiimrij  in  posses- 
sion, and  drove  them  before  them  into  the  wildest  and  most 
inaccessible  pttrts  of  Great  Britain,  particularly  the  X.  and 
W.,  where  they  still  remain,  and  prove  their  separate  origin 
by  one  of  the  most  marked  of  national  distinctions — a  po- 
culiar  language.     Ireland  experienced  a  different  fortune, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  the  N.  province,  where  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  colony  was  established  in  comparatively  recent  times, 
is  almost  entirely  peopled  by  Celts.    The  Celtic  language  is 
also,  though  with  considerable  variations,  the  vernacular  of 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  the  West  of  Ireland,  and  the 
Isle  of  Man,  but  it  has  not.  and  does  not  seem  destined 
ever  to  have  a  literature.     The  Anglo-Saxon  or  English, 
on  the  contrary,  promises  soon  to  be,  if  it  is  not  already,  the 
most    widely    spoken  of  European    languages,    and    h.as 
proved  itself  inferior  to  none  as  a  vehicle  of  thought.    Fitted 
for  all  the  great  walks  of  literature,  it  can  move  with  the 
dignified  step  of  history,  pursue  the  mazes  of  metaphysics, 
give  utterance  meet  to  the  finest  bursts  of  forensic,  senato- 
rial, and  pulpit  eloquence,  and  untwining  all  the  chords  of 
h.armon}',  sustain  poets  and  other  imaginative  minds  in 
their  loftiest  flights.    The  long  list  of  distinguished  men 
who  occupy  the  highest  niches  in  the  temple  of  fame,  and 
emliodied  their  conceptions  in  the  English  tongue,  of  itself 
indicates  that  those  who  speak  it  are  an  intellectual  race. 
Nor  is  this  their  greatest  priiise.    As  a  people,  they  have 
been  thought  deficient  in  softer  graces,  but  are  unsurpassed 
in  the  sterner  and  sublimer  virtues.    Kowhere  are  honor 
and  integrity  in  higher  esteem;  nowhere  has  philanthropy 
made  more  costly  sjicrifices,  or  gained  more  glorious  tri- 
umphs; nowhere  are  the  final  destinies   of  man  held  in 
higher  reverence;   and  nowhere  are  the  great  truths  of 
Christianity  more  deeply  pondered,  more  thoroughly  uiv 
derstood,  more  cordially  believed,  more  sedulously  practised. 
History. — Great  Britain,  for  many  ages,  consisted  of  two 
independent,  and  almost    incessantly  hostile    kingdoms, 
which  became  united  in  1603,  under  one  sovereign,  in  the 
person  of  James,  previously  the  sixth  of  the  name  in  Scot- 
land, and  thereafter  known  as  James  I.     With  him  the 
history  of  the  British  empire  properly  begins.    His  reign 
has  the  merit  of  having  been  peacefjil,  but  he  was  ungainly 
in  person,  vulgar  in  manners,  and  of  a  cunning,  ungene- 
rous, and  .selfish  nature.     Ilis  learning,  which  might  have 
shone  like  a  jewel  in  his  crown,  only  furni.~hed  displays  of 
his  pedantry,  and  his  highest  princely  quality  was  the  very 
equivocal  one  of  entertaining  extravagant  notions  of  his 
royal  prerogative.  His  son,  Charles  I.,  who  succeeded  him  in 
1625,  was  a  man  of  a  very  different  stamp.   In  person,  he  was 
every  inch  a  king:  and  had  he  lived  in  less  trying  times,  Ih.i 
many  noble  qualities,  of  wliich  he  was  undoubtedly  pos- 
sessed, might  have  made  his  reign  both  prosp.ious  and 
brilliant.     Unhappily,  he  inherited  hisfithei's  notions  of 
prerogative — notions  which,  though   they  had   only   fur- 
nished the  father  with  a  topic  on  which  he  was  perpetually 
giving  utterance  to  a  kind  of  blasphemous  bombast,  became 
the  occasion  of  fearful  calamities  to  the  .son,  at  once  terminat- 
ing (in  1649)  his  reign  and  his  life  by  a  bloody  tragedy.     An 
interregnum  succeeded,  in  which  the  chief  actor  performed 
his  pjirt  with  unrivalled  ability;  but  with  a  character  so 
enigmatical,  that  many  are  still  puzzled  where  to  give  him 
a  place — whether  among  saints  or  hypocrites.     He  had  ruled 
by  a  militiii-y  despotism;  but  the  sceptre,  which  it  reiiuii-ed 
all  his  ability  to  wield,  dropped  at  once  fi-om  the  h.iiids  of 
his  feeble,  but  respectable  son ;  and  the  restoration  ofCharleg 
II.  (in  1660)  was  hailed  with  loud  acclamations.    Society  now 
underwent  a  sudden  change,  and.  as  too  often  happens, 
passed  from  a  bad  to  a  worse  extreme.     Under  the  pii>text 
of  discountenancing  hypocrisy,  licentiousness  gained  the 
ascendant;   and  nowhere  more  completely  than  at  «ourt, 
where  the  monarch  him.selfwas  soon  found  raising    iiims 
for  his  debaucheries,  by  pawning  his  kingdom,  .and  stooping 
to  the  ineffable  infamy  of  Ixirteringits  independence  for  a  pen- 
sion from  Louis  XIV.   The  death  of  Charles  II.,  in  1685,  made 
way  for  his  brother,  James  II.,  an  intolerable  bigv  t.  who  a« 
once  brought  matters  to  a  crisis,  and  was  soon  beyond  the 
kingdom  an  ignominious  exile.     Then  followed  the  Kevo- 
lution  of  1088,  which  completed  the  ."Magna  Charta  by  its 
Bill  of  Kights,  and  placed  the  Constitution  on  Us  iuimo 


BRI 


BRO 


vablo  baKJs.  William  and  Mary  were  succeeded,  in  1702,  hj 
Anae, »  hose  rei>^n  is  reraark.able  for  the  Act  of  Union,  in  1707, 
and  for  the  band  of  distin.i^uished  writers  who  tiourished  in 
It,  and  have  procured  for  it  the  name  of  the  Augustine  Age 
of  English  Literature.  George  I.,  in  1714,  and  Georire  II.,  in 
1727,  followed,  both  of  them  adding  to  limited  intellect  the 
greater  disadvantage  of  being  toreigners  by  descent,  language, 
and  manners.  The  reign  of  each  is  marked  by  a  rebellion, 
which  aimed  to  bring  back  the  House  of  .Stuart.  They  were 
succeeded  by  George  I II..  in  17tiO,  whose  blameless  private  life 
has  endeaied  his  memory  to  every  right-hearted  Briton,  and 
whose  long  reign,  though  not  free  from  blemishes,  is,  on  the 
whole,  one  of  the  most  illustrious  in  British  annals.  A  visita- 
tion of  providence  withdrew  him  from  public  life,  and  his  pLace 
was  occupied  by  his  son  as  Prince  Regent,  who  afterwards 
succeeded  him,  under  the  name  of  George  IV.,  in  1820.  Ho 
looked  a  king,  but  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have  lived  one. 
Upon  his  death,  (18o0.)  the  sceptre  of  the  British  Empire 
passed  into  the  hands  of  William  IV'.,  whose  reign,  not 
otherwise  much  distinguished,  is  famous  for  the  Reform  Act. 
The  present  sovereign.  Queen  Victoria  I.,  ascended  the  throne 
in  1837,  and  her  reign  has  hitherto  been  emineutly  popular 
and  prosperous.    See  Great  Britaix. 

BltlTAIN,  NKW.    See  iNkw  Britain. 

BRITANNIA  or  BRITAIN.    See  Great  Britain. 

BUITANNIA  (bro-tan'ne a)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small 
Islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.K.  of  New  Caledonia,  the 
largest  of  which  (Uea)  is  80  miles  in  length. 

BRIT'KOHD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BRITII'DER,  achapelry  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

BRITIf^lI  GUIANA.     See  Guia.ma. 

BRITON.    See  Great  Britain. 

BIUTON-KKKRY,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

BRITT.4.NY,  a  province  of  France.    See  Bretaone. 

BRITTNAU,  britfudw,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Aargau.  2  miles  S.  of  Zofingen,  on  the  Wigger.  Pop.  2075. 

BRIT'TON'S  NECK,  a  post-office  of  .Marion  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BItlT'WELL-SA'LOME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford. 

BRIVATA.    See  Brioude. 

BRI  vfi,  breeVA/,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Loire 
InRrieure.  It  joins  the  Loire  on  the  right,  above  St. 
Nazairo:  length.  30  miles. 

BRIVES-LA-OAILLAIIDK.  breev-ia-gAhV3rd',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Correze,  in  a  rich  plain,  on  the  Cor- 
rtze,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Tulle.  Pop.  of  commune,  6983.  It  is 
built  of  stone,  enclosed  by  planted  Boulevards;  has  a  com- 
munal college,  manufactures  of  woollens,  muslins,  silk, 
handkerchiefs,  and  cotton  yarn,  with  bleaching  works,  dis- 
tilleries, and  an  active  trade  in  brandy,  wine,  chestnuts,  cat- 
tle, and  truffles. 

BRIVIESCA,  bre-ve-gsk'A,  a  town  in  Spain,  Old  Ca.stile, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Burgos.     Pop.  2004. 

BRIVIO,  bree/ve-o,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  on  the  Adda,  22 
miles  N.E.  of  Milan.  The  Austriaus  defeated  the  French 
here  in  1799. 

BRIVODURUM.     See  Briare. 

BRIX,  breex,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Manche, 
b\  miles  N.W.  of  Valognes.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 2756. 

BRIX,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Brux,  (brtlx.) 

BRIXELLUM.    See  Bre^cella. 

BRIXKN,  brix-en,  (It.  Bri-jssanone,  brSs-sJ-no'nA,)  a  fortified 
town  of  Tyrol,  SI  of  the  Alps,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Innspruck, 
on  the  route  from  Italy  to  Germany  by  the  Brenner  Pass. 
Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace,  several  public 
schools;  and  near  it  some  iron  and  steel  works.  The  bishop- 
ric of  Brixen  was  a  state  of  the  German  Empire,  secularized 
in  1S03,  and  united  to  the  Tyrol. 

BRIXIIAM,  bri.\'am,  a  market  and  seaport  town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon,  on  the  S.W.  side  of  Torbay,  24  miles  S. 
of  Exeter.  Pop.  in  1851,  6936.  The  town  has  an  ancient 
church,  a  large  national,  and  19  daily  schools,  a  good  har- 
bor, subordinate  to  the  port  of  Dartmouth,  and  about  100 
vessels,  employed  in  the  coasting  trade,  especially  in  the 
exports  of  marble  and  iron  ore,  besides  numerous  boats  en- 
gaged in  fisheries.  William  III.  landed  in  England  at  Brix- 
ham.  on  the  5th  of  November,  1683. 

BRIXIA.    See  Brescia. 

BRIX'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  a  suburb  of  the  south 
division  of  the  metropolis,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BRIX'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BRIX'TON  or  BRIGUTSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  Isle 
of  Wight. 

BRIXTON,  a  po.st-ofiice  of  Alexandria  co..  Virginia. 

BRI.Y'TON,  DKVERILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilt.s. 

BRTX'WORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
•  BlUZIN  A  (bre-zeo/nd)  or  BERIZINA,  a  village  of  Algeria, 
in  the  Sahara,  25G  miles  S.W.  of  Algiers.  It  contains  about 
150  houses,  begirt  with  a  wall. 

BUO-\CII,  a  city  and  territory  of  India.     See  Baroach. 

BROADAL'BIN,  a  post-township  of  Fulton  co..  New  York, 
40  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2u34. 

BROAD  BAY,  of  Scotland,  is  situated  on  the  N.E.  side  of 
the  island  of  Lewis ;  its  length  inland  i.s  about  7  miles,brea(lth 
vai-yuv^  ftoc  3  U.  4  luiles.    Lat.  56°  20'  N.;  Ion.  6°  10'  W. 


BRO.^,D  BROOK,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co.,  ConnP--ti- 
cut,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hartford.  It  has  inanuiiictures  of 
buttons,  a  large  woollen  mill,  and  2  churches. 

BROAD-CHALK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts.  The 
traces  of  a  Roman  camp  here  extend  over  6  acres. 

BROAD'CLIST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BROAD  CltEEK,  of  Sussex  Co.,  Delaware,  enters  theNan- 
ticoke  River  from  the  left. 

BROAD  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Queen  Anne  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

BROAD'FIELD  or  BRADTIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Herts. 

BROAD/FORD,  a  small  village  of  Scotland,  Isle  of  Skye, 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Portree. 

BROAD'FORD,  a  post-office  of  Smythe  co.,  Virginia. 

BR0.4iDAjiRKEN,  a  station  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manches- 
ter Railway,  3 j  miles  E.  of  Liverpool. 

BROAD'HAVEN,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
JIayo,  between  Benwee  and  Errishead,  11  miles  N.W.  ot 
Bangor.  Length  and  average  breadth,  4  miles,  exclusive 
of  several  arms. 

BROAD'HEADVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BROAD'HEMBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon, 

BROAD'IIK.MPSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BliOAD-HINT'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BROAD  KILL,  a  hundred  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware.  Pop. 
3032. 

BROAD'.\IAYNE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BROAD  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  the  name  of  a  con- 
siderable mountain  ridge,  extending  from  the  centre  of  Car- 
bon county,  south-westward,  through  the  whole  extent  of 
Schuylkill  county,  into  Dauphin. '  The  whole  length  is  pro- 
bably about  50  miles.  It  has  on  the  top  a  broad  table-land, 
almost  destitute  of  trees. 

BROAD  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BROAD  MOUTH  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into 
Saluda  River,  near  the  northern  extremity  of  Abbeville  dis- 
trict. 

BROAD'0.\K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

BROAD  OAKS,  a  post-office  of  Pope  co.,  Illinois. 

BROAD  Rll'PLE,  a  post-office  of  .Marion  co..  Indiana. 

BROAD  RIVER,  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  rises  at 
the  foot  of  the  Blue  I'.idge,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  formor 
State,  and  enters  South  Carolina  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
York  district.  It  afterwards  flows  nearly  southward,  and 
unites  with  the  Saluda  at  Columbia,  to  form  the  Congaree. 
It  p!i.sses  through  a  beautiful  and  fertile  upland  region, 
which  is  partly  occupied  by  plantations  of  cotton  and 
maize. 

BROAD  RIVER.  South  Carolina,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  be- 
tween Port  Royal  Island  and  the  mainland 

BROAD  RIVKH,  of  Georgia,  a  small  strejim  which  rises 
in  Ilaber.sham  county,  and  flowing  south-eastward,  enters 
Savannah  River  at  Petersburg.  The  Middle  Fork  and  Hud- 
son's Fork  join  the  river  a  few  miles  N.E.  from  DanielsviUe. 
It  affords  abundant  water-power. 

BliOAD  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia. 

BRO.\.D  RUN,  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginki,  flows  northward, 
and  falls  into  the  Potomac,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Lees- 
burg. 

BROAD  RUN.  a  sm.all  stream  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, rises  in  Fauquier  county,  flows  south-eastward,  and 
unites  with  Cedar  Run  to  form  the  Occoyuan  River,  about 
1  mile  below  Brentsville.    It  is  a  valuable  mill-stream. 

BROAD  SOUND,  an  inlet  on  the  E.  coast  of  Australia,  in 
lat.  22°  30'  S.,  and  Ion.  149°  40'  E.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  50 
miles;  breadth  at  the  entrance,  22  miles. 

BROAD'STAIRS,  (formerly  BRADSTOWE,)  a  small  sea- 
port town  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
Isle  of  Thanet,  2  miles  N.  of  Ramsgate.  Pop.  1459.  It  hag 
of  late  become  a  favorite  watering-place.  Its  port  is  subor- 
dinate to  that  of  Dover. 

BROAD  TOP,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  621. 

BROAD  TOP,  a  postoffice  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BROAD  TOP  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  partly  situated 
in  the  N.E.  part  of  Bedford  county,  and  partly  in  the  3. 
part  of  Huntingdon.  Good  coal,  though  containing  less 
bitumen  than  that  found  Vf.  of  the  Alleghany,  has  been 
discovered  in  this  mountain,  in  beds  from  3  to  8  feet 
thick. 

BROiVB^WAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BRO.\D'\VATER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BROAD'VVAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BROADWAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BROADWAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BR.O.\D\VAY,  a  post-office  of  Wan-en  co..  New  Jersey. 

BRO.\DVVAY,  a  post-office  in  Newberry  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

BROADWELL,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BROADWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BROAD  WELL,  a  post-office  of  Uarrison  co.,  Kentucky 

295 


BRO 


BRO 


BROAD^WT\DSOIx.  a  parish  of  Enzland.  co.  of  Dorset, 
BROAD'\VOOD-KKL/J.Y.  n  parish  of  Enscland,  co.  Devon, 
BROAD'WOUD-WID'UEII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
DeTon. 
BRO'P.URY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford 
BROCK,  a  post-office  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 
BROCKOJISII.  a  parish  of  Enjrland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
BROCKEN",  brok'keu,  or  BROCKSBERG,  broks/liSnG,  a 
mountain  of  Pru«.-iia.  province  of  Saxony,  20  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Ilalberstadt,  in  the  ranjie  of  the  Ilarz  Mountains,  of 
which  it  is  the  culminatin";  point,  S740  feet  a)x)Te  the  level 
of  the  sea.    It  if  cultivated  ne.arly  to  the  summit,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  prospect.     This  district  is  the  cradle  of 
many  popular  supM'stitions.  and  the  mcunfcilu  is  the  scene 
of  the  sini!;ular  optical  phenomenon,  called  the  "  Spectre  of 
the  Brocken." 

BROCK'EXIIUR.ST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hant-s. 

BROCK'EXTS  BRIDGE,  a  postroffice  of  Fulton  co.,  Xew 
York. 

BROCK'B'ORD  and  WETII'ERINGSETT,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Suffolk. 

BROCKIIAGEX.  brok'hS'Ghgn,  a  village  of  Prussi.i,  West- 
phalia, 32  miles  S.W.  of  Jlinden.  Pop.  2300.  It  has  a  dis- 
tillery. 

BUOCK'IIALL.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Xortharapton. 

BROCKHAMl'TON,  a  parish  of  Eufrland.  co.  of  Hereford. 

BROCK'LESBY,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Limber. 

BR(X;K'LEY.  h  village  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  Gi  miles 
S.E.  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 

BBOCK'LEY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BROCK'LEY.  a  pailsh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BROCK'PORT.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Sweden  township,  Monroe 
eo..  New  Y'ork.  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Rochester  and 
Lockport  Railroad,  17  miles  W.  of  Rochester.  It  has  7 
churches,  2  banks,  a  collegiate  institute,  and  a  number  of 
mills  and  factories,  among  which  are  2  noted  pump-factories 
(Carey's  and  Pease's  patent"',  turning  out,  perhaps,  the  best 
pumps  ever  made.     Pop.  about  3000. 

BROCKTHORP  or  BROOKTUORPE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Gloucester. 

BROCTOX.  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

BROCKTOWN.  a  post-office  of  Pike  co..  Arkansjii?. 

BROCK'VILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Schuvlkill  Valley  Railraid,  a  few  miles 
N.E.  of  Pottsville.     Pop",  about  200. 

BROCK'VILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  road  from  Toledo  to  South  Bend,  9  miles  N.E. 
of  Angola,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  300. 

BROCK'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wa.«hington  co.,  Oregon. 

BROCK'VILLE,  a  county-town  of  the  united  cos.  of  Leeds 
and  Grenville.  Canada  West.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  140  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.  Here  are  locited 
agencies  of  the  Bank  of  Montre.al,  Bank  of  Upper  Canada, 
Commercial  Bank,  and  4  life  and  fire  insurance  companies. 
The  town  contains  17  L-u-ge  store.s,  .and  several  manufactories, 
a  foundry  and  machine  shop  for  the  production  of  steam  en- 
gines and  machinery  of  ever}-  description,  several  tanneries, 
2  steam  flouring-mills,  and  numerous  saw  and  other  mills. 
Two  newspapers  are  published  in  Brockville.  Pop.  about 
3000. 

BROCK'^VAY,  a  post-township  near  the  centre  of  St.  Clair 
CO..  Michigan.    Pop.  746. 

BROCKWAY'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  eo.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BR:X:K'W0RTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BROD,  brod  or  brot,  (DEUTSCH,  doit<;h.  t.  «.  '-Germ-an,") 
a  small  town  In  Bohemia,  on  the  Zasawa,  60  miles  S.E.  of 
Prague.  Pop.  5221.  It  has  a  custom-house  and  gymna- 
sium, with  mineral  baths,  silver-mines,  and  manufoctures 
of  woollen  cloth. 

BROD.  (AU.STRO-CROATIAN,)  a  small  town,  23  miles 
N.E.  of  Fiume.  with  iron  mines.     Pop.  1190. 

BROD.  fBOHKMIAN,)a  small  town  on  the  Prague  and  01- 
mlltz  Railway.  20  miles  E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1600. 

BROD.  (HUXGARIAX,)  a  small  town  in  Moravia,  9  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Hradisch.  on  the  Olsawa.     Pop.  Sasi. 

BROD.  (TURKISH,)  a  fortress  of  Bosnia,  88  ipiles  N.N.W. 
of  Travnik,  on  the  Save. 

BROD,  (SLAVONIAN,)  a  military  frontier,  a  fortres.s.  and 
the  head-quarters  of  a  regiment,  on  the  Save,  defended  by  a 
fort  immediately  opposite  the  foregoing  town,  with  which 
It  has  an  active  traffic.    Pop.  2128. 

BROD'IIEAD'S  CREEK,  of  Monroe  CO.,  Pennsj-lvania, 
CUls  into  the  Delaware  River. 

BRO'DICK  BAY.  a  village  in  the  island  of  Arran.  Scotland. 
On  the  north  side,  adjoining  the  village,  is  Brodick  Castle,  a 
Beat  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton.  The  scenery  is  highly  pic- 
turt>sque. 

BRCVDIE'S  LANDING,  a  postK)ffice  of  Decatur  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

BRODSnvORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BRO'DY,  a  frontier  town  of  Austrian-Galicia,  68  miles 
E.N.E.  of  liemberg.     Pop.  in  1846,  17,789,  neariv  all  Jews. 
It  is  filthy,  uupaved,  and  built  mostly  of  wood;  ithas,  how- 
296 


ever,  an  imperial  chjimber,  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  Roman 
Cat  holicandseveral  Greek  churches,  three  synagogues,  a  Jew- 
ish hospital;  a  Jewish  and  a  Roman  Catholic  grammar  and 
commercial  schools :  a  theatre,  and  a  castle,  formerly  belong- 
ing to  Count  Potocki,  on  whose  estate  the  town  was  buUt. 
In  commercial  importance  Bi-ody  is  the  first  town  in  GaU- 
cia,  and  the  second  in  population.  It  was  made  a  free  com- 
mercial town  in  1779,  and  enjoys  an  extensive  trade  with 
Ru.ssia.  Poland,  and  Turkey.  At  its  fairs,  (which  are  at- 
tended by  a  large  concourse  of  merchants.)  cattle,  horses, 
bides,  tallow,  and  rur,al  products  generally,  are  exchanged 
for  colonial  produce,  imported  thi-ough  Odessa,  and  m.inu- 
factured  goods  of  all  descriptions. 

BROEK,  br«5k,  or  BROEK-IN-WATERLAND,  bi-Mk-in- 
*i'-ter-Unt,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North 
Holland,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Amsterdam.  Pop.  1407.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  extreme  cleanliness  and  the  scrupulous  neat- 
ness of  its  houses. 

BROGLIE,  brogMee'.  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  Eure.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852. 1204.  It  has  a  cm-ious 
old  church,  and  the  chateau  of  the  Due  de  Broglie. 

BRO'KEN  ARROW,  a  village  of  AValton  co.,  Geor^  7 
miles  AV.  of  Monroe,  the  countv  town. 
BROKEN  ARROW,  a  post<!fflc©  of  St.  Clair  co..  Alabama. 
BRO'KEN    BAY,  a  fine   inlet  of  the   South  Pacific,  in 
New  South  Wales,  between  the  counties  of  Northumberland 
and  Cumberiand.    Lat.  SS"  35'  S.,  Ion.  151°  17'  E.    Shores 
greatly  indented,  whence  its  name.    At  its  W.  extremity  it 
receives  the  Hawkesbury  River. 
BRO'KENBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Wilts. 
BRO'KEN  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Chima,  off  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremitv  of  the  isLand  of  Chusan. 

BRO'KEN  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
off  the  N.  coast  of  Papua;  lat.  2°  40'  S.,  Ion.  134°  50'  E. 

BRO'KEN  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islands,  sometimes  called 
Borongo  or  Bolongo,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  off  the  coast  of 
Aracan;  they  are  three  iu  number,  and  are  situated  imme- 
diately to  the  south  of  .\racan  River. 

BROKEN  STRAW,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pehnsylva- 
nia.     Pop.  1160. 

BROKEN  STRAW  CREEK,  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  the  Alleghany  River. 
BROKEN  SWOKD.  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 
BROKEN  SWORD  CREEK,  of  Oliio,  enters  the  Sandusky 
River  in  Wyandot  county. 

BROMBERG,  brom'bjiio,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  on 
the  Brahe,  69  miles  N.E.  of  Posen.  i'op.  -0,524.  Besides 
its  courts,  it  has  a  gymnasium  and  a  normal  school, 
with  manufactures  of  chiccory,  tobacco,  Prus.sian-))lue, 
linen,  and  woollen  fobrics,  and  an  active  transit  trade. 
The  Brmtiberg  Clival  connects  the  A'istula  with  the  Oder  and 
Ellie.  by  unitinor  the  rivers  of  Netz  and  Brahe. 

BROM'BOROCGH.  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Chester. 
BROME  CORNER,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Missis- 
quoi.  about  60  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal. 

BROMES/WELL,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
1$R0M'FIELD,  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Cumberland. 
BROM'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
BROM'HAM.  a  parish  of  En-iand.  co.  of  Bedford. 
BROM'IIAM,  a  pari.'jh  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
BROMLEY,  hrumlee.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Kent,  on  the  Ravensbourne.  10  miles  S.E.  of 
London.    Pop.  in  ISol,  4127.    The  town  consists  mostly  of  a 
single,  neatly-built  street,  on  the  nxad  from  London  to  Tun- 
bridge.    It  has  a  large  church,  containing  the  monuments 
of  several  bishops  of  Rochester,  to  the  occupiers  of  which 
see  the  manor  has  generally  l)elonged  since  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, and  whose  palace  is  near  the  town.    Bromley  has  a 
handsome  and  well-endowed  college,  founded  in  1006,  for 
the  residence  and  support  of  40  clergymen's  widows;    an 
almshouse,  and  a   school,   with  an   annual    endowment 
of  1400/. 
BROM'LEY,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Stafford. 
BROM'LEY,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Essex. 
BROM'LEY  KING'S,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Stafford. 
BROM'LEY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
BROM'LEY   ST.  LEONARDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex. 

BRUMPTON.  a  western  suburb  of  the  metropolis  of  Eng. 
land,  CO.  of  Middlesex,  1  mile  W.S.W.  of  Hyde  Park  Corner. 
Pop.  in  1851,  14.870.  It  has  several  new  and  handsome 
squares,  and  terraces,  and  is  inliabited  by  many  respectable 
families  of  moderate  income.  Gas  is  used  to  light  tlie 
streets. 

BRO^IP'TON.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  and  en- 
closed within  the  line  of  Chatham  Fortifications.  It  stands 
on  a  height  above  Chatham  Dockyard,  in  which  establish- 
ment most  of  its  inhabitants  are  engaged:  and  it  comprisi-ft 
a  fine  naval  ho.spital  and  large  barracks,  belonging  to  the 
East  India  Comi>anv. 

BROMPTON  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  'Vork.  North 
Biding,  in  the  parish  and  IJ  miles  N.N.E.  of  North.-illerton. 
Here  was  fought  the  memorable  •-  BattJe  of  the  S(«mlard  * 
In  which  the  Scot*  were  defeiit«d  by  the  En;;lish,  .\  s 
1138. 


BRO 

BROMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Kid- 
\ne. 

BROMPTON  BIER/LOW,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  West  Uiding,  6  miles  NAV.  of  Kotherham.  It  has  an 
endowed  school,  and  near  it  are  extensive  iron-works. 

BROMPTON.  PATKICK,  a  parish  and  township  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York,  North  lUding. 

BROMPTON  R.\LPII,  a  parish  and  township  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Somerset. 

BROMPTON  RKGIS,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Somerset. 

BROMS/BKK'ROW,  a  p:irish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BROMSKBRO.  (Bronisebro.)  brom's5-broo,  a  hamlet  of 
Sweden,  29  miles  S.W.  of  Calmar,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Bromse.  celebrated  in  history  for  the  treaties  between  Swe- 
den and  Denra.ark  in  1541  and  1641. 

BROMS'G ROVE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Worcester,  IJ  miles  E.  of  a  station  on  the  Birming- 
ham and  Bristol  Railway,  12^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Birmingham. 
Pop.  in  18.51,  10,308.  The  town  consists  chiefly  of  a  long 
street;  it  has  some  good  modern  houses,  a  fine  old  church, 
with  a  tower  and  spire  X89  feet  in  height,  and  a  neat  town- 
hall.  Its  grammar-school,  founded  by  Edward  A'l.,  has  7 
scholarships  and  6  fellowships  in  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 
It  has  various  other  schools  and  charities,  a  branch  bank, 
larce  button  fectorj'.  and  extensive  manu&ctures  of  nails. 

BROMS/OROVE  LICKEY,  is  a  hill-range  in  England,  N. 
of  the  town  of  Brnmsgrove,  in  which  rises  several  affluents 
of  the  Trent  and  the  Severn. 

BROM'WICn  CASTLE,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 3i  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cole.shiil.    Pop.  in  1S51.  057. 

BROM/WICir,  WEST,  a  parish  and  village  of  England, 
CO.  of  Stafford,  2J  miles  S.E.  of  Wednesbury.  Pop.  of  the 
parish,  in  18.il.  34.591.  Among  its  numerous  places  of  wor- 
ship is  a  very  handsome  Independent  chapel.  It  has  a 
branch  bank,  and  mines  of  coal  and  iron. 

BROM'YARD,  a  small  nKirket-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  and  13  miles  N.E.  of  Hereford.  Pop.  in  1851,  3093. 
The  town  is  near  the  Frome,  and  in  an  orchard  district.  It 
has  a  collegiate  church  in  the  Norman  style;  a  grammar- 
school,  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth;  alms-houses,  union 
work-house,  and  2  branch  banks. 

BRONDOLO,  bron'do-lo,  a  fortified  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island  of  the  Lido,  3  miles 
8.  of  Chioggia,  on  the  Brenta-Nuova,  united  to  the  Bacchi- 
glione  near  its  mouth  in  the  Adriatic.  It  was  formerly  a 
Nourishing  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Adige,  which  has 
changed  its  course. 

BRONDO]>0,  PORTO  DI,  poR'to  dee  bron'do-lo,  (anc.  Fhr'- 
tus  Brun'dulus.)  is  a  spacious  but  shallow  bay,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Ba<'chisrlione. 

BRON'GWYN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

BRONI,  bro'nee,  a  vill.age  of  Piedmont,  government  of 
Alessandria,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Voghera,  near  the  Po.  Near 
It  is  the  castle  of  Broni,  famous  for  the  victory  gained  by 
Prince  Eugene  over  the  French  in  1703.    Pop.  2500. 

BRONNITZA,  bron-uifsa,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Novgorod,  on  the  Mast.a,  (Msta,)  here 
crossed  by  a  large  floating  bridge.  Its  church  is  built  on  the 
«ite  of  a  pagan  temple. 

BRONNITZA.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  28  miles 
S.E.  of  Moscow,  on  the  Moskva. 

BRON'SON,  a  post-township  in  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  about  20 
miles  S.  by  E.  from  Sandusky  City.    Pop.  11&4. 

BRON'SON,  a  township  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan,  130  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Detroit. 

BRONSON'S  PRAIRIE,  a  post-offlce  of  Branch  co.,  Michi- 
gan, 97  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing. 

BRONTE,  bron'ti,  a  town'  of  Sicily,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Catania,  at  the  W.  fiwt  of  Mount  Etna.  Pop.  9150.  It  has 
a  college,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens  and  paper. 
The  title  of  Duke  of  Bronte,  and  an  income  of  6000  oiicie 
(S'oOl.)  a-year.  were  given  to  Lord  Nelson  by  the  Neapolitan 
government  in  1799. 

BRONTE.  bron't.i\  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Halton,  about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  200. 

BRONX,  a  small  river  of  Westchester  co..  New  York,  flows 
Into  the  E.ast  River. 

BIlONX'VlLLE,a  post-office  of  Westchester  co..  New  York. 

BROO'ANG'  or  BUREN'DO  PASS,  a  p.ass  through  the 
Himalaya  Mountains,  on  the  course  of  the  Sutlej.  15.095  feet 
about  the  level  of  the  sea.    Lat.  31°  23'  N. ;  Ion.  78°  12'  E. 

BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Kent. 

BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  Isle  of  Wight. 

BROOK,  a  postK)ffice  of  .Jasper  co.,  Indiana. 

BROOK'DALE,  a  post-office  of  McHenry  co..  Illinois. 

BROOKE,  brook,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BROOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

BROOKE  County.  Virginia,  a  part  of  the  narrow  strip 
which  forms  the  NlW.  extremity  of  tlie  state,  bordering  on 
Pennsylvania  and  Oliio,  has  an  area  of  75  square  miles.  The 
Ohio  River  bounds  it  on  the  W.  The  surface  is  hilly;  the 
Boil  higlily  productive.  The  county  contiiins  coal  and  iron 
ore.     Pop.  5494, ,  >f  whom  5476  were  free,  and  18  slaves. 

BROOX.?CSBY  brooks'be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
cester. 


BRO 

BROOK'FIELD,a  post-township  of  Carroll  co.,  New  Hamp 
shire,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  610. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Orange  CO.,  Vermont, 
15  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.  Pop.  1021.  It  has  manufactures 
of  furniture  and  leather. 

BROOK'FIELD.  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 55  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  Contains  several  tan- 
neries and  carriage  factories.    Pop.  2.276. 

BUOOIC'FIEIiD,  a  post-township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  Housatonic  River  and  Railroad,  29  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Bridgeport.     Pop.  1224. 

BROOK'FIELD,  or  BROOKFIELD  IRON  WORKS.apost- 
village  in  the  above  township,  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad, 
contains  2  churches,  several  stores,  and  a  hotel. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  MadisoD 
CO ,  New  York.  88  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  is  drained  by 
tlie  Unadilla  River.    Pop.  3729. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-townsliip  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 20  miles  N.W.  of  Wellsborough.    Pop.  903. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  township  in  Noble  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1003. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  village  of  Starke  co.,  Ohio,  12  miles  W. 
of  Canton,  tlie  county-seat;  has  1  church  and  1  steam-mill. 
Pop.  about  500. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-township  in  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio, 
about  15  miles  E.  of  Warren.    Pop.  1218. 

BROOIv'FIELD,  a  township,  Eaton  co.,  Michigan.  P.  821. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  postoflice  of  Lee  a.,  Illinois. 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  55 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

BROOK'FIELD,  Linn  co.,  Missouri.    (See  Appendix.) 

BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-township  in  Waukesha  co.,  Wis- 
consin, aljout  14  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Milwaukie.    Pop.  2104. 

BROOK'FIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Waukesha  co, 
Wisconsin. 

BROOK'HAVEN,  a  township  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York, 
extends  across  Long  Island  from  Long  Island  Sound  to  the 
.\tlantic,  and  is  intersected  by  the  Long  Island  Railroad. 
Pop.  9923. 

iJROOKHAVEN,  a  post-village  in  Lawrence  co,  Missis- 
sippi, aI)out  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jackson.    Pop.  996. 

BROOK'LANDVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co..  Ma- 
rj'land. 

BROOK'LIN,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jersey,  6 
miles  N.E.  of  New  Brunswick. 

BROOKLIN,  a  township  in  Lee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1324. 

BROOKLIN,  a  township  in  McHenry  co.,  Illinois. 

BROOKLIN,  a  post-office  of  Robeson  co..  North  Carolina. 

BROOK'lInE,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  S.  line  of  the  state,  about  30  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  756. 

BROOKLIN'E,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont, 
on  tlie  AV.  Ijank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  about  85  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  243. 

BitOOK'LlNE.  a  post-township  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 5  miles  S.W.  of  Boston,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
a  niill-dam  across  Cliarles  River  Bay.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  continued  succession  of  beautiful  country  residences 
which  it  contains.  These  exhibit,  indeed,  a  series  of  exqui- 
site landscape  gardens,  among  the  most  delightful  to  Ije 
found  in  the  world.    Pop.  5164. 

BRi  >OKLINE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Georgia,  80 
miles  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

BROOlvLINE,  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  parish,  Louisiana. 

BROOK'LYN,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  1043. 

BROOKLYN.a  post-township  and  seat  of  justice  of  Wind- 
ham CO.,  Connecticut,  38  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  In  the 
centre  is  a  thriving  village,  containing  the  county  build- 
ings, a  bank,  and  a  printing  office.  Tlie  county-seat  was  re- 
moved from  Windham  to  this  place  in  1820.    Pop.  2136. 

BROOK'LYN,  a  city,  seaport,  and  seat  of  justice  of  King's 
county,  New  York,  at  the  W.  end  of  Long  Island,  140  miles 
S.of  Albany,  and  226  miles  N.E.  from  Washington.  Lat. 
of  the  Navy- Yard,  40°  51'  30'  N.,  Ion.  73°  59'  30"  W.  A  strait, 
called  East  River,  about  ^^  of  a  mile  wide,  separates  it  from 
New  York  City.  Tliis  strait  is  crossed  by  a  number  of  steam- 
ferries,  tlie  principal  of  which  lu-e  the  Fulton,  Wall  Street, 
South,  Catharine,  Jackson,  and  Hamilton  Avenue  Ferries. 
Of  tliese  the  Fulton  Ferry  is  by  far  tlie  greatest  thorough- 
fare. Boats  leave  the  opposite  landings  every  four  minutes 
during  the  day.  The  site  of  Brooklyn  is  considerably  ele- 
vated, and  very  uneven,  thongh  so  much  has  been  done  in 
the  way  of  grading  and  other  improvements  as  to  nearly 
overcome  the  original  inequalities  of  the  surface.  One  promi- 
nence towards  the  Eiist  River  denominated  "  the  Heights," 
is  70  feet  above  tlie  level  of  the  sea,  and  affords  a  magnifi- 
cent view  of  New  York  City  and  harbor,  The  streets  are 
about  60  feet  in  width,  and  generally,  with  the  great  excep- 
tion of  Fulton  street,  are  straight,  intersecting  each  other 
at  right  angles.  Many  of  them  are  beautifully  shaded,  wliioh, 
in  the  summer  season,  imparts  to  the  city  all  tlie  freshness 
and  tranquil  appearance  of  a  country  town.  Fulton  street, 
leading  from  Fulton  Ferry,  is  the  great  thoroughfare;  en- 
closed on  either  side  with  blocks  of  lofty  buUdings,  it  forma 

^7 


BRO 


BRO 


an  imposing  entrance  to  the  city.    Most  of  the  flnest  streets  .  nhont  150  children.   The  association  for  improving  the  con- 


are  towards  the  S.W.,  near  the  bay.  Many  of  the  dwellings 
In  tliis  section  are  of  surpassing  elegance,  and  are  generally 
turrounded  by  yards,  adorned  with  beautiful  gardens  and 
shrubbery.  The  more  densely  settled  portions  of  the  city 
have  no  public  squares,  but  from  its  elevated  position,  the 
breadth  of  the  streets,  and  the  profusion  of  shade-trees,  the 
want  of  those  means  of  ventilation  and  sources  of  health  is 
much  less  felt  than  might  have  been  expected.  The  land 
has  been  purchased  for  a  Uirge  park,  on  a  scale  and  in  a  style 
gimilar  to  Central  Park  in  New  York.  It  is  to  be  located 
nearly  opposite  the  centre  of  the  Western  District,  and  com- 
mands views  of  the  rich  farm  lands  of  the  Island  and  the  city. 
The  proximity  of  Brooklyn  to  New  York,  its  healthy  at- 
mosphere, and  the  facilities  afforded  for  communication  with 
the  great  metropolis,  have  made  it  a  favorite  place  of  resi- 
dence to  persons  doing  business  in  that  city.  It  is  to  this 
circumstance  that  its  rapid  growth  is  mainly  attributable. 
Brooklyn  is  one  of  the  best  built  cities  in  the  United 
States,  and  contains  a  large  number  of  edifices  that  are  dis- 
tinguished either  for  elegance  or  architectural  design.  One 
Of  the  most  prominent  of  these  is  the  City  Ilall,  situated  on 
a  triangular  piece  of  ground  bounded  by  Fulton,  Court, and 
Joralemon  streets.  It  is  constructed  of  white  marble,  162 
feet  by  102,  and  75  feet  in  height,  comprising  three  stories 
and  a  basement.  A  dome  surmounts  the  building,  the  top 
of  which  is  153  feet  from  the  ground.  Its  entire  cost  was 
about  $200,000.  The  Jail,  erected  in  1837,  is  a  substantial 
building  of  freestone,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
city,  near  Fort  Greene. 

The  County  Court-IIonse,  just  completed,  is  situated  on 
Joralemon  street,  fronting  Fulton  street,  and  extends  to 
Livingston.  It  is  140  feet  in  width,  and  315  feet  in  depth, 
In  the  Corinthian  style  of  architecture.    It  cost  S543,000. 

The  Academy  of  Music  was  erected  in  1860.  It  is  located 
on  Montague  street,  near  the  City  Hall,  Cost  $200,000,  is  in 
the  modern  Gothic  style,  brick  and  stone,  and  richly  deco- 
rated in  the  interior. 

There  are  121  churches  in  the  Western  District  and  50  in 
the  Eastern  District  of  Brooklyn.  (See  WiLLiAMsuufeo.) 
Of  the  former  23  are  Methodist,  19  Episcopalian,  16  Presby- 
terian,  13  Congregational,  15  Roman  Catholic,  11  Baptist, 
besides  those  of  various  other  denominations.  The  Church 
of  the  Pilgrims,  a  graystone  building,  is  a  commanding  ob- 
ject to  those  approaching  the  city  from  the  bay.  The  Holy 
Trinity  (Episcopal)  is  a  brownstone  ediiice,  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, and  cost  about  $150,000.  Grace  Church,  the  Unita- 
rian Church,  and  the  Church  of  the  Restoration,  are  all  of 
brownstone,  and  in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture. 

The  Atlantic  Dock,  one  mile  S.  of  Fulton  Ferry,  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  works  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States. 
It  was  built  by  a  company  incorporated  in  1840, with  a  capi- 
tal of  $1,000,000,  and  embraces  within  the  piers  40-86  acres. 
Its  depth  is  sufficient  for  sliips  of  the  liu-gest  size.  The  outer 
pier,  e.vtending  3000  feet  on  Buttermilk  Channel,  is  occiipied 
with  a  range  of  granite  stores,  which  completely  shelters  it 
from  the  harbor.  It  has  become  one  of  the  largest  grain 
depots  in  the  world.  There  is  an  extensive  dry-dock  at  the 
navy-yard  which  cost  about  $1,000,000.  The  shores  of  Brook- 
lyn, where  not  protected  by  docks  and  wharves,  are  rapidly 
wearing  away,  in  consequence  of  the  strong  current  in  the 
East  River.  Governor's  Island  was  formerly  connected  with 
Long  Island,  and,  previous  to  the  Revolution,  cattle  were 
driven  from  Red  Hook  Point  to  it  across  Buttermilk  Chan- 
nel, then  a  shallow  passage,  but  now  of  sufficient  depth  for 
vessels  of  the  largest  class.  The  United  Stiites  Navy- Yard 
is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  Wallabout  bay,  which  makes  up 
towards  the  N.E.  part  of  Brooklyn,  in  the  form  of  a  broad 
curve.  It  occupies  about  40  acres  of  ground,  which  is  en- 
closed on  the  land  side  by  a  high  stone  wall,  and  contains, 
beside  the  residences  of  the  officers,  two  extensive  ship- 
houses,  various  workshops,  and  a  large  amount  of  military 
■tores. 

The  literary  and  charitable  institutions  of  Brooklyn  are 
very  numerous.  The  Mercantile  Libnu-y  Association,  now 
located  at  the  AtheiKBuin.  luia  a  library  of  some  20,000  vol- 
umes and  a  membership  of  2000.  It  has  j ust  raised  $120,000 
for  the  erection  of  new  buildings.  The  Brooklyn  Institute 
is  an  old  institution  endowed  by  Augustus  Graham.  The 
Lyceum,  in  Washington  street,  is  a  noble  granite  structure, 
with  a  spacious  lecture -room.  The  United  States  Lyceum, 
organized  in  183:i,  is  in  the  Navy-Yard, and  possesses,  be- 
sides a  valuable  collection  of  curiosities,  extensive  geological 
and  niineralogical  cabinets.  The  Historical  Society,  recently 
founded  is  flouiisliing,  and  has  a  fine  library  of  12.000  vol- 
umes, and  a  largo  collection  of  historical  relics.  The  Art  As- 
sociation holds  two  free  exliibitions  per  annum,  and  is  about 
to  erect  a  building  for  their  use  near  the  Academy  of  Music. 
The  Philharmonic  Society  gives  five  concerts  each  seiuson, 
and  numbers  several  thousand  members.  The  now  City  Hos- 
pital, in  Kaymoiid  street  near  Do  Kalb,  was  opene<l  in  April, 
1852,  and  ha>i  accommoilatioiis  for  170  patients.  The  "Gra- 
h:im  Institution,  for  the  relief  of  respfictable,  aged,  indigent 
feniiilcs."  was  founded  in  IS.'.l.  The  Ori)lian  Asylum  of  the 
City  of  Brooklyn,  incorporated  in  1835,  furnishes  a  home  to 
298 


dilion  of  the  poor  aided  25U0  families  of  8000  members.  The 
Marine  Hospital,  surrounded  with  about  30  acres  of  well- 
cultivated  land,  occupies  a  commanding  elevation  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  M'allabout  Bay.  In  additinn  to  the  above  may 
be  mentioned  the  Church  Charity  Foundation,  a  corporation 
organized  in  1851 ,  having  for  its  object  the  relief  of  indigent 
and  destitute  persons, the  Brooklyn  Dispensary,on  Pineapple 
street  near  Fulton,  and  the  llomoeoinithic  Dispensary. 

The  Public  Schools  in  Brooklyn  arc  under  the  charge  of  a 
Board  of  Education,  nominated  by  the  Mayor  and  confirmed 
by  the  Common  Council.  In  the  two  districts  there  are  93 
schools,  5b  male  and  female  granimjir  schools  and  37  pri- 
mary, with  28  male  and  455  female  teachers.  The  number 
of  children  enrolled  in  the  schools  is  over  50,000,  of  whom 
some  700  are  colored.  The  amount  spent  for  ^cllool  pur- 
poses for  the  j'ear  ending  February  1,  1"64,  was  $229,845.61. 
Brooklyn  contains  7  banks  and  5  savings  in.stitutions  ;  2 
daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  published  in  tlie  city. 

At  Wallabout  Bay,  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  were  sta- 
tioned the  English  prison-ships,  in  whicli  it  is  said  nearly 
12,000  Americans  perished  from  close  confinement  and  oilier 
ill-treatment.  The  bodies  of  the  sufferers  were  hastily  buried 
upon  the  shore  with  but  little  care,  except  to  conceal  them 
from  sight.  In  1808,  their  bones,  which  were  beginning  to 
be  washed  from  their  graves,  were  taken  up  and  placed  in 
thirteen  coffins,  inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  thirteen 
original  states,  and  then  deposited  in  a  common  vault,  be- 
neath a  building  erected  for  the  purpose,  on  Ilud.-on  Ave- 
nue, near  the  Navy-Yard.  Brooklyn  was  first  settled  in 
1625,  near  Wallabout  Bay.  The  first  deed  for  laud  was 
granted  in  1639.  In  1776,  this  part  of  Long  Island  became 
the  seat  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  Brooklyn  was  incorpo- 
rated as  a  township  in  April,  1S06,  and  as  a  city,  having  the 
same  limits  as  the  townsliip,  6  miles  long  and  4  wide  at  its 
greatest  breadth,  in  April,  1834.  It  is  divided  into  20  wards, 
and  governed  by  a  mayor  and  a  board  of  20  aldermen,  one 
from  each  ward,  elected  everv  two  years.  Pop.  in  1810, 
4402;  in  1820,7175;  in  1830,1,5.396;  in  1 840,  .36,233 ;  in  1850, 
96,838;  in  1860,  266,661;  in  1865.  estimated  at  350,000. 

An  act  to  incorporate  Brooklyn,Williamsburg.  and  Bush- 
wick  under  one  government,  took  effect  tlie  first  Monday  of 
January,  1855.  Tlie  city  e.vtends  from  Newtown  Creek,  in- 
cluding Green  point,  to  the  boundaries  of  Brooklyn,  below 
Greenwood  Cemetery,  a  distance  of  about  7%  mile.«,  and 
nearly  10  miles,  following  the  low-water  line  The  breadth 
is  very  irregular,  being  at  the  widest  nearly  0  miles,  but  av- 
eraging not  more  than  3]/^  miles. 

The  city  is  copiously  supplied  with  water  from  the  Ridge- 
wood  Water-Works.  It  has  a  volunteer  Fire  I>eiiartmeut. 
Since  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion,  nearly  all  the 
tobacco  manufacture  of  Richmond  has  been  transferred  to 
Brooklyn.  A  large  business  in  flour,  sngar,  whisky,  and 
various  manufactures,  is  also  carried  on. 

BROOKLVN,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  eo.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 7  miles  S.E.  of  Montrose,  crossed  by  the  Lacka- 
wanna and  Western  Railroad.    Pop.  1213. 

BROOKLYN,  a  thriving  post^village  of  Ualifex  co.,  Yii^ 
ginia,  about  140  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

BROOKLYN,  or  FISH  TRAP,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Baker  CO., 
Georgia,  145  miles  S.S,W.  of  MilledgevUle,  has  3  stores,  and 
about  80  inhabitants. 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-village  of  Conecuh  co.,  Alabama,  on 
the  Sepulga  River,  alx)ut  100  miles  S.  of  Monti;omery.  It 
has  a  church,  an  academy,  2  stores,  a  masonic  hall,  and 
about  100  inhabitants. 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-village  of  Noxubee  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
Noxubee  River,  126  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jackson.  y. 

BROOKLYN,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Campbell  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Ohio  River,  about  2  miles  above  Cincinnati, 
and  74  miles  N.N.E.  of  Frankfort,  and  adjoining  the  vUlage 
of  Jamestown.    Pop.  near  500. 

BROOKLYN,  a  thriving  village  of  Jes.samine  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Kentucky  River.  It  has  an  active  business  in 
shipping  produce. 

BROOKLY.N.  a  post-township  in  Cuyahoga  CO.,  Ohio,about 
5  miles  S.W.  of  Cleveland.     Pop.  5358. 

BROOKLYN,  a  flou'ishing  post-village  of  Jackson  co, 
Michigan,  on  the  Raisin  Hiver,  53  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lansing. 
It  has  a  fine  water-power,  and  contains  several  churches, 
with  flouring  and  other  mills.  Pop.  about  500. 
BROOKLYN,  a  township  in  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 
BROOKLYN,  a  post-villa^'e  of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Crooked  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Illinois  River,  76  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Springfield.  It  has  a  grist  mill  and  saw  mlU. 
Pop.  952. 

BltOOKLYN,  a  village  in  the  W.  part  of  Grant  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Wisconsin  Itivor. 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  (>f  Green 
CO.,  Wisconsin.    I'op.  1061. 

BROOKLYN,  a  towoship  in  Green  Livke  co.,  W'frjonsin. 
Pop.  962. 
BROOKLYN,  a  towntihip  in  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 
BROOKLYN,  a  po8l-/iIla?e  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
about  34  miles  N.W.  of  Toi  onto.    It  has  an  iron  foundry,  a 


BRO 

tannerj-.  a  cloth  factory,  a  soap  and  candle  factory,  and  nu- 
merous mills.     Pop.  about  600. 

BROOKLYN  CKNTRK,  a  post>-village  of  Cuyahoga  co., 
Ohio,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Cleveland,  is  separated  by  a  small 
creek  from  the  village  of  lirighton.  Together,  these  contain 
8  churches  and  several  stores. 

BliOOK'NEAL.  a  post-village  in  Campbell  co.,  Virginia,  120 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Kichmond. 

BROOKO,  or  BRUKO,  broo/ko,  a  territory  of  North-west- 
ern Africa,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Senegambia. 

BROOKS,  a  post-tow n.ship  of  AValdo  co.,  Maine,  about  40 
miles  X.E.  of  Augusta,  watered  by  a  branch  of  Harsh  River. 
Pop.  OSS. 

BROOKS'BURG,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  8  miles  E.  of  Madi-son. 

BROOK'S  GROVE,  a  postofflce  of  Livingston  co..  New  York. 

BROOK'S  TAN-YARD,  a  postoffice  Macon  co.,  Tennessee. 

BROOKS/TON,  a  post-village  and  station  of  White  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  New  Albany  and  Salem  Railroad. 

BROOKS'VILLE,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  about  &0  miles  E.  of  Au- 
gusta.   Pop.  1428. 

BROOKSVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont. 

BROOKSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Altemarle  co.,  Virginiii. 

BROOKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia, 
140  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

BROOKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Blount  co.,  Al.abama. 

BROi)KSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bracken  co., 
Kentucky,  65  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort,  and  9  miles  from  the 
Ohio  River.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  region,  and  has  an 
active  business.  It  contains  a  courtrhouse,  several  stores, 
and  alx)ut  500  inhabitants, 

BROOKS'WAR  or  BROCKnVEAR,  a  village  of  England, 
CO.  of  Gloucester,  on  the  Wye,  5  miles  N.  of  Chepstow.  Ves- 
sels ascend  the  Wye  to  this  pl.ice  to .  receive  goods  brought 
by  barges  down  the  river.  It  has  manufactures  of  leather 
and  cotton  goods. 

BROOK'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co..  New  York. 

BROOK  VI LLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson  co.,  Penn- 
eylvania,  on  the  Rodbank  Creek,  170  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilar- 
risburg.  The  Susquehanna  and  Wat<»rford  Turnpike  passes 
through  it.  The  first  house  was  built  here  in  1830.  The 
Bedbank  Creek  is  navigable  for  boats.    Pop.  1360. 

BROOKVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mary- 
land, atwiut  25  miles  N.  of  Washington  City. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-office  Granville  co..  North  Carolina. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Noxubee  co.,  Mississippi. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-township  in  Franklin  co.,  Indi- 
ana, about  50  miles  E..\.E.  of  Columbus. 

BROOKA'ILLE.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Frank- 
lin CO.,  Indiana,  in  Brookville  township,  is  finely  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  forks  of  the  Whitewater  River,  41 
miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati,  and  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianaix> 
lis.  The  facilities  for  trade  by  the  M'hitewater  Canal,  and 
the  water-power  which  the  river  affords,  render  this  a  place 
of  considerable  business.  It  contains  a  county  seminarj'.  2 
printing  offices,  several  flouring  mills,  1  paper  mill,  and  1 
cotton  fiictory.    Pop.  of  township,  2463. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Ogle  co., 
Illinois,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Oregon  City.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1096. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  village  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Clayton  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  low^a. 

BROOME,  broom,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Worcester. 

BUOOME,  or  BROMK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

BROOME  or  BROME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BROOME,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  New  York,  bordering 
on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  about  680  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  east  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  Che- 
nango, and  Otselic  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  streams.  The 
surface  is  uneven  and  hilly;  the  soil  in  the  valleys  is  fertile, 
hut  on  the  uplands  more  adapted  to  grazing.  The  Erie 
K.R.  traverses  the  county,  which  is  also  partly  intersected  by 
the  Chenango  Canal,  and  the  Syracuse  and  Binghamton  R.R. 
Named  in  honor  of  John  Broome,  formerly  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  state.    Capital.  Binghiunton.    Pop.  35,906. 

BRfJOME,  a  township  of  Schoharie  co.,  New  York.  Pop. 
2182. 

BROOM  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York. 

BROOM  TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia, 
about  200  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

BROOMSGROVE.    See  Bromsgrove. 

BROOM'FIELD,  a  p.ari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BROOM'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BROOM'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BROONS,  hroN",  a  town  of  France,  dep.artment  of  Cfites- 
du-Nord,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Dinan.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
2580.  Uuguesclin  was  born  in  the  castle  of  La  Motte  Broons, 
I  mile  from  the  town,  on  the  site  of  which  a  monument  has 
been  erected  to  his  memory 

BROOS.    See  Szaszvaros 

BROQUlfcS.  bro*ke-A',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Avoyrou,  22  miles  S.  of  Rodez.    Pop.  of  commune,  3676. 


BRO 

BROQUE,  LA.  U  brok,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Vosges.arrondissementof  St.  Die.    Pop.  in  1852,  2542 

BRtCRA,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland,  rises  on 
the  S.E.  side  of  Benclibrick,  after  a  S.E.  course  through 
several  lakes,  enters  the  Moray  Frith  at  the  village  of 
Brora.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Golspie.  Near  the  vjllage  of  Brora  a 
partial  bed  of  coal  exists  in  the  oolite  stratji. 

BRO'SELEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop,  on  the  Severn,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  in 
1861,  4739,  engaged  in  raising  coal  and  iron,  and  in  iron- 
foundries,  potteries,  and  a  manufactory  of  tobacco-pipes. 

BROS'NA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry.  The 
Great  and  Little  Brnsna  are  two  small  rivers  of  Leinster, 
King's  county,  tributary  to  the  Shannon. 

BRO'TIIERS,  THE,  a  group  of  6  or  8  rocky  islets,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Red  Sea,  off  the  African  shore,  9i  miles  S. 
of  Perim  Island,  and  varying  from  250  to  350  feet  in  height. 
Lat.  of  the  loftiest  12°  28'  N.;  Ion.  43°  22'  E. 

BROTHERS,  THE,  three  isolated  mountains  of  Eastern 
Australia,  near  the  coast  between  Harrington  Inlet  and 
Port  JIacquarrie. 

BROmiER'S  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  2258. 

BRO/THERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  'West 
Biding. 

BROTIIERTON,  a  postofflce  of  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

BROTTEAUX,  Les,  1.A  brot'ty,  a  hamlet  of  France,  arron-' 
dissement  of  Lyons,  of  which  it  forms  a  suburb. 

BROTTERODE,  brot-tfr-o'deh.  a  town  of  Germany,  Iles- 
se-Cassel.  7  miles  N.  of  Sehmalkalden,  in  the  Thuringian 
forest.  Pop.  2359,  partly  employed  in  iron-works,  and  in 
manufactures  of  wooden-wares. 

BROTTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

BROTZ'MANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

BROU,  broo,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eurfr€t- 
Loire,  on  the  Ozanne,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Chartres.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2345,  engaged  in  weaving  serge,  and  in  iron-works. 

BROU  AGE,  broo'dzh',  a  hamlet  of  France,  department  of 
Charente-Inffirieure,  in  a  channel  opposite  the  island  of 
Oleron,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Itochefort.  Pop.  986.  In  its  vi- 
cinity are  extensive  salt  marshes.  It  was  formerly  a  forti- 
fied town,  and  was  a  flourishing  seaport  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  seventeenth  century,  but  its  harbor  is  filled 
with  mud,  and  it  is  now  nearly  three  miles  from  the  sea. 

BROUGII,  brfif,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Westmoivland,  7}  miles  E.S.E.  of  Appleby.  Pop.  in 
1851, 15.33,  partly  employed  in  lead  and  coal  mines.  It  haa 
an  old  church,  an  endowed  school,  a  branch  bank,  and  the 
ruins  of  a  castle  of  the  Cliffords.  On  the  eve  of  Epiphiiny, 
a  singular  procession  takes  pliice  here,  called  "  the  carrying 
of  the  boiling  or  hoes  tree." 

BROL'G'HA.M,  (L.  Brtuwniacum,)  a  parish  of  F^ngland,  co. 
of  Westmoreland,  2i  miles  S.E.  of  Penrith.  Here  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  very  ancient  and  strong  fijrtress  of  the  Cliffords, 
supposed  to  be  of  Roman  origin,  and  in  the  parish  is  Broug- 
ham Hall,  the  seat  of  I,ord  Brougham. 

BROUGHSHAXE,  brShVhain',  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Ul- 
ster, CO.  of  Antrim,  3i  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ballymena.    Pop.  940. 

BROUGHTON.  braw'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

BROUGHTON',  a  township  in  North  Wale.s.  co.  of  Denbigh. 

BROUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BROUGHTON,  a  township  in  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

BROUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BROUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BROUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BROUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BROUGHTON,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BROUGHTON  AST'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lel- 

BROUGIITON  BRANT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BROUGHTON,CHURCH,aparish  of  England,  co  ofDerby. 

BROUGHTOX-IN-AREDALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding.  The  village  was  plundered  by  the  forces 
under  Prince  Charles  Edward,  in  1746. 

BROUGHTON  GIF'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  c<-.  of  Wilts. 

BROUGHTON  IIACK/ETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 

BROUGHTON-IN-FUR'NESS.  a  small  market-town  and 
ehapelry  oS  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  Duddon,  29 
miles  N.AV.  of  Lancaster.    Pop.  in  1851,  1'297. 

BROUGHTON,  NETH'ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
L«icester. 
BROUGHTON  POGGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
BROUGHTON  SUI/NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

BROUGHTON  GLEX'HOLM  and  KILBU'CIIO.  a  united 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles.  The  village  of  Broughton 
j  is  situated  on  the  Tweed,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Peebles. 
'  BROUGHTY(braw'tee)  FERRY,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
I  Forfar,  parish  of  Monifieth,  on  the  Frith  of  Tay.  immediately 
j  opposite  Ferry-port-on-Craig,  with  which  it  has  frequent 
communication  by  a  floating  bridge  in  connection  with  the 
I  Aberdeen  Railway.    It  is  liandsome,  and  greatly  re^rted  tc 

299 


BRO 


BRO 


te  s  batJiing-place  by  the  inhabitants  of  Dundee  and  Perth. 
Brought'/  CiifOe.  on  its  S.E.  side,  was  an  ancient  fortress. 
BROU'SA  or  BKOUSS.\.     See  Brusa. 

BRCUWEKSIIAVEX.  br6w'*grs-hi'ven.  a  small  market' 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  province  of  Zealand,  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Schowen,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Meuse.  I'op.  1092. 
BROW'ER,  a  post-offtce  of  Berks  oo.,  Pennsylvania. 
BROWER'S  MILLS,  a  postofBce  of  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BROWN,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  of  5lX)  Sfjuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  K-nst 
Fork  of  Little  Miami  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  White 
Oak,  Stnii.rht,  and  Eagle  Creeks.  Excepting;  the  hills  along 
the  Ohio  River,  the  surface  is  undulating:  the  soil  is  excel- 
lent and  well  cultivated.  The  rock  which  underlies  the 
county  is  limestone.  The  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road passes  near  the  northern  border,  and  several  plank- 
roads  have  been  made  in  the  county.  Capital,  Georgetown. 
Pop.  29.958. 

BROWN,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 3J0  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Bean  Blossom 
and  Salt  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  and 
▼alleys.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  wfis  organized  in 
1S36,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Jacob  Brown.  Capital, 
Nashville.     Pop.  C607. 

BltOWN,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
of  about  320  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Illinois  River,  on  the  NJl.  by  Crooked  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  Mckee's  Creek.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or 
slightly  undulating,  and  is  divided  between  prairies  and  tim- 
bered land;  the  soil  is  highly  productive  and  much  improved. 
A  railroad  extends  through  the  county  from  Quincy  to  the 
Dlinois  River.    Capital,  Mount  Sterling.    Pop.  9938. 

BROWN,  a  county  in  Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  head  of 
Green  Bay,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state,  contains  525  square 
miles.  It  is  intersect«l  by  the  Neenah  or  Fox  River,  and 
also  drained  by  East  and  Centre  Rivers.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified; the  soil,  in  some  places  is  fertile.  The  county  was 
originally  covered  by  dense  forests.  It  was  organized  in 
1818,  since  which  time  Its  limits  have  been  greatly  reduced 
by  the  formation  of  new  counties.  It  is  intersected  by  a 
railroad  extending  to  Chicago.  Capital,  Green  Bay.  Pop. 
11,795. 

BROWN,  a  township,  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  658. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1069. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Carroll  co^  Ohio.    Pop.  2022. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1066. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1181. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  936. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  •hio.    Pop.  1343. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1722. 

BROWN',  a  township  of  Paulding  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  785. 

BKOWN,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1161. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  868. 

BROWN,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co..  ludiaua, 
about  12  miles  S  S.W.  of  Crawfordsville.    Pop.  2137. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  641. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Riplev  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  19.32. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1326. 

BROWN'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co^  Maine, 
about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1398. 

BI'.OWN'llELM,  a  post-township  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  on 
Lake  Erie,  25  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Sandusky  City.    Pop.  1255. 

BltOWNING,  a  post-township  of  Schuyler  co^  Illinois. 
Pop.  1214. 

BROWNING  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Missouri. 

BROWNING'S,  a  district  in  De  Kalk  co.,  Georgia. 

BROWNINGSVILLE,  a  post-office.Bracken  co.,  Kentucky. 

BROW^^NGTON.  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 43  milea  N.E.  of  Montpelier.    Pod,  761. 

BRbWNINGTON  CENTRE,  a  portofflce  of  Orleans  co., 
Vermont. 

BROWN'S,  a  post-offlceof  Fairfield  district  South  Carolina. 

BROWXii'BOROUGH,  a  post<iffice  of  Henderson  co.,  Texas. 

BROWNSBOROUGU.  a  post-office.  Oldham  co..  Kentucky. 

BROWNS'BURO.  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BROWNSBURfi.  a  post-villa<:e  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Virginia, 
143  miles  of  Richmond,  contains  a  few  stores  and  mills. 
Pop.  alx>ut  200. 

BR(JWNSBURG.  a  postrvUlage  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana, 
on  White  !,ick  Creek,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis,  has 
about  2iiO  Inhabitants. 

BROWN'S  CORNER,  a  postoffice  of  Kennebec  co..  Maine. 

BROWN'S  ("OVK.  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  co.,  Virginia. 

BROWNS  CREEK,  of  Anson  co..  North  Carolina,  enters 
the  Yadkin  from  the  S.W. 

BKl)WNS'D.\LE,  a  pf>st.offlce  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BItOWN'SEA  or  BKANK'SEA  ISLAND,  In  England,  co. 
of  Dors<!t.  1 4  miles  S.  of  Poole,  at  the  E.  end  of  Poole  Harbor. 
Length  about  1^  miles:  breadth  f  of  a  mile.  Pop.  70.  Its 
castle,  built  by  Queen  ElUibeth  to  defend  Poole  Harbor,  is 
now  tba  resideace  of  the  Start  fiunily,  who  own  the  island. 
800 


BROWNSTORD,  a  village  in  the  N.K  part  of  Madiiwn 
CO..  Iowa,  on  North  River. 

BROWNS'OROVE.  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

BROWN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Burlington  co.,"  Xew 
Jersey. 

BROWN'S  MILLS,  a  smaU  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Sandy  Creek. 

BROWN'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Mifflhi  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

"  BROWN'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Washington  oo.,  Ohio. 
16  miles  W.N.W.  from  Marietta. 

BROWN'SORER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BROWN'S  POINT,  a  village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jei^ 
sey,  on  Raritan  Bay,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Perth  Amboy,  and  ad- 
joining Kevport, 

BROWNS/PORT,  a  village  of  Decatur  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Tennessee  River,  110  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville. 

BROWN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Ohio. 

BROWN.^rrOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 

BROWNSTOWN.  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

BROWNSTOWN,  a  post-viUage  and  township  of  Wayne 
CO.,  Michigan,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Monroe  City. 

BROWNSTOWN.  a  post-township  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana, 
about  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1907. 

BROWNSTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  In- 
diana, 1  mile  S.E.  of  the  ea.st  fork  of  White  River,  and  70 
miles  S.  of  Indianapolis.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country, 
which  contains  iron  ore  and  valuable  timber.  It  has  a 
brick  court-house,  a  cotinty  seminary,  and  over  100  dwell- 
ings.   The  Ohio  and  Mississippi  R.R.  passes  through  it. 

BROWNSTOWN  CREEK,  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigiin,  flows 
into  Lake  Erie  near  its  head. 

BROWN'S  V.iLLEY,  a  post-ofBce  of  Montgomerj-  co.,  In- 
diana. 

BROWNSTILLE,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co., 
Maine,  100  miles  N.N.E.  from  Augusta.  It  contains  an  ex- 
tensive slate  quarry,  and  at  the  base  of  Mount  Katahdin  is 
an  immense  bed  of  iron  ore,  which  is  wrought  and  shipped 
from  Bangor,  a  distance  of  60  miles.  The  village,  iu  the 
southern  part  of  the  township,  has  2  churches,seyeral  liunber 
and  other  mills,  and  a  slate-factory..  Pop.  of  township,  793. 
BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont. 
BROWNSVILLE  or  BROWNVII.LE,  a  post-village  and 
township  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Black  River,  and  on  the  Rome,  Watertown  and  Cape  A'in- 
cent  R.R.,  4  miles  below  Watertown,  and  about  4  miles  from 
LakeOntario.  It  contains  4  churches, and  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  wool,  with  mills  of  various  kinds.  Pop.  S966. 
BROWNSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Brownsville 
township,  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Monongahela  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  National 
Road,  about  35  miles  S.  of  Pittsbtirgh.  and  190  miles  W.  by 

5.  of  llarrisburg.  The  navigation  of  the  river  has  been  im- 
proved, so  that  large  steaml>oats  can  ascend  from  Pittsburg 
to  this  point.  A  noble  bridge,  630  feet  long,  has  been  erected 
over  the  river,  at  a  cost  of  ?50,000 ;  and  a  cast-iron  bridge, 
crossing  Dunlap's  Creek,  connects  Brow-nsville  with  the 
borough  of  Bridgeport.  The  abundance  of  bituminous  coal 
in  the  vicinity  has  given  rise  to  flourishing  manufactures 
of  iron,  glass,  cotton,  and  paper.  Steanilmat-building  is  also 
carried  on  here  extensively.  Brownsville,  including  Bridge- 
port, contains  12  churches,  2  banks,  2  glass-factories,  3  news- 
paper offices,  2  Union  school-houses,  2  steam  saw-mills,  and 
2  flojir-mills.    Incorporated  in  1815.    Pop.  4000. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-officeof  Washington  CO..  Sfary land. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Greenbrier  co..  Virginia. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Marlborough  district. 
South  Carolina. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  village  in  ilonroe  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  Ocmulgee  River,  ;i6  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Jackson. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi, 
20  miles  N.W.  of  Jackson. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

BROWNSVILLE,  formerly  Fort  Brown,  a  thriving  post- 
town,  capital  of  Cameron  county,  Texas,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  Matamoras,  40  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  and  300  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of 
Austin.  It  is  one  of  the  most  populous  and  conitiicrclal 
places  in  the  state,  having  an  extensive  trade  with  5Iexloo, 
facilitated  by  steamboat  navigation.  It  cont.iius.  bi'sidea 
the  county  buildings,  a  custom-house,  and  1  or  2  printing 
offices.  The  reported  value  of  the  imports  of  Brownsville  in 
1852.  was  about  $5.1X10.000.  This  place  was  named  in  honor 
of  Major  Brown,  commander  of  the  garrison,  who  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  a  shell  from  the  Mexican  batteries.  (May 

6,  1846,)  while  General  Taylor,  with  the  main  body  of  the 
forces,  was  engaged  In  opening  a  communication  with  Point 
Isabel.  After  the  victories  of  Palo  .Alto  and  I'esara  de  la 
Palnia,  the  American  army  entered  and  took  possession  of 
Matamonis  without  opi)OSition.     Pop.  27.'54. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  )K>st-village,  capital  of  Prairie  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, on  the  road  from  Memphis,  Tennessee,  to  I  i'tU 
Kock,  27  miles  £.  of  the  hitter 


l^ 


BRO 


BRU 


BHO^'NSA'ILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  ITayTvood  co., 
Tennessee.  117  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville,  and  5  miles  from 
the  Ihitchie  Kiver.  It  is  surrounded  liy  a  ricli  and  level 
country,  which  is  occupied  by  plantations  of  cotton  and 
maize.  Tlie  Ilateliie  Uiver  is  navi;;able  for  small  steamboats, 
lirowusville  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade,  and  contains  3 
churches,  2  academies,  and  a  female  cdllei^e,  which  is  under 
the  direction  of  the  Baptists.     Free,  l'«i).  titio. 

BRO  W.N  S\'l  LLE,  a  small  village  of  Barren  CO.,  Kentucky. 

BKOWNSVILLK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Edmond.sou  co., 
Kentucky,  is  situated  on  Oreen  Kiver.  13U  miles  S.W.  of 
Frankfort,  and  about  10  miles  W.  of  the  JIammoth  Cave. 
The  river  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  duiing  a  part  of 
the  year.  The  village  has  '2  churches,  an  academy,  and 
about  150  inhabitants. 

BUOVVXSVJLLE,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  on  a 
states  road,  54  miles  N.K.  of  Columbus.  It  was  laid  out  in 
1840,  and  contjiins  1  church. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-villaga  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  National  ]{oad.  40  miles  E.  of  Columbu.s.  It  is  situated 
in  a  fertile  and  populous  district,  and  hag  .several  stores. 

BROW.NSVILLK,  a  villa(?o  in  the  N.K.  part  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Ohio.  5  miles  W.  of  the  Ohio  Kiver. 

BKOWNSVILLK,  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  has 
about  (10  inhabitants. 

BKOWNSVILLK,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana, 
48  miles  W.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

BKOWN'SVILLE,  a  post-town.ship  of  Union  co.,  Indiana, 
about  4  miles  N.AV.  of  Lilxjrty.     Pop.  1332. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  ploa.siint  post>village  of  Union  co..  In- 
diana, on  the  East  Fork  of  the  'Wliite  Water  Kiver.  uO  miles 
N.W.  of  Cincinnati,  and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Kichmond.  It  has 
3  churches,  and  about  400  inhabitants. 

BK(.)WNSVILLl!;,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Big  -Muddy  Kivor,  about  10  miles- by  land  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi Kiver,  and  175  miles  S.  .of  Springfield.  It  was  fir- 
merly  the  county  Boat,  and  is  still  one  of  the  principal 
places  in  the  county.  Salt  is  procured  from  springs  in  the 
vicinity. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  small  postrvillage  of  Saline  CO.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Black  River. 

BKOWNSVI LLE,  Houston  Co.,  Minnesota.  See  Appendix. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Ogden  co.,  Utah,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

BROWNTviVVN,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co^  Pennsyl- 
vania, \M  miles  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

BROWN  UNIVERSITY.    See  l'Ro-*aDF.NCE,  Kl^f>de  Island. 

BRuWN'VILLE,  a  village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  66 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Detroit. 

JiROWNVILLE,  New  York.     See  Brownsvilie. 

BROWNV'lIiLE,  a  village  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  12  miles 
S.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

BKOX'BitUKNE  or  BROOKS'BOURNE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Herts. 

BKOX/BURN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  parish  of  Uphall,  in 
Linlithgowshire,  12  miles  W.  of  Edinburgh. 

BRiiX'UOL.ME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BliOX'TlOD,  a  parish  of  Engl.-ind,  co.  of  E.sse.x. 

BKO\'Ti)N'S  BRIDGE,  a  post>office  of  Colleton  district. 
South  Carolina. 

BKOYLES'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Texas. 

BROZAS,  bro/th^s.  a  town  of  Spain,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Car 
ceres.     Pop.  3711.     It  has  an  old  castle. 

BROZZl,  brot'see,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  6  miles  W.  of  Flo- 
rence on  the  Arno. 

BRU'AK,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.,  of  Perth,  famous 
for  its  cascades,  joins  the  Garry  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Blair-Atlioli. 

BKUAY,  brii^i/,  a  village  of  F'rance.  department  of  Nord, 
3  miles  from  Valenciennes.     Pop.  in  1852,  24(33. 

BRUCA,  La,  id  bi-oo'kd,  a  maritime  town  of  Sicily,  on  a 
projecting  rock  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  I'orcari,  in  the  (Julf  of 
Catania,  3  miles  X.  of  Agosta.  Small  vessels  resort  to  the 
harbor  to  load  wheat,  tunny,  builduig-stone,  and  oysters. 
The  vicinity  is  strewed  with  ruins;  supposed  to  mark  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Purtus  Hintasius. 

BRUCE,  a  post-township  in  JIacomb  co.,  Michigan,  about 
35  miles  N.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  1807. 

BRUCE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Canada  West,  bor- 
dering on  l^ike  Huron,  ha«  an  area  of  922  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Saugine  or  Saugeen  River.     Pop.  2837. 

BRU'CKRVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

BRUCETOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  VIp- 
,»inia. 

BRUCE'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 

BRUCEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Indi.ana,  8 
miles  N.K.  of  Vincennes. 

BRUCEVILLE,  the  capitiil  of  Chekalis  CO.,  Washington 
Territ^  iry.  near  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream  flowing  into 
Shdulnater  Bay,  about  35  miles  N.N.K.  of  Pacific  City. 

BRUCIIE,  briish,  a  .small  river  of  France,  rises  in  the 
Vosges  Mountains,  and.  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  45 
miles,  joins  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  Canal,  of  which  it  is  an 
lmp'i>t;int  feeder. 

BI!,JCHHAUSEN,  Alt,  ait  broOs'h.'Sw'zen,  a  town  of 
Uano'  ji,  county  of  Hoya,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Iloya.    P.  947. 


BRTJCIIHAUSEN,  Neu,  noi  brWiK^hSw'zgn,  a  town  of 
Hanover,  county  of  Hoya,  9  miles  W.  of  Hova.     Pop.  453. 

BRUCHSAL,  brooK'sjl,  a  walled  town  of  West  Germany 
grand  duchy  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Salz 
bach,  on  the  railway  from  Manheim  to  Basel,  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Carl.sruhe,  and  the  S.W.  terminus  of  tlie  Wurtemberg  Rail- 
way, which  connects  it  with  Friedrichshafen,  on  Like  Con- 
sUmce.  Pop.  73S(i.  It  has  a  fine  palace,  once  the  residence  of 
the  prince-bishop  of  Speyer,  1  Protestant  and  3  Roman  (.""^tho- 
lie  churches,  a  town-house,  gymnasium,  military  hospital, 
barracks,  and  a  paper  mill.    Its  principal  trade  is  in  wine. 

BRUCK,  (••  bridge,")brUK.  orbrOOK.  a  small  town  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Leith.i.  23  miles  S.E.  of  Yii'nna,on  the  Pre."!- 
burg  Railway.  Pop.  2834.  It  has  a  seat  of  Count  Han-ach, 
with  bot.anic  g.ardeus,  and  mauuljictures  of  spinning-jennies 
and  gold  wire. 

BRUCK.  a  small  town  of  Styria.  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Jlur  and  MUrz,  and  on  the  Vienna  and  Trie.st  Railway,  25 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Gratz.  1 'op.  1500.  It  has  mauulactures  of 
iron  wares,  and  an  active  transit  trade. 

BRUCK,  (BrUck,)  a  town  of  Prussia,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Bran- 
denburg.   Pop.  12(55. 

BRUCK,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Erlangen, 
on  the  Regnitz.  Pop.  1173.  There  are  numerous  villages 
of  same  name  in  the  different  stat*;s  of  Germany. 

BRUCKENAU,(BrUckenau.)brUk'kfn-«w\a  town  of  Bava- 
ria, on  the  Sinn,  36  miles  X.  of  WUrtzburg,  with  a  royal  castle, 
.ind2piipermills.  Pop.  1403.  Aliout  2  miles  distant  in  the  Sinu 
Valley,  are  the  baths  of  Brllckenau,  fre<iuented  in  summer 
by  the  Bavarian  court,  and  where  a  fine  pump-room,  {Kur- 
sa'il.)  has  been  erected  by  the  prest^nt  king.  The  waters  are 
chalyK'ati-,  (temperature  60°  Fahrenheit:)  the  accommodar 
tion  is  good ;  and  the  situation,  in  the  midst  of  beech  forests 
and  mountain  scenery,  renders  this  the  most  agreeable  of 
the  Franconian  watering-places.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  Fran- 
ciscan convent. 

BRUEL,  (BrUel,)  brU'el,  a  town  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerln, 
duchy  and  12  miles  N.E.  of  Schweriu.     Pop.  14Ul. 

BltUF'F,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  and  14J  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Limerick.  Pop.  1398.  It  has  a  neat  church,  a  large 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle. 

BRUGELETTE,  brUV-heh-litt/,  a  viUage  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Ilainaut,  on  the  Dender,  14  miles  N.W.  of 
Jlons.  Here  is  a  Jesuit  college,  with  about  3o0  students. 
Pop.  17S7. 

BRUGES,  bru'jiz,  (Fr.  pron.  brlizh;  Vutch,  Brugge,  hrfisr'- 
geh.  or  Brtiggfn,  brtig'gen.  i'.«,  " bridges :"  Ger.  Biu<jgi:,  brlig'- 
gheh ;  L.  Brufgat.)  a  fortified  city  of  Belgium,  cajjital  of  the 
province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  railway  from  Ostend  to 
Brussels,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  canals  from  (jhent  toOs- 
tendandtoSluis,  Similes  N.W. of  Brussels,  and  8  miles  from 
the  German  Ocean.  Lat.  of  the  Halle  .spire,  51°  12'  30"  N.; 
Ion.  3°  13'  44"  E.  Bruges  is  surrounded  by  walls  and  defended 
by  an  old  citadel ;  it  is  one  of  the  most  flourisning  commercial 
cities  in  the  kingdom.  It  owes  its  name  to  the  numJjer  of 
bridges  (upwards  of  50)  which  cross  its  canals,  and  is  re- 
m.arkablo  for  the  many  fine  Gothic  buildings  which  it  con- 
tains Most  of  these  date  from  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
are  richly  decorated  with  .sculpture  and  paintings;  among 
them  are  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  with  the  tomb  of 
Charles  the  Bold,  the  cathedral  of  St.  Sauveur,  palace  of  jus- 
tice, the  Halle,  with  a  Gothic  belfry  and  the  finest  chimes  in 
Europe,  the  hospital  of  St.  John,  and  the  Hotel  do  Ville. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  Bishop  of  AVest  Inlanders,  and  has  a 
tribunal  of  commerce,  an  athenaum,  episcopiil  college,  theo- 
logical semlnsry,  school  of  surgery,  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture,  a  public  library,  schools  for  blind,  deaf,  and  dumb, 
established  in  1^35,  an  exchange,  and  poor-house  for  the 
provinces  of  East  and  West  Flanders.  The  once  famous 
abbey  of  the  Dunes  or  Downs  is  now  occupied  by  a  semi- 
nary for  j'oung  priests.  In  .several  parts  of  the  city  may  be 
seen  the  buiMings  of  suppressed  monasteries,  either  in  a 
state  of  dilapidiition  or  applied  to  secular  purposes.  There 
is  still  a  convent  of  about  40  British  Augustine  nuns,  who 
are  much  employed  in  educating  ladies  of  their  own  per- 
suasion. Chief  industry,  the  manufacture  of  lace,  which  is 
celebrated,  and  occupies  more  than  a  sixth  part  of  the  fe- 
male population;  manufactures  of  linen,  woollen,  and  cot- 
ton fabrics,  cordage,  tobacco,  and  soap.  Bruges  has  nume- 
rous distilleries,  breweries,  tanneries,  dye-works,  sugar  and 
salt  refineries,  and  shii>building  yards.  Through  the  means 
of  canals,  Bruges  has  direct  though  limited  intercourse  with 
several  ports  in  Europe,  and  may  be  considered  as  one  of 
the  Belgi.an  entrepots.  Its  docks  are  capable  of  containing 
100  barges,  and  are  surrounded  with  spacious  warehouses. 
Principal  exports,  lace  and  other  manufactured  goods, 
grain,  and  cattle.  .Imports,  wool,  cotton,  dye-wood.s,  wine, 
and  colonial  products.  In  a  recent  year,  the  value  of  entries 
oflicially  declared  was  8C4.577  francs,  (34,580?.;)  value  of  ex- 
ports, 717,815  francs,  (28,712J. ;)  and  the  vessels  that  arrived 
were  only  11,  of  1640  tons  in  all. 

Ilistorrj. — In  837,  Bruges  was  fortified  by  Count  Baldwin 
'  of  the  Iron  Arm;  and  was  first  walled  in  1053;  in  a  great 
fire,  in  1280,  its  records  perished,  and  its  charters,  which 
bad    been  wrenched  or   bought  from   its   feudal    proteo 

301 


BRU 

tory,  or  n.ther  oppressors,  were  lost.  For  a  time  It  had  thus 
no  acknowledged  municipal  priVileges,  which,  howeTer, 
were  resUired  by  Count  Philip  the  Handsome,  in  1299. 
Early  in  the  fourteenth  century,  Bruges  had  waxed  rich 
and  powerful.  In  the  Ilanse  League,  it  took  the  lead- 
ing rank  as  the  central  mart  of  Middle  Northern  Europe, 
and  was  frequented  by  LomKnrd  merchants.  About  that 
time,  such  was  the  extent  of  its  commerce,  there  were  13 
foreign  consuls  or  agents  permanently  resident  in  the  city, 
fhe  progress  of  its  inanufactures  was  at  least  as  great;  and 
its  cloths,  linen,  and  tapestries  at  last  came  to  excel  all 
others  for  riu-Hlity  and  beauty.  Under  the  House  of  Bur- 
gundy, Bruges  still  increiised  in  riches  and  power.  In  1430, 
Duke  Philip  the  Good  here  instituted  the  order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece — a  title  meant  to  bring  honor  to  those  of  its  traders 
who  poured  a  flood  of  wealth  into  his  coffers,  through 
means  of  the  chief  manufacture  of  the  locality;  for, 
throush  its  means,  a  ducal  chief  was  raised  above  the 
generality  of  kings,  in  wealth  and  real  power.  Unhappily, 
the  pride' and  turbulence  of  the  citizens  grew  nearly  com- 
mensurate with  their  prosperity.  In  1488.  they  rose  in  re- 
bellion against  Duke  Maximilian,  and  laid  hands  on  his  per- 
son. The  severe  measures  of  repression  which  ensued,  gave 
the  first  blow  to  the  city"s  prosperity,  from  which  time  it  de- 
clined :  and  its  ruin  was  afterwards  nearly  completed  by  the 
oppressions  and  persecutions  endured  from  the  Duke  of  Alva 
and  other  myrmidons  of  Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain.  Owing 
to  these  persecutions,  many  of  the  best  artizans  sought  an 
asylum  and  ot^cupation  in  England.  From  that  time  may  he 
dated  the  lieginning  of  the  English  superiority  in  manufac- 
turing, as  well  as  jjroducing  wool,  long  the  great  staple  of  the 
latter  country.  The  population  of  Bruges  once  exceeded 
200,000 ;  it  now  scarcely  numbers  a  fourth  of  that  amount, 
being,  in  1862,  50,647,  and  even  this  is  a  considerable  in- 
cre.ise  compared  with  what  it  had  been  some  years  before. 

BUUGKS,  brttzh,  a  town  of  France,  department  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  arroudissement  and  12  miles  S,S.E,  of  Pau.  It 
hiis  manufactures  of  coarse  linens.     Pop.  1894. 

BKUGG,  brOda,  or  BUUCK,  br«aK.  a  village  of  Switzer- 
l.and,  canton  of  Aargau.  on  the  Aar,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge,  (whence  its  name,)  9  miles  N.E.  of  .\arau.  It  is 
surrounded  by  walls,  and  defended  by  conical  towers.  Pop. 
800.  It  is  an  entrepot  for  goods  passing  between  Germany 
and  Italy,  and  stands  on  a  portion  of  the  site  of  the  anc. 
Vindnnissa,  some  remains  of  which  are  still  traceable.  Nejir 
it  is  the  ruined  ca.stle  of  Hapsburg,  the  ancestral  seat  of  the 
imperial  family  of  .\ustria;  and  the  ruins  of  the  abl<ey  of 
Konisirsfelden,     Zimmermann  was  born  at  Brugg  in  1728. 

BRUGGK,  or  BRUUGEN,    See  Bruges, 

BRUGG  EX,  brOog'gfn,  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  2  miles  S.A\'.  of  St.  Gall :  near  it  is  the  mag- 
nificent bridge  {  Kralzenhrucle)  over  the  Sitter ;  it  is  built  of 
stone,  and  is  lioO  feet  in  length,  and  96  feet  in  height. 

BRUGG KN,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Kempen,  with  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton,  and  silk.  Pop. 
677. 

BRUON.\TO,  broon-yi'to,  a  small  ancient  town  of  S.ar- 
dinia.  7  miles  X.K.  of  Levante,  on  the  Vara,  with  a  cathe- 
dral church  and  a  theoU)gical  seminary.     Pop.  600. 

BRUGUl&UE.  LA.    See  LABRucrifiRE. 

BRUIIL.  (Brllhl.) brill,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 8 miles 
S.S.W.  of  Cologne,  on  the  railway  to  Bonn.  Pop.  2020.  It  has 
a  fine  castle,  with  extensive  pleasure  grounds.  It  was  the 
retreat  of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  when  banished  fi:om  France  in 
1651. 

BRUIIL.  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ti- 
enna.  with  a  castle  belonging  to  Prince  Liechtenstein. 

BRU'IN,   a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BRU'INGTOS,a  post-oflice  of  King  and  Queen  co,,  Virginia, 

BRU'I.NSBURG,  a  sm.iU  village  of  Claiborne  co.,  MLssis- 
sippi.  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

BRUIN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office, Parke  co.,  Indiana. 

BRU'ISYARD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRUKO.    See  Brooko. 

BRULON,  brilMAh'',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  19  miles  N,N.W.  of  La  Fleche.     Pop.  in  1852,  1815. 

BRULY  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  West  Baton  llouge 
parish,  L<ouisiana. 

BRUMATII,  broo'mit/,  (anc.  Brucomlagiut  or  Brocom!- 
agusf]  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  on  the 
Siorn.  11  miles  N.X.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  of  commune,  in 
1852.  4427. 

BRUM'FIELDYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Penn- 
8ylvani;i,  02  miles  E.N.K.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

BRUM'MKL'S.  a  postofflce  of  Davidson  co.,  N.Carolina. 

BRUM-MKN,  brftm'mfn,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, pro- 
vince of  Gelderland,  on  the  Yssel,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Arnhem. 
Pop.  850. 

BRUMOW.  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Braxinau. 

BRUM'STEADorBRUN'STEAD,  a  parish  of  EngUnd,  co., 
of  Norfolk. 

BRUN.  a  post-office  of  Carter  co..  Kentucky. 

BRUN'D.\LL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BRUNDKL.  brUn'del,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  with  mineral 
battis,  and  a  pilgrimage  church^ 
302 


BRU 

BHUN'DTSTT,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BRUNDISIUM  or  BRUNDUSIUM.     See  Brixdisi. 

BKUNE  (broo'uA)  or  BRUNI  (broo'nee)  ISLAND,  a  Ion? 
and  irregular  island  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  district  of  Hobai^ 
Town,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  D'Entrecasteaux  Bay. 
Lat,  4.3°  30'  S,,  Ion.  147°  30'  E.  Length  from  N.  to  S..  o2  miles , 
breadth  from  1  to  8  miles.    On  its  E.  side  is  .Adventure  Bav. 

BRUNECK  (broo'nek')  or  BRUNECKEN,  broo-njk'fn, 
(Ital.  Brunecco,  broo-nJk'ko,)  a  town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  41 
miles  S.W.  of  Inspruck,  on  the  Rienz.     Pop.  1471. 

BKUN'ERSBUKG,  a  pc«t-viilage  of  Defiance  co.j  Ohio,  166 
miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  200. 

BRUN'ERSTOWN,  a  post>village  of  Putnam  co,  Indiana. 
50  miles  W.  hy  S.  from  Indianapolis. 

BKUNIQUEL,  brti^nee'k^',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  41  miles  E.  of  Montauban.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1186.    It  has  a  ruined  castle  and  extensive  iron-works. 

BRUNN,(BrUnn,)brUnn,  (native name,  Brnn.i.e.  "ford,") 
a  fortified  city  of  the  Austrian  empire,  the  capital  of  the  go- 
vernments of  Moravia  and  Silesia,  on  a  declivity  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Schwarza  and  the  Zwittawa,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Vienna,  and  116  miles  S.W.  of  Prague,  with  both  of  which  it 
is  connected  by  railway.  Lat.  of  City  Hall,  49°  11'  39"  N., 
Ion.  16°  SC  54"  E.  Pop.  (exclusive  of  garrison,)  about  50,000, 
nearly  all  Roman  Catholics.  The  city  is  separated  by  its 
fortifications  from  several  suburbs,  and  was  formerly  de- 
fended by  the  citadel  of  Spielberg,  now  a  state  prison,  and 
that  in  which  Silvio  Pellico  was  confined.  Streets  narrow 
and  crooked,  but  well-paved  and  lighted.  Brunn  has  nume- 
rous fine  buildings,  including  the  cathedral,  St.  Jacob's, 
and  other  churches,  the  landliaus.  formerly  a  rich  .Augus- 
tine convent,  the  barracks,  a  vast  pile,  formerly  a  .lesuits* 
college,  the  city  hall,  theatre.  Maria  school  for  young  ladies, 
and  the  palaces  of  Princes  Dietrichstein  and  Kaunitz,  and 
other  nobles.  A  park,  called  the  Augarten,  was  opened  to 
the  public  by  Joseph  II. ;  aijd  in  the  Franzenburg  quarter 
are  public  gardens,  with  a  monument  to  the  Emperor, 
Francis  I.  Brilnn  is  the  seat  of  the  chief  It^al  and  military 
courts  and  authorities  for  Moravia  and  Austrian  Silesia,  of 
a  bishop's  see.  and  a  Protestant  consistory.  It  has  a  philo- 
sophical institute,  theological,  diocesan,  and  normal  schools, 
a  royal  gymnasium ;  provincial,  agricultural,  and  historical 
society ;  a  v.aluable  mu.seum,  liotanic  garden,  public  library, 
and  a  great  number  of  educational  and  charitable  establish- 
ments; here  also  is  a  provincial  bank.  Its  manufiictures  of 
woollen  goods  are  the  most  extensive  in  the  Austrian  domi- 
nions; cotton  goods,  silk,  glass,  soap,  tobacco,  and  machinery 
are  also  extensively  manufkctured ;  and  its  tanneries  and  lea 
ther  fjictories  are  t  he  most  important  in  the  empire ;  the  city  is 
the  centre  of  a  large  trade  between  Bohemia  and  Austria,  and 
the  countries  N.  and  E.  of  the  Carpathian  Mount;iins,  It  pos- 
sesses superior  advant.ages  for  trade,  having  railway  conimu- 
niciition  with  Vienna.  Breslau,  Prague,  and  Pesth.  AUbrunn, 
(i.  e..,  "  Old  Brlinn,")  the  principal  suburb,  was,  previous  to 
1838,  a  separate  market  borough.  Briinn  is  an  ancient  town ; 
its  citadel  was  blockaded  by  the  Hungarians  in  947.  and  the 
town  itself  was  besieged  by  the  Swedes  in  1645,  and  by  the 
Prussians  in  1742.  It  has  been  repeatedly  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  as  often  rebuilt.  In  1558,  it  was  visited  by  the  plague, 
which  carried  off  4000  of  the  inhabitants,  to  whose  memory 
a  column  has  lieen  raised  in  the  great  square.  Bonaparte 
had  his  head-quarters  in  this  town  before  the  Battle  of 
Austerlitz.  December,  1805 ;  and,  in  1809,  the  chief  defences 
of  Fort  Spielberg  were  demolished  by  the  French, 

BRUNN-AM-CiEBlRGE,  broOnn-im-ga-b^SR'Geh, a  town  of 
Lower  Austria,  7  miles  S.W,  of  Vienna.  Pop.  1630.  M'ine, 
which  is  highly  esteemed,  is  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

BRUNNEN,  brOon'nen,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  3i  miles  S.W.  of  Schwytz,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Muot- 
ta.  in  the  Lake  of  Lucerne.  Here  the  deputies  of  the  three  ori- 
ginal cantons.  Uri,  Schwytz.  and  Unterwalden,  laid  the  basis 
of  the  Helvetic  Republic,  Decemlx>r  9. 1315. 

BItl'XXEXS.  THE,  (Ger.  Dit  Brunnen,  dee  brcxm'nen, 
t.  e.  "  the  springs,")  is  the  name  applied  to  the  watering 
places  of  Germanv,  &c..  collectively. 

BRUN'NER.  a  post-offlce  of  Sebastian  co.,  Arkansas. 

BRUNSBUTTEL,(BrunsbUttel.)  bi«3ns'bUt-tel.  a  maritime 
town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Holstein,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Ellje,  near  its  mouth,  15  miles  N.W.  of  GlUckstadt 
Steamers  pi  V  n'gularly  between  this  place,  Alton,  and  Ham- 
burg.   Pop."  1200. 

BRUNSHAUSEN,  brSOns-hCw'zen,  a  village  of  Hano- 
ver, on  the  left  bank  of  the  EIl>e,  15^  miles  N.N.K.of  Stade, 
with  a  small  port  and  custom-house  for  the  river  dues. 

BliUNST.ATT,  brOOn'titO  or  brftn'stlt/,  a  village  of  Franco, 
department  of  Haut-Rhin.     Pop.  of  commune.  1544. 

BKUNS'WICK.(Ger.Bra«r!.-c.'(«ei'^.  brOwn'shwig:  L.  Bru- 
nop>olis,)  a  city  of  Germany,  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  the 
same  name,  aiid  the  place  of  residence  of  the  Dukes  of  Brun» 
wick, 36  miles  S.E.  of  Hanover:  lat.  52°  16' 11"  N„  Ion.  10° 31' 
29"  E.  It  is  divided  into  six  dLstricts.  and  contains  aliout  100 
streets — most  of  them  clean,  and  some  of  them  sjiaciousand 
Imposing,  though  of  somewliat  anti  (uated  appearance,  man; 
of  the  houses  being  of  wood,  and  from  300  to  400  ywirs  old 
The  city  was  formerly  fortified,  but  the  ramparts  have  haei 


BRU 


BRU 


leTelled,  planted  with  trees,  and  conrerted  Into  pleasant 
promenades.  The  principal  public  buildin<;s  are  the  new 
palace  or  sc/thf!),  a  niasjnifieent  structure ;  the  ancient  cathe- 
dral of  St.  Blalze;  the  man.«ion-house,  with  statues  of 
Guelphic  prini'es  in  front;  the  chapter-house,  chancery, 
house  of  lei^islative  assembly,  mint,  arsenal,  ducal  ex- 
chequer, opera-house,  towu-hill,  trades'  hall,  old  Altdorf 
to  .vn-hall,  and  a  few  others.  Besides  these  are  the  follow- 
lowing  objects  of  interest — an  ancient  bronze  lion  of  ]{y- 
Kintine  workmanship,  brought  from  Constantinople;  aUo- 
thic  fountain  of  bronze,  dated  14o8,  situated  In  the  Alte 
Stadt-niarket;  a  cast-iron  obelisk,  60  feet  hi^h,  erected  by 
the  citizens  to  the  memory  of  their  two  dukes,  who  fell  at 
Jena  and  Quatre  JJi-as ;  and  a  monument  and  chapel  erected 
to  the  memory  of  the  patriotic  Schill,  who,  with  14  of  his 
companion  in  arms,  was  shot  here  by  the  French,  In  18u8, 
for  rising  against  them.  The  museum  possesses  an  excel- 
lent gallery  of  paintings,  comprising  many  works  of  the 
gre;itest  masters,  and  a  good  collection  of  classical  antiqui- 
ties, and  works  of  art.  The  city  contains  10  churches  in- 
cluding the  cathedral.  The  educational  institutions  are 
the  college,  a  gymnasium,  a  seminary  for  teachers,  a  college 
of  anatomy  and  surgery,  a  real  sc/iule  for  practical  acquire- 
ments, including  mechanics,  and  commercial  and  agricul- 
tural s_tudies;  and  several  others.  Among  the  charitable 
Institutions,  which  are  numerous,  are  a  general  and  lying- 
in  hospital,  a  deaf  and  dumb,  and  orphan  asylums.  The 
principal  manufactures  of  the  town  are  of  linen,  woollen, 
hardware,  tobacco,  chiccory,  Glauber  salts,  mineral  colors, 
china,  papier  mache,  leather,  &c.  Three  railways  now 
meet  in  lirunswick.  The  earliest  and  shortest,  completed 
in  1S3!),  terminates  in  Ilarzburg;  the  second  extends  E.  to 
Magdeburg;  and  the  third.  N.  and  N.W.  to  Hanover.  The 
railways  promise  to  make  Brunswick  the  entrepot  of  a  very 
extensive  trade.  Pop.  in  1861,  42,209,  of  whom  1000  were 
Roman  Catholics,  and  500  Jews. 

BKUN.S'\V1CK,  Ducur  OF,  (Ger.  Herzngthum  Braim- 
schwKig,  hiitfsiVs-toom*  biOwn'shwig.)  an  important  duchy 
of  North-western  Gei-many,  forming  the  twelfth  state  of 
the  German  Confederation.  It  consists  of  three  larger  and 
six  smaller  divisions,  detached  from  each  other,  and  sur- 
rounded by  foreign  possessions.  The  principal  division, 
containing  Brunswick,  the  capital,  is  of  a  compact  and  oval 
form,  with  the  exception  of  a  narrow  strip  towards  the 
N.E.  On  the  N.,  \V.,  and  S.W.,  it  is  surrounded  by  Hano- 
ver, and  on  the  S.  and  E.  by  Prussian  Saxony.  The  second 
larger  division  is  a  long  irregular  l>elt,  stretching  from  E.  to 
W.  across  South  Hanover,  which  of  course  forms  its  N.  and 
S.  boundaries,  while  on  the  E.  it  is  bounded  by  Prussisn 
Saxony,  and  on  the  W.  by  Ithenish  Prussia,  Hanover,  and 
Waldeck.  To  the  S.E.  of  this  division  lies  the  third,  al.so 
irregular  in  shape,  travers<.'d  by  the  Harz  Mountains,  and 
surrounded  by  portions  of* Prussia,  Hanover,  and  Auhalt. 
Of  the  six  smaller  divisions,  Thedinghausen,  Bodenberg,  H;i- 
riugen,  and  Oelsburg  are  in  Hanover;  and  Kalvorde.  and 
a  patch  of  land  near  the  village  of  Seinfeld,  govern- 
ment of  Treves,  are  in  Prussia.  The  united  area  of  all 
these  divisions  is  computed  at  about  1400  English  square 
miles,  of  which  nearly  one-half  is  arable  land,  meadow,  and 
gardens,  one-third  forest,  and  one-fourth  moorland. 

The  surface  is  geneniUy  hilly.  Brunswick  Proper  has  a 
considerable  extent  of  level  land,  only  a  few  low  ridges  ap- 
pearing towards  the  E.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Oker, 
Leine,  and  ^Veser,  to  the  liasin  of  which  last  all  the  streams 
belong,  with  the  exception  of  the  Bodi,  which  falls  into  the 
Elbe.  The  principal  mineral  products  are  gold  silver,  anti- 
mony, lead,  zinc,  copper,  sulphur,  vitriol,  and  alum.  The 
mines  are,  in  part,  worked  conjointly  with  the  Hanoverian 
Government,  and,  in  part,  independently.  The  duchy  pro- 
duces also  marble,  alabaster,  limestone,  gypsum,  pottei-s' 
clay,  asbestos,  agate,  jasper.  &c.  There  are  within  the  ter- 
ritor}',  likewise  several  s;ilt-works  of  considerable  extent. 
In  the  Harz  Mountains,  asphalt  and  other  bituminous  sub- 
stances are  found.  The  chief  manut:ictures  are  of  iron, 
linen,  (now,  however,  much  fallen  off,)  and  cjimlets;  dyeing 
and  brewing  are  also  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent; 
and  oil  and  saw  mills  are  numerous  on  the  different  large 
streams.  The  spinning  of  yarn  forms  an  important  branch 
of  industry  all  over  the  duchy.  The  industrial  resources 
of  the  counti'y  are  carefully  and  judiciously  cultivated  by 
the  government,  which  extends  its  protection  and  patronage 
also  to  its  educational  institutions.  The  constitution  of 
Brunswick  is  a  limited  monarchy.-  The  legislature  is  com- 
posed of  the  duke,  :in  upper  chamber,  (consisting  of  6  pre- 
lates and  the  78  holdei'S  of  equestrian  estates,)  and  a  lower 
chamber,  (composed  of  6  prelates,  19  deputies  from  towns, 
and  as  many  representatives  of  the  land-holders,  who  do 
not  possess  equestrian  rights.)  The  legislature  must  assem- 
ble at  least  once  every  three  years,  for  which  period  the 
taxes  are  voted.  The  duke  appoints  three  ministers  of  state, 
and  in  each  of  the  six  circles  into  which  the  state  is  divided 
there  is  a  provincial  board  to  conduct  its  municipal  and  lo- 
cal government.  The  revenue  of  the  duchy  is  derived  from 
the  ducal  domains,  from  land,  personal  and  indire.t  taxes, 
froDi  stamps,  fees  of  court,  post-office,  tolls,  and  a  lottery. 


In  1849,  these  amounted  collectively  to  234,300?.,  the  ex  pen 
diture  being  about  the  sam«  amount.  Public  debt,  in  ls4a, 
9&i,652.  of  which  2o8."5()7.  was  for  railways.  The  ijuota  of 
men  which  the  duchy  is  lx)und  to  furnish  to  the  armv  of  the 
German  Confederation  is  2096.  The  affairs  of  this  little 
state  are  conducted  with  great  prudence  and  judgment,  and 
the  consequence  has  been  the  securing  for  its  population  a 
degree  of  comfort  and  independence  not  equalled  in  any 
other  part  of  Germany.  Personal  braver}',  and  an  open, 
unsuspecting  nature,  are  the  distingui.shing  chjiracteriEticci 
of  the  Brnnswickers.     Pop.  in  1861,  281.708. 

BItUNSWICK,  brans/wlk,  or  BUUNSWYK,  br6Cns/»Tk, 
a  village  and  parish  of  Denmark-Holstein,  near  Kiel,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  handsome  bridge.     Pop.  111.". 

BKUNS'WICK,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Virjiinia, 
bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  600  square 
miles.  The  Nottoway  Kiver  forms  its  N.E.  boundary,  the 
Roanoke  touches  Its  S.W.  extremity,  and  the  Meherrin  Itiver 
flows  tluxjugh  the  middle  of  the  county  from  \i .  to  E.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  undulating;  the  soil  of  medium  qua- 
lity. The  exhausted  lands  have  recently  V)een  improved  by 
the  U.S0  of  guano  and  other  manures.  It  is  intersected  by 
a  plank-road  leading  to  Petersburg.  OrgaTiized  in  1720. 
Cajiital,  LawrenceviUe.  Pop.  14,809,  of  whom  5663  were  free, 
and  9146  slaves. 

BHUNSWICK,  a  county  in  the  S.E  part  of  North  Cirolina, 
bordering  on  South  Carolina  and  the  ocean,  contains  about 
950  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Cape  Fear  and  Waccamaw 
Kivers.  The  surface  is  level,  and  partly  covered  by  exten- 
sive swamps;  the  soil  is  sandy  and  mostly  sterile.  Pino 
lumber,  tar,  resin,  Ac,  are  exported.  Cai)itul.  Smithville. 
Pop.  8406,  of  whom  4775  were  free,  and  3631  slaves. 

BKUN^WICK,  a  flonriishing  post-village  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Androscoggin,  across 
which  is  a  bridge  connecting  Brunswick  with  Topsham,  and 
on  the  Kennebec  and  Portland  Kaih-oad,  27  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Portland.  Lat.  4;>°  63'  N.,  Ion.  69°  55'  W.  The  Androscog- 
gin here  has  a  fall  of  about  50  feet  in  the  distance  of  half  a 
mile,  affording  an  immense  hydraulic  power;  and  such  is 
the  conformation  of  the  ground  that  the  water  can  be  used 
Wiree  times  in  the  distance  above  s])ecified.  The  industry 
of  the  inhabitants  has  been  chiefly  directed  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  lumber;  but  this  business  is  now  rapidly  declining, 
and  building  and  owning  of  ships  is  taking  its  place;  about 
60  ships  and  barques  are  owned  here.  Brunswick  is  the  S. 
terminus  of  the  Androscoggin  Kailroad,  63  miles  long.  The 
Cabbot  Company  have  purchased  a  valuable  site  at  the  falls, 
and  have  now  a  large  cotton-mill  in  operation.  Brunswick 
contains  several  churches,  4  banks,  and  some  30  store.* ;  it  has 
an  excellent  system  of  graded  schools,  comprising  a  liigh- 
school,  grammar-school,  and  4  primary  schools.  These  are 
attended  by  all  the  children  of  the  place.  On  an  elevated 
plain,  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  village,  stands  Bowdoin 
College,  a  flourishing  institution,  founded  in  1802.  For 
beauty  of  location,  it  is  probiibly  not  surpassed  by  any 
similar  institution  in  the  Union.  Connected  with  it  is  the 
Medical  School  of  Maine,  established  in  1820.  Its  library, 
comprising  3400_yolumes,  is  considered  one  of  the  best  of 
the  kind  in  the  United  States.  Its  anatomiciil  cabinet 
and  its  chemical  and  other  apparatus  are  also  very  com- 
plete. Population  of  the  township  in  1850,  4927  ;  iii  1860, 
472;j. 

BRUNSWICK,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Vennont,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  liiver,  about  50  miles  N.E.  of 
Montpelier.     Pop.  212. 

BRUNSWICK,  a  township  of  Ptcnsselaer  co..  New  York- 
Pop.  3110. 

BliUNSWICK,  a  small  Tillage  in  the  S.  part  of  Ulster  co. 
New  York. 

BRL'^'SWICK,  a  port  of  entry,  capitil  of  Glynn  co.,  Geor- 
gia, on  Turtle  River,  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Savannah,  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  a  sandy  bluff,  about  10  feet  above  high 
water,  and  has  a  spacious  harbor.  St.  Simon's  Liglit-house 
is  8  miles  from  this  town.  Brunswick  is  the  eastern  ter- 
minus of  the  Brunswick  and  Florida  Railroad.  The  shijv 
ping  of  the  district,  June  30,  1852,  was  306  tons  registered, 
and  853  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  During  the  year  there 
were  3  foreign  arrivals.    Pop  h'2i>. 

BRUNSWICK,  a  post-township  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  about 
22  miles  S.f^.W.  of  Cleveland.    Pop.  1269. 

BRUNSWICK,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
60  miles  N  N.W.  of  Springfield.  ' 

BRUNSWICK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Chariton  co.,  Missouri,  on  or  near  the  Missouri  River, 
BS  miles  above  Boonville.     It  contains  a  bank.     Pop.  3589. 

BRUNS'WICK  BAY,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia;  Ion. 
125°  E.  The  Prince  Regent  River,  discovered  by  Captain 
Stokes,  falls  into  this  bay. 

BRUNS/WICK  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Issaquena  co., 
Mississippi. 

BRUNSWICK,  NEW.    See  New  Brun'SWICK. 

BRUNTINGTHORPE,  br&nfc'ing-thorp,  a  parish  of  En- 
gland. CO.  of  Leicester. 

BRUNrrON,  EAST  and  WEST,  two  townshipsof  England, 
CO.  of  Northumberland,  in  Castle-ward,  parish  of  Gosforth. 

303 


J3RD 


BRU 


ii  miles  N.^.W.  of  Newcastle.    Their  mines  yield  coal  of  a 
Buperior  quality. 

UliUXTRUT,  a  town  of  Switzerland.    See  Porentrut. 

BRU'RKK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Lime- 
rick. 4  miles  N.AV.  of  Kilmallock.  The  Irish  bards  here  held 
their  half-vearlv  meetiugs  till  1746. 

BRUSA  "or  BROUSSA,  broo/si,  written  also  BURSA,  hoon/- 
s3,  (anc.  Pru/sa  ad  OUim'pum.)  a  city  of  Asia  >Iinor,  in  Ana- 
tolia, capital  of  a  sanjak,  at  the  N.  foot  of  Mount  Olympus, 
67  miles  S.S.E.  of  Constantinople.  Pop.  probably  60.000  in- 
cluding about  7000  Armenians,  3000  Greeks,  and  1800  Jews. 
It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  declivity,  in  a  very  fertile 
neighborhood,  and  has  a  magnificent  external  appearance, 
with  numerous  minarets.  Its  houses  are  built  mostly  of 
earth  or  wood,  and  its  streets  narrow,  but  it  is  kept  very 
clean  by  an  abundance  of  streams;  and  it  is,  upon  the 
whole,  one  of  the  most  agreeable  ciiies  in  the  Kast.  It  has 
between  2li0  and  300  mosques,  some  very  handsome :  large 
bazaars,  numerous  khans  and  colleges,  several  churches  and 
synagogues.  Armenian  and  other  schools,  and  extensive 
suburbs.  Its  mineral  baths  have  been  famous  in  all  ages ; 
they  are  of  various  kinds  and  temperatures,  and  mostly 
under  cover  of  fine  buildings.  N.W.  of  the  city  are  large 
swimming  pools.  The  citadel,  on  a  rock,  near  the  centre  of 
the  town,  is  mostly  of  Ueuoese  construction;  and  the  city 
cont.iins  various  remains  of  antiquity.  Brusa  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  commercial  emporiums  in  the  Turkish 
dominions.  Its  principal  trade  is  in  raw  silk,  of  which  arti- 
cle its  district,  in  1841,  produced  60,970  okes ;  and  it  has  also 
manu&ctures  of  satin,  cotton  cloths,  carpets,  tapestry,  gauze, 
and  cotton  twist,  with  a  large  traffic  in  corn,  opium,  and 
meersciiaum  clay.  The  principal  imports  are  cotton  cloths 
and  yarn,  muslins,  figured  woollen  dresses,  dyed  si\rsanets. 
Paisley  shawls  from  Great  Britain,  other  woollens,  with  nan- 
keens and  cotton  prints  from  Germany,  France,  and  Switr 
zerland.  glass  wares  from  Bohemia,  red  caps  and  gold  thread 
from  Southern  Europe,  and  cordage,  butter,  caviare,  and 
iron  from  RussLa.  The  trade  with  the  interior  is  facilitated 
by  caravans  from  Constantinople  and  Smyrna;  that  by  the 
■ea  is  carried  on  from  the  port  of  Moodania,  (Moudania.) 
on  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  Brusa  was  anciently  the  capital  of 
Bithynia,  and  after  the  capture  by  Orchan  in  1356,  it  con- 
tinued to  be  the  capital  and  the  burial-place  of  the  Turkish 
sultans,  until  Amur.ath  removed  his  seat  of  empire  to  Adri- 
anople.  Some  newly  constructed  government  silk  factories 
at  Bru.sa  were  destroved  by  fire  in  1846 ;  the  loss  was  esti- 
mated as  high  as  300",0WM. 

BR(JS.\U,  (Briisau.)  brii'-sOw,  a  town  of  Moravia,  31  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Olmutz.  on  the  frontier  of  Bohemia.  Pop.  750. 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  flour,  called  BriUauer  Mehl. 

BRUSKL.\S.    See  Brussels. 

BRUSH  CREKK,  Ohio,  joins  the  Ohio  River  in  Adams  co. 

BRUSH  CREEK  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  enters  Scoto  River 
about  10  miles  X.  of  Portsmouth. 

BIIUSH  CREEK,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  480. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Perry  co.,  Alabama. 

Bl;USH  CRKEK,  a  township  in  Washington  county, 
Arkansas. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  township  in  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  l»lo. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  township  in  Jefferson  co.,  Oiiio.  Pop. 
705. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  township  in  Musldngum  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1345. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  township  in  Scioto  co., Ohio.    P.  1094. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  about  80 
miles'N.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  La  Clede  co.,  Missouri. 

BKUSH'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BRUSH'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 

BRUSH  HILL,  apost-village  of  Du  Page  CO., Illinois,  about 
16  miles  W.  of  Chicago. 

BItUSH  L.\.\D,  a  postofflce  of  Delaware  co..  New  York. 

BRUSH  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsvlvauia,  a  short  ridge  in  the 
N.  part  of  Blair  co.,  S.W.  of  Bald  Eagle  Mountain. 

BRUSH  POI.N'T,  a  postofflce  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

BRUSH  RUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BRUSirS  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Ogdensburg  and  Rouse's  Point  Railroad. 

BRUSH  VALLEY,  a  post-township  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 55  miles  E.  hy  N.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  1544. 

BRUSH'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Queen's  co.,  New  York. 

BRUSHVILLE,  a  small  post-village  in  the  S.  part  of 
Livingston  co..  New  York. 

BRUSU'Y  CREEK  of  Lavacca  co.,  Texas,  flows  into  La- 
Tacca  River. 

BRUSHY  CREEK,  in  Texas,  rises  in  Williamson  co.,  and 
flows  Into  Little  River,near  the  centre  of  Milam  county, 

BR  USIIY  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district,  Soi 
Carolin.-i. 

304 


1  district,  South 


BRUSHY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Texas. 

BKUSIIY  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio. 

BlirsilY  FORK.  Illinois.    See  Busnt  Fork. 

BliUSIlV  PRAimiE  a  post-office  of  La  Grange  co.,  In 
diana. 

BRUSQUE,  brUsk,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Avey- 
ron,  arrondissement,  and  12  miles  S.  of  St.  Affrique,  on  the 
Dourdou.    I'op.  of  commune,  1000. 

BRUSSELS,  (Dutch,  Jiriu^ael,  brQs'sfl;  Fr.  BrurelJes,  brU'- 
si^U';  L.  BruxdHie  or  Brusola;  Ger.  Briixi^e!,  brtts'sel ;  It 
Brtissdle,  bi-oos-.s^l'l.i ;  Sp.  Bruselas.  broo-si'ld.",)  a  city  of 
Europe,  capital  of  Belgium  and  of  the  province  of  Brabant, 
on  the  Senne,  and  on  the  railw.ay  from  Antwerp  to  France. 
Lat.  of  the  observatory,  50°  51'  11"  N.,  Ion.  4°  21'  10"  B. 
Climate  temperate,  humid,  and  very  variable,  but  healthy. 
Brussels  is  built  partly  on  a  hill  220  feet  above  the  sea-level, 
and  partly  on  a  flat  through  which  the  Senne  flows  with  a  tor- 
tuous course,  forming  several  islands.  It  is  the  most  import- 
ant city  in  the  kingdom,  and  the  chief  seat  of  puMic  in- 
struction and  industry,  the  residence  of  the  courts,  the  seat 
of  the  legislative  assemblies,  courts  of  appeal,  and  chamber 
of  commerce.  Brussels  is  remarkable  for  the  numtier  and 
richness  of  its  ancient  buildings;  and  from  the  elegance  of 
its  new  qu.irters,  it  ranks  among  the  finest  cities  of  Europe. 
It  consists  of  an  upper  or  new,  and  a  lower  or  old  town,  the 
former  of  which  is  the  fashionable  quarter,  and  contains  the 
royal  palace,  the  government  offices,  and  the  finest  streets 
and  hotels ;  it  is  well  supplied  with  water,  and  has  many 
richly  sculptured  fountains.  Between  the  city  and  the 
walls,  and  intermediate  to  the  suburbs,  are  the  broad  pro- 
menades and  drive  repricing  former  ramparts  called  boule- 
vards. These  are  9  in  number,  and  shaded  with  double 
rows  of  lime-trees.  There  are  14  city  gates,  none  of  them 
noteworthy,  except  the  antique  Porte  de  Ilal,  a  baronial-look- 
ing barbacan,  erected  late  in  the  fourteenth  century,  which 
long  served  in  later  d.ays  as  a  prison.  Every  part  of  Brus- 
sels exhibits  a  congeries  of  twisted  streets,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  recently  formed,  mostly  near  the  royal  palace; 
one,  the  Rue  Royale,  is  really  handsome.  Several  irregular 
are.is.  called  places  or  marches  when  used  as  markets,  are  to 
be  found  at  int<?rvals  through  the  city,  which,  however,  is  in 
general  far  too  closely  built.  The  only  exception  is  in  the 
extramural  quarters,  Leopold  and  Louise,  beyond  the  Boule- 
vard du  Regent. 

Its  principal  squares  are  the  Place  Royale,  Place  de  la 
Monnai,  with  the  mint,  theatre,  and  exchange,  the  Place  des 
Martyres,  where  the  victims  of  the  revolution  of  1830  are 
interred,  the  Grand  Place  in  the  lower  town,  in  which  is  the 
Hfltel  de  Ville,  a  noble  Gothic  edifice,  in  the  grand  hall  of 
which  the  alKlication  of  Charles  V.  took  place  in  1555.  The 
present  modern  edifices  are  the  palace  of  the  chambers,  the 
king's  palace,  the  palace  of  the  fine  arts,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Dukes  of  Brabant  and  of  the  governoi-s-general 
of  Austria,  rebuilt  in  174fi,  and  now  occupied  by  the  publh; 
library  and  museum ;  the  former  palace  of  the  Prince  of 
Oriinge,  remarkable  for  its  interior  decor.ations;  the  church 
of  Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours,  and  that  of  Grand  Begnin- 
age,  both  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  the  theatre.  Tlie 
ancient  buildings  comprise  the  Hotel  de  Ville.  one  of  the  no- 
West  buildings  of  the  kind  in  Europe,  with  a  spire  of  open 
stone  work  3t;4  feet  in  height,  several  churches,  in  general 
decorated  with  rich  sculptures  and  paintings,  the  finest  of 
which  is  the  cathedral  of  St.  Gudule,  built  1273,  and  cele- 
brated for  its  painted  glass,  numerous  st;itues.  and  a  finely 
carved  pulpit ;  the  church  of  Notre-Danie-de-la-Chapelle,  com- 
menced 1134,  and  that  of  Notre-Dame-des-Victoires.  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  the  Broot-Huys,  or  old  Hotel  de  A'ille, 
and  several  gates  of  its  ancient  walls.  The  finest  prome- 
nades are  the  Allee-A'erte,  along  the  canal  fi'om  Brussels  to 
the  Scheldt,  and  the  park,  an  extensive  enclosure  near  the 
royal  palace,  laid  out  with  avenues  of  trees,  and  ornamented 
with  statues.  This  was  the  scene  of  the  chief  struggle  in 
the  revolution  of  1830.  A  statue  to  Godfrcid  de  Bouillon 
was  inaugurated  in  1848.  Three  miles  N.  is  the  country 
pal.ice  of  Laeken.  Brussels  has  numerous  and  excellent 
establishments  of  public  instruction,  a  fi-ee  university, 
founded  1834,  a  primary  normal  school,  polytechnic  school, 
an  academy  of  painting,  sculpture,  and  engi-aving,  a  royal 
school  of  nuisic,  a  school  of  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind,  esta- 
blished 1S34.  and  numerous  primary  schools  and  schixils  of 
industry.  Among  its  rich  scientific  and  lit<?rary  establish- 
ments is  the  astronomical  obsenatory,  one  of  the  finest  in 
Europe,  and  a  magnetic  observatory,  the  depot-gener.al  for 
the  archives  of  the  kingdom ;  the  public  library,  containing 
lOO.O'JO  volumes,  and  the  royal  library  (I'lunded  1837)70,uob 
volumes  ahd  25,000  MSS.,  the  museum  of  p;iinting,  natural 
Ustory,  and  antiquities,  and  an  excellent  bitanic  garden. 
It  has  an  academy  of  belles-lettres,  an  exhil  ition  of  paint- 
ings, and  another  for  the  productions  of  national  industry. 
Among  its  private  collections  are  the  library  of  the  BoUand- 
ists,  6000  volumes,  and  that  of  the  geograi)hical  establish- 
ment of  M,  Ph,  Vandermaelen,  founded  1830,  containing 
20,(KX)  volumes  and  a  rich  collection  of  maps,  in  connection 
with  a  school  of  geography,  and  a  museum  of  natural 
history 


BRU 


BUB 


BniBsels  Is  the  neat  of  the  principal  hanks,  and  of  the 
only  mint  of  tne  Iclngdom,  and  has  a  savings  hanlc  and 
many  wealthy  charitalile  institutions;  it  is  one  of  the  great 
centres  of  Belgian  industry,  and  it  is  still  wietirated  for  its 
lace,  considered  the  finest  in  the  world;  its  other  chief  ma- 
nufactures are  of  fine  linens,  dan-.ask,  silk,  and  cotton 
ribbons,  gohi  and  silver  embroidery,  hats,  paper,  machinery, 
jewelry,  and  mathematical  and  musical  instruments.  It 
has  also  establishments  for  coach-buildin;;  and  cabinet 
making,  manulactures  of  chemical  products,  soap,  porcelain, 
and  crystal,  extensive  sugar-refineries  and  breweries.  It 
has  many  extensive  typogiaphical  and  lithographic  esta- 
blishments, wiiich  are  chiefly  employed  in  reprints  of  works 
published  in  France.  The  commerce  of  Brussels  is  facili- 
tat<?d  by  a  canal,  which  connects  it  with  Antwerp,  and  ad- 
mits vessels  of  300  tons  burden,  by  excellent  roads,  and  by 
railways,  which  radiate  from  it  in  every  direction. 

Ilktnnj. — The  Emperor  Utho  dated  a  decree,  apud  Bru- 
tofam.  in  970.  But  the  town  was  not  of  consequence  enough 
to  be  fortified  till  1014,  when  Lambert  Balderic,  Count  of 
Louvain  and  Brussels,  built  a  wall,  with  seven  gates,  around 
It.  A  second  wall  was  constructed  in  1380,  wliich  followed 
pretty  neitrly  the  line  of  the  present  boulevard.  In  140.5.  it 
lost  1400  of  its  houses  by  fire.  In  1549,  two  earthquakes 
caused  it  much  damage.  But  it  was  of  small  account,  till 
Flanders  passed  into  the  hands  of  princes  of  the  House  of 
Austria;  wlien  it  became,  in  1G07.  the  usu.il  seat  of  govern- 
ment for  the  entire  Low  Countries.  At  Brussels,  tlie  Em- 
peror Charles  V.  established  his  vice-royalty:  and  here,  in 
an  assembly  of  the  states,  A.  D.  1556,  he. solemnly  divested 
himself  of  monarchical  power,  in  favor  of  his  son.  Philip  II., 
under  whom  it  endured  much,  from  his  minion  the  Duke 
of  Alva,  and  from  the  inquisition  e.stablished  here. 

Brussels  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1701,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Succ(ssi<m  war.  In  1706.  it  was  taken  by  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  and  by  the  French,  under  Marshal 
Saxe,  in  1747.  The  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  174«,  gave 
hack'Brussels  to  the  Austrians.  In  1794.  General  Duniou- 
riez  took  possessiou  of  it  for  the  French  Kepublic.  On  the 
extension  and  reconslitution  of  the  French  territory,  Bnis- 
sels  became  the  chief  town  of  the  department  of  Dyhl. 
Bonaparte,  then  first  consul,  made  his  cerenioni.al  entry  into 
Brussels  by  the  Ali^e-Verte,  July  21,  1803.  lie  was  rather 
partial  to  this  city,  and  Imught  the  chateau  of  Lacken  as  a 
palace  for  Josepliine;  and  under  its  roof  he  signed  his  fat.al 
ueclaration  of  war  against  Prussia.  Tho  Prussians  took 
possession  of  Brussels,  February  I,  1S14.  September  II. 
1815,  William  of  Orangi-Nassau  was  inaugurated  at  Brus.sels 
as  king  of  the  Low  Countries.  It  then  became  one  of  the 
two  capitals  of  the  new  kingdom,  alternating  with  the 
Hague  in  Holland  as  tlie  residence  of  the  court  and  the  seat 
of  the  states,  (itats  giniranx.)  At  length,  September  23, 
1S30,  burst  out  at  Brussels  the  revolution  which  separated 
Belgium  from  Holland;  and  Prince  I^ieopold, of  Saxe-Coburg. 
elected  King  of  the  Belgians  by  the  national  congress,  June 
4.  IS.jl,  made  his  public  entry  into  Brussels  a.s  the  sole  capital 
of  liis  new  kingdom.  Pop.  in  1862. 181,799,  of  whom  one-third 
speak  Freiicli  or  Walloon,  and  the  rest  Flemish  or  Dutch. 
Brussels  is  the  birth-place  of  the  physicians  Versalius  and 
Van  Ilelmont,  and  of  the  two  painters  Champaigne. 

Bl{USS()\V.(BrUssow.)l)rti'sov,  a  townof  I'russia.  Branden- 
burg, on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  N.E.  of  I'renzow. 
Fop.  1100. 

BUUSTHEM.  briis't^m,  a  village  and  commune  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Limlx)urg,10  miles  N.W.  of  Tongros,  with 
an  old  church,  founded  in  1449,  and  a  tower,  built  in  1111. 
The  village  is  noted  for  a  signal  defeat  of  the  Liegeois,  by 
Charles  the  Bold,  in  1467.     Pop.  1000. 

BHU'TOM,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frome.  Pop.  of  parish,  in  1851, 
2109.  The  town,  in  the  valley  of  the  Brue,  consists  chiefly 
of  three  streets,  at  the  junction  of  which  is  a  hexagonal  mar- 
ket cross.  Its  church  is  a  highly  decorated  structure. 
The  town  has  several  silk  mills,  and  manufactories  of  tow, 
woollens,  and  hosiery.  The  celebrated  navigator,  Dampier, 
was  born  here  in  1G52. 

BBL'TUS,  a  township  of  Cavuga  co.,  New  York.  Pop. 2598. 

BUUX,  (Brux,)  brUks,  or  BKIX,  a  walled  town  of  Bohemia, 
14  miles  N.  of  Saaz,  on  the  BiLa,  Pop.  3064.  It  has  a  high- 
school,  and  a  philosophical  institute,  coal-mines  and  manu- 
factures of  salts  from  seidlitz  waters.  The  celebrated  mine- 
ral spring  of  Seidlitz  is  in  its  vicinity. 

BH  L'X  KLLES,  or  BKUXJKLLiE.    See  Brussels. 

BKUYftUES,  ijrUYain/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  13  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Epinal.     Pop.  in  1S62,  2502. 

BliUYlltlES  SOUS  LAON,  brUVaiR'  soo  ld'6N<=',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne,  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Loan.  Pop. 
of  commune,  IIGS. 

BKUYN.SAVICK,  broins'wik,  or  hrinz'wik,  a  post-oflBce  of 
lister  CO..  New  York. 

BBUZ,  briiz,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  lUe-et- 
Viliiine,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Rennes.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852, 
2458.  Near  this  the  argentiferous  lead-mine  of  Fdnt-Pean 
wa.s  opened  in  1730,  and  abandoned  in  1797. 

BRV'AN,  a  county  iu  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  horder- 
U 


Ing  on  the  Atlantic,  h."is  an  area  of  472  square  miles.  It  i"? 
bounded  on  the  N.E.  bj  the  Ogeechee,  and  travereed  from 
W.  to  E.  by  the  Cannouchee  lUver.  The  surface  is  level, 
the  soil  sandy,  and  undulating  on  the  margins  of  the  river 
The  county  is  partly  covered  with  pine  forests.  Najned  id 
honor  of  Jonathan  Bryan,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  stat* 
Cajiital,  Eden.  Pop.  4015,  of  whom  1636  were  free,  am 
2379  slaves. 

BIIY.\N,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio,  64 
miles  Iiy  railroad  W.S.W.  nf  Toledo,  contains,  besidex  the 
county  buildings,  a  national  Imnk.     Pop.  10(54. 

BRYAN,  a  posfrvillage  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri,  70  miles 
N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

BRYAN  COURT-HOUSE,  Bryan  co.,  Georgia,  is  situated 
about  20  miles  Vf.  by  S.  of  Savannah. 

BKY'ANSBURG,  a  post  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana, 
76  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

BRYAN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  Moore  co..  North  Carolina. 

BRY'ANSTOX,  or  BLANFORD  BRYAN,  a  i>arish  of  Eng^ 
land,  CO.  of  Dorset. 

BliY'ANSVlLLE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

BKY'ANTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Charles  co.,  Jlaryland, 
about  68  miles  S.W.  of  Annapolis. 

BRY'.\M"S  CliKKlt,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana. 

BRYANTS  POND,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

BRYANTS  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BRY'AXTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Garrard  co.,  Kentucky,  48 
miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

BRYANTSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana, 
10  miles  from  Bedford,  tho  county  town. 

BRYM'BO.  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

BRYN-CROES,  brtln'krAze.  or  brtm/kro-^s,  a  parish  of 
North  AVales,  co.  of  Camanon. 

BRYN-EGLAVYS,  brOn-^g'loo-is,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Denbi'zh. 

BUYN/(i  WYX,  a  p-arish  of  .South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

BRYNti  WYN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

BKYN-LLYS.  brUn'^/i/is.  or  BROX  LLIS.  a  pari.sh  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Brecon.  6i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hay.  Here  is,  as  U 
supposed,  an  ancient  castle  of  the  time  of  Harold. 

BRZESC,  bzhJsts,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of,  and 
94  miles  W.  N.W.  of  Warsaw,  on  an  afiluent  of  the  Vistula. 
The  Jesuits  had  once  here  a  fine  convent  and  college.  Pop. 
1290.  engaged  in  woollen  and  linen  weaving. 

BRZESC  LITEWSKI,  bzhosts  le-t6v'skee,  a  fortified  town 
of  Russia,  government  of  Grodno,  and  formerly  the  capital 
of  Lithuania,  108  miles  S.  of  Grodno,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Bug.  Pop.  8000.  It  has  a  Jewish  synagogue,  a  school 
for  nobles,  and  an  active  general  trade.  In  1794,  it  was  the 
scene  of  an  engagement  between  the  Russians  and  Poles. 

BRZKSNIC.A,  hzhis-neefsd.  a  town  of  Poland,  66  miles 
S.E.  of  Kalisz.  Pop.  970.  It  is  the  bu-thplaee  of  Dlugosz 
or  Longinus. 

BRZKSNITZ,  hzhfs'nits,  (Bohemian.  Brzfsnice,  hzhSs- 
neet/s.A.)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  40  miles  S.W.  of  I'rague. 

BRZEZANY,  bzhi-zhi/nee,  a  town  of  Au.stri.an  Galieia,  on 
tho  Zlota-Lipii,  54  miles  S.E.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.  l)S99.  It  has 
a  castle,  a  gymnasium,  and  manufiictures  of  leather,  s.ail 
cloth,  and  linen  fabrics. 

BRZKZKNY,  bzhi-zh4/nee,  a  village  of  Poland,  12  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Kalisz. 

BRZEZYN,  bzhfVzin.  a  town  of  Pohind,  63  miles  S.W.  of 
Warsaw.     Pop.  S167.     It  has  some  woollen  manufactures. 

BRZOZOV,  bzho/zov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galieia,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  .Sanok.    I'op.  2367.     It  has  manufactures  of  cloth. 

BU,  btl,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et-Loir.  7 
miles  N.E.  of  Dreux.  Pop.  of  commune,  1519.  It  was  for- 
merly fortified  and  important. 

BU.A,  IxKyd,  an  island  of  the  Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatic, 
immediately  opposite  tho  town  of  Trau,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  bridge.  Pop.  4000.  It  produces  dates,  wine, 
olives,  and  asphaltum.  Principal  village,  Santa  Croce.  Pop. 
1500. 

BUACHE,  huMk  or  boo-SsV,  or  GARDEN  ISLAND,  an 
island  of  Western  Australia,  co.  of  Perth,  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  5  miles  from  the  mainland ;  between  which  and  the 
island  is  Cockburn  Sound.  Length,  from  X.  to  S.  about  6 
miles ;  average  breadth,  1  mile. 

BUAGIE,  boo'd-ghee/,  a  Sikh  state  of  North-western  India, 
under  British  protection.     Pop.  25.000. 

BUARCOS,  boo-^R'koce,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira.  on  the  Mondego,  at  its  mouth,  24  miles  W.  of  Coimbi-a. 
Pop.  800.    It  is  defended  by  a  fort. 

BUB^AK',  a  village  of  Sinde,  on  the  borders  of  Beloochis- 
tan,  on  the  N.E.  .«hore  of  Lake  JIanchar.  and  said  to  possess 
a  good  climate.    Lat.  26°  6'  N.;  Ion.  00°  62'  E.    Pop.  5000. 

BUBAST'lS,  (Scripture  Pi-beseth,  modem  IH  Basta,)  a 
ruined  city  of  Lower  Egypt:  the  remains  situated  on  an 
arm  of  the  Nile,  at  its  delta,  14  miles  N.  of  Belbeys,  com- 
prise some  extensive  mounds,  with  the  ruins  of  the  temples 
of  Mercury  and  Pasht. 

BUB'BEXHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BUBBIO.     See  BoBBio. 

BUBENDORF,  Ixx/bfu-doKT,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 

305 


BUB 


BUG 


Ion  of  B&i  "OhampagTie,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Basel,  -with  manu- 
factures of  ribbons.  Pop.  1193.  In  its  viciuify  are  saline 
springs,  (Jiubendor/e~-bad.)  The  baths,  built  in  17'>4.  liare 
fc*!en  recently  embelli.shed.  Koman  coins  and  vases  are 
often  fgund  near  this  place. 

BU  BION,  boo-be-on'.  a'  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  35 
miles  S.K.  of  Granada.    Pop.  2697. 

BUBLITZ.  boo'blit.'!,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pome- 
rania,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Coslin.     Pop.  2y20. 

BUBUtOO'AlI,  a  townof  Hindostan,  15  miles  from  Jeypoor. 
In  1S20  it  was  reported  to  have  2000  houses. 

BUBRY,  bti'bree',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Morbi- 
han.     Pop.  of  commune.  3011. 

BUBAVITU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

BUCCANEER  (b&k'Uan-eei-')  AKCIIIPELAGO,  a  group 
of  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  near  the  N.W.  coast  of 
Australia.    Lat,  16°  S.;  Ion.  123°  30'  E. 

BUCC  ARI,  book-kd'ree,  a  free  royal  seaport  town  of  Austria, 
In  Croatia,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero,  (Adriatic.) 
6  miles  K.S.E.  of  i'iume.  Pop.  2200.  It  has  a  castle  and  a 
good  harbor,  at  the  opposite  extremity  of  which,-  5  miles  S  Ji., 
U  the  village  of  Buccarizz.*.. 

BUCCIIIAMCO,  book-ke-i/ne^ko,  a  walled  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  3720. 

BUCCINO,  boot-chee'no,  a  walled  town  of  Xaples,  pro- 
Tince  of  Principato  Citra,  on  the  Botta,  here  crossed  by  a 
Roman  bridge,  14  miles  E.  of  Campagua.  Pop.  5400.  In  its 
vicinity  are  quarries  of  fine  marble. 

BUCCLElJCn  or  BUCCLEUGIl,  biik-klu',  an  old  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Selkirk,  now  comprised  in  the  parish  of 
Ettrick.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  head  of  the  Scott 
family,  one  of  the  most  opulent  peers  under  the  British 
crown.  Buccleugh  is  also  the  name  of  a  suburban  parish 
of  Edinburgh. 

BUCELLAS,  boo-sJinis,  a  village  of  Portugal,  in  Estre- 
madui-a,  14  miles  N.  of  Lisbon.  It  gives  its  name  to  a 
white  wine  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

BUCH,  btik.  an  old  district  of  France,  in  the  Bordelois, 
capital  of  La  Teste-de-B\ich,  now  comprised  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde. 

BUCIIAX,  bilk'.an,  a  district  of  Scotland,  a  division  of  the 
counties  of  Aberdeen,  and  Banif,  forming  the  most  eastern 
land  of  the  kingdom. 

BUCIIAN,  BULLERS  OF.    See  Bullers  of  Bcchan. 

BUCHANAN,  bfik-an'an,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stir- 
ling, comprising  all  its  western  part,  between  Lochs  Ka- 
trine and  Lomond,  portions  of  which  lakes  it  includes,  to- 
gether with  the  mountain  of  Ben  Lomond. 

BUCHANAN,  buk-an'an,  a  county  in  the  W.X.W.  part  of 
Missouri,  bordering  on  the  Missouri  River,  which  separates 
it  from  the  state  of  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  415  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Little  Platte  River,  which  flows  south- 
ward, and  drained  also  by  Castile  and  Livingston  Creeks. 
The  soil  is  highly  productive.  This  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad.  The  Missouri 
River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  along  the  border  of  the 
county.  Capital,  St.  Joseph.  Pop.  23,861,  of  whom  21,850 
were  free. 

BUCHANAN,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Iowa,  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Wapsipinlcon  River,  and  by  Buffalo  Creek,  which  flow 
eouth-eastward.  This  county  has  a  fertile  soil,  a  healthy 
climate,  and  is  represented  to  be  well  supplied  with  timber 
and  water.    Capital,  Independence.     Pop.  7906. 

BUCHANAN,  a  post-ofhce  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BUCHANAN,  a  village  of  Botetourt  co.,  Virginia,  on  James 
River,  181  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and  opposite  the  village 
of  Pattonsburg,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  fine  bridge. 
It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  valley,  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, and  has  an  active  trade.  Both  villages  together  con- 
tain 3  or  4  churches,  1  bank,  1  printing  office,  and  several 
tobacco  fectories  and  mills.  Incorporated  in  1S32.  This 
place  is  connected  with  Richmond  by  the  James  River 
Canal,  and  has  a  turnpike  extending  to  Salem. 

BUCHANAN,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Ber- 
rien CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  and  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  197  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit,  and  6  miles 
W.  of  Nilcs.  The  river  is  navigable  for  keel-boats,  and  af- 
fords water-power.  The  village  has  several  stores,  and  a 
flouring  mill.    Pop.  900. 

BUCH.ANAX,  a  village  of  Iowa  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi 
Ruilroad.  now  in  progress,  22  miles  N.  of  Mineral  Point. 

BUCHANAN  RIVER,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Virginia,  rises 
In  Randolph  county,  and  flowing  in  a  N.N.E.  course,  enters 
the  Tygart's  Valley  river  a  little  above  Philippi,  in  Bai^ 
boiir  county. 

BUCH  AN-NESS,  bfik'an-nesf/,  the  most  eastern  headland 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberd'een.  2i  miles  S.  of  Peterhead.  It 
has  a  light-house,  lat.  57°  28'  N.;  Ion.  1°  46'  W.  Elevation, 
130  feet,  and  revolving.  Near  this  are  the  rocks  called  the 
"Bullers  of  Buchan." 

BUCHAREST,  BUKHAREST.  or  BUKHOREST,   bu^ko- 
rJst/,  or  more  correctly  BOO'KARESHT',(i.e."  the  city  of  en- 
•jovment,"— the  city  itself^  however,  does  not  by  any  means 
306 


justify  its  name,  heing  composed  for  the  most  part  of  mise- 
rable brick  or  mud  cabins,  and  very  dirty;) a  city  of  Soutiv 
eastern  Europe,  capital  of  Wallachia,  seat  of  the  government 
and  of  an  archbishopric,  situated  in  a  swampv  plain  on  th« 
Dimbovetza.  Lat.  (of  the  English  quarter)  44°  25'  39"  N.} 
Ion.  26°  5'  24"  E.  Pop.  00,7SS.  It  resembles  a  large  village^ 
the  houses  being  surrounded  with  gardens;  and  as  above 
remarked  ill  built,  and  durty,  Bukharest  has  95  churches, 
of  which  there  is  1  Protestant  and  1  Itonian  Catholic,  26 
monasteries,  a  foundling,  and  6  other  hospitiU.s,  and  a  poor- 
house;  it  has  no  palace,  that  of  the  'Wallachian  .'overeigu* 
having  tieen  burned  in  1812.  It  has  a  college,  w  ith  about 
450  pupils;  a  museum  with  a  public  library,  and  a  centra] 
metropolitan  seminary,  both  founded  in  18o6.  and  Co  other 
schools,  attended  by  1513  pupils.  Bukharest  is  the  cntrep6t 
for  the  commerce  between  Austria  and  Turkey ;  its  chief 
trade  is  in  grain,  luilding  timber,  wool,  salt,  and  wax ;  it 
was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1769,  and  by  the  Austriang 
in  1789.  The  treaty  of  p^ace,  by  which  the  Porte  ceded  to 
Russia,  Bes.«arabia  and  pjirt  of  Moldavia,  was  concluded 
here.  May  28,  1812.  In  1847,  Bukharest  suffered  severely 
from  a  fire,  which  destroyed  about  a  fourth  part  of  the 
town.  Its  vicinity  was  the  scene  of  many  important  mili- 
tary operations  by  the  Turkish  and  Russian  armies  in  the 
early  part  of  1854. 

BUCH  ARIA,  a  ten-itory  of  Central  Asia,    See  BrKHAMA. 

BUCHAU,  boo'Kfiw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  13^  miles  E.SJG. 
of  EllKjgen.  Pop.  1235.  In  its  vicinity  are  manufacture! 
of  porcelain. 

BUCHAU,  a  town  Wiirtemberg.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Riedlingen. 
Pop.  1S30.  It  has  a  fine  castle  of  the  princes  of  Tour  and 
Taxis. 

BUCIIBERG,  bCCKli?RG.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria, 
15  miles  W.  of  Neustadt,  at  the  foot  of  the  Schneeberg,  in 
the  BuchhergUiale,  a  fine  v.olley  called  "the  Chamouni  of 
Austria." 

BUCHEN,  boo'Ken,  a  town  of  Baden,  29  miles  E.NJE.  of 
Heidelberg,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  aud  tanneries. 
Pop.  24ti0. 

BUCHEN,  a  village  and  post-station  of  Denmark.  8  miles 
N.NJi.  of  Lauenburg,  connected  by  railway  with  Lubeck. 

BUCHHOLZ,  booK^hAltS-.a  town  of  Saxony,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Griinhain,  on  the  Lehm.  Pop.  2478.  It  has  manufactures 
of  ribbons  and  lace. 

BUCHHOLZ  FRANZOSISCII,  (Franzosisch.)  booKOiilts 
frdnt-so'zisch,  {i.  e.  "  French  Buchholz,")  a  village  of  Prus- 
sia, 6  miles  N.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  440.  It  is  a  colony  of  French 
emigrants. 

BUCHHOLZ  WENDISCII.  booKOiilts  ^Jn'dish.  a  town  on 
the  Dthme,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Potsdam.  Pop.  lOOO.  BccH- 
HOLZ  is  also  the  name  of  .several  villages  in  Geimanv. 

BUCHLOWITZ.  booKlo-viits'  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Mora- 
via, 6  miles  W.  of  Hradisch.  Pop.  1890.  In  its  environs  are 
sulphur  springs  and  baths. 

BUCHLYVIE,  buK-li'vee,  a  village  and  burgh  of  barony, 
Scotland,  co..  and  13  miles  W.  of  Stirling.     Pop.  381. 

BUCHOLLA.    See  Bohola. 

BUCHOREST.  a  town  of  Wallachia.    See  BccnAREST. 

BUCINE,  boo-chee'nd,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
25  miles  S.E.  of  Florence,  on  the  Ambra.     Pop.  5ttO. 

BUCK,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BUCK,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  724 

BUCK,  a  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  818. 

BUCKWTAW/NY  RIVER.ofMississippl,  enters  the  Chlck»- 
sawha  from  the  north  in  Wavne  county. 

BUCK  BRANCH,  a  district  in  Clark  CO.,  Georgia.  Pop.  324. 

BUCK  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

BUCK  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawn-nce  co.,  New 
York,  on  Gra.os  Ri\er,  about  IS  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg. 

BUCK  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  lllmois,  150 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

BUCK  CREEK,  Ohio.    See  Lagonda  Crbek. 

BUCK  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  through  Marion  county, 
and  enters  Sugar  Creek  in  Shelby  county. 

BUCK  CREEK,  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  flows  Into  the 
Ohio  at  Mauksport. 

BUCK  CREEK,  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana,  flows  into  the 
West  Fork  of  White  River  at  Yorktown. 

BUCK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BUCK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Scrlven  co.,  Georgia. 

BUCK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Tuscaloosa  co..  Alalama. 

BUCK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co  ,  Kentucky. 

BUCK  CRKEK,  a  po»t-to\vnship  of  Greene  co.,  Tiidiana. 

BUCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1004. 

BUCKT^EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BUCKEBURG,  (BUckeburg,)  or  bUk'kfh-boOr.G  ,  a  town  of 
Northern  Germany,  capital  of  the  principality  if  Schaum- 
liurg-Lippe.  on  the  Aue.  an  affluent  of  the  Weser,  6  miles 
E.  S.E.  of  Minden.  It  is  well  built,  has  5  gates,  a  castle,  and 
park,  gj-mn-Hsium.  a  normal  school,  and  a  public  library.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  summer  palace  of  Baum.     Pop.  3250. 

BUCKEN,  bOfikOien.  a  town  of  Northern  Germany,  in  HS' 
never,  3  mUes  S.W.of  Uoya.    Pop.  1105 


BUG 


BUG 


BTTCK'EXnAM  or  BOK'EXHAUr  FERRY,  a  parish  of 
Encland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BUCKENHAM.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

BUCK KN HAM,  NEW,  a  f mall  town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Norfolk,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Norwich. 

BUCK'KHELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BUCK'EYE,  a  post^village  of  Laurens  co.,  Georgia,  about 
12  miles  N.  of  Duhlin.  the  county  town. 

BUCKEYE,  a  post-offlce  of  Garrard  co.,  Kentucky. 

BUCKEYE,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio. 

BUCKEYE,  a  township  of  St<-phenson  CO.,  Illlnoi.s.  P.  1271. 

BUCKEYE  COTTAGE,  a  postofflce  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio. 

BUCKEYE  FURNACE,  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio. 

BUCK'EYSTON,  a  post-village  and  railroad  station  of 
Frederick  co.,  Maryland,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, about  40  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.W.  of  'Washington. 

BUCKFASTLEIGH.  btik'fast-le,  a  parish,  and  formerly  a 
market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Dart,  2  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Ashburton.  Pop.  in  1851,  201.3,  partly  employed 
In  wool-oombing  and  weaving  serges,  and  in  neighboring 
marble  and  copper  woi1<s. 

BUCK'KIELD,  a  po.st-village  and  town.ship  of  Oxford  co., 
Maine,  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Portland,  intersected  by  a 
branch  of  Androscoggin  River.  A  branch  of  the  Atlantic 
and  .*t.  Lawrence  Railroad  extends  to  this  place  from  Me- 
chanic Falls,  distant  13  miles.     Pop.  1705. 

BUCKIIAN'NON,  a  post-villago,  capital  of  Upshur  co  ,AV. 
Virgim'a,  about  95  miles  S  S.E.  of  Wheeling.    Free  pop. 427. 

BUCKHA'VEN,  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife, 
parish  of  Wemyss,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  9i^  miles  S.  of 
Cupur.  Pop.  in  1S51,  17fi9,  nearly  all  fiishermen,  who  sup- 
ply the  Leith  and  Edinburgh  mal-kets  with  fish,  and  the 
value  of  whose  boats,  nets,  &c.  has  been  estimated  at  up- 
wards of  20,000i.  A  new  pier  and  harbor  have  been  recently 
formed  here. 

BUCK'IIEAD,  a  postoffice  of  Fairfield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BUCKIIEAD,  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Georgia  Railroad,  96  miles  W.  of  .\ugusta. 

BUCKIIEAD,  a  post-offlce  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

BUCKIIEAD  CAUSEY,  a  post-office  of  Colleton  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BUCKIIEAD  CREEK,  of  Georgi-a,  flows  into  the  Ogeechee 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  Burke  county. 

BUCK  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Do  Kalb  co.,  Indiana. 

BUCK   HOLLOW,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont. 

BUCK'IIOKN,  a  post-office  of  Columbia,  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

BUCKIIORN,  a  post-offlce  of  Carroll  co.  Georgia. 

BUCKIIORX,  a  post-office  of  Winstfm  co.,  Mississippi. 

BUCKIIORN.  a  post-offlce  Bienville  parish,  Louisiana. 

BUCKIIORN,  a  postoffice  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois. 

BUCKIIORN,  a  post-offlce  of  Independence  co..  Arkansas. 

BUCKIIORN.  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

BUCK'lIORN-WESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BUCKIE,  bilk'kee.  a  fishing  villaire  of  Scotland,  co.  and 
17i  miles  W.  of  Banff,  on  the  North  Sea.     Pop.  in  1851,  2789. 

BUCKINGHAM,  a  co.  of  England.    See  Bucks. 

BUCKINGH.\M.  btik'ing-am,  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks,  on  the  Ouse.  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Junction 
Canal.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Aylesbury,  and  52  N.W.  of  London. 
Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  which  comprises  8  p.a- 
rishes.  in  1851,  8069.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  the 
Ouse,  here  crossed  by  3  stone  bridges,  and  con.sists  mostly 
Of  small  brick  houses.  Its  church  is  a  vicarage.  It  has  a 
gr.ammar  school,  founded  by  Edward  VI.,  a  green  coat  and 
large  national  school,  2  ancient  hospitals,  a  town-hall,  pri- 
son, union  work-house,  and  in  its  vicinity  several  paper  and 
corn  mills.  The  making  of  bobbin  lace  employs  a  portion 
of  the  fem.ale  popul.ation.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  summer 
assizes  and  quarter  sessions.  Buckingham  was  made  a 
borough  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the 
Grenville  faniilv. 

BUCK/INGHAM,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Virginia,  has  an  area  of  6S0  square  miles.  The  James  River 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.  and  N.W.,  the  Appomattox 
washes  the  southern  border;  it  is  also  (grained  by  Willis 
and  Slate  Rivers.  The  surface  v.aries  from  level  to  hilly: 
Willis  Mountiiin,  in  the  S.E.  part,  is  the  princip.al  elevation. 
The  soil  is  not  naturallj-  rich,  excepting  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  rivers.  Gold  mines  are  worked  in  the  vicinity  of  Willis 
Mountain,  and  yield  larje  profits.  Valuable  slate  quarries 
have  been  opened  on  the  bank  of  Slate  River,  and  iron  is 
found  in  the  county.  The  James  River  Canal  passes  along 
the  border  of  the  county.  Organized  in  1761.  and  named 
fi-om  Buckingham,  a  county  of  England.  Capital,  Mays- 
Ville.    Pop.  15.21-.',  of  whom  6401  were  free,  and  8811  slaves. 

BUCKI.\GHAM.  a  post-township  of  Kucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 27  niilco  iH.  by  E.  of  Philadelphia,  drained  by  Nesha- 
miny  Creek.     Pop.  3088. 

BUCKINGHAM,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1415. 

BUCKINGHAM,  a  post-office  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa. 


BTTCKTNGITAM,  bfik'ing-am,  a  county  of  Van  Piemen  i 
Land,  bounded  S.  by  the  river  hnou  from  its  source  to  ita 
mouth  in  D'Entrecasteaux  Channel.     Principal  town.  Hiw 

BUCKINGHAM  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Buck- 
ingham CO.,  Virginia. 

BUCKINGHAM  .MINE,  a  post-offlce  of  Buck  hi  gh.am  co., 
Virginia. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.    See  Bucks. 

BUCK'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

BUCKLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ruck  J. 

BUCKLAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  (Jlout  ester. 

BUCKLAND,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

BUCKLAND,  2  pari.shes  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

BUCKLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BUCK'LAND,  a  postrtownship  of  Franklin  co  ,"Mas.eachu- 
setts,  on  the  S.  side  of  Deerfield  River,  about  lOO  miles  W. 
bv  N.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1702. 
"BUCKLAND,  a  post-offlce  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut. 

BUCKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Prince  William  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 116  miles  N.  of  Richmond,  contains  1  church  and  a 
few  shops. 

BUCKLAND.  a  post-office  of  Gates  co..  North  Carolina. 

BUCK'LAND  ISREMVER.  a  parish  of  England  CO.  of  Devon. 

BUCK'LAND  DEN/HAM,   a  parish  of  EDs;land,   co.  of 

BUCKLAND,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Devon. 

BUCKLAND,  EGG.     See  Ec.r,.BucKL.\MD. 

BUCK'LAND  FILLEIGH,  (fil'lee,)  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon. 

BUCKLAND-IN-THE-MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

BUCKLAND  ISLAND,  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  belongs 
to  the  central  division  of  the  Bonin  Island.s. 

BUCK'LAND  MONACHD'RUM,  a  parish  of  England,  cc. 
of  Devon.  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tavis. 

BUCK'LAND  NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

BUCK'LAND  RI'I'ERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BUCK'LAND  ST.  M.VRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  llminster.  Some  Saxon  and 
Danish  remains,  and  the  traces  of  a  Roman  fort,  exist  in 
this  parish. 

BUCKLAND  TOUTSAINTS,  (toot'saints\)  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BUCKLAND,  WE.ST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BUCKLAND,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  Somerset. 

BUCKLEBURY,  buk'k'1-bfr-re,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Bucks. 

BUCK'LESIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BUCK'LEYS,  a  post-offlce  of  Jasper  co.,  Mississippi. 

BUCK'LIN,  a  village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois.  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Rockford. 

BUCK'LY,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BUCK'MINSTER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BUCK'.VALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BUCKN.\LL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  3| 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Newcastle-under-Lyne. 

BUCK'NELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

BUCK^'NEK,  a  post-office  of  Sacramento  co..  California. 

BUCK'NKR'S  CREEK,  of  Fayette  co.,  Texas,  flows  into 
Colorado  Ris'er  at  La  Grange. 

BUCK'NILL,  ii  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Hereford  and 
Salop. 

BUCKOW,  tddk'kov,  a  town  of  Prussia,  26  miles  N.W.  of 
Frankfurt  on  the  Stebberow. 

BUCKOW,  NEU,  noi  bOok'kov,  (i.e.  "New  Buckow,")  a 
town  of  Mecklenburg.  Schwerin,  duchy,  and  29  miles  N.N  J3. 
of  Schwerin,  near  the  Baltic.     Pop.  1468. 

BUCK  POINT,  a  postoffice  of  Jackson  CO.,  Tennessee. 

BUCK'PORT,  a  township  in  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  alxiut  30 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Augusta. 

BUCK  PRAl'RIE,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 150  miles  S.W.  of  .Teflerson  City. 

BUCK'RAM,  a  post-office  of  Queen's  co..  New  York. 

BUCIvS,  bftx,  or  BUCKINGHAM,  blik'ing-am,  or  BUCK- 
INGHAMSHIRE, buk'ing-am-shir,  an  inland  co.  of  Eng- 
land, having  N.  the  co.  of  Northampton,  E.  Bedford, 
Hertford,  and  Middlesex,  S.  Berks,  and  W.  Oxford.  Area 
464.930  acres,  of  which  upwards  of  440,000  acres  are  said 
to  be  about  efiually  divided  between  grass  and  arable  lai-.d. 
Pop.  in  1851,  163.554.  Surface  in  the  N.  undulating,  in  the 
S.  occupied  by  the  Chiltern  Hills,  and  in  the  centre  by  the 
vale  of  Aylesbury,  one  of  the  most  fertile  tracts  in  Britain. 
The  Thames  forms  its  S.  boundary,  other  rivers  are  the 
Thanes.  Ouse,  and  Colne.  The  sheep  of  the  vale  of  Aylesbury 
are  noted  for  the  weight  and  fineness  of  their  fleeces.  The 
county  supplies  large  quantities  of  butter,  cattle,  lambs, 
poultry,  &c.  to  the  London  markets.  Chief  towns.  Ayles- 
bury the  capital.  Buckingham,  5Iarlow,  and  Wycombe,  each 
of  which  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Conimous.  Tha 
county  sends  3  memliers.  The  county  formed  part  of  an- 
cient Mercia,  and  some  of  the  Roman  rojids  traversed  it. 
Here  the  revolution  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  first  com- 

307 


BUG 


BUD 


.iiii-cct!.  Tlie  London  and  Birmingrham  and  Great  'Western 
f'nilw  ay,  Mi'\  the  Grand  Junction  Canal  intersect  this  county. 
Jt  frives  the  title  of  eiirl  to  the  Hampden  family. 

BUCKS,  a  county  forming  the  K.S.K.  extremity  of  Penn- 
S)lTauia,  has  an  area  of  al.out  600  square  miles.  The 
DelawR'-e  Itiver  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  N.E.  and 
on  the  S.E.  separating  it  from  New  Jersey;  the  county  is 
drained  hy  Xeshaminy,  Tohickon,  and  Perkiomen  Creeks. 
The  surface  in  the  N.  part  is  hilly,  and  the  remainder  is 
generally  undulating.  The  red  shale  lands  of  the  middle 
are  good :  the  soil  of  the  southern  part,  derived  from  pri- 
mary rocks,  produces  good  pa.«ture,  and  the  county  gene- 
rally is  in  a  high  state  of  cultiTation.  The  chief  pursuits 
of  (he  inhabit-ants  ai-e  farming  and  gardening  for  the  Phila- 
delphia market.  The  county  contains  valuable  quarries  of 
limestone  and  sandstone  suitable  for  building;  plumbago, 
li-on,  titanium,  and  zircon  are  also  found.  The  Delaware 
River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  along  the  S.E.  border, 
and  the  Delaware  Canal  extends  along  the  north-eastern 
border  of  the  countj-.  The  S.E.  part  is  traversed  by  the 
Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Kailroad.  Bucks  was  one  of  the 
three  original  counties  formed  by  Willi.im  Penn  in  1682, 
and  was  n.imed  from  Bucks,  a  county  of  England.  Capital, 
Doylestown.    Pop.  6.3,.i7S. 

BUCKS,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co  ,  Ohio. 

BUCKS,  a  township  in  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1303. 

BUCKS,  a  to\mship  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan. 

BUCK'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Sladrid  township,  St. 
Lawrence  CO.,  New  York,  .about  6  miles  N.  of  Canton. 

BUClv-S  COllN  KRS,  a  post-office  of  .Marshall  co.,  Indiana. 

BUCK'S  CREEK,  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia,  enters  the  EUnt 
River  from  the  '\V.  near  Oglethorpe. 

BUCKSIIUT'EM,  a  viiliige  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Bridgeton,  has  a  church  and  seTeral 
dwellings. 

BUCK'SKIX,  a  township  in  Ross  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  2306. 

BUCKSKIN,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana. 

BUCKS'POKT,  a  commercial  post-village  and  township  of 
Hancock  co.,  Maine,  on  the  lell  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  18 
miles  S.  of  Bangor.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  with  a  depth 
of  from  4  to  5  fathoms,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  ship- 
building and  the  fisheries.  About  2000  tons  of  shipping  is 
built  here  annually.  Among  the  vessels  owned  are  near 
120,  varying  from  90  to  430  tons  each,  engaged  in  the  cod- 
fishery  and  freighting  business,  and  6  ships  of  about  1000 
tons  each  in  foreign  commerce.  Bucksport  contains  1  bank, 
4  churches,  1  semimiry,  36  stores,  and  1  sash  and  blind  fac- 
tory. A  small  strejvm  also  affords  motive-power  for  2  axe 
manufactories,  1  tannery,  and  several  mills.  One  ferry  con- 
nects Bucksport  with  M'interport,  another  connects  it  with 
Prospect,  and  a  bridge  communicates  with  Ycrona.  Pop. 
of  the  township  in  1860,  3554. 

BUCKSPORT,  a  village  of  Falls  co.,  Texas. 

BUCKSPOUT  CENTRE,  a  post-office.  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

BUCKSTOWN,  a  post-office,  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BUCKS'YILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co ,  Pennsylvania. 

BUCKSYILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Horry  district,  South 
Carolina. 

BUCKTOOTH,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New 
York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  42a  miles  from 
New  York  City. 

BUCKnvnE.A.T,  a  township  in  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 

BUCKnvOKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BUCQUOY,  bUk^kwi'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas 
de  Calais,  10  miles  S.  of  Arras.    Pop.  of  commune,  1561. 

BUCY'KUS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Crawford 
CO ,  Ohio,  on  S;indu8ky  River,  and  on  the  Pittsburg,  Ft.'VVavne 
and  Chicago  R.lt.,  62  miles  N.  of  Columbus.  The  above  rail- 
road connects  with  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus  Railroad  in 
Crawford  county.  There  are  several  mineral  springs,  and  a 
■well  of  inflammable  gas  in  the  vicinity.  In  18o8,  an  excel- 
lent specimen  of  the  mastodon,  in  a  fine  state  of  preserva- 
tion, was  found  in  a  marsh  near  the  town.  The  diameter 
of  the  skull  was  3  feet  3  inches,  the  weight  of  the  head  237 
pounds,  and  the  length  of  a  molar  tooth.  TJ^  inches.  Bucy- 
rus  contains  10  churches,  a  national  bank,  the  State  Normal 
school,  a  fine  court-house,  3  newspaper  offices,  several  oil- 
wells,  3  woollen-mills,  and  1  large  manufactory  of  farming 
implements.     Pop.  in  18«0.  2180;  in  1K65.  said  to  be  4700. 

BUCZ.\CZ  or  BUTSCH.\TSCn,boo'chatch,  a  town  of  Aus- 
trian Poland.  Galicia,  on  the  Spry,  an  affluent  of  the  Dnie.s- 
ter.  33  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stanislawo'w.  Here,  in  1072.  a  treaty 
of  pesee  was  signed  lietween  the  Turks  and  Poles.    Pop.  2200 

BUCy.OWlC  or  BUCZOWICE.     See  Butschowitz. 

BUDA,  bu'da,  (llun.  pron.  boo'doh';  Ger.  (V/en;  Slavonic, 
Biulin.  boo'deen ;  L.  Bu'da :  ¥r.  Bade,  biid.)  a  free  city  of  the 
Austrian  Empire,  capital  of  Hungary.  1.30  miles  S.E.  of  Vienna, 
on  the  right  bjink  of  the  Danulie.  opposite  Pesth.  with  which 
city  its  connection  was  formerly  maintained  by  a  bridge  of 
boats,  490  yards  long,  but  is  now  effected  by  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  suspension  bridges  in  Europe.  I.at.  of  observa- 
tory, 47°  29'  12"  N.,  Ion.  19°  3'  10"  E.  The  city  is  situated 
on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  and  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre; in  its  centre  is  the  citadel,  an  old  fortress  enclosing 
the  royal  palace,  lu  whicli  are  preserved  the  insignia  of  Uuig.-«-| 


rian  royalty,  and  the  bnildingp  of  the  central  adminlrtra- 
tion.  The  other  principal  edifices  are  the  cathed:a],  and 
the  garrison  chnrch,  2  Gothic  monuments,  the  convents  of 
St.  Elizabeth.  St.  Klorian,  and  the  Capuchins,  and  the  p* 
laces  of  many  of  the  Hungarian  nobility.  Buda  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  viceroy,  orpal.ttine  of  Hungary,  seat  of  a  lieu- 
tenant-general of  the  administration  of  the  royal  treasure 
(Hot-Kammer.)  and  of  a  commander-general :  it  has  an  oh 
.servatory  on  the  summit  of  the  Blocksljerg.  one  of  the  finest 
and  l>est  furnished  in  Europe,  in  connection  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pesth  :  an  extensive  type  foundry,  dependent  on 
the  same  estal  lishment,  a  gymnasium,  and  several  libraries. 
Connected  with  the  arsenal  is  a  cannon  foundry  and  ptwder 
manufactory.  The  city  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  leather, 
silks  and  velvets,  on  a  small  scale,  and  an  extensive  com- 
merce in  wine,  of  which  about  300.iXX>  rimers  of  an  excellent 
quality,  resembling  Burgundy,  is  annually  produced  in  its 
vicinity.  Buda  has  an  excellent  establishment  of  l;aths  in 
connection  with  the  hot  sulphur  springs,  from  which  the 
name  Ofen  (-'oven")  is  derived,  (temperature  117°  5'  Fah- 
renheit.) 

Buda  is  supposed  to  be  named  from  Buda.  a  brother  of 
Attila.who  resided  in  it  occasionally,  and  greatly  improved  it. 
Old  Bud.i.  {0-Buda  or  AH  Ofen.)  a  little  farther  up  the  river, 
is  the  Sicambria  of  the  Romans,  and  though  not  at  any  part  in 
actual  contact  with  the  modern  Buda,  is  undoubtedl}'  its 
embryo,  having  been  a  Roman  station  of  some  imp.irtance 
in  the  early  part  of  the  third  century.  Jlany  Roman  anti- 
quities stiil  exist  within  it.  and  it  confjiins  several  hand- 
some buildings.  After  many  vicissitudes,  Buda  was  taken 
in  1541  by  the  Turks,  under  Solyman  the  Magnificent,  who 
introduced  a  garrison  into  it  of  12,000  Janissaries,  and  re- 
duced a  great  part  of  the  kingdom  to  the  state  of  a  Turkish 
province.  It  continued  to  be  the  seat  of  a  pasha  until 
16S6,  when  it  was  retaken  by  the  Austrians,  under  the 
Duke  of  Ix)rraine  and  the  Margrave  of  Baden.  Hither,  in 
17S4.  Joseph  II.  transferred  the  seat  of  giivemment.  The 
greatest  modern  improvement  which  both  Buda  and  Pesth 
have  received,  is  the  suspension-bridge,  completed  in  1!>49, 
at  an  expense  of  650,000?.  Before  the  bridge  was  opened  to 
the  public,  its  stability  was  curiously  and  most  severely 
testetl,  by  the  passage  of  the  whole  force  of  the  Hungarians 
and  Imperialists  over  it,  the  former  hotly  pursued  by  the 
latter.  For  nearly  two  days,  the  whole  platform  of  the 
bridge  was  one  dense  mass  of  moving  soldiers.  Pop.  in 
1846.  exclusive  of  military.  40..500;  in  18.57.  5.i.240. 

BUDA-KESZI,  boo'dCh'k!l'see\  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Pesth.  5  miles  W.  of  Buda.     Pop.  2312. 

BUD'AYOON',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bencal. 

lUJD'RnOOKE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BUDDEEAB.\D.  bfidMe-d-bid'.  a  strong  fort  of  Afghani- 
stan, X.E.  of  Cabool.  Lat.  34°  55'  N.,  Ion.  70°  14'  E.  Here 
the  British  captives  spared  from  the  massacres  of  1S41, 
were  for  a  short  time  imprisoned. 

BUDDH.\-(^iAYA.  bood'd'ha-gd'yi.  a  widely  spread  coUeo- 
tion  of  ruins  in  BritLsh  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  aliout 
40  miles  S.W.  of  Bahar.  It  is  a  place  a  good  deal  re.sorted  to 
by  pilgrims,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  once  the  centre 
of  the  Boodhic  religion;  but  no  Boodhists  now  reside  at  or 
near  it. 

BUD'DRUOK',  (anc.  VadxrHca.)  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidencv  of  Bengal.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Balasore. 

BUDDS/TOWX,  a  small  village  of  Burlington  co..  New 
Jersey.  8  miles  from  Mount  Holly. 

BL'DDU,  lx)0d'd(O.(?)  a  town  of  Guinea,  on  the  Niger,  37 
miles  N.W.  of  the  Ohadda.    Pop.  3000  or  4000. 

BUDE,  a  small  village  and  seaport  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall, on  the  Bristol  Channel,  1|  miles  W.  of  Stratton.  Pop. 
189.  It  is  sometimes  resorted  to  as  a  kithing-placK,  and  it 
connected  by  a  canal  14  miles  long  with  Launceston. 

BCDE.    See  Buda. 

BUDE.\UX,  bu'do,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BUDEL.  bU'del.  a  vill.age  of  the  Netherl.inds.  province  of 
North  Brabant.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Evndhoven.     Pop.  5<Xt. 

BUDEKICH,  (^BUderich,)  lai'der-iK,  or  BLUCIIEK.  blU'Kfr, 
a  walled  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  in  the  circle  of  Cleves,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Wesel.  Pop.  IISO.  It  is 
entirel  v  new,  the  old  town  having  been  burned  by  the  French 
in  1813. 

BCDESHEIJI.  (Btlde.sheim.)  bU'dfs-liime\  a  vill.age  of 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Rhine,  1  mile  S.E.  of  Bingeh. 
Pop.  800.  BrDESiiEiM  is  the  name  also  of  .several  other  vil- 
lages in  Iles.se-Darmstadt  and  Rhenish  Prussia. 

BUDGKBUDGE'.  btijHiOj'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  10  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Calcutta.  It  has  a  small 
fort. 

BUDIN,  boo'din.  a  town  of  Austri.%  Bohemia,  9  miles  3. 
of  Leitmeritz.  on  the  Kleine-Eger.  Pop.  1200,  of  whom  240 
are  Jews.  The  ancient  castle  of  Hjisenburg  was  destroyed 
by  the  Prussians  in  1759. 

BiiDI.VGEN,  bil'ding-fn.  a  town  of  Germany.  Hesse- 
Darmstadt.  28  miles  S.E.  of  Giessen.  Pop.  2750.  It  ha.«  2 
castles,  and  manufactures  of  linens,  hosiery,  and  ucedlo^ 
Near  it  are  salt  sprinjjs. 


BUD 


BUE 


BUDISSTN.  a  town  of  Saxony.    See  Bactzen. 

BUDLKI(iII.bad'Iee,KAST,aparishofEti<r)and,co.Devon. 

BUUO.S-IIKGY,  (liUdos-lIegy,)  bUMosh'hJj  or  hM'ye,  a 
mountain  of  Transylvania,  near  its  E.  border,  lat,  40°  12'  N., 
»nd  7340  feet  in  elevation.  Remarkable  for  extensive  sulphur 
gpriuf^s  and  caverns,  which  emit  sulphurous  exhal.itions. 

BUDOSO,  boo-do'so,  a  village  iu  the  island  of  Sardinia,  40 
miles  K.  of  .Sa';.=.iri.     Pop.  2(KX). 

BUDltAWAIv,  booMra-war',  (".stronghold  of  Boodha,")  a 
town  of  the  I'unjab.  in  North-west  India,  near  the  river  Che- 
nab,  107  miles  N.K.  of  Lahore.  Pop.,  probably  2000,  many 
3f  whom  are  cashmere-shawl  weavers.  It  has  a  large 
bazaar,  and  a  strong  Ibrt,  whence  its  name.  Lat.  32°  53'  N., 
Ion.  T5*>  28'  E. ;  elevation  50(jO  feet. 

BUUIUO,  bood're-o,  a  town  of  Italy,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Bo- 
logn.'i.     Pop.  of  connnnne,  5960. 

BUBUA,  boo-doo'i,  the  southernmost  townof  the  Austrian 
Kmplre,  Dalmatia,  10  miles  S.  of  Cattaro,  on  a  peninsula  in 
the  A  driatic.  It  is  surrounded  with  walls,  and  has  a  roadstead 
forsmall  vessels,  sheltered  by  theisl.^nd  of  St.  Nicolo.  J'op.  780. 

BoDUKILSHAN,  bttd-QK-shin',  or  BADAKIISIIAN,  bid- 
in;  sb.in'.  a  territory  of  Central  Asia,  forming  a  part  of 
theKhoondooz  dominion,  between  lat.  30°  and  38°  N.,  and 
Ion.  00°  and  73°  E..  and  consisting  of  the  W.  declivity  of  the 
Bolor-'fagh,  and  the  valleys  of  some  of  the  head-streams  of 
the  Oxus,  of  which  the  Budukhshan  Hiver  is  the  principal. 
Its  scenery  and  natural  products  are  highly  interesting.  It 
contains  ruby-mines  and  massive  cliffs  of  lapis  lazuli,  which 
last  mineral  is  peculiar  to  this  region.  Its  inhabitants  are 
Tadjihs  and  Mohammedans  of  the  Sheoah  (Shiah)  sect, 
speaking  the  Persian  language.  Its  capital,  Itudukhshan 
or  Fy/.abad,  near  the  Koocha  i  »•  Budukhshan  Kivor,  is  in 
lat.  30°  2S'  N..  and  Ion.  71°  2.i'  K. 

BUDUKHSHAN  or  FYZABAD,  fl-zd-bad',  a  town  of  Inde- 
pendent Tartary,  capital  of  the  above  territory,  ISO  miles 
N.E.  of  Calxjol,  l.at.  30°  25'  N.,  Ion.  71°  37'  E.  It  was  once 
an  independent  sovereignty,  and  a  place  of  great  import- 
ance, celebrated  particularly  from  early  times  for  the  valu- 
able mines  of  rubv  in  its  neigh>)orhood. 

BUDWEIS,  liOdd/wIce,  orBUDWITZ,  bdCd'<vits.  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  on  the  Moldan,  77  miles  S.  of  Prague.  Popula- 
tion, H730.  It  is  well  built,  and  partially  fortified;  it  has  a 
handsome  council-house,  a  cathedral,  several  other  churches, 
a  gymnasium,  philosophical  academy,  and  a  high  school, 
with  flourishing  manuCictures  of  woollen  cloths,  muslins, 
damasks,  and  saltpetre.  A  railway  connects  it  with  Linz 
and  (imlinden,  iu  Austria. 

BUUWITZ,  boad'wits,  or  BUDWEITZ,  bOCd'^its,  a  town 
of  Aastria,  in  Moravia,  17  miles  W.N.W.ofZnaim.  Pop.  lit!)5. 
It  ha-s  a  castle  and  several  suburbs.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Mihrisch  Budwitz.  (mA/rish  bodd'wits.)  "  Moravian  Budwitz," 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  above,  or  Bohemian  Budwitz. 

BUIVWUKTII,  GIIEAT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BUiywOHTlI,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Chester. 

BUECII,  bil-aish'  or  bw6sh.  a  river  of  France,  ri.ses  in  the 
department  ef  Drome,  and  flows  into  the  Durance  at  Slste- 
ron,  Bas.sca-Alpes,  length  53  miles.  Petit  Bueoh,  peh-too' 
bti^ish'.  (i.e.  '•  little  Buech,")  is  an  affluent  of  the  alxive. 

BU'EL,  a  postoffice  of  Montgomery  co..  New  York. 

BU  E\ A  VENTURA,  California.    See  San  Bof.n a  Ventura. 

BUENAVENTURA,  bwA-nd-ven-too'ra,  a  town  of  Mexico, 
state  of  Chihuahua:  lat.  29°  55' N.,  Ion.  10G°  30' W.;  140 
miles  N.W.  of  the  city  of  Chihuahu.a.  It  is  small,  but  well 
built,  and  contains  about  1500  inhabitants.  About  10  miles 
N.W.  from  the  town  there  are  very  extensive  ruin.s,  called 
Casas  Grandes.  An  area  of  several  square  miles  is  covered 
with  the  remains  of  buildings,  which,  from  their  number, 
are  supposed  to  contain  a  population  of  at  least  20,000  or 
30,000.  Fine  earthenware  jars  have  been  excavated  here,  as 
well  as  images,  made  of  baked  earth. 

BUEN.\VENTURA,  a  maritime  village  of  New  Granada, 
South  America,  department  of  Cauca,  on  the  bay  of  Choco. 
It  is  wretchedly  built,  but  is  the  port  for  a  considerable  ex- 
tant of  country. 

BU  EN  A  VISTA,  bw.Vnd  vees'ti  or  iKyna  vis'ta,  (i.  e.  literally 
"good  or  fine  view.")  a  celebrated  battle-field  of  Mexico, 
situated  about  90  miles  S.W.  of  Monterey,  and  10  miles  from 
Saltillo.  It  consists  for  the  most  part  of  mountain  ridges, 
narrow  defiles,  and  Impassable  ravines.  Here.  February  22 
and  23,  1847,  General  Taylor,  at  the  he.ad  of  less  than  5000 
United  States  troops,  a  large  portion  of  whom  were  raw 
Tolunteera.  totally  defeated  20.000  Mexicans  under  Santa 
Anna.  The  former  lost  only  267  killed,  and  479  wounded 
ftnd  missing.  This  action  is  sometimes  called  the  "  Battle 
of  La  Angostura,"  from  the  name  of  a  pass  occupied  by  a 
detachment  of  General  Taylor's  army  at  the  commencement 
of  the  engagement.  Is  miles  N.E.  of  Buena  Vista.  Buena 
Vista  is  the  name  of  several  other  places  in  Jlexico. 

BUKN.\  VIST.\.  a  new  county  in  the  upper  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  025  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Little 
Sioux  River,  and  also  drained  by  several  of  its  small  tribu- 
taries. This  county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1S50. 
It  was  named  from  the  atiove  battle-field.     Pop.  57. 

BUKNA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylv.ania, 
oa  the  road  from  Shellsburg  to  Cumberland,  in  Maryland. 


BUENA  YTSTA,  a  sm.ill  village  of  Lancaster  co..  Ponn. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-oRice.  .Mleghany  co..  Pennsylvaniw 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-office.  Prince  George's  co..  Mary  lana 

BUKNA  VISTA,  a  post-oftice  of  Duplin  co..  North  Caromia 

BUENA  A'ISTA,  a  p<j.st-office  of  Greenville  district,  Soutl 
Carolina. 

BUENA  VISTA,  formerly  PEA  RIDGE,  a  thriving  post 
village,  capital  of  Marion  co..  Georgia.  101  mile«  S.W.  oi 
Milledgeville,  and  33  miles  S.E.  frnm  Columbus.  It  has  a 
pleasant  and  healthy  situ.ition,  and  is  surrounded  b^'  a  fer 
tile  country,  in  which  cotton  and  sugar-cane  are  cultivated. 
The  village  contains  a  brick  conrt-house,  2  churches,  and  2 
high-schools.     It  was  laid  out  In  1S48. 

BUEN.4.  VISTA,  a  small  post-villase.  Monroe  co.,  Al.ibama. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-village  of  Chicka.saw  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 11  miles  E.  of  Houston,  the  count  v  seat. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co..  Texas,  on 
the  road  from  Shelbyville  to  Henderson,  about  20  miles  W. 
from  S.abine  Rivei".     It  has  about  12  families  and  3  stores. 

BUENA  VIST.\,  a  post-office  of  Washita  co.,  Arkansas. 

BUENA  VI.ST.\,  a  iiost-village  of  Carroll  CO.,  Tennessee, 
96  miles  W.  of  Nashville,  has  3  stores. 

BUHNA  VISTA,  a  postK)ffice  of  Han-ison  eo..  Kentucky. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-oflice  of  Tuscaraw.as  co..  Ohio. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BUENA  VI.STA,  a  village  of  Fayette  co..  Ohio,  on  Rat> 
tlesnake  Creek,  46  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus ;  has  about  200 
inhabitants. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  postK)fBce  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.*  on  the 
Ohio  River,  lOO  miles  above  Cincinnati. 

BUENA  VIST.\,  a  post-village  of  Saginaw  co..  Alichigan, 
on  the  Saginaw  River,  100  miles  N.N.'NV.  of  Detroit.  Its 
origin  is  quite  recent. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  about 
15  miles  W.  of  Brookville, 

BUENA  V^ISTA,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  N.  oS  Noblesvillo. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  vill.ago  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Gibson 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  White  River.  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indian.a,  13  miles 
S.W.  of  Bloomington. 

BUENA  A'ISTA,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Mosquito  Creek,  4  miles  from  the  Ohio  River. 

BUENA  VIST.\.  a  post-office  of  .lefTerson  co.,  Indiana. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Tippecanoe  River. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  small  village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indi- 
ana. 8  miles  S.W.  of  Winchester,  the  county  town. 

BUENA  VI.STA,  a  village  of  Washington  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  New  Albany  and  S.alem  Railroad.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Salem. 

BUENA  VISTA. a  township  in  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois.  P.965. 

BUENA  VI.'^TA.  a  post-village  of  Stephen.sou  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 10  miles  N.N.E.  from  Freejiort. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-oflrtce  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri,  35 
miles  N.W.  of  Independence. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Clayton  CO.,  Towa,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  postoffice  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  46  miles 
E.  by  N.  from  Iowa  City. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  post-village  of  Portage  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
100  miles  N.  of  M.adison ;  has  1  church. 

BUENA  VISTA  FURNACE,  a  post-ofHce  of  Rockbridge 
CO.,  A'irginia. 

BUENA  VISTA  SPRINGS,  a  postrofflce  of  Logan  co., 
Kentucky. 

BUENAVIST.\,  bw.i-nl-vee.s/tl.  a  village  in  the  island  of 
TenerifTe ;  lat.  28°  16'  N.,  Ion.  16°  58'  W..  on  an  elevated 
plain,  925  feet  above  the  sea ;  it  is  well  built,  has  a  spacious 
square,  a  church,  several  chapels,  and  schools.     I^op.  2300. 

BUEN  AYHE,  bw(^n  ir'.i,  or  BON  AIR,  one  of  the  Dutch 
West  India  Islands,  off  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  30  miles  E. 
of  Curasao.  Lat.  12°  20'  N..  Ion.  68°  27'  AV.  Length,  20 
miles;  average  breadth,  4  miles.  Principal  products,  cattle 
and  salt.  Pop.  in  1847,  1955.  of  whom  073  were  slaves.  It 
has  a  village,  with  a  tolerable  harbor. 

BUENOS  AYRES,  bo'n9S  A'riz,  or  bo/nos-airz,  (Sp.  pron. 
bwA'noce  I'rSs,)  a  city  of  South  America,  capital  of  a  state  of 
its  own  name,  .and  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  Is  situated 
on  the  west  side  of  the  La  Plata  estuary,  which  is  here  .30 
miles  wide,  and  about  150  miles  from  the  sea,  opposite  the 
town  of  Colonia  del  Sacramento.  (The  name  Buenos  Ayres 
was  given  it  by  its  founder,  Mendoza.  and  signifies  "  good 
air,"  a  title  which  its  good  health  justifies.)  Lat.  34°35'  5"  S., 
Ion.  58°  22'  W.  It  covers  a  surface  of  about  3  miles  In  length 
by  about  2i  miles  in  greatest  breadth,  and  is  regularly  laid 
out,  all  its  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  The 
granite  with  which  the  stroots  are  paved  is  obtained  from 
the  island  of  JIartin  Garcia,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 
The  houses,  which  are  built  of  brick,  and  whitewa.shed, 
have  been  greatly  improved  of  late  years.  Almost  every 
house  has  a  g.arden,  and  many  have  balconies  with  lattice- 
work, for  containing  shrubs  and  flowers.  The  windows  of 
the  houses,  toward  the  streets,  are  generally  two  in  num- 
ber, having  an  U'on  grating,  called  rcja,  which  srives  them 

iiOd 


BUE 


BUE 


a  gloomy  and  prison-like  appearance.  The  floors  are  gene- 
rally paved  with  brick,  the  use  of  wood  in  their  construc- 
tion being  ciToided  as  much  as  possible,  except  in  those 
eracted  by  the  foreign  population.  These  are  built  in  the 
Enn  pean  styl  ■.,  and  are  often  three  stories  high.  The  city 
is  laid  out  in  squares  of  150  yards  or  varas  each,  and  each 
maiuuna  or  four  squares,  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  an 
alderman  or  alcalde.  The  priucipiil  square,  or  Plaza  de  la 
"Victoria,  is  situated  alout  two  squares  from  the  river,  and 
immediately  behind  the  fort,  which  is  now  generally  used 
for  firing  salutes,  and  con tjiins  the  public  military  offices; 
in  the  centre  of  the  squire  is  a  monument  erected  in  honor 
of  South  American  independence:  it  is  surrounded  by  hand- 
some buildings,  including  the  cathedral,  the  bishop's  palace, 
tlie  cabildo  or  hall  of  justice,  the  police  office,  &c.  There  are 
4  convents,  2  for  monks  or  friars,  San  Francisco  and  Santo 
Domingo,  and  2  for  nuns,  Santa  Catalina  and  San  Juan. 
Tho  cathedral  is  a  very  large  and  rich  editice,  covering 
nearly  half  a  square.  It  is  adorned  with  pictures  from  the 
best  "Spanish  masters,  and  also  contains  the  military  tro- 
phies taken  from  the  British,  under  Generals  Beresford  and 
M'hitelocke,  in  1S05  and  1807.  There  are  15  other  pjirish 
churches,  besides  an  Episcopal,  a  Presbyterian,  and  a  Me- 
thodist church  for  foreigners.  The  sites  of  these  churches, 
and  the  Protestant  burial-ground,  were  given  to  the  foreign 
population  by  General  Ros;»s"s  administration.  The  other 
public  buildings  are  a  house  of  representatives,  built  in  imi- 
tation of  the  American  hall  of  Congress,  a  military  depot 
called  the  Ketiro,  capable  of  accommodating  .3000  persons. 
and  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  a  custom- 
house, a  hospital,  a  foundling  hospital  or  cuna,  a  female 
college  attached  to  the  Church  of  our  Lady  of  Mercy,  a  male 
college  Ijelonging  to  the  Church  of  St.  Francis,  and  possess- 
ing a  librarj-  of  20,000  volumes;  connected  with  this  college 
are  a  collection  of  olgects  of  natural  history,  an  observatory, 
a  mathematical  school,  a  normal  school,  and  a  school  for 
painting  and  drawing.  Several  other  literary  and  scientitic 
institutions  have  been  established  here  since  the  Revolution, 
including  a  society  for  the  promotion  of  natural  philosophy 
and  mathematics,  one  of  medicine,  ^nd  another  of  jurispru- 
dence, and  an  association  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture. 

The  trade,  and  consequently  the  prosperity  of  Buenos 
Ayres  is  much  impeded  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  navi- 
gating the  La  Plata,  and  the  want  of  a  safe  and  commodious 
harbor.  Large  vessels,  drawing  above  12  feet  of  water,  can- 
not come  nearer  than  5  or  6  miles ;  vessels  of  less  draught 
generally  go  into  the  inner  roads,  and  anchor  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  from  the  city.  The  surf  on  the  beach  is  very 
heavy  when  the  wind  blows  from  the  S.E. ;  another  danger 
arises  from  the  pamperos,  sudden  and  violent  gusts  of  wind, 
which  sweep  across  the  pampas  from  the  Andes  with  tre- 
mendous fury.  There  is  a  harbor  for  coasting  ves.'^els  on  tlie 
S.  of  the  city,  in  a  small  river  called  the  Kiachuelo.  A  good 
road  was  built  to  this  place  in  1838,  by  order  of  Rosas.  In 
1853,  the  South  .A.merican  and  General  Navigation  Company 
was  established  between  Birkenhead,  (opposite  Liverpool, 
England.)  and  South  .\merica,  with  Steamers  touching  at 
Buenos  Ayres,  Montevideo,  Ac. 

In  1843,  549  ves.«els  (tons,  105,238)  entered,  and  438  vessels 
(tons,  84,117)  cleared  from  the  port.  In  1849.  the  clearances 
were  500  ves.sels.  (tons,  110,984,)  of  which  90  (tons,  22,469) 
were  for  the  United  States.  The  following  exhibits  some  of 
the  leading  articles  exported  from  Buenos  .\yres  in  1849 : — 


Be^f,  Jerked quintals 

Do.  preserved tuns 

Bones 

D« tons 

Feathers bales 

Do arrobas 

Hair bales 

Do seroons 

Do arrobas 

Hide  Cuttings bales 

Hides,  ox  and  cow,  salted 

Do.  do,  dry 

Do.    horse,  dry 

Do.      do.     Balt«Nl 

Horns,  ox  and  cow 

Skins,  calf  and  deer bales 

Do.       do.  do dozen 

Do.    goat  and  sheep boles 

Do.    nutria dozen 

Tallow pipes 

Do boxes 

Do seroons 

Wool bales 

Dv. seroons 

.Do arrobas 


Exports  to 

Exports  to 

the  United 

all  other  coun- 

States. 

tries. 

497,662 

1,290 

105,000 

S,125,500 

Xi 

9S3 

U 

49 

73-2 

15 

33 

S,101 

244 

957 

18 

2,598 

4.363 

78,775 

864,3.36 

575,017 

2,0-'8,297 

11,487 

37,675 

2,704 

103,236 

638,711 

1,966,791 

178 

741 

8-26 

1,751 

1,512 

S,273 

15 

43 

24.949 

85,216 

3,506 

20.397 

29,998 

1,845 

3,179 

150 

About  two-thirds  of  the  carrying  trade  between  Buenos 
Ayres  and  the  United  States.  It  is  stated,  is  done  by  Ger- 
man, Danish,  Swedish,  and  Norwegian  vessels,  as  a  conse- 
quence of  the  reciprocal  treaties  with  those  nations. 

The  imports,  include   cotton,  linen,  wotjilen,  and  other 
manufactured  goods  and  coloui&l  produce  from  Great  Bri- 
310 


tain :  jewelry,  perfumery,  and  articles  of  luxury  from  Tiance 
various  goods  from  the  other  European  States,  and  coars* 
cloths,  provisions,  soap,  candles,  furniture,  and  deal*  from 
the  United  States. 

The  financial  affairs  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  carried  on 
through  a  remarkable  institution,  called  the  "Casa  de  Mo- 
neda,"  or  house  of  money.  Though  having  neither  capital 
nor  any  fixed  limit  to  its  issues,  yet,  being  supported  by  the 
credit  of  the  government,  it  is  placed  beyond  the  p<:;ssilji]ity 
of  failure.  The  lowest  point  of  depreciation  which  its  cur 
rency  ever  reached  was  during  the  blockade,  in  1840,  when 
one  dollar  of  silver  was  worth  thirty-iiTe  dollars  of  paper. 
In  its  best  days  it  was  at  a  premium,  worth  more  than  sil- 
ver or  gold. 

The  city  is  indifferently  supplied  with  water,  there  being 
no  public  cisterns,  and  the  wells,  though  numerous,  being 
all  brackish:  the  only  supply  is  from  the  river,  the  w.ater 
from  which  is  carried  about  in  butts,  mounted  on  bullock- 
carts,  and  s<ild  at  a  high  price;  it  is  at  first  hot  and  muddy, 
but  after  being  allowed  to  settle,  it  lecomes  excellent  fi..r 
drinking.  >Iost  of  the  wealthier  families  have  lai-ge  deep 
tanks,  in  which  the  rain  that  falls  on  the  fiat  roofs  of  the 
houses  is  collected.  The  city  is  Uidly  supplied  with  fuel ; 
there  are  no  trees  of  any  extent  near,  except  those  planted 
by  the  Jesuits,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  on  the  islands  at 
the  junction  of  the  rivers  Parani  and  Uruguay.  These, 
which  are  chiefly  fruit-trees,  cover  a  space  of  upwards  of  20 
miles.  From  here  the  inhabitants  gather  most  of  their  fire- 
wood, and  from  here,  also,  the  markets,  during  the  fruit  sea- 
son, are  supplied  with  oranges,  peaches,  and  lemons.  The 
procuring  of  fruit  and  fuel  from  these  islands  is  often  dan- 
gerous, as  they  are  infested  with  panthers.  The  English 
and  American  population  generally  make  use  of  coal 
brought  from  England  as  ballast.  Living  in  Buenos  Ayres 
is  very  cheap.  The  markets  are  good,  and  beef  is  generally 
sold  at  2  cents  per  pound. 

The  environs  of  the  city  for  2  or  3  miles  are  very  beauti- 
ful, consisting  of  well-cultivated  fields,  and  enlivened  by 
numerous  counti-y  residences  called  quintas ;  the  most 
wealthy  have  their  country  seats  surrounded  with  gardens. 
The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  Buenos  Ayres,  who  are 
said  to  be  observant  and  intelligent,  are  the  descend;tnts  of 
Spaniards,  who  have  settled  in  the  country  during  the  List 
three  centuries.  The  climate  is  very  healthy,  but  variable, 
so  much  so  that  they  kill  the  cattle  in  the  open  fields,  and 
after  taking  away  the  hides  and  t.illow,  and  the  four  quar- 
ters of  beef.  le,ive  the  remnants  to  dr}-  up  on  the  ground:  the 
stench  can  scarcely  be  perceived :  even  the  killing  grounds  for 
the  exportation  of  salt  or  jerked  beef  is.  within  a  mile  of  the 
city,  and  the  authorities  do  not  consider  them  injurious  to 
the  health  of  the  place.  The  temperature  rises  as  high  as  90° 
in  the  shade,  and  sinks  as  low  as  35°  40'.  and  is  subject  to 
sudden  and  violent  changes.  The  deaths  in  the  city  are 
estimated  at  1  in  32,  and  in  the  country  at  1  in  40.  The 
city  was  founded  in  1580  by  Don  Juan  de  Garay,  and  in 
1776  was  made  the  seat  of  vice-royalty,  and  in  1778  the  port 
was  thrown  partially  open  by  the  Spaniards,  from  which 
time  the  city  increased  rapidly.  Its  prosperity  of  late  years, 
however,  in  consequence  of  blockades  and  the  un.settled  state 
of  the  government,  has  not  been  very  remarkable.  The  popu- 
lation, in  1837,  was  81.000;  three  years  later  it  had  dimi- 
nished to  60,000;  according  to  the  most  recent  and  rpli.nble 
authorities  it  is  now  about  1:;0.0()0,  of  which  probably  one-  . 
fifth  iire  foreigners,  chiefly  English,  French,  and  American. 

BUENOS  .WRKS,  a  province  of  South  America,  and  the 
most  important  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  extends  from  the 
Rio  Negro  or  Sauces  on  the  3..  (in  lat.  41°  S..)  along  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  to  the  mouth  of  the  lUo  de  la  Plat.H.  and  along 
the  whole  south-western  shores  of  its  estuary,  and  the  S.AV. 
banks  of  tne  Paran4.  as  far  as  the  .\^rroyo  del  Medio  Rivar, 
which  separates  it  from  Santa  Fe,  (about  Lit.  33°  S.)  The  W. 
boundary  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  Neposta  River  in 
a  N.E.  direction,  to  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Sierra  del  Vul- 
can. From  N.  to  S.  it  measures  about  540  miles;  from  E.  to 
W„  750  miles.  Area,  estimated  at  75.000  square  miles.  The 
coast  line,  exclusive  of  minute  sinuosities,  is  about  750 
miles.  The  province  presents  nearly  throughout  one  vast 
level  of  slightly  undulating  surface,  known  as  the  pampas 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  a  large  portion  of  which  has  a  fertile  soil  ' 
for  arable  culture  or  pastunage;  but  little  of  the  former  is 
attempted,  although  grain,  fruit,  and  vegetables  thrive 
well,  and  with  proijer  industry  might  be  produced  in  grea.t 
abundance.  The  rich  pastures  of  the  pampas  are  covered 
with  long,  tufted,  luxuriant  grass,  intermixed  with  brilliant 
flowers,  affording  an  Inexhaustitile  subsistence  to  immense 
herds  of  cattle  and  horses.  The  S.  and  less  favored  parts  lire 
sandy,  with  patches  of  saline  plants,  stunted  trees,  and  nunio- 
rous  salines.  Having  little  slope,  the  pampas  hav»-  few  run- 
ning waters,  the  only  streams  of  any  magnitude  Ix-ing  the  Ne- 
gro and  the  Colorado  in  the  S..  and  the  smaller  river  Salado  in 
the  central  parts.  There  are.  however,  a  vast  numl^r  of  salt 
pools  and  lakes,  of  various  dimensions,  dispersed  over  the 
country,  the  salt  in  which  forms  with  extraordinary  ra- 
pidity in  dry  weather,  and  is  beautifully  white  and  finely 
crystallized,  requiring  no  purification  before  bein^.  carrit  d 


BUK 

to  market  About  450  miles  CW.  by  W.  from  Biienos 
Ayres,  there  is  a  very  large  salt  lake,  called  Urre  Lauqueo, 
("'bitt<?r  lake,")  about  30  miles  long  and  15  broad,  from 
■which  that  city  drew  its  annual  supplies  of  salt,  before  the 
port  was  thrown  open  to  foreigners.  The  S.  part  compre- 
hends the  Sierra  del  Vulcan,  the  S.E.  the  Sierra  Ventana. 
Principal  river,  the  Saldansi,  Salta.  and  Quequin.  Climate 
of  N.  part,  mild — ^ice  seldom  occurs;  mean  summer  heat, 
90°.  The  N.  winds  prevailing  here  have  the  disagreeable 
character  of  the  sirocco  of  Italy;  the  S.W.  winds,  or  pampe- 
ros, are  huri'icanes  accompanied  with  thunder.  In  the  S. 
district  the  climate  is  colder,  but  healthy.  There  is  suffi- 
cient r.iin  in  general  throughout  both  districts,  but  occa- 
gionally  there  are  years  of  excessive  and  destructive 
droughts.  Cattle  and  their  produce  are  the  chief  sources  of 
wealth.  Hides,  hair,  horns,  tallow,  and  jerked  beef  are  the 
exports.  Horses,  mules,  and  asses  are  also  exported,  and  of 
Late  the  breed  of  .sheep  has  been  improved,  and  wool  has 
formed  an  article  of  export.  Formerly  the  cultivation  of 
the  soil  was  so  neglected,  that  grain  was  required  from 
abroad ;  now,  wheat  is  exported  to  some  extent. 

Buenos  Ayres  became  independcmt  of  the  Spanish  go- 
Ternment  in  1810,  and,  along  with  the  neightxiring 
states,  joined  in  a  confederated  republic,  (the  Argentine 
or  La  Plata,)  which,  however,  was  not  long  kept  up,  and 
now  e.vh  stjvte  has  a  separate  and  independent  admiuistri- 
tion.  The  executive  is  vested  in  a  governor  or  captain- 
general,  elected  for  five  years,  aided  by  a  council  of  minis- 
ters chosen  by  the  governor.  The  junta  or  legislative  as- 
sembly consists  of  44  deputies,  one-half  renewed  annvially 
by  popular  election.  But  under  Rosas,  all  constitutional 
government  has  been  annulled,  and  the  liberty  of  the  press 
restricted.    A  chain  of  forts  has  teen  established  along  the 

W.  boundary  to  overawe  the  Indians.  Pop.  a1x)ut  320,000. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Buenos  Atriam,  bo'nos  A/re-an. 

BUEXOS  AYRES.  Conpederatiox  op.    See  Plata. 

BUET,  Le,  leh  bUM',  one  of  the  .\lps  of  Savoy,  province 
of  Faucigny,  between  Chamouni  and  Sixt,  N.  of  Mont 
Blanc.     Height  above  the  sea.  10,128  feet. 

BUFAKIK.    See  Boofareek. 

BUFFA.    See  Bassa. 

BUFFALO,  buf 'fa-lo,  a  city,  port  of  entry  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice, i;rie  county.  New  York,  is  situated  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Erie,  in  lat.  42°  53'  N.,  Ion.  78°  55'  W.,  being 
352  miles  W.  of  Albany  by  the  Erie  Canal,  300  miles  by  the 
New  York  Centnil  Riiilroad,  460  miles  N.W.  of  New  Y'ork  by 
the  Buffalo  New  York  and  Erie  IViilroatl,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Niagara  Falls  by  the  Buffalo  branch  of  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  182  miles  N.E.  of  Cleveland  by  the  Cleveland 
and  Erie  and  Buffalo  and  State  Line  railroads,  103  miles  N.E. 
of  Cleveland  by  water,  290  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Detroit,  53S  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Chicago,  820  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Louis.  It  has  rail- 
way connections  via  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Hnron  with  Gode- 
rich  on  Lake  Huron  159  miles  distant,  with  Detroit  and  Sar- 
nia  via  the  Oreat  Western  Railway,  and  with  Toronto  and 
Montreal  via  the  Grand  Trunk.  The  Atlantic  and  Great 
Western  Railroad  has  made  a  survey  for  a  branch  extension 
of  that  road  to  this  city  connecting  with  a  railway  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  Niagara  River,  extending  from  Fort  Erie 
to  Niagara  on  Lake  Ontario,  a  distance  of  31  miles. 

The  city  has  a  water  front  of  about  5  miles,  being  about  21/^ 
miles  on  the  lake  and  'l}/^  miles  on  the  Niagara  River.  The 
site  on  the  lake  front  gradually  rises  and  at  the  distance 
of  about  2  miles  becomes  an  extended  undulating  plain  50 
feet  above  the  water  level  of  the  harbor.  A  ptirtion  of  the 
river  front  is  a  bold  bluff  of  60  feet  above  the  water  level  of 
the  river  and  the  Erie  Canal  that  pass  near  it.  The  more 
elevated  i)ortion  of  the  site  affords  fine  views  of  the  city,  Ni- 
agara River,  Canada  shore,  the  lake  and  bay,  and  the  hilly 
country  to  the  south  east.  Buffalo,  in  the  main,  is  handsomely 
built.  Its  streets  are  broad  and  straight,  and  for  the  most  part 
intersect  etich  other  at  right  angles.  Main  street  extending 
about  3  miles,  Niagara  street  4  miles,  Delaware  street  3  miles, 
are  particularly  worthy  of  mention.  The  business  portion  of 
the  city  lies  near  the  lake  and  river.  About  1}^  miles  above 
the  point  where  the  waters  of  the  lake  merge  in  the  Niagara 
River,  Buffalo  Creek  enter.s  the  lake  from  the  E.  and  the  Erie 
Canal  from  the  N.W.,  being  nearly  parallel  in  their  passage 
through  the  city  and  harbor.  The  streets  in  the  more  ele- 
vated portions  of  the  city  are  bordered  witii  a  profusion  of 
shade  trees,  and  the  more  importiint  avenues  have  many  fine 
residences.  Shade  trees  adorn  the  public  squares,  five  in  all. 
named  Niagara,  I/afayette  Place, Washington,  Franklin,  Dela- 
ware Place,  and  Terrace  Parks. 

Among  the  principal  puldic  buildings  are  a  city  peniten- 
tiary, jail,  city-hall,  2  court-houses, 4  conunodious  markets, 
a  custom-house — including  the  post-office  and  U.  S.  court- 
rooms— a  state  arsenal,  the  Young  Men"s  A.^sociation  build- 
intr?.  and  70  churches.  Several  of  the  churches  are  fine  edi- 
fices. Of  these  St.  Paul's  and  8t.  John's  ( Episcopal),  St.  Jo- 
seph's Cathed'dl  (Catholic),  the  North,  Central,  and  Dela- 
ware street  churciico  (Presbyterian),  and  the  new  Univer- 
saliet  church,  are  especially  deserving  of  notice.  Of  the  70 
churches  there  are  8  Episcopal,  S  Prestiyterian,  9  Methodist, 
1  Baptist;  16  Roman  Catholic,  2  Evangelical  Luthei'au,  3  Ger- 


BUF 

man  Evangelical,  1  TJniversalist,  1  Unitarian,!  German Ee- 
formed,  1  German  Lutheran  Trinity,  1  French  lYotestunt,  1 
Ebenezer,  2  Union  Bethel,  1  Zion's  Church,  1  Jewish  Syna- 
gogue, and  7  others,  the  religious  tenets  of  which  are  not 
known. 

Among  the  literary,  educational,  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions, is  the  l5uffalo  University,  chartered  in  1816,with  which 
is  connected  a  flourishing  medical  college  in  charge  of  ex- 
perienced jirofessors  in  every  dei)artnient  of  n)*'dicine  and 
surgery.  The  Young  Men's  Association,  orgaii....d  in  1836, 
has  now  a  library  of  nearly  12,000.volume8,ai;,.  -as  for  many 
years  sustained  an  annual  lecture  course  during  the  winter 
months.  The  buildings  now  occupied  by  the  Association 
were  recently  piu'chased  and  paid  for  by  public  subscription, 
at  acost,  including  the  improvements, of  $125,01  0.  The  spa- 
cious reading-rooms  are  well  supplied  with  periodicals  and 
the  principal  public  journals  of  this  and  other  states.  The 
buildings  are  jointly  occujiied  by  the  Young  Men's  Associa- 
tion, the  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  the  Buffalo  Liiw  Li- 
brary, the  Historical  Society,  and  the  Buffalo  Fine-Arts  Gal- 
lery. The  German  Young  Men's  Association  has  a  library 
of  upwards  of  2000  volumts  chiefly  works  in  the  German 
language ;  also  a  re.'\ding-rooni  supplied  with  periodicals  and 
newspapers.  The  Young  Men's  Christian  Union,  orgiinized 
in  May,  1)>5"2,  and  incorporated  in  March,  1853,  has  aboutOOO 
members.  It  has  a  liljrary  and  reading-rooms  and  sustains 
an  annual  course  of  lectures.  The  Buffalo  Female  Academy, 
with  an  endowment  of  .'550,000,  is  plea.santly  situated  on  Dela- 
ware street  and  is  in  a  tlourishing  condition.  There  are  18 
publications  in  the  city,  including  6  daily,  8  weekly,  3  semi- 
weekly  newspapers,  and  3  monthly  and  semi-monthly  peri- 
odicals. Of  the  newspapers  2  daily,  1  tri-weekly,  1  semi-week- 
ly and  2  weekly  are  ])Ublishtd  in  the  German  language.  The 
system  of  public  schools,  free  to  all,  is  second  to  no  other 
city  in  the  state,  and  ISuffalo  was  among  the  very  first  cities 
in  the  state  in  introducing  and  perfecting  this  system  of 
popular  education.  There  are  32  scho(d  districts,  besides  a 
central  high-school,  a  school  for  colored  children,  and  St. 
A'incent's  Orphan  Asylum,  in  which  schools  are  maintained 
during  the  entire  year"  at  the  public  expense.  The  annual 
expense  of  the  schools  is  from  190,000  to  $100,000.  This 
system  employs  215  teachers,  who  give  instruction  to  up- 
wards of  10,000  pupils.  The  schools  are  under  the  care 
and  direction  of  the  City  Council.  The  benevolent  institu- 
tions include  the  Church  Charity  Foundation,  the  Bufialo 
and  St.  Vincent  Orphan  Asylums,  the  new  City  Hospital,  a 
Marine  Hospital  founded  in  1833,  the  Hosi>ital  of  the  Sisters 
of  Charity,  the  Boatmen's  Friend  Society,  .\ssociation 
for  the  relief  of  the  Poor,  Buffalo  Industrial  Scliool  Asso- 
ciation, Martha  Industrial  School,  the  Firemen's  Benevo- 
lent As.sociation,  the  Benevolent  Society  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  St.  Jtdm's  Church,  the  Soldier's  Rest,  the  Mutual 
Benefit  Catholic  Temperance  Society,  the  Buffalo  City  Dis- 
pensary. There  are  13  Masonic  Lodges,  and  5  lodges  and 
1  Degree  Lodge  of  the  Order  of  Odd-Fellows.  Besides  these 
there  are  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  Erie,  the 
Buffalo  Horticultural  Society,  and  various  religious  and 
other  a.ssociati(>ns. 

The  manufactures  of  Buffalo  have  already  attained  very 
considerable  magnitude  in  the  different  branches,  among 
which  that  of  iron  in  its  numerous  branches,  leather,  agri- 
cultural implements,  distilled  spirits,  flour,  cement,  oil-refi- 
ning, are  the  most  prominent.  There  are  now  in  active  ope- 
ration in  this  city  upwards  of  20  establishments  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron,  employing  about  3000  persons. 
Prominent  among  these  are  the  bhist-furnaces  and  rolling- 
mill  of  the  Union  Iron  Companj',  the  Fletcher  Furnace,  and 
Pratt  &  Co.'s  extensive  iron  and  nail-works,the  Sheperd  Iron- 
Works,  the  Buffalo  Steam-Engine  and  Iron  Sliii)-building 
Works,  the  Eagle  Iron-Work.s — the  five  last  having  extensive 
facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  steam-engines 
and  boilers — the  Niagara  and  Buffalo  Steam-Forge  Works, 
both  of  which  can  make  light  andheavyforgings,  including 
anchors,  car-axles,  &c.,  besides  various  other  establish- 
ments. The  Fletcher  Furnace  makes  upwards  of  9000 
tons  of  pig-iron  per  annum.  There  are  50  nail-machines 
in  the  iron  and  nail-works  making  cut  and  shoe-nails, 
spikes  and  tiicks.  In  the  rolling-mill  are  9  heating  and  16 
puddling-furnaces  and  7  trains  of  rolls,  and  the  daily  pro- 
duct of  nails,  spikes  and  iron  is  40  tons— equal  to  12,500  tons 
annually.  The  Union  Iron-Works  have  3  blast-furnaces  with 
a  capacity  for  the  manufacture  of  30,000  tons  of  jiig-iron  per 
annum,  using  for  the  product  between  40,000  and  50,000  tons 
of  iron  ore  and  50,000  tons  of  coal.  The  rolling-mill  has  14 
heating  and  14  puddling-furnaces  with  5  tiains  of  rolls, and 
can  turn  nut  annually  25,000  tons  of  new  and  re-rolled  rails, 
and  from  5000  to  10,000  tons  of  merchants'  iron  of  all  sizes, 
Including  beams  and  girders  for  bridges  and  the  construc- 
tion of  ii'on  vessels  and  plates  for  shipbuilding  and  iron- 
armoredships.  There  are  within  the  city  limits  10  flouring- 
mills  that  animally  manufacture  from  .350,000  to  450,000  bar- 
rels of  flour.  During  the  12  months  ending  Dec.  31st,  18&4, 
the  General  Government  tax  collected  on  manufactures  in 
this  district  was  about  $1,538,000.  Buffalo  is  probably  des- 
tined to  be  next  in  importance  to  Pittsburg  in  thenianufao 

311 


BUF 

lore  tA  iron.  The  iron  ores  of  Lake  Superior,  Oneida  and 
Clinton  counties,  New  Yorlc,  and  tbe  black  band  of  tlie  Tun- 
angezlientVallev,  in  McKean  county,  Pennsylvania,  are  all 
accessible,  the  ii'rst  3  by  water  and  the  latter  by  rail.  The 
coal  mines  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  are  within  easy  reach 
by  rail  and  water,  and  there  is  an  inexhaustable  supply 
of  limestone  for  flux  within  the  city  limits. 

The  harbor  of  Buffalo  is  now  one  of  the  best  in  the  great 
chain  of  lakes,  and  could  be  made  sufficiently  capacious  to  ac- 
commodate the  entire  fleet  navigating  the  lakes  now  or  50 
years  hence.  The  present  harbor  is  formed  by  Buffalo  Creek, 
the  Blackwell  Canal,  the  Erie  and  Ohio  Basins,  and  Xorth 
Buffalo  llai  bor.  Buffalo  Creek  is  navigable  for  more  than  2 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  lake  for  vessels  drawing  12 
feet  of  water.  Nearly  parallel  to,  and  from  200  to  SOO  feet 
from  it,  is  the  Blackwell  Ship-Ciinal  1%  miles  long,  and  con- 
nected with  it  by  4  shii)-canal  slips.  About  1  mile  from  the 
mouth  of  the  creek  and  connected  with  it  by  a  shiit-canal 
slip  is  the  Ohio  Basin  containing  10  acres.  A  pier  or  break- 
water on  the  S.  side  of  the  creek  and  a  sea-wall  next  the 
lake  gives  ample  protection  from  storms.  On  the  end  of  this 
pier  extending  about  1500  feet  into  the  lake  is  a  mole  on  | 
which  is  the  government  light-house.  On  the  N .  side  of  the 
creek  is  another  pier  extending  into  the  lake  about  500  feet. 
At  nearly  right  angles  to  the  S.  pier  and  distant  from  it  and 
the  N.  pier  600  feet,  commences  the  Erie  Basin  pier,  extend- 
ing towards  North  Buffalo  harbor  5000  feet,  and  alxjut  1000 
feet  distant  from  the  shore  line  of  the  lake.  The  interme- 
diate space  between  this  pier  and  the  shore  line,  1000  by  5000 
feet,  is  called  the  Erie  Basin  harbor,  which  has  sufficient 
depth  of  water  for  vessels  drawing  10  feet.  At  the  lower  end 
of  the  Erie  Basin  sea-wall  is  a  mole,  and  vessels  can  enter  it 
at  this  point,  or  from  the  entrance  through  Buffalo  Creek. 
About  ^  of  a  mile  from  the  mole  of  the  Krie  Basin  pier  is 
the  Black  Rock  pier,  enclosing  a  portion  of  the  Niagara  Riv- 
er, about  2  miles  long  and  from  200  to  OOOfeet  wide,  forming 
what  is  called  "  Black  Rock  Harbor."  The  water  in  this 
harbor  is  shoal,  and  only  vessels  of  light  draught  can  enter 
it.  It  forms  for  more  than  a  mile  the  Erie  Canal,  and  boats 
drawing  6  feet  of  water  can  pas.s  through  it.  Buffalo  Creek, 
the  Blackwell  Canal  and  slips,  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Biisin  har- 
bors give  abundance  of  sea-room  to  accommodate  a  fleet  of 
800  sail  and  steam-vessels.  The  Erie  Canal  from  Buffalo  to 
Tonawanda,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  is  nearly  parallel  with 
the  Niagara  River,  and  for  a  very  considerable  portion  of 
the  distance  is  only  separated  from  it  by  an  embankment  of 
from  100  to  400  feet  in  width.  The  Niigara  River  from 
North  Buffalo  to  Tonawanda,  a  distance  of  8  miles,  has  from 
16  to  25  feet  of  water,  with  good  bottom  for  anchorage  and 
wide  river  for  a  hailwr.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  West  and 
the  large  augmentation  in  the  receipt  of  cereiUs  have  given 
rise  to  immense  grain  warehouses,  called  elevators,  which 
were  introduced  to  lacilitate  and  cheapen  the  transhipment 
of  this  kind  of  produce.  There  are  now  built  and  in  success- 
ful operation  27  of  these  grain  warehouses,  besides  2  floating 
elevators.  They  have  a  storage  capacity  for  5,830,000  bush- 
els and  have  a  transfer  cai^acity  equiil  to  2.808,000  bushels 
in  each  24  hours.  Thej'  were  first  introduced  in  1842.  There 
are  6  ship-yards  in  the  city.  4  of  which  have  dry-docks.  They 
will  admit  the  largest  vessels  navigating  the  lakes.  There 
is  a  marine  railway  and  a  very  powerful  derrick  for  handling 
boilers  and  heavy  machinery. 

(Joinmera'. — The  position  of  Buffalo  at  the  foot  of  the  great 
chain  of  lakes,  mukes  it  the  great  entrepot  through  which 
nearly  three-fourths  of  the  couuuerce  between  the  East  and 
the  gieat  Northwest  must  pass.  Prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  Erie  Canal  in  1825  the  trade  upon  the  lakes  was  of  liltle 
moment  and  could  scarcely  have  been  dignified  with  the 
[Eor  continuation,  see  Afpsmsix.] 

BUFFALf^  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Pittsburg,  drained  by  Buffalo  Creek, 
and  traversed  by  the  Hempfield  Railroad.     Pop.  1578. 

BUFFALO,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1560. 

BUFFALO,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsj'lvania.  Pop. 
1205. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  W.  Tirginia,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  Great  Kanawha  River,  21  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  340  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond.  It 
has  excellent  facilities  for  trade  and  manufactures,  and  is 
the  most  imjwrtjint  place  in  the  county.  The  hills  in  the 
vicinity  contain  large  bodies  of  bituminous  coal  and  iron 
ore.     Free  pop.  268. 

BUFFAI/i,  a  post-village  of  Henderson  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Trinity  River,  about  200  miles  N.E.  of  Austin  City. 

BUFF.\LO.  a  township  in  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-office  of  Washita  co..  Arkansas. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-office  of  Humphreys  co.,  Tennessee. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co..  Tennessee,  on 
Buffalo  River,  about  100  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
826. 

BUFF.VLO,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Noble  co..  Ohio. 

BUFFALO,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Indiana,  50  miles  S. 
of  ludiauapolis. 
ZVi 


BUF 

BUFFALO,  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Indiana. 
BUFFALO,  a  township  forming  the  S.W.   extremity  of 
Ogle  CO.,  Illinois,  about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Oregon  City. 
Pop.  ;!166. 

BUFF.4L0,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dallas  co^  Missouri, 
4  miles  W.  of  Niangua  River.    See  Appendix. 

BUFFALO,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  50  miles  E.S  E. 
of  Iowa  City. 

BUFFALO,  a  township  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
817. 

BUFFALO,  an  island  off  the  E.  coast  of  Cochin  China. 
Lat.  14°  11'  N.;  Ion.  100°  16*  E. 

BUFFALO,  a  point  or  cape  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  i.sland 
of  Sumatra.  Lat.  3°  58'  S.,  about  2\  miles  S.  of  the  W. 
point  of  Poolo  or  Pulo  Bay. 

BUFFALO,  a  group  of  detached  rugged  rocks  in  the  Bay 
of  Beniral.  aliout  20  miles  dueN.of  Cape  Negrais.  Lat.  fi-om 
16°  19'  to  16°  22'  30"  N. ;  Ion.  94°  12'  E. 

BUFFALO,  a  small  island  off  the  E.  coast  of  China,  Chu 
san  Archipelago.     L.at,  29°  42'  N.:  Ion.  12°  15'  E. 

BUFFALO  BAYOU,  a  small  stream  of  Texas,  which  ilows 
eastward  through  Harris  county,  and  passing  the  rity  of 
Houston,  enters  an  arm  of  Galveston  Bay  at  Lynchburg. 
Steamboats  navigate  the  bajou  at  all  seasons  from  its 
mouth  to  Houston,  a  distance  of  45  miles. 
BUFF'ALO  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 
BUFFALO  CREEK,  of  Erie  co..  New  York,  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  Cazenove,  Seneca,  and  Cayuga  Creeks.  It 
flows  a  neai-ly  westward  course,  and  fells  into  Lake  Erie  at 
Buffalo. 

BUFFALO  CREEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  falls 
into  the  Alleghany  River  about  25  miles  N.E.  of  Pittsburg. 
BUFFALO  CREEK,   of  Perry   co..   Pennsylv.inia,   flows 
into  the  Juniata  about  12  miles  from  its  mouth. 

BUFFALO  CREFUv,  of  Union  co.,  I'ennsylvani.o,  flows 
into  the  North  Branch  of  the  Sustiuehanna  River  near 
Lewisburg. 

BUFFALO  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into  Rocky 
River,  about  12  miles  S.  of  Concord.  Cabarras  county. 

BUFFALO  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into  Broad 
River  in  the  N.W.  part  of  York  district. 

BUFFALO  CRF;EK,  of  Glynn  Co.,  Georgia,  flows  into  the 
Atlantic  a  little  below  Brunswick. 

BUFFALO  CREEK,  of  Washington  co.,  Georgia,  enters 
the  Oconee  from  the  left,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Sandersville. 
BUFFALO  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  flows  through  Wil- 
kinson county  into  the  Mississippi. 

BUFFALO  CREEK,  Iowa,  rises  ne.ir  the  N.  border  of 
Buchanan  co.,  and  fells  into  the  Wapsipiuicon  near  Ana- 
mosa.  capital  of  Jones  county. 

BUFFALO  CliEEK,  a  postoffice  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Tii> 
ginia. 

BUFFALO  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Ten- 
nes.see. 

BUFFALO  CROSS  RO-A.DS,  a  post-office  of  Union  co., 
Pennsvlvani.a. 

BUFFALO  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Wvthe  co.,  Virginia. 
BUFFALO  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina. 

BUFFALO  FORGE,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Tir- 
giuia. 

BUFFALO  FORK,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  214. 
BUFFALO  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co..  Virginia. 
BUFFALO  GROVE,  a  village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  15  mfleii 
W.  bv  S.  of  Oregon  Citv. 

BUFFALO  HEART,  a  post-vill.age  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 15  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

BUFFALO  KNOB,  a  little  vUlage  in  the  S.  part  of  Pike 
CO.,  Missouri. 

BUFFALO  LAKE,  Wisconsin,  a  small  narrow  lake,  or 
more  properly,  an  expansion  of  Neen.th  River  in  Marquette 
CO.,  about  10  miles  long,  communicating  with  Pudiawa 
Lake. 

BUFFALO  LAKE,  (Fr.  Laodu-Bnffle.  Wk  dii  bUff"l.)  the 
name  of  three  lakes  of  British  North  America:  one  in  lat. 
06°  20'  N..  Ion.  113°  W.,  another  in  lat.  56°  N.,  Ion.  113°  45" 
W.,  and  the  third  in  lat.  52°  15'  N..  Ion.  112°  10'  W. 

BUFFALO  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  in  the 
N.  part  of  Union  co..  X.  of  Buffalo  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the 
West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna, 

BUFFALO  PAPER  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Cleveland  co. 
North  Carolina. 
BUFF.\LO  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Erie  CO.,  New  York. 
BUFFALO  PRAIRIE,  a  small  post-village  of  Rock  Island 
CO.,  Illinois. 

BUFFALORA,  boof-fa-lo'ra,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  in 
Lombardv.  25  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pavia,  remarkable  for  the 
majinificent  bridi^e  of  12  arches  over  th.»  Ticino.  Pop.  1257. 
BUFFALO  RIVER,  of  Tennessee,  rises  in  the  S.W.  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  westward  and  northward 
enters  Duck  River  near  the  northern  border  ol  Perry  co 
Flat-boats  descend  this  stream  ju  high  Wdter. 

BUFFALO  RIVER,  or  RIVIEKE  AU  BOEUF  're've-aW 
B  beQ  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Gasconade  co.,  and  flows  nortll 


BUF 


BUL 


eastward  throufrh  Franklin  county  into  the  Missouri,  about 
10  miles  above  Washington. 

BUFFALO  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  a  small  stream  which 
Terms  the  boundary  between  Chippewa  and  La  Crosse  coun- 
ties, and  enters  the  Mississippi. 

BUFFALO  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Chippewa  oo.,  Wis- 
consin, flows  south-west  into  Chippewa  River. 

BUFF.\LO  RUN.  a  post-oflice  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BUFFALO  SPRIN'GS,apostK>ffice  of  Amherstco.,  Virginia. 

BUFFON,  bilf'fAx"',  a  villatte  of  Franco,  department  of 
Cote-d'Or.  H  miles  N.  of  Semur.  It  has  iron  foundries. 
The  seignory  of  this  village  belonged  to  the  illustrious 
Butlon,  and  was  by  him  erectod  into  a  cnniU. 

BUF'b'ORD'S,  a  village  of  Reynolds  co.,  Jlissouri.  on  Big 
Black  Water  River,  alxiut  90  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

BU'FORD,  a  pos^office  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

BUFORD,  a  post-villago  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  about  45 
miles  E.  of  Cincinnati. 

BUFORD'S  a  post-offlce  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

BUFORD'S  BRIDGE,  a  postoffioe  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina. 

BUG,  BOUG,  or  BOO,  a  river  of  Russian  Poland,  forming 
a  great  part  of  the  eastern  frontier  of  Poland,  rises  in  Oa- 
Ucia,  neiir  Zloczow,  flows  generally  N.  to  Brzesc-fjitevski, 
and  thence  N.W.,  and  joins  the  Vistula  18  miles  X.W.  of  War- 
saw, after  a  course  of  upwards  of  300  miles.  Chief  afll  uents, 
the  Muchawetz,  Ziia,  and  Xarew.  The  towns  of  Zloczow, 
Wlodavii,  Brzese,  Droliiczyn,  Wyszkow,  Ac,  are  on  its  banks. 
The  Brzesc-Litevski  Canal,  which  unites  the  JIuchawetz  and 
Pira  Rivers,  connects  it  with  the  Dnieper. 

BUG,  BOUG,  boog,  or  BOG,  (anc.  HyiMnis,)  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, governments  of  Podolia  and  Kherson,  flows  mostly  S.E., 
and  enters  the  estuary  of  the  Dnieper  30  miles  W.  of  Kher- 
son. Total  course,  310  miles.  Affluents,  the  Siniuke,  Radi- 
ma, and Negal.  Thetownsof Bratslav, Oliviopol, Voznesensk, 
and  Xicolaev  are  on  its  banks,  and  it  is  navigable  from  the 
sea  to  A'onesensk. 

BUG  A,  boo'gj,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Qranada, 
departiaent  of  Cauci,  103  miles  N.N.E.  of  Popayan. 

BUG  .4.,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  45 
miles  N.E.  of  Popayan. 

BUGAR.A.CII,  birgd^-ish',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Aude,  12  miles  S.  of  Limoux,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain 
of  same  name.    Pop.  of  commune,  1027. 

BUO'BROOK,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Northampton. 

BUGEY,  bii'zh.V,  a  small  territory  of  France,  in  the  old 
province  of  Burgundy.  Its  capital  was  Belley,  comprised  in 
the  department  of  Ain. 

BUG'GABO,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  co.,  North  Carolina. 

BUGGEXIIOUT,  b&,<ggn-h5wt',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Flanders,  5  miles  E.  of  Termonde.    Pop.  3424. 

BUGGIANESE,  PONTE,  pon'ti  bood-ja-niH  a  village 
of  Tuscany,  in  the  Val-di-Niovole,  4j  miles  S.  of  Borgo-a-Bug- 
giano.    Pop.  5S41. 

BUGGIAXO,  BORGO  A,  boR'go  I  bood-jMio,  a  town  of 
Tuscany,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Florence,  in  the  centre  of  the 
Val-di-Nievole.    Pop.  1677.    It  has  numerous  silk  mills. 

BUG  HALL,  a  post-otlice  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

BUOIIAT,  bug'hat'.  a  Sikh  stjite,  in  India,  under  British 
protection,  Ijetween  the  Sutlej  and  .lumna  Rivers,  W.  of  the 
Sirmore  A'alley.  Surface  hilly.  Principal  forts,  Rajghur 
and  Tuxhal. 

BUOI A  or  BUGIAII,  a  town  of  Algiers.    See  Bougiaii. 

BUGIS,  boo'gheez\  a  people  of  tlia  Malay  Archipelago, 
chiefly  inhabiting  Macassar  and  Boni.  in  the  island  of  Cele- 
bese.  They  are  muscular,  middle-sized,  and  of  a  light  brown 
color,  some  being  even  fair. 

BUG-LAWTO.V,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BUGTIIORPE,  bug'thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  York. 

BUGUE,  Le,  leh  bU;,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne,  14  miles  W.  of  SarLat,  on  the  Vezfire.  Pop.  of 
commune,  in  1852,  2904.  It  is  the  entrepOt  for  the  wines 
and  other  products  of  the  basin  of  Vez6re,  sent  to  Bor- 
deaux.   In  its  vicinity  is  the  grotto  of  Miremont. 

BUGULMA.    See  Booqoolma. 

BUHL,  bill,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut-Rhin, 
6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Colmar.     Pop.  of  commune,  1555. 

BUHL,  (BUhl,),  bill,  a  market-town  of  Western  Germany, 
grand  duchy  of  Baden.  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlsruhe,  on  the 
railway  thence  to  Kehl.  Pop.  2800.  It  has  manufactures 
of  leather,  and  large  weekly  markets.  This  is  the  name  of 
several  villages  in  the  same  circle,  and  in  the  Rhenish  de- 
partments of  France. 

BUHLER,  (RUhler.)  bUleR,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Appenzell,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Trogen.     Pop.  1102. 

BUILD'WAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  on  the  Se- 
rorn,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  iron  bridge,  3j  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Much-Wenlock.  The  beautiful  remains  of  Buildwas  Abbey 
furnish  the  earliest  specimen  of  paintad  arches. 

BUII.TH  or  LLAN'FAIR,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
iouth  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon,  finely  seated  on  the  Wye,  here 
crosFsd  by  a  bridge  of  6  arches.  12  miles  S.  W.  of  New  Radnor. 
Pop.  in  1851, 1158.  About  1  mile  N.W.  of  the  town  are  saline, 
sulphureous.  ».ud  chalybeate  springs,  with  pump-rooms. 

BUINSK     See  BooissK. 


BUIRONFOSSE,  btl-eeV4s<i'fbss',  or  bweeV^No'-foss/,  a  vilUg* 
of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  cjinton  of  La  Capelle,  9  mileg 
N.N.W.  of  Vervins.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2t)18.  This  hi 
the  centre  of  an  extensive  manufacture  of  wooden  shoes. 

BUIS,  Le,  Ifh  bil-ee',  or  bwee,  a  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Drome,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Nyons.  Pop.  of  commune,  in 
1852. 2348. 

BUITENPOST,  boi'tgn-posf,  a  village  of  Holland,  provinot 
of  Friesland,  16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Leeuwurden.     Pop.  SOO. 

BUITEXSLUIS,  boi't?n-.sIois\  or  NKUMANSDORP,  n3r 
miu.s-doRp\  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South 
Holland,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  branch  of  the  Meusa, 
called  Hollands  Diep.  Pop.  2265. 

BUITEXZORG,  boi't^sn-zoRU^  a  town  of  the  island  ol 
Java,  capital  of  a  Dutch  residency  of  same  name,  35  milei 
S.  of  Batavia,  with  numerous  government  buildings,  and 
the  hotel  of  the  governor-general.  Its  splendid  palace  wa» 
destroyed  by  fire,  October  10,  1834. 

BUITRAGO,  boo-ee-trd'go,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  40 
miles  X.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  1076.  It  has  an  hospital,  trade  in 
wool,  and  manufactures  of  cordage. 

BUITTLE,  bU'fl  or  bwit/tel,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and 
5  miles  N.E.  of  Kirkcudbright. 

BUJALAXCE,  boo-ndldn'th.'l,  a  town  of  Spain,  17  miles  B. 
of  Cordova.  Pop.  in  1845,  8936.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a 
college,  a  Latin,  and  2  other  schools,  2  hospitals,  and  extea- 
sive  woollen  manufactures,  and  a  large  fair  in  August. 

BUJALEUF,  bU'zhJ^lL'f,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Vienne,  arrondissement,  and  18  miles  E.  of  Li- 
moges, on  the  Vienne,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mande.   Pop.  2130. 

BUK,  book,  a  town  of  Prus.sia,  province  of  Posen,  16  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Posen.  Pop.  2298.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth 
and  .shoes. 

15UKIIAREST,  capital  of  Wallachia.    See  Bucharest. 

BUKHARIA,  or  BUCHARIA,  bu-ki're-a,  is  a  name  given 
to  a  wide  extent  of  territory  in  Central  Asia,  comprising  the 
E.  part  of  Independent,  and  the  W.  part  of  Chinese  Tartary, 
the  latter  subdivision  Iwing  called   IJttle  Bukharia.    See 

TooRKisTAN,  Bokhara,  Khokax. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Bukea- 

RiAX.  or  Hucharian,  bu-ki/re-an. 

BUKIITARMIXSK.    See  BooKnTARjnxsK. 

BUKKEX',  bookOtgn,  an  island  of  Xorway,  on  the  W. 
coast,  province  of  Christiansand.  lat.  5',i°  12'  X.,  Ion.  5°  22'  E., 
with  a  village  of  the  same  name.  The  Bulche  or  Bukken- 
Fiord.  Is  an  arm  of  the  se.a,  extending  about  35  miles  inland, 
with  a  breadth  of  10  to  15  miles,  and  is  covered  with  nume- 
rous islets. 

BUKKUR,  bakOitlr,  written  also  BUKIIU,  an  island  and 
fort  of  Sinde,  in  the  Indus,  between  the  towns  of  Roree  on 
the  E.  and  Sukkur  on  the  W.  bank,  165  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Hyderabad.  Lat.  27°  41'  N.;  Ion.  68°  52'  E.  The  island  \t 
a  limestone  ro'k,  800  yards  in  length,  by  300  in  width,  and 
nearly  covered  by  the  formidable  looking  fortress.  Sir  A. 
I$urnes  supposed  the  territory  around  Bukkur  to  be  the  an- 
cient Musicani  of  .Alexander's  historians.  The  British  army 
destiniHl  for  Afglianistan  crossed,  the  Indus  here  early  ia 
1833.  on  a  bridge  of  boats. 

BUKKUR,  a  town  in  Punjab,  near  the  Indus,  17  mileg 
S.S.E.  of  Dera-Ismaeel-Khan.  Vicinity  well  cultivated.  Pop. 
5000,  who  carry  on  an  active  commerce. 

BUKOWINA,  or  BOUKOWIXA,  boo-ko-ftee'na,  an  old  di- 
vision of  the  Austrian  Empire,  part  of  Eastern  Galicia,  in- 
cluded in  the  circle  of  Czernowitz. 

BUL.ACAX,  boo-ld-kin',  a  town  of  Luzon,  in  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
river  Bulacan,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  5  arches,  20  miles 
N.  W.  of  .Manila.  It  has  manufactures  of  sugar,  silks,  and 
carpets.     Pop.  9803. 

BULACH,  boo'l^K,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  cir- 
cle of  same  name,  in  the  canton  of,  and  10  miles  N.  of  Zurich. 
Pop.  16S9. 

BU'L.4.11,  a  post-offlce  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee. 

BULAK,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Boolak. 

BUL.\MA,  boo-ld'mi,  the  most  eastern  of  the  Bissagos 
Islands,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Africa.  20  miles  S.  of  Bissaa 
Lat.  11°  .34' N.;  Ion.  15°  33' W.  It  is  about  20  miles  in 
length  by  10  miles  in  breadth,  densely  wooded,  and  veiy 
fertile,  but  unhealthy.  It  is  now  claimed  by  Portugal, 
Previous  to  1794,  it  was  the  site  of  a  British  settlement; 
and  in  the  late  Parliamentary  Rtpnrt  on  Western  Africa, 
its  resumption  by  the  British  government  for  commercial 
purpose.s,  and  the  repression  of  the  slave  trade,  is  strongly 
recommended. 

BULAVADEEN,  or  BULAVADIN,  boo-ld-vd-deen',  writ- 
ten also  BOLAVADIN,  (anc.  Jhlybfotus.)  a  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  Anatolia,  28  miles  E.X'^.E.  of  Afioom  Kara  Uissar. 
Pop.  .3000,  who  are  all  Moh.aniraedaQ«. 

BULBO'NUS  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Will  co.,  Illlnoii?. 

BULEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Breckenridge  CO.,  Kentucky. 

BUL/FORD,  l)«il'ford,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BULGA,  bool-gi,  a  mountain,  and  considerable  town  of 
Abyssinia,  in  Shoii,  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ankober. 

BULGARIA,  bddl-gi're-a,  (anc.  Mi^sia  Infefrior,)  a  pro- 
vince of  European  Turkey,  extending  between  lat.  42 '  8'  and 
45°  20'  N.,  and  Ion.  22°  15'  and  29°  35'  E.,  separated  N.  by  the 

313 


BUL 


BUN 


l)iiiiuteftoni  Wallacliia,  Moldavia, and  Bessarabia,  and  S.  by 
thtBalVhan  Mountains  from  Room-Elee,  (Rumili.)  having 
W  Servia,  and  E.  the  Black  Sea.  Estimated  ai-ea,  33,900  Sfiuare 
mU'jS,  Slid  population,  1,800,000.  Surface  mountainous  in  the 
south,  level  iu  the  north,  generallj-  well  wooded,  and  abound- 
ing witi)  rich  pai^ture.  Principal  river,  the  Danube,  with  its 
I  tributaries,  the Isker.Vid,  Jantra.  (or  Yantra,) and  Osma,  and 
the  Kamtchik  and  Pravadi,  which  enter  the  Black  Sea.  At 
"ts  X.E.  extremity  is  the  large  lake  of  Rassein.  Principal 
products,  cattle,  tallow,  hides,  hemp,  flax,  skins,  timber, 
and  attar  of  roses.  In  the  pashalic  of  Silistria  a  surplus  of 
corn  is  pi-oduced,  but  in  some  other  parts  less  is  raised  than 
is  reijuired  for  home  consumption,  and  the  rearing  of  live 
stock  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry.  The  Bulgarians,  who 
are  descendants  of  the  Slavonic  tribe  that  crossed  the  Volga 
In  the  seventh  century,  are  adherents  of  the  Greek  church: 
they  speak  the  Servian  language,  and  manufacture  common 
woollens,  rifle-barrels,  and  morocco  leather,  m  addition  to 
their  rural  occupations,  and,  according  to  travellers,  they 
are  favorably  distinguished  by  industrious  habits  from  the 
Turks,  by  whom  they  are  much  oppressed.  Bulgaria  is  sub- 
divided into  the  pashalies  of  Widin,  Varna,  Silistria,  and 
Sophia,  (capital.  Sophia.)  besides  which  towns  it  comprises  Ni- 
copolis,  Koostchook,  (Kustchuk.)  Sistova,  Shoomla,  Babadag. 
Kustendji,  &c.  From  the  seventh  century  till  1018,  and 
»gain  from  1196  to  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
Bulgaria  formed  an  independent  kingdom ;  but  it  then  be- 
came subject  to  Hungary,  and  was  finally  conquered  by  the 
Turks  in  1392. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Bclg.uiian,  IxMl-g.i're-an. 

BUiyGEirS  MILLS,  a  post>office  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama*. 

BULG.xfiVXLLE,  burS.Vveel',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  A'osges,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Neufchateau.  Pop.  1030. 
It  has  manufictures  of  lace  and  pottery  ware. 

BUL'KIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BULKWOKTIIY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BULL.\S.  bool'yis,  a  town  of  Spain,  32  miles  W.  of  Murcia. 
Pop.  4186.  It  is  very  ancient,  and  has  many  Roman  remains. 

BULL  CREEK,  of  Taney  co.,  Missouri,  enters  AVhite  River 
near  the  middle  of  the  county. 

BULL  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Wood  co.,  Virginia. 

BULLE,  bOdl'fh,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  14 
miles  S.  of  Freiburg.  Pop.  1513.  It  is  the  chief  entrepot  for 
Gruv^re  cheese,  made  in  the  adjacent  vallej-s. 

BULLERS  OF  BUCIIA.V,  bailerz  ov  bQk'an.  a  small  fiish- 
Ing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  22  miles  X.X.E.  of 
Aberdeen.  Close  by  the  village  is  the  remarkable  natural 
curiosity  called  the  BuUers  of  Buchan,  consisting  of  a  group 
of  singular  rocks  and  seAworn  caverns. 

BUIjLES,  bull,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  6 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  1072.  It  has  important 
manufactures  of  linen. 

BULLEY,  bWllee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

BULLIX.i.  bool-yeo'ni,  a  small  river  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, falls  into  the 

BCLLIX.i,  bool-yee'ni  or  boo-lee'nl,  a  small  stream  of 
Yucatan,  falls  into  the  sea  opposite  Cancun  Island,  near  21° 
N.  lat.,  and  87°  W.  Ion. 

BULLI.NGHAM,  b55ning-am,  UPPER  and  LOWER,  a 
parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BUL'LIXGXON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BULLION,  bddl'yon,  a  post-office.Waukeshaco, Wisconsin. 

BULLITSVILLE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky. 

BULLITT,  bOOl'it,  a  county  in  Kentucky,  in  the  N.W. 
central  part  of  the  state,  about  1  mile  from  the  Ohio  River, 
contains  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Salt 
River,  and  by  the  Rolling  Fork  of  that  river,  which  washes 
its  S.W.  border.  The  surface  is  diversified  with  hills  of 
moderate  height,  which  are  covered  with  pines,  and  abound 
in  iron  ore  of  rich  ^juulity.  Capital,  ShepherdsviUe.  Pop. 
7289.  of  wliom  ."i^.n  were  free,  and  1458  slaves. 

BULt/.MOUTH  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  the  Tom- 
blgbee  from  the  N.E.,  near  the  N.  line  of  Monroe  county. 

BULLOCK,  baoi'lok,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  the  Ogeechee  River,  contains  900  square  miles. 
The  surface  is  level,  ahd  the  soil  generally  sandy  and  poor. 
The  climate  is  reputed  healthy.  Cotton,  corn,  rice  and 
Bugar-cane  are  the  staples.  A  great  part  of  the  county  is 
occupied  by  pine  forests,  which  afford  valuable  timber,  and 
abound  in  game.  The  Central  Railroad  follows  the  course 
of  the  Ogeechee,  near  the  N.E.  boundary  of  the  county.  Or- 
ganized in  1796.    Capital,  Statesborough.     Pop.  5668; 

BULLOCK  CREEK,  post-office  York  dist.  South  Carolina. 

BULLOCKS  CREEK,  of  York  district.  South  Carolina, 
enters  Broad  River  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  district. 

BULLOMS  (bOol'lomz),  NORTH,  a  ninritime  district  of 
Western  .\frica.  in  the  country  of  the  Timmanees. 

BULLOMS,  SOUTH,  a  maritime  district  of  Western  Africa. 

BULL  POINT,  a  small  village  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri. 

BULL  RUN,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Fairfax  and  Prince  William  counties, 
until  it  enters  the  Oc^oquun  River.  14  miles  from  its  mouth. 
This  i-trcam  gives  its  name  to  two  battles:  the  first  was 
fought  July  21,  1861;  the  second,  Aug.  29  and  30,  1862.  In 
both  tlie  Union  array  was  defeated. 

BULL  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co.,  Tennessee. 
314 


BULL'S  BAY,  or  BABOUL  BAY,  a  bay  on  the  E.  side  of 
>i'ewfoundland,  in  lat.  47°  25'  N.,  Ion.  52^-20'  W. 

BULL'S  HEAD,  a  post-ofl[ice  of  Dutchess  co.,  N«w  York. 

BULL'SKIN,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Peiinsylvania. 
Pop.  1523. 

BULLS  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Orangeburs  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BULL/TOWN,  a  post-cfllce  of  Braxton  co.,  Virginia. 

BULLTOWN,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  ludiana,  about  15 
miles  W.N.W'.  of  Brookville. 

BULLUCTAH.  a  post-office  of  Leaka  cc.,  Missi.ssipoi. 

BULLUMGHUR,  buriilm-gar',  a  forti£ed  town  of  iiritiih 
Indi,i,  presidency  of  IJengal,  25  miles  S.  of  Delhi.  It  is 
pretty  well  built,  and  has  many  temples,  and  a  neat  palace, 
the  residence  of  its  rajah. 

BULMER,  bdCl'mtT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Espex. 

BULMER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

BULOL.\,  boo-lo'ld,  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  in  Senegam- 
bia,  which  traverses  the  country  of  the  Biaferes,  and  entera 
the  .\tlantic  opposite  the  Ris.<iagos  Islands. 

BULOL.\.,  a  town  of  Senegambia.  on  a  small  tributary  of 
Bulola  River,  60  miles  from  the  sea.  in  lat.  11^  31'  N.,  loii. 
14°  20'  W. 

BULPn.\N,  bCei'fen.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.'s.sex. 

BULS.\UR,  blll-sawr',  a  populous  seaport  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  42  miles  S.S.W.  of  Surat.  on 
the  Gulf  of  Cambay.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  ging- 
hams, and  a  considerable  trade  in  grain,  jaghery,  timber.  &c. 

BULSUN.  bill^sun',  a  Sikh  st.ate  of  Northern  Indi.i,  under 
British  protection,  between  the  Sutlej  and  Jumna,  in  lat. 
about  31°  N.,  Ion.  77°  E.     Pop.,  with  Buri-oulee.  .5000. 

BULTI,  bai'tee\  BALTEE,  biil'tee\  or  BULTISTAN.  bfiP- 
te-stln'.  called  also  LITTLE  TIIIBKT.  and  ISKAKDOU,  a 
state  of  Central  .\sia,  tributary  to  the  rulers  of  the  Punjab, 
but  N.  of  the  Hinialaya8,between  lat.  34°  40'  and  3o°  30'  N^ 
Ion.  74°  40'  and  76°  20'  E..  and  surrounded,  except  en  the 
S.W.,  by  the  Chinese  dominions.  Are:u  estimated  at  12,000 
square  miles.  Pop.  estimated  at  75.000.  (?)  It  consists  of  a 
part  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Indus,  having  a  general  eleva- 
tion of  6000  or  7000  feet  above  the  se.a.  and  enclosed  by 
mountains,  which  rise  to  6v)00  or  SOOO  feet  higher.  The  cli- 
mate is  very  cold  in  winter,  and  the  soil  requires  careful 
culture  to  enable  it  to  produce  corn,  Ac;  European  fruitfl 
are,  however,  plentiful.  The  animals  comprise  the  sha,  the 
large-horned  goat,  sheep,  the  musk  dear,  and  ibis;  arsenic 
and  sulphur  are  among  the  mineral  products.  The  inhar 
bitants  are  of  Tartar  descent,  and  Mohammedans  of  the 
Sheeah  .sect;  until  the  late  Sikh  conquest,  they  lived  under 
an  hereditary  chief,  termed  the  gyl'fo.  The  principal  town 
is  Iskardoh. 

BULWELL,  bddl'wel.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  Nottingham. 

BULWICK,  bMl'wik,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nortli- 
amptou. 

BULWUDUN  or  BULAWADIN.    See  Bulavadken. 

BU'LYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York. 

BU.M'LIX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Roa- 
common. 

BUMM,  a  fortified  town  of  Persia,  115  miles  E.S.E.  of  Her- 
man, on  the  route  to  Bunpoor. 

BUMP'STED,HE'LION.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BUMP'STED.  STKEPLE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Es.=ex. 

BUN.\HEE.  bun'3-hee'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  .\jmeer. 

BU'NAS.\U',  a  small  river  of  Morocco,  which  discharges 
its  waters  into  a  small  lake  20  miles  N.W.  of  Meqninez. 

BUN.A.1S0R.  bQn-i-sor'.  (anc.  Vanisioara,)  a  ruined  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  reported  to  have 
many  temples,  including  one  surpassing  in  size  that  of  Jug- 
gernaut, from  which  it  is  distant  some  miles  westward. 

BUX.\RBASHI,  a  small  village  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Boo- 

SARB.^sUI. 

BUNARBASHI-SU.    See  Scamander. 

BUNAWE,  bun-aw',  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Inverary.  It  has  a  quay  on  Loch  Etivc, 
a  salmon  fishery,  and  iron-works. 

BUN'B.A.XG'.  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. 6  miles  S.W.  of  Svlhet. 

BUX'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BUNHIJHANG',  an  inland  town  of  Siam,  on  the  Meklong 
River,  said  to  have  4000  inhabitants. 

BUNCHIOM,  bfinVhe-om'.  an  inland  town  of  Siam,  en  the 
Meklong  River,  said  to  contain  5000  inhabitants. 

BUNCOMBE,  bQng'kom.  a  county  in  the  VC.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  near  the  border  of  Tennessee,  with  an  area  of  450 
square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  French  Broad  River. 
The  county  is  occupied  by  mountains  and  valleys  of  tlie  Appar 
lachian  system;  the  Blue  Ridge  extends  along  or  near  the 
S.E.  border.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  particularly  adapted  tc 
pa.sturage.  The  celebrated  Warm  Springs  are  in  the  N.W 
part  of  the  county.  Formed  in  1791,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Col.  Edward  Buncombe,  of  the  Continental  ai-my.  The  origiif 
of  the  phra.se,  "  talking  for  Buncomlte,"  is  thus  explained 
in  Wheeler's  History  of  North  Carolina: — "Several  yeart 
ago,  in  Congress,  the  memlier  from  this  distr'-t  arr.te  to  ad- 
dress the  bouse,  without  any  extraordinary  po  «-ers,  1i  man- 


BUN 


BUR 


ner  or  matter,  to  interest  the  aiidlence.  Many  members 
left  th<;  hall.  Very  naively  he  told  those  who  remained  that 
they  Plight  go  too ;  he  should  speak  for  some  time,  but '  he 
was  only  talking  for  2?ano/m6e.'"  Cajjital,  Asheville.  Pop. 
12,654,  of  whom  10,721  were  free,  and  1933  slaves. 

BUXCOMBE,  a  county  in  the'  N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  border- 
ing on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  .ibout  SOO  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Sioux  Itiver,  and  intersected 
by  luyan  Keakali  River,  and  also  drained  by  one  of  its  tri- 
butaries. Ocheyedan  Lake,  the  source  of  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  is  situated  in  the  K.  part  of  the  county.  Bun- 
combe county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1860. 

BUNCOMBE,  a  postrofiice  of  I'ontotoc  co.,  Mississippi 

BUNCOMBE,  a  post-ofilce  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa. 

BUNCRA'NA,  a  market>town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal,  on  Lough  Swilly,  11  miles  N. N.W.  of  Londonderry. 
Pop.  901.  It  has  a  handsome  church  and  barracks,  and  is 
resorted  to  for  sea-bathing.  Its  castle  was  an  old  seat  of  the 
O'Doniiells. 

BUND,  Switzerland.    Pee  Grisons. 

BUNDE,  (BUnde.^  blln'dgh,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hano- 
ver, 5  miles  N.  of  Weener. 

BUNDE.  (BUnde.)  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Prussian  West- 
phalia, 7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Herford.     Pop.  12f)0. 

BUNDELCUND  or  BUNDLECUND,  bUnMyl-kllnd',  a  ter- 
ritory of  Ilindostan,  partly  belonging  to  the  British,  and 
partly  to  native  chiefs  tributary  to  the  British,  mostly  be- 
tween lat.  24°  and  26='  26'  N,  and  Ion.  78°  and  81°  3^'  E., 
having  W.  to  Gwalior  dominions,  and  on  other  sides  the 
Bengal  territories.  It  is  traversed  by  the  A'indyan  Moun- 
tains. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Desan,  Betwah,  and 
Cane,  tributaries  of  the  Jumna.  The  princip.al  towns  are 
Jhansi,  Banduh,  and  Chatterpoor.  In  it  are  the  diamond- 
mines  of  Panna. 

BUND-EMEEH,  or  BUNB-EMIR,  bun-ds»-meer',  (anc. 
Araxes,)  a  river  of  Persi.i,  province  of  Fars,  enters  Lake 
Bakhtegan  about  55  miles  E.  of  Sheeraz,  after  a  S.E.  course  of 
150  miles.  It  is  rapid,  and  very  liable  to  inundate  its  lianks. 

hUNDER,  bUnMer.  or  BANDEM  ("  a  port  or  anchorage") 
is  the  name  of  many  small  bays  ou  the  coasts  of  Arabia  and 
elsewhere  in  South-western  Asia. 

BUNDER-AIiBASSEE.    See  Gombroon. 

BUX'DER  BO.SIIAVIR.    See  Bl'shire. 

BU.\'DER(orBANDER.)SIIEIKlI,  (shi^k,)  a  small  port 
of  Southern  Arabia,  Akrabi  territory,  about  12  miles  W.  of 
Aden. 

BUNDER  (or  BANDER,)VIK'KUB/,  a  seaport  and  village 
of  Sinde,  in  the  delta  of  the  Indus,  56  miles  S.E.ofKur- 
rachee.  Pop.  about  1200.  Although  a  mere  coUectlou  of 
huts,  it  has  a  brisk  trade  in  rice,  ghee,  provisions.  Ac,  its 
exports  amounting  annually  to  from  25.000^.  to  30,000i. 

BUND'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BUNDO'RAN.  a  maritime  village,  and  the  principal  water- 
ing-place on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Do- 
negal, on  Donegiil  Bay,  4i  miles  S.W.  of  Bally-Shannon. 
Resident  pop.  299. 

BUNDK»)ES.  bdndVoz/.  a  fishing  and  bathing  village  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  about  1  mile  W.S.W.  of 
Bundoran. 

BUN'DYSBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio. 

BUN/G.'VY,  a  marketrtown  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on 
the  Waveney,  30j  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3841.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  large  market-place,  con- 
taining 2  fine  crosses,  a  theatre,  assembly-rooms,  a  bath- 
house, the  remains  of  a  nunnery,  several  branch  banks, 
some  manufactures  of  hemp,  and  a  considerable  trade,  by 
the  Waveney,  in  corn,  malt,  coal,  lime,  &c. 

BUNGER'S  MILL,  a  post-ofiice  of  Greenbrier  co.,A'irginia. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  celebrated  height  near  Charlestown, 
Mnssachnsetts.  wbich  see. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  postoflRce  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BUNKEK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

BUNKEIl  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Mississippi. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  postK)flflce  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  post-township  in  Ingham  co.,  Michi- 
gan, aiiout  ;0  miles  W.N.W.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  672. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Peru  and  Indianapolis  Rjiilroad,  6  or  7  miles  S.  of  Peru. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Macoupin 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Rail- 
road. -0  miles  N.E.  of  Alton.     Pop.  769. 

BUNKER  HILL,  a  post-ofiice  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

BUNKER'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Catawba  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

BUNKER'S  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Giles  co..  Tennessee. 

BUNKER'S  HILL,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

BUNKER'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BUNKLE,  biin'k'l,  a  parish  of  Seotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

BUNM.VHO*-  ■>•  PONMA'HON,  a  maritime  village  of 
Ireland,  in  Xunster,  co.  and  14  miles  S.W.  of  Waterford. 
Pop.  1771.  It  is  frequented  as  a  bathing-place,  and  adjacent 
to  it  are  the  mines  of  Knockmahon. 

BUNNBE     SeoCuiCH. 


BUN'NELL'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Wabashaw  co, 
Minnesota  Territory. 

BUNNY  or  BONEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

BUNOL,  boo-nOl/,  a  town  of  Spain,  24  miles  W.N.W.  ot 
Valencia.  Pop.  2470.  It  hiis  manufactures  of  paper.  Near 
it  are  some  remarkable  stalictitic  caves. 

BUSOL.4,  boon-yo/ld,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  9 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Palma.  Pop.  1752.  Near  it  are  marble 
quarries. 

BUN*POOR',  a  fort  and  district  of  Western  Beloochistan, 
province  of  Mekran.  The  foit,  in  lat.  27° 20'  N.,  Ion.  60° 45' 
E.,  is  built  of  mud,  on  a  large  mound,  traditionally  said  to 
have  been  raised  by  an  army  of  Ghebers.  The  territory 
appears  to  be  fertile,  and  the  chief  obtains  from  his  subjects 
an  annual  revenue  of  2600Z.,  liesides  contributions  of  camels, 
sheep,  dates,  wheat,  and  matchlocks.-  His  military  force 
consists  of  300  cavalry,  and  '2500  infantry. 

BUNRAT/TY,  a  parish  of  Irelan'd,  in  Munstcr,  co.  and  11 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Clare,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ougaree,  in  the 
Shannon.  It  contains  a  village,  and  an  ancient  Norman 
castle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  used  as  barracks. 

BUNRAT'TY,  UPPER  and  LOWER,  two  baronies  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Clare,  in  Munst«r.  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
county  of  Galway,  and  S.  by  Shannon  River,  16  miles  long 
and  from  3  to  7  broad.  The  stirface  is  rocky,  but  adapted 
for  grazing. 

BUN/TAM  FALLS,  a  village  in  Litohfleldco.,  Connecticut 
about  25  miles  W.  of  Hartford. 

BUN'TINOKORD,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Herts,  11^  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hertford. 

BUNTWALLA,  baiit-wfil'lJ,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  district  of  Canara,  16  miles  E.  of  Man- 
galore. 

BUNTZLAU,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  24  miles  W.N.W. 
Liegnitz,  on  the  Bober.  Pop.  6;36<).  It  has  a  large  orphan 
asylum,  a  normal  school,  manufactures  of  earthenware  and 
hosiery,  and  in  its  market-place  a  monument  to  the  Russian 
general  Kutusoff.  who  died  here  in  1813. 

BUNTZLAU,  ALT,  iXt  IMnts-lOw,  (i.  e.  "Old  Buntzlau,") 
a  town  of  Germany,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  opposite 
Brandels,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Prague.  It  has  a  collegiate 
church,  with  a  monument  to  St.  Winceslaus,  often  resorted 
to  by  pilsrims. 

BUNTZLAU,  BUNZL.4.U,  b&SntsOiiw,  or  JUNG-BUNZ- 
L.\U,  yOOng-bOCnts'lfiw,  (i.e."  Young  Buntzlau.")  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  on  the  Isit.  a  tributary  of  the  EUie.  32  miles  N.K 
of  Prague.  Pop.  5074.  It  has  a  royal  Piarist  gymnasium, 
an  old  castle  now  used  for  b,^rracks,  and  manufactures  of 
cotton  and  woollen  fobrics.  and  leather. 

BUN'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BUN'WOOL,  or  BON'GO,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  great  Southern  inlet  of  Mindanao. 
Lat.  7°  14'  N.,  Ion.  124°  10'  E.    It  is  densely  wooded. 

BUOCHS,  booox'  or  bwoks,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Unterwalden,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne. 
Pop.  1060. 

BUOLICK,  boo'9-lik,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Tipperary. 

BUONABITALCO,  boo-in'2-be-tAl'ko,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Citra,  9  miles  S.  of  Sala.     Pop.  3120. 

BUONALBERGO,  boo-(in'dl-bjR/go,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Principiito  Ultra,  7  miles  N.W.  of  ArLano.     Pop.3000. 

BUONCONVENTO,  boo-in'kon-vSn'to,  a  village  of  Tus- 
cany, 15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Siena,  on  the  Ombrone.  Pop.  409. 
In  its  castle  the  Emperor  Henry  VII.  died  in  1313. 

BURABOLA.    See  Binabola. 

BURADA.    SeeBARR.\DA. 

BURANO,  boo-rd/no,  a  small  Lsland  and  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  in  the  Adriatic,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Venice.  Pop.  4900. 
Its  inhabitants  carry  on  an  active  nshery. 

BURAZJOON,  bur\az-joon/,  or  BURASJUN,  booVds-joon', 
a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bu- 
shire. 

BURTJAGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BURBAGE,  a  chapeliy  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BUR/BANK,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

BUR'BOIS,  a  postofflce  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri. 

BURCII  CREEK,  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  flows  into  Eel  River. 

BURCH'VILLE,  a  post-township  in  St.  Clair  CO.,  Michigan, 
about  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  1800. 

BUR'COMBE,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

BUR'DEKIN,  a  river  of  Australia,  in  New  South  Wales, 
falls  into  the  bay  near  Cape  Upstart. 

BURDETTE,  bur-djtf,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co., 
New  York,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake.  180  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Albany.  It  contains  a  number  of  stores,  and  500  In- 
h.ibitants. 

BUR/DIEHOUSE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  SJ  miles 
S.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  partly  engaged  in  lime-burning. 
Here  many  fossil  fishes  and  plants  of  the  coal  formation  are 
found  in  the  limestone. 

BURDIGALA.    See  Bordeaux. 

BURDUR,  boorMoor',  (?)  a  large  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pashalio  of  Anatolia,  68  miles  N.  of  Adalia. 

316 


BUR 

8CRDWAX.  burdVSn',  (anc.  Vardaman,  "produetire,") 
k  liistiii't  of  Uritish  India,  presidpncy  and  proTince  of  Bengal, 
«icloped  bv  the  districts  of  Beerbhoom.  Xuddea,  Iloogly, 
and  Banco'orah.  Area,  2100  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1822, 
1.-1S7,300.  It  is  generally  under  cultivation,  and  one  of  the 
most  productive  parts  of  India,  It  has  extensive  coalfields, 
neldius;  annually  from  43,000  to  40.000  tons  of  coal.  Iron 
cre  and^  building  stone  are  also  plentiful.  Xhe  principal 
towns  are  Burdwan.  Colna,  and  Cutwa. 

BURDWAN.  a  town  of  British  India,  capital  of  the  above 
district  on  the  Dummodah,  60  miles  X.W.  of  Calcutta.  Pop. 
estimated  at  54.000.  It  has  a  large  palace  and  gardens  be- 
longing to  its  rajah,  government  and  missionary  schools, 
and  manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton  fabrics.  Kear  it  are 
indiiio-works. 

BUKE.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk:  after  a  S.E. 
course  of  at  least  40  miles  it  joins  the  Yare  at  Yarmouth, 
whence  it  is  navigable  to  Aylsham. 

BUREAU,  bu'i-6.  a  county  toward  the  X.W.  part  of  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  Illinois  River,  and  intersected  by  Green 
River  and  Bureau  Creek.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or 
slightly  undulating,  and  destitute  of  timber,  excepting 
small  groves;  the  soil  is  good.  The  Illinois  River  is  navi- 
gable by  steiuuboats  on  the  border  of  the  county,  which  is 
intersected  by  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  K.R.  Capital, 
Princeton.     Pop.  26.426. 

BUREAU  CREEK,  Illinois,  falls  into  the  Illinois  River 
opposite  to  Hennepin,  in  Putnam  countv. 

BU-REURHB,  a  river  of  Jlorocco.     See  Boo-Rkreb. 

BURELLA,  boo-rjllj,  a  village  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citra. 

BURELLO,  boo-rJllo,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra,  9  miles  E.  of  Nicotera. 

BUREX,  (BUren.)  bU'ren,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
phalia, 10  miles  E.  of  Soest,  on  the  Alme.    Pop.  2130. 

BUREN,  (BUren,)  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  14 
miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  on  the  Aar,  here  crossed  by, a  stone 
bridge.    Pop.  1100,  who  carry  on  an  active  transit  trade. 

BUREN,  bU'ren,  a  village  of  Netherlands,  province  of 
Gelderland.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Thiel.    Pop.  1500. 

BUREX.  (BUren,)  OBER.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  10  mUes  N.W.  of  St.  Gall,  with  a  fine  wooden  bridge  on 
the  Thur,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Glatt.    Pop.  1410. 

BURENDO  PASS.     See  Brooaxg. 

BURENG.  biir-Sng',  BERENG,  ber-4ng,'  or  BRENG,  bring, 
a  vallev  of  Cashmere,  extending  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  between 
lat.  33°  20'  and  33°  30'  N.  and  Ion.  75°  10'  and  75°  iff  E.. 
containing  numerous  subterraneous  water  channels,  and 
alwunding  in  springs  of  great  force  and  volume. 

BURES  (burz)  MOUNT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BURES,  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Suffolk 
and  Essex. 

BUR'f  ORD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Encland.  co. 
and  17  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Oxford.  Pop.  in  1851,  1819.  The 
town,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  small  river  Windrush,  is 
Indifferently  built,  but  it  has  a  fine  church,  and  a  free 
school  in  which  the  celebrated  AVilmot,  Earl  of  Rochester, 
was  educated,  a  branch  bank,  and  some  manufactures  of 
rugs,  saddlery,  &c.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Duke  of 
St.  Albans.  Edgehill,  where  the  troops  under  Eairfax  de- 
feated the  royalists  in  1649.  is  in  its  vicinity. 

BURFORP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

BURG,  bddRQ,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  13  miles  N.E. 
of  Slagdebur^.  circle  of  Jeriehow  I.,  on  the  Ihle.  Pop. 
14,570.  It  has  been  celebrated  for  its  cloth  manufactures 
since  the  twelfth  century,  and  has  still  numerous  woollen 
factories,  in  several  of  which  steam-power  is  employed: 
about  32.000  pieces  of  cloth,  worth  7,500,000  thalers  are 
vaaAe  here  anniuUly;  a  machine  factory  and  foundry  are 
also  in  operation.  If  has  dye-works,  and  manufactures  of 
glue  and  snuff,  with  3  Protestant  churches,  a  grammar 
school,  and  hospital. 

BURG,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  Wipper,  16 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Cologne,  with  1610  inh.ibitants.  and  manu- 
factures of  counterpanes,  horse-clotlis,  and  hardwares. 

BURG,  l)<y5R0,  a  maritime  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  capital  of  the  island  of  Femern,  on  its  S.side:  lat. 
64°  26'  10"  N..  Ion.  11°  12'  E.  Pop.  1800.  Bcrg  is  the  name 
of  several  villageo  in  Denmark,  Austria,  Switzerland,  and 
the  Netherlands. 

BURG.  De,  deh  btiRO,  or  BURGT,  bliRGt.  a  village  of  Hol- 
land, province  of  New  Holland,  island  of  Texel,  7  miles  N.  of 
the  Ilelder.  Iv,  Is  the  principal  village  in  the  island,  and  so 
much  improved  of  late  years  as  to  rival  in  the  beauty  of  its 
atreets  and  trees  the  neatest  villages  in  Holland.  Pop.  1100. 
BUR/0  AN  DEPOT,  aposfcofficeof  New  Hanover  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

BUKGA3.    See  BooRon\s. 

BUR'GATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
BURG  A  U,  baOR'gdw.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  23  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Auc-burg.     Pop.  2063. 

BU1!G.\U,  a  village  of  Stjria,  on  the  Haogarian  frontier, 
29  miles  E.  of  Gratz. 

BURGBERNHEIM,  bMBQ/bJRn'hlme,  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
16  miles  N.W.  of  Anspach.    Pop.  1379. 
S16 


BUR 

BURGDORF,  bMRO'doEf,  (Tr.  Berthoud.  biRtoo'.)  a  town 
of  Switzerland,  canton,  .ind  11  miles  N.E.  of  Berne,  on  the 
Emmen.  here  crossed  by  a  new  bridge.  Pop.  2417.  It  li 
the  depot  for  the  Emmenthal  cheese,  and  has  a  castle,  for- 
merly a  place  of  strength,  and  manufactures  of  ribbons  and 
silk.     Near  it  are  the  bath's  of  Sommerliaus. 

BURGDORF.  a  town  of  Hanover.landdrostei of  LUneburg, 
on  the  Aa,  13  miles  S.  of  Celle.    Pop.  2250. 

BUR'GEO  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islands  in  British  North 
America,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Newfoundland.  Lat,  (S.W. 
point)  47°  33'  N.;  Ion.  57°  44'  W.  The  fishing  is  exten- 
sively  prosecuted  by  the  inhabitants  of  these  islands,  and, 
according  to  the  report  of  Capt,ain  Loch,  yielded  1.323,000 
pounds  between  October,  1847.  and  June  4,  1848.  The  fish 
are  sent  princinallv  to  the  markets  of  Spain  and  Portugal. 

BURGESS,  bOn/jess.  or  BUliHJESSBEG',  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land. Munster.  co.  of  Tipperary. 

BUR'GESS'S  STORE,  a  postroffice  of  Northumberland  oa, 
Tirgini;!. 

BUR'UETTSTOWN.  a  post-village  of  W.ishington  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Washington,  the 
countv  seat. 

BURGH,!  riifr(?)a parish  of  Ensrland,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BURGH  AP'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BURGUAS.    See  Booughas. 

BURGHAUN,  bOORGOiown,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ilesso- 
Ca.ssel,  11  miles  N.  of  Fulda.  on  the  Haune.     Pop.  1400. 

BURGHAUSEN,  booRG-hOw/zJn,  a  town  of  liavari;i,  on 
the  Salzach.  58  miles  E.  of  Munich.  Pop.  2300.  It  has  manup- 
factures  of  cloth ;  breweries,  and  trade  in  leather  and  salt. 
Its  old  castle  is  now  a  prison. 

BURGH  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk.  3J 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Great  Y.armouth.  Here  are  interesting  re- 
m.-iins  of  a  large  stone  Roman  fort,  supposed  to  be  the  an- 
cient Gorianonum. 

BURGH'CLERE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BURGHERSH.  a  pari.'^h  of  Endand.     See  Burwash. 

BURGH'FIELD  or  BUR/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Berks. 

BURGH'-HEAD  or  BROUGH'-HEAD.  a  maritime  village 
of  Scotland,  co.  and  7  miles  N.W.  of  Elirin.  on  a  promon- 
tory, upon  which  are  reni,-iins  supposed  to  be  those  of  the 
Alati  CUstra  of  Ptolemy,  with  an  ancient  well.  Pop.  829.  It 
is  well  built,  and  has  a  good  harbor,  where  Edinburgh  and 
London  steam bo;jts  call. 

BURGH  HILL,  a  po.st-ofiice  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

BURG'HILL.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Hereford. 

BURGH-IN-THE-MARSII.  a" market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  (J  miles  E.S.E.  of  Spilsby.  It  has 
a  very  fine  church,  and  a  branch  bank.  An  embankment 
along  the  coast  here  is  suppostnl  to  be  of  Roman  origin. 

BUllGH'LEY-HOUSE,  the  princely  .seat  of  the  Marquis  of 
Exeter,  in  England,  co.  of  Nortliampton.  in  its  N.  part,  IJ 
miles  S.E.  of  Stamford.  It  was  commenced  by  Sir  'W.  Cecil 
in  1575,  and  forms  an  immense  quadrangle,  presenting  one 
of  the  noblest  specimens  of  Elizaljethan  architecture. 

BURGH,  MATTISHALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

BURGH- (br&f)ox-THE-S.ANDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cumberland.  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Carlisle.  A  pillar  here 
marks  the  place  where  King  Edward  I.  died.  a.  i>.  1307. 
(Several  of  the  Bi'RGUs  of  Englaud  are  pronounced  braf  in 
popular  parlance.) 

BURGHORN,  bQRg'hoRn,  a  village  of  the  Netherlanda, 
province  of  North  Holland,  ne.ar  Alkma.ir,     Pop.  1885. 

BURGH,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  Englaud,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BURGH  ST.MAR'GARET'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

BURGH  ST.  MART,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  NorfolSc 

BURGH  ST.  PETER,  or  WHEATACRE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land,  CO.  of  Norfolk. 

BURGH-UPON-B.iNE.  a  parish.of  England,  co.of  Lincoln. 

BURGH^WAL'LIS,  a  jmribh  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

BUJtGIO,  booR'jo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  district  of  Bivon.i,  28 
miles  N.W.  of  Girgenti.    Pop.  5860. 

BURGK,  b<»Rk,  a  village  of  Saxony,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Dres- 
den, with  extensive  coal-mines,  employing  upwards  of  500 
workmen,  numerous  coke  furnaces,  and  a  gjis-work.  Pop.  St'O. 

BURGK.  a  hamlet  of  Reuss-Greiz.  4  miles  N.  of  Saalburg, 
on  the  Saale.  with  a  castle  of  the  Princes  of  Reuss.  Ne:ir  it 
are  the  important  iron-mines  of  Burgkhammer. 

BURGIvUNST.ADT,  bOORfl-kiiOn'st^tt,  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  Main,  and  on  the  Nuremlierg  and  Neumarket  Rail- 
way, with  a  castle  and  beer  breweries,  24  miles  N.E.  of  B;un- 
berg.     I'op.  1360. 

BURGLEN.  (BUrglen.)  bURGlen,  a  village  of  Snitzerland, 
canton  of  Uri.  1 J  miles  E.  of  Altorf.  and  deserving  notice  as 
the  reputed  birthplace  of  William  Tell.  Near  it  is  the 
chapel  of  Notre  Dame  of  Loretto,  a  celebrated  place  of  pil- 
grimage. 

BURGLEN,  (BUrglen.)  a  village  of  SwitLerl.and,  canton  ot 
Thurgovia,  12  miles  E.  of  Frauenfeld.  with  an  ancient 
castle.     Pop.  1076.    Formerlv  a  town,  deslioyed  in  1405. 

BURGLENGEFELD.  liOORG'leng-^fflO,  a  towi  of  La\aria, 
15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ratisbon.    Pop.  1425. 


BUR 


BUR 


BURGO,  booE'po,  a  town  of  Spain,  3(>  miles  W.  of  Slalapja, 
pn  the  ArdalHS.  Pop.  1012.  In  its  environs  are  ruins  of  a 
Boman  amphitheatre. 

BURGO-DK-OSMA,  booR/so-di-os'mJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  28 
mjifs  V>'.  of  Soria,  and  1  mile  N.  of  Osma.     Pop.  2072. 

1!UI;00S,  booR/j^oce,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
between  lat.  41°  32'  and  43°  19'  N'.  Area,  7082  square  miles. 
The  surface  is  very  elevated,  and  consists  of  a  series  of  moun- 
tain ranges,  with  intervening  valleys. 

BURGOS,  booR/goce,  (L.  Bur'rji,)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of 
the  above  province,  and  formerly  capital  of  Old  Castile,  on  the 
Arlanzon,  130  miles  N.  of  Madrid.  Lat.  42°  20'  28"  N. :  Ion. 
3°  44'  3o"  W.  The  town  is  clean  and  handsome,  but  damp 
and  cold,  with  many  characteristics  of  an  old  Castilian  city; 
It  is  l>nilt  in  the  form  of  an  irregular  semicarde,  portions  of 
Us  (iM  walls  remaining  on  the  side  of  the  river,  which  is  hero 
crossed  by  three  fine  stone  bridges.  All  the  streets  have 
good  .-iide  pavements.  Places  of  promenade  .ire  numerous, 
but  the  one  most  frequented,  .and  justly  forming  the  boast 
of  the  town,  is  the  Espolon,  which  is  laid  out  in  spacious 
walks,  and  has  a  fine  vista  opening  to  the  Arlanzon.  Bur- 
gos, up  to  the  commencement  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
shared  with  Toledo  the  alternate  honor  of  being  the  royal 
residence;  and  hence  its  pulilic  buildings,  several  of  which 
have  a  greater  magnificence  than  usual  in  a  provincial 
town,  are  not  so  much  attestations  to  its  present  as  memo- 
rials of  its  former  greatness.  The  most  remarl<ablo  struc- 
ture is  the  Cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  the 
kind,  not  only  in  Spain,  but  in  Europe.  It  was  commenced 
In  1221,  on  the  site  of  a  royal  pal.ace  which  Ferdinand  III. 
gave  up  fur  that  purpose,  but  was  not  finished  tor  several 
centuries.  It  is  built  of  white  marble,  in  the  form  of  a 
Latin  cross,  and  is  flanked  by  tv/o  towers,  which  have  a 
height  of  300  feet,  and  terminate  in  spires  of  filigrane-work 
exfjviisitely  chiselled.  Burgos  has  7iumernus  other  churches, 
and  a  Franciscan  convent  worthy  of  notice,  a  nunnery  with 
peculiar  privileges,  a  castle,  formerly  very  strong,  but  now 
in  ruins,  various  hospitals  and  charitable  institutions,  a 
bronze  statue  of  Charles  III.  in  a  square  surrounded  by  ar- 
cades, besides  a  triumplial  arch  in  memory  of  Ferdinand 
Gonz.ales,  anda  monumentto  "theCid,"  both  natives  of  this 
city.  In  the  siiuare  De  la  Constitucion  is  a  Kwutitul  foun- 
tain, one  of  the  ten  from  which  Burgos  derives  a  copious 
supply  of  water.  Around  it  are  .some  handsome  promen.ades. 
and  not  far  off  is  the  monastery  of  Miratlores,  with  the  mag- 
nificent tombs  of  John  II.  and  his  queen.  Burgos  is  an 
archbishop's  see,  and  the  seat  of  a  college,  a  schof>l  of  sur- 
gery, and  some  manufactures  of  leather,  woollens,  and  hats. 
Its  trade  in  manufactured  goods  and  its  fairs.  Ac.  have, 
however,  greatly  declined;  its  present  importance  is  now 
chiefly  due  to  its  being  on  the  high  road  from  Madrid  to 
the  French  frontier.  Before  the  removal  of  the  court  to 
Madrid,  Burgos  was  in  a  very  flourishing  condition,  and 
contained  thrice  its  present  population.  Since  then  it  has 
continued  to  sink  gradually,  and  exhibits  in  every  quarter 
indications  of  decay.  The  Peninsular  War,  duiing  which 
the  possession  of  it  was  repeatedly  and  keenly  contested, 
added  greatly  to  its  disasters.  Pop.,  including  the  suburb 
of  A'ega  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Arlanzon,  15.924. 

BURGSTADT,  bWiRG'stAtt.  a  town  of  Saxony,  35  miles  S.E. 
of  Leipsic.  Pop.  2719.  It  has  manufactures  of  stockings, 
linen;  also  woollen  weaving,  and  cotton  printing. 

BUKGSTEIN,  (BUrgstein,)  bURG'stine,  or  BIRKSTETN, 
bSfiRk'stine,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  lordship  of  the 
same  name  in  the  circle  of  Leitmeritz ;  the  lordship  com- 
prises the  town  of  Ilaida  and  26  villages.  Pop.  14,550.  Im- 
portant manufactures  of  cryst.al  are  carried  on  in  this  dis- 
trict, and  it  is  the  depdt  for  the  greater  part  of  the  glass 
manufactured  in  the  kingdom. 

BUKGTHAL,  Switzerland.     See  Bodrg,  Le. 

BURGUKTK,  booR-gi'ti,  a  town  of  .Spain,  in  Navarre,  15 
miles  X.K.  of  Pamplona,  in  the  Valley  of  Koncesvalles.  Here 
Charleniiigne  was  defeated  in  778.     See  Ron'CE.sv.'ILIES. 

BURGUNDY'.  (Fr.  Bourifyne.  booR^goH';  h.  Burgun^dia; 
Ger.  Burgund,  b;")(.H-goOnf ;  Sp.  BorgcHa,  boR-gon'yS;  It.  Bor- 
gogva,  boR-gAn'yd,)  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  of 
the  former  provinces  of  France,  and  now  forming  the  depart- 
ments of  Cote-d'Or,  Saooe-et-Loire.  Yonne.  part  of  Ain,  and 
pirt  of  Aube.  In  more  ancient  times  Burgundy  was  the  name 
of  a  kingdom,  which  included  much  more  than  the  above 
province,  occupying  the  whole  basin  of  the  Ithone.  Its  most 
ancient  inhabitants  were  XheJEdui,  fully  describedby  Cassar ; 
but  its  name  of  Burgundy  is  derived  from  one  of  the  northern 
nations,  called,  in  Latin,  Burgundior Burgundiones,  whoesta- 
blishe-1  themselves  there  in  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century. 
At  a  later  period,  after  the  subversion  of  their  kingdom,  the 
province  was  erected  into  a  dukedom,  and  long  made  an  im- 
portan  t  figure  in  history  under  a  race  of  Dukes  of  Burgundy. 
The  male  line  having  become  extinct  in  1477,  on  the  death  of 
CharkM  the  Bold  at  the  siege  of  Nancy,  his  son-in-law,  Louis 
XI.,  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  which  has  since  formed 
part  of  France. Adj.  and  inhab.  J5urgux'dian. 

The  Can.vl  of  Burgl'xdy  unites  the  Yonne  to  the  SaSne, 
and  passes  St.  Florentin,  Tonuere,  Montbard,  Pouilly,  and 
Dijou;  uear  I'ouilly  is  a  tunnel  9350  feet  in  length. 


BURIIAM,  biir'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

BUKHAMPORE.     See  Bookhanpoob. 

BUKIIAMPOOTER  RIVER.    See  Brahmapootra. 

BURIAS,  boo'reds,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  t!ie 
JIalav  Archipelago,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Luzon.  Lat.  13°  J^. 
Ion.  123°  K. 

BUR'ITON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BURK.\.     See  Blrkha. 

BURKE,  bQrk,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Cari'Hna. 
has  an  area  estimated  at  4.50  scjuare  miles.  It  is  traversed 
from  W.  to  E.  by  Catawba  River,  and  also  drained  by  LinviUij 
River  and  JIulberry  Creek.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and  in 
some  parts  mountainous;  the  Blue  Ridge,  extending  along 
the  N.W.  border,  is  remarkable  for  the  grandeur  of  it* 
scenery.  The  .soil  in  some  places  is  productive,  and  well 
adapted  to  grazing.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Western  Turn- 
pike. I'ormed  in  1777,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  illustri- 
ous orator  and  statei^man,  Edmund  Biu-ke.  Cajital,  Mor- 
gan town.  Pop.  7772,  of  whom  5(340  were  free,  and  2132  slaves. 

BUPiKE,  a  county  in  tlie  E.part  of  Georgia,  bordering  on 
the  Savannah  River,  which  separates  it  from  South  Caro 
Una,  has  an  area  of  1040  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  Ogeechee  River,  and  traversed  by  Brier  and 
Rocky  Creeks.  The  surface  is  moderately  uneven;  the  soil 
highly  productive.  Limestone,  burrstone,  and  gypsum  are 
abundant ;  chalcedony,  agate,  and  jasper  are  found.  The 
Savannah  River  is  navigable  on  the  border  of  the  county, 
which  is  Intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad.  Formed  in 
1777.  Capital.  Wayuesborough.  Pop.  16,100,  of  whom  5208 
were  free,  and  10,832  slaves. 

BURKE,  a  post4ownsliip  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont,  about 
40  miles  N.F;.  of  Montpelier,  intersected  by  branches  of  Pas- 
sumpsic  River.  It  has  man utiictures  of  starch,  furniture, 
and  leather.     Pop.  1103. 

BURKE,  a  post-towuship  in  the  W.  part  of  Franklin  co., 
New  York. 

BURKE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa. 

BURKERSDDRF,  l>«SR/kfrs-doRf\  a  village  of  Lower  Au.s- 
tria.  10  miles  W.  of  Vienna,  on  the  Wien.  with  an  imperial 
castle,  and  a  castle  of  the  landgraves  of  FUrstenlerg. 

BURKK'S  GARDEN,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co..  Virginia. 

BURICIO'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 

BURKK'S  ST.VTION,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co..  Virginia. 

BUltKKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Prince  Edward  CO.,  Vii^ 
ginia,  on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  South  Side  Railroad,  52  miles  W.  of  Peteisburg. 

BtlltKESVlLLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cumberland 
CO..  Kentucky,  on  the  right  1  anli  of  Cuml>erland  River,  116 
miles  in  a  straight  lino  S.  by  W.  of  Frankfort.  It  contaiu« 
a  court-house,  a  church,  and  an  academy.     Pop.  near  400. 

BURKEVI LLE.  a  jtost-village,  capital  of  Newton  co..  Texas, 
on  Little  Cow  Creek,  about  340  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Austin  City. 
It  contains  the  county  buildings  and  a  ft>w  dwellings.  The 
seat  of  justice  was  established  here  in  1848. 

BURKIIA  or  BURKA,  b&R'k.'i,  written  also  VARAQUE,  a 
fortified  maritime  town  of  Eastern  Arabia,  dominions  and 
45  miles  N.W.  of  Muscat,  on  the  Sea  of  Bat)-el-Mandeb. 
Pop.  4000. 

BURKHARDTSDORF,  bCSRk'haRts-doRf  \  a  village  of  Sax- 
ony, 7  miles  S.  of  Chemnitz,  with  manufactures  of  linens 
and  cottons.    Pop.  1850. 

BUR'KITTSVILLK,apostx)fflceof  Frederick  co..Marvland. 

BURKITTSVILLE,  a  post-of«ce  of  Attala  co..  MispissippL 

BURK'S  STORE,  a  small  village  of  Cape  Girardeau  co., 
Mi.ssouri. 

BURKSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

BURKS'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Nottaway  co.,  Virginia. 

BURLATS,  bllR'ld',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
arrondissement,  and  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Castres,  on  tha 
Agout.    Pop.  15tX).    It  has  several  paper  mills. 

BUR'LESCOMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BUR'LESON,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  1025  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tha 
N.E.  by  Brazos  River,  on  the  S.  by  Yegua  Creek,  and 
drained  by  Davidson's  Creek.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fer- 
tile. Capital,  Caldwell.  Pop.  1713,  of  whom  1213  were  free, 
and  500  slaves.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Edward  Biu-le- 
son,  vice-president  of  the  repul)lic. 

BURLESON,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  CO.,  Alabama. 

BUR'LESTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BUR/LEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Rid- 
ing. 

BURrr.EY-ON-THE-HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Rutland,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Oakham.  The  splendid  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  Winchelsea  here  stands  on  the  site  of  the  cele- 
brated mansion  of  the  Dukes  of  Buckingham,  destroyed  in 
the  civil  war. 

BUK'LINGHAM,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York, 
about  95  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

BURLINGHAM,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Mississippi. 

BURLINGIIAM,  a  small  post-village  in  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

BURLINGHAM  (btiR'ling-am,)  ST.  ANDREW',  a  parish 
of  En'jland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BURLINGHAM  ST.  EDMUND,  a  parish  of  England,  cu 
of  Norfolk. 

317 


BUIl 


BUR 


BUKLINGHAM,  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of 
Norfolk. 

BCIi'LINGTON,  a  town  of  England.    See  Briblixoton. 

BUK'LIXGTON,  a  county  occupying  the  middle  part  of 
New  Jersey,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  X.W.  by  the  Delaware  River,  and  S.E.  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  extending  entirely  across  the  state.  It 
•a  drained  by  Little  Egg  Harbor  River,  which  partly  bounds 
It  on  the  S.W.,  and  its  branches  flowing  into  the  Atlantic, 
and  by  Rancocus,  Assiscunk,  and  Crosswicks  Creeks,  falling 
Into  the  Delaware.  The  surEice  is  generally  level,  and  in 
many  parts  covered  with  pine  timlier.  The  soil  in  the  X.W. 
portion,  for  about  12  miles  from  the  river,  is  a  very  fertile 
latm ;  the  remainder  principally  sandy,  with  a  substratum 
of  cl.ay.  Bog  iron  ore  is  found  in  many  places,  and  marl  is 
abundant  in  the  western  part.  Animal  relics,  such  as 
shells,  bones,  and  also  petriiied  vegetables,  are  frequently 
found  in  the  marl.  In  Springfield  township  there  is  a 
petrifying  well.  The  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  tra- 
verses this  county,  and  a  branch  railroad,  connecting  Bur- 
lington with  Mount  Holly,  is  included  within  it.  Organized 
in  1694.  and  named  from  Bridlington,  commonly  pronounced 
Burlington,  a  town  of  England.  Capital,  Jlount  Uollv. 
Pop.  4.3.20.3. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-town.?hip  6t  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  4S1. 

BURLINGTON,  a  port  of  entry  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Chittenden  co..  Vermont  and  the  most  populous  town  in 
the  state,  is  situated  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Lake  Champlain,  40  miles  by  railroad  W.N.AV.  of 
Montpalier,  and  by  steamboat  82  miles  N.  of  Whitehall. 
Lat.  44°  27'  N. ;  Ion.  73°  10'  W.  The  ground  on  which  Bur- 
lington is  situated  is  low  along  the  borders  of  the  lake,  but 
rises,  .as  it  recedes  from  the  shore,  to  a  considerable  elevation. 
The  United  States  government  has  erected  a  light-house  on 
Juniper  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Burlington  Bay,  and  con- 
structed a  breakwater  to  protect  the  shipping  in  the  harbor. 
For  beauty  of  location,  Burlington  is  scarcely  surpassed  by 
any  town  or  village  in  New  England.  The  streets  cross  each 
other  at  right  angles ;  those  extending  eastward  from  the 
lake  are  a  mile  in  length.  In  the  centre  is  the  public  square, 
around  which  are  situated  the  court-house,  the  principal 
hotels,  and  several  fine  stores.  Many  of  the  dwellings  are 
surrounded  with  yards  ornamented  with  shrubtiery  and 
shade-trees.  The  tJniversity  of  A'ermont  is  located  about  a 
mile  from  the  shore,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  village. 
on  a  commanding  elevation.  2S1  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
lake.  Belonging  to  it  are  four  spacious  edifices.  The  dome 
of  the  centre  building  commands  a  magnificent  view  of  the 
lake  and  surrounding  country.  Connected  with  the  insti- 
tution is  a  medical  school.  The  university  was  founded  in 
1791.  and  received  from  the  state  a  grant  of  about  30.000 
acres  of  land.  There  are  7375  tons  of  shipping  owned  here, 
324  tons  of  which  are  employed  in  steam  navigation.  The 
town  contains  4  b.tnks.  3  newsp.aper  offices,  and  a  numi)er 
of  churches.  Besides  the  facilities  for  steamboat  navigation 
which  it  enjoys  on  the  lake.  Burlington  has  direct  commu- 
nication by  railroad  with  Boston,  Whitehall.  Ogdensburg, 
and  Montreal  Burlington  was  .settled  in  17S3.  Pop.  of  the 
township  in  1S30.  3525  :  1840.  4271 ;  1850.  6110  ;  1S60,  7713. 

BUKIilXGTOX,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 14  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  545. 

BUliLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, on  the  W.  side  of  Farmington  River,  15  miles  W.  of 
Hartford.     Pop.  1161. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York, 
80  mile.s  W.  of  .\Ibany.     Pop.  1835. 

BURLINGTON,  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey, 
containing  the  city  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  5399. 

BURLINGTON,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Burlington 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  'nearlv  opposite 
Bristol,  20  miles  above  Philadelphia,  and  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Trenton.  Lat.  40°  5'  N..  Ion.  73°  10'  W.  The  Camden  and 
Amlioy  Railroad  connects  it  with  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, and  the  Mount  Holly  Railroad  with  Pemberton.  The 
river  is  here  about  one  mile  wide,  and  is  divided  by  an  island 
containing  300  acres,  lying  nearly  opposite  the  city.  The 
streets  are  wide,  straight,  and  well  shaded  with  trees,  and 
lighted  with  gas.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  brick,  and 
the  bank  of  the  Delaware  is  adorned  with  many  handsome 
residences  and  gardens.  The  city  is  copiously  supplied  with 
good  water,  raised  iiy  means  of  hydraulic  machinery.  It 
contains  11  churches, 2  banks,!  newspaper,  a  pyblic  library, 
for  which  a  nesU  stone  building  has  just  been  erected,  and  a 
lyceum  building,  now  used  as  a  town-hall.  There  are  two 
large  and  flourishing  Imarding-schoola.  Burlington  College, 
of  this  place,  was  founded  by  the  Episcopalians  in  1846,  and 
had,  in  1863,  72  students,  with  a  librarv  of  2000  volumes. 
The  tonnage  of  the  distiict  in  1854  was  13,219.  This  city  is 
much  resorted  to  during  the  summer  months  by  the  citizens 
of  I'hilaik-Iphia,  with  which  it  communicates  by  raiIroa<l 
and  steamboats  several  times  a  day.  It  was  settled  in  1667 
and  was  originally  called  New  Beverly.    Pop.  5193.  ' 

BU1:L1NGT0.\,  a  po.<t-village  and  township  of  Bradford 
ca,  Pennsylvania,  8  miles  W.  of  Towanda.    Pop.  1927 
3X8 


BURLINGTON,  a  fmall  village  of  Roanoke  co.,  Virginia. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-tillage  of  Hampshire  co.,  Vii«ginia 
on  Patterson's  Creek,  205  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-office  of  East  Baton  Rouge  parish, 
Louisiana. 

BURLINGTON,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Boons 
CO.,  Kentucky,  6  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  16  miles 
S.W.  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  4  churches,  an  academy,  a 
woollenfactorv, and  a  tobacco  factory.  Incorporated  in  1824. 
Pop.  about  500. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Wilmington,  contains  several  stores  and 
about  300  inhabitants. 

BURLINGTON,  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  a  few  miles  .above  Wheeling. 

BURLINGTON,  a  small  post-vUlage  of  Hamilton  co- 
Ohio. 

BURLINGTON,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Licking  co., 
Ohio. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lawrence  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River.  145  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Columbus, 
and  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state.  It  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  several  churches  and  a  news- 
paper office. 

BURLINGTON,  a  village  in  MarseiUes  township,  in  the 
S.W.  part  of  Wyandot  co..  Ohio. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Calhoun  countv,  Michigan.     Pop.  811. 

BUKLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indi,ana, 
18  miles  S.E.  of  Delphi.    Pop.  846. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  in  Carroll  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Michigan  Road,  and  on  Wildcat  Creek,  52  miles  N. 
of  Indianapolis.     In  1850  it  had  164  inhabitants. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-vilUge  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana, 
oh  Prairie  Creek,  7  miles  S.E.  from  Muucie,  has  1  church 
and  ne.arly  100  inhabitants.  The  post-office  is  called  New 
Burlington. 

BURLINGTON,  a  vilLage  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana.  S  miles 
W.N.W.  fi-om  Rushville. 

BUKLINGTON,  a  post-township  in  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  664. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  about 
54  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Chicago. 

BUKLINGTON,  a  flourishing  commercial  city,  seat  of 
justice  of  Des  Moines  county,  and  formerly  the  capital  of 
Iowa,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  45  miles  abova 
Keokuk,  2-^0  miles  above  St.  Louis,  and  210  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Chicago.  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  Burlington 
was  the  fourth  city  of  tiie  state  in  respect  to  pojiulation.  It 
contiinies  to  maintain  a  steady  and  healthy  growth,  notwith- 
standing the  removal  of  the  seat  of  government,  which  oc- 
curred in  1839.  The  river  in  this  part  of  its  course  is  8 
broad  and  beautiful  stream  of  clear  water,  and  the  town, 
situated  partly  on  the  top  of  the  bluffs,  overlooks  a  section 
of  countrj- abounding  in  rich  and  delightful  scenery.  Bur- 
lington is  regularly  laid  out,  and  the  greater  part  of  tho 
houses  are  of  brick  or  stone.  It  is  the  se;it  of  Burlington  Uni- 
versity (Baptist),  which  had  in  1863,  82  students.  It  also 
contains  several  public  schools,  some  12  cluirches,  2  national 
banks,  and  a  number  of  mills  and  manufactories.  Several 
daily  and  weekly  newspapers  are  issued  here.  Burlington 
is  the  eiist  terminus  of  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River 
Railroad,  of  which  75  miles  or  more  are  completed,  and  is 
connected  with  Chicago  and  other  towns  in  Illinois  by  the 
Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad.  Population  in 
1860,  6706. 

BURLINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  in 
Racine  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Pishtaka  or  Fox  River,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Geneva  outlet.  26  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kar 
cine  City,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  plank-road.  It 
contains  several  flouring  mills,  woollen  factories,  Ac,  for 
which  the  river  affords  water-power.     Pop.  1640- 

BURLINGTON  FL.VfS.  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co..  New 
York.  25  miles  S.  from  Utica. 

BUR/.MAH.BUR'MA.or  BIR/M.\H,  otherwise  called  thf. 
Burmese  Empire. orKiNGnoM  of  Av.v  (native,  Hyamma.  mo- 
3m'nia.  Byamma,  be-im'm3.  or  Bramma,  br3m'm3;  Chi- 
nese. Meen-teen,  me^^n'te'Jn'.)  formerly  the  most  extensive 
and  powerful  state  In  Farther  India. :  but,  siu<e  the 
war  of  the  Burmese  with  the  British  in  1824-6,  its  territo- 
ries h.ave  been  comprised  within  lat,  16°  and  27°  N..  and 
Ion.  93°  and  99°  E.,  having  W.  .\racan  and  Munipwir,  N. 
the  Nagas  ti'rritory  and  Upi>er  .A.ssam.  E.  the  Chinese  pro- 
vince of  Yun-n.an,  the  independent  Laos  country,  and  the 
British  province  of  Martaban,  (finm  which  last  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Salwin  or  Than-lweng  River.)  and  S.  the  Gulf 
of  Martaban.  a  portion  of  the  Biiy  of  Bengal.  Estimated 
area.  200.000  squan?  miles.  It  is  composed  of  the  kingdoms 
of  Burmah,  and  Fong,  with  portions  of  the  couiitrieM 
inhabited  by  the  Khyen,  and  the  Shan  countries,  and  the 
Kubo  Valley,  (Munijxmr.)  reannexed  to  it  by  treaty  with 
the  British  in  1834:  It  is  enclosed  on  most  sides  by  moun- 
tain ranges,  in  elevation  from  2000  to  5000  fi>et  abive  tht 
sea,  its  central  part  con.sisting  of  the  basin  of  th^  Iri-awaddy 
Lagoons  are  numerous  in  low  beds  of  the  S,,  and  in  thi 


BUR 


BUR 


centre,  a  little  X.  of  Ava,  is  a  lake  30  miles  in  length  hy  10 
miles  across.  The  climate  is  considered  salubrious.  From 
May  till  the  middle  of  Septembur  the  rainy  season  conti- 
nues ;  from  that  time  till  March  the  weather  is  delightful, 
the  temperature  seldom  exceeding  75°;  in  April  and  May 
the  heat  becomes  very  great,  b«t  is  soon  mitigated  by  the 
commencement  of  rain.  Annual  fall  of  rain,  from  150  to  200 
inches.  The  soil  is  of  very  high  fertility ;  but  except  near 
the  towns  most  of  it  lies  waste,  or  is  only  irregularly,  tilled  ; 
and  agriculture  is  generally  in  the  most  backward  condi- 
tion. Kic-e  is  the  chief  crop,  especially  in  the  S. ;  pulses, 
Indian  millet,  and  maize  are  raised  in  the  N.,  and  sessa- 
mum  is  universally  cultivated  for  cattle.  Other  products 
are  cotton  of  short  staple,  indigo,  (though  this  product  is  so 
badly  managed  as  to  be  unfit  for  export,)  yams,  sweet  potar 
toes,  tobacco,  capsicums  in  great  quantities,  gourds,  oil- 
plants, bananas  and  other  fruits,  betel-nut  .ind  leaf,  sugar- 
cane, onions,  garlic,  and  in  the  N.  a  kind  of  tea.  Teak  of  a 
quality  inferior  to  that  toth  of  Malabar  and  Java,  oak,  and 
other  valuable  woods,  abound  on  the  mountain  ranges,  and 
palm  and  bamboo  are  also  plentiful.  Oxen,  buffal'oes,  and 
goats  are  tlio  principal  domestic  animals  used  for  draught, 
and  the  elei>hant  is  domesticated  for  the  same  puipose ;  a 
good  breed  of  horses  is  also  reared.  Mineral  products  are 
numerous  and  valuable.  The  gold  and  silver  obtjlined  in 
the  empire  has  been  estimated  to  amount  in  value  to  uj)- 
■ward.s  of  2tJ0,00<l/.,  and  the  produce  of  petroleum  in  pits 
along  the  Irrawaddy  to  8,00(),(iuO  lbs.  annually.  Fine  mar- 
ble, serpentine,  amber,  sapphires  and  other  gems,  iron, 
copper,  tin,  lead,  antimony,  sulphur,  nitre,  and  coal  are 
also  found. 

In  physical  form,  the  Burmese  are  more  allied  to  the 
Mongolians  of  Eastern  Asia  than  to  the  Hindoos.  Their 
figure  is  short,  squat,  robust,  and  fleshy,  face  lozenge- 
shaped,  cheek-bones  large,  and  eyes  obliquely  placed.  The 
hair  is  black,  coarse  and  lank  ;  colour  of  skin,  light  brown 
or  yellowish.  Fnim  the  difference  of  dialects,  they  may  be 
divided  into  five  tribes  or  nations.  The  language  is  mono- 
syllabic, somewhat  allied  to  the  Chinese.  They  are  of  a  gay 
disposition,  and  fond  of  amusements,  but  less  civilized  tiian 
the  Hindoos  or  Chinese.  .  They  excel  in  boat-building,  and 
they  cast  bells,  work  in  gold  and  silver,  and  dye  silk  and 
other  fabrics,  weave  silk  and  cotton  goods,  and  manufacture 
lacquered  wares,  paper,  coarse  earthenwares,  and  some  other 
articles  in  a  respectable  manner,  but  most  of  their  manu- 
factured goods,  in  ordinary  use,  are  imported  from  foreign 
countries.  China  send.s  silks  to  the  amount  of  about  81,000;. 
annually,  porcelain,  copper,  carpets,  metals,  drugs,  tea,  &c., 
in  return  for  raw  cotton,  feathers,  ivory,  bird's  nests,  horns, 
gum.a,  and  some  British  manufactures ;  this  intercourse  being 
chiefly  conducted  at  a  large  annual  fair  at  Bhumo.  F'rom 
the  Shan  tribes,  the  Burmese  obtain  their  best  sword-blades, 
also  lac,  wax,  and  varnish  in  return  for  salt  and  dried  fish ; 
other  articles  are  mostly  imported  by  sea  from  British  India 
and  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and  consist  of  British  cotton 
goods,  areca,  and  cocoa-nuts,  tobacco,  iron,  hardwares, 
copper,  lead,  and  other  minerals,  opium,  sugar,  spirits, 
English  glass,  earthenwares,  fire-arms,  and  gunpowder — the 
manufactures  of  the  Burmese  in  the  two  last  articles  being 
of  the  most  wretched  description.  The  government  is  here- 
ditary and  despotic:  the  .sovereign  is  assisted  by  a  council 
of  the  nobility,  over  whom  he  has  a  kind  of  feudal  jurisdic- 
tion, and  the  titles  of  the  latter  are  not  hereditary.  The 
religion  of  the  mass  of  the  inhabitants  is  Boodhisnj ;  a  few 
Christians  and  .lews  are  to  be  found  among  the  popula- 
tion, and  the  Khyens  and  other  wild  tribes  have  a  special 
idolatry  of  their  own. 

Education,  in  so  fir  as  mere  reading  and  writing  is  con- 
cerned, is  more  diffused  than  might  have  been  expected. 
The  public  revenue  is  derived  from  a  tithe  of  the  profits  of 
cultivation,  duties  of  10  per  cent,  on  imports,  and  5  per 
cent,  on  exports,  and  on  petroleum  collected,  a  royal  mono- 
poly of  marble,  amber,  the  precious  metals,  and  gems  above 
a  certain  size,  a  poll  tax  on  the  unsettled  tribes,  Ac;  and 
the  whole  fiscal  system  is  "  replete  with  uncertainty,  rapa- 
city, and  violence."  The  armed  force,  in  the  last  war,  was 
all  intkntry,  except  a  small  body  of  Cassay  horse,  and  a 
company  of  artillery,  and  the  war-boats  formed  the  best 
portion  of  the  armed  force.  The  Burmese  Empire  is  divided 
into  seven  piovinces.  The  principal  towns  are  Ava.  Mon- 
choboo,  Amarapoora,  Sakaing,  Kangoon,  Bassain,  Martaban, 
Setang.  Taungo,  Prome,  Patango,  Yandabo,  and  Bhamo. 

Higtnry. — The  Boodhist  religion  was  probably  introduced 
into  Burmah  about  the  year  B.C.  300.  At  this  period  the 
government  was  permanently  fixed  at  Prome,  where  it  con- 
tinued for  395  years,  during  which  there  reigned  24  princes. 
After  this  it  was  removed  under  a  new  dynasty  to  Pugan, 
wheref  it  continued  for  nearly  twelve  centuries,  during 
which  there  reigned  55  princes.  In  A.  D.  1300,  the  seat  of 
government  was  established  at  Panya,  where  it  continued 
6(5  years  under  three  successive  princes.  In  1361,  it  was 
removed  to  Ava.  where  it  continued  for  369  years,  and 
where,  in  the  sixteenth  oentury,  Europeans  first  became 
acquainted  with  the  Burmese.  Towards  the  commence- 
ment of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  Burmese  were  con- 


quered by  the  Peguans,  a  people  whom  they  naj  overcoma 
and  kept  in  subjection  for  nearly  two  centuries  before.  At 
this  period  arose  Alompra,  the  founder  of  the  present  dy- 
nastj'.  After  a  reign  of  ei;4ht  years.  Alompra  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Uparaja.  who  made  Sakaing  (Sagaing)  his  capital. 
Uparaja  reigned  three  years  onlj-,  when  he  died,  iind  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Sembueii,  who  again  removed  the 
capital  to  Ava.  In  1776,  Sembuen  was  succeeded  by  his 
.son  Sen-ku-sa,  who,  after  a  reign  of  five  years,  was  succeeded 
by  Paong-Ka-cha,  who  removed  the  seat  of  government  to 
Amarapoora.  After  a  reign  of  38  years,  Paong-Ka-cha  was 
succeeded,  in  1819,  by  Nun-Sun,  who  removed  the  court 
once  more  to  Ava;  but  that  town  having  lieen  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed,  in  1839,  by  an  earthquake,  Monchoboo 
(Moksobo)  has  becoine  the  seat  of  government.  In  1837, 
Nun-Sun  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother  Ser-a-wa, 
to  the  exclusion  of  the  proper  heir. 

The  first  English  writer  who  notices  the  Burman  domi- 
nions is  Ralph  Fitch,  a  London  merchant,  who  travelled  in 
India  towards  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century.  He  repre- 
sents the  countries,  especially  the  cities,  to  have  been  then 
in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  the  trade  and  shijiping  of 
the  seaport  towns  to  be  very  extensive.  At  the  clo.»e  of  the 
seventeenth  century  the  Governor  of  Madras,  Mr.  N.  Hig- 
ginson,  made  certain  friendly,  overtures  to  the  King  of  Ava, 
which  were  graciou.sly  received,  and,  in  1709,  the  Burman  do- 
minions were  visited  by  Captain  Alexander  Hamilton,  who 
wrote aiS'eio  Accnunt  nfUit  Kisl Indies.  In  1757.  the  Kast  India 
Company  obtjiined  a  site  for  a  factory  and  other  advantages. 
Sub.sequent  aggressions  on  the  part  of  the  Burmese,  accom- 
panied by  insolence  to  the  English  ambassadors,  led  to  hoa- 
tilitie.s,  which  terminated,  in  1820,  in  the  curtailment  of  the 
Burmese  power  and  the  establishment  of  British  rule  in  the 
provinces  of  Aracan,  Ye,  Tavoy,  Mergui,  and  part  of  Marta- 
ban.    Pop.  in  1826,  4.2.30,558,  thovigli  estijnated  by  some  at 

8.000.000. Adj.  and  inhab.  Bir/m'an  or  Bur/max,  and  Bi»- 

mane.se.  bjr'man-eez',  or  Burmese.  b&R'meez/. 
BUK'MAKSH,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co..  of  Kent. 
BUU'MINdTOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 
BUR'X.\GF,,  a  township  of  Emri.ind.  co.  of  Lancaster. 
BUKN'BY,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  York,  East  Biding. 
BUlfXERS,  a  post-offlce  at  the  White  Sulphur  Springs, 
Virtrinia. 
BUR/XERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Barbour  co..  A'irginia. 
BUKXE'SIDK,  bDrn'side,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Westmoreland,  with  a  station  on  the   Kendal  and  Winder- 
mere Kailwav.  2J  miles  N.W.  of  Kendal. 

BURNE/stON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

BURNESn'ILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Wa-shington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

BUli'NET,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas; 
has  an  area  of  aljouf  950  scjuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Colorado  River,  which  also  firms  part  of  its  W.  boundary. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  This  county  is  not  named  in  the  cen- 
sus of  1850.  The  productions  are  similar  to  those  of  Traris 
county,  from  which  it  was  formed.       Pop.  2487. 

BURNET,  a  village  in  the  N.  part  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri, 
on  Niangua  River. 

BURNET  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-oflice  of  Burnet  co., 
Texas. 

BURNET'S  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  Wabash  4 
miles  above  Lafayette.    The  Battle  of  Tippecanoe  was  fought 
in  this  vicinity,  in  November,  1811. 
BURNET'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Indiana. 
BUR'NETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
BUR'NETT,  a  post-township  in    Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  55  miles  N.W.  from  Jlilwaukee.    Pop.  1034. 
BURNETT,  a  small  village  of  Dodge  co„  Wisconsin. 
BURNHAM,  biim'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
3}  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Eton.    It  has  some  remains  of  a  nun- 
nery of  order  of  St.  Augustine,  founded  in  1265. 
IJURN'H.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
BURNHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
BURN'HAM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  AValdo  co., 
Jlaine,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Sebasticook  River,  30  mUe« 
N.E.  from  Augusta.     Pop.  857. 

BURNHAM  DEEPD ALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor* 
folk. 

BURNHAM  NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 
BURNHAM  OVERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
BURNHAM  SUrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

BURNHAM  THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk, H  miles  E.S.E.  of  Burnham-Westgate.  Lord  Nelson 
was  born  in  the  parsonage  house  of  this  parish,  of  which 
his  father  was  then  incumbent,  September  29,  1758. 

BURN/IIAM-WEST'OATE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  32  miles  N.AV.  of  Norwich. 

BURN'ING  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 
BURNING  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wirt  co.,  Virginia. 
BURNLEY,  btlrnlee.  a  market-town  of  England,   co.  of 
Lancaster,  parish  of  Whalley,  on  the  Burn,  22  miles  N.  of 

319 


BUR 


BUR 


Uanoliester.  Pop.  in  1851, 14,706.  It  stands  in  a  narrow 
Vivlley.  The  chapel  is  a.  large,  ancient  structure,  containing 
numerous  monuments  of  the  Townley  famih',  including  one 
to  C.  Townley,  Esq..  once  proprietor  of  the  lamous  marbles 
now  in  the  British  Jl-u.seum.  Burnley  has  numerous  dis- 
senting places  of  worship;  a  free  grammar  school,  with  a 
revenue  of  I'i'l.  per  annum,  and  several  other  schools  and 
charities.  Manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics,  and 
machinery,  with  iron  and  brass  foundries,  brewerie.*!,  tan- 
neries, the  rope-walks.  Burnley  is  a  polling-place  for  Xorth 
Lancashire.  Its  manufacturing  prosperity,  which  is  mainly 
owiug  to  the  abundance  of  coal  in  the  vicinity,  has  been 
further  promoted  by  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal,  which 
ne;irly  encircles  the  town,  and  by  railway  with  Bury,  Black- 
burn, Manchester,  &c. 

BUltXS,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co..  New  York, 
about  50  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Rochester,  is  crossed  by  the  Buf 
falo  and  New  York  Railroad.    Pop.  1064. 

BURNS,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Shiawassee 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1066. 

BURNS,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,' Illinois,  55  miles  N.AV. 
of  Peoria. 

BURN'SALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

BURNS'  CORNERS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 

BUKN'S-HILL,  a  town  and  mission  station  of  British 
KafTraria,  South  Africa,  on  the  Keiskamma  River,  co.  and  4 
miles  S.  of  York. 

BUKXSIDE,  a  post- township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 75  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pittsburg,  intersected  by  the  West 
Branch  of  Susquehanna  River.    Pop.  1080. 

BURN'SIDES,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois. 

BURNiyviLLE,  a  small  town,  capital  of  Yancey  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Nolichucky  River,  250  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 
Pop.  2(X). 

BURNSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  In- 
diana. 10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

BURNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  JIcDonongh  CO.,  Illinois, 
90  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

BUJiNT  CABINS,  a  sm:ill  post-village  of  Fulton  oo.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

BURNT  CORN,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama. 

BURNT  FORT,  a  small  village  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Sautilla  River,  48  miles  from  its  mouth. 

BUllNT'GtREEN,  England,  co.  of  Worcester,  a  station  on 
the  Bristol  and  Birmingham  Railway,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Kriniagh.am. 

BURNT  HILLS,  a  postofBce  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York. 

BCRNT'ISLAND,  commonly  pronounL^ed  brUnt-iland.  a 
parliamentary  borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  6^  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Leith.  Pop.  of  parli;uuentary  borough,  in  1851,  2724.  It  is 
chiefly  occupied  in  the  fisheries,  in  cuilng  herrings,  and  in 
distilling.  It  is  clean  and  well  built;  it  has  a  town-house, 
Bchnol-house,  and  the  best  harbor  on  the  Frith,  with  a  new 
low-water  pier,  a  lightrhouse,  and  a  dry-dock.  It  is  the 
steamboat  ferry  station  on  the  passage  of  the  Edinburgh  and 
Northern  Railway.  Burntisland  unites  with  Kinghoru, 
Dysart,  and  Kirkcaldy  in  sending  one  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

BURXT'MILL,  England,  oo.  of  Essex,  a  station  on  the 
Eastern  Counties  Railway,  If  miles  S.  of  Harlow. 

BURNT  OR/DIN ARY,  a  postofflce  of  James  aty  co.,  Tir- 
ginia. 

BURNT  PRAI'RIE,  a  postofflce  in  the  northern  limit  of 
White  CO.,  Illinois. 

BORNT  STAND,  a  postK)ffice  of  Carroll  co.,  Georgia. 

BURNT'VILLE,  a  postotfice  of  Brunswick  co.,  A'irginia. 

BUR  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Missouri. 

BURPHAM,  bar'&m,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BURRA,  b&r'ra,  a'small  island  of  Scotland,  belonging  to 
the  Shetland  Group. 

BURRA  BURRA,  b&Hra  biir'ra,  a  mining  district  of 
South  Australia,  80  miles  N.  of  Adelaide.    See  AdeuviDe. 

BUR  RAM  POOR,  bhrVam-poor',  a  town  of  British  India, 
Dresidency  of  Madras,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Ganjam.  It  has  a 
large  bazaar  or  market-place,  a  street  occupied  by  weavers, 
and  several  remarkable  Hindoo  temples. 

BURRAMPOOTER.    See  Bb.uim.\^pootr.4.. 

BURRA Y,  btir/ri,  a  smaU  island  of  Scotland,  belonging  to 
the  Orkney  Group. 

BUK/RETT,  a  postrtownship  in  Winnebago  co.,  Hlinols, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Rockford.    Pop.  1084. 

BURRIAXA,  boor-re-J/ni,  a  town  of  Spain,  8  miles  S.  of 
Castellon  de  la  Plana,  on  the  Rio  Seco,  1  inile  from  its 
mouth,  in  the  Jlediterranean.    Pop.  6204. 

BUR'RILLVILLE,  a  postrtownship  in  the  northern  part 
of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Provi- 
dence. It  is  intersected  by  Branch  Riv6r  and  its  tributa- 
ries, which  afford  good  wat«r-power.  It  has  manufactures 
of  («tton  goods,  prints,  de  laiues,  shears,  scvthas,  s,ashes,  and 
blinds.  Ac.  Pop.  4140. 

EUK'l'JNGTON^  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BURKINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

BURRINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

BURRISHOL,  btlrWsUol',  a  town  of  British  India,  presl- 
320 


dency  of  Bengal,  capital  of  the  district  of  Backergunge,  on 
an  island  of  the  Gauges,  120  miles  E.N.K.  of  Calcutta. 

BURRISHOOLE,  burVe-shool',  a  maritime  parish  of  Ire- 
land. Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo. 

BUR'RITrs  RAPIDS,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  eo. 
of  Grenville,  on  the  Rideau  Canal,  ,ibout  73  miles  N.E.  of 
Kingston.    It  has  3  stores  and  several  mills.   Pop.  300, 

BURR  OAK,  a  post-office  Winneshiek  co..  Iowa. 

BURR  OAK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  St.  Jo- 
seph CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1107. 

BURROUGH,  bUr'rQh,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Leicester. 

BURROUGH-GREEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Cambridge. 

BURR'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Sabine  parish.  Louisiana. 

BURR'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York. 

BURRS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co.,  Maryland. 

BURRSVILLE,  a  post-oflSce  of  RusseU  co.,  Alabama. 

BURR'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  CO.,  Connecticut 

BURSA.     See  Brusa. 

BURSCHEID.     See  Bottscheid. 

BURS'COUGH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
on  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal,  2  miles  N.N.E.  of  OrmsH 
kirk.    Pop.  in  1S51,'24S0. 

BUR'Sli'AH,  a  town  of  India,  Gwalior  dominions,  33  miles 
S.AV.  of  Seroiije.  In  1S20,  it  is  said  to  have  contained  3000 
houses,  and  it  was  the  capital  of  an  extensive  district. 

BUlt/SLEDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

BURSLEM,  btirs'lem,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Stafford,  and  the  principal  town  in  that  import- 
ant district  called  "  The  Potteries,"  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  New- 
castle-undei^Lyne,  and  9  miles  S.E.  of  the  Crewe  station,  on 
the  Birmingham  and  Liverpool  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851, 
15,954.  It  has  many  large  factorie.s,  convenient  dwelling- 
houses  of  the  work-people,  and  villas  of  proprietors,  with  a 
neat  town-hall,  news-room,  police  office,  old  and  new 
churches,  and  numerous  dissenting  chapels.  Burslem  forms 
a  part  of  the  parliamentary  borough  of  Stoke-upon- 
Trent.  As  early  as  the  seventeenth  century  it  was  the 
chief  place  in  England  for  the  production  of  earthenwares; 
at  first,  of  a  very  homely  kind,  but  latterly  brought  to 
great  perfection  by  Josiah  Wedgewood,  born  here  in  1730. 

BUR'SONVILLE,  a  jMst-offiee  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

BURS''T.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BUR'STEAD,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BURSTEAD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

BUR'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

BUR/STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BUR'STOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BURSTnviCK,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  York,  E.Tst  Riding. 

BURSZTYN,  bSoR'shtin,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  Ga- 
licia,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Brzezany,  on  the  Lippa,  Pop.  2000. 
It  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches. 

BURT,  BERT,  or  BIRT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal. 

BURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Chester. 

BURTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

BURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Sussex. 

BURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

BUR'TON,  a  postrtownship  of  Cattaraugus  county.  New 
York.     See  Aij.egh.\nt. 

BURTON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Geauga  co., 
Ohio,  about  30  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Cleveland.  It  contains  3 
churches  and  1  academy.    "Poo.  104>i. 

BURTON,  a  township  in  McIIenry  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  329. 

BURTON,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  10  miloH 
E.  by  S.  from  Quincy. 

BURTON  AGNES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  E.  Riding. 

BURTON  BISHOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

BURTON  BLACK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

BURTON  BRADSTOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset 
•  BURTON-BY-LINCOLN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln, 

BURTON  CHERRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
E.ast  Riding. 

BURTON  COGGLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BURTON  CONSTABLE,  a  township  of  England,  eo.  of 
York,  North  Riding, 

BURTON  EXTRA,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

BURTON  FLEMING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

BURTON  GATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BURTON  HASTINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Warwick. 

BUR'TON-IN-KEN'DAL,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  cos.  of  Westmoreland  and  Lancaster,  10  miles  S. 
of  Kendal.  Pop.  in  1851,  2559.  The  town  is  neatly  built, 
and  ha-s  a  large  market-place,  several  good  inns,  and  an  an- 
cient church. 

BURTON  JOYCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Nottingham. 

BURTON  KIRK.    See  Kirkiicrton. 

BURTON  LAT'IMER,  a  parish  of  EngL-jnd,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

BURTON  LAZARS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester, 
2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Melton  Mowbray.  Here  was  the  pnncipal 
hospital  in  England  for  lepers,  founded  by  Lord  Mowbi-ay, 
in  the  reign  of  Ueniy  I. 


BUR 


BUS 


BURTON  LEONARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

BUKTON-ON-STRATnER,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln, 

BU1{/TON.ON-TRE^T,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, COS.  of  Stafford  and  Derby,  on  the  Trent,  within  half  a 
mile  of  the  M'est  Midland:  Birmingham  and  Derby  Rail- 
way, 11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Derby.  Pop.  in  1H:A,  9769.  The 
town  consists  chiefly  of  2  streets — the  principal  terminates 
by  a  bridge  of  37  arches,  1545  feet  in  height,  stated  to  be 
the  longest  bridge  iu  Jiugland,  and  which  was  built  prior 
to  the  Con({uest.  It  has  two  churches,  numerous  dissents 
ing  places  of  worship;  a  grammar  school,  founded  in  1620; 
a  handsome  town-hall,  with  assembly-rooms,  a  union  work- 
house, a  subscription  library,  with  large  breweries  of  excel- 
lent ale,  (for  which  the  town  has  long  been  famous,)  exten- 
sive iron-works,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  and  hats. 
Its  trade  is  promoted  by  the  Grand  Trunk  Canal,  connect- 
ing the  Mersey  with  the  Trent,  which  hatter  river  is  navi- 
gable from  the  Humher  to  this  town.  Burton  is  governed 
by  a  steward  and  a  bailiff,  appointed  by  the  Marquis  of  An- 
glesey, lord  of  the  manor.  Of  its  once  famous  abbey  few 
traces  now  exist. 

BURTOX  OVERY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

BURTON  TEDWARDINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

BURTON  PIDSEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

BURTON'S,  a  post-ofBce  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi. 

BURTON'S  CORNERS,  a  small  post-village  of  Boone  co., 
Illinois. 

BURTONSA'ILLE,  a  post-offlce,  Montgomery  co.,New  York. 

BUR/TONTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi. 

BURTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

BURTON-wiTn-SLAY,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Denbigh,  N.W.  of  Wrexham.    Pop.  985. 

BURTO.N'-wiTii-WALDEN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding. 

BUirrON  WOOD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancas- 
ter, on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway,  2|  miles  S.W. 
of  Newton-in-Makei-field. 

BURTSCIIi-;iD,  boOut/shlte,  or  BORCETTE,  boR'sJtt/,  a 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  properly  a  suburb  of  Aix-la-Cha- 
peUe.  Pop.  5530.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  cassimeres, 
yarn,  Prussian  blue,  with  celebrated  hot  sulphur  springs, 
and  baths  much  frequented,  (temperature,  from  106°  to 
155°  Fahr.) 

BURT'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

BUI'.UD'DA,  or  JAITWAR,  jite'war',  a  district  of  Ilin- 
dostan,  S.^V.  coast  of  Ouzerat,  principally  between  parallels 
21°  and  22°  N. 

BUKUGIKD.    See  BooROOOiRD. 

BURUM,  bU'rilm,  or  BOKRUM,  boo'rfim,  a  village  of  Hol- 
land, 11  miles  S.E.  of  Dockum,  and  communicating  with 
the  I>auwer  Zee.     Pop.  1500. 

BURWAH,  bUi-'wfih.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  87  miles  S.W.  of  Ramghur. 

BURWAil,  a  towu  of  British  Indhi,  39  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Cuttaek. 

BUllWANNEE,  btir-wftn'nee,  a  fortified,  considerable  town 
of  Central  ludui,  dominions,  and  72  miles  S,W.  of  Indore.  It 
has  a  large  palace,  the  residence  of  its  rajah. 

BUR'WARTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Salop, 

BUR/WASU  or  BUR/OilERSII,  a  parish  of  England,  co, 
of  Sxissex, 

BURnVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.  5J  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Louth,  the  birthplace  of  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough. 

BUK'Wl.IiL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

BURWELL,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge,  con- 
taining the  united  parish  of  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Mary,  4 
miles  N.W.  bv  W.  of  Newmarket.    Pop.  1820. 

BUR/WELL'S  BAY,  a  post-offlce  of  Isle  of  Wight  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

BURWIIA,  buR'wa,  a  negro  town  of  Central  Africa,  king- 
dom of  Borneo,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Lake  Tchad,  f-0  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Kooka,  lat.  13°  52'  N.,  Ion.  13°  58'  E.  It  covers 
an  extent  eciual  to  3  square  miles,  and  being  surrounded 
by  a  wall  13  or  14  feet  high,  fronted  by  a  dry  ditch,  may  be 
considered  with  reference  to  the  practices  of  war  in  that 
country  a  place  of  some  strength.     Pop.  5000  or  6000. 

BURY,  ber'ree,  a  parliamentary  borough,  manufacturing 
town,  and  parLsh  of  England,  co,  of  Lancaster,  on  the  Irwell, 
8t  mites  N,N,W.  of  Manchester,  with  which,  and  with  Bol- 
ton, it  communicates  bv  railway,  also  by  the  Bolton  Canal. 
Pop.  of  the  borough,  in  1851,  31,262;  of  the  parish,  70,143. 
The  town  h.as.  In  late  years,  been  much  improved ;  and  it 
possesses  2  handsome  churches,  2  chapels  of  ease,  upwards 
of  20  dissenting  places  of  worship,  a  grammar  school,  with 
numerous  other  schools,  several  public  libraries,  a  mecha- 
nics' institution,  news-room,  horticultural  society,  with  Im- 
portant and  flourishing  manufactures  of  cottons,  woollens, 
and  machinery,  and  calico-printing  and  bleaching  esta- 
blishments. In  1838.  there  were  in  the  parish  114  cotton 
jnills  employing  13,652  hands,  and  17  woollen  mills,  em- 
ploying 886  hands.     In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  coal- 

y 


mines,  and  a  large  extent  of  fine  pasture  land.  Since  th« 
Reform  Act  it  has  sent  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commona 
During  the  last  century,  several  improvements  in  the  loom, 
machinery  originated  at  Bury;  but  the  establishment  of 
the  large  print-works  of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel,  Bart, 
(which  extend  for  a  considerable  distance  along  the  Irwell,) 
and  the  perfection  to  which  calico-printing  has  since  been 
carried,  have  mainly  contributed  to  the  prosperity  of  the 
town  in  recent  times.  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  boru  atChamber 
Hall.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Bury. 

BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

BURY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BURY,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co,  of  Sherbrooke, 
about  115  miles  E,  of  Montreal,  It  contains  2  stores  and  a 
tavern, 

BURY  ST,  EDMUND'S,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough  town  of  England,  comprising  2  pari.shes,  co.  of 
Suffolk,  on  the  L.arke,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Ipswich,  and  60 
miles  N.E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  13.900,  The  town,  on 
a  gentle  eminence,  in  a  healthy  and  richly  cultivated  dis- 
trict, is  remarkably  clean,  well-built,  and  cheerful.  Princi- 
pal edifices,  St,  Mary's 'Church,  a'fine  (iothic  structure;  St. 
James's,  near  which  is  a  belfry  80  feet  in  height,  and  one 
of  the  finest  remains  of  Saxon  architecture  extant  in  Bri- 
tain ;  the  shire-hall,  guild-hall,  wool-hall,  market-cross, 
theatre,  with  concert  and  as.sembly  rooms,  county  jail,  on 
the  panoptic  principle,  house  of  correction,  Suffolk  General 
Hospital,  East  Suffolk  Hospital,  &c.  The  grammar  school, 
founded  by  Edward  VJ.,  enjoys  a  high  repute,  and  hfis  2 
scholarships  at  Cambridge,  and  0  exhibitions  to  either  uni- 
versity. Clopton's  hospital  for  decayed  housekeepers  has  a 
revenue  of  300i,  a  year,  and  the  town  contains  nearly  100 
other  alms-houses,  besides  schools,  and  other  charities. 
Bury  has  a  mechanics'  institution,  subscription  library, 
and  lx)tanic  garden.  There  are  some  remains  of  a  celebrated 
abbey,  founded  in  the  seventh  century,  and  to  which  the 
body  of  the  martyred  King  Edmund  was  transferred  in 
933,  (whenc-e  its  name.)  It  is  the  scat  of  a  large  trade  in 
wool,  corn,  butter,  and  cheese,  St.  Matthew's  fair,  lasting 
for  about  3  weeks  from  October  2d,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  England :  other  fairs  are  on  Easter  Tuesday  and 
Decemljer  1st.  The  borough  is  divided  into  2  wards,  and 
governed  by  a  m.ayor,  3  aldermen,  and  18  councillors.  It  ia 
the  place  of  the  county  assizes,  and  has  general  ses.sions  in 
February,  June,  and  November,  quarter-se.ssions,  petty- 
sessions  weekly,  with  manorial  and  other  courts.  Bury 
returns  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  Roman  \^illu  Ihiistina.  Under 
the  Plantagenets  it  was  the  se.at  of  several  parliaments. 
Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  the  noted  Bishop  Gardner,  and 
Dr.  Bloomfield,  Bishop  of  London,  are  among  its  distin- 
guished natives.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Kep- 
pel  family.  Ickworth,  the  splendid  wat  of  the  Marquis  of 
Bri.stol.  lord  of  the  manor,  is  in  its  vicinity. 

BURYTHORPE.  ben/re-thonp',  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  East  Riding. 

BURZEN,  bCfiRt/sen,  a  river  of  Tran-sylvania,  an  affluent 
of  the  Aloota,  (Alut.a.)  at  Brenndorf. 

BURZEN  LAND,  b<SdRt/sen-l3nt..  a  mountainous  region  of 
Hungary,  in  Transylvania,  which  forms  thodistrict  of  which 
Kronstadt  is  the  caplt.al. 

BURZET,  btlR^zA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ardfeche 
arrondis.sement,  and  14  miles  N,  of  ]>argenti6re.  Pop.  in 
1851.  3377.     It  has  silk  mills  and  woollen  manufactories. 

BUSACHI,  boo-s^kee,  a  town  and  province  of  Sardinia, 
in  the  district  of  Cagliari,  The  town  is  situated  on  the 
Tirsi,  11  miles  N,E.  of  Oristano.  The  district  is  unhealthy 
but  fertile,  yielding  good  crops  of  grain  and  excellent  pag- 
turase.     Pop.  of  the  town.  1562:  of  the  province,  71,600. 

BUSACHINO  or  BUSAQUINO,     See  Bls.^CQUiNO, 

BUSACO,  boo-sd'ko,  a  hamlet  and  convent  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira,  in  the  Serra-de-Busaco,  20  miles  N,N.E. 
of  Coimbra.  Here,  on  the  27th  of  September,  1810,  the 
French  under  Massena  were  repulsed  in  an  attack  upon 
the  troops  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

BUSB.\CH,  (Busbach.)  boos'biK,  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  6  miles  K.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  with  woollen  manu- 
factures, and  mines  of  lead  and  calamine.     Pop.  1216. 

BUS/BA  YVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  N,  part  of  Houston 
co,.  Georgia,  16  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Macon. 

BUSCA,  boos'ki,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict, 9  miles  N.W.  of  Coni,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Po.  Pop. 
8990.  It  has  a  college,  a  hospital,  and  2  botanic  gardens. 
Good  wine  is  produced  in  its  viclnitv. 

BUS'COT,  a  parish  of  England,  co"  of  Berks. 

BUSEO,  hoo-sA'o,  a  town  of  AVallachia,  on  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Bucharest.  Pop.  4500.  It  is  s 
Greek  bishop's  see,  and  a  place  of  some  trade. 

BUSH'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford, 

BUSH  CREEK,  a  township  in  Washington  co.,  Arkan.sas. 
Pop.  589. 

BUSH  CREEK,  a  township  in  Scioto  co,,  Ohio. 

BUSHEAB,  boo'shg-dW.  an  island  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  11 
miles  from  its  N.  coast.  Lat.  26°  50'  N.,  Ion.  53°  12'  E.  It 
is  low  and  flat;  at  its  W.  extremity  is  a  small  town,  with  a 

32X 


BUS 

tfrferable  harbor,  which  was  visited  by  the  fleet  of  Nearchns, 
admiral  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

BUSHEY.  liCt.hee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts,  2 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Watford,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and 
Western  Kailway. 

BUSHEY  or  BUSHY,  a  royal  park  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  on  the  Thames,  adjoining  Hampton  Court,  12 
miles  S.W  of  London.  It  is  traversed  by  superb  avenues 
of  limes  and  chestnut.s,  and  by  a  public  footpath.  It  was 
a  Civorite  re.sidence  of  William  IV. 

BU'SHI,  a  postK)ffice  of  Clark  co.,  Alabama. 

BUSHIRE,  boo-sheer',  (properly,  ABOO-SHEHR,  l-boo- 
shjh'r  or  3-boo-shaih'r,  "  father  of  cities.")  a  seaport  city  of 
Persia,  and  its  principal  entrepot  on  the  I'ersian  Gulf,  at  the 
N.  extremity  of  a  sandy  peninsula.  Lat.  "29°  X.,  Ion.  50° 
52'  E.  Pop.  variously  estimated  from  10,000  to  20,000, 
mostly  Persians,  Arabs,  and  Armenians.  On  the  land  side  it 
Is  protected  by  a  wall  with  round  towers,  and  on  the  other 
sides  enclosed  by  the  sea,  which  on  the  X.  forms  a  harbor 
line<i  by  some  wharves.  Being  built  of  white  stoue,  and  fur- 
nished with  hollow  turrets  for  ventilation,  it  has  externally 
a  handsome  appearance ;  but  its  streets  are  narrow  and  un- 
paved;  it  is  iU  supplied  with  water;  good  houses  are  very 
few;  and  its  public  buildings  comprise  only  a  few  inferior 
mosques,  the  sheikh's  palace,  a  dep6t  of  the  East  India 
Company,  a  large  bazaar,  some  poor  coffee-houses,  and  a 
solitary  bath.  Ships  of  300  tons  are  obliged  to  lie  in  a  road- 
stead, 6  miles  from  the  city.  Bushire  has,  however,  a  large 
trade  with  British  India,  importing  thence  rice,  indigo, 
sugar,  English  cotton  goods,  and  other  manufactures,  with 
steel,  spices,  porcelain,  &c..  from  China  and  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago. Coffee  is  imported  from  Mocha;  bullion  and 
European  manufactures  of  various  kinds  come  from  Bas- 
sorah.  Princip.<d  exports,  raw  silk.  Herman  wool,  sliawls, 
horses,  (to  India  for  cavalry  service.)  carpets,  silk  goods, 
dried  fruits,  grain,  Sheeraz  wine,  turquoises,  pearls,  assafoe- 
tida.  and  gall-nuts.  The  anchorage  is  indifferent  but  the 
best  on  the  coast.  It  consists  of  an  outer  road  exposed  to 
the  N.W.  winds,  and  a  safe  inner  harlior  with  4^  fathoms 
of  water,  2j  miles  from  the  town.  In  18.31,  the  plague  car- 
ried off  more  than  one-third  of  the  inhabitants.  The  East 
India  Company  has  a  resident  here,  who  superintends  all 
its  affiiirs  in  the  Peraian  Gulf. 

BUSH'KILL,  a  township  of  Nortliampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1937. 

BUSHKILL,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Delaware  River,  near  the  mouth  of  BushkiirCreek. 

BUSHKILL  CREEK,  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania,  fiiUs  into 
the  Delaware  River  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  county. 

BUSHKILL  CREEK,  of  Xorthampton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
enters  the  Delaware  at  Easton. 

BUSH'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

BUSH'MAX'S  RIVER.  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  flows 
generally  S.E.,  forming  the  Iwundary  between  the  districts 
of  Uitenage  and  Albany,  and  enters  the  Indian  Ocean  in 
Ion.  260  37' E. 

BUSHMEN,  South  Africa.    See  Bosjesman. 

BUSIPMILLS'.  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim,  on  the  Bush.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Coleralne.  Pop.  788. 
It  is  neat  and  improving,  with  a  court-house,  various  places 
of  worship,  and  villas  in  its  vicinity. 

BUSH'XELL'S  BASIX,  a  post  village  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  217  miles  AV.  bv  X.  of  Albany. 

BUSH'NELLSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Xew 
York. 

BUSH  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  a  small  stream  flowing 
south-eastward  through  Xewbury  district,  into  Saluda 
Biver. 

BUSH'S  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia. 

BUSH'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Laurel  co.,  Kentucky. 

BUSH'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Xew  York. 

BUSHVILLE.  a  post-village  of  i'ranklia  co.,  Georgia,  109 
miles  X.  of  Milledgeville. 

BUSH'AVICK.  a  township  of  King's  co.,  Xew  York.  By 
an  act  to  take  effect  .lanuary  1st.  1855,  Bushwick  is  to  be 
included  within  the  cliartered  limits  of  Brookljm. 

BUSHY  FORK,  a  little  village  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Coles 
CO..  Illinois. 

BUSIOXY,  btt^zeen^yee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Xord.  12  miles  from  Cambrai.     Pop.  in  1851,  2788. 

BUS'IXESS  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa. 

BUSK,  boosk,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  on  the  Bug, 
S2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lemberg.    Pop.  3000. 

BUSKERUD,  boosOtfr-ood'.  a  bailwick  in  Norway,  pro- 
rince  of  Airgershuus  ;  area.  5800  square  miles. 

BUS/KIRK'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO., 
New  York,  on  Hoosic  River,  29  miles  X.X.E.  of  Albany. 

BUSKO.  boosOco,  a  town  of  Poland,  44  miles  N.E.  of  Crar 
eow,  with  mineral  springs  and  baths.     Pop.  800. 

BOS/LlNGTH)RPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BUS'ROEN  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  Indiana. 

BU.SSAHKR,  bas'si-her\  a  Sikh  state.  North  India,  under 
British  protection,  immedi.itely  S.  of  the  Sutlej.  Lat,  31°  SO* 
N..  Ion.  78°  K.  Estim.ited  pop.  150,000.  Chief  town,  Rampoor. 

BUSSAXO,  btls*sd.N'>',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 


BUT 

■Vosges,  on  the  Moselle,  near  its  source,  14  mHes  S.E.  of 
Remiremont.  Pop.  2283.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce  in 
mineral  waters,  of  which  above  20,000  bottles  are  annually 
exported. 

BUSSEE,  bUs-see',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  19  miles  S.E.  of 
Jeypoor. 

BUSSEE,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  district  of  Boolundshahur, 
4  miles  X.  of  Sirhind,  and  rendered  pietui'esque  by  its  wh.'te 
pagodas  and  stone  pavilions. 

BUS/SELVILLE,  a  village  in  the  NJ!.  part  of  Lawrence 
CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Wabash  River. 

BUSSERACH,  (Biisserach.)  biLs'sgr-jK",  a  village  of  Swit 
zerland.  canton,  and  15  miles  X.  of  Soleure.  Pop.  COl.  Re- 
markable for  the  ruins  of  the  fortress  of  ThiasUin. 

BUS/SERO  CREEIv  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Vigo  co..  and, 
after  a  course  of  about  50  miles,  falls  into  the  Wabash, 
nearlv  15  miles  above  Vincennes. 

BUSSEROLES,  bUs'seh-rSll'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  10  miles  X.  of  Nonfron.    Pop.  2207. 

BUSSETO,  boos-sA'to,  a  town  of  Northern  It.ily,  duchy, 
and  17  miles  X.W.  of  Parma,  near  the  Ongina.    Pop.  1850. 

BUSSI£RE,  biis'se-aiB',  several  towns  or  villages  of  France, 
in  the  central  and  W.  departments :  the  principal.  BrssiiRB 
DcxoiSE,  bUs'se-aiR' dii^nwdz',  department  ofCreuse,  7^  miles 
N.W.  of  Gueret.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  185'2,  3031.  ' 

BUSSXAXG,  bMss'nJng,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Thurgau,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thur,  opposite 
AVeinfelden.    Pop.  2000. 

BUSSOLEXGO,boos-so-lSn'go,  a  village  of  Xorthern  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  9  miles  W.X.W.  of  Verona.  Pop. 
2400. 

BUSSOLINO,  boos-so-lee'no,  a  town  of  Sardinia.  5  miles 
E.  of  Susa,  on  the  Dora.  Pop.  1000.  In  its  environs  are 
quarries  of  green  marble. 

BVSSORAH.  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  B.^ssorah. 

BUSSUM.  btis'siim,  a  villase  of  the  Xetherlands.  province 
of  Xorth  Holland,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Amsterdam.    Pop.  740. 

BUSS/VILLE,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Illinois,  12  miles 
W.  by  X'.  of  Mount  Vernon. 

BUS^TAR',  a  town  and  district  of  British  India,  X.igpoor 
dominions,  124  miles  X.AV.  of  Chieaeole.  The  district  is 
mountainous  and  unexplored. 

BUSTARD  BAY,  a  bay  of  Au.striilia,  E.  coast,  lat.  24°  4' 
S.,  Ion.  161°  50'  E„  discovered  by  Captain  Cook  in  1770,  and 
named  by  him  from  a  species  of  bustard  found  there. 

BUSTEE,  btis'tee,  a  town  of  British  India,  province  of 
Oude.  40  iniles  W.  of  Goruckpoor. 

BUSTTI,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co.,New  York,  on 
Chautauqua  Lake.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Mavsville.    Pep.  2011. 

BUST'LETOX,  formerly  a  post-village  of  Phil:idelphia  co, 
Pennsylvania.  11  miles  X.E.  of  the  State-house.  It  is  now 
included  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the  city  of  I'hila- 
delphia.  It  contains  a  calico-printing  establishment,  ope- 
rated bv  water-power. 

BUSfO-ARSIZIO,  boos'to-.aR-seed'ze-o.  a  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  Lombardy,  19  miles  X.W.  of  MUan.  Pop.  9619.  It 
has  a  cotton  thread  fectory,  and  an  active  trade. 

BUSULUK.    See  Boozoolook. 

BUSUM,  boo'sMm,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Holstein.  with  a  port  on  the  North  Sea.  36  miles 
X.W."ofGlUckstadt.     Pop.  SOO. 

BUSVAGON.  boos-vS-gon',  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
5I,iIay  .\rchipelago,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Mindoro.  Length,  .about 
50  miles;  average  Ijreadth,  12  miles.  Surface  mountainous, 
but  it  has  been  little  explored. 

BUTCHER'S  ISL.\XD,  a  small  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
India,  in  Bombay  Harbor,  situated  between  Salsette  and  Ca- 
ranja  Islands. 

BUTCHER'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Randolph  co^  Vir- 
ginia. 

BtJTCOMBE,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Somerset. 

BUTE,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  form- 
ing, witii  Arran.  Ac,  the  county  of  Bute,  and  separated 
from  Argyleshire,  by  a  winding  channel  (the  Kyles  of  Bute,) 
generally  less  than  1  mile  across.  It  is  in  length  about  16 
miles,  and  from  3  to  5  in  breadth.  Area,  about  60  square 
miles.  Pop.  9499.  Its  northern  part  is  mountainous  and 
rugged;  its  centre  and  southern  parts  are  undulating,  with 
a  pretty  fertile  soil.  In  the  centre  are  the  small  lakes— Lake 
Fad,  Ascog.  and  Quein.  Its  climate  is  rather  moi-^t.  but  the 
mildness  and  equability  of  its  temperature,  have  made  it 
the  Civorite  resort  of  invalids.  On  its  eastern  coast  is  the 
town  of  Rothesay,  beautifully  situated,  and  Mouutstuart, 
the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Bute,  the  chief  proprietor. 

BUTE  or  BUTESHIRE,  but'shir,  a  county  of  ScotUnd. 
composed  of  Arran,  Bute,  the  Cumbrays.  Holy  Isle,  Pladda, 
and  Inchmarnoch.  the  whole  between  lat.  65°  32'  and  55" 
66'  N.,  and  Ion.  4°  5'2'  and  5°  17'  W.  Area  estimated  at  257 
square  miles,  or  165,000  acres,  of  which  6O.O1X)  are  culti- 
vated. 40.000  uncultivated,  and  65.000  unprofltabW.  Pop. 
in  1851,  16.608.  Chief  town,  Rothesay,  on  Bute  Ish  Jd.  Th« 
conntv  returns  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

BUTER.A.,  hoo-WrL  a  town  of  the  irJand  of  Sicilj-,  19 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Caltanisetta.    Pop.  4070. 

BUTETVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Miiftcn  Co.,  Oregon. 


BUT 

BtTTHROTTTM.    See  Butrinto. 

BUTI,  boo'tee,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  Q}4  miles  E.  of  Pisa, 
pop.  3498.    Its  vicinity  produces  excflleiit  olives. 

BUTIjKIGH,  btit^ee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Somerset. 

BUT'LER,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  has 
•n  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  The  Alleghany  River 
touches  the N.E. and S.E. extremities;  the N. part  is  di-ainod 
by  Slippery  Rock  Creek,  and  the  S.  part  by  Conequenes- 
ging  Creek.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating.  The  soil 
contains  a  large  portion  of  sand,  and  is  moderately  fertile. 
Bituminous  coal  is  abundant  in  many  places,  and  valu- 
able mines  of  iron  and  quarries  of  limestone  are  found. 
Organized  in  1800,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Richard 
Butler,  who  fell  at  S-t.  Clair's  defeat  in  1791.  Capital,  Butler. 
Pop.  .35,i594. 

BUTLER,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an 
area  of  875  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Sepulga  River, 
and  bounded  on  the  E.  by  tlie  Patsaliga  or  west  fork  of 
Conecuh  River.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  mode- 
rately fertile.  Cotton  and  Indian  corn  aie  the  staples.  Pine 
timber  is  abundant  in  the  county.  Capital,  Greenville.  Pop. 
18,1-22,  of  whom  11,304  were  free,  and  6S18  slaves. 

BUTLER,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  con- 
tains about  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Greene 
Kiver  (navigable  for  steamboats),  and  also  drained  by  Bar- 
ren River.  The  surface  is  hilly,  the  soil  moderately  fertile. 
Capital,  Morgantown.  Pop.  79-7,  of  whom  7157  were  free, 
and  770  slaves. 

BUTLER,  a  county  in  the  S.^y.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  455  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Miami  River,  and  also  drained  by  St.  Clair's, 
Mill,  and  Foiu-  Mile  Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly  level; 
the  soil  is  uniformly  and  highly  productive.  The  rock  which 
underlies  this  part  of  the  state  is  the  blue  or  Trenton  lime- 
stone, a  good  material  for  building.  The  county  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  water-power.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Miami  Canal,  and  by  the  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Dayton. 
The  Hamilton  and  Katon  Railroad  terminates  at  Hamilton, 
the  county-seat.    Organized  in  1S03.    Pop.  35,840. 

BUTLER,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  border- 
ing on  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  560  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  St.  Francis  River,  and  intersi«ted  by 
the  Big  Black  River  and  Cane  Creek.  Tlie  general  surface 
is  level.  Named  in  honor  of  William  0.  Butler,  of  Ken- 
tucky.   Pop.  2891,  of  whom  2839  were  free,  and  52  slaves. 

BUTLER,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Shell 
Rock  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  W.  Fork  of  Cedar  River. 
It  contains  extensive  prairies.  The  Dubuque  and  Sioux 
City  Railroad  passes  alone  the  southern  border.    Pop.  3724. 

BUTLKR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  co.,  New 
York,  45  miles  E.  of  Rocnester.    Pop.  2338. 

BUTLER,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsvlvanla.  Pop. 
1300. 

BUTLER,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Conequenessing  Creek,  30  miles  N.  of  I?ittsburg. 
It  is  a  pleasant  and  quiet  town,  having  an  elevateil  position 
and  an  extensive  prospect.  It  contains  an  academy,  a 
national  bank,  and  several  churchee.  Pop.  in  1850,  1148; 
in  1S60,  1399. 

BUTLER,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1081. 

BUTLER,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1467. 

BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co..  North  Carolina. 

BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co..  South  Carolina, 

BUTLKR,  Taylor  co.,  Georgia.    See  Appendix. 

BUTLER,  a  p"ost-office  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia. 

BUTLER,  a  new  post-village,  capital  of  Choctaw  cp.,  Ala- 
bama, about  100  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  by  S.  of  Mont- 
gomery. 

BUTLKR,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  parish,  Louisiana. 

BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Carter  Co.,  Tennessee. 

BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BUTLER,  a  township  in  Columbiana  co^  Ohio.  Pop. 
1587. 

BUTLER,  a  township  in  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1398. 

BUTLER,  a  township  in  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  726. 

BUTLER,  a  town>hip  in  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1042. 

BUTLER,  a  township  in  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
2271. 

BUTLER,  a  post-township  in  Richland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1050. 

BUTLER,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Branch  co, 
Michigan.     Pop.  1120. 

BUTLER,  a  post-township  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
873. 

BUTLER,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1399. 

HUTLER,  a  township  in  Miami  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1421. 

BUTLER,  a   pcs.'-office    of  Montgomery    county,   Illi- 

QOIS. 

BUTLER,  capital  of  Bates  co.,  Missoun.    See  Appendix. 
BUTLERi  Dunklin  co.,  Missouri.    Bee  Kennett. 


BUT 

BUTLER,  a  post-village  In  the  S.  part  of  Keokuk  co., 
Iowa,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Milwaukee  co.,  "Wisconsin,  S 
miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee  City. 

BUTLER'S  CREEK,  of  Richmond  co.,  Georgia,  flow.s  into 
the  Savannah  a  few  miles  below  Augusta. 

BUTLER'S  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co..  Ten. 
nessee,  85  miles  N.E.  of  Nashville. 

BUT'LER'S  MARS^rON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wai^ 

BUTI.ER'S  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama. 

BUT'LERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district, 
South  Carolina. 

BUT'LERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama. 

BUTLERVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.  Ohio. 

BUTLEK'VILLE  or  BUTLEHS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of 
.Jennings  co.,  Indiana.  6  miles  E.N.E.  from  Vernon. 

BUT'LEY,   a  parish  of  En^Maud.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

BUTLEY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

BUTrMAN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co  ,  Maine. 

BUTVJOL',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
64  miles  N.  of  Ooruckpoor. 

BUTOW,  (BUtow,)  bU'tov,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
53  miles  E.  of  Coslin.  Pop.  2100.  It  hiis  woollen  manufac- 
tures. 

BUTRINTO,  hoo-trin'to,  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  Epirus,  sanjak  of  Delvino,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  immediately  opposite  Corfu,  and  on  the  other  bank 
of  which  are  some  remains  of  the  ancient  Buflirn'lum.  Pop. 
15O0.  The  town  and  fortress  are  of  Venetian  construction. 
The  Lake  of  Hutrinto,  N.  of  the  town,  is  5  mUes  in  length, 
by  2  miles  in  bri-.idth. 

BUTSCHATSCII.    See  BnczAcz. 

BUTSCIIOWITZ  or  BUCZO'NVIC,  boo'cho-vits'.  a  town  of 
.Austria,  Moravlji,  circle,  and  18  miles  E.  of  Brilnn.  Pop. 
2473.  It  has  manufactories  of  cloths  and  morocco  leather, 
and  a  ca.<itle  of  the  Princes  of  Lichtenstein. 

BUT'TAIIAT'CIIIE,  a  small  river  of  Alabama  and  Missis- 
sippi, rises  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  former,  and,  flowing 
south-westward  into  the  Mississippi,  enters  the  Tombigbea 
nejir  liamilton. 

BU'ITAHATCmE  or  BUTTAHATCIIY,  a  post-office  of 
Monroe  CO.,  Mississippi. 

BUTTE,  bute.  a  county  in  the  northern  part  of  California, 
bordering  on  the  Utah  Territory,  has  an  area  estimated  at 
5000  square  mile.'s.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Sacramento 
River,  and  is  drained  by  Feather  River  and  its  Middle  Fork, 
which  afford  many  fine  mill  sites.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
and  in  some  parts  mountainous,  with  many  beautiful  and 
fertile  valleys  fitted  for  agriculture  and  stock-raising.  These 
valleys  are  timbered  and  P0^«red  with  the  finest  grass; 
water  is  abundant,  and  iiTi.'ation  easy.  The  mountains 
are  covered,  in  many  places,  with  m.ijestic  pines  and  cedars. 
The  scenerj-  is  hii;hly  picturesque.  Butte  Mountains,  on  the 
Sacramento  River,  Table  Mountain,  near  Feather  River, 
having  the  appearance  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  the  lofty 
Mount  Hood,  whose  snow-capped  summit  may  be  seen  at 
an  immense  distance,  are  situated  in  this  county.  The  soil, 
when  not  too  much  broken,  is  generally  fertile.  The  amount 
of  capital  employed  in  quartz  mining,  inl852,  was  $-340,764; 
in  placer  mining  $22,350,  and  in  other  mining  $55,650. 
I'latina  and  iron  abound  in  all  the  mining  districts,  but  not 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  justify  the  use  of  machinery. 
Quicksilver  is  found  in  abundance:  silver  in  small  quan- 
titii^s,  and  lead  in  a  pure  state  on  the  head-waters  of  Middle 
Fork.  Gold  is  found  in  the  county,  chiefly  imbedded  in 
(luartz,  the  mining  of  which  pays  a  good  percentage.  The 
name  of  the  tounty  was  derived  from  the  Butte  Moun- 
tains, on  Sacramento  River.  County  seat,  Hamilton.  Pop. 
in  1860,  12,106. 

liUTTE,  a  small  town  of  Butte  co.,  in  the  northern  part 
of  California,  is  situated  on  the  Sacramento  River,  about 
75  miles  above  its  junction  with  Feather  River,  and  on  the 
road  from  Fremont  to  Sliasta,  125  miles  in  a  direct  line  N. 
by  E.  from  San  Francisco. 

BUTTE  DES  MORTS,  bute  dk  mort,  (Fr.  pron.  bUt-di- 
moR',)  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  tha 
lake  of  the  same  name,  about  So  miles  N  N.E.  of  Madison. 
It  lias  1  ste.ani-niill.  a  national  bank,  and  4  stores. 

IJUTTELSTADT.  (Buttelstfidt.)  boof tel-8t?tt\  a  town  of 
Germany,  Saxe-M'eimar,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Buttstadt.  Pop.  825. 

BUin'EliFIiY.  a  post-office  of  Oswego  CO.,  New  York. 

BUT'TiCK  HILL,  in  Orange  ro..  New  York,  a  steep  emi- 
nence on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  Breakneck 
Hill.    Height  about  15.30  feet. 

BUTTE  RIVER,  rises  in  Butte  CO.,  towards  the  N.N.W. 
part  of  California,  and.  flowing  in  a  general  S.S.W.  course, 
falls  into  the  Sacramento  River,  in  Sutter  co.,  about  30  miles 
above  Fremont. 

BUTTEKLEIGII,  hftfter-le,  parish  of  England,  co.  Devon. 

BUTTEULEY,  but/ter-!e,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of 
Derbv,  3  miles  S.  of  Alfreton.  Its  inhabitants  are  engaged 
in  the  eolleries  and  iron-works  of  a  company  established 
here  in  1792,  at  which  the  Vauxhall  and  other  iron 
bridges  in  the  metropolis  and  elsewhere,   the  iron  colon- 

223 


BUT 


BYB 


iiade  of  tlie  opera-house  in  London,  large  iron  macbinery, 
ana  seme  p.>werful  steam-engines,  have  teen  made. 

liU'l'TKltMEllli,  bCit/ter-meer,  a  parisli  of  Jiugland,  co. 
of  Wilts. 

BUTl'ERMERE.  a  cliapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, Ti  miles  S.W.  of  IvL-swick.  The  L;ike  Butteimere  is 
abc'it  IJ  in  length  by  5  mile  in  ^ridth,  and  surrounded  by 
sublime  mountain  scenery. 

BUTTEllMlHv,  a  postoffice  of  Orange  co.,  New  York. 

BUTTERMILK  CIL\XXEL,  of  New  York  liarbor,  sepa- 
rates Governor's  IsUnd  from  Long  Island. 

BUTTERMILK  FALLS,  of  New  York,  a  small  cascade  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  2  miles  lielow  West  Point. 

BUTTERJIILIv  FALLS,   a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co 
PeiinsylvauLi,    on   the   Susquehanna  River,   and    on   the 
North"  Brancli  Canal,  135  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg,  has  a 
very  excellent  water-power.    The  name  of  the  post-ofi5ce  is 
simply  '•Falls." 

BUt'TEKNUT  RIDGE,  a  post-office  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio. 

BUTTERNUTS,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  county,  New 
York,  90  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Albany,  is  drained  by  Uua- 
dilla  River.     Pop.  2365. 

BUITERVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  'Warren  co., 
Ohio. 

BUTTERWICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BUTTERWICK,  WEST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. There  are  several  smaller  townships  in  the  cos.  of 
York  and  Lincoln  named  Buttertvick. 

BUTTER  WORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 3  miles  E.  of  Rochdale.  Pop.  5088,  chiefly  employed 
in  cotton  and  woollen  Cictories. 

BUTTES,  biitt,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  19 
miles  S.>V.  of  Neufchatel.  has  1000  inhabitants,  and  exten- 
sive manufactories  of  watches.  The  position  of  this  village, 
in  a  narrow  valley  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  renders 
the  sun  invisible  during  many  months  in  the  ye;ir. 

BUT^TEVANT',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  Arobeg, 
Si  miles  W.  of  Doncraile.  Pop.  1524.  It  was  formerly  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  it  has  the  ruins  of  numerous  ecclesias- 
tical etlifices.  an  old  castle,  and  large  infantry  barracks. 

BUTTIGLIERA,  boot-teel-yA'ri,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  16 
miles  X.W.  of  Asti.     Pop.  2252. 

BUTTIGLIERA  URIOLA,' boot-teel-yd/ra  oo-re</ia.  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Sus;i.     Pop.  1194. 

BUTTINGTON,  a  parish  of  North  AVales,  co.  of  Montgo- 
mery, on  the  Severn,  and  partly  included  in  the  borough 
of  Welslipool.  Offa's  Dyke  separates  the  co.  of  Salop  from 
this  parish,  in  which  a  sanguinary  hittle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  Saxons  and  Danes  in  894,  and,  at  a  subsequent 
period,  one  between  the  Welsh  and  English,  which  was 
nearly  the  last  fought  for  Wefsh  independence. 

BUTTISIIOLZ,  booftiss-h6lts\  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  11  miles  N.W.  of  i^iucerne,  on  a 
tributary  of  the  Wigger,  and  remarkable  for  a  mound  in  its 
vicinity,  called  the  Englinderliubd,  or  "  English  hillock," 
iirom  containing  the  bones  of  3CKX)  Englishmen,  followers  of 
Ingelram-de-Coucy,  son-in-law  of  Edward  111.,  and  Duke  of 
Bedford,  who,  having  a  feud  with  Leopold  of  Austria,  was 
devastating  the  Swiss  cantons,  when  the  peasants  attacked 
and  defeated  him.    Pop.  17o8. 

BUTTOX-NESS/,  a  prominent  headland  of  .Scotland  on 
the  northern  side  of  the  entrance  into  the  Frith  of  Tay,  lat. 
56°  28'  N.;  Ion.  2°  40'  W.  There  are  two  light-houses  here, 
with  bright  fixed  lights  on  separate  towers. 

BUTTS,  bats,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Qeorgia,  has 
an  area  of  about  ISO  square  miles.  The  Oconee  River  forms 
its  Ixjundary  on  the  E.  and  N.E. ;  it  is  also  drained  by  Tussa- 
haw.  Yellow  Water,  and  Sandy  Creeks.  The  general  sur- 
face is  level ;  the  soil  moderately  fertile.  Granite  underlies 
part  of  the  county.  The  IndLin  Springs  on  Sandy  Creek 
are  frequented  by  many  persons  in  summer.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Captain  Samuel  Butts,  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
1812.  Capital,  Jackson.  Pop.  0455,  of  whom  3388  were  iree, 
and  3067  slaves. 

BUTTSBURY,  btltsOj^-re,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ex- 
sex. 

BUT15TADT,  (Buttstadt,)  bOCfst^tt,  a  town  of  Central 
Germany,  d  uchy  of  Sax e-Weimar,  11  miles  N.N  .E.  of  Weimar. 
Pop.  2000.    Four  miles  S.W.  is  the  town  of  Buttelstildt. 

BUTTS'VILLE.  a  village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Petiuest  Creek,  5  miles  E.  from  Belvidere,  has  a  church, 
a  mill,  and  12  or  16  dwellings. 

BUT'TULPil,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BUTYIN,  boot/yeen,  or  BUTTZEX.  boot/tsen,  a  town  of 
Hungary,  E.  of  the  Theiss,  co.,  and  37  miles  N.E.  of  Arad. 
Pop.  3775. 

BUTZ,  baats,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau, 
7  miles  N.  of  Auran.    Pop.  250,  Roman  Catholics. 

BUTZBACH,  Wxits'ljaK,  a  town  of  Western  Germany. 
Hes.se  Darmstadt.  11  miles  S.  of  Giessen.  Pop.  2246.  It  has 
manufactures  of  tliinnels,  hosiery,  and  leather. 

BUTZOW,  (BUtzow.)  bUts/dv,  a  decayed  town  of  North  Ger- 
many, Mecklenburg— Schwerin,  on  the  Warnow,  18  miles 
S.W.  of  Rostock.    Pop.  3894.    It  has  mauutactures  of  paner 
334  '^ 


and  playing-cards.  Its  old  episcopal  residence  now  serrrs 
for  a  prison,  and  its  university  was  conjoined  with  that  of 
Rostock  in  1789. 

BUTZ/TOX,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 55  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

BUVIESC.i.  boo-ve-ts'kd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Castillej 
20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Burgos,  on  the  Oca.    Pop.  2061. 

BUX'AR/,  a  town  and  fortre-^s  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  on  the  Ganges,  73  miles  W.  of  Patna,  and 
famous  fjr  a  complete  victory  obtained  in  17f4,  by  7000 
Eui-opeans  and  sepoys,  under  Sir  H.  Monro,  over  a  com- 
bined native  army  of  40,00i)  men,  2000  of  whom  were  left 
dead  on  the  field,  and  many  drowned  in  their  flight. 

BUX^EDAVAR'  a  strong  and  remarkable  pass  across  the 
IlimaLiya  Mountains,  from  the  Cooch-Bahar  (Ilindostan) 
into  Bootan.  80  miles  X.N.E.  of  Kungpoor,  in  Bengal. 
BU-VEXTUM.    See  Policastro. 
BU.VHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Suffolk. 

BUXT'ED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

BUXTEHUDE.  boo-t't^'b-hoo'deh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  land- 
drostei.and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Stade,ou  the  Egte,  uejirits  mcuth 
in  the  Elbe.  Pop.  2200.  It  has  manufactures  of  starch,  letither, 
snuff,  and  wax-lights ;  and  import  trade  from  Hamburg. 

BUX'TOX',  (L.  Bucostunum.)  a  market-town,  chapelry, 
and  Cishionable  watering-place  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
parish  of  Bakewell,  near  the  source  of  the  Wye.  31  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Derby,  and  160  miles  N.N.W.  of  Loudon.  Pop. 
in  1851,  12-35.  It  is  situated  in  a  deep  valley,  and  con- 
sists of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  the  latter  containing  many 
fine  ranges  of  buildings,  including  a  noble  crescent,  excel- 
lent hotels  and  shops,  an  elegant  modern  chmx'h.  public 
and  private  baths,  assembly-rooms,  the  whole  founded  by 
the  late  Duke  of  Devon.shire,  who  also  established  several 
schools  and  a  lending-library.  The  ''  Old  Hall,"  once  the 
residence  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scot",  is  now  an  inn.  The 
upper  town,  or  village,  is  unprepossessing,  but  it  contains  • 
some  tolerable  inns  and  lodging-liouses,  with  an  old  market 
cross.  The  saline  waters  in  the  lower  town  are  from  a  hot 
and  a  cold  spring,  within  a  few  inches  of  each  other;  there 
is  also  a  chalybeate  spring.  Buxton  is  frequented  annually 
by  from  10.000  to  12,000  visitoi-s,  chiefly  lietween  June  and 
October.  From  1000  to  12U0  poor  invalids  annu.ally  avail 
themselves  of  the  "bath-charity,"  by  means  of  which  they 
are,  on  proper  recommendation,  maintained  for  a  month, 
while  using  the  waters.  Many  of  the  resident  inhabitants 
are  engaged  in  the  manufacturer  of  alabiisttT,  spar,  and 
other  ornaments.  The  vicinity  abounds  with  fine  .scenery; 
and  adjacent  to  the  town  are  Ptole's  Hole,  a  vast  stalactitie 
cavern,  and  Diamond  Hill,  so  ciilled  from  a  profusion  of 
crystals  dispersed  through  its  structure. 

BUXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BUXTON,  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
western  side  of  Saco  River,  aljout  60  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of 
Augusta,  has  abundant  water-power.     Pop.  285:!. 

BUXTOX',  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on  the  York 
and  Cumberland  Railroad,  15  miles  W.  of  Portland.  It 
contains  a  church,  a  store,  and  about  100  inhabitants. 

BUXTOX  AXD  BAR  MILL,  a  village  of  York  Co.,  Maine, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  S.ico  River,  and  at  the  E.  terminus  of  the 
York  and  Cumberland  Railroad,  IS  miles  W.  of  Portland. 
It  has  1  church,  stores,  and  about  400  inhabitants. 

BUXY.  biik'see'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Saone-et-Loire.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Ch&lons.     Pop.  in  1852,  1995. 

BUYCKSVILLE,  Mks'vil,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  co.,Alabama. 

BUYTRAGO.  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Buii'R.UiO. 

BUZAXC  AIS,  bU'z3.\='s;l',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Indre.  on  tno  Indre,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Cliateauroux.  Pop.  in 
1852.  4979.     In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  iron-works. 

BUZ.iXCY,  btl'zSNO'see',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardennes,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Mezieres.  Pup.  892.  Ith.~isa 
castle.  !fnd  a  Saracenic  edifice  of  the  twelfth  centurj'. 

BUZ'BEEYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  co.,  Al.ibama. 

BUZEX',  boc/zgn,  a  province  of  Japan,  in  the  N.  of  the 
island  of  Ivioo-Sioo,and  separated  from  Xiphon  by  the  Strait 
of  \an-der-Capellen,  here  scarcely  1  mile  across.  It  lies  lie- 
tween  lat.  33°  23'  and  34°  N.,  li>n.  130°  40'  and  131°  23'  E., 
and  conipi-ises  23  islands,  all  unimportant. 

BUZET.  bil'z.'l'.  a  town  of  Franco,  department  of  Lot-et- 
6aronne,  arrondissoment,  and  7  miles  X.  of  Xfirac.  Pop. 
1617.    Excellent  wine  is  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

BUZZARD  ROOST,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Al.abam.-i. 

BUZZARD  BOOST,  a  post-office  of  NichoLis  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

BUZ'ZARDS  BAY,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Mass;ichu.setts,  is 
30  miles  long,  with  a  mean  width  of  7  miles,  and  contains 
the  harbors  of  New  Bedford.  Fair  Haven.  Rochester,  and 
Wareham.  The  Elizabeth  Islands  separate  it  from  Vine- 
yard Sound. 

BUZ'ZARDSVILLE,  a  village  of  Madison  co,  Indiana,  44 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

BY'AM  MARTINS  ISLAXD,  Pacific  Ocean,  is  in  lat.  lO" 
40'  22"  S..  and  Ion.  140°  22'  2S"  W.  It  was  discovered  by 
Sir  AV.  Beechey  in  1826. 

BYBERRY,  bl'bfr-re,  a  former  posttownsblp  of  Phfiv 
delphia  co.,  Pennsylvania,  14  miles  N.E.  of  the  State-house ; 


BYE 


CAB 


It  is  now  included  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the  city. 
Pop.  in  1850.  1130. 

IJY'KHSVILLK,  a  post-village  in  the  S.  part  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  York,  16  miles  S.  of  Genesee. 

BYKSVIMiK.  blx'vil,  a  post-office  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio. 

BY''FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

UYFIELD.  a  post-village,  partly  in  Newbury,  and  partly 
In  Kowley  township.s,  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts,  35  miles  N. 
by  E,  of  Boston.  A  fall  in  Parker  River  affords  good  water- 
power.  Dummer  Academy,  founded  in  1756,  is  located  in 
the  village. 

BY't'l>KET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

BY'FOUD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BYGONBAKRY,  bi-gon-blr'ree,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Brahmapootra,  73  miles  N.  of 
Dacca. 

BYGRAVE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

BYILVLTA,  a  p^jst-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  road  from  Memphis  to  Holly  Springs,  18  miles  N.W. 
of  the  latter. 

BYIIALIA,  a  postK)fnce  of  Union  co.,  Ohio. 

BYI.NtiTON,  bi'ing-t9n,  a  postofflce  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

BY'KEK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
on  the  'f  yne,  I5  miles  E.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  in  1S51,  7040, 
employed  in  various  manufactures,  &c.  connected  with  the 
Newcastle  trade. 

BY^KIIOF.  be-Kof,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  55 
miles  S.  of  Tchemigov. 

BYKIKJF,  NO'VO,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  38 
miles  S.  of  Mnheelev. 

BYKHOF,  STAROr,  sti-roi'  be-Kof,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  26  miles  S.  of  Moheelev;  an  old  fortitied 
town  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dnieper.  Pop.  3900.  It  has 
several  churches,  convents,  and  a  synagogue. 

BY'KU.XD,  bi*ktlnd',  a  ruined  city  of  Independent  Toor- 
kist^in,  khanat,  and  23  miles  S.W.  of  Bokhara.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  one  of  the  oldest  cities  in  that  region,  and  it  re- 
tains remains  of  high  antiquity. 

B\''LAND.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Helmsley.  Pop.  97.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  a  noble  abbey,  founded  in  the  twelfth  century. 

BYLAND.  OLD.  a  parish  contiguous  to  the  above. 

BYL.\UGII.  bi'law,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

BY'LKR'S  MILLS,  a  vill.-ige  of  Morgan  co.,  Missouri,  56 
mfles  W.S.W.  of  .JefTerson  City. 

BYRAGHUR,  bPrd-gur',  (Hind.  Vairagliur,)a  town  of  In- 
dia, Nagpoor  dominion,  on  the  Mahanuddy,  75  miles  S.W. 
of  Sumbhulpoor. 

BYRAGHUR,  a  village  of  Hindostan,  In  Rajpootana,  5 
miles  W.  of  Dillanpoor. 

BY'R.\  M,  a  township  of  Sussex  co.,  New  Jersey.  Pop.  1202. 

BY'RAMGHAUT',atown  of  Hindostan,  in  Oude,  on  the 
Goggra.  34  miles  N.E.  of  Lucknow. 

BY'RAM  RIVER,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Connecticut,  ent«rs 
Long  Island  Sound  on  the  boundary  between  this  state  and 
New  York. 

BYRD,  bird,  a  township  in  Brown  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1283. 

BYRNE,  bjrn,  a  post-office  of  .lackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

BY'RNE'ViLLE,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana, 
about  105  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis,  was  laid  out  in  1860. 

BYRN'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co..  New  Y'ork, 
46  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

BY'RON.  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine.  56  miles 
N.W.  of  Augu.sta.    Pop.  323. 


BYRON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co.,  Nen 
York,  on  the  liviffalo  and  Rochester  Railroad,  Ud  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Rochester.  It  has  2  churches  and,several  stores^ 
Pop.  1864. 

BYRON,  a  small  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio. 

BYRON,  a  townsliip  in  Kent  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1039. 

BYRON,  a  thriving  post-viilage  of  Burns  townshi]),  .Shia- 
wat-see  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  t-liiawassee  River,  abost  SJ 
miles  E.  of  Lansing.'  It  has  an  extensive  water-power,  and 
contains  a  flouring-mill,  a  woollen  factory,  an  iron  foundry, 
3  stores,  Ac. 

BYRON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Northern  Iniliana  R;iilroad,  5  miles  N.E.  of  i-a 
Porte,  ihe  county-seat,  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and 
fertile  i)rairie. 

BYRON,  a  post-village  an<l  township  in  Ogle  co..IIlinois,on 
Rock  River,  about  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Oregon  City.  P.  1105. 

BYRON,  a  post-township  in  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  VVisconsin, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  13iJ6. 

BYRON'S  BAY,  E.  coast  of  Labrador,  North  America,  In 
lat.  54°  40'  N.,  Ion.  57°  30'  W. 

BYRON'S  ISLAND,  of  the  Mulgrave  Archipelago,  in  the 
Pacific.  Lat.  1°  IS'  S.;  Ion.  177°  20'  E.  It  is  low,  densely 
wooded,  and  was  discovered  by  Admiral  Bj'ron  in  1705. 

BY'RONSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dooly  co.,  Georgia. 

BYRRIA,  bir'ro-a.  a  town  of  India,  Gwalior  dominions,  16 
miles  from  Oojein ;'  in  1S20  it  contained  1000  houses. 

BYSKE,  bUs/k.i,  bis'kJh.  a  river  of  Sweden,  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  in  lat.  64° 57' N.,. after  a  direct  S.E.  course  of 
110  miles.     At  its  mouth  is  tlie  small  town  of  Byskea. 

BYTHAM  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

BYTHAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
adjoining  the  above. 

B\''Tli()RN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

BY'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

BY'TOWN,  the  capital  of  Carleton  co.,  Canada  West,  tg 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ottawa  River,  and  on  a 
railroad  connecting  Bytown  with  Prescott,  about  110  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Kingston.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Town,  and  has  an  hospital  and  nunnery,  branch  banks,  a 
telegraph  company,  and  agencies  of  3  life  and  fire  insurance 
companies.  The  town  also  contains  alwut  50  stores,  several 
printing  offices,  an  axe  factory,  foundry,  and  machine  shop, 
and  numerous  other  establislimentsi  Three  newspapers  are 
published  here.  Bytown  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
places  in  Canada  West,  and  carries  on  a  large  trade  by 
means  of  the  Ottawa  River  and  the  Rideau  Canal,  which 
conncct-i  it  with  Kingston.     Sue  Ott.^wa  in  AppKxirix. 

BYTURNEY,  bi-toor^nee,  or  VAITURANI,  vi-too-rS/nee, 
a  river  of  Hindostan,  rising  in  the  mountainous  region  of 
Cliuta  Nagpoor.  province  of  Bahar,  and  after  a  S.E.  course 
of  from  300  to  4iX)  miles,  falling  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
near  Doomrah,  lat.  20°  37'  N. 

BYnVELL.  ST.  ANDREW'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland. 

BYWELL.  ST.  PETER'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  the  Tyne.  The  village,  which  is 
situated  in  both  parishes,  is  very  picturesque.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  woods,  and  has  2  churches,  the  ruins  of  a 
ca.stle  of  the  Baliols,  and  of  an  .ancient  bridge  over  the  Tyne. 

BYZANTIUM,  biz-.an'she-um,  (Gr.  Bvf  airio*',  Buzantitm, 
or  XivaavTiov,  Busantimi,)  an  ancient  city  on  the  site  of  the 

modern  Constantinople.     See  Coxstantinople. Adj.  and 

inhab.,  Byzantine,  be-zan'tin,  and  Byzantian,  be-zan'she-an.* 


C 


CAACATY,  kl'kJ-tee',  an  Indian  village,  77  miles  E.  by 
S.  of  the  city  of  Corrientes,of  the  Argentine  Confedera- 
tion. Pop.  800.  Caaeaty  means  stinking  wood — a  name  de- 
rived from  the  odor  of  the  wood  in  the  vicinity. 

CABABURI,  k4-li3-boo-ree',  a  river  of  Brazil,  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Mataraca  and  Baria,  pursues  a  S.  course 
for  120  miles,  and  falls  into  the  Rio  Negro  at  lat.  0°  10'  S., 
Ion.  66°  30'  W. 

CARAQA.  kl-bH/sI,  a  town  of  Africa,  South  Guinea,  in  the 
countrv  of  Ginga,  about  lat.  8°  S.,  Ion.  20°  21'  E. 

CABAGAN,  ki-bd-gdn',  a  town  of  the  Philippine  Isl.ands, 
in  the  province  of  Cagayan,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the 
island  of  Luzon.     Pop.  in'l838,  11,186. 

CABALABA,  kd-bd-ia/bi  a  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  a  tri- 
butaiy  of  the  Cbrentyn,  which  it  joins  about  lat  5°  N.,  Ion. 
67°  3'  W.  It  is  about  100  yards  wide  at  its  mouth,  but  is 
bro.ader  6  miles  higher  up.  It  is  extremely  winding  in  its 
«)urse.  and  its  water  is  of  an  ochreous  color. 

CABALUNGA,  kd-ba-loon'gil,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sa^ 
•nar,  one  of  the  Philippines,  the  residence  of  the  Spanish  al- 
calde of  the  island. 

CAB.A.NES.  kd-nd/nis,  a  town  of  Sp.ain,  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  1019. 

CABANNES-ET-BARRES,  kd'bdnn'A-bdRR,  a  village  of 
france,  department  of  Tarn.    Pop.  of  commune,  1154. 


CABAPUANA,  kd-ba-poo-d^nd,  (called  also  erroneously 
CAMPUAN  RERITIGBA  and  MURIBECA.)  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Espirito  Santo,  rises  in  the  N.  slopes  of 
the  Serra  de  Pico,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  21°  25' 
S.,  after  a  direct  course  of  80  miles,  of  which  about  30  are 
navigable  for  canoes. 

CABAR'RUS  or  CABARR AS,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central 
part  of  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  about  350  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  several  branches  of  Rocky  River,  an 
affluent  of  the  Yadkin.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountain- 
ous :  a  part  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  A  considerable  quantity 
of  gold  was  found  here  about  fifty  years  ago.  The  county 
was  formed  in  1792,  and  named  in  honor  of  Stephen  Cabar- 
rus, speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  North  Carolina. 
Capital,  Concord.  Pop.  10,546,  of  whom  7506  were  free,  and 
3040  slaves. 

CAB'BAGETOWN,  a  village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, 12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Trenton. 

"CABEgO  DE  VIDE,  kd-bd'so  dA  vee'dd.  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Alemt<^o,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Aviz.     Pop.  2000. 


*  These  are  sometimes  employed  to  desi^ate  an  inhabitant  of 
the  modern  Turkish  capital.  The  Eastern  Roman  Empire,  th« 
seat  of  which  was  at  Constantinople,  is  frequently  called  th« 
"  Byzantine  Empire." 

326 


CAB 


CAB 


CAB'ELL, »  com  ly  in  the  W.  part  of  W.  Virginia,  borders 
On  the  Oliio  Kiver,  which  separates  it  from  the  state  of  Ohio, 
area  about  448  square  miles.  The  Guyandotte  River  flows 
through  the  county  into  the  Ohio.  The  surface  is  uneven ; 
the  soil  partly  fertile.  The  main  thoroughfare  from  Rich- 
mond to  the  Ohio  River  passes  through  the  county.  Formed 
in  1S09,  and  named  in  honor  of  William  H.  Cabell,  governor 
of  Virginia  in  1^0-^.  Capital,  Barboursville.  Pop.  S0::0,  of 
whom  7715  were  free,  and  3u5  slaves. 

CABELL,  a  post-offiie  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

CABELL  COURT-HOUSK,  a  post-office  of  Cabell  co.,West 
Virginia. 

CABELLOS  DA  VELHA,  kl-Wlloce  dJ  yWji,  a  bay  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Maranhao.  It  is  about  8  miles-  square. 
and  is  interspersed  with  islands  and  sandbanks,  renderiug 
it  difficult  of  access.    It  is  intersected  by  lat.  1°  40'  S. 

CABEXD.\  or  KABEXDA.  kl-b^u'di,  a  seaport  town  of 
■Western  Africa,  South  Guinea.  Angoy,  40  miles  N.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Zaire.  Its  harbor  had  formerly  a  con- 
siderable export  trade  iu  slaves,  ivory,  and  wax. 

CABES.  kSWes,  GABES  or  KIIABS,  kdb3,(anc.  Tacfape  or 
Tucfapa,)  a  seajwrt-town  of  Africa,  dominions  and  200  miles 
S.  of  Tunis,  at  the  mouth  of  a  smiill  river  (anc.  Tri'txm)  in 
the  Gulf  of  Calies.  It  exports  a  considerable  quantity  of 
henna. 

CiBES,  GUI-F  OF,  (anc.  SyrHis  iU'nm\)  an  inlet  of  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Africa,  between  the 
islands  of  Kerkenna  and  Jerba.  Lat.  about  34°  Jv'.,  and 
Ion.  from  10^  to  11°  E.  On  its  shores  ai-e  the  towns  of  Car 
bes  or  Khabs.  and  Sfax  or  Sfakus. 

CABEZA  DEL  BDEY,  ka-bi/thi  All  boo-J/,  or  bwj,  a  town 
of  Spain,  8C  miles  E.S.E.  of  Badajos.  Pop.  5994.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  woollen  cloths  aud  linens.  There  are  several 
small  towns  in  Spain  called  Cabeza  and  Cabezas. 

CABEZAS  DE  SAN  JUAX.  kaWthds  di  sdn  nooln',  a 
town  of  Spain,  27  miles  S.  of  Seville.  Pop.  3471.  It  is  very 
ancient,  and  has  a  Moorish  castle. 

C.\BEZOX,  kl-b.i-thoii'.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  7  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Vailadolid.  on  the  Pisuerga.  It  was  the  scene  of 
one  of  the  first  battles  of  the  Peninsular  Wars  in  1808. 

CABEZUELA,  kd-bjl-thoo-ili,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  16  miles  X.E.  of  Plasencia,  on  the  Jerte.   Pop.  2328. 

CABIAO,  ka-Be^w',  a  town  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  in 
the  Philippines,  province  of  Pampanga,  N.W.  of  Manila. 
Pop.  4940. 

CAB1LL0XU5I.    See  Ch.ixon-sub-Saone. 

CAB'IX  BLUFF,  a  village  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia,  11  mUes 
N.  by  W.  of  St.  Mary's. 

CABIX  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Kentucky. 

CABIX  II ILL.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  New  York, 
76  miles  W.S.W.  of  ,\lbauy. 

CABIX  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Elkhart  co..  Indiana. 

CABIX  POIXT,  a  small  postrvillage  in  Surrey  oo.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

CABIRA,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Seevas. 

CA'BLE,  a  post-office  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio. 

CA'BLE  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Cork,  in  the  Atlantic.  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  YoughaL 

CABO  DO  XORTE,  Brazil.    See  Cape  Xobth. 

CABO  FRIO,  ki'bo  fi-ee'o,  (t.  e.  "cool  cape,")  a  city  and  sea- 
port of  Brazil,  X.E.  of  the  cape  of  the  .«ame  name,  province 
and  75  miles  X.E.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Pop.  in  1845, 3500.  It  has 
an  electoral  college,  established  in  1840,  and  numerous  pri- 
mary schools.  The  town  is  situated  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Lake  Araruam.H.  and  is  connected  with  the  continent  by  a 
stone  bridge,  built  in  1836.  Climate  unhealthy.  It  has  an 
extensive  commerce  in  salt. 

OABOOL,  kai>ool',*  written  also  CABOUL,  CABUL,  and 
CA0BUL,  a  fortified  city,  and  the  capital  of  Xorthem  Af- 
ghanistan, on  the  Cabool  River,  here  crossed  by  3  bridges, 
6396  feet  above  the  sea,  and  S2  miles  N.X,E.  of  Ghuznee. 
Lat.  34°  30'  X.;  Ion.  69°  6'  E.  Pop.  about  60,000.  It  is  en- 
closed on  the  N.W.  and  S.  sides  by  hills,  along  which  run 
Bome  weak  ramparts;  and  at  its  E.  end  is  the  Bala  Uissar, 
("  palace  of  the  kings.")    This  citadel  comprises  the  resi- 

♦  The  French  write  this  name  Caboul,  while  the  Germans, 
Italians,  Spaniards,  and  Portuguese  write  it  Cahut,  but  pro- 
nounce the  latter  syllable  bool.  Nevertheless,  we  are  assured, 
on  the  best  authority,  that  the  native  inhabitants  write  and  pro- 
nounce it  without  any  vowel  between  the  6  and  I,  which  might 
be  represented  in  English  thus— Kab"I.  The  European  pronun- 
ciation, however,  seems  unalterably  fixed  ;  and  we  ought,  per- 
haps, tu  acquiesce  the  more  willingly,  because  the  original  name 
could  not  be  restored  without  some  loss  of  euphony. 

Moore  writes  the  name  Caubul,  but  accentuates  the  last  syl- 
lalle :— 

"  Pomegranates  ftiU 

Of  melting  sweetness,  and  the  pearl 
And  sunniest  apples  th.it  Caubuu 
Id  all  its  thousand  gardens  bears."— ZaZZa  lloolcJi. 
Jtigtn  adopts  the  same  accentuation : — 

"From  Alexandria  southward  to  Sennaar, 
And  eastward  through  Damascus,  and  Cabdl, 
And  Samarcand,  to  thy  great  wall,  Cathay." 

Italif,  part  le'coud,  X. 


dence  of  the  chief,  various  government  offices,  roy.\l  gar- 
dens, an  inner  fort,  and  a  small  town  with  6000  inhabitants. 
The  outer  town,  about  3  miles  in  circumference,  is  entered 
by  4  gates,  and  has  two  piiucipal  thoroughfares  running 
parallel  to  each  other,  the  X.  of  which  led  to  the  mag- 
nificent baziwr  destioyed  by  the  British  on  their  evacuation 
of  Cabool  in  184'.J.  The  city  is  subdivided  into  districts,  each 
enclosed  with  walls,  and  capable  of  being  .shut  ofl'  from  the 
rest,  so  as  to  form  a  separate  fortress;  and  in  the  S.W,  dis- 
trict is  a  pretty  strongly  fortified  quarter,  inhabited  by  Per- 
sians or  Kuzzilbashes,  of  whom  there  are  from  10.000  to 
12,000  in  the  city.  The  streets  are  intricate,  often  too  nar- 
row for  two  horsesmen  to  pass  each  other,  and  very  badly 
paved.  Houses  in  general  two  or  three  stories  hif;h,  built 
of  sun-dried  bricks  and  wood,  with  fiat  roo&;  those  of 
the  wealthy  inhabitants  have  extensive  courts  and  gardens. 
There  are  no  public  buildings  of  any  note  in  the  city:  even 
the  places  of  worship  are  very  ordinary -looking  buildings, 
although  many  are  spacious  and  commodious.  There  is  but 
one  madrussa  or  college,  and  it  has  neither  endowments 
nor  scholars.  Semis  or  caravanserais  and  l>aths  are  nume- 
rous, but  the  former  are  inelegant  and  inconvenient,  and 
the  latter  disgustingly  filthy.  There  are  two  princip.al  ba- 
zaars, running  nearly  parallel  to  each  other,  one  of  which 
is  three-tiuarters  of  a  mile  in  length.  But  the  most  m.agni- 
flcent  resort  of  this  kind  in  Calx)ol,  constructed  by  Ali  iiur- 
dan  Khan,  was  destroyed  by  the  British  in  1842.  It  is  .said 
to  have  been  one  of  the  most  splendid  structures  of  the 
kind  in  the  East,  consisting  of  a  series  of  covered  arcades 
and  open  areas,  and  was  highly  embellished  with  paintings, 
and  provided  with  wells  and  Ibuntains.  Befoi-e  the  shops 
in  the  Ixizaars  are  a  kind  of  counters,  on  which  the  shop- 
man sits,  with  his  wares  displayed.  Outside  of  the  city  are 
the  tombs  of  the  Emperor  Baber,  who  made  Cabool  his  capi- 
tal, and  of  Timor  Shah,  the  latter  being  an  octagon  of  biick 
surmounted  by  a  cupola.  Cabool  has  an  active  trade;  it 
imports  the  precious  metals,  fire-arms,  paper,  tea,  cotton 
goods,  broadcloths,  velvets,  kernies  and  other  dyes,  iron 
wares,  cutlery,  needles,  and  raw  silk,  to  from  40.000/.  to 
50,000i.  yearly,  mostly  brought  from  the  Russian  and  the 
Chinese  dominions  and  Independent  Toorkistan,  and 
which  goods  are  mostly  exported  southward  into  Ifindos- 
tan,  &c.  It  has  considerable  markets  for  com,  cattle,  and 
fuel,  and  is  famous  in  the  East  for  its  excellent  supply  of 
vegetables  and  fruits. 

From  its  elevation,  the  winter  in  Cabool  is  long  and  se- 
vere; the  summer  is  delightful:  average  temperature,  from 
75°  to  85°,  The  inh.ibitants  are  tall,  well  made,  not  very 
dark,  and  have  Jewish  features.  They  are  Slohammedans 
of  the  Sonnee  sect.  The  higher  classes  speak  Persian,  the 
common  people  the  Pushtoo  dialect.  Cabool  was  taken  by 
Sebuctaghi  in  977,  by  Tamerlane  at  the  end  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  and  in  1738  by  Xadir  Shah,  It  was  the 
scene,  in  1842,  of  the  treacherous  outbreak  of  the  chiefs,  the 
murders  of  Sir  W.  Macnaughten  and  Sir  A,  Burnes,  and 
the  mass.acre  of  3^00  soldiers  and  12,000  camp  followers ;  it 
was  retaken  in  the  same  year  by  the  British  troops  under 
Sir  R,  Sale,  the  bazaars  and  public  buildings  burned,  and 
finally  relinquished.  Its  chiefship  is  considered  to  extend 
from  the  S.  of  Ghuznee  to  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  and  from 
Bamian  to  the  Khyber  Jlountains,  comprising  an  area  of 
about  10,000  square  miles,  with  the  cities  of  Cabool,  I.«talili 
Ghuznee.  and  Jelalabad,  Dost  Jlohammed's arm v  amounted 
to  2500  infantry,  and  from  12.000  to  13,000  horse.  Uis 
annual  revenue  is  said  to  be  150.000Z. 

CABOOL  RIVER  or  JUI-SHIR.  joo'ee  shir,  the  only  large 
tributary  of  the  Indus  from  the  W.,  rises  near  lat,  34°  21'  X,, 
and  Ion,  68°  2cl'  E.,  at  an  elevation  of  8400  feet,  and,  after  an 
ward  course  of  320  miles,  and  the  addition  of  many  tribu- 
taries, joins  the  Indus  nearly  opposite  Attock.  It  is 
navigable  for  boats  of  40  or  50  tons  from  the  Indus  to 
Dobundee.  a  distance  of  50  miles.  The  towns  of  Cabool, 
Jelalabad,  and  S.aIpoor  are  on  its  banks, 

CAB'OT  a  post-township  of  Caledonia  co,,  A'ermont.  21 
miles  X,E.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
goods,  starch,  and  leather.    Pop.  1318. 

CAB'OTVILLE,  now  Chicopee,  a  manufacturing  village 
of  Hampden  co.,  M;issachusetts,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Con- 
necticut liiver,  at  the  entrance  of  Chicopee  River,  and  on 
the  Connecticut  River  R.R.,  3  miles  K.  of  Springfield.  It 
cont;uns  7  churches,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  and  7  cotton- 
mills  of  the  Dwight  Co.,  which  has  a  capital  of  $1,700,000. 
Here  are  also  niiinufactures  of  bniss  cannon,  locks,  bells, 
machinery,  swords, and  cutlery.  The  .Vmes  Co.  have  here  the 
largest  manufactory  of  swords  iu  the  \)  S,   Pop,  about  5,500. 

CABOUL.    See  Cabool. 

CAIVOURX,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Lincoln. 

CVBR.I,  kiOjrl,  (anc.  ^gahrum.)  a  ^w.\  of  Spain,  30 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Cordova,  Pop.  11,576,  "Jt  h\?  an  endowed 
college,  a  Latin  and  a  normal  school,  a  he  <pital,  a  Domini- 
can convent,  and  manufactuns  of  tiles,  brick.s,  linens,  and 
soap.  Its  neighborhood  is  volcanic,  and  produces  wine  of 
superior  quality.  Several  .small  towns  In  Sp;iin,  a  village 
of  Central  .'\frica.  and  of  one  of  the  Xiccoar  Islands  have 
the  name  of  Cabra. 


GAB 


CAD 


CABRA.    See  Kabra. 

CABRA  DEL  SANTO  CHRTSTO,  kilrbra  djl  sin'to  krees'- 
to,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusw,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Jaen. 
Pop.  20(J0. 

CABIiACII,  kd^raK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  counties  of 
Aberdeen  and  Banff. 

CABliAS,  kd/brds,  a  village  in  the  island  of  Sardinia,  di- 
rlsion  of  Cagliari,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Oristano.    Pop.  3392. 

CABllERA,  kd-bnVrd,  (anc.  Gipra'ria,)  one  of  the  Balearic 
Islands,  in  the  Mediterranean,  9  miles  S.  of  Majorca.  It  has 
a  fort  and  a  .small  harbor,  and  is  used  by  the  Spanish  go- 
rernment  as  a  place  of  exile.  Cadrera  is  also  the  name 
of  several  villages  and  a  river  of  Spain. 

CABItEltA,  an  island  of  Greece.    See  Karrera. 

CABKTKIj,  ki-bree-41',  a  river  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
joins  the  Jucar  after  a  course  of  alx>ut  130  miles. 

CAl>l{UTTi5.  one  of  the  Laccadive  Islands. 

CABUL.    SeeCABOOL. 

CACVAPON,  (often  pronounced k.Vppn.)  or  GREAT  CACA- 
PON,  a  river  of  Virginia,  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Jlountains, 
In  Hardy  county,  flows  through  Hampshire  and  Morgan 
counties,  and  fills  into  the  Potomac  about  4  miles  W.  of 
Bath  or  Berkeley  Springs.  Length,  near  140  miles.  It 
flows  through  a  mountainous  region,  abounding  in  iron 
and  stone-coal,  and  affords  a  copious  supply  of  water-power. 
The  Little  Cacapon  traverses  Hampshire  county  a  few  miles 
W.  of  the  river  just  described,  and  enters  the  Potomac,  6 
miles  below  the  junction  of  the  main  branches  of  that 
river. 

CACAPON  DEPOT,  a  po.«t-office  of  Mogan  co.,  Virginia. 

CACAPONVILLE,  kd'pgn-vil,  a  post-office  of  Hampshh-e 
CO.,  Virginia. 

CAQAPABA,  ka-sJ-pi'bl,  a  town  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  province  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio 
Grande,  150  miles  W.S.W.  of  Porto  Alegre.     Pop.  3000. 

CACCAMO,  kik-ki'mo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  district  of  Ter- 
mini, 18  miles  W.  of  i'alermo.    Pop.  6563. 

CACCAVONE,  kik-kd-vo'nil,  a  town  of  Naples,  3  miles 
S.W.  of  Agnone.    Pop.  2543. 

CACCUUI.  kdk-koo/ree,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Prlncipato  Ultra  II.,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Cotrone.    Pop.  935. 

CACEKES,  ki'thi-rjg,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Estrenia- 
dura;  area,  7,018,  square  miles.  It  belongs  wholly  to  the 
basin  of  the  Tagus.    Pop.  264,088. 

CACERES,  (anc.  Ciis'tra  Ccpcil'ia,)  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  capital  of  the  above  province,  24  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Trujillo,  on  elevated  ground.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
called  the  old  and  the  new  towns.  The  old  town  occupi-^^s 
the  top  of  the  hill,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall  de- 
fended by  towers,  and  having  five  gates.  The  new  town  is 
built  round  the  old,  and  forms  the  larger  and  more  import- 
ant portion  of  the  two.  The  houses  are  in  general  tolerably 
well  constructed;  the  streets  steep,  and  with  few  exceptions 
narrow  and  ill  paved.  Its  principal  square  is  lined  with 
good  houses,  shops,  and  public  buildings,  and  in  tte  centre 
Is  a  handsome  paxeo,  or  promenade.  There  are  seven  other 
squares,  but  all  small.  The  public  edifices  are  four  parish 
churches,  a  town-house,  session-house,  four  hospitals,  two 
prisons,  a  theatre,  university,  normal  and  several  other 
schools;  besides  which  there  is  a  Jesuits'  college  of  great 
celebrity,  some  convents,  an  episcopal  pal.ace,  one  belonging 
to  the  Counts  of  Torre-May  oral  go,  an  alcazar  or  castle  of  the 
ancient  rulere  of  Caceres,  and  the  Largest  bull-ring  in  Spain. 
Linen,  cloth,  baize,  hats,  leather,  ropes,  soap,  earthenware, 
wine,  and  oil  a»o  manufactured:  considerable  trade  is  car- 
ried on  in  cattle,  pigs,  delicious  baton,  merino  wool,  manu- 
factured goods,  &c.    Pop  12.051. 

CACERES,  kS/si-rJs,  or  ki'th.i-rJs.  a  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  New  Granada,  province  and  11 0  miles  N. of  Popaj'an. 

CACERES,  NUEVA,  noo-A/vS  kd'sA-rSs,  (i.e.  "New  Car- 
ceres,")  a  town  of  Philippines,  capital  of  a  province  in  the 
island  of  Luzon,  on  the  S.E.  coast.  175  miles  S.  of  Manila, 
between  the  Bay  of  St.  Miguel  and  theGulf  of  Ragay.  Pop., 
with  the  suburbs  of  Tabuco  and  Santa  Cruz,  12,000.  It  is 
well  built,  and  is  the  residence  of  an  alcalde  and  a  bishop. 

CACHAO  or  CACHEO,  a  town  of  Asia.    See  Ketcho. 

CACIIAR,  kStch-ar',  or  HAIItUMBO,  hrrumljo,  a  terri- 
tory of  British  Indisi,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  Farther  In- 
dia, between  lat.  24°  and  26°  N.,  and  Ion.  92°  and  93°  30' E. 

CABADO.  a  river  of  Portugal.    See  Cav.apo. 

CACHE,  kash.  a  township  in  Monroe  co.,  Arkansas.  P.  526. 

CACHE  CHEEK,  of  Yolo  CO.,  of  California,  rises  among 
the  mountains,  and  flowing  eastwardly.  loses  itself  in  the 
extensive  tules  (marshes  overgrown  with  bulrush)  which 
lie  between  the  plains  and  Sacramento  River. 

CACHE  CRE IJK,  a  post-town  of  Yolo  CO.,  California,  about 
38  miles  W.N.W.  of  Sacnimento.     Pop.  lyO-i. 

CACIIEMASO,  kash-e-mah'?o.  postofflce,  Dallas  co.,  Ark. 

CACHEMIRE.     See  Cashmf.re. 

CACHEO,  kS  shA'o,  a  fort  and  town  of  Western  .\frica.  In 
Senegambia,  Portuguese  territory,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Cach'eo  River.  85  niile.s  S.S.E.  of  Bathurst. 

CACHE  RIVER,  of  Arkansjs,  rises  near  the  N.E,  extre- 
mity of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.,  enters  White  River. 

CACHIAS.    See  Caxias. 


CACniMAYO,  kJ-che-ml'o,  a  river  of  Bolivia,  flows  into 
the  Pilcomayo,  after  a  course  of  340  miles. 

C^l  CHOEIRA,  or  CAA'OEWA,  H-eba-h/e-rL  a  Brasiliao 
word  signifying  waterfall,  given  as  a  name  to  several  tour>:s 
and  villages  of  South  .\meric,i, 

CACHOEIRA,  or  CAXOEIKA,  a  populous  and  commercial 
city  of  Bnazil,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Bahia,  on  the  river  l'ai-> 
gua9u,  seat  of  an  electoral  colI(!ge.  Chief  exports,  tobacco 
and  coffee.    Pop.  of  district,  15,000. 

CACHOEIR.\,  a  town  oT Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Pedro  do 
Grande,  220  miles  N.W.  of  Rio  Grande. 

CACHOEIHA,  a  new  fortified  town  of  Brazil,  province  ol 
Pari.    Pop.  4000. 

CACONGO,  kd-kong'go,  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  In 
South  Guinea,  Angola,  capital  of  a  petty  state,  35  miles  SJl. 
of  Loango. 

CADALEN,  kiMSMftNo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Gaillac.     Pop.  2206. 

CADAQUES,  ki-Di/kf.s,  a  town  of  Spain,  32  miles  N.E.  of 
Gerona,  with  a  small  port  on  the  Mediterranean. 

C.A.D'BUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CADBURY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CADBUUY,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 
6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wincanton.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  fort  called  Camaelt.  and  supposed  to  be  the  Cathln-6- 
ginn  whore  Arthur  defeated  the  Saxons. 

CAD'DER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Glasgow.  At  Robroystone,  in  this  parish,  Wallace 
was  betrayed  and  apprehended,  August  5,  1305. 

CAD/DINGTON,  a  parLsh  of  England,  cos.  of  Bedford  and 
Hertford. 

CAD'DO,  a  parish  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Louisi- 
ana, bordering  on  Texas  and  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  about 
1200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Red  River 
and  the  Great  Raft.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  is 
partly  occupied  by  Soda  and  Caddo  Lakes,  which  communi- 
cate with  Red  River  and  with  each  other.  Soda  Lake  is  atxmt 
18  miles  long,  and  5  miles  wide.  Red  River  is  navigated  by 
steamboats  for  eight  months  of  the  year  to  Shreveport,  and 
the  above-named  lakes  are  al.so  navigable  through  this  parish. 
About  30  miles  above  Shreveport.  tjie  navigation  of  tlie  river 
is  obstructed  by  "the  Raft."  (SeeREDRiVERO  C«pit;U.  Shreve- 
port.   Pop.  12,140,  of  whom  4^02  were  free,  and  7338  slaves. 

CADDO,  a  townsliip  in  Clarke  co.,  Arkan.s.aa. 

CADDO  B.\YOU,  of  Tex.is,  rises  in  Henderson  co.,  and 
flows  S.E.  into  Neches  River. 

C.\DDO  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  .\rkansas. 

CADDO  CHEEK,  Texas,  an  affluent  of  Brazos  River,  from 
the  right. 

CADDO  CREEK,  of  Tarrant  co.,  Texas,  flows  northward 
into  the  West  Fork  of  Trinity  River. 

CADDO  CREEK,  of  .\rkansas,  ri.ses  near  the  S.  border  of 
Montgomery  co.,  and  flows  through  Clark  co.  into  Washita 
River. 

CADDO  GROVE,  a  township  in  Hot  Spring  co..  Arkansiis. 

C.\D1)0  L.\KE,  of  Texas  and  Louisiana,  extends  from  the 
mouth  of  Cypress  Bayou,  in  the  former  state,  into  Caddo 
parish  of  Louisiana,  where  it  communicates  with  Soda  Lake, 
ofwhich  it  may  be  considered  as  a  bay.  Steamboats  from  the 
Red  River  navigate  this  lake  for  more  than  half  of  thej'ear. 

CADE.\C.  klM.Vdk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ilautes-Pyrenees.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Arreau,  on  the  Nesle. 
Pop.  500.     It  has  hot  sulphur  springs  and  baths. 

CAD?:BY.  kiiid'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

CADELEIGH.  kadlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CAOENET,  k3Meh-nA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vaucluse.  31  miles  S.E.  of  .\vignon.     Pop.  2595. 

CADEREITA,  'kl-AhrhUA  or  ka-dJ-nVt-td.  a  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation.  42  miles  E.  of  Queretaro.  Pop.  4000. 
In  its  vicinity  silver-mines  are  worked. 

CADHKE''rA.  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

CAD'ER-ID'RIS.  the  loftiest  mountain  in  Wales,  after 
Snowdon,  is  situated  in  the  county  of  Merioneth,  4  miles  S. 
of  Dolgelly.    It  ascends  precipitously  to  a  height  of  2914  feet. 

CADEROUSSE,  kdMeh-rooce',  a  town  of  France,  dppart> 
ment  of  Vaucluse,  on  the  Rhone,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Avig- 
non.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852.  34iW. 

CADIVS  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Blount  CO., Tennessee. 

CADlfeltE,  La,  Id  kdMe-aiR/,a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Varr,  10  miles  N.W.  ol  Toulon.    Pop.  in  1852,  2-"i:^l. 

CADILLAC,  kdMee'yak',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  on  the  Garonne,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop, 
of  commune,  in  1S52,  1967,  employed  in  manufacturing 
casks  and  agricultural  implements,  and  in  the  wine  trade 
It  has  a  female  penitentiary. 

CADIZ,  kA/diz,  (Sp.  pron.  kd'deeth:  Yr.Cndlx.  kdMeex'; 
anc.  Guides,)  a  city  .and  seaport  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  ow^n  name,  in  the  isle  of  Leon,  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  -An- 
dalusia. 60  miles  N.W.  of  Gibraltar,  and  fU  miles  S.  of  Seville. 
Lat.  (observatory)  36°  32'  N.;  Ion.  6°  17'  15"  W.  It  stands 
on  a  narrow  tongue  of  land,  which  projects  atout  5  miles 
N.N.W.  from  the  isle;  it  is  surroundtd  on  three  sides 
by  water,  and  is  strongly  defended  both  by  nature  and 
art.  The  entrance  to  its  capacious  bay  is  completely 
commanded  by  the  forts  of  St.  Sebastiau,  Santa  Catalina, 

S27 


CAD 

and  Matagorda;  while  on  the  other  sides  the  beach  is  so  pre- 
cipitoiH,  or  so  enclosed  by  sandbanks  and  sunken  reefs,  that 
large  vessels  cannot  approach  within  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
of  the  city.  t)n  the  laud  side  the  onlj'  access  is  along  a  belt 
of  laud,  in  some  places  not  more  than  200  yards  wide,  and 
bristliug  with  cannon.  The  city  itself  is  surrounded  by 
■walls  of  great  height  and  thickness,  flanked  with  towers 
and  bastions.  It  is  divided  into  the  four  quarters  of  Santa 
Cruz,  Uosjirio,  San  Antonio,  and  San  Lorenzo,  and  is  built 
with  great  regularity  and  uniforjpity.  The  houses  are  con- 
structed of  freestone,  generally  of  three,  sometimes  of  four, 
stories,  and  are  often  surmounted  by  lofty  towers,  open  to 
the  sea  breeze,  and  commanding  fine  views  of  the  hay.  The 
streets  are  somewhat  narrow,  but  are  remarkably  well 
paved,  and  are  uniformly  provided  with  foot  pavements. 
The  finest  public  square — not  so  much  from  i^s  extent  as 
the  elegance  of  its  buildings — is  San  Antonio,  the  great 
pliwe  of  resort  in  mild  wintry  days  and  moderate  evenings 
in  spring.  The  Plaza  de  San  Juan  de  Dios,  now  called 
Plaza  de  Isabella  II.,  contains  several  handsome  buildings, 
particularly  the  consistory,  now  chiefly  used  for  municipal 
and  public  purposes.  One  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects 
in  Cadiz  is  the  light-house  of  San  Selxistian,  172  feet  above 
the  ground,  and  visible  20  miles  off  at  sea.  The  other  prin- 
cipal edifices  are  the  old  cathedral,  one  of  the  most  regular 
buildings  in  Cadiz;  the  new  cathedral,  still  unfinished, 
built  wholly  of  white  marble,  except  the  bases  of  the  pil- 
lars, which  are  variegated;  three  olher  churches;  several 
nunneries  and  convents,  one  of  which,  the  convent  of  the 
Capuchins,  is  said  to  possess  two  of  Slurillo's  finest  pic- 
tures ;  and  two  theatres. 

Among  benevolent  establishments  may  be  named  the  Casa 
de  Misericordia,  a  magnificent  edifice,  used  as  an  ordi- 
nary hospital  and  alm.s-house,  and  as  a  lunatic  asylum; 
the  female  hospital,  next  in  importance  to  the  Casa;  the 
foundling  hospital,  and  the  Hospital  of  San  Juan  de  Dios, 
or  general  infirmary,  which  annually  receives  about  700 
patients;  and  the  house  of  refuge  of  San  Servando  and  San 
German,  where  destitute  children  or  young  criminals  are 
instructed  and  reclaimed.  The  principal  educational  insti- 
tutions are  the  Cadiz  Medical  School,  in  connection  with 
the  University  of  Seville;  the  Seminary  of  San  Bartolomeo; 
several  superior  schools,  also  in  connection  with  the  above 
university ;  and  a  school  or  academy  of  fine  arts.  The  bay, 
which  is  formed  by  the  peninsula  and  the  mainland,  is  spa- 
cious, and  affords  good  anchorage.  It  is  divided  into  the 
outer  and  inner  bays.  The  former  is  exposed  to  a  heavy 
and  dangerous  sea  during  the  prevalence  of  N.AV.  winds ; 
the  inner  is  protected  by  an  extensive  mole,  but  is  accessi- 
ble to  small  vessels  only.  The  larger  ships  are  obliged  to 
anchor  at  a  distance  of  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the 
shore,  where  there  is  from  5  to  7  fiithoms  of  water.  Oppo- 
site to  Cadiz  is  the  town  of  Santa  Maria,  the  principal  depot 
of  the  wines  of  Xeres.  La  CUraca.  the  royal  dockyard,  is 
situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  inner  l)ay,  about  6  miles  from 
the  city,  and  is  defended  by  the  cross-fire  of  two  forts.  It  con- 
tains three  spacious  basins,  and  twelve  docks  or  slips. 

The  trade  of  C.idiz  is  far  less  extensive  than  formerly. 
The  principal  part  of  what  remains  is  with  England,  and 
the  chief  article  exported  is  sherry  wine. 

The  number,  tonnage,  and  value  of  cargoes  of  ves.sels 
which  entered  at  the  port  of  Cadiz,  in  1846,  was  vessels  678, 
tons  140,495,  value  of  cargoes  637 ,396^ ;  cleared,  vessels  590, 
tons  124,766,  value  of  cargoes  973.416/.  In  the  year  1847, 
the  total  exports  of  wine  were  31,602  butts,  being  a  decrease, 
as  compared  with  1846,  of  1094  butts.  Salt  is  another  chief 
article  of  export.  Of  this  commoditj"  considerable  quantities 
are  exported  from  Cadiz  to  the  Newfoundland  fishery,  and 
to  the  river  Plata  and  the  Brazils;  and  large  quantities  are 
also  shipped  on  board  Russian,  Swedish,  and  Norwegian 
vessels.  The  chief  imports  are  staves  and  tobacco  from 
America;  hides,  cocoa,  indigo,  cochineal,  dyewoods,  sugar, 
and  other  colonial  produce  from  Cuba,  Porto  Kico,  the 
Philippine  l.slands,  Mexico,  and  Colombia;  cod-fish  from 
Newfoundland ;  and  coals  from  England, 

History. — G.\des  was  founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  and  early 
became  a  commercial  town  of  great  importance.  It  fell  into  the 
nands  of  the  Carthaginians  in  the  first  Punic  War;  in  the 
second  Punic  War,  it  voluntarily  surrendered  to  the  Ro- 
mans. Its  inhabitants  received  the  Roman  franchise  from 
Julius  Caesar. 

Cadiz  has  been  often  besieged.  It  w.as  taken  in  1596  by 
Lord  Essex,  and  again  attacked  by  the  English  in  1628. 
In  1656  it  was  blockaded  by  Blake,  who  captured  two  rich 
galleons,  and  sunk  eight  others.  Another  English  expedi- 
tion was  undertaken  ag.iinst  it  in  1702,  but  failed.  In  1809 
the  Cortes  took  refuge  here:  on  that  occasion  the  town  was 
blockaded  by  the  French  till  1812.    In  1823  it  surrendered 

to  the  French  under  the  Due  d'Angouleme. — Pop.  71,914, 

Adj..  and  inhab.  Gadita'ni.\n,(Sp.  G.^pitano,  gi-i)e-t3/no.) 

CADIZ,  one  of  the  three  provinces  into  which  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Seville,  in  Spain,  has  been  divided. 
Bounded  X.  by  the  provinces  of  Iluelva  and  Seville,  E.  by 
Malaj;a.  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  and  the 
Atlantic.  Area.  3900  square  miles. 
328 


CAB 

C.\DTZ,  kJ'diz,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York. 

C.VDIZ,  a  post-village,  capitjil  of  Trigg  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Little  River,  230  miles  VT.i^.W.  of  Frankfort,  and  9  miles 
from  Cumberland  River.  It  contains  a  court-house,  3 
churches,  and  2  academies.    Pop.  7i;i6. 

CADIZ,  a  flourishing  and  beautiful  town  in  Cadiz  town- 
ship, add  capital  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  117  miles  E.  by  X.  of 
Columbus,  and  23  miles  from  the  Ohio  River  at  Wheeling. 
It  is  well  built,  and  pleasantly  .situated  among  fertile  and 
cultivated  hills,  which  contain  rich  mines  of  coal.  It  is  the 
principal  market  of  the  county,  wliich  is  one  of  the  great- 
est wool-growing  regions  of  the  state.  A  branch  railroad,  6 
miles  long,. connects  the  town  with  the  Steubenville  and 
Indiana  Railroad,  on  the  N.  Laid  out  in  1803.  It  contains 
5  or  6  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  1  female 
seminary.    Pop.  in  1850,  1144;  in  1^60,  1419. 

CADIZ,  a  post-village  in  Henry  co.,  Indiana,  .ibout  40 
miles  E  X.K,  of  Indianapolis, 

C.\DIZ,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co.,  Wisconsin. 

C.\DIZ,  ki/diz,  a  small  town  of  South  America,  in  Tene- 
zuela,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Cubagua. 

CADIZ,  BAY  OF,  an  extensive  inlet  of  the  Atkintic,  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  Spain,  province  of  Cadiz,  about  lat.  36°  30* 
N.,  and  Ion.  6°  15' W.,  bounded  S.W.  by  the  penin.sula  of 
Cadiz,  5  miles  in  length,  and  divided  into  an  outer  and  in- 
ner bay  by  the  promontory  and  foi't  of  Matagorda.  In  the 
islet  of  La  Curaca,  on  its  E.  side,  are  arsenals  and  ship- 
btiilding  yards,  the  most  important  in  the  kingdom,  and 
among  the  best  in  Europe. 

CADXEY,  kad'nee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 

CADORE,  kd-dc'ri.'  or  PIE VE-Dl-CADORE,  pe-A'vi-dee-ki- 
do'r.A.  a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy,  on  the  Piave,  22j  miles 
X.N.E.of  Belluno.  Pop.  2000.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  birth- 
place of  Titian.  In  1797,  the  French  here  gained  a  victory 
over  the  Anstri.ans. 

C.'VDO'SIA  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York. 

CADOXTON,  two  parishes  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

CAD'ROX,  a  post-township  and  small  village  in  Conway 
CO.,  Arkansas. 

CADROX  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  enters  the  Arkans.as  at 
Cadron,  in  Conway  county. 

CADSAXD.  kat-sdnf,  CADZAXD,  kSd-zInt/,  or  CASSAX- 
DRIA,  kds-sdn'dre-d.  an  island  of  the  Xetherlands.  province 
of  Zealand,  at  the  mouth  of  the  West  Scheldt,  and  having  on 
it  a  small  town  of  the  same  name.  5  miles  X.  of  Sluis.  l'op.1156, 

CADWALLADER,  kad-w611a-dfr,  a  post-office  of  Tuscara- 
was CO.,  Ohio, 

CADYXA.    See  Xigdeh. 

CADYSVILLE,  kd/dez-vil,  a  village  in  Morristown  town- 
ship, Lamoille  co.,  A'ermont,  on  the  Lamoille  Kiver.  It  eon- 
tains  2  stores,  a  woollen  factory,  .and  a  nuuilwr  of  other  m»« 
nuf;iciuring  establishments.     Pop.  about  200. 

CADYCIS.    See  Jerusalem. 

CA'DYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Saranac  River,  about  6  miles  W.  of  Plattsburg. 

C-ECIXA.    See  Cecixa. 

C.4EX,  kSs",  (L.  Cadomus  or  Cadotntim,)  a  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Calvados,  (Xormaudy.)  123 
miles  X.W,  of  Paris,  in  a  valley,  between  two  extensive  mea- 
dows, at  the  confluence  of  the  Orne  with  the  Odon,  10  miles 
from  the  embouchure  of  the  former,  and  at  the  terminus  of 
a  railway  communicating  with  the  Paris  and  Rouen  Rail- 
way. Lat.  49°  11'  12"  X.,  Ion.  0°  21'  W.  The  streets  are 
broad,  regular,  and  clean;  two  of  them  cro&  each  other  at 
right  angles,  and  extend  nearly  to  the  extremities  of  the 
town,  which  is  also  traversed  by  a  canal  supplied  by  the 
Odon,  and  employed  to  drive  the  machinery  of  nximerous 
manufactories.  The  houses  are  generally  well  built,  of  an 
excellent  freestone  which  is  extensively  quarried  in  the 
vicinity,  and  imported  into  England  under  the  name  of 
Caen-stone.  There  are  four  squares,  the  principal  of  which, 
the  Place  Royal,  is  ornamented  with  a  .statue  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  public  walks  are  beautiful,  especially  theCours,  a  splen- 
did avenue  about  a  mile  in  length,  lined  with  elm-trees. 
Some  fine  promenades  also  extend  along  the  Imnks  of  the 
new  canal.  Caen  has  numerous  fine  churches  and  other 
buildings,  of  which  the  following  may  be  noticed  -.—the  Ca- 
thedral of  fet.  Etienne,  one  of  the  tiuest  in  Normandy;  the 
monastic  buildings  of  the  Ablxii/eaux  Ilmimcs.  now  occupied 
as  the  royal  college,  and  containing  the  tomb  of  William 
the  Conqueror;  the  Church  of  the  Trinity,  in  the  Xorman 
stvle;  the  Ahhaye  aux  Dames,  founded  by  Matilda,  wife  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  and  converted  into  an  hospital  in 
1823;  and  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  now  u.*ed  as  a  shot 
manufactory.  Cue  of  the  finest  churches  in  Caen  is  that  of 
St.  Pierre,  whose  tower,  terminated  by  a  spire,  is  exceed- 
ingly elegant,  and,  as  well  as  part  of  the  nave  and  the  three 
porches,  was  built  in  1308.  The  apsis  of  the  great  porch  Is 
justly  regarded  as  a  work  of  the  greatest  taste  and  elegance, 
and  as  one  of  the  most  curious  and  the  happiest  eflbrts  of 
the  revival  of  the  arts  irf  France.  Other  buildinijs  and  in- 
stitutions are — the  h&tel  of  the  prefecture,  in  the  Italian 
Btyle;  the  Palais  de  Justice,  the  remains  ef  the  castle  built 


CM 


CAG 


Dy  William  the  Conqueror;  the  H8tel  Dieu;  the  Hotel  Va- 
lois,  whuj>  the  exchaugeand  chamberof  commerce  are  held ; 
the  publ'ic  1/hrary,  wirh  47,000  volumes;  museum,  cabinet 
6f  natural  history,  botanical  garden,  with  3000  species  of 
plants ;  custom-house,  house  of  correction,  &c.  Caen  is  the 
seat  of  the  royal  court  for  the  departments  of  Calvados,  La 
Maache,  and  L'Orne,  and  has  a  court  of  first  resort,  and  of 
commerce,  an  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  and  an  academk 
universUarie.,  (the  representative  of  the  university  founded 
by  Henry  VI.  of  Kngland.  in  1431,  and  remodelled  at  the 
revolution.)  a  secondary  school  of  medicine,  school  of  hydro- 
graphy, societies  of  medicine,  agriculture,  and  commerce ; 
deaf  and  dumb  institution,  normal  school,  school  of  design, 
and  numerous  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  the 
arts,  sciences,  and  literature.  The  advantages  possessed  by 
Caen,  in  respect  of  education,  &c.,  have  induced  many  Kng- 
lish  families  to  take  up  their  residence  in  it. 

The  manufiictures  of  Caen  are  considerable,  and  consist 
of  hats,  lace,  flannels,  linen,  cotton  goods,  druggets,  Angora 
and  thread  gloves,  straw  hats,  shot,  porcelain,  earthen- 
ware, paper-hangings,  cutlery,  oils,  &c.;  there  are  also  some 
breweries,  tanneries,  and  establishments  for  bleaching  wax ; 
some  ship-building  is  also  carried  on.  From  time  imme- 
morial, the  town  has  been  celebrated  for  its  manufacture 
of  Angora  and  woollen  gloves,  with  which  it  supplies  most 
of  the  country  districts  of  France.  In  this  manufac- 
ture, Caen  has  no  rival.  There  is  a  considerable  trade  in 
grain,  wine,  brandy,  cider,  clover-seed,  hemp,  cattle,  and 
horses;  fish,  salt  provisions,  iron,  steel,  hardware,  and  grind- 
stones. The  port  formed  by  the  river  is  of  little  importance, 
on  account  of  the  obstructions  at  the  entrance  to  the  Orne. 
At  high-water,  however,  vessels  of  from  150  to  200  tons 
can  reach  the  town.  Nothing  certain  is  known  of  the  origin 
of  Caen.  In  912,  when  Neustria  wiis  ceded  to  the  Normans, 
it  was  a  place  of  importance,  and  incre.^sed  rapidly  under 
the  Norman  dukes.  William  the  Conqueror,  and  his  wife 
Matilda,  adorned  it  with  many  edifices.  It  became  the  capi- 
tal of  Lower  Normandy— a  distinction  which  more  than 
once  exposed  it  to  the  miseries  of  war.  In  1340,  it  was 
taken  and  pillaged  by  Edward  III.  of  England.  It  was 
again  taken  tiy  the  English  in  1417,  and  wrested  from  them 
In  1450  by  Dunois,  who  captured  the  Duke  of  Somerset  and 
4000  troops,  who  had  retreated  to  the  castle.  Malherbe, 
commonly  regarded  as  the  fatherof  French  poetry,  Iluet,  the 
celebrated  Bishop  of  Avranches,  and  Auber,  the  composer, 
were  lx)rn  in  Caen.     Pop.  in  1852,  45,280. 

CEX^E.    See  Sexn. 

C^XE,  or  C^NEPOLIS.    See  Keneh. 

CA'ENBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CiEXYS.  ^Promontorium.)    See  Cape  Cavallo. 

CAEll,  kd'er,  (Celt.  "  acastle.")  For  names  with  tbi^pre- 
fix,  not  mentioned  below,  see  Car. 

CAER-CAKADOC,  ker-ka-rad'9k,  or  CRADOCK-HILL,  in 
Engliind,  co.  of  Salop,  is  near  the  confluence  of  the  Clun  and 
Teond.  On  it  are  the  vestiges  of  the  camp  which  the  cele- 
brated Caractacus  defended  against  the  Koman  general,  Os- 
torius,  and  whence  its  name  is  derived. 

CAEUDIFF.    See  Cardiff. 

CAERGWKLE,  kar-goor1,i,  atownship  of  North  TTales,  co. 
of  Flint,  on  the  Alyn,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  \Vrexh,am.  It  has 
interesting  remains  of  a  castle ;  and  it  contributes  with  Flint, 
kc.  to  send  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CAERHUN,  kf  r'hin,  or  kd/er'hin,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

CAEULAV'ERCKJK,  or  CARL.4.V'ER0CK,aparish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  and  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dumfries,  on  the  Solway  Frith. 
Caerlaverock  Castle,  the  ruined  seat  of  the  Maxwell's,  is  in 
this  parish,  described  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Guy  Mannering." 

C.\EHLliON,  kerUe'on,  (i.e.  "castle  of  the  legion;"  anc. 
ts'ca  SiliJrum.)  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Jlonmouth, 
ot:  the  Usk.  here  crossed  by  .a  stone  bridge,  2j  miles  N.E.  of 
Newport.  Pop.  in  1851.  12S1.  It  is  chiefly  interesting  as 
the  ancient  capital  of  Britannia  Secunda,  (modern  Wales.) 
and  as  having  been  a  place  of  considerable  importance  in 
the  twelfth  iientury,  duiing  which,  however,  and  subse- 
quently, it  was  ruined  by  repeated  wars  between  the  Welsh 
and  the  .A.nglo-Xormans.  Much  of  the  present  town  stands 
within  the  precincts  of  the  ancient  camp,  the  walls  of  which 
Btill  partially  exi.st;  and  a  little  north-westward  is  a  con- 
cave area,  popularly  termed  "  Arthur's  Round  Table,"  but 
which  was  evidently  a  Roman  amphitheiitre.  A'arious  Ro- 
man antiiiuities  have  been  discovered  In  and  around  the 
town ;  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  it  was  the  capital  of  the 
British  chief,  Arthur,  in  the  sixth  century,  toward  the  close  of 
which  period  its  ai'chbishopric-see  was  removed  to  St.  David's. 

CAERMARTIIEN,  kgr-mar'then,  in  South  Wales.  See 
Carmarthen. 

CAERNARVON,  kgr-nar/von,  a  town  of  North  Wales. 
See  Carnarvon. 

CIERNWRVON,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  953. 

CAERNARVON,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

"  CAERN.4RV0N,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop   li9a 


CAERPHILLY,  kar-fillee  or  kar-fithlee,  a  market-town 
and  chapelry  of  South  Wales,  co,'of  Glamorgan,  in  a  widfr 
plain  surrounded  by  mountains,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cardiff. 
Pop.  6.'54.  It  has  the  ruins  of  one  of  the  finest  Norman  cas- 
tles in  the  principality. 

CAERWENT,  ker'went,  orkil/er-wf  nt,  (anc.  Fenta  Silurum,) 
a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Monmouth. 

CAERWYS,  klr'wis.  a  market-town  .and  parish  of  North 
M'ales,  CO.  of  Flint,  4J  miles  S.W.  of  Holywell.  Pop.  in 
1851,  947.  It  contributes  with  Flint,  &c.  to  send  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

C^ESARAUOUSTA.    See  Saraoossa. 

C.'ESAREA,  ses-a-ree'a,  KAISAUEEYEH  or  KAISARI  AH, 
kl-sd-ree'a,  a  small  haven  of  Palestine,  in  lat.  32^  23'  N.,  Ion. 
34°  44'  E*.,  55  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jerusalem.  It  w.ns  once  a 
place  of  considerable  note,  but  is  now  a  mass  of  shapeless 
ruins,  encompassed  by  a  low  wall  of  gr.ay  stone,  and  te- 
nanted only  by  jackals,  snakes,  lizards,  scorpions,  &c  A 
great  extent  of  ground  is  covered  by  the  remains  of  the  city, 
the  most  conspicuous  ruin  being  that  of  an  old  cistle  at  the 
end  of  the  ancient  mole.  M'ater  being  good  and  abundant, 
coasting  ves.sels  often  put  in  here.  The  ancient  city  wa<l 
founded  by  Herod  the  Great,  B.C.  22.  He  then  raised  somt< 
magniticent  edifices,  and  caused  a  semicircular  mole  to  bb 
constructed  for  its  port,  which  is  .said  to' have  been  one  oi 
the  most  stupendous  work  of  antiquity,  and  has  been  com 
pared,  as  to  design  and  execution,  with  the  breakwater  at 
I'lymouth.  Ca^sarea  is  the  scene  of  several  interesting 
events  mentioned  in  Scripture.  Eusebius.  the  early  church 
historian,  probably  a  native,  was  also  .lometime  bishop  of 
Cxsarea.  In  a. d. 635,  the  Saracens  captured  it,  and  retained 
the  place  till  1101,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Crusaders. 

C/E.SAREA.    See  Jersey. 

C/ESARE  A,  a  town  of  Asia  Jlinor.    See  Kaisaeeeteh. 

C^ESAREA  PHILIPPI.    See  P.aneas. 

C.ESARODUNUM.    See  Tours. 

C.ESAROM  AGUS.    See  Beal-\-ai3. 

Cil':SAR'S  (see'zgrz)  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  toward  the  S.W. 
part  of  the  state,  and  enters  the  Little  Miami  River  iu 
Warren  county. 

CESAR'S  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of 
Greene  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1183. 

CESAR'S  CREEK,  a  township  in  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  497. 

CAFFA.    See  Kaffa. 

CAFFARELLI  (kdf-fa-r^l/lee)  ISLANDS,  on  the  N.W.  coast 
of  the  Buccaneer  Archipelago,  at  the  entrance  of  King's 
Sound  ;  lat.  16°  3'  S.,  Ion.  12:5°  16'  E. 

CAFFRARIA.    See  Kaffrarla. 

CAFFKISTAN.    See  Kafiristan. 

C.\Q  AYAN,ki-ghI-dn',  an  extensive  province  at  the  N.  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  Luzon.    Pop.  58.580. 

C'VG .WANES,  ki-ghl-i'nJs.  a  group  of  small  Islands  in 
the  Sooloo  Sea.  lat.  9°  35'  30"  N.,  Ion.  121°  15'  30"  E. 

CAGAYAN-SOOLOO,  ka-ghl-^n'soonoo',  an  island  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  Sooloo  Sea.  lat.  6°  58'  6"  N.,  Ion. 
118°  28'  11"  E.    It  is  20  miles  in  circumference. 

CAGB/VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee. 

C\GQIANO,  kid-ji'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  14  miles  N.  of  Diano.    Pop.  3200. 

CAGLI,  kji'yee,  a  walled  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Marches, 
13  miles  S.  of  Urbino,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Bosso  and 
Cantiano.  Pop. 9617.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  tanned  and 
dressed  leather.  Several  remains  of  the  ancient  Callishave 
been  discovered  near  it,  but  the  modern  town  dates  only 
from  the  thirteenth  rfentury. 

CAGLI  A  RI,  kil'yi-re,  (anc.  Gir'ah'sor  OiVarix.)  a  fortified 
maritime  city,  and  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  on 
an  extensive  bay  of  its  S.  coast.  Lat.  of  the  tower  of  St. 
Pancrario,  39°  13'  14"  N.,  Ion.  9°  7'  48"  E.  The  ancient 
city,  situated  on  the  summit  of  a  low  hill,  comprises  the 
citadel,  viceregal  palace,  cathedral,  and  most  of  the  resi- 
dences of  the  nobility.  The  Marina,  extending  thence  down 
to  the  shore,  is  a  well-built  quarter,  containing  the  dwell- 
ings of  most  of  the  merchants  and  foreign  consuls,  with  the 
bonding  warehouses,  arsenal,  lazaretto,  and  mole ;  the  other 
quarters  are  Villa-Nova  and  Stampace,  and  the  suburb  St. 
Avandre.  Cagliari  has  about  30  churches,  upwards  of  20 
convents,  several  hospitals,  a  female  orphan  asylum,  a  pub- 
lic library  with  18,000  volumes,  college,  high  school,  small 
theatre,  mint,  several  mu.seums,  and  prisons  for  galley 
slaves.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  safest  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Cagliari  has  a  royal  tobacco  factory,  manufactures 
of  cotton  fabrics,  cake  saffron,  gunpowder,  soap,  furniture, 
leather,  &c.;  it  exports  corn,  pulse,  oil,  wine,  and  salt, 
A  new  and  good  road  connects  it  with  Sassari,  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  island.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  royal  court,  of  a  tri- 
bunal of  commerce,  and  the  residence  of  the  viceroy  and 
the  archbishop-prim.ate  of  Sardinia.  Consuls  from  most  of 
the  European  states  also  reside  here,  this  being  the  port 
through  which  most  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  island  passes. 
Grain,  vegetables,  salt,  oil.  wine,  cheese,  flax,  hides,  saffron, 
and  rags  are  exported.  In  184R,  365  vessels  (tons,  39,888) 
entered,  and  359  vessels  (tons,  40,0.30)  cleared  at  Cagliari. 
During  the  Middle  Ages,  the  Pisans  built  the  "  Castle,"  with 

329 


CAG 


CAI 


Its  thrre  square  tower?!.  Pop.  2',244.  It  h.ia  remains  of  a 
Koniai  amphitheatre,  aqiietUict,  tomb,  and  some  vestiges  of 
the  Greek  city  founded  l>efore  the  Roman  dominion. 

CA&  LIAKI,  BAY  OF,  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  between  Capes  Pula  and 
Carbouara,  about  27  miles  in  breadth  at  its  mouth.  It 
affords  secure  anchorage.  It  has  artificial  salterns,  which 
jleld  about  COOO  tons  of  salt  annually. 

CA6XAN0,  kdu-yi'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ca- 
pitanata,  on  the  Garganian  Promontory,  25  miles  N.E.  of 
I'oggia.     Pop.  4ti30. 

C.A.G.\ANO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzza  Ultra, 
10  miles  X.W.  .\quila.    Pop.  2180. 

CAOXES,  kdfi,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
near  the  Mediterranean,  ll  miles  E.  of  Grasse.     Pop.  244:3. 

C.4GSANA,  kdg-si'nd,  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  province 
of  Aiuay,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Luzon.  Pop., 
with  district,  12,755. 

C^GUA,  kS'gwi,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
WmilesW.S.W.  of  Caracas,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Araguay. 
Pop.  5200. 

CAGUAN,  ka-gw2n',  a  town  of  New  Granada,  department 
of  Cundinamarca,  on  the  Caguan  River,  a  tributary  of  the 
Tapura,  120  mile§  S.S.W.  of  Bogota. 

CAII.\.WBA,  a  river  of  Alabama,  rises  near  the  E.  bonier 
tf  Jefferson  co.,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  fiills 
Into  the  Alabama  at  Cahawba,  in  Dallas  county.  Its  gene- 
1^  course  is  nearly  S.S.W.  It  is  navigable  for  small  boats 
for  at  least  100  miles,  and  flows  through  the  principal  coal- 
field of  the  state. 

CAHAWB.\,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Dallas  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  right  bank  of  Alabama  River,  immedi- 
ately below  the  mouth  of  the  Cahawba,  about  216  miles 
above  Mobile,  and  92  miles  below  Montgomery.  It  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  several  churches,  1  or  2  print- 
ing offices,  and  a  United  States  land-office.  The  cotton  pro- 
duced in  the  vicinity  is  shipped  here.    Pop.  1920. 

CAHETE,  ka-4/tA.  or  VILLANOVA-DA-RAIXIIA,  veelli- 
no-vl  dd  r3-een'y3,a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Geraes, 
^  miles  S.E.  of  Sahara.  Pop.  6000.  It  has  a  primary  school, 
k    hospital,  and  an  electoral  college  established  in  1841. 

C.\ll  IR  or  CAH'ER,  a  small  island  off  the  coast  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  JIavo,  4j  miles  from  the  shore. 

CAHIli  or  CAHER,  an  island  of  Ireland,  3i  miles  S.  of 
Clare  Island. 

CAHIR  or  CAHER,  kSh'hfr  or  kare,  a  thriving  markets 
town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Tipperary, 
on  the  Suir,  97  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  3668.  It  has 
a  handsome  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  sessions- 
house,  jail,  market-house,  and  Large  fiour  mills.  Near  the 
town  are  cavalry  barracks,  the  remains  of  an  abbey,  and  a 
fine  old  castle  in  good  repair,  belonging,  with  a  mansion 
and  park  adjacent,  to  the  Earl  of  Glengall.  The  line  of  the 
Dublin  and  Cork  Railway  passes  within  one  mile  distant. 

CAIIIR  or  C.^HER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Kerry.  In  it  are  two  old  castles,  and  it  was  the  bii-th- 
place  of  the  late  Daniel  O'Connell. 

CAiriR  or  CAHER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
Queen's  county. 

C.\IIIRAGH,  kah'er-da',  a  parish  of  IreLand,  in  Munster, 
CO. of  Cork. 

CAHIRCIVEEN  or  CAHIRSIVEEN,  kah'gr-se-veen',  a 
town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  2j  miles  E.N.E. 
Valentia.    Pop.  1492. 

CAUIRCOXLISH,  kaVer-konlish,  a  parish  and  village  of 
Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  and  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Limerick. 
Pop.  562.  The  Shannon  line  of  railway  passes  within  two 
miles  of  the  village. 

C.\HTRCOXREE,  kah'er-con-ree',  a  mountain  of  Ireland, 
In  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  on  the  isthmus  between  Tralee 
Bay  and  Castlemains  Harbor.  Height,  2784  feet.  The  sum- 
mit is  crowned  by  Druidic  stones. 

C.VHLA,  k3/lif,  a  village  ofo  Germany,  in  Saxe-Altenbnrg, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Saale.  Pop.  2500. 
CAHOKS  orCAHOOS.  See  Cohoes. 
CAHO/KlA.a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Missis.^ippi,  at  the  mouth  of  Cahokia  Creek, 
6  miles  S.  of  St.  Louis.  It  wtis  settled  by  the  French  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

CAHO'KIA  CREKK,  of  Illinois,  tlows  through  Madison 
CO.,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  Kiver  at  Cahokia  village. 

CAUOKS,  kd'oR/,  (anc.  IXvo/na,)  a  town  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Lot,  on  a  rocky  peninsula,  almost 
enclosed  by  the  river  Lot,  here  crossed  by  three  bridges,  60 
mile?  N.  of  Toulouse.    Pop.  in  1852,  13,350.    The  principal 
edifices  are  a  cathedral,  a  vast  building  with  two  cupolas, 
the  prefecture,  chartreuse,  theatre,  public  library  contain- 
ing 12  (XKJ  volumes,  and  three  remarkable  towers  on  one  of 
the  bridges.  Cahors  is  the  seat  of  an  acatUmie  universitarie, 
a  national  college,  (in  front  of  which  is  a  monument  to  Fene- 
lon.)  a  normal  school,  and  chambers  of  commerce  and  ma- 
nufactures.    It  has  manufactures  of  woollens,  cotton  yarn,  I 
leather,  paper,  and  gla.«s  wares;  an  active  trade  in  full- 
bodied  red  wines,  (vt'ns  de  Cahors,)  brandy,  truffles,  and  | 
rural  produce ;  and  several  large  annual  &lr8.    Cahors  is  ' 
33B  "  ' 


supposed  to  have  been  the  capital  of  the  Cadurct  before  the 
conquest  of  Gaul  byCwsar.  It  was  afterward  adorned  with 
a  theatre,  temple,  and  forum.  The  Roman  i-oads,  of  which 
vestiges  remain,  have  been  attributed  to  Agrippa.  The  aque> 
duct,  intended  to  convey  water  from  the  valley  of  St.  Mar- 
tin de  Vem,  was  about  15  miles  in  length.  It  is  tht  biith- 
place  of  Pope  John  XXII..  and  the  poet  Clement  Marot. 

CAHUZAC,  kd'tiVik',  several  villages  of  France;  the 
principal  in  the  department  of  Tarn,  12  mUes  N.X.AV.  of 
Albi.    Pop.  1786. 

CAIASSO  or  CAIAZZO.    See  Cajazzo. 

C.A.ICOS.    SeeC.tYCos. 

CAICUS.    See  B.\KEER-Cn.«. 

CAIETA  or  CAJETA.    See  Gabta. 

CAIFFA.    See  K.\iff.^. 

CAI-FOXG.    See  Kai-fono. 

CAIHAPOYAS.     See  Chachapotas. 

CAILAS.    See  Kailas. 

CAILLOMA  or  CAYLLOMA,  kn-yo^ml.  a  town  o»  South 
America,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  Peru,  de- 
partment, and  85  miles  N.X.E.  of  Arequipa.  Pop.  of  the 
province,  in  1850,  23,443. 

CAILLOU  (kih-yoo'  or  kaiHooO  LAKE,  of  Louisiana, 
situated  in  Terre  Bonne  parish,  2  miles  X.  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  is  about  10  miles  long.  It  is  connected  with  Caillou 
Bayou  and  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

CAIX,  a  township  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1297. 

CAIX  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  joins  the  Catawba 
from  the  left,  a  few  miles  S.W.  of  Lancaster  Court-house. 

C.A.IMI.\M.  ki'njm,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

C.\IXO,  ki'no,  a  village  of  -Austrian  Italy,  government  of 
Milan,  province  of,  and  9  miles  X.N.E.  of  Brescia,     Pop.  781. 

C.ilXS.asmall  post-vill.age  of  Lancaster  co..  Pennsyhania. 

CAIXS,  a  post-village  of  Gwinnett  co.,  Georgia,  about  45 
miles  X.E.  of  Atlanta. 

C.\INSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennessee,  46 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville,  has,  perhaps.  100  inhabitants. 

C.\IXTUCK,apost-offlce,  Xew  H.inoverco,,  North  Carolina. 

CA  IRA.  si^  ee-ri',  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Vii^ 
ginia,  on  Willis  Kiver,  60  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  has  a 
church,  a  flour  mill,  and  a  few  shops. 

C.\IKE  orCAl'RAU,  a  parish  South  Wales,  co.  Glamorgiin. 

CAIKIRIS,  ki-re-reece/,  or  JABITACA,  zhabe-taOvS,  a 
mountain  range  of  Brazil,  province  of  I'ernambuco.  forming 
the  X.  boundary  of  the  basin  of  the  Rio  Sao  Francisco.  It« 
total  length  is  about  300  miles. 

C.4IKIRIS-N0V0S,  ki-re-reece'  no'voce,  a  mountain  range 
of  Brazil,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  pro- 
vinces of  Kio  Grande-do-Xorte  and  Paraliiba. 

CAIRIKIS-VELHOS,  ki-re-reece'vel'yoce.  a  mountain 
range  of  Brazil,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
provinces  of  Parahiba  and  Pernambuco. 

C.ilKX',  kArn,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wig- 
ton,  on  Loch  Ryan,  10  miles  X.W.  of  Glenluce,  A'essels,  of 
any  burden  may  ride  in  its  l>.iy  in  safety  ;  and  it  is  a  place 
of  call  for  the  Glasgow  and  Belfast  st«jmers,  A  small  river 
in  the  county  of  Dumfries  has  this  name, 

C.\IRXAPLE,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow.  ■ 
Height  1498  feet. 

CAIUNEY  (kAre/nee)  HILL,  a  vilLage  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife,  3  miles  AV.  of  Dunfermline,  with  516  inhabitants. 

C.\IRX'GORM',  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Banff 
and  Moray,  4095  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  snow-capped  for 
the  most  part  of  the  year,  and,  among  other  minerals,  pro- 
duces the  topazes  known  as  "Cairngorm  stones." 

C-41RXIE,  kAr'nee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Aberdeen 
and  Banff. 

CAIRO,  ki'ro.  (EZ  Mafr.  el  mSs'r.  or  mitsr  of  the  Eg>-ptians; 
El  Kahirth,  el-ka/he-rd.  "the  victorious, "of  the  Arabs,)  the 
capital  city  of  Egypt,  residence  of  the  viceroy,  and  se.at  of 
government,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  and  5  miles 
from  thecommencementof  its  Delta.  Lat.  (lower  of  the  Janis- 
saries) 30°  2'  4"  N. ;  Ion.  31°  15'  36"  E. :  elev.-ition.  40  feet  al)ove 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Population,  including  the  suburbs  of 
Boolak  and  Old  Cairo,  estimated  at  250.000,  comprising 
about  125,000  Mohammedans,  6t>.tX)0  Copt.s,  .SOOO  to  4000 
Jews,  and  numerous  foreigners.  Climate  healthy,  and  little 
variable;  the  heat  is  great  in  summer  and  even  in  winter. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  year  72°.2.  of  winter  58°.5,  of  sum- 
mer 85°.l  F'ahrenheit.  It  never  gnows,  and  very  seldom 
rains,  but  dew  is  abundant.  The  city  proper  is  built  oi 
a  slope  at  the  foot  of  one  of  the  lowest  ridges  of  the  chaii- 
of  Jebel  Mokkatam,  and.  next  to  Constantinople,  is  th» 
largest  and  most  populous  city  in  the  Ottoman  Empire, 
being  about  3  miles  long  and  the  .same  in  breadth :  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  antique  battlements  .and  stone  wall.s.  having  se- 
veral gateways  and  lofty  towers  at  intervjiis :  the  highest  part 
of  the  ridge  is  occupied  by  a  citadel,  which  contaiivs  the 
palace  of  the  viceroy,  the  arsenal,  mint,  and  public  offices. 
The  citadel  is  commanded  by  forts  placed  on  the  extfemity 
of  the  chain  of  Mokkat.am.  The  city  is  separated  f  om  its 
suburbs  Boolak  and  Musr-<?l-.\atik.  improperly  call  hI  Old 
Cairo,  by  a  series  of  gardens  and  plantations. 

Cairo  is  divided  into  several  distinct  quarters,  according 
to  the  religion  and  race  of  its  inhabitants,  as  the  Coptic 


CAI 


CAL 


quarter.  Jew's  quarter,  and  Frank  quarter,  ■which  are  sepa- 
rated by  i:ates.  The  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  ill  paved, 
and  unfit  for  the  passage  of  carriages,  but  they  are  less  filthy 
than  f  irinerly ;  the  houses  are  substantial  and  often  lofty ; 
there  are  many  squares  surrounded  by  good  private  houses, 
but  few  modern  edifices  of  importance  except  the  palace  of 
Ibrahim  I'asha,  with  extensive  gardens  ou  the  Nile,  between 
Boolak  and  Old  Cairo,  and  the  handsome  residence  of  the 
viceroy  at  Shoobra-  The  city  is  traversed  by  a  canal  of  ir- 
rigation, which  commences  at  Old  Cairo.  The  remarkable 
edifices  of  Cairo,  which  comprise  many  of  the  finest  remains 
of  Arabian  architecture,  all  date  from  the  reign  of  the  Arabs 
and  the  ancient  sultans  of  Egypt.  Among  these  are  from 
800  to  400  mosques,  many  of  which,  as  those  of  Sultan  Hasan, 
have  lofty  and  graceful  minarets ;  several  of  the  ancient 
gates,  an  aqueduct  for  conveying  water  from  the  Nile  to  the 
citadel,  the  tombs  of  the  Memlooks,  the  ancient  works  of 
the  citadel,  and  the  palace  and  well  of  Joseph.  At  Old 
Cairo  are  the  seven  towers  still  called  "  the  granary  of 
Joseph,"  and  serving  their  ancient  purpose.  In  the  island 
of  Rodah  is  the  celebrated  Kilometer,  a  graduated  column 
for  indicating  the  height  of  the  water  during  an  inundation 
of  the  river ;  numerous  ancient  cisterns  and  Ijaths  still  or- 
nament the  city;  on  the  S.,  outside  the  walls,  are  the  cele- 
brated tombs  of  the  Memlooks,  and  on  the  N.E.  the  obe- 
lisk of  Ileliopolis.  There  are  4  primary  schools  in  Cairo, 
each  having  about  200  pupils,  and  one  preparatory  school 
with  1 JOO  pupils,  a  museum  of  Egyptitin  antiquities,  a  mag- 
netic observatory,  a  European  theatre,  several  hospitals, 
and  a  lunatic  asylum.  Cairo  was  long  the  chief  entrepdt 
for  the  commerce  of  Egypt;  and  3  caravans  still  arrive  annu- 
ally from  Moorzook,  Sennaar,  and  Darfoor.  A  railroad  haa 
also  been  recendy  constructed  to  Alexandria. 

There  are  in  Cairo  about  24  Moslem  foreign  merchants ; 
15  European,  but  no  British  houses;  10  Catholic  Greeks' 
and  6  schismatics'  establishments.  In  the  city  were  164 
Incorporated  bodies  for  the  regulation  or  advancement  of 
native  trades.  There  are  9  cotton-spinning  factories,  10  for 
weaving  silk  and  cotton,  13  for  manufacturing  cloth,  14 
calico-printing  works,  18  dye-works,  15  bleacheries,  46  iron 
foundries,  &c.  In  the  citadel  is  a  factory  for  small  arms  and 
cannon,  the  latter  bronze,  and  of  a  small  calibre ;  also  an 
iron-rolling  mill,  and  a  mint.  At  Cairo  are  the  residences 
of  the  consuls  from  France,  Sardinia,  and  the  United  States. 
The  site  of  Cairo  is  said  to  be  that  of  the  liabylon  of  Cam- 
byses,  built  on  the  ruined  site  of  the  pre-existing  Lati>pii/Us 
of  the  Egyptians.  The  present  city  was  founded  by  the 
Arabs  about  a. d.  970;  its  citadel  was  built  by  Saladin  in 
1176;  it  was  the  capital  of  the  sultans  of  Egypt  till  the  time 
of  the  Turkish  concjuest  in  1507 ;  since  that  time  it  htis  been 
the  residence  of  the  pashas,  governors  of  vhe  province;  it 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1798,  and  held  by  them  for  3i 
years. Adj.  and  inhab.,  Cairine,  kl-reen',  Arab.  MUcs/ree. 

CAIRO,  ki'ro,  (anc.  OJriwn,)  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Genoa,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Savona,  on  the  Bormida. 
Pop.  3492.  The  French  here  gained  a  victory  over  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1794. 

CAIRO,  a  village  of  Naples,  Terra  di  Lavoro,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Sora. 

CAIRO,  ki'ro,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co.,  New  York,  10 
milesN.AV.of  Catskill.  isdrained  by Catskill Creek.  Pop.  2479. 

CAIRO,  a  postroffice  of  Edgefield  district.  South  Carolina. 

CAIRO,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Georgia. 

CAIRO,  a  post-village  of  Sumner  co..  Tennessee,  on  Cum- 
berland River,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Nashville. 

CAIRO,  a  small  village  of  Uendersou  co.,  Kentucky,  10 
miles  S.  of  Henderson. 

CAIRO,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio. 

CAIRO,  a  post-village  of  Alexander  co.,  Hlinois,  is  situated 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state,  on  a  point  of  land 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Elvers,  175  miles  below  St.  Louis.  The  situation  is  low, 
and  subject  to  frequent  inundations,  which  have  retarded 
the  growth  of  the  village.  A  levee  has  been  raised  here, 
which  is  said  to  have  cost  nearly  $1,000,01  0.  Cairo  is  the  S. 
terminus  of  the  Illinois  Central  R.R..  which  connects  with 
the  Mobile  and  Ohio  R.R.   It  has  a  national  bank.  P.  2188. 

CAlliWAN,  a  town  of  North  Africa.    See  Kaikwan. 

CAISTOK.  ka'stor.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Grimsby.  Pop.  in  ISol, 
2-107.  Its  ancient  church  stands  on  the  site  of  Thimg- 
aeastci;  a  Roman  station,  said  to  have  been  rebuilt  by 
Eengist  on  as  much  land  as  the  hide  of  an  ox  cut  into 
thongs  would  cover.  It  has  2  branch  banks,  and  a  gram- 
mar echnol  founded  in  1630. 

CAISTOR,  (anc.  Venlta  Icenn'rum,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  cf  Norfolk,  near  the  Northern  and  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way, 4  miles  S.  of  Norwich.  JIany  Roman  urns  have  been 
found  in  this  place,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  IcenL 

C\IST0R.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CAITUAVIST'KY  creek,  of  North  Carolina,  unites 
wilh  Pollacasty  Creek  in  Hertford  co.,  and  flows  into 
Chowan  River  from  the  S.W. 

CAITH'NESS,  the  most  northerly  co.  of  Scotland,  having 
W.  and  N.  the  county  of  Sutherland,  E.  the  North  Sea,  and 


N.  the  ocean.  Area,  616  square  miles,  of  which  about  100 
are  cultivated,  117  uncultivated,  and  390  unprontaDio. 
Pop.  in  1851,  38,709.  The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  W 
and  S. ;  elsewhere  it  is  fiat  or  undulating,  and  consisting  of 
extensive  moors.  The  fishery  is  the  principal  branch  i>f 
trade;  and  from  150,000  to  200,000  barrels  of  fish  are  an- 
nually cured  for  export  to  the  English  and  Irish  markets. 
Principal  towns,  AVick  and  Thurso.  In  the  Middle  Ages, 
this  part  of  Scotland  belonged  for  some  time  to  the  Kings 
of  Norway ;  most  of  its  inhabitants  are  of  Scandinavian  Of 
Gothic  descent,  and  use  the  English  to  the  exclusion  oj 
the  Gaelic  language.  Caithness  returns  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  head 
of  the  Sinclair  family. 

CAJAHIBA,  kd-zhJ-ee^bd,  a  small  Island  of  Brazil,  W. 
side  of  Bahia  de  Todos-os-Santos,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Serigi. 

CAJAMARCA.    See  Caxamarca. 

CAJAMARQUILL-i.    See  Caxamarquilla. 

CAJANO,  POGGIA  A,  pod'ji  &.  ki-yd'no,  a  town  of  Tu» 
cany,  in  the  Val  Ombrone,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Florence.  Pop. 
142.5.  It  has  a  handsome  grand-ducal  villa,  with  an  iron 
suspension  bridge  over  the  Ombrone,  erected  in  1833.  Tho 
celebrated  Bianca  Capello  died  here  in  1587. 

CAJARC,  kd'zhaRk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cahors.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  2055. 

CAJATAMBO.    See  Caxatambo. 

CAJAZZO,  ki-yafso,  or  CAIASSO,  ki-d.-i'so,  (anc.  Calaftia,) 
a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  10  miles  N.E. 
of  Capua.    Pop.  3520. 

CAJETA,  or  CAIETA.    See  Oaeta. 

CAJOU,  kit-joo',  a  branch  of  the  Mahanuddy  River,  Hin- 
dostan,  which  separates  at  Cuttack,  and  terminates  princi- 
pally in  the  Alankar  River. 

CAL^ABAR/,  a  maritime  district  of  Upper  Guinea,  Western 
Africa,  between  the  river  Benin  and  Formosa  and  the  Rio 
del  Rey,  with  the  Kong  Mountains  in  the  rear,  and  having 
the  Niger  passing  through  its  centre.  The  coast  here,  a 
projecting  line  between  the  Bight  of  Benin  and  Biafra,  is 
uniformly  flat,  unbroken  by  the  slightest  elevation,  and 
closely  intersected  by  rivers,  most  if  not  all  of  which,  with 
the  exception  of  Old  Calabar,  being  branches  of  the  Niger: 
much  vegetable  matter  and  silt  are  discharged  at  every  ebb 
tide  by  these  mouths,  which  discolor  the  ocean  with  a  filthy 
scum  of  a  brown  color,  giving  forth  a  sickening  smell  for 
the  distance  of  several  miles.  The  climate  of  Calabar  is  ex- 
tremely deleterious,  and  the  coast  generally  inhospitable, 
there  not  being  a  light-house  or  single  harbor  or  refuge 
throughout  its  entire  length.  Tornadoes  are  frequent,  and 
of  the  most  violent  character,  accompanied  by  vivid  light- 
ning and  tremendous  poals  of  thunder,  with  rains  so  fierce 
and  heavy  that  it  is  impossible  to  look  windward  or  discern 
any  thing  beyond  a  few  yards'  distance.  A  large  portion 
of  the  inhabitants  of  this  district  are  slaves,  and  are  em- 
ployed chiefly  in  cultivating  the  provision  grounds,  or  in 
various  kinds  of  labor  connected  with  the  palm-oil  trade,  in 
which  the  chiefs  are  engaged. 

CALABAR  (kd-ld-bar,)  RIVER,  OLD,  or  CROSS  RIVER 
of  Africa,  Upper  Guinea,  falls  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra 
by  a  wide  estuary,  in  lat.  5°  N.,  Ion.  8°  20'  E.  Captain  Be- 
croft,  who  first  discovered  this  river  in  1841-2,  discovered 
that  the  so-called  Cross  River,  instead  of  being  a  branch  of 
the  Calabar,  is  the  main  stream.  It  is  navigable  by  steam- 
vessels  as  far  as  lat.  6°  20'  N.,  Ion.  9°  35'  E.,  nearly  200 
miles  (including  windings)  from  its  mouth.  The  branch 
of  this  river  which  joins  its  estuai-y  from  N.N.E.,  and  which 
has  hitherto  been  considered  the  main  stream,  is  navigable 
only  for  about  30  miles  from  its  estuary.  On  its  left  bank, 
6  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  Duke  Town,  and  5  miles  N.N.W. 
of  the  latter,  on  a  small  deltoid  branch  of  the  river,  is  Creek 
Town;  these  are  the  seats  of  highly  Interesting  missions, 
and  the  natives  have  recently  made  considerable  progress  in 
civilization. 

CALABAR  RIVER,  NEW  a  branch  of  the  Quorra  at  its 
delta,  which  flows  S.E.,  and  enters  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  in 
lat.  4°  30'  N.,  Ion.  7°  7'  E.,  W.  of  Bonny. 

CALABOZO,  kd-U-bo'so,  a  town  of  Venezuela,  province 
and  120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Caracas.  The  principal  wealth  of 
the  inhabitants  consists  of  cattle.  Calalx)zo,  formerly  only 
an  Indian  village,  owes  its  existence  as  a  town  to  the  Biscay 
Company.    Pop.  5000. 

CALABRIA,  ka-li/bre-a.  or kdld^bre-S,  (anc. Bruttium,) the 
S.  part  of  tlie  state  of  Naples,  separated  from  Sicily  by 
the  Strait  of  Messina.  Area,  6,905  square  miles.  Pop. 
1 ,140.627.  It  forms  a  long  peninsula,  and  is  traversed  through- 
out by  the  Apennines,  which  rise  to  an  elevation  of  3000  or 
4000  feet.  The  flats  near  the  coasts  are  marshy  and  unhealthy, 
and  inhabited  by  herds  of  buffaloes;  but  the  valleys  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountains  are  delightful,  and  rich  with  the  most 
luxuriant  vegetation.  The  country  is  divided  into  the  pro 
vinces  of  Calabria  Citra,  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  and  Calabria 
Ultra  II.  Calabria,  in  the  time  of  the  liomans.  was  occu- 
pied by  the  Brutlii;  its  eastern  coast  formed  part  I'f  the 
Mugna  Grxcia;  and  many  of  its  present  inhabifcmts  are  of 

Greek  descent. Adj.  and  inhab.,  CiLABRLis,  kd-lA'tg-e-an. 

S31 


CAL 

CAliABRITTO  li.3-l3-brit'to,atowii  of  Naples,  on  the  Sell, 
10  miies  N.E.  of  Oampagna.     Pop.  2420. 

CALACF.ITE,  ki-ld-th.Ve-tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  75  miles 
N.E.  of  Teruel.     Pop.  2i500,  emploj-ed  in  linen  weaving. 

CALACTE  or  CALACTA.    See  Caroxia. 

CALAF,  kd-ldf,  a  town  of  Spain,  46  miles  N.W.  of  Barce- 
lona.   Pop.  2794.     It  has  raanutactures  of  linens. 

OALAUORRA,  ki-ld-oB/Rd.  (auc.  Ciilagur>ris.)  a  city  of 
Spain,  Old  Castile,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Logroflo,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Ebro.  Calahorra  is  famous  for  the  siege  it  sus- 
tained from  Cneus  Pompey,  B.C.  72,  by  whom  it  waa  taken 
after  an  obstinate  resistance  and  the  most  dreadful  suffer- 
ing from  famine.  Portions  of  its  ancient  walls,  towers,  and 
aqueducts  still  remain.  It  is  decayed,  and  has  a  cathedral. 
It  is  the  birthplace  of  Quintilian.    Pop.  5S20. 

CALAHORK.A.,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  34  miles  E. 
ofGrauada.     Pop.  2050. 

CALAIS,  kal'is.  (Fr.  pron. ki'l.V,  L.  aiWlum or  aiWsiiim.) a 
fortified  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
on  the  Strait  of  Dover,  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dover,  and  19  miles 
N.E.  of  Boulogne,  at  ttie  terminus  of  a  railway  from  Liile.  Lat. 
of  the  new  light-house,  60°  57'  45"  N.;  Ion.  1°  51'  lb"  K.; 
height,  190  feet.  Pop.  in  1861  12,934.  The  tewn  and  harbor 
are  defended  by  a  castle  and  several  forts,  and  by  meiins  of 
Bluices  the  whole  adjacent  country  may  be  laid  under 
water.  Calais  is  regularly  built  and  clean;  streets  wide, 
well-paved,  and  mostly  furnished  with  footpaths;  houses 
chiefly  of  brick.  In  the  great  square  are  the  town-hall,  and 
an  elegant  belfrey,  118  feet  in  height.  The  Githedral  is  a 
Gothic  edifice,  containing  a  fine  altar-piece  by  Vandyck. 
Other  remarkable  structures  are  the  Hotel-Dessin,  com- 
prising a  good  inn,  the  theatre,  public  baths,  the  Hot«l-de- 
Quise,  formerly  a  wooden  hall,  the  barracks,  and  public 
library  with  12,000  volumes.  Calais  is  the  seat  of  a  tri- 
bunal and  chamber  of  commerce,  the  residence  of  several 
foreign  consuls,  and  h.is  an  agricultural  society,  school  of 
design,  and  school  of  hydrography.  The  harbor  is  formed 
by  two  moles,  which  are  continued  seaward  by  wooden 
piers,  the  whole  being  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in 
length.  At  ebb  tide  it  is  nearly  dry,  and  has  not  a  greater 
depth  than  15  or  IS  feet  at  high  water,  according  to  the 
wind.  A  tower  in  the  centre  of  the  town  serves  as  a  light- 
house,  the  light  of  which  is  revolving,  and  is  118  feet  above 
the  sea  level.  A  stationary  tidal  light  at  the  Red  Fort  an- 
nounces when  the  port  is  accessible;  there  is  good  anchorage 
ground  from  2  to  3  miles  N.W.  of  the  harbor.  Calais  is  well 
knowTiasoneofthepriDcip.il  ports  for  the  debarkation  of  tra- 
vellers from  England,  there  being  daily  communication  with 
Dover  by  steamtwat,  and  several  times  a  week  with  London 
and  Ramsgate,  In  1819,  the  number  of  travellers  that  arrived 
by  sea  was  35,411;  and  in  1865  it  reached  to  133,562.  The 
manufactures  of  the  town,  formerly  inconsiderable,  have 
risen  of  late  to  some  importance.  The  bobbin-net  trade  em- 
ploys 782  looms,  and  from  4000  to  6000  artisans.  Numerous 
mills  h.ave  been  erected,  steam-engines  are  multiplying,  and 
the  inner  ramparts  have  been  removed  to  make  way  for  the 
factories.  There  are  also  some  oil  and  soap  works,  tanneries, 
and  a  salt  refinery.  Vessels  are  built  here  and  fitted  out 
for  the  cod,  mackerel,  and  herring  fisheries,  A  consider- 
able trade  is  carried  on  in  spirits,  salt,  oil,  grain,  wine, 
hemp,  wood,  coal,  &c.,  and  not  less  than  55.000,000  eggs  are 
annually  exported  to  England.  In  1347,  Calais  was  taken 
by  Edward  III.  of  England,  after  a  siege  of  11  months. 
The  story  of  his  determining  to  execute  six  of  the  prin- 
cipal burgesses,  with  the  heroic  Eustache-de-St.  Pierre  at 
their  head,  and  of  his  sparing  their  lives  at  the  interces.sion 
of  his  wife,  Queen  Philippa,  is  too  well-known  to  require  re- 
petition. Calais  remained  in  theh.ands  of  the  English  from 
1347  to  1558,  during  which  time  they  improved  the  town, 
»nd  strengthened  the  fortifications.  In  1658  it  was  taken 
by  the  Duke  of  Guise,  and  was  the  last  relic  of  the  Gallic 
iomluions  of  the  Plantagenets,  which  at  one  time  compre- 
hended the  half  of  France. 

C.4.LAIS,  kal'is,  a  city  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  St.  Croix  River,  opposite  St,  Stephen's, 
in  New  Brunswick,  with  which  it  communicates  by  means 
of  4  bridges,  28  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Eastport,  and  264  miles 
N.E,  of  Portland,  A  bridge  also  communicates  with  Baring, 
The  falls  in  the  river  afford  extensive  water-power.  To  the 
lower  falls  the  tide  in  the  St  Croix  rises  20  feet.  Calais 
contains  6  churches,  a  bank,  a  city  hall,  and  an  academy. 
Ship-building  ig  becoming  an  important  business.  One 
vessel  was  launched  here  in  1853.  admeasuring  2000  tons. 
The  lumber  trade,  however,  furnishes  the  chief  occupation 
of  the  inhabitants.  The  Calais  and  Baring  Railroiul  was 
built  expressly  for  the  transiwrtation  of  lumber  from 
Siilltown  and  Baring  to  Calais.  ITie  quantity  brought 
down  for  the  year  ending  May  1,  1853.  was  32.318,715  feet 
Of  long  lumber,  and  44.3.j7,10o  laths.  Two  newspapers  are 
Issued  here.    Pop.  in  1860,  4749;  ISf.O,  6621. 

CALAIS,  a  iwst-t  .wnship  of  Washington  co.,  Vermont  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Monti)elier,  intersected  by  branches  of  the 
Onion  River.    Pop.  1409. 

CALAIS,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  100 
miles  £.  of  Columbus. 


CAL 

CALAISTS,  kln.Vzee',  a  district  of  France,  in  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Picardy,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of  Pa* 
de-Calais^  It  was  occupied  by  the  English  from  1349  to  1558. 

CALAMATA.     See  Kalamata. 

C,\L.\M'I5RIA,  a  post-office  of  Rowan  co..  North  Camlinii. 

CALAMIANES  (ka-U-me-i'nfe)  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the 
MalayArchipelago,  Philippines,  about  midway  between  Min- 
doro  and  Palaw.in,  L.Ht.  12°N.;  Ion,  120°  E,  Calamianes, 
the  principal  island,  is  about  35  miles  in  length,  by  15  miles 
in  breadth,  has  a  Spanish  settlement,  and  is  the  residence 
of  an  alcalde. 

CALAMO,  kjid-mo,  a  small  island  of  the  Ionian  giDup, 
between  Santa  Maura  and  the  continent. 

CALAMO.  a  .small  island  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Kalimno. 

CALAMOCHA.  kd-ll-mo'chd,  a  town  of  Spain,  38  miles  N. 
of  Teruel,  near  the  Jiloca,    Pop,  1400, 

CALAMOTA,  kd-ld-mo'ta,  a  small  isl.ind  of  South  Dalma- 
tui,  in  the  Adriatic,  6  miles  W,N,M',  of  Ragusa,     Pop.  300. 

CALAMOTA,  a  town  of  Greece,  Morea,    See  Kalamata, 

CALAN'AS,  kJ-ia'uJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  20 
miles  N,  of  Huelva,    Pop,  1948. 

CALANCA,  kd-lan'ki.  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Grisons,  between  the  A'al  Blegno  and  the  Val  Misocco,  It 
derives  its  name  from  the  old  fortress  of  Calanca,  near  the 
village  of  Santa  Maria,  now  in  ruins. 

CALANDA.  kS-ldn'di  a  town  of  Sp.ain,  62  miles  N.E.  of 
Teruel,  on  a  small  river  of  its  own  name.  Pop.  3576,  engaged 
in  linen  weaving. 

CALAXDSOOG,  kdldnt-soG'.  a  villase  of  Holland,  province 
of  North  Holland,  on  the  North  Sea.  9i  miles  S.  of  the  Ui-lder. 
Near  Calandsoog,  the  combined  British  and  Russian  fijrces 
landed,  August  27, 1799,  and  defeated  a  Dutch  army  with 
great  loss, 

C.A.L.A.NG,  kJ-lSng'.  a  town  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  state 
and  S,E.  of  Salangore,  on  the  river  Calang,  about  20  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  the  strait  of  Malacca,  It  is  fortified, 
and  is  an  occasional  residence  of  the  Salangore  rajah.  Near 
It  are  some  tin-mines. 

CAL.iNNA,  kd-ldn'hi,  a  town  of  N.aples,  Calabria  Ultra 
I,,  7  miles  N,E,  of  Reggio,    Pop.  1120, 

CAL.\XN.\,  kd-ldn'ni,  a  town  of  C-entral  Africa,  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  itsown  name,about  230  miles  S,S,W,of  Timbuctoo. 

CALAXTAN,    See  Kjilantax, 

CALAXTIGA  (ka-ldn-tee/gd)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  isUnds 
on  the  N,E.  coast  of  Sumatra,  from  lat.  0°  29'  to  0°  31'  30" 
S,;  Ion,  104°  5'  E, 

CALAP,  kinip',  a  sm.all  island  of  the  North  Pacific, 
Gilolo  Passage,  at  the  west  end  of  the  island  of  Popa;  lat 
1°  15' S,;  Ion,  129°  30' E, 

CALAPAN,  ki-li-p3n',  a  maritime  town  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  capital  of  the  island  of  Mindoro,  on  its  N,E,  coa.«t,  in 
the  Strait  of  Mindoro,  85  miles  E,S.E,  of  Manila,      Pop.  2790. 

CAL'APOO'YA  or  CAVLAPOO^VA,  a  post-office  of  Linn 
CO.,  Oregon. 

CAL.4.R1S.    See  Caguarl 

CALARY,  ka-lM-ee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co,  of 
Wicklow. 

C.\LA.SCIBETTA.     See  Calat.v-scibetta. 

CALASPAURA.  kd-lds-paR'RS.  a  town  of  Spain.  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Murcia.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloths,  flour,  and 
oil.  and  trades  in  cattle.    Pop.  5275. 

CAL  ATA  BELLOTA,  ]ii-WtA  b^l-lo'ti,  a  town  of  Sieily, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  (anc.  Crimi.fiig,)  10  miles  N.E. 
of  Sciacca.  and  near  the  site  of  the  anc,  Triada.     Pop,  4770. 

CALATA  Fl  MI,  kS-U'tJ  fee'mee.  a  town  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Sicily,  in  a  fertile  valley.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Alcamo.  Pop.  10,000. 

CALATAGIRONE.  " See  Cai.t.\giron-e, 

CALATANAZOR,  kd-ld-ti-nil-thoR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  10 
miles  S.W,  of  Soria,  celebrated  for  the  victory  of  Almanzor 
over  the  Christians  about  A,n,  1001,     Pop,  1300, 

CAL.\T.\-SCIBETTA,  kl-ld'tj  she-b^t/ti,  a  town  of  Sicily 
near  its  centre,  15  miles  X,K,  of  Calt.anisetta.     Pop.  47S8, 

CALATAVUTURO,  kd-ll-ti-voo-too'ro,  a  town  of  Sicily, 
district  of  Termini.  38  miles  S.E.  of  Palermo.     Pop,  4000, 

CALATAYDD,  kd-ia-td-yoon',  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the 
Jalon,  province,  and  48  miles  S.W,  of  Saragossa.  Pop.  8579. 
It  has  an  imposing  external  appearance,  but  is  dilapidated 
and  dull.  The  principal  edifices  are  an  episcopal  palace,  a 
provincial  hall,  a  hou.se  of  industry,  .several  nunneries  and 
convents,  churches,  hospitals,  barr.acks  for  4000  nuMi,  3 
bridges,  a  bull-ring,  and  theatre.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  common  woollens,  brown  paper,  and  leatlur.  Provi- 
sions are  cheap,  and  the  vicinity  is  fertile.  Ne:ir  Calafayud 
are  some  mineral  springs,  stalactitic  caverns,  and  the  re- 
mains of  BilhiUs,  tlie  birthplace  of  Martial, 

C^L\TI\      SeeCvJvzzo, 

CALATRAVA,  ka-lJ-tri'vA,  or  SANTIAGO  DE  CALA- 
TRAVA,  siln-te-J/go  Ak  Vk-M-trifyL  a  town  oi  Spain,  pr>> 
Tince  of  Andalusia,  20  miles  S.  of  .Taen.     Pop,  1014. 

CALATRAVA  L.4.  VIEJA,  ki-ll-tri'va  ll  ve-.-i'Hj,  (anc. 
OrHnm  or  Oria.)  a  ruined  city  of  Spain,  containing  the  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  city  of  Calatrava,  on  the  S,  Kink  of 
the  Guadian.a,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo,  In  the  Middle  .\gp« 
it  was  fortified,  and  w.hs  considered  the  key  of  the  Sierra 
Morena.    The  military  order  uf  Calatrava  wits  founded  liero 


CAL 


CAL 


In  115?.  The  knights  rendered  themselves  famous  in  the 
contests  with  the  Moors;  but  the  institution  gradually  de- 
generated, and  in  1485  the  grand  mastership  was  united  to 
the  crown. 

CAL.WERAS,  kal-.vvi/ras,  a  river  in  the  N.  central 
part  of  California,  rises  among  the  hills  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  near  the  centre  of  Calaveras  county,  and 
flowing  first  in  a  westerly,  aud  then  in  a  general  south- 
westerly course,  tails  into  the  San  Joaquin  liiver,  in  the 
county  of  that  name,  about  15  miles  below  Stockton. 

CALAVERAS,  a  co.  in  the  North  central  part  of  Califor- 
nia, bordering  on  Amador  county,  has  an  area  of  about  1000 
Bquare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S  E.  by  the  Stanislaus 
River,  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Moquelumne.  and  is  drained  by 
the  Calaveras  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Sun  Joaquin,  and  by 
the  south  fork  of  the  Moquelumne.  these  rivers  flow  in  a 
southwestward  direction.  The  Sierra  Nevada,  or  Snowy 
Kange  of  California,  piisses  along  the  eastern  border  of  the 
county.  Four  miles  S.  of  Vallecito,  on  Cliyote  Creek,  are, 
it  is  said,  two  natural  bridges,  which  are  luuong  the  greatest 
curiosities  in  the  state.  The  amount  of  capital  employed 
in  quartz  mining  in  1852  was  $472,055,  in  placer  mining, 
$38,200,  in  other  mining,  $93,988,  and  in  trading,  §1,032,245. 
Capital,  San  Andre.is.     Pop.  16,299. 

CALAYAN,  ki-li-y3n',  one  of  the  Madjicosima  Islands,  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  60  miles  N.  of  Luzon,  one  of  the 
Philippine  Islands.    It  is  15  miles  long. 
CALBE,  two  towns  of  Prussia.    See  Kalbe. 
CAL/IiOLKNE,aparish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
C.\LBUCO,    kil-boo'ko,   or   EL  I'UERTE,  el-foo-^ii/tA,  or 
?l-fwjn'ti,  a  small  town  of  Chili,  South  America,  on  the 
eastern  coast  of  the  island  of  Chiioe.    Pop.  2500. 

CALBUR'GA  or  KULBUK/GA,  a  town  of  India,  Decean, 
Ni/.ams  dominions,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Beemah,  110 
miles  W.  of  Hyderabad.  It  is  now  unimportant,  but  it  has 
been  successively  the  capital  of  Hindoo  aud  Mohammedan 
sovereignties. 

CALCA.  kdl'kS,  a  province  of  Peru,  department  of  Cuzco. 
Pop.  in  1850,  16,223.  C.^LO.\  Is  also  the  name  of  several 
towns  and  villages  of  Peru. 

CALCAIICEN,  H\-k&-sin',  a  town  of  Yucatan,  Central 
America,  about  30  miles  S.S.G.  of  Merida. 

OALGAR,  kdl'kaE,  a  small  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Cleves,  on  the  Rhine.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  stuffs  and  hosiery. 

CALCASIEU,  kal'kashu\  a  river  of  Louisiana,  rises  In 
the  western  part  of  the  state,  and.  flowing  in  a  general 
southerly  course,  passes  through  the  parish  and  lake  of 
its  own  name  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length  estimated 
at  250  miles.    It  is  not  navigable. 

CALCASIEU,  a  parish  forming  the  south-westerly  ex- 
tremity of  Louisiana,  Ijordering  on  Texas,  has  an  area  of 
5500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Sa- 
bine River,  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Mermenteau,  and.  is  inter- 
sected by  Calcasieu  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and 
mostly  occupied  by  savannas  or  grassy  plains,  which  afford 
pasture  for  large  numbers  of  cattle.  The  soil  in  the  vici- 
nity of  the  stream  is  fertile.  Pop.  5928,  of  whom  4757  were 
free,  and  1171  slaves. 

CALCASIEU  LAKE,  of  Louisiana,  in  the  parish  of  its  own 
name,  is  an  expansion  of  Calcasieu  River,  which  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  about  5  miles  from  the  foot  of  the  lake. 
Length.  IS  miles,  greatest  breadth,  5  or  6  miles. 
CAL'CEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
CALCETliauPE,  kdl'se-thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

CALCl,  kdl'chee,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  5j  miles  E.  of  Pisa, 
on  the  Monte  Pisano,  in  a  rich  olive  district.  Near  it  is 
the  celebrated  chartreuse  of  Pisa  or  Calci,  next  to  that  of 
Pavia.  the  most  magnificent  in  Italy.    Pop.  3000. 

CALCINAJA,  kdl-che-nd'yd,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  12  miles 
E.  of  Pisa,  on  the  Arno.    Pop.  3222. 

CALCINATE,  kdl-che-nd'tA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Milan,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  the 
post>road  to  Brescia.    Pop.  1806. 
CALCINATO,  kil-che-nd'to,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  11  miles 
.  S.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  Chiese.     Pop.  3600. 

CALCIO,  kil'cho,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  16  miles  S.E.  of 
Bergamo.     Pop.  3000. 

CALCKEN,  kdl'ken,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt.     Pop.  4952'. 

CALCUTTA,  kal-kQt'ta.  {KaUee  Gfiattah,  i.  e.  "tbeghaul or 
landing-place  of  Kallee,  the  goddess  of  Time :"  in  acts  of  Par- 
liament, called  "  the  Town  of  Calcutta,  and  Factory  of  Fort 
William,")  a  well-known  city  of  Hindostan,  capital  of  the 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  and  seat  of  the  supreme 
government  of  British  India;  lat.  22°  33'  5"  N.;  Ion.  88°  19' 
2"  E.,  situated  on  a  level  tract,  on  the  left  or  E.  bank  of  the 
Hoogly,  a  branch  of  the  Ganges,  about  100  miles  from  the  sea. 
It  is  about  4i  miles  in  length,  from  S.E.  to  N.W.  along  the 
course  of  the  river;  and  in  breadth,  E.  to  W.,  from  1^  to  li 
miles,  at  the  bra-idest  part,  which  is  about  the  centre. 
Beyonl  these  limits,  however,  there  are  numerous  suburbs, 
villages,  and  detached  residences.  A  spacious  way,  called 
the  Chcular  Road,   encompasses  it  on  the  land  side,   fol- 


lowing the  line  of  the  ancient  entrenchment  called  the 
Mahratta  Ditch ;  and  marks  the  boundary  of  the  liberties 
of  the  city,  and  of  the  administration  of  English  law.  Ou 
the  W.  side,  or  that  next  the  river,  is  an  extensive  quay, 
or  breast-work,  alKjut  2  miles  long,  called  the  Strand,  40 
feet  above  low-water  mark,  and  having  landing-places  or 
ghauts,  at  intervals  throughout  its  entire  length.  The 
river,  opposite  the  city,  varies  in  breadth,  from  about  two 
furlongs  at  the  narrowest  part,  to  about  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  at  the  broadest.  From  the  lower  part  of  Garden 
Reach,  on  the  right,  the  river  bank  is  laid  out  in  large 
gardens,  each  with  a  handsome  mansion  in  its  centre; 
and  the  whole  scene  speaks  of  opulence  and  splendor. 
Calcutta  is  divided  into  two  distinct  portions — the  one, 
the  northern  portion,  is  occupied  by  natives;  the  other, 
the  southern,  by  Europeans.  In  the  former,  the  streets 
are  narrow  and  dingy,  the  shops  and  warehouses  mean- 
looking.  The  lower  parts  of  the  houses  contain  the  ba- 
zaars, and  the  upper  the  dwelling-houses.  This  depart- 
ment of  the  city  is  crowded  with  a  low  aud  heterogeneous 
population — many  being  half  naked,  numbers  entirely  so, 
while  others  are  bedizened  in  tawdry  and  fantastic  gar- 
ments: discordant  noises  of  all  sorts,  and  most  offensive 
smells  complete  the  repulsive  chanicter  of  this  portion  of 
.  Calcutta.  It  is  different  with  the  south  or  European  por- 
tion. Here  the  streets  are  spacious;  the  houses,  most  of 
them  detached,  large,  and  handsome,  built  of  brick,  and 
stuccoed. 

Chowringhee,  which  lies  E.  of  the  fort,  is  the  fashionable 
quarter  of  the  town,  being  apart  from  the  centre  of  trade 
The  new  theatre,  called  the  Sans  Scmci,  (an  elegant  Gre- 
cian structure.)  and  the  Asiatic  Society's  House,  (a  plain 
building,)  are  the  only  public  edifices  in  this  .section.  The 
ornamental  character  of  some  of  its  private  houses,  with 
their  garden  enclosures,  is  in  some  degree  marred  by  the 
incongruous  proximity  of  native  huts,  and  open  patches  of 
unoccupied  ground. 

The  subxirbs  of  Calcutta  are  extensive;  and  Garden  Reach, 
occupied  by  European.s,  about  3  miles  S.  of  the  town,  is  the 
most  striking  as  to  architectural  and  park-like  features.  The 
grounds  are  extensive,  and  laid  out  with  fine  trees  and  par- 
terres of  shrubs,  interspersed  with  the  bright  colors  of  tro- 
pical plants,  while  the  scene  is  enlivened  by  the  .ships  cc\x- 
sta^itly  passing  up  and  down.  On  the  opposite  bank  aie 
the  botanical  gardens,  remarkable  for  their  extent  and 
beauty,  and  for  the  noble  banyan  and  other  trees  whic>i 
adorn  them ;  lower  down  is  seen,  on  the  same  side  c. 
the  river,  the  elegant  Gothic  structure  of  the  Bishop's  Col- 
lege. AUipore  aud  Ballygunge  are  other  suburbs  to  the  E., 
both  healthy,  having  also  garden  houses  of  Europeans, 
but  without  the  river  view.  E.  of  Calcutta  lies  the  ."uburb 
of  Eutally,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Eurasians  or  halt-castes,  and 
natives.  Farther  toward  the  N. are  the  populous  subuibs  of 
Sealdah  and  Simleah.  running  into  each  other  like  suburbs, 
containing  the  hou.ses  of  wealthy  natives  and  the  huts  of 
their  poorer  countrymen;  showing — what  is  so  common  iv 
Eastern  cities — a  commingling  of  the  stately  mansions  of 
the  wealthy  with  the  wretched  hovels  of  the  poor. 

The  favorite  promenade  is  the  Strand,  where  both  Euro- 
peans aud  Indians  goto  enjoy  the  cool  of  the  evening;  and 
where  on  such  occjisions,  is  to  be  seen  an  imposing  display  of 
handsome  equipages,  with  crowds  of  ladies  and  gentlemen 
on  horseback,  each  attended  by  a  hoi'sekeeper.  called  a  s>/ce. 
Public  Buildings. — At  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  city,  on 
the  bank  of  the  river,  is  a  large  space  of  verdant,  level 
ground,  about  If  miles  in  length,  and  1  in  breadth,  called 
the  JIaidan.  In  this  plain,  about  1  mile  from  the  city, 
and  commanding  the  river,  being  separated  from  it  only  by 
the  Strand  Road  and  the  AVet  Ditch,  is  situated  Fort  Wil- 
liam, one  of  the  largest  and  most  regular  fortresses  in 
India.  It  was  constructed  by  Lord  Clive.  after  the  battle 
of  Plassey  in  1757;  and  has  cost  altogether  £2,000,000. 
It  mounts  619  guns,  from  12  to  32  pounders:  will  hold, 
for  the  purposes  of  defence,  15.000  men;  contains  80,000 
stand  of  arms,  and  is  usually  garrisoned  by  one  European 
and  two  native  regiments,  besides  a  detachment  of  artillery. 
Within  its  walls  are  store-rooms,  ordnance-yards,  powder 
magazines,  barracks,  a  church,  &c.  Around  the  eastern 
margin  of  the  Maidan  are  a  series  of  walled  tanks.  At  the 
southern  extremity  is  the  grand  jail,  and  the  race-ground, 
of  a  triangular  form,  with  a  course  of  about  I3  miles  in 
length.  At  the  northern  side,  which  is  called  the  Esplanade, 
is  the  Government-house,  the  palace  of  the  Governor-gene- 
ral, a  magnificent  pile  built  by  the  Marquis  of  M'ellesley, 
(brother  of  the  late  Dvike  of  Wellington.)  It  has  four  wings, 
with  a  stupendous  dome  in  the  centre  ;  and  is  surrounded 
by  a  colonnade  of  Ionic  pillars.  In  a«line  with  the  Govern- 
ment-house, and  fronting  the  Esplanade,  are  splendid  man- 
sions, with  hand.some  verandahs,  supported  by  lofty  columns. 
This  is  is  one  of  the  healthiest  localities  in  the  city :  and  it 
also  a  favorite  resort  of  the  fashionable  world. 

After  the  Government-house,  the  principal  edifices  are 
the  Town-hall,  Supreme  Court.  Government  Treasury, 
Writers'  Buildings,  the  Metcalf  Hall,  the  Mint,  where,  it  is 
said,  500,000  coins  can  be  struck  off  in  24  houus,  and  in 

333 


CAL 


CAL 


which  nearly  300  workmen,  chiefly  natives,  are  employed; 
the  Hindoo  College,  the  Madrussa  or  Mohammedan  College, 
the  Gener.ll  Assembly  of  the  Kstablished  Church  of  Scot- 
l.ind"s  Institution,  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland's  Institu- 
tion, the  Bengal  Club,  the  Theatre,  the  Medical  College, 
the  General  Hospital,  the  Native  Hospital,  the  Mechanics' 
Institute,  the  Orphan  School,  the  Martiniere,  the  Asiatic 
Society's  Rooms,  and  the  Ghaut  for  burning  the  dead 
bodies  of  Hindoos. 

The  monuments  are,  General  Sir  David  Ochterlony's  pil- 
lar, on  the  Maidan;  the  statue  of  the  Marquis  of  Wellesley, 
in  an  open  Grecian  building,  in  Tank  Square ;  Princep"s 
Ghaut,  S.  of  the  fort ;  the  bronze  statue  of  Lord  William 
Bentinck.  in  the  Ksplanade ;  and  the  bronze  statue  to  Lord 
Auckland,  on  the  S.  of  Qovernmeut-house  ;  the  marble  sta- 
tues of  the  Marquis  of  Cornwallis,  and  others,  within  the 
town-hall ;  and  to  Bishop  Heber,  and  others,  in  the  new  and 
old  cathedrals;  and  the  monument  between  the  west  gate 
of  Fort  William  and  the  river,  erected  by  Lord  Kllenlx> 
rough,  in  commesnoration  of  the  victory  gained  at  Gwalior, 
during  his  government. 

The  religious  edifices  are,  the  new  cathedral  of  St.  Paul's, 
the  old  cathedral  or  St.  John's  Church,  the  Old  Mission 
Church.  St.  James's  Church.  St.  Thomas's  Church  or  Free- 
echool  Church,  St.  Peter's,  within  the  fort ;  all  these  belong 
to  the  Church  of  Enriand.  St.  Andrew's  Kirk,  connected 
with  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland;  the  Free  Kirk, 
built  since  the  Disruption  by  voluntary  contributions. 
Three  Roman  Catholic  churches,  the  Greek  Church,  the 
Armenian  Church,  two  Baptist  chapels,  the  Independent 
Union  Ch.ipel,  the  Ilindostauee  Church,  the  Simleah 
Church,  in  which  a  converted  and  educated  Hindoo,  or- 
dained as  bishop,  officiates ;  liesides  Mohammedan  mosques, 
Hindoo  temples,  and  a  Chinese  temple.  The  churches  con- 
nected with  the  PJnglish  Establishment  are  under  the 
Bishop  of  Calcutta  and  Metropolitan  of  India;  and  the 
archde;icou  and  clergy  are  all  salaried  chaplains  of  the 
Company,  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Directors.  The  new 
cathedral  is  a  splendid  Gothic  building,  on  the  E.  of  the 
Maidan  or  plain.  The  old  cathedral  was  begun  in  1784, 
and  was  built  by  voluntary  subscriptions,  under  the  au- 
spices of  Warren  Hastings,  governor-general.  The  kirk- 
ses.sion  in  Calcutta,  and  that  of  each  of  the  two  other  pre- 
6idencit>s  of  Madriis  and  Bombay,  are  subject  to  the  eccfe- 
siastioal  jurisdiction  of  the  presbytery  of  Edinburgh. 
These  three  kirk-sessions  jointly  elect  and  send  one  minis- 
ter and  one  elder,  as  their  representatives,  to  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland. 

Educaiinntil  Inditutirmg. — The  educational  institutions, 
not  affording  religious  instruction,  are — the  College  of  Fort 
William,  for  the  members  of  the  company's  civil  service ; 
the  Hindoo  College,  the  Madrussa  or  Mohammedan  College, 
and  the  Sanscrit  College,  all  supported  by  the  government, 
and  managed  through  their  committee  of  general  instruction. 
There  are  several  schools,  taught  by  natives,  for  instruction 
in  English,  and  in  the  vernacular  languages;  and  a  native 
fenwle  school  has  been  lattly  established  by  Mr.  Bethune, 
member  of  council. 

The  educational  institutions  affording  religions  instruc- 
tion are,  Bishop's  College,  founded  in  1820,  with  two  pro- 
fessors from  the  English  univei-sities,  and  intended  for  the 
education  of  misslcnaries,  catechists,  and  schoolmasters; 
the  General  Assembly's  Institution,  established  in  the  year 
1829,  and  divided  into  the  normal  school  and  college  depart- 
ment, to  which  a  theological  course  is  now  added ;  and  the 
Free  Church  Institutions  established  by  the  missionai  ies.  Dr. 
Duff  and  the  Rev.  William  Mackay.  The  High  School,  the 
Free  School,  the  Parental  Academic  Institution,  the  Christian 
Instruction  Socioty,  the  Infant  School  Society,  several  la- 
die,s"  societies  for  native  female  e<lucation,  the  Ch  rist  ian  Tract, 
and  Book  Society,  and  the  Armenian  Philanthropic  Society, 
are  other  institutions  of  a  religious  character.  St.  Xaviers 
College,  and  Loretto  House,  are  institutions  estalilished  and 
conducted  by  Jesuits :  the  latter  is  an  establishment  for 
the  education  of  young  ladies,  conducted  by  nuns  of  the 
Ursuline  order.  The  -Martiniere.  founded  under  the  will  of 
General  Claude  Martin,  a  Frenchman,  who  bequeathed  it 
nearly  lOO.OOOZ.,  provides  gratuitous  board,  Ac.  and  a  liberal 
education  to  a  certain  number  of  indigent  Christian  chil- 
dren, without  respect  to  religious  denominations. 

Tlif  B'ti't-ohtU  Inst  ituliims  are — the  Government  Savings 
Bank,  the  General  Hospital,  the  Native  Hospital,  the  Fever 
Hospital,  the  Police  Ilo.spital,  the  Howrah  Seamen's  Hospital, 
the  lA'per  Asylum,  r>i?pensarieg.  Public  Lunatic  Asylum! 
District  Charitaljle  Society.  Dwarkanath  Tagore"s  Fund  for 
Blind  Poor,  Bengjtl  Military  Orplmn  Institution,  European 
Female  Orphan  Institution,  the  Sailor's  Home,  and  some 
others.  The  most  important  religious  societies  are  the 
Church  Missionary  Association,  the  Diocesan  Committee  of 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign 
Parts,  the  Diocesan  Committee  of  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge,  the  Auxiliary  Bible  Society,  the 
Church  Missionary  Association,  Christian  Institution  of  the 
London  Missionary  Society,  the  Seamen's  Friend,  or  Bethel 
Society,  and  Native  Christian  Protection  Society. 
334 


The  JAlerary  and  Scifntifc  Instifvfinns  are — the  Asiatis 
Society,  the  Mechanics'  Institution,  the  Public  Library,  the 
Medical  and  Phj'sical  Society,  and  the  Native  Medical  Col- 
lege. The  last  is  a  most  admirable  government  institution, 
for  training  the  natives  to  become  efficient  and  skilful  sur- 
geons and  medical  practitioners.  There  are  also  the  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  societies.  The  Bank  of  Bengal, 
the  Bonded  Warehouse,  and  the  Ass.im  Tea  Company  may 
be  mentioned  among  the  commercial  corporations :  bi-anches 
or  agencies  of  the  Agra,  and  United  Service  Bank,  the 
Oriental  Bank,  and  of  the  North-western  Bank,  are  also 
established  in  Calcutta ;  besides  which  there  are  the  Ch.anir 
ber  of  Commerce,  the  Trade  Association,  marine  and  life  in- 
surance offices,  provident  societies.  &c. 

Tlie  Ifewi^pers  published  in  Calcutta  are — the  Ilurkam, 
Englishman,  Morning  Chronicle,  Eastern  Star,  and  the 
Government  Gazette,  besides  several  native  newspapers,  in 
the  vern.acular  languages. 

Factories. — The  factories  in  the  city  and  neighborhood 
using  English  machinery  are — the  government  foundry  at 
Cossipore.  having  beautiful  machinery  for  casting  and  Ixiring 
bra.ss  oi-dnance;  the  Gloucester  Mills,  for  making  cotton 
twist;  the  sugar  manufactory  at  Seebpore,  using  vacuum 
pans  and  steam  machinery ;  and  several  corn,  flour,  and 
oil  mills,  and  a  manufactory  for  steam  boilers,  with  a 
foundry  attached.  The  Mint  has  powerful  and  efficient 
steam  and  other  machinery,  for  all  the  purposes  of  working 
the  metals,  and  coining  money.  Ship-building  was  carried 
on  formerly  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  is  now  nearly 
altogether  extinct,  owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  cheaper  cost  of 
construction  in  the  mother  country.  The  repairing  of 
ships  is,  however,  a  lucrative  business,  and  the  govern- 
ment and  private  docks  are  extensive  and  commodious. 

Commerce. — Calcutta  is  now  the  great  emporium  of  the 
East,  monopolizing  the  whole  internal  ti-ade  of  Bengal,  the 
nature  and  extent  of  which  will  be  found  at  once  fully  and 
concisely  exhibited  In  the  following  series  of  tables: — 


Imports. 
Ko.    Tonnage. 

1849-50... British  vessels.... 879 286,516 

Foreign  vessels... 143....  64,122 


Exports. 
No.    Tounage. 
..728....309.Sto2 
..148....  59.859 


Total 1022       349,638 


876       309,611 


TalM. 

809 


Piece     f  ^hile  cottons. ..£1,601,002. ..Cotton  piece  goods,   7   ,. 

n     H     <  Colored  cottons..      275,333...    country  made 5   "'' 

txooas.  ^  gj]^  ^^^  mixed. .        46.627. . .    Silk  piece  goods. . .  .449 

Twist  and  yarn...      793,742...    Mixed  piece  good.s...  37,457 

Exports  of  opium  in  1849-50.  8.5.093  chests:  value, 
3..591.470/.:  sugar,  l,822,S0af  maunds;  value,  1,676,224/.: 
indigo,  105.1841:  value,  1,675.372/.,  of  which  65.725^ 
maunds,  value  1.046.472/..  were  to  Great  Britain.  The  ex- 
ports to  France,  in  1844-5,  amounted  in  value  to  752.6602., 
having  nearly  doubled  within  the  previous  ten  years.  The 
total  imports  into  Bengal  for  1849-50,  amounted  in  valu» 
to  64,971,143  rupees  or  6,497,114/.,  and  the  exjwrts  u 
109,327,126  rupees  or  10,932,712/.  The  principal  articles  ot 
export  are  opium,  indigo,  swgar.  saltpetre,  rice,  raw  cottoi*., 
raw  silk,  piece  goods,  hides,  lac,  &c.  The  principal  importf 
— metals,  piece  goods,  twist,  and  yarn,  salt,  betel-nut.  books, 
glasswares,  wines,  woods,  woollens,  &c. 

Ships  of  1400  tons  burden  can  sail  up  the  Hoogly.  and 
anchor  off  the  city  in  6  or  7  fathoms  water,  or  lie  at  moot^ 
ings  near  the  bank.  An  electric  telegraph  has  recently  been 
constructed  between  Calcutta  and  Diamond  Harlior.  about 
50  miles  down  the  Hoogly.  A  railway,  1360  miles  in  length, 
is  in  course  of  construction,  which,  when  completed,  will 
cross  the  Ganges,  the  Sone,  the  Jumna,  and  the  Sutlej,  tra- 
verse one  of  the  most  fertile  regions  of  Indi.'V,  and  connect 
its  most  ancient  and  populous  cities  with  the  ocean.  The 
opening  of  the  road  from  Howrah,  opposite  Calcutta,  to  the 
rich  coal-fields  at  Burdwan,  a  distance  of  66  miles,  was  cele- 
brated Feb  3,  18.55.  when  it  was  stated  th.at  121  miles  of  the 
East  Indian  Railroad  were  already  completed.  649  miles 
under  contract  to  be  completed  in  1S57,  200  miles  in  course 
of  construction,  and  380  miles  were  lieing  surveyed. 

Besides  the  continuous  communicalion  kept  up  with 
Great  Britain  by  fine  passenger  and  other  sailing  vessels 
round  the  Cape'  of  Good  Hope,  passengers  and  mails  are 
carried  once  a  month  to  and  from  Calcutta,  by  what  ii 
called  "the  overland  route,"  namely.  Alexandria.  Cairo,  and 
Suez.  The  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Steam  Navigation 
Companv  undertake  the  mail  .service,  under  contract  with 
the  imperial  government;  and,  at  the  same  time,  carry 
passengers  in  the  largo  steamers  employed  by  them, 
which  leave  Southampton  on  the  20th,  and  Calcutta  on  the 
8th,  of  every  month.  Two  other  companies  aj-e  in  the 
field — the  one  to  be  called  the  Eastern  Steam  Navi.;ation 
Compiiny,  to  occupy  the  same  line  as  the  Peninsular  and 
Oriental"  but  their  steamer  to  leave  Plymouth  on  the  Ist 
of  the  month  for  Alexandria,  in  correspondence  with  ona 
from  Calcutta;  the  other,  the  Screw  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany, now  carrying  a  mail  to  the  Capw  of  Good  Hope,  io- 
tend  extending  Outt  line  to  Calcutta. 


CAE 


CAL 


(hurts  of  Law. — Iter  majesty's  Supreme  Court  of  Judica- 
ture, at  Fort  William,  was  established  by  charter,  13  Geo. 
III.,  in  1774;  which  vested  in  it  criminal,  civil,  admiralty, 
and  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction,  subject  only  to  an  appeal  to 
her  majesty  in  her  privy  council.  It  has  a  chief,  and  two 
puisne  justices,  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  has  exclusive 
criminal  jurisdiction,  (with  jury  trial,)  over  all  the  inha- 
bitants of  Calcutta  who  are  placed  under  the  protection  of 
British  law.  The  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  court  is  equally 
extensive;  but  with  this  reservation,  namely,  that  the 
o«urt  shall  administer  thtir  own  respective  laws  of  inhe- 
ritance, snccossion,  and  marriajfe,  and  of  contract  to  Hin- 
doos and  Mohammedans.  Beyond  the  limits  of  Calcutta, 
both  the  criminal  and  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  supreme 
court  extends  over  all  British-born  subjects  of  her  majesty, 
and  their  lawful  descendants,  residing  within  the  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  and  the  provinces  from  time  to  time  an- 
nexed thereto;  and  its  civil  jurisdiction  extends  also  over 
native,  and  all  other  inhabitants  of  India,  residing  within 
these  extended  limits,  who  enter  into  written  contracts 
with  any  British-born  subject,  and  agreeing  therein,  that 
if  dispute  should  arise,  the  matters  between  them  should 
be  determined  by  the  Supreme  Court. 

Piipidation. — The  population  of  Calcutta,  according  to  the 
census  of  1837,  amounted  to  229,714 ;  but  the  apparent  popu- 
lation seems  much  greater,  from  the  crowds  of  people  which 
pour  into  the  city  from  the  suburbs,  during  the  day,  to 
eirn  a  livelihood,  and  which,  according  to  the  same  census, 
amount  to  tiie  additional  number  of  177,000.  Theinhabit;(nts 
of  Calcutta  may,  for  judicial  purposes,  be  divided  and  clas.sed 
Into — 1.  British-born  subjects  and  tlieir  legitimate  descend- 
ants, about  3140  in  number.  2.  Hindoos orGentoos,of  Bengal 
and  of  the  upper  provinces  of  Ilindostan,  in  number  about 
137,650.  3.  Mussulmans  or  Mohammedans,  of  Bengal  and 
of  the  upper  provinces  of  Ilindostan,  in  number  about 
68,750.  4.  Other  natives  of  Asia,  neither  Hindoos,  Moham- 
medans, nor  Christians — such  as  Parsees,  Chinese,  Araean- 
ese,  Jews,  Arabs,  and  Moguls.  5.  Portuguese,  Armenian, 
French,  and  other  Christians  of  native  or  foreign  extraction ; 
together  with  half-castes,  or  illegitimate  children  of  British 
subjects  by  native  mothers,  and  their  offspring,  numbering 
about  5000. 

ClntMte. — The  range  of  the  thermometer  in  November,  De- 
cember, January,  and  Fobiuary,  denominated  the  cold  sea- 
son, is  from  50^  to  75°  Fahrenheit;  the  N.K,  monsoon,  then 
the  prevailing  wind,  is  bracing  to  the  European  constitu- 
tion, relaxed  by  the  preceding  heats;  and  at  this  season  the 
appetite  and  strength  improve.  March  brings  with  it  the 
S.W.  monsoon,  and  hot  weather,  which  increases  in  tem- 
perature during  the  succeeding  month ;  and  in  May  the 
thermometer  reaches  90°-95°  in  the  shade,  and  100'^-110°  in 
the  open  air.  In  June,  the  rainy  season  commences,  much 
to  the  relief  both  of  animal  and  vegefcible  nature,  and  con- 
tinues to  the  end  of  September;  but  there  are  very  few  days 
that  have  not  some  hours  free  from  rain.  The  proportion 
of  deaths  to  the  population  is  nearly  3'13  per  cent,  per  an- 
num ;  that  of  London  is  about  2-16. 

Early  Ilutnry. — Job  Chamock,  the  agent  of  the  "  London 
Company,"  the  first  English  East  India  Company,  incorpo- 
rated by  charter  of  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1600,  was  the  founder 
of  Calcutta.  The  first  factory  in  Bengal  of  this  powerful 
company,  was  established  at  Iloogly,  28  miles  higher  up 
the  river,  under  a  firman  of  the  Mogul  Emperor  of  Ilindos- 
tan, Shah  Jehan,  dated  1644.  In  the  year  1686,  the  company's 
agent,  Mr.  Charnock,  was,  with  his  council  and  factors,  dri- 
ven out  of  it  by  the  Nabob  of  Bengal.  While  sailing 
down  the  river,  he  was  attracted  by  the  shade  afforded  by  a 
large  tree  in  tlie  village  of  Chuttanuttee,  (the  present  site 
of  a  part  of  Calcutta.)  and,  accordingly,  he  and  his  people 
landed,  and  began  to  entrench  themselves  there,  August 
24,  1690.  the  emperor  gave  them  permission  to  form  a  com- 
mercial settlement,  but  prohibited  the  erection  of  any  forti- 
fications. This  period,  therefore,  may  be  considered  the  era 
of  the  found.ation  of  Calcutta.  Its  founder,  Charnock,  died 
in  1692,  and  lies  buried  in  the  old  cemetery  where  St.  John's 
Church,  the  old  cathedral,  was  afterwards  built.  The  set- 
tlement rapidly  increased.  In  1095,  a  grant  was  made  by 
the  Nabob  of  Beng.'tl.  confirmed  by  the  Emperor  Aurung- 
zebe,  of  the  village  of  Chuttanuttoe,  together  with  two  other 
villages  of  Kalleeghatta,  and  Govindpore  adjoining,  reserving 
an  annual  rent  to  be  paid  by  the  company  of  1195  rupees. 
Walls  of  masonry,  with  bastions  at  the  angles,  were  first 
raised  in  the  same  year  by  the  permission  of  the  NabiA, 
as  a  defence  to  the  factory  against  a  rebel  Zemindar,  or 
land-holder  of  Burdwan.  Thus  originated  tlie  fortifica- 
tions of  Calcutta.  The  old  fort,  called  Fort  William  in 
honor  of  King  William  III.,  was  not  begun  to  be  built  un- 
til the  year  1699;  and  that  fort,  and  the  European  part 
of  the  town,  were  erected  on  the  site  of  the  village  of  Kallee- 
ghatta, and  hence  the  name  Calcutta,  In  1757,  the  town 
extended  about  half  a  mile  above  and  below  the  old  fort,  and 
about  600  yards  inland ;  the  houses  of  the  English  were  in 
number  about  70.  This  year  it  was  captured  and  plundered 
by  the  Nabob  of  Bengal,  Six)raj-oo-Dowlah,(Suraja-Dowlah,) 
after  a  spirited  defence;  ani  many  of  the  English,  after  the 


ignoble  flight  of  the  governor,  were  taken  prisoners,  and  died 
from  suffocation  in  the  Black  Hole,,  the  prison  of  the  gar- 
rison, where  they  had  been  placed  for  safe  custody.  Colo- 
nel Clive,  (afterwards  Lord  Clive.)  with  about  30C0  men, 
assisted  by  Admiral  Watson,  with  a  fleet  of  three  kins  s 
ships,  recaptured  Calcutta  in  February  of  the  same  year; 
and  Clive,  a  few  days  afterward,  attacked  and  routed  the 
Nabob  in  its  vicinity.  The  latter  then  signed  a  ti'eaty, 
dictated  to  him,  by  which,  among  other  things,  he  agreed 
that  the  company  should  fortify  Calcutta  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  they  should  deem  proper  for  its  defence ;  and  that 
money  should  be  coined  "  at  Allenagur"  (Calcutta)  in 
the  same  manner  as  at  Moor.shedabad.  In  the  year  1758, 
Meer  Jaifler,  Nabob  of  Bengal,  granted  a  sunnud  to  the 
company  for  the  free  tenure  of  Calcutta.  From  this  date  Cal- 
cutta became,  virtually,  the  seat  of  an  independent  power. 

CALCUTTA,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  163 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  has  about  200  inhabitants. 

CALDARO.  kil-dd'ro,  or  KALTEKN,  kdl'tern,  a  town  of 
Austria,  in  Tyrol,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Botzen,  near  the  Adige. 
Pop.  3219. 

CALDAS,  kil/dds,  (i.  e.  Aao.'is  or  Aou.*s  Caldas,  S/gwJa 
kilMJs,  "  warm  waters,"  or  "  warm  springs,")  several  small 
towns  of  Portugal,  Spain,  &c,,  so  called  from  their  warm 
springs. 

CALDAS,  kll'dls,  or  CALDAS  DA  RAINIIA,  kdl'd^s  dl 
rS-een'yd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  6  miles  N. 
of  Lisbon,  with  1500  inhabitants,  and  well-frequented  sul- 
phur baths. 

CALDAS,  kil'dis,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-  • 
Geraes,  commune  of  Sapucahi,  with  a  school  of  primary  in- 
struction, and  hot  sulphur  springs.   Pop.  of  the  district,  2000. 

CALDAS  DEL  KEY,  kdl'dds  dil  rA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  24 
miles  S.  of  Santiago. 

CALDAS  DE  MOMBUY,  kdl'dSs  dA  mom-boo-eo'.  (anc. 
Alqum  CaVidce,)  a  town  of  Spain,  14  miles  N.  of  Barcelona, 
with  thermal  baths,  and  some  antiquities.     Pop.  2409. 

CALDAS  DE  OVIEDO,  kil'dds  dd  o-ve-A/do,  a  town  of 
Spain,  finely  situatfid  near  Oviedo. 

CALDBECK,  kdld'bek,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

CALDECOT  or  CALDECOTE,  kdld'e-kot,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Rutland. 

CALDECOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

CALDECOT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

CALDECOT.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

CALDECOT,  a  parish  of  Jingland,  co.  of  Warwick. 

C.\LDER,  kdl'der,  a  river  of  England,  co,  of  Y'ork, 
West  Riding,  joins  the  Aire  at  Castloford,  aher  a  course  of 
about  40  miles ;  for  nearly  30  miles  it  is  navigable,  fi:)rming 
a  branch  of  the  Aire  and  Calder  navigation.  It  is  connected 
by  canals  with  Todmorden,  Rochdale,  Halifax,  Iluddersfield, 
Barnsley,  and  Goole. 

CALDER,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  joins  the 
the  Ribble  near  Whalley. 

CALDER,  or  CALDERBRIDGE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co. 
of  Cumberland,  on  a  stream  of  its  own  name,  3  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Egremont. 

CALDERA,  kJl-dA'rl,  a  small  town  of  South  America,  in 
the  Argentine  Republic,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Salta. 

CALDERA.  a  seaport  of  Chili,  on  the  Pacifii-,  35  miles  N.W, 
of  Copiapo.  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 

CALDERA,  kJl-dA/rd.  a  port  of  Central  America,  state  of 
Costa  Rica,  on  the  Pacific,  near  the  E.  of  Nicoya.  It  is  ex- 
tremely unhealthy. 

CALDER.\^,  kdl-dA'ri,  a  seajwrt  of  Hayti,  on  its  S.  coast,  50 
miles  S.W.  of  San  Domingo. 

CALDER,  (kdl'dfr,)  EAST,  an  ancient  rectory  and  village 
of  Scotland,  11  miles  W.S,W.  of  Edinburgh. 

CALDER,  MID,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Edinburgh. 

CALDER,  SOUTH,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  in  Lanark- 
shire, tributary  to  the  Clyde, 

CALDER,  WEST,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of,  and  13  miles 
S.W.  of  Edinburgh,  It  has  an  old  castle,  and  the  traces  of  a 
Roman  camp. 

CALDEWGATE,  kAl'du-gate,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  Car- 
lisle, England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  intersected  by  the  Carlisle 
and  Newcastle  Railwav.    Pop,  6528, 

CALDICOT.  kAl'de-kot,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth, 4j  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chepstow.  The  picturesque  re- 
mains of  Caldicot  Castle,  a  structure  erected  by  the  Saxona 
and  early  Normans,  stand  on  a  plain,  one  mile  from  Bristol 
Channel. 

CALDICOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

CALDIERO,  kdl-de-A'ro,  a  village  of  Northern  Itiily.  9 
miles  E.  of  Verona,' so  called  from  its  once  celebrated  ther- 
mal springs.  The  Archduke  Charles  gained  a  victory  here 
over  Massena  in  1805. 

CALDW^ELL,  kild'well,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  about  450  square  miles.  The 
Yadkin  River  rises  in  the  county,  and  the  Catawba  touches 
its  S.  border.  A  part  of  the  county  is  a  mountainous  region, 
situated  on  the  .S.E.  declivity  of  the  Blue  Kidge.  The  land 
is  fertile,  adapted  to  pasturage.  Capital,  Lenoir.  Pop.  7497, 
of  whom  <UU9  wtiro  free,  and  10S8  isiuves. 

83d 


CAL 


CAL 


CALDWELL,  a  pariah  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Louisiana, 
has  an  area  of  0*28  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 'Wiisliita 
Biver,  and  Iwunded  on  the  E.  by  Boeuf  Bayou.  Tlie  sur- 
face is  uneven.  The  Washita  River  is  navigable  by  steam- 
beats  throngh  this  parish.  Capital,  Columbia.  Pop.  4833, 
of  whom  28S8  were  free,  and  1945  slaves. 

CALDWELL,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  partof  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  540  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tlie  S.W.  by 
San  Marcos  River.  The  surface  is  undulating.  Named  in 
honor  of  John  Caldwell,  a  senator  of  the  republic  of  Texas. 
Capital.  Lockhart.    Pop.  44S1,  of  whom  2871  were  free. 

CALDWELL,  a  county  in  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  contains 
about  700  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River  bounds  it  on 
the  S.W.,  tlie  Tmdcwater  Creek  on  the  N.E.,  and  it  is  inter- 
'  eected  by  the  Cumberland  River.  Tlie  surface  is  mostly  level, 
and  the  soil  fertile.  A  large  bed  of  coal  ha.^  been  found  in 
the  N.  part,  and  iron  ore  is  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the 
rivers.  t)rganized  in  1809,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Cald- 
well, formerly  lieuteuant-governor  of  the  state.  Capital, 
Princeton.  Pop.9,31 8,of  whom  691 2  were  free,and  2406  slaves. 
CALDWKLL,  a  county  in  the  N.M'.  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  435  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Shoal 
Creek,  an  affluent  of  Grand  River,  flowing  from  W.  to  E., 
through  th6  middle  of  the  county.  The  general  surface  is 
level,  the  soil  fertile.  Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  of 
Transylvania  University,  Kentucky.  Capital,  Kingston. 
Pop.  5034,  of  whom  4812  were  free,  and  222  slaves. 

CALDWELL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Warren  co..  New 
Tork,  at  the  S.  end  of  Lake  George,  62  miles  N.  of  .Albany. 
•  It  contains  a  court-house,  and  several  stores  and  mills.     A 
steamboat  plies  between  this  place  and  the  outlet  of  the 
lake.    Caldwell  is  much  visited  in  summer  by  tourists,  on 
account  of  its  beautiful  scenery.    Here  is  a  large  hotel, 
called  the  L.(ke  George  House.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1073. 
CALDWELL,  a  jwst-village  and  township  of  Essex  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Newark.     Pop.  2688. 
CALDWELL,  a  post-ofiice  of  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 
CALDWELL,  a  post-office  of  Washita  parish,  Louisiana. 
CALDWELL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Burleson  co.,  Te.xas, 
•bout  85  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Austin.   The  main  road  from  Sau 
Antonio  to  Nachitoches  passes  through  it. 
CALDWELL'S  PR  AIKIE.a  post-office  Racine  co.,Wisconsin. 
C.\LDY,  kdl'dee,  a  small  island  and  extra-parochi.-U  dis- 
trict of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke,  off  its  S.  coast.  2  miles 
S.  of  Tenby,  has  a  light-hou.se  on  the  S.  side,  in  lat.  51°  37'  50" 
N.,  Ion.  4° 40' 57"  W..  and  210  feetabove  the  sex  P.  in  1851, 80. 
CALE.    See  Oporto.  ^ 

CAUEBEE^  CREEK,  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into  the 
Tallapoosa  River  from  the  left. 

C-ALEDOX,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tyrone,  on  the  Blaekwater  and  the  Ulster  C.inal.  9i  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Monaghan.  The  improvements  of  the  Earl  of  Ca- 
ledon  (whose  magnificeut  hall  and  grounds  are  adjacent) 
have  rendered  this  town  one  of  the  neatest  in  the  kingdom. 
It  has  one  of  the  largest  corn  mills  in  Ireland.  It  gives  the 
title  of  earl  to  the  Alexander  fiimily.    Pop.  1046. 

CALEDOX,  a  village  of  Cape  Colony,  in  Southern  Africa, 
district  and  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Zwellendam.  It  has  some 
celebrated  mineral  baths. 

CALEDOX  BAY,  North  Australia,  is  an  inlet  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria ;  lat.  12°  40'  S.,  Ion.  136°  40'  E. 
C.\LEDOX  RIVER,  in  Africa,  Hottentot  country,  is  a  con- 
siderable afHaent  of  the  Nu  Gariep  orCradock  River,  which 
it  joins  in  lat.  30°  18'  S..  Ion.  26°  17'  E. 
CALEDO'XIA,  the  ancient  name  of  Scotl^nt), which  see. 
CALEDONIA,  kal-e-do/ue-a,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part 
of  Vermont,  has  an  area  of' about  650  square  miles.     It  is 
bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Connecticut,  and  drained  bv  the 
Passumsic,  Lamoille,  and  Wells  Rivers,  which  turn  numerous 
grist  and  saw  mills.    The  surface  is  rough,  and  in  the  W . 
Dart  mountainous.    The  soil  is  good,  especially  along  the  val- 
leys of  its  numerous  streams.     It  contains  several  sulphur 
springs,  and  abounds  in  granite  and  limestone.   The  railroad 
connecting  Bellows  Falls  and  St.  Johnsbury  partly  intersects 
tbi.soo.  Organized  in  1792.  Capital, St.  Johnsbury.  P.21.708. 
CALEDONIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Niagara  R.R.,  and 
on  the  Genesee  River,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Rochester.   Pop.  2014. 
CALKDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania,  140 
miles  N.W.  of  Uarrisburg. 
CALEDONIA,  a  post-office  of  Goochland  co.,  Virginia. 
CALKDON  lA.  a  jrast-village  of  Moore  co..  North  Carolina. 
So  miles  S.W.  of  Haleigh. 

CALKDONlA,  a  post-village  of  Lowndes  co.,  Missis3ipi)i, 
about  154  niileo  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

C.ALEDONIA,  a  postofflce  of  Rusk  CO.,  Texas. 
CALEDONIA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Henry  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee, 120  miles  W  of  NiLsbville. 

CALEDONIA,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Biver.  near  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Miami. 

CALEDONIA,  a  |K)st-village  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 

west  branch  of  Whetstone  River,  64  miles  N.  of  Columbus. 

It  has  several  stores  anil  mills. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-township,  Kent  co.,  Michigan.  P  763. 

CALEDONIA,atown8hip,Shiawaii«ooeo,Michigun.  P.706. 


C.ALEDONIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pulaski  co..  Illinois, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  13  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  220  milel 
S.  of  Springfield.    It  lias  about  300  inhabitants. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-vill.age  in  Washington  Co.,  Missouri, 
about  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

CALEDONIA,  a  po.st^township  in  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  18  miles  S.  of  Milwaukee.    Pop.  2438. 

CALEDONIA,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Ilaldim.  and 
on  the  Buffalo,  Brantford  and  Gooderich  Railroad,  20  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Brantford.  It  has  a  number  of  mills  and  stores. 
Pop.  about  1000. 

CALEDONIA  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  and  watering- 
place  of  Canada  West,  Pi-escott  co..  72  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Mon- 
treal. It  has  excellent  hotel  accommodations.  Permanent 
pop.  aliout  200. 

C.A,LEDONIAN  CANAL,  Scotland,  counties  of  Inverness 
and  Argyle.  connects  the  North  and  Irish  Seas,  extending 
N.E.  and  S.  W.,  through  the  great  Glen  of  Caledonia,  from  the 
Murray  Firth  to  Loch  Eil,  through  Lochs  Ness,  Oich,  and 
Lochy.  Length  60i  miles,  of  which  the  lochs  compose  37  ^ 
jniles.  and  the  canal  23  miles.  It  was  begun  in  1805,  and 
opened  in  1822;  up  to  the  last  balancing  of  accounts  it  had 
cost  1,023.629/.,  and  is  still  unfinished.  'The  annual  revenue 
is  about  2500i. :  the  annual  expenditure  of  management  and 
repairs,  3000i.     It  was  repaired  and  reopened  in  1S47. 

CALEDONIA,  NEW,  a  tract  of  country  in  British  North 
America.  M'.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  included  in  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  territory,  between  lat.  48°  and  57°  N..  and  extend- 
ing about  600  miles  from  N.  toS.,  and  nearly  400  miles  from 
E.  to  W.  It  is  mountainous,  and  abounds  iu  lakes  and 
rivers,  the  largest  of  the  latter  is  called  Frazer's  River.  It  is 
inhabited  by  two  gre.'vt  nati(ms — the  Takali  or  Carrier  In- 
dians, and  the  Atnahs  or  Shouswaps.  The  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  have  nine  posts  or  stations  in  this  territory. 

CALEDONIA,  NEAV,  an  isLaudof  Australia  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  between  lat.  20°  and  22°  Siy  S..  and  Ion.  164° 
5'  and  107°  E. ;  length,  from  N.W.  to  S.E..  about  200  miles; 
breadth.  30  miles.  It  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  coral 
reefs,  connecting  numerous  islets,  rocks,  and  banks  of  sand, 
rendering  the  navigation  so  intrirate  and  dangerous  that 
the  island  can  be  approached  by  two  openings  only.  Vessels 
may  anchor  securely  at  Port  Balade,  on  the  N.E.,  andat 
Port  St.  Vincent  on  the  S.W.  Between  the  small  island  of 
Botany,  and  the  S.  end  of  New  Cale<ionia.  a  deep,  wide,  ship 
channel  was  discovered  by  Captain  Woodiu  iu  1849,  and 
named  by  him  Woodin's  Channel.  There  ai-e  several  bays 
in  it,  where  ships  may  anchor  close  to  the  beach  in  13 
fathoms  or  less. 

CALEDONIA  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois. 

CALEIjLA.  kd-Ul'yi,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain.  30  miles 
S.E.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  oO:J5. 

C.ALENZANA,  kd-len-zd'nd.  a  village  of  the  island  of  Coi^ 
sica.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Calvi.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852.  2377. 

C.ALERA,  kS-li/rd,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Talavera,  near  the  Tagus.   Pop.  2598. 

CALES.    See  C.\LVi. 

CALESTAXO,  kS-Us-ta/no,  a  town  of  Italy.  20  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Parm.i,  on  the  Baganza.  has  a  medical  seminary.    P.  2664. 

CALF'KILLEK  CREEK,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ten- 
nessee, falls  into  the  Caney  Fork  of  Cumlierland  River,  in 
White  county,  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Sparta. 

CALF  OF  MAN,  a  small  island  in  the  Irish  Sea,  imme- 
diatelv  off  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  Lat.  of 
th'e  liiht-house.  54°  3'  N. ;  Ion.  4°  4^  W. 

CALFPASTURE  RIVER.  Virginia.    See  North  River. 

CALK.  THE.  a  rock  off  the  coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork, 
in  the  .Atlantic,  |  mile  S.W.  of  Dursev  Island. 

CALHOUN,  kal-hoon'.  a  county  towai-d  the  W.  part  of  Flori- 
da, bordering  on  theOulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  areji of  464 square 
miles.  The  Appalachicola  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the 
E..  and  St.  Joseph's  Bay  washes  the  S.W.  border,  i'he  sur- 
face is  but  little  elevated.  Named  in  honor  of  the  late  John 
C  Calhoun,  the  distinguished  statesman  of  South  Carolina. 
Capital.  St.  Joseph.  Pop.  1446,  of  whom  992  were  free,  and 
624  slaves. 

CALHOUN,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Mis- 
sissippi, drained  by  the  Yallobusha  and  Loosascoima  Rivers. 
It  was  formed  out  of  i)ortion8  of  Chickasaw,  Lafayette,  and 
Yallobusha  counties.     Pop.  9518. 

CALHOUN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas.  Iwrdering 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  484  square  miles.  The 
Guadalupe  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  the  Mata- 
gorda and  Liivacca  Bays  wash  its  N.E.  border.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level.  Capital,  Lavacca.  Pop.  2642,  of  whom  22:^8 
were  free,  and  414  slaves. 

CALHOUN,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Arkansas.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Washita  River,  navigable  for 
steamboats,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  .'Moro  River.  Ihe  surface 
is  undulating  or  hilly;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  producing 
cotton  and  Indian  corn.    Capitol.  Hampton.    Pop.  4103. 

C.ALHOUN  county,  Michigan,  situated  in  the  S.W.  central 
part  of  the  state,  contains  720  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  St.  Joseph's  and  Kalamazoo  Rivers,  and  also 
drained  by  Battle  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and 
the  soil  is  a  rich  sandy  loam,  producing  fine  crops  of  tliii 


CAL 

grasses  and  grains.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  is  co- 
?erod  with  a  scattered  growth  of  the  white  oak  and  burr  oak. 
It  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power,  contains  quarries 
of  sandstone,  and  is  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad.  Organized  in  1833.  Capital,  Marshall.  Pop. 
29,564. 

CALHOUN,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  >tis.souri,  has  an  area  of  2tX)  square  miles.  It  occupies  a 
oavr.nv  strip  of  land  between  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois 
Rivers,  which  unite  at  the  S.K.  extremity  of  the  county. 
The  surface  is  broken  by  bluffs  and  ravines,  and  is  partly 
subject  tfl  inundations.  Tlie  river  bottoms  produce  good  pas- 
ture for  cattle.  Stone  coal  is  abundant  on  the  l)anks  of  the 
Mississippi  in  this  county.    Capital,  Hardin.    Pop.  51-14. 

CAI-IInU>f,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district,  South 
Carolina,  115  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

CALHOUN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Gordon  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  80  miles 
N.W.  of  Atlanta,  and  50  miles  from  Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich,  well-cultivated  country,  and  is 
an  important  depot  for  produce.  Laid  out  in  1850.  Pop. 
about  4(10. 

CALHOUN,  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Geor- 
gia, 60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Atlanta. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-ofiioe  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-office  of  I'ontotoc  co.,  Mississippi. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas. 

CALHOUN,  a  postoffice  of  Columbia  co.,  Arkansas. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-village  of  McMinn  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Hlawassee  River,  and  on  the  East  Tenne.ssee  and  Georgia 
Railroad,  108  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Kentucky 

CALHOUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Richland  co,,  Illinois. 

CALHiJ)UN,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri,  90  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  .Tefferson  City. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa. 

CALHi)UX\S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district, 
South  Car.lina. 

CALIIOU.NSVILLE.orMAcAI/LISTERSVILLE,  a  small 
post-village  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania,  55  miles  N.W.  of 
Uarrisburg. 

CALI,  kd  lee',  a  town  of  New  Gran.ada,  70  miles  N.  by  E, 
of  Popayan.  lat.  3°  ZV  N.,  Ion.  70°  30'  W.  It  lies  on  a  western 
declivity  of  the  Andes,  near  the  Cauca,  has  straight  streets, 
houses  of  lirick  and  of  whitened  earth.  2  elegant  churches, 
several  deserted  convents,  and  1  still  in  use.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  wealthy,  and  chiefly  engaged  in  the  transit  trade 
from  the  interior  to  tlie  Pacific.    Pop.  4000. 

CALIADKH,  ki-le-d'deh.  a  village  of  India,  Gwalior  domi- 
nions, 5  miles  N,  of  Oojein,  with  a  curious  Mohammedan 
palace  on  an  island  in  tiie  Sipra  River. 

CaLIANO,  ki-le-a'no,  a  town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  9  miles  S. 
of  Trent,  on  the  Adige,  celebrated  for  the  defeat  of  the  Ve- 
netians Ijy  tlie  Austrians  in  1487. 

CALICE  DI  VARA,  kifle^-bA  dee  vd'rd,  a  town  of  Tus- 
cany, province  of  l^isa,  11  miles  S.  of  Pontremoli.  It  is  com- 
manded V)y  a  Ciistle,  and  has  oil  mills.    Pop.  2959. 

CAL^ICONLAN',  a  town  of  South  India,  Travancore  do- 
minions. 110  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Comorin. 

CALICOTE,  karie-kote',  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  21  miles  N.  of  Ganjam. 

CALICUT,  kal'i-cut,  a  seaport  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
lidency  of  Madras,  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  102  miles  S.W.  of 
Seringapatam.  Lat.  11°  15'  N.;  Ion.  7.5°  52' E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  25,000,  but  it  is  declining.  Though  it  has  only  an 
open  roadstead,  it  was  for  nearly  two  centuries  the  empo- 
rium of  a  flourishing  trade,  and  it  still  exports  teak,  pepper, 
cardamoms,  wax,  coir,  cordage,  sandal-wood,  and  cocoa-nuts. 
It  was  the  first  place  in  India  touched  at  by  Vasco  de  Gama, 
who  arrived  here.  May  18,  1498. 

CALIFORNIA,  kal-e-for'-ne-a,  one  of  the  United  States, 
Is  bounded  on  the  N,  by  Oregon,  E.  by  Nevada  and  Arizona, 
S.  by  Lower  California  (which  is  part  of  Mexico,)  and  W.  by 
the  Pacific.  It  lies  between  32°  32'  and  42°  N.  lat.,  and  be- 
tween 114°  20'  and  124°  22'  W.  ion.  In  general  shape,  the 
stote  is  a  long  parallelogram,  700  miles  long  and  180  wide. 
The  area  has  never  beeu  computed  precisely,  but  it  is  about 
160,000  square  miles,  or  100,000,000  acres. 

JFace  of  the  country.  —  Tlie  state  may  be  divided,  witli 
reference  to  its  physical  geography,  into  the  districts  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  the  Sacramento  basin,  the  Coast  Mountains, 
the  Colorado  desert,  and  the  Mohave  basin.  The  Coast 
Mountains  extend  the  whole  length  of  the  state,  and  they 
reach  inland  from  the  ocean  about  30  miles,  witli  many  in- 
tervening valle.ys.  The  main  ridge  of  the  Coast  Mountains 
is  cut  by  only  two  streams :  the  Sacramento  in  lat.  38°  N., 
and  the  Klamath  in  lat.  41°  30'  N.  The  most  notable  peaks 
are  Mount  San  Bernardino,  8500  feet  high,  in  lat.  30°  20'  N. ; 
Blount  SiUi  Gorgonio,  7000  feet,  in  lat.  33°  48' ;  Mount  Hamil- 
ton, 4433  feet,  in  lat.  37°  20';  Mount  Diablo,  3876  feet,  in 
lat.  37°  50';  Mount  Ripley,  in  lat.  39°  08' ;  Mount  St.  John, 
in  lat.  39°  25' ;  and  Mount  Linn,  in  lat.  40°  10',  height  not 
(iscertained.  The  chief  valleys  along  the  coast  are  the  Santa 
Ana,  San  Gabriel,  Los  Angeles,  Salinas,  Pajaro,  Santa  Clara, 
Imatlor,  Sau  Eamon,  Suisun,  Napa,  Sonoma,  Petaluma, 
W 


CAL 

Russian  River,  and  Humboldt  Bay.  The  lowland  of  the  Sac- 
ramento basin  lies  E.  of  the  coast  range,  between  lat.  35° 
and  40°,  about  350  miles  long  t)y  50  wide.  The  Sierra  Ne- 
vada extends  from  lat.  35°  to  42° ;  and  N.  of  38°  it  reaches 
to  the  E.  Ijoundary  of  the  state.  The  general  height  of  the 
range  vari<!8  from  7000  to  11,000  feet.  The  highest  portion 
lies  between  lat.  35°  30'  and  38°.  In  that  district  there  are 
800  square  miles  more  than  8000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  100 
peaks  that  rise  to  a  height  of  13,000  feet ;  among  these  are 
the  following,with  their  approximate  altitudes  and  latitudes : 
Mount  Whitney,  lat.  36° 29',  alt.  15,000  feet;  Mount  Cawiah, 
lat.  36°  20',  alt.  14,000;  .Mount  Silliman,  lat.  36°  40',  alt. 
ll.>00;  Mount  Tyndall,  lat.  36°  40',  alt.  14.200;  Table  Moun- 
tain, lat.  36°  41)',  alt.  13,000;  Mount  Brewer,  lat.  30°  45', 
alt.  13,700;  Mount  Goddard,  lat.  37°,  alt.  13,000;  Mount 
Lyell,  lat.  37°  45',  alt.  13,500;  Mount  Dana,  lat.  37°  53', 
alt.  13,500;  Castle  Peak,  38°  10',  alt.  13,000.  The  alti- 
tudes, positions,  and  names  of  a  great  number  of  other  peaks 
in  that  region  are  not  determined,  and  many  of  them  have 
never  been  visited  by  white  men.  The  great  elevation  of 
this  Alpine  region  of  California,  was  first  discovered  and 
made  known  by  the  State  Geological  Survey,  in  1864.  The 
peaks  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  are 
Mount  Shasta,  14,440  feet,  in  lat.  41°  30';  Mount  Ljissen, 
in  lat.  40°  28';  the  Downieville  Buttes,  8840  feet,  in  lat,  39° 
40';  and  Pilot  Peak,  7300  feet,  in  39°  65',  The  Colorado 
Desert  lies  in  the  S,E.  corner  of  the  state,  and  is  70  miles 
wide  by  140  long.  It  is  a  low,  barren,  dry,  cheerless  region. 
Part  of  it  is  70  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  and,  in  times 
of  very  high  water,  the  Colorado  River  overflows  its  banks 
and  a  large  stream  runs  down  into  this  basin  and  makes  a 
lake.  The  Mohave  Bjisin  lies  N.  of  tlie  Colorado  Desert,  and 
has  no  outlet.  All  the  streams  terminate  in  Siilt  lakes,  most 
of  which  dry  up  in  the  summer.  The  chief  lakes  are  Owen 
Lake,  15  miles  long  by  9  wide,  in  lat.  36°  40';  and  Mono 
Lake,  8  miles  long  by  6  wide,  in  lat.  38°.  All  these  lakes 
are  so  strong  with  alkaline  Siilts,  that  no  fish  can  live  in  the 
water,  and  the  water  of  Mono  Lake  scalds  the  human  cuti- 
cle. One  portion  of  the  Mohave  Basin,  called  Death  Valley, 
is  375  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  but  much  of  the  baiiia 
is  4000  feet  above  the  sea. 

Bays,  Rivers,  Lukei,  <£c. — San  Francisco  Bay,  the  b'^st  and 
most  capacious  harbor  on  the  Pacific  coast,  is  (including  the 
two  arms,  Sau  Pablo  and  San  Francisco  Bay  proper),  per- 
haps, 60  miles  in  length,  and  in  the  widest  part  14  miles 
broad,  with  a  coast  line  of  275  miles.  A  strait,  about  2 
miles  wide,  and  from  5  to  7  miles  long,  breaking  through  a 
range  of  low  mountains,  connects  it  with  the  ocean.  This 
strait  hsis  been  termed,  not  inapproprialely,  the  Golden  Gate, 
as  it  is  the  j)assage  through  which  the  multitudes  from  every 
region  of  the  world  are  constantly  hastening,  in  order  to 
gather  the  wealth  of  this  new  and  richer  El  Dorado.  Within 
the  barrier  of  hills  already  alluded  to,  the  bay  ditides  into 
two  parts,  tlie  one  stretching  to  the  S.  about  40  miles,  and 
the  other  to  the  N.  for  about  30.  On  the  N.W.  shore  of  the 
southern  arm  stands  the  city  of  San  Francisco.  The  north- 
ern ami  (San  Pablo)  is  united  by  a  second  strait,  Carquinez, 
with  Suisun  Bay  directly  E.  of  it,  which  is  15  or  20  miles 
long.  The  Gobleii  Gate  is  the  only  channel  of  communi- 
cation between  the  Pacific  and  the  interior  of  California. 
Pelican,  Humboldt,  Bodega,  Sir  Francis  Drake's,  Monterey, 
De  los  Esteras,  Santa  Barbara,  San  Pedro,  and  San  Diego, 
are  the  other  bays,  all  opening  into  the  Pacific.  The  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin  are  the  principal  rivers  of  Cali- 
fornia, and,  running  in  opposite  directions,  the  former  from 
the  N.  and  the  latter  from  the  S.,  they  drain  almost  the 
entire  valley  between  the  two  gieat  ranges.  Sierra  Nevada 
and  the  Coast  Range,  and  unite  about  15  miles  above  Suisun 
Bay.  into  which  they  discharge  their  mingled  waters.  The 
San  Joaquin  is  perhaps  250  miles  long,  the  Sacramento  above 
300.  All  their  chief  tributaries  descend  the  Sierra  Nevada 
slope.  The  principiil  of  these,  commencing  at  the  N.,  are 
Pitt,  the  Feather,  Yuba,  and  American;  and  of  the  San 
Joaquin,  the  Calaveras,  the  Stanislaus,  the  Tuolumne,  and 
Merced  Rivers.  The  Moquelumne  meets  the  Sacramento 
and  San  Joaquin  near  their  junction.  The  Sacramento  has 
been  ascende^l  by  small  steamers  as  far  as  Marysville,  the 
San  Joaquin  as  far  as  Fort  Miller,  and  the  Merced  for  20 
miles.  The  Klamath  River  from  Oregon  runs  through  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  state,  and  the  Buenaventura  drains  part 
of  the  valley  between  the  Sierra  Moreiia  and  coast  moun- 
tains; both  empty  into  the  Pacific.  The  principal  lakes 
are  Tulare  Lake,  about  35  miles  long,  in  the  S.,  which  has 
an  outlet  into  the  San  Joaquin  River,  and  Clear  Lake,  in 
Lake  county ;  Owen  Mountain  Lake,  and  Mono  Lake,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  are  small. 

Geology.  —  The  higher  portions  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and 
some  spots  in  the  Coast  range  are  granitic ;  the  W.  slopes  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  state  are 
Jurassic  and  triassic  rocks,  which  contain  the  gold;  the 
Coast  MountJiins  are  cretaceous  rocks,  which  contain  coal, 
quicksilver,  and  asphaltuin ;  and  the  low  land  of  the  Sacra- 
mento Basin  kes  on  a  tertiary  sandstone.  In  the  N.E.  and 
N.  part  of  the  state  there  are  many  proofs  that  volcanic  in- 
fluences were  at  one  time  very  active  there.    Mount  Shasta 

337 


CAL 


CAL 


and  Mount  Lassen  a>  e  extinct  volcanoes,  and  from  the  stjm- 
mit  of  the  latter  pejik,  30  extinct  craters  can  be  seen.  An 
area  of  10,000  squarfa  miles  in  that  neigliborhood  is  covered 
with  hiva,  ap-i  tlie  entire  elevation  of  Shiista  above  the 
Burroundiug  <,onntry  (which  is  about  4000  feet  high)  is 
lava,  whj-h  m<.st  be  10,000  feet  deep.  Extensive  beds  of 
lava  are  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  l«t.  42°  to  38°, 
but  little  S.  of  the  latter  point.  The  most  important  litho- 
logic  formations  are  the  Jurassic  and  triassic,  which  are  found 
between  the  primary  granite  and  the  tertiary  Sivndstoue, 
at  an  elevation  varying  from  2000  to  (5000  left.  Gold  may 
be  expecte<l  where  granite,  slate,  and  quartz  are  found  to- 
gether, and  these  aliound  in  the  :>ierra  Nevada.  The  aurif- 
erous slates  commence  on  a  very  narrow  belt  about  lat.  3t)°, 
on  the  slope  of  the  mountain,  and  gradually  widen  out  as 
we  go  N.;  but,  unfortunately,  about  lat.  42°  the  wide  and 
rich  beds  of  gold  are  covered  by  floods  of  lava,  and  the  preci- 
ous metal  is  accessible  at  only  a  few^  points  where  some 
mountain  stream  has  cut  its  way  down  tbrough  the  volcanic 
crust.  The  palaeozoic  and  early  secondary  formations  are 
lacking  in  Calilbrnia.  There  is  no  old  redstone,  and  vefy 
little  limestone,  some  metamorphic  or  marble,  which  is 
found  at  Santa  Cruz,  Mount  Diablo,  and  along  the  slopes  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Minerals.  —  The  chief  mineral  is  gold,  and  California  is 
the  chief  gold-producing  country  of  tlie  world.  The  total 
amount  of  trejisure  manifested  at  the  Custom  House  of  San 
Francisco,  for  exportation,  from  1849  to  1864,  inclusive,  was 
$69.3,684,879.  From  this  aliout  ?4o,00t),000  may  be  tiiken 
for  treasure  from  Nevada.  Idaho,  British  Columbia,  Arizona, 
and  Mexico ;  but  $150,000,000  should  be  added  for  gold  sliip- 
ped  though  not  reported  at  the  Custom  House.  The  total 
gold  yield  of  the  state  previous  to  I860,  h;is  been  about 
§800,000,000.  Ihe  slupment,  year  by  ye^ir,  is  given  in  the 
article  on  San  Francisco.  The  gold  is  found  in  placers  or 
earthy  matter,  and  in  quartz  or  rocky  veins.  Many  of  the 
placers  are  exhausted,  and  the  yield  of  placer-gold  is  decreas- 
ing, while  that  of  the  gold  from  quartz  is  increasing.  Some 
gold  mines  are  worked  as  far  S.  as  Kern  Kiver,  but  the  im- 
portant auriferous  deposits  commence  at  Mariposa  and  ex- 
tend to  Dowuieville,  on  the  Sierra  Nevada;  and  otlier  rich 
deposits  are  found  near  Shasta,  Weaverville,  and  Yreka, 
Gold  has  been  found  at  various  points  in  the  Coiist  Moun- 
tains, from  Clear  Lake  to  San  Diego,  and  in  some  hills  near 
Fort  Yuma,  but  the  jield  has  never  been  large.  The  native 
gold  is  in  liu't  a  mixture,  generally  contjiining  about  one- 
tenth  by  weight  of  silver,  which  metal  is  also  found  in 
argentiferous  veins  at  numerous  places  E.  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  between  Mono  Lake  and  Fort  Yuma,  but  none 
of  these  lodes  have  yet  jiroiluced  much  ore  or  prolit. 
The  richest  quicksilver  mine  of  the  world  is  that  of  New 
Almaden,  in  Santa  Clara  county;  the  annual  production  is 
about  2,600,000  pouniU,  of  which  amount  one-fourth  is  con- 
sumed in  the  mines  of  California  and  Nevada,  and  the  re- 
mainder exported  by  sea.  The  mine  is  found  at  the  junction 
of  two  different  geological  formations  —  limestone  on  one 
side  and  trachyte  on  the  other.  The  Enriqueta  Mine,  about 
a  mile  from  the  New  Almaden,  at  one  time  produi.-ed  large 
quantities  of  quicksilver,  but  the  ore  within  reach  has  been 
exhausted.  The  New  Idria  Mine,  in  Merced  county,  has 
been  closed  by  litigation  for  several  yeiire.  In  Sonoma, 
San  Luis,  Obispo,  Napa,  and  Lake  counties,  there  are  numer- 
ous veins  of  quicksilver  ore,  but  none  that  have  proved 
profitable.  Copper  is  found  in  half  the  counties  of  the  state, 
and  many  mines  contain  rich  ore,  but  the  expenses  of  trans- 
porting the  ore,  or  of  smelting  at  the  mine,  are  so  great 
that  only  one  mine,  and  that  in  Calavertis  county,  has  thus 
far  remunerated  its  owners.  In  1864,  15,000  tons  of  copper 
ore  were  exported  to  be  smelted  at  Swansea  and  Boston. 
A  smelting  furnace  has  now  been  erected  at  Copperopolis, 
near  the  mines,  and  hereafter  much  of  the  ore  will  be  re- 
duced at  home.  Platina  is  found  in  many  of  the  placers, 
but  is  not  un  object  of  search,  the  quantity  being  small  and 
the  price  not  remunerative.  Coal  is  found  in  nearly  all  the 
coast  counties,  but  the  only  profitable  mines  are  those  at 
Mount  Diablo.  The  quality  is  not  first  rate ;  the  quantity 
at  present  mined  is  65,000  tons  per  year.  Asphaltum  is 
produced  by  many  springs  along  the  southern  coast.  There 
is  a  tin  mine,  reputed  to  be  rich,  at  Temesctil,  San  Bernar- 
dino count}-.  Lead,  antimony,  and  cobalt  are  found,  but 
the  mines  are  not  worked.  Sulphur  is  abundant  in  Lake 
and  Santa  Barbara  counties.  Diamonds  have  been  found 
at  Cherokee  Flat,  in  Butte  county ;  opals  in  Tuolumne  and 
Calaveras,  fine  marlde,  white,  gray,  and  variegated,  in 
Tuolumne  and  El  Dorado;  alabaster  in  Los  Angeles  and 
Solano;  and  porcelain  clay  in  Sacramento  county.  Warm, 
soda,  chalybeate,  sulphur,  and  medicinal  springs  abound  in 
the  Co;ist  MounUiins. 

O'jjecls  nf  xnUreM  to  <n«r«/».— California  is  a  very  large 
state,  and  it  contains  much  wonderful  natural  scenery.  The 
Yosemite  Valley,  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  branches"  of  the 
Merced  River,  is  a  chasm  10  miles  long,  and  on  an  average 
2  wide,  with  steep  rocky  sides,  in  some  places^WOO  feet  high 
perjK'ndicular.  In  and  near  this  chasm  there  are  5  great 
cascades,  the  highest  of  which,  the  Yosemite,  leaps  1300  feet 
338 


at  one  fall,  250  at  a  second,  and  450  at  a  third.  A  lake 
adorns  the  head  of  the  valley,  and  beautiful  trees  and  luxu- 
riant grass  contribute  to  the  beauty  of  the  place,  which  is 
now  one  of  the  fashionable  resorts.  A  chasm  still  deeper 
and  longer,  but  not  so  romantic  in  scenery  nor  so  easy  of 
access,  is  found  on  the  heiid  waters  of  Kern  River,  The 
groves  of  the  Mammoth  tree  (Sequoia  gigantta),  also  attract 
many  visitors.  These  trees  we  found  in  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
at  an  elevation  of  4000  feet,  from  lat.  35°  to  38°  aiy  X .,  but  the 
grove  most  frequentlj'  visited  is  that  near  Murphy,  in  Cala- 
veras county.  This  grove  contjiins  10  trees  30  IVet  in  di- 
ameter, 82  between  15  and  30,  and  a  number  of  smaller  ones. 
Ne;irly  all,  of  them  are  over  260  feet  high,  several  of  them 
300.  One  tree,  the  trunk  of  which  lies  on  the  ground,  must 
have  been  400  feet  high  and  40  feet  in  diameter.  The  Gey- 
sers, in  Lake  countj",  a  cluster  of  hot  and  steaming  springs, 
and  Lake  Talioe  or  Bigler,  near  the  summit  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  are  also  fashionable  watering  places.  Professor 
Sheppard  speaks  thus  of  the  Geysers : — "  From  a  high  peak 
we  saw  on  the  W.  the  Pacitic,  on  the  S,  Mount  Diablo  and 
San  Francisco  Bay,  on  the  E.  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the 
N.  opened  at  our  feet  an  immense  chasm,  from  which,  at  the 
distance  of  4  or  5  miles,  we  distinctly  saw  dense  columns  of 
steam  rising.  Descending,  we  discovered  within  half  a  mile 
square  from  100  to  200  openings,  whence  issued  dense  col- 
umns of  vapor  to  the  height  of  from  150  to  20o  feet,  accom- 
panied by  a  roar  which  could  be  heard  for  a  mile  or  more 
Many  acted  spasmodically,  throwing  up  jets  of  hot,  scalding 
water  to  the  height  of  20  or  30  feet.  Beneath  your  footsteps 
you  hear  the  lashing  and  foaming  gyrations ;  and  on  cutting 
through  the  surface,  are  disclosed  streams  of  angry,  boiling 
water."  In  the  Colorado  Desert  there  is  a  group  of  hiud 
volcanoes,  or  salses,  in  which  hot  water,  and  steiim  burst  up 
in  the  midst  of  a  hot  mire.  There  are  cjives  near  Coultervilk 
Cave  City,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Auburn,  but  the  last,  called 
Alabaster  Cave,  is  the  only  one  worthy  of  a  visit.  There  is 
a  natural  bridge  in  Trinity  count}-,  2  in  Siskiyou,  and  2  ip 
Tuolumne,  but  all  are  small.  There  is  a  cascade  in  Fal> 
River,  1  in  Deer  Creek,  1  in  the  San  Antonio  River.  1  in  the 
South  Fork  of  the  American,  and  several  in  the  Alpine  re- 
gion of  the  southern  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

CUmnte. —  California  in  its  various  geographical  divisions 
has  various  climates.  The  winters  are  cold  in  proportion  to 
altitude  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  At  an  elevation  of  9000  feet 
snow  lies  throughout  the  year  in  deep  ravines  on  the  N.W 
slopes  of  the  mountains ;  at  60(X)  feet  there  is  frost  in  every 
month.'  N.  of  lat.  36°,  fogs  prevail  from  May  to  Septemt>er, 
and  keep  the  summers  cool  on  the  immediate  coast,  but 
this  influenco  decreases  as  we  recede  from  the  ocean  and 
the  summer  days  become  hotter.  Thus  San  Fiaucisco  has 
not  more  than  a  dozen  uncc^mfortably  warm  days  in  sum- 
mer; Sjicramento  has  sc^ircely  a  dozen  comfortably  cool 
ones.  On  the  Colorado  Desert,  the  heat  is  intense.  The  fol- 
lowing tjible  shows  the  average  temperature,  by  Fahrenheit, 
of  San  Francisco,  Sacramento,  and  Fort  Yuma,  for  every 
month : 


.>, 

J*. 

.a 

* 

a. 

3 

j^ 

3 

a. 

1 

z 

, 

8 

a 

& 

> 
■< 

San  Francisco 

49 

.^1 

52 

53 

.55 

.56 

.57 

,57 

.58 

,57 

54 

51 

54 

Sacrameuto  ., 

V, 

48 

51 

.59 

«7 

71 

73 

7a 

66 

64 

oi 

45 

iH) 

Furt  Yuma  „. 

67 

58 

tin 

73 

76 

87 

92 

^ 

W 

_!! 

64 

55 

3 

It  will  be  observed  in  this  table  that  Sacramento  is  4" 
cooler  in  winter,  and  16°  hotter  in  summer  than  San  Fran- 
cisco, while  Fort  Yuma  is  19°  hotter  than  Sacramento.  Al- 
though the  days  are  hot  in  summer  in  the  low  land  iway 
from  the  coast,  the  nights  are  always  cool,  except  in  the 
Colorado  Desert.  On  the  coast,  S.  of  35°,  fogs  are  rare  and 
summer  heat  is  great.  The  average  fall  of  rain  at  Fort 
Yuma,  annually,  is  4  inches;  at  San  Diego,  10:  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, 22;  at  Uiimboldt  Bay,  34;  at  points  in  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, 5000  feet  high,  44  inches.  The  amount  of  rain-fall 
increases  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  with  the  elevation,  and  on  the 
coast  with  the  latitude.  In  the  Sacramento  Ba.'=iu,  and  on 
the  coast  S.  of  40°,  rain  is  rare  between  May  and  November, 
which  period  is  the  dry  season;  while  the  months  from  De- 
cember to  April,  inclusive,  are  the  rainy  season.  The  rain 
in  the  Colorado  Desert  and  the  Mohave  Rtsin  comes  in  the 
Bummer  months,  and  the  winters  are  dry.  Thunder  and 
lightning  are  very  rare,  except  in  the  mountains.  Eartli- 
quakes  are  frequent  along  the  coast  S.  of  39°,  but  they  are 
seldom  severe  enough  to  do  any  damage, 

Siiil  and  Productions.  —  The  soil  of  the  low  land  is  rich, 
and  the  long  summers  are  favorable  to  vegetation,  Imt  much 
of  the  mountain  hand  is  not  till.tble,  and  much  of  the  low 
land  is  too  dry  for  cultivation.  In  those  places  where  rain 
is  abundant,  or  where  water  can  be  obtained  for  irrigation, 
very  large  crops  are  produced,  A  solid  cabbage  head  grown 
in  California  weighed  53  lbs.,  a  squash  260  lbs.,  an  onion  47 
oz.,  a  red  beet  118  lbs.,  a  white  turnip  26  lbs.,  a  carrot  10 
lbs.,  and  a  watermelon  65  lbs.  Barley  thrives  better  than 
wheat,  and  is  cultivated  in  larger  proportion  than  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world.  Wheat  has  produced  80  bus.  to  the 


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acre,  harley  149  bus.  The  climate  is  peculiarly  favorable  to 
the  grape,  the  hop,  and  the  olive.  Maize  cannot  be  culti- 
vated to  advantage.  Fruit  trees  grow  rapidly,  and  com- 
mence to  bear  at  an  early  age.  The  pear  thrives  better  than 
the  apple  or  plum.  Acconliiig  to  the  report  of  the  Surveyor- 
General  of  the  state,  for  lS(j;j.  there  were  687,857  apple  trees 
in  California, 733,709  p.-icli,  172,797  pear,  07,919  plum, 34,000 
cherry,  25,000  neituiinc,  15,000  fig,  28,000  apricot,  1000 
orange,  1300  olive,  5000  almond,  and  4000  walnut  trees,  and 
6,000,000  grape,  and  1,200,000  strawberry  vines,  and  100,000 
raspberry  bushes.  The  yield  of  wheat  wiis  4,lX)0,000  bu.s. ; 
barley,  3,800,000;  oats,  800,000 ;  rye,  17,000;  maize,  225,000; 
peas,  61,000;  beans,  162,000;  potatoes,  909,000;  Sweet  po- 
tatoes, 32,000  bus. ;  hay,  254,000  tons  ;  tobacco,  286,000  lbs. 
Annmg  the  productions  of  that  year  were  1,585,000  lbs.  of 
wool,  9-i0,000  lbs.  of  cheese,  888,000  lbs.  of  butter,  55,000  lbs. 
of  honey,  and  584,000  doz.  of  eggs.  The  number  of  liorses 
was7?i,000;  of  meat  cattle,  648,000;  of  sheep,  700,000;  of 
hogs,  196,000;  of  chickens,  318,000.  The  number  of  acres 
enclosed  was  3,400,000;  cultivated,  1,197,000. 

Forest  Trees.  —  The  low  land  of  the  Sjicramcnto  Basin, 
the  Coast  Mountains  S.  of  37°,  the  Colorado  Desert,  and  the 
Mohave  Basin,  are,  except  in  a  few  si)ot8,  bare  of  trees  ;  but 
there  are  dense  forests  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the 
coast  N.  of  the  Golden  Gate.  The  largest  tree  of  the  state  is 
the  Sequnia  giyantf.a,  which  grows  to  be  30  feet  in  diameter ; 
next  to  it  is  the  redwood  {Sequoia  sempervireiif),  which  grows 
20  feet  thick;  the  gugar-piue,  the  red-fir,  the  yellow-fir,  and 
the  arbor-vitie,  reach  a  diameter  of  10  feet,  and  all  sometimes 
grow  to  be  300  feet  high.  The  redwood  is  found  between 
Alonterey  and  Crescent  City,  within  tlie  district  where  heavy 
fog  prevails ;  the  other  largo  trees  are  most  abundant  in  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  These  trees  are  all  evergreens  and  conifers ; 
the  deciduous  trees  occupy  but  a  small  place  in  the  forests 
of  California.  The  western  yellow-pine,  the  nut-pine,  the 
twisted-pine,  Coulter's-pine,  the  balsauj-fir,  the  western 
juniper,  the  fragrant  cedar,  the  Californian  nutmeg,  the 
Californian  laurel,  the  madroBia,  the  manzanita,  the  white 
oak,  the  evergreen  oak,  the  chestnut  oak,  and  the  Califor- 
nian horse-chestnut,  grow  in  the  mountains  and  valleys. 
The  pitabaya  or  gigantic  cactus,  the  yucca  or  bayonet  tree, 
and  the  mezciuit  grow  in  the  Colorado  Desert  and  the 
Mohave  Basin.  The  elm,  beech,  and  hickory  are  not  found 
in  the  stiite. 

Animals. — The  grizzly  bear  is  the  most  formidable  ani- 
mal of  California,  thiiugh  it  usually  flees  at  the  sight  of  man. 
It  sometimes  grows  to  weigh  2000  lbs.,  but  the  ordinary 
weight  of  the  full-grown  animal  in  good  condition  is  about 
800  ibs.  The  meat  of  the  cub  is  like  pork ;  that  of  the  older 
animal  is  greasy,  rank,  and  tough.  These  bears  are  fond 
of  pork,  and  kill  many  hogs  in  the  course  of  a  year.  The 
elk  was  once  abundant  but  is  now  rare,  and  in  a  few  years 
will  entirely  disappear.  The  black-tailed  deer  is  found  in 
the  hills  and  low  mountains,  the  prong-horned  antelope  in 
the  valleys  and  deserts;  the  mountain  sheep  in  the  high 
mountains.  The  Californian  lion,  or  cougar,  frequents 
thickets,  from  which  he  sallies  out  to  catch  colts,  calves, 
sheep,  and  pigs.  The  coyote,  a  small  wolf,  is  very  abundant, 
and  does  much  damage  among  the  lambs,  pigs,  and  ])oultry. 
Wild  cats,  foxes,  raccoons,  and  large  wolves  are  found,  but 
they  are  not  numerous.  Hares,  squirrels,  and  spermophiles 
abound,  especially  the  last,  M'hicli  do  great  iiyury  to  the 
grain  fields.  The  seal,  sea-lion,  and  sea-otter  are  found  in 
the  sea;  the  otter,  mink,  and  beaver  in  the  streams.  The 
Californian  vulture  is  next  to  the  condor  the  largest  bird 
that  flies,  and  it  measures  10  feet  across  from  tip  to  tip  of 
its  outstretched  wings.  The  turkey-buzzard,  the  golden 
eagle,  the  bald  eagle,  the  fish-hawk,  the  road-runner,  the 
Californian  partridge,  the  Californian  quail,  the  trumpeter 
swan,  the  American  swan,  and  many  varieties  of  wild  geese 
^and  ducks  are  found  in  the  state.  The  Californian  quail 
and  partridge  are  very  beautiful  birds  with  peculiar  crests. 
The  road-runner  seldom  flies,  but  can  run  with  great  rapid- 
ity, and  frequents  the  highway,  in  which  it  will  run  before 
any  carriage  or  horseman  which  it  sees  approaching.  In 
the  rivers,  salmon  and  sturgeon  are  numerous;  in  the  sea, 
halibut,  rock-fish,  turbot,  jew-fish  (which  sometimes  weigh 
500  lbs.),  sun-fish,  green-fish,  sea-bass,  sheepshead,  smelts, 
anchovies,  herring,  sardines ;  in  the  brooks,  trout ;  and  in 
Lake  Taboe,  a  large  fish  called  salmon  trout.  Oysters  are 
rare;  clams  and  crabs  abundant.  Rattlesnakes,  tarantules, 
Bcorpions,  and  centipedes  are  occasionally  seen. 

Mitnufactures. — Wages  continue  to  be  so  high  thatmanu- 
factui%8  are,  as  compared  with  those  of.  the  eastern  states, 
very  limited.  Skilled  mechanics  command  from  $3  to  $6 
per  day.  The  chief  articles  of  manufacture  are  sawn  lum- 
ber, furniture,  mining  machinery,  steam-engines  and  heavy 
castings,  iron,  steel  and  hemp  ropes,  coiirse  glass  bottles, 
coarse  stoneware,  co.arse  leather,  blankets,  and  coarse  cloth, 
gunpowder,  fireworks,  pitch,  turpentine,  silverware,  gold- 
quartz  jewelry,  wrapping  and  printing  paper,  friction  match- 
es, carriages,  soap,  beer,  bora.x,  litne,  newspapers,  and  steam- 
boats and  schooners.  The  ti.  13.  census  report  gives  the  fol- 
lowing figures  representing  the  value  of  the  manufactured 
produce  of  California  for  certain  branches,  in  the  year  end- 


CAL 

ing  June  1st,  1S60,  viz.:  Stcam-e'.^nes  md  stnohfnery, 
$l,600,.'il0  ;  sawed  and  pl.ined  lumber,  $4,214,596;  flour  aiid 
meal,  $4,335,809  ;  distilled  liquors,  S349,410;  malt  li.juors, 
$1,'J!11,641;  woollen  goods,  $160,000;  leather  $226,214 ;  salt, 
$7,100,  and  soap,  $204,900. 

Commerce. — All  the  commerce  of  this  state  centres  at  San 
Francisco,  and  a  full  statement  of  its  condition  will  be  found 
in  the  article  on  that  city,  which  see. 

Internal  Improvements. — There  is  a  railway  completed 
from  San  Francisco  to  Sjin  Jose,  50  miles  long ;  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad  from  Sacramento,  42  miles ;  the  Washoe 
Railroad,  from  Sacramento  to  Shingle  Springs,  54  miles; 
from  Folsora  to  Lincoln,  20  miles ;  from  Marysville  to  Oro- 
ville,  25  miles,  and  from  Alaniedii  to  San  Leandro,  6  miles. 
The  Central  Pacific  road  is  to  be  extended  to  Virginia  City. 
The  Washoe  road  is  also  to  be  extended  to  Virginia.  The 
San  Jose  road  is  to  be  extended  through  Stockton  to  connect 
with  the  Central  Pacific  at  Sacramento;  and  the  Alameda 
road  is  to  connect  with  the  Central  Pacific  at  Vallejo's  Mill. 
There  is  a  nuning  railroad  4  miles  long  in  Mariposa  county, 
and  a  horse-rixilroad  2  miles  long  in  Humboldt  county.  lu 
1805  there  were  491  miles  of  turnpike  road  in  the  state,  62  toll- 
bridges,  78  feiTies,  107  quartz-mills,  218  saw-mills,  and  96 
grist-mills.  Telegraphic  lines  connect  San  Franci.'^co  with 
New  Westminster  in  British  Columbia,  t^t.  Louis,  Los  An- 
geles, and  all  the  principal  towns  in  the  state.  There  are  no 
navigable  canals,  but  327  mining-ditches  with  a  total  length 
of  29iS8  miles. 

Education. — Congress  gave  to  the  state  6,500,000  acres  of 
land  for  the  support  of  common  schools,  and  72  sections  for 
a  state  university,  and  30,000  acres  for  an  agrictiltural  col- 
lege. Much  of  the  school  land  has  been  scdd,  and  nothing 
has  been  done  to  establish  the  university  or  college,  lu 
1863  there  were  78,055  white  children  between  4  and  18  in 
the  state,  and  of  these  29,416  attended  the  public  schools, 
and  9158  attended  the  private  schools.  There  are  754  pub- 
lic schools  in  the  state,  of  which  2  are  high.  48  grammar, 
68  intermediate,  280  primary,  and  364  unclassified.  These 
schools  wore  kept  open  on  an  average  5J^  months,  and  919 
teachers  were  employed.  The  income  of  the  school  depart- 
ment for  that  year  was  $581,055,  of  w  hich  $328,000  was  spent 
for  salaries.  The  average  monthly  wages  paid  to  teachers 
was  ISO  (in  gold) ;  the  highest  $270  ;  the  lowest  (including 
board)  $29.  There  are  a  dozen  colleges  in  the  state,  most 
of  them  connected  with  religious  denominations.  Among 
them  are  the  St.  Mary's  (Catholic)  College,  St.  Ignatius 
(Jesuit)  College,  the  City  College  and  Union  College  in  Sun 
Francisco,  the  Santa  Clara  (Catliolic)  College  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  Pacific  (Methodist)  at  Santa  Clara,  the  College 
of  California  at  Oakland,  a  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Col- 
lege at  Sonoma,  and  a  Southern  Methodist  College  at  Vaca- 
ville.  There  is  a  medical  colleg(!  in  San  Francisco  and  a  law 
school  at  Benicia.  Among  puljlic  libraries  are  the  follow- 
ing :  The  Mercantile  Library  of  20,000  volumes,  the  Odd- 
Fellows'  of  12,000,  the  Mechanics' of  7000,  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  of  4000  in  San  Francisco,  the  State  Li- 
brary of  22,000  and  flie  City  Library  of  10,000  in  Sacra- 
mento, the  Marysville  Library  of  5000  and  the  Stockton  Li- 
brary of  5000  volumes.  In  1860  there  were  117  newspapers 
and  4  monthly  magazines  in  the  state,  with  a  total  annual 
circulation  of  26,111,788  copies.  In  the  point  of  circulation 
of  papers  California  was  the  seventh  state  in  the  Union, 
though  26th  in  population.  Of  the  117  newspapers  96  were 
political,  6  religious,  10  literary,  and  9  miscellaneous.  Of 
the  96  political  journals  22  were  dailies. 

Religion. — The  volumes  of  the  U.  S.  census  for  1860  so  far 
as  published  contain  no  reix)rt  of  the  religious  statistics. 
According  to  inttel's  Resources  0/  California,  the  Meth- 
odist Church  (North)  had  in  1861,  3000  communicants,  60 
churches  and  65  i)reachers;  the  Methodist  Church  (South) 
lOoO  communicants,  20  churches  and  40  preachers;  the  Old 
School  Presbyterian  Church  1000  communicants,  15  church- 
es and  17  clergymen  ;  the  New  School  Presbyterian  Church 
500  communicants,  11  churches  and  13  clergymen  ;  Congre- 
gationalists  600  comnninicants,  11  churches  and  12  preach- 
ers ;  Cumberland  Presbyteri.ans  800  communicants  and  28 
preachers;  Baptists  lOOO  communicants, 42  churches  and  30 
preachers;  Episcopalians  600  communicants,  20  churchea 
and  18  clergymen;  the  Unitarians  100  communicants,  I 
church  and  1  preacher.  The  Catholics  have  70  churches,  75 
priests  and  thej'  claim  to  have  80,000  communicants.  There 
are  10,000  Jews  in  the  state,  and  they  have  4  synagogues 
and  3  rabbis.  There  are  30,0o!o  Chinese  in  the  state  and  all 
are  classed  as  Buddhists,  though  their  creed  and  their  prac- 
tice are  very  dift'erent  from  those  of  Sakya-Muni. 

Public  Institutions. — The  Federal  Government  has  a  cus- 
tom-house that  cost  ^S00,000,  a  mint,  a  marine  hospital  in 
San  Francisco,  strong  fortifications  on  Alcatraz  Island  and 
at  Fort  Point,  a  navy-yard  at  Mare  Island,  military  stations 
at  Benicia,  Fort  Humboldt,  Wilmington,  and  Fort  Yuma, 
and  light-houses  at  descent  City,  Humboldt  Bay,  Point  Bo- 
nita.  Fort  Poii^  Alcatraz  Island,  Point  Pinos,  Point  Concep- 
tion, Santa  Barbara,  and  Point  Loma.  The  state  has  a  lu- 
natic asylum  to  accommodate  500  patients  at  Stockton,  a 
state  prison  to  hold  500  convicts  at  San  Quentin,  a  reforiu 

339 


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•chool  for  boys  near  Marysville,  and  a  capitol  bnilding  has 
■wen  commeuced  at  Satrumento  on  a  plan  that  will  require 
$2,000,00(J  for  its  completion. 

Population. — According  to  the  census  of  1860  there  were 
in  that  year  379,99-1  inhabitiiuts  in  California.  Of  these 
(7,707  were  born  in  CalUbruiii,  155,759  in  other  parts  of  the 
■  United  States  and  146,o2S  in  foreign  countries.  Every  state 
of  the  Union  was  represented,  the  lowest  on  the  list  lieing 
Minnesota  with  So  of  her  sons  in  California,  and  New  York 
the  highest  with  28,6j4.  Every  continent,  every  kingdom 
of  Europe,  every  nation  of  South  America,  every  large  island 
of  the  Pacific  had  its  representatives  in  the  land  of  gold. 
Among  the  foreigners  were  34,935  from  China,  33,147  from 
Ireland,  21,640  from  Germany,  12,227  from  England,  9150 
from  Mexico,  8462  from  France,  5437  from  British  America, 
3070  from  Scotland,  2S05  from  Italy,  and  so  on.  The  white 
population  numbered  323,177,  of  wliom  98,250  were  under 
20;  210.093  or  65  per  cent,  between  20  and  49;  14,S;i4  or  4 
per  cent,  over  49.  Of  the  210,093  between  20  and  49,  164,- 
756  or  79  per  cent,  were  men  and  45,337  or  21  per  cent,  were 
women. 

Omnties. — California  has  48  counties,  viz.:  Alameda,  Al- 
pine, Amador,  Butte,  Calaveras,  Colusa,  Contra  Costa,  Del 
Norte,  El  Dorado,  i'resno,  Humboldt,  Klamath.  Lake,  Laa- 
sen,  Los  Angeles,  Marin,  Miiripos;i,  Mendocino,  Merced,  Mo- 
no, Monterey,  Napa,  Nevadii,  Placer,  Plumas,  Sacnunento, 
San  Bernardino,  S^an  Diego,  San  Francisco,  San  Joaquin, 
Sim  Luis  Obispo,  S;in  Mateo,  Santa  Bjirbara,  Sjinta  Cliira, 
Santa  Cruz,  Shasta,  Sierra,  Siskiyou,  Solano,  Sonoma,  Stan- 
islaus, Sutter,  Tehama,  Trinity,  Tuliire,  Tuolumne,  Volo  and 
Yuba.    The  capital  is  Sacramento. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  number  of  votes  cast  by  the  prin- 
cipal towns  in  1864  (and  that  is  the  best  guide  to  their  pres- 
sent  poptllation)  was  as  follows :  San  Francisco,  21,024 ; 
Sacramento,  32S8;  San  Jose,  1229 ;  Marysville,  1197 ;  Stock- 
ton, 1106 :  Xeviula,  1100 ;  Grass  Valley,  1U97 ;  Petaluma,  928 ; 
Yreka,  888;  Placerville,  881,  and  Oakland,  742. 

Government,  Finances,  etc. — The  governor  and  executive 
officers  of  the  state  government  are  elected  in  the  year  pre- 
ceding  leap-year  and  hold  office  for  4  years.  The  governor's 
salary  is  $7000  per  year.  The  senate  consists  of  40  mem- 
bers, who  hold  office  for  4  years  ;  20  of  them  elected  every 
o<ld  year.  There  are  80  iissemblymen  elected  biennially. 
The  pay  of  legislators  is  $10  per  day  for  90  days  and  .$5  per 
day  afterwards.  The  stiite  is  entitled  to  3  Congressmen, 
whom  it  elects  in  the  even  years.  The  supreme  court  con- 
sists of  5  justices,  who  hold  office  for  10  yeiirs,  one  being 
elected  every  odd  year.  This  court  has  no  original  juris- 
diction. .  There  are  14  district  courts,  which  have  original 
jurisdiction  in  all  equity  and  murder  cases,  and  in  all  civil 
law  cases,  except  those  where  a  sum  of  less  than  §300  is  in 
dispute.  The  district  judges  hold  office  for  6  years.  The 
[  For  continuation,  see  Appkndix.] 

CALIFORNIA,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

CALIFORNIA,  a  small  village  of  Washington  cc,  Penn- 
eylvania.    Pop  476. 

CALIFORNIA,  a  post-village,  Y'alloliusha  co.,  Mississippi. 

CALIFORNIA,  a  post-village  ot  Campbell  co..  Kentucky. 

California;  a  posfK)ffice  of  ciemiont  co.,  oino. 

CALIFOr.NIA,  a  small  village  of  Madison  Co.,  Ohio. 

CALIFORNIA,  a  post-township  in  Branch  Co.,  Michigan, 
about  l.S  miles  S.W.  of  Hillsdale.     Pop.  713. 

CALIFORNIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Moniteau  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 25  miles  W.  of  Jeffer.'son  City,  and  12  miles  S.W.  of  Mis- 
souri River.     Lead  and  stone  coal  are  found  in  the  vicinity. 

CALIFORNIA.  GULF  OF,  or  SEA  OF  CORTES.  (Sp.  Mar 
Jk'-nu-jo,  ni.HR  bfR-ma/no:  i.e.  -'Red  Sea.'")  an  arm  of  the  Pa- 
cific, between  hit.  23°  and  .32°  30'  N..  Ion.  107°  and  114°  W.. 
Beparatins!;  the  peninsula  of  Calitbrni.i  on  the  W,  from  Sonora 
and  Ciualoa  (.Mexico)  on  the  E.  Length,  about  700  miles: 
breadth  varies  from  40  to  100  miles.  Its  coast  is  jrreu'ular. 
funning  on  both  sides  many  small  bays  or  gulfs.  It  con- 
tains numerous  islands:  and  at  its  N.  extremitv  it  receives 
the  rivers  Colorado  and  Gila.  The  villajies  of  Loreto.  La 
Paz,  and  Guaymas,  are  on  its  shores.  Ever  since  its  dis- 
covery, it  has  been  noted  for  its  pearl-fishery. 

CALIFORNIA.  LOWKR  or  OLD.  (.<p.  B,y«  or  Vipja  Oalifor- 
nia,  bi'hd  or  ve-.Vnd  ka-le-foK'ne-3.)  a  department  of  Mexico, 
situated  on  the  W.  coast  of  North  America,  and  formed  of  a 
peninsula  lying  from  N.W.  to  S.E..  altout  750  miles  long  by 
from30tol50broad.andextendingfromCapeSaint  Lucas,  its 
most  S.  point,  lat.  22"  52'  N.. Ion.  109°  5.3'  W..  to  lat.  32°  30'  N. : 
bounded  N.  by  Upper  or  New  California,  E.  bv  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  peninsula  is 
volcanic,  and  is  traverst>d  throufrhout  its  whole  length  by  a 
continuation  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  lOOO  to  nearly  5000 
feet  high,  the  culiuinating  peak,  Cerro  de  la  Giganta," being 
4900  feet.  It  has  two  extinct  volcanoes,  a  number  of  sprinsjs 
of  hot  water,  and  bitumen:  much  of  it  is  heated  by  sub- 
terranean fires,  and  earthquakes  are  frequent.  This  moun- 
tain range  is  almost  bare  of  verdure,  being  only  sprinkled 

•  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  in  giving  population  in  California, 
thnt  there  is  an  immense  floating  population,  particularly  in  San 
I'ranvisco,  not  enumerated  in  the  census. 
340 


here  and  there  with  clusters  of  briars,  small  shrubs,  or 
dwarf  trees.  Along  the  mountain  foot  the  ground  is  .sand; 
or  stony,  and  covered  with  cylindrical  cactusi-s  of  extraor- 
dinary height.  Among  the  ridges  and  protected  hollows  are 
a  few  spots  of  soil,  formed  generally  of  decomposed  lavii 
Springs  of  wat«r.  few  in  numiier,  are  ordinarily  found  on 
bare  rock ;  for  wat<?r  and  soil  are  seldom  met  with  at  the 
iiame  place.  Where,  however,  this  happens  to  be  the  case, 
the  fertility  is  immense.  The  want  of  water  is  the  bane  of 
Lower  California,  Only  two  streams  fall  from  its  moun'- 
tains  into  the  Gulf  of  Californi:».  both  near  the  middle  of 
the  peninsula,  .ind  only  three  into  the  Pacific ;  and  none  of 
them  are.large.  In  the  interior  are  several  copious  s]>ringg, 
sending  forth  abundant  streams,  which,  unfortunately,  run 
along  a  rocky  course,  and  are  absorbed  ultimately  in  the 
porous,  arid  soil,  or  are  lost  in  subterranean  channels.  For 
about  80  miles  N.  from  Cape  San  Lucas  the  air  is  mild,  being 
tempered  by  the  sea  breeze ;  from  this  sei-tion  N.  to  Loretto, 
lat.  20°  16'  N.,  the  heat  is  excessive;  but  thence  X.  the  air  is 
cooler.  The  temperature  of  summer,  on  the  coa-st  of  the 
Pacific,  ranges  from  5n°  to  71°;  the  sky  is  peculiarly  clear, 
of  a  deep  blue,  and  perfectly  cloudless,  excepting  sometimes 
at  sunset,  when  stre;iks  of  the  most  beautiful  shades  of  vio- 
let, purple,  and  green  appear.  In  winter,  the  rains  are 
severe,  but  of  short  duration,  and  accompanied  by  tremen- 
dous tornadoes  of  wind,  sweejiing  the  soil  from  every  ex- 
posed position  into  the  sea,  and  causing  the  tiller  of  the 
ground  to  seek  a  new  place  in  w  hich  to  ply  his  vocation. 
During  the  rains,  the  thermometer  falls  as  low  as  50°.  The 
variety  of  climate,  however,  is  great ;  for  when  near  Cape 
San  Lucas  the  thermometer  stands  between  60°  and  70°.  at 
the  hand  of  the  gulf  it  is  down  to  the  freezing  point.  The 
few  fertile  spots  of  Lower  California  yield  maize,  manioc, 
wheat,  be;»ns,  peas,  and  all  manner  of  esculent  roots;  ex- 
cellent grapes,  from  which  wine  is  made  similar  to  that  of 
the  Canaries ;  oranges,  lemons,  limes,  citrons,  prunes,  dates, 
plantjiins.  pine-apples,  &c.  The  mountains  feed  a  few  wild 
sheep  and  goats;  and.  to  a  small  extent,  horsi's.  black  cat- 
tle, mules,  goats,  and  pigs  are  reared.  If  the  land  be  bar- 
ren, the  sea  is  stored  with  fish  in  incredible  abundance  and 
variety ;  among  them  may  be  named  halibut,  salmon,  tur- 
bot,  skate,  pilcliard.  large  oyster,  thornback,  mackerel,  bar- 
bel, bonitos.  soles,  lobsters,  sardines,  cod,  tunnies,  anchovies, 
and  pearl-oysters.  The  pearl  oyster  is  obtained  in  the  gulf, 
near  the  S.  parts  of  California,  and  it  was  formerly  much 
more  extensively  fished  than  at  present.  The  quantity  ob- 
tained in  ISol,  by  15  boats,  amounted  in  value  to  about 
7000<.  Gold  is  supposed  to  abound  in  Lower  California,  and 
a  mine  wrought  near  La  Paz  is  said  to  be  rich.  The  chief 
towns  are  La  l*az.  the  capital,  with  a  population  of  500.  near 
the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  peninsul.i.  and  Loreto,  in  about  li»t. 
2tj°  12'  N..  Ion.  112°  7'  W.  Lower  California  was  discovered  by 
Hernando  de  Grixalva,  in  1534.  In  1642.  the  Jesuits  formed 
establishments  in  it:  they  taught  the  natives  the  art  of  cul- 
tivating the  ground,  and  raised  them  gre.itly  in  the  .ocale  of 
civilization.  In  the  reign  of  Philip  A'.,  more  especially  sub- 
sequent to  1744,  the  Spanish  establishments  in  California 
increased,  and  became  very  considerable.  In  a  very  few 
years  the  Jesuits  built  16  villages  in  the  interior  of  the 
peninsula ;  but  in  1707  they  were  expelled,  and  the  admi- 
nistration of  California  was  committed  to  monks  of  the  Do- 
minican c-onvents  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  who  have  not  main 
tained  the  same  career  of  u.sefulness  as  their  predecessors. 
Pop.  SOUO:  of  whom,  probablv.  40(10  are  Indians. 

CALIG.  kd-leeg'.  or  CALI.X,  kd-UvH',  a  town  of  Spain,  38 
miles  N.E.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  3020. 

CAIil  JIER.\.  kd-le-m;l'r3,  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and 
13i  miles  N.W.  of  Oti-anto.     Pop.  ICOO. 

CALIMERA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultr.1 
II.     Pop.  500. 

CALI.MERE,  (ki'l^meer'.)  POINT,  a  cape  on  the  coast  of 
Indid,  iO  miles  froxi  the  N.  extremity  of  Ceylon.    Lat.  10''  I 
17' N..  Ion.  79*  5' H. 

CALINGWPATAM',  a  seaport  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  on  the  Biiy  of  Bengal.  10  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Chieacole,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Paddair.  Small  coast- 
ing vessels  are  built  and  repaired  here  in  mud  docks. 

CALIPUJANG,  ki-le-pof^-y5ng'.  a  harbor  of  the  island  of 
Java,  on  the  S.  coiist.  inside  of  the  islands  of  Xusa-I\omban- 
yan  and  Nu.sa-lie.  in  lat.  7°  33'  S.,  Ion.  106°  30'  E.  The  Dutch 
have  an  est.iblishment  here. 

CALITRI,  kd-lee'tree,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prln- 
cipato  Ultra,  near  the  Ofanto,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Conza.  P.  5000, 

CAL1ZZ.\N0.  kd-leet-sd'no.  a  village  of  the  SardinLin 
States,  on  the  Bormid.a,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Cairo.   Pop.  243J. 

C.\LKEN,  kdKken.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt.  Si  miles  E.of  Ghent.     Pop.  4950. 

CALK'S  (kawks)  FEIUIY,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

CAL'LABEG'  KILNASAER  or  LOUGHMORE  EAST,  a 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Tipperary. 

C.'VLL.'VC,  kilUJk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote."»- 
du-Nord,  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  in  1S52.  3424, 

CAL^L.\CAND'.  a  town  of  British  Indi.i,  pre.sldency  of  Ma^ 
dras,  district  of  Tinnevelly,  30  miles  N.  of  Cape  Comorin. 


CAL 


CAL 


CAI/LACOII/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras, tio  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tanjore. 

CALLAG II  AX'S,  kalla-liaus,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  CO., 
Virfrinia. 

C.VLLAIN,  kill-line',  a  town,  Malay  Peninsula, on  the  Strait 
of  Malacca,  in  lat.3°0'N.,  Ion.  101"  20' E.,  207  miles  N.N.K. 
of  Singapore.  . 

CAIy'L.W,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  joins  the  Black- 
water  at  the  entrance  into  Charlemont.  Total  course,  10  miles. 

CAIjIiAN,  a  municipal  boi-oujrh,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  Ireland,  Leinsfcr,  co.  of  Kilkenny,  on  King's  River.  Pop. 
of  the  town  3111,  of  whom  lOOO  are  said  to  have  no  regular 
employment.  Previous  to  the  union,  Callan  sent  2  mem- 
ber.s  to  the  Irish  House  of  Commons.  It  was  the  scene 
of  many  conflicts  in  former  times,  and  was  taken  by  Cromwell 
in  1&30.     It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Fielding  Ctmily. 

CALI.ANA,  ]ii-Wnii,or  CALANNA,  ki-ldn'nil,  a  town  and 
mountainous  district  of  North-western  Africa,  in  Soodan. 
The  mountains  form  part  of  the  liataka  Uange,  a  system 
which  branches  olf  in  a  N.K.  direction  from  the  Mountains 
of  Kong,  in  about  Ion.  2°^'..  and  terminators  in  the  Desert 
of  Sahara.  The  town  of  Callana  is  about  450  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Timbuctoo.  in  lat.  11°  12'  \V..  Ion.  2°  W. 

CAI/LA.\DER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

CAL/L.WD'S,  a  post-ofiice  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

CALLAO,  kJMdw',  an  i.sland  of  Farther  India,  in  the  China 
Sea,  opposite  the  coast  of  Codiiii  China,  16  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Fal-fo  River;  lat.  15°  48'  N..  Ion.  108°  30' K. 
Area.  10  square  miles.  It  has  a  peak  about  1400  feet  in 
height,  and  a  town  on  its  S.W.  shore. 

CALLAO,  kdl-U'o,  or  kdl-yd'o,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern 
Peru,  6  miles  \V.  of  Lima,  of  which  it  is  the  port,  on  the 
Pacific,  in  lat.  12°  S.,  Ion.  77°  13'  7"  W.  Pop.  (1850,)  84:i5. 
It  is  ill  built,  but  important,  as  its  roadstead,  sheltered  by  the 
islatid  of  San  Lorenzo,  is  the  tost  on  the  Peruvian  coast.  It 
has  a  convenient  quay,  and  communicates  with  Lima  by  a 
good  i-arriage-road,  along  which  omnibuses  now  run  daily. 
"The  exports  consist  chietty  of  bullion,  specie,  copper,  cotton, 
bark  and  hides.  In  1847, 709  vessels  (aggregate  burden  2o5,tJ97 
tons)  entered,  and  687  ves.sels  (burden  19\t.472  tons)  cleared 
from  the  port.  G  reat  improvements  have  recently  Ix-en  made 
in  the  town ;  the  streets  have  been  widened,  and  a  fine  mole 
has  been  erected.  The  roadstead  is  large,  s;ife.  free  from  rocks, 
and-always  smooth.  The  castle  of  Callao,  which  used  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  key  to  Lima,  has  Ijeen  almost  entirely  disman- 
tled, and  is  now  used  as  a  custom-house.  In  1746,  the  old 
town  of  OiUao  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake;  at  low 
water  the  ruins  are  still  visible.  In  1820,  the  Karl  of  Dun- 
donald  (then  Lord  Cochrane)  gallantly  cut  out  the  Esme- 
ralda, a  large  Spanish  ship  of  war,  from  under  the  guns  of 
the  fjrt. 

CAL'LAPOO'YA  INDIANS,  a  trilie  in  Oregon,  dwelling 
S.  of  the  Columbia,  and  E.  of  the  Willamette. 

CALL.\S,  kiriis',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  6 
mik«  N.E.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  in  1862,  2lSf: 

CAI/LAWAY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  Tennessee,  has  an  areaof  alwut  450  stjuare  miles. 
The  Tennessee  Hiver  forms  the  entire  E.  boundary,  and  it  is 
also  drained  by  Clark's  River.  More  than  half  of  the  surface 
consists  of  level  river  bottoms;  the  remainder  is  hilly:  the 
soil  is  fertile.  Formed  in  1821,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colo- 
nel Richard  Callaway,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Kentucky. 
Capital,  Murray.  Pop.  9915,  of  whom  8423  were  free,  and 
1492  slaves. 

CALLAWAY,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  ])art  of  Missouri, 
on  the  N.  b.ank  of  the  Missouri  River,  contains  743  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Cedar  Creek  and  other  small 
streams.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating,  and  the  soil  is 
highly  productive,  both  on  the  river  bottoms  and  the  up- 
lands. Aboutone-thirdof  the  county  is  prairie.  The  crop  of 
oats  in  this  county,  in  1850,  was  1 84,41 8  bushels,  being  greater 
than  that  of  any  county  in  the  state  excepting  Greene; 
and  the  quantity  of  hay  was  exceeded  only  by  Howard. 
Large  beds  of  cannel  coal,  bituminous  coal,  iron  ore,  and 
fine  limestone  underlie  the  greater  part  of  the  county.  A 
stratum  of  cannel  coal,  24  feet  thick,  has  been  opened  near 
the  river.  Fine  potter's  clay  is  abundant,  and  is  extensively 
manufactured.  The  county  is  among  the  most  populous  in 
Mis.souri.  Organized  in  1820.  Capital.  Fulton,  Pop.  17,449, 
of  whom  12,926  were  free,  and  4523  slaves. 

CALLE,  LA,  li  kil  or  Id  kdl'li.  the  most  eastern  town 
and  seaport  of  .\lgeria,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Mediterranean, 
300  miles  E.  of  Algiers.  Pop.  805.  It  is  the  chief  seat  of 
the  French  coral  fishery. 

CALLENBERG,  kdl'len-bJno',  a  village  of  Saxony,  district 
of  Waldenberg,  containing  chalk  and  tile-works.   Pop.  1080. 

CALLENBERG,  a  village  of  Saxony,  district  of  Lichten- 
stein.     Pop.  1900. 

CALLENSBURG,  a  post-tillage  of  Toby  township.  Clarion 
CO.,  I'ennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  Clarion  River,  about 
65  miles  N.N.K.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  319. 

CALLENSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Pendleton  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  south  branch  of  Licking  River,  and  on 
the  railroad  from  Covington  to  Lexington. 

CAL'LIAG'NA,  a  seaport  village  of  the  island  of  St.  Vin- 


cent, British  West  Indies,  on  its  S.  coast,  2  miles  S,E.  or 
Kingstown,  having  the  best  harbor  in  the  island. 

CAIiLIAX,  kdrie-^x"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Var,  14  miles  N.K.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  of  commune.  1000. 

CALLIANEE,  kal'le-an-nee',  an  inland  town  of  liritist 
Indiii.  presidency,  and  32  miles  X.E.  of  Bombay,  capital  of  a 
subdivision  of  the  district  of  Concan.  It  is  popul;us,  <ud 
has  some  trade  in  cocoa-uuts,  oil,  coarse  cloths,  and  earthen- 
wares. 

CALLI.A.NEE,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Nizam's  domi- 
nions, 36  miles  W.  of  Beeder. 

CALLIANO,  kdl-le-d'no,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  in  a  well- 
cultivated  district.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Casiile.     Pop.  2i)30. 

CAL'LICOON',  sometimes  «ritten  and  often  pronounced 
COL'LICOON',  a  township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Delaware  River  and  Erie  Railroad,  about  90  miles  S.W.  of 
Albany.    Pop.  2771. 

CALLTCOON  CREEK,  of  Sullivan  co.,  in  the  S.  part  of 
New  York,  fills  into  the  Delaware  River. 

CALLICOON  DEPOT,  a 'post-ofiice  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York. 

C ALLIES,  kdl-lees',  a  town  of  Prussia,  58  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Stettin.    Pop.  2641. 

CAI/LIGRAY'.  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  He- 
brides, district  of  Harris,  3  miles  E.  of  Berner.a,  2  miles  long 
and  1  broad. 

CALLI.NGKR  or  KALLINGER,  kalling-gher,  a  town  and 
hill  fortress  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  90  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Allahabad,  on  a  table-land,  1200  feet  above  the 
adjacent  plains.  The  town  stands  at  the  N.  foot  of  a  hill, 
the  summit  of  which  is  enclosed  by  walls  about  5  miles  in 
circumference,  and  was  takeu  by  the  British,  after  a  severe 
siege,  in  1812. 

CAI/LIXGTON  or  KEL/LINGTON,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  10  miles  S.  of  Launces- 
ton.  Pop.  in  1861.  2146.  It  has  a  branch  bank  and  a  literary 
society.  Callington  formerly  returned  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

CALLI I'OLIS.    See  G ai.lipoli. 

CALL(K».  kdl-lo/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  East  Flanders,  on 
the  Scheldt.  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  2229. 

CALLOSA  DE  ENSARRIA,  kdl-yo'sd  dk  fn-sdR-Ree'i,  a 
town  of  Spain,  26  N.E.  of  Alicante.     Pop.  4;328. 

CALLOSA  DE  SEGURA,  kll-yo'sd  d.i  s.A-goo'ra,  a  town  of 
Spain,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Alicante.     Pop.  2904. 

C.VIy'Li  )W,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

C.\LM1NA,  kal-mee^ni,  a  townof  Africa.in  Northern  Gui- 
nea, kingdom  of  Dahomey.  15  miles  S.Eof  Atximey,  the  usual 
residence  of  the  king,  and  said  to  have  15.000  inhabitants. 

CALMPTHOUT,  kiimpt/hOwt.  a  village  of  Belgium,  12 
miles  N,E.  of  Antwerp,  with  breweries,  tanneries,  and  oil 
mills. 

CAI/MUCKS  or  KAI/MUCKS,  written  also  CALMACK.S, 
an  Asiatic  people,  a  branch  of  the  MongoLs,  to  be  met  with 
over  all  the  countries  of  Upper  Asi.a,  between  lat.  38°  52'  N\ 
and  from  the  Hoang-Ho  to  the  Volga.  They  live  in  tents, 
and  have  no  fixed  abode,  and  move  from  place  to  place  iu 
quest  of  pasturage  for  their  herds,  the  rearing  of  which  i« 
their  sole  occupation. 

CALN,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CALNE,  kdn.  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  6j  miles  N.AV.  of  Devizes. 
Pop.  in  1851,  5117.  It  has  an  ancient  church,  the  tower 
built  by  Inigo  Jones;  a  gnimmar  school  founded  in  1060,  a 
town-hall,  branch  bank,  and  some  manufactures  of  woollens. 
A  branch  of  the  Wilts  and  Berks  Canal  reaches  the  town 
Calne  sent  2  memliers  to  the  House  of  Commons  from  the 
reign  of  Richard  II.  until  the  Reform  Act  deprived  it  of  one 
member. 

CAl/NO.  a  post-office  of  Warren  en..  New  .Tersev. 

CALOHE.  kalo'r.l  (ane.  CaOnr.)  a  river  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Ultra,  falls  into  the  Volturno. 

CALORE,  kd-lo/ni  or  NEGRO.  nA'gro,  (anc.  Tonn'gfr.  or 
Caflor.)  a  river  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra,  joins  the  Sele. 

CALOSSO,  kd-los'so,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Piedmont.  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Asti.    Pop.  2107. 

CA'LOW,  a  parish  and  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
\\  miles  E.  of  Chesterfield. 

CALPE.    See  GinR.\LT.iR. 

C.\LPENI,  one  of  the  Laccadive  Islands.    See  Kalpeni. 

CALPENTYN,  kdl-pen-tlne',  a  peninsula  of  Ceylon,  on  its 
W.  co».st.    During  the  N.E.  monsoon  it  becomes  an  island. 

CALPENTYN,  kdl-pen-tjne',  a  seaport  town  of  Ceylon,  on 
the  W.  coast.  93  miles'  N.  of  Colombo.  Lat.  8°  14'  N. ;  Ion. 
79°  53'  E.  It  contains  a  bazaar,  and  8  places  of  worship 
The  harbor  is  not  accessible,  in  consequence  of  shoals,  to 
vessels  exceeding  100  tons,  sven  at  the  highest  spring  tides, 
so  that  they  are  obliged  to  mload  in  the  Dutch  bay  at  Mut- 
wal,  and  to  send  their  cargoes  to  Calpentyn  in  small  ve.tseis. 
Calpentyn  was  acquired  by  the  Portuguese  in  1544.  and  was 
held  by  them  till  1040.  when  it  was  captured  by  the  Dutch, 
who  remained  there  till  1795,  when  it  was  surrendered  to 
the  British,  who  still  retain  it.  The  inhabitants  are  com- 
posed of  Malabars.  Javanese,  and  Moors,  and  amount  hi 
number  to  about  4500. 

241 


CAL 

CAi.'RY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connauptht,  co.  of  Sligo. 

C/^LSI,  kil'se»^.  a  considerable  village  and  mart  of  North- 
ern Hindostau.  in  Gurhwal.  at  the  coutiuence  of  the  Jumna 
and  Tonse,  4o  miles  N.N.E.  of  Seharuupoor. 

OALfj  TOCK,  kdl'stok,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall. 

C.4  LSTO.VE  (kAl'st^n)  WIL'LIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Milts. 

CALT.\6*IiO.\E,  kll-ta-je-ro/n.i  or  CALATAGIRONE, 
kA-U'td-je-ro'oi.  (anc.  Gilata  Uieranis?)  a  city  of  Sicily,  pro- 
vince, and  32  miles  S.W.  of  Catania,  on  the  slope  of  a  hill, 
and  with  its  suburbs  occupying  a  considerable  extent  of 
gitiuud.  It  is  reputed  one  of  the  wealthiest  and  most  com- 
mercial towns  in  the  island.  It  contains  several  churches 
and  convents,  a  royal  college,  hospital,  and  orphan  asylum. 
It  i.s  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  and  has  an  academy  with  four 
professors.  The  inhabitants  are  esteemed  the  best  work- 
men in  Sicily  in  the  useful  arts.  The  mauutactures  com- 
prise pottery- ware  and  cotton  fabrics.  The  town  was  forti- 
fied by  the  Saracens,  and  tak«n«from  them  by  the  Genoese. 
The  famous  Roger  Guiscard  accorded  extensive  privileges 
to  the  town.     I'op.  22,(il  i>. 

CALTANISETTA,  kSl-ta-ne-set'td,  a  city  of  Sicily,  in  a 
fertile  plain  near  the  Salso,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Girgeiiti.  Pop. 
20,411.  It  is  well  Imilt.  and  h:i.s  handsome  public  build- 
ings, civil  and  criminal  courts.  In  its  vicinity  are  mineral 
springs  and  extensive  sulphur-works,  producing  annually 
5500  tons.  Caltanisetta  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of 
the  Xisfoe  of  the  Romans. 

CALTHOliPE,  kill'thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

CALTllWAITE,  kdl'thwait,  a  township  of  England,  co.of 
Cumberland. 

CALTOXICA,  kJl-ton'e-ka,  a  town  of  Sicily,  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Girgenti.  Salt  is  manufactured,  and  upwards  of 
1000  tons  of  sulphur  are  annually  produced  from  the  mines 
in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  7060. 

CALTURA,  kil-too^ri.  a  seaport  town  and  fort  of  Ceylon. 
on  its  AV.  coast,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Colombo,  with  an  active 
trade  in  arrack.  A  great  numlier  of  vessels  belong  to  the 
port,  and  trade  witli  JIadras  and  other  places  along  the 
Coromaudel  coast. 

C.-VLUIUE,  kdrweeR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lyons,  of  which  it  constitutes  a 
suburb.    Pop.  of  commune,  in  1S52,  6o63, 

CALUMET  RIVER.    See  CaIUMICK. 

CAl/U.MET,  a  county  situated  in  the  E.  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, contains  about  300  .squ-nre  miles.  'Winnebago  Lake 
bounds  it  on  the  W.,  and  it  is  drained  by  the  branches  of 
Slanitoowoc  River.  The  surface  is  traversed  by  a  high 
ridge  nearly  parallel  with  the  lake.  The  rocks  which  un- 
derlie the  county  are  blue  limestone  and  sandstone.  Calu- 
met county  was  organized,  for  judicial  purposes,  in  1850. 
Ciipital.  Chilton  Centre.    Pop.  7895. 

CALUMET,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

CALUMET,  a  post-township  in  Fond  du  Luc  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  ."^0  miles  W  N.W.  of  Sliebovgan.     Pop.  1454. 

CALUMET  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Fond  du  Lac  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Winnebago,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Fond  du  Ijac.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  dis- 
tricts   The  lake  is  navigated  by  steamboats. 

CAUUMICIvN  otherwise  written  CALUMET,  a  river  of 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  rises  in  La  Porte  co.  of  the  former 
state,  and  flowing  westward  into  Illinois,  discharges  a  por- 
tion of  its  water  into  Lake  Michigan;  the  other  portion  then 
runs  eastward,  nearly  parallel  with  its  former  course,  and 
only  3  or  4  miles  N.  of  it,  and  enters  Lake  Michigan  at  its 
southern  exti-emity. 

'  CALUSO,  kj-loo'so,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont.  11  miles 
S.  of  Ivrea.     It  has  a  communal  coUesre.     Pop.  5548. 

CALVADOS.  kdlHdMos'  or  kil-vd'djs,  a  maritime  depart- 
ment on  the  N.W.  of  France,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  pro- 
vince of  lyower  Normandy,  having  N.,  the  English  Channel. 
S.,  the  department  of  Ome,  E..  Eure,  and  W.,  Manche. 
Area.  2145  square  miles.  Pop.  in  ISei,  480,992.  Capital.  Caen. 
Surface  hilly  in  the  S.,  with  exten.sive  plains  and  fertile 
valleys.  Chief  rivers,  the  Ome,  Toucques,  Dives,  SeuUe, 
Dromme,  and  A'ire — none  of  them  navigable.  Mineral  pro- 
du<ts  comprise  coaii.  gray  marble,  freestone,  and  cold  mineral 
waters.  Corn  is  raised  Wyond  consumption,  fruit  is  exten- 
sively grown,  and  cider  is  made  in  considerable  quantity: 
hemp  and  lint  are  grown,  and  the  forests  furnish  excellent 
timber.  The  pasturage  is  abundant,  and  many  horses,  cattle, 
sheep,  and  hogs  are  reared;  herring-curing  is  an  important 
branch  of  industry.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  six 
arrondissements  of  Bayeux.Caen,  Falai.se.  Lisieux,  Pont-l'Eve- 
que,  and  Vire.  Calvados  is  named  from  a  lielt  of  rocks  which 
extend  along  its  coast  from  the  mouth  of  the  Orne  to  that 
of  the  Vire :  they  were  so  called  from  a  Spanish  vessel  which 
was  wrecked  on  them. 

CAL'V.\RY.  a  post-office  of  Athens  co..  Ohio. 

CALVELEY.  kAl'veh-le,  a  station  on  the  Crewe  and  Ches- 
ter Railway,  England,  co.  of  Chester,  6i  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Kantwich. 

CALVELLO,  kil-vfllo.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba- 
Bilicaia,  12  miles  S.  of  Poteuza.    Pop.  6400. 
342 


CAM 

CALVENTURA  (kll-vSn-too/rd)  ISLANDS,  two  groups  of 
rocky  islets  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  ofif  the  E.  coast  of  Bur- 
mah,  distant  from  each  other  about  5  or  6  miles.  Tha 
north-western  group  consists  of  seven  black  rocks,  in  lat 
10°  55' N.;  Ion.  94°  14' E. 

CALA'ER.  kdl'ver,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derbv. 

CALVERLElGli,  kAl'ver-le,  a  parish  of  England,  co".  <>1 
Devon. 

CAI^VERLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York.West  Riding 

CALVERLEY-CU.M-FARSLEY,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  York.  We.st  Riding. 

CALVERT,  kawl'vert,  a  county  of  Maryland,  border- 
ing on  Chesapeake  Bay.  has  an  area  of  about  250  square 
miles.  It  consists  of  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Chesapeake 
and  the  PatUxent  River,  which  washes  its  western  border, 
and  enters  the  bay  at  the  southern  extremity.  The  surface 
is  somewliat  undulating;  the  soil  is  moderately  fertile. 
Marl  is  abundant  in  the  county,  and  is  used  to  fertilize  the 
soil.  Organized  in  1654.  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Calvert 
iiuiiily,  to  wliicli  Lord  Baltimore  belonged.  Capital,  Prince 
FredeVick.  P.  10,447,  of  whom  5*3S  were  free,  and  4609  slaves. 

CAl/VERT,  or  KA'VEN,  a  group  of  small  isliinds  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  of  the  N.W.  one,  8°  54'  N.;  Ion. 
170°  49'  E. 

CALVERTON,  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Bucks. 

C.\LVERTON,  a  pari.'^h  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

C.ALVI.  kil've.  a  seaport  town  of  Corsica,  on  a  peninsula 
of  its  N.W.  coast,  in  the  Gulf  of  Calvi.  38  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Bastia.  Pop.  in  1852,1746.  It  has  a  goo<l  harbor  and  road- 
stead, and  a  strong  citadel,  which  was  taken  by  the  English 
in  1794.  after  a  siege  of  51  days. 

CALVI,  kdl'vee.  (anc.  Cii'Us.)  a  decaj'ed  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra-di-Lavoro,  7^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Capua.  It  is 
a  bishop's  see,  but,  owing  to  its  unhealthiness.  its  bishop 
resides  at  Pignataro.  It  was  formerly  important  as  the 
Oxle^  of  the  Romans,  celebrated  for  its  baths. 

CALVIA,  kdl've-i,  a  town  of  Spain,  island  of  Majorca,  6 
miles  W.  of  Palma.    Pop.  2007. 

C.\l/VIN,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CALVIN,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Michiiian.     Pop.  1375. 

CALVISANO,  kdl-ve-sd'no.  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  in 
Lombardy,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brescia.    Pop.  2700. 

C.ALAISSON.  kdrvee^sAs"',  a  town  of  Fr.ince.  department 
of  Gard.  10  miles  S.W.  of  KImes.  Pop.  in  1852,  2580.      . 

CALVIZZANO.  kdl-vit-sd/no.  a  village  of  Southern  Italy, 
5  miles  N.W.  of  Naples.     Pop.  2110. 

CALA\'  or  KALA\',  kdlv,  a  town  of  Southern  Germany,  in 
Wtirtemberg.  on  the  Nagold.  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stuttgart. 
PoJ).  4500.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and  cas- 
simeres.  and  trade  in  timber. 

C.'VLY.  kdlee  or  kil'lee.  a  river  of  Ilindost.in.  rises  in  the 
province  of  Gurhwal,  and  fills  into  the  Ganges  on  the 
western  confines  of  Oude.  in  lat.  27°  10'  N.;  Ion.  79°  45°  E. 

CALZADA,or  CASAS  DE  CALZ.\DA,  cd'sdsd.-l  kdl-thd'oa, 
a  vill.tge  of  Leon,  42  miles  S.  of  Salamanca.     Pop.  368. 

CALZADA  or  CALZADA  DE  CALATRAVA,  kdl-thd/nd  di 
kd-ld-tra'vd.  a  town  of  New  Castile.  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Ciu- 
dad  Real,  in  an  irrigated  plain.  Linen  and  woollen  fabrics, 
cloth,  blonde  lace,  oil,  and  wine  are  made.    Pop.  3840. 

CVLZADA  DE  DON  DIEGO.  kdl-thd'i>a  d.i  don  de-A'go,  a 
villatre  of  Leon.  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Salamanca.     Pop.  196. 

CALZADA  DE  OROPESA.  kdl'thd'nd  d.-i  o-ro-p.'i'sd,  a  town 
of  New  Castile,  28  miles  W.  of 'Talavera.    Pop.  1160. 

CA.M.  or  GRANTA,a  river  of  England,  after  a  course  of 
about  40  miles,  joins  the  Ouse  31  miles  S.  of  Ely.  It  is  na- 
vigable from  the  Ouse  to  Cambridge.    • 

CAM,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  tributary  of 
the  Severn,  which  it  joins  at  Frampton-1'ill. 

CAMACUO  or  CAMAXO.  kd-md'sho,  a  large  and  several 
small  lakes  of  Brazil,  province  of  Santa  Catharina.  connected 
with  each  other  by  natural  canals,  which  are  navigable  for 
laden  canoes.  They  lie  S.  of  the  river  TubarSo.  and  are  com- 
monly named  Jaguaruna.  ( zha-gwd-roo'nd,)  Gurupaba,  (^goo- 
roo-pllid.)  and  Santa  Martha. 

CAMACUAN,  kd-mdkwdu'.  sometimes  written  I^ABA- 
QUAil,  ee-sd-bd-kwdm'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rising  in  the  W. 
frontier  of  the  province  of  Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-<jrande.  flowing 
E..  and,  after  a  course  of  about  150  miles,  enters  the  Lake  of 
Pastos  by  several  mouths. 

C.AM.\.JORE.  kd-md-vo'rd.  (anc.  Cam'ptis  ifaljnr,)  awalled 
town  of  Central  Italy,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Lucca.     I'op.  2220. 

CA^M.\K'.  a  village  of  AVarren  co.,  Georgia,  on  (he  Georgia 
Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  AVarrenton  branch,  46  miles  AV. 
of  Augusta. 

CA.M.\JIU,  kd-md-moo',  a  bay,  island,  and  flourishing 
town  of  Brazil,  province  of  iiahia;  the  bay  is  7ii  miles  S.AV. 
of  Bahia.  The  island,  in  the  bay.  is  also  cal'-^d  Ilha-das- 
Pedras.  (eel'yd  dds  pA'drds;  i.e.,  "isle  of  rocks.")  Tbi  town, 
on  the  river  AcArahi,  entering  the  bay,  has  some  fliide  in 
rum.  timber,  and  rice.    Pop.  2000. 

C.AM.ANA.  kd-md-nd'.  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  rfa  province 
of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Arequ'pa.  is  situated 
on  the  Camana,  near  its  moutli.  about  60  miles  S.  VV.  of 
Arequipa.  Pop.  of  the  province,  iu  1S60, 14,419;  ofthevown. 
about  2000. 


CAM 


CAM 


CAMAXCHE,  ka-manVhee.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clin- 
ton K..,  Iowa,  oil  the  Mississippi  lliver,  40  miles  al)ove  Da- 
venport. It  is  the  shipping  point  for  the  produce  of  the 
vicinity.     Pop.  1468. 

CAMAXCIIK  INDIANS.     See  CoMANxnES. 

CA\IAPUAN,  kd-mS-poo-dn'  or  kd-md-pw3n',  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Matto-Grosso,  one  of  the  head  streams  of 
the  Xacoary  or  Taquari.  an  affluent  of  the  Paraguay.  It  has 
a  course  of  about  70  miles. 

CA.MAHANCA,  kd-md-rdng'kj,  a  river  of  North-western 
Africa,  in  Guinea,  has  its  sources  in  the  Kong  Mountains, 
near  Laing's  sources  of  the  Niger.  I^at.  9°  N.;  ion.  9^  15'  VV. 
It  pursues  a  S.W.  course  of  about  250  miles,  and  falls  into 
Yawry  IJav.  on  the  coast  of  .Sierra  Leone. 

CAMAliATA.  kd-md-ril'td,  a  town  of  Sicily,  39  miles  S.E. 
of  Palermo.     Pop.  5200. 

CAMAKES,  ki-mi-r6s'  or  kd^miVi/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  on  the  Dourdon.    Pop.  in  1852,  2434. 

C.A^MARKT,  kd*md*r.'l/.  a  maritime  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistere,  with  a  small  port  on  the  Aulne,  near 
its  mouth,  in  the  Atlantic,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Brest.    Pop.  1000. 

CA.MARlJO,  kd-man'go,  a  tolerably  well-built  village  of 
Spain,  province  and  6  miles  S.  of  Santander,  with  a  church 
and  schf)ol.     Pop.  2138. 

CA51.\ItOO,  kd-maR/go,  a  town  of  Mexico,  department  of 
Tamaulipas,  on  the  San  Juan,  near  its  junction  witli  the 
Rio  Grande,  90  miles  K.  by  N.  of  Monterey.  Lat.  20°  10'  N.; 
Ion.  98°  30'  W..  Pop.  2600. 

CAM.VK'GO,  a  small  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CAM.VKGO,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  oo.,  Mississippi,  on 
Town  Creek,  an  affluent  ol'Tombigbee  lUver,  20  miles  N.  of 
Aberdeen,  the  county  seat,  and  at  the  head  of  steam  navi- 
gation.   L.aid  out  in  1847.    It  has  3  stores. 

CAMAIlGi),  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAM.\l?GO,  a  post-office  of -Montgomery  co.,  Kentucky. 

CAMAUOO,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  eo.,  Indiana. 

CAMAKGO,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moines  P>iver,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Keokuk. 

CAMAUOOS,  kd-maa/goce.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes,  6  miles  N.  of  Mariana,  with  a  church  and 
school,  and  an  agricultural  and  mining  population  of  1000. 

CA>L\ItGUE,  La,  id  kd^maRg',  a  populous  island  of 
France,  department  of  Bouolies-du-KhOne,  formed  by  the 
two  arms  of  the  river  Rhone,  at  its  mouth;  it  is  of  a  trian- 
gular shape.  Length,  20  miles;  mean  bre.adth,  11  miles. 
Slore  than  half  the  surface  is  covered  with  marshes,  but 
the  remaiiuler  is  extremely  fertile.  On  tlie  borders  of  the 
marshes  salt  is  formed  naturally,  and  is  an  object  of  great 
commercial  importance  to  the  island.  A  company  has  been 
established  for  draining  the  marshes. 

CAMARISaS,  kd-md-reen'yds,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain, 
43  miles  ^V.S.W.  of  Corunna,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Bay  of 
CamariBas.  on  which  it  has  a  harbor.     I'op.  1440. 

CAMARINES,  (kd-md-recs'n^s.)  NORTH  and  SOUTH,  two 
provinces  of  tlie  I'hilippines.  island  of  Luzon,  both  occupy- 
ing the  S.E.  limb  of  the  island. 

CAM.\l{OT.\,  kd-md-nytd,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principiito  Citra,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Policastro.    Pop.  2600. 

CAMAXO.    SeeCAMAcno. 

CAMISAY,  kam'b.V,  a  se.tport  town  of  Ilindostan,  Baroda 
dominions,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  76  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Surat.  I'op.  about  10.000.  It  has  a  curious  sul)- 
terraneous  Jain  or  Boodhic  temple,  a  fine  mos(iue,  and 
several  Hindoo  temples;  but  a  great  part  of  the  town  is  in 
ruins.  Its  trade  has  declined,  owing  to  the  progressive 
shallowing  of  the  gulf:  it  still,  however,  exports  cotton, 
grain,  ivory,  and  articles  in  bloodstone  and  carnelian,  its 
manufactures  of  which  are  in  lii'.;h  repute. 

CAMBAY,  GULF  OK.  lies  between  lat,  21°  5'  and  22°  17' 
N.,  and  ion.  72°  19'  and  72°  51'  E.  Length,  72  miles; 
breadth,  32  miles,  at  entrance.  The  tides  are  extremely 
rapid,  and  their  ri.se  and  fall  great;  but  the  phenomenon 
called  "the  Bore"  is  now  much  diminished  in  force.  It  re- 
ceives the  rivers  Nerbudda,  the  Dhadar,  and  Mliye  orMahy 
from  the  K.,  the  Subliermuttee  or  Saubermuttee  from  the 
N.,  and  the  Bhadar  from  the  W. 

CAMRELLO.  kdm-b^lo.  a  village  of  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, island  of  Ceram.  peninsula  of  Hoowamohel,  on  a  slight 
bend  of  the  shore.  Though  difficult  of  approach  for  ships, 
It  is  much  frequented  by  foreigners,  being  the  chief  market 
for  cloves. 

CAMBKRWELL.  kam'i^r-well,  a  parish  of  England,  and 
suburb  of  the  metropolis,  co.  of  Surrey,  2  miles  S.  of  Saint 
Paul's.  Area.  4570  acres,  portions  of  which  are  densely 
populated,  while  others,  as  Denmark-hill,  Ilerne-hill,  Dul- 
wich,  Ac,  are  covered  mostly  by  detached  villas.  Pop.  in 
1851.  54,607.  It  has  a  magnificent  church  and  several 
handsome  chapels  of  ease,  and  numerous  dissenting  places 
of  worship,  a  grammar  school,  founded  in  1618,  a  new  col- 
lego,  and  other  endowed  sfhools. 

CAMBIANO,  kam-be-d/no.  a  vilUage  of  the  Sardinias 
St.'»t«s.  province  of  Turin.     Pop.  2425. 

CAMBIL,  kdm-beel',  a  town  of  Spain,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Jaen,  on  the  Matavexis.    Pop.  2773. 


CA^rBING',  a  small  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  o.l 
the  X.  coast  of  Timor,  12  miles  N.  of  Delly. 

C.\MBO,  kSM'bo',  a  village  and  plea.saut  watering-place  of 
France,  department  of  Basses- Pyrenees,  Oj  miles  S,S.E.  of 
Bavonne.     Pop.  of  commune  in  1852,  1600. 

CAMBODIA  (TERRITORY.)     See  Anam. 

CAMB:»DIA,  kam-lKyde-a,  CAM'BOGE'.  CAMBO'JA,  or 
PONTAIl'RKT,  pon-tl-pret/,  a  town  of  Siam,  the  ancient 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Mekong.  r.at.  12°  4' N.;  ion.  105°  4' E.  It  is  now  grcntlv 
decayed,  but  the  ruins  of  its  royal  palace  and  pagodas  at 
test  its  ancient  greatness.  The  Dutch  had  a  factory  here  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 

CAMBODIA  (or  CAMBOJA)  POINT,  the  south-eastern- 
most point  of  Siam,  lat.  8°  4o'  N.;  Ion.  104°  55'  E.,  at  the 
entrance  N.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam. 

CAMBODIA  (or  CAMBOJA)  KIVER.    See  Mekong. 

CAMBON.  kdM'bd.N"'.  a  commune  of  France,  department 
of  Ivoire-Inferieure,  arrondissement  of  Siivenay.     I'op.  4415. 

CAMBOORIE  or  KAMBURI,  kdin-boo'ree\  a  walled  town 
of  Siam,  120  miles  N,N.\V.  of  Biingkok,  at  the  continence  of 
the  See-sa-wat  and  May-mannoi  Rivers,  and  for  the  most 
part  along  the  bank  of  the  former.  A  brick  fort  constructed 
here  is  said  to  contain  20  guns, 

C.\MBORNE,  kam'bOTn,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  9J  miles  N.W.  of  I'enryn.  Pop. 
of  parish  in  1851,  12,887;  of  town,  (5547,  mostly  employed  in 
copper,  tin,  and  lead  mines.  The  copper-niiueof  Dolcnath.  in 
this  parish,  has  Ix-en  sunk  to  the  deptli  of  IdOO  feet,  and  has 
at  times  furni.shed  employment  to  more  than  1600  |>ersons. 

CAM'BRA,  a  post-oftice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CAMBRAI  or  CAMBRAY,  kam'brd/.  (Fr.  pron.  kSM'brd/; 
anc.  Cainaruciim,)  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  on  the  Scheldt,  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lille.  P<ip.  in  1S52, 
21,.'U4.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  re-established  in 
1S41,  and  lias  a  strong  citadel;  a  modern  cathedral,  in 
which  is  a  monument  to  Fenelon;  a  handsome  town-hall,  a 
commercial  college,  and  a  public lilirary,  with  30,000  volumes 
and  1000  manu.scripts.  It  has  a  dioce.san  and  numerous 
other  schools,  and  a  tribunal  of  commerce.  Most  of  its 
be.st  buildings,  with  its  ancient  cathedral,  were  de.stroyed 
during  the  Revolution.  It  has  long  l)een  famous  for  its 
fine  linen  fiibrics,  thence  called  cambiicn ;  and  has  also  ma- 
nufactures of  linen  thread,  lace,  and  soap.  It  has  commerce 
in  w(xil.  fiax,  butter,  and  hops.  Cambrai  is  the  Camuracum 
of  the  Romans,  by  whom  it  was  fortified.  The  famous 
league  of  Cambrai  against  the  Venetian  Uepul  lie  was  con- 
cluded here  in  1508,  and  peace  between  Charles  V.  and 
Francis  I.  in  1529.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Dumouriez  and 
Marshal  Mortier. 

CA.MBRESIS,  kdm'brA'seece',  an  old  subdivision  of 
French  Flanders,  of  which  Cambrai  was  the  capital,  now 
comprised  in  the  department  of  Nord. 

C.\MBI>I.\.  an  ancient  name  of  Wales,  which  see. 

C.VMBRIA,  kim'bre-a,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part 
of  Pennsylvania,  lias  an  area  of  about  C70  S(}uare  miles. 
Conemaugh  Creek  rises  in  the  S.E.  part,  and  Hows  west- 
ward; the  West  Branch  of  the  Susiiuehantia  .also  rises  in 
the  county  by  two  branches,  namely,  Clearfield  and  Chest 
Creeks,  'i'he  county  is  an  elevated  table-land,  lying  on  the 
western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains;  the  surface  is 
irregular  and  broken,  furrowed  by  deep  and  precipitous  ra- 
vines, and  extensively  covered  %vith  dark  forests  of  pine  and 
other  timber.  Lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Veins 
of  bituminous  coal  and  iron  ore  are  abundant,  and  are 
worked  to  some  extent.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the 
Portage  Railroad  and  I'ennsylvania  Canal,  which  connect 
at  Johnstown;  and  also  by  the  Central  Railroad.  In  conse- 
quence cf  these  improvements,  the  population  has  increa.sed 
rapidly  for  several  years  past.  Cambria  was  mostly  .settled 
by  emigrants  from  Ireland  and  Wales,  and  when  it  was 
orgiini/.ed,  in  ISO-i.  the  ancient  name  of  the  latter  country 
was  given  to  it.    Capital,  Ebensburg.    Pop.  29,105, 

CAMBRIA,  a  post-township  of  Niagara  co..  New  Y'ork,  22 
miles  N.  of  Buffalo,  is  traversed  by  tlie  Rochester  and  Nia- 
gara Railroad.    Pop.  2.308. 

C.-VMBRIA,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  21Je. 

C.A.MBIiIA.  a  township  in  Ilillsdiile  co.,  Micliigan,  about 
5  miles  .-i.W.  of  Hillsdale.     Pop.  13S6. 

CAMBRI.A..  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  Iowa. 

CAMBRIA  MILLS,  a  post<ifflee  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan, 

CAMBRIDGE  or  CAMBRIDGESHIRE,  kame'brij-shir;  an 
inland  county  of  England,  in  its  E.  part,  having  N.  Lincoln- 
shire. E.  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  S.  Essex  and  Herts.  W.  Bed- 
ford. Huntingdon,  and  Northamptonshire,  Area,  818  .square 
miles,  or  523,520  acres,  of  which  aixjut  1.50.d00  acres  are  un- 
improved fen-land.  Pop.  in  1851,  185.405.  Surface,  except 
on  the  S..  marshy  and  flat.  See  Ely  and  Bedford  Level. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Ouse.  Cam,  Nen,  and  I,.ark.  Ely  Island 
is  famous  for  garden  vegetiibles,  as  are  the  meadows  of  tho 
Cam  for  calves,  cheese,  and  butter.  Chief  towns.  Ciunbridge, 
the  capital.  Newmarket.  Wisbeach.  and  the  city  of  Ely.  It 
sends  (exclusive  of  its  boroughs)  3  members  to  the  llouse 
of  Commons. 

343 


CAM 

CAMBRI1X5E,  kAme/brij,  (anc.  GranUa ;  h.  Cjntahri'gia.) 
t  parliamentary  and  niuncipal  borough,  and  market-town  of 
Eni^land.  capital  of  tlie  above  county,  and  seat  ofoneof  the 
great  Knsrlish  universities,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Cam, 
and  on  the  Kastern  Counties  Railway,  49  miles  N.X.E.  of  Lon- 
don. Pop.  in  1851,  27.815.  The  town,  in  an  e.xtensive  flat, 
emlx>somed  among  lofty  trees,  has,  with  few  exceptions 
only,  narrow,  winding,  and  irregularly  built  streets :  but 
its  colleges  are  noble  edifices.  Principal  buildings  connected 
vf  ith  the  town.  St.  Mary's  and  Trinity  Churches,  both  fine 
structures;  St.  Sepulchre's,  built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I., 
on  the  model  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusiilem ;  a  gram- 
mar school,  founded  in  1516;  a  national  school,  with  600 
pupils '.  numerous  .ilms-hovises ;  a  general  ho.opital ;  theatre 
In  the  suburb  of  Barnwell ;  the  shire-hall,  town-hall,  and 
jail,  enclosing  remains  of  the  ancient  castle:  a  union  work- 
hou.se.  and  a  house  of  correction  and  industry,  founded  in 
1028  by  Ilobson,  the  eccentric  carrier.  Cambridge  ha.s  no 
manufactures,  but  it  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  by  the 
river  with  Lynn,  in  corn,  cor1.s.  &c.;  and  it  is  a  depot  for 
com.  butter,  and  rape-oil,  forwarded  by  land  to  the  London 
markets.  It  is  divided  into  4  wards,  and  governed  by  a 
mayor,  10  aldermen,  and  30  councill  irs,  Stourbridge  Fair, 
which  continues  fjr  a  fortnight  from  September  IS,  though 
it  has  somewhat  declined,  is  still  one  of  the  most  important 
in  the  kingdom  for  horses,  wool,  hops,  butter,  and  cheese. 
Cambridge  (independent  of  its  university)  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  the 
youngest  son  of  George  III.  Bishop  Jeremy  Taylor  and  the 
dramatist  Cumberland  were  natives  of  the  town. 

The  University  of  Cambridge,  supposed  to  have  been  found- 
ed in  the  seventh  century  by  Sigeliert,  King  of  Ka.st  Anglia, 
consists  now  of  13  colleges  and  4  halls,  as  follow : — St.  Peter's 
College,  or  Peter-house,  founded  in  1257 ;  Clare  Hall,  dating 
from  1326,  and  having  a  fine  avenue  and  grounds,  with  a 
handsome  stone  bridge  across  the  Cam;  Pembroke  Hall, 
1347,  possessing  an  elegant  chapel  designed  by  Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren;  Caius  Colfege,  founded  in  1348;  Trinity  Hall, 
1350,  having  a  remarkable  library ;  Corpus  Christi  College, 
founded  in  1351.  the  buildings  of  which  are  most  magnifi- 
cent; King's  College,  1441,  pos.sessing  peculiar  privileges, 
Bnd  having  a  chapel  which  is  one  of  the  finest  specimens 
of  later  English  architecture;  Queen's  College,  founded 
1446,  by  Margaret  of  Anjou,  and  refounded  by  the  con- 
sort of  Edward  IV..  to  which  are  attached  some  beautiful 
grounds;  Catherine  Hall,  1475;  Jesus  College,  1496;  Christ's 
College,  dating  from  1505;  St.  John's  College,  1511,  the 
buildings  of  which  are  of  brick,  and  which  has  an  exten- 
sive library;  Magdalen  College,  1519;  Trinity  College,  1546, 
the  largest  and  one  of  the  most  magnificent  est.iblishments 
in  the  kingdom,  po.s.sessing  buildings  of  a  highly  imposing 
character;  Emanuel  College,  1584;  Sidney  Sus.sex  College, 
1596;  and  Downing  College,  founded  in  1800.  Principal 
edifices,  also  connected  with  the  university,  are  the  senate- 
house,  an  elegant  Grecian  structure,  finished  in  1706;  the 
public  schools,  library,  observatory,  Mtt  press  or  univer- 
sity printing  office,  and  Fitzwilliam  mu.se\un.  The  library 
of  the  university  contains  170,000  volumes;  the  annual  in- 
come amounts  to  5500t.  The  observatory  cost  19,000/.  Total 
number  of  members  on  the  boards  in  1847,  6638.  Each  col- 
lege or  h.all  is  internally  governed  by  its  own  statute's;  but 
the  government  of  the  colleges,  as  a  confederation,  rests 
with  a  senate  composed  of  two  houses,  and  the  members  of 
which,  having  the  degree  of  Dr,  or  51,  A.,  amount  to  nearly 
2800.  The  executive  government  is  vested  in  the  chancel- 
lor, (at  present  H.  R.  H.  Prince  Albert,)  the  vice-chancellor. 
high  steward,  commissary,  proctoi-s,  and  other  officers ;  and 
two  courts,  of  which  the  vice-chancellor  and  the  commiss.ary 
are  the  head,  determine  most  of  the  legal  cases  occurring 
within  the  university  precincts.  As  in  Oxford,  candidates 
for  university  honors  rely  more  on  the  teaching  of  private 
tutors  fir  instruction  than  on  that  of  the  professoi-s.  Ma- 
thematics (though  not  to  the  exclusion  of  classical  and 
other  learning)  form  an  important  branch  of  study  at  Cam- 
bridge. Xewton.  Bacon,  and  many  of  the  greatest  divines 
and  poets  of  Britain,  conferred  lustre  on  tliis  school.  The 
prizes  open  to  the  university  at  large  amount  annually  to 
120W.,  and  at  the  different  "colleges  to  not  less  than  3001. 
The  general  income  of  the  university  is  said  not  to  exceed 
5500i.  a  year.  The  total  revenue  of  coUegt^s  and  halls,  &c. 
was,  in  1835,  estimated  at  133.268?.  annually.  The  uuiver- 
»ity  sends  2  raemliers  to  the  House  of  Commons,  who  are 
cho,?en  by  the  senate. 

Cambridge  is  a  town  of  great  antiquity ;  in  Doomsday 
Book,  where  it  is  described  as  an  important  place,  it  is 
called  Grentebrige.  from  one  of  the  n.ames  of  the  river,  the 
present  name,  derived  from  the  modern  name  of  the  river 
Cam,  being  comparatively  recent.  In  871  it  was  burnt  by 
tlie  Danes,  and  again  in  1010.  Subsequently  to  this,  it  was 
the  scene,  at  various  periods,  of  events  which  have  become 
matt'jrs  of  history,  including  several  royal  visit.s,  and  some 
military  experiences  in  the  time  of  Cromwell.  Of  the  an- 
cient castle  built  by  William  the  Conqueror,  on  the  site  of 
a  Roman  station,  and  some  years  used  as  a  eounty  jail, 
only  the  gateway  now  remains.  Pop.  in  1841,  21,453,  in 
■iU 


CAM 

1851,  27,803:  increase  ISJ.^  per  cent.— A  student  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Caml>ridge  is  called  a  C.\x'tab,  wliicli  is  doubtleaa 
an  abbreviation  of  Cant.^brigiax,  derived  from  tlie  Canta- 
BEIGIA,  the  Latin  name  of  the  town. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co^  Maine,  50 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  516. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hampshire, 
100  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  49. 

CA5IBRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Lamoille  co.,  A'ermont, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Lamoille  Kiver,  about  33  miles  N.E. 
by  N.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactures  of  starch  and 
leather.    Pop.  1784. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  citv  and  serai-capital  of  Middlesex  co^ 
Massachusetts.  3  miles"  W.N.W.  of  Boston,  in  hit.  42°  22' 21'' 
N.,  Ion.  71°  7'  38"  W.  It  comprises  Cambridge,  tlie  seat  of 
Harvard  University,  East  Cambridge  ^ibrmcrly  Lechmera 
Point),  Cambridgcport,  about  midway  between  Old  Cam- 
bridge and  Boston,  and  the  district  called  North  Cambridge. 
Old  Cambridge,  or  Cambridge  Proper,  is  delightfully  situ- 
ated in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  plain,  extending  from 
Charles  River.  The  streets  are  generally  broad  and  shaded 
with  lofty  elms.  Man.v  of  the  dwellings  stand  at  consider- 
able distances  from  each  other,  and  are  surrounded  with 
spacious  yards,  ornamented  with  slirubliery  and  evergreens. 
The  principal  object  of  interest  in  the  place  is  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, the  oldest  and  best  endowed  collegiate  institution 
in  the  United  States.  It  was  foundeil  in  163S,  and  derives 
its  name  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  bequeathed  it  a 
legacy  of  abotit  780/.  Its  funds,  at  the  preseft t  time,  amount 
to  about  $1,000,000.  Besides  the  collegiate  department  pro- 
per, the  university  embraces  a  law  school,  a  theological 
school,  a  medicAl  college,  and  a  department  for  those  who 
wish  to  prepare  themselves  for  scientific  pursuits,  without 
going  through  a  classical  course.  The  last  was  instituted 
in  1848,  mainly  through  the  efforts  of  the  Hon.  Abbott 
Lawrence,  who  bestowed  upon  it  a  munificent  donation. 
The  buildings  occupied  by  the  University  are  21  in  number, 
20  of  which  are  in  Cambridge ;  the  other  is  located  in  North 
Grove  street,  Boston,  The  most  prominent  are  University 
Hall,  containing  recitation  and  lecture  rooms;  Harvard 
Hall,  adorned  with  the  portraits  of  the  officers  and  bene- 
factors of  the  institution;  Gore  Hall,  a  fine  granite  structure, 
having  in  it  the  college  library,  the  Appleton  Chapel,  the 
Zoological  Museum ;  and  Boylston  Hall,  containing  tlie  ana- 
tomical museum  and  chemical  laboiatory.  In  addition  to 
these  there  are  Divinity  Hall,  occiipied  by  the  theological 
students,  and  other  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  un- 
dergi'aduatcs.  The  institution  has  a  bot.anical  garden  of 
about  eight  acres,  stored  with  a  choice  selection  of  shrubs 
and  plants,  both  native  and  exotic;  and  one  of  the  most 
powerful  telescopes  in  the  countiy.  The  lectures  to  medi- 
cal students  are  given  at  the  Medical  College  in  Boston.  In 
1864  the  alumni  of  Harvard  amounted  to  7673,  a  greater 
number  than  of  any  other  college  in  the  Union.  There  aro 
within  the  chartertAi  limits  ot  Cambridge  about  20  churclies, 
a  first-class  hotel,  6  banks,  2  savings  institutions,  a  mutual 
fire  insurance  company,  and  various  literary  charitable 
associations. 

East  Cambridge  is  connected  with  Boston  by  Canal  Bridge, 
and  with  Charlestown  by  Prison  Point  Bridge.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  with  streets,  intersecting  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  a  post- 
office  and  several  manufactories.  Among  the  latter  may  be 
mentioned  2  extensive  glass  manufactories,  in  one  of  which 
$500,000  worth  of  glass  is  annually  produced. 

Cambridgeport,  connected  with  Boston  by  a  bridge,  con- 
tains the  town-house,  several  churclies,  3  banks,  a  savings 
institution,  and  manufactories  of  boilers  and  machinery. 

Cambridge  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  New  England, 
having  been  settled  in  1630.  It  first  took  the  name  of  New- 
town, which  was  soon  after  changed  for  its  present  one. 
The  "Freeman's  Oath."  one  of  the  first  newspapers  pub- 
hshed  in  the  United  States,  was  issued  here  by  Stephen  Day. 
The  same  printing  establishment  is  still  continued  under  the 
name  of  the  University  Press.  During  the  Revolutionary 
\Var.  the  American  army  was  encamped  in  Cambridge,  while 
the  British  h.ad  possession  of  Boston.  Pop.  in  1830,  0072; 
1840.  8409;  1850,  15.215;  in  1860,  26.060. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co..  New 
York,  33  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany.  It  has  an  academy.  P.  2419. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  A'enango  township,  Craw- 
ford CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  French  Creek,  and  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Great  Western  R.R.,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Meadville,  and 
25  miles  S.  of  Erie,  has  an  active  trade.    Pop.  1012. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-village  on  the  line  between  Lancas- 
ter and  Chester  counties,  Pennsylvania,  22  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Lancaster.    The  post-office  is  in  Lancaster  county. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Dor- 
cliester  co.,  Maryland,  is  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Chop- 
tank  River,  about '20  miles  from  its  entrance  in  Chesapeake 
Bay.  and  50  miles  S.E.  from  Annapolis.  It  has  a  court- 
house, academy,  and  5  churches.  The  river  at  this  place  is 
2  miles  wide.    Pop.  1862. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-village  in  Abbeville  distjict,  South 
Caroliaa,  about  60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Colum'ui* 


CAM 


CAM 


CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama,  80 
miles  ?.  by  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 
CAMBUIDG  K,a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1524. 
CAMBH  IDG  E,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Guernsey  Co.,  Ohio, 
Is  situated  in  the  above  townsliip,  on  the  Central  Kailroad, 
24  miles  K.  of  Zanesville,  and  77  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 
It  contiiins  the  court-house,  5  churches,  an  academy,  2  banks, 
2  newspaper  offices,  a  town-hall,  a  woollen  factory,  and  3 
mills.    Poj).  about  1500. 

CAMBHIUGE,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Lena- 
wee CO.,  Jlichigan.     Pop.  1148. 

CAMBKIDGE,  or  CAMBItlDGE  CITY,  a  post-village  of 
Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Whitewater  liiver  and  Canal, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Nati(mal  Koad,  52  miles  E.  of  In- 
dianapolis. It  contains  .3  churches,  1  bank,  1  newspaper 
office,  a  masonic  hall,  and  a  large  machine-shop.  The  I  ndiana 
Central  Kailroad  passes  through  it,  and  another  railroad  ia 
in  progress  to  Connersville.    Pop.  1622. 

CAMBItlDGH,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Henry 
CO.,  Illinois.  140  miles  N.  by  W.  of  t'pringfieid.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  rich  farming  district,  in  wliich  stone  coal  is 
abundant.  Pop.  718. 
CAMBKIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Saline  CO.,  Missouri.  P.  318. 
CAMBItlDGE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Dane  co..  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Koshkonong  River,  22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Madi- 
son, has  a  good  water-power,  with  a  flouring  and  a  saw  mill. 
Pop.  al>out  .iOO.     Laid  out  alx)Ut  the  year  184S. 

CAMBRIDGE,  GULF  OF,  in  North-western  Australia,  be- 
tween Capes  Dussejour  and  Domett;  lat.  14°  46'  S.  It  is 
about  20  miles  wide  at  its  entrance,  and  runs  about  75  miles 
inland. 

CAMBRIDGEPORT,  a  post^village  in  Brandon  township, 
Windham  co.,  Vermont,  contains  a  bed  of  soapstone,  which 
is  extensively  wrought. 
CA.MBIIIDGKI'ORT,  Massachusetts.    See  Cambhidge. 
CAMBRIL.S,  kdm-bieels'.  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  2254. 

CAM'BUS,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Clackmannan,  2 
miles  W.  of  .\llna.  with  an  extensive  distillery. 

CAM'BUfiLANG'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 
CAM^m.SXETII'AN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 
CAMBYNA.  kam-bl'na.  an  island  of  the   Malay  Archi- 
pelago, 15  miles  S.  of  Celetes,  lat.  5°  21'  S.,  Ion.  121°  57'  E. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  20  miles;  breadth,  15  miles. 

C.4MDKX,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
has  an  area  of  about  220  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.E.  -liy  Pensauken  Civek,  N.W.  by  the  Delaware,  and  on 
the  S.W.  by  Big  Timlier  Creek,  and  is  also  drained  by  Coo- 
per's Creek,  which  affords  some  water-power.  The  surfiice 
is  level,  except  where  worn  down  by  streams.  The  soil  in 
the  E.  part  is  sandy,  and  in  the  W.  a  fertile  loam  producing 
great  quanties  of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  the  Philadelphia 
markets.  Marl  is  abundant  in  most  parts  of  the  county. 
The  inhabitants  in  the  ea.«tern  portion  are  principally  en- 
.  gaged  in  manufactures  of  iron  and  gla.ss.  The  railroad  con- 
necting Camden  with  .\bsecinn  traverses  the  county.  Or- 
ganiised  in  1S44,  having  been  formed  from  Gloucester  county, 
and  named  from  its  seat  of  justice,  the  city  of  Camden. 
Pop.  34.457. 

CAMDEN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virginia,  and  on  the  N.  side  of  Albemarle 
Sound,  has  an  area  of  about  280  square  miles  Pasquotank 
River  forms  the  entire  boundary  on  the  S.W.  The  surface 
Is  level,  and  partly  occupied  by  the  Dismal  Swamp.  The 
i!<il  is  fertile.  The  county  contains  forests  of  cedar  and  cy- 
press, which  are  valuable  for  lumber.  It  is  intersected  by 
tLe  Dismal  Swamp  Canal,  22  miles  long.  Formed  in  1777, 
«nl  named  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Camden,  who,  as  a  mem- 
btr  of  the  British  Parliament,  advooAted  the  cause  of  the 
Aiaericau  colonies.  Capital,  Camden  Court  House.  Pop. 
fiSi."!,  of  whom  3216  were  free,  and  2127  slaves. 

CAMDEN,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  tlie  Atlantic  and  on  Florida,  has  an  area  of 
600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Santilla  River, 
and  bounded  on  the  *.  by  the  St.  Mary's  River.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  level,  and  the  soil  sandy.  The  limits  ot  the 
coimty  include  Cumberland  Island,  which  is  18  miles  long, 
by  2  or  3  miles  wide,  and  sejiarated  from  the  mainland  by  a 
narrow  channel.  Capital,  Jefferson.  Pop.  5420,  of  whom 
1277  were  free,  and  iX-lS  slaves. 

CAMDEN,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  tlie 
Osage  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Niangua,  the  Little 
Niangua,  and  the  Grand  Auglaize  and  its  two  branches. 
The  surface  is  imeven,  the  soil  moderately  fertile.  Lead 
is  found  on  tlie  banks  of  Osage  River,  in  this  county. 
Capital,  Linn  Creek.  Pop.  497,'>,  of  whom  4769  were  free, 
and  206  slaves. 

C.iM'DEN,  a  maritime  county  of  New  South  Wales,  hav- 
ing E.  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  enclosed  on  other  sides  by  the 
counties  of  Cumberland,  Cork,  Westmoreland,  St.  Vincent, 
and  Argyle.  The  Shoalhaven  and  Nepean  Rivers  form  parts 
of  its  boundaries. 

CAMDEN,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Knoxco.,  Maine, 
on  the  W.  side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  40  miles  &JE.  by  E.  of  Au- 


gusta. The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  com 
nierce  and  ship-building,  and  lime  is  manufactured  to  a 
great  extent.     Pop.  4588. 

CAMDKN,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  about 
35  miles  N.W.  of  Utica,  on  the  Rome  and  Watertown  Rail 
road.    It  contains  a  bank.    Pop.  of  the  township,  3187. 

CAMDEN,  a  city,  port  of  delivery,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Camden  co.,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  a  plain  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  immediately  opposite  to  Phila- 
delphia, with  which  it  is  connected  by  means  of  4  steam  fer- 
ries. By  railroad  it  is  32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Trenton,  87  miles 
S.W.  of  New  York,  and  8  miles  N.  of  Woodbury.  The  Abse- 
cum  Railroad,  extending  from  this  place  to  Absecum  Beiich, 
was  completed  July,  1854.  The  Cape  May  and  Millville 
aiirl  West  Jersey  Railroads  terminate  here ;  a  new  and  hand- 
some depi'jt  for  the  lattor  road  is  (1865)  aiiout  to  be  built. 
The  city  is  regularly  laid  out  with  streets  intersecting  each 
other  at  right  angles,  and  contjiins  many  fine  dwellings, 
especially  in  the  North  Ward.  The  public  buildings  are  a 
court-house,  2  banks,  2  extensive  railroad  depots  and  14  or 
15  churches,  viz.:  2  Episcopal,  2  Presbyterian,  3  Baptist,  4 
Methodist,  2  Friends,  and  1  lioman  Catholic.  Tlie  court- 
house, in  which  are  apartments  occupied  as  a  jail,  is  a  rough- 
cast edifice  with  iron  columns.  In  Camden  tliere  are  2  lite- 
rary associations,  and  a  mutual  insurance  com|)any :  also  3 
saw  mills,  2  iron  foundries,  1  extensive  iron  works  (at 
Kaighn"8  Point),  where  a  U.  S.  monitor  is  now  in  course  of 
construction;  also  a  manufactory  for  the  construction  of 
machinery  used  in  woollen  mills,  1  rolling,  1  drug,  and  1  grist 
mill, besides  chemical  and  glass  works,  and  several  shiivyards. 
Two  newspapers  are  issued.  Gas  light  whs  first  intrmluced 
about  the  commencement  of  the  year  1^52.  The  city  waa 
chartered  in  1831,  and  is  divided  into  tliree  wards,  governed 
by  a  mayor  and  common  council.  In  1840,  Camden  contained 
only  3371  hihabitants;  in  1860,  9479;  in  1865,  about  18,000. 

CAMDEN,  a  flourishing  post-villuge  of  Kent  CO.,  Delaware, 
on  a  branch  of  .Tones  Creek,  3  miles  S,  of  I)(jver.   P.  al  out  400. 

CAMDEN,  North  Carolina.    See  Camdkn  Court  Holse. 

CAMDEN,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Kershaw  district. 
South  Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  E.  l»ank  of  the  Wattree 
liiver.  33  miles  N.E.  of  Columbia,  and  142  miles  N.  by  W.  ol 
Charleston,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  The 
river  is  navigable  by  steamboats  to  this  place.  Camden  is 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  district,  in  which  cotton,  mai/.e.  and 
peaches  flourish.  The  recent  completion  of  the  Camden 
Branch  Railroad  has  increased  the  activity  of  bu.siness  in 
the  town.  It  contains  an  academy,  an  arsenal,  a  libr.'try.  a 
bank,  and  4  or  5  churches.  There  is  1  cotton  factory  !c 
operation  atout  1  mile  from  the  town.  The  two  banks  of 
the  river  are  connected  by  a  bridge  near  this  place.  A  bat- 
tle was  fought  here  in  August,  1780,  betwoen  General  Gates 
and  Lord  Cornwallis;  another  in  April.  1781,  between  Gene- 
ral Greene  and  Lord  Itawdon.      Pop.  1621. 

C.\MDEN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Wilcox  co., 
Alabama,  is  situated  on  a  healthy  eminence.  4  miles  S.  of 
-Alabama  River,  and  about  80  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 
It  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade,  and  is  the  most  populous 
town  in  the  county.  The  population  has  nearly  doubled 
since  184".  This  place  has  been  erroneously  named  •  Bar- 
boursville"  on  several  maps  of  the  state.  Camden  contains 
a  respectable  academy  and  2  female  seminaries.  P.  tibi  mt  MM). 
,  CAMDEN,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co..  Missis.sippi,  40 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson,  and  5  miles  from  Big  Black  jiiver. 

CAMDEN,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Washita  co., 
Arkansas,  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Washita  River,  110 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Little  Rock.  It  is  sitmited  on  a  declivity 
of  a  high  range  of  hills,  and  is  built  in  a  very  tasteful  style. 
A  few  years  ago  the  site  was  occupied  by  a  dense  forest,  and 
many  of  the  trees  are  still  standing  in  the  streets.  Camden 
is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in  the  state,  and  pos- 
sesses great  advantages  for  trade,  being  at  the  head  of 
navigation  for  large  steamers,  several  of  which,  are  con- 
stantly employed  in  conveying  produce  down  the  river  tc 
New  Orleans.  A  plank-road  has  been  commenced,  which 
will  connect  Camden  with  Fulton,  on  Red  River,  and  will 
probably  draw  an  increase  of  business.  The  growth  of  this 
place  has  been  very  rapid,  and  is  likely  to  continue  so.  It 
was  settled  about  1842.  In  1848  the  population  was  near 
600 ;  in  1860,  2219.  The  site  was  formerly  a  rendez- 

vous for  hunters,  and  known  as  "  Ecore  k  Fabro." 

CAMDKN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Benton  eo..  Tennessee, 
85  miles  W.  of  Nashville,  and  9  miles  from  the  Tennessee 
River,  has  about  200  inhabitants. 

CAMDEN,  a  small  village  of  McXairy  co..  Tennessee. 

CAMDEN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Preble  co..  Ohio,  on 
the  Eaton  and  Hamilton  Railroad,  38  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  farming  country,  and  has  a  good 
water-power,  which  is  employed  in  several  flouring  and  saw 
mills.    It  contains  about  100  houses.     Pop.  637. 

CAMDEN,  a  township  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  10.34. 

CAMDKN,  a  pf>8t-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Hillsdale 
CO.,  Michigan.     I'op,  1513. 

CAMDEN,  a  village  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  23  miles  S.E. 
of  Grand  Rajiids. 

CAMDEN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana, 

345         X 


CAM 


CAM 


on  Dee»  Creek,  about  65  miles  N.N.W.  from  Indianapolis, 
has  about  200  inhabitants. 

CAMDKN.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  on 
th«  Salanionie  River,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Portland.  A  plank- 
road,  40  miles  long,  connects  it  witli  Fort  AVayne.  Tlie 
water-power  of  the  river  is  employed  in  flouring  and  sawmills. 
CAMDEN,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  in  Schuyler  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  12  miles  W.  from  Rushville.     Pop.  869. 

CAMDEN,  or  CAMDEN  MILLS,  a  thriving  post-village 
of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois,  on  Rock  River,  at  its  entrance 
into  the  Mississippi.  2  or  3  miles  S.W.  of  Rock  Island  City. 
It  is  amply  supplied  with  water-jwwer,  and  has  seveial  mills. 
CAMDEN,  a  post-village  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond.  It 
contains  5  stores,  1  steam-mill,  and  3  tobacco  factorieis.  Pop. 
about  760. 

CAMDEN,  a  village  of  Canada  co..  New  South  Wales,  on 
the  Nepean,  30  miles  S.  W.  of  Sydney. 

CAMDEN  BAY,  in  Russian  America,  is  on  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  lat.  70^^  N.,  Ion.  14o»  W. 

CAMDEN  COURT-HOUSE,  a  postvillage,  port  of  entry, 
and  capital  of  Camden  co..  North  Carolina,  on  the  left  b.")nk 
of  Pasquotank  River,  219  miles  E.N.E.  of  Raleijih.     Regis- 
tered tonnagein  1854,1209;  enrolled  and  licensed.  13.862  tnns. 
CAMDEN  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri,  34 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Independence. 
CAMDEN  STATION,  a  post-ofRee  of  toraine  co.,  Ohio. 
C.A.MDEN-TOWN,  England,  a  suburb  of  Ix)ndon.  co.  of 
Middlese.x,  on  its  N.  side,  intersected  by  the  London  and 
Birmingham  Railway,  3$  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  on  the 
road  to  Ilampstead.     Named  after  the  Marquis  of  Camden, 
lessee  of  the  manor  in  which  it  is  situated. 

CAM'DENVILLE.  a  small  post-village  of  Anderson  co., 
Kentucky,  on  Salt  River. 
CAM'EL,  a  small  river  of  England.    See  Any. 
CAM  F;LEY,  kam'el-e.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somersi^t. 
CAM'KLFORD,  a  municipal  borough  and  town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Cornwall,  on  the  Camel.  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bod- 
min.   It  formerly  sent  2  members  to  the  Hou.se  of  Commons. 
Here  was  fought  the  famous  battle  between  King  Arthur 
and  his  nephew  Modred,  \.i>.  543. 

CA.M'ELON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling,  1^  miles 
W.N.W.  of  i'alkirk.  Old  Camelon,  a  little  north-westward, 
■was  an  ancient  port  on  the  Carron,  supposed  to  be  the  Roman 
Ad-V>Mum. 

CAMEL,  QUEEN'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
61  miles  E.N.E.  of  Rochester.  On  Camalet,  a  steep  hill  in 
this  parish,  are  interesting  remains  of  a  Roman  or  British 
ramp,  called  by  the  inhabitants.  '•  King  Arthur's  Palace." 

CAMEL'S  RU.MP  or  CAMEL'S  BACK  MOUNTAIN,  one 
of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Green  Mountains,  Vermont,  17 
miles  W.  of  Montpelier.  Height,  4188  feet.  From  some 
points  of  view,  this  mountain  summit  bears  a  resemblance 
to  a  crouching  lion,  whence  the  latter  appellation  has  some- 
times Ijeen  bestowed  upon  it. 

CAJIEL,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
C.\MEN,  kd'men,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Hamm.     Pop.  2780. 

C-\MK,NZ,  kd'mSnts.  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Baut- 
len,  on  the  Whit«3  Elster,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Dresden.  It 
has  manufactories  of  earthenware,  tobacco,  and  starch, 
several  dye-works  and  tanneries,  and  numerous  mills.  It 
was  almost  wholly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1842.  Lessing,  the 
poet,  was  born  here,  June  22, 1729.  An  hospital  was  dedi- 
cated to  his  memorv  in  1826.     Pop.  4000. 

CAMEKA-DE-LOBDS,  kd'ma-rd-drl-loa>oce,  a  maritime  vil- 
lage of  the  island  of  Madeira,  and  the  first  settled  by  Euro- 
peans, a  few  miles  W.  of  Santa  Cruz. 

C.\ME1\I.  kd-mi'ree,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont.  4^  miles  N.E.  of  Novara.     Pop.  3840. 

CAM'EKINGUAM.  a  parish  of  EngUwd,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
CAMEKINO.  kd-mA-reiyno,  (anc.  fttmert'nMm,)  a  city  of 
Central  Italy,  formerly  capital  of  a  small  delegation  of  the 
same  name.  Pontifical  States,  41  miles  S.W.  of  Ancona. 
Pop.  5182.  It  has  a  cathedral,  an  archbishop's  palace,  12 
monasteries  and  7  convents,  a  university  of  the  second  order, 
founded  in  1727,  and  a  small  silk  factory.  It  was  anciently 
an  important  city,  and  is  the  birth-place  of  Carlo  Maratti. 
CAM'ERON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 
CAM'ERON,  a  county  forming  the  southern  extremity  of 
Te.xas,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  alwut 
SOiiO  square  miles.  The  Rio  Grande  forms  its  southern 
boundary,  and  separates  it  from  Mexico.  The  soil  is  mostly 
uncultivated,  but  is  adapted  to  cotton,  maize,  and  sugar-cane. 
Live-«tock  are  the  chief  articles  of  export.  The  county  con- 
tains numerous  salt  lakes,  from  which  salt  of  good  quality 
1b  procured.  Sal  del  Rev,  the  largest  of  these,  is  cai)alile  of 
furnishing  almost  unlimited  quantities.  Capital,  Browns- 
ville. Pop.  in  1861),  6028,  of  whom  6021  were  free.  Namc-d 
in  honor  of  Captain  Cameron,  who  fell  in  the  expedition 
against  Mier. 

CAMERON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Steuben  co., 
New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  324  milea 
from  New  York  city.     Pop.  1569. 
CAM  ERON,  Pennsylvania.    See  Appbndix. 
346 


CAMERON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Milam  co.,  Texas,  on 
Little  River,  58  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.E.  of  Austin  City. 

CAMEKOONS.  cam-er-oons',  or  CAMERONES,  kSnu^r- 
o'nfs,  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  Upper  Guinea,  which,  after 
a  S.W.  course  of  uncertain  length,  enters  the  Bight  of  Biafra, 
nfjtr  lat.  4°  N.,  Ion.  9^"  40'  E.,  by  an  estuary  20  miles  in  width, 
and  containing  several  large  islands.  For  40  miles  beyond  the 
mangrove  region,  at  its  mouth,  it  is  about  4(X)  yards  in  average 
breadth;  depth  in  dry  season  from  2  to  20 feet,  but  during 
rains  it  is  navigable  for  ships  of  any  draught.  Aliout  90 
miles  from  the  sea  it  forms  a  cataract.  a«  do  several  of  ita 
affluents  in  passing  through  the  Cameroons  Mountains. 
On  its  banks  are  many  populous  villages. 

CAM'ERUN  MILL5,  a  postK>fflce  of  Steuben  co.,  Nav 
York. 

CAMEROONS'  JIOUNTAINS.  a  chain  in  West<>m  Africa. 
The  culminating  point  being  in  lat.  4°  13'  N.,  Ion.  9°  10'  E., 
is  13,000  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  covered  ne;»rly  to  the  sum- 
mit with  trees  of  luxuriant  growth,  and  seems  to  form  the 
commencement  of  a  range  of  volcanic  hills  stretching  N.E., 
and  uniting  with  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  in  lat.  6°  N, 
Ion.  12°  20  E.    See  C.ipe  C.\merooss. 

C.\M'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CAMETA,  ki-ma'ti,  a  populous  and  flourishing  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Par6,  on  the  Tocautins,  85  miles  S.W. 
ofBelem.  The  district  which  was  assigned  to  Cameta  In 
1839,  is  extremely  fertile,  and  contains  a  population  of 
20.000.  emploj-ed  in  agriculture,  commerce,  and  navigation. 

CAMICIAN.Ii  AQU^.    See  CiSTEL  Termini. 

CAMICUS.    See  1»l.\t.\xi. 

CAMIGUIN  (ki-me-gheenO  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Babu- 
yanes Islands,  off  the  northern  coast  of  Luzon,  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  lat.  18°  54' N.,  Ion.  121°  53' E..  from  7  to  9 
miles  long,  high  and  hilly.  The  southern  part  is  formed  ol 
a  high  mountain,  formerly  a  volcano,  visible  at  CO  miles 
distance.  The  shore  is  lined  with  coral  rock.  On  the  west- 
ern side  is  the  port  of  San  Pio  Quinto.  the  only  place  among 
these  islands  where  a  large  ship  can  be  considered  at  all 
safe. 

CAMIGUIN  ISLAND,  one  of  the  sni.illest  of  the  Philip- 
pines, on  -the  north-western  coast  of  Mindanao,  lat.  8°  bV 
N.,  Ion.  124°  20'  E. 

C.\MIiyLUS,  a  post-township  of  Onondaga  co..  New  Y'ork, 
on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Syracuse  and  Rochester  Kail- 
road,  7  miles  W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  2940. 

CAMINHA.  kd-meen'yd.  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Minho,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Braga,  on  the  Minho, 
near  it.s  mouth.     Pop.  2520. 

C.AMISANO,  kd-me-si'no,  a  small  town  of  Lombardy,  8J 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Vicenza.     Pop.  26110. 

C.\M1SAN0,  a  small  town  of  Lombardy,  5  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Crema.     Pop.  2000. 

CA.M^LAPOOR',  a  town  of  British  Indi.o.  presidency  of 
Madras,  contiguous  to  the  ruins  of  Bijanagur,  (which  see,) 
of  which  city  it  probably  once  formed  a  part.  Near  it  arrf 
two  magnificent  Hindoo  temples. 

CAM'LIN  or  CRU-M'LIN,  a  p-arish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  ca 
of  Antrim. 

C.\M'MA,  a  parish  ol  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Ros- 
common. 

CAMMARATA,  ka-m3-rl/tl  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val 
Mazzara.  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Girirenti.     Pop.  5200. 

CAM'MERTON.  a  p.iri.sh  of  Endand.  co.  of  Cumberland. 

CAMMIN,  KAMMIN,  kim-meen',  or  KAMIN.  kd-nieen', 
a  town  in  the  Prus.sian  dominions,  province  of  Pomerania, 
38  miles  N.E.  of  Stettin,  near  the  Baltic.  Pop.  3176.  It  baa 
a  eithedral,  and  a  seminary  for  noble  ladie.s. 

C.\MMIN  or  KAMMIN.  a  town  of  West  Prussi.a,  circle 
of  Marienwerder,  on  the  Kamionka.  Pop.  785.  C.^mmis  or 
C.vMiN  is  also  the  name  of  villages  in  the  same  circle,  and 
in  the  grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 

CAMOGHE,  kd-mo'g4,a  mountain  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Ticino,  on  the  borders  of  Lombardy.  7  miles  N.  of  Lake 
Lugano.    It  has  an  elevation  of  SSOO  feet. 

C.AMOGLI.  kd-niAl'yee,  a  maritime  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province,  and  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gena%  on  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa,  built  entirely  in  the  sea.     Pop.  5S09. 

CAM'OLIN,  a  town  of  Ireland.  Leinster.  co.  of  Wexford, 
on  the  Bann.  6i  miles  S.W.  of  Gorev.    Pop.  561. 

CAMONICA,  ka-mon'e-ka,or  VALLE  CAMONICA,  \IV- 
U  kd-mon'e-kj,  a  valley  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of 
Bergamo,  formed  by  two  branches  of  a  ramification  of 
the  lihsetian  Alps,  and  stretching  about  60  miles  from 
N.N.E.  to  S.S.W..  along  both  br.tnches  of  the  Oglio.  and  as 
far  as  the  Ijike  of  Iseo.  The  inhabitants,  now  ftbout  60,000, 
were  anciently  called  (hmuni. 

CAMOKTA,  kJ-moR'tl,  CAR  MOHTA,  k.in-mon/ta,  or 
NICAA'ARI.  ne-ki-vd'ree,  one  of  the  NicoKar  Islands,  (Julf 
of  Bengal,  lat.  8°  2' N..  Ion.  93°  40' E.;  length,  16  miles, 
breadth,  from  2  to  5  miles.  It  is  separated  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel from  Noncowry.  and,  along  with  that  island,  forms  Non- 
cowry  Harbor,  which  is  well  shelt«.>red  and  very  capacious. 

CAM1'.\GN.\,  kdm-pJn'yd.  a  town  of  Naples,  pn- inee 
of  I'rincipato  Cltra,  20  miles  E.  of  Salerno,  in  the  miltt  of 
high  mountains.    Pop.  6750.    It  is  a  bishop'i  see,  and  tON  • 


CAM 


CAM 


fine  cathedral,  several  churches  and  convents,  a  hospital, 
and  a  lolle.^e. 

CAMPAUNA,  a  village  ol  Northern  Italy,  delegation,  and 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Venice. 

CA.Ml'AGNAC,  lidM^p^nV^k',  a  village  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Aveyron,  2S  miles  E.  of  Kodez.    Pop.  1300. 

CA-Ml>AU.\A  bl  ROMA,  kiui-pjn'yi  dee  ro'nii.  an  old  pro- 
vince "{  the  I'ontifical  States,  in  Itiily,  nearly  correspond- 
ing in  limits  to  the  ancient  Lalium,  now  forming  tlie  delejia- 
tion  of  Frosinone  and  the  greater  part  of  the  Comarca  di 
Koma.  extending  along  the  W.  coast  from  Civita  A'ecchia  to 
Astura  and  the  Pontine  Marshes,  and  inland  to  the  Alba^ 
and  J^aliine  Hills.  Konie  heing  near  its  centre.  Length,  aVx)ut 
70  miles;  greatest  breadth,  40  miles.  It  is  an  undulating 
region,  rising  to  200  ftiet  alK)ve  the  sea,  and  is  skirted  on  the 
Mediterranean  by  a  strip  of  marsh-land  from  2  to  3  miles  in 
breadth.  Once  tlie  richest  and  most  populous  country  in 
the  world,  it  is  now  destitute  of  inhabitants,  except  in  a  few 
towns  scattered  over  it.s  surface,  to  which  the  laborers  resort 
at  niL'lit  to  avoid  the  effects  of  malaria. 

CAMPAGNATICO,  kim-pdn-yifte-ko,  a  town  of  Tuscany, 
15  milis  S.K.  of  Grossetto.     Pop.  994. 

CAMPAONOLA,  kdm-pin-yo'la,  a  village  of  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Modena,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Reggio.     Pop.  2000. 

C.iMPAN,  kdu^pSN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
the  Ilautes-Pyrenees,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bagn6res-en-Bigorre, 
on  the  Adour,  in  the  fine  valley  of  the  same  name.  Pop. 
in  1S52,  3900.  The  greater  part  of  the  houses  are  built  of 
marble  from  the  rich  quarries  in  the  vicinity. 

CA.MPaS.\,  k3m-p4n'yd,  an  island  olT  the  western  coast 
of  Patagonia,  lat.  48°  30'  S.,  and  Ion.  75°  30'  W.,  separated 
from  Wellington  Island  by  Fallos  Channel.  Length,  from 
N.  to  8.,  about  55  miles,  average  breadth,  10  miles. 

C.\MPAXA,  kim-pd'ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria-Citra,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Cariati.     Pop.  2400. 

C.AM  PAN  A,  La,  Id  kdm-pd/nd,  a  town  of  Spjiin,  37  miles 
E.N.K.  of  Seville.  Pop.  5'i74.  It  has  remains  of  Moorish 
architecture,  and  commerce  in  grain,  fruit,  and  wine. 

CAMPAXAHIO,  kdm-pl-ni're-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  Estre- 
madura,  62  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Badajos.  Its  manufactures 
consi.^t  of  linen  fabrics,  esparto  ropes,  wine,  and  oil;  its 
trade,  irrain,  wool,  and  esparto.     Pop.  5406. 

CA.^iPANET,  kdm-pd-nJt/.  a  town  of  Spain,  island  of 
Majorca,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Palma.     Pop.  2188. 

CAMPANH.A,  kdm-pdn'yd,  a  modern  city  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Minas  Geraes,  150  miles  S.  W.  of  Ouro-Preto.  Pop. 
3000.  .It  has  several  churches,  a  Latin  school,  and  a  hospital 
founded  in  1835. 

CAMPANIA  FELICE,  kdm-pd/ne-d  £l-lee'chA,  Naples. 
See  Tkf.ra-di-L.*voro. 

C.A>rP.\ll/,  a  river  and  town  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  on 
its  E.  coast,  about  75  miles  S.W.  of  Singapore. 

C.AMPBKLL,  k.am'el.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  576  .square  miles.  James  Biver  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  N.,  and  Staunton  River  on  the  S. ;  it  is  also 
drained  by  Otter  and  Falling  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  broken ;  the  soil  generally  productive.  Iron  ore  is 
found,  and  granite  is  abundant  in  the  county.  The  James 
River  Canal  passes  along  the  northern  border.  The  Vir- 
ginia and  Tennessee  Railroad,  and  the  South  Side  Railroad, 
connect  with  each  other  at  Lynchburg,  the  chief  town  of  the 
county.  Organized  in  1784.  and  named  in  honor  of  General 
William  Campbell,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
Capi  tal,  Campbell  Conrt-House.  Pop.  26,197,  of  whom  14,617 
were  free,  and  ll,.o80  slaves. 

CAMPBKLL,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  gf  Geor- 
gia, contains  360  square  mills.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Chattahoochee  River,  and  also  drained  by  Sweetwater  Creek. 
The  surface  is  broken  and  undulating;  the  soil  various.  The 
lauds  on  the  river  and  creeks  consist  of  a  black  loam,  adapted 
to  grain  and  cotton,  which  are  the  sfciples.  The  rocks  of  the 
county  are  mostly  primitive.  Gold,  iron,  and  soapstone  are 
found.  The  streams  furnish  considerable  water-power.  The 
Atlanta  and  La  Grange  Railroad  passes  along  the  S.E.  bor- 
der. Named  in  honor  of  Duncan  G.  Campbell,  a  member  of 
the  Georgia  legislature.  Capital,  Campbellton.  Pop.  8301, 
of  wlioin  6297  were  free,  and  2004  slaves. 

CAMPBELL,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tennessee, 
bordering  on  Kentucky,  has  an  area  estimated  at  450  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  New  River,  and  other  affluents  of 
the  Cumberland.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous,  and 
partly  covered  with  extensive  forests.  A  ridge  of  the  Cum- 
berland Mountains  passes  through  the  county.  Cajiital, 
Jack»borough.  Pop.  0712,  of  whom  6346  were  free,  and  366 
slaves. 

CAMPBELL,  a  county  in  the  exti-eme  northern  part  of 
Kentucky,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  nearly  opposite  Cin- 
cinnati, has  an  area  of  120  square  miles.  The  Licking  River 
forms  its  western  boundary,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  the 
N.W.  extremity.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  level  bottom 
lands  and  rolling  uplands.  The  soil  is  excellent  and  well  cul- 
tivated. The  rock  which  underlies  the  county  is  Trenton  lime- 
stone. Formed  in  1794,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John 
Campbell,formerly  member  ofthe  state  senate.  Capital,Alex- 
iindria.   Pop.  20,909,  of  whom  20,793  werefree,audll6slaves. 


CAMPBELL,  a  post-village  and  tovmsnip  ot  Slenben  co.. 
New  Yoik,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Bath,  oc  Conhoctou  River,  and 
traversed  Ijy  the  Buffalo  and  Corning  Riiilroart.     fop.  1022. 

C.V.MPBKLL,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CAMPIIKLL,  a  post-ollice  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio. 

CAMPBELL,  a  township  in  Jennings  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1295. 

CAMPBELL,  a  township  in  Warwick  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1238. 

CAMPBELL,  a  post-village  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois,  about  3 
miles  S.W.  of  Charleston. 

CAMPBELL  COUKT-IIOUSE,  a  village,  capital  of  Camp- 
bell CO.,  Virginia,  130  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond,  and  12 
miles  S.  of  Lynchburg. 

CA.M  PBELL  (kam'fl)  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
lat.52°33'20"S.,lon.  169°8'41"E.,  isSOmiles  in  circumfe- 
rence, mountainous,  and  has  several  good  harbors.  It  is 
is  volcanic,  and  its  flora  is  very  interesting.  CAMi'BEtL  is 
the  name  of  capes  in  New  Zealand  and  Russiau  America, 
and  a  river  in  l^stern  Australia. 

CAMPBEL'LO,  or  more  correctly  CAMPELLO,  a  post- 
village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Old  Colony 
and  Newport  Railroad,  22  miles  S  S  E.  of  Boston. 

CAMPBELL'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Marion  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CAMPBELLSBDRG,  a  post-viUage  of  Henry  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 31  miles  N.W.  of  Frankfort. 

CA.MPBELLSBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Washington  co.,  In- 
diana. 

CAMPBELL'S  CORNERS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Oakland  co., 
Michigan. 

CAMPBELL'S  CREEK,  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana,  flows 
into  the  \Vabash. 

CAMPBELL'S  GROVE,  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Iowa,  ISO 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

CAMPBELL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

CAMPBELLSPORT,  kam'glz-port,  a  post-village  of  Portage 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal,  3  miles  S.E, 
of  Ravenna.  It  has  several  warehouses,  from  which  grain, 
wool,  and  dairy  products  are  shipped. 

CAMPBELL'S  REST,  a  post-oftice  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAMPBELL'S  STATION, a  post-office  Knox  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAMPBELLSVILLE,  kam'fls-vil,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co, 
Tennessee. 

CA.MPBELLSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Taylor  co., 
Kentucky,  75  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  3 
churches,  numerous  stores,  and  30  mechanics'  shops.  Laid 
out  in  1817.     Pop.  about  500. 

C\MPBELLTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Campbell  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Chattahoochee  River,  about  100  miles  N.W. 
of  Milledgeville.  Ithas  a  large  court-.bouse,  ajail, 2  churches, 
and  an  academy. 

CAMPBELLTON,  a  postofflce  of  Jackson  co.,  Florida. 

CAMPBELLTON,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

CAMPBELLTOWN,  kam'el-town,  a  district  of  Van  Die- 
men's  I^nd,  enclosed  by  the  districts  of  Launceston,  Nor- 
folk PUins,  Clyde,  Oatlands,  Oysterburg.  and  having  a  set- 
tlement of  the  same  name  on  an  affluent  of  the  Macquarrie. 

CAMPBELLTOWN,  a  post-village  and  railraid  station  of 
Steuben  co.,  New  York,  on  the  railroad  from  Bath  to  Corn- 
ing, 11  miles  S.E.  of  the  former. 

CAM  PBE  LLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

CAMPBELLVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

CA.MPBELTON,  kam'gl-ton,  a  royal  and  parliamentary 
borough,  seaport  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
on  the  E.  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Cantire,  near  its  S.  ex- 
tremity, 38  miles  S.W.  of  Ayr.  Pop.  in  1851,  6880.  It  is  the 
most  important  town  In  the  county ;  has  numerous  distille- 
ries and  malt-houses,  a  tolerable  harbor  and  a  good  quay. 
Registered  shipping  in  1846,  2039  tons.  The  tows  and 
neighborhood  are  Civorite  resorts  of  visitors  in  summer. 
Campbelton  unites  with  Ayr,  Inverary,  Irvine,  and  Oban, 
to  return  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CAMPBELTON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  9  miles  N.E 
of  Inverness,  on  Beauley  Frith.  It  is  resorted  to  as  a  bath 
ing-place  in  summer. 

CAMPBELTOWN,  a  post^village  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

CAJIP  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Missouri. 

CAMP  CALL,  a  post-office  of  Cleveland  co..  North  Carolina. 

CAMP  CHARLOTTE,  a  post-office  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio. 

CAMP  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Arkansas. 

CAMP  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAMP  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Kentucky. 

CAMP  CREEK,  a  township  in  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Scioto  River,  about  28  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chillicothe. 
Pop.  738. 

CAMP  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  10 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Warsaw. 

CAMP/DEN  CIIIP'PING,  a  market^town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  and  24  miles  N.E.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  in  1851, 
2351.    It  has  a  beautiful  Gothic  church,  a  grammar  school 

347 


CAM 

founded  in  14S7,  a  court-house,  market-house,  and  remains 
of  a  noble  mansion,  built  early  In  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  burnt  by  its  proprietor  that  it  might  not  be  garrisoned 
by  the  parliamentary  forces.  Campden,  during  the  four- 
teenth century,  was  one  of  the  principal  wool-marts  in  Eng- 
land. In  its  vicinity,  the  Cotswold  games  were  established 
In  the  reign  of  James  I. 

CAM  PEACHY  or  CAMPECHE,  kam-pee'che.  (Mex.  O™- 
p«che,  kim-pri'chi,)  the  principal  seaport  town  of  Yucatan,  in 
Cantral  America,  on  its  W.  coast  90  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Merida. 
Lat.  19° 50'  X.,  Ion.  90°  -iS'  W.  It  is  enclosed  by  bastioned  walls, 
and  built  wholly  of  stone,  over  a  series  of  extensive  ancient 
caverns ;  its  houses  are  generally  good,  and  public  buildings 
more  tasteful  than  those  of  Merida.  and  markets  well  sup- 
plied. It  has  6  churches,  as  many  convents,  a  large  ceme- 
tery, a  college  with  6  professors,  theatre,  and  ship-building 
docks.  The  town  derives  its  chief  importance  from  the  ex- 
portation of  logwood,  termed  Campeachy-wood,  and  wax. 
The  wood  (Heeimitoxylon  Gimpeehianum)  is  cut  in  several 
places,  but  especially  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Champoton.  S. 
of  the  town ;  and  the  wax  is  procured  from  the  wild  sting- 
less  bees  which  are  found  in  the  country  to  the  E.  The 
other  products  are  salt,  rice,  and  sugar;  marble  of  good  qua- 
lity is  found.  The  only  important  manufacture  is  that  of 
cigars.  The  harbor  is  cap.aoious,  but  shallow,  and  vessels 
drawing  more  than  6  feet  of  water  must  anchor  3  miles  from 
the  shore.  Notwithstanding  this  disadvantage,  vessels  mea- 
suring 100  feet  of  keel  are  built  here,  and  launched  by  in- 
genious contrivances.  The  climate  is  he.alth}';  the  land- 
breeze  in  the  morning,  and  the  sea-breeze  in  the  evening, 
render  the  atmosphere  at  these  periods  exceedingly  agreeable. 
Campeanhy  stands  on  a  series  of  subterraneous  caverns,  ex- 
cavated bv  the  ancient  Mayas.     Pop.  18.000. 

CAM  PEACHY,  GULF  OF.  a  name  sometimes  applied  to 
that  part  of  the  (Julf  of  Mexico  enclosed  by  Y'ucatau  and  the 
Mexii'an  st.ites  Tabasco  and  Vera  Cruz. 

CAMPEGINE.  kim-pA'je-nA,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Modena,  about  8  miles  W.  of  Reggie.    Pop.  about  2000. 

CAMPERDUIN.  kim^per-doin'.  (sometimes  written,  in 
English.  CA^rPERDQWV,)  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Holland.  27  miles  N.'VV.  of  Amsterdam,  in 
the  North  .?e.a.  celebrated  for  Admiral  Duncan's  victory  over 
the  Dutch  fleet,  on  the  11th  of  October.  1797. 

CAMP  GROUND,  a  postroffice  of  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

CAM  P'lIILL,  a  station  on  the  Birmingham  and  Gloucester 
Eailway.  England,  2  miles  S.  of  Birmingham. 

CAMP  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 

CAM  PI,  kSm'pee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto, 
r  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lecce.    Pop.  3440. 

CAM  PI,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Florence. 
Pop.  2668. 

C.4MPIGLIA,  kJm-peel'yd,  a  market-town  of  Tuscany,  33 
miles  N.W.  of  Grossetto,with  a  fine  old  church  built  of  "mar- 
ble.   Pop.  2140. 

CAMl'IGLIA,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Biella. 
Pop.  12.30. 

CAMPILLO  DE  ALTOBUEY,  kim-p^l'yo  dA  il-to-boo-A/, 
a  town  of  Spain,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cuenca.  Pop.  2890.  It 
has  manufactures  of  leather. 

CAMPILLO  DE  ARENAS,  kJm-peel'yod.AI-rA'nas,  a  town 
of  Sp.'iin.  18  miles  S.  of  .Taen.  Here  the  French  defeated  the 
Spaniards.  July  2Sth,  1823. 

CAMPILLOS.  kdm-peel'voce.  a  modem  town  of  Spain,  33 
miles  N.W.  of  Malasra.    Pop.  4417. 

CAMPINA-GRANDE.  kam-pe.-'na-grJn'dA,  a  town  of  Bra- 
ril,  80  miles  W.  of  Parahiba.  Pop.  with  the  district,  5000. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  emigrate  on  account  of  the  scarcity 
of  fresh  water. 

CAMPINAS.  kim-pee'nSs.  a  city  of  Brazil,  50  miles  \.  of 
Sao  Paulo.  Pop.tJOOO.  Its  district  produces  a  great  quan- 
tity of  sugar.     It  was  created  a  city  in  1840. 

C.*.M1'1NE,  kim^peen'.  (Dutch,  Kempen,  kjm'pen,  or 
Kempfnlaml.  k^m'pen-lAnt\)  an  extensive  arid  and  sandy 
tract,  forming  part  of  the  provinces  of  Antwerp  and  Limburg. 
together  with  a  narrow  portion  of  Brabant,  in  Belgium,  and 
continued  into  Holland.  The  greatest  industrv  has  tieen  em- 
ployed to  reclaim  it,  but  about  300,000  acres  still  remain 
waste. 

CAMPING  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into  Saluda 
River  in  Lexington  district. 

CA>IPIO  FORMIO,  kSm'pfM)  foR/meo.  or  CAMPO  FOR- 
MIDO.  kJm'po  foR-mee'do.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italv, 
govern  raent  of  Venice,  province  of  Friuli,  66  miles  N.E.  of 
Venice,  on  the  Canal  of  Roja.  It  is  famous  for  the  peace 
concluded  here,  in  1797,  between  Austria  and  France.  Pop. 
1650.  '^ 

CAMP  IZARD,  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  oo..  Florida. 

CAMPLI.  kdm'plee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  .\bruzzo 
tJltra,  5  miles  X.  of  Teramo.  pop.  6000.  It  has  a  cathedral, 
3  collegiate  churches,  and  an  abbey. 

CAMPLOXG.  kftM'pkVN"'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  H6rault.  4  miles  N.X.W.  of  IJedarrieux.     Pop.  2121. 

CAM  P  LUCE,  a  vilkge  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa,  130  miles  W. 
of  Iowa  City. 
348 


CAM 

CAMPO,  kimVo,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  on  the  .S.W.  coast 
of  the  island  :f  Elba,  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  Porto  Ferrajo.     Popri700. 

CAMPO,  kim'po,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  I.,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Reggio.     Pop.  1942. 

CAMPOBASSO.  kam'po-bisTso,  a  fortified  city  of  Naples.  55 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Naples.  Pop.  7700.  It  has  considerable 
trade,  and  celebrated  manufactures  of  cutlery  and  arms. 

CAM'PO  BKiyLO,  an  Island  about  8  miles  long,  belonging 
to  New  Brunswick,  at  the  entrance  of  Passamaquoddy  Bay, 
Maine.  Between  the  main  ship  channel  and  the  northern 
entrance  into  Head  Harljor,  250  feet  from  the  extreme  north- 
eastern point  of  the  island,  is  a  fixed  light.  60  feet  above 
hinh-water  mark.     Lat.  44° 47'  N.,  Ion.  66=  55'  W. 

C-A^MPOBKLI/),  kAm-po-bello.  a  town  of  Sicily,  18  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Caltanisetta.     Pop.  4600. 

CAMPOBELIX).  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendancy  of  Trap.ani,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Mazzara.    Pop.  2985.' 

CAMPOBELLO,  a  post-ofSce  of  Spartanburg  district.  South 
Carolina. 

CAMPO  BIANCO,  kim'po  be-in'ko.  a  mountain  in  the 
island  of  Lip.ari.  formed  of  volcanic  scoriae,  which  furnish  a 
great  quantitv  of  pumice-stone. 

CAMPO  DE'  CRIPTANA.  kAm'po  dA  kreep-t^'ni,  a  town 
of  Spain.  50  miles  N.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Pop.  56',>0.  It  has 
manufactures  of  coarse  cloths,  and  trade  in  grain  and  fruit. 

CAMPODUNUM.    See  Kempen. 

CAMPO  FORMIO,  or  CAMPO  FORMIDO.    See  C.\mpio 

FORMIO. 

CAMPO  FREDDO,  kim'po  frJd'do,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
Stat  s.  province,  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Genoa.    Pop.  2738. 

CAMPO  GRANDE,  kim'po  grSn'dA.  a  village  of  Portusal, 
immediatelv  N.  of  Lisbon,  with  numerous  villas.    Pop.  1500. 

CAMPO  LARGO,  kim'po  liR'go,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Bahia,  on  the  Rio  Gr»nde.  70  miles  from  its  mouth 
In  the  Sao  Francisco.  It  has  a  school  of  primary  instruc- 
tion, establisned  in  1832.    Pop.  3000. 

C.4MP0LIET0.  kam-po-le-A'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2240. 

CAMPO  M.\YOR.  kim'po  ml-oR/  (».  e.  "  great  plain.")  a  for- 
tified town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  9  miles  N.E. 
of  Elvas.     Pop.  4500. 

CAMPO  MAYOR,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Piauhjr, 
145  miles  N.E.  of  Oeiras.    Pop.  5WW. 

CAMPO  MAYOR  DE  QUI.VERAMOBIM,  kAm'po  ml-oR/ 
dA  ke-shA-rl-mo-beeNG',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  CearS, 
185  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fortaleza.     Pop.  with  district.  8000. 

CAMPOS,  kim'poce,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  21 
miles  S.E.  of  Palma.    Pop.  4712. 

CAMPO  SAN  PIETRO,  kdm'po  sin  pe-.A'tro,  or  CAMPO 
SAMPIERO,  kim'po  sAn-pe-A'ro,  a  market-town  of  Northern 
Italy,  government  of  Venice,  13  miles  N.  of  Padua.  Pop. 
2400. 

CAMPOS,  CANAL  OF,  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  commences  at 
the  Rio  Seco,  near  Medina,  and  joins  the  canal  of  Castile,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  Palencia. 

CAMPOS  DOS  GOITACAZES,  kim'poce  doce  go-e-t3-kl/- 
sfs.  formerly  SAN  SALV.^DOR  DOS  CAMPOS,  a  city  of 
Brazil,  province,  and  155  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  Janeiro,  on  the 
Parahiba.  Pop.  4000.  It  was  constituted  a  city  in  1835.  Its 
district  contains  a  population  of  40,000.  Chief  produce,  the 
suirar-cane. 

CAMPO  SECO,  kim'po  s.A'ko,  (i.e.  "dry  plain,")  a  post- 
office  of  Calaveras  co..  California. 

CAMP  PINCKXEY.  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Camden  co, 
Georgia,  on  St.  Mary's  River. 

CAMP  POINT,  a  post-township  in  Adams  co.,  Illinois, 
about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Quincy.    Pop.  834. 

CAMP  RIDGE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Williamsburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CAMPRODOX.  klm-prc>4on',  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  32  miles  X.W.  ol  Gerona.  on  the  Ter.  Pop.  1162. 
It  w.as  twice  taken  bv  the  French  in  1794. 

CAMP'SALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

CAMP'SE.i-ASn,  apjirlsh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CAMP'SIE,  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  16 
miles  S.W.  of  Stirling. 

CAMP'SIh^FKLLS/.  Scotl.and.  is  a  range  of  hills  N.  of  the 
above  village,  rising  to  a  height  of  1500  feet. 
•    C.\MP  SPRIXG.  a  post-office  of  I^wrence  co..  AlaKim.-j. 

CAMPTI.  a  post-ofRce  of  N'atchitoches  parisli.  Louisiana. 

C.\MP'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  lU^dford. 

CAMPTOX',  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co..  New  IIiDip- 
shire.  45  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord,  Intersected  by  thu  >.i;r- 
rimack  River.  It  has  manufactures  of  starch  and  wooU»u 
goods.     Pop.  1320. 

CAMPTON,n  post-township  in  Kane  co..  Illinois.   P.  1027. 

CAMITON  VILLAGE,  a  post-office  of  G ration  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

CAMI'TONVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Yuba  co..  Califor!.i». 

C.\MPTOWX.  a  thriving  post-village  of  K.ssi'X  co..  Xow 
Jersey,  3i  miles  S.W.  of  Xewark,  has  3  churches  ttn<l  sevenil 
stores. 

CAMPTOWX,  a  postoffioe  of  Bnidford  oa,  Peunsyivanuk 


CAM 

CAMPTTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co,  Connecticut. 

CA.Ml'VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Tio<ra  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  New  York  and  Krie  Railroad,  240  miles  from  New  York 
citj.  Cattle  are  collected  at  this  place  to  send  to  the  New 
York  market. 

C'l-MMvOOP',  an  old  subdivision  of  British  India,  formerly 
considertd  to  include  the  districts  of  Kuiifrpoor  and  Rapfja- 
matty.  (Reuf^al,)  with  Sylhet,  Jynteah,  Cachar,  and  a  part 
of  Lower  Assam,  to  which  last  portion  only  the  name  is  now 
applifd. 

CA-M'ltOSE  or  CAMRHOS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pemlirnke. 

C.\MyiXG*MOON'',  R.<;eaport  of  China,  province  of  Quang- 
tong,  or  Canton,  about  halfway  between  Macao  and  Bocca- 
Tigris,  on  a  small  island,  called  Keeow,  35  miles  N.  of  Hong- 
Konp.  Lat.  22°  30'  N.,  Ion.  113°  40'  K.  It  has  a  tolerable 
harbor,  wh'ch  used  to  be  much  resorted  to  by  opium 
vessels,  and  now  serves  as  a  convenient  depot.  Pop.  about 
5000. 

CAMTOOS,  k3m-t«ce'  or  kam-toos',  a  river  of  Southern 
Africa,  Cape  Colony,  rises  in  the  Niewveld  Mountains,  and 
enters  the  sea  20  miles  S.W.  of  Uitenhage,  after  a  course  of 
about  200  miles. 

CAMUKANO,  kd-moo-ri/no,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  in 
the  Miirches,  a  miles  S.  of  Anuoiia. 

CAMUSCIA,  kil-moo'shj,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province, 
and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Arezzo. 

C.\NA,  k.Vnj.  (Arab.Ciina-«Z-«/(7i7,  k3'nd-el-jel-eel'.)  a  ruined 
town  of  Palestine,  supposed  by  Dr.  Roljertson  to  be  the 
scene  of  the  miracle  recorded  in  John,  on  a  declivity,  6 
miles  N'.of  Nazareth,  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Acre.  Another 
villatje.  Kefr  Ke.nna,  has  also  been  supposed  by  some  to 
be  the  Caua  of  the  New  Testament.  It  is  3i  miles  N.E.  of 
Nazareth. 

CAN.\,  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Tyre,  and  probably  the  Kanah  of  Joshua  (xii.  28.) 

CAXA,  ki'na,  a  post-office  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Jennings 
CO.,  Indiana,  70'  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CANAAN,  kA'n^n  or  kA'na-an,  a  name  applied  In  Scrip- 
ture to  the  "  Promised  Land"  of  the  Israelites.  See  Pa- 
lestine. 

CANAAN,  kA/nan,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Somer- 
set CO.,  Maine.  The  village  is  5  miles  E.  of  the  Kennebec 
River,  and  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  It  has  manufac- 
ture.s  of  lumber  and  leather.    Pop.  1715. 

CANAAN,  a  post^township  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Northern  Railroad,  52  miles  N.W.  of  Concord. 
Pop.  1762. 

CANAAN,  a  post^township  of  Essex  co.,  Vermont,  about 
110  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  408. 

CANAAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litchfield  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  about  35  miles  N. 
W.  by  W.  of  Hartford.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
goods.     Pop.  2S34. 

CANAAN,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co..  New  Y'ork, 
24  miles  S.E.  of  Albany,  is  intersected  by  the  Western 
Railroad.     I'op.  2197. 

CANAAN,  a  post-township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  0  miles  W.  of  Ilonesdale,  intersected  by  the  Carlwn- 
lale  and  Ilonesdale  railroad. 

OANA.\.N,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Alabama. 

CAN.\AN,  a  township  in  Athens  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1272. 

CANAAN,  a  township  in  Madison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  721. 

CANAAN,  a  township  in  Morrow  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1231. 

C.4N.\AN,  a  post-township  in  Wavne  CO.,  Ohio,  about  55 
miles  S.E.  of  Sandusky  City.     Pop.  1889. 

CANAAN,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  84 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  about  200. 

PANAAN  CliNTRE,  a  post^village  of  Columbia  co..  New 
York,  near  the  Western  Railroad,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Albany. 
It  has  1  or  2  churches  and  an  academy. 

CANAAN  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Columbia 
CO.,  New  York,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Albany. 

CANAANVILLE,  kA/nau-vil,  a  post-office  of  Athens  co., 
Ohio. 

CAN.\D.\,  kan'a-da,  an  extensive  territory  in  North  Ame- 
rica, belonging  to  the  British,  formerly  divided  into  two  pro- 
vinces, called,  respectively.  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  or 
Canada  West  and  Canada  East,  separated  by  the  Ottawa,  but 
now  politically  united,  though  still  differing  in  laws,  customs, 
and  manners.  The  region  which  comprises  Lower  Canada 
or  Canada  East,  and  the  peninsular  portion  of  Canada  West, 
ifl  formed  by  the  N.  shores  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  to  about  Ion.  70°  W.,  after  which  the 
state  of  Maine  and  the  province  of  New  Brunswick  mark  its 
S.E.  limit.  The  W.  side,  again,  comprising  Canada  West, 
is  formed  by  the  N.  shores  of  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron. 
The  length  of  the  former,  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  is  about  600 
miles ;  breadth,  about  300  miles :  length  of  the  latter,  from 
S.E.  to  N.W.,  about  750  miles;  breadth,  between  200  and 
300  miles,  exclusive  of  the  peninsular  portion,  which  termi- 
nates in  Lake  Erie,  and  which  is  280  miles  in  length,  with 
an  average  breadth  of  between  40  and  50  miles.  The  entire 
length  of  the  territory — that  is,  of  both  Canadas.  from  E.  to 
W.,  or  from  Cap«  Gaspe  to  Ion.  90°  30'  W.— is  from  1200  to 


'^^. 


1300  miles,  and  its  average  breadth,  froirf  N.  to  S..  between 
200  and  .300  miles:  estimated  area.  357.?22squ.ire  miles.  It 
is  but  proper  to  add,  that  as  the  boundaries  of  Canada  are 
not  precisely  determined  on  any  side  but  the  S.,  various 
limits  will  be  found  assigned  to  it  by  different  authorities  in 
all  other  directions.     Pop.  in  18^1.  2  .i07,''57. 

Fiice  rif  the  Oiuiitry. — Canada  \A'est  or  Upper  Canada, 
though  by  no  means  so  level  as  it  has  been  represented,  is 
characterized  by  a  general  evenness  of  surface,  there  being 
few  great  elevations,  with  the  exception  of  a  table  ridge  of 
considerable  height,  which  stretches  S.E.  and  N.W.,  forming 
a  water-shed  between  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  to  whidi 
it  runs  parallel  at  a  distance  of  about  70  miles,  and  the  S. 
portion  of  Hudson's  Bay,  calii^d  James's  Bay.  A  similar 
water-shed  traverses  Canada  East  also,  as  is  indicated  by 
the  opposite  Courses  of  its  rivers,  a  series  of  which  flow  S.S.E. 
towards  the  St.  f^wrence,  while  another  jxiur?  into  St 
James's  Bay,  both  emanating  from  a  common  centre.  The 
existence  of  this  water-slied  has,  however,  been  doubti-d; 
and  it  has  bin-n  alleged  as  not  improbable,  that  the  rivers 
here,  as  in  otln-r  parts  of  North  .\m(rica.  have  their  origin 
in  lakes  which  lie  in  a  plain  of  a  nearly  level  surface,  and 
are  situate  at  nearly  the  same  elevation  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Canada  West  though  much  more  fertile  than 
Canada  East  is  inferior  to  it  as  regards  romantic  and  jiio- 
turesque  scenery.  The  physical  features  of  the  latter,  gene- 
rally, are  varied  and  grand,  consisting  of  boundless  forests, 
niagnific-ent  rivers  and  lakes,  extensive  prairies,  liold.  rocky 
heights,  and  foaming  cataracts,  diversified  bv  cultivated 
fields,  pretty  villages  and  settlements,  some  of  tlum  stivtch- 
ing  up  along  mountains,  fertile  islands,  rich  pastures,  and 
well-fed  flocks.  This  beautiful  appearance,  however,  changej 
to  a  very  different  character  in  winter.  After  a  heavy  faU 
of  snow,  succeeded  by  rain  and  a  partial  thaw,  a  strong 
frost  coats  the  trees  and  all  their  branches  with  transparent 
ice,  often  an  inch  thick,  weighing  on  them  so  heavily,  that 
in  a  tempest  whole  forests  are  laid  prostrate,  with  tiemen- 
dous  noise  and  uproar.  Nothing,  however,  can  be  imagined 
more  brilliant  and  beautiful  than  the  effect  of  sunshine,  in 
a  calm  day,  on  the  frozen  boughs,  where  every  particle 
of  file  icy  crystals  sparkles,  and  nature  seems  decked  in 
diamonds. 

ilmniUnns. — The  mountains  of  Canada  are  confined  en- 
tirely to  Lower  Canada  or  Canada  East,  the  elevations 
in  the  W.  province  not  attaining  that  dignity.  The  prin- 
cipal ranges  stretch  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  and  lie  nearly 
parallel  to  each  other.  Tliey  consist  of  the  Green  5Ioun- 
tains,  so  called  from  the  pine  forests  that  cover  their  slopes, 
which,  from  the  latitude  of  Quebec,  follow  nearly  the  course 
of  the  St,  Lawrence,  on  the  S.  side  of  which  they  are 
situated,  and  terminate  on  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  be- 
tween the  Bay  of  Chaleur  and  Gasp6  Point.  On  the  N.  side 
of  the  river  is  a  corresponding  range,  which  forms  undu- 
lating ridges  of  about  1000  feet  in  elevation;  the  Mealy 
Mountains,  stretching  from  about  lat.  75°  fl'.,  to  Sandwich 
Bay,  computed  to  be  about  1500  feet  high,  and  always 
covered  with  snow;  and  the  Wotcliish  Mountain,  a  short 
range  of  crescent  form,  between  the  Gulf  of  St.  I^awrence 
and  Hudson's  Bay.  The  rocky  masses  connected  with  the 
mountain  chains  that  line  the  St.  I-awrence  River,  advance 
in  many  places  close  to  the  stream,  forming  precipitous 
cliffs,  frequently  200  and  300  feet  high. 

Gi'nifigy  and  ilinn-alogti. — The  N.  parts  of  Canada,  so  far 
as  known,  appear  to  be  of  crystalline  formation ;  while 
along  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  N.  shores  of  the  lakes,  tho 
primary  stratifications  prevail,  including  limestone  in  a 
great  variety  of  states.  The  banks  of  the  St,  Lawrence  are, 
in  several  places,  composed  of  schist,  in  a  decaying  or 
mouldering  condition :  and  in  every  quarter  granite  is 
found,  more  or  less  inclined,  but  never  parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon. In  the  Gasp6  district — the  most  E.  part  of  Canada — 
numerous  and  beautiful  specimens  of  quartz  have  been  ob- 
tained; indications  of  coal  have  also  been  traced.  The 
limestone  formation  extends  over  30,0(X)  square  miles;  the 
dip  is  moderate,  and  the  strata  of  limestone  generally  un- 
disturbed. Along  the  shores  of  the  estuary  and  Gulf  "of  St. 
I«awrence.  horizontal  banks  of  recent  shells  appear  at  va/- 
rious  heights,  from  10  to  100  feet  above  high-water  mark, 
and  inland  be.iches  of  sand  and  shingle,  with  similar  shells, 
as  also  elevated  limestone  rocks,  scooped  out  by  the  waves, 
and  showing  lines  of  lithodomous  perforations— ,ill  indi- 
cating the  successive  upheaving  of  the  land,  since  the  sea 
was  inhabited  by  the  existing  species  of  testacea.  Earth- 
quakes have  been  frequent  in  Canada,  and  some  of  them  of 
considerable  violence.  Iron  of  the  best  quality  has  been 
found  in  great  abundance  in  Canada ;  silver  in  small  quan- 
ties;  and  lead,  tin,  and  copper  occur  in  .several  places.  The 
latter  seems  to  altound  most  on  Lake  Superior,  where  one 
mine  alone  (ClilTe  mine)  yielded,  in  1848.  1000  tons.  INIarble 
of  many  beautiful  varieties,  lithographic  stones,  and  gyp- 
sum, are  al.so  found  in  the  AV.  province.  Gold  has  been 
discovered  on  several  branches  of  the  Chaudiere,  about  60 
miles  S.  of  Quebec,  and  the  companies  working  there  have 
met  with  sufficient  encouragement  to  continue  thtir  opera- 
tions after  an  experience  of  2  or  3  years.  "  Whetbei  the  gold 

349 


CAN 


CAN* 


workinars  are  likely  to  prove  In  any  high  degree  productive," 
Bays  Lox-d  Elgin.  "  I  hazard  no  opinion ;  but  of  the  existence 
of  that  metal  over  a  very  considerable  tract  of  country,  no 
doii'it  can  be  entertained."  In  the  sjime  region,  copper  ore, 
magnesia,  specular  oxides  of  iron,  and  other  minerals  are 
fbubd.  Indications  of  coal  have  been  recently  discovered 
near  Georgian  Bay. 

JiivtTs.  Gulfs,  Lakes^  <Sx. — The  commencement  of  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  touches  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Canada  East  and  (Jeorsian  Bay.  a  large  gulf  opening  into 
Lake  Huron,  lies  on  the  west  of  Canada  AVest  forming  a 
peninsula  between  It  and  the  lake.  At  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Georgian  Bay  is  a  smaller  hay  called  Nottawasaga  I$ay: 
N.E.  of  this  again  is  another  bay,  named  Mat-chedash,  which 
receives  the  waters  pf  Lake  Sinicoe — Lake  Nipissing  and 
peveral  smaller  lake.s  have  also  their  outlet  in  Georgian  Bay. 
North-west  of  the  latter  is  a  w^ide  channel,  communicating 
with  it.  and  separated  from  Lake  Huron  by  a  series  of  is- 
lands, called  the  Manitouline  Islands.  Chaleur  Bay  forms  a 
portion  of  the  boundary  between  New  Brunswick  and  Canada 
Ea.st.  The  great  river  St.  Lawrence,  one  of  the  tirst-class 
rivers  of  the  earth,  sweeps  through  Canada,  with  its  wide 
and  ra.igniticent  channel  studded  with  islands,  for  a  dis- 
tance of  7i)l)  miles,  from  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario  to  its 
entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  by  a  mouth  inferior 
only  in  width  to  the  .\mazon  or  La  Plata — carrying  to  the 
ocean  the  waters  of  the  greatest  system  of  lakes  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  Just  alx)ve  Montreal  the  St.  Lawrence  re- 
ceives from  the  X.W.  the  Ottawa,  a  river  of  800  miles  in 
length,  bringing  to  it  a  volume  of  water  little  inferior  to  its 
own.  and  in  no  degree  inferior  to  it  in  romantic  interest.  It 
Is  itstlf  the  outlet  of  a  numlier  of  small  lakes,  viz.  Temis- 
caminque.  Lac  Les-Quinzes,  Grand  Lake.  &c.  Proceeding 
down  the  left  bank,  we  pass  the  St.  Maurice,  Ratiscan.  and 
Saguenay  Rivers,  of  from  200  to  400  miles  in  length.  The 
last  is  the  outlet,  or  rather  passes  through  St.  John's  Lake, 
ai  sheet  of  water  about  of  25  miles  in  diameter.  The  Sorel 
rir  Richelieu  River,  having  its  s-jurce  in  Lake  Champlain :  the 
<<t.  Fnincis,  rising  in  Lake  Memphremagog :  the  Chaudifere, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  MegHUtic,are  the  most  iuiportant  streams 
entering  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  right. 

The  principal  rivers  of  Canada  West  are  in  the  penjn- 
Bula  fidined  by  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  on  the  S.E.,  and 
Lake  Huron  on  the  N.W.  Of  these  may  be  mentioned  the 
Trent,  in  part  of  its  course  called  the  Otanabee.  flowing  S.E. 
into  Lake  Ontario;  the  <i rand,  flowing  also  S.E.  into  Lake 
Krie;  theTh,am'3,  running  S.W.  into  Lake  St. Clair;  the  Sev- 
ern, the  outlet  of  Lake  Simcoe,  and  the  Montreal,  an  upper 
tributary  of  the  Ottawa.  The  chief  rivei-s  that  flow  towards 
IludsonV  Bay  are  the  Albany,  Moose.  Harricanaw,and  Ru- 
pert. The  lakes  of  Canada  are  extremely  numerous:  the  en- 
tire surface  being  thickly  dotted  with  sheetsofw.-iter  of  vari- 
ous dimeusinns  interwoven  with  a  network  of  connecting 
«tre:iuis.  The  largest  are  l<akes  Sup.-rior,  Huron.  Erie,  and 
Ontario,  none  of  which,  however,  belong  exclusively  tu 
Canada,  being  equally  within  the  territory  of  the  United 
States — their  N.  and  S.  shores  forming  respectively  the  N. 
and  S.  boundaries  of  these  countries. 

ObJ'ds  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Beside  the  great  Fiills  of 
Niagara,  which  Canada  shares  with  New  York,  there  are  a 
great  number  of  smaller  falls,  and  rapids,  mostly  picturesque, 
often  grand,  and  .all  important  as  a  source  of  water-power. 
The  Ott4iwa  and  its  tributaries  abound  in  these  foils  and 
rapids.  Ascending  the  Ottawa,  a  little  above  Rigauld,  you 
have  Carillon  Falls,  a  series  of  rapids  12  miles  in  length. 
Near  Bytown,  a  branch,  called  the  Rideau.  pours  its  waters 
down  .1  perpendicular  bed  of  blue  limestone,  50  feet,  into 
the  Ottaw.a,  The  Chaudidre  Falls,  (the  Indian  n.ame  of 
which  is  Kan.ajo,  •'  the  Boiling  Pot.")  in  the  s.ame  vicinity, 
are  wild  and  grand.  The  fiill  in  no  place  exceeds  40  feet, 
but  the  rapids  extend  6  miles,  and  the  water  foams,  tosses, 
and  tumbles  among  rocks  of  every  shape,  in  perpetual  va- 
riety, and  in  such  a  manner  as  never  to  wearv  the  eve.  ap- 
pearing like  a  multitude  of  different '-streams  stru>:irliug 
for  a  passage."  An  excellent  view  of  the  whole  is  had  from 
a  tine  suspension  bridge  over  the  Ottawa.  One  portion  of  the 
river  is  separated  from  the  main  stream,  and  falls  into  a 
subterranean  passage.  At  these  and  the  other  falls  are 
timber  slides,  constructed  at  great  expense.  Les  Chats, 
another  series  of  rapids  or  falls,  perhaps  30  to  50  miles  far- 
ther up.  are  formed  by  the  river  breakimr.  at  hi.'h  water, 
over  the  rocks  in  33  distinct  shoots,  spreading  across  the 
river  to  a  width  of  4  miles.  Some  of  these  separate  shoots 
■would,  in  many  places,  be  called  large  rivers.  In  short, 
thesj  are  very  remarkable  falls,  and  well  worthy  the  atten- 
tion of  the  tourist.  But  wo  cannot  particularize  further  than 
»o  say.  that  at  Calumet  there  is  another  rapid  of  scarcely  less 
Interest;  a  fall  of  120 feet  in  the  Keepawa  branch:  besides  a 
number  of  inferior  falls  and  rapids,  studded  with  saw-mills, 
and  the  hanks  in  many  places  wild  and  rugged;  while  the 
river  often  expands  into  beautiful  lakes.  The  well-known 
F.alls  of  Montmorend.  7  miles  below  Queliec,  with  a  perpen- 
dicular di'soent  of  210  feet;  the  Falls  of  the  Chau.lifire.  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  10  miles  from  Queliec.  with  a 
perpendicular  pitch  of  125  feet  down  a  wild  chasm;  the 
3.^0 


Thousand  Isles,  and  the  different  rapids  of  the  St.  La1^ 
rence.  are  all  on  or  near  the  fashionable  route  of  tourists.  ' 
But  the  grandest  river  scenery  in  Canada  is  to  be  seen  on 
the  Saguenay  River,  which  enters  the  St.  Lawrence  about 
120  or  130  miles  below  Quebec.  The  last  &)  miles  of  iti 
course  exhibits  some  of  the  most  sublime  river  scenery  in  the 
world.  The  banks,  varying  in  height  from  500  to  l.'Oo  feet, 
not  only  often  perpendicular,  but  absolutely  overhanging 
the  dark,  deep  river  lielow,  "as  if  to  gaze  at  its  own  rugged- 
features."  The  precipitancy  continues  below,  as  well  as 
above  the  water,  which  has  been  found  as  deep  within  6 
feet  of  the  shore  as  in  the  middle;  and  near  its  month  a 
line  of  3(KK)  feet  failed  to  reach  the  bottom.  The  depth  la 
other  parts  varies  from  100  to  1000  feet.  The  Indian  n.ame, 
'•  Chicoutimi."  signifies  deep  water.  The  upper  half  of  the 
Saguenay  abounds  in  falls  and  rapids.  Excursions  are 
made  from  Quebec  to  this  river  in  steamboats.  The  scenery 
on  the  N.  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence  alone  is  worth  the  trip. 

Animals. — Bears,  wolves,  beavers,  foxes,  raccoons,  otters, 
martens,  minks,  and  musk-rats  are  to  be  met  with  in 
Canada;  but  tlie  first  three  are  exceedingly  rare,  and  all  the 
others  are  rapidly  diminishing  in  numbers.  The  lynx  and 
wildcat  were  also  formerly  tenant.'  of  the  territory :  but 
have  now  gone  farther  N.  Deer  were  at  one  period  plenti- 
ful, but  are  also  becoming  scarce.  Squirrels  of  different  co- 
lors and  .species  are  extremely  abundant.  Wild  swans,  wild 
turkeys,  woodcocks,  and  snipes  are  occasionally  met  with; 
pigeons  are  plentiful  in  spring  and  autumn ;  ducks  of  many 
varieties,  and  wild  geese  also  abound.  Among  the  smaller 
feathered  tribe  are  many  beautiful  birds — jays,  woodpeck- 
ers, and  bl.ackblrds  of  numerous  and  beautiful  varieties, 
and  two  species  of  humming-lards.  Besides  these,  there 
are  eagles,  kites,  hawks,  horned  owls,  herons,  bitterns,  and 
crows. 

Climate. — The  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  of  the  Ca- 
nadas  is  nearly  the  same  with  the  climates  of  Norway, 
Sweden,  St.  Petersburg,  and  the  S.  parts  of  Iceland — the 
isotherm.al  line  diverging  far  to  the  N.  of  the  parallels  of 
latitude  that  connecfs  it  with  the  old  continent.  Both  the 
he:it  of  summer  and  the  cold  of  winter  are  much  creator 
than  in  the  corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe,  the  thermo- 
meter ranging  between  102°  above,  and  3ti°  below  the  Jtero 
of  Fahrenheit ;  but.  in  the  districts  adjoining  the  great 
lakes  on  its  S.  border,  the  climate  is  much  mildi-r.  and 
more  equable  than  than  thjit  of  places  more  remote — a  na- 
tural consequent-e  of  the  presence  of  great  expanses  of 
water.  In  Canada  East  the  winter  commences  about  the 
latter  end  of  November,  and  lasts  until  the  end  of  .-ipril, 
when  agricultural  operations  are  resumed;  during  this 
period  the  frost  is  generally  intense,  with  N.  winds,  and  a 
clear  atmosphere.  In  Canada  A\est  the  winter  is  con- 
siderably shorter,  and  the  sledge,  or  sleighing  season,  which,* 
in  Canada  Ea.«t,  generally  continues  for  five  months  to- 
gether, scarcely  lasts  two  in  the  upper  province.  The 
average  depth  of  .snow  that  falls  in  the  course  of  the  winter 
is  about  30  Inches,  but  is  frequently  accumulated  to  far 
greater  depths  during  snow  storms  and  drifts.  Generally 
speaking,  the  climate  of  Upper  Canada  or  Canada  \Vest  is 
much  milder  than  that  of  Canada  East,  ow-ing  chiefly  to 
its  being  nearer  the  great  lakes. 

VegeJablf  froduciinns,  AgriciiUurf.  d-c. — In  Canada  East 
as  in  all  cold  countries,  vegetation  is  necessarily  rapid,  the 
foliage  of  the  forest  being  often  unfolded  in  great  luxuriance 
in  thecourseof  afortnight.  In  Canada  West  the  transition 
from  winter  to  summer  is  less  sudden,  and  the  budding  and 
blossoming  are  more  gradual  than  in  the  lower  province.  The 
shrubs  areof  many  kinds,  and  include  the  sumach.  Fl'^werg 
of  great  beauty  and  variety  abound:  they  comprise  many 
kinds  now  cultivated  iu  English  gardens,  such  as  the  scarlei 
lobelia,  blue  lupin,  purple  gentian,  columbine,  scarlet  and 
other  honey  suckles.and  a  host  of  others.  Nearly  all  the  veseta- 
bles  and  fruits  of  England  thrive  in  the  Canadas.  particularly 
iu  the  West  province,  under  proper  cultivation.  In  the  S. 
parts.peaches  and  applesare  produced  in  such  abundance  that 
the  former  have  been  sold  for  a  quarter  of  a  dollar  per  tmshel, 
and  the  latter  for  three  half-pence.  Pumpkins  and  Si|Uashe8 
grow  in  the  open  fields  to  an  enormous  size,  often  attaining 
the  weight  of  5<J  or  80  lbs.  The  greater  (wrtion  of  both  provinces 
is  covered  byforests.  consisting  chiefly  of  whiteaiKt  red  pine, 
the  former  of  which  frefjuently  attains  the  height  of  100 
feet  to  the  first  bi-anch.  and  occa.sionally  200  feet.  Immense 
quantities  of  this  timber  are  annually  .sent  to  England. 
The  other  kinds  of  timber  are  ash.  of  various  spe<'ies.  black 
and  white  birch.  lx?e<'h.  elm.  and  hickory,  sugar-maple, 
blrdseye  or  curled  maple,  butternut  tree,  black  walnut, 
wild  cherry  tree,  {Laurus  cerasus.)  basswood  or  lime  tree; 
on  rich  moist  ground,  the  white  sycamore  and  butt-mwood 
tree;  in  the  marshes,  alder,  spotted  alder,  willow,  and  vv 
rieties  of  thorn;  and  in  the  swamps,  red  and  white  cedar, 
and  tamanack.  There  are.  besides,  spruce,  fir,  Sec  xh  fir, 
larch,  black  oak.  and  several  other  varieties. 

The  area  of  Upper  Canad.i  or  Canada  West  as  returned 

by  counties  is  20.794.S25  acres,  of  which  3,t)95,763  acres  were 

under  cultivation  in  1851.  and  C,l:Kt.t>54  acres  wen-  oc»-u- 

I  pied  lands  not  under  cultivation.   Of  the  ground  uudei  the 


CAN 


CAX 


plough,  780,385  acres  were  in  wheat,  producing  12,676,603 
bushels,  or  16  H*60  bushels  per  acre;  70,040  acres  in  corn, 
producing  1,680,441  bushels  or  24  l-lo  bushels  per  acre; 
38,975  acres  in  rye.  yieldino  479,615  bushels;  192,095  acres 
in  peas,  yieldiiit;  2.872.413  bushels;  and  421,338  acres  in  oats, 
producing  11,180,161  bushel.^,  or  26  1934  bushels  per  acre. 
I'he  live  stock  comprised  296,924  cows,  (value  1,113,405/.,) 
which  yielded  15,976,ol5  pounds  of  butter,  and  2,226,776 
pounds  of  cheese;  203.300  horses,  (value  2,541,250/.;) 
193,982  working  oxen,  (value  1,163,892/.;)  254.9S8  young 
Ciittle,  and  968,022  shei'p.  The  latter  yielded  2,699,764 
pounds,  of  wool,  avenii;in};  2  14'16  pounds  pur  fleece.  In 
Ohio  the  average  per  tleece  in  1850  was  2  9-16  pounds.  The 
averiige  yield  of  butter  per  cow  in  Canada  was  53J  pounds  ; 
and  of  cheese,  7i  pounds.  The  yield  per  cow  iu  Ohio  (ISoOj 
was  63i  pounds  of  butter,  and  38^  of  cheese. 

The  returns  for  Canada  Kast  are  less  Kitisfactory.  The 
area  as  given  by  counties  comprises  134,393.600  acres,  of 
which  3,605,076  acres  only  were  under  cultivation,  and 
4,508,303  acres  occupied  but  not  cultivated.  Of  the  laud 
under  cultivation,  355,926  acres  were  in  wheat,  yielding 
3,480,343  bushels  or  9  5'6  bushels  per  acre  ;  18,891  acres  in 
Indian  corn,  producing  343,103  bushels,  or  18  7'30  per 
acre;  39,007  acres  in  rye,  producing  390.220  bu.shols,  or 
10  bushels  per  acre;  492,018  .icres  in  oats,  yielding  10.248,679 
bushels,  or  20  1317  bushels  per  acre;  and  137,660  acres  in 
peas,  yielding  1,.351,074  bushels.  The  live  stock  consisted 
of  294,514 cows,  (value  1,104,427/.,)  yielding  9,673,152  pounds 
of  butttjr.  and  5ll.014  pounds  of  cheese,  (33  pounds  of  the 
former,  and  IJ  pounds  of  the  latter  to  each  cow;)  182,077 
horses,  (value  2,275,9(52/.;)  111,819  working  oxen,  (value 
670,914/. ;)  180,317  young  cattle,  and  629,827  sheep.  The  latter 
yielded  1,430,976  pounds  of  wix)l,  being  an  average  of  2  4-16 
pounds  per  fleece.  The  total  produce  of  the  Canada  farms 
as  given  by  the  census  of  1852  was  wheat,  16,155,946  bushels, 
value  3,2;J1,190/. ;  Indian  corn,  2.029,544  bushels,  value 
253.693?.;  rye,  860.835  bushels,  value  108,72J/.;  oats, 
21.434,840  bushels,  value  1.071,742/.;  pea.s  4,223,487  bushels, 
value  633.523/.;  buckwheat,  1,169.681  bu.shels,  value 
116,968/.;  barley,  1.389,499  bushels,  value  208,424/.;  pota- 
toes. 10,080,173  bushels,  value  630,011/.;  hay,  1,647 ,4;J5  tous; 
hemp  and  flax,  1,917,666  pounds;  hops,  224,222  pounds; 
tohacco,  1,253,128  pounds  ;  beef,  182,659  bbls. ;  pork,  533.928 
bbls.;  swine,  825,476;  and  maple-sugar,  9,772.199  pounds. 
Whaiit,  as  will  be  perceived,  is  the  chief  article  cultivated 
by  the  Canadian  farmer  ;  but  in  the  Lower  province  the 
crop  is  not  sufiicient  to  maintain  the  population,  tlie  defi- 
ciency being  made  up  by  importations  from  Canada   Vest. 

Iiitirnal  Iinprnoemi'.nt<. — In  the  fall  of  1853,  Canada  had 
225  miles  of  railway  in  operation:  1131  in  cour.se  of  cou- 
Btruction,  and  688  miles  for  whic'h  charters  had  been 
granted;  anfl,  in  .Tanuury,  1851.  the  two  Canadas  had 
already  823  miles  of  railw.ay  completed.  Those  now  (1851) 
in  opei-ation,  connect  IJulfitlo  and  Niagara  Kails  with  IIi- 
milton.  Brantford,  Paris,  Loudon,  and  Windsor  opposite 
Detroit;  Toronto,  with  Ouelph,  Hamilton,  and  Barrie  on 
Lake  Simcoe ;  Cobourg  witli  I'eterborough.  and  Bytown  with 
Prescott.  all  in.  Canada  West ;  Montreal  Is  united  by  con- 
necting lines  of  railroad  with  New  York,  Boston,  and  Port^ 
land,  Maine.  A  biani'h  road  unites  Quebec  with  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad  at  Richmond.  Besides 
these,  there  are  a  few  short  branch  roads. 

The  commerce  of  the  Canadas  is  greatly  facilitated  by 
numerous  canals,  some  of  which  are  stupendous  achieve- 
ments. The  principal  are  the  Hideau  and  Welland  Canals. 
The  first  is  135  miles  long,  extending  from  Lake  Ontario,  at 
Kingston,  to  the  Ottawa  at  Chaudi^re,  and  is  large  enough 
to  receive  vessels  of  120  tons  burden.  Tbe  W'elland  Canal, 
which  has  been  recently  enlarged,  unites  Lake  Krie  with 
Lake  Ontario.  It  is  45  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  10  feet  deep. 
The  tonnage  of  this  canal  from  January  1,  to  September  30, 
1853,  was  780,3.35  tons.  The  other  more  noticeable  canals 
are  the  Cornwall  Can.al,  12  miles  long,  which  avoids  some 
cf  the  most  violent  rapids  of  the  St.  I^awrence;  the  Beau- 
harnois  Canal,  about  the  same  length,  uniting  the  Lakes 
St.  Francis  and  St.  Jjouis ;  the  Lachine  Canal,  extending 
from  Lake  St.  Louis  to  Montreal;  the  Chambly  Canal, 
uniting  Lake  Champlain  with  the  Richelieu  I^iver,  and  a 
number  of  others  of  less  note,  many  of  them  short  cuts  to 
avoid  tiie  rapids  of  rivers.  Both  the  internal  and  external 
trade  of  the  Can.adas  are  likely  to  be  greatly  benefited  by 
the  railway  from  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia,  to  Quebec,  the 
construction  of  which  was  sanctioned  by  the  government 
of  Great  Britain  in  1851.  and  a  guarantee  given  of  a  fixed 
interest  on  the  outlay  required.  This  important  line  will 
give  the  Canadas,  throughout  the  year,  the  advantage  of  an 
additional  open  seaport,  of  which,  from  the  freezing  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  they  had  been  entirely  destitute  previous  to 
th#  opening  of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad  in 
1853.    The  public  works  in  1853  produced  nearly  $600,000. 

Manufactures. — Immense  quantities  of  lumber,  in  the 
form  of  boards,  planks,  staves,  deals,  masts,  spars,  laths. 
Gal's,  shingles,  handspikes,  &c..  are  manufactured  in  Canada, 
ond  largely  exported.  According  to  the  census  of  1851, 
there  weie  (abricated  1.308.3.-i7  yards  of  fulled  cloth;  904,478 


of  linen;  and  2,030,151  of  flannel.  Cider  and  ale  are  made 
in  both  provinces,  and  great  Quantities  of  whiskey  are  dis- 
tilled in  Canada  AVest.  Ship-building  also  forms  an  im- 
portant and  increasing  branch  of  business.  In  1851, 
446,935  tons  of  shipping  were  built,  of  which  30,387  tou» 
were  constructed  at  Queliec.  At  the  latter  port,  41.505  ton* 
were  built  in  1851.  In  1845,  but  41  vessels,  of  25.536  long, 
were  built  and  registered  at  the  various  ports  of  Can:ula. 

Cummercf. — .\ccording  to  the  late  returns,  the  total  value 
of  the  imports  from  ali  foreign  ooiiutries  in  1853  auviunted 
to  $31,981,436,  of  which  $11,782,147  wore  from  the  United 
States,  and  $18,489,121  from  Great  Britain.  The  exports 
for  the  same  period  amounted  to  $23,801,303.  of  which 
$10,725,455  were  to  the  United  States,  and  $11,465,408  were 
to  Great  Britain.  The  trade  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada  amounted  in  1851  to  3,387.519  tons  by  steam  naviga- 
tion, and  701,937  tons  in  sailing  ves.sels.  The  sea  tonnage  of 
tlie  ports  of  Montreal  and  Quebec  for  the  same  year  was 
589,481  tons,  inward  bound,  of  which  533.821  were  to  Quebec ; 
and  the  outward  bound,  623,661  tons,  of  which  586,093  were 
from  Quebec.  The  vessels  entered  inward  at  Quebec  in  1853 
were  1240;  tonnage,  605.024:  outwards,  1228  vessels:  ton- 
n.age,  518,580.  Among  the  leading  articles  exported  in  1851, 
were  pot  and  pearl  ashes  to  the  amount  of  $831,916;  pine 
timl)er,  $2,096,644;  planks  and  boards,  $1,711,596:  flour, 
$2,631,632;  wheat,  $635,944;  besides  butter,  cattle,  horses, 
oats,  barley,  rye,  copper,  and  wool ;  ash,  elm,  birch,  and 
o;ik  timber;  and  staves,  laths,  masts,  spars,  shingles, 
firewood.  &c.  Ac.  Received  in  duties,  $1,166,144.  In  1853 
there  arrived  at  Quebec  1188  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  bur- 
den of  531,648  tous,  (of  which  86,190  were  foreign,)  bringing 
36,176  emigrants.  There  were  building  in  January.  1854, 
at  the  s.amB  port,  29  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  of  30.000 
tous.  The  duties  for  1853  amounted  to  969,784/.,  or  about 
$1,500,000.  The  imports  for  the  first  six  months  of  the 
s;ime  year  amounted  to  more  than  $11,200,000.  There 
arrived  at  Montreal  from  sea  in  1853,  vessels  to  the  num- 
ber of  253,  witli  a  tonnage  of  60,507  tons.  Imports  for  Mon- 
treal alone  for  the  same'  periixl,  more  than  $14,400,000  if 
the  return  was  in  colonial  currency,  but  $18,000,000  if  in 
sterling  money. 

Government,  Religion,  Erluaxliftn,  d-c. — The  government 
of  Canada  is  in  imitition  of  that  of  the  United  King- 
dom. The  executive  power  is  wielded  by  the  governor- 
general,  wlio  is  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  is  assisted 
in  the  administnition  of  affairs  by  an  executive  council, 
the  members  of  which  am  appointed  by  the  governor, 
and  the  tenure  of  their  offices  depends  upon  their  re- 
ceiving the  support  of  the  Provincial  I'arliament  of  United 
Can.ada.  The  members  of  the  executive  council  nin.st  hold 
.soats  in  eitiier  branch  cf  the  Provincial  Parli.iment.  The 
Frovinci.il  House  is  called  the  legislative  council,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  are  summoned  by  the  (luoen,  and  hold  their 
seats  for  life,  unless  forfeited  by  cri:!ie.  The  L»^^i>lative 
House  consists  of  84  memliers.  elected  l>y  the  peopli-.  In 
counties,  a  40s.  sterling  IVet^hold  confers  a  vote;  and  in 
cities  and  towns,  tlie  payment  of  a  yearly  rent  of  £10  stei^ 
ling.  The  forms  of  procedure  in  the  Provincial  Parliament 
are  identical  with  those  of  the  Imperial  Parliament.  Bills 
passed  by  both  houses  of  the  Provincial  Parliament  must 
receive  the  queen's  assent  before  they  acquire  the  force  of 
law,  and  this  the  governor  is  authorized  to  grant  in  her 
majesty's  name,  or  to  reserve  the  bills  for  the  signification 
of  the  queen's  pleasure  thereon.  The  gioss  revenue  of 
United  Canada  for  1853  was  692.206/.;  gross  expenditure 
for  sjime  year,  521.634/.  The  entire  public  debt  of  Canada 
in  1849  ,amounU»tl  to  5.208.640/.,  of  which  4,506,267/.  has 
been  expended  on  public  works. 

The  prevailing  religion  in  Canada  E.ist  or  Lower  Canada 
is  that  of  the  Romish  Church.  In  Canada  West  or  Upper 
Canada  the  Knglish  Church  predominates.  According  to 
the  census  of  1851,  the  religious  denominations  in  the  Ca- 
nadas were  as  follows: — Church  of  Rome,  914,561  commu- 
nic:ints;  Church  of  Kngland,  268.592;  Presbyterian  Free 
Church,  66.074;  Presbyterian,  110.020;  Weslevan  Me- 
thodists, 102,439;  Episcopal  Methodists,  43,891 ;  New  Con- 
nection Methodists,  10.989;  other  Methodists.-  71,520; 
Church  of  Scotland,  61.589;  Baptists,  49.846;  Congregiv- 
tionalists,  11,674;  Protestivnts,  12,208:  Lutherans,  12;107; 
Unitarians,  1183;  Bihle  Christians.  5742 ;  Christian  Church, 
4103;  Second  Adventists,  2032;  Universalists,  6134;  Quakers, 
7423;  Disciples,  264;  Jews,  351;  Mormons,  259;  Menonistg 
and  Tunkers,  8230;  creed  not  known,  7134;  no  creed  given, 
42,261;  other  creeds,  21,6.39. 

The  cause  of  education  is  attracting  much  attention. 
Of  262,735  children  in  Canada  'West,  in  1852,  99.2e4  at- 
tended the  public  schools;  and  of  176.085/.  expended  for 
school  purposes,  18,723/.  were  contributed  by  government, 
and  26,530/.  by  municipal  assessment.  There  Is  a  school 
fund  in  process  of  formation,  wh'ch  has  hitherto  produced 
no  income.  Of  3388  teachers,  380  were  Roman  Catholics, 
who  have  separate  schools.  The  salaries  of  the  male  teachers 
average  $."533,  and  of  female,  $211.  The  management  of 
schools  is  intrusted  \a  commissioners.  There  is  a  normal 
school  in  Canada  West,  and  one  Is  about  being  established 

^61 


CAN 


CAN 


bi  Canada  East.  In  the  upper  proTince  there  -were  48 
eolle^es.  academies,  and  high  schools,  in  1847;  and  in  the 
lower,  in  the  sjime  year,  were  1642  schools,  attended  by 
60,6So  pupils,  and  65  academies,  colleges,  and  high  schools. 
The  grants  for  education  amounted  to  38,888?. 

Pujiulation.  dx. — The  Upper  province,  or  Canad.i  West,  is 
settled  principally  by  emigrants  and  the  descendants  of 
emigrants  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  There  are  also 
large  numbers  of  United  States  loyalists,  or  persons  who 
■ided  with  Great  Britain  during  the  American  War,  a  mix- 
ture of  all  nations  or  their  descendants,  and  in  particular 
localities  there  are  large  settlements  of  Pennsylvani-in 
Dutch,  and  other  persons  from  the  United  .States,  scattered 
over  the  country.  In  I/)wer  Canada  or  Canada  East,  the 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  French  origin,  mostly 
descendants  of  settlers  from  Normandy,  established  in  the 
colony  previous  to  1759,  and  to  whom  they  still  bear,  in 
many  particulars,  a  close  resemblance. 

The  population  of  Canada  West  in  1824  w.as  151,097;  in 
1834.  320.693;  in  1841.  465.357;  and  in  1851,  952.004:  popu- 
lation of  Canada  East  in  1831,  511,917 ;  and  in  1851,  890.261 ; 
total.  1.842.265.  Of  these,  695,945  were  Canadians  of  French 
oridu;  651.673  Canadians  not  of  French  origin;  227,766 
born  in  Ireland;  93.929  In  England  and  Wales:  90,376  in 
Scotland;  10,116  in  Germany  and  Holland:  •56.214  in  the 
United  States:  4259  in  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince  Edward's 
Island:  3114  in  New  Brunswick;  130  in  Newfoundland; 
392  in  the  We.st  Indies;  110  in  the  East  Indies:  13(6  in 
France  and  Belgium;  43  in  Italy  and  Greece:  75  in  Spain 
and  Portugal;  41  iu  Sweden  and  Norway;  196  in  Russia, 
Poland,  and  Prussia;  247  in  Switzerland:  13  in  Austria 
and  Hungary:  142  in  Guernsey  Island:  424  in  Jersey  and 
other  British  Islands;  other  places,  2181;  born  at  sea,  178; 
and  3335  whose  birthplace  was  not  known.  The  average 
annual  emigration  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to  Ca^ 
nada  during  the  7  years  ending  1848,  was  upwards  of 
37.000:  the  largest  number  (89.562)  having  emittrated  in 
1847.  and  the  smalle.st  (20,142)  in  1844.  During  the  same 
period,  the  annual  average  emigration  to  the  United  States 
was  S5.473:  while  for  the  13  years  ending  1841,  the  average 
numbers  were  neaily  equal,  showing  that  a  decided  pre- 
ference is  now  given  to  the  United  States.  The  population 
of  both  provinces  in  1861  was  2,507,657. 

CauaJii  is  divided  into  78  counties,  the  names  of  which. 
In  Canada  West,  are  as  follows : — Addington,  Brant,  Bruce! 
Carleton.  Durham.  Dund.is.  Elgin,  Essex,  Frontenac,  Glen- 
gary.  Grey,  Orenville.  Haldimand,  Halton,  Hastings,  Hu- 
ron, Kent,  Lambton.  Lanark,  Leeds.  Lenox,  Lincoln,  Middle- 
sex, Northumberland.  Norfolk,  Ontario,  Oxford,  Peel,  Perth, 
Peterborough.  Prescott,  Prince  Edward,  Renfrew,  Russell, 
Simcoe.  Stormont.  Victoria,  Waterloo,  Wellington,  Welland. 
Wentworth.  and  York ;  total,  42.  In  Canada  East  they  are 
Beauharnois,  Bellechasse.  Berthier,  Bonaventura,  Chambly, 
Champlain.  Dorchester.  Drummond,  Gasp6,  Huntingdon, 
Kamouraska.  Leinster,  L'Isle,  Lotbinifere,  Slegantic,  Missis- 
quoi.  Montmorency,  Jlontreal,  Nicolet,  Ottawa,  Portneuf, 
Quebec,  Richelieu,  Rouville,  Rimouski,  Saguenay,  St.  Mau- 
rice, St.  Hyacinth,  Sherbrooke,  Shefford,  Stanstead.  Terre- 
bonne, Two  Mountains,  VaudreuU,  Verchdi-es,  and  Ya- 
mask ;  total,  36.    Capital,  Ottaw  a. 

Canada  has  but  few  large  cities  or  towns.  Montreal,  in 
Canada  East,  had,  in  1861,  a  population  of  90,323;  Quebec, 
51,109;  Three  Rivers,  60.=)8;  St.  Uyacinthe.  3036;  and  Sher- 
brooke, 2998.  In  Canada  AVest,  the  principal  towns  are 
Toronto,  pop.  44,320;  Hamilton.  19,096;  Kingston,  13,743; 
Loudon,  1 1,5.55;  Ottawa,  14,o69;  Belleville,  6:;77  ;  Brantford, 
6251 :  and  Colionrg.  4975. 

History. — Canada  has  its  name  from  the  Iroquois  word 
liatuUa,  signifying  a  collection  of  huts,  and  which  the  early 
European  discoverers  mistook  for  the  name  of  the  country. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  first  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot, 
in  1497 ;  but  the  first  settlement  made  by  Europeans  was  in 
1541,  at  St.  Croix's  Harbor,  by  J.<icques  Cartier,  a  French 
navigator,  who  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  which  he 
gave  its  present  name.  In  1608,  a  permanent  settlement 
was  made  by  the  French  upon  the  present  site  of  Quebec, 
Canada  being  then  called  New  France.  From  this  period 
till  1759,  the  French  continued  to  occupy  the  country, 
though  much  harassed  by  various  tribes  of  Indians,  parti- 
cularly the  Mohawks:  but  in  the  year  last  named,  an 
English  army,  under  General  Wolfe,  captured  Quebec:  and 
by  Septeml^er  8,  1760,  all  other  places  within  the  govern- 
ment of  Canada  were  surrendered  to  the  British,  and  the 
French  power  in  that  quarter  of  the  world  was  entirely  anni- 
hilated. In  1774,  by  an  act  of  the  British  Parliament,  a 
legislative  council  of  23  members  was  appointed  to  assist  the 
({overuor.  Seventeen  years  after,  Canada  was  divided  into 
two  sefKintte  provinces,  to  be  called  the  provinces  of  Upper 
and  Lower  Canada:  and  the  first  parliament  of  the  former 
met  at  Niagara  on  September  17. 1792.  In  1820,  di.ssension.s, 
chiefly  of  a  political  and  financial  character,  began  to  arise 
betwei-n  the  House  of  Assembly  and  the  executive  govern- 
ment in  Lower  Canada,  which  went  on  from  year  to  year  in- 
creasing in  intensity  and  midignlty,  deepened  by  the  na- 
tural prejudice  of  the  French  and  English  colonists,  the 
352 


former  considering  themselves  as  having  interests  difTeret.f 
from  those  of  the  latter,  till  a  crisis  arrived.  The  spirit  of 
anarchy  and  discontent  extended  to  Upper  Canada,  where 
it  began  to  manifest  itself  in  1834,  the  causes  being  substan- 
tially the  same  with  those  of  Lower  Canada.  At  length 
matters  were  brought  to  an  issue  in  the  latter  country,  by 
the  arrest,  in  1837,  of  two  popular  leaders,  who  were  res- 
cued. Warrants  were  issued  for  the  arrest  of  others;  the 
peasintry  in  the  districts  of  Chambly  and  of  Grand  Brulfi 
were  in  arms,  and  were  defeated  by  the  military.  Siniil.ir 
scenes  were  enacted  at  the  same  time  in  Upper  Canada, 
where  considerable  exasperation  prevailed  against- the  go- 
vernment. The  insurrection  here,  however,  was  also  su^ 
pressed,  but  not  before  martial  law  had  been  proclaimed. 
The  result  of  these  proceedings  was  the  reuniting  of  the 
provinces,  which  took  place  in  1840,  under  the  name  of  the 

United  Provinces  of  Canada. At\j.  and  inhab.,  Canadian, 

ka-n.A'de-an. 

*CAi?AD.\,  kJn-yd'dd,  a  village  of  New  >Iexico,  United 
States,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Santa  Fe.  A  skirmish  took  place 
here.  January  24.  1848.  between  a  detachment  of  United 
States  troops,  under  Colonel  Price,  and  the  insurgents  of 
the  territorv. 

CANAD'.\WAY  CREEK,  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
flows  into  Lake  Erie. 

CANADERAGA  (kan-a-d.a-raw'ga)  LAKE,  New  Y'ork,  in 
the  N.  pjirt  of  Otsego  CO..  is  i>etween  3  and  4  miles  long,  and 
li  miles  wide.     Its  outlet  joins  that  of  Otsego  Lake. 

CANADIAN  (ka-nA'de-ar.)  or  NORTH  CHANNEL,  one  of 
the  two  passages  (N  and  S.)  into  which  the  estuary  of  the 
St.  Lam-ence  is  divided  by  the  island  of  Anticosti.  It  is 
about  30  miles  in  breadth,  and  contains  numerous  islands 
on  the  N.  or  Canadian  side,  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Mingan  Islands,  having  passages  between,  and  places  of 
good  anchorage. 

CANA'DIAN  RIVER  rises  in  New  Mexico  among  the 
mountains  of  the  Guadalupe  Range,  about  2iK(  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Santa  Fe.  The  first  part  of  its  course  for  some  200  miles 
is  nearly  S.,  aft^r  which  it  flows  in  an  easterly  direction 
through  the  N.  of  Texas  and  the  southern  part  of  In- 
dian Territory,  entering  the  .\rkansas  River  about  500 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  entire  length  is  about  900  miles. 
During  the  dry  season  it  is  a  small,  shallow  stream,  but, 
like  other  Western  rivers,  is  subject  to  inundation  at  the 
breaking  up  of  winter.  Its  waters  are  slightly  colored, 
(whence  it  is  sometimes  called  the  "  Rio  Colorado,")  and 
have  a  brackish  taste.  Bnntcltef. — The  North  Fork  (or  Rio 
Nutria)  of  the  Canadian,  rising  near  37^*  N.  lat.  and  10.3°  W. 
Ion.,  flows  nearly  parallel  with  the  main  stream,  which  it 
joins  about  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fort  Smith.  Length,  about 
600  miles.  The  Rio  Nutria  may  more  properly  be  regarded 
as  a  tributary  than  as  a  branch  or  fork  of  the  Canadian 
River. 

C.\N.\DICE,  ka-nad'e-se.  a  post-township  of  Ontario  cc, 
New  York,  218  miles  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1026. 

C.\NAJOH.\RIE,  kan-a-jo-har'ree,  a  po.st-vill.ageand  town- 
ship of  Montgomery  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  the  ri^ht  or  S.  ban)( 
of  the  Mohawk,  and  on  the  Erie  Canal.  55  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Albany.  It  contains  5  chnrches,  2  banks,  an  academy,  1 
newspaper  office,  and  numerous  stores.  Quarries  of  build- 
ing stone  are  worked  in  the  vicinity,  llie  New  Yoik  Cen- 
tral Riiilroad  passes  on  the  otlier  side  of  the  river.  Pop. 
of  the  village,  about  2000;  of  the  township,  4134. 

C.iNAiy,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York. 

C.\NAL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  French  Creek,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Franklin, 
traversed  by  the  Franklin  Canal.     Pop.  954. 

C-\NAL,  a  post-office  of  AVarwick  co..  Indiana. 

CANAL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  San  Pete  co.,  Utah 
Territorv. 

CANAL  DO'A'ER.  Tuscarawas  co..  Ohio.     See  Dotek. 

CANALE,  kl-ndaA.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.  Pied- 
mont, province  of  Alba,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Turin.  Pop.  in 
IS^iS,  with  commune.  3905.   It  has  important  .saline  springs. 

CANALES,  kd-n^fs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  36 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  A'nlencia.  on  an  elevated  plain  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  rivers  Cailol.is  and  Santos.     Pop.  2150. 

CANAL  FULTON,  a  thriving  post-village  cf  Lawrence 
township.  Stark  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  Canal.  125  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  is 
surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  district,  from  which  a  large 
auantity  of  wheat  is  exported  by  the  canal.  Pop.  aliout  600, 
*  CANAL  LEW'ISVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Coshocton  co, 
Ohio. 

CANAL  PORT,  a  village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  4  ujlles  S.W. 
of  Chicago. 

CANAL  WIN'CHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Violet 
township,  Fairfield  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal, 
about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus,  and  the  same  distance 
N.AV.  of  Lnncister.     Pop.  in  1850.  352. 

CANAAIINA,  ki-ni-mee'ni,  a  town  of  Dahomey,  about  12 
miles  .S.  of  Aliomey.  It  is  scattered  over  a  great  area,  and 
contains  a  hou.se  set  apart  by  the  king  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  white  men.  The  surrounding  coiint*^  is  level  aud 
ciUtivated.    Pop.  10,000. 


-J 


CAN 


CAN 


CANANDATGUA,  kan-an-dA'gwa,  a  beautiful  post-Tillace, 
capital  of  Ont;irio  co.,  New  York,  situated  at  the  nortiiern 
extremity  of  a  l.ike  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  Roches- 
ter and  .Syracuse  l!ailro;id.  29  miles  S.E.  of  Itoclieater,  and 
about  220  miles  tiy  railroad  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  Lat.  42° 
64'  N.;  Ion.  77°  17'  W.  It  is  equally  distinguished  for  the 
picturesque  l)eauty  of  its  situation  and  the  elegance  of  its 
buildings.  The  ground  descends  gently  from  the  upper 
part  of  the  village  towards  the  lake,  of  which  it  commands 
an  extensive  prospect.  Many  of  the  residences  are  sur- 
rounded by  gardens  and  ornamented  grounds.  Canan- 
daigua  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  churches  of 
the  I'resbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Baptists,  Methodists,  and 
Catliolics,  3  banks,  and  2  printing  offices.  This  place  is  tlie 
terminus  of  two  railroads,  which  extend  to  Elraira  and  to 
Niagara  Falls.  Incorporated  in  1815.  Pop.  of  the  village,  in 
1855, 4248 ;  in  1860,  about  5000 ;  of  the  township,  in  1860, 7075. 

CAXAXDAIGUA,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michi- 
gan, 14  miles  S.W.  of  Adrian. 

CANANDAIGUA  LAKI<:,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  situ- 
ated in  the  W.  centnil  part  of  New  York,  is  included  chiefly 
within  the  limits  of  Ontario  county.  Length,  about  15 
miles;  breadth,  from  three  quarters  to  one  and  a  half  miles. 
Its  outlet  joins  Mud  Creek  at  Lyons  to  form  Clyde  Kiver, 
which  flows  into  Peneea  Itiver.  Its  waters  abound  in  fine 
fish.  The  surface  is  stated  to  be  4.37  feet  above  Lake  On- 
tario.   The  lake  is  frozen  almost  every  winter. 

CAXAXDAIGUA  OUTLET.    See  Camandaigua  Lake. 

CAXAXKA.  ki-nS-ni'i,  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Hiio  Paulo,  on  a  small  island  In  the  Bay  of  Tara- 
pande.    Lat.  25°  ,S.     Pop.  2000,  suburbs  included. 

CAXAX'OHE.  kdn^a-nOr',  (anc.  ti/naru.)  a  seaport  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  at  the  head  of  a 
small  bay,  53  miles  X.X.W.  of  Calicut.  It  has,  with  its 
suburbs,  about  11,000  houses,  and  is  the  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory long  governed  by  female  sovereigns,  and  comprising 
most  of  the  Laccadive  Islands.  It  has  an  active  trade  with 
Bengal.  Arabia,  Sumatra.  &c. ;  imports  horses,  piece  goods, 
almonds,  sugar,  opium,  silk,  benzoin,  and  camphor:  e.xports 
peppr^r.  cardainoi'.is.  sandal-wood.  coir,  and  shark-fins. 

C.4N.\.RA  or  K.\X  ARA,  kin'a-ra,  the  westernmost  district 
of  the  Madras  presidency,  in  British  India,  on  the  Malabar 
coast,  between  lat.  12°  and  15°  N.     Pop.  759.776. 

CAXAHIKS.  ka-nVr^z,  or  CAXARY  1SLAXD.S,  (Sp.  atnor 
Has.  kd-ud're-ils :  Fr.  /In  Omaries,  eel  kd'niree':  Ger.  Kana- 
rische  Instln.  kj-nd'rish-eh  iu's^ln;  &nc.  Pirluna/lasJii>sxtl(f, 
i.  e.  "  Happy  Islands,"  so  called  because  they  were  ima- 
gined by  the  early  Greeks  to  contain  the  Elysian  Fields, 
into  which  favored  heroes  passed  without  dying,)  an  archi- 
peLagD  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  00  miles  from  the  W. 
coast  of  Northern  Africa,  betweeu  lat.  27°  40'  and  29°  25'  N., 
and  Ion.  13°  25'  and  18°  16'  W.  They  consist  of  7  principal 
islands  and  several  islets,  arranged  in  the  following  order 
from  E.  to  W: — Lanzarote  and  Fuertaventura,  with  the 
Islets  of  Gr.aciosa.  Santa  Clara,  AUegranza,  and  Ijobos;  Gran 
Canaria,  Teneritfe,  Gomera,  Palma,  and  Ilierro,  (Ferro.) 
Area  of  the  whole,  2980  English  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1849,  257.719.  The  coasts  of  the.«e  islands  are  rocky  and 
abrupt,  and  they  are  covered  with  mountains,  some  of 
which  attain  a  great  elevation,  the  i'ieo  de  Teydo  in  'I'ene- 
rilFe  being  12.182  feet.  Their  geological  formation  is  most 
singular  and  interesting ;  it  consists  of  a  continuous  series 
of  volcanic  mountains,  which  rise  in  a  circular  form  from 
the  coast  around  a  principal  crater,  which  serves  as  an  axis ; 
the  greater  part  of  them  are  deeply  indented,  and  in  the 
form  of  a  cone  reversed.  The  surfaee  is  volcanic,  presenting 
a  succession  of  mountains  and  plains,  extinct  craters  and 
fertile  valleys.  There  are  no  rivers,  but  numerous  torrents. 
The  tropical  heat  is  moderated  by  the  Atlantic  breezes,  and 
the  climate  is  equable.  AVinter  is  almost  unknown  on  the 
coasts.  In  October,  the  warmest  mouth,  the  temperature 
varies  from  78°  to  S7°  Fahrenheit:  and  in  January,  the 
coldest,  it  is  from  60°  to  60°  Fahrenheit,  near  the  sea ;  de- 
crejising  with  the  elevation.  The  rainy  se.ason  commences 
in  Xovember,  and  continues  till  Febmary :  during  the  dry 
season,  from  April  to  October,  the  weather  is  uniformly  fine, 
and  the  trude  winds  blow  steadily.  E.  and  S.E.  winds  are 
tlie  scourge  of  those  islands;  blowing  over  the  burning 
plains  of  Africa,  they  carry  a  hot  and  extremely  dry  air, 
which  destroys  vegetation  and  induces  disease.  In  1704  the 
Canaries  suffered  severely  from  this  cause.  Fresh  water  is 
80  scarce,  especially  in  the  S.  parts  of  the  islands,  as  in  some 
seasons  to  induce  many  of  the  inhabitants  to  emigrate.  The 
Tegetation  of  these  islands  is  not  less  interesting  than  their 
geological  formation.  (See  Johnston's  Physical  Atlas.)  The 
chief  productions  are  the  cochineal  insect,  oil,  grain,  pota- 
toes, the  sugar-cane,  and  exquisite  fruits  of  all  kinds;  and 
the  surrounding  seas  abound  in  fish.  The  principal  foreign 
trade  is  caiTied  on  with  the  United  States,  England,  and 
Hamburg,  and  there  is  considerable  commerce  between  tlie 
different  islands.  Wine  was  formerly  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
ducts, but  a  few  years  since  a  fatiil  disease  attacked  the 
vines,  so  that  now  few  or  no  grapes  are  raised.  The  goat 
Is  among  the  most  valuable  animals;  all  the  domestic 
animals  of  Europe  are  easily  naturalized.    The  camel  and 


the  ass  are  used  as  bea.«ts  of  burden.  Among  birds  are  the 
vulture,  bustard,  pheasant,  wood-pigeon,  red  partridge, 
bl.ackbird.  linnet,  and  the  thistle-finch  or  canary  Idrd.  Tlie 
inhabitants  are  of  European  origin,  mostly  Spaniards 
Since  1493  these  islands  have  belonged  to  Spain,  of  which 
kingdom  they  form  a  province,  governed  by  the  same  laws 
as  the  peninsular  portion;  thecapital  ofthe  whole  archipelago 
is  Santi  Crux  de  Teneriffe. Inhab.CANARiAX.  k.vnA/re-an. 

CAX.\I{'SIE.  a  post-office  of  King's  co..  New  York. 

CAXARY  ISLAND,  (Sp.  Grim  Canaria.  grSn-'  kd-nd/re-a,) 
an  island  near  the  centio  of  the  group  of  the  Canaries,  of  a 
circular  form.  Area.  758  .square  miles.  Pop.  57.625.  Length, 
from  S.W.  to  X.E.,  35  miles;  at  the  X.E.  point  a  portion  de- 
tached from  the  mass  is  joined  by  a  peninsula.  Surface 
mountainous :  culminating  point.  El  Cumbre,  6648  feet  in 
elevation.    Capital,  Las  i'aluias. 

CAN  AS,  kd'nds\  a  province  of  Peru,  in  the  department, 
of  Cuzco.     Pop.  in  1S50.  37.605. 

CAXASAU'G-4..  a  post-village  of  Polk  co,,  Tennes.see,  about 
170  miles  E.S.K.  of  Nashville. 

CAXASEUAGA,  kan-na-.ser-au'ga,  a  village  of  ^ladi.sonco., 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  Can.al,  210  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

C.iNW.'^TO'TA,  a  post-village  of  Lenox  township.  Madison 
ro..  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  32  miles  W.  of  Utica.  It  contains  3  churches 
and  a  bank.     Pop.  in  1800,  estinuife<l  at  1200. 

CANASTRA,  kd-nds'trd.  a  mountain  range  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Min.ts  Geraes,  stretchins  S.K.  from  the  S.  termina- 
tion ofthe  Serra  Matto  Gordo,  which  fjrms  part  ofthe  boun- 
ditry  between  the  provinces  of  Goyaz  and  Minas  Geraes. 

CAffAVAIiAI^DE-ALCONETA,  kdn-yd-vd-rdl'-da-dl-ko- 
nd'td,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estramadura,  23  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Caceres.     Pop.  2355. 

CANA-VERDE.  kd/nd-vSK/dft,  a  town  of  brazil,  province  ot 
Minas  Geraes,  12  miles  from  Tamandua,  with  a  church. 
Pop.  3000. 

CANAVEZES,  kd-nd-v4/z?s.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Minho,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Penafiel.    Pop.  1500. 

C.4^NB0R0,  a  small  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
llaldimand,  35  miles  S.  E.  of  Hamilton.  It  contains  three 
stores,  and  a  saw  mill.     Pop.  about  200. 

CANCALE.  kSN<=^kdl',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  department 
of  lllo-et-Vilaine,  on  a  bay  ofthe  same  name,  in  the  English 
Channel,  8  miles  FI.N.E.  of  St.  Malo.  Pop.  in  1852,  .W26. 
flood  anchorage  is  found  Ix-tween  it  and  some  rocks  off  the 
shore,  from  which  oysters  are  extensively  fished. 

CANCAO,  kdn'kcW',  K ANG-IvAO,  kdng'-kOw'.  or  HA-TIAN, 
hd'-tee-dn',  a  .seaport  town  of  Farther  India,  in  Camliodi.a.  on 
a  river,  near  its  mouth,  in  thetiulf  of  Siam.  L.at.  10°  15'  N.; 
Ion.  105°  B.     It  has  an  active  commerce  in  timlier  and  iron. 

CANCELL.VR.\,  kdn-chjl-ld'rd,  a  town  of  Naples,  proviuce 
of  Basilicata.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Potenza.    Pop.  3230. 

CANCIIIS,  kdn'chees\  a  province  cf  Peru,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cuzco.     Pop.  in  1850, 30,400. 

CAXCOUPA,  kdn-kocVpa,  a  town  of  Indi.i,  Deccan,  Mysore 
dominions.  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chittoldroog. 

CANCUN,  kdn-kfjon',  an  i.sland  of  Yucatan,  near  the  mouth 
ofthe  BuUina.  is  .aljout  8  miles  long  by  IJ  broad. 

CANDAHAR  or  KANDAHAR,  kdn^dd-han'.  called  by  the 
Afghans  AHMED-SHAHEE,  (Ahmed  Sh.ihi.)  dh'miM'-shd/- 
hee\  a  fortified  city  and  the  cai>itiU  of  Central  Afi;hanistan, 
in  a  fertile  plain.  3484  feet  above  the  sea.  200  miles  S.W.  of 
CalKX)l.  Lat.  32°  37'  N.;  Ion.  06°  20'  E.  Pop.  variously  stated 
fiom  25.000  to  100,000,  mostly  Afghans,  but  including  many 
Persians,  Oozbeks,  Beloochees,  Jews,  and  Hindoos,  which 
last  almost  monopolize  the  commerce.  It  is  endosetl  by 
bastioned  mud  walls,  3J  miles  in  circumference,  and  by  a 
ditch ;  and  it  has  a  citadel  on  its  N.  side.  Two  principal 
streets,  about  50  yards  broad,  and  lined  with  shops,  tra- 
verse the  interior  in  opposite  directions,  intersecting  at  its 
centre,  where  is  a  kind  of  circus,  and  a  domed  market-place. 
Houses  mostly  ill  built  of  wood,  and  with  domed  or  flat 
roofs;  thoroughfares  filthy,  though  the  place  is  well  sup- 
plied with  water  from  canals  and  wells.  The  mosques  are 
mean,  and  almost  the  only  public  building  worthy  of  no- 
tice is  the  Tomb  of  Ahmed  Shah,  (the  founder  of  the  modern 
town.)  an  octagonal  edifice.  40  feet  in  diameter,  by  70  feet 
in  height,  and  mounted  on  a  platform.  Various  m.anufac- 
tures  are  carried  on  in  Candahar,  and  its  tiansit  trade  ia 
consideralle.  Its  vicinity  is  well  watered  by  canals  from 
the  Urgbundaub  River,  4  miles  westward,  and  produces  the 
finest  fruits,  with  corn,  tobacco,  madder,  Ac.  In  lS:j9,  the 
government  revenue  from  it  and  the  city  was  estimated  at 
80.000i.  a  year.  Candahar  is  supposed  to  have  been  origin- 
ally founded  by  Alexander  the  Gi-eat.  It  was  taken  by 
Tamerlane  in  1384,  and  by  Shah  Abbas  of  Persia  in  1620, 
and  was  held  by  British  troops  from  1839  to  1842,  when  it 
was  finally  evacuated. 

CANDE.  k5N°MA',  a  townof  France,  department  of  Maine- 
et'Loire,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Segre,  on  the  Endre.     Pop.  1609. 

CAXDEISH  or  KIIAXDEISII,  kan-dAsh'.  one  of  the  old 
Mahratta  provinces  of  Hiudostan,  between  lat.  2u°  and  22° 
X.,  and  Ion.  73°  and  76°  E..  .and  now  composing  the  British 
district  of  Caudeish,  with  some  parts  of  the  Indore  and  XI- 
zam's  dominions. 

S63 


CAN 


CAN 


CANl>EISn.  a  district  of  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  is 
enclosed  by  the  districts  of  Surat  and  Ahniednu-ipar,  and 
the  Indore.  Gwalior,  Nizam's,  and  Guieowar's  territories. 
Pop.  478,457.  Uhe  chief  rivers  are  tlie  Xertiudda  and 
Taptee.     The  district  was  conquered  by  the  British  in  1819. 

CANDKLA,  kdn-d.Vli,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capi- 
tanata.  22  miles  S.  of  Fogpia.     Pop.  3434. 

CANDKLA.  lidn-diVlil,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion. 53  miles  S.E.  of  Coahuila. 

CANDKLARIA,  kan-dA-I^re-a,  a  rocky  islet  and  reefs  in 
the  South  Pacific,  Solomon  group.  Lat.  e°  16'  S. ;  Ion.  159° 
20'  E.     Discovered  by  Montana  in  1507. 

CANDKL.A.KIA,  k&n-dk-Wre-L  a  hay  of  Central  America, 
on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  W.  of  Choco 
BiiV.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Atrato.     Lat.  8°  10'  X. ;  Ion.  77°  W. 

CANDKLARIA,  kdn-d.'l-ia're-a,  a  town  of  the  Argentine 
Republic,  department  of  Corrientes,  on  the  ParanA,  nearly 
opposite  Itapua,  (in  Paraguay.) 

CANDELARIA.  kin-dA-Wre-i,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Ca- 
naries, on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Teneriffe. 

CANDELARIO,  kdn-dd-li're-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
40  miles  S.  of  Salamanca,  on  a  slope  of  the  Sierra  de  Bejar. 
Pop.  20S9. 

CANDELARO,  kiln-dA-l3'ro,  a  river  of  Naples,  rises  in 
Mount  Liburno,  and,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  about  40  miles, 
enters  the  Adriatic,  3  miles  S.  of  Manfredonia. 

CANDELEDA,  k&n-di-Wni,  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Castile, 
42  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Avila,  at  the  point  of  junction  with 
New  Castile  and  Estremadura.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
employed  in  weaving,  making  hats  and  bricks,  expressing 
oil,  and  in  husbandry.    Pop.  4730. 

CANDELO,  kin-di'lo.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.  3} 
miles  S-E.  of  Biella,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Cervo.   P.  2538. 

CANDES.  kftxd.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et- 
Loire,  7i  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Ohinon,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Loire.    Pop.  of  commune.  800. 

CANDH  AR,  kdnMar',  or  GUXDHARA,  gnn-d'hS-rd,  a  town 
of  India.  80  miles  S.E.  of  Jeypobr. 

C.\NDn.\R.  a  town  of  India,  Deccan,  Nizam's  dominion, 
69  miles  N.  of  Beeder. 

C.\NDT  A.  an  i.sland  in  the  MeditciTanean  Sea.   See  Crete. 

CANDIA,  kdn'de-a,  or  MEGALO-KASTRO,  meg'a-lo-kis'- 
tro,  (modern  Gr.  pron.  meg^3-lo'-k3s'tron ;  anc.  Ma'tium?)  a 
fortified  seaport  city  and  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Crete, 
near  the  centre  of  its  N.  coast.  Lat.  of  the  principal  mina- 
ret, 35°  21'  N. ;  Ion.  25°  8'  9"  E.  Pop.  12.000,  neariy  all  Mo- 
hammedans. Its  massive  fortifications,  decaj-ed  docks, 
arsenal,  extensive  arched  vaults  for  g!»lleys,  and  a  large 
cathedral,  were  constructed  by  the  Venetians.  Its  harbor, 
formed  by  two  moles,  each  tei'minating  with  a  fort,  is  now 
so  choked  as  to  be  available  only  fir  ves.«els  drawing  8  feet 
of  water;  and  its  trade  is  much  less  important  than  that  of 
Khaniii.  (or  Canea.)  Oi5  miles  W.  Streets  wide  and  roujrhly 
paved:  houses  well  built,  and  interspersed  with  gardens 
and  fountains.  Principal  edifices,  the  pasha's  palace,  ba- 
zaars, and  mo.sques.  a  synagogue,  light-house,  and  public 
baths.  Chief  manufacture  is  that  of  soap.  The  exports  in 
1846,  consisting  of  honey,  cheese,  oil,  wax.  soap,  wool, 
fruits,  &c.,  amounted  in  value  to  46,261/.;  and  the  imports, 
in  the  same  year,  to  70.804Z.  In  1841,  159  ships,  chiefly 
Turkish  and  Greek,  aggregate  burden  7408  tons,  entered 
the  port;  and  198  ships,  burden  9963  tons,  cleared.  Caudia 
was  taken  from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks  in  1609. 

CANDIA,  kdn'de-i,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Piedmont,  20  miles  S.  of  Novara,  province  of  Lomellino. 
Pop.  2246. 

C.\NDI.\.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont, 
province  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  2250. 

CAN'DI.\.  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 15  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1675. 

CANDU  VILLAGE,  a  postoffiee  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

CANOJLEMAS  ISLANDS.  In  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean, 
near  Sjindwich  Land.     Lat.  67°  10'  S.;  Ion.  30°  W. 

CAN'DLESBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Lincoln. 

CAN'DOU,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co..  New 
York,  on  tlie  railroad  connecting  Owego  with  Ithaca,  10 
miles  N.N.W.  of  the  former.     It  has  a  bank.    Pop.  3840. 

CANDOR,  a  postrvillage  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
20  miles  W.  of  Pittsburg. 

CANDOR  CKNTUE.  a  post-ofRce  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York. 

CAN'DOVER.  BROWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CANDOVKR.  CHILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CANDOVER,  PRKSTON,a  parishof  Engl.ind.co.of  Hants. 

CANDY,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Ceylon.     See  Kandt. 

CANE,  kain,  or  KEN,  a  river  of  India,  in  Bundelcund, 
joins  the  Jumna,  23  miles  from  Banda,  after  a  N.E.  course 
Df  250  mill's.  Its  bed  is  rocky,  and  it  is  innavigable.  It 
«eparat<^s  the  Bencral  S.W.  territories  from  the  Gwalior  and 
Bundelcund  dominions. 

CANKA.  a  seaport  town  of  Crete.     See  Khania. 

C.\NE.V'DE.\.a  post-township  of  .\lleghany  co..  New  York, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  .\ngelica,  is  intersected  by  the  Genesee 
Biver  and  Genesee  Canal.    Pop.  2125. 

C.A.NE  BOTTO.M,a  postroffice  of  L:iuderdalo  co.,  Tennessee. 
8o4 


CANE  CREEK,  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into  Coosa 
River,  a  little  below  the  Ten  Islands. 

CANE  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  through  Butler  county 
into  Arkansas,  and  falls  into  Big  Black  River  about  3  miles 
from  the  N.  boundary  of  the  latter  state. 

CANE  CREEK,  a  postKjflice  of  Chatham  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

CANE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Alabama. 

CANE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  Tennessee. 

CANE  CREEK,  a  village  of  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois,  17  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Shawneetown. 

CANE  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Missouri. 

CANEGHEM,  kSn'e-Hfim",  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  2013. 

CANE  HILL,  a  township  in  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  1082. 

CANE  ISLANDS,  or  KALIB  ROCKS,  two  rocky  islands 
in  the  Mediterranean,  oflT  the  N.  coa.st  of  Tunis,  in  North- 
western Africa,  Sj  miles  from  Cape  Zibib.  Lat.  37°  37'  N.; 
Ion.  10°  30'  E. 

CANEL,  k3-nJl',  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  in  Senegam 
bia,  on  an  aflluent  of  the  Senegal,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Sedo 
Pop.  6000.  (?) 

CANELAS.  kl-ni/lSs,  sometimes  written  CANELES,  kj- 
nJ/lJs,  a  small  mining  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation 
state  and  110  miles  N.W.  of  Durango,  on  the  S.W.  slope  ol 
the  Sierra  Madre.  Near  it  some  veins  of  mercury  have  been 
discovered. 

CANELLI,  k3-nJl1ee,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Asti,  near  the  Belbo. 
Pop.  3422. 

CANE  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia,  36 
miles  N.  of  Columbus. 

C.4.NE  RUN,  a  post-oflRce  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky. 

CANE  SPRING,  a  post-oflice  of  Bullitt  co..  Kentucky. 

CANES/VILLE,  a  village  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Grant  co, 
Indiana,  about  60  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CANET-DE-MAR,  ka-nSt'-d.^-m^R,  a  maritime  town  of 
Spain,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Pop.  2800. 

CANETE.  kln-yi'ti.  a  seaport  town  of  Northern  Peru, 
capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of 
Lima.  85  miles  S.E.  of  the  Metropolis.  Pop.  of  the  province, 
in  1850. 17.653. 

CaSeTE  de  las  TORRES.  kSn-y.VtA  Ak  Ms  ton'Rja,  a 
town  of  Spain,  25  miles  E.  of  Cordova,  near  the  CaiSalejo. 
Pop.  2410. 

CASkTE-L.A.-HCERGINA.  kdn-yi/tA-ia-hoo-er-Hee'nd,  a 
town  of  Spain.  27  miles  E.  of  Cuenca.    Pop.  12.30. 

CANKTE-LA-REAL.  kan-yi/tA-ia-r.i-ai',atownofSpain.  44 
miles  N.W.  of  Mal.Tga.  Pop.  4090.  Commerce  in  fruits  and  wine. 

CANEV.\.  kd-n-Vvd.  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  A'enice,  37  miles  W.  of  Udine.     Pop.  4270. 

CANE'VILLE,  a  township  in  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  about  50 
miles  W.  o*^  Chicago.    More  properly  Kaneville. 

CANEWDON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex.  Kin;; 
Canute  held  his  court  here. 

C.'VNEY,  kA'nee.  a  post-ofRce  of  Matagorda  co.,  Texas. 

C-A^NEY,  a  postroffice  of  Washita  co.,  Arkansas. 

CANEY  BAYOU.  kA'nee  bi'oo,  a  small  stream  of  Texas, 
which  flows  along  the  boundary  of  Matagorda  and  Brazoria 
counties,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  near  the  head  of 
Matagorda  B.ay. 

C.\NEY  BRANCH,  a  post-offlce  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

CANEY  BRIDGE,  a  post-oflico  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas. 

CANEY  CREEK,  Texas,  flows  through  Montgomery  co, 
into  the  San  Jacinto. 

CANEY  CREKK,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

C.'ANKY  CREEK,  a  village  of  Morjran  co.,  Kentucky. 

CANEY  F^RK.  a  tributary  of  Cumberland  River,  rises 
among  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  in  the  E.  central  partof 
Tennessee,  and  falls  into  the  river  at  Carthage.  Smith  co. 
Its  genei'al  course  is  N.W.,  and  its  whole  length,  perhaps, 
125  miles. 

C.'VNEY  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Tennessee. 

CANEY  SPRING,  a  postoflfice  of  Marshall  co..  T.i.nessee. 

CA'NEYVILLE.  a  pivt-vill.'i'je  in  Grayson  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  110  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

CAN'FIELD.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Engband,  co.  of  Essex. 
Here  are  remains  of  a  castle  of  the  De  Veres. 

CANFIELD,  LITTLE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

C.AN'FIELD.  a  post-township  in  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  about 
17  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Warren.    Pop.  1463. 

CANFIELD.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  M.ahoning 
CO..  Ohio,  is  situated  in  the  alx)ve  township,  166  miles  N.E. 
of  Cleveland,  and  68  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  neatly 
buiJt,  and  pleasantly  embowered  among  the  ornamental 
trees.  The  seat  of  justice  was  establi.'ihed  here  when  the 
county  was  organized  in  1846.  since  which  the  court-house 
has  l)een  erected,  and  other  improvements  made.  Canfield 
is  situated  in  a  rich  and  undulating  country,  in  which 
stone-coal  and  iron  ore  are  almndant.     Pop.  1091. 

CANKIELD'SCORNEH.apostofflceofTi(>L'a<o..  New  York. 

CANFOO  or  CANFU,  kin-fo.y,called,KANPOOby  the  Chi 
nese,  an  ancient  town  and  seapoil  o»  CUiua,  pii  vijce  of 


CAN 


CAN 


Che-kiang,  at  the  head  of  a  considerable  bay,  32  miles  S.W. 
of  Chapoo.  It  was  originally  the  port  of  Hang-CUow,and 
Is  described,  in  the  9th  century,  by  two  Arabian  travellers, 
as  the  port  of  China,  where  all  shipping  entered.  It  is 
now  deserted,  in  con.sequence  of  the  stream  that  runs  past 
it  having  become  choked  with  .«and.  The  trade  which  it 
formerly  possessed  is  now  engrossed  by  Canton  and  Chapoo. 

CA.N'FORD.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CAXFKANC,  kin-frdnk',  a  frontier  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Huesc-a,  on  a  frequented  route  between  Fiance  and 
Spain,  in  the  Pyrenees.  9  miles  X.  of  Jaca. 

CAN'OALLO,  k3n-gdl'yo,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  Its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Cuzco,  is 
situ.ated  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of  the  river  .\purimac, 
about  150  miles  \V.  of  Cuzco.  I'op.  of  province,  in  1850, 20,027. 

CANOAS  DE  OMS,  kdn'gis  di  o-neeoe',  a  town  of  Spain, 
36  miles  K.S.K.  of  Oviedo.    i'op.  fi380. 

CAXGAS  DE  TINEO,  Idn'gds  dA  tenVo,  a  town  of 
Spain.  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  Oviedo.    Pop.  502. 

CANGOZI.MA,  kdn-go-zee'ma,  or  KANGOZIMA,  kan-go-zee^- 
mi.  a  town  and  seaport  of  Japan,  .at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  Island  of  Kioo-Sioo;  lat.  31°37'  .\.,  Ion.  1.30°  29'  E.,  situ- 
ate at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Cangozima,  which  runs  about 
38  miles  inland,  with  a  bre.adth  v.arying  from  6  to  12  mile.s. 
On  a  high  rock,  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  there  is  a 
square-built  light-house.  The  harbor  is  protected  by  a  bul- 
wark and  stone  rampart,  at  the  e.xti-emity  of  which  Is  a 
guard-house.     It  is  considered  an  Important  station. 

CAN'GREJOS,  kdn-gr.i'Hoce,  or  CKAB  ISLAND,  a  small 
Island  of  South  .\merica,  Venezuela,  at  the  mouth  of  Ori- 
noco.   Lat.. 8°  50'  X.;  Ion.  60°  IS'  W. 

CANGUQU,  kdu-goo-soo',  a  modern  town  of  Brazil,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  province,  and  70  miles  N.  W.  of  San 
Pedro-doUio-Grande.   I'op.  5000. 

CANIAPUSCAW,  kanVap'us-kaw\  or  KOKSOAK,  kok'- 
so-ak\.  a  river  of  British  America.  Labrador,  issuing  from  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  running  N.  by  W.,  and,  after  receiv- 
ing two  considerable  tributirias.  falls  into  Ungava  or  South 
B.ay,  or  Hudson's  Strait,  in  lat.  59°  X. 

CAXIAI'U.SCA\V,  a  lake  of  very  irregular  shape;  is 
about  60  miles  long,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  8  to  35 
miles.     Its  northern  end  is  in  lat.  51°  45'  X.,  Ion.  67  W. 

CAXICATTI,   kd-no-kat'U'e.  a  town  of  Sicily,  15  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Girgenti,  on  the  Xaro.    I'op.  in  1862,  20,025.    In 
its  environs  are  extensive  sulphur-mines. 
.  C.WICEL'LO.  a  post-office  of  llockbridge  co.,  Virginia. 

C.A.XIGOU,  k3*ne'goo',  a  mountain  of  France,  department 
of  I'yrenoes-OrientaleB,  24:  miles  S.W.  of  I'orpignan ;  it  is 
one  of  the  culminating  points  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  9137 
feet  in  elevation. 

CAXILES,  kd-nee'Ifs,  a  town  of  Spain.  29  miles  S.W.  of 
Granada.     Pop.  4234.     It  has  linen  manufactures. 

CAXILL.\S.  kl-neel'yJs.  a  modern  commercial  town  of 
Spain,  22  miles  E.X.E.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  2247. 

C.\N1  ND  E,  ki-neeu'd.'\,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Pi.auhi, 
fells  into  the  I'arnahilia.  after  a  course  of  above  200  miles. 

CAXTXO.  kj-nee'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical 
Stites.  20  miles  W.X.W.  of  A'iterbo.  It  has  celebrated  baths, 
BJid  gave  the  title  of  prince  ta  Lucion  Bonaparte. 

CAX^ISBAY',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithnes.s. 

CAX1S'.\"I.\,  a  small  lake  in  the  X.W.  part  of  Louisiana, 
about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Bed  Hiver.  into  which  it  flows. 

CAX^I.STE'O,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Steuben  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  37  miles  W.X.W.  of  Corn- 
ing, about  60  miles  south  of  Rochester,  and  328  miles  from 
New  York  city.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Canisteo  river.  One 
newspaper  is  published  here.  Pop.  in  1850,  2030 ;  in  1860, 
23.37. 

CAVISTE/O  RIVER  rises  in  Alleghany  co..  in  the  S.S.W. 
part  of  Xew  York,  and,  running  in  a  south-easterly  course, 
falls  into  the  Tioga  River,  in  Steuben  county.  The  Xcw 
York  and  Erie  Railroad  runs  in  the  valley  of  this  river, 
near  its  left  bank,  through  almost  the  whole  of  its  coMrse. 

CAX'ISTER  ISLAXDS,  three  sm.all  islets  of  the  Mergui 
Archipelago,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  lat.  13°  X.,  Ion.  98°  E. 

CAXJ.\YAR,  kdn-Hi-aR',  a  town  of  Spain,  34  miles  W.  of 
Almeria.  E.  of  the  Sierra  Gador.  Pop.  2700. 

C.-\.X"X,   a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

C.4.X'XA,  one  of  the  IIel«dos.  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
one  of  four  islands,  forming  the  parish  of  Small  Isles.  7 
miles  S.W.  of  Skye.  Length  from  E.  to  W.,  4|  miles;  breadth, 
1  mile.     Pop.  in  1851,  240.  mostlv  Roman  Citholics. 

CAX'XADAY  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Virginia'. 

CAX'X.\.XEE'  CREEIv,  Georgi.a,  flows"into  the  Ocmulgee 
River,  in  Irwin  county. 

C.^XXE,  kdn'n.i.  a  vill.age  of  Naples,  province  of  Bari, 
near  the  Ofanto.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Barletta,  on  the  site  of 
the  field  of  Omnw,  still  called  the  ■'  C.ampo  di  S.angue," 
kim'po  dt«  sdn'gwA.  {i.e.  "  field  of  blood,")  where  Hannibal 
ifilued  a  memorable  victory  over  the  Romans.  B.  c.  216. 

r.A.XXV],  kann  or  kSn'neh,  a  village  of  Belgian  Limbourg, 
10  miles  E.X.E.  ofTongres'.     Pop.  610. 

C.4.X'XF]LT0X,  a  flourishing  post^own  of  Perry  co.,  In- 
diana, is  situated  on  the  Ohio  River.  120  miles  below  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  and  70  miles  above  Evausville,  Indiana. 


20  years  ago  it  contained  only  4  or  5  log  catiinj",  now  it  is 
the  largest  town  in  the  county,  and  has  a  court-house,  5 
churches,  elegant  residences,  and  a  large  cotton  lactory, 
called  the  Cannelton  Cotton-mill,  which  employs  several 
hundred  operatives,  and  produces  40,000  yards  of  sheetingn 
per  week.  This  establishmont,  which  is  300  feet  long  and 
4  stories  high,  is  built  of  variegated  .sandstone,  and  pre- 
sents a  splendid  appearance  from  the  river.  A  newspaiier  in 
published  here.  The  vast  beds  of  cannel  coal  which  arg 
found  in  the  adjoining  hills  give  to  this  place  superior  ad- 
vantages for  a  manufacturing  town.  The  stratum  of  coal  is 
4  or  5  feet  thick,  and  easily  accessible.  The  coal  is  used  ex- 
tensively in  the  steamboats  which  navigate  the  river.  The 
improvements  at  this  place  were  commenced  by  the  .\meri- 
can  Cannel  Co.al  Company,  which  was  incorporated  in  1*36. 
Fine  sandstone  and  fire-clay  are  found  here  in  connection 
with  the  coal.     I'op.  2155. 

C.\XXES,  kdnn,  a  seaport  town  of  Southern  France,  de- 
partment of  A'ar,  on  the  Mediterrane.an.  25  miles  X.E.  of 
Draguignan.  Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852.  5557.  It  stands  on 
a  declivity  fiicing  the  sea,  and  surrounded  by  orange  and 
olive  plantations.  It  has  an  old  Gothic  castle,  and  a  good 
quay,  but  an  indifferent  port.  Exports,  chiefly  anchovies, 
fruits,  and  corn.  Near  it  is  the  villa  of  Louise-lUeonore, 
the  property  of  Lord  Brouirham.  X'apoleon  landed  at  Cannes 
from  Elba,  on  the  1st  of  March,  1815. 

CAXXETELLO,  kSn-nA-t^lo,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  8  miles  N.  of  Reggio,  In  the  Strait  of 
Messina.  It  was  almost  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in 
1783.     Pop.,  with  Pezzo  and  I'iall,  two  small  places.  22:j<i. 

CAXNETO,  kiln-nil/to,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  20  miles  W. 
of  .Mantmi,  on  the  Oglio.     Pop.  3000. 

CAXXETO,  a  town  of  Naples.  9  miles  S.  of  Bari.   Pop.  1940. 

C.\XXIXG,  a  small  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of 
Oxford,  5  miles  W.  of  Paris.  It  contains  a  woollen  factory, 
an  axe  factory,  and  a  saw-mill. 

CAXXIXGS,  BISHOP'S.    See  Bisnop's-C.WMN'o.s. 

CAX'XIXOTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CAXXOBIO.     See  Ck^oyJimo. 

C.\X'.\OCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

CAXX(X"K-CIIASE,  formeriy  a  woodland,  but  a  bleak 
tract  of  about  25,000  aere.s,  extending  from  the  above  X.E.  tc 
the  river  Trent.  Lichfield  and  Itudgeley  are  upon  its  Tiorders. 

C.\X'XOX,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Tennessee,  has 
an  area  of  about  220  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Stones 
River  and  the  Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  i'iver.  The  sur 
face  is  uneven;  the  soil  mostly  productive.  The  county  has 
a  turnpike-road  leading  to  Xashville.  Capital,  Woodbury. 
Po]i.  S.iOO,  of  whom  8535  were  free,  and  974  slaves. 

C.VNNON,  a  town.'.hip  and  village  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan, 
about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  IIa.stings.    Pop.  1061. 

CAX'XOXBIE  or  CAN'OBY,  a'parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries. 

CAXXOXBY  CROSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

CAXXON  RIVER,  of  Slinnesota  Territory,  has  its  .=ource 
near  44°  X'.  lat..  and  93°  25'  W.  Ion. :  it  flows  first  northerly, 
then  northeasterly,  and  at  last  in  a  general  easterly  direc- 
tion, and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  near  Red  Wing  Village. 
Length,  .about  80  miles.  ' 

C.'VN'NOXSBURG,  Pennsylvania.     See  C.iN0X?nrRG. 

CANXOXSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Greenup  co.,  Kentucky. 

CAXXON'SBURG.asmall  post-vill.ageof  Hancock  co..  Ohio. 

CAXXOXSBURO,  a  post-vill.age  of  Kent  CO.,  Michigan, 
about  60  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Lansing. 

CAXXOX'S  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  eastward 
into  Broad  River,  near  the  X.  extremitv  of  Lexington  district. 

CAXXOX'S  FERRY,  a  post-oflHce  of  Sussex  co..  Delaware. 

C-^XNOX'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

CAXXOX'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CAXXOX'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAN'XOXSVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Delaware  CO..  Xew 
York,  on  the  Coquago  River,  about  36  miles  E.  of  Bingi 
hamton. 

CAXXOUCHEE,  k.jn-noo'chee,  a  small  river  of  Georgia, 
rises  in  Emanuel  cour.ty.  and  flowing  S.E.  enters  the  Opee- 
chee,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Savannah.  The  Little  Can- 
nouchee  unites  with  it  in  Bryan  county. 

CAXXOUCHEE  or  CAXOCIIEE,  a  post-office  of  Emanuel 
CO..  Georjria. 

CAXX'STADT,  k.^nn'statt,  a  walled  town  of  AVUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Xockar,  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  valley.  4  miles 
X.E.  of  Stuttgart.  It  is  the  entrepot  for  the  traffic  on  the 
Xeckar,  and  h.as  manufiictures  of  wooUen.s.  cottons,  tobacto, 
vinegar,  Ac,  with  some  dyeing  establishments.  In  the 
vicinity  are  a  number  of  mineral  springs,  forming  a  favor- 
ite resort  for  the  inhabitants  of  Stuttgart.  Close  by  are  the 
royal  seats  of  Bellevue  and  Rosenstein.  Cannstadt  is  con- 
nected by  a  railway  with  Heilbronn  and  Carlsruhe.  In  1796, 
a  battle  was  fmght  near  the  town,  between  the  Archduke 
Charles  and  General  Moreau.     Pop. 4465.  mostly  Protestants. 

CAXOBBIO,  kd-nob'be-o,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  AV.  side  of  Lago  Maggiore,  17  miles  S.AV.  of  Bet 
lingzona.    Pop.  2000. 

365 


CAN 

:3AN0E,  ka-noo',  a  to-wnship  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1470. 

CANOE  ORKEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  through  St.  Clair  co. 
l«ito  Coo.sa  Kiver. 

CANINE  PLACE,  or  NEWMAN'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of 
Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Su8- 
qiK-h:iniia.  TO  niile.s  from  Pittsburg.  Named  from  being  the 
hiirhe.-it  point  on  the  river  to  which  a  canoe  could  be  pushed. 

CANiArA,  a  po.st-village  of  F.iyette  township.  Seneca  co.. 
New  York,  half  a  mile  W.  of  Cay  uga  Lake,  and  10  miles  S.E.  of 
Waterloo.  Pop.  300.  Here  is  a  large  spring,  which  affords 
permanent  motive-power  for  a  flouring  mill  and  a  saw  mill. 

CANOMA,  Ud-no-mi'  or  kS-no'md.  a  river  of  Brazil,  pro- 
Tln<-e  of  Para,  an  affluent  of  the  Madeira,  which  it  joins  on 
the  right,  in  lat  a°  58'  S.,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  upwards 
of  -M  miles  direct  distance,  and  p.nssing  through  Lake 
Canonvi.  about  35  miles  long  by  12  miles  broad. 

CiStO?,'.  kin-von',  a  Spanish  word si,:;nif)ing  " tube"  or 
"chauuel,'appliediu  Mexico  and  South  America  to  narrow 
ani  deep  rivt-r  chaun-.>ls. 

CANON-FKOME.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Hereford, 

C.VNON'ICUT  ISLAND,  in  Narrag;mset  Bay,  llhode  Is- 
land, 2  miles  long,  and  about  half  a  mile  wide. 

C.\N0N-P10X.  a  parish  of  Engl.aud,  co.  of  Hereford. 

CAN'ONSBUIIG,  a  post-borough  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 18  miles  S.W.  from  Kttsburgh,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  turnpike-road.  It  is  the  seat  of  Jefferson 
College,  a  flourishing  institution,  which  had  in  1863,  237 
students,  and  a  library  of  10,000  volumes.    Pop.  650. 

CANOOCIIEE.    See  CtxNocciiKF. 

CAN'OON',  a  town  of  British  India,  80  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Delhi.    Situated  in  the  niid^t  of  a  desert. 

C.\N01'EK,  a  post-office  of  Adjims  co,,  Indiana. 

CANOI'CS  or  CANOBUS.    See  .Abookeeb. 

CANOMA,  kJ-no'sd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Barri,  13 
miles  S.W,  of  Barletta,  Pop,  7120,  It  has  a  ciithedral, 
founded  in  the  6th  century,  the  tomb  of  the  celebrated  Bo- 
hemond.  Prince  of  Antioch,  and  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
Ginu'siinn. 

CANOSS.A,  ki-nos'si,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Modena,  11  miles  S,W,  of  Reggio,  witli  a  castle,  in 
which  the  Emperor  llenry  IV,  performed  penance  before 
Pope  Gregory  YII.,  in  1077. 

C.\N0UAN,  kl-noo'in,  the  central  of  the  Grenadine 
Lskinds,  British  West  Indies;  lat.  12°  43'  N,  Ion.  61° 
21'  W. 

CANOUKGUE,  La,  li  ki^nooRg' or  LA  CAYOURGUE,  (!) 
Id  kd^yooRg,town  of  France,  department  of  Lozere,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  JIarvejols,  on  the  Urugue.  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Lot.  From  time  immemorial  the  centre  of  the  manu- 
faitures  of  serges  and  other  woollen  goods,  known  by  the 
name  of  OidU-de^a-Qinourgue.    Pop.  in  1S52,  1910. 

CAXQUAGA  (kan-kwah'ga)  CHEEK,  a  small  stream  of 
Erie  co..  New  Y'ork,  fiills  into  Lake  Erie,  near  20  miles  S.3.W. 
of  Buffalo. 

CANSO  or  C.\NSEAU,  (kan'so.)  The  Gut  of,  is  the  pas- 
sage between  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton,  from  the  At- 
lantic into  Northumberland  Strait.  Length,  17  miles; 
average  breadth,  2}  miles. 

,  C.\N'T.\.  kdn'td,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Lima.  50  miles  N.E.  of 
Lima  Citv,     Pop,  of  the  province,  in  1850,  16.3S4. 

CANTABUIAN  (kdn-tVbre-an)  MOUNTAINS,  in  the  N. 
of  .Spain,  form  a  prolongation  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  e.\tend 
from  these  mountains  in  the  E,  to  Cape  Finistere  on  the 
W„  about  lat.  43'  N.  The  chief  divisions  of  the  chain  are 
the  Sierras  d'.\ralar,  Salvada,  Ordunte,  .\naiSa,  Sejos,  Al- 
bas, Peila,  Jlellara,  the  mountains  of  Asturjas,  Sierra  de 
Pefiamarella,  Mondoiiedo,  Quadramon,  and  Tecyra;  gome 
of  the  summits  attain  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet. 

CANTABKIGIA,    See  Cambridge. 

CANT.^GALLO,  kdn-td-gdllo,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of.  and  85  miles  N.E.of  Rio  Janeiro,  in  an  exhausted  gold 
district.  The  products  of  the  district  ai-e  sent  on  mules  to 
the  ports  on  the  Rio  Macacu,  whence  they  are  exported  to 
Rio    Janeiro.       Pop,  4000. 

CAN'T.\L,  kS.NO^tdl,  a  central  department  of  France, 
formed  of  the  S.  part  of  the  old  province  of  Auvergne.  Area, 
2245  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1801,  240,523.  It  is  entirely 
mountainous,  occupied  by  the  mass  of  Cantal  and  its  contre- 
forts;  culminating  point,  Plomb  de  Cantal,  one  of  the 
four  princi|)al  groups  which  form  the  mountains  of  Au- 
vergne, C0J3  feet  in  elevation.  The  surface  is  almost  en- 
tire! •  covered  with  the  debris  of  extinct  volcanoes ;  it  fur- 
nishes marble  and  coal,  anl  has  numerous  mineral  springs; 
its  metallic  riches  are  unexplored.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Alagnon.  affluent  of  the  AUier;  Truy^re  and  Celle,  affluents 
of  the  Lot;  and  the  C6re,  affluent  of  the  Dordogne.  The 
soil  is  infertile,  except  in  some  of  the  valleys;  the  declivities 
of  the  mountains  afford  excellent  pastui-age.  The  chief  ma- 
il iiiacture  is  cheese,  (the  mast  celebrated  of  which  is  called 
Roquefort.)  linens,  and  paper.  The  department  forms  the 
19th  military  division  of  France,  and  is  divided  into  the 
urrimdissementsof  Aurillac,  MaurLic,  Murat,and  St,  Flour, 
its  priucipal  towns.    Capital,  AuriUac 


CAN 

CANTALAPIEDRA,  kdn-td-ld-pe-.Vdrd.  a  town  of  Spain. 
25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Salamanca,  with  107(3  inhaljit.ints. 

C.A.N'T.\LBAR/RY,  a  town  of  Northern  llindostan,  6ul> 
ject  to  Bootan.  50  miles  S.W.  of  Chuka, 

C.\NTALEJO,  kin-td-l;l'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
IS  miles  N.X.E.  of  Segovia.     Pop,  1176. 

CANT.\LICE,  kdn-tdl'echi,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  6  miles  X.  of  Civita  Ducile. 

CAXTALUPO.  klu-td-loo/po.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Sannio  orMolise.  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Campobasso.  Many 
of  the  inhabitants  perished  by  an  earthquake  in  1805.  The 
French  here  derated  the  Neapolitans  in  179S,    Pop.  22f0. 

C.-VNTELEU,  kdn'teh-lrh',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-Inferieure.  3  miles  W,  of  Rouen,  with  a  castle  and 
numerous  villiis.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1852,  3371, 

CANTENAC,  kdnHeh-ndk',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde,  10  miles  X,  of  Bordeaux,  with  a  small  port  on 
the  Gironde.     Pop,  of  commune,  85-3. 

CANTERBURY,  kan'ter-ber-e,  (anc,  DurmeHnum  or  Dar- 
verfnum ;  afterwards  called  Cuntiuifria.)  a  city,  borough, 
and  county  of  itself,  in  England,  and  its  metropolitan 
see,  within  the  county  of  Kent,  on  the  Stour,  53  miles 
E.S.E.  of  London,  with  which  it  communicates  by  rail- 
way. Lat.  61°  16'  48"  N.,  Ion,  1°  4'  31"  E,  Area,  which 
includes  14  parishes,  3240  acres.  Pop.  of  the  city,  in  1851, 
18.747,  The  p;irlianientary  and  municipal  boundaries  in- 
clude the  whole  of  the  city  and  suburbs,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  houses  in  Thauington  pari.'^h,  Ashford  Road.  It  is 
situated  in  a  rich  vale  watered  by  the  Stour,  and  has  four 
main  streets,  branching  from  a  centre  at  right  angles,  and 
each  terminating  in  a  suburb  beyond  the  ancient  walls,  con- 
siderable remains  of  which  still  exist.  Its  cathedral,  erected 
In  the  twelfth  and  two  tbllowing  centuries,  on  the  S'ite  of  the 
first  Christian  church  built  in  Saxon  England,  is  in  the 
form  of  a  double  cross,  with  a  central  ai:d  2  western  towei-s, 
and  presents  a  magnificent  union  of  almost  every  style  of 
Christian  architecture.  The  choir  is  the  largest  and  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  kingdom,  and  the  pavement  of  the  chapel 
of  the  Holy  Trinity  is  worn  into  hollows  by  the  knees  of  the 
innumerable  pilgrims  who  here  worshipped  at  the  .shrine  of 
Thomas  k  Becket,  Among  other  interesting  tombs  here  is 
th;it  of  the  Black  Prince,  A  fine  chapter-house  and  a  valu- 
able library  are  attached  to  the  cathedral,  under  which  is  a 
spacious  crypt,  used  as  a  French  Protestant  church  since  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  The  numerous  parish  churches  ai-e  mostly 
ancient,  but  possess  little  interest.  The  grammar  school, 
founded  by  Henry  VllI,  for  50  .scholars,  has  several  exhibi- 
tions and  scholarships  at  Cambridge.  There  are  numerous 
other  endowed  schools;  an  hospital  for  poor  brethren, 
founded  by  Archbishop  Lanfranc.  present  annual  revenue, 
411i,;  Jesus  Hospital,  founded  in  1595,  revenue  5S47. ;  an- 
other hospital,  with  a  revenue  of  3067.;  an  infirmary,  au  an- 
cient guild-hall,  an  exchange,  large  barracks,  a  theatre,  and 
philosophical  institution,  with  a  library  and  miiseum,  A 
fine  ancient  gateway,  and  some  rem-ains  of  St,  Au^iustine's 
Abbey,  and  of  a  Norman  castle,  the  old  Checquer's  Inn,  im- 
mortalized by  Chaucer,  and  the  Donjon  (or  Dauejohu^  Field, 
(now  formed,  with  its  mound  of  supposed  Danish  origin, 
into  a  beautiful  planted  walk,)  may  be  specified  as  objects 
of  interest. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  are  several  woollen  mills,  but 
the  chief  business  is  the  export  of  agricultural   produce, 
especi;illy  of  hops,  exten.sively  grown  in  the  neiglil «ii  hood, 
and  of  brawn,  for  which  the  city  has  some  repute,    Canter- 
bury was  formerly  noted  for  its  .silk  manulactuivs,  but  these 
have  been  supplanted  by  a  superior  kind  of  daniask  linen, 
for  which  it  is  celebrated.    It  sends  two  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons,    Canterbury  was,  previous  to  the  Ro- 
man invasion,  a  place  of  note  as  a  religious  institution.     It 
was  made  a  principal  station  by  the  Romans,  and  in  the 
second   century  Christianity  was  introduced.      It   subse- 
quently bec;inie  the  capital  of  the  Saxon  kingdom  of  Kent, 
under,  the  name  of  Caer-Cant.  hence  Ontuaria  and  Canter- 
bury.    The  arclibbhopric.  founded  A.  n.  597,  h.Hs  had  93 
archbishops,  including  the  present  primate,  the  most  famous 
of  whom  have  been  St.  .iugustine,  the  founder  of  the  *ee, 
St.  Dunstan.  Stisrand,  Lanfranc,  Anselm,  Becket,  Cai-diual 
Pole,  Cranmer,  Laud,  and  Tillotson.   The  ai-chbishop  of  Can- 
terbury is  -primate  of  all  England,"  and  the  first  peer  of 
I  the  realm,  next  to  the  royal  family.    He  crowns  the  sove- 
1  reign  in  Westminster  Abl)ey,  and  among  other  privileges  hag 
that  of  conferring  degrees  in  divinity,  law,  and  physic.   His 
I  province  comprises  20  suffi-agan  tiishoprics,  and  his  diocese 
j  258  parishes,  besides  100  parishes  called  "peculiars"  in  other 
I  sees.     His  revenue  amounts  to  alxiut  20,0C*/.  annually. 

CAXTEKBUR  Y,  a  post-vill.ige  and  township  of  Merrimack 
!  co„  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  .Montreal 
I  Railroad,  10  miles  N,E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1522. 

C.A.XTEItBURY',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windh.im 
i  CO,,  Connecticut,  about  So  miles  E.  by  S,  of  Hartford,    It 
i  has  manufactures  of  cotton  batting,  iron  castings,  carrkiges, 
and  leather.     Pop.  1591. 

C.^NTKHBUHY,  a  village  of  Orange  co..  New  York,  1  mU» 
W.  of  Hudson  River,  and  89  S.  of  Allwiny.    It  eoutaius  sev«- 
I  rai  churches  and  stores. 


CAN 


CAN 


CAKTEIIBURY,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  Smiles 
e.  of  Dover. 

CAN'TEKBURY.  a  villageof  Xew  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 5  miles  from  .Sydney,  on  Cook"^  River.  Here  is 
the  establishment  of  the  Australasian  Sugar  Company. 
Pop.  2  IS. 

C.A^N'f  KlUJURY,  an  episcopal  settlement  in  New  Zealand, 
Port  Cor.DHr  district,  Banks's  I'eninsula. 

CANTIAN'O,  kdn-te-a'no,  a  fortified  town  of  Central 
Italy,  in  the  Marches,  20  miles  S.  of  Urliino,  on  the  river 
Cantiiiiio,  ami  on  the  road  from  Rome  to  Pesaro.  Pop.  2000. 
Near  it  »re  the  ruins  of  tlie  ancient  Lucoila. 

CANTILLAXA.  kdn-teel-yi/ni,  a  town  of  Spain,  18  miles 
N.  of  Seville,  on  the  Guadalquivir.     Pop.  4121. 

CAXTI  RE  or  CANTYRK.  MUIX  OF.     See  Kinttre. 

CAXT/LKY,  two  parishes  of  En^'land.  co.  of  Norfolk,  with 
a  station  on  the  Y.armouth  and  Harwich  Railway. 

C\  NTLKY,  a  parish  of  Kn;4land,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

CJ^NTO.\,  kan-ton',  ((l^hin.  Hino-Chiitg,  the  '-provincial 
city.')  a  city  of  China,  and  the  greatest  commercial  empo- 
rium of  Asia,  capital  of  the  province  of  Quangtong,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Canton  or  Pearl  River,  (Otiuii-Aiinig.)  alwut 
70  ml  tt'«  from  its  mouth  in  the  China  Sea.  I-at.  2;i°  6' 9'  N., 
Ion.  1 1;!°  15'  E.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year,  69°-9;  win- 
ter. 5i'-^'S:  summer,  X2°  Fahrenheit.  Balbi  states  the  popu- 
lation at  60O.OU0 ;  others  estimate  it  as  high  as  1.500,000.  Jt 
probably  does  not  differ  much  from  l.OttO.OOO.  Canton,  with 
Its  suhurlis,  occtipies  the  N.bank  of  the  river,  extending  in- 
land nearly  to  a  row  of  heights  commanding  it  on  the  N.and 
K.E.,  but  between  which  and  the  city  is  a  broken  ravine ;  to 
the  S.  lies  an  alluvial  plain,  formed  by  the  delta  of  the  river. 
The  city  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  brick,  on  a  foundation  of  red 
Mndstone,  (j  or  7  miles  in  circumference,  and  entered  by  12 
gates:  it  is  unequally  dividt-d  by  another  wall  with  4  gates, 
into  the  old  and  new  town,  in  the  former  of  which  are  the 
residences  of  most  of  the  high  officers,  the  public  arsenal,  Ac. 
The  walls  are  in  some  places  mounted  with  cannon.  On 
the  N.  heights  are  4  strong  forts,  and  on  some  islands  in  the 
river  are  other  forts,  termed  the  '•  Duti-h,"  and  the  "  French 
Folly."  Various  detached  liatteries  also  guard  the  approach 
to  the  city  by  the  river.  The  suburbs  are  nearly  as  large  as 
the  city  itself  On  the  S.  they  stretch  all  along  the  river 
side:  and  at  their  S.W.  corner  are  the  lirnigs  or  European 
quarter — a  range  of  buildings  about  H  furlongs  in  length, 
built  upon  a  flat  raised  on  piles,  and  sep;irated  fron\  the 
river  by  a  quay  100  vards  in  breadth,  called  Res|X)ndentia 
Walk.  There  are  13  nongs,  including  those  of  the  British, 
Dutch,  Americ;in,  French.  Austrian,  Swedish,  Danish.  Par- 
see,  and  other  merchants,  and  which  merely  consist  of  4  or 
6  brick  or  stone  houses.  I'anged  around  a  closed  court;  2  of 
them  are  partly  occupied  by  good  European  hotels.  The 
Englisli  hong  far  surpasses  the  rest  in  elegance  and  extent. 
Near  the  quay  is  another  small  space,  about  50  or  60  yards 
square,  walled  in  and  laid  out  as  a  garden;  the  above  nar- 
row limits  comprise  all  the  territory  assigned  to  foreign- 
ers. Contiguous  to  the  hongs  are  Old  and  New  China 
streets,  and  Hog  lane;  the  two  former  nve  among  the  Ijest 
streets  in  the  suburbs;  the  last  is  a  filthy,  narrow  lane,  well 
known  to  foreign  s  amen,  and  where  many  disturbances  be- 
tween them  and  the  Chinese  have  arisen. 

The  city  and  the  suburbs  are  laid  out  and  built  after  one 
fashion.  The  streets  are  narrow  and  crooked,  varying  from  2 
to  10  feet,  but  averaging  7  or  8  teet  in  width,  paved  and 
flagged,  each  closed  by  gates  guarded  at  night,  and  each  of  the 
trading  thoroughfares  appropriated  to  one  trade.  Several  ca- 
nals intersect  the  city,  and  are  crossed  by  stone  bridges.  The 
houses  are  mostly  of  brick,  but  also  of  stone,  mud.  and 
wood,  seldom  more  than  one  story  in  height,  with  flat  roofs 
and  terraces,  floored  with  hardened  mud.  stone,  or  tiles,  and 
the  place  of  window-glass  is  commonly  supplied  by  paper, 
mica,  or  thin  shell.-  The  residences  of  the  wealthy  inha- 
bitants are  built  within  a  walled  court,  and  are  richly  fur- 
nished: those  of  the  middle  clas.ses,  in  which  about  one- 
third  of  the  population  reside,  have  no  courts :  and  those  of 
the  lower  orders,  which  are  numerous  along  the  banks  of 
the  canals  and  in  the  suburbs,  are  wretched  mud  hovels,  in 
which  from  10  to  20  per.sons  are  sometimes  crowded  in  one 
apartment.  A  large  part  of  the  population  resides  on  the 
water ;  and  for  4  or  5  miles  opposite  the  city,  and  both  above 
and  below,  the  river  is  crowded  with  vessels  and  rafts  of  all 
kinds,  on  many  of  which  large  numbers  of  poultry  are 
reared.  Upwards  of  120  temples  are  enumerated  in  and 
adjacent  to  Canton,  the  principal  being  the  remarkable 
Boodhist  temple  of  Ho-nan,  on  an  adjacent  large  island. 
Within  the  old  city  are  two  other  considerable  temples,  and 
a  Mohammedan  uiosiiue.  with  a  dome  and  minaret  100  feet 
in  height :  and  outside  of  the  walls,  on  the  N..  is  a  lofty  pa- 
goda. Canton  has  several  hospitals,  a  grand  hall  for  the  ex- 
amination of  candidates  for  literary  honors,  14  high  schools, 
and  about  .30  colleges,  3  of  which  have  each  200  students. 
The  manufactures  are  various  and  extensive,  and  the  shops 
are  filled  with  articles  of  Chinese  workmanship.  17.000  per- 
sons are  said  to  be  employed  in  silk-weaving.  50.000  in 
the  manufacture  of  all  kinds  of  cloth,  and  upwards  of 
4000  in  shoe-making     Great  numbers  of  individuals  work 


in  wood,  stone,  iron,  and  brass,  and  the  book  trade  is  con- 
siderable. 

Until  1843,  all  the  legitimate  foreign  trade  of  China  waa 
conducted  at  Canton:  and  its  amount  before  the  breaking 
out  of  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain,  was  estimated  (inclu 
sive  of  the  trade  by  junks  with  adjacent  countries)  at 
$S0,000,00t)  annually.  Tea  is  the  great  article  of  expo?t  to 
Europe,  United  States,  &c. ;  next  to  which  come  sil';  xnd 
silk  piece  goi>ds,  the  precious  metals,  cassia,  sugar,  porcelain, 
and  many  other  inferior  articles.  In  1844,  the  total  exports 
to  Europe  and  America  amounted  in  value  to  $20,756,620; 
and  the  imports,  comprising  wo<jl]on  and  cotton  goods,  raw 
cotton,  cotton  yarn,  ginseng,  wrought  iron,  tin.  lead,  rat- 
tans,  wood,  spices,  skins,  and  Ivory,  at  ,$18,711,616.  The  e.x- 
ports  to  Great  Britain  and  the  British  possessions  in  tlie 
East,  amounted  to  $18,826,505,  (of  which  upwards  of  seven- 
eighths  were  shipped  direct  to  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom.) 
and  this  amount  connirised  tea  to  the  value  of  §14.-280,K20. 
The  value  of  imports  into  Canton  in  British  shipping 
amounted  to  $16,704,350,  of  which  §12.803.226  were  for  Bri- 
tish manufactures  and  articles  of  staple  produce;  the  im- 
portation of  British  woollens,  and  especially  of  cottons, 
having  fir  exceeded  the  maximum  of  former  periods.  The 
imports  at  Canton  in  American  vessels,  in  the  s.ame  year, 
amounted  to  $2,564,710,  and  the  exports  to  $7,0^,562 ;  the 
trade  of  other  nations  was  of  much  less  consequence.  The 
exjiort,  import,  and  tonnage  dues  paid  by  British  vessels,  in 
1844,  amounted  to  $2,592,930.  Theexportsin  1845amounted 
in  value  to  $32,053,874.  and  the  imports  to  $14,747,199.  The 
imports,  of  course,  include  only  the  legal  traffic,  and  conse- 
quently omits  the  item  of  opium,  which  in  amount  is  said 
to  exceed  that  of  iill  others.  It  is  estimated  that  the  opium 
cultivated  by  the  F.iist  India  Company,  and  exported  into 
China  from  Calcutta  and  Bombay,  with  the  full  knowledge 
that  it  is  forbidden  by  the  government,  does  not  fall  short 
of  $-25.0u0,OO0  annually.  In  1848,  261  ves.sels.  (tons,  110.242.) 
of  which  171  (Umn.  72.345)  were  British,  entered :  and  267 
vessels,  (tons,  108,401,)  176  of  which  (tons,  73.975)  were 
British,  clejired  .-it  the  custom-house.  During  the  year  end- 
ing June  30th.  1852,  the  shipping  entered  from  the  United 
States  amounted  to  88,771  tons,  and  that  cleared  to  78.0o5 
tons.  The  value  of  imports  from  the  United  States  the  same 
year  amounted  to  $2,063,177,  of  which  .$2.4S0,06t')  was  do- 
mestic produce,  and  the  exports  to  $10,593,950.  The  quan- 
tity of  tea  exported  in  1847  was72.932.531  pounds.  In  1848, 
the  quantity  reached  only  .36.209,309  pounds.  The  export 
of  teas  to  the  United  States,  in  1849,  amounted  to  38.672.400 
pounds:  in  1850,21,767,800pounds;  1851, 2S.7f<).800 pounds; 
1852.  34.;j34.000  pounds;  and  in  1853.  to  40„303.i;00  pounds, 
of  which  26,101,100  pounds  was  green  tea,  and  14,202,500 
pounds  black. 

The  m.arkets  abound  with  all  kinds  of  live  stock  for  food, 
including  dogs,  cats,  owls,  Ac.  suitable  only  for  Chinese 
consumers:  but  provisions  of  all  kinds  are  abundant  and 
tolerably  cheap.  Canton  is  well  supplied  with  water  from 
reservoirs  and  springs. 

There  are  no  wheeled  carriages  in  use  in  the  streets  of 
Canton;  but  their  absence  is  amply  compensated  by  th6 
nimble  sedan-bearers,  one  class  of  which  are  called  liy  the 
Chinese  •'  horses  without  tails."  These  are  the  bearers  of 
men  of  wealth,  who  generally  appear  abroad  in  sedan<-hairs, 
taking  up  neiirly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  narrow  street,  to 
the  great  annoyance  of  the  foot  passengers,  whom  they  con- 
stantly jostle.  But  the  river  presents  scenes  perhaps  still 
more  curious  and  interesting  to  the  stranger  th.an  the 
streets.  The  prodigious  number  of  boats,  amounting  at  one 
time  to  84,000,  with  which  the  surface  is  crowded,  is  the  first 
thing  that  strikes  the  eye.  A  large  number  of  these — as 
many,  it  is  said,  as  40,000,  containing  a  population  ot 
200,0tt0 — are  fi«ed  residences,  and  most  of  them  moored 
stem  and  stern  in  rows.  The  inhabitants  are  called  Tankia, 
or  boat-people,  and  form  a  class  in  some  respects  beneath  the 
other  portions  of  the  community,  and  have  many  customs 
peculiar  to  them.selves.  Millions  are  born,  and  live  and  die 
in  these  floating  dwellings,  without  ever  setting  a  foot  upou 
dry  land;  while  their  ancestors  before  them,  for  many  gene- 
rations, were  all  amphibious  like  themselves.  The  dwell- 
ing or  family  boats  are  of  various  sizes,  the  better  .sort  being 
from  60  to  80  feet  long,  and  about  15  wide.  But  by  far  the 
handsomest  of  the  boats  on  the  Canton  River  are  the  /*J"a 
tiyit).  or  flower  boats.  The  form  of  these  is  very  graceful, 
and  their  raised  cabins  and  awnings  are  fancifully  carved 
and  painted. 

The  people  of  Canton  h.ive  acquired  an  infamous  celebrity 
for  profligacy  and  corruption,  and  are  usually  considered 
about  the  worst  specimen  of  the  nation  that  can  be  pre- 
sented. A  retiring  viceroy  thus  wound  up  a  detail  of  his 
experiences  in  the  government  of  Canton: — "Deceit  and 
falsehood  prevail  everywhere  in  this  city— in  all  ranks,  and 
in  all  places.  There  is  no  truth  in  man,  nor  honesty  in 
woman!  I  have  endeavored  in  vain  to  correct  these  evils — 
it  has  been  labor  lost.  I  am  sick  at  heart,  and  wish  to  de- 
part from  such  scenes  of  vice  and  habitual  falsehood."  This 
city  has  long  been  the  favorite  retreat  of  all  the  most  tur- 
bulent and  worst  portion  of  the  Chinese ;  and  it  is  said  that 

367 


CAN 


CAP 


there  \s  an  organized  band  of  20,000  robbers  in  and  around 
it.  The  police,  though  well  regulated,  is  rendered  worse 
than  inefficient  l:)y  the  national  failing — the  venality  and 
/apae  ty  of  its  officers,  who  share  with  the  thieves  in  the 
proeewls  of  their  robbenes,.and  for  a  bribe  liberate  offenders 
whom  they  hare  seized.  Gambling  is  one  of  the  prevail- 
ing vl-es;  }»iid.  as  a  eonsei^uence,  there  is  an  extraordinary 
amount  of  nuicide,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  perpetrated 
by  women.  Education  is  in  so  low  a  state  that  it  is  he- 
lieved  that  not  more  than  one-lialf  of  the  male  adult  popu- 
lation of  Canton  can  read.  The  education  of  girls  is  wholly 
an  i  systematically  neglected,  there  being  scarcely  a  school 
for  feinales  in  the  city — public  opinion  and  immemorial 
usiige  being  against  tlie  educating  of  girls. 

Tlie  climate  of  Canton  is,  upon  the  whole,  salubrious.  The 
heat  in  summer  is  sometimes  very  gre;vt,  the  thermometer 
occasionally  rising  from  90°  to  10<)°  Fnh.  in  the  shade;  but 
the  average  of  the  whole  year  is  72°.  In  July  and  August, 
the  average  is  from  8u°  to  8S°,  and  in  January  and  Febru- 
ary, from  50°  to  60°.  A  fall  of  snow  occurred  in  Canton  in 
February,  1835,  to  the  astonishment  and  no  small  alarm  of 
the  inhabitants,  who  hardly  knew  what  name  to  give  it. 
Ice,  however,  sometimes  forms  in  shallow  vessels,  a  line  or 
two  in  thickness.  Woollen  cloths  are  worn,  and  fires  are 
comfort;ibl»  during  January  and  February,  but  the  Chinese 
do  not  warm  their  houses. 

Canton  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  S.  of  China,  and  since  its 
foundation  it  has  undergone  many  clianges.  The  Chinese 
historians  say  they  are  able  to  trace  their  city  for  2000 
years,  when  it  was  called  Nan-Wooching,  -'the  martial  city 
of  the  south,"  and  was  surrounded  by  a  stockade  made  of 
bamboo  and  mud.  One  of  its  earliest  names,  and  which  is 
still  used  in  its  books,  was  Yang-Ching,  "  the  city  of  rams." 
On  the  26th  of  May,  ISil.  the  Chinese  troops  were  totally 
defeated,  and  both  the  river  defences  and  the  hill  forts 
above  Canton  captured  by  the  British  forces,  who,  however, 
did  not  enter  the  city,  a  truce  having  been  forthwith  agreed 
to,  upon  the  payment  of  6,003,000i.  by  the  vanquished.  In 
lS+7,  the  Bogue  Forts  were  again  captured  by  the  British, 
and  a  new  convention  agreed  to.  Canton  has  been  fre- 
quently devastated  by  fires.  In  no  other  city  have  confiag- 
ratious  been  more  frequent,  more  extensive,  or  more  de- 
structive. The  most  disjistrous  fire  of  recent  times  occurred 
in  1822,  when  between  13,000  and  14,000  houses,  with  nearly 
all  the  European  fiictories,  were  destroyed,  and  many  lives 

lost. Adj.  and  inhab.,  Cantonese,  kan^ton-eez'.  (?) 

CANTO.V.  a  postrtownship  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  25  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Augusta,  intersected  by  the  Androscoggin  River. 
Pop.  1025, 

CANTON,  a  post-village  .and  township  of  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  tlie  Boston  and  Providence  Railroad,  14  miles 
S.  of  Boston.  It  has  1  bank,  5  churches,  a  savings  institu- 
tion, and  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  thread,  copper,  ma- 
chinery, &c.    Pop.  3242. 

CANl'ON,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut,  12 
•jiiles  N.W.  of  Hartford,  intersected  by  Farmington  River, 
It  lias  an  extensive  axe  manufactory.     Pop.  2373. 

CANTON,  a  township  and  post-village,  capital  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO  ,  New  Yorli,  on  Grass  River,  and  on  the  Ogdensburg 
and  Rome  Railroad,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ogdensburg.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  a  college,  an  academy,  a  jail,  1  bank 
and  1  newspaper  office.  The  township  contains  1 1  churches. 
A  bridge  crosses  Grass  River  here,  and  there  are  several 
mills  and  factories  in  tlie  vicinity.  Pop.  in  I860,  estimated 
at  2000 ;  of  the  township  in  1860,  6379. 

CANTON,  a  post-village  of  Salem  co..  New  Jersey,  9  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Salem,  has  a  church  and  several  stores. 

C.4NT0N,  a  post-township  of  Bradfon!  co.,  Pennsj'lvania, 
24  miles  W.S.W,  of  To  waiida,  on  I'owanda  Creek,     Pop.  2190. 
CANTON,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  5S7. 

CANTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cherokee  co,.  Georgia, 
Dn  the  left  bank  of  the  Etowah  River.  130  miles  N,W.  of  Mil- 
ledgeville,  and  25  miles  from  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Rail- 
road. It  is  surrounded  by  tine  mountain  .scenery.  There 
are  several  gold-mines  in  the  county  which  have  been 
worked  with  profit.  The  river  affords  water-power,  and  is 
navigable  by  small  steamlxiats. 

CANTON,  a  post-village  of  'Wilcox  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
Alabama  River,  about  75  miles  S,W.  of  Montgomery. 

CANTON,  a  Ijeautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Madison  co., 
Mississippi.  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson.    The  route  of  the 
railroad  from  Jaiikson  to  Tennessee  passes  through  this 
village.     Free  pop.  7S0. 
C.\NTON,  a  small  post-village  of  Smith  co.,  Texas. 
CANTON,  a  post-office  of  Vanzant  co.,  Texas. 
C.\NTO.N,  a  small  post-village  of  Lawrence  co,,  Arkansas, 
CANTON,  a  post-village  of  Trigg  co,,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  alx)ut  240  miles  W.S,W,  of  Fraiikfort.    It 
lias  1  church,  1  school,  and  several  stores.    Pop.  from  200 
to  3011. 

CANTON,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  Niinishillen  Creek,  and  on  the 
Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Haili-oad,  in  a  rich  and  populous 
farming  district,  118  mill's  N.E,  of  Columbus,  and  98  miles 


W.N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  Stark  county  has  the  distinction  of 
raising  more  wheat  than  any  otlier  in  the  State.  The  farm- 
ers find  a  ready  market  on  the  Ohio  Canal,  which  passes  8 
miles  W.  of  Canton.  The  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
was  completed  from  Pittsburg  to  this  place  in  1852,  and  hag 
greatly  increased  its  importance  and  prosperity.  Canton 
possesses  advantages  for  manufacturing,  as  the  creek  fur- 
nishes extensive  water-jxiwer,  and  good  stone  coal  is  abun- 
dant in  the  vicinity.  Limestone  suitable  for  building  is 
also  found  in  connection  with  the  cOal.  Canton  contains  9 
churches,  3  banks,  4  newspaper  offices,  1  academy,  2  woollen 
factories,  4  iron  foundries,  2  large  manufactories  of  reapers 
and  mowers,  and  1  reaper-knife  factorv.  Assessed  value  of 
property  in  1853,  S354,423 ;  in  1864  it  was  $1,380,410.  Pop. 
in  1860,  4041 ;  in  1865,  about  5000, 

CANTON,  a  township  in  Wa^Tie  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
1547. 

CANTON,  a  post-village  in  Washington  co.,  Indiana,  about 
45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 

CANTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of  Ful- 
ton CO.,  Illinois,  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  Springfield.  A  railroad 
connects  it  with  Lewistown.  Canton  is  pleasantly  situated 
in  a  fertile  and  populous  district.  It  contains  6  churches 
and  a  national  bank.  Two  newspapers  are  issued  here.  Coal 
is  abundant  in  the  vicinity.     Total  pop.  2373. 

CANTON,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  Co.,  Missouri,  on  the  ^lis- 
sissippi  River,  191  miles  above  St.  Louis,  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal shipping  points  of  the  county.  It  bus  1  bank,  6 
churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1  college,  and  6  steam-mills. 
Pop.  2053. 

CANTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jackson  co,,  Iowa,  on 
the  Maquoketa  River,  30  miles  S.S.W,  of  Dubuque.  The 
river  here  furnishes  abundant  watei^power. 

CANTON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  Hartford  co.,  Con- 
necticut, about  16  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford, 

C.\XTONMENT  GIBSON.    See  Fort  Gibson, 

CANTON  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

CANTON  RIVER,  (Chinese  Choo-Kiang,  or"  Pearl  Kiver,") 
of  China,  is  the  lower  part  of  the  Pe-kiang.  which  has  navi- 
gable course  for  300  miles  farther  inland,  through  the  pro- 
vinces of  Quang-tong  and  Kiang-see,  in  China,  and  is  joined 
about  4  miles  W.  of  Canton  by  a  branch  from  the  Si-kinng, 
opposite  Canton ;  it  is  as  wide  as  the  Thames  at  Ixmdon 
Bridge,  equally  crowded  with  shipping,  and  deep  enouuh 
for  .ships  of  from  800  to  lOuO  tons  burden ;  but  foreign  ships 
come  up  only  as  fiir  as  Whampoa,  aVout  15  miles  lower, 
loading  and  unloading  by  means  of  native  boats.  At  .aiiout 
40  miles  l)elow  Canton  it  is  called  the  Boca  Tigris,  and  widens 
there  into  a  large  estuary,  termed  the  "Outer  AVaters." 
All  around  and  below  Canton,  it  forms  a  multitude  of 
islands,  including  Ho-nan.  Whampoa,  French.  Dane,  Junk, 
Ty-cock-tow,  Anung-boy,  Chuenpee,  and  Tiger  Island,  on 
which  great  quantities"  of  rice  are  grown,  and  numerous 
forts  nre  placed.    See  Boca  Tigris. 

CANTORIA,  kin-to're-a.  a  town  of  Spain,  34  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Almeria,  on  the  Almanzor.  Pop.  4376,  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  stuffs. 

CANTREFF,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

CANTRELL'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postH)ffice  of  McJlinn 
CO..  Tennessee, 

CANTUARIA.    See  Canterbury. 

CANTURIO,  kSn-too'reo,  or  CANTU,  kSn-too',  a  town  of 
N.  Italy,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Como.  Pop.  53t'4.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  iron  wares,  which  have  subsisted  since  the  tenth 
century.  Its  church  has  a  remarkably  tall  and  slender  bel- 
fry, which,  in  the  Middle  .^ges,  was  used  fir  a  beacon. 

CANT'WELL'S  BRUXtE.  a  thriving  po.^t-village  of  New- 
castle CO.,  Delaware,  on  Appoquinimink  Creek,  24  miles  N. 
bvW,  of  Dover.    Its  name  is  changed  to  Opessv.  wliich  sbp. 

"CANUMA,  kd-noo-md'.  a  lake  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para, 
on  the  Amazon,  L;it.  (N.  end>  2°  30'  S.:  Ion.  58°  45' W. 
It  is  about  30  miles  long  bv  10  miles  broad. 

CANUSIUM.     SeeCANOSA. 

CANVKY  ISLAND,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

CANAVICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  U  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Lincoln,  within  the  liberty  of  which  city  it  is  incUided. 

C.\NY,  kd'nee/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
Inferieure.  31  miles  N.W.  of  Rouen.  Pop  in  1852,  2147,  It 
has  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton  yarn,  and  oil, 

C.VNZANO,  kin-zS/no,  a  village  of  Naples,  In  AbruKO 
Ultra,  ()  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ter.imo. 

C.A.NZ.^NO,  a  village  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ultra,  6i 
miles  S.E.  of  Sulm9na. 

CANZO.  kSn'zo.  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  10  miles  N. 
E. 

factor 
trict.  11.550. 

CAOULE,  ki-oRl.i.  an  island  and  village  in  the  Adriatic 
government,  and  20  miles  N.E.  of  Venice.    It  isa  bishops  .see. 

CAORSO,  k4-OR'.-o,  a  village  of  Northern  Itily.  situated 
about  10  miles  E.  of  PiacenziV,  on  the  high  rop( .  at  the  con- 
finence  of  the  Chiavenna  and  Zeno,  aflluents  r.  the  Po.  Pop. 
3078. 

CAPACCIO,  kS-pdt'cho,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Citra,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Salerno,  near  the  ruins  of  1  \xsium 


E.  of  Como,  capital  of  a  rich  district,  with  many  silk  manu- 
factories.   Near  it  is  the  cascade  of  Villaterga,    Pop,  of  dis 


CAP 


CAP 


Pop  1749.    It  is  tne  residence  of  a  bishop,  whose  cathedral 
is  at  Old  Capaccio.  a  village  2s  miles  N.X.W. 

CAP  AND  BUTTON  ISLES,  two  small  isles  in  the  Ma- 
lay Archipelago,  Strait  of  SunUa;  the  one  in  lat.  5°  5S' 
6,  loii.  1U5°  48'  E.;  the  other  in  lat.  5°  49'  S.,  Ion.  106° 
48' K. 

CAPAN  NOLI,  k^-pSn-no'lee,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  16  miles 
S.E.  ofl'isa.     Pop.  1177. 

CAPANNOKI,  k^-pSn-no/ree,  a  town  of  Italy,  5  miles  E.of 
Lucei.     Pop.  2100. 

CAP  AU  GKAY,  kap  5  gri,  a  post-offloe  of  Lincoln  co., 
Missouri. 

CAPBKRN,  k^p^baiRn',  or  CAPVERN,  kipVaiRn',  a  village 
of  Fnnioe,  depaitment  of  Ilautes-Pyrfenees,  in  a  narrow  val- 
ley. 8  niiU'S  J'J.N.E.  of  Bagneres,  with  sulphur  springs  and 
baths.     Pop.  in  1852,  500. 

CAPDKNAC,  kJpMeh-ndk',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Figeac,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Lot.     Pop.  1310. 

C.VPE.  For  all  Capes  not  undermentioned,  see  the  re- 
■pective  names. 

CAPE  AO'WOKTir,  in  the  W.  part  of  Prinoe  of  "Wales 
Land,  N.  of  Osborne  Bay ;  lat.  72°  35'  N.,  Ion.  103°  45'  W. 
CAPP;  ADEN.    See  ADE.N,  Cape. 

CAPE  AGRAKHAN,  ag-rd-kiu',  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Geor- 
gia, on  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  forms  the  E.  boundary  of  the 
Gulf  of  Agiakhan ;  lat.  43°  35'  N.,  Ion.  48°  10'  E. 

C.\PE  AGULII.\S,  i-gool'yas,  (i.e.  "Cape  Needles.")  on 
the  S.  coast  of  .-Vfrica,  E.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  This  is 
the  most  southern  point  of  Africa;  lat.  34°  5V  30"  S.,  and 
Ion.  19°  56'  30"  E. 

CAPE  Al  A,  d'yd,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Russia,  extending  into 
the  Black  Sea;  lat.  44°  25'  N.,  Ion.  33° 35'  E. 

CAPE  AIRY,  i'ree,  the  S.W.  part  of  Cornwallis  Land,  in 
the  Arctic  Ocean :  lat.  74°  55'  N.,  Ion.  96°  50'  Vf. 

CAPK  AiyBERT.  in  the  E.  part  of  EUesmere  Island,  on 
Smith's  Sound ;  lat.  79°  20'  N.,  Ion.  78°  W. 

CAPE  ALEXAN'DER.onthe  N.  coast  of  British  America. 
at  the  entrance  of  Dease  Strait;  lat.  68°  65'  N.,  Ion.  106° 
45'  W. 

CAPE  AI/FRED,  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Victoria  Land,  on 
Victoria  Strait :  lat.  69°  W  N.,  Ion.  101°  20'  W. 

CAPE  ALICE,  ai'iss.  on  the  coast  of  Calabria,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Taranto :  lat.  39°  25'  N..  Ion.  17°  15'  E. 

CAPE  AMBER.  AMBliE.  ^m^ber,  or  AM'BRO,  the  N.  0x 
treraity  of  Madau'ascar;  lat.  11°  57'  S..  Ion.  49°  19'  E. 

CAPE  AMBHIZ.  dm-breez',  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa;  lat. 
8°  2'  S..  Ion.  13°  10'  E. 

CAPE  ANAMOOR,  or  ANAMOUR,  l-nl-mooT>,  a  head- 
land of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  S.  coast;  lat.  36°  1'  N.,  Ion.  32° 
50'  E.  In  its  vicinity  are  said  to  be  many  remains  of  an- 
tiquity. 

CAPE  AN'DERSON,  the  E.  point  of  the  island  of  St.  Law- 
rence, at  the  entrance  of  Behring's  Straits;  lat. 63?  N.,  Ion. 
168°  30'  \V. 

CAPE  ANIVA.  a'ne-vd'.  on  the  S.  coast  of  Saghallen,  E. 
of  the  B.^y  of  Ani  va ;  lat,  4()°  10'  N.,  Ion.  144°  20'  E. 

CAPE  ANN,  the  E.  extremity  of  Essex  co.,  Mas8.achusetts, 
31  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Boston.  Thatcher's  Island,  al)Out  2 
miles  E.  of  the  southern  point,  forms  the  northern  limit  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  On  it  are  2  fixed  lights,  about  a  third 
of  a  mile  apart,  and  90  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  lat. 
42°  38'  18"  N.,  Ion.  70°  34'  42"  W. 

CAPE  ANNE,  the  N.W.  extremity  of  North  Somerset,  at 
the  entrance  of  Peel  Sound;  lat.  74°  5'  N..  Ion.  95°  W. 

CAPE  ANGUILL.A.,  an-gwil1.a.  on  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land ;  lat.  47°  54'  N..  Ion.  59°  17''\V. 

CAPE  APOLLONIA,  ap-ol-lo/ne-a,  written  also  APPO- 
LO'NIA,  in  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea;  lat.  4°  58' 45"  N., 
Ion.  2°  35'  5"  W. 

CAPE  APSHERON,  Sp'she-rSn',  or  ABCHER AN.  in  the  E. 
part  of  Georgia,  on  the  Caspian  Sea;  lat.  40°  32'  N.,  Ion. 
60°  12'  E. 
CAPE  ARAGO.    See  Arago. 

CAPE  ARM!.  aR/mee,  (It.  Capo  DeW  Armi,  kJ/po  d?ll 
aR'mee.)  a  headland  of  Naples,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Calabria; 
lat.  37° .57'  N..  ion.  1.5°  40'  E. 

CAPE  ARN'HEM.  in  Australia,  the  N.W.  point  of  the 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria :  lat.  12°  17'  S..  Ion.  137°  E. 

CAPE  AR'ROWSMITH,  a  headland  of  Australia,  on  the 
W.  shore  of  the  G  ulf  of  Carpentaria ;  lat.  13°  15'  S.,  Ion.  136° 
32'  K 

CAPE  ARRUBA  or  ARUBAH,  Jr'roo-bJ,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  Persia,  in  the  Arabian  Sea  :  lat.  25°  8'  N..  Ion.  64°  .30'  E. 

C.4.PE  BABA.  bi/bd,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Anatolia;  lat. 
89°  29' N..  Ion.  26°  4' E. 

CAPE  BAB-EL-MANDEB,  bdb-el-mdn'dJb,  (formeriy  Jeh- 
tl-Mantiali,  jJVel-mJn'hd'lee' )  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Strait  of 
Bab-el-Mandeb,  is  a  conical,  basaltic  rock,  8()5  feet  in  heiirht. 
Lat.  12°  41'  N.,  Ion.  43°  32'  E.  Soundings  in  North  Str.ait, 
8, 12,  and  16  fathoms:  Centre  Strait,  178  and  185  fathoms. 
The  passage  of  North  Strait,  in  ordinary  weather,  is  generally 
preferred. 

CAPE  BAINETTA.  bi-nSftd.  f,n  the  S.  coast  of  Hayti, 
near  a  village  of  the  same  name 


CAPE  BAJADORE.    See  Cape  Bojabor. 

CAPE  BANKS,  in  Eastern  Australia,  at  the  N.  entranou 
to  Botany  Bay. 

CAPE  BAUBAS,  baR/bds,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa;  lat 
22°  15' N.,  Ion.  16°  40' W. 

CAPE  (or  RAS)  BARDISTAN,  bdE'dia-tJn',  on  the  coast  of 
Persia,  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 

CAPE  BAHFLEUR,  baR'fluR/.  on  the  coast  of  France,  18 
miles  E.  of  Cherboure.  On  it  is  situated  a  granite  lijrht-houso, 
271  feet  above  the  sea;  lat.  49°  40'  N..  Ion.  1°  10'  W. 

CAPE  BA^UNG.  in  the  N.W.  part  of  WoUaston  Land,  at 
the  entrance  of  Russell  Gulf;  lat.  70°  N.,  Ion.  117°  20'  W. 

CAPE  BAR'ROW,  in  the  N.  part  of  British  America,  on 
the  Arctic  Ocean :  lat.  68°  6'  N..  ion.  111°  W. 

CAPE  BATH'UR.ST,  in  British  America,  on  the  Arctic 
Ocean  ;  lat.  70°  30'  N.,  Ion.  127°  30'  W. 

CAPE  b£aRN,  bd'aRn',  a  promontory  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  PyrSnees-Orientales,  on  the  Mediterr.'Wiean  ;  lat.  42° 
31'  N.,  Ion.  3°  7'  30"  E.  Its  summit  is  formed  by  Mount 
Boarn.  on  which  a  light-hou.se  of  the  first  class  has  been 
erected,  751  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

CAPE  BE  ATA,  be-d'td,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Hayti;  lat.  17° 
42' N..  Ion.  71°  20' "W. 

CAPE  BEAUFORT,  biVfort,  a  headland  of  Russian  Ame- 
rica; lat.  69°  N..  ion.  1S3°  \V. 

CAPE  BEAUFORT,  a  headland  of  British  America,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Cockburn  Gulf;  lat.  67°  40'  N.,  ion.  9t,°  W. 

CAPE  BEX'LEY,  a  headland  in  the  N.  part  of  British 
America,  on  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  lat.  69°  N.,  Ion.  114°  45'  W. 

CAPE  BIANCO,  be-dn'ko,  (i.e.  "White"  Cape,)  on  the  S. 
coast  of  Sicily ;  lat.  35°  28'  N.,  Ion.  13°  15'  E. 

CAPE  BIANCO,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Corsica,  a  Uttle  W.of 
Cape  Corso ;  lat.  42°  58'  N..  Ion.  9°  IS'  E. 

CAPE  BIANCO,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Corfu;  lat.  39°  20' N, 
Ion.  20°  10'  E. 

CAPE  BIANCO,  a  headland  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Cyprus; 
lat.  34°  20'  N.,  Ion.  32°  41'  E. 

CAPE  BIRD,  the  S.  extremity  of  North  Somerset,  on  Vic- 
toria Strait ;  lat.  71°  5.3'  N.,  Ion.  95°  AV. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  bldn^ko,  (i.  e.  "  White  Cape.")  a  name  ap- 
plied to  many  headlands  in  the  Mediterranean  and  else- 
where, of  which  the  following  are  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant. 

C.A^PE  BLANCO,  a  headland  of  Syria,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean  ;  lat.  33°  12'  N.,  ion.  33°  10'  E. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Anatolia,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  lat.  3S°  14'  N..  Ion.  26°  18'  E. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Tunis,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  lat.  37°  20'  N.,  Ion.  9°  50'  E. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Majorca; 
lat.  39°  21'  N..  Ion.  2°  52'  E. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  in  the  W.  part  of  Sahara.  Africa,  on  the 
Atlantic ;  lat.  20°  47'  N.,  Ion.  16°  58'  W.  It  is,  next  to  Cape 
Verde,  the  westernmost  point  of  Africa. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Morocco,  Africa;  lat 
33°6'N..  Ion.  8O40'W. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  orOXFORD.  on  the  Pacific  coast,  near  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Oi-egon  Territory,  about  25  miles  N.  of  the 
mouth  ofRoue  River;  lat. 42°  45'  N..  Ion.  al>outl24°45' W. 

C.\PE  BLANCO,  on  the  coast  of  Peru,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean ; 
lat.  4°  19' S..  Ion.  81°  W. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  on  the  coast  of  Costa  Rica,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  in  lat.  about  9°  20'  N.,  Ion.  86°  6'  W. 

CAPE  BLANCO,  or  CAPE  ST.  JORGE,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Patagonia :  lat.  47°  S..  ion.  66°  W. 

C.\PE  BLANCO  DE  SANTA  MARIA,  bldn'ko  dA  sdn'tl 
md-rce'd.  on  the  W.  coast  of  California;  lat.  29°28'N.,  Ion. 
115°  20' W. 

CAPE  BOEO,  bo-J'o.  (anc.  Lilyho'lum  Promimtolrium.)  the 
most  W.  point  of  Sicily,  about  1  mile  AV.  of  Marsala  ;  lat.  37° 
48'  10"  N.,  Ion.  12°  25'  10"  E.  This  cape,  lieing  the  point  of 
Sicily  nearest  to  ancient  Carthage,  early  became  an  im- 
portant naval  station,  and  near  it  was  fought  a  famous 
naval  battle  between  the  Romans  and  Carthaginians.  The 
decisive  victory  gained  by  the  former  put  an  end  to  the  first 
Punic  AVar. 

CAPE  BO.TADOR.  boj-a-d5r',  or  BOXEADOR,  bo-nd-d-doR', 
in  the  island  of  Luzon,  20  miles  from  its  N.  extremity,  in 
about  lat,  18° 32'  N..  Ion.  120°  39'  E. 

CAPE  BO.TADOR,  boj-ard5r'.  (Port.  pron.  bozh  d-<loR'.)  a 
bold  headland  of  AA'est^rn  Africa,  formed  bv  the  termination 
of  a  range  of  Mount  Atlas,  in  lat.  26°  7'  N..  Ion.  14°  29'  AV.  It 
was  long  the  limitation  of  European  navigation  southward, 
until  doubled  by  the  Portuguese  in  14.33. 

CAPE  B0LIN.4.0,  bo-lin-d'o.  on  the  AV.  coast  of  Luzon; 
lat  about  1 6°  27'  N..  Ion.  119°  30'  E. 

CAPE  1>>LT'HEAD.  England,  the  southernmost  point 
of  the  CO.  of  Devon :  lat.  50°  13'  N.,  Ion.  3°  49'  W. 

CAPE  B(yLUS  HEAD.  Ireland,  on  the  N.AV.  side  of  the 
entrance  into  Ballynaskeiling  Bay  ;  lat.  51°  48'  N.,  Ion.  10' 
15'  AV. 

CAPE  BON  or  RAS  ADDER,  rds-dd'der.  a  headland  of 
North  .\frica,  on  the  Alediterranean.  58  miles  N.E.  of  Tunis: 
lat.  (of  tower)  37°  4'  20"  N.,  Ion.  10°  63'  36"  E.  It  is  tho 
northernmost  point  of  Africa. 

359 


=J) 


CAP 


CAP 


CAPE  BOXAYISTA.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Newfoundland. 
ibrmiD);  the  S.E.  limit  of  A  bay  of  the  same  name;  lat.  4S° 
42' N.,  Ion.  53°  8' W. 

CAPE  BHUUCA.  bo-rooTii,  on  the  S.E.  coa.st  of  Costa  Rica, 
on  the  Pacific :  lat.  8°  24'  N.,  Ion.  88°  55'  W. 

CAPE  BOUGAINVILLE,  boo'giso'veel'  or  boo'<!5in-vill', 
on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia,  forniiiis  the  N.E.  side  of 
Admiralty  Gulf:  lat.  13°  52'  S.,  Ion.  126°  12'  E. 

CAPE  BOUGAINVILLE,  a  headland  on  the  E.  coast  of 
of  Van  Dieiuen's  Land,  forming  the  W.  entrance  to  Oyster 
Bay ;  Ut.  42°  30'  S..  Ion.  148°  E. 

CAPE  BOURBON,  boor'bon.  the  S.W.  point  of  Kerguelen's 
Land:  lat.4fl°32'S..lon.C8°35'E. 

CAPE  BOAV'DEN.  bo'den.  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Devon, 
on  Wellinu'ton  Channel;  'lat.  75°  N..  Ion.  92°  15'  W. 

CAPE  BRETON,  kapehrit't'n,  or  hrit/un.  an  island  and 
colony  of  British  North  America,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia,  mostly  between  lat.45°aud47°5'N.,and  Ion.  f 0°  and 
61°  .-WW.  Extreme  length,  from  N.  to  S..  100  miles;  ex- 
treme breadth.  85  miles.  Area,  3120  square  miles.  It  is 
very  irreijularly  shaped,  being  trianjrular,  and  is  greatly 
indented  with  hays.  An  inlet,  called  Bras  cTOr,  («.  e.  "arm 
of  gold.")  entering  C.npe  Breton  on  the  E..  nearly  separates 
it  into  two  i.slands,  renderin-j  every  part  of  its  interior  acces- 
sible by  water.  The  two  natural  divisions  thus  created  are 
in  striking  contrast,  the  northern  portion  being  high,  told, 
and  steep:  while  that  to  the  S.  is  low.  intereectfd  by  nume- 
rous inlets,  diversified  with  moderate  elevations,  and  rises 
gradually  from  its  interior  shore  until  it  presents  abrupt 
cliffs  toward  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  hiirhest  land  in  this 
portion  does  not  exceed  800  feet,  while  the  northern  divi- 
sion at  its  termination  in  North  Cape  rises  to  the  height  of 
1800  feet.  Between  North  Cape  and  Cape  Ray.  on  the  opjK)- 
«ite  coast  of  Newfoundland,  48  miles  distant.,  is  the  main 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  The  Bras  d'Or.  which 
appears  to  have  been  caused  by  a  volcanic  eruption,  forms  a 
magnificent  se.a-water  lake,  50  miles  in  length  and  20  miles 
in  breath.  Its  depth  of  water  varies  from  12  to  60  fathoms, 
and  is  very  secure  and  navig.aVile.  The  entrance  is  divided 
into  two  passages  by  Boulardrie  Island:  the  southern  pa.s- 
sage  Is  23  miles  long,  and  from  {^  to  3  miles  in  breadth,  but 
is  not  navigable  for  large  ves.«els.  having  a  bar  at  its  mouth ; 
the  northern  passage  is  25  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  3  miles 
wide,  with  60  fathoms  of  water.  Sea  fisheries  of  every  kind 
(including  salmon.)  are  carried  on  in  the  Bras  d'Or.  In 
several  of  its  large  bays  the  timber-ships  from  England  re- 
ceive their  cargoes.  There  are  several  fresh-water  lakes. 
and  numerous  rivers,  but  none  navirable.  Salt  springs 
are  found  on  the  coast.  The  climate  is  varied,  but  not  so 
rigorous  a-s  that  on  the  adjoining  continent.  Vegetation  is 
Tery  rapid.  Maize  and  other  grains  are  raised;  but  the 
corn  produced  is  insutlicient  for  home  consumption.  Gra- 
nite, limestone,  and  primitive  slates  prevail :  and  gj'psum, 
palt,  and  coal  are  found — the  latter  in  great  abundance, 
and  of  a  superior  quality.  The  coal  deposits  of  Cape  Breton 
occupy  not  less  than  120  square  miles.  There  are  also  rich 
deposits  of  the  best  iron  ore. 

Cape  Breton  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  fisheries. 
During  its  occupancy  by  the  French,  it  is  said  that  the  har- 
bor of  Louisborg  exported  no  less  than  600,000  quintals  of 
cod  annually,  and  600  vessels  were  employed  in  its  trade 
and  fisheries.  The  products  of  the  Cape  Breton  fisheries 
for  1847  and  1848,  were  as  follows : 


Dried  cod quintals  . . 

Scale  fish quintals  .. 

Pickled  fish— Mnckcrcl . . .  .barrels  . . . 

—  Herrings  ....barrels  ... 

—  S.ilmon barrels... 

Other  pickled  fish barrels  . . . 

Seal  skins number. . . 

Oil  of  all  kinds tun* 

Kstlmated  value 


There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the.se  figures  give  but  an 
Imperfect  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  Cape  Breton  fisheries, 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  separating  the  statistics  of  this 
Island  from  those  of  Nova  Scotia.  It  has  been  ascertained 
that  for  a  portion  of  the  island,  within  the  Strait  of  Canso. 
28.570  quintals  of  codfish  and  68,020  barrels  of  mackerel 
were  expfirtt«l  in  18.')0:  and  it  is  estimated  that  not  less 
than  100.001)  barrels  of  mjickerel  were  cured  at  Cheticamp 
(the  western  extremity  of  Cape  Breton.)  in  1851. 

The  total  quantity  of  cO!il  raised  fi-om  the  mines  of  Cape 
Breton,  and  sold  during  the  year  1849,  amounted  to  24,960 
chaldrons  (Newcastle  measure)  of  large  coal,  and  11.787 
chaldrons  of  fine  coal ;  12.090  chaldrons  of  the  former  and 
1210  chaldrons  of  the  latter  coal  were  shipped  to  the  United 
States  in  1^40.  and  in  1850.  10.796  chaldrons  of  large  coal 
and  1586cbaldronsof  fine  were  shipped  to  the  same  country. 

The  following  exhibits  the  shipping  which  entered  and 
deared  at  Cape  Breton  in  1850,  and  the  countries  with 
wliich  the  trade  was  carried  ou. 
360 


nWARD. 

OL'TWiBB. 

wuSTUlIEM, 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

8 
268 
202 
SO 

508 

2,208 
24.iI3 
l».fl«l 

3,179 

British  Colonies 

365              23.576 
8:1     1           8,106 
52                4,345 

ForelgD  States 

48.661 

505              36.924 

The  total  value  of  imports  and  exports  at  Cape  Breton 
for  1850,  according  to  official  returns,  were  as  follows : 

IMPORTS. 

EXPOETS, 

Arichat. 

Sydney. 

Arichat.  i  Sydney. 

$1,575 
1.355 
23.o«5 
15.695 
43,SK0 
1,;«5 

$18,.'i35 

$10,850 

2,745 

119,265 

44,470 
7,-00 

$38,400 
38,620 
9.650 
35,335 
32,475 

British  America 

Other  British  Colonies.. 

16,860 

""lS,64.V' 
1.690 

$86,945 

$.50,530 
86,945 

$154,480 

$184,530 
154,4S0 

TOTAt 

$137,475 

$.^9  010 

An  important  part  of  the  exports  f  o  Great  Britain  consist* 
of  pine,  oak,  birch,  and  maple  timber. 

'the  forests  of  Cape  Breton  furnish  large  quantities  of 
excellent  ship-timber,  and  ship-building  in  the  island  con- 
stitutes an  important  and  lucrative  branch  of  business. 

This  island  forms  a  colony  under  the  goveriunent  of  Nova 
Scoti.a.  and  sends  2  members  to  its  House  of  Assembly. 
Principal  towns,  Sydney  and  Louisburg,  Cape  Breton  was 
first  colonized  bv  the  French  in  1712,  and  was  taken  bv  tlie 
British  in  175S',  Pop,  in  1851,  54,880,  mostly  of  Scotch, 
French,  and  Irish  descent. 

CAPE  BRETON,  brit/t9n,  a  headl.and  on  the  E,  coast  of 
the  above  island, 

CAPE  BRETT,  brit.  on  the  E.  coast  of  one  of  the  New 
Ze.iland  islands,  forming  the  N,E.  point  of  the  Bay  of 
Islands :  !at,  8.5°  10'  S..  Ion,  174°  22'  E, 

C.\  PE  BUI^LEN,  the  southernmost  point  of  North  Devon, 
on  the  W.  part  of  Lancaster  Sound ;  lat,  74°  25'  N,,  Ion.  So°  W. 

CAPE  BUREL.\,  boo-raOi  a  headland  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Galicia.  in  Spain,  extending  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 

CAPE  BUZO,  bood'zo.  {kxxc.  Prmnimtiirium  Corycumfyiiui 
N.AV.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Crete ;  lat.  about  35°  38'  N., 
Ion.  23°  35' E. 

CAP^  BY'AM  JIARTIN.  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Prince 
William's  Land:  lat.  73° 35' N  .  Ion.  77° "W. 

CAPE  CABALERIA  or  CA VALERIA,  H-yi-U-reefi  a 
promontory  on  the  N.  coast  of  Minorca,  lat,  40*^  5'  N.,  Ion. 
4°  12'  E. 

CAPE  CABRON,  kJ-brOn',  the  N.E.  point  of  the  island  of 
Samana.  in  the  West  Indies. 

CAPE  CACCIA,  kit/chi,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sardinia,  18 
miles  from  .\lghero. 

CAPE  CAGLIA.    See  C.\pe  M.mapan. 

CAPE  CALVI,  kSl'vee,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Corsica,  con- 
sisting  of  a  high  barren  mountain;  lat.  42°  41'  N.,  Ion.  8" 
42'  E. 

CAPE  CAMARON,  ka-md-rOn',  on  the  N.  coast  of  Hondu- 
ras; lat,  16°  N„  Ion,  85°  W, 

CAPE  CAMBELL,  kam'el.  on  the  E,  coa,st  of  TavaiPoenara- 
moo,  one  of  the  New  Zealand  islands ;  lat,  41°  42'  S,,  Ion. 
174°  25'  K 

CAPE  CAMBODIA,  kjm-bo'de-a,  the  S.  extremity  of  Can*- 
bodia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Si.am. 

CAPE  CAJPEROONS'  or  CAMARONES,  ki-ml-ro'nl.o.  on 
the  coast  of  Guinea,  is  an  island  in  the  estuary  of  the  river 
of  the  same  name,  near  lat,  4°  N,,  Ion.  9°  40'  E,  It  was 
named  by  the  Portuguese  from  the  vast  quantity  of  shrimps 
(aimaroies)  taken  in  the  adjacetit  sea, 

CAPE  CAMPANELLA,  kdm-pi-nJnl  a  he.adlana  of  Italy, 
20  miles  S.  of  Naples,  oppo.site  the  island  of  Capin;  it  bounds 
the  Gulf  of  Naples  on  tlie  S.E, 

CAPE  CAN.W'EKAL,  on  the  E,  co.ast  of  Florida,  1.35  miles 
S.E.  hy  S.  of  St.  Augustine,  The  liaht  is  a  revolving  one, 
in  a  tower  55  feet  high,    Lat,  28°  27'  N.,  Ion  80°  .^3'  W. 

CAPE  CANDY,  kan'dee,  a  headland  of  the  island  of  Co- 
lebes. 

CAPE  CANSO  or  C.\NSEAU,  kan'sO.the  S,E.extremitjr  of 
Nova  Scotia :  lat.  45°  17'  N.,  Ion.  61°  W. 

CAPE  CAXTIN,  kdn-teen',  on  the  W.  co.ast  of  Morocco, 
extending  into  the  Atlantic :  lit,  .3-2°  36'  N„  Ion,  9°  12'  W. 

CAPE  CAP'EL.  the  S.E.  extremitv  of  Bathurst  Land.  In 
the  Arctic  Ocean :  lat.  75°  N.,  Ion.  98°  W. 

CAPE  CAI"R1C0RN.  on  the  N.E.  coast  Of  Australia, 
about  30  mUes  N.  of  Port  Curtis,  lat.  23'  18  8.,  Ion.  lol** 
43' E. 


CAP 


CAP 


CAPE  CARBON  ARO.  kaR-bo-nd/ro,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sardi- 
nia ;  lat.  3y°  6'  N..  Ion.  9°  35'  K. 

CAl'E  CAKTIIAGE,  kar'thij,  a  promontory  of  Northern 
Africa,  in  the  Mediterranean;  lat.  3G°  52' 22"  N.,  Ion.  10° 
21"  49  E.  Tra<'es  of  the  celebrated  city  of  Carthage,  the 
great  rival  of  Home,  are  found  on  the  promontory  north  of 
the  lajtoon  of  Tunis,  which  formed  its  port. 

CAl'E  CAKVOEIRO,  kaR-vo-^e-ro,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Por- 
tugal :  lat.  39°  22'  N..  Ion.  9°  27'  W. 

CAPE  CARVOElRi).  a  headland  on  the  S.  coast  of  Por- 
tugal; lat.  37°  7'  N..  Ion.  8°  26' W. 

CAPE  CATALURa  or  CATALUGNA,  ki-ti-loon'ya,  on 
the  N.  coa.'it  of  .Majorca ;  lat.  39°  55'  N.,  ion.  3°  13'  E. 

CAPE  CATUAIUNE,  kuth'a-rin,  on  the  \V.  coast  of  Africa, 
In  the  Atlantic:  lat. about  2°  S. 

CAPE  CATOCIIK,  kd-to'ch;*,  a  headland  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, forming  the  N.Fl.  extremity  of  the  Peninsula  of  Yuca- 
tan, lat.  21°  3(i'  N.,  Ion.  S7°  6'  W.  This  is  the  point  where 
the  Spaniards  tirst  landed  on  the  American  continent,  and 
within  fi  miles  of  which,  according  to  the  authority  of  Ber- 
nal  Dias,  they  saw  a  large  town,  which  they  named  Grand 
Cairo. 

CAPE  CAVAT.ERIA.    See  Cape  Cabaleru. 

CAPE  CAVAhlKKK,  kd-vl-le-A/rd,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  lat.  36°  7'  30"  X.,  Ion.  33°  43'  42"  E. 

CAPK  CAVAyLO,  (It.  Qipo  di  Cavullo,  kj/po  dee  kj-vai'- 
lo,  or  Chda  di  Vol  pp..  kiMd  dee  vol'pA;  anc.  Ge'nys.)  a  pro- 
montor3'  of  Naples,  on  the  western  coast  of  Calabria  Ultra, 
extending  into  the  Straits  of  Messina;  lat.  38°  14' N.,  Ion. 
15°  42'  E. 

CAPE  CAXINES,  kl-nee'nSs,  or  RAS-ACONADA,  ris- 
J-ko-ni'dii.  written  also  AOONATTER,  a  promontory  which 
forms  the'  W.  point  of  the  Bay  of  Algiers,  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  Ion. 
3°E. 

CAPE  CEBERA  or  CEVEUA,  Bj-vi'ri,  on  the  coast  of 
Cataloni.a.  being  the  most  N.E.  land  in  Spain,  lat.  42°  26'  N., 
Ion.  3°  10'  E. 

CAPE  CEBERA  or  CEVERA,  of  Spain,  on  the  coast  of 
Valencia,  lat.  37°  58'  N.,  Ion.  0°  46'  E. 

CAPE  CII.\RLKS,  the  southern  point  of  Northampton 
CO.,  Virginia,  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  25  miles 
N.N.E.  of  .Norfolk.  The  li^ht-house  is  N.E.  from  Cape 
Charles,  on  the  N.  end  of  Smith's  Island,  and  shows  a  re- 
volving light,  about  05  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  lat. 
S7°3'  .\.,  Ion.  76°  2' W. 

CAPE  ClIARLKS.  on  the  northern  coast  of  Labrador, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  lat.  62°  15'  N., 
Ion.  55°  20'  W. 

CAPE  CHATHAM.  chatAim.  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Aus- 
Btralia,  lat.  35°  3'  S.,  Ion.  116°  35'  E. 

CAPE  CIIKLAGSKOY,  che-ldg'skoi',  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Siberia,  lat.  70°  10'  X..  ion.  170°  30'  E. 

CAPE  CIHGXKCTO,  shig-nJk'to,  written  al.so  CHIONI- 
TOU,  a  he;idland  of  Nova  Scotiiv,  at  the  head  of  the  ^Jay 
of  Fundy.  lat.  45°  24'  N.,  Ion.  64°  37'  \V. 

CAPK  CIIUDLEIGH,  chtidlee,  a  headland  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Labrador,  at  the  entrance  of  Hudson's  Straits,  lat. 
60°  12'  N..  Ion.  65°  '25'  W. 

CAPE  CIIURCII'ILL,  a  headland  of  British  America, 
on  the  western  shore  of  lludson's  Bay,  lat.  58°  48'  N.,  Ion. 
93°  12'  W. 

CAPE  CLAR/ENCE,  a  headland  at  the  northern  extre- 
mity of  Jones's  Sound.  Baffin's  Bay,  lat.  76°  45'  N.,  Ion.  77° 
45'  W.  The  peaks  of  the  surrounding  mountains,  which 
are  lost  in  the  clouds,  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow, 
while  their  sides  are  bkfak  and  inaccessible. 

CAPE  CLARENCE,  the  N.W.  point  of  North  Somer.set, 
at  the  entrance  of  Baa-row's  Strait,  lat.  73°  60'  N.,  Ion.  90° 
10'  W. 

CAPE  CLEAR,  the  most  southern  headland  of  Ireland, 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  on  an  island  having  an  area  of 
1506  acres.  Pop.  1052.  There  is  here  a  light-house  on 
ftn  abrupt  cliff,  455  feet  alx)ve  the  sea,  in  lat.  51°  26'  N., 
Ion.  9°  29'  W.  On  the  island  are  a  pier  and  a  ruined  castle 
and  church. 

CAPE  CLEVE/LAXD,  a  headland  on  the  N.'VV.  coast  of 
Australia,  in  lat.  19°  10'  10"  S.,  Ion.  146°  57'  56"  E. 

CAPE  COADERA,  ko-a-d.Vra,  a  headland  of  South  Ame- 
rica, on  the  coast  of  Caracas;  lat.  10°  60'  N.,  Ion.  66° 
10'  W. 

CAPE  COAST  CASTLE,  a  town  and  fort  of  Africa,  capi- 
tal of  the  British  settlements  on  the  coast  of  New  Guinea, 
lat.  5°  5'  25"  N.,  Ion.  1°  12^45"  W.  The  principal  fort,  the 
best  on  the  coast,  is  situated  on  a  granite  rock  which  pro- 
jects into  the  sea:  near  it  are  two  small  outposts.  Fort 
William  and  Fort  Victoria.  The  town  has  a  population  of 
about  10,000  Ijlaeks  and  13  Europeans.  It  is  regularly  built, 
and  its  streets  are  lined  with  trees.  The  soil  in  the  vicinity 
is  well  wooded,  but  deficient  in  water;  the  climate  is  damp 
and  unhealthy.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  78° — 
February,  80°  5' ;  September,  73°  B'ahrenheit.  The  chief 
exports  consist  of  palm  oil.  gold  dust,  maize,  and  tortoise 
shuU.  Their  tofcil  value  in  the  first  half-year  of  1S40, 
amounted  to  159.008f. :  of  imports  for  the  same  period,  the 
amount  was  208,4702.,  of  which  those  from  the  United  King- 


dom amounted  to  136.3602.  The  settlement  is  under  a  pr*' 
sident  of  council,  assisted  by  sul)ordinate  oflicers.  From 
1837  to  1840,  the  parliamentary  grants  for  the  station  were 
10.7602. 

CAPE  COCKOJURN,  a  headland  in  the  northern  part 
of  British  America,  on  Dolphin  and  Union  Strait;  lat.  68°  50' 
N.,  Ion.  115°  W. 

C.\PE  COD,  Massachusetts,  projects  from  the  S.E.  coast 
and,  curving  inwards  like  a  man's  arm  bent  at  !!:•»  elbow 
and  wrist,  encloses  Cape  Cod  Bay  on  the  S.  and  IV  It  is 
aliout  65  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  20  miles  wide  The 
northern  extremity  is  called  Race  I'oint,  on  which  Is  a  re- 
volving light  155  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  lat  12°  3' 
40"  N.,  Ion.  70°  14'  48"  W. 

CAPE  COD  LIGIIT-IIOUSE,  on  the  Clay  Pounds,  ^ high- 
lands,) Massachusetts,  contains  a  fixed  light  20r>  feet 
above  high-water  mark ;  lat.  4'20  2'  24"  N.,  Ion.  70°  4' 
18"  W. 

CAPE  COLBORNE,  kolHsrirn,  in  the  southern  part  of 
Victoria  Land,  iu  the  Arctic  Ocean;  lat.  68°  60'  N.,  Ion.  105<^ 
10'  W. 

C.4PE  COLONNA,  ko-lon'nl,  (i.e.  "column,"  anc. Su'nium 
Priimfmtnlrium,)  the  most  southern  point  of  Attica,  Greece; 
lat.  37°  38'  32"  N.,  Ion.  24°  1'  45"  E.  Its  summit  is  crowned 
by  the  ruins  of  a  temple.  209  feet  above  the  sea,  sjiid  to  have 
been  dedicated  to  Minerva,  and  of  which  id  columns  of 
white  marble  are  still  standing:  from  these  pillars  tlie  cape 
takes  its  modern  name.  Beneath  the  cajxj  are  caverns,  the 
frequent  resort  of  pirates. 

CAPE  COLONXl,  kol-lon'nee,  the  southern  point  of  the 
island  of  Samos;  lat.  37°  35  N.,  Ion.  26°  48'  E. 

CAPE  COLONY,  or  CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE,  an  exten- 
sive territory  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  forming  tlie 
southern  extremity  of  Africa,  i)etween  lat.  28°  15'  and  34<- 
50'  S.,  and  Ion.  16°  20'  and  27°  3o'  E.  On  the  W.  it  is 
bounded  by  the  Atlantic,  and  S.  and  E.  t)y  the  1  ndian  Ocean. 
Its  boundaries,  landward,  have  varied  much  at  different  pe- 
riod.s,  and  could  siara-ly  lie  said  to  be  defined  till  1847.  when, 
by  a  proclamation  of  the  Governor,  Sir  H.  Smith,  they  were 
declared  to  lie  on  the  N'.,  the  Gariep  or  Orange  River:  N.E., 
a  branch  of  the  same  river,  called  the  Nu  (Jariep;  and  E., 
the  rivers  Krai,  Klaas  Smits,  Zwart  Kei,  and  Plaats,  the 
Katlierg  Mountains,  the  rivers  Chumie  and  KeL-skamma; 
greiit«st  length,  \V.  to  E.,  5'20  miles;  greatest  bre.vlth,  N.  to 
S.,  430  miles;  area,  alx)ut  110,256  square  miles.  Cape  Co- 
lony consists  of  a  western  and  an  eastern  province,  and.  for 
administrative  purposes,  has  been  formed  into  divisions. 
These  have,  of  course,  inci-eased  with  the  accessions  of  terri- 
tory which  the  colony  has  made  at  different  times.  Tlieir 
numlier,  previously  13,  has  reci^ntly  been  increased  to  15, 
by  the  two  new  divisions  of  Victoria  and  Albert,  chielly  si- 
tuated along  the  eastern  frontier,  and  formed  out  of  a  tract 
generally  known  by  the  name  of  the  Ceded  Territory.  la 
addition  to  this,  there  is  a  large  unappropriated  tract  lying 
between  the  former  northern  boundary  of  the  colony  and 
its  new  boundary  of  Orange  River.  It  has  never  been  pro- 
perly explored,  but  is  supposed  to  have  an  extent  of  nearly 
00,000  square  miles.  According  to  the  report  of  the  sur- 
veyor-general, "  it  is,  for  the  most  part,  as  barren  a  desert  as 
is  to  be  found  on  the  earth's  crust." 

Pliysical  Fcatuns. — The  coast-line  of  the  colony  has  an 
extent  of  about  1200  miles.  The  north-western  portion, 
lying  considerably  out  of  the  tract  which  is  usually  navi- 
gated, is  imperfectly  known,  but  is  understood  to  consist  of 
sandy  plains,  generally  covered  with  shrubliy  plants.  To 
the  S.W.  and  S.  it  loses  this  character,  and,  though  seldom 
forming  what  may  be  called  a  lx)ld  and  rocky  coast,  presents 
an  almost  uninterrupted  series  of  headlands  and  indenta- 
tions. The  former  occasionally  stretch  out  into  lofty  pro- 
montories, the  principal  of  which  are  the  celebrated  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  forming  the  extremity  of  the  isolat+'d  moun- 
tain mass,  of  which  "Table  Mount  is  the  culminating  point, 
arid  Cape  Agulh.as  the  most  southern  point  of  Africa.  The 
latter  are  often  scooped  out  into  capacious  bays,  which  have 
ample  depth  of  water,  but,  lying  exposed  in  some  direction 
or  other,  are  very  imperfect  roadsteads.  The  chief  of  these 
bays  are.  on  the  W.,  St.  Helen's  Bay,  Saldanha  Baj-,  and 
Table  Bay ;  and  on  the  S.,  False  Bay,  with  its  important 
arm  called  Simon's  Bay,  St.  Sebastian's  Bay,  Mossel  B.ay, 
the  Camtoos,  and  Algoa  Bay.  Among  these,  comjjlete  shel- 
ter is  afforded  only  bj'  Saldanha  Bay,  which  possesses  all 
the  essentials  of  an  excellent  barter ;  and  Simon's  Bay, 
which  has  baen  relucted  for  the  arsenal  and  chief  naval  sta- 
tion of  the  colony. 

The  interior  of  the  country  may  be  described  as  consist- 
ing generally  of  a  succession  of  plateavtx  and  mountain 
ranges,  which  rise  above  each  other,  and  increa.se  in  eleva- 
tion as  they  recede  from  the  coast,  ?ach  range  forming  the 
boundary  of  a  lower  and  the  abutment  of  the  next  higher 
plateau;  and  again  lowering  down  considerably  towiirds  the 
Gariep  or  Orange  River.  The  Bokkeveld  itange  stretches 
from  X.  to  S.,  in  a  direction  nearly  parallel  with  the  west- 
ern coast,  at  a  distance  of  about  40  miles  from  it.  till  it 
reaches  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town  of  Worcester,  lat.  33° 
40'  S.    Almost  parall«l  to  this  range,  but  about  100  miles 

S61 


CAP 

farther  Inland,  is  the  Rog,2:evelcI.  Between  these  ranges 
lies  an  extensive  elevated  plateau,  which,  according  to  Its 
proximity  to  either  range,  tklces  the  name  of  the  Bolikeveld, 
or  of  theRoggeveld  Karroo.  In  like  manner  several  moun- 
tain ranges  run  parallel  with  the  S.  coast.  The  first  and 
lowest  stretches  from  W.  to  E..  without  interruption,  for 
about  200  miles,  leaving  a  belt  along  the  coast  which  seldom 
exceeds  20  miles.  This  range  of  hills  connects  with  the 
the  Bokkeveld,  and  properly  forms  one  of  its  branches. 
Behind  it,  and  at  a  distance  varying  from  15  to  30  miles,  is 
a  second  range,  connected  likewise  with  the  Bokkeveld,  so 
as  to  form  another  of  its  branches,  known  by  the  name 
of  the  Zwarte  or  Black  Mountains.  Between  these  two 
eastern  ranges  lie  the  plateaus  of  Kannaland  and  Long 
KlooC  .A.bout  70  miles  behind  the  Black  Mountains  is  the 
last  great  eastern  range,  which  links  with  the  Koggeveld, 
near  lat.  32°  10'  S.,  and  takes,  in  succession,  the  names  of 
the  Klein  Koggeveld,  the  N'ieuwveld.  and  the  Sneeuw  or 
Snowy  Mount;iins,  the  last  forming  the  highest  mountain 
chain  in  South  Africa,  and  attaining  an  elevation  which 
has  been  variously  estimated,  but  probably  is  not  less  than 
10,000  feet.  The  large  space  between  this  range  and  the 
BLick  Mountains  is  occupied  by  a  plateau,  called  the  Great 
Karroo.  On  the  W.,  it  connects  with  the  Bokkeveld  and 
the  Koggeveld  Karroos,  and  on  the  E.  with  a  similar  tract 
^led  Candeboo.  and  thus  the  whole  of  these  united  Karoos 
may  be  regarded  as  one  immense  plateau,  raised,  on  an 
average,  3000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  surrounded  on 
all  sides  by  mountain  ranges,  and  stretching  continuously, 
though  with  varying  width,  for  500  miles. 

The  geological  structure  of  the  mountains  appears  to  be 
very  uniform.  They  have  a  nucleusof  granite,  which  some- 
times comes  to  the  surface,  and  forms  the  predominating  rock, 
but  much  more  frequently  the  granite  is  overlain  by  enor- 
mous ma.sses  of  sandstone,  easily  distinguished  by  the  nu- 
merous pebbles  of  quartz  which  are  imbedded  iu  it.  The 
mountain  summit,  when  composed  of  granite,  is  usually 
round  .and  smooth,  but  when  composed  of  the  quartzoze 
sandstone  is  often  perfectly  Hat,  and  assumes  the  form  of 
which  Table  Mount  is  a  well-known  specimen.  The  thick- 
ness of  this  stratum,  in  some  localities,  is  not  less  than  2000 
feet,  and  may  then  be  seen  forming  steep  mural  faces  re- 
sembling ma.sonry,  or  exhibiting  a  series  of  salient  angles 
and  indentations,  as  sharp,  regular,  and  well  defined  as  if 
they  had  been  chiselled. 

Hirers. — Notwitstanding  its  lofty  mountain  ranges  and 
elevated  plateaus,  Cape  Colony  has  scarcely  any  navigable 
fivers.  Elephant,  or  Uli&nfs  River,  which  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  in  the  W.of  Clanwilliam  division,  is  afl'ected  by  the 
tide,  and  is  navigable  for  boats  for  30  miles,  but,  like  almost 
all  the  other  rivers  of  the  colony,  is  encumbered  at  its  mouth 
by  a  bar,  over  which  no  ordinary  sailing  vessel  can  float.  On 
the  S.  coast,  the  Breede,  which  empties  itself  into  St.  Sebas- 
tian's Bay,  in  Zwellendam  division,  admits  vessels  of  200 
tons  into  the  port  of  Beaufort,  at  its  mouth,  but,  imme- 
diately thereafter,  becomes  navigable  only  for  small  craft. 
To  judge  by  the  map,  one  might  suppose  that  the  colony 
was  remarkably  well  supplied  with  water.  Streams  are 
there  represented  as  traversing  the  country  in  all  direc- 
tions, some  of  them  apparently  receiving  numerous  tri- 
butaries, and  running  a  course  of  several  hundred  miles; 
and  the  tact  is,  that  at  the  season  when  rains  prevail,  many 
of  them  are  swollen  into  riversofgreat  width,andof  adepth 
which  would  float  the  largest  vessel  in  safety.  But  the 
rains  have  no  sooner  ceased  than  they  either  disappear 
altogether,  or  gink  down  into  deep  chasms,  and  occupy  a 
•hallow  rocky  bed,  overhung  on  both  sides  by  lofty  preci- 
pices of  the  prevailing  sandstone, 

dimute. — The  temperature  of  the  colony  varies  much  in 
different  localities,  but  its  general  average  mav  be  stilted  at 
07°  20'  at  Cape  Town,  that  of  the  coldest  monlh  being  67°, 
and  that  of  the  hottest  79°  Fahrenheit.  The  extremes, 
however,  have  a  much  wider  range.  The  alternations  of 
heat  and  cold  are  frequently  great,  as  well  as  sudden.  The 
S.E.  wind  sometimes  begins  to  blow  with  all  the  character- 
istics of  a  simoom.  At  first  it  is  almost  stiflingly  hot,  and, 
gradually  gathering  strength,  carries  along  with  it  an  im- 
palpable sand,  which  penetrates  everywhere.  The  whole 
atmosphere  is  dimmed,  and  the  trees  gather  a  coating  which 
makes  them  look  as  if  they  had  been  painted  with  red  ochre. 
Shortly,  however,  the  breeze  cools,  its  violence  ab.ites.  and 
the  air  regains  its  wonted  clearness.  Less  rain  falls  in  the 
Interior,  and  on  the  W.  coast  of  Cape  Colony,  than  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world,  excepting  rainless  districts. 

Vegeiutian. — The  vegetation  of  the  Cape  is  of  a  peculiar 
•lid  distinctive  character.  To  this,  however,  there  are  some 
curious  exceptions  in  the  case  of  particular  plants,  where  a 
connection  manife-ts  itself  l)etwebn  the  botiiny  of  this  pjirt 
of  the  world  and  that  of  very  remote  countries.  Such 
occurs  with  the  alder,  and  also  with  the  bramble.  In  many 
respects,  the  vegetation  in  the  E.  districts  of  the  colony 
differs  wiiiely  from  that  on  the  W.,  although  several  plants 
are  common  to  both.  Wheat  is  the  grain  most  exten- 
sively cultivattd  at  the  Cape,  but  other  cereals  are  also 
grown.  With  the  exception  of  the  Bllver-tree,  or  witte- 
362 


CAP 

boom,  (Leitcadfndron  argenttum,')  none  of  the  indigenous 
trees  in  the  vicinity  of  Capo  Town  attain  any  considerable 
size.  The  one  named  grows  to  the  height  of  from  oO  to  40 
feet,  and  is  verj*  conspicuous  frcm  the  brilliant,  silky  white- 
ness of  its  leaves.  Its  timl)er,  however,  like  that  of  all  the 
other  trees  of  the  colony  is  useless,  bi'ing  .soft  and  brittle. 
But  the  characteristic  vegetation  of  this  region  consists  in 
its  Ericffi  or  heaths.  Stapelias  or  carrion  tlowers,  and  Protea- 
ceae ;  of  the  first,  there  are  about  400  species,  and  of  the 
last  200,  all  exceedingly  beautiful,  but  having  a  range  so 
limited,  that  none  are  to  be  seen  X.  of  the  mountains 
which  bound  the  Great  Karroo,  while  by  far  the  greatest 
number  grow  within  100  miles  of  Cape  Town;  the  Protea 
Cynaroides,  bearing  a  flower  the  size  of  a  man's  hat,  is 
found  on  Table  Mountain;  as  for  the  singular  and  fleshy 
Stipelias,  resembling  a  star-fish,  alxiut  100  species  are  men- 
tioned, but  they  are  almost  entirely  confined  to  the  dry 
and  siindy  regions  of  tlie  AV.  coiist.  A  great  portion  of  the 
eastern  frontier  of  the  colony  and  the  adjacent  di.ifricts  are 
covered  with  extensive  thickets  of  a  strong,  succulent,  and 
thorny  vegetation,  called  by  the  natives,  the  bush.  The 
most  common  plants  of  the  bush  are  aloes,  of  many  species, 
all  exceedingly  fleshy,  and  some  b.autiful.  Other  character- 
istic plants  of  the  eastern  districts  are  the  spekboom.  (pork 
tree.  Purtulacaria  ofra.)  Schotia  speciosa,  Calitris  or  cedar, 
two  or  three  species  of  Podocarp.us  or  yellow-wood,  and  the 
great  succulent  Euphorbias,  which  grows  into  trees  40  feet 
high,  the  Euphorbia  meloformis,  3  feet  in  diameter,  lies  on 
the  ground,  to  which  it  is  attached  by  slender  fibrous 
roots,  and  is  confined  to  the  mountains  of  Graaf  Keynet, 
where  also  is  found  the  extraordinary  Testudinaria  or  Hot- 
tentot's bread.  The  Encephalait'S,  of  which  there  are  15 
species,  scarcely  occur  in  Cape  Colony,  properly  so  called, 
but  extend  over  the  mountains  of  Kaftraria,  Tambooka, 
and  Delagoa  Bay,  almost  to  the  tropics.  The  brilliant  Stre- 
litzias  are  almost  peculiar  to  the  districts  of  George  and 
Swellendam.  Throughout  are  found  various  species  ot 
Acacia;  many  beautiful  ones  of  Oxalis;  innumerable  spe- 
cies of  Ixia,  Gladiolus.  Tritonia:  Watsonia,  Hesperanthera, 
and  other  hand.«ome  Iridaceae,  known  by  the  name  of  Cape 
bulbs ;  nor  ought  we  to  omit  the  endless  varieties  of  Pelar- 
gonium or  Cape  geranium,  Gnaphaiium,  Xeranthemum, 
Diosma,  Mesembrj-anthemum  or  fig-marigold,  shrubliy  Bo- 
raginaceae,  and  curious,  if  not  large  or  showy  blossomed 
Orchidaceae. 

Zoology. — The  animals  indigenous  to  this  colony  are  al- 
most endlessly  varied,  from  the  most  unwieldy  bulks  to  the 
most  delicate  and  graceful  forms.  Among  quadrupeds  may 
be  enumerated  the  giraffe,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  the  hippo- 
potamus, now  much  less  frequently  seen  than  formerly; 
the  lion,  panther,  hyena,  jackal,  wolf,  wild  l«ar,  quagg.a, 
buffalo,  antelope,  springbok,  monkey,  porcu])iiie.  ant-eater, 
itc.  Among  birds  are  the  ostricli.  eagle,  vulture,  pelican, 
flamingo,  crane,  guinea-fowl,  turtle-dove,  and  smaller  spe- 
cies in  great  variety.  The  reptiles  are  among  the  largest 
and  most  venomous  of  their  class,  including  the  boa  con- 
strictor and  the  cobra  da  capello.  In  the  surrounding 
seas,  and  along  the  coasts,  whales  and  seals  exist  in  such 
numbers  as  to  make  the  capture  of  them  an  important 
occupjition,  while  both  there  and  in  the  rivers  there  is  no 
deficiency  of  smaller  fish. 

Agriculture. — The  temperature  is  such  a.s  ought  to  favor 
the  growth  of  all  the  ordinary  cereals,  and  the  first  colo- 
nists who  settled  in  the  country  expected  to  find  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  their  wealth  in  their  cultivation.  Some 
districts  were  apparently  fertile  enough,  but  even  where 
the  soil  was  well  adapted  for  the  growth  of  wheat  and 
the  other  cerealia,  the  climate  often  proved  most  unpro- 
pitious.  Long-continued  droughts  withered  the  corn  in 
the  blade,  and  mildew  destroyed  it  in  the  ear.  At  last  a 
better  system  began  to  prevail.  Extensive  tracts,  which 
never  could  have  yielded  a  profitable  return  under  the 
plough,  were  seen  to  be  capable  of  supporting  numerous 
Hocks  and  herds,  and  the  attention  of  the  colonists  was 
generally  turned  to  pasture.  The  native  stock  of  cattle 
h.is  been  supplanted  by  better  breeds,  or  improved  by 
crosses  with  them,  so  that  the  cattle  of  Cape  Colony  would 
not  suffer  by  a  comparison  with  those  of  many  of  the  better 
improved  districts  of  Europe,  while  the  Cape  ."iheep.  remark- 
able only  for  the  ponderousness  of  their  tails,  have  been 
very  generally  supplanted  by  finer  Europejin  breeds.  mor« 
especially  by  merinoes,  which  thrive  admirably,  and  pro- 
mise soon  to  make  wool  the  great  staple  of  the  colony. 
Grain,  particularly  wheat,  is  still  grown  to  a  consideraW* 
extent  in  the  lower  districts,  and.  in  ordinary  years,  crops 
both  abundant  and  of  good  quality  are  obtained.  In  the 
same  region,  and  also  in  the  Cape  division,  considerabl* 
attention  is  paid  to  the  culture  of  the  vine. 

Manufacture.';  and  Cnmmerce. — The  former  are  necessurily 
limited  to  a  few  articles  of  primary  necessity,  the  colonistt 
supplying  themselves  with  the  ordinary  mai  ufactures  fron: 
the  uiother  country,  of  a  better  quality,  an  J  at  a  chespei 
rate  than  could  be  produced  by  thums^'lves.  The  export  of 
wool  from  the  colony  is  Increasing  rapidly,  that  ol  wine  de 
ereasing.    In  1827,  only  44,4-11  pounds  of  wool  were  ex- 


CAP 


CAP 


ported:  in  184'!,  3,497,250  pounds ;  while  the  wine  had  d»- 

ereasi;<l  in  the  same  period,  from  740,000  to  185,000  gallons. 
The  whale  iUhery,  which  was  forniely  pursued  with  success, 
has  also  drt.Uiied;  but  the  amount  of  shipping,  belonging 
to  the  colony,  has  more  than  doubled  in  the  last  10  years. 
The  exports  from  the  colony,  in  1847,  amounted  to 
$2,134,222,  and  the  value  of  imports  to  $6,821,215,  of  which 
$2,564,288  was  from  (ireat  Britain.  The  colonial  produce 
exported,  in  1849,  amounted  to  $1,740,622,  consisting  prin- 
cipally of  wool,  skins,  bides,  wine,  flour,  and  bran,  ivory, 
ostrich  feathers,  horses,  beef,  and  pork.  The  trade  with  the 
United  States  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1S52,  employed 
4955  tons  of  shipping  inwards,  and  4439  tons  outward.  The 
value  of  imports  amounted  to  Sl''0,798,  and  the  exports  to 
$225.9^^4. 

Govt.rnment,  SeUgiim,  Education,  d-c. — The  government 
of  the  Cape  is  vested  in  a  governor,  nominated  by  the 
crown,  and  assisted  by  an  executive  council,  composed  of 
the  commander  of  the  forces,  the  chief-justice,  auditxir- 
genera!,  treasurer,  and  accountant-general.  Kach  province 
is  under  the  superintendence  of  a  lieutenant-governor,  and 
each  district  of  a  civil  commissioner,  subordinate  to  whom 
are  magistrates,  superintending  tracts  of  country  16  or  20 
miles  in  circuit.  Justice  is  administered  by  a  supreme 
court  of  judicature,  presided  over  by  a  chief-justice  and 
three  puisne  judges,  a  high-sheriff  and  deputy-sheriff  for 
eiich  district,,  a  court  of  vice-admiralty,  police,  and  matri- 
monial courts.  &c.  The  revenue  of  the  colony  has  generally 
exceeded  the  expenditure.  The  estimates  for  1849  give  the 
revenue  at  213.424?.,  and  the  expenditure  at  2l0,00OJ.  In 
1851,  the  expenditure  was  375,745i.  The  Dutch  and  Eng- 
lish Keformed,  Lutheran,  Komau  Catholic,  and  Presby- 
terian churches  in  the  Cape,  are  all  entiivly,  or  in  part, 
supported  by  the  Government.  From  returns  for  1846,  it 
appears  that  there  were  115  congregations  belonging  to 
the  two  provinces,  of  which  32  belongtd  to  the  Dutch  Re- 
formed church,  13  to  the  Knglish  Kpiscopalians,  8  to  dif- 
ferent Presbyterian  denominations,  4  to  the  Konian  Catholic 
church,  21  to  the  Wesleyan  church.  23  to  the  Independents, 
5  Moravian,  and  9  Lutheran.  Sunday  and  evening  schools 
are  attached  to  each.  There  are  also  numerous  missionary 
schools,  and  Bell's  Lancasterian  and  other  free  schools  in 
each  district.  In  numerous  localities  throughout  the  co- 
lony, missionary  exertions  are  carried  on.  by  various  deno- 
minations of  Christians,  for  the  evangelization  of  the  native 
population. 

Aborii/ines. — The  original  inhabitants  of  the  peninsula 
of  South  Africa  consist  of  two  distinct  negro  races — tlie 
Hottentot  and  the  Kaffre  which  are  again  subdivided  into 
10  or  12  different  trites.  The  Hottentots  occupy  the  northen 
portion  of  the  peninsula,  and  the  Kaffrosthe  north-eastern. 
The  first  are  a  mild  and  timid  j)eople,  with  some  talent,  but 
no  energy.  They  make  excellent  shepherds  and  herdsmen, 
and  are  faithful  and  honest.  The  Kaffres are  a  remarkably 
handsome  race,  tall,  stout,  beautifully  formed  and  graceful 
in  thiir  movements,  with  a  cheerful  and  contented  expres- 
sion of  countenance,  and  a  complexion  verging  towards 
black.  The  offshoots  of  these  two  great  families  are  the 
KoraniLis  or  Koras,  the  Bojesmans  or  Bushmen,  N.i- 
maqu.is,  Damaras,  Griqutis.  liecliuanas,  Jlantjitas,  and 
Zoolahs.  The  entire  population  is  166,408,  of  whom  about 
70.000  are  colored. 

Ilidory. — The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  discovered,  in 
1486.  by  Bartholomew  Diaz.  In  1620,  two  commanders 
of  the  English  East  India  Company  took  pos.'session  of 
the  country  in  the  name  of  King  James ;  but  no  settle- 
ment was  then  formed.  In  1650,  it  was  colonized  by  the 
Dutch  Government,  and  remained  in  their  possession  for 
156  years.  In  1795,  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  a  British 
armament,  but  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1S02.  In  1806, 
it  was  again  taken  by  the  British,  and  confirmed  to  them 
at  the  general  peace,  in  1814.  Almost  ever  since,  a  suc- 
cession of  hostilities  has  occurred  between  the  colonists 
and  the  Kaffres  on  the  eastern  and  north-eastern  frontiers 
of  the  colony,  the  latter  revenging  the  encroachments  of 
the  former  on  their  territories  by  plundering  their  cattle, 
and  otherwise  disturbing  them  in  their  possessions.  In 
1851,  one  of  these  Kaffre  wars,  and  one  of  formidable  aspect, 
raged  in  the  colony,  although  it  was  but  two  or  three  years 
previous  that  another  was  terminated,  which  cost  the 
mother  country  two  millions  of  money.  An  attempt  was 
recently  m.ide  by  the  British  Government  to  estiiblish  a 
penal  settlement  at  the  Cape,  which  was  successfully  re- 
sisted by  the  colonists. 

CAPE  COLVILLE,  kol'vil,  a  headland  of  New  Zealand  at 
the  N.  E.  entrance  of  the  Kiver  Thames;  lat.  36°  26'  S.,  Ion. 
175°  20'  E. 

CAPE  CO:m'BERMERE,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ellesmere 
Island,  on  Baffin's  Bay;  lat.  77°  5'  N.,  Ion.  75°  45'  AV. 

CAPE  COMFORT,  ktim'fort,  a  headland  of  Southampton 
Island,  on  Hudson's  Bay;  lat.  64°  56'  N..  Ion.  82°  30'  \V. 

CAPE  COM'ORIN,  the  southern  extremity  of  India,  State 
of  Travancore  in  the  Indian  Ocean;  lat.  8°  5'  N.,  Ion.  77° 
80' E. 

CAPE  (or  POINT)  (X)NCEP/TIOI*,  the  S  "W.  extremity  of 


'  Santa  Barbara  co.,  California ;   lat.  34°  26'  N.,  Ion.  about 
I  12n°25'  W. 

I      CAPE  CORMACHITTI.    See  Cape  KniWM.\CHiTn. 
I      CAPE  CORNnVALL,  a  headland  on   the  S.W.  coast  of 
I  Cornwall,  England,  about  4  miles  N.  of  Lands  End;  lat 
50°8'N.,  Ion.  5°42'W. 

CAPE  CORRIENTES,  koR-Re-Jn't^s,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Africa ;  lat.  23°  4.S'  S..  Ion.  35°  40'  K. 

CAPE  CORRIENTES,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Mexico;  lat 
20°22'N.,  Ion.  105°35'W. 

CAPE  CORRIENTES,  koR-Re-fn'tfs,  South  America,  on 
the  W.  coast  of  New  Granada,  extending  into  the  Pacific; 
lat.  5°  50'  N.,  Ion.  77°  15'  W. 

CAPE  CORRIENTES,  a  headland  near  the  S.W.  extremifrv 
ofCuba;  lat,  21°  46' N.,  Ion.  84°  30' W. 

CAPE  CORRUBEDO,  koR-Roo-BA'no.  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Galicia,  Spain  ;  lat.  42°  35'  N.,  Ion.  9°  b'  W. 

CAPE  CORSO,  koR/so.  fane.  Prmnnntnfrium  Sa'enim.)  forms 
the  N.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Corsica;  lat.  43°  0'  35"  N  , 
Ion.  9°  25'  E. 

CAPE  CRAWFORD,  in  the  N.  part  of  Prince  William's 
Land,  at  the  entrance  of  Admiralty  Inlet;  lat.  73°  45'  N  , 
Ion.  87°  W, 

CAPE  CREUX,  kruh,  (L.  PmmonUMum  CiiJcu,)  the 
most  E.  point  of  the  Spanish  Peninsula,  forming  the  W. 
limit  of  the  Gulf  of  Lyons;  lat.  42°  19'  2"  N.,  Ion.  3°  2^ 
34"  E. 

CAPE  CRILLON,  kril-lon',  the  most  S.  point  of  the  J.v 
pjinese  island  Tarakai,  or  .Saghalien.  on  the  Strait  of  La  P6- 
rouse ;  lat.  45"  54'  12"  N.,  Ion.  141°  58'  E. 

CAPE  CRIO.    See  Cape  Krio. 

CAPE  CRUZ,  krooce,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Cuba;  lat.  19°  47' 
N.,  Ion,  77°  42' W. 

CAPE  CULLER  A,  kool-yi/ri,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Spain; 
lat.  39°  9'  N.,  Ion.  0°20'41"  W. 

CAPE  DA-ROCA,  dd-ro'kil,  the  most  W.  headland  of  Por- 
tugal, Estremadura,  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lisbon,  with  a  fort 
and  a  light-house. 

CAPE  DARTUCH,  daR-took',  on  the  W.  coast  of  Minorca; 
let.  39°  50'  N.,  Ion.  3°  45'  E. 

CAPE  DKLGADO,  dJl-gd/do,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
Quiloa.  in  the  Indian  OceJiu ;  lat.  10°  5'  S.,  Ion. 41°  E. 

CAPK  DE.ME'TRIUS,  a  headland  of  Thessaly,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Salonica ;  lat.  39°  18'  N.,  Ion.  23°  20'  E. 

CAPE  DENBIGH,  d^n'bee,  on  the  W.  coast  of  RussLin 
America,  forming  the  extremity  of  a  peninsula  in  Norton 
Sound;  lat.  64°  17'  N.,  Ion.  161°  53'  M  . 

CAPE  DESEADA,  di-si-i/da,  or  DESIRE,  on  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Patagonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan 
from  the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 

CAPE  DESIRE,  the  E.  extremity  of  Nova  Zembla;  lat. 
76°  26' N.,  Ion.  76°  E. 

CAPE  DESOLAmON,  Greenland,  is  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Nunar-Soak  Island  ;  lat.  60°  50'  N..  Ion.  48°  50'  W. 

CAPE  DESOLATION,  a  headland  of  Terra-del-Fuego,  on 
one  of  its  W.  islands;  lat.  55°  45'  40"  S..  Ion.  71°  37'  10"  W. 

CAPE  DIAJIOND,  dl'mond,  the  extremity  of  a  promon- 
tory of  Canada  East,  at  the  confluence  of  the  St.  Charles 
with  the  St.  Lawrence,  rises  abruptly  333  feet  aliove  the 
river.  On  this  promontory  stands  the  citadel  of  Quebec. 
On  the  W.  and  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  ramparts  are  the 
plains  of  Abraham,  where,  in  1765,  the  English,  under  Ge- 
neral Wolfe,  gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  French  under 
Montcalm,  in  which  engagement  both  the  commanders 
were  slain. 

CAPE  DIGBY,  dig'bee.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Kergunlee's 
Land ;  lat.  49°  3'  S..  Ion.  70°  34'  E. 

CAPE  DIGGS,  in  British  America,  on  the  Channel  lead 
ing  from  Ilud.son's  Bay  to  Hudson's  Strait;  lat.  about  62" 
45'  N.,  Ion.  79°  W. 

CAPE  DIRECTION,  a  cupe  on  the  N.  E.  coast,  of  Aus- 
tralia,   in  York    Peninsula;  lat.  12°  51' S.,  Ion.  143°  33' E. 

CAPE  DIRECTION,  a  cape  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  form- 
ing the  E.  entrance  to  the  Derwent  River ;  lat.  43°  3'  S.,  Ion. 
147°  34'  E. 

CAPE  DISAPPOINT'MENT,  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Par 
cific  county.  Washington  Territory,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Columbia  River ;  lat.  46°  12'  N.,  Ion.  about  124°  15'  W. 

CAPE  DISAPPOINTMENT,  a  he.adland  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Georgia,  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean. 

CAPE  DIS/CORD,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Greenland;  lat.  60° 
30'N..  Ion.  44°30'W. 

CAPE  DO.MESNE  or  DOMESNES,  do-main',  a  he.idlana 
of  RussLa,  extending  into  the  Baltic  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Livonia,  S.  of  the  island  of  Oesel ;  lat.  57°  46'  N.,  Ion. 
22°  28'  E. 

CAPE  DON/DA,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Celebes, 
about  57  miles  N'.E.  of  Cajie  Tomoel;  lat.  0°48'  N.,  Ion.  119<' 
57' E. 

CAPE  DONNA  MARIA,  don/nd  md-ree/a,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Ilayti ;  lat,  18"  40'  N.,  Ion.  74°  27'  W. 

CAPE  DORO,  do'ro,  (It.  Ca}n  LfOro,  ki'po  do/ro;  ano. 
Cophareus.)  a  rocky  and  dangerous  coast  at  the  S.E.  extr» 
mitv  of  N  egropont ;  lat.  38°  9'  N .,  Ion.  24°  35'  E. 

Cil'E  DKEPANO,  drjp'a-no,  or  DREPANI,  drjp'd-ne,  on 

363 


CAP 

tha  S.K.  coast  of  Salonica,  Greece,  between  the  Gulfs  of 
Monte  Santo  and  Cassandra;  lat.  39°  56'  N..  Ion.  2i°  2'  E. 

OAPE  DROM'EDAKY.  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Australia,  is 
to  lat.  36°  W  S.,  Ion.  150°  14'  E.  It  consists  of  a  headland, 
having  a  double  mountain  over  it.  called  ilount  Drouieflarv. 

CAPE  DUCATO.  doo-kd'to,  the  S.  extremitv  of  Jjanta 
Maura,  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands;  lat.  3S°  33'  30"  N.,  Ion. 
20°  32'  45"  E.  It  is  the  ancient  promontory  of  Lf;ucadia, 
sometimes  called  the  Lovers'  Leap.  The  poetess  Sappho  is 
said  to  have  thrown  herself  from  the  top  of  this  promontory. 

CAPE  DUDLEY  DIGGS,  a  promontory  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Greenland ;  lat.  76°  15'  N..  Ion.  60°  7'  W. 

CAPE  DUND.AS,  dfin-da-ss',  the  N.  extremity  of  Prince 
of  Wales  Land,  at  the  W.  entrance  of  Baring  Channel ;  lat. 
74°  N.,  Ion.  100°  W. 

CAPE  DUNGLISON,  projecting  from  Grinnell  Land  into 
Smith  Strait ;  lat.  7s°  42'  N.,  Ion.  77°  5'  W.  Named  by  Dr. 
E.  K.  Kane  in  honor  of  Dr.  Dungiison  of  Philadelphia. 

CAPE  DYER,  di'er,  in  the  W.  part  of  Prince  of  Wales 
Land,  at  the  entrance  of  Ommanney  Bay ;  lat.  73°  20'  N., 
Ion.  101°  30'  W. 

CAPE.  EAST,  (Bus.  Shookotskoi  or  ScliukoL':koi.  shoo-kof- 
Bkoy\)  the  E.  point  of  Asia  on  Behring's  Strait ;  lat.  66°  6'  N., 
Ion.  169°  50' W. 

CAPE  EAST,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Madagascar ;  Lit.  15°  8' 
S.,  Ion.  50°  25'  E. 

CAPE  EAST.  Xew  Zealand.    See  Cape  Wai  Apoo. 

CAPE  EG'MONT,  on  the  SJE.  coast  of  Prince  Edwards 
Island,  at  the  entrance  of  EgmontBay;  lat.  46°  28'  N.,  Ion. 
64°  10'  W. 

CAPE  ELIZ'ABETII,  Maine,  6  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Portland. 
On  it  are  two  li<:ht-houses.  about  300  vards  apart,  with  lights 
140  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  lat.  43°  33'  36''  X.,lon. 
70°  11'  36"  W. 

CAPE  ELIZABETH  DEPOT,  a  postxifflce  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Maine. 

CAPE  EMIXEII.  Jm'ee'nS,  in  the  E.  part  of  European 
Turkev.  formius  the  termination  of  Mount  Balkan,  on  the 
Black  Sea:  lat.  >2°  40'  X..  Ion.  27°  55' E. 

CAPE  EXGASo,  ^n-pcin'yo,  (i.e.  " deception,") on  the  E. 
coast  of  Hayti :  lat.  18°  35'  N.,  Ion.  68°  20'  W. 

CAPE  EXGASo,  en-gin'yo,at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the 
island  of  Luzon,  in  lat.  18°  40'  X.,  Ion.  122°  20'  E. 

CAPE  ESPARTEL.    See  Cape  Sp artel. 

CAPE  ESPICIIEL.  Ss-pe-shJl'.  (anc.  BarMrium,  Promnn- 
to'riunil)  a  promontory  on  the  W.  coast  of  PortuiraU  21  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Lisbon ;  Lit  38°  25'  N.,  Ion.  9°  13'  W."  This  cape, 
which  rises  perpendicularly  tfom  the  sea,  is  of  a  whitish 
color  on  the  N.  and  reddish  on  the  S.  side,  and  is  crowned 
by  a  small  chapel  and  light-house,  the  latter  617  feet  above 
the  sea. 

CAPE  ESPIRITU  SAXTO,  es-plr'e-too  s3n'to,  on  the  N. 
extremitv  of  Samar.  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands ;  lat.  12° 
40'  N.,  Ion.  125°  36'  E. 

CAPE  ^SPIRITU  SAXTO.  Js-pir'e-too  sin'to,  on  the  X.E. 
coast  of  Terra-del-Fuego.  at  the  entrance  to  the  Straits  of 
Magellan;  lat.  5-2° 35'  S..  Ion.  68° 40'  W. 

CAPE  ESTACA,  gs-ta^kl  the  most  N.  point  of  Spain. 
E.X.E.  of  Cape  Ortesal.  lat.  4-3°  48'  X..  Ion.  7°  38'  W. 

CAPE  FAIRWEATII'ER,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Xorth  Ame- 
rica, lat.  5S°  55'  X.,  Ion.  138°  W. 

CAPE  FAL'COX.  (It.  F<ilcone.  fSl-ko'nA,)  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Sardinia :  lat.  41°  X..  Ion.  8°  13'  E. 

CAPE  FALSE,  a  headland,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Africa, 
lat.  26°  25'  X..  Ion.  14°  12'  W. 

CAPE  F.A.LSE.  on  the  coast  of  Central  America.  32  miles 
N.W.  of  Cape  Gracios  k  Dios,  lat.  15°  13'  X..  Ion.  83°  22'  W. 

CAPE  FALSE,  in  Africa,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sierra  Leone, 
lat.  8°  26'  X..  Ion.  13°  18'  W. 

CAPE  FALSE.  (Fr.  Gip  Faux,  k.^p  to.)  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Hayti.  lat.  17°  45'  N.,  Ion.  71°  40'  W. 

CAPE  FARE,  a  post-villa!;e  of  Taney  co.,  Missouri,  160 
miles  S.S.W.  of  .Tefferson  City. 

CAPE  FAREWELiy.  the  S.  extremity  of  Greenland, 
bounding  the  E.  entrance  to  Davis's  Straits,  lat.  59°  49'  X., 
Ion.  4-3°  54'  W.  A  strong  current  sets  round  this  Cape, 
and  continues  X.  along  the  E.  coast  of  the  strait  as  far  as 
lat.  67°  X. 

CAPE  FAREWELL,  on  the  X.W.  coast  of  Tavai  Poenam- 
moo.  one  of  the  New  Zealand  islands,  lat.  40°  31'  S.,  Ion. 
172°  47'  E. 

CAPE  FARO,  (&r\e.  Ftlolrm.)  the  X.E.  extremitv  of  the 
island  of  Sicily,  bounding,  with  the  opposite  cosist  of  Cala- 
bria, (rock  of  Seylla.  Ac.)  the  narrowest  part  of  the  Strait  of 
Messina.  Lat.  of  light-house,  3S°  15'  50"  X.,  Ion.  15°  40'  40" 
E  On  the  hill  ^bove  are  two  sea  batteries  and  martello 
towers,  the  whole  covered  bv  a  strong  fort 

CAPE  FARTASII,  fer'tish'.  or  FARTAK.  far^tlk',  a  pro- 
montory on  the  S.  coast  of  Arabia,  lat.  15°  38'  N.,  Ion.  52° 
20'  E.  ' 

CAPE  FEAR,  the  S.  point  of  Smith's  Island,  near  the 
month  fif  the  Cape  Fear  River,  Xorth  Carolin.-i.  Bald  Head 
Lighthouse  stands  1  mile  from  the  shore,  and  is  90  feet  high 
with  the  light.  110  fi>et  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat  33° 
48'  a.,  Ion.  77°  67°  W. 
3&i 


CAP 

CAPE  FEAR  RIVER  of  Xorth  Carolina,  is  formed  by  fht; 
union  of  the  Haw  and  Deep  Rivers,  which  unite  at  Hay- 
wood, in  Chatham  county,  near  the  centre  of  the  state 
Flowing  in  a  S.E.  direction,  it  passes  by  Fayetteville  on  the 
right,  and  Wilmington  on  the  left,  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
near  33°  ^a'  X.  lat..  and  78°  5'  W.  Ion.,  by  two  channels, 
separated  by  Smith's  Island.  The  S.  e>trem'ity  of  the  island 
is  called  Cape  Fear.  The  water  in  the  main  (S.W.'i  entrance, 
is  from  10  to  14  feet  deep  over  the  bar.  Cape  Fear  River  is 
the  largest  and  most  important  river,  whose  course  iie« 
wholly  in  North  Carolina,  and  the  only  one  which  flows 
directly  into  the  sea  fi-om  this  state.  Steamlxiats  ascend  in 
all  stages  of  water  to  Fayetteville,  120  miles  :  and  the  navi- 
gation has  lieen  opened  by  means  of  dams  and  locks  as  far 
as  the  coal-mines  of  Chatham  county.  At  Averyslxirough, 
the  river  falls  over  the  primitive  ledge,  which  divides  the 
hilly  region  of  the  state  from  the  low  country,  after  which 
it  traverses  a  level  and  sandy  distiict.  in  which  large  forests 
of  pitch-pine  are  found.  The  length,  including  one  of  the 
branches,  is  estimated  at  above  300  miles. 

CAPE  FERRATO,  fgR-fil'to.  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Sa> 
dinia.  lat.  about  39°  18'  X..  Ion.  9°  40'  E. 

CAPE  FER/RO,  or  RAS  HADID,  rks  hid-deed'.  on  the 
N.  coast  of  .\lirie-s.  being  the  E.  point  of  Storah  Bay.  Lat 
37°  5'  X..  Ion.  7°  10'  E. 

CAPE  FIOARI.  fe-ga'ree.  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Sardinia, 
forming  the  N.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Terra  Nova. 

CAPE  FINISTERE,  or  FINISTERRE,  fln-is-taiR',  the 
most  W.  headland  of  France;  lat.  4s°  20'  .\.,  Ion.  4°  .50'  W. 

CAPE  FINISTERRE  or  FIMSTERE.  fin  is  taiR/.  (Sp. 
Pinistierra.  fe-nis-te-^R'Rd ;  anc.  Promonlo'rium  Ke'num.  .4r- 
talfrum.  or  CelHieum.)  the  most  W.  headland  of  Spain,  on  the 
coast  of  Gahcia;  lat.  42°  54'  N..  Ion.  9°  16'  W. 

CAPE  FIXO,  fee'no,  on  the  coast  of  Genoa,  17  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Genoa. 

CAPE  FLATTERY,  a  high  promontory,  the  N.W.  extre- 
mity of  I>ewis  CO.,  M'ashington  Territory,  bounded  by  the 
Straits  of  Juan  da  Fuca  on  the  X.E..  and  the  Pacific  Ocean 
on  the  S.W.     Lat.  about  48°  45'  X.,  Ion.  124°  30'  W. 

CAPE  FLIXTJERS.  Xorth  America,  on  Kent  Peninsula, 
at  the  entrance  of  Coronation  Gulf;  lat.  68°  15'  N.,  109° 
15'  W. 

CAPE  FLORIDA,  the  E.  point  of  Key  Biscayno.  SRO 
miles  S.  bv  E.  of  St.  Augustine,  Florida;  lat.  of  the  light>' 
house.  25°  41'  X..  Ion.  80°  5'  W. 

CAPE  FORMEXTOX,  foR-miVton'.  a  promontory  form- 
ing the  most  N.  point  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  atthe  N. 
entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Pollenza;  lat  39°  57'  N.,  Ion.  3° 
16'  E. 

CAPE  FORMOS.A,  for-mo/s.j.  or  FOR^IO'PO,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Africa,  so  called  from  its  beautiful  appearance:  lat. 
4°  15'  N.,  Ion.  6°  10'  E. 

CAPE  FOULWEATH'ER,  the  N.W.  point  of  Benton  CO., 
Oregon  Territorv :  lat.  about  44°  45'  N.,  Ion.  124°  15'  W. 

CAPE  FOULWIXD,  on  the  W.  caist  of  New  Munster.  one 
of  the  New  Zealand  Islands:  lat.  41°  45'  S..  Ion.  171°  30'  E. 

C.A.PE  FOX.  on  the  X.  coast  of  Anticosti  Island;  lat»  49° 
22'  X..  Ion.  62°  W  W. 

CAPE  FRAXCAIS.  frdjjo'sA',  the  N.  point  of  Kerguelen's 
Land :  lat.  48°  40'  S.,  Ion.  69°  E. 

CAPE  FRANK'LIN.  at  the  N.W.  extremitv  of  Kent  Pe- 
ninsula, on  Dease  Strait :  lat.  68°  40'  X..  Ion.  100°  W. 

CAPE  FREIVERICK  VII.. in  the  N.  part  of  Prudhoe  Island, 
N.  of  Smith's  Sound ;  lat  79°  40'  X.,  Ion.  70°  15'  W. 

CAPE  FREELS.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Newfoundland ;  lat 
49°  38'  X..  Ion.  5:3°  W. 

CAPE  FREHEL.  frd'Jl',  on  the  coa.st  of  France.  13  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  St.  Malo :  lat.  48°  41'  N.,  Ion.  2°  19'  AV. ;  upon 
it  is  a  revolvins  liiht  246  feet  above  the  sea. 

CAPE  FRIEXDSHIP.  near  the  E.  extremitv  of  Bougain- 
ville Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  lat  6°  44'  S.,  Ion.  166° 
40' E. 

CAPE  FRIO,  free'o.  (Port,  axho  Frin.  k  Jnxvfree'o.  i.  e.  •'  Cool 
Cape.")  a  proniontorj'  on  the  coast  of  Brazil.  80  miles  E.  of 
Rio  Janeiro,  forms  the  terminus  of  the  ridge  of  mountains 
which  run  parallel  to  the  coast,  and  consists  of  a  husre  oval 
mass  of  granite.  Elevation,  1570  feet;  lat.  22°  59'  0"  S., 
Ion.  41°  57'  2"  W.    A  lishl-house  was  erected  on  it  in  1836. 

CAPE  FULLERTOXt  f«Sl'er-t9n,  on  llud-son's  B.iy:  lat 
64°  10'  N..  Ion.  88°  20'  W. 

CAPE  GALERA.  gd-lA/rJ.  South  America,  on  the  N."W. 
coast  of  New  Granada :  lat.  11°  N.,  Ion.  75°  20'  W. 

CAPE  GALERA.  gl-lA'rd.  the  E.  point  of  the  i.sland  of 
Trinidad :  lat.  10°  4.i'  N.,  Ion.  f)0°  30'  W. 

CAPE  GALLO.  gJllo.  a  headland  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily, 
7  miles  N.X'.W.  of  I'alermo. 

C.\PE  GALLO.  gjllo,  (anc.  Jcfritas.^  a  headlfind  of  Greece, 
Morea,  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  the  government  of  Jles- 
senia. 

C.'VPE  GAMALEY,  gd'mai.V,  a  headland  of  Japan,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  near  Its  N.  extremity; 
lat.  40°  38'  N..  Ion.  135)°  49-  E. 

CAPE  GAR/RY.  in  the  S.  part  of  North  Somerset  forming 
the  S.  boundary  of  Creswell  Bay;  lat  72°  23'  N.,  Ion.  t>^ 
30' W. 


CAP 

CAPE  GAPPfi.  fraVpee  or  g3.«-pi',  a  headland  of  Canada, 
on  tlie  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  lat.  48°  45'  N.;  Ion.  •)4°  W  W. 
At  its  W.  extremity  it  forms  the  N.  boundary  of  tlie  Bay  of 
Gaspe.  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  about  18  miles 
In  length,  by  6  miles  across,  forming  a  safe  harbor.  An  im- 
portant cod  and  wliale  tisherv  is  established  otT  its  shores. 

CAPE  GAT  A,  sd'td,  (Sp.  "Oifio  de  Gata.  k4'i»  dA  pd'tS.) 
a  promontory  of  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Granada,  forming  the 
K.  limit  of  the  great  bay  of  Almeria.  and  consisting  of  con- 
tinuous roclis  24  miles  in  circuit,  and  13  miles  in  breadth. 
In  the  centre  of  this  promontory  there  are  four  hills  near  to 
each  other,  called  the  Sacristan,  the  Two  Friars,  the  Cap- 
tain, and  the  White  Mountain ;  but  nothing  remarkable  is 
observed  from  their  outward  appearance.  The  case  is  verj' 
dilTeivnt  toward  the  sea,  where  about  50  paces  from  the 
be."K-h  there  is  a  rocky  mass  2(J0  feet  high,  crystallized  in 
large  places  that  have  4  or  6  plates  chased  one  within  an- 
otlier :  these  are  of  a  cinereous  color,  from  8  to  14  inches 
long,  with  a  large  grain  wliich  is  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish. 
The  other  side  of  the  promontory  beyond  these  four  hills  is 
called  Kl  Puerto  de  la  Plata,  (i.  e.  "  the  port  of  silver.")  For- 
merlv  this  cape  was  a  plivce  of  resort  for  Moorish  corsairs 
lurking  for  Spanish  vessels.    Lat.  30°  43'  N. ;  Ion.  2°  22'  W, 

C.\PK  GATTO,  gdftd,  (anc,  Cu>rias  JVommiUMum  f)  a  pro- 
montory on  the  S.  coast  of  Cyprus;  lat,  34°  34'  N..  Ion,  33°  8'  E. 

CAPE  OEOKGK,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  South 
Georgia:  lat.  54°  17'  S.,  Ion.  36°  32'  W. 

CAl*K  GIIIK  orGIIKER,  gheer,  a  headland  of  Morocco,  on 
the  Atl.^ntic,  63  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Mogadore:  lat.  30°  37' N., 
Ion.  <J°  52'  K.    On  its  W.  side  it  is  1235  feet  In  height. 

CAPKGIKAKDI'lAU.jee-rar-do'.  acounty  in  the  E.S.E.part 
ofilissouri,  borderingon  tlie  Mississippi  Kiver,  has  an  area  of 
875  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the 
Whitewater,  an  affluent  of  St.  Francis  itiver,  and  by  Ap|ile 
Creek;  the  Mississippi  forms  its  E.  boundary,  and  separates 
it  from  Illinois.  The  surface  is  nearly  level:  the  soil  is 
rich,  and  extensively  cultivated.  The  county  is  plentifully 
supplied  with  good  timber,  including  the  cypress.  It  was 
settled  in  1794  by  French  and  Germans.  Capital,  Jackson. 
Pop,  15,547,  of  whom  14,014  were  free,  and  1.5;«  slaves. 

CAPK  GIRARDKAU,  a  post-villago  of  Cape  Girardeau 
CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  Mis8is8ipi>i  River,  45  miles  above  the 
month  of  the  Ohio,  and  207  miles  E,S,E,  of  Jefferson  City. 
It  has  a  good  landing,  and  contains  a  bank.  It  is  the  seat 
of  St.  Vincent's  College.     Pop.  2663. 

CAPE  GLOUCESTKR.  glos'ter,  a  high  promontory  on 
the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia';  lat.' 20°  1'  S.;  Ion.  148°  26'  E. 

CAI'EGOLOVATCllEF,go-lo-va-chJPorGOLOVATCHEV', 
a  headland  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Tarakai  or  Sag- 
halein.  empire  of  China;  lat.  52°  32'  N..  41  Ion.  141°  54'  E. 

CAl>E  GOOD  SUCCESS/,  on  the  S.  coast  of  TeiTa  del 
Fuego.  extending  into  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire. 

CAPE GRACIAS-A-DIOS,grd'se-as-adee'oce, (I'.e.  "Thanks 
to  God.")  a  headland  of  Central  America,  on  the  Mosquito 
coast :  lat.  14°  55'  N.;  Ion.  S3°  15'  W.  . 

CAl'K  GKAF'TON',  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia,  bounds 
Trinitv  Bay  on  the  S.;  lat.  16°  51'  S,.  Ion.  145°  50'  E. 

CAl'E  GKEG'OKV,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Korth  America; 
lat.  4:;°  30'  N..  Ion.  124°  W. 

CAPE  GKEY,  Mis.souri.    See  C.\P  AU  Grkt. 

CAPI>  GRIM,  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Van  Diemen's  Land, 
and  the  S.  boundary  of  the  W.  entrancu  to  Ba.ss'  Strait; 
lat.  40=  43'  S..  Ion.  144°  42'  E. 

CAPE  GRIM'INGTON.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Labrador;  lat. 
68°  55'  N..  Ion.  61°  45'  W. 

CAPE  GRIN  NELL/,  a  headland  of  North  Devon,  on  Wel- 
lington Channel:  lat.  75°  30'  N.,  Ion.  92°  25'  W. 

CAPE  GRIS-NEZ,  grt^e-ni,  i.e..  ''gray  nose,"  (anc.  IVium 
Primvininlrium.)  a  headland  of  France,  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  being  the  nearest  point  of  the  i'rench  shore  to 
that  of  Britain.  (South  Foreland.)  It  h.as  a  revolving  light 
195  feet  high :  lat.  50°  62'  12"  N'..  Ion.  1°  35'  15"  E. 

CAPE  GUARDAFUI,  gwar-dd-fwee/.  orGARDAFUI,  gar'- 
da-fwee'.  (Arab,  Has  Jerdafform,  r3s-jerMd-foon';  anc.  Arnl- 
tniUum  I'romirilo'rium.)  the  most  E,  point  of  Africa,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Sea  of  Bab-el-Mandeb;  lat,  11°  50'  N,,  Ion. 
51°  20'  K, 

CAl'E  GWADEL,  t^vri-dl-V,  or  RAS  NOO.  r^s  noo,  a  penin- 
gula  of  Belooehistan,  about  the  middle  of  the  S,  coast,  on 
the  Indian  Ocean.  95  miles  S.  of  Kedje:  lat,  25°  12'  N„  Ion. 
62°  18'  E.  It  is  about  6  miles  in  breadth,  and  has  a  harbor 
on  either  side,  the  W.  of  which  affords  good  anchorage.  A 
ruined  wall  extends  across  its  narrow  isthmus,  near  which 
is  a  decayed  town,  and  a  poor  villace  of  hxits. 

CA  PE  HACK  NESS',  a  headland  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Orkney, 
on  the  S.E,  coast  of  the  island  of  Shapinshav. 

CAPE  IIAITIEX.     See  CAPE  HAYTIEX. 

CAPE  HALKETT,  hAl/ket.  a  headland  of  Russian  Ame- 
rica, on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  lat.  70°  48'  X.,  Ion.  151°  55'  W., 
bounds  Harrison  Bay  on  the  W. 

CAPE  IIAM/ILTON,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Wollaston  Land, 
to  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  lat.  68°  30'  N.,  Ion.  116°  30'  W. 

CAI'E  IIAMRAH,  Mm^rL  or  MAVERAII,  mliy'eT-L 
(Arab.  Bas-el-Hamrah,  rds-el-h3m'rd ;  anc.  Pr(mu/ntn>rium 
tiip'pir)  on  the  N.  coast  of  Algiers;  lat  37°  N.,  Ion.  7°  50'  E. 


CAP 

CAPE  HANG/LIP,  on  the  S.  extremity  of  Africa,  and  E 
side  of  False  Bav ;  lat.  04°  22'  S.,  Ion.  18°  40*  E. 

CAPE  HAK/i)Y,  on  the  X.  part  of  Prince  of  Wales  Land 
at  the  entrance  of  Baring  Channel;  lat,  73°  63'  N.,  Ion.  97*^ 
30'  W. 

CAPE  IIATII'ERTOX,  the  W.  extremity  of  Prudhoe 
Island,  in  Smiths  Sound:  lat,  78°  30'  N,.  ion.  75°  .30' W. 

CAPE  IIA'iTERA.S,  hat/gr-ass,  E.  of  North  Carolina.  120 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Cape  Henry,  'i'he  light  is  IJ  miles  from 
the  point  of  the  cape,  and  95  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea; 
lat.  35°  14'  \.,  Ion.  75°  30'  W. 

CAPE  n.\Y,  a  headland  of  British  America,  on  the  Polar 
Sea.  near  Ion.  95°  W. 

CAPE  HAYTIEX.  hA'le-en,  formerly  CAPE  FRAXgAIS, 
frdx^'si'.  and  CAPE  HENRY',  a  seap(jrt  town  of  the  island  of 
Hayti. on  its  N'. coast,  90  miles  X.  ofl'ort.au  Prince:  lat.  19° 
40'  X.,  Ion.  69°  54'  W.  Previous  to  the  Ilaytian  Revolution 
it  was  a  handsome  city,  and  it  still  has  some  fine  buildings, 
with  a  secure  and  tolerably  defended  harbor,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade,  ehietiy  with  the  United  States,  Great  Bri- 
tain. France,  and  Germany.  In  1841,  84  vessels.  aggregat« 
burden  11.806  tons,  entered  the  port  with  cargoes  valued  at 
136.484/,;  78  vessels,  burden  10.Hr2  tons,  cleared  with  ca."- 
goes  estimated  at  162,770/.  in  value.  Pop.  iul789, 18.5lj0;  in 
1851,  0000. 

CAl'E  HENLO'PEX,  on  the  E.  coa.st  of  Delaware,  at  the 
entrance  of  Delaware  Bay,  on  the  S,W.  side,  13  miles  S,S,W. 
of  Cape  Mav,  On  it  is  a  fixed  Iii:ht,  182  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea ;  "lat:  38°  47'  N.,  Ion.  75°  6'  30"  W.  A  beacon  liglit 
also  stands  at  the  extreme  N.  end  of  the  cape,  three-fourth* 
of  a  mile  distant. 

CAPE  HEXRIETTA  MARI/A.  in  British  America,  the 
dividing  line  on  the  W.  between  Hudson  and  James  Bays; 
lat.  55°  10'  N,.  Ion.  82°  30'  W. 

CAPE  HEX'RY.  on  the  X.E.  coast  of  Virginia,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Chesapeake  Bav.  on  the  S.  side.  12  milts  S.  by  W 
of  Cape  Charles:  lat.  3t.°  56'  X..  Ion.  76°  4'  W.  On  it  is  a 
fixed  liirht,  120  feet  .above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

CAPi;  IIILLSBi (ROUGH,  hilz'l  tkr-rfth.  a  headland  on 
the  X.E.  coast  of  Australia,  terminating  in  a  bluff  point, 
lat.  20°  53'  4(/'  S..  Ion.  149°  0'  15"  E. 

CAPE  HOXDUUAS.  hon-doo/ras,  or  PUXTA-DEL-CAS- 
TILLO.  poon'ta  d^I  kS.s-teel'yo.  a  headland  on  the  X.  c«astol 
Honduras:  lat.  16°  N„  Ion,  86°  16'  AV, 

CAl'E  HOPE  ADVAXCE/,  a  headland  of  British  America, 
on  Hudson's  Straits;  lat,  61°  45'  X,.  Ion,  72°  10'  W, 

CAPE  HORX.hoRn.  written  also  llOORN,  the  most  S,  point 
of  Americiu  on  the  last  island  of  the  Fuegian  Archipelago, 
in  lat,  55°  58'  40"  S.,  Ion.  67°  16'  W.  It  is  a  lofty,  steep, 
bare,  black  rock,  with  pointed  summits,  and  was  formerly 
considered  very  dangerous  to  pa.ss:  but  the  ditficulties  of 
doubling  it  are  now  greatly  diminished.  It  was  named  by 
Schouten.  its  discoverer,  in  1616.  in  honor  of  his  birthplace, 
Hoorn,  (hoRn,)  in  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Hol- 
land. 

CAPE  HORN.  FALSE,  on  the  coast  of  Terra-del-Fuego, 
9  miles  X.E.  of  Cape  Horn. 

CAPE  HOWE,  hOw,  the  most  S.E.  point  of  Australia,  280 
miles  S.W.  of  Sidnev :  lat.  37°  30'  S.,  Ion.  150°  5'  E. 

CAPE  HOWE.  "\VEST.  on  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Albany:  lat.  35°  9'  S..  Ion.  117°  40'  E. 

CAPE  HUMOS.  hoo'moce.  a  headland  of  Chili,  at  the  S. 
mouth  of  the  Maule:  lat.  3.5°  22'  S. 

CAPE  ICY.     See  Icy  Cape. 

CAPE  IXJE  or  IXDJEH.  in'jjh,  the  most  N.  point  of 
Anatolia,  extending  into  the  Black  Sea;  lat.  42°  8'  N.,  Ion. 
34°57'E. 

CAPE  ISABELLA.  iz-a-bJlla,  a  headland  of  Boothia  Felix ; 
lat.  69°  26'  X.,  Ion.  C3°  51'  W.' 

CAPE  ISABELLA,  in  the  E.  part  of  Ellesmere  I.sland.  at 
the  entrance  of  Smith's  Sound;  lat.  78°  10'  X..  Ion,  78°  W, 

CAPE  ISLAXD,  iland,  the  southern  extremity  of  Xew 
Jersey,  formerly  separated  by  a  small  creek  from  the  main- 
land.   It  is  3  or  4  miles  long,  and  from  ^  to  1  mile  wide. 

CAPE  ISLAXD.  or  CAPE  ISLAND  CITY,  a  celebrated 
watering-place  of  Cape  May  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  on  Cape  Island, 
about  100  miles  by  water  S.S.E.  of  Philadelphia.  During 
the  summer  months,  it  is  one  of  the  most  fashionable  places 
of  resort  in  the  United  States.  It  contains  5  or  6  churches, 
1  bank,  and  a  number  of  hotels,  among  which  may  bo  men- 
tioned the  Congress  Hall,  the  tFnited  States,  the  Columbia 
hotel,  the  Oceau  House,  and  the  Atlantic  House;  some  of 
these  hotels  are  very  large,  and  capable  of  accommodating 
from  lOiiO  to  2u00  persons.  In  stimmer.  Cape  Island  has  daily 
communication  by  steamboats  with  I'hiladelphia,  and  is 
thronged  with  the  wealthy  and  fashioiiable,  principally  from 
that  city.  This  place  is  also  connected  with  Philadelphia 
by  railroad.    Permanent  popnlation,about  600. 

CAPE  JER£mIE,  zhSr^i-mee/,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Hayti, 
IS  miles  E.  of  Cape  Donna  Maria;  lat.  18°  16'  N.,  ion.  74° 
12'  W. 

CAPE  JUBY.  joo/bee,  of  Africa,  on  the  W.  coa.st  of  Sahara, 
opposite  Fuerteventura.  one  of  the  Canary  I.slands,  is  a  low, 
sandy  point ;  lat.  27°  57'  60"  N..  Ion.  12°  55'  W. 

CAPE  KALAKKIA,kil-iak-ree'a,orGULGRAD  BOOROON 

365 


CAP 


CAP 


or  Btn.ROUN.  grul  ai3d'  booroon',  in  the  K.  part  of  Turkey, 
on  the  Black  Sea:  lat.  43°  23'  N.,  lon.2S°  30'  K. 

CAPE  KARDASH',  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  at  the 
W.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Iskanderoon;  lat.  36°  34'  N.,  Ion. 
86°  22'  E. 

CAI'E  KATER,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Cockbum Island, on 
the  Gulf  of  Boothia;  lat.  71°  53'  N.,  lon.90°  W. 

CAPE  KAYE,  ki,  a  promontory  in  the  W.  part  of  Cock- 
burn  Island,  N.  of  Fitzgerald  Bav;  lat.  72°  20'  \.,  Ion.  93° 
30'  W. 

CAPE  KEREMPE.  k3-rJm'p5h,  (anc.  Oxramrbis;  Gr.  Ko- 
fiaiiStf  fiKpa,)  a  headland  of  Asia,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Anatolia, 
extendius  into  the  Black  Sea :  lat.  42°  2'  X..  Ion.  33°  20'  E. 

CAPE  KHELl  DOXIA,  K^l-e-donee'd.  a  headland  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  fonninii  the  X.  point  of  the  Gulf  of  Adalia,  near  lat. 
8(5°  9'  X..  Ion.  30°  26'  E. 

CAPE  KIIERSOXESE,  ker'son-eece,  in  the  S.part  of  Rus- 
6ia.  on  the  Black  Sea;  lat.  44°  35' X.. Ion.  33°  20' E. 

CAPE  KIIROMACIIITTI,  Kro-mS-kiftee,  on  the  N.  coast 
Of  Cyprus :  lat,  35°  23'  X..  Ion.  33°  E. 

CAPE  KHYXZYR,  Kin'zeer,'  a  headland  on  the  S.coa.st  of 
Syria,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Iskanderoon;  lat.  36° 
17'X..  Ion.  35°4S'E. 

CAPE  KIRPE,  kggr'pS.  on  the  N.  coast  of  Anatolia,  ex- 
tendins  into  the  Black  Sea ;  lat.  41°  15'X..  Ion.  30°  IS'  E. 

CAPE  KOLOGRIA,  ko-lo-jrree'd,  or  PAPAS,  pi-pas',  at  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  Morea.  Greece,  at  the  S.  entrance  of  the 
Oulf  of  Patras";  lat.  about  38°  12'  N.,  Ion.  21°  24'  E. 

CAPE  KKIO,  kree/o.  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Anatolia,  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Kos  ;  lat,  36°  41' N..  Ion.  27°  23' 5" E. 

CAPE  KRIO,  the  most  S.  part  of  the  island  of  Candia; 
lat.  36°  16'  N.,  Ion.  23°  31'  E. 

CAPE  KKIO,  the  W.  point  of  Cyprus;  lat. 35°  16' N.,  Ion. 
23°  30'  E. 

CAP'EL.  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Surrey. 

CAPE  LADY  FRAXKLIX,  a  headland  on  the  S.W.  part 
of  Wolliiston  I^and,  on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  at  the  entrance  of 
Dolphin  and  Union  Strait:  lat, 68° 30'  X..  Ion.  113°  W. 

CAPE  LA  HAGUE.  Id  hai;;.  (Fr.  pron.  Id  hdg.)  sometimes 
improperly  written  LA  HOGUE,  a  headjand  of  France,  in 
Normandy,  department  of  Manche.  forminjr  the  X.W.  extre- 
mity of  the  peninsula  of  Cotentin,  in  the  Enjriish  Channel, 
opposite  the  island  of  Alderney,  16  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cher- 
bourg, and  50  miles  S.  of  St.  Alban's  Head.  (Dorsetshire.)  Lat. 
of  the  light-house,  49°  43'  22"  X..  Ion.  1°  57^  6"  W.  It  is  often 
confounded  with  Cape  La  Hogue,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
Contentin.  10  miles  X.E.  of  Valognes.  off  which  the  united 
English  and  Dutch  fleets  defeated  the  French  naval  force. 
May  19—22.  1692. 

C.\PE  L,\HOU.  Ij-hoo/,  a  headland  of  Africa,  on  the  Ivory 
coast,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name  near  it;  lat.  5°  16'  X., 
Ion.  5°  IS' W. 

CAPE  LASSOA.    See  Boolekomba  Point. 

CAPE  LASTRES.  lis'trjs,  on  the  X.  coast  of  Spain,  ex- 
tending into  the  Bav  of  Biscay ;  lat.  4.3°  33'  X.,  Ion.  5°  20'  W. 

CAP'EL  CUR'RIG,  a  hamlet  of  North  AVales,  co.  of  Caer- 
narvon. 

CAPE  LEAN,  or  LOOP  HEAD,  on  the  IV.  coast  of  Ire- 
land, at  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon;  lat.  52°  32'  N.,  Ion.  9° 
45' W. 

CAPE  LEEUWIX.  lee'win  or  l.Vftin.  the  most  S.W.  point 
of  Australia,  174  miles  S.  of  Swan  River,  and  about  the 
same  distance  W.  of  King  George's  Sound ;  lat.  34°  32'  S., 
Ion.  115°  6' E. 

CAPE  LEUCA.  or  SAXTA  SIARIA  DI  LEUCA,  sdn-ta  mi- 
ree'd  dee  l.i'oo-kd,  (anc.  lapy'grium,  or  Siilenti/num  Promon- 
tolrium.)  on  the  coast  of  Xaples.  at  the  S.E.  entrance  to  the 
QulfofTaranto;  lat.  39°  47' 10"  N.,  Ion  18°24'15"E. 

CAPE  LEVEQUE,  lA-vaik'.  on  the  X.W.  coast  of  Australia, 
being  the  most  X.  part  of  Dampier's  Land;  lat.  16°  20' S., 
Ion.  123°  E. 

CAPE  LEWaS.  in  the  W.  part  of  Greenland,  on  Baffin's 
Bay :  lat.  7-5°  35'  X..  Ion.  58° 40'  W. 

CAPEL  GAli'MOX.  a  townshipof  North  Wales,  co.  of  Den- 
bigh. 4|  miles  S.  of  Llanrwst. 

C.\PE  LICOSA,  le-ko'sd.  a  promontory  of  Naples,  forming 
the  E.  entrance  to  the  Oulf  of  Salerno ;  lat.  40°  14'  N.,  Ion. 
14°53'E. 

CAPE  LIXDESNAES.    See  Naze,  The. 

CAPE  LIXGUETTA.  Iin-g\v5t/td.  a  headland  of  European 
Turkey,  being  the  termination  of  the  Chimara  or  Acroce- 
raunian  Mountains,  extends  into  the  sea,  about  40  miles 
E.X.E.  from  Otranto.  bounding  ea.stward  the  entrance  into 
the  Adriatic.  It  Is  2290  feet  in  height;  lat.  40°  26' 17"  N., 
Ion.  19°  17' 17"  E. 

CAPE  LIS'BURX.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Russian  America, 
extending  into  the  Polar  .Sea :  lat.  69°  6'  X.  Ion.  166°  22*  W. 

CAPE  LITIIADA,  le-thS'di.a  headland  of  Greece,  forming 
the  .\.W.  extremity  of  Xegropont,  and  the  N.W.  entrance  to 
theGulfof  Talanti. 

CAPELLADKS.  kd-pM-yd'nfs,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain, 
30  miles  X.W.  of  Barcelona.  Pop.  2798.  It  has  manufac- 
tui-es  of  cloth  and  diaper,  and  brandy  distilleries. 

CAPELLE.  L.\,   Id  kd-p^l'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
Jf  Aisue.  10  miles  X.  of  Vervins.  formerly  fortified. 
366 


CAPELLE-MARIVAL,  La,  Id  kd'pMl'  mdVeeVJl'.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Lot,  10  miles  X.W.  of  Figeao 
Pop.  1331. 

CAPELLEN.  kd-p^Wen,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia. 

CAPELLE-OP-DEX  BOSCH,  kdp-pM'leh-op-den-lxisk.  a  vU- 
lage  ot  Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  11  miles  N.  of 
Brussels,  on  the  canal  thence  to  Antwerp,  and  on  the  rail- 
way between  Mechlin  and  Ghent.     Pop.  2500. 

CAPE  LOOKOUT',  E.  of  North  Carolina.  85  miles  S.W.  of 
Cape  Ilatteras.  Elevation  of  the  light,  100  feet ;  lat.  34°37' 
N..  Ion.  76°  33' W. 

CAPE  LOOKOUT.  E.  of  Yamhill  co.,  Oregon  Territory; 
in  lat.  about  45°  30'  N..  Ion.  124°  W. 

CAPE  LI30K0UT,  in  Hudson's  Bay;  lat.  55° 30' X ,  Ion. 
about  85°  40' W. 

CAPE  LOOKOUT,  a  headland  on  the  E.  coast  of  Pata- 
gonia, extending  into  the  Atlantic. 

CAPE  LOPATKA.  lo-pdt/kd.  in  Asia,  forming  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  the  peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  :  lat.  51°  2'  X.,  Ion.  156° 
46'  E.  It  consists  of  a  low  and  barren  tongue  of  land, 
widening  toward  the  N..  and  terminating  in  a  mountain, 
which  hears  the  same  name. 

CAPE  LOPEZ,  lo'pi^i!.  on  the  W.  caast  of  Africa,  forminj; 
the  S.  point  of  the  Bight  of  Biafra  :  lat.  0°  36'  S..  Ion.  S°  43' 
E.  The  extensive  bay  which  it  forms.  14  miles  long,  haa 
several  rivers  and  creeks,  all  very  shallow,  running  into  it. 

CAPE  LOUIS.  Ino'is.  a  headland  on  the  W.  caast  of  Ker- 
guelen's  Land ;  lat.  48°  50'  S..  Ion.  68°  IS'  E. 

CAPE  LOUIS  PHILIPPE,  loo'ee  fillip,  in  the  S.  part  of 
Wollaston  Land,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean;  lat.  68° 35'  N.,  Ion. 
109°  45' W. 

CAPEL  SAINT  ANDREW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

CAPE  LUCAS.    See  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

CAP'EL  VOE'LAS.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

CAPE  MAGUARL  md-gwd-ree'.  South  America,  the  N.E. 
point  of  the  Island  of  Joannes,  or  Marajo,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Amazon :  lat.  0°  16'  S..  Ion.  48°  W. 

CAPE  MAL*ABAR',  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Massachu- 
setts:  lat.  41°  34'  N.,  Ion.  69°  55'  W. 

CAPE  MALEK.  md-lJk',  or  MALECCA,  md-lJkld.  (anc 
Ciamon  PrnmontrJrium,)  on  the  N.  coast  of  Crete;  Lit.  35° 
37'N..  Ion.  24°9'E. 

CAPE  MALIO.  md1e-o.  or  SAINT  AXGELO.  (anc.  Malta 
Promnnto'rmm.}  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  Morea;  lat.  3'j=  27'  N  , 
Ion.  23°  12' E. 

CAPE  MAXAMBATOU.  mdn-dm-bd-too'.  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Madasnvscar;  lat.  1.3°  5'  S..  Ion.  49  °  50'  E. 

CAPE  .MARTELLO.  maR-t^llo,  the  S.  point  of  Nerropont : 
lat.  37°  56'  N..  Ion.  24°33'  E. 

CAPE  MATALA,  md-tdld.  the  most  S.  headland  of  Candia 
and  of  Europe :  lat.  34°  55'  X..  Ion.  24°  45'  E. 

CAPE  MATAPAN,  md-td-pdn'.  (anc.  TVnonm.  or  To-na/- 
rium  Promonlofrium.)  the  southernmost  extremity  of  th» 
Morea.  Greece,  and  of  continent.al  Europe;  lat,  36-^  2.3'  N., 
Ion.  22°  29'  E. 

CAPE  MAY.  the  southern  extremity  of  New.Tersey.  at  the 
entrance  of  Delaware  Bay.  On  its  extreme  S.W.  point  is  a 
revolving  liiiht,  which  revolves  once  in  three  minutes,  ele- 
vated 90  feet"  above  the  level  of  the  sea :  lat.  3S°  55'  4S"  N, 
Ion.  74°  58'  30"  W. 

CAPE  M.\Y,  the  most  southern  county  of  New  .lersey.  ha« 
an  area  of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  W.  by  Delaware  Bny.  and 
partly  on  the  X\  by  Tuckahoe  Creek.  The  surface  is  level 
This  county  is  entirely  of  alluvial  formation.  On  the  At- 
lantic coast  is  a  sandl>each.  which  for  the  width  of  from 
half  a  mile  to  two  miles  is  covered  with  grass,  affording  ex 
cellent  pasture.  It  is  broken  by  various  inlets  by  which  lh« 
sea  penetrates  the  marshes,  forming  lagoons  or  salt  watei 
lakes.  The  marsh  is  aliout  4  miles  wide :  a  similar  marsh 
extends  across  the  N.  part  of  the  county.  Near  Deiinisvillc 
is  a  deposit  of  cedar  timber  in  the  .soil  to  an  indefinite  depth, 
which  (although,  from  the  growth  at)Ove  it.  it  is  believed  to 
be  over  2000  years  old)  is  still  jierfectlv  sound,  and  a  larpre 
number  of  pei-sons  are  employed  in  digging  it  out,  and  work- 
ing it  into  shingles,  posts,  .tc.  The  soil  nea;  the  (■fnt:'al  part 
is  clayey,  with  a  sandy  subsoil,  and  is  naturally  of  a  good 
quality.  Organized  in  1710.  and  n.amed  from  Cornrlius  Ja- 
cobse  Mey.  a  navigator  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  West  In- 
dia Company,  who  visited  Delaware  Bay  in  1623.  {GDrdon.) 
Capital.  .Cape  Mav  Court-HoTise.     Pop.  7130. 

CAPE  MAY  COURT-HOUSE,a  thrivingpost-town.  capital 
of  Ca])e  May  county,  is  situated  in  Mid<ile  township,  abont 
80  miles  in  a  straight  line  S.  of  Trenton.  It  has  a  stone 
jail,  2  churches,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  in  I860,  about 
500. 

CAPE  MAYSI  or  MAISI.  ml-see',  the  E.  extremity  of 
Cuba :  lat.  20°  15'  N..  Ion.  74°  7'  W. 

CAPE  M  AYUMBA.  md-yoom'bd,  on  the  W.  coast  of  AfHca, 
lat.  3°  35'  S. 

CAPE  MELVILLE.  mM'vil.  a  proniontor>' of  Greenland, 
forming  the  W.  boundan-  of  Melville  Bav. 

CAPE  MEXDOCTXO.  ■mfndo-.se.-'no.  nea/  the  S.W.  part 
of  Humbolt  CO,  California;  lit.  40°  28'  N.,  lou.  124° 'it/ W 


CAP 


CAP 


CAPE  MESURADO,  m?&oo-r^do,  in  Africa,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Liberia,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river  of  the  same 
name,  in  lat.  6°  19'  N.,  Ion.  10°  50'  W.,  on  which  is  situated 
the  town  of  Monrovia. 

CAPE  MTDIAII,  mo-dee'lh,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Turkey,  on 
the  Black  Sea;  lat.  41°  22'  N.,  Ion.  28°  60'  E. 

CAPE  MILAZZO,  me-lit/so,  a  headland  on  the  N,  coast  of 
Sicily;  lat.38°17'N.,lon.  15°15'E. 

CAPE  MIIUK,  mee'rik.  or  MIKK,  meerk,  a  headland  of 
Western  Africa ;  lat.  l'J°  22'  14"  N.,  Ion.  16°  20'  36"  W. 

CAPE  MONDKGl),  mon-dA/go,  a  headland  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Portu^'al.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mondego  Kiver ;  lat.  40°  12° 
N.,  Ion.  8°  5.3'  W. 

CAPE  MONTE  CHP.ISTI,  mon'ti  kris/tee,  on  the  N.  coast 
Of  Hay ti ;  lat.  19°  54'  N..  Ion.  7 1°  45'  W. 

CAPE  MONTE  SANTO,  mou'tA  sSn'to,  a  promontory  of 
Greece,  formins  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Salonioa ;  lat.  40°  13' 
N.,  Ion.  24°  23'  K. 

CAPE  xMONZE,  m'on'zSh.or  RAS  MOARREE,  mo-ir'ree,  a 
sharply-pripjecting  headland,  forminu:  the  W.  extremity  of 
Siude,  and  the  E.  fi-ontier  of  Beloochistan ;  lat.  24°  51  N., 
Ion.  66°  37'  E.  It  is  of  moderate  height,  but  is  rendered 
dangerous  by  the  shoals,  which  extend  3  miles  from  the 
shore. 

CAPE  MOUNT,  a  headland  of  Western  Africa;  lat.6°46' 
N.,  Ion.  11°  15' W. 

CAPE  MOUNT,  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  which  fiiUs  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  6°  44'  N.,  Ion.  11°  25'  W.  The 
district  of  Cape  Mount,  with  Its  islands,  lakes,  and  rivers, 
was  granted  by  the  king  of  the  territory  to  an  English  com- 
pany, by  a  deed  dated  February  23,  1841. 

CAPENABON  (uiMymOor  NABEND.nd'bend',  a  headland 
of  Persia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Persian  Gulf;  lat.  27°  33' N., 
Ion.  52°  39'  E. 

CAPE  NAO,  ni'o,  a  headland  of  Spain,  on  the  coast  of 
Valencia,  47  miles  S.S.E.  of  Alicante;  lat.  38°  44'  N.,  Ion. 
0°  12'  K. 

CAPE  NAPIER,  ni'peer.  in  the  S.  part  of  Prince  Albert 
Land,  at  the  entrance  of  Russell  Gulf;  lat.  70°  30' N.,  Ion. 
116°  40' W. 

CAPE  NATURALISTE,  nJt-u-ral-leestA  a  headland  of 
Australia,  forming  the  W.  side  of  G6ographe  Bay ;  lat.  33° 
31' 45"  S. 

CAPK  NAU,  n3/oo,  (ano.  Lacintitim  Promrmtnlnum.)  a 
headland  of  Southern  Italy,  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  Ca- 
labria Ultra.  6  miles  S.li.  of  Cotrone.  It  was  once  the  site 
of  a  temple  dedicated  to  Juno  Lacinia,  and  from  hence  Han- 
nilial  is  said  to  have  embarked  on  leaving  Italy,  B.C.  202; 
lat.  of  cape.  39°  6'  N..  lou.  17°  14'  E. 

CAPE  NAZE.  nA/.e.or  LINDKSXAES.    See  Naze. 

CAPE  NEU'DOCK.  Maine.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Portland. 
The  li^iht-h  lU.'ie  is  on  Goat  Island,  and  contains  a  fixed 
lisht  33  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  lat.  43°  10' N.,  Ion. 
70°  35'  W. 

CAPK  NEDDOCK,  a  pnst-office  of  York  CO.,  Maine. 

CAPE  NEGRAIS,  no-gricu'.  a  headland  on  the  coiist  of 
Ava,  in  the  Bay  of  Bnijial :  lat.  16°  1'  30"  N.,  Ion.  ft4°  12'  E. 

CAPE  NEGliO,  nee'jrrooruA/gro,  Africa,  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Benguela;  lat.  15°45'S.,  Ion.  11°49'E. 

CAPE  NEGKO.  Africa,  on  the  N.AV.  coast  of  Tunis;  lat. 
87°  8' N..  Ion.  9°  5' E. 

CAPE  XOIR.  nor.  (Fr.  pi-on.  cip  nwia,)  South  America,  on 
the  island  of  Noir.  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Terra  del  Fuego:  lat. 
54°  30'  S.,  Ion.  73°  5'  40"  W.  It  is  a  steep  rock,  of  considera- 
ble height. 

CAPE  NOLI,  no/lee.  a  headland  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of. 
Genoa ;  lat.  44°  12'  N .,  Ion.  S°  23'  E. 

CAPE  NOON',  NOUN,  or  NUN,  noon,  Africa,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Morocco ;  lat.  28°  45'  N.,  Ion.  11°  5'  W. 

CAPE  NOJXlAGMO  or  NOUNIAGMO,  noo-ne-^g'mo,  a 
headland  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Lawrence  Bay,  on 
the  c'oa,st  of  Asia,  near  the  point  where  it  approaches  nearest 
to  the  continent  of  America,  about  lat.  65°  20'  N.,  Ion.  171°  W. 

CAPE  NORTH,  a  celebrated  promontory,forniing  the  north- 
ernmost point  of  Euri>pe,  and  situated  on  the  N.  extremity 
of  the  island  of  Majjeroe.  which  is  separated  from  the  main- 
land of  Nox-way  by  a  iiarro^^  channel :  lat.  71°  10'  12" J\'..  Ion. 
25°  46'  E.  It  consists  of  a  long  row  of  precipitous  rocks  jut- 
ting out  into  the  sea,  and  terminating  above,  partly  in  py- 
ramidal peaks,  and  partly  in  »  kind  of  table-land,  at  the 
heisht  of  alwut  1200  feet. 

CAPK  NORTH  or  3IEVERN0I.  se-iVin-noi',  a  headland 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Siberia :  lat.  68°  56'  N..  Ion.  179°  9'  W. 

CAPE  NORTH.  (I'ort.  aibo  do  Nr/rle.  ka/bo-do-noB/tA,) 
South  America,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Brazilian  Guiana,  at  the 
northernmost  mouth  of  the  Amazon ;  lat.  1°  51'  N.,  Ion.  50° 
10'  W.      • 

CAPE  NORTH,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Prince  Edward's  Isle, 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Ljiwrenee ;  lat.  47°  5'  N..  Ion.  64°  5'  W. 

CAPE  NORTH,  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Cape 
Breton ;  lat.  47°  2'  N..  Ion.  60°  25'  W. 

CAPE  NORTH,  or  O'TOIX  (OTOU.)  the  N.  extreniity  of 
New  Zealand:  lat.  34°  22' S.,  Ion.  173°  E.  It  is  a  peninsula 
jutting  out  to  the  N.G.  about  2  miles,  and  terminating  in 
■  bluff  he.id,  flat  at  the  top.    Capb  Noeth  is  a  name  given 


al.io  to  sundry  headlands  in  Ireland,  Morocco,  Tan  IMetaen'd 
l..and.  and  numerous  other  regions. 

CAPE  NORTHUM'BERLAND,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Au* 
tralta :  lat.  38°  5'  S.,  Ion.  140°  37'  E. 

CAPE  NOUN.    See  Cape  Noon. 

CAPE  XOVOSILZOV,  no-vo-sil-zov',  a  headland  of  Japan, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Yesso ;  lat.  43°  14'  30"  N., 
Ion.  140°  25'  30"  E. 

CAPE  N  UN.    See  Cape  Noox. 

CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE,  or  CAPE  PEAK,  a  celebrated 
promontory  of  South  Africa,  on  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Table  Mountain,  having  Table  Bay  on  the  E..  and  the  At- 
lantic on  the  W.,  31  miles  S.  of  Cape  Town;  lat.  34°22'S., 
Ion.  18°  23'  E.,  and  forming  a  bold  promontory,  rising  nearly 
1000  feet  above  the  sea.  This  cape,  celebrated  in  the  annals 
.  of  navigation,  was  discovered  in  the  year  14s6.  by  the  I'or- 
tuguese  navigator.  Bartholomew  I)iaz.  who,  not  being  able  to 
double  it,  and  having  encountered  much  bad  weather  in  its 
neighborhood,  gave  it  the  name  of  Ca}io  don  T'lrmentns, 
(kd/l)o  doce  toR'niJn'toce,)  or  "Cape  of  Tempest.s."  John  II., 
King  of  Portugal,  considering  this  point  as  the  goal  of  that 
gradual  circumnavigation  of  the  .\fricnn  continent  which 
had  long  engaged  the  attention  of  the  I'ortuguese,  gave  it, 
instead,  the  title  of  Oabo  de.  Hna  Epi-rav^a.  (kM)o  d:l  bo's 
Js-pi-rin'si,)  or  "  Cape  of  Good  Hope."  Shortly  after.  No- 
vember 20,  1497,  A'aseo  de  Gama  succeeded  in  doubling  it, 
and  was  the  first  European  who  by  this  route  reached  the 
Indian  Ocean. 

CAPE  OF  GOOD  HOPE.    See  Cape  Colony. 

CAPE  OH'ANGE,  in  the  Straits  of  M.agellan.  on  the  coat* 
of  Terra  del  Fuego ;  lat.  52°  35'  S..  Ion.  69°  30'  W. 

CAPE  ORThXlAL,  oR-tA-giP,  a  headland  of  Spain,  In  the 
N.  part  of  Galicia ;  lat.  43°  45'  N.,  Ion.  7°  56'  W. 

CAPE  ORTEGAL,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  New  Munster, 
the  S.W.  portion  of  the  island  of  New  Zealand;  Lit.  43°  45 
S.,  Ion.  172°  7'  E..  the  inhabitants  being  nearly  the  anti- 
podes of  those  of  Cape  Ortegal  in  Spain. 

CAPE  OT'WAY,  a  headland  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia ;  lat.  .38°  51'  S..  Ion.  14;s°  45'  E. 

CAPE  PAILLURI  or  PAILLOURI,  p;l-loo/ree.  a  promon- 
tory on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Salonica.  at  the  W.  entrance  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cassandra;  lat.  39°  65' N. 

CAPE  (or  POINT)  PALINURO.  p3-le-noo'ro,  (anc.  Pali- 
nn/rionPromnntnlrium,)  a  headland  of  Naples,  near  the  W. 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Policastro ;  lat.  40°  N..  Ion.  \h°  1.5'  E. 

CAPE  PALMAS,  p^Prnds,  a  headland  of  West  Africa,  on 
the  Guinea  Coast,  surmounted  by  a  fixed  light;  lat.  4°  22' 
6"N.,  Ion.  7°  44' 15"  W. 

CAPE  PALOS.  pSaoce,  (Sp.  Calm  de  P.tlm,  k^'bo  d.A  pd'- 
loce.)  a  headland  of  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Murcia;  lat.  37°  34' 
N.,  lon.0°40'W. 

CAPE  PAR'RY.  British  North  America,  is  on  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  near  lat.  69°  N..  Ion.  12.3°  35' W.  It  terminates  a 
promontoi-y,  bounding  Franklin  Bay  on  the  E. 

CAPE  PARRY,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Greenland,  on  the  3. 
head  of  Whale  Sound,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Bafiin's  Bay , 
lat.  77°  6'  N..  Ion.  71°  2.3'  W. 

CAPE  PARRY,  on  the  E.  coa.st  of  Greenland;  lat.  72°  22' 
N.,  Ion.  22°  2'  W. 

CAPE  PASSARO  or  PASSERO,  pd.s'sa-ro,  (anc.  Pucht/lnum 
Promnntolrium,)  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Sicily,  26  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Syracuse;  lat.  36°  41'  30"  N..  Ion.  16°7'E.  It  is 
a  low  rocky  point,  forming  the  E.  side  of  the  cove  of  I'orto 
Palo.  Here,  in  1718,  the  English  fleet  defeated  that  of 
Spain. 

CAPE  PATANI  or  PATANY,  pS-ta/nee,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Slam ; 
lat.  7°  4' N..  Ion.  101°  5' E. 

CAPE  PATIENCE,  pA/shenss.  Asia,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Saghalieii ;  lat.  49°  N. 

CAPE  PECOKA.  p.A/ko-rd,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sardinia; 
lat.  39°  27'  N.,  Ion.  8°  27'  E. 

CAPE  PELLEW,  pePlew',  the  N.  point  of  North  Island, 
one  of  the  Pellew  group,  off  the  coast  of  Australia ;  lat.  15° 
30'  S.,  Ion.  137°  2'  E. 

C-\PE  PELORO,  fk-\o>ro,  (anc.  Pddrum  Promrmtn/rium,) 
the  N.E.  point  of  Sicily,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Straits  of 
Messina:  lat.  38°  17'  N.,  Ion.  15°  40'  E. 

CAPE  PESaS  or  PEGNAS.  pSn'yds,  (f^p.  Caho  de  P>Hag, 
kd/lio  d.A  pi^n'vds.  t.  e.  "  Cape  of  Rocks.")  a  headland  of  Sp%ln, 
on  the  coast  of  Asturia ;  lat.  43°  41'  N..  Ion.  5°  53'  W. 

CAPE  PESaS,  pJn'yds.  on  the  NJi.  coast  of  Terra  del 
Fuego ;  lat.  5.3°  50'  S.,  Ion.  67°  35'  W. 

C.^PE  PERA.  pA/rd,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Majorca ;  lat.  39* 
42'  N.,  Ion.  3°  32'  E. 

CAPE  PERPET/UA,  near  the  N.W.  point  of  Umpqua  co., 
Oregon  Territory;  lat.  about  44°  15  N.,  Ion.  about  124° 
10'  W. 

CAPE  PILA.  pee'li,  a  headland  on  the  8£.  coast  of  Cy- 
prus ;  lat.  34° 55'  N.,  Ion.  :U°  10'  E. 

CAPE  PIL'LAR,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Terra  del  Fuego, 
forming  the  S.W.  entrance  into  the  Straits  of  Magellan 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  lat.  52°  45'  S..  Ion.  74°  47'  W.  It  is  a 
very  elevated  mass  of  rocks  which  terminate  in  two  cliffn, 
formed  in  the  shape  of  towers,  inclining  to  the  N.W. 

&67 


CAP 


CAP 


CAPE  P'KIE  pog  or  POGUE,  the  N.  end  of  Chnpoquidic 
Islan  ].  iuimediatelv  E.  of  Martha's  A'inerard.  It  has  a  fixed 
hght.  ba  feet  above"  the  level  of  the  sea";  lat,  41°  26' 10"  >'., 
Ion.  70°  27' W. 

CAPE  PORPOISE,  por'pQB,  5Iaine,  24  miles  S.W.  of 
?i>rtland.  The  lisrht  is  on  the  S.W.  side  of  Goat  Island,  and 
Is  elevated  33  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  lat.  43°  21'  N., 
Ion.  70°  25'  W. 

CAPE  P0RT1-AXD,  one  of  the  most  northerlv  points  of 
Van  Piemen's  Land :  lat.  40°  45'  S.,  Ion.  147°  50'  E. 

CAPE  PRINCE  OF  WALES,  a  remarkable  promontory, 
forniins  the  mnst  N.W.  point  of  North  America,  in  Behring's 
Sea :  lat.  65°  ,33'  30"  N..  Ion.  167°  59'  10"  W.  It  terminates  in 
a  peaked  mountain,  which  presents  a  very  hold  face  to  the 
eea.    A  very  dangerous  shoal  stretches  N.E.  from  the  cape. 

CAPE  PRIOR.  pre.«R/,  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  GaUcia ;  lat. 
43°33'N.,  Ion.  SOIS'W. 

CAPE  PULA,  poo/li  (sometimes  written  POLO.)  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Sardini.t.  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of 
Caglwri ;  lat.  -39°  3'  N.,  Ion.  9°  2'  E. 

Cape  race,  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Newfoundland;  lat. 
46°  40' N..  Ion.  52°  54' W. 

cape  RAD'STOCK,  a  headland  of  Australia,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Anxious  Bav :  lat.  32°  12'  S..  Ion.  134°  15'  E. 

CAPE  RAFAEL.  rSi-^-iV,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  llayti;  lat. 
190  2'N.,  Ion.  68°53'W. 

CAPE  RAY,  the  S.W.  point  of  Newfoundland ;  lat.  47°  35' 
N..  Ion.  59°  15'  W. 

Cape  RENA,  nl'n^  the  S.E.  point  of  the  island  of  Scyros 
or  Skvro :  lat.  38°  46'  N.,  Ion.  24°  40'  E. 

CAPE  REN'NEL.  the  N.  extremity  of  North  Somerset, 
on  Rarrow  Strait :  lat.  74°  W  N..  Ion.  93°  16'  W, 

CAPE  RESOLUTION,  a  headland  of  British  America, 
near  the  entrance  of  Hudson's  Strait ;  lat.  61°  29'  N. 

CAPE  RI VER.  or  VAUNKS,  caUed  also  RIO  DE  SEGOVIA, 
ree'o  dA  sA-i:o've-iL  (from  Segovia,  a  small  town  near  its  source,) 
a  large  river  of  Central  America,  Nicaragua  and  Mo.«!quito 
country,  enters  the  Caribljean  Sea,  at  Cape  Gracias  a  Pios 
after  a  N.E.  course,  estimated  at  from  250  to  300  miles, 
through  a  territory  mostly  of  high  fertility.  It  is  navi- 
gable from  the  sea  for  a  considerable  distance  inland,  be- 
yond which  its  course  is  impeded  by  numerous  cataracts 
and  sh.illows.    The  city  of  .Seiovia  is  near  its  source. 

CAPE  RIVERS.  N.W.  point  of  the  island  of  Celebes;  lat, 
1°  2t)'  N..  Ion.  120°  40'  E. 

CAPK  RIZZUTO.  rit-soo'to,  on  the  S.E,  coast  of  Calabria; 
lat.  .3s°  54'  N.,  Ion.  17°  E. 

C.VPER'NAU.M,  an  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  in  the 
pashalie  of  Damascus,  supposed  to  have  been  at  Khan- 
Miuyeh,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Tiberias,  5J  miles  N.W.  of 
Tiberias.  Here  is  a  low  mound  with  ruins  occupjing  a  consi- 
derable circuit,  and  near  it  is  a  copious  spring  called  Ain-el- 
Zin,  and  supposed  by  Robinson  to  be  the  Gapliarnaum  of 
Josephus,  while  Wilson  would  rather  place  its  locality  at 
TeUrfl-IJum,  SJ-  miles  to  the  N.E. 

CAPE  ROIVERTSON.  the  S.  extremity  of  Prudhoe  Island. 
in  Baffin's  Bay ;  lat.  77°  35'  N..  Ion.  72°  20'  W 

CAPE  ROCA,  ro/kl  (Port.  Caho  da  Row.  kS'bo-dS-ro'kD 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Portugiil,  called  genei-allv  bv  the  Eng- 
lish sailors.  Ttie  Kock  of  Lisbon  ;  lat.  38°  45'  N..  Ion.  9°  34'  W. 

CAPE  RODONI.  ro-do'nee.  on  the  coast  of  Albania  in  the 
Adriatic :  lat.  45°  55'  N..  Ion.  19°  E. 

CAPE  ROMAIN',  South  Carolina,  a  very  low  point  of 
land,  destitute  of  trees  or  shrubbery,  .37  miles  N.E.  of 
Charleston.  It  has  a  fixed  light,  871  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  on  the  E.  end  of  the  Great  Racoon  Kev.  bearing 
S.  bv  W.  from  the  cape :  lat.  3.3°  1'  N..  Ion.  79°  24'  W. 

CAPE  ROMAN.    See  Cape  St.  RoMAX. 

CAPE  RO/MAN  or  ROMANO,  ro-mah'no.  a  long  low  point, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Florida,  containing  mangrove-trees,  312 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Tallahassee:  lat.  25°  41' N.,  Inn.  80°5'30"W. 

CAPE  ROMANIA.  ro-mS-nei/a.  the  S.E.  point  of  Malacca: 
lat.  1°  18'  N.,  Ion.  104°  15'  E.  It  is  the  southernmost  point  of 
Asia. 

CAPE  RO'MANZOFF'.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Russian  Ame- 
rica, near  the  entrance  of  Behring's  Strait. 

CAPE  ROXO,  rox'oor  nVsho,  on  the  W,  coast  of  Africa; 
lat.  12°  16'  N..  Ion.  16°  45*  W. 

CAPE  ROXO,  rox'o  or  ro/no,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Porto 
Bico.  near  Lit.  17°  50'  N_  Ion.  67°  5'  W. 

CAPE  ROZIER,  ro'zeer,  (Fr.pron.  ro'zoA'.)  on  the  coast  of 
Canada  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  9  miles  from  Cape  Gaspe. 

CAPE  RUN'AWAY,  on  the  E.  coast  of  New  Zealand;  lat. 
87°32'S..  Ion.  178°  12' E. 

CAPE  SABINE,  saWin,  in  the  E.  part  of  Ellesmere's  Land, 
on  Smith's  Sound ;  Ut.  78°  45'  N..  Ion.  77°  .30'  W. 

CAPE  SA'BLE.  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia;  lat. 
43°  26'  N..  Ion.  65°  38'  W. 

CAPE  SABLE,  Florida,  the  most  S.  point  of  the  main- 
land of  the  peninsula:  lat.  24°  50'  N.,  Ion.  81°  15' W.  Fort 
Poinsett  is  situated  on  it. 

CAPE  SABLE  ISLAND,  a  small  island  off  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremitv  of  Nova  Scotia. 

C.\PE  SACRATIF.  sA-kn\-teef'.  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Gra- 
nada ;  lat.  3(P  40'  N.,  Ion.  3°  28'  W. 
308 


CAPE  SAINT  ANDREW,  sent-an'drew,  (If.  Capn  di  Sard 
Andrea,  k^po  dee  sint-dn-drd'd.)  on  the  E.  const  cf  Sicily ; 
lat.  .37°  47'  N.,  Ion.  15°  20'  E, 

CAPE  SAINT  ANDREW,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Madagascar , 
lat.  16°  10'  S..  Ion.  45°  26'  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  ANN.  Africa,  the  extreme  N.W.  point  of 
Sherho rough  Island,  coast  of  Sierra  Leone ;  lat.  7°  34'  N.,  Ion. 
12057'W. 

CAPE  SAINT  ANN,  a  headland  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
Africa,  aliout  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cape  Blanco.  neAr  Acrrundin, 
and  within  the  bank  of  that  name;  lat.  20°  30*  N_  Ion. 
17°  W, 

CAPE  SAINT  ANTHONY,  on  the  S.W.  coa-st  of  Arabb, 
near  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb :  lat.  12°  35'  N^  Ion.  i.^ 
56'  E.    Its  summit  is  2772  feet  above  the  sea. 

CAPE  SAINT  ANTONIO.    See  Cape  San  Astonio. 

CAPE  SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  dw'gus-teen.  a  headbind  on 
the  W.  coast  of  Madagascar:  lat.  23°  35'  S.,  Ion.  4:j°  30'  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  AUGUSTINE. (Port.&»to.4(/o4<ij!/io,Flnto 
i-g08-teen'yo  )  the  most  E.  headland  of  South  America,  on 
the  coast  of  Brazil :  lat.  8°  21'  S..  Ion.  a4°  56'  W.  This  waa 
the  first  land  discovered  in  South  America;  seen  by  Pin9on, 
A.D.I  500. 

CAPE  SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  (Sp.  San  Augustin,  sin 
6w-goos-teen',)  a  headland  of  -South  America,  on  the  coast 
of  New  Grenada :  lat.  10°  14'  6"  N„  Ion.  S0°  49'  .35"  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  sent  lw/gtis-t<en.  a  head- 
land at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Mindanao ;  lat 
0°  4' N..  Ion.  126°  13' E. 

CAPE  SAINT  BLAS.    See  Caps  San  Bals. 

CAPE  SAINT  EPIPHANY,  e-pitVne.  or  SAINT  EPl- 
PHA'NIUS,  (anc,  A&amas  Pn/mrmto/rium.)  a  headland  on  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  Cyprus,  near  lat.  35°  14'  N..  Ion.  32°  17'  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  FRAN'CI.S,  a  headland  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Cape  Colony,  \S'.  of  St,  Francis  Bay;  lat.  ai°  10'  S., 
Ion.  24°  52'  45"  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  FRANCIS,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, on  the  E.  side  of  Conception  Bay ;  lat.  47°  48'  N.,  Ion. 
52°51'AV. 

CAPE  SAINT  GEORGE,  the  S.  promontory  of  New  Ire- 
land:  lat.  4° 45' S.,  Ion.  152° 40' E. 

CAPE  SAINT  GEORGE,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Australia; 
lat.  35°  10'  S..  Ion.  160°  59'  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  GEORGE,  the  S.  extremity  of  Kergue- 
len's  I^and,  in  the  South  Indian  Ocean ;  lat.  49°  54'  S.,  Ion. 

CAPE  SAINT  GEORGE,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Newfound- 
land, at  the  entrance  to  St.  George  Bay ;  lat.  48°  2U'  N,,  Ion. 
59°16'W. 

CAPE  SAINT  GEORGE,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia, 
at  the  W.  entrance  to  a  bay  of  its  own  name;  lat.  42°  52'  N., 
ion.  61°  52'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  GEORGE,  the  southern  point  of  St.  George's 
Island.  S.  of  Franklin  co..  Florida.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light, 
65  feet  hiah :  lat.  29°  35'  N.,  Ion.  85° 4'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  JAMES,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Cambodia, 
extending  into  the  China  Sea,  near  lat.  10°  32'  N.,  Ion.  107° 
5'E, 

CAPE  SAINT  JAMES,  the  S.  extremity  of  Queen  Char- 
lotte's Island:  lat.  about  52°  N..  Ion.  131°  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  .JOHN,  the  E.  point  of  Staten  Island,  off  the 
coa.st  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  near  lat.  54°  46'  S..  Ion.  6.3°  4.5'  W 
It  is  composed  of  a  rock  of  considerable  height,  and  a  rocky 
islet  lying  near  its  N.  part. 

CAPE  SAINT  LAWRENCE,  the  N.  extremity  of  Cap<» 
Breton,  extending  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  lat.  47°  5 
N..  Ion.  60°  35'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  LUCAS,  sjnt  looTias.  the  S.  extremity  of 
the  peninsula  of  California :  lat.  22°  44'  N..  Ion.  109°  54'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  MARY,  Africi.  on  the  W.  coa.st  of  Seno 
gambia,  forming  the  S.W.  entrance  to  the  estuary  of  the 
Gambia ;  lat.  13°  30'  N.,  Ion.  10°  41'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  MARY,  Africa,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Ben- 
guela:  lat.  13°  25'  S..  Ion.  12°  33'  E. 

CAPE  S.4INT  MARY,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
between  Placentia  and  St.  Marj  "s  Bay ;  lat.  40°  51/ N.,  Ion. 
54°  15'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  MARY.  S.W.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  forming 
the  southern  entrance  to  a  bay  of  the  same  name;  lat.  44° 
7'  N..  Ion.  66°  15'  W. 

C.4PE  SAINT  MARY,  a  headland  of  South  America,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Crairuav;  lat.  34°  39'  S..  Ion.  54°  9'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  MARY,  the  S.  extremity  of  Madagascar; 
lat.  2.5°  38'  54"  S.,  Ion.  45°  42'  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  il.tRY,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  o' 
Now  Ireland :  lat.  4°  2'  S..  Ion.  153°  18'  E. 

CAPE  SAINT  NICOLAS.  (Fr.pron. sSn"  nee'ko'13'.) on  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  Hayti;  lat.  19°  61'  N.,  Ion.  73°  27'  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  PAUL,  Africa,  on  the  slave  coast;  Uktb' 
45'N.,  Ion.  0°53'E. 
.CAPE  SAINT  ROQUE,  r6k  or  ix/kL  a  promontory  on  the 
N.E.  coast  of  Brazil ;  lat.  5°  28'  S..  Ion.  35°  16'  W.    After  Cape 
Saint  Augustine,  it  is  the  most  E.  point  ot  South  .America. 

CAPE  SAINT  SEUASTIAX.    See  Cape  Sebastian. 

CAPE  SAINT  THOMAS,  (Port.  Oubo  de  iSdo  Tlumi,  kifbo 


CAP 


CAP 


3k  sSw.^o  to-md/.)  a  headland  on  the  S.E.  coist  of  Brazil,  near 
lat.  22°  S.,  Ion.  41°  W. 

CAPE  SAINT  VINCENT,  (ane.  PrnmrnMHum  Si'cnim,)  a 
headland  fdrmina;  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Portn^tal ;  lat.  37°  2' 
9"  N..  Ion.  i)°  W.  Off  this  rape,  on  the  I4th  of  February,  1797, 
the  Enj^lish  fleet,  conpistinj;  of  15  ship.s  of  the  line,  under 
Admiral  Jarvis,  defeated  a  far  superior  Spanish  naval  force. 

CAPE  SAINT  VINCENT,  on  the  W.  coast  of  .Madagascar, 
-at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Joune ;  lat.  21°  60'  S..  Ion.  4:j°  2*/  K. 

CAl'E  SAINT  VINCENT,  on  the  K.  coast  of  Terra  del 
Puego:  lat.  54°  -iS'  S.,  Ion.  65°  15'  W. 

CAPE  SALI.MONE.  sd-le-mo'nee,  the  E.  point  of  Crete; 
Lit.  35°  20'  N:,  Ion.  2ij°  20'  E. 

CAPE  (or  POINT)  SALINES,  sd'leen',  a  promontory  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Martinique,  near  lat.  14°  25'  N.,  Ion.  01°  W. 

CAPE  SALINAS,  sdlee/nis.  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Majorca:  lat.  39°  W  N..  Ion.  3°  7'  E. 

CAPE  SA.MANA,  sj-mi-n^'.  the  E.  extremity  of  Samana 
Island:  lat.  19°  18'  N.,  Ion.  09°  8'  W. 

CAPE  (or  POINT)  SAJIBAK.  sam-har',  the  S.E.  extremity 
Of  Borneo;  lat.  .3°  52'  S.,  Ion.  110°  15'  E. 

CAPE  SAM15')ANGAN,  sdm-lJO-Sn-udn',  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Mindan,^o ;  lat.  6°  43'  N.,  Ion.  122°  10'  E. 

CAPE  SAMBIIO.  Kam'l)ro,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia; lat.  44°  30'  N.,  Ion.  t3°  32'  W.     On  it  is  a  li-jht-house. 

CAPE  (or  POINT)  SA.MPANMAN.IO,  sdm-pdn-uian'yo, 
the  N.  extremity  of  Borneo;  lat.  7°  5'  \.,  Ion.  110°  62'  R. 

CAPE  SAN  ANTONIO,  sin  dn-to'ne-o,  a  headland  of  Spain, 
on  the  coa.«t  of  Valencia,  forming!  the  N.  extremity  of  the 
hay  of  Jabea  or  Javea.  It  is  hi;.rli.  naked,  and  precipitous. 
On  the  hiirh  talile-land  at  its  summit  are  several  wind- 
mills, a  small  convent,  and  a  watch-tower ;  lat.  38°  48'  5"  N., 
Ion.  0°  10'  E. 

CAPE  SAN  ANTONIO,  sin  In-to'neo,  the  W.  extremity 
of  the  island  of  Cuba;  lat.  21°  51'  5"  N.,  Ion.  84°  57'  2"  W. 

CAPE  SAN  ANTONIO,  sdn  dn-to/ne-o.  a  headland  of  Brar 
zil.  at  the  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Bahia ;  lat.  13°  0'  7"  S..  Ion. 
38°  31'  7"  W.     Then;  is  a  light  on  this  point  140  feet  hii^h. 

CAPE  SAN  ANTONIO,  sdn  dn-to'ne-o,  an  elevated  pro- 
montory of  Buenos  Ayres.  rising;  almo.st  perpendicularly 
from  the  sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  S.  side ; 
lat.  30°  19'  S.,  Ion.  50°  45'  W. 

CAPE  SAN  ANTONIO,  sdn  dn-to'ne-o,  a  peak  at  the  N.E. 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Koonasheer,  (Kunashir,)  one  of 
the  Koorile  .'roup,  near  lat.  44°  29'  N.,  Ion.  140°  8'  E. 

CAPE  SAN  BLAS,  sSn  bids,  or  SAINT  BLAS,  a  low  point 
of  land  extending  alxiut  2  miles  from  the  S.  coast  of  Florida, 
125  miles  S.E.  of  Pensacola.  It  has  a  revolving  light  65 
feet  hi'.ih :  lat.  29°  3,f»'  N.,  Ion.  85°  21'  W. 

CAi'E  SAN  BLAS.  sdn  bids,  a  headland  on  the  N.  coast 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  at  the  N.W.  entrance  to  San  Bias 
B<-iy:  lat.  9°  35'  N.,  Ion.  78°  58'  W. 

CAPE  SAN  DIEGO,  sdn  de-.Vgo,  a  headland  of  South 
America,  boundin-.;  on  the  W.  the  Straits  of  Le  Maire;  lat. 
54°33'S..  Ion.  65°  14'  \V. 

CAPE  SANDnVICII,  on  the  coast  of  Ilinchinbrook  Is- 
Und.  E.  Australia:  lat.  18°  13'  S..  Ion.  146°  19'  E. 

CAPE  SAN'DY.  on  the  E.  roast  of  Australia,  at  the  en- 
trance to  Ilervey  Bay;  lat.  24°  45'  S.,  Ion.  153°  45'  E. 

CAPE  SAN  FRANCISCO,  sdn  frdn-sees'ko.  South  America, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Ecuador :  lat.  0°  40'  N..  Ion.  80°  5'  W. 

CAPE  or  POINT  S.A.N  JULIAN,  sdn  jule-an  or  sdn-Hoo- 
le-dn',  South  America,  on  the  E.  ea"\st  of  Patagonia,  at  the 
entrsnce  to  San  Julian's  Bay;  lat.  49°  15'  S.,  Ion.  about  67° 
60'  \V. 

CAPE  SAN  LOREX'ZO,  South  America,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Ecuador:  lat.  1°  S.,  Ion.  80°  52'  \Y. 

CAPE  SAN  MARCO,  sdn  mdn/ko,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of 
Sieilv :  lat.  37°  29'  N.,  Ion.  1.3°  5'  E. 

C.VPE  SAN  MARCO,  sdn  man'ko,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sar- 
dinia, at  the  N.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Or jstiino;  lat.  39° 
52'  N..  Ion.  8°  23'  E. 

CAPE  SAN  NICOLO,  sdn  nee-ko-lo/,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Sardinia:  lat.  39°  25'  N..  Ion.  8°  2S'  E. 

CAPE  SANTA  CATALINA,  s,an'td  kdt^d-lee'nd,  on  the  W 
coast  of  Central  America,  70  miles  S.S.W.  from  Nicaragua, 
lat.  10°  35'  N. 

CAPE  SANTA  LUCIA,  sdn  td-loo-see'd.  the  W.  extremity 
of  Cambridtre  Island,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia;  lat.  51° 
25'  ;^.,  Ion.  75°  12'  W. 

CAPE  SANTA  MARIA,  sdn'td  md-ree'd.  South  America, 
»n  the  S.E.  coast  of  Uruguay,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kio-de- 
<»-Plata;  lat.  :i3°  40'  S..  ion.  54°  15'  W. 

CAPE  SANTA  MAIIIA  DI  LEUCA.    See  Capk  Leuca. 

CAPE  SANTA  POLA,  sin'td  po/ld,  Spain,  on  the  S.E. 
coast  of  Valencia,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Alicante,  near  lat.  38°  13' 
N.,  Ion.  0°  32'  W. 

CAPE  S.VN  VITO,  sdnvee'to,  a  headland  forming  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  Sicily,  at  the  W.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of 
Castel-a-Mare;  lat.  38°  14'  N.,  Ion.l2047'  E. 

CAPE  SASSOSO,  sd.s-so'so,  (t.  e.  "  rocky  cape ;"  anc.  Promon- 
tn'rium  Di'uin,)  on  the  N.  coast  of  Candia;  lat.  35°  35' N., 
Ion.  2.5°  7'  E. 

CAPE  SAUN'DERS.  on  the  X.E.  coast  of  the  island  of 
South  Georgia;  lat.  54°  10'  S.,  Ion.  36°  57' W. 


CAPE  SAUX'DERS.on  the  S.E.  coast  of  New  Munstei,  one 
of  the  New  Zealand  Islands;  lat.  45°  55'  S.,  Ion.  170°  35'  E 

C.A.PE'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri. 

CAPE  SEBASTIAN.  se-bd.s/chan,  a  headland  on  the  N.M 
coast  of  Madau'ascar ;  lat.  12°  28'' S.,  Ion.  48°  40'  E. 

CAPE  SEDANO,  sA-dd'no,  the  E,  extremity  of  Java,  N. 
of  the  entrance  to  Bali  Strait;  lat.7°58'  S.,  Ion.  114° 30'  E. 

CAPE  SELINTI,  se-lin'tee,  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
32  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Anamoor,  (Anamour.)  Near  it  are 
the  village  of  Selinti  and  the  mines  of  Trajanopolis. 

CAPE  SEKDZE  KAMEN,  s^Rd'zfh  kd'men?  on  the  N.B. 
coast  of  Silx»ria.  at  the  entrance  of  Behrlng  Straits;  lat.  60'' 
45'  N..  Ion.  170°  30'  W. 

CAPE  SIIACKLETON,  shSk'^l-ton.  In  the  W.  part  of 
Greenland,  off  Baffin's  Bay;  lat.  73<5  45'  N..  Ion.  50°  30'  W. 

CAPE  SIEKKA  LE0NE,80  Sr'ra  le-<ynoe,on  the  W.  coast 
of  .\fiica,  at  tlio  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name;  lat.  8° 
30'  N..  Ion.  13°18' W. 

CAPE  SIGRI.  see/gree,  the  W.  extremity  of  the  island  of 
Metelin;  lat.  .39°  20'  X.,  Ion.  25°  45'  E. 

C.iPE  SILLEIRO,  seel-yd/e-ro,  Spain,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Galicia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  do  Vigo;  lat.  42°  7'  N., 
Ion.  8°  54'  E. 

CAPE  SISAR.  se-saB',  ontheX.AV.coastof  Boi-neo;  lat  3° 
40'  N..  Ion.  112°  20'  E. 

CAPE  SKIL'L<1.  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Greet'e.  at  the  en- 
trance to  the  Gulf  of  ^Egina;  lat.  37°  27'  X.,  Ion.  23°  36'  E. 

CAPE  SKROPIIA,  skrtVfd.  on  the  S.E.  coa.st  of  Greece, 
at  the  X.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Patras ;  lat.  38°  18'  X., 
Ion.  21°  8'  E. 

CAPE  SAIALL  POINT,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  to 
Kennebec  River.  Maine :  lat.  4;j°  40'  30"  N..  Ion.  09°  48'  48"  W. 

CAPE  SOUTH  AM'PTON,  the  S.  extremity  of  South.amp- 
ton  Island,  on  Hudson's  Bay,  near  lat.  03°  N.,  Ion.  84°  W. 

CAPE  SPADA,  spd/dd.  {nnc.  TWyrus  P)-oTiunln>riumf)  a 
promontory  near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Crete,  between  the 
Gulfs  of  Khania  and  Kisjimos;  lat.  36°  42'  X..  Ion.  23°  43'  E. 

CAPE  SPAKTEL,  spaR-tM',  or  ESPARTEL,  Js-paR-t^l', 
Africa,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Morocco,  at  the  entrance  to  the 
Straits  of  (iihraltjir,  1043  feet  above  the  sea;  lat.  35°  49'  N., 
Ion.  5°  56'  W. 

CAPE  SPARTIMENTO,  spaR-te-mJn'to.  a  headland  of  Nv 
pies,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Principato  Citr.o,  at  the  N.  en- 
trance to  the  Gulf  of  Policastro;  lat.  40°  X..  Ion.  15°  15'  K 

CAPE  SPARTIVENTO.  spaa-te-v^n'to.  Naples,  at  the  SJE. 
extremity  of  Calaliria  Ultra;  lat.  37°  67'  X.,  Ion.  16° 5'  E. 

C.\PE  SPARTIVENTO,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sardinia;  lat. 
38°  52'  N.,  Ion.  8°  50'  E. 

CAPE  SPLIT,  a  headland  of  Nova  Scotia,  extending  in  the 
bav  of  Fundv ;  lat.  45°  '22'  40"  N.,  Ion.  t34°  15'  W. 

CAPE  SPULICO.  spfx/le-ko,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Naples, 
extending  into  the  Gulf  of  Taranto;  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  Ion.  18° 
36' E. 

CAPESTAXO,  kd'pfs'tas"',  (anc.  CuTplut  Stag'ni.)  a  walled 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ilfirault,  9  miles  W.  of  Be- 
ziers,  on  the  Canal  du  Midi,  and  near  the  X.  iMtnk  of  .an 
extensive  lagoon,  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  Pop,  of  com- 
mune, in  1S52.  2135. 

CAPE.STERRE,  LA,  Id  kd^s'talR'.  or  Lb  MARIGOT, 
Ifh  md'reeVc/,  a  town  of  the  West  Indies,  island  of  Guade- 
loupe, 9  miles  E.N.E.  of  La  Basse-Torre,  at  the  S.E.  angle  of 
the  island,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rividro-aux-Pferes.  It 
is  the  capital  of  the  most  fertile  and  salubrious  district  of 
the  colony. 

CAPESTERRE,  kd'pJsHalR/,  a  town  of  the  West  Indies, 
on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Marie-Galante,  capital  of 
a  district. 

CAPESTRAXO.  kd-pJs-trd'no,  a  small  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II,,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Aquila. 
Pop.  2409. 

CAPE  TA^BLE,  the  E.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Tera 
Kake,  on  the  coast  of  New  Ulster,  one  of  the  New  Zealand 
isles:  lat.  39°  7'  S.,  Ion.  178°  10'  E. 

CAPE  TABLE,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Van  Diemen's  Land; 
lat.  40°  56'  S..  Ion.  145°  42'  E. 

CAPE  TAIMOOR,  TAIMOUR,  TAIMUR,  or  TAYMOUR, 
trmoor',  a  headland  of  Siberia,  extending  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  120  miles  S.W.  of  Severo  Vostotchuoi,  next  to  which 
it  is  the  northernmost  promontory  of  Asia. 

CAPE  TALABO,  td-ld'bo,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Celebes,  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Tomini ;  lat.  0°  50'  S..  Ion.  123°  57' E. 

CAPE  TARKIIAN,  taR-Kdn',  the  westernmost  point  of 
the  Crimea,  extending  into  the  Black  Sea ;  lat.  45°  20'  7" 
N..  Ion.  32°  29'  7"  E.    It  has  a  light-house. 

CAPE  TEMOEL.  td-mo-^l',  on  the  W.  coast  of  Celebes^ 
near  the  equator:  Ion.  119°  25'  E. 

CAPE  TENXEZ.  tin-niz',  on  the  N,  coast  of  Algeria;  lat 
36°  34'  X. ;  Ion.  1°  23'  E. 

CAPE  TEULADA,  t^o-ld^dl  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sardi- 
nia, at  the  E.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Palmas;  lat.  38°  51' 
9"N.;  Ion.  8°  39' 2"  E. 

CAPE  THREE  POIXTS,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Yucatan,  ex- 
tending to  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 

CAPE  THREE  POINTS,  Africa,  on  the  S.  coast  of  G»il- 
nea;  lat.  4°  48'  N.,  Ion,  2°  5'  W 

sao 


CAP 


CAP 


CAPE  TlBl  RON,  te-hoo-ron'.  on  the  coast  of  South  Ame- 
rica, at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Darien;  lat.  8°  45'  N.; 
Ion.  77°  20'  W 

CAPE  TIBUROX.  t«-boo-r6n',  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Hayti; 
lat.  ISO  30'  \.:  Inn.  74°  29'  W. 

CAPE  TIXDAKO.  tin'di-ro,  a  headland  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Sicily,  extending  into  the  Gulf  of  Patti,  4  miles 
E.N'.E.  of  Patti.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
Tynldaris.    _ 

CAPE  TINOSO.  teen-yo'so.  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Mur- 
cia :  lat.  37°  30'  N.  >  Ion.  1°  16'  W. 

CAPE  TOPAI.O-POLO,  to-pdio-po'lo.  called  by  Captain 
Cook  CAPE  TUKNAGATN.  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Eaheino- 
mauwe.  one  of  the  New  Zealand  Isles;  lat.  40°  30'  S.,  Ion. 
170°  42'  E. 

CAPE  TORRES.  toR'RSs,  Spain,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Astu- 
ria.s :  lat.  4;}°  37'  N. ;  Ion.  5°  44'  W. 

CAPE  TORTOSA,  toR-to'sl.  Spain,  forming  the  N.  ex- 
tremitv  of  the  Island  of  Buda,  off  the  coast  of  Catalonia ; 
lat.  40°  40'  N..  Ion.  0°  47'  E. 

CAPE  TOWN,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  South  Africa, 
capital  of  the  Cape  Colony  on  its  W.  caist  at  the  X.  declivity 
of  Table  Mountain,  and  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  Table  Bay. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  in  the  Dutch  style,  with  canals  in 
the  principal  streets;  the  streets  are  broad,  and  cross  at 
right  angles,  but  unpaved.  The  sides  of  the  principal  ave- 
nues are  lined  with  rows  of  oak,  poplar,  and  pine  trees. 
The  houses  are  flat^roofed,  and  painted  or  whitewashed, 
with  terraces  in  front.  The  town  is  lighted  with  gas, 
and  defended  on  the  river  side  inland  by  a  regular  citadel ; 
on  the  bank  toward  the  sea  by  Amsterdam  R-jttery  and 
some  other  works.  The  view  of  the  town  and  its  vicinity 
from  the  b.^y  anchorage  is  very  striking.  Behind  rise  the 
perpendicular  sides  of  Table  Mountain,  while  on  either 
hand  are  the  barren  crags  of  Lion's  Head  and  DeviVs  Peak, 
the  former  usually  capped  with  a  cloud.  From  its  situa- 
tion. t;\cing  the  noon-day  sun,  and  Kicked  by  naked  moun- 
tains, the  town  is  exposed  to  excessive  heat,  and  is  often 
intolerable  from  dust;  it  is  also  exposed  to  violent  gales 
from  the  S.E.  Cape  Town  is  noted  as  being  the  place  where 
important  astronomical  observations  were  made  by  Sir  J. 
Herschel.  It  has  a  royal  marine  observatory,  and  a  magnetic 
obser»'atory.  At  noon  each  day  a  ball  is  dropped  here,  as  in 
Greenwich,  to  indicate  the  time  to  mariners.  The  educa- 
tion.al  establishments  are  the  South  African  College  and  the 
South  African  Institution,  a  good  public  library  with 
30,000  volumes,  and  a  valuable  private  botanic  garden. 
There  is  a  government  bank  which  issues  notes,  and  a 
joint-stock  bank,  with  a  branch,  at  Graham's  Town,  Cape 
Town  was  constituted  a  bishopric  in  1847.  Within  it  is 
held  the  supreme  court  of  justice  of  the  colony.  Table  Bay 
is  capacious  enough  to  contain  any  number  of  vessels,  but 
is  exposed  to  W.  winds,  which  from  June  to  August 
produce  heavy  swells.  To  the  port,  at  which  is  the  cus- 
tom-house, large  vessels  cannot  come;  but  the  anchorage 
in  the  bay  is  usu.illy  safe.  Two  quays,  extending  from 
the  beach  into  the  bay,  enable  lighters  to  take  in  and  dis- 
charge cargoes  at  all  times  of  the  tide.  Great  efforts  are 
made  both  by  the  government  and  the  municipality  to  ren- 
der Table  Bay  a  safe  harbor.  It  is  now  visited  annually  by 
a  large  number  of  vessels :  and  the  ca.suslties  do  not  amount 
to  a  third  per  cent.  From  1824  to  184S  it  was  visited  by 
9t515  vessels,  of  which  only  28  were  lost  or  seriously  injured. 
The  number  of  vessels  which  entered  in  1848  was  560,  tons, 
lt>4.417.  In  the  vicinity  are  numerous  villas,  and  the  walks 
near  the  town  are  pretty,  and  neatly  kept;  one  of  them, 
which  le.ids  along  the  top  of  Wynberg  Hill,  overlooking  the 
town  and  bay,  and  commanding  a  view  of  the  sjindy  plain  and 
distant  mountains,  with  Green  Point  (where  is  a  light-house) 
and  Robbin's  Island  in  the  distance,  is  peculiarly  pic- 
turesque. The  climate  of  the  whole  locality  is  considered 
salubrious,  and  the  place  is  much  frequented  by  Indian  re- 
sidents on  leave  of  absence.  Cape  Town  was  founded  by 
the  Dutch  in  1650.  and  with  its  subject  territory  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1795.  It  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  by  the 
treaty  of  Amiens :  recaptured  by  the  British  in  1806.  and 
finally  ceded  to  Britain  in  1815.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
was  discovered  by  Diaz  in  14S6,  and  called  by  him  the 
"  Cape  of  Storms."     Pop.  22.543. 

CAPK  TOWSHEND.  town'zend,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia: lat.  22°  15'  S..  Ion.  1.50°  W. 

CAPE  TKAFALGAR,  traf-al-gaB'.  (anc.  PrnmonU/riiim 
Juno'iiis.)  a  headland  of  Spain,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Cadiz; 
Itt.  36°  10'  X.;  Ion.  6°  1'  W.  In  the  memorable  engage- 
ment off  Cape  Trafalgar,  Octolier  21, 1805.  the  English,  under 
Lord  Nelson,  who  was  killed  in  the  action,  gained  a  complete 
Tictorv  over  the  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleets. 

CAPK  TIUBI'L-V'TIOX.  on  the  N.E.  coa.st  of  Australia,  at 

the  entrance  to  Trinity  Bav,  near  lat.  16°  &  S.,  ion.  146°  21'  E. 

CAPK  TKIXITY.  trin'e-te.  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island 

of  Kodi.\c,  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  near  lat.  57°  N.,  Ion, 

154°  W. 

CAPE  (or  POi:^T)  TRIONTO,  treon'to,  on  the  coast  of 
Naples,  extending  Into  the  Gulf  of  Taranto;  lat  39°  35'  N,, 
Ion,  16°  50'  E. 
870 


CAPE  VANCOUVER,  van-koo'vgr,  on  the  S.W,  coast  of 
Russian  America:  lat.  60°  30'  N..  Ion.  16:3=  30'  W. 

CAPE  VAN  DIEMKN,  van-doe'men.  the  most  N.  point  of 
Melville  IsLand,  North  Australia:  l.it.ll°8'S.. Ion. 1:30° 20'E. 

CAPE  VAX  I,  vi'nee,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Milo;  lat.  36°  45'  N.,  Ion.  24°  22'  E. 

CAPE  VARELLA,  \i-rtini.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Cochin  China, 
extending  into  the  China  Sea :  lat.  12°  56'  N.,  Ion. 109°  25'  E. 

CAPE  VATICAXO.  vi-te-ki'no.  in  Naples,  on  the  W.  coast- 
of  Calabria  Ultra:  lat.  3S°  37'  X..  Ion.  15°  61'  E. 

CAPE  (or  PniXT)  VEXUS,  vee/nQs,  on  the  X,  co.ist  of  Ot»- 
heite:  lat.  17°  29'  2"  S..  Ion.  149°  29'  W. 

CAPE  VERD  or  VERDE,  verd,  (Fr.  Cbp  Virt  or  V.rd.  kip 
vaiR:  i.e.  "green  cape.")  the  westernmost  cape  of  Africa,  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  between  the  rivers  Senegal  an,i  G.imbia; 
lat.  14°  43'  N.,  Ion.  17°  34'  W.  Named  from  a  group  of  enor- 
mous h,aobab-trees  crowning  its  summit.  Discovered  in  1445 
by  Dennis  Fernandez,  a  Portuaruese  navigator, 

■  CAPE  VERD  (or  VERDE)  ISLAXDS,  (Port.  Ilhai  Vi-rda, 
eel'yas  rjR'dSs,  t.  <•.  "green  islands:"  Ger.  Tnsdn  de.i  Gruntn 
Vnrgphirges.  in'sMn  d?s  grii'njn  fSR-g.'t-beeR'ghes.)  are  situ- 
ated in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  320  miles  W.  of  Cape  Verd,  be- 
tween lat.  14°  45'  and  ■17°13'  N..  and  Ion.  22°  46'  and  2.-)°  25'  W. 
The  archipelago  consists  of  the  following  10  islands : — Ssl.  Boa- 
vista.  Mayo,  Santiago.  (St..  James.)  Fogo.  Brava.  Grande, 
Rombo.  Sao  Xicolao.  (St.  Xichol.ns.)  and  Santa  Lu7.i:i.  and  4 
islet.s,  Branco,  Hazo,  Sao  Vicente,  (St.  Vincent.)  and  .*anto  An- 
tonio. Area.  1680  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1834.  55.8:3^:  61.864 
free,  and  3979  slaves.  In  1850  (the  last  census)  it  w:is  S6.700. 
The  white  population  in  the  whole  archijielago  is  to  the 
colored  as  1  to  "20.  The  surface  of  the  islands  is  in  general 
mountainous,  and  some  of  their  pe.iks  have  a  considerable 
elevation.  The  volcano  of  Fogo  is  9157  feet  in  iieight.  The 
soil  is  extremely  various,  but  mostly  fertile;  the  al  sence  of 
trees  and  the  scarcity  of  water  are  the  cau.-^^s  of  frequent 
and  severe  distress.  Climate  very  hot,  but  tempered  by  the 
sea  breezes;  mean  temperature  of  M.iy  and  August.  70°-9; 
April  to  September,  70°;  during  the  other  months.  65° 
Fah.;  the  mornings  and  evenings  are  cool,  and  dews  abun- 
dant. Chief  vegetable  products,  maize,  rice,  and  French 
beans.  Coffee,  introduced  in  1790,  has  completily  suc- 
ceeded; the  cotton  shrub  is  indigenous;  indigo  grows  wild, 
and  tobacco  is  cultivated  in  some  of  the  islands:  little  sugar' 
is  grown,  and  wine  of  inferior  quality;  tropical  fruits  are 
abund.int.  Orchill,  the  trade  in  which  was  formerly  mono- 
polized by  the  government,  and  yielded  an  annual  revenue 
of  24,000?.,  decreased  in  value  so  rapidly  after  the  trade  was 
thrown  open  in  1837,  as  to  require  new  restrictions,  which 
were  put  in  force  in  1844.  Cattle  are  exten.sivily  reared, 
and  dried  and  salted  provisions  form  a  considerable  article 
of  export.  Goats  are  still  numerous,  although  many  are 
annually  killed  for  the  sake  of  their  skins;  pi^s  are  abun- 
d;int  in  several  of  the  islands.  Asses  and  mules  .-jre  the 
only  beasts  of  burden.  F'owls  are  so  abundant  in  most  of 
the  islands  that  they  are  sold  for  less  th.an  Irf.  each;  ser 
pents  and  venomous  reptiles  are  unknown ;  whales  abound 
in  the  neighboring  seas,  and  are  fished  by  the  English  and 
.\mericans.  Amber  is  found  on  all  the  coasts,  which  are 
frequented  by  immense  numbers  of  turtle.  The  natives  are 
quiet  and  docile,  but  extremely  indolent.  The  Portuguese 
language  is  corrupted  into  a  jargon  called  lingua  araula. 
Agriculture  and  the  prepai-ation  of  salt  are  the  chief 
branches  of  industry;  linens,  potterj'-ware,  soap,  and  lea- 
ther are  manufactured  in  some  of  the  islands.  A'alue  of 
imports  in  1844,  J«1.960;  exports,  $80,280.  In  lSo2,  the 
commerce  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands  with  the  United  States 
employed  2776  tons  of  shipping  inwards,  and  826  tons  out- 
wards": value  of  impctrts,  $18,129;  exports,  ^64,07 6.  These 
islands,  together  with  the  Portuguese  possessions  on  the  con- 
tinent of  .\frica,  near  Cape  Roxo,  constitute  the  province  of 
Cape  Verd.  the  capital  of  which  was  removed  from  Porto 
Praya  to  Mindello,  in  the  island  of  St.  Vincent,  in  1^38.  The 
province  is  under  a  governor-general,  who  exercises  U^th  civil 
and  military  power.  Previous  to  1840,  there  w.is  only  1  school 
of  public  instruction  in  the  Archipelago:  at  present  there 
are  12,    The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  only  form  of  worship. 

CAPE  VERGA.  ver'ira.  on  the  S.W,  coast  of  Africa;  lat 
10°  18'  N.,  Ion.  14°  28'  W. 

CAPE  VICTO'RIA  or  VICTORY,  South  America,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Patagoni,a. 

C.A.PE  VIDIO,  vee'de-o,  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Asturias; 
lat.  43°  38'  N.,  Ion.  6°  19'  W. 

CAPE  VILLANO,  veel-yS/no.  Spain,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
Galicia;  lat,  4:3°  9'  N,,  Ion.  9°  10'  W, 

C.\PiyviLLE,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co,,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  E.  side  of  Chesjipeake  Bay. 

CAPE  VIN'CEXT.  a  port  of  entry  of  Jefferson  co..  New 
York,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence. and  at  the  terminus  of  the 
Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad,  25  miles  W.X.W.  <  f  Water- 
town.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  a  ship-yard,  and  in 
1854.  2171  tons  of  shipping  were  enrolled  and  liceu.sed  in 
the  district.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3585. 

CAPE  VIR'GIX,  a  hejulland  of  South  America,  on  the 
coast  of  Patagonia,  at  the  N.  entrance  to  tho  Strait  oJ  Ma- 
gellan ;  lat  6i2^  *4'  S~,  Ion.  68°  ai'  W. 


CAP 


CAP 


CAPE  VISCARDO,  vis-kanMo,  on  the  N  coast  of  the 
island  of  Cc'phalonia,  off  the  coast  of  Greece;  lat.  38°  28'  X., 
Ion.  2i)°  35'  E. 

CAl>E  VOLTAIRE,  Tol-tair',  a  headland  of  North-western 
Australia,  bound'ng  Admiralty  Gulf  on  the  W.;  lat."  14°  15' 
S.,  Ion.  li:5°  40'  E. 

CAPE  A'OLTA.S,  voUtds,  a  headland  of  South  Africa,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Orange  Kiver;   lat.  28°  44'  S.,  Ion.  16° 

'cape  WAI-APOO,  or  WAI-APOU,  wia-poo/,  or  EAST 
CAl'E.  the  E.  point  of  New  Ulster,  one  of  the  New  Zealand 
Wes;  lat.  37°  42'  S..  Ion.  178°  38'  E. 

CAPE  WALK'EK,  iu  the  W.  part  of  Greenland,  on  Baf- 
fin's Bay:  lat.  75°  50'  N..  Ion.  59°  30'  W. 

CAPE  WAL'SINGIIAM.  on  the  E.  coast  of  America,  N. 
of  the  entrance  into  Cumberland  Straits;  lat.  66°  N.,  ion. 
61°  W. 

CAl'E  WEST,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Now  Munster,  one  of 
the  New  Zealand  I.<les ;  Lit.  45°  54'  S..  Ion.  166°  40'  E. 

CAl'E  WUATH  forms  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Scotland, 
eo.  of  Sutherland ;  lat.  58°  37'  N.,  Ion.  5°  1'  W.  It  is  a  pyra- 
mid of  ;j;neiss,  rising  to  a  height  of  300  feet,  and  having  on 
it  a  lijrht^house.  with  a  light  400  feet  aliove  the  .sea. 

CAPE  YOIIK.  the  northernmost  point  of  Australia,  ter- 
minating the  land  which  bounds  tlie  Gulf  of  Carpentaria 
on  the  E.;  lat.  10°  41'  6"  S.,  Ion.  142°  34'  E. 

CAPE  YOKK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Greenland,  on  BaiBn's 
Bav ;  lat.  75°  55'  N.,  Ion.  67°  W. 

CAPE  ZAMBRONA,  dzdm-bro'njl,  on  the  AV.  coast  of  Ca- 
labria, near  the  S.  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Eufemia;  lat. 
38°  46'  N..  Ion.  10°  3'  E. 

CAPE  ZIBEEB,  ze-beeW.  or  RAS  SIDI  ALI-AL-SHUSIIA, 
rSs  see'dee  il/lee-Jl-shoo'shJ,  in  Africa,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Tunis;  lat.  37°  13'  N..  Ion.  10°  E. 

CAPIIAREUS.    Sep  Cape  DoRO. 

CAPIHARI,  kd-pe-bi-ree'.  a  town  of  Brazil,  120  miles  W. 
of  Siio  Paulo,  on  a  stream  of  its  own  name,  an  affluent  of 
the  Tiete.     I'op.  2000. 

CAPIBARI,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  a 
tributary  of  the  Tiete,  an  affluent  of  the  I'aranA. 

CAPIRAKIBE,  ki-pe-bd-reetiA,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Pernambuco,  rising  in  lat.  7°  60'  S.,  Ion.  37°  45'  W.,  flow- 
ing K.  and  S.,  and  falling  by  two  mouths  into  ^he  Bay  of 
Kei-ife.  Total  course,  about  200  miles,  exclusive  of  windings. 

CAPISTilELLO,  kip  is-tr611o,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Ultra.  3j  miles  W.  of  Lake  Fucino.     Pop.  1150. 

CAPITANATA,  kd-pe-ta-ni'td,  a  province  of  Naples, 
bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Adriatic.  Capital,  Foggia. 
Pop.  304.323. 

CAPITIUMorCAPYTIUM.    See  Capizzi. 

CAl'IVARI,  kj-pe-vd-ree'.  a  modern  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Kio  de  Janeiro,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Cabo  Frio.  Pop.  30'  lO. 

CAPIZ,  kd-peece/,  a  citj-  of  the  Philippines,  capital  of  the 
Island  of  Pau.ay,  on  its  N.  coast.  Pop.  11.145.  It  is  mostly 
built  of  wood,  and  is  defended  by  a  small  fort.  It  is  the  re- 
sidence of  a  Spanish  alcalde,  governor  of  the  province. 

C.iPIZZI.  kd-pit'si-e. (auc.  Capi/ltiiimor  Capi'tium,) tttovn 
of  Sicily,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bronte.     Pop.  3400. 

CAPLE,  k;ip'el.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CAPO  D'ISTKIA.  kd'po  dis'tre^d,  (anc. ^pi>7a,) a  fortified 
seaport  town  of  Austria,  in  lUyria,  government  of  Triest, 
on  a  rock  in  the  Gulf  of  Triest,  connected  by  a  bridge  with 
the  mainland,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Triest.  Pop.  59S1.  It  was 
the  capital  of  A'enetian  Istria.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  nu- 
merous other  churches,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  prison.  Its 
harbor  is  little  frequented,  except  by  fishing  boats. 

CAPODRISI,  kd-po-dree'see.  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Caserta.     Pop.  2415. 

CAPU'IjI.  a  post-offlce  of  Allomakee  co..  Iowa. 

CA'POX  BRIDGE,  a  post-oftice  of  Hampshire  co..  Virginia. 

CAPON  SPRINGS. a post-officeof  Hampshire  co.,  Virginia. 

CAPOONACAUGANY,  k;i-poo-na-kaw'ga-ne,  a  river  of 
Canada  West  rising  in  some  lakes  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
ridge  of  hills  running  parallel  to  Lake  Superior.  It  flows 
N..  joins  the  Nerauganv.  and  subsequently  falls  into  the 
Albany  in  lat.  51°  5''"N.."lon.  85°  30'  W. 

CAP08ELLE,  kd-po-sJl1:\,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Campagna.     Pop.  3734. 

CAPPADOCIA.kappa-do'she-a.  an  ancient  province  of  Asia 
Minor,  now  included  iu'Asiatic  turkev.  between  lat.  37°  16' 
and  30°  28'  N.,  and  Ion.  32°  biV  and  39°  E.  It  was  subdued 
by  the  Persians  under  Cyrus,  and  after  the  time  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great  it  was  governed  by  kings  of  its  own,  till 
k.  r>.  17,  when  Tiberius  reduced  it  to  the  form  of  a  Roman 
province.  Christianity  w!is  early  propagated  in  Cappadocia, 
2<  we  learn  by  the  address  of  the  first  general  epistles  of  the 

apostle  Peter. Adj.  and  inliab.  Cappadociax,  kap-pa-do'- 

she-an. 

CAPPADOCIA.  kdp-pd-do/che-d,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Avezzano. 
Pop.  1771. 

CAPPAGII,  kap'cdH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tyrone. 

CAPPAGII,  a  parisl.  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Li- 
merick 


CAPPAGII,  a  smaii  river  and  extensive  bog  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Galwav. 

CAPPAGIIWHITE.  kap'pdn-white',  a  town  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  and  7  miles  X.  of  Tipperarj'.     Pop.  1046. 

CAPPANACUSHY,  kdp'p.vna-koo'shee,  a  group  of  islets, 
Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  at  the  head  of  the  estu- 
ary, and  3  miles  W.  of  Kenmare.  On  the  opposite  main- 
land are  the  remains  of  Cappanacushy  Castle. 

CAPPEL.  kdp-pM',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  10 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Zurich.  Here  the  reformer  Uli-ich  Zwinglius 
was  killed  in  a  skirmish  against  the  Papists,  October  11,  lo-'il, 
and  a  rude  stone  monument  marks  the  spot  where  he  fell. 

CAPPELN,  kdp'peln,  a  village  of  Northern  Germany,  in 
Hanover.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Osnatirilck. 

CAPPELN,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick,  on 
the  Schley.     Exports,  corn  and  fish.     Pop.  20t'0. 

CAPPELN,  WESTER,  a  village  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
in  MUnster.  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  i'ecklenburg. 

CAP'PEK  RlDtiK.  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAP'POQUIN'.  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Mun.ster.  co.of  \Va- 
terford,  on  the  Blackwater.  navigable  hence  downwards  in 
barges,  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lisnore.  Pop.  2341.  It  has  a 
modernized  ciistle  and  l>arracks. 

CAPRACOTTA,  kdp-rd-koftd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise.  27  miles  N.W.  of  Campobasso.    Pop.  27S0. 

CAPRAJA,  kd-prd/yd,  (an(;.  Capralria  or  C(ipra>fia,)  an 
island  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  the  Jlediterranean.  with 
a  fortified  port  of  the  .same  name,  on  the  E.  side,  17  miles  E. 
of  the  N.  extremity  of  Corsica.  Length,  3^  miles ;  breadth, 
H  miles.  Pop.  in  1844,  750. 
•  CAPRE.^;.    See  Capri. 

CAPRAHIA,  one  of  the  Balearic  Isles.    See  C.wrera. 

CAPRAROLA.  kd-prd-ro'la.  a  town  of  the  Papal  States, 
9  miles  S.E.  of  Viterbo,  containing  a  celebrated  castle,  built 
on  the  slopes  of  Mount  Cimino.  siid  to  be  unrivalled  in 
Italy  as  a  specimen  of  the  fortified  architecture  of  the  six- 
teenth century. 

CAPREItA,  kd-prd'rd,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Sardinia.  Length  from  X.  to  S., 
5  miles. 

CAPRESE,  kd-pri'sA,  a  town  of  Tuscany.  13  miles  N.E.  of 
Arezzo,  memorable  as  the  birthplace  of  Michael  Angelo 
Buonarotti.     Pop.  1560. 

CAPRI,  kd'pree,  (anc.  Oip'retr,)  an  island  of  Italy,  dis- 
trict of  Castelamare,  at  the  S.  entrance  of  the  bay,  ;lnd  2C 
miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Naples.  Length,  ii  miles;  bre.adth, 
3  miles.  It  is  entirely  mountainous,  coasts  steep  .and  inac- 
cessible, except  at  the  port  of  Capri,  a  small  fortified  town, 
with  a  fine  cathedral,  a  large  seminary,  and  a  ]X)pnlation 
of  2-500,  on  its  S.  side.  On  the  coast  is  the  remarkable  sta- 
lactitic  cave  called  the  '•Grotto  of  Nymphs;"  and  the  island 
contains  numerous  Roman  ruins  and  antiiiuities.  It  is 
celebrated  in  histoi-y  as  the  retreat  of  Tiberius,  and  the 
scene  of  his  orgies. 

CAl'RI,  kd'pree,  a  small  i.sland  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  .Adri- 
atic. 10  miles  W.  of  Sebenieo. 

CAPRIATA.  kd-pre-d'td,  a  village  cf  the  Sardinian  States, 
in  Piedmont.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Novi.     Pop.  2365. 

CAPRIATI,  kd-pre-d'tee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Ijavoro.  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Venafro.     Pop.  2200. 

CAP'RICORN  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  of  islands  and 
rocks  off  the  E.  coast  of  Australia,  on  the  tropic  of  Capricorn. 
Lon.  151°  15'  E. 

CAPRINO,  kd-pree/no.  a  town  of  Italy,  10  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Bergamo,  with  extensive  silk  manufactures.     Pop.  1000. 

CAPRINO,  a  to«-n  of  Northern  Italy,  15  miles  X.W.  of 
Verona.    Pop.  3400." 

CAPRUS,  a  river  of  Persia.    See  Zkn,  Little. 

C.iPRYKE,  kd-pri'keh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  3829.  It 
has  several  breweries,  and  trade  iu  timber. 

CAPSA.    See  Gafsa. 

CAPSALI,  kdp-sd'lee.  a  seaport  town  of  the  Ionian  I.slands, 
capital  of  Cerigo,  near  the  S.  side  of  the  island,  i>pon  the 
slope  of  a  mountain.  It  has  a  commodious  harbor  defended 
by  a  fort.    Pop.  5000. 

CAP  SANTE,  kdp  san'tA,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Port  Neuf,  on  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
small  stream.     It  contains  4  stores.  &c. 

CAP  ST.  IGNACE,  kdp  sixt  ig'ndss',  a  post-village  of 
Canada  East.  co.  of  L'Islet,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  39 
miles  S.  of  Quebec.     It  contains  4  stores,  3  Siiw-miUs,  ic. 

CAPTI'N  A.  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

CAPTINA  CREEK,  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Ohio  River. 

CAPUA,  kap'u-a  or  kd'poo-d.  Cane.  Caxililnum^  a  fortified 
city  of  Italy,  tapitiil  of  the  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  on 
the  Volturno,  20  miles  N.  of  Naples.  Pop.  8100.  It  was 
fortified  by  Vauban,  and  is  considered  one  of  the  keys  of 
the  kingdom:  for,  though  far  from  the  frontier,  it  is  the 
only  fortress  that  covers  the  approach  to  Naples.  It  was 
built  by  the  Lombards  in  855,  out  of  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Capua,  the  remains  of  which,  about  2  miles  E..  includa  a 
gate,  and  portions  of  a  large  amphitheatre.  The  modern 
city  has  no  object  worthy  of  notice  except  a  cathedral  with 

371 


CAP 

antique  columns;  ii  comprises  18  parish  churcheiJ,  sereral 
coiivunts.  a  royal  C'-iUege,  military  school,  hospitals,  and 
public  fouutuiis.  The  ancient  Capua,  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  ap-eeahle  cities  of  Italy,  was  of  such  extent  as  to  be 
.vinparedto  Home  and  CurtlJajie.  Hannibal  wintered  here 
alter  the  tattle  of  Cannae.  It  was  a  farorite  place  of  resort 
01"  Ihe  lioniaiis.  on  acct>unt  of  its  agi-eeable  situation  and 
its  healthy  climate;  and  many  existing  ruins  attest  its 
ancient  splendor. 

CAPUA,  k2'poo-3,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  department  of 
Panama.  S.AV.  of  Chorrera. 

CArUt,  kd-pool',  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  the 
Malay  Archipelajro,  off  the  N.M'.  coast  of  Samar.  Lat.  12° 
31' N.:  Ion.  124°  9'  E. 

CAPUKSO,  kJ-pooR'so,  a  town  of  Naples,  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Bari.    Pop.  2760. 

CA'PUTII,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  11  miles  N.  of 
Perth.  Here  are  several  Uruidie  remains,  one  of  which 
Cairumuir.  is  considered  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  Scotland. 

CAPYTIUM.     See  Cu'izzi. 

CAQUETA,  a  river  of  i^nuth  America.    See  Japcra. 

CA'R.A.  an  islet  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  off  its  W.  coast. 
Immediately  S.  of  Gijrha 

CAUABANTHKl,  ALTO.  kj-r3-ban-chel'  Sl'to,  and  CARA- 
BAXCHEL  BA.IO.  ka-rd-biln-chel'  h^Ho.  two  Tillages  of 
Sp.Hin,  in  New  Castile.  -S  miles  S.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  ISO). 

CAR  ABA  Y  A,  kd-rJ-bl'S.  a  province  of  Peru,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puno.  It  contains  mines  of  silver  and  gold,  and  in 
1850  had  22.138  inhabitants. 

CARABOBO,  kd-rd-bo/bo,  a  province  of  Venezuela,  in 
South  America,  with  a  small  town,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Va- 
lencia. 

CARACA,  k3-r3'k3,  a  mountain  range  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Jlinas  Geraes,  N.  of  the  city  of  Mariana.  It  is  a  portion 
of  the  Cordillera  of  Manti^iueira,  being  one  of  its  highest 
ranges. 

C.'VRACAS,  kS-rlTsis,  a  group  of  six  small,  uninhabited 
islands  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  coast  of  Venezuela,  a  little  W. 
of  Cumana. 

C.'VRACAS,  kl-rlHils.  CARAC'CAS,  or  SANTIAGO-BE- 
LEON-DE-CARACAS.  sin-te-d'go-da-li-on'-d.'l-ka-ra'kls.  the 
capital  of  the  republic  of  Venezuela,  and  one  of  the  wealthiest 
and  most  prosperous  cities  in  the  N.  part  of  South  America, 
is  situated  3iXK)  feet  aliove  the  level  of  tlie  sea.  11  miles 
S.S.K.of  La  Gtiayra,  fi-om  which  it  is  separated  by  a  chain 
of  mountains,  whose  hiirhest  point  on  the  road  is  5160  feet. 
Lat.  10°  30'  N.;  Ion.  66°" 54'  W.  The  river  Guayra  bounds 
it  on  the  S..  and  is  everywhere  fordable  near  the  town,  ex- 
cepting after  heavy  rains,  when  it  runs  with  great  rapidity, 
but  subsides  almost  as  suddenly  as  it  rises.  Three  otlier 
streams  pass  close  to  Caracas,  namely,  the  Arauco.  across 
which  is  a  hand.some  bridge ;  the  Caroata.  separating  one 
part  of  the  city  from  the  rest,  and  across  which  is  another 
bridge;  and  the  Catucho.  Caracas  is  well  and  regularly 
buiU ;  the  streets  are  narrow,  but  well  paved,  and  generally 
intersect  each  other  at  ri^ht  angles.  The  houses  are  con- 
structed of  brick  or  earth,  faced  with  stucco,  and  often  richly 
decorated.  Many  of  them  have  teri-aced  roofs.  There  are 
several  squares,  the  chief  of  which  is  the  I'laza  Mayor  or 
Great  Square,  where  the  market  for  fruits,  vegetables,  fish, 
&c.  is  held ;  the  E.  side  is  principally  occupied  by  the  cathe- 
dral, a  clumsy  structure,  which  was  much  damaged  by  an 
earthquake  in  1826;  the  S.  l>y  the  college;  and  the  M'.  by 
the  public  prison.  Increased  attention  has  of  late  been 
paid  to  the  subject  of  education.  The  schools  are  supported 
by  the  city  at  an  annual  expense  of  about  $40,000.  and  are 
well  attended  by  the  children  of  all  cla.s8es.  Including  the 
cathedral,  there  are  22  churches  in  the  city,  and  2  convents. 
A  new  cathedral,  an  extensive  and  costly  edifice,  is  now  in 
course  of  erection.  From  the  Catucho  the  town  is  well  sup- 
plied with  wattT,  which  is  dispensed  to  the  inhabitants  in 
public  fountains,  as  well  as  in  pipes  and  reservoirs.  Caracas 
is  the  seat  of  an  archbishop,  and  has  a  university,  founded  in 
1778,  and  three  hospitals.  Its  trade,  carried  on  through  the 
port  of  La  Guayra,  16  miles  distant,  is  considerable,  and  con- 
sists chiefly  of  the  products  of  the  adjacent  fertile  valleys. 
The  climate  is  healthful,  but  earthquakes  are  common; 
that  of  1^12  destroyed  nearly  all  the  houses,  and  upwards 
of  10.000  of  the  inhabitants:  and  though  the  town  has  been 
rebuilt,  the  houses  are  inferiorto  what  they  were  before  that 
dreidful  visitation.  The  city,  founded  in  15t)7  by  Diego  Lo- 
sada,  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  captain-generalship  of 
the  Caracas,  and  is  the  birthplace  of  Bolivar.  Pop.,  a  few 
years  since  estimatedat  45,000,  hadincreased  in  1853  to  63,000. 
C.\RAC.\S.  a  province  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
bouniled  N.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea.  Capital,  Caracas.  Pop. 
242.888. 

CARAGLTO.  kS-rJl'vo.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  Ptat«s.  in 
Piedmont.  6  miles  W.  of  Coni.  on  the  Grana.     Pop.  6268. 
It  has  manufactures  of  silks,  and  5  annual  fairs. 
C.\ItA-lIISSAR.     See   Kara-Hissar    and    Afioom-Kaba- 

HXSSAR. 

CAR'ALDSTON  or  CAR/ESTON,  a  parish  of  Seotland,  oo. 
of  Forfar. 
CAUALIS.    See  CwiiiRl. 
37a 


CAR 

CARAM.4.0NA,  k3-r3-man'yd,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  divi- 
sion of  Coni.  province  of  Saluzzo.    Pop.  3670. 

CAK.\MAN.  kiVd^mfts"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Garonne.  9  miles  N.  of  Villefranche.    Pop.  1381. 

CARAMAN.     See  K.*.raman. 

CAKAMANI.\.     See  Karamavia. 

C.\KAMANICO,  kd-rd-mdn'e-ko,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Citri.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Chietl.     Pop.  3300. 

CAliAMBlS.    See  Cape  Kerempe. 

CARAMNASSA,  ki -rdm-nas'si.  a  river  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  trit  utarj"  to  the  Ganges,  and  sepaiat- 
ing  the  old  provinces  of  Bahar  and  Benares.  It  is  regarded 
with  great  abhorrence  by  the  Hindoos,  who  consider  con- 
tact with  its  waters  sufficient  to  undo  all  their  good.works 
and  austerities.  Hence  its  name>  "the  destruction  of  pious 
works." 

CARANGAMITE.  kd-rdn-gd-meet',  a  large,  shallow,  salt- 
water lake  in  the  South  of  Australia,  district  of  Portland 
Bay.  about  50  miles  W.  of  the  town  of  Geeloug.  It  is  up. 
wards  of  90  miles  in  circumference;  to  the  S.  it  is  so  shal- 
low as  to  be  crossed  by  the  natives  for  a  distance  of  15 
miles. 

CARANO  ASSEM,  kd-i-dng'  as'sjm',  a  town  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  island  of  Bali,  on  the  Strait  of  Lombok.  Lat. 
8°42'S.;  !on.  116°  34' E. 

C.^RANJ.A.,  kd-rdn'jd,  (anc.  Oiilianaf)  an  island  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  in  Bombay  Harbor,  about  8 
miles  E.S.E.  of  the  city.  It  is  nearly  circular,  and  4  miles 
in  diameter. 

CARANO.  ki-rd'no.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  21  miles 
N.E.  of  Trent.     Pop.  804. 

CA11APELL.\,  kd-rd-peind,  a  river  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanata,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  48  miles,  enters  the 
Adriatic  9  miles  S.  of  Manfredonia.  Near  its  mouth  it 
sends  eastward  a  branch,  which  enters  the  Lagoon  of  Salpi. 

CAUASCO,  kd-rdsT-;©,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  2\ 
miles  N.E.  of  Chiavari.     Pop.  215fi. 

C.\R.\TE,  kd-rd't.i.  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  15  miles 
N.  of  Milan,  formerlv  fortified.     Pop.  2282. 

CARAAACA,  kd-rd-vdHid,  a  town  of  Spain,  39  mUes  N.TV. 
of  Murcia,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Segura.  I'op.  9910.  It  has 
several  convents  and  hospitals,  a  college,  and  a  ruined 
castle.  In  a  mountain  "\V.  of  the  town  is  the  stalactitic 
csivern  of  B«rquilla. 

CARAVAGGIO,  kd-rd-vdd'jo,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
in  Lomliardy,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bergamo.  I'op.  5998.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  the  renowned  painters  Polidoro  Caldara 
and  Michael  Angelo  Merigi,  both  named  Caravuggio  from 
their  native  town. 

CARAVAJALES,  kd-rd-vd-ndaJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Zamora.    Pop.  8S4. 

CARAVAJALES  DK  LA  ENCOMIENDA,-kd-rd-vd-Hd'les 
dA  Id  ^n-ko-me4n'dd, atownof  Spain, in  Leon,  40  miles  N.W. 
of  Zamora. 

CAUAVANCIIEL.  kd-rd-vdn-ch?l',  the  name  of  two  conti- 
guous villages  of  Spain,  near  Madrid. 

CARAAELLAS,  kd-rd-vJl'lds,  a  seaport  town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Bjihia,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Eav  of  Caravellas, 
in  the  Atlantic.  Lat.  17°  49'  S. ;"  Ion.  39°  26'"  AV.  It  is  well 
built;  and  from  its  port,  which  is  one  of  the  best  frwjuented 
in  the  province,  manioc  {lour  and  coffee  are  exported  to  Kio, 
Bahia.  and  Pernambuco.     Pop.  of  district,  500O. 

CVR'AAVAY,  a  post-ofRce  of  Randolph  co..  North  Carolina. 

CXKBALLO,  kaR-bdl'yo,  a  Tillage  of  Spain,  province  of 
Corunna,  (Coruila.)  with  well-frequented  mineral  springs 
and  baths.     I'op.  365. 

C.iK'BERY,  a  district  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  forming  the 
S.  part  of  the  co.  of  Cork. 

CARBERY.  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.,  of  Sligo. 

C.\RBERY,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kildare. 

CARBERYi  a  small  isl.and  of  Ireland,  in  Dunmanus  Bay. 

CAKBET.  LE,  Ifh  k.aKMiA',  a  town  of  Martiniiiue,  capital 
of  the  quarter,  on  the  AV.  side  of  the  island,  2  miles  S.  of 
St.  Pierre.  S.  of  the  town  is  the  Piton  de  Carbet.  a  volcanic 
mountain  52C0  (?)  feet  high.     Pop.  4087.  (2860  slaves.) 

C-\R'B0\,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  has 
an  area  of  about  4U0  .square  miles.  The  Lehigh  River  flows 
through  the  county  in  a  S.E.  direction,  receiving  in  its 
passage  the  Quak.ake.  Nesqnihoning,  Mahoning,  Lizard, 
and  Aquanchicola  creeks.  The  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Moun- 
tain forms  the  S.E.  boundary,  and  the  sur&ce  is  traversed 
by  minor  ridges  of  the  Alleghanics.  the  direction  of  which 
is  nearly  pjirallel  wifli  the  mountiiin  first  named.  The  most 
considerable  of  these  ridges  are  named  Mauch  Chunk 
Mountain,  Mahoning  Ridge.  Broad  Mountain,  Spring 
Mountain,  and  Pokono  Mountain,  Excepting  a  small  por- 
tion of  the  valleys,  the  land  is  too  rugged  and  sterile  for 
cultivation,  but  the  highlands  contain  inexhaustible  stores 
of  the  best  anthracite  co;il.  The  southern  anthracite  co;il- 
fleld  of  Pennsylvania  extending  ea.«tward  from  Schuylkill 
county,  terminates  on  the  AV.  side  of  the  I^ehigh  River, 
near  Mauch  Chunk.  The  stratum  of  coal  at  the  summit 
mines,  near  the  t«ip  of  Mauch  Chunk  Mountain,  is  about 
50  feet  in  thickness.  It  lies  as  a  saddle  on  the  top  of  ihe 
hill,  and  the  coal  is  uncovered  and  quarried  in  the  open 


CAR 

day.  A  railroad  extends  from  the  mines  to  the  Lehigh 
river.  In  1850,  722,000  tons  of  coal  were  procurefl  from  the 
mines  of  tliis  county,  and  in  18.52  abont  1.000.000  tons. 
The  Beaver  Meadow  and  Ilazleton  Mines,  near  the  N.W. 
border,  are  very  rich,  and  yield  a  superior  quality  of  coal. 
Tlie  navigation  of  the  Lehigh  has  been  opened  by  means  of 
dams  and  locks  a.s  far  as  Wliite  Haven,  about  25  miles  above 
Maiich  Chunk.  The  Leliigh  Valley  Railroad  connects  the 
county  with  Kaston  and  Philadelphia.  Formed  in  184.3  out 
of  piirt  of  Northampton,  and  named  from  carfto,  the  Latin 
term  for  "  coal."     Capital,  Manch  Chunk.     Pop.  21,0.3.3. 

CARBONARA,  kau-lw-nj'rd,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Ultra,  36  miles  H.  of  Avellino.  Pop. 
2800. 

CARBOXARA,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province,  and  4 
miles  S.  of  Bnri.     I'op.  1600. 

CARBON  AHA,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  22}^  miles 
S.K.  of  Mantua  on  the  I'o.     Pop.  1000. 

CARBONARA,  kai!-bo-ni'rJ,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Albania,  on  the  Vonizza,  10  miles  E.N.K.  of  Avlona. 

CAKBON-BLANC,  kaRM)Ax<>'bl6xi,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  the  Gironde,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Bordeau."c.  Pop. 
in  1S52,  1S69. 

CAR'BONDALE,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia. 

CAR'BONDALE,  a  city  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is 
situated  at  the  head  of  Lackawanna  A'alley,  and  near  the 
source  of  the  Lakawanna  River,  30  miles  N.E.  from  Wilkes- 
barre.  and  145  miles  N.E.  from  Ilarrisbnrg.  The  Delaware 
and  Hudson  Railroad  connects  it  with  Scranton  on  the  one 
hand,  and  Honesdale  on  the  other.  This  is  the  most 
populous  town  of  Luzerne  county  except  Scranton.  In 
ISol,  it  was  incorporated  as  a  city,  and  many  handsome 
buildings  have  been  erected  within  a  few  years.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  8  churches,  a  national  bank,  a  newspaper  office, 
and  a  graded  school.'  The  Lackawanna  Valley,  which  is  a 
continuation  of  the  fertile  valley  of  Wyoming,  contains  ex- 
tensive beds  of  coal,  which,  in  the  vicinity  of  Carbondale, 
are  about  20  feet  in  thickness.  About  900,000  tons  of  coal 
are  annually  taken  out  of  these  mines  by  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal  Company,  and  it  is  estimated  that  they  pay 
out  Sl,500,000  in  a  year.  The  coal  is  drawn  over  Sloosic 
mountain,  (about  850  feet  high,)  up  and  down  several  in- 
clined planes  by  steam-engines;  thence  it  is  conVeyed  by  a 
railroad,  10  miles,  to  Honesdale,  and  thence  by  the  Delaware 
and  Hudson  Canal  to  the  Hudson  River.  Pop.  in  1850, 
4945;  in  ISfiO,  5.575. 

CARBONE,  kaa-bo'ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilirata,  39  miles  S.S.E.  of  Potenz.H.     Pop.  2r.L'0. 

CARBON  KRA-EI^MAY0R,kaR-bon-A'ra-4l-mI-<(ii/.a  modem 
town  of  Spain,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Segovia.     Pop.  2051. 

CARl'ONNE,  kaiObonn'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Garonne,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  24(52. 

CAR'BROOKE,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CARCABUEY,  kaR'kd-bw.V,  a  town  of  Spain.  36  miles 
S.E.  of  Coi-dova.  Pop.  3996.  It  ha.s  an  hospital  and  Roman 
remains. 

CAKCAJENTE.  kaR-k^-llJu'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Valencia,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Felipe.  Pop.  0150.  It 
is  well  built  and  prosperous.  It  has  linen  and  woollen 
manufactures,  and  many  Roman  remains  have  been  dis- 
covered here. 

CARCASSONNE,  kan'kSsVonn',  (anc.  Car'casn.)  a  city 
of  the  South  of  Fr.inee,  capital  of  the  department  of  the 
Aude.  on  the  Aude  and  the  Canal  du  Midi,  55  miles  S.K. 
of  Toulouse.  Pop.  in  1852,  20.005.  It  is  divided  info  the 
old  city  and  the  new  town,  by  the  river,  here  crossed  1)3' 
a  bridge  of  ten  arches.  The  new  town,  on  level  ground, 
is  regularly  laid  out,  well  built,  traversed  by  running 
streams,  furnished  with  marble  fountains,  and  ha.'S  many 
handsome  squares  and  planted  walks ;  one  of  the  last  leads 
to  tlie  aqueduct  bridge  of  Tresquel,  and  is  ornamented 
with  a  marble  column  to  the  memory  of  Riciuet,  the  engi- 
neer of  the  Canal  du  Midi.  The  old  city  stiindson  elevated 
ground,  and  is  interesting  "as  retaining  unchanged,  to  a 
greater  extent,  perhaps,  than  any  other  town  in  France, 
the  aspect  of  a  fortress  of  the  Middle  Ages."  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls  of  great  solidity,  portions  of  which  are  supposed 
to  be  as  old  as  the  tiuie  of  the  Visigoths:  and  it  contains 
the  castle  and  the  old  cathedral,  with  the  tomb  of  Simon 
de  Montfort.  The  other  principal  edifices  in  Carcassonne 
are  the  new  cathedral,  with  a  fine  spire,  the  public  library, 
jirefecture,  town-hall,  hospitals,  theatre,  barracks,  covered 
markets,  and  church  of  St.  Vincent.  Carcassonne  is  a 
bishop's  see,  and  has  a  communal  college,  a  normal  school, 
ind  a  tribunal  of  commerce.  It  has  been  celebrated  since 
the  tweltlh  century  for  its  manufactures  of  cloth,  which 
iire  still  important.  Its  trade  in  agricultural  produce  is 
tsxtenslve.  Carcassonne  suffered  greatly  in  the  wars  against 
the  .\lliigenses.     Many  of  its  inhabitants  are  Protestants. 

CAPvCATHIOCERTA.     See  Diarbekir. 

CARCAVKLLOS,  kaR-kS-vJlloce,  a  village  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Estremadura.  11  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Lisbon,  and 
famous  for  Its  wine,  known  in  commerce  as  Caleavella. 

CARCKLEN,  kau-th.'i-lto',   a  town  of  Spain,  23  miles  E. 


CAR 

N.E.  of -Mbacete.   If  has  a  primary  school,  a  celebrated  annual 
fair  in  .\ngust,  and  numerous  Roman  ruins.     Pop.  2010. 

CARCftS,  kaR's.V.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  A'ar 
on  the  .\rgens.  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  23S1. 
CAII'COLSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nntts. 
CAUCUL'LA.  a  town  of  British  India,  27  miles  N.N.E.  ol 
Man^alore,  with  a  ruined  p:ilace  of  the  i-:i,iahs  of  Tul;iya. 

CARDATLLAC,  kanMS^rydU'cr  kar.MVydk'.a  market-tow» 

of  France,  department  of  the  Lot.  .31  miles  N.E.  of  Cahors. 

Pop.  12no.    It  was  once  fortified,  .ind  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle. 

C.lltDAN'GAN,  a  parish  of  Irel.md,  co.  of  Tipperaiy. 

C.\I!DEN,  kaR'dfn,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  18  miles 

S.W.  ofCoblentz.     Pop.  473. 

CARDEN'AS.  kaR'dA-niis.  a  seaport  town  of  CuVia,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  island.  120  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Havana.  Its  hnrbor  h.i.^ 
from  5  to  6  fathoms  of  water,  and  good  anchorage,  with  ;i  fi.xcd 
light  .it  its  entrance.  49  feet  hi,j:h.  Railway  and  tcligiHiih  con- 
nect it  with  JIatanzas  and  Havana.     Pop.  in  1>54,  ("17". 

CARDENOSA,  kaR-dfn-yo'sd,  a  town  of  Spain,  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Avila.    Pop.  816. 

CAHrDKSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CAKDl FF  or  CA KUDl FF.  kar'diff.  (Welsh,  CarrdncM,  k J'er- 
dlTii.)  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and  seaport  of 
South  Wales,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Glamorgan,  on  the  Taaf, 
here  crossed  by  a  fine  five-arched  bridge,  about  H  niilea 
from  its  mouth,  iu  the  estuary  of  the  Severn,  IO5  miles 
S.W.  of  Newport.  Pop.  in  1831,  61.37  ;  in  1841,  10.077  ;  iu 
1861,  32,421 — the  increa.se  being  attributed  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  port.  It  has  two  priucipal  streets,  well  built, 
paved,  and  lighted;  a  noble  castle  of  great  e-xtent  and  an- 
tiquity, the  principal  residence  of  the  Marquis  of  Bute,  in 
which  Henry  I.  was  confined  for  26  years  by  his  brother 
Robert,  Duke  of  Normandy;  a  church  with  an  elegant  and 
lofty  tower:  a  guildhall,  county  jail,  and  house  of  correc- 
tiim;  a  theatre,  4  banks,  and  several  schools  and  charities. 
The  trade  of  Cardiff  is  large  and  increasing,  it  having  be- 
come the  port  of  Jlerthyr  Tydvil,  and  the  great  outlet  for 
the  mining  district  of  South  Wales.  The  exports  (chiefly  to 
Bristol)  were,  in  1848.  iron.  225.819  tons;  iron  ore,  121,224 
tons,  and  coal,  659,800  tons.  Tin,  corn,  &c.,  are  also  ex- 
ported. A  canal  and  railway  connect  the  town  with  Mer- 
thyr,  and  a  magnificent  basin,  with  docks,  warehouses.  \< ., 
(the  construction  of  which  cost  the  Marquis  of  Bute  up- 
wards of  300,000/.,)  communicates  with  the  Severn,  and 
forms  a  harbor  for  steamers,  and  vessels  of  heavy  bur- 
den. Registered  shipping  in  1847.  62443  tons.  Cardiff  joins 
with  Cowbridge  and  Llantrissent  in  sending  1  m-mber  to 
the  House  of  Commons. 

C.\R'DIFF,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  CO.,  New  York,  132 
miles  W.  by  N.  from  Albany,  contains  a  few  stores  and 
a  mill. 

CARDIFF,  a  post-ofRce  of  W.arren  co..  Mississippi 

CAR'DIGAN  or  CARDIGANSHIRE,  kar'de-gan-shir,  a 
county  of  South  Wales,  having  W.  Cai-digan  B.iy.  Aieji, 
693  square  mihts,  of  which  scarcely  more  than  one-third  is 
arable.  Pop.  in  1851,  70,796.  The  sur&ce  is  level  on  the 
coast,  mountainous  in  the  inferior,  but  interspersed  with 
fertile  valleys.  Plinlimmon,  24i  3  feet  in  height,  is  in  its 
N.E.  part.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Teify,  Dovy,  JUdoI,  Yst- 
with,  Arth.  and  Tow}'.  Silver,  copper,  and  lead-mines  have 
bi^en  fi)rmerly  wrought  to  advantage,  but  at  present  fhey 
are  greatly  neglected.  The  county  is  in  the  diocese  of  St. 
David's.  Chief  towns,  Cardigan,  Aberystwith,  Lampeter, 
and  Adi)ar.     It  returns  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CAR'DIGAN,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
seaix)rt  town,  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  capital  of  the 
above  county,  on  the  Towy,  5  miles  from  its  entrance  into 
St.  George's  Channel.-  23  miles  N.E.  of  Haverford-West. 
Pop.  in  1851,  2981.  It  has  two  stone  bridges  across  the 
Teify,  an  old  and  stately  church,  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle  famous  in  Welsh  history,  a  grammar  school  founded 
in  17<'5,  a  county-h.ill,  jail,  and  a  branch  bank.  There  is 
a  considerable  coasting  trade,  employing  alxiut  15  00'Jtons 
of  shipping  and  more  tlian  1000  seamen.  The  chief  imports 
are  coal,  limestone,  and  timber.  Exports,  slates,  oats,  butter, 
&.C.  A'ossels  exceeding  300  tons  can  enter  the  harbor,  but 
a  bar  at  its  mouth  renders  the  pas.sage  dangerous  in  rough 
weather.  Registered  shipping  of  the  port,  259  vessels,  with 
an  aggregate  burden  of  13,800  tons.  Cardigan,  with  the 
suburb  of  Bridgend,  unites  with  Aberystwith,  Lampeter, 
and  Adpar  iu  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  town  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Brudenell  family. 

CARDIGAN  BAY,  an  inlet  of  St.  Georges  Channel, 
Wales,  between  Brach-y-Pwll  and  Stumble  Headlands.  It 
receives  the  rivers  .Maw,  Dovy,  Y'stwith,  Yiron,  and  Teify. 
The  isliind  of  Bardsey  is  near  its  northern  extremity. 

CABDIGANSHIRE.     See  C.\Rdio.\n. 

CARDINALE,  kaR-de-ndIi,  a  town  of  N.aples.  jTOvinca 
of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Catanzar.1.  I'op. 
2500. 

CAROJINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford,  on 
the  Ouse.  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Willington,  In  the  church  is  a 
tablet  to  the  memory  of  Howard,  the  philanthropiht,  who 
resided  here. 

CARDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

373 


CAR 

CAR  /TW  JTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Morrow  co., 
Ohio,  sitr.ata  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Cleveland 
with  Columbas,  38  miles  N.  liy  E.  from  the  latter.  The 
eastern  branch  of  the  Olentangy  River  flows  by  the  place. 
Since  the  railroad  was  opened,  in  1851,  it  has  increased  rap- 
idly.   It  has  a  national  bank.     Pop.  1906. 

C.\R'DIXHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

CARDIOTISSA,  kaR-de-o-tif/sd,  a  small  island  in  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Greece, 
about  halfway  between  Sikiuo  and  Policaudro;  lat.  36° 
38'  X..  Ion.  25°  E. 

CAKDITO,  kaR-dee'to,  a  village  of  Southern  Italy,  7 
miles  X.  of  Xaples.  in  the  district  of  Casoria.     Pop.  3220. 

CAKDIVA,  UaR-dee'vd.  one  of  the  Maldive  Islands,  Indian 
Ocean :  lat  5°  X..  Ion.  "3°  40'  E. 

CARDOXA,  kaR-do'nS,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  44  miles 
N.W.  of  Barcelona.  Pop.  2366.  It  is  interspersed  with  cy- 
press gardens,  and  has  defensive  works.  S.W.  of  the  town 
is  a  remarkable  mountain  of  rock-salt,  600  feet  in  elevation, 
which  affords  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  that  article  in  ab- 
solute purity,  and  is  so  hard  that  it  has  to  be  blasted  with 
gunpowder;  vases,  crucifixes,  and  other  articles  are  turned 
of  this  material.  The  mountain  is  homogeneous,  and  the 
only  one  of  the  kind  known  in  Europe. 

CAR'DROSS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarston,  on 
the  Clyde,  remarkable  only  as  having  been  the  closing 
scene  of  the  illustrioixs  career  of  the  victor  of  Bannock  burn 
and  the  restorer  of  the  Scottish  monarchy,  Robert  Bruce. 
About  1  mile  from  Dumbarton,  on  the  road  to  the  village  or 
hamlet  of  Cardross,  that  monarch  built  a  castle,  forming 
the  surrounding  lands  into  a  park.  Here  he  sought  relax- 
ation in  the  chase,  and  here  he  died.  June  7,  1329,  his  re- 
mains being  carried  to  Dumferline,  where  they  weiv  interred. 
No  vestige  of  the  castle  now  remains.  bu>,  the  eminence  on 
which  it  stood  retains  the  name  of  Castle  Hill.     Pop.  4416, 

CAKDS'VILLE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Jones  co.,  Georgia. 

3ARDUCUI.    See  ICoordistan. 

CAREHiY,  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CAREGGI,  kd-rjd'jee,  a  village  of  Tusamy,  3  miles  X.  of 
Florence,  with  numerous  villas,  and  an  ancient  grand-ducal 
residence,  which  was  inhabited  by  the  first  members  of  the 
Medici  family. 

CAREXXAC,  kiVJn'nSk',  a  town  of  'Fnince,  department 
of  Lot,  35  miles  X.X.E.  of  Cahors.  Pop.  1000.  Here  is 
an  ancient  abbey,  in  a  tower  of  which  Fenelon  is  said  to 
have  composed  a  portion  of  his  works. 

C.\RENTAX,  kilV6x«'tdxo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Manehe,  in  a  marshy  tract,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Tante,  14  miles  X.X.W.of  St.  L6.  Pop.  in  1852,  29S6.  It  has 
old  fortifications,  a  castle,  and  a  curious  Xorman  church. 

CAREXTOIR,  kavSNoHwdR',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  28  miles  E.X.E.  of  A'annes.  Pop.  in 
1852,  527".     It  trades  in  eider  and  butter. 

CARESAX-\.  kd-rA-si/ud,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Xovara,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vercelli.-    Pop.  2716. 

C.VI{'E\T,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

3.\'REY.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wyandot  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Mad  River  and  I.ake  Erie  Itailroad,  at  the  intersection 
of  the  Finley  branch,  75  miles  X.X.W.  of  Columbus. 

CAREY,  a  township  in  Will  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  214. 

CA'REYVILLE,  a  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  69 
miles  AV.X.W  of  Columbus. 

CARGlLfeSE,  kaR'g^iz',  a  village  of  Corsica,  12  miles  X. 
N.W.  of  .\jaccio,  on  the  Gulf  of  Sagone.  Pop.  of  commune. 
923.  This  commune  forms  a  Greek  colony,  and  is  the  best 
cultivated  in  the  island. 

CARGILL.  kar'ghil,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

CARII.VIX,  kaR'i',  (anc.  I'oj-f/dntMm .')  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Finist^re,  near  the  Ilyeres,  31  miles  X.E.  of 
Quimper.  Pop.  in  1852, 2143.  Itis  thebirthpLiceofthebrave 
La  Tour  d'Auvergne ;  near  it  is  a  supposed  Roman  aqueduct. 

CAR/II.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthumberland. 
on  the  Tweed,  3  miles  S.W'.  of  Coldstream.  Pop.  1282. 
Several  battles  between  the  English  and  Scotch  have  been 
fought  in  this  parish. 

C  A  R'  H  A. .M  PTO X ,  a  p,irish  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 

C.\RHU.\MAYO,  kaR-wii-ml'o.  a  town  of  Peru.  16  miles 
S.  of  Pasco;  lat.  11°  5'  S.,  Ion.  75°  45'  W.,  and  13,087  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

CARIACO,  ka-re-i'ko,  or  SAX  FELIPE  DE  AUSTRIA, 
tin  fA-Iee/pi  d,i  Ows'tre-i,  a  town  of  South  America,  Vene- 
zuela, 40  miles  E.  of  Cumana,  in  a  fine  plain  watered  by  the 
Cariaco  River,  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Cariaco.  Lat. 
;o°  30*  N.:  Ion.  03°  40'  W.     Pop.  7000. 

CARIACO.  ka-re-J'ko,  or  CARRIACO,  kaR-Re-J'ko,  one 
of. the  Windward  Island.s,  between  St.  Vincent  and  Gre- 
nada, 40  miles  S.  of  the  former,  and  20  miles  X.  of  the 
Utter:  hit  12°  30'  X.,  Ion.  C2°  30'  W.  It  is  the  larsrest  of  the 
flrenadine.s  being  about  21  miles  in  circumference,  but  of 
irregular  form.  It  h.-is  two  bays  on  its  X.  side,  and  contains 
a  town  n.imed  Hillsborough. 

CARIACO.  GULF  OF,  on  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  is  40 
miles  in  length  from  W.  to  E.,  by  10  miles  in  ita  greatest 
breadth,  has  in  all  parts  good  anchorage,  the  deepest  water 
being  40  Sithoms.    It  lias  richly  wooded  shores. 
374 


CAR 

CARIATI,  k3-re-3'tee,  (anc.  Ftiter'num.)  a  seaport  town 
of  Xnples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra.  on  theGulf  of  Taranto, 
17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ross.ino.  Pop.  1400.  It  is  surrounded 
by  old  walls,  and  has  a  ruined  castle,  a  cathedral,  and  a 
diocesan  seminary. 

CARIBBEAX  or  CARRIBBEAX  (kar'rib-bee/.in)  SEA, 
that  portion  of  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  lying  between 
the  Caribl>ee.  or  Leeward  and  ^\indward  Islands  on  the  E., 
Guatemala  on  the  W.,  the  islands  of  Ilayti  or  San  Domingo 
and  Cuba  oa  the  X.,  and  Xew  Granada  and  Venezuela  on 
the  S.  It  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  pa» 
sage  of  about  120  miles  in  width,  lietween  Cape  Catoche  in 
Yucatan,  and  Cape  St.  Antonio,  the  most  westerly  point  of 
Cuba.  Its  southern  shores  are  generally  high  and  rocky, 
and  contain  some  gulfs  of  considerable  extent.  Being  but 
little  encumbered  with  i-ocks  or  islands,  its  navigation  is, 
for  the  most  part,  clear  and  open. 

CARIRBEES,  kar'rib-liez,  or  Lesser  Antilles,  usually  di- 
vided into  the  Windward  and  Leeward  Islands:  a  secliou 
of  the  We.st  India  Islands. 

CARIFE.  k^-ree'fl,  (anc.  CallifKef)  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince I^rincipato  Ultra,  in  the  .-Vpeunines,  11  miles  S.S.E 
of  Ariano.  Pop.  2230.  It  has  a  college,  church,  and  superior 
school. 

C-\RIGX'AX,  k2Veen\v3x<='.  a  town  of  Fi«nce.  depai-t- 
ment  of  Ardennes,  on  the  Chiers,  22  mUes  E.S.E.  of  Me- 
zieres.     Pop.  of  commune,  in  1S52,  1792. 

CARIGXAXO,  k3-reen-yd'no.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince of  Turin,  near  the  I'o,  11  miles  S.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
7873.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has  a  commercial 
college  and  a  handsome  church.  Its  inhabitants  ui.'tnuiac- 
ture  silk  twist  and  confectioner}'.  Carignano  gives  the 
title  of  prince  to  a  branch  of  the  Sardinian  royal  faniilv. 

CARI.MATA  (kd-re-ma'td)  ISLAND,  a  small  i»!»nd  in 
the  China  Sea,  in  the  middle  of  the  Carimata  or  Billitcn 
Strait,  tetween  the  islands  of  Borneo  and  Billiton.  Peak 
2000  feet  high,  in  lat.  1°  36'  S.,  Ion.  108°  64'  E. 

CARIMATA  or  BILLITOX.  a  passage  or  sea  between 
Borneo  and  Billiton.  is  120  miles  across. 

CARIMOX  JAVA,  kdVe-mon'  jd'va,  an  island  in  the 
Malay  Arcliipelago,  20  miles  in  circumference ;  lat.  5°  SO* 
S.,  Ion.  110°  34'  E. 

CAR'IMOXS',  GREAT,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, in  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Singapore ; 
lat.  i°  5'  X.,  Ion.  103°  30'  E. 

CARIMOXS,  LITTLE,  an  island  of  the  ^Malay  Archipe- 
lago, in  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  in  the  same  latitude  and  lon- 
gitude as  the  above. 

CARl5fEXA,  ka-reen-v.VnrL  a  town  of  Spain,  30  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Saragossa.     I'op.  2648. 

C.\IUXHEXII.\,  kl-reen-yjn'yd.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rising 
in  the  province  of  Goyaz,  in  the  Serra  Tabatinda,  flows  E., 
forming  the  boundary  line  between  the  province  of  Baliia 
and  Minas  Geraes,  and  CiUs  into  the  Rio  Sao  Francisco. 
Total  course^  about  100  miles,  exclusive  of  windings. 

C.A^RIN'HEXHA,  a  town  of  Brivzil,  province  of  Bahia,  on 
the  San  Francisco,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Carlnhenha,  52 
miles  X.  of  Salgado.     Pop.  2000. 

CARIXI,  kd-ree/nee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  12  miles  W.N.TV. 
of  Palermo.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  the 
small  river  of  the  same  name.  Among  its  public  buildings 
is  a  Gothic  castle.  Xear  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Hi/ccara,  the  native  citj'  of  the  famous  courtezan  Lais. 

CARIXOLA,  kd-re-no/la,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  20  miles  E.  ofGaeta.  Pop.  4815.  Its  vicinity 
produces  wine  which  is  highly  esteemed. 

CARINTHIA.  ka-rin'the-a,  or  KARXTHEX,  (Karnthen.) 
kalRn'ten,  a  political  division  of  the  .\ustrian  Empire,  form- 
ing theX.W.  part  of  Illyria.  Ar6a,  3984  square  miles.  Pop. 
319.224.  It  is  divided  into  the  two  circles.  Klagenfurth  and 
Villach.  Its  surface  is  mnunt.-iinous.  Principal  river,  the 
Drave.  Chief  lake,  the  KLigenfurth  or  AViiithsee.  Carin- 
thia  and  Carniola  are  among  the  least  populous  provinces 
of  the  empire. Adj.  and  inhab.C.\RiXTHiA.\-.  k.yrin'the-an. 

C.\RIPE,  kd-i'ee'p;V,  a  town  and  valley  of  South  .\meri(a, 
Venezuela,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Cumana:  the  valley  is  noted 
for  a  cavern  frequented  by  a  species  of  night-hawk,  {^G'prU 
mvJijus,)  the  young  of  which  are  destroyed  in  vast  numbei-a 
for  the  .sake  of  their  fat. 

C.\R'1SBR00KE.  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  a  division 
of  the  county  of  South.ampton,  li  miles  S.W.  of  Xewport. 
The  castle,  originally  a  British  fortress,  prior  to  the  Roman 
invasion,  was  taken  by  Cerdic  the  Saxon  in  530,  afterwards 
it  was  held  by  the  Xormans,  and  its  fortifications  were  ex- 
tended by  Queen  Elizalwth.  It  is  a  magnificent  structure, 
still  partly  hal^itable.  and  was  the  prison  of  Charli-s  I.  for 
13  months  previous  to  his  trial.  Within  its  walls  is  a 
remarkable  well.  2ii0  fi>et  in  depth.  The  chur<-h  of  C;iri8- 
brooke  was  built  by  Fitzosbome.  the  first  Xorman  lord  of 
the  island,  and,  with  the  castle  and  village,  is  singularlj 
picturesque. 

CARITAMIXI.    SeeCATRiMVM. 

CAKLA-LIXJOMITE.  kdu'ldleh-k^xt  a  town  ot  France, 
department  of  Arifege,  11  miles  W.  of  Pamiers.  Pop.  2030 
The  philosopher  Bayle  was  born  here  in  1617. 


CAR 

CAKL'BY,  a  parish  of  Enprlmd,  co>  of  Lincoln. 

CAH'LKE,  a  villajre  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, ;;4  miles  N.W.  of  Poonah.  famous  for  some  remarkable 
cave-temples,  probably  of  Boodhic  origin.  The  principal  of 
these.  6MU0  feet  above  the  sea,  i.s  one  of  the  finest  excava- 
tions of  its  kind  in  India,  having  an  arched  roof  supported 
by  sculptured  pillars,  and  an  appearance  very  similar  to  the 
.  Interior  of  a  flothic  cathedral. 

CARLKNTIM,  kaR-l8n-tee'nee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  19  miles 
N.W.  of  Syracuse.  It  was  founded  by  the  Kmperor  Charles 
v.,  to  be  tne  head-quarters  of  his  Sicilian  army,  but  was 
never  completed.     Pop.  1500. 

CAItLKT,  kaR-I^f,  a  town  of  Spain,  19  miles  S.  of  Valen- 
cia, on  the  Kequena.     Pop.  3822. 

CAHLKTON,  karl'lon,  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ca- 
nada West,  has  an  area  of  S9S  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
by  a  railroad  extending  from  Prescott,  on  the  St,  I^wrence, 
to  Bytown,  the  capital,  on  the  Ottawa.     I'op.  31,397. 

CAHLKTON,  Uarl'ton,  a  village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Des  .Moines  Hiver,  about  115  miles  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

CAHLKTON  PLACR.  a  villa-e  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  La- 
nark, on  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  21  miles  from  Perth,  and  30 
miles  from  Bytown.  It  contains  several  stores,  a  printing 
office,  and  issues  a  weeklv  paper.    Pop.  about  500. 

CAIVL1NGF()!ID  or  CAR/LINFORD,  a  petty  maritime 
town  and  parish  of  Ireland.  Leinster,  co.  of  Louth,  on  the 
southern  shore  of  Carlingford  Bay,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Dundalk.  Pop.  of  parish,  12.558 ;  of  town.  1110.  It  has 
the  remains  of  a  castle  and  of  a  Dominican  friary.  It  sent 
2  members  to  the  Irish  House  of  Commons  until  disfran- 
chised at  the  union. 

CARLIN(;F01{D  bay  is  an  inlet  of  the  Ii-ish  Sea, 
between  the  counties  of  Louth  and  Down,  11  miles  in 
length  by  3  miles  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  connected 
with  Lnugh-Nejigh  by  the  Newry  Cafial.  The  latitude  of 
the  li'^ht-house,  which  is  situated  on  an  island  at  its 
mouth,  is  54°  1'  N..  and  Ion.  ti°  5'  W. 

CAK/LINGTON  MOUNTAINS  are  situated  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  above  bav,  and  rise  to  1935  feet  in  height. 

CAH'LINVILLE,  a'  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Ma- 
coiijun  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago,  Alton  and  St.  Louis  RR., 
39  ni.  S.S.W.  of  Springfield,  and  33  m.  N.E.  of  Alton.  It  con- 
tains a  conrt-honse,  6  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices, 
and  Blackburn  Theological  Seminary.    Pop.  about  2000. 

CARLINWARK.    See  C.\stle-Docoi.as. 

CARLISLE,  kar-in',  (anc.  LtiguvaUin  or  LKf/uralJum,) 
a  city  and  river-port  of  England,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Cumljerland,  on  a  gentle  eminence,  near  the  confluence  of 
Eden,  Oaldew,  jind  Petrie  rivers,  at  the  termination  of  the 
Lonion  and  North-western  Railway.  300  miles  N.N.W.  of 
London,  and  fiO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Newcastle.  Its  pi-incipal 
streets  diverge  from  an  irregularly  shaped  market-place, 
and  are  wide,  handsome,  and  well-paved,  and  supplied  with 
water.  The  cathedral,  which  is  situated  on  an  elevated  site, 
has  a  tower,  130  feet  in  height,  and  a  fine  eastern  window  ; 
its  nave,  greatly  injured  during  the  civil  wars,  now  serves 
for  the  parish  church  of  St.  Mary.  There  are  besides,  St. 
Cuthbert's  and  4  other  churches.  The  Castle,  built  by 
William  Rufus,  on  an  eminence  beside  the  Eden,  is  now 
used  for  a  barrack  and  armoury.  The  other  chief  struc- 
tures are  four  bridges — one  across  the  Eden,  a  handsome 
bridge  of  10  arches ;  the  Town-hall,  Guild-hall,  Council- 
chamber,  Jail.  News-rooms,  and  East  Cumberland  Infir- 
mary. Carlisle  h;is  a  grammar-school,  founded  by  Henry 
Vlli.,  with  a  revenue  of  1901.  a-year.  an  academy  for  the 
encouragement  of  arts,  literary  and  philosophical,  and  me- 
chanics' institutions,  a  theatre,  assembly-rooms,  several 
public  libraries,  banks,  and  extensive  manufactories  of 
cotton  goods,  chiefly  destined  for  the  West  Indies;  print 
and  dye  works,  iron  foundries,  breweries,  and  tanneries. 
Railways  connect  it  with  Lake  Windermere,  Kendal,  &c. 
on  the  S.,  with  Edinburgh  on  the  N.,  and  Newciistle  on 
the  E.;  a  canal.  12  miles  in  length,  for  vessels  of  100  tons, 
proceeds  to  it  from  Solway  Frith,  and  Carlisle  commu- 
nicates by  steamers  with  Liverpool,  Belfast,  and  Annan. 
The  cross  amount  of  customs  duty  collected  at  the  port, 
in  1S44,  was  SO.Omi. ;  and,  in  1848.  it  h.ad  Inci-eased  to 
48,902?.  Registered  shipping,  2942  tons.  The  city  corpo- 
ration cxmsists  of  a  mayor,  io  aldermen,  and  30  council- 
lors. Carlisle  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Its  see,  founded  by  Henry  I.,  compri.ses  93  parishes  in 
Cumberland  and  Westmoreland.  Carlisle  was  originally  a 
Roman  station,  and  then  cjiUed  LKguviiUum.  abbreviated 
by  the  Saxons  to  Luel,  to  which  wjis  put  the  prefix  Caer.  or 
"city,"  thus  making  Caerluel.  whence  Carlisle.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Danes  in  the  9th  century,  and  subsequently 
resRjred  by  William  Rufus,  who  built  its  castle.  From  this 
period  it  was  a  freijuent  object  of  attack  in  the  long  pro- 
tracted wars  between  England  and  Scotland,  and  suffered 
Beverely  on  many  cf  these  occasions.  Having  declared  for 
Charles  I.,  it  was  sutjected  to  severe  privations  during  the 
civil  wars  of  that  period  also.  In  1745.  it  surrendered  to 
Prince  Charles,  but  was  retaken  by  the  Duke  of  Cumber- 
land, when  a  number  of  the  officers  who  formed  the  garri- 
son were  executed  as  traitors,  and  their  heads  exposed  on 


CAR 

the  gates  and  walls  of  the  city.  It  gives  the  title  of  carl 
to  a  branch  of  the  Howard  family.  Returns  two  memi>er« 
to  Parli<ament.  Pop.  in  1770,  (\Yhen  taken  by  the  lat"  l)i. 
Heysham.)  7677  ;  in  1841,  23,012;  in  1861,  29,436. 

CARLISLE,  kar-lTl',  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  20  miles  N.AV.  of  Boston.     Pop.  621. 

CARLISLE,  a  post-township  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York, 
36  miles  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1760. 

CARLISLE,  a  handsome  town,  capit.al  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad,  IS  niilei 
AV.  by  S.  of  llarrisbvu'g,  and  125  piiles  W.  of  Philadel]iliia. 
It  is  situated  in  the  great  limestone  valley  which  is  enclosed 
between  the  Ivittatinny  and  South  Mountains.  The  surface 
of  the  country  is  nearly  level,  the  soil  is  uniformly  and 
highly  productive,  and  much  improved.  The  town  is  well 
built,  the  streets  are  wide,  and  the  public  buildings  are  of  a 
superior  order.  It  has  a  public  square,  on  which  the  county 
buildings  are  located.  Dickinson  College,  of  this  place,  is 
one  of  the  oldest  and  most  flourishing  in  the  state.  It  was 
founded  in  1783,  and  is  now  under  the  direction  of  the  Me- 
thodists. Carlisle  also  contains  about  12  churches,  2  banks, 
a  town-hall,  and  5  newspaper  offices.  The  Cumberland  Val- 
ley Railroad  connects  at  llarrisburg  with  the  Central  Rail- 
read,  and  extends  on  the  other  hand  to  Hagerstown,  Marj-- 
lanfi.  There  are  2  machine-shops,  1  car-factory,  and  United 
States  barracks.  Carlisle  Wiis  shelled  by  the  rebels  on  the 
night  of  July  1, 1863.  Pop.  in  1850,  4581;  in  1860,  6664;  in 
1865,  about  fiiiOO. 

CARLISLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  NirhoLas 
CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  railroad  from  .Maysville  to  Lexington, 
50  miles  K.  by  N.  of  Frankfort.  Free  pop.  in  1860,  360.  It 
contains  a  new  court-house,  and  2  or  3  churches. 

CARLISLE,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  in  Jackson  town- 
ship. 

CARLISLE,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Lorain 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1273. 

C.4RLISLE,  a  thriving  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about 
92  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Cohinilms. 

CARLISLE,  it  village  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cincin- 
nati and  Dayton  Railroad,  45  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Cincinnati. 
C.\RLIHLE,  a  post-office  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan,  about 
120  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Detroit. 

CARLISLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana,  .36 
miles  by  railroad  S.  of  Terre  Haute,  and  6  miles  E.  of  the 
Wabash  River.  The  land  in  the  vicinity  is  fertile,  and 
abounds  in  coal.  The  village  contains  2  or  3  churches,  and 
about  100  dwellings. 

CARLISLE.  Illinois.    See  Caritie. 
CARLISLE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Tow.^. 
CARLISLE,  a  post-office  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota. 
CARLISLE  MILLS  or  CARLISLE'S  MILLS,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Perry  co.,  ^lississippi. 

CARLISLE  SPRINGS,  a  post-vill.age  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania.  19  miles  M'.  of  Harrisburg.  and  4  miles  N.of 
Carlisle.     It  is  a  pleasant  summer  retreat,  with  good  accom- 
mod.ations  for  visitors. 
CARLISLE  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co„  Ohio. 
CARLO,  an  island  in  the  (iulf  of  Bothni.a.     See  Karlo. 
CAR'LOCK  VI LLE.  a  post-office.  Ruthei-ford  co.,  Tennessee. 
CARLOFORTE,   kaR-lt^foR/ti  a   town   of   the  Sai-dinian 
States,  on  the  island  of  San  Pietro.  near  the  S.W.  coast  of 
the  island  of  .Sardinia.   Pop.  3235.   It  has  extensive  fisheries, 
and  important  salt-works. 

CARLOPAGO.  kaR-lo-pa'go,  or  CARKOBAGO.  kan-lo-b.Vgo, 
a  fortified  seaport-town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  on  the  Adriatic, 
opposite  the  Dalmatian  island  of  Pago.  Pop.  900.  Active 
trade  in  wine,  timber,  and  fish. 

C.A.RLOPOLI,  kaR-lop'o-le.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  • 
Cal.abria  Ultra.  12J  miles  N.N.W.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  2200. 

CARLOTA,  La,  li  kaR-lo/td,  a  town  of  Spain.  17  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  .32-52.  It  is  one  of  the  principal 
German  colonies,  founded  in  1767,  in  the  Sierra  Morena,  and 
is  neat  and  thriving. 

CAR'LOW.  an  inland  cnunty  of  Irel.and.  Leinster.  encir- 
cled by  the  counties  of  Kildare.  Wicklow.  Wexford,  and  Kil- 
kenny. Area.  346  square  miles,  of  which  about  29.^  square 
miles  are  arable,  and  51  log.  mountain,  and  waste  land. 
Pop.  08,075.  Surface,  except  in  the  S.,  fiat  or  gently  undu- 
lating. Principal  rivers,  the  Barrow  and  Slaney.  Agriciil- 
ture  more  advanced  than  in  most  Irish  cnnnties.  Dairy 
farms  are  numerous,  and  the  breed  of  cows  has  been  much 
improved.  Excellent  granite  is  found  throughout  the  coun- 
ty. Chief  towns.  Carlow  and  Old  Lei'jhlin.  Exclu.sive  of 
its  cajiital.  it  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons, 

CARLOW.  (originally  GithprUf/h.  kath'er-loH'.)  a  parlia- 
mentary and  municijwl  liorough.  town,  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
capital  of  the  .above  county,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Burren 
with  the  navigable  river  Barrow,  44  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dublin, 
with  wbiih  city  it  communicates  by  niilway.  Pop. of  ptvrlia 
mentary  borou<rh.l0,292;of  town.  8734.  It  is  clean  and  well 
built :  it  has  2  handsome  bridges,  the  ruins  ofa  strong  Anglo- 
Norman  castle,  a  Protestant  paiish  church,  a  Roman  Catholic 
cathedral,  and  a  college  for  divinity  students.  2  nunneries, 
a  handsome  court-house,  county  jail,  lunatic  asylum  and 
infirmary,  a  fever  hospital,  uuioii  work-house,  barracks,  &o- 

375 


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CAR 


It  exports  com.  bacon,  and  excellent  butter  to  Waterfopd 
by  the  river,  and  to  Dublin  by  the  Grand  Canal.  It  sends 
I  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CAKLi  iW.  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co..  Kentucky. 

CAKLOWITZ  or  KAKLOWlTZ.kaRno-vits.  (Ilun.  Karlo- 
vdcz.  kaRUoH'its'.)  a  town  of  Austria,  Slavonia,  7  miles 
S.K.  of  I'eterwardein.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube.  It 
is  Well  built,  but  much  scattered,  stretching  along  the 
banks  of  the  river  like  a  large  villajre  rather  than  a  town. 
It  contains  1  Greek  cathedral.  2  other  Greek  churches,  a 
Roni.in  Catholic  church.a  giinasium.  a  Greek  theological 
Beminary  and  lyceum.  a  German  upper  school,  a  national 
school,  and  an  hospital.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Greek  Metro- 
politan Archbishop,  the  head  of  the  church  of  the  dissent- 
ing Greeks  in  the  Austriin  dominions.  The  palace  of  the 
archbishop  contains  a  valuable  library.  Peace  was  con- 
cluded here  between  Austria  and  the  Turks  in  169\);  and 
here.  too.  Prince  Kugene  deteated  the  latter  in  1716.  Caiv 
lowitz  is  a  station  for  the  steamboats  navigating  the  Da- 
nube.    Pop.  5100. 

CARLS'BAD,  (Ger.  Karhbad,kMdsfhit,  "  Charles's  bath.") 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Klbogen,  on  the  Topel,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Eger,  70  miles  X.X.W.  of  Prague,  famous 
for  its  hot  springs,  ijtationary  inhabitants  about  aOOO;  but, 
during  the  season,  the  population  often  amounts  to  8000. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  year  46°;  winter  3C°-3  ;  summer 
63°-7,  Fahrenheit.  It  is  the  most  aristocratic  watering-place 
In  Europe.  The  town,  which  belongs  to  the  Emperor  of 
Austria,  occupies  the  lx)ttom  of  a  narrow  vallej'.  between 
steep  granite  mountains,  and  con.sists  mainly  of  lodging 
houses  and  hotels  for  visitors.  It  has  one  handsome  street, 
the KuiisMrasse.  in  connection  withanelegantgranite bridge 
across  the  Eger;  a  theatre,  hospital,  and  several  re-iding- 
rooms.  The  springs  contain  a  great  amount  of  carlwnate  and 
sulphate  of  soda;  and  the  Sjjrudel.  temperature  1C6°  Fahren- 
heit, deposits  so  much  incrustation,  and  is  forced  upwards 
with  such  violence,  that  fresh  orifices  have  to  be  continually 
bored  to  prevent  explosions  and  damages  to  the  town.  The 
MultWnmncn,  temperature  138°  Fahrenheit,  furnishes  most 
of  the  water  u.«ed  for  drinking.  Vapor  baths  have  been 
constructed  over  the  Hi/ffienr/tielle.  The  public  walks  around 
Carlsbad  are  much  admired.  The  baths  are  mostly  fre- 
quented from  June  to  September.  Carlsl'ad  was  the  favor- 
ite residence  of  Goethe,  llofifman,  and  Werner.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  the  congress  held  there  1S19. 

C.\KLS'BUKG,  Transylvania.    See  Kaklsburo. 

CARLS/BUKG,  a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  New  Jersey, 
4  miles  S.E.  of  Bridgeton. 

CAKLSCRONA,  kaRls^kroo^ii,  CARLSCROOX',  or  BLEK- 
ING,  bliOiing.  a  maritime  laon  or  province  in  the  S.  of 
Sweden,  between  lat.  50°  and  66°  30'  X..  and  Ion.  14°  30' 
and  16°  E.,  having  S.  and  E..  the  Baltic.  W.,  Christian- 
stadt,  N.,  We-xio.  and  N.E.,  Kalmar.  Area,  1135  square  miles. 
Pop.  107.827.  Principal  towns.  Carlscrona  and  Carlshamn. 

CARLSCRONA  or  KARLSKRUNA,  kaRls-kroo/nd,  a  forti- 
fied seaport-town  of  Sweden,  and  the  principal  station  of  the 
Swedish  navy,  capital  of  the  above  lien,  near  the  S.  extremity 
of  the  kingdom,  on  5  small  islands  in  the  Baltic,  connected 
by  bridges  with  each  other  and  the  mainland,  65  miles  E.  of 
Christianstadt.  Lat.  of  S.  point  66°  9'  5"  N.i  Ion.  15°  35'  2" 
E.  Pop.  16,995.  It  has  an  extensive  and  safe  harbor,  with 
depth  of  water  sufficient  far  the  largest  ships,  and  3  en- 
trances, the  principal  defended  by  2  strong  forts.  Town 
well  built,  partly  of  brick,  but  principally  of  wood ;  it  is  .sepa- 
rated by  a  wall  from  an  extensive  naval  arsenal  and  dock- 
yard. Chief  edifices,  the  churches,  council-house,  prefect's 
residence,  and  puMic  schools.  It  has  manufactures  of  na- 
val equipments,  linen  cloths,  tobacco,  and  refined  sugar, 
and  an  export  trade  in  metals,  potash,  and  other  Baltic  pi-o- 
duce.  as  an  outport  of  Gottenburg.  In  1842.  68  commercial 
vessels,  aggregate  burden  26o9  tons,  entered,  and  69,  bur- 
den 1733  tons,  cleared  from  its  harVior. 

CARIjSD.\L.  kaKlsMir.  the  name  of  some  extensive  iron- 
works, with  a  cannon  foundry,  and  manufactures  of  arms, 
in  Sweden,  la^n.  and  22  miles  X.W.  of  (Erebro. 

CAULSilAMX.  k.iRls'ham.  (i. e.  "CharWs  harbor:')  a  forti- 
fied seaport^town  of  .Sweden.  26  miles  W.  of  Carlscroniu  on  the 
Baltic.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  has  a  good  mar- 
ket-place. 2  churches,  a  town-house,  manufactures  of  sjdl- 
cloth,  tobacco,  and  hats,  dye-houses,  building-docks,  a  small 
hut  secure  port,  and  an  active  trade  in  iron,  timber,  potash, 
pitch,  and  tar. 

CARLSIIOfF.  karlsOiofr.  an  isl.ind  in  the  Xorth  Pacific; 
lat.  15°  40'  X..  Ion.  145°  38'  W.  It  is  about  18  miles  in  cir 
cumference.  has  a  lake  in  the  centre,  and  was  discovered  by 
Uoggewein.  the  Dutch  navigator,  in  172S. 

CAIILSIX  (Carlso.)kaRl's«.  a  small  isl.-jnd  in  the  Baltic, 
W.  of  Gothland.  Lat.  of  X.E.  p<iint.  57°  19'  39"  X..  Ion.  18°  E. 

CAKLSRUIIE  or  KARLSKLHE.  kar.ls'rooN  ('-Charles's 
Rest,")  a  city  of  Western  Germany,  capital  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  and  of  the  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the 
railway  frfim  .Mannheim  to  Basel.  4  miles  E.  of  the  Rhine, 
and  o9  miles  W.X.W.  of  Stuttgart.  Its  principal  streets 
converge  "like  rays"  towards  the  palace  .is  a  centre,  lacing 
which  is  a  fine  circus,  witli  the  government  ofiices.  Tlie 
876 


grand-ducal  palace  has  a  tower  commanding  a  fine  view,  a 
museum,  and  a  library  of  80.IK)0  volumes.  Cither  principal 
edifices  are  the  grai-.d-ducal  stables,  the  theatre,  the  palace  of 
the  Margraves  of  Baden,  polytechnic  school,  chief  Protestant 
and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  synagogue,  council-house, 
the  hall  of  representatives,  mint,  post-office,  barracks,  arsenal, 
cannon  foundry,  museum,  cluti-house.  and  several  hospitals, 
including  one  richly  endowed  by  the  fashionable  Ixindon 
tailor,  Stultz,  (in  return  for  which  he  was  created  a  Taron.) 
Carlsruhe  is  supplied  with  water  by  an  a^iueduct  from  Dui^ 
lach,  and  ornamented  with  several  public  fountains,  and  s 
stone  pyramid  in  the  marketrpLice,  under  which  the  founder 
of  the  city  was  buried.  The  gardens  of  the  palace  form  the 
chief  puVilic  promenade.  Public  in.stitutions  comprise  a  ly- 
ceum, a  library  of  90.000  volumes,  military,  medical,  and 
veterinary  schools,  academies  of  architecture,  painting,  and 
music,  an  excellent  botanic  garden,  a  stJciety  of  art.«.  and 
numerous  literary  associations.  Manufactures  of  jewelry, 
carpets,  snuffs,  chemical  products,  furniture,  and  carri.iges 
are  carried  on,  but  for  little  more  than  local  supply— the 
chief  resources  of  the  inhabitants  arising  out  of  the  pre- 
sence of  the  court  and  aristocracy.  Considerable  transit 
trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of  the  Rhine,  and  of  the  rail- 
ways which  connect  the  city  with  Frankforfc-on-the-Main, 
with  France.  Switzerland,  &c.  Carlsruhe  is  a  modern  city, 
its  foundation  having  been  laid  in  1715.  by  Charles  Wil- 
liam, Margrave  of  Baden,  in  a  locality  that  served  as  a  hunt- 
ing rendezvous.    Pop.  27,103. 

CARLSRUHE,  a  market-town  of  Pru.ssian  Silesi.o,  18 
miles  X.W.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  2080. 

CARLSTAD,  kaRl'stdtt.  a  Iku  or  province  of  Sweden, 
mostly  between  lat.  69°  and  61°  X.,  and  Ion.  12°  and  14°  30* 
Y...  having  S.  Lake  Wener  and  Wenersborg,  W.  Norway,  E. 
(Erebro,  and  X.E.  Fahlun.  Area.  0945  square  miles.  Pop. 
220,885.     The  province  compri.ses  some  rich  iron-mines. 

CARLSTAD,  an  inland  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the 
above  laen.  on  the  island  of  Tingvalla.  near  the  X'.  shore  of 
Lake  Wener,  160  miles  W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop.  3108.  It 
has  a  handsome  cathedral,  a  college  with  library  and  ob- 
servatory, a  town-house,  governor's  residence,  freema.sons* 
hall,  theatre,  club,  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  agricul- 
tural society.  It  exports  copper,  iron,  com,  salt,  and  tim- 
ber, and  its  trade  has  been  considerably  augmented  by  the 
opening  of  the  Gotha  Canal. 

CARL.STADT.  Gemianv.    See  Kaelstabt. 

CARI/rON,a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

CARLTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Camhridge. 

CARLTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CARLTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk,  on  th« 
Yare. 

CARLTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

CARLTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

CARL'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CAR  LTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

CARLTON',  a  chapelry  of  Engltind,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

CARLTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

CARLTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding, 
2  miles  S.W.  of  Skipton.  A  hospital  for  poor  widows  waa 
founded  here  in  1700,  and  a  school  endowed  in  1709. 

CARLTON,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co..  New  York,  on 
Lake  Ontario,  about  35  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rochester.  Pop. 
2447 

CARLTON,  a  posMown.«hip  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
Barry  co..  Michigan.    Pop  678. 

CARLTON.  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CAIU/TON  COIA'ILLE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  .Suffolk. 

CARI/TON  CUR'LIEU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
cester. 

CARLTON,  EAST,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CARLTOX  FORT,  in  Briti.sh  Xorth  America,  on  the  Sas- 
katchewan River.  Xorth  Branch;  lat.  53°  N.,  Ion.  61°  12' 
W.:  is  enclosed  by  lofty  stockades,  outside  of  which  are 
manv  gardens  and  fields. 

CARLTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CARLTON  INLIN'DRICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Notts. 

CARLTON  LE  MOOR/LANDS,  a  p,vish  of  England,  ca 
of  Lincoln. 

CARLTON,  LITTLE,  a  parbh  of  En  eland,  co,  of  Lincoln. 

CARLTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  Engtend.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CARLTOX  RODE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CARLTOX  SCROOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln 

CARLTOX.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CAltLTOX'S  STORE,  a  post-oflSce  of  King  and  Queen  oC„ 
Virginia. 

CAHI/rOXVILLE,  a  village  of  >Ieigs  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus.  It  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  suburb  of  Pomeroy.    See  Pomerot. 

CAR/LUKE,  a  municipal  tiorough  an'l  parish  of  Scotland. 
CO.  and  5  miles  X.W.  of  Ijiuark.  Pop  of  parish  In  1841, 
4802:  in  1851.  6283,  (an  incre.-«.«»  p.Hrtial)y  ett-ibutable  to 
the  extension  of  coal.  iron,  and  lime  works.)  Pop.  of  town  in 
1851,  2845.    The  burgh,  which  has  a  haudsomj  uew  chnreh. 


CAR 


CAR 


Lss  increased  rapidly  since  the  introduction  of  the  cotton 
manufacture.  The  banks  of  the  Clyde,  here  low  and  shel- 
ti>red,  are  famous  for  orchards;  some  of  these  extend  5  miles 
In  lenj>:th.  The  antljuary,  Major-general  Koy,  and  the  sculp- 
tor I'orrest.  were  natives  of  this  parish. 

CAHLYLE,  karHil'.  a  postoffice  of  Pickens  co.,  Al.abama. 

CAHLYLK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Ivaskii-skia  iUver,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
R.R.,  47  miles  E.  of  St.  Louis.  The  river  is  navigable  by 
small  boats  in  high  water.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a 
number  of  stores,  and  several  mills. 

CAUMAGNOLA,  kaR-mitn-yo/li,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  on  the  Po,  16  miles  S.  of  Turin.  Pop.  with 
oommune,  l'2,u8"2.  It  is  well  built;  its  principal  squares  .and 
streets  are  oruamented  with  porticoes;  and  it  hits  a  line 
Gothic  church,  a  massive  tower,  formerly  a  part  of  a  strong 
castle,  several  suburbs,  manuCictures  of  jewelry,  and  an  ac- 
tive tnide  in  silk,  flax,  corn,  cattle,  &c.  The  general,  Fran- 
cesco Bussone,  surnamed  Carmagnola,  was  born  here  iu 
1390. 

CAUMANA,  a  Persian  town.    See  KEUMAy. 

CARMAN  1  A.  a  province.    See  Kerm.vx. 

CAU.MAKTIIKN,  C.UiRMARTIIK.V,  kar-mai-'inpn,  or 
CAR.MAKTIIION'SIIIUE,  kar-mar'THen-shjr,'  co.  of  Wales, 
having  S.  the  Uristol  Channel.  Area,  94"  square  miles.  Pop. 
in  1^51,  110,(B2.  Surfiice  hilly,  interspersed  with  produc- 
tive valleys;  on  the  E.  it  is  bounded  by  mountains,  one 
of  which,  the  Van,  rises  269(5  feet.  Chief  rivers,  the  Towy, 
Cothy,  and  Taaf.  Agriculture  less  backward  than  in  most 
Welsh  counties,  and  considerable  barley  and  oats  are 
raised.  Iron,  lead,  coal,  and  lime  are  the  chief  mineral  pro- 
ducts. Several  railways  connect  the  mines  of  the  interior 
with  the  coast.  Woollen  hosiery  is  manufactured,  and  in 
1S47,  111  persons  were  engaged  in  woollen  factories  iu  this 
county.  Chief  towns,  Carmarthen,  Llandovery.  Kidwelly, 
and  Llanelly ;  exclusive  of  which  it  sends  2  members  to  the 
llousi'  of  Commons. 

CARM.iRTlIKN.  kar-mar'THen,  (anc.  Oier  Fryddyn  Mari- 
dunum.  ki'er  frtitli'in  md-re-deiynim,)  a  parli;jmentary  and 
municipal  borough,  seaport  town  and  parish  of  South 
Wales,  capital  of  above  co.,  on  the  Towy,  here  crossed  by  a 
six-arched  bridge,  8  miles  above  its  mouth  iu  the  Bristol 
Channel,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Llanelly.  Pop.  of  municipal  bo- 
rough in  1851.  10,624.  Streets  steep  and  irregular;  houses 
mostly  well  built.  Principal  edifices,  a  large  parish  church, 
the  guild-h;ill,  market-house,  borough  and  county  jail,  cus- 
tom-house, and  theatre.  The  town  has  a  grammar  school 
and  Presbyterian  college,  a  monument  to  the  memory  of 
General  Pictou,  docks  for  building  small  vessels,  and  an 
active  export  trade  in  corn,  butter,  timt)er,  bark,  slates, 
and  lead  ore.  The  Towy  is  navigable  to  the  bridge  for 
vessels  of  200  tons  burden.  In  conjunction  with  Llanelly, 
it  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  is  reputed 
to  have  been  the  birthplace  of  the  renowned  Merlin,  tradi- 
tions of  whom  are  connected  with  various  localities  in  its 
Ticiuity.   It  gives  the  title  of  marquis  to  the  Duke  of  Leeds. 

CAIOXAIITIIKN  BAY,  a  large  inlet  of  Bristol  Channel, 
Wales,  between  St.  Gowau's  Point,  co.  of  Pembroke,  and 
Worms  Head,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  and  having  N.  the  county 
of  Carmarthen.  It  receives  the  Taaf  Towy,  and  Llwchwr 
rivers.  C.ildby  Island,  in  this  bay,  has  a  light-house,  210 
feet  above  the  sea.  in  lat.  51°  37'  50"  N.,  Ion.  4°  40'  57"  W. 

CARMKAUX,  kait^mo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  7  miles  N.  of  Albi.  on  the  left  bank  of  theCeron.  Pop. 
of  commune,  1951.    Extensive  coal-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

C.^R'.MKL.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  on  the  railroad  iu  process  of  construction  between 
Wateiville  and  Bangor,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  The 
streams  afford  extensive  water-power,  which  is  partially  im- 
proved. There  are  here  in  operation  a  flour  mill,  and  about 
30  saws  employed  in  cutting  various  kinds  of  lumber.  The 
village  is  situated  on  the  railroad,  and  on  the  Sawadubs- 
cook  River.  It  contains  a  church.  6-  stores,  a  druggist,  2 
public-houses,  and  about  500  inhabitants — having  doubled 
in  population  since  1  S.oO.   Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860, 1271 

CARMEL,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Putnam 
oo..  New  York,  is  pleasantly  situated  100  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Albany.  It  contains  a  court-house,  7  churches,  and  1  banl^. 
Iwo  newspapers  are  issued  here.     I'op.  25,59. 

CARMEL,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
Eaton  CO..  Michigan.     Pop.  1363. 

CARMEL.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana. 

CARMEL,  or  SAX  CARLOS,  a  missionary  settlement  of 
Monterey  co..  California. 

CARMEL  HILL,  a  postrofflce  of  Chester  district,  South 
t^rolina. 

CARMEL{car'rael)  ilOUXT.  a  famous  mountain  of  Pales- 
tine, forming  the  extremity  of  a  range  of  a  hills,  which  ex- 
tend N.W.  from  the  plain  of  Esdraelon,  rounding  the  Bay 
of  Acre  on  its  S.  side,  and  terminating  in  a  steep  promon- 
tory in  the  .Mediterranean,  elevation  alwut  l.iOO  feet,  in  lat. 
32°  61'  10"  N..  Ion.  34°  57'  42"  E.  It  is  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture as  the  place  wliure  Elijah  destroyed  the  prophets  of 
Baai.  The  rock  is  limestone,  containing  numerous  aivems, 
ii>J  there  has  long  stood  a  eonTeut  near  its  summit,  inha- 


bited by  monks,  thence  called  Carmelites.  The  brook  Kl- 
shon  enters  the  sea  near  the  N.  base  of  tlie  mountain.  The 
plain  to  the  S.  is  very  fertile.  On  the  summit  of  Carniel  are 
pines  and  oaks,  and  farther  down  olives  and  laurels.  The 
old  convent,  destroyed  by  the  pasha,  has  been  rebuilt. 

CAR.MEN,  kaR'mJn,  an  island  of  Central  America,  Y'a- 
catan,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  90  miles  S,W.  of  CampeacLy, 
and  bounding  the  Lake  Termiuos  on  the  N. 

C.\R'.MEN,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  imme- 
diately opposite  Ijoreto.  It  contains  a  large  Siilt  lake  wi  ii, 
a  solid  crust  of  salt  several  feet  thick. 

CAR'MKX,  a  township  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kil- 
dare.  6  miles  E.  of  Athy.     Here  are  druidical  remains. 

CAR.MKX,  El,  fel  KaR'mfen.  or  PATAGOXES.  pd-ta-go/nfs, 
a  town  of  Buenos  Ayres.  on  the  Cusu  or  Rio  Negro.  IS  miJes 
from  its  mouth  in  the  .\tlantic,  and  500  miles  S.W.  of  Bu> 
nos  Ayres.  Lat.  40°  36'  S.;  Ion.  6.3°  18'  W.  Pop.  2000,  of 
whom  500  are  negroes.  Its  inliabifants  export  hides,  oil, 
skins,  beef,  salt,  and  Patagonian  mantles  to  the  Rio  Plata 
and  Brazil. 

CARMEN,  El,  a  town  of  New  Qranada,  department  o» 
Cauca,  province  of  Antioquia. 

CAR'MI,  a  post-village,  capital  ot  White  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Little  Wabash  River,  150  miles  S.E.  of  SpringfieM.  Pop.  479, 

CARMICIIAEL,  kar'mi-kel,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Lanark. 

CAR'MICHAEL'S  or  CAR'MICHAELSTOWN,a  post-vil- 
lage  of  Greene  co.,  Penn.sylvania,  on  Muddy  Creek,  14  miles 
E.  of  Waynesliurg,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  440. 

CARMIGXAXO,  kaR-meen-yi'no,  (anc.  Carminianum^  ^ 
market-town  of  Tusainy,  in  the  Val  d'Ombrone,  13  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Florence.     I'op.  13b9. 

CARMO,  kan'mo,  a  small  town  of  Brazil. 

CARMO.  a  citv  of  Spaia.    See  Carmo.n'a. 

CARMOE  or  KAR.MOE,  kaRm'o'Sh.  an  island  of  Norway, 
stift  of  Christiansand.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Stavanger,  in  the 
Xorth  Sea.  at  the  entrance  of  Bukke  Fiord.  Lat.  59°  20'  N. ; 
Ion.  5°  15' E.  Length.  21  miles;  average  breadth,  5  miles. 
Pop.  0390,  mostly  seafaring  people. 

CARMOXA,  kaR-mo'ni.  (anc.  Car'nto,)  a  city  of  Spain,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Seville.  Pop.  in  1845,  13.072,  It  is  pictu- 
resquely situated  on  an  isolated  hill,  enclosed  by  old  Moor- 
ish walls."  Among  its  edifices  are  a  ruined  fortress,  a  church 
with  a  remarkable  tower,  the  university,  partly  of  Moijrish 
architecture,  a  fine  Moorish  gateway,  and  the  Cordova  gate. 
It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  and  hempen  fabrics, 
hats,  glue,  soap,  and  leather,  and  a  celebrated  annual  fair. 
Near  it  are  numerous  oil  mills. 

CARMUN'XOCK  or  CARMAN/NOCK,  a  parish  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Lanark. 

CARMY'LIE.  a  p.arish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

CARN,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Done- 
gal, 16  miles  N.  of  Londonderry.     Pop.  653. 

CARXAB.\T,  kar-nd-bdt/,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee,70  miles  N.E.  of  Adrianople,  on  the  road  to 
Shumla,  and  on  the  S.  slope  of  the  B:\lkan  Mountains.  It 
has  about  200  houses,  and  some  leather  factories. 

C.VR'X.A  BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

CARNAC,  kaR^ndk'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Lorient.  Pop.  of  commune,  34^57. 
The  druidical  monuments  in  its  vicinity  consist  of  more 
than  5000  granite  blocks  in  the  form  of  obelisks,  resting  on 
their  points,  and  disposed  in  eleven  rows  parallel  with  the 
coast. 

CARNACII,  kar'naK,  a  quoad-sacra  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Ross. 

CARNAPRAYAGA,  kdr-ni-pri-d/ga.  a  village  of  Northern 
Ilindostan,  district  of  Gurhwal,  30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Serin- 
gur,  and  one  of  the  principal  holy  places  of  Hindoo  pil- 
grimage. 

CARNARVON,  CAERNARVON,  ker-nar'von,  or  CAR- 
NARVONSHIRE, ker-nar'von-shir,  a  county  of  North 
Wales,  having  W^.  and  N.  Carnarvon  Bay  and  the  Menai 
Strait.  Area,  579  square  miles,  one-half  of  which  is  unfit 
for  cultivation.  Pop.  in  1851,  87.870.  Surface  altogether 
mountainous,  and  traversed  by  some  of  the  loftiest  ranges 
in  Britain.  (See  Snowdo.v  and  Pexmakn-Mawr.)  Principal 
river,  the  Conway.  Oats  and  barley  are  raised  in  the  val- 
leys, but  the  chief  branch  of  rural  industry  is  the  rearing 
of  cattle  fbr  dairy  produce,  and  a  diminutive  breed  of  sheep. 
The  extension  of  roads  has  greatly  increased  the  v.ilue  of 
property  in  this  county.  Principal  mineral  products,  cop- 
per, lead,  slate,  and  coal.  Carnarvonshire  is  divided  into 
10  hundreds,  and  71  parishes  in  the  diocese  of  Bangor. 
Principal  towns.  Carnarvon,  Bangor,  (a  city,)  Pwllheli,  and 
Conway;  exclusive  of  which  it  seuds  one  member  to  the 
Hous(^of  Commons. 

CARNARVON  or  CAERNARVON,  (anc.  Se^orJiium.)  a 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and  seapoit  town  of 
Xorth  Wales,  capit.il  of  the  county  of  Carnarvon,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Menai  Strait,  7  miles  S.W.  of  the  Menai  bridge. 
Pop.  in  1851, 8674.  It  consists  of  a  walled  town,  outside  of 
which  are  suburbs  of  double  its  extent,  many  handsome  vil- 
las, a  convenient  bathing  establishment  erected  by  the  Maiw 
quis  of  Anglesea,  and  a  fine  terrace-walk  along  the  Menai 

377 


CAR 


CAR 


btra-.t,  terminating  in  a  pier.  At  the  W.  end  of  the  town  Is 
tile  m:ignific«nt  castle  built  by  order  of  Kdward  I_  and  OT«r 
the  principal  gateway  ofwhich  is  a  statue  of  its  founder.  The 
saslle  and  yard  occupy  an  area  of  about  1  mile  in  circuit.and  in 
Its  "  eaple  tower,"  Edward  II..  the  tirst  Anglo-Norman  Prince 
of  Wales,  was  born.  The  hartwr  admits  vessels  of  400  tons 
burden,  but  the  trade  is  chiefly  carried  on  by  small  craft, 
and  steamers  proceeding  to  and  from  Liverpool.  Principal 
exports,  slat"!  and  coal,  the  former  of  which  is  brought  into 
the  town  by  a  railway  from  quarries  10  miles  distant.  In 
connection  »ith  Bangor,  Conway,  Criccieth.  Nevin,  and 
Pwllheli.  Carnarvon  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  seats  of  the  Mai-quis  of 
Anglesea,  Lord  Xewborough,  Lord  Boston,  Ac,  and  the  site 
of  the  Roman  station  S<gnntium. 

CARNARVON  BAY,  is  that  portion  of  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel which  wa.shes  the  AV.  coasts  of  the  Welsh  counties  of 
Carnarvon  and  Anglesea.  Breadth  of  entrance,  between 
Holvhead  and  Brach-y-Pwll.  35  miles.  It  receives  the  river 
Cefui.  and  communicates  with  the  Iri.sh  Sea  by  Menai  Strait. 

CARXAT'IC.  (The)  one  of  the  old  suMivisions  of  India, 
extending  along  its  E.  coast,  between  lat.  8°  and  16°  N., 
and  Ion.  77°  and  81°  E.,  constituting  formerly  the  domi- 
nions of  the  nabobs  of  Arcot,  and  now  forming  eight  of  the 
districts  under  the  British  presidency  of  Madras.  Bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  having  a  coast  line  of  560 
miles;  greatest  brejidtb,  110  miles.  Separated  by  the 
Ghauts  Mountains  into  two  divisions — Balaghaut,  above  or 
N.  of  the  mountains,  and  Paycenghaut,  below  or  S.  The 
climate  of  this  district  is  the  hottest  in  India,  Few 
provinces  of  India  can  exhibit  so  many  large  temples,  and 
other  evidences  of  former  wealth  and  civilization,  as  the 
Carnatic,  Its  fortresses  were  also  e.xceedingly  numerous, 
but  these  are  now  falling  rapidly  into  decay.  The  Carnatic 
was  conquered  by  the  British  in  1783,  but  was  not  finally 
ceded  to  them  till  1801.    Pop.  about  7,000.000. 

CARN'BEE.  a  parish  of  Scotl.and.  co.  of  Fife. 

CAR'XE  or  CAR/NA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

CARXE  or  CARNA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co, 
of  KUdare. 

CARXEILLE,  La,  lil  kaR^n.^!',  a  village  of  France,  in 
Normandy,  department  of  Orne,  34  miles  N.W.  of  Alen^on, 
Top.  of  commune.  1546. 

CAR'NENT  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois. 

CARNES/VILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co., 
Georgia,  110  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Milledgeville,  and  16  miles 
from  the  S:»vannah  River,  contains  a  brick  eourtrhouse, 
jail,  and  2  hotels. 

CARNET,  kaR^nA',  a  village  of  France,  in  Xormandy,  de- 
paitment  of  Manche,  12  miles  S.  of  Avranches.  Pop.  of 
commune,  1200. 

C.\R'XEW,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Wicklow,  7  miles  W.  of  Gorey.  Pop.  of  town,  979. 
The  town  is  well  built,  and  has  rem.iing  of  a  castle.  In  the 
Ticinity  is  C'oolatlin,  the  mansion  of  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  chief 
proprietor  of  this  parish. 

CARNGIWCH,  karn'ghfrook,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co, 
of  Carnarvon. 

C.\R'XIC  ALPS,  (anc,  AVpes  Oar'niae.)  one  of  the  smaller 
divisions  of  the  Alps,  extending  along  the  N,E,  border  of 
Italy  into  Carniola, 

CARXICOBAR',  the  northernmost  of  the  Xicobar  Islands, 
in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  Lat,  9°  10'  N, ;  Ion.  92°  48'  E,  It  is 
about  40  miles  in  circumference,  low,  densely  wooded,  and 
very  productive,  but  unhealthy;  owing  to  which  a  station 
formed  here  by  the  Danes  in  1760  was  soon  afterwards 
abandoned. 

CARNIERES.  kaR'ne-aiR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  10  miles  W,  of  Charleroi,  Pop.  1975.  It  has  ex- 
tensive coal-mines,  iron  foundries,  and  manu&ctui-es  of 
nails,  employing  300  workmen. 

CARNIOLA.  kar-ue-o'ld,  (the  country  of  the  ancient  Car'- 
ni ;  Ger.  Krain.  krine.)  formerly  a  duchy  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  Austrian  Empii-e,  N.E.  of  and  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of 

Venice. Adj.  Carniolak,  kar-ne-o/lin,  and  Car/xic;  in- 

hab.  Carnioian. 

CARN'MOXEY.  a  parish  oflreland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim. 

CAR'XO,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomei-y, 

CAR'X<X;H,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife, 

CARXOULorCURXOUL,    See  Kurxool. 

CARXOU^TIE,  kar-noo'stee,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotr 
lanl.co,of  Forfar.  64  miles  S.W.  of  Arbroath.  P.inlSSl,  1293. 

CARX'.S0RE  POINT,  a  headland  forming  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  the  Irish  mainland,  in  Leinster,  12  miles  S.S.E,  of 
Wexford.     It  was  the  Hieran  of  Ptolemy, 
.     CARX'WATH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Lanark. 

CAROCIIE,  kd-ro'eh.A.  a  town  of  South  America,  i»  Vene- 
saela,  department  of  Zulia,  20  miles  X.X.E.  of  Trujillo. 

CAROLINA.  kSr-o-li'na,  the  name  of  a  colonial  settlement 
in  Xorth  America,  made  by  the  English  about  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  North  and  South  Carolina 
orirfpally  I'onstituteil  but  one  colony:  they  were,  however, 
,  divided  in  1729.  and  since  the  Revolution  have  formed  two 
separate  stntes,  (See  .North  and  South  Carolina.)— — In- 
bab.  Cabou.vun,  kir'o-Un'e-^u. 
378 


CAROLTXA,  a  post-office  of  Tisheminsro  co.,  MisRis.<!ippi. 

CAROLl'NA,  a  vilLige  of  Walker  co.^  Texas,  on  Trinity 
River,  150  miles  E.X.E.  of  Austin. 

CAROLINA,  a  post-office  of  Havwood  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAROLINA  FEMALE  COLLEGE,  a  thriving  post-village 
of  Anson  co..  North  Carolina.  10  miles  N.  of  Wadesborough. 
The  college,  which  has  about  100  pupils,  was  chartered  in 
1849.  since  which  a  handsome  village  h.is  grown  up  here, 
containing  from  200  to  300  inhal>itants. 

CAROLINA,  La,  \i  ki-ro-lee/ni.  a  town  of  Spain,  36  miles 
X^.N.E.  of  Jaen,  Pop,  1739.  This  is  one  of  the  principal 
towns  established  in  the  Sierra  Morena  for  German  colo- 
nists, in  1776, 

CAROLINA,  La,  Id  kd-ro-lee'na.  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Venezuela,  department  of  Orinoco,  on  the  Arui,  50  miles 
S.W.  of  Angostura. 

CAROLINA.  La,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
department  of  Cundinamarca.  pi-ovince  of  Antioquia 

CAROLINA,  NORTH.    See  North  Carolix.i. 

CAROLINA,  SOUTH,    See  South  Carolina. 

CAiyOLINE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Maryland,  bor- 
dering on  Delaware,  contains  about  300  ssjtiare  miles.  It  ig 
intersected  by  the  Choptank  and  Marshy  Hope  Rivers,  and 
partly  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Tuckahoe  River.  Tlie  sur- 
face is  level;  the  soil  mo.stlv  sandy.  Capital,  Denton. 
Pop.  11,129,  of  whom  10,390  were  free, 

CAROLINE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  about  480  square  miles.  The  Rappahannock  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  N.,  and  the  Mattapony  flows  through 
it.  The  surface  is  uneven;  the  soil  near  the  rivers  is 
fertile.  The  Fre<lericksburg  and  Richmond  Railroad 
passes  through  the  county,  Organizefl  in  1727,  Capital, 
Bowling  Green.  Pop.  18,464,  of  whom  7792  were  free,  and 
10,672  slaves, 

CARi  "LIXK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tompkins  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Caviiga  and  Susquehanna  Railroad, 
about  12  miles  S.E..  of  Ithaca.     Pop.  -2345. 

CAROLIXB.  a  village  in  Venice  township,  Seneca  co., 
Ohio.  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sanduskv  City. 

CAROLINE  CENTRE,  a  postrOfRce  of  Tompkins  co,,  New 
York. 

CAR/OLINE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Marquesas  group,  in  the 
South  Pacific,  lying  N.  of  Eimeo.  Lat.  9°  57'  S. ;  Ion.  1.W 
2,V  W.  It  is  a  low  strip  of  laud,  covered  with  verdure, 
about  5  miles  in  circumference. 

CAR/OLINE  ISLANDS,  or  NEW  PHILIPPINES.  (Sp. 
Carolinas,  kl-ro-lee'nis.  or  Kim-as  Pilipinas,  noo-a'v3s  te-Ie- 
pee'n^s.)  one  of  the  great  archipelagos  of  Oceania,  lietween 
the  Philippines,  the  Ladrones,  the  Marshall  Islands,  and 
Papua,  extending  from  kt,  3°  5'  to  12°  X.,  and.  including 
the  Pelew  Islands,  (which,  from  the  character  of  their  inha- 
bitants, and  the  history  of  their  discovery,  form  part  of  the 
archipelago,)  extend  from  W.  to  E.  over  a  space  of  2000 
miles.  They  are  divided  into  numerous  groups,  the  west-, 
ernmost  of  which,  the  Paloas  or  Pelew,  consists  of  .seven 
large  and  many  small  island.s,  all  of  conilline  formation, 
flat,  and  affording  no  secure  anchorage.  North-east  of 
these  is  the  group  of  Yap.  the  chief  island  of  which  is  ele- 
vated, and  its  mountains  contain  the  previous  metals. 
East  of  Y'ap  is  the  group  of  Egoi.  nearly  all  of  which  are  low 
coralline  islands,  fertile,  and  partly  inhabited.  The  other 
princip.al  groups  are  called  Siniavine.  Lutke.  Mortlock,  En- 
derby,  Hogolen.  Ulalan,  the  easternmost  of  the  group,  in 
lat.  5°  19'  N.,  Ion.  163°  6'  E..  is  24  mili-s  in  circumference,  and 
has  abundant  supplies  of  water,  fruit,  and  fish.  The  climate 
of  the  Carolines  is  mild  and  agreeiible.  The  inhabitants 
live  almost  exclusively  on  the  produce  of  their  fishing;  the 
greater  portion  are  of  the  >Ialay  race,  and  ai-e  excellent  sear 
men.  The  Carolines  were  discovered  by  the  Spaniard  Lopea 
de  Villalobos,  in  154.3.  and  they  were  so  named  in  honor  of 
Charles  V.  These  islands  nominally  belong  to  Spain,  an.i 
form  part  of  the  government  of  the  Philippines,  but  tl«» 
Spaniards  have  no  settlement  on  any  of  them. 

CAROLINE  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Washington  co.,  Rhod* 
Island. 

CAROLIXEXSY'HL.  kS-ro-lee'nen-zeel.  a  maritime  villag* 
of  Hanover,  on  the  North  Sea,  '34  miles  N.E.  of  Emden, 
Pop.  1500. 

CAROMB,  ki^r^N"',  a  town  of  Fran. e.  department  of  Va» 
cluse,  with  an  old  fortress,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Carpentras.  Pop. 
of  commune,  in  1S.52.  2506. 

CAR'ON.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  South  Wales  co.  of" 
Cardisran.  on  the  Berwyn,  near  its  confluence  with  theTeifi. 
Pop.  in  1851.  2,S93. 

CARON'DELET,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  W,  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  6  miles  S,of 
St,  Louis,     It  contains  a  bank.     Pop.  3993. 

CARO'NIA.  (anc.  Caloc'te  or  ColoMa.^  a  maritime  town 
of  Sicily,  on  the  X.  coast  of  the  island.  22  miles  E.of  Cefalu. 
Pop.  2200,  mostly  employed  in  the  adjacent  fore.st,  the  larg- 
est in  .Sicily,  being  nearly  .iO  miles  in  circuit. 

CARONYorC.'VROXl,k^-ro-nee',a  river  of  Venezuela,  de- 
partment of  Orinoco,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Pacarainia.  and 
alter  a  generally  northward  course  of  perhaps  41  0  miles, 
joins  the  Orinoco  85  miles  E.  of  Angostura.    Affluents.  tlk> 


CAR 


CAR 


Parapna  and  Acaman.  Its  rapidity  and  numerous  cataracts 
render  it  innavijrable. 

C  A  K'OOK',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
66  miles  K.  of  Coimbafoor,  on  the  Cavery  Kiver.  Near  it  are 
a  fort  and  a  larjre  temple. 

CAKOKA,  kd-i-o'fa,  or  CARORO,  ka-i-o/ro,  a  town  of  A'ene- 
Buela.  100  miles  S.W.  of  Coro,  and  about  50  miles  E.  of  Lake 
Waracaybo.  on  the  Tocujo.  Lat.  10°  13'  N.;  Ion.  70°  26'  W. 
It  is  tolerably  well  built,  and  contains  a  hands6me  parish 
church,  a  Franciscan  convent,  and  a  hermitage.  The  dis- 
trict is  famous  for  its  arrniatic  balsams,  resins,  and  gums, 
and  a  kind  of  wild  cochineal,  the  gathering  of  which  once 
formed  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  Before  the 
wars  nf  independence,  the  population  was  9000. 

CAIIOTII'KRS.  a  township  in  Clay  co.,  Indiana. 

CAROTTO,  ki-rofto,  a  village  of  Naples,  6i  miles  S.W.  of 
Castellamare,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Naples,  with  a 
school  of  navigation  for  the  merchant  marine. 

CA ROUGE,  kd'roozh',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
IJ  miles  S.  of  Geneva,  on  the  Arve.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  regu- 
larly built,  finely  situated,  and  surrounded  by  elegant  villas. 
It  has  manu&ctures  of  thread,  watches,  clay  pi|)e8,  and 
leather.  The  province  of  Carouge  in  Sardinia,  of  which 
Carouge  was  the  capital  till  ceded  to  Switzerland  in  1816, 
was  suppressed  in  1837,  and  divided  among  the  sun-ound- 
ing  provinces. 

CAIIOVIGXO,  kd-ro-veen'yo, a  town  of  Naples,  provinceof 
Otranto,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Biindisi.  Pop.  3000. 

CAROVILLI,  kd-ro-villee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,  10  miles  N.N.K.  of  Isernia.     Pop.  1900. 

CARPANK,  kaR-pd/nA.  or  CARPANEDO,  kaR-pd-nd/do,  a 
village  of  Northern  lUily,  government  of  Venice, '23  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Vicenza,  on  the  lirenta.  Pop.  1750.  The  French 
defeated  the  Austrians  bore  in  1796. 

CARI'ANE'I'O,  kaR-pd-n4'to,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  situ- 
ated 13  miles  S.E.  of  I'iacenzii,  between  the  Vezzino  and 
Chero.  It  contains  a  medical  and  two  elementary  schools. 
Good  grain  and  wine  of  a  very  fine  quality  are  produced 
here.    Pop.  5134. 

CARPATHIAN  or  KARPATniAN(kaR-p.Vthe-an)  MOUN- 
TAINS, (Ger  Karpatlieri,  kaR-p^ten;  anc.  Car'pat'es,) n  runge 
of  mountains  of  Europe,  chietly  in  Austria,  which,  com- 
mencing at  New  Orsova,  on  the  Turkish  frontier  of  the 
Banat  of  Austria,  where  the  l/ed  of  the  Danube  is  all  that 
separates  it  from  Mount  Hwmus,  proceeds  first  N.E.,  and 
then  E.  to  the  frontiers  of  Moldavia,  where  it  turns,  first  to  the 
N.W..  then  W..  and  finally  S.VV.,  as  far  Presburg,  enclosing 
the  plains  of  Hungary,  and  forming  a  semicircular  belt, 
nearly  800  miles  long  by  250  broad.  The  Carpathian  chain 
may  be  divided  into  two  great  sections,  the  Eiist  and  the 
West  Carpathians ;  the  former  curving  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Nera,  which  falls  into  the  Danube  41  miles  E.  of  Bel- 
grade, to  the  source  of  the  Theiss,  and  forming  the  bound- 
ary between  Austria  and  the  principalities  of  Mallachia 
and  Moldavia;  the  latter,  proceeding  from  the  sources 
of  the  Theiss  and  the  Pruth,  and  terminating  on  the 
banks  of  the  Danube  W.  of  Presburg,  and  forming  the 
boundary  between  Hungary  and  Galicia.  The  greatest 
heights  of  theEast  Carpathians  are — Uuska-Poyana,  9909  feet; 
Gai'luvipi.  9587  feet;  Buthest.  in  Tiansvlvania,  near  Kron- 
stadt.  8095  feet;  Buthest.  in  AVallacbia.  6812  feet;  Retirzath, 
8502  f(«t ;  and  Lentschitz.  8456  feet.  The  greatest  heights  of 
the  West  Carpathians  are  in  the  Tatra  Range,  namelv.  the  Kri- 
wan,  8029  feet;  the  Viszoka,  8312  feet;  the  Csabi,  same 
height;  and  in  the  mountains  of  Lomnitz,  the  Eisthaler- 
spitze,  8621  feet;  the  G riineseespitze,  8203  feet;  the  llunds- 
dorferspitze,  8318  feet;  and  the  peaks  of  Lomnitz,  8462  feet. 

The  principal  intersections  of  these  mountains,  forming  the 
most  remarkable  and  most  frequented  pas.ses,  are  tho.se  of 
Teregova,  leading  from  Orsova  to  Temesvar;  of  Vulkar, 
forming  the  valley  in  which  the  ScKyl  flows ;  and  of  the 
Kothenthurm,  in  a  gorge  formed  by  the  Aloota,  (Aluta.)  at 
the  f(X)t  of  Mount  Szurul.  The  outer  tend  of  the  Carpathians 
is  much  steeper  than  that  which  descends  towards  the  val- 
leys of  Transylvania  and  Hungary.  The  mountain  branch, 
which,  stretching  N.W.  towards  Lutowisko  and  Ustrzyki, 
sepaiates  the  basin  of  the  Dniester  from  that  of  the  Saan, 
also  forms  the  line  of  separation  between  the  basin  of  the 
Baltic  and  that  of  the  Black  Sea.  From  this  line,  as  far  as 
Jublunkau  in  Moravia,  all  the  streams  from  the  N.  slope 
foil  into  the  Vistula:  thereafter  all  the  streams,  from  both 
sides  ef  the  Carpathians,  belong  to  the  Danube.  The  only 
important  rivers  which  actually  rise  In  the  chain  are  the 
Vistula,  the  Dniester,  and  the  Theiss. 

The  E.  part  of  the  Carpathian  chain,  from  Orsova  to  the 
source  of  the  Burcza,  near  Kronstadt,  is  entirely  composed 
of  jiriniitive  rocks.  These  are  succeeded  by  Greywacke, 
which  extends  to  the  sources  of  the  Thei.s,  and  is  only  in- 
terrupted by  a  primitive  group  between  the  pass  of  Borgo 
and  the  source  of  the  Viso.  A  gi-eat  chain  of  trachyte  ap- 
pears on  the  frontiers  of  the  Bukowina,  and  sti-etches  to 
the  point  where  the  Aloota  loegins  to  flow  S.W.  To  the  W. 
of  this  chain,  on  approaching  the  plains,  an  extensive  tract 
of  sandstone,  belonging  to  the  coal  formation,  begins  to 
app'-ar,  and  cover*  the  greater  part  of  Transylvania.    Ter^ 


tiary  formations  sirrround  the  vast  »>!a;nsnf  Hungary,  vrhlrh 
consist  of  a  rich  alluvium,  anu  must  oi-ce  iiave  oeen  the  bed 
of  a  lake.  Basalt  fipquently  occurs,  but  no  distinct  traces 
of  extinct  volcanoes  have  been  found.  The  Carpathian 
Range  is  rich  in  minerals,  including  gold,  silver,  quicksiivei', 
copper,  and  iron.  Salt  occurs  in  beds,  which  have  some- 
times a  thickness  of  600  or  700  feet,  and  are  apparently  in- 
exhaustible. Vegetation  also  is  vigorous.  On  the  plateaus 
fruit  is  grown,  at  the  height  of  1500  feet.  Higher  up, 
the  mountain  steeps  are  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  somo 
of  them  as  high  as  5600  feet.  The  limit  of  vegetation  seems 
to  be  about  6000  feet.  Above  this,  a  few  lichens  may  be 
found,  but,  in  general,  nothing  is  seen  but  bare  steep  rucks, 
many  of  them  in  the  form  of  conical  peaks. 

CARPATHUS  or  CARPATIIOS.    See  Scarpanto. 

CAR  PEN  EDOLO.  kaR-pA-nA-do/lo,  a  town  otNorthern  Italy, 
government  of  Milan,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Brescia,  near  the 
Chiese.  It  contains  4  churches,  and  2  hospitals,  and  has 
manufactures  of  silk.   Pop.  4977. 

CARPEXETTO,  kaR-pi-n^fto,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Piedmont,  6  miles  E.  of  Acqui.    I'op.  1500. 

CARPENTARIA,  (kar-pen-ta're-a. )  GULF  OF.  a  large  gulf 
of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  indenting  deeply  the  N.  coast 
of  Australia,  between  Capes  Arnhem  and  York,  and  mostly 
comprised  between  lat.  11°  and  17°  30'  S.,  and  Ion.  136°  and 
142°  E.  The  average  length  and  breadth  are  about  350  mil-s 
each.  The  Coasts  are  generally  low.  but  on  the  W.  greatly  in- 
dented; it  contains  Groote.AVellesley.  and  many  other  islands. 
Its  E.  coast  was  discovered  by  a  Dutch  commander  in  1600, 
this  being  the  first  authenticated  discovery  of  any  part  of  the 
Australian  Continent. 

CAR/PENTER'S  CHEEK,  a  postofiice  of  Jaspar  co.',  In- 
diana. 

CARPENTER'S  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Gloucester 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  Slantua  Creek,  3  miles  S.  from  Wood- 
bury. It  contains  1  or  2  churches,  and  aljout  50  dwellings. 
Lumber  and  firewood  ai-e  shipped  from  this  place. 

CARPENTER'S  MILL,  a  village  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri,  120 
miles  W.  N.  AV.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CAR'PENTERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  In- 
diana, about  35  miles  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

CARPENTERSVILLE  or  CARPENTERVILLE,  a  flourish- 
ing post-village  of  Greenwich  township,  in  the  S.  part  of 
Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  nearly  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Trenton. 

CAHPENTRAS.  kaR^p^N'^trSss'.  (anc.  0/rperii»rac>te.)  a  city 
of  France,  department  of  Vaucluse,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Avig- 
non, on  the  Auzon,  in  a  rich  and  fertile  district  at  the  toot 
of  Mont  Aentoux.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls  in  good  repair, 
flanked  with  towers,  and  has  four  gates.  Most  of  the  hou.ses 
are  well  built,  and  almost  all  are  supplied  with  water  from 
the  fountains  in  the  public  squares.  Outside  of  the  walls 
is  a  broad  esplanade,  planted  with  trees.  The  principal 
public  buildings  are — the  Cathedral,  a  Gothic  edifice,  w  ith  a 
spire,  of  the  jige  of  Charlemagne;  the  I'inte  d'(>raiigp ;  the 
Palace  of  Justice;  a  Roman  triumphal  arch ;  the  Hospital, 
erected  in  1751;  tlieatre;  new  prisons?,  and  a  public  lilirary, 
containing  22,000  volumes,  2000  MSS.,  6000  medals,  and  vari- 
ous antiquities.  The  Aqueduct,  a  massive  structure,  which 
crosses  tlie  valley  of  the  Auzon  by  48  arches,  and  supplies 
the  fountains  of  the  town,  was  finished  in  1734.  Carpen- 
tras  is  the  seat  of  the  assize  court  for  the  department,  of  a 
court  of  first  resort,  communal  college,  and  society  of  rural 
economy.  There  are  here,  brandy,  spirits  of  wine,  and  es- 
sence distilleries,  manufactories  of  nitric  acid.  glue,  verdigris, 
cotton,  and  silk  yarn.  There  are  also  madder  mills,  tanne- 
ries, and  dye-works.  A  considerable  trade  is  carried  on 
in  olive  oil,  fruit,  ahuonds,  madder,  lucerne  seed,  wax, 
honey,  &c. 

The  Romans  embellished  Carpentras  with  many  edifices, 
of  which  the  successive  ravages  of  the  Goths,  Vandals, 
Lombards,  and  Saracens  have  left  few  traces.  In  1313, 
Pope  Clement  V.  fixed  his  residence  here,  and  made  it  the 
seat  of  the  Pontifical  See.  The  present  walls  were  built  by 
Pope  Innocent  VI.,  fifty  years  after  that  event.  The  bishop- 
ric, founded  in  the  third  century,  was  suppressed  by  the  Con- 
cordat of  1801.    Pop.  in  1852,  10,711. 

CAHl'I,  kaR'pee,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern  Italy,  situ- 
ated 9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Modena,  on  the  Canal  of  Carpi. 
Pop.  5000.  It  has  a  citadel,  a  majestic  cathedral,  and  manu- 
factures of  silk. 

CARl'I,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern  Italy,  government 
of  A'enice,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Adige,  with  n  cita- 
del, and  1200  inhabitants.  Here,  in  1701,  the  French  were 
defieated  by  the  troops  under  Prince  Eugene. 

CARPIGXANO,  kaR-peen-ya'no.  a  village  of  Piedmont,  in 
the  Sardinian  States,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Novara,  on  the  Sesia. 
Pop.  2171. 

CARPIGNANO,  kaR-peen-y^no,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince and  8  miles  N.E.  of  Otranto.     Pop.  1000. 

CARl'lNETI,  kixR-pe-nA'tee,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
situated  23  miles  S.W,  of  Modena.    Pop.  1400. 

CARI'lNEl'O,  kaE-pe-nd'to,  the  name  of  several  villages 
in  Central  Italy. 

C A 1! PINO,  kaR-pee'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capi- 
tauata,  on  Mount  Gargano,  22  miles  N.E.  of  San  Severo 

379 


CAR 


CAR 


Pop.  5300.  It  is  also  the  name  of  a  mountain  in  Calabria, 
W.  of  Cosenza,  and  of  an  affluent  of  tlie  Tiber,  Pontifical 
i;*tates.  Perugia 

CARPI 0,  kaR'pe-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Cordova,  on  tlie  Guadalquivir.   Pop.  2696. 

CARl'IO.  Kl,  Jl-kaR/pe-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  22  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Toledo,  near  tlie  Taaus.    Pop.  2488. 

CARPIO.  El,  a  town  of  Spain,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Vallado- 
Ud.    Pop.  941. 

CARP  RIVER,  a  post-ofRce  of  Marquette  co.,  Michigan. 

CARQCEFOU,  kaRWoo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire  InfSrieure.  6  miles  X.X.E.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  in  1852,  2899. 

CARQUIXEZ.    See  Kakquenas. 

CARR.  a  township  in  Jackson  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1341. 

CARRA.  kSr'ra,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  Connaughl,  co.  of 
Mayo.  Length,  from  N.N. E.  to  S.S.W..  22  miles:  breadth, 
8i  miles.  On  its  N.  boundary  are  Loughs  Cullen  and  Con ; 
on  its  S.,  Loughs  Carra  and  Mask,  forming  picturesque 
Bcenery ;  on  the  S.E.,  the  ground  is  low  and  under  culture; 
the  N.  is  mountainous,  and  moorland. 

CARRACA,   La,   Spain.    See  Cadiz. 

CAHR.E  or  CIIARR^.    See  IIarrax. 

CARRA  LOUGH.  Idn  kir'ra,  a  small  lake  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Kerry,  3^  miles  S.  of  Castlem;une  Harbor,  about  3  miles 
long  and  1  mile  broad. 

CARRANCA,  kaR-RinnvS,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas-Geraes.  between  Baependi  and  Sao  Joao^Jel-Eei. 

CAR'RAN-TU'AL,  the  highest  mountain  of  Ireland,  Mun- 
ster.  CO.  of  Kerry.in  the  Mac  Gillicuddy  Reeks  Range,  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Killarney.    Elevation,  3414  feet. 

CAIORAR/,  a  considerable  town  of  India,  Deccan,  30  miles 
S.E.'of  Sattarah,  86  miles  S.S.E.  of  Poona,  with  two  elegant 
pagodas,  and  a  small  fort. 

CARHARA,  kaR-RS'rS,  (anc.OrraVia.jacity  of  Italy,  situ- 
ated 59  nnles  S.W.  of  Modena,  on  the  Avenza,  2  miles  from 
its  moutli  in  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  6115.  It  has  a  col- 
lege, an  academy  of  the  fine  arts,  and  an  active  industry  in 
the  preparation  of  marble.  Chief  edifices,  collegiate  church, 
church  of  Madonna  delle  Grazie.  and  the  Ducal  Palace.  The 
streets  are  ornamented  with  elegant  fountains.  At  Monte 
Sagro,  in  its  environs,  are  the  famous  marble  quarries, 
which,  since  the  time  of  the  Romans,  have  furnished  the 
Taluiible  statuary  marble  of  Carrara.  The  principal  quar- 
ries, those  of  Torano,  employ  upwards  of  1200  men.  The 
port  of  embarcation  is  at  L'.\venza. 

CARREGA.  kdKrRA'ga.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa,  province  of  Novi.    Pop.  3.334. 

CARREIRA  (kfe-RA/e-ra)  ISLANDS,  a  small  island  group 
of  Spain,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Galicia,  province  of  Corunna,  22 
miles  N.W.  of  Vigo. 

CAR'REXTEEL'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

CARRETAO,  kjR-R.-l-td'Axo.  a  town  of  Brazil,  120  miles 
E.  N.  E.  of  Goyaz.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  devoted  to 
mining.  , 

CARRIACOU,  kirVe-d-koo',  the  largest  of  the  Grenadine 
Islands,  (British  West  Indies,)  20  miles  N.E.  of  Granada. 
Length,  7  miles;  breadth,  from  2  to  4  miles.  It  is  well  cul- 
tivated :  chief  crop,  cotton.  On  its  W.  side  is  HUlsboro'  town 
and  harbor,  in  lat.  12°  27'  N.,  Ion.  61°  30'  W. 

CARRICAL,  or  KARICAL.  kar-re-kjl'.  a  town  of  Hindo- 
Stad,  in  the  Carnatic,  coast  of  Coromandel,  152  miles  S.  of 
Madras:  lat.  10°  55' N.,  Ion.  79°  53' E.  It  was  formerly  a 
place  of  importance,  and  strongly  fortified ;  but  is  now 
wholly  dismantled. 

CAR'RICK,  a  division  of  Ayrshire.    See  Atrshire. 

CARRICli,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford. 

CARRICK,  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Leinster,  co.  of  Kildare. 

CARRICK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  West- 
meath. 

CARRICK,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

CA  It  RICK,  or  CAR'RICKBAGMOT,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Leinster.  co.  of  Louth. 

CAirRICKAIIOO'LY  is  an  old  tower,  co.  of  Mayo,  5  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Newport. 

CARRICK-A-REDE,kSrVik-gi-reed',  an  insulated  basaltic 
rock  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim,  about  4i  mileS  N.W.  of  Bal- 
lycastle,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  chasm  60  feet 
wide,  and  more  than  80  feet  deep. 

CAR'RICKBEG'.  formerly  CARRICK\MACGRIF'FIN,  a 
town  of  Ireland.  Munstcr.  co.  and  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Water- 
ford,  on  the  Suir.  here  cro.ssed  bj'  a  bridge  which  connects 
It  with  Carrick-on-Suir.  Pop.2680.  It  has  remains  of  a  fine 
abbey  of  the  fourteenth  century.    See  also  Carrick-ox-Suir. 

C.\RM{ICKFER'GUS.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, seaport,  market^town.  and  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster, 
00.  of  Antrim,  on  Belfiist  Lough.  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Belfast. 
Pop.  of  town,  3885 :  of  parliamentary  borough,  9379.  It  was 
formerly  a  place  of  strength,  and  has  some  remains  of  fortifi- 
cation^  raised  in  1576.  The  parish  church,  containing  noble 
monumentR.  Including  those  of  the  Chieiiester  family,  com- 
municatwl  ff)rmerly  by  a  still  existing  subt<>rraneous  passage 
with  a  monastery,  on  the  site  of  which  Sir  Arthur  Chichester 
ercsted  the  noble  castle  of  .Toymount.  CarrickfergusCastle, 
erected  about  1128,  still  mainttined  as  an  arsenal,  and 
mounting  some  heav>  cannon,  is  oa  a  rock  projecting  into 
380 


the  lough.  Other  principal  edifices  are  a  Roman  Catholic 
and  various  dissenting  chapels,  branch  bank,  and  several 
schools  and  charitable  establisments.  Vessels  of  100  tons 
can  now  unload  at  the  pier,  but  the  trade  is  not  flourisliing. 
The  borough  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Cfimuiona. 
William  III.  landed  here  in  1690.  In  1760,  the  town  and 
castle  wei"e  taken  by  the  French,  who  were  soon  forced  t'  re- 
emba  rk. 

CARMtlCKMACROSS,'  or  MAGirEROSS/,amarket-|ic  "vn 
and  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Monahan.  on  the  road 
from  Dublin  to  Londonderry,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Dnnkalk, 
Pop.  1997.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  built  by  the  Earl 
of  Essex,  to  whom  the  town  was  granted  by  Quei-n  Elizalieth, 
and  in  the  possession  ofwho.se  family  the  estate  remains. 

CARntlCK-ON-SIIAN'NON,  a  disfranchised  parli.iraent- 
ary  borough  and  market-town  of  Ireland.  Connaught.  ca- 
pital of  the  county  of  Leitrim,  on  the  Shannon,  across  which 
it  communicates  with  a  suburb  in  the  county  of  Roscommon, 
by  a  bridge  of  11  arches.  19  miles  N.N.W.  of  Longford.  Pop. 
19S4.  It  has  a  court-house,  infantry  barracks,  and  some 
trade  in  connection  with  Lough  .\llen  coal-mines.  It  sent 
two  members  to  the  Irish  Parliament,  till  disfranchised  at 
the  Union. 

CAR'RICK-ON-SUIR,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Ire- 
land. Munster.  co.  of  Tipperary.  on  the  Suir.  here  crossed  by 
a  bridge,  built  in  the  fourteenth  century,  13  milesS.  of  Clon- 
mel.  Pop.  8339.  It  was  formerly  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has 
a  parish  church  of  high  antiquity,  a  fine  Roman  Catholic  cha- 
pel, a  nunnery,  (with  a  large  school.)  a  monastery,  a  castle, 
(formerly  belonging  to  the  Ormonde  family.)  a  prison.hospital, 
and  barracks.  Recent  improvements  in  the  river  enable 
vessels  of  considerable  burden  to  approach  the  town,  which 
has  an  export  trade  in  corn  and  cotton;  and  monthly  fairs. 
The  vicinity  is  fertile  and  well-wooded.  About  4  niilns  south- 
ward is  Curraghmore,  the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Waterford, 

CAR/illDEN,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co  of  Lin- 
lithgow. 

CAR'RIGAHOLT',  a  maritime  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Clare,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  estuary  of  the  Shannon, 
10  miles  W.  of  Kilrush.  It  has  a  pier. at  which  agricultural 
produce  is  shipped,  and  is  frequented  by  fishing  craft.  Here 
are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  on  the  verge  of  a  cliff 
overhanging  the  sea.     Pop.  426. 

C.AR'RIGALINE,'  or  BEA'VER.  a  maritime  parish  of  Ire- 
land. Munster,  co.  of  and  8  miles  S.  E.  of  Cork,  on  Coik 
harbor.  Pop.  74,S9,  partly  employed  in  fine  marble  and 
slate  quarries.  The  village,  though  now  unimportant,  w.sa 
designed  by  an  earl  of  Cork  to  be  made  the  rival  of  Cork 
city:  in  it  are  the  picture.sque  ruins  of  Carrigaline.  a  castle 
of  the  Desmonds:  and  near  it  are  the  remains  of  a  religious 
hou.se,  and  of  a  Danish  fort. 

C.AR'RIGAl/LAN,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  forming  the  S.E. 
district  of  co.  Leitrim,  Connaught  Length,  19i  miles  t 
breadth,  7  miles, 

CAR'RIG.Al/LAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of 
Leitrim. 

CAirRIGDOW'NAM.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

CAR'RIGXAVAR/  or  DUNBULLOGE,  dun'bul-lOg',  a  pa- 
rish of  Ireland.  Munster  co.,  of  Cork. 

CAR'RIG-0-GUN'NEL,or  CARRICK AQUICY.  a  village  of 
Ireland,  Munster,  co.  and  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Limerick.  Its 
ruined  castle  on  a  lofty  rock  was  formerly  a  stronghold  of 
the  O'Briens.  Kings  of  Munster,  but  blown  up  at  the  siege 
of  Limerick,  in  1091. 

CAIORIGRO'HANE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Cork. 

CARRIGTOHILL,  kSr'rig-toH'-hil.  almost  karVig-toil'.  a 
village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  3  miles 
W.  of  Middleton.  Pop.  3976.  It  has  an  ancient  church,  and 
in  various  parts  of  the  parish  are  curious  subterraneous 
chambers,  within  circular  intrenchments,  called  Danish 
camps. 

CARRIGUFOYLE.  kSrVe-pa-foil',  a  small  island  of  Ire- 
land. Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  in  the  estuary  of  the  Shannon, 
2  miles  N.  of  Ballylongford,  with  a  castle,  once  the  chief 
seat  of  the  O'Connor-Kerry. 

CARRIL,  kaR-Reel',  a  town  of  Spain,  Galicia,  10  miles 
N.N.W,  of  Pontevedra,  near  the  mouth  of  the  UUa.  The 
averaa-e  value  of  exports  is  about  56,000/. ;  imports,  35,O0OZ. 
Pop.  iioo, 

CARRILLON,  (Ft.  pron.  kaR'iieery6N«',)a  village  cf  Canada 
East.  CO.  of  Two  Mountains,  on  the  Ottawa  River.  50  mile* 
from  Montreal.    It  contains  4  hotels  and  several  stores. 

C.^R'RINGTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh, 

CARRINQTON.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

CARinON.  k^R-Re-on'.  a  river  of  .«pain.  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  the  .\sturias.  flows  S.  and  falls  into  the  Pi- 
suerga,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Valladolid,  after  a  course  of  76 
miles,  exclusive  of  windings. 

CARRION  DE  CALATRAVA,  kjR-Re-on'  dA  ka-U  tr^'v^, 
a  town  of  Spain.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.     Pop.  2<",0><. 

CARRION  DK  LOS  CESPEDES.  k^R-Re-on'  dA  loce  the» 
pA'Di'S.  a  town  of  Spain.  14  miles  W.  of  .Seville. 

CARRION  DE  LOS  CONDES.  kiR-Re-on'dA  loco  kon'di^s,  a 
town  of  Spain,  21  miles  N.  o*  Palencia,  on  the  Carrion 


CAR 


CAR 


Pop.  2.j00.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  eucloaed  by  ruinous  walls, 
ami  lias  9  churches,  with  several  convents  and  hospitals. 
Foriiunly  capital  of  the  district  of  same  name,  and  fortified. 
C.A.Ii'lU'rUNK,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  Co.,  Maine. 

CAU'KIZO,  a  post-office  of  Webb  co.,  Texas. 

CARROLL,  k3,r'rol,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  New 
Hampshire,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  The 
greater  part  of  the  S.W.  boundary  is  formed  by  LakeWinni- 
piseogee,  which  separates  it  from  Belknap  county.  It  is 
drained  b\'  the  Ossipee  and  Siico  Rivers,  and  contains  seve- 
ral lakes  and  ponds,  the  chief  of  which  is  the  Ossipee  Lake. 
It  hits  numerous  small  streams,  which  afford  valualile 
water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  niountaimms. 
Ossipee  Mountain  and  Conway  Peak  are  comprised  within 
the  limits  of  this  county.  The  soil,  though  hard  and  diffi- 
cult of  cultivation,  is  generally  productive.  Named  in 
honor  of  Charles  Carroll,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.    Capital,  ( issipee.     I'op.  20,465. 

CAKKOLL,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Maryland,  border- 
ing on  Pennsylvania,  contains  about  500  square  miles.  It 
is  draiui-d  liy  the  sources  of  I'atapsco  and  Gunpowder  Rivef  s, 
and  by  Pike  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  in  some  parts 
rocky ;  the  soil  is  naturally  thin,  but  has  been  improved. 
Two  mines  of  copper  and  one  of  iron  are  worked  in  the 
county.  Capital,  \V'estmiu8ter.  Pop.  2I,5;33,  of  whom  2.3,750 
were  i'ree.  and  783  slaves. 

CAlillOLL,  a  county  in  the  ?.S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  North  Carolina,  has  an  areii  of  440  S(iiiare  miles. 
The  New  River  or  Kanawha,  flows  along  the  western  bor- 
der of  the  county,  which  is  also  drained  by  Reedy  Island 
River  lind  Chestnut  Creek.  The  Rlue  Ridge  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  S.E.  Much  of  the  land  is  rough  and  hilly; 
the  greater  part,  however,  is  well  adapted  to  grazing.  Cop- 
per, iron  ore,  and  leiid  are  found  in  the  county.  The  tirayson 
Sulphur  Springs,  on  the  bank  of  New  lliver.  have  some 
reputation  as  a  place  of  summer  resort.  It  is  intersected  by 
two  new  turnpike-roads.  Organized  in  1842.  having  been 
previously  included  in  Floyd  county.  Capital,  Hillsville. 
Pop.  8012,  of  whom  7750  were  free. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering 
on  Alabama,  contains  572  square  nules.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Chattalioochee  and  Tallapoosa  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
traversed  by  several  ridges.  The  soil  is  based  on  granite 
and  otlier  i>rimary  rocks ;  a  large  portion  of  it.  however,  is 
fertile.  This  county  contains  gold-mines,  which  have  been 
worked  and  found  profitable.  It  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  water-power.  The  countv  was  formed  in  1826.  Capital, 
Carrollton.  Pop.  11,991,  of  wliom  10,129  were  free,  and  1802 
slaves. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  8.iO  square  miles.  The  Yazoo 
River,  in  connection  with  the  Tallahatchie,  forms  the  AV. 
boundary  of  the  county,  which  is  also  watered  by  the  Yallo- 
busha  aiid  Big  Black  Rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level. 
The  bottom  lands  of  the  Yazoo  are  of  great  extent;  the  soil 
is  alluvial  and  extremely  fertile.  Steamboat*  navig-ate  the 
Yazoo  in  this  county  at  all  seasons,  and  its  branches  are 
navigable  in  winter.  Capital,  Ciirrollton.  Pop.  22,035,'  of 
whom  8227  were  free. 

CARROLL,  a  parish  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Loui- 
siana, bordering  on  Arkansas,  is  situated  between  Missis- 
sippi River  and  Boeuf  Bayou.  Area,  about  1050  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Tensas  River  and  JLicon  Bayou.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level.  Caiiital,  Providence.  Pop.  18,052,  of 
whom  4144  were  free,  and  13,908  were  slaves.  • 

C.\RROLI.,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Arkan.sas,  bor- 
dering on  Missouri,  contains  1038  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  King's  River  and  Long  Creek,  affluents  of  ^Vhite  River. 
The  surface  is  diversified;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Verj' 
beautiful  yellow  variegated  marble  is  found  in  this  county. 
Capital.  Carrollton.  Pop.  9383,  of  whom  9053  were  free,  and 
330  slaves. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee,  has  an 
area  of  about  625  square  miles.  The  South  Kork  of  Obion 
River  rises  in  the  county,  and  Big  Sandy  River  flows 
through  it.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  highly 
produ'tive  and  extensively  cultivated.  Capital,  Hunting- 
don.   Pop.  17,4157,  of  whom  13,373  were  free,  and  4064  slaves. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  border- 
ing on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  about  200  sqiiare  miles.  The 
Ohio  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.,  and  the  Kentucky 
River  divides  the  county  into  nearly  equal  parts.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  rolling,  except  the  hills  near  the  Ohio, 
some  of  which  are  high  and  rather  steop.  The  soil  is  calca- 
reous and  fertile.  The  surface  rock  of  the  county  is  lime- 
stone. Organized  in  1838.  Capital,  Carrollton.  Pop.  6579, 
of  whom  5533  were  free. 

CARI'.OLL,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  360  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Conotten.  Sandy,  an(l 
Y'ellow  Creeks.  The  surface  is  moderately  hilly ;  the  soil 
fertile.  Stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are  abundant  in  the  county. 
The  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal  passes  through  it.  Capital, 
Carrollton.     I'op.  15,738. 

CAR  ttOLL,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  378  square  miles.   It  Is  drained  by  the  Wabash  and 


Tippecanoe  Rivers.  The  surface  is  partly  level  and  part) 
undulating,  and  the  soil  highly  productive.  About  oni' 
fifth  of  the  county  was  occupied  by  a  prairie,  and  the  othe 
portions  by  forests  of  the  oak,  walnut,  beech,  sugar-maple 
&c.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Wabash  and  Eri« 
Canal,  and  is  lilierally  supplied  with  water-power.  Capital 
Delphi.     Pop.  13,489. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Hlinois,  haj 
an  area  of  416  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  W 
boundary,  separating  it  from  Iowa,  and  it  is  drainyd  by 
Plum,  Elk,  Horn,  Otter,  and  Rush  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating,  and  diversified  with  prairies  and  tracts  of  tim- 
ber, the  former  of  which  are  the  most  extensive.  The  soil 
is  productive.  A  considerable  quantity  of  leiid  is  procured 
in  this  countv.  Organized  in  1836.  Capital,  Mount  Car- 
roll.   Pop.  11,7.33. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Mia- 
souri,  has  an  area  of  700  scpiare  miles.  The  Mis.souri  River 
navigable  bj-  steandjoats,  forms  its  boun<lary  on  the  S.  and 
Grand  River  on  the  E.;  the  county  is  also  dnuned  liy  Wya- 
conda  and  Big  Creeks.  The  sin-face  in  some  parts  is  undu- 
lating, and  presents  extensive  prairies  alternating  with 
forests  of  oak,  black  walnut,  sugar-ma))le,  and  hickory.  Ihe 
soil  is  generally  productive.  Limestone  and  sandstone  are 
abundant  in  the  county.  The  streams  furnish  valuable 
water-power.  Capital,  Carrollton.  Pop.  9763,  of  whom  8695 
were  free. 

CARROLL,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  i)art  of  Iowa  has 
an  area  of  576  square  mil(«.  It  is  drained  by  Racoon 
River,  and  the  Middle  Coon  or  Middle  River.  The  soil  in 
fertile.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  route  of  the  Cedar 
Rapids  and  Missouri  Railroad.     Pop.  281. 

CARROLL,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine. 

CARROLL,  a  jiost-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hampshire, 
80  miles  N.  of  Concord.     Pop.  276. 

CAI!ROLL,apost-townshipof  Chautauqua  CO.,  New  York, 
23  miles  S.K.  of  Maysville,  is  drained  by  Conewango  Creek. 
Pop.  1525. 

CARROLL,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  ISiio. 

CARROLL,  a  township  of  Parry  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
129  L 

CARROLL,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1907. 

C.\RROLL,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

C.iltROI^L,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
120S. 

CARROLL,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CARROLL,  a  j)ost-village  of  J-airfield  co.,  Ohio,  about  22 
miles  S.E.  of  Coluinl>us. 

C.\RROI-L,  a  township  of  Ottaway  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  757. 

CARROLL  or  CARROLLTON,  a  post-village  in  Carroll 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Wabash  Itiver,  and  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  about  75  miles  N.N.W.  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

CARROLL,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois,  60  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Peoria. 

CAR'ROLLSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi,  about  210  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

C.\R'ROLLTON,  a  post-township  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  779. 

CARROLLTON,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, a  few  miles  N.W.  of  Ebensburg,  has  1  Catholic  cha- 
pel, and  aliout  100  inhabitants. 

C.IKROLLTON,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Marjland, 

CARROLLTON.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Carroll 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  Little  Tallapoosa  River,  140  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Milledgeville.  The  situation  is  elevated  and  healthy. 
The  village  contains  a  court-house,  2  academies,  several 
churches.  2  hotels,  and  a  masonic  lodge.  Several  profitable 
gold-mines  are  worked  in  the  county.     Pop.  .319. 

CARROI^LTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tickens  co..  Ala- 
bama, on  the  W.  side  of  I,nbbub  Creek.  172  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Montgomery.  It  is  situatetl  in  a  fertile  and  populoas 
district.  Twonewspapersarepublishedin Carrollton.  Pop. 
about  600. 

CARROLLTON,  a  post-viUage,  capital  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  stage-road  from  Jackon  to  Memiihis,  9C 
miles  N.  of  the  former.    It  has  about  700  inhabitants. 

CARROLLTi  iN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  .Jeftbrson  pa- 
rish, Louisiana,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  7  miles 
above  New  Orleans,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad 
Many  persons  who  are  employed  in  business  in  the  citj 
have  their  reoidences  in  Carrollton.  The  piiblic  gardens 
of  this  place  attract  large  numbers  of  visitors.  Free  popu- 
lation, 1756. 

CARROLLTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carroll  co.,  Ark- 
ansas, on  Long  Creek,  125  miles  N.N.W.  of  Little  l!ock. 

CAKROLLTON,  (formerly  PORT  WILr,IAM,)apost-town 
capital  of  Carroll  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River,  just 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  River,  and  about  45 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  has  considerable  business, 
and  contains  a  fine  court-house,  3  or  4  churches,  1  academy 
2  or  3  mills,  2  piano  factories,  and  a  ropewalk.  Two  news- 
papers ai-e  issued  here.    Pop.  estimated  at  1000. 

381 


CAR 

CARROLLTOX.  a  post-village  of  Centre  township,  capital 
of  (XtoU  CO.,  Ohio,  125  miles  K.N.E.of  Cnhimljus.  It  has  a 
public  square  in  the  centre,  and  contains  a  court-house,  5 
churches,  2  printing  offices,  and  a  number  of  stores.  This 
villago  was  formerly  called  Cextreville.    Pop.  721. 

CAKUOLLTON,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Miami  I'.iver  and  canal,  -15  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati, 
has  aliout  .300  inhabitants. 

CAUROLLTON,  a  village  and  township  of  Carroll  co.,  In- 
diana, 60  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Indianopolis.     Top.  874. 

CAKROLLTON,  a  thriving  and  ple.-vsant  post-tillage, 
capital  of  Greene  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  railroad  leading 
from  Alton  to  jspringfield-,  70  miles  S.W.  of  the  latter.  It  is 
situated  in  a  populous  and  fertile  dir-trict.  The  abundance 
of  stone  coal  and  timber  in  the  vicinity,  together  with  the 
facilities  of  transportation,  has  given  rise  to  several  manu- 
factories. Carroliton  contains  2  academies,  1  free  school, 
and  4  or  5  churches.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here. 
Pop.  in  1850,  788;  in  ISeO,  2752. 

CARROLLION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Wvaconda  Creek,  8  miles  N.  of  Missouri  River,  and 
124  miles  x'.W.  of  .lefTerson  Citv.    Pop.  738. 

CAR'ROLIiVILLE  or  CARROLLSVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Tishemingo  co..  Slississippi.  220  miles  X.X.E.  of  Jackson. 

CAltROLLVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Cumberland  River,  110  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 

CAK'ROX,  a  river  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling, 
the  river  entering  the  Frith  of  Forth,  3  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Falkiik,  after  an  eastward  course  of  about  15  mUes.  On  its 
N.  biink.  2  miles  X.E.  of  Falkirk,  is  the  village  with  the 
"Canon  Iron-works,"  carried  on  by  a  company  who  employ 
about  2500  workmen  in  the  manufacture  of  all  descriptions 
of  ca.«t-iron  goods,  and  from  15  to  20  vessels  in  the  export 
of  their  produce. 

CAK'ROXSHORE.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling,  2 
miles  below  Carron  Works.   Pop.  8.38. 

CAR  ROUGES,  kaiORoozh'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Orne.  15  miles  X.AV.  of  .\len50n.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2002. 

CAR'ROWMORE',  a  lake  of  Ireland,  Connaught.  co.  of 
Mayo,  4  miles  X.E.  of  TuUoghan  Bay  It  contains  several 
islets,  and  discharges  itself  by  the  river  Munhin  into  the 
Owenmore. 

CARR  ROCK,  ft  portion  of  a  reef  in  the  North  Sea.  off 
Fife-Xess  (Scotland,)  in  lat.  50°  17'  X.,  Ion.  2°  35'  W.,  11  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Bell-rock  Light-house.  A  masonry  beacon  on  this 
rock  was  completed  in  1818,  at  a  cost  of  5000J.  Elevation  30 
feet. 

CARRSnriLLE.  a  postxifBce  of  Isle  of  Wight  co.,  Virginia. 

C.\RRSVILLE,  a  postK)ftice  of  Cooper  co..  Missouri. 

CARRU,  k^R-Roo'.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Pied- 
mont, 6  miles  X.X.K.  of  Mondovi.     Pop.  3772. 

CAR'RYALL.  a  township  forming  the  X.W.  extremity  of 
Paulding  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  979. 

CAR'RYIXG  PLACE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  Ea.st,  co.of 
Prince  Edward,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Quinto, 
5  miles  from  Trent.  It  contains  1  store,  2  taverns,  and  a 
tannery.     Pop.  about  100. 

CARSE  OF  FALKIRK,  (fil-kirk'.)  a  district  in  Scotland, 
cos.  of  Linlithgow  and  Sterling,  extends  along  the  Fi-ith  of 
Forth  from  Bo'ne>:s  to  Airth. 

C.VKSE  OF  GUWRIE,  (gdw'ree.)  a  district  in  Scotland,  co. 
of  Perth,  extends  for  15  miles  between  the  lay  and  Sidlaw 
hills. 

CARSE  OF  STEROiIXG.  a  district  in  Scotland,  extending 
from  Buchlj-vie  to  the  E.  extremity  of  the  co.  of  Stirling, 
consists  of  a  rich  agricultural  tract  of  30,000  acres. 

C.\RSE'VILLE,  a  village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Vermilion  River. 

CAUSII'ALTOX.  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey,  with  a  station  on  the  Epsom  Railway,  10  miles  S.S.W. 
of  London. 

CAR'SIXGTOX\  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

CAR'.SOX'S  LAKE,  in  the  W.  part  of  Utah,  receives  Car- 
son's River,  but  has  no  outlet     Length.  15  miles. 

C.A.RSON"S  VALLEY,  a  post-office,Utah  co..  Utah  Territory. 

CAR'SOXVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  CO.,  Georgia. 
about  SO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

CARSPUAIUX,  kars-lairu',  or  CARSFERX,  kars-f^m',  a 
Urge  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright. 

CAlt'SlWlRS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  of  Lanark. 

CARS/WELL'S  MILLS,  a  ^ilUge  of  Scriven  co..  Georgia. 

CART,  two  rivers  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  the  united 
stream  of  w  hicli  enters  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  6  miles  below 
Olafgow. 

C.\RT,\GEX.\,  kar-t.vjee'n^  (Sp.  pron. kaR-td-H,Vnl ;  anc. 
Ctirtlia'ijo  Niilva,  or  '-.New  Carthage,"  it  having  been  a 
principal  colony  of  the  Cart liaginians.)  a  celebrated  city  and 
seaport,  and  the  chief  naval  arsenal  of  Spain,  on  a  noble 
bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  province,  and  27  miles  S.S.E.  of 
.Munia:  lat.  37°  36' 5"  X..  Ion.  0°  56' 36"  W.  Pop.  in  1845, 
27,727  ;  in  178(3  it  contained  60.000  inhabitants.  It  occupies 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  and  a  small  plain  extending  to  the 
harlx)r.  which  is  one  of  the  l>est  in  the  Mediterranean,  and 
pr.iteoted  from  all  the  winds  by  surrounding  heights,  and  by 
an  Island  on  the  S.,  which,  as  well  as  the  city,  is  strongly 
382 


CAR 

fortified.  The  city,  though  dull,  dil.ipidated  and  unhealthy, 
owing  to  an  adjacent  swamp,  has  some  good  streets  and 
houses,  numerous  churches  and  convents,  a  marine  i«chool, 
large  royal  hospital,  foundling  hospital,  town-haK,  a^d 
custom-house,  observatory,  theatre,  circus,  Ac.  In  its  W. 
division  are  docks  for  building  men-of-war,  an  arsenal,  and 
&lMgne  for  galley-slaves.  Its  port  communicates  wilh  the 
Segura  River  by  the  Lorca  Canal.  Its  mauufactui-es  of 
cordage  and  canvas,  with  trade  in  barilla  and  agricultural 
produce,  have  decayed,  but  it  still  has  a  valuable  tunny 
fishery,  and  a  glass  factory  recently  established  by  an  Eng- 
lish house ;  and.  in  1843,  14  new  smelting-works  had  been 
set  up  here.  The  mines  of  Cartagena,  originally  wrought 
by  the  Cathaginians,  were  rediscovered  a  few  years  ago; 
and.  in  1839,  the  new  mine  of  La  Carmen  was  opened  sucy 
cessfully  by  a  joint-stock  company.  Since  theUj  dr.iiuages 
and  mining  have  proceeded  vigorously.  Cartagena  was 
taken  by  Scipio,  H.  c.  208.  at  which  period  Livy  states  that  it 
was  one  of  the  richest  cities  in  the  world.  It  was  ruined 
by  the  Goths :  and  its  modern  importance  dates  only  from 
the  time  of  I'hilip  II. 

CARTAGEXA  or  CARTHAGEXA,  kar-ta-jee/n.!.  (Sp. 
pron.  kaR-ti-HA'ni.)  a  city  and  seaport  of  Xew  Granada,  in 
South  America,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  on  a 
small  sandy  peninsula,  connected  with  the  continent  by  an 
artificial  neck  of  land.  L-it.  (dome)  10°  25'  36"  X. ;  Ion.  76" 
34' W.  On  an  island,  communicating  with  the  city  by  means 
of  a  wocden  bridge,  is  a  large  subui-b  called  Xi.ximani. 
Both  the  former  and  latter  are  suiTOunded  by  strong  forti- 
fications of  freestone;  and  at  a  short  distance  from  the  city, 
on  the  mainland,  is  an  eminence  about  150  feet  high,  on 
which  is  built  a  strong  fort,  commanding  the  fortifications. 
This  eminence  communicates  on  the  E.  with  a  range  of 
more  elevated  hills,  terminating  in  a  summit  550  feet  above 
the  sea,  on  which  stands  the  Augustine  monastery  of  Xues- 
tra  Senhora  de  la  Popa.  The  height  of  La  Popa  is  not  forti- 
fied: which  is  unacctmntaVile,  as  it  has  several  times  caused 
the  fell  of  Cartagena  without  a  shot  being  fired.  The  port 
is  excellent,  and  is  the  only  one  on  the  coast  fit  f  in  the 
repair  of  vessels.  The  bay,  which  is  land-locked,  and  has 
smooth  water,  extends  from  X.  to  S.  7  miles,  and  affords 
excellent  anchorage.  There  were  two  entrances  to  the 
port — the  Boca  Grande,  close  to  the  town,  and  the  Boca 
Chica,  ("  narrow  mouth,")  many  miles  tiirther  S. ;  but  the 
better  to  defend  the  approach,  the  former  has  been  blocked 
up  by  sinking  old  vessels  in  it.  In  consequence  of  this, 
ships  are  compelled  to  go  round  by  Boca  Chica.  a  circuit  of 
30  miles,  to  gain  the  usual  roadstead  for  frigates,  which  is 
3  or  4  miles  from  the  town.  Two  strong  castles  defeiid  Boca 
Chica. 

The  town  and  suburbs  are  well  laid  out  and  well  built. 
The  houses  are  generally  of  stone,  two  stories  high,  w  ith 
balconies  and  lattices  of  wood,  which,  in  this  climate,  has 
the  durability  of  iron;  and  the  streets,  though  not  v^ry 
spacinu.s.  are  str.iight,  and  well  paved.  Among  the  i)ublic 
building  are  numerous  churches  and  convents,  some  of 
them  very  splendid,  a  general  and  a  military  hosj'ital.  a 
town-liall.  a  theatre,  a  circus,  and  a  college  with  an  ave- 
rage attendance  of  200  students.  The  weather,  especially 
during  during  the  rainy  season,  is  excessively  hot:  and 
thus  both  heat  and  damp  combine  to  render  the  climate  in 
salubrious.  Leprosy  is  common,  and  yellow-fever  often 
makes  fearful  ravages.  In  recent  years,  owing  partly  to 
greater  attention  to  cleanliness,  mortality  is  said  to  have 
dewKised.  The  chief  manuCictures  are  ropes  and  s;iil-<loths. 
The  ti-ade  of  Cartagena,  at  one  time  considerable,  has  de- 
clined very  much,  in  consequence  of  the  rivalship  of  the 
ports  of  Santa  Martha  and  Savanilla.  The  export  trade  is 
now^almost  confined  to  specie  and  bullion,  conveyed  by  the 
steamers  of  the  Royal  Mail  Steam-Packet  Company  to  Eng- 
land. In  1845.  the  arrivals  and  departures  of  vessels  were 
39;  tonnage.  5541 :  value  of  cargoes  imported.  66.78(7.;  ex- 
ported, 13.488i.  In  1846,  the  vessels  numbered  42;  tonnage, 
6502;  cargoes  imported.  62.708/.;  exported,  48,712/.  A  canal 
of  80  miles,  to  connect  the  Bay  of  Cartagena  with  the  river 
Magdnlena,  is  now  in  progress,  and  it  is  anticipated  that  on 
its  completion  the  tradeof  Cartagena  will  revive.  Pop.  about 
18,W)0. 

CART.\GO,  kaR-ti'go,a  river  and  Kay  of  Central  America, 
on  the  -Mostjuito  Coast;  the  river  rising  about  lat.  14-  37' 
N.,  and  after  a  X.X.E.  course  of  about  45  miles,  entering  the 
bay,  which  is  a  large  lagoon  communicatingwith  the  Caril)- 
lieiin  Sea.  in  lat.  15°  20'  X.,  and  extending  Between  Ion.  83*' 
35'  and  84°  15'  W. 

CARTAGO.  a  town  of  Central  America,  capital  of  Cost* 
Rica,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name.  It  was  formerly  a  pl.ic«i 
of  considerable  commercial  importance,  and  had  a  jKipula- 
tion  of  about  37,IK"0.  It  then  contained  S^irtO  houses  and 
8  chuifhes,  of  which  all  but  1  church  and  UK)  houses  wsre 
destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of  SeptemK-r  2.  1^41.  X'-ai 
the  town  is  Mount  Carti^^o.  rising  11.4s0  teet  above  the  s«v 
level,  and  pi-e.»entiug  indications  of  having  at  one  time  b«en 
an  active  volcano. 

CARTAGO,  a  town  of  Xew  Granada,  province  of  I'opayan, 
in  the  valley  of  the  Cauca,  on  the  Viega.    The  streets  ar« 


CAR 

broad  and  straisbt,  and  it  has  a  spacious  and  handsome 
square,  a  cathedral,  two  parish  churches,  and  a  well-con- 
ducted Lancasterian  school.  Its  trade  is  principally  in 
dried  beef,  live  pigs,  fruits,  coffee,  superior  cacao,  and  to- 
bacco. The  sugar<'ane  th  rives  well  here.  Minerals  of  vari- 
ous kinds  abound,  and  the  hills  contain  nitre.  Cartago  is 
the  entrejict  for  the  trade  of  Bogota.  The  climate  is  hot,  but 
dry  and  healthy.     Pop.  5500. 

CAKT.VMA.  kaR-tl'md,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  21  miles 
W.  of  .Malasra,  on  the  (iuadaljore.     Pop.  1993. 

CAKTAYA,  kaR-ti'yd.  a  town  and  port  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, 9  miles  AV.N.\V.  of  Mueva,  on  the  Piedra.  It  has  a 
prison,  hospital,  public  granary,  (now  used  as  a  session- 
house.)  custom-house,  and  an  old  Moorish  castU,  now  con- 
verted into  a  cemetery;  docks  for  ship  and  boat  building, 
and  a  marine  store-house.  In  1843,  57  vessels  entered  and 
Bailed  from  the  port ;  tonnage,  2907.  The  bulk  of  the  peo- 
ple are  fishermen.     Pop.  4097. 

C.iK'TEK,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  North  Camlina,  has  an  area  estimated  at  350 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Watauga  Hiver,  a  navi- 
gable branch  of  the  Ilolston.  The  Iron  Mountain  forms 
the  S.E.  boundary  of  the  county,  and  the  surface  is  among 
the  highest  portiiiiis  of  the  state.  The  mountains  are  co- 
vered with  forests  of  good  timber,  and  contain  mines  of 
iron  which  are  thought  to  be  inexhaustible.  The  soil  of 
the  valleys  is  fertile.  The  streams  furnish  abundant  mo- 
tive-power, which  is  employed  in  several  iron-works.  The 
East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Kailroad  passes  near  the  W. 
border  of  tlie  county.  Capital,  Elizal)ethtown.  Pop.  7124, 
of  whom  6750  were  free,  and  374  slaves. 

CARTKR,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  pnrt  of  Kentucky,  lias  an 
area  of  about  5.50  stpiare  miles.  It  if  bounded  on  the  K.  by 
Big  Sandy  River, fnnvigalile for kccl-lidats.i  which  separates 
it  from  Virginia,  and  intcrsectiHl  by  Little  Sandy  River  and 
Tygart's  Creek.  The  surface  is  broken  by  hills  which  con- 
tain aVmndanco  of  iron  ore  and  stone  coal.  E*opting  the 
river  bottoms,  the  land  is  too  rough  for  cultivation.  Salt  ia 
procured  from  sjirings  near  Sandy  River.  Carter  county 
wag  formed  in  18.3S,  and  named  in  honor  of  M'illiam  Q. 
Carter,  a  member  of  the  Kentucky  Senate.  Cajiital,  (iray- 
son.    Pop.  S516,  of  whom  8207  were  free,  and  309  slaves. 

CARTER  C.\MP,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

C-\RTERET,  kaRHeb-rA',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Manche,  on  a  bay  of  the  s;ime  name,  in  the  mouth  of  the 
GerHeur.  opposite  Jersey,  in  the  English  Channel. 

CAR'TKRET.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  .North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  the  .\tlantic  and  I'amlico  Sound,  contains 
about  450  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Newport 
River,  and  partly  sep.irated  from  the  sea  by  long,  narrow 
islands,  on  one  of  which  is  Cape  Lookout.  The  surface  is 
level,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  bv  swamps,  and  forests 
of  pitch  pine.  Capital,  Beaufort.  Formed  in  17251,  and 
named  in  hi  norof  Sir  George  Carteret,  one  of  the  proprietors 
of  the  land.  Pop.SlSti.of  whom  0217  were  free.and  1909  slaves. 

CAR'TERET.  an  island  of  the  South  Pacific,  in  Solomon 
Archipelago.  Lat.  8°  50'  S. ;  Ion.  160°  48'  E.  It  bears  the 
Dame  of  the  English  navigator  who  discovered  it  in  1767. 

CARTKR-FELL.  Scotland.    See  Cheviot  Hills. 

CARTER  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CARTER'S  BRIDGE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Albemarle  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

CARTERSRURG,  a  post- village  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana, 
17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

CARTER'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

C  ART  ER'S  STORE,  a  post-ofSce  of  Nicholas  CO.,  Kentucky. 

CAR'TERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

CARTER3VILLK.  a  village  of  Cuml)erland  CO.,  Virginia, 
on  the  tJames  River  and  Canal.  47  miles  ^V.  of  Richmond. 
It  has  1  church,  several  stt)res.  and  about  50  dwellings. 

CARTERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district. 
South  Carolina. 

CARTERSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cass  co..  Geor- 
gia, on  the  Atlantic  and  Western  Railroad.  2  miles  from  the 
Etowah  River,  and  143  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

CARTERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tishemingo  CO.,  Missls- 
BJppi. 

CARTHAGE,  kar'thij.  (L.  airlha'go.  Gr.  Kapxi^""',  Kar- 
ehedoit,)  the  ancient  capital  of  a  famous  country  of  the  same 
name  in  NortlnM-n  .\friia.  the  .-^ite  of  which  is  believed  to  be 
a  few  miles  N.  of  the  city  of  Tunis,  on  the  N.  p  irt  of  a  small 
peninsula.  Lat.  36°  55' N. ;  Ion.  10°  E.  About  thirty  years 
after  the  destruction  of  Carthage  City,  (B.  c.  161.)  the  Romans 
attt'mpted  to  establish  a  colony  on  its  site,  which  did  not 
prosper;  but  a  second,  under  the  n.ame  of  Calnnia  Carlhugn, 
rose  into  importance,  and  became  the  first  city  of  Roman 
Africa.  In  439,  the  Vandals,  under  Genseric,  seized  it.  It 
was  retaken  by  Belisarius  in  553,  but  was  finally  destroyed 
by  the  Saracens  in  698.  The  few  ruins  that  now  e.xist  be- 
long to  the  Roman  city.  Not  a  trace  remains  of  the  Cartha- 
ginian metropolis.  In  1841.  a  monument  was  set  up  in  the 
loc'ility  by  the  French,  in  memory  of  their  King  Louis  IX., 
(better  known  as  St.  Louis.)  who  died  of  the  plf^^ue,  May  25, 
1270,  while  besieglug  the  neighboring  city  of  Tunis. 


CAR 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine.  -32 
miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  503. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-village  in  Wilna  township,  Jefferson 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  Black  River,  16  miles 
E.  of  Watertown.  It  contains  5  churches,  an  academy,  j, 
bank, and  1  newspaper  office;  also 5  tanneries, 3 flour-mills, 
5  saw-mills,  2  furnaces,  1  rolling-mill,  1  nail  factory,  and  1 
oil  and  flax-mill.  The  river,  which  furnishes  extensive 
water  power,is  crossed  hereby  two  bridges.  Pop. about  2000. 

CARTILAGE,  a  village  of  Alonroe  co..  New  Y^ork,  on  the 
Genesee  River,  at  the  lower  falls,  2  miles  N.  of  Rochester. 
It  has  a  steamboat  landing. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mooro  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

CARTH.A.GE,  a  post-village  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Alabama, 
about  18  miles  B.S.W.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

CARTILAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Leake  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, 65  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Panola  co.,  Texas, 
about  200  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  by  E.  of  Galveston. 

CARTHAGE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Smith  co., 
Tennessee,  on  Cumberland  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Caney  Fork,  50  miles  by  land  E.  of  Nasliville.  It  has  an 
academy  and  1  or  2  churches. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Kentuckv. 

CARTHAGE,  a  township  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1127. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Dayton,!  O  miles  N.  of  the  former. 

CARTHAGE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Blue  River,  and  on  the  Shelby ville  and  Knights 
town  Railroad,  about  3;i  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis.  It 
has  an  active  trade,  and  is  the  second  village  of  the  county 
in  size.    The  river  affords  water-power  fi>r  several  mills. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hancock  co.,  Illi- 
nois,  12  miles  from  the  Mississippi  river,  and  13  miles  by 
railroad  E.  of  Keokuk;  contains  5  churches,  1  bank,  and  1 
newspaper  office.     Pop.  about  1200. 

CARTHAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jasper  co..  Mis- 
souri, on  Spring  River,  about  220  miles  S.W.  of  Jeflerson 
City. 

CARTH.\GE.  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co..  Iowa. 

CARTHAGE  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York. 

CARTHAGENA.    See  C.\rt\gena. 

CARTHAGE/NA.  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 

CA  RTHAGO.    See  Cartaoo. 

C.\RTH.VGO,  the  ancient  name  of  Caethage,  which  see. 

CARTICAY,  a  po.st-office  of  Gilmer  co..  Qeorgi;i. 

CART'LAND,  a  township  of  Kent  co..  Michigan.  Pop.  406. 

C.\KT'.MEL.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Ljincaster.  on  Morecombe  Bay,  12  miles  N.W.  ol^  Lancaster 
Pop.  in  1851.  512;j.  The  town  lies  in  a  romantic  valley,  and 
has  an  old  church,  formerly  a  part  of  the  priory  founded  by 
an  E.arl  of  I'embroke  in  1188. 

CARTnvORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West 
Riding. 

C.4RUPAN0,  kd-roo-pd'no.  a  seaport  town  and  district  of 
A'enezuela,  province,  and  57  miles  N.E.  of  Cumana,  within 
a  few  miles  of  Cariaco,  agreeably  situated  at  the  opening 
of  two  fine  valleys.  Lat.  10°  40'  N.;  Ion.  63°  22'  W.  A  bat- 
tery, seated  on  an  eminence,  defends  the  port.  It  has  some 
traffic  in  horses  and  mules;  and  in  1847,  the  arrivals  at  the 
port  were  22  vessels;  tonnage,  789;  departures,  67;  ton- 
n.ige,  1186.     Pop.  5000. 

CARVALIIO.  kaR-vil'yo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beii-a.  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  16  miles 
S.E.  of  Coimbra. 

CAR/VER,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 38  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Boston.     l>op.  1186. 

CARVER'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Jessamine  co.,  Ken- 

CAlivER'S  HARBOR,  a  postofflee  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

CARA'ERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

CAR'VERTON,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

CAR/VILLE,  a  village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  2  miles  N.W.  of  the  Kaskaskia  River. 

C.'VRVIN-EPINOY,  kaRS4N"'-i'pee'uwd',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  14i  miles  E.S.E.  of  Be  hune, 
near  a  station  of  the  Railway-du-Nord.  Pop.  4038.  It  has 
manufactures  of  beet-root,  sugar  and  starch. 

CARVOIERO,  or  PENICHE.     See  Cape  Carvoeiro. 

CAR'W.iR/.  a  ruined  seaport  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cauly  River,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Goa.  In  the  seventeenth 
and  eighteenth  centuries  it  was  an  important  seat  of  Euro- 
pean commerce. 

CA'RYSFOOT  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  is  a  coral 
reef  encircling  a  lagoon,  in  lat.  20°  44'  S.:  ion.  138°  22'  W. 

CA'RYSFORT,  M.\CRED'D1N,  or  MOYCREE'DIN.  a  dis- 
franchised borough  of  Ireland,  in  Leinst*!r.  co.  of  Wicklow, 
5  miles  S.W.  of  Rathdrum.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the 
Proby  family,  in  whose  fine  seat,  near  the  village,  is  a  curi- 
ous ancient  obelisk,  100  feet  high. 

CA'RY^SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Champaign  co..  Ohio. 

383 


CAR 


CAS 


CARYTEXA,  kl-re-tee'nJ,  a  Tillage  of  Greece,  In  Arcadia, 
17  miles  W.  of  Tripolitza,  near  the  Carbonaro.  It  has  an 
old  castle,  for  years  the  residence  of  the  celebrated  chief 
Colocotroni.     Pop.  1000. 

CA'RYVILLE.  a  village  of  Genesee  co.,  New  York,  con- 
tains 7  stores.  2  churches,  and  a  flourishing  academy. 

CASABA,  lii-saai.  or  CAS!? ABA,  Iva-s-sdliia  townof  Asia 
Minor,  in  Anatolia,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Smyrna.  It  has  two 
handsome  mosques,  some  dirty  street,",  and  a  bazaar.  It  is 
renowned  for  it«  pears  and  melons,  which,  with  cotton  and 
cotton  manufactures,  compose  its  principal  exports. 

CAS.UJA  orCASSABA,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of 
Karamania.  84  miles  S.  S.E.  of  Konieh.  It  is  enclosed  by 
ruinous  walls,  is  mostly  built  of  stone,  has  a  good  bazaar, 
and  presents  many  traces  of  former  prosperity. 

CASA-BKAXCA,  Ivi'sl-brdn'kl  a  new  town  of  Braail,  pro- 
vince of  St.  Paul.     Pop.  3000. 

CASA-BRAN'CA,  a  village  of  B/azil,  province  of  Minas- 
Geraes.     Pop.  2000. 

CASACaLeNDA.  ka-si-kilfn'da,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Molise,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Campobasso,  at  the  foot  of 
a,  liill.  It  has  three  churches,  one  of  which  is  in  good  Tus- 
can style,  and  a  convent.  Silk-worms  ar«  reared  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  the  district  produces  wine  and  fruit  of 
good  quality.    Pop.  5190. 

CASACCIA,ka-.safcha.  (Qer.  KasOtach.  kS-aitch',)  a  village 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Grisons.  capital  of  the  valley  of 
Bregaglia.  S.  of  Mount  Septimer.  and  13  miles  X.E.  of  Chia- 
venna.  Pop.  250.  It  is  an  entrepot  for  goods  passing  be- 
tween Switzerland,  the  Tyrol,  and  Italy. 

CASALAXGUIDA,  ki-si-Un'gwe-di  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Cit)-a.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Vasto.  Pop.  2306. 

CASAL  BELLOTTO,  kd-sil'  bSl-lot/to,  a  town  of  Italy,  In 
Lombardv.  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cremona.    Pop.  1340. 

CASAL  BOKDIXO,  ki-sdl'  boR-'Jee'nc,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Vasto. 
Pop.  um. 

CASAL  BORE,  kJl-s3l'  bo'rA,  a  towTi  of  Naples,  province 
of  Priucipato  Ultra,  7  miles  X.  W.  of  Ariano.    Pop.  1640. 

CASAL  BOItGONE,  ki-sil'  toR-go'ni.  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Sardinian  States,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2091. 

OASAL  BUTTAN'O,  id-sll'  booMd'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Lombardv,  S  miles  N.N."SV.  of  Cremona.     Pop.  3903. 

CASAL  CIPRIANI,  kis-sil'  chepre-^nee.  a  town  of  Italy, 
In  Naples,  province  of  Molise.  fij  miles  W.  of  Campobasso. 

CASAL  DI  PRINCIPE,  kl-sjl'  dee  prin'che-pA,  a  town  of 
Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  14  miles  S.AV. 
of  Casertii. 

CASAL  DUNI,  kl-sdl'  doo'nee.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples, 
province  of  Molise.  21  miles  S.  of  Campobasso.    Pop.  2700. 

CASALE.  ka-sd^A.  a  province  of  Sardinia,  in  the  vallev  of 
the  Po.    Area,  327  square  miles.    Pop.  in  1852, 121,860. 

CAS.^LE.  (anc.  Bndincomhigus,  f)  a  town  ot  the  Sardinian 
States,  capital  of  the  province  of  Casale.  division,  and  18 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Ales.sandria,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po. 
The  citadel,  founded  in  1590  by  Duke  S'icenzo,  was  one  of 
the  strongest  in  Italy.  The  castle  or  palace  is  still  stand- 
ing, but  tlie  ramparts  have  been  converted  into  promenades, 
and  the  defences  are  now  insi'jnificent.  The  catliedral  is  s;iid 
to  have  l»een  founded  in  742.  There  are  sevei-al  other  churches, 
a  seminary,  several  convents,  two  hospitals,  an  orphan  hos- 
pital, college,  public  library,  theatre,  corn  magazine,  seve- 
ral silk-spinning  mills,  a  parade,  and  public  garden.  The 
trade  of  the  town  is  inconsiderable.  Casale  is  the  seat  of  a 
bishopric  and  district  court  of  justice.  It  wag  the  capitiU  of 
the  ancient  marquisate  or  duchy  of  Montferrat,  where,  in 
1640,  the  Due  d'llarcourt  defeated  the  Spaniards.  Casale 
was  taken  and  retaken  several  times  by  the  French  and 
Austrians,  and  it  formed,  for  a  time,  part  of  the  department 
of  Marengo,  in  the  French  Republic.    Pop.  17.061. 

C.VS.iLE.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont, 
province  of  Pallanza.  on  the  Sti-ona.    Pop.  1900. 

CASALE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro.  2it  miles  S.E.  of  Sora.    Pop.  1600. 

CASALE,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  7  miles  S.  E.  of 
Treviso. 

CASALE  BELLA  TRINITA,  Yl-fMk  6.lV\i  tre-ne-t^/,  a 
town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of  Capitanat;i.  on  Lake 
Salpi,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Foggia.  There  are  salt-works  in  the 
neighborhood,  belonging  to  the  crown.     Pop.  3S00. 

CASALE  DI  LECCE,  ki-sJOA  dee  iSfchi,  a  town  of  Italy, 
In  Naples,  province  of  Abruzro  Ultra  II.,  34  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Aquila.     Pop.  1072. 

CASALR  LO  STDRNO,  kl-sSnAlo  stooR'no,  atown  of  Italy, 
In  Naple*.  piovince  of  Principato  Ultra,  1  mile  N.E.  of  Frl- 
gento.    I'op.  2130. 

CASALE  XUOVO.  ki-sJ/lA  noo-o'vo.  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Toscariy.  province  of  Pisa,  16  miles  N.  ot  Campiglia. 

CASAL  MAGGIORE,  U-^V  mad-jo/ri.  a  town  of  Lom- 
bftrdy,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cremona,  on  the  Po.  Pop.  4907. 
It  has  manufactures  of  glass,  earthenware,  and  cream  of 
tartar. 

CASALNOCETTO.  ka-sll-n(w?hJt/to,  a  vUlage  of  Piedmont, 
6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tortona.     Pop.  1130. 
CASALNOVO,   kd-sdl-no'To,  or   CASAL-NUOVO,  ki*ll 
2S4 


noo-o'TO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra,  9 
miles  N.W.  of  Nicastro.  near  the  Savuto.     Pop.  1610. 

C.^SALNUOVO.  kd-sil-noo-o'vo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Cilabria  Cifra,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Castrovillaii,  near  the 
G  ulf  of  Taranto.     Pop.  6]  30. 

CASALNUOVO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Naples,  3} 
miles  E.  of  Casoria.     Pop.  2800. 

CASALNUOVO  or  CASALNOVO.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
yince  of  Principato  Citra,  14  miles  S.S.E.  ot  Sala.     Pep.  1700. 

CASALNUOVO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata, 
15  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Severe.    Pop.  IHM. 

CASAL-PUSTERLENGO,  kd-s/ll'poos-tJR-len'go,  a  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  government  of  Milan.  13  miles  ^.V..  of  Lodi, 
on  tlie  Brembiolo.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  pul  lie  offices, 
and  contains  a  parish  church  and  sanctu.ary ;  has  manufac- 
tures of  linen  and  eilk  goods  and  earthenware,  and  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade,  particularly  in  Parmes;»n  cheese, 
which  is  here  made  in  gre.at  quantities.     Pop.  5601. 

CASALTRINITA.  kd-sdl-tre-ne-a',  a  village  of  Napled. 
See  Casale  della  Trixita. 

CASALVECCniO.  ki-sai-vfk'ke-o,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Capitanata,  25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Foaitia.    Pop.  1600. 

CASALVECCIII  ).  a  village  of  Sicily,  on  a  mountain,  23 
miles  S.W.  of  Messina.    Pop.  2000. 

CASALVIERI.  kd-sdl-ve-i'ree,  a  town  of  Naples,  provinoe 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sora.     Pop.  3670. 

CASAMANZ.\.,  kd-sd-mdn'zd,  a  river  of  M  estem  Africa, 
in  Senegambia,  enters  the  Atlantic  60  miles  S.  of  the 
Gambia  River.  On  the  N.  side  of  its  entrance,  the  French 
have  establi.shed  a  trading  station. 

CASAMAP.CIANO,  kd-sd-maR-cha/no,  a  vilL-^e  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  \\  miles  N.E.  of  Nola.  witli 
1790  inhabitants,  and  a  magnificent  and  rich  convent, 
founded  in  11.34. 

CASAMASSIMA,  k3-sii-ma.«'se-ml  a  town  of  Naples,  13 
miles  S.  of  Bari.  Pop.  .3750.   Ith.asaconvent  and  two  abbeys. 

CASAMKCIOLA,  ka-sa-mit-cho/ld,  a  town  of  Naples.  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Puzzuola,  .it  the  foot  of  Mount  Epomeo.  Pop. 
3420.    It  has  thermal  .springs  and  baths. 

C.A.S.\N.\RE.  kS-sd-ni'r.i,  a  river  of  New  Granada,  issuing 
in  the  mountains  of  Chita,  and  after  an  E.  course  of  about  180 
miles  through  immense  plains,  falls  into  the  Meta  a  little 
E.  of  the  confluence  of  the  Chire.  Lat.  5°  58'  N.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  small  craft  throughout  the  year. 

CAS.\NAKE,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  on  the  .ibove  river. 
Lat.  5°  o6°  N.;  Ion.  71°  50'  W.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and 
900  inhabitants,  chiefly  Indians. 

C.\SANARE.  a  province  of  New  Granad.a,  department  of 
Boyaca,  extending  from  the  E.  slope  of  the  Andes  to  the 
Orinoco. 

CAS.\NDRINO,  kJ-sSn-dree'no.  a  village  of  Southern 
Italy,  6  miles  N.  of  Naples.     Pop.  29U0. 

C.iS.A.NOVA,  kd-sji-no'vi,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  ot 
Terra  di  Lavoro.  2  miles  N.W.  of  Ca.serta. 

CASAPULLA.  kd-si-pool'll  a  town  of  N.nples,  3  miles  N. 
W.  of  Caserta,  on  the  ro-ad  to  Capua. 

CASARABOXELA.  kd-sd'rit-bo-nA'll  a  town  of  Spin,  29 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Malaga.  Pop.  4666.  It  has  considerable 
commerce  in  wine  and  fruit. 

CAS.\RANO,  k.4-sd-ri'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Gallipoli.   Pop.  2600. 

CA.SAR-DE-C.A.CERES,  kd'.saR  da  kl'lha-rJs.  a  town  of 
Spain,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ciiceres.  Pop.  4047,  employed  In 
linen  weaving  and  m.mufactures  of  leather. 

CASARES.  kd'si-res,  a  town  of  Spain.  52  miles  W.S.W.  of 
MiiLiga.  Pop.  4500.  It  has  active  manufactures  of  leather, 
and  brandy  distilleries. 

CASARICHE,  kd-sd-ree'ch.A.  a  town  of  Sp.iin,  Andalusia, 
62  miles  E.  of  Seville,  on  the  Yeguas.    Pop.  2125. 

CASARZA,  kd-saRd'zi,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  Sar- 
dinian States.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Chiavari.     Vo\>.  900. 

CASAS-D1:-IBASeZ,  ka'sis-d4-»e-l>an'yfth,  a  town  of 
Spain,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Albacete.     Pop.  3270. 

CASAS-DE-MILL.\N,  k.Vsds-<li-meel-y4n'.  a  village  of  E»- 
tremadura.  20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Caceres,  on  the  right  bank 
oftheTagus.    Pop.  1817. 

CASAS-Dli-VES,  kj'sds  dA  tJs.  a  town  of  New  Castile.  32 
miles  N.E.  of  Albacete.  on  the  Ixirders  of  Valencia,  and  the 
right  bank  of  the  Gabriel.  The  inhabitants  are  engaged  in 
weaving,  and  in  trading  in  grain,  fruits,  cotton,  wool,  and 
silk.     Pop.  3,385. 

CASAS-GK  ANDES,  kS'.sas-grJn'dJs.  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  of  Chiliuahu.a,  35  miles  S.  of  Llanos, 
apparently  at  one  period  a  place  of  consiiierable  extent,  as 
the  country  for  some  distance  around  it  is  covered  with  the 
ruins  of  buildings  capable  of  accommodating  30.00(1  inha- 
bitants.   Its  present  population  may  amount  to  alxjut  3iti'0. 

CASATE-NUOVO,  kd-sd't-^-noo-o'vo.  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  18  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Milan,  with  a  church  and  small 
convent.     Pop.  2400. 

CASBIN.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Kasbis. 

C.\S"CADE',  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  PennsylTania. 
Pop.  579. 

C.4SCADE.  a  post  ofllce  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

CASaAD£,  a  township  in  Kent  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  S9i 


CAS 


CAS 


CASCADE,  a  village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan,  140  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Detroit. 

CASCADE,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  56  miles 
N.E.  of  Ic.wa  City.    Top.  of  Cascade  township  1094. 

CASCADE,  a  tliriving  post-village  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 90  miles  N.E.  of  Madison. 

CASCADE  CITY,  the  capital  of  Skamania  co..  Washinfrton 
Territory,  on  the  Columbia  lUver,  at  the  Ca.scades,  50  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Fort  A'ancouver. 

C-iSCADE  RANGE,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  the  W.  part 
of  Oregon,  running  in  general  nearly  N.  and  S.,  at  the  dis- 
tance of  from  100  to  200  miles  from  the  Pacific.  It  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California.  The  highest 
summits  of  the  Cascade  Kange  vary  from  10,000  to  17,900 
feet,  the  latter  being  the  altitude  of  Mount  St.  Elias,  in 
Russian  America,  generally  supposed  to  be  the  highest  land 
in  North  .■Vmerica.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  cascades 
of  the  Columbia,  which  are  formed  where  this  river  breaks 
through  the  Cascade  Range. 

0.\SC.\K!?,  kds-ki'Ss,  almost  kJs-k3'Jngs,  a  seaport  town 
of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  on  the  Atlantic,  15  miles  \V. 
ofLislxjn.  Pop.  2600.  It  has  a  small  harbor  protected  by 
two  forts,  and  manufactures  of  woollens. 

CASC.iNTE.  k^s-kin't.i.  (anc.  ft<.''C<(?!'tem,)atownofSpain, 
in  Navarre.  5.3  miles  S.  of  Pamplona,  on  the  Queiles.  Pop.  2928. 

C.A..SC.\.NTE,  a  village  of  .Spain,  10  miles  S.  of  Teruel. 

C.i.SC.4VEL,  kis-kd-vM',  a  new  town  of  Brazil,  founded  in 
1S41.  iu  the  province  of  Cearu,at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  of 
same  name,  on  the  river,  and  40  miles  S.W.  of  the  port  of 
Ceara.     Pop.  of  district,  iu  1846,  Sfy.tO. 

CASCIA.  kd'slid,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  Umbria,  for- 
merly caiiital  of  the  government  of  same  name  in  the  I'on- 
titical  States,  la  miles  E.  <)f  Spoleto.     Pop.  3200. 

CASCIA.\.A.-DKI-UAaNI,  kd-sha'nd-di/ee-ban'yee,  a  vil- 
lage of  Tuscany.  16  miles  S.E.  of  Pisa,  on  a  hill  iu  the  Val 
d'Era.     Pop.  1152. 

CASCIANO,  ki-sh.Vno,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  9  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Florence,  on  the  Ema,  in  the  Vale  of  Arno.  Pop.  1800. 
The  name  Casciaxo  is  also  applied  to  numerous  other  small 
places  in  Tuscany. 

CASC1X.\,  kd-shee'na,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  8  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Pisa,  on  the  .\rno.     Pop.  in  1845,  2588. 

CAS'CO.  a  post-township  in  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  on 
Crooked  Cr.'ek.  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1116. 

CASCO.  a  township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  1084. 

CAS'COB,  a  parish  of  England  and  Wales,  cos.  of  Radnor 
and  lIi?reford. 

CASCO  B.\Y,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  lies  between  Cape 
Elizaljeth  and  Cape  Small  Point.  It  e.xtends  E.  from  Port- 
land about  20  milns.  and  contains  upwards  of  300  islands. 

CASELLE,  ki-sJllA  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  8 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Turin.  Pop.  4288.  It  has  manufactures 
of  silk  twist  and  paper. 

CASELLK,  ki-siVlL,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  6i  miles  S.W. 
oflodi.    Pop.  1500. 

CASELLE  LANDI,  kl-sjll.-l  lin'dee,  a  village  of  Lom- 
bardy, 19  miles  S.E.  of  Lodi.     Pop.  2798. 

CASEXKCIL.     See  Cassenewl. 

CASERT.'V,  ki-siiii/ta.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Laroro,  in  a  fine  plain,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Naples,  and  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Capuiv.  P.  10,895.  It  has  numerous  churches,  a 
convent,  a  hospitiil.  a  military  school,  and  fine  barracks ;  its 
principal  edifices,  however,  are  a  royal  palace  and  an  aque- 
duct, both  constructed  by  Vanvitelli  for  Charles  III.  The 
palace  is,  in  point  of  size  and  architecture,  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  rojtil  residences  in  Europe,  and  comprises  a 
chapel,  and  a  large  theatre,  decorated  with  columns  from 
an  ancient  temple  of  Serapis.  The  park  is  of  vast  extent. 
The  gardens  are  supplied  with  water  by  the  fine  a<iueduct, 
extending  hence  from  Airola,  nearly  27  miles  distant.  Near 
Ca.serta  is  the  royal  silk  factory  of  St.  Lencio,  where  700  or 
800  persons  weave  annually  from  2000  to  3000  pieces  of 
gros  de  iV:(/)/es. 

CASERTA  VECCHIA.  kd-sSR/td  vjk'ke-l  a  small  fortified 
town.  3  miles  N.E.  of  Caserta.  Pop.  12C0.  It  is  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  and  has  a  cathedral  and  an  episcopal  palace. 

CASE'S,  a  postroffice  of  Travis  co..  Texas. 

CASE'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  76 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

C.4.'SEY.  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Kentucky.  Area, 
850  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Green  River,  and  the 
Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River.  The  surface  Is  high  and  broken. 
Formed  in  1806,  ;ind  named  in  memory  of  Colonel  William 
Ca-sey,  a  pioneer  in  the  settlement  of  Kentucky.  Capital, 
Liberty.    Pop.  6,466,  of  whom  5800  were  free,  and  666  slaves. 

(JASEY,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia. 

CASEY,  a  post-vilh.ge  of  Clarke  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Na- 
tional Road.  100  miles  E.  of  Springfield. 

CA'SEYVUjLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi. 

CASEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  CO.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  220  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

CASII.iN.  a  town  of  Persi.i.     See  Kashan. 

CASIIKEN/  BAY,  Ireland.  Connaught.  co.  of  Galway,  is 
on  the  \V.  side  of  the  island  of  Garomna.  easy  of  access,  aud 
With  depth  of  water  sufficient  for  large  ships. 
Z 


CASflfEL.  a  city,  and  parliamentary  and  mur.lc'pa'  b.> 
rough  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Tipperary,  49  u.iks  .N.N.K. 
of  Cork,  on  the  road  to  Dublin.  Pop.  of  the  city,  70G6;  of 
piirliameutary  borough,  8027.  It  sfctndti  iu  the  centre  of  a 
rich  agricultural  district,  at  the  foot  of  the  Rock  of  Cashel, 
a  limestone  height,  on  which  is  the  mo.xt  interesting  as- 
semblage of  ruins  in  Ireland,  consisting  of  a  round  tower 
a  chapel  of  Saxon  and  Norman  anhitecture,  the  ancient 
cathedral,  a  castellated  palace,  and  the  ruins  of  an  abbey, 
all  within  an  enclosed  area.  Principal  edifici'S,  the  new  and 
elegant  cathedral  and  parish  church,  a  nunnery.  Roman 
Catholic  and  other  chapels,  the  Infirmary,  Hospital,  Na- 
tional School,  Town  Coramissioner's-house.  Court-house.  In- 
fantry Uarrack.s,  and  the  -Archbishop's  Palace,  containing  ji 
goci  library.  Near  the  town  are  the  remains  of  the  Ilore 
Abbey,  and  of  a  Dominican  priory.  Cashel  is  an  arch- 
bishop's see.  now  combined  )vith  the  .sue  of  Waterford, 
where  the  diocesan  resides.  It  sends  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  Donald  O'lirion,  King  of  Limerick, 
and  his  nobles,  swore  allegiance  to  Henry  II.,  at  Cashel, 
in  117-2. 

CASHEL,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Longford. 

CASH'ER'S  VALLEY,  a  postrofllce  of  Macon  co..  North 
Carolina. 

CASIIGAR,  Chinese  Toorkistan.    See  KAsno.^R. 

C.\SH'IK,  a  small  river  of  North  Carolina,  flows  S.E. 
through  Bertie  county,  and  enters  Roanoke  River  alxnit  10 
miles  from  its  mouth.     It  is  navigable  for  sloops  to  Windsor. 

CASiIMERi;*.KASHMIR.K.\CHEMIRor('.\CHE.MIRE, 
kdsh-meer'.  written  also  KA.-^CHKMIR  and  KACHMIR,  a 
country  of  llindostan.  Punjab  dominions,  comprised  between 
lat.33°27'and  34° 37'  X.,  and  Ion.  74°3(>'  ,i7id  7(i°  14'  E.  Area 
estim.ited  at  4500  square  miles.  It  con.«ists  of  an  extensive 
valley  of  an  irregular  oval  form,  lying  N.W.  and  S.E.  from 
5500  to  6000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  surrounded  on  all  sides 
by  lofty  mountiiin.s,  secondary  ranges  of  the  Himalayas. 
Tiie  alluvial  plain  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley  is  estimated 
at  75  miles  long,  by  40  miles  broad.  The  mountain  range 
which  encloses  the  valley  is,  on  the  N.,  called  the  Durawur 
and  Kuhiama  Mountains;  N.E.,  the  Ilaramuk  and  Sona- 
murg  Mountains:  E.,  the  snowy  Panjal ;  S.,  the  Futi  Panjal 
and  Panjal  of  Banihal ;  and  W.,  the  Pir  Panjal.  Excepting 
for  a  fifth  part  of  the  circumference  S.W.  of  the  capital  Seri- 
nagur,  their  summits  appear  to  he  covered  with  perpetual 
snow.  The  highest  peak  .seems  to  be  the  Pir  I'anjal,  15,000 
feet  high,  on  tlie  S.^V'.  Iwundary  of  the  valley ;  and  on  the 
N.E.  the  Haramuk  is  13,000  feet.  The  mountains  generally 
appear  to  be  of  basaltic  formation,  presenting,  at  times 
beautiful  amygdiiloidal  trap:  in  the  N.W.  schistous  rocks, 
penetrated  by  quartz  veins,  ri.se  to  the  height  of  500  or  lOOO 
feet;  and  N.W.  of  these  gypsum  appears.  Primary  rocks 
are  rare,  and  though  granite  blocks  are  sometimes  met 
with,  that  rock  has  not  been  found  in  situ.  I'ebbly  conglo- 
merate, sandstone,  and  clay,  overspread  large  spaces  on  the 
lower  slopes  of  the  mountains.  Iron  has  been  found  abun- 
dantly, imbedded  in  the  limestone;  lead  is  worked,  and 
copper  is  known  to  exist  in  the  valley.  Plumbago  abounds 
in  the  Pir  Panjal;  e.xcellent  limestone  exists  in  inex- 
haustible quantities,  .some  of  it  in  the  form  of  fine  black 
marble.  The  valley  is  entered  by  numerous  passes,  11  of 
which  are  said  to  be  practicable  for  horses,  but  none  of  them 
for  wheeled  carriages.  The  most  important  are  the  Bar.a- 
mula  and  Punch,  on  the  W.  frontier,  the  latter  8500  feet 
high;  Banihal  on  the  S.,  9690  feet;  and  Nabog  on  the  E., 
all  practicable  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  Pir  Panjal 
1'a.ss  is  12,.500  feet  high;  and  the  Luudipur,  leading  to 
Iskardo,  Is  11.271  feet.  Cashmere  is  watered  by  the  Jhylum 
or  Behut,  which,  rising  in  the  fountains  of  the  S.E. 
frontier,  flows  N.W.  through  the  centre  of  the  vallej',  re- 
ceiving numerous  streams  from  both  sides.  The  principal 
lakes  are  the  Dal  or  City  Lake,  close  by  the  capital.  6  miles 
long  by  4  broad;  the  Manasa  l!ul;  and  the  Great  WuUur 
Lake,  which  is  merely  a  shallow  expansion  of  the  .Jhylum, 
20  miles  long  by  9  broad.  The  smaller  lakes  are  Opun  and 
Wusikara;  and  numerous  small  expanses  of  water  in  the 
mountain.s.  The  whole  of  the  valley  is  thus  most  admirably 
supplied  with  the  means  of  irrigation. 

The  soil  is,  in  general,  exceedingly  fertile.  Rice  is  the 
principal  crop,  the  returns  being  from  thirty  to  forty  fold, 
and  iu  favorable  seasons  as  high  as  fifty  or  sixty.  AS'heat, 
barley,  millet,  buckwheat,  and  maize,  are  also  cultivated! 
Tobacco  is  cultivated,  but  to  a  very  limited  extent;   cot- 


*  In  familiar  discourse,  we  very  often  hear  this  name  accen- 
tuated on  the  first  syllable;  e.g.  in  the  phrase,  "a  Cashmere 
shawl."  Cashmere,  in  such  cases,  may  be  considered  simply  aa 
an  English  word,  having  become  thoroughly  anglioiied.  When, 
however,  the  country  itself  is  spoken  of,  the  almost  invariable 
practice  of  the  best  speakers,  as  well  as  the  usage  of  the  poets, 
will,  we  believe,  be  found  to  justify  the  pronunciation  above 
given. 

"  Who  has  not  heard  of  the  Vale  of  Cash.were, 

With  its  roses  the  brightest  that  earth  ever  gave  f 
Its  temples,  and  grottos,  and  fountains  as  clear 
As  the  love-lighted  eyes  that  hang  over  their  wave?" 
Moore's  Lalln  Ruokh. 
365 


c^s 


CAS 


ton  more  larjiely.  Great  quantities  cf  saffron,  of  excel- 
lent quality,  is  grown,  and  most  of  it  exported.  Esculent 
vegetables  are  produced  in  great  variety  and  abundance, 
including  kidney-bean,  turnip,  cabl)age,  beet-root,  radisli, 
capiscum.  <tc.  Among  the  natural  productions,  the  most 
valuable  is  the  Singhara  or  vrater-nut,  the  seed  of  Trapa 
hispiuosa,  on  which  a  large  portion  of  the  poorer  inhabitants 
almost  wholly  subsist.  It  grows  in  the  WuUur  Lake,  from 
which  about  60,000  tons  are  annually  taken.  The  nuts  are 
eaten  raw,  boiled,  roasted,  or  ground  into  flour,  and  made 
Into  gruei.  and,  though  insipid,  are  extremely  nutritious. 
The  principal  fruits  are  apples,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  apri- 
cots, &z.  Among  the  finest  trees  of  Cashmere  are  the  deodar 
or  Himalayan  cedar,  (Cetlrus  deodara,)  the  chunar.  (PUita- 
nus  orientalis.)  the  poplar,  and  the  lime,  all  of  which 
abound,  and  attain  a  great  size  and  luxuriance,  and  the 
wild  chestnutrtree.  growing  to  a  size  far  exceeding  that  of 
the  European  variety,  some  measuring  100  feet  from  the 
ground  to  the  parting  of  the  branches.  Maple,  willow,  and 
white  thorn  are  common,  and  on  the  steep  declivities  of  the 
mouutfiins,  birch,  alder,  and  various  kinds  of  pine.  Flowers 
of  various  kinds,  and  of  surpassing  beauty,  grow  every- 
where in  vast  profusion,  especially  roses,  which  are  care- 
fully cultivated  for  the  sake  of  the  attar  extracted  from 
them. 

Cashmere  has  been  long  celebrated  for  its  shawls.  The 
wool  used  in  their  manuCicture  is  of  two  kinds,  one  ob- 
tained from  the  tame,  and  the  other  from  the  wild  goat, 
wild  sheep,  and  other  wild  animals.  The  fine  down  grow- 
.  ing  next  to  the  skin  alone  is  taken,  the  long  hairs  being  all 
picked  out  by  tlie  hand.  Three  weavers  are  employed  on 
an  embroidered  shawl,  of  an  ordinary  pattern,  for  three 
months;  but  a  very  rich  pair  will  occupy  a  shop  for  IS 
months.  The  demand  for  the  shawls  of  Cashmere  has.  fi-om 
various  causes,  greatly  fallen  off  of  late  years,  and  is  still 
on  the  wane.  This  country  has  long  been  nearly  as  famous 
for  its  gun  and  pistol  barrels  as  for  its  shawls.  Paper, 
and  leather  for  saddlery,  are  also  manufactured,  both  of 
superior  quality;  the  paper  is  said  to  be  the  finest  made 
in  India.  Lacquered  ware,  of  the  most  beautiful  descrip- 
tion and  nicest  workmanship,  is  likewise  among  the  pro- 
ducts of  Cashmere;  and  the  lapidaries  excel  in  taste  and 
skill  those  of  Europe;  the  attar  of  roses  made  in  the  valley 
is  considered  superior  to  any  other.  The  total  amount  of 
the  annual  exports  of  Cashmere  has  been  estimated  at 
400.0001.,  and  the  imports  at  50.000/. 

The  greater  part  of  the  population  are  Jlohammedans. 
In  physical  qualities,  the  natives  of  Cashmere  excel  all 
other  branches  of  the  great  Indi.an  n.ation.  being  tall,  ro- 
bust, and  handsomely  formed.  In  disiKisition  they  are 
lively,  witty,  and  good-humored,  but  addicted  to  all  the  vices 
common  to  the  other  tribes  of  India.  Their  language  is  a  dia- 
lect of  Sanscrit,  containing  a  large  admixture  of  Persian,  in 
which  the  records  and  correspondence  of  government  are 
written.  In  16S6,  Cashmere  was  subjugated  by  the  Em- 
peror Akbar,  and  was  incorporated  in  his  empire.  The  Af- 
ghans vanquished  it  in  1762,  and  held  it  till  1S19,  when  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Sikhs,  and  continued  under  the  do- 
minion (if  the  Maharajah  of  the  Punjab  till  1849.  since  which 
period  it  has  1  een  under  the  protertinn  of  the  British.  Pop. 
about  200.000.  It  having  been  reduced,  in  twenty  years,  from 

800.000,  by  ejirthquakes.  pestilence,  and  famine. Adj.  and 

inhab.  Cashmemax.  kdsh-me©'re-.an. 

C.VSHMERE.  capital  of  the  above  country.  See  Serixaour. 

C.\SII  lUVKR,  near  the  southern  extremity  of  Illinois, 
fells  into  the  Ohio  near  its  mouth. 

CASH'S  NOB.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  Kentucky. 

C.\SH'TOWN,a  posb>village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  between  Gettysburg  and  Chamliersburg, 
9  miles  W.N.W.  of  the  former. 

CASII'^■ILLE,a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district.  South 
Carolina. 

C.\S'KETS,  a  dangerous  group  of  rocks  in  the  English 
Channel,  7  miles  AV.  of  Alderney.  On  the  highest  is  a 
light-house,  in  lat.  49°  43'  X..  Ion.  2°  22'  W.  Off  these 
rocks.  Prince  William,  son  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  and  his 
suite  perished  in  1119;  and  the  A'ictory,  110  guns,  foundered 
in  1744. 

CASXO'VIA.  a  post-office  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan. 

CASO.     See  Oaxo. 

CASOLA.  kS/so-li,  a  town  of  Naples,  3  miles  E.  of  Castel- 
a->Iare.     Pop.  2780. 

CASOLA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  29  miles  S.W.  of 
Bologna. 

CASOLE.  k^o-U,  several  villages  of  Tuscany,  the  princi- 
pal In  the  province,  and  15  miles  W.  of  Sienna.  Pop.  1113. 

C.VSOLI.  kil/so-lee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  .tbruzzo 
Cltra.  on  a  mountain  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chletl.    Pop.  5530. 

CASOllATE,  ki-so-ri'tA,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  in 
Lombardy,  11  miles  N.  W.  of  Pavia.     Pop.  2956. 

C.\S0K'IA.  ki-so/ree-i,  a  town  of  Naples,  6  miles  X.X.E. 
of  Naples.  It  has  4  fine  churches,  and  is  the  residence  of  a 
district  judge.  Silk  is  produced  in  the  neighborhood. 
Pietro  Martino.  the  painter,  was  born  here.    Pop.  7924. 

CASPE.  kls'pi,  a  town  of  Spain,  In  Aragon,  province  of 
380 


Saragossfi.  12  miles  X.N.E.  of  AIcaBiz.  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Guadalupe,  near  it,*!  confluence  with  the  Ebro.  on  seve» 
ral  small  hills  and  In  the  Intervening  valleys.  It  has  paved 
street.s,  1  principal  and  9  smaller  squares,  a  handsome 
Gothic  collegiate  and  2  other  churches,  several  chapels, 
3  schools,  a  town-hall  and  prison  in  a  suppressed  convent, 
an  hospital,  and  several  public  fountains.  It  has  mauu£i(V 
tures  lu  wine  oU.  and  soap ;  and  some  trade  Is  also  carried 
on  In  grain  and  cattle.     Pop.  7500. 

CASPIAN  (kas'pe-an> SEA,  (anc.  L.,  Mafrt  aia'pium  rd  n>ir- 
canium  ;  Gr.  Kaania  QaXaaca,)  a  large  Inland  sta,  lying  bo- 
tween  Europe  and  Asia,  or  more  precisely  between  lat.  36°  55' 
and  47°  30'  X. :  and  Ion.  40°  4s'  and  55°  25'  E.  G  reatest  length 
from  X.  to^S.,  760  miles;  gre.atest  breadth  S.  part  about  let. 
45°  X'.,  270  miles ;  narrowest  part  lietweeu  Cape  Apsheron 
in  Europe,  and  Cape  Tarta  in  .\sia.  150  miles.  Bounded  N. 
and  \V.  by  Russia  and  Persia.  E.  by  the  Kirgheez  steppe  and 
Khiva,  and  S.  by  Persia.  Are.a,  140.000  square  miles,  drain- 
ing. In  Europe  alone,  an  extent  of  850.000  .square  miles. 
Although,  at  some  points,  the  Ca.spian  attains  a  considera- 
ble depth.  (Ilanway  having  in  one  place  found  no  bottom  at 
4S0  fathoms.)  it  is  remarkable  for  its  shallowness  generally, 
especially  along  its  shores,  where  it  seldom  exM«ds  3  feet 
for  a  distance  of  100  yards  from  the  land.  Its  E.  and  W. 
coasts,  particularly  the  former,  are  ^deeply  indented  with 
bays  and  gulfs,  while  the  southern  shores  are  almost  un- 
broken. The  principal  bays  on  the  Asiatic  side  are  Emba 
B.ay,  Mertvoi  Gulf.  Karasoo  Inlet.  Manghishlak  Gulf,  Bay 
of  Alexander,  Kenderlinsk  Gulf,  Koolee  Delia  Bay,  and 
Ballitnn  Bay.  On  the  opposite,  or  European  side,  occur  the 
gulfs  of  Kizll  Agatch  and  Kooma,  (Kouma.)  with  several 
less  marked  indentations.  The  only  one  on  the  southern 
coast  is  Astrabad  Bay,  If  the  inletrof  Enzelee,  (Enzeli.)  which 
has  only  four  feet  of  water,  be  excluded. 

The  Caspian  contains  numerous  Islands,  but  not  many 
of  any  great  extent.  The  largest  are  on  the  Asiatic  side, 
the  greatest  number  on  the  European,  particulafly  about 
the  mouths  of  the  Volga,  and  along  the  coasts  to  the  X'J£ 
and  S.W.  of  them,  where  they  lie  closely  crowded  togethei 
in  countless  numbers,  most  of  them,  hswever,  being  mere 
Islets. 

The  waters  of  the  Caspian  are  salt,  but  not  nearly  .so  much 
so  as  those  of  the  ocean.  It  has  no  tides,  and  no  outleU,  its 
superfluous  waters  being  carried  off  solely  by  evaporation. 
In  the  region  of  the  Volga,  including  the  t<.'rritory  from 
that  river  S.E.  to  the  Emba.  and  S.AV.  to  the  left  Kank  of 
the  Soolak,  (Sulak.)  the  whole  seaboard  is  composed  of  recent 
alluvium,  deposited  by  the  several  streams.  From  S.  of  the 
Sofilak  to  .\psheron,  the  coast  Is  of  upper  tertiary  fonnatlon, 
broken  into  at  some  points  by  carboniferous  strata.  S.  of 
Ap.sheron.  and  round  the  southern  extremity  of  the  sea.  the 
coast  is  low  and  sandy — backed  at  some  distance  by  lofty 
hills.  The  eastern  and  south-eastern  coasts  have  generally 
a  cretaceous  subsoil,  overspread  by  moving  sands,  and  are 
generally  flat;  Cape  Karagan,  formed  by  mountains  of  the 
same  name,  being  an  exception. 

Sturgeons  and  sterlets  are  caught  In  the  Caspian  in  great 
quantities;  and  there  are  also  salmon-trout,  perch  (firca 
aspT.)  Silurus  glanis,  two  kinds  of  carp,  and  porpoises. 
.Seals  abound  in  the  upper  coasts,  and  tortoises  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Volga  and  the  Ural.  The  mollu.«oa  are  few, 
said  to  be  only  four — Curdium  rtisticum,  Oardium  tri'iuHrurtL, 
Mya  edentula.  and  Mi/tilus  polt/morphus.  The  chief  fishery 
for  .sturgeon  is  at  and  near  Astrakhan;  in  and  about  the 
River  Emba  It  comprehends  310  miles  of  caast.  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Ur.al  to  Mertvoi  Gulf.  Many  thousand  persons 
are  employed  in  the  Russian  Upper  Ca.spian  fisheries;  and 
the  annual  amount  of  caviare  or  female  roes  obtained  may 
be  taken  at  800.000  pounds,  besides  20,000  pounds  of  Isin- 
glass, the  produce  of  upwards  of  700.000  sturgeons,  of  various 
kinds,  larae  and  small.  The  number  of  seals  annually  taken 
is  nearly  100,000. 

The  only  ports  at  all  worthy  the  name,  on  or  near  the 
Caspian,  are  Astrakhan,  Bakoo.  .Salian,  and  .Astrabad. 
The  navigation  Is  at  all  times  difficult,  and  often  perilous. 
Steam-packets  on  It  have  recently  been  establislied.  The 
Russian  fleet  in  the  Caspian  consists  of  13  vessels,  of  which 
four  are  brigs,  and  two  are  steamers. 

The  Itfisin  of  the  Caspian  is  most  extensive  on  the  X.  and 
W..  from  which  it  receives  the  Ural,  the  Volga,  the  Terek, 
the  Koor,  and  numerous  other  streams  of  less  note.  By 
means  of  a  canal  cut  near  Tver  in  Rus.sla.  liotween  the  head 
streams  of  tho  Volga,  and  the  rivers  Tvertza  and  S-chllna, 
water  communication  Is  estalOished  between  the  Caspian 
and  tho  Baltic.  S.,  the  ba.sln  of  the  sea  Is  limited  by  the 
Elbrooz  Mountains:  and  E.,  the  .s.andy  wa.stes  of  Khiva  send 
to  it  only  short  streams,  and  of  no  great  volume :  though 
on  thisdde  it  evidently  at  one  time  received  the  Oxug 
or  Amoo,  now  flowing  into  the  Sea  of  Anil  Indeed,  the 
Caspian  and  Lake  .Aral  were,  doubtless,  at  one  period  uniti-d. 

The  notices  of  early  commerce  iipon  or  by  w.ay  of  the 
C.a.spian,  are  few  and  uncertain.  The  chief  portion  of  the 
commerce  between  'Western  Europ«  and  India  was  carri^ 
on  partly  by  Its  waters,  about  the  middle  of  the  tblrtiH'n<h 
century.    Astrakhan,  on  the  Upper  Caspian,   and  Soldaia, 


CAS 


CAS 


nearly  In  tho  same  latitude,  on  the  Black  Sea,  formed  the 
chief  entrepots  till  12^0,  when  the  latter  was  superseded, 
through  the  exertions  of  the  <  ienoese,  for  their  own  establish- 
ment at  Kaffa,  which  then  became  the  transit  station  for 
the  Asiatic-Kuropean  trade,  and  so  continued  till  1453. 
The  Turks  having,  at  this  time,  seized  Constantinople  and 
barred  the  Bosphorus,  the  accvistomed  trade  was  forced  into 
other  channels,  and  the  Caspian  became  deserted,  except  by 
few  vessels  which  carried  on  a  small  local  trade  between 
Muscovy,  Persia,  and  Central  Asia. 

About  1560.  an  English  trading  company  endeavoured  to 
open  up  connections,  by  way  of  the  Caspian,  with  Persia 
and  Turcomania,  but  with  no  good  results.  From  that 
time,  till  late  in  the  seventeenth  century,  the  annals  of 
navigation  give  few  notices  of  this  sea.  At  the  latter  pe- 
riod, Peter  the  Great,  partly  in  the  hope  of  diverting  the 
Indian  trade  into  the  direction  of  his  southern  dominions, 
caused  the  coasts  of  the  Caspian  to  be  explored  by  Dutch 
navigators  in  his  pay.  His  intention  was  to  found  trading 
stations  on  ground  ceded  by  tre.ity  or  taken  by  force,  on  the 
Persian  seaboard.  But  this  he  del.ayed  to  do ;  and  when  he 
died,  his  project  lay  dormant,  and  the  Russians  made  no 
encroachment  beyond  what  Peter  had  already  effected,  till 
the  reign  of  Catherine  II.,  who.se  conquests  in  its  southern 
region  were  not  secure  till  our  own  times. 

CASPII  MONTES   or  CASPIUS   MOXS.      See  Eldrooz 

MOUNTAIN'S. 

C.\SS,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Georgia,  contains 
71-1  .square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Etowah  River,  a 
branch  of  the  Coosa.  The  surface  is  diversified ;  the  soil 
is  mostly  very  productive.  Here  iron,  marble,  and  lime- 
stone are  abundant;  gold,  copper,  lead,  titanium,  and  plum- 
bago also  occur.  The  stretims  furnish  immense  water-power. 
The  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad  passes  through  the 
county.  On  the  bank  of  the  Etowah  River,  there  is  an  arti- 
ficial mound  which  is  75  feet  high,  and  1114  feet  in  circuit 
at  the  base.  It  contains  S])ecimens  of  ancient  pottery.  The 
county  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Lewis  Cass.  Capital. 
Cassville.  Pop.  15,7"24,  of  whom  11,442  were  free,  and  4282 
slaves. 

CASS,  a  connty  of  Texas,  situated  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the 
state,  bordering  on  Lnui.^iana  and  Arkansas,  contains  1224 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Sulphur  Fork 
of  Red  River,  and  on  the  S.  by  Big  Cypress  Bayou  and  Soda 
Lake.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating.  The  bottoms  are 
swampy  and  mostly  uncultivated ;  the  uplands  have  a  deep, 
red  soil.  Rich  mines  of  iron  are  found  in  the  S.W.  part,  but 
not  worked  at  present.  The  bayou  and  lake,  which  dis- 
charge their  waters  into  Red  River  below  the  Raft,  are  na- 
vigated by  large  steamboats  during  nine  months  in  the 
year.  Capital,  Jefferson,  or  Linden.  l*t  p.  8411,  of  whom 
4036  were  free,  and  347.5  slaves. 

CASS,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Michigan,  bordering 
on  ludiana,  contains  528  square  miles.  The  St.  .Tosei)h"8 
River  touches  the  S.E.  corner  of  the  coimty,  which  is 
drained  by  the  Dowagiac  and  Christiana  Rivers,  and  con- 
t.iins  a  number  of  email  lakes.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  said  to  be  as  fertile  as  anj' in  the  state.  More 
than  half  of  the  connty  consists  of  o.ak-openings  and  prairies, 
and  the  other  portion  is  heavily  timbered.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Central  Railroad.  Capital,  Cassopolis.  Pop.  in  1850, 
10,"07:  in  1860,17,721. 

CASS,  a  county  in  the  noi-thern  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  420  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Wabash 
and  Eel  rivers.  The  surface  is  mostly  level,  excepting  the 
bluffs  in  the  vicinity  of  the  rivers.  The  southern  part  is 
heavily  timbered,  and  the  northern  consists  of  prairies. 
Iron  ore  and  good  building-stone  are  abundant.  The  Wa- 
bash and  Eel  Rivers  have  rapid  currents,  and  afford  exten- 
sive water-power.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  M'abash 
and  Erie  Canal.    Capital,  Logausport.    Pop.  10,843. 

CASS,  a  connty  in  the  western  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  about  350  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  Illinois,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  Sangamon  River, 
■which  streams  unite  on  the  border  of  the  county.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  consisting  partly  of  prairie  and  partly 
of  timbered  land ;  tho  soil  is  excellent.  Capital,  Beards- 
town.    Pop.  11,325. 

CASS,  formerly  VAN  BUREN,  a  county  in  the  western 
part  of  Missouri,  bordering  on  the  state  of  Kansas,  contains 
about  750  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  middle 
fork  of  Grand  River,  and  by  Big  Creek,  and  also  di-ained  by 
numerous  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating,  diver- 
sified with  prairies  and  groves,  the  former  of  which  are  the 
most  extensive ;  the  soil  is  generally  good.  Limestone  and 
sandstone  are  abundant.  The  county  is  supplied  with  nu- 
merous springs  of  good  water,  and  valuable  mill  streams. 
Capital,  Ilarrisonville.  Pop.  9794,  of  whom  8784  were  free, 
and  1010  slaves. 

CASS,  a  new  count3-  in  the  south-western  part  of  Iowa, 
h.is  an  area  of  570  square  miles.  The  Nishnabatona  River, 
»n  affluent  cf  the  Missouri,  flows  through  it  in  a  south- 
westerly direction.    Capital,  Lewis.    Pop.  1012. 

CASS,  a  newly  formed  county  in  the  N.  central  part 
of  Miunesota,  couliuns  about    5000    square    miles.     The 


Mississippi  River  rises  on  the  N.W.  border  of  the  connty, 
and  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.  and  E.  It  is  drained  by 
Sauk,  Crow  Wing  and  Long  Prairie  Rivers,  <Mid  snrinkled 
over  with  numerous  small  lakes,  the  ""st  >  .nsulerabie  of 
which  is  Leech  Lake,  iu  the  northern  part.  Lumber  is  the 
chief  article  of  e.xport.    Pop.  150. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  county,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  848. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  6497 

CASS,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  175 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

CASS,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Arkansas,  118  miles 
N.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

CASS,  a  post-otfice  of  Lawrence  co.,  Tennessee. 

CASS,  a  post-township  in  the  northern  part  of  Hancock 
CO.,  Ohio,  90  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  860. 

CASS,  or  CASSTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Miami  co.,  Ohio, 
about  6  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Troy,  and  63  miles  W.  from 
Columbus.    Pop',  about  450. 

CASS,  a  township  in  Richland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1404. 

CASS,  a  post-office  of  Ilillsdiile  co.,  Michigan. 

CASS,  a  township  in  Clay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  538. 

CASS,  a  township  in  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  951. 

CASS,  a  township  in  Pubiski  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  409. 

CASS,  a  post-office  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana. 

CASS,  a  post-office  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois. 

CASS,  a  township  in  Fulton  Co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  908. 

CASSABA,  two  towns  of  Asia-Minor.    See  Cas.iba. 

CASSADA'G.\,  a  hike  in  Chautauqua  co..  New  York, 
about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Maysville.    Length,  3  or  4  miles. 

CASSADAGA,  a  post-village  of  Chautaucina  co..  New 
York,  on  tho  eastern  side  of  the  above  lake.  50  miles  S.S.W 
of  Buffalo. 

CASSA.NDRA  or  KASSANDRA,  kis-sdnMra.  (anc.  PaU 
Ic&iKe.)  a  peninsula  of  European  Turkey,  province  of  Roo- 
melia,  between  the  Gulfs  of  Cassandra  and  Salonica.  It 
is  25  miles  in  length,  terminating  in  Cape  Pailluri.  Its 
greatest  bjeadth  is  about  12  miles,  but  at  its  junction 
with  the  main  land  the  distance  across  is  not  more  than 
3  miles. 

CASSANDRA  or  KASSANDRA,  (anc.  T</ron«Jiciis  Si'nin.) 
a  gulf  of  Turkey  in  Euroi)e,in  Room-Hleo.setting  up  between 
two  peninsulas,  the  extremities  of  which  are  called  Cape 
I'ailluri,  and  Cape  Drepano.  Greatest  length  20  miles. 
Averaire  breadth,  10  miles. 

CASSAN'DIUA,  Netherlands.    See  C.\d»and. 

C.\SSANO.  kds-.s3'no.  atown  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  34  miles  N.  of  Cosenza.  Pop.  4310,  many  of  whom  are  of 
Albanian  descent.  It  stands  in  the  concave  recess  of  a  steep 
mountain,  around  an  isol.ited  rock  on  which  are  the  ruius 
of  an  ancient  castle:  it  is  well  built,  and  has  a  cathedral, 
several  convents,  a  diocesjin  school,  a  hospital,  and  some 
minenal  springs.  Its  inhabitants  manufacture  maccaroni, 
stamped  leather,  table-linens  and  yam,  and  fabrics  of 
cotton  and  silk. 

C.A^SS.iNO.  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and  18  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Bari.    Pop.  3400. 

CASSANO.  a  town  of  Naples,  Princlpato  Ultra,  9  miles 
S.W.  ofSt.  Angelo.     Pop.  4430. 

CASSANO  MAGNAGO,  kas-si'no  mjn-yj'go,  a  vill.age  of 
Italy.  Lombardv.  23  miles  N.W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2433. 

CASSAN0-S0P1!A-ADDA,  kii^-si/no-so'pA-Ad'iL  a  village 
of  Italy,  Lombardy,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Milan,  on  the  rail- 
way to  Brescia.    It  has  extensive  silk-works. 

CASSANO   SPINOLA,   k^s-sa/no   spe-nold,  a  village  of 
Italy,  Piedmont.  10  miles  S.  of  Tortona.     Pop.  1149. 
.  CASSARO,  kds-sa/ro,  a  town  of  Sicily,  18  miles  of  Syr.v 
cuse.     Pop.  2000. 

CAS'SAY'.  KATIPEFAor  MUN'NIPOOR',  an  independent 
country  of  Farther  India,  mostlv  between  lat.  24°  and  2iP 
N.,  .and  Ion,  93°  and  95°  E.,  having  on  the  N.  the  Naga 
territory,  (Assam,)  on  the  E.  and  S,,  the  Burmese  domi- 
nions, and  on  the  W„  Cachar.  Its  area,  is  stated  at  7584 
squ.are  miles,  and  population  at  75,840.  It  consists  of  a 
valley  about  2500  feet  above  the  sea.  inclosed  by  mountains, 
varying  from  about  6000  to  8200  feet  in  height,  and  which 
are  covered  with  dense  forests.  Its  rivers  are  tributary  to 
the  Barah  or  the  Irrawaddy;  the  principal  one  is  the  Im- 
phan-Toorel.  Rice,  t<ibacco,  indigo,  cotton,  sugar,  opium, 
mustard,  and  most  of  the  kitchen  vegetables  of  Europe  ate 
raised ;  in  the  N„  the  true  tea-plant  is  abundant.  Cassay  is 
celebrated  for  its  breed  of  horses.  Cotton  cloths,  muslins, 
silk  stuffs,  qnd  some  iron  wares  are  manufactured,  and  ex- 
changed for  other  goods  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  neigh- 
boring countries.  The  people  are  more  nearly  allied  to  the 
Hindoos  than  the  Burmese.  The  upper  classes  profess  the 
Hindoo  faith,  and  Cassay  may  be  considered  the  extreme 
eastern  limit  of  Brahminism.  The  government  is  vested 
In  an  hereditary  rajah,  assisted  by  a  numerous  divan; 
and  the  political  condition  of  the  ptnjple  appears  to  present 
a  favorable  contrast  to  that  of  their  eastern  neighbors 
The  principal  town  is  Munnipooi.  under  which  name  also 
the  whole  district  is  generally  understood.  Cassay  belonged 
to  the  Burmese  before  1S20,  but  it  was  rendered"  independ- 
ent by  the  treaty  of  Yandaboo. 

387 


CAS 


CVPPCOK,  a  post-office  of  Arkansas  CO..  Arl<:»ns.i?. 
CXSSRL  or  KASSKL,  kis'sfl.  (a.nc. Otsieinum  OitMnim.] 
a  walled  eitv  of  tJennany.  piovince  Nieaei-lU'Ssen,  capital 
<,f  lIi-sst'-CaslsHl,  U  beautifully  situated  on  Ixjth  b.inks  ot  the 
Kulda.  91  miles  N.X.K.  of  Fiaukfort-outhc-.Maiii.  It  is  di- 
vided iuto  the  Alstadt  or  Old  Town,  the  Upper  Neustadt  or 
Upper  .NewTown,  the  Lower  Neustidt  or  U-wer  >*^'W  Jow"; 
with  the  Uilhelmshohe  and  Iraukfort  suburb  o"  the  left 
l«,nk  of  the  river,  and  Leipzig  suburb  on  the  right  bank. 
The  twc  portions  of  the  town  are  connected  by  a  stone 
brid-e  of  three  arches,  across  the  Fulda.  45!>  feet  in  lenjrth. 
The  Old  Town  stands  close  to  the  river  banks,  and  consists 
of  narrow  and  dirty  streets;  while  the  new  part,  built 
upon  an  elevation  formerly  occupied  by  a  fortress,  is  airy, 
with  spacious  streets  and  handsome  houses. 

The  Upper  New  Town  contains  a  number  of  squares,  ra 
the  principal  of  which,  the  Friedrich-s  Flatz,  stands  the  e  ec- 
tor's  palac^e,  an  indifferent  structure;  and  "«=^t  t°  '*;  t^« 
Museum,  the  handsomest  building  in  the  town,  contaimng 
a  Ubrai-y  with  100.000  volumes,  and  many  valuable  -Mfc!?. 
Within  the  same  edifice  is  a  collection  of  an  iquities, 
many  of  them  rare  objects  of  art  and  vertu,  including  some 
interestin-  Koman  remains  found  '"  "'^^^«^*^tTU„  UOO 
prints,  and  models;  and  a  Pi'^t^re-^alery.  containing  l-^OO 
pictures,  among  whicli  are  some  by  Rubens,  I.embiandt, 
Vandyke,  Terburg.  &c.  This  sc^uare  Ls  lined  on  tliree 
sides  "by  a  double  row  of  lime-trees,  and  in  the  centre  is  a 
colo;sal  marble  statue  of  Frederick  II.  The  other  move 
noticeable  public  areas  are,  King's  Platz,  in  the  form  of  a 
crescent,  and  remarkable  for  posses.smg  a  sixfold  echo , 
Charles's  Platz,  in  which  is  a  statue  of  the  Landgrave 
Charles:  and  AVilliam's  S<iuare. 

In  the  Old  Town,  are  the  Old  Town  Hall,  the  govern- 
ment buildings,  the  Stadtau,  appropriatt^d  to  public  amuse- 
ments: St.  Martin's  Church,  with  the  catacombs  beneath  it, 
In  which  the  remains  of  the  sovereigns  of  Ues.sel-Cassel 
are  deposited;  the  Lutheran,  the  Brethren  s,  and  the 
Garrison  churches;  a  synagogue,  an  orphan  hospital  and 
asylum,  an  arsenal  and  foundry  for  cannon,  and  a  house 
of  correction.  In  the  Upper  New  Town  there  are,  besides 
the  buildings  spoken  of  above,  the  Mint,  a  cadet  academy, 
lyeeum.  a  normal  and  civic  school,  a  theatre,  the  New  Town 
and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  hospital,  and  an  in- 
firmary The  Lower  New  Town  contains  an  ancient  fortress, 
now  used  as  a  state-prison ;  the  Lower  New  Town  church,  a 
Protestant  orphan  asvlum,  an  infirmary,  a  lyiug-iu  hospi- 
tal. hou.se  of  correction,  and  common  prison.  In  the  Leipzig 
suburb,  are  a  hospital  and  iufirmitry;  in  tlie  iraukfcu-t 
suburb,  a  house  of  industry;  and  in  the  ^\ ilhelmshohe 
suburb,  a  hirge  hospital.  ,  -r    ,^  ^  ^ 

Cassel  has.  altogether.  8  churches—.  Lutheran,  and  1 
svna.'0''ue,  with  a  Jewish  theoretical  and  practical  school. 
It  has  also  academies  for  painting,  sculpture,  &c.,  an  obser- 
vatory, and  several  associations  for  the  promotion  of  trade, 
agricilture.  and  manufactures.  Its  trade  is  inconsiderable, 
but  is  improving.  Its  manufactures  comprise  cotton,  silk, 
and  woollen  fabrics,  damask,  linen,  kid  gloves,  carpets, 
porcelain,  musical  instruments,  gold  and  silver  lace,  earth- 
enware, lacquered  wares,  hardware,  leather,  Ac.  1  here  are 
many  fine  walks  and  public  gardens  in  the  vicinity: 
among  the  latter  are  the  gardens  of  ^\  ilhelmshohe,  m 
which  is  situated  the  elector's  summer  palace.  Cassel  is 
connected  by  railway  with  Leipsic  and  Frankfort-ou-the- 
Main.     Pop.  38.930.  ,„       „    .,    .n      ,    *•«  ^ 

C  \SSKL  or  KASSEL.  (anc.  CdsUVlum  Trajafm,)  a,  fortified 
town  of  llesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Kheiu-Hessen,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  Taunus  Kailw.ay, 
opposite  Jlentz,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  bridge 
of  boats.   Pop.  2500. 

CASSKL,  kis^Jl',  (anc.  Casldllum,)  a  town  of  Fiance,  de- 
partment of  Nord.  27  miles  N.W.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4:134.  It  stands  on  an  isolated  hill.  5oO  feet  in  height, 
which,  from  the  flatness  of  all  the  adjacent  country,  com- 
mands a  most  extensive  view ;  it  has  remains  ot  a  Jesuits 
convent  .ind  of  ancient  fortifications.  It  has  oil-mills,  salt- 
refineries,  and  an  ac'tive  trade  in  cattle,  butter,  and  poultry. 
A  railway  connects  it  with  Uunkerquo  and  Lille.  Cassel 
was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  been  the  scene  of  many  im- 
portint  military  events.  ,      ,    ,      ,  ^  „     i 

CASSKN.  kSs-sJn',  or  KASSAN,  kis-sin',  a  town  of  F^st 
AfriKi.  territory  of  Bertat,  a  country  lying  immediaU'ly 
S.  of  Nubia,  and  W.  of  the  S.W.  portion  of  Abyssinia,  on  the 
Tumat.  .  •    ,        1        1 

CAS8KNEUIL,  kSss'nul',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  lx>t-et-fJarouue,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Villeneuve-sui-Lot.  Pop. 
in  1H;)2.  2065. 

(^A.SSIM  PASIIA,  kSs'sim-pa'shi',  a  large  suburb  of  Con- 
stantino))le.  European  Turkey,  on  the  northern  shore  of  the 
'•Uoldeti  Horn,"  separated  from  Galata,  on  the  K.  by  exten- 
sive burying-grounds.  It  comprises  the  imperial  dock-yard 
Of  Tershaniia,  the  threat  naval  arsenal  of  the  capital,  unU  the 
palai-e  of  the  capitan-pasha.  On  a  bill  atove  it  are  the 
suburb  of  St.  Demetri,  and  the  Okmeidan,  or  imperi;«l  an'hery 
crround.  ,  ,      „     ,.   , 

CASSJNE,  kis-soe/ni,  a  market-town  of  the  Stirdinian 
3SS 


CAS 

states.  Piedmont.  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Alessacdr'a,  on  the 
Bormida.     Pop.  4169.  ,  „   -    , 

CAS'SINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
CASSIXO   (kis-see'no)   MONTK.  a  mounUiiu  of  Naples, 
trovince  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  50  miles  N.W.  of  Naples,  with 
a  celebrated  abbey,  founded  A.  D.,  529,  in  which  ori-iuated 
the  Older  of  the  Benedictines.  c.c-,r.-,~T  .  t,t    i.i 

CASSIQUIARE,  kds-se-ke-i'ri,  or  CASSIQUIARI,  Us- 
se-ke-a'ree,adeep  rapid  river  of  South  America,  "\  enezeula, 
forming  the  S.  bifurcation  of  the  Orinoco,  by  which  that 
river  has  navigable  communication  with  the  Rio  Negro.  It 
leaves  the  Orinoco  in  lat.  3°  10'  N.,  Ion.  6e°20'AV.,  and,  after 
a  S.W.  course  of  128  miles,  tails  into  the  Rio  Negro  ne:ir  San 
Carlos.  It  is  100  yards  broad  where  it  leave  the  Orinoco, 
and  about  600  yards  at  its  junction  with  the  Rio  Negro. 
By  means  of  this  river,  water  communication  is  established 
for  canoes  over  an  immense  tract  of  South  America,  it  being 
practicable  to  Siiil  from  the  iutt'rior  of  Brazil  to  the  Cara- 
cas, in  Veuezuela,  through  the  Amazon,  the  Orinoco,  and 
their  alHueuts.  j        i        i. 

C.4SSIS,  Ids'seo',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  department 
of  Bouches-du-Rhoue,  on  the  Mediterranean,  10  miles  S.E. 
of  Marseilles.  Pop.  in  1852,  2080.  1 1  has  a  harbor,  defended 
by  an  ancient  castle,  some  ship-building  yards,  a  trade  in 
fruits  and  Muscadel  wine,  and  a  coral  fishery.  It  is  tlie 
biithplace  oftheabbe  Biirthelemy. 
C.^SiyiTY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co..  Kentucky. 
CASS  LAKE,  a  small  lake  nearly  in  the  central  pai-t  of 
Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

CASS  LAKE,  a  postoffice  of  Pembina  co.,  Minnesota. 
CASSOLNOVO,  kds-sol-no'vo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Piedmont,  lOi  miles  S.E.  of  Novara. 

CASSOP'OLIS.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cass  county,  Michi- 
gan, on  Ihe  N.  shore  of  Stone  I^iUe,  (which  is  .about  1  mile 
in  extent.)  130  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing.  Cassopohs  was 
settled  in  1835.  It  has  2  churches  and  1  newspaj.er  office. 
CASS  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
state,  and,  flowing  nearly  westward,  enters  the  Saginaw 
above  Saginaw  City.  In  high  water  it  is  navigtible  for  smaU 
boats  15  miles.  ,  „,  .^  ~ 

CASSrrOWN,  a  small  viU.^ge  of  White  co.,  Tennessee. 
CASSTOWN,  Ohio.    See  C.\ss. 

C'V.SS'VILLE,  a  post-vill.age  of  Oneida  co.,  New  Vork,  on 
Sauquoit  Creek,  SO  mUes  N.N.W.  of  Albany.  It  has  several 
stores  and  mUls.  .  „      ^.      .  t,  i 

CASS\ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 90  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  .   . 
Ck-SSVILLE,  a  postoflice  of  Monongalia  co.,  Virginia. 
CASSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Ca.ss  CO., 
Geor-'ia.  is  situated  2  miles  from  the  Western  and  Atlantic 
Railroad,  and  150  miles  N.W.  from  Jlilledgeville.     It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  fertile  farming  region,  which   contains  rich 
mines  of  iron  ore  and  marble  quarries.    In  the  vicinity  are 
several  fine  springs,  and  about  10  miles  S.E.  are  Rowland  s 
Springs,  a  place  of  fashionable  resort.    Cassville  contains  3 
churches,  2  hotels,  .several  schools.  &c.    Pop.  639. 
CASSVILLE,  a  poBtoffice  of  White  co.,  Tennessee. 
C\SSV1LLE,  a  post-ofl[ice  of  Harrison  co..  Ohio. 
CASSVILLE,  a  village  of  Howard  co.,  Indianapolis,  on  the 
Peru  and  IndianapoUs  Railroad,  16  miles  S.  of  Peru. 

C\SSV1LLE.  a  post-village,  capit.il  of  Barry  co,  Missouri, 
on  the  road  from  .leliersou  City  to  Fayetteville,  Arkansas, 
200  miles  S.W.  from  the  former.  Liiid  out  in  lb-i5.  Pop. 
:ibout  400. 

C\SSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gnant  co.,  ^\isconsiii,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  28  miles  above  Dubuque.  It  has  a 
steamlwat  lauding;  and  in  1853,  993,020  pounds  of  lead 
were  shipped  from  this  point.    Pop.  P60. 

CASTAUNA,  kds-tdn'yd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  "15  miles  N.W.  of  Civita-di-Penne,  on  the 
Maoue.    Pop.  1255.  .  .  .      ,  .      ^j.  , 

CASTAGNARO,  kSs-tdn-yi'ro,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Adige, 
at  the  head  of  the  canal  of  its  own  name,  which  unites  with 
the  Canal  of  Bianco.    Pop.  1800.  ,  ^.     ,  , 

CVSTAGNETO,  kas-tin-yA'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Salerno.    I'op.  2000. 

C4.STA.GNET0,  a  village  of  Tustany,  39  miles  S.S.K.  of 
PLsa,  with  a  castle  on  the  Mediterraue;in  co.-i»t,  and  1300  in- 

^*C.\STAGN0LE,  kas-tSn-yoni.  a  village  of  the   Sardinian 
States,  province  of  Pinerolo.    Pop.  2130. 
CASTAGNOLE,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  states,  province 

"^^CASTAGNOLE  DELLE  LANZE,  kL.-tan-yoai  dJlli la^zi, 
a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  10  miles  S.  of 
Asti.    Pop.  2767.  ^    .„         ,^  , 

CASTA'LIA,  a  thriving  and  handsome  post-village  of  Erie 
county,  Ohio,  on  Cold  Creek.  5  miles  S.W.  from  ^^anduskj 
City,  and  105  miles  N.  of  Columbus.  It  was  laid  out  it 
1836.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water-power  by  the 
creek  which  has  its  source  in  a  remarkable  spring  near  the 
vilVi"'e  ThLs  spring  is  200  feet  in  diameter.  60  feet  deep, 
and  lias  the  property  of  petrifying  vegetable  substance* 
Pop.  about  700. 


CAS 

CASTA'LIAN  SPRIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Sumner  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

CASTALLA,  kis-tai'yl.  a  town  of  Spain.  24  miles  N.W.  of 
Alicante,  on  the  river  Castalla.  Pop.  3022.  It  has  linen 
manufactures,  and  brandy  distilleries. 

CAS'IWN  A  HES.  kis-td-n3/r^s.  a  market^town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Burins,  on  the  Arlanzon,  4  miles  E.  of  Hurgos. 

CASTAXAHKS  DG  LAS  CUEVAS,  kis-td-na/rJs  di  Us 
quA'vits,  a  market-towu  of  Spain,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lo- 
groito. 

CASTANARES  DE  RIO.TA,  kis-td-n^rjs  di  re^j/na,  a 
market-town  of  Spain.  24  miles  W.  of  Lof^roBo. 

CASTANKIUA.  kda-tin-y.-t'ee-ri,  a  town  of  Portujal.  pro- 
vince of  Estremadui-a,  20  miles  N.  of  Lisbon,  on  the  Tagus. 
Pop.  KiOO. 

CASTANEIRO,  kis-tdn-yA-ee'ro,  a  village  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Lamego,  on  the  Tavora. 
Pop.  2000. 

CASTANO,  kis-td/no,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  21  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Jlilan.     Pop.  290.3. 

C.VSTASEGNA,  kds-td-s.'\n'yd,  a  parish  and  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Orisons,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chiaven- 
na.  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Val  Bregairlia.  The  mul- 
beri7  ceases  to  flourish  beyond  this  village,  which  is,  there- 
fore, the  limit  of  the  cultivation  of  the  silk-wonn. 

CASTEGGIO,  kds-tJd'jo.  (anc.  Clustid/ium,) ».  town  of. Pied- 
mont, f)5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Voghera.  Pop.  with  commune,  in 
1852,  2733.  In  the  second  Punic  War,  Clastidium  surren- 
dered to  Hannibal.  {Livy.  xxi.  48;)  and  near  the  modern 
town  is  a  remarkable  spring  CiiUcd  the  Pnlana  (PJiinihide, 
("JlnmiliaVs  Spring.")  The  Battle  of  Montebello,  in  which 
the  French,  under  Marshal  Victor,  routed  the  Austrians, 
June  9.  ISOO.  was  fought  betwetm  Castpg<i;io  and  Voghera. 

CASTKL.  kds-tjl',  a  fortified  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Mentz,  with  which 
It  is  connecte<l  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  and  a  station  on 
the  Saunus  Railway  from  Frankfort  to  Wiesbaden.  Pop. 
2500. 

CASTEL  ALTO,  kis'tM  IVtn,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Ahruzzo  Ultra  I.,  6  miles  E.  of  Teramo.    Pop.  1124. 

CASTKL-.\-MARE,  kis-tM'  d  md/rA,  or  CASTELLAMARE, 
kis-tJl-U-md'ri,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Naples,  on  the 
S.E.  side  of  the  gulf,  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Naples,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  railway  opened  in  1S39.  Pop. 
14,932.  It  is  .situated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  which  stood 
the  ancient  i'i!«//iVR,  near  which  Pliny  the  elder  met  his  death 
during  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  A. ».  79.  Castel-a-Mare 
contains  a  royal  palace,  a  military  hospital,  hotels  and 
lodging-houses  for  summer  visitors,  a  royal  dock-yard,  and 
a  handsome  quay  along  the  shore.  It  has  manufactures 
of  linen,  silk,  and  cotton  fabrics,  sail-cloth,  and  leather; 
and  its  small  harbor  is  defended  by  two  forts.  Many  of  its 
Inhabitants  are  engaged  in  the  coral  fishery. 

CASTEI^A-MARE.  ki<i-tM'ama/rA,  a  seaport  town  of  Si- 
cily, 20  miles  E,  of  Trapani,  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Castel-a-Mare.  Pop.  6000.  It  exports  wine,  cotton,  fruit, 
manna,  and  sumach.  It  is  a  mean,  dirty  town,  with  a  de^ 
caying  castle  on  a  rocky  point.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of 
the  ancient  Sfgesla. 

CASTEL-A-MARE,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  I.,  near  the  Adriatic,  12  miles  E.  of  Civita  di  Penne. 
Pop.  2.500. 

CASTH;L-A-MARE  DELLA  RRUCA,  kasHfl'-a-md'rA  djl'- 
Id-broonvd,  a  village  of  Naples,  provitice  of  Principato  Citra, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Policastro. 

CASTEL-A-MARE,  GULF  OP,  an  extensive  bay  of  Sicily, 
on  its  N.  coast,  about  lat.  38°  10'  N..  and  Ion.  13°  E.,  16 
miles  W.  of  Palermo ;  its  entrance  is  bounded  by  Capes  St. 
Vito  and  Como-Morto. 

CASTEL-ARAQONESE,  Sardinia.     See  Castei^Sarbo. 

CASTEL-ARQUATO,  kds-t^l'  aR-kwa'to,n  town  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Piirnia,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Piacenza,  on  the  Larda, 
here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  It  contains  a  fine  (jothic  church, 
a  hosjiital,  cavalry  barracks,  medical  an<l  other  schools,  and 
tlie  ancient  and  vast  castle  from  which  the  town  derives  its 
name.     Pop.  4393. 

CASTEL  BALDO,  kJs-tJl'  bdl'do,  a  villasre  of  Northern 
Italy,  government  of  Venice,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Padua,  on  the 
Adiiie. 

CASTEL  BELFORTE.  \^i.s-ikV\M-tovJtkfi  town  of  Northern 
Italy.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Mantua. 

CASTEL  BOLOGNESE.  kds-tJl'  bo-l6n-yA/s4,  a  town  of 
Nnrttie;uitern  ItnJy,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ravenna,  between 
Ijnola  and  Fiienza.  Here,  in  1434.  the  Milanese,  under  Pic- 
dniiio,  defeated  the  Florentines  in  a  decisive  battle. 

CASTEL  BOTTACIO,  kds-tJl' bot-td/cho.  a  town  of  Naples, 
•irovince  of  Sannio.  14^  miles  N.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  1200. 

CASTEL  BUONO,  kis-tfeP  booK)'no,  a  town  of  Sicily,  near 
Wermo,  in  the  Madonian  Mountains,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Co- 
li  lu.     Pop.  7080.     It  has  mineral  springs. 

CASTKL  CLEMKNTINO.  kds-tJl'  kl^mSn-tee'no,  a  village 
'f  Italy,  in  the  Marches,  17  miles  E.  of  Cuinerino. 

CASTEL  CUCCO,  kds-tJP  kookHco,  a  town  of  Lombardy 
and  Venice.  21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Treviso.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of '<roollen  fabrics. 


CAS 

CASTEL  CULIER.  kdsH?!'  kU'lo-d/,  a  town  of  Fr.vnce,  do 
partnient  of  Ijot-et-Garonne,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Agen. 

CASTEL  D'A(JOGN'A,  kds-t^l'  dd-gAn'yd,  a  town  of  th« 
Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Novara. 

CASTEL  DE'FRANCUI,  kds-tel'  dA  frdn^kee.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  on  the  Calore,  7i  miles 
S.W.  of  St.  Angelo-de-Lombardi      Pop.  203.5. 

CASTEL  DELFINO,  kds-tSl'  dM-feo'no.  (Fr.  ClaVeou  Dau, 
pMn,  shdH5'-do'fAx«'.)  a  town  of  Naples.  Piedmont,  28  mile» 
W.N.W.  of  Coni.  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Viso.     Pop.  1295. 

CASTEL-DElrPIANO.  kds-tM'  d?l  pe-d/no,  a  town  of  Tns- 
canv.  28  miles  N.E.  of Qrossetto.  W.  siile of  .\niia1a.  Pop.  2605. 

CASTEL  DELL'  ABATE,  kds-t^l'd.M-ld-bd/tA.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Cap- 
paccio.     Pop.  2700. 

CASTEL  DELLA  PIETRA,  kds-tfl' d?I-ldpe-!l'tra,  a  town 
of  Italy,  in  Tvrol.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Roveredo.  en  the  Adi"-e. 

CA.S'TEL  del  MONTE,  kds-tfil'  dSl  mon'tA.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra,  on  a  mountain,  19  miles 
E.  of  .\quila.  Pop.  1590. 

CASTEL  DEL  RIO,  kds-tfl'  d?l  ree'o,  a  town  of  the  Pon- 
tifical States.  33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ravenna. 

CASTEL  DIEKI.  kds-tiP  de-;l/ree,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  23  niili-s  S.E.  of  Aquila. 

CASTEL  DI  SANGRO,  kds-ti^l'  de-sdn'gro,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  53  miles  S.E.  of 
Aquila,  with  2600  inhabitants:  has  a  manufactory  of  carpets. 

CASTE LIOT,  Lk,  leh  kdsHeh-l.A/,  several  villages  of  France, 
the  principal  in  the  department  of  Var,  Smiles  N.M'.  of 
Toulon.     Pop.  1946. 

CASTEL-FABI,  kds-tll'-fdrbeo',  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia, 
near  Ademuz. 

CASTEL  FIDARDO,  kds-tM'  fee-ddR'do,  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  Marches,  11  miles  S.  of  ,\ncona. 

CASTEL  FIORENTINO,  kds-t^U  fe-o-r?n-tee'no,  a  town  of 
Tuscany,  IS  miles  S.W.  of  Florence,  on  the  Elsa.    Pop.  2()30. 

CAST  EL  FOLLIT,  kds-t^P  fol-yit/,  a  town  of  Spain,  17  miles 
N,W.  of  Gerona.  It  wa.s  formerly  fortified,  and  several  times 
besieged  by  the  Ffench  under  Louis  XIV, 

CASTEL-FOIITE,  kds-tfl'  foR'tA,a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  I*avoro,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Gaeta. 

CASTEI,-FRANC.  kd.s'tM'  frSNo,  a  town  of  Fr.inee,  depart- 
ment of  the  Ix)t.  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cahoi-s. 

CASTEL-FRANCO.  kds-tjl' frdn'ko,  (anc,  B,'rum.  Gallo'- 
rum.)  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bologna.     Pop.  2060. 

CASTEL-FRANCO.  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  15  miles  W,  of  Trevl><o.  on  the  Slusone,  I'op. 
4220.  Principal  buildings,  a  castle  and  cathedral.  It  has 
silk  and  woollen  manufactures. 

CASTEL-FRANCO.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi 
pato  Ultra,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Benevento.     Pop.  2600. 

CASTEL-FRANCO  DI  SOTTO,  kds-tJl' frdn^ko  dee  sot'to, 
a  town  of  Tuscany,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Florence,  on  the  Aruo. 
Pop.  32S0. 

CASTEI^G  ANDOLFO.  kds-tcM'  gdn-dol'fo,  a  village  of  Italy, 
in  the  Pontifical  States,  Comarca  di  Roma,  on  the  N,W.  side 
of  Mount  .\lbano,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Rome.  It  is  picturesquely 
situated  on  a  volcanic  peak,  431  feet  above  the  lake,  and 
compi'ises  among  its  numerous  villas  the  summer  residence 
of  the  Pope. 

CASTEL^JOFFREDO,  kds-tSl'  goffri'do,  a  walled  town 
of  Lombardy.  13  miles  N.W.  of  Mantua.  Pop.  3463.  It 
has  .an  hospital  and  m.anufactures  of  silk. 

CASTEL-GOMBERTO,  kds-tel' gom-bfe/to.  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  7i  miles  N.W.  of  Yicenza.     Pop.  2.3X8. 

CASTELGltANDE,  kd,s-tJl'grdn'da,  a  town  of  Naples,  21 
miles  N.W.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  3080. 

CASTELGUELFO,  kds-tJl'goo4l'fb,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province,  and  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Parma,  on  the  Taro. 
It  has  a  fine  castle,  taken  from  the  Ghibelline  party  in  1407, 
by  a  Guelph  captain,  whence  its  present  name. 

CASTEL-CJUGLIELMO,  kds-tM/ gool-yjl'mo.  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Rovigo.  witli  an  old  fortress,  and  2900  inhabitants. 

CASTEI.rJALOUX,  kds't^l'  zhd^oo/,  a  to'.vT!  of  Fra""<».  d^. 
partmentof  Lot-et-Garonne,  on  the  Avance,  17  miles  N.W.  of 
Nerac.  Pop.  in  1S52,  2852.  It  has  iron  and  copper  forges, 
and  manufactures  of  paper,  glass,  and  woollen  fabrics. 

CASTELLABATE,  kds-tM-ld-bd/td  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  l'rineip.ato  Citra,  15  miles  W.  of  Vallo.  Pop.  2260. 

CASTELLAMARE.  Naples.     See  Castei>a-]Mare. 

CASTELL  AMONTE.  kds-telld-mon'tA.  a  town  of  Piedmont, 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Ivrea.  Pop.  5050.  It  has  a  castle,  a  large 
market-place,  and  manufactures  of  earthenware. 

CASTELLAN  A.  kds-t.M-ld'nd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Bari,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Bari.    Pop.  6300. 

CASTELLANETA,  kds-t^l-ld-nA'td,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Otranto,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Taranto.  Pop.  4750.  It 
has  a  cathedral,  several  convents  and  charitable  establish- 
ments.   Cotton  is  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

CASTELLANNE,  kdsHjridn',  a  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Basses-Alpes.  on  the  Verdon,  here  .crossed  by  a 
remarkable  single-arched  bridie,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Digne. 
Pop.  in  1862.  1454.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens, 
and  a  trade  in  preserved  fruits. 

3S9 


CAS 


CAS 


CASTELLARM,  Jc3s-t?lli/ro,  a  town  ot  Lombardy,  14 
luilt^  N.N.W.    f  M*Qtiia.     Pop.  2071. 

C.*t?TELLAI!(),  a  villaije  of  Sardinia,  province  of  Xizza. 

CASTKLLARO,  a  villasre  of  Sardinia,  province  of  Remo. 

CASTELLARO,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  in  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince ni'  Lomellina.     Pop.  450. 

CAS'l'ELLARQUATO,  kds-tSl-ldR-kwa/to,  a  town  of  Italy, 
province  of  Purina.  It  is  more  properly  written  with  one 
1 — C.^siel-Abquato,  which  .s»-e. 

CASTEL-LASTUA,  kis-t^l'  Ws-too'S.  a  village  of  Dalmatia, 
22  miles  S.E.  of  Cattaro,  with  a  lazaretto  and  quarantine 
Btition  on  the  Adriatic. 

CASTELLAZ/i).  kis-t^l-iat'so.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  52;56.    , 

CASTEL-[,EONE.  kd.stjl'  W-iy/nL  a  village  of  Lombardy, 
16  miles  N.W.  of  Cremona.  Pop.  5712.  It  is  well  built,  and 
enclosed  bv  old  walls. 

CASTELLETTO  AL  PO.  kas-tJl-lJf  to  21  po.  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  province  of  Voghera.    Pop.  1260. 

CASTELLETTO  D'ORBA.  kds-tJl-lJt'to  doR'bd.  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  Stjites,  6i  miles  8.W.  of  Xovi.     Pop.  1900. 

CA.?TELLETT()  .MERLI.  kis-tJl-l^t'to  mJRnee,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Casale. 

CASTE  LLETTO  SCAZZOSO,  kas-tSl-lJt'to  skitt-so'so.  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  .\lessandria.  P.  1500. 

CASTELLETTO  SOPRA  TICINO,  kas-tM-lSt/to  so'prd  te- 
oheiyno,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  19  miles  N.  of 
Kovara,  on  the  Ticino.     Pop.  .3519. 

CASTELLETTO  STURA,  Hs4b\-\htno  stoo^rd,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Coni. 

CASTELLINA.  kls-t^l-lee'nd.  a  village  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince, and  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pisa. 

CASTELLINA,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Sienna. 

CASTET^LLYCIIWR.  kSs'tfl  WJJK'oor,  written  also  LOU- 
OHOR,  a  borough  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  plea- 
santly situated  between  the  Loughor  and  the  Llyw.  6j 
miles  W.  br  N.  of  Swansea.  With  Swansea,  .\beravon.  Ken- 
vig.  and  N'eath.  it  returns  a  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons.   Pop.  864. 

CASTELLO  BRANCO,  kSs-tfllo  brln'ko.  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Beira,  f4  miles  S.E.  of  Coimbra.  Pop.  6000. 
It  stands  on  a  hill  crowned  by  a  ruined  castle,  enclosed  by 
walls. 

CASTELLO  D'  ACT.  kis-tJWo  dJ'chee,  a  town  of  Sicily, 
province  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Catania,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

CASTELLO  BELLA  BARONTA,  kSs-tMlo  dSl'lJ  bd-ro- 
nee/i,  or  BARONIA.  bi-ro-nee'd,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Prineipato  Ultra,  lOj  miles  S.E.  of  Ariano,  with 
2300  inhabitants.  It  has  a  castle,  mineral  springs,  and  a 
manufactory  of  coarse  woollens. 

CASTELLO  DE  VIDE,  kSs-tJllo  di  vee'dA,  a  village  of 
]*ortugal.  in  the  province  of  Alemtejo,  11  miles  N.  of  Porta- 
legre.  Pop.  5800.  It  is  walled,  and  has  a  castle,  several 
churches,  and  a  manufactory  of  woollen  cloths. 

CASTELLO  DI  QUATRO,  kd.s-t^l'Io  dee  kwd'tro,  a  town 
of  Tuscany,  4  miles  N.  of  Florence.  Pop.  1350.  It  has  a 
summer  palace  of  the  grand  duke,  with  extensive  gardens 
and  parks. 

CASTELLO  DI  SAN  CATALDO,  kds-tMlo  dee  sdn  kd-tdl'- 
do.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otr.into,  7  miles  N.E.  of 
Lecce.  with  a  small  harbor  on  the  Adriatic. 

CASTELLO  MELUDR,  kds-tSl'Io  mJl'yoR,  a  village  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Belra,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Douro,  5 
miles  N.  of  Castel-Rodriso. 

CASTELLOX-DE-AMPURIAS,  kds-tM-yOn'  dA  am-poo'-re- 
ds,  a  town  of  Spain,  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gerona.  on  the  Muga. 
Pop.  2706. 

CASTELLOX  DE  LA  PLANA,  kds-tM-yOn'  dd  Id  pld'nd. 
a  province  of  Spain,  one  of  the  three  Into  which  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Valencia  was  subdivided  In  18.33  ;  bounded  N. 
by  the  provinces  of  Teruel  and  Tarragona,  E.  by  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea.  S.  by  A'alencia,  and  W.  by  Teruel;  area, 
3049  siiuare  miles.     Pop.  247,741. 

CASTELLOX  DE  LA  PLANA,  (anc.  Cadalw?)  a  city  and 
port  of  Spain,  capittil  of  the  above  province.  40  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Valencia,  in  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain.  Irrigated  by 
the  Mijares,  whose  waters,  throuirh  the  medium  of  an  ancient 
aqueduct,  cut  for  a  consideraVjle  distance  through  solid 
limestone  rock,  are  conveyed  5  miles  into  the  town,  afford- 
ing a  copious  supply  to  the  Inh.aMtants,  and  dispensing 
life  and  verdure  in  the  vicinity.  This  greiit  work  was  pro- 
Yiably  the  construction  of  .lames  the  Conqueror,  King  of 
Aragon,  about  1240.  The  defences  of  the  city  were  strength- 
ened and  increased,  by  the  addition  of  batteries  and  a  fosse. 
In  1S37,  >>ut  the  works  are  now  fiilling  to  decay  for  want  of 
repair.  The  houses  are  in  general  well  built  and  commo- 
dious, and  the  streets  wide,  straight,  clean,  and.  thouu'h 
unpnved.  many  of  the  more  important  have  good  footpaths. 
Tt  has  9  squares,  a  town  and  court  houses,  and  parish 
church,  wherein  are  some  good  paintings,  monuments, 
statues,  Ac. ;  2  chapels  of  ease,  Latin,  normal,  and  primary 
Bchoolo,  a  hospital,  poor-house,  theatre,  liarracks.  orphan 
Mvlum.  bull -ring,  2  prisons,  a  cemetery,  several  convents, 
and  a  spaciouR  aad  handsome  episcopal  palace.  The  manu- 
290 


fiictures  are  linen,  woollen,  and  hempen  fabrics,  especl.ally 
s.all-cloth,  also  ropes,  paper,  soap,  vermicelli,  irlass.  earthen- 
ware, fire-arms,  brandy,  wine,  oil,  &c.  Much  attention  is 
paid  to  the  rearing  of  silk-worins.  The  Imports  comprise 
sugar,  coffee,  alcohol,  cotton,  hides,  vineg.ar.  and  salt  fish; 
to  the  annual  value  of  about  18,000/.  The  exports  are 
hemp,  grain,  fruits,  and  manufactui-ed  goods;  annuul  v.alue 
under  15,000/.  The  vessels  frequenting  the  port  are  numer- 
ous, butsm.all;  the  aver.ige  annual  tonnage  being  16,952. 
Castellon  was  taken  from  the  Saracens,  in  12;33,  by  .lames 
I.  of  Aragon,  and  subsequently  given  by  him  to  the  monas- 
tery of  San  Vincente  of  Valencia.  Francisco  Rlbalta.  the 
painter,  and  his  son,  Juan  Rlbiilta,  also  an  artist,  were  bora 
here.    Pop.  16.952. 

CASTELLONE,  kds-t5l-lo'nd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  on  the  Appian  Way.  and  on  the  Gulf  of 
Gaeta.  6^  miles  N.E.  of  Gaeta.  Pop.  3430.  Near  it  is  the 
supposed  '•  Cenotaph  of  Cicero." 

CASTELLOTE,  kds-tSl-lo'tA.  a  town  of  Spain,  .55  miles 
N.E.  of  Teruel.  Pop.  2475.  It  has  an  old  castle  on  a  height 
near  the  Guadaloupe. 

CASTELLUCCIIIO,  kds-tM-look'ke-o,  a  village  of  Lom- 
bardv,  7$  miles  AV.  of  Mantua.     Pop.  3161. 

C.iSTELLUCCIA,  kds-tJl-loot'chd,  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  Prineipato  Citra.  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Salerno. 
Pop.  2000.     Near  It  the  Calore  Is  cros.sed  bv  a  noble  bridge. 

CASTELLUCCIO,  kds-tJl-loofcho.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Terra  dl  Lavoro,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Sora.     Pop.  1630. 

CASTELLUCCIO  ACQUA  BORRANA,  kds-tel-loot/cho  d/- 
kwd  boR-Rd/nd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Campobasso,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Monte  Sibilla,  4763  feet 
in  elevation,  the  loftiest  vlllase  in  the  Apennines.  Pop.  2500. 

CASTELLUCCIO  INFERIORE.  kds-tjl-loot/cho  In-fd-rc^o'- 
rd.  a  town  of  of  Naples,  provlnceof  BasUlcata,  32  miles  S.W. 
ofTursi.     Pop.  2650. 

CA.STELLUCCIO  SUPERIORE,  kds-tJl-loofcho  soo-pd- 
re-o'r.'l.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  immedi- 
ately N.W.  of  Castellviccio  Inferiore.    Pop.  2210. 

CASTELLUM,  a  town  of  France.    See  Cassel. 

CASTELLUM  CATTORUM,  a  city  of  Germany.  See 
Cassei  . 

CASTELLUM  TRAJANI,  a  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 
See  Cassei. 

CAST  ELM  ARY,  kasHermdVecy.  a  village  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Aveyron,  arrondissenient  of  Kodez.    Pop.  1088. 

CASTELMO.HON,  kd.s't^PmoVdN"',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Garoune,  on  the  Lot.  17  miles  S.E.  of 
Marniande.     Pop.  2040. 

CASTELNAU,  kdsH^l*no'.  a  fortress  of  France,  department 
of  Gard.  8  miles  S.  of  Uzes.  where  Roland,  the  chief  of  the 
Camisards,  met  his  death.  Au'.'ust  1.3,  1704. 

CAST  ELNAUDARY.kdsH^rnoMdVee' (anc.  5o,<ttoTO'a«ri«.«,)a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aude,  near  the  Canal  du 
Midi,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Carcassonne.  Pop.  in  1852, 
9992.  It  stands  on  an  eminence,  and  is  built  in  the 
form  of  an  amphitheatre.  To  the  S.  the  canal  forms  a 
basin  1300  yards  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  good 
quays,  warehouses,  and  yards  for  building  vessels.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  silk  fabrics,  cotton  twist,  and' 
earthenwares.  It  was  founded  by  the  Visigoths,  on  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Snatmnaf/ii-i.  under  the  name  of  Castrum  Nomitn 
Ariannrum.  of  which  Its  present  name  is  a  corruption.  It 
suffered  greatly  In  the  wars  of  the  Middle  Ages;  and  undei 
Its  walls  the  Duke  de  Montmorency  was  made  prisoner  by 
the  roval  troops  in  1632. 

CASTELNAU  DE  BRASSAC.  kd-sH^Pniy  deh  lirdVdk',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Albi 
Pop.  4680. 

CASTELNAU  DE  MEDOC.  kdsHJrno'  deh  miMok'.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Glronde,  16  miles  N.W.  of 
Bordeaux.     Pop.  1211. 

CA.«(TELNAU  DE  MONTMIRAIL.  kds't?rn5'  deh  mc^N"'- 
meViP,  a  town  of  France,  Tarn,  17  miles  N.W.of  Albl.  Pop. 
3086. 

CASTELNAU  JIAGNOAC.  kd.sHJrniy  mdnVo-dk'.  a  town 
of  France,  in  the  Pyrenees,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Tarbes.  Pop. 
1572.  ,.      , 

CASTELNAU  MONTRATIER.  kd.sHiM'nO'  m6N<i'trdHe-A', 
a  town  of  France,  12i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cahors.  Pop.  In  ISo^ 
4057. 

CASTELNAU  RIVIERE  BASSE,  kds't^rno/  reeVe-aiR> 
bdss'.  a  town  of  France,  in  Hautes-Pyr6n6es,  25  miles  N.W 
of  Tarbes.     Pop.  1.370. 

C.\STBLNOVO,  kd-s-til-no/vo,  a  town  of  Italy,  6  miles 
S.S.E.  of  INIodena.    Pop.  1400. 

C.\STELNOVO.  a  town  of  Italy.  In  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro.  13  miles  N.E.  of  Gaeta. 

CASTELNOVO.  a  town  of  Italy  in  Sicily,  14  miles  S.W. 
ofMilazzo.    Pop.  32.30. 

C.\i'TELNOVO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States, 
division.  Genoa,  province  of  Jjevante.     Pop.  2626. 

CASTELNUOVO.  kds-tM'mxMVvo.  a  fortified  town  and 
seaport  of  the  Austrian  Empire.  Dalmatia.  11  miles  W.  'if 
Cattaro,  at  the  W.  entrance  of  the  culf.  It  is  command sd 
by  two  forts  on  contiguous   heights,  and  defended  bj'    i 


~J 


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dtadel  on  the  Bhore.    Pop.  7019.    It  was  captured  by  tho 
English  in  1841. 

CASTKLNUOVO,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzn  Citra.  U  miles  S.E.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  3400. 

CA.STKFiNUOVO.  a  town  of  Italy,  province  of  Capitanata, 
24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Fogcia.     Pop."2.340. 

CASTKI.NUOVOBOCCA  D'AUDA,  kas-t?rnoo-o'vo  bok'- 
k3  diiiMd,  a  village  of  Italy,  Lombardy,  province,  and  23 
miles  S.K.  of  Lodi.     Pop.  ItrJO. 

CASTKLNUOVO  D'ASTI,  kas-t^rnoo-o^vo  dSs'tee,  a  town 
of  Italy  in  Piedmont.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Astl.     Pop.  2983. 

CASTKLXUOVO  DEI  MONTI,  kls-t^rnoo-o/vo  di/e  mon/- 
tee.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Modena,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kegglo. 
Pop.  1310. 

CASTKLNUOVO  DI  CEVA,  k3s-tJPnoo«'vo  dee  chA'vJ, 
a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  12  miles 
E.S.K.  of  Mondovi.     Pop.  3860. 

CASTKLNUOVO  DI  GARFAGNANA,  kas-tJ^nooK/vo 
dee  g^R-fdn-yd'nd,  a  town  of  Italy,  district  of  Garfagnana.  on 
the  Serchin.  duchy,  and  43  miles  S.W.  of  Modena.    I'op.  2700. 

CASTKLNUOVO  DI  MAGKA,  kis-ta^noo-o'vo  dee  mjU 
grd,  a  town  of  Italy,  province,  and  11  miles  E.  of  Spezia,  in 
the  valley  of  the  Marga.     Pop.  2626. 

CA,STKLNUOVO  DI  SOTTO,  kas-t^Pnoo-o/vo  dee  sot'to, 
a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  on  the  Canal  of  Casteluovo,  10 
niile.s  N.W.  of  lieggio. 

CASTKLNUOVO  DI  VAr^DI-CECINA.  kas-tiPnooo/yo 
dee  v.-il-dee-chA-che'ni,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  province 
of  I'is.i.  1.''.5  miles  S.  of  Volterra. 

CASTKLNUOVO  SCRIVIA.  kds-tM'nooKVvo  skree/ve-a, 
a  town  of  It.aly.  in  the  Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  13  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Alessandria,  province  of  Xortona,  on  the  Scrivia. 
Pop.  fiOlS. 

CASTKLNUOVO  VAL-TIDONE,  kls-tJl'nooo'vo  vSl-te- 
do'n.-l,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Pia- 
cenza.     I'op.  1500. 

CASTELORIZO,  kds-tjl-lo-reed'zo,  or  CASTEIr-ROSSO, 
kJs-t^l'-ros'so,  a  small  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  Asia  Jlinor, 
19  miles  S.E.  of  Patara ;  lat.  30°  7'  30"  N.,  ion.  29°  40'  E.  It 
has  a  pretty  good  port,  some  tnide  in  agricultural  produce, 
and  many  remains  of  ancient  editices. 

CASTEL-PAGANO.  kfc-tM'-pa-gil'no.  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  .^lolise,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Campobasso.  It  has 
about  2600  inhabitants. 

CAST  EL-PET  KOSO,  k^s-tM'-pe-tro/so,  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  Molise,  20  miles  W.  of  Campobasso.  Pop.  about 
2600. 

CASTEL-RODRIGO.  kas-tM'-ro-dree/go.  a  small  fortified 
town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  near  the  Spanish  fron- 
tier. 32  miles  N.E.  of  Guarda.     Pop.  400. 

CASTKL-ROSSO.    See  Castelorizo. 

CASTELKOTTO,  kls-tjl'rot/to,  or  CASTELRUT.  kas^tel- 
root/,  a  village  of  Austria.  Tyrol,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Botzen, 
on  a  mountain  near  the  Eisach.     Pop.  3322. 

CASTEL-SAGRAT,  Us'mi-ai'grAf.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  23  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Montau- 
ban.     Pop.  1300. 

CASTKL-SARACENO,  kas-tM'-sl-ra-chA'no,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Basilicata.  33  miles  S.  of  Potenza.  Pop.  3200. 

CASTEI^SAUDlt,  kis-t^l'-s.^R/do.  (formerly  CASTEL-ARA- 
GONESE,  kas-t^Pi-ri-go-nA/s-i.)  a  fortified  town  and  seaport 
of  Sardinia,  the  strongest  in  the  island,  on  its  N.  coast,  16 
miles  N.  E.  of  Sassari.  Pop.  2092.  It  stands  on  a  nearly 
isolated  rock,  and  has  a  cathedral,  and  a  harbor. 

CASTEL-SARRASIN,  kas"tfl'-.saR'Ra'sJ,s°',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne.  on  the  Songuine. 
near  its  influx  into  the  Garonne,  12  miles  AV.  of  Montau- 
ban.  I'op.  in  1852.  7028.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has 
manufactures  of  serge  and  worsted  stockings,  and  an  active 
trade  in  corn  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

CASTEL-TEK.MINI,  kas-t&P-tdn/me-ne.  (anc.  Ojmicia/n(e 
Alqua'i)  a  town  of  Sicily,  16  miles  N.  of  Girgenti.  It  has  ex- 
tensive mines  of  sulphur  and  rock  salt.  Pop.  4600. 
_  CASTELVETERE,  kas-tMV6t/iV-rA,  (L.  CasteUlum  Veltus, 
i.e.  "old  Castle;"  anc.  Caullnn  and  G^tMnia,)  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra. 

CASTELVETERE.  a  town  of  Naples,  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean, 47  miles  N.E.  of  Reggio,  with  3370  inhabitants.  It 
has  a  castle  and  5  churches. 

CASTELVETE1{E.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise, 
18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  3578. 

CASTELVETERE.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prinei- 
pato  Ultra.  10  miles  W.  of  St.  Angelo.     Pop.  1860. 

CASTELVETRANO,  kis-th\\A-tr&/no,  a  town  of  Sicily, 
29  miles  S.E.  of  Trapani.     Pop.  1500. 

CASTKNEDDLO,  kas-tA-nil-do^o,  a  town  of  Lombardy, 
government  of  Milan,  6i  miles  S.E.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  3000. 

CASTERA-LECTOUROIS,  kas't.-iva'-l^kHooRVa'.  a  town 
nf  1; ranee,  departmeui  oi  Gers,  2i  miles  N.  of  Lectoure. 
Pop. 911. 

CASTERA-VERDUZAN,  kasU.AVa'-vJR'dU'zSx"',  a  village 
of  South  France,  department  and  on  the  Gers,  23  miles  N. 
of  Auch.  Pop.  about  1000.  It  possesses  sulphur  and  chaly- 
Iteate  springs,  and  has  acquired  within  a  few  yeai-s  all  the 
appliances  of  a  fiishionable  watering-place. 


CASn'ERTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  ;Ew».yTi(l,  co.  of  Rut- 
land,  on  the  Great  North  Road. 

CASriERTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  uf  England,  co.  of  Rut- 
land. 2  miles  N.W.  of  Stamford. 

CASTETS,  kasW,  a  village  of  France,  departmer*  -€ 
Gironde.  on  the  Garonne,  9  mile i  I.',  oi  Bazas,  with  ISf.O 
inhabitants,  and  the  remains  of  a  fortress,  built  in  the 
time  of  Edward  II.  of  England,  ami  formerly  of  imp<irtHnce. 

C.\STETS,  a  village  of  Fran'«.  department  of  Liwides,  12 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Dax.    Pop.  in,  1852,  1782. 

CASTIGIjIA.     See  Castilb. 

CASTIGLIO.XE.  ka-s-teel-yo^nA,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardy, Hi  mileg  S.E.  of  Loii,  near  the  Adda.     Pop. 3292. 

CASTIGLIONE,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  21  miles  N.W.  oi 
Lucca. 

CASTIGLIONE,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  4i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Coyenza.     Pop.  2000. 

CASTIGLIONE,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  CalabriS 
Ultra  II.,  10  miles  W.  of  Nicastro.    Pop.  33()0. 

CASTIGLIONE.  a  town  ok'  Sicily,  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cata- 
nia, on  tbe  declivity  of  Mount  Etna.    Pop.  2S74. 

CASTIGLIONE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Umliria,  22  miles 
W.  of  Peruaia,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Perugia, 
formerly  fortified. 

CASTIGLIONE,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Comarca  di  Roma, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Oabii,  hnd  near  the  Lake  of  Gabii, 
with  consideralile  remains  of  antiijuity,  including  ancient 
walls,  and  portions  of  a  temple  of  Juno,  a  Greek  theatre, 
and  an  aqueduct. 

CASTKiLlONE  DEI  GATI.  kas-t«el-yo'nA  dA'ee  gd/tee, 
a  town  of  Italy,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Bologna.     Pop.  2000. 

CASTIGLIONE  DELLA  PESCAIA,  kas-teel-yo*nA  dJl'lS 
p?B-ki'a,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  12  miles  W.  of 
Grosselto,  on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  outlet  of  the  Lagoon 
ofCastiglione.     Pop.  1473. 

CASTIGLIONE  DELLA  PESCARA,  kas-teel-yo'na,  diV- 
ll  pjs-kj'ra.  a  town  of  Naple.'A  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I., 

21  miles  S.  S.W.  of  Citta-S«n- Angelo.     Pop.  1350.     Near  it  is 
a  fine  al)l)ey-church. 

CASTIGLIONE  DELLE  STIVIERE,  kas-teel-yo'nA  dMii 
ste-ve-.VrA,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Mantua. 
Pop.  5200.  It  has  several  churches  and  a  ruined  castle,  but 
is  chiefly  nottd  for  the  decisive  victory  gained  here  by  the 
French  over  the  Austrians  in  1796,  and  whence  Marshal 
Augereau  accjuired  the  title  of  Duke  ofCastiglione. 

CASTIG  LIONE  D'OiiCIA,  kas-tetd-yo^nA  doR-chee'd.  a  town 
of  Tuscany,  province  ofSieniia,near  the  Orciii,  74  miles  S.E. 
of  Monte-Alcino.     Poji.  J'44. 

CASTIGLIONE  FIORENTINO,  kas-teel-yo/nA  feK)-rfn- 
tee'no,  a  town  of  Tuscany.  8 J  miles  S.E.  of  Arezzo.  Pop. 
5317.     It  has  a  church.  Piarlst  college,  and  orphan  asylum, 

CASTIGLIONE,  LAKE  OF,  kis-teel-yo/nA.  a  lagoon  of 
Tuscany,  province  of  Sicnna,N.  of  Grossetto,  about  10  miles 
in  length,  by  from  1  to  3  miles  in  breadth;  it  was  formerly 
much  larger,  but  a  great  part  of  it  has  been  drained.  It 
receives  the  Bruna  and  other  small  rivers,  and  disemboguea 
into  the  Mediterranean,  by  a  short  channel  close  to  Cas- 
tiglione  della  Pescaja.  It  affords  abundance  offish;  but 
its  banks  are  very  unhealthy  and  mostly  depopulated. 

CASTIGLIONE  MESSER  MARINO,  kas-teel-yo'na  mJs- 
sAr/  mi-ree'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra, 

22  miles  S.AV.  of  Vasto.     Pop.  3100. 

CASTIGLIONE  MESSER  RAIMONDO,  kas-teel-yo'nA 
mJ.s-siB/iImon'do,  a  town  of  Naple.s,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  I..  17  miles  S.E.  of  Teramo.     Pop.  2060. 

CASTILHLANCO,  kSs-teel-bian'ko,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Estremadura,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Logrosan.  Pop.  1700.  Cas4- 
TILUI.AXCO  is  the  name  of  several  other-small  plaa>s  in  Spain. 

CASTILK,  kas-teel'.  (Sp.  Cudllla,  kas-t.i?el'ya :  Fr.  Oidille, 
kasHeel';  tier.  Chstilieji.  kAs-tee'le-gn ;  It.  Caatiglla,  kas-t-eel'- 
yk.)  a  former  kingdom  of  Spain,  occupying  the  great  centr.il 
table-land  of  the  peninsula,  compo.sed  chiefly  of  tertiary  for- 
matioix,  and  elevated  23U0  feet  above  the  level  of  the  se;i. 
In  the  tenth  century  this  region  was  a  country  of  which 
Burgos  was  the  capital ;  at  the  commencement  of  the 
eleventh  century  it  was  erected  into  a  kingdom,  and  was 
successively  extended  by  the  addition  of  the  kingdoms  of 
Leon,  Estremadura,  and  Andalusia.  The  marriage  of  Fer- 
dinand, King  of  Aragou,  with  Isabella  of  Castile,  in  1474, 
united  under  one  sceptre  all  the  Christian  states  of  Spain, 
and  the  conquest  of  Gianada,  in  1492,  led  to  the  est,iblish- 
ment  of  the  kingdom  of  Spain.  From  the  great  importance 
of  Castile,  as  tho  centre  of  the  kingdom,  the  name  of  Cas- 
TiLlAN  is  often  used  to  indicate  Spaniards  in  general      See 

Castile,  New,  and  Castile,  Old. Adj.  and  inhab.CASTiLUN, 

kas-til'van.    (Sp.  Castillano,  ka.s-toel-ya/no  ) 

CASTILE,  kas-teel',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wyo- 
ming CO.,  New  York,  on  theGenesee  River,  and  on  the  Bufliilo 
and  New  York  City  Railroad,  68  miles  E.S.E.  of  Buffalo.  It 
contains  4  stores.  1  carriaice  manufactory,  and  3  churches. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  232.3. 

CASTILE,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co..  Pennsylvania. 

CASTILE,  a  po.st-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Missouri. 

CASTILE,  a  village  of  Livingston  co.,  Missouri,  115  miles 
N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

391 


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CASTILE  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  into  Platte  Eiver, 
in  the  S.E.  part  of  Buchauan  county. 

CASTILK,  NEW,  (Sp.  CastaUi-la-Nueva,  Yhs-teeVyhlK- 
noo-.VvJ.)  an  old  province  of  Spain,  forming  the  S.  portion 
of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Castile ;  its  capital  was  Madrid. 
Greatest  lentrth  from  E.  to  W.  240  miles:  averajre  breadth 
about  155  milus.  AreA,  29,506  square  miles.  It  is  now  di- 
vided into  the  provinces  of  Madrid,  Toledo,  Ciudad-Keal, 
Cuenoa,  and  Guadalajara.  This  region  forms  part  of  the 
central  table-land  of  Spain,  bounded  N.  by  the  mountains 
of  the  Sierra  Guadarrama,  and  S.  by  those  of  the  Sierra 
Morena,  and  traversed  by  .several  minor  ch.iins.  which  sei)a- 
rate  broad  plains  or  valleys.  Its  rivers  compri.se  the  upper 
courses  of  the  Tagus,  Guadiana.  the  Guadalquivir,  the  Se- 
gura,  and  the  Juiar.  The  mountains  of  the  Sierra  Morena 
afford  the  richest  supply  of  minerals  in  the  kingdom.  Pop. 
in  18-19.  1.490.799. 

■  CASTILE,  OLD,  (Sp.  aidiOaAa-Vi^a,  kls-teel'ya-la-ve-A/- 
h3.)  an  old  province  of  Spain,  comprising  the  N.  portion  of 
the  ancient  kingdom  of  Castile,  and  forming  the  new  pro- 
vinces of  Burgos.  Valladolid,  Palencia,  Avila.  Segovia,  Soria, 
Logroflo.  and  Santander.  Greatest  length  from  N.E.  to  S.W., 
210  miles;  breadth,  170  miles.  Area,  21,2<'2  .square  miles. 
The  S.  portion  of  the  territory  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra 
Guadarama,  and  the  X.  by  the  mountains  of  Asturias,  while 
in  the  centre  the  Sierra  Otca  separates  the  basins  of  the 
Ebro  and  the  Douro.     Pop.  in  1849, 1,427,477. 

CASTILIAN  (kas-til'yan)  SPKliNGS,  a  vUlage  of  Hohnes 
CO.,  Mississippi. 

CASTILLA  CASTILLE,  and  CASTILIEN.    See  Castile. 

CASTI LLO-DE-GAKCI-MUNOZ,  kSs-teel'yo-dA-gan/the- 
moon-yoth',  a  town  of  New  Castile,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cu- 
enca,  on  a  declivity  overlooked  by  a  ruinous  castle  belong- 
ing to  the  Marquis  of  Villena.     Pop.  1186. 

CASTILLO-DE-LAS-GUARDAS,  kis-teel'yo-d:i-ias-gwlR/- 
dis,  a  town  of  Andalusia,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Seville,  on  an 
elevated  site,  commanded,  except  on  the  N.,  by  lofty  hills. 
Pop.  2287. 

CASTILLO-DE-LOCUBIN,  kas-teel'yo-di-lo-koo-been',  a 
town  of  Spain,  18  miles  S.W.  of  .Taen.  Pop.  3971.  It  has 
two  hospitals,  and  a  school  of  primary  instruction. 

CASTILLON,  kdsHee^yAN"',  a  town  of  France,  depsirtment 
of  Ariege.  7  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Girons,  on  the  Lizaj-d.  Pop. 
In  1852,  1215. 

CASTILLON,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Libourne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Doi- 
dogne.  Pop.  in  1852,  3213.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and 
has  manufactures  of  nails,  cords,  cotton  and  woollen  spin- 
ning. Near  it  is  the  chateau  of  Montaigne,  where  the  cele- 
brated author  of  that  name  died.  The  French  gained  a 
victory  over  the  English  here  in  1451. 

CASTILLONf^S,  kas'teeVo'n.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart^ 
ment  of  Lot-etrGaronne,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Villeneuve-sur- 
Lot.    Pop.  in  1852,  2100. 

CASTINE,  kas-teen'.  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Hancock 
CO.,  Maine,  in  a  township  of  the  .same  name,  on  the  E.  side 
of  Penobscot  Bay,  at  the  entrance  of  Penobscot  Kiver,  34 
miles  S.  of  B.ingor.  and  118  miles  N.E.  of  I'ortland.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  bay,  9  miles  distant,  is  Belfast.  The 
town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  tongue  of  land  projecting 
from  the  N.E.,  and  has  a  spacious  harbor,  accessible  at  all 
seasons,  and  of  sufficient  depth  for  vessels  of  the  largest 
class.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in  ship-building 
and  the  fisheries.  The  shipping  of  the  district,  (Penobscot,) 
June  30th,  1852.  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  6701  tons 
registered,  and  37,168  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the 
latter,  20.530  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  13.075 
tons  in  the  cod  fishery,  and  2860  tons  in  the  mackerel  fish- 
ery. During  the  year,  29  vessels,  tonnage  4444,  were  ad- 
measured. The  ship-building  for  1853  amounted  to  5490 
tons.  Settled  by  the  French  in  1667,  and  by  the  English  in 
1760.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1357. 

CASTINE,  a  post-office  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

CASTIONE,  kis-te-o^nd,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Bergamo. 

CASTIONE,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  4  miles  W.of  Sondrio. 

CASTLE-ACKE,  kas'.sel-il/ker,  or  EAST  ACHE,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  4  miles  N.  of  Swaffham.  Here 
are  the  ruins  of  a  priory  and  of  a  castle,  both  founded  soon 
after  the  conquest. 

CASTLE-ASIl'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  7  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Northampton,  with  a  station  on  the  Northampton 
and  Peterborough  Railway.     See  Ashby. 

CASTLKBAU,  kasVsel-har',  or  AG'LISII,  a  disfranchised 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  tt>wn,  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Connaught,  capital  of  the  county  of  Mayo,  on 
the  Castlebar  River,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Westport.  I'op.  of 
the  town,  5137.  It  stands  on  a  plain  of  liog  and  piisture 
land ;  and,  excepting  its  main  street  and  a  square,  it  is  ill 
built  and  paved.  Principal  edifices,  the  Parish  Church, 
built  in  1825,  the  Castle,  formerly  a  stronghold  of  the  De 
Burghs,  a  handsome  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  the  Court- 
house, a  linen-luUl.  aiid  barracks  for  650  men.  It  has  some 
breweries,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  coarse  linens  and 
rural  produce.  Near  it  are  '*  the  Park"  and  '*the  Lawn," 
3i»2 


respectively  the  seats  of  the  Earl  of  Lucan,  chief  owner  In 
the  town,  and  of  St.  Clair  O'Malley,  Esq.  It  was  taken  in 
1798  by  the  French  under  General  Humbert,  who  in  an  ac- 
tion derisively  termed  the  "  Race  of  Castlebar,"  here  defeated 
a  superior  British  force,  but  who  subsequently  abandoned  the 
place  on  the  appro.ach  of  the  main  army  under  Lord  Corn- 
wallis.  The  Ctistlebar  River  issues  from  a  lake,  3  miles  in 
length.  S.AV.  of  the  town,  and  tows  N.  into  Loch  Cullin. 

CAS'TLE-BEL'LINGilAM,  a  m;u-ket-towu  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  co.  of  Louth,  on  the  road  from  Dublin  to  Beiliist, 
4^  miles  N.  of  Dunteer.     Pop.  6t  5. 

CAS'TLE-BLAKE'NEY,or  KIL'LASO'LAN,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway,  18  mile^  S-B, 
ofTu-im.     Pop.  1190. 

CASTLE-BLAYNEY,  kas/sgl-bl.Vnee.  a  town  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.,  and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Monaghan,  at  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Loch  Blayney.  Pop.  2134.  It  gives  the  title  of 
viscount  to  the  Blayney  family,  whose  demesne  is  in  the 
vicinity. 

CAS'TLE-BROMnviCII,  a  station  of  the  Midland  Railway, 
(west  branch.)  England,  I45  miles  E.N.E.  of  liirmingli;im. 

CASTLE  BYIHE,  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

CASTLE  CAER-CINEON,  ki%-kin/o  on,a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Montgomery. 

CASTLE  CAMI'S,  a  parL-^h  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge, 

5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Linton.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  fine  cas- 
tle of  the  De  Veres,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  traces  of  the  im- 
mense embankments  thrown  up  by  the  East  Angles  to 
prevent  the  incursions  of  the  Mercians. 

CAS/TLE-CA'REY.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Engl.and, 
CO.  of  Somerset,  pleasantly  situated  10  miles  S.E.  of  Wells. 
In  its  manor-house,  Charles  II.  found  refuge  after  the  lattle 
of  Worcester. 

CASTLE-CAR/RACK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land. 

CAS/TLE-CAOIY,  a  hamlet  of  ScotLand,  co.  of  Stirling, 
parish  and  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Falkirk,  a  station  on  the  Ed- 
iuburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway.  Supposed  to  h;»ve  been  the 
ancient  Coria  Domniorum,  It  formed  also  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal stations  of  the  wall  of  Antoninus. 

CASTLE-CHURCH,  a  parish  of  Kugl.and,  co.  of  Stafford. 

CASTUi-COMBE,  a  village  and  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Chippenhiun. 

CASTLE-CO^MER,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
In  Leinster,  co.  and  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kilkenny,  on  the  road 
to  Dublin.  Pop  of  town,  17C5.  It  stands  in  a  hollow,  and 
has  a  commodious  church,  a  court-house,  fever  hospital,  and 
intiintry  barracks.  Cijstle-Comer  House  and  a  ruined  castle 
are  in  the  vicinity;  2i  miles  distaiit  are  extensive  colleries. 

CAS'TLE-CON/NEL,  or  STRADBAL'LY,  a  town  and  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  and  6j  miles  N.N.E.  of  Limerick, 
on  the  Shannon,  close  to  the  Falls  of  Doonass.  Po]>.  of  the 
town,  11U6.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  is  resorted  to  in 
summer  bj'  the  inhabitants  of  Limerick  for  its  ch;Uybeat« 
springs.  Its  castle,  formerly  a  seat  of  the  O'Briens,  Kings 
of  Munster,  was  destroyed  durinsr  the  siege  of  Limerick. 

CAS'TLF;.CUN'NER,a  parishof  irel.ind.iu  Ctonuaught.  co. 
of  Sligo,  on  the  Moy,  near  its  mouth  in  Kill.<ila  Bay.  3  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ballina.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle, 
giving  name  to  the  parish,  and  an  artificial  mound  with 
several  regularly  formed  sepulchral  chambers. 

CAS/TLE-CON'WAY,  Ireland.    See  Kiixorgux. 

C.A.STLE  CRAIG,  a  post-otfice  of  Campbell  co.,  Virginia. 

CASTLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 

CASTLE-DER'MOT,  or  TRISTLEDE1{/MUT,  thris'sgl-dfr'- 
mot,  a  parish  and  ancient  town  of  IreLind.  in  Leinster,  co. 
of  Kildare,  on  the  Lear,  an  affluent  of  the  Barrow,  6  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Carlow.  Pop.  of  the  town,  1516.  Its  numerous  an- 
tiquities comprise  remains  of  a  large  cathedral,  a  church  built 
by  the  first  English  settlers,  a  beautiful  Franciscan  monas- 
tery, a  Norman  arch,  a  strong  square  tower.  sup])Osed  to 
have  been  built  by  the  Knights  Templars,  the  ruins  of  a 
priory,  and  a  castle;  and  in  its  church-yard  are  several  cu- 
rious crosses,  and  a  round  tower.  The  town  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  Derniots.  kiniis  of  Leinster. 

CASTLF^DOUGLAS,  kas/.seldug'las.  a  burgh  of  Scotland, 

9  miles  NJi.  of  Kirkcudbright.  Pop.  1847.  It  is  a  modem, 
well-built  market-town,  indebted  for  its  prosperity  to  the 
advancing  wealth  of  its  vicinity.  Its  original  name  was 
Carlinwark. 

CASTlJi-EATON,  kas'sfl-erft^n.  a  parish  Of  i:ngland,  co. 
ofWilt.s. 
CAS/l'LE-I/DEN,  a  village  and  pajish  of  Fingland,  co.  and 

10  miles  S.E.  of  Durham,  on  the  Eden,  and  the  Hartlepool 
and  Sunderland  Railway. 

CAS^TLEFIN',  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
CASTIjEFIN.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Illinois. 
CAS^TLE-FINN',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  ca 
of  Donegal,  on  the  Finn,  which  is  navigable  up  to  the  town. 

6  miles  S.W.  of  Lifford.    Pop.  5r>7. 

CAS'TLEFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  ro.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  at  the  junction  of  the  Aire  and  Caliier  Rivers,  and 
having  a  station  on  the  North  Midland  Railway,  7J  mile* 
N  J<:.  of  Wakefield 


CAS 


CAS 


CASTLE-FROME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
CASTLE-GREG'ORY.  a  smaU   town   of   Ireland,  co.  of 
Kerry,  i  mile  from  the  S.  shore  of  Tralee  Bay,  12  miles  W. 
ofTi-alee.    Pop.  504. 
CASTLE  (JKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Jones  CO.,  Iowa. 
CASTLE-IIA'VEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 
CAS/TIiE-aoW'AKD,  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  in  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Uiding,  4  miles  S.W. 
New-Mai  ton. 

CASTLE-ISLAND,  an  Islet  of  Ireland,  la  Munster,  co.  of 
Cork,  in  Roaring- Water  Bay,  N.  of  Cape  Clear. 

CASTLE-ISLAND,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster, CO.  of  Kerry,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tralee.     Pop.  1687. 

CASTLK-.JOR/DAN,  aptirish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  Kings 
and  Jleath  cos.,  on  the  Grand  Canal,  5  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Kin- 
negad. 

CASTLE-KNOCK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
same  name,  4  miles  W'.X.W.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Liffoy.  It 
has  the  ruins  of  a  castle  built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  and 
those  of  an  abljey  of  cbe  thirteenth  century. 

CASTLE-LYONS,  kas'sfl-li/onz,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Jlunster,  co.  of  Cork,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Rathcor- 
niack.  Pop.  of  the  village,  775.  It  has  the  remains  of  a 
Ciu-melite  nioiutsterv,  and  of  a  Dominican  priory. 

CASTLJ^MACAD'AM,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Wicklow. 

CAS'TL1<>.MAG'NER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 

of  Cork,  7  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Mallow.    Its  antiquities  include 

an  ancient  baronial  castle  of  the  Jliigners,  whence  its  name. 

CASTLEMAN'S  FKRRY,apost<)fflceofClarkco.,  Virginia. 

CASTLE.MAN'S  FORK,  Texas,  flows  S.E.  through  Gon- 

rales  county,  and  enters  the  Guadalupe  in  Dewitt  county. 

CASTLEMANS  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  Pennsylvania,  empties  itself  into  the  Youghiogheny. 

CAS'TLK-MAR'TIN,  an  entensive  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  and  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Pembroke.  In  it  are  the  remains 
of  a  British  fortress. 

C.VS'TLK-MAR'TYR,  a  small  town,  and  formerly  a  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  and  18  miles  E. 
of  Cork,  on  the  Maine,  by  which  it  has  a  petty  trade.  Pop. 
1397.  The  Earl  of  Shannon  is  proprietor  of  the  adjacent 
demesne. 

CASTLE-JIORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Oonnaught,  cos. 
of  Roscommon  and  Mayo. 
CASTLE-MOR/TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
CAS'TLli-NOli/WICU,  a   township    of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

CAS/TLE-POI^L  ARD,  a  well-built  town  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster, CO.  of  Westmeath,  6^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Drumcroe.  Pop. 
l.UO.  About  1  mile  distant  is  Packenham  Hall,  the  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  l^ongford. 

CASTLE-ilAIIAN/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Cavan. 

CASTLE-REA  or  CASTLEREAGH,  kas'sgl-ri/,  a  market- 
town  of  Ireland,  in  the  barony  of  same  name,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  and  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Roscommon,  on  the  Suck,  here 
cro.ssed  by  2  bridges.  Pop.  1233.  Castlerea  Hall,  immediately 
adjacent,  is  the  property  of  Lord  Mountsandford,  on  whose 
demesne  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  castle. 

CASTLEREAGH,  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Down,  2  miles  S.K.  of  Ballyacerret,  gives  the  name  of  vis- 
count to  the  Marquis  of  Londonderry. 

CASTLERE.\GH  RIVER,  in  Australia,  is  an  affluent  of, 
which  flows  N.W.  and  joins  the  Darling,  in  lat.  30°  S.,  Ion. 
147°  20'  E. 

CASTLE-RI'SINO,  a  decayed  borough,  town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.of  Norfolk,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  King's  Lynn. 
Pop.  in  1851,  392.  It  has  the  remains  of  a  celebrated  castle, 
formerly  the  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Arundel,  and  in  which 
Isabella,  queen  of  Edward  II.,  was  confined  after  the  mur- 
der of  her  husband.  The  town  was  formerly  a  busy  se.iport. 
but  its  h;iilx)r  has  become  choked  up;  and  the  Reform  Act 
deprived  it  of  the  privilege  of  sending  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

CASTLE-TER/RA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  oo.  of 
Cavan. 
CASTLE  THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
CAS'TLETOX,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  13  miles 
VV.  by  S.  of  Sheffield,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  rugged 
eminence,  on  which  stands  the  ancient  castle  called  Pejik 
Castle,  erected  by  Williiun  Peveril.  natural  son  of  the  Con- 
queror. The  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  mining ; 
but  many  derive  a  subsistence  from  the  manufacture  of 
ornamental  articles  from  spar,  and  from  strangers  visiting 
the  many  remarkable  natural  curiosities  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, the  most  extraordinary  of  which  is  the  Peak  Cavern, 
or  Devil's  Cave,  consisting  of  a  series  of  subterranous  cham- 
bers, which  can  be  explored  only  by  torchlight.  The  whole 
depth  of  the  excavation  inwards,  from  the  outward  open- 
ing, is  2:500  feet.  The  Peveril  of  the  PmIc  of  Sir  Waltor 
tcott's  novel  of  that  name,  was  the  supposed  founder  of  the 
original  castles  at  (ILaslleton.     Pop.  1500. 

r-ASTLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
O.\SrLET0N,  a  township,  in  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
CASTLETON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rutland  co., 


Vermont,  on  Castleton  River,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Montptlier. 
The  Rutland  and  Washington,  and  the  Saratoga  and  Ostle- 
ton  Railroads  here  intt^rsect  each  other,  and  unito  with  the 
Vermont  and  Canada  lines.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Castleton 
Medical  College,  founded  in  1818,  connected  with  Middle- 
burg  College,  and  contains  another  seminary  of  high  repu- 
tation, attended  by  about  "200  pupUs,  a  Ixmk,  and  numerous 
stores.  It  has  manufactures  of  carriages,  woollen  goods,  and 
leather.    Pop.  2862. 

CASTLETON,  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad, 
8  miles  S.  of  Albany,  contains  1  or  2  chuiches,  and  about 
400  inhabitants. 

CASTLETON,  a  township  of  Richmond  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  N.  end  of  Staten  Island,  contains  New  Brighton  \iUage, 
Pop.  f>778. 
CASTLETON,  a  pos(H)fflce  of  Culpepper  co.,  Virginia. 
C.4.STLET0N,  a  postrtownship  in   Barry  co.,  Midiigan, 
about  10  miles  E.  of  Hastings.    Pop.  781. 
C.VSTLETON,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa. 
CAS'TLETON  OF  BRAE'.MAR,  a  vilbige  of  .Scoaand,  Cr» 
thy  parish,  Aberdeenshire,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Cluiiie,  a 
little  aljove  its  junction  with  the  Dee.  57  miles  W.  of  Aber- 
deen.    It  ha.s  2  good  inns,  frequented  by  toui-ists. 

CASTLETOWN,  or  LID/DLESDALE,  an  extensive  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  with  a  village,  (New  C;t.«Ue- 
town,)  16  miles  S.  of  Hawick.  It  has  a  border  fortress, 
named  Hermitage  Castle,  but  derived  its  name  from  another 
of  earlier  date,  which,  like  the  old  vUla^je  of  Castletown,  no 
longer  exists. 

CAS'^l'LETOWN,  or  CASTLETOWN  BEREHA'VEN,  a  sea- 
port-town of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  on  the  W.  side 
of  Bantry  Bay,  opposite  Bere  Island,  18  miles  W.  of  Ban  try. 
I'op.  881.  Vessels  of  400  tons  can  reach  its  pier ;  and  it» 
trade  revived  temporarily  with  the  working  of  AUahais  cop- 
per-mines. 

C.\^STLETOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Louth. 

CASTLETOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

CASTLETOWN,  the  capital  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  England, 
in  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Ciistle- 
town  Bay.  Pop.  22S3.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  most  an- 
cient town  on  the  island,  but  its  present  buUdiugs  are  mo- 
dern. In  the  centre  is  a  large  square,  with  market-house; 
St.  Mary's  church  faces  the  parade,  and  Iving  Willi!uu'a 
College,  founded  in  1830,  is  in  the  vicinity.  Cii.etle  Itusheu, 
said  to  have  been  built  in  900,  by  a  Danish  prince,  and  once 
the  residence  of  royalty,  now  a  prLson  and  Lan-acks,  st.ands 
on  a  rock  in  the  centre  of  the  town.  Here  is  the  residence 
of  the  lieutenant-governor  of  the  island. 

CAS'TLETOWN-AR/RA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperary. 

CAS^rLETOWN-DEIA'IN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster, CO.  of  West  Meath,  7  miles  W.  of  .\thboy.  Near  the  vil- 
lage is  Clonyn  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Maiquis  of  Westmeath. 
CASTLETOWN-ROCHE,  rOch.  a  town  and  parish  uf  Ire- 
land,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  on  the  Awbeg,  8  miles  ^\■.N.W. 
of  Fermoy.  Pop.  of  the  town,  1003.  It  stands  on  a  wooded 
height,  and  has  small  infantry  barracks. 

CAS/TLETOWNS/END,  a  small  seaport-town  of  Ireknd,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  on  the  W.  side  of  Gastlehaven  I'ay,  4 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Skibbereen.  Pop.  770.  It  has  the  custom- 
house for  the  port  of  Baltimore. 

CAS/TLE-W EI/LAN,  a  market^town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Down,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Clough.    Pop.  806.    It  gives  the 
title  of  baron  to  the  Earl  of  Annesley,  lord  of  the  manor, 
whose  seat.  Castle  Wellan,  adjoins  the  town. 
CASTON,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
CASTOR,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton, 4  miles  W.  of  Peterborough,  on  a  branch  of  the 
liondon  and  North-western  Itailway.    Castor  is  the  Duro- 
hrii'o:  of  Antoninus,  and  remains  of  many  buildings,  as  baths 
and  villas,  with  tessellated  pavements,  have  been  found 
here.    Pop.  of  village,  716. 
CAS/TOR,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  parish,  Louisiana. 
CASTOR  BAYOU,  Louisiana,  rises  in  .laclison  parish,  and 
flowing  southward,  unites  with  the  Dugdemoua  at  the  N. 
extremity  of  Rapides  parish. 

CASTORIO,  kas-to/roK),  or  FRENCH  CAMP,  a  village  of 
San  Joaquin  CO..  California,  is  situated  on  a  channel  of  its 
own  name,  about  5  miles  S.  of  Stockton.  The  i)lace  woa 
formerly  the  headquai'ters  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 
Pop.  1600. 

C.-VS/TOR  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  rises  in  St.  Francis  co..  in 
the  E.S.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  in  a  generil  south- 
erly direction,  communicates  by  several  arms  with  a  group 
of  small  lakes  in  Stoddard  county,  and  afterwards  joins  the 
Whitewater  River.  The  stream  thus  firmed,  which  is 
sometimes  called  Castor  River,  but  more  frequently  the 
Whitewater,  after  receiving  the  outlet  if  Lake  I'cmisco, 
falls  into  Big  Lake,  which  is  connected  with  the  St.  Fran- 
cois by  Little  River.  Most  of  the  region  through  which  it 
flows  is  low  or  swamp  land,  and  the  streams  not  only  often 
spread  themselves  over  a  large  surCice,  forming  extensive 

393 


CAS 


CAT 


n  fcrshel  >r  lakes,  but  frequently  change  their  channels,  or 
taake  fo)  thwinselTes  several  different  outlets. 

CAS"P)RVILLE.  a  Tillage  of  Lewis  co..  New  York,  on 
Beaver  Kiver.  alKiut  CO  miles  N'.W.  of  Utica. 

CASTORVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Medina  Co., 
Texas,  on  Medina  River,  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  San  Antonio. 

CASTKA  CJiCILIA.    See  Cackres. 

CASTRKS,  kSst'r.a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
^n  both  sides  of  the  Agout,  here  crossed  by  two  stone 
bridges.  23  miles  S.E.  of  Albi.  Pop.  in  1852.  20,815.  It  is 
thi  most  populous  and  flouris^hing  town  in  the  department. 
Vhnugh  generally  ill  built,  it  has  some  good  edifices,  in- 
cluding the  old  episcopal  palace,  now  used  for  the  town- 
hall,  a  public  librai-y,  a  church  with  some  good  works  of 
art.  a  theatre,  barracks,  and  exchange.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
I'rntestaut  coneistury,  having  been  one  of  the  first  towns 
whioh  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Calvin:  diocesan  and 
other  superior  schools,  a  council  of  agriculture,  and  a 
chamber  of  manufactures.  It  has  important  and  cele- 
brated manufactures  of  cassimeres,  military  clothing,  and 
Cotton  goods,  besides  copper  wares,  glue,  soap,  and  paper; 
coal,  iron,  lead,  and  copper  are  raised  in  its  vicinity ;  and 
the  town  h-as  an  active  trade  in  wool,  liqueurs,  and  confec- 
tionary. It  was  long  the  residence  of  Henri  IV.,  and  is  the 
birthplace  of  Dacier,  Rapin,  and  the  Abb6  Sabatier. 

C.A.STRES.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Glronde,  11 
miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  in  1852,  722. 

CASTRI,  kis'tree,  a  village  of  Greece,  government  of  Pho- 
eis,  occupying  a  portion  of  the  site  of  ancient  Delphi,  on  the 
southern  declivity  of  Mount  Parnassus,  7  miles  E.of  Salona. 
About  250  yards  E.is  the  famous  Cast.alian  Spring. 

C.-iSTKIES.  kdsHree/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault,  7  miles  N.E.  Montpellier,  with  a  fine  Gothic  castle. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  954. 

CASTRIES.  k^sHre©',  or  PORT  CASTRIES,  the  principal 
town  of  the  island  of  St.  Lucia,  in  the  British  West  Indies, 
on  its  W.  coast,  with  a  good  port  and  extensive  commerce. 
Pop.  2400. 

CASTRO,  kjs'tro.  a  seaport  town  of  Naples.  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Otranto,  on  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  7000.  It  hiis  an  old 
castle,  a  cathedral,  a  harbor  for  small  vessels,  and  some  ex- 
port trade  in  corn,  wine,  olives,  fruit,  cotton,  and  fish.  It 
has  repeatedly  suffered  from  attacks  of  Barbary  corsairs. 

C.-VSTKO.  (anc.  Castrenumium  t)  a  village  of  Italy,  In  the 
Pontifical  States,  25  miles  W.N.W.of  Viterbo,  on  the  Olpeta, 
near  the  Tuscan  frontier. 

CASTRO,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  9 
miles  S.  of  Frosinone. 

CASTRO,  kis'tro  (anc.  MilyUlne,)  s  seaport  town  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  capital  of  the  island  of  Mitylene,  on  its  E. 
coast.  55  miles  N.W.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  6500.  It  extends  in 
a  semicircle  around  a  shallow  harbor,  and  has  a  large  castle, 
several  churches,  convents,  and  mosques.  In  the  gardens 
of  its  suburbs  are  many  vestiges  of  the  ancient  Mitylene. 

C.VSTRO,  kd.s'tro.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Paulo, 
W.  of  the  Sierra  do  Mar,  and  85  miles  N.W.  of  Curitiba. 
Pop.  of  the  district,  8000. 

CASTRO,  kis'tro,  a  town  and  seaport  of  Chili,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Chiloe,  at  the  head  of  a  fine  bay  of  the 
same  name.  Its  port  is  good,  and  it  carries  on  some  trade. 
It  was  founded  in  1560  by  Don  Lopez  Garcia,  then  viceroy 
of  Peru.     Pop.  3500. 

CASTRO-CONTRIOO.  kfc'tro-kon-tree'go,  a  town  of  Spain, 
40  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Leon,  on  the  Eria.    Pop.  1494. 

CASTRO  DAIRE,  kis'tro  dl'rd.  a  town  and  parish  of  Poi^ 
tugal,  province  of  Beira-.\lta,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lamego, 
trith  a  church  and  a  hospital.    Pop.  2400. 

CASTRO-DEL-RIO.  kis'tro-djl-ree'o,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  16  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Cordova,  on  a  declivity  on 
the  Guadajoz.  The  more  ancient  part  of  the  town  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  dilapidated  wall,  flanked  with  towers,  and 
entered  by  one  gate,  which  was  defeiuled  by  an  Arab  castle, 
now  also  ruinous.  The  modern  portion  is  outside  the  walls, 
and  extends  along  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  its  N.  side.  Most 
of  the  streets  are  wide  and  regular,  lined  with  well-built 
houses  and  hand.some  public  edifices.  Its  parish  church  is 
spacious,  hxs  three  naves,  and  a  lofty  tower  containing  a 
clock  and  peal  of  six  bells.  Here  are  two  colleges,  several 
primary  schools,  some  convents  with  churches  attached, 
and  an  economic  society.  The  remaining  public  buildings 
comprise  six  chapels,  two  hospitals,  a  capacious  town-hall. 

firison,  store-house,  and  cemetery.  It  has  manuCictures  of 
Inen,  woollen,  and  hempen  fabrics,  earthenware,  tiles, 
bricks,  lime,  brandy,  wine,  oil,  and  vinegar;  and  trade  in 
wheat,  cattle,  oil,  honey,  &c.     Pop.  9092. 

CASTIKWIOV  VN  N  I.  kis'tro-jo-vdn'nee,  (axicEnlna,)  a  city 
of  Si.ily.  intendancy  of  Catania,  on  a  table-land  in  the  centre 
of  the  island,  4000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  13  miles  N.E.  of 
Caltanlsetta.  P*  j.  11,140.  Though  hejilthy.  well  supplied 
with  water,  and  tn  a  highly  fertile  tract,  it  is  in  decay,  and 
Its  chief  edifice  is  a  feud.il  fortress.  Enna  was  celebrated 
la  antl(iuity  as  the  mythical  birthplace  of  Ceres,  and  the 
site  of  her  most  lamous  temple;  and  about  5  miles  distant 
is  the  Lake  of  Pergusa.  where  Proserpine  was.  according  to 
the  poets,  carried  off  by  Pluto.  During  the  first  Servile 
394 


War,  Enna  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  sl»,'r'-,«,  who  YiAA 
out  against  the  power  of  Home  for  some  y'<a»«,  avJl  for.ght 
three  successive  battles  with  her  ai-mies  but  were  at  list 
subdued,  and  the  town  was  taken  by  Cous'ol  R'jpiiius. 

CASTRaTERlZ,kis'tro-H.Areeth',(anc.  antrum,  Catarisf) 
a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  18  mileo  W.  of  Burgos,  be- 
tween the  Orda  and  Garbanzuela.     Pop.  2434. 

CASTRO  LABOKEIRO.  kfe^tro  l5-lx)-r?,'e-i-o.  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho,  32  mil«s  N.E.  of 
Ponte-do-Lima,  on  an  elevated  plateau  in  a  mountainous  dis- 
trict near  the  frontiers  of  Spain.  It  contains  an  old  ruined 
castle,  and  owing  to  its  great  height,  and  total  want  of  shel- 
ter bv  trees,  is  considei'ed  the  coldest  place  in  PortugaL 
Pop.  1500. 

CASTRO  MARIM,  Yls>tro  ml-rees^,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Algarve,  in  the  S.E.  comer  of  the  kingdom,  on 
the  Guadiana.  and  near  its  embourb'are,  16  miles  N.E.  of 
Tavira,  on  the  Spanish  frontier.  It  vas  ouce  fortified,  but 
the  fortifications  are  now  in  ruins     Pop.  2260. 

CASTRONUOVO,  kis'tro-noo-o'vo,  a  fortified  town  of 
Sicily,  intendancy  of  Palermo,  on  i  mountain.  25  miles  N.  of 
Girgenti.     Pop.  5S20.     Near  it  ars  quarries  of  fine  marble. 

C-\STRONUOVO,  a  town  of  N  iples.  province  of  Basllicata, 
34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  2500. 

CASTROPETRE,  kis'tro-pee'tgr,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  Kinir's  county. 

CASTR0PIGNANO,kas'ti-o-peen-ya'no,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Molise.  near  the  Biferno,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Campohasso.    Pop.  2558. 

CASTROPOL,  kSs-tro-pol'.  a  small  .seaport  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  68  miles  W.N.W.  of  Uviedo,  with  a  ruined  for- 
tress, near  the  mouth  of  the  Kibadeo,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay. 
Pop.  1575. 

CASTRO-REALE,  kis'tro-ri-Ki  a  city  of  Sicily.  Intend- 
ancy of  Messina,  capital  of  the  district,  on  the  Castro,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Milazzo. 

CASTRO-URDIALES.  kJs/tro-ooR-de-ilJs,  a  seaport  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles  E.  of  Santander.  on  the  Bay 
of  Biscay.  Pop.  2936.  The  town,  sacked  by  the  French  in 
1811,  has  been  rebuilt,  and  is  now  clean  and  regular.  It 
has  walls  and  bastions  on  the  land  side,  and  an  old  castle: 
its  harbor  is  celebrated  for  safety,  and  it  has  extensive  fish- 
eries.    Near  it  is  a  ruined  convent  of  the  Templars. 

CASTRO  VERDE,  kds'tro-vSR'dA.  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo,  in  the  plain  of  Ourique,  26  miles  S.  of 
Beja,  with  2000  inhabitants,  and  a  collegiate  church. 

CASTROVILLARI.  kds'tro-vil-ld'ree.'a  fortified  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cas- 
sano.  Pop.  5650.  In  its  vicinity,  near  Monte  PoUino,  the 
famous  cheese  called  cacio  carallo  is  made. 

CASTRO-VIREYNA,  kis'trO-ve-rAVn^,  a  town  of  Peru, 
capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of 
Huaneavelica,  is  situated  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Andes,  at 
the  head  of  a  stream  falling  into  the  Pacific,  165  miles  S.K 
of  Lim.a.    Pop.  of  the  province,  in  1850.  15.348. 

CASTRO-VIRRYNA.kJs'ti-o-veeR-itee'nd.atown  of  South- 
em  Peru,  department  of  Ayachucho.  112  miles  S.W.  of  Uua- 
manga,  which,  though  in  a  tropical  region,  is  so  elevated, 
that  its  inhabitants  often  suffer  from  the  intensity  of  the 
cold. 

CASTRUM  NOVUM.    See  GirinxovA. 

C.\STU.\,  kSs-toc/i  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Tllvria.  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  peninsula  of  Istriii.near  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero, 
34  miles  S.E.  of  Triest..  It  was  formerly  important,  as  the 
capital  of  the  ancient  Liburnia,  but  is  now  decayed,  and 
has  only  500  inhabitants. 

CASfUERA,  kL«-too-A'rS.  a  town  of  Sp,aiu.  68  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Radajos,  near  the  Guadalefra.  Pop.  6572.  It  has 
trade  in  fruit  and  wine. 

CASUENTUS.     See  Basiexto. 

CAS/WELL,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virgini,^  has  an  area  of  about  400  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Hycootee  Itiver  and  County 
Line  Creek,  affluents  of  Dan  River  which  twice  crosses  the 
N.  border  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  undulating:  the 
soil  fertile.  The  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  when 
finished,  will  be  a  valuable  improvement  to  the  county. 
Organized  in  1777,  and  named  in  honor  of  Richard  Caswef), 
thefirst(?overnorofthestateundertheconstitution.  Capital, 
Yancey.  Pop.  16,215,  of  whom  6860  were  free,  and  9355  slaves. 

CASWELL,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi. 

CAT.-VHOULA,  kat Vhooaa,  a  p.aVish  situated  towards  tho 
N.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  1970  square  miles.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Washita,  Tensas,  Black,  and  Little  Rivers. 
The  siirface  is  partly  covered  liy  hills.near  the  Washita  River, 
The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  The  rock  which  underlies 
the  parish  is  sandstone.  Several  of  the  rivers  are  navigable 
bv  steamboats  through  this  parish  and  on  its  borders.  Or- 
g.">nize(J  in  1808.  Capital,  Harrisonburg.  Pop.  11,651,  of 
whom  55.38  were  free,  and  6113  slaves. 

CATAHOULA  (ka-t.a-hoona)  LAKE,  situated  in  the  N.E. 
central  part  of  Louisianii,  in  tlie  parish  of  the  same  name, 
is  15  or  2iJ  miles  long,  and  2  or  3  wide.  In  times  of  floods, 
these  dimensions  are  somewhat  enlarged.  Little  River 
enters  its  S.W.  extremity,  and  flows  from  the  N.E.  part. 


CAT 


CAT 


CATALA'MET  or  CATIILA'MET,  capital  of  Wahkiakum 
CO.,  AVasliitigton  Territory,  on  the  Columbia  River,  about  40 
miles  trum  its  mouth. 

CATALAUM  or  CATALAUNUM.  See  CHAlo>fS-SDR- 
Makne. 

CATALONIA. kat-a-lo'ne-a/Sp.ai<<i7i/«a.kd-td-loon'ya;Fr. 
Oatab:;jnp.,  kdHd'loil';  It.  aitaloyna,  kd-td-Wn'yd;  Ger.  OitaUh 
nien.  kd-td-lo'ne-en.)  an  old  province  in  the  N'.li.  of  Spain, 
bounded  N.  by  Andorra  and  the  Pyrenees,  \V.  by  Aragon.  S. 
by  Valencia,  and  K.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Lentrf h,  185  miles ; 
greatest  breadth,  130  miles;  but,  bsina;  of  a  triangular  form, 
the  breadth  diminishes  southward  to  '23  and  22  miles.  A  rea, 
12,636  square  miles.  Its  capital  wjis  Barcelona;  it  is  now  di- 
vided into  the  provinces  of  Barcelona,  Tarragona.  Larida,  and 
Gerona.  It  is  extremely  mountainous,  being  intersected  by 
the  contreforts  of  the  Pyrenees,  which  separate  it  into  nume- 
rous small  valleys.  Near  its  centre.  Mount  Serrat.  remarkable 
for  its  curious  form,  is  4054  feet  in  elevation.  All  the  higher 
mountains  of  Catalonia  are  perpetually  covered  with  snow, 
and  the  lower  hills  with  wood.  The  valleys  are  verdant, 
and  generally  watered  by  a  rivulet.  The  coasts,  about  190 
miles  in  e.xteut,  are  bold  and  rugged ;  the  surface  is  well 
watered.  Chief  rivers,  the  Ebro.  the  Llobregat,  and  the  Ter. 
This  is  the  best  cultivated  portion  of  Spain ;  every  variety 
of  bread-corn  is  raised.  Among  its  mineral  riches  are  copper, 
zinc,  manganese,  lead,  and  coal;  there  is  a  celebrated  salt- 
mine at  Cardona,  and  salt-works  on  the  coast.  The  manu- 
fectuiing  Industry  of  this  district  ha.s  long  been  famous, 
and  is  still  the  most  important  in  the  kingdom.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  produced  are  woollens,  cotton,  silk,  and  leatlier, 
Esper,  cordage,  and  fir^-arms.  The  Catalans  speak  a  peculiar 
inguage,  distinct  from  the  Castilian. 

Catalonia  was  anciently  under  the  dominion  of  the  Ro- 
mans, who  were  afterwards  dispossessed  by  the  Goths,  and 
and  they  again  by  the  Moors.  It  was  finally  reconquered 
b^  the  Spaniards,  when  it  was  divided  into  departments, 
and  governed  by  deputed  counts.  The  national  liberties 
were  secured  by  the  code  of  Usages,  and  the  people  were 
represented  by  local  parliaments.  In  1040,  the  sovereignty 
became  hereditary.  In  1137,  the  province  was  united  to 
Aragon,  by  the  marriage  of  Ramon  Rerenguer  IV.  with  I'e- 
tronila,  the  heiress  of  the  former.  Turbulent  and  imp,i- 
tient  of  restraint,  the  subse<iuent  history  of  the  Catalans 
presents  but  a  series  of  rebellions,  which  finally  terminated 
in  their  subjugation  by  Philip  V.,  who.  after  the  capture  of 
Harcelona  in  1714,  suppressed  their  ancient  cortes  and  cur- 
tailed their  liberties  and  privileges,  having  previously  laid 
the  county  waste  by  fire  and  sword.  The  principal  towns 
are  Barcelona,  Tarragon-a,  Gerona,  Lerida,  Reus,  Manresa. 

Tortosa,  &c.     Pop.  1.283,734 Adj.  and  inhab.  Cat'ala.n 

and  Catalonian,  kat-a-lo'ne-an;  (Sp.  Catalan,  kd-td-ldn'.) 

C  ATAL'P  A  G  RO  V  K,  a  postlofflce  of  .Marshall  co.,  Tennessee. 

CATALPA  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Kentucky. 

CATALPA  GROVE,  a  postofBce  of  Benton  CO.,  Indiana. 

CAT  A  LUNA.    See  Catalonia. 

CATA'MA  CREEK,  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama,  enters 
Alabama  River  alx>ut  12  miles  W.  of  tlie  capit.il  of  the  state. 

CATAMARCA,  kd-td-maB/kd,  a  department  of  the  Confede- 
ration of  La  Plata,  in  South  America,  between  lat.  25'-'  and  29° 
S.,  and  Ion.  66°  and  69°  AV.,  having  W.  the  Andes,  separat- 
ing it  from  the  northern  provinces  of  Chili,  and  on  other 
sides  the  departments  of  Salta,  Tucunian,  Cordova,  and 
Rioja.  Pop.  estimated  at  50.000.  It  is  extremely  fertile, 
and  produces  corn  and  cattle  for  home  consumption,  sup- 
plies tlie  adjacent  departments  with  cotton,  and  sends  con- 
sideialile  quantities  of  red  pepper  to  Buenos  Ayres. 

CATAM.A.RCA,  the  capitiil  of  the  above  department,  is 
situated  on  a  small  stream  about  275  miles  N.W.  of  Santiago, 
in  lat.  27°  30'  S.,  Ion.  68°  W.     Pop.  4000. 

CATANA.    See  Catania. 

CATANDUANES,  kd-tduMoo-d/nSs,  one  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  near  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Luzon,  40  miles  long  and  15  broad;  it  is  fertile  and  well 
cultivated.     Chief  town,  Virac. 

C.\TANIA,  kd-td'ned,  (anc.  GiOana  or  CatJina,)  a  cele- 
brated city  and  seaport  of  Sicily,  on  its  E.  coast,  31  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Syracuse.  It  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  foot 
of  Etna,  its  despuiler  and  its  beneCictor.  Overwhelmed  as 
it  has  often  been  by  torrents  of  liquid  fire,  it  has  risen,  like 
the  phoenix,  more  resplendent  from  its  a.shes.  The  very 
substance  which  once  rav.aged  its  plains,  has,  by  its  own 
decomposition,  covered  them  with  soil  fertile  as  the  fabled 
garden  of  the  Hesperides;  and  on  all  sides  tlie  material  of 
destruction  is  turned  to  the  purposes  of  ornament  and 
utility. 

The  city  has  a  noble  appearance  from  the  sea,  and  is  in- 
ternally very  handsome,  with  regular  and  spacious  streets 
paved  with  lava,  of  which  material  the, numerous  public 
buildings  are  constructed,  the  latter  being  faced  with  mag- 
nssian  limestone  and  enriched  with  marbles.  *  A  natural 
mole  of  lava  encloses .  the  harbor.  Principal  edifices,  the 
Cathedral,  rebuilt  after  the  great  earthquake  of  1693,  the 
Senate-h  mse.  Government  Pawn-bank,  a  Benedictine  con- 
vent (if  vast  extent,  and  with  a  superb  church,  a  large  mu- 
eeuni,  &c.,  about  30  ether  convents  and  50  churches,  some 


of  which  are  very  splendid,  several  charitable  «stsVil»li- 
ments,  foundling  and  lying-in  hospitals,  and  .'  Magdalen 
asylum.  In  a  fine  square  near  the  cathedral  is  a  statue  of 
an  elephant  bearing  an  obelisk,  believed  to  be  a  genuine 
antique.  The  university,  founded  in  1445,  has  an  annual 
revenue  of  alxjve  20(Xii.,  and  its  library  and  museums  are 
open  on  holidays  to  tlie  public.  Catania  has  a  college  of 
arts  and  numerous  private  museums;  it  is  a  bishop's  see, 
the  seat  of  one  of  the  three  high  civil  and  criminal  coi-rts 
in  Sicily,  and  of  inferior  courts,  and  it  is  investfH  -yith  va- 
rious high  privileges.  It  has,  exten-'lTb  manufactures  of 
silk  fabrics,  and  of  wares  in  lava  and  amber;  besides  which 
goods  it  exports  corn,  macaroni,  potatoes,  olives,  figs,  raw 
silk,  wine,  .soda,  manna,  can tharides,  and  snow  from  Mount 
Ktna.  The  liarbor  is  not  adequate  to  the  importance  of  tho 
city,  but  it  is  generally  full  of  small  craft, 

Cataui;i  is  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Phoeni- 
cians, It  was  occupied  by  the  Romans  under  the  name  of 
Catana,  and  by  them  it  was  adorned  with  edifices  of  great 
magnificence,  most  of  which,  however,  have  been  destroyed 
by  earthquakes  and  by  the  lava  from  Jlount  Etna.  The 
ruins  of  the  amphitheatre,  which  was  more  extensive  than 
the  Colosseum  at  Rome,  or  than  any  other  edifice  of  the 
same  kind  now  known  to  exist,  are  still  to  be  seen ;  as  also 
the  remains  of  the  theatre,  baths,  aqueducts,  sepulchral 
chambers,  hippodrome,  and  several  temples.  Besides  being 
destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of  1693.  the  town  again  suf- 
fered from  a  similar  calamity  in  1783  and  1818 ;  and,  so  late 
as  1846,  an  earthquake  rent  many  of  its  houses.  Pop.  64,921. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Catanian,  kd-td'ne-an. 

CATAMA,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Sicily,  extending  from  La  Tre/.za  Bay.  near 
Acl  Reale,  to  Cape  Santa  Croce,  near  Agosta.  a  distance  of 
18  miles.  It  receives  the  Giaretta  River;  and  the  city  of 
Catania  and  towns  of  CasteUo  d"Aci,  Lenza,  and  La  Bruca 
are  on  its  shores. 

CATANZARO,  kd-tdn-zd/ro,  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  II.,  on  a  mountain  near  the  Gulf  of  Squil- 
lace,  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cosenza.  Pop.  17,130.  Many  of  its 
principal  buildings  were  destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of 
1788 ;  but  it  still  has  a  cathedral  and  other  churches,  a 
castle,  a  royal  academy  of  sciences,  diocesan  school,  college, 
and  foundling  hospital,  with  a  government  pawn-bank,  and 
other  charitable  institutions.  It  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the 
four  great  civil  courts  of  the  kingdom,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  silk,  velvet,  and  woollen  fabrics,  and  an  active 
trade  in  agricultural  produce. 

CATAPULICIIE,  kd-td-poo-lee/chA.  a  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, rising  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Chilian  Andes,  ab'  ut  lat. 
39°  15'  S.,  and,  after  a  course  of  58  miles,  falls  into  the  Rio 
Negro  about  lat.  40°  3'  S. 

CAT'ARACT,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana. 

CATARROJA,  kd-taR-Bo/nd,  a  town  of  Spain.  6  miles  S.  of 
Valencia.  Pop.  3585,  mostly  engaged  in  raising  rice  and 
fishing  in  the  Lake  Alhufei-a. 

CATAS  ALTAS,  kd/tds  dl'tds,  a  well-built  village  of  Bra- 
zil, province  of  Minas  Geraes,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ouro 
Petro.    Pop.  3000.    In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  iron-mines. 

CAT^ASAU'QUA,  a  new  and  thriving  post-borough  of 
Hanover  township,  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Lehigh  River.  3  miles  above  Allen  town,  and  54 
miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contiiins  7  churches,  1  bank, 
4  hotels,  2  machine-shops,  2  rolling-mills,  gas  works,  and  5 
blast  furnaces  of  the  Lehigh  Crane  Company.  The  Lehigh 
Valley  Railroad  passes  through  Catasauqua.  It  is  stated  that 
one  of  the  furnaces  near  this  place  has  turned  out  248 
tons  of  iron  in  a  week ;  a  yield  which  has  sc;u-cely  been 
equalled  in  this  or,  perhaps,  in  any  other  country.  Pop, 
1932. 

CArATONK/,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co..  New  York. 

C.\TAU'LA.  a  post-office  of  Harris  co.,  Georgia. 

CATAULA  CREEK,  Georri.a.    See  Mulberiiy  Creek. 

CATAWBA,  or  GREAT  CATAWBA,  a  river  of  North  and 
South  Carolina,  has  its  sources  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  Burke 
county  of  the  former  state.  It  flows  nearly  eastward  to  the 
Vi'.  border  of  Iredell  county;  after  which  it  pursues  a  soutli- 
erly  course,  and  enters  South  Carolina  near  the  mouth  of 
Little  Catawba,  and  about  15  miles  from  Yorkville.  In  the 
latter  state  it  forms  the  boundary  between  Lancaster  dis- 
trict, on  the  one  hand,  and  York  and  Chester  districts,  on 
the  other,  till  it  arrives  at  Rocky  Mount,  and  takes  the 
name  of  Wateree.  The  length  of  the  Catawba  is  estimated 
at  250  miles.  It  flows  through  the  gild  region  of  North 
Carolina.  The  Wateree,  after  a  southerly  course  of  about 
100  miles,  unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form  the  Santee. 

CATA^VBA,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, has  an  area  of  about  250  square  miles.  The  Great 
Catawba,  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  forms  the  bound- 
ary on  the  N.  and  E.;  the  county  is  ilso  drained  by  the 
South  Catawba.  The  surface  is  diver.  Ified;  the  soil  is  fei^ 
tile.  Formed  from  the  N.  part  of  Lincoln,  in  the  year  1842, 
Capital,  Newton.  Pop.  10,729,  of  whom  9065  were  free,  and 
1064  slaves. 

CATA^VBA,  a  village  of  Atlantic  co..  New  Jersey,  4  miles 
S.E.  of  May's  Landing,  has  a  church,  and  about  2u  houses. 

895 


CAT 


CAT 


CATAWBA,  a  post-office  of  Botetourt  co.,  Tlr^nU. 

CATAWBA,  a  small  postrvillajre  of  Clarke  CO..  Ohio. 
CATAWBA  CllKKK.  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Virginia, 
flows  north-ea-^tward  through  Roanoke  county,  and  enters 
the  James  Kiver  in  Botetourt  county. 

CATAWBA  CKKEK,  a  postoffice  of  Gaston  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

CATAAVBA  SPRINGS,  a  post-villaee  in  Lincoln  co.,  North 
Carolina.  160  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

CATAWBA  VIKW,  a  postofflce  of  Caldwell  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

CATA  WIS'SA,  a  creek  in  Pennsylvania,  empties  itself  into 
the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  a  few  miles  below 
Bloomsburar. 

CATAWISSA-,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbia 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  (E.)  bank  of  the  North  Branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Catawissa  Creek, 
75  miles  N.N.K.  of  Harrisburg.  The  Catawissa  Railroad 
connects  it  with  Willianisport,  Port  Clinton,  &c.  There  are 
several  iron-works  in  operation  here.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
6hip,  llTti. 

CATAWTSSA  FORGE,  a  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 87  miles  N.N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

CATAWISSA  MOUNTAIN.  Pennsylvania,  on  the  S.  side 
of  Catawissa  Creek,  is  principally  included  in  Columbia 
county,  between  its  south-eastern  limit  and  the  Susque- 
hanna River. 

CATAWISSA  VAIiLEY,  a  postroffice  of  Schuylkill  co, 
Pennsylvania. 

CATBALOGAN,  k3t-bl-lo-gin',  written  also  CADVA- 
LONGA,  kid-vil-lon'gd,  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  capital 
of  the  island  of  Samar.  Pop.  6328.  It  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  river  near  the  centre  of  the  W.  coast.  It 
is  regularly  built,  mostly  of  wood,  and  is  the  residence  of  a 
Spanish  alcalde. 

C.\T'COTT,  a  chapel  ry  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CATEAU,  Le,  Igh  ki'tO',  or  CATEAU-CAMBRESIS,  kd'- 
t6'-kSm*br4'see'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord.  on 
the  Selle,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cambrai.  Pop.  in  1852,  8233. 
It  is  Well  built,  and  was  formerly  fortified.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  shawls,  merinoes,  and  calicoes.  The  treaty  of 
Cateau-Cambresis  between  Philip  II.  of  Spain  and  Henry  II. 
of  France,  was  signed  here  in  1559. 

CATELET,  Le^  \ih  kiVW,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne,  10  miles  N,  of  St,  Quentin,  on  the  Scheldt.  Pop. 
in  1852,  606.    It  wa-s  once  fortified. 

CATERLI.  kjHerMee',  a  maritime  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
on  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  175  miles  N.N.E,  of  Smyrna. 

CATES'BY  AB'BEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton, 4  miles  S.W.  of  Daventry,  A  priory  was  founded 
here  in  the  reign  of  Richard  I,,  whence  its  name. 

CAT'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CAT'FJSH  CREEK,  of  Marion  district,  South  Carolina, 
flows  southward  into  the  Great  Pedee. 

CATFISH  FURNACE,  a  postoffice  of  Qarion  co.,  Penn- 
Bylvania. 

CATFISH  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  is  the  outlet  of  the 
"Four  Lakes"  of  Dane  county,  and  flows  south-eastward 
into  Rock  River.  The  rapids  in  the  lower  parts  of  its  course 
furnish  fine  water-power. 

CATII'AKTNE  or  CATHARINE'S,  a  post-village  and 
township  of  Schuyler  co.,  New  York,  at  the  S.  end  of  Seneca 
Liike,  Ui  milfs  N.  of  Elmira.     Pop.  of  the  township  3688. 

CATHARINE,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  815. 

CATHARINE  LAKK,  a  post-office  of  Onslow  co.,  N.  C. 

CATHAY.    See  China, 

CATH'CART,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Renfrew  and 
Lanark,  on  the  White  Cart  River,  2  miles  S.  of  Glasgow. 
The  Battle  of  Langside.  the  last  fought  on  behalf  of  Queen 
Mary,  took  place  in  this  parish,  1568. 

C.iTH'CAKT.  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Indiana, 

CATHEDaNE.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

CATH'HRINE  or  CATHERINE'S,  a  group  of  three  small, 
low  islands.  South  Pacific  Ocean,  Gilolo  Passage.  Lat.  0° 
39'  S. :  Ion.  129°  11'  E. 

CATHERINE  or  CATHERINE'S,  several  small  islets  off 
the  extreme  S.  point  of  Boothia  Felix.  Lat  69°  20'  37"  N. : 
Ion.  94°  31'  65"  W, 

CATH'KRINGTON.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Hants. 

CATH'ERSTONE-LEWSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

CATH'EY'S  CREEK,  a  postoffioe  of  Henderson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CATIILAMET.    See  Catal-^met. 

C.VriNA.    SeeCATAMA. 

CAT  ISLAND.    See  San  Salvador. 

CAT  ISLAND.at  the  entraucc  of  Lake  Borgne.  Louisiana, 
5  miles  W.  of  Ship  Island.    On  if  is  a  fixed  li,'ht.  45  feet  high. 

CAT  KAYS  or  CAT  KEYS,  a  group  of  islets  off  Great  Ba- 
hama Bank,  the  largest  atiout  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  the  nearest 
point  of  Great  Bahama  Island,  and  10  miles  from  the  Bernini 
Islands.  It  has  a  light-house,  with  a  tower  55  feet  in  height, 
Lat.  2.';°  .14'  :'^)"  N..  Ion.  79°  18'  24"  W. 

CAT'LKTT.apost^ffice  of  Fauquier  CO.,  Virginia. 
390 


CAT'LETTSBCRG,  a  post-village  of  Boyd  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sandy  River,  150  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Frankfort. 

C.'VT'HN,  n  township  of  Chemung  co..  New  York.  P.  1308. 

CATM,\NDOO,  capital  of  Nepaul.     See  Khatmasdoo. 

CAT'MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

CATO,  ki'to,  a  post-villiige  and  township  of  Cayuga  co. 
New  York,  on  Seneca  River,  12  miles  N.  of  Auburn.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  2350. 

CATO,  a  post-office  of  Cocke  co.,  Tennessee. 

CATOCVTIN  CREEK,  of  Maryland,  rises  in  Frederick  co, 
flows  southward,  and  enters  the  Potomac  River  near  the 
Point  of  Rocks. 

CATOCTIN  FURNACE,  a  postoffloe  of  Frederick  co., 
Maryland. 

CAT  ON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CATON.  a  post-township  of  Steuben  co,,  New  York,  25 
miles  S.  of  Bath.    Pop.  1550. 

C  ATON  S  VI LLE,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland, 
8  miles  W.  of  Baltimore. 

C-\TOO'S.\.,  a  post-office  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia. 

CATORCE,  kd-toR'thA,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, state,  and  120  miles  N.  of  San-Luis-de-Potosi.  In  the 
neighborhood  are  extensive  silvei^mines,  formerly  the  richest 
in  Mexico. 

CATO  SPRINGS,  a  pc-nt-office  of  Rankin  co.,  Mississippi. 

CAT'RAIL,  DIVIDING  FENCE,  or  PlCrS-WOKK'DlTCH, 
a  name  applied  to  the  remains  of  a  fosse  and  double  ram- 
part, with  round  forts  at  intervals,  in  Scotland,  cos.  of  Sel- 
kirk and  Roxburgh,  and  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
line  of  defence  raised  by  the  Britons  against  the  invading 
Saxons.  It  commences  1  mile  W.  of  Gal.ishiels.  and  extends 
S.  to  Peel-Fell :  it  is  from  20  to  24  feet  in  breadth. 

CATKAL,  k^t-rdl',  a  town  of  Spain,  20  miles  S.W.  of  AU- 
cante.    Pop.  2268.    it  has  linen  manufactures 

CATRIMANI,  kit-re-mi'nee,  or  CARITAMINI,  kS-re-tJ- 
mee'nee,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Pari,  rising  in  a 
mountain  range  which  forms  a  continuation  of  the  Sierra 
Carumani,  about  lat.  2°  N.,  and  after  a  S.E.  course  of  alx)ut 
100  miles,  falling  into  the  Rio  Braneo,  near  Carmo.  in  lat.  0"^ 
28'  N.,  Ion.  62°  8'  W.  Its  bed  is  much  impeded  by  rocks 
and  c.itaracts, 

C.A.TRINE,  a  vill.age  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  paiish  of 
Sorn,  on  the  .\yr.  2^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mauchliue.  Pop.  2<i59, 
mostly  employed  in  cotton-spinning.  It  was  founded  in 
1787,  and  is  regularly  built,  having  a  centrtU  square,  with 
principal  streets  leiiding  from  it  toward  the  cardiu.'il  points. 

C.VrS'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CATS'KILL,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Greene 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  W.  b.ank  of  the  llud.son  Ujver,  at  the 
mouth  of  Catskill  Creek,  34  miles  below  Albany,  and  IH 
miles  above  New  York.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  lianks, 
3  newspaper  offices,  and  churches  of  6  denominations ;  also 
a  woollen  factory.    Pop.  of  the  township,  6275. 

C.\.TSKILL  CREEK.  Greene  co.,  in  the  B.  part  of  New 
York,  falls  into  the  Ilud.son  River  at  Catskill. 

C.\TSKILL  MOUNTAINS,  of  New  York,  a  group  of  the 
great  -Appalachian  system,  situated  principally  in  Greene 
county.  The  highest  summits  are  Round  Top,  having  an 
elevation  of  more  than  3800  feet,  and  High  Peak,  about  3720 
feet  above  the  sea.  The  Catskill  Mountain  House,  situated 
on  a  terrace  of  another  eminence  of  this  group.  2500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  is  a  place  of  great  resort  dur- 
ing the  summer  se.ason.  The  view  from  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain is  extensive  and  magnificent  in  the  highest  degrje. 

CAT'SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Austin  co.,Te.xas,  90  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Austin  City. 

CATT.1IL.  a  village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jersey,  28 
miles  E.  of  Trenton. 

CATTARAU'GUS,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  New 
York,  bordering  on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  aliout  1250 
square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Cattarau- 
gus Creek,  and  is  drained  by  the  Alleghany  River,  Isihua 
Creek,  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  supply  motive- 
power  to  numerous  grist  and  saw  mills.  The  surface  is 
generally  but  moderately  uneven,  although  there  are  some 
considerable  elevations.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  adapted 
to  both  grain  and  grazing.  Bog-iron  ore,  sulphur,  m.-tnga- 
ne.se.  and  salt  springs  are  said  to  be  found,  and  there  are 
petroleum  springs  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county.  It  is  trap 
versed  by  the  Erie  Railroad,  and  partly  by  the  Atlantic  and 
Great  Western  R.R.  Orgiinized  in  ISoS,  having  previously 
formed  part  of  Genesee  CO.  Capital,  Ellicottville.  Pup.4;j,8S6. 

CATT.\RAUGUS,  a  post-village  of  New  Albion  township, 
Cattaraugus  Co.,  New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, 31  miles  S.E.  of  Dunkirk,  Pop.  of  the  township. 
1579. 

CATTARAUGUS  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  New  York, 
after  forming  the  greater  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Caltaraugifs  and  Erie  counties,  falls  into  Lake  Erie  alioat 
15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dunkirk. 

CATTARO,  kit'tiUro.  a  seaport  town  of  .\ustria.  In  D.alnia- 
ti.a,  S.E.  extremitv  of  the  gulf  of  same  name,  3S  uiLes  S.S. 
of  Ragusa.  I^t.'42°  25'  24"  N.;  Ion.  18''  46'  .30"  E.  it  Is 
situated  at  the  foot  of  steep  limestone  rocks,  is  strongly  frx- 


CAT 


CAU 


tlfie<l,  and  surmounted  by  a.  castle,  connected  with  the 
town  by  means  of  a  zig-zag  path.  It  is  also  surrounded 
with  walls  entered  by  three  gates,  and  defended  by  towers. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  and  the  cathedral 
i.s  a  well-built  editiee  of  hewn  stone.  There  is  likewise  a 
Greek  church.  Catturn  is  the  seat  of  courts  of  justice,  and 
the  residence  of  a  military  povernor.  Its  harbor  is  spa- 
cious. Imt  little  frequented,  the  export  trade  being  incon- 
siderable. It  was  founded  in  the  sixth  century,  on  the 
site  of  the  Roman  Acrivium.  and  was  formerly  the  capit;il 
of  a  republic  of  the  same  name.  In  1563  and  in  1677  it  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  eiirthriuakes.     I'op.  4000. 

CA'TTAR(J.10CCADI,ri.e."UULi'OF")bok/ka  dee  klt'ta-ro. 
a  tortuous  inlet  of  the  Adriatic,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  30  miles  in  length,  consisting  of  3  basins 
connected  by  straits.  It  is  protected  from  winds  on  all 
sides  by  high  mountains,  and  is  the  best  harbor  in  the 
Adriatic.  Depth  varies  from  15  to  20  fathoms.  The  towns 
of  Cattaro,  Castel  Nuovo,  Perasto,  and  Dombroto  are  on  its 
shores. 

CATTEGAT  or  KATTROAT,kat/te-gar,  a  large  arm  of  the 
North  Sea  or  German  Ocean :  has  Sweden  on  the  E..  and  Jut- 
land on  the  W.;  unites  with  the  Skager  Rack  on  the  N.  and 
communicates,  by  the  Sound  and  the  Great  and  Little  Belt, 
with  the  Baltic  on  the  S.  Its  length  from  N.  to  S.  is  about 
150  miles,  and  its  central  breadth  nearly  90  miles.  It  is  of 
Tery  unequal  depth,  and  is  not  only  very  shallow  towards 
Its  shores,  but  has  a  number  of  sandbanks — one  of  them 
near  its  centre, — dangerous  to  navigation.  The  only 
islands  of  any  conseiiuence  it  contains  are  Lasoe,  .\nhalt, 
and  Samsoe.  Since  August,  1853,  a  light  vessel,  exliibiting 
three  lights,  has  been  stationed  on  the  Kobber  Ground  in 
the  Cattegat.     Lat.  57°  8'  30'  N..  Ion.  11°  20'  30"  E. 

CATTENON,  katHfh-iANo',  (Ger.  Kutlenhmven,  kdt/tgn- 
hoVen,)  a  village  of  France,  (formerly  fortified,)  department 
jf  Moselle.  5  miles  N.E.  of  Thionville.    Pop.  in  1852,  1100. 

CAT'TKIl.\LL.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

OATTERIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of-Surrey. 

CATThlRICK,  the  supposed  ancient  Cataraclimuin,  a  vil- 
lage and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding, 
nn  the  Swale.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond.    Pop.  2965. 

CATTI.     See  IIessen. 

CATTILLO.V-SUR-SAMBRE,  kat'teeViN°'-sUR-sarab'r.  a 
village  of  Trance,  in  the  department  of  Xord,  19  miles 
B  S.E.  of  Cambrai.  It  has  extensive  manufiictures  of  fine 
thread.     Pop.  in  1852,  6140. 

CATTISTOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CATTDLICA.  kat4ol'e-ka,atown  of  Sicily,  14  miles  N.W. 
of  Girireiiti.     Pop.  7200.    It  has  productive  sulphur-mines. 

CATTOL'ICA,  a  village  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Itjily, 
province  of  Forli,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Rimini,  near  tlie  Adriatic. 
Pop.  1300.  It  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the 
Athanasian  bishops  having  retreated  thither  on  separating 
from  tlie  Arian  council  of  Rimini  in  359. 

CAT'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CATTON,  LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

CATTORUM  CASTELLUM.    See  Hesse  C.issel. 

CATUUIGES.    SeeCnoRGES. 

CATUS,  kiHUce'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot,  9 
miles  N.AV.  of  CAors.     Pop.  in  1852,  1534. 

CATWICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

CAT'WICK,  GRliAT,  an  island  of  the  China  Sea,  off  the 
coast  of  Oocbin-China.     Lat.  1(J°  6'  N. ;  Ion.  108°  52'  E. 

CAT'\VORTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

CAU.\MBK,  kow-lm'Vi.  or  G.VUMl';,  g6w/m:l.  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Para,  falling  into  the  Rio  Brauco  at  San 
Isabel.    Lat.  2°  53'  N.:  Ion.  61°  10'  W. 

CAUB.  kowb.  a  small  town  of  Northern  Germany,  in  Nas- 
sau, on  the  Rhine,  21  miles  AV.  of  Wiesbaden.  A  toll  is  here 
charged  by  the  Duke  of  Nas.sau  on  all  vessels  navigating 
the  river;  in  the  middle  of  which,  opposite  Caub,  is  the  old 
castle  of  Pfiilz.  Blucher  crossed  the  Rhine  here  with  his 
army,  January  1, 1814. 

CAUBUL.     SeeC.UiOOt. 

CAUC'A.  kSw'ki.  a  river  of  New  Granada,  rises  in  that  part 
of  the  Andes  called  Paramo-de-Guanacas,  waters  the  provinces 
of  Popayan,  Antioquia,  and  Cartagena,  and  after  a  course  of 
about  600  miles  from  S.  to  N.  between  the  central  and  W. 
Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  falls  into  the  Magdaleua,  between 
the  small  towns  of  Pinto  and  Tacaloa,  in  lat,  9°  25'  N.  Of 
its  numerous  tributaries,  the  Nechi,  which  joins  it  on  the 
right  side,  is  the  largest,  and  of  the  towns  on  it.s  banks  the 
most  considerable  are  Cali,  Toro,  and  Antioquia.  The  val- 
ley of  the  Cauca  is  one  of  the  richest,  most  fertile,  and  most 
populous  districts  in  South  America. 

CAUC.i,  an  old  department  of  New  Granada,  bounded  by 
the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Pacific.  Area  estimated  at  68,300 
square  miles.  Pop.  276.249,  divided  into  the  four  provinces 
of  Popavan,  Choco,  Buenaventura,  and  Pasto. 

CAUCASUS,  kaw'kd-slis,  (Gr.  KavKaaot.)  a  lofty  range^  of 
mountains,  the  centre  chain  of  which  stretches  N.W.  toS.E. 
for  about  700  miles  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian, 
and  there  forms  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia.  From 
the  central  chain  numerous  branches  are  thrown  off.    One  of 


them  to  the  N.  proceeds  through  the  n<,vernment  of  Can- 
casus  into  Astrakhan,  and  onward  to  tht  banks  of  the  Vol- 
g.a,  while  the  branches  to  the  S.  traverse  ti-e  greater  part  of 
the  government  of  Georgia,  and  in  the  S.  of  that  goveru- 
ment  connect  with  tlie  mountains  of  Ararat.  The  hi;rhe6< 
point  in  the  range  is  Mount  Elbrooz,  whicK  stands  near  the 
middle  of  the  central  chain,  and  has  an  altitude  of  about 
18,000  feet.  The  next  highest  is  Mount  Kanbek.  16.000  feet, 
across  which  is  the  celebrated  Eng  I'ass,  which  gives  Russit 
her  only  carriage  communication  with  her  Tran.'i-Caucasian 
domains.  The  N.  side  of  the  range  is  much  more  abrupt 
than  the  S.  Stratified  rocks  appear  at  the  bottom  of  the 
mountains,  and  rise  to  a  considerable  height  on  their  sides. 
These  rocks  consist  chiefly  of  thick  beds  of  limestone,  con- 
glomerate, and  clay  slate.  Higher  up  are  seen  immense 
crystalline  masses,  composed  of  granite,  sienite,  serpentine, 
and  gabronite.  These  masses,  though  higher  in  position,  are 
evidently  lower  in  the  geological  series  than  the  strati- 
fied rocks,  which,  in  many  places,  have  been  upheaved  by 
them,  and  in  consequence  have  a  considerable  dip.  Highest 
of  all  is  trachytic  poi-phyry,  which  forms  the  great  body  of 
all  the  principal  Bummits  of  the  central  lango.  That  this 
trachyte  is  the  most  recent  of  all  the  rocks  Is  proved  \>y  the 
fact,  tliat  in  many  places  it  is  seen  piercing  them,  and 
throwing  them  into  the  wildest  confusion.  The  limit  of 
perpetual  snow  in  the  Caucasus  is  11.000  feet,  and  hence,  .is 
some  of  the  mountains  rise  from  50U0  to  nearly  7000  feet 
above  this,  there  is  an  e.xtensive  range  for  glaciers.  It  would 
seem,  however,  that  the  supply  of  moisture  which  the  at- 
mosphere affords,  is  far  less  than  might  have  been  antici- 
pated. Scarcely  a  single  lake  of  any  extent  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Caucasus,  and  the  scenery  thus  remains  destitute  oV 
that  which  constitutes  one  of  the  most  magnificent  features 
in  the  Alps  of  Switzerland.  Numerous  ca.scad.s  tumble 
down  the  N.  steeps  of  the  Caucasus,  but  none  ot  them  are 
remarkable  either  for  volume  or  height,  and  the  onlj-  rivers 
of  any  consecjuence  which  are  fed  by  them  are  the  Terek, 
Kooban,  and  Koor. 

The  only  mineral  which  has  yet  been  ascertained  to  exist 
in  such  (juantities  as  to  make  it  capable  of  Ixjlng  worked  to 
profit,  is  lead.  Vegetation  is  very  vigorous.  .Magnificent 
forest  trees  clotlie  the  higher  mountain  slopes  almost  to  an 
Incredible  height ;  lower  down,  all  the  finer  fruit  tnes  of  the 
climate  are  fouud  growing  in  wild  luxuriance:  while  lowei 
still,  where  liuman  lalxjr  can  be  made  available,  almost  any 
degree  of  culture,  however  imperfect,  is  rewarded  with  an 
abundant  crop.  The  ordinary  cereals  grow  7o00  feet  above 
sea  level,  while  valuable  shrubs,  plants,  and  Howers,  in 
almost  endless  variety,  deck  the  valleys  and  lower  plains. 

The  inhabitants  include  a  great  variety  of  triV^es.  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  the  Tcherkesses  or  Circassians.  (Jeorgians, 
Ossetes,  Le.«ghians.  and  Abkases.  Evidently  derived  from  a 
variety  of  stocks,  and  speaking  a  variety  ot  languages,  they 
are  all  distinguished  by  one  noble  quality — an  almost  inex- 
tinguishable love  of  freedom,  and  In  bodily  ^institution  are 
at  once  so  robustly  and  so  elegantly  framed,  that  what  is 
kno^fn  as  the  Caucasian  race  is  universally  acknowledged 
to  be  the  finest  physical  type  of  man. 

CAUCASUS,  kaw'kd-sus,  or  the  CAUCA'SIAN  Rl-VGION, 
is  the  name  given  to  that  portion  of  the  Russian  Empire 
situated  near  the  Caucasus  Mountains.  In  Europe  the 
country  is  called  C'is-Vaucasia,  comprising  the  provinces  of 
Caucisus,  Clrcassla,  and  Daghestan:  and  In  Asia,  Trans- 
Caucasia,  or  the  countries  situated  between  Tin-key,  Persia, 
the  Ca.splan,  and  the  Black  Seas,  and  the  range  of  the  Cau- 
casus Mountains,  comprising  the  provinces  of  Abasia,  Min- 
grella,  Imerltia,  Georgia,  Shlrvan,  and  Russian  Armenia. 
Area,  estlm.ated  at  86,580  square  miles.  Tlie  climate  is 
healthy,  although  tempests  are  frequent,  and  the  higher 
plateaux  are  exposed  to  burning  heats  in  summer.  The 
soil  is  remarkably  fertile  In  the  valleys,  and  the  mountains 
are  covered  with  valuable  timber;  every  species  of  grain  is 
abundant,  and  is  cultivated  to  a  height  of  8300  feet,  while 
the  lower  valleys  produce  cotton,  rice,  lint,  tobacco,  Indigo, 
and  wine.  The  axiroch,  a  species  of  ox  or  bison,  is  still 
found  in  the  mountains;  the  forests  are  full  of  fur-bearing 
animals,  and  all  the  rivers  abound  in  fish.  Formei'ly  nume- 
rous herds  of  cattle  were  reared  in  the  valleys.  The  greater 
part  of  the  chain  is  of  secondary  formation,  interspersed 
with  volcanic  rocks.  The  chain  contains  no  active  volca- 
noes, but  is  frequently  visited  by  earthquakes.  Minerals 
comprise  copper,  lead,  iron,  sulphur,  and  coal.  All  the 
passes  between  Europe  and  Asia  are  guarded  by  Russian 
fortresses;  but  the  only  one  which  has  been  rendered  prac- 
ticable for  carriages  is  that  from  IMoadok  to  Tifiis  by  the 
valley  of  the  Terek.  The  principal  pass  on  the  E.  is  that  of 
Derbend.  The  Caucasus  Mountains  have  been  celebrated 
from  the  highest  antiquity;  the  people  who  Inh.abit  them 
have  almost  always  maintained  their  Independence,  and, 
though  nominally  subject  to  Russia,  many  of  the  tribes  still 
maintain  a  constant  struggle  against  her  authority.  The 
principal  tribes  are  the  Circassians.  Ossetes,  Lesghians, 
Abasians,  Georgians,  Misheges,  and  Mlngrelians.  The  Cir- 
cassians and  Georgians  are  considered  the  finest  typos  of  the 
human  family,  and  the  Caucasian  race  is  the  name  by  which 

307 


CAtJ 


CAV 


thd  white  population  distributed  orer  Europe,  America,  and 
pnrt  of  Asia  and  Africa,  is   distinguished.     Pop.  in   1852, 

2,850.000. Adj.  and  inhab.  Caucasi.\n,  kaw-lia'she-.}n  or 

kaw-ka'shftn. 

CAUCASUS,  a  frovernment  of  Russia,  hounded  N.,  hy  the 
governmt'nts  of  Don  Cossacks  and  Astrakhan;  E.,  hy  the 
Caspian  .Sta;  S.,  by  Circassia.  and  VV.,  by  the  Cossacks  of  the 
Black  Sea.  Greatest  length^  N.W.  to  S.E.,  about  380  miles ; 
greatest  bre.adth,  N.  to  S.,  170  miles.  It  is  traversed  N.  to  S. 
near  its  centre,  by  a  low  ramification  of  the  Caucasus  Moun- 
tains, but  with  this  exception,  the  surface  is  flat,  consisting 
generally  of  an  alluvion,  which  towards  the  E.  appears  to  be 
of  very  recent  fbrmation.  It  is  not  drained  hy  any  river 
of  Importance,  (the  Kiwma,  since  the  lower  part  of  its  course 
was  lost  in  the  sand,  no  longer  deserves  the  name,)  but  is 
watered  on  part  of  its  N.  frontier  by  the  Maritsch,  and  on 
the  S.  by  the  Koohan  and  Terek.  The  climate  is  in  general 
very  mild,  and  there  are  some  fertile  tracks,  particularly  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Terek,  but  great  part  of  the  allu- 
vial flats  is  covered  with  salt  pools  and  marshes,  which 
make  the  soil,  when  they  prevail,  altogether  unfit  for  cxilti- 
vation.  Some  of  the  steppes  yield  tolerable  pasture,  on 
which  numerous  herds  of  cattle  are  reared.  The  chief  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil  are  corn,  including  maize,  and  wine. 
Owing  to  the  neighlxirhood  of  the  warlike  mountaineers  of 
the  Caucasus,  a  considerable  army  is  always  mainhdned 
within  the  government,  and  most  of  its  towns  are  fortified. 
The  capital  is  Georgievsk.     Pop.  1851,  535,447. 

CAUCASUS,  INDIAN.  See  IIitooo  Koosh. 

C.\UDKBKC,  kod'hek',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Caudebec,  26  miles  E.  of  Havre.  Pop. 
in  1852,  2564.  It  is  one  of  the  prettiest  towns  on  the  Seine, 
with  its  quay  and  terrace  along  the  water  side,  shaded  hy 
trimmed  elms:  in  its  outskirts  the  hills  are  dotted  with 
neat  villas  and  country  seats.  It  has  a  remarkable  church, 
manufactures  of  cottons,  and  an  active  commerce.  It  was 
formerly  the  fortified  capital  of  the  Pays  de  Caux,  and  was 
taken  bv  the  Encli.sh  in  1419. 

CAUDEBKC-LES-ELBEUF,  kod'bJkMJze^rhur,  a  flou- 
rishing town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  on 
the  Oison.  Pop.  in  1852,  71S2.  It  has  important  manufac- 
tures of  i-loth. 

CAUDT^R.W,  koM:i'r5>fo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde,  2  miles  W.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1852,  4381.  It 
contains  the  military  hospital  of  Bordeaux. 

C.\UDETK,  kow-dA'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  50 
miles  E.S.E.  of  .Vlbacete.  Pop.  fOOO.  It  was  formerly  forti- 
fied :  it  has  several  religious  edifices  and  Roman  remains. 

CAUDLK'S  SHOP,  a  post-office  of  Bibb  CO.,  Alabama. 

C.\UI>R  Y.  ko'dree'.  a  villageof  France,  department  of  Nord. 
Pop.  in  1852.  3085.     It  has  manufactures  of  tulle  lace. 

CAUKIKISTAN.    See  Kafiristax. 

CAUfillDENOY,  kaw-de-noy',  a  post-oflice  of  Oswego  CO., 
New  York. 

CAUGIIX.^AVAOA,  kaw'n.i-w.i'ga.  a  village  of  Montgo- 
mery CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  39  miles  W.N.W. 
of  -Albany,  has  one  church  and  several  stores. 

C.A.UG'M.\.RY',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  48  miles  N.W.  of  Dacca. 

CAULABAGII,  kawnj-h^g'.  or  KAI/LABAGII',  a  town  of 
Punjab,  in  the  Salt  Range.  i58  miles  S.E.  of  Peshawer;  lat. 
33°  12'  N..  Ion.  71°  Z'/  E.  It  is  built  on  terraces  cut  out  of 
the  declivity  of  a  hill,  close  hy  the  Indus,  which  is  here 
about  400  yards  wide,  deep,  and  rapid.  In  the  vicinity  are 
huge  m.isses  of  rock  salt,  in  which,  and  in  alum,  the  inha- 
bitants carry  on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  neighboring 
provinces, 

CAULniON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Stafford. 

CAULK,  or  CALKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

CAULON,  or  CAULONIA.    See  C.astel-A'etere. 

C.AU-MONT.  ko^mcSNo',  (unc.  CaVvomons  f)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Calvados,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bayeux.  Pop.  1010. 

C.AUMONT,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure,  16 
miles  E.  of  Pont-Audemer.     Pop.  in  1852,  930. 

CAUMONT.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  4  miles  S.  of  Marmande.     Pop.  in  1852.  2500. 

CACMONT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  A'aucluse, 
18  miles  from  Avignon,  beautifully  situated  in  a  fertile  dis- 
trict on  the  Durance,  surrounded  "hy  walls,  and  commanded 
by  a  ciistle.     Pop.  in  1*52,  2009. 

CAUN'DT.K  BISII'OP, a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CAUNDLK  MARSH,   a  pari.sh  of  End.and,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CA  UNDLE   PURSK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CAUN-DLE  STOFRTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CAUNES,  Les,  lAkOn.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aude,  11  miles  N.E,  of  Carcassonne.  Pop.  in  1852,  2110. 
It  ha.9  a  fine  parish  church,  with  distilleries,  dye-works,  and 
marM<!  works :  and  some  quarries  of  fine  marble  are  wrought 
In  its  immediate  vifinity. 

CAUM'OOR.    SeeCAWNPooR. 

CAUNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

CAi;QUE\ES,(kfiw-k.Vn?s.)  BATHS  OF,  some  remarkable 
mineral  springs  of  Chili,  department  and  62  miles  S,S.E.  of 
Siintiago.     By  an  earthquake,  In  1835,  their  temperature 


was  suddenly  ch.anged  from  118°  to  92°  Fahr.    The  baths 
have  been  long  celebrated  as  medicinal, 

CAURA,  kOw'ril,  a  considerable  river  of  Venezuelan  Gaj. 
ana,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Y'urani.  Erevato.  M.aro- 
guare,  and  their  tributaries,  which  take  their  rise  ii/  the 
Sierra  Parima,  near  the  centreof  the  territory,  and  flows  N., 
and  falls  into  the  Orinoco,  at  lat.  7°  40'  N.,  Ion.  6C°  l.V  W. 
Its  whole  length  is  about  150  miles. 

CAURIUM.    SeeCoRiA, 

CAUSSADE,  ko'sJd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  and  12^  miles  N,E.  of  Montauban.  Pop. 
in  1852. 4209,  It  is  an  old  town,  with  plea.s.int  suburb.^:  and 
has  manufactures  of  woollen  stulTs,  and  beet-root  sugar,  and 
a  trade  in  saffron,  fruits,  and  live-stock. 

CAUTEN,  kOw-tJn',  or  IMPERIAL,  im-p.We-ll',  a  river 
of  Chili,  Araucania;  has  its  sources  on  the  W.  slope  of  the 
Andes,  in  about  lat,  38°  44'  S.,  from  which  it  flows  nearly 
due  W,,  and  falls  itito  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  at  lat.  3S°  48' 
S.  Its  whole  course  is  about  180  miles.  It  has  six  or  eight 
large  tributaries,  some  of  them  not  much,  if  at  all,  inferior 
in  size  to  itself. 

CAUTERETS,  k5'tfh-r4',  a  village  and  watering-place  cf 
France,  department  of  Hautes-Pj'renees,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Tarbes.  Pop.  1054.  In  July  and  -August  it  is  thronged 
with  French  and  Spani.sh  vi.sitors.  The  vill.age  st.ands  in  a 
fertile  basin,  2900  feet  above  the  se.a,  and  enclosed  by  i-ugged 
mountains.  The  hot  sulphur  springs  var3'  in  temperature 
from  102°  to  122°  Fahr.  Its  bathing  establishments  are 
numerous,  and  it  has  a  new  pump-room,  and  a  rt-ading- 
room. 

CAUTO,  kflw'to,  a  river  of  Cuba,  near  the  E.  extremity  of 
the  island,  has  its  sources  in  the  Sierra  de  Cobre,  about  lat. 
20°  20'  N.,  and  in  lat,  20°  30'  N.  falls  into  the  bay  of  Buena 
Esperanza;  total  course,  70  miles. 

CAUVERY.    See  C.avery. 

CAU.X,  PAYS  DE.  pA-deh-kO,  a  small  district  of  France, 
in  the  old  province  of  Normandy,  of  which  the  capital  was 
Caudebec,  and  afterwards  Dieppe.  It  is  now  comprised  in 
the  department  of  the  Seine  Inferieure.  The  Pays  de  Caux 
was  celebrated  for  its  fertility  and  cultivation. 

C.t'VA,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Orkney 
Group,  CO,  of  Caithness  ;  lat,  58°  55'  N.,  Ion.  3°  8'  W.  It  is 
upwards  of  3  miles  in  circumference, 

C  AV-A,  ki'v3,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principa  to  Citra, 
agreeably  situ.ated  in  the  valley  of  Fenestra,  Smiles  N.W.  of 
Salerno.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  suffragan  to  the  Pope, 
and  contains  a  cathedral,  three  other  churches,  a  convent, 
a  house  of  refuge,  a  hospital,  and  a  seminary.  Silk,  cot» 
ton,  and  linen  are  manufactured  here,  and  in  the  numerous 
small  villages  that  surround  the  town.  The  district  is  ex- 
tremely unproductive,  but  the  inhabitants  have  become 
Avealthy  by  their  industry  and  commerce.  About  one  mile 
from  Cava  is  the  magnificent  Benedictine  convent  of  the 
Trinity,  which  formerly  contained  an  excellent  library,  now 
transferred  to  Naples.  This  lilirary,  with  its  archives,  wa« 
considered  the  richest  in  the  kingdom.     Pop.  13,095. 

CAVA.  kS'vd,  a  t<iwn  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Novara.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Pavia.    Pop.  500. 

CAV  ADO,  ki-vA'do,  or  CABADO,  ka-bi'do,  a  river  of  Po^ 
tugal.  rises  in  the  Sierra  de  Gerez.  on  the  frontiers  of  Oalicia, 
and  falls  into  the  sea  at  Esponende,  after  a  course  of  C5  miles, 
of  which  about  6  miles  are  navigable, 

CAVAGLIA,  H-\iVyi,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  30  miles  N,K, 
of  Turin,  province  of  Biella.     Pop,  2719. 

CAVAILL0N.kd'vJV6No',  (anc.  Or  M?Jo,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  A'aucluse,  on  the  Durance,  arrondissement 
and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Avignon.  Pop.  in  1852.  7405.  It  is  iil 
built  and  dirty ;  its  town-hall,  former  cathedral,  with  a  curi- 
ous cloister,  and  the  remains  of  a  Roman  arch,  are  its  only 
buildings  worthy  of  notice.  It  has  manufiictures  of  vermi- 
celli and  silk  twist, 

C-AVALCANTE,  kl-vai-k3n't3,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  300  miles  N.E,  of  Goyaz,  with  gold-mines  and  gold- 
washings  in  the  River  Almas.  Cavalcante  is  a  centre  point 
fir  travellers  and  carriers  between  MattoGrosSo,  Goyaz,  and 
Minas-Geraes.    Pop.  4000. 

CAVALESE,  ka-va-l.A/s4.  a  town  of  Tyrol,  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Trent,  on  the  Avizzio.     Pop.  2143. 

C-AV.ALIIO.  kd-vll'yo,  a  small  island  on  the  W.  cnast  ot 
Africa;  lat.  11°  1'  30""N.,lon.  15°  41'  15"  W,  It  is  one  mile 
long,  and  half  a  mile  broad,  of  volcanic  origin. 

CAVALLERMAGGIORE,  kl-vaujR-mad-jo'rA,  a  tnwn  of 
the  Sardinian  Stares,  in  Piedmont,  between  the  Marca  .and 
Grana.  24  miles  N.E.  of  Coni.     Pop.  5t:;00. 

CAV.ALLO,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Kav.vl.4. 

CAVALLO,  MONTE.    See  Corno. 

CAV.AIiLY,  ki-vAl'lee,  a  town  of  Western. -Africa,  coast  Of 
Guinea,  on  the  point  of  the  same  name;  lat.  4°  21'  12''  N.^ 
Ion.  7°  35'  35"  W. 

CAV'AN,  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  having  N. 
the  county  of  Fermanagh;  E.,  Monaghan;  S.,  Meath,  and 
W.,  Meath;  S.W.,  Leitrim.  Area.  746  square  miles,  or 
477,360  acres,  of  which  275.473  are  arable.  71,918  are  wast«, 
and  22.142  water.  Pop.  174,071.  Surface.  mountMinons 
on  the  borders,  enclosing  an   open  country,  intersjersed 


CAV 


CAX 


with  bog.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  TVoodford  and 
Upper  Erne.  Chief  loufths,  those  of  Gawnagh,  Shillin, 
4c..  some  liii^hly  picturesque.  Granite  schists  and  Silurian 
rocks  prevail.  Soil,  light  and  poor,  except  on  the  bankf  uf 
the  rivers.  Coal,  iron,  copper,  lead,  are  met  with ;  al.so  ex- 
cellent marl  and  fuller's  earth.  The  Ulster  coast  terminates 
at  IJelturbet.  Cavan  is  subdivided  into  8  baronies  and  36 
parishes.  Principal  towns,  Cavan,  the  capital,  and  Beltur- 
bet.     It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CAV  AX.  a  market-town,  and  formerly  a  parliamentary 
borough,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  26  miles  S.S.K.  of 
Knniskillen,  on  the  railway  thence  to  Dublin.  Pop.  3740. 
It  is  generally  ill  built,  but  has  some  good  edifices,  includ- 
ing court-house,  barracks,  and  infirmary ;  near  it  is  a  public 
promenade,  on  the  property  of  Lord  Farnham,  whose  seat  is 
Immediately  a  ijacent. 

CAVAN,  kdVfiNo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Nord,  5  miles  S.K.  of  Lannion.    Pop.  in  1852.  2080. 

CAVANAS,  kS-vd/nds,  a  port  or  harbor  of  Cuba,  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  that  island,  38  miles  S.W.  of  Havana;  l.at.  2:3° 
6'  N.,  Ion.  82°  55'  W.  It  is  a  fine  deep  bay,  having  its  en- 
trance between  two  extensive  reefs,  with  anchorage  for  seve- 
ral hundred  sail  of  ships.  It  is  protected  by  a  battery  of 
five  guns,  with  a  martello  tower  of  one  gun  in  its  centre. 

CAV'ANDEK,  a  village  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia,  about  "0 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Atlanta. 

CAVAN  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, 65  miles  N.E.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  a  church,  a  mu- 
tual assurance  agency,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  about  2lX). 

CAVAKZERG.  ka-vto-zA/rA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  on  the  Adige,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Chiog- 
gia.    Pop.  3300. 

CAVASO,  ki-vi'so,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Treviso.    Pop.  2500. 

CAVK,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Tennessee. 

CAVE,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  4  miles  N.E.  of 
Leavenworth. 

CAVE,  a  post'-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Illinois,  40  milas 
W.N.W.  of  Shawneetown. 

CAVE  IN  ROCK,  a  po.st-vlllage  of  Hardin  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  400  miles  below  Cincinnati. 

CAVENDISH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windsor  co., 
Vermont,  60  miles  S.  by  E.  I'rom  Montpelier.  It  has  a 
savings  institution,  and  manufectures  of  leather  and  wool- 
len goods.     Pop.  1609. 

CA  VKNDISH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CAVKMIA.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CAVE,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  East  Riding. 

CAVK  PU.MP.  a  post-office  of  Camden  co.,  Missouri. 

CAVERS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh.  S.W.  of 
Hawick.  The  \Visp  Jlountaiu,  elevation  1830  feet,  is  in  this 
parish. 

CA  VERSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Oxford  and 
Bucks. 

CAVERSHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford,  beau- 
tifully situiited  on  the  Th.ames,  1  mile  N.  of  Reading.  It 
gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  Earl  Cadogan. 

CAVERSWALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

CAVERY,  kaw'vei-e,  or  CAUVERY,  (anc.  C/iaberia,)  a 
river  of  India.  Deccan,  rises  near  lat.  13°  10'  N.,  and  Ion.  76° 
E.,  flows  tortuously  south-eastward,  and,  after  a  course  of 
about  470  miles  through  the  territory  of  Mysore  and  the 
Jladras  pre.«idency,  enters  the  sea  by  numerous  mouths  in 
the  province  of  Tanjore,  and  the  most  northerly  of  wliich  is 
the  ColeroOM.  It  is  not  navigable  for  large  vessels,  hut  is  the 
most  useful  river  in  India  for  agricultural  purposes. 

CAVERYPAUK.  kaw-vJr-e-paWk',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency,  and  57  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madras,  district  of  North 
Arcot.  It  is  meanly  built,  but  its  great  tank,  (8  miles  long 
and  3  miles  broad.)  is  perhaps  the  finest  work  constructed 
for  irrigation  throughout  Southern  India.  A  victory  was 
gained  here  by  the  British  over  the  French  and  their  allies 
in  1754. 

CAV^ERYPO'R.^.M,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  83  miles  N.E.  of  Coimbatoor,  on  the  banks  of  the 


CAVESA  (ka-v.VsS)  CREEK,  Texas,  flows  into  San  Antonio 
River,  about  8  miles  W.  of  Goliad. 

CAVE,  SOUTH,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  East  Riding,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Market  Weighton. 
Tohn  Washington,  the  grandfather  of  the  Great  American 
Patriot,  emigrated  from  this  parish  in  1657. 

CAVE  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Ro!vnoke  co.,  Virginia. 

CAVE  SPRING,  a  small  village  of  Wright  co..  Missouri. 

f;4VE  SPRING,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Floyd  co., 
Georgia,  16  miles  S.W.  from  Rome,  is  the  seat  of  the  state 
asylum  foi  I  he  deaf  and  dumb,  and  has  several  high  schools. 
The  nami'  is  derived  from  an  extensive  cave  and  a  mineral 
spring  of  the  vicinity.     Pop.  300. 

CAVE'TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  5Iaryland, 
107  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis:  has  about  200  inhabitants. 

CAVETTSVILLE,  a  postoflice of  WestmoreLand  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania 

CAVI,  ki'vee,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States, 
23  miles  E.a.E.  oif  Kome.    Cavi  was  built  by  the  Colonna  as 


early  as  the  eleventh  century,  and  is  memorable  for  the 
peace  signed  here,  in  1657,  between  tht-  Duke  of  Alba  and 
the  Carafffschi.     Pop.  2il00. 

CAVIANA,  ki-ve-d/nd.  an  island  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Pari,  in  the  N.  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  under  the  e<iuator. 
Length,  36  miles;  breAdth,  20  miles.  It  is  level  and  fertile, 
and  well  stocked  with  cattle.  On  its  S.E.  side  is  the  small 
town  of  Roberdello. 

CAVIT:fi.  ki-ve-ti',  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  I>uzon, 
Philippines,  in  the  bay,  and  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  the  city  of 
Manila.  Pop.  of  town.  6115:  of  port.  o50.  It  has  an  arsenal, 
and  is  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the  .same  n.ime,  resi- 
dence of  the  governor,  aud  head  naval  depot  of  the  Sp-^nlsh 
possessions  in  the  East.  It  has  a  inanuCictory  of  cigars. 
The  province  of  Cavite  is  flat,  and  has  no  important  rivers. 
Chief  products,  rice,  sugar,  indigo,  and  coffee.  Pop.  in  1848, 
84,495. 

CAVO,  MONTE,  Italy.    See  Albano. 

CAVOR,  or  CAVOU  R,  kd-von/  or  kd-voon/,  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pinerolo.  It 
has  manufactures  of  silk,  twist,  linens,  and  leather,  and 
near  it  are  slate  and  marble  quarries.     Pop.  7548. 

CAW'DOR,  or  CAL'DER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of 
Nairn  and  Inverness,  3i  miles  S.W.  of  Nairn.  Cawdor  Cas- 
tle here  is  an  impo.sing  feud.il  fortress,  in  which  Lord  I^vat 
remained  long  concealed,  and  in  which,  it  is  s;iid,  King 
Duncan  was  murdered  by  Macbeth. 

CAWK'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CA  WN'POOR/,  CAUNH'OOR/,  or  CAUNM'ORW.  a  district  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  liengal.  Upper  Provinces,  h.avlng 
E.  the  Ganges,  separating  it  from  the  Oude.  and  on  other 
sides  the  districts  Etawah,  Futtehpoor,  and  Bundelcund. 
It  consists  of  part  of  the  territory  of  Nabob  of  Oude.  ceded 
to  the  British,  and  is  mostly  comprehended  within  the  Daob 
of  the  Ganges  and  Jumna.  Area,  2650  square  miles.  Prin- 
cipal towns.  Cawnpoor,  Kalpee.  and  Korah. 

CAWNPOOR.  CAUNPOOR,  or  CAUN  PORE,  a  town  of  Ilin- 
dostan.  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  I'ight  bank  of  the  (ianges, 
whirh  is  here  about  a  mile  in  breadth.  115  miles  N.AV.of 
Allah.ibad;  lat.  26°  30' N.;  Ion.  80°  12' E.  It  is  of  consi 
derable  extent,  but  is.  on  the  whole,  mean-looking  and  dirty, 
with  the  exception  of  the  chmok  or  princip:il  street,  which  is 
composed  of  well-built  brick  houses,  two  or  three  stories 
high,  with  balconies  in  front.  Hardly  any  of  its  temples  or 
mosques  are  worth  noticing,  with  the  exception  of  one  small 
mua^id,  an  elegant  little  structure,  ornamented  with  three 
egg-shaped  domes,  a  large  one  in  the  centre,  and  a  smaller 
on  each  side,  and  having  a  tall  and  graceful  minaret  al 
either  end.  Saddlery,  harness,  gloves,  and  jewelry  are 
manufiictured  here  to  some  extent.  Cawnpoor  is  one  of 
the  mo.st  important  military  stations  in  India.  The  can- 
tonments extend  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganues  for 
nearly  seven  miles,  eompiising  many  hundred  bungalows, 
the  Ijarracks  f)r  the  troops,  and  the  bazaars,  the  whole  pi-e- 
senting  a  very  imposing  appearance.  Several  of  tln'  lainga- 
lows  are  most  picturesquely  .situated  on  the  lofty  banks  of 
the  river,  which  here  rise  to  a  height  of  100  feet ;  they  are 
fitted  up  luxuriously,  and  have  extensive  gardens,  in  which 
tamarinds,  mangoe.-*,  bananas,  neemes,  acacias,  and  fig-trees 
overshadow  a  rich  expanse  of  flowers  of  the  most  brilliant 
colors  and  grateful  perfume.  Within  the  cantonments  are 
a  handsome  suit  of  assembly-rooms,  supported  by  a  volun- 
tary subscription  ;  and  a  commodious  and  elegant  theatre, 
a  public  drive,  called  the  Course,  a  fashionable  resort  after 
sunset;  a  race-course,  and  several  clutvrooms.  There  are 
here,  also,  a  Protestant  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
and  schools  for  the  children  of  the  soldiers.  Cawnpoor  is 
well  supplied  with  every  description  of  goods,  both  Euro- 
pean ami  native,  which  are  to  tie  had  on  very  moderate 
terms.  In  May  and  June  the  thennometer  ranges  from 
98°  to  104°;  and  in  the  winter  months  falls  as  low  as  42° 
at  night,  but  in  the  day  stands  at  70°.  About  2  miles  N.E. 
stands  the  old  town  of  Cawnpoor,  where  there  is  a  long 
range  of  hand.some  ghauts,  adorned  with  a  few  temples,  and 
terminated  by  the  palace  of  the  rajah,  a  striking  and  pic- 
turesque object,  but  now  falling  into  ruin.  The  military 
force  quartered  at  Cawnpoor  usually  amounts  to  8000  men, 
of  various  arms. 

CAWOOD,  kA'wood,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  on  the  Ouse,  18  miles  N.E. 
of  Leeds.  Its  castle,  of  which  little  more  than  the  principal 
gateway  remains,  was  long  the  residence  of  the  archbishops 
of  Y'ork,  and  the  place  to  which  Wolsey  retired  after  his 
fall,  and  where  he  was  arrested. 

C.\WS'TON,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk.  2j  miles  E.  of  Reepham.     Pop.  1130. 

CAW'TIIORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

CAWTIIORPE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CAXArorCAJA)-DE-MUERTOS.  k^'na-d.^l-moo-gR'tos,  (i.  e. 
"the  coflftn  or  dead-chest.")  a  small  island  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea.  off  the  southern  coast  of  Porto  Rico,  about  6  miles  from 
the  shore  lat.  17°  50'  N.:  ion.  66°  31'  W.  It  has  a  very  con- 
spicuous and  remarkable  appeal  ance,  much  resembling  a 
coffin — whence  its  name. 

399 


CAX 


CAZ 


CAXAMABCA  or  CA.TAMARCA,  -kk-si-mhinil  (i.  «.  «a 
pX.v-e  of  frost,")  a  city  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  proyince  of  its 
own  name,  ilepartuient  of  Trujillo,  in  the  Talley  of  the 
Upper  Maratton,  72  miles  N.N.K.  of  Trujillo.  It  has  several 
handsome  churches,  and  active  manufactories  of  woollen 
cloths  and  cutlery,  and  its  inhabitants  are  considered  the 
best  silver  and  iron  worlters  in  Peru.  It  is  an  important 
mart  for  the  trade  between  the  maritime  and  Inland  pro- 
vinces, and  sends  baizes,  coarse  cloths,  blankets,  flannels, 
«nd  other  produce  of  the  interior  to  Lambeyeque  and 
Trujillo,  receiving  in  return  European  manufactures,  sugar, 
indigo,  brandy,  wine,  Paraguay  tea,  Siilt  fish,  iron,  and  st<«l, 
Near  it  are  the  baths  of  the  Incas,  and  the  volcanic  lake  into 
whi'h,  according  to  tradition,  were  cast  the  throne  and  re- 
galia of  the  Peruvian  monarchs,  whose  dynasty  tei-minated 
her«  in  the  person  of  Atahualpa.  Pop.  of  the  province,  in 
185(1.  46.1-22 :  of  the  town,  about  8000. 

CAXAMARQUILLA,  ka-Hd-maR-keel'ya,  a  town  of  North 
Peru.  95  miles  K.N.E.  of  Trujillo,  province  of  Pataz,  in  the 
Tallev  of  the  Upper  Amazon.     Pop.  6000.  (?) 

CA'XATAMBO  or  CAJATAMBO,  kd-Hd-tamnw,  a  town  of 
Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  the  departs 
meut  of  Juuin,  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Andes,  and  on 
the  head  waters  of  a  stream  flowing  into  the  Pacific.  140 
miles  N.  of  Lima.  The  province  contains  mines  of  silver. 
Pop.  in  1850,  24,799 :  of  the  town,  about  6000. 

CA.XTAS.  or  CACIIIAS,kd-shee'as,  formerly  ALDEAS  AL- 
IAS, dl-d:Uis  dl'tis.  an  important  commerci.il  town  of  Bra- 
Eil,  province  of  Maranhao,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ita- 
picuru,  150  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  suffered  severely 
during  the  civil  war  in  1838-40. 

CA  XIM'B.\S  B.\  Y.a  small  enclosed  bay  on  the  western  coast 
of  Florida,  in  Monroe  co.,  in  about  lat.  26°  N.,  and  Ion.  82°  W. 

CAXO,  kix'o,  or  CASO.  kS/so,  an  island  in  the  Grecian 
ArchipeLago:  lat.  (S.E.  point)  35°  19' N.,  Ion.  26°  50' E.;  13 
miles  long,  and  5  or  6  miles  broad ;  surface  uneven  and  rocky. 

C.\XOEIRA.     See  Cachoeira. 

C.^XTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and 
9i  miles  W.  of  Cambridge,  on  the  Ermine  Street.  Matthew 
Paris,  the  histonan.  was  born  here.     Pop.  600. 

CAYAMBK,  ki-im'bi,  or  CAYAMBEUKCU,  ki-Sm-hl- 
ooR-koo',  a  lofty  mountain  in  Ecuador,  in  the  Colombian 
Andes,  directly  under  the  terrestrial  equator:  Ion.  78°  10' 
>V.;  45  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Quito.  It  is  of  a  beautiful  coni- 
cal form,  and  rises  to  a  height  of  19,535  feet.  From  its  geo- 
graphical position  and  great  elevation,  it  forms  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  land-marks  on  the  face  of  our  globe,  and 
its  summit  is  covered  witli  )>erpetual  snow. 

CAYCOS  or  CAICOS,  kt/kos,  or  THE  KEYS,  four  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  with  .some  islets  and  rocks,  on  a  bank  in 
the  Atlantic,  between  lat.  21°  and  22°  N.,  and  about  Ion. 
72°  W.  The  principal  are  the  Great,  Little,  and  North  Keys, 
and  Providence  Island;  the  first-named  is  30  miles  in  length. 
See  Bahamv  I.slwds. 

CAY'ENXE,  kA-yJnn',  or  kfjnn',  a  seaport  town  of  South 
America,  Ciipifcil  of  French  Guiana,  on  the  >V.  point  of  an 
island  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cayenne 
or  Oyaque  River,  iu  the  Atlantic;  lat.  4°  56'  5"  N.,  Ion. 
52°  20'  W.  Pop.  in  1853,  3000.  It  is  built  mostly  of 
wood,  and  consists  of  an  old  town,  with  the  government- 
house  and  Jesuits'  College,  and  the  new  town,  with  wide 
and  dean  streets,  large  warehouses,  and  good  residences, 
between  which  two  divisions  is  a  large  open  spiice  pl.inted 
with  orange-trees.  The  harbour  is  shallow,  h.is  two  quays, 
and  is  protected  by  a  fort  and  several  batteries.  Cayenne 
is  the  seat  of  a  court  of  assize,  and  the  centre  of  all  the 
trade  of  French  Guiana,  Its  trade  with  France  is  estimated 
to  amount  to  2  per  cent,  of  the  entire  foreign  and  colonial 
commerce  of  that  empire.  Adopting  this  estimate  as  a 
basis,  the  exports  to  France,  in  1853,  would  amount  to 
about  f4,000,CKX),  and  the  imports  for  the  same  year  to 
$4,500,000.  The  exports  include  cotton,  coffee,  sugar,  indigo, 
cocoa,  vanilla,  &c. 

CAYENNE,  ISLAND  OF,  is  situated  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  separated  from  the  continent  of  South  America 
by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is  30  miles  in  circumference,  and  its 
chief  products  are  sugar,  cotton,  coffee,  and  fruits.  Pop.  (exclu- 
sive of  the  town  of  Cayenne)  2713.  of  whom  2044  are  slaves. 

OAYES,  kA,  LES-CAYES,  lA-k.i,  or  AU.X-CAYES.  5k A, 
a  seaport  town  of  Ilayti,  on  its  southern  coast,  92  miles  Vf. 
S.W.  ofPort  au  Prince.  It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
towns  in  the  island,  having  several  British  commercial 
houses.  A  considerable  smuggling  trade  is  carried  on  be- 
tween it  and  .Jamaica;  and  in  its  vicinity  are  upwards  of 
80  rum  distilleries. 

CAYES-DE-JACMEL,  kAMeh-zhSk^mJl',  a  town  of  Ilayti, 
on  the  Jacmel  River.  20  miles  S.  of  Port  au  Prince. 

CAYEU.X.  ki'yuh',  a  maritime  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Somme.  on  the  English  Channel,  16  miles  W.  of 
Ablieville.     I'op.  in  1852,  2882. 

CAY  LI/)M  A .    See  Cailloma. 

CAYLUS,  kA'lUce'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn- 
ctGaronne,   25   miles  N.E.  of  Montauban.     Pop.  iu  1852, 
5363.    Externally  it  is  highly  picture»iue     !♦,  bas  »  castle, 
and  trade  in  corn. 
400 


CAYMANS,  kt-manz',  three  small  islands  of  the  British 
West  Indies,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea.l.30mUes  H.VL  of  Cuba,  and 
N.W.  of  Jamivica.  Pop.  about  200,  mostly  employed  as  pilots, 

CAY.M  AN,  LAKE,  of  Mexico.    See  Mapimi  Lake. 

CAYillTES,  krmeeV,  two  small  islands  in  the  West 
Indies,  off  the  western  coast  of  Ilayti,  called  the  Grand 
and  the  Little  Caymites;  lat.  (N.E.  point  of  Grande  Cay- 
mites)  18°  39'  N.,  Ion.  7.3°  40'  W.  A  bay  formed  )iy  the  larger 
island  and  the  main,  affords  safeand  commodious  anchorage. 

CAYillTO,  kl-mee/to.  a  river  of  South  America,  New 
Granada,  Isthmus  of  Panama,  enters  the  bay  of  Panama, 
10  miles  W.  of  Chorrera,  to  which  town  one  of  its  branches 
is  navigable. 

CAYO  COCAS,  ki'o  ko^kas,  a  fertile  island  in  the  Carri- 
bean  Sea,  belonging  to  Cuba:  has  an  area  of  28  square 
miles.     It  possesses  valuable  fisheries. 

CAYO  LARGO,  ki'o-laii/go,  a  fertile  island  in  the  Carrib- 
bean  Sea,  belonging  to  Cuba.  It  is  situated  E.  of  the  Isle  of 
Pines,  and  has  an  area  of  32  square  miles. 

CAYOU  or  K.\YOR,  kl-oR',  a  maritime  state  of  North- 
western Africa,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal  and 
Cape  Yerd.  It  produces  cotton,  indigo,  millet,  and  gums. 
Its  capititl  is  Macaye,  on  the  Condamel.  in  lat.  15°  10'  N., 
Ion.  16°  30'  W.  The  inhabitants  are  Joloffs  and  Moharamo- 
dans.     Pop.  150.000. 

CAYO  UOMANO.  ki'o  ro-mj'no.  a  long,  narrow  Island,  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Cuba,  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  channel 
about  half  a  mile  wide;  length,  66  miles;  average  breadth, 
2i  miles;  area,  172  square  miles.  It  produces  timber. 
Horses  and  cattle  are  raised  to  a  considerable  extent.  It 
laelongs  to  Cuba. 

CAYO  YERDE,  kl-o  vJn'dA,  or  GREEN  KAY,  an  islet  of 
the  Bahama  Group,  lat.  22°  N.,  Ion.  75°  10'  W. 

CAYRU,  kr-r5o',  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  small  island 
of  the  same  name.  50  miles  S.W.  of  liahia.    Pop.  800. 

CAYSTTEK,  (Turk.  Knnlchmy  MeiMr,  i.e.  ••  little Msean- 
der,")  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.  Anatolia,  after  a  westerly 
course  of  75  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Scala  Nova,  35  miles 
S.E.  of  Smyrna.    Near  its  mouth  are  the  ruins  of  Ephesus. 

CAYTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CAY'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

CAY'UGA,  ka-yu'ga,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  750  squaie  miles,  and  is  partly 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Cayuga  Lake,  and  is  drained  by  the  Seneca  River,  Owasco 
Creek,  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant 
water-power.  Owasco  Lake,  in  this  county,  is  a  lieautiful 
body  of  water,  10  miles  long.  The  surface  of  Ciiyuga  co.  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  generally  very  productive  and  well 
cultivated.  Water-limestone,  gypsum,  and  lime.'tone  are 
found  here  in  abundance.  This  county  is  crossed  by  the  two 
brandies  of  the  Central  Raih'oad,  and  by  the  Eiie  Cauul. 
Capital,  Auburn.    Pop,  55,767. 

CAY'UGA,  sometimes  called  CAYUGA  BRIDGE,  a  post- 
village  of  Cayuga  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  and  on  tlio  Auburn  and  Rochester 
Railroad,  11  miles  W.  from  Auburn.  The  lake  is  here 
crossed  by  a  railroad  bridge  about  a  mile  long.  The  village 
contains  several  hotels  and  stores.  Two  steamboats  run  daily 
from  this  place  to  Ithaca.    Pop.  300  or  400. 

CAY'UGA,  a  post-office  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 

CAYUGA,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  100 
miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

CAYUGA,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois. 

CAYUGA,  a  post-town  of  Canada  West,  capital  of  the 
CO.  of  Haldimand,  is  situated  on  Grand  River,  about  25 
miles  S.  of  Hamilton.  It  contains  l)esides  the  county 
buildings  2  hotel.s.  and  8  stores.     Pop.  aljout  450. 

CAYUGA  LAKE,  in  the  western  central  part  of  New 
Y'ork.  lying  betweenCayuga  and  Seneca  counties,  is  about 
38  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  3|  miles  wide.  For  about  G 
miles  from  its  northern  extremity,  it  is  comparatively  shal- 
low, although  its  depth  is  amply  sutlicient  for  purposes  of 
navigation  ;  but  on  advancing  southward  it  becomes  much 
leeper,  and  in  some  places  it  is  sjiid  to  be  unfathomable. 
It  is  rarely,  if  ever,  frozen  over,  except  near  its  northern 
extremity.  The  surface  is  stated  to  be  146  feet  above  Lake 
Ontario,  or  377  alxive  the  level  of  the  sea.  A  steamboat 
runs  from  Ithaca  at  its  southern,  to  the  Ciyuga  Bridge 
near  its  northern  extremity,  stopping  at  the  intennediate 
landings,  and  returns  in  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day. 
The  outlet  of  this  lake  flows  into  Seneca  River, 

CAYUSE  (kah-yuce')  INDIANS,  a  tribe  of  Oregon,  dwell- 
ing S.  of  the  Columbia  and  E.  of  Fall  River. 

CAYUTA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Schuyler  co.. 
New  York,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Elmira,  drained  by  Cayuta 
Creek.    Pop.  708. 

CAYUTA  CliEEK,  rising  in  Cayuta  I-ake,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Chemung  CO.,  New  Y'ork,  falls  into  the  East  JJranch 
of  the  Sus(iuehanna  lUver,  in  Pennsylvimia. 

CAYUT.IVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Tompkins  co.,  Nev» 
Y'ork,  on  the  E.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake,  150  miles  W.  S.  W.  of 
Alljany. 

CAZALLA-DELA-SIERRA,  kl-thlVyi-dk-U-m^R'RL  n 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  39  miles  N.E.  of  Seville,  in 


CAZ 


CED 


the  Sien-a  Morona.  Pop.  in  1S45,  7,240.  It  has  numerous 
religious  edifices  and  ruined  villas,  with  Roman  and  Arabic 
antiquities.     It  has  manufactures  of  linen. 

CAZAUBON,  kdV,o'bAN"=',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Oers.  on  the  Douze,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Auch.  Pop.  in 
185-',  a72S. 

CAZHIX.     SeeKASBljr. 

C.A.ZEMBE,  kd-zJm'be,  a  country  of  Africa,  little  known 
to  Kuropeans.  but  said  to  be  among  the  most  powerful  to 
the  W.  of  the  Portuguese  settlements  on  the  S.K.  coast,  its 
centre  being  near  lat.  10°  S.,  Ion.  30°  E.  Manioc,  maize, 
copper,  iron,  and  ivory  are  among  its  chief  products,  and 
slaves  are  reported  to  be  sent  from  it  to  iJeujjuela  and 
Angola.  Its  capital,  a  fortified  town,  stated  to  be  several 
miles  in  circuit,  is  near  lat.  10°  S.,  Ion.  30°  E. 

CAZKNOVIA,  kazVuVve-a,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Madison  co.,  New  York,  on  a  small  lake  of  the  same 
name,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Syracuse.  It  contains  2  banks,  a 
newspaper-office,  and  the  Oneida  Conference  Seminary. 
Pop.  in  1K60,  2711. 

CAZERES,  kJVaJR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  32  miles 
8.S.W.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  in  lh52.  2i;40. 

CAZftUES,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Landes,  on 
the  Adour,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Mont-de-Marsan.    Pop.  916. 

CAZES-MONDKNAKD,  kaz-ra(Sx°Meh-naii',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Tarn-etrGaronne,  21  miles  from 
Moissac.    Pop.  in  IH.^2.  3126. 

C.\ZOKLA.  ki-thoR/ld,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  41 
miles  E.  of  Jaen,  on  the  northeru  sloije  of  tlie  Sierra  Cazorla. 
It  is  well  built,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  [xjssesses 
two  spacious  squares,  one  of  which  is  adorned  with  a  fine 
central  fountain.  The  town  and  court  houses  are  large,  and 
well-constructed,  and  have  each  a  tower.  The  other  public 
edifices  are  a  parish  church,  chapel  of  ease,  Latin  and  seve- 
ral primary  schools,  a  hospital,  prison,  theatre,  store-house, 
cemetery,  ajid  various  convents.  The  city  is  defended  by  two 
castles,  both  in  good  preservation.  In  the  environs,  watered 
by  the  Vega,  are  many  delightful  gardens  and  public  walks. 
planted  with  fruit-lrees.  and  adorned  with  shrubs  and 
flowers.  Cazorla  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  was 
formerly  far  more  important  and  populous  than  at  pre- 
sent. It  figured  conspicuously  in  tlie  Moorish  contests 
of  th«  thirteenth  century,  was,  after  repeated  attempts, 
taken,  and  partly  burnt,  by  the  French  in  1811,  and' 
sub.sequentlv  distinguished  in  the  late  Carlist  contest  in 
18.37.     Pop.  73S3. 

CAZOULS-LES-IifiziERS,  ka^zool/lAbi^ze^i/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Uerault,  6  miles  N.  VV.  of  Beziers. 
Pop.  in  1S52.  21<J2. 

C.\ZZA,  kjt'ei,  a  small  island  of  Dalmatia,  circle  of  Ra- 
gusa,  in  the  Adriatic,  14  miles  W.  of  the  island  of  Lagosta. 

CAZZIOL.\,  kit-se-o'li,  a  small  island  of  Dalmatia.  circle  of 
Ragu.sa,  in  the  Adriatic,  4  miles  W.  of  the  island  of  Lagosta. 

CEA,  s;i/d.  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira.  28 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Guarda.     Pop.  14U0. 

CEA,th,Vd,  a  town  of  Spain.  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leon,  on 
the  river  of  same  name,  which  joins  the  Elsa,  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Benavente.  after  a  S.W.  course  of  aix)ut  70  miles. 

CEA,  a  village  of  Spain  in  Galicia,  10  miles  N.W.of  Orense. 

CE  A,  th.Vi,  a  small  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Leon,  and  iiills  into  the  Esla.  about  4  miles  N.E.  of  Bena- 
vente, after  a  covirse  of  about  60  miles.  It  is  liable  to 
floodings,  which  have  often  done  considerable  damage. 

CEARA,  sA-di-a'.  CI  ARA  or  SIARA,  se-d-r^'.  a  maritime  pro- 
vince in  the  N.  of  Brazil,  extending  tetween  lat.  2°  40'  and  7° 
25'  S.,  and  Ion.  37°  4U'  and  41°  30'  W.  Pop.  160,000.  It  is  tra- 
versed on  the  W.  boundary  by  the  Sierra  Ibiapaba.  The  pro- 
Tince  abounds  in  medicinal  plants,  and  its  minerals  include 
gold,  iron,  copper,  and  salt.  In  1S33,  it  was  divided  into  the 
comarcas  of  Aracati,  Campo-Maior,  Crato,  Fortaleza,  Ico, 
and  Sobral. 

CEARA,  CIARA  or  SIARA,  a  town  of  Brazil.  See  Forta- 
leza. 

CEBA,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy.    See  Cbva. 

CEBAZAT,  seh-bd^z4',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Puy-de-Dome,  4  miles  N.  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2063. 

CEBENNA  MONS.    See  Cetexnes. 

CWiOLLA  or  CEVOLLA,  thA-v51'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  25 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Toledo,  near  the  Tagus.  Pop.  2357,  Va- 
nous  ancient  remains  attest  that  it  has  been  formerly  of 
great  importance. 

CEBREKOS,  thA-brA'roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  21  miles  S.S.E. 
'•f  Avila,  on  the  Alberche.  Pop.  2744.  It  has  manufactures 
of  leather  and  cloth;  trade  in  grain  and  wine. 

CEHU.  a  city  of  the  Philippine  Islands.    See  Zebu. 

CECCANO,  chJk-kd'no,  a  village  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States, 
&  miles  S.  of  Frosinone,  on  the  Sacco.     Pop.  5827. 

OE'CIL.  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Mary- 
Ihnd,  boi-dei'ing  on  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  has  an 
area  of  abovxt  300  .square  miles.  It  is  situated  at  the  head 
of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Susquehanna 
River,  which  forms  part  of  the  western  boundary.  The 
Saasafras  River  flows  along  the  southern  border,  and 
24 


the  county  is  intersected  by  Elk  and  North-east  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  undulating  rather  than  level 
the  .soil  is  generally  good  and  well  cultivated.  Granite, 
gneiss,  and  slate  underlie  the  north-western  part  of  the 
county,  which  al.so  contains  chronio,  iron,  and  sulphate  of 
magnesia.  Immense  quarries  of  granite  are  worked  at 
Port  Deposit.  The  county  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
water-power.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore,  VVilming 
ton,  and  Philadelphia  llaih-oad,  by  the  Newcastle  and 
Frenchtown  Railroad,  and  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  which  render  it  the  thoroughfare  of  travel  between 
Philadelpliia  and  Baltimore.  Organized  in  1674,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Cecil  or  Cecilius  Lord  Baltimore.  Capital.  Elk- 
ton.  Pop.  23,882,  of  whom  22,al2  w  ere  free,  and  960  slaves. 
CECI1.1,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Cliiirtier's  Creek,  16  miles  S.W.  ot  Pittslmrg.     Pop.  959. 

CiX'lLIAXO,  chA-che-le-d/no,  a  village  of  Central  Italy, 
Pontifical  State.s.  comarca  of  Rome  in  the  Sabine  Moun- 
tains, S  miles  E.  of  Tivoli,  with  rem.ilns  of  Cyclopean  walls 
not  identified  with  any  known  city  of  antiquity. 

CE'CILTOX,  a  postrvillage  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland,  73  miles 
N.E.  of  Annapolis. 

CECINA,  chA-chee'ni,  (anc.  QncVna.)  a  river  of  Tuscany, 
joins  the  Mediten-aneau  at  the  village  of  Cecina,  20  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Livorno,  after  a  tortuous  course  of  about  40  miles. 

CECINA,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  at  the  mouth  of  the  above 
river,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leghorn;  near  it  is  a  grand-ducal 
villa.    Pop.  400. 

CECLAVIN.  thA-kld-veen',  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  35 
miles  N.AV.  of  Caceres.  Pop.  3090.  It  has  trade  in  fruit  and 
grain,  and  numerous  flour-mills, 

CE'DAR,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  435  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Sac  River, 
and  also  drained  by  the  East  Fork  of  Sac  River,  and  by 
Cedar  and  Horse  Creeks.  The  surCice  is  uneven,  the  soil 
moderately  fertile.  Capital,  Stockton.  Pop.  6637,  of  whom 
t>426  were  free. 

CEDAR,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of 
576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cedar  and  Wap- 
sipinicon  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by  Sugar  and  Rock 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  rolling  prairies  and 
woodlands;  the  soil  is  fertile  and  well  watered,  and  the 
climate  healthy.  Cedar  Hiver,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  county, 
flows  through  a  narrow  p;iss  between  high  banks  of  per- 
pendicular I'ock,  affording  abjmdant  water-power.  Named 
from  the  Cedar  River.    Capital,  Tipton.     I'op.  12,949 

CED.\R,  a  post-ofRce  of  .\nen  co..  Indiana. 

CEDAR  B.A.YOU,  bi'oo,  Texas,  flows  along  the  boundary 
of  Harris  and  Liberty  counties,  and  empties  itself  into  Gal- 
veston Bay. 

CED.A.R  B.VYOU,  a  post-offlce  of  Liberty  co.,  Texas. 

CEDAR  BLUFF,  a  pnst-ofllce  of  Tazewell  co..  Virginia. 

CED  Alt  BLUFF,  a  thriving  post-vill.age  of  Cherokee  CO., 
Alabama,  on  a  high  bank  ot  the  Coosa  River,  28  miles  below 
Rome,  in  Georgia.  It  was  tlie  seat  of  justice  until  1845, 
and  it  is  still  the  largest  village  of  the  county.  Steamboats 
navigate  the  Coosa  River  from  Rome  to  the  rapids,  which 
are  near  100  miles  below  Cedar  lilulT.  Cedar  Bluff  has  2 
churches.  1  high  school,  and  a  ma.-ionic  lod^e. 

CEDAR  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeliaco.,  Mississippi. 

CEDAR  BLUFF  CREEK  of  Texas,  enters  the  West  Fork 
of  Trinity,  alwut  8  miles  W.  of  Dallas  Court-IIouse. 

CEDAR  BRANCH,  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co.,  Georgia, 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Atlanta. 

CE'DARBURU,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ozaukee 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Cedar  Creek,  19  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee. 
Pop.  2235. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Ocean  co..  New  .Tersey,  flows  into 
Barnegat  Bay,  about  6  miles  S.  of  Tom's  River. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  along  the 
boundary  Ijetween  Chesterfield  and  Darlington  districts, 
into  Great  Pedee  River. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  S.E.,  and  enters 
Black  River  in  Georgetown  district. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Richl.and  district.  South  Carolina, 
flows  into  the  Congaree  from  the  left. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  Little  River,  a  few 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  on  the  S.  line  of  Putnam  county. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia,  flows  eastward 
into  the  Savannah. 

CFJDAR  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  rises  ne."ir  the  S.  border  of 
Lowndes  countv.  and  enters  the  Alabama  in  Dallas  county. 

CEDAR  CRE^EK,  of  Franklin  co.,  Alabama,  flows  N.W. 
into  Bear  Creek. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  flows  into  Tomligbee 
River  from  the  W.  in  Lowndes  county. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Texas,  rises  in  Kaufman  county,  and 
flowing  S.  into  Henderson  county,  enters  Trinity  River. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  St.  Joseph's 
River  in  Allen  county,  after  a  course  of  40  miles. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  forms  the  entire  boundary 
between  Boone  and  Callaway  counties,  and  enters  the  Mis- 
souri from  the  N.,  nearlv  opposite  Jefferson  City. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  of  Cedar  co.,  Missouri,  flows  into  Horse 
Creek 

401 


CED 


CEL 


CKDAB  CRKKK,  of  Iowa,  enters  the  Des  Moines  from  | 
the  S.  in  >lahaska  county. 

CEDAR  CRKKK.  of  Wa.shington  CO.,  "Wisconsin,  flows 
Into  the  Milwaukee  River,  about  18  miles  X.  of  Milwaukee 
Citr. 

CEPAR  CREEK,  otherwise  called  WILOtlAMSBURG  and 
AU'MACKTOWX.  a  post-yilLige  of  Dover  township.  Ocean 
CO..  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  a  stream  of  its  own  name.  2 
miles  from  Barnesat  Bay,  and  about  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tom"s 
River.  It  has  a  large  church,  a  temperance-hall.  (one.  of 
the  tinest  in  this  part  of  the  state.)  a  large  school-house,  a 
hotel,  and  a  store.    Pop.  about  400. 

CED.\R  CREEK,  a  hundred  in  Sus.«ex  co.,  Delaware. 
Pop.  263S.    It  ha,s  a  post-office  of  the  s,ime  name. 

CED.\B  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co..  Virginia. 

CEDAR  CRiJEK,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co.,  North 
llarolina. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Richland  district,  South 
Carolina. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Bastrop  co.,  Texas. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas. 

CEDAR  CREEFv.  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

CED.\.R  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Barry  co.,  Michigan. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  a  township  in  Allen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1228 

CEDARCREEK.a  township  in  Lake  co..  Indiana.  Pop.  919. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  a  post-villaire  of  Wasshington  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  30  miles  X.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

CEDAR  CREEK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Stephenson  co., 
niinois,  130  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

CED.AR  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Randolph  co.. 
North  Carolina,  on  Deep  River,  about  72  miles  W.  of  Ra- 
leigh, has  a  fine  water-power,  and  a  cotton  manufactory. 

CEDAR  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district.  South 
Carolina. 

CEDAR  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Black  llawlc  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Dubuijue  iukI  Sioux  City  Railroad,  100  miles  W.  of 
Dubuque.    (See  Appendix^ 

CEDAR  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co..  Tennessee. 

CEDAR  GROVE,  a  postrofflce  of  Orange  co.,  North  Caro- 
Una. 

CED.iR  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  .Jefferson  co.,  Alabama. 

CED.\R  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Kaufman  co..  Texas. 

CED.^R  GROVE,  a  posfroffice  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

CEDAR  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  Whitewater  Canal.  7  or  8  miles  S.E.  of  Brookville. 

CEDAR  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wls- 
eonsin.  about  3  miles  AV.  of  Lake  Michigan, 

CEDAR  GliOVE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co., 
Virginia.  14.5  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

CEDAR  IITLL.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Albany  co..  New  York, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hudson,  8  miles  below  Alhanv. 

CEDAR  HILL,  a  po.st-office  of  Augusta  CO.,  Virgini.^ 

CEDAR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Anson  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

CEDAR  HILL,  a  village  of  Dooly  eo..  Georgia,  near  the 
left  bank  of  Flint  River,  70  miles  S.by  W.  of  JIacon. 

CED.\R  HILL,  a  village  of  Laurens  co,.  Georgia,  40  miles 
S.E.  of  Millertgeville. 

CED.VR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  DalLis co,.  Texas. 

CEDARI.  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co..  A'irginia, 

CEDAR  ISLAND,  at  the  entrance  of  Sag  Harbor,  E.  end 
of  Long  Island.  S,  side.  On  it  is  a  fixed  lizht.  32  feet  above 
high-water:  lat,  41°  2'  15"  N„  Ion,  72°  16'  5"  W. 

CEDAR  KEY  BAY,  an  open  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  Flo- 
rida, in  Levy  and  Benton  counties,  immediately  .S,of  Wacca- 
Ba,ssa  Bay,  It  is  the  recipient  of  the  Withlacoochee  or 
We-thloccochee  River. 

CED.VR  KEYS,  a  group  of  small  islands  on  the  West 
Coast  of  Florida,  in  Levy  county,  near  the  entrance  of 
Wacca-sassa  Bay.  and  from  15  to  20  miles  S.  of  the  mouth 
of  Suwanee  River. 

CEDAR  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York. 

CEDAR  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Brazoria  co„  Texas, 

CED.tR  L.\KE.  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co,.  Michigan. 

CEDAR  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co,.  Indiana. 

CED.\R  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Waukesha  eo.,  Wisconsin, 

CEDAR  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain  range  in  South  Africa. 
Cape  Colony,  extending  from  lat.  31°  57'  to  32°  24'  S,,  and 
nearly  along  the  meridian  of  19°  E.  They  are  of  primitive 
formation,  and  have  a  remarkablv  picturesque  appearance. 
with  peaks  varying  from  IGOO  to  5000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

CEDAR  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co..  Alabama. 

CEDAR  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Page  co.,  Virginia. 

CEDAR  RAPIDS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Linn  co,. 
Iowa,  on  Re<i  Cedar  River,  and  on  the  Chicago,  Fulton  and 
Iowa  Railroad,  219  miles  W.  of  Chiciigo,  and  80  S.W.  of  Du- 
buque. It  Una  a  national  bank.  The  w^ater-power  of  the 
river  is  aiipllcd  to  mills  of  various  kinds.     Pop.  1S30. 

CEDAR  RIDtiE.  a  post-village  of  Murray  co.,  Georgia. 

CEDAR  KIVEK,  Iowa.    See  Red  Ced.^r  River. 
CEDAR  ROCK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin  Co., 
North  Carolina,  a  few  miles  S.E.  of  Loiiisburg,  contains  a 
flourishing  seminary,  and  above  100  inhabitants. 
402 


CEDAR  RUN,  a  creek  in  the  N.E,  part  of  Viaginia,  risen 
in  Fauquier  co,,  flows  E..  and  unites  with  Broad  Run,  near 
Breutsvilie,  in  Prince  William  county,  forming  the  Occo- 
quan. 

CED.iR  RUN,  a  ppst-offlce  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

CED.^RS,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Vaudreuil, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  S6  miles  S,W. 
of  Montreal.  It  contains  a  Roman  Catholic  chuicli,  3 
stores,  and  several  mills.    Pop.  300. 

CEDAR  SIIOAL,  a  postoffice  of  Chester  district.  South 
Carolina, 

CED.\R  SHOALS,  a  villaae  of  Newton  co,.  Georda. 

CEDAR  SPRING,  a  smaU  village  of  Cumberland  co, 
Pennsvlvania. 

CEDAR  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wythe  CO.,  Virsrinia. 

CEDAR  Sl'RING.  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama, 

CEDAR  SPRING  ASYLUM,  a  post-office  of  Spart.wburg 
district.  South  Carolina. 

CEDAR  SPRINGS,  a  postroffice  of  CUnton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

CEDAR  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina,  96  miles  N.AV.  of  Columbia.  This  is  an  old 
watering  place,  remarkable  as  the  seat  of  an  asylum  for  th» 
deaf  and  dumb,  supported  by  the  state.  It  is  a  well-con- 
ducted and  successful  institution,  originally  established  by 
the  Rev.  N.  P.  Walker.  New  buildings  are  now  in  course 
of  erection. 

CEDAR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  eo,.  Alabama. 

CED.\R  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Dallas  co.,  Texas,  near  the 
left  bank  of  Trinity  River. 

CEDAR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Kentucky. 

CEDAR  SWAMP,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co..  Long 
Island.  New  York,  173  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany. 

CEDAR  TOAWs,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Paulding  co., 
Georgia,  is  situated  in  Cedar  A'alley,  ItU  miles  AV.N.W.  of 
Milledgeville,    It  contains  a  female  seminary, 

CEDAR  TREE,  a  post-office  of  Iloruando  co..  Florida. 

CEDAR  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  W.ivne  co,,  Ohio, 

Cli^'DARVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co,.  New  York, 
79  miles  W,  by  N.  of  Albany, 

CEDAR  VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Fairfield  township.  Cvun- 
berland  co,.  New  Jei-sey,  on  Cedar  Creek,  8  miles  S,E.  of 
Bridgeton.    It  contains  4  churches,  and  about  100  dwellings 

CEDARA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co,.  Virginia. 

CED.4.RVILLE,  a  village  of  Brown  co..  Ohio,  on  thie  East 
Fork  of  the  Little  Miami  River. 

CEDARA'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Green  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Coliimbns  and  Xenia  Railroatl,  47  miles  W.S.W.  of  Colum- 
bus, has  3  chiirches,  and  2  Union  schools.     Pop.  about  800. 

CEDARA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Stephenson  co„  Illinois. 

CEDAii  VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Eldirado  co.,  California 

CE'DRON,  a  post-office  of  Cl.-miont  eo„  Ohio. 

CEDUON,  a  post-office  of  CunilK-rland  co..  Illinois, 

CEFALU,  eh.'i-fi-loo'.  (anc.  CephaMdium,)  a  fortified  sea- 
port town  of  Sicily,  intendancy  and  47  miles  E.S.IC,  of  Par 
lernio,  on  the  N,  coast  of  the  island.  Pop,  8940,  Itst.<indsat 
the  foot  of  a  lofty  conical  mountain,  on  which  are  the  ruins  of 
an  ancient  Phenician  edifice,  and  a  Saracenic  castle.  Its  port 
is  small,  and  its  trade  inconsiderable.  In  its  vicinity  are 
rich  marble  quarries, 

CEGAMA.  th.l-gj'mi.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Bisciy,  province 
of  Guipuzcoa,  14  miles  S,  by  AV.  of  Toloss.  at  the  N.  base  of 
the  Pyrenees.  The  Carlist  general.  Don  Tomas  Zumal.icar- 
regui.  was  brought  by  his  son  to  Cegama.  in  1835.  after  hav- 
ing lieen  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Bilbao,  and  died  here 
eiiht  days  afterwards.  His  lx)dy  was  interred  in  the 
church,  'Pop,  2123, 

CEOLIE,  ciiil'yA,  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto, 
27  miles  AV.  of  Brindisi.  Pop,  7050,  It  has  numerous 
churches,  one  of  which  is  collegiate;  and  2  annu,il  fairs. 

CEHEGIN,  thi-.A-Heen',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  37 
milra  W.N.AV.  of  Murci.a.  Pop,  OfiOo,  It  has  manufactures 
of  paper,  and  commerce  in  wine  and  fruits, 

CEIOER-DE-MER,  s;l\saiR'deh-maiu.  a  small  island  in  the 
China  Sea.  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Cochin  China.  41  miles  S.E. 
of  Ceicer-de-Terre,  in  lat.  10°  32'  30"  N.,  Ion.  108°  53'  E.  It 
is  4  or  5  miles  long,  and  ab«ut  1  mile  bixiad. 

CEICER-DE-TEURE.  sjl'saiu'deh-taiR.  a  small  island  in 
the  China  Sea.  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Cochin  China,  called  by 
the  natives  Hon  Cau.  lies  in  lat,  11°  13'  N,.  Ion.  10S°  48'  E. 

CEIDIO',  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

CEILHES,  s<iW,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ileranlt, 
4  miles  AV.N.AA'.  of  Montpellier,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Orbe.    Pop.  1004. 

CEIRCHIOG.  klB/KC-og,  a  parish  of  AVales,  co.  Anglesea. 

CELANO.  chl-lifno,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  II.,  3  miles  N.  of  Lake  Celano.  (or  Fucino.)  and  20 
miles  S,S.E.  of  .Aquila.  Pop,  3260,  It  has  a  collegiate  church 
and  a  paper  factory, 

CEL.\NO.  LAKE,  South  Italy.    See  Furixo  Laoo, 
CEL.A.NOA'A,  thA-ll-no-vJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  12  miles  S.  of 
Orense.  with  a  magnificent  Benedictine  monastery,  and 
many  Interesting  antiquities 
CELAY.V.  a  city  of  the  Mexican  Confederacy.   See  /n.ATA 
CEITBRIDGE,  a  town  aud  paiish  of  Ireland,  in  Luinsteii 


CEL 


CEL 


eo.  of  Kllclare.  on  the  Llffer,  here  crossed  hy  a  handsome 
stone  bridge,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  1289.  It  is 
pleasantly  situ.ited,  and  contains  a  church,  work-house, 
county  hospital,  and  a  larpre  woollen  factory.  In  the  vi- 
cinity are  Killadoon.  the  villa  of  the  Earl  of  Leitrim,  and 
Lyi  ns.  the  seat  of  Lord  Cloncurry. 

CKLEBES,  sSl'e-bes,  (native  Ke/jree-Ortnff-Bnnffi.f,nr\i 
also  Tana-Bmgix.  or  Tanali-Mangkcusrr,  contracted  into  Ma- 
canar,)  one  of  the  larster  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
between  Borneo  on  the  W.,  and  the  Moluccas  on  the  E..  ex- 
tendinsr  from  lat.  1°  45'  N.  to  5°  52'  S.,  and  from  Ion.  118° 
45'  to  125°  IV  E. :  area,  71.791  square  miles.  Celebes  is  pro- 
perly tlie  name  of  the  K.  part  only,  and  Macassar  of  the  W. 
It  mainly  consists  of  four  large  peninsulas,  stretching  to 
the  E.  and  S..  and  separated  by  three  deep  gulfs.  Of  these 
peninsulas,  that  of  Menado  on  the  N.  sweeps  N.,  then  E., 
and  lastly  N.E.,  for  400  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying  from 
12  to  60  miles ;  that  of  Uulante.  on  the  E..  is  100  miles  long. 
and  from  30  to  95  miles  broad :  the  S.E.  peninsula  has  about 
the  same  length  and  breadth  as  the  latter:  and  that  of 
Macassar,  on  the  .S.W..  forms  a  pretty  regular  paralellogram, 
200  miles  long,  and  65  miles  broad.  They  are  all  formed  by 
chains  of  mountains  running  from  a  common  central  terri- 
tory. 150  miles  long,  and  105  miles  broad.  The  Gulf  of  To- 
mini,  or  Gorontjilo.  on  the  N.E..  is  240  miles  long,  and 
widens  from  55  miles  at  its  mouth,  to  100  miles  at  its  far- 
ther extremity;  that  of  Tomaiki,  or  Tolo,  on  the  E..  has,  on 
the  contrary,  a  wide  moiith  and  narrow  upper  end ;  and 
that  of  Macassar,  or  Boni.  on  the  S.,  washes  the  E.  side  of 
Macassar  for  200  miles,  and  varies  in  breadth  from  35  to  80 
miles.  The  absence  of  extensive  delt.as.  and  the  interven- 
tion of  broad,  grassy  plains  ))etween  the  forests,  distin>ruish 
the  Celebes  from  the  other  larger  islands  of,  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago. It  abounds  in  the  most  pictures'que  and  varied 
icenery,  and  the  most  beautiful  and  magnificent  tropical 
vegetation. 

Mniintain.i.  Lairs,  and  I^irerx. — Lampoo-Batang  is  reck- 
oned the  hi'jrhest  mountain  in  Celebes,  being  alx)ve  70lK» 
feet  high.  Ne.ar  Menado  and  Mount  Klobat.  the  summits 
called  the  Two  Sisters  stand  conspicuous.  The  largest  lake 
is  supposed  to  lie.  one  in  the  central  part  of  the  island.  It 
has  never  lieen  visited  by  Europeans,  but  is  said,  by  the 
natives,  to  be  .surrounded  by  villages.  That  of  Tondano.  in 
the  northern  peninsula,  is  2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  But  the  most  important  of  all  is  that  of  Tapara-K.a- 
ra.ia,  or  Labaya,  in  the  S.W.  It  communicates  W.  by 
navigable  streams  with  the  sea.  and  K.  with  the  fJulf  of 
Boni.  and  is  the  oriirinal  seat  of  an  early  native  civilization, 
which  has  sent  its  ramifications  over  the  whole  archipelago. 
The  largest  river,  the  Chinrana,  flows  from  that  lake,  and 
Is  navigable  for  European  vessels  for  come  dlst.mce.  and  by 
the  native  yrrr/iii.s- as  far  .as  the  lake.  The  Boli  enters  the 
sea  at  Boli,  on  the  \.  On  the  S.  coast  there  are  many  rivers 
navigable  for  some  miles  from  the  sea. 

Olmute.  Mineralrigy,  <fv. — Though  cut  by  the  equator, 
and  wholly  under  the  torrid  zone.  Celebes  is  thought  re- 
markably healthy,  the  natives  often  enjoying  a  vigorous 
old  age.  and  Europeans  living  longer  than  anywhere  else 
In  the  flast.  Its  extreme  heats  are  tempered  by  the  sea 
breezes,  by  monthly  rains,  and  by  the  north  winds  that  pre- 
vail for  part  of  the  year.  The  east  moonsoon  lasts  from  May 
to  November,  and  the  west  during  the  remaining  months. 
The  soil  generally  consists  of  a  lied  of  vegetable  mould, 
from  10  to  20  feet  thick,  lying  on  decomposing  basalt. 
Oold  is  found  in  all  the  valleys  of  the  northern  peninsulji, 
which  is  often  convulse<l  by  earthquakes;  and  abounds  in 
Bulphur.  Copper  of  good  quality  occurs  at  various  points, 
and  in  Macassar,  tin.  also,  as  pui-e  as  that  of  Banka.  Dia- 
monds are  sometimes  found  almost  at  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  precious  stones  are  carried  down  in  the  Siind 
of  the  torrents. 

Zn'tl'igi/. — The  island  is  entirely  destitute  of  the  large  car- 
nivorous animals,  and  pachyderms.  None  of  the  cat  kind, 
from  the  tiger  downwards,  haunts  its  forests;  nor  has  it 
the  elephant,  the  rhinoceros,  or  the  tapir.  Deer  and  wild 
hogs  abound,  together  with  the  babyroussa.  and  herds  of 
antelopes.  Pouched  animals,  unknown  in  the  Sunda 
Islands,  here  first  occur;  also  a  singular  ruminating  ani- 
mals. (Orvica  deprexHcornis.)  the  mtpi-lirjotan  of  the  JIalays, 
and  the  anonang  of  the  natives.  The  Tamiiis  spectrum  hides 
itself  in  the  moist  woods  of  the  plains,  and  is  held  in  auper- 
Ktitious  awe  by  the  natives.  Ilere  are  found  the  chame- 
leon, and  the  fiying-dragon,  one  of  the  saurin  tribe.  Mon- 
keys, moles,  rats,  field-mice,  and  scorpions,  are  kept  down 
by  the  numerous  snakes  of  the  island,  from  the  enormous 
tiger-python.  (Una  caftanea.)  SO  feet  long,  but  not  venomous, 
to  the  small  but  deadly  cnbra  (k  capeHn,  more  dreaded  than 
the  crocodile.  Among  domesticated  animals  are  found  some 
small  but  vigorous  horses,  bulfaloes,  goiits,  sheep,  resem- 
blinir  those  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  pigs. 

IManu. — Naturalists  have  visited  only  four  points  of  Ce- 
l«hes:  nut  as  almo=*-  every  plant  or  animal  taken  by  them 
was  more  or  less  new,  a  rich  harvest  may  be  expected  from 
future  researches.  Dense  w->ods  clothe  the  mountain  sides; 
and  in  these  are  found  the  oak,  the  teak,  the  cedar,  the  upas 


— both  Antinritt  iftrirnria  and  fftrychnnf  Ueutc — th  e  one  A  trse, 
sometimes  100  feet  high,  the  other  a  climber,  but  both  yield- 
ing powerful  poisons;  together  with  countless  other  "trees, 
useful  or  precious,  the  clove  and  nutmeg  trees,  the  sago, 
and  other  p:ilms,  which  supply  the  natives  with  covering* 
for  their  houses,  clothing,  cordage,  household  vessels,  oils, 
an-d  intoxicating  drink.  To  these  may  be  added  the  pepper- 
vine,  the  sweet-smelling  sandal-wood,  and  that  which,  when 
fresh  cut.  yields  a  red  dye.  The  sacred  waranyuin  some- 
times presents,  in  a  single  tree,  the  appearance  of  a  forest. 
The  Kamlxio  attains  the  heijrht  of  40  feet,  while  its  trunk, 
though  hollow,  is  hard  enough  to  serve  for  house  supports 
and  rafters:  the  natives  used  its  tender  shoots  for  stews  oi 
s.alad.  or  extract  common  vinegar  from  them.  Add  to  these 
the  mango,  the  banana,  the  silk  cotton-tree.  (Bnmbax  ce.iha,) 
the  Ijadrau.  from  which  the  famed  Macassar  oil  is  extracted, 
sumach  or  fustic-wood,  ebony,  the  betel-nut  tree,  and  ginger 
plant.-  Among  plants  refjuiring  more  careful  cultivation, 
there  are  the  cotfee-tree.  indiiO,  the  cacao,  sugar-cane,  the 
manioc  root,  benzoin,  and  tobacco.  Mountain  rice,  of  which 
there  are  three  varieties,  is  that  chiefly  cultivated,  and  also 
maize. 

Inhalritnntf. — The  oldest  are  doubtless  the  Alfoories  of  the 
interior,  that  being  the  name  generally  applied  to  the  moun- 
tain tribes  that  have  been  driven  inwards  in  man3'  of  the 
islands  by  theinvaders  of  their  coasts.  Those  of  Celebes  are 
of  middle  stature,  fairer  in  complexion  than  the  5Ialays.  .and 
milder  and  more  intelligent  than  the  Alfoories  cf  other 
islands.  The  believe  in  the  .agency  of  evil  spirits,  and  the 
Polynesian  tahnn  prevails  among  them.  But  by  far  the 
finest  race  in  Celelies,  and.  indeed,  in  the  whole  archipelago, 
are  the  Boogis.  supposed  to  have  come  originally  from  Boi^ 
neo.  Like  the  Dyaks,  they  are  a  remarka>)l3'  handsome 
race,  physically  resembling  the  Polynesians  far  more  than 
the  Malays;  to  which  last,  also,  they  are  far  superior  in 
point  of  honesty,  energy  of  character,  and  general  conduct. 

Iffh'ginn  and  Goremmfvt. — The  Alfoories  have  their  own 
vague  superstitions.  The  more  civilized  inh.-\bitants  pro- 
fess Mohammedanism;  but.  previous  to  the  introduction 
of  that  faith,  the  Hindoos  had  brought  their  religion  to  the 
island,  and  the  natives  .say  that  there  are  fine  Hindoo  monu- 
ments in  the  interior  that  have  not  yet  been  visited  by  Eu- 
ropeans. Several  independent  nations  inhabit  Celebes,  and 
their  most  usual  form  of  government  is  the  federal  and  re- 
publican, combined  with  the  monarchical  and  elective  prin- 
ciple. The  native  princes  so  far  recognise  the  authority  of 
the  Dutch,  who  have  had  a  fxiting  in  Celebes  ever  since 
they  expelled  the  Portuguese,  in  IBC'O,  with  the  exception  of 
the  four  years"  occup-ition  by  the  British.  JIuch  public  respect 
is  paid  to  women,  and  they  occasionally  reign  as  queens. 

History. — The  native  annals  reach  back,  with  any  cer- 
tainty, to  only  about  400  years,  and  exhibit  a  history  full 
of  wild  energy,  unsettlenient,  and  warfare.  In  1512,  when 
the  Portuguese  first  visited  the  island,  they  found  but 
few  Mohannnedans  in  it:  and  it  was  not  until  a  century 
afterwards  that  Moslemism  was  generally  adopted.  The 
JIacassars  first  conquered  the  Boogis,  and  compelled  them 
to  become  followers  of  Mohammed :  afterwards  the  latter 
revolted,  were  aided  by  the  Dutch,  and  subdued  the  5Iacas- 
sars  in  turn.  But  even  with  the  aid  of  their  European 
allies,  they  failed  in  establi.shing  a  firm  government:  and 
the  system  of  monopoly,  now  wisely  abandoned,  but  long 
forced  by  the  Dutch  on  all  the  native  chiefs,  proved,  in 
every  way,  destructive  to  the  prosperity  of  the  island.  The 
population  has  been  variously  estimated,  but,  by  the  latest 
conjectures,  is  thought  to  be  about  2,000,000. 

CELETA.     SeeClLLY. 

CEI/ENZ.^.  chA-lSn'zi,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Capitanata.  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Foggia.     Pop.  S-OTO. 

CEIjKNZA.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra.  17  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Va.sto.     Pop.  1C30. 

CELESTIAL  MOUNTAINS. Central  Asia.  SeeTmAX-SnAN. 

CELKS'TINE,  a  post-village  of  Dubois  co.,  Indian.^,  8 
miles  E.  of  Jasper. 

CELEUSUM.    See  KEtiiEiM. 

CELl'NA,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

CELINA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mercer  co..  Ohio,  in 
Franklin  town.«hip,  on  the  Wabash  I'iver.  near  its  .source, 
115  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Columbus.  It  is  situated  in  a  level 
country,  mostly  covered  with  forests. 

CELLA.  chfl'13,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Ca» 
sale  4  miles  S.W.  of  Asti.  '  Pop.  746. 

CEL'LARDYKES'.  a  township  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

CELLE.  ts^lleh.  or  ZELL.  ts?l,  a  town  of  Hanover,  land- 
drostei  of  LUneburg.  on  the  Aller,  which  here  becomes  navi- 
gable, and  on  the  Hanover  and  Brunswick  Kailway.  23 
miles  N.E.  of  Hanover.  Pop.  with  suburbs.  14,139.  "it  is 
well  built  and  paved,  and  has  Lutheran,  Calvinist,  and 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  an  old  castle,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Dukes  of  LUneburg,  a  medical  college,  roval 
agricultural  society,  and  famous  roy.al  breeding  stud.  Its 
inhabitants  manufacture  wafers.chiccory,Iinen  fabrics,  ho- 
.siery.  soap,  tobacco,  and  brandy,  and  carry  on  a  brisk  transit 
trade  by  the  Aller.  In  its  ca.s'tle  park  is  the  mausoleum  of 
Matilda,  Queen  of  Denmark,  and  sister  of  George  III.  of 

403 


cr:L 

Sugliiml  Celh  or  Zeu.e,  (signifying,  probably,  cell,  or 
foiiner  abode  of  some  saint.)  is  the  name  of  numerous  com- 
munes and  villajies  in  Germany,  France,  itc. 

ClvLLK.  chollj,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  pro- 
vinop,  an  J  4  miles  N.K.  of  Savona.    I'op.  2072. 

CliLLTSO.  ohJl-le'no,  a  marketrtown  of  Naples,  province 
of  AbiuzKO  Ultra  I..  12  miles  S.E.  of  Teramo.     I'op.  1500. 

CELLING,  a  marketrtown  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto, 
16  mil.'«  X  AV.  of  Lecce. 

CELLIO,  chM'le-o,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  dominions, 
in  Piedmont,  division  of  Novara,  is  miles  S.E.  of  VaraJlo. 

CJiLOltlCO,  sA-lor'e-ko,  a  fjrtified  town  of  Portuipil,  pro- 
vince of  Beira,  11  miles  X.W.  of  Guarda,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Serra  Estrella.     Pop.  ISOO. 

CEMBKA,  tsJm'brd.  a  town  of  Austri.i,  in  Tyrol,  9  miles 
N.K.  by  N.  of  Trent,  on  the  Avisio.    Pop.  1513. 

CENIJIAES,  k5m'i-es,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

CEMMAES,  a  village  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Monti;omer3\  7  miles  N.E.  of  JIachynllaeth.    Pop.  935. 

CENCIIRE-E.    See  Kenkis. 

CEXED.i,  ch.i-nA'dA,  (anc.  CeneHa,)  a  town  of  NorM\ern 
Ital3',  government  of  Venice,  province,  and  22  miles  N.  ;.t  Tre- 
viso.  Pop.  4900.  It  h:is  a  citadel  and  a  cathedrsil,  with  ma- 
aufactures  of  linens,  woollens,  paper,  and  sulphur  springs. 

CEXIA,  th4/ne-a,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Tarragona, 
on  a  small  river  of  same  name,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Tortosa. 
Pop.  204:5.    It  h:is  remains  of  Roman  walls. 

CEXIS,  MONT,  Sardinia.     See  JIom  Cexis. 

CENON-LA-BASTIDE.  seh'nA.N^'-li-bds'teed',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Gironde.    Pop.  in  1S52.  4022. 

CEXTALLO,  chSn-tillo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Piedmont.  7^  miles  N.E.  of  Cuneo,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Grana.  Tli»  remains  of  walls  and  towers,  and  of  its  castle, 
once  the  residence  of  the  >Iarqnis  of  Susa,  attest  its  import- 
ance during  the  Middle  Ages. 

CEXTEXARY,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  South  Carolina. 

CEXTEXARY  COLLEGE.    See  Jackso.n,  Louisiana. 

CEXTEK,    See  Centre. 

CENTO,  chSn'to,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  JEmilia,  16 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Bologna,  on  the  left  bunk  of  the  Keno. 
Pop.  4572.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the  celebrated  painter 
Guercino,  whose  house  is  still  preserved  without  alteration. 
Cento  has  an  aunuiil  Ciir  on  September  7,  which  formerly 
attracted  a  large  assemblage  of  persons.  The  Ckmal  of 
Onto,  30  miles  in  length,  passes  this  town,  and  connects 
Bologna  with  Ferrara. 

CEXTOliBI.  ch5n-toR/bee.  (anc.  Ceniu/n'pce  or  Centu/ripi,) 
a  town  of  Sicily,  19  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Catania,  on  a  rugged 
mountiin.    Bop.  4450.     Around  it  aie  ruins  of  Omiurijxe. 

CEX'TRAL,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.  Pennsylvania. 

CKNTRAL,  a  post-office  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri. 

CKXTRAL.  a  post-office  of  Lynn  co.,  Oregon. 

CEXTRAL  AMERICA.    See  America,  page  72. 

CENTRAL  BRIDGE,a  postKiffice  of  Schoharie  co.,New  York. 

CENTRAL  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  Co.,  Ohio. 

CEXTRAL  FALLS,  a  thriving  villtige  of  Smithfield  town- 
ship. Providence  co„  Rhode  Island,  on  the  Blackstone  River, 
about  1  mile  N.  of  Pawtucket.  It  contains  2  chui-ches,  and 
4  or  5  cotton  mills. 

CENTRAL  PLAINS,  a  postoffiee  of  Fluvanna  co..A'in;inJa. 

CEXTRAL  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia. 

CEXTRAL  SQUARE,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Syracuse. 

CKXTRAL  VILLAGE,  or  XORTII  PLAIXFIELD,  a  flou- 
rishing post-village  in  Plainfield  township,  Windham  co_ 
Connecticut,  on  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad,  and 
on  Moosup  River,  about  45  miles  E.  of  Hartfoi-d.  It  has  3 
churches,  1  Congregational,  1  Baptist,  and  1  Methodist;  also 
contains  S  stores,  8  cotton  mills,  and  1  woollen  miU.  It  is 
eutiiely  indebted  to  its  manuCtcturing  facilities  for  its  pros- 
perity.   Pop.  about  2000. 

CENTRE,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  occupies  the  centre 
of  the  state,  and  has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  mile.s. 
The  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River  and  Mushan- 
non  Creek  form  the  entire  boundary  on  the  N.W.  Bald 
Kagle  Creek  flows  N.E.  through  the  middle  of  the  wunty, 
which  is  also  drained  by  Penn's,  Beech,  and  Spring  Creeks. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Alleghany  Jlountain,  and  by  several 
lateral  branches,  extending  nearly  N.E.  and  S.W.  Tus- 
sey's  Mountain  forms  the  S.E.  l-oundary;  Bald  Eagle 
Mountain  extends  through  the  middle  of  the  county.  The 
soil  is  various:  the  valleys  are  highlv  productive  and  well 
cultivated,  and  more  than  half  of  the'surface  is  arable  land. 
The  county  contains  rich  mines  of  iron,  which  are  exten- 
slvely  worked,  and  limestone  and  stone  cail  are  found  in 
MTentl  places.  It  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power, 
•which  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  flour,  and 
cotton.  The  Bald  Eagle  Ciinal  extends  from  a  point  near 
Bellefonte,  to  Lock  Ilaveu.  Organized  in  ISOO.  and  named 
with  reference  to  its  central  position.  Capital,  Bellefonte. 
Pop.  27,000. 

CENTRE  or  DAVENPORT  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in 
Davenport    township,    Delaware  co..    New    York,    on    an 
afflue-t  of  the  Susquehanna,  90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 
4G1 


CEX 

CENTRE,  a  Tillage  of  Greene  co..  New  York,  35  miles 
S.W.  of  Albany. 

CENTRE,  a  village  of  Herkimer  co.,  New  York,  about  60 
miles  X.W.  of  Albany. 

CENTRi:,  a  village  of  Ontario  co.,  New  York,  8  miles  S.E. 
of  Canandaigua. 

CEXTRE,  a  village  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Otsego  Outlet. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,Pennsylvania.  Pop.  1392. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CEXTRE,a  township  of  Columbia  co.,Pennt(ylvania.  P.1360. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Greene  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  18.37. 

CE  NTRE,  a  townsliip  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1397. 

CENTRE,  a  post-township  of  Perry  co.,  PenrLsylvauia,  20 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg,  contains  the  borough  of  Bloom- 
field.     Total  pop.  17  ol. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Snyder  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  994. 

CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Guilford  co..  North  Caiolina. 

CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  co^  Georgia,  37  milea 
N.E.  of  Columbus  City. 

CENTRE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cherokee  co.,  Alabama, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence,  1  mile  from  the  Coosa 
River,  and  140  miles  N.N.E.  ot  Montgomery.  It  is  siu'- 
rounded  by  extensive  pine  forests.  The  court-house  waa 
located  here  in  1S45. 

CEXTRE,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

CEXTRE,  a  township  of  Carroll  Co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1204. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1322. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  923. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1153. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2532. 

CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomej-y  CO.,  Ohio, ',  0  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

CENTRE,  a  "township  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1G07. 

CENTRE,  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Oliio  River. 

CEXTRE,  a  township  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1432. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  by2. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1077 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  2020. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana.    P.  180i. 

CEXTRE,  a  township  of  Hendricks  co„  Indiana.   P.  1383. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1206. 

CEXTRE,  a  township  of  La  Porte  CO.,  Indiana.     P.  1135. 

CEXTRE,  a  township  of  Jlariou  co.,  IncUana.     Pop.  4148. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1055. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1423. 

CEXTRE.  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana.    P.  745, 

CEXTRE.  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  2765. 

CEX'TRE,  a  township  of  Fulton  co ,  Illinois. 

CEXTRE,  a  town.ship  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois. 

CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Page  co.,  Iowa. 

CENTRE,  a  small  village  of  iJodge  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  LaFayette  co.,  W  isconsin.  P.  1913. 

CENTRE,  a  post-township,  Rock  co.,  Wiscouain,  about  10 
miles  N.W.  of  .lantwville.    Pop.  1123. 

CENTRE  AL/MOND,  a  post-village  of  .illeghany  co.,  New 
York,  210  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

CEXTRE  BARX'STEAD.a  post-village  of  Belknap  co.,Neir 
Hampshire,  20  miles  N.X.E.  of  Concord. 

CEXTRE  BELPRE,  l«rprA'.  a  post-vUlage  of  W.vhington 
CO..  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River.  90  miles  E.S.E  of  Columbus. 

CEXTRE  BER'LIN.  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co..  New 
York.  20  miles  E.  of  .\lbany. 

CENTRE  BRIDGE,  a  postrvillage  of  Bucks  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Delaware  River,  about  111  miles  E.  of  Harris 
burg.     A  bridge  extends  across  the  river  at  this  point. 

CEXTRE  BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co„  Con- 
necticut. 

CEXTREBURG,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  SO  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

CEXTRE  CAMOJRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
New  York. 

CEXTlili  CAXISTK'O,  a  nost-vUlage  of  Steuben  m.,  New 
York,  195  miles  W.S.W.  of  Allianv. 

CEXTRE  COLLEG  E.  Kent uck v.     See  Danviile. 

CEXTRE  COX'WAY.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co..  New 
Hampshire,  near  the  Great  F.iUs  and  Conway  Railroad, 
alxjut  (0  miles  X.E.  of  Concord. 

CEXTRED-ALE.  a  post-office.  Providence  co., Rhode  l.sland. 

CEXTREFIELD  a  post-villaue  of  Ontario  co  .  New  York, 
about  200  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.    It  has  2  churches. 

CENTREFIELD.  a  post-office  of  Oldham  co..  Kentucky. 

CENTREFIl.LD.  a  post-village  of  Highland  co..  v  hio,  73 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  about  100  iubor 
bitants. 

CENTRE  GROT'ON,  a  postvilLigeof  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, 48  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford. 

CEXTRE  GROVE,  a  po8tK)ffice  of  Muscatine  CO..  Iowa. 

CENTRE  GUIL'FORD,  a  post-oflice  of  I'iscataquis  co- 
Maine. 

CENTRE  HAR'BOR.  a  post-township  of  Belsnap  co..  New 
Hampshire,  between  Winuipi-seoge^  and  Squam  lakee.  33 
miles  N.  of  Concord.    Fop.  4^ 


CEN 


CEN 


CEXTRE  HILL,  a  poRt-villa?e  of  Centre  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  turnpike  rojid  from  Uellefonte  to  Lewistowu,  75 
miles  X.W.  of  IlanisVjurg. 

CKNTKK  LEB/AXON,  a  post-village  of  York  CO.,  Maine. 
90  miles  8.W.  of  A  ususta. 

CENTill-;  LTX/COLNVILLE,  a  post-village  of  AValdo  co., 
Maine.  40  miles  E.  by  S.  of  .\ugusta. 

CEXTKK  LI.XE,  a  po.st-offlco  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CKXTKI':  L1SI>K,  lile. apost-otflceofUrootiieoo.,  NewYork. 

CEXTKK  LOV'KI.r^.  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co..  Maine. 

CEXT  liE  MOXT' VI  \A,K.  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine, 
40  miloK  E.  by  S.  of  Augusts. 

CliX  I'liE  MOKE'LAXD,  a  village  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
pylvania. 

CEXTIiR  OS/SIPEE,  a  po.st-village  of  Carroll  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  48  miles  X.X.E.  of  Concord. 

CENTKK  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

CEXTKE  POINT,  a  ])ost-villa2e  of  Monroe  co..  Kentucky, 
on  the  Cumberland  lUver.  l:i()  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Frankfort. 

CENTKE  I'OIXT.  a  post-ofliee  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois. 

CEXTRE  POINT,  a  po.st-viilage  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  about 
4o  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

CEXTRE  PORT,  a  pos^vil!age  of  Suffolk  CO..  New  York, 
on  Great  Cow  Harbor,  about.  190  miles  S.S.K.  of  AlV>any. 

CENTKE  R1D<tE,  a  post-villacre  of  Kemper  co.,  Mississippi. 

CENTRE  RUT'LAXD,  a  lyist'^viUage  of  Rutland  co.,  Ver- 
mont, ,52  miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Montpelicr. 

CEXTRE  SAND'VVICir,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  CO.,  New 
Ilampshire,  50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord. 

CENTl!ESIIER/MAN,a  post- village  of  Chautauqua  co.,New 
York,  on  the  route  of  a  projected  railroad,  to  extend  frrmi 
the  New  York  and  Erie  Railro.ad  to  Erie,  In  Pennsylvania, 
about  .31X1  miles  in  a  straight  line  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

CEN TR  K  SI  D'NEY.  a  post-village  of  Kennebock  CO.,  Maine, 
about  t}  miles  N.  of  Augusta. 

CENTRE  ST.\R.  a  posU)fnce  of  I^iuderdale  co..  Alabama. 

CEXTR  E  STK  AK'EORD.  a  post-village  of  Strafford  co..  New 
Hampshire.  "25  miles  E.  of  Concord. 

CEN'TKETON,  a  post-village  of  Salem  CO.,  New  Jersey,  70 
miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Trenton. 

CEXTRETON,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  110  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

CEN'TRKTOWN,  a  post^village  of  Mercer  CO.,  Pennsylva- 
Tania.  about  10  miles  E.  of  the  borough  of  Mercer. 

CEXTiJETOW.V,  n  post-office,Ander'son  co.,  South  Carolina. 

CENTItETOWN,  a  village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  70  miles 
N.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

CENTKE  VAi/LEY.  a  post-otflfe  of  Otsego  ho.,  Now  York. 

CENTKE  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn- 
sylvani.a,  7  miles  S.  of  AUentown. 

CENTKE  VliyL.^GE,  a  post-village  of  Broome  co.,  New 
York,  120  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Albany. 

CENTRE  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia, 
175  miles  S.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

CENTRE  VILLAGE,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Georgia,  60 
miles  E..X.E.  of  Atlanta. 

CENTRE  VILL.\GE,  a  post-<ifIice  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

CEN'TREVII.,LE,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  191. 

CE.N'TREVILLE.  a  post-village  and  .seaport  of  Barnstable 
township,  Harnstiible  co..  Massachusetts,  on  the  S.  side  of 
Cape  Cod,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

CEXTKEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
near  the  right  bank  of  Pawtuxent  River,  12  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Providence.  The  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  chiefly  di- 
rected to  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods. 

CE.XTREVILLE.  a  village  in  Ilamden  township.  New 
Haven  co..  Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven  and  Northamp- 
ton Railroad,  6  miles  N.  of  New  Haven.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  prints,  muslins,  machinery,  sash,  and  blinds,  &c. 

CENTKEVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New 
York.  4.=.  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.     Pop.  1M23. 

CEXTKEVILLE.  a  vill.age  of  Ch.amplain  township,  Clin- 
ton CO..  New  York,  on  the  Northern  or  Ogdensburg  Railroad, 
about  TfiO  miles  N.  by  E.  of  .Ubany. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  E.  part  of  Hunter- 
don CO.,  New  .Tersey,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Flemington. 

CENTREVILLE.  a  vilUge  New  of  Jersey,  on  the  line  be- 
tween Salem  and  Cumberland  counties,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Bridgeton. 

CEXTREVTLLE.  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Belvidere. 

CEXTKEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CEXTKEVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Butler  co., 
Pennsylvania,  17  miles  N.W.  of  the  borough  of  Butler.  Pop. 
347. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Crawford  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Oil  Creek,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Meadville. 
It  is  on  Oil  Creek  Railroad. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CENTREVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Smithport  to  Miieshurg. 
CENTRE  VILLE,a8mall  village,  Gi-eene  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 


CENTSEVJLLE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  oo.,  Penn 
sylvaiiia. 

CEXTREVTLLE.  a  village  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania.  15  miles  N.  of  Easton. 

CliXTKEVILLE.  a  village  of  Somerset  co..  Pennsylvania 
on  the  Clay  turnpike,  148  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisbiirg,  hat 
about  100  inhabitants. 

CENTKEA'l  LLE,  a  small  village.  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  in  New  Castle  co.,  Dela- 
ware. at.Kjut  50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Dover. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Queen  Anne  oo., 
Maryland,  35  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Annapolis,  contains  a  court- 
house, 1  churcli,  an  academy,  and  about  400  iuhabitanls. 
Fish  and  oysters  are  abundant  in  the  vicinity. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  i>ost-village  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virglllil^ 
27  miles  W.  of  Washington,  has  1  church  and  a  few  stolen. 
A  battle  wa.s  fought  here  Aug.  2N,  1862. 

CENTREVILLE.  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Virginia;  on  In- 
dian Creek,  aliout  240  miles  W.  of  Riclimond. 

CENTREVILLE.  a  village  of  Tyler  co..W.Virginia,  on  Mid- 
die  Island  Creek,  10  miles  from  the  Oliio  Kiver.and  7  mile 
from  Middleboum,  the  county  seat.  It  has  turnpikes  lead 
iug  in  severjil  directions,  and  contains  a  number  of  stores. 

CENTREVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Moore  co..  North  Carolina. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Laurens  district.  South 
Carolina,  90  miles  N.AV.  of  Columbia. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Camden  CO.,  Georgia, 
3  miles  from  St.  .Mary's  River. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Walton  CO.,  Georgia,  126 
miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wilkes  co.,  Georgia, 
about  66  miles  N.W.  of  Aususta. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Leon  co.,  Florida. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bibb  co..  Alaba- 
ma, on  the  Cahawba  River,  at  the  lower  fiills,  3S  miles  S.E. 
of  Tuscaloosa. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Amite  CO.,  Misf-issippi, 
about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Natchez. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

CENTREVILLE.  a  post-village  of  St.  Mary's  parish  Lou- 
isiana, on  the  river  Teche,  (navigable  by  steanitioats.)  TO 
miles  by  wat<"r  from  the  OulT  of  Mexico,  and  5  miles  below 
Franklin,  the  seat  of  justice. 

CENTKEVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Leon  co.,  Texas. 

CENTKEVI  LLE.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  .\rkansas. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  thriving  post-vill.age.  capital  of  Hick- 
man CO.,  Tennessee,  on  Duck  River.  50  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 
A  slack-water  navigation  isaVjut  being  opened  on  the  river. 
There  is  abundant  water-ix)wer  in  the  vicinity,  and  several 
manufactories  of  cotton  and  iron  have  been  erected. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Tenne.s- 
see.    The  post-office  is  McLeansville. 

CENTKEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  road  from  Paris  to  Georgetown,  30  miles  E.  of  Frank- 
fort, has  2  stores. 

CENTKEVILLE.  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  about  00 
miles  E.  of  Zanosville. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Ointon  Co.,  Ohio. 

CENTKEVILLE,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  IS  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  15 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Gallipolis. 

CEXTREVTLLE,  a  village  of  Lake  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ridge 
Road  from  from  Erie,  in  Pennsylvania,  to  Cleveland,  1S2 
miles  X.E.  of  Columbus.    It  has  considerable  trade. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Medina  CO.,  Ohio,  about  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Cleveland. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Montgomeiy 
CO.,  Ohio,  9  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Dayton.  The  houses  are  mostly 
built  of  stone,  quarried  on  the  spot.  It  is  plea.s.antly  situ- 
ated in  a  rich  and  populous  district,  and  has  some  trade.  Tha 
village  contains  3  churches,  and  perhaps  500  inhabitants. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  St. 
Joseph  CO.,  Michigan,  on  Prairie  River,  80  miles  S.W.  of 
Lansing.  The  situation  is  pleasant,  and  the  land  around  it 
is  highly  productive.    Pop.  473 

CENTREVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Fort  Wavne. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  6  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Crownpoint. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Scott  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  i-ailroad  from  Jeffersonville  to  Columbus. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Sulli- 
van CO.,  Indiana. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  thriving  pos^village,  capital  of  Wayne 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Nati'^nal  Road,  and  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  63  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  a  pleasant 
and  healthy  situation.  It  contains  3  churches,  and  a  na- 
tional bank.  The  Whitewater  Female  College,  at  thia 
place,  is  a  flourishing  school,  under  the  direction  of  the  Me- 
thodists.   Pop.  ii60. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  SO  miles 
W.  of  ."Springfield. 

CENTKEVILE.  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  about 
60  miles  N.W.  of  Springfleld. 

iOb 


CBN 

CENTRE VI  I.I.E.  a  village  of  Schuylw  co^  Illinois,  70 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Spriujrtielil. 

CENTJIKVILLK,  a  thriving;  post-village  of  St.  Clair  CO., 
Illinois,  9  miles  S.W.  of  BelleviUe.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
fertile  o.untry,  and  has  an  active  busiue.^s.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  chiefly  Germans.  The  village  contains  2  or  more 
churches.  2  steam  tlouring-mills,  and  a  few  stores. 

CEXTUEVILLE,  a  village  of  Callaway  co.,  Missouri,  40 
miles  X.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CEXTKEVILEE,  a  village  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Ma- 
eon  CO..  Missouri,  80  mile»  X.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CEXTREVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Reynolds  co.,  Missouri. 

CEXTREVILLE,  a  thriving  posWiUage,  capital  of  Appa- 
noose CO.,  Iowa,  33^  miles  'W.  of  Chariton  River,  and  about 
SO  miles  S.S.E.  of  "Des  Moines.  It  contains  3  chiuxhes,  1 
national  bank,  1  newspaper-office,  and  10  drj-good  sstores. 
The  State  Koad  from  Bloomfield  to  the  Jlissouri  River 
passes  tlirough  the  place.     Pop.  820. 

CEXTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  26  miles  E. 
of  Iowa  City. 

CEXTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CEXTREVILLE.  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  'Wisconsin,  on 
Sugar  River.  35  miles  S.  of  Madison. 

CEXTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Manitoowoc  co,  'Wisconsin, 
12  miles  X'.  by  E.  of  Shebovgan. 

CEX'TRE  WHITE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO.,  Xew  York.  39  miles  X.E.  of  Albany. 

CEXTUM  CELL^.    See  Civita  Vecchia. 

CEXTCRIP.E  or  CEXTURIPI.    See  Cestobm. 

CEOS,  an  island  of  Greece.     See  Zea. 

CEPHAL(ED1UM.    See  Cefalu. 

CEPHALOXI A.  sfef-S-lo'ne-i,  or  KEPIIALOOaA,  (It.pron. 
ch^f3-lou'e-5,  and  ch6f-i-lo-nee'il;  modern  Or.  Ke^aXovla, 
kJt-d-lo-nee'd;  ane.  Gr.  Ec0aXAi)i'('a ;  L.  OphaUe>nia.)  an 
island  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  one  of  the  largest  con- 
stituting the  Ionian  Republic,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Greece, 
opposite  the  Gulf  of  Patras.  between  lat.3S°  4'  and  38°29'  N., 
and  Ion.  2u°  21'  and  2U°  49'  E.  Greatest  length,  32  miles; 
breadth,  varying  from  5  to  12  miles.  Are;i,  about  348  square 
miles.  The  surfiice  is  generally  mountainous.  A  calcareous 
ridge  traverses  the  island  from  X.W.  to  S.E.,  the  highest  sum- 
mit of  which,  called  Orios  Ainos.  is  about  SuOO  feet  above  the 
sea-level.  This  lofty  peak  was  anciently  crowned  by  a  temple 
of  Jupiter,  of  which  no  trace  remains,  the  mountain  being 
now  entirely  covered  with  wood.  The  only  plain  in  the  island 
of  any  extent  is  in  the  S.W.,  near  Argostoli ;  it  is  about  6  miles 
in  length,  and  is  chiefly  planted  with  vines.  There  are  other 
fertile  spots,  but  the  soil  is  in  general  extremely  thin.  The 
coast-line  is  very  irregular  and  deeply  marked  with  indenta- 
tions, the  principal  of  which  are  the  bays  of  Samos,  Zol;i, 
and  Argostoli;  the  last  extends  about  7  or  8  miles  inland, 
and  has  good  anchorage.  The  principal  produce  of  the  is- 
land is  curi-ants,  of  which  large  quantities  are  exported  an- 
nually. The  other  products  are  wheat,  corn,  olive-oil,  wine, 
cotton,  flax,  and  salt,  with  various  kinds  of  fruits,  includ- 
ing oranges,  lemons,  figs,  cai-obs,  and  melons.  Great  num- 
bers of  the  inhabitants  are  brought  up  to  the  medical 
profession,  and  afterwards  emigrate  for  practice  to  various 
parts  of  the  continent,  especially  to  Turkey,  where  there  is 
hardly  a  town  without  a  practitioner  from  Cephaloui.i, 

The  greater  p.art  of  the  population  are  of  the  Greek 
Church;  the  others  are  of  the  Latin  Church,  and  have  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop,  and  several  convents  of  Francis- 
cans. There  are  11  free  schools  on  the  island,  which  are 
supported  by  the  government,  and  78  private  schools, 

Cephalonia  was  known  anciently  by  various  names,  being 
called  Samos  by  Homer,  in  the  Odyxsei/,  and  Tetrapolis  by 
Thucydides.  In  189  b,  c, the  iskvid  came  underthe  Roman 
dominion,  and  so  remained  till  after  the  division  of  the  em- 
pire, when  it  became  subject  to  the  Byzantines  till  the 
twelfth  centurj",  falling  afterwards,  successitely,  to  the 
Normans,  Venetians,  Turks,  and  again  to  the  'Venetians, 
who  retained  possession  of  it  till  li'97,  when  it  was  taken 
by  the  French,  who  were  in  turn  driven  out  by  the  Rus- 
sians in  1799.  Cephalonia  was  then  made  part  of  the  new 
state  of  the  Seven  Islands,  under  the  protection  of  Russia. 
By  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  in  1809.  the  French  again  obtained 
possession  of  it.  but  were  soon  after  driven  out  by  the  Eng- 
lish, under  whose  protection  it  now  remains.  The  island 
is  divided  into  f  jur  districts,  and  sends  seven  members  to 
the  Legislative  Assembly,  and   one  to  the  Senate.     The 

princi|vil  towns  are  Argostoli  and  Lixuri.    Pop.  63,197. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Cephalonian,  sef-a-lo/ne-an. 

CEPIIIS'SIA,  or  Ml/LAS,  a  river  of  Greece,  rises  in  Pho- 
cis.  15  miles  X.W.  of  Salona,  flows  generally  E.,  forming  the 
N.  boundary  of  Boeotia,  and  enters  Lake  Copais  8  miles 
E.X.1-:.  of  Livadin. 

CEPU1.-<'S1.\.  a  village  of  Greece.  9  miles  X.E.  of  Athens, 
■with  a  grotto  di>dicated  to  the  saints,  frequently  resorted  to 
trova  superstitious  motives. 

CiiPHIS'SLS  or  CEPIII'SUS.  (Gr.  Vinq>io<ioi  or  K.t<>i<">«.) 
•  river  hi  Greece,  government  of  Attica,  rises  beneath 
Mount  Parnes.  and  after  a  S.W.  course  of  atx>ut  25  miles, 
enters  the  Gulf  of  ^Egina.  5  miles  W..S.W.  of  Athens.  On 
Its  tianks  were  ancieutly  the  groves  of  the  Academy. 
406 


CER 

CEPP.\LOXI.  chJp-p3-lo'nee.  a  market-town  of  Xaples,  pro 
vince  of  I'rincipato  Ultra,  O5  miles  S.  of  Benevento.  Pop.  2500. 

CEPR.VXi),  cbA-prd/no,  (anc.  Fregii'Ut,)  a  market-town  of 
Central  Italy,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Frosinone,  on  the  Xeapolitan 
frontier.     Pop.  3175. 

Cb^RA.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelaga  W.  of  Timot^  ■ 
Laut,     Lat.  8°  10'  S.,  Ion.  130°  56'  E..  and  20  miles  in  circuit. 

CERAIVVO,  a  post-office  of  Cai'roll  co..  Mississippi. 

CERAM'  or  ZERAM'.  (Port.  pron.  s.A-rd'As"  or  sA-rOwNo/,) 
called  by  the  natives  SIRAXG,'  seeVing',  or  CEIRAM,  sA-e. 
rowug',  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  the  secocd 
largest  of  the  Moluccas,  lies  between  Booroo  on  the  W. 
and  Papua  on  the  E.,  and  immediately  X.  of  Amlxiina.  It 
stretches  from  lat.  2°  47'  to  3°  60'  S.,  and  Ion.  127°  51'  to 
123°  56'  E.  Area  estimated  at  10.500  square  miles.  The 
isl.ind  is  very  imperfectly  known.  It  is  traversed  by  moun- 
fciln  ranges  rising  from  a  table-land  of  considerable  eleva- 
tion, and  sending  down  innumerable  .streams  to  the  sea. 
The  mountains  vary  from  6O0U  to  80U0  feet  in  height,  and 
that  called  Xoo.saheli  rises  to  9760  feet.  The  vegetation  is 
luxuri.ant  and  gigantic;  the  sago-palm,  in  ptirticular,  is 
more  abundant  here  than  in  any  other  of  the  adjoining  is- 
lands, to  which,  consequently,  supplies  of  sago  are  exported. 
It  grows  100  feet  high,  and.  instead  of  400  jKjunds.  as  at  Am- 
boina.  a  single  ti-ee  will  sometimes  yield  1 200  pounds  of  starch. 
Clove  and  nutmeg  trees  grow  wild,  and  the  woods  abound  in 
magnificent  forest-trees.  Xear  the  E.  end,  on  the  X.  side,  is 
the  village  of  Waroo.  on  the  liav  of  the  same  name,  about  lat. 
3°  25'  .S.,  Ion.  130°  40'  E.  The  bay  afl'ords  good  anchorage 
and  water,  and  other  refreshments  may  be  procured  in  it. 

The  coasts  are  peopled  by  a  Malay  race  of  bold  and  enter- 
prising fishermen  and  traffickers,  wlio  carry  the  produce  of 
their  fisheries  in  large  prahus,  called  koia-lora,  with  from 
30  to  60  rowers  each,  to  the  Sunda  Isl.ands  and  Singapore. 
The  inferior  is  peopled  by  the  Alfoories  or  Ilalatborahs, 
identical,  apparently,  with  those  of  the  mountains  of  Celebes 
and  the  Philippines.  Christian  missionaries  in  Ceram  have 
not  only  made  numerous  converts  along  the  coasts,  but  have 
extended  a  softening  influence  even  among  the  idolaters  of 
the  interior.  The  local  princes  meet  the  Dutch  residents 
once  in  two  years,  to  have  their  disputes  settled  by  a  court 
composed  of  24  rajahs,  and  at  which  the  re.sident  presides. 

The  alx)rigines  of  Ceram  are  mostly  idolaters,  and  the 
coast  population,  generally  spe;4king,  Mohammedans; 
though,  of  t>20  souls  in  the  village  of  Makarike,  where  Mr. 
Scherius  landed.  438  were  Christians.  11  only  Mohamme-  / 
dans,  and  171  idolaters.  But  the  Christians  were  suttering 
from  neglect.  'Xot withstanding  its  superabundant  fertility, 
Ceram  is  very  thinly  peopled.  This  is  attributed  to  the  fro 
quent  dis.<ensions  of  the  ^lal.iys  amoui  themselves,  the  at- 
tacks of  the  Alfoories  from  the  land  side  and  of  pirates  at 
se.a,  and  the  ravages  of  the  small-pox.  The  present  popula- 
tion is  roughly  estimated  at  226.000. 

CERAMI,  chA-r.'i'mee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Cata- 
nia, in  a  mining  district.  17  miles  W.  of  Bronte.  Pop.  3667. 

CERAM-LAUT  lSLh:S,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  In  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  lying  off  the  E.  end  of  the  island  of 
Ceram,  from  which  they  are  separated  by  the  island  and 
strait  of  Keffing.  The  chief  island  is  about  5  miles  long, 
mountainous,  and  uninhabited.    Ljit.  3°  48'  S.;  Ion.  131°  E. 

CER AXO,  chiV-r^'no,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  8i  miles E.SJi. 
ofX'ovara.     Pop.  4097. 

CER.\SUS.    See  Keresoon. 

CEKBALUS,  a  river  of  Italy.    See  Cebv.aro. 

CERCADO,  sfR-kd/do.  a  province  of  Peru,  having  Lima, 
the  capital  of  the  country,  about  its  centre,  on  the  coast. 
It  is  39  miles  long  and  24  miles  bratd,  and  is  watered  by 
the  Rimac  and  Lurin. 

CERCHIARA,  ch^R-ke-d/ri,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  9  miles  E,XJi.  of  Castro villari.    Pop.  2080. 

CERCIX.\.     See  Kerki.ni. 

CERDAtlXE.  siJaMdil',  an  old  division  of  Europe,  in  the 
Pyrenees,  partly  enclosed  in  the  French  department  of. 
Pyrenees-Oiientiiles.  and  partly  in  the  Spanish  province<i 
of  Barcelona.  Gerona.  and  Lerida.  The  principal  townj 
were  ^lont   ixiuis  in   France,  and  Puy-Cerda  in  Sp:dn. 

CERDE^fA.    See  SARniMA. 

CERDOX,  sSrMAn"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of -iin, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Bourg.    Pop.  18:17. 

CfiUE,  saiR,  a  river  of  Southern  France,  departments  ot 
Cantal  and  Lot,  rises  in  the  J'iomb-de-Cantal,  and.  after  a 
W.  course  of  about  55  miles,  joins  the  Dordogne  near  lirete- 
noux.  Its  valley  is  noted  for  picturesque  beauty.  Aurillac 
is  on  one  of  its  affluents. 

CERE.\.  chA-rA'd.  a  market-town  of  Lomtifirdy,  19  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Verona.  Pop.  5689.  It  has  the  remaijs  of  an  an- 
cient castle,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  annual  fair. 

CEREBKLLIACA.     See  Chadeuil. 

CERE.NCiiS,  s;IV6nss',  a 'market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Jlanche,  9  miles  S.  of  Coutances.    Pop.  2244. 

CERE  NOVO,  chA'rA  no'vo.  (>. «.  "  New  Csere,")  is  a  small 
village.  H  miles  E.  of  Cervetere.  (which  .see.) 

CERES,  seers,  a  parish  of  Scf)tland,  i-o.  of  Fife,  on  the  river 
Ceres,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Cupar-Fife.  Area,  i-o uprising  a  U-au- 
tiful  valley,  about  8000  acres.    Pop.  2944,  exteL.»>tely  em- 


CER 


CER 


ployed  in  the  manufacture  of  linens.  Tlae  tower  of  Peot- 
gtarvet  and  the  ruins  of  Craigiiall  House  are  in  this  parish; 
It  was  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Archbishop  Sharpe,  and 
the  birthplace  of  the  historian  Pitscottie. 

CKKK.S,  chA/res,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont. 22  miles  N.W.  of  Turin,  near  the  confluence  of  two 
branche.<oftheStura.    Pop.  2000. 

CtVUKS,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York,  225 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

CKKES,  a  township  of  McKean  co.,  Penn.sylvania.  Pop. 
1308. 

CERES,  a  village  of  Washington  CO.,  Wisconsin.  37  miles 
N.N.W.  of  .Milwaukee. 

CERFJS'CO,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Central  Michigan  Railroad,  112  miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

CEKE.SCO,a  post-village  and  town.shipof  Fonddu  Lacco., 
Wisconsin,  85  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee,  and  20  miles  W.  of 
Lake  Winnebago,  was  settled  in  1844  by  a  Fourier  Associa- 
tion, called  the  "Wi*onsin  Phalanx."  They  own  1440 
acres  of  prairie-land,  diversified  by  groves  of  oak  and  maple. 
The  name  luis  been  changed  to  RipoN,  which  see. 

CEKESI US  LACUS.    See  Luoano,  Lake  of. 

CKKESOfiK,  chA-ri-so'lA,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  13J  miles 
N.W.  of  Alba.  Pop.  1593.  In  its  vicinity  the  French 
gained  a  celebrated  victory  over  the  Imperialists,  April 
14,  1544. 

Ci/RESTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  McKean  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Oswayo  Creek,  about  200  miles  N.W. 
of  Ilarrisburg.     It  has  a  church  and  several  mills. 

CERET,  siVi/,  a  frontier  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pyren6es-0rientales,  16  miles  S.W.  of  I'erpiguan.  Pop.  in 
1852,  35S6.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  manufactures 
of  corks,  leather,  and  copper-wares.  In  1600  the  plenipo- 
tentiaries of  France  and  Spain  met  here  to  fix  the  limits  of 
the  two  kingdoms. 

CEKIAXA.  ch.A-re-S'nd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
6  miles  N.  of  San  Remo.     Pop.  2101. 

CERIGNOLA.  chA-reen-yo'Ii.  an  episcopal  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Capitanata,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Foggia.  It  has  a 
college,  several  convents,  and  a  hospital.  The  inhabitants 
manufacture  linen,  and  the  district  produces  large  quanti- 
ties of  almonds  and  cotton.  In  1503,  the  Spaniards  here 
defeated  tlie  French,  when  the  Duke  de  Nemours,  who  com- 
manded the  latter,  was  slain.     Pop.  17,242 

CERIOO,  chjr'e-go,  (anc.  Latin,  Cyth^ra;  Or.  KiOijpa,  pro- 
nounced by  the  modern  Greeks,  kith'e-ra,)  the  southern- 
most of  the  seven  principal  Ionian  Islands,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, off  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Morea,  between  lat.  ;i6° 
7'  and  36°  2;j'  N.,  and  in  Ion.  about  23°  E.  Area,  116  square 
Jiiles.  Pop.  about  9000.  Shores  abrupt  and  dangerous  to 
shipping.  Surface  mostly  mountainous  and  rocky.  More 
rattle  are  reared  here  than  in  any  other  of  the  Ionian 
Islands.  Chief  crops,  wheat,  maize,  pulse,  cotton,  flax, 
wine,  and  olive-oil:  which  last,  and  the  honey  of  the  island, 
are  highly  esteemed.  C^jrigo  is  used  as  a  place  of  exile  by 
the  central  government,  and  is  garrisoned  by  a  company 
of  troops.  Principal  town,  Capsali,  at  Its  S.  extremity. 
The  people  are  of  Greek  origin,  and  are  all  of  the  Greek 
Cturch.  The  island  sends  a  representative  to  the  Repub- 
lican Assembly,  and,  conjointly  with  Ithaca  and  Paxo,  one 
senator.  Cerigo  was  celebrated  in  ancient  times  for  the 
worship  of  Venus;  and  near  the  fortress  of  San  Nikolo  are 
some  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Cytluru  and  its  temples. 
Cerigo  was  long  subject  to  the  Lacedemonians,  and  be- 
longed in  turn  to  Macedon,  Egypt,  Rome,  and  Venice ;  in 
later  times  it  has  shared  the  fortunes  of  the  other  Ionian 
Islands. 

CERIOOTTO,  ch.i-re-got'to,  (anc.  ^ipVia.)  a  small  island 
of  the  Mediterranean,  midway  between  Cerigo  and  Crete, 
and  belonging  to  the  Ionian  Republic.  Length.  5  miles; 
breadth,  from  1  to  3  miles.     Pop.  about  30  families. 

CERILIjY,  siVee^ee'.  a  town  of  F'rance,  department  of 
Allier,  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Moulins.  Pop.  in  1S52,  2495.  It 
has  manufactures  or  mousselins  and  paper. 

CEIUNA  or  TZKRINA.  ch.i-ree'nd.  (anc.  Cerin'ia.  dry- 
nelia,  or  Cero'nia.)  a  small  seaport  town  of  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus, on  its  N.  coast,  10  miles  N.  of  Lefkosia.  It  has  an  in- 
different port,  and  ancient  quarries  and  catacombs. 

CEKISY,  seh-ree^zee',  several  communes  and  villages  of 
France,  in  Normandy,  the  principal  in  the  department  of 
Manche,  10  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Lo.  It  has  2055  inhabitants, 
and  the  church  of  an  abbey  founded  by  Robert  Duke  of 
Normandy  in  1030,  and  completed  by  his  sou,  William  the 
Conq\jwror. 

CERIZAY,  seh-ree'z.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Deux-Sevres,  9  miles  W.  of  Bressuire,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Sdvre-Nantaise.     Pop.  in  1852,  1230. 

CERMIGNANO.  ch«R-meen-yl,'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I..  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Penne.  Pop.2140. 

CERNAY,  s^R^nA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut- 
Rhin,  on  a  railway,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Mulhausen.  Pop.  in 
1852.  3997,  en;5aged  in  tne  manufacture  of  printed  cottons, 
linens,  paper,  and  machinery,  and  in  iron  and  copper 
foundries 

CERNii-ABBAS,  sern  ab'bijs,  a  market-town  and  parish 


of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  7i  miles  N.NW.  of  Dorchester. 
Pop.  1342,  employed  in  malting  and  manutiiccures  of  linens, 
gloves,  parchment.  Ac.  It  has  some  remains  ol  t>  noble 
abbey  fouiided  in  987. 

CERNETZ  or  ZERNETZ,  tsJR'nIts,  a  village  of  Switzer 
land,  canton  of  Orisons,  in  the  Lower  Engadine,  31  miles 
S.K. of  Chur,  with  a  handsome  Protestjint  church  and  mine- 
ral baths.     Pop.  500. 

CER'NEY,  NETHER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CERNEY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  (iloucester. 

CERNEY,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester, 
5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cirencester.  Edward's  College,  a  hospital  for 
the  distressed  families  of  clergy  men,  was  founded  here  in  1 837. 

CERNEY,  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CERNTLOW,  ts^n/ne-lov,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
KoniggrStz,  near  Smirzitz.     Pop.  1314. 

CERNISI,  ch^R-nee'see,  (anc.  MnVya.)  an  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  off  the  W.  of  coast  of  Sicily.  Lat.  37°  52'  N., 
Ion.  12°  25'  E.  It  is  about  3  miles  long,  and  averages  about 
1  mile  in  breadth. 

CERNOWITZ,  tsjR'no-vitz.  a  town  of  Bohemia.  14  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Tabor;  it  is  thechief  place  of  a  lordship  of  the  same 
name.     Pop.  168.3. 

CERNUSCO-ASINARIO,  chSR-noosOiO-a-se-na/re-o.  a  town 
of  Northern  Italy,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Milan.  It  stands  on  both 
sides  of  the  Canal  of  Martesana,  and  Is  surrounded  by  beau- 
tiful gardens.     Pop.  3684. 

CEROMA.     See  Cerina. 

CERRKTO,  chAR-RA'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  on  the  Apennines,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Capua.  Pop. 
4930,  who  manufacture  coarse  woollens.  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  a  cathedral  with  fine  paintings,  a  college  church, 
and  a  diocesan  school. 

CERRETO,  cli^R-R.Vto,  a  maikettown  of  Italy,  iu  Um- 
bria,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Spoleto,  on  the  Nera. 

CERRETO  GUIDI,  ch^R-RA'to  gwee'dee,  a  market-town  of 
Tuscany,  province  of  i'lorence,  4  miles  N.W.  of  EmpolL 
Pop.  2396. 

CERRIGCEINWEN,  kerVig-kA-noo/en,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Anglesea. 

CERRIG-Y-DRUIDION,  k^R/rig-e-dre-id'e-on,  a  parish  of 
North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

CKRRO,  cheR'KO,  a  markeWown  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Venafro.     I'o)).  2040. 

CKRRO  DEL  ANDEVALO,th^R/Ro  dcH  dn-dA-vA'lo,  a  town 
of  Spain,  25  miles  N.  of  Iluelva.  Pop.  2728.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  linens  and  coarse  woollens. 

CERRO-DE-PASCO.  s4r/ro  dA  pis'ko.  called  also  simply 
P.tSCO,  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of  Junin.  138  miles  N.l*!. 
of  Lima.  13.673  feet  above  the  sea-level.  It  is  the  seat  of 
rich  silver-mines.    Pop.  fi-om  12.000  to  16.000.    See  Peru. 

CERRO  FRIO,  Brazil.    See  Serko  Frio. 

CERRO  GORDO,  sJr'ro  goR'do.  a  celebrated  battle-field 
and  mountain  pass,  through  which  the  National  Road  con- 
ducts fitim  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  about  60  miles 
N.W.  of  the  former.  This  pa.ss  was  taken  possession  of  by 
the  Mexicans,  1-3,000  strong,  under  Santa  Anna,  in  the 
spring  of  1847,  and  the  heights  on  either  side  were  strongly 
fortified,  for  the  purpose  of  interrupting  the  march  of  the 
United  States  troops,  numbering  9000.  under  General  Scott, 
from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  capital  of  Mexico.  The  tattle  was 
fought  on  the  18th  and  loth  of  April,  and  resulted  in  the 
total  defeat  of  Santa  Anna's  army,  his  loss  being  an  indefi- 
nite number  of  killed  and  wounded,  3000  prisoners,  in- 
cluding 5  generals,  all  of  his  artillery,  consisting  of  43 
pieces,  and  7  standards.  The  American  loss  was  431  killed 
and  wounded,  among  whom  were  33  officers. 

CER'RO  GOR'DO,  a  new  county  in  the  northern  part  of 
Iowa,  has  an  area  of  025  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Lime  Creek,  a  branch  of  English  River,  and  its  tributaries. 
This  county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1S60.  Named 
from  the  celebrated  battle-field  in  Mexico,  on  which  the 
Americans,  under  General  Scott,  gained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  Mexicans,  April  18th  and  19th,  1847.  Pop.  940 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co..  Georgia. 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Holmes  Co.,  Ilo- 
rida.  about  105  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tallahassee. 

CERRO  GORDO,  formeriy  WHITE'S  LANDING,  a  village 
of  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the  Tennessee  River,  120  miles 
S.W.  of  Nashville.  It  is  a  depot  for  cotton  and  staves,  which 
are  shipped  by  the  river. 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  post-village  of  Piatt  co.,  Illinois,  50 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Sprintrtield. 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  post-office  of  Mills  co..  Iowa. 

CERRO  GORDO  AZUL,  sSr'ro  gon'do  athool',  a  consider- 
able town  of  Peru,  department  of  Lima,  iu  the  middle  of  a 
fertile  plain. 

CERR(J  GORDO  DE  POTOSI.  sSr'ro  goR'do  dA  po-to-see'.  a 
famous  metalifercius  mountain  of  Bolivia,  immediately  S.W 
of  Potosi.     Elevation,  16.037  feet. 

CERRO  GORDO  MORADO  NEGRO,  sfR'no  goR'do  mo-rA'do 
nA'gro.  two  mountains  of  South  America,  in  the  Plata  Con- 
federation, department  of  La  Rioja.    One  of  them  is  said  to 
yield  gold  ore. 
•'         "  407 


CER 


CEU 


CTCK'HOS  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coast  of 
Lower  California,  in  lat.  2S°  12'  X.,  Ion.  115°  2l>'  W.  Length 
N.  to  S.  30  miles  ;  breadth  5  miles.  Coasts  greatly  indented; 
surface  ru'jired  and  barren. 

CKHSUS  or  IvERSDS.    See  Merkez. 

CERTA,  s^R'ti,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  prorince 
of  Beira-Baixa.  32  miles  S.E.  of  Coinibra.     Pop.  2336. 

CE15TALD0,  chjR-til'do,  a  market-town  of  Tuscany,  18i 
miles  S.W.  of  Florence,  on  the  Elsa.  Pop.  2000.  It  is  cele- 
brated as  the  birthplace  of  Boccaccio,  whose  house  is  still 
preserved.  "~ 

CEKU'LEAN  SPRINGS,  a  village  in  Trigg  co.,  Kentucky, 
223  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

CERVARO.  chJR-vl/ro,  (anc,  O-rbalm.)  a  river  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Capitanata.  rises  in  the  Apennines  near  Ariano, 
snd  after  a  N.E.  coui-se  of  50  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  51an- 
fredonia.  on  the  .\driatie  co.ist. 

CERVAItO,  a  town  of  Xaples.  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
22  miles  S.E.  of  Sora.    Pop.  3330. 

<^ERVASCA.  chJR-vJs'kl.  a  villase  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
6^  miles  S.W.  of  Conj,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Stura.  P.  2490. 

CERVATOS-DE-LA-CUEZA,  thjR-vd'toce-d.i-ia-kw.Vthd,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Leon.  23  miles  X.X.W.  of  Palencia.  Pop.  V44. 

CERVElRA,  V1LL.A.-X0YA  DA,  viWd-no'va  dl  s?R-vi'- 
e-ra,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Miuho,  16 
miles  X.  of  Vienna,  on  the  Minho.    Pop.  200. 

CERVERA,  thJR-vA'ri  a  town  of  Spain,  28  miles  E.  of 
Lerida.  Pop.  5312.  It  stands  on  a  conspicuous  height,  is 
well  built,  and  enclosed  with  old  walls.  The  principal  edifices 
are  those  of  its  former  university,  (lately  transferred  to  Bar- 
celona.) and  some  handsome  churches  and  c-onvents. 

CERVEltA.atown  of  Spain,  58  miles  X.  of  Palencia.  P.2000. 

CERVERA  DEL  RIO  ALHAMA,  thjR-v.i'rd  AM  ree'o 
Jl-i'ma.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Logrofio,  18  miles  S. 
of  Calahorra.     Pop.  3690. 

CERVETERE,  chJR-vJt'a-rA.  i.e.  CereVetere,  Ocere  reltis, 
'•Old  Care."  (anc.  Qrfre.)  a.  village  of  Central  Italy,  In  the 
Pontifical  States,  Comarca  di  Roma,  in  the  Campagna,  27 
miles  W.  of  Rome.  Ceere  wa-s.  in  antiquity,  one  of  the  12 
great  cities  of  Etruria,  and  celebrated  by  Virgil  as  the  capital 
of  Mezentius.  Its  acropolis  is  occupied  by  the  modern  vil- 
lage with  750  inhabitants;  and  some  remains  of  its  Pelasgic 
walls  and  Etruscan  tombs  still  exist. 

CERVIA,  cli^R've-d,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  iKniilia, 
133^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ravenna,  on  the  Adriatic.  Po]).  witli 
its  surrounding  villages,  5082.  Its  salt-works  in  the  ad- 
joining marshes,  are  the  most  important  in  the  Pontifical 
States. 

CERVICALES,  cheR-ve-ka/lls;  or  CIPRICAGLIE,  che- 
pre-kll'vil,  «  irroup  of  small  islands  in  the  Mediterranean, 
S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Corsica,  lat.  41°33'X. 

CERVIXWR.A..  ch^R-ve-nd'rd,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province 
of  Principato  Ultra,  12  miles  X.W.  of  Avellino.    Pop.  5390. 

CERVIX,  MOXT.  m(\ng,  sl-R-yKy g/ (it  MonU  Silvio,  mon'- 
ti  sil've-o,  Ger.  MaUerhom,  mit/ter-hoRn',)  a  mountain  of 
the  Pennine  Alps,  between  the  Valais  in  Switzerland  and 
the  Val  d'Aosta  in  Piedmont,  40  miles  E.X.E.  of  Mont 
Blanc,  and  12  miles  W.X.W.  of  Monte  Ros-a.  Elevation 
14,771  feet.  The  Col  of  Mount  Cervin  is  used  in  summer 
as  a  passage  for  horses  and  mules.    Elevation  10.938  feet. 

CERVIOXE.  chJR-ve-o'nA.  a  se.iport  town  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Corsica.  20  miles  S.  of  Bastia.     Pop.  in  1852,  1657. 

CERVOLI.  cheR-vo^ee.  (anc.  Cnlumhafriaf)  a  small  island 
of  Tuscany,  in  the  Mediterranean,  province  of  Pisa,  5  miles 
E.  of  Elba. 

CERZA  MAGOIORE,  chJRd'id  mad-jo'rA,  a  village  of 
Naples,  province  of  Moiise.  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Campobasso. 

CERZA  PICCOLA,  ch^Rd'za  pik'ko-lia  village  of  Xaples. 
province  of  Moiise,  6  miles  S.  of  Campobasso;  it  has  3 
abbeys. 

CES.\XA,  chA-si'nl,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italv,  govern- 
ment of  Venice.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Belluno.  I'op.  2000. 

CESAXO  MADERXO.  chi^-s^'ni  mi-d^R'no.  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  10  miles  X.  by  Vi.  of  Milan,  on  the  Seveso. 
Here  are  the  remains  of  a  t-istle  with  its  walls  and  moat, 
and  a  palace  called  Cesana  Borromeo.    Pop.  3340. 

CESARKA.,  SeeCESAREA. 

CESARO,  chA-s^'ro,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  a  hill,  7i  miles 
N.W.  of  Bronte.     I'op.  30<X). 

CESE.NA.  ch.A-R.Vh4.  a  town  of  Central  Italv.  in  the  Pon- 
tifical^States,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Forli.  on  the  Emilian  Way. 
Pop.  7777.  I'rincipal  buildings,  the  town-hall  in  the  great 
cquare,  the  Capuchin  Church,  with  a  fine  painting  by 
Ouercino,  and  the  library  founded  bv  the  Duke  Mjilatesta 
In  1452.  and  rich  in  MSS.  Popes  Pius  VI.  and  VII.  were  both 
natives  of  this  town;  the  L-itter  long  resided  in  an  adj.icent 
Benedictine  monastery,  which  has  a  fine  church,  said  to  be 
the  work  of  Bramante.  The  sulphur  and  vitriol  works  of 
Bologna  and  Itimini  are  supplied  with  raw  materials  from 
the  Ruiphur-mines  S.  of  Cesena. 

CESEXATICO,  chi-sA-ni'te-ko,  a  seaport  town  of  Italy, 
in  /Eniiliii,  9  miles  E.X.E.  of  Cesena,  on  the  Adriatic.  Pop. 
60-13.   It  is  partly  enclosed  bv  walls,  and  has  a  small  harbor. 

CESl.  chi'see.  or  CESIO.  ch.A'se-o,  a  village  of  the  Ponti- 
fical SUtes.  7  miles  N.X  JI.  of  Xarni.  Pop.  1134.  Near  it  is 
408 


the  Grotta  del  Vento,  whence  a  strong  current  of  wind  con- 
tinually issues. 

CESSEXOX.  E^s'sfh-n^ji"',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilfrault.  15  miles  E.  of  St.  Pons,  beautifully  situated  on 
the  left  t>ank  of  the  Orbe.     Pop.  1228. 

CESS'FORD,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Eoxbuigh,  pari.sh 
of  Eckford,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Jedburgh.  Pop.  160.  llere  ia 
an  ancient  castle,  formerly  ftmous  in  the  border  wars,  and 
which  gives  the  title  of  Baron  to  the  Duke  of  Roxburgh. 

CESS'XA,  a^  towu.ship  of  Ilardin  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  4b7. 

CESSOX,  ses'sAxo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ille-et-Vilaine,  3  miles  E.  of  Renues,  on  the  Vilaiue,  where 
it  becomes  navi'_'able.     Pop.  23C6. 

CESTOXA.  thJs-to'ni  a  village  of  Spain,  Guipuzcoa,  11 
miles  S.AV.  of  St.  Sebastian,  near  the  Urola.  It  has  mineral 
springs  and  baths. 

CETOX,  sA'tds"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  OrnC} 
23  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Mortagne.    Pop.  1010. 

CETOXA,  chA-to/nd,  a  \illage  of  Tuscany,  province  and 
34  miles  S.  of  Arezzo.  in  the  Val  di  Chiana.  Pop.  S332.  It 
is  built  around  the  foot  of  Mount  Cetona,  and  has  a  castle, 
a  palace,  and  a  collegiate  church.  Its  vicinity  is  geologically 
interesting. 

CETRARO,  chA-trd'ro,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
CalaViria  Citra,  with  a  small  fishing  port  on  the  Meditei> 
ranean.  24  miles  X.W.  of  Cosenza.    Pop.  4.S0S. 

CETTE,  s?tt.  (anc.  JUnns  Se'tiut:  or  Seltium PromnnUJrium^ 
a  fortified  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Ileiault, 
at  the  head  of  the  railway  from  Beaucaire,  on  a  tongue  of 
land  separating  the  s;ilt  lagoon  of  Thau  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 17  miles  S.AV.  of  Montpellier:  lat.  of  light-huu.se, 
430  23'  48"  X..  Ion.  3°  42'  16"  E.  Pop.  in  1852.  19.124.  It  ii 
a  fortress  of  the  first  clas.s.  defended  by  a  citadi.1.  and  is 
Well  built;  the  principal  edifices  are  the  church  of  St.  Ixmis, 
the  public  baths,  and  library.  Its  harbor  is  spacious  and 
secure,  from  16  to  19  feet  in  depth,  and  is  formed  by  two 
piers  with  a  breakwater  in  front,  defended  by  two  forts, 
one  on  either  pier.  A  brotid  and  deep  canal,  bordered 
with  quays  and  warehouses,  connects  the  port  with  the 
Lagoon  of  Thau,  and  accordingly  with  the  Canal-du-JIidi, 
and  canals  leading  to  the  Rhone,  by  which  means  Cette  car- 
ries on  an  extensive  traflBc  with  the  interior.  The  imports 
comprise  Benicarlo  wine  from  Spain,  for  mixing  with  French 
wines  for  the  English  and  other  markets,  cotton  and  wool 
in  bales,  colonial  produce,  &c.  The  exports  consist  of  about 
36,000  tuns  of  wine,  and  4000  of  brandy  aunu.-illy.  with  al 
monds,  Montpellier  verdigris,  salt  from  adjacent  salt-works, 
and  syrups,  liqueurs,  soap,  perfumery,  and  glass  wares,  the 
products  of  its  own  factories.  With  respect  to  tonnage,  Cette 
holds  the  sixth  rank  in  the  kingdom;  and  in  the  extent  of 
its  coast  trade  it  is  surpassed  only  by  Bordeaux  and  Mar- 
seilles. This  latter  branch  of  commerce,  in  1852.  employed 
154.577  tons  of  shipping.  In  1842,  the  foreign  arrivals  com- 
prised 573  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  of  52,815  tons,  and  the 
clearances,  611  vessels — tons,  CU.757.  It  has  also  an  ac- 
tive oyster  and  anchovy  fishery.  The  principal  articles  of 
manufacture  in  Cette  are  grajxvsugar,  spirits,  perfumes, 
syrups,  soap,  and  large  quantities  of  excellent  casks.  It 
has  also  glass-works  and  shiji-lmilding  yards.  S.ilt-works 
were  established  in  the  vicinity  in  1TS9.  and  are  now  the 
largest  in  the  country,  producing  salt  of  a  very  superior 
quality.  Cette  is  the  residence  of  various  European  con- 
suls, and  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a  school  of  naviga- 
tion, a  council  of  prucChnmmes,  and  a  commerci.al  college. 
It  is  wholly  of  modern  origin,  having  been  Sounded  by  Loufs 
XIV.,  in  lCiB6,  at  the  ba.se  of  the  ancient  Mmg  Setius.  (whence 
its  name.l  It  has  steamlxxit  communication  with  Mar- 
seilles, and  a  steamer  crosses  the  mouth  of  the  Canal-du- 
Midi.  which  connects  the  Garonne  and  the  Bay  of  Bisc.iy. 

CETTIGXE,  chJt-teen'yA.  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
capital.  Montenegro,  20  miles  E.  by  X.of  Cattaro.  and  37 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Scutari.  It  consists  of  a  fortified  convent 
on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  and  surrounded  by  a  few  scattered 
houses.  On  a  plain  below  the  town  is  a  large  new  govern- 
ment-house, piirtly  occupied  by  the  Aladika  as  his  anhi- 
episcopal  palace.  The  only  manufacture  deserving  of  notice 
is  gunpowder. 

CETTIX.^,  ts?t-tee'n3,  a  river  of  Austria,  Dalmatia.  rises 
on  the  S.  slopes  of  Mount  Dinara.  near  Sorgenti  di  Cettin.t, 
and  falls  into  the  Adriatic  at  Almissa,  after  completing  a 
course  of  about  50  miles. 

CEUT.\,  su'ta,  (Sp.  pron.  thJ'oo-tA;  anc.  Sep>laT)  a  sea- 
port town  of  Africa,  belonging  to  Sjiain.  in  Morocco,  op- 
posite, and  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gibraltar;  lat.  (Mount  Acho) 
35°  54'  4"  N.,  Ion.  5°  16'  C"  W.  Pop.  8200.  The  cas(I» 
occupies  the  highest  point  of  a  mountain  (the  ancient 
Aln/la.  and  one  of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules — the  rock  of  Gib- 
raltar being  the  other)  at  the  extremity  of  a  peninsula. 
On  the  narrow  isthmus  at  the  oppisite  extremity  is  ano- 
ther strong  citadel :  and  bt»tween  the  two  is  the  ♦"wp 
which  has  a  cathedral,  several  convents,  a  hospital,  a 
convict  establishment,  and  schools.  Ceuta  has  many 
pfiints  of  resemblance  to  Gibraltar;  it  is  well  supplied 
with  water,  and.  If  properly  garrisoned,  would  "-e  all  but 
impregnable.  It  is  the  chief  of  the  Sp&nish  presidios  on  the 


CEV 


CEY 


African  coast,  the  seat  of  a  royal  court,  and  the  residence  of 
a  military  governor  and  linancial  Intendant.  It  was  taken 
from  the  Moors  by  John,  King  of  Portugal,  in  1415,  and  has 
permanently  belonged  t«  Spain  ever  since  1840. 

CEV  A,  ch.i'vi,  (anc.  ft//<tt,)  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
In  Piedmont,  2(imileg  E.of  Coni,  province  of  Mondovi,  on  the 
Tanaro.  Pop.  ;>,SG2.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  rock  on  which 
is  a  dismantled  citadel.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk  twist, 
and  a  tnide  in  cheese. 

C£VKXNKS,  s.A\Snn',  (anc.  Cehev'na  or  Gehcn^na  Mons,)  a 
rani;e  of  mountains  in  the  S.  of  France,  commencing  at  the 
Canal-du-Midi,  W.  of  C.ircassonne,  and  running  N.N.K.  to 
the  Canal-du-Centre.  They  are  divided  into  the  South  and 
North  Cevennes;  the  former,  under  the  names  of  the  Mon- 
tagues N'oii-es,  Esplnouse,  Garrigues,  and  LozSre,  extend 
over  120  miles  to  Mount  Lozere,  where  the  chain  forms  a 
group  Killed  Monts  du  (levaudan.  which  sends  several  contre- 
forts  to  the  N.  and  S.  The  North  Cevennes  take  the  names  of 
Monts  Vivarais,  Lyonnais,  Forez.  and  Charolais.  The  Loire, 
AUier.  Lot,  Aveyron,  Tarn,  Herault,  Gard.  and  other  rivers, 
have  their  sources  in  these  mountains,  the  P.  portion  of 
which  contain  many  extinct  volcanoes,  and  present  many 
deep  fissures  in  the  higher  valleys.  The  highest  points  are 
Mezin.  5794  feet,  and  Loz6re,  4884  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  The  Cevennes  served  as  a  retreat  for  numerous  Pro- 
testant families  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes. 

CfiVENXKS,  an  old  country  of  France,  which  formed  the 
N.E.  part  of  the  government  of  Languedoc,  capital  Mende. 
It  was  divided  into  Gevaudan,  Velay.  Vivarais.  and  Cevennes 
Proper,  the  la.st  now  chietty  included  in  the  dep.  of  Gard. 

CEVi';K()-V()ST(X'HN<iI.     See  Severo-vo.stochnoi. 

CEVICO-DE-LA-TOIIRK,  thi-vee'-ko-dA-li-toR/RA',  a  town 
of  Spain.  Leon,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Palencia.    Pop.  2002. 

CEYLON.  seel9n  or  sil-6n',  (native  Singhali,  sing-gd/l3 ; 
anc.  Taprnlhane,)  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocaan,  belonging 
to  Great  Uritiin.  from  50  to  60  miles  S.E.  of  the  S.  extremity 
of  Uindostan.  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Gulf  of  JIar 
najir  and  I'alk's  Strait.  It  lies  between  lat.5^66'and9°50'N., 
and  between  Ion.  80°  and  82'  E..  having  the  shape  of  a  pear, 
with  the  broad  end  S.  Length,  about  270  miles  from  N.  to 
S. ;  average  breadth,  100  miles:  circumference,  about  660 
miles,  exclusive  of  bays;  area,  24,661  sq.  miles.  The  N.  and 
N.W.  coasts  are  flat  and  monotonous,  tho.se  on  the  S.  and 
E.  bold  and  rocky,  presenting  a  highly  picturesque  appear- 
ance, which  is  further  heightened  by  its  exul)enint  vegeta- 
tion, its  noble  palm-forests,  luxuriant  corn-fields,  and  the 
verdant  slopes  of  its  mountains,  embellished  with  briglit 
flowers,  herbs,  and  creeping  plants,  whose  delicious  per- 
fume is  wafted  far  and  wide.  Many  parts  of  the  coast,  both 
at  its  S.  and  N.  extremities,  are  studded  with  small,  rocky, 
and  verd.ant  islands,  some  of  them  overgrown  with  palms, 
and  presenting  a  singularly  be;iutiful  appearance.  The  two 
principal  harbors  are  those  of  Triucomalee  on  the  N.E. 
coast,  and  that  of  Point  de  Galle  on  the  S.  coast ;  the  former 
is  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  is  capable  of  ac- 
commodating any  number  of  the  largest  ships.  Secure  an- 
chorage is  also  to  be  had,  at  certain  soii-sons.  in  the  Roads  of 
Colombo.  Besides  these,  there  are  three  harbors  on  the  S. 
and  E.  coasts,  and  five  on  the  N.W.;  but  most  of  the  latter 
can  receive  small  vessels  only,  being  full  of  shifting  sands 
and  shallows. 

Mountains,  <Cv. — The  mountainous  regions  of  Ceylon  are 
confined  to  the  centre  of  the  S.  and  broader  part  of  the 
island.  They  gradually  diminish  to  hills  of  moderate  eleva- 
tion as  they  recede  from  the  central  mass,  and  are  succeeded 
on  the  W.  side  by  a  flat  triict  extending  to  the  coast.  Their 
average  elevation  is  alwDut  2000  feet ;  but  there  are  several 
summits  of  upwards  of  7000  and  even  8000  feet;  among 
these  are  PedrotallagalU,  8280  feet;  Kirrigal  Potta,  7810 
feet;  Totapella,  7720  fiet;  and  Adam's  Peak,  7420  feet.  Of 
all  these  mountains.  Adam's  Peak,  though  not  the  highest, 
is  the  most  remarkable  from  its  conical  form,  the  distance 
from  whi'^h  it  is  visible  from  the  sea,  and  from  the  sacred 
associations  with  which  it  is  connected ;  the  summit  being 
the  point  from  which  Boodh.a,  according  to  his  followers, 
ascended  to  heaven,  a  giirantic  footprint  bearing  testimony 
to  the  fact.  The  firms  of  tlie  mountains  of  Ceylon  are  sin- 
gularly varied.  They  most  frequently  occur  connected  in 
chains,  and  terminate  in  round  or  peaked  summits.  Their 
sides  are  always  steep,  and  occasionally  precipitous  and 
rocky.  The  island  is  chiefly  formed  of  granite  and  gneiss, 
especially  in  the  southern  portions,  while  limestone  and 
sandstone  prevail  in  the  more  level  parts  of  the  northern 
plains.  Dolomite  is  found  in  the  interior,  and  hornblende 
rock  forms  the  summit  of  .^darn's  Peak.  Among  the  mine- 
rals are  iron,  manganese,  plumbago,  nitre,  alum,  and  salt. 

The  rivers  of  Ceylon,  thouiih  numei-ous,  especially  on  the 
p.  and  S.W.  sides,  are  small,  being  merely  mountain 
streams,  navigable  only  by  canoes,  and  that  but  for  a  short 
distance  from  their  mouths.  There  are  a  few  pretty  exten- 
sive lagoons  in  the  island,  but  no  lakes  worth  noticing,  the 
largest  being  only  4  miles  broad.  The  zoology  of  the  island 
is  much  the  sime  as  the  neighboring  continent.  Snakes 
and  reptiles  aliound,  Elephants  are  very  numerous,  espe- 
cially in  the  N.  and  E.  provinco;  a  European  officer  in  two 


years  killed  400.  The  climate  is  hot  and  moist,  though  th« 
temperature  is  not  so  high  as  on  tlie  neighlxjring  continent. 
The  N.K.  monsoon  prevails  from  Novemter  to  February 
modified  and  interrupted  by  local  circumstances  ;  the  S.\? 
monsoon  from  April  to  September.  The  E.  part  of  the 
island  is  hot  and  dry,  the  'W.  temperate  and  humid.  In  the 
highlands  in  the  S..  and  on  the  central  range  stretching 
northwards,  tlie  temperature  is  much  milder  than  in  the 
valleys.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  ferruginous  quartzose  and 
clayey  mixture  in  the  S.,  and  sandy  and  calcareous  in  tha 
N.,  with  a  small  proportion  of  vegetable  matter;  and  irrig*- 
tion  appears  to  have  been  anciently  practised,  from  aititiciai 
tanks  and  lakes  still  existing. 

Vegetable  Prnducls,  Agriculture,  d-c. — In  the  luxuriance 
of  its  vegetable  productions,  Ceylon  rivals  the  islands  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  and  in  some  respects  boars  a  strong 
resemblance  to  them;  its  most  valuable  are  coffee,  cinna- 
mon, and  the  cocoa-nut.  The  quantity  prmluced  of  the  first- 
named  article  is  rapidly  increasing,  the  export  to  the  United 
Kingdom  having  risen  in  the  space  of  10  years,  (from  1835 
to  1845.)  from  1,870.143  pounds,  to  16,657.239  pounds,  while 
in  1849  it  ro.se  to  35.640,000  p<)Unds.  The  quautity  of  land 
adapted  to  the  growth  of  this  valuable  commodity  is  un- 
limited. Between  00,000  and  lOO-Ot^O  acres  of  collee  ground 
are  under  actual  cultivation.  Besides  these  above  men- 
tioned, rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  pepper,  and  various  vege- 
tables are  raised.  The  cocoa  palm,  Palmyra  palm.  t.alipot, 
tamarind,  bread  fruit,  and  cinnamon,  are  among  the  most 
u.seful  trees ;  the  last  is  cultivated  to  a  great  e.xtent,  but 
some  recent  attempts  to  cultivate  extensively  the  sugar- 
cane appear  to  have  failed.  An  agricultural  society  has 
been  formed,  which  has  been  of  great  service  to  Ceylon, 
having,  among  other  things,  introduced  a  variety  of  Euro- 
pean vegetables  and  roots,  (including  the  potato,)  into  the 
elevated  districts,  where  they  are  succeeding  admirably. 
There  are  two  rioe  harvests  in  the  year;  the  first  crop  Is 
sown  from  July  to  October,  and  rejiped  from  Januai-y  to 
JIarch ;  the  second  is  sown  from  March  to  May,  and  reaped 
from  August  to  October.  The  quantity  of  riie  raiswl.  how- 
ever, is  not  sufficient  for  the  wants  of  tiie  island ;  the  defi 
ciency  is  made  up  by  importation  from  the  Malabar  and 
Coromandei  coasts.  The  value  of  the  lice  imported  in  1848 
was  398,000/.;  the  value  of  that  raised. in  the  country  aliout 
570.000/.,  the  produce  of  about  SuO.OOO  acres,  the  estimated 
area  of  the  rice  crops.  Notwithstanding  the  acknowledged 
fertility  of  Ceylon,  the  capabilities  of  its  soil  where  justice 
is  dime  to  it,  and  the  efforts  now  in  progress  to  develop 
the.se  capabilities,  by  far  the  largest  proportion  of  the 
island  is  still  uncultivated,  and  lying  wjiste ;  there  being, 
in  1842.  only  760,821  acres  in  crop,  and  4,882,298  acres  un- 
cultivated. 

The  pearl  fishery  of  Ceylon  is  now  apparently  extinct, 
there  having  Ijeen  none  since  1837:  in  1797  they  yielded  a 
revenue  to  government  of  144,000/.;  in  1798,  192,000/.;  -in 
1799,  32,063i. ;  and  for  14  years  thereafter,  this  sum  wa« 
not  much  exceeded,  excepting  in  three  instances;  while  in 
1837,  the  last  year  in  which  any  oysters  were  taken,  it  wag 
only  10.500i.  The  chank  or  conch  fishery  was  at  one  time 
carried  on  to  a  great  extent,  employing  about  600  divers, 
but  is  abandoned,  owing  to  the  little  demand  now  made 
for  them  in  Bengal,  to  which  the  greater  part  were  sent 
The  chank  is  a  sea-shell  (Voluta  pyrum.)  ada))ted  for  cut- 
ting into  rings,  and  formerly  used  in  great  numbers  by  the 
native  women  of  Uindostan  for  bi-acelets  and  anklets. 

Oiinmerce. — The  British  government  have  formed  at  great 
expense  many  excellent  roads  throughout  the  island,  and  a 
canal  and  river  communication  exists  between  Colombo  and 
Calpentyn.  The  trade  and  commerce  of  Ceylon  is  of  very 
ancient  date,  but  it  became  eircumscriljed  and  hampered 
under  the  Portuguese  and  Dutch.  The  natives  are  ing^ 
nious  workers  in  metals,  and  in  manufactures  of  cordage, 
matting,  and  b.askets.  In  1842,  3663  looms  were  employed 
in  weaving  table-cloth.s,  h.andkerchief8,  and  napkins.  There 
were  13  mines  of  plumbago,  and  4286  Iwats  and  rafts  em- 
ployed in  fishing.  In  that  year  were  produced  6,717,990 
bushels  of  paddy,  720,216  bushels  fiue  grain,  1,254,263 
pounds  of  coffee,  31,352.-108  pounds  of  tobacco,  and  1.082,883 
pounds  of  cinnamon.  The  exports  in  1843  were  valued  at 
422,4-i4/.,  of  which  330,000/.  was  to  Great  Britain,  and  the 
imports  at  1.029.515/,,  of  which  257,508/.  was  from  Great 
Britain.  Salt  manufactured  from  marshes,  yielded  a  go- 
vernment revenue  of  31,222/.  The  imports  for  1860 
amounted  in  value  to  1,488.678/.,  and  the  exports  to 
1.246.956/.  Among  the  exports  were  included  coffee, 
278.473  cwt. ;  cinnamon,  644.857  pounds;  eocoan ut-oil, 
407,900  gallons,  and  coir  39.886^  cwt..  and  120  coils  and 
bundles.  The  shipping  employed  in  the  commerce  of  the 
island  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  242.264  tons  inward,  and 
248.398  outward.  Total  revenue  139.457/.  Ceylon  is  now 
the  central  point  for  the  oriental  mail  packets.  The  mail 
which  leaves  Southampton  every  month,  via  Alexandria 
and  the  Red  Sea,  touches  at  Ceylon,  (^average  voyage  40 
d.ays.)  from  whence  issue  one  branch  mail  to  Madras  and  Cal- 
cutta, and  one  to  Penang.Singapore.  and  Hong  Kong:  another 
mail  to  Australia  and  New  Zealand  is  contemplated. 

409 


CEZ 

Oiyicmment,  dk. — The  government  of  Ceylon  consists  of  a 
govei  nor  and  an  executive  council  of  5  members,  and  a  legis- 
lative couQoil  of  8  members,  and  6  unofficial  members,  na- 
tives or  naturalized  subjects,  and  proprietors  or  principal 
merchants  of  the  island.  The  island  is  divided  into  5  pro- 
vinces, and  these  into  districts,  each  with  an  agent  and  as- 
sistant. There  are  a  supreme  court,  provincial  courts,  and 
madstrates.  The  island  was  constituted  a  bishopric  in 
1840.  The  establishment  of  the  Church  of  England  com- 
prises a  bishop,  archdeacon,  and  12  European  Colonial 
chaplains;  the  Church  of  Scotland,  2  colonial  chaplains; 
the  Dutch  Presbyterian  Church,  1  colonial  chaplain.  Educa- 
tional establishments  have  been  founded  chiefly  by  religious 
and  missionary  societies.  In  1842  there  were  39  govern- 
ment schools,  with  60  masters  and  assistants.  In  the 
•whole  schools  there  were  20.70.3  scholars.  Buddhism  was 
almost  the  universal  creed  of  the  natives,  and  still  remains 
BO.  The  military  force  at  present  maintained  in  Ceylon 
consists  of  two  regiments  of  infantry,  two  companies  of  the 
royal  foot  artillery,  a  mounted  body-guard  for  the  governor, 
and  a  regiment  composed  principally  of  Malays  about  1500 
strong.  The  principal  fortresses  are  those  of  Colombo, 
Triucomalee.  Galle.  and  Jaffna.  The  chief  sources  of  re- 
venue are  the  custom  duties,  the  export  duty  on  cinna- 
mon, land  rents,  and  salt  farms.  The  revenue  for  the  year 
ending  31st  of  December.  1.S49,  was  409,30W.  14.s. ;  the  ex- 
penditure for  the  same  period,  418.424Z.  15s. ;  thus  leaving  an 
excess  of  expenditure  over  revenue  of  9117  J.  19s. 

Inltahiiants.  Antiquities,  History,  dx. — Little  is  known  of 
the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Ceylon ;  at  present  they  are 
similar  iii  all  respects  to  the  lliudoos  of  the  neighboring 
continent,  and  consist  of  Singhalese,  inhabiting  the  interior 
and  parts  of  the  coast,  Malabars,  Mohammedans,  Euro- 
psans.  and  Negroes.  The  Singhalese  spoken  language  is  pe- 
culiar to  this  island,  but  their  written  language  is  either 
Pali  or  Sanscrit.  The  Singhalese  annals  contain  a  historical 
record  of  events  for  24  centuries,  and  their  authenticity,  as 
regards  descriptions  of  ancient  towns  and  buildings,  and 
other  works  of  art,  is  established  by  existing  ruins,  proving 
that  the  island  had  been,  at  a  remote  period,  inhabited  by 
a  powerful  and  numerous  people.  The  Lake  of  Candeley, 
nearly  15  miles  in  circumference,  is  embanked  in  several 
places  with  a  wall  of  huge  stones,  each  from  12  to  14  feet 
long,  and  broad  and  thick  in  proportion,  laid  regularly  one 
over  the  other.  At  one  point  in  this  majestic  work,  two 
hills  are  joined  together  in  order  to  collect  the  water  of  the 
lake,  by  an  embankment  nearly  150  feet  in  breadth  at  the 
base,  and  30  feet  at  the  summit.  Another  of  these  re- 
markable remains  of  antiquity  was  discovered  in  the  year 
1810,  in  the  centre  of  a  very  thick  forest. 

Ceylon  was  known  to  the  Greeks  in  the  time  of  Alex- 
ander, as  also  to  the  Romans.  It  was  visited  by  traders  in 
the  sixth  century,  by  Marco  Polo  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
ind  by  Sir  J.  Mandeville  in  the  fourteenth  century.  The 
island"  Avas  originally  divided  into  a  number  of  distinct 
petty  kingdoms,  but  in  process  of  time  was  reduced  under 
the  dominion  of  the  King  of  Kandy.  Little,  however,  was 
known  of  it,  until  the  year  1505,  when  the  Portuguese  esta- 
blished a  regular  intercourse  with  the  island,  being  encou- 
raged thereto  by  the  King  of  Kandy,  who  paid  them  tribute 
in  cinnamon  to  defend  the  island  against  the  Arabian 
pirates.  The  Portuguese  were  subsequently  expelled  by  the 
Dutch,  who.  in  turn,  were  driven  from  the  island  by  the  Bri- 
tish. In  1815.  the  Kandyans  entreated  the  British  to  depose 
their  prince,  whose  tyranny  had  become  intolerable.  The 
request  was. complied  with,  the  object  accomplished,  and 
Kandy  became  tliereafter  a  part  of  the  British  dominions. 
A  reljellion  broke  iut  in  1817 ;  and  in  1848,  manifestations 
of  discontent  again  made  their  appearance,  but  were  speedily 
suppressed.  The  principal  towns  are  Colombo,  Trincomalee, 
Kandy,  Pont  de  Oalle,  Jaffna,  and  Karnegalle,  the  capitals 

of  the  six  provinces.    Pop.     about  1,607,000. Adj.  and 

inhab.  Singhalese  or  Cingalese,  sing'^ga-leez'.  and  Oevloxese, 
siPo-neez'.  The  former  is  more  properly  applied  to  the  primi- 
tive inhabitants,  and  to  that  portion  of  the  island  which  is 
at  present  occupied  by  them;  the  latter  to  the  inhabitants 
and  the  island  in  general. 

CEZii,  sJz  or  sAz,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Gard. 
}otns  the  Rhone,  6  miles  W.  of  Or.ange,  after  a  course  of 
about  60  miles.     Its  sands  are  auriferous. 

CKZIMIUtA.  si-zeem'brj,  a  seaport  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Estreinadura,  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean, 
18  miles  S.  of  lyistion.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  active  fisheries. 
On  Cape  Espichel  is  the  church  of  Nossa-Senhora-do-Cabo,  a 
much  fivfiiieiited  pl;i(v-  of  pilirrimage. 

CH.\.A.M,  K^ra.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North 
Brabant,  10  iiTiles  S.S.K.  of  Breda.     Pop.  400. 

CiIA15.\NAlS,  shdM)4'nA',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Charente,  on  the  Vienne.  :!0  miles  N.K.  of  Angouleme. 
Pop.  in  1852,  1903.  -Ilere  are  the  remains  of  a  ch&teau  once 
belonging  to  Colliert. 

CilABKHIS.     SeeCAVERT. 

CIIA15KUIL.  shd'bul',  (auc.  Ckrchelliaca,)  a  town  of  France, 
iepartment  of  Drfline,  7  miles  B.S.E.  of  Valence,  on  the 
Veure.    Pop.  in  1862,  4526.    It  has  manufactures  of  silk. 
410 


CHA 

CHABLAIS,  shJ'bl.V,  (It.  Sclahles'.,  hhi-UhiA,)  the  most 
N.  province  of  Savoy,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  between  the 
Vallese  and  Genevese.  Pop.  54,(590.  This  is  the  oldest  pos- 
session of  the  ancient  house  of  Savoy ;  by  the  stipulations 
of  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815,  it  is  one  of  the  neutral 
provinces  of  Sardinia. 

Cn.\BLIS,  shd^blee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Yonne,  9  miles  E.  of  Auxerre.  on  the  Seray.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2601.  In  its  vicinity  the  celebrated  wine  called  Oiablis 
is  produced. 

Cn ABORAS,  a  river  of  >Iosopof  amia.    See  Khaboor. 

CIIABKIS.  shd^bree',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Indre,  30  miles  N.  of  Chateauroux.     Pop.  2872. 

CIIACABUCO,  cha-kiboo/ko.  a  town  of  Chili,  25  miles  N. 
of  Santiago,  on  the  Colina.  Near  this  place  the  republican 
troops  defeated  the  royalists  in  1817. 

CH.\CAO,  chi-ki'o  or  ch3-kOw',  a  small  seaport  town  of 
Chili,  with  a  good  port,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Chl- 
loe,  16  miles  N.E.  of  San  Carlos. 

CIIACAO  STRAIT,  a  narrow  channel  in  South  America, 
between  the  S.  coast  of  Chili  and  the  N.  side  of  the  island 
of  Chiloe,  about  the  middle  of  which  is  situated  the  town  of 
the  same  name;  lat.  41°  48'  S..  Ion.  73°  35'  W. 

CHACIIACOMANI.  chd-chd-ko-mi'nee.  a  mountain  peak 
of  tlie  Andes,  in  Bolivia.  Lat.  16°  S.;  Ion.  6S°  25'  W. 
Height,  20,235  feet. 

CHACIIAPOYAS,  chd-chj-po'ya.s.  or  ClIACAPOYAg.  chj- 
kj-po'vis,  improperly  written  CAIIIAPoyAS,  sometimes 
called"SAN  JUAN  DE  LA  FRONTEKA,  .sJn  ju'.in  (or  sin 
Hoo-3n')  di-ld  fron-ti/rd,  a  town  of  I'eru.  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Amazonas.  and  of  a  province  of  its  own  name, 
70  miles  N.E.  of  Caxamarca.  Pop.  50W) ;  of  the  province, 
(which  is  intersected  by  the  river  ilaraflon.)  in  1850,  27,728. 

CIIACO,  EL  GUAX,  Si  grdn  chd'ko.  a  wide  region  ot  South 
America,  in  the  centre  of  the  continent,  in  the  territories  of 
Bolivia  and  La  Plata,  between  lat.  18°  and  2S°  S..  and  Ion.  68° 
and  63°  W.,  bounded  E.  by  the  river  Paraguay,  and  traversed 
by  its  tributaries  the  Pilcomayo.  Bermejo.  &c.  Surface  ge- 
nerally level,  the  N.  part  covered  with  grass,  the  S.  portion 
an  arid  and  desert  plain ;  the  portion  near  the  rivers  Pa- 
rana and  Paraguay  are  well  wooded,  containing  many  very 
valuable  forest  trees,  among  which  are  the  dragon-blood 
tree,  dtc. ;  inhabited  by  roving  Indians,  including  the  Gua- 
nines. Tobayds  and  Payagufces. 

CHA'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Noi-thampton. 

CilAD'DA,  a  river  of  Guinea,  flows  W.  and  joins  the 
Quorra,  about  40  miles  N.  of  Iddah.  and  opposite  the  '■  mo- 
del farm"  planted  by  the  late  Niger  expedition.  It  is  ' 
larger,  though  le.s8  deep,  than  the  Quorra  at  their  junction; 
and  it  is  supposed  to  be  the  jirincipai  drain  of  Lake  Tchad, 
(Central  Africa.)  but  the  truth  of  this  gu|)po.sition  has  not 
been  confirmed.  On  or  near  its  banks  are  the  towns  of  .Ta^ 
cobah,  Fandah.  &c.,  to  the  first  of  which  it  is  navigable  from 
the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

CnAD'DEKTOX,  a  chapeh-y  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CIIAD'DESDKN,  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Derby. 

CIIAD'DESLEY  CORBETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

CIIAD'DLEWORTH-WITII-WOOL'LEY,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Berks. 

C1I.\DD'S  FORD,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  Brandvwine  Creek,  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  I'hiladelphia. 

CIIADI-LEUBU,  chd'dee  1^0  boo/,  a  river  of  La  Plata, 
forming  a  continuation  of  the  Atuel,  and  entering  the  Sa 
lado  in  lat.  36°  40'  S. 

CHAD.  LAKE,  Central  Africa.    See  Tchat>,  Lake. 

CII  AD'LINGTON,  EAST,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  Oxford- 

CUADS'IIUNT,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Warwick. 

CII.ERONEA,kSr-o-nee'a,  a  ruined  city  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  Boeotia,  6  miles  N'  of  Lebadea,  famous  for  a  victory 
gained  by  Philip  of  Maoedon  over  the  .\thenians  and  The- 
bans,  3:58  B.C.,  and  for  Sylla's  victory  over  the  general  of 
Mithridate.s,  B.  c.  86.  Its  remains  comprise  an  ancient  the- 
atre, one  of  the  most  perfect  in  Greece,  an  aqueduct,  and  a 
small  temple.  On  a  portion  of  the  site  stands  the  vill.'ige  of 
Capi-anu,  with  a  church  in  which  are  some  interesting  an- 
tiquities; and  about  1  mile  distant  is  the  mutilated  colossal 
lion  described  by  Pausanias  as  surmounting  the  sepulchre 

of  the  Boeotians  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Chujronea. Adj. 

and  inhab.,  CEiii5R0NEAX,  kJr-o-nee'an. 

CIIAFF'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

C1I.\G'F0RD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CUAGNY,  shdn*yee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
S.aoneH  t-Loire,10miles  N.W. of Chalon-sur-Saone.  I'op.  in  1862, 
3090.     It  is  remarkable  for  quaint  and  curious  architecture. 

CII.\GOS,  ISLANDS.  See  Peros  Bamios. 

ClIAGRES,  chd'grSs.  a  seaport  town  of  New  Granada,  on 
the  N.  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  at  the  mouth  of 
Chagres  River.  Lat.  9°  IS'  N. ;  Ion.  79°  59'  W.  It  is  a  mere 
collection  of  huts,  miserable  and  extremely  unhealthy,  with 
a  harlK)r  for  vessels  drawing  only  10  or  12  feet  wat«r.  The 
entrance  to  the  harbor  is  rather  difficult,  always  requiring 
a  tair  wind;  hut  when  the  vessel  has  once  entered  it  is 
perfectly  secure.  Chagres  has  lately  become  a  station  for 
the  maUs  between  Great  Britain  and  Pu<"i,  also  Calilbrnia, 


CHA 

Ap,  Tlie  Aspinwall  and  Panama  Railroad  across  the  Isth- 
mus of  I'anaina  commences  at  Aspinwall,  situated  8  or  9 
miles  \.K.  of  Chagres. 

CII.VUKES  RIVEK,  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada, 
Isthmus  of  Panama,  rises  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Panama, 
flows  at  first  W.  and  then  N.,  and  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
near  Int.  9°  18'  13"  N.  It  traverses  a  fertile  country,  and 
below  the  influx  of  the  Trinidad  its  depth  varies  from  16  to 
30  feet;  but  its  naviiiafion  is  impeded  by  numerous  falls, 
a.nd  by  its  great  rapidity.  Affluents,  the  Pequeni.  Trinidad, 
and  tiatuii,  all  considerable  streams.  The  villages  of 
Cru'-es.  Gatun,  and  Chagres  are  on  its  banks. 

CH-WltlNE.  6ha-green',a  village  of  Lake  co.,  Ohio,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cha;;riiie  lUver. 

ClIAGRINKfor  CHAGRIN  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-vil- 
lage of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio,  on  Chagrine  Kiver,  17  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Cleveland.  The  falls  of  the  river  produce  water- 
power  which  is  employed  in  a  variety  of  manufactories; 
among  which  are  2  paper-mills,  1  manufactory  of  axes,  and 
1  flouring-mill.  The  village  contains  5  churches,  1  acade- 
my, and  3  iron  foundries.  A  large  quarry  of  grindstones  is 
■worked  at  this  place.     Pop.  1-179. 

CHAGRIN  E  KIVKR  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  and 
flows  into  Lake  Erie  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Cleveland. 

CHAGRIN  FALL.S,  a  postoffice  of  Cuyahoga  oo.,  Ohio. 

CIIAHARBAG,  ehi-haii-big',  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  30 
miles  N.  of  Cabool.  It  has  a  manufactory  of  swords,  gun- 
barrels,  and  cutlery. 

ClIAIKAL,  chi-kil',  a  considerable  vill.ige  of  Afghanis- 
tan, .51  miles  N.  of  Cabool.  Lat.  35°  N.;  Ion.  69°  2'  E.  The 
vicinity  is  well  cultivated  and  fertile. 

CHAI'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Sussex. 

CH.VILLAC,  shih'yik',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Indie,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Le  Blanc.    Pop.  2595. 

CIIAILLAO,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute- 
Vienne,  a  miles  N.N.E.  of  Uochechouart,  on  the  left  biink 
oftheVionne.     Pop.  1188. 

CH.\ILLAND  shVyii.N"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  JIa  venne,  on  the  Ernee.  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Laval.  P.  2573. 

CHAILLE-LES-MARAIS,  chii-li-m^'ri/,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Vendee,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Ilourbon- 
Vendee.     Pop.  in  1852,  2454. 

CHAILLEVETTE,  8h.Vysli-v4tt/,  ft  seaport  village  of 
France,  department  of  Charente-lnferieure,  6  miles  S.  of 
Marennes.  on  tlie  Seudre. 

CHAIN  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific,  Low 
Archipelago,  2i)7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tahiti.  Lat.  17°  23'  S.; 
Ion.  Hb^  38'  W. ;  about  12  miles  long,  and  li  broad.  Dis- 
covered in  1769  by  Cook. 

CHAIN  OF  HOCKS,  a  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri. 

CHAIN'VILLE,  a  vill.age  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River.  10  miles  N.W.  of  Mount  Vernon. 

CHAISE-DIEU,  La,  U  shiz-de-uh',  (i.  e.  ••  House  of  God,") 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire.  21  miles  N.N. 
W.  of  Le  Puy.  Pop.  in  1852, 1923.  It  has  the  remains  of 
a  famous  abbey,  (Oisa  De.i,)  founded  in  the  eleventh  century. 

CHAI-VA,  chi'yiN  a  maritime  town  of  Lower  Siam,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  Gulf  of  Siam.  Lat.  9° 
30'  N. ;  Ion.  99°  30'  E. 

CHAKHA  (chd'ka)  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain  range  in 
Abyssinia,  forming  the  S.  boundary  of  Shoa,  and  the  water- 
shed between  the  Nile  and  Hawiish  Rivers. 

CHAKI,  chi/kea,  a  cluster  of  hamlets  in  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Bahar,  with  a  small 
fortification,  termed  Fort  Hastings,  and  formerly  the  head- 
quarters of  a  British  force. 

CH-^L.iBRE,  shd'UbV,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  on  the  Lers,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Carcassonne.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2986.  It  has  a  chamber  of  manufacture?,  an  old 
castle,  and  extensive  manufactures  of  woollen  yarn. 

CII.VLADB,  La,  li  shdUdd',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  19  miles  W.  of  Verdun,  on  the  Biesme. 
Pop.  666. 

CHALAIN.    See  Silla. 

CHAL-i^IS,  shJ'lA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Chfi- 
rente,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Barbezieux,  on  the  Tude.     Pop.  616. 

ClIALAMONT,  shdMi'mAx"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ain.  19  miles  E.  of  Trevoux.     Pop.  1422. 

ClIALANQON,  shi'lS.vo'sA.xo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardeehe,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Tournon.     Pop.  1561. 

CilALlJUNCA,  chil-boo-in'kd,  a  town  of  Peru,  80  miles 
S.W.  of  Cuzco,  province  of  Aymaraes,  on  an  aflluent  of -the 
Apviiimac. 

ClIAL'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CHALCIS.  kal'sis,  or  NEG'ROPONl",  (Turk.  Eg'ripn'  or 
JCfi'ripos'.)  a  maritime  town  of  Greece,  capital  of  Kulioea,  on 
the  Euripus,  at  its  narrowest  part,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge, 
17  miles  N.E.  of  Thebea.  f-op.oOOO.  It  has  a  large  citadel  and 
a  gla'-is ;  beyond  which  is  the  town,  enclosed  on  the  land  side 
by  old  walls,  and  having  many  edifices  of  Venetian  construc- 
tion, with  some  old  mosques,  barracks,  and  schools.  In  and 
around  the  town  are  several  remains  of  antiquity.  Pop.  3000. 

CHALCO,  chil'ko,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederacy,  25 
miles  S.E.  of  Mexico,  on  the  Lake  of  Chalco,  a  basin  9  miles 
In.  length  by  6  miles  in  width. 


CHA 

CHALDE.\,  kal-dee'a,  the  name  given  to  an  ancient  tertC 
torial  division  of  Asia,  on  the  bordet  fc  f/f  thj  iJupl-rate*.  th« 
extent  of  which  has  varied  much  at  dPferent  times  In 
some  parts  of  the  Old  Testament,  tho  naUie  of  Chaldean>i 
appears  to  be  used  as  a  general  dosig/iation  for  the  wholo 
subjects  of  the  Babylonian  Empire;  and,  in  accordance  witb 
this,  some  of  the  oldest  profane  writers,  and  particularly 
Berosus,  speak  of  Babylon  as  a  great  resort  of  the  people 
inhabiting  Chaldea.  Ultimately,  however,  the  term  was 
much  restricted  in  meaning,  and  Chaldea  was  used  to  de- 
signate only  a  particular  district  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Babylonia,  extending  along  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  upwards 

between  the  right  bank  of  the  Euphrates  and  Arabia. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Chaldean,  kal-dee'an. 

CHALDON,  chil'd9n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CHAiyOON  HER'RING.aparishofEngland.co.  ofDorset. 

CIIALE,  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

CHALEUR  (shdMoor/)  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  North  America.  Lat.  48°  N.;  Ion.  65°  W.  Length 
from  E.  to  W.,  about  90  miles ;  breadth  varies  from  12  to  20 
miles.  It  separates  Canada  East  from  New  Brunswick, 
and  at  its  W.  extremity  receives  the  Ristigouche  Kiver. 
The  navigation  of  the  bay  is  perfectly  safe,  and  the 
anchorage  everywhere  good.  It  is  much  frecjuented  for  its 
mackerel  fisheries.  In  July,  17C0,  a  French  fleet  was  here 
defeated  by  the  British. 

CHAL'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CHAUFONT,  ST.  GILES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks,  3  miles  S.  of  Amersham.  William  Penn,  the  founder 
of  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania,  is  buried  in  its  Friends' 
ceraet*!  y.  During  the  plague  in  1605,  Milton  made  this  pa- 
rish his  residence,  and  here  he  finished  his  great  poem, 
•'  Paradise  Lost." 

CH  A  LFONT,  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CHAiyFORD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

CHAL/GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

CHA L'G ROVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford.  In 
1643  the  ParliaraentJiry  forces  were  defeated  here  by  the 
royal  troops  under  Prince  Rupert,  and  in  the  engagement 
the  patriot  Hampden  was  mortally  wounded. 

CH.A.LK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  Thames, 
IJ  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gravesend.  It  has  a  manufactory  of  gun- 
flints,  esteemed  the  best  in  Europe. 

CHAJiKI  (Kdl'ke)  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Prince's  Islands, 
Sea  of  .Alarmora,  13  miles  from  Constantinople.  It  is  the 
second  largest  of  the  whole  group,  and  the  most  beautiful. 
There  are  three  convents  on  it,  one  of  which  is  now  a  col- 
lege, where  ancient  and  modern  Greek  are  taught. 

CHALK  LEVEL,  a  f>ostH)ftice  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

CH.'^.LK  LEVEL,  a  post-ofiico  of  Cumberland  co..  North 
Carolina. 

CHALK  LEVEL,  a  village  of  Benton  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  liirdsong  Creek,  about  90  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

CHALK  LEVEL,  a  postoffice  of  Hopkins  co.,  Kentucky. 

CHALK  LEVEL,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Missouri, 
about  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CHALK'VILLE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Chester  district,  South 
Carolin.a. 

CHALKHT  BAY,  an  inlet  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
New  Munster,  one  of  the  New  Zealand  Islands.  Lat.  46?  S. ; 
Ion.  166°  20'  E.;  .separated  on  the  .*.E.  by  the  peninsula  of 
Garden  Island  from  Preservation  Bay,  and  on  the  N.AV.  by 
another  peninsula  from  Dusky  Bay.  Length,  about  16  miles. 
The  shores  are  very  much  indented,  and  it  has  deep  water 
throughout,  with  several  good  harbors,  including  Port 
Chalky. 

CHALLA,  chdnd,  a  pa.ss  of  South  AmeKca,  East  Cor- 
dillera of  the  Bolivian  Andes,  14,700  feet  above  sea-level. 
Lat.  17°  40'  S. 

CHAl/LACOMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon 

CH.iLL.\MOUX,  shdrid'moiV.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Saone-et-Loire,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Charolles.  P.  1151. 

CHALLANS,  shdrids"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vendee,  in  Les  Sables,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Bourbon- Vendee. 
Pop.  in  1852,  1458. 

CHALLES,  shdll,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe.  11  miles  .^.E.  of  Mans.     Pop.  1258. 

CHAl/LOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CHALLONOIS  or  CHALLONAIS,  .shdlMo*n.V,  an  old  divi- 
sion of  France,  in  the  province  of  Burgundy,  now  comprised 
in  the  departments  of  Saone-et-Loire.  Its  capital  was  Cha- 
lon-sur-SaQne. 

CHAL'MERS,  a  village  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York,  7  miles 
N.E.  of  Niagara  Falls. 

CHALONNES-SUR-LOIRE,  shd'lonn'-sUR-lwto/,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Maine-et-Loire.  on  the  Loire,  here 
crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Angers. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4975. 

CHALON.    See  Ch.ai,on-sur-S\3\e. 

CHALONS-SUR-MARNE,  shdnAx^'^UR-maRn.  (anc.  Cata- 
laii/iii,  attala)t/num..  or  Durn-Oatalaul num,)  a  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Marne,  in  an  open  counti-y,  on 
tho  railway  (in  progress)  from  Paris  to  Strasbourg,  and  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Marne,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  stone 
bridge,  90  mUos  E.  of  Paris.    Lat.  48°  57'  22"  N. ;  lou.  4°  2] 

411 


CHA 

13»"  E.  Hevation.  270  feet.  Pop.  in  1852. 15,854.  It  is  en- 
dosed  by  old  walls,  aud  irregularly  built,  principally  of 
timber,  lath,  and  plaster.  Cliief  edifices,  tlie  cathedral,  a 
large  tireco-<.iothic  structure,  mostly  rebuilt  in  l(i72;  the 
town-h:ill  and  prefecture,  both  good  building.s,  the  churches 
of  Notre-Dame  aud  St.  .\lpin,  the  barracks,  arch  of  St. 
Croix,  and  a  sch'jol  of  arts  and  trades,  attended  by  about 
450  pupils,  who  are  maintained  here  by  the  government,  be- 
sides other  students.  Outside  of  the  city  is  a  tine  planted 
promenade. .  termed  the  Jard.  Chalons  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  has  a  diocesan  school,  a  commercial  tribunal,  schools 
of  geometry,  design,  &c,,  a  botanic  garden,  a  nourishing 
agricultural  society,  various  scientific  collections,  a  public 
library  of  20.000  volumes,  and  manufactures  of  woollen,  linen, 
and  cotton  goods,  with  extensive  tanneries,  cooperages,  and 
dye  factories.  Karly  in  the  Christian  era  it  was  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  cities  of  Europe,  and  under  the 
Merovingian  kings  it  is  said  to  have  had  60,000  inhabit- 
ants; since  then  its  commerce  and  importance  have  greatly 
declined,  but  it  still  has  an  active  trade  with  Paris  and  the 
neighboring  departments  in  wine,  corn,  wool.  hemp,  rape- 
oil,  and  the  products  of  its  factories.  In  its  vicinity.  Tetri- 
cus  was  defeated,  by  the  troops  of  Aurelian  :  and  .\ttila  was 
vanquished  by  the  Romans  and  their  allies  in  the  great 
battle  of  Chalons,  a.  d.  451.  From  the  tenth  century  it 
formed  a  kind  of  independent  state,  governed  by  its  bishop.^, 
till  1.360,  when  it  was  united  to  tlie  crown.  In  1391,  the 
parliament  of  Chalons  publicly  burned,  by  the  hands  of  the 
executioner,  the  bull  of  excommunication  launched  by 
Pope  Clement  VIII.  against  the  King  of  France.  Under  its 
count-bishops  it  was  a  considerable  city.  Its  privileges  were 
subsequently  withdrawn,  and  its  celebrated  fairs  dwindled 
awav  after  the  union  of  Champasne  with  France. 

Cil.\L0N'-SUR-SA6NK  or  CII.\LOXS-SUR-S.\OXE,  shd'- 
Iis»'-sUR-s<>n,  (anc  Cibillo'num.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Saone-etrLoire,  capital  of  the  arrondissement.  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Saoue.  at  the  commencement  of  the  Canal 
du  Centre,  and  on  the  railway  (in  progress)  from  Dijon  to  Ly- 
ons, 32  miles  X.  of  Macon.  Elevation,  oS4  feet.  I'op,  in  1832, 
16,5S9,  It  is  well  built;  and  a  Itandsome  quay,  lined  by 
good  houses,  stretches  along  the  Saflne,  which  here  becomes 
navigable  for  the  Lyons  steamboats.  Principal  structures, 
the  Cathedral,  an  edifice  of  the  13th  century.  St.  Peters 
Church,  the  Hotel  de  la  Prefecture,  built  in  1764,  the  Town- 
hall,  the  Hospice  St.  Laurent  and  Hospital  of  St.  Louis,  both 
large  and  well-managed  establishments,  a  fountiin  with  a 
statue  of  Neptune,  and  an  ol)elisk  to  the  memory  of  Napo- 
leon, a  fine  granite  column,  a  supposed  relic  of  the  Roman 
period,  Chalon  has  a  school  of  design,  a  public  library  of 
20,000  volumes,  a  college,  a  theatre,  public  baths,  large  glass 
factories,  iron-works,  manufivctories  of  watches,  jewelry, 
linen,  and  other  fabrics,  and  Essence  d/ Orient,  prepared  from 
the  scales  of  bleak,  fjr  the  fabrication  offal.se  pearls.  Being 
at  the  junction  of  several  great  roads,  and  connected  with 
the  Mediterranean,  Atlantic,  and  North  Sea,  by  the  Rhone, 
Saone,  Loire,  and  several  large  canals,  it  is  the  centre  of  a 
considerable  trade,  and  it  exports  a  good  deal  of  wine,  timber, 
charcoal,  iron,  limestone,  and  agricultiu-al  produce,  to  other 
parts  of  France, 

Ctesar  had  grain  magazines  at  Cabillonum;  and  it  became 
the  capital  of  Burgundy  under  Gontram.  In  1273,  Edward 
I.  of  England,  being  invited  to  a  tournament  on  his  return 
from  Palestine.attended  with  one  thousand  men-a1>arms ;  and 
some  dispute  havingari.sen.  the  English  attacked  the  French, 
killed  a  great  number  of  them,  and  left  the  tilting-ground 
strewed  with  the  dead.  This  event  is  known  as  the  '"little 
war  of  Chalon."  The  town  suffered  considerably  from  the  civil 
wars  of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries,  and  from  the  invasion 
af  the  allies  in  1814.    Here  the  famous  .41ielard  died,  in  1142, 

CUALOO,  chdMoo',  a  village  of  Thiiset,  midway  between  two 
lakes,  about  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Teshoo-loomboo.  Lat.  28°  20' 
N.,  Ion.  8y°  25'  E.  One  of  the  lakes  is  much  venerated  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Bootan,  who  fancy  it  to  be  the  haunt  of 
their  deities. 

CH.VLOSSP;.  shi'loss'.  an  old  division  o?  France,  in  the 
province  of  Gascony.  Its  capital  was  St.  Sever.  It  is  now 
comprised  in  the  department  of  Landes. 

CHALTON,  chAl'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CH.\LUS.  shd'lUce',  (anc.  GuHrum  Lu'cii?)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Limo- 
ges, on  the  Tardou^re.  Pop.  in  1852.  ^OSS.  It  consists  of 
an  upper  and  lower  town,  in  the  former  of  which  are  the 
remains  of  the  castle  of  Chabrol,  tieneath  which  lliehard  I. 
of  England  (Coeur-de-Lion)  was  mortally  wounded  in  1199. 
Near  it  is  the  vast  ruined  fortress  of  Montljrun. 

CH.\LUSUS.  a  river  of  North  Germany.    See  Tr.ive. 

CH.A.iyvINGT(>.\.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CHALYli'KATE  SPRINGS,  a  small  village  in  the  S.  part 
of  Meriwether  co..  Georgia.  64  miles  W.  of  Macon. 

CHALYBOX.    See  Aleppo. 

CHAM.    See  Eovpt. 

CH.VM.  Kilm.  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  at  the 
N.  end  of  the  Lake  of  Zug,  3  miles  W.N,W.  of  Zug. 

CHAM.  Kim.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Cham,  30  miles 
NJ:!.  of  Ritislioa 
4U 


CHA 

CHAM.  shJm.  a  maritime  town  of  Siam,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Siam.  70  miles  S.W.  of  Bangkok, 

CH.\M.\,  chd'nid.  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Tenezuela; 
enters  Lake  Maracaybo.  lat.  9°  N.,  and  Ion.  72^  W.,  near  it* 
S.  extremity,  after  a  N.  course  of  alwut  76  miles. 

CH.VMA.  shi/md,  a  river  of  Guinea,  enters  the  Atlantic 
26  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle,  after  a  S,  course,  esti- 
mated at  75  miles.  At  its  mouth  is  the  vilLage  of  Cliama, 
with  the  Dut^-'h  fort  St.  Sebastian. 

CH.\.MAHATCII'IE.  a  postoffice,  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 

CHAMALAKl.     See  Shum.\l.\ri. 

CHAMALIERES,  shi'md'le-aiR',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment  of  Puy  de  Dome.  2  miles  W,  of  Clermont.  Pop.  162a 
It  has  a  church  of  the  4th  century,  and  manufactures  of 
paper.     In  its  vicinity  are  mineral  springs, 

CIIAMBERET.  sh6.M'br.V  or  sh8M'i^h-r.V,  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Corrfeze,  21  miles  N.N.'VV.  of  Tullo. 
Pop.  2633; 

CHAMBERLAIN,  chim'ber-lin,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co, 
Indiana. 

CHAMBERLAIN'S  CORNERS,  a  village  of  Can.ada  West, 
CO.  of  Leeds,  24  miles  N,W.  of  Brockville,     Pop.  120. 

CHAMBERS,  chAmlierz.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Alv 
bama,  bordering  on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  775  square  miles. 
The  Chattahoochee  River  forms  p.art  of  the  E,  boundary,  and 
the  Tallapoosa  flows  through  the  county.  The  surface  is 
uneven ;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The  Montgomery  and 
West  Point  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capital, 
Chambers  Court  House.  Pop.  23,214,  of  whom  11,365  were 
fi:ee,  and  11,849  slaves. 

CHAMBERSllURG.  ch.im'berz-burg,  a  flourishing  bo- 
rough, capital  of  Franklin  co,,  I'ennsylvania,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  Conecocheague  Creek,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  with  the  Franklin  Railroad,  45 
miles  S.W.  of  llarrisburg,  and  loO  miles  AV.  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  connected  by  good  turnpike-roads  with  Baltimore,  Pitts- 
burg, and  Philadelphia,  and  by  railroad  with  I'hiiadelphia, 
Hiurisburg.  &c.  The  dwellings  are  mostly  built  of  brick  or 
stone,  and  the  town  exhibits  a  general  appearance  of  neat- 
ness, comfort,  and  prosperity.  It  has  a  tine  court-house,  a 
bank,  a  large  academy,  a  female  seminary,  10  churches,  and 
2  newspaper-offices.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  highly  cultivated 
and  populous  countrj',  forming  part  of  the  great  limestone 
valley  which  extends  along  the  S.E.base  of  the  BlueMouutain. 
The  highest  points  of  the  ridge  in  Franklin  county  are  esti- 
mated at  about  1500  ffeet  aliove  the  valley.  It  has  manufao- 
tures  of  cotton,  wool,  flour,  paper,  and  iron.    Pop.  5233. 

CH  AMBERSliURG,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Oliio,  140 
miles  N.E,  of  Columbus. 

CHAMBEBSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co, 
Ohio,  S  mile*  N.  of  Dayton. 

CHAMBERSBt'RG,  a  village  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Coal  Creek,  S  miles  E.  of  Covinsrton. 

CHAMBERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  plank-road  from  NewAlbany  to  Paoli,  38  milesM  ,N.W. 
of  the  former, 

CHAMBERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co,  Illinois,  60 
miles  W,  of  Springfield. 

CHAMBERSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Clark  co,,  Missouri, 
150  miles  N.  by  E.  of  .lefferson  City. 

CHAMBERS  COURT-HOUSE,  or  LAFAYETTE,  capital 
of  Chambers  co..  Alabama,  164  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Tuscaloosa. 
It  contains,  besides  the  county  building,  a  printing-office 
and  several  stores.     Pop.  1113. 

CI1.4.MBERS  CREEK,  Texas,  flows  through  Ellis  co.,  and 
unites  with  the  Waxaliachi  in  Navarro  co. 

CHAMBERS  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Navarro  CO.,  Texas. 

CIUMBER'SH.  a  village  of  Liberty  co.,  Texas,  near  the 
N.  extreniitv  of  Galveston  Bay, 

CH.\MBE'RSMILLS,post-office.Buckingh.amco.,Tirginia. 

CHAM'BERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  CO.,  Arktinsas. 

C11.A.MKERTIN',  shftM'bJa-tSN"',  a  famous  vinyard  of 
France,  department  of  Cote  dOr,  6  miles  S.  of  Dijon.  It 
pro<luces  annually  from  130  to  150  pipes  of  the  finest  gi-owth 
of  Biirgundv  wine, 

CHAMBERY,  sh5M'b.^Vee',  or  CHAMBERRY,  (L,  n>am- 
bfriacum  or  Campfridcnm,)  a  city  of  France,  cajntal  of  the  de- 
partment of  Savoy  Proper,  on  the  Leysse,  45  miles  S.S.  W.  of 
Geneva,  Pop,  in  1842, 15,916 ;  or,  including  garrison,  1 7,843. 
It  has  one  good  street,  and  some  squares  adorned  with  foun- 
tains, but  It  is  otherwise  irregul.irly  Inid  out,  and  dulL 
Public  walks  replace  its  levelled  fortificnf  ions.  The  princip.M 
buildings  are  the  old  castle  of  the  Dukes  of  Savoy,  a  catluMlral, 
4  convents,  and  3  barracks.  It  is  an  archbishop's  see.  t  he  re- 
sidence of  the  military  governor,  and  seat  of  the  superior  tri- 
bunal, and  academv  of  Savoy :  and  it  has  a  royal  .lisuits'  nol- 
le"^, societies  of  agriculture  and  commerce,  a  public  lilirary 
wHh  16.000  volumes,  many  charitalile  institution.-!,  and  a 
marnificent  moninnent  to Genenil  De  Boigne:  manulaotorie* 
of  silk,  gauze,  and  other  fabrics,  lace,  hats,  leathei .  and  so.ip. 
and  a  trade  in  metals,  licjueurs,  and  the  wines  of  lis  viriiiity. 
Chambery  was  founded  alMiut  the  tenth  century,  and  re- 
mained under  feudal  lords  till  1'230.  when  it  was  cede.!  to 
!  Th(^mas,  first  Count  of  Savoy,  who  built  the  castle,  w  hfji-e  thjs 
i  Princes  of  Savoy  resided  tiU  the  government  wm  ramcM  to 


CHA 


CHA 


Turin.  This  castle  was  burnt  in  1745,  and  apain  in  179S.  and 
restored  in  1803.  On  September  24.  17'J-,  the  K-'tes  of  tlie 
town  were  opened  to  tlie  French,  who  made  it  the  capital  of 
the  department  of  Mont  Blanc,  and  retained  it  till  the  .second 
trejit}'  of  Paris,  on  November  20,  1815.  St.  Ileal  and  Count 
Xavltr  le  Maistre  were  born  in  Chamliery.  In  its  vicinity  is 
the  chateau  of  Charmettes,  once  the  residence  of  Kousseau. 

CIIA  M'BLISSBURG,  a  post-villa^'e  of  Bedford  CO.,  Virginia, 
150  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kichmond. 

C1IA.M1!L,Y,  .shSM^blee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Oiso,  20  miles  .S.S.E.  of  Beauvais.     Pop.  in  1852,  1321. 

CIIA.MBIjY.  shimnDlee,  (Fr.  pron.  shfiMHilee/,)  a  county  of 
Canada  Kast,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  on 
the  E.  by  the  Sorel  or  Kicbelieu  River;  has  an  area  of  211 
square  miles.  The  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  liailroad 
traverses  this  county.  The  chief  staples  are  oats,  hay,  fla.K, 
wool,  and  tobacco.     Pop.  20,576. 

CilAMliLY,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Chambly, 
18  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Montreal.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  and 
contains  4  churches,  8  stores,  a  cotton  factory,  p;iper  mills, 
chair  factory,  and  several  hotels.  There  is  a  tort  here, 
erected  by  the  French  in  1711.   Pop.  of  the  parish,  about  500. 

CII.VMBO.V,  shSM^bix"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  on  the  Tardes,  20mile3  E.  of  Gu6ret.  Pop.  in  1852, 2182. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  capital  of  the  Oimlfrvicenses, 
and  Cialiic.Roman,  and  cirlyFrankish  remains  are  found  here. 

CIIAMHO.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute- 
Loire,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Ys.senaeaux.     Pop.  2400. 

CHAMBON  FEUGEROLLES,  sh6M^b(\x»/  fLli^zheh-rolK.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  4  miles  S.\V.  of  St. 
Ktienne.     P(  p.  1736. 

CII.VMBOI'iD.  shdM^hoi)/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Loir-et-Cher.  arrondissement,  and  8  miles  E.  of  Blois,  on 
the  Cosson.  It  has  a  magnificent,  chateau,  commencfed  by 
Francis  I.,  and  finished  by  Louis  XIV..  formerly  one  of  tlie 
finest  royal  castles  in  France.  It  was  long  the  residence  of 
Stanislas  Ijeczinsky,  King  of  Poland;  was  presented  by  Louis 
XV.  to  Marechal  Saxe  in  1745,  by  Louis  XVI.  to  the  family 
of  Polignac,  and  by  Napoleon  to  Marechal  Berthier,  and 
purchased  by  subscription  in  1821  for  the  Due  de  Bordeaux. 
The  park,  which  is  about  21  miles  in  circumference,  and 
surrounded  by  walls,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Eui-ope. 

ClIAMBOULIVE,  shdM'boo'leev',  a  village  of  Fr.ance,  de- 
partment of  Oorreze,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  3000. 

CIIAMBKA  V,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Gozo.     See  Gozo. 

ClIAM-OALLAO,  shdm'kdl-low'.  an  island  in  the  China 
Sea,  otf  the  E.  coast  of  Cochiu-Ohina,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Turon.  Lat.  16°  64'  N.,  Ion.  108°  28'  E.  It  is  well  culti- 
vated, and  has  a  village  and  a  small  hartor  on  its  S.W.  side. 
The  false  Cham-Callao  is  an  islet.  20  miles  south-eastward. 

CIIAMK  (cha'mi)  POINT,  a  headland  on  tlie  S.W.  coast 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.    Lat.  8°  40'  IS"  X.,  Ion.  79°  40'  \V. 

ClIAMISSO  (kd-mis'so)  ISLAND,  Russian  America,  is  in 
Kotzebue's  Sound,  near  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Gnoil  Hope, 
^t.  66^  13'  12"  N.,  Ion.  161°  46'  \V.  Shores  steep,  except  on 
Hs  E.  side.     Its  hichest  point  is  2:51  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

ClI  a:\IO  or  SlIAMO,  a  desert  of  Asia.     See  Goni. 

CfI.\.MOi)'RY',  a  town  of  Hiudostan,  Berar  dominions,  on 
the  \Vvnegun^:a  River,  85  miles  S.E.  of  Nagpoor. 

CIIA.MDRElllL.     See  Chumorerf.f.l. 

CHAMOUNI.  shi'moo-nee/,  or  CIIAMONIX,  shS^mo-nee'. 
»  valley  of  the  Sardinian  Stites.  province  of  Faucigny.  forms 
the  upper  part  of  the  ba.s)n  of  the  Arve,  above  the  valley  of 
Servoz.  Length  from  N.K.  to  S.W.,  12  mile.s:  breadth,  from 
1  to  6  miles;  elevation  above  the  sea  at  the  village  of  Cba- 
mouni,  3425  feet.  This  valley  is  the  most  celebrated  in  the 
Alps  for  its  picturesque  sites  and  the  wild  grandeur  of  its 
mountains  and  glaciers.  It  is  b<:)unded  on  the  S.  by  the  mass 
of  Mont  Bl.anc,  and  N.  by  Mont  Breven  and  the  Aiguilles 
Rouges,  part  of  the  range  which  separates  Savoy  from  the 
Valais.  The  glaciers  which  descend  into  the  valley  from 
Mont  Blanc,  among  which  is  the  Mer  de  Glace,  are  the 
grandest  in  the  .^Ips.  The  climate  of  the  valley  is  extremely 
rigorous  in  winter,  which  lasts  from  October  to  .May.  during 
wiiich  time  snow  usually  covers  the  lowei  ground  to  the 
depth  of  3  feet.  The  summer  is  short  and  warm,  (mean 
temperature  at  Le  Prieure,  41°  Fahr.)  Soil  infertile,  but 
well  cultivated,  produces  a  considerable  supply  of  grain 
and  fruits;  cattle  are  extensively  reared,  and  the  honey  is 
excellent.  The  valley  contains  the  3  parishes  of  Chamouni, 
Arsentit^re.  and  Ouches.     Pop.  2528. 

CHAMOUNI  or  CIIAMONIX  or  LA  PRIEURE,  lit  pre-uh'- 
rA/,  the  principal  village  of  the  v.alley  of  Chamouni,  is  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Arve,  12  miles  E.  of  SiiUenche.  Pop. 
1800.  It  has  several  good  inns,  and  supplies  guides  and 
mules  for  visiting  the  sublime  scenery  in  its  vicinity.  It 
has  biei-n  \isited  by  more  than  3000  strangers  in  one  season. 

CIIA.MI'.U)XK.  sh&MVa',  an  old  French  province,  of 
which  the  capital  was  Troyes.  now  forming  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  4  departments  of  Ardennes,  Marne.  Aube,  and 
llaute-Mame,  and  part  of  those  of  Aisne.  Seine-etrMarne, 
and  Yonne.  This  country  was  long  governed  by  native 
princes  of  Ch.ampagne,  and  was  united  to  the  crown  of 
France  by  the  marriage  of  Philippe  le  Bel  with  Jeanne  de 
Navarre  in  1286.    It  was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower 


Ch.impagne,  the  first  of  which  comprised  the  districts  of 
Remois.  capital.  Rheims ;  Perthois,  capital.  Vitry-l-Fran^iiis; 
Rethelois,  capital,  Rethel;  and  the  principality  cf  Sedati; 
and  the  second,  Champjigne  proper,  capital,  Troyes :  Vallage, 
capital,  .Joinville;  Bassigny,  capital,  LJingres;  and  Le  Seuo 
nais,  capital.  .Sens. 

CHAMPAGNE,  a  district  of  France,  in  the  departments 
of  Charente  and  Charente-Inferieure,  forming  part  of  the 
arrondi.ssements  of  Saintes,  Jonzac,  and  Cognac.  Celebrated 
for  its  white  wines,  and  the  excellent  brandy  called  Cogna".'. 

CUAMPAGNEY.  shdM'pdnVi/,  a  town  of'Fr,ance,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Saone,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Veajul.  Pop.  in 
1852,  3328.  In  its  vicinity  coal  is  worked,  and  cherries  foi 
kirschwasser  are  largely  cultiviited. 

CHAMPAGNOLl;,  6h6>i'pin'yol',  a  town  of  France,  do- 
partment  of  Jura,  on  the  Ain,  here  crossed  by  a  high  bridge, 
18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop.  in  lSo2,  3179.  It 
has  manufactories  of  nails  and  iron  wire,  a  Large  weekly 
market,  and  6  annual  tiiirs. 

CII.\MPAGNOLLE,  sham'pan-yol',  a  small  post-village  of 
Union  co.,  Arkansas,  on  the  Washita  River,  about  130  miles 
S.  by  W.  from  Little  Ilock.  The  cotton  raised  in  the  vicinity 
is  shipped  here. 

CHA.MPAGNOLLE  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  flows  through 
Calhoun  co.  into  Washita  River. 

CHAMPAIGN,  sham-p.^[n',  a  county  in  the  W.  central 
part  of  Ohio,  contains  alK)ut  390  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Mad  River,  and  also  draiued  by  Buck  and  other 
creeks.  About  half  of  the  surface  is  level,  and  the  remain- 
der undulating.  The  soil  is  very  pi-oductive.  Mad  River 
furnishes  excellent  water-p<5wer.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  and  by  other 
railroads.    Capital,  Urbanna.     Pop.  22,6'.t8. 

CHAMPAIGN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  abont  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  the  Ka.skaskia,  Embarras,  and  Vermillion  Rivers, 
and  traversed  in  the  N.W.  part  by  the  North  Fork  of  San- 
gamon River.  The  surface,  as  the  name  iudicattsi,  consists 
of  an  open  plain  or  prairie,  interspersed  with  small  groves 
of  good  timber.  This  county  comprises  a  part  of  the  Grand 
Prairie.  The  soil  is  deep,  fertile  and  durable.  The  Chicago 
branch  of  the  Central  Raih-oad  passes  through  the  county. 
Capital,  Urbanna.     Pop.  14,629. 

CHAMP.\NA(jUR,  cham-pa-na-gCr',  a  considerable  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  3  miles  W.  of  BogU- 
poor,  with  a  remarkable  Mohammedan  tomb. 

CHA.MPAUBEUT.  shSM'pu'lMiiit'.  a  village  of  Fr.ance.  de- 
p.irtnient  of  Marne,  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chalons.  Here  the 
advanced  cuard  of  the  Russian  and  Prussian  army  received 
a  check  from  Napoleon's  trof.ps,  February  10,  1814. 

CHA.MPDENIEI'.S.  shftjiMeh-ne-A/.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Deux-.Sevres,  4  miles  N.  of  Niort.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1424.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  preparation  of  butter,  and  has 
important  cattle  fairs. 

CH.\.MPEIX,  shftM'pJ/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Puv-de-l)onie.  on  the  Couze,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Clermont. 
Pop.  in  1852.  1864. 

CH.VMPIGNY.  shSM^peen^ee', several  villages  of  France, 
the  principal  in  the  department  of  Seine,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Paris,  with  a  population  in  1852,  of  1610.  Here  are  the  cb&- 
te;iu  and  extensive  park  of  Cueilly.  and  a  chapel  with  re- 
markable painted  gl.is.s,  illustrative  of  the  life  of  St.  Louis. 

Cn.\M'P10N,  a  ptjst^township  of  Jeffer.son  CO.,  New  Y'ork, 
on  Black  River,  25  miles  E.  of  Sackets  Harbor.     Pop.  2132. 

CH.\Ml'ION,  a  post-town.ship  in  the  W.  central  part  of 
Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  924. 

CHAM'PION  BAY,  a  bay  of  Australia,  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Geelvk  Channel;  lat.  28°  47'  S.,  Ion.  114°  36'  E.  The  depth 
of  the  bay  is  regular,  with  5  and  6  fathoms,  the  bottom 
consisting  of  tine  white  sand.  It  was  visited  by  Captain 
Stokes  in  1840,  who  gave  it  its  present  name. 

CHAMPION  SOUTH  ROADS,  a  post-ofBceof  JelTorsonco., 
New  York. 

CHAM'PIONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  CO..  Tennessee. 

CHAMPLAIN,  sham-pline',  LAKE,  between  the  states 
of  New  Y'ork  and  Vermont,  extends  from  Whitehall,  in  Xew 
York,  in  al)out  43°  ,30'  N.  lat.  northward  a  few  miles  across 
the  Canada  line,  to  45°  6'  N.  lat.  It  lies  between  73°  and 
73°  30'  W.  Ion.  Extreme  length,  about  130  miles.  Its 
breadth  varies  from  i  mile  to  10  miles,  and  its  depth  from 
50  to  280  feet.  If  we  include  the  exp.anse  embracing  the 
large  islands,  the  bre.adth  in  its  widest  part  will  amount  to 
15  miles.  Its  coast  line,  including  sinuosities,  is  estimated 
at  2S0  miles.  The  principal  stre.ims  flowing  into  it  are  the 
Saranac,  Chazy,  Au  Sable,  Missisquoi,  and  WinoosUi,  the 
outlet  of  Lakes  George  and  Wood,  and  other  creeks.  Its 
princip.al  outlet  is  the  Sorelle  or  Richelieu  River,  which  dis- 
charges its  waters  into  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  about  50  miles 
below  Jlontreal.  It  contains  many  islands,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  North  and  South  Hero,  La  Jlotte,  and 
Schuyler.  The  Vermont  shores  of  this  lake  are  for  the  most 
part  fertile  and  highly  cultivated,  while  those  of  New  Y'ork 
are  wild,  rocky,  and  ban-en,  rising  into  vast  mountains  in- 
tersper.sed  with  lakes,  but  containing  but  little  or  no  bottom 
lands.    In  &vorable  weather,  Lake  Champlain  ])reseuts  t<i 


CIIA 


CHA 


the  fraTeller  Ti«ws  of  «Tirpa?sin<;  beauty  and  ina?mlfi<'enc«, 
mauy  of  the  principal  peaks  both  of  the  Adirondack  jrroup. 
In  New  York,  and  of  the  Green  Mountains,  in  Vermont. 
iDeing  visible  from  the  steamboats,  as  they  pass  from  one 
extremity  to  the  other.  Its  waters  abound  with  salmon, 
trout,  pike,  and  other  fish.  Lsike  Champlain  affords  excel- 
lent commercial  facilities.  By  means  of  the  Chamtily  Caiial 
and  Sorel  Kiver  improvements,  a  free  naviaration  has  lieen 
opened,  both  with  the  grc^t  lakes  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Champlain  Canal,  by  connectr 
Ing  it  with  the  Hudson  Kiver  and  Erie  Canal,  secures  an 
uninterrupted  water  communication  with  New  York  City 
and  the  principal  towns  in  the  interior  of  the  state.  The 
total  amount  of  the  commerce  of  the  Jake,  in  1846,  was 
valued  at  about  $11.000.000 ;  in  1847,  at  $17.000,000 ;  and  in 
1851.  at  above  $26,000,000.  In  the  last-named  sum  was 
Included  alx)ve  10,000  tons  of  iron  ore,  9000  tons  of  bloom 
and  bar  iron,  and  nearly  3000  tons  of  pis-iron  from  New 
York,  and  above  116.000.000  feet  of  lumber,  chiefly  from 
Canada,  all  of  which  passed  from  the  lake  to  the  Champlain 
Canal.  It  is  estimated  that  the  entire  commerce  of  Lake 
Champlain.  in  the  year  above-named,  employed  about  200,000 
tons  of  shipping,  (taking  the  aggregate  entrances  and  clear- 
ances.) and  nearly  12.0(XI  men.  The  enrolled  and  licensed 
tonnage  of  the  two  districts,  Burlington  and  Champlain, 
(port  of  entrv,  I'l.attsburg,)  in  the  vear  1852,  was  12.915, 
fthe  former  5."657,  and  the  I.-itter  6.'25S  tons.)  of  which  4,941 
tons  were  employed  in  steam  navigation. 

The  following  exhibits  the  Canadian  trade  of  the  two  dis- 
tricts for  1850  and  1851 : 


Commerce. 

BarlingtoD  District. 

Champlain  Dijtrict. 

1850, 

1851. 

1850, 

1851, 

Exports  of  domestic  pro- 

$651,677 
294.18.' 

$458,006 
809,566 

$322,378 
816,843 

$375,549 

Exports  of  foreign  mcr- 

373,453 

945.859 
607,466 

767.572 
266.417 

639,221 
435.383 

749,002 

294,284 

Total  commerce 

Total  commerce  of  the 
lake  with  Canada 

1.55-2,325 
1,074.604 

1.03;5,»89 
1,043.286 

1,074,604 

1,043,286 

$.>,6J6,9.»'$i,077,'i75 

Navigation  on  Lake  Champlain  usually  commences  about 
»he  1st  of  April,  and  continues  open  till  near  December.  Dur- 
Incr  the  summer,  five  daily  steamers  ply  between  AVhiteliall 
and  St.  .lohn's,  Canada,  touching  at  Burlington.  Plattsburg. 
St.  Albans.  &c.  The  name  Champlain  is  derived  from  that 
of  Samuel  Champlain,  a  French  naval  ofBcer,  who  discovered 
this  lake  in  1609. 

CU.'VMI'L.'VIN.  a  collection' district  on  the  New  York  side 
of  Lake  Champlain,  whiih  see. 

CH.\MI'LAIN.  a  post-village  and  township  at  the  N.  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Ch.tmplain.  in  Clinton  co..  New  York,  about 
164  miles  N.  by  K.  of  .\lbany.  on  Chazy  Kiver,  which  affords 
water-power,  and  on  the  Northern  Kailroad,  which  connects 
Rouse's  Point  with  0:_'densburg.  It  is  comprised  in  the 
Champlain  collection  district,  and  carries  on  some  trade  by 
the  Chazy  Kiver.  which  is  navigable  for  .small  craft.  The 
village  contains  several  churches,  an  academy,  and  a  na- 
tional bank.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron  and  other  articles. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  5857. 

CHAMPLAIN,  .sham-plAne',  (Fr,  pron,  shSM^plSse',)  a 
county  in  the  N.W,  part  of  Canada  East,  bordering  on  the 
St.  Lawrence  River,  has  an  area  of  6200  square  miles.  It 
Is  traversed  throuirhout  its  whole  length  by  the  Kiver  St. 
Maurice,  and  contains  numerous  small  rivers  and  lakes. 
The  chief  staples  are  tlax  and  maple-sugar.    Pop.  13.896. 

CII.\.MPLAIN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  in  the  above 
county,  on  the  St,  Lawrence.  75  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec.  It 
contains  a  church,  3  stores,  and  several  mills.   Pop.  about750. 

C!l.\  M  I'LITTK.  shftM^leet'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Safme,  29  miles  W.  of  Vesoul.    Pop.  In  1852,  SI 01. 

CHAM  I'M  i:itS.  sh^Mp'ne-.V.  a  town  of  France,  depart' 
ment  of  Charente,  6  miles  N.N.E,  of  Angouleme.  Pop,  in 
1852.  4102, 

CIIAMM»<>AG',  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon, 

CII.\MPOTON.  chdm-iKvtOn'.  a  maritime  villaire  of  Cen- 
tral .\iiierica.  in  Yucatan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Cham- 
poton.  Campeachy  Bay,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  35  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Campt-ai-hy. 

CII.VMI'KOND.  shftNo^prANo/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-lxiir,  13  miles  E,N.E.  of  Nogentrle-Uotrou, 
Pop.  871. 

CII.^  M  PROND.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe, 
28  miles  S.K.  of  Mamers.  with  iron  foundHes,     Pop.  185, 

CIIAMPSArR.  shAxo'soR',  a  district  of  France,  In  the  old 
province  of  Dauphiiie:  now  comprised  in  the  departments 
of  Hautes-Alpes  and  IWme.  Chief  town,  St,  Bonnet,  The 
greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants,  who  formed 
part  of  the  flf)ck  of  Felix  Neff. 

CnAMPSEORET  «hd««'Bfh-gri',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
414 


partment  of  Ome,  4i  miles  E,N.E.  of  Domtront.    Pep.  S843 
It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and  iron  foundries. 

CIIAMPTEUCIKK,  shiy^H'tv-A'.  a  village  of  Fiance, 
department  of  Bas ses-Alpes,  4  miles  W,  of  Digne.  Pop.  408 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  philosopher  Pierre  Gassend  Q 
Ga.s.sendi. 

CHAMTOCfi.  shJN=^o's.V,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Ix)ire,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  1.5  miles 
W.S.AV.  of  Angers.  Pop.  1923.  Here  are  the  remains  of  the 
feud.nl  castle  of  the  infamous  Gil  de  Ketz.  a  savage  seigneur 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  called  "  Barbe  Bieu,"  the  original 
of  "Bluebeard." 

CHAMPTOCEAUX,  sh5N«Ho's6',  a  village  of  France,  18 
miles  AV.S.'W.  of  the  above.    Pop.  1422. 

CII.\MUSCA,  shd-moos^vj.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Estremadnra,  on  the  Tagus.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Santa- 
rem.  Pop.  3200,  Excellent  red  wine  is  produced  in  its 
vicinity. 

CII.\N.\C,  shl^Jk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  I/> 
zfere,  on  the  Lot,  8  miles  S.'\V,  of  Mende.  Pop.  in  1852, 1830. 
It  has  manufactures  of  serges. 

CIIAN'AHACH'EE,  a  post-office  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

CHANAK-KALESSI.  sh^'nak'-kaUs'see',  or  CHANAKA- 
LASY.  (Turk.  "  Pot-ca.-^tle,")  Anatolia,  on  the  Dardanelle.s,  23 
miles  S,'^.  of  Gallipoli.  is  a  town  of  2tK)0  houses,  occupjing 
a  flat  point  opposite  the  Castle  of  Europe.  (Chelit  Bawii.  kf 
leet'  baw'ree'.)  It  has  some  potteries,  whence  its  Turkish 
name. 

CH.\NCAY,  chjn-kl'.  a  seaport-town  of  Northern  Peru. 
capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of 
Lima,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chancay  River.  In  the  Pacific.  40 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Lima.     Pop.  of  the  province  in  1850.  25,600. 

CH.\NCEADX.  shfts^^so',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cole  d'Or.  18  miles  E.  of  Semur.  near  the  Seine.  Pop. 
559,  It  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  presened  bap- 
berries. 

CIIANCFyPORD,  a  post-township  of  York  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 
Poo.  2181. 

CHANCE  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Lower  Siam,  about  35  miles  from  the 
main-land;  lat.  (highest  peak)  9°  2-2'  N.,  Ion.  97°  5:3'  E. 

CHAN'CELLORSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Spottsylvania 
CO..  Virginia,  76  miles  N.  by  '\Y.  of  Richmond.  Here  tho 
Union  armv  was  defeated  Mav  2  and  .3.  186-3. 

CHANCE  PRAI'RIE.  a  post-office  of  Burleson  co,.  Texas. 

CHANCEA'ILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Monmouth  co,, 
New  .Jersey, 

CHAN'D.\.  a  district  in  Ilindostan,  Berar  dominions,  90 
miles  in  length,  and  60  miles  in  breadth. 

CHANDA  or  CHAN'DAH,a  town  of  Hindo.stan,  capital  of 
the  alwve  di.strict.  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nagpoor.  Lat.  2i>=  4'  N., 
Ion.  79°  22'  E.  Some  lofty  stone  walls,  flanked  by  round 
towers,  enclose  a  space  6  miles  in  circumference,  occupied  by 
strftirgling  houses,  plantations,  and  a  citadel.  It  was  taken 
bv  the  British,  Mav  20,  1818. 

"CHAN'DAHNEK'  or  CHIVNANEE',  a  town  in  the  Pun- 
jab, province  of  Lahore,  capital  of  a  district,  76  miles  S.  of 
Serin!i!rur.  near  an  affluent  of  the  Chenaub. 

CH.\NDELEUR  (shanMHoor/)  BAY,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Louisiana,  between  St.  Bernard  parish  and  the  Chandeleur 
Islands. 

CHANDELEUR  ISLANDS.  E.  of  Chandeleur  Bay.  and 
.about  65  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  SIif«i--sippi. 
On  the  N.  end  of  the  northern  or  smaller  island  is  a  fixed 
liL'ht.  55  feet  high.     Ij«t.  30°  1'  N..  Ion.  88°  44'  W. 

CHAN'DERCO'NA.  a  considerable  town  in  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.  58  miles  W.N.'NV.  of  Calcutta. 

CHAN'bEKEE'.  CHEN'DAKEE'  or  CHIN^DAKEE',  a 
lai^e  district  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Malwah,  N.E.  corner 
90  miles  in  length,  and  70  miles  in  breadth, 

CHANDKREE,  a  town  in  this  district,  113  miles  S,  of 
Gwalior.  of  considerable  size,  and  has  a  strong  hill  fort. 

CHANDEKOIRI,  chan-der-gh^i''ree,  a  fortified  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Madras.  50  miles  N.  of  Arcot 

CHANDERNAOORE,  shanMiV.-n3-g6r,'.  a  town,  and  th« 
principal  of  the  F'rench  eslablis^hments  in  India.  Benu'al,  on 
the  Hoogly  River,  16  miles  N.N,W,  of  Calcutta,  Lnt,  22° 
51'  26"  N,,  Ion.  88°  22'  12"  E,  Pop.  in  1841.  35.895.  of  whom 
283  were  F^uropeans.  It  Is  well  situated,  well  built,  and 
clean,  but  dull  and  decaying,  its  cotton  manufartuns  and 
general  trade  having  latterly  very  much  decreased.  It  waa 
settled  by  the  French  in  1676:  was  taken  by  the  British  In 
1759.  and  again  delivered  up  to  the  F'rench  in  1816. 

CHANa)LER'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co., 
AlaKama. 

CHAND'LERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co..  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CHANDLERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  CO., 
Ohio,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Zanesville.  Ilie  county  seat,  and  64 
miles  E.  of  Columbus,  has  several  churches  and  stores.  Pop 
near  300. 

CHANDLERSVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Cass  co.,  Illinolf!. 

CHAN'DODE,  chinMOd',  a  large  town  of  India,  Baroilt 


CHA 


CHA 


domintonx,  on  the  Nerbudda,  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baroach, 
«nd  preatly  venerated  by  Hindoos. 

CHAN'tiOllK'.  a  large  and  strongly  fortified  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  on  a  hill  range,  command- 
ing an  important  pass,  130  miles  N.E.  of  Bombay.  It  ca- 
pitulated to  the  British  in  1804  and  in  1818. 

CII.\NUU'(J()ll/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Benpral,  68  miles  N.E.  of  Delhi. 

CHANDPO(^R.  a  town  of  British  India,  on  the  Brahma- 
pootra, 40  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Comilla. 

CIIANEKAL,  chd-nA-r^l',  a  lay  of  Chili,  1  mile  N.  of  Car- 
risal  B-iy,  well  sheltered  from  N.  and  S.  winds,  but  expo.sed 
to  gales  from  the  S.W. 

CII.WEKAL,  an  if^land  about  4  miles  W.  of  the  above 
bay,  is  2  miles  long  ;  lat.  29°  1'  S.,  Ion.  71°  40'  W. 

CIIA.\'GA:MA'  or  CIIUXGAMAH,  chan-pd'ma,  a  town  of 
nindostan,  Carnatic,  115  miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  at  the  end 
of  a  pass,  to  which  it  gives  its  name.    It  has  a  lofty  pagoda. 

CHA.\G-CII|-;UX-CHAM,  chdngVhe-oonVhdm',  or  ST. 
JOHN'S  ISLAND,  on  the  S.  coast  of  China,  province  of 
Quangtong:  lat.  (S.  point)  21°  15'  N.,  Ion.  112°  50'  E.  It  is 
alxiut  15  miles  in  length. 

CIIA.\G"CI10l)'F06',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Fokien, 
36  miles  S.W.  of  Amoy,  which  is  merely  the  port  of  the  city; 
lat.  24°  35'  N..  Ion.  11"°  50'  E.  It  is  situated  in  a  valley  em- 
bosomed in  hills,  and  intersected  by  a  river,  here  crossed  by 
two  bridges,  one  of  which  is  of  somewhat  singular  construc- 
tion, being  built  on  25  piles  of  stones,  about  30  feet  ajmrt. 
and  20  feet  high.  Large  beams  are  laid  from  pile  to  pile  ; 
these  again  are  crossed  by  smaller  ones,  which  are  covered 
with  earth,  and  then  paved  with  enormous  blocks  of  granite, 
some  of  wliich  are  about  45  feet  long,  and  2?  feet  broad.- 
This  singular  structure  is  about  9  feet  wide:  half  its  length 
on  both  sides  is  occupied  with  shops.  The  city  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall,  4j  miles  in  circumference,  the  inside  of 
which  is  thickly  planted  with  large  trees.  In  the  wall,  a 
gate  forms  an  eiitiaiue  for  foot  psissengers,  and  a  canal  for 
boats,  is  pl.aced  at  each  of  the  cardinal  points.  The  streets 
are  from  10  to  12  feet  wide,  and  many  of  them  are  well  paved; 
the  shops  are  numerous,  and  well  furnished,  and  the  houses 
In  general  two  stories  high.  It  has  two  famous  but  dilapi- 
dated temples,  reputed  to  have  existed  for  1200  years.  Tliis 
is  the  great  centre  of  the  .silk  manufacture  of  tlie  province, 
and  the  streets  present  a  bustling  and  animated  appear- 
ance. In  the  suburbs,  which  are  extensive,  there  are  large 
tile  and  sugar  manuCictorios ;  and  from  an  eminence  near 
the  city,  about  80  populous  agricultural  villages  may  be 
seen  in  a  large  plain,  30  miles  long,  by  nearly  20  miles 
broad.  Pop.  of  city,  exclusive  of  suburbs,  variously  esti- 
mated from  800.000  to  1.000.000. 

CII ANG-CIIOOFOO.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Kiangsoo, 
75  miles  S.K.  of  Nankin  ;  lat.  31°  55'  N..  ion.  121^^  43'  E. 

CH.\NG/5.  shft.No'zhA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Barthe.  4  niiles  K.S.E.  of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  2815. 

CH.4.NGfi,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne, 
2^  miles  N.  of  Laval."^   Pop.  in  1852,  2046. 

CIIAN'GERI,  Kda'gher-ee\  an  extensive  monastery,  in 
Turkish  .\rmenia.  pashiUic  of  Erzroom,  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Moosh.  with  a  church,  said  to  have  been  built  A.  n.  304.  Its 
literary  treasures  were  destroyed  by  the  Koords  during  the 
last  war  in  Asia  between  the  Russians  and  Turks. 

CHA.NGERI  or  CIIANGRI,  a  town  of  Anatolia.  See 
Ka\k\rek. 

CIIANGIiyWATER.  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey, 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Belvidere. 

CIIANG-M.\I.  chdug^mi',  a  town  of  Laos,  on  theMe-kong; 
lat.  20°  16'  N.,  Ion.  99°  2'  E.     Pop.  25,000. 

CHANGRI.     See  Kankarbe. 

CIIANG-SHVrCIIOU.     See  Shano-se-Choo. 

CIIANG-SH.\,  chitng-shi',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Hoonan.  on  the  Ilong-Kiang.  60  miles  S.  of  its  embouchure 
inLakeTong-Ting-IIoo:  lat.  28°  18' N.,  Ion.  113°  E. 

CII.WIKRS.  slid^neA'  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure.  4  miles  from  Saintes.    Pop.  2611. 

CIIAN'NAHON.  a  pcst-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  about  45  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 
Pop.  911. 

CIIANNAKALASY.    See  Chanak  Kelessi. 

CHANNEL,  The.    See  English  Chaxsei. 

CII.\N'\i:l  T.'^L.\NDS,  a  name  employed  to  designate  a 
(?roup  of  islands  in  the  English  Channel,  off  the  N.W.  coast 
of  France:  the  principal  being  .Jersey,  Guernsey,  Alderney. 
Scrk  and  Ilcrm,  (which  see.)  They  are  officially  comprised 
in  the  English  co.  of  lli\nts,  and  diocese  of  Winchester,  and 
ore  the  only  portions  of  Normandy  now  belonging  to  the 
English  crown,  to  which  they  have  remained  attached  ever 
since  the  Conquest.  These  islands  are  a  very  costly  ap- 
pendage to  the  British  crown.  They  have  been  fortified  at 
an  immense  expense,  and  their  defence,  in  time  of  war,  is 
supposed  to  cost  fully  500,0lK)i.  a  year,  which  has  to  be 
wliolly  defrayed  by  Britain  ;  the  total  revenue  collecte<l  in 
the  islands  not  amounting  to  20.000i.  a  year.  Pop.  in  1851, 
90.7:39. 

CHAN'NELKIRK.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

CUANNI-KIIAN-DIGOT,  chdn'ne-Kin-de-gof,  a  thriving 


town.  In  the  N.W.  part  of  Hindostan,  Bhawlpoor  dominloni, 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Khanpoor;  lat.  28°  bO'  N.,  Ion.  70°  54'  E. 

CIIAN'MNGVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  CO.,  Iowa, 
about  80  miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

CHAN-SI,  a  province  of  China.    See  Shas-see, 

CHANTELLK.  Bh6.N»'t^ll',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Allier,  9  miles  N.  of  Gannat,  on  the  Rouble.     Pop.  2o00. 

CHANTENAY.  sh6N«Ueh-n4',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  [.lOire-Inferieure,  on  the  Loire,  1  mile  S.W.  of 
Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852.  4966. 

CHANTENAY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ni^Tre, 
18  miles  S.E.  of  Nevers.    Pop.  142:i. 

CH.\NTENAY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe, 
15  miles  N.  of  La  Fleche.     Pop.  1358. 

CHANTIBUN  or  CIIANTABON,  shinVbiin',  a  large 
inland  town  in  Siam,  on  a  river,  near  its  mouth,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Siam,  175  miles  S.E.  of  Bangkok.  It  exports  from 
30,000  to  40.000  piculs  of  pepper  annually,  with  cardamoms, 
rosewood,  dyewoods,  ship-timber,  hides,  horns,  ivory,  and 
gums;  and  near  it  are  some  mines  of  precious  stones. 
Many  junks  from  Canton  load  nt  this  port. 

CHANTILLY,  shin-til'lee  or  sh6.N'iHee\yee',  (see  Int.  XVI. 
18.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  on  the  Non- 
netto,  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  2454.  It  has 
celebrated  manufactures  of  lace  and  porcelain,  and  a  hospi- 
tal, built  and  endowed  by  the  late  Prince  of  Conde:  but  it 
owes  its  interest  to  its  ruined  castle  and  noble  domain,  long 
the  seat  of  the  Conde  family,  and  where  the  great  Conde 
entertiiined  Louis  XIV.  in  a  style  of  royal  magnificence. 
The  castle,  one  of  the  finest  in  France,  was  destroyed  during 
the  Revolution  of  1793,  but  the  splendid  stables  remain, 
and  the  fine  park  grounds,  and  modern  chateau  (lately  the 
property  of  the  Duke  d'Aumale)  are  full  of  hi.storic  memo- 
rials. The  Forest  of  Chantiliy  comprises  67tK)  acres :  in  it  are 
several  buildings  of  interest,  and  races  are  held  here  annu- 
ally in  May. 

CHAN/flLLY,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia. 

CHANTILLY.  a  post-village  of  Linctjln  CO.,  Mis.souri, 
about  .50  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

CHANTONNAY,  shftN""ton'nV,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vendee,  17  miles  E.  of  Bourlxjn-^'endee.     Pop.  2993. 

CHANTOUNG.  a  province  of  China.    See  Shantooxg. 

CIIANTRIONE.  shftN'o'treen'y.V,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment iind  7  miles  N.E.  of  Mayenne.     Pop.  1970. 

CH.\NU.  shd^nti'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Orne, 
9  miles  N.  of  Domfront.  Pop.  2722.  It  has  extensive  manu 
faeturos  of  hardware,  and  quarries  of  building-stone. 

CHANZ.\.  chin'tlid,  a  frontier  river  between  Spain  and 
Portugal,  (.\ndalusia  and  Alemtejo,)  which,  after  a  S.S.W. 
course  of  55  miles,  joins  the  GuadLina  near  Alcoutim. 

CHAG-DIi-COUCE.  shd'o'-dA-koo'sA  or  ko-oo'sA,  a  town  of 
Portugal,  in  Estremadura.  on  a  hill,  25  miles  N.K.  of  Lelra, 
with  :i000  inhaliitants;  and  an  old  fortress.  Its  vicinity 
produces  good  wine. 

CHAO-KHING.     See  SnAO-Knixo. 

CH.A.0-NA1M.\N-.S0UME.    See  Tchad  Naiman  Soome. 

CHAO-NAN.    SeeSHAO-NAN. 

CHAOS,  shi'os,  or  BIRD  ISLANDS,  several  small  rocky 
islets  of  South  Africa,  at  the  entrance  of  .ilgoa  Bay,  35  miles 
E.  of  Port  Elizabeth :  on  one  of  which  the  navigator,  Bar- 
tholomew Diaz,  perished  in  1500. 

CHAOTCHOO.    See  Shao-Choo. 

CII AO-TCHOO,  chd'o-choo',  or  TCIIAO-CIIEOU-FOU.  chd'o- 
ch.i-oo'-fee,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-tong.  on  the 
Han-Kiang,  here  crossed  by  abridge,  near  its  entrance  in 
the  China  Sea. 

CHAO-TCHOU,  or  CIIAO-TCIIEOU-FOU.   See  Shao-Choo. 

CHAOURCE,  shiWrss',  (anc.  Cutusiacum?)  a  town' of 
France,  department  of  Aube,  on  the  Armance,  IB  miles  S. 
of  Troyes.  Pop.  in  1852. 1540.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and 
has  a  church  of  the  seventh  century. 

CHAOUSSY.    See  Tchaoo.ssy. 

CHAPADA,  shj-pi'dd,  a  new  town  in  Brazil,  province  of 
Maranhao,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  Rio  Grajehu.  It  is  the 
seat  of  an  electoral  college  erected  in  1842. 

CHAP.A.DA,  a  town  in  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes, 
N.E.  of  Fanado.    Pop.  2300. 

CHAPADA  DE  SANTA  ANNA,  shA-pJ/da  di  sdn'tS  Jn'nd, 
or  GU1M.4RENS.  ghe-mi-rjNgs',  a  town  in  Brazil,  the  oldest 
market-town  of  Matto  Gros.so,  E.  of  Cuiaba.     Pap.  4000. 

CH.4P.\LA.  chd-pi'ld.  a  considerable  lake  in  the  Jlexican 
Confederacy.  t>etween  the  states  of  Michoacan  and  Guada- 
lajara; lat.  20°  20'  N.,  Ion.  from  102°  to  103°  25'  W.  Esti- 
mated area  1300  square  miles.  It  contains  many  islands, 
and  is  traversed  by  the  Rio  Grande  de  Lerma. 

CH.4PARI.  chd-pd-ree',  a  river  of  Bolivia,  rising  in  the 
mountains  of  Cochabamba,  and,  after  a  course  of  about  100 
miles,  joins  the  Mamore  in  the  parallel  of  17°  5'  S. 

CHA'PEL-EN-LE-FRITH,  a  markettown  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Derby,  4i  miles  N.  of  Buxton.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3214.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  lofty  hills,  and  neatly 
built.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  paper:  and  in 
its  vicinity  are  lead  and  coal  mines,  and  liuie-woi'ks. 

CHAP'EL  HILL,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Slonmouth. 

CIIAP'EL  HILL,  a  post  office  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jersey 

415 


CHA 


CHA 


CHAPEL  tlTLIi,  a  poBt-village  of  Orangs  co.,  North  Care- 
Una,  is  plKisantlj'  situated  on  New  Hope  Hlver,  an  affluent 
of  Cape  Ve«r  River,  28  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kaleigh.  The  situa- 
tion is  healthy,  and  the  water  good.  The  University  of 
North  Carolina,  at  this  place,  founded  in  1789.  is  a  flourish- 
Inc  institution.    See  'Aible  of  Colleges.  Avpr.}iDix. 

i'HAPEL  HILL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washington 
ei>..  Texas.  1:20  miles  K.  of  Austin,  and  3  miles  W.  of  Brazos 
River.  It  is  situated  in  a  healthy  and  populous  neighbor- 
hood. It  has  2  academies  (one  of  them  under  the  direction 
of  the  Methodists)  in  good  reput*.    Pop.  1720. 

CUAl'EL  HILL,  a  small  post-village  of  Marshall  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee, 42  miles  S,  of  Nashville. 

CHAPEL  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Perry  co,,  Ohio. 

CH.^PKL  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri. 

CHAP'SL-IZ/dD.  a  town  of  Ireland,  inLeinster.  co.  and  3 
miles  W.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Liffey.  Pop.  1575.  It  contains 
an  ancient  church  and  baiTaeks. 

CUAPELLE  AGNON.  LA.  lA  sha^p^lP  inVAso/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Puv-de-Dome,  8  miles  N.M'.  of  Am- 
bert.     Pop.  in  1852.  9903,  ' 

CHAPELLE  AUX  BOIS,  La,  Ij  sha>Ml'  6  bwi,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Vosges,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kpinal. 
Pop.  1258. 

CHAPELLK  AUX  POTS,  LA,  14  shiV?!!'  6  po,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Oise,  arrondissement  of  Beauvais. 
with  extensive  manufactures  of  potterv-ware. 

CHAPELLE  BASSE  MER,  La.  Id  shdY^U'  bdss  maiR,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  10  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852,  4496. 

CHAPELLE  D'ALIGNE,  LA,  15  shl'pJU' dineeil',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  arrondissement  of  La  Fl^che, 
Pop,  15.33, 

CHAPELLE  D'ANGILLON.L.v,  lashaVll'dSso'zheeVxo/, 
s  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher,  19  miles  W.  of  San- 
cerre.     Pop.  in  1S52.  837. 

CHAPELLE  D'AKMENTIERES.La,  ldshaVll'claE''m5xo'- 
te-aiit',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Lille.     Pop.  in  1852,  2039. 

CHAPELLE  DES  MARAIS,  La,  11  sha'pJll  di  m^'r-A.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  33  miles 
N.W.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  1941. 

CUAPELLE  EN  VECJRS.  L.\,  iS  shd'p^lP  Jn«  veh-koR',  a 
town  (>f  France,  department  of  Dr6me,  26  miles  E.  of  Valence. 
Pop.  in  1852.  1309. 

CHAPELLE  JANSON,  La,  13  sha'p&ll'  zh5x«'sAxe',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  5  miles  E.  of  Fou- 
g^res.    Pop.  2031. 

CHAPELLE  LA  REINE,  L.t,  IJ  sh3*pjll'  13  rain,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Selne-et-Marue,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Foutaineljleau.     Pop.  in  1852,  867. 

CHAPELLE  ST.  DENIS,  h\,  U  shi'pill'  .sJno  deh-nee/,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Seine,  3  miles  S.  of  St.  Denis, 
near  Paris,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.     Pop.  in  1S52,  18.700, 

CHAPELLE  ST.  MESMIN,  LA,  13  cha^ll'  sAx"  mfs'- 
mSx<=',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Orleans,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Tours.  P.  1271. 

CHAPELLE  ST.  SAUVEUR.  La,  13  sh3'pMl'  .4x«  s6Vir/, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  33  miles 
N.W.  of  ilftcon.     Pop.  1900. 

CHAPELLE  SUR  ERDRE.LA,  13  sha'p^ll'  sUr  ^Rd'r,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-InKrieure,  5  miles  N. 
of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2554. 

CHAPELLE  VOLANT.  La,  13  sh3Vll'  -vo-lSx^  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Jura,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Lons  le  Saul- 
nier.    Pop.  1  an". 

CHA  P'EL  OF  GARIOCII,  (gar/re-oK*,)  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
cJ).  of  Aberdeen. 

CHA'PINVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Litchtield  co..  Connec- 
ticut. 45  miles  W.  of  Hartford,  It  has  a  large  blast  furnace, 
and  maiiulactures  of  cutlery, 

CHAPINVILLE  or  CHAPINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Ontario  co„  New  York,  on  the  railroad,  4  or  5  miles  N.E,  of 
Canandaigua. 

CHAP'L.AIN,  a  village  of  Nelson  co,.  Kentucky,  15  miles 
E.  of  Bardstown.  has  1  tavern,  and  several  stores. 

CHAP'LI.V,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Connecti- 
cut. 30  miles  E.  of  Hartford,  on  Natchaug  River.     Pop.  781. 

CILAPLIN.  a  post-offlce  of  Nelson  co..  Kentucky. 

CHAPLIN,  a  post-offlce  of  Lee  co..  Illinois. 

CHAP'LINTON,  a  post-village  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ei.'  Barren  River,  about  130  miles  S.W.of  Frankfiirt, 

CH.VP'MAN,  a  township  of  Clinton  co,,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  7.31. 

CHAPM.\N,  a  post-township  of  Snyder  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  W,  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  33  miles  N.  of 
U.irrisbnrg.     Pop.  1764. 

CHAPMAN'S  FORD,  apost-offlce,  Tallapoosa  co..  Alabama. 

CH.AP'MANVILLE.  a  postK>ffic«  of  Logan  co.,  Virginia. 

CHAPNIER.S.    See  Ch.\mpnier9. 

CHAPO'LA  RIVER,  of  Florida  and  Alabama,  falls  Into 
the  Appalaohicola. 

CH.APOO'.  chS'poo'  or  sh3^poo'.  an  important  maritime 
town    of  China,    province    of  Che-kiang,  on    a    promon- 
tory   on    the  N.  side  of  the  estuary  of  TBhen-Tang,  (or 
416 


Tsien-Tang.)  50  miles  N.E.  of  Ilang-chow-foo,  of  which  It  la 
the  port,  and  with  which  it  has  good  caual  communica- 
tion. Lat.  30°  40'  N.:  Ion.  120^^  30'  E.  Extensive  suburbs, 
the  principal  seat  of  trade,  stretch  along  the  shore:  and 
about  half  a  mile  in  their  i-ear  is  the  walled  town,  5  miles  in 
circumference,  enclosed  within  which  is  the  "  Tartar"  town. 
The  harbor  is  shallow,  and  the  tides  here  are  very  rapid; 
but  the  roadstead  hiis  deep  water,  ami  all  the  Chinese  trade 
with  Japan  is  conducted  from  this  port.  The  adjacent 
country  is  well  watered,  very  fertile,  and  interspersed  with 
numerous  villages,  pagodas,  and  temples.  The  adjoining 
heights,  fortiiied  in  the  late  war.  were  captured  by  the  Bri- 
tish, after  a  determined  resistance,  May  18,  1S42. 

CH.APPAQUA,  chap-pi'kwa,  a  post-village  of  Westchester 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  about  40  miles 
N.N.E.  of  New  York. 

CHAPPELI/.  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co..  Arkansas. 

CHAPPELLS  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Newberry  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CHAP'RUNG',  a  town  of  Thibet,  on  the  Sutlej.  55  miles 
S.W.  of  Garoo.  Lat,  31°  27'  N. ;  Ion,  79°  33'  E,  It  is  the 
residence  of  Chinese  authorities, 

CHAPI'ICO,  a  post-vllliige  of  St.  Mary's  co.,  Maryland, 
about  50  miles  S,S,W.  of  Annapolis, 

CHAPULTEPEC,  ch3-poort-l-pJk',  a  strong  fortress  of 
Mexico,  situated  about  2  miles  S.W,  of  the  metropolis.  It 
consists  of  a  rock  rising  to  the  heiihtof  150  feet,  and  crowned 
by  a  castle.  Inside  the  castle  was  the  Military  College  of 
Chapultepee.  and  the  buildings- conne<-ted  with  it.  Cha- 
pultepec  was  taken  by  the  army  under  General  Scott  on  the 
12th  and  13th  of  September.  1847,  and  previous  to  the  cap- 
ture of  the  city  of  Mexico,  on  the  14th  of  the  s;ime  month. 

CHAPUI/TEPEC.  a  post-offlce  of  Blount  co„  Alabama. 

CHAPUS.  Le,  leh  shrpUce/.  a  hamlet  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charenle-I nferieure,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Mnrennes,  op- 
posite the  He  d"016ron.  Pop.  345.  It  is  a  fortification  of 
the  second  class,  and  its  small  port  is  defended  by  a  fort. 

CH.AltAL.AN.  chd-r3-l3n'.  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
New  Granada.  140  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bogota. 

I  HARAMAKOTAN.     See  K.\n.\M.\K0T.\!». 

CIIARAPOTO,  ch3-r3-po'to.  a  town  of  South  America.  In 
Ecuiidor.  110  miles  W.S.W.  of  Quito,  near  the  Bay  of  Chara- 
poto,  Pacitic  Ocean, 

CHAICBAR/  or  CIIOUBAR,  choo'bar',  a  large  and  well- 
sheltered  bay  of  Beloochistan.  province  of  Slekran.  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  Lat.  25°  20' N.:  Ion.  60°  30' E.  On  the  E,  side 
of  its  entrance  is  the  town  of  Charbar.  with  1500  inhabitants, 
enclosed  by  an  earth  rampart,  and  garri.soned  by  the  1  m&m  of 
Muscat.  N.  of  this  are  the  ruins  of  the  Portuguese  settlement 
of  Teez.  pro'nally  the  Tiz of  Edrisi,  and  the  Tiofi  of  Nearchus. 

CIHRBONNIER,  shaR'bou'ne-.V.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-DOme,  9  miles  S.  of  Issoire.  It  has  coal- 
mines. 

CHARBONNIERES.  sh.iR'bon'ne-ais/.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Rhone.  4  miles  W.  of  Lyons,  and  a  place  of 
holvdav  re.sort  for  its  inhabitants, 

CH.ARCAS,  a  city  of  BoUvia.    See  Chuqvis.am. 

CHARD,  a  municipal  borough,  town,  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO,  of  Somerset,  12  miles  S,E,  of  Taunton,  Pop.  in 
1851,  6297.  The  town,  on  elevated  ground  and  well  built, 
has  a  large  market-place,  a  handsome  church,  an  ancient 
town- hall,  originally  a  chapel,  a  well-endowed  poor's  hospital, 
a  work-house  for  a  union  comprising  89  square  miles,  and 
considerable  manufiictures  of  lace  and  woollen  goods.  The  bo- 
rotigh  formerly  .sent  two  members  to  Parliament.  1'he  Royal- 
ists were  here  signal!  v  defeated  in  the  wars  of  Charles  I. 

CHARDAK,  charM3k',  (anc.  Atiava.)  a  lake  of  Asia  Minor, 
in  Aniitolia.  35  miles  E,N,E,  of  Degnizli,  I<jit.  37°  55'  N.;  Ion. 
30° E.  Length  from  E.  to  W„  16  miles:  breadth,  from  3  to 
4  miles.  Great  quantities  of  salt  are  collected  from  it;  and 
the  village  of  Chardak  is  near  its  W,  extremity, 

CHARDAK,  chau-ddk'.  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  In 
Bulsraria,  81  miles  N.E.  of  Silistria. 

•  C1I.\R'D0N.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Geauga  co_  Ohia  In 
Chardon  township,  14  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  and  170  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  plea-santly  situated  on  an  elevated 
'  ridge,  about  600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  It  has  3 
cliiirches,  a  town-hall,  a  newspaper  office,  2  cheese  factories, 
and  2  steam  saw-mills.     Pop,  of  the  township,  i'nl. 

CII.'^RD'STiX'K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

CHARENTE.  shd'rdNf,  a  river  in  the  West  of  France, 

rises  in  the  department  of  Haute-Vienne.  alx>ut  14  miles 

I  N.W,  of  Ch.alus,  hows  very  tortuously,  but  generally  W., 

and.  after  a  course  of  moi-e  than  200  miles  through  the  do- 

I  partments  of  Charente  and  Charente-lirfeiieure.  enters  the 

i  Atlantic  opposite  the  island  of  Oleron,     Principal  affluents. 

the  Boutonne  on  the  right,  and  the  Trouve  and  Ne  on  tlio 

I  left.     The  towns  of  Civray,  RufTec,  Angouleme.  Jamac, 

I  Cognac.  Saintes,  Ton  nay -Charente,  Rochff  ^rt,  and  Soubi.'ie 

are  on  its  banks.    It  is  navigable  for  13')  niil'S  from  the  sea 

to  Montignac.  and  for  steamers  as  high  as  Saintes. 

CHARENTE.  a  department  of  France,  situ.ited  between 
I  lat,  45°  10'  and  46°S'N.,  and  sijrrounded  bv  the  denartments 
i  of  Charente-Inferieure,  Deux-Sevre*,  Vienne,  Haute-Vienne, 
I  andDordogne.  Area, 2300  square  miles.  Pod,  in  1861. 379,081. 


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Surfhce  undulating:  it  contains  many  deep  caverns,  as  that 
of  l{ancogne,  near  La  Kochefoucault ;  tiilly  in  tlie  N.K., 
where  tljere  are  many  shallow  lakes.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Charente  and  Vienne.  Soil  calcareous,  dry,  and  infertile, 
and  the  corn  proiluoed  barely  sutBces  for  home  consumption. 
Vineyards  comprise  iri.tiOO  hectares,  ('iTti.iyO  acres,)  but 
the  wines  are  of  inferior  quality.  The  Cognac  and  Jarnac 
brandies  are  from  this  department.  Woods  extensive,  and 
chestnuts  form  an  important  crop;  truffles  are  obtained  to 
the  value  of  300,00;i  francs  yearly.  Iron  and  gypsum  are 
the  principal  mineral  products :  iron-forging,  paper-making, 
distilling,  and  tanning,  the  main  branches  of  manufiic- 
turing  industry.  Capital,  Angouleme.  Charente  is  divided 
into  five  arrondissoments,  Angouleme,  Barbexieux,  Cognac, 
Confolcns,  and  Kuff>c. 

CllAllKNTHMNFfiUIEUIlE,  sha-rAxt/-5N'''fA'ree'ua/,  a  ma- 
ritime department  of  Western  France,  having  W.  the  Atlan- 
tic, (Bay  of  IJiscay,)  S.  the  estuary  and  department  of  Gi- 
ronde,  and  on  other  sides  the  departments  of  Vendee,  FJeux- 
Sdvres,  Charente,  and  Dordogne.  Area,  including  the  inlands 
of  He  and  liHeron.  2650  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S61,  481,060. 
Surface  level ;  soil  generally  fertile.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Charente.  IJoutonne,  and  .S&vre-Xiortaise.  Corn  more  than 
sufficient  for  homo  consumption  is  produced;  and  wine  to 
the  estimated  value  of  800,000/.  annually,  the  greater  part 
of  which  is  converted  into  braudy  or  vinegar.  Pastures  good. 
and'live-stock  plentiful.  The  salt-works  along  tbe  coast  are 
the  most  valuable  in  Fiance,  and  the  pilchard,  OTflter,  and 
other  iisheries  are  imiwrtant.  Exclusive  of  ship -building  in 
the  government  dock-yards  of  Koehefort,  &c.,  't:e  princiijjil 
manufactures  are  of  glass,  earthenware,  and  J  wither,  with 
some  coarse  woollens  and  soap.  Capital,  La  Bj  helle.  This 
department  is  divided  into  six  arrondis.semen'r,  1,^  Rochelle. 
Jonzao.  Marennes,  Rochefort,  Saintes.  and  St.  .tian  d'Angely. 

CIIAREXTON,  shi'rd.voHAji"',  a  town  of  /ranee,  depart- 
Bent  of  Seine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  ila—ie,  6  miles  .S.E. 
of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  3219.  It  is  ple^intly  situated, 
and  has  many  country-houses.  A  bridjr'i  of  ten  arches 
across  the  Marne,  which  has  been  freq'«ntly  the  scene 
of  conflicts  for  the  military  possession  )f  the  capital,  is 
now  guarded  by  two  forts,  forming  par",  of  the  new  forti- 
fications of  Paris;  the  bridge  unites  this  village  with  the 
hamlet  of  Charenton  .St.  Maurice,  where  there  is  a  large  na- 
tional lunatic  a.sylum. 

CUARKNTON.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher,  on 
the  Berri  Canal.  27  miles  S.S.K.  of  IJourges.     Pop.  1430. 

Cll.VHENTON,  sharVen-ton/,  (Fr.  prou.  shdVdN"H<iN''',)  a 
post-village  of  St.  .Mary's  parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  river  iVche.  80  miles,  by  water,  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

CUARKN'ZAT.  shi^r^No^zi/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ptiy-de-D6ma,  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Riom.    Pop.  2211. 

CnAK'FIKLD,  a  pirish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ClIAR't'ORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CIIAIOIKAR/,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  36  miles  X.  of  Ca- 
bool.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  flourishing,  and  has  a  castle,  the 
residence  of  a  local  chief,  with  an  active  commerce  in  coarse 
cotton  cloths,  and  a  transit  trade  across  the  Hindoo  Koosh; 
the  duties  from  both  sources  are  stated  to  amount  to  1000?. 
annually.  In  1841,  it  was  the  station  of  a  Briti.sh  garrison, 
afterwards  almost  wholly  destroyed  in  its  retreat  to  Cabool. 

CII.VRING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CHARITE,  Lk,  M  shdVee'ti/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  on  the  Loire,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome 
bridge.  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  N'evers.    Pop.  in  1852,  4944. 

CIIAR/ITON,  or  GRAND  CHARITON  RIVER,  of  Iowa 
and  Missouri,  ri.ses  in.the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  and  flows  S.E., 
through  .\ppanoose  county,  to  the  boundary  between  those 
states.  It  then  pursues  a  southerly  course,  and  falls  into 
the  Missouri  River  near  the  S.  extremity  of  Chariton  coun- 
ty, and  a  few  miles  above  Glasgow.  Its  whole  length  is  es- 
timated at  250  miles,  for  about  50  of  which  it  is  navigable 
by  keel-boats.  Branches. — The  East  Chariton  River  ri.ses 
near  the  N.  border  of  Macon  county,  and.  flowing  first 
southward  and  then  S.W.,  enters  the  main  stream  in  Chari- 
ton county,  alxjut  1  mile  from  its  from  its  mouth.  The 
Middle  Fork  rises  in  Macon  county,  and,  flowing  S.S.W., 
falls  into  the  East  Chariton  about  10  miles  N.  of  Glasgow. 

CH.\.RITUX,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  p.irt  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  740  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W. 
by  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  W.  by  Grand  River,  and  is 
intersected  by  the  Chariton  River,  from  which  it  derives  its 
name.  Tlie  county  is  also  drained  by  Yellow  and  Wolf 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  and  diversified 
by  forests  and  beautiful  prairies,  tlie  soil  of  which  is  fertile 
and  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  Stone  coal  and  limestone 
are  abundant  in  the  county.  The  streams  furnish  motive- 
power  for  mills.  Capital,  Keytesville.  Pop.  12,562,  of  whom 
9723  were  free,  and  2839  slaves. 

CH.\RITON,  a  village  in  Chariton  co..  Missouri,  near  the 
Missouri  River,  about  62  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CHARITON",  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa, 
about  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines.    See  Appendix. 

CHARITON  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Adair  co.,  Missouri. 

CHARITON  MILLS,  a  village  of  Schuyler  co.,  Missouri, 
on  Chariton  River. 

2B 


CHARITY,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

CH.\R'JJOKE'.  a  town  of  Independent  Toorkistan,  «ha 
nat  and  (io  miles  S.W.  of  Bolihara,  about  0  miles  S.  of  th» 
Oxus,  and  on  the  main  route  and  least  inhabited  spot  be- 
tween Bokhara  and  Persia.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  a  fort,  a  tole- 
rable bazaar,  and  some  trade  with  Oorghenj  (Lrgheudj)  by 
the  Oxus. 

CH.VRKOV,  a  government  of  Rus.sia.    See  Kharkov. 

CHARLBURY,  chail'bgr-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

CHARI/COMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ClIARL/CUTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

CHAR'LEMONT,  a  market-town  and  formerly  a  parlia- 
mentary borough  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  eo.  and  0  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Armagh,  on  the  Blackwater  River,  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge  connecting  it  with  Moy.  and  on  the  Ulster  Ca- 
nal. I'op.  4S5.  Principal  buildings,  a  strong  fort,  used  aa 
the  ordnance  depot  and  head  artillery  quarters  f(jr  North 
Ireland.    It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Caultield  family. 

CHAR1.EM0NT,  shaR'le-mAN«',  a  hamlet  and  fortress  of 
France,  department  of  Ardenne.s.  The  fortress  is  situated 
•>n  a  limestone  i-ock,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Jleuse.  immo- 
liately  opposite  Givet,  near  the  Belgian  frontier.  It  was 
founded  by  Charles  V.,  and  improved  by  Vauban. 

CHAR'LEMONT.  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co..  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  line  of  the  Hoosick  Tunnel  Railroad,  and 
on  the  Ueerfield  River,  over  which  are  two  covered  bridges, 
alxmt  50  miles  N.E.  of  SpringHeld.  The  scenery  Is  in  the 
highest  degree  romantic  and  beautiful,  the  Hoosick  Moun- 
tains being  in  full  view.    Pop.  1075. 

CHARLE.MONT.  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

CHAKLEROI,  shaMe-roi',  or  CHARLEROV.  shaR^leh-rwd/, 
a  strongly  firtified  Ufwn  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
capital  of  the  arrondis.semeut.  on  the  Sanibre,  and  on  the 
Brussels  and  Naraur  Railway,  23  nnles  E.  of  Jlons.  Pop.  in 
18C2, 13,0S4,employed  in  extensive coiiluiine-s iron  fouudiies, 
cutlery,  glass,  and  nail  factories,  brick-yards,  woollen  cloth 
and  y.irn  factories,  &c. ;  its  district  being  among  the  most 
industrious  in  Belgium.  It  owes  its  name  to  a  large  fortress 
built  in  1066.  during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  of  Spain.  It 
is  connected  with  Brussels  by  the  Charleroi  Canal,  and  has 
a  large  cattle  fair  for  ten  days,  from  August  5th. 

CH.\RLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CHARLE.S,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Maryland,  bor- 
dering on  the  Potomac,  which  separates  it  from  Airginia, 
has  an  area  of  about  450  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.  and  W.  by  the  I'otomac.  and  also  drained  by  the  AVico- 
mico  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven:  the  soil  iu- 
different.  .  F'irst  settled  in  1640.  Capital,  Port  Tobacco.  Pop, 
16,517,  of  whom  6864  were  free,  and  9653  slaves. 

CHARLES  CAPE.     See  Cape  Charles. 

CHARLES  CITY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  A'irginia, 
has  an  area  of  184  square  miles.  James  River  forms  its  en- 
tire boundary  on  the  S.,  and  the  Chickahominy  on  the  N. 
and  E.  The  surface  is  rolling.  Charles  City  was  one  of 
the  eight  original  shires  into  which  A'irginia  was  divided  in 
1634.  It  has  given  birth  to  two  Presidents  of  the  United 
States,  Harrison  and  Tyler.  Capital,  Charles  City  Oourt- 
House.     Pop.  5609,  of  whom  2662  were  free,  and  2947  slaves. 

CHARLES  CITY  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Charles  City  co.,  A'irginia,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Richmond. 

CHARLES  ISLAND,  one  of  the  G:ilapagos.  20  miles  long 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  15  miles  broad.  Lat.  1°  15'  24"  S. ; 
Ion.  90°  31'  45"  AV. 

CHARLES  ISLAND,  an  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  Spitz- 
bergen.    Lat.  (S.  point)  78°  1-3'  N.;  Ion.  11°  55'  E. 

CHARLES  ISLAND,  an  island  of  North  America,  In 
Hudson's  Strait.     Lat.  (E.  point)  62°  44'  N.;  Ion.  74°  18'  AA'. 

CHARLES  ISLAND,  an  island  of  British  North  America, 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  near  its  N.  coast,  Lat.  60°  12' 
N. ;  Ion.  63°  1.1'  AV.  It  is  3  miles  long,  and  Ij  miles  broad. 
On  its  N.  side  it  has  a  safe  though  confined  harbor. 

CHARLES  RIA'F;r,  rises  in  AVorcester  county.  Massachu- 
setts, and,  pursuing  a  winding  course  through  Norfolk  and 
Middlesex  counties,  it  meets  the  tide-waters  and  forms  part 
of  Boston  harbor.  It  is  navigable  to  AA'atertown,  7  miles  AV. 
of  Boston. 

CHARLES  RIA'ER,  a  mill-stream  of  AVashington  co., 
Rhode  Island,  unites  with  AA'ood  River  to  form  the  Pawca- 
tuck. 

CHARLES  RIVER  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Xorfl)lk 
CO.,  Mas.sachusetts,  18  miles  S.AA'.  of  B<3ston. 

CHARLESTON,  charlz't9n,  a  maritime  vill.age  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  I'ife,  on  the  F'rith  of  I'orth,  3  miles  S.AV.  of  Dunferm- 
line. Pop.  772.  It  has  a  harbor,  and  extensive  lime-works 
on  an  estate  of  the  Earl  of  Elgin,  and  extensive  export  of 
coals. 

CHARLESTON,  a  small  maritime  village  of  England,  co. 
of  Cornwall,  on  its  S.AV.  coa.st,  parish  and  Ij  miles  from  St. 
Austell.  Its  harbor  is  defended  by  a  strong  battery,  and  it 
annually  exports  7000  tons  of  porcelain  clay,  artificially  jire- 
pared  from  granite. 

OHARLESTON,  the  capital  town  of  the  Briti.sh  AVest 
Indian  island  of  Nevis,  on  its  N  AA'.  coast.  Pop.  in  lis-U, 
1806. 

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CnARLESTOX,  charlz't^n,  a  district  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
South  Carolina,  tordering  on  the  Atlantic.  Area,  1906 
square  miles.  The  Santee  River  firms  its  boundary  on  the 
N.N.E.  It  is  drained  by  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  Kivers, 
which  unit«  to  form  the  harbor  of  Charleston.  The  surface 
is  level,  and.  being  but  little  elevated  above  tide-water,  is  in 
some  placet  subject  to  inundation.  The  soil  is  generally 
sandy,  and  some  portions  of  it  are  very  productive.  The 
palmetto  and  pine  are  among  the  indigenous  forest-trees. 
A  canal,  22  miles  long,  has  been  opened  in  this  district. 
frr>m  the  Santee  to  the  Cooper  River;  and  the  South  Cai-o- 
lina  Railroad  terminates  at  Charleston,  the  capital  of  the 
"Jistrict.  Charleston  is  by  far  the  most  populous  district  in 
the  state.  Pop.  70,100,  of  whom  32,S10  were  free,  and  37,290 
slaves. 

CIIARLESTOX,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
65  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  an  academy  and  seve- 
ral stores.     Pop.  1430. 

CHARLESTON,  a  township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  55 
miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  1160. 

CHARLESTON,  a  post-township  of  Montgomerj'  co.,  New 
York.  36  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Albany,  borders  on  Schoharie 
River.    Pop.  18"%7. 

CHARLESTON,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey, 
10  miles  W.  of  Flemington. 

CHARLESTON,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Tioga  co^ 
Pennsylvania.  3  miles  E.  of  Wellsltorongh.     Pop.  1998. 

CHARLESTON,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Kana- 
wha CO.,  W.  Virginia,  situated  on  the  Kanawha  River,  60 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  at  its  confluence  with  Elk  River, 
about  1 .50  miles  S.S.^V".  of  Wheeling.  The  river  at  this  pliM-e  is 
About  300  yards  wide,  and  is  navigable  by  steamboats  at  all 
season.s.  The  principal  thoroughfare  from  Richmond  to  the 
Ohio  River  p:isses  through  the  town,  which  is  tlie  centre  of 
an  active  trade.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  a  branch  bank, 
and  a  printiug  office.  The  District  Court  of  the  United 
States  is  held  here  twice  each  year.  The  county  contains 
abundance  of  coal,  and  a  number  of  salt-springs.  The 
name  of  the  post-office  is  Kanawha  Court-Uousk.  Pop. 
1520. 

CHARLESTON,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  a  district  of  its 
own  name,  and  the  largest  city  of  South  Carolina,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  tongue  of  land  between  the  rivers  Ashley  and 
Cooper,  which  unite  immediately  below  the  town,  and  form 
a  spacious  harlwr.  communicating  with  the  ocean  at  Sulli- 
van's Island.  7  miles  below.  It  is  118  miles  N.E.  of  Savan- 
nah. 5S0  S.W.  of  Ualtimore,  and  540  from  Washington.  Lat. 
32°  46'  N.;  ion.  79°  57'  W.  Cooper  and  Ashley  Kivers  are 
from  30  to  40  feet  deep,  the  former  1400,  and  the  latter  2100 
yards  wide.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built  is  ele- 
vated 8  or  9  feet  above  the  level  of  the  harbor  at  high  tide, 
which  rises  about  six  feet,  flowing  by  the  city  with  a  strong 
current,  thus  contributing  to  its  salubrity.  A  sandbar  ex- 
tends across  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  aifording,  however, 
two  entrances,  of  which  the  deepest,  near  Sullivan's  Island, 
h.is  16  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  The  harbor  is  defended  by 
Fort  Pinckney  and  Fort  Johnson,  each  on  an  island,  the 
former  2,  and  the  latter  4  miles  below  the  city,  and  also  by 
Fort  Moultrie,  on  Sullivan's  Island. 

Charleston  is  regularly  built,  and  extends  about  2  miles 
in  length,  and  nearly  1$  miles  in  breadth.  The  streets, 
many  of  which  are  60  or  70  feet  braid,  and  bordered  with 
the  Pride  of  India  and  other  beautiful  shade-trees,  pass,  for 
the  most  part,  parallel  to  e^nch  other,  from  the  Cooper  to  the 
Ashley  River,  and  are  intersected  by  others  nearly  at  right 
angles.  Many  of  the  houses  are  of  brick,  some  of  which  .are 
In  a  style  of  superior  elegance ;  others  are  of  wood,  neatly 
painti'd.  and  emlwwered  during  the  summer  season  amid  a 
profusion  of  foliage  and  Jlowers.  The  dwellings  are  often 
furnished  with  piazzas  extending  to  the  roof,  and  orna- 
mented with  vines  or  creeiiers.  while  the  gardens  attached 
to  them  are  adorned  with  the  orange,  peach,  and  other  choice 
trees,  and  a  variety  of  shrubbery. 

Instilutiim.^. — Charleston  contains  numerous  educational 
and  literary  institutions,  among  which  may  lie  mentioned 
the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  a  flourish- 
ing school,  founded  in  18:>3.  The  Charleston  College  was 
founded  in  17^5,  chartered  anew  in  1791,  and  again  re-or- 
ganized in  18:J7.  This  institution  has  of  late  been  greatly 
improved;  extensive  .additions  h.ave  lieen  made  to  the  main 
building,  and  another  professorship  established,  entitled  the 
chair  of  Intellectusil  Philosophy  and  Greek  Literature.  It 
is  now  in  a  very  prosperous  condition,  with  an  able  faculty, 
and  the  numl>er  of  students  steadily  increasing.  The  Lite- 
rary and  I'hilosophical  Society  has  "a  valuable  collection  of 
epecimens  in  natural  history.  The  Apprentices'  Association 
posse.s.ses  a  library  of  lu.OOO"  volumes,  and  maintains  an  an- 
nual course  of  lectures  upon  scientific  subjects.  The  City 
Library  nuniliers  about  20.iXX)  volumes;  besides  which 
tliere  is  a  .Mercantile  Library  Association.  There  are  in 
the  city  a  high  s<-hool  and  several  common  schools,  all  of 
which  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  The  high  school  was 
established  in  18;39,  and  is  endowed  with  .41000  per  annum 
for  a  hundred  yejirs.  The  number  of  pupils  in  attendance 
la  u«ualiy  fron)  130  to  150.  The  orpliau  asylum  is  richly  eu- 
418 


dowed,  and  accommodates  alx)ut  150  children;  the  hoOd- 
ing  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  city.  A  commodV 
ous  alms-house  is  provided  for  the  poor,  and  a  new  ctistom- 
house  is  about  to  be  erected,  the  base  of  which  is  to  be  of 
granite,  and  the  superstructure  of  marble.  Charleston  con- 
tains a1)Out  -30  churches,  a  theatre,  several  first-clnss  hotels, 
(one  of  which,  the  City  Hotel,  cost  $1.3ii.000.)  4  cotton  presses, 
a  cotton  factory,  5  or  6  engine  manufactories,  a  large  num- 
ber of  grist  mills.  6  ship-yards,  and  an  extensive  dry-dock,  at 
which  the  largest  vessels,  with  their  cargoes,  can  "be  drawn 
up  in  about  three  hours.  There  are  also  in  the  city  9  banlis 
under  the  direction  of  companies,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $11,153..5S2,  6  individual  incorporated  banks,  having 
an  aggregate  capital  of  §8.030.2-35,  and  a  ciifulation  of 
$3,944,660,  and  several  insurance  and  other  incorporated 
companies.  Two  of  the  nine  banks  of  Charleston,  with  a 
capital  of  $1,000,000  each,  were  chartered  by  the  leuislaturo 
of  1852-53. 

Commerce. — The  chief  exports  of  Charleston  are  cotton 
and  rice.  The  average  crop  of  se.i-L«land  cotton,  in  South 
Carolina,  is  from  22.(XiO  to  '23.000  bales,  about  two-thirds  of 
which  comes  to  Charleston  ;  the  rest  goes  to  Savannah.  The 
rice  crop  of  the  state  is  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of 
130,000  tierces,  of  which  Charleston  rec<nvos  all.  except  1000 
or  1500  tierces  going  to  Georgetown.  During  the  year  end- 
ing August  31,  1854,  Charleston  exported  '24,761  bales  of 
sea-island  cotton.  408,"278  bales  of  upland  cotton,  323,061 
bushels  of  rough  rice,  al)out  as  much  cleaned  rice,  and 
23.844.6.50  feet  of  lumber.  Tobacco  was  also  exported  in 
considerable  quantities.  Since  the  opening  of  railroad  com- 
munication with  the  great  agricultural  region  of  the  "West, 
Charleston  has  become  the  centre  of  an  important  trade  in 
"flour.  The  quantity  received  here  in  1863  amounted  to 
about  80,000  Ijarrels".  of  which  30.000  were  exported  coast- 
wise and  foreign,  3i»00  barrels  being  sent  to  Livei-pooL 
The  total  .amount  of  the  exports  during  the  year  1852 
was  S12.S99.620.  Charleston  exports  more  rice  than  any 
other  city  in  the  Union,  and  is  .>;urpas.sed  only  by  NeT 
Orleans  and  Mobile  in  the  exportation  of  cotton.  In  182t, 
the  imports  were  nearly  equal  to  one-half  of  the  exports; 
now  they  are  only  about  one-eighth.  The  revenue  eol- 
lected  at  this  port  in  1801,  amounted  to  $2.257,100 :  in  1843 
it  had  fallen  to  $158,405.  being  the  smallest  amount  col- 
lected in  any  one  year,  with  the  exception  of  1814,  since 
the  establishment  of  the  federal  government.  This  decline 
is  explained  bj-  the  fact  that  the  imports,  which  formerly 
came  directly  to  Ctiarleston,  are  now  entered  at  Northern 
ports.  The  imports  in  1852  were  $1,767,343,  of  which 
$1,285,716  were  by  American  vessels,  and  $481,627  by  foreign 
vessels.  Charleston  formerly  was  extensively  engaged  in 
ship-building,  but  of  late  3ears  this  business  has  very  much 
declined.  U\  ^^52.  only  6  ves.sels  (tons,  8o2)  were  built.  In 
1854,  the  number  was  increased  to  21,  but  the  tonnage 
to  only  9-56.  The  number  of  ships  and  brigs  owned  and 
sailing  from  this  port,  is  al.'O  much  smaller  than  it  w.is  ten 
years  ago.  Still,  the  commerce  is  important.  There  are 
lines  of  steamers — 3  steamships  to  New  York,  2  to  Philadel- 
phia, 1  to  Baltimore,  and  1  to  Havana ;  of  sailing  vessels-— 
11  ships,  2  barques,  8  brigs,  and  5  schooners  to  New  York; 
3  barques  and  3  isrigs  to  Boston ;  o  barques,  3  brigs,  and  3 
schooners  to  New  Orleans ;  2  brigs  and  8  or  9  schooners  to 
PhiLidelphia:  and  5  or  6  schooners  to  Baltimore.  Besides 
these,  there  is  a  large  numl>er  of  vessels  of  various  classes 
engaged  in  foreign  commerce.  The  entire  shipping  of  the 
port,  June  30,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  22,526 
tons  registered,  and  19,616  tons  enrolled  and  licensed. 

The  great  extent  of  railroads  that  open  communication 
with  the  interior,  affords  Charleston  superior  advantages  for 
inland  trade.  The  Hamburg  Railroad.  136  miles  in  length, 
wivs.  at  the  time  of  its  completion  in  1833,  the  longest  rail- 
road in  the  world.  It  h.is  since  been  extended  through 
Georgia  to  Chattanooga,  on  the  Tennessee  River.  438  miles 
from  Charleston.  Another  railroad  has  recently  been  com- 
pleted from  the  Geoi^ia  road  to  Nashville,  a  distiince  of 
about  150  miles,  thereby  opening  direct  steam  communicar 
tion  between  Charleston  and  the  navigable  waters  of  the 
Tennessee,  Ohio,  and  Mississippi  Rivers.  A  nulroad,  68 
miles  in  length,  connects  Columbia,  the  capit.il  of  the  state, 
130  miles  from  Charleston,  with  the  South  Carolina  road  at 
Branchville.  This  is  to  be  extended  to  Gi-eenville.  about 
120  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.  A  portion  of  the  roavl  from 
Greenville  is  already  in  operation.  Another  branch  road, 
37  miles  in  length,  extends  to  Camden,  and  is  to  be  conti- 
nued 109  miles  farther  to  Charlotte,  North  Carolina.  A 
line  of  steamboats  makes  daily  trips  to  Wilmington,  thus 
opening  communication  with  the  great  Northern  route  of 
travel.  Staimboats  also  ply  between  Cbarjcston  and  the 
places  along  the  coiist. 

The  press  of  Charleston  comprises  4  daily  and  4  or  5  weekly 
papers,  besides  several  other  periodicals.  The  ••  Medicw 
Journal."  issued  every  two  months;  ranks  among  the  first 
publications  of  the  kind  in  the  Union. 

The  citizens  of  Charleston  are  distinguished  for  their  hos- 
pitality and  refinement,  and  perhaps  uo  place  in  the  United 
States  affords  more  agreeable  society.    In  winter,  it  is  par- 


CHA 


CIIA 


Hcnlarly  pleasant  as  a  resiclence,  anti  is  much  resorted  to  by 
persons  from  other  parts  of  tlie  Union. 

Hist'irij. — The  city  of  Charleston  is  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient in  the  United  States,  its  foundation  having  been  hiid 
In  1672.  Some  15  years  afterward,  a  company  of  French  re- 
fugees, exiled  froni  their  native  country  on  account  of  tlieir 
religious  faith,  settled  in  South  Carolina,  a  part  of  them  at 
Charleston.  From  this  nohle  stock,  the  French  Huguenots, 
have  sprung  some  of  the  first  families  of  Cliarleston.  In 
1731,  tlie  city  contained  600  honses  and  5  cliurches,  and  in 
1744,  2:?0  vessels  were  laden  at  its  wharves.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1783.  On  the  28tli  of  June,  1776,  the  garrison  on 
Sullivan's  Island,  consisting  of  4<X)  men,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Colonel  Moultrie,  sustained  an  assault  from  a  Bri- 
tish squadron  of  9  ships  of  war,  and  triumphantly  repulsed 
tliem,  losing  only  32  men  killed  and  wounded,  while  the 
enemy's  loss  amounted  to  nearly  200.  Charleston  was  after- 
wards besieged  by  the  British  under  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  from 
the  1st  of  April,  1780,  until  May  12th,  when  it  was  surren- 
dered by  General  Lincoln.  It  was  held  by  the  enemy  until 
May.  1782.  Charleston  has  suffered  greater  disasters  by  fire 
than  almost  any  city  in  the  United  States.  In. 1778,  2.'i2 
houses  Were  consumed,  and  in  1796  nearly  a  third  part  of 
the  city,  involving  a  loss  to  the  amount  of  $2,i00,ii00.  It 
was  recaptured  from  the  rebels,  after  a  long  siege,  February 
1R,1S65.  Pop.  in  1800,  18,711;  in  1810.  24.711;  in  1820, 
24.780;  in  1830,  B0,289;  in  1840,  29,261;  in  1S50,  42,985,  of 
whom  14.692  were  slaves;  in  1860,  40,522. 

Charleston  Light-house,  on  Liglit-house  Island,  Charles- 
ton harbor,  is  12.5j^  feet  high,  and  exhibits  a  revolving  light. 
Lat.  ."2°  42'  N.,  Ion.  79°  54'  12"  W. 

ClI.MtLESTON.  a  post-village  in  Tallahatchee  co.,  Missis- 
Bippi,  about  125  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

CII.\11LEST0N,  a  post-village  of  Bradley  CO.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Iliawassee  River,  and  on  the  East  Tennessee  and 
Georgia  Railroad.  75  miles  S.W.  of  Knoxville,  has  ubout 
200  inhabitants. 

Cli.\RLESTOX,  a  village  of  Ca.ss  co.,  Michigan,  174  miles 
W.  of  Detroit. 

CIIARLKSTON,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Kular 
mazo'.?  to  ,  Michigan.    Pop.  1.'509. 

C  fl  ARL  KS  I'OX,  a  village  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana,  25  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CHARLESTON,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Coles  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  liorder  of  Grand  Prairie,  and  oh 
the  St.  Louis  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Raili'oad,  46  miles  W. 
of  Terre  Haute.     It  lias  1  national  bank,     i 'op.  221s. 

CIIA  liLESTON,  a  village  of  Adair  co.,  Missouri,  110  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CIL^RLESTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mississippi  co., 
Missouri,  about  0  miles  S.W.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
260  miles  E  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CH.\RLESTOX,  a  pleasant  jKist-villagc  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa, 
about  8  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  18  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Keokuk.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful,  fertile 
farming  region.     Pop.  1351. 

CHAKLESTON,  a  post-f)tfice  of  Yolo  co.,  California. 

CHARLESrO-N".  or  EAST  HAThEY,a  post-villago  of  Ca- 
naxla  East,  co.  of  Stanstead,  17  miles  S.  of  Sherbrooke,  and 
about  85  miles  E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  a  churcli,  a 
young  ladies"  school,  and  several  stores. 

CHARLESTON',  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Leeds, 
near  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  IS  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kingston. 
It  contains  a  church,  a  store,  and  several  mills.   P.  ab(jut  150. 

CHAULKSTON  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Mont- 
gomerv  co..  New  York. 

CHARLESTON  OF  AP.OYNE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen,  parish  of  Aboyne,  on  the  Dee,  here  crossed  by  a 
suspension  bridge,  27}^  miles  W.  of  Aberdeen.  It  has  "six 
annual  fairs.  In  its  vicinity  is  Aboyne  Castle,  the  seat  of 
the  Marquis  of  Huntly. 

CHAl;LESTO\VN,cliarlz'town,a  post-village  and  township 
of  Sullivan  CO.,  New  Ilamji.shire,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connec- 
ticut, across  which  is  a  bridge  to  Springfield,  in  Vermont,  and 
on  the  Sullivan  Railroad,  00  miles  W.  of  Concord.  It  is  a 
place  of  active  trade,  and  has  a  bank,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  goods.    Pop.  1758. 

CHAKLKSTOWN,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Middlesex  co., 
JIassacliusetts,  (forming  a  portion  of  the  Port  of  Boston,)  is 
situated  on  a  peninsula  immediately  X.  of  Boston  with 
whieh  it  is  connected  by  the  Warren  and  Charles  River 
bridges.  It  is  200  miles  E.  bv  S.  from  Alban  v;  and  11 1  miles 
S.S  W.  of  I'ortland;  lat.  42°  2'  N.,  Ion.  71°  3'  33"  W.  The 
jieninsula  extends  from  the  mainland  of  Summerville  about 
\\/^  miles  in  a  south-ea-^terly  direction,  between  the  estuarie.s 
of  the  Mystic  and  Charles  Rivers.  These  .are  crosseil  by 
th'-ee  public  bridges,  two  over  the  former,  and  one  over  the 
latter.  The  surface  is  remarkably  uneven,  and  near  the 
centre  rises  into  two  prominences,  called  Bunker's  and 
Breed's  Hills,  the  summits  and  slopes  of  which  afford  de- 
lightful sites  for  dwellings.  The  streets,  though  irregular, 
are  generally  spacious  and  finely  shaded.  Three  broad 
avenues.  Main,  Bunker  Hill  and  Medford  streets,  starting 
It  the  southern  extremity,  extend  through  the  entire  lencth 
of  the  peninsula,  and  joining  at  the  Neck,  form  a  splendid 


avenue,  Broadway,  and  pass  on  through  the  whole  length 
of  Somerville  over  Winter  Hill.  The  three  princijial  ave- 
nues are  intersected  at  various  angles  by  those  passing 
from  the  Mystic  to  Charles  River,  and  otheiii  leading  to 
different  sections  of  the  city.  Charle,>town  is  for  the  most 
part  handsomely  built.  The  j)riricipal  public  edifices  are 
the  churches,  12  in  number.  Tliei-e  are  also  2  banks,  2  sav- 
ings banks,  and  a  state  prison.  This  consists  of  an  octagonal 
centre,  with  four  wings,  having  us  interior  arrangements 
upon  the  Auburn  plan,  and  accommodales  oOO  convicts.  Be- 
sides its  public  schools  the  city  has  1  female  seminary,  and 
2  weekly  newspapers. 

The  chief  object  of  interest,  however,  to  persons  visiting 
Charlestown,  is  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument,  erected  in 
commemoration  of  the  first  great  battle  fought  between  tlie 
British  and  the  Americans.  It  stands  on  Breed's  Hill, 
usually  Called  Bunker  Hill,  near  the  sjiot  where  the  brave 
Warren  fell.  Its  foundations  wliich  are  50  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  ai'e  enclosed  12  feet  under  ground.  The 
corner-stone  was  laid  by  the  Manjuis  La  Fayette,  June  17, 
1S25,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  battle.  June  17,  1^43, 
the  completion  of  the  nKmument  was  celebrated,  in  the 
presence  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  many  of  the 
members  of  his  cabinet,  and  a  vast  concourse  of  citizens. 
It  consists  of  a  plain  granite  shaft,  220  feet  high,  31  feet 
square  at  the  base,  and  15  at  the  top.  Within  is  a  winding 
stairway,  by  which  it  is  ascended  to  a  chamber  immediately 
under  tlie  apex,  11  feet  in  diameter,  containing  4  windows, 
which  afford  a  magnificent  panoramic  view  oi  the  surroiiud- 
iiig  country.  In  this  chamber  are  two  of  the  four  cannon 
which  constituted  the  whole  train  of  field  artillery  possessed 
by  the  Americans  at  the  oommencement  of  the  war,  in 
April,  1775.  These  two  pieces  are  named  respectively 
Hancock  and  Adams. 

The  United  States  Navy-yard  at  Charlestown,  estabished 
about  the  year  1798,  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  Bunker  HiU. 
It  occupies  an  area  of  from  70  to  80  acres,  extending  troiu 
the  mouth  of  Charles  River  to  Chelsea  Bridge,  and  is  en- 
closed on  tlie  land  side  by  a  high  stone  wall.  The  dry-<lock 
at  its  upper  end,  was  completed  in  1833,  at  a  cost  of  5*i0,0.'>9. 
It  is  Constructed  of  chiselled  granite,  341  feet  long,  and  80 
wide,  having  a  depth  of  30  feet.  The  first  vessel  received 
was  the  United  States  frigate  Constitution,  There  are  also 
in  the  yard  tliree  large  ship-houses,  and  naval  stores  to  the 
amount  of  some  S'),0U0,000.  There  is  also  a  hirge  machine- 
shop  capable  of  employing  2000  men,  and  turning  out  every 
description  of  iron  and  copperwork.castings,steam-machinery 
and  onlnance,for  the  navy.  The  building covei-s  several  acres, 
and  the  chimney  which  rise.-*  from  its  centre  is  240  feet  high. 

Cliarlesto  wii  is  supplied  with  pure  water  from  Mystic  Lake, 
which  is  situated  in  Medford,  5  miles  from  the  city.  The 
water  was  first  introduced  November  29, 1864,  and  is  giving 
a  great  impetus  to  manufactures,  which  consist  principally 
of  leather,  morocco,  sugar,  furniture,  steel,  stoneware,  steam- 
engines,  steam-boilers,  and  machinery. 

Charlestown  is  memorable  for  its  sufferings  during  the 
Revolutionary  War.  In  the  early  part  of  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  fought  June  17,  1775,  the  town  was  burned  by  the 
British.     Incorporated  a  city  in  l>i47.    Pop.  in  1860,  2.j,063. 

CHARLES  lOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wash- 
ington CO..  Rhode  Island,  on  the  Stonington  and  Providence 
Railroad.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Newport.  Within  its  limits  is  an 
Indian  settlement,  numbering  about  100,  the  last  of  the 
powerful  tribe  of  Narragansetts.  Incorjiorated  in  1738,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Charles  II.     Pop.  981. 

CHARLESTOWN,  a  village  and  township  of  Chester  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Pickering  Creek,  12  miles  N.  of  West  Ches- 
ter. 'J'he  village  contains  2  churches,  a  cotton  factory,  and 
about  20  d«  ellings.     Pop.  of  the  township.  9fJ4. 

CHARLESTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Cecil  Co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  North-east  River,  near  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake 
Bay,  about  44  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

CHARLESTOWN,  aflourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Jef- 
ferson co.,Virginia.  on  the  Winchester  and  Pfitomac  Railroad, 
168  miles  X.  of  Richmond,  6(1  miles  N.W.  of  Washington,  and 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Harper's  Ferry.  It  is  .surrounded  by  a  fertile 
and  beautiful  region.and  forms  part  of  the\'alley  of  A^irginia, 
Colonel  Charles  Washington,  a  brother  of  General  Washing- 
ton, resided  at  this  place  and  was  the  proprietor  of  the  land 
on  which  the  town  is  built.  Charlestown  contains  3  or  4 
churches,  1  academy,  1  bank,  and  about  a  dozen  stores. 
Pop.  in  1^60.  1376. 

CHA  II LESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co...4rkansas, 
on  the  Arkansas  River,  110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

CHARLESTOWN,  a  village  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
railroad,  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

CHARLESTOWN,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  central  part 
of  Portage  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  835. 

CHARLESTOWN,  a  village  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  6  miles 
E.  of  Ravenna. 

CHARLE.STOWN,  a  township  and  thriving  post-village, 
capital  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  is  situated  2}4  miles  from  the 
Ohio  River,  and  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Louisviire,  in  Kentucky. 
It  is  surrounded  by  excellent  land,  and  liius  an  active  busi- 
ness.   It  contains  a  large  couit-Uousc ,  a  county  seminary,  a 

419 


CIIA 


CHA 


female  high  school  and  4  or  5  churches.    First  settled  in 
ISOJi.    Top.  in  .■•  SCO,  estimated  at  ItiOO.    Pop.  of  tlie  towusliip 
in  1S60,  3161. 
C1IARLESTC^V^^  a  post-village  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin. 
CIIAKLESVILLK,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Stoi^ 
mont,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  110  miles  X.E.  of  Kings- 
ton.   It  contains  2  stores.  2  potteries,  a  potash  factory,  and 
several  SJiw  and  grist  mills.     Pop.  about  275. 
CII.A.KLES'WO'KTH.  a  h.amlet  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
CH.VllLETOX,  charl'tpn,  a  parish   of   England,   co.  of 
Dsvon. 

CH.iRLETON,  QUEEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CHARLEY AL,  sha!iMg-rdl',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Eure,  9  miles  N.X.W.  of  Andelys,  on  the  Andelle.  Pop. 
\n  1S52,  1316.  Its  name  is  derived  from  a  chateau  built  by 
Charles  IX.  It  was  originally  called  Noyo.\-sur-A>delle, 
no*yAx<^sUR^-5s<'M5ll',  from  a  fortress  built  by  Henry  I.  of 
England. 

C^lAKLEA^LLE,  shauMe-veel',  called  LIBREVILLE, 
!eeli"r*-veel'  under  the  first  republic,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of -Ardennes,  f  mile  N.N.E.  of  Mezi^res,  with  which 
it  communicates  by.an  avenue  and  suspension  bridge,  across 
the  Meuse.  Pop.  in  1852,  9102.  It  Is  well  built,  clean,  and 
handsome ;  it  has  a  college,  an  ecclesiastical  school,  a  public 
library  with  22.000  volumL'S,  and  a  theatre.  Since  the  seven- 
teenth century,  when  it  cejised  to  bea  fortress,  it  has  become 
thriving,  though  the  national  manuEictory  of  arms  has  ))een 
transferred  to  Tulle  and  Chatellerault.  it  has  still  pretty  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  muskets,  nailworks,  copper  found- 
ries, and  tanneries,  with  a  port  on  the  river,  and  active 
export  trade  in  wine,  spirits,  coal,  iron,  and  slates. 

CIIARLEVILLE,  shar^le-vil',  (anc.  Hathgriffan.)  a  town, 
parish,  municipal  borough,  and  formerly  parliamentary  bo- 
rough of  Ireland,  in  Muuster,  co.  of  Cork,  22  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Limerick.  Pop.  of  town.  4287.  It  consists  mostly  of  4 
streets,  crossing  at  right  angles,  and  is  pretty  well  built.  It 
gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Barry  family  :  but  the  town  and 
vicinity  are  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Cork  and  Ossory. 
whose  mansion  here  was  burnt  by  the  Duke  of  Berwick, 
in  H  90. 

CUARLEVOI.X,  sharMe-voy',  an  unorganized  county  in 
the  N.  part  of  Michigan,  bordei'iug  on  Lake  Jlicbigan.  Area, 
estimated  at  620  square  miles.  Its  outline  is  indented  by 
Little  Traverse  Bay.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  in- 
formation respecting  this  count  v. 

C II  AK'LEi 'S  KAXCUO,  rin'cho,  a  post-office  of  Butte  co., 
California. 

CIIARLIEU,  BhaR^euh'.  (anc.  CSd'i'Z'dc;/.?,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Loire,  38  miles  N.E.  of  Montbrison.  Pop.  in 
1S52,  3984,  partly  employtnl  in  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
linen  stulTs.  It  has  ruins  of  a  Benedictine  abbey  of  the 
eleventh  century. 

CII.A.RLOE,  charlo,  a  post-village  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Auglaize  River,  and  on  the  Miami  Canal,  137  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbus.    It  was  laid  out  in  1S40. 

ClI-'i.HLOIS,  shaRMwd',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
South  Holland,  on  the  Meuse,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Rotterdam. 
Pop.  2000. 
.  CHARLOTTE,  sharlot,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  550  square  miles.  Staimton  River 
washes  its  entire  S.W.  border.  Tlie  surfivce  is  uneven ;  the 
soil  is  partly  fertile  and  partly  poor.  The  Richmond  and 
Danxille  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Formed  from 
Lunenberg  in  1794.  Capital,  .Marysville.  Pop.  14,471,  of 
whom  52:i3  were  free,  and  923S  slaves. 

CH.\KLOTTE,  a  post-tow^nship  of  Washington  CO.,  Maine, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Machiiia.     Pop.  611. 

CHARLOTTE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chittenden 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  on  the 
Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroail,  11  miles  W.  of  Montpe- 
lier.    Pop.  1689. 

CH  AKLOTTE,  a  township  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New  York, 
about  15  miles  N.E.  of  .Maysvillo.     Pop.  1711. 

CHARLUTTE,  formerly  PORT  GEN E^EE,  a  post-village 
of  Monroe  co..  New  York,  on  Genesee  River,  at  its  entrance 
into  Lake  Ontario,  7  miles  N.  of  Rochester,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  railroad.  It  has  a  stciunboat  landing,  a  cus- 
tom-house and  several  warehouses. 

CHARLOTTE,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Meckleiiburg 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  Sugar  Creek,  158  miles  W..'^.W.  of 
Riileigh.  It  is  one  of  tlie  pinncipal  towns  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  state,  and  has  rapidly  increased  for  a  few  years  past,  in 
consequence  of  the  gold  mines  which  have  been  opened  in 
the  vicinity.  A  branch  mint  has  been  established  liere  for 
the  purpose  of  coining  the  gold.  This  town  is  the  tcrmiinis 
of  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  R.ailroad,  and  of  the 
Central  Railroad  of  North  Carolina,  both  of  which  have 
been  completed.  It  contains  several  churches,  2  newspaper 
ottices,  and  2  banks.  A  plank-road,  120  miles  long,  extends 
to  Fayetteville.     Pop.  2265. 

CHARLOTTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dickson  en.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  til*  road  from  Nashville  to  Memphis,  38  miles  W. 
of  Niialiville.    It  contains  about  200  inhabitants. 
CHARLOTTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Eaton  co.,  Michi- 
420 


gan.  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing,  and  2  miles  N.  of  Bat 
tie  Creek. 
■  CHARLOTTE,  a  postroffice.of  Clinton  co..  Iowa. 

CHARLOTTE,  a  post-office  Of  Grant  co.,  ^\  isconsin. 

CHARLOTTE,  a  maritime  county  in  the  S.W.  pjirt  of  New 
Brunswick,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Bay  of  iuudy  and 
Pti.'isamaquoddy  Bay,  and  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  by  Maine, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  St.  Croix  River.  Nume- 
rous indentations  mark  the  coast,  off  which  are  the  Grand 
.Manan,  Campo  Bello  and  Deer  Islands,  belonging  to  tliia 
county.  The  soil  is  fertile,  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
county,  however,  is  covered  with  forests.  The  chief  in- 
dustry of  the  inhabit.ints  is  directed  to  commerce,  ship- 
building, and  the  lisheries.  Charlotte,  next  to  St.  Johns,  is 
the  most  populous  county  in  New  Brunswick.  Capital,  St. 
Andrews.     Pop.  in  1S,51,  19.938. 

CHARLOTTE  AMALIE.'  shar'lott/  S-mane-eh,  or  ST. 
THOM.\S,  seut-tom'as,  a  town  of  the  Danish  West  Indies, 
capital  of  the  island  of  St.  Thomas.  Pop.  in  1847,  10.100, 
of  whom  2100  were  slaves.  It  is  built  chiefly  on  throe  liills, 
which  are  so  many  spurs  of  a  high  moxintain  that  rise* 
directly  behind  the  city.  It  h.ns  an  excellent  harbor,  and  an 
exten.<ive  trade.  It  is  defendetl  by  the  citadel  of  Christian's 
Fort,  and  2  batteries.  The  town  has  a  Lutheran,  a  Roman 
Catholic,  an  English,  and  a  Dutch  Refonned  church,  a  Jewish 
synagogue,  a  chapel  for  the  Moiavian  Brothers,  and  a  local 
and  an  English  colonial  bank.     See  St.  Thomas. 

CHARLOTTE  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co., 
New  York. 

CHARLOTTE  COURT-HOUSE.    See  M.\RTSvaLE. 

CHARLOTTE  HALL,  a  post-village  in  St.  Mary's  co.,  Ma- 
ryland, about  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Annapolis. 

CUAKLOTTE  HARBOR  or  BOCA  GRANDE,  boTil  grdn'- 
di,  on  the  AV.  coast  of  Florid-a,  sheltered  from  the  sea  by 
several  islands.  It  is  about  25  miles  long,  and  from  8  to  10 
miles  wide,  but  very  shoal,  having  a  depth  of  only  10  or  12 
feet.  The  entrance,  which  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
wide,  and  6  fathoms  deep,  lies  tetween  Boca  Grande  Key 
and  Gasperillo  B.iy.  This  harbor  is  noted  for  producing  the 
finest  oysters  and  the  greatest  variety  offish,  wild-fowl.. and 
deer  of  any  upon  the  whole  coast.  ., 

CH.VRLOTTE  ISLANDS.   See  Queen  Charlotte's  I.«K>fBS, 

CHARLOTTENBRUNX,  shaR-lot/tfn-broi5n\  a  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  42  miles  S.W.  of  Breslau.  with  mineral 
springs  and  baths.  Pop.  1070.  It  has  manufactures  of 
linens  and  cottons. 

CHARLOTTENBURG,  shaR-lot/tfn-bo(5RG\  a  town  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Spree, 
o  miles  W".  of  Berlin,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a 
straight  avenue,  bordered  by  villas.  Pop.  7290,  partly 
employed  in  steam  cotton  mills,  cotton  print-works,  manu- 
factures of  h(xsiery.  &c.  It  is  haud.somely  built,  and  has 
2  royal  palaces,  and  a  park  with  statues  of  the  elector 
Frederick  William  and  his  son  Frederick  I.,  and  a  monu- 
ment to  Louisa  of  Prussia,  con.sort  of  the  late  king.  It  is  a 
favorite  place  of  holidav  resort  for  the  population  of  Berlin. 

CHARLOTTE  KIVEK,  an  affluent  of  the  East  Branch  of 
the  Susquehanna,  forms  part  of  the  boundai-y  lictween  Ot- 
secro.  Schoharie,  and  Delaware  counties.  New  York. 

CHARLOTTESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co..  New 
York,  about  30  miles  from  Albany.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  New 
York  Conference  Seminary,  attended  by  aliout  1000  pupils. 

CHARL0rrESVlLLE,"shar'l9ts-vil.  a  flourishing  town, 
capital  of  Albemarle  co..  Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
liivanna  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  SI  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Richmond,  and  123  miles  S.W.  of  Washington.  It  is 
beautifully  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  and  Is  connected  by 
railroad  with  Richmond  and  other  towns.  One  mile  W.  of 
the  town  is  the  University  of  Virginia,  which  was  f  lunded 
in  1819,  under  the  auspices  of  Thom.is  Jefferson,  and  is 
endowed  by  the  state.  An  observatory  is  attached  to 
this  institution;  it  had  in  l.s62  about  400  students.  Monti- 
cello,  the  residence  of  Jefferson,  who  was  a  native  of  Albe- 
marle county,  is  3  miles  distant.  Charlottesville  contain* 
churches  of  the  Presbytcrian.s,  Episcopalians.  Riptists,  and 
Methodists,  2  banks,  and  4  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  in  1860, 
about  3000. 

C11.\RL0TTESVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Hancock  co.,  In- 
dianiu  on  the  Indiana  Central  Railroad,  about  30  miles  K 
of  Indianapolis. 

CHAR'LOTTE-TOWN.  the  capital  of  Prince  Edward  I.sl.ind, 
British  America,  and  of  Queens  co..  on  Hillsborough  River, 
near  the  southern  coa.st.  with  one  of  the  best  harU)rsin  the 
adjacent  seas.  Lat.  46°  15'  N.,  Ion.  63°  7'  W.  Pop.  47 17.  It 
is  well  built  on  gently  rising  ground.  The  prlncip.il  edi- 
fices are  the  government  buildings.  Episcopal  and  Scotch 
churches  several  chapels,  the  barracks,  and  a  fort.  It  has 
an  academy  endowed  with  270*.  a  year,  a  national  school,  an 
iron  foundry,  a  manufactory  of  coarse  woollens  and  ship- 
buildinx  yards. 

CH.\RLOTTE-TOWN,  the  capital  of  Dominica,  one  of  the 
West  India  islands,  on  its  western  coast,  '21  mile.')  S.E.  of 
Prince  Ruperts  Bav.    See  Domixioa. 

CHARLTON,  an  island  of  British  North  America,  in 
James's  Bay.    Lat  52°  N.,  Ion.  79^  50'  W. 


CHA 


CHA 


CITARL'TO>f,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  IJ-  miles 
N.E.  of  Dover.    Pop.  2513. 

CII.'VKI/ro.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  2^  miles 
N.E.  of  Malmesbury.    Pop.  68.3. 

CIIARLT().\,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  >fassachu- 
Bctts.  alioiit  12  miles  S.W.  of  Worcester.     Pop.  2047. 

CU.\lU/rON,  a  post-township  of  Saratoga  co.,New  York, 
25  mi les  N .N.W.  of  All)any.     Pop.  1752. 

CH.A^KL'TOX-AB'BOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

CII ARIVTON  AD'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CIIAltLTON  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

CnAKLTOX-IIOnETirORNE,  charl'tonh5r'thom,  a  par 
rish  of  England,  co.  of 'Somerset. 

Cn  AKJ/J'OX,  KINGS,  a  parish  of  England,co.  of  Gloucester. 

CHAKLTON-MACK'HEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CIIARLTON-MAR'SIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

CIIAKL/TON-MUS'GKAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

ClIAKI.n.'ON-NEXT-WOOL'WICir,  a  parish  and  village 
of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  8  miles  S.E.  of  London.  Pop.  2055. 
The  village  is  picturesqvjely  situated  on  elevated  ground 
near  the  Thames.  It  has  an  interesting  church,  and  a 
stately  manor-house  in  the  Elizabethan  style.  There  is  a 
fair  on  St.  Luke's  day,  called  "  Horn  Fair,"  from  the 
custom  of  carrying  small  horns,  probably  in  honor  of  St. 
Luke's  bull,  and  formerly  notorious  for  rather  indecent 
niumuieries,  which  gave  rise  to  the  saying  "All  is  fair  at 
Horn  Fair." 

CIIAKLTOX-ON-OIVMOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

CIIARL'TON-WEST'PORT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

CUARiyWOOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CIlAVLY,  sharHee',  several  villages  of  France;  the  chief 
In  the  department  of  Aisne,  42  miles  S.S.W.  of  Laon.  Pop. 
in  1S6'2.  1076. 

CIIAR'LYNCII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CIIARMES-SUR-MOSELLE,  shaum-sUR-moVill',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  on  the  Moselle,  here 
ti-ossed  by  a  bridge  of  ten  arches.  15  miles  N.AV.  of  Kpinal. 
Pop.  in  1S5'2,  3037.  It  has  manufactures  of  lacs,  and  exten- 
sive tanneries. 

CHAKMEY,  shan'mA',  (Ger.  Galmis.  gdl'mis.)  a  parish  and 
village  of  Switzerland.  14  miles  S.  of  Freyburg.  in  the  high 
valley  of  the  same  name,  in  which  the  finest  of  the  cele- 
brated Gruvdre  cheese  is  made. 

CIIAR/MIASTER,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Dorset. 

ClIAR/MOUTII,  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset,  at  the  mouth  of  the  small  river  Char,  in  the  English 
Channel,  2  miles  M,E.  of  Lyme-Kegis.  Pop.  620.  The  vil- 
lage is  a  pleasant  watering-place.  In  1839,  severe  shocks 
of  an  earthquake  occurred  in  this  vicinity,  in  some  parts 
leaving  the  surface  rent  by  huge  chasms.  Fossil  remains 
are  abundant. 

CHAHNEUX.  shaR'nuh',  a  village  of  lielgium.  10  miles  E. 
of  Liege.  Pop.  2:500.  It  has  manufactories  of  cloth,  and  the 
ancient  abbey  of  Val-Dieu. 

CllAR'NOCK-IIEATII,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

CHAltNOCK-RICHARD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

CHARNY,  shaR^nee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Yonne,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Joigny.    Pop.  in  1852,  1448. 

ClIARil,  chj'ro,  (anc.  MaUatzinlgo.)  a  town  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederation,  state  of  Michoacan,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sierra  Otzumatlan,  upward  of  0000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 
It  carries  on  a  considerable  commerce.    Pop.  3800. 

CIIAROLAIS.     See  Charolois. 

CII.'VROLLKS.  shdVoU'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pa6ne-et-ljoire,  28  miles  W.N.W.  of  Macon.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3470.  It  stands  between  two  hills,  one  crowned  by  a  ruined 
castle  of  the  Counts  of  Charolois.  It  is  well  built,  and  has 
a  chamber  of  commerce,  a  manufactory  of  crucibles,  iron- 
works, and  trade  in  cattle,  wine,  and  grain. 

CHAROLOIS  or  CIIAROLAIS,  shdVoU.'l'.  an  old  subdi- 
vision of  France  in  the  province  of  Burgundy,  now  com- 
prised in  the  department  of  Sadne-et^Loire.  Its  capital  was 
Charolles. 

CH.\RONNE,  shdVonn',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine,  arrondissement  of  St.  Denis,  adjoining  Paris  on  the 
E.  Pop.  in  1852,  6850.  It  has  manufactories  of  chemical  pro- 
ducts, wax-candles,  and  colors. 

CIIAROST,  shd^-ost/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cher.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Bourges.     Pop.  in  1852,  lo05. 

CII.^^RPEY,  shaR^A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
'he  DrOine.  9  miles  E.  of  Valence.  .  Pop.  in  1S52.  2842. 

CHAKRClUX.  shaR^Roo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vienne.  .30  miles  S.  of  Poitiers.  Pop.  in  185'2,  1787.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a  monastery  founded  in  785.  and  which  was 
richly  endowed  by  Charlemagne,  but  destroyed  during  the 
religious  wars. 


CHARS,  shaR.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Seine-et-Oise.  11  miles  N.AV.  of  Pontoise,  on  the  Yiosne  It 
was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  an  old  castle. 

CHARS/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CIIARSIIUMBA,  rhar-shftmlia.  written  CHARSHAXRA 
or  TCHERCHKMBKH,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pas-halic 
of  Room.  10  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yesbil  Irmak, 
(called  also  CharshambAh-Soo.)  on  the  Black  .'^ea,  lat.  41° 
11'  N.,  Ion.  30°  40'  E.  The  greater  number  of  the  houses  are 
surrounded  by  gardens,  and  the  land  iu  the  vicinity  is 
fertile  and  well  cxiUivated. 

CHARn'ER-HOUSE-HINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Somer.set. 

CHART,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CHARTIIAM,  chart'am.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent. 

CHARTIERS,  char't<>ers,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  3075. 

CHARTIERS,  a  post-township  of  Wi\«hingtoii  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, '22  miles  S.W.  of  Pittsburg,  drained  by  ChartierH 
Creek.     Pop.  2445. 

CHARTIKRS'S  CREEK,  Pennsylvania,  rises  in  Washing- 
ton CO.,  and  flows  into  the  Ohio  River,  4  miles  below  Pitts- 
burg. 

CHART,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Kent, 

CHART  NE.YT  SUTTON-VAL/ENCE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO,  of  Kent, 

CH AUTRE,  La,  lishaRt'r,  a  town  of  Fi-ance,  department 
of  Sarthe,  on  the  Loire,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Le  Slans.  Pop.  in 
185'2,  1613.    It  trades  in  cattle  and  grain. 

CHARTRES.  shaRt'r,  (anc.  An'triciim,)  a  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Eure-et-Ijoir,  on  a  steep  derli- 
vitv  beside  the  Eure.  47  miles  S.W.  of  Paris:  lat.  48°  26' 
53"  N..  Ion.  1°  '29'  20"  E.  Pop.  in  1852.  18,234,  It  is  mostly 
ill  built;  the  only  remarkable  edifices  are  the  celebrated 
Gothic  cathedral,  the  most  perfect  in  France,  two  other 
remarkable  churches,  an  episcopal  palace,  vast  barracks, 
occupying  an  old  convent,  a  theatre,  some  portions  of  its 
old  fortification.s.  comprising  two  gates:  and  in  one  of  the 
S(iuares  is  an  obelisk  to  the  memory  of  General  JIarceau, 
born  at  Chartres  in  1760.  It  has  a  society  of  agriculture,  a 
public  libiliry  of  40.000  volumes ;  manufactories  of  hosiery, 
hats,  and  leather:  7)(Ws  in  great  repute;  and  its  weekly 
markets  on  Thursday  and  Saturday  are  the  largest  in 
France  for  corn  and  flour.  Chartres  was  long  held  by  the 
English,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  Dunois  in  ]4.'i2.  In 
its  cathedral  St,  Bernard  preached  the  Second  Crusade  in 
1 1 45.  1 1  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  the  late  eldest  sun  of  Louis- 
Philippe. 

CHARTREUSE,  France.    See  Grande  Chartreuse. 

CIIAR'WAH\  a  town  of  India,  Hindostiin,  province  of 
Candeish,  Gwalior  dominions,  67  miles  N.E.  of  Boorhan- 
poor. 

CHARnVELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  North- 
ampton. 

CHARYBDIS,  a  whirlpool.    See  Gai.ofaro. 

ClIASiyLEY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

CHASE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  I^awrence  co ,  New 
York. 

CHASE'VILLE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Murr.ay  co.,  Georgia. 

CHASEVILLE.  a  post-villiige  of  Benton  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Birdsong  Creek.  70  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 
.  CHAS.MA  or  CHASSMA,  "kAffmL  a  river  of  Military 
Croatia,  after  a  tortuous  westerly  course  of  55  miles,  joins 
the  Lonya,  16  miles  S,W.  of  Bellovar.  Near  their  junction 
is  the  village  of  Chasma,  with  450  inhabitants. 

CHASSELAS.  shds'seh-li'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  arrondissement,  and  8  miles  S.W.  of 
Mficon.  Pop.  360.  It  gives  its  name  to  the  celebrated  table- 
grapes,  5000  or  6000  baskets  of  which  are  sent  weekly  in 
autumn  to  the  markets  of  Paris. 

CHASSENEUIL,  shS.s'seh-nuh'ye  or  sh3sWn€l',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Charente,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Confo- 
lens.  Pop.  in  1862,  2321.  There  are  also  villages  of  the  same 
name  in  the  departments  of  Indre  and  Vienne. 

CHASSERAL,  shds'seh-rdl',  a  mountain  of  one  of  the 
culminating  points  of  the  Jura  range  in  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Bern,  9  miles  W.  of  Bienne,  elevation  of  5'280  feet. 

CHASSERON,  sh4sVh-r6N"',  a  mountain  of  the  Jura 
range,  between  the  French  departnujut  of  Doubs  and  the 
Swiss  canton  of  the  Vaud,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Y'verdun. 

CHAS/TLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CHATAUQUE.    See  Chautauqua. 

CHAT'BUKN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CHA-TCIK  )U.    See  Sua  Tciioo. 

CH.\TEAUBRIANT,  sha-tonjre-5s<'',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  the  Loire-Inferieure.  35  miles  N.N.E.of  Nantes. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4064.  It  is  built  around  the  remains  of  a 
ca.stle  founded  in  1015;  it  has  manufactories  of  woollen 
stuffs,  and  confectionary  iu  high  repute,  with  trade  in  iron, 
timber,  oil.  and  corn. 

CHATEAU  CHAI-ON,  shaHo'  sh^'l^N"',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Jura.  6  miles  E.  of  Lons-le-Saulnier,  on  the 
Seille.  l^xcellent  wine  is  produced  in  its  vicinity.  It  had 
formerly  an  abbey. 

421 


I 


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CHaTE-N'J-CHIXON.  sM'to' shee^nfe<^,  a  town  of  France,  I 
eepiirtmot.t  of  Nifivre.  in  a  mountainous  district,  near  the 
i'oune.  37  miles  E.  of  Nevers.    Pop.  in  1852,  2ii02.    It  was 
formerly  fortified,  and  has  a  ruined  castle.     Its  inhabitants 
weave  some  coarse  woollens,  and  trade  in  wine  and  wool. 

CUaTEAU-DUJX,  sha'to'-dix.  or  CII.aTEAU  DOYES, 
shaHo'  dw3  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  22 
n.iles  E.  ol  I  *usanne,  on  the  ri:.;ht  bank  of  the  Sarine. 
Top.  2010.  It  has  important  cattle  fairs,  and  ruins  of  the 
ancient  chdt.>au  o'  (he  Counts  of  Gruvere. 

CII.\TEAU-DC-3  OIK,  sha'to' du  IwdR,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Sarthe,  on  a  hill,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Le  Mans, 
neiir  the  Loire.  Pop.  in  1852,  30S0.  It  has  manufactoiies 
of  linens,  cotton  twist,  and  leather;  and  also  carries  on  a 
brisk  trade  in  grraiu  and  chestnuts. 

CH.aTEAUDUN,  sha'tOMuxo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  near  the  Loir.  26  -miles  S.S.AV.  of 
Chartres.  Pop.  in  1S52,  0745.  It  is  handsome,  having  been 
almost  wholly  rebuilt  since  it  wa.s  destroyed  by  fire  in  1723. 
It  has  a  castle,  partly  of  the  tenth  century,  a  town-hall,  a 
communal  college,  and  a  small  putilic  libi-ary.  There  are 
also  tanneries  and  manufactories  of  blankets. 

CIIATE.\UGAY,  shat'o-jri',  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Franklin  co..  Xew  York,  and  passing  through 
a  lake  of  its  own  name,  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver  in 
Canada,  5  or  6  miles  below  La  Chiue. 

CHATEAUGAY,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  CO.,  New 
Y'ork.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Slalone.  is  drained  bj'  the  river  of 
the  same  name,  and  crossed  by  the  Northern  Kaili-oad. 
Pop.  3183. 

CHATEAUGAY,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Beiiuharnois.  on  the  Chateaugay  River,  24  miles  S.  of  Mont- 
real, with  which  it  has  steambCKit  and  railway  communica- 
tion by  the  way  of  Lachiiie.  It  contains  a  church,  8  stores, 
and  several  hotels.     Pop.  about  650. 

CHATEAUGAY  LAKE,  in  Clinton  CO.,  New  York,  is 
from  3  to  4  miles  long. 

CIIaT£.\UGIKON,  sha'tiyzhee'riN"',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  lUe-et-Yjlaine.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Rennes.  Pop. 
in  1852,  1638.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  andhas  manufac- 
tories of  cottons. 

CIIATEAU-GONTIER.  shrto/gANoHe-.-l/,  a  town  of  France, 
on  the  Maveune,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  17  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Laval.  Pop.  in  1852,  0799.  It  has  a  fine  Gothic 
church,  several  hospitals,  and  manufactories  of  linen  and 
woollen  fabrics,  and  bleach-grounds ;  it  is  the  entrepSt  for 
the  wine,  slate,  coal,  &c.  of  the  department. 

CU.\TEAUGUAY'    See  Chateaugat. 

CIIaTEAU-IIAUT-BKIOX,  shdHo' ho  bre'(!)N<=',  a  hamlet 
of  France,  dep-irtment  of  the  Gironde.  arrondissement  of 
Libourne,  with  an  exten.sive  vineyard,  producing  one  of  the 
four  finest  growths  of  Uordeaux  wine. 

CUATE.4U-LAK1TTE,  shaHiV-ia^feet/,  a  hamlet  of  France, 
department  of  Gironde,  arrondissement  of  Lesparre,  with  a 
small  vineyard,  produ  iug  one  of  the  four  finest  growths  of 
Bordeaux  wine.    It  yi,-ld8  al  out  400  honsheads  annually, 

CUaTEAU-LAXDuX,  shaHo'-lfi.NoMis'e',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seiue-et-ifarue,  16  miles  S.  of  Fontainebleau. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2517. 

CIIaTEAU-LATOUR,  shaMo'-ld'tooR/,  two  contiguous 
vineyards  of  France.  dep.irtment  and  on  the  Gironde.  near 
Pauillac,  and  which  yield  some  of  the  finest  growths  of  cla- 
ret wine. 

CHATEAU  LA  VALLIBRE.  shaHo'  li  vSrie-aiR/.  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et-Loii-e,  19  miles  N.W. 
of  Tours.     Pop.  in  1852,  1400. 

CHATEAU.  LK,  leh  sha'tii',  or  CHATEAU  D'OLEROX, 
Bhd^to'  do'LVrANt^.  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Fi-ance,  depart-' 
mentof  Charente-Inferieure,  6  miles  N.^V.  of  Marennes,  on 
the  S.E.  point  of  the  island  of  Oleron.  Pop.  in  1852,  2869. 
It  has  a  citadel,  and  trade  in  salt,  wine,  and  brandy. 

CHATEAULIN,  sha'toMi.No',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finist^re,  oh  the  Aulne,  13  miles  N.  of  Quimper. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2849. 

CHaTEAU-MARGAUX.  sha^o'-maR'gS',  a  famous  vine- 
yard of  France,  department,  and  on  the  Gironde,  14  miles 
N  .\V.  of  Bordeaux.  It  produces  one  of  the  finest  growths  of 
claret  wine.  The  villa,  whence  its  name,  belongs  to  the 
heirs  of  the  Spanish  Msirquis  d'Agtiado. 

CHaTEAUMKILLAXT.  .sba'to'mdVSx"'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Cher.  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bourges.  Pop.  in  1852, 
303;>.    It  has  an  old  castle. 

CHaTKAUXEUF  DE  MAZEN'C.  shaHo'nif'dehma'zSxo', 
■\  town  of  France,  department  of  Di-ome,  9  miles  E.  of  Mon- 
t61iniart.     Pop.  1698. 

CHATEAUXEUF  DE  RANDON,  shaHS^nuf  dgh  r5x«^ 
dA.N*'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  I>oz6re.  12  miles  X.E. 
of  Mende.  Pop.  607.  It  was  formerly  tbrtified,  and  has  9 
annual  tairs.  The  famous  Duguesclin  died  in  1380,  while 
besieging  Chateauneuf  de  itandon,  then  in  possession  of  the 
English. 

CHATEAUNEUF  DU  FAOU.  shaHO'nif  dU  fd'oo',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Kiuistere,  on  the  Aulne,  17  miles 
N.K.  of  Quimper.    Pop.  in  1852,  2815, 

CHaTKAUXEUF  UU  RHONE,  shaHo^nif  dU    rOn,  a 
42-,i 


town  of  France,  department  of  Di-6me,  5  miles  S.  of  Mont^ 
limart.  on  the  Rhone,  opposite  A"iviers.  Pop.  in  1852,  1450. 
Commerce  in  red  wine. 

CHaTEACXEUF  ex  BEETAGXE.  sha'to'nrf  fts"  breh- 
t3fi'.  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vi- 
laine.  6  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Malo.     Pop.  in  1852,  810. 

CHaTEAUXEUF  ex  TIIYMERAIS,  sha'to'nuf/a.vtee'- 
m.'lM-i',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Euro-et-Loir,  15 
mile.s  N.W.  of  Chartres.     Pop.  in  1^52.  1352. 

CHaTEAUXEUF  SUR  CHAltEXTE.shaMo'nrf  sUr  shS'- 
rAx"',  a  town  of  France,  department,  and  on  theCh.ireute.  11 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Angonleme.  Pop.  in  1852.  3030.  It  has  a 
trade  in  brand\-,  wine,  and  salt,  and  a  large  market  on  the 
16th  dav  of  each  month. 

CHaTEAUXEUF  SUR  CHER,  Sh4'to'nif'  sUr  sh^R,  a 
town  of  France,  department,  and  on  an  island  in  the  Cher, 
12  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Amand,     Pop.  in  1S52.  27i.iO. 

CHaTEAUXUF  SUR  LOIRE,  sha'to'nvf  sUe  1w5r.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  14  miles  E.SJ;.  ot  Or- 
leans.    Pop.  in  1852,  3237. 

CHaTEAUXEUF  SUR  SARTHE.  sha'tS'nuf/  stiR  saRt.  a 
town  of  I  ranee,  department  of  jfaine-et-Loire,  15  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Angers,  on  the  Sarthe.     Pop.  in  1852.  1326. 

CHaTEAUXEUF  YAL  DE  BARGIS.  shaHo'nuf  yi\  deh 
baR^zhee'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Xievre.  arron- 
dissement. and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Cosne.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2288. 

CHaTEAU-POXSAT.  shaHo'-pAx'^Nsa'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ilaute-Vienne,  9  miles  E.  of  Bellac,  on  the 
Gartempe.     Pop.  3^22. 

CHaTE.\U-1'0KCIEN,  sha'to'-poR'se-Sxo',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ardennes,  on  the  Aisne,  26  miles 
S.W.  of  Mezieres.     Pop.  in  1852.  2595. 

CHaTEAU-REXARD,  sha'to'-reh'naR/.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Loiret,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Montargis.  Pop. 
1477. 

CHaTEAU-RENARD,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Aries,  near  the  Du- 
rance. Pop.  in  1852.  5-320.  It  has  the  remains  of  a  csistle 
of  the  twelfth  centurv. 

CHaTEAU-KENAULT,  shfiM&'reh'no'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  on  the  Brenne.  17  miles  X.E 
of  Tours.  Pop.  in  1852, 3270.  Manufactures  coarse  woollens. 
Its  castle  was  founded  in  the  eleventh  century. 

CHaTE.\UROUX.  sbS.Ho^roo',  a  town  of  Fran?e.  capital 
of  the  department  of  Indre,  in  a  pl.Hin  on  the  Indre.  and  at 
the  terminus  of  the  railway  from  Oileans.  01  miles  S.E.  of 
Tours.  Pop.  in  1852,  15.931.  It  was  formerly  a  miserable 
looking  place,  but  has  been  greatly  improved  since  1820. 
Principal  edifice,  the  Castle,  (long  the  prison  of  the  Princess 
of  Conde.  niece  of  Richelieu.)  which  now  serves  for  the  town- 
hall.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  court  of  assize,  chambers  of  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  and  a  society  of  arts  and  agricul- 
ture. Manuf.ictures  comprise  strong  woollens,  in  which 
from  ISOO  to  2tl00  hands  are  engaged,  cutlery,  hats,  hosiery, 
pajjer,  parchment,  and  military  e<iuipments;  it  has  also  an 
active  trade  in  woollen  yarn,  leather,  iron,  cattle,  and  litho- 
graphic stones  of  superior  quality.  It  was  the  birthplace 
of  General  Bertrand. 

CHATKAUROUX,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Hautes-Alpes,  3  miles  X.X.E.  of  Embrun.    Pop.  1772. 

CHaTEAU-SALIXS,  shaM<J'-sd'lllx<--'.atown  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  17  miles  X.E.  of  Xancy.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2424.  It  has  some  remains  of  fortifiattions,  and  a  castle  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  to  which,  and  to  some  government 
Siilt-works.  abandoned  in  1820,  it  owes  its  name. 

OHaTEAU-THIKRRY,  shaHiy-te-ftR'Ree',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne.  capital  of  the  arrondissement, 
on  the  Marne.  across  which  it  communicates  with  a  con- 
siderable suburb,  by  a  bridge  of  three  arche.s,  37  miles 
S.S.^V.  of  Ivjton,  Pop.  in  1852,  56-29.  it  stands  on  a  decli- 
vity, crowned  by  the  remains  of  a  vast  castle  founded  by 
Charles  Martel  in  720.  for  Thierry  lY.,  whence  its  name.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  La  Fonfctine,  and  has  a  marble  monu- 
ment to  his  memory. 

CHaTEAU-YILLAIN,  shS'to'-veeriSxo'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Haute-Marne,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Chaumont. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2080. 

CHAT-EL-AKAB.    See  Shat-ei-.^rab. 

CH.\TEL.\UDREN,  sha'tJlVdrdx"'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cotes-du-Xord,  10  miles  W.  of  St.  Brieuc.  Pop.  in 
1852. 1367.     It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  stuffs. 

CHaTELDOX,  .thaHtTdAx<^.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Puy-de-Dome.  9  miles  X.  of  Thiers.     Pop.  in  1852.  1691. 

CH.aTELKT.  sha'tJi-l;i/,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut.  on  the  ri/ht  bank  of  the  Sambre,  4  miles  E.  of 
Charleroi.  Pop.  2971.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth  and  leather, 

CH.\TELKT,  Le,  leh  shfi'teh-lA',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Amand.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1583. 

CHATELLERjVULT.sha't^irwy.a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Yienne.  capital  of  the  arrondissement,  on  tho  Yi- 
enne.  across  which  it  communi -Htes  with  a  suburb  by  a 
stone  bridge.  18  miles  X.X.i;.  of  Poitiers.  Po,>.  1852,  12,4;« 
It  is  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the  manufiicture  of  Fnjucb 


CIIA 

cutlery,  the  production  of  which  occupies  about  600  families. 
It  has  ail  old  castle,  (whence  its  name.)  a  theatre,  exchaiifie. 
hospital,  national  manutactory  of  arms,  and  a  Ltrge  trade  in 
milliitones,  wines,  dried  fruits,  and  agricultural  produce. 
James  Ilamiltort^  the  second  Karl  of  Arran,  Itegent  of  Scot- 
land, received  the  dukedom  of  Chatellerault  from  Henry  II., 
in  154S.  lis  the  price  of  his  consent  to  the  marriage  of  his 
ward.  Queen  .Mary,  with  the  Dauphin  Francis. 

CHaTKL  ST.  DEXIS.  shaH^l'  sl.N"  deh-nee'.  a  Tillage  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  23  miles  ti.W.  of  Freyburg,  with  a 
castle  on  the  Vevaise  River,  here  cros.sed  by  a  stone  bridge. 

CUaTEL  .ST.  DENIS  SUK  .MOSELLE,  shaHjl'  sJn°  deh'- 
nee'  sUii  mo'zSU'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jipinal, 
on  the  Muselle,  10  miles  N.  of  Vosges.     I'op.  1255. 

CH.^TELUS,  shaHeh-lUce',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  12  miles  X.E.  of  Gueret.   Top.  in  1852, 1345. 

CIIaTEN.W,  shaHeh-n.V,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine,  5  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Paris.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Voltaire. 

CHaTEXOIS,  sha'teh-nw^,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  15as-Khin,  25  miles'  S.S.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852, 
404-;. 

CHaTEXOIS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut- 
Ehin.  5  miles  S.  of  ISelfort.     Pop.  1128. 

C1I.\TKX0IS,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tosges,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Xeufchateau.    Pop.  1593.     Manufactures  lace. 

CIIAT'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  cc,  Ohio. 
Pop.  i-i:;o. 

CIIATII.A.JI,  chafam,  a  parliamentary  borough,  river 
port,  naval  arsenal,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Medway,  and  on  the  old  London  and  Dover 
road,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  London.  Poj).  of  parliamentary  bo- 
rough in  18G1.  .36,177.  It  consi.sts  cliietly  of  one  long,  nar- 
row, winding  street,  forming  a  continuation  of  the  city  of 
Rochester,  and  mostly  accompanying  the  course  of  the 
Medway,  which  here  begins  to  widen  into  its  estuary.  It 
is  flanked  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  heights  partly  built  on.  and 
crowned  with  several  forts.  The  town  is  well  paved  and 
lighted,  and  has  many  good  shops ;  but,  with  the  exception  of 
its  noble  dock-yard  and  handsome  military  suburb  of  15romp- 
ton.  it  presents  little  worthy  of  notice.  Principal  edifices, 
the  parish  church,  a  modern  building,  embodying  a  small 
part  of  the  origiu.il  Norman  structure;  a  charity  ho.spital, 
reputed  to  have  been  founded  by  Bishop  Oundulph  in  1078, 
with  an  annual  revenue  of  3000?. ;  a  small  seamen's  hospi- 
tal, revenue  AiU. ;  a  proprietary  school,  and  a  literary  iii- 
stitutiiin,  with  a  museum.  The  military  and  naval  esta- 
blishments, separated  from  the  town  and  the  country 
beyond  by  a  line  of  fortificati:ms,  compri.se  large  and  very 
handsome  infantry,  marine,  engineer,  and  artillery  barracks, 
a  school  for  engineers,  and  a  noble  marine  hospital,  the 
dock-yard  and  arsenal,  founded  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
and  now  surrounded  by  a  wall  enclosing  90  acres.  The 
dock-yard,  inferior  only  to  those  of  Portsmouth  and  Ply- 
mouth, contains  5  tide-docks,  and  6  building-slips  for  ves- 
sels of  the  largest  size,  with  saw  mills,  forges,  m.ichinery- 
works,  roperies,  &c. ;  the  latter  has  ordnauce-r.anges,  an 
armory,  officers'  and  artificers'  quarters,  and  a  chapel. 
Moored  in  the  river  opposite,  are  hulks  for  convicts,  who 
labor  in  the  yard.  The  population  of  Chatham  is  almost 
entirely  engaged  in  the  military  and  .naval  establishments, 
or  in  the  retail  trade  arising  out  of  the  presence  of  the 
government-works.  The  borough  has  no  municipiil  juris- 
diction, but  it  now  Sends  one  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  the  last  century  it  gave  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  celebrated  statesman,  the  elder  Pitt.  In  1C67,,  the 
Dutch,  under  Du  Huyter,  sailed  up  the  Medway,  and.  in 
spite  of  the  forts  on  its  banks,  succeeded  in  burning  many 
vessels  and  stores. 

CH.4.T'HAM.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, has  an  area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  travei-sed 
by  the  Haw  and  Deep  Rivers,  which  unite  in  the  S.E.  part 
and  form  the  Cape  Fear;  it  is  also  drained  by  Rocky  and 
New  Hope  Rivers.  The  surface  is  diversified;  the  soil  is 
generally  clayey  and  productive.  Extensive  beds  of  stone 
coal  have  recently  been  opened  in  the  county,  near  Deep 
River.  This  stream  has  been  rendered  navigable  by  small 
b<^ats  as  high  as  the  coal-mines.  A  plank-road  is  in  progress 
thivugh  this  county,  from  Deep  River  to  the  Central  Rail- 
road. Organized  in  1770,  (tnd  named  in  honor  of  the  illus- 
trious statesman  and  orator  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham. 
Capital,  Pittborimgh.  Pop.  19,101,  of  whom  12,855  were 
free,  and  6246  slaves. 

CH.vniAM,  a  county  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  Geor- 
gia, bordering  on  the  sea,  has  an  area  of  358  sijuare  miles. 
The  Savannah  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.E.,  and 
the  Ogeeclieo  on  the  S.W.  The  siirfiice  is  level,  and  partly 
occupied  by  swamps.  The  soil  near  the  rivers  is  rich,  ad.apt- 
ed  to  the  cultivation  of  rice;  other  parts  are  sandy  and 
Bterile.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad.  Chat- 
ham is  the  most  populous  county  in  the  state.  Cajiital, 
Savannah.  Pop.  31,043,  of  whom  16,236  were  free,  and  14,807 
slaves. 

Cll.\TIIAM,  a  township  of  Carroll  CO.,  New  Hampshire, 
70  mile*  N  li  of  Concord.    Pop.  489. 


CHA 

CHATn.\5I.  .1  post-village  and  township  of  Barnstable  co^ 
Massiiclin.setts,  at  the  S.E.  e.xtremity  of  Cape  Cod  mi  mile* 
S.E.  of  Boston,  on  a  tine  harbor  inside  of  Chatham  Botcl. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  the  coaat  tradtt 
fisheries,  and  the  manufacture  of  salt.    In  1851,  ti^ere  werft 

19  vessels,  tons  1346,  belonging  to  the  town,  and  employing 
230  persons,  engaged  in  the  mackerel  fishery ;  and,  <!uVing 
the  year  1852,  5769%  barrels  of  mackerel  wer-<  inspected. 
Pop.  2710. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  about 
17  miles  S.  l>y  E.  of  Hartford.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  bells.    Pop.  1766. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-villago  and  township  of  Columbia  co.,' 
New  York,  18  miles  S.  liy  E.  of  Albany,  is  intersected  by  tha 
Western  Railroad.     Pop.  4163. 

CHATHAM,  a  handsome  post-village  and  township  of 
Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  River,  and  on  the 
Morris  and  Essex  Railroad,  16  miles  AV.  of  Newark.  It 
liiis  2  or  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  several  stores.  Pop. 
2968. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-villago  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Lancaster  to  Wilmington,  in  Dela- 
ware, about  6S  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

CHATHAM,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1683. 

CHATHAM,  a  small  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

CHATHAM,  a  township  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1160. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-village  of  SiUigamon  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Alton  and  Springfield  Railroad',  10  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Sjiringfleld,  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  district,  and 
has  several  stores.     Pop.  278. 

CHATH.\M,  a  post-oflice  of  Bucli.anan  co.,  Iowa. 

CHATH.\M,  a  post-office  of  M" right  Co.,  Minnesota. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-village  anil  township  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Two  .Mountains,  on  tlie  Ottawa  River,  52  miles  W.  of 
Montreal.  It  contains  2  churches,  3  stores,  a  chemical  es- 
tablishment, 2  carding-mills,a  machine  for  cutting  shingles, 
and  about  8  saw  and  grist-mills.     Poj).  of  the  townshi]),  3100. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-town  of  Canada  West,  capital  of  Kent 
CO.,  on  the  river  Thames,  and  on  the  Great  Western  Railway, 
67  miles  S.W.  of  London.  It  has  agencies  of  the  Bank  of 
Upper  Canada,  the  Government  Bank,  of  3  fire,  marine  and 
life  assurance  companies,  and  contains,  besides  the  county 
buildings,  4  or  5  churche.s,  2  printing  offices.  2  chemists  and 
druggists,  2  steam  mills,  1  foundry,  about  20  stores,  and 
several  hotels.     Pop.  4,406. 

CHATHAJI,  a  thriving  village  of  New  Brunswick,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Miramichi  River, 
about  12  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  beautiful  bay  of 
its  own  name,  and  135  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  John.  It  canies 
on  considerable  commerce  in  timber,  deals,  Ac,  by  the  river, 
which  is  here  more  than  a  mile  wide,  and  navigable  for  the 
largest  slii])s. 

CHAT'HAM  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Chatham  town- 
ship. Columbia  co..  New  York,  on  the  Western  Riiilroad,  18 
nilcs  S.S.E.  of  Altiany. 

CHATHAM  CENTRf],  a  post-office  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio. 

CHATHA.M  FOI  R  CORNERS,  a  post-village  in  Chatham- 
township,  Columbia  co..  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Harlem  Railroad  with  the  Western  Railroad,  23  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Albany.    It  contains  a  bank. 

CHATHAM  HARBOR,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Cape  Cod, 
Mass!uhusetts.     It  is  well  protected  from  the  sea,  and  has 

20  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  The  Chatham  Lights  are  inside 
of  Chatham  Harbor,  on  James's  Head,  near  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Cape  Cod.  Massachusetts.  They  are  fixed,  two  in 
number,  with  an  elevation  of  70  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.     L.it.  41°  40'  20"  X. ;  lat.  69°  57'  12"  W. 

CHAT'HAM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Smyth  co..  A'irginiii. 

CHATHAM  ISLAND,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  30 
miles  S.  of  Wellington  Island. 

CHATHAM  ISLAXD.one  of  theG.il.ipagos  Tsland.s.in  the 
Pacific  ( >cean.   Excellent  coal  has  lately  been  discovered  here. 

CHATHAM  ISLAXDS,  a  group  in  the  Radack  Chain, 
in  the  Xorth  Pacific  Ocean.     Lat.  9°  N.;  Ion.  179°  50'  E. 

CHAT'HAM  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  South  Pticific, 
about  380  miles  E.  of  New  Zealand.  Lat.  of  Cape  Young, 
43°  48'  S.:  Ion.  176°  58'  W.  They  consist  of  Chatham, 
(Waiiikaori.)  Pitt,  and  some  .smaller  islands :  the  fir.st  being 
about  90  miles  in  circumference,  of  which  atxiut  one-third 
part  is  productive.  Coasts  rocky:  surface  undulating,  and 
often  marshv;  products  similar  to  those  of  New  Zealand. 

CHATHAM  PORT,  an  inlet  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  South 
Andaman  Island,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

CHATH.VM  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsyl 
variia. 

CHATHAM  SOUND,  in  Russian  America,  lat.  50°  30'  X, 
Ion.  133°  ^V.,  separates  George  111.  and  Prince  of  Wales  Ar- 
chipelairoes. 

CHATHAM  VALLEY,  a  postofflce  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vanui. 

CHaTILLON,  sha'tee'yiN"',  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  12  miles  E.  of  Aosta.  on  the  Doi-a-Baltea.  Pop.  2472. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  Roman  bridge. 

423 


=J] 


CHA 


CHA 


CITATILLON,  sha'tee'yAxo'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Prome.  3'2  miles  K.S.E.  of  Valence.     Pop.  in  18o2,  II1S8. 

CU.^TILLOX,  (ane.  CasteUiof)  a  town  of  France,  de))art- 
ment  of  IJhone.  "Q  miles  S.S.^V.  of  VUlefranche,  on  the  Azer- 
que.     Pop.  in  1852.  S60. 

CHaTILLON  DK  MICIIAILLE.  Bha'teeVAx^'  dgh  mee'- 
BhJl'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  2(5  miles  £.8.£. 
of  Hour;.     Pop.  in  1S52,  14t5. 

CHaTILLOX  KX  BAZOIS.  sliaHee'yAx"'  e.N"  bd'zwd/,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Xi^vre,  16  miles  M'.  of  Cha- 
teau-Chinon,  on  the  Aron.     Pop.  in  1852.  l-to9. 

CHaTILLOX-  KN  VEXDELAIS.  shrteeHAso'  fix"  v6x='- 
dfh-l;l',  a  town  of  France,  department,  of  lUe-et-Vilaine,  8 
mile.s  X.  of  Vitre.     Pop.  1542. 

CHaTILLOX  LES  DOMBES,  sha'teeVAs"'  lA  dAMlV,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ain.  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tre- 
voux,  on  the  Chalaronne.     Pop.  'JtilO. 

CHaTILLOX  SUR  COLMOXT.  shaHeeVAso'sURkormANo', 
a  town  of  France,  department,  and  11  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Ma- 
yeuue.     Pop.  in  1852.  2573. 

CHaTILLOX  SLR  IXDRE,  sha'teeVAx"'  sUr  S-sd'r,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Indre,  on  the  Indro,  27 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Chateauroux.     I'op.  in  1852.  3925. 

CHaTILLOX  :<UR  LOIXG,  bhaVe'yA.N<^  sUa  Iwiy",  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret.  on  the  Loing  and  the 
Briare  Canal.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Montarfris.  Pop.  in  1852,2613. 
Admiral  Colijrny  was  born  here  in  1516. 

CHaTILLOX  SUR  LOIRE,sba"tee\vANo/  sUr  IwIr,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  44  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orleans. 
Pop.  in  l^a±  3132. 

CHaTILLOX  SUR  MARXE,  sha'teeVAso'  sUr  maRn,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Marne,  on  the  ilarne,  29 
miles  AV.X.W.  of  Chalons.  Pop.  in  1852,  931.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Pope  Urban  II. 

CHaTILLOX  SUR  SAOXE,  sha'teeVAx"  sUa  s6n,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Vosges.  9  miles  S.S.E.of  Lamarche. 
CHaTILLOX  SUU  SEIXE,  sha'teeVAW  sUa  .-ymca  town 
of  France,  department  of  C0ttMi"Or,  43  "miles  X.X.W.  of  Dijon, 
on  the  Seine.  Pop.  in  1852,  5001.  It  has  .several  good  pub- 
lic buildings,  with  a  castle  and  a  park,  long  the  property  of 
the  Marmont  fiimily,  and  in  which,  until  lately,  some 
model  agricultural  and  iron-working  establishtnents  existed. 
It  has  manuCictures  of  woollen  and  linen  fiibrics,  hats, 
leather,  and  paper  goods.  In  February,  1814.  a  conference 
was  held  here  between  X'apoleou  and  the  Allies. 

CHaTILLOX  SUR'SilVRE,  sha't^eVA.N"'  sUr  saiv'R,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Doux  Sevres.  14  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Bressuire,  on  the  Sevre-X'antiiise,  formerly  fjrtitied,  and, 
previous  to  17.37.  named  Mauleon.  Pop.  in  1852,  1170. 
CIIAT'LEY,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Est«x. 
CIIAT'iIO.SS,  an  extensive  mr)rass  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  mostly  in  the  parish  of  Ecoles,  about  10  miles  W. 
of  Manchester.  Area,  about  6000  acres.  A  large  portion  of 
it  has  been  drained,  and  now  yields  good  crops.  It  is 
cros.se'i  by  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Itailway. 

CHATOXXAY,  shd'ton*n.V.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ls&re.  15  miles  E.,S.E.  of  Vienue.     Pop.  in  1852.  3968. 

CH.\T0U,  shd^too',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oi.se.  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  St.  Germains 
Railway,  which  here  crosses  the  Seiae,  3  miles  E.  of  St. 
Germains. 

CHaTRE.  La.  U  shat'r.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Indre.  22  miles  S.E.  of  Chateauroux.  on  the  Indre.  Pop.  in 
1852,  4970.  It  has  the  remnant  of  a  castle,  a  fine  church, 
extensive  leather  and  woollen  factories,  and  an  active  trade 
in  wool,  goat-skins,  and  ch&stnuts. 

CH.\rS00',  a  decaj'ed  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  (Upper  Provinces.)  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ajmeer.  It 
was  formerlv  of  large  extent. 

CII.yrs'WOUTH.  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  Duke  of  De- 
vonshire, and  perhaps  the  most  splendid  private  residence 
in  England,  is  situated  in  theco.  of  Derby,  in  a  beautiful  park 
about  10  miles  in  circumference,  watered  by  the  Derwent, 
3i  miles  X.E.  of  Bakewell.  The  mansion  is  in  the  Ionic  style, 
and  consists  of  a  superb  qu-adrangular  edifice  with  a  cen- 
tral court,  built  in  1706,  and  from  which  runs,  parallel  to 
Its  front,  a  long  range  of  modern  building,  terminating  in  a 
tower..  The  furuiture,  books,  paintings,  and  statmiry  which 
it  contains  are  extremely  choice;  in  the  gardens  is  a  new 
gigantic  conservatory,  enclosing  an  area  of  alxiut  one  acre, 
with  water-works,  considered  to  be,  with  the  exception  of 
those  at  VerKailles,  the  first  in  Europe.  In  the  earlier  man- 
sion of  Chatsworth,  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  spent  a  consider^ 
able  portion  of  her  captivity. 

CH-T-TTAHOOCIIKE,  cliat-ta-hoo'chee,  a  large  river  of 
Georgia,  a  branch  of  the  Appalachicola.  rises  on  the  declivity 
of  the  Blue  Uid.'e,  in  Habersham  county,  in  the  X.E.  part 
of  the  state,  and  Hows  first  S.W.  through  the  gold  region  of 
Upper  Georgi:*.  until  it  strikes  the  boundary  i>etween  Geor- 
gi-i  and  .\lal>am;i,  at  West  Point.  Below  this  its  general 
direction  is  sinitbward.  and  it  forms  the  W.  boundary  of 
Georgia,  throu.'h  the  whole  of  its  subsequent  cour.se  to  its 
junction  with  Flint  River.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  550 
miles.  Steami-oais  of  2ii0  tons  navigate  this  river  during 
eight  moiitbs  of  the  ysar,  from  Xovember  to  June,  and  as- 
424 


cend  as  fir  as  Cohiinbus,  which  is  about  350  miles  from  tho 
Gulf.  The  rapids,  at  the  limit  of  navigation,  produce  excel- 
lent water-power.  It  is  said  that  the  vertical  rise  of  the 
water  in  the  course  of  a  year  sometimes  amounts  to  60  feet. 
The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  ^Vest  Point,  Columbus, 
Eufiula,  and  Fort  Gaines,  * 

CHATTAHOOCHEE,  a  post-vill.ige of  Gad.<den  co., Florida, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee  Livers,  43 
miles  X,W.  of  Tallahassee.  It  contains  a  United  States  ar- 
senal, 

CIIATTAXOOGA,  chat'ta-noo'g.a.  a  creek  of  Georgia  and 
Tennessee,  rises  in  Walker' co.,  Georgia,  and  enters  the  ']^i- 
nessee  ne.ir  Chattanooga,  '^ 

CIIATTAXOOGA,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Hamilton 
CO,,  Tennessee,  on  the  Tennessee  River,  250  miles  bv  wat*r 
twlow  Knoxville,  and  140  miles  S.E.  of  Xa.shville.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  Xashville  and  Chattanooga  Railrckid.  andof 
the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  which  connects  it  with 
tlie  chief  towns  of  Georgia.  The  Tennessee  River  is  navi- 
gable by  steam  during  alx)ut  eight  months  in  the  year,  and 
by  small  boats  at  all  times.  These  circumstances  render 
Chattanooga  one  of  the  most  important  and  flourishing 
towns  of  the  state.  Since  the  completion  of  the  Western 
and  Atlantic  Railroad,  in  1850.  the  population  has  increa.sed 
at  the  rate  of  about  100  per  month.  The  surplus  produc- 
tions of  liast  Tennessee,  and  of  part  of  Middle  Tennessee, 
are  mostly  shipped  from  this  point.  The  surrounding 
region  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power  and  timber, 
and  the  hills  contain  abundance  of  stone  coal  and  iron  ore- 
Chattanooga  h.%s  1  steam  saw  mill,  2  sash  and  blind  facto- 
ries, 3  cabinet  factories,  in  which  stejtm-power  is  used,  and 
2  banks.  This  place  wa,s-  retaken  by  tho  Union  armv,  Sep- 
tember 9, 1SG3,  ten  days  after  which  date  the  battle  of  Chicka- 
mauga  was  fouglit  ue;ir  it.  Pop.  in  18(50,  about  4.i()0. 
CII.iTTERIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
CHATTERPOOlt'  or  CHUT^TERPORIV.  a  town  of  Hin- 
dostan,  in  Bundelcund,  73  miles  S.E.  of  Jhansi.  It  was  for- 
merly of  high  commercial  import;ince,  and  still  has  manu- 
factures of  coarse  cotton. 
CH  ATTISHA.NL  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
CII.\T'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthnmberland. 
CHATTOOGA,  chat-too'ga.  a  river,  one  of  the  head  branches 
of  the  Siivannah.  ri.ses  ne;ir  the  S.  frontier  of  Xoith  C.irolina, 
and  flows  S.W.  along  the  boundarj-  between  South  t^'arolina 
and  Georgia.  After  passing  the  mouth  of  Tallula  Creek,  it 
takes  the  name  of  Tugaloo  River. 

CHATTOOGA,  a  small  river  of  Georgia  and  Alal«nia, 
rises  in  Walker  county,  near  the  X.^V.  extremity  of  (Jeor- 
gia,  and  flowing  S.W.,  enters  the  Coosa  in  Cherokee  county, 
Alabama, 

CHATTOOGA,  a  county  in  the  X,W.  part  of  Georgi.i,  bor- 
dering on  .\labam,'i.  has  an  area  of  3' 0  si^uare  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Chattooga  River,  from  which  the  name  is 
derived,  and  also  drained  by  the  Lukalamuiua,  Amuchee, 
and  Snake  Creeks.  The  surCice  is  beautifully  diversified 
by  productive  valleys  and  wooded  mountjiins,  connected 
with  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  most  considenible  elevations 
bear  the  local  names  of  Taylor's  Ridge,  John's  Mountain, 
and  Dirtseller  Mountain.  The  county  contains  quarries  of 
limestone  and  marble,  and  an  abundance  of  iron  and  lead 
ore,  witli  several  fine  mineral  K]>rings.  Capital,  Summei> 
ville.     Pop.  7165,  of  Whom  5111  were  free,  and  2054  slaves. 

CHATTOO/G  AVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Chattooga  co..  Geor- 
gi.a.  on  the  X.W.  side  of  Chattooga  River,  about  200  miles 
X.W.  of  MilledgevUle. 

Cn.iTTRA.  (anc.  KsMra.)  a  to>vn  of  Xorthern  Hindos- 
tiirf,  in  Xepaul,  in  lat.  20=^  53'  X..  Ion.  87°  4'  E.,  with  a  tem- 
ple of  Vishnu,  greatlv  resorted  to  by  devotees. 
CHAU-ABAD,     See  Charbar, 

CHAUCHINA,  chdw-chee'nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  .\ndalu- 
sia,  12  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1744. 

CHAUDES-.\.IGUES.  shod-aig,  (L.  atlen'tes  A'qiin:;  .signi- 
fication of  both,  "  warm  water.")  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cant.al,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  .Saint  Hour.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2207.  It  is  an  old,  rustic-looking  town,  in  a  narrow 
gorge,  with  remarkable  hot  springs,  varying  in  tem]xirature 
from  98°  to  212°  Fah. :  they  are  extensively  u.sed  f  >r  baths, 
for  washing  fleeces,  and  warming  the  houses  of  the  town. 
Xe;ir  it  is  the  ruined  Fort  dWnglais,  so  called  from  havitg 
been  twice  held  by  the  English  in  the  fourteenth  century, 

CHAUDFOXTAIXE,  shO'fAx«'tAn',  ((.<■.  "warm  spring,") 
a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  4  miles  S.E.  of  Liege,  on 
the  Ve.'dre.  Pop.  973.  It  has  thermal  springs;  tempera- 
tui^.  lo4°  Fah.  The  village  is  finely  situated,  and  its  hatha 
are  well  frequented. 

CHAUDIERE,  shOMe-alR'.  al.ikeof  Canada  East,  is  ap 
enlargement  of  the  Ottawa  River,  55  miles  N,X,W.  of  Johns- 
town, 

CHAUDIERE,  a  river  of  Canada  Kast,  joins  the  St 
Liiwrence about  7  miles  above  (hiebec.  after  a  X, X.W,  course 
of  90  miles.  The  F.alls  of  the  Chaudi^re  are  aliout  2J  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river.  They  are  .s;iid  to  Iw  near  100 
feet  high.  The  stre.am  is  innavigable,  but  the  scenery  on 
its  lianks  is  very  picture.sque. 
CHAUD'WJVll'.  an  ancient  and  ruined  city  of  Hindostan. 


CHA 


CHE 


province  of  Onssa,  near  Cuttack.  The  ruins  extend  for 
many  mil«s,  but  few  are  above  ground,  being  mostly  foun- 
dations; tliere  are  numerous  reservoirs  also,  and  the  re- 
mains of  temples.  It  is  not  known  when  or  why  this  great 
city  was  abandoned. 

Cll  AUKKAILLhS,  shoPf  M'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Saone-et-lx)ire,  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  M&con.  jfop.  in  1852, 
3826.     It  has  manufactures  of  linens. 

CIIAUM(J.\T,  slio'mc^N"',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Haute-Marne,  on  a  height  between  the  Marne 
and  Suize,  134  miles  E.S.E.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  18u2,  G374. 
The  streets  are  steep,  hut  it  is  pretty  well  liuilt,  and  pos- 
sesses some  goorf  public  editices,  among  which  is  a  triumphal 
arch,  begun  by  Napoleon,  and  completed  under  houis 
XVIII.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  a  public  library 
of  35.000  volumes,  with  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens, 
druggets,  linen  and  cotton  yarn,  and  gloves,  and  a  consi- 
derable trade  in  iron  and  ironwares.  On  March  1,  1814, 
the  allied  powers  concluded  a  treaty  here  against  Napoleon, 
19  days  before  the  rupture  of  the  Congress  of  Chatillon. 
This  treaty  formed  the  basis  of  what  was  afterwards  called 
the  Holy  Alliance. 

CIIAUMO.NT.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  14 
miles  S.W.  of  Beauvais.  Pop.  1136.  It  is  well  built  and 
paved,  and  h.ts  manufactures  of  leather. 

CHAUMDN'T.  shO^mi^N"',  a  village  of  Savoy,  province  of  Ca- 
rouge.  9  miles  \V.  of  St.  .Julien.  It  was  Jbrmerly  fortitied. 
Its  castle,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  Dukes  of  Nemours, 
was  ruined  in  the  war  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

CII.\UM(JXT,  sho'mo',  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New 
York,  on  Chaumont  l!ay  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  Home 
and  Watertowa  Kaihoad,  14  miles  N.W.  of  W'atertown.  It 
has  a  good  harbor,  and  contains  a  number  of  stores  and 
mills.  A  river  of  the  same  name  enters  the  bay  at  this 
place. 

CIIAUilONT  SUR  LOIRE,  sho^mAso' sUr  Iwan,  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  on  the  Loire,  10  miles 
S.VV.  of  Blois.  It  has  a  cji.stle,  once  the  residence  of  Cathe- 
rine di  Medicis,  and  in  which  Cardinal  Amboise  was  born, 
in  1460. 

CIIAUN'CEY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Hocking  River  and  Canal,  Co  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 
It  has  coal-mines  and  salt-works  in  the  vicinity. 

CIIAUN'CKYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Manitoowoc  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

CHAUNY,  shS'nee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne,  mostly  on  an  island  In  the  Oise,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Canal  de  St.  Quentin,  18  miles  W.N.W  of  Laon. 
Pop.  in  1852,  6290.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  cider,  linen 
cloths,  and  hosiery ;  and  it  is  a  depot  for  charcoal  and 
timber. 

ClIAUSSEY,shr)s'.s.i'  a  group  of  bare  and  rocky  islands  in 
the  English  Channel,  8  miles  from  the  co:ist  of  France,  op- 
posite tiranville.  They  supply  excellent  granite,  which  is 
expm-ted  to  Paris,  &c. ;  and  on  the  largest  island  is  a  small 
grazing  farm. 

CHAUSSIX,  sho'slN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Jura,  9  miles  S.S.W..  of  Ddle,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Doubs. 
Pop.  1323. 

CIlAUT.iUQUA,  sha-taw'qua  the  most  western  county 
of  New  York,  has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the  W.  and  .S. 
by  Pennsylvania,  and  is  drained  by  Conewango  Creek  with 
its  tribufciries,  and  several  smaller  streams,  which  furnish 
abundant  water-power.  The  Chautauqua  Ridge  passes 
through  this  county  at  from  3  to  10  miles  di.stance  from  the 
lake  ;  between  this  ridge  and  the  lake  the  surface  is  nearly 
level,  or  moderately  uneven.  The  soil  is  generally  good, 
and  aloiig  the  lake  shore  and  the  banks  of  its  numerous 
streauLS,  very  fertile.  Bog  iron  ore,  shell  marble,  and  sul- 
phur springs  are  found  in  this  county.  There  are  also 
several  springs,  emitting  earburettod  hydrogen:  the  gas 
from  one  of  which,  near  Fredonia,  has  been  successfully  em- 
ployed for  lighting  the  dwellings  in  that  village.  By  means 
of  the  Conewango  Creek,  which  falls  into  the  Alleghany,  a 
branch  of  the  Ohio,  a  boat  navigation  is  open  from  within 
10  miles  of  Lake  Erie  to  the  Gulf  of  Me^fico.  This  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Erie  Railroad,  by  the  Atlantic  and 
Great  AVestern,  and  by  the  line  which  connects  Buffalo  with 
Erie.    Caiiital.  Maysville.     Pop.  58,422. 

CllAUTAL'QUA,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co..  New 
York,  situated  on  the  lake  of  same  name,  about  5  miles  S.E. 
of  Lake  Erie.     Pop.  2837. 

CHAUTAUQUA  LAKE,  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  New 
York,  in  the  central  part  of  Chautauqua  county,  is  a  beau- 
tiful expanse  of  water,  18  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  three 
miles  wide.  It  is  a'oout  730  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  and  1290 
%et  above  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  being,  it  is  .said,  the  highest 
cavigable  water  on  the  continent.  Steamboats  run  from 
Maysville.  at  its  N.  extremity,  to  the  commencement  of  the 

utlet,  whence  small  boats  can  descend  to  the  Alleghany 
River.  The  name  "riiautauqua,"  or  "Chatauque,"  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  an  Iniliau  phi'ase.  signifying  a  '■  foggy  place," 
and  was  given  in  consequence  of  the  mists  which  frequently 
rise  from  the  sm-face  of  this  mountain  lake. 


CHAUTAUQUA  VALLEY,  a  posfcofHce  of  Alleghany  co.. 
New  York. 

CIIAUVIGNY,  shOVeen'yee',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Montmorillon,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Vienne.  Pop.  in  1852. 1768.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  druggets,  and  ruins  of  3  feudal  castles. 

CIIAUX-DE-FOND,  La,  li  shoMyh-fAN"',  a  parish  and 
town  of  Switzerland,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Neufchatel.  Pop.  84S1. 
It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  narrow  and  savage  gorge  of 
the  Jura,  at  an  elevation  of  3070  feet  above  the  sea,  and  co- 
vers an  extensive  space,  each  cottage  laeing  surrounded  by 
a  garden.  With  Ix)cle,  this  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  manu- 
facture of  the  celebrated  watches  of  the  canton ;  in  1836, 
the  number  of  gold  and  silver  watches  manufactured  here 
was  108,295,  while  in  1774  the  total  number  was  300. 

CIIAUX-DU-MILIEU,  sho-dU-meeMe-Lh',  a  village  of  Swit- 
zerland, 9  miles  S.S.W.  of  l^a  Chaux-de-Fond,  with  import- 
ant manufactures  of  chains  for  the  movement  of  watches. 

CHAVANGES,  sh4'v6Nzh',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aube,  19  miles  E.  of  Arcis-sur-.\ube.     Pop.  in  1852,  1093. 

CHAVES,  shd'vjs,  (anc.  Alquee  Fla'rim.)  a  fortified  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  44  miles  W.  of 
Braganza.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tamega.  Pop.  <'0u0.  Its 
fortitications  are  in  ruins.  There  is  here  a  Roman  bridgo 
of  18  arches  on  the  river.  It  has  hot  .Siiline  springs,  (tenr- 
perature  129°  Fahrenheit.)  and  baths  well  fre<iuent(!d. 

CHAVES,  shi'vk,  or  VILL.A-DO-ECUADOH,  veel'ld-do-ek 
w3-dOR',  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Marnjo.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ama- 
zon.   IjAt.  0°  20'  S.,  Ion.  49°  4o'  W. 

CHAVES,  shd'vSs,  the  capital  town  of  the  island  of  St, 
Thomas.  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

CHAVILLE,  shiVeel',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et>Oise,  on  the  Seine,  and  on  the  Paris  and  Versailles 
Railway,  1  mile  E.  of  Versailles.    Pop.  1662. 

CHAW'LEY,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CHAW'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CH.\YANT.\,  chi-3n'ti,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  department  of 
Potosi,  56  miles  N.  of  Potosi. 

CHAYAR,  chi-yar'.  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  on  the 
Chayar  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Erghen.  Lat.  41°  6'  N., 
Ion. 83°  E. 

CHAYENPOOR,  chl-yen-poor',  a  fortified  town  of  Nepaul, 
130  miles  S.E.  of  Khatmandoo,  capital  of  a  district,  which 
exports  to  Thilx-'t  rice,  wheat,  oil,  ghpe,  metals,  cotton  and 
and  woollen  cloths,  timlfer,  spices,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  pearls, 
partly  in  transit  from  Hindostan;  receiving  in  return  salt, 
gold  and  silver,  musk,  skins,  and  Chinese  wares. 

CHAY-FANG  or  TCHK-FANG,  a  town  of  China,  province 
of  Yunnan,  on  the  Lung-tchuen.  125  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Shun- 
ning.   Lat.  24°  13' N.;  Ion.  98°  10' Fl. 

CHAYLARD,  La,  Id  sh.VlaR/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  .\rd6che,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Tournon,  on  the  Dome. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2478.  It  has  salt-mines,  tanneries,  and  trade 
in  cattle. 

CHAZELLES-SUR-LYON,  Bha'zell'-sUB-le-AN«',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire,  IQ  miles  E.  of  Montbrison. 
Pop.  in  1862,  3027. 

CH.\ZY,  shaz'ee/, »  river  of  Clinton  co..  New  York,  falls  into 
Lake  Champlain,  near  its  N.  extremity. 

CHAZY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Chazy  River,  about  128  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Albany. 

CH.\ZY  LAKE,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Chazy  River,  In 
Clinton  co.,  New  York,  is  about  4  miles  long. 

CHEA'DLE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stoke-on-Trent.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4681.  The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley,  has  a 
curious  old  church,  raised  on  an  artificial  mount,  originally 
formed  by  ancient  Britons,  a  Roman  Catholic  chajjel,  small 
free  school,  and  union  work-house.  Coal  and  limestone 
abound  in  the  vicinity.  Copper,  brass,  and  tin  works,  and 
a  manufacture  of  cotton  tape  are  carried  on.  C'lieadk  Bill- 
hehji  and  Oieudh  Mosdet/  are  townships  in  the  same  parish; 
the  former  on  the  Macclesfield  branch  of  the  Manchester 
and  Birmingham  Railway,  with  5463  inhabitants;  the  lat- 
ter, 22S8  inhabitants. 

CHEAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CHEAP'SIDE,  a  village  of  Essex  co..  New  jersey,  10  miles 
W.  of  Newark. 

CHE^APUT'.a  small  town  and  important  militarv  post  in 
Sinde,  102  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ilyderadad.  Lat.  26°  52'  N., 
Ion.  68°  34' E. 

CHEAP  VALLEY,  a  post-ofRce  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee. 

CHEARS'LEY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CHEAT  BRIDGE,  a  postrofflee  of  Preston  co..  Virginia. 

CHEAT  KIVKR,  of  Virginia,  the  largest  affluent  of  the 
Monongahela.  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Laurel, 
Glade.  Shavers,  and  Di-y  Forks,  which  rise  among  the  Alle- 
ghanj'  Mountains,  near  the  Northern  border  of  I'ocahontas 
county,  and  unite  in  the  N.  central  pai  t  of  Randolph  county. 
Flowing  thence  N.  and  N.W.  through  Pi'eston  and  Monon- 
galia counties,  it  enters  the  Monongahela  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Fayette  county,  Pennsylvania.  It  traverses  a 
hilly  country,  abounding  in  stone  coal  and  iron,  and  well 

426 


CHE 


CHE 


adapb  tX  ti   <r  .zing.    It  is  naviprable  40  miles  above  Rowles-  | 
bur;:,  (on  tht  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Riiilroad.)  thoujrli  not 
in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  and  furnishes  fine  water- 
power  at  .sever-il  places. 

CHEBOYGAN",  a  river  of  Michigan.    See  Shebotqas. 

CHEBOYGAN,  she-boy'gan,  a  newly  formed  county  of 
Michigan  forms  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Ix)wer  PeninsuUi, 
bordering  on  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw  and  Lake  Huron. 
The  area  is  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  drained  liy 
Black  and  Cheboygiin  Rivers,  and  has  several  lakes.  Cajji- 
tal,  Duncan.     Pop.  in  1860.  517. 

CHEB'SEY,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

ClIEBUCTO,  she-buk'to,  two  bays  in  Nova  Scotia,  near 
Halifax. 

CHEBYX,  a  village  of  Egypt.    See  Shebeex. 

CHECA,  chi/ki.  a  town  of  Spain.  77  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gua- 
dalajai-a.     Pop.  1201.     It  has  manufactures  of  iron  goods. 

CHECINY,  K^t-see'nee,  a  town  of  Poltind.  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Kielce,  on  the  Czarna.  Pop.  3000,  mostly  Jews.  There  are 
quarries  of  fine  marble  in  its  vicinity. 

CHECK'EXDON'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CHECK'LEY  AND  TEAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

CHECKLEY'-WITH-WRIXCHILL,  chSkaeewilH  rln'chil, 
a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

CH  ECO,  chA'ko.  a  village  of  Chili,  department  of  Coquimbo, 
6  miles  E.  of  Copiapo,  with  some  rich  copper-mines,  formerly 
yielding  annually  12,000  quintals  of  ore,  containing  70  per 
cent,  of  metal. 

CHEDABUCTO  (shed'a-buk'to)  BAY,  an  indentation  of 
the  N.E.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  S.  entrance  to  the  Gut 
of  Canso.    It  is  much  frequented  by  fishermen. 

CHED'BUKGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CHED'I).\K.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHED'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CIIED'DLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Staffoi-d. 

CHED'DON-FITZ'PAINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CHED'GR  AVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CHED'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CIIED'ISTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CHEDUBA,  che-doo'bd,  an  island  in  Farther  Indi.i,  Bri- 
tish province  of  Aracan,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Ijit.  18° 
62'  N..  Ion.  93°  27'  E.  Area,  200  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1840,  8510.  Shape  circular,  soil  fertile,  producing  good  crops 
of  rice,  hemp,  cotton,  sugar,  and  tofeacco;  and  its  cattle  are 
esteemed  good.  The  island  was  captured  from  the  Bur- 
mese in  1^24. 

CHED'AVOKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

CHED'ZOY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHEK-CHOlV.  cheeVhoo'or  TCHI-TCHEOUFOU.  cheeVhAr 
oo'foo',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Ngan-hoei,  near  the  Yang- 
tse-kiang,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Ngan-king. 

CHKJ^KS'Vll.iLE,  a  post-office  of  .Marion  co.,  Tennessee. 

CllE^KTOWA'GA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

CHEE-LEE.  a  province  of  China.     See  Pe-chee-lee. 

CHEEKA  or  TCHIRA,  cheWri.  a  city  of  Chinese  Toorkis- 
tan.  "5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Khoten.  sjiid  to  comprise  2000  houses. 
A  good  deal  of  silk  is  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

CHlOEHtUN'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, on  the  Ganges.  E.  of  Chupnih. 

CH  EKS  K'QU  AK ks,  a  postroffice.  Jliddlesex  co..  New  Jersey. 

CHKE'TII.iM.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CHEF-BOUTONNE,  sh^f  boo'tonn',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Deux-S^vres,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Niort.     Pop.  2376. 

CHKFONTE,  shee*fo>f ,  written  also  CHIFUNCTE,  a  small 
river  of  I^ouisiana,  flows  S.  into  Lake  I'ont^-hartrain. 

CHEHIAW.  a  small  river  of  South  Carolina,  flowing  into 
St.  Helena  Sound. 

CHKHA'LIS  or  CHEKA'LTS,  a  county  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, having  W.  the  Pacific.  Area,  al)0ut  1550  square 
miles.    Capital.  Moiitpsano.    See  Appendix. 

CHEHL  or  CHEHEL,  chSn'l,  ("forty,")  a  prefixed  name 
of  several  localities  in  .^sia. 

CHKHL-BUCHA-GUM,  ch?H'l  boo'chit  goom,  ("the  forty 
lost  children.'')  a  place  of  pilgrimage  in  Afghanistan,  6  miles 
S.W.  of  Ghuznee. 

CHtin.r-D  )CHTUR.  cWh'1  doK'toor\  ("the  forty  virgins,") 
a  shrine  In  Afghanistan.  Lat.  35°  V  N..  Ion.  62°  9'  E.  Curious 
Mahominedan  legends  att.ach  to  all  these  localities. 

CHKHt  TAN,  ch^H'l  tin,  or  KOHT-CHIHULTON,  ko^ee- 
chee'htil-ton',  ("  mountain  of  forty  bo<lies,")  a  lofty  moun- 
tain In  Boloochistan,  immediately "s.  of  Mustung.  Lat.  29° 
40*  N.,  Ion.  ♦MP  55' E. 

CHEK-CHOO  or  CHEAG-TCHU,  a  village  of  China,  in 
Hong-Kong,  on  a  bay,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island. 
Pop.  800.  employed  in  trade  and  farming. 

CHK-KIANO  or  TCHE-KIAXG,  chj^ke-ang',  a  maritime 
province  of  China,  mostly  between  lat  27°  and  31°  N..  and 
Ion.  117°  and  1-23°  E..  having  E.  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on 
other  sides  the  Kiang.  provinces  of  Ngan-hoei  and  Fo-kien. 
Pop.,  .accotxling  to  offlcial  report  in  1825.  26.258.784.  Surface 
greatly  diversified,  and  the  province  is  traversed  by  the 
Great  Canal.  Coasts  abrupt  and  greatly  indented.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  fertile  and  commercial  provinces  of  China. 
426 


Silk  is  the  principal  article  of  export ;  other  products  are 
tea  in  the  S.,  and  cotton,  indigo,  fruits,  camphor,  and  coal. 
Its  manufactures  of  silks,  crape,  gold  and  silver  stuffs,  and 
paper,  are  in  liigh  repute  throughout  the  empire,  and  large 
quantities  of  fermented  liquors  are  made  in  this  province. 
Che-kiang,  comprising  the  Chusan  Islands,  is  divided  Into 
11  departments.  Chief  cities,  Ilang-chow-foo,  Ning-po,  Shao- 
hing,  ^Ven-chow.  and  Chapoo. 

CHELBOKOUGH,  chSl'biir-rah,  EAST,  a  parish  of  Eng 
land,  CO.  of  Dorset. 

CHELBOROUGH,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 
CHEI/DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
CHELEK.  chiM^k',  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkev,  pashalic 
of  Diarbekir,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Sert.  with  fi-om  400  to  500 
houses  of  Koords  and  Jacobite  Christians,  and  a  strong  rock 
fortress. 

CHEL/FORD.  a  chapelry  of  England,  and  station  on  the 
Manchester  and  Birmingham  Raihv.ty,  1 4  miles  X.E.  of  Crewe. 
CHKLICOOT,  CllELlOOLT  or  CllKl.lCL  i',  cii.  rivkoot/,  a 
town  of  Abyssinia,  kingdom  of  Tigre,  10  miles  E.  of  .\ntalo.  It 
has  one  of  the  most  gaudily  decorated  churches  In  the  country. 
CHELIDOXI.«.    See  Kheudo.via. 
CHELIF.  a  river  of  .Algeria.     See  Shkllifp. 
CHELIGOFF  or  CHELTGOV.    See  Siieukov. 
CHELIXADREH,  a  small  seaport-town  of  .\sia  Minor,  par 
ghalic  of  Itch-Elee,40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Selef keh. 
CHELL.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
CHEI/LASTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  D^'rby. 
CHELLES,  shJll,   (a.nc.  Celll(r,)  a.  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Marne,  near  the  Marne,  10  miles  E.  of  Paris. 
Pop.  in  1852, 1632.    It  had  formeily  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated abbevs  in  France,  founded  bv  the  queen  of  Clovi,s. 
CHEL'LESWORTH.  a  parish  of  End.nnd.  co.  of  Sutfolk. 
ClIEiyLIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  Endaud,  co.  of  Bedford. 
CHEL^LUMBRUM';  a  town  of  British  Indi.-i,  presidency 
of  Madras.  103  miles  S.E.  of  Arcot,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ooleroon  River.     It  has  some  remarkable  pacrodas. 

CHELM,  K^m,  a  town  of  I'oland,  42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lub- 
lin.  Pop.  2900.  It  has  a  fine  convent,  and  a  Greek  semi- 
nary. "The  Poles  were  defeated  here  by  the  RussLins,  June 
4, 1794. 

CHELOIARSH,  a  parish  of  Engljtnd,  co.  of  Salop,  on  the 
Severn.  3i  miles  S.E.  of  Bridgnorth. 

CIIEl/MER,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  rises  near 
Thaxted,  and  flows  S.E.  by  Dunmow  and  Chelmsford,  to 
Maldon,  where  it  joins  the  Blackwatev.  after  a  cour.se  of  30 
miles.  It  is  navigable  for  its  last  10  miles  between  Chelms- 
ford and  Maldon. 
CHELMOX'DISTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
CHELMSFORD,  chjmz'fijrd,  a  m.arket-town  .ind  parish  of 
England,  capital  of  the  county  of  Essex,  on  the  Eastei-n  Union 
Railway,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Chelmer  andCann  Rivers, 
respectively  crossed  here  by  a  beautiful  iron  and  an  elegant 
stone  bridge,  20  miles  E.X.E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1^51,  *r96. 
The  town  is  well  built  and  lightid ;  many  of  its  houses  have 
gardens  extending  to  the  rivers.  Principal  buildings,  the 
Parish  Church,  a  stately  fabric  in  the  decorated  style,  lately 
rebuilt ;  the  Grammar  School,  founded  by  Edward  IV.,  re- 
venue 488?. ;  a  handsome  county-hall,  comprising  the  assize- 
court,  elegant  assembly-rooms  and  corn-exchange,  county 
jail  and  house  of  correction,  theatre,  and  public  conduit. 
The  town  is  the  se.at  of  .assizes  and  local  courts.  It  has  no 
manuf.ictures,  but  its  retail  trade  and  grain  markets  are 
extensive. 

CHELMS^FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex 
CO..  Mass-achusetts.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Merriniac.  on  the 
Middlesex  Canal.  23  miles  X.W.  of  Boston.  Several  railiXKkds 
pass  along  the  border  of  the  township.    Pop.  2291. 

CHELONW,  ke-lo'nd.  a  mountain  on  the  X.  frontier  of 
Greece,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Arta,  the  most  conspicuous  of  those 
encircling  the  Gulf  of  .\rta  on  the  E..  6312  feet  in  elevation, 
and  named  IVom  a  supposed  resemblance  to  a  tortoise. 

CHELSEA,  chM'see,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  forming  a  populous  S.W.  suburb  of  London,  on 
the  X.  bank  of  the  Thames,  here  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge 
communicating  with  Battersi'a,  i\  miles  AV,S.W.  of  .•<t.  Paul's. 
Pop.  in  1851,  56.538.  It  has  many  handsome  thoi-oughfares 
and  terraces,  mingled  with  others  of  a  very  inferior  descrip- 
tion :  among  the  former  are  Sloiine  stret>t.  the  King's  Road, 
and  the  line  of  old  mansions  along  the  river,  ternu-d  Cheyne 
Walk.  Its  principal  edifice  is  the  noble  H  ispital  fir  Superan- 
nuated Soldiers,  founded  in  the  tiijie  of  Charles  II.,  through 
the  influence,  it  is  said,  of  Xell  Gwynne.  and  completed  by 
Sir  Christopher  Wren,  in  the  reign  of  AVilliam  III.,  1692. 
It  is  a  brick  edifice,  with  stone  porticoes,  laid  out  in  three 
quadrangles,  surrounded  by  spacious  ground.s  stretching 
to  the  river.  The  establishment  supports  about  uoU  In-pen- 
sioners,  and  from  70.0<X)  to  SO.O(K)  out-pensioners,  and  its  ex- 
penditures, amounting  to  nearly  1.5lX».00iU.  annually,  Is 
mostly  defrayed  by  a  parliamentary  grant.  Near  it  is  the 
Military  School  founded  by  the  Duke  of  York  in  1801,  and 
in  which  1000  children  of  soldiers  are  maintained  and  edu- 
cated. The  parish  of  St.  Luke  was  dividcl  into  two  parishes 
in  1832.    The  New  Parish  Church  is  a  most  elegant  modern 


CUE 


CHE 


edifioo,  In  the  decorated  Gothic  stj'le;  the  Old  Church,  a 
plain  lirii-k  structure,  with  nionunieuts  to  Sir  Thomas  More 
and  to  fir  Hans  Sloane,  who  was  loi-d  of  the  manor,  and 
founded  the  botanic  garden  of  Chelsea,  belonging  to  the 
Apotliecaries'  Society.  A  recently-formed  normal  school  of 
the  Church  of  England,  extensive  waterworks  for  the  sup- 
ply of  London,  the  Cadojran  Chain  Pier,  and  several  floor- 
cloth factoiii'S,  are  the  other  objects  most  worthy  of  men- 
tion. The  botanical  gardens  of  Chelsea  are  worthy  of  notice; 
those  of  the  Apothecaries'  Company  consist  of  4  acres,  and 
are  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  at  the  E.  end  of 
Chi'yne  Walk  :  the  others,  established  by  Mr.  William  Cur- 
tis, author  of  Flora  Londinensis,  and  the  Botanical  M  tgazine, 
are  near  Sloane-street,  and  consist  of  tiacres.  In  former  times, 
Chelsea  was  a  favorite  place  of  residence  with  many  persons 
of  note,  including  Queen  Elizalieth,  who  hiid  a  palace  here. 

CHELSEA,  a  township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  incorpo- 
rated August  17, 1850. 

CHELSEA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  Co.,  Ver- 
mont, 20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jlontpelier.  It  contains  a  bank, 
and  has  manutactures  of  boots  and  shoes,  sash  and  blinds, 
and  kather.    Pop.  1757. 

CHELSEA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  SnfTolk  co., 
Massiichusetts,  on  the  Eastern  Railroad.  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Boston.  Chelsfa  contains  the  United  States  Marine  Hos- 
pital, a  city  hall,  11  churches,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  a 
library  hall,  and  has  manufactures  of  sewing-machines,  &c. 
It  may  properly  be  regarded  as  a  suburb  of  Boston.  P.  13,395. 

CHIOLSEA,  a  village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York,  80 
miles  E.  of  Dunkirk. 

CHELSEA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washtenaw  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  Central  Kailroad,  60  miles  W.  of  Detroit, 
has  a  railway  station  and  2  stores. 

CHELSEA,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  117  miles 
N.E.  of  Springfield. 

CHELSFIELD,  chMz/feeld,  a  p.^^ish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent. 

CHELSHAM,  chjlz'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CHKLTEN'H.\M,  ch^lt/n.am,  a  parliamentary  torough, 
town,  .fashionable  watering-place,  and  parish  of  England, 
8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gloucester,  on  the  Bristol  and  Bir- 
mingham Railway,  90  miles  W.N.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1851,  35,051.  It  is  situated  on  the  Chelt,  a  small  tributary 
of  the  Severn,  in  a  beautiful  vale,  .sheltered  from  the  X.  and 
E.  by  a  semicircular  sweep  of  the  Cotswoid  and  other  hills; 
lias  a  noble  high  street  Ij  miles  in  length,  numerous  ele- 
gant terraces,  squares,  and  detached  villas,  interspersed 
with  trees  and  gardens.  The  saline  springs,  to  which  it 
owes  its  rapid  incrtNise,  are  frequented  by  a  host  of  fashion- 
able visiters  annually.  The  mineral  ingredients  of  the 
springs  are  chiefly  the  sulphates  of  soda  and  magnesia, 
iodine  and  iron,  held  in  solution  by  carbonic  acid.  The 
elejrant  Montpellier  old  well,  discovered  in  1716,  I'ittville, 
and  other  pump-rooms,  are  surrounded  by  tasteful  grounds 
and  avenues,  attached  to  which  are  baths  of  every  de- 
scription, libraries,  and  saloons.  The  Parish  Church,  an 
ancient  Gothic  structure,  is  surrounded  by  tine  avenues,  and 
here  are  four  or  five  handsome  subordinate  churches,  a  Roman 
Catholic  chapel,  a  synagogue,  a  grammar-school  founded  in 
1574,  and  endowed  with  scholarships  in  Pembroke  College; 
a  well-endowed  charity  school,  female  orphan  asylum, 
founded  by  Queen  Cliarlotte  in  1806;  a  general  hospital  for 
lOO  patients ;  mechanics'  and  literary  iind  philosophical  in- 
stitutions; a  zoological  garden,  theatre,  assembly  and  con- 
cert rocims.  and  market-house.'  Four  weekly  newspapere  are 
published  in  the  town.  The  Reform  .A.ct  made  it  a  borough, 
sending  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CHEL'TKNIIAM,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    I'op.  1981. 

CHliLTENHAM,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York,  38 
miles  X.  E.  from  Toronto.     Pop.  about  225. 

CHELYA,  chtl'vi  a  town  of  Spain.  3S  miles  N.W.  of  Va- 
lencia, on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  4264.  Near  it  are 
fine  remains  of  a  Roman  aqueduct. 

CHELVESTOX,  chM'ves-ton,  or  CHELSTON,  chSls't^n,  a 
parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Northampton. 

CIIEI/VEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CIIEl/WOOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CIIEMILLE.  sheh-meeVA/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Angers.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4722.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  cloths  and  handker- 
chiefs, and  an  active  trade  in  cattle. 

CIIEMILLE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et- 
Loire.  1^  miles  N.  of  Tours. 

CIIHMMIS.     SeeAKiiMYM. 

CHEMNITZ,  Kem'nits,  a  town  of  Siixony,  20  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Zwickau,  capital  of  the  district,  on  the  Chem- 
nitz liiver.an  affluent  of  the  Mulde.  Pop.  45,432.  It  is  the 
princii)al  seat  of  cotton-weaving  in  the  kingdom;  In  the 
town  and  vicinity,  from  15.000  to  20.000  looms  are  employed 
in  the  production  of  stockings,  mitts,  &c..  sent  in  large 
quantities  into  other  parts  of  Germany,  and  some  to  the 
United  States.  Chemnitz  has  also  manufactures  of  linens 
and  machinery,  with  bleaching  and  dyeing  works,  and 
tanneries.    It  was  for  400  years  a  free  imperial  city,  and 


I  still  displays  in  its  buildings,  marks  of  its  antiquitr     !■» 
1  1539,  the  Ketbrmation  was  introduced  here  by  HeJ'rv  the 
j  Devout,  and  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  seveuteenih  cen- 
tury, cotton  weaving  was  established.     In  1739  there  were 
I  upwards  of  2U0O  looms,  which  supplied  all  the  cotton  fabrics 
I  used  at  that  period  in  Germany.     In  1765,  Chemnitz  lie 
I  came  the  centre  of  the  stocking  manutactures  carried  on  iu 
,  the  villages  in  the  neighborhood.     In  1770,  SchlUssei,  of 
Hamburg,  introduced  the  art  of  cloth-printing.     English 
i  quilt-weaving  was  introduced  in  1775.  and  English  hand- 
spinning  machines  in  1790,  and  the  spinning  machines  of 
Arkwright  iu  1799.    A  railway  from  Riesa  to  Zwickau  passe.s 
through  the  town.     Pufl'endorf  was  born  near  Chemnitz  Id 
1631.    Alt  Chem.mtz,  ilt  Kem'nits,  ("  Old  Chemnitz,'';  is  a 
village  immediately  S.    Pop.  860. 

CHEMUNG,  she-mting',  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part 
of  New  York,  bordering  on  Peun.sylvania,  has  an  area  of 
almut  513  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Chemung 
Kiver  and  Cayuta  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  Catharine's 
and  Wynkoops  Creeks,  which  afford  valuable  water-power. 
Seneca  Lake  touches  its  N.  border.  The  surface  is  broken 
and  hilly,  with  some  considerable  elevations.  The  alluvial 
flats  along  the  rivers  are  in  some  parts  very  extensive  and 
rich,  and  on  the  uplands  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The 
Erie  Kailroad  traverses  the  county,  which  is  also  jiartly  in- 
tersected by  the  canal  connecting  Elmira  with  Seneca  Lake, 
and  by  the  Elmira  and  Canandaigua  Kailroad.  Organized 
in  1836,  having  previously  formed  part  of  Tioga  co.,  and 
named  from  the  Chemung  Kiver.  Cai)ital,  Elmira.  Pop. 
26,917. 

CHEMUNG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chemung  Co., 
New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  270  miles 
from  New  York  City.    Pop.  2128. 

CHE.MUNO,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Mc- 
Henry  co.,  Illinois,  on  I'iskiisaw  Creek,  70  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Chicago.  It  is  situated  on  a  fertile  prairie,  and  contains 
several  stores  and  mills.    Pop.  1633. 

CHEMUNG  RIVER  is  formed  in  Steuben  county,  in  the 
S.S.W.  part  of  New  York,  by  the  union  of  the  Tioga  and 
Conhocton  Rivers,  and  flowing  in  an  E.S.E.  direction 
through  Chemung  county,  fiills  into  the  E.  Branch  of  the 
Susquehanna,  in  Pennsylvania. 

CIIENAB.    See  CuE.N.\UB. 

CHENANGO,  she-nang'go,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central 
part  of  New  Y'ork,  has  an  area  of  about  ti24  square  miles.  It 
is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Unadilla  River,  and  is 
drained  by  the  Chenango  River,  and  by  the  E.  Branch  of 
the  Su.squeh.anna,  which  intersect  it,  and  by  Otselic  and 
Geneganset  Rivers  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  turn 
numerous  grist  and  s.aw  mills.  The  surface  is  generally 
elevated  and  sometimes  broken  and  hilly ;  the  soil  is  usually 
good,  and  along  the  streams  of  a  superior  quality.  The 
Chenango  Canal,  connecting  Utica  and  Bingii.aniton,  tra- 
verses this  county.  Organized  in  1798,  having  tieen  formed 
from  portions  of  Herkimer  and  Tioga  counties,  and  named 
from  Chenango  River,  which  flows  through  it.  Capital, 
Norwich.    Pop.  40,934. 

CHENANGO,atownshipof  Broomeco.,  New  York.  P.  1841, 

CHENANGO,  a  small  village  of  Beaver  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

CHENANGO,  a  post-offlce  of  l^awrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CHEN.\NGO  FORKS,  a  po.st-village  of  Broome  co.,  New 
York,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Chenango  with  the  Tiough- 
nioga  River,  and  on  the  Chenango  Can.il.  11  miles  N.E.  of 
liinghamton.  It  contains  a  number  of  stores  and  mills. 
Estimated  population,  from  700  to  800. 

CHENANGO  RIVER  rises  in  Oneida  co..  New  York,  and 
flowing  in  a  S.S.W.  course  through  Madison  and  Chenango 
counties,  falls  into  the  Su.squehanna  River  in  Broome 
county,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  near  the  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania.    Its  whole  length  is  about  90  miles. 

CHE^X  AUiy,  CIIENAB  or  CHIXAB,  chee'naV.  (anc.  AceJ. 
inex.)  the  centriil  river  of  the  Punjab,  between  the  Jhylum 
(anc.  IIydas'pi;i!)  N.W..  and  the  Ravee  (anc.  Hi/druoHfs)  S.E., 
both  of  which  rivers  are  its  affluents.  It  joins  the  Ghara  or 
Sutlej  (anc.  Hi/phfoKis)  near  Ooch.  in  lat.  29°  21'  N..  Ion.  71°  6' 
E.,  after  a  generally  S.W.  course  estimated  at  700  miles,  and  in 
the  latter  part  of  which  it  is  from  j  to  IJ  miles  across,  and 
sometimes  14  feet  in  depth.  The  united  stream  is  then 
called  Punjab,  (five  rivers.)  The  towns,  Taiidee,  Kishta- 
war,  Jhung,  Mooltan.  and  Shixjjuabad.  are  on  it.-;  banks, 
and  it  is  navigable  for  rafts  from  the  'Sutlej  to  Aguur,  a 
village  about  300  miles  from  its  source. 

CIIEXE.  shain.  a  navigable  bayou  of  Louisiana,  on  the 
N.W.  border  of  Terre  Bonne  parish,  is  connected  on  one 
hand  with  Bayou  Black,  and  on  the  other  with  Bayon 
Shaver. 

CHENE,  shain,  or  CIIENE-TIIONEX,  shain-to'nJx',  a 
village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  2  miles  E.  of  Geneva, 
opposite  Chene-les-Rougeries. 

CHEXEE,  shA*n.V,  a  village  of  Belgium.  8  miles  S.W.  of 
Liege,  at  the  confluence  of  tlie  Ourte  and  Vesdre,  which  a 
little  below  forms  a  magnificent  cascade.     Pop.  1925. 

CHENERAILLES,  shA'neh-rjlI'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  10  miles  X.  of  Aubusson.  Pop.  iu  1852, 
1079.    It  was  formerly  fortifie  1. 

427 


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CDIHTXEYS  or  CII  ERNIES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CHEXEV'S  GUOVE,  a  post-office  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois, 
80  miles  N.E.  of  ^^pl•ins:fiel^l. 

ClIEXEYVILLE,  chee'iie-ril.  a  post-Tillage  of  Rapides 
parish.  Louisiana,  atout  2m  miles  \.\V.  of  New  Orleans. 

CIIKXIT,  Le,  leh-shd'nee',  a  province  and  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud.  on  the  Orbe.  at  its  entrance 
Into  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Lake  de  Joux,  19  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Lausanne.     Pop.  2030. 

CilEXO'CEAUX,  shfh-nAs'Vo',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partiueut  ot  liidre-et- Loire,  on  the  Cher,  near  Blere. 

CU KXOOK  (or  CUINOOK.  che-uook')  CITY,  a  post-village, 
of  Wahkiacum  county,  Wiishington  Territory,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Columbia  River,  about  36  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Pacilic 
City. 

CHEXU'BA,  a  post-village  of  Terrell  co^  (Jeorgia,  86 
miles  S.S.W.  of  5Iacon. 

CHEOTIEE',  a  post-office.  Pickens  district,  South  Carolina. 

CHE'0-l'ty,  a  seaport-town  of  China,  province  of  i'okien, 
S.W.  of  Amoy,  and  opposite  the  island  of  Formosa. 

CIIEX-SI,  a  province  of  Chin.H.    See  Shex-see. 

CIIEl'ACIIET,  che-pack'et,  a  post-villjige  in  Gloucester 
township,  Providence  CO.,  Rhode  Island,  ou  the  Chepachet 
River,  about  10  miles  X.W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  4 
cotton  mills,  with  5550  spindles;  144  looms,  employing  120 
hands,  making  22,500  yards  of  cloth  per  week,  working  800 
bales  of  cotton  per  annum,  and  consuming  3000  gallons  of 
oil ;  also  1  bank.  12  stores,  6  shingle  mills.  1  stove  fiictory, 
12  saw  mills,  5  grist  mills.  7  shoe  manufactories.  4  wheel- 
wrights, and  other  est;iblishments  of  minor  importance. 
Large  quantities  of  hoop-poles  are  cut  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
place.  Annual  amount  of  manufactures  and  sales  of  mer- 
chandise, $232,500.    Pop.  about  900. 

CHEPILLO,  ch.Vpeel'yp,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
In  the  bay  and  olf  the  S.  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama; 
lat.  8°  57'  N.,  Ion.  79°  9*  W. 

CIIEPO,  chAVe,  a  river  and  town  of  South  America,  New 
Granada,  department  of  Panam.i,  and  in  the  narrowest 
p;irt  of  the  isthmus.  The  river  enters  the  Pacific  18  miles 
E.  of  Panama;  and  a  little  above,  where  it  is  navigable,  is 
the  small  town,  an  entrepdt  for  traffic  with  the  Mandingo 
Indians. 

CHEPSTOW.  ch?p'sto,  a  market  town,  river  port,  and 
parish  of  Eniland,  co.  of  Monmouth,  on  the  Wye,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Severn,  14^  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newport. 
Pop.  in  1851,  43-32.  The  town  is  neatly  built  on  a  slope  be- 
tween bold  clifts,  with,  a  handsome  iron  bridge  over  the 
Wye.  It  has  a  churcli,  formerly  a  Benedictine  convent, 
founded  in  the  reij^n  of  King  Stephen,  and  containing  some 
rich  specimens  of  ancient  architecture :  two  ancient  and  well- 
endowed  hospitals  for  the  poor,  a  union  worK-house,  a  small 
theatre,  and  on  a  cliff  overhanging  the  river,  the  picturesque 
remains  of  a  magnificent  castle,  founded  soon  after  the  con- 
quest. The  Duke  of  Beaufort  is  lord  of  the  manor.  There 
are  no  manufactures,  but  ship-building  is  extensively  car- 
ried on ;  and  Chepstow  imports  Portuguese  wines,  and  Bal- 
tic and  other  goods,  for  the  consumption  of  a  large  inland 
district,  and  exports  corn,  cider,  bark,  iron,  cail,  and  mill- 
stones. The  tide  is  said  to  rise  higher  here  than  in  any 
other  known  part  of  the  world,  sometimes  reaching  50,  and 
even  70  faet,  and  flows  with  great  rapidity;  hence  very 
large  vessels  can  come  up  to  the  town.  Registered  ship- 
ping, aliout  2iO0  tons.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  beautiful 
ruins  of  Tintern  Abljey. 

CIIE'QUEST.  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  75  miles  S.W. 
by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

CHER,  shaiR,  a  river  of  Central  France,  rises  in  the  de- 
partment of  Creuse,  flows  semicircularly  E.,  N.,  and  W., 
through  the  departments  of  Allier,  Cher.  Loir-et-Cher.  and 
Indre-et^Loire,  and  joins  the  Loire  immediately  S.W.  of 
Tours,  after  a  course  of  about  220  miles,  for  the  Last  47 
of  which  it  is  navigable.  The  principal  affluents  are  the 
Tardes.  Arnon.  Evre,  and  Saudre.  The  towns  of  Mont- 
lujon.  St.  Amand,  Vierzon,  Selles,  St.  Aignan.  and  Blere. are 
on  its  banks.  The  Canal  du  Berri  runs  parallel  to  it  in  the 
upper  part. 

■  CIIEIl,  a  central  department  of  France,  situated  between 
the  departments  of  Allier,  Xi^vre,  Loiret,  Loir-et-Cher,  and 
Indre,  and  between  lat.  4(P  25'  and  47°  39'  N.  and  Ion.  1° 
55'  and  3°  10'  E.  Area,  2747  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861, 
823,393.  The  climate  is  temperate.  The  surface  is  mostly 
level,  and  generally  wooded.  The  principjil  rivers  are  the 
Cher  and  Loire,  along  both  of  which  is  much  fertile  land. 
More  corn  and  wine  are  produced  than  required  f:>r  home 
consumption ;  sbetip  are  numerous,  and  trade  is  mostly  in 
rural  pi-oduce.  Mines  of  iron  and  coal  are  wrought.  The 
chief  manufactures  are  woollen  goods.  Capital  Bourge.s. 
Oher  is  sulidivided  into  3  arrondissements,  Bourges,  St. 
Amand.  and  Sancerro. 

CIIKIIASCO.  k.'4-ris'ko.  a  town  of  the  Sardini.an  States,  in 
Piedmont,  on  the  Tanaro.  near  the  influx  of  the  Stura.  32 
miles  S.^!.E.  of  Turin.  Pop.  8S93.  Its  exa<-t  quadrangular 
form  indicates  that  it  occupies  the  site  of  a  Homan  town;  it 
l»  enclosed  with  walls,  and  at  the  end  of  each  princip.il 
Street  is  a  fine  modern  arch ;  it&  citadel  and  other  fortifica- 
4ii& 


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tlons  were  dismantled  after  it  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
■1796.  It  is  supplied  with  water  by  a  canal,  whiih  alw  turns 
several  silk  mills.    The  trade  is  mostlv  in  wine  and  sUk. 

C1IEK.\TTE.  shi'rdtf ,  a  vill.age  of  Belgiui»>  8  miles  N.E.  of 
Liege.     Pop.  22S2. 

ClIERAW'.  a  post-village  of  Chesterfield  district,  South 
Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Great  Pedee  iiiver,  at  the 
head  of  steam  navigation.  93  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columbia.  It 
has  a  plank-road  le;iding  to  Wadesborough,  Xorth  Carolina, 
and  is  a  place  of  some  importance  as  a  depot  f,ir  cotton. 
Cheraw  contains  1  bank,  several  churches  and  academies. 
Pop.  estimated  at  900. 

CHERBOURG.  sheR'bJirg,  (Fr.  pron.  shaiR^booR/;  L.  Oiro- 
hw'ffits;  anc  Orriallumf)  a  fortified  seaport  town  and  im- 
portint  naval  station  of  France,  department  of  Manche.  on 
the  English  Channel,  at  the  N.endof  the  i)eninsula  uf  Coten- 
tin.  and  nearlv  opposite  the  W.  extremitv  of  the  I.«le  of  Wight 
16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cape  la  Hague.  Lat.  of  Fort  Kov:)l.'^4fl° 
40'3"N.,  lon.l°35'W.  Pop.  in  1852,  28.012.  Its  climate  is 
remarkably  mild.  The  houses  are  of  stone,  and  slated;  the 
principal  buildings  are  the  military  "and  naval  arsenals  and 
hospitals,  a  curious  church,  the  town-hall,  theatre,  and  bar- 
racks. The  commercial  and  naval  ports  are  quite  distinct 
from  each  other.  The  commerci.al  ports  consist  of  a  harbor 
and  a  basin,  1338  feet  long  and  416  feet  wide.  The  basin 
communicates  with  the  harbor  with  dock-gates,  which  pre- 
vent the  reflux  of  the  water.  The  ch.annel  from  the  harbor 
to  the  sea  is  1908  feet  long  and  104  feet  wide,  lined  by  a  gra- 
nite quay  with  parapets.  In  this  channel  there  is  always 
19^  feet  of  water.  The  port  for  ships  of  war  (Grand  Port) 
occupies  a  triangular  space  of  ground,  one  side  resting  on 
the  sea,  and  is  surrounded  by  f  irtifications.  The  B»t  Mili- 
taire  and  Arsenal  de  la  Marine,  planned  but  only  partly  be- 
gun by  Louis  XVI.,  have  been  more  than  40  years  in  pi-o- 
gress;  and  the  new  works,  commenced  in  1831,  will  take 
many  years  to  complete.  These  consist  of  a  port  9S4  feet 
long  and  754  feet  wide,  capable  of  containing  15  sail  of  the 
line,  and  accessible  at  all  times  of  tide  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  class;  a  floating  basin,  closed  by  lock-gates;  and  a 
third  basin,  begun  in  June,  1836,  and  now  in  progress. 
These  basins  h.ave  been  excavated  from  the  solid  slate  rock, 
which  forms  the  foundation  of  the  entire  yard,  the  two  for- 
mer to  the  depth  of  56  feet.  There  are  4  slips  for  vessels  of 
^he  largest  dimensions,  the  roofs  of  which,  85  feet  high,  rest 
on  arches,  supported  by  piers  of  granite  and  slate.  Adjoin- 
ing these  slips  is  a  dry-dock,  and  beyond  are  the  smithy 
and  workshops,  with  machinery  for  pLining.  turning,  scoop- 
ing, and  cutting  rods,  beams,  screws,  Ac.  of  iron.  The  tim- 
ber shed  is  958  feet  long,  supported  on  1.30  stone  pillars.  A 
portion  of  the  dock-yard,  called  Chantereyne.  has  sheds  for 
for  building  frigates,  and  a  rope-walk  546  yards  long. 

The  great  work,  however,  for  which  Cherlxiurg  is  cele- 
brated, is  the  digiif,  or  breakwater,  stretching  across  thi» 
roadstead,  which,  though  protected  on  three  sides  by  the 
land,  was  open  to  the  heavy  seas  from  the  N.  To  .secure  a 
safe  and  strong  harbor  opposite  Portsmouth  has  long  been 
a  fiivorite  object  of  the  French,  and  no  expense  has  l>een 
spared  to  accomplish  that  object.  The  digue  was  com- 
menced under  Louis  XVI.,  and  has  been  continued  ever 
since,  with  occasional  intt>rruption.  It  is  2J  miles  from  the 
harbor,  in  water  varjing  from  42  to  62  feet  deep.  Its  pro- 
portiofis  are — length,  4120  yards ;  breadth  at  base,  262  feet; 
at  top.  102  feet.  The  foundation  was  laid  by  sinking  large 
caissons  of  timbers,  loaded  with  stones;  but  this  plan  did 
not  succeed,  and  .another  scheme  was  resorted  to,  of  forming 
a  bank  of  small  stones  and  covering  them  with  solid  blocks. 
This  w.as  continued  to  the  time  of  Napoleon,  who  directed 
the  formation  of  a  fort  on  the  centre  of  the  digue.  A  mole 
was  constructed,  and  a  battery  raised  on  it.  mounting  20 
guns.  In  ISOS.  a  tremendous  storm  swept  away  all  the 
buildings,  and  drowned  194  men.  A  survey,  made  in  1S28, 
showed  th;it  the  foundations  have  shifted,  in  the  course  of 
40  years,  to  a  considerable  distance  from  the  position  in 
which  they  had  been  first  placed.  The  ivas.«age  or  entrance, 
E.  of  the  digue,  is  3280  feet  wide,  and  that  to  the  W.  '.tS73 
feet.  A  fort  and  light-house  occupy  the  centre  of  the  digue, 
and  there  are  also  light-houses  at  each  entrance  to  the  road- 
ste.ad.  and  one  at  the  entrance  to  the  commercial  port. 
The  defences  consist  of  the  batteries  of  Fort  Koyal,  of  100 
guns,  on  the  Isle  of  Pelee.  and  Fort  du  llomeh  on  the  W., 
with  various  other  works,  which  render  Cherbourg,  if  not 
impregnable  from  the  St>a.  at  least  very  difficult  of  attaclo 
On  the  land  side,  it  has  hitherto  been  almost  open,  but  the 
fortifications  recently  constructed  are  intended  to  lender  it 
more  secure. 

Cherbourg  is  the  seat  of  a  tribun.al  of  first  resort,  a  mari- 
time tribunal,  and  prefecture.  It  has  a  school  of  navigar 
tion.  royiU  academical  society,  communal  college,  public 
library,  and  marine  library,  theatre,  museum,  and  cabinet 
of  natural  hi.story.  Its  princi|Kil  industry  is  centred  in  the 
works  of  the  dock-yard,  the  commercial  trade  and  manuCio 
tures  being  comparatively  insi^rnificant.  There  are.  how- 
ever, chemical  works,  sugtir  and  siilt  refineries,  dye-works, 
tanneries,  and  stocking  manufactories.  A  lace  manufao 
tory,  conducted  by  four  nuns,  employs  360  females,  the 


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younger  of  whom  are  also  educated.  Largo  quantities  of 
ejrgs  are  shipped  far  England,  and  mulos  and  salt  provisions 
for  the  VTust  Indies. 

Cherbourg  occupies  the  site  of  a  Roman  station,  and  Aig- 
rold,  Kiiii;  of  Denmark,  resided  in  it  about  A.  D.  Oio.  Wil- 
liam the  CoiKjueror  founded  an  hospital  in  it,  and  built  the 
Castle  Church.  The  Oistle,  in  which  Henry  II.  frejuently 
resided,  was  one  of  the  strongholds  of  Xorniandy,  and 
escaped  the  fate  of  the  town,  which,  about  12Jd,  was  pil- 
laged by  an  English  fleet  from  Yarmouth:  but  it  afterwards 
sustained  three  memorable  sieges — in  1378,  1418,  and  1450. 
In  1748.  the  town  was  talien  by  the  English  without  opposi- 
tion, notwithstanding  the  garrison  was  large.  They  kept 
possession  of  it  eight  days,  destroyed  the  fortifications,  car- 
ried off  the  artillery  and  the  bells,  and  only  retired  after 
having  exacted  a  heavy  ransom  from  the  inhabitants. 

Cherbourg  was  the  last  place  in  Normandy  resigned  by 
the  Knglish.  Charles  X.  embarked  here  with  his  family,  on 
quitting  France,  August  16,  1830.  The  first  French  trans- 
atlantic steamer  arrived  at  New  York  from  Cherbourg,  Sth 
Julv.  1847. 

ClIEK'BURY,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Macon  and  Western  Railroad,  4  miles  S.  of  Atlanta. 

CIIEIICIIELL  or  SIIEKSIIELL,  shir'sh^l',  (anc.  Ccesarea,) 
a  seaport  town  of  Xortheru  Africa,  in  .\lgeria.  province,  and 
65  miles  W.S.W.  of -Ugiers.  I'up.  1091,  of  whom  671  are  Eu- 
ropeans. The  walls  of  the  ancient  city,  with  remains  of  an 
amphitheatre  and  other  buildings,  are  still  traceable.  The 
port  is  shallow,  and  e.\posed  to  north  winds,  though  pro- 
tected bv  a  rocky  island. 

CHE!lEl>OVETZ  or  TCIIEREPOVETZ,  chJr-e-po-vMs',  a 
town  of  European  Rus.sia, government,  and  250  miles  E.N'.E. 
of  Novgorod,  on  the  Sheksna.     Pop.  1000. 

ClIER'lIILL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  2J  miles 
R.  of  Calne.  Near  the  village  is  a  chalk  hill,  the  highest 
ground  between  London  and  Bath;  on  the  suuunit  is  a 
Danish  camp,  and  in  the  turf  is  cut  the  colossal  figure  of  a 
horse,  visible  25  miles  distant. 

CIIEIUIJON  or  SUERIBON,  sh5r'e-bon\  a  seaport  town  of 
Java,  on  its  N.  coast,  125  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ikitavia.  Top. 
11,000.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Dutch  governor,  and  has  a 
fort,  and  a  church  founded  in  1841.  with  a  considerable  trade 
in  coffee,  indigo,  teak-wood,  &c  Pop.  of  residency,  in  1845, 
550.000. 

CilEIUKOA%  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tciierikov. 

CII!'.i;'I.\(JTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

C 1 1 1 ;  K I N  o,  ch.i-ree'no.  a  post-oflice,  N acogdoches  CO.,  Texas. 

ClIEK'ITOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CUEKITON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

CIIEIUTON.  a  parish  of  England,'  co.  of  Hants,  3  miles  S. 
of  New  Alrt'slbrd.  A  leaden  box,  containing  upwards  of 
7000  coins  of  William  the  Conqueror  and  William  Rufus, 
was  found  at  Beaworth,  in  this  parish,  in  1833. 

CIIER'ITON  BISHOP'S,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Devon. 

CHERaXON  FITZPAINE',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

CHERITON.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

CILERNAYA.     See  TniKRNAYA. 

CHEROKEE,  cherVkee',  a  county  forming  the  W.  extre- 
mity of  North  Carolina,  bordering  on  Tennessee  and  Geor- 
gia, has  an  area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Iliawassee  and  Valley  Rivers.  The  Unaka  or  Smoky 
Mountain  extends  along  the  N.W.,  and  the  Blue  Ridge  near 
the  S.E.  border.  The  soil  in  the  vicinity  of  the  streams  is 
fertile.  Formed  in  1839.  and  named  from  the  tribe  of  In- 
dians who  once  possessed  the  soil.  Capital,  Murphy.  Pop. 
yi66;  of  wlioiu  S&47  were  free,  and  519  slaves. 

CHEROKEE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Georgia,  con- 
tains about  •'iOO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Etowah 
River,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  parts,  and  also  drained 
by  Little  River,  and  Shoal,  Alaculsa,  and  Long  Swamp 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  finely  diversified ;  the  southern  part 
is  undulating,  and  thef  northern  very  hilly.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  soil  is  fertile.  Valuable  quarries  of  statuary  mar- 
ble have  been  opened  in  the  N.E.  part.  The  county  eon- 
tains  several  gold-mines,  which  are  said  to  be  pi-ofitable; 
iron,  copper,  and  titanium  are  also  found.  The  Etowah 
River  furnishes  extensive  water-power,  and  is  navigable  for 
small  steamboats.  Capital,  Canton.  Pop.  11,291 ;  of  whom 
10,092  were  free,  and  1199  slaves. 

CHEROKEE,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Alabama,  bor- 
dering on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  710  square  miles.  •  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Coosa  River,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal 
p,<-irts,  and  also  watered  by  the  Chattooga  River,  an  affluent 
of  the  former.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  mountain  ridges, 
and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  oak,  and  other  timber. 
The  soil  "is  sandy  and  fertile,  especially  along  Coosa  River. 
The  route  of  the  railroad  lately  commenced  from  the  Ala- 
bama River  to  the  Tennessee,  passes  through  ttie  W.  part 
of  the  county.  Organized  about  the  year  1837.  Capitjil, 
Centre.  Pop.  18,360;  of  whom  15,358  were  free,  and  3002 
Bliives. 

CHEROKEE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  1215  square  miles.  The  Neches  River  forms  its 
bf  uudary  on  the  W.,  and  the  Angelina  River  on  the  E.  The 


surface  consists  partly  of  prairies,  and  partly  of  timberevi 
land;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Capital, R»isk.  Pop. 
12,098 ;  of  whom  8S52  were  free,  and  3246  slaves. 

CHEROKEE,  a  new  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  625  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Little  Sioux  River,  and  also  drained  by  two  .small  affluents 
of  that  stream,  and  by  a  tributary  of  Floyd's  River,  which 
itself  flows  into  the  Mis.souri.  This  county  is  not  included 
in  the  census  of  1850.    Pop.  in  1860,  58. 

CHEROKEE,  a  village  of  Ixjgan  co.,  Ohio,  2  or  3  miles  W 
of  the  M.ad  River  and  liike  Erie  Railroad. 

CHEROKEE  CORNER,  a  village  of  Oglethorpe  co.,  Gea 
gia,  2  miles  W.  of  the  Georgia  Railroad. 

CHEROKEE  HEIGHTS,  a  post-offlce  of  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CHEICOKEE'  IN'DIANS,  a  noble  and  once  powerful  tribe, 
who  formerly  possessed  the  southern  portion  of  tlie  Appa- 
lachian Mountains,  and  a  large  tract  yf  <;ountry  on  both 
sides  of  this  range.  In  1809,  their  numl>er  amounted  to 
12,359;  but  it  had  since  considerably  diminished,  when  at 
length,  in  1838,  all  the  Cherokees  who  were  in  Gwji-gia,  con- 
stituting a  large  majority  of  those  belonging  to  the  tribe, 
were  removed  to  the  W.  of  the  Mississippi  by  order  of  the 
United  States  government.  The  Cherokees  have  been  con- 
sidered tile  most  civilized  of  all  the  American  Indians.  They 
have  a  written  language:  the  alphabet,  which  wr.s  invented 
by  a  native  Cherokee,  consists  of  85  characters.  Previous  to 
their  exp^|sion  from  Georgia,  some  of  them  are  said  to  have 
become  excellent  and  thriving  farmers,  so  as  to  bear  an  ad- 
vantageous comparison  with  tlie  most  skilful  and  industri- 
ous of  this  class  in  the  South-western  States. 

CHEROKEE  IRON-WORKS,  a  post-village  of  York  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  104  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

CHERONEA.     See  Cujironea. 

CHEIt'ltAPlXINJEE',  a  British  station  and  village  of  Far- 
ther India,  in  the  Cossyah  Hills,  135  miles  N.E.  of  Dacca, 
from  4200  to  4500  feet  above  the  sea,  a  good  deal  resorted  t-^ 
by  invalids  from  Calcutta,  whence  it  is  reached  by  dawk  in 
5  or  6  davs. 

CHElt^RIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

CHER'RY.  a  village  and  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  about  40  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg.    Poj).  907. 

CIIERKY,  a  townshipof  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1743. 

CHERRY  CREEK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chau- 
tauqua CO.,  New  York,  20  miles  E.  of  Maysville.  Pop.  of  tht- 
township,  1359. 

CHERRY  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

CIIER'RYFIELD,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine, 
120  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  175.J. 

CIIERRYFIELD,  u  post-offlce  of  Henderson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CHERRY  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  CO.. Tcnnes,see. 

CHERRY  FLATS,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 110  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

CHERRY  GROVE,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 10  miles  S.  of  Warren.    Pop.  68. 

CIlERltY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Saline  co..  Arkansas. 

CllERI'.Y  GROVE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  CaiTolI 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  25  miles  E.  by  X.  from  Savannah.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  10.i7. 

CHERRY  GROVE,  apost-offlce  of  Schuyler  co.,  Missouri 

CHERRY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CHERRY  HILL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cecil  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  a  small  stream.  60  miles  X.E.  of  Annaptilis.  In  the 
vicinity  are  numerous  paper  and  grist  mills,  a  rolling  mill, 
and  several  cotton  factories. 

CHERRY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Brooke  co.,  Virginia. 

CHERRY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Chickasaw  co.,  JlissLs- 
sippi. 

CHERRY  IITLL,  avillage  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  36  miles 
N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

CHERRY-HIN'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

CHERRY  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Florida. 

CHERRY  RIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Wayne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 3  or  4  miles  S.  of  Honesd;ile.     Pop.  1091. 

CHERRY  RIDGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Union  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

CHERRY  STONE,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of 
Northampton  co.,  A'irginia.  Enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage 
in  1854, 1173. 

CHERRY  TREE,  a  post-township  of  Venango  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Franklin.     Pop.  1227. 

CHERRY  VALLEY,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Otsego 
CO.,  New  York,  about  55  miles  W.  of  Albany,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  turnpike.  It  contains  several  churches,  a 
newsp.aper  office,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  about  200  dwell- 
ings.    Pop.  of  township,  2552. 

CHERRY  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO., 
Pennsylvania.  95  miles  F^N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

CHERRY  VALLEY,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennes- 
see, on  a  turnpike  leading  from  Nashville,  41  miles  E.  ol  that 
city. 

429 


CUE 

CHKRRY  VALLEY,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  central 
part  of  Ashtabula  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  760. 

CriKlUtY  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  CO.,  lUi- 
n'>is.  on  the  Kishwaukee  Kiver,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Ga- 
lena Itailroad,  about  200  miles  \.  by  E.  of  Springfield.  It 
eontsin^^  a  flour  mill. 

CHERRY  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

CIIKRRY  VALLEY,  a  .^mall  post-village  of  Canada  VTe.st. 
CO.  of  Prince  Edward,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Pioton.   Pop.  about  100. 

CHEK'KYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  CO.,  Xew 
Jersey.  40  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Trenton. 

CIIERKYVILLE.  a"  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylv.Tnia.  alx)Ut  20  miles  W.  of  Easton. 

CIIKKRYVILLE.  a  village  of  Sullivan  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
119  miles  N.N-.E.  of  Hariisburg.  has  about  100  inhabitants. 

CHERRYVILLE,  a  village  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Forked  Deer  Rirer.  175  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

CH  KKR  Y  Wi>3D,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 

CII ERSO.  kJlrfso,  (anc.  Crejilm.)  an  island  of  Illyria.  govern- 
ment of  Triest,  in  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero.  Adriatic,  12  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Fiume.  Area,  105  square  miles.  Pop.  14.000. 
The  surface  is  generally  stony  and  rugged :  the  inhabitants 
are  in  a  great  measure  employed  in  fishing  and  building 
vessels.  Cherso.  the  ciipital,  on  its  W.  coast,  has  a  cathe- 
dral, and  .3470  inhabitants.  The  other  towns  are  Osero, 
Lossini-Grande,  and  Lossiui-Piccolo. 

CHER30N,  a  government  and  town  of  Russia.  See 
Kher.sox. 

CHERSOJSTESUS,  ker-so-nee's&g,  (Gr.  Xtpaovrttrm,  a 
'continent  island,"  i.e.  an  island*  joined  to  a  continent,  a 
Iteninsula.)  the  ancient  name  of  several  peninsulas  of  Europe 
»nd  .4sia,  as  Chersnni'jsus  Aurea,  (M.ilacca,)  Cliersfmesiis  dm- 
Irica,  (JuTLAXD.)  Cherwnesus  Thracia,  (G.ujjpoli,)  and 
Clwrmnesus  Taurica.  (Crimea.) 

CHERT,  chaiRt,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  33  miles  N. 
of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  1718. 

CHBUTA.  ch^R'ti.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  8  miles 
from  Tortosa.  in  a  plain.  It  w.is  a  celebrated  and  important 
place  in  the  time  of  the  Romans.    Pop.  2433. 

CIIERTSEY.  chJs'sy,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Surrey,  on  the  Thames,  here  crossed  by  a  line 
eeven-arched  bridge.  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1851,  6025.  The  town,  neatly  built  of  brick,  has  a  hand- 
some church,  some  vestiges  of  a  famous  abliey,  founded  a.  d. 
666.  and  in  which  Henry  VI.  was  buried:  an  endowed  cha- 
rity school,  educating  "from  300  to  400  children.  Julius 
Cfesar  is  supposed  by  some  to  have  crossed  the  Thames  at 
this  place  to  attack  the  Britons.  The  Saxon  kings  had  a 
palace  here.  The  poet  Cowley  died  in  the  town,  where  his 
study  is  still  preserved.  In  the  vicinity,  now  noted  for  its 
market-gardens,  are  many  handsome  seats,  including  St. 
Ann's  Hill,  formerly  the  residence  of  Charles  James  Fox. 

CHESWXING'.  a  post-oflive  of  Saginaw  co..  Michigan. 

CHES'APF,A  ivE,  (B  VT.)  the  largest  bay  in  the  United  States, 
enters  Virginia  between  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry,  about 
lat.  37"  N.,  Ion.  76°  W.,  and  extends  into  Marvland  as  far 
as  39°  36'  .\.  lat..  76°  3'  W.  Ion.  The  length,  fiillowing  the 
curve,  is  about  200  miles :  the  breadth  varies  from  4  to  40 
miles.  The  distance  from  Cape  Charles  to  Cape  Henry  is 
about  12  miles.  Prob.ably  no  other  bay  on  the  globe  is 
marked  with  so  many  arms  or  estuaries  .as  the  Chesapeake. 
These  are  of  various  dimen.sions,  and  of  the  most  fantastic 
forms.  While  many  of  them  serve  as  outlets  or  reservoirs 
to  the  waters  Of  the  different  rivers  of  Maryland  and  Air- 
ginia.  others  are  scarcely  fed  by  any  permanent  stream,  l)e- 
ing  nothing  more  than  mere  arms  or  projections  from  the 
se-a.  'The  depth  of  the  Chesapeake  is  sufficient  for  the  largest 
ships  to  ascend  the  main  bay  nearly  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Susquehanna.  South-west  of  Cape  Henry,  the  rivers,  har- 
bors, and  sounds  are  shallow;  but  with  the  Chesapeake 
commence  deep  bays,  which  continue  at  no  great  distance 
from  each  other  to  "the  N.E.  extremitv  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
Of  the  United  States.  The  region  drained  by  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  and  the  rivers  flowing  into  it,  embraces  an  area 
of  about  70.000  square  miles. 

CHESAPEAKE,  or  CHESAPEAKE  CITY,  a  post-village 
of  Cecil  CO..  Maryland,  at  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal,  near  the  entrance  of  Elk  River  Into 
the  Chesapeake  Bay,  84  miles  X.E.  of  .\nnapolis. 

CHKS.\PE.VKE.  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Missouri, 
145  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

CIIKS/KLBORNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CHESII'AM.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Buck.s.  12  miles  W.X.W.  of  the  Watford  station  of  the  Lon- 
don and  Blrmingh.am  Railway,  and  29  miles  W.X.W.  of  Lon- 
don. Pop.  in  IS.'il,  6098.  It  has  manufactures  of  straw- 
plait,  shoes,  wooden  turned  wares,  &c.,  and  paper  mills. 

CHESH'AM-BOIS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CHESU'ER'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

CHESHIRE,  a  county  of  England.    See  Chestee 


•  In  Arabic,  the  same  word  ^Jaetr)  is  used  for  a  "  peninsula" 
and  an  "  island." 
430 


CHE 

CHESHIRE,  ch?sh1r,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extre- 
mity of  New  Hampshire,  has  an  area  of  about  7.70  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  AVindham  eountv.  A"er- 
mont,  the  Connecticut  flowing  w'holly  within  its  border, 
and  is  drained  by  the  .\shuelot  and  its  numerous  tributa- 
ries, and  by  the  head  branches  of  Coutoocook,  and  some 
smaller  stre.ams.  It  cont.ains  a  number  of  lakes  and  ponds. 
Bellows  Falls,  on  the  Connecticut,  in  the  N.AV.  p;irt.  is  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  cataracts  in  the  state.  The  surface 
is  generally  uneven,  with  a  few  mountains,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  Grand  Monadnock  and  A.^huelot 
Mountains.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  especially  along 
the  stream.?.  The  Connecticut  River,  navigable  for  Ijoats, 
and  the  railroad  connecting  AVorcester,  Massachusetts,  and 
Montpelier,  A'ermont.  intersect  this  county,  and  part  of  the 
railro.ad  connecting  Hartford.  Connecticut." and  Keene.  is  in- 
cluded within  its  limits.  Organized  in  1771.  Capital.  Keene. 
Pop.  27,434. 

CHESHIRE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Pittsburg  and  North  Adams  Railroad, 
about  120  miles  AV  by  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1533. 

CHESHIRE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  Haven 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven  iind  Northampton  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  N.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  a  flourishing 
academy.    Pop.  2407. 

CHESHIKE,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co.,  New  York,  about 
200  miles  \\\  of  Albany. 

CHESHIHE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Gallia  co., 
Ohio,  near  the  Ohio  River,  about  12  miles  above  Gallipolia. 
Pop.  of  the  township  1715. 

CHESHTREA'ILLE.  a  post-office  of  Chenango  Co..  New  York. 

CHES'HUNT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts,  with  a 
station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  14  miI5s  N.  of  Lon- 
don. Lady  Huntingdon's  College,  for  the  education  of  theo- 
logical students  of  all  sects,  removed  hither  from  South 
AA'ales.  has  a  revenue  of  upwards  of  1200?.  per  annum.  Here 
are  some  remains  of  a  nunnery,  and  an  elegant  stone  cross, 
recently  restored.  The  ilanor-house  was  a  residence  of  Car- 
dinal AVolsey :  and  Theobalds,  the  favorite  seat  of  James  I., 
is  in  this  parish.  Near  the  church  is  the  house  in  which 
Richard  Cromwell,  son  of  the  Protector,  died  in  1712.  aged 
80  years. 

CHES'IL  BANK,  a  sand  and  gravel  shoal  in  the  English 
Channel,  which  connects  the  island  of  Portland  with  the 
mainland,  stretching  from  Ahbotsbury.  Dorsetshire,  soutn- 
eastward  for  9  miles,  by  half  a  mile  in  breadth. 

CHES/LIN-HAY,  a  township  of  Endand,  co.  of  Stafford. 

CHESNUT  HILL.    See  Chest.vut  Hill. 

CHES'SINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrev. 

CHESS  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Cambria  co.,  Pe"nnsyl- 
vania. 

CHESSY.  shJs^see'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  RhOno, 
9  miles  S.S.AV.  of  A'illefranche.  on  the  Azerque.  Pop.  762 
Its  rich  copper-mines,  which  have  been  worked  since  th# 
time  of  the  Romans,  are  now  abandoned. 

CHEST,  a  post-township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
21  miles  S.AV.  of  Clearfield,  is  drained  by  Chest'  Creek. 
Pop.  742. 

CHEST .\ 'TEE.  a  small  river  of  Georgia,  rises  in  Lumpkin 
CO.,  and  flows  southward  to  the  Chattahoochee,  a  few  miles 
AV.  of  Gainesville.     It  furnishes  e.xtensive  water-power. 
'  CHEST  CREEK,  of  i'ennsylvania.  enters  the  AVest  Branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  in  Clearfield  county. 

CHESTE.  cht-s'tA,  a  town  of  Spain.  14  miles  AV.  of  A'alen- 
cia.  Pop.  3742.  It  has  manufactures  of  AvooUen  goods,  and 
trade  in  wine  and  fruits. 

CHES'TER.  or  CHESHIRE,  a  maritime  county  of  Eng^ 
land,  having  N.  the  Irish  Sea  and  the  estuary  of  the  Mer- 
sey, .and  on  other  sides  the  counties  of  Lancaster,  Y'ork, 
Derby.  St.afford,  Salop,  Flint,  AVest  Flint,  Denbigh,  and  the 
estuary  of  the  Dee.  Area,  673.2S0  acres,  of  which  upwards 
of  620,000  acres  are  estimated  to  bp  under  culture.  Pop. 
455,725.  The  surface,  except  on  its  extreme  E,  and  AV.  bor- 
ders, is  remarkably  level,  well  wooded,  and  studded  with 
sm.all  lakes  or  meres.  The  priiicipal  rivers  are  the  Dee.  Mer- 
sey, and  AVeever.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  clayey  or  s;indy  loam; 
the  climate  moist.  This  is  one  of  the  principal  dairy  and 
grazing  districts  in  England.  Near  Nantwich  are  apparently 
inexhaustible  mines  of  rock  salt  and  sjiline  .springs:  other 
chief  mineral  products  are  coal,  copper,  and  lead.  The 
Grank  Trunk  and  Bridgewater  Canals,  and  the  Londcm  and 
North-western.  Manchester  and  Birmingham.  theCre\ye  and 
Chester,  and  Holyhead  Railways  traverse  the  county.  Be- 
sides the  capital  city,  Chest*^,  the  principal  towns  are 
Macclesfield.  Stockport.  Congleton.  and  Knutsford.  Its  N, 
and  S.  divisions  each  .send  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  Oirimvii  occupied  this  part  of  the  cjuntry  at 
the  Roman  invasion.  It  was  held  by  the  .\ngli>SaTon» 
from  828  till  taken  possession  of  bj-  AVilliam  the  Conqueror, 
who  formed  it  into  a  county-palatine.  It  was  governed 
almost  independent  of  the  Flnglish  crown  till  the  reign  of 
Henry  AIIl.,  but  remained  a  county- pjilatine  until  an  act 
of  George  lA'.  abolished  its  independent  courts. 

CHESTER,  (anc.De'fO  or  Dc'ra  Ccist-'^a,)  an  episcopal  city, 
county  of  the  same  name,  parliamentti  y  and  monidpnl  bo- 


CHE 

rough,  and  river  port  of  Englani,  capital  of  the  county,  on 
the  Dee.  hern  crjssed  by  2  brid^-es,  and  on  the  Crewe  and 
Birkenhead  Itaihvay.  16  miles  .S.S.K.  of  Liverpool,  21  miles 
N.W.  of  Crewe,  .tnd  166  miles  X.\T.  of  London.  It  stands 
on  a  rocky  elevation,  in  (treat  part  enclosed  by  ancient 
and  massivfi  walls,  which  form  an  oblong  quadrangle,  sur- 
rounded by  a  public  walk  2  miles  in  length.  Its  tho- 
roughfares, preserving  their  ancient  Roman  direction,  cross 
each  other  at  riirht  angles ;  and  the  four  principal,  which 
diverge  to  the  cardinal  points,  have  their  carriage-ways  far 
below  the  adjacent  houses,  and  are  bordered  with  shops, 
over  which  are  piazzas  or  "  rows"  for  fixjt-passengers.  The 
principal  edifices  are  the  Castle,  comprising  barracks  and 
armory  with  nearly  30.00U  stand  of  arms,  the  City  Jail, 
churches,  palatinate  offices.  City  Hall,  linen,  union,  and  com- 
merce halls.  Exchange.County  Intirmary.and  County  Lunatic 
Asylum.  The  Cathedral  is  an  irregular  massive  structure, 
with  a  tower  127  feet  in  height ;  it  has  many  tine  monumen  ts, 
with  a  handsome  chapter-house,  and  adjacent  to  it  are  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  abl)ey,  partly  used  for  the  grammar 
school.  The  bishop's  palace  and  prebendal  college  occupy 
other  portions  of  the  abbey-precinct.  St.  John's  Church  is  a 
fine  specimen  of  Saxon  architecture;  Trinity  Church  con- 
tains the  tombs  of  the  poet  I'arnell,  and  of  .Matthttw  Henry, 
the  commentitor  on  the  Uible.  At  the  end  of  either  prin- 
cipal street  of  the  city  pro|)er  is  an  arched  gateway:  and 
crossing  the  Dee  is  Grosvenor  Bridge,  a  stone  structure  of  a 
single  arch  2il0  feet  in  span.  The  public  charities  are  very 
numerous,  comprising  St.  John's  I'oors  Hospital,  (annu.al 
revenue,  about  60iM..)  and  a  large  numl)Qr  of  schools,  includ- 
ing one  supported  by  the  JLanjuis  of  Westminster  for  .500 
children.  Chester  has  a  good  public  library,  a  mechanics' 
institution,  with  museum  and  theatre.  Except  ship-build- 
ing, the  manufactures  are  of  little  consequence,  and  the 
commerce  of  Chester  has  greatly  declined,  owing  to  the  till- 
ing up  of  the  harbor,  and  to  the  proximity  of  Liverpool. 
Vessels  of  GOO  tons,  however,  now  approach  the  city,  which 
exports  cheese,  copper  plates,  cast  iron,  and  coal,  and  im- 
ports wines  and  other  soathern  European  produce,  and  3  rish 
provisions.  Customs  revenue  in  1818,  83,94of.  Registered 
shipping  in  1847,  0682  tons.  It  has  county  assizes  for 
Cheshire,  and  county  and  borough  quarter  sessions.  The 
municipal  and  parliamentary  borough,  subdivided  into  5 
wards,  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  10  aldermen,  and  30  coun- 
cillors. Chester  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  diocese  comprises  the  counties  of  Chester  and 
Lancaster,  with  parts  of  Cumberland,  Westmoreland.  Flint, 
and  Uenl'igh.  It  givi»!  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Prince  of 
Wales.  About  3  miles  S.  is  Eaton  Hall,  the  magnificent 
seat  of  the  .Marquis  of  Westminster.     Pop.  in  1851.  27.76(i. 

CIIKS'TKK.  a  maritime  village  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  British 
America.  3:i  miles  W.  of  Halifax. 

CllKSTER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvani.a. 
bordering  on  Delaware  and  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  738 
Square  miles.  The  Schuylkill  River  forms  its  Ixiundary  on 
the  X.E.,  the  Octorara  Creek  on  the  W.,  the  branches  of 
Brandywine  Creek  rise  within  Its  limits,  and  it  is  also 
drained  b}'  French  and  Elk  Creeks.  The  surface  is  agree- 
•iibly  diversilied:  a  low  ridge,  called  the  Welsh  Mountain, 
forms  the  X.W.  l)Oundary  ;  the  eastern  part  is  generally  un- 
dulating, and  the  central  and  north-western  p.arts  hilly. 
The  ttreat  Valley  extends  across  the  county  from  the  Schuyl- 
kill River  in  a  W.S.W.  dire 'tion,  with  an  average  widtli  of 
about  2  miles.  The  soil  of  this  valley,  and  of  many  other 
parts,  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  in  a  high  stiite  of  cultiva- 
tion. The  quantity  of  corn  produced  in  1850  was  1.339.446 
bushels — greater  than  that  of  any  other  county  in  the  state 
except  Lancaster:  and  the  quantity  of  h.ay  w.as  96.315  tons — 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  county  except  .Montgomery. 
The  rocks  which  underlie  the  county  are  of  the  primary 
stratified  class,  and  perhaps  no  part  of  the  state  offers  so 
great  a  variety  of  rare  minerals.  Extensive  quarries  of  pri- 
mitive limestone  and  marble  are  worked  in  the  Great  Valley ; 
mines  of  copper  and  lead  have  been  opened  near  the  Schuyl- 
kill River:  zinc,  chronvite  of  iron,  and  kiiolin  are  procured 
for  exportation  in  other  parts  of  the  county.  It  also  contains 
zircon,  silver,  titanium,  agate,  chalcedony,  sapphire,  ame- 
thj'st,  and  beryl.  Water-power  is  abundant  in  the  county, 
and  is  employed  in  manufactories  of  various  kinds.  It  is 
Intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  and  seve- 
ral branch  railroads  terminate  in  it.  Chester  co.  was  one  of 
the  three  original  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  established  by 
William  Petni  in  1682,  and  was  named  from  the  city  of  Ches- 
ter, in  England.    Capital,  West  Chester.    Pop.  74,578. 

CHESTER,  a  district  in  the  X.  part  of  South  Carolina,  has 
an  area  of  570  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Catawlia  River,  on  the  W.  by  Broad  River,  and  drained  by 
Fishing,  Rocky,  and  Sandy  Creeks.  The  surface  is  plea- 
santly diversified  by  hills  of  moderate  height;  the  soil  is 
fertile  and  well  watered.  The  district  is  intersected  by  the 
Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroad,  lately  constructed. 
Capital,  Chesterville.  Pop.  18,122;  of  whom  7254  were  free, 
and  10.S6S  slaves. 

CHESTER,  a  township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on  the  W. 
8id«of  Pencbscot  River,  100  miles  NJB.  of  Augusta.  Pop.  318. 


CUE 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  RoclcinghaiD 
CO.,  New  JIampsliire,  25  miles  8.E.  of  Concord,  intersected 
by  a  branch  of  E.xeter  River.    Pop.  1275. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windsor  co,, 
Vermont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  80  miles 
S.  of  .VIontpelier.  It  has  an  academv  and  manufactures  oJ 
woollen  goods,  rakes,  leather,  &c.    Pop.  212<i. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hampden  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Riiilroad,  119  miles  W.byS. 
of  Boston.  It  litis  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
leather,  and  edge  tools.     Pop.  1314. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co, 
Coimecticut,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  about  2J 
miles  .\.E.  by  E.,  of  New  Haven.  The  inhabitants  are  ex- 
tensively engiiged  in  the  manufacture  of  various  articles  of 
hard  ware,including  machinery,  iron  castings.bitsand  augers, 
forks,  and  spoons ;  also  of  woollen  goods  and  leather.  Here 
is  a  steamlioat  landing  on  the  Connecticut.    Pop.  1015. 

CHE?TER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  Co.,  New 
York,  at  the  junction  of  the  Newburg  brancli  with  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  55  miles  N.N.W.  of  .New  York  City. 
The  villiige  is  divided  into  East  and  West  Chester.  The  rail- 
road station  is  at  East  Chester.  It  contains  a  bank,  an 
academy,  tind  several  storehouses.    Pop.  of  township,  1S49. 

CllEgTEl!,  a  township  of  Warren  CO.,  New  York.    P. 2412. 

CHESTER,  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2227. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Morris  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  flie  turnpike  between  Morristowii  and  Eiujton,  12 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  the  former.  It  conttiius  2  churches,  and 
about  50  dwellings.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1585. 

CHESTER,  a  post-township  of  Delaware  co, Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop, 
including  Chester  borough,  4631. 

CHESTER,  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Delaware  co. 
Pennsylvania,  on'tlie  Delaware  River,  and  on  the  Philadel- 
phia and  Wilmington  Railroad,  15  miles  S.W.  of 'Philadel- 
phia, and  94  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg.  It  has  the  dis- 
tinction of  being  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  having  been 
settled  by  the  Swedes  in  1643.  It  was  originally  called  Up- 
land. The  Provincial  Assembly  under  the  government  of 
William  Penn  was  held  here  in  1682.  Chester  was  the 
county  seat  of  Chester  co.  from  1682  until  Delaware  co.  was 
organized  in  1789.  It  contains  a  churches,  2  banks,  a  na- 
tional hall,  1  newspaper  office,  4  machine-shops,  2  car-facto- 
ries, iind  Several  manufactories  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods. 
Pop.  in  1850, 1667 ;  in  18t.O.  about  2500. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Delaware  River. 

CHESTER,  a  village  of  Gwinnett  co.,  Georgia,  25  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Atlanta. 

CHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee. 

C 1 1  ESTER,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  16  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Cincinnati. 

CHESTER,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop. 1229. 

CHESTER,  a  township  of  Geauga  co.,  Oiiio.    Pop.  865. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township,  formerly  tha 
capital  of  Meigs  co ,  Ohio,  about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus, 
Poji.  of  the  township,  1623. 

CHESTER,  a  township  in  Morrow  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1427. 

CHESTER,  a  post-township  in  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  about? 
miles  E  liy  N.  of  Wooster.     Pop.  1991. 

CHESTER,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Eaton 
CO.,  Michigan.  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lan.«ing.     Pop.  796. 

CHESTER,  a  township  of  Ottawa  CO.,  Michigan.  Pop.  751. 

CHESTER,  a  township  in  Wabash  Co..  Indiana.  Pop.  2615. 

CM  ESTER,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  Co.,  Indiana. 

CHESTER,  a  township,  in  Wells  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  942. 

CHESTER,  a  thriving  post  Village,  capital  of  Randolph 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  1  mile  below  the 
entrance  of  the  Kaskaskia,  and  149  miles  S.  of  Springfield.  It 
has  considerable  bnsiness.  It  contains  8  chinxhes,  3  large 
schoolhouses,  and  2  flouring-mills.  Two  weekly  newspapers 
are  puldi.shed  here.    Pop.  122'<. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Dodge  eo.,  Wis- 
consin, aliout  60  N.W.  of  Milwankie.     Pop.  938. 

CHESTER  COURT-HOUSE,in  South  Carolina.  SccChes- 

CHESTER  CREEK,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
flows  through  Delaware  co.,  and  enters  the  Delaware  River 
near  the  borough  of  Chester. 

CHESTER  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-village  of  Geauga  co., 
Ohio,  169  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  There  is  a  flourishing 
sominarv  here.  • 

CHES"rER  FACTORY,a  post-village  of  Hampden  co.,iIa8- 
sachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  120  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Boston. 

CHES'TERFIELD,  a  municipal  borough,  town,  parish, 
and  township  of  England,  co.  and  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Derby, 
on  the  Rother,  and  a  canal  connecting  it  with  the  Trent, 
and  having  a  station  on  the  North  Midland  Railway.  241^ 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Derby.  Pop.  in  1851,7101.  It  is  irregttlarly 
built.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  cruciform  church  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  with  a  remarkable  twisted  spire  2.30  feet 
high,  various  schools,  almshouses,  literary  and  mechanics' 

431 


<■■  .'I'lr 


CHE 

SnsHtuHoTis,  ttie  Town-hall.  Jail.  Union  Work-house,  and  ele- 
gant asseuibly  rooms.  It  has  manufactures  of  cottons,  silks, 
lace,  hosiery,  worsted,  earthenware,  and  mnchiuerv ;  and  in 
]t.»  Ticiaity  are  iron,  coal,  and  lead  mines.  Chesterfield  gives 
the  title  of  earl  to  a  branch  of  the  Stanhope  family,  and  is 
pollinji-place  for  the  northern  division  of  the  county. 

CIIKSTKHFIIXD,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
li.is  an  area  of  "0)  S(iuare  miles.  The  Appomattox  Kiver 
forms  its  whole  southern  boundary,  and  the  .James  River  on 
the  X.K.  separates  it  from  Henrico  county  and  Kichmond 
city.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  inferior,  except^ 
ins  the  river  bottoms.  Coal  is  procured  in  considerable 
(juantities  from  the  mines  of  this  county.  The  Kichmond 
and  Petersbun;  Railroad  passes  through  it.  Formed  from 
Henrico  in  174?.  Capital,  Chesterfield  Court-IIou.se.  Pop. 
19.016:  of  whom  10,iiti".i  were  free,  and  *i3o4  slaves. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  district  in  the  N.E.  part  of  South  Ca^ 
rolinn,  bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  868 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Great  Pedee 
River,  on  the  S.W.  b}'  Lynche's  Creek,  and  dniined  by  Black 
and  Cedar  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly,  the  soil  generally 
sandy,  and  fertile  near  the  streams.  The  district  is  inter- 
sected by  a  plank-road  from  Cheraw  to  Wadesborough,  North 
Carolina.  Capital,  Chesterfield  Court-House.  Pop.  11,834, 
of  whom  74>6  were  free,  and  4;i48  slaves. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cheshire 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut 
River,  opposite  Brattleborongh,  65  miles  S.W.  of  Concord. 
It  has  an  academy,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  sash 
and  blinds,  leather,  and  bits  and  augers.    Pop.  1404. 

CHES  TERFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, CK)  miles  W.  of  Boston,  watered  by  a  branch  of 
Westfield  Kiver.    Pop.  897. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  post-village  in  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, about  6  miles  N.N.AV.  of  New  London. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  township  of  Essex' co.,  New  York,  on 
Lake  ChiClnplain.     Pop.  3179. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey.    Top.  1628. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cliesterfield 
district.  South  Carolina,  on  Thompson's  Creek,  an  affluent 
of  Great  Pe<lee  River,  105  miles  N.E.  of  Columbia. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Madison  parish,  Loui- 
siana, on  Biiyou  Macon,  150  miles  N.  of  Baton  Ronge. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  post-to«-nship  in  Fulton  co.,  Ohio, 
about  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  SSS. 

CHESTERtlEI.D,  a  small  village  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  township  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  21.-7. 

CHESTERFIELD,  a  village  of  Greene  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
West  Fork  of  White  River,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

CHESTERFIELD,  formerly  WEST  UNION,  a  village  of 
Madison  co.,  Indiana,  on  White  River,  40  miles  N.E.  of  In- 
dianapolis, with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  It  con- 
tains a  steam  mill. 

ClIESTE'.! FIELD,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Macoupin 
CO..  Illinois.  60  miles  S.W.  of  Sprinirfield. 

CllESTEKFlELD.  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  25 
miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

CHESTEKFl  ELD  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Chesterfield  co..Virginia,  about  12  miles  S.S.W.of  Kichmond. 

CHESTERFIELD  FACTORY,  a  post-offlce  of  Cheshire  co., 
New  Hampshire. 

CHESTERFIELD  INLET,  a  long  and  narrow  inlet  of  Bri- 
tish North  America,  stretching  N.  from  Hudson's  Bay.  En- 
trance in  lat.  6:i°  30'  N..  Ion.  90°  40'  W.  Length,  250  "miles : 
greatest  breadth,  25  miles.  It  contains  numerous  island.s, 
and  receives  several  rivers. 

CHESTEUFOKD,  (anc.  Oimboricumf  or  BiUalcenontmf) a 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  on  the  Granta,  Zi  miles 
N  .N.W.  of  Saffron- Walden.  G  reat  quantities  of  Roman  coins 
and  urns  have  been  dug  up  here,  and  in  1848  the  remains 
of  a  Roman  villa  were  discovered. 

CHESTERFORD,  LITTLE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  (jf 
Essex,  2|  miles  N.W.  of  Saffron-Walden.  It  is  a  station  on 
the  Eastern  Counties  Railway. 

CHES'TERHILL.  a  postoffice  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

CHESTEr.-LE-STREET,  a  village  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  oj  miles  N.  of  Durham,  near  the  Gi-eat  North  of  Eng- 
land Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  2580.  Its  church  was  formerly 
collegiate;  and  the  village,  which  is  on  the  ancient  Ermine 
street,  was  long  the  seat  of  the  Durham  episcopal  see. 

CHESTER  RIVER,  of  Delaware  and  Mai-jland,  rises  in 
5ent  county  of  the  former  state,  flows  westward  to  Chestei^ 
town  of  MaryL-ind.  Here  it  turns  toward  the  S.W..  and 
assumes  the  firm  of  abay,  which  communicates  with  Chesa- 
peake Bay  between  Kent  and  Queen  Anne  counties.  Small 
vessels  .isc'end  to  Chestertown.  a  distance  of  a1x>ut  30  miles. 

CHESTKKS  DISTRICT,  a  village  or  setUement  of  Burke 
CO..  Georiria,  80  miles  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

CHESTER  SPRINGS,  sometimes  called  the  YELLOW 
SPRINGS,  a  p.>st-village  and  watering-place  of  Plkeland 
township,  Che.ster  co.,  Pennsylvaui.1,  72  miles  E.S.E.  of  Har- 
risburg.  It  is  a  pleasant  summer  j-esort,  surrounded  with 
dttligbtful  .scenery. 
432 


CHE 

CHESTERTON,  a  pari.sh  of  Enjrland,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

CHESTERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon 

CHESTERTON,  a  parish  of  Enaland.  co.  of  Oxford. 

CHESTERTON,  a  parish  of  Enu'land.  co.  of  W.irwick. 

CHFISTERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  New  York, 
80  miles  N.  of  Albany,  h:is  3  churches,  and  about  400  in- 
habitants. 

CHESTERTOWN.  a  seaport,  capital  of  Kent  co..  Maryland, 
on  the  right  or  W.  bank  of  Chester  River,  aliout  .30  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  54  miles  N.E.  of  -in- 
napolis.  It  is  the  seat  of  Washington  College,  founded  in 
1783,  and  contains  1  bank  and  several  churches.  Small 
vessels  ascend  the  river  to  this  point.     Pop.  1539. 

CHESTER  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Hampden  CO.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Western  Railroad  119  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Boston. 

CIIES'TERVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine, 
25  miles  N.W.  of  Angnsta.     Pop.  1110. 

CHESTER  VI  LLE.apost-officeof  Chester  co.,Pennsylvania. 

CllESTERVILLE,  a  village  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
near  the  source  of  Genesee  Kiver,  about  180  miles  N.W.  of 
Harrisburg. 

CllESTERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Maryland. 

CllESTERVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chester  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  on  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina 
Itailroad,  64  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbia.  It  is  situated  in 
a  fertile  fanning  district,  and  has  an  active  business,  and  1 
bank.  A  railroad  has  been  completed  from  this  place  to 
Yorkville. 

CllESTERVILLE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Pontotock  co.,  Misrfs- 
sippi. 

CllESTERVILLE.  a  postoffice  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee, 
14.S  miles  W.  of  Nashville  City. 

CllESTERVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  about 
40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  about  500. 

CHESTER  WARD.  England,  a  division  forming  the  N. 
part  of  the  county  of  Durham.  Ai-ea.  158.060  acres,  about 
one-fourth  of  which  is  heath.    Pop.  110.178. 

CHEST'NUT  BLUFFS,  a  post-viHage  of  Dyer  co.,  Tennes- 
see. 153  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

CHESTNUT  CREEK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Autauga  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

CHESTNUT  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  Walker  co..  Georgia. 

t^lIKSTNUT  G.\P.  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co..  Georgia. 

CHESTNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CHESTNUT  G^OVE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Pittsyl- 
vania CO..  Virginia,  near  Sandy  Creek,  173  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Richmond,  contains  3  stores,  several  tobacco  factories,  and 
about  100  inhabitants. 

CHESTNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Davidson  co.,  Ten- 
nes.see. 

CHESTNUT  GROVE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Shelby  co.,  Kentucky. 

CHESTNUT  HILL,  a  post-township  of  Monj-oe  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 24  miles  N.W.  from  Easton.  Pop.  1:'93. 
"chestnut  hill,  a  post-village  included  within  the 
chartered  limits  of  Philadelphia,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  the 
State-house.  It  is  finely  situated  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  and 
contains  a  Presbyterian  and  a  Methodist  church,  with  a- 
number  of  elegsint  country-seats,  anil  n  hospital. 

CHESTNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Calvert  co.,  Maryland. 

CHESTNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

CHESTNUT  HILL,  a  village  of  Hall  co..  Georgia,  about  95 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

CHESTNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co..  Alabama. 

CHESTNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co^  In- 
diana. 

CHESTNUT  LEVEL,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CH  ESTXUT  RIDGE,  a  post-office.  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

CHESTNUT  RIDGE,  of  1'ennsylvani.i,  a  ridge  extending 
south  westerly  through  Westmoreland  and  Fayette  counties 
into  Virginia.    See  Laurel  Kidge. 

CHESTNUT  RIDGE,  a  post-office.  IJnion  co..  Pennsylvania. 

CHESTNUT  RIDCtE.  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,Tennessea 

CIIESUNCOOK.  (che-sun'kook)  L.4KE. in  I'iscatafiuis  co., 
Maine,  is  alout  25  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  4  miles  wide. 
It  may  properly  be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  Penob- 
scot River,  which  is  common!)'  said  to  flow  through  it 

CHKS'WARDINE.  a  jwrish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CIIET.VCHEE  CREEK,  of  Alabam.i.  enters  the  .\labama 
River  from  the  N.W.  .alout  IS  miles  lielow  Cahawba. 

CHETIMACHF^  (ehet-tim-.Htch'iz  or  shot'mash')  LAKE, 
also  called  GRAND  LAKE,  situated  in  the  S.  part  of  Loui- 
siiina.  between  AtcbaCnlaya  Bayou  and  the  fiver  Teche,  is 
formed  by  the  overflowings  of  the  former.  It  is  about  40 
miles  long  and  10  miles  wide,  but  too  shallow  for  naviga- 
tion. Its  waters  are  dischai-ged  through  the  above-named 
bavou  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

CHETTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CIIETTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .«al(>p. 

CHET'W.W  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bombay,  district  of  Malabar,  on  the  W.  roast  of  India,  li 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Calicut. 


CHE 

CIIETnVOOD  or  CHETWODE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks. 

CIIE'rnVYND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CIIKL'X,  shuh,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados, 
on  the  right  Ixink  of  the  Mue,  arroadissement,  and  10  miles 
W.  of  Caen.     I'op.  1009. 

CHEV'ELEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Camhridge. 

CIIEVELKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berlis. 

CIIKV/EN'ING,  a  parish  of  EngLnnd.  co.of  Kent. 

CHEV/EIIELL,  OKEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CUEVEHELL,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CIIEVILLY,  sheh-veeVee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Loiret.  ou  the  Paris  and  Orleans  IJailway,  arroudissement, 
and  9  miles  N.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  12S1. 

CHEV'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CHEVIOT,  chev'e-ot,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

CHEVIOT  (chev'e-9t)  EKLLS,  a  mountain  range  of  South 
Africa,  iu  Cape  Colony,  e.xtendiug  between  theGroen-Borgen 
on  the  W.  and  Ilyndhope  Fells  on  the  E..  about  lat.  o2°  30'  S. 

CHEVIOT  (cliiv'e-ijt  or  chev'e-^t)  HILLS,  a  mountain 
range  extending  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  between  England  and 
Scotland,  iu  the  counties  of  Northumberland  and  Ito.xUurgh, 
but  mostly  iu  the  former  county,  in  which  they  occupy 
about  10,000  acres.  They  are  of  trap  formation,  porphyry 
and  greenstone,  and  intersect  the  old  ivd  sandstone  and 
mouutaiu  limestone  strata.  They  afford  e.xcellent  pasture, 
and  are  grazed  by  sheep  of  superior  breed.  Grouse  are 
abundant.  Tbe  Cheviot  I'eak,  alx>ut  7  miles  S.W.  of  Wooler, 
is  2684  feet,  and  Carter  Fell.  2020  feet  in  elevation.  The  Clie- 
Tiot  Hills  were  the  scene  of  the  famous  encounter  between 
the  Earl  Percy  and  Douglas,  described  in  the  old  ballad  of 
"  Chevy  Chase." 

CHEVKEUSE,  shJvVuz',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  7  miles  S.W.  Versailled,  on  the  Yvette. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  1807.  It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress, 
and  repeatedly  taken  and  retaken  in  the  wars  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

CHEW-MAG'NA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHEWNI.VGA,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois. 

CllliWS  LANDINCJ,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  North  ISranch  of  Big  Timber  Creek,  9  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Camden.  It  contains  2  churches,  and  from  40  to 
60  dwellings. 

CHKW'STOKE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHKWS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO.,  Mary- 
land. 106  miles  X.W.  of  Annapolis. 

CHEW'TON-.MEN/«IP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer- 
set. 6  miles  N.X.E.  of  \Vells.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount 
to  the  Earl  of  Waldegrave. 

CHEYCHUN,  chAVhun/,  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  the  Indus, 
50  miles  N.X.^V.  of  Hyderabad. 

CHKY'ENNE.     See  Chienne. 

CllfiZE,  La,  Id  sh.iz,  or  14  shJz,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cotes-du-Nord,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Loudeac,  on  the  Lie. 
Pop.  ill  1862,  410. 

CIlfiZY  L'ABBAYE,  shAVoe^aVbi/,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne,  4  miles  S.  of  Chateau-Thierry. 
Pop.  ]21ti. 

CIII.\MPO,  ke-dm'po,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  12  miles  W.  of  Vicenza.     Pop.  3000. 

CIII.WA.  ke-d/n3.  (anc.  Clafnis.)  a  small  river  of  Central 
Italy,  belonging  to  Tuscany  and  Umbria:  after  forming  one 
or  two  lakes  or  marshes,  it  is  divided  into  two  branches,  the 
former  being  an  affluent  of  the  Arno,  which  it  joins  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Arezzo,  after  a  course  of  35  miles;  the  latter  joins 
tlie  Paglia.  The  two  are  connected  by  the  Chiana  Canal,  -'57 
miles  in  length,  begun  in  1551,  finished  in  1823,  and  by  which 
a  large  tract  of  land  has  been  drained  and  rendered  fertile. 

CHIANCI.\NO,  ke-dn-chi'uo.  a  village  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince of  Arezzo,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Montepulciano.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  favorite  watering-places  iu  Central  Italy.  Pop.  2166, 

CHIANTI,  ke-dn'tee,  that  part  of  Tuscany  which  lies  be- 
tween the  sources  of  the  Arbia,  Ambra,  and  Ombrone, 
forming  part  of  the  water-shed  between  their  basins  and 
that  of  the  Arno. 

CHI.\NTL.\,  ehe-lnt/ld,  a  river  of  Central  America.  Guate- 
mala, rises  iu  the  volcanic  chain  which  traverses  the  centre 
of  Guatemala,  and,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  150  miles,  joins  the 
Usumasinta.  on  the  left  bank,  in  lat.  17°  W  N.,  Ion.  91°  55'  W. 

CHIANTLA.  a  town  of  Central  America,  on  the  above-, 
named  river.  12S  miles  S.W.  of  Guatemal.a. 

CHIAPA,  che-d'pd,  or  CHIAPAS,  che-d'pds,  the  southern- 
most state  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  situated  between 
lat.  16°  and  18°  N.,  and  Ion.  91°  and  94°  W..  having  N.  the 
state  of  Tabasco;  W.,  Oajaca:  S.  and  E.,  Guatemala,  and 
N.E.,  Yutacan.  Area,  18,679  square  miles.  It  comprises  a 
portion  of  the  table-land  of  Central  America,  traversed  by 
the  rivers  Usumasinta,  Tabasco,  and  their  affluents.  Eu- 
ropean grains  are  raised  on  the  uplands;  the  valleys  yield 
maize,  hemp,  tobacco,  sugar,  pimento,  indigo,  vanilla,  and 
oocoa,  the  export  trade  being  chiefly  in  the  two  latter-named 
products.  Principal  towns,  Cuidad-lteal.  the  capital,  Chiapa, 
and  Palenque.  Remains  of  ancient  cities  are  found  in  the 
N  Ji.  part  of  this  state.  Pop.,  chiefly  Indians,  161,914. 
2C 


CHI 

CHTAP.A.  DE  LOS  INDIOS,  cherd'pd  dd  loce  eenMeoce,  a 
town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Chiapa.  on  the 
Taba.sco,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Cuidad-Real.  It  derived  its  namo 
from  its  population  being  mainly  Indian. 

CHIAPAS.     SeeCHL\p.4.. 

CHIARAMOXTE,  ke-d'rd-mon'td,  a  town  of  Sicily,  17, 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Modica.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  well  built,  aud  the 
view  from  its  Capuchin  convent  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Sicil) 

CIIIAKAMONTE  or  CHIAHAMONT,  a  citadel,  inten 
dancv  of  Girgenti,  a  little  W.  of  Siculiana. 

ClilARAMONTE,  a  villivge  of  Sardinia,  14  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Sassari.    I'op.  1505. 

CHI.4.RAVALLE,  ke-dVd-vdll J.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  near  the  Gulf  of  Squillace,  17  milea 
S.W.  of  Catiiuzaro.     Pop.  2500. 

CniARAVALLE,  an  abliey  in  Lombardy,  3  miles  S.E.  of 
Milan,  originally  a  Cisterciau  monastery,  founded  by  St. 
Bernard. 

CHIARENZA  or  CLARENTZA,  a  cape  and  village  of 
Greece.    See  Kubentza. 

CIIIARI,  ked'ree,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  14  miles  W.  of 
Brescia,  on  the  railway  fiom  51ilan  to  Brescia.  Pop.  in  1843, 
8903.  it  has  numerous  churches,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures of  silk  fabrics  and  twist.  Here  Prince  Eugene  gained 
a  victory  over  Marechal  Villeroi,  on  1st  September,  1701. 

CHIARO.MONTE,  ke-d-ro-mon'td.  a  town  of  Niijilos,  pro- 
vince of  Basilicata,  on  a  mountain,  42  miles  S.E.  of  Potenza, 
with  2020  inhabitants,  2  parish  churches,  and  a  hiL'h  school. 

CHIAROMONTE.  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  31  miles  W.  of 
Syracuse.     Pop.  3600. 

CHIASSO,  ke-.ds/.so,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticiuo,  with  a  custom-house  on  the  frontier  of  Lombardy, 
4  miles  N.AV.  of  Como.     Pop.  954. 

CHIAVAHI,  ke-d/vd-re,  a  maritime  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Genoa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Rapallo,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Sturla.  Pop.  10.610.  It  is  enclosed  by 
cultivated  hills,  and  is  well  built  and  flourishing.  Street! 
narrow,  and  Iwrdered  with  arcades;  the  houses  present  much 
curious  architecture;  old  and  picturesque  towers  are  dotted 
about  the  town,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many  handsome  vil- 
las. Principal  edifices,  three  richly  adorned  churches,  the 
mayor's  residence,  a  hospital,  and  a  convent.  It  has  a 
celebrated  society  of  agriculture  and  arts,  lace,  and  silk- 
twist  factories,  an  anchovy  fishery,  and  several  annual 
fairs  Marble  and  slate  are  quarried  in  its  neighborhood. 
Though  liable  to  gusty  winds,  it  is  a  good  deal  resorted  to 
by  invalids. 

"CHIAVENNA,  ke-d-ven'nd,  (anc.  Clarevna.)  a  town  of 
Lombardy,  Valtellina,  on  the  Maira,  20  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Sondrio.  Pop.  3539.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  well 
built :  it  has  6  churche.s,  to  one  of  which  are  attached  a 
baptistry,  with  some  curious  antiquities,  and  singular 
mosaic  work  executed  in  bona.  Mauufactures  of  silk  twist 
and  fabrics,  and  of  pottery  made  from  a  peculiar  soft  stone, 
are  carried  on ;  and  the  Sept imer  and  SplUgen  roads,  meet- 
ing here,  Chiavenna  has  an  active  trade  with  Switzerland 
and  Italy  in  these  articles;  also  in  wine,  which  the  inha- 
bitants keep  in  large  excavations,  termed  "  venlnridi." 

CHICA  BALA  POOR,'  a  town  of  India,  Deccan  and  Jlysore 
dominions,  100  miles  N.E.  of  Seringapatam,  aud  formerly 
noted  f)r  a  manufacture  of  sugar-candy. 

CHICUCOLE/.  or  CICACOLE.  silOd-kOl',  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  107  miles  S.W.  of  Ganjam,  on 
N.  Lank  of  Chicacole  River,  near  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  It  ia 
large,  irregularly  built,  has  some  neat  barracks,  several  ba- 
zaars, many  mosques,  and  its  muslin  manufactures  have 
long  enjoyed  repute. 

CHICAGO,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

C1IIC.\G0,  she-kaw'go,  the  Largest  city  of  Illinois,  and 
the  most  imiwrtant  commercial  centre  in  tho  Northwestern 
States,  is  situated  on  the  Southwestern  shore  of  Ltike  Michi- 
gan, in  the  county  of  Cook,  of  which  it  is  the  county-seat. 
Lat.  41°  52'  20"  N.,  Ion.  87°  35'  W. 

This  city  has,  within  25  years,  risen  from  a  small  settle- 
ment around  an  old  fort  (Dearborn),  till  now  it  is  one  of  the 
largest  interior  cities  in  the  United  States,  exhibiting  a  ra- 
pidity of  growtli  and  development  never  before  known  in 
the  annals  of  tho  country.  It  is  built  on  the  lake  shore 
and  along  the  banks  of  Ciiicago  River  and  its  two  branches 
—  one  running  N.  and  the  other  S.  —  the  city  limits  stretch- 
ing out  to  the  Westward  about  5  miles.  This  river  was 
originally  but  a  small  creek,  which  emptied  into  the  lake, 
but,  since  the  settlement  of  the  city,  it  has  been  widened 
and  deepened  by  artificial  means,  to  render  it  navigable  for 
several  miles  for  sail  vessels  and  propellers  of  500  and  600 
tons  burthen.  Along  the  river  and  its  branches  are  im- 
mense grain  warehouses,  some  of  which  are  capable  of 
storing  1,500,000  bushels  of  grain  —  and  alongside  of  which 
grain  vessels  can  be  loaded  within  a  few  hours.  There  are 
also  immense  storehouses  built  along  the  river,  for  the 
storage  of  floiir,  pork,  whiskey,  and  general  merchandise 
and  capacious  docks  for  lumber,  coal,  wood,  Ac. 

The  harbor  is  not  a  very  good  one  for  vessels  to  get  into 
in  rough  weather,  on  account  of  the  narrowness  of  the 
channel,  and,  during  a   storm,  vessels  have  to  ride  at 

433 


cm 


CHI 


anchor  in  the  lake    till  it  subsiiles.    An  expenditure  of  I     The  receipts  of  seeds  in  1860  amounted  to  7,071,074  lbs.; 
*150  000  now  being  made,  will  remedy  all  this,  and  render    in  1861,  to  7,742,614  lbs.;  in  1862,  to  8.176,049  lbs.;  in  1863, 


it  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  lakes.  At  present,  vessels 
can  "-o  up  the  Chicago  River  a  distance  of  5  to  6  miles  on 
the  S.  branch,  and  from  4  to  5  miles  on  the  N.  brancli. 

The  citv  of  Chicago  is  laid  out  iu  rectangular  blocks,  and 
the  streets  are  nearly  all  80  feet  wide.  From  the  lake  the 
city  extends  to  the  AVestward  about  5  miles,  and  N.  and  8. 
about  8  miles.  Apparently  the  city  is  level ;  but  tliere  is  a 
gradual  rise  in  the  ground  as  you  proceed  Westward,  quite 
sufficient  to  drain  the  city  thoroughly.  The  principal 
streets  are  now  paved  with  wooden  blocks  (Nicholson  pave- 
ment), which  are  found  by  experience  to  be  more  durable 
than  stone  blocks.  During  the  past  8  years  the  entire  busi- 
ness portion  of  the  city  has  been  raised  from  4  to  8  feet  above 
its  former  level,  so  as  to  facilitate  drainage  and  render  it  pos- 
sible to  have  dry  cellars  for  storehouses,  &c.  This  incurred 
a  cost  of  millions  of  dollars  in  grading  and  filling  up,  and 
in  raising  the  buildings  up  to  the  new  grade.  ,  ,    .  , 

Tlie  business  portion  df  the  city  is  mostly  built  of  bnck, 
but  a  large  number  of  the  more  recently  erected  blocks  are 
of  Athens  stone,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called  "  Athens  mar- 
ble." This  stone  is  found  about  16  miles  Southwest  of  the 
city,  and  is  highly  prized  all  over  the  West.  It  is  white, 
and  has  the  virtue  of  being  ea.«ily  worked  when  newly 
quarried,  but  hardens  after  exposure  to  the  wejither.  The 
houses  are  mostly  built  of  lumber,  but  nearly  all  the  large 
and  costly  residences  are  of  brick  and  Athens  stone. 

The  most  prominent  public  buildings  in  the  city  are  the 
Court-House,  which  is  built  of  stone  brought  from  Lock- 
port,  N.  Y. ;  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  built  of  Athens 
stone,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $400,000;  Second  Presbyterian 
Church,  built  of  a  dark,  oily  stone  idug  out  of  the  prairie 
immediately  W.  of  the  city,  and  where  they  were  boring 
for  oil  in  18*64,  and  struck  an  artesian  well  of  grejit  value) ; 
First  Presbyterian  Church;  Trinity  Church;  St.  James' 
Church;  Church  of  the  Redeemer;  First  Unitarian  Church; 
Church  of  the  Holy  Name,  and  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Family.  These  buildings  are  nearly  all  of  Athens  stone, 
and  display  tine  architectural  fciste  and  ability. 

No  city  in  the  United  States  has  increased  in  population 
eo  rapidly  as  Chicago.  In  1837  the  first  census  was  taken, 
when  it  was  found  that  the  entire  population  numbered 
4170.  In  1840  the  i)opulation  was  48o3;  in  1850,  29,963; 
in  1860, 110,973;  and  now  (1865)  it  is  estimated  at  175,000. 

Chicago  is  confessedly  the  commercial  metropolis  of  the 
Northwest.  Here  about  24  distinct  lines  of  railroads,  all 
leading  to  different  sections  of  the  country,  centre.  More 
than  140  trains  of  cars  arrive  and  depart  daily. 

The  Illinois  and  Micliipin  Canal  connects  Lake  Michigan 
at  Chicago,  with  the  Illinois  and  consequently  with  the 
Mississippi  River.  It  is  100  miles  iu  length,  and  admits 
boats  carrying  6,000  busliels  of  corn.  It  was  opened  ni 
1848,  and  it  is  contemplated  to  enlarge  and  deepen  it  so  as 
to  admit  steamboats  from  the  Mississippi. 

Chicago  is  the  largest  interior  grain  market  in  the  world. 
Tlie  growth  of  this  branch  of  trade  is  truly  remarkable. 
In  1838  the  first  shipment  of  wheat  was  niiide,  consisting 
of  78  bushels.  In  1864  the  receipts  of  flour  and  grain  were 
as  follows:  1,170,274  barrels  flour,  10.888,4-36  bushels  wheat, 
13,197.340  bushels  corn,  16,365,440  bushels  oats,  1,007,776 
bushels  rye,  and  893,000  bushels  barley  — in  all  equal  to 
4^,203,312  bushels  of  grain.  In  1861  the  receipts  of  wheat 
amounted  to  17,385,002  bushels,  and  iu  1862  the  receipts  of 
corn  were  29.574,328  bushels.  The  heaviest  shipment  of 
grain  in  any  one  year  was  in  1862,  when  there  were  exported 
In  flour  and  all  kinds  of  grain  equal  to  56,484,110  bushels. 

Chicago  is  also  the  greatest  lumber  market  in  the  United 
States.  In  l'i47  there  were  received  32,118,225  teet;  in 
1850, 100,364,779  feet ;  in  1855,  297,567,669  feet ;  and  in  1864, 
601.592,406  feet.  The  receipts  of  shingles  in  1864  amounted 
to  190,169,750,  and  of  laths  to  65,953.900  pieces 


to  9.885,208  lbs. ;  and  in  1864  to  10,180,781  lbs. 

The  salt  trade  of  Chicago  is  very  large.  In  1855.  the  re- 
ceipts amounted  to  170,623  barrels";  in  1856,  to  184.834;  in 
1857,  to  200,946;  in  1859,  to  316,291 ;  in  1860,  to  25fi.l48;  in 
1861,  to  390,499;  in  18(i2.  to  612,003;  in  1863,  to  775,364; 
and  in  1864.  to  680,346  barrels. 

The  lake  tonnage  at  the  port  of  Chicago,  in  1864,  amount- 
ed to  2,172,866  tons  in  arrivals,  and  2,166,904  tons  in  clear- 
ances. During  the  season,  8,939  vessels  and  propellers 
arrived,  and  8,834  cleared.  In  1864  the  tonnage  of  vessels  en- 
gaged wholly  in  the  Chicago  trade,  amounted  to  198,005  tons. 
[For  continuation,  see  Appendix.] 
CHICAGO  RIVER,  a  small  stream  flowing  into  take 
Michiiran,  at  Chicago.    See  Chicago. 

CHfCAMOGL<.H:)K.  chik'a-mo-gloor'.  a  town  of  India,  My- 
sore dominions,  90  miles  X.W.  of  S^eringapatam. 

CHICANHUALLY,  chik'an-hwailee.  a  town  of  India, 
My.sore  dominions,  70  miles  N.  of  Seringapatam,  and 
strongly  fortified. 

CHICAI'A,  che-k3'p3,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, falls  into  a  lagoon  confniunicating  with  the  Gulf 
of  Tehuantepec,  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

CHICAPA,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of 
Oajaca,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Tehuantepec,  on  a  river  of  same 
name.  In  its  environs  are  silver-mines,  at  one  time  import- 
ant, but  now  neglected. 

CHICHACOTTA.  chitchS-cofta.  a  town  of  Bcotan.  near 
the  Biitish  frontier,  60  miles  X.  of  Eungpoor.  Lat.  26°  35' 
N.;  Ion.  8y0  43'K. 
CHICII'KLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rucks. 
CinCIIEN.  che-chjn',  a  village  of  Central  America,  in 
Yucatan,  aVjout  18  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid,  with  the  re- 
mains of  an  ancient  Indi.Hn  city,  comprising  a  vast  ruined 
temple.  450  feet  in  length,  a  pyramid  550  feet  square  at  base, 
a  remarkable  domed  edifice,  the  "  house  of  the  caziques," 
ornamented  with  elaborate  sculptures. 

CHICHEROWLY,  chitchVr-<)w'lee,  a  fortified  town  of 
North  Hindostan,  in  Gurwal.  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Seharua- 
poor.     It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1818. 

CHICHKSTER.  chitch'es-ter.  (anc.  Rrg'num.)  a  city,  00 
of  itself,  and  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  of  Eng- 
land, capital  of  the  county  of  Sussex,  on  the  South  Coast 
Railway.  143  miles  E.N.E.  of  Portsmouth,  and  28^  miles  W. 
of  Brighton.  Pop.  in  1851,  86f'i2.  It  stands  in  a  plain  be 
tween  the  Southdown  Hills  and  the  sea.  and  is  enclosed  by 
walls  of  Roman  construction,  now  formed  into  terraces  with 
walks,  and  shaded  by  elm-trees.  It  is  neatly  built,  clean, 
well  paved,  drained,  and  lighted,  and  intersected  by  4  prin- 
cipal thoroughfares,  directed  toward  the  cardin.al  points, 
and  meeting  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  where  there  is  an 
elegant  octagon.al  cross,  erected  in  1478.  The  Cathedral, 
though  not  largo,  is  a  well-proportioned  and  handsome  edi- 
fice, mostly  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  410 
feet  in  length,  smi  22i  feet  iu  extreme  breadth,  with  a 
spire  300  feet  in  height  In  its  interior  are  a  richly  adorned 
choir,  portraits  of  all  the  sovereigns  of  England  from  thg 
time  of  the  conquest,  with  other  historical  paintings,  and 
numerous  monuments,  including  some  fine  works  of  art  by 
Flaxman.  S.  of  the  Catheilral  is  a  quadrangle  enclosed  by 
cloisters,  including  the  church-yard,  and  near  it  is  the 
bishop's  palace  and  gardens.  The  see  is  co-extensive  with 
the  county  of  Sussex,  excepting  22  parishes,  which  are  pe- 
culiar. The  city  is  divided  into  8  parishes.  The  Church  of 
St.  Paul's  is  a  handsome  modern  building.  The  Ouild-hall, 
a  portion  of  an  ancient  friar)',  stands  within  a  walled  en- 
closure at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  city.  The  other  prin- 
cipal edifices  are  the  Market  and  Council-houses.  Com  Ex- 
change, Jail,  buildings  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  and 
Literary  and  I'hilosopbical  Society,  the  Theatre,  Hospital  of 
St.  Mary,  some  alms-houses,  and  the  Infirmary,  a  handsome 
structure  at  the  X.  extremity  of  the  city,  near  which  is  an 


As  a  beef  cattle  market  Chicago  is  second  only  to  New  increasing  suburb  named  Summerstown.  Chichester  has 
York  in  magnitude.  In  1855  the  receipts  of  beef  cattle  1  grammar  school,  revenue.  13i  0^  a  year,  blue-ccat.  national, 
amounted  to  10,715  head;  in  1856,  21,950  head;  in  1857,  j  Lancasteri.-in.  and  other  schools.  The  trade  is  almost  wholly 
48.524  head;  in  185S,  118.151  head;  in  1859,  90,574  head;  in  in  asrrieultural  produce  and  live  stock,  for  which  a  market 
1860,  l.'>5,753  head;  in  1861,  204,679  head:  in  1862,  209,655  1  is  held  every  second  Wednesday.  The  only  manufactures 
head;  in  186.3,  298,381  head;  and  in  1^64,  336,627  head.  |  are  of  coopers'  and  other  wooden  wares.     About  2iX)  years 

Chicago  has  for  many  yeare  been  the  largest  beef-iMicking  ago  it  monopolized  nearly  the  whole  mantifacture  of  needles, 
point  in  the  United  Stj\tes.  In  the  season  of  1851-2,  there  but  this  trade  is  now  entiiely  transferred  to  other  places, 
were  21,863  beeves  packed;  in  1852-3,  24,663  head;  in  1861  It  communicates  with  Portsmouth  and  Arundel  by  a  canal. 
-2,  55,212  head;  in  1862-3,  42,163  head;  in  1863-4,  70,086  Registered  shipping  of  port  in  1847,  4932  tons.  It  sends  2 
head;  and  in  the  season  of  1864-5,  the  packing  amounted  memlx'rs  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Originally  the  town 
to  92,459  head,  was  a  Roman  station.    The  name  is  said  to  be  a  contraction 

As  a  pork-packing  point  Cliicago  also  stands  foremost  in  of  Cissanceaster,  the  city  or  castle  of  Cissa.  an  AnglivSaxon 
the  Unitetl  States  — having  distanced  Cincinnati  several  chief,  who  reimired  and  partly  rebuilt  it  after  it  had  been 
years  since.  In  the  swison  of  1852-3,  there  were  packed  destroyed  in  a  siege,  a. ».  491.  by  the  South  Saxons,  under 
48,1  .Vj  hogs;  in  1857-8,  99,262  hogs;  in  1858-9, 185,000  hogs;  Ella:  and  thenceforth  it  remained  the  capital  of  the  king- 
in  1859-60,  167,918  hogs;  in  IS'lO-l,  231,355  hogs;  in  1861-2,  dom  of  Su.«sex,  till  its  conquest  by  the  West  Saxons.  Va- 
614118  liogs;  in  1862-3,  970.264  hogs;  iu  1803-4,  904,658  nous  Roman  remains,  with  im-criptions.  h.-«ve  Wen  dis- 
hogs;  and  in  1864-5,  760,514  liogs.  covered  in  the  city  and  vicinity;  and  Kincly-bottom,  X.E., 

The  total  receipts  of  hogs,  both  those  alive  and  those  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  place  of  interment  of  the 
dressed,  in  Chicago,  in  1868,  amounted  to  540,486;  in  1859,  to  South  Saxon  monarchs:  4  miles  N.E.  is  GoodwcKHl.  the  seat 
271,204:  in  1860,  .392,864;  in  1861, 675,902:  in  1862, 1,348^90;  ,  of  the  Duke  of  Kichmord.  Chichester  K'«es  the  tjU»  cT 
in  1863, 1.677,757 ;  and  in  1804, 1,410,320  hogs. 


cm 


cur 


earl  to  the  Pelham  family.  Among  its  eminent  natives 
were  the  poets  Collins  and  Hayley,  and  George  Smith  and 
brothers,  landscape-painters. 

CinCII'ESTKR,  a  post-town  ship  of  Merrimack  co.,  New 
Hampslyre.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1041. 

CIUCIIKSTKR  IIAKBUK,  2  miles  S.W.  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
chester, an  inlet  of  the  Knplish  Channel,  between  the 
Peninsula  of  Selsey  and  Ilayllng  Island,  containing  seyeral 
creeks  and  Thorney  Island. 

CHICHESTER  KAl'E  comprises  the  8  W.  hundreds  of 
the  CO.  of  Sussex,  England. 

CHICHI  A.  chee'ehe-d,  one  of  the  Feejee  or  Fiji  Islands, 
In  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  (S.W.  point)  ]7°  48'  S., 
Ion.  179°  IS'  W.  It  is  nearly  circular,  and  is  3  miles  In 
diameter. 

CIIICKAIIOMIXY  (chick-a-hom'e-ne)  RIVER,  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Virginia,  rises  in  Hanover  co.,  and  falls  into  York 
River,  about  8  miles  above  Jamestown.  It  divides  Henrico 
and  Charles  City  counties  on  the  right  from  Hanover.  New 
Kent,  and  James  City  counties  on  the  left.  It  furnishes 
extensive  water-power. 

CHICKAIMMINY,  a  postoflRce  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia. 

CII]("K.\'LAH,  a  post<)ffice  of  Yell  co.,  Arkansas. 

CHICKA'MA  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Madison  parish, 
Loui.siana. 

CHICKAMAU'GA  CREEK,  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee, 
rises  in  W.alker  co.  of  the  f()rmer  state,  and  Howing  north- 
easteily,  enters  the  Tennessee  near  Chattanooga. 

CniCK.i.MO'GA,  a  postrotflce  of  Hamilton  co.,  Tennessee. 

CHICK'ASAW,  a  small  river  of  Baker  co.,  Georgia,  flows 
into  the  Ichawaynochaway  from  the  north. 

CHICKASAW,  a  county  towards  the  N.K.  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  990  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Oktibbeha,  Loosascoona,  and  the  Yallobusha  Rivers, 
the  last  of  which  rises  within  it.  The  surface  Is  nearly 
level;  the  soil  productive.  The  soil  of  this  county  was 
ceded  to  the  state  by  the  Chicka-saw  Indians.  Formed  in 
1S.36.  Capital.  Houston.  I'op.  16,420,  of  whom  7339  were 
free,  and  9087  slaves. 

CHICKASAW,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  low.o, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Wapsipinicon.  and  by  the  Middle  Fork  of  Turkey  River. 
The  surface  is  divided  between  prairie  and  forests,  and 
slopes  towards  the  S.E.  This  county  is  not  included  in  the 
census  of  18.^0.     Capital,  New  Hampton.     Pop.  4.336. 

CHICKASAW,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  Tennessee  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Be.ar 
Creek.  140  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Tuscaloo.sa.  The  Memphis 
and  Charleston  Railroad  p.asses  through  it. 

CHICKASAW,  a  post-oilice  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 

CHICKASAW  CREKK,  of  Marengo  co..  Alabama,  flows 
into  Tombigbee  River  from  the  E.,  28  miles  below  Demo- 
polis. 

CHICKASAW  CREEK,  of  Mobile  co.,  Alabama,  flows 
into  Mobile  Kiver.  6  miles  from  its  mouth. 

CniCK\iSAW'IIA  RIVER,  of  Mississippi,  rises  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  southward,  unites  with  Leaf 
River,  in  Greene  co.,  to  form  the  Pa.scairoula. 

CHICirASAWHAT'CHEE.  apost-otHceof  Leeco..C.eorgia. 

CHICKASAW  INDIANS,  a  tribe  formerly  inhabiting  the 
northern  portions  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  but.  with 
the  Chocktaws,  now  occupy  the  territory  W.  of  the  State  of 
Arkansas.    See  Choctaws. 

ClIICKELIS  or  CHIKEELIS.    See  Chikailis. 

CHICK'ERELL.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CmCK'LADE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CHICK'NEY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

CHICKOO'RY,  a  considerable  town  of  Hindostan.  dimi- 
nlons,  and  84  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sattarah.  It  is  situated  amid 
an  amphitheatre  of  hills. 

CHICK  S  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Greenville  district. 
South  Citrolina,  10  miles  N.  of  Greenville,  and  120  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbia.  Here  is  a  chalybeate  spring  which  has 
lately  become  a  place  of  resort,  and  buildings  have  been 
erected  for  the  recei)tion  of  visitors. 

CHICL.'VNA,  che-kld'nj,  a  town  of  Spain,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Cadiz.  It  has  numerous  country-honses  of  inhabitants  of 
Cadiz,  and  near  it  is  a  ruined  Moorish  castle.  On  March 
11,lSn,  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  Anglo-Spanish 
army,  in  the  Battle  of  Barossa.  5  miles  S.  of  Cliiclana. 

CillCLAYO,  che-kli'o,  a  town  of  I'eru,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  same  name,  department  of  Libertad,  near  the  sea- 
coast,  118  miles  N.W.  of  Trujillo.  Pop.  of  the  province,  in 
IS.'-.O,  2fi,123. 

CIIICO.  chee'ko,  a  river  of  Patagonia,  supposed  to  rise  in  a 
lake  in  the  interior,  and  falls  into  the  estuary  of  Santa  Cruz. 

CIIICO,  chee'ko,  Butte  CO.,  California,     See  Appendix. 

CllICOANA,  che-ko-i'ni,  or  CHICUANA.  chtvkoo-J'nd,  a 
town  of  La  Plata,  25  miles  S.  by  W.  of  S;ilt.a,  on  the  Que- 
braila  del  Toro,  in  a  desert  country.     Pop.  20mO. 

CIIICOBEA,  ch'^ko-bA'S,  the  northernmost  of  the  Feejee 
fslanils,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  15°  4h'  S  ,  Ion.  179"=  51' 
W.     It  is  3  miles  long,  and  1%  wide. 

CIIICNJPKE',  a  river  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Massa- 
iiosetts,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  tlie  West  Branch  and 


Swift  River,  fwhich  is  formed  by  the  East  and  Jliddla 
Branches,)  in  Hampshire  county,  and  falls  into  the  Merri- 
mack in  Hampden  county.  It  affords  extensive  water- 
power,  employed  in  cotton  and  other  manufactures.  Tlie 
railroad  from  Springfield  to  Worcester  passes  near  this  river 
for  a  short  distance. 

CHICOl'EE,  a  post-township  in  Hampden  co.,  Mas8.a- 
chusetts,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  at  the  influx  of 
the  Chicopeo  River,  and  on  the  Connecticut  River  Rail- 
road, 6)4  niiles  N  of  Springfield.  This  township  is  noted  for 
its  numerous  and  extensive  manufactories.  It  contains  the 
villages  of  Chicopee  or  Cabot>iville  and  Chicopee  Falls,  which 
are  connected  by  a  branch  railroad  2  miles  in  length.  Pop. 
7210.     See  CiB')TSViu,K. 

CHICOPEE.  a  post-office  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi. 

CHICOPEK  FALLS,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Ilamp- 
den  CO.,  Massachusetts,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Chicopee 
Falls  Branch  Railroad,  and  on  the  Chicopee  River,  which 
here  affords  valuable  water-i)Ower,  b}/,  miles  N.  of  Spring- 
field. The  industry  of  the  inhabitants'is  chiefly  directed  to 
manufactures.  It  contains  3  churches,  3  or  4  cotton-mills, 
a  large  manufactory  of  fire-arms,  and  2  of  agricultural  im- 
plements.    Pop.  about  2500. 

CHICOT,  shee'ko,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Arkansas,  and  bordering  on  Louisiana,  contains  820  square 
miles.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  entire  E.  boundary;  it  is 
also  drained  by  Bayou  Boeuf  The  surface  is  level,  and 
partly  subject  to  inundati.-.n ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  very 
fertile,  and  is  occupied  by  plantations  of  cotton  and  maize. 
Ca])ital,  Columbia.  Pop'  9234,  of  whom  1722  were  tree,  and 
7512  slaves. 

CHICOVA,  she-ko'vS.  a  town  of  South-eastern  Africa,  in 
Monomotapa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Zamliezi.  220  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Senna.  It  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  silver- 
mines.  ' 

CIIICSOT,  cheek-so'ee,  a  river  of  Guatemala,  forming  the 
head  stream  of  the  Usumasiuta.  It  rises  in  a  mountain 
range  aVx)ut  40  miles  N.  of  the  city  of  Guatemala,  flows 
N.W..  and  after  receiving  the  Pasion,  San  I'edro.  and  other 
streams,  enters  the  Mexican  state  of  Cliiapa,  where  it  as- 
sumes the  name  of  Usumasint.a.  Total  course  to  the  Mexi- 
can frontier,  exclusive  of  windings,  150  mlle.s. 

CII1CT.\WAGA,  chik-to-wi'ga,  a  township  of  Erie  co., 
New  York.     Pop.  2743. 

CHICUANA.    See  CmcoAXA. 

CHID/DIXGFOLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CHlD'Dr.NGLY.  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

CHIO'DI.MiSTONE.  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CHID'EOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CHliyilAM,  a  parish  of  l^ngliind,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CIIIEM  SEE,  Keem  sL  a  lake  of  Upper  Bavaria.  42  mlleg 
S.E.  of  Munich,  celebrated  for  its  fish.  Length,  12  miles; 
breadth,  9  miles:  height  above  the  sea,  1549  feet:  greatest 
depth.  480  feet.  It  has  3  small  islands,  receives  the  Achen 
and  I'rien  Rivers,  and  discharges  its  surplus  waters  by  the 
Alz  into  the  Inn. 

CHIENNE  or  CHEYENNE  (she-Jnn')  INDIANS,  a  tribe 
found  chiefly  in  the  E.  part  of  Missouri  Territory. 

CHIENTI,  ke-Jn'tee.  (anc.  Fhi>sor,)si  river  of  Central  Italy, 
in  tlie  Mardies,  and  in  the  lornier  delegations  of  Cainerino 
and  Macerat;i,  enters  the  Adriatic  25  miles  S.E.  of  Ancoua, 
alter  a  N.E.  course  of  about  45  miles.  On  its  W.  bank  is 
Tolentino,  nciir  which  the  Austrians  defeated  the  troops 
under  Murat,  May  4,  1815. 

CHIENTI,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata.  on 
the  Adriatic,  district,  and  loi  miles  N.W.  of  San  Severe. 
Pop.  1680. 

CHIERI,  ke-iVree.  (anc.  Oxrreta  Poten'tia.)  a  walled  town 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  on  a  hill,  9  miles  S.E. 
of  Turin.  Pop.  1.3.272.  It  has  4  .squares,  several  convents, 
and  the  largest  Gothic  building  in  Piedmont,  the  Church  of 
Santa  Maria  della  Saala.  founded  in  1406.  Chieri  was  for- 
merly fortified,  and  has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  and 
linen  fabrics.  It  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  manufacturing 
towns  of  Europe. 

CHIERS.  she-ain',  a  river  of  Europe,  rises  in  Luxemburg, 
and  joins  the  Meuse,  4  miles  S.  of  Sedan,  after  a  W.  course 
of  50  miles. 

CHIESE.  ke-A/sA  or  CIIISO.  kee'so.  ("anc.  CMsiuf.)  a  river 
of  the  Tyrol  and  Northern  Italy,  rises  W.  of  Arco,  in  the 
Tyrol,  flows  S.,  forming  the  Lake  of  Idro,  and  joins  the 
Oglio,  18  miles  W.  of  Mantua.    Length,  75  miles. 

CIIIETI.  ke-.Vtee,  (anc.  TeaHe,)  a  fortified  archiepiscop,al 
city  of  Naples,  capital  of  the  province  of  Abruzza  Citra.  on 
a  liill.  near  the  I'escara,  40  miles  E.  of  Aquila.  Pop.  17,734. 
It  is  badly  laid  out.  but  has  some  good  edifices,  comprising 
a  cathedral,  college,  and  handsome  theatre:  the  adjacent 
country  is  pleasant.  Among  its  antiquities  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  large  thejitre,  of  some  temples,  a  gateway,  and  a 
mosaic  pavement.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric,  a  high 
court  of  justiciary,  and  a  civil  court.  The  ancient  Teate 
was  the  capital  of  the  tribe  of  the  Marrucini.  and  was  ono 
of  tlie  largest  and  most  important  cities  in  this  part  of  Italy. 
It  appears  to  have  been  possessed  for  some  centuries  by  the 
Qreeks,  after  which  it  passed  successively  into  the  hands 

435 


CHI 


cm 


of  theKomans,  3oths,  Lombards,  Franks,  and  Northmen. 
In  lSO-3.  it  was  taken  by  the  French  troops. 

CUIEVI'BS,  she-Av'r',  a  town  of  Beljjium,  province  of 
Il.aiuaut,  11  miles  X.W.  of  Mous.  on  the  Ilunel.  Pop.  3107. 
It  h.is  a  larje  annual  horse  tair  and  uiauuCictories  of  cot- 
tons and  notterv. 

CllIFi'LlK,   chift^•?ek^  a  village  of  Turkish  Arminia,  81 
miles  \V.  of  Erzr.Kjm,  at  the  foot  of  a  castle-crowned  hei;iht. 
Many  of  its  dwellinjrs  are  caves,  iu  one  of  which  are  some 
old  paintinsrs  and  a  Greek  inscription. 
CiilFUNOTE.    See  Chefo.nte. 
CllIti'X.\L,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
Clll»i.\Ali    SMEALY,  a  parish  of  Eni^land.  co.  of  Essex. 
CllWXECTO  (shi:,'-nJk'to)  UAY,  an  inlet  of  British  North 
Ameiica,  between  Nova  Scotiii  and  New  Brunswick,  for- 
merly the  northern  extremity  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.   Length, 
30  m'iles :  average  brejith,  8  miles.     See  FuxDV  Bay  of. 

CUIGNl'LO,  keen-yo/lo,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  16  miles 
E.N.  E.  of  favia.  Pop.  3992. 
CIUG'WELL.  a  p:u-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
CIIIIIUAIIUA,  che-wa'wi,  a  city  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, capital  of  a  state  of  the  same  name,  on  a  small  tributary  of 
the  Couchos.  in  the  midst  of  a  plain.  310  miles  N.by  AV.of  Du- 
rango:  l.it.2S'^  uO' N..  lon.li>4°  29' 17"  W.  It  is  regularly  laid 
out,  and  for  the  most  part  well  built;  the  streets  are  bi-oad 
and  clean,  and  some  of  them  paved.  In  the  centre  is  a  spacious 
s-juare.  called  the  Plaza  Mayor,  on  one  side  of  which  stands 
the  Cathedral,  a  lartce  and  imposing  structure  of  hewn  stone, 
erected  at  a  cost  of  fSOO.OUO;  it  is  surmounted  with  a  dome 
and  two  towers,  and  has  a  h:indsome  fa9ade,  with  statues 
of  the  twelve  apostles.  The  other  sides  of  the  plaza  are  occu- 
pied with  public  and  other  buildings,  incltidiug  the  ancient 
state-house;  and  in  the  centre  is  a  fountain.  A  little  below 
the  Plaza  Mayor  is  the  unfinished  convent  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, begun  by  the  Jesuits  in  1707,  prior  to  their  expulsion 
from  the  country,  .ind  now  converted  into  a  state  prison. 
Chihuahua  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  militiry 
academy,  and  was  the  residence  of  the  ■'  captain-general  of 
the  interior  provinces."  It  is  supplied  with  water  by  a  well- 
constructed  aqueduct,  alwut  3j  miles  in  length,  supported 
by  a  number  of  stupendous  arches,  and  communicating  with 
the  smiiU  river  Chihuahua.  In  the  vicinity  are  many  fine 
gardens  and  pleasant  pi-omenades.  The  city  is  surrounded 
by  silvei^miues,  and  contains  many  furnaces  for  smelting 
the  ores.  Here  also  is  a  mint,  at  which  was  coined,  in  18i0, 
$108,410  of  gold,  and  S94.048  of  silver.  An  important  trade 
is  carried  on  between  this  place  and  the  United  St;\tes,  by 
means  of  caravans  to  St.  Louis  in  Missouri,  and  San  Anto- 
nio iu  Texas,  at  which  latter  phice  the  greater  portion  of  the 
trade  now  centres.  Chihuahua  was  founded  iu  1091,  and 
during  the  most  successful  working  of  the  silver-mines  in  its 
vicinity  contained,  it  is  said,  70,t)00  inhabitants.  Its  popu- 
lation is  at  present  estimated  at  14.000. 

CHIHUAHUA,  a  state  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
bounded  N.  by  New  Mexico  and  Texas,  E.  by  Texas  and 
Cohahuila,  and  on  the  other  sides  by  Durango.  Sonora, 
and  Cinaloa  ;  situated  between  lat.  27°  and  32°  45'  N.,  and 
Ion.  100°  50'  and  10S°  40'  \V.  Ai-eti.  100.250  square  miles. 
The  great  chain  of  the  Mexican  Cordillera.s,  here  called  the 
Sierra  Madre  and  Sierra  de  Carcay,  occupie.s  most  of  the  W. 
portion  of  the  state,  traversing  it  throughout  its  whole  ex- 
tent. E.  of  these  mounfciins,  the  surface  is  mostly  an  ele- 
vated table-land,  from  4000  to  6000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  SKI,  intersected,  however,  by  numerous  cross  ridges,  be- 
tween which  flow  the  affluents  of  the  Bio  Grande,  which 
forms  the  north-eastern  boundary  of  Chihuahua.  Several 
of  the  rivers  that  enter  the  Gulf  of  California  take  their 
rise  oa  the  W.  slope  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  while  numei-ous 
streams  flowing  from  the  E.  slope  fall  into  Lakes  Guzman, 
Candelari.a,  Santa  Maria,  Patos.  and  other  considerable  bodies 
of  water  lying  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Chihuahua.  The 
soil,  however,  is  in  general  very  dry,  and  unfit  for  agricul- 
tural purposes;  the  gre.iter  part  of  the  country  is  either 
barren,  or  covered  with  thorny  chapparal  and  different  spe- 
cies of  cacti.  Along  the  water-courses  are  narrow  strips  of 
timbered  land.s,  and  in  the  valleys,  between  parallel  ranges 
of  mountains,  the  mesquit  and  live-oak  grow  to  a  con- 
siderable size.  These  valleys  also  abound  in  rich  grazing 
lands,  on  which  feed  great  uumljers  of  cattle.  The  region 
bordering  on  the  E.  slope  of  the  Sierra  Madre  is  by  far 
the  Itest  watered  and  most  productive  portion  of  the  state. 
Maize  is  the  principal  crop  raised,  though  wheat,  barley, 
beans,  peas,  cotton,  and  the  vine  are  cultivated.  The  chief 
w«,ilth  of  the  inhabitants  consists  in  their  herds  of  cattle, 
horses,  and  mules,  and  their  flocks  of  sheep,  which  are 
raised  Tor  sxportation.  The  rearing  of  stock,  however,  re- 
ceives far  less  attention  than  formerly,  owing  to  its  having 
become  much  less  lucrative  in  conse<iuence  of  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  Indians.  Chihuahua  is  rich  in  minerals,  which 
comprise  gold,  ullver,  copper,  le.ad,  iron.  tin.  cinnab:ir.  salt- 
petre, and  bituminous  coal.  In  its  mineral  wealth.  Mr. 
ISartlett  thinks  this  stite  is  not  surpassed  by  that  of  any  in 
the  world.  The  silver-mines  of  Chihuahua  have  lieen  cele- 
brated for  centuries.  The  most  important  are  in  the  Sierra 
Madre,  at  El  Panal,  Botapelas,  and  Jesus  Maria ;  the  tamous 
436 


mines  of  Santa  Eul.ilia  are  In  a  hill  which  stinds  Isolated 
on  the  plain,  about  12  miles  from  the  capital.  Chihuahua 
i.i(  infested  with  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians,  called  .\paches. 
They  inh.ibit  the  countr}'  lying  on  lioth  sides  of  the  Kio 
Grande,  and  carry  on  a  series  of  ceaseless  hostilities  against 
the  inhabitants,  destroying  their  property,  and  greatly  re- 
tarding the  prosperity  of  the  state.  Game  of  various  kinds 
abounds  here.  Two  species  of  bears  are  found  iu  the  moun- 
tains: and  elks,  and  other  deer  of  various  kinds  are  equally 
abundant  on  the  sierras  and  iu  the  plains.  Near  the  1  ase 
of  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  not  far  from  the  boundary -line  be- 
tween Chihuahua  and  Sonora.  are  ruins  of  great  extent, 
called  C.asjis  Grandes  ;  they  consist  of  the  remains  of  houses 
and  other  buildings,  a  canal,  ic,  and  are  considered  as  one 
of  the  stations  of  the  Azteks  in  their  emigrations.  Pop. 
147.000,  consisting  of  the  descendants  of  Europeans  and 
Indians. 

CIIlKAILTS,(app,irently  the  siiine  name  as  Chehalis,)  or 
cm  LTS.  a  tribeof  Indians  N.of  the  mouth  ol  Col  umVia  r.iver. 
CIIlKllil.  CIIEEKEEREE,  or  TCHlKIi;!,  che-kee'ree',  a 
river  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  Mantchooria.  rising  on  the  con- 
fines of  Siberia,  and.  after  a  cour.se  of  aljout  450  miles,  falls 
into  the  Amoor.  a  little  above  Saghalien  OvJa. 

CHI  LA.  chee'12,  a  river  of  Peru,  rising  in  the  Andes,  and, 
after  a  westerly  course  of  about  105  miles,  falls  into  the 
Pacific,  about  75  miles  S.E.  of  Arequipa. 

cm  LA  PA,  che-15'pa,  and  CIIILAPILLA,  che-ia-peel'yd, 
(i.e.  "Little  Chilapa,")  two  rivers  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, department  of  Tabasco,  and  tribut.ary  to  the  I'.iver 
Tabasco,  w  hich  they  join  from  the  E.,  the  former  below,  and 
the  latter  above  Escobas.  The  Chilapa  is  less  r.ipid  than 
any  other  affluent  of  the  Tabasco,  and  at  their  junction  it 
has  at  all  seasons  three  fathoms  of  water. 

CHILAPA,  che-ld'p4,a  townof  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
155  miles  S.  of  Mexico.  It  h.is  several  manufactories  of  delft. 
CIIIL.\W.  a  maritime  town  of  Ceylon,   on  its  western 
coast,  45  miles  N.  of  Colombo.    Opposite  to  it  a  pearl-fishery 
is  carried  on. 
CIIlL'BOl/rON.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
CHll/CA.  cheel'kd.  a  seaport  of  Peru,  40  miles  SJi.  of  Lima, 
on  the  Pacific,  near  w^hich  are  remains  of  ancient  Peruvian 
edifices. 
CHIL'COilBE,  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Hants. 
CHILCOMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
CHILVOMP'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
CHIL/DEHDITCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
CHIiyDERLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
CHILD-JKE'FOI'.D,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
CHIiyDHESS'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 
Vircinia. 
Cllll/DREY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
CHILUS'BURG,  a  village  of  Fayette  co.,   Kentucky,  32 
miles  E.  of  Frankfort. 
CIIILDS-EK'CALL.  a  parl.<h  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
CHILDS'VILLE.  a  post-ofliceof  Yancev  co..  North  Cai-olina. 
CHILUS-WICK'HAM.av>arishofEn_-land.co.ofGloucester. 
CHILDAVWLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
CIIILECITO.  chtvUVsee'to.  a  village  of  the  confederation  of 
La  Platjt.  department,  and  45  miles  W.  of  Kioj.%.  in  the  Fanuv 
tina  Valley,  and  the  he.id-quarters  of  its  mining  district. 
Lat.  28°  o&  S.,  Ion.  08°  30'  W.    Estimated  height  above  the 
sea.  3000  feet. 
CHIL'FPlOOM,  a  parish  of  Endfind,  co.  of  Dorset 
CHIL'HAM,  a  pari.'ih  of  England,  eo_  of  Kent. 
CHIL^IOWEE.  a  mountain  ridge  of  Blount  CO.,  Tennes- 
see, about  30  miles  S.  of  Knoxville. 
CHILHOWEE,  a  po.st-office  of  Blount  co.,  Tennes.see. 
CHILI,  chillee.  (Sp.  Cliile,  ohee'lil.)   an   independent  re- 
public of  .South  America,  con.si.afingof  alongn.irrow  strip  of 
country  l)orderingon  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  extendina  from 
lat.  25°  22'  to  43°  30'  S.,  and  from  Ion.  70°  to  74°  M'. ; "  being 
about  1150  miles  in  length  from  X.  to  S.,  and  with  a  breadth 
varying  from  aliout  88  to  130  miles,  and  including  an  area 
of  perhaps.  170.000  square  miles.    It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Bolivia,  on  the  E.  by  Patagonia  and  the  territory  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.)  fi-om  which  if  is  sf>i)arated 
by  the  Aiides,  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

f\icp.  of  the  C'ounti-y.  Mnmlains.  d-c. — Chili  is  separated 
from  the  eastern  part  of  the  continent  by  the  hiL'hest  ridges 
of  the  .\ndes.  which  attain  on  the  easterji  limit  of  Chili  a 
mean  elevation  of  from  13.000  to  ll.ilOO  feet  above  the  s«'a; 
but  many  of  the  pt>aks, — as  those  of  Aconcagua.  S.  of  32°; 
Tupungato,  S. of  Sj°;  the  Volcano  of  M.iypu,  or  Peuquenes, 
ne;ir  34°;  the  Peak  of  Desi-abezado  X.  of  30°;  and  the 
Volcano  of  Antuco,  N.  of  37°.— attain  much  greater  elevji- 
vations.  Aconcagua,  the  highest  peak  in  South  Ameri<a 
whose  altitude  has  been  ascertained,  (though  Illimani  and 
Sorato.  in  Peru,  were  formerly  thought  to  be  higher,) 
reiiches  an  elevation  of  23,200  feet.  1'his  country,  which 
lies  entirely  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Andes,  is  gene- 
r.ally  mountainous,  being  in  many  parts  crowded  with  rami- 
fications of  theprinci|«jl  range,  which  gradually  diminish  in 
height  as  they  recede  from  the  central  chain,  fo-iniug  ele- 
vated plateaus,  often  covered  with  timt«-r  aaiarich  vegeta- 
tion.   Between  the  ridges  are  deep  valleys,  some  of  tiiem  of 


CHI 


CHI 


oonsidfrable  breadth,  and  many  fertile,  thoush  others  are 
n>ere  ravines.  The  richest  and  mo.st  lu.xuriant  districts  are 
In  the  S  ,  where  the  scenery  is  pleasing  and  picture.sque :  but 
proceeding  X..  towards  Va  Iparaiso.  the  hills  tieL'in  to  look  bleak 
and  naked,  being  thinly  clad  with  a  stunted  brushwood.  At 
Co<iuimbo  even  this  brushwood  disappears,  its  place  being 
supplied  by  a  scanty  sprinkling  of  wiry  grass.  Farther  N., 
the  country  pre.^ents  a  scene  of  utter  desolation,  the  hills 
and  plains  being  covered  with  Iiare  sand,  and  no  trace  of 
vegetation  is  visible  The  mountains  of  Chili  are  remarkable 
for  their  abrupt  ascent  from  the  plains  on  which  they  stand. 
There  areanuml)er  of  passes  across  the  Andes  from  this  ter- 
ritory: the  most  frequented  is  that  of  Aconcagua,  whose 
highest  point  is  upwaids  of  12,00il  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
gea;  while  that  of  I'or.tillo  is  upwards  of  14,000  feet.  The 
pass  of  Uspallata  is  described  by  Sir  Francis  Head  and 
Lieutenant  Strain  as  being  in  the  highest  degree  grand, 
and  in  many  places  terrifically  dangerous,  winding  some- 
times along  ledges  t,oo  narrow  for  two  mules  to  pass,  and 
where  the  slightest  deviation  from  the  track  would  hurl 
the  traveller  down  precipices  several  hundred  feet  in  per- 
pendicular height.  Many  frightful  accidents  have  hap- 
pened on  this  pas,s  from  the  baggage  of  the  mules  merely 
striking  a  projecting  cr.ag.  There  are  many  volcanoes  in 
the  Chilian  Andes,  some  of  them  of  the  most  formidable 
description:  they  are  most  numerous  S.  of  35°,  where  there 
are  seven  within  a  space  of  about  250  miles;  and  it  is  sup- 
posed there  are  many  still  unknown.  Few  of  them,  how- 
ever, are  In  a  state  of  .ictivity.  and  this  is  believed  to  be 
the  source  of  the  frequent  earthquakes  to  which  Chili  is 
subject.  One  of  the  most  violent  of  tho.se,  which  have  re- 
cently occurred,  look  place  on  November  19,  1822,  when  the 
towns  of  Valparaiso,  Quillota.  Casa  Ulanca.  and  Limacha 
were  destroyed,  and  many  inhabitants  buried  in  the  ruins. 
A  line  of  coast  of  50  miles  extent  was  rai.sed  on  this  occa- 
sion nearly  3  feet  above  its  former  level.  The  shock  of  this 
earthquake  was  felt  at  a  distance  of  500  miles  from  its 
centre,  which  was  out  at  sea,  some  distance  to  the  S.  of 
Valparaiso.  On  April  2,  1851,  another  severe  earthquake 
visited  Chili:  off  the  mouth  of  the  Maypu  Itiver  it  was  felt 
40  miles  out  at  sea.  In  Valparaiso,  about  200  houses  were 
rendered  uninhabitable:  a  like  cal.aniity  befell  the  capital, 
in  which  even  greater  damage  was  done.  The  coast  of  Chili 
is  bold  and  rocky,  with  deep  water  close  to  the  shore.  This 
whole  region,  with  the  exception  of  the  valley  of  UspallatJi, 
which  is  formed  by  a  bifurcation  of  the  Andes,  which  sends 
its  waters  to  the  Atlantic,  belongs  to  the  Pacific  b;isin. 

Mineruls. — Chili  is  rich  in  mineral  treasures,  particularly 
In  the  northern  portion.  "On  the  southern  boundaiyr  of 
that  terrible  desert,  (says  Colonel  Lloyd,  in  a  paper  read 
before  the  Koyal  Geographical  Society  of  London.)  which 
stretches  from  the  Andes,  on  the  E.,  to  the  barren  shores 
of  Chili  on  the  W.,  and  extending  for  hundreds  of  miles  to 
Bolivia  and  I'eru.  are  found  in  every  direction  the  purest 
veins  of  silver  ore.  besides  copper,  lead,  iron,  bismuth,  cobalt, 
antimony,  arsenic,  and  quicksilver."  The  two  great  mining 
districts  are  IjOs  Tres  Pantos,  90  miles  N.N.K.  of  Copiapo.  and 
Chanarcillo,  (chln-yaR-seeVyo,  i.e.  "stunted  bush,")  4S  miles 
S.  of  the  same  town.  In  the  provinceofAtacama.  or  Copiapo, 
there  were,  in  1851,  235  silver  mines  operated  by  27(51 
miners,  and  153,987  cwt.  of  ore  was  sent  to  the  amalgama- 
tion works  in  1850.  In  the  same  year,  Copiapo  had  2.'i3 
silver,  6  gold,  and  14  copper  mines.  In  1851,  the  exports 
of  silver  in  bars  and  ingots  from  C.aldera,  the  port  of  Co- 
piapo. amounted  to  3.030.874  ounces,  and  in  ores  of  different 
degrees  of  purity,  of  from  8  to  73  per  cent.,  2.312.829  pounds. 
The  exportation  of  silver  bars,  reduced  in  Copiapo  from 
native  silver,  increased  from  S'i9.000  in  1S30.  to  $3,483,179 
In  18.50.  The  produce  of  the  goM-mjnes  in  1850,  amounted 
to  S70(i,100. 

The  export  of  metils  of  all  kinds  for  1853  is  estimated  at 
f  10.000.000  for  the  Copiapo  district.  Among  the  greatest 
difficulties  attending  mining  have  hitherto  been  the  desert 
nature  of  the  country,  the  want  of  water,  and  of  suitalile 
means  of  transport.  The  lattx^r  difficulty  has  been  partlj» 
removed  by  the  construction  of  a  railway  from  the  port  of 
Caldera  to  Copiapo.  But  the  cost  and  difficulty  of  pro- 
:uring  water  in  this  sterile  region  still  remain.  At  the  Re- 
lirio  mine  alone,  the  cost  of  this  necessary  is  nearly  $10,000 
annually.  At  the  mines  are  mounds  of  ore,  which  has 
been  rejected  because  not  pure  enough  to  bear  the  cost 
of  transport.  At  the  Chai5arcillo  mines  alone,  it  is  com- 
puted there  are  more  than  300.000  tons  of  ore,  that  would 
yield  from  48  to  400  ounces  per  ton  of  pure  silver.  Bitu- 
minous coal,  in  extensive  deposits,  has  been  recently  dis- 
covered near  Talcahuano,  and  is  used  in  Bntish  steamers 
when  their  supply  is  short.  This  coal  may  yet  effect  an  im- 
>3rtant  change  in  mining  operations,  by  removing  the  ne- 
cessity of  sending  silver  and  copper  ores  to  England  to  be 
reduced.  I^esides  the  metals  mentioned  aliove,  zinc,  man- 
g.inese.  and  tin  are  found;  .and  of  other  minerals,  siilphur, 
alum.  salt,  nitre,  lime,  porphyry,  .and  quartz  are  plentiful. 
Great  tables  of  limestone  rock,  hundreds  of  feet  in  thick- 
ness, sometimes  interrupt  the  veins  of  silver,  and  put  the 
miners  to  great  labor  and  expense  to  pierce  them;    but, 


once  penetrated,  amply  repay  all  cost  of  time  and  tell,  by 
restoring  the  lost  metal  in  richer  veins  than  ev^r,  some- 
times in  masses  weighing  hundreds,  and  even  thousands  o. 
marks.    (A  mark  is  8  ounces.) 

Jiivirs,  Bni/s.  and  Gitlfa. — The  narrowness  of  the  Pacific 
slope  prevents  the  formation  of  any  large  rivers  in  Chili,  the 
most  of  the  streams  being  mere  mountain  torrents.  The 
only  rivers  of  any  importance  are  the  Maule.  the  Maypu, 
Biobio,  Copiapo,  the  llu.a.'co.  and  the  Chnapa,  all  discharging 
their  waters  into  the  Pacific.  The  BioUo  is  about  200  mile* 
long,  but  too  shallow  for  large  ves.sels  to  enter,  though  small 
craft  ascend  100  miles.  The  Manle  is  n.avigable  about  20 
miles  for  barges,  and  may  be  entered  by  vessels  of  7  feet 
draught.  Large  vessels  enter  the  mouth  of  the  CalacalLa. 
The  lakes  of  Chili,  as  far  as  known,  do  not  exceed  15  miles 
in  length,  .and  lie  among  the  Andes.  There  are  no  largo 
b.aj's  or  gulfs  on  the  coast,  and  commerce  suffers  much  from 
want  of  good  harbors.  The  principal  ports  are  those  of  T;il- 
cahuana,  Valdivi.a,  Conc^pcion,  A'alparaiso,  and  Coquimbo. 

hhinils. — The  principal  island  lielonging  to  Chili  is  Chiloe, 
S.  of  the  mainland,  and  \V.  of  the  coast  of  Patagonia,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel  called  the  Gulf  of  Ancud, 
which  is  35  miles  wide.  It  Is  125  miles  long  from  N.  to  S., 
and  50  miles  broad  at  the  widest  part,  but  divided  near  its 
centre  b.y  a  deep  indentation,  wiiich  reduces  the  wiilth  to  15 
miles,  it  forms  a  province  of  the  republic.  To  the  W.  of 
Chili,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  are  the  islands  of  .Tuan  Fer- 
nandez and  St.  Felix,  the  former  of  which  are  used  as  a  cri- 
minal settlement. 

Cliinati'. — The  climate  of  Chili  is  one  of  the  healthiest  in 
the  world :  the  temperature  near  the  sea  is  finer  even  than 
that  of  the  interior,  being  less  subject  to  variations.  The 
months  of  .January  and  February  are  the  hottest  in  the 
year,  the  thermometer  frequentlj'  rising  to  90°  and  95°  in 
the  shade;  but  the  air  is  cooled  by  refreshing  breezes  after 
sunset  and  during  the  niiht.  Itain  falls  only  from  June 
to  September,  during  which  period  the  whole  country 
throughout  the  more  fiivored  regions  is  decked  with  flowers. 
The  rains  often  last  severjil  days,  and  are  so  excessively 
heavy  as  to  cause  a  general  suspension  of  business.  In  the 
interior  parts  of  the  Cordilleras,  snow  falls  at  intervals  dnr-  ■ 
ing  the  winter,  and  from  June  to  November  the  nifire  lofty 
ranges  of  hills.  E.  of  Santiago,  are  covered  with  it;  but  it 
generally  disappears  before  December,  except  in  the  deep 
gorges.  In  the  central  parts  of  Chili,  storms  of  hail,  appal- 
ling thunder,  and  vivid  lightning  are  frequent  in  the  win- 
ter season.  In  the  northern  parts,  rain  oft«n  does  not  dll 
for  years  in  succession. 

,4^il  and  ProdivcUnng. — Though  possessing  many  fertile 
tracts,  a  large  portion  of  Chili,  especially  toward  the  N..  i? 
hoi)elessly  sterile.  In  the  S..  however,  are  dense  forests  and 
profuse  vegetation.  The  slopes  of  the  Andes  are  covered 
with  herbaceous  plants  and  flowers  of  the  richest  and  most 
beautiful  hues.  Laurels,  myrtles,  cypres.ses.  and  other  ever- 
greens attain  here  a  gigantic  size;  hard  woods,  of  different 
descriptions,  also  alKjund.  The  lands  of  Chili  may  l)e  divided 
into  two  classes — those  adapted  to  cultivation,  and  those 
en  which  cattle  may  be  reared.  The  surface  of  a  grazing 
firm  generally  consists  of  a  series  of  heights,  deep  hollows, 
and  ravines  ;  the  first  being  studded  with  bushes,  the  inter- 
vals between  which  are  in  the  wet  season,  from  May  to  Oc- 
tober, covered  with  flowers,  herbaceous  plants,  .and  tubeiose 
roots,  which  afford  a  tolerable  sustenance  for  cattle.  Hut 
this  show  of  verdure  lasts  only  4  or  5  months,  and  between 
December  and  Jlay  the  country  presents  an  aspect  of  ex- 
treme barrenness,  furnishing  but  an  inadequate  sujijily  oi 
food  for  cattle;  the  consequence  is,  that  beef  and  mutton, 
milk,  and  wool  are  inferior.  In  the  northern  districts,  maize 
is  cultivated,  and  in  the  S.  wheat  and  barley;  the  former  of 
which  is  the  staple  of  the  country,  considerable  quantities 
of  Hour  being  exported.  The  hemp  is  reckoned  superior  to 
that  of  Kussia.  Leguminous  vegetables  are  grown  abun- 
dantly, particularly  different  kinds  of  beans;  but  vege- 
tables generally  are  not  much  cultivated.  Agriculture  is  in 
a  very  backward  state.  In  the  northern  districts,  however, 
potatoes  are  plentiful.  Apples,  pears,  apricots,  nectarines, 
plums,  pe.aches,  cherries,  figs,  grapes,  oranges,  limes,  water- 
melons, and  gourds  are  abundant  in  their  seasons.  The 
agricultural  implements  are  of  the  rudest  kind.  The  yoke 
is  fastened  to  the  horns,  and  not  to  the  shoulders  of  the 
ox:  the  plough  consists  of  a  part  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree, 
with  a  crooked  branch  for  a  handle,  and  a  heap  of  brush, 
loaded  with  stones,  serves  for  a  harrow.  Fences  or  en- 
closures are  almost  unknown,  the  boundaries  of  estates 
being  marked  by  rivers  or  ridges  of  mountains. 

Animo.Js. — Chili  is  remarkably  free  from  the  larger  and 
fiercer  animals,  and  also  from  noxious  insects  and  reptiles; 
but  theguanaco,  a  species  of  llama,  the  cougar  or  puma,  the 
jaguar,  monkey,  and  skunk  are  found.  Among  the  fea- 
thered tribes  are  the  large  condor,  vultures,  pelicans,  par- 
rots, and  p.arroquets.  Whales,  dolphins,  cods,  and  pilchards 
are  caught  on  the  coast.  Herds  of  black  cattle  of  from  4000 
to  20.00()  are  found  on  a  single  farm.  The  horses  are  strong 
and  hardy;  the  mules  and  asses  excellent;  but  the  sheep. 
hogs,  and  goats  ai-e  inferior. 

437 


CHI 

Iidtmal  iT-iprovfinettts. — A  railway  (the  first,  we  believe, 
of  any  extmt  in  Soutli  America)  was  opened  in  December. 
3851,  from  the  port  of  Ciildera  to  Copiapo.  a  distance  of  50 
miles,  and  is  probably  now  (1854)  finished  to  I>uente  del  D«- 
monio.  28  miles  farther.  The  tot;il  cost  will  be  within 
$2,000,000.  The  road  in  question  had.  within  a  year  of  its 
completion,  reduced  the  prices  of  provision  and  labor  at  the 
mines  GO  per  cent.,  and  will  proluibly  diminish  the  expense 
of  reducing  the  ore  still  further,  either  by  transporting  it 
more  cheaply  to  places  where  fuel  is  abundant,  or  by  carry- 
ing the  fuel  to  the  mines.  Lieutenant  Strain  says  of  the 
road  between  Valparaiso  and  the  capital,  ''  It  is  well  con- 
structed, and  kept  in  constant  repair." 

Oummerce  and  Manufactures. — The  principal  articles  ex- 
ported are  copper,  silver,  wheat,  hides,  wool,  and  hemp.  The 
grain  and  othercountry  produce  are  chiefly  exported  to  Peru 
.snd  Ecuador.  The  largest  portion  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Chili 
is  with  Ctreat  Britain,  from  which  she  imports  cotton  and 
woollen  goods,  hardware,  iron.  itc.  From  Germany  she  re- 
ceives linen ;  from  France  silks,  paper,  leather,  perfumery, 
wines,  brandy,  Ac;  from  the  United  States,  tobacco,  sperma- 
ceti, candles,  oil,  sugar,  and  manufactured  goods;  from 
China  and  Indi.i,  silks,  nankins,  tea,  sugar,  &.Q.;  from  Peru 
and  Central  America,  dyes,  coffee,  pearls,  sugar,  cacao,  to- 
bacco, cotton,  rice,  siilts,  and  spirits;  from  Brazil  and  La 
Plata,  cotton;  and  from  Paraguay,  tea.  The  manuliictures 
are  not  extensive,  but  consist  of  superior  earthen  jars, 
hempen  cloth,  cordage,  soap,  copper  wares,  leather,  brandy, 
tallow,  and  charcoal.  The  mercantile  tonnage  of  Chili,  at 
the  close  of  1848.  was  16,970  ton.s.  The  imports  for  1850,  for 
borne  consumption,  amounted  to  $11,788,193;  for  1851, 
$15,884,972.  The  exports  of  home  products,  for  1850. 
amounted  to  $11,392,452;  for  1851.  S9.6C6.354.  Be-exports 
of  foreiirn  goods  in  1850.  $1,033,817;  in  1851,  S2.4S0.037. 
Total  foreign  trade  of  1860,  $24,214,402:  of  1851,  §28.031,363. 
Of  the  exports  of  ISol,  $861,113  were  to  France;  $4,643,290 
to  England  and  her  colonies;  $2,067,603  to  California; 
$ir447.li32toother  United  States;  $1,179,247  to  Peru:  $513,898 
to  Brazil;  $225,483  to  New  Granada;  and  $209,902  to  Boli- 
via. Customs  duties  for  the  same  year,  $2,724,718,  of  which 
$2,426,631  were  collected  at  Valparaiso.  A'alue  of  merch.Hn- 
dise.  in  transitu  for  other  countrie.s,  warehoused  in  1851, 
$25,781,867;  of  which  $8,957,250  were  actually  forwarded. 
The  imports  from  the  United  States,  in  1852.  amounted  to 
$2,043,836:  in  1853.  $2,157,320.  Exports  to  the  United  States, 
in  1852,  $2,002,100;  in  1853,  $2,214,262.  The  imports  of 
Chili  for  six  months  of  1853  amounted  to  $5,152,900;  and 
the  exports  to  $6,504,000.  The  tonnage  entered  from  the 
United  States  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1852,  was  44,808 
tons,  of  which  23.402  was  in  foreign  bottoms. 

liehgiim  and  Iklucution. — The  established  religion  is  Ca- 
tholic— other  religions  are  simply  tolerated.  Lieutenant 
Strain  tells  us  that  ''  public  instruction  appears  to  be  pro- 
gressing steadily."  and  that  normal  schools  and  lyeeums 
have  been  established.  The  capital  has  a  university  and 
national  institute,  and  the  cities  and  principal  towns  their 
high  schools.  Education  is  generally  diffused  among  the 
higher  classes,  and  the  government  is  making  enlightened 
exertions  to  extend  it  to  the  lower  orders.  The  military 
academy  at  Santi.-igo  had  81  students  in  1848,and  is  an  insti- 
tution creditable  to  the  country.  Chili  hasalso  a  naval  school. 

Pnpulutii/n. — The  Chilians  are  mostly  of  Spanish  and  In- 
dian descent.  The  aboriginal  population  chieftj"  living  S.  of 
the  river  Biobio,  are  more  advanced  in  civilization  than  the 
wandering  Indians  of  the  pampas.  They  excel  in  weaving, 
and  the  manufacture  of  pottery.  The  women  not  only  do 
the  spinning,  weaving,  and  dyeing,  but  al.=o  cultivate  the 
land.  Tl'  'i  Indians,  who  live  in  a  state  of  independence, 
subject  01. '  ■■  to  their  own  chiefs,  are  gener.iUy  of  amiable 
disposition  '  possessing  few  of  the  vices  of  other  Indians. 
The  white  twpulation  are  more  energetic  and  enterprising 
than  the  inhabitants  of  Spanish  descent  in  the  other  South 
American  States,  as  is  evinced  by  the  greater  material 
pro.sperity  of  Chili,  and  the  less  frequent  political  revolu- 
tions. French  fashions  generally  prevail  among  the  women. 
M  ith  some  not  ungraceful  modifications.  The  attire  of  the 
men  consists  of  the  never-absent  poncho,  and  the  conical 
broad-brimmed  hat:  but  foreign  customs  and  habits  will 
probably  soon  predominate.  Dancing  is  the  favorite  amu-^e- 
ment,  and  the  evening,  owing  to  the  hejit  of  tlie  climate,  is 
the  gay  period  of  the  day.  when  the  shops  are  opened,  and 
the  streets  and  public  squares  are  thronged. 

riiVtical  DivigiiAis  unci  Tmvns. — The  provinces  or  states  of 
Chili  are  .\tacama.  Cofjuimbo.  Aconcagua.  Valparaiso,  San- 
tia!;o.  Colcha<iua/  Talca.  Slaule,  Concep<'ion,  Valdivia,  and 
Chilort.  The  principal  cities  are  Santiago,  the  capital,  popu- 
lation 80.(XKt:  X'alparai.'io.  population  from  30.000  to  60.000  :* 
San  Felipe,  12.500;  La  Serena,  or  Coquimbo  and  Quillota. 
each  8000;  Ballenar,  7000;  San  Carlos  and  Sfci.Kosa.  each 
60" K);  and  Valdivia.  2000.  Caldera  and  I/ita  have  lately  re- 
ceived an  impetus  as  the  ports  of  the  mining  districts. 

Guvemmmt. — The  general  sovernmeut  of  Chili  is  adminis- 

» 'I'lie  latter  is  tlie  estimate  of  Lieutenant  Strain,  of  the  United 
Stitltfj  Navv.  {Itas.) 
438 


CHI 

tered  by  a  president,  elected  for  five  years,  and  re-eligible  for 
a  Second  tei-m,  but  not  for  a  third,  unless  the  period  of  a 
presidential  term  has  intervened.  The  executive  is  assisted 
by  a  council  of  8  members.  The  legislature  consists  of  2 
houses,  the  senate  and  house  of  deputies.  The  former  is 
composed  of  2  senators  from  each  continental  province,  who 
are  elected  for  9  years,  but  in  such  a  manner  that  one-third 
is  renewed  every  3  years.  The  house  of  deputies  is  com- 
posed of  1  member  for  every  20.000  souls.  The  deputies  are 
elected  for  3  years.  The  judicial  power  consists  of  2  supe- 
rior courts,  tlie  supreme  court  of  justice,  and  that  of  appeals. 
Annual  expenses  for  salaries  and  c-ontingents  of  the  two 
houses  of  Congress.  a1x)Ut  $8000.  The  revenue  for  1845.  ac- 
cording to  Lieutenant  Strain,  was  $3,223,039.  $3,623,918  for 
1846.  and  $3,714,078  for  1847.  derived  from  import  and  ex- 
port duties,  from  land-tax,  tithes,  excise,  monopolized  .arti- 
cles, stamps,  licenses.  &c.  In  the  years  named' above,  the 
portion  of  the  incomes  derived  from  duties  was.  respectively, 
$1,763,739.  $2,099,608.  .ind  $2,103,076.  The  national  debt, 
in  1848,  was  $9,371,150,  of  which  $1,745,950  was  due  to  her 
own  subjects.  The  remainder  was  chiefly  due  to  England. 
The  total  expense  for  the  department  of  finance,  for  the  year 
1845,  was  $734,923.  while  that  of  the  interior  was  $347,710. 
The  expenditures  for  the  ministry  of  justice,  tor  1846,  was 
$198,:;06;  for  that  of  religion,  $179,517  ;  and  for  that  of  in- 
struction, $136,080.  The  army  consists  of  28,698  infantry, 
and  about  fOOO  cavalry.  The  national  guard  amounts  to 
65.982  well-drilled  men,  and  more  efficient  than  any  on  the 
continent.  Total  expense,  aljout  $950.0C0  per  annum.  The 
naval  establishment,  in  1849,  consisted  of  six  vessels,  the 
largest  a  46-gun  frigate. 

Hufiori/. — Chili  originally  belonged  to  the  Inca  of  Peru, 
from  whom  it  was  wrested  by  Pizarro,  who  sent  Alniagro  in 
1635  to  subdue  the  countiy.  He  swept  all  before  him  in  the 
northern  poition  of  Chili,  but  in  the  southern  encountered 
a  warlike  tribe  or  tribes,  who  effectually  resisted  his  pi-o- 
gress.  Some  time  after.  Valdiviii  completed  the  subjugation 
of  thecountry,  with  the  exception  of  Araucania.  and  founded 
Santiago  in  1541.  In  1650.  Valdivia  again  visited  Chili,  and 
founded  Concepcion.  In  1553.  he  suffered  a  complete  rout 
at  the  hands  of  the  Araucanians,  was  himself  taken  captive 
and  put  to  death,  and  the  Spaniards  obliged  to  forsake  South- 
ern Chili,  The  contest  was  continued  ftr  a  century  and  a 
half  between  these  Indians  and  the  Spaniards,  often  with 
the  most  disastrous  results  to  the  former,  and  folltiwod  by 
burnings  and  ravages.  >"or  did  the  Indians  escape ;  for  as 
the  scales  of  fortune  changed,  they.  too.  were  often  sufferers 
in  turn.  Chili  continued  a  vice-royalty  of  Spain  till  1810, 
when  a  revolution  conmienced  which  terminated  in  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  country  in  1817.  Though  less  disturbed  by 
revolutions  than  other  South  American  states,  she  has  not 
been  entirely  exempt  from  internal  commotions.  One,  which 
occurred  in  1860.  had  no  serious  result:  and  the  second,  in 
1851.  led  by  Colonel  Urricia,  was  speedily  suppressed  by  the 
government.     The  leader  lost  his  life  in  the  contest,  and 

26  other  persons  were  killed. Adj.  and  inhab.  Cdilun, 

chil'e-an.  The  Spanish  appellation,  Chilkxos,  che-l.Vnoce, 
is  also  used  by  some  English  writers  to  designate  the  in- 
habitant.<i. 

CIllLI  or  CHEE-LEE,  a  province  of  China.  See  Pe-chee-lee. 

CIII'LI,  a  jKist-village  and  township  of  Monroe  to.,  New 
York,  on  the  Genesee  lUver.  and  on  the  railroad  between 
Eochester  and  Buffalo,  10  miles  S.W.  of  the  former.  Pop. 
of  the  township.  2205. 

CHILI,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  92  miles  XJE. 
of  Columbus. 

CHILI,  a  village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on  Eel  River,  about 
9  miles  X.  bv  E.  of  Peru. 

CHILI,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co„  Illinois,  is  situated 
in  a  fertile  prairie,  about  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

CHILI,  a  township  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisc-onsiu. 

CHILICOTHE.    See  Chiujcothe. 

CHILKA.  a  river  of  Eastern  A.si.i.     See  Shilka. 

CHll/KA  L.\KE.  of  British  Indi.i.  is  a  shallow  inlet  of 
t*e  Bay  of  Bengal,  between  the  presidencies  of  Madras  and 
Bengal.  Area.  2.''0  square  miles.  The  average  depth,  some 
years  ago,  was?  44  feet,  but  it  was  then  decreasing.  It  has 
many  peopletl  islands,  and  its  banks  are  studded  with  ham- 
lets, whose  inhabitants  are  employed  in  extensive  .salt-woi  ks. 

CHU/KE'AH.a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. 70  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bareily,  and  a  principal  mart  of  the 
trade  between  the  British  territory  and  Kumaon  Thil>et,  Ao. 

CH1L'LAMB.4RAM'.  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Caniatic, 
on  the  sea  coast.  3t>  miles  S.  of  Pondicheri-y.  In  the  viclcity 
are  extensive  ancient  Hindoo  temples. 

CH1LL.\.\.  cheel-yiin.'  a  town  of  Chili,  province,  and  IV 
miles  N  .K.  of  Concepcion.     See  li  Al  A 

CinL'l..ENDE.\.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CHIiyLKSFOKD.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CHlLLICOTHE.chil-leJii  th'ee  or  CHILICOTHK.a  beauH 
ful  city.  ca))ital  of  Itoss  co..  Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Scioto 
Biver.  and  on  theOhio  and  Erie  Can.al.  45  miles  S.  of  Ccluml'US, 
and 46  miles  X. of  theOhioHiver at  Portsmouth.  Thetif  nation 
is  remarkalily  beautiful.  The  river  winds  giiicefullv  (hi-ough 
a  level  plain  of  considerable  extent,  enclosed  on  either  hand 


CHI 

by  verdant  and  cultivated  hills,  which  attain  an  altittide  of 
about  f)iJO  feet.  These  eminences  form  the  bacliground  of  a 
landscape  which  can  scarcely  be  surjiassed  in  tlie  ^Vestern 
States,  and  which  appears  to  great  advantage  through  the 
medium  of  a  bright  and  transparent  atmosphere.  Paint 
Creek,  flows  along  the  S.  side  of  the  town,  and  enters  the 
river  about  3  miles  below.  The  plan  of  the  town  is  regular; 
the  streets  are  wide,  lighted  with  gas,  and  adorned  with 
many  handsome  buildings,  among  wliich  are  13  churches,  3 
banks,  and  a  fine  stone  court-house,  which  cost  about 
5100,000.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  This  town 
contains  4  commodious  brick  buildings  for  the  use  of  the 
Union  schools,  a  commercial  college,  and  a  select  school  for 
girls.  Chillicothe  is  the  centre  of  trade  in  the  fertile  and 
populous  valley  of  the  Scioto,  one  of  the  finest  farming 
regions  in  the  United  State.s,  and  is  steadily  advancing  in 
population  and  importance.  The  Cincinnati  and  Marietta 
Railroad  connect  it  with  the  Ohio  at  the  two  points  speci- 
fied. This  road  affords  residy  access  to  tlie  coal  and  iron 
mines  of  Southern  Ohio,  from  which  advantage  Chillicothe 
offers  great  inducements  to  capitalists  as  a  manufacturing 
town.  Here  is  a  foundry  and  machine-shop,  in  which 
steam-engines  and  fanning  implements  of  good  qtiality  are 
made.  Chillicothe  was  founded  in  1V96,  by  emigrants  from 
Virginia  and  Kentucivy,  and  in  1800  it  became  the  seat  of 
the  state  government.  The  convention  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  Ohio  met  here  in  November,  1802,  and  the 
Bessicms  of  the  state  legislature  were  held  in  Chillicothe 
until  1810,  when  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  to 
Zanesville.     Pop.  in  1850,  7100  ;  in  1860,  7626. 

CHILLICOTHE,  a  flourishing  post-villagfe  of  Peoria  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Illinois  River,  at  the  head 
of  Peoria  Lake,  20  miles  above  Peoria  City.  It  contains  a 
nimibiT  of  stores,  and  has  a  steamboat  landing.  Pop.  in 
1860,  603. 

CIITLLICOTHE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Livingston  co., 
Missouri,  o  c^  i  miles  N.E.  of  Grand  River,  and  on  the  Han- 
nibal and  St.  Joseph  RR.,  76  miles  E.  of  St.  Joseph.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  several  churches,  and  a  branch  bank. 
Free  Pop.  994. 

CIULLICOTIIE,  a  post-village  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Des  Moines  River,  72  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

CIIIL'LINGHAM,  a  pan.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland, on  the  Till,  4j  miles  S.E.  of  AVooler.  The  castle, 
Beat  of  the  Earl  of  Tankerville,  is  a  spacious  Elizabetlian 
structure;  in  the  park  is  still  kept  a  breed  of  wild  cattle,  or 
white  Caledonian  o.xen. 

CIIIL'LI.N'GTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CUll/LIXGTOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ClIILLISQUAQUE,  chil-lis-kwA/kwee.  a  creek  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, enters  the  Susquehanna  a  few  miles  above  Sunbury. 

ClIILLISQUAQUE,  a  po.sl>township  of  Northumlierland 
CO.,  Penn.sylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  7 
or  8  miles  N.  of  Sunburv.     Pop.  1341. 

CIULLITECAUX,  shi"rie-te-ko',  a  postofBce  of  Dunklin  co., 
Missouri. 

CHI  LLON,  choel-yon',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castle,  56 
miles  S.W.of  Ciudad  Keal.  on  the  crest  of  a  hill,  surrounded 
by  loftv  and  rugged  mountains.     Pop.  2415. 

CHILLO.V,  chillon,  (Er.  pron.  sheeVAN"',)  CASTLE  OF,  a 
fortress  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  6  miles  S.E.  of 
Vevay,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  on  an 
Isolated  rock,  surrounded  by  deep  water,  and  connected  with 
the  mainland  by  a  wcxiden  bridge.  It  was  built  by  Amadeus 
IV.  of  Savoy,  in  1238.  and  was  long  a  state  prison,  but  is 
now  used  as  an  arsenal.  Ronnivard,  prior  of  St.  Victor,  was 
confined  here  from  1530  to  1536,  and  the  place  has  been  ren- 
dered famous  by  Byron's  "Prisoner  of  Chillon." 

CHIiy.VIAr,K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

C1IIL'M.A.RK,  a  post-township  of  Dukes  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  Martha's  Vineyard,  95  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Boston. 
Gay  Head,  in  this  township,  is  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the 
Island.    Pop.  654. 

ClIILMAllY,  chil-md'ree,  (Hindoo,  Chalamori,)  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district,  and  40  miles 
S.E.  of  Rungpoor,  on  the  Brahmapootra,  and  at  which  from 
60,000  to  100,000  Hindoos  are  stated  to  assemble  at  certain 
religious  and  commercial  festivals. 

CHI'LO,  a  posfr-village  of  Clermont  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River.  40  miles  above  Cincinnati,  has  over  100  inhabitants. 

CHILOE.  cheel-o-i/,  (almost  chil-way'.)  an  island  on  the 
W.  coast  of  South  America,  which,  with  several  smaller 
islands,  forms  a  province  of  the  Chilian  republic.  It  is  .sepa- 
rated from  Patagonia  by  the  Gulf  of  -incud.  and  from  Ciiili 
by  a  strait  not  more  than  a  mile  in  width  ;  it  is  included  be- 
twt*n  lat.  41°  40'  and  43°  20'  S ;  the  74th  meridian  of  \V.  longi- 
tude passes  through  its  centre.  Pop.  in  1832,  42,000 ;  of  the 
province,  44,000.  It  is  120  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
about  50  in  breadth  at  the  widest  part ;  but  a  deep  indenta- 
tion i!i  its  centre  reduces  its  breadth  at  that  point  to  little 
more  than  15  miles.  It  is  mountainous,  and  is  covered  with 
magnificent  but  almost  inaccessible  forests,  which  give  to 
the  wliole  island  a  singularly  agreeable  and  picturesque 
appearance.  The  W.  shores  avh  composed  of  rocky  masses, 
rising  abruptly  from  the  ocean  to  the  height  of  from  1500 


CHx 

to  3000  feet:  the  E.  shores  are  of  moderate  elevation.  Ther» 
are  numerous  inlets  on  the  coasts,  which  afford  sectire  an- 
chorage, but  few  harbois  of  any  extent.  The  piincipal  a~- 
San Carlos, Chacao,  Dalcahue.  ;?iid  Castro.  Of  the  iniorior 
little  is  known.  No  mines  have  yet  been  discovered  in  Chi- 
loe.  or  in  any  of  the  islands  of  the  province,  although  many 
of  the  streams  are  strongly  impregnated  with  miuei-al  sub- 
stances. Some  have  a  eopperish  taste,  while  others,  pure 
and  limpid,  appear  to  be  impregnated  with  carbonate  of 
iron.    Traces  of  coal.  also,  have  been  fcund  in  several  parts. 

The  climate  is  temperate,  but  exceedingly  moist — in  win- 
ter almost  incessant  rains  prevail,  with  fre<iuent  gjiles  from 
W.  to  N.W. ;  the  summer  is  warm,  but  the  air  frequently 
clouded  and  loaded  with  moisture ;  yet.  on  the  whole,  it  is 
reckoned  healthy.  The  soil  is  a  rich  sandy  loam.  The 
beech,  cypress,  laurel,  and  other  trees  grow  in  perfection. 
The  chief  products  are  wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  ap])lis.  and 
strawberries;  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine  are  reared  incon- 
siderable numbers.  The  shores  produce  abundance  of  shell 
mollusks;  oysters,  mussels,  and  pico,  (a  barnacle,)  form  a 
principal  part  of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants.  The  popu- 
lation consists  of  natives,  originally  of  Spanish  descent, 
and  alx)riginal  Indians,  but  the  great  bulk  of  the  inhabit- 
ants are  of  a  mixed  breed.  All  are  nominally  Christians, 
but  in  general  very  ignorant  and  superstitious.  The  In- 
dian language  has  become  obsolete,  and  Spanish  is  that  in 
general  u.se.  Agriculture  is  in  a  very  primitive  state,  and 
the  trade  carried  on  is  a  species  of  barter,  money  being  very 
scarce.  The  people  are  indolent  and  poor.  Schools  are 
general,  but  the  teachers  and  priests  are  of  a  very  illiterate 
grade.  A  coarse  woollen  cloth,  dyed  blue,  is  the  principal 
local  manufacture.  Exports  comprise  provisions,  timber, 
hides,  brooms,  woollens,  to  the  annual  amount  of  §25.000. 
The  number  of  coasting  vessels  is  about  1500.  Coal  or  lig- 
nite exists  here,  but  is  not  wrought.  The  island  was  dis- 
covered by  the  Spaniards  in  1558.  Castro,  the  ancient  capi- 
tiil,  was  founded  in  1566.  San  Carlos  is  now  the  chief  town 
and  port.  This  island  was  the  last  to  throw  off  th;^'  authority 
of  the  King  of  Spain.  The  Chiloe  Archipelago  consists  of 
upwards  of  60  small  islands,  aliout  30  of  which  ai-e  inha- 
bited, and  several  of  which  are  well  cultivated,  and  contain 
schools,  &c.  The  province  is  divided  into  10  districts,  and 
is  goyerned  by  an  intendant  and  a  provisional  assembly, 
subject  to  the  general  government  of  Chili. 

CHILON,  ehe-lon',  a  village  of  Bolivia.  120  miles  S.W.  of 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,  on  the  frontier  of  the  department 
of  Chuquisaca.    Pop.  150. 

CllIU'ANZINGO.  cheel-pan-sin'go,  a  town  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederacy,  department,  and  120  miles  W.S.W  ol 
Mexico,  on  the  road  from  Acapulco,  and  48u0  feet  above  the 
sea.     Pop.  2700. 

CIIILTEl'EC,  cheel-t.A-pJk'.  an  affluent  of  the  river  Ta- 
basco, Mexican  Confederacy,  leaves  the  main  stream  at  San 
Juan  Bautista.  and  after  a  northern  course  of  liO  or  70  miles 
enters  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  30  miles  AV.S.W.  of  !>:»  Frontera. 

CHIL/TERN,  ALL  SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

CIIILTERN  HILLS,  a  range  of  chalk  hills  of  England, 
CO.  of  Bucks,  the  S.  part  of  which  they  traverse  Ix'tween 
Goring  and  Oxfordshire,  and  Tring  in  the  county  of  Herts. 
Breadth  from  15  to  20  miles.  Height  of  principal  summit, 
near  Wendover,  905  feet  above  the  .sea.  It  is  stated  (o  have 
been  formerly  covered  with  a  forest,  some  traces  of  which 
are  extant,  and  it  was  noteriously  infested  with  dcpred.v 
tors.  to  suppress  whose  ravages  the  office  of  ••  stewards  of  the 
Chiltern  hundreds"  was  established  under  the  crown.  The 
duties  of  the  office  are  now  only  nominal,  but  the  recogni- 
tion of  them  is  retained  to  enable  members  of  ■  e  House  of 
Commons,  by  accepting  them  under  the  crown  '»k>  relinquish 
tlieir  seats  in  th.at  assembly,  which  a  member  annot  other- 
wise do.  There  are  3  Chiltern  hundreds,  ana  the  office  is 
in  the  gift  of  the  Chancellor  of  Exchequer. 

CIIILTERN,  ST.  MARY,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilt.«. 

CHILTHORNE-DOMER,  chil'thorn-do/mgr,  a  parish  of 
Enarland.  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHIL'TON,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Berks. 

CHILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CHILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suflblk. 

CHIL'TON  CANTIVLO,  a  p;\ri.sh  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CHILTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calumet  co..  Wiscon- 
sin, 25  m.  N.E.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    It  has  a  bank.     Pop.  1125. 

CHILTON  ECLIAT,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Berks 
and  Wilts. 

CHILTON'S  MILLS,  a  small  post-village  of  Walker  co., 
.Alabama.  125  miles  N.W.  of  Montgomerv. 

CHILTON  TUIN'ITY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CIIILTONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mass* 
chusetts. 

CHILTS.    See  Chikailis. 

CniL/\ERS-COTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 

CHILnVELL.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

CHIL'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

139 


CHI 

Cirrr.WORTn,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Surrev. 

CIIIMAJ-APA.  che-nid-ld'pd,  a  village  of  Antral  America, 
gtate,  »nd  o5  miles  N.E.  of  Uuatemala.  in  a  rich  and  fertile 
tract,  on  the  Motagua,  and  consisting,  a  few  years  ago.  of 
about  90  Uuts,  and  a  ruined  church.  The  "Chimalapilla 
(che-ml-l3-peel'yA,  i.e. "  little  Chimalapa")  Itiver  is  an  affluent 
of  the  Coatzacoalco,  in  the  Mexican  Confederation,  departr 
ment  of  Talia.«oo. 

CHIMALTENAXGO,  che-m3l-t.Vnan'go.a  town  of  Central 
America,  gtate,  and  2S  miles  W.X.W.  of  Guatemala.  Pop. 
4000. 

CHIMAX.iS.  che-mJ/nSs,  a  group  of  islet.s,  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  off  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  about  lat.  10°  19'  JS",, 
Ion.  64°  51'  W. 

CHIM.iPLA.  che-ml'p'i,  a  hacienda  of  Mexico,  about  27 
miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  the  city  of  Mexico;  occupied  by  General 
Pillow  previous  to  the  Battle  of  Contreras,  fought  August 
18  and  19.  1847. 

CUI.MARA,  KIITMARA.  kee^m^'ri  or  CHIMARI,  kee- 
mi'ree,  (anc.  Oraulnii  Mnnftes.  i.e. .the  "thunder  moun- 
tains,"* named,  it  is  said,  from  the  fi-equent  thunder  storms 
which  occur  among  them.)  a  mountain  range  of  Albania, 
between  40°  and  41°  X.  lat.,  and  near  19°  E.  Ion.,  termi- 
nating in  Cape  Linguetta,  called  by  the  ancients  Acrnct^ 
raufnia,  (i.e.  the  ••extremity  or  promontory  of  the  Cerau- 
nian"  mount;iins.)  which  name,  however,  was  sometimes 
applied  to  the  whole  chain. 

CIIIMAKA  or  KHIMAUA.  a  town  situated  at  the  foot  of 
the  above  mountains,  on  the  strait  of  Otranto,  22  miles 
N.W.  of  Delvino. 

CHIMAY,  shee'mi/,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilai- 
naut,  on  the  Blanche,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Mons.  Pop.  3041.  It 
has  a  noble  mansion  and  park,  a  college,  several  iron-works, 
and  breweries,  andnear  it  ai-e  some  valuable  marble  (xuarries. 

CHIMBARONGO,  cheem-bd-ron'go,  a  river  of  Chili,  pro- 
vince of  Colchagua,  rises  in  the  Andes,  about  lat.  34°  55'  S., 
flows  in  a  N.W.  direction  to  lat.  34°  25',  where  it  is  joined 
by  the  Tinguiririca,  the  united  stream  subsequently  join- 
ing the  Rapel.  at  lat.  24°  12'  S. 

CIIIMI50.  cheemlx),  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Ecua- 
dor, on  the  Chimbo  River,  in  the  Andes,  at  the  foot  of  Chim- 
borazo  Mountain,  and  50  miles  K.E.  of  Guayaquil.  It  has 
an  active  transit  trade. 

CIIIMBORAZO,  chim-bo-ri'zo.  (Sp. pron. cheem-bo-ttf tho.) 
a  well-known  mountain  of  South  America,  and  the  culmi- 
nating point  of  the  Colombian  Andes,  90  miles-  S.  by  W.  of 
Quito,  and  about  110  miles  from  the  coast;  lat.  1°  29' S., 
Ion.  79°  5'  W.  It  was  long  believed  to  be  not  only  the 
highest  summit  of  the  Andes,  but  the  highest  in  the  world. 
It  is  now  known  to  be  the  sixth  loftiest  peak  of  the  Andes 
only,  being  surpas.sed  by  four  in  Peru  and  one  in  Cliili; 
while  it  comes  far  short  of  the  culminating  points  of  the 
Himalaya  chain,  in  which  occur,  at  least,  18  summits  of 
much  grejtter  elevation.  The  height  of  Chimborazo,  as  fixetl 
by  Humboldt,  is  21,424  feet  above  sea  level ;  but  above  the 
valley  of  Quito,  which  forms  its  base,  it  only  rises  11.958 
feet,  an  apparent  height  not  quite  equiil  to  that  of  Mont 
Blanc,  above  the  valley  of  Chamouni.  and  much  less  than 
that  of  Mount  Ararat,  above  the  plain  of  the  Aras.  This 
vast  mountain,  the  top  of  which  is  covered  with  perpetual 
snow,  presents  a  most  magnificent  spectacle  when  seen  from 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  after  the  transparency  of  the  air 
has  been  suddenly  increased  by  the  long  rains  of  winter. 
It  was  ascended  in  1802.  by  Humlx)ldt  and  Bonpland.  to  the 
height  of  19,28')  feet,  and  in  18ol,  by  J.  B.  Boussingault,  to 
the  heiu'ht  of  19.689  feet. 

CniMEPAXIPESTICK,  sheem-pa-neep-steek',  a  river  of 
Canada  East  falling  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the 
N.  side,  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Seven  Island  Bay,  after  a 
S.W,  course  of  about  100  miles. 

CHIMERA.     SeeCniMARA. 

CHIM'X EY  POINT,  a  post^village  in  Shoreham  township. 
Addison  co.,  Vermont,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  ChampUiiu,  50 
miles  i;  W.  of  Montpelier. 

CniMXEY  ROCK,  a  po8tK)ffice  of  Rutherford  co.,  North 
Carnlin.a. 

C1IIN'.\.    See  CirmESB  Empfrb, 

CIIIXA,  a  tlnuri.shing  post-village  and  township  of  Ken- 
nebec CO..  Maine,  on  the  S.  side  of  a  beautiful  Like,  the 
outlet  of  which  affords  water-power.  20  miles  of  E.  Augusta. 
It  is  a  place  of  active  business.  IPop.  of  township  in  1860, 
2719. 

CniXA,  a  post-township  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York, 
about  35  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.     Pop.  2037. 

CHIN.A,  a  j>ost-township  of  St.  Clair  co..  Michigan,  on  the 
W.  side  of  St.  Clair  River,  100  miles  E.  of  Lansing.  Pop. 
1340. 

CIIIXA,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  8  miles  N.E. 
•f  Madison. 

CUIX  A,  a  post-township  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1712. 


•  Byron  calls  them  the 

•■  thunder  hills  of  fear. 
The  Acrocerauaiau  mountains  of  old  name." 

CUilde  Harold,  It.  73. 
440 


CHI 

CmXAB.    See  CHEXAtrn. 

CHIXWCIIIX'.  a  large  town  in  X'epaul,  on  an  .affluent  of 
the  Gogra.  250  miles  W.X.W.  of  Khatniandoo.  Houses  of 
brick  or  stone,  with  flat  roofs.  It  has  2  Hindoo  temples, 
and  an  important  trade  in  metals,  spices,  and  manufactured 
goods  from  Hindostan.  to  which  country  it  exports  horses, 
sjilt,  drugs,  musk,  and  seeds. 

i  1 1 1 X  A  G R OA'  E.  a  post-office  of  Rowan  co..  North  Carolina 

CHINA  GROVE,  a  postroffice  of  Williamsburg  district 
South  Carolin.a.  ' 

CIIIXA  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

CHINA  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co..  Mississippi. 

CHIXA  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Gonzales  co..  Texas, 

CIIIXA  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Gadsden  co..  Florida. 

CHIX'AP-\T.\M'.  a  town  of  India.  Mvsore  dominions,  35 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Seringapatam.     Pop.  5000. 

CHIXA  SEA.  (Chinese.  Tmng-H.n.  "Eastern  Sea:"'  Fr.  Mer- 
OritnlaU.  inaiu  oVe-ftx^Hdl',)  is  that  portion  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  which  extends  between  China  and  Siam  on  the  W..  the 
I'hilippine  Islands  on  the  E..  Borneo  on  the  S..  and  the  i.sland 
of  Formosa  on  the  X.  It  forms  the  great  Gulfs  of  .Siam  and 
Tonquin.  Chief  atHuents.  the  Me-kong,  Cambodia,  and 
Canton  Rivers.  Chief  ports.  Canton,  Manila,  and  Singa- 
pore. 

CHIXCIIA,  chin'cha  or  cheen'chj.  a  sm.all  seaport-town 
of  Xorthern  Peru,  deiiartment.  and  115  miles  P.S.E.  of  Lima. 

CHIXCIIA  ISLAXDS.  a  group  of  three  small  islands  situ- 
ated in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coast  of  Peru,  about  14 
miles  from  the  shore.  Lat.  13°  38'  S. ;  Ion.  7C°  28'  YV.  These 
islands,  which  have  recently  become  so  noted  and  valuable 
for  their  large  deix)sits  of  guano,  are  composed  of  a  dull 
whitish  and  red  colored  rock,  which  appears  to  have  been 
formed  by  separate  inundations  of  lava  under  great  pres- 
sure, probably  at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean.  In  some  places 
they  rise  300  feet,  nearly  perpendicularly  from  the  sea.  are 
perforateil  in  all  directions  by  caves  and  arches,  sometimes 
100  feet  in  height-  and  having  apparently  but  a  thin  crust 
over  them.  Into  these  caves  the  sea  beats  violently,  pre- 
senting very  wild  and  picturesque  scenes.  Here  also 
multitudes  of  penguins  and  other  sea-lirds  build  theii 
nests,  and  the  sea-lion  sports  amid  the  d.<ishijig  surf  Ac- 
cording to  George  W.  Peck,  Esq.,  who  vLsited  these  islands 
in  the  fall  of  1853,  the  usuiil  height  of  the  rock  on  Middle 
Island  is  from  150  to  200  and  30io  feet.  On  this  the  guano 
lies  in  a  smooth,  rounded  mound,  apparently  aljout  ItiO  feet 
deep  in  the  central  pjvrt.  Immen.se  flecks  of  beautiful  birds, 
much  like  blue  pigeons,  but  more  lightly  formed,  frequent 
these  islands  in  numbers  sufficient  to  cover  many  .acres. 
There  are  also  large  flocks  of  other  smaller  birds.  be.side8 
penguins,  pelicans.  &c.,  to  be  found  here.  The  guano  ia 
perforated  like  a  honey-comb  with  the  multitude  of  the 
nests  of  the  smaller  birds.  Besides  the  birds,  the  only  other 
animal  on  the  island  is  a  lizard,  from  3  to  10  inches  long. 
Neither  of  the  islands  extend  more  than  a  mile  iu  any  one 
direction.  At  the  period  of  Mr.  Peck"s  visit,  at>out  1000 
coolies  (in  a  condition  of  abject  slavery,  over-worked,  and 
otherwise  cruelly  treated)  were  constantly  empk'ved  in 
loading  vessels  at  the  North  and  Sliddle  Islands.  There 
Were,  at  the  period  mentioned.  114  vessels  either  loading  or 
awaiting  their  turns.     The  Chinchas  belong  to  Peru. 

CHIXCHILLA.  chin<heel'yd,  (anc.  Sala'na,)  a  city  of 
Spiiju,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Alliacete.  Pop.  12,609.  It  was  for* 
merly  fortified,  has  an  old  castle,  and  is  surrounded  by 
ancient  walls.     It  has  manufactures  ofo.ar.se  cloth. 

CHINCHOX,  cheen-chon'.  a  town  of  Spain,  25  miles  S.SX 
of  .Madrid,  between  the  Tagus  and  the  Tajuna.     Pop.  5392. 

CHIN"-CHi>0,  chinVhoo',  a  maritime  region  of  China,  be- 
tween lat.  23°  and  26°  X..  and  Ion.  116°  and  119°  E.,  com- 
prising parts  of  the  provinces  of  Fo-kien  and  Quang-tong, 
and  inhabited  by  a  hardy  and  industrious  people,  who  man 
most  part  of  the  imperial  and  commercial  navy,  and  are 
particularly  able  as  fishermen,  traders,  and  i^rriculturists. 
Soil  mostly  sterile;  sugar  and  sweet  potatoes.  rai.sed  by 
much  lalxir.  are  the  only  exports.  This  circumstance  con- 
tinually causes  large  numbers  of  the  population  to  emigrate; 
and  it' is  stated  that  -Chinchoo  men"  are  the  princip,al 
bankers  of  the  capital,  cultivators  of  the  tea-plant,  pedlars, 
colonists  in  Formos.a,  Hai-nan.  S.E.  Asia,  and  the  Malay 
.\rchipelago:  and  that  in  Canton  almost  every  kind  of 
traffic  is  under  their  direction. 

CHIX-CHOO,  cheenVhoo',  or  TCHTN-TCHEOU,  cheen>. 
cheoiV,  a  city  of  China,  province  Of  Ho-nan,  capital  of  a 
department,  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kai-fong. 

CHIX-CIIOO  or  TCHIXG-TCHKOU.  chingVhJ-oo',  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Hoo-nan,  capital  of  the  department,  on 
the  Yuen-kiang.  110  miles  W.S  W.  of  the  great  lake  Tong-ting. 

CHI.N^CHOOR/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay.  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Poonah.  Pop.  about  50(*0.  It 
was  the  residence  of  a  chief  believed  by  the  Hindoos  to  be 
an  incarnation  of  the  Deity. 

CHIXCORRO.  EL,  ^1  cheen-kon'Ro.  a  reef  off  the  E.  coast 
of  Yucatan,  Central  America,  110  miles  S.  ot  Coznme  I.sland. 
Length  from  X.  to  S.,  23  miles;  greatest  breadth.  9  miles. 

CillXCOTEAGUE,  ching'ko-teeg',  a  post-offi**  of  Acco- 
mack CO.,  Virginia. 


CHI 


CHI 


CniNCOTEAGUE  LTOHT-TIOUSE.  on  the  S.E.  point  of 
Assateague  Island,  in  the  Atlantic,  between  Cape  Ilenlopen 
and  Cape  Henry.    It  shows  a  fixed  lifrht  oO  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  37°  55'  N.;  Ion.  'ib'^  21'  W 
CinXU.A.RKE.     See  CuANDEREE. 

CIIIXE,  or  LA  CIIINJS,  the  French  name  of  China. 
Bee  Chinese  I'Impire. 
CJIINIO,  LA,  a  village  of  Canada.  See  Lachine. 
CIIIN'B.\DKG.\,  che-n^n-d.Vgi,  two  contiguous  towns  of 
Central  America,  state  of  Nicaragua. — ^'E^v  Chinendega,  9 
miles  from  Hiaglio.  and  a  depot  for  the  trade  of  that  port 
with  the  interior,  has  from  SOOO  to  10,000  inhabitants.  It 
stands  in  a  fertile  plain;  houses  straggling,  and  many  en- 
closed hv  gardens  and  plantations. — OU)  Chine-NDEGA  has 
from  3000  to  4000  inhabitants. 

CHINESE  EMl'IRE,  an  immense  territory,  stretching 
from  the  centre  to  the  E.  extremities  of  Asia,  and  occupy- 
ing nearly  a  third  of  the  surface  of  that  continent:  between 
lat.  18°  20'  and  50°  N.,  and  Ion.  70°  and  143°  30'  E. ;  bounded 
N.  by  Siberia;  Vf.  by  Independent  Tartiiry  and  the  Punjab; 
S.  by  Ilindostan.  Uurmah,  L:to8,Anam.  and  the  China  Sea; 
E.  by  the  different  arms  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  under 
the  names  Tonghai  or  East  Sea.  Whanghai  or  Yellow  Sea. 
Sea  of  Japan,  and  Sea  of  Okhotsk ;  greatest  length,  from 
S.W.  to  N.E.,  3330  miles;  greatest  breadth,  2100  miles; 
area,  abo«t  5.000,000  square  miles.  This  vast  empire  is 
usually  divided  into  China  Proper,  which  forms  its  nucleus, 
and  tlie  following  dependencies: — Corea  or  Korea,  Mant- 
chooria,  Mongolia,  Elee,  (Hi,)  including Soongaria  and  East 
Toorkistan,  Koko-tior,  Thibet,  and  numerous  islands,  the 
largest  of  which  are  Formosa  and  Hainan.  Some  of  the 
Chinese  dependencies,  as  Mantchooriii,  may  almost  be  said 
to  form  a  part  of  the  empire;  while  others  do  little  more 
than  profess  a  nominal  allegiance.  A  considerable  territory 
on  the  N.  frontier  has  lately  been  occupied  by  the  Russians. 
(See  Mantchoor[A.)  As  the  dependencies  will  be  described 
under  their  respective  heads,  it  may  be  sufficient  here  to 
give  a  general  idea  of  the  whole  empire,  by  mentioning  that 
it  has  a  coast-line  of  3350  miles,  a  circuit  of  12,550  miles,  an 
area  nearly  equal  to  a  tenth  of  the  habitable  globe,  and  a 
population  of  above   400,000,000. 

Cui.VA  ('chl'na)  Pkoper,  (anc.  Sir'ica,*  Tsina,  tsee/nd.  and 
Cathay.  kJ-th.V.  or  Khitai,  Ke-ti';  Chinese.  Choong  Knoe.  or 
C/ioong  Kweh.  choong  kwA,  i.  e.  the  "middle  kingdom:"  Fr. 
Chine,  sheen:  Ger.  China.  Kee'nS:  Sp.  China,  chee'nl;  Dutch 
and  Port.  China,  shee'nd;  It.  Cina,  chee/nL)  the  S.E.  portion 
of  the  Chinese  Empire,  occupying  a  third  of  its  whole  extent. 
Not  including  the  island  of  Hainan,  it  lies  between  lat.  20° 
20' and  41°  N.,  Ion.  98°  and  123°  E.;  it  is  bounded  X.  by  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  of  human  structures,  the  Great 
Wall,  which  proceeds  directly  over  mountain  and  valley,  and, 
for  alK)ut  15(10  miles,  forms  the  barrier  between  China  and 
Mongolia;  (for  a  more  particular  notice  of  the  Great  Wall, 
Bee  Hiitori/,  page  445;)  W.  by  Thibet;  S.  by  Burmah,  Laos, 
Anam.  and  the  China  Sea ;  and  E.  by  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. 
Excluding  a  considerable  prominence  in  the  N.W.,  a  second 
la  the  N.K!.,  and  another  of  smaller  dimensions  in  the  S., 
it  bears  no  inconsiderable  resemblance  to  a  semicircle,  the 
diameter  of  which  lies  obliquely,  front  N.E.  to  S.W.,  for  a 
length  of  about  ItJOO  mile.s ;  while  the  curve  bends  round 
from  each  extremity,  and  attains  its  greatest  convexity  in 
the  E.  The  coast  line  exceeds  2500  miles,  and  the  main- 
land frontier  4400  miles;  area,  1,297,999  square  miles,  or 
more  than  a  third  that  of  Europe.  For  administrative 
purposes,  it  is  divided  into  provinces,  the  names,  areas, 
and  population  of  which  are  as  follows: — 


Provikces. 

Area  in 
sq.  m. 

Population. 

Pop. 
sq.  m. 

Capital*. 

Pe-chaclee   or     > 

Cliee-loe J 

Shan-toong 

58,949 

65,1M 

55.i6rt 
65.101 
44.500 
4l8,4<il 
7.!,l-« 
39,1.50 
5:i.4H0 
70, 4M 
74,3.'0 
67,-WO 
86.608 

166,800 
79,4.-)6 
78.'250 
64.5.H 

107.969 

27,990,871 

28,958,764 
14,004,210 
23,0:17,171 
37,843,501  ) 
34,I68.0.'>9  i 
30,4^6,999 
26,2.58,784 
14,777,410 
37,370,098  ) 
18,652,507  J 
10,207,256  ) 
15, 19;),  1 25  S 
21,435,678 
I9,142,0:S0 
7.3f3,895 
5,288,219 
5,561,320 

473 
515 
253 
353 

774 
421 
671 

276 

317 
164 

12S 
214 
93 
82 
51 

Peking. 
Tsee-nan-foo. 

Ho-nan 

Kai.foong-foo. 
J  Nanking. 
I  Ngan-king-foo. 

Nan-chang-foo. 

Hang-choo-foo. 

Koo-choo-foo. 
J  Woo-chang-foo. 
I  Chang-sha-foo. 
5  See-sang-foo. 
{  Lan-choo-foo. 

Ching-too-foo. 

Canton. 

Kweilin-foo. 

Kwei-,vang-foo. 

N'gim-hoei 

Kiaug-soe 

Che-kiang 

Fo-kieii 

Hoo-pe 

Se-cUueii 

Quang  long 

Quang-see 

Yun-nan 

l.-.J97,999 

387,632,907 

Physical  Fmtum. — Owing  to  the  barriers,  both  natural 
Bnd  artificial,  which  guard  the  frontiers  of  China,  and  the 
rigid  e.xclusion  of  foreigners  from  its  interior,  great  part  of 
the  country  must  be  regarded  as  a  terra  incof/nilu.  The 
•oast  line,  which  could  not  be  made  inaccessible,  is  pretty 

*  See  History,  page  445. 


well  known.  Forming  an  irregular  curve  of  about  2.500 
miles,  it  gives  about  1  mile  of  const  for  every  520  miles  of 
areiu  One  of  its  peculiar  features  is  the  va.st  number  of 
islet  groups  by  which  it  is  lx)rdered.  It  is  not  deeply  pene- 
trated by  gulfs,  the  only  one  of  great  extent  being  that  of 
PeK;hee-lee,intheN.E.,  but  numerous  indentations  of  suffi- 
cient dimensions  to  form  safe  and  capacious  roadsfeads  are 
found  in  every  quarter.  With  the  exception  of  a  bold  and 
rocky  peninsula  in  the  province  of  Shantoong,  the  shore, 
from  the  Gulf  ofPe-chfe-lee,S.to the  island  of  Chusan,  is  flat, 
and  in  many  places  so  little  raised  above  the  .sea  level, 
as  to  be  extensively  inundated  during  a  continuance  of 
strong  winds.  From  Chusan  to  the  mouth  of  Canton  River 
it  is  usually  rocky,  bold,  and  precipitous;  from  this  poin* 
S.W.,  flats,  occa-sionally  interrupted  by  bold  headlands, 
again  prevail.  The  interior  of  the  country  commences  in 
the  N.W.  in  a  series  of  lofty  mountjiin  ranges,  forming  the 
abutments  of  the  great  table-land  of  Central  Asia.  The 
principal  chain,  called  Yun-ling,  has  its  main  axis  N.  to  S. 
Its  average  height  is  not  known,  but  many  of  its  summits 
are  described  as  towering  far  above  the  line  of  perpetual 
snow.  Its  most  important  ramifications  take  an  K,  direc- 
tion, and  becoming  the  leading  water-sheds  of  the  country, 
divide  it  into  three  great  basins,  the  waters  of  which  are 
accumulated  in  mighty  rivers,  and  carried  E.  to  the  sea. 
The  general  slope  of  China,  as  thus  indicated  by  its  princi- 
pal rivers,  is  from  W.  to  E.,  the  mountains  lowering  gra- 
dually as  they  proceed  toward  the  coast,  and  ultimately 
sinking  down  by  a  succession  of  descending  terraces  into 
level  tracts,  the  largest  of  which,  called  the  Great  Plain, 
has  a  length  of  not  less  than  TOO  miles,  and  a  width  vary- 
ing from  150  to  500  miles,  and  consisting  generally  of  a  deep 
alluvium,  which  is  of  unparalleled  fertility,  and  probably 
maintains  a  denser  population  than  any  other  portion  of 
the  earth's  surface  of  similar  extent. 

Genliyy. — The  geology  of  China  is  very  imperfectly  known, 
but  there  is  no  doubt  that  all  the  leading  geological  forma- 
tions are  found  in  it.  Primary  formations  are  most  largely 
developed  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  the  W.,  where 
gi-anite,  gneiss,  and  primitive  schists  prevail.  The  same 
formations  exist  to  a  more  limited  extent  in  the  S.E..  where 
bleak  mountains  of  granite  give  that  district  its  distinguish- 
ing feature.  The  secondary  formation,  including  the  car- 
boniferous and  cretaceous  system,  occurs  to  a  small  extent 
in  the  central  province  of  Ho-nan;  and  the  space  traversed 
by  the  impeuial  canal  in  uniting  the  Hoang-ho  and  Yanz- 
tse-kiang,  but  more  largely  in  the  neighborhood  of  Peking, 
where  a  zone  of  no  great  width,  but  considerable  length, 
forms  an  irregular  curve  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  and  contains 
beds  of  coal,  from  which  the  capital  and  the  surrounding 
districts  obtain  their  principal  supplies  of  fuel.  The  tertiary 
formation  has  its  largest  development  in  the  N.E..  and  pro- 
bably underlies  the  greater  part  of  the  alluvium  which 
covers  the  surface  of  the  Great  Plain. 

Minerulnr/y. — Perhaps  the  only  metal  which  China  is  not 
known  to  pos.sess  is  platina.  Gold,  though  not  thought  to 
be  very  abundant,  is  obtained  by  washing  the  .sand  of  .several 
of  the  rivers,  particularly  those  of  the  upper  branch  of  the 
Yang-fse-kiang,  and  in  the  mountainous  and  almost  inac- 
cessible regions  of  Yun-nan.  Silver  is  also  found  in  the 
same  regions.  Much  of  it  is  of  great  puiity,  and  is  well 
known  under  the  name  of  si/cee  silver.  The  quantity  also 
must  be  considerable,  since  it  has  not  only  furnished  the 
vast  sums  exacted  by  the  British  in  compensation  for  the 
last  war,  but  also  suffices  for  a  large  annual  export,  chiefly 
in  payment  of  opium.  Copper,  besides  forming  the  ordinary 
currency  in  limited  mercantile  transactions,  is  worked  to  a 
great  extent  for  economical  purposes.  A  species,  called 
pd'mg  or  white  copper,  and,  when  polished,  scarcely  distin- 
guishable from  silver,  is  said  by  some  to  be  peculiar  to 
China;  while  others,  with  more  probability,  as.sert,  that  in- 
stead of  being  a  simple  metal,  it  is  merely  a  compound  of 
Clipper  and  zinc.  Quicksilver,  in  the  form  of  a  cinnabar, 
is  of  fre<iuent  occurrence,  and  is  much  used  both  for  color- 
ing and  medicine.  There  is  no  want  of  iron  either  in  the 
form  of  rich  hiematite,  or  in  that  of  the  carbonate  of  the 
coal  measures,  from  which  almost  all  the  iron  of  Britain  is 
derived,  but  the  quality  is  said  to  be  inferior.  Lead,  tin, 
and  zinc  exist,  but  the  native  product  falls  short  of  the 
consumption,  and  leaves  room  for  a  large  importation. 
Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  coal-fields  of  China, 
and  the  exten.sive  use  of  coal  for  fuel.  It  occurs  both  as 
bituminous  coal  and  anthracite,  but  the  quality  is  injured 
both  by  the  presence  of  sulphur  and  a  prefKinderance  of 
ashes.  As  most  of  it  is  raised  without  machinery,  bj'  the 
rudest  forms  of  manual  labor,  the  price  being  nece.ssarjiy 
high,  confines  the  use  of  it  in  a  great  measure  to  (he  rich, 
while  the  poorer  classes  are  obliged  to  content  theni.selves 
with  coarse  mixtures  of  culm  and  earth,  or  other  still  more 
inefficient  and  less  attractive  omipounds.  Among  other 
mineral  substances  may  be  mentioned  nitre,  alum,  gypsum, 
and.  more  important  than  all,  inexhaustible  Ijeds  of  kaolin 
or  porcelain  earth,  the  early  possession  of  which  by  the 
Chinese,  and  their  great  skill"  in  working  it,  has  given  the 
name  of  China  to  the  beautiful  ware  which  so  iong  monopo- 

441 


CHI 


CHI 


Ilzed  the  market  of  Europe.  A  peculiar  species  of  nephrite, 
called  jitft  yu  aijude.  of  a  green  color,  and  Talued  chiefly  for 
the  property  of  emitting  a  musical  sound  when  struck, 
tKough  not  peculiar  to  it.  appears  to  be  found  in  China  in 
Its  most  perfect  form,  and  is  there  held  in  the  highest  esti- 
mation. Various  precious  stones  also  are  found,  and  asates 
especially,  admirably  wrought,  form  a  particular  article  of 
commerce,  but  it  is  supposed  that  many  of  the  fine  stones 
are  not  native  but  imported. 

Jiivers  and  Lal.es. — Xo  country  of  the  world  is  better 
watered  than  China.  The  Yang-tse-kiang.  which  traverses 
the  country  centrally  from  W.  to  E.,  has  a  course  of  2900 
miles.  The  Iloang-ho,  the  next  in  size,  has  a  course  of 
2000  miles,  during  the  larger  and  lower  part  of  which  it  gra- 
dually approaches  the  former,  and  being  connected  with  it 
by  the  Imperial  Canal,  which  has  a  length  of  700  miles,  fur- 
nishes what  is  said  to  be  the  most  magnificent  system  of 
water  communication  in  existence — a  system  which  brings 
all  the  provinces  into  direct  communication  with  each 
other,  and  gives  an  inland  navigation  which  meets  with 
only  one  interruption  from  Canton  to  Peking.  Besides  these 
rivers  and  their  numerous  tributaries,  the  most  deserving 
of  notice  are  the  Ilong-kiang,- of  considerable  size,  but  still 
more  commercial  importance,  having  its  embouchure  at 
Canton;  and  the  Yu-ho,  which,  instead  of  the  E.  course  fol- 
lowed by  the  great  rivers  of  China,  flows  N.,  forming  part  of 
the  line  of  the  Imperial  Canal,  and  &lls  into  theGulf  of  Pe-chee- 
lee.  The  lakes  of  China  are  mere  dilatations  of  the  rivers,  and. 
though  numerous,  are  not  individually  of  great  extent.  The 
largest,  Tunting,  province  of  Honan.  which  furnishes  an  im- 
portant affluent  to  the  Y'ang-tse-kiang,  has  a  circuit  of  220 
miles.  The  next  in  size,  Poyang.  province  of  Kiangsee.  is  VH) 
miles  long  by  20  broad,  abounds  in  fish,  and  is  remarkable 
both  for  the  picturesque  scenery  around  it.  and  the  numerous 
beautiful  and  populous  islets  which  it  encloses  in  its  bosom. 

Climate. — The  greater  part  of  China  belongs  to  the  tem- 
perate zone,  only  a  small  portion  of  the  S.  lying  within  the 
tropics.  It  has  what  is  called  an  excessive  climate,  and  has 
a  for  greater  range  of  temperature  than  Ls  usual  within  the 
same  parallels  of  latitude.  Peking,  the  capital,  is  nearly  a  de- 
gree S.  of  Naples :  and  yet  while  the  mean  temperature  of 
the  latter  is  6o°,  that  of  the  former  is  only  54°.  In  summer, 
however,  the  heat  reaches  from  90°  to  100°  in  the  shade, 
while  the  winter  is  so  cold  that  the  rivers  usually  continue 
frozen  from  December  to  March.  At  Hong  Kong,  notwith- 
standing the  influence  of  the  sea  in  checking  extremes,  the 
thermometer,  in  June  and  July,  the  hottest  months,  fre- 
quently stands  at  90°,  and  in  winter,  from  December  to 
March,  sinks  nearly  to  the  freezing  point.  At  Canton  and 
the  adjacent  hills,  snow,  though  rarely,  has  sometimes 
£illen.  At  Shanghai,  lat.  31°  20',  the  range  of  temperature 
Is  still  greater,  the  maximum  reaching  100°,  and  the  mini- 
mum falling  at  least  2u°  below  freezing,  or  12°  Fah.  Still, 
the  climate  is  eulogized  as  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 
In  the  S.,  the  S.W.,  and  X.E..  monsoons  blow  with  great  re- 
gularity, and  nearly  divide  the  year  between  them.  In  the 
K.  they  are  more  variable,  and  the  wind  not  unfrequently 
blows  from  other  quarters.  Among  the  greatest  scourges 
of  the  country,  and  perils  of  the  adjoining  seas,  are  the 
dreadful  galt-s  known  by  the  name  of  typhoons — a  corrup- 
tion of  the  Chinese  Ta-foong  or  •*  great  wind."  They  never 
fell  to  commit  great  devastation,  though  their  effects  are 
doubtless  much  modified  by  the  distinct  and  timely  notice 
which  they  give  of  their  approach,  and  the  consequent  pi-e- 
parations  which  are  made  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
threatened  dii^tricts  to  guard  against  them. 

Zo'ilngy. — Of  this,  almost  all  that  is  yet  known  is  derived 
from  the  casual  glimpses  of  ambassadors  and  their  suits  in 
p,issing  along  some  of  the  great  thoroughfares,  from  mer- 
chants not  allowed  to  go  beyond  the  suburbs  of  frontier 
towns,  and  from  missionaries,  whose  opportunities  have 
indeed  l>een  better,  but  whose  account*  savor  more  of  cre- 
dulity tlian  diiicrimination.  But  the  emperor  having  now 
thrown  open  the  country  to  the  investigation  of  travellers, 
we  may  expect,  in  due  time,  to  obtain  more  accurate  infoi^ 
mation  on  this  and  on  many  other  subjects,  of  which  we  are 
at  present  comparatively  ignorant.  Of  quadrumanous  ani- 
mals, one  is  described  as  "  perfectly  resembling  man.  but 
longer  armed  and  hairy  all  over,  called /f-se.  most  swift  and 
greedy  after  human  flesh."  This  is  evidently  an  exaggerated 
picture  of  some  animal  identical  with  or  allied  to  the  orang- 
outang. Of  the  s:ime  order  is  the  ilorre.  commonly  called 
the  Cochin-China  monkey,  and  remarkable  for  the  variety 
of  its  stripes  and  colors.  Still  more  curious  is  the  lakan, 
or  proljosfis  monkey,  in  which  the  combined  properties  of 
man  and  beast  seem  to  be  ludicrously  caricatured.  Of  fe- 
line animals,  the  lion  appears  to  have  only  a  fabulous  ex- 
istence. Tigers  and  leopards  were  at  one  time  so  numerous 
as  to  have  been  hunted  on  a  magnificent  scale  by  the  em- 
perors. Tiiat  mode  of  chase  is  now  abandoned,  and  the 
native  existence  of  the  animals  which  formed  the  objects  of 
It  K»gins  to  lie  doubted.  A  sm.all  species  of  wild  cat  exists 
In  thii  .•?..  and  bears  are  fKn",uently  mentioned.  Both  camels 
and  elephnnts,  though  not  indigenous,  are  largely  domes- 
ticated. Bats  are  numerous;  one  in  particular  is  said  to  be 
443 


large  as  a  hen.  and  Is  extensively  used  as  food.  To  the  Indi- 
genous animals  already  mentioned  m.ay  be  added  the  wild 
hog.  porcupine,  raccoon-faced  dogorChine.se  fox,  and  several 
species  of  rats,  more  especially  one  of  a  >  ellow  color,  larger 
than  those  of  Europe,  and  much  prized  for  its  skin.  In 
feathered  tribes.  China  is  understood  to  be  extremely  rich. 
Pheasants  in  particular  are  Cimous,  lioth  for  abundance 
and  for  beauty.  Among  others,  are  the  well-known  gold 
and  silver  pheasants,  and.  al)Ove  all.  the  Viarred-lailed  phea- 
sant, a  most  magnificent  bird,  with  tail-feathers  sometimes 
seven  feet  in  length.  Water-birds  of  almost  every  kind 
alxiund,  but  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  is  the  leii-tae,  or 
fishing  cormorant,  the  training  of  which  forms  an  import- 
ant employment,  and  Ls  so  complete,  that  when  a  bird  haa 
secured  a  fish,  which  from  its  size  he  cannot  manage  singly, 
his  neighbor  darts  down  and  assists  him  to  complete  the 
capture.  The  reptilia  of  China  include  several  serpents  of 
monstrous  size,  not  regarded  as  dangerous,  and  one  of  a 
black  and  white  color,  hence  called  pak-y-hak:  which  never 
exceeds  three  feet  in  length,  but  is  very  \enomous.  Xo 
country  is  said  to  have  a  more  complete  ichthyology  than 
China.  All  its  waters — its  rivers,  lakes,  pools,  canals,  and 
even  ditches,  are  full  of  fish.  The  domestic  animals  of 
China  include  the  horse,  (a  smaller  and  inferior  variety  to 
ours.)  the  Bactrian  camel,  the  buffalo,  the  pig.  dog  and  cat; 
the  sheep  and  ox  are  both  less  common  than  in  Eilrope.  Se« 
Agriculture,  page  443. 

Botuny. — This  department  is  only  beginning  to  be  known. 
Among  tree.s,  the  bamboo,  as  in  India,  is  perhaps  the  most 
valuable  of  all,  not  so  much  on  account  of  its  magnitude, 
(though  stems  with  wavy  plumes  of  60  feet  in  height  are 
not  uncommon.)  as  on  account  of  the  almost  endless  uses  to 
which  it  is  applied.  Several  species  of  willow  attiin  a  large 
size.  Staunton  mentions  one  with  a  girth  of  15  feet.  Oaks 
of  different  species  are  common — the  wood.  bark.  &c.  of 
which  are  put  to  various  economical  purpo.ses.  Even  the 
acorns  of  some  kinds  are  ground  into  flour,  and  converted 
into  a  farinaceous  paste.  Coniferous  trees  are  represented  by 
numerous  forms  of  pine,  yew.  and  cypress.  The  tallow  tree 
(Cfntton  feliif>t-rum)  and  camphor  trees  abound:  from  the 
seeds  of  the  tallow-tree  the  vegetable  oil  is  obtained ;  it  is 
like  wax,  and,  in  its  natural  state,  is  of  snowy  whiteness. 
The  koo-soo,  a  species  of  sycamore,  furnishes  paper  from  its 
inner  bark.  Palms  are  not  abundant,  but  the  cocoa-nut 
flourishes  in  Hainan  and  on  the  adjacent  coast.  Tlie  7x;n- 
dantti  or  screw-pine  is  abundant,  but  the  date-palm  is  not 
known.  The  chestnut  walnut,  and  hazel  are  all  indige- 
nous. The  fruit  trees  include  many  spei-ies  of  fig — the 
mango,  guava.  wanghee,  peach,  pomegranate,  quince,  nec- 
tarine, plum,  apricot,  and  a  superior  species  of  orange, 
which,  when  ripe,  has  a  deep  crimson  rind,  quite  det.iched 
from  the  fruit.  In  general  the  fruits  are  of  indifferent  qua- 
lity. Among  shrubby  plants,  the  fii'st  place  is  unques- 
tionably due  to  Thea  bohea  and  Thea  viridi.':,  of  which  men- 
tion will  afterwards  be  made.  The  next  in  importance  is 
the  mulberry.  Among  flowering  shrubs  or  trees,  the  rose, 
with  its  numerous  varieties,  is  most  coiispituons.  Xor 
must  we  omit  to  mention  the  J^'ilumlihitn.  a  Ix'autiful 
flower,  of  which  the  seeds  resemVile.  in  form  and  size, 
acorns  without  their  cups,  and  have  the  flavor  of  nuts, 
while  the  root  is  sliced  and  eaten  as  fruit;  the  hydran- 
gea, the  passion-flower,  the  lugerstroemni.  in  its  white, 
purple,  and  red  varieties ;  Indian  pride,  the  Chinese  tinia- 
risk,  the  cactus,  the  cereug.  seen  sometimes  in  the  S.  with 
more  than  50  splendid  flowers  in  full  bloom ;  and  the 
camellia,  in  almost  endless  variety.  Xo  de]>artment  of  the 
Chinese  flora  is  richer  than  that  of  the  «;((/<«.  '-Few."  s;iys 
Mr.  Fortune,  "can  form  any  idea  of  the  gorgeous  beauty 
of  the  azalea-clad  hill,  when  on  every  .side  tlie  eye  rests  on 
ma.sses  of  flowers'  of  dazzling  brightness  and  surpassing 
lieauty.  Xor  is  it  the  azalea  alone."  remarks  the  traveller, 
•■  that  claims  our  admiration :  clemati.'vs.  wild  roses,  honey- 
suckles, and  a  hundred  others,  mingle  their  flowers  with 
them,  and  make  us  confess  that  China  is  inde.-<l  '  the  central 
flowery  land.'"  Dwarfing  is  a  favorite  occnpaticn  of  the 
Chinese  gardeners,  and  no  small  degree  ol  scientific  ac- 
quaintance with  veget.ible  physiology  is  implie.i  in  the  suc- 
cess with  which  they  manage  to  cr.amp  the.  natural  growth 
of  plants,  and  force  them  to  a-ssume  the  most  fantastic 
forms. 

Agriculture. — This  first  of  arts  h.as  always  been  held  In 
the  highest  veneration  in  China.  The  emjieror  hinrself.  to 
do  it  honor,  repairs  annuMly  to  an  appointed  spot  with 
3  princes,  9  high  officers.  40  old  and  40  young  husl  andmen, 
and  taking  the  plough  in  his  hand,  draws  a  furrow  and 
sows  some  seed.  A  similar  festival  is  lield  in  the  capital  of 
each  province.  A  branch  of  industry  thus  honored  can 
scarcely  have  failed  to  make  great  progress,  and  accordingly 
the  agriculture  of  the  Chinese  has  l>een  lauded  in  high 
terms  by  almost  all  who  have  had  opportunities  of  witness- 
ing it.  It  is  a  mistake,  however,  to  suppose  that  they  are 
adepts  in  what  may  be  called  the  science  of  agriculture. 
Thev  slavishly  follow  a  routine  wliich  has  J>een  handed 
down,  without  change,  from  untold  generations,  ai'.d  not 
only  display  no  inventive  powers   thems(>te«j  but  from 


CHI 


cm 


OTerweenJng  conceit  obstinately  refuse  to  profit  by  the  in- 
FeutiDiis  of  other  countiifs  when  placed  before  them.  Their 
implements  generally  are  of  the  rudest  description,  and 
tIioui;h  improved  ploui^hs  have  been  sent  out  and  urged  on 
their  acceptance,  tliey  reject  them  with  disdain,  preferring 
a  rude  shapeless  thing  drawn  by  oxen  or  buffaloes.  They 
appe;ir  to  liave  no  idea  of  raising  Improved  breeds  of  horses 
and  cattle  by  the  arts  so  well  lincvrn  and  practised  in  other 
countries.  The  only  animal  of  which  the  Chinese  can  be 
gaid  to  have  furnished  us  with  an  improved  breed  is  the 
pig.  Kice,  as  tiie  principal  food  of  the  people,  is  the  staple 
crop.  The  rich  alluvial  plains  which  cover  a  great  part  of 
the  surface  are  admirably  adapted  for  its  culture,  and,  by 
careful  management,  yield  amazing  crops.  The  rice  is  sown 
in  seed-beds,  and  afterwards  planted  out  in  drills.  A  first 
planting  is  made  about  the  middle  of  May,  and  in  two  or 
three  weeks  after  a  second  planting  is  made  in  the  intervals 
between  the  previous  drills.  When  the  first  crop  is  reaped 
in  August,  the  other  is  still  green,  but  being  stirred  and 
manured,  it  comes  rapidly  forward,  and  is  re;>ped  in  No- 
vember. The  rice  is  not  always  grown  on  alluvial  flats. 
The  sides  of  the  hills  ai'e  often  laid  out  in  a  succession  of 
gently  sloping  terraces,  which  .sometimes  rise  to  the  height 
of  6()iJ  or  8U0  feet  above  sea  level,  and  planted  with  rice  in 
drills  running  across  the  declivity,  thus  admitting  of  being 
irrigated  by  streams  which,  retarded  at  every  step,  move 
slowly  forward.  In  the  first  stages  of  the  crop,  these  ter- 
races are  clothed  with  luxuriant  green,  which  contrasts 
finely  with  the  rugged  steeps  in  tlieir  neighborhood,  and 
forms  an  enchanting  landscape.  The  same  mode  of  culture 
being  evidently  applicable  to  other  crops  is  in  general  use, 
and  is  noticed  with  admiration  by  almost  all  travellers  as  a 
distinguishing  feature  in  Cliinese  husbandry.  After  rioe, 
the  staple  crops  on  their  terraces  are  sweet  potatoes  and 
earth-nuts.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Canton  the  common 
winter  crops  are  our  own  ordinary  vegetables — potatoes, 
pease,  onions,  and  cabbages,  for  the  use  of  European  resi- 
dents; in  the  N.  their  crops  principally  consist  of  our  ordi- 
nary cereals  and  legumes — wlxeat,  barley,  pease,  and  beans. 
The  two  last  are  the  same  as  our  field  kind,  and  are  indi- 
genous ;  the  two  first  are  inferior  varieties.  The  raising  of 
green  crops  to  be  ploughed  in  as  manure  is  common  in  all 
the  districts  where  rice  is  cultivated.  Two  kinds  of  plants 
are  chietiy  employed  :  one  of  tliem.  a  trefoil,  grown  on  ridge.s 
similar  to  those  forming  the  intervals  in  our  celery  beds. 

Among  the  other  crops  regularly  and  extensively  grown 
mav  V>e  mentioned  sugar-cane,  u.sed  chiefly  in  a  green  state: 
indigo,  a  particular  kind,  called  tein-ching,  now  ascertained 
to  be  the  Jsatis  indigotica;  the  castor-oil  plant,  and  nume- 
rous plants  grown  for  their  roots.  Three  other  plants  of 
the  greatest  economical  importance  are  extensively  grown 
in  China.  The  first  is  the  mulberry.  Judging  from  the  quan- 
tity of  raw  silk  annually  exported,  and  the  general  use  of 
sUk  for  dress,  at  least  by  the  wealthier  classes  of  the  country, 
it  is  evident  that  hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  must  he 
appropriated  to  the  cultivation  of  this  shrub,  and  mil- 
lions of  persons  employed  in  the  diflbrent  proces.ses  con- 
nectt>d  with  it;  the  plants  are  all  grafted,  and  produce  very 
fine  thick  leaves.  They  form  trees,  or  rather  bushes,  which 
are  not  allowed  to  exceed  from  4  to  fl  feet  in  height,  and  are 
planted  in  rows,  often  along  the  banks  of  canals.  The  mul- 
berry farms  are  generally  worked  by  the  farmer  and  his 
Eimily,  who  not  only  plant,  graft,  and  cultivate  the  mul- 
berry, but  gather  the  leaves,  feed  the  silkworms,  and  wind 
the  silk  off  the  cocoons.  The  Chinese  silk  is  much  heavier 
than  the  Italian,  and  preferred  in  fabrics  requiring  lustre 
and  firmness.  The  cotton  plant,  used  in  China,  and  called 
in  the  N.  provinces  the  "  Mie  wha,"  is  of  the  same  species 
a.<  the  American,  namely,  G/issi/pium  herbaceum.  The  yel- 
low cotton  used  in  the  manufacture  of  na»/.wn  appears  to 
be  of  a  more  stunted  habit  than  the  ordinary  gossypium, 
but  has  no  characters  which  constitute  a  distinct  species. 
It  is  chiefly  cultivated  in  a  level  tract  around  Shanghai, 
forming  part  of  the  Great  Plain,  and  is  the  staple  summer 
crop.  The  culture  differs  little  from  that  of  other  cotton 
countries.  The  last  crop  to  be  hero  mentioned,  and  to  us 
the  most  importiint  of  all  raised  in  Cliina.  is  that  of  tea. 
There  are  two  varieties  of  the  plant — T/iea  holiea  and  Tliea 
viri'lis.  and  though  it  was  long  supposed  that  the  former 
only  yieldi^d  the  black,  and  the  latter  the  green  teas,  it  is 
now  proved  that  lioth  kinds  of  tea  are  obtained  from  each. 
Tlie  plant,  whose  botanical  affinities  ally  it  to  the  camellia, 
in  its  natural  state  as  seen  in  Assam  attains  the  height  of 
30  feet,  but  in  China  only  from  3  to  6  feet,  where  it  is  kept 
down  by  prunings,  and  made  to  assume  a  l)ushy  form,  pre- 
senting a  dense  mass  of  foliage  on  an  infinite  number  of 
small  shoots.  The  leaf  is  dark-green,  of  an  oblong  oval 
shai)e.  and  the  flowers  are  single,  white,  and  without  smell. 
The  seeds,  three  in  number,  are  enclosed  in  a  husk  resem- 
bling that  of  the  hazel-nnt,  having  a  somewhat  acrid  taste, 
and,  by  extraction,  yield  an  oil  which  is  used  for  varioxis 
purposes.  The  great  tea  provinces  are  Quangtong,  Fokien. 
and  Chekiang.  In  the  first  the  Tliea  bohea  is  grown,  and 
the  tea  is  of  inferior  quality;  In  the  other  two  the  Tlica 
viridis,  which  yields  all  the  finer  qualities,  and  furnishes 


the  greater  part  of  all  that  is  exported  to  this  country. 
Where  the  culture  is  most  extensive  and  carried  to  itx 
highest  perfection,  the  tea  plantations  are  usually  loruied 
in  a  deep  rich  loam,  never  on  the  lowlands  but  on  the  low 
hilly  slopes.  The  plants,  consisting  of  seedlings  previously 
grown  in  nursery  beds,  are  placed  in  rows  about  4  feet  apan 
from  each  other  every  way,  and  when  grown,  look  at  a  dis- 
tance like  shrubberies  of  ever-greens.  The  leaves  are  ga- 
thered thrice — about  the  middle  of  April,  when  the  leaf-buds 
are  beginning  to  unfold,  about  a  fortnight  after,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  May,  when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  and  when 
the  leaves  again  are  newly  formed.  The  first  gathering 
yields  a  fine  and  delicate  hyson,  highly  valued  by  the  na- 
tives, and  generally  distributed  in  small  quantities  as  pre- 
sents. 

Manufactures. — In  all  the  arts  necessary  to  the  comfort 
of  life,  and  in  not  a  few  of  those  conducive  tr  luxury,  the 
Chinese  have  made  considerable  progress.  One  peculiar 
feature  in  their  processes  is  the  general  absence  of  machi- 
nery :  in  almost  every  production  the  great  moving  power  is 
manual  lal>or.  The  silk  stuffs  of  China  have  long  borne  a  high 
name,  and  in  several  qualities  are  still  unsurpassed.  The  loom 
in  common  use  is  worked  by  two  persons,  one  of  whom  sits 
on  the  top  of  the  frame,  where  he  pulls  the  treadles  and 
assists  in  making  the  various  changes  which  must  be  made 
on  the  machine  while  in  operation.  By  means  of  it  the 
workman  can  imitate  almost  any  pattern,  and  excel  parti- 
cularly in  crapes  and  flowered  satins,  and  damasks  for 
official  dresses.  In  China  everybody  wears  silks.  It  is  the 
prescribed  attire  of  high  officers :  soldiers  are  not  considered 
in  full  uniform  without  it.  The  finer  kinds  of  it  form  the 
ordinary  dresses  of  the  opulent,  while  the  poorest  manage 
tx>  deck  themselves  in  coarser  if  not  on  common,  at  least  on 
gala  days.  The  embroidery  of  silk  is  carried  on  to  an 
amazing  extent,  the  perfection  to  which  it  has  been  brtjught 
cre.ating  an  almost  unlimited  demand.  In  cotton  goods  tlie 
Chinese  might  have  been  supposed  to  excel,  but  for  the  won- 
derful inventions  which  in  other  countries  have  so  rapidly 
carried  that  manufacture  to  the  highest  perfection,  and 
produced  fabrii'S,  which  both  for  quality  and  cheapness 
defy  all  competition.  Nankeen  continues  to  form  an  im- 
portant brancfi  of  domestic  manufacture.  Flax  is  not 
grown  in  Cliina,  and  linen  seems  not  to  be  made.  The  only 
woollen  fabrics  are  felt  for  the  soles  of  sh(jes  and  winter 
hats,  and  a  sort  of  rug  or  carpc^t.  The  porcelain  of  China 
has  been  famous  from  the  earliest  periods.  The  manufac- 
ture of  the  finest  forms  of  it  being  long  known  to  the  Chi- 
nese alone,  gave  them  the  monopoly  of  the  world,  and 
though  in  elegance  of  shape  and  design  they  must  yield  the 
pahn  to  Europe,  for  quality  of  material  and  rich  gorgefius 
ciiloring  they  still  hold  the  foremost  place.  The  manufac- 
ture of  glass  is  chiefly  carried  on  at  Canton,  and  is  one  of 
the  few  arts  which,  at  least  in  regard  to  its  finer  processes, 
the  Chinese  have  condescended  to  learn  from  Europeans, 
In  the  working  of  metals  the  Chinese  have  only  attained 
to  mediocrity.  Bells  and  tripods  are  occasion.ally  made  ot 
large  size,  but  the  most  of  their  castings  are  comparatively 
small.  \V'rought  iron  is  little  used  except  for  nails,  screws, 
hinges,  and  other  small  articles.  The  metallic  products 
most  deserving  of  notice  are  gongs,  mirrors,  statuettes  in 
copper  and  bronze,  and  various  kinds  of  carved,  chased,  and 
filigree  work,  both  in  gold  and  silver.  In  a  great  number 
of  minor  articles  the  workmanship  is  exquisite.  Fans,  card 
cases,  seals,  snuff-boxes,  combs,  counters,  chessmen  of 
wood,  ivory,  mother-of-pearl,  tortoise-shell,  &c.,  exhibit  a 
finish  and  delicacy  which  no  other  workmen  in  the  world 
can  equal. 

Trade  and  Cbmvierce. — The  inland  trade  of  China,  aided 
by  the  unusual  facilities  which  it  derives  from  a  system  of 
water  communication,  ramifying  like  network  over  all  its 
provinces,  is  of  incalculable  magnitude.  Its  riVers  and 
canals  are  so  covered  with  junks  and  barges  and  swarms 
of  smaller  boats,  that  there  does  not  seem  much  exaggera- 
tion in  the  estimate  which  makes  the  tonnage  belonging  to 
the  Chinese,  little  short  of  the  conil>ined  tonnage  of  all  other 
nations.  The  coasting  trade  is  small  in  comparison,  and  is 
much  impeded  not  merely  by  the  dangers  of  navigation, 
along  a  coast  frequently  visited  by  storms  of  terrific  violence, 
but  by  hordes  of  pirates,  who  are  permitted  to  roam  about 
almost  with  impunity,  and  make  an  easy  prey  of  defence- 
less traders.  Of  the  coasting  trade  there  is  no  means  of 
forming  even  an  approximate  estimate,  but  according  to  a 
return  of  it  for  the  port  of  Foo-choo  alone  for  a  year,  (two 
quarters  of  1845,  and  two  quarters  of  1846.)  1078  junks 
ariived  with  cargoes  valued  at  6.51 .906^,  and  1281  junks 
depiirted  with  cargoes  valued  at  2.42S.052Z.  In  this  return 
the  largest  exports  in  value  are  timber  and  paper;  the 
largest  imports,  sugar,  salt-fish,  and  pease.  Till  the  late 
war  with  Great  Britain,  the  trade  with  foreigners,  exclusive 
of  that  carried  on  by  the  mainland  chiefly  with  the  Kus- 
sians,  was  zealously  restricted  to  the  mouth  of  Canton 
River.  By  the  treaty  of  Nanking,  four  other  ports  have 
been  thrown  open,  namely,  Amoy,  Foo-choo,  Ningpo, 
and  Shanghai.  By  this  arrangement  the  trade  has  been 
placed  on  a  more  satisfactory  footing,   al»  J  has  increased 

443 


CHI 


CHI 


considerably,  thouirh  not  at  all  to  the  extent  which  had 
been  anticipated.  The  articles  which  China  can  furnish  for 
foreicn  export  are  few,  con.sistiug  chiefly  of  tea  and  silk 
goods,  and  unless  the  demand  for  the.se  increase  and  enable 
the  Chinese  lo  .sell,  it  is  not  ea.sy  to  see  how  they  can  pur^ 
chase  more  larirely.  The  following  table  <rives  the  total  value 
of  the  imports  and  exports  at  each  of  the  five  open  ports 
of  China,  in  British  and  foreign  vessels,  in  1844  and  1847  : 


POETS. 

1844. 

In  British  Vessels,  j  In  Foreign  Tessels. 

Imports. 

Exports.     Imports.  I  F.xports. 

£3,359,685 
501.335 

£3,883,828    £506,351    £1.644.194 

«7,528'        '.'. 

Foo-choo 

Total 

£3,861,020 

£4,371,466      506,351    £1,644,194 

;■                                      1 

POSTS. 

1847 

In  British  Vessels. 

In  Foreign  Vessels. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports.  1  Exports. 

£2,085.581 
179,758 

il,786 

898,228 

£3,406,420 

7,138|     £75,976 

"  6231         '.'. 
l,401,194j      111,001 

£8,568 

116,105 

Total 

£3,175,353 

£4,815,375    £186,977 

£124,673 

The  aboTe  table  only  gives  the  legal  trade,  and,  of  course, 
excludes  one  item,  which  in  amount  far  ex(^eds  that  of  all 
other  imports,  and  which,  though,  as  used,  is  not  only 
worthless,  but  noxious  and  demoralizing  in  the  extreme,  is 
paid  for  by  the  Chine.se  in  hard  cash.  The  opium,  which 
forms  this  imijort  is  chiefly  grown  in  British  India,  where 
the  East  India  Company  cultivate  it  ss  a  monopoly,  and 
sell  it  to  private  traders  with  the  full  knowledge  of  its 
having  been  grown  and  sold  to  be  smuggled  into  China ! 
The  export  from  Calcutta  in  1845.  was  IS.T'Ji  chests,  and 
from  Bombav  in  1843.  (the  latest  return.)  18.321  chests:  in 
all  37.113  chests,  valued  at  4.800.000/.  The  amount  continues 
to  increase,  and  the  value  is  alxiut  tive  millions.  The  prin- 
cipal imports  to  China  from  the  United  Kingdom,  in 
1841,  were— cotton  manufactures,  848,8141.;  cotton  yarn, 
164.2B4/.;  linen  manufactures,  9321/.;  woollen  manufac- 
tures. 390.437?.:  beer  and  ale.  9786/.:  iron  and  steel.  15.7 6S/.; 
glass,  7494/.  The  principal  exports  from  China  to  the  United 
Kingdom  in  the  .same  year  were — nankeens.  67.110  pieces: 
rhubarb,  148,936  pounds:  silk.  raw.  2.015.2S8  pounds;  silk, 
thrown.  6167  pounds;  silk,  manufactured,  namely — hand- 
kerchiefs, 19.(05  pieces :  silks  and  crapes  in  pieces.  4435 ; 
crapes,  shawls,  and  handkerchiefs,  iu  number  16,191 ;  tea. 
55,355,590  pounds.  The  revenue  derived  from  tea  amounts 
to  about  6.000.000/.  annu.ally,  nearly  sufiScieut  to  defray  the 
whole  expense  of  the  British  navy. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  value  of  the  principal 
exports  to  the  United  States,  for  three  years,  ending  1851 : 


1849. 

1850. 

1851. 

Silks 

$901,552 
104.861 
82,527 

4,071,789 
29,«J4 
73,607 

$1,244,799 
198,649 
21,188 
4,585.720 
27.023 
101,618 

1,526,049 
313,104 

Kaw  silk 

4,633,520 

96  715 

Total 

Value  of  produce  and  manufactured  goods  imported  from 
the  United  States,  for  three  years,  ending  1851 : 


1849. 

1850. 

1851. 

$1,378 
182,966 
8,445 
2,111 
1,495,283 
26.827 
17,552 

$2,123 
122,916 

"  844 
1,203.997 

28.6-8 
27.632 

100.549 
9.500 
8,291 
1,894.418 
13.538 
15.286 

Bkins  and  furs 

Tobacco,  manufactured 

Cottons,  ordomestic  maaufac. 
Beef,  pork,  bacon,  and  lard.. 
Biscuit  and  ship-bread 

Toul 

$1,460,945 

$1,485,961 

$2,155,945 

Tlie  total  commerce  with  the  United  States  in  ISW,  com- 
prised imports  to  the  value  of  $3,736,992,  and  exports  to 
$10,573,710. 

The  total  export  of  tea  from  China,  and  the  total  con- 
sumption in  different  countries,  on  an  estimated  annital 
average  of  five  years,  ending  1848,  is  as  follows : 

Pound.?. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland g.noo.OOC 

Briti.'ih  America  and  West  Indies 2,600.000 

Australasia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  &c 2,7nn.00C 

British  India,  &c 2,i00.000 

United  States  of  Xorth  America 13.000.000 

Russia 9,000.000 

France 550.000 

Hanse  Towns,  ic 150.000 

Holland  and  its  colonies 1,200.(100 

Belgium 200.000 

Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway 250.000 

Germany SOO.OiX) 

Spain  and  Portugal 100.000 

Italy .iO.OOO 

South  America 500.000 

Otherplaces 550.000 

Total,  all  countries 41,560,000 

In  1849,  the  tea  exported  to  the  United  States  amounted 
to  18.710.017  pounds:  in  1850.  21.747.800  pounds;  in  1851, 
28.506.712  pounds:  and  in  1852.  ai.3.38.721  pounds. 

During  the  year  1852.  102  British  vessels,  (tons.  32.700.) 
.and  71  American,  (tons,  40.365.)  entered  the  various  Chinese 
ports.  The  entire  tonnage  inwards  was  76.900.  of  which 
3835  (the  amount  of  tonnage  left  after  taking  out  the 
British  and  American)  was  nearly  equally  divided  between 
French.  Danish.  Hamburg.  Spani.sh.  Ilawaian,  and  Dutch. 

Peo])le.  Langungt,  and  Kditfion. — The  Chinese  lieloiig  to 
that  variety  of  the  human  race  which  has  been  called  Mon- 
golmn,  btit  in  them,  its  harsher  features,  as  reprt-.^eiitid  in 
the  genuine  Tartars,  are  considerably  softened.  I'liey  are 
generally  of  low  stature,  have  small  hands  and  feet,  (the 
last  artificially  made  so  small  in  the  females  as  to  become 
a  deformity.)  a  dark  complexion,  much  modified  by  the 
degree  of  its  exposure  to  the  open  air,  a  wide  forehead, 
black  hair,  eyes  and  eyebrows  obliquely  tunied  upwards  at 
the  outer  extremities.  In  thickness  of  lips,  flattened  nose, 
and  expanded  nostril,  they  Ivar  a  considerable  resemllance 
to  the  negro.  In  bodily  strength  they  are  far  inferior  to 
Europeans,  but  superior  to  most  .\siatics — their  great  8S.«i- 
duity  and  patient  endurance  of  fatigue  making  tht-m  highly 
prized  as  laliorers  throughout  the  Malay  Ai-chipelago.  The 
finest  physical  specimens  of  the  race  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
coolies  or  porters  of  Canton.  In  their  moral  qualities  there 
is  much  that  is  amiable.  They  are  strongly  attached  to 
their  homes,  hold  age  in  respe-'t.  toil  hard  for  the  support 
of  their  families,  and  in  the  interior,  where  the  worst  kind 
of  foreign  intercourse  has  not  debasi>d  them,  exhibit  an 
unsophisticated  simplicity  of  manners  which  recalls  the  ago 
of  the  patriarch.?.  In  the  great  mass,  these  qualiti.-s  are 
counterljalanced  or  rather  supplanted  by  numerous  vi  es — 
treachery,  lying,  and  nameless  abominations. 

The  Chinese  tongue  is  unquestionably  the  most  ancient 
spoken,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  Ilebrew,  the  most 
ancient  written  language. 

The  art  of  making  paper  is  said  to  have  been  known  in 
the  fii-st  centtiry.  and  printing  from  wooden  blocks  in  the 
seventh  or  eighth  century,  hundreds  of  years  l>efoi'e  those 
valuable  arts  were  reinvented  in  Europe;  and  in  the  books 
which  have  continued  since  to  appear  in  great  number^,  are 
to  be  found  treati.ses  on  almost  all  subjects — scieiice.  his- 
tory, geography,  belles-lettres,  and  poetry — emlK>dying  a 
literature  of  no  mean  description.  If  learning  in  China 
equal  that  of  Europe  in  any  respect,  it  is  in  the  degree  of 
encouragement  which  it  receive.s — literary  eminence  being 
the  sure  avenue  to  the  highest  honors  and  oflices  of  the 
state,  and  hence  '•  the  literati  are  the  gentry,  the  magis- 
trates, the  governors,  the  negotiators,  the  ministers  of 
Chiniu"  With  such  rewards  to  stimulate  industry  and 
tempt  ambition,  we  need  hardly  say,  that  among  the  more 
comfortable  classes,  education  of  the  kind  which  promises 
to  be  best  rewarded  is  almost  universsal.  For  the  lower 
classes  also,  every  village  throughout  the  empire  has  its 
school,  but  the  silbjects  tiught  are  of  the  most  elementary 
description,  and  attendance  is  not  so  general  a.s  wius  at  one 
time  supposed.  In  cities  perhaps  half  the  males  rei-eive 
some  instruction;  in  the  villages  not  more  than  one  In 
twenty  can  read. 

Judging  by  the  multitude  of  temples  and  joss-house."  seen 
In  ever)-  qu.t'rter.  and  the  endless  number  of  ritUJil  acts  per- 
formed on  higli  festivals  and  in  the  ordinary  interaiurse  of 
life,  the  Chinese  appear  to  be  a  most  reliirious  people.  It 
would  seem,  however,  that  the  feeling  .«eldom  goes  deeper 
than  the  external  act  and  th.at  veneration,  when  actually 
paid,  instead  of  a.scending  to  a  supreme  lieing.  stops  .short 
at  inferior  agencies  of  fabulous  origin,  and  not  unt"re<niently 
tails  to  find  a  higher  object  than  the  emperor.  The  reli-ion 
of  the  state,  if  it  may  be  so  called,  is  that  founded  by  KiMnig- 
Foo-Tseu,  (called  in  Latin  0'/»/«c/?'S.)about  530  n.  C.  A  kind 
of  sacerdotal  college,  at  Peking,  regulates  its  ob.servance:  but 
among  many  of  its  members,  and  generally  among  the  uppei 


1!:=: 


CHI 


CHI 


classes,  skepticism  is  said  to  be  in  fashion.  Boodhism  is  frene- 
rally  piof&ssed  in  .seveial  provinces,  and  Tanism, a  kind  of  de- 
mon worship  prevalent  among  the  Mongolians,  though  now 
decayed,  jnce  counted  vast  numbers  of  votaries.  Attempts  to 
introduce  Christianity  were  made  by  the  Nestorjans  as  early 
as  the  sixth  century,  but  the  celebrity  of  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sions has  tlirown  all  others  into  the  shade.  The  number  of 
their  converts  is  still  nominally  great,  and  bears  strong  tes- 
timony to  their  .subtle  policy  and  unwearied  zeal.  Various 
Protestant  bodies  carry  on  missionary  operations  in  China, 
but  their  labors  have  hitherto  been  attended  with  indiffer- 
ent success.  15ut  a  new  era  would  seem  to  be  approadiing. 
The  young  Emperor  of  China,  who  succeeded  his  father  at 
his  deatii,  in  February,  ISoO,  published  a  decree  in  the 
month  of  June  of  the  same  year,  permitting  the  free  exer- 
cise -of  the  Christian  religion  throughout  his  dominions. 
The  emperor  is  stated  to  have  been  educated  by  a  Christian 
lady,  iu  whom  the  late  emperor  placed  unbounded  confi- 
dence. 

Government,  Laws,  Army  and  Navy,  dx. — This  is  an  un- 
mingled  despotism.  The  emperor  unites  in  his  person  the 
attributes  of  supreme  magistrate  and  sovereign  pontiff,  and 
as  "  Heaven's  Son,"  is  to  Heaven  alone  accountable.  His  prin- 
cipal ministers,  four  in  number,  form  the  interior  council 
chamber,  and  beneath  them  are  a  number  of  asses.sors,  who 
constitute  the  principal  council  of  state.  The  government 
business  is  distributed  among  six  boards,  having  cognizance 
respectively  of  all  civil  offices  of  revenue,  of  rates  and  cere- 
monies, of  military  affairs,  of  crime,  and  of  public  works. 
There  is,  besides,  an  office  of  censors,  40  or  50  in  number, 
who  go  out  into  the  empire  as  imperial  inspectors,  and  are 
privileged  to  make  any  remonstrance  to  the  emperor  with- 
out endangering  their  lives.  The  provinces,  either  singly 
or  by  twos,  are  under  a  governor  and  sul>governor,  and  each 
province  has  also  a  chief  criminal  judge  and  a  treasurer. 
Pajticular  magistrates,  estimated  at  14,000.  preside  over  par- 
ticular districts  and  cities,  and,  instead  of  being  permanent, 
are  changed  about  once  iu  three  years.  The  chief  protec- 
tion of  the  people  is  in  a  body  of  laws,  called  Ta-Tsing-Liooh- 
Lee,  (Ta-Tsiug-Liuh-Li,)  that  is,  statutes  and  rescripts  of  the 
great  pure  dynasty,  which  are  held  in  high  regard,  and 
agreeably  to  which,  with  occasional  violations,  all  public 
functions  are  discharged.  The  military  force  of  China  has 
been  estimated  at  more  than  1,000.000,  but  tho.se  receiving 
pay  do  not  exceed  700.000.  The  navy  consists  of  two  fleets — 
one  for  rivers,  and  another  for  the  sea.  The  war  junks  are 
large  and  showy,  but  miserably  equipped,  and  so  far  from 
being  able  to  cope  with  a  regular  enemy,  are  not  able  to 
clear  their  own  seas  of  pirates.  The  river  fleet  has  1036 
ships.  y500  men;  and  the  war  fleet  918  ships,  98.421  men  ; 
together,  107,921  men.  The  largest  guns  do  not  exceed  a 
12-pounder,  and  are  so  fixed  on  wooden  carriages  that  they 
can  neither  be  elevated  nor  depressed.  The  revenue  of  the 
empire,  derived  from  customs,  excise,  and  more  especially 
from  a  land  and  house  or  workshop  tax.  is  payable  partly 
in  sycee  silver  and  partly  in  grain,  and  amounts  to  about 
25  millions  sterling. 

Hid'iry,  <tc. — The  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans  knew  little 
or  nothing  of  China.  The  name  Si'Jrica  (Gr.  'r\  Tepixri)  was 
vaguely  applied  to  a  region  in  the  extreme  eastern  p;u-t  of 
Asia,  famous  as  the  native  country  of  the  silk-worm  ;  hence 
Sericits  came  to  signify  "silken."  The  Serica  of  Ptolemy 
corresponds  to  the  north-western  portion  of  China  and  the 
adjacent  parts  of  Thibet  and  Chinese  Tartary.  The  names 
both  of  China,  (Tsinu.  or  Tchina.)  and  Cath.at,  (originally 
Khitai,  Ke-ti',)  are  unknown  to  the  Chinese.  Tsina  is  said 
to  have  been,  before  the  Christian  era,  the  name  of  a  south- 
western province  or  kingdom  of  that  vast  country:  and 
from  being  the  only  portion  known  to  the  people  of  Hither 
and  Farther  India,  was  employed  by  them  as  an  appellation 
for  the  whole  empire.  Cathay  or  Khitai  is  derived  from 
the  KJiit'ins,  who  occupied  the  northern  portions  of  the 
empire  at  the  period  of  the  Mongol  invasion.  This  appella- 
tion was  introduced  into  Europe  by  Marco  Polo,  and  is  still 
used  by  the  Russians  to  designate  China.  (See  "  Chine, 
par  JI.  G.  Pauthier."     Paris,  1839.) 

The  early  history  of  the  Chinese  is  shrouded  in  fable,  but 
it  is  certain  that  civilization  had  advanced  much  among 
them  when  it  was  only  dawning  on  the  nations  of  Europe. 
Their  earliest  existing  records  consist  of  the  compilations 
of  Khr>.ing-Foo-Tseu,or  Confucius,  550  B.C.,  from  which  period 
thej'  descend  In  an  unbroken  series  to  the  present  day.  Un- 
der their  earliest  dynasty  they  attained  considerable  pros- 
perity, and  tempted  the  rapacity  of  the  Tartars,  as  a  protec- 
tion against  whose  incursions  the  great  wall  was  built  by 
T.sin-Shee-IIwaug-Tee,  the  founder  of  the  dynasty  of  Tsin. 
Til's  work,  perhaps  the  most  stupendous  monument  of 
huL'an  industry  ever  exhibited  to  the  world,  was  begun 
about  214  u.  c,  and  finished  al)OUt  204  B.  c,  several  millions 
of  men  having  lieen  occupied  at  once  in  its  construction. 
This  waU  is  about  1500  miles  in  length,  from  20  to  25  feet 
high,  ai  1  .so  thick  that  six  horsemen  can  ride  abreast  on  the 
summit.  Towers  are  placed  along  its  whole  extent,  at  twice 
the  distau.^e  an  arrow  can  be  shot,  so  that  every  part  of  the 
*itil  may  V  e  within  the  reach  of  the  archers  stationed  in  the  i 


towers.  In  one  instance,  the  wall  is  carried  oyer  the  top  rrf 
a  mountain  one  mile  (5225  French  feet)  in  height.  It  is,  .'o 
many  parts,  built  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  especiaMy 
towards  its  eastern  extremity,  where  it  extends  by  a  massivo 
levee  into  the  sea.  In  this  portion  the  workmen  were  rev- 
quired,  it  is  said,  under  penalty  of  death,  to  f.t  the  stones  so 
exactly  that  a  nail  could  nowhere  be  inserted  between  the 
joints.  In  some  parts,  however,  the  wall  is  compos(!d  of 
earth  only.*  It  is  estimated  that  the  materials  employed  il) 
this  immense  fortification  would  be  sufficient  for  construct 
ing  a  wall  six  feet  high  and  two  feet  thick,  twice  round  thf 
world.    (Pauthieb,  C/iine,  pp.  10,  11.) 

About  the  end  of  the  second  century,  the  empire  was  di- 
vided into  three  states,  and  continued  so  till  a.  b.  5S5,  when 
it  became  united  under  one  ruler.  Three  centuries  later, 
the  right  to  the  throne  was  disputed,  and  civil  war  raged 
till  an  adjustment  took  place  by  the  establishment  of  the 
Tsoong  dynasty  under  Taitsoo,  A.  i).  950.  Under  this  dynasty 
great  progress  was  made  iu  literature  and  art.  New  inroads 
of  the  Tartars  now  pressed  the  Chinese  so  hard  that  they 
called  in  the  aid  of  the  Mongols,  who  freed  them  from  their 
oppressors,  but  gave  them  a  new  master  in  the  celelrated 
Kiiblai  Khan,  who  founded  the  Mongol  dynasty,  and  re- 
moved the  capital  from  Nanking  to  Peking.  "  His  ninth  de- 
scendant was  driven  from  the  throne,  and  a  native  dynasty, 
called  Ming,  again  succeeded  in  1300,  in  the  person  of 
Hoongwoo.  A  lung  peiiod  of  peace  ensued,  but  was  broken 
in  1618,  when  the  Jiantchoos,  a  mixed  Tartar  and  Mongol 
race,  gained  the  ascendency,  and.  after  a  war  of  27  years, 
estalilished  the  existing  Tartar  dynasty  in  the  person  of 
Shunchy.  According  to  the  Chinese,  their  dynasties,  26  in 
number,  embrace  a  period  of  aljout  5000  years,  during  which 
236  soveieigns  have  held  the  throne.  The  earliest  authentic 
accounts  of  China,  puljlished  in  Europe,  are  those  of  Marco 
Polo,  who  visited  the  country  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
The  first  British  intercourse  was  attempted  under  Queen 
Elizabeth,  in  1596,  but  the  vessel  sent  did  not  reach  its  des- 
tination. A  trade  was  subsequently  established  by  the  East 
India  Company,  but  no  direct  intercourse  between  the  go- 
vernments took  place  till  the  embassy  of  Lord  Macartney, 
in  1792.  A  secfnd  embassy,  in  1816,  by  Lord  Amherst,  re- 
turned without  any  satisfactory  result.  In  1^41,  the  British, 
on  being  refused  redress  for  injuries,  partly  alleged  and 
piirtly  real,  proceeded  to  hostilities;  and.  having  defeated 
every  force  opposed  to  them,  were  preparing  to  lay  siege  to 
Nanking,  when  the  Chinese,  found  it  necessary  to  sue  for 
peace.     In  consequence  of  it,  China  has  virtually  been 

thrown  open  to  the  intercourse  of  other  nations. Adj. 

and  inhab.  CniNE.SE.  chi-neez',  and  Cathay/an,  (poetical:) 
(Fr.  Chi\oi.s,  shee'nwa/;  gp.  Chino,  chee^no:  Ger.  adj.  Chine- 
SLScn.  Ke-nA'zish,  inhab.  Chinese,  Ke-nA/zgh.) 
CHING/FOUD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
CHIXO-IIAI,  ching'-hi'.  a  seaport  town  of  Cliini,  province 
of  Che-Kiang,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  leading  to,  and  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Ning-po.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  20  feet 
high,  and  is  3  miles  in  circumference,  with  exten.sive  suburbs. 
It  has  two  batteries  on  the  river-side,  and  a  strong  citadel  on 
a  precipitous  cliff  2.50  feet  high.  In  October.  1S41.  in  the 
vicinity,  the  Chinese  were  signally  defeated  by  the  British. 

CHING-IIAI.  a  town  of  the  Corea,  on  its  S.  coast,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Han-Kiang  River. 

CHING-KIANG,  ching'-ke-Sng',  a  city  of  China,  35  miles 
N.E.  of  Yun-nan.  on  the  bank  of  a  lake. 

CHING-KIANG-FOO,  ching^-ke-dng'-foo',  written  also 
TCHAXC.-KIANG,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Kiang-soo, 
on  the  riiiht  bank  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Imperial  Canal,  in  lat.  32°  17'  N.,  lon.'119°  25'  E.  It 
is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  and  surrounded  by  a 
lofty  and  solid  wall  4  miles  in  circumference,  with  hills  of 
considerable  height  beyond.  Extensive  suburbs  stretch 
along  the  canal:  and  tlie  bustle  and  activity  exhibited  on 
the  waters  afford  a  striking  evidence  of  the  industi-y  of  the 
natives,  and  of  the  commercial  importance  of  the  city.  It 
forms,  indwd,  the  key  of  the  empire,  as  the  blockade  of  the 
river  and  canal  at  this  spot  would,  in  a  great  measure,  pre- 
vent all  communication  between  the  N.  and  S.  The  city  is 
strongly  fortified;  but,  in  1842,  it  was  taken  by  the  British 
after  a  determined  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  Mantchoo 
garrison. 
CHING-KIXG.  a  province  of  ^longolia.  See  Leaotong. 
ClIINGLEPUT,  ching\'le-put',  or  THE  JAGHIRE,  j^ 
gheer',  a  maritime  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  5Iar- 
dras,  and  immediately  surrounding  that  city  and  its  disti  icts, 
having  E.  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  ou  other  Sides  the  Arcot 
districts.  Area,  3020  square  miles.  Pop.  583,462.  The  sur- 
face is  low,  with  scattered  hills;  principal  liver,  the  Palaur. 
The  Pulicat  Lake  and  other  lagoons  skirt  the  coast.  The  soil 
is  generally  poor.  The  principal  towns  are  Chingleput  and 
Conjeveram. 


*  According  to  the  statement  of  a  missionary,  (P.  Oekbillos,) 
who  himself  saw  and  examined  the  structure,  some  portions  of 
the  Great  Wall  aro  faced  on  both  sides  by  two  walls  nbont  one 
foot  and  a  half  thick,  (the  lower  part  of  which  is  composed  of 
hewn  stone,  the  upper  part  of  brick,)  the  intermediate  spac* 
being  filled  with  earth, 

4-15 


CHI 

CirrVGLEPUT,  (anc.  SirrxjaUtpett-a,)  a  town  of  India,  capi- 
tal of  Ihe  above  district,  in  a  valley,  near  a  fine  artificial 
take.  Zt't  miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  and  having  a  large  and  strong 
citadel. 

CIUNG-TE,  or  TCIIIXG-TEFOU,  chingHAYoo',  a  city  of 
China,  provinceof  Pe-chee-lee,capital  of  a  department,  110 
miles  N'.N.E.  of  Peking,  beyond  the  Great  Wall.  Near  it  is 
the  celebrated  Imperial  palace,  Zhehol,  zhA-hol',  (otherwise 
written  Gehol,  Jehol,  and  Zheho,)  the  summer  residence 
of  the  emperor. 

CHI\(J-TIH.  or  TCiriNO-TING.    See  Chiso-te. 

CHlXG^riNO',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Pe-chee-lee,155 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Peking. 

CHING'-TON'  a  city  of  China,  In  Se-chuen ;  lat.  30°  40'  N., 
Ion.  104°  E.  It  is  populous,  adorned  with  fine  edifices,  in- 
tersected by  canals,  and  the  seat  of  an  extensive  commerce. 
It  was  formerly  an  imperial  residence,  and  one  of  the  largest 
cities  of  China,  but  was  ruined  by  the  Tartars  in  1646. 

CiriXG-TOO-FOO  or  TCillXG-TOU-FOU.  ching'tooYoo',  a 
dty  of  China,  capital  of  Se-chuen;  lat.30°  50' N.;  lon.l04°20'E. 

CIIINGU.    See  Xingu. 

Cllixr  or  CIirXEE,  che-nee',  a  large  villacre  of  Sinde,  30 
miles  X.W.  of  Sehwan.  and  at  an  elevation  of  10,000  feet. 

CIIIX  IXDIA,  chin  in'de-a,  a  name  given  to  the  region 
between  China  and  Uindostan,  comprehending  the  Burman 
and  Auanu'se  Empires,  Laos,  Slam,  and  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca.  It  is  often  called  the  Peninsula  beyond  the 
Ganges.  Little  is  known  of  these  countries,  and  their  po- 
litical divisions  and  boundaries  are  very   uncertain. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Chix  Indian',  chtn  in'de-an. 

CIIlXIXIorCIIIXEAXEE,  chinVnee',  atown  and  palace 
of  India.     See  Chanpahxee. 

CIIIX'K.VPIX,  a  post-office  of  Duplin  co..  North  Carolina. 

ClllXLKY.  a  chapelry  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Derby. 

CIITXXAXEE.     See  Chandahnee. 

CIIIXXTBEE,  a  post^iffice  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama,  75 
miles  X.  by  E.  of  Montgnmerv. 

CIITX'XOCK.  E.AST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CIlixXOCK.  CUDDLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 

CIIIXXOCK.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHIX'XOR.  a  parish  of  Enjtland.  co.  of  Osford. 

CnLVOTSunA  CHINO.     See  China. 

CIITXXOX,  shee*nAN°',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Fndre-et-Loire.  on  the  A'ienne.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Tours.  Pop. 
48.59.  Henry  II.  of  England  died  here  in  1189.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Charles  VII..  King  of  France,  when  the  English 
occupied  Paris,  and  has  the  ruins  of  the  castle  in  which  .Jnan 
of  Arc  presented  herself  to  him.  Rabelais  was  born  here 
in  1483. 

CiriXOOK  or  CHINOOK  CITY.    See  Citenook  City. 

CIIINRAr*APATA.M',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan, 
Mvsore  dominions,  40  miles  N.X.W.  of  Seringapatam. 

CHIXSOO'RA,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Bengal,  on  the 
Ganges,  20  miles  N.  of  Calcutta.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Dutch,  but  was  latterly  ceiled  to  the  British.  It  has  quite 
R.  Dutch  appearance,  is  dull,  and  its  commerce  is  now  insig- 
nificant. 'i"he  principal  edifices  are  the  government-house 
•  and  a  fortified  factory. 

CIIIXY,  shee^ee',  a  town  of  Belgium,  inLuxembourg.on 
Ihe  Semoy.  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xeufciiateau.  Pop.  1084.  partly 
employed  in  manuiSicturing  iron  wares.  It  was  formerly  of 
much  more  consequence. 

CIIIX-YAXG,  a  city  of  the  Chinese  Empire.  See  Mookdex. 

euro  or  KHIO,  an  island  of  Asi.itie  Turkey.    See  Scio. 

CIIIOBBE,  che-oWbil,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Fo- 
kien,  15  milei^S.W.  of  Amoy,  Ut.24°  35'  N.,  Ion.  117°  55' E., 
on  a  considerable  river,  which  bears  different  names,  accord- 
ing to  the  district  through  which  it  flows.  Here  it  is  300 
yards  wide,  and  navigable  at  high  water  for  junks  of  about 
400  tons.  The  town  is  large,  has  a  custom-house  and  cita- 
del, and  along  the  river  are  numerous  fortifications.  It  is  a 
great  emporium  of  common  chinaware,  and  a  considerable 
number  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  fisheries, 
and  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  'i'here  are  no  fewer  than 
18  villages  in  the  vicinity,  one  of  which  contains  a  body  of 
Eoman  Catholics,  under  the  superintendence  of  a  Spanish 
priest.  The  district  of  Leungkey,  in  which  the  town  is  situ- 
ated, is  famed  for  the  cultivation  of  the  mulberry-tree  and 
the  rearing  of  silk-worms.  Pop.  of  Chiobbe,  estimated  at 
300.000. 

CHIOGGIA,  ke-od'jd,  (anc.  F^sha  CMdia.)  a  fortified  sea- 
port town  of  Northern  Itjtly,  15  miles  S.  of  Venice,  on  an 
island  in  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Venetian  Lagoon. 
Pop.  26,667.  It  is  about  2  miles  in  circumference,  fiunded, 
like  Amsterdam,  on  piles,  well  built,  and  connected  with  the 
mainland  by  a  stone  bridge  of  4:5  arches.  It  has  a  fine  main 
Btreet  lined  with  porticos,  a  cathedral,  various  charitable 
Institutions,  and  a  harl>or  protected  by  two  forts  and  several 
batteries.  It  has  hi,'h  schools,  important  salt-works,  yards 
for  ship-building,  fisheries,  and  a  trade  with  the  interior  by 
the  Brenta,  Adige,  Po.  and  various  canals. 

CHIOS  or  CIIIO.    SeeScio. 

CHIPICANI,   che-pe-kS/nee,  a    mountain   peak  of   the 
Andes,  near  the  boundary  of  Peru  and  Bolivia,  lat.  17°  43' 
8.,  Ion.  69°  47'  W.    Height,  19,740  feet, 
440 


cm 

CITTPIONA.  che-pe-o'nl,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  22  mOee 
N.X.W.  of  Cadiz,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadalquivir.  Pop. 
1559. 

CHIP'MAN'S  POINT,  a  post-office  Addison  co.,  Vermont 

CIIIPOLA  (che-po'la)  RIVER  in  Henry  co.,  Alabama,  en- 
ters Florida,  and  unites  with  the  Appalachieola  iu  Fianklin 
county,  after  a  S.  course  of  150  miles. 

CHIPPAWA,  a  town  of  Canada.    See  Chippewa. 

CHIPPEXH.WI,  chip'niim,  a  parliamentary  and  munici- 
pal borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  on 
the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  of  22  arches,  and  on 
the  Great  Western  Railway,  22  miles  E.  of  Bristol.  Pop.  of 
parliamentary  borough,  in  1851,  6283.  It  has  a  spacious 
church,  partly  built  iu  the  twelfth  century,  a  free  school  and 
other  charities,  with  a  union  work-house,  and  literary  insti- 
tution. Its  manufactures  of  silk  and  woollen  have  dedined, 
but  the  retail  trade  is  thriving  and  the  markets  are  large. 
The  borough  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CHIPPKXHAM.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

CHIPPEWA,  chip'pe-wA.  a  river  of  Ohio,  rises  in  a  small 
lake  of  the  same  name,  in  Medina  county,  and  joins  the  Tus- 
carawas River,  about  12  miles  N,N.W.  of  Massillon. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  small  river  of  Michigan,  enters  Pine 
River  in  Midland  county. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  river  of  Wisconsin,  (the  Ojihway  or  Ojih- 
heivay  of  the  Indians.)  rises  near  the  N.  boundary  of  the 
state,  and  flowing  nearly  south-westward  through  Chijipewa 
county,  enters  the  Mississippi  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Pepin.  85 
miles  below  St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  Its  whole  length  pnOiably 
exceeds  200  miles;  and  it  is  about  500  y.ards  wide  at  its 
mouth.     Its  banks  are  bordered  by  large  forests  of  pine'. 

CHIPPEW.\,  a  county  of  Michigan,  forms  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  upper  peninsula,  bordering  on  Lakes  Supe- 
rior and  Huron,  and  separated  from  Canada  West  liy  the 
river  St.  Mary.  It  is  drained  by  the  Te<iuamenon  and  Mo- 
nistic Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  partly  covered 
with  pine  forests.  The  underlying  rocks  are  limestone  and 
Potsdam  sandstone.    Capital,  Saut  St.  Marie.    Pop.  1603. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
contains  about  4300  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Chippewa  River,  and  drained  by  many  large  attlnents  of 
that  river.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  mostly  occupied 
forests  of  pine  and  other  trees.  The  principal  rock  is  sand- 
stone.   Formed  in  1845.  Capital,  Chippewa  Fails.  Pop.  1895. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  small  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CI1IPPEW.\,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania- 
Pop.  769. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  post-office  of  Newcastle  co..  Delaware. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  village  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mississippi. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  Co., 
Ohio,  on  Chippewa  River,  100  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus.  Pop 
of  township.  2497. 

CIIIPPEW.V,  a  village  of  Fnlton  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Tip 
pecanoe  River.  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Logansport. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  village  of  Madison  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  60  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Vandalia. 

CHII'PEWA,  a  village  and  port  of  entry  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  Welland,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Chippewa  River 
witli  the  Niagara,  above  the  Falls,  and  50  miles  S.E.  of  To- 
ronto. It  contains  8  store.s,  a  printing  office,  an  insurance 
agency,  and  an  extensive  steam-engine  manufactory,  con- 
nected with  which  is  one  of  the  largest  stove  manufactories 
in  the  province.  The  imports  for  1850  amounted  to  $:318.152, 
of  which  $316,204  were  from  the  United  States;  the  value 
of  exports  was  only  $7528.  all  of  which  were  to  the  United 
States.  Chippewa  is  memorable  as  being  the  scene  of  a  de- 
cisive victory  gained  July  4,  1814,  by  the  Americans,  1900 
in  number,  commanded  "by  General  Brown,  over  the  Bri- 
tish, 2100  strong,  commanded  by  Generals  Riall  and  Drum- 
mond.     Pop.  about  1200. 

CHIPPEWA  CITY,  a  post^village  of  Chippewa  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

CHIPPEW.A.  FALLS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chippewa 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Chippewa  River,  about  185  miles  X.W.  of 
Madison.  It  has  extensive  water-power  with  mills.  Pop. 
in  1860.  753. 

CIIIPPEWAY  or  CHIPPEWA  INDIANS,  written  also 
O.TIHBEWAY,  a  numerous  tribe,  formerly  inhabiting  Wis- 
consin, but  now  removed  to  the  X.  part  of  .Minnesota. 

CHIPPEWAY.iX  FORT,  chip-pe-w.-i'-an,  British  North 
America,  is  a  commercial  post  in  the  Chippeway  territory, 
at  the  W,  end  of  Lake  Athabasca.  Lat.  58°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
111°  20'  W. 

CHIPPEWAYAN  MOUNTAINS.    See  Rocky  Mountains. 

CIIIP'I'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CHIPPING,  NORTON,  OXGAR.  and  SODBURY,  towns  of 
En'.'Iand.     See  Norton,  Onoar,  Ac 

CinP'PING-WAIl'DEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xortb- 
ampton. 

CHIP'STABLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHIP'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CHIPWAX'IC,  a  creek  of  Fulton  eo.,  Indiana,  flows  into 
Tippecanoe  River. 

CHIQUIMULA  DE  LA  SIERRA.  che-koe>-moo'!S  ik  \\ 
i&ivJsi,  a  town  of  Central  America,  stats,  and  85  mUos 


CHI 


CHI 


E.N.K  of  Guatemala,  capital  of  a  department,  with  a  lar<re 
churcli,  ami  a  fuuiitijin  in  tiie  pr  ncipal  square.  Pop.  fiOOO. 
Maize  is  extensively  raised  in  its  vicinity,  and  it  is  a  place 
of  active  trade. 

CIIIQUIMULA,  ISTHMUS  OF.  Central  America,  in  Ion. 
89°  W.,  comprehending  about  70  miles  of  cnast,  on  the 
Carilibean  Sea,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Motapua  and 
the  innermost  corner  of  the  15ay  of  Honduras.  The  distance 
across  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  Is  here  150  miles. 
Greatest  elevation  of  the  land,  2000  feet. 

CIIIQUITOS.  che-kee'toce,  a  territory  of  Bolivia,  depart- 
ment of  Santa  Cruz,  between  lat.  15°  and  17°  S.,  and  form- 
ing the  middle  part  of  the  great  longitudinal  plain  which 
extends  N.  and  S.  of  the  ea.stern  base  of  the  Andes.  Surface 
low  and  level,  and  containing  large  lakes  and  swamps;  the 
oountry  uncultivated  and  partially  uninhabited. 

CIIIKAC,  sheeVik',  u  town  of  France,  department  of  Lo- 
rtre.  on  the  Uioulone,  11  miles  W.  of  Mende. 

CIIIKAZ  or  SIIIUAZ.  a  city  of  Persia.     See  Sheeraz. 

CHIll'BUKY  or  CHEIl/UUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 

CIIIKCARI,  ehJr-kil/ree,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Bundel- 
cund.  73  miles  K.  of  Jhansi. 

CIIIKEN'S,  sheeVflN«'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Is^re,  18  miles  N'.N.W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  2030. 

CHlKMiONG',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Bundelcund,  16  miles 
N.E.  of  .Ihansi. 

CHIUIQUI,  che-re-kee'.  a  river,  lagoon,  and  archipelago 
of  Central  America,  state  of  Costa  Rica,  department  of 
Veragua.  The  river,  after  a  northward  course,  enters  the 
lagoon,  which  is  separated  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  by  the 
Chiriqui  Archipelago.  Lat.  90°  X.,  Ion.  82°  30'  W.  The  Chi- 
riqui  lagoon  is  a  spacious  bay  with  three  entrances,  and 
capable  of  contjiining  ships  of  the  largest  class.  It  extends 
along  the  coast  alwut  90  miles,  and  from  40  to  50  miles  inland. 

CHIRK,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh,  on  the 
Ellesraere  Canal,  4^  miles  S.  of  Rhuahon.  Pop.  1611,  partly 
employed  in  coal-mines  and  lime-works.  The  village  is 
large  and  thriving.  The  vicinity  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty 
of  its  scenery.  Chirk  Castle,  the  ancient  mansion  of  the 
Myddleton  family,  is  said  to  command  views  into  17  coun- 
ties. N.  of  the  village  the  Dee  is  crossed  by  Teller's  magni- 
ficent aqueduct  for  the  EUesmere  Canal — an  iron  trough 
710  feet  in  length,  supported  on  10  arches,  raising  it  70  feet 
above  the  river. 

CHIHN'SIDE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

CHIR'RA.  a  village  of  Cnssyah  country,  Farther  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.  30  miles  N.W.  of  Sylhet.  Elevation, 
iOOO  feet.  Aliout  1  mile  northward  is  the  convalescent  sta- 
tion. Cherrapoonjee. 

CHIRRIPO,  cheen-nee'po.  a  volcano  and  river  of  Central 
America,  state  of  Costa  Rica.  The  former  is  about  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Cartago;  and  from  its  N.  flank  the  river  flows  to 
join  the  Barbilla.  and  f!)nn  the  M.atina  River. 

CHIRTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthumber- 
land,  parith  of  Tynemouth,  on  the  Tyne.  1  mile  ^V.S.\\'.  of 
North  Shields.     Pop.  43iX).  mostly  employed  in  collieries. 

CHISAGO,  che-saw'go,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  >Iinne.sota, 
bordering  on  Wisconsin,  contains  an  area  of  about  420  square 
miles.  The  St.  Croix  forms  its  eastern  boundary;  it  is  also 
drained  by  Sun  Rise  Creek,  and  contains  several  small  lakes. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of 
pine.  Lumber  is  the  principal  production.  Capital,  Tay- 
lor's Falls.     Pop.  1743. 

CHISELHAM  I'TON,  chiz'gl-hamp'ton,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Oxford. 

CHISELIIURST,  chis'el-tirst,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent.  11  miles  S.E.  of  London.  The  celebrated  antiquary, 
■William  Camden,  died  in  ItiSJ  at  Camden  Place,  in  the 
vicinity,  now  the  property  of  Earl  Camden. 

ClIIS'HALL,  GK KAT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

CIIIS'UALL.  LlTTfiK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

CHISLKHOROUGH,  chiz'el-bar-rah,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset. 

CIIISLEDON.  chiz'el-don.  a  parish  of  Ensrland,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CHI.S'LET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CHIS'WKLL'S  ISLAND,  a  group  of  desert  isles,  near  the 
S.  coast  of  Russian  America:  lat.  59°  30'  N.,  Ion.  149°  2'  W. 

CHISWICK.  chiz'ik,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
on  the  Thames,  7i  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 
Chiswick  House,  a  villa  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  is  an 
elegant  mansion,  in  which  both  Fox  and  Canning  breathed 
their  last.  The  parish  contains  other  handsome  villas,  and 
the  gardens  of  the  horticultural  .society.  In  the  church  are 
many  interesting  monuments,  and  Hogarth  lies  buried  in 
the  church-vard. 

CHITHURST,  chit'nrst.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CHITI.  kee'tee,  (anc.  Cit'imn.)  a  maritime  village  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  on  its  S.  coast,  near  Cape  Chiti,  and  3 
miles  S.W.  of  Larnica.  It  has  various  remains  of  antiquity. 
The  stoic  Znno  was  born  here  about  B.  c.  3(12. 

CIlirLONO',  a  town  of  Nepaul.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Khat- 
mandoo.    It  is  well  built,  and  is  the  chief  town  of  a  district. 

CHirORE',  a  town  of  India,  capital  of  the  rajahship,  and 
70  miles  N.E.  of  Odeypoor. 


CmrRAL'.  or  LITTLE  CASIFOAR',  a  country  of  North- 
west India,  consisting  of  the  Kooner  valley,  on  the  S.  slope 
of  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  lying  between  lat.  35"  45' and  3G°  25' N.. 
Inn.  71°  20'  and  73°  10'  E.  Length  100  miles;  breadth,  irom 
15  to  20  miles. 

CHITRAL,  a  town  of  Northwestern  India,  In  lat.  36°  IV 
N.,  Ion.  71°  59'  E.  Pop.  between  3000  and  4000,  mostly 
Mohammedans,  with  some  Hindoos. 

CHirTAGONG',  a  distiict  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  beyond  the  Brahmapootra,  between  lat.  21°  and 
23°  N.,  and  Ion.  91°  38'  and  93°  E.  Length  from  N.  to  g. 
120  miles;  greatest  breadth,  50  miles.  It  has  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  on  the  W.  Estimated  area,  3000  squaremiles.  Pop. 
1.0(JO,000.(?)  The  Mohammedan  inhabitants  are  to  the  Hin- 
doos as  3  to  2.    Chittagong  was  ceded  to  the  British  in  1760, 

CHITTAI,  chit'tr,  one  of  the  L;»ccadive  Islands,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  156  miles  S.W.  from  Mangalore.  Lat.  11°  40' 
N.,  Ion.  TJP  42'  E. 

CHITTAPET',  a  town,  and  formerly  an  important  fortress, 
of  British  India,  75  miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  district  of  South 
Arcot.  It  was  for  several  centuries  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Odevpnor,  and  celebrated  for  its  strength  and  riches. 

CHl'rTKLDROOG',  (anc.  Sihdd-Durf/a,  ihe  "spotted  cas- 
tle,") a  town  and  fortress  of  Southern  Hindostan,  dominions 
of  Slysore,  12S  miles  N..\.W.  of  Serlngapatam.  The  fort, 
garrisoned  by  British  ti-oops,  is  one  of  the  strongest  and 
m{*t  remarkable  in  India;  the  town,  at  its  base,  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  spacious  main  street.  Near  it  are  some 
curious  artificial  caverns. 

CHirTKNAN'GO,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  township, 
Madison  co.,  New  York,  on  Chittenango  Creo^k,  2  miles  S. 
of  the  Central  Railroad,  and  14  miles  E.  of  Syracuse.  It  is 
%ofa  mile  south  of  the  ErieCanul.  It  contains  3  churches, 
a  bank,  1  woollen  factory,  and  manufactories  of  water-lime. 
Pop.  about  1200. 

CHITTENANGO  CREEK,  of  New  York,  ri.ses  in  Madison 
CO.,  flows  in  a  N.N.W.  course,  and  enters  Oneida  Lake  on  the 
Ixjundarv  between  Madison  and  Onondau'a  counties. 

CHlT'TEXANGO  J'ALLS,  a  post-ofBco  of  Madison  co..  New 
York. 

CIIITTENDFJf,  chif  t?n-d?n,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part 
of  Vermont,  has  an  area  of  about  517  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Lake  Champlain,  and  is  drained 
]>rincipatly  by  the  Lamoille  and  Onion  River.s,  which  afford 
valuable  watei^power.  The  surface  near  the  lake  is  level, 
but  in  the  E.  part  it  is  rough  and  mountainous.  The  soil  is 
generall.v  fertile.  The  A'ermont  Central  Railroad  traverses  the 
county,  and  that  connecting  the  above  line  with  the  Rutland 
and  Burlington  Railroad  partly  intersects  it.    Pop.  28,171. 

CIIITTKNDEN,  a  township  of  Kutland  co.,  Vermont, 
situated  among  the  Green  Mountains,  40  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Montpelicr.     Pop.  763. 

CHITTLKHAMPTON,  chitHfl  hamp'ton,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Devon. 

_  CHITTO  BAYOU,  chit/to  bl'oo,  a  small  stream  of  Missis- 
sippi and  Louisiana,  rises  in  the  foi-mei-  state,  and,  flowing 
south-eastward  into  Louisiana,  enters  Pearl  River  at  the 
S.E.  extremity  of  Washington  parish. 

CIirrTOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  SO  miles  'W.  of 
Madras,  district  of  North  Arcot. 

CHIT'TRA,  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
110,.miles  N.N.W.  of  Calcutta. 

CHIT'TROO',  a  town  of  British  India,  piesidency  of  Ben- 
gal, 214  miles  X.W.  of  Calcutta. 

CHIURA,  ke-oo'r3,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  7  miles  E.  of 
Sondrio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Adda.     Pop.  2500. 

CHI  USA,  a  town  of  the  Tyrol.     See  Knrs?;N. 

CHIUSA,  La,  la  ke-oc/sS,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Coni.  on  the  Resio.  Pop.  5800. 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  manufactories  of  silk  fabrics  and 
glass  wares. 

CniUSA,  La,  a  village  of  Italy,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Turin,  on  the  Dora  Ripaira.  with  an  hospice  for  travellers, 
formerly  a  rich  abbey  of  the  Benedictines,  recently  chosen 
as  the  place  of  sepulture  for  the  royal  family  of  Sardinia. 

CHliJS.\,  La,  a  town  of  .Sicily,  intendancy,  and  30  miles 
S.S.W.  of  I'alermo.     Pop.  6000. 

CHIUSA,  La,  a  defile  of  Northern  Italy,  10  miles  X.W.  of 
Verona,  through  which  pass  the  Adige  River  and  one  of  the 
great  routes  between  Italy  and  the  Tyrol. 

CHIUSAXO,  keoo-sd/no,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  10  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Avellino.    Pop.  2140. 

CHIUSl,  ke-oo'see,  (anc.  Clu'sium.)  a  city  of  Central  Italy, 
Tuscany,  province,  and  37  miles  S.E.  of  Sienna.  Pop.  in  1844, 
1602.  It  has  highly  interesting  museums  of  Etruscan  anti- 
quities, with  a  cathedral,  and  several  convents ;  ne.ir  it  are 
many  sepulchral  remains  of  Clusium,  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  the  ancient  capitals  of  Etruria. 

CHIUSl.  LAKE  OF,  in  Italy,  1  mile  E.  of  the  above  city, 
forms  a  portion  of  the  Tuscan  frontier  on  the  east.  It  is  4 
miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S..  by  1  mile  in  breadth,  and  tra- 
versed by  the  river  Tuscan-Chiana.     Its  banks  are  marshy. 

CHI  VA,  chee'vd.  a  town  of  Spain,  IS  miles  W.  of  Valencia. 
Pop.  3954.  It  is  very  ancient,  and  has  remains  of  a  castle 
and  Roman  walls. 


CHI 


CHO 


CUIVASSO,  ke-vJs'so,  a  small  city  of  the  Sardinian  Stati-s. 
Piedmont,  15  miles  N.K.  of  Turin,  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the 
Po.  Pop.  7841.  It  was  formerly  strouj^ly  fortified,  and  con- 
eideretl  the  key  of  Piedmont,  but  it  is  now  only  enclosed  hy 
a  single  wall.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  6  eouTents.  and 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  castles  of  the  Counts  of  Mont- 
ferrat.  It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  the  Prench,  October 
18.  ISOO. 

CIUV'ELSTOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon. 

CIl  K  LOV,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Shklov. 

CHLUMETZ  or  CHLUMKCZ,  Kloo'niJts,  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, on  the  Zydlina.  46  miles  E.X.E  of  Prague.  Pop.  in 
1843,  2909.  It  has  manufiictures  of  cotton  goods,  and  the 
seignori.il  castle  of  Karl.skrom.  Two  villages  in  the  circles 
of  Beraun  and  Budweis.  have  the  same  name. 

CHMIELMK  or  KHMIELMK.  Kme-^l'nik,  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  93  miles  N.E.  of 
Kamieniec. 

CHMIELNIK.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  19  miles  S.S.E. 
of  KieKe.  Pop.  1800.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  of  the 
Tart.ir.'*  over  the  Poles  in  1240. 

CHOASPKS.     See  Ker.vh. 

CIIOBANDO,  cho-bdn'do.  or  SEBANDO,  se-bJn'do,  a  town 
and  Chinese  military  post  of  Thibet,  230  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Lassa,  Lat.  30°  17'  N.,  Ion.  95°  40'  E.  Before  it,  runs  a 
narrow  but  deep  river.  There  are  two  Boodhist  convents 
here,  in  one  of  which  is  a  printing  press,  which  furnishes 
eacred  lx)oks  to  the  temples  of  the  pruviuce  of  Khan. 

CIIUI5K.  a  river  of  Africa.     See  Ngami. 

CHOB'IIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CHOC  or  CIIOyUE  (shok)  BAY,  West  Indies,  on  the  N.W. 
ooast  of  St.  LuiMa,  one  of  the  Wiiidw.ird  Islands,  in  lat.  14°  X. 

CIIOCCIIU'MA,  a  village  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  TaUa- 
hatchie  co.,  Mississippi,  near  Yallobusha  River. 

CiraCU(^LXA,  KO-Kol'nl  a  village  of  Hungary,  38  miles 
N.E.  of  Trentschin,  on  the  Waag,  with  mineral  springs  and 
baths. 

CIIOCO,  choOiO.  a  large  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  Xew  Gra- 
nada, extending  from  Point  Chirambira  on  the  X.,  to  Point 
Guascama  on  the  S. 

CHuCO,  a  Iwy  of  Central  America,  forming  the  southern- 
most p.-irt  of  the  Gulf  of  Darien.     The  Atrato  falls  into  it. 

CHOCO,  cho-ko' a  province  of  Xew  Granada,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Pacific,  S.  of  the  province  of  Darien,  and  W.  of  Antio- 
auia.  It  is  traversed  by  the  west«?mmost  branch  of  the 
Andes,  and  wat*.>red  by  the  San  Juan,  and  the  Atrato.  In 
1788,  a  canal  is  .said  to  have  been  dug  in  the  ravine  of  Ra.s- 
Dadura,  which  united  these  two  rivers,  and  established,  in 
the  rainv  season,  a  communication  between  the  two  seas. 

CHOCOLO'CIIEB,  or  CIIOCOLOC/CO  CREEK,  of  Alabama, 
rises  in  Benton  co..  and  enters  the  Coosa  River  about  10 
miles  X.W.  of  Talladega. 

CIUVCOXUT.  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.:  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  Xew  York,  12  miles  X.W.  of  Montrose. 

CIKVCOVIhLE.  a  post-office  of  Sebastian  co.,  Arkansas. 

CHOCTAW,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Alabama,  border- 
ing on  MLssi.ssippi.  has  .in  area  of  about  800  square  miles. 
The  Tombigbee  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  The  surface  is 
hilly  or  undulating,  and  partly  covered  with  pine  woods; 
the  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Formed  recently  out  of 
parts  of  Sumter  and  Washington  counties,  and  named  from 
the  Choctaw  tribe  of  Indiana.  Capital,  Butler.  Pop.  13.877, 
of  whom  67X3  were  free,  and  7094  slaves. 

C  llOCTA  W,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Mississippi, 
contains  about  990  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Big  Black  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  partly 
covered  b}'  forests  of  oak,  hickory,  and  other  timber.  The 
soil  is  fertile.  Capital.  Greensborough.  Pop.  15,722,  of 
whom  llj525  were  free,  and  4197  slaves, 

CHOCTAW  AAGENCY,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

CHOCTAW  AGEXCY,  a  post-offlce  of  Choctaw  Nation, 
Arkansas. 

CIH>CTAW  BAYOU,  of  Grayson  co.,  Texas,  enters  the 
Red  River  at  the  N.E.  corner  of  the  county. 

CHOCTAW  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama. 

CHOCTAWIIAT'CHEE  RIVER,  of  Alakima  and  Florida, 
rises  in  Barbour  co.  of  the  former  state,  and  Hows  south- 
westward  to  the  boundary;  thence  southward  through 
Florida,  and  falls  into  the  E.  end  of  Choctawhatchee  Bay." 

CHOCTAW  IXDIAXS.  a  trilie  formerly  iuh-Hliiting  the 
middle  portions  of  Mississippi,  on  both  sides  of  the  Y'azoo 
River:  but  arc  now  settled  in  the  Indian  Territory,  along 
the  southern  banks  of  the  Arkiinsas  River.  They  have 
madi)  considerable  advancement  in  the  arts  of  civilization, 
have  good  farms,  are  tolerably  well  skilled  in  the  mechanic 
arts,  and  are  governed  by  a  written  constitution  and  laws. 
The  Chickasaws  inhabit  the  same  region,  and  are  repre- 
sented in  the  general  council  of  the  two  tribes.  The  mem- 
bers receive  a  certain  salary  per  diem,  and  business  is  con- 
ducted in  the  usual  forms  of  civilized  society.  Few  of  the 
North  American  trilx>s  have  been  more  benefited  than  these 
bv  the  labors  of  the  missionary. 

CH(X;ZIM,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Chottn. 

CHODZIESEN,  Kot'see'zen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
US 


of  Posen,  47  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bromberg.  Pop.  3250,  engaged 
in  woollen  weaving.     It  has  a  castle  and  4  churches. 

CHOE.STOE,  ch6'sto\  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Georgia. 

CHOG'DAH,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
on  the  Hoogly  River.  30  miles  X.  of  Calcutta. 

CHOISEUL.  shwJ'zLl',  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  one  of  the  Solomon  group,  E.  point,  in  lat.  7°  29'  S., 
Ion.  157°  65'  E. 

CHOISEUL.  shwJVvl',  a  harbor  of  JIadapascar.  on  tho  K. 
coast  of  the  island,  in  the  Bay  of  .^ntonnil.  It  had  for- 
merlv  the  French  establishment  of  Louisburg. 

CliOISY-EX-BlUE,  shwit'zee'6s°-bree,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-et-Marue.  arrondissement,  and  6  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Coulommiers,  formerly  fortified.     Pop.  1311. 

CHOISY-SUR-SEIXE,  shwi'zee'-siiR-sAn,  or  LE  BOI.  Igh 
rwi.  a  town  of  France,  on  the  Seine,  and  on  the  Paris  and 
Orleans  Railway,  6  miles  S.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1^52.  3271.  It 
has  extensive  manufacturer  of  glass  wares,  porcelain,  soap, 
morocco  leather,  and  chemical  products. 

CHO'KEEGHUR',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Bhopaul. 

CHOKIER,  sho'ke-A/,  a  village  of  Belgium.  6  miles  S.W. 
of  Liege,  with  a  picturesque  old  castle  and  extensive  lime- 
works.    Pop,  451, 

CHOl/DERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CHOLEKCHEL.  cholA-chel',  or  CHUELECIIUEL,  chwi- 
li-chw^V,  a  considerable  island  of  South  America,  La  Plata, 
formed  by  the  Rio  Xegro,  220  miles  X.W.  of  Carmen,  and 
affording  good  pasturage. 

CHOLET  or  CHOLLET,  shoM.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  Moine,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Beaupreau.  Pop.  in  1852,  10.385.  It  is  well  built,  and  has 
manufactures  of  fine  woollen  and  mixed  cloths,  .;^the  CliuUies 
deriving  name  from  this  town,)  cloth  markets,  and  a  brisk 
trade  in  cattle.  It  was  often  taken,  and  nearly  ruined  in  the 
wars  of  La  Vendee,  1793-5. 

CHOI/LERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthumber- 
land. 

CH0LM0XDELEY,chum1ee,  atown.ship  of  England,  co. 
of  Chester,  parish  of  Malpas.  7  miles  W.  of  Xantwich.  Its 
castle,  the  seiit  of  the  Mar>iuis  of  Cholmondely,  contains  a 
valuable  library  and  collection  of  paintings. 

CHOL'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

CHOLUL.\,  cho-loo'ld,  a  decayed  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederacy,  state,  and  15  miles  W.X.W.  of  La  Puebla.  It  is 
situated  on  the  table-land  of  Anahuac.  Elevation,  6912 
feet.  Pop.  lO.UOO,  wholly  Indians.  Close  to  the  town  is  a 
pyramid  of  clay  and  brick,  erected  by  the  ancient  Mexicans, 
177  feet  in  height,  measuring  1440  feet  on  each  side  at  its 
base,  ascended  by  120  steps,  and  surmounted  by  a  chapel, 
erected  by  the  Spaniards.  Cortez,  early  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  recorded  that  Cholula  (anc.  ChuriiHical)  then  con- 
tained 20.000  houses,  laesides  as  many  in  the  suburl  s.  and 
more  than  400  towers  of  temples.  A  motlern  traveller,  in 
1S41,  stated — "The  temple  is  year  after  year  crumlling,  and 
of  the  race  that  worshipped  on  that  pyi'amid,  there  now  re- 
mains but  a  few  Indians,  who  till  the  adjacent  fields,  and 
tlie  women,  who  throng  the  market-place  with  fruit  and 
flowers." 

CHOMERAC,  shohn.VrJk',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardeche,  3^^  miles  S.E.  of  Privas.  Pop.  2650.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of,  and  trade  in,  silk  goods, 

CIIOXOS  or  KHOXOS,  Ko'nos/,  (anc.  Colos>sce,  afterwards 
CMna.)  a  large  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  CO  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Ala-Shehr,  or  Philadelphia.  This  place  derives  its 
interest  from  standing  on  the  site  of  Chonre.  chiefly  known 
for  being  the  birthplace  of  Xicetas,  the  Bvzantine  historian. 

CHOXOS  (cho'noce)  ARCHIPELAGO,  an  island  group  off 
the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  mostly  between  lat.  44°  and  46° 
S..  and  Ion.  74°  and  75°  W.  Some  of  the  islands  are  large, 
but  all,  except  a  few  outlying  ones  westward,  are  bare,  and 
very  scantilv  inhabited. 

CHOO-KIAXG,  the  Chinese  name  for  Canton  River, 
which  see. 

CIIOOMP-HOOX,  choomp^-hoon',  a  maritime  town  of  Siam, 
on  a  river  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  Lat.  11° 
X. :  Ion.  99°  30'  E.  Pop.  8000.  Here  is  a  stockaded  military 
fort.    Good  timber  alwunds  in  the  vicinity. 

CHOOX'GA,  a  village  of  Sinde,  E.  of  the  Indus,  40  miles 
E.  of  Shikarpoor, 

CHOON'KA.  a  village  of  Sinde,  E.  of  the  Indus,  40  miles 
S.E.  of  Khyerpoor. 

CHOOMtOtV,  a  town  of  Hindostan.  in  R^pootana,  domi- 
nions and  100  miles  E.X.E.  of  Bickaneer.  Exclusive  of 
suburbs,  it  is  about  1^  miles  in  circumference,  and  hand- 
somely built  of  white  limestone. 

CHOPER.    See  KnoPEu. 

CHOPERSK,  XOVO,  or  XEW.    See  Khopkhsk. 

CHOP'PEEX,  a  post-offlce  of  Wells  co..  Indiana. 

CHtyPRAH,  a  considerable  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bombay,  near  the  Taptee,  150  miles  E.  of  Surat. 
Lat.  21'°  14'  X.:  Ion.  75°  2S>  E. 

CHOPTAXK'  RIVER,  of  Delaware  and  Maryland,  rises  in 
Kent  CO.  of  the  former  state,  and  flows  south-westward  into 
Maryland.    Near  the  southern  extremity  of  Talbot  OD.,  it 


Clio 


cim 


gprends  oiit  Into  an  estuary  several  miles  wide,  and  nearly 
20  miles  Ions,  coinmunipatinif  ^yjth  the  Cliesapeake.  The 
whole  len^^th  is  nearly  100  miles.  It  is  navifrable  lor  sloops 
to  the  mouth  of  Tuclvahoe  River,  about  50  miles. 

CHOK.V.SSAX,  a  province  of  I'ersia.     See  Kiiorassan. 

CHORtiiiS,  shoRzh.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Hautes-Alpes,  9  miles  E.  of  Gap.  It  has  slate  and  marble 
quarries.  This  was  the  Koman  Caturigcc,  capital  of  the 
Outuriges.     Pop.  in  1852,  1S91. 

ClIOKILIiOS,  cho-reel'yoce,  a  village  and  waterinsr-place 
of  Peru,  department,  and  10  miles  S.  of  Lima.  Tlioujrh  it 
Is  wretchedly  built,  it  is  a  good  dcjal  resorted  to  by  tlie  in- 
habitants of  Lima  in  summer.  Around  it  are  many  remains 
of  ancient  Peruvian  edifices. 

CIIOKLEY,  chor'lee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  Chor,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Varrow,  and  on  tlie  I>eeds  and  Liverpool  Canal,  9  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Preston,  with  which  town  and  with  Bolton  it  com- 
municates by  railway.  Pop.  in  ISol,  12.684.  It  stands  on 
a  lising  ground,  and  has  an  ancient  parish  church  in  the 
Norman  style,  a  handsome  Gothic  church,  a  Pioman  Ca- 
tholic chapel,  a  small  grammar  school,  a  town-hall,  and  a 
union  work-house,  with  numerous  mills  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  yarn,  muslins,  jaconets,  and  fancy  goods.  In 
Its  vicinity  are  coal  and  lead  mines,  slate  and  stone  quarries. 

CIIORLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  parish 
ofWilmslow.     Pop.  501. 

CIIOKLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  parish 
of  \Vren>)ury.     Pop.  IS:!. 

CIIOKLTOX,  three  small  townships  of  England,  in  the  co. 
of  Chester,  and  a  chapelrv  and  township  in  the  co.  of  StalTord. 

CII0RL'rO\-O.\-MED'L0CK,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster,  1  mile  S.  of  Manchester,  of  which  city  it  is  a 
suburb.     I'op.  28.:536 

CIIiJRL/TOX-wiTH-IIAU'DY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  3i  miles  S.W.  of  Manchester. 

ClIOROLQUK,  cho-rol'ki,  a  snowy  mountain  of  South 
America,  in  Bolivia.  Lat.  21°  28'  S.  Elevation,  according 
to  Dr.  Redhead.  16..")48  teet  al)Ove  sea-level. 

CHORUS  (cho'roce)  ISLANDS,  three  small  i.slands  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coast  of  Chili.  The  largest  is  in 
lat.  29°  17'  S..  Ion.  71°  36'  W. 

CIIOKll.STKoW,  Ko-rosfkov,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Gali- 
cia,  30  mil's  S.S.E.  of  Tarnopol,  on  the  Teyna.     Pop.  2400. 

OIIORKERA,  choR-Ri'rd,  a  town  of  South  America,  New 
Granada,  on  the  isthmus  and  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Panama, 
nesir  the  head  of  the  river  Cliorrera.  which  enters  the  Pacific 
by  a  deep  mouth  10  niiies  W.  of  Panama. 

ClIOHSA.     See  Kars. 

CIIOKL'K,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Tchorck. 

CIIUltZKLE,  K0R-zA/l(^,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of 
Plock,  16  miles  N.  of  Przasnysz.  on  the  frontiers  of  Prussia. 
Pop.  1700.     It  has  manutactures  of  woollen  and  leather. 

C1I0S.\^R.\SP,  Ko^si-risp'?,  a  walled  town,  khanat.  and 
40  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Khiva.  It  has  two  castles,  of  which  the 
one  in  the  citadel  is  of  brick,  10  mosques,  and  a  brick  college. 

CHOT.V,  chiVtd,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of  its 
own  name,  in  the  department  of  Liljertad,  situated  among 
the  Andes,  on  an  affluent  of  the  MaraBon,  l;i0  miles  N.  of 
Triyillo.      i'op.  of  the  province,  in  1850,  62.597. 

ClIOX'EESGlIUiy,  a  large  district  of  British  India,  pro- 
vince of  Gundwana,  the  easternmost  possession  of  the  Nag- 
poor  Mahrattas.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  260  miles.  It  is 
surrounded  by  woody  and  inaccessible  mountains;  in  the 
centre  it  is  open  and  level. 

ClIOTlEBuRZ.  Kot'yii-boRz',  or  KOTIEBOR,  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, 19  miles  S.E.  of  Czaslau,  near  the  Dobrowa.   Pop.  2000. 

CIIOTIESCIIAU,  K0t/y.i-shdw\  a  town  of  Bohemia.  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Pilsen.  Pop.  1055.  It  had  formerly  a  rich 
abbey,  founded  in  1200.  suppressed  in  1782. 

CliOXTA,  several  villages  of  Siude,  on  the  route  between 
Sehwan  and  Uirkhana. 

CIIOTUSITZ.  Ko'too-zits^,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  2J  miles  N. 
of  Czaslau.  Pop.  lOOO.  A  battle  between  the  Prussians 
and  Austiians  was  fought  here  in  1742. 

CUOTYN.  KIIOTIN  or  KIIOTINE,  Ko-teen/,  and  CIIOC- 
ZIM.  Ko'cliim,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Southern  Russia, 
province  of  Bessarabia,  on  the  Dniester,  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Kamieniec.  Pop.  formerly  amounting  to  20,000,  had  in  1838 
diminished  to  1690;  but  the  town  is  still  an  important  mili- 
tary post.  Till  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  it  was  the 
northernmost  fort  of  the  Ottom.^n  Empire.  The  Russians 
here  defeated  the  Turks  in  1739. 

CIIUTZEN,  Kot/zen.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  19  miles  E.  of 
Chrudim,  on  the  Stille-Adler,  and  on  the  railway  from 
Prague  to  Brtlnn.  with  the  castle  of  Prince  Kinsky,  rebuilt 
In  1829.     Pop.  2000. 

CIIOUBAR.     See  Charbar. 

CIIOUOIIUCK,  choo'chuk',  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  the 
Rsvee.  62  miles  S.W.  of  Lahore. 

CIIOUL,  chool,  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
fleiicy  of  Bombay,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bombay,  formerly  of 
some  imortauce. 

CIIOULESBURY,  cholz'bfr-re,  a  parish  of  England,  co.-of 
Ducks. 

2D 


CIIOULESBURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouta 

CII0U.M.4L.\11I,  a  peak  of  the  Himalayas.    See  Siium.u.ari 

CHUURAG  UR,  chooVa-giir',  a  town  and  strong  tortrtss  of 
British  India.  75  miles  S.K.  of  llosungabad. 

ClIUUSTEU.  a  city  of  Persia.     See  Shooster. 

ClIOUTIOAUS  ^shooHoz')  STORE,  a  little  village  of  Batoe 
co„  MisHouji,  on  Marmifajn  Creek. 

CIIOUZE.  shoo'z;V/,  or  t:lIOLZE-SUR-LOIRE,  shoo'z.V  sUl. 
IwdR,  a  town  of  Fiance,  department  of«;iidre-et-Loire,  on  the 
Loire,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Chinon.     Pop.  3852. 

ClIOUZY',  shoo'zee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loir-et-Cher,  with  a  station  ou  the  Orleans  and  Tours  Rail- 
wav.  6  miles  S.AV.  of  blois.    Pop.  1239. 

CHO  IF  or  CHOO  a  Chinese  proflx.     See  TcHEOO. 

CHOWAN,  cho-wdn'.  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  is  formed 
by  the  Meheriin  and  Nottoway  Rivers,  which  unite  a  few 
miles  above  Winton.  in  Hertford  county.  The  river  tiows 
liist  sou  til-eastward  and  then  southward,  and  enters  Albe- 
marle Sound  at  the  W.  end.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops 
through  its  whole  extent,  about  50  miles. 

CHOWAN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  the  W.  part  of  Albemarle  Sound,  has  an  area 
of  about  240  square  miles.  The  Chowan  River  (navigable 
for  steaniboatsi  forms  the  entire  W.  boundary.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level  or  undulating;  and  the  soil  generally  pro- 
ductive. Chowan  county  was  one  of  the  original  precincts 
of  the  lords  proprietors  under  King  Charles  II.  The  name 
was  derived  from  the  Chowauokes,  a  tribe  of  Indians  who 
owned  the  soil.  Capital,  Edentou.  Pop.  6842,  of  whom  3129 
Were  free,  and  .3713  slaves. 

CIKJWRY  ISLAND.    See  NiconAR  Islancs. 

CIIRAST.  Krdst,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  6i  miles  S.E.  of 
Chrudim,  with  a  summer  palace  of  the  Bishop  of  Kiiuig- 
gratz.     Pop.  1648. 

CIIRIS'HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

CHRISTBURG,  krist/l  OCiiG,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia, 
23  miles  N.E.  of  Marienwerder,  on  the  Sorge.  Pop.  2t,30, 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  woollens.  It  has  distilleries, 
breweries,  and  tanneries. 

CIIRIST'CHURCH,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  on  the 
S.W.  border  of  the  New  Forest,  and  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Avon  and  Stour,  about  Ij  miles  above  their  mouth,  in 
Christchurch  Bay,  (English  Channel.)  near  the  railway  be- 
tween Southampton  and  Dorchester,  20  miles  S.W.  of  South- 
ampton. Pop.  of  pjirliamentary  borough,  in  1851,  7475.  It  is 
a  quiet  town  with  little  trade,  and  named  from  its  fine  old 
church,  formerly  collegiate,  founded  early  in  Saxon  times 
but  rebuilt  in  the  reign  of  Wiliiam  II.  Christchurch  hiis 
some  small  manufactures  of  watch-springs  and  hosiery,  and 
a  salmon  fishery.  It  .sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Near  it  are  some  Roman  earth-works;  andon  Hengist- 
bury  Hill,  a  cliff  1^  miles  south-.south-ea.'itward,  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  castle.  The  phenomenon  of  a  double  tide  every 
12  hours  occurs  at  Christchurch  Bay.  Chrlstcuuecb  is  the 
name  of  several  parishes  in  and  around  London. 

CHRIS/TIAN,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  Tennessee,  contains  700  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Little  River  and  of  Tradewater 
Creek.  The  southern  part  of  the  county  is  level  and  ex- 
tremely fertile :  the  northern  part  is  occupied  by  hills  which 
pi-oduce  fine  timber,  and  contain  rich  mines  of  ct)al  and  iron 
ore.  The  rock  which  underlies  the  county  is  a  cavernous 
limestone.  Several  ca,ses  here  occur  of  stre.ims  which  enter 
subterranean  channels,  and  after  flowing  a  few  miles, 
emerge  again  to  the  surface.  Formed  in  1796,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Colonel  William  Christian,  an  officer  in  the  war 
of  the  Revolution.  Capital.  Hopkinsville.  Pop.  21,627,  of 
whom  11 .676  were  free,  and  9951  slaves. 

CHRISTIAN,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  675  square  miles.  The  Sangamon  River,  forma 
the  northern  boundary,  and  the  South  Fork  of  that  river 
flows  through  the  middle  of  the  county.  The  surface  is 
generally  level,  or  slightly  undulating:  the  soil  is  fertile. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad.  Capital, 
Taylorsvilie.     Pop.  10,492. 

CHRISTIAN,  a  township  in  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  582. 

CHRISTIANA,  kris-te-ah'na,  a  river  of  Michigan  an<l  Id- 
diana,  rises  in  Cass  co.  of  the  former  state,  and  flows  into 
the  St.  Joseph's  River,  at  Elkhart,  in  ImUana. 

CHRISTIANA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  about 
20  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Lancaster,  has  an  active  trade,  and  con- 
tains an  iron  foundry  and  machine  shop. 

CHRISTIANA,  a  hundred  of  New  Castle  co.,  Delaware. 
Pop.  5613. 

CHRISTIANA  or  CHRISTIANA  BRIDGE  a  post-village 
in  New  Ca'^tle  co.,  Delaware,  on  Christiana  Creek,  about  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Wilmington.     Pop.  442. 

CHRISTIANA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Dane  co., 
Wi8con.sin,  on  Koslikonong  Creek,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Madison.  It  has  2  stores,  2  mills,  and  30  dwellings.  Pop. 
of  township,  1424. 

CHRISTIANA  CREEK,  of  New  Castle  co.,  Delaware,  ia 

449 


J 


CHR 


cnu 


Ibnped  aboui  i  jiilesW.  of  Wilminpton.by  the  junction  of 
the  Christiana  Branch  with  the  Red  Clay  and  White  Clay 
Creeks.  Flowing  eastwai-d.  it  unites  with  the  Braudywine 
at  Wilminirton.  and  enters  Delaware  Bay  2  miles  below. 
Vessels  rei)uiring  14  feet  of  water  ascend  to  the  city  just 
named.     This  creek  furnishes  abundant  water-power. 

ClIRISTI.4NBUI!Ct,  Kris'te-dn-b<H>RC.\  a  Tillage  of  North 
Germanv.  duchv.  and  18  miles  X.  of  Oldenburg. 

CHKISriANiA.  kris-te-4'ne-a.  the  capital  city  of  Norway, 
amt  of  AL'gtTshuus,  most  picturesquely  situated  at  the 
head  of  Christiania  F'.ord,  in  lat.  59°  64'  1"  N..  Ion.  10°  45' 
E.  Pop.  26.141.  Temperature  of  the  year.  41°-4:  winter, 
23°;  summer,  59°-9  Fah.  The  town  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  pretty  well  built,  wholly  of  st<lne or  brick;  the  adjacent 
old  town,  Opslo,  and  other  suburbs,  are  mostly  constructed 
of  timlier.  It  has  a  cathedral,  several  other  churches,  a 
citadel,  one  of  the  chief  fortresses,  and  the  great  arsenal  of 
the  kingdom,  a  royal  residence,  military  and  lunatic  hospi- 
tals, a  new  town-hall.  bank,  and  exchange.  2  theitres.  a 
university  founded  in  ISll.  having  usually  alout  600  stu- 
dents, aiid  a  library  of  130.000  volumes,  various  other 
public  schools,  museums,  an  astronomical  observatory,  and 
a  botanic  garden.  The  few  manufactures  of  the  city  consist 
of  woollen  tloths,  iron  ware,  tobacco,  paper,  leather,  soap, 
spirits,  glass.  Ac.  There  are  also  some  extensive  breweries. 
The  exports  are  principally  timber,  deal  planks,  and  iron. 
The  environs  of  the  city  are  exceedingly  beautiful,  the  ap- 
proach to  it  by  the  magnificent  fiord,  at  the  head  of  which 
it  is  situated,  exciting  the  admiration  of  all  visitors.  The 
fiord  itself  is  frozen  for  upwards  of  two  months  of  the  year, 
from  about  20  miles  from  Christiania  to  the  sea.  and  the 
harbor  is  generally  locked  up  for  three  or  four  months. 

CUKlSn^lAN-MAL'FOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilt.s. 

CIIRISTIANOPLF,.  kris*te-an-o'p?l.  a  maritime  town  of 
Sweden,  la'n,  and  20  miles  E.N  JO.  of  Carlscrona,  on  Kahuar 
Sound.    It  was  formerly  fortified. 

CaKISTlA.S.-AMT.  kris'te-4ns-amt\  or  CHRISTIAN, 
kris'te-dn,  a  large  amt  or  district  of  Norway,  occupying  its 
centre,  between  lat.  60°  and  62°  N..  and  Ion.  8°  and"  11°  E., 
encircled  by  the  amts  of  Iledemarken,  Trondhjem,  Bergen, 
Ac.  aiid  traversed  by  the  Lougan  Biver.    Pop.  102.730. 

ClIRIPTIANSAND.  kris'te-an-s^nd',  a  fortified  seaport 
town  of  Norway,  near  its  S.  extivmitj-.  capital  of  a  .stiff  of  the 
g.ime  name,  on  a  fiord  of  the  Skatrer-rack,  157  miles  S.W.  of 
Christiania:  lat.  5S°  8'  N..  Ion.  8° 3'  E.  Pop.  854K.  It  is  re- 
gularly laid  out,  and  built  chiefly  of  wood.  Principal  edi- 
fices, the  citadel  Fredericksholm.  a  Gothic  cathedral,  and  a 
cathedral  school.  A  good  deal  of  ship-building  is  carried 
on;  it  has  an  export  trade,  especially  in  timtier  and  lob- 
sters. The  harV>or  i*  deep,  and  well-sheltered,  and  is  de- 
fended by  several  batteries,  and  liy  the  fort  of  Christian- 
holm,  on  the  small  islands  of  Oddero.  at  the  entrance  to  the 
harbor.  Christiansand  is  the  residence  of  a  bishop,  and  of 
the  Stiftsamtmand  or  governor  of  the  province.  It  was 
founded  in  1641  by  Christian  IV.,  whose  name  it  bears,  and 
was  in  possession  of  the  British  for  a  short  time  in  18U7, 
durins  the  war  with  Denmark. 

CHRISTIANSBORO.  kri.s'te-4ns-boRo'.  the  principal  Dan- 
ish fort  of  .Africa,  on  the  Guinea  coast,  3  miles  E.  of  Fort  St. 
James.    See  .\CCRA. 

CHRISrriAXSBURG.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montgo- 
mery CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  stage  route  from  Richmond  to 
Nashville,  and  on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad. 
200  miles  W.  by  S.  from  the  former.  It  was  laid  out  in 
1792,  and  contains  2  churches,  and  1  bank.  Pop.  in  1860, 
739. 

CHRISTIANSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co„  Ken- 
tucky, 38  miles  E.  of  Louisville,  and  half  a  mile  from  the 
LouLsville  and  Frankfort  Railroad,  contains  2 churches,  seve- 
ral stores.  1  steam  mill,  and  1  woollen  factory. 

CIIRISTIANSBURG,  a  post-village  in  Champaign  co., 
Ohio,  about  55  jniles  W.  of  Columbus. 

CHRISTIANSBURO  or  CHRISTIANBURO.  a  post-office 
of  Brown  CO..  Indiana.  64  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

ClIRISTIANSFELD,  kris'te-dns-f^ldN  a  small  town  of 
Denmark,  duchy  Sleswick.  7^  miles  N.  of  Hadersleben. 
Pop.  700.  It  has  manufactures  of  liuen  and  cotton  fabrics. 
It  is  a  colony  of  Moravian  Brothers,  founded  in  1773. 

CHRISTIANSHAVN,  kris'te-ans-h6wn\  a  suburb  of  Co- 
PExmarN.  which  see. 

CHRISTI ANS-OE.  (Christians-Be.l  kris'te-ans-o'eh.  a  group 
of  islets  in  Denmark,  province  of  Stvland.  in  the  Baltic.  12 
miles  N.  of  the  island  of  Bornholm.  consisting  of  three 
rocks.  Ijetween  the  two  first  of  which  is  a  secure  haven, 
used  as  a  return  port  by  ships  of  war.  It  Is  fortified,  de- 
fended by  strong  batteries,  and  h.is  a  castle,  built  by 
Christian  IV.  in  1684,  used  as  a  state  prison.  On  Chris- 
ti«ns-<5e  is  a  revolving  light  lat.  55°  19'  12"  N..  lon.I5°12'  E. 

CHRlS^riANSTAD^  or  CURISTIANSTADT.  kris/te-^n- 
Btat,  (Sw.  ChriOianftid.  kris'te-Sn-stid^ )  a  fortified  town  of 
Bouth  Sweden,  capital  of  a  hen  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Holge,  nair  the  Baltic  265  miles  S.W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop. 
4500.  li  is  well  built,  and  has  artillery  barracks,  and  manu- 
factures of  gloves,  liuen  and  woollen  filbrics,  &c 
460 


CITRTSTIANSTAD,  a  la-n  or  district  of  Sweden,  near  it< 
S.  extremity,  mostly  enclosed  by  llalmstad,  Wexio.  Carls- 
crona. and  Malonoe.     Area,  24S2  square  miles.    Pop.  189,627. 

CHRISTIANSTADT.  kris't<^all-stdtt'.  a  small  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Bober,  opposite 
Naumburir.    I'op.  870. 

CHKISTIANSTED,  kris'te-an-stJd\  a  town  on  the  N.K 
coast  of  the  island  St.  Croix,  Danish  West  Indius.  Pop. 
.""SSO,  of  whom  1250  are  .slaves.  It  is  the  seat  of  thegoverno^ 
general  of  the  Danish  West  Indies,  and  has  an  excellent 
port,  defended  by  Fort  Christiansvarn.  and  a  bjittery.  This 
is  the  chief  entrepot  of  commerce  with  Copenhagen:  the 
town  has  a  Danish  and  English  chui-ch,  and  a  Danish  and 
Enclish  bank. 

CHRISTIANSUND,  kris'te-an-soond\  a  seaport  town  ot 
Norway.  85  miles  W.S.W.  of  Troudtuem,  amt  of  Romsdal, 
on  3  islands  in  the  Atlantic  whi<'h  enclose  its  harbor.  Pop. 
4634.     It  has  an  active  trade  and  extensive  fisheries. 

CIIRISTrL^NSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Mecklenburg  co, 
Virginia,  about  75  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

CIUtlSAnEVILLE,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Rou- 
ville.  28  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  several  stores, 
saw  and  crist  mills,  hotels,  and  about  1200  population. 

CHRISTINEHAMN,  kris-tee'ne-hdm.  a  town  of  Sweden, 
la?n.  and  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Carlstad,  on  the  Varn.  half  a 
mile  from  its  mouth  in  Lake  Wener.     Pop.  1800. 

CIIIUSTINE.<TADT.  kris-ti'e'nfh-stdtt\a  seaport  town  of 
Russia.  Finland,  la»n,  and  55  miles  S.  of  Vasa,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia.     Pop.  1500.     It  h.as  a. good  harJior. 

CIIRISTIONYDD-KENRICK.  kris-te-on'iiH  kJn'rik,  a 
township  in  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

ClIKISTLETON.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Chester. 

CHRISTMAS  (kris'mass)  CATARACTS  are  in  the  river 
Berbice,  British  Guiana;  lat.  4°  41'  45"  N.,  ion.  57°  54' 
10"  W. 

CHRISTMAS  HARBOR,  Kerguelen  Land.  Indian  Ocean, 
is  in  lat.  49°  20'  S..  Ion.  69°  24'  E.,  where  there  is  a  cnri- 
cuslv  arched  basaltic  rock. 

CHRISTMAS  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Pacific;  lat.  o' 
the  S.E.  point,  1°  41'  S..  Ion.  157°  30'  W. ;  was  discovered  by 
Cook.  Decemlwr  24, 1777.  and  is  about  60  miles  in  circuit. 

CHRISTMAS  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Indi.in  Ocean; 
lat.  10°  31'  S..  Ion.  105°  34'  E. 

CHRISTMAS  SOUND,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  America, 
120  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Horn.  It  was  discovered  b3-  Cook 
in  1774. 

CHRISTOIASVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  CarroU 
CO..  Tennessee,  on  the  Obion  River,  120  miles  W.  of  Nash- 
ville. The  river  is  navigable  for  flat-boats  up  to  this  point. 
The  village  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  dirtrict  and  has  an 
active  trade.  It  contains  1  church,  5  stores,  and  1  tan- 
nery. 

CHRTS/TON,  a  pari.sh  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHRISTOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CHRISTY'S  or  CHRISTIE'S  (krls't^zl  PRAIRIE,  a  post- 
office  of  Clay  CO.,  Indiana,  66  miles  W.S.W.  of  Indi.inapolis. 

CHRISTTY'S  FORK,  a  post-ofl-ce  of  Morgan  co..  Kentucky. 

CHROMA,  kro/md.  or  DUBROWNIK,  doobrov'uik,  « 
small  fortified  Dalmatian  island  in  the  Adriatic,  off  Ragusa; 
lat.  42°  :38'  N..  Ion.  18°  8'  23"  E. 

CHRON'ICLE,  ft  post-office  of  Lincoln  CO..  North  Carolina. 

CHRUDIM.  Kroo'dim,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Chru- 
dimka.  an  affluent  of  the  Elite.  02  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pi-ague. 
Pop.  6107.  It  has  a  fine  church,  a  grammar  school,  and 
large  markets  for  horses. 

CHRVSOPOLIS.    See  Scutari. 

CHRYSORRHOAS.    See  Barr.vda 

CHRY'SATON.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lan.ark,  in  the 
parish  of  Cadder,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Glasarow.    I'op.  655. 

CHRZANOW,  Kzhi'noT,  a  town  of  the  late  republic  of 
Cracow,  on  the  Chechlo.  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cracow.  Pop. 
4000.  mostly  Jews.    It  has  an  active  commerce. 

CHUAPA.  choo-d'pl.  a  river  of  Chili,  forming  the  S. 
boundary  line  of  the  province  of  CoquimlK),  and  separating 
it  from  .\concagua.  It  rises  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Andes, 
and  foils  into  the  Pacific  after  a  course  of  about  125  miles, 
in  lat.  31°  38'  S. 

CHU-CHOW.    See  TcHOo-TcnEoo. 

CHUCK'ATUCK.  a  post-village  of  Nansemond  co.,  Virginia, 
10  miles  N.  of  Suffolk,  the  county  seat. 

CHUCK'Y  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Tennessee. 

CHUCUITO.  CHUCUVTO,  choo-kwee'to,  or  CHUQUITO, 
choo-kee'fo,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  capital  of  a  province  of  its 
own  name,  in  the  department  of  Puno,  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Titicaca,  and  at  the  mouth  of  a 
stream  of  water  flowing  from  the  Andes.  20  miles  S.E  of 
Puno.  and  85  miles  E.  of  Arc^uipa.  It  contains  about  t<X»0 
inhabitants,  but  was  formerly  much  more  populous.  In  the 
province  are  mines  of  silver  and  gold:  splendid  specimens 
of  the  remains  of  antiquity  have  also  been  found  here.  Pop. 
in  1850.  75.957. 

CHUDLEIGH.  chtldlee.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Enj? 
bind,  CO.  of  Devon,  9  miles  S.S  W.  of  E.'seter.  Pop.  in  1851, 
2401.  The  town,  on  an  acclivity  v  »ar  the  Teign.  Ins  been 
neatly  rebuilt,  since  a  fire  wUch  almiwt  entirely  destroyed 


CIIU 


CHU 


St  In  1807.  The  country  is  famous  for  cider  orchards.  Tn 
its  vicinity  is  Ui;brook,  (the  superb  seat  of  Lord  de  Clif- 
ford.) sli.^ht  remMiiis  of  a  former  palace  of  the  bishops  of 
Kxeter,  and  remarkable  limestone  rocks,  with  a  cavern,  the 
reputed  haunt  of  the  "  IMxies."  or  Devonshire  foiries. 

CHUI')L,KCUUKL.     See  Choi.eechel. 

CHUE.M'KK,  chu'Jn'pee',  a  fortified  port  of  China,  on  an 
Island  opposite  Ty-cock-tow  point,  in  the  Canton  Kiver,  So 
miles  S.K.  of  Canton.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1S41, 
when  a  Chinese  squadron  of  war-junks  was  also  destroyed 
in  Anson's  Bay,  imuiediati^ly  X. 

CHUiiA.NSKlSAI.  choo-<rj(n-se-ri'.  a  small  river  of  Af«han- 
istan.  rises  in  Knfiristan,  and  joins  theCabnol  near  Jelalabad. 

CIIU(3AXSKKAI.  a  town  of  Afi;haiii.«tan,  on  the  al)Ove 
river.  80  miles  X.K.  of  Cabool.     Lat.  34°  55'  N.,  ion.  70°  8'  E. 

CiniKA,  choo'kS,  a  castle  of  Bootan,  near  a  river,  here 
crossed  by  a  remarkable  chain  suspension-bridge.  Lat.  27° 
20'  N..  Ion.  89°  27'  K. 

CllU-KI  ANG,  a  river  of  China.    See  Caxtox  Riveji. 

CIIUL'DISTAX',  a  town  of  i'ersia,  province  of  Fars. 

CnULAHNNE,  choo'la-linu'?  a  post-office  of  Kandolph 
CO..  Alabama. 

CHOLAlid'MA,  a  thriving  villafre  of  Marsh.all  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, 15  miles  S.W.  of  Holly  Sprinjrs,  and  200  miles  N.  by 
K.  of  .(ackson,  is  situated  in  a  wealthy  and  populous  neiirh- 
borhood.  It  contains  a  nourishing  academy  for  young 
ladies. 

ClIULAS'lCYla  post-office  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvani.a. 

CnULK,  choo'lA,  a  small  port  of  South  Peru,  department 
and  (KJ  miles  S.K.  of  Arequipa. 

CIIULN.\,  chool'na.  (anc.  Crocnta.  f)  an  islet  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  ti  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Monza,  Beloochistan.  It  is  a 
sonical  rock,  about  .3  miles  in  circuit. 

CIIULUMANI,  choo-loo-md'nee,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  45 
miles  K.N.B.  of  La  Vs.?..  on  a  head-stream  of  the  Beni. 

CIIULUWAN,  choo^loo-wdn',  or  HOLY  ISLAND,  an 
island  5  or  6  miles  long,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa;  Mo- 
zamliique  Channel,  lat.  20°  38'  S..  Ion.  .34°  53'  E. 

CdUMAL.-VKI.  amonntain  of  Himalaya.  See  Shumalaree. 

CHUM'HA,  a  town  in  the  l'unjal>.  on  the  Itavee,  at  the  fixit 
of  the  Himai.aya8,120  miles  N.E.  of  Lahore:  lat.  32°  22' X., 
Ion.  76°  50'  E.  "  Pop.  about  50JO.  It  is  built  of  wood,  is  the 
residence  of  a  rajah,  and  was  formerly  an  important  place 
of  commerce. 

CHUMBIVILC.\S.  chonm-be-veel'kis.  a  province  of  Peru, 
In  the  department  of  Cuzco.     Pop.  in  18.50.  2:>.250. 

(iiU.MMiUL',  a  river  of  India,  rises  in  the  Vindhyan 
Mountains,  flows  mostly  X.E.,  and  joins  the  Jumna.  85 
miles  S.E.  of  Agra.  Total  course  estimated  at  500  miles. 
AfHuents  the  I'arbuttee  and  Sind.  The  towns  Kotah  and 
Dholpoor  are  on  its  bank.s. 

CHUMIE,  choo'mee,  a  mountain  range  of  South  Africa. 
Cape  Colony,  between  the  parallels  of  32°  and  33°  S.,  and 
near  the  meridian  of  27°  E.,  in  which  basaltic  rock,  wood, 
and  grassy  slopes  are  curiously  intermingled. 

CHUMIE.  a  river  flowing  from  the  above  range,  and  put^ 
suing  a  S.S.E.  course  to  the  Iveiskamma. 

CHUMIE,  a  Presbyterian  missionary  settlement  of  South 
Africa,  on  a  tributary  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Fort  Beaufort. 

CHUMLEIGH.  chQmlee.  a  small  market'town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Dart,  21  miles  X.W.  of 
Exeter.     Pop.  In  1851.  1711. 

CHUMl)l{EKEEL,  CHAMORERIL.  or  CIIUMURERI,  a 
Lake  of  Central  Asia,  Ladak.  lat.  (\.  extremity)  32°59'X., 
Ion.  78°  2u'  E.  Length  about  15  miles,  breadth  1  j  miles. 
It  is  15.000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

CHU^PPAXEER/,  or  POW.UtURII'.  a  town  of  Indi.a, 
Gwalior  dominions,  on  an  isolated  rock,  150  miles  AV.S.AV.  of 
Oojein.  capital  of  a  district  yielding  an  annual  revenue  of 
2.3.000/.,  which  is  now  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the 
British  force  in  the  Gwalior  territory. 

CHUMM'AWUT'.  a  town  of  Xorth  Ilindostan,  and  the 
old  capital  of  Kumaon,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Almora.  It  is 
built  of  stone,  and  has  some  curious  diminutive  Hindoo 
temples. 

CIIUMURERI.  a  lake  in  Central  Asia.   See  Chumorereei. 

CHU'XARGUK',  a  town  and  fortress  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Ganges,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Be- 
nares. The  fort  stands  on  an  abrupt  rock  in  the  river,  E.  of 
which  is  the  town,  comprising  many  stone  houses. 

CIIUXCHOS,  choon'choce.  a  savage  race  of  Indians  in 
the  S.W.  part  of  Ecuador,  in  the  district  of  Jaen.  They  have 
their  chief  residence  in  Chisbatizo.  27  miles  from  Pucara. 

CIIU'XKXUG'GEK.  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

OHUNGAM.'XH.  See  Ciiaxgama. 

CHUX'KEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lauderdale  CO.,  Mis- 
6lssippi. 

CIIUX-KHIXG.    See  Shun-khixo. 

CHUX-XIXG.    See  Siin.\-MSG. 

CHOX-TE.     See  Shux-te. 

i'HijPAT  -rhoo-pdt/,  a  river  of  Patagonia,  which,  after  a 
Ktiig  fc.  course  enters  the  Atlantic,  in  lat.  14°  16'  S.,  Ion. 
66°  W. 


CHTJPEE  (choo'pee)  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  •?.E.  throuph 
Monroe  and  Bibb  counties,  and  enters  the  Ocmulgee  about 
9  miles  S.  of  Macon.    It  is  called  also  Tobesofka. 

CHUP'PARAH,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  90  miles  X.X.E.  of  Xagpoor. 

CHUI'MIAII.  a  town  of  Briti.'ih  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
capital  of  the  district  of  Sarun.  34  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Patiia. 
Pcip.  50.000.  It  extends  upwards  of  1  mile  aloi'jg  the  X.  bunk 
of  the  Ganges,  and  has  many  large  residences,  mosques,  ami 
pagodas,  with  a  wide  main  street,  but  irregular  and  dirty. 
The  British  militarv  and  civil  station  is  isolated. 

CHIPQUA  TOX'CHA  CREEK,  of  Chick.a.saw  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, flows  into  Oktibbeha  River. 

CHUQUEAl'O,  choo-k.'l-3-po'.  a  river  of  Bolivia,  ri.ses  in  the 
Andes  near  La  Paz.  flows  mostly  X.,  and  may  be  considered 
the  head-stream  of  the  Beni  and  >tadeira  Riveis. 

CHUQUIBAMBA.  choo-ki-brlm'ba.  a  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  I'eru.  15  miles  X.W.  of  Arequipa.  In  the  vicinity  is 
a  mountain  of  the  same  name;  lat.  15°  50'  S.,  Ion.  72°  20'  AV. 
Elevation,  21.000  feet 

CHUQUISACA.  choo-ke-sVka.  ST'CRE,  soon<r!l.  or  LA 
PLATA.  Id  pU'ta.  the  capital  of  Bolivia,  situated  9343  feet 
above  the  sea-level,  on  a  sm.all  plateau  above  the  liio  de  la 
t>lata.  a  small  affluent  of  the  Cachimayo:  lat.  19° 40  S..  Ion. 
65°  35' \V.  The  houses,  generally  of  two  stories,  are  well 
built,  and  have  usually  small  paved  courts,  with  a  small 
stream  of  limpid  water  running  through  them  :  the  streets 
are  regular,  spacious,  and  clKin.  The  principal  sqiiare  is 
adorned  with  an  elegant  fountain.  The  buildings  mofit  dt*. 
serving  of  notice  are  the  Catliedral.  a  magnificent  edifice,  in 
the  Moresfiue  style,  with  lofty  towers  and  an  immense  dome, 
the  President's  Palace,  the  churches  of  San  Fi-ancisco  and 
San  Miguel.  2  monasteries.  3  nunneries,  and  a  theatre  re- 
cently constructed.  The  principal  educational  establish- 
ments are  the  Seminary  of  St.  Christopher,  and  the  Colli-ge 
of  Junin.  where  a  good  education,  comprehending  Latin, 
mathematics,  physics,  logic,  and  moral  philosopliy.  can  be 
obtained.  There  is  also  an  endowment  called  Collegio  de  las 
Educandas,  where  poor  female  orphans  are  brought  up. 
Chuqui.saca  is  the  seat  of  the  legislature,  of  the  supreme 
court  of  justice,  and  several  other  important  courts  and 
offices,  and  is  also  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  It  cannot  lie 
said  to  have  either  manufactures  or  trade,  and  owes  all  its 
prosperity  to  its  being  the  capital.  The  great  body  of  the 
population  are  Indians,  who  are  vei-y  singular  in  their  dr.ss, 
and  speak  a  language  called  Qidcliua.  Immense  treasures 
were  firmerly  carried  across  the  river  at  this  point,  on  their 
way  to  Cuzco,  the  town  of  the  Incas;  hence,  from  the  terms 
Clinque  fara  (i.  e.  "  bridge  of  gold"),  in  the  Quichna,  the  town 
is  supposed  to  have  derived  its  name.   Pop.  in  1858,  23,979. 

CHUQUISACA.  a  department  of  Bolivia,  on  the  S.E.  of 
the  great  table-land,  comprehending  four  provinces,  viz 
Chuquisaca.  C6uti,  Tornine.  and  Yampardes. 

CHUQUITO.  a  town  of  Peru.     See  CfiucilTO. 

CHUR,  chooii(?)  a  mounfeiin,  Ilindostan,  one  of  the  lofty 
peaks  of  Gurhwal,  near  the  sources  of  the  Jumna.  Its 
hei.L'ht  is  estimated  12.149  feet.    Ijit.  30°  52'  N.,  Ion.  77°  28'  E. 

CHUK,  KooR,(Fr.  fhire.  kwdu;  anc.  Ou'riaor  Cu'rialthos- 
to/rM»i,)the  capital  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  Grisons.  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Upper  Ithine.  Lat.  40°  50'  N.,  Ion.  9°  36'  E.  Slean 
temperature  of  the  year,  49°;  winter,  32°;  summer.  t';3°-7 
Fahrenheit.  Pop.  5300.  It  presents  much  curious  architec- 
ture, and  has  a  cathedral  partly  of  the  eighth  century,  a 
bishop's  palace.  Roman  Catholic  seminary,  Protestant  can- 
tonal school  and  librar3',  witli  some  manufactures  of  zinc 
wares,  cutting  tools,  and  an  active  transit  trade  with  Italy. 
The  sculptor  Angelica  KaulTman  was  born  here  in  1741. 

CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Assumption  co..  Louisiana. 

CHURCH'AM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glouce.ster. 

CHURCH  A.SA1'0X.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CHURCH  CKEKK.  a  post-office  of  Dorchester  CO.,  Mary- 
land,  about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis. 

CHUnCH  DOAVX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

CHURCH  EATON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Staflbrd. 

CHURCH  GRES'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derljy. 

CHURCH  GROA'E,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Tennessee. 

CHURCH  HILL,  a  chapelry  of  Endand,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CHUKCII  HILL,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CHURCH  HILL,  2 chapelries  of  England,  co.  of  AVorcester. 

CHURCH  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania. 

CHURCH  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Queen  Anne  co.,  Jlary- 
land,  about  45  miles  E.X.E.  of  Annapolis. 

CHURCH  HILL,  a  post-ofRce  of  Halifax  co.,  A'irginia. 

CHUR(!H  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Mississippi. 

CHURCH  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky. 

CHURCH  HILL,  a  p<ist-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  Oo 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

CHURCH  IIOLLOAV,  a  postoffice  of  Chenango  co..  New 
York. 

CHURCH  HON'EYBOURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
"Worcester.  " 

CHURCH  IIULME.  a  ch.apelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

CHURCH'ILL.  called  also  MISSINNIPPI,  mi.s-sin-nip'pee, 
and  ENGLISH  RIA'ER,  a  river  of  British  America,  rising  in 

451 


CHU 

Lake  Jit  thy,  lat.  51°  10'  N..  Ion.  109°  30'  W..  first  flowing  S.E. 
throu'ih  the  lakes  Buffalo  and  La  Crosse,  then  turning  N.E., 
nnd  running  .ilmost  due  K.  to  Nelson's  Lake,  whence  it  flows 
in  a  N.K  direction  through  two  considerable  lakes,  and  falls 
into  Hudson's  Bay  after  a  course  of  about  700  miles,  in  lat. 
54"  N.  It  traverses  a  woody  region  and  is  full  of  rapids,  but 
it  is  nevertheless  navigable,  portages  being  formed  at  the 
most  difficult  rapids. 

CHURCH  IvNcnVLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CHUi;CHL.\ND.  a  post-office  of  Norfolk  co..  Virginia. 

CHURCH  L-iNtiTON,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  Leicester. 

CHURCH  LAW'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

CHURCH  LKNCH.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Worcester. 

CHURCH  OAK'LEY,  a  parish  df  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CHURCH  OVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wai-wick. 

CHUKCU'S  STOKE,  a  post-oflice  of  Wilkes  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CHURCH,  STATES  OF.    See  PoNTincAl.  St.wes. 

CHURCH  STAUNTON,  a  parish  of  Enirkand.  co.  of  Devon. 

CHUKCH  STOKE,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Mont- 
gomerv. 

CHURCH  STOWE,  a  parL=:h  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CHURCH  STRETrrON,  a  parish  and  market-town  of 
Enirland.  co.  of  Salop. 

CHUKCH  TOWN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lane.i.'^er. 

CHUKCH'TOWN,  or  BRUUEN/NY,  a  parish  and  village 
of  Ireland,  in  JIunster,  co.  of  Cork.  The  village  is  neatly 
built:  near  it  are  the  seats  of  Burton  and  Eymont,  giving 
the  titles  of  baron  and  earl  to  the  I'ercival  family. 

CIIURCHTOWN,  or  RHEBAX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  co.  of  Kildare,  traversed  by  the  Grand  Canal. 

CIIURCHTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Westmeath. 

CHUKCHTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meatb,  .3  miles 
B.W.  of  Navan.  It  is  also  the  name  of  villages  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Cork,  Waterford,  Limerick,  and  \Vexford. 

CHUKCHTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  New  York. 

CIIURCHTOWN,  a  small  village  of  CumK'riand  co.,  Penn- 
Bvlvania. 

"  CIIURCHTOWN.  a  po8t>village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.  52  miles  E.  of  Hanisburg. 

CHURCH'VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  Virginia. 

CHURCH'VILLli,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Buffalo  and  Kochester  Railrotid,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Kochester.     It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  several  stores. 

CHURCHVILLK.  a  post-vUlage  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland, 
3)  miles  N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

CHURCHVlLLi';,  a  poist-village  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Staunton  to  Parkersburg.  128  miles 
N.AV.  of  Kichmond,  contiiins  2  churches,  2  stores,  and  2 
schools. 

CHURCIIVILLE,  a  small  village  in  Claike  co.,  Missouri, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Di-s  Moines  River. 

CHURCIIVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  We.st,  co.  of 
York.  25  miles  N.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  several  stores  and 
grist  mills.     I'op.  250. 

CHUKKAREE,  chtii^kil'ree,  a  rajahship  of  IndLi,  in  Bul- 
delcund.  tributary  to  the  British. 

CHURS'TON-EER/KEKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devoji. 

CHURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CHURUBUSOO,  choo-roo-boos'ko,  a  village  of  Mexico, 
Bituated  on  the  Rio  de  Churubusco.  the  banks  of  which 
have  been  elevated  and  planted  with  trees,  about  6  miles 
S.  of  the  capital.  It  contains  a  massive  stone  convent. 
Churubusco.  and  a  bridge  over  the  causeway  near  by,  wei-e 
strongly  tbrtified  and  occupied  by  Santa  Anna  in  lS47,  to 
intercept  the  American  army  under  General  Scott  in  their 
march  upon  the  city  of  Jlexico.  A  battle  was  fought  on  the 
20th  of  August,  and  resulted  in  the  total  defeat  of  the 
Mexicans,  their  loss  being  stated  at  'lOO  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  missing.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  in  killed  and  dis- 
abled was  about  1000.  including  26  officers. 

CHURUBUSCO,  chOi-a-bfts/ko,  a  post-office  of  Clinton 
CO.,  New  York. 

CHURUBUSCO,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district,  South 
Carolina. 

CHURUBU.SCO,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Alabama. 
CHURUBUSCO.  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co..  Indiana. 

CHUllWALDEN,  K0OR/*irden,  a  parish  and  village  of 
Switzerland,  e.inton  of  Orisons."  6  miles  S.  of  Chur. 

CIIUR'WELL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  parish  of  Batley,  3  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Iioeds.  Pop.  in 
lS-51, 1103. 

CIIUS.W.  chooS^n',  one  of  a  group  of  islands  off  the  E. 
ixxust  of  China,  province  of  Che-kiang.  opposite  the  estuary  of 
the  Tsien-tang-klang,  50  miles  E.N.E'.  of  Ninipo.  lAt.  of  the 
harbor,  30=' 0' 10"  N.,  Ion.  122°  10' E.  Length  from  KtoW..10 
miles;  bi-eadth.  from  6  to  20  miles:  circumference,  51  miles. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  interspei-sed  with  well-culti- 
vated valleys,  and  the  mountain  sides  are  tilled  in  terraces 
with  the  utmost  care.  The  products  c»mpri.se  rice,  wheat, 
tea,  cloth  grass,  sweet  p<jtatoes,  cotton,  tobacco,  chestnuts, 
walnuts,  and  varnish.  The  -whole  island  is  intersected  by 
flagged  roads  and  canals,  which  last,  and  the  rice  swamps, 
ittnder  it  in  some  parts  unhealthy  for  Ew-opeaus ;  on  tiie 
452 


CIE 

whole,  however,  the  climate  is  delightful  and  {<ambriou.s 
Mean  temperature  of  winter.  40°-9;  of  autumn,  C7°'8  Fal> 
renheit.  On  many  accounts,  it  appears  much  better  adapted 
for  a  British  settlement  than  Hong  Kong.  Numerous  towns 
and  villages  are  scattered  over  it.  the  capital  being  Tiug-hai, 
near  the  S.  coast.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1840,  anil 
again  in  1841.  and  held  until  the  final  settlement  of  the  wai 
expenses  agreed  to  be  paid  bj'  China  to  Great  Britain. 

CHUSENLI,  Koo-sen-lee',  (?)  an  important  town  in  the 
khanat.  and  SO  miles  N.  of  Khiva,  on  the  Oxus. 

CHUSI.<T.\N.  a  province  of  Persia.     See  KhOozist.^x. 

CUUT.'V  AirMEI>P(X)R',  (i.  e.  ■■  little  Ahmedpoor."j  a  gar- 
risoned town  of  Ilindostan,  principality  of  and  145  miles 
S.W.  of  Bhawlpoor.  on  the  frontiers  of  Sinde.  It  is  of  con- 
siderable size,  is  surrounded  by  a  mud  wall,  and  has  sevei-al 
recently  erected  but  detached  fortre.s.ses. 

CIIUT.i  NAGM'OOK/,  a  large  zemindary  or  rajahAip  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  S.W.  districts,  on 
the  borders  of  the  proviuce  of  Gundwatia. 

CHUTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CHUTT.A.-NUTTEE.    See  Calcutta.  History,  page  3:35. 

CIIUTTEKBAI,  cbatHer-bl',  a  stron.j.lio!d  of  Northern 
Afghanistan,  in  an  almost  inaccessible  position  on  the  In- 
dus, in  lat.  34°  20'  N..  ion.  72°  58'  E..  and  belonging,  with 
the  fort  Am  and  about  240  square  miles  of  territory,  to 
a  predatory  chief. 

CHUTTERPOKE  or  CHUTTURPORE.    See  Chatterpoor. 

CHUWA'RI.  a  small  town  of  India,  in  the  Punjab,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Chumba.     Lat.  32°  17'  N..  Ion.  76°  45'  E. 

CHYNPOOR-BAREE,  chin^poor'-bi/ree.  a  considerable 
town  of  Ilindostan.  dominions,  and  50  miles  E.SJ!;.  of  Bho- 
paul.  in  lat.  23°  2'  N.,  Ion.  78°  15'  E. 

CHYRuW.  kee'rov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galioia.  60  mUes 
S.W.  of  Limberg.  on  the  Streewiatz,  with  manufactures  of 
stockings.    Pop.  2000. 

CIAMOT.  ch^-moV.  written  also  CAMOT  or  CIITAMUT, 
(It.  Cima  del  JUf.nte.  chee'md  dJl  mon'tA.)  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Grisons.  in  the  valley  of  the  Aorder  Lhein, 
aVjout  3  miles  N.E.  of  Mount  Baduz.  and  5000  feet  above 
the  sea  Uei-e  commenced,  in  1799,  the  rising  against  the 
French. 

CIANCIANA,  chSn-chS'ni.  or  SAN  ANTONIO,  s3n  In- 
to^ne-o,  a  town  of  Sicily,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Gii-genti.  Pop. 
3400.    Near  it  are  extensive  sulphur-mines. 

CIARA.     See  CEAR.t. 

CIBAO.  .se-bii/o,  the  principal  mountain  of  Hayti.  near  the 
centre  of  the  island,  in  a  chain  which  runs  E.  and  W.  Cul- 
minating point.  45iK)  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  celebrated  for 
the  rich  mines  of  gold  which  it  formerly  contained. 

CIBINIUM.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Sebf.n. 

CI  BO IX),  se-bo/lo,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  near  the  W. 
part  of  Comal  co..  and  flowing  south-easterly,  enters  the  San 
Antonio  on  the  line  between  Bexar  and  Goliad  counties. 

CIBOLO,  a  post-office  of  Bexar  eo.,  Texas. 

CIBOURE,  see'booR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Hautes-Pyrenees,  with  a  sm;Ul  port  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kt 
velle.    Pop.  15:57. 

CIC.\COLE,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Chicacoi.e. 

CICAGNA,  che-kdn'yd.  a  viUage  of  Sardinia,  11  miles  N. 
of  Chiavari,  at  the  foot  of  the  Appenines.    Pop.  2722. 

CICCI.\NO,  chit-thi/uo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro.  3  miles  N.  of  Nola.    Pop.  30(i0. 

CICERO,  sis'sgr-o,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  south-western  shore  of  Oneida  Lake, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Syracuse.    Pop.  2637. 

CICERO,  a  posf-oftico  of  Defiance  co..  Ohio. 

CICERO,  or  CICEROTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Hamilton 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  Cicero  Creek,  and  on  the  Peru  and  In- 
dianapolis Railroad,  26  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.  Pop. 
278. 

CICERO  CENTRE,  a  post-offico,  Onondaga  co.,  New  York. 

CICERO  CREEK,  of  Hamiltou  co.,  Indiana,  flows  into 
White  River  near  Noblesville. 

CICOLA.  chee-ko'li,  a  river  of  Austria,  in  Dalm.atia,  falls 
into  the  Kerka  1 1  miles  above  its  emlx)uchure  in  t  he  Adriatic. 

CIDADE  DO  RECIFE,  a  city  of  BraziL     See  Rkcife. 

CIECHANOW,  tse-i-Kl'nov,  a  town  of  I'oland.  province 
of  Plock,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Pultusk,  in  a  marshy  district, 
on  the  Lidiuia.     Pop.  2400.  mostly  Jews. 

CIECH.\NOWIEC.  tse-.-l-Kd-nfi've-ets.  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland.  45  miles  S.W.  of  Bialystok.  on  the  Nurzek.     Pop. 
3000,  the  gre:iter  part  of  whom"  ai-e  Jews.     It  has  a  fine  cas- 
'  tie  and  a  convent. 

i  CIECHANOWIEC,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of  An 
i  gustow.  on  the  Nurzek.  opposite  the  aV'Ove  town.  I'op.  607 
I  CIEGO.  El,  i\  the-.'i'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  9  miles  W.N.AV 
I  of  Logroflo,  on  the  Kbro.  Pop.  980.  It  has  trade  in  fruits 
]  but  no  manufactures. 

CIENFUEGOS.  se-WfwA'goce,  a  town  of  the  island  of 
Cuba,  capital  of  a  jurisdiction  of  the  s;)me  name,  !i«>p.art- 
I  ment  of  Centro.  Pop.  4708,  of  whom  600  are  slaves.  Sugar 
;  is  the  most  important  export.  It  was  founded  about  the 
]  year  1818.  and  named  in  honor  of  Cicnfuegos,  who  was  then 
I  captain-general  of  Cuba.  Lat  about  22°  15'  N  ,  Ion.  ntB." 
i  81°  W. 


CIE 

CIRN-P07,UELO?,  the-Jn'-po-thwi1ofe.  sometimes  writ- 
ten CIEM-IMZUELOS.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  20 
miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Mailrid.     Pop.  2060. 

CTKPLICE.  t,=e-i-pleet'sA.  a  village  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
30  miles  N.X.AV.  of  I'rzemysl.     Pop.  2125. 

CIEKP,  se-ainp'  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute- 
Garonne,  arrondissoment  of  St.  Gaudens,  in  a  picturesiiue 
situation.     Pop.  1141. 

CIKSZKOWICE,.  tse->4-shko-veet/si,  a  town  of  Austria,  in 
O.'iliria,  on  the  Biiila,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Neu  Sandec.  Pop. 
1910. 

CIEZA.  the-.Vthi.  n  town  of  f?p.ain.  26  miles  N.W.  of  Mur- 
da,  neiir  the  Segura.  Pop.  6917.  It  has  manufactures  of 
cioth:  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  are  vestiges  of  a  PvO- 
man  town,  supposed  to  he  Carteia. 

Olt'UE.VTIW,  the-foo-^n't(^s  or  the-fwJn't<H  a  town  of 
Spain.  31  miles  N.E.  of  Guadalajara,  situated  in  a  valley 
with  numerous  springs,  whence  its  name.     Pop.  1465. 

CIGU.'VNO,  cheel-vJ'no.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  State.?, 
in  I'iedmnnt,  18  miles  W.  of  Vercelli.     Pop.  4475. 

Clb.AVEON'A.  che-li-v.in'yd,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Lomellina,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Mortara.     Pop.  3251. 

CJLCEX,  kil'kfn,  or  KII/KEN,  a  pari.sh  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Flint. 

CILCUX'IN  or  KILKEN'IN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Cardiian. 

CriilCI.\,  se-lish'e-.a.  an  ancient  division  of  Asia  Minor, 
now  included  in  tlie  Turkish  pashalic  of  Itch-Elee. 

CILLKItOS,  theel-yi'roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura.  •')0  miles  N.N.W.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2.520. 

CIL'LIKCIIiaST,  or  GILCHRIST,  ghiinvrist,  a  chapelry 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  9  miles  AV'.N.W.  of  Inverness.  It 
was  the  scene  of  a  bloody  clan-fight  early  in  the  seventeenth 
century. 

CILLY.  CILLT.  sillee.  or  ZTUJ.  (Ger.  pron.  of  all.  tsillee; 
anc.  i%mhUa  OieHaf)!y,  town  of  Sty  ria.  on  the  San,  and  on  the 
railway  from  Vienna  to  Triest,  .58  miles  S.  of  Oratz.  Pop. 
16<)0.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  a  high  school,  and  .some  trade 
In  wine  and  oil.  It  derived  its  ancient  name  from  the 
Ksman  Emperor  Claudius,  its  reputed  founder.  Near  it  is 
the  ruined  castle  of  Ober  Cilly,  former  residence  of  the 
Counts  ofCiily. 

CIMAURON,  a  river  of  the  United  States.     See  Seme- 

ROXE. 

CIMBEBASIA,  sim-lie-b.A'she-a.  a  country  on  the  S.W. 
coast  of  ,\frica,  between  Cape  Frio,  in  South  Guinea,  and 
the  country  of  the  Hottentots.  The  coast  is  said  to  be  in- 
habited by  the  tribe  of  Cimljebas.  (sim-b.Vbas,)  respecting 
whom  little  or  nothin?  certain  is  known. 

CIMIJRISIIAM,  sim'bris-ham.(anaft'»ifcr'>';-tt7)t  Pnr'tiis?) 
a  town  of  Sweden,  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Christianstad,  on  the 
Baltic.  Pop.  1032.  It  has  a  small  port  and  an  active 
fishery. 

CIMINNA.  che-min'ni,  a  town  of  Sicily,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Palermo.     Pop.  600<). 

CIMITILE,  che-mtvteelA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  I.avoro,  1  mile  N.  of  Nola.  Pop.  2500.  A  massa- 
cre of  Christi.anF  took  place  here  in  the  time  of  Marcian. 

CIMOLIS  or  CIMOIjUS.     See  Argentiera. 

CIMONK.  che-mo'nA.  a  mountain  of  Italy,  duchy,  and 
district  of  Modena.  N.  of  the  Apennines,  fl  miles  E.  of  Pierre 
Pelago;  lat.  44°  13'  N..  Ion.  10°  4.3'  E.:  formerlv  one  of  the 
summits  of  the  central  Apennines.    Height  6975  feet. 

CINA.    See  China. 

CI.N'AIjOA  or  SINALOA,  sin-i-lo'J.  a  state  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederation,  situated  between  the  Gulf  of  California 
and  Durango,  and  stretching  from  the  River  Bayona  to  the 
River  Mayo,  or  from  lat.  22°  33'  to  26°  58'  N..  a  distance  of 
alwut  220  miles,  and  having  a  general  breadth  of  about  150 
miles;  area.  35.721  Sfiuare  miles.  The  county  along  the 
coast  is  generally  low  and  Hat,  with  a  sandy  soil,  which,  how- 
ever, yields  good  crops  of  Indian  corn  and  wheat,  where  it 
can  be  irrigated.  The  mounfciins  are  usually  without  wood, 
and  only  covered  with  low  stunted  trees  and  bushes :  but  to- 
wards the  Sierra  Madre.  on  the  e.ostern  frontier,  there  are 
extensive  forests.  The  rains  commence  about  the  20th  of 
June,  and  last  two  months.  The  greatest  heat  is  experienced 
before  the  rains,  from  the  month  of  March,  when  the  coun- 
try is  parched  up  and  resembles  a  desert.  Capital,  Culiacan. 
Pop.  160.000,  including  a  few  Indians. 

CINALO-\,  a  town  of  Mexico,  situated  in  the  a1x)ve  state, 
on  a  small  stream,  about  50  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
Gulf  of  California,  and  about  300  miles  N.W.  of  Durango ;  lat. 
22'  45'  N.,  Ion.  108°  7'  \V'.  It  is  a  thiiving  place,  with  gold- 
washings  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  about  9500. 

CI.NCA,  theen'kd.  (anc.  Cin'ga,)  a  river  of  Sp.ain.  rises  in  a 
small  lake  in  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  French  frontier,  and 
lirocee<liug  S.  through  Aragon.  joins  the  .'*egre,  a  little 
above  its  confluence  with  tlie  Ebro.  Its  whole  course  is 
about  70  miles. 

CI  XCI N  X  ATI.  sin-sin-nah'tee,  a  post-village  of  Walker  co., 
Texas,  on  the  Trinity  lUrer,  14  miles  N.  of  HuntsvUle,  the 
Dounty  town. 

CINCINXATI,  sin-sin-nah'tee.  the  metropolis  of  the  state 
of  Ohio,  and  county-seat  of  Uamiltou  co.,  is  on  the  right  or 


CIN 

northern  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  the  mni-.th  o 
the  Licking.  It  is,  by  water,  476  miles  from  Pittsr.nrg 
Pennsylvania,  142  from  Louisville,  Kentucky,  529  from 
Cairo  at  the  month  of  the  Ohio,  708  from  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
and  1520  from  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  It  is,  by  railway, 
100  miles  N.  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  120  S.W.  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  340  E.  of  St.  Louis,  280  S.E.  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  and 
610  from  Washington  by  the  shortest  railway  line.  Lat. 
39°  6'  30"  N.,  Ion.  84°  26'  W.  from  Greenwich.  The  upper 
portion  of  tlie  city  is  540  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Situation,  Sdreis,  d-: — Cincinnati  \i  situated  in  a  valley 
about  three  miles  in  diameter,  environed  on  the  N.  side  by 
a  semicircular  range  of  liiUs.  rising  400  feet  above  the  river, 
while  around  the  southern  margin  the  Ohio  sweej)s  in  a  grand 
curve  from  the  E.  to  the  W.  side  of  the  city.  The  greater 
part  of  the  city  is  bnilt  on  two  terraces  or  plains,  the  firs* 
50,  the  second  108  feet  higher  than  low-water  mark.  Th( 
front  margin  of  the  latter,  originally  a  steep  bank,  ha-s  bee» 
graded  to  a  gentle  declivity,  so  that  the  draiilage  of  much 
of  the  city  is  maile  directly  into  the  river.  The  upper  ter- 
race, comprising  two-thirds  of  the  area  of  the  valley,  is 
somewhat  undulating  in  its  surface,  but  in  the  main  slopes 
to  the  N.,  and,  at  an  average  distance  of  a  mile,  terminates 
at  the  base  of  the  hills.  The  central  and  business  portions 
of  the  city  are  compactly  built,  and  a  large  proportion  of 
the  entire  valley  is  already  built  up.  The  streets  are  laid 
out  with  much  regularity,  and  are  about  66  feet  wide ;  most 
of  them  are  well  graded,  and  paved  with  boulders  :  the  side- 
walks are  wide,  paved  with  brick  and  stone,  and  on  many 
streets  lined  with  shade  trees;  the  streets  are  all  well 
lighted  with  gas.  Main  street  runs  nearly  N.  from  the 
river,  with  Broadway,  Sycamore,  Walnut,  Vine.  Race,  Elm, 
Plum,  Central  Avenue,  Ac,  parallel  with  it.  The.se  are  in- 
tersected at  right  angles  by  some  twenty  principal  streets, 
named  Front,  Second,  Pearl,  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  Ac.  The 
principal  streets  for  wholesale  bu.siness  are  Main,  Walnut, 
Vine,  Columbia,  and  Pearl ;  for  retail.  Fourth,  Fifth,  and  Cen- 
tral Avenue ;  most  of  the  banks  arc  located  on  Third  street. 
Some  parts  of  Broadway,  and  Fourth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  and 
Eighth  streets  are  remarkable  for  elegant  residences.  At  the 
foot  of  Miiin,  Sycamore,  and  Broadway,  on  Front  street,  is 
the  public  landing  or  levee,  an  open  area  of  10  acres,  with 
1000  feet  front.  'The  shore  l.s  paved  fiom  low-water  mark, 
and  furnished  with  floating  wharves  or  wharf-boats,  which 
rise  and  fall  with  the  river;  in  the  height  of  which  there 
is  a  great  variation,  the  mean  annual  range  from  high  to 
low  water  being  about  50  feet.  The  city  is  divided  into  18 
wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  Mayor  and  Common  Council, 
composed  of  two  representatives  from  each  ward. 

Jiiiprovr.me.nU  and  Public  Buildings.  —  Cincinnati  Wiis 
settled  in  1788,  and  is  the.most  populous  city  of  the  Western 
States,  according  to  the  census  of  18(50.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  rapid  growtli,  extensive  trade,  and  productive  in- 
dustry. Its  position,  midway  between  Pittsburg  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,  its  important  railway  connections,  and 
Its  extensive  manufacturing  interests,  have  made  it  the 
commercial  emporium  of  the  region  of  which  it  is  the 
geographical  centre.  The  increase<l  prosperity  and  growing 
wealth  of  the  city  is  indicated  in  a  striking  manner  by  the 
changes  and  improvements  that  have  taken  place  in  the 
business  portions  within  a  few  years.  During  the  last  de- 
cade the  wholesale  business  has  been  carried  to  three  or 
four  streets  beyond  its  former  limits,  and  entire  blocks  of 
business  houses,  with  fine  stone  fronts  and  five  stories  high, 
have  been  built  to  accommodate  this  extending  trade,  while 
in  the  old  wholesale  localities  buildings  of  tlie  same  char- 
acter have  taken  the  place  of  the  three  and  four  story  brick 
stores  in  which  the  heavy  business  of  the  city  Wiis  formerly 
transacted.  A  great  many  handsome  residences  have  been 
erected  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  but  the  most  striking 
improvement  li;is  been  in  the  business  portions,  both  lus  to 
the  architecture  and  magnitude  of  the  buildings.  The 
material  generally  employed  for  the  fronts  of  the  best  build- 
ings is  a  fine  freestone  or  sandstone,  though  white  limestone 
is  used  to  some  extent.  There  are  many  prominent  public 
buildings  in  the  city,  some  of  whicli  are  of  fine  architectural 
style  and  imposing  dimensions.  The  edifice  of  the  Cincin- 
nati College,  on  Walnut  street,  is  140  feet  front  by  100  deep, 
bnilt  of  wliite  limestone  in  the  Doric  style;  it  is  occujiied 
in  part  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  the  Young  Men's 
Mercantile  Library.  Pike's  Oliera  House,  built  by  the 
private  enterprise  of  the  jierson  whose  name  it  beats,  is  one 
of  the  most  extensive  and  beautiful  buildings  of  the  kind 
in  America:  it  fronts  134  feet  on  Fourth  street,  and  is  190 
feet  deep  and  five  stories  high;  the  front  is  of  fine  sandstone, 
wrought  in  the  architectural  style  of  the  Elizabethan  age, 
with  elaborate  emblems  of  the  fine  arts  cut  in  relief;  the 
auditorium  is  98  feet  square  and  82  feet  high  under  the 
centre  of  the  dome,  with  a  stage  55  by  96  feet;  tlie  cost  was 
$.500,000.  The  Ma.sonic  Temple,  a  new  edifice  about  200  feet 
long,  built  of  stone  in  the  castellated  Gothic  style,  is  a 
magnificent  structure.  Mozart  Hall  is  a  massive  stone 
building,  with  an  auditorium  that  will  seat  3000  persons. 
The  Court-House  is  a  large  white  limestone  building,  erected 
at  an  expense  of  $500,000.    The  City  Hall,  the  Mechanics' 

453 


CIX 


cm 


Institute,  the  Melodeon  Hall,  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  and  j 
the  Custom-House  are  eacli  large  and  important  public 
buildings.  There  are  several  fine  church  edifices ;  among 
the  most  imposing  is  tlie  St.  Peter's  Roman  Catliolic  C:vthe- 
dral,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  tlie  West;  it  is 
built  of  white  limestone,  with  a  stone  spire  of  remarkable 
symmetry,  250  feet  high,  resting  on  a  colonnade  of  Corin- 
tiiian  columns,  and  cost  Sl-10,000.  St.  John's  Protestant 
EpiscopM  Churcli,  Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  the 
First  and  Central  Presbyterian  Cliurches,  and  tlie  St.  Xavier's 
Cliurch  are  new  and  costly  buildings.  Tlie  Burnet  House, 
one  of  the  most  spacious  hotels  in  the  country,  was  built 
,\t  a  cost  of  S300,000;  including  the  terrace,  it  is  212  by  210 
feet,  six  stories  high,  contains  342  apartments,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  dome,  which  i,s  100  feet  aliove  the  basement. 
The  Cincinnati  Oljservatory  is  situated  in  the  eastern  limits 
of  the  city,  on  Jloitnt  Adams,  500  feet  above  low  water,  and 
hivs  a  conimaijding  view  of  the  city,  the  river,  and  the  sur- 
rounding hills.  It  is  furnished  with  a  most  perfect  equa- 
torial telescope,  whose  focal  length  is  17J4  '•^"t,  with  an 
object-glass  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  luis  magnifying 
powers  varying  from  lOU  to  1400  times.  The  corner-stone 
of  this  edifice  ■\n\s  laid  by  tlie  statesman  and  scholar,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  the  institution  is  inseparably  asso- 
ciated with  the  memory  of  the  astronomer  and  patriot, 
General  0.  M.  Mitchell. 

Religious,  Literary,  and  Benevolent  Institutions. — Cincin- 
nati is  distinguislied  for  its  benevolent  and  literary  insti- 
tutions as  well  as  for  wealth  and  i>ublic  spirit.  It  contains 
105  churches  and  5  synagogues,  which  may  be  classified  as 
follows:  22  Methodist  Episcopal,  19  Roman  Catholic,  10 
Baptist,  6  Protestant  Episcopal,  5  German  Evangelical.  5  Old 
School, 4  New  School  Presbyterian, 3  United  and  3  Reformed 
Presbyterian,  5  Christian,  4  Congregsitional,  3  Lutheran,  3 
German  Reformed,  2  i'riends,  2  Meiln)dist  Protestant,  1 
Independent  Methodist,  1  Calvinistic  Jlethodist.  1  Wesleyan 
Metliodist,  2  United  Brethren,  1  Swedenborgian,  1  Unita- 
rian, and  1  Universjilist.  Twenty-five  churches  are  German 
(15  Protestant  and  10  Roman  Catholic),  and  5  belong  to 
colored  congregations.  The  Protestant  churches  have  about 
18,000  members  (18t'5);  they  also  have  about  90  Sjtbbath 
schools,  in  which  20.000  children  are  enrolled.  The  city 
has  two  colleges,  properly  so  called,  viz.:  the  Cincinnati 
College,  which  has  a  law  school  in  operation,  the  other  de- 
partments being  suspended  at  present,  and  tlie  St.  Xavier 
College,  founded  by  the  Roman  Catholics.  There  are  tliree 
medical  colleges  devoted  to  the  several  systems  of  practice, 
and  a  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  Lane  Seminary,  (Presby- 
terian New  School  I,  is  a  theological  school  of  high  repu- 
tation, liberally  endowed  by  the  church  and  by  private 
donations;  it  possesses  the  finest  theological  library  in  the 
AVest,  for  the  accommodation  of  which  an  ample  building 
has  been  erected  by  a  donation  from  one  liberal  man.  The 
public  schools  have  become  the  pride  of  the  city.  There 
are  18  common  schools,  2  intermediate,  and  2  high  schools, 
with  a  capacious  brick  building  for  each  one — 22  in  all. 
AVithin  a  few  yeiir«  new  buildings  have  been  erected,  or  the 
old  ones  enlarged  and  improved  in  each  district;  they  are 
now  ample  in  size  and  tasteful  in  style  and  appointments. 
The  High  School  buildings,  founded  by  donations  from  two 
liberal  citizens,  are  fine  strticturcs,  and  the  course  of  study 
pursued  in  them  is  of  a  collegiate  grade.  By  the  census  of 
1863  there  were  80,527  youths  between  5  and  21  years  of 
age  in  the  city;  in  the  school  year  of  18t;3-4  there  were 
21,904  enrolled  in  the  common  schools,  1194  in  the  inter- 
mediate, and  415  in  the  high  schools;  tliere  were  68  male 
and  305  female  teachers  employed,  and  the  total  expendi- 
tures amounted  to  $J79,750.  Tlie  Roman  Catholics  have  a 
school  connected  with  each  of  their  churches,  with  an 
attendance  of  between  7000  and  8000  children.  Among  the 
private  schools  there  are  2  academies  for  boys  and  3  semi- 
naries for  young  ladies,  earch  accommodated  with  good 
bnildings.  A  School  of  Design  is  sustained  in  tl/e  Mechanics' 
Institute  under  the  patronage  of  the  mechanical  interests. 
There  are  9  public  libraries;  the  principal  of  which  are  the 
Mercantile  Library,  with  20,000  volumes  and  a  reading- 
rooifi;  the  School  Library,  composed  of  the  library  of  the 
Mechanics'  Institute  and  the  Common  School  library,  which 
is  free  to  every  resident  of  the  city ;  the  Law  Library  and 
the  Theological  and  Religious  Library ;  the  last  named  w:is 
organized  in  1863.  with  a  Boai-d  of  Trustees  representing 
almost  every  religious  denomination,  and  now  contains 
2500  valuable  religious  works.  The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  has  a  publishing  house,  doing  a  business  of  $300,000, 
and  there  is  a  Depository  of  the  American  Bible  Society 
and  the  Tract  Society.  Under  the  control  and  support  of 
the  city  are  a  Ilotise  of  Refuge,  an  Infirmary,  a  Disiiensaj-y, 
ami  a  Lunatic  Asylum;  the  last  is  one  of  the  largest  build- 
ings of  the  kind  in  tbe  country.  I'rivate  benevolence  has 
established  3  orphan  asylums,  2  hospitals,  a  AVidows'  Home, 
and  a  Home  for  the  Friendless.  Since  the  beginning  of  the 
war  for  the  Union,  the  Government  has  estjiblished  4  hos- 
pitals, and  the  people  have  organized  a  Christian  Comniis- 
Bion,  a  Sanitary  Commission,  and  the  Western  Frecdmen's 
Aid  Commission.  There  are  33  public  associations,  16  Mar 
454 


iionic,  38  Odd  Fellow,  13  Good  Fellow,  9  Druid,  5  American 
Protestant,  5  Beni-Berith.  4  Bed  Men,  and  11  Temperance 
Societies.  There  are  6  daily  and  24  weekly  newspapers,  5 
semi-monthly  and  10  monthly  periodicals  published,  16  of 
which  are  religious  organs. 

Banks,  dx. — There  are  21  private  banks,  4  banks  of  issue: 
and  7  national  banks ;  the  latter  have  a  capital  of  $3,i  i2.'),00(l, 
and  are  limited  to  $6,800,000.  There  are  23  insurance  com- 
panies estiiblished  in  the  city. 

Railways. — Cincinnati  is  a  great  commercial  centre.  .Km 
extensive  trade,  built  up  and  carried  on  in  the  main  for 
years  by  the  Ohio  River,  his  been  greatly  extended  by 
canal  and  railway  connections.  The  city  is  connected  with 
Lake  Erie  by  the  Miami  Canal,  which  furnishes  both  a 
means  of  transit  for  commerce  and  excellent  water-power 
for  machinery.  Nine  lines  of  railway  run  to  the  city,  l)y 
which  it  has  the  following  connections,  viz.:  the  Little 
-Miami,  Xeiiia  and  Columbus  to  Columbus,  connecting  there 
with  roads  to  Cleveland  and  Eastern  cities ;  the  Cincinnati, 
Hamilton  and  Dayton  to  Dayton,  connecting  with  roads  to 
Sandusky,  Toledo,  and  Chicago;  the  Ohio  and  Missis«iiipi 
to  St.  Louis,  reducing  the  distance  of  travel  between  the 
two  cities  to  less  than  one-half  what  it  is  by  water,  and  the 
time  to  less  than  one-fourth ;  the  Cincinnati  and  Chicago 
Air  Line,  the  shortest  by  46  miles  of  three  lines  connecting 
these  cities;  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati,  the  shortest 
by  24  miles  of  two  lines  connecting  these  cities:  the  Marietta 
and  Cincinnati,  connecting  at  Parkersburg,  Virginia,  with 
tlie  Baltimore  and  Ohio  road;  the  Cincinnati,  Wilmingtim 
and  Ziiuesville,  connecting  at  the  latter  place  witli  the 
Central  Ohio  road;  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western,  which 
here  connects  with  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  road;  and  the 
Kentucky  Central,  connecting  Covington  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  Ohio  with  Lexington,  Kentucky.  The  White- 
water Canal,  whicli  tiipped  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  pro- 
ductive portions  of  Indiana,  has  been  purchased  by  the 
Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  and  replaced  by  a 
railway.  The  city  has  given  the  Little  Miami  and  the  Cin- 
cinnati and  Indianapolis  roads  tlie  right  to  cuiinect  their  lines 
by  a  track  through  the  streets  parallel  with  the  Ohio  River. 
River  Trade. — The  trade  on  the  Ohio  has  been  favorably 
afifected  by  the  canal  around  the  falls  at  Louisville,  and  «his 
ciinal  is  now  being  enlarged  so  as  to  accommodate  the 
niamnioth  steamers  whicli  ply  the  Mississippi.  Notwith- 
standing the  numerous  railways  connectins  Cincinnati  with 
the  grejit  cities,  esist,  north,  and  west,  there  has  been  a 
steady  increase  in  the  river  trade.  During  the  commercial 
year  ending  August  31,  1864,  435  steamboats  and  barges 
were  employed  in  this  tnide,  an  increase  of  121  over  the 
year  185^4,  and  an  increase  of  112  over  tlie  average  number 
employed  during  the  last  decade.  The  tonnage  of  the  boats 
and  barges  for  the  year  lS63-i  was  92,742,  against  an  aver- 
ivge  tor  the  ten  years  preceding  of  75,846.  There  were  in 
tlie  same  year  29:6  steamboat  arrivals,  although  for  three 
years  the  New  Orleans  trade  and  much  of  other  lower  Mis- 
sissippi trade  was  cut  off  by  the  war.  During  this  year 
there  were  built  here  44  ste<imboats,  tonnage  17,308,  and  18 
barges,  tonnage  2S09,  a  tofcil  increase  over  the  previous 
year  of  21  vessels  and  7527  tons,  and  nearly  double  the 
number  and  tonn-.ige  of  any  other  previous  yeiu'. 

Purk  Trade. — Cincinnati  lias  long  been  known  as  the 
great  pork  market  of  the  Union.  In  1>63, 608,457  hogs  were 
received,  but  in  lS6i  only  370,623  were  received,  an  unpre- 
cedenteil  decline,  resulting  first  from  a  deficiency  of  more 
than  20  per  cent,  in  the  market  of  the  principal  hog  pro- 
ducing states  of  the  West,  and,  secondly,  from  the  fact  that 
a  large  number  of  the  Kentucky  hogs  were  taken  South  by 
the  Government.  The  average  weight  of  hogs  in  l>62-3 
was  2o3  pounds;  in  1863-4  only  188  pounds.  The  total  de- 
creiise  in  number  and  weight  was  32}/^  per  cent.  Thirty- 
nine  houses  were  engaged  in  this  trade.  Its  imports  in  1863  , 
were  33,215,723  pounds  of  pork.  93.707  ban-els  and  11,800 
kegs  of  lard:  in  1864,  20,169,052  pounds  of  pork,  58,328  bar- 
rels and  5327  kegs  of  lard.  But.  while  there  was  a  decrease 
in  the  quantity,  there  was  an  increase  in  value;  hogs  im- 
ported 1-63-3  amounted  to  $5,791,305;  tliose  of  1863-4  to 
$6.377,265 ;  jxirk,  1863-3,  amounted  to  $2,620,734 :  for  186:5-4, 
$3,998,171 ;  lard,  1862-3,  amounted  to  $1,9j4,870(  for  1863-4, 
$2,139,760. 

[For  the  commerce,  manufacturr,a,  improvements  and 
gi-o\vth  of  Cincinnati,  see  Appendix.] 

CIXCINNATI,  ft  village  of  Greene  oo.,  Indiana,  66  miles 
S.W.  of  Indian.ipolis.  . 

CIN'Cl  \'X  4T1.  a  post-vilhiire  of  Rahs  co^  Missouri,  on  Salt 
River.  100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  has  a  CathoUc 
chapel  and  a  few  stores. 

CINCl.NN.^TI,  a  postroffice  of  .\pranooRt,  co.,  Iowa 

CINCINNATI,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  On^on,  op  the 

left  bank  of  the  Willamette  KivtT.  ^  ^    .,      ^ 

CINCINN.'VTUS,  a  post-village  .tnd  township  of  Co-tland 

CO.,  New  York.  30  miles  N.  of  Binghamton,    drained  by 

Otselic  Creek.     Pop.  1213. 

CINCINN.VTUS.  a  post-office  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indian,-*. 

C1NC(>SkS')UES.  seen'ko-san-yo'ris.  a  town  of  tbr  Mexi 

can  Confederation,  state  of  and  106  nuifcd  N.  by  W.  ef  Uvraiigc 


CIN 


JIR 


It  fonne.l  one  of  the  mission  settlements  of  the  Jesuits,  and 
was  occupied  by  Indians. 

CIXl-JY,  see^nA/.  a  town  of  Bel^um.  province  of  Xamur, 
9  miles  K.N.E  of  Dinaut,  on  the  Italijoux.  Pop.  1435.  It 
has  ancient  walls,  and  manufactories  of  pottery  ware. 

CI.\(JA.     See  Cl.NXA. 

CLXGALESE or  aiJS'OIIALESK    See  Ce^IO^J. 

CI.NGOLI,  chin'iro-le.  or  CIN'OOLO,  chin'jro-lo,  (ane.  Cinf- 
giihint.)  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Marches,  14  miles 
W.N.AV.  of  Macerata,  on  the  Musone.     Pop.  2440. 

CIXISKLLO,  cho-nesi'1'lo,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bnrdy.  6  miles  N.  of  Milan.    Pop.  2408. 

CINISI.  ehe-nee'see,  a  town  of  Sicily,  14  miles  W.N.VV.  of 
PiUermo,  near  the  coa.«t.    Pop.  3400. 

CIN'NAMINSiiN,  a  township,  Biirlinjrton  Co..  New  Jersey. 

CIXQ-MAKS,  silNk^-maR/,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Chinon,  near 
the  Loire.  It  has  a  remarkable  sfjuare  tower  of  Koman 
origin,  92  feet  in  height,  and  13  feet  broad  on  each  side. 
Pop.  1728. 

CIXQUEFROXDI,  chin-kwiV-fron'dee,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I..  15  miles  K.X.E.  of  Palmi.  Pop. 
3tKK).     It  was  nearly  ruined  by  the  earthquake  of  178.3. 

CIXQUK  (sink)  POKTS,  seaports  of  England,  namely, 
Dovei',  Sandwich,  Ilythe.  and  Komney.  on  the  coast  of 
Kent,  and  Sussex,  Kj'e,  Winchelsea,  Ilastinirs.  and  Seaford, 
on  th:it  of  Sussex.  Their  number,  as  the  name  imports, 
was  orij;inally  five,  Winchelsea,  Kye,  and  Seaford  havini; 
been  subsequently  added.  The  original  Cinque  Ports  were 
created  by  AVilliam  the  Conqueror;  the  othei-s  were  added 
before  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  They  were  endowed  witli 
various  important  privileges,  in  consideration  of  their  fur- 
nishing a  certain  quota  of  ships  of  war.  properly  equipped 
and  manned,  for  the  king's  use,  when  demanded.  In  tlie 
time  of  Edward  I.,  the  number  they  were  bound  to  provide 
was  57,  the  period  of  gratuitous  service  being  limited  to  16 
days. 

CIXTEGABELLE,  sAxtva'bMl',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-flaronne.  on  the  Ariege,  20  miles  S.  of  Tou- 
louse. Pop.  in  1852,  4000.  Lord  Hills  division  passed  the 
river  here  in  1814. 

CIXTI  or  ZI.XTI.  seen'tee.  a  town  of  South  America,  Bolivia. 
140  miles  S.E.  of  Tuere;     Pop.  2000.    It  has  a  trade  in  wines. 

CIXTR.4^.  sin'tri  or  seen'trd,  a  town  of  Portugsil,  province 
of  Estremadur.a.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Lisbon,  on  the  slope  of  the 
mountain  chain  of  Cintra,  which  terminates  at  Cape  Koca. 
Pop.  4IJ00.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  picturesque  beauty  of  its 
situation,  and  its  delicious  climate.  It  has  an  ancient  royal 
castle,  and  numerous  villas  of  the  inhabitants  of  LislKm. 
The  convention  of  Cintra.  by  which  the  French  were  allowed 
to  leave  Portugal  unmolested,  was  signed  here  August  22d. 
1808. 

CIXTRUENIGO,  theen-troo  A-nee/go.  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Navarre,  14  miles  W.  of  Tudela,  on  the  Albania. 
Pop.  2396.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens.  Cintruenigo 
was  a  walled  town  in  the  time  of  the  Romans. 

CIOTAT.  L\,  Id  seeVi'ti'.  (anc.  Cith((ri.'>'la .?)  amaritime  town 
of  Fi-ance,  department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone.  on  the  AV.  side 
of  a  bay  in  the  Mediterranean,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Marseilles. 
Pop.  in  1852,  5194.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  is  well  built, 
and  has  a  town-hall,  hospital,  lazaretto,  schcxd  of  navigation, 
a  port  enclosed  by  a  mrile,  a  light-house,  shipbuilding  yards, 
a  brisk  trade  in  dry  fruits,  wine,  and  olive  oil,  and  2  large 
annual  fairs. 

ClPltlCAOLIE.    See  Cervicale.s. 

CinCARS,  NORTHERN,  several  districts  of  British  India. 

See  NOBTHERN  ClRC.^RS. 

CIRCASSIA,  sir-kas'she-a,  or  TCHERKESSIA,  chJr-k?s'- 
shea.  a  country  in  the  S.K.' corner  of  Europe,  the  E.  portion 
of  which  is  called  Little  Abkasia.  claimed  bv  Russia,  but  in  fact 
Independent,  between  lat.  41°  50'  and  46°  20'  N.,  and  ion.  37° 
and  47°20'E.:  bounded  N.  by  the  rivers  Kooban  and  Terek, 
and  part  of  the  Russian  government  of  Caucasus.  N.W.  by 
the  Black  Sea,  S.W.  .and  S.  by  the  mountains  of  Caucasus,  and 
E.  by  Uaghestan  and  the  district  of  K%miki :  greatest  length, 
from  X'.W.  to  S.E.,  550  miles ;  average  bi-eadth,  75  miles ;  area, 
about  40.000  square  miles.  It  occupies  the  whole  of  the  X.. 
and.  in  the  X.W.,  a  part  of  the  S.  side  of  the  Caucasus,  and  is 
Inter.sected  throughout  by  branches  of  that  mountain  chain, 
separated  from  each  other  by  deep,  precipitous  ravines, 
which  in  general  are  only  wide  enough  to  form  the  beds  of 
foaming  torrents,  but  occi.sionally.  after  commencing  with 
n.irrow  gorges,  spread  out  into  valleys  of  some  extent  and 
great  fertility.  The  highest  summits  are,  for  nine  months 
in  the  year,  covered  with  snow,  some  of  them,  indeed,  never 
altogether  parting  with  this  cover-ng.  At  a  lower  level, 
where  the  surface  is  not  so  precipitous  as  to  leave  no  soil 
for  vegetation,  magnificent  forests,  chiefly  of  oak,  prevail ; 
and  lower  still,  gi-assy  slopes  appear,  succeeded  occasionally 
by  cultivated  fields;  the  whole  uniting  to  form  a  scenery 
which,  according  to  all  .accounts,  is  of  the  most  magnificent 
description.  Tiie  climate  is  tempei-ate  and  salubrious.  The 
geology  of  Circassia  is  very  impei-fectly  known.  Rich  beds 
of  .ron  exist,  but  have  not  been  turned  to  account.  Traces 
Of  copper  and  lead  have  also  been  discovered ;  and,  in  some 


districts,  coal  not  only  is  found,  but  it  is  f»1'7  to  be  partial!* 
worked,  and  used  for  fuel.  Circassia  abouii/'  in  mountain 
torrents;  but  none  of  its  streams  deserve  ttt.  name  uf  river, 
if  we  except  the  Kooban  and  Terek,  which  hece  take  their 
rise.  The  wild  animal.s,  though  not  v.cicus  in  kind,  are 
very  numerous,  and  consist  chiefly  of  bears,  wolves,  foxes,, 
and  hogs. 

The  natural  vegetation  of  Circassia  It  vigorous  and  luxu- 
riant. Reference  has  already  been  nmde  to  the  magnificent 
mountain  forests.  Some  of  these  extend  into  tlie  lower 
grounds,  and  there  have  a  rank  undergrowth,  almost  impene- 
trable. AVhere  the  surfac-e  is  sufflridntly  level  to  admit  of 
cultivation,  the  soil  is  generally  a  df  ep.  rich  loain.  with  a  sub- 
stratum of  limestone  or  clialk.  The  implements  and  mode 
of  cultivation  are  very  defective ;  but  corn  and  wine,  and  all 
the  ordinary  productions  of  temperate  climates,  are  raised  in 
considerable  abundance.  The  f.iop  most  extensively  grown 
is  millet,  the  flour  of  which,  made  into  porridge,  may  be 
regarded  as  the  national  diet.  Almost  every  Circassian  has 
his  horse,  and  tends  it  with  the  greatest  care.  Both  cattle 
and  sheep  .are  extensively  reared:  but  the  domestic  animal 
existing  in  greatest  numl)er  is  the  goat.  Agriculture  and 
the  rearing  of  cattle  seem  to  be  the  only  industrial  occupa- 
tions. There  are  no  manufactures,  in  the  proper  sense  of 
the  t^rm,  and  the  trade  is  almost  as  nominal  as  the  nianu- 
fiictures:  when  it  has  any  existence,  it  is  only  as  barter, 
miney  being  almost  unknown. 

I'knpli'.,  Keliginn.  eft. — It  seems  to  be  univer.sally  admitted 
that  the  people  inhabiting  Circassia  exhibit  man' in  his  finest 
physical  form,  and  are  the  original  stock  froOi  which  the 
races  now  dominant  tliroughout  the  civilized  world  were 
derived.  Although  the  different  tril)es  bear  a  striking  re- 
semblance to  each  other,  both  externally  and  in  habits  and 
customs,  they  differ  widely  in  language.  Within  a  narrow 
space,  not  less  than  72  dialects  have  been  counted:  and  one 
particular  spot,  where  this  variety  is  more  remarkably  e,x- 
hiliited,  has  been  surnamed  "  Jebel-el-Alas.son."  (the  Mount 
of  Tongues.)  To  add  to  the  perplexity,  none  of  their  lan- 
guages have  a  written  character;  while  their  pronunciation 
consists  of  strange,  uncouth,  deep,  guttural  sounds,  which 
European  letters  can  hardly  express,  and  European  organs 
vainly  attempt  to  articulate.  The  Circassians  may  be  divided 
into  two  great  classes — the  Circassians  proper,  or  the  Tclier- 
kessians.  and  the  Chechenzes  or  Tschetscht^nzes,  (ch'i-chi^n'- 
zes.)  They  take  the  common  name  of  Adighe.  (i'dee'ga':) 
but  the  former,  occupying  the  W.  parts  of  the  Caucasus,  and 
including  among  them  sinaller  tribes  of  Kabaitiians.  Aljkases, 
llbiches.  Chigetes  or  Tschigetes.  »tc..  amount  to  4(10,(1(10  or 
500.000  souls;  while  the  latter,  occupying  the  E.  parts,  have 
probably  risen,  by  their  own  energy  and  prowess,  from  a  com- 
paratively feeble  stock,  and  now  amount  to  aliout  150,000 — 
thus  making  the  whole  population  not  to  exceed  650.1X10. 
For  governmental  pur))Oses  the  people  are  divided  into  four 
different  classes,  over  whom  are  the  princes  or  T^leex, 
(7N-c/(i>.)  who  are  independent  of  each  other,  and  have  no 
common  head  unless  when  on  great  emergencies  they  concur 
in  appointing  one.  Under  each  I'slieeare.  1.  OostJei's,  {I'sdis.^or 
nobility;  2.  6V,/b.',o<('S.  (7Vc/(/»AYrfe.v.)or full  freemen;  S.  Pxliilt, 
mere  freemen,  or  rather  serls.  Beneath  all  these,  though 
their  unfortunate  position  scarcely  allows  them  to  lie  re- 
garded as  a  class,  are  slaves.  Th*  inhabitants  are  civilized 
enough  to  live  in  towns ;  but  the  nature  of  the  country,  com- 
bined with  other  causes,  induces  them  to  prefer  hamlets  or 
single  homesteads,  often  widely  scattered.  In  domestic  life, 
the  Circassian  is  very  much  of  a  Turk.  His  authority  in  his 
own  house  is  absolute.  His  wife  must  hide  herself  frcmi  stran- 
gers, and  not  walk  out  without  lieing  veiled.  His  children 
must  stand  in  his  presence,  and,  when  they  eat.  go  into  a  cor- 
ner and  turn  their  backs.  The  best  feature  in  the  domestic 
arrangement  is  that  there  is  no  harem,  and  polygamy  is 
almost  unknown.  Still,  so  long  as  public  law  values  the 
life  of  a  woman  at  half  that  of  a  man,  and  he  sells  his 
daughter,  not  only  to  the  countryman  who  honestly  takes 
her  for  his  wife,  but  sometimes  even  to  the  trader  who  means 
to  make  a  speculation  of  her  charms — without  questioning 
the  truth  of  all  that  is  said  of  his  manllne.s.s,  generosity, 
courage,  and  love  of  freedom,  it  is  impossible  to  (jeny  that,  in 
many  essential  respects,  he  is  more  than  half  a  savage. 

The  n'liginn  of  the  Circassians  exhibits  a  strange  combina- 
tion of  Christianity,  Mohammedanism,  and  paganism.  The 
first,  unfortunatelj'.  has  scarcely  a  nominal  existence,  and 
is  chiefly  discernible  in  a  superstitious  reverence  paid  to  tho 
cross,  figures  of  which,  in  stone,  are  set  up  in  many  locali- 
ties, which,  in  consequence,  often  become  famous  trysting- 
places.  and  at  whicli  .some  kind  of  worship  is  p.iid.  The 
paganism  appears  in  the  homage  which  is  paid,  chiefly  by 
the  vulgar,  to  two  spirits,  a  giXKl  and  a  bad — Merem,  a 
benevolent  deity,  and  Tschible.  the  spirit  of  thunder.  In 
some  districts,  considerable  influence  is  posses.sed  by  Jloham- 
medan  jiriests,  who,  in  addition  to  their  proper  duties,  act 
as  te;»chers.  and,  as  there  is  no  printed  vernacular,  Turkish, 
and  occasionally  a  little  Persian,  are  employed.  The  true 
Circassian  education  is  that  which  the  youths  receive  who 
are  trained  to  war  from  their  earliest  years,  and  never  ceasa 
from  it  till  they  are  able  to  take  the  field. 

4fi5 


CIK 


CIT 


ilistorti. — The  Cii-casRians  having  no  annals,  and  very  few 
traditions,  their  e.irlv  historj-  is  almost  a  bLiuk.  There  can 
be  no  douht.  however,  th.it  they  came  from  the  East;  and 
the  probability  is  that  they  were  orisrinally  Medes.  From 
them  Greece  received  her  first  inhabitants,  and,  in  return, 
appears  to  have  .*ent  back  colonists,  who  settled  on  the  Cir- 
cassian coast,  and  ultimately  fell  under  the  Roman  domina- 
tion. In  more  modern  times,  between  the  tenth  and  thir- 
teenth centuries,  they  became  subject  to  the  kinjjdom  of 
Georgia,  whose  queen.  Tamar,  is  said  to  have  instructed 
them  in  the  knowledge  of  Christianity,  In  1424  they  threw 
off  the  Georgian  yoke,  a.sserted  their  independence,  and  not 
only  maintained  it,  but  extended  their  boundaries  so  far, 
that  they  were  at  last  brought,  into  tierce  conflict  with  the 
Tartars,  who  ultimately  prevailed,  and  made  the  Circassians 
their  tributaries.  In  1705.  they  i-ose  against  their  oppressors, 
and,  by  a  decisive  victory,  effected  their  freedom.  In  1781, 
Russia  acquired  the  Kooban  as  a  frontier:  and  in  1784  the 
Turks  built  the  fort  .\napa,  and  thence  directed  their  efforts 
to  stir  up  the  Circassians  against  the  Czar,  Anapa,  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1807,  was  restored  to  Turkey  in  1S12,  at 
the  peace  of  Bucharest.  The  quiet  which  followed  this 
treaty  was  u.sed  by  the  Turks  to  convert  the  Circassians  to 
Islamism,  and  thus  implant  in  them  an  ever-duiing  enmity 
to  Rus.sia.  In  lS2il,  Anapa  again  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Russians:  and  by  the  treaty  of  .\driauople  they  also  ac- 
quired all  the  other  Turkish  possessions  on  this  coast.  Upon 
this  they  ground  the  claim  of  .sovereignty  over  Circassia.which 

in  £ict  was  Yiever  under  Turkish  rule. Adj.  and  inhab., 

Circassian,  sir-kash'e-dn,  or  Tcherkp-ssian,  cher-k^sh'e-an. 

CIRCELLO,  chiK-chJllo,  or  CIRCEO.  chiit-ohii/o,  (anc. 
Circa'lum  Pr</jnonto>rium.)  a  headland  of  Southern  Italy,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  near  the  S,  extremity  of  the  Pontifical 
States,  12  miles  W.S.\V,  of  Terracina."  Lat.  41°  13'  N.,  Ion. 
13°  3'  E.     IIei'_'ht  above  the  sea,  1713  feet, 

CIR/CLEVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Orange  CO.,  New  York. 

CIRCLEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Loudon  co.,  Airginia. 

CIRCLKVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Picka- 
way CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Scioto  River,  and  on 
the  Ohio  Canal,  25  miles  S,  of  Columbus,  and  20  miles  N".  of 
Chillicothe.  It  occupies  the  site  of  an  ancient  f  irtification 
having  a  circular  foi'm,  from  which  the  name  is  derived. 
The  canal  crosses  the  river  here  by  a  handsome  aqueduct, 
Circleville  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  highly  cultivated 
district,  and  has  considerable  trade.  It  contains  a  fine  brick 
court-house,  a  large  union  school-house,  which  cost  S2o,000, 
8  churches,  several  newspaper-offices,  2  national  banks  and 
1  other  bank.  The  town  has  numerous  mills  and  factories 
propelled  by  water-power.  The  Zanesville  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad  passes  through  Circleville.  Laid  out  in  1810. 
Pop.  4383. 

CIRCLEVILLE.  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River  and  Canal,  opposite  Lewisburg,  and  8  miles 
E.  of  Loffansport, 

CIRCLEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Tazewell  co„  Illinois. 

CIRENCESTER,  sis'e-ter,  (anc.  Chrin'ium.)  a  pailiamentary 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co..  and  10  miles  S.E. 
of  Gloucester,  on  a  branch  of  the  Great  Western  Railway, 
on  the  river  Churn,  and  a  branch  of  the  Thames  and  -Severn 
Canal.  Pop.  of  borough  and  parish,  in  1851,  COM).  It  w.is 
a  town  of  the  ancient  Britons,  and  occupies  a  portion  of 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Roman  town,  the  walls  of  which, 
about  2  miles  in  circumfei-ence.  are  still  traceable.  The 
principal  buildings  comprise  a  parish  church  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  various  dissenting  chapels,  some  remains  of  a  very 
ancient  abtiey.  sover.il  hospitals  for  the  poor,  and  a  union 
work-house  Public  institutions,  a  free  grammar  school,  of 
which  Dr.  Jenner  was  a  pupil,  blue  and  yellow  c-oat  schools, 
&e.  The  principal  manufactures  are  of  carpets,  woollen 
cloths,  and  cutlery.  It  is  not  an  incorporated  borough,  but 
is  governed  by  2  high  constables  and  14  wardsmen.  It  is  a 
polling-place  for  East  Gloucestershire.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  Many  Roman  remains  have  been 
discovered  in  the  vicinity.  Adjoining  the  town  is  Oakley 
Grove,  the  seat  of  Earl  Bathurst, 

CIREY,  seeV.i',  a  villageof  France,  department  of  Meurthe, 
33  miles  E.  of  Nancy.  Pop.  2347.  It  has  glass-works  and 
manu&ctures  of  mirrors. 

CIREY.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Marne, 
12  miles  S.  of  Vas.sy.  on  the  Blaise. 

CIRIE.  seeVee',  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont. 12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Turin,  on  a  branch  of  the  Stura. 
Pop.  33.53. 

CIRO,  chee'ro.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  CiLibria 
Ultra  II.,  district,  and  21  miltis  N.NfiV.  of  Cotrone,  and  3 
miles  from  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  2900.  It  is  enclosed 
by  w.hUs.  and  has  a  castle,  several  churches,  a  bishop's  pa- 
lace, a  seminary,  manufactures  of  serge  and  co<arse  linens, 
trade  in  manna  and  agricultural  produce,  and  an  anchovy 
fishery.    It  was  the  birthi)lace  of  the  astronomer  Lilio. 

CI  RON.  seeVi\x«'.  a  small  river  of  France,  joins  the  Ga- 
ronne, below  l^ianson. 

CISALPINE  (sis-.tl'pin')  REPUBLIC,  a  former  state  in 
the  North  of  Italy,  founded  by  the  F'rench.  in  1797,  of  parts 
of  Milan,  Mautua,  the  Valteline,  the  Venetian  territory  S. 
450 


and  W.  of  the  Adige.  Slodena.  and  the  N.  part  of  the  Ponti- 
fical States.  In  1802  it  took  the  name  of  the  Italian  Re- 
public, and  in  1S05  it  formed  the  greater  part  ol  the  king- 
dom of  Italy. 

CISMAR.  tsis'mar,  a  hamlet  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  IIol- 
stein,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Oldenburg. 

CISNEROS,  thees-n.i'roce.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  24 
miles  N.W.  of  Palencia.     Pop.  2029. 

CISOINO,  see'zwaJis'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Lille.  Pop.  240<).  Its  abbey  comm^ 
morates  the  Battle  of  Fontenoy. 

CISTERN  A.  chis-tfe/nd,  a  lillaize  of  Italy,  in  the  I'oQ- 
tifical  States.  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Velletii.     Pop.  2500. 

CISTERNA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont. 23  miles  S.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1902. 

CISTERNA.  a  Tillage  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  L»- 
Toro.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Naples. 

CISTERNINO,  chis-t^R-nee'no,  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Rari,  17  miles  S.E.  of  iIono]X)li.     Pop.  3600, 

CISTRlilRES,  sees*tre-aiR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Hatite-Loire,  11  miles  E,  of  Brioude.     Pop,  1070. 

CITARA.  che-t4'rd.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra.  on  the  Ciulf  of  Salerno,  3^  miles  S.W.  of 
Salerno.     Pop.  2550.  ma«tlv  occupied  in  fishing. 

CITARA,  che-t(l'ri  or  (^UIBDO,  keeVdo.  a  town  of  New 
Granad:i,  department  of  Cauca,  on  the  Atrato,  80  miles  S.W. 
of  Antioquia.     Pop.  3lHi0. 

CITEAUX.  seeHo',  formerly.CISTEAUX,  (L„  ChUHavm.) 
a  hamlet  of  France,  department  of  COte-d'Or,  14  miles  N.E. 
of  Beaune.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Aouge.  It  was  the  seat 
of  the  celebrated  monastery  of  Citeaux,  the  buildings  of 
which  still  remain  to  attest  its  former  magnificence.  The 
monastic  order  of  Cistercians  w.as  founded  here  in  1098.  by 
Robert.  Abbot  of  Molesme:  and.  in  the  course  of  a  few  year.s, 
had  become  so  numerous  as  to  throw  off  the  colonies  of 
Ferte,  Pontivy^,  Clairvaux,  and  Morimond.  Through  the 
exertions  of  St.  Bernard  de  Clairvaux.  it  had  increased  so 
much,  one  hundred  years  after  its  origin,  as  to  embrace  800 
rich  abbeys  in  the  different  countries  of  Europe.  They 
succeeded  in  freeing  themselves  from  the  superintendence 
of  the  bishops,  and  formed  a  kind  of  spiritual  republic, 
under  the  immediate  superintendence  of  the  pope.  Among 
the  fraternities  emanating  from  them,  the  most  remarkable 
are  the  tarefooted  monks,  or  feuillans,  the  nuns  of  Port 
Royal,  the  Recollets,  and  the  monks  of  La  Trappe.  In  the 
eighteenth  century,  1800  monasteries  and  14o0  nunneries 
depended  on  the  abbey  of  Citetjux, 

CITII.ERON,  (sith-ee'ron ;  Gr.  KiBatpov.)  MOUNT,  now 
ELATEA,  el-l-tee'i(,  a  £mious  mountain  of  Greece,  forming 
part  of  the  l)0und!iry  between  Attica  and  Thebes.  Ileij^t 
above  the  se.i,  4ti20  feet. 

CIT'ICO.  a  post-office  of  ^lonroe  co..  Tennessee. 

CITRONELLE,  sit'i-o-nJU',  a  post-village  and  niilroad  sta- 
tion of  Mobile  co.,  Alab;ima,  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mobile. 

CITTADELLA,  chit-ta-dJl11  a  walled  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  government  of  A'enice.  14  miles  N.Fi.  of  Vicenza,  on 
the  Brentella.  Pop.  6C00,  partly  engaged  in  paper  and  wool- 
len factories. 

CITTADELLA-DI-PORTO,  chit-ti-dflia  dee  poR/to.  a  town 
of  Austrian  Italy,  government  of  A'enice,  2  miles  N.W.  of 
Mantua,  separated  from  that  city  by  the  Mincio.  It  is 
strongly  fortified,  begirt  with  walls,  and  overlooked  by  a 
fortress.     Pop,  2900. 

CITTA-DELLA-PIEVE,  chit-tJ/dJiai  pe-.VvA,  a  town  of 
Italy,  in  Umbria,  2^  miles  W.S.W.  of  Perugia.  Its  chief 
interest  is  derived  from  its  being  the  birthplace  of  the  cele- 
brated Pietro  Perugino.     Pop.  3400. 

CITTA  DI  CASTE  l,LO,  cliit-td'  dee  kSs-tlHo,  or  simply 
CASTELLO,  (anc.  Tiberi'num.)  a  town  of  Itiily,  in  Umbria, 
about  30  miles  X.W.  of  Perugia,  on  the  Tiber.  Po)..  5:W9. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  an  hospital,  seminary,  many  ecclesLa» 
tical  buildings,  and  some  manufactures  of  silk-twist. 

CITTA-DUCALE,  Naples.     See  Civjta  Ducale. 

CITTA-NUOV.A.,  ehit-ta'noo-o'v3.  a  town  of  Illyri.a.  go- 
vernment, and  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Triest,  on  a  headlxud 
in  the  Adriatic,  with  a  good  harbor.    I'op.  1000. 

CITTA-NUOVA,  chit-til'n.xi-o'v.i  a  market-town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ochrida,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Driu. 

CITTA  VECCIIIA.  chit-ta/  vjk'ke-i  or  NOTABILE,  no- 
ti'lje-li,  a  fortified  city  of  >L»lta.  near  the  centre  of  tho 
island,  6  miles  W.  of  Valletta.  It  stands  on  a  limestone 
hill,  in  which  exten.sive  citaccmbs  have  lieen  excavated  at 
a  remote  period.  Tho  Cathedral,  dedicated  to  St.  Paul,  a 
large  .and  handsome  edifice,  from  which  a  view  of  the  whole 
Island  is  obtained,  is  said  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  house  of 
Publius.  who  was  Roman  governor  when  the  apostle  sut 
fered  shipwreck.  The  Catacombs,  situaU'd  in  the  suburb 
Rabato.  are  amtmg  the  most  interesting  objects  of  the  place. 
They  are  excavated  in  the  tertiary  limestone  of  the  island, 
and  run  a  considenible  way  under  ground.  Tlie  rm'^ly 
sculptured  ci-oss  which  is  on  the  roof  of  many  of  the  tombs, 
and  the  inscription.  In  pace.  }x>.<ita  sunt — "  They  have  been 
,  laid  (buried)  in  peace" — leave  no  doubt  that  they  were  the 


CIT 


CLA 


work  of  the  early  Christians.  Citta  Vecchia.  while  in  pos- 
session of  the  Saracens,  was  called  Medina,  (me-dee/nSj)  and 
lu  that  of  the  Ara^onese,  Xotabile. 

CITTA  VKCCIllA,  a  seaport  and  market-town  on  an  in- 
let of  the  island  of  Lesina,  in  Dalmatia,  23  miles  S.  of  Spa- 
latro.    I'op.  8'Jlti. 

CITY,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.,  Xew  York. 

CITY  POINT,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Prince 
George  CO.,  A'ir!;iiiia,  on  James  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Appomattox,  34  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond,  and  10  miles  K.N.K. 
of  Petersburg.  There  is  a  good  landing  here,  at  which  the 
large  vessels  engafred  in  the  trade  of  Kichmond  and  Peters- 
burg receive  and  discharge  their  cargoes.  The  Appomattox 
Kailroad  extends  from  this  place  to  I'etersburg. 

CITY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Itawamija  CO..  Mi.ssis.sippi. 

CITY  WKPT,  a  village  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  about  33  miles  by  water  S.K.  of  Chicago. 

CIUDAD  Di;  LAS  CASAS,  a  town  of  Mexico.  See  CiUD.u> 
Eeal. 

CIUDADELA,  seoo-di-di/l3,  a  city  and  seaport  of  the 
Island  of  Minorca,  on  its  VV.  coa.st,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Mahon. 
Pop.  7800.  It  was  formerly  capital  of  the  island,  and  retains 
portions  of  its  ancient  walls. 

CIUDAD  KEAL,  thoKX)-!)!!)/  nVil',  a  walled  city  of  Spain, 
formerly  capital  of  La  Mancha,  97  miles  S.  of  M84rid,  be- 
tween the  Guadiana  and  the  Jabalon.  Pop.ia  1849,10,235. 
It  has  a  large  hospital,  0  mona.steries,  and  3  nunneries,  with 
several  schools;  its  manufactures  of  woollen  and  leather, 
formerly  important,  have  greatly  declined.  Chief  commerce 
in  wine,  fruits,  oil,  and  mules.  It  was  the  head-quarters  of 
the  celelirated  .Santa  Hermandad,  or  "  holy  brotherhood," 
founded  in  1249  for  the  suppression  of  highway  robtery. 

CIUDAD  R  E  A  L,  senw-dM'  rA-ll',  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Venezuela,  department,  and  170  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Cumuna, 
on  the  Orinoco. 

CIUDAD  REAL,  se-oo  dM'  rA-dl',  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  capital  of  the  department  of  Chiapa,  in  a  fer- 
tile plain  on  the  Rio  de  los  Zeldales,  285  miles  S,E.  of  Vera 
Cruz,  Lat.  16°  30'  N.,  Ion.  92°  40'  W.  It  has  a  cathedral, 
three  monttiiteries,  a  nunnery,  an  episcopal  seminary,  and  a 
Roman  Catholic  college.  It  was  founded  in  1528,  on  the  site 
of  an  Indian  tovfu,  and  raised  to  a  bishop's  see  ten  3'ears 
after.  It  has  some  manufactures  and  trade  in  cocoa,  cochi- 
neal, cotton,  and  wool;  and  in  its  vicinity  an  intermittent 
spring  and  a  st-ilactific  cavern.  It  was  originally  called 
Villa  Real,  veel'yd  r.i-ill',  then  Villa  Viciosa,  veel'yi  ve- 
se-o'si.  next,  San  Christoval  de  los  Llanos,  or  simply  San 
Christoval.  sin  krees-t»-vdl  dA  loce  lyi'noce,  after  which  it 
received  its  present  name.  It  is  likewise  sometimes  called 
Ciudad-i)e-las-Casas,  se-oo-dM'  d,i  Ids  ki/sds.    Pop.  6500. 

CIUDAD  RODRIGO,  the-oo-DiiV  ro-dree/go,  a  fortified 
frontier  city  of  Spain,  44  miles  S.W.  of  Salamanca,  near  the 
Agueda,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  seven  arches.  Pop.  4612. 
Chief  edifices,  a  large  squaro  citadel,  a  Gothic  cathedral  of 
the  twelfth  century,  two  other  churches,  and  the  governor's 
residence.  It  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  in  1706,  by  the 
French  in  1810,  and  by  the  British,  under  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, in  1812,  who  thence  derived  his  title  of  Duke  of 
Ciudad  Rodrigo.  conferred  by  the  Spanish  government. 

CIVEII,  see'veh.  a  village  of  Western  Africa,  on  the  Sene- 
gal. Lat.  15°  40'  N.;  Ion.  about  13°  W.  It  has  a  low,  but 
beautifully  verdant  site,  amid  a  natural  forest. 

CIVEZZANO,  che-v5t^sil'no,  a  town  of  Austri.a,  duchy  of 
Tyrol,  5  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Trent.  It  has  several  silk  manu- 
factories.    Pop.  2557. 

CIVID.A.LE,  che-ve-dJl.^,  (anc.  lyruni  Ju/lii.)  a  walled 
town  of  Northern  Italy,  government  of  Venice.  9  miles  E.N'.E. 
of  Udine,  on  the  Natisone,  here  crossed  hy  a  bridge  220  feet 
in  lensjth.     Pop.  6027. 

CIVIDATE,  che-ve-da'trl,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy, 
13J^  miles  S.E.  of  lierframo. 

CIVITA,  chee've-ta.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  3i  miles  N.  of  Cassano.  Pop.  1500,  mostly 
of  Greek  descent. 

CIVITA  BORELLA,  chee've-tS  bo-rJlId,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra.  22  miles  S.  of  I>anciano. 

CIVITA  CAMPORANO,  chee've-ta  kdm-po-rd'no,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  16  miles  N.  of  Cam- 
poliasso.     Pop.  2900. 

CIVITA  CASTELLAN  A.  chee've-ta  Uf^til-WnL  a  town 
of  the  Pontifical  States.  19  miles  S.E.  of  Viterbo.  Close  to  it 
are  remains  of  the  ancient  Falerium.  with  some  sepulchral 
jhambers,  &c. ;  and  4  miles  distant  are  those  of  FaUrii, 
made  memorable  to  readers  of  Roman  history  by  the  epi- 
sode of  Camillus  and  the  schoolmaster.  The  latter  ruins 
present  the  most  extraordinary  specimen  extant  of  ancient 
militarj'  architecture.  The  walls,  towers,  and  several  gate- 
ways are  tolerably  perfect,  and  within  the  area  are  remains 
of  an  ancient  theatre,  and  of  a  Lombard  church  of  the 
twelfth  century.  Civita  Castellana  is  a  bishop's  see.  Near 
It  the  rren<h  under  Macdonald  defeated  the  troops  under 
Mack,  December  4.  1798. 

CIVITA  DI  PENNE,  chee've-ta  dee  pJn'ni,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I..  23  miles  S.E.  of  Teramo. 
I'op  iooo.    It  has  a  jathedral  and  a  diocesan  seminary. 


CIVITA  DUCALE,  chee've-ta  doo-ki/lA,  the  westernmost 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  .\hruzzo  Ultra  II.,  on  the  Velt 
no,  I)  miles  E.  of  Rieti.  Pop.  3331.  It  owes  its  n/tme  to 
having  been  founded  by  the  Norman  king,  Robert  of  Si  >ily, 
while  Duke  of  Calabria. 

CIVITA-LAVIGNA,  chee've-td-ia-veen'ya,  a  town  of  thi> 
Pontifical  States,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rome.  It  comprises 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Lanu/vium,  and  has  Roman  ruin^ 
and  antiquities. 

CIVITA  NUOVA,  chee've-ta  noo-o'va,  a  small  town  of  th« 
Pontifical  States,  12  miles  E.  of  JIacerota.  near  the  Adriatic 

CIVITA  NUOVA,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province  ot 
Molise,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Isemia.    Pop.  2720. 

CIVITAQUANA,  chee-ve'ta-kwd'na,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  in  a  valley,  9  miles  6. 
of  Civita  di  Penne.    Pop.  1920. 

CIVITA-REALE,  chee-ve'ta-r.-l-a/ll,  a  market-town  of  Na- 
pies,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  at  the  source  of  the  Vo- 
lino,  19  miles  N.E,  of  Civita  Ducale.    Pop.  1440. 

CIVITA  SANT-ANGELO,  chee've-ta  sant-an'j.i-lo.  a  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  near  the  Adriatic,  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Civita  di  Penne.  Pop.  5994.  It  has  an  active 
trade  in  grain,  wine,  and  oil. 

CIVITA  VECCHIA,  chee've-ta  vfk'ke-d,  (anc.  Cenftim 
CelUw  and  Tnijuhius  IhrHua.)  the  principal  seaport  city  of  the 
Pontifical  States,  on  the  Mediterranean,  38  miles  W.N,W.  of 
Rome.  Pop.  6S78.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  well  built. 
Chief  edifice.s,  the  convents  and  churches,  theatre,  lazaretto, 
arsenal,  building  docks,  warehou.ses,  and  a  coilvict  esta- 
blishment. The  port,  which  owes  its  origin  to  the  Emperor 
Trajan,  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Papal  dominions.  Two 
large  moles  form  the  harbor,  and  a  breakwater  (jutside, 
constructed  on  a  similar  plan  to  the  Plymouth  breakwater, 
protects  the  shipping  fr(  m  the  heavy  sea  brought  in  by 
the  western  gales.  A  light-house  is  erected  on  its  S.  end. 
The  harbor  has  depth  of  water  for  vessels  of  400  or  500  tons, 
and  ships  of  greater  draught  may  anchor  inside  the  break- 
water. Civita  Vecchia  is  a  free  port,  btit  the  quarantine 
regulations  are  enforced  with  extreme  strictness.  Consuls 
from  the  principal  European  stites  reside  at  it.  The  prin- 
cipal {)reign  commerce  of  the  state,  chiefly  with  Genoa, 
Marseilles,  and  England,  passes  through  this  port;  the 
trade  is  not  so  extensive  as  formerly,  Civita  Vecchia  has 
regular  steam  communication  with  Marseilles.  Genoa,  Leg- 
horn, Naples,  Greece,  Egypt,  and  Turkey.  It  was  captured 
by  Totila,  and  retaken  by  Narses  in  553.  Since  that  period 
it  has  been  frequently  taken  and  destroyed,  but  has  been, 
on  each  occasion,  rebuilt  by  the  con(iueror8.  Its  fortress 
was  begun  in  1512  by  Julius  II,,  from  designs  by  Michael 
Angelo.  and  finished  liy  Paul  III.  Imports  consist  mainly 
of  woven  goods,  salt  provisions,  wines  and  spirits,  colonial 
produce,  haberd.ashery,  salt,  and  drugs ;  exports  consist  of 
staves,  wheat,  alum,  cheese,  skins,  bark.  kc. 

CIVITELLA  CASANUOVA,  che-ve-ttMia  kava-nooK)/va, 
a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  7 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Civita  di  Penne.    Pop.  2000. 

CIVITELLA  DEL  TRONTO,  che-vtvtJl'ia  d^l  tron'to,  a 
market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I..  10 
miles  N.  of  Teramo,  strongly  posted  on  a  rock,  crowned  by 
a  castle,  and  having  a  collegiate  church,  3  convents,  a  hos- 
pital, and  2500  inhabitants. 

CIVO.  chee/vo.  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  government  of 
Milan,  14  miles  E.  of  Sondrio,  near  the  Adda.     Pop.  2000. 

CIVRAY,  seeVrA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vi- 
enne,  on  the  Charente,  30  miles  S.  of  Poitiers,  with  2109  in- 
habitants, a  very  old  parish  church,  a  castle,  manufactures 
of  woollen  febrics,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn,  chestnuts 
truffles,  &c. 

CLACIINAHARRY,  klaK-na-hir'ree,  ("the  Watchman's 
Store,")  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  IJ  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Inverness,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Caledonian  Canal.  li 
was  the  scene  of  a  bloody  feudal  battle  in  the  fourteenth 
century. 

CLACK'AMAS,  a  river  in  Oregon,  rises  in  the  W.  slope  of 
the  Cascade  Range,  and  joins  the  Willamette  on  the  right. 

CLACK.A.MAS,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Cascade  Range,  on  the  N. 
by  the  Columbia,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Willamette  River. 
Along  the  streams,  especially  the  Willamette,  the  .soil  is 
very  fertile.  In  18.50.  this  county  produced  353  tons  of  hay, 
the  greatest  quantity  of  that  article  raised  in  any  county  of 
the  State.    Capital.  Oregon  city.    Pop.  3466. 

CLACK  Ail  AS.  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon. 

CLACKIIEATON  or  CLECKIIEA'TON,  a  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York,  We.st  Riding. 

CLACKMANNAN,  kMk-man'nan.  or  CLACKMAN'NAN- 
SIIIRE,  the  smallest  county  of  Scotland,  having  S.  the  river 
Forth,  and  on  other  sides  the  counties  of  Perth,  Stirling, 
and  Fife.  Area.  48  square  miles,  or  30,720  acres,  of  which 
22.000  are  arable,  and  5000  in  pa^ture.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  the  viiUey  of  the  Devon,  along  which  river  are  some  rich 
and  well  cultivated  lands,  on  which  large  crops  of  beans, 
peas.  kc.  are  raised.  In  the  N.  the  county  extends  to  the 
Ochil  Hills.  Slineral  products  consist  of  ironstone,  sand- 
stone, and  greenstone,  with  coal  shipped  in  considerable 

457 


CLA 


CLA 


quantities  from  Alloa.  This  connty  comprises  only  4  pa- 
ri8li<4S.  Towns,  Clackmannan,  Alloa,  and  Dollar.  It  unites 
wltli  the  county  of  Kinross,  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

CLAOEM.A.NXAN',  a  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital 
of  the  above  county,  on  the  DeTon,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Forth,  7  miles"  E.  of  Stirling.  Pop.  of  town,  1077.  Its 
harbor  has  latterly  been  improved.  The  tower  is  a  part  of 
the  palace  of  Itobert  Bruce.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  county 
quarter  sessions. 

CLACKMANXANSHIRE.    See  Clweshn-nvx. 

CLAGENFURTU,  a  town  of  Illyria.     See  KLAGESFtniTH. 

CLAG'GAN  liXY,  Ireland,  in  Counaught,  co.  of  Galway. 
Ss  about  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Inuisboffin.  and  extends  inland 
for  2f  miles.  It  affords  good  shelter  and  anchorage  for  the 
largest  ves^sels,  and  a  quay  has  been  erected  on  it  for  the 
benefit  of  its  tishery. 

CLAGTON,  GKK.A.T.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ss;ex. 

CLAGTO.N,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Encrland.  co.  of  Es.'^ex. 

CLAIBORXE,  klA/bllrn,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Mis- 
Bissippi,  has  an  area  of  740  square  miles.  The  Jlississippi 
waslies  its  W.  border,  separating  it  from  Louisiana:  the 
Big  Black  River  forms  the  N.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  inter- 
gected  by  Bayou  Pierre.  The  surface  is  mostly  uneven;  the 
soil  near  the  river  is  fertile.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
Claiborne,  who  commanded  in  tlie  south-west  during  the 
war  of  1812.  Capital.  Port  Gibson.  Pop.  15,679,  of  whom 
3383  were  free,  and  12,296  slaves. 

CL.4.IB0RNE.  klA'brirn.  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  Loti- 
isiana.  bordering  on  Arkansas,  contains  abont  1200  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  branches  of  Bayou  d'Arbonne.  and 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Dauchite  or  Dorcheat  River. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  moderately  fertile. 
The  parish  con(5iins  forests  of  pine  and  other  trees.  An  ac- 
tive emigration  to  this  place  has  been  going  on  for  a  few 
years  past.  Capital.  Ilomer.  Pop.  16,848,  of  whom  9000 
were  free,  and  7^48  slaves. 

CLAIl'.ORN'E,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tennessee, 
bordering  on  Virginia,  has  an  area  of  about  350  square  miles. 
Clinch  River  forms  the  S.E.  boundary,  and  Powell's  River 
flows  through  the  county.  The  surface  is  elevated  and 
mountainous.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  The  county 
contains  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore.  which  are  worked  in 
several  places.  Zinc  and  lead  are  also  found  in  the  county, 
Dut  not  worked  at  present.  The  great  thoroughfare  from 
Kentucky  to  Carolina  passes  through  Tazewell,  the  county- 
eeat.    Pop.  9643,  of  whom  S900  were  free,  and  743  slaves. 

CL.A.IBORN'E,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  county, 
Alabam.i,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Alabama  River,  about  200 
tniles  by  water  S.AV.  of  Montgomery, 

CL.-VIBORXE,  a  post-office  of  Ja.s'per  co.,  Mississippi. 

CLAI'BOKNESVILLE.  a  post-office,  Yazoo  co.,  Mississippi. 

CLAIFE.  klAf  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CL.AIX.  kli.vo,  (ane.  CLt'iiis,  or  C?y'<i>,.')  a  small  river  of 
France,  joins  the  Vienna  below  Cernon,  after  a  course  of 
about  60  miles.  Operations  have  l)een  undertaken  to  make 
It  navigable  as  far  as  Poitiers, 

CLAINES,  klAnz,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  and  2J  miles 
N.  of  Worcester.  In  the  nunnery  of  "the  white  ladies," 
Charles  II.  was  concealed  after  the  Battle  of  Worcester. 

CLAIRAC,  cl,4V3k',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
et-Garonne,  on  the  Lot,  16  miles  X.W.  of  .-Vgen.  It  has  a 
Protestant  and  several  other  churche.s,  paper  mills,  and  a 
brisk  traffic  in  white  wines,  prunes,  and  rural  produce. 

CLAIR.\C,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilerault,  20 
miles  X.W.  of  Beziers. 

CLAIR'BOURN.  a  township  of  Union  co..  Ohio,      P.  1441. 

CLAIREGOUTTE,  klaRV'oot/,  a  town  of  France.  dep,art- 
/nent  of  Ilaute-Sjione,  8  miles  E,  of  Lure,  with  manufactures 
of  cotton,  and  distilleries  of  kirschwasser, 

CLAIRMOXT,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co,  of  Oxford, 
9  miles  S.E.  of  Brantford,  82  miles  from  Toronto,  and  56 
miles  from  London.  It  contains  several  stores  and  hotels. 
Pop.  300, 

CLAXRVAU.X,  klaiR'vy,  (L.  CUi'ra-Vamis.)  a  hamlet  of 
France,  department  of  Aube,  33  miles  S.E.  of  Troyes.  Its 
celebrated  abbey  was  founded  in  1114.  by  St.  Bernard.  The 
monks  were  Cistercians,  (see  Cite.m'x.)  and  so  rapid  was 
the  increase  of  the  order,  th.at  before  St.  Bernard's  death,  in 
1153,  there  were  7t»0  monks  here,  while  St.  Bernard  had 
either  founded  or  affiliated  to  this  abbey  no  less  than  76 
monasterieii.  of  which  35  were  in  France.  11  in  Spain.  10  in 
Encland  and  Irehiud.  6  in  Flanders.  4  in  Italy,  2  in  Ger- 
many, 2  in  Sweden,  1  in  Hungary,  and  1  in  Denmark.  This 
abl>ey  presented  the  singular  spectacle  of  an  immense  manu- 
facturing and  agricultural  institution  carried  on  by  monks. 
It  is  now  trausforuied  into  a  criminal  cottnn  factory. 

CL.\IK'V1LLE.  a  post-office  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CL.\IS.  kl,'^,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Isfere. 
Smiles  S.S.W.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  1710. 

CL.4.LL'.\M.  a  county  of  Wa.<hing-ton  Territory,  having  N. 
the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.     See  Appenpix. 

CLAMy.\MS.  an  Indian  tribe  of  Washington  Territory, 
N.  of  the  rolumV)i.i,  and  near  the  Strait  of  Ju.'in  de  Fuca. " 

CL.VMART,  kli^mis/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
458 


Seine,  on  the  Paris  and  Versailles  Railway,  5  miles  S.W.  of 
Paris. 

CL.\MECY,  kldm'see',  a  town  of  Fnance,  department  of 
Xiftvre,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Yonne  .and  Reuvron,  38 
miles  X'.X.E.  of  Xevers.  Pop.  in  1S52.  6179.  It  has  several 
Gotliie  churches,  a  fine  modern  chateau,  manufactures  of 
earthenwares,  paper,  and  leather,  and  an  active  trade  in 
fuel,  sent  hence  to  Paris  down  the  Yonne.  It  was  formerly 
fortified,  and  has  remains  of  an  old  fortress  and  walls. 

CLAX'ABOROUGn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CL.\XDOXACn.kl.an-don'.-}h.  a  barony  of  Ireland,  Queen'g 
CO,,  in  Leinster,  forms  the  middle  part  of  what  was  formerly 
the  barony  of  Upper  Ossory. 

CL.\N'1X)X,  EAi?T,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Surrey. . 

CLAXDOX,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SuiTey. 

CL.\XE.  a  barony,  p.-.rish,  and  town  of  Ireland,  in  I>ein- 
ster,  CO.  of  Kildare.  The  town  is  on  the  Liffey.  here  crossed 
by  a  six-arched  bridge.  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Selbridge.  Pop, 
of  town,  335.  Here  are  the  rem.-^ins  of  an  .abl)ey.  founded 
54S.  and  of  a  Franciscan  priory  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
Adjoining  the  town  are  a  ruiued  castle,  an  ancient  earth- 
work, and  the  bog  of  Clane. 

CL.\X'FIELD.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CLAXFIELD.  a  parish  of  En-jland.  co.  of  Oxford. 

CLAXIS.  a  river  of  Italy.    See  Cm.oA. 

CLAX^MAU'RICE,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry,  in 
Munster,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Length, 
17  miles. 

CLAX'M.A.UIUCEorCLAX'MOR'RIS.abarony  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Jlavo,  in  Connauirht.    Length  from  X.  to  S..  18  miles. 

CLAN'Wil/LIAM,  a  district  in  the  X.W.  of  the  Cape  Co- 
lony, in  South  .\frica,  bounded  X,  by  the  Koussie  River, lat, 
29°  41'  S,,  and  S,  by  the  Great  Berg  River,  (lat,  32°  45'  S.,) 
E.  by  the  Great  Riet  River,  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic.  Area, 
22.111  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1845.  9416.  It  is  traversed  X. 
to  S.  by  the  Karree  Berg  and  Cedar  Berg  Mountains,  and 
watered  bv  the  Oliphant  and  its  tributaries. 

CLAXWILLIAM.  a  village  of  Southern  .Africa,  capital  of 
the  above  district,  is  situated  on  the  rijlit  bank  of  the  Oli- 
phant River.  140  miles  X^.X.E.  of  Cape  Town.  It  has  a  neat 
church,  and  an  English  school.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  fine 
chalylieate  spring. 

CL.\XWILLI.4m,  a  barony  of  IreLand.  co.  of  Limerick,  in 
Munster.  bounded  on  the  X.  by  the  Shannon.  Length, 
about  10  miles. 

CL.A.XWILLIX>I,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary, 
bounded  on  the  W,  by  the  county  of  Limerick,  Length,  18 
miles,  forming  a  fertile  and  picturesque  district. 

CLAP'IUM.  a  p.irish  of  En^'Iand.  co.  of  Bedford. 

CLAP1I.\M,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Surrey,  compris- 
ing an  agreeable  suburb  of  Ixindon. 

CL.tPHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CLAPII  am;  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

CL.\PH.iM-wiTH-XEWB\',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex. 

CLAPTERTOX',  an  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Damley 
Bay,  lat,  69°  42'  X,,  Ion.  123°  15'  W.  It  was  discovered  by 
Sir  John  Franklin,  who  ujuned  it  in  honour  of  the  distln- 
gui.'hed  African  traveller. 

CLAPP'S.  a  post-office  of  Guilford  Co.,  North  Carolina. 

CL.\PP^'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Western  Railroad,  about  8  miles  S.W.  of  Wor- 
cester, 

CLAP'S  ISLAXD,  a  sm.aR  island  in  the  Mal.iy  Archi- 
pelaso,  on  the  equator;  Ion,  9^°  E, 

CL.'iP'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Gloucester. 

CL.4r*rOX,  a  parish  of  EnJand.,  co.  of  Northampton. 

CL.\PTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CL.\R.\.  kli'rfl,  one  of  the  Mergui  Islands,  off  the  coast  of 
Tenasserim.  in  Ilindostan. 

CL.A.RA.  klSh'ra,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  King's  co.,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Killvsrsan.  near  the 
Brosna,  which  here  works  extensive  corn  mills.     Pop.  1155. 

CL.\1{.\.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkennv. 

CLARA!  klS'rd,  a  town  of  the  i.sland  of  Cuba,  43  mile* 
X.M'.  of  Trinidad.     Pop.  613'2. 

CLA'R.\.  a  post-town.ship  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
7  miles  X.W.  of  Coudersport.  It  had,  in  1660,  172  in- 
habitants. 

CL.iR'AN  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Ireland.  S  miles  S.E.  of 
Galway.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle 
Pop.  '200. 

CL-ARA,  VILL.\,  veel'yj  kH'rl  a  town  of  Cuba,  in  the 
central  department,  45  miles  X.W.  of  Trinidad,  in  a  sutrar 
district.  Pop.  6132.  of  whom  3355  are  white,  1891  free  peo- 
ple of  color,  and  886  slaves. 

CL.IRBESTilX.  a  parish  of  South  AVales.  co.  of  Pembroke. 

CL.\RE.  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Gai«-.ay, 
after  a  southward  course  of  al»out  .32  miles,  enters  Lake  Cor- 
rib.  3  miles  X.  of  Galway.  In  sevei-al  places  it  expands  into 
shallow  marshes,  and  for  3  miles  it  is  subterranean. 

CLARE,  or  CLARA,  an  island  <iff  the  W.  coast  of  Irelant'. 
in  Connaught.  co.  of  >layo.  at  Ibe  entrance  e*  Clew  l!av 
It."?  X.  point  has  an  elevation  of  4*7  foet.  La».  53^^  N..  Inu 
9°  Sa*  W.    Length  4i  miles ;  breadth  2  miles    its  b  iahet 


CLA 


CLA 


point  rising  to  1520  feet  above  the  sea.  Com  is  exported 
hence  to  W'estport,  from  a  village  on  its  E.  coast,  where  a 
quay  has  been  erected. 

CLAIIK,  a  maritime  county  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  hav- 
ing W.  the  Atlantic,  and  landward  the  counties  of  Oalway, 
Tipperary,  and  Limerick,  it  being  separated  from  the  two 
latter  by  Lough  Derg  and  the  Kiver  Shannon.  Area,  1'29-t 
square  miles,  or  827 ,994:  acres,  of  which  455,009  are  arable. 
Pop.  2 :  ■-,  428.  Surface  mostly  hilly,  with  some  tracts  of  level 
land :  coast  precipitous.  Principal  rivers,  the  Fergus  and 
its  affluents.  Small  lakes  are  numerous.  Soil  fertile  in  the 
lowlands.  The  fisheries  are  important;  manufactures  are 
only  of  coarse  liiieos  and  hosiery,  and  flannels  are  only  for 
home  consumption.  Chief  town.s,  Ennis,  the  capital,  Kil- 
rush.Ennistyiii(ii',and  a  part  of  Kil.aloe.  Exclusive  of  En- 
nis. the  county  sends  2  memljers  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Besides  numerous  ecclesiastical  remains,  Clare  county  is  re- 
ported to  contain  118  ancient  baronial  castles. 

CLARE,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  in  the  above 
county,  on  the  Fergus,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  biidge,  2 
miles  IJ.S.E.  of  Ennis.  Pop.  of  town,  879.  It  contains  an 
old  castle,  now  used  as  an  infantry  barrack.  Its  quay  is 
Inadequate  for  its  commerce,  it  being  the  port  for  all  the 
centre  of  the  county.  Its  exports,  consisting  of  corn,  meiU, 
flour,  &c.,  were  valued^  in  1845,  at  Vjfil'l.  It  gives  the  title 
of  eiirl  to  the  Fit/.gibbon  family.  About  one  mile  southward 
are  the  remains  of  Clare  Abbey,  founded  by  O'Brien,  King 
'of  Munster,  in  the  twelfth  century. 

CLAlllO,  or  CLAlll>MORRIS,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naui^ht,  cx).  of  Mayo,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Cistlebar.  Pop.  2256. 
It  is  clean,  and  has  various  schools,  a  court>house,  and  an 
active  retail  trade. 

CL.iRE,  a  barony  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway,  in  Connaught, 
divided  from  the  county  of  Mayo  by  Black  Kiver.  Length, 
19  miles,  breadth,  12  miles. 

CL.iRE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf- 
folk, on  the  Stour,  14^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 
Pop.  in  1851,  1709.  The  town  is  poorly  built,  but  has  a 
handsome  church,  and  the  remains  of  an  old  castle. 

CLARE,  a  wapentake  or  division  of  the  county  of  York, 
West  Riding,  England,  comprising  29  parishes,  with  the 
towns  of  Ripon,  Knaresborough,  Otley,  &c. 

CL.4RE,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Michigan, 
h.as  an  area  of  alxjut  050  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  .Maskegon  Kiver.  The  surface  is  mostly  covered  with 
forests.     The  county  has  few  inhabitants. 

CL.\RE,  a  township  of  St.  I^jiwrence  CO.,  New  York. 

CLARKBaRUUail,  klair'bar-rtih,  a  parish  of  England, 
«o.  of  Notts. 

CLARE-G.'VI/\yAY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Oalw.ay. 

CLAREMONT,  klair'mont.  a  domain  and  royal  palace  of 
Enj:land,  co.  of  Surrey,  immediately  E.  of  Esher,  and  now 
belonging  to  the  King  of  the  Belgians. 

CL.\Ri;'MONT/,  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  post>-village 
and  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the  Sullivan  Railroad, 
about  48  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Concord.  It  contains  1  bank,  6 
churches,  numerous  stores,  3  cotton  mills  and  2  woollen 
mills.  Two  newspapers  are  issued  here.  Pop.  in  1860, 3604 ; 
in  1  «C0.  4026. 

CL.AREMONT,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

CLARE'MONT  ISLES,  a  group  of  low.  woody  islands  off 
the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia,  Cape  York  peninsula,  about  lat. 
13°  ?.S'  S.,  Ion.  141°  45'  E. 

CLARENCE,  a  village  of  Greece.    See  Klarkntza. 

CLAR'ENCE.  a  post-township  of  Erie  Co..  New  York.  16 
miles  N.E.  of  Buffalo,  drained  by  Tonawanda  Creek.  Pop. 
3350. 

CLARENCE,  a  post-township  in  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Marshall.     Pop.  866. 

CLARENCE,  a  post^village  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Sugar  River,  37  miles  S.  of  .Madison. 

CLAR'ENCE,  a  settlement  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of 
DurlK^m,  IS  miles  N.  of  Port  Hunter. 

CLARENCE  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Erie  w..  New  York. 
•  CLARENCE  HARBOR,  or  PORT,  in  Russian  America,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Behrlng  Strait,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Prince 
Of  Wales. 

CLAR/ENCE  ISLAND,  in  South  America,  W.  of  Terra 
del  Fuego.  Ijit.  54°  10'  S..  Ion.  71°  20'  W.  Length  from  E. 
to  W.,  52  miles;  breadth,  23  miles.  It  is  rocky,  and  gre.'itly 
indented  by  bays. 

CLAR'ENCE  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.  of  Navi- 
gator Island.     L.at.  8°  10'  S..  Ion.  172°  10'  W. 

CLAR'ENCE-LAKF;.'^-  GREAT  LAKE,  a  lakeof  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  in  NorfoiK  Pliins.  of  irregular  tbrm.  about  9 
miles  in  length,  and  4  in  brejidth  at  the  broadest  parts. 

CLARENCE  PEAK,  in  Fernando  Po  Island,  is  10,700 
feet  above  the  sea. 

CLARENCE  RIVER,  in  E.astern  Australia,  enters  the 
pacific  at  Shoal  Bay,  lat.  29°  20'  S.,  after  a  tortuous  north- 
eastward course. 

CLAR/ENCE  STKAIT.  in  the  Persian  Gulf;  between  the 


island  of  Kishm  and  the  mainland,  varies  In  breadtL  from 
3  to  13  miles,  and  is  studded  with  islands 

CLARENCE  STRAIT,  in  Itussian  America,  between 
Prince  of  Wales  Archipelago  and  Duke  of  Ifork  Xslanfi 

CLARENCE  STRAIT,  the  channel  bec^tcu  rielvula 
Island  and  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia,  communicating 
with  A'.an  Diemen's  Gulf.  It  is  aliOut  12  miles  in  bivadth  at 
the  narrowest  part,  and  is  studded  with  small  islets,  rocks, 
and  reefs,  having  rapid  currents  between  tliem. 

CLAR/ENCETOWN.  a  settlement,  and  formerly  a  British 
military  station,  on  the  N.  .side  of  Fernando  Po  Island.  The 
British  troops  were  withdrawn  from  it  in  18.34. 

CLARENCEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Rouville,  10  miles  W.  of  Phillipsburg. 

CL.iR/ENDON.  a  post^village  and  township  of  Rutland  CO., 
Vermont,  on  Otter  Creek,  and  on  the  Albany  and  Rutland 
Railroad  55  miles  S.W.  by  S.  from  Montjjelicr.     Pop.  1237. 

CLARENDON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orleans  CO., 
New  York,  25  miles  W.  of  Rochester.    Pop.  1831. 

CLARENDON,  district.  South  Carolina.    See  Appendix. 

CLARENDON,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Arkansas, 
See  Appendix. 

CLARENDON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Cal- 
houn CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  960. 

CIjAR/ENDON  park,  an  extra-parochial  liberty  and  an- 
ciently a  royal  forest  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  2i  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Salisbury.  Area,  4160  acres,  about  ono-third  of 
which  is  woodland.  Pop.  183.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a 
royal  palace  or  hunting-seat,  in  which  Henry  II.  held  the 
council  that  enacted,  in  1104,  the  celebrated  constitutions 
of  Clarendon,  aimed  against  the  encroachments  of  the  clergy. 
It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Yilliers  family,  as  it  did  for- 
merly to  Lord  Chancellor  Hyde,  author  of  the  "  History  of 
the  Great  Rebellion." 

CLARENDON  SPRINGS,  a  postoflice  of  Rutland  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 

CL.-VR'IINS,  (Fr.  pron.  klSVSN"'.)  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  3  miles  E.S.  E.  of  Ve- 
vay.  It  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  lake  and  of  the  moun- 
tains on  the  opposite  shore,  and  is  immortalized  by  the 
writings  of  Rousseau. 

CLAK/IDON,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Geauga 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  993. 

CLA  KIDON,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.    Pop  1464. 

CLAK'IN'iiTON,  a  post-office  of  Forest  co.,  Penu.sylvania. 

CLAIUNGTON,  a  thriving  village  of  Alonrocco..  Ohio,  on 
the  ( thin  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Sunfish  Creek,  135  miles  E. 
of  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1850,  341. 

CLAR'ION,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania 
has  an  ari!a  of  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  Ijy  Clarion 
River,,  from  which  the  name  is  derived;  bounded  on  the 
S.W.  by  Alleghany  River,  and  on  the  S.  by  Red  Bank"Creek. 
The  surface  is  rolling  and  hilly;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
Bituminous  coal,  iron,  and  limestone  are  the  most  valuable 
minerals  of  the  county.    Capital,  Clarion.     Pop.  24.988. 

CLARION,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Bellefonte  and  Erie 
Turnpike,  about  75  miles  N.N'.E.  of  Pittsburg,  and  187  miles 
W.N.W.  of  llarrisburg.  It  contains  a  com't-house.  an  aca- 
demy, 3  churches,  2  newspaper-offices,  and  1  national  bank. 
Pop.  in  ISOO,  955.  of  the  township  of  Clai-ion  in  1850.  2.517. 

CLARION,  a  post-office  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois,  140  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

CLAR'ION,  or  CLOUD'S  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Mexico ;  lat.  180°  N.,  Ion. 
114°  50'  W. 

CLAR'ION  RIVER.  Pennsylvania,  also  called  TOBY'S 
RIVER,  rises  in  McKean  co.,  flows  S.W.  and  enters  the  Al- 
leghany in  Clarion  county.  Large  quantities  of  pine  lum- 
ber are  transported  on  it.  The  whole  length  is  estimated 
at  130  miles. 

CLARK  or  CLARKE,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CLARK,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1371. 

CLAUK,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Clinton  co.^  Ohio. 
Pop.  2059. 

CL.AKK,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Johnson  co.,  In- 
diana.   Pop.  1161. 

CLARK,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1993. 

CL.^RK,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  895. 

CLARlvE.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  208  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Shenan- 
doah Kiver.  and  also  drained  by  Opequan  Creek.  It  occu- 
pies part  of  the  Great  Valley  of  Virginia,  which  extends 
along  the  N.W.  base  of  the  Blue  Kidge.  The  surface  is  beau- 
tifully diversified ;  the  soil  is  based  on  blue  limestone,  and  is 
highly  productive.  This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Win- 
chester Railroad,  and  by  several  turnpike  roads.  It  was  or- 
ganized in  1836  out  of  part  of  Frederick  county,  and  named 
in  honor  of  General  George  Roger  Clarke,  anofficer  of  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  Capital.  Berryvillo.  Pop.  7146;  of 
whom  3771  were  free,  and  3375  slaves. 

459 


CLA 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of -■'0  square  miles.  It  is  tiavei'sed  from  N.  to 
S.  by  tlie  Oconee  and  its  branches,  the  Middle  Oconee  and 
the  North  Kork,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Ajipalachee,  and 
ftlso  drained  by  Sandy.  Shoal,  and  Cedar  Creeks.  Tlie  sur- 
face is  hilly.  The  richest  soil  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Oconee  and  its  branches ;  a  portion  of  the  ujdand  is  said  to 
'.«  "  worn  out."  Granitic  rocks  are  abundant  in  the  county; 
gold,  garnets,  kaolin,  pyrites,  and  tourmaline  are  also  found. 
A  branch  railroad  extends  from  Athens,  the  county-seat,  to 
the  Georgia  Kailroiid.  Named  in  lionor  ot  General  Klijah 
Clarke,  an  oflScer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Pop.  ll.JlS 
of  whom  uooS  were  free,  and  o6t50  slaves. 

CLARKK,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an 
area  of  127li  square  miles.  The-Tombigbee  and  Alabiuna 
Rivers  constitute  the  respective  boundaries  of  the  county 
on  the  AV.  and  S.E.,  until  they  unite  at  its  southern  extre- 
mity to  form  the  Mobile.  The  surface  is  uneven  :  the  soil 
in  some  parts  is  fertile,  in  others  sandy  and  thin.  Pine  tim- 
l)er  is  abundant  here.  Capitjil,  Clarkesville.  Pop.  15,0ld, 
of  whom  7613  were  free,  and  7430  slaves. 

CLARKK.  a  county  in  the  E.S.E  part  of  Mississippi,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  650  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Chickasawha  River,  a  branch  of  the  Pas- 
cagoula.  The  surface  is  moderately  uneven.  The  .Mobile 
and  Ohio  Railroad  parses  through  the  county.  Named  in 
honor  of  Judge  Clarke,  firet  chancellor  of  JIissi.ssippi. 
Capital,  Quitman.  Pop.  10,771,  of  whom  5C95  were  free, 
and  5076  slaves. 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Arkansas, 
contains  941  square  miles.  It  is  boundeil  on  the  E.  ny  the 
Washita,  and  on  the  ;*.  W.  by  the  Little  Missouri.  The  surface 
is  hilly  or  rolling;  the  soil  sandy  and  fertile.  Ciipital,  Arka- 
deli)hia.    Pop.  9736.  of  whom  7521  were  free. 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kentuckj", 
has  an  iirea  of  about  210  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  Kentucky  and  Ked  Rivers,  the  former  of  which 
Is  nangable.  and  drained  by  Stoner's  and  Howard's  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  some  parts  broken:  a  portion 
of  the  soil  is  very  productive.  Hydraulic  limestone  is  found 
in  the  county.  Red  River  furnishes  valuable  water-power. 
Organizeil  in  1793,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  George 
Rogers  riarke.  Capital.  Winchester.  Pop.  11,4S4,  of  whom 
6722  were  free,  and  4762  slaves. 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  SSOsquare  n>iles.  It  is  intersected  by  Mad  Hiver, 
and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Little  Miami  and  by 
Lagontla  Creek,  which  furnish  abundant  water-power.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  beautiful  undulations :  the  soil  is 
generally  excellent,  and  well  supplied  with  water  and  tim- 
ber. The  county  is  crossed  by  five  line^  of  railway,  which 
meet  at  Springfield,  and  connect  it  with  Cincinnati,  Daj'- 
ton,  Columbus,  i=andusky.  &c. ;  several  turnpikes  also  pass 
through  it.    Capital,  Springfield.     Pop.  25,300. 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  S.  piirt  of  Indiana,  bordering 
on  Kentucky,  contains  about  400  square  miles.  The  Ohio 
River  bounds  it  on  the  S.E.;  it  is  also  drained  by  Silver 
Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  excepting  a  chain  of 
"  knobs" ,  neiir  the  W.  border,  which  are  not  suited  for 
cultivation,  but  produce  good  timber.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally fertile  and  well  improveil.  Iron  ore,  marble,  lime- 
stone and  hydraulic  cement  are  Rbnudant.  The  county  is 
intersected  bv  the  Jeffersonville  Railroad.  Org-.vnized  in 
1801.     Capital.  Charleston.     Pop.  20.502. 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  460  sqiiare  miles.  The  Wabash 
River,  navigjihle  by  steamboats,  forms  its  boundary  on  the 
S.E.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  North  Fork  of  the 
Embarras  River,  and  also  drained  by  Fox  and  Crane  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  forests ;  the  soil  is 
productive.  Stone  coal  is  found  along  the  Wabash  River, 
in  this  county.  Capital,  Marshall.  Pop.  (and  the  jMipulation 
has  incre-ased  rapidly  within  the  last  ten  years  i  14.987. 

CLARKE,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Mis- 
souri, has  an  area  of  516  square  miles.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Jli8sis«ii)pi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines,  the  latter 
of  which  forms  its  boundary  on  the  X.E..  separating  it  from 
Iowa,  and  the  former  separates  it  from  Illinois.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Fox  and  Wyaconda  Rivers.  Thesuilace 
is  undulating  or  nearly  level.  More  than  half  of  the  county 
consists  of  fertile  upland  prairies,  some  of  which  are  several 
miles  in  width,  with  forests  of  good  timber  distributed  along 
the  watercourses.  Named  in  honor  of  William  Clarke,  of 
the  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  afterwards  governor  of 
Missoiiri  Territory.  Capitjil,  Waterloo.  The  population 
has  increased  rapidly  for  several  years  past.  Pop.  11.684, 
of  whom  11.229  were  free,  and  455  slaves. 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area 
of  432  square  miles.  The  South  River,  and  Wliitebreast 
Blvet,  atlluents  of  the  I'es  Sloines,  rise  by  several  branches 
in  this  county ;  it  is  also  drained  by  the  East  Fork  of  Grand 
River  which  flows  southwanl  into  Missouai.  The  surface 
is  slightly  diversified;  the  soil  is  fertile.  A  large  i)art  of 
the  couuty  is  prairie.  Named  in  honor  of  James  Clarke, 
Governor  of  Iowa  in  1S46.  Capital,  Osceola.  Pop.  5427. 
460 


CLA 

CLARKE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Washington  Tei^ 
ritory.  has  an  area  of  about  1400  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  and  S.W.  by  the  Columbia  River,  which  separates 
it  from  Oregon,  and  drained  by  the  Cathlapootle  River,  a 
tributary  of  the  Columbia,  and  by  several  other  streams. 
The  surface  in  some  parts  is  mountainous.  The  soil  has 
as  yet  been  but  little  cultivated.  Capital,  Vancouver. 
Pop.  in  IRfiO,  2.3S4. 

CL.^RKE  or  CLARK,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of 
Coshocton  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  796. 

CL.\RKE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Durham, 
on  the  jwst-road  to  Toronto.  12  miles  W.  of  Port  Hope,  and 
52  miles  trora  Toronto.  It  contains  several  stores  and  hotels. 
Pop.  250. 

CLARKE'S  POINT,  a  narrow  peninsula  S.W.  of  New  Bed- 
ford Bay.  At  the  extremity  of  the  point  i.s  a  fixed  lisht.  62 
feet  above  high  water.  Lat.  41°  35'  30"  N.,  Ion.  70=  54' 
12"  W. 

CLARKE'S  RIVER,  or  FLAT'HEAD  RIVEU.  in  Wash- 
ington Territory,  rises  in  the  Rocky  5Iountains.  neju-  the 
sources  of  the  Missouri,  in  about  45°  30' N.  lat.  For  ne.-irly 
200  miles  it  flows  in  a  northerly  direction,  after  which  it  in- 
flects to  the  N.W..  entering  the  Columbia  in  about  4S°c0'  N. 
lat.,  and  117°  45'  W.  Ion.  The  greater  part  of  its  course  lies 
through  a  mountainous  region.  About  125  miles  from  its 
confluence  with  the  Columbia,  it  spreads  out  into  a  lal;e  30 
miles  long,  and  from  6  to  12  miles  wide,  called  Kullnspelm, 
or  L'jc  I'eud  Oreilles.  The  Blackfoot  River,  and  the  Kivifire 
k  Jacques,  (from  Flathead  Lske.)  flowing  from  near  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  are  the  principal  affluents.  The  entire 
length  is  estimated  at  650  miles. 

CLAKKKSVILLi:.  klarks'vil,  a  post-village,  cipital  of 
Habersham  co..  Georgia,  is  deliirhtfully  situated  on  the  bead- 
waters  of  the  Chattahoochee  River.  ISij  miles  N.  of  Jlilledge- 
ville.  It  is  surrounded  by  charming  mountain  scenery,  of 
which  the  Blue  Ridge  is  a  prominent  feature,  and  is  a  favor- 
ite retreat  for  many  families  from  the  lower  parts  of  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia,  The  village  contains  a  brick  court- 
house and  4  churches.     Pop.  al>out  500. 

CLARKSBOROUG II.  klark-sflitir-rah.  a  post-village  of  Glou- 
cester CO..  New  Jersev.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Woodbury. 

CLAItKSBOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co..  Indiami. 

CLARK'S  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Erie  co..  New  York,  on 
the  railroad.  8  miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Buffalo. 

CLARKS'BURG.  a  township  of  Berkshire  co..  Massachu- 
setts. 105  miU-s  N.W.  by  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  420. 

CLARKSItUliG.  a  post-oflice  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  about 
300  miles  W.  of  jVlbany. 

CLARKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey. 20  miles  E.  of  Trenton. 

CL.\1!KSBUKG.  a  post-village  of  Indiana  co  .  Pennsyl- 
vania, 170  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg,  has  1  church,  2  stores, 
and  about  1.^0  inhabitants. 

CLARKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mary- 
land. 60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

CLAKKSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hairison  co., 
West  Virginia,  on  the  West  Fork  of  Monongahela  River,  ."00 
miles  W.  of  Baltimore.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  table-land, 
environed  by  hills.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches.  2  acade- 
mies, 2  printing  offices,  and  a  bank.  Stone  coal  abounds 
in  the  vicinity.  The  Northwestern  Rjiilroad.  a  branch  of 
the  Baltinuire  and  Ohio  Railroad,  passes  through  the  village. 
Free  pop.  89,i. 

CL.\RK?BUR6.  a  poftt-village,  capital  of  Lewis  co..  Ken- 
tucky. 4  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  90  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Frankfort. 

CLARKSBURG,  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  about  30 
miles  W.  of  AVheeling. 

CLARKSBURG,  a  village  of  CLarke  co.,  Ohio,  48  miles  W. 
of  Columbus. 

CLARKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  about  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Chillicothe. 

CL.\RKSBURG.  a  village  of  Daviess  CO.,  Indiana.  16  miles 
N.E.  of  Wa.shington.  the  county  seat. 

CLARKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana, 
about  50  miles  N.  of  Madi.son. 

CL.\RKSBURG.  a  village  of  Johnson  co.,  Indiana,  IS  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CL.VRK'S  CORNERS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Luzerne 
CO..  I'ennsvlv.nnia. 

CL.\RK'S  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio, 
165  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

CL.'VRK'S  CRIOEK.  of  Dauphin  co..Pennsylvania-  flows  Into 
the  Susquehanna  River  about  10  miles  aViove  Harrisbuvg. 

CL.\RK"S  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Montgomery  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CL.\RK'S  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  New 
York. 

CLARKS'FTELD.a  post-township  in  the  E.part  of  Huron 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1397. 

CLARK'S  FORK,  a  postK)fiice  of  York  district,  South  Car 
rolina. 

CL.4RK'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

CLjVKK'S  GREEN,  a  post-oflice  of  Luzerne  co,  Penusjl- 
Tania. 


CLA 


CLA 


CliAKK'S  ITfLL,  a  post-oflRce  of  Tippecanoe  cc,  Indiana. 

CLAl'.K'S  ISLAND,  the  most  southern  of  the  I'urneaux 
group,  Danks's  Strait,  off  the  Is'.K.  end  of  Van  Dieiuen's 
Land.     Lat.  of  the  S.  extremity.  40°  3-t'  S. 

CLAHlvS  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  North  Pacific,  in  lat. 
27°4S'N.,  Ion  17C°  W. 

CLAKIv'S  (Sir  George)  ISLE,  an  island  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  1(»  miles  off  the  coast  of  British  North  America,  in 
lat.  Gijo  20'  N..  ion.  118°  40'  W. 

CLAUK'S  MILLS,  a  small  but  thriving  village  of  Oneida 
(50.,  Now  York,  on  Oriskany  Creek,  alioul  12  miles  S.AV.  of 
Utica.  The  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  chiefly  directed 
to  the  manufiicture  of  cotton  goods. 

CLA  I!  K'S  .MILLS,  a  post-oflfice  of  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

CLAKlv'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  .Moore  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

CL.miv'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Hempstead  CO.,  Arkansas. 

CLAUK'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Ad- 
dington,  on  the  Napanee  lUver,  21  miles  W.  of  Kingston. 
Pop.  350. 

CLAItKSOX,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  cc,  New  York, 
on  Lake  Ontario,  16  miles  N.W.  from  Kochester.    Pop.  2093. 

CLAI'.KSON,  a  post-village  of  Columljiana  co.,  Ohio,  alwut 
165  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

CLAHKSON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York.  215  miles  V,'.  by  N  of  .\lbany. 

CLAltK'S  JUVER,  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  rises  near 
the  S.  border  of  the  state,  and  flowing  N.  and  N.W.,  enters 
the  Ohio  at  Paducah,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Tennessee 
Kiver.  A  small  stream,  named  the  West  Branch,  enteis 
Clark's  lUver  on  the  left  hand,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

CLARK'S  KIVER,  Washington  Territory.  See  Cl.\rke"s 
River. 

CLARK'S  RIVER,  a  postoflRce  of  Callaway  co.,  Kentucky. 

CL.\Riv'S  1!UN,  a  small  stream  of  Yuba  co.,  towards  the 
N.  part  of  Califiirnia,  falls  into  Yuba  liiver.  about  20  miles 
above  .^larysville.  Several  hundred  men  are  engaged  here 
In  gold-digging,  obtaining  from  $5  to  $50  a  <iiiy. 

CLARKS'TON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Independence 
township,  Oakland  CO.,  Michigan,  on  Koivrsley  Creek,  36 
miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.  It  contaius  2  churches,  4  stores,  and 
1  flouring  mill. 

CLARK.STOWN,  a  post-township  of  Rockland  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  right  bank  of  Hudson  River,  122  miles  below 
Alli:iny.     It  contains  New  City,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  3874- 

CLAUKS'VILLE,  atownship  of  Coos  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  Kiver,  about  120  miles  N.  of 
Concord.     Pop.  249. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co.,  New  York. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Now 
York,  jiliout  67  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo.     I'op.  865. 

CLARKSVII>LE,  a  village  of  Brookfield  township,  Madi- 
Bon  CO..  New  Y'orlc.  contains  the  Brookfield  Academy. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  Co.,  New- 
Jersey,  14  miles  N.  of  flemington. 

CLARKESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Ten  Mile  Creek,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Waynesburg. 

CL-4KKSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Mercer  co., 
Pennsylvania.  '245  miles,  W.N.W  of  Hanisburg.     Pop.  376. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  152  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg,  and  8  miles  AV'.  of 
Honesdale. 

CLAliKSVILLE,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of  Mecklenburg 
CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Roanoke  River,  a  little 
below  the  confluence  of  the  Dan  and  Staunton,  102  miles 
S.W.  of  Richmond.  It  h.is  increa.sed  more  rapidly,  perhaps, 
during  tlie  last  ten  years  than  any  other  village  in  the 
state.  It  contaius  3  or  4  churches,  1  bank,  and  over  1000 
Inhabitants.  About  2000  hogsheads  of  tobacco  are  annually 
inspected  here,  and  sent  down  the  river  in  batteaux.  A 
railroad  is  completed  from  this  place  to  the  Gaston  and  Ear 
leigh  Railroad. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CLARKSVILLE.  Georgia.    See  Ciarkesvilt.e. 

CLARKSVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clarke  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 134  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Tuscaloosa,  contains  a  court- 
house and  a  few  stores. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Red 
River  co.,  Texas,  is  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Red  River,  and 
^O  miles  N.E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  the  oldest  village  of  the 
county,  and  the  principal  village  in  wliat  is  called  the  Red 
Kiver  country  of  Texas. 

CL.^RKSVILLE,  a  post-vijlage,  capital  of  Johnson  co., 
Arkansas,  on  Spadra  Creek,  about  100  miles  N.W.  of  Little 
ttock.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  and  United  States 
.and-office.    Pop.  464. 

CL.iUKSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Mont- 
gomery CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland 
River. "at  the  month  of  Red  River,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of 
Na.shvil!e.  It  contains  4  or  5  newspaper  offices,  2  banlis, 
and  lias  considerable  trade.  Pop.  in  1S60,  estimated  at 
SOOO. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  /anesville  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  81  miles  S.W.  of 
Columbus. 


CLARKSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio,  oti 
St.  Joseph's  River. 

CLAiiKSVlLLE.  a  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  River.  4  miles  above  New  Alliany. 

CLAIiKSVILLI'i.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana, 

CL.\RKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kankakee  co..  Illinois. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  I'ike  co.,  Missouri,  o» 
the  Mississippi,  about  100  miles  above  St.  Loni.s.  It  oou 
tains  several  stores.    Pop.  573. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa,  94 
miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

CLARKSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CLARSBOROUGH,  a  post-<.>ffice  of  Scott  co.,  Tennessee. 

CLA  It  Y.  ki^'ree',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Cambrai.  Pop.  2230.  It  has  maiiuiacturea 
of  tulles  and  gauzes. 

CLARYSVIIjLfc;,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  ;Man,-land 

CLA'RYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York. 

CLASE,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  Swansea. 

CLASH'.MORE,  a  village  and  pariiih  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster.  CO.  of  Waterford.  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Youghall.  Pop.  3777. 

CLAS'SEN'S  COPv/NER, a  village  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana, 
a  little  S.  of  the  Northern  Indiana  Railroiid,  and  5  miles 
W.S.'^V.  of  La  Porte. 

CLAT'EORD  GOOD/WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of 
Hants. 

CLATFORD,  UPPER,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

OiAT'SOP.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Columbia  liiver.  which  .separates 
it  from  Washington,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  is  drained  by  several  small  streams  flowing  into  the 
Pacific.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  although  as  yet  but 
little  cultivated.    Capital,  Astoria.     Pop.  498. 

CLATT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

CLA'r'WORTIIY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CLAU'DY,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Londonderry.     Pop.  191. 

CLAUDY  or  CLADY,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone, 
4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stratiane,  on  the  Finn.  Adjacent  to  the 
village  is  a  handsome  bridge  of  seven  arches  over  the  Finn, 
connecting  Claudy  with  the  county  of  Donegal.     Pop.  219. 

CL.\UGHTON,  klaw't^n,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

CL.\UGHTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lancastei. 

CLAL'SENBURG,  Tran.sylvania.     See  Khuse.nbuko. 

CLA  L'S'SELA'l  LLE.  a  post-village  of  Jlonroe  co.,  Alabama, 
90  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

CLAUSSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  Co.,  Pennsylviv- 
nta.  S3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harrislmrg. 

CLAUSTIIAL  or  KLAUSTIIAL,  kWw.«/tai,  a  town  of  Ha- 
nover, capiUil  of  a  district  in  the  Harz,  47  miles  S.E.  of 
Hanover.  Pop.  9799,  including  the  adjacent  town  of  Zeller- 
feld.  It  is  situated  on  a  hill,  1740  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  is  mostly  built  of  wood'.  It  is  the  chief  mining 
town  of  the  Harz,  and  has  an  important  mining  academy, 
with  a  valuable  mu.seum,  a  mint,  and  a  high  school.  Near 
it  are  the  principal  lead  and  silver  mines  in  the  Harz.  in 
which,  and  in  some  manufactures  of  camlets  and  other 
woven  falirics.  its  entire  population  is  employed. 

CLAVENNA.    See  Chiavex.na. 

CLAV'ERACK,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York.  4  miles  E.  of  Hudson,  intersected  Ijy  the  Hudson  and 
Berkshire  Railroad,  and  the  Harlem  Extension  Railroad 
It  contains  an  academy.    Pop.  3477. 

CLAV'ERDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

CL.\VEI{DON,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CLAV'ERING,  a  village  aud  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 

CLAAVERLEY,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 

CLAAVR'PLYE',  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

CLAAV'TON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLAX'BY  PLUCK'ACRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

CLAXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CL.\XTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

CLAY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  contains 
an  area  estimated  at  700  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  South  Fork  of  Kentucky  River.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Coal  and  iron  ore  are  found,  and  salt  is  manufac- 
tured extensively.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  covered 
with  forests.  Capital,  Manchester.  Formed  in  1806,  and 
named  in  honor  of  General  Green  Clay,  an  officer  in  the  war 
of  1 812.    Pop.  665-2,  of  whom  6303  were  free,  and  349  slaves. 

CLAY,  a  county  in  tlie  W.  part  of  Indiana,  contains  360 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Eel  River.  The  surface 
is  generally  level,  and  much  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  The 
county  contains  iron  ore,  and  numerous  beds  of  coal,  which 
are  easily  accessible.  It  is  intersected  by  the  raili  oad  from 
Tcrre  Haute  to  Indianapolis,  and  by  the  AV  abash  and  Erie 
Canal.  Organized  in  1825,  and  named  (as  well  as  the  three 
following  counties)  in  honor  of  the  late  Henrv  Clay,  the 
distinguislied  statesman  of  Kentucky.  Capital,  Bowling 
Green.    Pop.  12,161. 

161 


CLA 


CLE 


CLA.Y,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  haB  an  area 
of  4 10  square  miles.  It  is  iiiterbected  by  the  Little  Wubash 
J{ivcr,  and  also  drained  by  Kim  Creek.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating, or  nearly  level;  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county 
con'^ists  partly  of  pniirie.  and  is  partly  covered  by  forests. 
Capital,  Louis"vilIe.    Pop.  9336. 

CLAY,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
trea  of  415  square  miles.  The  Blissouri  River  forms  its  S. 
boundary;  it  is  also  drained  by  Fishing  Creek  and  Smith's 
Fork  of  the  Little  Platte  lilver.  The  surface  is  moderately 
diversified ;  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  timbered  with  oaks, 
black  walnut,  and  ash.  The  rocks  which  underlie  the  coun- 
ty are  limestone  and  sandstone.  Capital,  Liberty.  Pop. 
13,023.  of  whom  95ti8  were  free,  and  34.55  slaves. 

CLAY,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Little 
i^ioux  Kiver.  an  affluent  of  the  Missouri,  with  its  branches, 
and  gome  of  its  tributaries,  and  also  by  Lizard  River,  an 
affluent  of  the  Des  Moines.  This  county  is  not  included  in 
the  census  of  1850.     Pop.  in  1860,  52. 

CLAY,  a  post-township  of  Onondaga  co.,  Now  York,  on 
the  Oswego  River,  10  miles  N.  of  Syracuse.  The  canal  con- 
necting Syracuse  and  Oswego  passes  through  it.    Pop.  3583. 

CI..AY,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  10.30. 

CLAY,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  North  Carolina. 

Ci.AY,  a  township  in  Auglaize  CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1091. 

CLAY,  a  townsliip  in  Gallia  co..  Oliio.    Pop.  1-204. 

CLAY,  a  town.<liip  in  IIi;;liland  co  .  Ohio.     I'op.  1303. 

CLAY,  a  town.sliip  in  Knox  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1102, 

CLAY,  a  townsliip  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  668. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2257. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  749. 

Cl.AY,  a  townsliip  in  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  896. 

CI>AY,  a  township  in  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1398. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  nesir  the 
mouth  of  St.  Clair  River.     Pop.  1037. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 776. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Cass  co.,  Indiana.    I'op.  733. 

CLAY,  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  85  miles  N.  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1209. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Howard  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  698 

CLAY,  a  township  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  908 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Miami  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  846. 

CLAY,  a  town.sliip  in  Morgan  co  ,  Indiana.     Pop.  1071. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Owen  CO..  Indiana.     Pop.  1209. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  Pike  co  ,  Indiana.     Pop.  641. 

CLAY,  a  township  in  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  934, 

CL.\Y.  a  township  in  Wayne  co  ,  Indiana.    Pop.  1069. 

CLAY,  a  post-offlce  in  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

CLAY,  a  townsliip  in  La  Fayette  co.,  Missouri. 

CLAY,  a  ixist-office  of  AVashington  co.,  Iowa. 

CLAY'BUO'JKE,  a  parish  of  Kndand,  co.  of  Leicester. 

CLAYBROOKE,  GllEAT,  a  chapehy  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

CLAY'CROSS,  a  sfcition  on  the  North  Midland  Railway, 
England.  4  miles  S.  of  Chesterfield. 

CLAY'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

CLAYDO.V,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CLAYDON,  MIDDLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CLAYDON  STEEPLE,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CLAYE,  kl.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et- 
Jlarne.  9  miles  W.  of  Meaux,  on  the  Canal  de  I'Ourcq. 
Pop.  1108. 

CLAYETTE,  La,  13  klJ'Jtf.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Saone-et-T^ire,  10  miles  S.  of  CharoUes.    Pop.  1221. 

CLAY  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CLAVHANOER,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLAY'lIEDON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLAY  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  York  district.  South  Carolina. 

CL.\Y  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 

CLAY  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Levy  co..  Florida. 

CLAY'LANE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby.  P.  1478. 

CLAY  LICK,  a  post-offlce  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

'  CLAYMONTE,  a  post-office  of  New  Castle  co.,  Delaware. 

CL.\Y'POLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  LincfJn. 

CLAY  POOL,  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  about 
100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLAY  PORT,  a  village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
railway  projected  from  Peru  to  Elkhart,  100  miles  N.  by  E. 

f  Indianapolis. 
CLAYS'BUKG,  a  village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  about  35  miles 

AV.  of  Dayton. 

CLAY'S  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia. 
CL.\YS'VILLE.  a  post-borough  of  Washington  CO.,  Penn- 
fjivania.  on  the  Nation.il  Road,  about  22  miles  E.  of  Wheel- 
ing.    Pop.  275. 

CI.,AYSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  M.iry- 
land. 
CI-AYSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Hampshire  co.,  Virginia. 
CLAY.-VILLE,  a  village  of  Wood  co.,  West  Virginia,  on 
the  Little  Kanawha  Kiver,  7  miles  above  Parkersburg,  has 
a  fine  water-power  and  several  mills. 
462 


CLAYSVTLLE,  a  post-office  of  TelCiir  co.,  Georgia. 

CLAYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  Tennessee  River,  133  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tuscaloo.sa. 

CL.4YSVILLE.  a  pnstoffice  of  Tippah  co..  Mississippi. 

CLAYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  White  Co.,  Tennessee. 

CLAYSVILLE,  fonnerly  MAUYSVILLE,  a  small  post- 
village  of  Harrison  CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Licking  Ri\er,  47 
miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  a  church,  a  woollen 
factory,  a  flour  mill,  and  3  tobacco  factorit*. 

CLAYSVILLE,  a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  ab:ut  48 
miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

CLAYSVILLE.  a  vill.ige  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little 
Miami  Railroad.  10  miles  from  Xenia.  the  county  seat. 

CLAY'SVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  80 
miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

CL.WSVILLE,  a  vill.age  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  21  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Indianapolis. 

CLAYSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Washington  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  90  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLAYSVILLE.  a  po.st-offlce  of  Boone  CO..  Missouri. 

CLAYTON,  klA'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest 
Riding. 

CLAVTON,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Iowa,  border^ 
ing  on  Wisconsin,  has  an  area  of  760  square  miles.  The 
Mississippi  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  E.  The 
Turkey  River  flows  through  the  middle  of  the  county  Into 
the  iirst-named  river,  and  the  South  Fork  of  the  Turkey 
traverses  part  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  diversified  by 
rolling  prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is  productive,  and 
the  climate  healthy.  Mines  of  lead  are  worked  in  the  S.E. 
part  near  the  river.    Capital,  El  Kader.    Pop.  20,72s. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  .lefferson  co., 
New  Y'ork,  on  St.  Lawrence  and  Chaumont  Rivers,  and  at 
tlie  terminus  of  the  Utica  and  Black  River  Hailroad,  20 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Watertown.  Clayton  is  a  port  in  the  col- 
lection district  of  Cape  Vincent,  and  has  a  landing  for  ves- 
sels plying  on  the  St.  Ijiwrence.    Pop.  4696. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-office  of  Berks  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CL.W'TO.V.  a  jiost-village,  capital  of  Rabun  CO.,  Georgia, 
about  175  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Barbour  co.,  Alabama, 
75  miles  S.E.  of  Montgomery.    Pop.  about  400. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Miami  co., 
Ohio. 

CL.AYTON,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  75 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

CLAYTON,  a  small  village  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio 
Pop.  1329. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  in  Genesee  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 768 

CLAYTON,  a  post-offlce  in  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  in  Adams  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1380. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Quincy  and  Toledo  Railroad,  28  miles  E.N.E  of  Quincy,  and 
89  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

CLAYTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  50  miles  above  Dubuque.  Nearly 
all  the  surplus  jiroduce  of  Clayton  county  is  shipped  by 
steamboats  at  this  place,  which  is  the  most  easily  accessible 
river-port  for  a  large  extent  of  country.  Lead-mines  have 
been  opened  near  Clayton.    Pop.  723. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  in  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  402. 

CL.AYTO'NA.  a  post-offlce  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  75  miles 
E. S.E.  of  Columbus. 

CLA  Y'TON-LE-D -ALE,  a  township  of  EngI.ind.co.  Lancaster. 

CLAYTON-LE-MOORS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

CLAYTON-LE-WOODS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

CLAYTON'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
.Jersey. 

CLAYTON'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Pickens  district. 
South  Carolina. 

CLAY'TONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henderson  co.,  North 
Carolina.  284  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

CL.AYTON,  WEST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

CLAY'TON-wiTH-FRICKLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Y'ork,  AYest  Riding. 

CLAY  A'ALLEY.  a  post-offlce,  Robeson  co..  North  Carolina. 
CLAY  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  road  from  Louisville  to  Frankfort,  16  miles  W.  of  the 
latter.     Pop.  about  250. 

CL.AY'VILLE,  a  postrofflce  of  Providence  co.,  lihode 
Island. 

CL.AYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Utica. 
CLAY'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
CLEAR  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

CLEAR  BRIDGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Clearfield  co.,  retnsyl- 
vania. 


CLE 


CLE 


CLEAR  CREEK,  of  Iluntlngdon  co.,  Indiana,  falls  Into 
the  Wabash  Kiver. 

CLEAR  CKEKK.  of  Monroe  co..  Indiana,  joins  Salt  Creek. 

CLEAIl  C1{KKK.  near  the  southern  extremity  of  IlliuoLs, 
flows  Into  the  Mi'-.'iissippi. 

CLE  All  CHEEK,  of  .Missouri.     See  Peshaw. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  of  Sh:ista  co..in  the  N.part  of  California, 
falls  into  Sacrarjento  River  about  2  miles  below  Shasta  City. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York,  about  320  miles  \V,  by  S.  of  Albany,  has  2  or  3 
churches  aufl  several  stores. 

CLEAR  CilEEK,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

3LEAR  CREEK,  a  township  in  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.  Top. 
1214. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  post-townsliip  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio, 
80  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1905. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
27NO. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  in  Monroe  co,,  Indiana. 
Pop.  12;i2. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  in  Clark  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
720, 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  in  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois, 
Pop.  400. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Bfites  co„  Missouri. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Dayiess  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri. 

CLEAR  CREEK  LA.NDl.Nli,  a  post-village  of  Alexander 
CO.,  Illinois,  215  miles  S.  of  .'^prinjrfield. 

CLEAR'l'IELD,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Penn- 
sj'lvaui.t.  has  an  area  of  about  1150  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River, 
which  divides  it  into  nearly  equal  portions.  Mushannon 
Creek  forms  part  of  the  .S  E,  Imundaiy.  and  Clearfield  Creek, 
from  whii-h  the  name  is  derived,  enters  the  river  about  the 
middle  of  the  county.  The  eastern  part  is  traversed  by  deep 
ravines  formed  by  the  watercourses,  and  is  too  rugjied  for 
cultivation ;  the  remainder  is  irenerally  rolling  and  uneven. 
The  soil  in  the  valleys  of  the  larjje  streams  is  productive, 
and  much  of  the  upland  is  moderately  fertile,  and  adapted 
to  pra/.iiig,  Larfie  quantities  of  timl)er,  pine,  oak,  poplar, 
and  cherry,  are  procured  from  the  forests,  and  floated  down 
the  river  to  market.  Mines  of  iron  or»  and  stone  coal  are 
worked.   Organized  in  1804.  Capital.  Clearfield.  Pop.  I!'," 59. 

CLEARFIELD,  a  township  of  Rutler  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  SIO. 

CLEAREIELD,  a  small  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CLEARFIELD,  a  post-villnRe  and  the  capital  of  Clear- 
field county,  is  situated  in  Lawrence  townshij).  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  West  Briimli  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  120 
miles  \V.N.W.  of  llarrisbm-g.  It  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  several  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and 
a  bank.  Coal  is  abundant  in  the  vicinity,  and  lumlfer 
is  a  leading  article  of  export.  Pop,  767 ;  of  the  township, 
1402. 

CLEARFIELD  BRIDGE,  a  post-^sffice  of  Clearfield  co,, 
Pennsylvania. 

CLEARFIELD  CREEK.  Pennsylvania,  flows  northward, 
and  enters  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  near 
Clearfield, 

CLEAR  FORK,  of  Mohiccan  River,  Ohio,  enters  the  main 
stream  near  Loudonville.  Ashland  county, 

CLEAR  FORK,  of  Black  River,  Missouri.  See  Bl.^ck 
River. 

CLEAR  FORK,  a  post-ofllce  of  Tazewell  co.,  Virginia. 

CLEAR  FORK,  a  pnst-office  of  Whitely  co.,  Kentucky. 

CLEAR  LAKE,  of  Yolo  co.,  towards  the  N.W,  part  of  Ca- 
lifornia, is  about  0  miles  long  by  2  miles  wide. 

CLE.VR  LAKE,  a  township  in  Steuben  co.,  Indiana, 
Pop.  332. 

CLEAR  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Sangamon  co.,  Tllinois. 

CLEAR  L.\KE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Minnesota. 

CLEARMDNT.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Tennessee, 

CLEAR  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Hart  co..  Kentucky. 

CLEAR  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio. 

CLE.VR  SPIUNG.  a  ijost-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylv.anl.T, 

CLEAR  SPRING,  a  post-vilkge  of  Washington  co.,  Mary- 
land. 110  miles  N.W.  of  Ann.apolis,  situated  in  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  country. 

CLEAR  SPRING,  a  postoffice of  Greenville  district.  South 
Carolina. 

CLEAR  SPRING,  a  post-ofllce  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

CLEAR  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co.,  Tennessee. 

CLEAR  SPRING,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  64 
miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLE.AR  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Warsaw,  the  county  seat. 

CLEAR  SPRING,  a  township  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1207, 

CLEARS*  VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co,,  Pennsylvania. 


CLEAR'WA'TER(orWASHACUMMOT)  RIVER,  m  Brl 
tish  North  America,  lat.  50°  30'  N.,  Ion.  110°  W.,  o.nnccw 
Uike  Metbye  with  the  river  Athabasca,  and  theuce  the 
waters  flowing  to  Hudson  Bay  with  those  entering  the 
Arctic  Oc(;an. 

CLEAR'WA'TER,  a  post-village  of  Chippewa  co..  AViscon- 
sin,  on  Chippewa  River,  at  the  mouth  of  J/Eau  Claire  River 
It  has  2  mills, 

•   CLEAS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,   North 
Riding. 

CLEATOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

CLEAVELAND,  New  York.    See  Clevel.w.'d. 

CLEAVELAND,  Ohio.     See  Clevela.nd, 

CLEAVE/LAND,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Kentucky. 

CLEAVELAND,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

CLECKHEATON,  klJk'e-t^n,  a  village  and  townsliip  of 
England,  co.  of  York,  M  est  Hiding,  Sg  miles  W.  of  Leeds,  is 
well  built,  lighted  with  gas,  and  has  a  news-room  and  me- 
chanics' institution.  The  m.anufacture  of  woollen  cloth  and 
worsted  is  extensively  Ciirried  on ;  cards  and  other  machine- 
ry used  in  the  wool  trade  are  .also  made,  and  the  iion- 
founding  trade  is  important.  Here  is  a  station  on  the 
Briidford  branch  of  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway. 
Pop.  4299. 

CLl5cY,  kl.iVe',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Calvados,  near  the  (Jrne,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Falaise.  Pop. 
2028.    It  has  manufactures  of  laoe  and  cotton  fabrics. 

CLEDEN,  kleh-ddi*"',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  25  miles  W.X.W.  of  Quimper. 

CLEDEN,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Finis- 
tere, 26  miles  N.E.  of  Quimper, 

CLEE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CLEEK'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  B:ith  co„  Virginia. 

CLEl-yNISH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Ferma- 
nagh. 

CLEE  SAINT  MARGARET'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Salop, 

C'LEES,  LE,  leh  klAce  or  Igh  kli,  a  parish  and  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  4  miles  W.  of  Orbe,  on  the 
Orbe,  in  a  narrow  gorge  of  the  Jura,  It  was  formerly  a 
small  town,  with  a  fortress  for  the  defence  of  one  of  the 
p;tsses  of  the  Jui'a, 

CLEFyTHORPE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
parish  of  Clee,  on  the  coast,  2j  miles  E.S.E.  of  Great  Grims- 
by.    Pop.  778.     It  is  frequented  fjr  sea-liathing. 

CLEEVF;-BL«H0P'S,  or  BISHOP'S  CLEEVE,  a  village 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  .'ij  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Cheltenliam,  with  a  station  on  the  Bristol  and  Birmingham 
Railroad. 

CLEEVE,  OLD,  a  parish  of  llngland,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CLEEVE-PRI'OR,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
WorcestiT.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Evesham. 

CLfiliUEREC.  kLVgiV^k',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  0  miles  N,W.  of  Pontivy,  Pop.  iu 
1852,  3850L 

CLEISH,  kleesh.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Iviurosg 
Here  are  remains  of  some  Roman  forts, 

CLEM'ENT.  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 

CLEM'ENTON,  a  village  of  Camden  co..  New  Jer.sey,  13 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Camden,  has  2  mills  and  a  tavern. 

CLE.M'ENTSBURG,  a  village  of  Crittenden  co..  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  about  220  miles  W.  l)y  S.  of  F'rankfort, 

CLEM'ENTSVILLE,  a   post-office  of  Jack.son   co.,  Tea- 

CLEM'MONSVILLE,  a  post-village  In  Davidson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CLENCH-WAR/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CLENDENIN.  a  po.st-office  of  Kanawha  co.,  Virginia, 

CLENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

CLEOBURY-MORTIMER,  klo'bfr-re-mor'te-mf  r,  a  market- 
town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  10  miles  E.  of 
Ludlow.  Pop.  1730.  It  has  a  work-house,  and  a  free  .school 
fjunded  in  1714.  The  Clee  Hills  in  the  vicinity  .abound  in 
coal,  ironstone,  and  limestone.  The  ancient  satirist,  Piera 
Plowman,  was  born  in  this  town, 

CLEOBURY,  NORTH,  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co,  of  S.alop. 

CLEOPATRIS.    See  Suez. 

CLERCKEN,  kl^Rk'kgn,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop,  2845. 

Cl6rES,  kliiJR.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
Inferieure,  10  miles  N.  of  Rouen,  on  a  small  river  of  it* 
own  name.    Pop.  906. 

CLERFF,  klaiKf  or  CLERVAUX.  klaiR'vo',  a  sm.ill  village 
of  Holland,  33  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Luxemburg.  It  has  a 
castle  belonging  to  the  Count  of  Lannois.     Pop.  800. 

CLER'lHAN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Tipperary,  4 
miles  N,W.  of  Clonmel,  with  a  neat  Roman  Catholic  chapel. 

CLER'KENWELL,  a  large  district  and  out-pari.sih  of  the 
city  of  London,  co.  of  Middlesex,  1  mile  N.  of  St.  Paul's, 
Area,  320  acres.  Pop.  56,766.  It  has  a  conspicuous  session- 
house,  Clerkeuwell  Green  Prison-h  luse.  and  New  Rivef 
Head  water-cistern  for  supplying  t  he  metropolis.  '•  St. 
John's  Gate"  is  the  only  remnant  of  an  ancient  priory 
which  stood  in  that  locality. 

CLERMONT,  kUfi'miji'',  a  town  of  France,  department 

463 


CLE 


CLE 


of  Oiso,  on  the  rente  between  Paris  and  Amiens,  and  on  the 
Bailv.i/  dii  Xord,  1(5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Baiivais.  Pop.  in  1862, 
6144.  eagasred  in  calico  bleaching  and  trading  in  s^ri'-ul- 
taral  produ.-e.  It  has  a  college  and  library  of  12,000 
volumes.     Its  old  castle  is  now  a  prison. 

CLERMONT,  kler-monf,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Ohio,  has  au  arivi  of  402  square  miles.  The  Ohio  RiTer 
forms  its  hound.iry  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  Little  Miami  on 
the  W. ;  it  is  also  drained  by  the  East  Fork  of  Little  MiamL 
Th'i  surface  is  generally  rolling,  and  is  quite  hilly  in  the 
Tieinity  of  the  (  hio  River.  •■V  large  portion  of  the  soil  is 
rich.  The  surface  rock  of  this  county  is  the  blue  limestone. 
The  Cincinnati  and  Marrietta  Railroad  passes  along  its 
northern  border.    Capital,  Batavia.    Pop.  ;ia.034. 

CLER.MOXT,  a  post-towuship  of  Columbia  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  Kiver,  about  10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Hudson. 
Pop.  9CS. 
CLERMONT,  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  eo.,  Indiana. 
CLKRMONT,  a  post-office  of  Richland  co..  Illinois. 
CLERMONT,  a  post  office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa. 
CLERMOXT-DE-LODJiVE,  kl^R^miS.N'^-deh-loM.'lv',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Ilerault,  23  mil^s  AV.  of  Montpel- 
lier.     Pop.  in  18rr2,  6180.     It  h;is  manutictories  of  coarse 
woollens  for  military  clothing,  and  for  export  to  the  Levant, 
and  trade  in  rural  produce.    There  Ls  here  a  communal 
college,  a  savings  bank,  and  a  chamber  of  commerce. 

CLERMaNT-EN-.\RGO.\NE,  kl^R'mA.No'-dn-iR^gonn',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Meuse,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Verdun.     Pop.  1450. 

CLERMONT-FERRAND,  kllR'mi\.\«'-fjRW.\»'.(ane.^«7!(s- 
tonemiftitm.)  a  city  of  Fnmce.  capital  of  the  department  of 
Puy-de-l)6me,  on  an  eminence,  212  miles  .S.S.E.  of  Paris. 
Pop.  in  l'<62.  .3.3,516.  It  has  a  university,  i-oyal  college, 
school  of  medicine,  library  of  l.S.OOO  volumes,  academy,  nor- 
mal school,  l)otanic  garden,  a  chamber  of  commerce,  and  a 
school  of  desiijn.  It  is  composed  of  two  towns.  Clermont 
and  >Iont-Ferrand,  formerly  separate,  united  bv  a  fine  pro- 
menade. Being  situated  near  the  Puy-de-Dome.  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  volcanic  formations  of  the  most  varied  aspect. 
Chief  edifices,  the  Gothic  Cathedral  and  Church  of  Notre- 
Dame.  In  one  of  its  suburbs  is  the  fountain  of  St.  .41yne, 
the  incrustations  of  which,  during  the  successive  deposits  of 
300  years.  h:ive  formed  a  curious  natural  bridge.  It  has 
manufactures  of  lineu  and  woollen  fabrics,  hosiery,  paper, 
and  cutlery :  and  it  is  the  entrepot  for  commerce  between 
Bordeaux  and  Lyons. 

Anterior  to  the  Roman  conquest.  Clermont  w.as  called 
Nenietum.  and,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus.  .\ugusto-Neme- 
tum.  It  1>ecame  (he  capital  of  the  Arverni  after  the  destruc- 
tion of  Gergovi.i,  the  ancient  capital,  which  seems  to  have 
occupied  a  bill  4j  miles  from  Clermont.  Christianity  w.as 
established  here,  and  a  bishopric  founded,  about  the  year 
250.  The  city,  which  had  K»come  very  considerable  under 
the  Romans,  suffered  severely  from  the  irruption  of  the 
northern  tribes :  and,  k.  d.  o07,  it  was  taken  by  Thierry. 
and  united  to  the  crown  of  France.  In  a.  p.  761  it  was 
sacked  by  Pepin.  The  great  council  in  whi'-h  the  Cru- 
sades orinnated  was  held  here  in  1095,  convoked  by  Pope 
Urban  11.  Here,  from  a  throne  around  whii-h  were  grouped 
the  tents  of  tens  of  thousands  of  enthusiastic  hearers,  the 
pope  pronounced  that  elo(juent  discourse  which  melted  all 
to  tears,  and  w.is  followed  by  the  universal  shout  of  "Diex 
le  volt."  (Dieu  le  veut — God  wills  it.)  when  the  cloaks  of 
red  cloth  worn  by  the  noble  bystanders  were  torn  into 
shreds,  to  form  the  badge  of  the  cross,  then  first  adopted. 
In  1550.  Clermont  was  declared  the  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
Auvergne.  Gregoi-y  of  Tours,  Blaise  Pa-scal.  the  poet  De- 
lille,  and  General  Desaix  were  n.itives  of  this  town. 

Ci.,EHMONT  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co..  Marvland. 

CLERMONTOIS,    kl^R^m^NoHwa'.    a    small    district    of 

Prance,  in  the  old  province  of  Lorraine,  of  which  the  capital 

was  Clermontois-en-Argonne.    It  is  now  comprised  in  the 

department  of  the  Meuse. 

CLERMONT-TONNERRE.  kler^monVton'nair',  (Fr.  pron. 
kleE.hu'<N<='-tou'naiii/.)  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Low 
Island  group,  in  lat.  18°  32'  49"  S.,  Ion.  136^  21'  12"  W. 
Length.  10  miles,  by  li  miles  across.  Surface,  low.  Its  dis- 
covery has  been  claimed  for  the  French  under  Admiral 
Duperre  in  1S25. 

CLERMONT'VILLK.  a  post-villii?e  of  .AIcKean  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, aliout  194  miles  X.W.  of  Uarrisburg. 

CLERVAL,  kljRH-41',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Doubs.  24  miles  N.E.  of  Besanjon,  on  the  Doubs. 
CLKRVAUX.    See  Clerff. 

CLERY.  kl.Vree',  (ano.  Clariaewnt)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Loiret.  on  the  Loire.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Orleans. 
Louis  XI .  was  ititerred  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame  de  Clferv. 
CLES,  klJs,  a  town  of  Austria,  Tyrol.  19  miles  X.  by  W. 
of  Trent,  on  the  Noce,  here  crossed  "by  a  bridge.     It  is  well 
built,  and  commanded  by  a  castle,  and  pos.sesses  a  Francis- 
can convent,  with  a  large  library.     Pop.  2046. 
CLETO,  a  post-offlce  of  Bexar  co.,  Texas. 
CLETO  CREEK,  of  Texas,  flows  into  the  San  Antonio 
from  the  N.  in  Goliad  co. 
CLEVK'DOX,  a  narisb  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
464 


CLEVEDOX  JITLTON.  or  mLTTON  CLEVEDOX,  a  pn- 
rish  of  Knaland.  co.  of  Somerset. 

CLEVty  LAN  D.  a  bay  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia.  It  is 
about  20  miles  in  width  at  the  entrance. 

CLEVE'LAND.  a  fertile  district  of  Ensl.nnd.  co.  of  York, 
Xorth  Rilling.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Vane  family. 
In  it  is  the  hamlet  of  Clevelandport. 

CLEVE'LAND.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  p."ii-t  of  Xortn 
Carolina,  bordering  on  South  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  aliout 
6G0  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  First  Broad 
River,  which  enters  Bro.id  River  pmper  near  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  county.  The  surfnce  is  elevat*^d  and  uneven; 
the  soil  is  .said  to  lie  fertile.  King's  Mountain  is  on  or  near 
the  S.E.  border  of  the  county,  which  was  formed  in  1S41, 
and  named  in  honorof  Colonel  Benjamin  Cleveland,  who  com- 
manded at  the  battle  of  King's  Jlountain.  Capital,  Shelby. 
Pop.  12.348.  of  whom  10,217  were  free,  and  2131  slaves. 

CLEVELAND,  a  post/village  of  Constantia  township, 
Oswego  CO.,  Xew  York,  on  the  northern  shore  of  Oneida 
Lake,  about  48  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ulica.  It  has  one  or  two 
churches,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  902. 

CLEVEL.^XD,  a  village  of  Meriwether  Co.,  Georgia,  about 
100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

CLEVELAND,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Bradley 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia  Railroad, 
156  miles  E.S.E.  of  Xashville,  and  about  SO  miles  X.E.  of 
Chattanooga.'  The  surrounding  country  is  fertile  and  well 
watered,  and  is  rapidly  improving  since  the  opening  of  the 
railroad.  Cleveland  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  has 
from  600  to  000  inhabitants.  It  was  laid  out  in  1840.  A 
railroad  has  also  been  constructed  from  this  point  to  Chut- 
tanoo^. 

CLKV'EL.^XD,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Ohio,  capital 
of  Cuyahoga  tv.,  situated  on  the  S.  sliore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cuyahoga  Kiver,  136  miles  by  railroad  E.X.E.  of 
Columbus,  255  miles  N.E.  from  Cincinnati,  and  lti5  miles  by 
water  S.W.  ofBulfalo.  Lat. 41°  30' X.,  Ion.  81°  47' \V.  Cleve- 
land is  the  second  city  of  Ohio  in  size  and  importance,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  United  States.  It  is 
deiightfuUy  situated  on  a  gravelly  plain,  elevated  from  60  to 
100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake.  The  Cuyahoga  River 
passes  through  the  city,  its  tortuous  course  adding  to  the 
picturesque  character  of  the  scenery,  and  affording  several 
miles  of  dock  front.  The  city  is  laid  out  with  much  taste,  the 
streets  being  spacious  and  mostly  arranged  at  right-angles; 
the  principid  streets  are  from  ^0  to  120  feet  wide.  A  peculiar 
feature  is  the  abundance  of  shade  trees,  chiefly  maple,  on  all 
hut  the  exclusively  business  streets,  which  gives  CleveUiud 
the  title  of  the  "  Forest  City."'  Xesvr  the  centre  of  the  city  is  a 
public  square  of  10  acres  Open  to  foot  passengers  only.  It  is 
thickly  shaded  with  trees,  and  covered  with  a  grassy  turf, 
carefully  preserved.  In  the  X.W.  corner  is  a  handsome  foun- 
tain, ornamented  with  rockwork  and  flowers,  lunuediately 
in  the  centre  of  the  square  stands  an  admirably  executed 
st^itue  of  Commodore  OUver  Hazard  Perry,  the  hero  of 
the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  The  statue  was  erected  by  the 
citizens,  at  the  cost  of  $8000,  and  is  the  largest  marble  stiitue 
in  the  United  Stiites.  The  pedestal  is  of  Rhode  Island  gran- 
ite, 12  feet  high.  The  sfcitue  is  of  Italian  marble,  s  feet  2 
inches  high.  In  the  front  of  the  pedestal  is  a  marble  me- 
dallion, representing  the  jiassage  of  Perry  in  a  small  boat 
from  the  Lawrence  to  the  Xiag-ara  during  the  battle  of  Lake 
Erie.  The  statue  was  inaugurated  on  the  6th  of  Sejjtember, 
1.S60,  in  tlie  presence  of  100,000  persons ;  the  Governors  of 
Ohio  and  Rliode  Island  with  their  staffs,  and  the  military  of 
lioth  states  being  i)resent  Bancroft,  the  historian,  delivered 
the  oration,  and  a  number  of  the  survivors  of  the  battle  were 
also  present.  On  theW.  side  of  theriver  there  isanotlur  public 
enclosure,  called  '•  the  Circle,"  shaded  with  trees  and  having 
a  fountain  in  the  centre.  The  streets  are  well  lighte<l  with  gas. 
The  principal  streets  are  mostly  well  paved,  and  extensive 
additions  are  annually  made  to  the  paving  and  sewerage  of 
the  city.  The  business  portion  of  the  city  is  mostly  bnilt 
with  handsome  brick  and  stone  blocks,  from  3  to  5  stories 
in  lieight,  and  a  large  proportion  of  the  dwellings  are  fine 
buildings  of  brick  and  stone.  The  produce,  shipping,  and 
much  of  the  heavy  wholesale  grocery  business  is  done  on 
River  and  Slerwin  streets,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river.  The 
principal  jobbing  business  is  on  Water  street.  Superior 
street  is  occupied  with  the  larger  retail  stores,  mixed  retail 
and  jobbing  stores,  and  the  banks.  The  retail  dry-goods 
stores  and  bookstores  are  all  on  Superior  street.  The  mar- 
ket, and  the  retail  grocery,  provision,  and  vegetable  and 
fruit  stores,  are  mostly  on"  Ontario  street.  S.  of  the  pnlilic 
square.  The  principarstreet  for  dwellings  is  Euclid  street, 
which  is  lined  on  the  N.  side  with  elegant  residences,  and  is 
siiid  to  be  one  of  the  handsomest  streets  in  America.  Pros- 
pect street,  parallel  to  Euclid,  ranks  next  in  beauty,  and 
there  are  a  number  of  other  fine  streets  and  avenues.  The 
gravelly  soil  renders  the  site  of  the  city  dry  and  very  healthy. 
There  are3  cemeteries  belonging  to  Cleveland.  The  City  Cem- 
etery is  on  Erie  street,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  of  tlie  citizens. 
It  is  shaded  with  trees  <if  considerable  age,  and  filled  with 
tasteful  monuvnents.  The  walks  are  laid  out  in  rectangle*. 
Woodland  Cemetery,  just  beyond  the  city  limit,  on  Kinsman 


CLE 


CLI 


stre-wt,  was  opened  a  few  years  since.  It  is  an  extensive  en- 
closure tastefully  laid  out  with  winding  paths,  and  shaded 
with  native  trees.  Many  elegant  monunients  already  adorn 
the  grounds.  The  West  Side  Cemetery  is  in  the  W.  portion 
of  the  city.    There  is  also  a  Uonian  Catholic  Cemetery. 

The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  U.  S.  liuilding,  con- 
taining the  Post-office,  Custom-house,  and  U.  S.  Court ;  the 
County  Court-house,  the  U.  S.  Mttrine  Hospital,  the  City 
Police-court  and  Prison,  the  County  Jail,  Medical  College, 
Charity  Hospital,  Orplian  Asylums,  City  Infirmary,  with  a 
number  of  railroad,  bank  and  business  blocks.  The  U.  S.. 
county  and  city  buildings  are  of  stone,  the  others  of  brick 
and  stone.  Many  of  the  churches  are  large  and  costly 
edifices.  The  railroad  buildings  are  unsurp»sse<l  in  e.\tent 
and  completeness.  The  new  freight  depots.locomotive-house, 
and  repair-shops  of  the  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati 
Kailroad  are  substantial  and  extensive  structures  of  brick 
and  stone,  with  all  the  necessary  machinery  and  appliances 
in  great  perfection.  The  Cleveland  and  Erie  and  Cleveland 
and  Pittsburg  lijiilroads  also  have  extensivcand  complete 
locomotive  and  car-shops.  A  new  and  very  extensive  Union 
depot  of  stone  was  commenced  in  IR61I,  on  the  lake  front,  by 
four  of  the  railroad  companies.  The  Academy  of  Jlu^ic  is  a 
plain  building  fronting  on  Bank  street.  Hrainard's  Hall, 
Chapin's  Hall,  and  L.vman's  Hall  are  used  for  lectures,  con- 
certs, and  balls.  Case's  Hall,  to  be  completed  in  1865,  will 
be  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  halls  in  the  \Vest. 

[For  continuation  of  Ci.evbi.and,  see  A  ppendix.] 

ClifcVEL.WD,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

CLEVEL.\ND.  township  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  533. 

CLEVELAND,  a  village  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana,  5i 
miles  X.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLEVELAND,  a  sni.all  vilUge  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois. 

CLEVES,  kleevz,  (Oer.  Kln^e.  klA'Vfh.  Fr.  CItvcs,  kl.ive. 
L.  C'U'ri((.)  a  town  of  Rhenish  I'russia.goveninientDusseldorf 
capital  of  circle,  and  formerly  capital  of  duchy  of  Cleves.  near 
the  Khine  and  the  Netherland  frontier.  23  miles  N.W.  of 
Wesel.  Pop.  8(X)0.  It  stands  on  a  declivity,  (whence  its 
name,)  and  is  neatly  built  in  the  Dutch  style.  It  has  a 
college,  a  castle  now  used  as  a  house  of  correction,  a  good 
town-hall,  and  a  statue  of  Prince  Maurice  of  Nassau; 
manufactories  of  silk  and  woollen  falirics,  hats,  leather, 
ho.'iiery,  <tc.  Near  it  are  a  royal  park  and  a  zoological 
garden. 

CLEVES.  or  CLEVES'TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton 
county,  Ohio,  situated  about  12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Cincin- 
nati. 

CLEW  BAY,  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo,  is  an 
inlet  of  tlie  Atlantic,  lat.  5.3°  55'  N..  Irn.  9°  50'  W.  It  ex- 
tends inland  for  about  15  miles,  with  a  nearly  uniform 
breadth  of  8  miles.  Along  its  shores  are  numerous  sMiall 
harbors  and  fisliins  stations,  with  the  towns  of  Newport, 
Westport.  and  Louisburgh.  At  its  upper  end  is  an  archi- 
pelago of  about  oUO  fertile  and  cultivated  islets;  and  oppo- 
site its  entrance  is  Clare  Island. 

CLEW'EK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

CLEY  i^kW)  NE.\U  THE  SEA,  a  small  seaport  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  an  estuary,  forming  an  indif 
ferent  harlior  for  li.Lrht  craft.  |  mile  from  the  North  Sea,  and 
2o  miles  N.N.W.  of  Norwich.  It  has  a  custom-house,  an  ex- 
port trade  in  corn  and  Hour,  imports  of  coal,  and  some 
fisheries.  It  was  here  that  Prince  James,  afterwards  James 
I.  of  Scotland,  driven  by  stress  of  wesither  on  his  voyage  to 
France,  was  detained  by  the  inhabitants :  he  was  afterwards 
kept  a  prisoner  by  Henry  IV.  for  17  years. 

C'LI'HUUN.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

CLICHY-LA-G  ARONNE,  kleo'sheeMd-gaVonn',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine.  4j  miles  X.W.  of  Paris,  of 
which  it  Ibrms  a  suburb.  It  has  important  manufactures 
of  chemical  products. 

CLID'DESDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CLIF'DEN,  a  seaport-town  of  Irel.ind.  in  Connaiv^cht,  dis- 
trict of  Connemara,  co.  and  -13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Galway.  on 
an  inlet  of  Ardl)ear  harbor.  Pop.  1509.  It  has  a  Gothic 
parish  church,  several  schools,  a  bridewell,  work-house,  cus- 
tom-house, sessions-house,  and  a  harbor  admitting  vessels 
of  200  tons  burden.  Chief  exports,  herrings,  and  upw.ards 
of  1000  tons  of  oats  annually.  Chief  import,  American  tim- 
ber.   Clifilen  Castle  is  '2  miles  distant. 

CLIFDEN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kil- 
kenny, gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Agar-EUis  family. 

CLli'FE,  kliff,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Biding. 

CLIKFE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  K«nt. 

CLIFFE  PYPARD,  or  PEPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
ci  Wilts. 

CLIFFE  REGIS,  or  KING'S  CLIFFE,  a  parish  of  England, 
00.  of  Northampton. 

CLIFFE.  ST.  THOMAS,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Sussex. 

CLIFFE.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CLIF'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford,  8  miles 
^.S.W.  of  Kington.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle, 
the  baronial  residence  of  the  Clifford  family. 

CLIFFORD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

2£ 


CLIFFORD,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn 
sylvania.  10  miles  N.  of  Carbondiile.     Pop.  1624. 

CLIFFORD,  a  po.^t-office  of  Bartholomew  co..  IndLana. 

CLIFFORD  CHAMBERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

CLI  FT  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  A'irginia. 

CLIFTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

CLlF'Ti>X,  a  watering-place  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester,  about  1  mile  W.  of  Bristol.  Area,  910  acres. 
Pop.  14.177.  It  compiises  elegant  ten-ace?,  and  crescents, 
built  on  the  sides  and  summit  of  a  precipitous  limestone 
hill,  commands  fine  views,  and  is  separated  from  a  similar 
clilf  by  a  deep  chasm,  tlirough  which  flows  the  navigable 
Avon.  Its  celebrated  hot  biiths  have  a  temperature  of 
about  73°  Fahrenheit.  They  contain  an  unusual  tiuantity 
of  carbonic  acid  gas.  with  salts  of  magnesia,  and  have  for  up- 
wards of  two  centuries  been  in  high  repute.  Hotels,  lodging- 
houses,  assembly  and  concert  rooms  are  established,  and 
many  of  the  wealthy  inhabitants  of  Bristol  permanently 
reside  here.    Races  are  held  near  it  annually  in  .'ipril. 

CLIFTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on  the 
Manchester  and  Bolton  Railway,  oj  miles  N.AV.  of  Salford. 

CI^IFTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

CLIFTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Ridinc 

CLI  V'TON,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co..  5Iaine.  P.  307. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

CLIFTON,  a  township  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York. 

CLIFTON',  a  village  of  Carbon  county,  Pennsylvania,  near 
the  Lehigh  River,  about  120  miles  N.E.  of  Harri.sburg. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-ofiice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn.xylvania. 

CLIFTO.V,  a  post-office  of  King  George  co.,  Virginia. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Florida. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-office  of  Wilcox  co..  Alabama. 

CLIFTON,  a  small  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee. 

CLIFTO.V,  a  small  village  of  Woodford  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Kentucky  River. 

CLIFTO-N,  a  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Ohio,  about  50  mile* 
S.W.  of  Columbus. 

CLIFTO.V,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little 
Miami  River,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  The  water-power 
of  the  river  propels  a  cotton  and  a  woollen  tactory,  a  paper 
mill,  and  grist  mill. 

CLIFTO.V,  a  postoffice  of  Houghton  CO.,  Michigan. 

CLIFTO.V,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Indiana. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  26  miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

CLIFTON,  a  village  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wi* 
consin  River,  about  24  miles  N.W.  of  Madison. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CLIFTON  CAMP'VILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Staf- 
ford. 

CLIFTON-CtJM-HARTS'IIEAD,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

CLIF'TON  FOItGE.  a  po.st-offlce  of  Alleghany  co..  Virginia. 

CLIF'TON   HAM'DEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  O.xford. 

CLIF'TON  MAY'BANK.  a  parishof  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CLIFn:ON  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

CLIFTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  Engl.-md,  co.  of  Notts. 

CLIF'TON  P.\RK,  a  post-township  of  Saratoga  co..  New 
York,  17  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany,  borders  on  tlie  Mohawk 
River  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  2804. 

CLIF'TON   REYNES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CLIFTON  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad,  44  miles 
E.S.E  of  Rochester. 

CLIFTON-wiTH-CAMPTON,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Derbv. 

CLIFTON-UPON-DUNS/.MORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

CLlFTON-wiTH-GLAPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Nottincham. 

CLIFTON-wiTH-SAI/WICKja  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

CLIFTON-upox-TEAME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 

CLIFTY,  a  post-office  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky. 

CLIFTY,  a  township  in  B.irtholomew  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  1133. 

CLIFTY.  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  45  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLIFTY  CREEK,  Alabama,  flows  S.  Into  Sipsey  River,  in 
Walker  county. 

CLIFTY  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  flows 
through  the  S.E.  part  of  Muhlenberg  county  into  Muddy 

CLIFTY  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Rush  county,  and 
flowing  S.W.  about  50  miles,  enters  the  Driftwood  Fork  ot 
White  River,  3  miles  below  Columbus. 

CLIFTY  CREEK,  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  falls  into  the 
Ohio  1  mile  below  Madison. 

CLI'MAX,  a  township  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
1160. 

CLI'MAX  PRAI'RIE,  a  postofflce  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  MV 
chlsan. 

465 


CLI 

CLTMPTNG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CLINCH,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia,  formed 
since  l.«50.    Pop.  3063. 

CLINCH  DALE,  a  village  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennesisee,  250 
miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

CLINCH  KIVEK. of  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  ri.ses  among 
the  mountains  in  the  S.AV.  part  of  the  former  state,  and 
flowing  S.AV.  into  Tennessee,  traverses  the  valley  between 
Clinch  and  Powell  Mountains,  and  unites  with  the  Holston 
Ot  Kingston,  to  form  the  Tennessee  Kiver.  Its  whole  length 
Ls  estimated  at  above  200  miles.  Small  boats  navigate  it 
fcr  more  than  half  that  distance. 

CLINES  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co..  Virginia, 

CLING'MAN.  a  post-office  of  Cleveland  co.,  North  Carolina. 

CLING'MAN'S  PEAK,  of  North  Carolina,  is  the  highest 
peak  of  Black  Mountain,  and  the  most  elevated  land  E.  of 
the  Mississippi,  being  6941  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
it  is  situated  about  3  miles  N.  of  Mitcheirs  Peak,  and  is 
named  in  honor  of  the  lIon.Thos.  L.  Cliugman,  who  detei^ 
mined  its  altitude  in  Sept.  1855. 

CLINTON,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Lake  Champlain,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  llivifere 
au  Sable,  and  is  drained  by  the  Saranac  and  Chazy  Ttivers, 
and  other  smaller  streams  which  furnish  abundant  watei^ 
power.  Along  the  shore  of  the  lake  the  surface  is  level,  or 
slightly  uneven,  and  the  soil  of  good  quality.  In  the  W. 
part  the  surface  is  mountainous,  and  abounds  in  iron  ore  of 
,  an  excellent  qu.ility.  The  railroad,  connecting  liouse's  Point 
with  Ogdensburg,  traverses  the  county,  and  a  branch  to 
Plattsburg  is  included  within  it.  Organized  in  1788,  and 
named  in  honor  of  George  Clinton,  who  was  six  times  suc- 
cessively elected  governor  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
ftfterwards  vice-president  of  the  United  States.  Capital, 
Plattsburg.    Pop.  45,735. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, contains  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  also  drained 
by  Bald  Eagle  and  Kettle  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, the  county  lying  on  the  W.  declivity  of  the  Alleghany 
Kidge.  The  soil  of  the  limestone  valleys  is  productive.  There 
Ls  abundance  of  iron  ore  and  bituminous  co;il  in  the  county, 
and  the  coal-mines  are  exteusivelj'  worked.  The  West 
Branch  Canal  affords  an  ea.sy  access  to  market.  Organized 
In  1S39.  This  county,  as  well  as  most  of  those  following, 
was  named  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  governor  of  New 
York,  and  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  distinguished  pro- 
motei-s  of  internal  improvement  in  his  own  state.  Capital, 
Lock  Haven.    Pop.  17,723. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  border- 
ing on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at  350  .square  miles. 
Cumberland  lliver,  navigable  fi^r  boats,  washes  its  X.  Iwr- 
der,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Wolf  Uiver  and  Indian  Creek. 
The  surface  is  partly  hilly  and  partly  undulating.  Poplar 
Mountain,  a  spur  of  Cumlierland  Mountain,  rises  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  county  to  the  height  of  lOOO  feet  or  more.  The 
Boil  is  fertile,  but  a  large  part  of  it  is  yet  unimproved. 
Stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are  abundant  in  the  highland.s. 
The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  Organ- 
ized in  1836.  Capital,  Albany.  Pop.  57S1,  of  whom  5523 
were  free,  and  25S  slaves. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  -167  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  East  Fork  of  Little 
Miami,  by  Anderson's  Fork,  and  by  Todd's  and  Rattlesnake 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  highly  produc- 
tive and  well  cultivated.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Zanesville, 
Wilmington,  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of 
Governor  George  Clinton,of  New  York.  Capital,^^"ilmiugtou. 
Pop.  21.401. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Michigan,  con- 
tains 576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Grand,  Maple, 
and  Looking-glass  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level  and  heavily 
timbered.  The  soil  is  productive.  The  county  is  liberally 
supplied  with  water-power.     Capital,  St.  John.     Pop.  13.916. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  I'art  of  Indiana, 
contains  432  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  forks  of 
Wildcat  River  and  Sugar  Creek.  This  county,  which  lies  in 
the  fertile  valley  of  the  Wabash,  hits  a  level  surface  and  an 
alluvial  soil.  It  contains  a  prairie  12  miles  long  and  4  miles 
wide.  Plank-roads  extend  in  two  directions  from  Frankfort, 
the  county-seat.    Organized  iu  1830.    Pop.  14,505. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
im  area  of  42<J  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Kas- 
Icaskia  River  and  by  Shoal  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  Bea- 
ver and  Crooked  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
and  the  soil  productive.  It  coutjuns  a  number  of  prairies, 
alternating  with  tracts  of  timber.  Capital,  Carlyle.  Pop. 
10,941. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  460  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Smith's  Fork  lyid 
Little  Platte  River,  and  by  Castile  Creek.  The  general  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  productive.  The  county 
has  a  large  proportion  of  prairie.  Limestone  and  sandstone 
are  the  principal  rocks.  The  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph 
Railroad  passes  along  the  northern  border  of  the  county. 
466 


CLI 

Capital.  Plattsburg.  Pop.  7848,  of  whom  6704  were  free, 
and  1144  slaves. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa.  Iwrdering  on 
Illinois,  has  an  area  of  696  square  miles.  The  Mississippi 
River  forms  its  eastern  boundary ;  the  W'apsipinicon  tra- 
verses the  western  part,  and  forms  the  southern  boundary. 
The  county  has  a  fair  propurtion  of  timber  and  prairie;  the 
soil  is  good.  Capital.  De  Witt.  The  population  of  the  co\inty 
ha.s  increased  rapidly  within  the  last  ten  years;  in  1860  it 
amounted  to  18,938. 

CLINTON,  a  ixist-village  and  township  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta,  on  the  E.  side  of  Ken- 
nebec River.     Pop.  1803. 

CLINTON,  a  flourisliing  manufacturing  town  of  Worces- 
ter county,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  Nashua  River, 
and  on  the  Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad,  at  its  junction 
with  the  Agricultural  Branch  R.R.,  a5  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Boston.  The  township  was  set  off  from  Lancaster  in  1849. 
Clinton  is  remarkable  for  its  rapid  growth,  and  for  its  ex- 
tensive and  peculiar  manufactures,  consisting  of  Lancaster 
gingliams,  Brussels  and  Wilton  carpets,  figured  counter- 
panes, Clinton  gala-plaids,  hooi)-skirts,  horu  combs,  wire 
cloth,  and  machinery.  Prominent  among  the  numerous 
establishments  are  the  Lancaster  Mills,  which  are  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Nashu.a,  and  cover  more  than  four  acres 
of  ground.  About  900  hands  are  employed,  who  keep  in 
operation  28,000  spindles  and  850  looms,  producing  about 
6,000,000  yards  of  ginghams  and  plaids  annually.  Capital 
of  the  company.  $5)0.000.  The  Bigelow  Carpet  Company 
turns  out  annually  400,000  yards  of  Brussels  and  Wilton 
carpeting,  of  a  quality  unsurpassed.  The  capital  of  this 
company  is  $.500,000.  The  Lancaster  Quilt  Company  pro- 
duce annually  70,000  counterpanes.  The  Clinton  Wire  Cloth 
Company  is  said  to  be  the  first  that  ever  wove  metallic  wire 
by  power-looms.  J.  B.  Parker  &  Co.  of  this  place  are  cele- 
brated for  skill  in  the  manutacture  of  machinery,  including 
looms  for  a  great  variety  of  textile  fabrics.  Clinton  has 
1  national  bank,  6  churches  and  several  good  schools.  The 
township  covers  an  area  of  only  about  5000  acres.  Pop.  in 
1860,  3859. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  New  Haven 
and  New  London  Railroad,  23  miles  E.  of  New  Haven.  It 
has  a  bank.    Pop.  1427. 

CLINTON,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  co..  New  York,  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Plattsburg.  intersected  by  the  Northern  Rail- 
road.    Pop.  1924. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Duchess  co..  New  York.  Pop. 
19-22. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Kirkland  township.  Oneida 
CO.,  New  York,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Oriskany  Creek,  and  on  the"  Chenango  Canal,  9  miles  S.W. 
of  Utica.  and  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Hamilton  College,  a  well-endowed  and  popular  institu- 
tion, under  the  direction  of  the  Presbyterians.  The  build- 
ings are  of  stone,  and  are  situated  on  an  eminence  1  mile 
from  the  village.  Connected  with  it  is  an  observatory  said 
to  be  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United  States.  The  Clinton 
Liberal  Institute,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Universalists, 
is  an  academical  institution  of  the  first  class,  comprising 
two  departments,  one  for  males  and  one  for  females.  Clin- 
ton also  contains  the  '•Houghton  Seminary,"  and  the  ''Ru- 
ral High  School,"'  both  of  which  are  prosperous,  6  churches, 
and  2  newspaper  offices.  The  manutacture  of  cotton  goods 
and  lumber  is  carried  on  here  and  in  the  vicinity  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  about  a  mile  above  the  village,  where 
the  Chenango  Canal  crosses  the  Oriskany,  the  Franklin  Iron 
Company  established,  in  the  year  1851.  an  extensive  blast- 
furnace, the  works  of  which  cost  about  $100,000.  The  capi- 
tal of  the  company  has  since  been  increased,  and  they  now 
consume  about  40  tons  of  coal  daily,  producing  from  15  to 
20  tons  of  iron. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Essex  co..  New  Jersey.  Pop.  3659. 

CLINTON^  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Hun- 
terdon CO..  New  Jersey,  on  the  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad, 
and  on  the  South  Branch  of  Raritan  River,  about  10  miles 
N.  of  Fleraington,  is  situated  in  a  fine  and  well-improved 
agricultural  region.  The  stream  altbrds  sufficient  water- 
power  to  turn  a  large  flour-mill,  a  saw-mill,  and  some  other 
macliinery.  This  town  hiis  2  or  3  hotels,  7  stores,  2  churches, 
and  1  national  bank.  Pop.  in  1865,  about  1000;  of  the 
township,  iu  I860.  2949. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
15  miles  W.  of  Pittsburg. 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Alleghany  River,  33  miles  above  Pitts- 
hurg.  _ 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  Centre  township,  Greene  co.,  Pt.an- 
gylvania.  about  6  miles  W.  of  Waynesburg, 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1018.  .       ,. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1200.  ,       , 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  654. 


CLT 


CLO 


CLINTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Sampson  co., 
North  Caroliua,  on  the  stage-road  from  Fayetteville  to  War-: 
saw,  35  miles  E.  of  the  former.  It  has  an  active  trade,  and 
contains  G  dry-goods  stores,  and  8  or  10  other  shops.  There 
is  a  female  institute  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 

CLINTON,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district.  South  Caro- 
Una. 

CLINTON,  a  small  village  of  Gwinnett  co.,  Georgia. 

CLINTON,  a  post-villa<ie,  capital  of  Jones  co.,  Georgia, 
about  2 J  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Milh-dgeville. 

CLINTON,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of  Greene  CO.,  Alabama, 
120  miles  VV.N.W.  of  Montgomery. 

CLINTON,  a  village  in  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi.  10  miles 
W.  of  Jackson.  It  is  on  the  railroad  from  Vicksburg  to 
Urnndon.   It  is  the  seat  of  Mississippi  College.  Free  pop.  2S9. 

CLINTO.N,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Kast  Feli- 
ciana parish,  Louisiana,  32  miles  N.  of  Baton  Rouge.  A 
railroad,  2.0  miles  long,  connects  it  with  Port  Hudson,  on 
the  Mississippi.  It  is  a  place  of  active  and  extensive  busi- 
ness, and  is  surrounded  by  a  community  of  wealthy  cotton- 
planters:  16,000  bales  of  cotton  were  shipped  here  in  1S51. 
Clinton  contains  a  fine  court-house,  2  cliurches.  1  syna- 
gogue, 1  academy,  about  20  stores,  and  2  ofilces  which  issue 
newspapers.     I'op.  in  1850,  1252. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village,  c.apit.al  of  De  Witt  co.,  Texas, 
about  94  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  by  E.  of  Austin.  The 
lands  of  the  Gu.adalupe  A'alley  are  said  to  be  extremely  fer- 
tile, and  the  uplands  are  rolling  and  tinel^'  diversified  in 
scenery. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, on  Little  Ued  Kiver,  alx)ut  60  miles  in  a  straight 
line  N.  by  W.  of  Little  Rock. 

CLINTON,  a  thriving  past-village,  capital  of  Anderson 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Clinch  Kiver,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Kno.xville,  and  175  miles  E.  of  Nashville,  is 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  and  beautiful  country.  The  river 
is  navigable  for  boats. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hickman  eo.,  Ken- 
tucky, is  about  10  miles  from  the  Mis.sissippi  Kiver,  and 
300  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  4  stores,  1 
school,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,    Pop.  1413. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Fulton  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  912. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  882. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2068. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.    Pi.p.  2822. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Summit  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Oliio 
Canal.  118  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1544. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1310. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  to.,  Micliigsin,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  Raisin  River,  and  on  the  Cliicago 
Road,  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Adrian,  the  county-seat ;  is  well 
supplied  with  water-power,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile 
tract  (if  land.    It  contains  several  stores  and  mills.  Pop.  680. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan.    P.  2893. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Cass  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  SC5. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana.     P.  1575. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana.    P.  879. 

CLINTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Ver- 
million CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Waba.-fh  River, 
10  miles  S.  of  Newport.  It  is  a  shipping  point  for  the  pro- 
duce of  the  vicinity.  Pop.  in  18C0,  about  500;  of  the  towa- 
Bhip.  1873. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  De  Kalbco.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1006. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  De  Witt  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Springfield,  and 
22  miles  S.  of  Bloomington.  The  hmd  in  the  vicinity  is 
verv  productive.     Laid  out  in  18:J7.     Pop.  1362. 

CLINTON,  formerly  RIVES"  COURT-HOUSE,  a  small 
post-village,  capital  of  IIi'nr3'  co.,  Missouri,  a  few  miles  N. 
of  Grand  River,  (of  the  Osage.)  and  107  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Jeffer.son  City, 

CLINTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  North  Fork  of  t^alt  River.  81  miles  N.  of  Jefl'erson 
City.    It  has  a  valuable  water-power,  and  several  stores. 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  Dane  co.,  AVisconsin,  on  the  Kosh- 
Uonong  River,  24  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Madison. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rock  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  tlie  Chicago  and  North  W  estern  Railroad,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Janesville.    Pup.  15-34.    See  Appendix. 

CLIN'TON-COL'DEN  LAKE,  an  extensive  sheet  of  water 
In  British  North  America,  connected  with  Lake  Ayhner  on 
the  N.W.,  and  with  Artillery  Lake  on  the  S.,  intersected  by 
the  parallel  of  64°  N.,  and  by  the  meridian  of  107°  30'  W. 
It  was  discovered  in  1833,  by  Captain  Back. 

CLINTON  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Tennes- 
see. 53  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 

CLINTON  CORNERS,  a  post-uttice  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
■fork. 

CLINTONDALE.  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

CLINTON  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn 
Bylvania. 

ClilNTON  HILL,  •»  village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  5  or  6 
milt:!  N  cl  BeUviH? 


CLINTON  HOLLOW,  a  post-ofRce  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
York. 

CLINTON  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Fennsvl- 
vania. 

CLINTON  RIVER,  of  5Iichigan,  hasi  its  sources  In  tin 
numerous  small  lakes  of  Oakland  county,  and  flows  turouu'h 
Macomb  county  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  6  miles  from  Mount  Clo- 
mens.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  50  miles.  It  is  navigable 
by  lioats  for  20  miles. 

CLINTON  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana. 

CLINTONVILLK,  a  post-villajre  in  Au  Sable  township, 
Clinton  co..  New  York,  on  Au  Sable  River,  about  150  niiloa 
N.  of  Albany.  Several  furnaces  and  rolling  mills  are  here 
in  successful  operation.     Pop.  about  1400. 

CLINTONVILLE,  a  village  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York,  4 
or  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Skaneateles. 

CLINTONVILLE,  a  village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 10  miles  S.E.  of  Williamsport,  and  80  miles  N.  of  liar- 
risburg, 

CLINTONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  A'enango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 175  miles  W.N.W.  of  llarrisburg. 

CLINTONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Greenbrier  CO.,  Virginia, 
231  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

CLINTONVILLE,  a  post-vill.ageof  Bourbon  co.,  Kentucky, 
9  miles  S.  of  Paris,  the  county  seat,  has  2  churches  and  seve- 
ral stores. 

CLlNTONmLLE.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Cleveland.  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  5  milefl 
N.  of  Columbus. 

CLINTONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

CLI'O,  a  post-village  in  Marlborough  district,  South  Caro- 
lina, about  120  miles  N.E.  of  Columbia. 

CLIO,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Kentucky,  94  miles  S.  of 
Frankfort. 

CLIO,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co^  Ohio. 

CLION,  kle-Ax"',  a  village  of  Frarree,  department  of  Loire- 
Inferieure,  11  miles  S.  of  Paimboeuf.   Pop.  2110. 

CLION.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre,  4^  miles 
S.E.  of  Chatillon.     Pop.  1600. 

CLIP/PEUTON  ROCK,  a  low  coral  island  In  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean.  N.W.  of  the  Galapagos,  in  hit.  10°  14'  N.,  Ion. 
109°  19'  W.  It  is  about  3  miles  in  diameter.  Both  the  ex- 
istence and  the  position  of  this  dangerous  rock  were  doubt- 
ful, until  ascertiined  liy  Capt;»in  Belcher,  May  18,  18.30. 

CLIPPESBY,  klipsAbee.  a  p.uish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
folk. 
.    CLIP'SHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

CLII'S'TO.N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

CLISII  in.M.  kli.s'him,  or  CLISSKV AL,  klis\«e-val',  the  high- 
est mountain  in  the  outer  Hebrides,  Scotland,  island  of  Har- 
ris. 6  miles  N.W.  of  Tarbet.     Height,  2700  feet. 

CLISS.\,  klis'si,  a  small  fortified  town  of  Dalmatia.  4 
miles  N.E.  Spalatro,  on  a  height  commanding  the  route  from 
that  city  to  the  interior.  Clissii,  from  the  importance  of  its 
position,  has  always  been  afirst  object  of  attack  by  any  army 
invading  this  part  of  Dalmatia,  and  has  accordingly  stood 
many  sieges,  and  passed  under  the  hand  of  many  masters. 
Pop.  1300.  On  a  mountain  of  the  s;ime  name,  in  the  vicinity, 
is  supposed  to  have  stood  the  Roman  castle  of  AmireHium, 

CLISSON,  cleesVAs"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-Inferieure,  on  the  S6vre-Nantai?e,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Maine,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  1372.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  paper,  and  3"arn. 

CLIST  H0N1T0N,  a  pari.sh  of  Engknd,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLIST  HY'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLIST  ST.  GEORGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLIST  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLIST  ST.  MA'RY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CLITHEROE,  kliTH'er-o,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough  and  market-town  of  England,,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
parish  of  Whalley.  on  the  Kibble,  at  the  base  of  Pendle  Hill, 
(which  rises  to  1800  feet  above  the  .sea.)  28  miles  by  railway 
N.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  in  1851,  11,4S0.  It  is  built  of  stone, 
and  has  a  Large  chapel  of  ease,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a 
grammar  school  founded  by  Queen  .Mary  in  1554,  (annual 
revenue  upwards  of  450?.,)  a  mechanics'  institute,  some  re- 
mains of  a  castle  built  by  the  Lacy  family  in  the  twelfth 
century,  and  considerable  manufactures  of  calicoes  and 
other  cotton  fabrics.  It  sends  one  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

CLITUMNO,kle-toom'no.orCLITUNNO.kle-toon'no,  (anc. 
CHlum.'nus,)  a  little  river  of  Italy,  in  Umbria,  falls  into  the 
Tinia,  an  affluent  of  the  Tiber.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
beautiful  transparency  of  its  waters.  [See  Bykoss  CUUde 
Ilarol'/.  iv.  06.) 

CLIV'IGERj  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

CLIX'BY.  a'piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CLOCAENOG,  klo-ki'nog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co, 
of  Denbigh. 

CLOCH  (kl5K)  or  CLOUGII  (klSti)  POINT,  a  headland  of 
Scotland,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  4  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Greenock,  with  a  light-house  exhibiting  a  white 
stationary  light,  70  feet  above  high  water. 

CLOCK'VILLE,  a  posMownship,  Madison  co.,  New  York. 

CLO'DOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

4C7 


CLO 


CLO 


CTXVFORI),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CUK3II  or  CLOirOIl,  kldn.  a  villasje  of  Ireland.  17  miles 
N.  of  Antiim.  ne.tr  '.he  Kavel  water.  On  a  hi;;h  rock  over- 
•ookitif;  the  villiisre  are  the  remaius  of  an  old  castle. 

CI.'X5I1'.\N,  a  vilNjie  and  post-town  of  Ireland.  Kings  co., 
<l  miles  N.X.K.  nf  B«na^her,  near  the  Shannon,  consisting 
nl  neatlv  thatched  c-jttaues.    Pop.  (>ti4. 

CLOGII.WK,  kl6n-iiain',  or  CL.VUAXE,  kld-hain',  a  pa- 
rish of  Ireland,  in  JIunster,  co.  of  Kerry. 

CLiXlHEEN,  klAh-Heeu',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in 
Muustor,  CO.  of  Tipperary,  13i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Clonmell. 
Pop  2049.  The  princip;il  edifices  are  a  chui-ch,  cavalry 
barracks,  hiidewfll,  work-house,  and  hospital.  It  is  head 
of  a  poor-law  union.  The  Cork  Railway  passes  within  5 
miles  of  the  town,  and  about  2  miles  distant  is  Shanbally, 
the  sent  of  Viscount  Lismore. 

CLOCiUEU,  kloh'Her.  a  decayed  episcopal  city,  and  dis- 
franchised parliamentary  borough,  now  a  market-town  and 
pjirish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone,  on  the  Blackwater 
j;iver,  S2  miles  X.N.W.  of  Dublin,  and  7  miles  \V.  of  Aush- 
nacloy.  It  h.as  a  cathedral,  a  court-house,  and  bridewell,  a 
free  and  an  infant  .school.  Quarter  sessiotis  are  held  twice 
in  the  year.  Clogher  was  erected  into  a  tiorough  in  the 
rfigu  of  Cliiu-les  I.,  and  continued  to  return  two  memliers 
to  the  Irish  parliament  till  the  Union,  when  it  was  disfran- 
chised.    Pop.  of  town,  523. 

CLOG II Kit,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

CLOOIIEK.  or  KILCLOGUiiK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster,  CO.  of  Louth. 

CLtKHIKK.  a  village  of  Ireland.  iuConnaus.'ht.co.of  Mavo. 

CLOGIIKKNKY  or  CLOUGIIEKXEY,  kldh'iier-ue,  a  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

CLi  iG  IIJOIVD-W,  a  post-town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary, 
Si  miles  W.  of  Roscrea.    Pop.  11&4. 

CLUIv'KY.  a  post-office  of  Washington  co_  Pennsylvania. 

CLONAKILTV  or  CLOG  II.N  A  KILTY,  klfihWkil'te.  a 
market-town  and  formeily  a  parliamentary  borough  of  Ire- 
land, in  JIunster,  co.  of  Cork,  on  the  Foilaijh.  here  crossed 
by  two  bridges,  near  its  mouth  in  Olonakilty  Bay.  11  miles 
S. \V.  of  Bandou.  Pop.  3'.tvi3.  It  was  once  a  flourishing  town, 
but  is  now  in  decay.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  church, 
court  house,  infantry  barracks,  bridewell,  market-house,  and 
a  linen-hall.  Linens  of  the  annual  value  of  30,(K)0?.  were 
formerly  woven  here:  some  cottons  are  still  manufactured. 

CLOXAl/LON.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

CLUN.iKiy.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath. 

CLO.N^BKG'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

CLOX'BKKN',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 

CLOXBliCKXEY  or  CLOXBUOXE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  co.  of  Lou'ifoid. 

CLOXBULLiXJE.'klon-haiOoj,  or  CLOX'SAST',  a  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  Kings  co. 

CLONBULLOGK.,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

CLOXCIIA  or  CLOXC.A..  the  most  northern  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  Londonderry.  l>etween  the  Strabreasy 
B:iy  and  the  .\tlantic.  In  it  are  Malin  Head  and  Well,  with 
various  anti(iuities. 

CLijXCLAJtK.  kloQ-klair',  or  CLOOXCLARE.  kloon-klair', 
a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Leitrim. 

CLO.NCUR'KY,  2  parishes  of  Ireland,  iu  Leinster,  eo.  of 
Kildare. 

CIX)X'DAG  Aiy  or  CLOX^DEGAIV,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Clare. 

CLOXDAIVKIX.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

CLUX'DEIMR'KEY  or  CLOX'DAIIOR'KEY,  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Doneiral. 

CLOX'DERADOC  or  CLOX^DARADOG',  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

CLOX'DKRALAW  BAY,  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  eo.  of 
Clare,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Ennis,  is  an  inlet  of  the  Shannon 
estuary,  and  penetrates  inland  for  about  4  miles  ;  breadth 
varying  from  i  to  li  miles, 

CLONDROIllD.  klouMi-o-heed',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

CLOX^DUFF'  or  CLAX'DUFF',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  eo.  of  Down. 

CIa>N  E  or  CLOOXE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Leitrim. 

CLOXE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford. 

CLOXEXACiU,  klonVniii',  and  CL<_)XAGIIEEX,  klonV 
neen'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  Queen's  co. 

C1X)XKS,  klonz.  a  p;irish  and  market-town  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.  and  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jlonaghan.  and  near  the 
Ulster  Canal.  Pop.  of  the  town.  2S77.  It  has  a  modern 
church,  a  work-house,  fever  hospital,  sessions  and  market- 
houses.  Xear  it  are  numerous  antiquities,  including  an 
abljey  founded  in  the  sixteenth  centurv. 

CLiyXEY,  CLCVXY,  or  CLO'XIE,a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  CO.  of  Clare. 

CLOXFAXE,  klon-fin',  STRAWBERRY  HILL,  and 
QUEEXSFORT,  BOG  OF,  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co,  of 
Galway,  comprises  about  3715  English  acres.  In  it  the 
river  Clare  has  its  sources. 

CL')XFKACLE.  Iflou-fi/kel.  (anc.  auain-Fiacul.)  a  pai-ish 
of  Ireland,  in  l.'lster.  cos.  of  .\rmagh  and  Tvrone. 

( ILOX'F  ERT'  and  KJL'MOKE/,  two  contiguous  bogs  of  Ire- 
46S 


land,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway,  N'.W.  of  the  Shannon, 
and  comprising  9til5  aci-es.  with  an  average  depth  of  30  feet, 
hi  many  places  10  feet  Imlow  the  Shannon.  They  we  tra- 
versed bv  the  Grand  Canal. 

CLOXFERT.  or  XEWMAKKET,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

CLOXFERT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of 
Galway. 

CLOXFIXLOUGII.  klon-fin-WH,  or  CMOXFIXLOUGU,  a 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught.  co.  of  Kosconimon. 

CLOX'GESU  or  CLOX'GISU,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leln- 
ster,  CO.  of  Longford. 

CLOX^KEEX',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Louth. 

CLOXKEEX.  or  ClA)XKEEX-KER'RY,  aparish  of  Ireland, 
in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway. 

CLOXKEEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Lime- 
rick. 

CLOXLEIGII,  klonlee.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Donegal,  comprising  a  part  of  the  town  of  Lifford. 

CLOXLEIGII  or  CLOXLEE,  a  p.vish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster, CO.  of  Clare. 

CLOXLEIGH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wex- 
ford. 

CLOXMACXOISE.klon'm.ak-noiz'.("T/«;5ifenC7i!<rc/i««,") 
a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  King's  co. 

CLOX^M  A'X  Y.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  iu  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

CLOX'MEEX'  or  CLOOX\MEEX',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

CLOX.MEL,  klpn-m^l',  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough and  town  of  I  reland.  in  Munster,  cos.  of  AVaterford  and 
Tip]>erary.  on  the  Limerick  and  Waterfoi-d  Railway,  and  on 
both  banks  of  the  Suir.  and  some  islands  in  that  river,  its 
several  parts  connected  by  5  bridges.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ciishel. 
Pop.  13.505.  Its  municipal  jurisdiction  extends  over  4000 
acres,  mostly  in  the  ctmnty  of  Waterfurd.  It  appears  thriv- 
ing, and  its  central  jjart  is  regularlj-  built,  paved,  and  lighted 
with  gas.  but  its  suburbs  are  mean.  The  principal  buildings 
are  a  church  founded  in  the  twelfth  century,  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  various  other  chapels,  the  endowed  grammar  s<hool, 
a  lunatic  asylum,  court-hcu.se,  county  jail,  large  barracks, 
the  county  infirmary  and  dispensiiry,  fever  hospital,  house 
of  iudustrj-,  and  butter  market.  It  has  a  mechanics'  insti- 
tute, several  Kiuks,  manufactures  of  cotton  fabrics,  brewe- 
ries, a  distillery,  and  a  Considerable  commerce  in  agrioul- 
ttn-il  produce  for  the  Waterford.  Bristol.  Liverpool,  ic.  mar- 
kets. The  borough  sends  one  memlier  to  the  IIou.se  of  Com- 
mons.   It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Scott  family. 

CLOXMEL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

CLOXMEl^LOX.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  West  Meath.  5  miles  X.AV.  of  Athboy.     Pop.  859. 

CLOX  MIXES,  klon-uiluz',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Wexford. 

CLOXMORiy.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Cai^ 
low.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  Howard  family,  who 
have  here  an  old  castle. 

CLOX  MORE,  a  pai-ish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

CLOX  MORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Ix.uth. 

CLOXMORE.  or  KILLAVEXOCII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Tipperary. 

CLOXMORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co  of  Wexford. 

CLi)XMULSK'  or  CLOXMELSH',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  oo.  of  Carlow. 

CLOX.MULSK'.  or  CLOXRUSH',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Connaught,  co.  of  Galway, 

CLOXOE,  klon-<y,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tyrone. 

CLOXOULTY,  klon-«l'tee,  a  pai-ish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperary. 

CLOXPRIEST',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Cork. 

CLOXTARF'.  a  small  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein 
ster,  CO..  and  3  miles  E.X.E.  of  Dublin,  on  the  X.  side  of  its 
bay.  The  town  con.^ists  of  a  pretty  good  main  street  with 
some  detached  residences,  a  ehunh  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, having  the  family  vault  of  the  Vernons,  lords  of  the 
manor,  who  reside  in  Clontarf  Castle.  Here,  on  April  2.3, 
1014.  the  united  Danes  and  Irish  were  defeated  by  the  troops 
of  Brian  Borouch.  who  was  killed  in  the  action — a  liattla 
forming  the  subject  of  Griv's  ode.  '•  The  Fatal  Si.«ters." 

CJAIXTHAL  or  KLOXTHAL.  (KlOnthal.)  klou'-tdl,  a  lake 
of  Switzerland,  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  same  name, 
3  miles  S.W.  of  tilarus.  It  is  2  miles  long,  1  mile  broad,  and 
2520  feet  above  the  level  if  the  seii. 

CLOXTllVKET.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Monaghan. 

CLOXTURK'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein.ster.  co.  of  Dublin. 

CLOX^rUSKERT' or  CLOXTIIUSKERT,  a  pai-ish  of  lie- 
land,  in  Connaught.  co.  of  Galwav. 

CLOX"rUSKERT',  or  CL(X)XrwiS'CAR,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Connaught,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

CLOO'XAF',  CLO'XAFF'  or  CLOX'CRAFT',  a  parish  of 
Irel:ind,  in  Connaught.  co.  of  Roscommon. 

CLtXt'XtXJHlLL'  or  CLOO'XACOOL',  a  parish  of  IrelanU, 
in  Connaught.  co.  of  Sli.ro. 

CLOP'HILL.  a  parish  uf  England,  co.  of  Bedford 

CLOPTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  "f  Suffolk. 


CLO 


CLY 


CIjOPTON,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Texas,  250  miles  N.E. 
of  Austin. 

CLOPTtyXA,  a  post-offlce  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama. 

CLOl'TUX'S  JIILL,  a  post-office  of  i'utuam  co.,  Georgia, 
le  miles  X.W.  of  Milled;,'eville. 

CliOSE'IiUUN,  (formerly  KILOSBURX,)  a  parish  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Dumfries. 

CLOS'TKK.  a  viU.i<;e  of  Bergen  CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  20 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  York. 

CLOrVWOKTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

OLiVrU'ALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

CLOTZK  or  KLOTZE,  (Clotze  or  Klotze.)  klot^st'h,  a  village 
of  Prussian  Saxony,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Magdeburg.  Pop. 
2320. 

CLOUD'Y  BAY,  New  Zealand,  is  an  inlet  of  Cooke's  Strait, 
In  the  N.E.  extremity  of  New  Munster.  (.Middle  Island.)  Its 
S.  coast  is  most  lofty ;  on  its  N.  shore  is  Cloudy  Harbor,  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  known,  the  E.  entrance  of  which  is  in 
lat.  41"  20'  S.,  Ion.  174°  10'  E.  Cloudy  Bay  receives  the  AVairoo 
River. 

CLOU'VEY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

CLOUTIEUVILLE.  kloo'te-er-vil,  a  post-village  of  N.atchi- 
toclies  parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  N.  bank  of  lied  lUver,  85 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Concordia. 

CLO/\'.\,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  of  Forfar. 

CLOVE,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York. 

CLOVE,  a  posbofflce  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

CLOVEL/LY  or  CLAVEVLY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

CLO/VEU,  a  post-offlce  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CLOVEK,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  I'enusylvania. 
Pop.  910. 

CLOVEK,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

CLOVEK  liEXn.  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 

CLOVEIl  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennes.eee. 

CLOVEIl  CKEEK,  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania,  falls  into 
the  Juniata  Uiver. 

CL'tVEK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Virginia. 

CLO'VEKDALE,  a  post-office  of  Boutetourt  co.,  Virginia. 

CLOVERD.\LE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Piitiiiini  CO.,  Indiana,  10  miles'  S.  of  Greencastle,  is  surround- 
ed by  a  fertile  country,  which  is  well  supplied  with  water 
and  Vfiluiible  timber.  The  Louisville  New  Albany  and 
Cliicago  Railroad  passes  through  the  village.  Popuiution, 
1506. 

CLOVERDALE  HOTEL,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Virginia. 

CLOVER  G.iRDEN,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

CLOVER  GREEN,  a  post-office  of  Spottsylvania  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

CLOVER  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New 
Jersey.  35  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

CLOVER  HILL,  a  pleasant  post-vill.age,  capital  of  Appo- 
matox  CO.,  Virginia,  about  lOi)  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and 
20  miles  E.  of  Lynchburg.  It  is  connected  by  a  plank-road 
with  James  River,  which  is  nearly  15  miles  distant.  The 
villa'je  lias  a  handsome  court-house. 

CLOVER  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Blount  co.,  Tennessee,  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Knoxville. 

CLO'VERHILL,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Kentucky. 

CLO'VERL.\ND,  a  post-village  uf  Clay  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  aud  Indianapolis  Railroad,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

CL')VER  ORCHARD,  a  postofflce  of  Orange  co..  North 
Carolina. 

CLO'VERPORT,  a  post-office  of  Hardeman  cO.,  Tennessee. 

CLOVERPOIJT,  a  post'village  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Oliio  River.  110  miles  below  Louisville.  It  has 
a  considerable  business  in  shipping  produce.  Coal  is  abun- 
dant in  the  vicinity.  Four  miles  from  the  village  are  the 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  a  fashionable  watering-place.  Pop. 
about  700. 

CLOVE'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Oldham  co..  Kentucky. 

CLOVESVILLE,  klSvz'vil.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co., 
New  York,  65  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

CLOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

CLOYD.  a  river  of  North  Wales,  cos.  of  Denbigh  and  Flint, 
rises  in  Slangfihangel,  flows  mostly  northward  past  Ituthin, 
Denbigh,  St.  Asaph,  and  Rhyddlan,  and  enters  the  Irish  Sea 
at  Rlryl.  Total  course,  30  miles.  Chief  affluent,  the  Elwy. 
Its  vallev  is  noted  for  picturesque  beauty. 

CLOYD'S  CREEIC.a  post-office  of  Blount  co.,  Tennessee. 

CLOYES,  klwd.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et- 
Loir.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Chateaudun.  on  the  Loire.    Pop.  2)S0. 

CLOYNE.  kloin.  a  parish  and  market-town,  aud  formerly  an 
episcop.il  city,  of  Irelapd,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  4  miles  S.W. 
if  Castle-Martyr.  Pop.  of  town,  2200.  mostly  agricultural, 
yhe  principal  public  edifices  are  a  Gothic  cathedral,  founded 
ftbout  the  sixth  century,  and  having  some  good  monuments ; 
the  old  episcopal  palace,  now  a  private  residence ;  the  Itoman 
Catholic  cathedral,  a  round  tower,  and  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle,  a  church,  nunnery,  and  monastery.  The 
diocese,  now  merged  in  tuat  of  Cork,  comprises  119  parishes 
in  the  county.  la  the  vicinity  ^re  some  valuable  marble 
quarries. 


CLUB  CREEK,  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  flows  sri'.thwari. 
through  Charlotte  co.,  and  enters  the  Staunton  a  fev.-  mileK 
S.W.  from  Marysville. 

CLUON'.\T,  iilUn'yS/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse.  14  miles  N.E.  of  Gueret,  on  the  Veraux.     Pop.  2120 

CLUIS,  klwee.  two  contiguous  villages  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Indre,  12  miles  W.  of  La  Chutre.     United  pop.  19-')0. 

CLU.V  or  CLUNN,  a  de<'ayed  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  on  a  small  river  :f  the  same 
name,  SJ-  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bii^hop's  Castle.  Area  of  pari?h, 
22.6IX)  acres,  including  nearly  2iM)0  acres  of  couunon  land  in 
the  forest  of  Clun.  Pop.  in  1851,  2121;  of  township,  913 
Revenue  of  Trinity  Hospital  for  13  pcor  brethren,  atoui 
120i)i.  The  borough  has  a  town-hall  and  union  work-house 
It  is  governed  by  baililfs  and  a  recorder,  under  the  Earl  oi 
Powis,  lord  of  the  manor,  and  it  gives  the  title  of  baron  to 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  a  descendant  of  its  ancient  lui-ds,  the 
Fitzalans. 

CLIIX'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CLU.N'GU.NFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CLUNIE,  klu'nee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 
Surface  mountainou.s.  An  action  between  the  Caledonians 
and  the  Romans  under  Agricola  is  supposed  to  have  taken 
place  in  this  parish.  Here  is  Cluuie  Loch,  with  a  small 
island,  and  remains  of  ancient  castles. 

CLUN  Y,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

CLUNY,  klU^nee/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Saone- 
et-Loire,  on  the  GrOne,  here  crossed  by  two  stone  bridges, 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Macon.  Pop.  in  1852,  4411.  It  is  enclo.sed 
by  ruined  walls,  and  has  the  remains  of  an  abbey,  founded 
in  910,  a  college  and  hospiUd.  It  has  manufactures  of 
gloves,  linen,  and  leather,  paper  and  oil  mills,  a  large 
pottery,  and  a  trade  in  timber,  corn,  and  cattle. 

CLUSI'^S,  klllz,  a  town  of  Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny, 
near  the  '.\rve,  here  crossed  by  a  one-arched  bridge,  23  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Geneva,  and  having  a  church,  a  college,  a  hospital, 
and  15)70  inhaliitants,  mostly  engaged  in  mauufiicturing 
clock  and  watch  movements. 

CLUSIUM.    SeeCmusi. 

CLUSIUS.     See  CilIESE. 

CLCSONE,  kloo-s.yna.  (anc.  Clii/sn,)  a  river  of  Italy,  in 
the  Sardinian  States,  rises  in  the  Alps,  a1x)Ut  12  miles 
E.  of  Mount  Geiifivre,  flows  S.E.  p.ast  Fenestrella,  Perosa, 
and  Pinerolo,  and,  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles,  joins  the 
Po  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Turin. 

CLUSONE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy.  17  miles  N.E. 
of  Bergamo,  near  the  Serio.  I'op.  3200.  It  is  pretty  well 
built,  and  has  a  church,  2  hospitals,  a  public  school,  and  a 
brisk  trade  in  corn  and  iron.  In  the  vicinity  are  copper- 
foundries  and  vitriol-works. 

GLUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co;  of  Somerset. 

CLWYD,  klwid,  a  small  river  of  North  Wales,  flows  N., 
through  the  counties  Denbigh  and  Flint,  to  the  Irish  Sea, 
past  Rhuddlan  and  St.  Asaph.  It  is  navigable  from  lUiudl- 
lan.  Its  valley  is  one  of  the  most  l,eautiful  in  Wales.  20 
miles  long,  from  3  to  8  in  breadth,  and  sprinkled  with  towns 
and  villages. 

CLY'ATTSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  I>owndes  co.,  Georgia. 

CLYDE,  klid,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  rivers 
in  Scotland.  It  takes  its  rise  from  numerous  streams  flowing 
from  the  mountain  range  in  the  S.  part  of  Lanarkshire  and 
borders  of  Dumfriesshire :  the  chief  summits  of  which  are 
the  Lowtbers,  Leadliills,  Queensberry  Hill,  and  Rodger  Law, 
with  elevations  approaching  .3000  feet.  Tlie  ori.:inaI  source 
of  the  Clyde,  popularly  so  called,  has  its  rise  about  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Rodger  I^iw,  and  4  miles  E.  of  the  village  of  Elvan- 
foot,  at  an  elevation  of  1400  feet,  .\fter  a  course  of  a  tew 
miles  this  small  stream  is  joined  by  the  Daer,  Powtrail, 
Elvan,  and  other  mountain  rivulets.  It  now  Hows  in  a  N.E. 
direction,  receiving  tributaries  from  the  Tinto  Hills,  then, 
turning  with  many  windings  N.W.  and  W.,  is  joined  by  the 
Douglas  Water  from  the  S.W.,  the  Medwin,  Mouse,  &c.,  and, 
entering  Lanark  parish,  forms  the  celebrated  falls,  descend- 
ing by  several  rapids  about  2;;o  feet,  amid  high  shelving 
sandstone  rocks  and  most  picturesque  scenery.  Its  coui-se 
is  now  through  rich  and  fertile  valleys  on  to  Glasgow. 
From  this  city  it  expands  into  a  river  navigable  for  ships  of 
■300  or  4(W  tons,  and  flows  N.W.,  dividing  the  counties  of  Ren- 
frew on  the  W.  from  Dumbarton  on  the  N.E.,  receiving  the 
tributaries  of  tlie  Kelvin,  Cart,  and  Leven.  After  passing 
Dumbarton  it  opens  up  into  a  noble  estuary  4  miles  in  width, 
spreading  northward  into  Loch  Long,  and  southward  into 
the  Firth  of  Clyde,  with  the  isles  of  Bute  and  Cumbraes, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  estuary.  Here  the  Clyde  ex- 
pands into  a  firth  averaging  aboilt  32  miles  in  widih.  and 
at  the  distance  of  48  miles  becomes  identified  with  the 
North  Channel.  The  length  of  the  river  from  its  source  to 
Glasgow,  including  winding.s.  is  about  75  miles;  from  Glas- 
gow to  the  S.  point  of  Bute  Island,  about  40  miles.  In  tlie 
Clvde  was  launched  the  first  steamboat  constructed  in 
Britain,  (1812.) 

CLYDE,  a  river  of  British  North  Aijierica,  falling  into 
Baffin's  Bay,  lat.  70°  10'  N.,  Ion.  09°  W. 

CLYDE,  a  flourishing  post-village  in  Galon  township. 
Wayne  county,  New  York,  186  miles  N.  AV.  by   W.  of 

469 


CLY 


COB 


illbar,y,  on  the  .We  Canal  and  Clyde  Eiver,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  he  X>w  York  Central  Railroad.  It  contains  6 
churches,  3  banks,  1  newspaper  office,  24  stores,  1  gUiss-fiic- 
tory,  1  bottle-factory,  2  distilleries.  3  hotels,  and  1  grist- 
mill.   Population  in  1S64,  about  2500. 

CLYDE,  a  post-village  of  gandusky  co.,  Ohio,  about  120 
miles  X.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  701. 

C  b YDE,  a  township  of  St.  Clmr  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1128. 

CLYDE,  a  postotlice  of  ■\Vhitesides  co.,  Illinois,  140  miles 
N.  of  Springfield. 

CLYDE,  a  township  in  Iowa  co.,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  610. 

CLYDE  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan, 
ri6  miles  X.X.E.  of  Detroit. 

CLYDE  RIYEU,  in  the  N.  part  of  A'ermont,  rises  in 
Essex  CO..  and  fills  into  Meinphreuwsog  Lake,  in  Orleans  co. 

CLYDE  KIVER,  ot  Wayne ^co.,  Xew  York,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  Flint  and  Mud  Creeks,  flows  into  Seneca  River. 

CLYDES'DALE,  the  district  forming  the  valley  of  the 
Clyde.  (See  L.inark,  county  of.)  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
on-hards,  coal  and  iron  mines,  and  horses.  It  srivos  the  title 
of  marquis  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton. 

CLYDEY,  klud'ee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

CLY'M.A.X,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Dodge 
CO.,  M'iseonsiu.    Pop.  1461. 

CLY'MEIt,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chautauqua  co.. 
New  York,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Slavsville.     Pop.  liJaO. 

CLYMER  CENTRE,  a  post-office  cf  ChautauciUa  CO.,  New 
York. 

CLY.N'E.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland. 

CLYXOG,  klQn'og,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Carnar- 
von. 

CLYRO,  klOWo.  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

CLYTIIA,  kl&th'a,  a  hamlet  of  Wales,  co.  of  Monmouth, 

5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Usk. 

CLYTIIE-XESS,  klliH'nJss'.  a  headland  of  Scotland,  on 
the  German  Ocean,  co.  of  Caithness,  parish  of  Latherou.  lat. 
6S^  21'  X.,  Ion.  3°  IS'  W..  having  near  it  the  remains  of 
the  ancient  stronghold,  Easter  Clyth. 

COA,  ko'4,  (anc.  Cuda,)  a  river  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira.  rises  in  the  Serra  de  Gata,  flows  X.,  passing  near 
Almeida,  and  joins  the  Douro  on  the  left,  5  miles  W.  of 
Torre  de  Moncorvo.     Length,  HO  miles. 

COA.  ko'i.  a  sm.ill  island  in  the  M.alay  Archipelago,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  the  i.sle  of  Flores.     Lat.  9°  S..  Ion.  122°  E. 

CO.iHOM.*.,  ko-a-ho'ni.a,  a  county  in  the  W.X.W.  part  of 
Mississippi,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  sep.1- 
rates  it  from  Arkansjis.  The  area  is  about  "50  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Sunflower  River.  Tlie  surCice  is  flat  and 
low,  and  the  W.  part  is  frequently  overflowed  b}'  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  soil  is  said  to  be  productive.  This  county,  which 
is  comprised  in  the  Chickasaw  cession,  was  orgimized  about 
tlie  year  1S36.  Capital,  Delta.  Pop.  6606,  of  whom  1521 
were  free,  and  5085  slaves. 

COAUUILA.    See  CoH.\nuiL.4.. 

COAL,  a  township  of  Xorthumberland  co., Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1709. 

COAL  CREEK,  of  Fountain  co..  Indiana,  flows  into  the 
Wab;vsh  a  little  below  the  mouth  of  AermUhon  River.  Rich 
mines  of  coal  are  found  at  its  mouth. 

COAL  CREEK,  a  township  in  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  15:39. 

COALESYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hendricks  co.,  IndLina. 

COALEY.  kMee,  a  ptirish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

COAL  GHOVE,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Kentucky. 

COAL  GKOVE,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  10  miles  below  Burlington, 

CO.\L  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Goochland  co.,  Virginia. 

COAL  ISLAXD,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone,  4  miles 
K.E.  of  Dungannon.     Pop.  431. 

CO.M/MOXT,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  CO..  Penn.sylvania. 

00.\L  MOUNTAIN',  a  post-office  of  Forsyth  Co.,  Georgia. 

C0.\L'1'0RT,  a  village  of  .\lleghany  co.,"Pennsylvani.a,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  River.  4  miles  below  Pittsburg,  is 
the  depot  for  the  Chartier  Coal  Itailroad,  which  extends  about 

6  miles  back  from  the  river. 

COALPORT.  a  pnst-(  ffice  of  Indiana  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

COALPORT,  a  tlirivlng  village  of  Meigs  CO..  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus,  and  1  mile  Mow 
Pomeroy.  Immense  beds  of  coal  are  worked  here  on  the 
bank  of  the  river. 

COAL  RIVER,  in  the  W.  part  of  Virginia,  rises  in  Fayette 
CO.,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  X.W.  direction,  falls  into  the 
Great  Kanawha  River,  in  Kanawha  co.,  after  a  course  of 
cr^baMy  not  less  than  60  miles. 

COAL  RIVER  MARSHES,  a  postK)fflce  of  Raleigh  co., 
Virginia. 

COAL  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio. 

COALS'MOUTII.  a  post-office  of  Kanawha  co„  Virginia. 

COALTOWN,  EAST  and  WEST,  two  adjacent  villages  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  4  miles  X.E.  of  Kirkaldy.  inhabited  by 
colliers.     Pop.  of  East  Coaltown,  165 :  of  West  Coaltown,  372. 

COAL  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

470 


COALn'ILLE,  a  village  of  England,  co.  r.f  Leicester.  5 
miles  X.W.  of  Ashby-dti-lii-Zouch,  and  a  station  on  the 
Leicester  and  Bristol  line  of  riulway.  Pop.  1300,  employed 
in  coal-mines. 

COAXZA,  ko-Jn'za,  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  Lower 
Guinea,  enters  the  Atlantic  S.  of  Loando,  ncv  lit.  9°  IW  3. 
and  Ion.  14°  22'  E..  after  a  rapid  eour.se  of  (as  i<  supposed)  at 
least  o>M  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  a  considerable  distance, 
but,  on  account  of  the  formidable  bar  at  its  mouth,  can  be 
entered  only  by  small  vessels. 

COARR.\ZE,  kwdR^R^//,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Basses-Pyrenees,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Pau.  Pop.  13.S8.  It  has 
linen  weaving.  In  its  environs  is  a  chateau  in  which  Henry 
IV.  was  brought  up. 

COAST  KAXGE,  or  COAST  MOUXTATXS,  the  name  ap- 
plied  to  a  range  of  mountains  in  California,  extending 
almost  parallel  with  the  Pacific  coiist  nearly  from  the  Ore- 
gon bouudai-y  to  the  town  of  Los  -■Vngeles.  Some  of  the 
peaks  rise  above  the  line  of  perpetual  snow. 

COAT'BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  parish 
of  Old  Moukland,  9i  miles  E.  of  Gla.sgow  by  railway,  and  on 
the  Monkland  Canal.  Pop.  741.  Near  it  are  extensive  iron- 
works. 

COATES,  kots.  a  ]  arish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
•  CO.\TES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CO.\TES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CO.\TES,  GREAT,  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

COATES.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Lincoln 

COATES.  XORTIL  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

COATESS  TAVEIiX,  a  post-office  of  York  district,  South 
Carolina. 

COATES/VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  West  Branch  of  Brandywine  Creek, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Central  Railroad,  SO  miles  W.  of 
Philadelphia.  It  is  pleassintly  situated  iu  a  rich  and  highly 
cultivated  valley,  and  contains  3  churches.  1  bank,  3  rolUug- 
mills.  several  iron-fumaces,  and  paper-mills. 

COATOX  (ko'ton)  CLAY,  a  pail«h  of  England,  co.  of  Xorth- 
ampton, 

COATSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hendricks  co..  Indiana 

COATZACOALCO,  ko-4t-sd-ko-il'ko,  a  consideiable  river 
of  the  Mexican  Confederac)',  rises  in  the  Sierra  Mad.-^.  de- 
jwrtment  of  Oujaca,  flows  tortuously  N.  between  Vera  Cruz 
and  Tabasco,  and  enters  the  Bay  of  Coatzacoalco  (Caribbean 
Sea)  130  miles  S.E.  of  Vera  Cruz.  It  is  of  interest  as  con- 
nected with  the  projected  communication  across  the  Isth- 
mus. 

COAZZO,  ko-3t/so,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Susa,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Sangone  and  Sangoiietto.     Pop.  3996. 

CO'B.\LT,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  Connecticut, 

COB.\N.  ko-b3n'.  a  city  of  Central  America,  state,  and  90 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Guiitemala,  is  the  capital  of  the  department 
of  Vera  Paz,  on  the  Uio  Dulce.  Estimated  population,  14,(100, 
mostly  Indians,  wto  are  st;»ted  to  be  more  wealthy  than  the 
inhabitants  of  most  cities  of  Central  America, 

COBB,  a  coimty  iu  the  W.X.W.  part  of  Georgia,  coHtains 
about  450  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  E.  by  the 
Cliattahoochee  River,  and  drained  by  Sweetwater,  Powder 
Spring,  Pumpkin  Vine,  Vickerys,  and  other  creeks.  The 
surface  is  elevated,  hilly,  and  iu  some  ptu-ts  mountiiinous. 
The  Kenesa\\'  Mountain,  2  or  3  miles  from  the  county-seat, 
rises  1828  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The  soil  is  generally  fer- 
tile and  well  watered.  Granite  is  abundant,  and  gold,  silver, 
copper,  iron,  and  lead  have  been  found.  The  county  is  in- 
tersected by  the  \\  esteru  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  Organized 
in  1832,  and  njimed  in  honor  of  John  Cobb,  formerly  United 
States  Senator  from  Georgia.  Capital.  MiU-ietta.  Pop.  14,242, 
of  wlioui  10,423  were  free,  and  USlU  slaves. 

COBB,  a  pf)St-offlce  of  Jackson  co..  Iowa. 

COBBE,  a  town  of  Cential  Africa.     See  Kobbe. 

COBBOSSEECOXTEE  WATERS,in  the  S.partof  Kennebec 
CO..  Maine,  a  bejiutiful  sheet  of  water  connected  with  a  num- 
ber of  smaller  ponds.  Length,  about  7  miles.  Its  outlet, 
the  Cobbosseecontee  River,  flows  into  the  Kennebec. 

COBBS  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Matthews  co.,  Virginia. 

COBB'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Dt^catur  co.,  Indiana. 

COBB'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Al.-ibama. 

COBBS'VILLE,  a  post-<.ffice  of  Telfair  co.,  Georgia." 
.  COBBS VILLE.  a  post-office  of  John.sou  co.,  Arkansas, 

COIVDO  or  KOIVDO.  a  city  in  the  X.AV.  of  Tdongolia.  on 
the  Isi\  a  tributary  of  the  Jabkan,  (nj.tbkan,)  in  lat.  4*^°  N, 
Ion.  91°  E.  It  is  siiid  to  contain  2r.00  houses,  is  regularly 
built,  and  canies  on  some  trade  with  Kurun. 

COB'ERLY'S,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  40  malel 
X.W.  of  Columbus, 

COBtl.iM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  44  W.  of 
Rochester.  Kear  the  church  are  monument.-il  brasses  of  thd 
barons  of  Cobham.  whose  ancient  hall,  built  by  Inigo  Jones, 
is  the  seat  of  Lord  Darnlev. 

CilBH.iM,  a  parish  of  England.  00.  of  Suirey,  9  miles  X.E. 
of  Guildford.  It  comprises  Church  Cobh.im.  ^  villa;;e  on 
the  Mole,  with  the  Parish  Church,  .ind  CobKavi  far'c.  tho 
residence  of  the  hird  of  the  manor,  and  Str.>et-Cobh  *ni.  a 
hamlet  on  the  Old  London  and  Portsmouth  l-Md,  myaceat 


COB 


COG 


to  which  is  the  domain  formerly  belonginp;  to  the  Earl  of 
Carhanipton.     Fairs.  March  17.  and  Deeemher  11. 

CL)I5ll.\.M,  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  co.,  A"irgiiila. 

CoKU.VM,  a  small  viriafre  of  Oolunibia  co..  Georgia. 

com.  a  wide  dt'Sert  of  Central  Asia.     See  Gobi. 

C0IU.7A,  ko-bee/H^,  or  POKT  LA  MAH,  poRt  13  mis, 
(Sp.  I'uerto  la  Mar.  pw^R'to  li  maR.)  the  only  legal  seaport 
of  IV^livia.  Ciipital  of  the  province  of  La  M.'ir.  on  the 
Pacitic.  wirh  a  village,  110  miiea  W.of  Atacama.  Lat.22°34' 
8  .  Ion.  70°  2V  2''  W.  Pop.  793.  It  is  a  wretched  place,  and 
has  been  destitute  of  water  until  the  very  recent  discovery 
of  1  .spring,  but  it  has  some  shi])-bui!ding  docks  and  mining 
estabiishmeiits ;  and,  in  1844,  a  qviay.  barrack.s,  and  a  new 
custom-house  were  in  course  of  construction.  It  is  also  a 
de|)ot  for  coin,  bullion,  ore.  and  some  other  products  from 
the  interior,  which,  with  imports  of  cotton  and  woollen 
BtufTs.  paper,  and  mercury,  a  few  years  ago  employed  5700 
beasts  of  burden  for  their  transit.  In  1S40.  92  vessels  (of 
which  .3:i  were  British,  and  15  French)  entered  the  port:  and 
in  1S4.3,  the  export  of  s])ecie  amounted  to  1,7.'>0.5;!3  dollai-s, 
and  the  merchandise  imported  to  1,534.822  dollars  in  value. 
In  IJoMvian  documents  it  is  always  named  Puerto  l.\  Mar, 
but  Ensrlish  works  and  maps  still  retain  0)liija. 

COB'LKNTZ,*  (Ger.  Cbbl-'m  or  Knbkn:,  ko'bl^nts,  Fr.  Co- 
hUvcf.  koH)18nss/,  ane.  OmfluenHes  and  CiinflitMtia,y  a 
stron;rIy  fortified  city  of  Khenish  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Moselle,  49  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cologne.  The 
Rhine  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  485  yards  across, 
and  the  .Moselle  by  a  stone  bridge,  53b  yards  in  length.  Pop! 
exclusive  of  the  garrison,  22,715.  Mean  temix>rature  of  the 
year,  .51°-.5  ;  winter.  3o°-7  ;  summer,  GfP-d  Fahrenheit.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  several  fine  churches,  a  noble  palace  of 
the  former  Electors  of  Treves,  an  ancient  Jesiiit's  college, 
and  a  Homan  Catholic  seminary.  The  other  principal  build- 
ings are  the  4  Homan  Catholic  churches,  one  of  which,  called 
the  Church  of  St.  Castor,  situated  precisely  at  the  coiilluence 
of  tlie  two  rivers,  is  remarkable  for  its  antiquity,  having 
been  founded  in  830.  and  also  as  the  place  where  the  grand- 
sons of  Ch.arlemagne  m(!t,  in  843,  to  divide  his  vast  empire 
into  (fermany,  France,  and  Italy.  There  are  n-sidences  of 
several  noble  families  in  the  town,  including  tliat  of  Prince 
Metternich.  who  was  born  hero,  a  hospital,  admirably  con- 
ducted by  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  a  town  library,  with  valuable 
collections  of  coins,  paintings,  and  antiquities.  At  Khren- 
breitstein,  on  the  opposite  side  of  tlie  river  Ithine.  there  is  a 
strong  fortress,  with  4(K)  pieces  of  cannon,  and  containing 
vast  arched  cisterns,  capable  of  holiling  three  yeais"  supply 
of  water.  The  expense  of  constructing  tiie  fortifications  of 
Coblentii,  the  former  Iwing  an  out-work,  was  upwards  of 
750,0011/.  Together,  they  are  Citpable  of  accommodating 
100.000  men,  while  the  magazines  are  large  enough  to  con- 
tain provisions  for  8000  men  for  ten  years.  These  extensive 
fortitications,  which  areoinstruited  partly  on  the  system  of 
Vauban,  and  partly  on  that  of  Montalembert.  render  Coblentz 
the  strongest  place  in  the  Prussian  dominions.  Coblentz 
is  the  seat  of  a  central  and  criminal  court,  of  a  general 
court  of  justice,  of  a  ti'ibunal  of  commerce,  of  a  bmrd  of 
taxation,  and  is  the  place  of  residence  of  tlie  lord-lieutenant 
(oberprasident)  of  the  province  of  the  Khine.  It  is  a  free 
port,  and  carries  on  an  active  commerce  by  the  Ithine.  Mo- 
selle, and  Lahn.  It  is  the  principal  place  of  shipment  for 
the  I'lhineand  Moselle  wines,  which  are  extensively  exported. 
Grain,  oil,  iron,  and  Seltzer-water  are  also  exported,  the 
latter  to  the  amount  of  1^  million  bottles  annually.  Mill- 
stones, manufictured  from  the  l.ava  of  extinct  volcanoes 
in  the  neighborhood,  pumice-stone,  potters'  clay,  and  Imrk, 
are  also  articles  of  trade.  Japanned  wares,  linen,  ami 
tobacco  are  among  tlie  manuf.ictures.  Coblentz  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1794.  after  an  obstinate  resistance,  and 
made  capital  of  the  department  of  Khine  and  Moselle  under 
the  i'rench  Empire. 

COBLENTZ  or  KOBLKXTZ,  a  government  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  hounded  N,  by  the  government  of  Cologne.  Area. 
1754  square  miles.    Capital.  Coblentz. 

COBLENZ,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Aar  with  the  Rhine,  9-30  teet  above  sea- 
level.     Pop.  tj4:A. 

COB'LESKILL  or  CO'BUSKILL,  a  creek  of  Schoharie 
sounty,  in  the  E.  part  of  New  York,  rises  in  a  natural  wi>ll, 
and  following  a  subterranean  passage  through  several  miles 
of  its  cour.se.  fills  into  the  Sch')harie  River. 

COB'LESKILL.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Schoharie 
00..  New  York,  40  miles  W.  of  Albany,  is  drained  by  Cobles- 
kill  Creek,  an  affluent  of  .^chohavie  Creek.    Pop.  2367. 

COBLESKILL  CENTRE,  a  post-offic-e  of  Schoharie  CO., 
New  York. 

COBOURO.  a  town  of  Germany,     See  Coburo, 

COBOURG,  konahrg.  or  CitBURG,  a  town  and  port  of  entry 


*  We  often  hear  Cf^bientz  MCoentiiated  on  the  last  syllable,  hut 
this  is  coutrary  to  tht-  tendency  of  our  language,  (see  Int.  IX., 
Obs.  2.)  as  well,  as  to  th.e  native  prouuuciation.  Byron  is  riglit, 
;w  usual : — 

"By  CoBT-EXTZ,  on  a  rise  of  gentle  gronnd. 
There  is  a  small  and  simple  pyramid." 

Childe  Harold,  canto  iii. 


of  Canada  TTest.  capital  of  the  united  counties  of  N'orthiitn- 
beiland  and  Durham,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  in 
the  CO.  of  Northumlierland.  105  miles  W.  by  S<.  oi  Kina"r-oa. 
It  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  two  railroads  in  progress,  oia. 
connecting  it  with  Peterlx) rough,  and  the  other  extendlcit 
along  the  X.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  intended  to  connect 
Montreal  with  the  railway  .systems  of  the  'Western  United 
States,  It  contains  a  branch  of  the  Montreal  Bank,  a 
savings  institution,  agencies  of  8  assurance  companies, 
about  50  stores,  a  newspaper-office,  ancj  churches  fur  the 
Episcopalians.  VVesleyans.  Episcopal  Methodists.  Bible  Chris, 
tians.  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  Congregationalists,  and 
Pioman  Catholics,  Its  manufactures  comprise  st(?am-engines, 
machinery,  iron  castings,  woollen  goods,  soap  and  candies, 
&c.  Cobourg  is  the  .seat  f.f  Victoria  College,  which,  in  1^51, 
had  4  instructors  and  50  students.  The  value  of  imports 
received  here  in  1851  amounted  to  §142,376.  of  which  $125,404 
were  from  tlie  United  States.  The  exports  amounted  to 
f71,612,  all  of  wliichwent  to  the  United  States.  Pop.  iu 
1861,  4975. 

COBR.^S,  koOirls.  an  i,sland  group  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Africa,  lat,  6°  S„  including  Remba.  Jlonfia.  and  Zanzibar. 

COBRAS,  kc/brits.  an  island  and  fort  of  Brazil.  B<ay  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  alwut  1  mile  from  the  city,  of  whicli  the  fort  is 
one  of  the  principal  defences,  being  capable  of  holding  1000 
men,  and  100  pieces  of  cannon.  It  is  also  used  as  a  st;ite 
prison. 

COBRE,  koOirA,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  E.  depart- 
ment.    Pop.  2601.  of  whom  614  are  Europeans. 

CO'BRIDGE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  is  a 
suburb  of  Burslem.  3  miles  N.E.  of  -Newcastle-tmder-Lvne. 

COBS'COOK  BAY,  at  the  E,  extremity  of  Maine,  "com- 
municates with  Passamaquoddv  Bay,  near  ICastport, 

COBURG,  \s.on.66KO.  (Ger,  Oih'urg  or  Kohurg.  ko'bMno,  Fr, 
Cnhmurg,  ko^booiiA  L.  Milncidmx.)  a  town  of  Central  Germany," 
capital  of  principality  of  Coburg,  (a  portion  of  the  duchy  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gntha.)  on  the  Itz,  an  affluent  of  the  Regen, 
and  on  the  railway  from  Dresden  to  Munich,  20  miles  N. 
of  Bamlierg :  lat.  50°  15'  ly"  N ..  Ion.  10°  58'  9"  E.  Pop.  10.002. 
Mean  tem|)erature  of  year  46°-2;  winter  32°;  summer  ('i2°-8, 
Fahrenheit.  It  is  irregularly  built,  but  has  some  good  edi- 
fices, and  public  walks  separating  it  from  its  suburbs. 
Principal  buildings,  the  l''.hrenberg  Palace,  a  residence  of 
the  duke,  containing  a  collection  of  p.iintings.  a  library  of 
26.00<J  volumes,  and  a  fine  state  banquet-hall :  several 
churches,  a  lai-ge  arsenal,  oliservatory,  new  theatre,  casino, 
and  work-house.  On  a  height  above  the  town  is  the  old 
castle  of  the  Dukes  of  Coburg,  still  a  place  of  strength,  and 
containing  a  large  collection  of  armor,  with  rooms  once 
occupied  by  Luther.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ducal  resi- 
dence of  Rosenau:  and  the  castles  of  Lanterbnrg  and  Kal- 
lenlierg.  Coburg  is  the  seat  of  all  the  high  cf.ui-ts  for  the 
duchy,  and  it  has  a  gymnasium,  and  mannt'aitures  of 
woollen,  linen,  and  cottcm  fabrics,  gold  and  silver  articles, 
bleaching  and  dye  works,  stone  quarries,  and  an  active 
transit  and  '.'eneral  trade, 

CO/HURG-PENIN'SULA,  North  Australia,  is  an  irregular 
peninsula  in  lat,  11°  22'  S.,  Ion.  132°  10'  E.;  50  miles  in  length 
from  E.  to  W.,  by  20  miles  in  breadth,  connected  S.F,,  with 
the  main  land  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  and  separiite<l  W.  from 
Melville  Island  by  Dundas  Strait.  On  it  is  the  British  set- 
tlement Victoria.    See  Port  Essixotox,  Victoria. 

CO'BUIiN'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
North  (^arolina. 

COCiES.ko-k3/Jx8,orko-kA/6xgs,TilIage  of  Brazil,  in  the 
province  of  Matto-Gros.so,  about  JiO  miles  N.W.  of  Cuiaba.  It 
contains  a  chui-ch,  and  has  two  chapels  in  its  neighlxirhood 
Pop.  aliove  2(X)0. 

COClES.  ARRAIAI^DE,  dB-Ri-r(lM;\-ko-ka'S\s,  a  mining 
villii're  of  Brazil,  in  tiie  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  about  lat. 
20°  S.,  Ion.  44°  W.,  beautifully  situated  on  the  gentle  slope 
and  summit  of  a  hill.  The  houses  are  neat,  and  mostly 
whitewashed. and  surrounded  by  gardens,  filled  with  orange 
and  colTee  trees,  bananas,  &c.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  the  neighboring  gold-mines. 

C0C.\L1Cl).  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylv.inia. 

COCCONATO,  kok-ko-nd'to,  a  town  of  Piedmont."  division 
of  Alessandri.a,  province  of  Asti,  17  miles  E,X.E.  of  Turin, 
I'op.  252S. 

COCHABAMBA,  ko-chJ-b^m'ba,  or  CONDORILLO,  kon- 
do-reel'vo,  a  river  of  Bolivia,  rising  near  the  parallel  of  18° 
S..  flowing  S.E..  and.  after  receiving  numerous  tributaries, 
assumes  the  name  of  Rio  Grande,  in  lat,  19°  42'  S„  Ion.  >>4°  W. 

COCHABAMBA.  also  called  OROPHSA,  o-ropV'l,  a  city 
of  Bolivia,  capital  of  a  iirovince,  and  department  of  the 
same  name,  stands  at  the  E,  end  of  a  plain,  IS  miles  long, 
and  2  miles  wide,  •'^370  feet  above  the  sea,  lat.  17°  27'  S.,  Ion. 
r5°46'W.  The  liio  de  Rocha,  from  the  valley  of  Sacaba, 
flows  throtigh  the  town,  and  is  joined  lower  down  by  the 
Tamborada — both  overflowing  in  the  rainy  season,  though 
almost  dry  in  winter.  1'he  city  of  Co<habamba  occujiics  a 
great  sp.ice,  owing  to  the  lowness  of  the  houses,  (which 
rarely  rise  above  a  single  story.)  and  to  the  number  of 
gardens  interm.inglod  with  them.  In  tlie  middle  of  the 
city  is  the  grand  Plaza,  round  which  are  four  churches,  and 

471 


COG 


COG 


th(!  CabiUlo,  or  goTcrnment-house,  a  large  but  plain  build- 
ing. Of  15  chuivhL'S.  the  haiiiisduiest  is  that  wiiicii  furmerly 
belonged  to  the  oolK-sie  of  the  Jesuits.  The  streets  are  broad, 
and  in  good  condition ;  but  the  plazas,  or  open  square.s, 
being  used  as  market-places,  are  ordinarily  littered  with 
wares  and  crowded  with  Indians.  Toward  the  borders  of 
the  town,  the  tile-roofed  houses,  with  large  wooden  bal- 
conies, disappear,  and  thatched  cabins  of  Indian  farmers 
become  nuiuei-ous.  The  general  language  is  the  Quichua; 
and  none  but  men  of  rank  can  speak  good  Spanish.  While 
Potosi,  Oruro.  aud  other  towns  in  the  mining  districts, 
have  fallen  to  decay,  Cochabamba.  situated  in  a  valley,  de- 
voted wholly  to  agriculture,  aud,  therefore,  despised  by  the 
Spanish  settlers,  has  continued  to  prosper,  and  contained, 
in  18:i5,  25,0'JJ  inhabitants.  The  name  Oropesa,  given 
to  Cochabamba,  in  1579,  by  the  Viceroy  of  Lima,  was  never 
adopted  by  the  people ;  and,  though  found  in  m.aps  and 
public  documents,  is  now  wholly  unknown  in  Bolivia. 

COCIIAB.\.MIJA,  a  department  of  the  republic  of  Bolivia, 
mostly  between  lat.  17°  and  19°  S.,  and  Ion.  i'}b^  and  68'^  W., 
named  from  the  river  Cochabamba,  the  head-stre:im  of  the 
Ouapey.  Estimated  area,  40,000  square  miles,  and  pop. 
200.0(.t0.  It  was  formerly  regarded  as  the  granary  of  Peru, 
and  produces  also  cotton,  sugar,  dye-woods,  fine  timber,  and 
the  precious  met;Us.  Chief  cities  and  towns,  Cochaliamba  or 
Oropes,a,  Misques,  Sacalxi.  and  Tapacari. 

COCHK,  ko'chl.  a  small  island  of  South  America,  in  Yene- 
cuela,  between  the  island  Margarita  and  the  mainland. 

COCIIECTOX,  a  post-tow n.ship  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Delaware  Kiver,  alxiut  100  miles  S.W.  of  Al- 
bany. The  village,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Kailroad.  141 
miles  from  New  York  city,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the 
fertile  valley  of  the  Cochecton  Creek,  an  affl  ueut  of  the  Dela- 
ware Kiver.     Pop.  3174. 

•  COCIIKM  or  KDCIIEM,  ko'Kfem,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
a  miles  S.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Moselle,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Endert.  Pop.  2553.  It  is  picturesquely  situated,  but  ill 
built,  and  surrounded  by  ruined  walls.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cloth,  and  trade  in  wine. 

COCIIEREL.  koVhf  h-r^l',  a  hamlet  of  France,  department 
of  Eure.  12  miles  E.  of  Evreux,  celebrated  for  a  victory 
gained  by  Du  Guesclin  over  Charles  le  Mauvais,  King  of 
Navarre,  the  K'th  of  >lay.  lotU. 

COCII KS/ETT,  a  post-officeof  Plymouth  co..  Massachusetis. 

COCHIN,  ko/chin,  or  ko-cheen',  a  rajahship  of  India,  com- 
prised in  the  Travancore  dominions,  and  extending  along 
the  Malabar  coast,  between  lat.  9°  30'  and  lU°  30'  N.,  and 
Ion.  76°  and  77°  E.,  having  South  Travancore,  N.  and  E.  the 
Madras  districts,  and  W.  the  Indian  Ocean.  Area.  lUSn 
square  miles.  It  contains  fine  forests  of  teak  and  other 
woods,  from  the  products  of  which  most  part  of  the  revenue 
Is  derived.    X'rincipal  towns.  Cochin  and  Cranganore. 

COCHIN,  a  seaport  town  of  Ilindostan.  capital  of  the  above 
rajahship,  is  on  the  Malabar  coast.  93  miles  S.S.E.  of  Calicut. 
It  is  situated  at  the  entrance  of  an  extensive  backwater, 
and  has  great  natural  advantages  for  ship-building.  &c. ;  and 
though,  during  the  present  century,  it  has  declined  in  im- 
portance, it  still  h;is  an  export  trade  in  teak,  timtwr.  car- 
damoms, coir,  and  other  produce,  sent  to  both  East  and 
West  .\sia.  Here,  in  1503,  wa,s  erected  the  first  fort  possessed 
by  the  Portuguese  in  India :  and  Cochin  is  still  the  see  of 
a  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  whose  diocese  includes  Ceylon, 
and  more  than  loO  Christian  stations  in  India.  It  has  also 
Protestant  church  missionary  establishments,  and  various 
English  schools.  The  town  was  taken  from  the  Dutch  in 
179-5,  and  finally  ceded  to  the  British  in  1S14. 

COCHIN  CHiN.\,  ko'chin  chi'n?,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  whole  empire  of  Auam  or  Annam,  but  more  properly 
restricted  to  a  province  Ibrming  its  S.E.  portion.  (See  Anam, 
p.  80.) Adj.  and  iuhab.  Cochis-Chixese.  ko'chin  chl-neez'. 

COCIIIT'UATE,  a  post-village  of  Wayland  township, 
Middlesex  co.,  Ma.«.sachusetts.  about  16  miles  W.  of  Boston. 

COCUITUATE  LAKE,  a  small  lake  near  the  above  villaj^e. 
Is  the  source  of  the  water  wliic'i  supplies  the  citv  of  Boston. 

COCHRAN'S  (kok'i-jni)  CROSS  KOADS,  a.  post-office  of 
Harris  co..  Georgia. 

COCHRAN'S  0 ROVE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Hli- 
nois,  about  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

C(X;iIRANS  LANDING,  a  post-otfice  of  Monroe  co.,Ohio. 

COCHRAN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

COCU'RANSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  MarshaU  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 4S  miles  S.  of  Nashville. 

COCU'RANTON,  a  post-viUage  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio,  56 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 

COCH'RANTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  French  Creek,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Meadville.  P.  260. 

COCH'RANX  ILLE.  or  COCIIRANSVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  Co  miles  S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 
It  has  a  boarding-school. 

COCINTHUM.  or  COCINTUM.    See  Punta  bi  Stilo. 

COCKAYNE  (kok'kiuu)  HAi'LEY,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Bedl'ord. 

CCK-K'BURN  CHANNEL,  Terra  del  Fuego,  is  a  continu- 
atiou  of  Mngdalen  Sound,  iu  lat.  54°  30'  B.;  Ion.  72°  W. 
47a 


COCKBUnX  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Is  in  lat.  22° 
12'  25"  8. ;  Ion.  13S°  39'  53"  W. 

CtK'KBURN  SOUND,  of  Mest  Australia,  co.  of  Perth. lat. 
32°  10'  S.,  Ion.  115°  40'  E..  is  thoroughly  sheltered  westward 
by  Garden  Island.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  6  miles;  bre-idth, 
at  the  N.  entrance.  4  miles;  depth,  from  6  to  10  fathoms. 

COCK'BURNSPATH.  (formerly  tUbyandspat/i,)  a  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

COCKE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Tennessee,  bordering 
on  North  Carolina,  hiis  an  area  estimatiid  at  270  square  miles. 
It  is  traversed  by  Big  llgeon  River,  an  affluent  of  French 
Broad  River,  which  latter  forms  its  N.E.  boundary.  The 
surCice  is  mostly  mountainous,  especially  near  the  S.E, 
Ixiundary,  which  is  formed  by  the  Iron  or  Smoky  Mountain. 
Capital,  Newport.  Pop.  10,408,  of  whom  9^59  were  free, 
aud  849  slaves. 

COCK'EN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  parish  of 
Iloughton-le-Sprinir.  3i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Durham.  At  Cocken 
Hall,  au  ancient  edifice,  the  property  of  Lord  Dnrhani.  a  con- 
vent of  nuns  was  established  earl}  in  the  present  century. 

CX'KEN'ZIE,  a  maritime  village  of  ScotLiud.  cc.  of  Had- 
dington, parish  of  Tranent,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  1  mile  E. 
of  Prestonpans.     Pop.  570. 

COCK'EK,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
issuing  from  Lake  Buttermere,  and  flowing  N.  into  the 
Derwent  at  Cockermouth. 

COCK'KRH.\M.  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  T^ncaster. 

COCK'ERI  NGTON  ST.  LEON'AKD'S,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln. 

COCK'EUINGTON  ST.  MA'RY'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

COCK'ERMOUTH.  a  parliamentary  borough,  torn,  and 
chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  parish  of  Brigham, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Derwent  aud  Cocker  Rivers,  each 
here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  Ji5  miles  S.AV.  of  Carlisle.  Pop.  of 
parliiimentary  t>orough,  in  1861,  7275..  It  is  irregularly 
built,  but  clean  and  thriving;  and  it  hiis  been  recently 
much  impi"oved.  It  possesses  some  remains  of  a  strong 
castle,  built  soon  after  the  Conquest,  aud  razed  by  the  par- 
liamentary army  in  1(548;  a  savings  bank,  ga.s-works,  libra- 
ry, reading-room,  a  grammar  school,  town-hall,  county 
house  of  correction,  court-house,  market-house,  alms-house, 
&c..  with  flax  and  woollen  mills,  manufactures  of  hats  and 
hosiery,  and  cotton  looms.  The  corpuration  is  almost  nomi- 
nal. 'The  borough  is  a  polling-place  for  the  W.  division  of 
the  county,  and  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  piet  Wordsworth  was  born  here  in  1770. 

COCK'ERWIT.  a  seaport  in  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia,  CO.  of  Shelburn.  at  the  head  of  a  Ikiv  setting  up  from 
the  Atlantic,  about  125  miles  S.W.  of  Halifax. 

CiX;K'EYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co..  Miiry- 
land.  on  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  40  mile. 
N.  of  Annapolis. 

COCK'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

COCKFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COCK'IXG.  a  parish  of  England-  co.  of  Sussex. 

COCK'INGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
.COCK'LEY-CLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
"  COCK'PEN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  FMinburL'h. 

C(;)CK'RUM,  a  pos^village  of  De  Soto  co..  Jlississippi, 
about  '200  miles  N.  of  Jackson,  contains  2  dry-goods  stores. 

COCKTHURPE.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

COCLE('/)  a  river  of  .New  Granada,  in  the  Isthmus  of  Pa- 
nama, formed  by  the  union  of  the  I'anonome  and  Rata,  and 
falling  into  the  Caribbean  .Sea  50  miles  S.E.  of  Chagres,  after  a 
cour.se  of  75  miles,  for  a  part  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

COCO,  or  POOLO  COCO.  pooOo  ko'ko,  an  island  in  the 
Sti-ait  of  JIal.acca,  N.E.  of  Junkcevlon. 

COCO,  sometimes  called  MANALIPA.  mlnJ-lee'pS.  and 
M.\LINIP.\.  md-le-nee'pi.  an  island  in  the  Sooloo  Archi- 
pelago, on  the  E.  side  of  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Jliudanao. 
Lat.  l)°  45'  N..  Ion.  122°  23'  E. 

COCO,  an  island  in  the  China  Sea,  off  the  S.W.  end  of  the 
Great  Natun.t      Ijit.  3°  40'  N. ;  Ion.  10S°  E. 

COCOA-NUT,  one  of  the  smallest  islands  of  the  Sandwich 
group,  at  the  entrance  of  Byron  B.ay.  Lat.  19°  43'  9"  N, 
Ion.  155°  2'  W. 

COCOA-NUT.  an  i.sland  in  Torres  Strait,  between  the  S. 
co.ast  of  New  Guinea  and  Cape  York,  in  Australisx.  Lat.  10^ 
4'S.:  Ion.  143°  10'  E. 

COCOA-NUT.  a  small  island  off  the  S.W.  of  Kew  Ireland, 
about  lat.  4°  42'  S..  Ion.  152°  44'  5"  E. 

CiyCOA-NUT.  KLAPA  or  KLAP1>  ISLAND,  an  island  off 
the  S.W.  extremity  of  Java,  on  the  W.  side  of  Wineiix  per's 
Bay,  about  3  miles  in  length.  Lat.  of  W.  point,  7°  1'  S.; 
Ion.  106°  30'  E. 

COCODRIE  BAYOU,  ko'ko-dree' bl'oo.  or  CROC'OI'ILE 
B.A'i'OU,  Ix)uisiana.  traverses  Concordia  parish,  between  the 
Washita  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  and  is  ctmnected  with  R^d 
River. 

CO'CO  ISLAND.  GREAT,  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
is  nearly  6  miles  in  lenirth. 

COCO  ISL.1ND.  LITTLE,  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
lies  about  9  miles  S.W.  of  the  Great  Coco.  The  centre  i5  le 
lat.  13°  68'  30"  >'.;  it  is  about  2i  miles  louij. 


coo 

COCOL'AMUS  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Ju- 
niata in  Perry  county. 

COCUNAT 0.  ko-ko-nd/to,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States. 
Ju  Piedmont.  17  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Turin.  It  has  an  annual 
&lr.    Pop.  25110. 

COCOS  ISLANDS,  Indian  Ocean.    See  Keeling  Isiands. 

COCUMO.NT,  ko^kU'mAN"'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot-eW!arfinne.  9  miles  S.W.  of  JIarmande.     Pop.  1(376. 

COIVDKMIA.M,  a  rwrish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COD^Dl.ViiTON,  a  parish  of  Kn^'laud.  co.  of  Chester. 

CODDINCTOX,  a  parish  of  Eujilaud,  co.  of  Hereford. 

CODi)I.\GTO.\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

COD'DINOVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Medina  CO.,  Ohio. 

COD'DLE  CHEEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Cabarras  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

COD'FORD  ST.  MA'RY,  a  parish  of  Enpland,  co.  of  Wilts. 

CODFOUD  ST.  PETKR,  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Wilts. 

COIVICOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

CODIGUKO.  ko-de-gn'ro,  (anc.  Nern/nia,?)  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  province  of  Ferrara,  23  miles  E.  of  Ferrara,  on  the 
Po  ili  A'olaiio.  8  miles  from  the  Adilutic.     Pop.  22oO. 

CODINAS  DK  SAX  FEUU,  ko-dee/nds  d.i  sin  £i-le-oo',  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Congost.  Pop. 
2579.     It  lias  several  Itoman  remains. 

COD'XOH-wiTU-LOS'COW,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby. 

CODO,  ko'do,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  JIaranhao,  at 
the  continence  of  the  Codo  with  the  Itapieurfi,  50  miles  X.W. 
of  Caxias.  For  the  purpose  of  curbing  and  keeping  the  In- 
dians in  check,  a  company  of  soldiers  or  hunters  is  kept  here. 

CODOG.\(»,  ko-dAn'yo,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Lodi,  between  the  Po  and  Adda.  Pop.  9U32.  It  is  well 
built,  and  has  manufactures  of  silk  stuffs.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal mart  in  Italy  fir  the  cheese  misnamed  Parmesan. 

CODO'KUS,  a  ])ost-township  on  the  S.  border  of  York  co., 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Baltimore  and  York  Rail- 
roatl.     Pop.  1842. 

CODORUS  CREEK,  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
the  Susfiuehanna  about  10  miles  aiiove  Columbia. 

CODItOIPO,  ko-dro-ee'po,  a  market-town  of  Northern 
Itily,  government  of  Venice,  province  of  Friuli,  14  miles 
S.W.  of  Udine.    Pop.  3100. 

COD'SALIi.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

COEDANA,  kwe-dd'nd,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Angle.sea. 

COEDCAXLASS,  kwed-kdn/lass,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Pembroke. 

COED  DIIU  CHURCH.  South  Wales.    See  Coychurch. 

C0EI)-F'1{ANK,  kwed-franc,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Glamorgan,  parish  of  Cadoxton.  Pop.  1126,  partly  em- 
ployed in  cop))er-mines. 

COEDKKIiXEW,  kwed-Ker'nu,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Monmouth. 

COED-V-C'U.MAR,  kwed-e-kee/mar,  a  hamlet  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Brecon,  parish  of  Vainor,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Mer- 
thyr-Tydvil.     Pop.  1905. 

COEL,  ko^61'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal. 
Upp*>r  Provinces,  district  of  Alighur,  and  the  residence  of 
its  civil  authorities.  SO  miles  S.S.E.  of  Delhi.  It  is  a  bu.sy 
town:  its  most  remarkable  structures  are  a  mosque,  and  a 
ruined  minaret  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

C'(ELK-SY1{IA,  seele-slr'e-!},  a  fine  valley  of  Syria,  be- 
tween the  mountain  ranges  of  Lebanon  and  Anti-Lebanon, 
."iength.  about  100  miles;  breadth,  10  miles.  It  is  traversed 
oy  the  Litany  River,  (anc.  Leoixltts^  and  contains  the  towns 
of  Baalbec,  Zahleh.  and  liekaa. 

COEI.K,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  parish,  Louisiana. 

COKLLKDA.     See  Coi.leda. 

COKl'ANG  or  KOEl'ANG,  koo-pdng,'  written  also  COO- 
PAXG  and  COUPAXG.  a  town  and  principal  Dutch  settle- 
ment in  the  island  of  Timor,  near  its  S.W.  extremity.  Lat. 
of  Fort  Concordia  10°  9'  54"  S.;  Ion.  12.3°  35'  45"  E.  It  is 
neatly  built  in  the  Dutch  style,  and  has  a  good  harbor,  de- 
fended by  Fort  Concordia.  It  is  a  free  port,  and  carries  on 
an  import.^nt  export  trade.     Pop.  5000. 

COK  RIDGE,  a  post-oflice  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

COESLIX.     SeeCOsLix. 

COESSE.  ko-fss',  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co..  Indiana. 

COETIVY,  ko-it-ee'vee,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 
ibout  550  miles  X.E.  of  Madaga.scar.  Lat.  7°  6'  S.;  Ion.  50° 
30'  E.  From  the  S.W.  point  of  the  island  a  coral  reef  ex- 
tends for  several  miles,  on  which  the  sea  is  constantly 
breaking.  Another  reef  stretches  from  the  N.  end  for 
about  'ly,  miles. 

COEVORDEX,  koo'voR-den,  or  KOEYORDE,  koo'voR-deli, 
a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Drenthe.with 
a  port  on  the  Kloine  Vecht,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Assen.  P.  2395 
It  luis  manufactures  of  cotton  fabiics,  and  an  active  trade. 

COEYMAN  S,  quee'mauz,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Albany  co.,  Xew  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  13 
miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and  has  a 
landing  for  steamboats  and  vessels.    Pop.  3117. 

COEYMAN'S  HOLLOW,  a  postoffice  of  Albany  co.,  New 
Vork. 

COF'ER,  a  post-ofKce  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky. 


con 

COF'FEE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering 
on  Florida,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  Pea  River.  The  surface  is  moderately  un- 
even; the  soil  mostly  sandy  and  unproductive.  Pino  tim- 
ber is  abundant  in  the  county.  It  was  formed  from  the 
W.  part  of  Dale  county.  Capital,  Wellborn,  or  Elba.  Pop 
QOii,  of  whoin  S20B  were  free. 

COFFEE,  a  county  in  tlie  S.E.  central  i).art  of  Tennessep, 
has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  thv 
head-streams  of  Duck  River.  The  surface  is  diversifieil  and 
elevated,  tlie  county  occupying  the  lower  plateau  of  Cum 
berland  Mountain.  The  soil  is  fertile.  It  is  intersected  bj 
tlie  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railrcnd,  and  by  the  turn- 
pike leading  from  Fayettevilie  to  Warren  county.  Capital. 
Manchester.  Pop.  90S9,  of  whom  8160  were  free,  and  1629 
slaves. 

COFFEE,  a  post-office  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana. 
COFFEE  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Coll'ee  co.,  Alabama. 
COFFEE  CKKEK,  a  post-office  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana. 
COFFEE  L.WDIXG,  a  post-office  of  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee. 
COFFEE  RUX,  a  post-olHee  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

COF'FEEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama,  on 
tlie  E.  bank  of  Tombigliee  River,  132  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Tus- 
caloosa. 

COFFEEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Yallobusha  co^ 
Mississippi.  130  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Jackson.    It  has  1  or  2 
newspaper  offices,  and  alx)ut  700  inhabitants. 
COFFEEVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Upshur  co.,  Texas. 
COF'FIX'S  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa, 
60  miles  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

COF'FIX'S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Magdalen  Island.s.  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.    Lat.  44°  3' N.;  Ion.  64°  3b' W.    It  is 
the  largest  of  the  group,  and  is  25  miles  long,  and  in  some 
places  3  miles  wide. 
COF'FINSWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
COF^FODl'VLI  AH,  a  post-village  of  Ne.-;hoba  co..  Mississippi. 
COFRENTES,  ko-fr5n't^s.  a  town  of  Spain.  50  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Valencia,  on  an  elevated  tongue  of  land,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Gabriel  and  Juc.ar.    Pop.  1624. 
CO'GAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 
CO'GANHOUSE,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  696.    . 
CO/GENHOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
COGGES.  kogz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
CO(iGESHALL,  (kog'sh.il,)  GREAT,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  on  the  Blackwafer,  here 
crossed  by  an  ancient  bridge,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Braintree. 
Ai-ea,  2770  acres.     Pop.  3408.     The  town,  ili  built,  has  a 
large  church,  an  endowed  grammar  school.  alms-houi<es  and 
other  charities,  with  several  silk  mills  and  looms.     Adjoin- 
ing the  town  are  some  remains  of  an  abbey  founded  by 
King  Stephen  In  1142. 

C(XJGI(JLA,  kod  jona,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  11  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Bielia,  on  the  Sessera.  Pop. 2056.  It  has  two  an- 
cient palaces  of  tlie  families  of  .\imone  and  Favre. 

CtJG  HILL,  a  post-office  of  McMinn  co..  Tennes.see. 
,     CdGLIANO,  kol-yd'no.  or  COLLI ANO,  koMe-^'no,  (anc. 
CnsiWnum..  t)  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra, 
11  miles  N.E.  of  Campagna.    Pop.  2600. 

C(X(XAC,  kAn'yik',  (L.  CbnacMWi.)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Charente.  21  miles  W.  of  Angouleme.  on  the 
Charente.  I'op.  in  1S52,  5887.  It  has  an  old  castle,  in 
which  I'rancis  I.  was  born.  It  is  the  entrepot  of  the  brandy 
of  the  Charente,  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  and  which 
f  >rms  the  object  of  a  very  extensive  commerce.  The  quan- 
tity produced  annually  does  not  exceed  6000  butt.s.  but  the 
number  sold  under  the  name  of  Leg  fines  Champngyiejs.  by 
which  the  best  quality  is  distinguished,  exceeds  15,000 
butts. 

COGNAC,  a  village  of  France,  denartment  of  Haute-Vienne, 
10  miles  W.  of  Limoges.    Pop.  1808. 

COGNE,  kAn'y.-i,  a  town  of  the  S;irdinian  States.  9}  miles 
S.  of  Aosta,  in  the  valley  of  the  same  name,  surrounded  by 
elevated  mountains.  Pop.  1480.  Iron  is  extensively  mined 
in  the  valley. 

COGNE,  VAL  DT.  vdl  dee  kAn'yi,  or  VAL  DE  COGXE, 
v3l-dfh-koH.  a  beautiful  and  romantic  valley  in  the  gardl- 
nian  States,  in  Savoy,  opening  out  of  the  Val  d' Aosta.  It 
is  remarkable  for  containing  a  Roman  tunnel  or  gallery,  cut 
in  the  rock  during  the  reign  of  Augustus. 

COGOLETO.  ko-go-kVto,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
14  miles  W.  of  Genoa.  Pop.  2065.  Celebrated  as  the  birth- 
.  place  of  Christopher  Columbus,  in  1447. 

COGORXO,  ko-goR'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Chiav/iri,  2  miles  X.E.  of  Chiavari.     Pop.  3738. 

C(  K3S/^^  ELL.  a  village  of  McIIenry  co.,  Illinois,  140  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

COHAHUILA.ko-a-wee'ld.a  stateof  the  Jlexican  Confede- 
ration, bounded  N.and  N.E.by  the  Rio  Bravodel  Norte.(whlch 
Sep  rates  it  from  Texas.)  E.  by  Nuevo  Leon.  S.by  Zacatecas, 
and  W.  by  Chihuahua  and  Durango:  between  lat.  24°  17- 
and  30°  5'  N..  and  Ion.  100°  and  104°  W.  Length.  390  miles , 
greatest  breadth.  270  miles.  Area.  66.570  square  niile.s.  The 
vegetation  is  in  ge&wal  s^nty  and  the  soil  is  nowhere  os- 

473 


COH 

tentdvely  cultivated.  The  southern  districts  are  chiefly  pas- 
tuie-trrciuD'l  for  sheen;  the  northern  parts  present  a  broken 
and  hilly  surface,  and  the  western  portion  is  occupied  by  a 
desert  •Ailed  the  Bolson  de  Mapimi.  There  are  several  sil- 
ver-mines in  this  province,  and  horses,  mules,  and  wool  are 
exported.  The  principal  towns  are  Saltillo,  the  capital,  Co- 
hahulla  or  Jlontelovez.  Santa  Hosa,  and  Parras.    Pop.  56,570. 

COHAIIUIL.*.  or  MONTELOVEZ,  mon-tA-lo/vJs,  a  town 
of  Mexico,  State  of  Cohahnila,  about  150  miles-  N.W.  of 
Monterey.    Pop.  about  4000. 

COIIAX'SEY,  a  river  of  Xew  Jersey,  rises  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  Salem  co.,  and  flowinj;  first  southerly,  and  then  westerly, 
lisill.«  into  Delavare  Bay,  in  Cumberland  county.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  large  brifts,  7  or  8  miles,  to  Greenwich,  and  for  ves- 
sels of  SO  tons  to  Bridj^ton,  about  20  miles. 

C0H-4.NSEY,  a  township  of  Cumbeiland  co^  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1509. 

COIIANSEY  LIGHT,  (fixed.)  on  the  Jersey  shore  of  Dela- 
ware Bay,  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Cohansey  Creek,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  40  feet. 

COII.A.S'SET,  a  post-township  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 15  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  In  1S51,  there  were  44  ves- 
sels, tons  iShb,  belonjdng  to  the  town,  and  employing  otil 
persons,  engaged  in  the  mackerel  fishery ;  and  during  the 
year  ending  December  31st,  1S52.  11,010  barrels  of  mackerel 
were  inspected.  The  village  is  the  terminus  of  the  South 
Shore  Kailroad.    Pop.  195^ 

COUOCTOX.  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  Xew  York. 

COIIOES,  ko-hO-i',  (written  also  CAIIOOS  and  CAHOES,) 
iV  flourishing  manufacturing  post-village  of  Albany  co.,  Xew 
Fork,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawk  River,  a  little  below 
Cohoes  Falls,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  near  its  junction  with  the 
"Jhamplain  Canal,  and  on  the  Troy  and  Schenectady  Kail- 
road,  S  miles  N.  of  Albany.  The  village  contains  churches 
of  six  denominations,  a  newspaper  otlice,  a  bank,  2  very  ex- 
tensive axe-factories,  4  large  cotton-mills,  employing  some 
1200  hands,  1  linen-thread-factory,  besides  various  other 
manufacturing  e.«tablishnient.s.    Pop.  S800. 

COHOES  FALLS,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  3  miles  above 
its  mouth,  and  10  miles  X.  of  Albany.  The  fall  is  about 
70  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  and  is  remarkable  for  its 
picturesque  beautv. 

COIlUTrrAII  SPRIXGS,  a  post-village  of  Murray  co., 
Georgia,  at  the  base  of  Cohuttah  Mountain,  90  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Atlanta. 

COI'LA,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Xew  York. 

C01L.4..  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Jlississippi. 

COISIBATOOR.  koim'ba-toor/,  or  COIJIBATORE,  koim'- 
ba-tOr',  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
enclosed  by  the  districts  of  Salem,  Trichiuopoly,  Madura, 
and  Malabar,  and  the  Mysore  and  Travancore  dominions. 
Area,  8392  squai-e  miles.     Pop.  807.9(34. 

COIMBATOOK,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  capital  of  the  above 
district,  on  the  Xoil.  Lat.  10°  52'  X.,  Ion.  77°  55' E.  It 
occupies  an  elevated  and  dry  situation,  Is  well  built,  and 
contains  about  2000  houses.  There  is  here  n  musjid  built 
by  Tippoo  Sultan,  who  made  this  town  one  of  his  principal 
military  stations.  Aliout  2  miles  from  the  town,  at  a  place 
called  Peruru.  is  a  celebrated  Hindoo  temple,  known  by  the 
name  of  .Mail  Chittumbra.  It  is  a  rude  piece  of  workman- 
ship, destitute  of  elegance,  but  covered  with  a  profusion  of 
Hindoo  ornaments.  Some  time  since  an  ancient  tumulus 
or  mound  near  the  town  was  opened,  and  found  to  contain 
yarious  weapons  and  other  articles,  such  as  were  formerly 
used  by  the  Romans.  Coiml«toor  *as  twice  taken  by  the 
British;  first,  in  1783.  and,  again,  in  1790. 

COlMBItA,  ko-eemObrd,  (anc.  Chnintfbriga.)  a  city  of  Por- 
tugal, capital  of  the  province  of  Beira,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  JVioudego,  here  crossed  by  a  long  stone  bridge,  110  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Lislx)n.  Pop.  13,400.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls, 
and  is  highly  picturesque  externally,  but  ill  built.  Its  uni- 
versity, the  only  one  in  Portugal,  consists  of  18  colleges, 
attended  now  by  about  1100  students,  and  has  a  library  of 
80,000  volumes,  with  extensive  museums,  an  observatory. 
4c.  It  has  also  some  fine  churches  and  many  convents, 
that  of  Santa  Cruz  now  serving  for  a  barrack ;  and  around 
it  are  numerous  detached  residences,  including  the  famed 
quiniti  das  lagrintus.  or  "  villa  of  tears,"  the  scene  of  the 
death  of  Inez  de  Castro.  In  addition  to  earthenwares,  linen 
and  woollen  fabrics,  and  coml«.  one  of  its  principid  manu- 
&ctures  is  that  of  willow  toothpicks. 

COIN,  ko-een'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  21  miles  W. 
of  Malaga,  on  a  gentle  declivity  facing  the  X.  The  houses 
are  tolerably  well-built,  and  the  town  possesses  numerous 
spacious  and  clean  streets,  and  three  squares — the  principal 
having  a  promenade  and  handsome  fountain  in  its  centre. 
It  has  2  large  churches.  2  chapels,  some  convents,  4  schools, 
a  town-hall,  prison,  store-house,  cemetery,  and  an  episcopal 
palace;  and,  in  the  environs,  several  public  walks  and  gar- 
dens, adorned  with  fruit-trees,  flowers,  and  fbuntains.  In 
the  neighboring  hills,  quarries  of  marble  are  wrought,  and 
jasper  of  all  colors  is  obtained.     Pop.  82.39. 

COIN'JOCK,  a  postroffice of  Currituck  co..  North  Carolina. 

COIRE,  the  capit.il  town  of  the  (irisons.     See  Chuk. 

CX)ISE,  kwaz,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province 
471 


COL 

of  Savoy,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Chambfiry,  with  mineral  springs 
Pop.  1702. 

COITS'VILLE,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extr©- 
mitv  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  1285. 

C'OJUTEPEQUE.  ko-Hoo-tA-pA'k.-l,  a  town  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, state,  and  15  miles  S.  of  San  Salvador.  Estimated  pop., 
15,000.  Except  three  churches,  it  has  no  buildings  worthy 
of  notice;  and  its  dwellings  are  mostly  built  of  mud. 

COJUTEPEQU  E,  LAKE  OF,  or  ILLABASCO,  eel-yd-bJs'ko, 
a  lake  of  Central  America,  in  San  Salvador,  a  few  leagues 
distant  from  the  above,  is  12  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W., 
with  an  average  breadth  of  5  miles.  In  windy  weather  it 
assumes  a  dense  green  hue,  and  fish  are  often  cast  dead  in 
vast  quantities  on  its  shores. 

COK'EK  CREEK,  a  small  post^village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ten« 
nessee,  155  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

COK'ER,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

COKEIt.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

COKES/BUKG,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey. 

COKESBURG,  a  post-office  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

COKESBUltY,  koks^hfr-e,  a  post-oijice  of  Abbeville  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

COL.  (('.  e.  "  a  neck,")  the  name  of  many  passes  across  the 
Alps  of  Savoy  and  lledmont,  some  of  tiae  prlncip.il  being 
the  following; — CoL  de  Balme,  Coi,-i)E-Ferre'i,  Col  de  la 
Seione,  Col  de  Tend.\,  Col  du  B()SHom.me,  &<:.,  which  will  be 
found  in  their  alphabetical  places. 

COLAB/BA.  a  narrow  promontory  in  British  India,  presi- 
dency of.  and  immediately  S.  of  the  island  of  Bombay,  vrith 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  causeway.  Here  are  a  light- 
house and  cantonments  for  British  troops. 

COLABBA,  a  small  town  on  the  Malabar  coast,  19  miles 
S.  of  Bombay  Fort. 

O/LAGAUiy.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras, district,  and  70  miles  W.X.W.  of  Seringapatam,  and 
lately  a  thriving  placi*. 

Cd^L.\IR',  a  lake  of  Ilindostan,  Northern  Circars,  in  Masu- 
lipatam.  5  miles  E.  of  Ellore.  Lat.  lt;°  36'  X.:  Ion.  Sl°22'  E. 
It  lies  in  a  natural  hollow,  is  of  an  oval  .shape,  about  22 
miles  long,  and  from  7  to  12  miles  broad,  and  formed  chiefly 
by  the  overflowing  of  the  Krishna  and  Godavery.  When 
the  periodical  rains  fail,  it  dries  up  completely.  By  the 
river  Ooputnair  the  Lake  communicates  with  the  Bay  of 
ISengal.  distant  about  2U  miles. 

COLAMO'KA  (or  KOLEMO'KEE)  CREEK,  of  Early  co., 
Georgia,  flows  into  the  Chattahoochee  River,  a  few  mUes 
below  Fort  Gaines. 

CO'L.\X.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwalL 

COLAPAK'CIIEE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Oorgia. 

Cu'L.\POOR'.  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Peccan,  dominionsand 
56  miles  S.  of  Sattarah,  and  the  capital  of  a  rajabship,  com- 
prising also  the  towns  of  Parnellah,  Muic;ipoor,  and  Col- 
gong.    The  town  is  built  on  an  elevated  rock. 

COLAR/,  a  fortified  town  of  Southern  ludi.a,  Mysore  do- 
minions. 40  miles  N.E.  of  Bangalore.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  17U8,  and  retaken  soon  after  by  Ilyder  AIL  Pop. 
3850. 

COiyBERG.  or  KOI/BERG.  (Ger.  pron.  kol'bjRG,)  a  strongly 
fortified  seaport  town  of  I'russian  I'omerania.  25  miles  W.  of 
Coslin,  on  the  Persante,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Baltic.  Pop. 
7<ilO.  It  has  a  cathedral,  several  other  churches,  numerous 
hospitals,  an  ancient  ducal  cjustle,  now  used  for  a  charitatile 
foundation,  a  house  of  correction,  a  harbor,  woollen  facto- 
ries, distilleries,  extensive  salt-works,  salmon  and  lamprey 
fisheries,  and  a  considerable  export  trade.  It  sustained  me- 
morable sieges  in  17tiO  and  1S06. 

Ct>iyBERT,  a  small  village  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Tombi,i;bee  River. 

COLBERT,  a  post-office  of  Chickasaw  Xation,  Arkansas. 

OJI^BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

COI/BYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Kentucky, 
39  miles  S.E.  of  Frankf  >rt. 

COLCHAGUA.  kol-chd'gwl.  a  department  of  Chili,  mostly 
between  lat.  34°  and  35°  S..  stretchinj;  from  the  Audi-s  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  having  N.and  S.  the  departments  of  Sitnti.igo 
andMaule.  Area.  8120  squaremiles.  Pop.130,000.  ThepLning 
are  fertile,  and  watered  by  the  Maule  and  .Maypu  Rivers.  The 
chief  towns  are  Curico.  San  Fernando,  and  Rancagua. 

COLCHESTER,  kfll'ches-ter,  {a-ac.CanuiIochi'num  ?)  a  pai^ 
liamentary  and  municipal  borough,  river  poit.  and  town 
of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  on  the  Colne.  crossed  here  by  seve- 
ral bridges,  and  on  the  Eastern  Union  Railway.  51  miles 
X.X.E.  of  lyondon.  Area  of  borougli.  comprising  16  pa- 
rishes, 11.770  acres.  Pop.  in  18C1,  23,815.  It  is  well  built 
on  the  sides  and  summit  of  an  eminence,  where  there  are 
vestiges  of  its  ancient  walls,  many  antiquated  dwellings, 
imposing  remains  of  a  castle  of  great  strength,  lepnted  to 
have  been  founded  by  Edward  the  Elder,  part?  of  which 
are  now  used  for  the  town  library  and  a  prison :  interest- 
ing relics  of  an  .abbey  and  a  priory,  an  ancient  chaj^jl,  and  8 
parish  churches,  several  of  which  are  very  antique  struc- 
tures. Its  free  grammar  school  has  scliolarslnps  at  Cam- 
bridge University,  and  the  celebrated  Dr.  Parr  was  in.aste- 
of  it  in  1779.  The  town  possesses  also  well  cndowet  hospi 
tals  for  the  poor,  a  general  hospital,  various  mouey  ••iiaii 


COL 


C(K, 


lies,  a  union  work-house,  fine  moot  or  town  hall,  county 
house  of  correction,  neat  theatre,  small  barracks,  several 
literary  and  scientific  associations,  a  custom-house,  a  large 
market^house,  iKinding  warehouses,  and  a  quay,  approached 
by  vessels  of  150  tons.  Its  man  ulactures  of  silks  are  declining; 
but  it  has  some  malting  trade,  and  thriving  oyster  fisheries. 
Its  registered  shipping,  in  184",  amounted  to  9447  tons.  It 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Colchester 
was  one  of  the  earliest  Iloman  stations  in  Britain ;  and  nu- 
merous coins  and  other  antiquities  have  been  found  in  it. 
rt  was  also  a  Saxon  town  of  note.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron 
to  the  Al)Ix)tt  family. 

COl/CIIESTER,  a  post-township  of  Chittenden  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  Lake  Champlain,  and  on  the  Vermont  Central  Rail- 
road, 35  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactories  of 
cotton  and  woollen  goods,  iron  castiui;s,  sash,  blinds,  &c. 
Pop.  3041. 

COLCHESTER,  a  beautiful  post-village  and  township  of 
New  Loudon  co.,  Connecticut,  20  miles  N.AV.  of  New  Lou- 
don. It  is  the  seat  of  Eacon  Acatlemy,  an  old  and  liberally 
endowed  institution.  The  India-rubber  business  has  been 
commenced  here  on  an  e.vtensive  scale,  and  is  now  very 
successfully  carried  ou.  Iron-castings,  paper,  and  other 
articles  are  also  manufactured,    i'op.  of  the  township,  2802. 

C* tLClIESTER,  a  post-township  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  I'opactou  Kiver,  about  2U  miles  S.  of  Delhi. 
Pop.  2480. 

COLCHESTER,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, bordering  on  Mines  and  Colquid  Bay.s,  with  a  narrow 
Strip  extending  W.  along  Mines  Channel  to  the  Bay  of 
Fuiidy.  A  rugged  ridge  hounds  its  shores.  The  interior 
is  mostly  level.     Capital,  Truro.     Pop.  in  1851,  16,46'J. 

COLCHIS,  kolOiis,  (Gr.  KuXx's,)  an  ancient  division  of 
Asia,  at  the  E.  end  of  the  black  Sea.  It  contains  gold  and 
silver  mines.  The  phoa.'yint  is  originally  from  this  district. 
It  was,  in  the  fifteenth  century,  subdivided  into  the  princi- 
palities of  Imeritia,  Mingrelia,  and  Ciooriel;  and  is  now 
almost  wholly  comprised  in  the  Russian  territory  of 
Transcaucasia. A^j.  and  inhab.  Colchian,  kolOie-an. 

COLD-ASH'UY,  and  COLD-ASH/Ti^N,  2  parishes  of  Eng- 
land.   See  .\sniiT-CoLD  and  Ashton-Cold. 

COLD'RROOK,  a  post'-village  of  Worcester  CO.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name. 

COLDHROOK,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  CO.,  New  York, 
on  a  stream  of  the  Siime  name,  about  90  miles  N.W.  of 
AUianv.     It  has  several  stores  and  mills. 

COLDIJROOK,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois. 

COLD  CKEEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  White  Kiver,  about 
15  miles  above  Indianapolis. 

C(JL  DK  BALME,  kol  deh  liJlm.    See  Baljie. 

COL  DE  FERRET,  kol  dfh  feR'ad',  between  the  Valais 
(Switzerland)  and  Piedmont,  W.  of  the  Great  St.  Bernard. 
Hei-ht  7041  feet. 

C(»L  DE  LA  SEIGXE,  kol  dfh  13  sto,  leads  from  Savoy 
into  the  Val  d'Aosta.  in  Piedmont,  7  miles  'W.S.W.  of  Mont 
Blanc.     Height,  8422  feet. 

COI/DEN,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  20  miles 
S.E.  of  BulTalo.     Pop.  1508. 

COL'DEMIAM,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York. 

OIL  DK  TE.NDA.  kol  deh  tSu'dd.  in  the  .Maritime  Alps, 
on  the  route  from  Nice  to  Turin.     Height.  5980  feet. 

COLD  FIRE  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  S.W.  through 
Pickens  county,  and  enters  Tombigbee  River  near  the 
western  line  of  the  state. 

Co  L  D- 11 IG IV X  M,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

COLDING.  a  town  of  Denmark.     Si^  Kolwno. 

COLD'IXGH.iM,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Berwick,  on  the  North  British  Railway,  2i  miles  N.  of  Eye- 
mouth. Pop.  2746.  In  the  village  are  the  remains  of  a 
Jamous  priory,  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  founded  in 
Scotland,  and  about  2  miles  X.E.  is  Fast  Castle,  the  Wolfs 
Crair  of  the  ••  Bride  of  Lammermoor." 

COLDITZ,  or  KOLDITZ,  kol'dits,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
circle,  and  25  miles  S.E.  of  Loipsic,  on  the  Mulde.  Pop. 
2900,  engaged  in  manufactures  of  stockings,  linens,  felt, 
and  earthenwares.  Its  ancient  castle  is  now  used  as  a 
house  of  correction. 

COLD  XKCK.  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

COLD-NOR'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

COLD-0'VERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
jester. 

COLD'RED,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

COLD  RUX.  a  post-office  of  Gordon  co.,  Georgia. 

CtlLDS'BORXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

Cold  spring,  a  post-office  of  Iterkshh-e  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  postK)ffice  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connec- 
tiuut. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  township  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New 
York.     Pop.  007. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  post^village  of  Phillipstown  township, 
Putnam  co..  Xew  York,  on  the  eastern  Ixink  of  the  Hudson 
River  ,  and  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  54  miles  X. 
of  Xew  York,  snd  1  mile  above  West  Point.  It  is  beau- 
tifully situated  among    the   Uiglilauds,    and  one  of  the 


princiivil  villages  of  the  county.  It  has  5  churches,  a  fur- 
nace, and  a  large  foundry  of  iron  and  brass,  with  macbmo- 
shops.    Parrot  guns  and  projectiles  are  mauo  ucio.    P.  2770. 

COLD  SPKIXG,  a  post-villagH  in  Lower  township,  Capo 
May  CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cai>e  May 
Court-House.  It  has  2  churches.  The  name  of  the  place 
is  derived  from  a  remarkable  spring  near  it,  which  rises 
in  the  marsh,  and  is  overflowed  at  every  tide.  Pop.  about 
325. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  post-offioe  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  post-ofilce  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  village  of  Meriwether  co.,  Georgia, 
about  90  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Jlilledgeville. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  postoffice  of  Wilkinson  CO.,  Mississippi. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  post-offlce  of  Polk  co..  Texas. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co.,  Kentucky. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  postoffice  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  post-offlce  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  post-viUage  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Shelbyville. 

C^LD  SPRIXG,  a  post-village  of  Daviess  co.,  Slissouri, 
150  miles  X.W.  of  Jefl'erson-City. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  post-office  of  Potawatamie  co.,  Iowa. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  .30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  720. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  a  postK)ffice  of  El  Dorado  Co.,  Californi.-u 

COLD  SPRIXG  HARBOR,  a  post-village  and  port  of 
entry  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on  a  bay  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  about  35  mlle«  E.  by  N.  of  New  York.  It  contains 
1  or  2  churches,  and  several  hundred  inhabitants.  The 
line  between  Suffolk  and  Queen's  counties  passes  through 
the  village.  The  registered  tonnage  of  the  district.  June 
30,  1854,  was  29,24,  all  of  which  was  employed  in  the 
whale  fishery,  and  the  enioUed  and  licenswl  tonnage  632, 
employed  in  the  coast  trade. 

COLD  SPRIXG  MILLS,  a  village  of  Steuben  co.  New 
Yoik,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Bath. 

COLIVSTREAM,  (formerly  LerniH  or  Leinhall.)  a  border 
town,  burghof  barony,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  county  of  and 
15  miles  W.  of  Berwick,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Tweed, 
here  crossed  by  a  five-arched  bridge,  and  on  the  main  route 
from  Scotland  into  England.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851.  2238. 
It  is  irregularly  built,  and  contains  a  parish  church,  several 
chapels,  benevolent  societies,  and  liliraries,  and  had  formerly 
an  extensive  Bible-printing  establishment.  The  famous  ford 
of  the  Tweed  is  in  the  vicinity,  where  the  Scotch  and  Eng- 
lish armies  crossed  in  former  times.  Near  it  is  Lennel 
House,  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Haddington.  "  The  Cold- 
stream Guards''  were  so  named  from  having  been  raised 
here  by  General  Monk,  in  lt'59-60. 

COLD'STREAM,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire  co.,  Virgi- 
nia. 20  miles  N.W.  of  Winchester.  It  has  2  churches  and  1 
flouringmill. 

COL  DU  BOXHOMME,  kol  dU  ho'nomm',  in  the  Grecian 
Alps.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Mont  Blanc.     Height,  8054  feet. 

COLD-WALT'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

COLD'WA'TER,  a  post-office  of  Elliert  CO.,  Georgia. 

COLDW.\TKR,  a  postKiffice  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi. 

COLDWATER,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

C0LDW.\TE1{,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 

COLDWATER,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Branch 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  eastern  branch  of  Coldv/ater  River,  in 
a  prairie  of  its  own  name,  and  on  the  Michigan  Southern 
Railroad,  115  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Detroit.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  fertile  country,  and  having  no  competitor  within  20 
miles  or  more,  it  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  retail  trade. 
It  contains  7  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper-offices,  and  sev- 
eral mills.  The  river  afl'ords  a  large  amount  of  water-pow- 
er, wbiob  has  "been  improved.     Pop.  2905. 

COLDWATER,  a  small  post-viUage  of  Wayne  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

COLDWATER  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into 
Rocky  River,  aljout  10  miles  S.  of  Concord,  in  Caliarras  co. 

COLDWATER  RI^'ER,  of  Mississippi,  a  small  stream 
which  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  and  flows  in  a 
W.S.W.  direction  to  Tunica  co.,  where  it  turns  towards  the 
S.  and  enters  the  Tallahatchie  River  in  the  county  of  that 
name. 

COLDWATER  RIVER,  of  Branch  CO.,  Michigan,  flows 
north-westward  and  enters  the  St.  Joseph's  River. 

COLD  WELL,  a  post-office  of  Union  district.  South  Cv 
rolina. 

COLD  WELL,  a  postoffice  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

COLE,  a  county  in  the  centre  of  Missouri,  has  an  area 
of  410  square  miles.  The  Missouri  River  forms  the  bound- 
ary on  the  N.E.,  the  Osage  River  on  the  S.E.,  and  it  is 
intersected  by  Moreau  Creek.  The  Osage  River  enters  the 
Missouri  River  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  county. 
The  surface  is  broken,  and  some  parts  flre  too  rocky  for 
cultivation;  but  the  soil  of  the  river  bottoms  is  productive. 
Limestone  and  burrstone  are  abundant  in  the  county: 
quari-ies  of  good  building  stone  have  been  opened  at  Jeffer- 
son City.     Named  in  honor  of  Sc^uire  Cole,  an  Indian- 

475 


COL 

fighter  and  pioneer.  It  contains  Jefferson  City,  the  capital  [ 
of  Missouri.  Pop.  9697,  of  whom  8710  were  tree,  and  987 
slaves. 

COLEBORNE,  kolTborn,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  | 
of  Northumberland,  16  miles  from  Coburg.  It  contains  | 
several  stores,  and  flour  and  grist-mills.     Pop.  about  700. 

COLEBROOK.  kol'bruok,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Cloos  CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut 
Kiver,  110  miles  N.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1118. 

COLEBROOK.  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 31  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford.  The  streams  afford  motive- 
power  for  1  cotton-mill,  1  paper-mill,  2  chair-factories,  2  tan- 
neries, and  numerous  saw  and  grist-mills.     Pop.  1875. 

COLEBROOK,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  470. 

COLEBROOK,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

COLEBROOK,  a  post-office  in  Lebanon  co..  Pennsylvania. 

COLEBROOK.  a  township  of  Ashtabula  co.  Ohio.    P.  890. 

COLE'BROOKD.^LE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Salop, 
2  miles  N.  of  Broseley,  on  the  Severn,  which  here  winds 
through  a  picturesque  narrow  glen,  and  is  crossed  by  an 
elegant  one-arched  iron  bridge.  This  district  contains  ex- 
tensive seams  of  coal  and  ironstone,  and  petroleum  or  tar 
springs,  which  issue  from  the  sandstone  strata.  Here 
railroads,  formed  of  wood,  were  first  used  in  1620  and 
1650.  and  about  a  century  afterwanls  iron  plates  were  put 
upon  the  wooden  rails.  The  population  is  engaged  in  the 
collieries  and  foundries,  and  fire-brick  and  tobacco-pipe  ma- 
nufactories. 

COLEBKOOKDALE,  a  post-township  In  the  E.  part  of 
Berks  co..  Pennsylvania,  17  miles  E.  of  Reading.    Pop.  1359. 

COLE'BROOKE,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

COLEBllOOKB,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Addington,  21  miles  W.  of  Kingston.  It  has  several  stores 
and  hotels.    Pop.  about  120. 

COLEBROOK  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster 
CO.,  Pennsvlvaniau 

COLKBliOOK  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.. 
Connecticut,  on  the  Farmington  River,  about  30  miles  N.W. 
of  Hartford.  It  contains  a  cotton-mill  and  a  grist  and  saw 
mill. 

COLTyBV.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

COLE  CAMP,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co^  Missouri,  66 
miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

COLE  CKEEK,  of  North  Carolina,  enters  the  Yadkin 
from  the  N.  in  Davidson  co. 

COLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Fountain  co..  Indiana. 

COLE  CREEK,  a  postrtownship  of  Montgomery  co.,  In- 
diana.   Pop.  1539. 

COLE'FORD.  a  small  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester,  parish  of  Newland,  7i  miles  W.N.W.  of  Blake- 
nev.    Pop.  2208. 

COLEGNO.  ko-lin'yo,  a  Tillage  of  Sardinia,  5  miles  W.  of 
Turin,  on  the  Dora-Riparia.     Pop.  1776. 

COLE'M.\N,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  eo.,  .Alabama. 

COLE'MAN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield 
district.  South  Carolina. 

COLE'ilANSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  South  Fork  of  Licking  River,  aliout  50  miles 
N.E."  of  Frankfort.  It  has  1  church  and  about  100  inha- 
bitants. 

COLK/.MORE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

COLE-OR'TOS\  a  parish  of  Engkind.  co.  of  Leicester. 

COLERAIN,  k61-rain',  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1235. 

COI.ERAIN,  a  village  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia,  on  St.  Ma- 
ry's River,  about  24  miles  W.  of  St.  Mary's. 

COLERAIN,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Arkansas. 

COLERAIN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Belmont 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1349. 

COLERAIN,  a  \nllage  and  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
16  miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  3933. 

COLERAIN,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1288. 

COLERAIN  K,  k61-rain',  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  seaport  town  and  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of 
Londonderry,  on  the  Bann.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  4  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  47  miles  N. N.W.  of  Belfast.  .\rea  of 
parish,  4S46  acres.  Pop.  68.57.  Area  of  parliamentary  bo- 
rough. 9(i3.  Pop.  of  town  and  parliamentary  borough^  6255. 
It  is  tolenibly  well  built,  and  has  a  large  parish  church,  an 
elegant  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  endowed  and  other  schools, 
a  town-hall,  a  court-house,  custom-house,  and  work-house, 
and  several  market-houses  and  banks,  and  some  remains 
of  old  fortifications.  The  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bann 
has  been  go  much  improved  of  late  years,  that  vessels 
of  200  tons  burden  can  now  discharge"  at  the  quay  close 
to  the  bridge.  The  exports  consist  of  com,  meal,  provisions, 
and  fine  linens,  mostly  sent  to  England.  Registered  ship- 
ping, in  1847.  980  tons.  Steamers  continually  ply  hence  tS) 
Liverpool.  Glasgow,  and  Fl^twood.  Here  are  p.ipe!^mii!s, 
tanneries.  Meach-grouuds,  and  salmon  and  eel  fisheries. 
The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
It  gives  the  title  of  biron  to  the  Hanger  £imily.  About  1 
mile  S.  are  traces  of  a  large  Danish  fort. 
476 


COL 

COLER.ilNE,  kOl-e-raIn',  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Franklin  co.,  Mass;ichusetts,  on  a  branch  of  the  Deerfield 
Ri^■er.  which  affords  water-power,  alxiut  100  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Boston.  It  has  manufactories  of  cotton  goods,  iron  cast- 
ings, chairs,  sash  and  blinds,  leather,  &c.  Pop.  l79S.  ' 
COLERAINE,  a  post-township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Octorara  Creek,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Lancaster. 
Pop.  1740. 

COLERAINE,  a  post-villase  of  Bertie  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Chow.in  River,  140  miles  E.  bv  N.  of 
Raleiih. 

COLERAIN  FORGE,  a  post-village  of  Huntingdon  eo., 
Pennsylvania.  106  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 
COLE'RIDGE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
COLERNE.  koMern',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
COLEROOX',  the  most  N.  and  largest  branch  of  the  Cavery 
River.  British  India,  at  its  delta,  enters  the  Indi.an  Ocean 
at  Devicotta.  24  miles  N.  of  Tranqueliar.  after  having  formed 
for  80  miles  the  division  between  the  Madras  districts  of 
Tanjore  and  Trichinopoly.    Waters  shallow. 

COLES.  kOlz.  a  county  In  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Kas- 
kaskiaand  Embarras  Rivers,  which  flow  nearly  southward. 
The  surface  is  rolling,  and  mostly  destitute  jf  forests :  a  part 
of  Grand  Prairie  is  included  in  the  county;  the  soil  is  very 
fertile.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago  branch  of  the 
Central  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  Edward  Coles,  second 
governor  of  the  state  of  Illinois.  Capital,Charlestou.  P.  14,203. 

COLES'BERG.  a  district  of  the  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa, 
having  S.  the  districts  Graaf-Reinet  and  Cradock.  and  N. 
the  Hottentot  country.  Area  11.654  square  miles.  Pop. 
8S2S.  It  is  a  lofty  level  region.'well  adapted  for  rearing  live- 
stock, of  which  large  numbers  are  fed.  The  Orange  liiver 
forms  its  N.  boundary.  The  village  of  Colesberg,  near  lat.  30° 
40'  S..  Ion.  25°  30'  E..  has  Dutch  and  Wesleyan  churches,  and 
about  500  inhabitants. 

COLESBURG,  kOlz'btirg,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

COLESBURG.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  30  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Dubuque. 

COLE'S  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Columbia  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

COLE'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  CO..  Tennes.=ee. 

COLES'HILL.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Enirland.  co 
of  Warwick,  on  the  Cole,  (an  affluent  of  the  Tame.)  hero 
crossed  by  a  bridge,  and  with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the 
West  Midland  Railw.ay.  14^  miles  N.W.  of  Coventry.  Pop 
2172.  It  stands  on  an  eminence,  and  is  handsomely  built; 
its  parish  church  contains  a  curious  font,  and  many  monu- 
ments of  the  Digby  family,  who  possess  a  domain  in  the 
vicinity.  It  is  governed  by  two  constables.  The  antiquary 
Duidaie  was  born  in  its  vicinity  in  1605. 

COLESIIILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

COLESHILL.  a  hamlet  of  England,  cos.  of  Herts  and 
Bucks,  p.irish.  and  1^  miles  S.9.W.  of  Amersham.  Pop.  547. 
It  was  the  birthplace  and  residence  of  the  poet  Waller. 

COLESHILL,  a  township  of  England,  North  W.iks.  co. 
of  Flint,  parish  of  Holywell,  and  scene  of  a  battle,  where 
Ilenrv  II.  was  defeated  bv  the  AVelsh.  in  1157. 

COLE'S  MILLS,  a  post^ffice  of  Delaware  co..  Ohio. 

COLESSEAH,  or  COLLESSErAH.  a  small  seaport  and 
village,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Socotra.  Aralii.ao 
Sea.  situateil  at  the  gorge  of  a  valley.  Dragon's  blood, 
aloes,  and  ghee  are  shipped  in  small  quantities. 

COLESTOWN.  a  villasre  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Mount  Holly. 

COLES'VILLE.  a  post-township  of  Broome  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Susquehanna  Kiver,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Binghanipton. 
Pop.  3250. 

COLESVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

COLESVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  jiary- 
land.  40  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  .\nnapolis. 

COLESVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co..  North  Carolina- 

COLE^TA.  a  post-office  of  Talladega  eo.,  .Alabama. 

COLETTO.  a  post-office  of  De  Witt  co..  Texas. 

COLETTO  CREEK,  of  Texas,  rises  In  De  Witt  county,  and 
flowing  south-eastward,  enters  the  Guadalupe  River  about 
8  miles  S.  of  Victoria. 

COI/FAX.  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  Indiana. 

COL^GONG'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
16  miles  E.ofBoirlipoor.  beautifully  situated  on  the  Ganges. 

COLICO.  kol'e-ko.  a  village  of  Lombardy.  government  of 
Milan.  "26}  miles  N.N.E.  of  Como.  near  the  X.  extremity  of 
the  Lake  of  Como,  in  an  unhealthy  situation  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  I,«gnano.     Pop.  2700. 

COLIGNY,  koMeen\vee'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  AIn.  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bourg.  It  gives  its  name 
to  the  illustrious  house  of  Coligny-Chatillon.     See  Ch.^tii.- 

L0y-8UR-I/lINO. 

COLUXSI'LAAT.  ko-lins-pk^t'.  commonly  called  COOLT- 
JESPLAAT.  k61t\v8s-pl,]t'  a  vill.ige  of  Holland,  province  of 
Zealand,  island  of  North  Beveland.  19  miles  N.W.  of  Bei  gen- 
op- Zoom.  It  has  a  harbor,  whence  small  vessels  ply  to 
MiddelburiT  and  Rotterdam,  and  whence  there  is  a  iesular 
ferry  to  Zierikzee.    Pop.  1688. 


COL 


COL 


COLIMA.,  ko-lee'mJ,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
capital  of  tile  territory  of  Colima,  situated  in  a  fertile  plain; 
lat.  18°  qO'  N.,  Ion.  10o°  7'  W.,  near  tlie  volcano  of  the  same 
name,  it  is  a  pretty  large  town,  and  hivs  a  considerable  de- 
mand for  various  articles  of  trade,  such  as  linens,  cotton 
goods,  wo<jllens,  and  hardware.  Pop.  al,774.  The  port  of 
Colima,  which  is  about  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  the  city,  lat.  18° 
33'  X.,  Ion.  103°  35'  W.,  has  a  good  anchora];;e,  and  is  well 
protected  against  the  S.  winds  prevalent  during  the  rainy 
season,  but  on  account  of  a  very  considerable  lake  of  stag- 
nant waters  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  is  very  unhealthy 
during  the  summer.  Infested  by  myriads  of  mos(iuitoes 
and  sand-flies,  even  in  the  dry  season  it  is  nearly  impos- 
sible to  reside  there.  This  port  has  been  open  to  foreign 
commerce  for  several  years,  but  has  not  been  able  to  make 
much  progress.  The  port  itself  lias  not  a  single  house,  and 
the  first  adjacent  town  is  Colima. 

COLIMA,  a  territory  or  district  of  the  Mexican  Confederacy, 
mostly  between  lat.  19°  and  20°  X.,  stretching  100  miles 
along  the  coast  of  the.  Pacific,  S.  of  tlie  department  of 
Jalisco.  Climate  hot;  soil  fertile.  Capital,  Colima.  Jsearly 
all  the  population  are  Indian. 

COLIMA.  VOLCAXO  OF,  is  situated  in  the  territory  of 
Colima,  about  30  miles  X.E.  of  the  town  of  this  name,  near 
19°  X.  lat.,  and  103°  W.  Ion.     Height,  12,000  feet. 

COLIN'I).\,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
district  of  Tiperah.  26  miles  E.  of  Luokipoor. 

COLINSBUIIUH,  kol'inz-bar-rhh,  a  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Fife,  parish  of  Kilconijuhar,  4  miles  W.  of  Pittonweem. 
Pop. 500.     It  has  weekly  corn-markets  and  two  annual  fairs. 

COL'IXTO.N  or  COL'LIXGTON,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  Edinburgh.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  the 
Water  of  Leith.  N.  declivity  of  the  Pentland  Hills,  and  in  it 
is  the  seat  of  Lord  Dunfermline,  and  several  extensive 
paper  mills. 

COLIT.V,  ko-lee'td,  a  post-ofiice  of  Polk  co.,  Texas. 

COLIUMO,  ko-le-oiymo,  a  small  maritime  town  of  South 
America.  Chili,  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Concepcion. 

COl/KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

COLL,  one  of  the  western  islands  of  Scotland,  on  the  Vi'. 
coast  of  Mull,  2i  miles  N.E.  of  the  island  Tiree.  Length 
from  y.W.  to  S.E.  12  miles;  average  breadth  2j  miles.  Pop. 
1412.  It  contains  many  hamlets,  and  a  residence  and  fjudal 
stronghold  of  the  Macleans.  About  one-third  is  cultivated 
and  in  pasture,  the  rest  is  rocky  and  barren. 

CinL'LACE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

COL'LAMAN'S  COBXEKS,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co.,  New 
York. 

CtiL'L  iilER,  a  post-village  of  Windham  CO.,  Connecticut, 
45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford. 

CilLLAMfJl,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York. 

COLL  AM  EH,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

COLL.\MER,  a  post-office  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi. 

COLLAMER.  a  post-office  of  Cuvahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

COLLAMKR,  a  post-office  of  Whitely  co.,  Indiana. 

COUjAMER,  a  post^village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
edge  of  a  beautiful  prairie,  160  miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

COLLAMER,  a  post-village  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Wisconsin  River. 

COLLARES,  kol-ld'rJs,  a  market  town  of  Portugal,  12 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Lisbon,  ou  the  Kio-das-Macas,  N.  of  Cape 
Roca.     Pop.  2200. 

COLLARES,  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  40  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Belem,  on  an  island  in  the  Para  Kiver. 

COLLE,  kolla,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Campobasso.  Pop.  4020.  It  has 
vai'ious  ecclesiastical  edifices,  a  hospital,  and  a  large  annual 
fair  in  September. 

COLLE,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  province,  and  22 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Florence,  on  the  Klsa.,  with  3800  inha- 
bitants.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  castle,  and  paper  mills. 

COLLE  CORVINO,  kolli  koR-vee'ao,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  4  miles  E.  of  Civita-di- 
Penne.     Pop.  1800. 

COL  LED  A,  (CoUeda,)  kWU-di,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sax- 
ony, 35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Murseburg.    Pop.  2000. 

COL'LEO  U,  a  township  in  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  523. 

COLLEGE  CORNERS,  a  post-village  in  Butler  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Junction  Railroad.  35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

COLLEGE  GREEN,  a  post-office  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland. 

COLLEGE  IIILL,apost-officeofLa  Fayette  co.,  Mississippi. 

COLLEGE  HILL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hamilton  co., 
Ohio,  6  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati.  It  is  the  seat  of  two  flourish- 
ing institutions,  viz.  B'armers  College,  formerly  Carey's 
Academy,  and  the  Ohio  I'emale  College,  chartered  in  1851, 
eiicb  having  handsome  buildings.  The  former  has  about  200 
students,  and  the  latter  alx)ut  150.     Pop.  about  500. 

COLLEGE  OF  NEW  JER.SEY'.    See  Princeton. 

COLLEGE  MOUXD,  a  post-office  of  Kaufman  co..  Texas. 

COLLEGE  OF  ST.  JAMES,  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO..  Maryland,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Ilagerstown.  The  college, 
which  has  a  preparatory  department  connected  with  it,  is 
under  the  direction  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church.  It 
■was  first  opened  in  1842,  chartered  in  1849,  and  is  in  a  very 
flourishing  condition. 


COI/LEGEITLLE,  a  post-village  of  Sxiline  co.,  ArkaDsaa 
about  14  miles  S.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

Ci)LLESAXO.  kol-l!l-s.i'no.  a  town  of  Sicily,  25  miles  E.S.« 
of  Palermo,  on  the  N.  declivity  of  the  Madonia  Mountains 
Pop.  2^00. 

COLLESSEAII.    See  Colesseah. 

COLLESSIE.  kol-les'see.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

COLLETON,  col'le-ton,  a  district  in  the  S.  part  of  i^OTXtb 
Carolina,  bordering  on  the  Atianti<',  hns  an  area  of  1670 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  tlie  Edisto.  bounded  on 
the  S.W.  by  the  Combahee,  and  also  drained  by  the  Saikd- 
liatchie  and  .Ashepoo  Rivers.  The  surface  consists  of  an 
alluvial  and  e.xtremely  level  plain,  and  is  partly  occupied  by 
sw.tmps.  Tile  soil  of  the  drier  parts  is  productive.  The  dis- 
trict is  intersected  by  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  populous  in  the  state.  Cai)ital,Waterb()rough. 
Pop.  41,916,  of  whom  9609  were  free,  and  32.307  slaves. 

COLLETOUTO,  kol-li-toR/to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise.  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Larino.    Pop.  2620. 

CliiyLETSVILLE,  a  posMillage  in  Caldwell  co..  North 
Carolina.  16  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

COLLIANO,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Cooliano. 

COLLICOON  or  COLLIKOOX.    See  Calliooo.x. 

Collier  bay.  of  Australia,  on  the  X.W.  coast,  between 
Camlioden  Sound  and  King's  Sound,  in  lat.  16°  7'  S.,  Ion. 
121°  7'  E.  It  is  20  miles  wide  at  its  entrance.  The  tide 
rises  in  this  Ijay  36  feet. 

COLLIERLEY,  kol'yjr-le,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

COLLIERS,  kol'yerz,  a  village  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  ou 
the  Susquehanna  River,  73  miles  W,  by  S.  of  Albany. 

COLLIERS,  a  post-office,  Edgefield  district.  South  Caroliniv. 

COL'LIERSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Rockbridge  co.,  A  iiv 
gini.a.  154  miles  AV.  of  Richmond. 

COI.^LIEI{SVILLE,  a  village  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York, 
75  miles  AV.  bv  S.  of  Albany. 

COLLIERS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  <p..  New  York. 

COLLlERSVlLLE.a  i)()st-villago  Shelby  co..  Tennessee,  on 
the  Memphisand  La  Grange  Railroad.  30  miles  E.  of  Memphis. 

COL/LIX,  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area 
of  916  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  E.  fork  of 
Trinity  River,  and  also  drained  by  Little  Elm  and  PilcT, 
Grove  Creeks.  The  surface  consists  partly  of  prairies,  and 
partly  of  timbered  land.  Capital,  McKinuey.  I'op.  9264, 
of  whom  8217  were  free. 

COL'LINGBOUllXE-DU'CIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
AVilts. 

COL'LINGBOURNE-KINGSrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Wilts. 

COL'LINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

COI/LTXGHAM.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

COL'LIXtiH  AM,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

Cl  Il/LINGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Hereford, 

COiyLIXGTREE,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Northampton. 

COLLINGWOOD,  Canada.    See  Appendix. 

COL'LIXS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Erie  co..  Now 
Y^ork.  on  Cattaraugus  Creek,  22  miles  S.  of  Buffalo.  Poj).  2119. 

COLLI.N  S,  township,  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  2027. 

COLLINS,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co,,  Florida. 

COLLINS  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co..  New  York, 
about  25  miles  S.  of  Huflalo. 

COLLINS'  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Hampden  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

COLLINS  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.E.  central  part 
of  Tennessee,  flows  through  Warren  co.  into  the  Caney  fork 
of  Cumberland  River. 

COLLINS  SETTLEAIEXT,  a  post-office,  Lewis co..Tirginia. 

COI/LINSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Canton  township,  Hart- 
ford CO.,  Connecticut,  on  Farmington  River,  and  at  the  ter-* 
minus  of  the  CoUinsville  branch  of  the  New  Il.aven  and 
Northampton  Railroad,  about  15  miles  X.W.  by  W.  of  Hart- 
ford. There  are  in  this  place  several  manufactories  of  paper 
and  saws,  and  the  largest  axe  manufactory,  it  is  said,  in  the 
United  States,  averaging  1000  axes  daily  throughout  the 
year.  It  contains  1  church  and  5  stores.  A  school-house  is 
about  being  built,  to  cost  $5000.    Pop.  about  1000. 

COLLINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co,.  New  York, 
near  Black  liiver,  about  37  miles  N.by  W.  of  Utica,  h.as  1  or 
2  churches  and  several  stores. 

0:)LLINSVILLE,  a  village  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania,  122 
miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

COLLINSA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Eaton  and  Hamilton  Railroad,  10  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Hamilton. 

COLLINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois, 
86  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Springfield,  and  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  St, 
Louis.    It  has  several  mills  and  stores. 

COLLIO,  kolle-o,  a  village  of  Lombardy.  14  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Brescia,  on  the  Mella.  Pop.  in  1843,  2256.  It  has  iron 
mines  and  forges. 

COLLIOURE,  korie-ooR/.  a  forHfied  seaport  town  of  France, 
department  of  Pyrenees-<Drientales.  on  the  Mediterranean, 
a  little  N.  of  Port  Vendres,  and  15  miles  S.E,  of  Perpignan. 
I'op.  in  1852,  3507.  It  is  defended  by  3  forts,  and  has  some 
trade  in  wines,  wool,  and  anchovies. 

477 


COL 


COL 


COLLTRENE,  koHe-reen',  a  post-offlce  of  Lowndes  co., 
Alabama. 

COLLO,  kono.  a  town  of  Aljreria.  province  of  Constantine, 
68  miles  W.  of  Bona,  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  In  the 
Mediterranean.     Pop.  2500. 

COi,L(11il!IERES,  korio'bre-ain/,  a  Tillajre  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Var.  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Toulon.  Pop.  1890, 
partlr  enj^awd  in  Iron,  lead,  and  coal  mines. 

COL'LO>!SVILLE.apost-office,Lycomin2co..Pennsylrania. 

COI/LON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland.  Leinster, 
eo.  of  Louth,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Boyne,  here  cro.ssed  by  a 
Btoue  l>rida:e.  6^  miles  X.W.  of  Drogheda.  Pop.  of  town.  936. 
It  has  a  cotton-factory  and  a  bleachins-prround.  Stocking 
and  linen  weaving  employs  many  of  the  inhabitants.  Collon 
House  is  the  residence  of  Viscount  Ferrard,  chief  proprietor 
In  the  parish. 

COLLOXGE.  koritezh',  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Valais.  4  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Maurice,  on  the  P>hone. 
Elevation.  5302  feet. 

COLL(WNEY,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Connanght,  co. 
and  5i  miles  S.AV.  of  Sligo,  on  the  Owenbeg.     Pop.  651. 

COI/LUMBKILL',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Longford. 

COLLUMBKILL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Kil- 
kennv. 

COLLtJMPTON,  a  market>-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Devon,  on  the  Culm,  a  tributary  of  the  Exe.  anfl  on 
the  Great  Western  Railway,  12j  miles  N.E.  of  Exet«r.  Pop. 
In  1S51,  3655.  The  town,  in  a  broad  vale,  has  many  antiiine 
houses,  a  church,  originally  ctillegiate,  containing  a  Ix-auti- 
ful  chapel  and  many  rich  ornaments,  and  a  large  serge 
fectory.  It  has  county  sessions,  and  is  the  polling-place  for 
the  northern  division  of  the  county.  A  fire  in  1839  destroyed 
a  great  part  of  the  town. 

COr/LY.  a  village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Missouri,  60  miles  S.  of 
Jefferson  Citv. 

COL'LY-WESfrOJr,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

C<)LMAB,  korman',  (L.  Chtvmba'ria,)  a  city  of  France, 
Mpital  of  the  department  of  Ilaut-Rhln,  on  the  Lauch.  near 
Its  confluence  with  the  111,  41  miles  N.N.E.  of  Strasbourg, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  in  1S52.  23.348. 
It  is  well  built ;  and  its  old  ramparts  are  now  converted  into 
planted  boulevards.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  cathedral, 
town-hall,  theatre,  prison,  and  court-house.  It  has  a  com- 
munal college,  with  a  collection  of  paintings  and  library  of 
40,000  volumes,  and  several  hospitals.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
superior  court,  and  a  tribun.al  of  commerce;  and  it  has  active 
manufactures  of  cotton  fabrics,  tapes,  cutlery,  paper,  leather, 
brushes,  ctnibs.  fee  which  articles,  with  corn  and  other 
produce,  it  exports  into  Switzerland.  Colmar  was  an  im- 
perial city  in  the  Middle  Ages,  and  had  an  active  share  in  the 
civil  wars  under  Undolph  of  Hapsburg  and  Adolpheof  Nas.siiu. 
It  was  ceded  to  France  by  the  peace  of  livswick  in  1697. 

COr^MAKS,  koPmaR',  (L.  Col'Us  Marlfis,  i.  e.  "Mars'  Hill,") 
A  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses-Alpes.  24  miles  N.  of 
Castellane.  on  the  Verdon,  4  miles  from  the  Sardinian  fron- 
tier.    I'op.  1000.     It  is  defended  by  walls  and  forts. 

C0LMKNAI5,  kol-niA-naR',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
15  miles  N.  of  5Ialaga.    Pop.  5949. 

COLMEXAR  DEL  ARROYO,  kol-md-naR/  dll  iR-RD'yo,  a 
town  of  Spain,  33  miles  S.E.  of  Avila. 

COLMEXAR  DE  LA  SIERRA,  kol-mA-naR'  dA  13  se-eT?/RL 
«  town  of  Spain.  35  miles  N.  of  Guadalajara,  on  the  Jarama. 

COLMEXAR  DE  OREJA,  kol-mA-naR'  dk  o-rd'H^,  a  town 
of  Spain.  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  4552. 

COLM  EXAR  VIE.TO.  kol-m.A-naR'  ve-d'Ho,  a  town  of  Spain, 
17  miles  X.  of  Madrid.'   Pop.  3810. 

COI/MOXELIA  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Avr. 

COLM'WOUTII.  a  pari.sh  of  England.  CO.  of  Bedford. 

COLX'BKOOK,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  cos.  of 
Middlesex  and  IJucks,  on  the  Colne,  here  crossed  by  several 
bridges.  17  miles  S.W.  of  London.     Pop.  1050. 

COLXE.  kolu  or  kOn,  a  river  of  England,  cos.  of  Herts 
and  Middlesex,  joins  the  Thames  at  StSnes.  Its  length  is 
about  30  miles. 

COLXE,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  joins  the  North 
Sea  by  a  broad  estuary,  separated  from  that  of  the  Black- 
water  by  Jlcrsea  Island.    Course  about  .30  miles. 

COLXE.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  joins  the 
Isis.  near  Lechlade.  after  a  S.E.  course  of  about  25  miles. 

COLXE,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  parish 
of  Whalley,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Calder,  and  on  the  I>eeds 
and  Liverpool  Canal.  32  miles  by  railway  X.E.  of  Manche.ster. 
Pop.  of  town,  in  1851.  6644.  It  has  two  chapels  of  ease,  a 
(;raii:niar  school  of  which  Archbishop  Tillotson  was  a  pupil, 
A  cloih  hall,  and  large  manufactories  of  cotton  calicoes  and 
mousKelins-de-laine,which  have  almost  superseded  its  ancient 
woollen  manufacture.  Its  mills  are  partly  wrought  by  water- 
power.    C«il.  slate,  and  lime  abound  in  the  vicinity. 

COLXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

COLXE.  EAltLS,  a  parish  of  Englind.  co.  of  Essex. 
OiH.XE  EXGAIX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

COLXE.  WAKE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

COLXE,  M"II1TE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
4-H 


COT/XET.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

COLX-ROGERS,  kOln-roj'grz,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Gloucester. 

COLX  ST.  ALD'WYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  o*"  (51o«- 
cester. 

COLX  ST.  DENNIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

COLOCZA.    See  Kalocsa. 

COLOGXA,  ko-lAn'yl,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  A'enice,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Verona.  Pop.  in  1843, 
6315.     It  has  manufactures  of  silk. 

COLOGNE,  ko-lon/,  (Fr.  ko'lofi',  Ger.  CSIn,  Koln.  kbln,  ana 
Op'pidum  or  Civ'itas  UlMnim,  afterwards  OMriia  Agrip 
pi'na,  or  Cnlnlnia  Claufdia  Agrippinen'Hs.)  a  city  of  Prutc 
sia.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  capital  of  the  province  of 
the  Rhine.  45  mUes  X.X.M'.  of  Coblentz.  Lat.  50°  50'  29"  N., 
Ion.  6°  57'  62"  E.  It  is  built  close  upon  the  river,  in  the  form 
of  a  crescent,  and  is  connected  with  the  town  of  Dcutz  by  a 
handsome  double  bridge,  erected  in  1860.  It  i^surrouiided  liy 
walls,  which  form  a  circuit  of  several  miles,  and  present  pei> 
feet  specimens  of  the  fortifications  crf'the  Middle  Ages.  Out- 
side the  walls  are  fine  gardens  and  walks.  In  the  older  quar- 
ters of  the  town  the  houses  bear  the  impress  of  the  Middle 
Ages:  the  streets  are  dark,  narrow,  and  filthy,  pools  of  dirty 
water  being  left  to  stagnate  in  the  thoroughfares.  Of  late, 
however,  government  has  paid  some  attention  to  improving 
the  town,  by  opening  public  walks,  and  by  widening  and 
paving  the  streets.  It  confjiins  27  churches.  8  ch.ipels,  a 
synagogue,  and  many  public  buildings,  including  the  Town- 
house, a  remarkably  fine  old  building;  the  Hall  of  Justice, 
the  Archiepiscopal  Palace,  the  GUrzenich,  finished  in  1474, 
in  the  large  lower  hall  of  which,  now  used  as  a  store-house, 
several  diets  of  the  Empire  were  held,  and  liere  the  carnival 
balls  are  given ;  the  Tempelhaus,  a  Byzantine  building,  used 
now  for  public  meetings  respecting  navigation,  industry,  and 
commerce.  But  the  olgect  of  greatest  interest  in  the  town  is 
the  Cathedral,  begun  in  12-18,  one  of  the  finest  and  purest 
Gothic  monuments  in  Europe.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross; 
its  entire  length  is  about  511  feet :  breadth,  231  feet :  the 
roof  rests  on  100  columns,  of  which  tht  four  centre  ones 
are  .30  feet  in  circumference.  In  1842.  the  completion  of 
this  magnificent  edifice  was  commenced,  after  designs  by 
Zwirner,  under  the  auspices  of  the  King  of  Prussia:  and 
the  works  have  been  vigorously  prosecuted  since  that  time. 
The  estimated  cost  of  tlie  completion  is  750,000?,  The  other 
remarkable  churches  are  those  of  St.  Peter,  in  which  is  an 
altar-piece  of  the  crucifixion  of  that  saint,  by  Rubens,  who 
presented  it  to  this  church,  in  which  he  was  baptizid :  St. 
Mary,  on  the  capitol,  occupying  the  .site  of  the  capitol  of  the 
ancient  Roman  city,  and  dating  from  about  the  year  1000; 
the  Apostles'  Church,  in  the  X'eumarkt,  built  about  th» 
vear  1200,  a  perfect  .specimen  of  the  Romanesque  stvle;  the 
Church  of  St.  Ursula,  filled  with  the  bones  of  the  11.000 
British  virgins  destroyed  here  on  their  way  to  Btvtagne, 
under  the  guidance  of  St.  Vrsula:  the  Chiirch  of  the  Jesuits, 
or  Maria  Ilimmelsfahrt.  dating  from  1636,  overloaded  with 
gorgeous  decorations  of  marlile  sculpture.  &c. ;  and  St.  Ge- 
reon's,  which,  like  the  Church  of  St.  Ursula,  is  lined  with 
bones,  not,  however,  of  virgins,  but  of  the  Theban  legion  of 
m.artyrs,  slain,  according  to  tradition,  during  the  reign  of 
Diocleti.an;  this  is  one  of  the  finest,  as  well  as  most  ancient, 
churches  in  the  city.  Cologne  contains  two  g>-mnasi.-> — one 
for  Roman  Catholics,  the  other  for  Protestants;  the  latter 
hits  a  library  of  33.000  volumes :  an  observatory  and  botanical 
garden,  a  normal  school,  a  public  library,  a  theatre,  several 
hospitals,  a  school  of  design,  a  museum,  containing  an  in- 
teresting collection  of  pictures  of  the  school  of  Cologne,  and 
of  Roman  antiquities  found  in  and  about  Cologne:  and  an 
arsenal,  in  which  is  a  groat  variety  of  ancient  arms  and 
armor. 

The  manufiictures  are  considerable,  and  consist  chiefly  of 
cotton  yam,  woollen  stockings,  bonnets,  silks,  velvets, 
tobacco, "soap,  hats,  lactf.  and  the  celebrated  Cologne  AVater, 
(Fr.  Eau  de  OJ'tgne.  Ger.  Klilniscfir^  lll'.>-,»er.)  of  which  there 
are  no  fewer  than  30  different  manufacturer.',  who  export 
annually  1.600.000  bottlestoall  parts  of  the  world.  There  are, 
besides,  some  tanneries,  distilleries,  and  15  sugar-refineries. 
Its  commerce  is  considerable,  and.  in  consequence  of  the 
opening  of  the  Rhine  in  1837,  the  navigation  of  which  had 
been  closed  by  the  Dutch,  is  rapidly  improving.  It  has  a 
gocKl  port  on  the  Rhine,  and  is  the  principal  entrepot  of  the 
com.  wine,  and  oil  trade  on  the  river,  and  has  active  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  Netherlands.  Germany.  Alsace, 
and  Switzerland;  while  the  transports  of  com  and  Rhenish 
wine  down  the  Rhine,  and  into  the  neighboring  countries 
of  Holland.  Belgium,  and  Westphalia,  employ  a  great  many 
ypgsels;  and  numerous  steamers  are  coutinuallj  pnssing, 
with  passengers,  up  and  down  the  river.  Three  railroadg 
branch  out  from  Cologne;  one.  on  the  N..  going  W.  to  -\lx- 
la-Chapelle.  and  Belgium :  a  second,  on  the  E.,  from  Deutz, 
leading  to  DUsseldorf  and  Northern  Germany;  and  a  third, 
on  the  S.,  leading  to  Bonn, 

Cologne  was  anciently  called  Oppidiim  or  Civftaa  Vhinfritm- 
(the  "  town  or  city  of  the  Ubii,"  one  of  the  most  rowerfnl 
of  the  ancient  German  nations.)  It  was  afterwards  called 
Oolonia  Claudia  Agrippinensis,  or  simply  Volonia  Agrippina 


COL 


COL 


A  Roman  colony  having  been  planted  at  this  place  by  the 
Emperor  Claudius  at  the  request  of  his  wife,  Agrippina, 
who  was  born  here.  Tlie  city  was  annexed  to  the  German 
Empire  in  870,  and  was  one  of  the  most  powerful  and 
wealtliy  cities  of  the  Ilanseatic  league,  its  population  then 
amounting  to  150,000.  As  early  as  the  eleventh  century, 
Cologne  airried  on  an  extensive  trade  with  foreign  coun- 
tries, including  England,  in  the  produce  of  the  countrj- — 
wine.  corn,  tiour.  raalt.  beer.  &c.  The  art*  and  sciences  also 
flourishe(i.  and  its  university  was  one  of  the  most  famous 
in  Germany.  Intestine  divisions,  and  the  intolerant  and 
persecuting  spirit  of  its  magistrates,  with  some  other  cau.ses, 
finally  elTeeted  its  ruin,  and  in  ITsW  it  ceiised  to  be  a  free 
city.  Duns  ^cotus  died  in  Cologne  in  1308,  and  was  in- 
terred in  the  chapel  of  the  Minorites;  and  Kubens  was  born 
here  in  1077,  in  the  same  house  in  which  Mary  of  Medii;is 
died,  inlfi-12.  Pop.  in  1801,  ll;!,083,  of  whom  only  about  7000 
are  Protestant.* .A.(lj.  and  inliab.,  Colognesb,  ko*lf)-neez'. 

COIjOGNK,  or  KOLN.  (KSln.)  a  government  of  Kherilsh 
Prussia,  bounded  N.  by  the  government  of  DUsseldorf,  E, 
by  Arnsberg,  S.  by  Coblentz,  and  W.  by  Aix-la-Chapelle,  or 
Aachen.  Area.  1.044  sijuaio  miles,  it  lies  wholly  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rhine,  and  is  divided  into  10  circles,  of  which 
the  circle  of  Cologne,  contitining  the  capital,  has  an  area 
of  176  square  miles.     Pop.  484.51(3. 

COLUGNK,  ko-16n'  or  koMofil',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  18  miles  N.  of  Louibez,  on  the  Sarrampion. 

COIjOGXE,  ko-lon'.  a  post-otfice  of  Mason  co.,  Virginia. 

COliOGNO,  ko-l6n'yo,  a  walled  town  of  Lomljardy,  8  miles 
S.S.K.  of  liergamo.  Pop.  2060.  It  suffered  repeatedly  in  the 
wars  of  the  (Juelphs  and  the  Ghibelines. 

COLOKYTIUA.    t<ee  Kolokythia. 

COLnbO,  ko-lo'lo.  a  mountain-peak  of  the  Andes,  near  the 
boundary  of  I'eru  and  Bolivia,  in  lat.  14°  57'  S.,  Ion.  69"^  10' 
W.     IleiL'ht,  17,y30  leet. 

COLO'MA,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  oo^  Alabama 

COLOMA.  Caiiforiiia.     See  Culloma. 

COLOMBEY,  ko'lAM'b.V,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine,  on  the  railway  l>etween  Paris  and  St.  Germains,  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Paris.  It  had  formerly  a  royal  castle,  in 
which  Queen  Ilenrii-tta  of  England  died,  in  1009. 

CObOMliKY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Is^re,  ar- 
rondlssement  of  Le  Tour-du-1'in. 

COLOJIBEV,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meurthe, 
10  miles  S.  of  Toul. 

C()I>*MB1A.  ko-lom'be-i,  is  the  name  which  was  adopted 
by  the  northern  countries  of  Soiith  America,  in  1S19,  when 
Kew  Granada  and  Venezuela  united,  and  established  one 
central  government,  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  Spain.  In 
1829,  A'enezuela  renounced  tlir  union,  and  constituted  it.self 
a  s^'parate  republic.  After  the  resignation  of  Bolivar,  in 
18.30,  it  agaiu  joined  New  Granada,  but  this  union  lasted 
only  a  shiort  time.  In  Xovemlwr,  1831,  a  new  separation 
took  place;  at  the  same  time  it  was  decided  that  the  former 
province  of  Quito  should  constitute  a  separate  government, 
under  the  name  of  Ecuador.  Thus  Colombia  was  divided 
into  three  re))ubliLS,  Venezuela,  New  Granada,  and  Ecuador. 
Adj.  and  inhab.,  Colombian,  ko-lom'be-an. 

COLOMBIKR,  ko'lAM'be-A',  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  4  miles  S.W.  of  Neufchatel,  near  the  W. 
bank  of  the  lake.  It  has  an  ancient  castle  of  the  Dukes  of 
Longueville.  I'rinces  of  Neufchatel. 

COLOMBIEU,  ko'lAm^be-i.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Is&re,  10  miles  \.E.  of  Vienne.     Pop.  1312. 

COLOM'BO  or  COLUM/BO.  the  principal  seaport-town  and 
modern  capital  of  Ceylon,  on  its  W.  coast,  in  lat.  6°  50'  N., 
Ion.  79°  49'  E.  Pop.  31,549.  The  fortitied  town.  alx>ut  li 
miles  in  circumference,  stands  on  a  rockj'  peninsula,  on 
three  sides  surrounded  by  the  sea.  and  having  landward  a 
lake,  a  moat,  and  drawbridges ;  internally,  it  is  more  like  a 
European  town  than  any  other  in  India,  except  Goa;  its 
buildings  are  mostly  in  a  plain  Dutch  style,  and  some  of  its 
streets  are  lined  with  trees.  Climate  salubrious,  though 
humid.  Mean  temperature  of  tlie  year  80°-7 ;  winter  79°'l ; 
Bummer  80°-9,  Fahnrenhcit.  Tlie  f  n'titied  town  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  civil  and  military  authorities,  and  the  princi- 
pal European  residents  of  Ceylon ;  the  open  town  to  the  E. 
is  occupied  by  a  mixed  population  of  Dutch^and  Portuguese 
descent,  and  the  suburbs  are  inhabited  by  native  Singhalese. 
Principal  edifices,  the  government-house,  court-house.  Eng- 
lish. Dutch,  and  Portuguese  churches,  chapels,  extensive 
barracks,  a  good  military  hospital,  and  the  light-house.  It 
has  various  museums,  schools,  hotels,  and  libraries.  The 
harbor,  defended  by  several  forts,  is  small,  and  the  road- 
stead is  safe  only  during  the  S.E.  mon.soon.  Colombo  is  the 
entrepot  for  most  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Ceylon,  and  has 
upwards  of  20  commercial  houses.  Value  of  exports  in 
1845.  491,026?.;  of  imports,  1.188.418?.  Customs  revenue, 
107.017?.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Portuguese  in  1517 ;  taken 
by  the  Dutch  in  1G03,  .and  by  the  English  in  1796. 

C'OLOMEKA,  ko-lo-in.Vri,  a  town  of  Spain,  12  miles  N.  of 
Granada,  on  a  river  of  same  name.     Pop.  22C0. 

CO'LON,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  St.  Joseph  co.i 
Sllchigan.    Pop.  1269. 

OOI/ONA  DI-BUIUANO.  ko-lo'ni4ee-boo-re-a'no,  a  vUlage 


of  Tuscany,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Castiglione-della-Pescnja,  re. 
markable  for  the  remains  of  Cyclopean  walls,  and  Koman 
and  litruscan  antiquities. 

COLONEIjLA,  ko-lo-n^l'li  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Teramo,  near  the  Medi- 
terranean.    Pop.  2000. 

COF.,ONEL"S  (kQr'nglz)  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows 
into  the  Wateree  from  the  right  in  Richland  di.strict. 

COLONEL'S  FOllK,  a  post-villiige  of  Mckens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CULONIA  DO  SANTISSIMO  SACRAMENTO,  ko-lo'ne-3 
do  s^n-tees'se-mo  sd-kr4-m^n'to,  (i.e.  '"Colony  of  the  most 
Holy  Sacrament,")  a  foititied  maritime  town  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Uruguay,  on  the  N.  bank  of  tlie  estuary  of  the  Plata, 
opposite  Buenos  Ayres,  98  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Montevideo. 
Pop.  2500.  In  1845,  it  was  taken  by  the  English  and  French 
fleeti!  fi-om  the  troops  of  Rosas. 

COLONIA  or  COLONIA  AGRIPPINA.    See  Cologne. 

COLON  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Colon  township,  St.  Jo- 
seph CO.,  Jlichigan.  on  Swan  Creek.  136  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Detroit.     It  has  a  few  stores  and  mills. 

COLONNA.    See  Capb  Colonna. 

COLOXNA,  ko-lon'ni,  a  small  town  in  the  Pontifical 
States,  13  miles  E.  of  Rome. 

COLONNE,  ko-lon'ni.  a  cape  of  Naples.    See  Cape  Nac. 

COL'ONSA  orCOUONSAV,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  in 
Scotland,  included  in  Argyleshire,  9  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Islay, 
separated  from  the  island  of  Oronsay  by  a  narrow  sound 
left  dry  at  low  water.  I>ength  of  both  islands,  12  miles,  and 
from  1  to  3  miles  in  breadth.    Loch  Fad  is  in  the  centre. 

COL'ONY,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Missouri. 

COLON  Y^,  a  post-township  of  Delaware  co.,lo  wa.  Pop.1389. 

COLORADO,  kolo-rah'do.  an  important  river  of  Texas, 
and  one  of  the  largest  which  intersects  the  state.  It  rises 
in  the  table-lands  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  state,  and  flows 
in  a  general  south-easterly  direction.  After  pas.sing  by 
.\ustin  City.  Bastrop.  La  Gr.ange,  and  Columbus,  it  enters 
Matagorda  B.ay  at  the  town  of  Matagorda.  The  whole  length 
probably  exceeds  900  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats 
to  -Austin  City,  (about  300  miles,)  in  the  higher  stages  of 
water.  It  is  stilted  that  they  can  ascend  to  La  Grange,  dur 
ing  at  least  six  months  of  the  year.  Ik^ow  Austin  it  tl<jw8 
through  an  alluvial  plain,  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton, 
rice,  and  sugar. 

COLORADO,  or  RTO  COLORADO,  ree'o  kol-o-rah'do, 
(called  also  the  Colorado  of  the  West,  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  Colorado  f]f  Texas,)  a  river  of  the  United  States.  W.  ol 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  which  it  tjtkes  its  rise,  by  two 
branches,  namely.  Green  and  Grand  Rivers,  which  unite  in 
aliout  .35°  30'  N.  lat..  and  112°  55'  W.  Ion.  Flowing  at  first 
S.W..  then  V,'..  and  lastly,  almost  due  S.,  it  falls  into  the 
head  of  the  Gulf  of  California,  in  about  .32°  10'  N.  lat.,  and 
114°  20'  W.  Ion.  The  entire  length,  including  that  of  Gieen 
River,  its  longest  branch,  may  be  estimated  at  1200  miles. 
Although  the  largest  river  W.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Columbia,  the  quantity  of  water 
carried  down  its  channel  during  the  dry  reason  is  very 
small.  It  is  called  Rio  Colorado,  or  '"Red  River,"  because, 
owing  to  the  fall  of  Riins  upon  a  soil  of  red  clay,  its  waters 
often  assume  that  color. 

COLORADO,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  1020  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Colorado  River.  The  other  streams  furnish  wat^r- 
power.  The  soil  near  the  Colorado  is  alluvial,  and  extremely 
fertile ;  some  parts  of  it  are  sandy.  In  1S50  it  produced  4771 
bales  of  cotton,  a  great  quantity  more  than  any  other  county 
in  the  state.  Capital,  Columbus.  Pop.  7885,  of  whom  4328 
were  free, 

COLORADOS,  LOS  los  kol-o-rl'dos,  a  cluster  of  rocks  and 
islets  near  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  off  theX.W. 
side  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  in  lat.  22°  15'  N.,  Ion.  84°  40'  W. 

COLORNO,  ko-loR'no,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
situated  8  miles  N.  of  Pai-ma,  with  a  ducal  palace,  on  the 
Parma.     Pop.  3000. 

COLOSS^i;,  ko-los'see,  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Ana- 
tolia, near  lat.  37°  47'  30"  N.,  Ion.  29°  24'  E."  Its  remaini 
comprise  a  theatre  and  numerous  sepulchres.    See  Cuoxos. 

COLOSSE.  ko-los'see,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co.,  New  York, 
20  miles  E.  of  Oswego,  has  1  church  and  several  stores, 

COL'QUITT,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Georda,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  Kiyers,  about 
100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Savannah. 

COLS/TERWORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
Isaac  Newton,  whose  father  was  lord  of  the  manor,  was 
born  here  on  Christnjas  day.  1642. 

COLSTON-BAS'SET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

COL/TISHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

COL'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

COLTi>X,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Covlton. 

COLTOX,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  New  Y'ork,  on  the  Racket  River,  about  7  miles  S. 
by  E.of  Potsdam.  The  water-power  furnished  by  the  Racket 
here  is  immen.se.  The  river  at  the  village  plunges  down  a 
steep  declivity  of  about  60  feet,  and  is  said  to  have  a  lall  of 

479 


COL 

800  fi»t  in  the  distance  of  2  miles.  By  the  completion  of  the 
Noithern  Railroad,  au  impulse  has  been  given  to  the  lum- 
bering business  that  has  doubled  the  size  of  Colton  village 
within  2  years.  There  are  two  gang  mills  here,  one  of  which 
runs  aoout  60  saws,  and  the  other  70.  Another  gang  mill 
was  erected  in  1S52,  alx)ut  2  miles  above.  In  the  township 
X'-e  "Mtiinsive  beds  of  bog  and  magnetic  iron  ore.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1843.     Pop.  1400. 

i.^f^I-TON,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York. 

COLTS  NECK,  a  post^village  of  .'Monmouth  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, 5  or  6  miles  N.E.  of  Freehold.  It  has  a  church,  several 
stores,  and  about  30  dwellings. 

COLT'S  STATION,  a  small  village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 15  miles  E.  of  Erie,  the  county  seat. 

COLUtrllAPE,  ko-loo-gwd'pi,  a  lake  in  the  interior  of 
Patagonia,  iiitersect<id  by  the  47th  parallel  of  S.  lat.  and 
tlie  7'2nd  meridian  of  W.  Ion.  I/cngth,  from  30  to  40  miles. 
Little  is  known  respecting  it.  It  is  supposed  to  discharge 
its  watei-s  into  Port  Desire  River. 

COLU>I.\,  California.     See  Ccllom.4.. 

COLU.MBI  A,  ko-lum^be-.a.  or  OR'EGON  (River,)  the  largest 
stream  of  water  entering  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  the  Ameri- 
can continent,  rises  in  a  small  lake  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  about  50°  N.  lat.,  and  116°  W.  Ion. 
The  first  part  of  its  course  is  toward  the  N.W.,  along  the 
base  of  the  above  mountain  range,  till  it  receives  its  north- 
ernmost tributary,  in  about  52°  30'  X.  lat.,  after  which  it 
flows  in  a  southerly  direction  to  the  4(;th  parallel.  From 
this  point  to  the  Pacific  it  runs  due  W.,  forming  the  bound- 
ary between  'i\'ashington  and  Oregon  Territories.  Between 
the  46th  and  4Sth  parallels,  the  Columbia  is  very  crooked, 
flowing  in  a  serpentine  course  N.W.,  W.,  and  S.W.,  about  140 
miles. and  then  S.E.  to  Fort  Wallaw.illa.  It  is  a  remarkably 
rapid  stream,  often  passing  through  mountain  gorges,  and 
over  falls.  The  tide  sets  up  about  140  miles,  to  the  foot  of 
the  Cascades,  a  series  of  napids  caused  by  the  passage  of  the 
river  through  the  Cascade  range.  Its  principal  aflluents 
are  Moliilliv  ray's,  or  Flat  Bow  River,  entering  it  from  the 
S.E..  in  British  America;  Clarke's,  or  Flat  Head  River, 
which  joins  it  about  30  miles  below,  in  Washington  Terri- 
tory; and  Lewis,  or  Snske  River,  flowing  into  it  in  about 
40°  -20'  N.  lat.,  and  118°  50'  W.  Ion.  Besides  these,  all  of 
which  rise  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  there  are  the  Okona- 
gan,  Wallawalla,  Fall  River,  and  A\  illaniette,  which  unite 
their  waters  with  those  of  the  main  stream.  For  30  or  40 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Pacific,  the  Columbia  forms 
a  kind  of  bay,  from  3  to  7  miles  in  breadth.  At  its  mouth, 
over  the  flats  which  extend  from  Point  Adams  north- 
ward, nearly  to  Cape  Dis.appointment.  there  are  about  20 
feet  of  water  at  low  tide,  while  the  channel  has  a  depth 
of  24  feet.  Vessels  of  200  or  300  tons  burden  ascend  to  the 
Cascades,  .^^bove  these,  no  portion  of  the  river  is  navigable 
continuously  for  more  than  20  or  30  miles,  and  then  only 
by  vessels  of  the  smaller  class.  The  entire  length,  (includ- 
ing that  of  its  longest  aflluent,)  is  estimated  at  1'200  miles. 
The  Columbia  was  discovered  by  Captain  RoV^ert  Gray,  who 
entered  it  on  the  11th  of  May,  1792.  in  the  Columliia  Rcdi- 
vina,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  It  was  from  this  vessel  that 
the  river  received  its  name.  The  first  exploration  of  the 
Columbia  was  made  in  1S04-5.  by  Captains  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  under  the  direction  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. 

COLUMBIA,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  alxiut  620  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  state  of  Massachu.setts.  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Hud- 
son River,  and  is  drained  by  several  sm.iU  streams,  which 
afford  valuable  water-power.  The  surface  of  the  E.  part  is 
uneven  and  hilly,  but  in  the  central  and  western  portions 
nearly  level,  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  well  cultivated. 
Iron  and  lead  ores,  limestone,  slate,  and  marble,  are  among 
its  mineral  productions.  The  warm  springs  of  New  Leba- 
non, in  the  N.E.  part,  are  much  resorted  to.  The  Western 
Railroad,  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  and  the  Harlem  Rail- 
ro-ad  traverse  this  county.  Organized  in  1786.  Capital, 
Hudson.    Pop,  47,172. 

COLUMBIA,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, has  an  area  of  about  375  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  drained 
also  by  Catawis.sa  and  Fishing  Creeks.  The  surface  is  tra- 
versed by  branches  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  namely, 
the  Knob  Mountain.  Catawissa  Mountain,  and  Muncy  Hills. 
The  soil  of  the  valleys  has  a  basis  of  limestone,  and  is  very 
productive:  some  portions  of  the  upland  are  moderately 
fertile,  the  mountains  are  sterile.  Limestone  and  iron  ore  are 
abundant.  The  North  Branch  Canal  traverses  the  county. 
Organized  in  1013.     Capital,  Bloomslmrg.     Pop.  25,065, 

COLUMBIA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georgia,  border- 
ing on  Savannah  River,  which  separates  it  from  South  Caro- 
lina, contains  about  580  square  miles.  Little  River  forms 
the  boundary  on  the  northwest.  The  surface  is  uneven; 
the  soil  was  once  fertile,  but  has  been  injured  by  improvi- 
dent cultivation.  The  county  contains  granite,  hornblende, 
and  other  primary  rocks.  A  gold-mine  near  Little  River 
has  been  worked  profitably.  The  Georgia  Railroad  passes 
through  the  county.  Formed  in  1790,  having  been  sepa- 
480 


COL 

rated  from  Richmond  county.  Capital,  Appling.  Pop. 
11,860,  of  whom  3567  were  fi-ee,  and  8293  slaves. 

COLUMBIA,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida,  border- 
ing on  Georgia,  contains  about  lOiH)  square  miles.  The  Su- 
wanee  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.W.  and  AV.,  and 
the  Santa  Fe  on  the  8.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and 
partly  covered  with  pine  woods ;  tlie  soil  is  mostly  sandy. 
Capital,  Alligator.  Pop.  4646,  of  whom  2583  were  free,  and 
2063  slaves. 

COLUMBIA,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Arkansas,  bor- 
dering on  Louisiana.  It  is  drained  by  the  Dorcheat  River 
and  other  streams.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil 
productive.  The  county  was  formed  in  1853.  Capital,  Mag- 
noUa.     Pop.  12,449. 

COLUMBIA,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, contains  727  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Wis- 
consin and  Neenah  Rivers, which  at  the  Winnebago  Portage 
are  only  about  IJ/^  miles  apart.  The  surface  is  undulating 
or  hilly,  the  soil  fertile.  The  Wisconsin  is  navigated  by 
steamboats  to  the  Winnebago  Portage,  and  a  canal  connects 
the  Wisconsin  at  the  head  of  navigation  with  the  Neemih. 
Organized  in  1846.    Capital,  Portage  City.    Pop.  24,441. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington 
CO.,  Maine,  on  Pleasant  River, which  affords  water-power  for 
numerous  mills,  130  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     It  contains 

3  churches  and  10  stores.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  en- 
gaged in  hauling,  manufacturing,  and  shipping  lumber  to 
Boston,  New  York,  &c.  Ship-building  is  cari-ied  on  to  a 
limited  extent,  and  some  small  vessels  are  owned  and  em- 
ployed in  the  lumber-trade.    Pop.  1265. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Coos  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  110  miles 
N.  of  Concord.    Pop.  798. 

COLUMBI.i,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland  co., 
Connecticut,  20  miles  E.  by  S.  from  Hartford.    Pop.  832. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer  co., 
New  York  70  miles  W. by  N.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1S93. 

COLUMBI.\.  a  post-village  of  Jlercer  co..  New  Jersey,  17 
miles  N.  of  Trenton,  contains  a  Baptist  church. 

CJLUMBIA.  a  small  village  of  Chatham  township.  Mor- 
ris CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  turnpike  from  Newark  to  Morris- 
town,  13  miles  W.  of  the  former. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  AVarren  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Delaware  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Pauliiiskill  Creek,  10 
miles  N.  of  Belvldere.  It  has  a  church,  a  saw  mill,  and 
from  '25  to  30  dwellings. 

COLUMBIA,  a  village  and  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 24  miles  AV.by  N.  of  Towanda.    Pop.  1277. 

COLUMBIA,  a  flourishing  post-borough  in  West  Hemp- 
field  township,  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna  (here  nearly  1  mile  wide)  and  on 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Hai-risburg.  It 
is  the  second  town  of  the  county  in  respect  to  population 
and  business,  and  is  the  principal  dep3t  of  the  lumber  wliich 
is  rafted  down  the  Susquehanna.  The  Eastern  Division  of 
the  State  Canal  terminates  at  this  point.  A  new  railroad 
has  been  opened  to  Reading,  46  miles  distant,  and  by  an- 
other railioad  it  communicates  with  York  and  Baltimore. 
A  handsome  railway-bridge,  \}/^  m.  long,  connects  this  place 
with  AVrightsville.  Columbia  is  built  on  a  high,  sloping 
bank  of  the  river.  It  contains  a  town-hall,  an  academy,  12 
churches,  2  banks,  1  newspaper  office,  2  large  rolling-mills, 

4  iron-furnaces,  several  grist-mills.  &c.  Incorporated  in 
1814.    Pop.  in  1840,  2719;  in  185(t,  4140:  in  ISOtL  5007. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  Fluvanna  co.,  'Virginia,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Rivanna  and  James  Rivers,  and  on 
the  James  River  Canal.  52  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond, 
contains  1  church  aud  a  few  stores. 

COLUMBIA,  a  thriving  village  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  Deep  River,  a  few  miles  from  Ashborough,  the 
county  seat.  The  river  furnishes  a  fine  water-power,  which 
is  used  in  the  manulHcture  of  cotton. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tyrrel  co..  North 
Carolina,  is  situated  on  a  creek  which  extendi  from  the  S. 
side  of  Albemarle  Soxmd.  182  miles  E.  of  Kaleig-h. 

COLUMBIA,  a  city,  capital  of  South  Carolina,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Richland  district,  on  the  left  or  E.  bank  of  the  Oin- 
garee  River,  immetliately  Ix-low  the  confluence  of  the  Saluda 
and  Bi-oad.  124  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Charleston,  and  500  miles 
from  Washington.  Lat.  33°  57'  N..  Ion.  81°  V  AV.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  a  plain,  and  regularly  laid  out,  with 
streets  about  100  feet  wide,  bordered  with  ornamental  trees?. 
The  greater  numlier  of  the  dwellings  are  of  wood,  and  others 
are  of  brick.  Columbia  is  the  seat  of  South  Carolina  Col- 
lege, founded  by  the  state  in  1804.  and  lilx»rally  endowed. 
It'has  8  professors,  and  a  IHirary  of  17,000  volumes.  The 
main  buildings  are  of  brick.  210  feet  long.  20  feet  wide^  and 
3  stories  high.  The  other  public  buildings  are  the  State- 
house.  170  feet  long  by  60  wide,  court-house,  3  banks,  a 
market-house,  the  Insane  Asylum,  and  churches  of  the 
Presbyterians.  Episcopalians.  Baptists,  aud  Alethodists.  The 
Insane  Asylum  is  richly  endowed,  and  well  conducted,  un- 
der the  charge  of  the  state.  It  had.  in  1851.  170  patients. 
The  building  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  in  the  city.  Co- 
lumbia also  contains  several  academies,  a  theological  semt 


COL 


COL 


nary  founded  by  the  Presbyferians  In  1831.  and  4  news- 
japer  offices,  besides  a  number  of  other  printing  offlces.  It 
is  at  the  head  of  steamlKiat  naviiratiou,  and  the  terminus 
of  three  railroads,  connecting  it  witli  C'liarleston.  Augusta, 
4c.,  namely,  the  Columbia  Branch,  the  (jreeuville  and  Co- 
lumbia, and  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroad. 
Pop.  in  18o0,  6UC0;  in  1853,  7054;  in  1860,  8059. 

COLUMBIA,  a  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co  .  Alabama,  on  the 
Chattahoocliee  Hiver,  about  120  miles  from  Montgomery, 
was  the  county  Beat  till  1834.     It  contains  3  or  4  stores. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marion  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Pearl  River,  90  miles  S.  by  E. 
of Jackson. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caldwell  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  the  Washita  River,  230  miles  by  water  N.  by 
E.  of  Baton  Kouge. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  Brazoria  CO.,  Texa.s,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Brazos  River,  about  50  miles  in  a  straight 
line  VV.  by  S.  of  Galveston.  It  is  at  the  head  of  regular 
steamboat  navigation,  and  is  the  most  commercial  place  in 
the  county. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mi.ssis.sippi.  115  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lit- 
tle Rock,  was  first  settled  in  1830.     I'op.  from  300  to  400. 

COLUMBIA,  a  l)eautirul  and  thriving  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Maury  co..  Tennessee,  on  the  left  bank  of  Duck  Ri- 
ver, 41  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Nashville.  A  company  has  been 
formed  to  improve  the  navigation  of  Duck  River.  The 
surrounding  country  is  populous  and  highly  productive. 
The  town  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  distinguished  by 
the  excellence  of  its  schools.  It  is  the  seat  of  Jackson  Col- 
lege, and  of  two  female  seminaries.  The  Maury  Female 
Academy  is  a  splendid  structure,  surrounded  with  beautiful 
grounds.  The  railroa<l  leading  from  Na.shville  to  Decattir, 
Alabama,  passes  through  this  place.  Columbia  was  the 
residence  of  President  I'olk  previous  to  his  election  in  184-1. 
It  coiitiiius  2  banks,  and  3  or  4  newspaper  offices.  Pop. 
about  2500. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Adair  co.,  Kentucky, 
100  miles  ^.S.W.  of  Krankfort. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hamilton  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  5  miles  above  Cincinnati.  The  vil- 
lage contains  3  lumber-yards,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of 
the  townsbip.  2931. 

C  »LXIMBIA,  a  township  of  Lorain  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1136. 

COLUMF.IA,  a  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1286. 

COLUMBIA.a  villageof  Putnam  CO.,  Ohio,  45  milesN.N.W. 
of  Belief  jutaine. 

C 'LUMBIA,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Michigan..    Pop.  882. 

COLUMBIA,  a  township  in  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  320. 

COLU  MBT  A,  a  township  of  Du  Bois  Co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1079. 

COLUMBIA,  a  thriving  post-village  and  townsliip  of 
Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  50  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.S.E.  of  In- 
dianapolis.    Pop.  of  township,  912. 

COLUMBrA,atownshipof  (iibsnn  cclndiana.  Pop.  1416. 

COLUMBIA,  a  township  ofjennings  CO.,  Indiana.    P.  1086. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana, 
on  a  branch  of  Ki'l  liiver.  105  miles  N.N.K.  oflndianapolis, 
and  20  miles  W.  of  Fort  Wayne.  It  has  a  brick  court-house, 
and  several  churches.     Pop.  in  1800,  887. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Illinois,  about 
110  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  1080. 

COLU.MBI.\,  a  flourishing  and  handsome  post-village, 
capital  of  Boone  CO.,  Missonri,  is  pleasantly  situated  .3.i 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City,  and  10  miles  from  the 
Missouri  River.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  University;  the 
building  is  a  large  and  elegant  structure,  built  by  tl'ie  citi- 
zens of  Boone  county.  To  secure  the  location  of  this  uni- 
Tersity,  the  citizens  of  the  county  subscribed,  and  have 
paid  S120,n00 :  of  which  sum  S75.006  were  expended  in  the 
erection  of  the  building.  Columbia  contains  several  churches, 
a  national  bank,  a  state  bank,  and  1  newspaper  oflfice.  The 
surrounding  country  is  highly  productive.     Pop.  3207. 

COLUMBIA,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri  River. 

COLUMBIA,  a  village  of  Wapello  co>,Iowa,  on  the  De« 
Moines  River,  70  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  city. 

COLUMBIA,  Tuolumne  co.,  California.    See  Appendix. 

COLUJIBIA  CKNTRE.  a  post-office  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

COLUMBIA  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana, 

COLUMBIA  CITY,  a  post-viUage  of  Clark  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territorv,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Columbia. 

COLUMBIA  COt.LKGK.    See  New  York. 

COLUMBIA  CRO.-S  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

COLUMBIA,  DISTRICT  OF.    See  District  op  Columwa. 

COLUMBIA  FURNACE,  a  post-village  of  Shenandoah 
CO.,  Virginia,  about  100  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond.  Popu- 
lation 557. 

COLUMBIA  >IINKP,apo8t-offlce,Crittendenco.,Kentucky. 

COLUMBIANA,  ko-lum-be-ah'na,  a  county  in  the  E.N.K. 
part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates 
2F 


it  from  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  490  square  miles.  R 
is  drained  by  Little  Beaver  River  and  its  branches,  and 
by  Sandy  and  Yellow  Creeks.  The  southern  part  is  hilly, 
and  the  northern  level  or  undulating.  The  soil  is  of  limiv 
stone  formation,  and  is  uniformly  and  remarkablv  fertiln. 
The  county  is  especially  noted  for'  the  production  "of  wool 
Limestone  underlies  a  part  of  the  conntv;  stone  coal  an' 
iron  ore  are  found  in  it.  It  is  intersected' by  the  ^andy  and 
Beaver  Canal,  by  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad, 
and  the  Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  and  Chicago  RR.  Capital, 
New  Lisbon.     Pop.  32,836. 

COLUMBIANA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Shelby  co.,  Ala- 
bama, about  70  miles  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

COLUMBIANA.a  thriving  post-village  of  Columbiana  CO., 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  about  160 
miles  N.K.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  474. 

COLUMBIAN.^,  a  village  of  Greene  CO..  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River.  78  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield,  and  8  miles 
from  CarroUton.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing.  Produce  was 
shipped  here  in  1S52.  to  the  value  of  $175,000. 

COLUMBIAN  (COLUMBIA)  COLLKGK.  See  Washixgtox. 

COLUMBIAN  GKOVE.  post-office,  Lunenburg  co..  Viririnii. 

CoLU.'il'BIA  STATIO.N,  a  post-office  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio. 

COLUMBIA  VILLAGE. a ftouri.shing  village.  St.  Liiwrence 
CO.,  New  York,  on  both  sides  of  Gra.ss  River,  one  mile  N.  of 
the  Madrid  station  on  the  Northern  Kailroad.  and  21  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Ogdensburg.  At  the  falls  in  the  river  is  a  consider- 
able island,  fi  om  which  to  either  shore  a  dam  has  been  con- 
structed .securing  a  valuable  hydraulic  power.  In  the  fall 
of  1852.  the  village  contained  4  churches,  viz.  Congrega- 
tiouah  Methodist,  Baptist,  and  Univer.salist,  about  12  stores, 
a  woollen  tactory  and  carding  mill,  and  3  cabinet  factories, 
besides  numerous  mechanics'  shops. 

COLUM/BIAVILLE,  a  village  of  Stockport  township 
Columbia  CO..  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  the  Kinderhook 
and  Claverack  Creeks,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Hudson,  near  Hud- 
son Hiver  Hailroad.     It  has  one  or  two  cotton  factories. 

COLUMBIAVILLE,  a  small  villa.ge  of  Martin  co.,  Indi- 
ana, aliout  95  miles  S.S.W.  oflndianapolis. 

COLU  M  BO.    See  Colombo. 

COLUilBUETES,  ko-loom-br.Vtls,  a  picturesque  group  of 
volcanic  islands  and  rocks  in  the  Mediterranean,  off  the  E. 
coast  of  Spain,  06  miles  N.E.  of  Valencia.  Lat.  of  Mount 
Colibre.  in  the  largest  island.  3U°  53'  58"  N.;  Ion.  0°  44'  27" 
E.,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  OphiuftF.  These  islands  have 
Rig  l)een  the  resort  of  privateers  and  Barbary  corsairs. 

Ct)LU.M'BUS,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  .Vouth  Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  600  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Lumber  Klver,  and 
intersected  by  Waccamaw  River.  The  surface  is  level,  and 
and  in  some  parts  marshy*  Capital,  Whitesville.  Formed 
in  1808.   Pop.  8597,  of  wliom  6i:i4  were  free,  and  24a3  slaves. 

Ci  »LUMBUS,  a  post-township  of  Chenango  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Unadilla  River,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Utica.     Pop.  1407. 

COLUMBUS,  a  neat  post-village  of  Mansfield  township, 
Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Trenton.  It 
has  a  Presbyterian,  a  Baptist,  and  a  Methodist  church,  a 
library,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  alwut  4oO.. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Warren  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Coffee  Creek,  about  33  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Erie.     Pop.  1864. 

COLUMBUS.'a  flourishing  city  of  Georgia,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Muscogee  county,  on  the  left  (E.)  bank  of  the  Chatta- 
hoochee Kiver.  90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Macon,  128  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Milledgeville,  and  290  miles  W.  of  Savannah.  The  city  is 
laid  out  in  oblong  blocks  of  four  acres,  each  of  which  is  di- 
vided into  eight  square  lots.  It  extends  one  mile  and  a 
quarter  in  the  direction  of  the  river,  and  about  half  a  mile 
towards  the  interior.  The  court-house  is  one  of  the  finest 
buildings  of  its  class  in  the  state.  JIany  of  the  private 
hou.ses  are  well  built,  and  pleasantly  embowered  with  trees. 
Columbus  contains  7  or  8  places  of  worship,  1  oi-phan  asy- 
lum, several  excellent  schools,  150  stores,  and  3  or  4  news- 
paper offices.  A  handsome  bridge  extends  across  the  river, 
and  connects  the  city  with  the  village  of  Girard.  It  is  the 
third  city  of  the  state  in  population  and  wealth,  and  has  an 
advantageous  position  for  trade  and  manufactures.  The 
river,  which  in  this  part  of  its  course  forms  the  boundary 
between  Georgia  and  Alabama,  is  navigable  for  steamboats 
from  this  point  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  during  eight  months 
of  the  year.  These  boats  each  carry  about  900  bales  of  cot- 
ton on  an  average,  and  usually  run  from  November  to  the 
end  of  June.  The  cotton  shipped  at  this  place  amounts  to 
about  80.000  bales  in  a  year.  The  bed  of  the  river  opposite 
Columbus  is  filled  by  large  and  rugged  rocks,  which  form  a 
succession  of  rapids,  and  produce  abundant  water-power. 
Considerable  capital  has  been  invested  in  hydraulic  im- 
provements, and  iu  the  erection  of  manufactories,  and  it  is 
thought  that  Columbus  will  become  one  of  the  greatest 
manufacturing  towns  in  the  Southern  States.  A  dam  500 
feet  long  has  been  built  across  the  river.  There  were,  in 
1850,  4  cotton  factories,  1  paper  mill,  1  cotton-gin  factory,  1 
woollen  factory,  2  iron  foundries,  several  mills,  3  banks, 
and  1  manufactory  of  larming  implements.  Columbus  is 
the  terminus  of  the  Muscogee  Railroad,  opened  in  1852, 

481 


COL 

which  connpcts  with  other  lines  leading  to  Macon  and  Sa- 
vannah. Another  n'Hroad  lias  been  coniniencetl  which 
leads  from  this  place  to  some  point  on  Mohile  Bav.  I>aid 
out  in  1S2S.  Pop.  in  1850,  5942 ;  in  1S54,  8S60,  of  whom 
3317  were  slaves :  in  1860,  9621. 

COLU.MBUS,  a  post-village  of  Columhia  co.,  Florida,  on  the 
Suwanee  liiver.  SO  miles  E.  of  Tallahassee. 

COLUMBUS,  a  thriving  post-town,  capital  of  Lowndes  co., 
Mississippi,  on  the  left  lank  of  the  Tonibijrbee  River,  140 
miles  N.K.  of  Jackson,  and  60  miles  below  Aberdeen.  The 
river  is  navi;.;able  at  all  seasons  for  steamboats,  which  make 
fre(iuent  pa.s.<a!res  between  this  place  and  Mobile.  Colum- 
bus is  surroundi'd  by  a  fertile  planting  district,  and  has  an 
active  business.  Large  quantities  of  cotton  are  shipped 
here  annually.  It  contains  a  court-house,  an  United  States 
l.\nd-otfice.  several  churches,  and  1  newspaper  office.  Pop. 
in  1850,  2614:  in  1860,  a308. 

COLUMBUS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Colorado 
CO..  Texas,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Colorado  Kiver,  95  miles 
S.K.  of  Austin  City.  The  river  is  a  navigable  stream,  flowing 
through  an  alluvial  and  very  fertile  valley  or  plain. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Hempstead  co.,  Arkansas,  10 
miles  W.  of  Washington,  the  county  seat. 

CoLUMHUS,  a  small  village  of  .lackson  CO.,  Tennessee. 

CiJLUMBUS.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  lliawassee  Kiver,  170  miles  K,S.K.  of  Nashville. 

COLUMBUS,  a  postrvilh^e  of  Hickman  co.,  Kentuc4vy,  on 
the  Mississippi  Kiver,  about  300  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Frankfort, 
Pop.  9P3. 

COLUMBUS,  a  city,  capital  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Franklin  county,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
E.  hank  of  the  Scioto  Kiver.  iO  miles  from  it.s  mouth.  110 
miles  X.E.  of  Cincinnali,  115  miles  S.  of  Sandusky  Citv.  and 
350  miles  from  ^Vashington.  Lat.  39°  67'  N.;  Ion.  83°' 3'  W. 
It  is  on  the  same  parallel  of  latitude  with  Philadelphia, 
from  which  it  is  450  miles  distant.  It  was  laid  out  in  1812. 
in  the  midst  of  an  unbroken  wildemes.s,  and  incorporated  in 
1816.  The  State-house,  a  plain  brick  building,  was  erected 
in  1814.  and  the  legislature  met  here  for  the  first  time  in 
December,  1816.  The  site  of  Columbus  is  level;  the  streets 
are  wide  and  laid  out  with  great  neatness  and  uniformity. 
Broad  street,  120  feet  wide,  extends  from  E,  to  W„  and  is 
crossed  by  High  street,  100  feet  wide,  on  which  the  princi- 
pal business  is  transacted.  At  the  intersection  of  these  is  a 
public  siiuare  of  10  acres.  The  old  State-house,  occupying 
one  corner  of  this  square,  was  entirely  consumed  by  lire. 
February  1.  1852.  A.  new  Capitol  had  previously  been  com- 
menced, which  is  designed  to  !«  the  finest  building  in  the 
state,  and  will  surpass  in  magnitude  every  other  state- 
house  in  the  Union:  it  is  304  feet  long  by  184  wide,  and 
covers  an  area  of  55.0.'?ii  square  feet.  The  height  to  the  top 
of  the  rotunda  is  157  feet.  The  material  is  a  hard,  whiti-sh 
limestone.  re.senibling  marble.  The  other  remarkable  edi- 
fices are  the  t)hio  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  Institution  for  the 
Blind,  the  .\.sylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  the  Ohio 
Penitentiary,  The  Lunatic  Asylum,  founded  in  1836,  is  a 
brick  building,  296  feet  in  front,  and  46  in  depth,  with 
wings  39  ft-et  wide,  extending  back  218  feet;  it  cost  about 
$150,000,  and  can  accommodate  350  patients.  The  number 
admitted  in  the  year  ending  November.  1861.  was  157,  and 
149  were  di-iclmrged  in  the  same  period.  The  Institution 
for  the  Blind  is  a  handsome  brick  bnihlinz,  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  K.  of  the  State-house.  In  1862  it  had  432  pupils. 
The  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  also  a  fine  edifice, 
and  surrounded  by  ornamental  grounds.  In  1862  there 
were  150  pupils.  The  Ohio  Penitentiary,  situated  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  river,  is  an  imposing  edifice,  of  Ohio  marble : 
together  with  the  numerous  workshops,  it  comprises  a 
square  of  6  acres.  The  whole  number  of  prisoners  in  1862 
■was  768,  They  are  employed  in  useful  manufactures,  the 
proceeds  of  which  are  more  than  sntficient  to  meet  the  ex- 
penses of  the  establishment.  The  Starling  Medical  College 
was  recently  established  in  this  city,  by  means  of  a  legacy 
of  S50,000  from  the  late  Lyne  Starling."  It  is  a  Gothic  edi- 
fice, the  walls  of  which  are  lirick,  with  cornice.'*,  caps, 
arches,  sills,  &c.  of  whitish  limestone,  giving  it  a  very  taste- 
ful appearance.  The  Capital  University  founded  here  in 
18.')0  is  under  the  control  of  the  I'.vangclical  Lutherans. 

Columbus  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  populous  country, 
and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  The  National  Road.  pa.ss- 
ing  throuch  it  from  E.  to  \V..  is  a  great  thoroughfare  of 
travel,  and  the  Columbus  Feeder  connects  it  with  the  Ohio 
Canal.  Other  internal  improvements  recently  finished 
have  given  nn  impetus  to  its  gi-owth,  viz.  the  Cleveland  and 
Columbus  Railroad :  the  Columbus  and  Xenia  Railroad, 
■which  connects  it  ■with  Cincinnati :  the  Central  Railroad, 
which  extends  to  Zanesville.  and  the  Columbus  and  Indian- 
apolis Railroad.  The  city  is  lighted  with  gas.  It  contains 
24  Protestant  and  2  Roman  Catholic  churches,  1  academy. 
a  Union  school,  and  4  banks.  Several  daily  and  weekly 
newspapers  are  published  in  this  town.  Assessed  value  of 
property  in  18,'S3,  $6,934,117.  There  is  a  park  of  40  acres  on 
the  N.  side  of  Columbus,  given  to  the  public  by  one  o(  the 
citizens,  Eastwood,  one_niile  E.  of  the  city,  contains  the 
gardens  of  the  Columbus  Horticultural  Society,  occupying 
482 


COM 

10  acres,  and  the  grounds  of  the  Franklin  County  Agricul- 
tural  Society.  Pop.  in  1840,  6048 ;  in  1850, 1»,13S  ;  in  1860. 
18,554. 

COLUMBUS,  a  village  oflngham  co., Michigan, on  Grande 
River,  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Liinsing. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Clair  co, 
Michigsm,  on  Belle  Kiver,  40  miles  N.X.E.  of  Detroit.  Pop. 
1032. 

COLUMBUS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Bartholo- 
mew CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Rail- 
road, and  on  the  Kast  Fork  of  White  Kiver,  41  miles  .S.S.E. 
of  Indianapolis.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  iu  a  rich  agricul- 
tural region.  It  contains  a  fine  court-house,  7  chtu-ches,  2 
banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  large  woollen  factory.  4  tan- 
neries, 2  steam  flouring-mills,  Ac.  A  railroad  hiis  been 
opened  from  this  vill.ige  to  Lo»iisville,  in  Kentucky.  Pop. 
in  1850,  llKiS :  in  1865,  about  2500. 

COLUMBUS,  a  township  in  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1840. 

COLUMBUS,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  6  miles 
S.r>.  of  Anderson. 

COLUM  BUS.  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana,  100  miles 
W.  of  Springfield. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri,  106 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

COLUMBUS,  a  new  post-village  of  AUomakee  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Mississippi,  86  miles  above  Dubuque.  There  is 
water-power  near  the  village,  which  is  partly  impro\ed. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Columbia  Co., 
Wisconsin,  ou  Crawfish  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and 
St.  Paul  R.R.,  about  30  miles  N.K.  of  Madison.  It  contains 
2  banks..  Pop.  of  the  village,  1188. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Canada  AVest,  co.  of  York, 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  270. 

COLUMBUS  CITV.  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Iowa  River,  12  miles  above  M'apello.  The  village  has  a 
few  stores.    Poj).  530.    See  Appendix. 

COLU.MBUS  GROVE,  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  about 
100  miles  N.W'.  of  Columbus. 

COLU'SI.  ko-loo'see,  a  county  toward  the  N.W.  part  of 
California,  ha.s  an  area  of  about  2800  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  K.  by  the  Sacramento  Kiver,  and  partly  on 
the  N.  by  Red  Creek:  and  is  drained  by  Elder,  Tombes, 
Stone,  and  Sycamore  Creeks,  which  aflbrd  some  mill  sites. 
The  Coa-st  Rjinge  passes  along  its  W.  border.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile.    Capital,  Colusi.     Pop.  2274. 

COLUSI,  a  jjost-town,  capital  of  Colnsi  co.,  California, 
about  90  luiles  N.N.E.  of  Benicia.    Pop.  348. 

Ct)LnEXD,  formerly  CUVWEX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  ca 
of  Kirkcudbright. 
COl/VKSTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 
COL'VILLE,  a  fortified  station  of  British  North  America, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  near  the  river  Co- 
lumbia. Lat.  48°  37'  N.  The  hou.ses  are  neat.  Wheat  and 
maize  are  raised  in  the  vicinity,  and  cattle  aie  abundant. 

COl/VI.N'S  CREEK,  a  post  office  of  New  Hanover  eo. 
North  Carolina. 
COLAVALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
COL'^VICH,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  StafTord. 
COL'WICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottiush.im. 
COL'WINSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.'of  Glamoi^ 
gan.  4  miles  W.  of  Cowbridge.    The  "  golden  mile,'"  iu  this 
parish,  is  a  common,  free  to  all  the  parishioners. 

COLVTON,  kol'e-ton,  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Coly,  a  small  affluent  of  the 
Axe,  22  miles  E,  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in  1851.  2504.  Annual 
revenue  of  parish  lands,  (the  gift  of  Henry  VIIT..)  23U. 
The  town  is  built  of  fiiut,  and  is  a  titular  borough.  It  is  the 
se;it  of  county  petty-sessions. 

COLVTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  3  miles  W. 
of  Sidmouth. 

COLZEAN  (kol-zainO  CASTLE,  the  fine  seat  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Ail.sa,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr.  parish  of  Kirk-Osw.ild, 
on  a  basaltic  cliff  projecting  into  the  sea.  4  miles  W.  of  May- 
bole.     Near  it  are  some  remarkable  caves. 

CO'M  AC,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New  York,  187  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Albiiny. 

COJIACCHIO,  ko-rndk^eo,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Italy,  province  of  Ferrara,  and  28  miles  E.S.K.  of  l-'errara, 
in  the  midst  of  the  marches  termed  Valli-<li-Commachio,  3 
miles  from  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  5783,  chiefly  employed  in 
fishing  eols,  Ac,  in  the  surrounding  lagixins.  By  the  treixty 
of  1815,  the  Austrians  acquired  tlie  right  to  garrison  this 
town  and  Ferrara. 

COAIADKR'RY.  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Leinstcr.  co.  of 
Wicklow.  3  miles  W.  of  Glendalough.  Elevation.  2-268  feet. 
CO^MAL'.  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  1080  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Guadalupe 
and  Cibolo  Rivers,  and  by  Comal  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the 
Guadalui>e.  Tlie  surface  is  hill  v.  Capital,  New  Braunfels. 
Pop.  4030.  of  whom  38.37  were  free. 

COMAL  TOWN,  a  village  of  Comal  CO..  Texas,  near  the 
Junction  of  Comal  Creek  with  the  Guadalupe  River,  alx)ut 
to  miles  S.S.W,  of  Austin, 
CJMANCHE  ^ko-mau'chA)  INDl  A.NS,  or  COMANCHES, 


co:m 


COxM 


trD-man'oh^z,  (Pp.  pron.  ko-mjii'chfs,)  written  also  CA- 
MANCIIKS,  ka-mdnt'chjz,  ati  American  Indian  tribe  of 
Mexico  and  Texas,  wlio  roam  alon^  tiie  praii-ie-ground 
beyond  tiie  Puercos  and  lUo  Grande  del  Xorte.  They 
are  extremely  warlike,  and  fond  of  plunder.  In  some 
respects  they  differ  from  the  other  Indian  trilies;  but  most 
in  their  aversion  to  ardent  spirits.  Tlieir  number  is  esti- 
mated at  10.001). 

CO'M.^N'S  VV'KLL.  a  post-offlce  of  Sussex  co.,  Virginia. 

COMAYACtUA.  ko -mi-iVwi-  formerly  VAL7,AD0L1D',  a 
city  of  Central  America,  capital  of  the  department  of  Hun- 
duras.  in  the  state  of  and  170  miles  K.  of  Guatemala,  on 
a  river  Howing  to  the  Pacific.  Pop.  12,000.  (?)  Chief  edifices, 
a  cathedral,  a  collej^e.  and  a  richly  endowed  hospital. 

C0.M15.\,  kom'bd.  a  small  isl.and  in  the  Malay  Archipelaf;o, 
Flores  Sea.  33  miles  X.N.E.  of  the  island  of  Adenara.  liat. 
7°4-9'S.:  Ion.  123°  38' K. 

COJrB.A.CO'NUM  or  COM'BOOCO'NUM.  a  town  of  Ilin- 
dostJin,  in  the  Carnatic,  2o  miles  K.  of  Tanjore.  I.at.  10°  69' 
N.;  Ion.  79°  20'  K.  This  city  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Chola  dynasty,  from  which  the  whole  coast  of  Coromandel 
(a  corruption  of  Cliolnmandel)  has  received  its  name.  It 
is  now  inhabited  chiefly  by  IJrahmins,  whose  dwellinjrs  are 
neat  and  comfortable.  IJeing  reckoned  a  place  of  sanctity 
by  the  Hindoos,  it  has  numerous  pagodas,  gateways,  and 
tanks  of  superior  description.  It  is  believed  that  one  of 
these  tanks  is  tilled  every  twelfth  century  by  the  waters  of 
the  Gan;;es,  wliich  find  their  way  into  it  by  a  subterranean 
passage;  and,  as  this  water  is  deemed  capal)le  of  purifying 
from  all  sin  and  uncleanliness.  thousands  re.sort  hither  at 
the  favorwl  season  with  undoubted  contidenc-e  in  its  eiflca- 
cy.  In  this  stronghold  of  idolatry  a  Protestant  mission  has 
been  some  time  established,  and  is  makinsr  s.atisfactoi-y 
progress.  There  are  also  considerable  numliers  of  liomati 
Catholics.     Pop.  estimated  by  Malcom  at  4<l000. 

COMMJ.MIEK'.  a  small  river  of  South  Carolina,  flowing 
south-eastward,  forms  the  boundary  between  Beaufort  and 
Colleton  districts,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  through  St.  He- 
lena Sound. 

COMBK,  kom.  a  p.arish  of  EngUnd,  co.  of  Southiimpton. 

CO.MBK  AI!'1{.\S.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

Cij:MBE  FLOIt'EY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CO.MBE  II.VY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

COMBE  Li>\<i.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

COMBE  .MAR'TIN.  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon,  on  an  inlet  of  the  English  Cliaunel.  4g  miles  E.  of 
Ilfr.jcomlie.  The  village  and  cove  are  encompassed,  except 
on  the  .N'.W.,  by  romantic  hills.  The  parish  contains  argen- 
tiferous lead-mines. 

C'  •MB  E  .MD.XE' r  IX.  a  parish  of  EuL'land.  co.  of  Somerset. 

COM'BEU  or  CU.M'BEK.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  D'>wn.  on  the  W.  side  of  I^outih 
Strangford.  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  town,  19<i4. 
It  is  tolerablv  well  built,  and  has  remains  of  ecclesia.stic.al 
and  other  edifices  of  the  twelfth  century,  with  a  trade  in 
linens  and  spirits,  and  4  annual  fairs. 

COM'BEKMEHE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester, 
parish  of  Acton.  IJ  miles  N.W.  of  Xantwich.  Combermere 
Abliey.  founded  in  11.33,  is  the  seat  of  the  Cotton  family,  to 
whom  this  township  gives  the  title  of  baron. 

CuM'BEI'.TON.  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

ClJMBEKTOX,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Woi^ 
eester. 

COMBERTOX,  LITTLE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.Worcester. 

CO.MBE  ST.  XICIIJLAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CO -M  BIX,  kAjf'b^xo',  a  mountain  of  Europe,  between 
canton  of  Valais,  in  Switzerland,  and  province  of  Aosta.  in 
the  Sardinian  States,  one  of  the  culminating  points  of  the 
Pennine  Alps.  E.  of  the  Great  St.  Bernard.  9  miles  S.E.  of 
Warti^'ny.  14.124  feet  in  elevation,  and  containing  exten- 
sive gla.iers. 

CO.M'lilXTIXIIEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CO.MBLES.  kAM'bLV,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sonnne.     Pop.  1<)77. 

CO.MBOOCONU.M.    See  CojfB.\coNXM. 

COMB  )UHQ.  kA>rbooR'.  a  town  of  Fr.ance,  department 
of  IlU-et-Vilaine,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Male.  Pop.  1217.  It 
is  the  birthplace  of  Chateaubriand,  the  distinguished  writer, 
and  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cattle. 

CO.MBRAILLES.  kAM'brJi',  an  old  division  of  France,  in 
the  province  of  Basse-Auvergne.  Its  capital-was  Evreux. 
It  is  now  comprised  in  the  department  of  Creuse. 

COMBRONDE,  kAM'brAxd',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Puy-de-Dome.  1-5  miles  X.  of  Clermont.  P.  1488. 

COMBS,  komz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COM'ERCOL'LY.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district  ofRiij'shaliye,near  a  branch  of  the  Ganges, 
S4  miles  S.E.  of  Moorshedabad. 

COMER.    See  CoMO,  Lake  of. 

CO.M'FOUT,  a  postoffice  of  Pickens  CO.,  Alabama. 

COMFORT,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co..  North  Carolina. 

COMIL/LA  or  COMIL'LAH,  a  town  of  British  India, 
Tiperah,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Dacca. 

COMIXES,  a  town  of  France.    See  Commines. 


COMIXO,  an  island  In  the  Mediterranean.    Spa  CrinNo. 
COMISA,  ko-mee'.s4,  a  town  of  Dalm.ifiu.  circle  Spaiatro, 
on  the  \V.  coast  of  the  island  Lissa.     Pop.  2619,  mostly  em- 
ployed in  fishing. 

CO.MISO,  ko-mee'so.  a  town  of  Sicily,  Syracuse.  8  miles  W. 
of  Kagu.ea.     Pop.  10.000  (?) 

COMITAX,  ko-me-tan>,  or  COMITLAN,  ko-meet-lSn'.  a 
town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Chiapa,  on  the 
Grij.-Uva.  40  miles  S.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Pop.  10,000. (?)  It  hag 
a  superb  church,  and  a  larure  Dominican  convent.  It  has 
become  a  place  of  considerable  contraband  trade,  as,  in  con- 
sequence of  heavy  duties  at  the  Mexican  ports  of  entry, 
most  European  goods  consumed  in  Southern  Mexico  are 
smugsled  hither  through  Balize  and  Guatemala. 

COMITE,  ko-meef.  a  small  river  of  Louisiana,  rises  in  East 
Feliciana  parish,  and  flowing  southward,  enters  the  Amite 
about  15  miles  E.  of  Itaton  lloucre. 

CO-MITI,  ko-mee/tee,  or  COMITIXI.  ko-we-toc'nee.  a  town 
of  Sicily,  province  of  'Trapani,  10  miles  N.X.E.  of  Mazzara. 
Pop.  3500. 
COMITLAX.    See  CoMiT.\tr. 
COM.MACK.    See  CoM.tc. 

CO.MMEX'DA.  a  British  fort  of  West  Africa.  Guinea 
co.ast.  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Capo  Coast  Castle.  liaviuL'  near  it 
a  town  with  .3(KX>  inhabitants. 

COMMENDA,  LITTLE,  is  a  Dutch  fort  on  the  same 
coast  as  the  above. 

COMME.N'THY.  kom'mAxo'tree',  a  village  cf  France,  de- 
partment of  Allier.  on  the  fEil,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Montlu9on. 
It  gives  its  name  to  a  coal-field  which  occupies  a  consider 
able  area  in  the  surrounding  districts,  and  is  extensively 
worked.     Pop.  1884. 

COMMERAGII  (komVrAhO  MOUXTAIXS.  a  mountain 
range  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford,  rising  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
Suir.  somewhat  abruptly  from  the  water's  edge,  to  an  average 
height  of  1750  feet  above  sea-level. 

COM'MEP.CE.  a  post-village  in  Tunica  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  about  200  miles  X.  by 
W.  of  .Tack son. 

COMMERCE,  a  post-village  in  Wilson  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  .35  miles  E.  of  Xashville. 

COMMERCE,  a  post-township  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Pontlac.     Pop.  1425. 

COIMMKRCE.  a  p'>st-vi!lage  in  Scott  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
W.  Kank  of  the  Mississippi  River.  120  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  IjOuis. 
COMMER'CIAL   TOWX,  a  village  in  Adams  co.,  Ohio, 
near  the  Ohio  IJivor.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Portsmouth. 

CO?I.MERCY.  kom^mi^R'see'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  flense.  20  miles  E.  of  Bar-le-I>uc,  on  ti;e  Mense.   Pop.  3424 
COM/METTSBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Washington  co.,  l»enn- 
sylvania. 

C«  >M  M  EWYXE  or  OOMMEWYX  A.  kom-meh-wi'na  a  river 
of  Dutch  Guiana,  rising  in  the  hilly  grounds  in  the  E.  part 
of  the  colony,  is  joined  by  the  Cottica.  after  which  it  forms  a 
fine  naviirable  stream,  and  falls  into  the  estuary  of  the 
Svirinam  between  the  forts  Amsterdam  and  Leyden.  Total 
course,  exclusive  of  windings,  about  70  miles. 

COMMIXES,  kom^meen',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders.  9 J  miles  E.  of  Ypreg.  on  the  Ly.s.  and  on  ths 
frontier  of  France,  opposite  the  French  town  of  the  same 
name,  with  which  if  communicates  by  a  drawbridge.  Pop. 
31«7.  It  has  celebrated  manufactures  of  ribbons,  thread, 
handkerchiefs,  and  tobacco. 

COMMIXES  or  CO.MIXES.ko'meen'.a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Xord.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ly.s,  opposite  file 
above  toAvn.  and  S  miles  X.  of  Lille.  Pop.  2988.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  ribands  and  thread.  The  old  town  of  Commines, 
wliich  comprised  both  the  above  towns  previous  to  the  ces- 
sion of  French  Flanders  to  France,  was  fortified,  but  dis- 
mantled by  the  French  in  1672.  It  is  the  birthplace  of 
Philippe  de  Commines. 

COMMTS'STONERS  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows   through 
M'ilkinson  county  into  the  Oconee,  about  10  miles  E.  of 
Irwinton. 
COMUM.    SeeCoMO. 

COiniU'XIA.  a  post-office  of  Clayton  CO.,  Iowa. 
COMMU'XIP.\W,  a  village  of  Bergen  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  on 
the  W.  shore  of  Xew  York  I^,ay,  2  miles  S.  of  Jersey  City.   It 
is  an  old  Dutch  settlement  mentioned  in  the  humorous 
history  of  Tning. 

COMO,  (anc.  Cnfmnm.)  an  episcopal  city  of  Lombardy,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
lake  of  Como.  elevation  702  feet,  in  a  delightful  valley,  en- 
closed by  hills  covered  with  gardens,  and  with  olive  and 
chestnut  groves.  Pop.,incIudingitssubnrbs,  24.0SS.ofwhom 
11,562  belong  to  the  city  proper.  It  has  a  public  library 
of  50.000  volumes,  a  botanic  garden.  3  gymnasia,  and  a  mu- 
seum of  anti(iuities.  Chief  edifices,  the  Cathedral,  commenced 
in  1396.  built  entirely  of  marble  and  decorated  with  numer- 
ous works  of  art,  and  an  ancient  town-hall,  also  of  marble. 
Manufactures  comprise  woollens,  silks,  cotton,  and  soap. 
Trade  is  much  facilitated  by  navigation  in  the  lake,  and  by 
excellent  roads.  Many  of  its  inhabitants  emigrate,  as  m.v 
sons  and  makers  of  barometers.  Como  was  a  place  of  impor- 
tance under  the  Romans,  having  been  rendered  so  by  acolo- 

483 


COM 


COM 


nvof  Greeis  sent  there  b\'  Julius  Csesar,  when  It  obtained  I 
the  name  of  Xo'i'uvi  iymum.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the  I 
younger  (and  piiibubly  also  of  the  elder)  Pliny,  of  Volta.  and  ' 
of  i'ope  Innoi-ent  .VI.  A  colossal  statue  has  beer-  recently  , 
erected  to  Vol  ta. 

CO'.MO,  a  post-oITice  of  De  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 

COMO.  a  post-office  ot  Henry  co..  Tennessee. 

CoMO.  a  post-villaire  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois,  on  Rock 
River,  160  miles  X.  of  Springfield. 

CO.MO,  LAKE  OF,  (It.  L:iyo  di  Cmno.  Ij'go  dee  ko'mo,  Fr. 
Lac  dc  CSiiu,  lik-deh-kom.  Ger.  Comersee,  kc/nier-sil',  anc. 
Lt'nus  Lalcas.)  a  lake  of  North  Italy,  Lombardy.  an  expan- 
sion of  the  river  Adda,  which  enters  it  at  the  foot  of  the 
I.epontine  and  Ilhetian  Alps,  and  quits  it  at  Lecco,  in  the 
midst  of  mountains  of  from  lOOJ  to  1300  feet  in  elevation. 
It  is  of  a  very  irregular  shape,  being  separated  iijto  the  two 
branches  of  Como  and  Lecco,  by  the  promontory  of  Bellairio. 
Extreme  breadtli  between  Jlenasrgio  and  Varena.  3  miles. 
Length,  from  Como  to  liiva,  35  miles.  Como  is.  on  account 
of  the  beauty  of  its  basin,  and  its  favorable  exposure,  the 
most  celebrated  of  all  the  lakes  of  North  Italy,  Its  shores 
are  covered  w^ith  elegant  villas,  among  which  are  the  Villa 
d'Este-long  the  re.sidence  of  Queen  Caroline  of  England,  and 
the  Villa  Lenno  on  the  supposed  site  of  J'liny's  villa.  The 
lake  abounds  in  all  kinds  of  fish;  its  navigation  is  liable  to 
interruption  from  sudden  stoi-ms  :  regular  steam  communi- 
cation is  established  between  its  principal  towns. 

COMODO,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  between 
Sumbawa  and  Flores:  lat.  of  the  X.E.  peak,  8°  22'  S..  Ion. 
119°  37'  E.  Length  from  N.  to  S.  about  35  miles;  average 
breadth,  16  miles. 

COMOE,  ko-m5'.  a  town  of  West  -Africa  in  Boossa,  on  the 
Niger.  It  is  of  considerable  size,  and  situated  atout  half  a 
loile  from  the  ferry  across  the  river;  lat.  9°  45' N.,  Ion.  6° 
TE. 

CO'MORX,  (Ger.  Kdmnm ;  Hun.  Komdrom.  ko'md^rom',)  a 
royal  free  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  circle  of  its  own  name, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Waag  with  the  Danube,  aljout  48 
miles  W.N.AV.  of  Pesth.  Its  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular. 
It  contains  4  Roman  Catholic  churches,  1  Greek  church.  2 
Protestant  places  of  worship,  and  a  synagogue.  The  other 
public  buildings  are,  a  town-hall,  a  council-house,  some 
large  warehouses,  2  theatres,  a  Roman  Catholic  and  a  Pro- 
testant gymnasium,  a  Roman  Catholic  head-school,  and  a 
hospital.  Its  fortress,  the  ramparts  of  which  extend  along 
the  margin  of  the  Danube  to  the  end  of  the  promontoiy,  at 
which  the  AVa.ig  joins  it,  is  consideretl  one  of  the  strongest 
In  Europe.  It  was  a  principal  point  in  the  military  opera- 
tions during  the  recent  rising  in  Hungary,  and  was  long 
unsucces,«fully  besieged  by  the  Austrians  in  1848-9.  The 
Danube  is  crossed  below  the  town  by  a  flying  bridge,  and  a 
bridge  of  boats.  There  are  here  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths,  tanneries,  &c.;  also,  an  extensive  trade  in  wine,  tim- 
ber, fish,  grain,  honey,  &c.  The  wine  produced  from  vine- 
yards in  the  neighborhood  is  of  good  quality.  In  the 
vicinity  excellent  coal  is  obtained.  Pop.  in  1846,  17,900, 
exclusive  of  garrison. 

CU.MORO  (kom'o-ro)  ISLES,  a  group  of  volcanic  islands  in 
the  Mozambique  Channel,  350  miles  from  the  X.W.  coast 
of  Madagascjvr.  and  200  miles  from  the  east  coast  of  Africa, 
between  lat.  11°  and  13°  S..  and  Ion.  43^  .and  45°  30'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  80,000,  comprising  Arabs  and  Negroes.  The 
professed  religion  is  Mohammedanism ;  but  feticism  is 
practised.  The  group  consists  of  the  i.slands  Angaziya.  or 
Great  Comoro,  Anjouan  or  Johanna.  Mayotta  and  Mohilla. 
The  islands  are  mountainous,  and  fertile  in  tropical  pTo- 
ductions.  The  meadows  maintain  great  herds  of  cattle,  and 
the  rivers  abound  in  fish.  The  Arabs  manufacture  coarse- 
cloths,  jewelry,  and  small  arms.  The  commerce  was  foi-m- 
erly  important,  and  extended  to  India.  Chief  exports,  cocoa- 
nut  oil  and  tortoise-shell.  The  Comoros  are  governed  by  sul- 
tans, one  of  whom  resides  in  nearly  every  lown.  The  island 
of  Mayotta  was  ceded  to  France  in  1841,  and  the  cession  was 
confirmed  in  1S45.  A  British  consul  has  recently  been  ap- 
pointed for  the  islands. 

COMPETA,  kom-pi/td,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  26 
miles  X.E.  of  Malaga.    Pop.  2753. 

COMPETITION^  a  beautiful  and  thriving  post-village, 
capital  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  '\'irginia,  on  a  small  bi-anch  of 
Banister  River,  160  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond.  It  is  situated 
In  a  rich  farming  district,  and  contains  a  number  of  hand- 
some residences. 

COMPIAXO,  kom-pe-i'no,  (anc.  Complanum  f)  a.  town  of 
It-ily,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Parma,  on  the  Taro.  It  is  tolerably 
well  built,  surrounded  by  walls  entered  by  three  gates,  iinil 
commanded  by  a  castle  on  an  adjacent  hill.  It  also  pos- 
sesses a  church,  primary  and  medical  schools,  and  extensive 
iron  works.    I'op.  5383. 

(.'OMPIEGXE,  koM^pe-aiB',  (L.  ComjxfrJdium,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  OLse,  on  the  Oise,  and  on  the  railway 
from  Paris  to  St.  Quentin,  33  miles  E.S.E.of  Beauvais.  Pop.  iii 
1852,  10,795.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a  communal 
college,  and  a  public  library  of  28,000  volumes,  m.in  ufaetures 
of  muslins,  hosiery,  and  cordage,  and  commerce  in  wood 
ujd  gra'n.  Chief  edifices,  the  church  of  the  ancient  Abbey 
484 


of  St.  Comeille,  burial-place  of  manj*  of  the  early  kings  of 
France:  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  nnd  the  Pont  Neuf  It  has  a 
splendid  palace,  one  of  the  finest  in  France,  rebuilt  under 
Louis  XIV.,  XV.  and  XA'I..  and  magnificently  restored  by 
Napoleon,  surrounded  by  spacious  parks  and  a  forest  of 
30.(J00  acres.  It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified,  and  in  de- 
fending it  while  besieged  by  the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  Joan 
of  Mx  was  made  prisoner,  in  1430.  and  afterwards  basely  sold 
to  the  English.  Here  Napoleon  espoused  Jlari^Louise  in  1810. 

CO.M  POSTELA.  kom-po-stali.  or  COMPOSTEl/LA,  a  town 
of  the  Mexican  Confederacy,  department  of  Jalisco,  and  for- 
merly its  capital,  100  miles  W.of  Guadal.ijara.  It  has  silver- 
mines,  but  is  nearly  deserted  on  account  of  its  unhealthy 
climate. 

0).M  POSTELA,  Spain.    See  Samiaco  de  Compostela. 

COMPOTIXE.  a  post-office  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa. 

COMPIIEIGNAC.  kA>rprAn\vak'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  llaute-Vienne.  12  miles  X.  of  Limoges.  Pop.  2280. 

COM'PI!t)MlSE\  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Kentucky. 

C(  )M  P'.SIW  l.L.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  5  miles 
E.  of  Stockpiirt.     Pop.  engaged  in  manufactures. 

Ci>MPTAT-VEXAlSSI.\'.    See  Comt.at-Ven.aissin. 

C()MPT£  D'AVIGXOX,  kte>'n;i'd"i'veen\6s<=/  or  COMP- 
TAT  D'AVIGXOX.  kfe^Hd'  daVeenVA.\«',  an  old  division  of 
France,  which,  with  the  Comtat-Venaksin,  forms  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  department  of  Vaucluse.  It  was  held  by  the 
popes  from  1228  to  1791,  when  it  was  united  to  France  by 
a  decree  of  the  Xational  Assembly. 

COMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

COMPTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CO.MPTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CDMPTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

COJII'TON.  a  village  of  Jasper  CO.,  Georgi.-u  near  the  left 
bank  of  Ocmulgee  KLver.  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

COMPTON.  a  post-villaire  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Sher- 
brooke.  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sherbrooke. 

C<  ».M  PTON  AlVBA.-^.  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

COMPTON  AB/DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

COMI'TOX  BAS'SET.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

COMPTON  BEALX'lIAMP,  (bee'chum,)  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Berks. 

COJIPTON  BIS/HOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

C«MPTOX  CIIAM'BERLAIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of 
Wilts. 

COMPTOX  DAX^DO.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

COMPTOX  DUX'DOX,  a  parish  of  Enslaud,  co.  of  So 
mer.set. 

COM  PTOX,  FEN'NY.  a  p.irish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Warwick. 

COMPTON  GKEEN'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

COMPTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

CO.MPTOX,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

COMPTON  MARTIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

COMPTON,  XETH'ER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

COMPTON.  OVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dor.set. 

COMPTON  I'AUXCE'FOOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of 
Somerset 

COMPTON  VAI/LAXCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

COil'RADE  BAYOU,  (bi-oo.)  of  Rapides  parish,  Loui- 
siana, flows  S.E.  into  Calcasieu  River. 

COM'RIE.  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
5  miles  W.  of  Crieff.  Pop.  2471;  of  village  803,  engaged 
in  distilling  and  in  woollen  and  cotton  weaving.  The  vil- 
lage is  on  the  Earn  and  Lednock.  here  crossed  by  a  stone 
bridge,  and  near  it  is  a  granite  obelisk  to  the  late  Lord  Mel- 
ville. Among  its  antiquities  are  remnants  of  several  Dru- 
idic  buildings,  and  the  vestiges  of  a  Roman  camp,  whence 
it  has  been  supposed  that  the  engagement  between  the 
forces  of  Agricola  and  Galgacus  took  place  in  this  parish. 

COJISAX,  kAN"^-S(5xe'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
.\ude.  4  miles  X.N.E.  of  Narbonne,  in  the  middle  of  a  fer- 
tile plain  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Aude.    Pop.  2010. 

COM'STOCK,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  right  or  N.  bank  of  the 
Kalamazoo  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  136  miles 
W.  of  Detroit.  It  is  one  of  the  princip.al  villages  of  the 
countv.  and  contains  several  mills.    Pop.  2012. 

COM'STOCKS.  a  post-village  of  AVashinglon  CO.,  New  York, 
on  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  70  miles  N.  of 
Albanv. 
C(tMT.\II,  a  town  of  Indi.%  8  miles  X.E.  of  Nazpoor. 
COMT.\n,  a  town  of  liritLsh  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
12  miles  X.N.W.  of  Onore. 

COMTAT-VENAISSIN  or  COMPTAT-VEXAISSIN, k*!l«>- 
tl'-veh'nAs'sSso',  (L.  Vom^ti'tus  VimlUci'mis.)  a  small  province 
of  France,  formerly  dependent  on  that  of  Provence,  and  now 
included  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse.  Along  with  the 
portion  of Compted'Avignon  noticed  alcove,  it  formed  an  in- 
dependent state,  of  which,  till  the  Revolution  of  n93,  Uie 
pope  had  the  sovereignity. 


CON 


CON" 


cox.  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co..  Iowa. 

COXAC.  ko^ndk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Chareute-Inferieure,  1-i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jonzac.  Pop. 
159S. 

CO'XAX,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  which,  after  an 
easterly  course  of  35  miles,  enters  Cromarty  Frith,  near 
Dingwall.  Its  affluents  are  the  Garve  and  Oriin.  It  affords 
valualile  sahnon  and  trout  fisheries. 

COXAN  BRIDGE,  a  vill.age  of  Scotland,  on  the  banks  of 
the  al)0ve  river,  i^  miles  S.  of  Dingwall. 

COXAIt.'VII.  ko-nd'ri.  a  maritime  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  JIadras.  28  miles  X.E.  of  Vizagapatam. 

COXASAUGA  KlVEll,  Georgia.     See  Co.\.nasauo.4. 

COXC.\X,  kong'kan,  a  subdivision  of  British  India,  in  the 
presidency  of  Bombay,  stretching  along  the  western  coast 
of  Iliiidostan,  mostly  between  lat.  llj°  and  20°  N..  and  Ion. 
72°  W  and  74°  E.,  bounded  E.  by  the  Ghauts,  and  having 
N.  the  district  of  Sunit,  and  S.  the  Sattarah  domiuion.s. 
It  is  separated  into  the  districts  of  Xorth  and  South  Concan. 
Length.  220  miles;  breadth,  35  miles.  United  area,  12,270 
square  miles;  and  population  1.044,121. 

COXC.A.RXEAU,  kA.\«'kaR'ii5',  a  maritime  town  of  France, 
department  of  Fiuistfere,  on  an  island  in  the  bay  De-la- 
Foret.  Atlantic  Ocean,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Quimper.  The  popu- 
lation (2024)  is  chietly  engaged  in  taking  and  curing  pil- 
chards. The  quantity  taken  averages  from  12,000  to  30,000 
barrels,  according  to  the  season.  The  town  is  defended  by 
a  fort,  and  surrounded  by  ancient  walls. 

COXCEig.^0,  kon-s:l-sOws»' or  kon-sA-sd'A.N'o,  a  village  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Alagoas.  on  the  Curaripe.  about  4  miles 
from  the  sea,  .and  at  a  short  distance  from  I'o.xim.  It  hasacon- 
Tenient,  though  shallow  harbor,  at  which  there  is  some  trade. 

COXCKICAO,  a  modern  city  of  Brazil,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Palma,  340  miles  X.N.E.  of  Goyaz,  lat.  12°  S.,  Ion. 
48°  5'  W. 

COXCEiglO,  ARRAIAIi  DE,  jR-nT-ai' d.-l  kon-s,l-s6w.N«'.  or 
COXCEI'CIUN.a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz.  110 
miles  S.W.  of  Xatividade.  in  a  hollow  lietween  two  small 
hills.  The  soil  for  about  3  miles  round  the  village  has  been 
all  turned  over  in  searih  of  gold,  which  was  formerly  found 
in  considerable  quantities. 

C0XCH;1C1(VDA-SKHKA,  kon-.sA-sdwxo'-di-sjR'R.i,  a  town 
of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  E.spirito-Santo,  X.N.W.  of  Vic- 
toria.    Pop.  1500. 

COXCEiglO-DE-LAGOA.  kon-si-s5wNo'd:l-ia-go/a.  a  town 
of  Brazil,  in  the  centre  of  the  island  of  Santii  Catberiua,  E. 
of  Desteiro.     Pop.  3nii0. 

COXCEigSODE-XOGUEGA,  kon-s.'\-s5wNo'-d.'l-no-g!l/ga.  a 
town  of  Brazil  in  the  province  of  Minas  Gerae.s,  85  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Ouro  Preto.  Pop.  1200.  A  rich  gold-mine  was 
discovered  here  in  1785. 

COXCKiglO  D'lTA.MARCA,  kon-.si-sCw.N"'  de-ta-maR^ka, 
a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Peruambuco,  IB  miles 
N.  of  Olinda,  and  capital  of  the  district  of  the  island  of 
Itamarca.  on  its  western  coast.  The  population  of  the  dis- 
trict is  estimated  at  12.000.  This  town  has  long  been  in  a 
state  of  decay,  although  its  restoration  was  decreed  by  the 
government  in  1836. 

COXCEigXO-DOSERRO,  kon-srl-sOwso'-do-sjR/KO,  a  town 
of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  N.X.W.  of 
Ouro  Preto.     Pop.  of  district,  8000.  employed  in  gold  mines. 

COXCEXTAIXA,  kon-thSn-tl'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  28 
miles  X.  of  Alirante.  Pop.  5072.  It  has  a  Moorish  tower,  a 
convent,  and  extensive  manufactures  of  wofillen  cloths. 

COXCHPCIOX,  kon-sJp  se-on'.  or  COXCEI'TIOX,  kon-s^i>'- 
shUn.  an  island  and  headland  on  the  X.  side  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  78  miles  E.  of  Puerto  Bello. 

COXCEPCIOX,  kon-s^p-so^n'.  COXCEPCIOX-LA-XUEVA, 
kon-sjp se^Sn'-ianw.Vvd.  COXCKPCIOX-DE-MOCIIA,  kon- 
sJp-se-On'-d.A-mo'-cha,  or  COXCEPCIOX-DE-PEXCO,  kon- 
sSp-se-6n'-dA-pJn'ko,  a  port  of  Chili.  capit;>l  of  a  pro- 
vince of  its  own  name.  270  miles  S.S.W.  of  Santiago,  on 
the  right  b.ank  of  the  Biobio, and  75  miles  from  its  mouth; 
lat.  30°  49'  .30"  S..  and  Ion.  73°  5'  30"  W.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  bishop  and  of  a  military  commandant  of  the  district 
and  of  the  forts  along  the  Biobio.  and  contains  a  college, 
a  Rominary,  and  some  other  literary  in.stitutions.  Its 
port  at  Talcahuano.  a  small  fortified  town  on  the  bay 
of  Concepcion,  about  8  miles  distant,  is  one  of  the  best  in 
Chili.  The  b.ay  forms  an  extensive  and  excellent  roadstead, 
and  is  shut  in  by  the  island  of  Quii-iquina.  on  either  .side 
of  whif'h  is  a  channel.  There  is  a  trade  in  grain,  hides, 
tallow,  and  salted  beef;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  I'enco  is  an 
Important  coal-mine.  In  1840,  the  number  of  vessels  which 
entered  was  243;  tonnage  52,951; — cleared,  240;  tonnage 
51.706.  In  1847.  the  numbers  were,  entered.  258  ;  tonnage 
C5,952;— cleared,  256:  tonnage  64,906.  In  1846.  the  imports 
in  British  vessels  amounted'to  156,800?.:  exports.  158,800/.; 
in  1847.  the  amount  was.  imports,  89.440Z.;  exports,  91,040?. 
Conception  was  founded  in  1550,  by  Pedro  Valdivia.  on  the 
S.  side  of  Concepcion  B.ay.  In  1554,  1555,  and  lt)03,  it  was 
taken  and  burnt  by  the  Araucaniaus,  and  as  oft<;n  rebuilt; 
4Jid.  in  1730.  it  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  a 
/reat  part  of  it  swallowed  up  by  the  sea.  It  was  again 
.P.estroyed  by  an  eai'thquake  in  1751;  after  which  the  towu 


was  rebuilt  on  its  present  site.  The  Ar.ancanians  again 
devastated  a  portion  of  it  in  1823;  and,  in  1825,  when  its 
population  was  about  20.1  00.  a  terrible  earthquake  laid  it 
in  ruins.  It  has  since  partially  recovered,  and  has  now  a 
population  of  about  lO.OOO. 

COXCEl'CIOX,  kon-sf p-se-i5n',  a  department  of  Oiili.  be- 
tween lat.  36°  and  37°  30'  S..  and  Ion. 70°  and  74°  AV.,  having 
X.  the  dejiartment  of  Maule,  E.  the  Andes,  \V.  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  S.  Independent  Araucania.  Area,  5210  square 
miles.  Pop.  102.000.  It  contains  the  most  extensive  plains 
in  Chili.  Coal  of  an  inferior  quality  is  abundant,  and  a  little 
wine  is  exported. 

COXCEPCIOX,  a  town  of,  Bolivi.a,  in  the  province  of 
Tarija.  or  Tariha.  240  miles  S.E.  of  Chuquisaca,  in  a  fertile 
country,  producing  wine.     Pop.  2000. 

COXCEPCIt!)X,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  in  the  province  of  Chl- 
quitos,  145  miles  N.E.  of  Santa-Cruz-de-la-.*ierra,  in  an  ele- 
vated district,  containing  mines.     Pop.  2200. 

COXCEPCIOX,  a  town  in  Xew  Granada,  on  the  frontier 
of  Costa  Rica,  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chagres,  on  the  Carilpbet\n 
Sea.  near  tlie  mouth  of  a  .small  stivjim  of  its  own  name. 

COXCEPCIO.X,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in  the 
province  of  Cordova.     Pop.  20t)0. 

COXCEPCIOX,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  in 
the  province  of  Corrientes,  near  the  lell  bank  of  the  Uru- 
guav,  190  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  the  city  of  Corrientes. 

COXCKI'CIOX.  or  VILLA  RKAL  Dl'l  LA  COXCEPCIOX, 
veel'yd  rA-il'  d.i  13  kon-s?p  se  on',  a  town  of  Paraguay,  c.ijii- 
tal  of  a  department  cpf  its  own  name,  on  the  Paraguay,  135 
miles  X.X.K.  of  Assumption.     Pop.  1800. 

COXCEPCIOX  BAY,  is  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  8 
miles  X.  of  the  town  of  Concepcion.  It  is  about  5  miles 
across,  and  has  an  entrance  on  either  side  of  the  island  of 
Quiriquino.  It  receives  the  Biobio  River,  and  almost  every- 
where affords  good  anchorage. 

COXCEPCIOX-DEL-ARRi^YO-DE-LA-CTIIXA,  kon-s(*p-s©- 
on'-dJl-dR-Ro'yo-dA-ia-chee'na..  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, in  the  province  of  Entre-Rios,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Uruguay.  197  miles  X.W.  of  Montevideo.      Pop.  3500. 

COXCEPCIOX-DKL-1'AO.  kon-s^p-se-on'-diM-pJ'o.  a  town 
of  i'outh  .\merica,  in  the  republic  of  Venezuela,  110  miles  S 
of  Barcelona. 

C0XCE1>CI0X-L.\-XUEVA,  COXCEPCIOX-DE-MOCIIA 
or  COXCKPCIOX-DE-PEXCO.    See  Concepcio.n. 

COXCEPTIOX  or  COXCEPCIOX  (LA)  an  island  of  the 
Bahami\s.  25  miles  S.E.  of  Siin  Sjilvador. 

COXCEPTIOX,  a  town  of  Chili.    See  CoNCEPaox. 

COXCEP'TIOX  BAY,  an  inlet  of  Xewfoundland.  on  its 
eastern  coast,  X.W.  of  St.  John's;  lat.  48°  N.,  ion.  53°  W. 
It  has  several  ports,  the  principal  being  HarlKir-tirace. 

COXCt:i'TIOX  STRAIT,  an  inlet  of  Terra-del-Kuego, 
between  Hanover  Island  .and  the  Madro  Archipelago,  and 
continuous  with  Mesier  Cli.annel. 

COXCII.\GU.V,  kon-chi'gwd.  an  extinct  volcano  of  Cen- 
tral -America,  state  and  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  .San  Salvador,  at 
tlie  W.  side  of  the  entnmce  to  the  Gulf  of  Conchagua. 
Tiiough  not  very  lofty,  it  commands  fine  views,  embracing 
as  manv  .as  18  other  volcanoes. 

Ci>XCIIAGUA,  or  FOXSECA,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  bt^tween  the  states  of  San  Salvador  and  Xica- 
ragua,  is  40  miles  in  breadth,  and  receives  several  con.sider- 
able  rivers. 

COXCIIAR'DEE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Talladega  co..  Alabama. 

COXCII.\S.  kon'shds.  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  about  5°  S.  lat.  and  36°  50'  W.  Ion. 

COXCIIAS,  kon'chds.  or  COXCIIOS,  kon'chos,  a  river  of 
^lexico,  in  the  departments  of  Durango  and  Chihuahua, 
joins  the  Rio  Bravo-del-Xorte.  near  lat.  29°  50'  X.,  Ion.  104° 
40'  W.,  after  a  northerly  course,  estimated  at  300  miles.  I  ts 
valley  is  the  most  populous  and  best  cultivated  in  the  table- 
land of  Chihuahu.a. 

COXCIIES,  kAvsh  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Eure,  10  miles  S.W.of  Evreux,  with  1672  inhabitants,  partly 
engaged  in  nail-making,  and  in  fancy  steel-work. 

COXCIIUCOS,  kon-choo'koce.  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of 
a  province  of  its  own  name  in  the  department  of  ,\ncach.  is 
situated  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Andes,  on  a  branch  of 
Santa  River,  85  miles  S.E.  of  Trujillo.  Pop.  of  the  province 
in  1S.50.  .54.751. 

COXCISE,  kixoVeez',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Vaud.  on  the  Lake  of  Xeufchatel,  6  miles  X.X.E. 
of  Yverdun.  Pop.  1500,  partly  engaged  in  raising  wine, 
wliich  is  the  best  of  the  district. 

COXCOBELLO,  kon-ko-bM'lo.  a  town  of  Western  Africa, 
on  the  Congo  River,  near  lat.  4°  .30'  S.  Ion.  10°  E. 

COXCORD,  kong'kprd,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Somerset  00..  Maine.  50  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Augusta.     P.  540 

COXCORD,  kong'kord.  a  city,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Jlerri- 
mack  CO..  Xew  Hampshire,  and  c;»pital  of  the  stite,  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Merrimack  River, 
59  miles  X.X.AV.  of  Boston.  Lat.  4-3°  12'  29"  X.,  Ion.  71°  29' 
W.  It  extends  about  2  miles  along  the  river,  and  thri-e- 
quarters  of  a  mile  back.  The  streets  are  handsomely  laid 
out.  and  many  of  them  beautifully  shaded.  The  hotels,  the 
principal  mercantile  houses,  and  a  largj  portion  of  the  ma- 

485 


CON 

nufactoiies  are  on  Maine  street,  ■which  is  nearly  100  feet 
broad  and  about  2  miles  long.  State  street,  also  about 
2  miles  Ii.ng,  b  .s  on  it  the  State  Prison,  a  massive  p-a- 
nite  stnic^ture,  mil  a  Methodist  General  Biblical  Insti- 
tute, founded  in  1S47.  The  State-bouse  stands  in  the 
midst  of  a  beautiful  common,  planted  with  maple  and  elm 
trees.  It  is  built  of  hewn  gianite.  is  12tj  feet  long,  -19  feet 
wide,  and  2  stories  high  above  the  basement.  Concord  con- 
tains a  new  city  hull,  9  churches,  5  state  banks,  1  or  2  na- 
tional banl  %  a  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  2  railnoad  dejjots. 
Here  is  an  extensive  manufactory  of  carriages,  employing 
a  ciipitul  or  $200,000.  By  the  aid  of  locks,  the  falls  in"  the 
Merrimack,  opposite  the  town,  furnish  a  vast  hydraulic 
])<)wer,  exte  isively  employed  in  manufacturing.  Among 
the  articles  produced  may  be  mentioned  iron  and  steel, 
machinery,  musical  instruments,  leather,  wooden  ware, and 
woollen  good.s.  The  business  of  Concord,  which  is  impor- 
tant and  rajiidly  increasing,  centres  principally  in  Boston, 
formerly  it  was  c;\rried  on  through  the  Merrimack  River 
and  Middlesex  Canal ;  but  since  the  completion  of  the 
various  railroads  opening  communicjition  with  nearly 
every  section  of  the  state,  the  canal  has  been  abandoned. 
Four  new?pai)ers  are  published  here.     Pop.  10,890. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kssex  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  liiver,  40  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Slontpelier.     Pop.  1291. 

CONCORD,  a  post-township  and  semi-capital  of  ^fiddlesex 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Fitehburg  Railroad,  and  on  both 
sides  of  Concord  River,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.  It  con- 
tains a  bank,  and  a  newspaper  office;  has  manufactories  of 
cotton  and  woollen  flannels,  black-lead  pencils,  boots  and 
shoes,  carriages.  &c.  A  granite  obelisk,  25  feet  high,  here 
marks  the  spot  where,  excepting  at  Lexington,  on  the  same 
di>}'.  CApril  19th.  1775.)  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  defence 
of  American  independence.  It  was  settled  in  16:55.  A  Pro- 
vincial Congress  was  held  liere  in  1774.     Pop.  2246. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Krie  co..  New  York.  Pop.  3183, 

CONCOKD.  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Delaware 
CO.,  Pennsylvani!^  22  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
1220. 

CONCORD, a townsliip of Krieco. Pennsylvania.  Pop.124.5. 

CONCOKD,  a  i)Ost-viIlage  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsvlvania, 
In  Path  VaHey,28  miles  X.  of  Chambersburg.  Pop.  near250. 

CONCORD,  a  small  village  of  Lanca.-ter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  Co.,  Delawiire,  46 
miles  S.  of  Dover. 

CONCORD,  a  post-office  of  -Appomattox  co.,  Virginia. 

CONCORD,  a  thriving  pcst-villagi-.  rapital  of  Cabarras 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  a  branch  of  Itockv  River.  145  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh.  It  is  on  (he  North  Caroltua  Railroad, 
the  commencement  of  which  has  already  increased  the  ac- 
tivity  of  its  bnsiness.  Concord  contains  3  or  4  churches,  1 
academy,  and  a  cotton  factory. 

Concord,  a  post-village  of  Baker  CO.,  Georgia,  28  miles 
W.  of  Albany.    It  has  3  stores. 

COXCORll,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Texa.s. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  in  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee,  about 
70  miles  .S.  by  K.  of  Nashville. 

CONCORD,  a  i)ost-village  of  Lewis  co  ,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio,  6  miles  above  Maysville.  It  has  1  church,  and  about 
200  inhabitants. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1008. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Delaware  co..  Ohio.   Pop.  1K-.6. 

CONCORD,  a  township  in  Favette  co  ,  Ohio.     Pop.  1044. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Highlaml  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1451. 

CONCUR!),  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Lake  co., 
Ohio.     I'op.  95.3. 

CONCORD,  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Miami  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  4246. 

CONCORD,  a  small  village  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  about 
14  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Zane'sville.     Pop.  about  400. 

CONCORD,  a  townsliip  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop  28:^5. 

C  iNCORD,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  11(2. 

CONCORD,  a  flourishing  post-village  in  the  above  town- 
ship, on  the  Kalamazoo  River,  90  miles  W.  of  Detroit.  It  is 
situated  in  a  beautiful  and  productive  country,  diversified 
by  groves  of  oaks,  resembling  orchards.  The  village  has 
good  water-power,  and  contiuns  several  flouring-mills.  Pop. 
in  1861).  about  700. 


CONCORD,  a  township  in  Adams  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  816. 
CONCORD,  1  village  of  Iroquois  co..  Illinois,  on  the  Iro- 
lois  River.  10  or  12  miles  !■;.  by  N.  of  Middleport. 


quois  iSiver.  10  or  12  miles  !■;.  by  N.  of  Middleport. 

CONCORD,  a  small  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois, 
60  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  Co..  Missouri,  .>J 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Jefferson  City,  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming 
district,  and  has  some  trade. 

CONCORD,  a  posl-villagc  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  35  miles 
N.  bj  W.  of  Uuriiugtou.    See  Appendix. 
4&i> 


CON 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jefferson  co, 
Wisconsin.  44  miles  E.  of  Madison.     Poi>.  1442. 

CON'CORD  COR'NER,  a  villajo  in  Concord  township, 
Essiw  CO ,  A'ermont,  about  38  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Munt- 
pelier. 

CONCORDI.A,  kon-koK'de-J.  a  parish  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Louisiana,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River.  TTio 
area  is  about  790  squaremiles.  The  western  border  is  washed 
by  the  Tensas  and  Washita  Rivers,  and  the  southern  border 
by  the  iJed  River;  all  of  which  are  navigable.  The  surface 
Is  low,  subject  to  inundation,  and  occupied  by  numerous 
lakes  or  sloughs.  In  1S50,  there  vere  raised  is,297  bales 
of  cotton  —  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  parish 
of  the  state,  except  Tensas.  Capiti-l,  Vidalia.  Pop".  13,805, 
of  whom  12(>3  were  free. 

CONCORDIA,  a  post-office  of  Bolivar  co..  Mississippi. 

CONOIRDIA,  a  post-village  in  Fayette  CO.,  Tennessee, 
alKjut  170  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 

CONCORDIA,  a  vill.nge  of  Meade  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  110  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

CONCORDIA,  a  post-village  in  D.irke  co.,  Ohio,  35  miles 
N.W.  ofDravton. 

CON&ORDIA-DI-QUA.  kon-koRMe-a-dee-kwd,  a  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  34  miles  N.E.  of  ^■enice.  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Limene.  Pop.  1330.  It  was  of  imfKirtance  during 
the  Roman  dominion,  and  remains  a  bishop's  see,  although 
now  in  decay. 

CONCORlilA-DI-QUA,  a  walled  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  and  about  17  miles  N.  of  Modena,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Seccliia.     Pop.  3600. 

CONCORDIA  VILLAGK.  Louisiana.    See  Vd).\u.k. 

CON'CORD  RIVER,  of  Middlesex  county,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Ma.esachusetts.  is  fornied  by  the  junction  of  Assa- 
Ijet  and  .Sudbury  Rivers,  at  the  town  of  Concord,  and  falls 
into  the  Merrimack,  near  Lowell.  This  river  is  the  princi- 
pal feeder  of  the  Middlesex  Canal. 

CONCORDVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 83  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

CONCRETE,  a  post-office  of  De  ^\  itt  co.,  Texas. 

CONa)AMINir  RIVER,  Jjistern  Australia,  is  a  head- 
stream  of  the  Darling  River:  hit.  28''  S.,  Ion.  151°  E. 

CON'DAPII/LY,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  55  miles  N.W.  of  >lasulipat-im.  on  the 
Kistnah.  formerly  the  capital  of  one  of  the  Northern  Circars. 

CONDAT,  kAN^Mii/,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Correze.  16  miles  N.N.W-.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1730. 
■  CONDAT.  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depai-tmeut  of  Puy- 
de-Dome,  26  miles  W.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  1700. 

CONDAT'CHY,  abay  and  village  of  Ceylon,  on  its  western 
coast.  120  miles  N.  of  Colombo.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  cele- 
brated pearl  fishery  of  the  Gulf  of  Manaar. 

COND.VfK.    S^  Rennes. 

CONDAT-EN-IENIERS.  kix<=MM^s<=-fi'ne-.V,  a  village 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Cantal,  32  miles  NJE.  of 
Aurillac.     I'op.  .^a^O. 

CONDK,  kAx^Md',  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ilaine  and  Scheldt,  7 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Valencii^nnes.  Pop.  in  1852.  5110.  It  is 
enclosed  by  strong  fortifications,  and  well  built.  It  has  a 
handsome  church,  a  town-hall,  arsenal,  military  hospital,  a 
harbor  for  river-craft,  manufactories  of  chicorj-,  starch, 
leather,  and  cordage,  an  extensive  trade  in  coals  and  cattle; 
.ilso  large  weekly  airn-markels.  and  an  annual  fair  of  8  days 
in  October.  It  was  frei^uently  taken  during  the  early  wars, 
and  by  the  .\ustrians  in  1793. 

CONDK.  kon'd.i.  a  town  and  .seaport  of  Brazil,  in  the  pro- 
vince of.  and  85  miles  N.E.  of  I>:ihia.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Inhambuite.  It  coutains  a  pari.sh  church,  and  a  primary 
school,  and  has  .some  trade  in  sugar,  tobacco,  and  mundioca. 
Pop.  2000. 

CONDE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of.  and  about 
20  miles  S.  of  Parahiba,  in  a  plain,  between  the  small  rivers 
Japo<|uinha  and  .lapoca.     Pop.  SOO. 

CONDF;.  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  provinceof.  and  22  miles 
S.W.  of  Pari,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tocantins.  It  stands 
upon  a  kind  of  island  formed  by  thir,  river,  the  Moju.  ami 
the  Igna)i6  Mirim,  a  can.il  forming  a  communication  be- 
tween thtni. 

CONDfi-EN-BRIE.  kAx^M-V-Jx^-bree,  a  town  of  Franco, 
in  the  department  of  .\isne,  £  niiies  E.  of  Chateau-Thierry. 
Pop.  092. 

CONDE-SUR-IIUINE,  kANoM-V-sUR-ween.  a  town  of  Franco, 
in  the  department  of  Orne,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Mortagne. 
Pop.  13S2. 

CONDfi-SUR-ITON.ki'.xoMV-sUR-eeHAxo'.a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Eure,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Itou, 
16  miles  iS.S.W.  of  Evreux.  Pop.  1100,  partly  employed  in 
raising  and  forging  iron. 

C0ND15-SUR-NO1REAU.  kAxoMA'-sUR-nw-JVO/.  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Noireau  and  Dronance.  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Caen.  )*op. 
in  1852,  6315.  Here  are  manufactories  of  linens,  eotron, 
and  mixed  fabrics,  muslins,  cotten-yarn.  cutlery,  ."»nd 
leather ;  also  a  trade  in  cattle,  horses,  and  honey.  This 
was  one  of  the  first  towns  in  France  that  embraced  the  re- 


CON 


CON 


fbrmed  religion,  and,  in  1674,  a  Protestant  synod  was  held 
here. 

C(JXDE-SUR-VIRE,  kix^MA'-saa-veeR,  a  commune  and 
village  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Manche,  on  the  right 
bank  of  tlie  Vire,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  lA     Pop.  "ilfU. 

C0.VDJ';SUY0S.  kon-di-soo'yoce,  a  disti-ict  of  Peru,  in  the 
department  of  Areiiuipa,  extending  from  the  N.E.  Ixjund- 
ary  cf  Uolivia  to  Camaua,  on  the  W.,  and  intersected  N.E. 
to  S.W.  by  the  Val-de-Mayes.  Wine,  grain,  and  cochineal 
ai-e  produced  in  abundance.  The  gold-mines  here  are  not 
BO  prudii'tive  as  formerly.     Pop.  20,145. 

CUNKlO-VIEUX,  kAx^MAZ-ve'-uh',  a  village  of  France,  In 
the  department  of  the  Xord,  on  the  right  bank  of  thp 
Scheldt.     Pop.  2981. 

CO.N'DTCOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

COXDIN'O,  kou-dee'no,  a  village  of  Austria,  duchy  of  Ty- 
rol, 21  miles  AV.  of  Koverodo,  on  the  Sarca.  It  contains  a 
church,  a  Capuchin  monastery,  and  has  iron-works.  Pop. 
9405. 

COXDOJI,  kAx^'ddN":',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers,  ou  the  Bayse,  here  crossed  by  two  bridges,  25  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Auch.  Pop.  in  1852,  7210.  Its  interior. is  ill 
built,  but  it  has  agreeable  suburbs,  a  large  marketrsquare, 
a  noble  parish  church,  an  exchange,  2  hospitals,  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  and  mixed  fabrics,  cotton  yarn,  earthen- 
ware, and  an  active  trade  with  Bordeaux  in  rural  pi-oduce. 
BossLiet  was  bishop  of  Condom. 

COXD  )MOIS,  koN'oMo^unvd/,  a  former  district  of  France,  in 
the  old  [irovince  of  Gascony.  Its  capital  was  Condom,  now 
comprised  in  the  departments  of  Gers,  Laudes  and  Lot-et- 
Garonne. 

CtJXDOl!,  an  i.sland  of  the  Chinese  Sea.  See  Poolo-Coxdor. 

CDX'DOVElv,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

COXDIII EU,  koxoMre-L'h',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  21  miles  S.  of  Lyons,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Khone. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  3200,  who  manufacture  silk  fabrics,  and  trade 
in  corn  and  in  superior  white  wines. 

CaXEOOCIIEAGUE  (kouVko-choeg')  CREEK  rises  in  the 
S.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and  flowing  through  Maryland, 
fells  into  the  Potomac  at  Williamsport. 

COXIXUII,  ko-netyka,  a  small  river  of  Alabama,  rises  in 
Pike  CO.,  and  flowing  S.\V.  into  Florida,  unites  with  the 
Escambia,  a  few  miles  from  the  boundary  of  the  two  stjites. 

COXPXJUII,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  .VlaUama,  bordering 
on  Florida,  has  an  area  of  14^0  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
by  Conecuh  River,  from  which  it  derives  its  name,  and  also 
drained  by  Sepulga  Uiver.  The  surface  is  uneven,  the  soil 
is  SJindy,  and  mostly  unproductive.  Cottcui  and  Indian 
corn  are  cultivated.  Large  quantities  of  pine  lumber  are 
procured  from  the  forests,  and  conveyed  down  the  Conecuh 
River  in  small  boats  or  rafts.  A  cavern  of  considerable  size 
has  been  found  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county,  near  Brooklyn. 
Organized  about  the  year  1822.  Capital,  Sparta.  P.  11,3U, 
of  whom  6429  were  free,  and  4882  slaves. 

COX'EDOGWIX'IT,  a  creek  which  rises  in  the  S.  p.art  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  flows  into  the  Susquehanna,  nearly  op- 
posite Ilarrisburg.  * 

a»XEGLIANO,  ko-nAl-yJ'no,  a  towniof  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  15  miles  N.  of  Treviso.  Pop.  6459. 
It  is  enclosed  by  an  ancient  wall,  is  well  built,  and  has  a 
cathedral  and  a  citadel.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  silk  fabrics.  It  w;is  created  a  duchy  by  Napoleon  for 
Mari'chal  Moncey. 

COXE,[EK.\.  ko-nA-nVrd.  a  small  uninhabited  i.sland  of 
the  Me'literranean.  forming  the  highest  of  the  Cabrera 
group,  about  6  miles  from  Clape  Salinas,  on  the  S.  cojist  of 
Iviija.  It  takes  its  name,  Conejera,  (a  "rabbit  warren,") 
from  the  number  of  rabbits  which  swarm  upon  it. 

COXEM.VUGIL  kon'e-maw,  ariver  of  Pennslvania,  rises  in 
Cambria  co.,  and  flowing  nearly  W.,  forms  the  Ixiundary  be- 
tween Indiana  and  Westmoreland  counties,  until  it  unites 
with  the  Loyalhanna,  near  Saltzburg.  The  stream  thus 
formed  is  called  the  Kiskiminetas  River.  The  Pennsylvania 
Canal  follows  the  course  of  this  stream. 

COXEMAUGII.  a  township  of  Cambria' co.,  Eennsylrania. 
Po]).  6059. 

COXE.MAUGII.  a  borough  of  Cambria  co  ,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Central  Railroud,  170  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  Pop. 
in  1S.W.  8.^4. 

COXEMAUGII.  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2293. 

COXEMAUGII,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1105. 

COXEMAUGII  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

CON^KQUENES'SIXG  CREEK,  of  Western  Pennsylvania, 
rises  in  Butler  co.,  and  unites  with  the  Slippery  Rock 
Creek,  in  Mercer  county. 

COX^ESTO'GA.  a  creek  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  the  Susquehanna,  about  12  miles  below  Colum- 
bia.    Boats  ascend  it  to  Lancaster  City. 

Ci)NESTOGA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W, 
f>art  of  Lanciister  co.,  Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  Susque- 
hanna River,  and  bounded  by  Conestoga  and  Pequca 
creeks,  about  36  miles  S.E.  of  Ihu-risburg.    Pop.  3167. 


.  CONE'SrS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingstoji  co. 
New  York,  bordering  on  Conesus  and  Hemlock  Lakes,  10 
miles  S.K.  of  Geiieseo.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Buflfalo  and 
Corning  Railroad.     Pop.  1443. 

Ci>Nr;8U.S  LAKE,  of  New  York,  in  the  central  part  of 
Livingston  CO..  is  8  miles  in  length,  and  from  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  to  1  mile  in  breadth.  Its  outlet  joins  the  Genesee 
River. 

CONE.SVILLE,  konz'vil,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Sclioliarie  co ,  New  York,  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  1478. 

CONESVILLK,  a  post-oflice  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

CONKW.VGO,  kon-e-w.Vgo,  a  creek  in  the  S.piirt  of  Potn- 
sylvania,  rises  in  Ailams  co..  flows  through  York  co.,  ai  d 
entei-8  the  Sasquehanna,  a  little  below  York  Haven.  1  a 
general  course  is  N.E.  TheLittleConewagoentersthematn 
stream,  about  3  miles  from  its  mouth. 

CON  kw .4.00,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  670. 

C0NEW.A.Q0,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  816. 

CONEWAQO,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Po|).  1277. 

CONEWAN'GO.  a  post-village  and  townshii)  of  Cattarau- 
gus CO.,  New  Yo!  k,  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Buffalo,  drained  by 
Conewango  Creek.     Pop.  13;'.9. 

CONEWAN'GO,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Total  pop.  2811. 

CONEWANGO  CREEK  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  New  York, 
and  enters  the  Alleghany  River  at  Warren  Court-House,  in 
I'ennsylvania.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the  outlet  of  Cluiu- 
tauque  IjJike. 

CONEWIN'GO,  a  little  village  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland,  on 
a  ci'eek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Sus- 
quebann.a. 

CO'.VEY  ISL.\ND.  (anc.  Tniahmulclnr/Iii/.)  an  island  of  Ire- 
land, in  Sligo  Bay,  I5  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  average 
breadth. 

CONEY  ISLAND,  an  i.sland  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
IjOng  Island,  New  York,  11  miles  S.  of  New  York  City. 
Length,  IJ  miles;  breadth,  about  half  a  mile.  It  contains 
three  large  hotels,  and  is  resorted  to  by  multitudes  during 
the  summer  for  seabathing. 

COXFEDERA'TIOX  OF  THE  RIIIXE,  a  confederation 
firmed  by  the  secondary  states  of  Gepuiany,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  XaiX)leon.  in  1806.  It  comprised  34  stati>s.  viz.  the 
4  kingdoms  of  Bavaria.  Saxony,  Westphalia.  WUrteintierg, 
and  the  duchies  or  principalities  of  Frankfort,  l$erg  and 
Cleve.s,  Hesse-Darmshidt,  Wurzlmrg,  Nassnu-Usingen,  Nas- 
.sau-Weilburg,  Iloheuzollern-llechingen,  HohenzoUern-Sig- 
maringen,  Isenburg-lJirkstein,  Liechtenstein,  Leyen,  Saxe- 
Weimar,  Saxe-Gotha.  Saxe-Meiningen,  Saxe-IIildbnrghau- 
sen,  Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld,  Anhalt-Des.sau.  Anhalt-Bern- 
burg.  Anhalt^Cothen,  Lippo-Detmold,  Lippe-S<haumburg, 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  Reuss-Greitz, 
Reu.ss-Schleitz.Reuss-Elx^rsdorf.  Reuss-Lobenstein,  Schwarz- 
burg-Sondershausen,  Schwarzhurg-Rudolstadt.  and  Wal- 
deck.  At  the  fall  of  the  French  Knii)ire,  the  states  of  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine  combined  with  the  other  states 
of  Germany  to  form  the  Germanic  Confederation. 

CONFIEXZA,  kon-fe-^n'zd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont.  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xovara.     Pop.  1539. 

COXFLANS,  kAxo'flftxo',  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Upper  Savoy,  at  the  influx  of  the  Arley  into  the  Is^re,  24 
miles  E.N. E.  of  Chambery.  Pop.  1.335.  Its  fortifications  were 
mostly  destroyed  by  the  French  under  Francis  I.  Near  it 
are  royal  smelting- works  fir  silver  ore,  rai.sed  in  its  vicinity. 

C0X"FL.\XS.  a  village  of  Fr.ance,  department  of  Sarthe, 
26  miles  E,  of  Le  Mans,  Pop.  1220.  Several  communes  in 
the  central  and  E.  departments  of  France  have  this  name. 

COXFLAXS  SAIXTE  HUXORIXE.  kAxo'liSx"' s&nt-o'no'- 
reen',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seim^et-Oiso,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  near  the  influx  of  the  Oise.  and 
on  the  Paris  and  Havre  Railway,  14  miles  N,W.  of  Paris. 
Pop.  1520, 

CONFLEXTI,  kon-fi^n'tee,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  7  miles  N.  of  Nicastro.   Pop.  2000. 

C0XFLUENTE3.    See  Coblk.ntz. 

COXFOLEXS  or  COXFOLEXT,  kAxo^foMAx"',  a  town  of 
France,  dep;»rtment  of  Charent«.  on  the  ri;;ht  bank  of  the 
Vienne,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  35  miles  X.E.  of  Angou- 
leme.  Pop.  2289.  It  has  a  commercial  college,  a  trade  in 
timber,  cattle,  and  corn,  and  large  monthly  fairs. 

COXG,  a  small  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Mayo.  9  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Ileadford.  Pop.  of  town, 
364.  It  has  a  good  church,  and  curious  remains  of  an  abbey 
of  the  seventh  century. 

COXGAREE.  kong*ga-rep',  a  river  of  South  Carolina, 
formed  by  the  Broad  and  Saluda  liivers,  which  unite  at  Co- 
lumbia, liear  the  middle  of  the  state.  After  a  S.K.  course 
of  about  50  miles,  it  unites  with  the  Wateiee  to  form  the 
Santee.     Steamboats  a.scend  this  river  to  Columbia. 

COXGAREE  CREEK,  of  Lexington  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, flows  into  the  Congaree  River,  a  few  miles  below 
Columbia. 

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COX'OBRSTOy,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
eONG'HAM.  a  parish  of  Euijland,  co.  of  Norfolk.  21  miles 
E.S  E.  nf  the  castle  of  Kising.    The  antiquary  SiHjlman  was 
born  here  in  15tt4. 

OONiiLKTON.  kon^g'I-ton,  a  municipal  borough,  town, 
ana  ch.ipulry  of  Enj^Iand.  co.  of  Chester,  in  the  deep  v.iUey 
of  the  Dane.  ne.ar  the  Manclesfleld  Canal,  "i  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Macclesfield.  I'op.  of  borouirh,  in  ISol,  10.520.  Principal 
buildings,  the  Episcopal,  Koman  Catholic,  and  other  chapels, 
town-hall  and  jail,  market-house  and  a.s,semlily  rooms.  It 
h,is  a  grammar  school,  some  cotton  spinning  factories,  and 
manufactories  of  ribbons  and  other  silk  fabrics,  which  em- 
ploy most  of  its  population. 

CONGO,  kong'go,  or  Z.\IKE.  jij-ee'r.'i,  a  large  riverin  South- 
western Africa,  having  its  emljourhure  in  the  South  At- 
lantic, in  lat.  C°  S.;  Ion.  12°  40'  E.  Of  its  origin  and  aifluents 
h.irdly  any  thing  is  known ;  hut.  according  to  the  accounts 
of  the  natives,  it  issues  from  an  extensive  marsh,  about  lat. 
2°  15'  X..  Ion.  17°  30'  E.:  although  McQueen  is  disposed  to 
think  that  its  sources  lie  considerably  farther  X.  At  its 
mouth  it  is  10  miles  wide;  a  little  higher  up  it  diminishes 
to  7  :  and  at  IW  miles  from  the  sea.  narrows  commence  and 
continue  for  40  miles,  through  which  space  the  river  is  not 
generally  more  than  from  310  to  500  yards  wide,  and  mostly 
confined  between  lofty  rugged  rocks,  where  tremendous 
falls  and  cataracts  occur;  and  below,  where  it  begins  to  ex- 
p:ind,  are  fearful  whirlpools.  Above  the  narrows,  for  about 
100  miles,  the  river  again  expands  to  a  breadth  of  2,  3.  and 
even  more  than  4  miles,  flowing  with  a  current  of  2  or  3 
miles  an  hour.  Immediately  off  its  mouth,  Captain  Tuckey 
found  no  bottom  with  150  fathoms  of  line,  the  velocity  of 
the  stream  varying  from  2^  to  5  knots  an  hour.  Thirteen 
miles  from  the  entrance  the  water  is  perfectly  fresh,  of  a 
diiigy  red  color;  it  ferments  in  a  few  d.iys.  and  remains  for 
Bome  time  in  a  highly  puti-escent  state,  discoloring  silver 
greatly,  but  it  afterwards  becomes  perfectly  cle-ar  and  color- 
le.ss,  and  deposits  no  sediment.  The  rise  of  the  Congo,  at 
Its  highest  flood,  is.  toward  its  mouth,  12  feet,  and  every 
third  and  fourth  year  it  is  said  to  rise  to  a  greater  height 
than  it  does  in  the  intermedi.ite  years.  The  banks  on  either 
side  are  low  and  swampy,  principally  covered  with  two  dif 
ferent  kinds  of  mangrove.s — one  a  low  bush,  the  other  a 
stately  tree:  there  are  also  many  kinds  of  palms,  two  of 
which  bear  fruit,  one  of  them  poisonous. 

Cl)X60,  an  extensive  but  little  known  conntrj-  of  AVestern 
Africa,  in  South  Guinea.  It  was  formerly  understood  to 
comprise  all  the  countries  between  the  equator  and  lat.  18° 
S.,  and  is  now  divided  into  4  principal  parts,  viz.  Ix)ango, 
Congo  proper,  Angola,  and  Benguela.  Congo  proper  is  sepa- 
rated from  Loango  on  the  N.  by  the  river  Congo  or  Zaire,  S. 
from  Angola  by  the  Danda.  and  is  Viounded  W.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic, and  E.  by  thi?  countrii-s  of  the  interior.  Capital.  Banza. 
called  by  the  Portuguese  Sao  Salvador,  The  government  is 
despotic.  The  I'ortugue.se,  who  discovered  Congo  in  I486, 
long  held  it  in  vassal.ige.  chiefly  through  their  missionaries, 
but  their  authority  is  merelv  nomln.al. 

COSGOMIAS-DK-SABAKA,  AKUAIAL  DE  dR-Kl-ai'  di 
kon-gAii'y2.«-d.'l-.«d-bd-r3.'  an  irregularly  built  mining  village 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Miiia.s-Geraes.  about  lat.  19°  50'  S.,  Ion. 
21°  W..  near  the  mine  of  Marro  Yelho,  wrought  by  a  British 
company,  and  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  those  connected  with 
the  mining  operations.     Pop.  2000, 

C0XG0.\HAS-D0-CAMP0,  kon-gAn'yis-do-kJm'po,  a  town 
and  parish  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Gei-aes,  on  a  river 
of  same  name,  about  16  miles  W.  of  Queluz.  A  college 
established  here  enjoys  a  high  reputation,  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood are  mines  of  iron,  employing  5  furnaces.  Pop,  .3000, 
COXXtOOX',  a  maritime  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars, 
with  a  port  ^n  the  X.  shore  of  the  Persian  Gulf.  115  miles 
S.E.  of  Uushire,     Pop,  6IJ0O. 

COXGKKIIOY,  kon-gra-ho/ee,  a  river  of  Central  America, 
in  GuatLMuala.  province  of  Honduras,  flowing  N..  and  falling 
into  the  Caril)bean  Sea,  about  55  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Truxillo. 
A  few  miles  above  its  embouchure  is  a  singular  peak  of  same 
name.  7500  feet  high. 

COXGllESBURY.  kong'gherz-ber-e.  a  village  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Somerset.  2  miles  S.  of  the  Clevedon  Sta- 
tion of  the  Great  ■ffestem  Railway.    Pop,  1380. 

COX'GRKSS,  a  township  in  Morrow  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1563. 
COXGKESS,  a  post-village  and  township  forming  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  Wayne  co^  Ohio,  85  miles  N.K.  by  E.  of 
Columbus.     Pop.  2265. 

COXIIOC'TOX,  a  river,  rises  near  the  N.AV.  extremity  of 
Steuben  co.,  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  New  York,  and  running 
in  a  S.K.  course,  unites  with  the  Tioga,  to  form  the  Che- 
mung River. 

CONIIOCTON,  a  township  of  Steuben  co..  Now  Y'ork. 
Pop.  2n35. 

COXI,  ko'nee.  or  CUNEO,  koo-ni'o,  a  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  in  the  State  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Coni,  is  sitiiated  on  an  eminence  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Stura  and  Gezzo,  48  miles  S.W.  of  Turin.  Pop,  exclusive 
of  garrison,  12,7i>7.  It  was  a  strong  fortress  previously  to 
1800,  when  it  was  dism;intled  by  the  French  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Marengo.  It  is  still  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  some 
iS8 


handsome  streets,  a  cathedral,  and  several  other  chnrches 
numcmiis  nunneries,  a  fine  town-hall,  a  royal  college,  hosni- 
tal.  orphan  a.sylum,  work-house,  thtatre.  iu.d  public  baths, 
with  manufactures  of  silk  and  other  fabrics,  and  a  consider- 
able trade  in  agricultural  produce,  it  being  an  entrepot  for 
the  commerce  between  North-'NVestern  Italy  ami  the  coun- 
tries bevond  the  Alps. 

COXIL.   ko-neel',  a   town  of  Spain,  22  miles   S.S.E.  of 
Cadiz.    It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  and  defended  by  3  forts. 
Pop.  1542. 
COXIMBRIGA.    See  Coimbba. 

COXIXBKOUGII,  kon'in-bruh,  a  vill.age  and  parish  of 
Engl.and.  co.  of  York,  West  Hiding,  on  the  Don,  7  mile* 
N.E.  of  Rotherham.  Pop  1445.  It  contains  stately  ruing 
of  a  castle  supposed  to  have  been  erected  at  the  Conquest, 
and  the  massive  keep  of  which  is  still  nearly  entire. 

CON'INGSBY  or  CUN'ESBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

COX'IXGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

COXIXGTOX-wiTH-IlUNTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

COX'isCLIFFE.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

COXasiIOLM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

COX'ISTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

C0X1ST0XE.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

COXISTONE  WATER,  a  fine  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, 4  miles  W.  of  Ilawkshead.  It  is  6^  miles  in  length 
from  X.  to  S.,  by  three-quaiters  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  and 
having  at  its  N.  extremity  the  romantic  Conistone  Fells,  in 
which  are  slate  qu:irries  and  copper-miues.  The  char  of 
Conistone  Water  are  esteemed  the  finest  in  England. 

COXITZ  or  KOXITZ.  ko'nits,  a  town  of  Western  Priissja, 
in  Marienwerder.  on  the  Brahe.  Pop.  1203.  It  has  a  gym- 
nasium and  manufactures  of  linens. 

CONJEVERAM,  kon'jev-^r-am'  or  kon-jJv'er-am,  ■  (ano. 
Gincliipiira,  "  the  golden  city.")  a  considerable  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  on  the  river  Palaur.  in  the  presidency,  and  42 
miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  in  the  district  of  Chiugleput.  in  which 
it  is  the  principal  military  station.  It  is  a  collection  of  vil- 
lages interspersed  with  gardens,  and  it  has  two  remarkable 
temples,  many  other  pagodas  and  public  edifices,  and  some 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  other  fabrics.  The  town  is  sni^ 
rounded  by  a  hedge  of  the  American  aloe,  a  plant  formerly 
much  used  in  India  as  a  defence  .'igainst  sudden  inclusions 
of  mounted  1  audits.  There  is  a  school  here,  connected  with 
the  Free  Church  of  Scotland  Madras  Jlission,  (1851,)  attended 
by  3<J9  pupils. 

CONKAIR  or  KONKAIR,kon-kdre/.  atown  of  Hindostan, 
province  of  Gundwana.  at  the  foot  of  a  rocky  hill,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mahanuddy,  157  miles  S.E.  of  Xagpoor. 
It  is  surrounded  by  hills  inhabited  by  wild  Gond  moun- 
taineers. 

COX  KEY'S  STORE,  a  post^iffice  of  Vermilion  co..  Illinois 

COXKl.  kon'kee.  a  river  of  Ilindostiin,  ri.Mng  in  the 
southern  slope  of  the  Mergoo  5Iouiitains.  and  forming  the 
boundarj*  between  Nepaul  and  the  territory  of  Sikkim,  and 
joins  the  Mahanada  20  miles  E.  of  Pumeah,  after  a  course 
of  about  150  miles. 

COXK'LIX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Broome  co.,  New 
York,  intersected  by  Susquehanna  Kiver  and  by  the  Erie 
Railroad,  about  5  miles  S.E.  of  Binghamton.     Pop.  1146. 

COXKLIX  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Broome  co..  New 
York,  110  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

COXLIE.  k(l)x<'Mce',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Sarthe,  12  miles  S.AV.  of  Mans.    Pop.  1627. 

COX'NA,  a  vilLage  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  5  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Tallow-on-the-Bride.  It  has  ruins  of  a  castle  burned  in 
1653.     Pop.  4-34. 

CONNAS.\U'flA,  a  river  of  Georgi.o,  rises  in  Gilmer  co., 
near  the  Blue  Ridge,  It  flows  northward  to  the  X,  tound- 
ary  of  the  state,  then  turns  southward,  and  unites  with  the 
Coosawattee.  near  New  Echota.  to  form  the  Oostenaula. 

CONNAUGHT.  kon'nawt.  (Latin  Cnnnacia,)  the  smallest 
of  the  four  provinces  of  Ireland,  bounded  on  the  X".  and  W. 
by  the  Atlantic.  E.  by  Ulster  and  Lcinster.  and  S.E.  by  Mun- 
ster.  Greatest  length,  from  S.  to  N.,  S6  miles:  greatest 
breadth.  81  miles.  Are.a.  4,.302.000  acres,  of  which  about 
2,000,000  are  arable.  Pop.  911,917.  The  W.  portion  is 
broken  up  into  numerous  peninsulas,  the  largest  of  which 
is  Connemara.  and  numerous  islands,  as  .■Vchill.  Innisbegil, 
Clare,  Innisboflin.  Arranmore.  &c.  The  numerous  Uays  and 
sounds  afford  commodious  harbois.  The  W.  part  of  the  pro- 
vince, including  the  islands,  is  mountainous,  the  elevatit  n 
in  many  parts  amounting  to  2000  feet,  forming  highly  pic- 
turesque scenery.  The  N.  and  S.  extremities  are  also  ele- 
vated, while  the  centre  forms  one  level  plain.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Bonnet.  Uncioii,  Arrow,  >loy.  and  Clare,  th« 
Shannon  forming  the  E.  boundary.  The  chief  lakes  are  Lake 
Conn,  10  miles  in  length.  Corrib.  Mask,  and  Carra.  Granit«> 
and  primary  rocks  form  the  northern  p:irt.  commencing  at 
Galway  bay;  Silurian  strata  extend  W.  of  Lochs  Corrib  Hnc* 
Mask,  and  to  this  succeeds  old  red -amis  tone.  The  centre  and 
eastern  parts  are  composed  of  limestone,  and  coal  is  fonnH 
in  Lough  Allan  district.    The  province  is  divided  into  thu 


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cotrnties  of  Mayo  and  Gal  way  on  the  W.,  and  SligO;  Leitritn, 
and  Koscomnmn  on  the  E.  The  chief  towns  are  Galway. 
Roscommon,  Sliiro,  Oarrlck,  Castlebar,  Tuam,  Ballinasloe,'' 
and  Athloue.  Connau^ht  was  formerly  a  kingdom  of  the 
Irish  heptjirchy,  and  ruled  by  the  O'Connors;  and  in  1590 
was  divided  into  counties,  and  came  under  English  admi- 
nistration. 

CONNKAUT,  kon^ne-awf,  a  creek,  rises  in  the  N.W.  pari- 
of  Pennsylvania,  passes  into  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  flows 
Into  r.ake  Krie  in  Ashtabula  county,  2  miles  from  the  village 
of  Oinneaut. 

CONXKAUX,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2867. 

CONNEAUr,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pod. 
2118.  . 

CONNE.^UT,  a  flourishing  post-borough  and  township  of 
Ashtabula  co..  Ohio,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  and  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Erie  Kailroad,  2  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  and 
226  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  the  easternmost  port  in 
Cuyahoga  district,  and  has  a  good  harbor  at  the  mouth  of 
the  creek.  Its  commerce  is  very  considerable,  it  being  the 
entrepot  for  the  landing  of  supplies  and  the  shipping  of 
produce  for  an  extensive  and  tertile  agricultural  region, 
not  only  of  the  adjacent  country  in  Ohio,  but  also  of  an  im- 
portant section  of  Pennsylvania.  A  liglit-house  has  been 
erected  here,  and  a  number  of  vessels  are  owned  in  the  town. 
The  borough  cont.iins  a  bank,  Schurches,  a  newspaper  office, 
and  an  academy.  Pop.  about  1.500.  Conneaut  is  memorable 
as  the  landing-place  of  the  party  which  made  the  first  set- 
tlement of  Northern  Ohio,  in  1799;  and  is  sometimes  called 
the  Plymouth  of  the  Western  Keserve.  The  settlers  were 
natives  of  New  England.     Pop.  of  the  township,  19.")2.     . 

CONNEAUT'VILLE,  a  post-borough  of  Spring  town- 
ship, Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Erie  Extension 
Canal,  105  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  the  most 
important  town  in  the  county,  except  Jleadville  the  cai)i- 
tal,  and  has  considerable  trade.  It  contains  a  national 
bank,  and  several  churches.  Population,  in  1860,  about 
1000. 

CONNECTICUT,  kon-net/e-kat,  the  largest  and,  perhaps, 
the  most  beautiful  river  in  New  Englangl,  rises  in  the  hi;j,h- 
lands.  between  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  flowing  in 
a  S.S.W.  direction,  divides  Vermont  from  New  Hampshire, 
passes  through  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  and  cen- 
tre of  Connecticut,  as  far  as  Jliddletown,  where  it  inflects  to 
the  S.E.,  discharging  its  waters  into  Long  Island  Sound  at 
Saybrook,  in  hit.  41°  Ki' 15"  N.,  Ion.  72°  21' W.  Its  source, 
1600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  a  few  miles  N.  of  Con- 
necticut Lake,  tlirough  which  it  passes.  One  of  its  branches 
forma  the  boundary  line  between  Canada  East  and  New 
Hampshire,  to  the  45th  parallel  of  N.  latitude.  Tlie  entire 
length  of  the  rivjr  is  rather  more  than  400  miles.  Its 
breadth  at  the  north<>rn  boundary  of  Vermont  is  150  feet; 
60  miles  t)elow.  :j90  feet :  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut 
It  varies  from  450  to  1050  feet.  Tlie  volume  of  the  Connecti- 
cut is  increased  by  a  large  number  of  afHuent  streams,  the 
principal  of  which,  on  the  W.,  are  the  Passumpsic,  flowing 
tnt«  it  at  the  f  lot  of  Fifteen  Mile  Falls;  the  White  Itiver, 
joining  it  at  Hannver;  the  Deerfield  and  Westfield  Kivers  in 
Massachusetts,  and  the  Farmington  in  Connecticut.  Those 
most  prominent  on  the  E.  are  the  .\mraonoosu(k  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  Miller's  and  Chicopee  Kivers  in  Massiichu- 
•ettfl.  Numerous  bridges  have  been  thrown  across  this 
stream ;  the  one  farthest  down  is  at  Hartford,  50  miles  from 
Its  mouth.  To  this  place  it  is  navigable  f.)r  vessels  of  8  feet 
draught,  and  to  Middletown  for  those  drawing  10  feet  of 
water.  By  the  aid  of  canals  around  the  falls,  boats  of  8  or 
10  tons  burden  are  enabled  to  ascend  as  far  as  Newbury,  at 
the  mouth  of  Wells  Kiver.  in  Vermont,  a  distance  of  270 
miles  from  Long  Island  :Souud.  The  Connecticut  Valley, 
measuring  in  a  .'straight  line,  is  about  300  miles  long,  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  about  4i)  miles.  It  is  no  le.ss  celebrated  for 
the  fertility  of  its  .soil  than  for  the  variety  of  its  enchanting 
scenery.  Some  portions  are  diversified  with  magnificeut 
mountains  and  beautiful  lakes;  others  consist  of  broad 
tracts  of  alluvitm.  skirting  the  stream.  The  latter  are  an- 
nually overtlownd  in  the  spring,  and  not  unfre(iuently  at 
other  seasons,  being  thereby  rendered  e.xtremely  productive. 
Shadof  a  superior  quality  are  taken  in  large  quantities  in  the 
Connecticut;  but  the  salmon,  with  which  it  formerly 
abounded,  have  entirely  disappeared.  The  Indians  called 
this  river  Quonektacut.  signifying  •■  long  river,"  or,  as  some 
render  it,  "  without  end." 

CONNECTICUT,  one  of  the  original  states  of  the  Ameri- 
can Confederacy,  and  the  most  S.W.  of  the  New  England 
States,  is  ixvunded  N.  by  Jlassjichusetts,  E.  by  Rhode  Island, 
S.  bv  Long  Island  .Sound,  and  W.  by  New  York.  It  lies  be- 
tween 41°  and  42°  .3'  N.  lat.,  and  71°  55'  and  73°  50'  W.  lou. ; 
being  about  03  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  68  miles 
in  its  greatest  breadth  from  N.  to  S. ;  including  an  area  of 
ibout  4674  square  miles,  or  2,991,360 acres,  of  which  1,830,807. 
*ere  improved  in  1S60. 

Hici'  of  lite  Cminlry. — Much  of  the  surface  of  Connecticut 
Is  hilly  and  rugged,  being  crossed  by  several  ranges  of  low 
mountains,  or  perhaps  more  properly,  high  hills.  The  Green 


Mountains,  entering  the  N.W.  portion  of  this  state  from 
Massachusetts,  extend  in  a  succession  of  detached  eminences 
through  the  W.  part  of  Connecticut.  Another  range,  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  state,  intervenes  l)etween  the  Green  Moun- 
tains and  the  Talcet  or  Greenwoods  Hange,  which  cross  the 
state  from  its  northern  boundary  to  nejtr  New  Haven.  Far- 
ther E.  are  the  Middletown  Mountains,  e.xtending  parallel 
to  the  lastruamed  ridge,  between  Hartford  and  a  point  E.of 
New  Haven.  Crossing  the  Connecticut  Kiver,  we  come  upon 
a  ridge  that  appears  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  Whit^  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire.  The  G  reen  Mountain  Kanges,  and 
the  mountjiins  E.  of  the  Connecticut,  are  primitive  or  gra- 
nitic; while  the  other  ranges,  neiir  the  W.  bank  of  the  Con- 
necticut, are  composed  of  trap  rock,  more  precipitous  on  the 
western  than  on  the  eastern  declivity.  There  are,  between 
these  ranges,  valleys  and  plains  of  greater  or  le.ss  extent, 
and,  thfise  on  the  river  intervals  particularly,  of  great  agri- 
cultural capabilities.  The  channel  of  the  Connecticut,  in 
the  lower  part  of  its  cour.se.  is  cut  through  a  primitive  form- 
ation. The  trap  rocks  generally  rest  ou  a  base  of  sand- 
stone. 

Geotogy  and  Min&rals. — AVe  are  indebted  to  Dr.  Frankfort 
of  Middletown,  Connecticut,  for  the  following  summary 
'•  The  State  of  Connecticut  may  be  geologic;illy  divided  into 
two  large  fields,  the  first  of  which  i.s  composed  of  the  un- 
stratified  asd  metamorphic  rocks,  and  the  other  of  those 
secondary  strata  which,  under  the  name  of  'freestone,'  are 
so  extensively  quarried  in  different  parts  of  the  state  for 
building  purposes,  and  constitute  the  new  red  mmlftone  of 
Lyell.  The  best  place  to  study  this  peculiar  formation  la 
near  Portland,  in  Middle.sex  county.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
new  Ked  Sandstone,  are  to  be  found,  in  nearly  every  part  of 
the  state,  large  dykes  of  trap,  which  protrude  and  traverse  it, 
as,  for  example,  at  Meriden.  This  gives  Connecticut  a  great 
analogy  to  the  Lake  Superior  copper  region  in  which  large 
veins  of  native  copper.  une<iuallBd  as  yet  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world,  are  found  nearly  always  at  the  junction  of  these 
trapdykes  with  the  red  sandstone.  From  this  fact  we  niigh*' 
expect  that  in  Connecticut,  also  similar  deposits  of  copper 
would  exist.  In  several  instances,  indeed,  vestiges  of  the 
presence  of  such  have  been  found :  as  for  example,  near  New 
Haven,  where  a  large  mass  of  native  copper  was  discovered; 
and  also  near  Meriden  where  ancient  excavations  made  in 
search  of  copper,  may  be  seen.  The  state  is  very  rich  in 
mining  resources,  as  veins  of  the  different  metals  have  beei^, 
discovered,  and  more  will  undoubtedly  be  found.  In  evf^^  ' 
part  of  the  world,  such  veins  are  chiefiy  known  to  ( 
where  the  metiimorphic  strata  are  in  junction  with  the 
condary:  and  the  mineral  veins  of  Connecticut  are  uWi 
these  junctions,  of  which  a  great  many  may  be  fjund 
throughout  the  stiite.  The  following  is  a  brief  statemeut 
of  the  different  localities  in  which  valuable  minerals  are 
known  to  exist  in  veins  or  deposits.  Gold  has  been  found 
in  small  quantities  in  Miiidie  lladdam,  >liddle.sex  <»unty  ; 
silver,  in  the  argentiferous  lead  ore  of  the  Middletown 
mines,  now  extensively  worked.  One  of  the  richest  copper 
mines  in  the  United  States  has  been  worked  in  Biistol, 
Hartford  county,  for  ten  years.  The  ores  found  here  are 
chiefly  sulphurets.  Copper  deposits  also  exist  near  Litch- 
field, Simsbury,  Plymouth,  Granby,  Farmington  and  Mid- 
dletown, Lead  occurs,  as  galena,  at  the  mines  near  Mid- 
dletown ;  also  near  'Wilton  and  Brookfield,  and  near  Monroe, 
Fairfield  county.  Iron  is  mined  at  Salisbury,  where  large 
furnaces  are  supplied  with  'brown  hematite,'  the  ore  chiefly 
found  at  the  mines.  Koxbury  furnishes  an  excellent  ore, 
from  which  the  very  best  of  steel  could  be  manufactured,  if 
the  large  deposits  of  pure  spathic  ii-on,  known  to  exist  there, 
should  be  worked.  Bismuth  is  found  at  differeut  places  in 
the  town  of  Monroe.  The  only  vein  containing  the.se  valu- 
able metals,  (cobalt  and  nickel.)  in  abundance  in  the  United 
States,  is  in  the  town  of  Chatham,  where  at  present  exten- 
sive mining  operations  for  their  extraction  are  caj-ried  ou." 

The  mines  of  Cheshire  deserve  mention  also.  As  here 
"sulphate  of  baryt;i"'  or  heavy  spar  occurs  in  large  veins 
which  are  explored  by  mining  operations.  The  use  of  this 
mineral  is  the  s;»me  as  that  of  white  lead,  with  which  it  is 
often  mixed  when  used  for  painting.  The  different  granite 
quarritvs  in  the  state,  furnish  a  variety  of  fine  granite  for 
building  purposes,  tho.se  of  Haddam,  Jliddle  Haddam  and 
Middletown,  are  actively  worked.  Marble  and  verd-antiqua 
of  a  very  beautiful  kind  are  found  near  Milford,  where  a 
quarry  has  Ix'en  opened.  The  ''t'eldspar  Quarry"  of  Mid- 
dletown, furnishes  the  manufacturers  of  china-ware  in  this 
country  with  a  pure  spar,  and  many  tons  of  it  have  been 
shipped  toEngland,  where  the  mineral  has  been  pronounced 
very  good  by  eminent  authority.  Connecticut  is  furthet 
celebrated  for  several  other  minerals  found  there,  such 
as  the  Chrysol)eryl  of  Haddam,  the  precious  Beryl  of  Had- 
dam-Neck,  and  the  Columbite,  (a  very  rare  mineral,)  found 
near  Middletown,  &c.  &c. 

Hirers.  Biv/s,  dx. — Long  Island  Sound  washes  the  entire 
southern  boundary  of  the  stat«.  New  Haven  Bay  is  the 
largest  bay  opening  into  the  .sound,  though  there  are  a  n  um- 
ber of  small  ones.  The  Connecticut  Kiver,  entering  the 
state  from  Massachusetts,  traverses  its  whole  extent  from  X 

4sa 


CON 


CON 


tc  S.,  a  Ml  d'rides  U  info  two  nearly  equal  portions.  This 
ri\er  is  navigable  60  miles  for  vessels  drawing  8  feet  water., 
The  llousiitonic  crosses  the  western  part  of  the  state,  first  in 
a  S.W.  and  then  in  a  S.K-  direction,  and  is  navi^^able  for 
email  vessels  12  miles.  The  Thames,  in  connection  with  its 
main  branch,  the  Quinebaug,  traverses  the  E.  part  of  the 
Ftate.  and  is  navigable  14  miles  to  Norwich.  New  London, 
on  this  river,  h;is  an  excellent  harbor.  These  rivers  all 
empty  into  Long  Island  Sound.  The  Farmington  Kiver 
enters  the  Connecticut  from  the  W.  above  Hartford.  The 
Shetucket.  on  the  E..  unites  with  the  Quinel«ug  to  fonn 
the  New  Thames.  The  smaller  rivers  and  streams  abound 
In  falls  and  rapids,  which  afford  valuable  watt-r-power. 

Oiijeels  of  Interest  to  IhtnisU. — Though  Connecticut  has 
no  high  mountains,  or  any  scenery  reaching  the  sublime, 
she  h;»s  much  that  is  highly  picturesque  in  various  jwrts. 
The  shores  of  the  Connecticut  Kiver  are  often  bold  and  pre- 
cipitous ;  sometimes  with  rugged  cliffs  on  one  side,  while  the 
other  spreads  Into  beautiful  meadows,  terminated  by  hills 
or  mountains  at  no  great  distance.  Romantic  hills  and  low 
mountains  diversify  the  whole  of  that  part  W.  of  the  Con- 
necticut Kiver,  and  some  of  the  eastern  portion.  "  At  Kocky 
Hill,  near  Hartford."  says  Goodrich,  "  in  a  quarry  of  build- 
ing stone,  the  junction  of  .sandstone  and  trap  is  conspicu- 
ously exhibited.  Slost  of  the  ridges  are  parallel,  and  their 
Western  parts  generally  precipitous,  so  that  in  many  places 
the  country  seems  divided  by  stupendous  walls.  Immen.<!e 
masses  of  ruins  are  collected  at  their  feet.  These  consist 
sometimes  of  entire  cliffs  and  pillars  of  many  tons  weight, 
which  are  thrown  off  by  the  freezing  of  water  in  the  gullies, 
and  often  fall  with  a  mighty  concussion  into  the  valleys.  On 
the  oppasite  side,  there  is  generally  a  gradual  slope,  covered 
with  trees."  '•  In  Meriden,"  (we  quote  the  same  author.)  •'  is 
a  natural  ice-house,  in  a  narrow  defile.  l)etween  ridges  of 
greenstone.  The  defile  is  choked  up  with  the  ruins  of  the 
rocks  which  have  fallen  from  the  ridges,  and  form  a  series 
of  cavities  overgrown  with  trees,  and  strewn  with  thick  beds 
of  leaves.  The  ice  is  formed  in  the  cavities  of  these  rocks, 
and  remains  the  whole  year.  A  portion  of  it  melts  during 
summer,  Ciiusing  a  stream  of  cold  water  perpetually  to  flow 
from  the  spot.  The  space  between  the  mountains  is  called 
Cat  Hollow,  and  presents  the  most  wild  and  picturesque 
scenery  in  the  state."  Mount  Tom,  near  Litchfield  is  700 
feet  high,  and  Bald  Mountain,  near  the  Massachusetts  line. 
Is  the  highest  elevation  in  the  state  \Y.  of  the  Connecticut 
Kiver.  The  chalybeate  springs  of  Stafford,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Bald  Mountain,  are  the  most  noted  in  the  stjite. 
There  is  a  waterfall  ne;»r  Norwich  that  Bartlett  has  thought 
worthy  of  a  place  in  his  Views  of  American  Scenery.  Sa- 
chem's Head,  Saybrook.  and  Guilford,  on  I-ong  Island,  are 
places  of  resort  in  the  lathing  season. 

Clinuite,  Snl.  and  PrrKhictinns. — The  climate  of  Connecti- 
cut, like  that  of  New  England  in  general,  is  severe  in  win- 
ter, though  vegetation,  owing  to  its  somewhat  more  south- 
ern latitude,  commences  a  little  earlier  in  the  spring  than 
in  the  other  Intern  States.  It  is  liable,  in  March  and 
April,  to  chilling  N.E.  winds  from  the  ocean,  but  the  same 
proximity  to  the  sea  mitigates  the  heats  of  summer,  and 
renders  the  nights  pleasiint.  The  soil  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Connecticut,  Quinipiac.  IIous;»tonic,  and  other  streams,  is 
generally  very  fertile,  especially  that  of  the  first  named  river. 
The  N.W.  and  E.  parts  of  the  state  are  best  adapted  to  graz- 
ing, but  the  W.  has  many  fertile  districts  suited  to  raising 
grain.  Wherever  the  soil  admits  of  it,  it  is  skilfully  tilled. 
and  is  generally  made  to  produce  the  most  it  is  capable  of 
with  our  pivsent  system  of  culture.  Connecticut  yields  most 
abundantly  butter  and  cheese,  live  stock.  Indian  corn,  oats, 
rye,  market  products,  tobacco,  wool,  and  Irish  potatoes;  she 
also  produces  wheat,  peas,  beans,  barley,  buckwheat,  hay, 
grass-seeds,  and  beeswax  and  honey  in  considerable  quanti- 
ties, and  some  sweet  potatotjs,  wine,  hops,  flax,  silk,  and 
maple  sugar.  In  1860  there  were  in  the  state  1,830,807 
acres  of  improved  land  (673,457  being  unimproved),  produ- 
cing 52,401  bushels  of  wheat ;  618,702  of  rye;  2,059.835  of 
Indian  corn;  1,522,218  of  oats;  1,8:!3,148  of  Irish  potatoes; 
25,864  of  peas  and  beans ;  20,813  of  barley ;  2710  of  sweet 
potatoes;  309,107  of  buckwheat;  26,<"95'  of  grass  seeds; 
6,000,133  pounds  of  tobacco;  335,896  of  wool;  7,620,912  of 
butter;  3.898,411  of  cheese;  44,259  of  maple  sugar;  62.730  of 
honey;  562,425  tons  of  liay ;  live  stock  valued  at  $11,311,079; 
orchard  products  $-508,848 ;  market  products  $337,025,  and 
Blauglitered  animals  $:j,181,992. 

Minufncture.*. — Though  its  wares  are  generally  fabricated 
in  small  (juantities  by  individuals  with  trifling  capital,  yet 
the  aggregate  amount  is  great,  placing  Connecticut  among 
the  first  of  the  m:inufacturing  states  of  the  Union.  The 
wooden  clocks  of  this  state  note  the  lapse  of  time  to  the  re- 
motest settlers  of  our  Western  States,  and  have  of  later  years 
been  exported  even  to  Europe.  Wooden,  iron,  copper,  tin.  and 
brass  ware :  hats,  bixits,  shoes,  coaches,  combs,  axes,  buttons, 
saddlery,  paiier.  and  agiicultural  and  mechanical  apparatus, 
are  all  largely  manufacturt<l  in  this  state.  Extensive  feoto- 
ries  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  have  lately  sprung  into  exist- 
ence, and  the  following  figures  will  show  that  Connecticut 
does  her  full  proportion  in  the  production  of  these  important 


articles.  She  is  nearly  equal  to  New  York  or  Pennsylvania 
in  the  absolute  amount  of  those  articles  procuicod.  and.  coia- 
pared  with  her  population,  greatly  superior,  while  she  U 
only  inferior  to  Pennsylvania  in  the  relative  amount  of  iron 
jnanufactiircd.  According  to  the  census  of  1800,  thi-re  were 
in  Connecticut  3019  manufacturing  ostablislinients,  em- 
ploying 64,469  persons,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
f40,909,090,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  SS1,92^555 
annually,  total  amount  of  capital  invebted  $15,590,430.  Of 
these  129  were  cotton  factories,  amount  of  capital  invested 
$6,627,000,  value  of  annual  products  8^,91 1,3>7 ;  >-4  woollen 
factories,  capital  invested  $2,491,000,  annual  produrts 
$6,840,220 ;  212  boot  and  .shoe  manufactories,  capital  invest- 
ed S-313,400,  annual  products  $-',0o3,T6J;  194  saw-mills, 
cai)ital  invested  $375,300,  annual  prodncts  $572,731;  154 
carriage  factories,  capital  investetl  $1,776,450,  annual  pro- 
ducts $4,171,804;  67  Iron  works,  capital  invested  $1,476,200, 
annual  products  $1,795,.340;  132  flour  and  meal  establish- 
ments, capitiil  invested  $-J03,200,  annual  products  .51,720,659 ; 
75  establishments  for  the  preparation  and  manufacture  of 
leather,  amount  of  capitiil  invested  $49n.91>0,  annual  pro 
ducts  $953,782;  20  ship  and  boat-yards,  eai)ital  inve.-tiMl 
$90,600,  annual  products  $215,900;  17  clock  maiuifactories, 
capital  invested  $o05,0i>0,  annual  products  $l,0b5,250;  total 
value  of  homemade  manufactures  $4S,U,)4. 

Commerct. — The  foreign  commerce  of  Connecticut  is  nearly 
all  carried  on  through  the  ports  of  New  York  and  Boston. 
She  has,  however,  some  direct  trade  with  the  West  Indies, 
and  an  active  coasting  trade.  Her  domestic  trade  consists 
principally  in  the  e.xport  of  her  manufactures.  There  were 
33  arrivals  in  the  ports  of  Connecticut  from  the  wliale  fishe- 
ries in  1853,  bearing  1914  barrels  of  .^perm  and  (.5,loiJ  of  whale 
oil,  and  2,042,240  poundsof  whalebone.  The  foreign  importt" 
for  the  hscal  year,  ending  June  30th,  1863,  amounted  to 
$603,848;  and  the  foreign  exports  to  $554,066;  tlie  tonnage 
of  tlie  vessels  wliich  entered  was  22,9U2,  and  the  tonnage  of 
those  which  clcjired  17,151.  Tlie  tonnage  of  the  several 
districts  of  the  state  amounted  to  110.0;i3,  of  which  73,003 
tons  were  onij)loyed  in  the  coasting  trade, <)720  in  the  whale 
fishery,  and  4446  in  the  cod  fishery.  The  number  of  vessels 
built  dining  the  year  was  IS,  tlie  aggregate  tonnage  of 
which  was  4871.  Of  these  vessels,  7  were  steamers,  and  2 
brigs. 

Jntemal  Improvements. —  Connecticut  is  threaded  in  all 
directions  by  railways,  connecting  her  principal  towns  with 
each  other,  and  with  New  Y'ork  and  Boston.  Lines  of  rail- 
way coast  Long  Island  Sound  from  New  York  to  Stoning- 
toii,  from  which  branches  diverge  to  the  N.  from  llridgeport, 
New  Haven,  New  London,  Stonington,  and  sinalUr  places, 
uniting  the  towns  just  named  with  Albany.  Pitt.stield,  Win- 
stoil,  'lariffviUe,  Hartford,  Spriugfiidd,  Palmer,  Worcester, 
Providence,  and  various  intermediate  points.  Tlie  Provi- 
dence Hartford  and  Fishkill  Kailway,  otlierwise  called 
the  Boston  Hartford  and  Erie  Kailroad,  is  completed  from 
Providence  to  Waterbury,  on  the  Naugiituck  Railroad. 
SeveriU  brancli  railways  diverge  from  the  main  tracks  to 
Daubuiy,  CollinsviUe,  and  other  places.  According  lo  the 
report  on  the  Eighth  Census,  tliis  state  liad  in  1^60,  003 
miles  of  railroad  completed,  the  construction  and  equip- 
UKUt  of  which  cost  $21,984,100.  There  were  other  lines 
of  railway  in  course  of  construction  or  projected,  the  most 
important  of  which  was  an  air-line  railioad  connecting 
Boston  with  New  Y'ork. 

Julucatioii. — This  state  has  long  been  celebrated  for  the 
attention  she  has  given  to  the  subject  of  popular  instruc- 
tion. She  had,  in  1S52,  a  school  fund  of  .■?2.04'.».4S2.  origin- 
ally derived  from  the  .sale  of  certain  public  lands  in  Ohio, 
the  property  of  the  state.  Although  this  fund  has  distri- 
buted among  the  schools  of  the  state  nearly  $4  tXlO.OOO  since 
its  formation  in  1795.  it  has  nearly  doubled  its  princijiaL 
In  1852,  the  revenue  distributed  among  the  different  schools 
was  $143,693.  The  number  of  children  in  1S52,  tictween 
4  and  16  years,  was  96,382.  The  Legislature  appropriated 
$10.iX)0  in  1849  for  the  formation  of  a  state  normal  school 
for  the  instruction  of  youths  intending  to  become  teachers, 
in  1850,  it  was  .attended  by  154  pupils.  These  are  educated 
gratis,  but  the  number  .it  one  time  in  the  institution  mtist 
not  exceed  220,  There  are  schools  conne<'te<l  with  this  for 
exercising  the  pupils  in  the  practice  of  teaching,  which  had 
400  pupils  in  1851.  An  active  zeal  is  manite.'ited  in  this 
state  for  improvement  in  the  modes  of  instruction,  and,  to 
promote  this  end,  societies  of  teachei-s  are  formed,  and  state 
and  county  conventions  held,  Yale  College,  the  most  nu- 
merously attended  of  any  college  in  the  United  States,  had 
457  students  in  1863  and  70.0<HJ  volumes  in  its  lihrary.  In 
1860,  there  were  in  Connecticut  5  colleges,  witli  !Nt3  students 
and  $100,239  income,  of  wliich  ST  4,691  was  from  emlowments; 
1805  public  sch(X)ls,  having  82,530  pupils,  $:174,954  income,  of 
which  $1 54.499  was  from  taxation,  $153,391  frnni  puMic  funds, 
and  $13,480  was  endowments;  197  academies  anil  other 
schools,  having  8749  pupils,  $27:V2f<l  income,  $!  :i,4S0  of  which 
was  endowments,  $1438  frum  taxation,  and  $lt'77  frtim  pub- 
lic funds.  It  hiW  also  490  libraries,  of  which  194  are  jiublic, 
containing  231,332  volumes,  99  schoid,  183  Sunday-schiKil,  4 
college,  and  10  church  libraries,  comprising  404,206  volumes. 


CON 

Efh'riimis  Dennminatiims.—Of  the  802  churches  in  Con- 
necticut in  ]S00,  the  Jiaptists  owned  Ho,  tlie  Congregation- 
alists,  Uhl;  Epi.s( oiialians,  112;  Methodists,  188;  Presbyte- 
rians, l.'i;  Roman  Catliolics,  43,  Universiilists,  18.  Tlie  retst 
belonged  to  the  Adventists,  Free  Will  and  Seventh  Day  liiij)- 
tists.  Christians,  Friends,  Jews,  Spiritualists,  and  Unitari- 
ans. This  will  give  an  average  of  1  church  to  every  570 
persons.  The  total  value  of  church  property  in  the  state  is 
$0,354,205. 

PerKxlicals.— In  1S60,  there  were  jjublishod  in  Connecti- 
cut 56  periodicals,  of  which  14  were  issued  daily,  1  bi-weeklv, 
37  weekly,  1  monthly,  and  2  quarterly.  Of  "these,  45  were 
political,  3  religious,  and  6  literary,  the  circulation  of  the 
daily  papers  wa^  19,100,  and  of  the  weekly  papers  6K,4o6. 
The  whole  nunilier  of  copies  issued  annually  was  9,555,072. 

PuhUc  In.Hilutirms. — Connecticut  Jias  nianil'ested  the  same 
wise  and  benevolent  care  for  her  erring  and  unfortunate 
children  as  fur  literary  instruction  to  the  virtuous,  liealthy, 
and  sane.  An  act  was  passed  in  1851  for  the  estiililisliniei'it 
of  a  State  Uelbrm  .School,  for  the  instruction  and  reforma- 
tion of  juvenile  offenders  under  10  years  of  age.  For  this 
purpose  the  state  appropriated  $10,000,  upon  the  condition 
that  a  like  sum  should  be  contributed  by  individuals. 
Suitable  building  have  l)een  erected  and  tlie  institution 
has  gone  into  operation,  under  the  most  favorable  ausjiices, 
at  Meriden.  The  HHtreat  for  the  Insane  at  Hartford  receives 
a  liberal  contribution  from  the  state.  Since  its  establishment 
in  1S24,  it  has  received  40SO  patients,  of  whom  1931  have 
recovered,  and  421  died ;  Marcli  31,  1,S(J3,  there  were  231 
patitnts  in  the  institution.  The  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asvlum  at 
Ilartlord  was  the  first  institution  of  the  kind  established  in 
the  United  States.  Appropriations  are  made  for  the  benefit  of 
their  own  citizens  in  this  institution,  severally  by  Maine, 
New  Uamiishlre,  A'emiont,  Massachusetts,  and  Khode  Island. 
Of  the  200  pupils  of  the  institution  in  1853,  May  1,  37  were 
supported  by  the  State  of  .Maine,  15  by  New  Hampshire,  22 
by  Vermont,  74  by  Ma.sgachusetts,  0  by  Kliode  Island,  29 
by  Connecticut,  14  by  their  friends,  and  3  by  the  asylum. 
The  charge  for  tuition,  board,  &c.,  is  $VW  per  annum,  an 
extra  charge  being  made  during  sickness.  The  Stjite  Prison 
is  at  Wethersfield,  and  in  April  1, 1863,  confined  159  con- 
victs, 116  of  whom  were  white  males,  15  white  females,  24 
colored  males,  atid  3  colored  females.  The  income  for  tlie 
year  exceeded  the  expenditures  by  S'JOl  50.  The  male  con- 
victs are  emidoycd  in  mannlacturing  shoes,  cabinet-ware, 
»nd  cutlery,  and  the  females  in  cooking,  wasliing,  mending, 
«nd  boot-binding.  There  is  a  library  of  about  1000  volumes 
connected  witli  the  institution  for"  the  benefit  of  the  pri- 
soners, who  are  also  instructed  in  tlie  elements  of  know- 
ledge. There  is  a  Sunday-school  also  in  the  prison.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Connecticut  42 
public  libraries,  with  38,609  volumes;  111  school  and  ^^un- 
day-school  libraries,  with  43,484  volumes;  8  college  libra- 
ries, with  82,000,  and  3  church  libraries,  with  025  vol- 
umes. 

P'ipidatinn. — ^The  population  of  Connecticut  is.  in  common 
with  the  other  New  Kn::I.ind  States,  of  more  pure  English 
origin  than  most  of  the  other  states  of  the  Union,  though  of 
latter  times  an  infliix  of  emi::;rants  from  fireirn  countries 
has  commenced.  In  1790.  thore  were  in  this  state  238.141  in- 
habitants: 251.002  in  1S0!1;  262.042  in  1810:  275,202  in  1820: 
297,075  in  1830;  309,978  in  1840;  370.792  in  1850;  and 
460.147  in  lS6t),  of  whom  451,504  were  whites.  86'JV  colored, 
anil  16  Indians.  Poiiulation  to  the  square  mile  98.  Represen- 
tative population  460,147.  Of  the  population  323,772  were 
horn  in  the  state,  55,079  in  other  states  of  the  Union,  and 
80,r.96  in  tbreign  countries,  of  whom  8875  were  born  in  Eng- 
land, 55,445  in  Ireland,  2546  in  Scotland,  176  in  Wales,  3145 
in  British  America,  8526  in  Germany,549  in  France,  and  381 
in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading 
pursuits  30,612  were  farmers,  15,683  laborers,  12,831  ser- 
vants, 11,489  farm  laborers,  9:52  factory  hands,  3892  shoe- 
makers, 3885  clerks,  3.573  mariners,  o33;5  carpenters,  2768 
merchants,  2»'77  machinists,  2iJ33  mechanics,  2600  teachers, 
2398  blacksmiths,  1859  weavers,  1817  painters,  1771  seam- 
stresses, 1577  jolliers,  1410  manufacturers,  1273  masons, 
1*253  students.  In  the  year  ending  June  jst,  1860,  there 
occurred  0138  deaths,  or  13.5  in  every  thousand.  Tlie  num- 
ber of  deaf  and  dumb  during  the  same  year  was  396  (see 
Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population  of  the  Eighth 
Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &e.),  176  blind,  3ol  insane,  and  207 
idiotic.  To  confine  one's  attention  to  the  incre.ise  of  the 
residents  of  the  state,  would  give  a  very  inaccurate  idea  of 
the  increjise  of  the  enterprising  and  sturdy  sons  of  Connecti- 
cut. She  has  been  sending  forth  all  over  the  Union,  leading 
merchants,  statesmen,  and  lawyers,  who  have  not  only  as- 
sisted In  forming  new  states,  but  are  among  the  prominent 
men  who  direct  the  affairs  of  those  already  formed. 

Omvliie. — Connecticut  is  divided  into  8  counties,  viz. Fair- 
field. Hartford,  Litchfield,  Middlesex,  New  Haven,  New 
J/ondon.  Tolland,  and  Windham.  Capitals,  alternately  Hart- 
ford and  New  Haven. 

Citiea  and  Towns. — New  Haven  is  the  largest  town  in  Con- 
necticut; population  in  1800,  39,207.  The  other  most  im- 
portant towns  are  Hartford,    population  29,164;  Norwich 


CON 

14,048 ;  Bridgeport  13,299 ;  New  London  10,115 ;  Waterbury 
10,004;  Norwalk  7682;  Jleriden  7426;  Danbury  7234;  Stam- 
ford 7185;  Greenwich  6522;  Stonington  5827. 

Gmvrnment,  Finances,  cfc. — The  governor  of  Connecticut 
is  elected  by  the  people  annually,  and  receives  SHOO  per  an- 
num; a  lieutenant-governor,  who  is  also  president  of  the 
senate,  is  elected  in  a  like  manner,  and  for  the  same  period, 
and  he  receives  $300  per  .annum.  The  senate,  which  con- 
sists of  21  memlx»rs,  and  the  house  of  representatives,  of  215 
members,  are  both  elected  annually  by  popular  vote.  Tlie 
legislaturemeetsannually  on  the  first  Monday  in  May.  Con- 
necticut sends  four  members  to  the  national  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  is  entitled  to  six  electoral  votes  for  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  Any  white  male,  21  years  of  age, 
who  has  resided  in  the  town  (township)  where  he  wishes  to 
vote,  six  months  next  preceding  the  election,  or  four  months, 
if  previously  admitted  to  the  electoral  oath,  and  of  good 
moral  character,  is  a  constitutional  voter.  The  judiciary 
consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  .and  superior  court,  compf)sed 
of  one  chief,  and  four  associate  judges,  receiving  from  S1250 
to  .■jl.SiW  per  annum.  One  term  of  the  superior  court  is  held 
triennally  in  each  county  by  a  single  judge;  and  the  su- 
preme court,  comprised  of  five  judges,  meets  anr.u.illy  in 
each  county.  The  judges  in  this  court  cannot  hold  their 
seats  after  the  age  of  70.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court 
hold  the  circuits  of  the  superior  c-ourt,  one  judge  holding 
such  superior  court  quarterly  each  year.  2.  Of  county 
courts,  held  in  each  county  three  times  a  ve.ir  by  one  judge, 
a])pointed  annually  by  the  legislatiire.  ^"he  state  del)t  in 
186.3,  was  $3,050,000;  the  expenditures  for  the  year  ending 
Ai)ril  1,  lS(>i,  amounted  to  $2,3:i6,371,  and  the  valuation  of 
prt)perty  for  jjurposes  of  taxation  was  $254,742,695  for  1862. 
in  April,  IWiS.  the  banks  of  this  state  had  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $21,849,148;  a  circulation  of  $12,850,358,  and 
$1,466,857  in  specie. 

Ilistnr;/, — The  early  history  of  Connecticut  is  fraught 
with  adventure,  savage  forays,  and  abundance  of  incident 
for  the  novelist:  but  this  is  not  the  place  to  dwell  upon 
such  themes,  and  we  enter  at  once  upon  a  few  brief  facts. 
Though  the  Dutch  had  erected  a  trading  house  at  Hartford 
as  early  as  1031,  the  English  colony  at  Windsor,  an  off-shoot 
of  the  Plymouth,  is  generally  considered  the  first  perma- 
nent settlement  in  Connecticut.  Two  years  after.  Hartford 
was  founded  by  English  emigrants,  Wethersfield  in  1036, 
and  New  Haven  in  llJ3S.  In  10.37  the  settlers  in  Connecti- 
cut were  much  annoyed  by  the  Indians,  several  persons 
killed,  and  animals  destroyed  at  Wethersfield  and  Saybrook. 
Shortly  after,  however,  the  savages  were  completely  sub- 
dued in  enacragements  at  Mystic  and  Fairfield,  and  never 
more  gave  the  whites  of  this  state  serious  trouble.  Some 
difficulties  occurred  between  the  Dutch  of  New  York  and 
the  people  of  this  colony,  as  to  the  right  of  posses.-;ion,  which 
was  terminated  by  a  treaty  in  1050.  New  Haven  was  for 
several  years  a  separ.ate  colony :  and  when  Charles  II.,  in 
1605,  granted  a  charter  to  Connecticut,  she  refused  her  ad- 
hesion for  a  time,  but  at  length  submitted,  and  the  Connec- 
ticut colonies  were  consolidated  into  one  government.  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  was  sent  over  by  King  James  II.,  in  1686, 
to  resume  the  charters  granted  to  the  colonies.  The  assem- 
bly was  in  session  on  his  arrival  at  Hartford,  and  while  the 
subject  was  under  consideration,  the  lights  were  suddenly 
extinguished,  and  the  charter  secretly  conveyed  away  and 
concealed  in  the  cavity  of  an  old  oak.  J  liis  tree,  ciillnl  the 
''Charter  O  d;"  is  dead.  After  the  <leposition  of  Andros, 
the  charter  was  resumed,  and  continued  in  force  till  1818, 
when  the  present  constitution  was  adopted.  Connecticut 
early  took  ail  active  part  in  the  cause  of  American  Inde- 
pendence, and  througliout  the  entire  contest  sustained  an 
eminent  distinction  both  for  the  wisdom  of  her  statesmen 
and  the  liravery  of  her  soldiers. 

CONNECTICUT  FARMS,  or  UNION,  a  village  of  Essex 
CO.,  New  Jersey.  0  miles  .'^.W.  of  Newark. 

CON'NKLL.  a  small  barony  of  Ireland,  on  the  Liffey. 

CONNIILL,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co. 
of  Kildare. 

CON  NELL,  OLD,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Kihliire, 

CON'NELLSVILLE,  a  post-borough  and  township  of 
Fayette  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Youghi- 
oglieny  River,  and  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Conntllsvllle  R.R., 
67  miles  S.S.K.  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  4  churches.  A  bridge 
acro.«s  the  river  connects  it  with  New  Haven.  There  is  a 
pftper-mill,  a  large  woollen  factory,  and  several  iron  foun- 
dries in  the  vicinitv.    (Sefl  New  Haven.)    Pop.  996. 

CONNEiHRA,  "kftn*ne-mar'ra.  (i.  e.  "the  bays  of  the 
ocean.")  a  district  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Gal  way,  occupying  its  W. 
portion,  about  30  miles  in  length,  and  from  15  to  20  miles 
in  breadth.  It  consists  chiefly  of  mountains  and  bogs,  in- 
terspersed with  many  small  lakes.  Its  coasts  are  indented 
with  innumerable  bays  and  arms  of  the  sea.     Pop.  02.564. 

CONNERN.  (Cannern.)  kBn'nern,  a  walled  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  10  miles  N,W.  of  Halle.  Pop.  2730.  Good 
buildiner  stone  is  quarried  in  its  vicinity. 

COX'NKKO'S  CHEEK,  of  Pickens  district.  .«outh  Carolina, 
flows  into  the  Iviowee  about  8  miles  S.W.  of  Pendleton. 

491 


CON 


CON 


CON'XEE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

COX'N  KRS  VI LL 1-J,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Kentucky. 

CONN.KKSVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  town- 
ship, capital  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  is  pleasantly  sitiiated 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Whitewater  River,  5(3  miles  E.S.K.  of 
Indianapolis.  It  is  noted  for  its  fine  public  buildings;  the 
court-house  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  elegant  in  In- 
diana. It  contains  7  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices, 
a  town-hall,  3  floiiring-mills,  and  1  large  woollen  factory. 
The  trade  is  facilitated  by  the  Whitewater  Valley  Canal, 
\rhich  also  affords  water-power,  and  by  a  railioad  whidi  ex- 
tends to  Hamilton,  Ohio.  Laid  out  in  1817.  Pop.  in  1850, 
1396;  in  1860,  2119. 

COXX.  LOUOII,  ISii  konn.  a  lake  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo, 
between  Castlebar  and  BaUina,  about  10  miles  in  len;j;th,  and 
2  or  3  miles  in  breadth.  Its  lower  extremity,  called  Lou;;h 
CuUeen,  is  separated  from  the  main  body  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel, spanned  by  a  bridge  called  the  Pontoon. 

CON'XOR,  a  villa'je,  parish,  and  episcopal  see  of  Ireland, 
In  Ulster,  co,  of  Antrim,  18  miles  X.X.W.  of  Belfast,  Though 
once  important  as  a  fortress,  it  has  long  ceased  to  be  of  con- 
sequence.    Pop.  of  the  village,  265. 

COXX'S  CRKEK,  a  post-offlce  of  .Shelby  co.,  Indiana. 

COXX'S  CREEK,  a  village  of  Camden  co.,  Missouri,  50 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

COXOCOX  or  CONUCOX,  SIERR.^,  se-^R/R^ ko-no-kin' or 
ko-noo-kAn',  a  mounfciin  range  of  British  Guiana,  extending 
for  30  miles  in  a  X.E.  direction  from  parallel  3°  X.  Through 
It  the  Kupunoony  River  has  forced  a  passage  of  about  390 
feet  wide.  Its  peaks  in  many  places  rise  to  an  abrupt 
height  of  from  20U0  to  2500  feet. 

COXOI/OWAY  creek  rises  in  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
and  enters  the  Potomac  in  Washington  co.,  Maryland. 

CONON.  a  river  of  Scotland.     See  CoxAX. 

COXOT'TEX,  a  creek  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the  state. 
and  flows  into  the  Tuscarawas  lliver,  a  few  miles  above 
Dover. 

COXOTTEX,  a  post-villaie  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  on  Co- 
notten  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Tuscarawas  River. 

COXOY',  a  village  and  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Susquehanna,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg, 
pop,  1877. 

COXQUES,  kAxk,  a  small  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron,  19  miles  X.X.W.  of  Rodez. 

COXQUES,  a  sm.ill  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
5  miles  X,X.E.  of  Carcassonne,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Orbiel. 

COX'QUEST,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cayuga  co., 
New  York,  15  miles  N.  of  Auburn,  bordering  on  Seneca 
River,    Pop.  1892. 

COXQUET,  Le,  leh  kAxo'kA',  a  maritime  town  of  France, 
department  of  Finistfere,  with  a  port  on  the  Atlantic,  arron- 
dissemeut.  and  11  miles  W.  of  Brest.  Pop.  1312.  It  has 
manufactures  of  chemical  products. 

COX/RAD'S  STORE,  a  postroffice  of  Rockingham  co.,  A'ii^ 
ginia. 

COXSECA,  kon-s-^Tvi  or  COUSCEA.  koo-s.V.^  a  walled 
town  of  Upper  Guinea,  Sierra  Leone,  150  miles  E,S,E.  of  Free 
Town,     Pop.  20,000. 

COX'SECOX,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co,  of  Prince 
Edward.  22  miles  W.  of  Belleville,  and  15  miles  from  Brigh- 
ton.   Pop.  350. 

COXSEGUIXA,  kon-sd-ghf^e'nl,  formerly  QUISIGUIXA. 
Jce-se-ghee'nJ,  a  volcano  of  Central  America,  in  Xicaragua, 
on  a  promontory  on  the  S.  side  of  Conchagua,  or  Fonesca 
Gulf,  and  about  10  miles  from  the  Pacific,  The  verge  of  the 
crater,  whith  is  half  a  mile  in  diameter,  is  elevated  about 
8800  feet  above  the  mean  level:  thence  the  interior  walls 
fell  perpendicularly  to  a  depth  of  about  200  feet.  The  last 
eruption  of  this  volcano  occurred  in  January,  1835. 
,  C0XSELlCB,kon-s4l'e-chA,amarket>town  of  Central  Italy, 
in  the  Pontifical!  States,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ferrara.  Pop. 
2000,  who  trade  in  rice,  corn,  and  hemp, 

COXSKLVK,  kon-sM'v."l.  a  market^town  of  Xorthern  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  12  miles  S.  of  Padua.    Pop.  4678. 

COXSKNTI.A,    SeeCosENZA. 

COXSHATTK  CHUTE,  kAs'shitf  shoot,  a  postrofflce  of 
Natchitoches  co..  Lousiana. 

COXSIIOUOCKEX,  kon-sho-hok'gn,  a  thriving  postrvillaae 
of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Schuylkill  River,  and  on  the  railroad  between  Philadelphia 
and  Xniristown,  13  miles  X.W.  of  the  former.  Many  of  the 
Inhabitants  are  employed  in  iron-works.  The  discovery  of 
rich  iron-mines  In  the  vicinity,  a  few  years  ago.  drew  the 
attention  of  capitalists  to  the  place,  and  the  popul.ition 
since  that  time  has  increased  rapidly.  It  contains  2  large 
blast'fiirnaces:  gas  and  water-pipes  manufactured  hero  are 
sent  to  distant  parts  of  the  Union;  several  machine- 
shops,  4  rolling-mills.  1  nail-factory,  and  1  saw-factory. 
Two  blast-furnaces  liave  been  erected  on  the  oi)po8ite 
side  of  the  river.  Population,  in  1*50,  727;  in  1860, 
1741, 

COXSOLATIOX,  a  post-vill:ige  of  Shelby  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  railroad  from  Louisville  to  Frauki'ort,  41  miles  K 
of  the  former.  . 

492   . 


COX'STABLE,  a  township  of  Franklin  co,,  New  York. 
Pop.  1680. 

COX'STABLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co,.  New 
York,  138  miles  X,W.  of  Albany. 

COX'ST.\XCE,  (Ger.  Omsianzor  Kimstam.  kon-stlnt.e',  ana 
CoiistanUia.)  a  fortified  city  of  the  Gmnd  Duchy  of  Baden, 
capital  of  a  circle  on  the  S,\V.  shore  of  the  Lake  of"  Constance, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Rhine,  35  miles  X.E.  of  Zurich.  It  is 
highly  picturesque  in  its  architecture.  Chief  edifices,  a 
miignificent cathedral. founded  in  the  eleventh  century:  the 
Kaufh^ius.  in  which  the  famous  council  of  Constance  sat 
from  1414  to  1418,  (and  which  deposed  three  anti-popes,  and 
condemned  IIuss  and  Jerome  of  Prague;)  an  ancient  pal.ice 
a  grand-ducal  residence,  various  conventual  establishments, 
and  a  theatre.  One  of  its  suburbs  is  connected  with  it  by 
along  covered  bridge  across  the  Rhine,  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  goods,  w.atches,  and  silk  fabrics,  .Market 
gardening  and  navigation  occupy  many  of  the  inhabitants. 
Constance  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Germany.  It  was 
formerly  a  free  imperial  town,  but  fell  under  the  ban  of  the 
empire  in  1548,  and  in  1549  was  annexed  to  .\ustiia.  which 
ceded  it  to  Baden  in  1810.  In  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  the  population  was  between  25.000  and  30;0U0.  It 
has  now  deci-eased  to  6500,  mostly  Itoman  Catholics. 

COXSTAXCE,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky. 

COXSTAXCE,  a  post-office  of  Iowa  co,.  Wisconsin. 

COX'STAXCE.  LAKE  OF,  (anc,  Briganlihim  La'cia; 
Ger.  Soden  See.  bo'df  n-sfi,  Fr,  Lac  de  (hnxlanct.  Idk  deh  k6x"''- 
RtSxss')  a  lake  in  Central  Europe,  forming  a  common  cen- 
tre, in  which  Switzerland,  and  the  territories  of  Baden, 
Wiirtemlierg,  Bavaria,  and  Austria  meet.  It  lies  between 
lat.  47°  28'  and  47°  50'  X. ;  and  Ion.  9°  and  9°  42'  K. ;  length, 
from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  40  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  9 
miles:  area,  200  squ.are  miles;  gre^itest  depth,  which  is  be- 
tween Friedrichshafen  and  Rorschach,  964  feet;  1283  feet 
above  sea-level.  At  its  X,W.  exti-emity,  the  lake  is  divided 
into  two  branches  or  arms,  each  aliout  14  miles  in  length; 
the  X,  arm  is  called  the  Uberlingen  Lake,  after  the  town  of 
Uberlingen,  on  its  X.  bank  :  the  S,  branch  the  /ellersee  or 
Untersee,  in  which  is  situ.ated  the  fertile  island  of  lleiehe- 
uau,  belonging  to  Baden,  about  3  miles  long,  and.lf  broad. 
The  Reine  entei-s  the  lake  at  Rheiiiek,  at  its  S.E,  extremity, 
and  leaves  it  at  Stein,  at  its  X,W.  termination.  Various 
other  smaller  rivei-s  empty  them.selves  into  it.  The  lake, 
the  waters  of  which  are  of  a  dark-green  hue,  and  veiy  clear, 
is  subject  to  sudden  risings,  the  cau.ses  of  which  are  un- 
known. In  1770.  it  rose  in  one  hour  from  20  to  24  feet  above 
the  ordinary  level.  It  freezes  in  .severe  winters  only.  Its 
navigation  by  s.ailing  vessels  is  rendered  dangerous  by  sud- 
den and  violent  squalls.  Steamers  ply  on  the  lake  between 
Constance  and  various  points  on  its  shores.  The  banks  are 
either  flat,  or  gently  undulating,  and  are  not  remarkable  for 
picture.sque  beauty ;  but  they  are  extremely  fertile,  and  are 
covered  with  corn-fields,  orchards,  and  gardens,  interspersed 
with  ruined  caStles.  and  other  remains  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
and  with  numerous  towns  and  villages,  producing,  alto- 
gether, a  very  pleasing  and  striking  effect, 

COXSTAXtl.\,  kons-tan'she-.?,  a  vill.ige  of  the  Cape  Co- 
lony, South  Africa,  at  the  E,  b.ase  of  the  Table  Mountain, 
12  miles  S.  of  Cape  Town,  celebrated  for  its  wine,  which, 
next  to  Tokav.  is  reckoned  the  best  liqueur  known. 

COXSTAXtl.4.,  kon-stan'she-a,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  OsweiO  CO.,  Xew  York,  on  Oneida  Lake,  115  miles 
W.X.W.  Of  Albany.     Pop.  2511. 

COXSTAXTIA,  a  post-office  of  Bel.aw.are  co.,  Ohio. 

COXSTAXTIA  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co..  Xew 
York. 

COXSTAXTIXA,  kon-stin-tee'nS,  a  town  of  Spain,  40 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Seville,  near  tlie  Sierra  de  Constantina. 
Pop.  6986.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong  castle  which  was  re- 
paired by  the  French,  Near  it  are  some  argentiferous  lead- 
mines.  The  Sierra  de  Cox.stantixa,  between  Andalusia  and 
Estremadura,  is  connected  E.  with  the  Sierra  Morena,  and 
gives  rise  to  the  .\rdilla.  an  affluent  of  the  Gu.adiaua,  and 
the  lluclva,  an  .affluent  of  the  Guadalquivir. 

CONSTANTIXE.  kon'stiu'teen',  or  CO.NSTAXTTXA,  kon- 
stan-teyni.  (anc.  Cii->l(i.)  a  fortified  city  of  Algeria,  capital  Of 
a  province  of  the  s;ime  name,  on  a  detached  height,  169S  feet 
above  the  sea.  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  ravines,  oni  of 
which  is  crossed  bv  an  ancie.nt  Roman  bridge:  lat,  36'^  22  21" 
X.,  ion.  6°  37'  E,  "Pop.  in  1847,  exclusive  of  fortress.  20.S2-2. 
of  whom  1919  were  Europeans.  Jlean  temperature  of  yeat 
6.3°-5:  winter  51°-9;  summer  74°-7,  Fahrenheit.  IIou.se» 
mostly  of  brick,  raised  on  stone  foundations.  It  has  a  pub- 
lic school  and  hospital,  Roman  remains,  and  a  citadel  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Xumidiau  fortress,  with  manufactures  of 
saddlery,  and  other  leathern  goods,  an  export  of  corn  tc 
Tunis,  and  an  active  trade  with  the  country  southward  ID 
the  products  of  Central  Africa.  CorHstantiue  occupies  the 
8it«  of  Cirta,  which  was,  in  ancient  times,  a  great  city,  and 
capital  of  the  kings  of  Xumidia,  It  was  ravaged  in  the  year 
311,  but  afterwards  rebuilt  by  Constaufine,  whose  name  it 
took.  It  partook  of  the  fortunes  of  Algiers  in  succeeding 
times,  till  the  occupation  of  the  province  by  the  French  in 
1830.    Constautiuo  stood  a  eicge  Ju  1836,  and  held  out  til' 


CON 

0<'tol)er  IS,  1S37,  -when  it  was  taken  by  assault.  Pop.  aboat 
2H,000. 

COX'STAXTIXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

COX'STANTINE,  a  small  village  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

COXSTAXTINE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township 
of  St.  Joseph  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  St.  Jo.seph's  River.  fsO 
miles  S.W.of  Lunsing.  iinil  on  a  l)ran(h  of  the  Michigan 
Southern  Railroiul.  It  is  the  largest  village  of  the  county. 
The  river  is  navigaMe  for  small  steamlioats  from  tliis  place 
to  its  mouth.  Coustantine  contains  3  churches,  1  national 
bank.  1  newspaper  office,  and  a  woollen  factory.  Pop.  1500, 
of  the  tounsliiii  in  lSe4,  2070. 

CONSTANTINOPLE,  kon-stan-te-no'p'l.  {Tar\i.  Slaml>ool. 
StaiiibfiiU,  stjm-bool',  or  Istumhxil,  Idambmd.  is-t^m-bool',  in 
common  language,  and  O/nstantinieJi,  kon-st^u-te-nee'^jh. 
In  documi^ntary  writing;  modern  Or.  Jslampoli,  is-tiin'po-le ; 
anc.  Or.  KuyvaravTivoiroXn;  L.  Condanlin(i]>'i>Us.  i.e.  the 
"city  of  Constantine,")  a  celebrated  city  of  Turkey  in 
Europe,  capital  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  in  lat.  41°  0'  18"  N., 
Ion.  'l'i°  5.1'  15"  E  ,  situ.Hted  on  a  declivity  or  series  of  gentle 
hills,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  a  triangular  promontory  of 
the  province  of  Uoom-Klee,  having  the  Sea  of  Marmora 
and  the  IJosporus  on  the  S.  and  E.,  and  the  Golden.  Horn, 
an  inlet  of  tne  latter,  on  th*  X.  It  is  thus  surrounded  by 
water  on  all  sides,  excepting  the  W.  and  has  a  sea  front 
altogether  of  about  8  miles  in  extent.  Taking  the  form  of 
the  ground  on  which  it  stands,  the  city  is  also  triangular  in 
shape,  its  apex  projecting  into  the  Bosporus,  and  its  base,  a 
lofty  double  wall,  of -I  miles  in  length,  stretching  across  the 
promontory,  from  the  Sea  of  JIarmora  to  the  Golden  Horn. 
Each  of  the  sides  may  be  about  3J  miles  in  length,  and 
within  these  limits  the  whole  of  the  city  proper  is  included. 
On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Golden  Horn,  and  also  occupying 
the  extremity  of  a  promontory,  sometimes  called  the  Penin- 
sula of  Pera.  are  situated  the  extensive  suburbs,  (jalata, 
Pera.  and  Tophana.  Constantinople  was  formerly  walled  on 
all  sides;  but  those  along  the  Golden  Horn  and  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora, are  in  a  ruinous  state,  and  in  many  places  have  alto- 
gether disappeared.  At  present  the  entrance  is  by  2S  gates. 
The  appearance  of  the  city  from  without  Is  extremely  pictu- 
resque and  imposing  with  its  mosques,  cupolas,  and  minarets. 
inters|)ersed  with  lofty  cypre.sses,  and  its  port  crowded  with 
shipping :  but  within  It  consists  mostly  of  a  labyrinth  of 
crooked,  ill-paved,  and  dirty  lanes,  and  a  crowd  of  low-built 
and  small  houses,  formed  of  wood  or  roughly  hewn  stone.  Its 
drainage  is  favored  by  its  uneven  and  sloping  site  and  a  great 
number  of  public  fountains,  which  amply  supply  the  city 
with  water  brought  from  artificial  tanks  constructed  at  some 
distance.  This  capital,  including  its  suburbs,  contains  14 
royal  and  332  other  mosques,  40  Mohammedan  colleges,  1S3 
hospitals.  36  Christian  churches,  several  synagogues,  130 
public  baths,  and  180  kh.ms  or  inns,  besides  numeuous 
bazaars.  coffee-hou.s«;s,  and  caravanserais. 

StrariUo. — On  the  extreme  X.E.  point  of  the  promontory 
on  whii'h  the  city  stands,  called  Point  Serai,  is  situated  the 
Se^.^glio,  or  palace  of  the  sultan,  having  the  Bosporus  in 
front,  and  the  Golden  Horn  on  the  left,  and  commanding  a 
magniljcent  view  of  the  opposite  shore,  including  the  beau- 
tiful town  of  Scutari  and  its  cypress-covered  hills.  The 
Ser.)glio,  with  its  gardens  and  groves,  includes  an  area  of 
about  3  miles  in  circumference,  and  is  washed  by  the  sea 
for  two-thirds  of  its  extent.  Having  been  enlarged  and 
altt>red  at  various  periods,  according  to  the  taste  or  caprice 
of  the  princes  and  sultans,  it  now  consists  of  a  conglomera- 
tion of  building?,  clustering  together  without  order  or  de- 
sign. Its  apartments,  however,  are  spacious  and  richly 
furnished.  At  the  principal  entrance  is  a  large  and  lofty 
gate,  called  Babi  Humayon,  the  high  door  or  sublime  porte, 
from  whiih  has  been  derived  the  well-known  diplomatic 
phrase,  .fll  political  business  being  transacted,  as  sup- 
posed, under  this  portal.  Within  the  precincts  of  the  palace 
Is  the  celebrated  Divan,  and  the  Harem,  with  the  "Garden 
of  Delight."  in  which  are  numerous  gorgeous  parterres  .and 
pavilions;  the  latter  as  bright  with  painting  and  gilding 
as  the  flowers  which  blossom  on  every  side,  while  clusters 
of  roses  bloom  in  baskets  of  gilded  wicker-work,  and  foun- 
taiufl  murmur  under  the  deep  shadow  of  overhanging 
boughs.  Near  by  is  a  battery  of  heav.v  cannon.  The  site 
of  ancient  Byzantium  is  supposed  to  have  been  included 
within  the  present  limits  of  the  Seraglio. 

Immediately  without  tlie  Seraalio  is  the  principal  mosque 
of.  St.  Sophiii,  originally  a  Christian  cathedral,  built  by  the 
Emperor  Justinian,  tetweeu  531  and  538.  at  a  cost  equiva- 
lent to  at  least  1,000,000;.  sterling.  This  edifice  is  in  the 
form  of  a  G  reek  cross,  2(i9  feet  in  length,  by  143  in  breadth, 
(in  its  interior.)  and  surmounted  by  a  flattened  dome.  180 
feet  above  the  ground,  besides  several  minor  cupol.is.  and  4 
minarets  added  to  it  by  the  Turks.  In  its  interior  are 
numerous  large  columns,  a  floor  of  variegated  marble,  and 
some  magnificent  bronze  gates;  but  most  of  the  ancient 
Byzantine  paintings  and  decorations  have  been  hidden  by 
Turkisli  inscriptions,  and  the  general  effect  of  the  building 
is  destroyed  by  the  presence  of  a  multitude  of  lamps,  globes, 
and  other  insignificant   ornaments  depending   from   the 


CON 

dome.  Near  St.  Sophia  is  the  mosque  of  Achmet,  a  flno 
structure  with  a  beautiful  marble  pavement,  and  6  mina- 
rets— a  number  possessed  by  no  other  mo8<|Ue  in  the  M(v 
hammedan  world.  This  mosque  sUinds  on  the  At-nieidan, 
or  "  horse-course."  the  ancient  Hippodrame  of  historic  cel» 
brity,  a  space  of  SOU  yards  in  length  by  150  in  breadth,  and 
on  which  are  the  granite  Theban  otielisk  .set  up  by  'I'heodo 
sins,  the  broken  pyramid  of  Constantine  Porpbyrogenitus 
shorn  of  its  bronze  plates,  and  the  identical  twisted  bra.'^g 
column  which  originally  supported  the  tripod  in  the  templi 
of  Delphi.  The  other  principal  mo.scjues  are  those  of  Solyman 
the  Magnificent,  a  masterpiece  of  Saracenic  architecture,  of 
Mohammed  II..  Bajazet  (Hayazeed)  II.,  Selim  II.,  Mustapha 
III.,  and  Othman  and  Eyuii,  with  the  Valide  mosque,  built 
by  the  mother  of  Mohammed  IV..  and  containius;  pillars 
from  the  ruins  of  Troy.  Most  of  these  e.stablishments  have 
attadied  to  them  one  or  more  colleges  or  charitaMe  institu- 
tions: tlnrt  of  Mohammed  II.  is  surrounded  by  8  endowed 
academies,  a  diet-house  for  the  poor,  hospital,  caravanserais, 
and  baths  all  surmounted  by  lead-covered  cu])olas.  There 
are  government  naval  and  military  and  medical  colleges,  a* 
well  as  numerous  inferior  schools;  but  the  system  of  edu 
cation  throughout  the  whole  is  on  a  low  scale,  and  very  in 
efficiently  conducted.  The  bazaars  are  extensive  and  well 
supplied,  but  have  no  architectural  beautj'.  The  nume- 
rous cemeteries  in  and  around  the  city  are  among  its 
greatest  ornaments.  JIany  new  barracks,  schools,  and  hos- 
pitals have  V>een  estai>lished  in  different  parts  of  the  metro- 
polis by  the  late  and  present  sultans.  The  priucipjil  antiqui- 
ties are  the  "burnt  column."  originally  erected  by  Constan- 
tine the  (treat,  a  part  of  the  column  of  Arcadius.  the  pillar 
of  Marcian,  vestiges  of  the  Boucoleon  I'alace,  built  by  Theo 
dosius  II.,  the  aqueduct  of  Valens,  various  subterranean 
cisterns,  the  principal  of  which,  called  by  the  Turks  the 
"thousand  and  one  columns."  is  a  vault,  240  feet  in  length 
by  200  feet  in  width,  suppf)rted  by  424  pillars.  About  the 
S.W.  angle  of  the  city  is  the  citidel  of  the  "seven  towers," 
(llipkipip-'yium.)  a  fortress  erected  about  .\.D.  lUUO,  and  now 
used  as  a  state  prison. 

The  city  proper  comprises  separate  quarters  for  the  Jews, 
.Armenians,  and  Greeks;  that  of  the  Inst,  the  "  I'aiiar."  ex- 
tends along  the  shore  of  the  port,  or  the  "Golden  Horn," 
Tbis  fine  harbor,  which  has  usurped  the  name  of  the  pro- 
moutoi-y  on  which  Byzantium  was  built,  extends  between 
tbe  city  and  its  suburbs  Pera,  Galata,  &c..  for  about  4^ 
miles  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  breadth  varying  from  1  to  4  fur- 
longs. It  is  deep  enough  to  float  ships  of  the  larsrest  size, 
can  receive  1200  sail  of  the  line,  and  is  always  full  of  mer- 
cantile and  other  vessels,  with  a  vast  number  of  light  boats, 
which  here  form  the  principal  vehicles  of  transport.  A 
bridge  of  Ixiats  across  it.  constructed  in  IPS",  connects  the 
Eanar  wifii  Pera;  besides  which  suburb,  tliose  of  Cassim 
Pusha,  Tophani,  Galata,  and  Tei-shanna.  with  the  imperial 
arsenals  and  dock-yard,  are  on  its  N.  shore.  (See  the  ai-ticles 
on  tiie.se  suburbs,  also  Scutari.)  The  foreign  commerce  of 
Constantinople,  though  extensive,  is  not  so  large  as  might 
have  been  expected.  Th*  imports  consist  of  corn,  iron, 
timber,  tallow,  and  furs  from  the  Black  Sea  and  Russia; 
cotton  stuffs,  yarn,  woollens,  silks,  metallic  goods,  watches, 
jewelry,  furniture,  dyes,  and  drugs  from  Western  Europe; 
corn  and  coffee  from  Alexandria;  sugar  from  the  East  and 
West  Indies;  and  wax,  copper,  gums,  drugs,  porcelain, 
overland  from  China,  &c.  About  2000  tous  of  coffee, 
1,200,000  pounds  of  sugar,  300,000  pounds  of  pepper  and 
spices,  2000  puncheons  of  rum,  and  large  quantities  of  low- 
priced  cotton  manufactures,  are  said  to  be  reijuired  an- 
nually for  home  consumption.  The  annual  imports  from 
Great  Britain  are  estimated  to  amount  in  value  to  1 .500.0002. 
The  number  of  vessels  that  arrived  from  the  Danulxj  in  1851 
was  GOO,  bringing  153,128  quarters  of  wheat,  2U1.731  of 
Indian  corn.  6205  of  rye,  and  2424  cwt.  of  tallow.  The 
exports  consist  of  silks,  carpets,  hides,  woo],  goats"  hair, 
potash,  gall,  yellow  berries,  lin.seed,  madder,  valonea,  and 
bones.  Between  5000  and  6000  vessels  enter  and  leave  the 
port  annually.  Of  these,  about  600.  with  an  aggregate  bur- 
den of  150,000  tons,  are  British;  the  rest  are  principally 
Greek.  Austrian.  Russian.  Italian,  and  loni.m.  .Scutari  is 
the  place  of  rendezvous  for  caravans  from  Persia,  .\rmenia, 
&.C..  and  is  the  seat  of  the  principal  corn  warehouses,  and 
manufactures  of  Turkish  silk  and  cotton  goods.  The  other 
manufactures  are  siorocco  leather,  saddlery,  shoes,  meei^ 
schaum  pipe-lK>wls,  mouth-pieces,  and  pipe-tuljes;  and  ex- 
pressly for  the  niiinufacture  of  the  last,  large  numbers  of 
cherry-trees  are  raised  near  the  city.  Constantinople  is  the 
see  of  Greek.  Armenian,  and  Catholico-Armenian  patriarchs. 

The  social  condition  and  every-^i-iy  life  of  Constantinople 
presents  some  curious  phases.  The  streets  are  generally 
dull  and  deserted,  all  bustle  and  animation  being  confine<l 
to  the  bazaars.  JIany  of  the  houses  have  no  windows  at  all 
toward  the  street,  but  only  a  long,  narrow,  dingy  door; 
and  where  there  are  any.  they  are  latticed  and  closed.  Till 
1844^5.  there  were  no  lamps  or  lights  of  any  kind  in  the 
streets,  neither  were  the  latter  named,  nor  the  houses  num- 
bered: all  this,  however,  is  now  remedied.  Toward  evening 
the  coffee-houses  are  much  thronged;  but  at  sunset  th« 

493 


CON 


CON 


Turks  rpHre  to  their  homes,  and  do  not  jro  abroad  till  next 
day  A  great  numlier  of  do-rs  are  permitted  to  range  the 
streets,  wb  ioh  act  as  scavengers ;  they  hare  no  private  owners, 
but  iK-lons  to  the  community.  E.ich  ward  has  its  own  par- 
ticular ilo;rs.  and  should  an  individual  trespass  upon  a 
neiirli!)oriiig  territory,  he  is  immediately  driven  off  by  the 
dojrs  that  oi-cupy  it.  The  climate  is  variable,  and  the  tem- 
perature, especially  in  winter  and  sprinp;.  is  subject  to  invat 
vicis.«it udes :  snow  and  hard  frost  alternate  with  mild  wea- 
ther. The  mean  temperature  of  the  year  is  6'j°'3;  winter, 
iOP-S :  summer,  71°-2  Fah.  The  annual  quantity  of  rain 
which  falls  is  moderate.  Constantinople  is  but  indiffe- 
rently supplied  with  pulilic  means  of  oonTeyance,  the  chief 
one  beinjr  the  caiques  or  wherries,  the  number  of  winch 
ph'ing  on  the  waters  has  been  estimated  at  80,000.  They 
are  extremely  liirht,  elefrantly  constructed,  and  move  with 
great  rapidity.  There  are,  besides  the  caiques,  a  class  of 
larire  and  he;ivy  boats  that  ply  resrularly  between  the  city 
and  the  opposite  shores.  Omnibuses  have  l>een  recently 
introduceil :  besides  plying  on  the  thoroughfares,  they  run 
also  to  Adrianople. 

Constantinople  was  orijrinally  founded  by  Byzas.  B.  c.  656, 
and  rebuilt  by  Constantine.  A.h.  328.  who  gave  it  his  name. 
Ko  city  in  the  world  has  been  subjected  to  such  numerous 
and  celebrated  sieges:  and  no  other  has  undergone  so  many 
Ticissitudes  of  fortune.  Yet  it  lias  only  been  taken  twice, 
namely,  in  1204  by  the  Crusaders,  who  retained  it  till  12>il, 
and  by  the  Turks  under  Mohammed  11..  May  29.  1453 — an 
event  which  completed  the  extinction  of  the  Koman  Em- 
pire in  the  E.-»st.  Pop.,  including  the  suburbs.  786.990, 
compii.sed  of  Turks.  Arabians.  (Jreeks.  Amienians,  Jews, 

and   Europeans. Adj.  and   inhab..  Coxstantinopolitan, 

kon-stan-te-no-pol'i-tan,  Byzantine,  be-zan'tin,  and  Byzan- 
riAK.  be-zan'she-an,  \see  Byzantium;)  Turk.  Stamboollee, 
Btim'bool-lee'. 

CO.XSTANTIXOPLE,  CH.iXXEL  OF.    See  BospoRrs. 

CONSTrrUCIOX,  la.  \i.  kon-ste-too-.Ke^n'.  a  small  sea- 
port town  of  Chili,  department  of  Maule.  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  of  same  name,  115  miles  N.E.  of  Concepcion.  The 
duties  collected  here  in  1852  amounted  to  $256. 

CDNSTlTLigAO,  kon-ste-.too^-sd'fSN".  a  modem  town  of 
Brazil.  115  miles  N.E.  of  San  Paulo,  on  the  Piracicaba.  Pop. 
2500. 

CONSTITUTION,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Arkansas. 

CONSTITUTIO.V.  a  post-Tillage  in  Washington  co..  Ohio, 
on  the  W.  Iiank  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  6  miles  S.M'.  of  Marietta. 

COXSUKGliA,  kon-soo-.Vgr2,  (anc.  Citisahrum  or  Omsa- 
biirum.)  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Tole- 
do, on  the  right  bank  of  the  iVmarguilla.  Pop.  6124.  It  has 
manufactures  of  coitrse  wooUeus.  It  has  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle,  and  various  Roman  antiquities. 

CONT.VI.  kon^tl'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, lat.21°  4S'  N.,  Ion.  87° 54'  E.,on  a  hill  about  6  miles  from 
the  sea. 

CONTA>nXES,  LES,  W  kAN<=H^'meen',  a  village  of  Savoy, 
province  of  Faucignv,  on  the  route  from  the  Col  du  Bou- 
homme  to  St.  Maurice,  AV.  of  Jloftt  Blanc.     Pop.  HXK1. 

CUNTA.NWGUK',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. 112  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Moorshedabad.  It  was  formerly  a 
place  of  some  note,  and  still  contains  one  of  the  finest 
temples  in  Bengal,  but  is  now  in  other  respects  in  a  state 
of  decay.     Lat.  26°  44'  X.,  Ion.  88°  43'  E. 

COXTAKIXA,  kon-td-ree'ni  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  29 
miles  S,  of  Venice,  on  the  Po,  which  here  forms  the  boundary 
between  the  Austrian  domiuiuus  and  the  kingdom  of  Italy. 
Pop,  2S50, 

COXTAS,  BrazU,    See  Rio-de-Oontas. 

COXTKNT'XI  A,  a  post-office  of  Pitt  cc.  North  Carolina. 

COXTEXT'XY,  (sometimes  written  COXTEXTXED,)  a 
creek,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Carolina,  rises  near  the 
E.  extremity  of  Wake  co..  and  flowing  south-eastward,  falls 
Into  the  Xeupe  Hiver,  about  10  miles  X.E.  of  Kingston.  It 
is  navigable  by  flaH>oats  90  miles  from  its  mouth. 

C(J.XTESS.\,  kon-tjs'si,  a  town  of  Sirilv.  intendancv  of 
Palermo,  y  miles  S,AV,  of  Corleone,    Pop.  2500. 

COXTESSjV,  a  village  of  Sicily,  delegation  of,  and  near 
Messina.     Pop.  1000. 

C<.)XTKS'S.t,  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  in  Roomilia, 
on  the  .\.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Coutessa  or  Ori)hano. 

COXTKS.><A.  GULF  OF,  Turkey.     See  Orphano. 

COXTIIKY.  k<SN«'tA/.  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Talais,  3  miles  W.  of  .Sion.  on  the  Morge.  near  its  mouth,  in 
the  Rhone.  Pop,  2239.  Excellent  wine  is  produced  in  its 
Ticinity. 

CONTI,  a  town  of  France,    See  Contt, 

COXTICU,  kon'tiK,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  6 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Antwerp.  Pop.  3640.  It  has  manufactures 
in  hats  and  leather,  and  trade  in  horses  and  fuel. 

COXrri.X,  one  of  the  largest  parishes  in  Scotland,  co,  of 
Ross,  comprising  a  viV-ige  5  miles  S.W.  of  Dingwall,  with 
Lochs  Fannich.  Luichart.  4c.     Pop.  1770. 

COXTOlK^'OK,  a  river  of  New  Hampshire,  rises  in  Ches- 
hire CO.,  and  running  through  llillsborough,  falls  into  the 
Uerrimack  River  in  Merrimack  co.,  about  8  miles  X.  of 
Concord. 

494 


I      CONTOOCOOK   TILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Merrimack 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  above  river,  10  miles  W.  of  Coi> 
i  cord.     It  contains  a  number  of  mills. 

i      COX'TOY',  or  LOG'G  KKUEAD.  an  island  in  the  Caribbean 

Sea.  off  the  coast  of  Yucatan.  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Cape 

Catoche.     Lat.  21°  32'  N.;  Ion.  8(1°  49'  W. 

I      CONTRA  COSTA,  a  county  in  the  X.W.  central  part  of 

California,  has  an  area  of  aliout  800  square  miles.     It  is 

bounded  on  the  W.  by  San  Francisco  Bay.  and  on  the  N.  by 

San  Pablo  and  Suisnn  Bays  and  San  Joaquin  River,  and 

drained  by  San  K.imon.  Nueces.  Jugerto.  llambre,  and  San 

Pablo  Creeks,  with  several  other  small  streams,  most  of 

which  are  generally  dry  in  summer.   The  soil  is  forthemoel 

pisrt  fertile.    The  surface  in  the  E.  and  W.  portions  is  level, 

;  but  the  Coast  Range,  entering  it  from  the  S.,  terminates 

I  near  the  centre  of  the  county.     Mount  Diabolo  is  the  prin- 

I  cipal  elevation.    Excellent  limestone  and  building  stone  are 

I  found,  also  red  freestone  and  gypsum.     Sulphur  springs, 

mostly  tepid,  are  abundant;  saline  springs  also  exist.    The 

most  pro<luctive  coal  mines  of  the  state  are  in  this  county. 

Capital.  Martinez.     Pop.  in  lx&),  .5329. 

COXTRA  COSTA,  a  postKifflce  of  Alameda  co,.  California. 

a)XTRARI'ETIES  ISLAXD.  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
one  of  the  Solomon  Islands.     Lat.  9°  49'  S.;  Ion.  162^  3'  E. 

COXTKER  A  S.  kon-trA'ra.s.  a  celebrated  battle-field  of  Mexl- 
CO,  atiout  14  miles  S.  of  the  ciipital.  The  battle  was  fought, 
Au^just  18  and  19.  1847.  l>etween  the  United  States  forces 
under  General  ScOft  and  a  division  of  the  Mexican  ai-my 
commanded  by  General  Valencia.  The  result  was  a  com- 
plete disjK^rsion  of  the  Mexican  forces,  Valencia  having  lost 
all  his  artillery,  about  2000  men  killed,  and  near  li'iX)  pri- 
soners, including  4  generals,  4  colonels,  and  30  captains. 
Scott's  loss  amounted  to  not  more  than  60  kilbd  and 
wounded.  The  IMreijnl  is  an  almost  impassable  field  of 
lava,  which  the  .Vmerican  army  crossed  at  tlie  commence- 
ment of  the  battle  of  Contrer.^s.  August  18  and  19,  1847, 
situated  aliout  14  miles  S.  of  the  citv  of  Mexico. 

COXTKE'RAS,  a  post-oflfice  of  Butler  co..  Ohio. 

COXTRERAS  (kon-trA'ras)  ISLAXDS.  a  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  North  Pacific.  S.W.  coast  of  Guatemala,  pro- 
vince of  Veragua,  close  in  shore,    Lat.  7°  50'  N. ;  Ion.  82°  W. 

COXTRES.  kANt'r.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Blois.     Pop.  1817. 

COXTHEXVILLE.  kteo'trAVeel'.  a  villi^e  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vosges.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Mirecourt.  on  the 
Vaire.  Pop.  708.  It  has  a  celebrated  establishment  of 
mineral  waters. 

COXTROGUERRO,  kon-tro-gwjH'RO,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I,,  16  miles  N,X.E,  of  Toramo. 
Pop,  2500. 

CONTRONE,  kon-tro'n.^.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Campagna.    Pop.  2ii00. 

COXTURSI,  kon-tooR'see.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra.  on  the  Sele.  20  miles  E.  of  Salerno.     P.  3000. 

CX1NTW0Y-T0.  kon-twoi'-to\  or  KU.M  LAKE,  a  lake  of 
British  North  .\merica,  in  the  country  of  the  Copper  Indians, 
intersected  by  the  parallel  of  65°  3b'  N.  and  the  meridian 
of  111°  60' W. 

CONTY  or  CONTI.  kAyo'tee'.  a  town  of  France,  dejvirt. 
ment  of  Somme,  12j  miles  S.S.W.  of  .4miens,  on  the  Seille. 
Pod.  897. 

CONVE/XIENCE,  a  postrvillage  in  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Chillicothe. 

CONVE/NIENT.  a  post-office  of  Smith  co..  Tennessee. 

COX'VEXT.  a  post-office  of  St.  James  piirish.  Louisiana. 

CONVERSANO,  kon-v^K-s^'no.  a  town  of  Naples.  19  miles 
S.E.  of  Bari.  PoJ).  7720.  It  is  enclosed  by  decayed  walls, 
defended  by  a  Norman  castle,  and  is  pretty  well  built. 
Chief  edifices,  a  fine  cathedral,  several  convents,  a  hi^hop's 
pjilace.  dioce.san  seminary,  hospital,  and  foundling  asylum. 
A  brisk  trade  is  carried  on  K-tween  it  and  Bari  in  wire,  oil, 
almonds  and  other  fruits,  flax,  and  cotton.  In  the  Middle 
Aires  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Norman  possessions  in  Eastern 
Italv. 

COXVII.rCAY0.  kon-vil-ki'yo.  a  village  and  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen,  7i  miles  X.W.  of  Landovery. 

COX'VIS,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.  p.irt  of 
Calhoun  co..  >lichigan.     Pop.  1029. 

Cl>X'VoY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co,  of  Donegal. 

COXnVALL  or  CONJ/WAL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Doneiral. 

COX'WAY  or  CONWY,  kon'wee.  a  river  of  North  Wales, 
issues  from  a  small  lake,  flows  mostly  N.N.W..  and  joins 
Beaumaris  I!ay  by  a  broad  estuary.  11  miles  E.  of  Beauma- 
ris. Total  cour.se,  30  miles.  It  is  navigable  f n  m  ne»r 
Llanrwst  to  its  mouth,  where  a  mussel-pearl  fishery  is  car- 
rii'd  on. 

CONWAY,  or  AB'ER-CON'WAY.  a  pariiamentary  an(^  ira- 
nicip.al  liorough,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  North  AA  ales, 
CO.  of  Carnarvon,  on  the  estuary  of  the  aliove  river,  here 
crossed  by  a  noble  tubular  suspension  bridge,  327  feet  in 
length,  on  the  line  of  the  Chester  and  Holyhead  I'aiiwpy, 
13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bangor.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  loiough, 
in  1851.  2106.  It  occupies  a  steep  slope,  and  is  encltv.-d  ny 
embattled  walls,  with  towers  and  gateways,  still  in  gOHl 


CON 


COO 


r«p«!r.  Tlie  castle,  built  by  Edward  1.,  on  a  precipitous 
rock  above  the  river,  is  also  in  many  parts  still  entire. 
Iind  is  one  of  the  jrrandest  feudal  fortresses  remaining  in 
Britain.  Tlio  harbor  diiis  at  low  water,  and  the  trade  is 
insignificant.  It  unites  with  Carnarvon,  Banpor.  Criccieth, 
Kevin,  and  I'wUheli  in  sendlnji  one  member  to  Parliament. 
It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  Mariiuis  of  Hertford. 

(S)N'\VAY.  (or  .MiDiiLK  Kiver,)  a  small  river  of  Virginia, 
flowin;:  into  the  Itapidun,  on  the  boundary  between  Greene 
and  Madison  counties. 

CON\V.\Y,a  county  near  the  centre  of  Arkansas,  contains 
about  1"2UU  S(iuare  miles.  The  Arkansas  Itiver  bounds  it 
on  the  S.W.,  and  it  is  drained  by  Cadron  and  Cypress 
Creflks.  The  surliice  is  diversified,  and  produces  fine  pasture. 
The  streams  afford  fine  water-power.  Stone  coal  is  found 
along  tlie  -Arkansas  Jiiver.  Capital,  Sjiringfield.  Pop.  6697, 
of  vvliiim  oS'Ju  were  free,  and  802  slaves. 

CONW.W,  a  post-ofiice  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

CONW.W,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Carroll  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  Saco  liiver,  about  76  miles  X.N.E.  of  Con- 
cord.  The  streams  afford  motive-power  for  mills.   Pop.  1024. 

CONWAY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  i'ranklin  co., 
Massachu.setts,  100  miles  \V.  by  N.  of  Boston,  on  the  S.  sfde 
of  Deerfield  Kiver.  It  contains  an  academy,  an  insurance 
ofBce,  and  has  extensive  manuiactures  of  cotton  goods,  and 
of  other  articles.     Pi>p.l6S9. 

CON\V,\Y.  a  post-tillage  and  township  of  Livingston  co., 
Michigan.  -5  miles  K.  of  l,ansing.    Pop.  764. 

CON'WAYlSuHOUtiH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Horry 
district.  South  Carolina,  on  the  Waccamaw  Kiver.  at  the 
head  of  navigation.  110  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.  by  S.  of 
Columbia.  It  is  situated  in  a  level  and  sandy  district, 
which  produces  aliundance  of  pine  timber.  Turpentine  is 
procured  in  this  vicinity.    Pop.  476. 

CON'YKKS.  a  pc  st-village  of  Newton  CO.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Georgia  Kailroad.  141  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

CON'YKKSVILIjK.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Henry  co., 
Tennessee,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Paris,  the  county  seat.  It  is 
situated  in  a  rich  farming  district,  and  has  several  stores 
and  mechanics'  sliops. 

C0N\'N(jlll.4M,  ktin'ing-ham,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Nescopec  Creek,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Uar- 
risburg.     It  contains  several  stores,  and  over  50  dwellings. 

CONZA.  kon'/A.  (anc.  Cf>mp'xa.)  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Principato  Ultra,  district,  and  9  miles  S.E.  of  St. 
Angclo-de-Lombardi.  Pop.  "AKK).  It  has  a  cathedral,  an 
arelibishop's  palace,  and  a  diocesan  seminary.  It  was  of 
considerable  importance  in  the  Middle  Ages,  but  was  nearly 
destroyed  bv  an  earllit|uake  in  lt>y4. 

COOBCAIilA.  OOL'lK'AlilA  or  CUBCABIA.  koob-kjlie-a. 
a  town  of  Central  .\frica.  in  Darfoor,  in  a  fertile  district.  41 
Miles  W.  of  Cobbe.  lat.  14°  N.,  Ion.  20°  GO'  K.  It  is  the  en- 
trepot of  goods  from  the  West  of  Africa,  and  has  a  large  fair 
twice  a  week.  It  has  been  long  celebrated  for  its  com- 
merce in  coarse  cotton  cloth,  called  Tokeas,  and  in  leathern 
sacks. 

COOCir-BAIIAR.  kooch-bi-har',  a  rajahship  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  near  the  Beotjiu  frontier,  and 
now  comprised  in  tlie  district  of  Rungpoor. 

COOCirS  BltlDi  i  K.  a  post-office.  New  Castle  co..  Delaware. 

COODUO'NIA.  a  river  in  the  N.W.  of  Africa,  in  Soodan, 
territory  of  .Jacoba.  rises  in  a  mountiiinous  district  in  lat. 
V  7'  N.,  Ion.  10°  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Niger  a  little  N.W.  of 
Egga,  in  lat.  8°  37'  N.,  Ion.  S°  W. 

COO'(!KE,  a  small  seaport  town  of  New  South  ^Vales.  co. 
of  Cumbei  land,  about  4  miles  S.  of  Sydney,  on  a  fine  sandy 
bay  of  the  same  name. 

COOK,  an  inland  county  of  New  South  Wales,  of  an  irre- 
gular form.  5f<  miles  in  length  from  N.W.  to  S.E. ;  breadth, 
46  miles.  It  .sends,  in  conjunction  with  the  county  of  Hun- 
ter, one  member  to  the  Legislative  Council.     Pop.  3598. 

COOK,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  on 
Bed  Kiver,  which  separates  it  from  the  Indian  Territory, 
contains  al)ont  950  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  the  Elm  Eorkoffrinity  Kiver,  and  by  Clear  Creek. 
A  large  tract  of  forest,  culled  the  Upper  Cross  'Timbers,  ex- 
tends across  the  C(junty  in  a  N.  and  S.  direction.  Capital, 
Gainesville.  Pop.  3760,  of  whom  3391  were  free,  and  369 
slaves. 

COOK,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering  on 
Indiana  and  Lalte  Midiigan.  has  an  area  of  1027  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Des  Plaines.  Calumet,  and 
Chicago  Rivers.  Lake  Jlicliigan  washes  the  eiistei-n  border. 
The  surface  is  slightly  undulating,  and  in  some  parts  level, 
with  eonsideralile  prairie  land.  The  soil  is  deep,  and  highly 
productive.  The  flat  land  was  tbrmerly  thought  unfit  for 
tillage,  but  it  is  now  much  cultivated,  and  conmiands  the 
highest  prices.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Canal,  by  the  Chicago  and  Galena  K.R..  the  Chi- 
cago and  Rock  Island  K.R.,  and  by  several  other  railroads, 
CooV  county  is  the  most  populous  and  important  in  the 
state,  containing  the  city  i>f  Chicago,  the  commercial  capi- 
tal of  Illinois.  Org-anizeil  in  1831,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  a  menibei  of  Congress  from  Illinois,  who 
obtaijied  from  the  t'uited  States  a  grant  of  300,000  acres  of 


land,  to  aid  Ir   construction  of  the  canal  above  uamed. 
Pop.  144,954 

COOK,  a  p<ist-«ffice  of  Erie  co..  Pennsylvania. 

COOK'BL'RY^,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

COOKE'S  CORNEliS,  a  post-oflice  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio. 

COOK'HA.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

COtJK'HAM.  a  post-village  of  laii-field  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina, IS  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

COOK  INLET,  in  Russian  America,  is  between  lat.  68° 
.and  01°  N.,  Ion.  151°  and  1.54°  W..  opposite  the  island  of 
Kodiak.     Length  from  S.  to  N..  130 miles:  breadth, 70  miles. 

COOK  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  S.  of  Polynesia,  ia 
the  S.W.  of  the  Society  Islands,  between  the  Archii)elago 
of  Tonga  on  the  W.,  and  Tahiti  on  the  E.  The  princijwl  are 
Mangeia.  Atiou,  Hai-vey.  and  Raratonga.  Pop.  estimated  at 
50,000.(1')  They  are  of  the  Malay  race,  and  many  of  them 
have  been  converted  to  Christianity  by  English  nii.ssionaries. 

COOK  STRAIT,  in  New  Zealand,  .separates  the  two  prin- 
cipal islands.     Named  after  its  discoveier. Capt. Cook, in  1770l 

COOK'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COOKLEY'.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  AVorcester.  3  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Kidderminster.  It  is  the  seat  of  long-established 
and  extensive  iron-works. 

COOKS'BUKG.  a  post-village  of  Albany  co.,  New  York,  28 
miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

COOK'SHIRE,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Sherbrooke, 
13  miles  N.  of  Ijenoxville. 

COOK'S  LAND,  or  MORETON  BAY  DISTRICT,  a  mari- 
time territory  in  New  South  Wales,  extending  from  about 
lat.  20°  to  29°  S.     Its  chief  town  is  Biisl  ane. 

COOK'S  LAW-OFFICE,  a  post-oflice  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia. 

COOK'S  M  ILLS,  a  village  of  Canada.    See  Crowlandville. 

COOK'S  ItUN,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  Pennsylvania. 

CDOK'S  ^;TOUE,  a  post<iftice.  La  Fayette  co.,  Mis.'-issippi. 

COOK'S  STOKE,  a  postKiftice  of  Caddo  parish.  Louisiana. 

COOKSTOAN  N.  an  inland  town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Tyrone,  on  the  Ballinderry,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stewarts- 
town.  Pop.3(i00.  Itbasa  largeGotbicchurch. a  court-house, 
union  work-house,  bank,  market-bouse,  and  lineu-hall. 

COOK.^TOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.of  Meath. 

COOKS'K  >\\  N.  a  post-office  oj  Ituiliugton  co..  New  .Jersey. 

C0(  iKSTOW.N.  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co..  Penn.sylvania, 
on  the  .Monongahela  River,  about  30  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Pitts- 
burg, contains  glass-works  and  a  steam  mill. 

COOKSTtjMN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Simcoe.  about  15  miles  S.  of  Barrie. 

COt>KS  VALLEY',  a  post-office  of  Calloway  co..  Kentucky. 

COOKS^VILLE.  a  post-ottice  of  Howard  co.,  Maryland. 

COOKSVILLE,  a  po.st-village  of  Noxubee  co.,  Mississippi, 
132  miles  10. N.E.  of  .Jackson. 

COOKSV1L1>K,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana. 

COOKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co..  Wisconsin.  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Madison.  It  lias  1  church,  3  stores,  and  3 
mills. 

COOKS/VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  We.st,  co.  of 
Y'ork,  Iti  miles  S.W.  of  Toionto.  It  contains  several  saw 
mills  and  stores.    Pop.  about  350. 

CO(>L.\NE\',  koo-U/nee,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.,  and 
^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sligo,  contains  a  court-house.     Pop.  380 

COOLIi.A.U01I,  kooPbaw',  a  post-town.thip  of  Monroe  co., 
Pennsylvania.  3S  miles  N.W.  of  lOaston,  drained  by  the 
sources  of  the  lyebigh  River.     Pop.  457. 

COOLE,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Westmeath,  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Castle  I'oUard.  on  the  road  to  Granard.     Pop.  371. 

COOLGRAXEY,  kwl-gi-J/nee.  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.of 
Wexford.  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arklow.  The  vicinity  was  the 
scene  of  the  last  pitched  battle  lietween  the  insurgents'  and 
rovalists'  forces  during  the  disturbances  of  1798.     Pop.  311. 

COiVLIN,  or  CUCIIULLIN  (koo-Koo/lin)  HILLS,  a  range 
of  wild,  romantic  hills.  Scotland,  Isle  of  Skye,  extends  from 
the  head  of  Scavaig  Bay,  in  a  N.W.  direction,  enclosing 
the  romantic  valley  of  Loch  Cornish,  and  that  of  Ilart-o- 
Corryon  the  N.E.  Scuir-na-Oillean.  at  the  N.K.  extivmity 
of  the  range,  is  estimated  to  be  upwards  of  3'200  feet  high. 

COOL'ING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

COCKLOCK.  a  parish  and  small  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Dublin.     Pop.  499. 

COO'LOO'  or  KOO'LOO'.  a  district  in  Northern  India,  be- 
tween lat.  31°  20'  and  33°  N..  and  ion.  70°  40'  and  7S°  35'  E., 
lying  at  the  foot  of  the  Himalaya '^lount.iins. 
'  COOLOO.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bongal, 
75  miles  S.E.  of  Sumbhulpoor,  and  an  inland  mart  for  traf- 
fic in  cotton  and  salt. 

C<X)LSCAS1P,  kols'kimp',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  14  miles  S.  of  Bruges.  Pop.  2564.  It  h.ts 
extensive  manufactures  of  linens. 

COOL  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  .Jefferson  co.,Penn.»ylvania. 

COOL  SPRING,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  892. 

COOL  SPRING,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co..  Pennsylvania. 

COOL  SPRING,  a  post-ottice  of  Iredell  co..  North  Carolina. 

COOL  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wilkinson  co..  Georgia. 

COOL  SPRING,  a  township  in  Laporte  CO..  Indiana.  P.99a 

COOL  SPRING,  a  village  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  lia 
Fayette  co.,  Missouri,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Independence. 

495 


coo 


coo 


COOI/VIliLE.  a  po.«t-viUage  of  Athens  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
IIockhookin<;  Kiver.  9(i  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

COOL  WKLL,  a  post-ofllce  of  Amherst  CO.,  Virginia. 

COOMAS'SIK.  the  capital  town  of  the  .\shantee  dominions 
in  Guinea,  about  120  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 
Lat.  6°  34'  50"  N..  Ion.  2°  12'  W.  Pop.  estimated  by  Bow- 
ditch  at  IS.OOO.  It  stands  In  a  wooded  Talley.  environed 
by  swamps,  id  refrularly  built,  and  has  a  fortified  palace, 
and  an  active  trade  with  Central  Africa. 

C00MB1<>BTS'?KT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

COOMBE-KEYXES,  koom-kanz,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Doi-set. 

COOMBLA.  a  town  of  India.    See  Cu\aT. 

COOMBS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus!5ex. 

COO'WER.  a  post-oflfice  of  Niagara  co.,  Xew  York. 

COOX  CHEEK,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  170 
miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

COON'DAl'OOU/,  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  district  of  Canara,  on  the  Malabar  coast, 
63  milfs  N.N.W.  of  Mangalore. 

COO'NEWAR/.  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mississippi. 

COOX  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Santa  Rosa  co.,  Florida. 

COON  ISLAND,  a  post-office, Washington  CO.. Pennsylvania. 

COON  MEAIKJWS,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  Illinois. 

COON  PRAIRIE,  a  postroffice  of  Bad  .\xe  co..  AVisconsin, 

COONS'BHROUCn,  a  post-office  of  Orangeburgh  district, 
pouth  Carolina. 

Cf>i  INS  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co,,  Virginia. 

COON'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mills  co..  Iowa. 

COOl'ANG.     See  Coepa.ng. 

OOOr'ER,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  55S  scjuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Missouri  River,  intersected  in  the  N.AV.  part  by  I.^niine 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Little  Saline  and  Monite.au 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating  and  hilly, 
consisting  of  prairies  .and  timbered  land  in  convenient' pro- 
portions ;  the  soil  is  highly  productive  and  easily  cultivated. 
The  mineral  resources  of  the  county  are  said  to  he  inex- 
haustible. Cannel  and  bituminous  coal  of  good  quality  aiv 
found  tliroiigliont  the  county ;  it  also  contains  ri'h  mines 
of  iron  and  lead  near  L.amuie  Kiver;  marble  and  hydraulic 
limestone  are  found  in  several  localities;  and  a  rare  de- 
scription of  sand,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  tlint-gla.^s.  is 
abundant  on  Moniteau  Creek.  I^amine  River  is  navigable 
from  its  mouth  to  the  entrance  of  Blackwater  Kiver. 
Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Cooper,  an  early  settler  of  the 
county,  and  a  native  of  Tennessee.  Capital,  Booneville. 
Pop.  17,3.30,  of  whom  13,556  were  free,  and  3800  slaves, 

COOPER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington  co., 
Maine.  .'0  miles  \,  of  >I,ichia3,     Pop,  468. 

COOPER,  u  township  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania,  P.  396, 

COOPER,  a  pc>st-office  of  Wayne  co„  Ohio, 

COOP  I'.R,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Kalamazoo 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop,  1231. 

COi»l''KR-BRIDGE,  a  station  on  the  Leeds  and  Manches- 
ter Railway.  England.  24  miles  S.W.  of  Leeds. 

COOt'ER  ISLAND,  in  the  British  West  Indies,  Virgin 
Islands,  is  an  islet  5  miles  S.E.  of  Tortola. 

COOPER  POINT,  a  headland  on  the  E.  coast  of  Australia. 
Lat.  17°  20'  S..  Ion.  146°  50'  E. 

COOP'ER  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  in  Charleston 
district,  and  flows  S.E.  until  it  unites  with  the  Ashley 
River,  lielow  Charleston,  to  form  Charleston  Harbor. 

COOP'ER'S,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

COOP'ERSBUKG,  a  post-office,  Lehigh  co,,  Pennsylvania. 

COOl'EK'S  CREEK,  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey,  enters  the 
Delaware  immediately  above  the  citv  of  Camden. 

COOPER'S  G  A 1'.  pos^offlce,  Rutherford  co..  North  Carolina. 

COOPER  S  GAP.  a  post-offlce  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia, 

COOPER'S  MII-LS,  a  post-office  of  Uncoln  CO.,  Maine. 

COOPER'S  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Steul)en  co..  New  York. 

C00P'ER.<TOWN,  a  post-village  in  Ostego  township,  and 
capital  of  Otsego  co..  New  Y'ork.  is  pleasantly  situateil  at  the 
outlet  or  S.  end  of  Otsego  Lake,  69  miles  AV.  of  Alliany. 
This  Uike  is  9  miles  in  length,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  in  width, 
and  is  environed  by  hills  about  400  feet  in  height,  which 
present  much  interesting  scenery.  The  villase  contains 
6  churches,  an  academy,  3  national  banks,  and  2  newspaper 
offices.  A  female  collegiate  institute  has  recently  been 
established  here.  The  tfuilding  is  222  feet  long,  by  40  wide, 
exclusive  of  the  wings.    Pop.  loU7. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  Tillage  of  Burlington  co„  New  Jersey, 
3  miles  S.W.  of  Burlington,  contains  2  churches. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  village  of  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey,  6 
miles  E.  of  Camden, 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-vill.age  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Sugar  Creek,  75  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg,  It 
has  a  woollen  factory  and  several  mills. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  postH>ffice  of  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  post-offlce  of  Brown  co..  Illinois. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Brown  co,,  Wisconsin, 
about  120  miles  N.E.  of  Madison. 

COOPER.STOWN,  a  village  and  township  of  Manltoowoc 
CO..  Wisconsin,  on  Benton  Creek,  60  miles  S,  of  Milwaukee, 
Pop.  1222. 

496 


COOP'ERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 55  miles  S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

COOPERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Union  district.  South 
Carolina. 

COOPERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Fentress  co.,  Tennessee. 

COOPERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dearborn  co..  Indiana. 

COOP'ER'S  WELLS,  a  noted  watering-place  of  Hinds  co., 
Mississippi.  The  water  h.is  the  reputation  of  curing  various 
diseases,  and  is  extensively  patronized  by  the  people  of  Mi»- 
sis.«ippi  and  adjoining  states. 

COOP"S  CRKEK.a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Tennessee,  107 
miles  S,E.  of  Nashville. 

COORG,  kooRG,  a  subdivision  of  Hiudostan,  between  lat. 
12°  and  1.3°  N.,  extending  from  the  Tamljacherry  Pass  on 
the  S..  to  the  river  Hemavutty  on  the  W. 

COOS,  (commonly  pronounced  ko-6s',)  a  county  forming 
the  N,  extremity  of  New  Hampshire,  has  an  area  of  about 
1950  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  bv  the  Connecti- 
cut River,  and  is  drained  by  the  -\ndroscoggin.Saco.  Upper 
.\iuonoosuck,  and  smaller  stream.s.  The  Connecticut  River 
has  its  source  in  this  county,  near  its  N.  extremity.  The 
surface  is  generally  rough  .ind  mountainous,  and  not  fitted 
for  cultivation;  but  along  the  banks  cf  the  Connecticut  and 
some  other  streams  it  is  comparatively  fertile.  The  cele- 
brated White  Mountains,  among  which  the  Saco  River  has 
its  principal  sources,  are  situated  in  the  S,  part  of  this 
county.  The  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad  passes 
through  the  S.  part  of  Coos.  Organized  in  1803.  and  named 
from  the  pine  forests  with  which  a  jiortion  of  the  county  is 
covered;  coos,  in  the  Indi.in  language,  signifying  "pines." 
Capit;tl,  Lancaster,    Pop.  13,101, 

COOS.A.,  koo/sa,  a  river  of  Georgia  and  -\labama.  is  formed 
by  the  confluence  of  the  Etowah  and  Oostenaula,  which 
unit*'  at  Rome,  in  Georgia.  It  flows  .south-westward  to  the 
N.E,  extremity  of  St.  Clair  county  in  .Uabama.  after  which 
its  general  course  is  nearly  S.  until  it  unites  with  the  Tal- 
lapoosa and  forms  the  Alabama,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Mont- 
gomery. Its  length  is  estimated  at  350  miles.  Several 
small  steamboats  navigate  this  river  between  Rome  and 
the  Ton  Islands,  a  distance  of  ISO  miles.  Between  the  lat- 
ter point  and  Wetnmpka  the  channel  is  obstructed  by  nu- 
merous shoals,  which  prevent  na\igation,  excepting  the 
passage  of  flat-boats  down  the  stream. 

Ct)OSA,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Alabama,  has 
an  area  of  860  square  miles.  Its  entire  boundary  on  the 
S.W,  is  formed  by  the  Co<3.sa  River,  fi-om  which  the  name  is 
derived:  it  is  also  drained  by  Sochapatoy  and  other  creeks. 
The  surface  is  elevated,  and  in  some  jxirts  broken.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  supplied  with  perennial  springs  of  the  purest 
water.  It  is  particularly  adapted  to  pasturage,  and  to  the 
cultivation  of  grain.  Quarries  of  statuary  granite  and  fine 
marble  have  been  opened  in  the  county.  The  Itillowing  in- 
t<?resting  extract,  relating  to  the  mineral  productions  of  this 
county,  is  from  a  letter  of  one  of  our  correspondent.s,  a  gen- 
tleman of  the  highest  respectability,  residing  at  Wetnmpka: 
'•  .\lout  a  mile  from  the  village  of  Bradford  there  is  found 
the  best  statuary  granite  yet  discovered  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  of  the  most  Ijejiutiful  gray  color,  easy  of  ao- 
cess,  being  almost  entirelj- above  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
and  what,  according  to  my  information,  is  an  exceedingly 
rare  excellence,  it  may  he  split  in  any  direction  the  entire 
length  of  the  block,  and  is  capable  of  being  worked  into 
any  desirable  shape  or  size.  In  addition  to  this,  a  plank- 
road  passes  by  the  (juarry.  We  have  specimens,  in  several 
buildings  here  and  in  Montgomery,  of  the  New  Hampshire 
granite,  between  which  and  the  Coosa  granite  there  is  no 
comparison.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  county  there  is 
also  a  very  superior  marble,  equalling,  in  the  opinion  of 
judges,  the  best  Italian  marble,  a  specimen  of  which  may 
be  seen  in  the  Washington  Monument.  It  is  so  far  supe- 
rior to  any  thing  yet  seen  in  the  United  States,  that  I  no- 
ticed in  some  of  the  Northern  papers  an  insinuation,  if  not 
a  direct  charge,  that  it  was  an  imposition  of  Italian  for 
American  marble;  when,  in  truth,  it  was  quarried  by  Mr. 
Nix,  our  own  townsman,  out  of  his  own  quarry,  and  po- 
lished and  lettered  within  one-quarter  of  a  mile  from  where 
I  now  write.  Indeed.  I  have  seen  richer  specimens  often 
from  the  same  quarry.  All  the  tombstmts  and  all  the 
marble  u.sed  in  building  or  furniture,  in  the  southern  part 
of  this  state,  is  obtained  from  this  quarry.  It  extends 
from  the  northern  part  of  Co(5sa,  through  Talladega,  into 
Benton  county.  Ijead  and  iron  ore  are  also  found  in  this 
county."  The  streams  of  the  county  furnish  an  ample 
supply  of  motive-power.  Large  steamboats  can  navigate 
the  Coosa  River  as  high  as  Wetnmpka,  A  plank-rorfd  is  in 
progress  of  construction  from  this  town  to  the  Tennessee 
Kiver.  The  county  was  formed  out  of  part  of  the  Creek 
Indian  Territory,  and  organized  alx)ut  1S34.  Capital, 
Rockford.  Pop.  10,273,  of  whom  14,001  were  free,  and  5212 
slaves. 

COOSA,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co,,  Georgia. 

COOSAU'DA.  a  village  of  .4utauga  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Alabama  River,  about  8  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Montgomerj-, 

COOSAWATTEE,  a  small  river  of  Georgia,  rises  in  tlU) 


cod 


COP 


Blue  151(1??,  in  Gilmer  county,  and  unites  with  tlie  Conna- 
sauga.  in  >Iurray  county,  to  form  the  Oostenaula, 

COOSAWATTKK.  a  post-office  of  Murray  co.,  Georgia. 

COOSAWIIAT'CiriE,  a  post-villase,  capital  of  Ueaufort 
distrirt,  Soutli  Carolina,  about  100  miles  S.  of  Columbia. 

COOSIMA  or  KOOSIMA,  koo-see'mj.  a  .small  volcanic 
island  in  the  Japanese  Archipelago,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Strait  of  Sangar.     Lat.  41°  n  \..  ion.  139°  46'  K. 

COO'SOO'  or  KOO'SOO',  a  town  of  North-western  Africa,  in 
Guinea  Yarriba  Territory,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Kong 
Mountains.     Lat.  8°  53'  N..  ion.  4°  45'  E. 

COOTKIIILL,  koot/liill.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ul- 
ster, CO.  of  Cavan,  on  the  Cootehill  liiver,  an  affluent  of  the 
Annalee,  28  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Duiidalk.  Pop.  2425.  It  is 
pretty  well  built,  .and  has  a  neat  church,  and  several  schools, 
ft  court-house,  bridewell,  union  work-house,  with  a  brisk 
trade  in  linens,  and  in  corn,  beer,  and  spirits.  Quarter  ses- 
sions at  Easter.and  in  October. 

COPALS,  a  lake  of  Greece.     See  TopoLIAS. 

COPAKE.  ko-paik',  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Colum- 
bia CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  50  miles  S.  of 
Albany.     Pop.  1839. 

CO  PAN,  ko-p3n',  a  ruined  city  of  Central  America,  in  the 
state  of  Guatemala,  30  miles  K.  of  Chiquimula.  Its  remains 
extend  for  2  miles  along  the  Copan  liiver.  an  affluent  of  the 
Motagua,  and  comprise  the  walls  of  a  supposed  temple  024  feet 
in  length,  and  many  pyramidal  structures  with  .sculptured 
idols  resembling  tlie  remains  of  Kgyptian  or  Hindoo  art. 
and  which  are  described  and  delineated  in  Stephens's  Central 
America. 

COM'AN',  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennes.see. 

COPANO,  ko-pah'no,  a  small  post-village  of  Kefugio  co., 
Texas,  on  Aransjis  Bay. 

COPAY,  ko-pA',  a  small  uninhabited  island  of  Scotland, 
one  of  the  Hebrides,  co.  of  Inverness,  in  the  .Sound  of  Harris. 

COP'DOCK  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COPE'LAND.  a  post-village  of  Telfair  CO.,  Georgia,  75  miles 
in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Milledgevilie. 

COPE'LAND  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  on  the  N.W.  coast 
of  Ireland,  co.,  of  Down,  off  the  S.  side  of  the  entrance  to 
Belfast  Lough.  On  Cross  Island,  about  5  miles  N.N.K.  of 
Donaghadee.  is  a  light-house,  elevation  131  feet,  lat.  54°  4' 44" 
N..  Ion.  5°  32'  W. 

COPENHAGEN,  ko-pen-hi'ghen,  (Dan.  KjSbenhavn.  kyiV- 
ben-hSwn',  i.  e.  "  merchant's  taven;"  Ger.  Koprnlutgen, 
ko'pen-hi'ghen ;  Fr.  Oipenhagw,  ko'pen-3g',  L.  Haffnia.)  the 
capital  of  Denmark,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Northern 
Europe,  is  situated  partly  on  the  E.coast  of  the  island  of  See- 
land,  and  partly  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  adjacent  island  of 
Amager;  lat.  (observatory)  55°  40'  9"  N.,  ion.  12°  34'  7"  E. 
Pop.  inlSP.O,  155,143.  mostly  Protestants.  It  occupies  an  ex- 
tensive flat,  so  very  low  as  to  require  to  be  protected  by  em- 
bankments even  from  the  tideless  Baltic,  and  hence,  in 
whatever  direction  it  may  be  approached,  it  neither  becomes 
visible  at  any  great  distance,  nor  presents  a  very  imposing 
appearance.  Its  firm  is  that  of  an  irregular  circle,  with  a 
diameter  of  about  2  miles ;  circumference  rather  mare  than 
6  miles.  It  is  strongly  fortified,  being  surrounded  on  the 
land  side  by  a  lofty  wall  flanked  witli  bastions,  and  by  a 
broad,  deep  ditch,  filled  with  water  from  the  lialtic,  and 
defended  toward  the  sea  by  most  formidable  batteries,  espe- 
cially one  on  the  water-level,  called  Trekroner,  and  the  po- 
lygonal citadel  of  Eredericksiiavn,  a  maiden  fortress,  deemed 
almost  impregnable.  In  consequence  of  n^peated  conflagra- 
tions, the  greater  part  of  the  older  house.^  of  Copenhagen, 
which  were  chiefly  of  wood,  have  disappeiired,  and  been  re- 
placed by  edifices  of  modern  construction,  lofty  and  well 
built,  either  formed  into  handsome  sijuares,  or  lining  tlie 
sides  of  long  spacious  streets ;  usually  of  brick,  but  occa- 
sionally of  Norwegian  granite.  In  genen-il  the  pavement, 
particularly  for  foot  passengers,  is  very  indifferent;  and  Co- 
penhagen suffers  much  by  one  of  the  worst  evils  to  which  a 
town  can  be  subjected — a  deficiency  of  good  fresh  water. 
The  boundary  between  the  old  and  new  town,  a  designa- 
tion now  nearly  obsolete,  is  a  principal  street,  called  Gotliers- 
gade,  (Goth's  Street.)  which,  with  its  continuation  along 
the  canal  of  Nyehavn,  (New  Haven.)  stretches  through  Co- 
penhagen Proper  from  N.  to  S.,  and  divides  it  into  two 
nearly  equal  parts.  The  W.  part,  or  old  town,  where  it  has 
not  been  replaced  by  modern  buildings,  exhibits  the  Copen- 
hagen of  the  olden  time,  and  consists  generally  of  narrow 
crooked  streets,  lined  by  mean,  and  in  many  cases,  wooden 
hou.ses.  Many  of  the  finest  public  buildings,  however,  be- 
long to  this  division.  partil;ularly  that  part  of  it  called  Slots- 
holm,  (castle  island.)  a  kind  of  isl.and  which  is  formed  by 
the  channel  already  mentioned,  and  canals  branching  from 
it.  and  which,  though  the  original  nucleus  of  the  city,  h.as 
become  one  of  its  newest  sections.  The  E.  part,  or  new 
town,  and  also  Christianshavn.  (which  is  on  the  i.sland  of 
Amager.)  are  almost  entirely  of  modern  construction,  the 
former  l)eing  built  according  to  a  plan,  which,  if  com- 
pleted, would  give  Copenhagen  a  first  place  among  Euro- 
pean cities.  The  city  is  entered  by  four  gates,  and  con- 
tains 16  public  squares  and  market-places.  The  largest 
ard  handsomest  of  these  squares,  the  Kongens  Nytorv 
2Q 


(New  King's  Market.)  covers  an  extensive  space  almoefi 
in  the  very  middle  of  the  town.  No  ftjwer  than  12  sfieetfl 
open  into  it :  and  in  its  centre  is  a  colossal  equestiian 
statue  of  Christian  V.,  with  curious  allegorical  figures. 
Its  E.  side  forms  part  of  the  Gothers-'ade  already  men- 
tioned, wliich  is  the  princiijai  thoroughfare,  and  contain? 
the  finest  shops.  On  the  N.  of  the  city,  and  connected  with 
it  b}'  an  esplanade,  is  the  citadel  of  Frederii-kshavn,  a  regu- 
lar polygon  with  5  ba.stions.  The  city  contains  many  noble 
public  buildings,  among  which  are  the  Palace  of  Amalien- 
borg,  inhabited  by  tlie  rojal  family,  the  Castle  of  Charlot- 
tenborg.  now  used  as  an  academy  of  the  fine  arts,  with  its 
parks  converted  into  a  botanic  garden,  the  Castle  of  Rosen- 
borg, built  in  lGt)4,  in  which  are  deposited  the  regalia  and 
many  antiquities;  the  Town-house,  built  l.S05-lfl;  the 
University,  partly  rebuilt  between  1831  and  1S36.  and  tlie 
Koyal  Theatre.  The  chief  ecclesiastical  buildings  are — the 
Frue  Kirke,  the  metropolitan  church  of  tlie  kingdom, 
adorned  with  the  finest  Qulptures  of  Thorwaldseii :  St.  Pe- 
ter's, or  the  German  Church,  with  a  spire  250  feet  in  height; 
the  Trinity  Church,  on  the  round  tower  of  which  is  placed 
the  astronomical  observatory :  and  the  Church  of  our  Sa- 
viour, in  Christianshavn,  with  a  spire  288  feet  high. 

Among  the  educational  institutions  the  University  natu- 
rally takes  the  first  place.  It  was  founded  by  Christian  I,, 
in  1478.  The  number  of  professors  and  lecturers  at  the  com- 
mencement of  1850  was  46,  of  whom  only  16  have  a  seat  and 
vote  in  tlie  Senatxus  or  Consistorium.  The  average  attend- 
ance of  students  Ts  from  lOOU  to  V200.  The  University  is 
well  endowed  and  possesses  numerous  bursaries — the  Ke- 
gena,  (ilomiis  reip'a,)  an  astablishment  connected  witli  it, 
lodges,  and  partially  maintains  120  students.  To  (he  Uni- 
versity, too,  belong  the  chiruigical  academy,  two  observato- 
ries, the  liotauical  garden  in  Nyehavn,  and  the  polytechnic 
scliooi,  in  wliich  a  complete  preparatory  course  is  given.  The 
other  principal  schools  are  the  Metropolitan  School,  the  Ve- 
terinary Sdiool,  the  Military  High  School,  the  naval  and 
military  cadet  academies,  and  the  town  .schools.  Copenha- 
gen possesses  several  extensive  and  valuable  libraries.  That 
of  tile  University  has  12o.(IO0  volumes;  but  by  far  the  most 
important  is  the  Koyal  Library,  which  occupies  a  large  build- 
ing to  the  S.  of  Christiansliorg.  and  contains  400.000  volumes, 
and  15,000  MSS.  It  is  particularly  rich  in  northern  litera- 
ture, and  among  the  >1SS.  is  liask's  Sanscrit  and  .Singha- 
Ie.se  collection,  wliich  is  said  to  be  unique  in  Euro])e.  The 
principal  scientific  and  literary  associations  of  Copenhagen 
are — the  Academy  of  Arts,  the  Koyal  Danish  Literarj-  and  Sc: 
entitic  Society,  the  Koyal  Society  for  Northern  Antiquities, 
the  .Agricultural  Society,  the  Art  Union,  Artist's  Union,  Mu- 
.sical  Union,  &c.  This  city  is  also  rich  in  museums  and  curi- 
ous collections.  The  most  recently  formed,  but  at  the  .same 
time,  jierhaps.  the  most  interesting  of  these,  is  Thorwald- 
sen's  Museum,  situate  on  the  Slotsholm.  It  contains  the 
ricii  be([uest  which  th.at  great  sculptor  ni.nde  to  his  country, 
of  his  compo.sitions  and  collections,  during  the  course  of 
lialf  a  century.  The  Mu.«eum  of  Northern  Antiquities  oo 
cupies  a  wing  of  the  palace  of  Christiansborg.  but  a  const- 
deraiile  part  of  the  collections  prfiperly  belonging  to  it  is 
deposited  in  the  Koyal  Museum,  in  the  Droningen  Tvergade. 
These  comliined  collections  form  a  museum  which  is  almost 
unique.  The  antiquities  are  arranged  in  four  sections,  ac- 
cording to  the  ages  to  %vhich  they  belong,  and  proceed  in 
regular  gradation,  from  the  rudest  efforts  of  heathenism  to 
the  age  of  chivalry.  The  l!oyal  Museum  of  N.itural  History, 
in  the  Stormgade.  is  rich  both  in  zoological  and  and  niinera- 
logicjil  specimens.  Among  the  latter,  the  most  deserving 
of  notice  is  a  mass  of  native  silver  from  Norway,  the  largest 
in  the  world,  alx)ut  6  feet  long,  2  feet  broad,  and  8  inches 
thick.  The  other  important  collections  are  the  royal  cabi- 
net of  coins  and  medals,  in  the  Castle  of  Kosenliorg,  alike 
remarkable  for  the  numlx^r  and  the  rarity  of  its  spwimens ; 
the  Etlinographical  Museum,  and  the  Koyal  Gallery  of  Paint- 
ings in  the  Christiansborg.  containing  about  1000  pictures, 
many  of  them  by  the  first  masters. 

Copenhagen  possesses  numerous  hospitals  and  asylums, 
in  which  no  kind  of  di.sease.  poverty,  or  helplessness  appears 
to  be  forgotten.  At  the  head  of  these  establishments  is 
Frederick's  Hospital,  which  has  beds  for  350  patients,  and 
which,  in  addition  to  the  admirable  accommodations  of  its 
interior,  has  a  spacious  court,  laid  out  in  planted  alleys,  as 
a  promenade  for  the  convale.scent.  The  inhabitants  of  Co- 
penhagen have  a  keen  relish  for  public  amusements,  and 
find  ample  means  of  gratifying  it  in  their  theatres,  casinos, 
and  tivoiis. 

Harbor,  Trade,  ttc. — The  harbor  is  formed  by  the  chan- 
nel between  the  islands  of  Seeland  and  Amager,  and  pos- 
sesses all  essential  requisites,  being  deep,  spacious,  and 
secure.  The  channel  is  closed  at  both  ends — on  the  W.  by 
the  Langebro  (long  bridge.)  which  opens  in  the  middla 
and  has  a  length  of  440  feet ;  and  on  the  E.  by  a  con  tinua- 
tion  of  a  floating  bridge,  stretching  in  the  direction  of  the 
channel  for  lliX)  yards,  and  dividing  it  into  two  unequal 
parts,  that  %n  the  S.  forming  the  great  naval  station  of  Den- 
mark, where  each  ship  has  it«  place,  and  a  wooden  gallery 
ranges  round,  so  as  to  enclose  the  whole  fleet,  and  make  it 

407 


COP 

as  easy  to  vlefr  the  phips  as  if  they  lay  on  dry  ground.  The 
aveidire  width  of  tlie  channel  is  about  70  yards;  its  depth 
from  18  to  22  I'eet ;  and  from  either  side  of  it  numerous  canals 
branch  ofiT.  those  on  the  S.  givini;  access  to  the  arsenal,  the 
buildinsr  and  praving  docks,  and  other  extensive  premises 
reciuired  by  the  navy,  while  those  to  the  N.  often  penetrate 
a  considerable  way  into  the  citj-.  and  give  important  facili- 
ties for  trade.  Tlie  manu&ctures  of  Copenhagen  are  not 
Tery  important,  and  are  almost  entirely  confined  to  the 
supply  of  articles  for  home  consumption,  or  for  the  army 
and  navy,  'the  chief  of  these  are  woollen  cloth,  for  which, 
in  additional  to  private  establishments,  there  is  a  govern- 
ment factory,  employing  1200  persons,  and  annually  furnish- 
ing alx)Ut  150,000  ells  ;  linen,  and  siiilcloth.  leather,  tobacco, 
ironware,  and  porcelain.  The  shipping  trade  of  Copenhagen 
is  less  extensive  than  might  be  exijeoted  from  its  admirable 
position  and  other  advantages.  About  250  ves.sels  belong  to 
the  port,  with  a  tonnage  of  15..579.  The  average  entries  of 
foreign  vessels  is  1400 :  tonnage  ]45,ii40.  ( >f  these,  250  come 
from  (treat  Britain,  with  cargi>es  afmost  exclusively  confined 
to  coal,  salt,  and  iron.  Thetransit  trade  has  ct>nsiderably 
diminished  :  the  ports,  from  whii-h  much  of  it  used  to  come, 
now  communicating  directly ;  but  the  coa,sting  trade  still 
gives  the  entries  at  4000  veswels,  tonnage  115,920.  The  chief 
Imports  are  colonial  produce,  wine.  toUicco,  and  naval  stores ; 
the  chief  exports,  grain,  hides,  and  cattle.  Copenhagen  is 
regularly  visited  by  steam  pjifkets,  chiefly  from  ports  in  the 
Baltic,  and  a  railway,  to  connect  it  with.Kor.'iier.  about  ti2 
miles  S.W.,  has  been  completed  as  far  as'noeskilde. 

//(.vYr»'y.— Copenhagen  is  first  mentioned  as  a  fisliing  ham- 
let in  1043.  In  1108,  Bishop  .\bsiilon  f  lunded  a  haven,  and 
erected  a  fort  on  the  Slotsholm.  as  a  place  of  refuge  agiiust 
the  northern  pirates.  It  then  bore  the  nanu-of  Axelhuus. 
Shortly  after  it  rose  to  importance,  and  acquired  its  present 
name  of  Kjobenhavn.  or  .Merchant's  Haven.  It  has  occa- 
sionally suffered  much  from  hostile  ravages,  and  still  more 
firom  accideutal  tires,  which  have  ivpeatedly  laid  the  greater 
part  of  it  in  ruins.  It  was  attacked  by  Nelson,  .\pril  2.  1801, 
but  its  crowning  ai.saster  w.hs  the  bomliardment  by  the  Bri- 
tish in  1SU7.  Being  elevated  but  little  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Copenhagen  is  liable  to  be  overflowed  during  storms, 
and  it  suffered  much  from  this  cause  in  1S24. 

COPEMIA'GKN.  a  pos^village  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York,  on 
Deer  Hiver.  alx)ut  25  miles  E.  of  Sacketfs  IIarl)or,  contains 
several  stores  and  mills.  A  little  below  the  village  there  is 
a  remarkable  water-fall. 

COPEMIAtJKN,  a  post-village  of  Caldwell  CO.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, about  200  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Raleigh; 

COl*KXII.\(:i  KX,  a  post-offlce  of  Caldwell  parish,  Louisiana. 

COPKNIIAtJUli,  a  city  of  Denmark.    See  Copi:xhagen. 

COP'K.XHALL.  a  parish  of  EugUnd.  co.  of  Chester. 

COPEX.S.\Y.  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands.    .See  CurtxsnAT. 

OOPEUTlXi).  ko-p^R-tee'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  district,  and  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lecce.  enclosed  by 
(rails,  defended  by  a  strong  castle,  and  having  several 
churches  and  conTent.s.     Pop.  3500. 

COPES  Mn>L.S,  a  poslrofiice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  146 
miles  from  Columbus. 

COPET  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  CoppCT. 

COP'FOltD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I^ssex. 

COP'GKOVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 

CO'PI,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co,  Iowa,  12  miles  W.X.TY. 
of  Iowa  City. 

COJ'I'AII.  a  county  in  the  S.W.part  of  Missi.s!:ippi.  has  an 
area  of  alout  UCO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Pearl  Kiver.  and  drained  by  the  head-streams  of  Bayou 
Pierre  and  Uomocliitto  Kiver.     Small  Iwats  sometimes  navi- 

fate  the  Pearl  Kiver  as  high  as  this  county.  Copiah  is  an 
ndian  word  signifying  '•  screech-owl."  Capital,  (Jallatiu. 
Pop.  lo.?!).',  of  whom  'i?^  were  free,  ami  7965  slaves. 

COPIAH  CREEK,  n  pcst-village  of  U'piiili  ca,  Mississippi. 

COPIAPO,  kope-a-po/,  a  rivor  of  Chili,  falls  into  the  Pacific 
at  Copiapo,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  about  150  mile«. 

COPIAPO  or  SAX  FUAXCLSCO  DE  SELVA,  san  fran- 
sis'ko  (or  sin  frin-sees'ko  di  sjl'vd.)  a  town  of  Chili,  pro- 
vince of,  and  177  miles  N.X.E.  of  Coquimlo.  on  the  right 
bank  of  a  river  of  its  own  name.  30  miles  from  its  mouth, 
at  which  is  situated  the  port  of  Copiapo.  in  lat.  27°  19'  30" 
8..  Ion.  71°  2'  \V.  A  railway  was  finished  from  Copiapo  to 
Cnldera  in  1851.  Tha  town  is  regularly  built,  and  most  of 
the  houses  are  of  lirick.  It  has  a  college,  and  several  con- 
vents. I^rthquakes  are  here  of  daily,  or  almost  hourly 
occurrence.  Dr.  Meyen  relating  that  duiing  his  stay  six  or 
seven  occurred  every  24  hours.  In  1819  and  1822.  Copiapo 
was  almost  wholly  destroyed  by  earthquakes:  and  again  on 
M.iy  2o,  1851,  it  was  seriouMy  damaged,  and  the  hou.«es  in 
one  street  nearly  all  destroyed  by  one  of  these  visitations. 
Copiapo  is  the  centre  of  Hie  piiiicipfil  mining  district  of 
Chili — copper,  gold,  silver,  mercury,  iron,  sulphur,  nitre, 
and  lapis  lazuli  being  found  in  its  vicinity.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  metallic  ores  are  smelted  near  the  port,  which 
Is  also  the  centre  of  an  important  import  and  export  trade. 
The  duties  collected  here  in  1852  amounted  to  $145,494. 
Pop  of  town.  4000;  of  port,  1200. 


COQ 

C0PI.4.P0.  a  province  which  inclnded  the  whole  N.  portion 
of  Chili  is  now  incorporated  with  the  province  of  Coquimbo, 

Ci  iPIXSllAY'orC  •PENSAY,sometime3  written C>)PEN- 
SH  AW,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  iu  Scotland,  off  the  S.  end 
of  Mainland;  lat.  58°  55'  X.,  Ion.  2°  2(5'  W.  It  is  about  1 
mile  long,  and  }^  mile  broad. 

COPEE,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Bedford. 

COP'LEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Summit  co, 
Ohio,  124  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1323. 

COPO'PA,  a  post-office  of  Lorain  co.,  tihio. 

COPPARO,  kop-pd'ro,  a  town  of  the  Papal  States,  11  miles 
E.X,E.  of  Eerrara.     Pop.  2330. 

COPPEXAME.  kopVn  I'meh.  COPOXAME  or  CUPAXA- 
MA,  kup-Jn-J'mJ.  a  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  the  Guacanayas  country,  flows  X..  and  falls 
into  the  ocean  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saramacea.  Total  course, 
93  miles. 

COPPEXBRUGGE.  (CoppenbrUgge,)  kop'pen-brtig'ghfh,  a 
small  town  of.  and  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hanover. 

COP'PEKAS  CKEEK.  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Hlinois, 
on  a  creek  of  ."Mime  name,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Illinois 
River,  about  50  miles  X.  by  W.  of  .Springfield.  The  produce 
of  the  vicinity  is  shipped  here  iu  steamboat.',  and  in  1852 
amounted  in  value  to  S150.000. 

COPPERAS  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont. 

COP'PER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois. 

COPPER  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  76 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Iowa  City 

COPPER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois. 

COPPER  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon  co.,  Xew 
Jersev. 

COP'PERJIIXE  MOUXTAIXS,  a  low  mountain  range  in 
the  X.W.  part  of  British  Americi,  running  parallel  to  the 
Rocky  Jlountains,  from  lat.  (i3°  X.  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

C0P'P£R.M1XE  RIVER,  in  British  North  America.  North- 
west<?rn  Territory,  enters  an  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  N.E. 
of  the  Great  Bear  Lake,  after  a  course  estimated  at  250  miles. 

COPPER  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co..  Tennessee. 

COPPET,  kop^p-V,  or  COPET,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  lake,  and  9  miles  X.X.E.  of  Ge- 
neva. It  is  only  remarkable  for  its  chateau,  with  garden* 
and  park,  once  the  residence  of  Bayle.  (lt>70-72.)  afterwards 
of  tlie  financier  Xecker.  and  his  celebratetl  daughter  Ma- 
dame de  Stael-HL>lstein,  who  are  both  interred  in  a  chapel 
near  it.  In  its  vicinity  several  Roman  inscriptions  have 
been  found.     Pop.  600.  all  Calvin  istic  Protestants. 

COP'PINGFOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

COP'PULL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

COPRATES,  a  river  of  Persiiu     See  Dezfool. 

CO^PUL'.  a  strxmgly  fortified  town  of  India.  Deccan,  Ni- 
zam's dominion.  210  miles  S.W.  of  Hyderabad;  lat.  15°  19* 
X.,  Ion.  70°  10'  E.  It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  the  Britisli 
in  1819. 

COQ,  LE  Ifh  kok,  a  town  of  Senegambia.  co.  of  Foofci 
Toro,  at  the.M'.  extremity  of  the  island  Morfil  formed  by  a 
branch  of  the  Senegal ;  lat.  10°  3S'  X..  Ion.  15°  5'  W. 

COQUAGO,  ko-kwd'go,or  OQUAGO.o-kwS'go,  the  principal 
branch  of  the  Delaware  River,  rises  in  Xew  York  on  the  W. 
declivity  of  the  Catskill  ilountaine,  near  the  boundary  be- 
tween Schoharie  and  Delaware  counties.  It  flows  first  S.W.  to 
Deposit,  only  about  10  miles  from  the  Su.squehanna  River, 
where  it  suddenly  changes  its  course  to  S.E. ;  and,  after 
forming  the  boundary  between  Xew  York  and  I'ennsylvania 
for  a  few  miles,  unites  with  the  Popacton,  the  other  con- 
stituent branch,  at  Hancock.  The  whole  length  is  pro- 
bably 100  miles.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  rapid  stream, 
affording  extensive  motive-power. 

COQUET,  kok'ef.  or  COClv'ET,a  small  river  of  England, 
rises  in  the  Cheviot  Hills  "and  enters  the  Xorth  Sea  near 
^A'arkworth.  Its  valley,  Coquetdale.  forms  a  civil  division 
of  the  county.  Opposite  its  mouth  is  Coquet  Island,  1  mile 
in  circumference,  and  having  the  remains  of  an  ancient  mo- 
nasterv. 

COQUILAGE.  ko'keenlzh'.  (GRAXDE,  giSxd,  and  PE- 
TITE, peh-teef.)  two  islands  in  Chagos  Archipelago.  Indian 
Ocean,  about  lat.  5°  20'  S.,  Ion.  72°  20'  E.,  covered  with  cocoa 

OQL'IMBO,  ko-keem'bo,  or  LA  SEREXA,  Id  s.A-rA'ni  a 
seaport  town  in  Chili.capifal  of  a  province  of  its  own  name, 
beautifully  situated  on  the  left  bankof  Cofiuimbo  River.not 
far  from  its  emixiuchure  in  the  B.\v  of  CoquimlK) ;  lat.  29°  bV 
12"  S..  Ion.  7 1°  19'  W.  The  town  is  small,  but  well  and  regu- 
larly built.  The  houses,  one  story  in  height,  are  mostly 
constructed  of  sun-dried  brick,  and  stand  apart  from  each 
otlier.  with  large  gardens  between.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  convents,  a  public  school  and  hospital,  and  at 
the  S.  extremity  is  the  plaza  or  public  square.  The  port  or 
harbor  at  Balsas.  6  or  7  miles  distant,  is  excellent,  and  is  on 
this  account  much  frequented,  notwithatan<Iing  that  both 
wood  and  water  are  difficult  to  obtain.  The  trade  of  the  port 
consists  principally  of  the  export  of  copperand  more  pn-cious 
metals  obtained  in  the  province ;  the  imports  are  provisions, 
Ac,  for  the  supply  of  the  inhabitants  and  of  the  mines.  The 
nnmlier  and  tonnage  of  vessels  that  entered  the  port  in 
1S47,  was  145;  tonmige,  39,987.    Value  of  cargoes,  loO.SoOi 


COQ 

Cleared  in  the  same  year.  145 ;  tonnage,  39.987.  Value  of 
far^oes,  253,2-44/.  Amount  of  duties  collected  in  185'J, 
17,982?.  The  name  L\  Serena,  sometimes  given  to  the 
town,  alludes  to  the  serenity  of  its  climate.   Pop.  about  8000. 

COQUI.MBi),  a  large  province  of  Chili,  composed  of  the 
former  provinces  of  CnpiajKD  and  Coquimbo  united,  ex- 
tending from  the  Bolivian  frontier,  lat.  25°  28'  S.,  to  the 
river  Chuapa,  lat.  .31°  40'  S.  It  is  upwards  of  400  miles 
long,  and  a.s  it  occupies  the  entire  breadth  of  the  state,  from 
the  Andes  to  the  Pacific,  is  generally  about  100  miles 
broad.     Area.  48,000  square  miles.     Pop.  30,000. 

COIl.\,  ko'rd,  a  town,  capital  of  the  island  of  Samos,  in 
Asiatic  Turkey,  3  miles  from  its  S.  coast,  and  on  a  portion 
of  the  site  of  ancient  Samos,  which  was  anciently  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  cities  of  Greece. 

COIIA,  a  town  of  Italy.     See  Cow. 

CCKA,  a  village  of  Henry  CO.,  Iowa,  25  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Burlington. 

COKAIj,  kor'3!  or  ko-rjl',  a  small  rocky  island  of  Brazil, 
S.E.  coast,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Paranagua,  lat.  20°  46'  S.,  Ion. 
48°  35'  VV. 

COIv'.\L,  a  post-village  and  township  in  McIIenry  co.,  Illi- 
nois, ne.tr  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Kailroad,  SO^iiles  N.W. 
of  Chicago.     Pop.  1268. 

COU'AL  SK.\,  a  part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  bounded  W.  by 
Australia,  and  E.  by  the  archipel.ago  of  New  Hebrides,  so 
called  from  the  numerous  coral  reefs  it  contains. 

CO'llAM,  a  post-villago  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  about 
60  miles  E.  of  New  York  city,  contains  a  few  stores. 

COI{.\N'.\.\S.  ko-rin'nis,  a  tribe  of  South  Africa,  inhabit- 
ing the  country  lying  between  Griqua-land  on  the  E.,  and 
Namaqua-land  on  the  W.  They  are  chieHy  to  be  found 
along  the  banks  of  the  Great  Orange  Kiver.  are  good-look- 
ing but  excessively  filthy.  They  cultivate  nothing  but  to- 
bacco, subsisting  chiefly  on  the  milk  of  their  cattle,  of  which 
they  have  gre;it  numbers ;  their  flocks  also  are  immense. 

C0!{A.\S.4.1I.  ko-rin'sjh.  a  district  of  Upper  Guinea,  near 
the  centre  of"  the  .\shantee  county.  Principal  towns — Oo- 
ransah,  Sasafior.  and  Boben. 

coil  AT  J.  ko-ri'to,  a  city  of  Naples,  in  Ten-a  di  Bari,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Barletta.  Pop.  24,576.  It  has  a  fine  church, 
&  convents,  and  an  oi-phan  a.sylum. 

COltAY,  ko\\V.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Finist^re,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Quimper.     Pop.  l^.iO. 

CORAZON,  ko-rd-s5n',  (i.  e.  "Heart,")  a  mounfciin  of  Ecu- 
ador, in  the  Andes,  20  miles  S.AV.  of  Quito.  Its  summit  is 
occasionally  covered  with  snow,  and  beai-s  the  form  of  a 
he-irt,  from  which  it  derives  its  name. 

COItBACH,  or  KOItBACH,  kou'blK.  a  walled  town,  in  Cen- 
tral Germany,  capital  of  the  principality  of  W.ildeck,  on  the 
Itt<?r,  which  divides  it  into  an  old  and  a  new  town.  28  miles 
S.VV.  of  Cassel.  Pop.  2200.  It  has  a  castle,  Lutheran  and 
and  Calvin  churches,  a  college,  orphan  asylum,  and  manu- 
■  Cictures  of  woollen  stuffs. 

CORli.\  L'l>  Y,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cos.  Tipperary  and  King's. 

COItBALI-Y.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford. 

CORKALl.Y.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

COKBEAU,  kor-bO',  a  village  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Clinton 
CO..  New  York. 

COUBEIL,  koR'b.-lI',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seiiie-et-Oise,  on  the  Seine,  at  the  influx  of  the  Essonne.  artd 
at  the  head  of  a  branch  of  the  Paris  and  Orleans  Railway, 
18  niilfS  S.S.E.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  4725.  It  is  divided 
by  the  Seine  into  an  old  and  a  new  town.  It  was  formerly 
fortified.  Priiiiip.il  edifices  comprise  a  corn-hall,  large  corn 
magazine,  public  library,  and  theatre.  It  has  various  manu- 
facturing establishments,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active 
trade  in  corn  and  flour  for  the  supply  of  Paris. 

CORBETTA,  koR-bi-t'ta, (anc.  Cti/ria  Pic'ta, ?  Curbitum,*)  a 
town  of  Northern  Italy,  government  of  Milan.  22  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Pavia,  and  10  miles  \V.  of  .Mil.an.  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  a  large  parish  church  and  a  castle.     Pop.  4020. 

C:»R'HETTSVILLE,a  post-office  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 

CORBIE.  koR^bee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Som- 
me.  on  the  Canal  de  la  Somme.  and  the  Railway  de  Nord,  9 
miU's  E.  of  Amiens.     Pop.  1819. 

CORISlillRES,  konMie-aiR/,  (Ger.  Korbers.  koR'bfRs,)  a  pa- 
rish and  village,  formerly  a  town  of  Switzerland  canton, 
find  9  miles  S.  of  Freybnrg.on  the  Sarine.     Pop.  193. 

COItUlGNY,  koRM>eenVee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Niftvre,  on  the  Arguisson,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Nevers.  Pop. 
1729. 

COR'GRIDOE,  a  village,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  the  Tyne.  here  crossed  by  a  .seven- 
:,rched  bridge,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and 
'^rlisle  Railway,  3  j  miles  E.  of  Hexham.    Pop.  2103. 

COR'BY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and 
<0  miles  S.  of  Lincoln.     Pop.  714. 

CORBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

CORBY,  GREAT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
L'lnd. 

CORCIEXJX,  koR'se-uh',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vosues.  20  miles  E.  of  Epinal.     Pop.  1640. 

CORCDBADV  or  COKCOVADO.  koR-ko-v^'do.  (i.  e.  the 
"  Humpbacked"  Mountain,)  a  volcanic  mountain  of  the 


coit 

Andes,  in  Patagonia,  near  the  Pacific  coast.  Lat.  43^  10'  3  , 
Ion.  near  73°  \V.     Height.  7510  feet. 

CORCOBADO  or  COliCOVADO,  0  ULF  OF,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  South  America,  between  the  8.  part  of  the  island  of 
C'hiloe  and  the  mainland.  Named  from  its  proximity  to 
the  above  mountain. 

CORCOMOHIDI';',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  cos.  of 
Cork  and  Limerick. 

CORCOVADO,  kon-ko-vd/do,  a  remarkable  mountain  of 
Brazil,  2  miles  from  Ilio  Janeiro,  rises  in -an  isolated 
peak  to  an  elevation  of  2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  view  from  the  summit  is  magnificent,  comprising  the 
harbor,  city,  and  environs  of  Kio  Janeiro. 

CORCUBION,  kor-koo-be-6n'.  a  fishing  town  of  Spain,  on 
a  bay  of  the  same  name,  50  miles  W.S.\V.  of  Coruna.  Pop. 
S04.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  but  dismantled  bj'  the  Eng- 
lish in  1809;  in  the  same  year  it  was  burned  by  the  French. 

CORCYRA.    See  Corfu. 

COIt/D A V I LLE,  a  post-oflice.  Worcester  co..  Mas.sachusetts. 

CORI)EM.\IS,  koKMsjh-uui',  a  market-town  of  Frajice.  de- 
partment of  Loire-Inferieure,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nantes 
Pop.  2238. 

CORDES,  koRd.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn,  13 
miles  N.W.  of  Albi. 

CORDES  (kop.d  or  koR'des)  B.\Y,  south  coast  of  Patagonia, 
Strait  of  Magellan.  45  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Froward.  Its  en- 
entrance  is  obstructed  by  sandbanks,  and  in  some  places  by 
rocks.  Discovered  in  1599  by  Simon  de  Cordes,  a  Dutch 
navigator. 

CORDILLERA,  kor-dille-ra,  (Sp.  pron.  koR-dcel-yd/rl,) 
the  .Sp.anish  name  of  a  niovintain  chain.     See  A.ndes. 

CORDOUAN,  LA  TOUR  DE.  iS  tooR  dyh  koRMoo-^N"',  (i.  «. 
"  The  Tower  of  Cordouan,")  alight-hou.se  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Oironde.  on  a  rock — the  remnant  of  the  island  of  Antros, 
60  miles  N. N.W.  of  Bordeaux.  The  light-house  is  207  feet 
in  elevation,  and  the  finest  in  France. 

CORDtJVA.kor'dova,*  (Sp.  Oirdabii  or  0)r(?wa,koR'do-vS; 
Fr.  Oird'iue.  koR^doo';  anc.  Coi-'duha  and  Olnlnia  Palri'cia, 
or  simply  l\itricia.)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  the  province 
and  formerly  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Cordova,  in  a  sa- 
lubrious pl.ain  on  the  Guadalquivir,  SO  miles  N.E.  of  Seville; 
lat.  o7°  52'  1.5"  N.,  Ion.  4°  49'  3ii"  W.  Pop.  41,976.  Its  Moorish 
w.alls.  built  on  Roman  foundations,  enclose  a  large  area, 
much  of  which  is  now  occupied  by  gardens  or  by  I'uins.  ex- 
cept one  large  square,  bordered  by  lofty  and  handsome 
edifices ;  the  city  is  generally  badly  laid  out,  meanly  built, 
and  dirty.  It  communicates  with  a  suburb  across  the  river 
by  a  noble  .stone  bridge  of  16  arches,  built  by  the  Moors  in 
the  eighth  century,  and  commanded  by  a  Saracenic  castle, 
still  kept  in  a  state  of  defence.  Its  Cathedral,  formerly  one 
of  the  most  holy  moscjues  of  the  Mohammedan  world,  and 
still  one  of  the  most  remarkable  edifices  in  Spain,  pre.sents 
in  its  interior  a  ''labyrinth  of  columns"  of  all  orders  and 
materials,  whirh  were  lirought  from  various  ancient  tem- 
ples all  around  the  Mediterranean.  Other  principal  build- 
ings are  13  parish  churches,  gorgeously  adorned,  about  40 
convents,  the  Bishop's  Palace,  with  fine  gardens,  and  a 
llbrai-y  of  15,000  volumes,  the  remains  of  a  palace  of  tlie 
Aloorish  sovereigns,  now  converted  into  stables  for  a  royal 
breeding  stud,  the  City  llall,  16  hospitals,  foundling  and 
other  asylums,  3  colleges,  and  several  schools.  It  was  noted 
for  the  famous  preparation  of  goat-skins,  called  Cordovan.-f 
This  branch  of  industry,  however,  has  declined  into  insig- 
nificance; but  the  silversmiths  and  filigree  workers  of  Cor- 
dova maintain  their  repute ;  and  manufactures  of  jxiper, 
barrels,  hats,  and  silken  fabrics  are  carried  on. 

Cordova  was  founded  by  the  Romans,  but  at  what  period 
is  uncertain.  It  was  afterwards  taken  by  the  (loths  and 
again  by  the  Jloors  in  672,  and  for  many  centuries  after- 
wards remained  the  splendid  capital  of  the  Caliphate  of  the 
West.  In  1236  it  was  taken  and  almost  wholly  destroyed 
by  Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile,  a  blow  from  which  it  never 
recovered.  It  afterwards  became  the  capital  of  one  of  the 
four  old  provinces  of  And.alusi.a,  with  the  title  of  kingdom. 
It  contained  in  the  tenth  century  nearly  a  million  of  inhabi- 
tants, 300  mosques,  900  baths,  and  iiOO  inns — a  statement 
which  sufficiently  marks  the  importance  and  splendor  from 
which  it  has  fallen.  Cordova  was  for  some  time  compiised 
in  the  country  of  the  kings  of  Seville.  It  is  the  birthpl.ice 
of  the  two  Senecas,  the  Roman  poet  Lucan,  the  Arab  physi- 
cians, Avicenna  and  .\verroes,  and  Gonzalves  Fernandez. 

.Adj.and  Inhab.  Cordovese,  koR'do-veez;  or  Cor'dl'bese', 

when  the  ancient  town  is  referred  to. 


* "  the  regal  seat 

Of  Abdalazis,  ancient  Cordoba.' 
-"  till  they  saw 


The  temples  and  the  towers  of  Cordoba 
Shitting  majestic  in  the  light  of  eve." 

South  EY's  Roderic/c,  Boolj  V. 
**  And  strangers  were  received  by  the© 
Of  Cordova  the  chivalry."  Byros. 

t  This  word  has  been  corrupted  into  o<ir  cnrdwain,  whenefl 
shoemakers  in  England  derived  their  old  name  of  cordwainen, 
and  in  France  that  of  cordonniers. 

499 


COR 


COR 


CORDOVA, provin-e<»f Spain,  Andalusia.isbounded  N.by 
BudajnsanJ  Ciudad  Kenl,  K.  by  .laen,  S.and  S.E.  by  Granada 
and  Malaga,  and  S.W.  by  Seville.  It  retains  its  old  boun- 
darit^s  unaltered  by  the  decree  of  1834.  Area.  .5068  square 
milts.  It  Is  naturally  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Guadal- 
qui\  ir.    Poi>.  348,956. 

CORDOVA,  koR'do-va,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederacy, 
state  of.  and  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vera  Cruz,  on  the  S.  route 
to  Jlexico.  Pop.  6000.  It  l.s  well  built  of  stone,  and  has 
many  handsome  public  edifices,  an  active  ti-ade  in  sugar, 
tobacco,  and  coffee  for  the  supply  of  Mexico,  and  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics. 

Ci  )I{DOV  A .  koR/do-va.  a  city  of  the  Argentine  Republic,_(La 
Plata.)  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  situated  in  a 
beauUful  valley  on  the  Primero.  and  is  well  sheltered  from 
the  X.  and  S.  winds,  387  miles  N.W.  of  Buenos  Ayres,  lat.  31° 
S5'  S.,  Ion.  63''  50'  W.  It  is  well  built,  and  contains  many 
churches  and  a  university,  once  hold  in  high  repute,  but  now 
dwindled  down  to  a  mere  provincial  school.  J  t  was  for  a  long 
period  the  residence  of  a  bishop.  Here,  also,  was  the  celebrated 
library  iK'longing  to  the  .Jesuits,  which,  on  their  expulsion 
from  the  city,  was  transferred  to  Buenos  Ayres.  Cordova  is 
the  centre  of  communication  between  Buenos  Ayres  and  the 
uppir  provinces.  Its  produce,  which  consists  principally 
of  hides  and  wool,  is  sent  to  the  capital  of  the  republic, 
from  which  it  receives  goods  of  European  manufacture  in 
return.  It  was  founded  by  the  conquerors  of  Tucuman  in 
1573.     Pop.  13,000. 

CORDOVA,  a  province  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata,)  in  South  America,  near  its  centre,  bounded  by  San- 
tiago, La  Rioja,  S;in  Luis,  and  Santa  Fe.  Estimated  pop. 
90.000.  Little  wheat  is  raised,  that  consumed  being  Im- 
ported from  San  Juan.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  are  nu- 
merous, and  beef,  maize,  and  fruits  are  the  principal  pro- 
ducts.    Its  E.  portion  is  nearly  uninhabited. 

COR'DOVA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Lincoln  co..  Tennessee. 

CORDOVA,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Kentucky. 

CORDOVA,  a  post-villageof  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mi.ssissippi  River,  about  25  miles  above  Rock  Island  City. 

CORDOVADO,  koR-do-v4'do,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
in  the  government  of  Venice,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Udine.  Pop. 
2400.    It  has  a  fort,  a  cathedral,  and  bishop's  palace. 

CORDUBA  and  CORDUBESE.    See  Cordova. 

CORDUEXE  or  CORDYEXE.    See  Koordist.\x. 

COREA,  or  KOREA,  ko-ree'a.  (called  by  the  natives  T.<yo- 
sien,  by  the  Chinese,  to  whom  it  is  tributary,  Kuo-Ue,  and 
by  the  Japanese,  Ko-rai,  ko^rl',  whence  its  European  name 
of  Corea,  or  Korea,)  is  an  extensive  peninsular  country  in 
North-eastern  Asia,  whose  limits  are  not  accurately  known, 
bounded  E.  by  the  Sea  of  Japan,  S.  by  the  strait  of  Corea, 
and  W.  by  the  Whanghai,  or  Yellow  Sea,  and  the  Gulf  of 
Leao-tong.  The  capital,  Kingkitao,  is  situated  on  the 
Kiang  River,  in  the  centre  of  the  kingdom,  lat.  37°  40'  N., 
and  Ion.  127°  20'  E.  Corea  comprises  a  peninsula  with  a 
small  pc'vtion  of  the  continent  to  which  it  is  attached ;  the 
continental  portion  extending  in  breadth  from  Ion.  124°  to 
132°  E.,  the  peninsula  from  Ion.  125°  15'  to  131°  30'  E.,  be- 
tween lat.  33°  20'  and  43°  X.,  its  average  width  being  about 
135  miles,  while  the  total  length  of  the  country,  from  X.  to 
S.,  is  somewhat  less  than  600  miles.  Corea  also  Includes 
numerous  groups  of  islands  in  the  Yellow  Sea  and  Strait  of 
Corea,  and  the  island  of  Quelpaert,  50  miles  S.  of  the  penin- 
sula. Area  of  continental  portion,  about  80,000  square 
miles. 

The  peninsula  is  traversed  through  its  length  by  a  Cordil- 
lera, abrupt  and  precipitous  on  the  E.,  but  forming  a  gentle 
slope  on  the  W.  side,  which,  being  watered  by  the  principal 
rivers  of  the  country,  is  exceedingly  fertile.  The  coasts  are, 
for  the  most  psirt,  rocky  and  almost  inaccessible;  yet  there 
are  sume  excellent  harbors.  The  climate  is  very  cold,  and 
in  the  summer  rain  is  frequent.  In  the  N.  the  only  grain 
that  can  be  grown  is  barley ;  but  in  the  S.,  the  soil  is  fertile, 
and  wheat,  cotton,  rice,  millet,  indifferent  legumes,  and 
hemp,  are  grown  extensively.  A  decoction  of  pinang.  a  kind 
of  walnut,  is  substituted  fur  tea.  The  ginseng  root  is  a  pro- 
duction of  Corea,  greatly  valued  in  China  and  Japan,  where 
high  prices  are  given  for  it.  Potatoes  were  introduced  by 
GutzUilTand  Lindsay,  in  1832.  The  uncultivated  northern 
parts  of  the  kingdom  are  covered  with  extensive  forests. 
Fruits  are  abundant,  including  pears,  plums,  strawberries, 
blackberries,  apricots,  and  grapes ;  but,  on  account  of  the 
continual  summer  rains,  all  are  watery  and  in.sipid.  tJold, 
silver,  copper,  rock-salt,  iron,  and  coal,  are  found,  but  are 
Ultle  attended  to.  The  domestic  animals  are  oxen,  pigs, 
goats,  dogs,  and  cats,  and  a  small  race  of  horses,  very  strong 
and  spirited,  called  mon-k-wat.  Oxen  only  are  used  for  ag- 
ricultural labors,  the  horse  being  reserved  expressly  for  the 
saddle.  Sheep  are  almost  unknown,  there  being,  it  is  said, 
n.  prohibition  against  rearing  them.  The  roval  tiger  and 
panther  are  so  numerous  that  their  skins  form  an  article  of 
?ommcrco  with  foreigners.  Tliese  animals  are  distinguished 
from  those  of  the  same  kind  found  in  the  tropics  by  the 
greater  length  of  the  hair— the  Bengal  tiger  being  far  infe- 
rior in  beauty  of  coat  to  that  of  Corea.  Corean  musk  is 
mui:h  used  as  a  medicine  and  perfume. 
500 


The  manufactvires  of  Corea,  comprise  strong  and  coarse 
tissues  of  hemp,  cotton,  and  grass;  silk  in  considerable 
quantity,  but  not  very  fine;  pottery  and  porcelain,  some- 
times of  monstrous  size ;  excellent  arms — Corean  .siibres  and 
poignards  being  much  sought  tbr  by  the  Chinese:  and  well- 
m.ade  matchlocks.  Paper  constitutes  an  impoitant  branch  of 
manufacture,  entering,  as  it  does  in  Corea.  into  the  construc- 
tion of  numerous  articles.  Of  it  are  made  hats,  umbrellas, 
sacks,  and  cloaks,  which  appear  to  wear  well.  A  few  .slips 
of  wood,  covered  with  paper,  forms  a  door,  through  which 
the  occupant,  by  making  a  hole  with  his  finger,  is  enabled 
to  see  what  is  going  on  in  the  street.  Ships  it.  C«rea  are 
simple  and  light,  from  30  to  50  feet  long :  tho  wood  work 
clumsy,  and  fastened  with  wooden  pegs,  no  metal  being  em- 
ployed in  joining  any  part  of  them. 

The  foreign  connnerce  is  trilling,  and  confined  to  China 
and  Japan.  Skins,  silk,  raw  and  manufactured,  cotton 
cloths,  paper,  and  ginseng,  are  exported;  and  aromatic 
woods,  pepper,  various  kinds  of  horn,  and  Japan  waie,  are 
imported.  A  strong  feeling  of  jealousy  on  the  part  of  the 
government  existing  in  regard  to  intercourse  with  foreign 
countries,  there  is  little  or  no  commercial  communication 
with  Europeans,  and  scarcely  with  the  Chine.se.  Internal 
commerce  there  can  be  almost  none,  from  the  want  of  good 
roads;  those  that  are  best  not  being  capable  of  admitting 
more  than  four  men  abreast,  and  frequently,  by  rocks  or 
large  stones,  reduced  to  half  that  breadth  ;  many  are  mere 
patlis.  scarcely  tracejitile,  and  often  inundated.  The  bridges, 
composed  of  stjilies  fixed  in  the  stream,  and  covered  with 
earth,  are  swept  away  by  evei-y  flood;  but  numerous 
streams  have  not  even  this  apology  for  a  bridge,  but  are 
supplied  only  with  stepping-stones. 

Corea  is  governed  by  a  king,  whose  sway  is,  in  a  manner, 
absolute,  and  though  tributary  to  China,  his  freedom  of 
action  seems  quite  uncontrolled.  The  governmental  consti- 
tution of  the  crown  is  organized  like  that  of  China.  The 
ministry  is  divided  into  five  dep.artments,  which  form  the 
centre  of  all  civil  and  military  appointments,  so  that  from 
them  issues  the  administration  of  every  religious,  political, 
and  social  ordinance.  The  power  of  the  king  is  lield  invio- 
lalile  and  sacred,  from  the  union  in  his  own  person  of  the 
iiierarohical  and  secular  sovereignty.  The  country  is  di- 
vided into  eight  circles,  or  provinces,  eacli  of  which  is  placed 
under  the  authority  of  special  governors,  who,  as  in  Japan, 
are  personally  responsible  to  the  government.  The  king's 
revenues,  which  are  very  considerable,  are  derived  chiefly 
from  the  letting  out  of  lands,  and  a  tithe  of  all  produi'e,  he 
being  the  possessor  of  nearly  all  the  landed  property  in  the 
kingdom.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Boodhism.  which  was 
introduced  from  China,  in  the  year  372,  although  there  ap- 
pears to  be  another  religion  in  existence  in  the  country, 
like  the  Sin-too  in  Japan,  and  the  Taosyn  in  China.  Cox- 
Fucius  is  also  much  esteemed  in  Corea,  and  has  many  fol- 
lowers. 

Of  all  the  languages  of  North-eastern  Asia,  the  Corean  is 
the  least  known.  It  appears  to  have  been  corrupted  by  the 
introduction  of  a  multitude  of  Chine.se  words,  and  by  the 
general  use  of  Chine.se  characters,  which  are  employed  by 
the  higher  clas.ses  for  all  official,  scientific,  and  religious 
purpose.s,  whUe,  for  tlie  use  of  private  life,  another  kind  of 
character  is  used,  remarkable  for  simplicity. 

Corea  was  first  subjected  by  the  Tartars,  bitt  in  about  n.  c. 
1120,  the  Chinese  appear  to  have  gained  possession  of  the 
country.  The  Japanese  conquered  and  held  it  tietween  the 
years  1G92  and  1608,  when  it  again  fell  under  the  sway  of 
China,  and  still  pays  a  small  annual  tribute  of  800  ounces 
of  silver  to  the  emperor;  to  whom,  also,  an  embassy  is  s«>nt 
every  year  with  presents,  and  to  communicate  information 
of  any  political  event  of  importance  that  may  have  occurred. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Coreax  or  Korean,  ko-ree'an. 

COREA  or  KOREA,  ARCIIIPKLAGO  OF,"or  COREAN 
ARCHIPELAGO,  an  extensive  group,  or  a  series  of  groups 
of  islands,  chiefly  in  the  AVhanghai  or  Yellow  Sea.  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Con^a.  and  extending  from  the  island  of  Quel- 
paert, (lat.  of  the  X.  part,  33°  29' 42"  N.,  Ion.  l--'6°  56'  30"^ 
E.,  to  lat.  36°  50'  N.  'They  are  very  imperfectly  known,  but 
form  several  group.s.  of  which,  reckoning  from  S.  to  N.,  may 
be  named  Port  Hamilton.  Lyra's,  Amherst,  Ilatton's,  and 
Clifford's  islands.  They  are  chiefly  of  granite  rock,  rising 
at  times  to  sharp  peaks  of  2000  feet  high,  and  having  fre- 
quently most  fantjistic  shapes,  rugged  and  bare;  basalt  like- 
wise occurs,  and  sometimes  is  columnar. 

CORE.\,  STR.'VIT  OF,  a  narrow  sea  connecting  the  Sea  of 
Japan  with  the  Yellow  Sea,  and  having  the  peninsula  of  Co- 
rea on  the  N.W.,  and  the  Japanese  island  of  Kioo-Sioo  en 
the  S.E. 

CORE'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

COUEIJjA.  ko-rf  I'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre, 
on  the  Albania,  49  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pamplona,  in  a  fertile 
plitin.  Pop.  4648.  It  has  a  hospital,  and  several  distilleries, 
oil  mills,  and  liquorice  factories. 

CORENTYX,  ko-rSn-tin',  or  CORANTYV.a  river  "f  South 
America,  rises  in  Mount  Acarai,  in  lat.  1°  \.,  23  miles  E.  of 
tiie  E.«sef|uibo,  flows  generally  X.,  sep;iritiiig  Biitish  .ind 
Dutch  Guiana,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  bj  an  estuary,  in  lat. 


COR 


COK 


6°  N..  Ion.  57°  W.,  about  25  miles  across  at  its  mouth.  It 
was  asf'Kiided  ia  1830.  by  Sir  It.  SchomVjurgk,  as  hiirh  as 
Int.  iP  il'Si)"  N.,  Ion.  57"  35' 30"  W.,  where  it  forms  a  series 
of  fine  catarsfts,  and  is  900  yards  across.  It  is  navigable  for 
boats  froia  the  sea  to  the  intlux  of  the  Cabalaba,  (lat.  5°  N..) 
a  distance  of  150  miles. 

(JUKJi  SUUND,  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  is  about  35 
miles  long,  and  from  2  to  5  miles  broad.  It  joins  Pamlico 
Sound. 

COi{FK,  knrf  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CORKK  CASTLK,  a  decayed  borough,  town,  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Dorset,  Isle  of  Purlieck,  4^  miles  S.S.K.  of 
Wareham,  within  the  parliamentary  borough  of  which  it  is 
now  comprised.  Pop.  in  1851,  1906,  partly  employed  in 
stone  (iu;irries.  The  town,  which  appears  to  have  derived 
its  origin  from  its  celebrated  castle,  is  poorly  built,  and  has 
little  trade.  The  castle,  founded  during  the  Saxon  era.  is  a 
well-iireserved  ruin,  on  a  steep,  rocky  hill,  and  surrounded 
by  a  dry  moat;  it  was  dismantled  by  the  Parliamentary 
army.  The  borough  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons until  disfranchised  by  the  Keform  Act.  King  Edward 
the  martyr  was  murdered  here,  at  the  iusUince  of  his  step- 
mother, Elfrida.  A.  D.  978. 

(JDKFU-MUiyLEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

COKKU,  kor-fiK)'  or  kor'fii.  {.niodcra  Gr.  Kop0oi.  koii-fee': 
Fr.  CorJ'ou.  koK'fuo' ;  anc.  (Jr.  KspKUpa.  K«rknra ;  L.  Oivcyh-a.) 
one  of  the  Ionian  I.slands.  and  tlie  seat  of  tlieir  government, 
next  in  size  to  Cephalonia,  in  the  Meditei'ranean.  separated 
from  the  coast  of  .Albania  by  a  narrow  channel  between  lat. 
38°  40'  and  39°  40'  N.,  and  mostly  between  Ion.  19°  10'  and 
20°  E.  Its  shape  is  elongated  and  irregular.  Extreme  length, 
40  miles ;  breadth,  fmm  2  to  18  miles.  Area.  227  square  miles. 
Pop.  74.913.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  very  picturesque;  soil 
fertile;  climate  hot,  very  variable,  and  unhealthy  on  the 
coasts.  The  principal  products  are  corn,  sufficient  for  four 
months'  consumption  annually,  with  a  good  deal  of  inferior 
wine  and  oil,  more  than  half  "the  island  being  covered  with 
olive  groves:  with  oranges,  lemons,  salt,  honey,  and  wax. 
It  is  subdivided  into  7  cantons,  each  sending  1  memlier  to 
the  legislative  assembly.  Besides  the  city  of  Corfu,  it  con- 
tiiins  onlv  some  villages. 

CORFU,  a  fortified  seaport  city,  capital  of  the  above  island, 
near  the  centre  of  its  E.  coast,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Butrinto, 
(in  Epirus.)  I>at.  of  the  citadel,  39°  37'  1"  N..  Ion.  20°  G'  2"  E. 
Pop.  nearly  20.000.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  an  enii- 
ueiice.  and  has  l)een  gresttly  improved  of  late;  it  is  defended 
by  a  detiK-lied  citjidel,  by  forts  Neuf  and  Vido,  (the  latter  on 
a  small  island,  the  ancient  Pli/'clta,}  and  various  new  fortlti- 
c'ations.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  cathedral,  numerous 
other  richly  decorated  Ureek  and  Koman  Catholic  churches, 
the  arsenal,  military  hospital,  residence  of  the  lord  high 
commissioner  in  the  citadel,  lunatic  and  orphan  asylums,  a 
light-house,  and  au  /iqueduct.  On  the  esplanade  is  a  fine 
stitui'  of  Count  Schulenl)erg.  who  successfully  defended  the 
city  for  the  Venetians  against  the  Turks,  in  1710.  Orfu  is 
the  seat  of  the  parliamentary  senate,  and  high  judicial  court 
of  the  Ionian  Islands,  of  ft  university  and  college,  and  is  the 
residence  of  the  archbishop  of  the  Oreek  I.>atin  Church.  It 
is  well  supplied  with  uecess.iries,  has  a  safe  and  convenient 
harbor,  and  communicates  by  weekly  packets  with  Oti'antfi, 
and  twice  monthly  by  steamers  with  Triest,  Athens,  Gi- 
braltar, and  England. 

COIfKU,  a  post-<jttice  of  Genesee  co..  New  York. 

COKKU,  (kor-foo'.)  CHANNEL,  OK.  an  arm  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, between  the  island  of  Coifu  and  the  mainland  of 
Epirus.  about  30  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  vaiying 
in  breath  from  2  to  16  miles.  Corfu  and  Butrinto  are  the 
chief  towns  on  its  banks. 

COKIIA.MP'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

com,  ko'ree,  (anc.  Colra.)  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
Pontifical  States.  29  miles  S.E.  of  Kome.     Pop.  3000. 

C0R1.\,  ko're-d.  (anc.  Cait/riuin,)a  town  of  Spain.  47  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Caceres.  on  the  Alagon.  Pop.  1770.  It  is  enclosed 
by  granite  walls  of  Roman  oi-igin,  and  has  a  cjistle  of  the 
fifteeuth  century,  remarkable  for  its  solid  construction,  a 
Gothic  cathedral  with  fine  sculptures,  several  convents  and 
hospitals,  and  a  modern  aqueduct.  In  1812.  it  formed  the 
winter-quarters  of  the  troops  under  Lord  Hill. 

CORI.\,  a  market-town  of  Spain.  (5  miles  S.  of  Seville,  on 
the  Guadalquivir,  noted  for  a  manufacture  of  large  jars  for 
storing  oil  and  almonds.     Pop.  3156. 

CORIGLIANO,  ko-reel-yd/iio.  a  town  of  Naple.s.  province 
of  Calabria  Citra,  capital  of  the  district.  6  miles  VV.N.W.  of 
Ro.s.sano.  aud  4  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Taranto.  Pop.  8260. 
Tt  is  gloomy  and  ill  built,  but  well  supplied  with  water  by 
an  atiueduct  from  the  neighboring  mountain  ;  it  has  a  fine 
castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  caps,  and  soap, 
with  a  trade  in  wine  and  fruit,  the  product  of  the  vicinity. 
Near  it  is  the  site  ot  Si/l)Hris,  the  type  of  ancient  luxury  and 
indolence. 

CORlGhI.\NO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  dis- 
trict, and  14  miles  S.S.K.  of  Lecee.     Pop.  2100. 

CORINAEDO,  ko-re-nil'do,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
M:ucliis,  between  the  Misa  aud  the  Cesano,  25  miles  W.  of 
Aucona.     Pop.  5S5U. 


CORINGA,  ko-rin'g3.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Oala 
bria  Ultra  II.,  15  miles  W.S.W.  ofCatanzaro.     Pop.  3000. 

CORINGA.  ko-ring'gd.  (anc.nH<(v'i7(7,/}aconsideni!ile  sea 
port  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district, 
and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Rajahniundry.  on  one  of  the  mouths  of 
the  Godavery,  with  the  only  harbor  (except  Blackwood's,' 
having  smooth  water  on  the  \V.  side  of  Bengal  Bay  during 
the  S.W.  monsoon.  A  great  number  of  small  ves.»els  are 
annually  built  here.  Cotton  stuffs  and  teak  are  exported, 
and  silk,  paper,  copper,  &c.  imiiorted.  In  1784.  an  inunda- 
tion of  the  sea  destroyed  many  lives  and  much  property. 

CORINIU.M.     See  Cirbncester. 

CORIN'NA.  a  posttnwnship  of  T'enobscot  co.,  Maine,  situ- 
ated on  an  affluent  of  the  Seb.asticook.  a  lai-ge  stream,  afford 
ing  fine  water-power,  and  on  the  Penobscot  and  Kennebec 
Railroad,  60  miles  E.  of  August.a.  It  contains  2  churches,  6 
stores,  1  grist  and  6  .saw  mills.  6  shingle  machines,  cutting 
about  50.0<X1  shingles  annually,  4  boot  and  shoe  factories, 
and  1  carding  and  cloth-tlressing  machine.     Poj).  1597. 

CORINNA  CENTRE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Penobscot 
CO.,  Maine,  on  a  fine  mill-stream,  an  aflluent  of  the  Sebasti- 
cook,  and  on  the  Penobscot  and  Kennebec  Railroad.  60  miles 
E.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  a  church,  a  town-house,  a  social 
library,  an  academy,  built  in  1851,  an<l  6  stores. 

COR'INTH,  (anc.  h.  C'onVttu.? ;  Gr.  KopivSoj;  Fr.  OnHntlie, 
ko'r^Nf,)  an  ancient  and  celebrated  city  of  the  kingdom  of 
Greece,  on  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  between  the  Quits  of  Le- 
panto  (anc.  Si'nus  Oirinllii/acus)  on  the  W..  and  .T-^gina 
(anc.  Si'nus  S(trnn'icus)  on  the  E.,  48  miles  W.  of  Athens. 
Pop.  2000.  Its  citadel,  called  Acro-Corinthus.  was  nearly 
ruined  during  the  wars  of  independence.  From  its  port, 
in  the  Bay  of  Corinth,  it  exports  dried  grapes,  wheat,  oil, 
honey,  and  wax.  In  remote  times,  Corinth  was  one  of 
the  most  flouiishing  cities  of  Greece,  being  an  entrepOt  fot 
all  merchandise  p;issing  from  sea  to  sea,  and  commanding, 
at  the  sjime  time,  all  the  traffic  from  N.  to  S.  The  city  early 
became  renowned  for  its  riches.  Its  inhabitants  formed 
numerous  colonies,  and  acquired  great  riches,  so  that  the 
city  became  proverbial  for  its  luxury;  travellers  from  all 
parts  came  to  admire  its  magnificent  works  of  art.  St.  Pavil 
))reached  the  gospel  here  during  more  than  a  year.  It 
was  profusely  adorned  with  fountains,  statues,  theatres, 
and  various  public  buildings,  of  such  peculiar  excellence  in 
design,  as  to  give  rise  to  a  new  order  of  architecture  now 
known  by  its  name.  But  no  portion  of  this  splendor  has 
existed  for  centuries;  and  for  ages  the  visitor  to  Corinth  has 
had  to  climb  over  masses  of  masonry,  and  by  ruined  walls, 
to  reach  the  streets  of  the  modern  town.  The  traces  of  the 
ancient  walls  of  the  city  are  still  discernible;  but  the  piin- 
cipal  and  most  interesting  monuments  of  antiquity  now  rt»- 
maining  are  the  citadel  or  Acro-Corinthus,  and  seven  Doric 
columns,  the  remains  of  a  Doric  temple,  at  the  S.W.  extre- 
mity of  the  town.  The  citadel  stands  on  an  elevation  18(XI 
feet  high,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  city,  and  is  considered  the 
second  strongest  fortification  in  Greece.  The  view  from  this 
point  is  singularly  magnificent.  Ancient Corintli  was  sacked 
and  nearly  destroyed  by  the  Romans,  B.C.  146;  nearly  all 
the  treasures  of  art  there  accumulated  were  carried  to  Home 
The  later  city  was  possessed  successively  l)y  the  western  em- 
perors and  the  Venetians;  from  the  latter,  Mohammed  II. 
wrested  it,  .\. D.  1458.  It  was  recovered  afterwards  by  the 
Venetians  in  1687,  and  retaken  by  the  Turks  in  1715.  who 
held  it  till  1823. .\d.j.and  inhab.CoBl.MHiAX.  ko-rin'tho-an. 

COR'INTH,  a  post-vilLige  and  township  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Bangor.  The  village  is  flourishing, 
and  h.is  2  churches,  a  well-conducted  academy  with  about  80 
pupils,  3  public  houses,  about  a  dozen  stores,  and  numerous 
mechanics'  shops.     Pop.  1790. 

CORINTH,  a  post-township  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont,  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Mont(>elier.  It  h;us  an  academy,  and  manufac- 
tures of  boots  and  shoes,  leather,  kc.    Pop.  1627. 

CORINTH,  a  post-township  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York,  52 
miles  N.  of  Albany,  bordering  on  the  Hudson  River.     P.1658. 

CORINTH,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Heard  co.,  Georgia, 
135  miles  W.  of  Milledgeville. 

CORINTH,  a  village  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgia,  about  100  mile» 
S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

CORINTH,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co..  Ohio. 

Ct)RlNTH.  GULF  OF,  or  GULF  OK  LEPANTO,  (anc.  Cb- 
rinthi/acus  Sifnus.)  an  arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  extending 
into  the  centre  of  Independent  Greece,  and  separating  tbs 
Morea  on  the  S.  from  Hellas  on  the  N.  Length,  from  U'.  to 
E.,  75  miles;  average  breadth,  15  miles.  It  receives  numer- 
ous small  rivers,  and  communicates  northward  with  the 
Gulf  of  Patras,  by  the  Strait  of  Lepanto.  The  shores  are 
highly  picturesque,  and  in  many  parts  very  fertile;  around 
them  are  the  towns  of  Lepanto,  Galaxidi,  Livadostro,  Corinth, 
and  Vostizza. 

CORINTH,  ISTHMUS  OF,  a  neck  of  land  in  Greece,  unit- 
ing the  Morea  with  Attica,  between  the  gulfs  of  Corinth  and 
-Egina.  Length,  aliout  20  miles;  the  breadth  varies  from 
4  to  8  miles.  Its  scenery  is  very  interesting,  and  on  it  are 
various  remains  of  antiquity,  including  the  Isthmian  wall, 
and  traces  of  the  famous  temple  of  Neptune.  The  villagu 
of  I\alamaki  is  on  its  N  ,  aud  Kenkris  on  its  S.  coast. 

501 


COR 


COR 


OORIO,  kc/re-o,  a  markeWown  of  the  Sardinian  States. 
2.0  miles  N.N.W.  of  Turin.     l>op.  6813. 

COiilSC^:),  ko-ris'ko,  a  bay  of  \Ve.st«rn  Africa,  Ei:zht  of  Bia- 
fra;  it  is  32  miles  broad,  and  extends  from  Cape  Ksterias  on 
the  S.  to  Cape  St.  Johr.  on  the  N.,  and  14  miles  inland.  It 
receives  the  Moonjee  Angra  or  Danger  on  the  >«'.,  and  the 
Jloondah  on  the  S. 

COIUSCO.  an  island  of  Western  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  above  bay,  is  12  miles  long  by  6  broad.  Lat.  0°  W  30" 
K.,  Ion.  9^  10'  E. 

C<.>RK,  L.  On-caffia  or  Corragia,)  a  city,  parliamentary  bo- 
roujih.  and  river-port  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  county  of  Cork, 
on  the  lyee.  11  miles  above  the  entrance  of  Cork  harbor,  and 
137  miles  S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1841,80.720;  in  1861, 
78,892,  live-sixths  of  whom  are  Roman  Catholics.  The  city 
proper  is  built  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Lee,  vrhich  river 
is  here  crossed  by  9  modern  bridj^es.  several  of  them  elegant 
structures.  Its  main  streets  are  broad,  well  paved,  and 
li;j:hted  with  gas;  but  a  large  p;irt  of  the  city  consists  of 
wretched  lane.s.  inhabited  by  a  population  in  the  lowest 
destitution.  The  houses  in  the  more  ancient  quarter  are 
mostly  of  limestone:  elsewhere  they  are  of  brick,  frequently 
faced  with  slate,  and  nowhere  do  they  present  much  regu- 
larity of  architecture.  Among  the  most  striking  edifices  are 
the  City  and  County  Court-houses,  erected  at  a  cost  of  22.00«.V., 
and  having  a  portico,  surmounted  by  a  group  of  colos.siil 
figures:  the  Mansion-house,  on  a  fine  walk  termed  the  Mar- 
dyke;  the  Kxchange.  Commercial  Buildings.  Old  County 
Court-house,  county  and  city  prisons.  House  of  Correction, 
Convict  Depot,  Savings  Bank.  North  and  South  Intirmaries, 
Lunatic  Asylum.  Custom-house.  Cork  Koyal  Institution,  and 
the  episcopal  palace  of  the  united  diocese  of  Cork,  Cloyne. 
and  lioss.  The  Cathedral  is  a  plain  and  uninteresting  build- 
ing. HereareS  large  Roman  Catholic  churches,  oneof  which 
ninks  as  a  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  various  other  places 
of  worship,  Augustine.  Franciscan,  Dominican,  and  Capu- 
chin monasteries,  (the  two  latter  possessing  very  handsome 
chapels.)  and  two  nunneries,  to  which  are  attjiched  large 
female  schools.  The  charitable  in.stitutions  comprise,  besides 
the  infirmaries,  fever,  Iving-in,  and  f  mndling  liospitals,  the 
Magdalen  Asylum  and  Refuge  for  Females,  green  and  blue 
coat  schools,  the  Monks  schools,  government  pawn  bank, 
(mont  de  piete.)  e.stablished  in  1S41.  and  numerous  other 
charities  of  less  note.  The  principal  scientific  institutions 
are  Queen's  College,  the  School  of  Jledicine  and  Surgery. 
Cork  Library,  Pliilosopbical  Library,  fine  art.  Cuvierian,  agri- 
cultural, horticultural,  and  other  societies,  and  the  Mecha- 
nics' Institution.  Cork  has  several  club-houses  and  banks,  a 
chamber  of  commerce,  3  theatres,  a  circus,  and  3  news- 
papers. Near  it  are  cavalry  and  infantry  barracks,  adapted 
for  2000  men,  and  a  public  cemetery.  Its  l>eautiful  environs 
are  studded  with  country  residences  belonging  to  mer- 
chants, kc.    The  city  of  Cork  forms  a  county  of  itself. 

The  principal  nianufectures  are  of  leather,  iron  and  other 
metallic  goo(l.s,  glass,  gloves,  and  paper,  and  there  are  some 
large  breweries  and  distilleries ;  the  woollen  and  cotton 
manufactures,  formerly  important,  are  now  all  but  extinct. 
The  trade  is  extensive:  the  exports  consist  of  corn,  flour, 
butter,  and  other  Irish  produce;  the  imports  chiefly  of 
m.mufitctured  goods  from  Kngland;  wines,  fruits,  and  salt 
fnan  Portugal  and  the  Mediterranean  :  and  timber  from  the 
Baltic  and  North  America.  The  custom  duties  received  at 
Cork  in  1848.  amounteti  to  286.113/..  in  lS-50.  246,41:2/..  and 
in  1851.  236,530/.  In  1848,  the  number  of  vessels  registered, 
belonging  to  the  port,  was  396.  tonnage.  4i).453;  and  20 
steamers,  tonn.ige.  4276.  The  shipping  trade  of  CorJc,  in 
1848,  stood  as  follows : — 


OCTWARD. 

l:.v 

•AHD. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Coa.«ting 

no.' 
»<6 
75 
210 

110.B«5 
116.593 
19,lio7 
4:'.317 

2(i0.1 

387 

212.S7-1 
11'  59 

Korelgn 

1            Total 

rii-A 

•289.232 

3.»5 

411.985 

The  aggregate  tonnage  of  the  shipping  which  entered  and 
cleared  in  1851,  was  681,182  tons.  The  foreign  export  trade 
of  Cork  has  not  varied  materially  for  many  years.  In  1840 
it  amounted  in  value  to  llO.OOC/..  in  1850  "to  116,-V8/.,  in 
1852  to  141.074/.,  and  in  185:3  to  129.658/. 

Cork  communicates  by  steam-packets  with  London,  Dul)- 
\\i\  Bristol,  Liverpool,  and  Glasgow.  Its  corporation  con- 
sists of  a  mayor,  recorder,  sheriff,  16  aldei-men,  and  48 
town-councillors,  elected  from  its  8  wards.  It  is  the  seat 
of  as.sizes  for  the  city  and  county  of  Cork,  of  quarter-ses- 
sions, and  a  reciirder's  weekly  court;  and  the  head-quarters 
of  the  southern  military  district  of  Ireland.  It  .sends  two 
uieml>ers  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Cork  was  built  in  the 
6th  century,  proliably  by  the  Danes,  and  in  the  12th  ac- 
knowledged the  sovereignty  of  Henry  II.  After  the  revo- 
lulion  of  1688.  it  was  occupied  by  King  .lames  II.,  but  was 
besieged  and  taken  In  the  year  1690  by  the  then  Earl  of 
Marlborough.  Cork  is  the  birthplace  of  the  artists  Barry 
602 


and  !llaclise.  of  O'Keefe,  and  of  the  dnimatic  author  Sheri- 
dan Knowles. 

OOltK,  the  most  southerly  and  largest  county  of  Ireland, 
in  Munster.  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Limerick,  N.E  by  Tip- 
perary,  K,  by  WaterlVird,  and  on  tlie  other  sides  by  tile  At- 
lantic Ocean.  Aiva,  2S,s5  square  miles,  or  1.846.;iS3  acres, 
of  Avhich  about  l,3u8,00l)  are  arable.  82.180  in  plantations 
and  465.889  waste.  Pop.,  including  the  city  of  Cork.  64S,90.3k 
The  surface  is  mountiiiuous  in  the  M'.  Old  red  sandstone 
and  mountain  limestone  are  the  predominant  rocks,  with 
some  seams  of  coal.  The  coast  is  dimply  indented  by  some 
of  the  finest  bays  and  harbors  in  the  world,  the  principal 
being  Bantry  and  Dunnianus  Biiys.  and  Klonakilty,  Kin- 
.■iale,  Cork,  and  Youghal  harbors.  The  pi-incipal  rivers  are 
the  Blackwater.  Lee,and  Itaudon:  the  first  chiefly.theothers 
wholly  within  this  county.  Small  lakes  are  numerous,  and 
in  many  i«rts  the  scenery  is  highly  picturesque.  From 
1800  to  2000  hands  are  employed  at  .\llahies  in  raising  cop- 
per; after  which  limestone  is  the  principal  mineral  product. 
The  county  is  subdivided  into  Kast  and  West  Ridings. 
After  Cork,  the  capital,  the  principal  towns  are  Youghal, 
Bandon,  and  Kinsale,  The  county  sends  2  members  t«)  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  ancient  territory  was  more  exten- 
sive than  at  present,  and.  previous  to  1172,  formed  a  king- 
dom under  the  Macarthys. 

CORiv.  a  post-village  of  Butts  co..  Georgia. 

CORK,  a  post^village  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio. 

CORK,  a  past-office  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana. 

CORK  HAR/BOH,  a  fine  land-locked  busin  of  Ireland, 
formed  by  the  estuary  of  the  Lee.  which  is  navigable  to  li 
miles  alx)ve  Cork  City.  It  is  large  and  deep  emmgh  to  con- 
tain the  whole  British  navy,  and  has  an  entrance  1  mile 
across,  within  which  it  expands  to  8  miles  in  breadth.  It 
contains  Spike  and  IIaullx)wline  Islands,  on  which  are.irtil- 
lery  barracks  and  various  ordnance  works.  LiJt.  51°  50'  4" 
N.,  Ion.  8°  19'  W.  On  its  shores  are  the  towns  of  Cove  and 
Passaw,  with  quavs  4  miles  in  length,  which  were  erected 
at  a  cost  of  lOO.OOii/. 

CORLAY.  koB'14',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the 
Cotes-du-Noi-d.  17  miles  N.W.  of  L(.udeac.     Pop.  1475. 

COliLAY.  HALT,  hS  koR'lA/,  a  village  of  France,  adjacent 
to  the  above  town.     Pop.  1608. 

CORLEONE,  koR-lA-o'iiA,  a  town  of  Sicily.  21  miles  S.  of 
Palermo,  on  a  hill  near  the  source  of  the  Belici.  Pop. 
16,000.  It  is  pretty  well  built,  and  has  several  churches 
and  convent.s.  a  royal  college,  prison,  and  hosjiital,  with  a 
brisk  trade,  chiefly  with  Palermo,  in  corn  and  oil. 

CORLETO,  koE-LVto,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  province 
of  Basilicata,  23  miles  S.E.  of  i'otenza. 

COR'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

CORLIN.  (Corlin,)  k»R-leeu',  a  town  of  Prussian  Pome- 
rania.  16  mites  S.W.  of  Coslin.     Pop.  2430. 

CORMACHITI,  koR-ni4-Kee'tee,  (anc,  Ci-irnOmi/nn  Piommb- 
tnlrium.)  a  lofty  promontory,  sometimes  called  ilount  Cor- 
machiti.  on  the  N.  of  the  island  of  Cyprus;  lat.  35°  23'  48'' 
N.;  Ion.  32°  55' 15"  E. 

CORMANTY'X.koR-man'tin.orkoR-min-tlne'.orCORMAN- 
TINO.  koR-mdn-tee'no.  a  large  and  populous  village  (f  Ipper 
Guinea,  Ashantee.  It  lies  on  a  steep  hill,  and  is  said  liy  the 
negroes  to  be  the  oldest  in  the  kingdom  of  Fantee.  F'rom  the 
name  of  this  village  many  of  the  blacks  in  the  West  Indies 
are  called  Coromantis. 

CORM  ANTYN,  LITTLE,  an  abandoned  Dutch  fort  of  West- 
ern Africa,  on  the  Guinea  co;ist.  3  miles  E.  of  Anamaboe. 

CORMAYEUR,  koR'nii'yiR',or  CORMAJOR,  koR-nii-yoR', 
a  village  of  North  Italy,  Piedmont,  19  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Aosta.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dora  Baltea.  and  4029  feet 
aliove  the  sea.  Pop.  1535.  It  has  many  good  houses.  ai;d  is, 
in  summer,  resorted  to  for  the  sake  of  its  mineral  sprinirs. 

CORME,  koR'm.'l,  or  CORINF;.  ko-ree'nA.  a  small  port  on 
the  N.W.  coast  of  Spain,  in  Galicia.  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Co- 
runna.  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  which  receives  several 
streams  of  excellent  water. 

CORMKILLKS.  kon'mA'ye  or  koR^mail',  a  market-town  of 
F'rance.  in  the  department  of  the  Oise,  15  miles  N.  of  Beau- 
vais.     Pop.  It  '2J. 

CORM  FAILLES,  a  market-town  of  France,  in  the  dep.nrt 
ment  of  ilure.  38  miles  W.N.W.  of  Evreux.     Pop.  1:390. 

CORME-ROYAL,  koRni-roVdl',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inferieure,  9  miles  W.  of  Saintes. 

COR.MEKY',  koR^meh-i-ee'.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Indre-et-Loii-e.  11  miles  S.K.  of  Tours,  on  the 
left  Imiik  of  the  Indre.     Pop.  1048. 

CORMICY',  koK^mee'see'.  a  market-town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Marne.  10  miles  N.W.  of  Rheim.s.     Pop.  1500. 

CORMONS,  koR/moiis.  a  w.illed  town  of  lllyria,  in  the 
government  of  Triest,  and  7  miles  W.  of  G8r«.  Pop.  3600, 
partly  engaged  in  silk  manufactures. 

COR'NARD.  GRKAT,  a  pari>h  f>f  Encland.  co.  of  Suflulk. 

CORNARD,  LITTLK,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Sullolk. 

COKNATE.  koR-na't.A.  orCORONATK.  ko-ro-ni'tA.  a  vil- 
l.-igo  of  Austrian  Italy.  21  miles  N.N.K.  of  Milan.  It  is  well 
built  and  contains  a  Jesuit  College.     Pop.  2000. 

COR.N  CISEEK,  of  Couecuh  oo.,  Alabama,  flow^  'nto  Con© 
cuh  Kiver  from  the  N. 


COR 


COR 


OORX  CREEK,  a  post-offlee  of  Utah  Territory. 

COHNEGLIA.NO,  koR-nal-yi'no,  or  COliMGLIANO,  koR- 
neel  yi'uo.  a  inarket-U>wii  of  the  Sardinian  States,  3  miles 
\V.  of  Genoa,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

COIl.NEGLIANO.  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
In  I'iedmont,  2(5  miles  .S.E.  of  Turin.     I'op.  1M4. 

COli.NEILLli-LA-UlVIilUE,  koR'naii'-U-ree've-aiR',  a 
town  of  Knuice.  in  the  department  of  the  I'y  reu6es-0rientales, 
arrondissement  of  I'eipijrnan. 

COU'NELLY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

COii'XEK  GU.\1,  a  post-offlce  of  Currituck  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

O^R'NEU  IN'LET,  of  Australia.  New  South  Wales;  lat. 
38°  47'  S.,  lOn.  146°  20'  E.,  Khind  Wilson's  I'romontory. 

COlt'.NEItSBUKG.  a  post-village  iu  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio, 
about  5  miles  N.  of  Canfield. 

COR'.N'ERSVILEE,  a  post-village  near  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  .Marshall  co..  Mississippi. 

CORNEKSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee, 
is  situated  in  a  rich  and  beautiful  valley.     It  has  3  stores. 

COli.NKHHVILLK.a  post-villasre  iu  Graves  co.,  Kentucky, 
ahoxit  2.50  milois  8.W.  of  Frankfort. 

CORN  KRSVILLK.  a  small  village  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois. 

CORNKTO.  koR-ni'to,  (aiic.  C'rnetum?)  a  maritime  town 
of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  State.s,  12  miles  N.  of 
Civita  Yecohii,  on  a  lofty  height,  bordering  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  1  miles  from  the  ruins  cf  Tarquinii,  to  which 
city  it  succeeded  in  the  sixth  century,  as  a  bishop's  see.  Pop. 
3800.  It  has  a  Gothic  cathedral  of  the  ninth  century,  with  u 
fine  dome  and  various  antiques;  many  private  houses  and 
churches  are  built,  partly  with  materials  from  the  ancient 
Tarijuinii.  In  thechapelofoneof  its  convents,  Madame  .Mere, 
the  motlier  of  Napoleon,  and  Cardinal  Fesch.  are  buried. 

COK'NIA',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

CORN'FOI'.TII.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

C<:>RX  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  IJenton  co..  Alaliama. 

CORN'IIIEL.  a  chapeli-y  of  Kngland  co.  of  Durh.am,  2  miles 
E.  of  Coldstream.   Its  castle  was  twice  destroyed  by  the  Scots. 

CORM.\,  koR/ne-S,  a  river  of  Tuscany,  enters  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 3  miles  K.  of  l^iombino.  I^ength,  24  miles.  Its  basin 
Is  remarkable  for  volcanic  phenomena,  springs  of  carbonic 
acid,  and  mineral  waters. 

COR Nia IJ A N 0.    Sse  Cornegi.iajto. 

COK.N  101,10,  koR-neel'yo,  a  town  of  Italy,  25  miles  S.S. 
W.  of  Parma,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Reatica  and  Parma 
Rivers.   It  lias  cavalry  barrack.s.  and  a  medical  school.  P.  5335. 

COliM.MO.NT-IIOKXEXBKRG,  koR^nee^mAN"'  hoR'nSNO^ 
bain',  a  t'v.vn  of  France,  liepartment  of  Vosges.     Pop.  2720. 

CORN'ING,  a  tionrishing  post-village  and  towiishij)  of 
Steuben  co.,  New  York,  291  miles  N.W.  of  New  Y'ork.  The 
village  is  beautifully  situated  on  Chemung  River,  and  on  the 
A'ewYork  and  Erie  Railroad,  at  the  termiinis  of  the  Chemung 
Canal,  18  miles  W.  of  l':!niira.  The  Corning  and  Blossburj; 
Railroad  connects  it  with  the  bituminous  coal  regions  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  185.3,  9.444,000  square  feet  of  timber, 
77,559,"000  of  lumber,  t5.9o9,000  shingles.  298  tons  of  staves, 
and  34,724  of  coal,  were  shipped  at  this  point,  and  the  business 
Is  rapidly  increasing.  The  village  contains  5  churches,  a 
court-hoiise,  erected  about  1854,  4  banks,  6  hotels,  2  print- 
ing offices,  and  upwards  of  50  stores,  including  9  for  dry- 
goods.  It  has  also  7  railroad  de]>ot8,  3  of  which  are  manu- 
facturing depots,  1  canal  warehouse,  6  lumber  offices,  3 
wholesale  and  retail  coal  offices,  2  large  iron  foundries,  and 
manufactures  of  railroad-cars,  wagons  and  carriages,  cabinet- 
ware,  boots  and  shoes,  f-igars,  lime,  bricks,  Ac.  Pop.  at  the 
time  of  its  incorporation  in  1848,  1726;  in  1860,  6003. 

COR'NISII,  a  post-towship  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Saco  River  60  miles  S.W.  of  .\ugU3ta.     Pop.  1153. 

CORNlSH.apost-town~hipofSnllivanco.,Newlfampslure, 
on  the  Coniu'Ctifut.  .50  niibs  N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1520. 

CORNISH  FLAT,  a  pogt-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

COR.MSII  VILTi.iGE,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Saco  River,  36  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  2 
churches,  a  high  school,  and  6  stores.     Pop.  alKiut  .300. 

COR'.NISIIVILLK.  a  thriving  post-vill.age  of  Mercer  co., 
Kentucky,  on  Champlain  River,  about  8  miles  W.  of  Ilar- 
rodsburg.  The  water-power  of  the  river  is  employed  in  saw 
and  grist  mills. 

CiiKM.SllVTlXR.a  village  ofMcHenry  co.,  Illinois,  about 
200miKs  N.N.K.  of  Springfield. 

C.JR.XO.  M)NTE.  mdn'ta  kda'no.  or  MONTE  CAVALLO, 
mSn'ti  kd-vdl'lo.  called,  also,  GRAX-SASSO-DTrALIA. 
griii-sSs'so-de-tile-S, (the  "Great  Rock  of  Italy,")  a  moun- 
tain of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra,  about  70  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Rome,  Lit,  42°  27'  X..  Ion.  13°  38'  E.  It  Is  the 
highest  peak  of  the  .'Vpennines.  its  summit  being  9519  fuet 
above  se.a  level.     Snow  '••'»  on  it  tiine  months  in  the  vear. 

CORXOUAILEES.  konnoo-wil',  a  former  district  of 
trance,  in  Lower  Brittany,  now  comprise<l  in  the  depart- 
ments of  FiinstJre,Cotes-du-Xord,  and  Morbihan.  Its  capi- 
tal was  Quimper-Corentin. 

COR\'PIj.\.\TKR.  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of 
Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Alleghany  River.    Pop.  1077.  I 


CORXTON.  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois. 

CORNUCOPIA,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Indiana. 

CORN  UDKLL  A.  koB-noo-d^l'yi.  a  town  of  Spain.  Catal'^nla. 
24  miles  N.W.  of  Tarragona.in  a  mountainous  district.  P.  1 6.37. 

CORN  US,  koR^niice',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aveyron,  on  the  Boras,  15  miles  E,S.E.  of  St. 
Affrique. 

CORX'VILLE,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co..  Maine,  on 
.an  affluent  of  tlie  Kennebec,  about  40  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Augusta.     Pop.  1141. 

CORXnVALL,*  a  co.  of  England,  forming  its  S.W.  extre 
niity,  enclosed  on  all  sides  )jy  the  sea.  except  on  the  E 
where  it  is  mostly  st-paratcd  from  Devonshire  by  the  ri'or 
Tamar.  Length,  78  miles;  breadth.  43  miles.  A'ca,  8r.6,474, 
acres,  of  which  650,000  are  estimated  to  be  arable,  pasture, 
and  meadow  lands.  Pop.  in  1851.  35o,o5S.  The  svirface  is 
intersected,  from  W.  to  E..  by  a  ridge  of  rugged  and  blenk 
hills,  and  very  scantily  timliered.  but  it  has  some  very  pic- 
turesque and  fertile  valleys.  William  of  Worcester  states, 
that  between  Mount's  Bay  and  the  Scilly  Islands,  there  had 
been  woods  and  meadows,  and  arable  lands,  and  140  pari.sh 
churches,  which,  before  his  time,  were  submerged  by  the 
ocean :  and  the  sub-marine  forests  show,  in  this  tiact,  a 
subsidence  of  at  least  12  feet.  On  the  northcin  coast,  a 
considerable  extent  of  surface  has  lieen  overwhelmed  with 
sand,  covering  hills  of  several  hundred  feet  in  height. 
The  shoi-es  are  greatly  indented  by  inlets  of  the  sea.  the 
principal  of  which  are  St.  Ives  and  Padstow.  harbors  on 
the  Irish  Sea;  and  on  the  Enizlish  Channel,  St.  Rlazey 
Bay,  Falmouth  Harbor,  and  Mount's  Bay,  between  the 
promontories  of  the  Lizard  and  Land's  End.  Principal  Ri- 
vers, the  Tamar,  Lynher.  Towey.  Fal.  and  Can.el  or  .\Ian. 
Corn  and  potatoes  are  the  chief  crops,  and  agriculture  hag 
lately  improved.  The  pibhard  fishery  employs  capital, 
varying  from  200.000/.  to  2;'0.O(J0/.  Cornwall  is  lich  in  me- 
tals; its  tin-mines  have  been  known  and  wrought  from 
remote  antiquity.  The  great  metallic  district  extends  from 
Dartmoor  in  Devonshire,  on  the  E..  to  the  Ijind's  End.  on 
the  W.  Tin  is  found  most  abundantly  in  the  St.  .Just, 
St.  Ives,  and  St.  Austell  districts;  copper  in  the  districts  of 
Gwennap,  Redruth,  Camborne,  Bfeague,  Manizion,  and 
Gurnnear.  Silver,  lead.  zinc.  iron,  manganese,  antimony, 
cobalt,  bismuth,  are  also  found  in  various  locsilities.  The 
capital  invested  in  the  Cornish  mines  is  estimated  at  nearly 
2.500.000/..  and  about  71.00(1  hands  are  employed.  The  Bo- 
tallach  copper-mine  is  situated  close  to  Cape  Cornwall,  a  few 
miles  X.  of  Land's  iind,  on  a  shore  exposed  to  the  full  fury 
of  the  Atlantic.  The  workings  are  on  the  very  verge  of  the 
clilT,  and  descending  beneath  the  sea,  are  carried  4.'<0  feet 
beyond  low-water  mark.  The  dashing  of  the  waves  is  dis- 
tinctly heard  by  the  miner  at  his  work,  and  in  stormy 
weather  the  large  stones  driven  towards  the  beach  grate 
upon  each  other  with  a  noise  resembling  thunder,  'i'he 
average  annual  produce  of  tin  is  al)Out  4(100  tons,  and  that 
of  copper  12  000  tons.  The  actual  produce  of  fine  copper  in 
1847  and  1848,  was  12.870  tons,  obtained  fiom  ir,5.('.l(;  tons 
of  ore.  Nearly  all  the  ores  arc  sent  into  South  Wiiles  to 
be  smelted.  About  6000  tons  of  soapsrone.  and  7(K!0  tons 
of  porcelain  clay,  are  shipped  annually  from  Cornwall  for 
the  potteiies.  The  exports  are  nearly  confined  to  min- 
ing produce  and  fish.  Cornwall,  including  the  Scilly 
Islands,  is  suMivided  into  9  hundreds.  Before  the  Reform 
Act.  it  contained  20  boroughs,  each  sending  two  members  to 
the  House  of  Commons.  It  now,  with  its  towns,  returns  10 
members,  including  two  for  each  division  of  the  county.  Its 
principal  towns  are  Bodmin.  Truro,  I.«unciston.  Falmouth, 
Penryn.  and  Penzance.  Tliis  part  of  I?ritain  was  not  sub- 
dued by  the  Saxons  till  the  time  of  .4thelstan,  and  its  ver- 
nacular language  (the  Cornish,  a  di.ilect  of  the  Celtic.)  has 
Viecome  extinct  only  during  the  present  century.  The  dis- 
trict contains  many  Druidical  stones  and  other  rude  mo- 
numents, as  also  ruins  of  baronial  castles.  Cornwall  forms 
a  royal  duchy,  settled  on  the  eldest  son  of  the  sovereign, 
who"  accordingly,  to  his  other  titles  adds  that  of  "Duke  of 
Cornwall." Adj.  Coi;/.\ish;  inhab.  Cor/xishman. 

Ci)RX'VVALL.  a  county  of  Van  Diemen's  Land.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  the  North  and  South  Elk  and  other  streams.  Its 
principal  mountain,  Benlomond,  is  42tl0  feet  in  heitrbt. 

CORNWALL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Addi.son  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  W.  side  of  Otter  Creek,  about  40  miles 
S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  977. 

CORXW.\LL.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litchfield  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  E.  side  of  Housatonic  River,  and  on  the 
Ilousatonic  Railroad,  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  It 
contains  the  villages  of  Cornwall  Bridge  and  'West  Corn- 
wall.    Pop.  1953. 

CORXVV.\LL.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  co. 
New  Y'ork,  90  miles  S.  of  Albany,  bordering  on  the  Hudson 
River.     l>op.  4800. 
CORN  AV  ALL,  a  post-township  of  Lebanon  co..IVnnsy  I  vania. 


*  Corrupted  from  Corntt  GnlHie,  i.  e.  "  the  horn  or  extremity 
nf  G.iul."  In  like  manner.  Wales  (called  Gnllf:' hy  the  French) 
is  deriveil  from  ff«//ia— the  Welsh  nation  being  a  remnant  of  the 
ancient  Gauls. 

603 


=s 


COR 


COR 


CORNWALL,  a  town  of  Xova  Scotia,  Kins's  ro.,  on  an  in- ,' 
let  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  50  miles  X.W.  of  Halifax.  j 

COK  N W  ALL.  a  cuunty-town  of  the  cos.  of  Stormont,  Dun- 
das,  and  Glengarry,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cornwall 
Canal,  in  Canada  West,  82  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal,  and  120 
miles  from  Kinsrston.  It  contains  4  stores,  saw  and  flour 
mills,  and  .several  hotels.     Pop.  about  1600. 

CORNWALL  BRIDGE,  a  post-villajre  in  Cornwall  town- 
ship, Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Hnusatonie  Rail- 
road, on  the  W.  side  of  the  Ilousatonic  River,  about  43 
miles  W.  by  X.  of  ilartford.  It  contains  a  blast-furnace,  be- 
sides other  manufiicturing  esfcitilishments.  There  is  a  bridge 
over  the  river  at  tliis  pl.ice.  from  which  it  derives  its  name. 

COK.N'WALL  HOLLOW,  a  post-oiiice  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

CORNWALL  ISLAND,  an  i.sland  of  New  Shetland,  in  the 
South  Atlantic:  lat.  61°  S.,  Ion.  54°  28'  W. 

CORNWALL  ISLAND,  an  island  in  tlie  Mulgrave  Arehi- 
pela;;o.  in  the  Pacific.  N.  of  Radack  Island. 

CORNWALL  lt^LAND.  in  British  North  America,  in  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  E.  of  Bathurst  Island;  lat.  f>5°  N..  Ion.  96°  W. 

CORNWALL  LANDING,  a  villa;.'e  on  the  Hudson  River, 
8  miles  below  Newburg,  and  at  the  N.  termination  of  the 
Highlands. 

CORNWALL,  NEW,  a  name  given  to  a  portion  of  the  W. 
co,^st  of  North  America,  on  tlie  Pacific  Ocean,  between  New 
Norfolk  and  New  Hanover,  extending  from  lat.  54°  to  57°  N., 
and  from  about  Ion.  130°  to  loG°  W.,  and  belonging  partly 
to  the  British  and  partly  to  the  Russians.  It  Ls  traversed 
in  its  whole  length  by  a  branch  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  j 
On  the  coast  are  numerous  islands,  among  which  are  tho.se 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  Duke  of  York.  The  climate  near 
the  sea  is  mild.  Slate  quarries  are  found,  and  there  are 
several  hot  sprinjrs. 

CORN'WALLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  New 
York,  38  miles  S.S.W.  of  Alliany. 

CORN'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CORNWELL  TURNOUT  a  post-oflice  of  Chester  co.,  South 
Carolina. 

CORN'WOOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

OORN'WORTIIY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CO'RO,  a  maritime  city-  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
of  which  it  was  once  the  aipital.  now  capital  of  a  province, 
in  a  sandy  plain  near  the  Gulf  of  Maracaybo,  155  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Valencia.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  meanly  built,  and  has 
few  public  edifices;  its  trade  with  the  West  India  Islands 
has  gre;Jtly  declined. 

COR'OPIN'  or  CUIOOFIN',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Clare.  13  miles  S.W.  of  Gort.  Pop.  907.  It 
Is  ill  built,  and  not  thriving.  It  has  petty  sessions  every 
Wednesd.ay,  and  7  annual  fairs. 

COROLl'NA,  a  post-office  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi. 

COROMANDEL.  korVman'del.  a  harbor  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Kew  Ulster,  an  island  of  the  New  Zealand  group,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  peninsula  terminating  in  Cape  Colville,  which 
forms  the  estuary  of  the  Thames.  Lat.  36°  46'  S.,  Ion.  175° 
27' E. 

COR'OMAN'DEL  COAST,  in  India,  extends  along  the  side 
of  the  peninsula,  through  nearly  6  degrees  of  lat..  from  Point 
CalyVnere  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  Kistnah.  It  has  no  good 
harbor,  and  is  heavily  surf-beaten.  The  cities  of  Madras, 
Tranquebar.  and  Poudicherry,  and  the  towns  of  Sidras, 
Cuddalore,  Caiical,  and  Negapatam  are  on  this  coast. 

CORON,  a  seaport-town  of  Greece.    See  Koron. 

CORONA,  ko-ro'ni.  a  hamlet  of  Northern  Italy,  gorern- 
ment  of  Venice.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Verona.  Celebrated  for  a 
battle  between  the  French  and  Austrians.  January  15. 1797. 

CORONADA,  ko-ix>nd'Dd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura.  province  of  Badajos.  on  a  rocky  plain  near  the  Sujar. 
Pop.  1407. 

CORON  ATA.  ko-ro-nJi'ta,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
Adriatic,  18  miles  S.of  Zara.  Length,  from  N.\V.  to  S.E.,  15 
miles:  greatest  breadth,  li  miles.  Surface  mountainous. 
The  inhabitants  are  employed  in  rearing  sheep,  making 
cheese,  fishing,  and  trading  in  wine  and  olive  oil.  It  has 
one  village,  and  three  tolerable  harbors. 

CORON.VrK.     See  CoFNWTE. 

CORONATION  GULF,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  British 
North  America,  is  W.  of  Victoria  Land  and  Kent  Peninsula. 
Lat.  68°  30'  N..  Ion.  110°  W. 

CORONATION  ISLAND,  in  New  South  Shetland,  in  the 
South  Atlantic  Ocean,  is  in  lat.  00°  32'  S.,  Ion.  46°  52'  W.  It 
was  discovered  in  1821. 

CORONATION  ISLAND,  in  Russi.in  America.  W.  of  Prince 
of  Wales's  .Archipelago.  It  was  discovered  by  Vancouver  iu 
the  last  century. 

COROND.A,  ko-ron'dS,  a  town  in  tlie  province  of  Santa  F6, 
Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,)  36  miles  from  the  city  of 
Santa  Fe.     Pop.  2000. 

CORONIL.  ko-i-o-neel',  a  town  of  Spain,  24  miles  S.E.  of 
Seville,  on  a  crown-shaped  hill,  (whence  its  name,)  with 
ruins  of  a  Moorish  castle.     Pop.  3920. 

COROORA  or  CORURA.  ko-i-oo'ra,  an  island  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  one  of  the  Pelew  group,  atx)ut  hit.  7°  30'  N., 
lou.  135°  E. 
504 


COROWAUGH,  koHo-waw,  a  post-office  of  Isle  of  Wight 
CO..  Virsriniii. 

CORPACH.  koi-'pdk,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Loch'Eil.  2i  miles  N.  of  Fort  William, 
It  is  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Caledonian  Canal, 
formed  by  a  series  of  11  locks,  including  the  sea-lock.  Eight 
of  these  are  within  IJ  miles  of  the  sea.  and  are  called  "  Nep- 
tune's Staircase."  On  a  hill  hard  by  is  a  monument  to  Co- 
lonel Cameron,  who  tell  at  Quatre  Bras,  June  16,  1815, 
Pop.  in  1861,  1060. 

CORPS,  koR.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Is^re,  ou 
the  Dr.-vc.  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  1414. 

CORPS-N  UDS  Les-Trois-Maisoss.  koK-niid  M-trw^-mA's(\x«', 
a  town  of  France,  departmentof  lUe-et-Vilaine,  lOmiles  S.E. 
of  Rennes.     Pop.  2342. 

CORPUS  CHKISTI,  kor'pus  kris'tee.  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Nueces  co.,  Texas,  and  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  at 
the  mouth  of  Nueces  River.  230  miles  S.W.  of  Galveston. 
It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and  has  steamboat  communica- 
tion with  New  Orleans. 

CORPUS  CHRIST!  BAY',  a  laaoon  of  North  America,  in 
Texas,  co.  of  Refugio,  lat.  27°  30'  N.,  Ion.  9S°  W..  forming 
the  N.  extremity  of  the  Livguna  del  Madre.  and  separated  by 
Mustang  Island  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  Aransaso  and  Corpus  Christi  inlets.  At 
its  W.  extremity  it  re<"eives  the  river  Nueces. 

COiyPUSTY'.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CORRAL  DE  ALMAQUER,  koR-R^l'dA  ai-md-kaiR/,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Toledo,  in  a  fertile 
plain  near  the  Rianzares.    Pop.  3378. 

CORRAL  DE  CALATRAVA.  koR-nil  dA  ki-ia-tri'va.  a 
townof  New  Castile.  8  miles  S.S.W.of  CindadReal.  Pop.  1315. 

CORRALES.  koR-Rd'l^s.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  62 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Seville.     Pop.  1 67 1 . 

COR'REG.A-UM',  a  village  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Poonah,  ou  the  Beemah.  and  me- 
morable for  an  obstinately  and  successfully  con t<?sted  action, 
fought  on  Decemlier  31, 1817.  by  a  few  British  troops,  against 
the  whole  army  of  the  Peshwa,  estimated  at  20,000  cavalry 
and  several  thou.s.tnd  infantry,  mostly  .Arabs. 

COR  REGIO,  koR-E6d'jo,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Moden.i,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Reggio.  Pop. 4000.  It  is  remark- 
able as  the  birthplace  of  Antonio  Allegri,  commonly  known 
as  Corregio. 

CORRESE,  koR-RA's.4.  a  vilLige  of  Central  Italy,  Pontifical 
States,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Rieti,ne;»r  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  site  of  the  lamous  ancient  city  of  Cures,  capital  of 
the  Sabines. 

CORRfiZE.  koR'Raiz'.  or  koR^R??/.  a  river  of  France,  rises 
in  the  mountains  of  Monedieres.  in  the  department  of  Cor- 
reze.  flows  S.W.  a.-^d  joins  the  Vezere  at  St,  Pantiileon,  after 
a  course  of  about  60  mile.'<. 

CORREZE,  a  department  of  France,  formed  of  p.-jrt  of  the 
old  province  of  Limousin,  near  its  centre,  between  thedepart- 
ments  of  Creuse.  Uaute-Vienne.  Rordogne.  Lot,  Cantal,  and 
Puv-de-Dome.  and  between  lat.  44°  55'  and  4.5°  40'  N.  Area, 
2218  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861 ,  310,118,  Surface  hilly. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Dfjrdogne  and  Vezere.  of  which  Latter 
the  Correze  is  an  affluent.  Soil  poor.  Cora  is  raised  for 
exportation,  but  many  of  the  population  subsist  on  chest- 
nut flour.  Cattle  are  reared  tor  the  Paris  market.s.  Other 
chief  products  are  timVier.  coal,  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  mill- 
stones. It  is  divided  into  the  3  arrondissements  of  Tulle, 
the  capital.  Brive.  and  Ussel. 

CORlifeZE.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Correze.  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  in  1852,  17t)0. 

CORRIB.  LOUGH.  I6h  kor/rib.  a  large  lake  of  Ireland,  in 
Connaught,  co..  and  3  miles  N.of  Galway.  The  .shape  is  very 
irregular.  Length,  from  N.W.  to  S.f;.,  20  miles;  the  breadth 
varies  from  1  mile  to  6  miles.  Area.  43.4-6  acres.  It  con- 
tains numerous  islets,  receives  the  Clare  and  other  rivers, 
with  the  suri>lus  water  of  louirhs  ^lark  and  Carra,  and  dis«, 
charges  its  own  surplus  by  the  Galway  River  into  Galway 
Bay.    On  its  banks  are  the  towns  of  Cong  and  Onghterard. 

CORRIENTES,  koR-Re-en't^s,  a  department  of  the  Plata 
Confederatinn.  mostly  between  lat.  27°  and  .30°  S..  and  Ion. 
57°  and  59°  W.,  having  E.  and  S.  the  Missiones  and  Entr« 
Rios.  and  W.  the  river  Parana,  which  river  al,«o  separates  it 
on  the  N.  from  Paraguay.  Estimated  area,  2ti.0(>0  S(|uare 
miks.  and  population  from  35.1 00  to  40,0<X).  Surface  on  the 
S.  undulating,  fertile,  and  wooded :  in  the  N.  swamjiy,  and 
comprising  the  Lake  Ybara.  Products.  m.aize,  cotton,  su- 
gar, indigo,  tobacco,  and  a  kind  of  silk,  (seta  fi/lvstri;) 
Chief  towns.  Corrientes  and  St.  Lucia.  Corrientes.  the  capi- 
tal, is  situated  on  the  Parana,  near  the  confluence  of  tho 
Paraguay.  Lat.  27°  27'31"  S.:  Ion.  68°  46'  W.  Pop.  45,000. 
A  river,  same  state,  and  several  capes  in  Cuba,  Mexico,  and 
New  Granada,  have  same  name. 

COl'.RIEVREKIX,  CORRYVRECKAN.  kor-re-vr^k^kan, 
or  CORRYBRECHTAX,  korVe-br^k'tan.  a  formidable  whirl- 
pool off  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  islands  of 
Jura  and  Scarba.  occasioned  by  the  tide-strearr,  being  op- 
posed tiy  a  pyramida'  rock,  wliich  rises  15  fathoms  lieluw 
the  surfijoe. 

COIfKINGHAM,  a  parish  of  EnglanJ,  co  of  Essex. 


COR 


COR 


C0RT5IXGIIAM,  Great  and  Little,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Lincoln. 

COH'itlSKlX.  UK:il,  a  small  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the 
Isle  of  Skye,  near  its  S.  coast,  l'2i  miles  S.  of  I'ortree.  Length 
from  X.  to  S.  about  2  miles,  Ijy  i  mile  acros.s.  It  is  very 
deep,  contains  several  islets,  and  is  finely  described  by  Sir 
M'aiter  Scott,  in  the  ••  Lord  of  the  Isle-s.'' 

COltlvOl'OLI.  koR-RopVlee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I..  U  miles  N.X.E.  of 'feramo.     Pop.  2000. 

COIiSK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

COKSK,  CAl'E,  the  N.  point  of  the  island  of  Corsica. 

COKSE'COMBK,  a  pari.sh  of  Ensjland,  eo.  of  Dorset. 

COn'SENSlDE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Northumberland. 
•  COKSEUL.  koK^sul',  (anc.  Fu'tmm  MaHlig,)  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  26  miles  E.  of  St. 
Brleuc,  with  4206  inhabitants,  and  numerous  Roman  re- 
mains. 

COKSIVWALL  POINT,  a  headland  of  Scotland,  on  its 
B.W.  coast,  CO.  of  AVigton,  12  miles  N.  of  Port  Patrick,  with 
a  light-house  having  an  elevation  112  feet ;  lat.  55°  1'  N.,  Ion. 
6°  9'  W. 

COll/SIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  with  a 
(station  on  the  Great  Western  l<ail.way,4  miles  S.W.of  Chip- 
penham. Its  parsonage-house  was  formerly  a  priory.  The  seat 
of  Lord  Methven  contains  a  choice  collection  of  paintings. 

COKSIC.\,  kor'se-ka,  (ane.  Cyi'wis,  afterward  Cnrtsici, 
Fr.  Corse,  koRs.)  an  island  in  the  Jlediterranean,  situated 
between  lat.  41°  2U'  and  4o°  N.,  and  Ion.  S°  30'  and  9°  :jO'  E. 
separated  S.  from  Sardinia,  by  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio.  10 
miles  wide.  It  is  somewhat  irregular  in  shape,  but  toler- 
ably compact,  except  towards  the  N.,  where  it  terminates 
in  a  long  and  narrow  tongue  of  land,  about  22  miles  hjng, 
by  about  6  miles  broad.  Greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S., 
110  miles  ;  greatest  breadth,  ue.ar  its  centre.  5:5  miles;  area, 
3377  square  miles.  The  E.  coast  is  remarkable  for .  its 
uniformity,  presenting  a  line  which  is  broken  in  only  one 
or  two  places  by  (wmparatively  small  indentations.  To 
this  the  W.  coast  presents  a  striking  contra.<*t.  a  numtier  of 
deep  bays  following  eath  other  in  rapid  and  almost  unin- 
terrupted succession.  Of  these,  the  most  important,  pro- 
ceeding from  N.  to  S.,  are  the  Gulfs  of  St.  Fiorenzo,  Calvi, 
Porto.  Lisciu,  Ajaccio,  and  Valinco.  The  interior  is  tra- 
veised  by  a  mountain  chain,  which  has  its  principal  direo 
tion  N.  and  S..  but  thi-ows  out  several  lateral  branches, 
particularly  to  the  N.W.  The  culminating  point-  Monte 
Kotondo,  iiejir  the  centre  of  the  island,  has  a  height  of 
9054  feet,  while  .several  of  the  other  summits  consideralily 
exceed  7000  feet,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  year  are  covered 
with  snow.  From  the  E.  and  W.  sides  of  the  chain,  nume- 
rous streams  descend  to  the  opposite  sides  of  the  coast. 
They  are  mere  torrents,  short  and  rapid,  and  altogether 
unfit  for  navigation.  Along  with  the  other  torrents  which 
take  the  same  direction,  they  have  accumulated  large  quan- 
tities of  debris  and  alluvium,  which,  preventing  the  egress 
of  the  waters,  have  gradually  formed,  on  the  E.  coast,  a 
long  series  of  lagoons  and  mora.sses,  and  made  that  part  of 
the  islaHd  very  unhealthy;  but,  with  this  exception,  the 
climate  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe.  The  heat  is  some- 
times excessive,  but  the  sky  is  generally  clear,  and  the  air 
bracing.  Owing  to  the  mount.iinous  nature  of  the  surface, 
the  greater  part  of  it  neces.sarily  remains  in  a  state  of  nature, 
covered  with  primeval  forests,  or,  when  not  absolutely  naked 
and  barren,  clothed  with  herbage  well  fitted  for  the  rearing 
of  young  cattle.  Numerous  valleys,  however,  lie  between 
the  lofty  ridges,  and  sometimes  plains  of  con.sid«rablo  ex- 
tent occur,  the  soil  of  which  is  generally  fertile,  and  well 
adapted  for  the  growth  of  all  the  ordinary  cereals.  Not  less 
than  one-seventh  of  the  whole  surface  is  devoted  to  the  cul- 
ture of  grain,  and  a  return  of  twenty-fold  is  not  uncommon. 
Rearing  live  stock  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry:  next  to 
cattle,  the  chief  products  are  timber,  honey,  wax.  olive-oil, 
the  fruits  of  Italy  and  the  South  of  France,  and  fish,  which 
latter  are,  however,  mostly  taken  by  Genoese  and  Neajxjlitan 
fishermen.  Corsica  is  rich  in  minerals,  but  few  mines  are 
wrought;  apd  manufactures  are  nearly  limited  to  the  pro- 
duction of  coarse  woollens,  hardwares,  and  leather. 

From  the  Phoenicians,  its  first  colonists,  the  island  took 
the  name  of  Cyrnos ;  and  from  the  Romans  tiiat  of  Corsica. 
On  the  decline  of  the  Roman  Empire  it  was  seized  by 
the  Goths,  and  passed  from  them  to  the  Saracens.  In  1481, 
jt  fell  under  the  dominion  of  the  Genoese,  who  retained  it, 
with  some  interruption,  till  1755,  when  a  great  part  of  it 
was  wrested  from  them,  and  made  independent,  by  the 
celebrated  Genera!  Paoli.  It  was  ceded  to  France  (of  which 
it  forms  a  department)  by  the  Genoese  in  1768.  Paoli  and 
Napoleon  were  born  in  the  island.  The  department  is  di- 
vided into  the  5  arrondissements  of  Ajaccio,  ISastia,  Calvi, 
Oorte.  and  Sartena.  Inl848,a  lightrhouse was  erected  on  the 
Island  Oiiaglia,  off  the  N.  point  of  Corsica,  in  lat.  43°  1'  45" 
N.,  Ion.  90°  24'  17"  E.  Pop,  in  1861, 252,889,  mostly  of  Italian 
descent. Adj.  an<l  inhab.  Corsican,  kor'se  kan.    . 

COR'SICA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Penn- 
.:'vlvania,  177  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  contained  in 
ix^,  about  250  inhabitants. 

CORSICA,  a  post-office  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 


CORSICACs'A.  a  thriving  post-village,  capUil  ^f  N'^tqVro 
CO..  Texas,  on  the  main  road  from  Austin  City  ia  North- 
eastern Texas.  180  miles  N.N.E  of  Austin  City.  Corsicana 
has  a  seminary  and  4  or  6  stores. 

CORSICO,  koR/se-ko,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  4J  miles  S.W, 
of  Milan,  on  tlie  Naviglio  Grande.  It  is  the  de]>6t  for  the 
best  cheese,  called  purnusan  or  grana,  made  in  the  pro- 
vinces of  Milan  and  Pavia. 

CORS'LEY,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
3  miles  N.W.  of  Warminster.    Pop.  1621. 

CORSO,  koE/so,  or  CORSE,  koRs,  (anc.  PromrmMrium  St'- 
crum.)  a  cape  forming  the  N.  extremity  of  Corsica;  lat. 
43° 0'  ay  N.,  Ion.  9°  23'  3"  E. 

CORSO,  an  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  about  8 
miles  long.  lat.  49°  48'  S.,  Ion.  75°  34'  W. 

CORSOER,  or  KORSOR.  (Korsiir.)  koR/soR\a  maritime  town 
of  Denmark,  province  of  Seeland  on  the  Great  IJelt  opposite 
Nyborg,  with  1600  inhabitants,  an  old  castle,  a  small  port, 
and  a  ferry  station.  It  communicates  by  railway  with  Co- 
penhagen, 61  miles  N.N.E. 

COlfSTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

COR'.S'roN  E-II  ACK'ET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  AVorcester. 

CORVl'ORPIIINE/.aparishofScotland.  CO.  of  Edinburgh. 

CORTACIIY,  kor'tii-Kee',  and  CLO'VA,  two  c-on joined  pa- 
rishes of  S<;otland.  co.  of  Forlar,  the  villiige  of  Cortachy  being 
7j  miles  N.W.  of  Forfar.  Pop.  867.  They  comprise  a  very 
picturesque  portion  of  the  Grampians;  and  contain  Cor- 
tachy Castle,  the  scat  of  Lord  .\irlie.  and  Clova  House. 

COUTAILLOD.  koRHAh\vo'  or  koBMSh'yod',  a  village  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Neufchfitel.  Pop.  1070. 

CORT.\LE.  koR-td'L'i.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  II.,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Catanzaro.    Pop.  3030. 

CORnVA  MADE'RA.  a  town  of  Marin  co..  California. 

CORTE,  koRH.V,  a  town  of  Corsica,  near  its  centre.  31  miles 
S.W.of  Rastia.  Pop.  in  1852.  4719.  It  is  defended  by  a 
strong  castle,  and  has  a  polytechnic  school,  called  the 
School  of  I'aoli,  a  hospital,  and  trade  in  com  and  wine. 
Nejir  it  are  extensive  quarries  of  jasper  and  marble. 

CORTE  DEL  PALASIO.  koB-tA  djl  pd-ia'-se-o.  a  village  of 
Northern  ItHlv.4miles  N.E.  of  Lodi.     Pop.  1380. 

COKTEGANA,  koR-td-p^nJt.  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  43 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Huelva.  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Aracena, 
Its  parish  church  is  built  of  marble. 

COKTEMAGtilORE.  koR^ti-mid-jo/r.'l,  (anc.  Cas'trum 
Lfiu'rif  or  Cti'riu  Ma'j<nr?)  a  town  of  Northern  Itjily,  15 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Piacenza,  on  the  Anla.     Pop.  2000. 

C(  >RTE.M ARCQ.  kofi't-Vm^Rk'.  a  market-town  of  Relgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  15  miles  ."^.S.W.  of  Bruges.  Pop. 
4015,  who  manufacture  woollen  fabrics. 

COIiTEMlGLI.A,  koR-t.-i-meel'yd.  a  town  of  the  S.ardini.an 
States,  in  I'iedraont,  divided  into  two  paits  by  the  liormida, 
34  miles  S.W.  of  Alessandria. 

CORTE-OLONA.  koR'tA-o-lo'nd.  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Milan,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pavia,  on  the  Oloua. 
Pop.  1330. 

CORTERATE.    See  Coutras. 

CORTES,  koR't^s,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre, 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Tudela,  near  the  Ebro.     Pop.  960. 

CORTES-DE-ARENOSO,  koR/tJ.s-drl-l-rA-m/.so,  a  town  of 
Valencia,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Ca.stellon-de-la-Plana.    I'op.  1775. 

Ci>RTES  DE  LA  FRONTEKA,  koR'tfs  dA  \A  front.Vri  a 
town  of  Spain,  48  miles  W.S.W.  of  Malaga.  Pop.  2970.  It 
has  manutactures  of  leather. 

CORTES  DE  LA  FRONTERA,  a  bay  on  the  S.W.  ccast  of 
the  island  of  Cuba. 

CORTETZ,  koR-t^ts',  or  CORTITZ.  koR-tits/,  an  island  of 
Russia,  government  of,  and  39  miles  S.  of  Vekaterinoslav, 
formed  by  the  Dnieper.  It  stands  U5  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  river,  and  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  masses  of 
granite  which  make  it  without  the  aid  of  art  almost  im- 
pregnable. It  was  early  selected  by  the  Zaporog  Cossacks 
its  the  site  of  their  celebrated  Setcha ;  and  on  their  removal, 
in  1784.  to  the  banks  of  the  Kooban  by  Catharine  II..  was 
settled  by  a  colony  of  Germans  composed  entirely  of  Prus- 
sian Mennonites. 

CORTINA,  koR-tee'nl,  a  town  of  Austria,  duchy  of  Tyrol, 
on  the  Botta,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge,  64  miles  S.E.  of 
Innspruck.     Pop.  2700. 

C01{TL.\ND.  kOrt'land,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  4S0  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Tioughnioga  and  Otselic  Rivers,  and  other  smaller 
streams,  which  afford  valuable  water-power.  The  suiface 
is  moderately  uneven,  and  the  .soil  is  principally  a  gravelly 
loam,  well  adapted  to  both  grazing  and  tillage.  Iron  ore, 
sulphur  springs,  and  salt  springs  have  been  found.  Organ- 
ized in  1802,  having  been  formed  from  part  of  Onondaga 
county,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Van  Cortlandt  family, 
earlv  and  distinguished  emigrants  from  IloUand.  Capital, 
Cortland  village.    Pop.  26,294. 

CORTLAND,  a  post-township  of  Westchester  co..  New 
York,  on  Croton  and  Hudson  bivers.lOO  miles  S.  of  Albany, 
intersected  by  the  Hudson  River  Railroad.     Pop.  10,074. 

CORTLAND,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Texas. 

CORTLAND  or  CoUHTLAND,  a  post-township  in  Kent 
CO.,  Michigan,  170  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  947. 

505 


=il 


COR 

CORTLAND,  a  ponV  i.fflce  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana, 

CORTLAND  VILI.AGK,  a  post-village  in  Cortlandville 
township.  cai)ital  of  Cortland  Co..  New  York,  on  the  Tiough- 
niogii  IMver,  and  on  the  Syracuse  and  Binghamton  Jtail- 
road,  143  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Alhany.  It  contains  the  county 
bnildinjrs,  3  banks,  churches  for  Presbyterians,  Baptists, 
Metliodists,  Episcopalians,  and  Universalists,  2  newspaper 
offices,  an  academy,  a  pajier  and  an  oil-mill,  'lliere  are  over 
350  dwellings,  some  of  which  are  elegant  edifices. 

COKTLANDV]LLK,a  post-township  of  Cortland  co..  New 
York,  on  the  SyracuRe  and  Binghamton  Kailroad.  33  miles 
8.  of  Syracuse,  drained  by  the  Tioughnioga  Hiver.  Pop.  4817. 

COli'TOX.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COKTON.A,  koR-to/ui.  (anc.  Oii-li/tum  or  Corlythus,  after- 
wards Cnro'na.)  a  town  of  Tus«-any,  in  ancient  times  one  of 
the  VI  principal  cities  of  Etruria.  province.and  50  miles  S.E. 
of  Florence,  on  a  hill  facing  the  lake  of  Thirasymene.  Pop., 
exclusive  of  suburbs,  3-kiO.'  Its  ancient  Cyclopean  walls,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  erected  3000  years  ago.  remain  perfect  in 
two-thirds  of  thi-ir  extent.  Around  the  city,  and  in  its  nu- 
merous museums,  are  a  great  variety  of  Ktruscan  and  some 
Roman  antii(uities ;  and  Cortona  has  a  cathedral  of  the  tenth 
century,  which,  like  many  of  its  other  churches,  contains 
fine  works  of  art.  also  a  castle  built  by  the  Medici,  a  famous 
academy  of  sciences,  founded  in  1726,  a  theatre,  and  trade 
in  wine  and  olives. 

COR/TOX-DEN'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CORTORIACUM.    See  Courtr.u. 

CORTS'VILLE,  a  small  village  in  Clarke  co.,  Ohio. 

CORUCIIE.  ko-roo'shA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo.  on  the  Erra,  60  miles  E.N. E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  2520. 

COKUISIIK.  LOCH,  loH  ko-roo'ishk.  a  sm.ill  lake  of  Scot- 
land. Isle  of  Skye.  12  miles  S.  of  Portree,  from  1  to  2  miles 
in  length,  by  ^  mile  in  breadth. 

C'JllUN'NA,(Sp.  airufia,  ko-roon'ya,  F'.  Orrogne.  ko'rofi'. 
L.  Corn>nium  ?)  a  fortified  city  and  seaport  of  Spain,  capital  of 
a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  thebaysof  lietanzosand  El  Fer- 
rol  of  the  Atlantic.)  320  miles  N.W.  of  Madrid.  I„at.  (Fort  St. 
Antonio)4a°22'5"N.,lon.  8°22'7"\V.  Pop.  19,415.  Itstands 
on  the  E.  side  of  a  small  peninsula,  and  consists  of  an  upper 
and  a  lower  town,  the  former  having  the  citadel,  and  the 
latter  containing  the  theatre,  custom-house,  reading-room, 
palace  of  the  captain-general,  court-house,  arsenal,  and  bar- 
racks. Its  harbor  is  «afe.  and  defended  on  the  E.  by  Fort 
6au  Diego,  and  W.  by  Fort  San  .■Vntonio.  North  of  it  is  the 
tower  of  Hercules,  a  light-house  &2  feet  in  height,  on  a 
Roman  foundation.  A  great  part  of  its  population  is  em- 
ploj-ed  in  the  herring  and  pilchard  tishery  on  the  coast. 
The  vessels  entered  the  port  in  1W6,  were  S9.  tonnage 
14,063;  cleared  13S,  tonnage  22.491.  Principal  manufac- 
tures, linen  goods,  hats,  cordage,  canvas,  and  segars — in  the 
manufacture  of  which  last,  1500  females  are  employed.  Some 
ship-building  is  carried  on.  and  it  has  a  .school  of  navigation, 
from  this  port  the  Spanish  Armada  set  sail  in  16S8,  and  near 
this,  on  the  heights  jf  Elvina,  the  French  were  defeated. 
January  16. 1809,  by  the  troops  under  Sir  John  Moore,  who 
was  mortally  wounded  in  the  action.  There  is  regular  steam 
communication  with  Southampton  in  summer. 

COKUN'.NA,  a  thriving  post/village,  capital  of  Shiawassee 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  lx)th  sides  of  the  Shiawassee  River,  85 
miles  N.W.  of  Detroit,  and  28  miles  N.E.  of  Lan.sing.  The 
river  affords  excellent  water-power.  It  has  improved  rapidly 
since  the  connty  seat  was  permanently  loc-ated  here.  It 
has  a  brick  court-hou.se.  which  cost  $700^).  a  tiouring  mill,  a 
large  woollen  factory,  2  iron  foundries,  and  1  printing  office. 
Tiie  Detroit  and  Milwaukie  Railroad  passes  through  the 
village.    Pop.  684. 

COKURA,  an  island  in  the  Pelew  group.     See  Coroor\. 

COllV'O.  koR'vo,  the  ntvthernmost  and  smallest  of  the 
Azores  Islands.  Lat.  of  S.  point.  39°  41' 41"  N.  Itis6miles 
long  and  3  miles  broad,  with  an  elevated  mountain  at  each 
extremity,  and  a  hollow  centre,  giving  it  the  form  of  a  sad- 
dle. It  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  delicious,  but  the  in- 
habitants are  idle,  poor,  and  ignorant.     Pop.  90O. 

COU'WEX,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  North  Wales, 
30S.  of  Merioneth  and  Denbigh,  on  the  Dee,  11  miles  JJ.N.E. 
of  Bala.     Pop.  in  1851.  2069. 

COit'WlN,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

COKWIN.  a  village  of  M'arreii  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little 
Miami  Railroad.  67  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

COK'WINVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Lorain  co..  Ohio. 

COllYCIAX  (ko-rLsh'e-an)  CAVE,  Greece,  government  of 
Boeotia.  is  a  fine  stalactitic  cavern  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount 
Parnassus,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Salona.  said  to  be  capable  of 
containing  3000  persons.  It  is  named  the  -Forty  Courts." 
by  the  inhabitants  of  its  vicinity.  It  was  long  the  resort 
of  the  robliers  of  Parnassus. 

COItYDON.  kor'e-don,  a  township  of  McKean  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  190. 

CORYDON,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Warren  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Alleghany  River,  about  2  miles  from 
the  N.  boundary  of  the  state.     I'op.  of  township.  302. 

COKYDO.V.  a  po8^village  of  Henderson  co.,  Kentucky,  11 
miles  from  Henderson,  the  county  seat. 

COKYDON,  a  handsome  pocWUlaga,  capital  of  Harrison 
606 


COS 


CO.,  Indiana,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situ- 
ated on  Indian  Creek,  115  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis,  and  24 
miles  W.  of  Louisville,  in  Kentucky.  The  seat  of  govern- 
ment was  removed  from  this  place  to  Indianai)olis.  in  1824, 
after  which  event  the  prosperity  of  Corydon  declined,  and 
it  remained  stationary  for  a  considerai>le  period.  But  within 
a  few  years  an  imjirovement  has  taken  place,  and  it  is  now 
a  flourishing  village.  A  plank-road.  20  miles  long,  extenda 
from  Corydon  to  New  Albany.  The  village  contains  4 
churches.  1  academy,  a  bank,  and  several  mills. 

CORYDON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Waj-ne  co.,  Iowa, 
about  65  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  640. 
C(VRYTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
CORYTUM  or  CORYTHUS.     See  Coktoxa. 
COS,  KOS,  kds,  or  STANCHIO,  stdn'ke-o.  an  i.sland  of 
Asifitk  Turkey,  in  the  Mediterranean.  21  miles  long  and  5 
miles  in  bre;tdth.     .\  lofty  mounViin  range  rises  on  the  S. 
coa.st;  the  rest  of  the  island  is  a  lieautiful  and  fertile  plain, 
with  a  delightful  climate.     Produce,  corn,  cotton,  silk,  and 
wines,  fruit,  and  formerly  flocks  of  sheep.    Cos.  the  only 
town  in  the  island,  is  beautifully  situated,  and  it.^  port  much 
frequented  by  merchant  vessels.  In  ancient  times  the  i.sland 
was  celebrated  for  a  temple  to  Esculapius.  and  was   the 
birthplace  of  Hippocrates.  Apelles  the  painter,  and  Ariston 

the  philosopher. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Coan.  ko'.jn. 

COS.\L.\.  ko-sdii.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
state  of  Clnaloa.  80  miles  N.E.  of  Ma/atlan.  Near  it  i.«  a  gold- 
mine, exceedingly  rich,  but  not  worked  at  present.  Pop.  6000. 
COS'BY,  a  parish  of  Enu'land.  co.  of  Ix'icester. 
COSCILE,  ko-sheeni,  or  SIBAKI.  set-/bd-re,  (anc.  SyV- 
aris.)  a  river  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra:  after  an 
E.  course  of  about  20  miles  it  joins  the  Crati  4  miles  from 
the  flulf  of  Taranto,  and  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  of 
Syharis. 

CUSEL  or  KOSEL.  (Ciisel  or  Kosel.)  kii'sel.  a  fortified  town 
of  Prussian  Silesia.  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oppcln,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Oder.     Pop.  3('O0. 

Ct>SENZA,  ko-ste'zl  (anc.  Ofynfeii'tia.)  a  city  of  Naples, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Calabria  Citra.  at  the  confluence 
of  the  rivers  Crati  and  Busento.  12  miles  E.  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 29  miles  S.W.  of  Rossano.  Pop.  13,847.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  an  old  castle  now  converted  into  barracks, 
a  fine  court-house,  a  cathedral,  diivesan  seminary,  royal  col- 
lege, theatre,  large  foundling  asylum,  academies  of  science 
and  literature,  manufactures  of  earthenware  and  cutlery, 
an  active  trade  in  silk,  rice.  wine,  manna,  flax.  ic.  Cosentia 
was  anciently  the  capital  of  the  Bruttii,  It  submitted  to 
th'  Romans,  and  was  taken  by  Hannibal,  from  whom  the 
Romans  recaptured  it  soon  after.  Alaric.  the  Ooth, 
laid  siege  to  it  in  410,  but  died  l)efore  its  walls,  and  was  in- 
terred by  his  soldiers  in  the  lied  of  the  Busento.  It  was 
afterwards  sacked  by  the  Saracens,  who  were  expt^llcd  in 
turn  by  the  Northmen,  who.  h.aving  founded  the  kinsidom 
of  the  Two  Sicilies  in  1130,  made  Cosenza  the  capital  of  Ca- 
labria Citra. 

COSFELD  or  KOSFELD,  (Ctisfeld  or  Kijsfeld.")  kiis'f^lt.  a 
town  of  Prussian  Westphalia.  20  miles  W.  of  MUnster,  with 
some  fortifications.     I'op.  3510. 

COSFELD  or  KOSFELD.  a  parish  and  village  of  Prussian 
Westphali.%     Pop.  3000. 
COS'OR.AVE  H.\LL.  a  post-office.Snyderco..  Pennsvlvania. 
COS'GROVE  or  COVES^iROVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Northampton. 

COS,  GULK  OF,  called  also  GULF  OF  BOODROO^l.  (anc. 
Oeramficitf  Si'niis.)  on  the  coast  of  Anatolia,  near  the  altove 
island,  is  17  miles  wide  at  its  entrance,  and  extends  inland 
52  miles.  It  is  very  deep,  being  seldom  less  than  300  feet 
even  near  the  shore. 
COSH  ECl'ON .     See  CocHEcrojr. 

COSHES^rON.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 
CO'SHOCTON.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Ohio, 
has  an  area  of  516  square  miles.  The  Tiiscjirawas  and  Wal- 
honding  Riveif>  unite  near  the  county  seat  to  form  the  Musk- 
ingum. The  county  is  also  drained  by  Vernon  River  and  by 
Wills  and  Killbuck  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulat- 
ing, and  in  some  parts  hilly.  The  soil  presents  abrupt  tran- 
sitions from  sand  to  olay.  and  is  generally  good.  Stone  coal 
and  iron  are  abundant  in  the  county.  It  is  amply  supplied 
with  water-power,  and  is  intersected  by  the  Ohio  TaraLand 
by  the  railroad  from  Pittsburg  to  Colilmbua.  Organized  in 
1811.     Capital.  Ci>8hocton.     Poi>.  25.032. 

COSHOCTON,  a  jiost-village,  cajiital  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Muskingum  River,  just  below  the 
junction  of  the  Tuscarawas  and  Walhondiiig.  75  miles  N.E. 
of&)lnmbus.  The  Ohio  Canal  connwtsit  witli  Lake  Erieanc 
with  the  Ohio  River,  and  also  affords  a  fine  water-jiower  a1 
this  place.  The  Pittsburg.  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  llail 
road  passes  through  Coshocton.  It  is  pleasantly  bituated  on 
four  natural  terraces,  the  highest  of  which  is  about  40  feet 
above  the  water.  A  bridge  across  the  river  connects  thit 
village  with  Roscoe.  Coshocton  contains  5  clmi-ches,  2  news- 
paper offices,  2  banks,  1  p.-iper-mill.  2  large  halls,  and  1  floui^ 
ing-mill.     Pop.  in  IS.-SO.  S.-SO;  in  I860.  1161. 

COS'SATOT.  or  COS'SEI.OSK  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  rises 
In  Polk  CO.,  and  flowing  S.  joins  Little  Hiver  in  Sevier  county 


COS 

COSI.  kfysee,  or  KOOSK,  koo'see.  or  KOCSA.  (Hind.  Kavr 
eOci.)  a.  ri\erof  Ilindostan.  triVjut;iry  to  tlie  Ganges,  which 
It  joins  in  Beniral,  aijout  30  miles  S.W.  of  Purneah,  after  a 
southward  course  estimated  at  300  miles.  It  is  very  liable 
to  inundation  ;  and  at  all  seasons  it  is  navieable  by  boats  of 
fh>m  4ui)  to  duo  maunds  burden  as  high  as  some  rapids  at 
Its  exit  from  the  hills  of  Kepaul. 

CO.SKJIJINA,  ko-se-jiheiyuil.  a  volcanic  mountain  of  Cen- 
tral America,  in  Nicaragua,  about  80  miles  S.K.  of  Guato- 
mala,  in  lat.  13°N.,  and  Ion.  87°  30' W.  A  great  eruption 
of  this  volcano  occurred  in  1835. 

CO.SIIIIJIKIACHI,  ko-se-we-re-^chee,.a  town  of  the  Jlexi- 
can  Confederation,  state  of  Chihuahua,  under  the  parallel 
of  28^12' N.  Its  population,  which  formerly  amounted  to 
10,700,  has.  in  consequence  of  the  falling  off  in  the  produc- 
tiveness of  the  mines  in  the  neighborhood,  been  reduced 
to  3o00. 

COSLIN,  (CiJslin.)  COESLIN,  or  KOSLIX.  (Koslin.)  kos- 
leen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  I'omerania,  7  miles  from 
the  Baltic.  Lat.  540  12'7"  N..  Ion.  10°  10' K.  Pop.  8230.  It 
was  burnt  in  1718,  and  rebuilt  by  Frederick  \Villiam  I., 
whose  sUitue  adorns  the  mai-ket-place.  It  has  a  provincial 
society  of  arts,  a  college,  a  normal  school,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  stuffs,  hosiery,  silks,  and  leather.  On  the  Ellen- 
berg,  a  hill  near  it.  is  a  monument  to  the  Pomeranians  who 
fell  in  the  war  of  1813. 

CUS.MULEDO  (kos-mo-lA'do)  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  at  the  N.E.  entrance  to  the  Mozambique  Chan- 
nel, about  lat.  9°  40'  8.,  Ion.  47°  ■f2'  K.  This  group  consists 
of  a  ring  of  coral  about  30  milts  in  circumference,  enclosing 
a  magnificent  lagoon,  into  which  there  is  no  app.arent  en- 
trance. 

COSNK,  kone,  (anc.  0>nda>te.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nifevre,  on  the  Loire.  27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nevers. 
Pop.  in  1852,  6326,  who  forgo  anchors  and  heavy  iron-work, 
and  manufacture  hardwares  and  cutlery,  in  all  of  which  it 
has  an  active  trade. 

COS'P0OH/,orKIIASPUR,  Kjs'poor'.  the  capital  town  of 
Cachar,  in  Farther  India,  on  the  Madhura,  an  affluent  of 
the  iirahmapootra.  60  miles  K.  of  Svlhet. 

COSSACKS,  kos'saks,  (COUNTKY  OF  THE  DON.)  (Kuss. 
Zemlia  BnUka  Boh  S/ctigo,  zJmle-a  boisHtd  don  skd/go.  a  vast 
plain  of  Southern  Kussia,  traversed  by  the  river  Don,  and 
bounded  N.  by  the  government  of  Saratov,  S.  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Caucasus  and  the  Cossacks  of  the  Black  Sea.  E.  by 
Astrakhan,  and  W.  by  Voronezh  and  Yekaterinoslav.  Area, 
62,974  square  miles.  Capital.  Tcherkask.  The  territory 
Is  fertile,  but  ill  cultivated.  The  chief  industry  is  agricul- 
ture, fishing,  and  cattle  rearing.  Though  the  Cossacks  pos- 
sess several  characteristics  by  which  tiiey  are  easily  distin- 
guished, they  do  not  appear  to  have  sprung  from  one  ori- 
ginal stock.  There  is  evidently  a  mixture  of  blood  among 
them.  They  bear  a  close  resemhl.ince  to  the  Russians,  but 
are  of  a  more  slender  make,  and  have  features  which  are  de- 
cidedly more  handsome  and  expressive.  They  have  a  quick, 
keen  eye.  and  an  ear  which  is  ever  on  the  alert,  and  are 
active,  spirited,  and  brave.  Education  has  made  some  pro- 
gress among  them,  and  their  old  capital.  Staro-Tcherkask, 
contains  a  gymnasium,  in  which  the  proficiency  of  the  Cos- 
sack pupils  would  not  suffer  by  comparison  with  that  of  any 
other  town  of  the  Russian  Empire.  Their  language  is  a 
mixture  of  Russian.  Polish,  and  Turkish  ;  their  religion  that 
of  the  Greek  Church,  to  which  they  are  strongly  attached. 
The  martial  tendencies  of  the  Cossacks  are  very  decided,  and 
have  from  time  immemorial  formed  their  distinguishing 
feature.  The  whole  structure  of  society  among  them  is 
military.  Originally,  their  government  formed  a  kind  of 
democracy,  at  the  head  of  which  was  a  chief  or  hetman.  of 
their  own  choice;  while,  under  him,  was  a  long  series  of 
officers,  with  jurisdictions  of  greater  or  less  extent,  partly 
civil  and  partly  military,  all  so  arranged  as  to  be  able,  on 
any  emergency,  to  furnish  the  largest  military  array  on  the 
shortest  notice.  The  democratical  part  of  the  constitution 
has  gradually  disappeared  under  Russian  domination.  The 
title  of  chief  hetman  is  now  vested  in  the  heir  apparent  to 
the  throne,  and  all  the  subordinate  hetmans  and  other 
officers  are  appointed  by  the  crown.  Care,  however,  has 
been  taken  not  to  interfere  with  any  arrangements  which 
fostered  the  military  spirit  of  the  Cossacks ;  and  hence  all 
the  subdivisions  of  the  population  into  pulks  and  minor  sec- 
tions, with  military  heads,  and  of  the  villages  into  stanitza, 
still  remain.  Throughout  the  empire,  wherever  particular 
alacrity,  vigilance,  and  rapidity  of  movement  are  required, 
the  qualities  by  which  the  Cossack  is  distingui.shed  mark 
him  out  fur  employment.  He  is  almost  always  on  horse- 
back, and  is  in  his  element  when  scouring  the  open  fields. 
Pop.  in  1852,  793,758. 

COSSACKS  OF  THE  BLACK  SEA,  is  a  territory  of 
Southern  Russia,  bounded  E.  by  the  government  of  Cau- 
casus, \V.  by  the  Sea  of  Azof,  S.  by  Circassia.  and  N.  by  the 
country  of  the  Don  Cossacks.  The  capital  is Y'katerinodar 
on  its  S.  l)oundary,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kooban. 
It  is  occupied  by  a  population  of  Cossacks,  who  form  a  sort 
!.!  democratic  republic,  and  who,  in  1828-9  attempted  to 
renter  themselves  independent. 


COS 

COS'SAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

COSS  AT(),  kos-sd'to.  a  market-town  of  the  Sai-dinian  States, 
in  Piedmont,  province  of  Biella,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Turin,  on 
a  hill.    Pop.  2500. 

COSSEIR,  a  .seaport  town  of  Egypt.     See  KossElR. 

COSSE-LE-VIVIKN,  koss-leh-veeVe-i.vo'.  a  market  town 
of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  11  miles  S.W.  of  liaval, 
on  the  (Judon.     Pop.  2000. 

COSSILA,  kos-see'li,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province  of 
Biella.  on  the  Oropa.     Pop.  2328. 

COvS'SIMB  AZAR'or  COSSnrBUZAR/,  a  considerable  towr 
of  British  India,  presidency  and  province  of  Beng.il.  about! 
mile  S.  of  Moorshedatiad,  of  which  it  is  the  port,  on  tho 
Bhasirathi  or  Hoogly  branch  of  the  Ganges.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  carpets,  satins,  and  stockings,  and  a  largie  trade 
in  sUk.  Ac. 

COS'SIMCOTTA,  a  small  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vizagapatam. 

COS/SINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

Ct>SSINGTON,  a  parish  of  Ent'land.  co.  of  Somerset. 

COS'SIPOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Itengal.  64  miles 
N.  of  Bareily.  It  is  a  place  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  with  nu- 
merous temples,  and  an  active  trade  with  Kortb-western 
Ilindostan. 

COS,SONAY  or  COSSONEX,  kosVn'nA',  a  town  of  Switzer- 
land. Clinton  of  Vaud.  on  the  Venoge.  9  miles  N.W.  of  l>au- 
sanne.  Pop.  1080.  It  was  formerly  a  rich  priory  of  the  Be- 
nedictines. 

COSSYAir  Ckos/so-a  or  kos/ydh)  HILLS,  in  Farther  India. 
about  lat.  26°  30'  N..  Ion.  91°  .'JO'  E..  embrace  all  that  tract 
of  country  between  Assam  and  Sylhet.  and  from  the  Bengal 
district  of  Mymunsingh  to  Cachar.  In  many  parts  they  are 
interspersed  with  fertile  valleys,  in  others  they  rise  to  up- 
wards of  4(100  feet  in  elevation.  Here  are  the  sanitary  sta- 
tions Cherrapoonjeo  and  Darjeeling. 

COSTA,  kos/ti.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rovigo,  on  the  Adigetto.  Pop. 
2000. 

0O.«TAMBONE,  a  citv  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Kastamooxee. 

COSTA  RICA.  kos'tA"  ree/kS.  (t.  e.  •'  rich  coast,"')  the  most 
southern  state  of  Central  America:  bounded  N.  bv  Nicara- 
gua, from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  river  San  Juan. 
N.E.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  S.  by  New  Granada,  from  which 
it  is  partly  separated  by  the  river  Escuda  and  partly  by  the 
Cordillera  de  Cabeoares.  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  I'acific;  be- 
tween lat.  8°  and  11°  30'  N..  Ion.  8.3°  and  85°  W.  Area,  aliout 
16.250  square  miles.  The  country  is  intersected  diagonally 
by  the  primary  range  of  the  isthmus,  which  throws  off  nu- 
merous spurs  on  either  side,  giving  to  the  surface  a  con- 
tinued alternation  of  abrupt  heights  and  sudden  depres- 
sions. The  principal  range  contains  several  lofty  eminences 
and  volcanoes,  both  active  and  extinct  or  dormant,  includ- 
ing those  of  Orosi.  Votes,  and  Cartago:  from  the  summit  of 
the  la.«t  of  which  both  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  can  lie  dis- 
tinctly seen.  The  N.W.  districts  are  more  rugged  and  moun- 
tainous than  the  S.W..  but  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific, 
especially  around  the  Bay  of  Ni<'oya.  the  country  has  a  most 
beautiful  and  picturesqtie  appearance,  being  diversified  by 
valleys,  and  intersected  by  numerous  streams.  Costa  Rica 
contains  some  of  the  richest  gold-mines  in  this  portion  of 
America,  whence  the  origin  of  its  name;  these  mines,  how- 
ever, are  now  not  at  all.  or  very  little  wrought.  Silver  and 
copper  are  also  found,  but  they,  in  like  manner,  receive 
little  notice.  In  all  parts  of  the  state,  with  exception  of  the 
sea-coasts,  the  climate  is  mild  and  temperate,  never  subject 
to  excessive  heats  or  colds,  and  rarely  expenencing  any  other 
vicissitudes  than  those  from  the  dry  to  the  rainy  season.  It 
is.  therefore,  extremely  well  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes, 
and  capiible  of  brininng  to  maturity  many  European  plants, 
as  well  as  most  of  those  peculiar  to  the  tropics.  The  soil 
is  remarkably  frrtile,  especially  on  the  table-lands,  and  in 
the  valleys.lietween  the  mountains.  Among  its  agricultural 
productions  are  coffee,  cocoa.  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  sugar,  and 
a  little  wheat.  The  birds  include  vultures,  pelicans,  parrots, 
pigeons,  ducks,  quails,  and  teal. 

The  woods  of  Costa  Rica  are  valuable,  comprising  maho- 
gany, cedar.  Brazil,  and  various  other  kinds  of  timber:  and 
on  the  sea-coast  of  Nicoya.  some  pearls,  and  large  quantities 
of  mother-of  pearl  shells  are  found.  Coffee,  however,  forma 
the  most  important  product  of  the  state.  Its  cultivation, 
though  onlv  introduced  about  the  year  1830.  has  increased 
so  rapidly  that  from  3000  to  4000  tons  of  st«ds  are  now  ex- 
ported annually.  Tobacco,  which  is  of  excellent  quality,  is 
a  government  monopoly,  and  is  sent  chiefly  to  Nicaragua, 
though  some  of  it  finds  its  way  to  the  British  market.  The 
other  exports  are  gold,  sugar.  Brazil-wood,  and  mf>therof- 
pearl.  The  imports  consist  chlefiv  of  manufactured  goods. 
Total  exports  in  1845,  120.340Z.;  imports.  87.600Z. 

Costa  Kica  is  divided  into  three  department.s — the  Ea.stern, 
the  ^Vestern.  and  that  of  Nicoya.  Each  of  these  is  again 
subdivided  into  partidos  or  districts.  The  principal  cities 
are  San  Jose,  the  capital.  Cartago.  Erredia.  Estralla.  Esparza, 
and  UjaiTas.  The  two  established  ports  of  entry  are  Puntas 
Arenas,  in  the  Gulf  of  Nic-oya.  and  Matina.  on  the  Caribbean 
Sea.    The  government  of  Costa  Rica  was  establishetl  in  1S23, 

£07 


COS 


COT 


and  is  afwonnted  the  best  and  most  liberal  in  Central  Ame- 
rica, It  has  a  representative  legislature,  and  the  executive 
lo  lutrusted  to  a  supreme  chief.  The  re)i<rion  is  Komaii  Ca- 
tholic. The  annual  net  revenue  of  the  state  avera<res  about 
"d.*Xi?.  The  inhabitants  are  extremely  industrious  and 
orderly.  They  were  formerly  subjected  to  great  poverty, 
and  it  is  only  of  late  years,  and  since  the  cultivation  of 
coffee  on  an  extensive  scale  began  to  be  encouraged,  that  they 
have  attained  to  any  thing  like  their  present  prosperity. 

In  lS4t>-50,  the  government  granted  to  M.  G.  Laibnd. 
the  French  consul-general,  a  tract  of  land  from  the  Gulf  of 
Dulce.  on  the  Pacific,  to  the  Boca  del  Toro,  on  the  Caribbean 
Sea.  ftr  the  purpose  of  opening  a  route  between  the  two 
oceans.  The  route  across  the  isthmus  by  the  San  Juan 
River,  along  part  of  the  frontier  of  Costa  Kica,  is  so  far 
opened  that  steamers  now  ply  on  the  river  in  connection 
with  others  on  the  Lake  of  Nicaragua.  Pop.  150,000,  of 
whom  25,lKX)  are  Indians. 

COS'TUSSY  or  COS/SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  ca  of  Nor- 
folk. 

COSTIGLIOLE  D'ASTI.  kos-teel-yo/lA  dis'tee.  a  town  of 
the  Stjrdiuian  States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Alessandria, 
8  miles  S.  of  Astl.     Pop.  6016. 

CO.STIGLIOLK  DI  SALUZZO,  kos-teel-yo/lA  dee  sd-loot/so, 
a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Coni, 
province,  and  6  miles  S.  of  Saluzzo.     Pop.  2054. 

COSn'OCK.  or  COKT'LING  STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Nottingham. 
COSTO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
CO.*TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
CO.^'UMNE,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California. 
COSWIG.  kos/*iQ.  or  KO.SWIGK,  kos'wik,  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Germany,  duchy  of  Anhalt-Bernburg,  on  the  Kibe,  and 
on  the  Berlin  Railway.  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dessau.     Pop.  2S00. 
COTAB.A..MBAS.  ko-ti-bdm'bds,  a  province  of  Peru,  depart- 
ment of  Cuzco,  between  the  .\purimac  and  Pachachaea.  in- 
tersected from  S.  to  X.  by  the  Oropes.i,  an  afUuent  of  the 
Apurimac.    It  is  78  miles  long,  and  50  broad,  almost  entirely 
covered  with  mountains,  which  are  clad  with  snow  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  year.    Pop.  in  1S50,  23,241,  of  whom 
18,000  are  Indians. 

COTAGAYTA,  SANTIAGO  DE.  sin-te-i'go  dA  ko-t4-ghI'ti, 
a  sm.-Ul  town  of  Bolivia,  dep.artment,  and  15  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Potosi.  on  the  river  Cotagavta,  an  affluent  of  the  Pilcomayo. 
COTEAU  DES  PRAIBIES,  ko'to'  dA  priVee',  an  elevated 
region  or  swell  in  the  prairies  of  North  .^.nierica.  separating 
the  Imsin  of  the  Mississippi  from  that  of  the  Missouri,  It 
commences  aljout  the  parallel  of  40^^  N..  and  between  the 
meridians  of  9S°  and  9a°  W.,  and  extends  S.S.E.  2oO  miles 
to  the  h»iad  of  the  Blue  Earth  River,  where  it  gradually  fells 
to  the  level  of  the  suirounding  countrv. 

COTEAU  DO  LAC.  ko'to'  du  Idk,  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Vaudreuil.  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  42  miles 
S.W.  of  Montreal,  and  42  miles  from  Cornwall.  It  contains 
several  stores  and  hotels.     Pop.  about  350. 

COTK.AO  (ko'to'i  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Vaudreuil,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver,  45  miles  S.W. 
of  Montreal,  and  34  miles  from  Cornwall.  It  contains  several 
stores  and  a  hotel.     Pop.  about  350. 

COTE  BLA.NCIIE,  kot  bliNsh.  a  bay  in  the  S.  part  of  Lou- 
isiana, washes  the  S.W.  border  of  St.  Mary"s  parish,  commu- 
nicating with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  S.,  and  Vermilion 
Bay  on  the  W. 

COTE  DES  NEIGES.  kot  dA  naizh,  a  small  village  of  Cana- 
da Eitst.  in  the  rear  of  Montreal  Mountain,  2^^  miles  W.  of 
Montre.^1.     Pop.  aliout  150. 

COTE  D'OR.  kSt  doR,  (t. «.  "coasst  or  region  of  gold.")  a 
chain  of  mountains  in  France,  which  separates  the  basin 
of  the  Saone  from  those  of  the  Seine  and  Loire,  and  connects 
the  Cevennes  with  the  Vosges.  The  name  has  special  refei^ 
ence  to  the  small  chain  which  extends  from  Dijon  to  the 
southern  limit  of  the  department  of  Cote  d"Or,  iiud  was  be- 
stowed on  it  on  account  of  its  valuable  vineyards.  Culmi- 
nating point,  Le  Tasselot ;  height  lytiS  feet. 

COTE  D'OR,  a  department  in  the  E.  of  France,  formed 
of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Burgundy,  between  lat.  40°  55' 
and  48°  10'  X.,  and  surrounded  by  the  departments  of  Aube, 
Yonne.  Saone-etrLoire,  Jura.  Ilaute-Saone.  and  liaut-Marne. 
A.rea,  33.i4  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  384,140.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Seine,  the  Arman^n.  Serain.  and  Aulje.  in 
the  basin  of  the  Seine;  the  Saone,  which  is  navigable,  the 
Vingeaune.  and  the  Tille  and  Ouche.  its  affluents.  The  Ca- 
nal of  Burgundy  (Canal  de  Bourgosrnei  traverses  tlie  deiwrt- 
ment  from  S.E.  to  N.  W.  The  soil  is  rich  in  mines  of  iron 
and  coaL,  marble,  gypsum,  and  building  and  lithographic 
stones.  A  great  part  of  it  is  covered  with  forests.  It  is  ter- 
tile  in  grain  and  fruit,  but  especially  in  the  vine,  which  ren- 
dere  this  one  of  the  most  important  departments  of  France. 
Capital.  Dijon.  The  department  is  divided  into  fourarron- 
dissemeiits — Beaune.  Cbatillon-sur-Seine. Dijon. and  Semur. 
COTE.NTIN,  ko't<ix"'ti.N«',  (anc.  C'lielU  or  Vetfli^for  Oiii- 
ttaidi'nus.f)  a  digtrict  of  France,  in  the  old  province  of  Nor- 
mandy. It  forms  a  peninsula  in  the  N.of  the  department  of 
Maneiie.  extending  into  the  English  Channel;  its  N.  extra- 
Diiiy  is  Cape  La  Uague;  the  principal  town,  Coutances. 
6U8 


COTE-ROTIE,  XOt-roMee'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Rhone,  arrondissement  of  Lyons,  canton  of  St.  Colonibe, 
with  a  vineyard  producing  the  celebrated  red  wine  of  that 
name. 

COTE  SANS  DESSEIN.  kot  sAn  dJs-sIn',  a  post-vill.ige  ii\ 
CalLiway  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  N.  bank  of  Missouri  Kiver, 
about  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

COTES  DU  NORD.  kot  dU  noR.  a  maritime  department  of 
the  W.  of  F" ranee,  formeil  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Bre- 
tagne.  It  is  situated  between  lat.  4S°  3' and  4^°  57'  N., 
l>ounded  X.  by  the  English  Channel,  in  which  it  comprisee 
several  small  island^  8.  by  the  department  of  Morbihan,  E. 
by  lUe-et-Vilaine.  and  W.  by  Finistere.  Area.  1967  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  028,676,  The  princip.al  rivers  are  the 
Rauce,  Arguenon,  Gouet,  Trienx.  and  Oust,  all  small.  The 
soil  is  mountainous  and  undulating,  and  contain.s  iron,  lead, 
excellent  granite,  and  many  mineral  springs.  Corn  and  cider 
are  exported:  hemp  and  tiax  are  extensively  raised:  many 
horses  and  cattle  are  reared.  Linen  goods  are  expirted  in 
immense  quantities.  Cipital,  St.  Brieuc.  The  department 
is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Din.tn,  Guingamp, 
Lannion,  Loudeac.  and  St.  Brieuc. 

COTES,  LES.  lA  kOt,  several  vineyards  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde.  Those  which  produce  the  best  graiws  ex- 
tend along  the  Garonne,  between  Ambares  and  St.  Croi^ 
du-Mont. 

COTE  ST.  AXDRfi,  LA,  lA  kat  sJirt  6x»MrA',  a  town  of 
France,  department  oi'  Isfire.  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Vienne.  Pop. 
in  1852.  4429.  Its  vicinity  produces  the  celebrated  liqueur 
called  Eaux  de  la  Cut«. 

COTES'WOLD,  or  COTS/WOLD  HILLS,  in  England,  a  tract 
of  about  201.01.0  acres  in  the  centre  of  the  county  of  Glou- 
cester, extending  from  Bath  northward  to  Chipping  Camp- 
den.  and  separating  the  basins  of  the  Thames  and  Severn. 
The  surface  is  generally  bare.  Extreme  elevation,  near 
Cheltenh.^m,  ll:J4  feet. 

COT'GKAVE.  a  p:irish  of  Englivnd,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

COT'II.\M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

COTH'ELTONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

COTIIEN.  (Cothen.)  a  town  of  Genn.tnv.    See  KiiTUKjf. 

COTH'ERIDGE,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Worcester. 

COTU'ERSTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

CL>''rHY^,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen,  which, 
after  a  southward  course  of  25  miles,  joins  the  Towy  about 
5  miles  above  Carmarthen. 

COTIGNAC.  ko^teen\vAk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Var,  16  miles  W.  of  Draguignan.  Pop.  3397.  It  has  trade 
in  silks,  leather,  confectionery,  and  wine. 

C(JTIGNOLA,  ko-teen-yoHA".  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in 
.Emilia,  34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fenara,  nciir  the  Seiinio.  Pop. 
3335. 

COTILE.  ko'teel'.  a  post-ofRce  of  Rapides  parish.  Louisiana. 

COTINDIBA,  ko-teen-dee/bl  or  COTINGUIBA.  ko-teen- 
ghee'bA.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  N.  side  of  Monnt  Ita- 
baianna,flow8  :Omost  due  K.,  and  falls  into  the  .Mlantic  18 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Sergipe  del  Rey,  after  a  course  of  about  90 
miles. 

COT'L.A.ND.  a  post-offlce  of  Newton  CO.,  Texas. 

COTLEIGII.  kot/lee,  a  pansh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

COTO'MA.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  eo..  .Mabama. 

COT'OX.  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambiidire. 

COTOP.A..\I.  ko-to-pax'ee.  (Sp.  pron.  ko-to-pAh'uee.')  a  vol- 
cano of  South  .\meric.i.  in  F>uador.  in  the  E.  Cordillera  of 
the  Andes.  34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Quito.  L.it.  0°  41'  S..  Ion.  7*"  i'i^ 
W.  Its  shape  is  perfectly  conical :  height  aliove  tiie  sea, 
18.876  feet,  or  9800  feet  above  the  adjacent  valley,  being  the 
highest  volcano  in  America  that  has  been  active  in  modern 
times.  The  upper  4400  feet  of  tlie  mountain  are  covei-ed 
with  snow,  except  a  section  around  its  summit.  The  scoriaB, 
lava,  and  rocky  fragments  which  are  the  produce  of  it.s 
eruptions,  cover  an  area  of  some  50  or  60  sfju.ire  miles.  Its 
first  recorded  eruption  occurred  about  the  time  of  Pizarro's 
invasion  of  South  .\merica.  In  1698.  an  eruption  destroyed 
the  city  of  Tacunga.  In  1738,  the  flames  rose  3oii0  feet 
above  the  brink  of  the  crater;  and  in  174:1.  the  fire  burst 
forth  from  several  new  apertures  near  the  summit,  followed 
by  profuse  torrents  of  water,  which  flooded  and  desolated 
the  whole  plain  below.  In  the  Slay  also  of  the  following 
ye.ir.  1744,  the  internal  fire  opened  for  itself  new  passages; 
and  again,  in  April.  1708.  the  smokeaud  ashes  were  so  den.'ie, 
and  caused  such  darkness.  th.-4t  many  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  province  werec-ompelled  togo  about  with  lanterns  during 
almost  the  whole  day.  In  18i>3.  another  eruption  occurred, 
after  an  app.irently  complete  st-ite  of  quiescence  dui  log  20 
years.  In  the  Jatiuary  of  that  year,  the  snows  began  sud- 
denly to  melt :  and  in  a  single  night  the  internal  files  be- 
came 80  active  that  at  day  dawn  the  outer  walls  of  thf-  cone 
were  seen  to  be  quite  baro.  and  of  a  dark  brown  hue.  like 
vitrified  scoriae  or  lava.  At  the  port  of  Guayaquil,  v.hich  is 
130  miles  distant  in  a  .sti-aight  line,  Humboldt  heard,  day 
and  night,  the  roaring  and  explosions  of  this  volcano,  like 
continued  discharges  of  a  battery  of  artillery 
COTO'SA,  a  post-office  of  Walker  co..  Georgi  i 
COTRONE,  ko-tpo/uA,  (anc  CruU/na  )  «  to  »n  of  Naples, 


COT 


COU 


proviuce  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  on  its  E.  coast,  near  the 
mouth  ot  the  Ksaro.  6  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Xau.  Pop.  5500. 
It  is  eiK'lfSdU  by  walls,  and  defended  hy  a  strong  citadel. 
Among  its  narrow  streets  and  shabljy  houses  are  a  cathe- 
dral and  /ieveral  other  churches,  a  diocesiin  seminary,  mili- 
tary and  civil  hospitals,  and  several  asylums  and  convents. 
It  has  a  small  harbor;  trade  jnsijrniticant.  In  ancient 
times  it  wa«  tamous  for  the  school  of  Pythan;oras.  and  as 
the  birthplace  of  the  famous  >lilo  and  other  celebrated 
wrestlers. 

COTHONEI,  ko-tro-ni'ee,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  20  miles  ^V.N'.W.  ef  Cotrone. 
Pop.  1400. 

GOTTA,  kof  ti,  a  village  of  Ceylon.  6  miles  E.  of  Colombo, 
formerly  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  kings  of  Ceylon.  There 
is  here  a  Christian  institution.  Singhalese  and  Malabar 
youths  receive  instruction  in  the  IleVirew,  Greek,  Ij;itin, 
and  English  languages,  mathematics,  and  theology.  There 
are  also  lure  a  chapel  and  a  printing  oflice. 

COT'T.\(iK,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York. 

COTTACiE.  a  post-otlice  of  Huntingdon  co..  Pennsylvania. 

COTT.VijE,  a  post-office  of  .Montgomery  CO.,  Maryland. 

COnWGK  GliOVE,  a  po-st-oflice  of  Union  co.,  Indiana. 

COTT.\GE  GROVE,  a  post-village  and  towu.sliip  in  Dane 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  12  miles  S.IO.  of  MjuJi.ion.     Pop.  130.3. 

COTTAGE  GUOVE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  .Min- 
nesota, 15  miles  S.tl.  of  6ft.  Paul. 

COTT.\GE  HILL,  a  post-otlice  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

COTTAGE  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana. 

COTTAGK  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Du  Page  co,.  Illinois. 
on  the  Chicago  and  Galena  Kailroad,  IG  miles  W,  of  Chi- 
cago. 

CoTT.VGE  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa. 

COTTAGE  HOME,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Marvland. 

COTT.\GE  HO-ME,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.," North 
Carolina. 

COTT.\GE  INN,  a  post-office  of  I^  Fayette  co.,  Winconsin. 

COTTAGE  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Jluscogee  co.,  Georgia. 

COTTBUS  or  KOTTBUS,  kott/bCfis,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Spree, 
43  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  8127.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  several  suburbs,  a  royal  palace,  college,  orphan 
asylum,  and  various  other  public  institutions;  also  ex- 
ten.sive  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  linen,  hosiery,  and 
tobacco,  with  breweries,  distilleries,  and  export  and  transit 
trade. 

COT'TENIIAM,  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.,  and 
6j  miles  N.  of  Cambridge.  Pop.  l.Sa:3.  In  1109  some  monks 
of  Crowland  resorted  hither  as  lecturers,  whence  is  supposed 
to  have  resulted  the  system  of  academical  instruction  at 
Cambridge.  Arcbbi.shop  Tenison,  Pepys,  and  l.ord  Ciian- 
cellor  Cottenham  were  born  in  this  parish. 

COT'TEHED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

COT'TEKSTOCK,  a  parish  of  England.  c6.  of  Northamp- 
ton, 2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cundle.  Various  Roman  antiquities 
have  been  discovered  here. 

COT'TESBATCII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

COT'TE.SBROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

COT'TE.^FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

COT'TESMORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

COT'TI  A  \  ALPS.  (anc.  AUpfg  O,0li(e. )  a  division  of  the  Alps, 
extending  from  Monte  Viso  north-westward  to  Mount  Cenis. 

COTTJC.Il.  kot-tee'kd,  a  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  rising  in 
the  N.E.  part  of  the  colony,  and  falling  into  the  Commewyne. 

COT'TINGHAM,  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  East  Riding. 

COTTINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Nortlmmptou. 

CtKl'TlSllALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

COTTLKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri. 

COTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COTTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

COT'TO.X,  a  township  in  Switzeriand  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1800. 

COTTON  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co..  Tennessee. 

COTTON  GIN,  a  post-office  of  Freestone  co.,  Texas. 

COTTON  GIN  PORT,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  Tombigbee  River,  16  miles  above  Aberdeen. 
Cotton  is  shipped  here  in  steamboats. 

COTTON  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Davidson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

COTTON  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co..  Mississippi. 

COTTON  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co..  Teunes- 
Bee,  142  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville.    Pop.  about  100. 

COTTON  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  AVapello  co.,  Iowa. 

COTTON  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co..  Virginia. 

COTTON  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Kandolph  co.,  Georgia. 
150  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgevilla 

COTTON  PLANT,  a  post-office  of  Tippah  co„  Mississippi. 

COTTON  PLANT,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  co..  Texiis. 

COTTON  PLANT,  a  post-office  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Arkansas. 

COTTON  KIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  CO.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

COTTON  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Macon  CO.,  Alabama. 

COTTON  VI LLE,  a  post-village  in  Marshall  co.,  Alabama, 
about  120  miles  N.  of  Montgomery, 


COTTONVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Christian  co..  Kentucky. 

COTTON  VILLE,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  70  mil** 
N.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

COT'TONWOtJD,  a  post-village  of  Shasta  co..  California. 

COTTONWOOD,  a  small  town  of  Yolo  co..  California. 

COTTONAVOOD  CREEK,  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  falls 
iiito  Sacramento  River,  about  20  miles  below  Shasta  City. 

COTTONWOOD  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Bond  co..lllinoia. 

COTTONWOOD  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Pemiscot  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

COTTRELVILLE,a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  St.  Clair 
CO..  Michigan,  on  the  W.  side  of  St.  Clair  River,  about  40 
miles  N.e';  of  Detroit.    Pop.  1627. 

COTUIT.  kot'u-it.  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  township, 
Barnstable  co..  Massachusetts,  6S  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

COTUIT  PORT,  a  post-village  and  seaport  of  Barnstable 
township,  Barnstable  CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  Oyster  Bay,  70 
miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

COTUY  or  COTUI,  ko-twee',  a  town  of  the  island  of  Hay  ti, 
in  the  North-east»»rn  department,  near  the  river  Yuiia.  44 
miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Domingo.  Pop.  2000.  In  its  vicinity 
are  copper  and  iron  mines. 

COTY.EUM.    SeeKuTAlEH. 

COUBCABIA.    See  CooiicAuiA, 

COUCHES,  koosh,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Autun.  Pop.  in  1>>62, 2800. 

COUCHE'S  (kfiw'chfz)  GAP,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co., 
Tennessee. 

CMJUCHE'S  .MILLS,  a  poet-offlce  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

COUCKELAERE.kOw-kfh-ld'reh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Fl;»nders,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges,  on  the 
Westelieke.     I'op.  4162. 

COUCY-LE-CHaTEAU.  kooVeeleh-shaHo'.  a  town  of 
Franco,  department  of  Aisne.  10  miles  N.  of  Soissons.  It 
has  the  remains  of  a  fine  old  feudal  castle,  whence  its  name. 
Pop.  in  1862,  830. 

COUDEAC.  koo/dil-ak'.  or  PETICODIAC.  pet-e-ko'do-ak\  a 
river  of  British  North  America,  in  New  Brunswick,  tailing 
into  Shepody  Bay.  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  after  a 
course  of  about  (k)  miles. 

COCDEKERCJUE.  k(X)d'keRK/, a  village  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Nord,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Dunkerque.     Pop.  1593. 

COUDERSPORT.  kow'dgrz-port,  w  ritten  also  COWDERS- 
PORT.  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Alleghany  River.  174  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Harrisburg.  It 
has  1  newspaper  office.    Pop.  446. 

COUDES-.MONTPEYROUX,  kood-mANo^prVroo/.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  with  remains  of  the 
Castle  of  Montpeyroux.     Pop.  1473. 

COUDOliNlA.  koc>-doo'ne-d(7)a river  of  Western  Africa,  in 
Soodan.  falling  into  the  Niger  5  miles  N.W.  of  Egsa. 

COUDRES,  kood'r.  (Fr.  ItU  aiia-,  Cmi/lres.  eel  6  kood'p, 
"  Hazel  Island,")  an  island  of  Canada  East,  in  the  St.  Ijiw. 
reuce.  56  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.     Length.  6  miles.     Pop.  300. 

COIERON,  koo-A'rAN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-lnferieure.  on  the  i^oire,  with  a  biisin  and  quay  on  the 
Loire.  14  miles  S.E.  of  Savenay.  Pop.  1162.  Commerce  in 
linens,  cloths,  wine,  brandy,  and  fish. 

•    COUESMES,  kwaim  or  kw?m,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment and  11  miles  N.N.W'.  of  Mayenne.     I'op.  1640. 

COUESNON,  koo-A'nAs"',  or  kWiVmiN"/,  a  river,  of  France, 
department  of  lUe-et-Vilaiue,  enters  Cancale  Bay  nearly  op- 
posite Mont  St.  Michel,  after  a  generally  N.  course  of  65 
mile.s.  for  the  last  20  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

COUFFE,  koof.  a  vill.ige  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Interieure.  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ancenis.     Pop.  1750. 

COUGH'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

COU  HE.  kmi'kf.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vienne, 
11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Civray,  on  the  Dive.  Pop.  1913.  It  has 
manufacttn-es  of  coarse  woollen  stuffs. 

COLLAN.    See  Qulon. 

COULL.  kool,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen.  W.  of 
I..amphanan,  with  462  inhabitants,  and  the  ruins  of  a  large 
feudal  castle. 

COULLOX,  kooPlAN"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret.  33  miles  S.E.  of  Orieans.     Pop.  2060. 

COUl/MAN,  an  Island  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean.  Lat.  73° 
36'  S.,  Ion.  170°  0'  2"  E.  Discovered  by  Sir  James  Ross,  on 
January  17.  1841. 

COULOMMIERS,  kooMom'me-A'.  a  town  of  Franco,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Marne.  on  the  Grand-Moron,  an  affluent  of 
the  Marne.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Meaux.  Pop.  in  1852,  42.57.  ]tg 
chief  edifices  are  a  large  parish  church  and  the  ruins  of  an 
old  castle.  It  has  an  active  trade  with  Paris  in  corn  and 
flour.  Brie  cheeses,  fruit,  and  cattle. 

COULONGES-SUR-LAUTIZE,  kooMAxzh'-sUR-loHeez',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Deux-Sfevres,  12  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Niort.     Pop.  1845. 

COULS'DON,  kols'd^n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

COUL'SON'S  (kol'sonz)  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co., 
Missouri.  110  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

COUL/STON,  (kol'ston)  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilt.s., 

COULTER,  LOCH,  loK  kool'tjr,  a  small  lake  of  Scotland, 

609 


cou 

eo.  of  Stirling,  parish  of  St.  Ninian's,  abont  2  miles  in  cir^ 
immference.  1  ts  waters  are  rejiorted  to  have  sunk  from  10  to 
\i  feet  at  the  time  of  the  great  earthquake  at  Lisl>on.  in  1766. 

COU  1.1'KKS  CROSS  K0ADS,a8mall  village  of  Lixucaater 
CO.,  I'ennsylvaiiia. 

COUL'TER'S  STORK,  a  pos(>office  of  Macon  cc,  Missouri. 

COL'L'TEiiSA'ILLK,  a  post-village  of  Butler  cc,  Pennsyl- 
rania.  175  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

COUf/TON,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

COUN'CI  h  BENIi.  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  cc,  Arkansas. 

COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  CITY  OF,  a  post-village  and  capital 
of  Pottawattomie  cc,  Iowa,  on  the  left  (E.)  bank  of  the  Mis- 
Douri  Kiver,  opposite  Omaha  City,  aliout  1000  miles  above 
St.  Louis,  and  120  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  by  S.  of  Des 
Moines.  Lat.  41°  18'  N.  A  council  was  held  here  with  the 
Indians  by  Lews  and  Clark  in  1804 — hence  its  name.  It 
contains  6  churches,  3  banks,  and  about  50  stores.  One  daily 
and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  pulilished  here.  Council  Bluffs 
is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Hail- 
road  (unfinished).  Another  railroad  is  in  progress  between 
this  point  and  St.  Joseph,  Missouri.     Pop.  2011. 

Council  grove,  a  post-viUage,  capital  of  Morris  co., 
Kansas,  on  the  great  thoroughfare  to  Santa  Fe,  about  55 
miles  S.W.  of  Topeka.  It  contains  several  stores,  steam 
eaw-mills.  a  grist-mill.  Ax.    In  the  vicinity  are  coal  mines. 

COUNCIli  HII.L,  a  post-village  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois, 
7  miles  l)y  railroad  N.E.  of  Galena,  has  rich  lead-mines  in 
its  vicinity.    Pop.  850. 

COU.VD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

COUN'DON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

COUNT  KSTIIORPE.  a  chapelrvofEngland.  CO.  of  Leicester. 

COUN'TISBUKY.  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Devon. 

COUN'TS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

COUXTY  LINE,  a  postKiffice  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 

COUNTY  LINE,  a  post-office  of  Davie  co..  North  Carolina. 

COUNTY  LI  N  E.  a  post-village,  Campbell  co..  Georgi.t.  on  the 
left  side  of  Chattahoochee  River,  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Atlanta. 

County  line,  a  post-viUage  of  Tallapoosa  CO.,  Alabama, 
40  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montgomery. 

CiJUNTY  LINE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Newton  co.,  Mississippi, 
60  miles  K.  by  N.  of  Jackson. 

County  line,  a  post-office  of  Pike  CO.,  Arkansas. 

COUNTY  LINE  CKEEK.  of  Caswell  co..  North  Carolina, 
flows  into  Dan  River  at  Milton,  near  the  N.bound;iryof  the 
state. 

COUP.ANQ,  a  town  of  >lalav  .\rehipelago.     See  Coep.vnq. 

COUPE-(koopVLE\Cll-NE\VlIALL'KEY.  a  township  of 
England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ilaslington. 

Cl»UP1AC.  koo"pe-dk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron.  25  miles  j<.  of  Rodez.     Pop.  27t''3. 

COURBKVOIE.  kooRMieh-vwJ',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  on  the  Si'iiie.  and  on  the  I'aris  and  Versailles 
Railway.  5i  miles  N.W.of  Paris.     Pop.  in  1852.  5065. 

COU  itCiOLLES.  kooR'sMl'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  44  miles  N.W.  of  Charleroi.  Pop.  322fi.  Coukcellk 
or  CnCRCELLES  is  the  name  of  several  other  villages  of  France. 

COUliCKMONT.  kooaVh-mAxo'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Sarthe,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  1862. 

COUKCrrfi.  kooR'see'ta'.  a  market^town  of  i'rance,  depart- 
ment and  17  miles  E.  of  Mavenne.     Pop.  1900. 

COUllDKMANClIE,  kooRMeh-ma>rsh'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Sarthe.  11  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Calais.  Pop.  lliOO. 

COURLAND  or  KURLAND,  koorOind.  (Ger.  pron.  kooR'- 
I4nt.)  a  government  of  Russia,  mostly  between  lat.  56°  and 
58°  N..  and  Ion.  21°  and  27°  E.:  having  S.  the  government 
of  Wiln.i.  E.  Vitebsk.  N.  Livonia  and  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  and 
W.  the  R-iltie.  Area.  10.608  Siiuare  miles.  Pop.  639  270. 
mostly  Protestants,  and  of  Lithuanian  descent.  Coast  fiat ; 
surface  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  the  Duna.  BuUer.  An. 
and  Windau;  l.ikes  numerous.  Soil  fertile  in  the  E.,  but  in 
many  other  parts  swampy:  about  two-fiflhs  of  the  surface 
are  covered  with  forests  of  fir  and  oak.  More  corn  is  raised 
than  is  requin-d  for  home  consumption.  \\"ith  fiax.  hemp,  to- 
bacco, and  fruits.  Pastura;re  scanty,  and  the  oxen,  sheep,  and 
horses  are  generally  of  inferior  breeds.  In  manufacturing 
indu.^try  Couiland  ranks  nenrly  the  last  among  the  Russian 
governments:  it  has  only  a  few  manufactures  of  paper  and 
copper-w.tres,  with  distilleries  and  tile  factories.  Principal 
towns,  Mitau,  the  capital.  Lilian.  Goldingen.  and  Jacolstpd. 
Courland  formed  an  independent  duchy  frfmi  Ib^l  to  17?>5: 
It  was  incorporated  with  Russia  in  the  latter  year,  but  the 
Codrlanders  maintained  their  ancient  ri'jhts  and  privileges. 

COUKNON,  kooR'nAx"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Puy-de-POme,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Clermont-Ferrand,  near  the 
AUier.     Pop.  2515. 

COURONNK.  La,  \i  koo'ronn'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charente.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Angonlfime.  Pop.  in  1862, 
2340.     It  has  numerous  paper  mills. 

COURONNB.  La,  two  villages  of  France,  department  of 
delne-lnfSrieure,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  6  miles 
W.  of  St.  I'.ouen.     Unite(i  pop.  2630. 

OiJURPIKRK,     kooR'pe-aiR',  a  town   of  France,  depart- 
ment of  I'uv-le-DOme,  on  the  Dore,  22  miles  E.  of  Clermont. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  3810. 
ftlO 


COU 

COtJRRTfiRES,  kooR'Re-alR'.  a  town  of  Frani-e,  depaI^ 
ment  of  Pas-de-Cal.ais,  18  miles  E:S.E.  of  Bethune.  Pop.  1S38. 

COURS.  kooR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Rhone, 
20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Villefranche.  on  the  Tiaml>ouze.  Pop. 
in  1852,  4ti88.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods,  called  Beaujnl.iis. 

COUKS.AN,  kooR'sSx"',  a  vilLage  of  France,  department 
of  Aude.  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Narlwnne.     Pop.  2000. 

COUR'Sl^NVILLK,  a  village  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey,  9 
miles  N.N.?;,  of  Newton,  has  a  store  and  a  mill. 

COURSEULLES,  kooR'siU',  or  COURSEVLLE-SUR-MER, 
kooR^siU'-stlR-maiR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Calvar 
dos,  near  the  English  Channel.  11  miUs  N.N.W.  of  Caen. 
Pop.  1540.  employed  in  lace-making,  and  coasting  trade. 

COURSON,  kooR^sAx-"',  a  village  of  France.  dep;irtment  of 
Yonne.  13  miles  S.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  1530. 

COURSON.  a  village  of  France,  dep.irtnient  of  Calv:ido8, 40 
miles  S.W.  of  Caen.     Pop.  ISno. 

COURTABLEAU  (kooR'tl'blo')  BAYOU,  of  Louisiana,  la 
formed  by  the  Boeuf  and  Crocodile  Bayous,  which  unite 
.about  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Opelousas.  Flowing  south-east- 
ward, it  entt-rs  the  .\tcha&laya  on  the  E.  border  of  St.  l,an- 
dry  parish,  after  a  course  of  30  or  40  miles.  During  high 
water  it  is  navigable  by  steamlx)ats  from  its  mouth  to 
Washington,  and  is  important  as  a  channel  by  which  the 
produce  of  thie  parish  is  exported. 

COURT AIS  (koorH.V)  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  into  the 
Osage  Fork  of  Maramec  River,  in  Crawford  county. 

COURTEENIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

COURTELART.    See  CorRTHRi. 

COURTENAY,  kooRt^nA'.  a  to^vn  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Montargis.     Pop.  1984. 

COURTESY,  a  village  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia,  about  60 
miles  N.W.  of  Atlanta. 

COURT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Bolivar  co.,  Missis.«ippi. 

COURTINAY.  koor'te-n.V.  a  lai-ge  village  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  district  .ind  10  miles  N.W.  of  Bellary. 

COURTISOLS,  kooRHee'sol',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Marne.  arrondis.sement,  and  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  ChSr 
Ions,  on  the  Vesle.  Pop.  VJOO.  Its  inhabitants,  sain  to  be 
descended  from  an  ancient  Greek  colony,  are  distinguished 
by  their  agricultural  knowledge,  their  patois,  and  many  pe- 
culiar customs. 

COURTL.\ND.  k5rt/I.ind,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  railroad  between  Tuscumbia  and  Decatur, 
about  2'j  miles  E.  of  tlie  former. 

COUIITLAND,  Michigan.    See  Corti.an-d. 

COURTL.AND,  a  sm.-iil  village  of  Jackson  CO.,  Indiana,  has 
a  ste«ni  mill  and  a  few  stores. 

COURTL.AND.a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,Wiscon.sin. 

COURTL.ARl  or  COURTEL.\RI.  koontMa^ree',  a  market- 
town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  24  miles  N.W.  of  Bern.  It 
has  an  old  castle.     Pop.  878. 

COUHrMACSHER'RY.  a  fishing  village  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  bay,  7  miles  K. 
of  Clonakilty.  Pop.  740.  Courtmatsberry  House,  iu  the 
vieinitv.  is  a  m.arine  villa  of  the  Earl  of  Shannon. 

CoURT'NEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

COURTR.M  or  COURTRAY.  koonHrV.  (anc.  Chrtnriacum  ; 
Flem.  Kortri/k;  koKt'rike,)  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  capital  of  the  arrondissenient.  on 
the  Lys.  26  miles  N.W.  of  Ghent,  with  which,  as  also  with 
most  of  the  other  principal  places  in  Belgium,  it  communi- 
cates by  railway.  Pop.  23,382.  It  is  Well  built  and  clean; 
chief  edifices,  a  Gothic  town-hall  and  cathedral.  St.  JIartin'g 
Church,  and  a  public  library  of  12.000  volumes.  It  has  va- 
rious public  schools.  In  and  around  it  extensive  manufiic- 
tures  of  linen  and  cotton  fabrics,  of  damasks,  lace,  and  yarn 
ai-e  carried  on:  and  it  has  also  manufactures  of  wcoUeu 
goods,  hosiery,  paper,  toliacco.  soap,  beer,  and  leather,  with 
large  fiirs  on  Easter-Monday  and  .August  24. 

Courtrai  is  of  early  origin:  in  Roman  times  it  w.as  called 
Oorfnriacinn.  The  Normans  took  and  fortified  it  in  S^O;  the 
locality  was  made  a  countship  in  988,  The  (lirst)  ■•  Rattle 
of  Spurs"  was  f  >ught  close  to  the  town,  July  11.  1302.  be- 
tween the  Flemings  and  Fn>nch.  in  which  the  latter  were 
defeated  with  immense  loss,  including  the  8lK/0/7i7/  .^jnirs  ot 
the  killeii  or  vanquished  French  knights.  fir>m  which  cii  cum- 
stance  the  fight  took  its  name.  In  13~^2.  the  French  took  and 
sacked  the  town,  professedly  to  revenge  this  sigiial  ditcat.  In 
1385.  Count  I'hilip  the  Hardy  erected  new  fortificati'U.=r  and 
strengthened  the  <  Id.  as  did  the  French  in  1047  :  the  latter 
took  the  town  again  in  1793.  Courtrai.  under  their  repub- 
lic and  empire,  became  chief  town  of  an  arrondis.«enient  of 
the  department  of  the  Lys.  In  1814,  it  reverted  to  the  Ne- 
theriands. 

COURT  WRIGHTS  (kOrt/rlts)  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Iro- 
quois CO..  Illinois. 

COUHVILLE,  kooRVeel',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir,  on  the  Enre,  11  miles  W.  of  Chartre.-*,  with 
1640  inhabitants. 

COURZIEU   or   COURSIEUX,  kTORVe-ch',  a  village  of 


cou 

Piance,  depailment  of  RhOne,  12  miles  W.  of  Lyons.    Pop. 
1630. 

COUSER.WS.  LE,  leh  koo'zeh-rSx"',  an  ancient  district  of 
France,  situattd  anion"g  the  Pyrenees,  near  tlie  frontiers  of 
Spain.     Its  capital  was  St.  Lizier. 

COUSIl.M'TEK  CHUTE,  (slioot)  a  post-office  of  Xachitoches 
parisli.  Louisiana. 

COUSS.VC-UO.VNEVAL,  koosVik'bonnVil'.  a  village  of 
France,  de.partment  of  Haute-Vienne,  21  miles  S.  of  Li- 
moges. I'op.  ii:  1S.')2.  SlxiV.  It  has  manufactures  of  porcelain. 
COUT.-V.NCKS,  kooHAxss',  (anc.  Omstan/tia.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Manclie,  capital  of  the  arrondi.s.se- 
ment.  at  the  coiitlueni.-e  of  ttie  Soulle  and  Bulsard.  8  miles 
frcm  the  Kuytlish  Channel,  and  41  miles  S.  of  Cherbour;?. 
Pop.  in  1852.  80i)4.  It  stjind.s  on  a  hill  slope,  surrounded 
by  an  old  wall ;  it  is  not  well  built,  but  has  an  ancient  ca- 
thedra!, and  two  other  handsome  churches,  a  bishop's  pa- 
l.ice,  prefecture,  commercial  college,  public  library,  and 
theatra.  .Manufactures  of  worsted  stuffs,  druijrptets,  tape, 
laoe,  parchments,  and  liardwares.  and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn, 
flax,  hemp,  butter,  and  cattle,  and  two  con.siderable  annual 
fairs.  C'lutances  is  an  ancient  town,  and  Ivad  a  bishop  in 
430.  It  was  afterwards  fortified,  and  became  the  capital  of 
the  district  of  Cotentiu.  The  fortifications  have  almost  en- 
tirely disappeared. 

COCTEK.N'K.  kooHSRn'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Orne,  on  the  V6e,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Mayenne,  11 
miles  K.S.K.  of  Domfront.     Pop.  1720. 

COUTH KZO.N.  kooHeh-zANO',  a  vill.ase  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  arrondissement,  and  10  miles  N.N.K.  of 
Avignon,  on  a  branch  of  the  Ouveze.     Pop.  2558. 

COUTIIUI.N-HKI'PK,  k5w-toiiiMp'peh,  (Fr.  pi-on.  koo'- 
twSxo'iJpp. )  a  villai;e  of  Belgium,  province  of  Liese,  on  the 
Meuse.  4  miles  W.  of  Huy.  Both  coal  and  iron  are  worked, 
and  there  are  also  lime-kilns.     Pop.  '24y9. 

COUTICIIKS,  kooHeesh'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  8  miles  .\.E.  of  Pouai.  Pop.  2110.  It  has  maiiu- 
fiietures  of  l)eet-root  susjar. 

COUWUVllK.  koo"toovn',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Loire.  8  miles  N.K.  of  Koanne.     Pop.  1750. 

COUTR.\.S.  koo'tri'.  (anc.  0>rterate,)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment uf  Uironde,  on  the  Dronne,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Bour- 
deaux.     I'op.  I:i:'i5. 

COUTUIIK,  IjA,    li  kooHllR/,  a  vill.nge  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais.  5  miles  N.K.  of  Itethune.     Pop.  2360. 
COUTUllK,  La,  a  villase  of  France,  depiirtraent  of  Eure, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Evreux,  with  mauufactures  of  wind-instru- 
ments. 

COUVES,  k6'vfe  or  ko'ooS-Ss.  two  small  islands  of  Brazil, 
off  the  coast  of  the  province  of  Sao  Paulo.  Lat.  23°  25'  S. ; 
Ion.  44°  .^6'  \y. 

COU  VET.  knoV.V.  a  villacre  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Val-de- 
Traver.s,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Neufcbattil.  It  is  the  centre  of 
the  lace  manufactures  of  the  canton. 

COU VI. V.  koo\i.\°'.  a  viila;je  of  Bel^um,  province,  and 
35  miles  S.W.  of  Xaraur.  Pop.  2000.  It  luw  rich  iron-mines, 
and  important  aud  celebrated  manufactures  of  steam  ma- 
chinery and  cables. 

COU.X.  Le,  leh  koo,  a  villase  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne.  Vi  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Sarlat.     Pop.  15S3. 

COVE,  a  fipliin;j;  viliaire  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine,  on 
the  S.  shore  of  Nigg  Bay,  4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aberdeen. 
Pop.  421. 

CC»VK,  a  maritime  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  1  mile 
E.  of  Kinsala.     Pop.  352. 

COVE,  a  post-villaLce  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama,  70  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  .Montiriimery. 
COVE,  a  pist-oflice  of  Polk  CO..  .4rkans.is. 
COVE  CREEK,  a  postoftice  of  Tazewell  co..  Virginia. 
COVE  CREEK,  a  pist-otftoe  of  lienton  co.,  Alab.ama. 
COVE  DALE,  a  post-ofHce  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 
COVE  IIVTIIE,  a  piirish  of  En-rland,  eo.  of  Suffolk. 
COVE'LAND,  a  post-village  of  Island  co.,  Washington 
Territ.iry. 

COVE'LOXO.  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
Jency.  and  22  miles  S.  of  Madras,  district  of  Chingleput.    A 
fort  here,  now  destroyed,  was  taken  by  Clive  in  1752. 
COVE'XEV.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
CO\  'EXllA.M  SI'.  BAUTlluL'OMEW.a  parish  of  England,. 
00.  of  Lincoln. 

COVE.MIAM  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 
COVE.  NORTH,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
COVEXTRY.  kuv'en-tre.  (L.  Oivenltria,)&city  of  England, 
CO.  of  Warwick.  S5  miles  X.W.  of  London.  9J  miles  N.N. E.  of 
Warwick,  on  the  London  and  North-western  Railway.  It 
is  situated  partly  on  a  gentle  eminence  rising  in  a  valley,  and 
partly  on  a  hill,  fallingaway  gradually  on  each  side — the  whole 
stretching  from  E.  to  \V.  for  nearly  2  miles,  and  bounded  on 
the  N.E.  by  the  river  Sherbourneand  the  brook  at  Radford. 
The  more  modern  parts  of  the  town  are  regularly  and  well 
built;  but  a  few  irregular  and  narrow  streets  still  remain, 
lined  with  houses  in  the  style  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
aenturies.  Several  new  streets  have  been  formed  of  late 
years,  a  number  of  new  and  handsome  houses  built,  aud  a 


COT 

great  and  general  improvement  effected  in  the  appearance 
of  the  town.  The  whole  is  well  paved  and  lighted  with 
gas;  and  the  Inhaliitants  are  abundantly  supplied  with 
water  from  the  corporation  water-works.  Among  the  more 
rem.arkable  buildings  are  St.  Michaels  Church,  a  master- 
piece of  the  lighter  Gothic  style,  aud  having  a  beautiful 
spire  3<J3  feet  high;  Trinity  Church,  with  a  spire  2;J7  fett 
high;  St.  John's  Church,  a  plain  cruciform  structure  of  the 
time  of  Ed\yard  III.;  Christ  Church,  a  handsome  moiern 
building,  attached  to  the  elegant  spire  of  the  (ireyfriars' 
niona.stery;  and  St.  Mary's  Hall,  erected  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VI.,  and  esteemed  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the 
ornamental  architecture  of  the  fiftet-iith  century  in  Eng- 
land. To  these  buildings  may  be  added  the  Theatre,  the 
Town-hall,  the  Drapers'  Hall,  the  Jail,  barracks,  and  several 
other  handsome  public  structures.  During  the  monastic 
ages,  Coventry  had  a  large  and  magniticeiit  cathedral, 
which  was  destroyed  at  the  Reformation.  Besiiles  the  six 
churches  belonging  to  the  Establishment,  it  has  a  hand- 
some Gothic  Roman  Catbulic  chapel,  and  places  of  worship 
belongin;;  to  Independents,  Baptists,  Jletliodists.  Unita- 
rians, and  the  Society  of  Friends.  The  charitable  institu- 
tions are  numerous  and  well  endowed,  the  princijial  of 
which  are  Sir  Thomas  White's  Charity,  founded  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  Vlll.,  with  an  annual  income  of  l)etween 
2000/.  and  30t)0f.;  the  Bablake  Mens  Huspital,  income  aljout 
1500?.:  and  the  Bablake  Boy's  Hospital,  with  an  income  of 
about  940/.  Besides  these,  there  are  various  other  con- 
siderable charities,  and  several  minor  ones.  The  scholastic 
foundations  are.  the  FreeGrammar  Sch<iol.  a  richly  endowed 
institution,  with  exhibitions  and  fellowships  iittached; 
several  other  charity  schools,  a  schocjl  of  design,  and  a  num- 
l)er  of  well-conducted  private  academits.  'J'hcre  are  also  a 
library,  a  mechanics'  institute,  a  society  for  the  diffusion 
of  religious  and  useful  knowledge,  several  dispensaries,  a 
hospital,  and  a  beautifully  laid  out  cemetery. 

Coventry  was  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  cloth 
caps  and  linnets  as  early  as  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
also  for  a  kind  of  blue  thread,  calK^d  -'Coventry  true  blue." 
These  were  succeeded  by  the  manuficture  of  woollen  broad- 
cloths of  various  descriptions,  which  continued  long  the 
staple  trade  of  the  town,  till  superseded,  in  turn.  ))y 
weaving,  -now,  together  with  watch-making,  the  staple 
business  of  the  place.  Gauze  and  ribbons  of  all  descrip- 
tions are  made,  and  fringe-making  and  silk-dyeing  are  car- 
ried on.  This  city  is  the  greatest  emporium  for  ribbons  in 
England:  and  watch-making,  introduced  at  a  very  remote 
period,  has  so  much  increased,  especially  within  the  last  40 
or  50  years,  that  a  greater  number  of  watches  is  now  made 
here  than  in  London,  and  of  equal  quality.  Coventry  was 
formerly  surrounded  with  lofty  walls,  in  wliich  were  12 
gates.  Its  pageants  and  processions  were  of  the  most  m.ag- 
niticent  description,  and  Musl'-ries  weie  bore  enacted  in  a 
style  nowhere  else  eijualled.  The  old  predilection  of  the 
people  of  Coventry  for  goi-geous  pageantry,  is  still  mani- 
fested by  the  triennial  processional  show  in  honor  of  the 
Countess  Godiva,  who  unwittingly  temi>ted  ••  Peeping  Tom 
of  Coventry"  into  the  indiscretion  which  obtained  for  him 
the  soubriquet  by  which  he  has  been  immortalized.  The 
origin  and  meaning  of  the  well-known  figurative  threat  of 
'•  sending  to  Coventry"  has  been  variously  given,  but  is 
still  uncert.iin.  Coventry  sends  2  members  to  the  Hou-^se 
of  Connnons,  and  has  done  so  since  1433.  The  municipal 
government  is  vested  in  a  mayor,  10  aldermen,  aud  30 
councillors.     Pop.  in  1841,  30,74:3;  1861,41,647. 

COVENTRY,  a  township  of  Grafion  co..  New  Hampshire, 
about  70  miles  N.W.  of  Concord. 

COVENTlvY',  a  po,-,t-village  and  township  of  Orleans  co., 
Vermont,  .50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  914. 

COVENTRY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kent  co., 
Rhode  Island,  on  a  branch  of  the  Pawtu.xet  River,  which 
affords  water-power,  and  on  the  New  York  and  Boston  Air- 
line Railroad,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Providence.  This  township 
is  the  seat  of  varied  aud  extensive  manufactures,  com- 
prising mouseline-de-laines,  calico  prints,  coai'se  cotton 
goods,  cotton  and  other  machinery,  &c.     Pop.  4247. 

COVENTRY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  Williniantic  River,  29  miles  E.  of  Hart- 
ford. Its  manufactures  are  very  extensive,  comprising  ma- 
diinery,  articles  of  hardware,  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
nnislins,  and  an  immense  number  of  hats.    Pop.  20S5. 

COVENTRY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clienango 
CO..  New  York,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Norwich.     Pop.  1671. 

COVENTRY,  a  village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
French  Creek,  about  67  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg.  Ic  haa 
a  church,  an  iron  forge,  and  a  mill. 

Coventry  a  post-townslup  in  the  S.  part  of  Summit 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1368. 

COVENTRY  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

COVENTRY  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Tolland  co.,  Conneo- 
ticut. 

COV'ENTRYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co..  New 
York,  il4  miles  W.S.W  of  Albany,  contains  2  churches  and 
several  stores. 

611 


cov 

OiVE  OF  CORK,  nnw  QUEEXSTOWN,  a  seaport  and 
market-towu  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  and  10  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Cork,  on  the  S.  side  of  Core  Island,  in  Cork  harbor. 
Pop.  C)142.  It  occupies  a  steep  slope,  its  houses  being  dis- 
posed in  successive  terraces.  Principal  edifices,  a  handsome 
parish  church,  larjre  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  national 
school,  hospital,  dispensary,  bridewell,  clulv-roonis.  and  a 
spacious  market-house.  Roche's  Point,  at  the  E.  entrance 
of  Cork  harbor,  lat.  51°  47'  33"  N.,  Ion.  8°  13'  14"  W..  is  sur- 
mounted b}'  a  lijht-house.  and  at  the  E.  end  of  the  town 
are  a  pier,  quay.x.  and  a  stjition-house  for  pilots  and  officers 
of  the  port  of  Cork.  Cove  is  protected  by  formidable  bat- 
teries, and  opposite  it  are  several  islets,  with  additional 
fortifications,  barracks,  mjijiazines,  and  victuallini;  stores. 
In  summer.  Cove  is  a  pood  deal  resorted  to  for  bathing  by 
the  iuhaliitaiits  of  Cork,  with  which  city  a  continual  com- 
munication is  maintained  by  steamers.  The  Isle  of  Cove, 
area  about  13.000  acres,  is  fertile,  mostly  occupied  with 
villas  and  plantations,  and  connected  with  the  mainland 
by  several  bridices. 

COA'E  POINT,  on  Ches!»peake  Bay,  N.  of  the  entrance  to 
Patuxent  River.     On  it  is  a  tixed  lisht,  50  feet  hi^h. 

CO'VERUA.M,  a  pari.'^h  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Ridin_'. 

CO'AERLEY  II.\LL,  a  village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  Xittany  Valley,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Bellefonte.  The 
Dame  of  the  post-office  is  Xittany. 

COVERT,  kuv'ert.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Seneca 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake,  25  miles  S. 
bv  K.  of  Waterloo.    Pop.  3410. 
"cove.  SdUTII,  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COVE,?'VIL.LE,  a  post-offlce  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York. 

COVESVILLK,  a  post-offlce  of  Monroe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

COVESVILL?;.  a  post-village  of  All:>emarle  co.,  Virginia, 
103  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond,  has  1  church. 

COVILll.i.  kcvveel-vitN»',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira.  21  miles  S.W.  of  Ouarda.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  a  l>Mfin 
school,  woollen  manufactures,  and  near  it  arethernial  springs, 

COVINGTON,  ktiv'ing-t^n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

COVINGTON,  klivlng-ton,  a  county  of  Alabama,  bor- 
dering on  Florida,  has  an  area  of  1240  squsire  miles.  It  is 
Intersected  by  the  Conecuh  River,  and  also  drained  by  Yel- 
low-w.iter  River.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  sandy 
and  poor,  and  mostly  covered  by  forests  of  pine.  Luml>er 
is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Capital,  Andalusia.  Pop. 
6460,  of  whom  5648  were  free,  and  821  slaves. 

CO\'INGTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Mississipjii,  has 
an  area  of  about  680  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Bf>nie 
River  and  Sun  Creek,  aflluents  of  Leaf  River.  The  soil  is 
sandy  and  rather  light,  producing  a  sparse  growth  of  pine 
timber.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Covington.  Capital, 
Williamsburg.  Pop.  4408,  of  whom  2846  were  free,  and 
1563  slaves. 

COVINGTON,  a  post-village  and  towTiship  of  AVyoming 
CO.,  New  York,  33  miles  S.VV.  of  Rochester.  Population, 
1286. 

COVINGTON,  a  to^vnship  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  646. 

COVINGTON,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  851. 

COVINGTON,  n  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Tioga  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  Tioga  River,  and  on  the 
Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad,  138  miles  N.  liy  W.  of 
Harrisbnrg.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  lumber.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  1189. 

COVINGTON,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Alle- 
ghany CO.,  Virginia,  on  Jackson's  River,  a  branch  of  James 
River,  196  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond.  It  is  situated  in 
a  beautiful  and  healthful  region  among  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  It  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Central  Rail- 
road, which  is  opened  to  a  point  10  miles  from  Covington. 

COAaNGTON.  a  post-village  in  Richmond  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina, about  80  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

COVINGTON,  a  post-villuge,  capital  of  Newton  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  130  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 
It  has  a  brick  court-house,  an  academy,  a  church,  and  8 
stores. 

COVINGTON,  a  post- village,  capital  of  St.  Tammany  pa-- 
rish,  Louisiana,  and  45  miles  N.  of  New  Orleans. 

COVIN(JTON,  a  po8)>village,  capital  of  Tipton  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee. 200  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

COVINGTON,  a  flourishing  city  of  Kenton  co.,  Kentucky, 
situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  Cincinnati,  and  just 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Licking  River,  which  separates  it 
from  the  city  of  Newport.  It  is  built  on  a  beautiful  plain, 
several  miles  in  extent,  and  regularly  laid  out  in  accord- 
ance with  the  pl.m  of  Cincinnati,  of  which  it  may  be  con- 
sidered a  suburb.  The  facilities  of  intercourse  are  such, 
that  many  persons  reside  here,  whose  places  of  business  ai-e 
In  Cincinnati.  Covington  is  connected  with  Lexington  by 
a  railroad  about  90  miles  long.  A  charter  is  also  obtained 
(br  a  railroad  from  this  place  to  Louisville.  It  cont.-jins 
about  10  churches,  3  banks,  a  large  city  hall.  2  fei«ale  aca- 
demies, the  Western  Theological  College,  a  richly  endowed 
612 


COW 

and  flourishing  institution,  under  the  direction  of  the  Bap- 
tists, and  1  or  2  newspaper  offices.  Here  are  manufactories 
of  cotton,  hemp,  silk,  and  tobacco,  a  large  rolliiig-niill,  and 
an  extensive  establishment  for  packing  pork  and  beef.  Pop. 
in  1860, 16,471. 

COVINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Stillwater  Creek,  6  miles  by  railroad  W.  of  Piqua.  It  is 
in  a  rich  and  beautiful  country.    Pop.  791. 

COVINGTON,  a  village  of  Preble  Co.,  Ohio,  about  100 
miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

COVINGTON,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Foun- 
tain CO..  Indiana,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Wabash  River,  and 
on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  73  miles  W.N.W.  of  Indiai>- 
apolis.  Since  the  canal  was  completed  thus  far  in  1846,  this 
village  has  rapidly  improved.  L.irge  quantities  of  grain 
are  shipped  here  by  canal.  A  bridge  has  recently  been 
built  across  the  river  here.  Covington  lii>8  a  court-house 
and  several  chnrches.  The  vicinity  abounds  in  coal  and 
iron  ore.  Laid  out  in  1826.  Pop.  in  1860,  1176;  in  1860, 
1366. 

COVINGTON,  a  village  of  Washington  co..  Illinois,  on 
the  Kaska.skia  River,  about  100  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

COVI.NGTON,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  Missouri. 

COVINGTON,  a  small  village  of  Warren  CO..  Missouri. 

COVINGTON  and  TIIANK'ERTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Lanark,  on  the  Clvde. 

C(nV'AL  or  COW'.\LL.  a  peninsular  district  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  .\rgvle.  between  Loch  Long  and  the  Frith  of  Clyde 
on  the  K.',  and  Loch  Tyne  on  the  \\'.  Pop.  in  1851.  8930. 
In  it  are  Lochs  Goyle  and  »k.  the  villaires  of  Inver- 
hallon.  Kilmodan,  Kilmun.  Kililuau.  Strathlaohan,  Loch- 
goilhead,  Kilmorisch,  and  the  royal  castles  of  Dunoon  and 
Carrick. 

COW.WLIS.  a  postofflce  of  Benton  co..  Oregon. 

COWANES'QUE,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in  Potter 
CO..  flows  through  Tioga  co..  and  enters  the  Tioga  River  in 
Stexiben  co..  New  York,  about  7  miles  S.  of  Corning. 

COW'AN'S  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co.  North 
Carolina. 

COWWXSIIAN'NOCK,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  into 
the  .\llegh!iny  in  Armstrong  county. 

C()WANSHANNiX)K,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1961. 

COW/ANSVILLE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

"  COWANSVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Rowan  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina, about  llX)  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Raleigh. 

COW.\NSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of 
Jlissisciuoi,  38  miles  S.E.  of  St.  John's,  and  55  miles  from 
Montreal. 

Ct)WARNE,  (kiyarn,)  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hereford. 

COWARNE,  MUCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Here- 
ford. 

COAVBIT.  a  pjirish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CltW'BRIIXiE.  or  PONT-VAEN.  (vi'en.Ja  municipal  bo- 
rough, market-town,  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
moi-gan.  on  the  small  river  Ddau,  here  crossed  by  a  stone 
bridge.  12milesW.  of  Cardiff.  Pop.  of  parlLimentarj- borough, 
1080.  It  unites  with  Cardiff  and  Llantrissent  in  sending  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  are  the 
remains  of  a  castle,  and  of  a  Druidic  temple. 

CUW  CREEK,  of  Shasta  co..  California.  fall.«  into  the  Sa* 
ramento  River  ab.iut  10  miles  below  Sh.ista  City. 

COW.  CREEK,  a  township  of  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
756. 

COW'  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Saline  co..  Jlissouri. 

COW'DEN.  a  pailsh  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Kent. 

COWDEKSPORT.    See  Coudeiwport. 

COW'EE\  a  post-offlce  of  Macon  co..  North  Carolina, 

OIW^KKEE',  a  creek  of  Barbour  co.,  Alahim.i,  flows  into 
the  Chattahoochee,  about  10  miles  above  Eufiula. 

COVVKKEEor  COWIKEE,  a  post-office  of  Biirbour  CO., 
.\lab.ima. 

COWELITSK,  kewVl-itsk',(al90 written  COWLITZ/,")  IN- 
DIANS, a  tribe  of  Wa.shington  Territory,  N.  of  the  Colum- 
bia liiver.  near  Fort  Vancouver.     .See  C  .wi.rrz. 

COWKLL'S  BRIDGE,  a  poslKiffice  of  Currituck  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CDAV'ER,  a  trading  place  of  North-western  Africa,  on  tho 
(^lambia.  about  80  miles  from  its  emlwuchure.  Lat.  13°  37' 
N..  Ion.  14^  30'  W. 

COWES.  kflwz.  (West,)  a  seaport-town  and  watering-place 
In  the  Isle  of  Wight,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  riverSIedina,  at  its 
mouth,  (here  i  mile  across.)  and  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the 
sland.  lOi  miles  S..S.E.  of  Southampton,  and  11  milesW.S.W. 
of  Portsmouth,  with  both  of  which  ports  it  communicates 
daily  by  steamers.  Pop.  4107.  Being  built  on  a  steep  and 
wooded  slope,  it  has  a  striking  appearance  from  the  sea.  and 
compri.ses  many  good  residences,  with  hotels,  assembly  and 
reading  rooms."  At  the  anzle.  forme<l  by  the  river  .and  sea, 
termed  Egypt  Point,  is  a  battery  oriirinally  built  by  Henry 
VIII.:  a  handsome  church  is  the  other  chief  public  edific* 
Cowes  has  a  good  bathing  establishment,  and  docks  loi 
ship-building;  and  it  is  the  head-quartera  of  tb*  Koyal 


cow 


GRA 


Tacht  Cluh,  who  hold  their  annual  regatta  here.  It  no-w 
numbers  about  170  members,  who  have  yachts  of  sizes  va- 
rying from  30  to  450  tons ;  total  tonnage,  10.000,  employing 
about  1500  seamen.  Its  coasting  trade  consists  chiefly  of 
pxports  of  a:::ricultural  produce  and  malt ;  imports  coal,  co- 
lonial produce,  and  manufiictured  goods.  Registered  ship- 
ping in  1847.  9230  tons. 

COWKS,  (East,)  a  village  in  the  Isle  of  AVight.  on  the 
E.  side  ot  the  river  Medina,  at  its  mouth,  opposite  West 
Cowes,  and  4  miles  N.  of  Newport.  Pop.  8S0.  It  has  the 
custom-hou.<e  for  the  port  of  Cowes.  Near  it  are  Norris 
Oastic  and  Osborne-house,  the  marine  residence  of  Queen 
Victoria. 

COWByT.\,  a  county  in  the  W.X.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  378  square  miles.  The  Chattahw:)chee  Kiver 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.W.,  and  Line  Creek  on  the  K. ;  it 
is  also  drained  by  Cedar,  Wahoo,  and  Sandy  Creeks.  The  sur- 
tace  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  a  loam,  more  or  less  sandy,  and 
generally  fertile.  Strips  of  pine  timber  are  distributed  through 
the  county,  but  the  greater  part  produces  the  oak  and  hickoi-y . 
One  gold-mine  was  worked  in  1*<50.  The  county  is  inter- 
Bected  by  the  Atlanta  and  La  Grange  Ilailroad.  Organized 
in  1826,  and  namod  in  honor  of  General  William  Mcintosh, 
a  half-blofid  Creek  Indian,  and  head  chief  of  the  Coweta 
towns.  Capital,  Newman.  Pop.  14,703,  of  whom  7455  were 
free,  and  7248  slaves. 

CJW'F  )L1>,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

COWGROVE.  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Dor.set. 

CaW-IIO'NKYBORXE,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

COW'ICK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding'. 

COW'IKEE.    See  Coweker. 

COW'ISII.Vl!/,  a  town  of  Xepaul,  near  its  N.W. extremity, 
on  the  Goggra.    Lat.  13°  16'  \.,  Ion.  81°  5'  E. 

COWL  AM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

COWL'i:.SVILLE.  a  post-offlee  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York. 

COW'LKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

COWLKY.  a  parish  of  En^'Iand,  co.  of  Jliddlesex. 

COWLFA'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

COW'LIN'G.  a  pari'h  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

COWLING,  a  township,  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

COW'LTTZ.  COW'LITSK  or  COW'ELITSK\  a  considerable 
river  of  Washington  Territory,  joins  the  Columbia  about  60 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

COWLITZ  or  COWLITSK,  a  county  of  Washington  Terri- 
tory, having  S.  the  Columbia,  and  intersected  by  Cowlitz 
River.  Area,  about  400  sq.  miles.  Capital,  Monticello.  P.  406. 

COWLITZ  LAXMNG,  capital  of  Lewis  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  Cowlitz  River,  about  62  miles  N.E.  of  Pacific 
City. 

COW/PASTURE  RIVER,  of  Central  Virginia,  unites  with 
Jackson's  Kiver  to  form  James  River. 

COW'PEX.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

COW'PEN,  a  post-office  of  Attala  co.,  Mississippi. 

COWPEN  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina. 

COW'PENS,  a  post-village  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

COWl'EXS.  a  vilLage  of  Walton  co.,  Georgia. 

COWPER  HILL,  a  postoffice,  Robeson  co.,  North  Carolina. 

COWS'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

COW'SKIX'.  a  post-office  of  Ozark  co.,  Missouri. 

OOWri'IIORPE,  a  parish,  England,  co.  York,  West  Riding. 

COWTOX,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.  Nouth  and  South  Cowtos  are  townships  in  the 
same  parish. 

COX,  an  island  of  Ilindostan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hoogly, 
contiguous  to  the  X.  end  of  S.agor  Island.  It  is  about  3  miles 
in  length,  and  2  miles  in  breadth. 

COX,  a  river  of  Xew  South  Wales,  rising  in  Cook  CO.,  75 
miles  N.W.  of  Sydney,  and  falls  into  the  WoUondilly. 

COXE'S  BAZAR/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency,  and 
province  of  Bengal,  district  of  Chittagong,  on  the  river  Nauf, 
near  its  mouth.  70  miles  S.  of  Islamabad. 

COXE"S  MILLS.    See  E\st-Pierrepo.\t. 

COX'HOE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  and  5i  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Durham,  with  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle 
Railway.     Pop.  3904. 

COXIM,  ko-shee-N'o',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rising  among  the 
mountains  in  the  S.  of  the  province  of  Matto-G  rosso,  and 
joins  the  Tarjuari,  in  lat.  18°  24'  S.  In  the  upper  part  of  its 
course  it  is  very  impetuous,  and  is  Ijroken  by  numerous 
rapids;  but  about  120  miles  of  the  lower  part  are  available 
for  canoes,  which  descend  from  the  confluence  of  the  Caraa- 
puan  to  the  Ta^uari  ia  7  or  8  days,  and  ascend  the  same 
distance  in  25  days. 

COX'LODGE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North umber- 
tand,  parish  of  Gfsforth,  2i  miles  N.X.W.  of  Newcastle. 
Pop.  924.    The  Newcastle  r.aco-course  is  in  this  township. 

COXSAC'KIE,  a  post-village  and  town.shipof  Greene  co., 
New  York,  22  miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  has  a  landing  on  the 
Hudson,  and  contains  a  bank,  several  stores,  and  about 
1000  inhabitants.    Total  pop.  3661. 

COXS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co.,  W.  Virginia. 
2U 


COX'S  SHLLS,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

COX'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana. 

C()X'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Tennessee. 

COXTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

COX'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  I'itt  co..  North  Carolina. 

COXVILLE.  a  po.st-office  of  De  Kalb  co..  Alabama. 

COX'WELL,  GRI;AT,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Berks. 

COXWELL.  LITTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

COX'WOLD,  a  village  and  parish  of  Emrland.  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding.  5  miles  N.  of  Easingwold.  The  celebrated 
taurence  Sterne  once  had  the  curacy  of  this  parish. 

COYACAN,  ko-yd-k3n',  a  town  of  Mexico,  situated  on  a 
small  stream  flowing  into  I^guna  de  Oxochomilco.  about  10 
miles  S.  of  the  capital.  It  was  at  this  place  that  General 
Scott  issued  his  orders  for  the  attack  on  Churubusco, 
August  20.  1847. 

COY-CUURCII.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

COYLE,  koil,  a  river  of  Ilindostan,  rising  in  Bahar.  and 
falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal;  lat.  20°  47'  N.,  Ion.  85°  20'  E. 
Total  course  about  300  miles. 

COYL  E,  a  small  town  in  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, upper  provinces,  district  of  Agra,  on  an  island  in  the 
Jumna,  6  miles  S.  of  Muttra.  and  rendered  conspicuous  by 
its  numerous  mosques,  turrets,  and  pinnacles. 

COYLE'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Butler  co..  Pennsylvania. 

COYIVTOX  or  COYLSTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

COY'TEE,  a  post-office  of  ^loiiroe  co.,  TonneS8i*e. 

COYTY,  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

COZ^BY,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Tennessee. 

COZES,  koz,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  43  miles  S.S.E.  of  I.a  Rochelle.     P.  1950. 

COZUMEL  (ko-zoomSI')  ISLAND,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Yu- 
catan, in  Central  America,  lat.  20°  35'  N.,  Ion.  86°  41'  W., 
24  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  7  miles  in  width.  Sur- 
face level. 

CRAB  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Virdnia. 

CKAB  ISLAND  is  situated  10  miles  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Madagascar ;  lat.  21°  4'  S. 

CltAB  ISLAND,  of  British  Guiana,  is  situated  in  lat.  6°  21' 
N.,  Ion.  67°  33'  W. 

CRAB  ORCHARD,  a  post-office  of  Wythe  CO.,  Virginia. 

CRAB  ORCHARD,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co..  Kentucky, 
60  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  connected  by  a  turn- 
pike with  Lexington.  The  miner.al  springs  of  this  place  at- 
tract numerous  visitors.  It  contains  a  church.  Pop.  in 
1860,  364. 

CRAB  ORCHARD,  a  post-office  of  Williams  co.,  Illinois. 

CRAB  OltCHARD,  a  post-office  of  Kay  co.,  Missouri. 

CKAB  TREE,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co..  North  Carolina. 

CRACATO'A,  a  small  and  mountainous  island  in  the  Ma- 
lay Archipelago,  in  the  Straits  of  Sunda,  between  Sumatra 
and  Java. 

CRACH.  krlsh,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Morbi- 
han,  19  miles  S.E.  of  L'Orient. 

CKACKER'S  NECK,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia, 
about  30  miles  N.  of  Milledgevillo. 

CRACOW  or  KKAKOW,  krATii,  (Polish,  KrakCiv,  kr^'- 
koof;  Ger.  Kraf.au,  krd'kdw;  Fr.  Kracovie  or  Cracrrvie,  krd'- 
koVee';  L.  Graccht/p>olis.  OirrtxMniim  and  CracrJria  ;)  a  city 
and  ancient  capital  of  Poland,  more  recently  the  capital  of 
the  republic  of  Cracow,  but  now  comprised  in  the  .\ustrian 
Empire,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  which 
separ.ates  it  from  the  suburb  of  Podgorze,  at  the  head  of  a 
branch  railway  recently  constructed  connecting  it  with  Vi- 
enna. Berlin,  and  Warsaw,  168  miles  S.S.W.  of  Warsaw. 
Lat.  50°  3'  59"  N.,  Ion.  10°  51'  60"  E.  Pop.  about  43,000,  of 
whom  about  12,000  are  Jews,  residing  on  an  insular  quarter 
in  the  Vistula.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year.  47°:  winter 
27°,  summer  66°  Fahrenheit.  It  is  irregularly  built,  and 
greatly  dUapidated:  a  few  years  ago  40  of  its  churches  were 
in  ruins.  It  has,  however,  many  venerable  and  historically 
interesting  edifices;  viz.  the  castle,  founded  A.  D.  700.  a  mag- 
nificent cathedral,  containing  20  chapels  and  the  tombs  of 
the  most  celebrated  Polish  kings,  the  bishop's  palace,  and 
council-house;  a  university,  founded  in  1364,  has  attached 
to  it  a  botanic  garden,  an  observatory,  and  a  library  with 
30,000  printed  volumes  and  4500  MSS.  Cracow  has  also  a 
gymnasium,  school  of  arts,  and  academy  of  painting.  Near 
it  are  the  mounds  said  to  mark  the  tomb  of  the  founder  of 
the  city  in  the  eighth  century,  and  about  3  miles  W.  is  a  vast 
tumulus  to  the  memory  of  Kosciusko.  120  feet  in  elevation. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  CRAroviAU,  kr^-ko/ve-an. 

CRACOW  or  KRAKOW,  formerly  a  part  of  the  old  king- 
dom of  Poland,  and  more  recently  an  independent  republic, 
lying  between  lat.  49°  52'  and  50°  17'  N.,  and  Ion.  19°  7'  and 
20°  17'  E. :  about  48  miles  in  length,  and  14  miles  wide 
throughout  the  broadest  portion.  Are;».  444  square  miles. 
By  the  Partition  Treaty  of  1705.  Cr.acow  fell  to  tlie  share  of 
Austria :  and  in  1809  formed,  with  Western  Galicia.  the  grand 
duchy  of  Warsaw.  At  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815,  it 
was  formed  into  an  independent  republic  by  the  allies,  but 
was  subsequently,  in  1846.  again  incorporated  with  Austria, 
and  is  now  included  in  the  government  or  grand  duchy  of 
Cracow,  the  most  western  division  of  Galicia.    Pop.  14O,00U 

613 


CRA 


CRA 


CRAD'Ll'  r,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

CRADLE i".  EAST  ASD  WKST,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hereford. 

CRAD'lCK,  a  district  in  the  E.  of  the  Cape  Colony,  in 
Bouth  Africa,  having  E.  British  Kaffraria,  S.  the  district  of 
Somerset.  X.  Colesberg.  and  W.  Graaf  Eeinet.  Area,  3168 
square  miles.     Pop.  in  lS-15,  811S. 

CKADOCiv,  a  Tilla<re  of  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  in  the 
above  district,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Great  Fish  River,  3 
miles  N.  of  Somerset,  has  a  Dutch  church  and  chalybeate 
strings. 

CK  AD09,  krJMoo',  a  town  of  South-western  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Guineii.  in  the  kinjrdom  of  Jalioo,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Palmar  River  with  the  lake  or  lagoon  of  Cradoo;  lat. 
6''  38'N.,  Ion.  3'^  56'  E.  It  is  a  well-known  mart  for  the  Jaboo 
cloths,  which  are  to  be  had  here  in  great  abundance,  and  of 
fine  quality.  The  Lake  of  Cradoo,  on  the  X.  bank  of  which 
the  town  is  situated,  is  of  a  crescent  form,  about  50  miles  in 
length,  and  6  miles  in  breadth  in  the  centre.  It  communi- 
cates with  the  sea  by  a  narrow  channel,  at  its  VT.  end,  called 
Lagos  River. 

CRAFTS'iJURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orleans 
CO..  Vermont.  30  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  The  streams 
afford  wat«r-power  for  the  manufacture  of  paper,  starch, 
rakes,  and  other  articles,  and  iu  the  village  is  an  academy. 
Pop.  1413. 

CRAFTS/VILLE,  a  post-oifice  of  Elbert  co..  Georgia. 

CRAIG,  (anc.  Inch  Briocli.)  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Forfar,  comprising  the  vill.ages  of  Ferryden,  Rossie, 
and  Us;in. 

CRAIG,  a  new  county  iu  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Vir- 
ginia. It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Craig's  Creek,  from 
which  the  name  is  derived.  The  surface  i.**  mountainous, 
the  main  .\lleghany  extending  along  the  X.W  border.  The 
soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile.  The  census  of  ISaO  furnishes 
no  returns  for  this  county,  which  was  formed  since  that 
year  out  of  parts  of  Giles,  Botetourt,  and  Roanoke  counties. 
Capital,  New  Castle.     Pop.  3553. 

CRAIG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Switzerland  co. 
Indiana.     Pop.  1940. 

CRAIGIE.  kr.l'ghee.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

CllAIGMILLAR  (krig-milOfr)  CASTLE,  a  picturesque 
ruin.  CO.,  and  3  miles  S.  of  Edinburgh,  on  an  eminence  in 
Liberton  parish,  formerly  a  royal  residence,  and  the  seat  of 
a  famous  conference  in  1666. 

CRAIGXEISH,  krig'nish,  a  maritime  village  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  .\rgj-le,  on  a  peninsula  X.  of  Jura  Sound, 
19  miles  W.S.W.  of  Inverary.  Here  are  various  remains  of 
Danish  encampments. 

CKAIGXETHAX  (kr:lg-n5th'an)  CASTLE  is  a  fine  ruin 
of  Scotland,  co.  and  S.AV.  of  Liiuark,  parish  of  Lesmahagow, 
on  the  river  Nethan. 

CKAIG-PIIADltlC.  krig-fJd'rik,  a  lofty  hill  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  and  near  Inverness,  and  having  extensive  remains  of 
an  ancient  fortress,  composed  of  vitrified  stones. 

CRAIG"S  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Virginia, 
rises  in  Giles  and  Montgomery  counties,  and  falls  into 
James  River,  iu  Botetourt  county,  after  a  course  of  about 
60  miles. 

CRAIG'S  CREEK,  a  post-oflRce  of  Botetourt  co.,  Virginia. 

CR.ilG'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Airuinui. 

CRAIG'S  VILL.\GE,  a  village  of  British  Guiana,  a,  few 
miles  from  the  mouth  of  Berhice  River.    Pop.  1500. 

CRAIGfVVlLLE,  a  postoflSce  of  Orange  co.,  Xew  York. 

CRAIGSVILLK,  a  village  of  We.«tmoreland  co..  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  about  50  miles  E.  of  Pitts- 
burg. 

CRAIKE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

CR.*.IIi'lI.\LL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Vork,  North 
Riding. 

CR.\IL.  krAle.  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  seaport- 
town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  '•  East  Xeuk''  of  the 
CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  Xorth  Sea,  9  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Andrews. 
Pop.  of  town,  in  1851. 1'it".  it  has  many  massive  and  an- 
tique houses,  an  ancient  church,  once  collegiate,  and  some 
remains  of  a  royal  palace.  Its  harbor,  formerly  a  great  ren- 
dezvous for  boats  employed  in  the  herring  tishery,  is  small 
and  inconvenient.  It  existed  as  a  town  in  the  middle  of 
the  ninth  century,  and  was  CiiUed  Caryll ;  its  trade  and 
manufactures  have  now  decayed.  The  borough  unites  with 
St.  Andrew's,  Anstruther  West  and  East,  Cupar,  Kilrenny, 
and  Pitteuweem  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

CUAILING.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

CRAILSHKIM. a  town  of  WUrtemberg.    See  Kr.UISHeim. 

GRAIN'S  CORNERS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
York. 

CHAIN'S  CREEK,  a  postroffice  of  Moore  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

Clt.VIXS'VILLE.  a  post-offlce  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennessee. 

CR  AMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

CR.*.>1'LIXGT0N,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

CKA.MOND.  krah'mond,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  oos.  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Linlithgow. 
6U 


CRAN'AC.E,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

CRANnJERRY,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad.  40  miles  N.E.  of 
Camden.  It  contains  2  Presbyterian  churches,  2  academies, 
and  several  stores.    Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

CRANBERRY,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsvlvar  la. 
Pop.  O.'il. 

CRANBERRY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Venango 
CO.,  Pennsvlvania,  on  the  Alleghany  River,  opposite  Fnu^St- 
lin.    Top.  173-2. 

CRANBERRY,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 

CRANBERRY,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio.    P.  ia'59. 

CRANBERRY  BROOK,  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jers.y, 
flows  into  the  Millstone,  about  3  miles  S.E.  of  Princeton. 

CRANBERRY  CREEK,  a  postoflice  of  Fulton  co..  New 
York., 

CRANBERRY  FORGE,  a  postoffice  of  Watauga  co..  North 
Carolina. 

CRANBERRY  ISLES,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co..  Maine, 

CRANBERRY  LAIvE.  in  the  S.  part  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
Xew  York,  is  the  source  of  Oswegatchio  River.  Length 
about  seven  miles. 

CRAXBERRY  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co,  Vu^ 
ginia, 

CRANBERRY  PRAIRIE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Mercer  co..  Ohio. 

CRANBERRY  SUMMIT,  a  villiige  of  Preston  co.;  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  243  miles  W, 
of  Baltimore. 

CRANBORNE,  kran'b9m,  a  market-town  and  p,-irish  ef 
England,  co.  of  Dorset.  9  miles  X.N.E.  of  Winborrse.  and  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Salisbury.  Pop.  in  1851,  2737.  The  town  is 
plcas.antly  situated,  and  has  some  remains  of  a  castle  and 
ancient  church,  originally  part  of  a  priory.  Bi.shop  Stilling- 
tleet  was  bom  here  in  1635.  Cranlxjrne  Chase  is  a  tract  of 
wood  and  parkland  extending  nearly  to  Salisbury,  and  still 
abounding  in  deer.  Its  castellated  mansion-house,  contain- 
ing the  Chju«e  prison,  was  formerly  a  royal  lodge. 

CR.IX'BROOK,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Kent.  Area.  1U.4C0  acres.  The  town,  40  mUti  S.E. 
of  London,  on  a  brook  called  the  Crane,  is  neatly  built,  and 
partially  paved  and  lighted  with  gas.  The  first  woollen 
manufiictury  attempted  in  England  was  established  here 
by  the  Flemings  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  This  trade, 
however,  has  long  since  disappeared,  and  traffic  in  hops  has 
liecome  the  chief  business.     I'op.  3996. 

CR.4.NE,  a  township  in  Paulding  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  490. 

CR.^NE,  a  township  in  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2877. 

CRANE,  a  township  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio. 

CI'.AXE  CREEK,  of  Richland  district.  South  Carolina, 
flows  into  Broad  River,  a  few  miles  above  Columbia. 

Cit.VXE  CRKKK.  a  post-viU.vge  of  Barry  co.  Mis.souri, 
about  150  miles  S.S.W.  of  .Jefferson  Citj'. 

CR-\XE  RIV?;R,  of  Arkansas,  flows  through  Arkansas 
CO.,  into  White  River. 

CR.\XE'S  forge,  a  post-ofSce  of  Assumption  parish, 
Louisiana. 

CRAXE'S  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 

CR  AXE'S  RUN,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

CRANE'S  TOWN,  a  village  ofWyandotco, Ohio,  70  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Columbus. 

CRANE'S  VILLAGE,  or  CRANESVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Montgomeiy  co.  New  York,  on  the  Utica  and  Schenec- 
tady Railroad.  13  miles  from  Schenectady. 

CR.\XES'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Essex  CO.,  New  .Tersey. 

CR.\NESV1LLE,  a  village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Beaver  and  Erie  CanaL  25  miles  S.W.  of  Erie. 

CRANESVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Preston  co.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia, about  '250  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

CRANESVILLE,  Tennessee.    See  Crainsvilij!. 

CRANESVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio. 

CRAXEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

CR.\X'FIELD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

CR.YX'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

CRAXFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

CRAX'tJ.'VNORE',  a  maritime  town  of  Southern  India, 
Travaneore  dominions,  rajahship,  and  16  miles  X.  of  Cochin, 
on  the  backwater  of  the  JIalabar  coast,  formerly  possessed 
by  the  Portuguese,  and  latterly  by  the  DutA.  It  is  the  sec 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop. 

CR.IX'H.V.M.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

CRAXH.iM,  a  p.arlsh  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

CR.\X'LEY,  a  pari.sh  and  village  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Guildford.  Most  part  of  the  village  is  buiU 
around  an  open  common.    Its  church  has  a  fine  ih.incel. 

CRAX'MORE,  E.\ST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

CRANMORE,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  So- 
merset. 

CR.^X'OE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

CR-VXS'KORD.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CR.\X'."'H.^WS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berv.ick. 

CltAXS'LEY,  a,  parish  of  England    co.  of  Xorthjmpton 


CRA 


CRA 


CRANSTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

CRANSTON,  a  townsliip  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
5  miles  8.W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  2  banks,  and  has 
manufactories  of  cotton  goods,  prints,  thread,  and  ma- 
chinery.   Pop.  7500. 

CRAXTOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

OIIAN'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CKAX'WICK.  a  parish  of  England!  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CRAXnVOKTII,  a  parish  of  Englond,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CRAON,  kr^'Ax"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  5Ia- 
yenne.  on  the  Oudon,  IS  miles  S.AV.  of  Laval.  Pop.  in  1846, 
8153.     Volney  was  born  here  in  1755. 

CUAONXE,  krd'onn',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Laon.  Pop.  1056.  In  the  battle  of 
Craonne,  on  the  7th  of  March,  1814,  the  army  under  BlUcher 
was  routed  by  Napoleon. 

CR.A.POXNK,  krd'pJiin',  a  town  of  France.  In  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Haute  Loire,  19  miles  N.  of  Le  Puy.  Pop.  2260. 
It  has  manufactories  of  lace  and  woollen  fabrics. 

CliA'RY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York. 

CRArrER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  IredeU  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CKAT'FIELD,   a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CRATIIIS.    See  Cr\ti. 

CRATU'ORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

CllATIIY  (kra/thee)  and  BRAEMAR,  bri'mir,  an  exten- 
sive united,  and  the  most  inland  parish  of  Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland,  in  the  district  of  Marr,  and  intersected  hy  the  Dee 
River.  Pop.  1712.  The  ancient  Caledonian  forest  of  Marr.  for- 
merly coveied  the  whole  parish,  and  part  still  remains  at 
lir.aemar.  where  are  also  extensive  plantations  of  fir  and 
larch.  The  great  military  road  from  Blairgowrie  to  Fort 
George  intersects  the  district. 

CilATI.  knl'tee,  (anc.  OraHhis,)  a  river  of  Naples,  in 
the  province  of  Calabria  Citra,  rises  in  the  forest  of  Sila, 
flows  X.  and  E..  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Tar.anto,  13  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Cassano.  Total  course,  about  50  miles.  Its  chief 
affluents  are  the  Coscile  and  Busento. 

CKATO,  krd'to,  (anc.  h/'ntnf)  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  the 
province  of  Alemtejo,  capital  of  a  comnrca,  near  the  Ervedal, 
11  miles  W.  of  Portalegre.  Pop.  3000.  It  was  formerly  an 
important  fortress,  but  its  defences  are  now  in  decay. 

CKATO,  krd'to,  a  city  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Ceara, 
ISO  miles  S.  of  Fortaleza.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  district, 
with  a  rapidly  increasing  population.  It  received  the  title 
of  city  in  ISl". 

CUAUHIIWI^LL,  kraw'well,  a  post-town  of  Ireland,  co., 
and  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Galway.     Pop.  274. 

CRAU,  LA.  id  kro.  (sometimes  called  in  Latin.  Li'pidf^fi 
Ciiyn'pi.  i.  e.  '-Stony  Fields.")  a  plain,  in  the  S.  of  France, 
occupying  the  western  part  of  the  department  of  Bouches- 
diiKhone,  arrondissement  of  Aries  and  Aix,  between  the 
Rhone  and  the  fitang  de  Berre,  its  northern  part  being  tra- 
versed by  a  branch  of  the  Canal  of  Craponne.  The  surface 
is  generally  arid  and  covered  with  boulders,  but  it  is  inter- 
spersed with  some  excellent  vineyards,  and  various  olive  and 
mulberrv  plantations. 

CRAVEN,  kr.Vven,  a  county  in  the  E.S  E.  part  of  Xorth 
Carolina,  bordering  on  Pamlico  Sound,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
NeusB  Hiver.  by  which  it  is  intersected.  The  area  is  esti- 
mated at  1000  square  miles.  The  sui'Eice  is  level,  and 
much  of  it  is  covered  by  swamps  and  forests  of  pitch  pine. 
It  was  formed  in  1729,  as  a  precinct  of  Albemarle  county. 
The  name  was  given  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Craven,  one  of 
the  lords  proprietors.  Capital,  Newborn.  Pop.  16,268,  of 
whom  10,079  were  free,  and  61  ■'-9  slaves.  ■ 

CR.WKX  MILLS.a  small  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee. 

CK.\'VEXSVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Daviess  co..  Missouri, 
on  the  northern  bank  of  Grand  River,  about  140  miles  N.W. 
of  Jefferson  City. 

CKAWFISII  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Columbia 
countv,  and  flowing  nearly  southward,  enters  Rock  River 
at  Jefferson,  in  Jefferson  co. 

Cr.AW'FORD,  or  CUAWFORD-DOUGLAS,  a  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

CK.\WFORD,  a  village  of  Scotl.and,  co.  of  Lanark,  on  the 
Clyde,  here  crossed  by  a  chain-bridge.  15  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Lesmahagow.  It  has  opposite  to  it  the  ruined  castle  of 
Crawford- Lindsay,  the  ancient  .seat  of  the  Earls  of  Crawford. 

CR-VW'FORD,  a  county  in  the  north-western  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  about  975 
ejuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  French  Creek,  and  also 
drained  by  Shenango,  Oil,  Cussawago,  and  Conneaut 
Crit'ks,  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  generally 
fei  tile,  thouiih  a  large  portion  of  it  is  better  adapted  to  grazing 
th.^n  to  tillage  The  county  contains  iron  ore  and  lime 
marl.  It  is  intersiwted  by  the  Beaver  and  Firie  Canal,  and 
by  the  Pittsburg  and  Erie  Railroad,  the  Atlantic  and  Great 
Western,  and  the  Oil  Creek  Railroad.  Petroleum  is  pro- 
cured in  vast  quantities  in  this  county.  Named  in  honor  of 
Col.  'William  Crawford,  who  was  captured  and  put  to  death 
by  tie  Indians  at  Sandusky, Ohio, in  1782.  Capital,  Mead- 
villo,     Pop.  48,755. 


CR.^WFORD,  a  county  in  the  western  central  part  of 
Georgia,  has  an  area  of  2S9  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.W.  by  Flint  River,  on  the  X".E.  by  Echaconnee  Cietk, 
and  drained  by  Spring  and  Walnut  Creeks.  The  surface  i« 
uneven;  the  soil  of  the  northern  part  is  moderately  produc- 
tive; the  .southern  part  is  sterile  and  covered  with  pine 
woods.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  William  II.  Cr.-YMloid, 
United  States  senator  from  Georgia,  and  at  one  time  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury.  Capital,  Knoxville.  Pop.  7693,  of 
whom  3423  were  free,  and  4270  slaves. 

CRAWFORD,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Arkansas, 
bordering  on  tho  country  of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  contains 
585  square  miles.  The  Arkansas  River,  navigable  for  steam- 
boats, forms  the  entire  southern  boundary :  the  county  is 
also  drained  by  Frog  Bayou  and  Lee's  Creek.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  mountains,  some  of  which  are  among  tho 
highest  in  the  state.  Boston  Mountain  is  estimated  to  have 
an  elevation  of  about  2000  feet.  Stone  coal  and  other  valu- 
able minerals  are  found.  Capital,  A'an  Bureu.  Pop.  7850, 
of  whom  6992  were  free,  and  858  slaves. 

CRAWFORD,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ohio, 
contains  412  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  streams 
of  the  Sandusky  and  Olentangj'  Rivers.  The  surfaie  is 
nearly  level,  and  is  among  the  highest  parts  of  the  slate. 
The  Eouthern  part  of  the  county  is  adapted  to  grazing:  the 
otherportion  is  most  Ij' appropriated  to  the  growth  of  wheat. 
Three  important  railway  lines  meet  at  Crestline,  in  this 
county.     Capital,  Bucyrus.     Pop.  23,881. 

CR.\WF01;D,  a  new  and  unorganized  county  in  the  N. 
central  part  of  Michigan,  contains  about  C'20  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Aux  Sable  River.  The  sur- 
face is  not  well  known.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no 
returns  for  this  county. 

CRAWFORD,  a  county  in  the  southern  part  of  Indiana, 
bordering  on  Kentucky,  contains  280  .square  miles.  The 
Ohio  Kiver  washes  its  southern  border,  and  it  is  also  drained 
by  the  Blue  River.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  broken ;  the 
soil  is  rather  poor,  except  near  the  river.  Coal  and  iron  ore 
are  abundant  in  the  county.  The  surface  rock  is  carboni- 
ferous limestone.     Capital.  Leavenworth.     Pop.  8226. 

CRAWFORD,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bor- 
dering on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  420  scjuare  miles.  The 
Wabash  River  forms  the  eastern  boundary,  the  EniTiarras 
River  flows  through  the  south-western  part,  and  the  Noith 
Fork  of  the  latter  flows  along  the  western  border.  The  sur- 
face presents  a  large  proportion  of  prairie,  the  soil  of  which 
is  good.  Named  in  honor  of  William  II.  Crawford,  former 
secretary  of  the  treasury.    Capital,  Robinson.    Pop.  11,551. 

CRA'WFORD,  a  county  in  the  southeastern  central  part 
of  Missouri,  contains  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Maramec  River,  and  also  di-ained  by  Huzza, 
Dry  and  Crooked  Creelis,  and  by  the  head  streams  of 
B(jurbeuse  Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  some 
parts  hilly;  the  valleys  and  river  bottoms  contain  some  ex- 
cellent land,  and  the  hills  afford  valuable  timber.  The  coun- 
ty contains  several  prairies,  which  are  moderately  fertile. 
This  county  is  remarkable  for  its  rich  minesof  iron,  copper, 
and  lead,  all  of  which  are  worked  with  success,  and  the  first 
quite  extensively.  The  iron  and  copper  are  found  in  the 
sterile  hills,  in  tlie  vicinity  of  the  Maramec  River.  Stone 
coal  has  recently  l)een  discovered  in  the  same  district.  Tho 
mineral  region  is  estimated  to  comprise  alxiut  two-thirds 
of  the  county.  This  county  is  traversed  by  the  Southwest 
Branch  of  the  Pacifiic  Railroad,  which  connects  it  with 
St.  Louis.  The  streams  of  the  comity  aft"<ird  extensive 
water-power.  Capital,  Steelville.  Pop.  5823,  of  whom  5641 
were  free,  and  182  slaves. 

CRAWFORD,  a  new  county  in  the  western  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  about  000  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Boyer  and  Soldier  Rivers,  affluents  of  the  Missouri.  The 
county  is  not  included  in  tho  census  of  1850.  Capital,  Den- 
nison.    Pop.  .383. 

CRAWFORD,  a  county  in  the  southwestern  p.irt  of  Wis- 
consin, bordering  on  the  Blississippi  river,  which  separates 
it  from  Iowa :  contains  612  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.E.  by  the  Wisconsin  River,  and  drained  by  Kickapoo 
River.  The  surface  is  hillv,  and  partly  occupied  by  prairies. 
Organized  in  ISIS.     Capital,  Prairie-du-Chien.     Pop.  SOliS. 

CRAWFORD,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  120 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  273. 

CRAWFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  co., 
New  Y'ork,  2i!  miles  W.  of  Newburg.    Pop.  2003. 

CRAWFORD,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  448. 

CRAWFORD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stokes  co..  North 
Carolina,  110  miles  N.W\  of  Raleigh.  It  was  laid  out  about 
1850,  when  Stokes  county  was  divided  and  Forsyth  county 
formed. 

CRAWFORD,  a  district  in  Harris  co.,  Georgia. 

CRAWFORD,  a  post-village,capital  of  Russel  Co.,  Alabama, 
72  miles  E.  of  Montgomery.  It  contains,  besides  the  county 
buildings,  1  church,  and  1  newspaper  office. 

CRAWFORD,  a  township  in  Coshocton  co.,Ohio.  Pop.  1516. 

CRAWFORD,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  70  miles  N. 
of  Columbus. 

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OlATVFORD,  a  post-villiige  and  township  in  Wyandot  co., 
Ohio,  ahout  12  milos  N.N.E.  of  Upper  Sanduslcy.    Pop.  1626. 

CJtAWKOrvD,  a  post-office  of  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois. 

CltAWFOltB  COVE,  a  post-ofTiee  of  St.  Clair  eo.,  Alabama. 

CKAWFOKD  IIODSJK,  a  post-office  of  Coos  CO.,  New  Ilamp- 
Bhire. 

OiAWFORD-JOIIN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

C1!A^\VF0KD'S  MILL,  a  ix)st-villa):e  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa, 
on  SlvUTik  River,  about  37  miles  W.K.AV.  of  Burlington. 

CRAWFORD'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  CO., 
Pennsylvania. 

CH.\WFOI!I)"S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio. 

CRAW'FORDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Sp.artauburg  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

CKAWFORDSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Taliaferro 
CO..  Geor^'ia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  45  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Milledu'eville.     It  has  one  church  and  an  academy. 

CI;AWF0RDSV1LLE,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

CI!  A^\TORDSVILLE,  a  thriving  town  of  Union  township, 
and  capital  of  Jloutgomery  co.,  Indiana,  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  Sugar  Creek,  45  miles  AV.N  .W.  of  Indianapolis,  and  28 
miles  S.  of  L:ifayetto,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad. 
It  is  surrounded  by  an  undulatiug  and  fertile  country,  in 
which  stone  coal  and  timber  are  almndant.  It  contains 
many  handsome  public  and  private  buildings,  and  is  distin- 
guished for  its  educational  advantages.  Wabash  College,  of 
this  place,  founded  in  1835,  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
respectable  literary  institutions  of  the  state.  The  original 
edifice  was  consumed  by  tire  in  1838,  but  it  has  since  been 
repaired  and  enlarged.  This  village  also  contains  a  county 
seminary,  7  churclies,  2  banks,  and  2  new.spaper  offices. 
Sugar  Creek  furnislies  water-power  in  the  vicinity.  The 
railroad  which  connects  this  town  witli  Lafayette  was 
opened  in  1852,  and  has  been  extended  southward  to  New 
Albany.    Pop.  in  1860, 1922;  in  1864,  about  2500. 

CUAWFORDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Iowa,  35  miles  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

CKAW'FURD  TAR/RANT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

CRAAV'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

CRAWLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CRAWLEY.  NOirni,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CRAY.  FOOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CR.\Y'FORD,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 
8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Greenwich.  Pop.  2403.  Here  are  two 
extensive  works  for  printing  articles  of  dress,  as  shawls, 
rravats.  handkerchiefs.  &c.  In  its  vicinity  are  numerous 
■  chalk-pits.  Here,  in  457,  Ilengist  totally  defeated  Vortimer, 
in  the  second  great  battle  between  the  Saxons  and  Britons. 

CRAY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CRAY,  ST.  MARY'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CliAY.  ST.  PAUL'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CRAYTOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district. 
South  Carolina. 

CREACII'VILLE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Johnson  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

CREA'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CREA'GERSTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Mary- 
land. 12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Frederick. 

CREAGH,  krd,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

CREAGII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

CREAGII'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Wilcox  co_  Alabama. 

CREAKE,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CREAKE.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CRE.4XCES,  krA'6Ns.s/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche.  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Coutances.     Pop.  2360. 

CKEATON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. Holmby  House,  in  which  Charles  I.  was  kept 
prisoner,  is  in  this  parish. 

CREATON,  LITTLE,  a  hamlet  of  Northampton  co.,  7 
miles  N.N.W.  of  North.-impton. 

CREOY  or  CRESSY,  kres'see.  (Fr.  pron.  kri^see'.)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Sonime,  10  miles  N.  of  Abbeville, 
on  the  Maj'e,  famous  in  British  history  for  the  signal  victory 
gained  here.  August  26,  1346,  by  the  "troops  of  Edward  III. 
of  England,  over  .i  large  French  army  under  Philip  of  Valois. 

CUECY,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Marne, 
on  th;;  Grand  Morin  River,  25  miles  E.  of  I'iiris.    Pop.  1049. 

CIIECY  SUR  SERRE.  kri'see'  sUr  saiR,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Aisne,  10  miles  N.  of  Laon.     Pop.  2044. 
CRE'DENHILli.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
CREDIN,  kr.V-dJ.\-<:',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan.  10  miles  N.W.  of  I'loSrmel. 

CRED'ITON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon,  on  the  Crede,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Exe;  8 
miles  N.W.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  5947.  It  ha.s  a  noble  church 
of  fhe  Tudor  era.  a  flourishing  gramni,ir  school,  founded  by 
Edward  VI..  a  blue  coat  schofd,  and  other  well-endowed 
fh.iritics.  Woollens  were  once  extensively  woven  hero.  In 
oldi'U  times  it  was  the  see  of  a  bishop,  afterwards  transferred 
to  Kxoter. 

CREE.  a  river  in  the  south-western  part  of  Scotland,  joins 
Wi'/t.-.n  Ray,  by  the  estuary  Loch  Croe,  after  a  course  of  20 
mile?.  In  the  latter  part  of  which  it  is  navigable. 
516 


CREED,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

CREEK  AGENCY,  a  postoffiee  of  Creek  Nation,  Arkansas. 

CREEK  INDIANS,  formerly  a  numerous  and  powerful 
tribe,  dwelling  in  Georgia  and  Alabama.  Their  number 
was  much  reduced  liy  the  war  of  1!-14:  and  of  those  who 
survived  mo.et  have  removed  beyond  the  Mississippi.  Some 
of  them  have  made  considerable  progress  in  civilization. 

CREEK'SEA,  or  CRIX'ITH,  a  parish  of  Englan.l,  co.  of 
Essex. 

CREEK  STAND,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia. 

CREEK  STAND,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

CREEKS'VILLE,  a  village  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York,  about 
90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

CiiEliK  TOWN,  a  village  of  Guinea,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Old  Calabar  River,  70  miles  above  its  mouth.  Lat.  5°  56'  N, 
Ion.  8°  40'  E. 

CREELS/BURG,  a  post-village  of  Russel  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Cumberland  River,  about  5  miles  Ix-low  Jamestown. 

CREES/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

CREET/ING  ALL  SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

GREETING  ST.-MARY-wiTn-ST.-OI/AVE,a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Sxiffolk. 

CREETING  ST.  OLAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

CREETING  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

CREl'TrON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CREliyTOWN,  or  FERRYTOWN  OF  CREE,  a  maritime 
village  and  burgh  of  barony,  Scotland,  Stewartry  Kirkcud- 
bright, parish  of  Kirkmabreck,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cree  In 
AVigton  Bay,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Wigton,  with  whii-h  it  com- 
municates by  packet-boats.  Pop.  in  1851,  900.  It  has  good 
anchorage,  and  some  coasting  trade.  Near  the  village  is  an 
extensive  granite  quarry,  employing  xipwards  of  300  hands. 
Dr.  Thomas  Brown  was  born  here  in  17S0. 

CREFELD,  krA'fyt,  a  thriving  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
12  miles  N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop.  50,562.  It  is  well  built, 
and  is  the  principal  town  in  the  Prussian  dominions  for  the 
manufacture  of  silk  goods — a  branch  of  industry  introduced 
here  by  refugees  from  Juliers  in  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries,  and  employing  abo\it  2500  looms  in 
the  town  and  vicinity,  the  products  of  which  are  estimated 
to  be  worth  nearly  1,000.000/.  annually.  Many  silks  in- 
troduced into  Great  Britain  as  French  are  from  Crefeld. 
Here  are  also  manufactures  of  woollen,  cotton,  and  linen 
fabrics,  lace,  oil-cloths,  &c.,  with  potteries,  tanneries,  and 
distilleries.  An  old  castle  in  the  vicinity  is  now  used  as  a 
dye-house. 

CRECj'GAN, a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Arm.igh. 

CREGLINGEN,  kr^G^ing-en,  a  town  of  WIS  rt  em  berg,  circle 
of  Jaxt,  on  the  Tauber,  44  iuiles  N.E.  of  Heilbroun.  Pop. 
1376. 

CREGRINA,  kr.i-gree'na,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  oo.  of 
Radnor. 

CREICH,  kreech,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co..  and 
12  miles  N.  of  Derby,  near  the  North  Midland  Railway. 
Pop.  3098,  partly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  silk  and 
cotton. 

CREIL.  krAI  or  kra'yg,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Oise,  6  miles  N.V.'.  of'Senlis,  on  the  Oise.  Pop.  2151.  It 
was  formerly  strongly  fortified,  and  has  remains  of  an  old 
royal  palace,  on  an  island  in  the  river,  a  large  porcelain- 
fiictory.  and  souie  trade  in  oil,  timber,  and  corn. 

CRE.M.\.  kr.Vmit,  a  town  of  Lombardy.  on  the  Serio,  25 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Milan.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  fortifications,  is 
well  built,  and  has  several  hand.«ome  churches  and  palaces. 
It  h.is  manufactures  of  lace.  hats,  thread,  and  silk.  Crema 
was  founded  by  some  Longobards  who  fled  from  the  cruelties 
of  Alboin,  the  first  Lombard  king  of  It.aly.  During  the 
wars  of  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines.  it  took  the  part  of  the 
former,  and  was  destroyed  by  Frederick  I.  in  1160,  but  was 
soon  after  rebuUt.  In  1797,  it  was  taken  by  the  French. 
Pop.  9200. 

CREMEAUX,  krA^m5',  a  vill.ige  of  France,  department  of 
Loire,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Roann'e.    Pop.  1540. 

(}REMIEU.\,  krA'me-Uh',  (anc.  Cremiacumf)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Is6re,43  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.  Pop. 
1985. 

CREM^IEN,  krJm'men,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  26  miles  N.  of  Potsdam.    I'op.  2450. 

CREMNITZ.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Krkmmtz. 

CliEMONA,  cre-mo'n.a,  (It.  pron.  kr.'i-mo'n.i)  a  fortified 
city  of  Lombardy,  on  the  Po.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  48 
miles  S.E.  of  Milan.  Pop.  31,001.  It  is  handsomely  built, 
and  has  a  cathedr.il  and  numerous  other  churches  rich  in 
works  of  art.  Close  by  and  connected  with  the  cathedral  ii» 
the  Torazzo.  the  loftiest  and  most  beautiful  tower  in  Italy, 
372  feet  in  elevation,  having  49l»  steps  to  the  bell  str)ry;  also 
a  fine  baptistry,  city-hall,  2  theatres,  barracks,  hospitals,  and 
charitable  institutions.  Someof  the  ."incient  palaces  of  Cre- 
mona are  beautiful  specimens  of  architecture.  There  were 
formerly  many  convents  here,  but  most  of  them  are  now 
demolished.  It  is  the  .seat  of  a  i'ishopric.  and  has  civil,  crimi- 
nal, and  commercial  tribunals,  a  lyceum,  gymnisium,  and  » 


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piiWic  li>irary.  Its  corso  is  fine  and  much  resorted  to.  Its 
infant  schools  were  the  first  established  in  Italy.  Its  violins 
and  other  musiral  in-truments  formerly  had  a  world-wide 
reputation:  but  the  manufacture  of  these  articles  has  now 
declined.  Their  manufacture  was  almost  wholly  confined, 
for  nearly  100  years,  to  a  family  of  the  name  of  Amafi.  The 
first  of  this  family.  Hieronymus  Amati.  who  distinsruished 
himself  as  a  violin-maker,  became  famous  about  tlie  begin- 
ning of  the  seventeenth  century.  Cremona  has  flourisliinj; 
manufactures  of  .«ilk  and  cotton  fabrics,  porcelain,  dye.s.  and 
chemical  products.  In  the  si.\teenth  and  seventeenth  centu- 
ries it  was  the  seat  of  a  hiplily  meritorious  school  of  painting. 

HMnry. — Cremona  was  known  to  the  ancient  Jlomans 
under  its  preBont  name,  and  is  mentioned  by  Virjril  in  liis 
Bucolics.  Kclogue  IX.  It  had  been  colonized  by  the  Romans, 
and  subsequently  became  a  populous  and  flourishing  town. 
In  the  war  between  Vitellius  and  Vespa=ian,  it  was  plundered 
and  liurnt  by  the  troops  of  the  latter,  but  was  subsequently 
rebuilt  by  Vespasian.  After  the  fall  of  the  empire  it  shared 
the  fate  of  the  other  cities  of  Lombardy,  and  eventually  fell 
under  the  dominion  of  the  Visconti  of  Milan,  since  whicli 
time  it  has  continued  to  form  a  part  of  the  Mil.anese  state. 
In  1796  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French.  Vida, 
Bishop  of  Alba,  the  celebrated  Latin  poet,  was  born  here  in 
1490. kA).  and  inhab.  Creminese.  krJmVneez'. 

CllKN'DON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CIlKPi^A.    PeeCHEnso. 

CIlKPY,  krA^ee/,  or  CRESPY.  (L.  Cretpiacum.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Oise,  13  miles  E.  of  Senlia.  Pop. 
2(')07.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  the  remains  of  an  old 
castle,  manufactures  of  fine  cotton  fabrics,  coarse  linens,  lace, 
paper,  and  leather,  monthly  markets,  and  two  annual  fairs. 

CRf5PY-E\-LA0N0IS,  kr.Vpee'  6n°  biVnwd/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Laon.     P.  1520. 

CRERAN.  LOCH,  Ion  kree'ran,  an  inlet  of  the  sea.  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Scotland,  extending  S.E.  from  Loch  Linnhe. 

CRKS'CENT,  a  postoflice  of  Saratoga  co.,  New  York. 

CRKSCKNT,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CRESCENT  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Del  Norte  Co., 
California,  in  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  state,  on  or  near  the 
ocean ;  lat.  41°  48'  N.,  Ion.  124°  5'  W.  It  was  laid  out  near 
the  close  of  1851,  and  has  increased  rapidly.  It  is  an  im- 
portant entrepot  of  trade  with  the  upper  mines.     Pop.  638. 

CRESCENT  CITY,  a  town  of  Tuolumne  co.,  California,  on 
the  right  hank  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  about  20  miles  above 
its  entrance  into  tlie  San  .Toaquin. 

CRKSCKNTINO,  krA-shon-tee'no.  (anc.  Qmdra'ta  f)  a  town 
of  the  Sardinian  States.  I'iedmont,  province,  and  18  miles 
AV.S.W.  of  Vercelli.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dora  Raltea 
with  the  Po.  Pop.  .5547.  It  has  a  church  of  the  Sth  century; 
manufactures  of  silk  and  woollens,  and  Roman  remains. 

CRES'CENT  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  is  one  of  the  most 
easterly  of  Dangerous  Archipelago,  in  lat.  23°  20'  S.,  Ion. 
134°  3.V  Vf.    It  is  ^  miles  in  leneth. 

CRES'CENTVILLK.  a  village  within  the  chartered  limits 
of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  Tacony  Creek,  6  or  7  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  the  State-house. 

CRES/LOW,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CRESP.\.NO.  kres-p.i'no,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Treviso.    Pop.  2023. 

CRESPIXO.  krJs-pee'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  government  of 
Venice,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Po,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Venice.     Pop.  4000.  chiefly  engaged  in  trade  on  the  river. 

CRES'SIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

CKES/SINGIIAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

CKESSINOIIAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

CKESSY,  a  village  of  France.    See  CaficT. 

CREST.  krJst.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dr9me,  on 
the  ri.rht  hank  of  the  Drome.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Valence. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4948.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  crowned 
by  the  remains  of  an  old  castle.  It  has  manufactures  of 
v.'OoUen  and  silk  fabrics,  and  printed  cotton  fabrics,  Ac. 

CREST,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
D6me,  7  miles  S.S.E.of  Clermont-Ferrand.     Pop.  lOSO. 

CREST-LINE,  a  thriving  post- village  of  Crawford  co.,Ohio, 
is  situated  on  the  Cleveland.  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road, where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  and 
Chicago  Iliiilroad  60  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus,  and  279 
miles  from  Chicago.  It  contains  4  churches,  12  stores,  a  very 
large  hotel  (lately  erected),  a  Union  school,  and  extensive 
railroau  shops.  It  was  laid  out  in  1850,  or  1851.  I>op.  in 
18(50, 1487 ;  in  1865,  about  3000. 

CRETE,  kreert,  or  CANDIA,  l<an'de-a,  (anc.  L.  Creta ; 
(St.  Kpjim,  kriH;  Fr.  Candle,  kiNMee/:'Turk.  Kiruli,  kee- 
ret^dee.)  a  large  and  famous  island  of  the  Mediterranean, 
now  belonging  to  Turkey,  between  lat.  34°  55'  and  35°  43 
N.,  and  Ion.  2.3°  30'  and  26°  20'  E.  Length,  150  miles; 
breadth,  from  6  to  35  miles.  Pop.  estimated  at  158.000, 
comprising  100.000  Greeks,  and  44.000  Turks.  The  N.  coast, 
with  numerous  indentations,  forms  the  Capes  of  Buzo, 
Spada.  >Ulek,  Retimo,  Sassoso,St.  .Tohn,  Sidero,  and  the 
H.iys  or  Gulfs  of  Kisamos.  Oanea  or  Khania.  Suda,  Armyro. 
Hctimo,  and  Jliraljel.     The  S.  coast  is  lofty,  bordered  by 


mountains,  presenting  few  indentations,  so  that  only  rsna 
marked  promontory  is  formed,  Cape  Mntala  or  Theodia.  and 
an  extensive  bay,  that  of  Messara.  About  0  miles  E.,  how 
ever,  of  Cape  Matala.  are  some  small  bays,  the  most  inte 
resting  of  which  is  that  in  which  the  vessel  bearing  the 
apostle  Paul  to  Rome  txiok  refuge,  on  her  way  to  Malta  or 
iMelita.  and  still  called  liy  tlie  Greeks.  Fair  ILavens.  The 
island  is  traversed  throughout  its  entire  length  by  a  chain 
of  mountaln.s.  Mount  Ida,  near  its  centre,  rises  to  7674  feel 
in  height.  Caverns  are  very  numerous,  and  one  of  great 
extent,  near  ilount  Ida.  is  supposed  to  have  been  that  an- 
ciently celebrated  as  the  retreat  of  Minotaur.  There  are 
few  plains,  and  no  rivers  or  lakes  of  any  importance.  The 
climate  is.  in  general,  mild  and  healthy,  the  heats  of  sum- 
mer being  tempered  by  a  N.  wind,  called  by  the  natives, 
enhal,  which  blows  throughout  the  greater  part  of  tlie  day. 
The  only  useful  minerals  known  to  exist  are  gypsum,  lime, 
slate,  and  whetstone.  Vegetation  is  extremely  luxuriant 
in  favorable  situations,  although  a  great  portion  of  the  soil 
is  dry  and  stony,  and  not  well  adapted  for  the  production 
of  grain.  In  many  places,  however,  fruits  and  vegetables 
grow  spontaneously;  myrtles  and  rose-laurels  cover  the 
banks  of  the  rivulets,  and  the  plains  and  pastures  are 
enamelled  with  the  most  beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers. 
The  principal  products  are  tobacco,  oil,  oranges,  lemons, 
silk,  wine,  raisins,  carobs,  valonea.  wool,  cotton,  and  honey. 
The  corn  raised  is  insufllcient  for  home  consumption.  The 
other  manufactures,  which  are  mostly  domestic,  comprise 
some  leather  .and  spirits,  with  coverlets,  sacking,  and  coarse 
cloths.  Soap  is  its  staple  article  of  manufacture.  The  ex- 
ports go  mostly  to  Egypt,  Turkey,  and  Greece,  and  in  1847 
amounted  in  value  to  284.28(7.  The  imports,  consisting 
chiefly  of  cotton  goods  and  other  manufactured  products, 
colonial  goods,  rice.wheat,  and  barley,  amounted  to  248, 65W., 
mostly  from  Britain  and  Austria.  During  the  year,  901 
vessels  arrived,  with  a  burden  of  40,657  tons. 

History. — Crete,  the  cradle  of  the  civilization  brought  to 
Europe  by  the  Phoenicians  and  Egyptians,  received  its  name 
from  Cres,  the  fir.«t  of  its  monarchs.  of  whom,  and  liis  succes- 
sors, however,  little  is  known,  and  that  little  is  so  intermingled 
with  faille,  as  to  be  of  liardly  any  historical  value.  Among  the 
mon.archs  were  two  of  the  name  of  .Tupiter,  and  two  of  the 
name  of  Jlinos,  one  of  whom  was  esteemed  the  wisest  legl.s- 
lator  of  antiquity.  His  laws  were  engraven  on  tablets  of 
brass,  and  were  <adopted  by  the  Greeks.  In  the  time  of 
Homer,  Crete  was  crowded  with  inliabitants,  and  contained 
a  great  number  of  flourishing  cities.  The  original  or  true 
Cretans,  were  called  Et*>ocretes.  to  distinguisli  them  from 
the  foreign  .settlers,  and  inhabited  the  S.  division  of  the 
island.  The  last  King  of  Crete  was  Idomeneus,  whose 
exploits  are  recorded  by  Homer.  For  ten  centuries.  Crete 
repelled  all  foreign  aggression,  but  was  at  length  subdued 
by  the  Romans,  who  subsequently  ceded  it  to  the  Marquis 
of  Jlontferrat.  by  whom  it  was  sold  to  the  Venetians  in 
1204.  when  it  obtained  the  name  of  Candia.  It  w.as  after- 
wards taken  by  the  Turks,  in  whose  possession  it  remained 
till  18;i0,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Mehemet  All,  A'iceroy  of 
Egypt,  who,  in  turn,  was  obliged  in  1841  to  restore  it  to 
Turkey.  Besides  the  classical  interest  M»hich  attaches  to 
Creta.  from 'its  heroic  and  mythological  associations,  and 
from  its  having  been  a  chosen  seat  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
is  the  higher  interest  which  arises  from  its  having  b<»en 
one  of  the  fir.st  places  in  the  world  favored  with  the  light 
of  the  go.spel.  The  Christian  faith  was  introduced  into  the 
island   by   St.  Paul,   whose  disciple.   Titus,  was   the  first 

Bishop  of  Crete. .\dj.  and   inhab.  Cretan,   kree.'tan.  or 

Candiax.  kan'de-an,  also  Ca.ndiot  or  Candiote,  kan'de-'ot\ 

CRETE,  a  post^township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

CRETEIL,  kreh-til'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine,  on  the  Marne,  6  miles  S.E.  of  I'aris.     Pop.  1570. 

CKE'TINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CREUILLY,  kruh'yee'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  . 
Calvados,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Caen,  on  the  Seule.  Pop.  1000. 
It  has  m.anufactures  of  lace. 

CREUSE,  kruz,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Creuse 
and  Indre.  joins  the  Vienne,  12  miles  N.  of  Chatellerault, 
after  a  N.N.W.  course  of  nearly  175  miles,  of  which  only  the 
last  4  miles  are  navigable. 

CREUSK.  a  department  in  the  centre  of  France.  situatM 
between  the  departments  of  Indre,  Haute- AMenne,  Corrfeze, 
Puy-de-D6me,  Allier,  and  Cher.  Area.  2133  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1861,  270,055.  Surface  mostly  mountainous,  and 
great  part  of  it  arid.  Thjs  is  one  of  the  poorest  departments 
of  France;  from  20.000  to  24.000  of  its  laboring  population 
emigrate  annually  to  Paris,  Ac.  as  masons  and  other  arti- 
Siins.  Principal  mineral  products,  coal  and  salt.  Capital, 
Gueret.  It  is  divided  into  the  4  arrondissemeuts  of  Au- 
husson.  Bourganeuf.  Boussac.  and  Gueret. 

CREUTZNACH.  kroits'ndK.    See  Kreutznacft. 

CREUZBURG,  kroits'lj«<5RG,  a  town  of  Prussiiin  Silesia, 
24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  3710. 

CREUZOT,  LE,  leh  kruhVo'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  .Sa6ne-et-Loire,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Autun.  Pop.  in 
1852.  8083.  employed  in  raising  iron  and  coal,  and  in  blast- 
furnaces, steel-mills,  foundries,  and  stean-engine  factories. 

517 


CEE 

C1i6tEC(ETJR,  kfZv^kuR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Oi?e,  12  miles  X.  of  Beauvais.    Pop.  2125. 

CiiEVECOJUR,  a  villa'je  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
on  ibi-  Scheldt.  6  miles  S.  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  1875. 

Ci;£VEC<EUK.  krSv'kCR',  a  fort  of  the  NetherlandLs.  pro- 
fiuce  of  North  Brabant,  on  the  Mense,  4  miles  X.X.W.  of 
Boi.s-le-Duc. 

CKEVKCCEUR.  a  Dutch  fort  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  Ac- 
cra. E.  of  St.  James,  lat.  5°  32'  X.,  Ion.  0°  11'  W.    See  Accra. 

CRETE  C(Et'K,  a  post-office  of  S.  Louis  co..  Missouri. 

CREVILLEXTE,  kri-veel-yeu'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  18  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Alicante,  at  the  E.  base  of 
the  hills  which  form  the  boundarj"  of  the  province  of  ilurcia. 
It  possesses  a  parish  church,  2  chapels,  town-hall,  prison, 
a  schools,  and  a  cemetery.     Pop.  722B. 

CitEAVE,  kru.  a  market-town  and  great  railway  depot  of 
England,  co.  of  Chester,  parish  Barthomley,  on  the  Loudon 
and  N.W.  Railway,  at  its  junction  with  the  Chester  and 
llolyhead  line.  34  miles  S.E.  of  Liverpool,  47  miles  X.X.^V. 
of  liirmiujcham,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Chester,  and  160  miles 
X.W.  of  London.  Population  chiefly  employed  in  stations 
and  foundries  connected  with  the  respective  railwjiys  here 
centriug.  and  with  the  recent  construction  of  which  the 
town  has  entirely  sprung  up.  It  con.sists  mostly  of  houses 
and  neat  cottages  with  gardens,  for  the  railway  officers  and 
servants ;  has  a  handsome  station  in  the  Elizabethan  style, 
a  tine  hotel,  elegant  church,  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  schools, 
lecture-room,  library,  mechanics'  institute,  baths,  and  nu- 
merous shops.  Markets  on  Saturday.  It  gives  the  title  of 
Baron  to  the  Crewe  family,  whose  .seat  is  in  the  vicinity. 

CREWKERNE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ilchester.  Pop.  in  li>61, 
4497.  The  town,  paved  and  lighted  with  gas.  has  a  fine 
cruciform  church,  in  the  Tudor  style,  and  richly  orn.a- 
mented;  a  grammar  school  with  4  exhibitions  to  Oxford 
Uiiiversity.  and  an  alms-house. 

CRICIIA.  Brazil.    See  Crixa. 

CRICUTOX,  kriK'ton,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Edinburgh.  The  village  is  thriving;  and  near  it  are 
limestone  quarries,  and  the  ruins  of  Crjchtou  Castle,  de- 
Ecriljed  hv  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  -Marmion." 

CRICliTOX'S  STORE. posfcKjffice,  Brunswick  co..  Virginia. 

CRICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton,  with  a 
station  on  the  Loudon  and  Birmingham  liailway,  4j  miles 
N.  of  Weedon. 

CRICK'ADARX,  a  parish  oT  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon,  7 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Talgarth.     Pop.  441. 

CRICKEITII  or  CRICCIETH.  krik'ith,  a  borough,  mai^ 
ket^town.  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon,  on 
Cardigan  Bay,  9  miles  E.X.E.  of  Pwllheli.  I'op.  of  parlia- 
mentary borough,  in  ISol,  797.  It  unites  with  Carnarvon, 
Bangor.  Conway,  Xevin,  and  Pwllheli  in  sending  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CRICK'ET  MEiyilERBIE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

CRICKET  ST.  THOMAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

CRlCK/nOWELL,  (Welch  Cnig-Hywen.  kug-htih'w?l.)  a 
market-town  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  and  12$  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Brecon,  on  the  Usk,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  14 
arches.  Pop.  of  parish,  in  1861, 1-Ki3.  The  town,  picturesquely 
situated,  and  greatly  resorted  to  both  by  tourists  and  inva- 
alids,  has  the  remains  of  a  castle,  and  is  the  head  of  a  poor- 
law  union,  and  the  seat  of  petty  sessions. 

CRICK'LADE,  a  parliamentary  borough,  and  market/ 
town  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  on  the  Isis,  and  the  Thames 
and  Severn  Canal,  3j  miles  N.  of  the  Purt<3n  station  of  the 
Gloucester  and  '^windon  Railway.  Pop.  of  parliamentary 
borough,  which  embraces  most  part  of  4  adjacent  hundreds, 
and  the  town  Swindon.  34,381.  It  has  2  antique  churches, 
an  ancient  cross,  a  union  work-house,  and  the  remains  of  an 
old  priory.  The  borough  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

CRIECII  or  CREICII.kreeK.  a  parish  of  Scotland.  CO.  of  Fife. 

CIILHCU  or  CREICH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Suther- 
lasa. 

CRIEFF,  kreef;  a  town,  burgh  of  barony,  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.,  and  15  miles  AV.  of  Perth,  on  the  Earn,  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Tay,  here  cro8.sed  by  a  four-arched  bridge. 
Pop.  in  1851,  45tU.  It  stands  near  the  foot  of  the  Gram- 
pians, at  the  entrance  of  one  of  the  principal  passes  to  the 
hi.'hlands.  and  ranks  as  the  second  town  in  the  county. 
It  has  3  good  churches,  a  town-house,  several  branch  banks, 
an  elegant  assembly  room,  subscription  and  circulating 
libraries,  active  manufiictures  of  cotton,  linen,  worsted  and 
woollen  stulfs,  tanneries,  corn  and  oil  mills,  distilleries,  and 
a  trade  in  tamUiring  and  flowering  webs  forGlasi:ow  houses. 
Previous  to  1770.  it  was  the  site  of  the  largest  cattle-market 
in  .Scotland,  which  was  then  transferred  to  Falkirk. 

CKIFFEL  (krifVl)  or  CRUFLE.  a  granite  mountain  of 
Scotland,  iu  Dumfries  and  Gallowayshire.  Elevation,  1892 
feet. 

CRICOLESTOXE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

CRIG'LERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Virginia. 
618 


CRI 

CRIME.\,  krim-ee'a,  fRuss.  Krim,  anc.  Thyfricn  ChrrffmeT- 
S)ts,)  a  peninsula  of  Southern  Russia,  formed  tiy  the  Sea 
of  Azof  and  the  Black  Sea,  comprising  the  chief  p;irt  of 
the  government  of  Taurida.  Pop.  19n.0t'3.  It  is  separated 
into  two  distinct  regions  by  its  largest  river,  the  Salghir; 
the  N.W.  portion  forms  a  vast  plain,  the  soil  of  which  is 
impregnated  with  salt,  and  only  tit  for  pasturage,  while  the 
S.E.  part  is  in  general  mountainous,  and  interspersed  with 
fertile  valleys.  The  mountain  <  bain  runs  in  a  N.E.  and  S.W. 
direction,  its  culminating  point,  Tchatir  dagh.  (anc.  Be- 
rosifus?)  is  5180  feet  in  elevation.  The  climate  of  the  N.W. 
portion  is  cold  and  humid  in  winter,  and  hot  and  dry  in 
summer;  but  the  S.E.  part,  defended  by  the  mountains 
from  the  X.  winds,  is  mild  and  salubrious.  The  !<oil  is  rich 
and  fertile,  producing  in  abundance  all  the  grains  and 
fruits  of  Southern  Europe;  the  mountains  are  covei-ed  with 
valuable  forests,  and  present  the  most  varied  and  pictu- 
resque scenery.  Vast  herd.s  of  cattle  are  reared,  and  the 
honej-  of  the  Crimea  is  celebrated  for  its  excellent  quality. 
Among  the  Tartar  population  the  dromedary  is  used  as  a 
beast  of  burden.  This  country  was  called  taurida  by  the 
Gi-eeks.  who  foimed  in  it  the  small  kingdom  of  Bosporus; 
was  held  by  the  Mongols  in  the  thirteenth  century,  sub- 
jected to  the  Turks  in  1475.  and  ceded  to  Russia  in  17S3. 
Its  changing  history  is  indicated  by  the  circumstance  that 

each  of  its  towns  has  at  least  thi-ee  different  names. Adj. 

and  inhab.  Crijikax.  krim-ee'an.     See  Taurida. 

CKIMMITZSCHAU.  krim'mits-sh6w\  a  town  of  Saxony, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Zwickau,  on  the  Pleisse,  and  on  the  rail- 
way from  Altenburg  to  Zwickau.  Pop.  10,050,  employed 
in  wouUen,  cotton,  and  needle  factories. 

CRIil'OXD.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

CRIMP'LESIIAM,  a  parish  of  Emrland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CRINAN  (kree'nan)  CANAL,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
connects  Loch  Gilp  with  Jura  Sound,  across  the  head  of  the 
peninsula  of  Kiutyre.  Length  about  9  miles:  average  width 
24  feet,  and  depth  12  feet.  It  has  15  locks,  is  navigable  for 
ves.sels  of  200  tons,  and  was  completed  between  1793  and 
ISOl.  at  a  cost  of  ISo.OtXV.  Near  its  extremities  are  the  vil- 
lages of  Crinan  and  Ijochgilphead. 

CRINAX,  L(X^II,  Ion  kree'nan,  a  small  arm  of  the  sea  in 
Scotland,  on  the  W.  coast,  about  5  miles  E.  of  the  X.  end  of 
the  i.sland  of  Jura.  At  the  head  of  the  loch  is  the  entrance 
to  the  Crinan  Canal. 

CRIX'GLEFORD.  a  pari.sh  of  Engl.-jnd.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CRIN'OW.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

CRIP'PLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Greenvile  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CRIPPLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

CRIPPLE  DEER,  a  post-office  of  Tishemlngo  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

CRIQUERCEUF  EX  CAUX.  kreek^buP  5>»  k6,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine  Inferieure.  20  miles  X.E.  Havre. 

CRIQUEBtEUF  SUR  SEINE,  kreek'buf  sUr  sAn  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Eure. 

CRIQUETirr  LESNEYAL,  kreekHo/  li'nfh-vjl'.  a  villago 
of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  12  miles  X.XE. 
of  Havre. 

CHIQUETOT  SUR  OUVILLE.  kreek'to/  sUr  ooVeeV,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inlerieure,  arron- 
dissement  of  Yvetot. 

CRISP  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Dade  co.,  Mis-souri. 

CRIT'CHELL.  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Dor.set. 

CRITCHELL.  MOORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

CRITTENDEN,  a  county  in  the  E.  prt  of  Arkansas,  bor- 
dering on  the  Jljsfissippi  River,  which  separates  it  fn^m 
Tennessee,  contains  994  square  miles.  The  St.  Francis  River 
forms  the  entire  W.  Iwundary.  The  surfiwe  is  an  alluvijil 
plain,  part  of  which  is  often  overflowed  by  the  Mississippi. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile  where  it  is  not  occupied  by  swamps. 
The  St.  Francis  River  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  county.  Capital,  Marion.  Pop.  4920,  of 
whom  2573  were  free. 

CRITTEXDEX,  a  connty  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  estimated  at  420  squ.are  milas.  Tnulewater 
Creek  forms  its  boundary  ou  the  N.E.,  and  Ciunbcrland 
River  on  the  S.W.  The  surface  is  mostly  level  or  gently 
undulating,  but  the  E.  part  is  more  hilly :  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Stone  coal  is  abundant  in  the  county,  and  the  mines  of  lead 
and  iron  are  Siiid  to  be  inexhaustible.  Formed  in  lS42,and 
named  in  honor  of  John  J.  Crittenden,  for  many  years 
senator  from  Kentucky,  and  twice  attornej -general  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  Mai'ion.  Pop.  8796,  of  whom  7S57 
were  free,  and  939  slaves. 

CRITTEXDEX,  a  post-ofBce  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

CRITTEXDEX,  a  post-village  of  Grant  CO.,  Kentucky, on 
the  turnpike  from  Covington  to  Lexington,  'Jl  miles  S.  of 
the  former;  it  hixs  3  churches.     Free  pop. 29^). 

CRITTEXDEX,  a  village  of  Hendricks  co.  Indiana,  on 
the  Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis  llailr  -ad,  26  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Indianapolis. 

CRITTEXDEX,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  -ndiana. 

CIUTXKNDEN,  a  post-office  of  FraakUn  co.   llUncis. 


GRI 


CRO 


CHITTENDEN,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri. 

CraTTENDEN  SPKINGS,  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  co., 
Kentui-ky. 

ClilVITZ,  a  town  of  Northern  Germany.    See  Krivitz. 

CKIX.\.  or  CRICIIA,  kree'shd,  a  Mver  of  Brazil,  rising  in 
the  mountains  N.  of  the  town  of  Goyaz,  flows  N.W.,  and 
joins  thu  I'i.^ht  tjank  of  the  Araguay.  Its  whole  course  is 
about  2  lU  miles,  and  it  is  partly  navij^able. 

CUIXA  or  CKICIIA,  a  city  of  Brazil,  province,  and  135 
miles  N.  of  Goyaz,  and  10  miles  S.  of  the  above  river.  Tlie 
title  of  city  was  conferred  on  the  old  borough  of  Crixa  in 
1838.     Pop.  5000.  (?) 

CROA,  kro'i,  the  name  of  five  small  islands  at  the  em- 
bouchure of  the  Amazon. 

CUOAGII,  kro'dn,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
Bter,  CO.  of  Limerick,  3^  miles  N.X.E.  of  Kathkeale.  Its 
church  was  formerly  collegiate.     Pop.  of  village,  187. 

CKO'AGU  PAT'RICK,  or  RKEK,  a  mountain  oflreland,  in 
Conuaught,  co.  of  Mayo,  on  the  S.  side  of  Clew  Bay,  6  miles 
W.S.W  of  Westport.  Elevation,  2530  feet.  It  is  an  object 
of  superstitious  reverence  to  the  Irish. 

CRO  ATI  A.  kro-A'sh€vij.(c;illea  by  the  natives  Handth  Orszdg, 
hoR'vdt'  OR'sdg';  Ger.  Kroatiev,  kro-i'te-gn,)  a  provinceof  the 
Austrian  Empire,  formerly  dependent  on  the  crown  of  Hun- 
gary, bounded  N.  by  Illyria,  Styrla,  and  Hungary,  E.  by  Sla- 
vonia  and  Turkish  Croatia,  S.  by  Dalmatia,  and  AV.  by  the 
Adriati'-.  Area,  3398  square  miles.  Pop.  .')38,204.  It  is  divided 
into  Civil  Croatia,  capital  Agram,  chief  towns  Warasdiu  and 
Creutz ;  and  Military  Croatia,  chief  towns  Carlstadt,  Belo- 
var,  Zeiig,  and  Carlopago.  The  foim  and  surface  of  Croatia 
are  very  irregular;  between  the  Save  and  the  Adriatic,  it  is 
traversed  by  a  range  of  limestone  mountains,  an  extension 
of  the  Julian  Alps,  varying  in  height  from  3500  to  5000  feet. 
A  characteiistic  featuie  of  the  mountains  is  the  number  of 
deep  ravines  and  subterranean  caverns  and  channels  which 
they  contain.  In  the  latter,  the  waters  of  important  streams 
are  often  lost,  and  after  pursuing  a  mj'sterious  course,  re- 
appear. Its  minerals  compri.'ie  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  coal. 
It  has  salt-mines,  and  many  mineral  springs.  The  climate 
is  mild  and  salubrious  in  the  southern  districts;  on  the 
higher  summiL>f,  snow  lies  during  a  great  part  of  the  year, 
and  it  is  visited  by  violent  and  excessively  cold  X.E.  winds. 
The  plains  of  the  E.  and  N.E.  are  very  fertile,  and  furnish 
various  kinds  of  grain,  fruits,  and  especially  a  wine  of  ex- 
cellent quality;  there  are  extensive  forests  of  oak  and  beech. 
The  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  is  cattle  rearing. 
There  are  almost  no  manuftictures.  The  inhabitants  are  of 
Slavonian  descent,  and  mostly  belong  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  G  reek  churches. 

Croatia  was  anciently  inhabited  by  the  Pannonians,  who 
were  sul)dued  by  the  Romans  under  Augustu.s.  In  .\.  d. 
489,  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Goths,  and  in  a.  d.  640, 
the  Croatians.  a  tribe  from  Bohemia,  settled  in  it,  and  gave 
their  name  to  the  country.  In  the  tenth  century,  its  princes 
assumed  the  title  of  Kings  of  Croatia,  which  thej'  subse- 
quently chang(»d  into  that  of  Kings  of  Dalmatia.  About 
the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  it  was  incorporated  with 
Hungary,  and  thenceforth  sent  representatives  to  the  Diet, 
but  retained,  and  still  retains,  many  of  its  peculiar  political 
rights  and  privileges.  By  the  new  arrangements  of  pro- 
vinces according  to  the  constitution  of  March  4. 1849,  it  was 
withdrawn  from  Hungary,  and  incorporated  with  the  king- 
dom of  Dalmatia. Aclj.and  inhab.  Croatian,  kro-;'i/she-an. 

CR(JATIA,  MILITARGREXZE,  (Militargrenze.)    See  Sli- 

L1T.\RY  Fro.NTIF.R. 

CROATIA,  (kro-,Vshe-a,)  TURKISH,  a  part  of  ancient  Cro- 
atia, comprised  in  the  Turkish  Empire,  in  which  it  forms 
thesanjak  of  Banialuka,  dependent  on  the  eyalet  of  Bosnia. 
It  is  situated  between  Austrian  Croatia,  Bosnia,  and  Herze- 
govina. 

CROCE  EIESCIII,kro'chi  fe-^sl^ee,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  13 
miles  X.N'.E.  of  Genoa,  with  the  places  of  Balbi  and  Daglio. 
Pop.  SrS". 

CROCE  riESCHI  MOSSO,  kro/chi  fe-Ss^kee  mos'so,  a  vil- 
lage of  Sardinia,  province  of  Biella.     Pop,  1630, 

CROCK' KliSVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigiin. 

CROCK'KRY  CREEK,  a  post-village  and  town.xhip  of  Ot- 
tawa CO.,  Michigan,  on  Grand  River,  8  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Pop.  517. 

CROCK'ETT,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Houston 
CO..  Texas,  on  the  San  Antonio  road,  l90  miles  X.E.  of  Aus- 
tin City,  and  12  miles  E.  of  Trinity  River.  The  valley  of 
I'rinity  Kiver  is  especially  rich,  and  adiipted  to  cotton,  rice, 
and  sugar-cane.  The  village  has  several  stores,  a  flourish- 
ing school,  a  Masonic  lodge,  and  a  Temple  of  Honor.  Laid 
out  in  1S38.     Free  pop.  319. 

CROCKETT'S  BLUFF,  a  post<jffice  of  Arkansas  co.,  Ar- 

CR(>CK'ETTSVILLE,  a  village  in  Russell  co.,  Alabama, 
about  65  miles  E.  by  X'.  of  ilontgomery. 
CROFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
CROFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
CROFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
CK.OFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  N'orth  Riding. 
CKOF'TOX,  a  parisL  cf  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 


CROGHAN,  kro'b.^n,  a  parish  of  Irol.and,  in  Lcinster, 
Kings  CO. 

CROGHAN.  a  post-town.'ship  ol  Lewis  co.,  X'ew  York,  about 
60  miles  X,  of  Utica.  borderiiiL'  on  Beaver  River.    Pop.  2035. 

CROGHAN.  a  post-office  of  .-Vllen  co..  Ohw. 

CRO'GHA.XSVILLE,  a  village  of  Sandu.'-ky  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Sandusky  River,  opposite  Fremont,  the  county  seat. 

CROG'LIN,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co,  of  Cumberland. 

CROIA,  CROJA,  kro'yd,  or  AK-HISSAR,  dk-his-sSr',  (••- «. 
"  White  Castle,")  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe.  Upper  Al- 
bania. pa.shalic  of.  and  42  miles  S.S.E.  of  Scutari,  and  capi- 
tal of  a  sanjak  of  its  own  name.  It  stands  on  a  lofty  moun- 
tain-spur, about  500  feet  above  the  plain,  and  is  defended  by 
a  strong  castle.  The  celebrated  Scanderbeg  was  born  here. 
Pop.  about  5000. 

CROISIC.  LE,  leh  krwdVeek',  a  seaport  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ix)ire-Inferieure,  on  a  point  of  land  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Loire  and  Vilaine,  44  miles  Vf .  of  Nantes. 
Pop,  2196.  It  has  an  exchange,  a  school  of  navigation,  tri- 
bunal of  commerce,  and  a  port  of  great  extent  and  depth, 
with  active  li.«heriesof  herring, mackerel, and  pilchard;  and 
retineries  of  salt  and  soda  procured  from  neiuhVioring  salt- 
marshes.  About  6  miles  seaward  is  Le  Four,  an  extensive 
and  dangerous  reef  of  rocks,  now  marked  bv  a  light-house. 

CROISILLE.  LA.  \l  krwS'zeel'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  1  laute-A'ienne,  20  miles  S.E.  of  I,imoges.     Pop.  2120. 

CROIX-ROUSSE,  LA,  la  krwd'rooss'.a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Rlidne,  arrondissement  and  canton  of  Lyons, 
of  which  it  forms  a  suburb,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone. 
Pop,  in  1852,  18,9.33,    It  has  manufactures  of  silk, 

CROIX,  SAINT,  one  of  the  West  India  Islands.  See 
San'TA  Ct'.uz; 

CROIX,  ST.    See  St.  Croix. 

CRO'KER  ISLAXD.  (native  name,  IIERATKI.  h:\-rT'kee,) 
one  of  the  Low  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacitic.  in  hit.  17°  26'  S., 
Ion.  143°  26'  W.    It  is  .sometimes  called  Tu.-ican  l.»land. 

CRO'KER  ISLAXD.  on  the  X.  coast  of  Australia,  off  Co- 
burg  Peninsula.  Its  N.  point,  Cape  Croker,  is  in  lat.  10°  68' 
S.,  lon.l32°3S'E, 

CROLLE8,  kroll,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Isfere, 
11  miles  N,E.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  1550. 

CROMA.  \jK.    See  L.wnKOJiA. 

CROM.\RTY,  krom'ar-tee,  a  small  county  of  Scotl.ind.  form- 
ing the  promontory  called  Ardmeaxach,  or  "  Black  Isle," 
consisting  of  about  17^  square  mile.s,  but  including  also  9 
detached  portions  of  land  in  vaiiovjs  parts  of  Ross-shire 
The  district  is  now  included  in  the  sheritTdom  of  Ross,  with 
which  it  joins  in  sending  a  member  to  the  Ilou.se  of  Com- 
mons ;  and  a  sheriff's  court  is  held  every  alternate  Friday 
at  the  town  of  Cromarty.  The  parish  and  c-ouuty  belonged 
to  the  eccentric  Sir  Tlinnias  Urquhart. 

CROM.\RTY.  a  parliamentary  burgh,  seaport  tflim.  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  above  county,  beautifully 
situated  on  Cromarty  Frith,  at  the  S.  side  of  its  entrance, 
near  South  Sutor.  16  miles  FI.N.E.  of  Din gw  all.  Pop.  in  1851, 
1988.  It  has  2  churches,  .some  ship-building  docks,  an  ex- 
cellent harbor,  and  a  pier  accessible  by  vessels  if  4(X»  tons, 
manufactures  of  ropes,  sacking,  sail-cloth,  and  beer.  The 
exports  of  pork  to  F^ngland  are  estimated  at  20.000/.  in  an- 
nual value.  Steamers  ply  weekly  between  it  and  Leilh.  It 
was  once  a  royal  burgh,  and  now  unites  with  Kirkwall, 
AVick,  Dingwall,  Dornoch,  and  Tain  in  sending  one  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

CRO'.MAltTY  FRITH,  (anc.  Ihrltus  Sahi/tuf  i.  e..  the 
"Haven  of  Safety,")  an  inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  in  Scotland, 
and  one  of  the  fine.st  bays  in  Britain,  on  its  X'.E.  coast,  im- 
mediately W.  of  the  Moray  Frith,  and  between  the  counties 
of  Cromarty  and  Ftos.s.  Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  18  miles; 
the  breadth  within  varies  fiom  3  to  5  miles ;  average  depth, 
from  9  to  12  fathoms.  It  is  entered  by  a  strait,  between 
wooded  headlands  called  South  and  North  Sutors,  only  IJ 
miles  across. 

CROMBIE,  an  ancient  pari.sh  of  Scotland.    See  Toert- 

BURX. 

CROM'D.\LE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Tnvemes.s. 

CRO'.MER,  a  small  .seaport  town  and  watering-place  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Norfolk,  on  its  N.  coast,  21  miles  X.  of  Xorwich. 
Pop.  in  1851,  1366.  It  has  .some  remains  of  ancient  walls, 
and  of  an  abbey,  a  fort  and  b.attery,  a  fine  church  in  the 
Tudor  style,  with  baths,  hotels,  and  a  public  library.  About 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  eastward  is  the  fiist  of  four  light- 
houses between  it  and  Y'armouth.  Ail  atteinjits  to  form  a 
harbor  have  lieen  baffled  by  the  heavy  sea.  which  is  here 
continually  gaining  on  the  laud,  and  vessels  load  and  unload 
on  the  open  beach.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  engaged  in 
fishing.  Cromer  Bay,  from  the  danger  of  its  navigation,  has 
been  named  by  seamen  the  "  devil's  throat.'' 

CROM'F(JRD,  a  neatly  built  market-town  of  England,  co. 
of  Derby,  in  the  picturesque  valley  of  JIatlockdale.  at  the 
terminus  of  the  Peak  Forest  Railw,ay.  2  miles  S.  of  Matlock. 
Pop.  in  1851,  1190.  mostly  employed  in  the  cotton  factories 
of  the  Arkwright  family,  who  have  a  handsome  seat  here, 
and  whose  celebrated  member.  Sir  Richard  Arkwright.  estab- 
lished here,  in  1771.  the  first  great  cotton  mills  ever  erected. 

CROM'HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

519 


CRO 


CRO 


CROMJITON   or   CROMYOX    PROMOXTORIUM.      See 

OORMACHITr. 

CUli.MPTOX.  a  township  of  England.  CO..  of  Lancaster. 

CliOit'WELL,  a  jwirish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

cKOM'AVKLL. a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  Kiver,  about 
25  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  161". 

CRO.MWELL.  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  1108. 

CROMWELL,  a  post-office  of  Cecil  CO..  Maryland. 

CROMWELL,  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co..  Kentucky. 

CROMWELL,  a  post-office  of  Nolile  co..  Indiana. 

Cl'.ONBERG,  krAu'b^BG.  or  KRONEN  BERG,  krin'en- 
bJRG\  a  town  of  Nas8.-iu.  1^  miles  E.  of  Konigstein.  Pop. 
2133.     Near  it  is  the  mineral  spring  of  Kronthal. 

CROX'DALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

CRONSPUR(t,  krAn.s'podnG.  a  villageof  Bavaria  near  Aliorf. 

CRONSTADT  or  KRONSTADT,  ki-on'stltt.  a  seaport  town 
of  Russia,  government  of.  and  20  miles  W.  of  St.  Petersburg, 
on  the  long.  Hat.  and  arid  island  of  Kotlin,  near  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Gulf  of  Finland;  lat.of  the  Cathedral,  .59°  59' 
42"  N.,  Ion.  20°  46'  30"  E.  The  town  is  built  in  the  form  of 
an  irregular  triangle,  on  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  isle,  oppo- 
site the  mouth  of  the  Neva,  and  is  strongly  fortifit'd  on  aU 
sides.  On  the  S.  side  of  KotJin  is  the  narrow  channel, 
through  which  only  one  vessel  can  pass  at  a  time,  from  the 
gulf  to  the  capital,  and  scores  of  guns  would  here  be  brought 
to  bear  on  au  enemj-,  by  means  of  a  fortress  erected  on  a  de- 
tached islet ;  or,  if  arriving  on  the  opposite  side,  by  means  of 
the  batteries  of  Riesbank,  and  the  citadel  of  Cronslot.  Cron- 
stadt  is  regularly  built,  and  contains  many  straight  and  well- 
paved  streets,  and  several  squares.  The  houses,  however, 
are  all  low.  being  generalh'  of  one  story,  with  those  singular 
red  and  green  painted  roofs  common  in  Russia,  and  are 
mostly  of  wood,  with  exception  of  those  belonging  to  the 
government,  which  number  nearly  200.  and  are  nearly  all 
built  of  stone.  The  town  is  entered  by  three  gates,  and  is 
divided  into  two  sections,  the  commandanfs  division  and 
the  admiralty,  each  of  which  is  subdivided  into  two  dis- 
tricts. It  is  also  intersected  by  two  canals,  which  have  their 
Bides  of  gi-anite.  and  are  Ixith  deep  and  wide  enough  to  ad- 
mit the  largest  vessels.  The  one,  Peter's  Canal,  is  used  as  a 
repairing  d'xk;  and  the  other.  Catherine's  Canal,  for  com- 
mercial purposes.  Cronstadt  contains  three  Greek  churches 
— that  of  the  Transfiguration,  a  large  wooden  edifice,  built 
by  Peter  the  Gi"eat.  and  covered  with  images ;  Trinity 
Church,  and  St.  Andrew's  Church,  in  the  Byz.intine  style, 
with  a  handsome  cupola.  There  are  also  2  Greek  chapels. 
and  3  other  churches,  for  Lutherans.  English,  and  Roman 
Catholics.  Between  the  two  canals  stands  a  handsome 
palace,  built  by  Prince  Menshikof,  now  occupied  as  a  naval 
school,  and  attended  by  300  pupils.  The  other  public  build- 
ing deserving  of  notice  are  the  Marine  Hospital,  fitted  up 
with  2500  beds,  the  Exchange,  Custom-house.  Admiralty. 
Arsen.al,  Barracks.  Cannon  Foundry,  ic,  and  the  small  palace 
In  which  Peter  the  Great  resided,  in  the  gardens  of  which 
are  several  Mks  planted  by  his  own  hand.  The  shady 
alleys  of  the  gardens  form  the  principal  promenade.  The 
harbor  lies  to  the  S.  of  the  town,  and  consists  of  thi-ee  sec- 
tions— the  military  or  outer  harbor,  which  is  the  great  naval 
station  of  Hussia.  and  is  capable  of  containing  35  ships  of 
the  line;  the  middle  harbor,  properly  intended  for  the  fitr 
ting  out  and  repairing  of  vessels:  and  the  innermost  har- 
bor, running  pitrallel  with  the  last,  and  used  only  by  mer- 
chant vessels,  of  which  1000  might  lie  in  it.  Tw(>thirds  of 
the  external  commerce  of  Russia  passes  through  Cronstadt, 
although  the  depth  of  water  at  the  bar  is  scarcely  9  feet,  and 
ice  blocks  up  the  harbor  nearly  five  months  in  the  year,  the 
shipping  se;isOn  continuing  only  from  M.ay  to  November.  In 
1849.  the  nnml  er  of  vessels  that  entered  the  port  was  1611, 
of  which  940  were  British ;  the  departures  were  1550,  of 
which  8iH)  were  Brifi.sh.  (For  the  trade  of  the  port,  see  St. 
PETERsnuuo.)  Cronstadt  has  constant  communication  with 
the  opposite  shores,  and  ste:imer8  now  ply  regularly  between 
it  and  the  capital.  It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great  in 
1703.  Pop.  in  winter,  not  alove  60  X),  exclusive  of  the  garri- 
Bon  and  marine:  but  including  these,  in  suuuner,  not  less 
than  40.000 ;  in  1S58,  29,116. 

CRONSTADT,  Transylvania.     See  Kro.vstabt. 

CROOK  .\-\D  BII/LY-ROW,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

CROOK'ED  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in  the  'W.  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state,  and  joins  the  -\lleghany  River  in  Arm- 
strong county. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  near'the  N.E. 
extremity  of  the  state,  and  Hows  south-westward  through 
MarllK>rou.rh  district  into  Givat  Pedee  River. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Auglaize  Hiver. ' 

CROOKED  CREEK,  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  falls  into  the 
Ohio  a  fL'W  ni'.Ies  al)ove  Rockport. 

CROOKED  CKEEK,  of  Indlauiu  rises  in  Steuben  CO.,  and, 
(ktssing  Into  Michigan,  enters  Fawn  River. 

Clt'X'KED  CK>:eK,  In  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  fells  Into 
the  Illinois  River  near  Beardstowu. 
6:^0 


CROOKED  CREEK,  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri,  flows  RE 
into  the  North  Fork  of  Salt  River.  It  furnishes  motive- 
power  for  mills  during  a  few  months  of  the  3-ear. 

CROOKED  CREEK  of  Iowa,  enters  the  Skunk  River  at 
the  N.W.  corner  of  Henry  county 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Arkansas. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  past-office  of  Steuben  co..  Indiana. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  lUinois. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Illinoig. 
Pop.  1366. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Missouri. 

CROOKED  CREEK,  a  sm4ll  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

CROOKED  CREEK  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Bullitt  co., 
Kentucky. 

CROOKED  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Tennessee. 

CROOKED  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CROOK'ED  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  the  Bahamas,  consist- 
ing  of  Crooked  Island.  Aklin's  Island.  Fortune  Island  and 
Castle  Island.  Lat.  of  S.  point  of  Castle  Island  22°  7'  N.,  Ion. 
74°  21'  W. 

CROOKED  LAKE,  in  the  western  part  of  New  York.  Is  in- 
cluded in  the  limits  of  Steuben  and  Yatt-s  counties.  Length, 
about  IS  miles;  greatest  breadth.  H  miles.  At  the  N.  end 
it  is  divided  into  two  forks  or  branches,  one  of  which  is 
about  5  and  the  other  8  or  9  miles  long.  Its  surface  is  stated 
to  be  487  feet  above  Lake  Ontario;  that  is,  718  above  the 
level  of  the  -Atlantic.  This  lake  usually  freezes  over  in  the 
winter.  At  other  seasons,  a  steaml>oat  leaves  l^enn  Yan.  at 
its  N.N.E.  extremity,  for  Hammondspoit,  at  its  S.W.  extre- 
mity, at  1  o'clock,  p.  M.,  and  returns  the  next  morning.  The 
scenery  along  the  shores  is  very  beautiful  and  picturesque. 
The  outlet  which  flows  into  Seneca  Lake  has  a  descent  of  271 
teet  in  about  7  miles,  affording  valuable  water-power. 

CROOKED  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Marquette  co.,  'Wis- 
consin. 

CROOKED  RIVER,  a  small  strejim  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Maine,  rises  in  Oxford  county,  and  flows  into  Sebago  Pond 
in  Cumberland  county. 

CROOKED  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  a  sm-all  stream  which 
flows  S.E.  through  Ray  county  into  the  Missouri  River,  a  few 
miles  below  Lexington. 

CROOK'HAVEN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  :Munster,  co.  of 
Cork,  on  Crookhaven  Harbor,  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Kib- 
bereen. 

CROOKSn'ILLE,  formerly  BANCROFTS  MILLS,  a  thriv- 
ing manufacturing  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is 
delightfully  situated  on  Ridley  Creek,  about  3  miles  AV.  of 
Chester.  It  contained  in  July,  1S53,  two  large  woollen  lao- 
tories,  in  which  nearly  all  the  working  population  of  the  place 
are  employed ;  also  a  neat  church,  and  from  51.1  to  lO  dwellings. 

CROOM.  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of 
Limerick,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Adare.  It  w.hs  of  considerable 
importance  in  earlier  ages,  and  still  has  a  strong  castle,  built 
in  the  reign  of  King  John. 

CROOME,  (kroom,)  EARL'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

CROOME  D'ABITOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

CROOME  HILL,  a  parish  of  Eneland.  co.  of  Worcester.    . 

CROPPENDSTADT.  (Croppenstadt,) kroji'pen-stett'.awall- 
ed  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  Magdeburg,  7  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Oschersleben.     Pop.  2001. 

CROP'PER'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Sheltiy  co..  Kentucky. 

CROP'IxEADY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CROPTHORN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

CROP'AVELL,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  .\l.Hbama. 

CROP'WELlrBISH'OP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingh:un. 

CROPWEIX-BCTIiER,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

CRoS'BY,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1182. 

CROS'BY  G.IR'RET.  a  villiige  and  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Westmoreland,  in  a  picturesque  secluded  vale  at  the  foot 
of  Crosby-Fell. 

CROSBY,  GRE.\T, a  chapelry  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  L.nncaster. 

CltOSBY,  LITTLE,  a  township  of  Fngland,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

CROS/BY  RA/VENSWORTir,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Westmoreland. 

CUOS'BY-UPOS-E'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

CROS'BYVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Columbi-H. 

CROS'COMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  S<ui"rset. 

CROSS,  a  parish  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  in  S.-otland. 

CROS'S.\KEEL\  a  post-town  of  Ireland,  co  of  Meath,  <? 
miles  S.W.  bv  W.  of  Kells.     Pop.  316. 

CltOSS  AN'CUOR,  a  postoffice  of  Spar  tanbm-g  co.,  South 
Carolina. 


CRO 

CROS/SANVILLE,  a  small  post-Tillage  in  Perry  co.,  Ohio. 
CROSS  BAYOU,  of  Catahoula  parish,  Louisiana,  commu- 
nicates with  Saline  Ba)'ou. 

CJiOSS'BOY^K,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of 
Mayo. 

CltOSS  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Ohio  Elver  3  or  4 
miles  lielow  Sttiubenville. 

CROSS  CREEK,  a  township  of  'Washingtoa  oo.,  Pennsyl- 
rania.    Pop.  1110. 

CROSS  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1582. 

CROSS  CREEK  VILLAGE,apostofficeof  "^Vashington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

CROSS  CCT,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

CROSSEX  or  KllOSSEX,  kros'sen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pi-o- 
rince  of  Brandenburg,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Bober  with  the  Oder.  Pop.  6450.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  clotli  and  hosiery,  tanneries  and 
distilleries.  It  is  walled,  and  has  an  old  citadel.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Russians  in  1768. 

CROSS-FELL,  a  mountain  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
11  miles  E..\.E.  of  Penrith.    Elevation,  2901  feet. 

CROSS'FORI).  a  vilhage  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  2^  miles 
W.  of  Dunfermline.    Pop.  443,  mostly  weavers. 

CROSS  FORK,  a  po.st-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CROSS/GAR,  a  villa.L^e  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down, 
6  miles  N.W.  of  Downpatrick.     Pop.  695. 

CROSS'OATE.S.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  3i  miles 
miles  E.  of  Dunfermline.    Pop.  C4G. 

CROSS'IIA'VEN,  a  village  and  harbor  of  Ireland,  co.  and 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Cork,  in  Cork  Harbor.     Pop.  549. 

CROSS  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Laurens  district,  South 
Carolina,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Laurens  Courtrllouse.  It  has  2 
high  schools,  which  are  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

CROS'SIXOVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, al-Kjut  240  miles  ^V.^".^V.  of  Harrisburg. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Camden. 

CROSS  KJCYS.  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  post-office  of  Union  district,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  district  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia,  about 
112  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  post-office  of  JIacon  co.,  Alabama. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  post-office  of  Roane  co.,  Tennessee. 

CROSS'KILL  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

CROSS  LAKE,  of  Louisiana,  situated  In  Caddo  parish. 
Immediately  ^V.  of  Shieveport,  communicates  on  the  N. 
with  Soda  Lake.  Length,  about  15  miles;  mean  breadth,  2 
or  3  miles. 

CROSS  (or  LA  CROSSE,  11  kross,)  LAKE,  in  British  North 
America.  20  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  receives  the  Bea- 
ver, and  gives  origin  to  the  Mississippi.  On  its  W.  side  is 
Fort  La  Crosse,  lat.  55°  26'  N.,  Ion.  108°  \V. 

CROSS'LAND,  SOUTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding. 

CROSSVMAGLE.W,  a  neat  market-town  of  Ireland,  In  Ul- 
ster, CO.  of  .\rmai;h.  10  miles  N.W.  of  Dundalk.     Pop.  546. 

CR0SS\M1'CI1AEL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright. 

OROSS.MOLINA,  kross^mo-le-n3/,  a  market-town  and  pa- 
rish of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo,  on  the  Deel,  6i 
miles  S.W.  of  Bajlina.     I'op.  of  town,  1672. 

CROSSON'S  STORE,  a  postroffice  of  Randolph  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  Georgia.    See  Daltox. 

CROSS  PLAI.NS,  a  postvillage  of  Benton  CO.,  Alabama,  13 
miles  N.  of  Jacksonville.        , 

CROSS  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Arkansas. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Robertson  co.,  Tenne.ssee, 
35  miles  N.X.E.  of  Nashville. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  a  postrvillage  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  80 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  a  village  of  Callaway  co.,  Missouri,  about 
to  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CROSS  l'L.\.INS,  a  post-township  in  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin, 
tbout  16  mik'S  W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1125. 

CROSS  RIDGE, a  post-office  of  Tishemingo CO., Mississippi. 

CROSS  RIVER,  Guinea.    See  Calabar. 

CROSS  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
Pork. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey, 
Smiles  S.W.  of  Mount  Holly. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Jackson  co.,  Mississippi. 

CROSS  ROAD.S,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Arkansas. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Jelferson  co.,  Kentucky. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio. 

CROSS  RO.^DS,  a  post  office  of  Johnson  co.,  Illinois. 

CROSS  ROADS,  a  village  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri,  about  16 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 


CRO 

CROSS  SOUND,  in  Russian  America,  separates  K'tij 
George  III.  Archipelago,  towards  the  N.W.,  from  the  main- 
land.    Cross  Cape  is  at  its  S.W.  entrance. 

CROST'ON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  L;in- 
caster.    Pop.  3939. 

CROSS  TIM'BERS,  a  village  of  Hickory  CO.,  Missouri. 

CKOSS/VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Liunpkin  co.,  Georgia. 

CROSSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee, 111  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nijsliville. 

CROSS'WICKS,  a  post-village  of  Chesterfield  town,shipi 
Burlington  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  left  I)ank  of  Crosswick* 
Creek,8  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton,  and  4  miles  E.  of  Eordentowi* 
It  has  3  churches,  and  several  stores  and  mills. 

CROSSWICKS  CREEK,  of  New  Jer.sey,  rises  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state,  and  flows  along  the  boundiiry  between 
Mercer  and  Burlington  counties,  until  it  enters  the  Dela- 
ware at  Bordentown. 

CROSTIIVVAITE,  kross/thwait,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cunit.i'iland 

CROSTIIWAITE  and  LYTH,  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Westmorilaiid.     Pop.  717. 

CROST'WICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CROST'WIGHT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

CRO'TON,  a  post-villaire  in  Delaware  co..  New  Y'ork,  about 
80  miles  W.5.W.  of  Albany. 

CROTOX  or  CROTON  LANDING,  a  post-village  and  sta- 
tion of  Westchester  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  the  Hud.son  River 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Hudson  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Croton 
River,  30  miles  N.  of  New  York. 

CltOTON,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey. 

CROTON,  a  post-office  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

CROTON,  a  post-office  of  Newaygo  co.,  Michigan. 

CROTON,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

CIIOTONA,  Italv.     See  Cotrone. 

CRO'TON  COli/NERS,  a  post-village  of  Chemung  co..  New 
York. 

CROTON  FALLS,  a  post-village  and  railroad  station  of 
Westchester  CO.,  New  York,  on  Croton  River,  and  on  the 
Harlem  Railroad.  51  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  Y'ork  City. 

CROTON  RIVER  rises'  in  Dutchess  co..  New  York,  and 
flowing  in  a  southerly  course  through  Patnam  county, 
turns  westward  into  Westchester  county,  and  enters  the 
Hudson  River  about  35  miles  above  New  York  City.  From 
this  stream  the  city  of  New  York  is  supplied  with  water. 
See  New  Y'ork. 

CROTOY,  LE,  Ifh  kro'tw^/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Somme,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Abbeville,  with  a  small  port  ou 
the  Somme,  near  its  mouth.  It  has  remainsof  a  fortress  ia 
which  Joan  of  Arc  was  imprisoned. 

CROT'TY.  a  post-office  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

CROUGHTON,  kro/tyn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

CROULIN  (krooain)  ISLES,  a  group  in  Scotland,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Ros.s-shire,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Loch  Carron.  The 
largest  island  is  about  1  mile  in  length. 

CRO'WAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Comwall. 

CROW'COMBE,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CROW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co..  South  Caro- 
lina. 

CROW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee. 

CROW'DER'S  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina  and  South 
Carolina,  enters  the  Yadkin  in  York  district  of  the  latter 
state. 

CROWDER'S  CREEK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Gaston  co..  North 
Carolina. 

CROWDER'S  MOUNTAIN,  a  postK)ffice  of  Gaston  co., 
North  Carolina. 

CROnVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CItOW'HURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

CROWHURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CROW  IX'DIAXS,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the  central  and 
south-western  part  of  Missouri  Territory. 

CROWLAXD,  a  town  of  EngLind.     See  Crotland. 

CROWLANDVILLE,  kryiand-vil,  or  COOK'S  MILLS,  a 
post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  AVelland.  about  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Chippewa.  It  contains  churches  of  the  Wesleyan 
and  Episcopal  Methodists.    Pop.  about  150. 

CROWLE,  kr61,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Trent  and  Don,  5| 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Thome.    Pop.  2544. 

CROWLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

CROW'M  ARSH-GIF'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford, 

CROW  ME.VDOAV.  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois, 
122  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

CROW  MEADOWS,  a  post-office  in  Marsh.ill  co.,  Indian.<u 

CROWN  POINT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co., 
X'ew  York,  on  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  about 
75  miles  N.  of  Albany.  The  fortifications  which  rendered 
this  place  famous  in  the  history  of  the  American  War,  aie 
now  in  ruins.    Pop.  2252. 

CROWN  POINT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lake  co..  Indi- 
ana, about  130  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis.  It  contains  2 
or  3  churches. 

CROWN  S/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Anne  Arundel  ca, 
Maryland. 

621 


CRO 


CSI 


CROWNTHORPB  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
CROW  RIYBR,  o<  Minnesota,  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
Us  Ni^rth  and  South  Forks.  Flowing  in  a  N.E.  course  it 
fnUs  into  the  Mississippi  River  about  ti  miles  above  Anoka. 
J^ntire  lenjrth,  inchiding  that  of  the  North,  or  principal, 
I'ork,  aliout  100  miles. 

CROWS  NEST,  a  peak  of  the  Highlands,  is  situated  on 
tlie  W.  side  of  the  Hudson,  in  Orange  co..  New  York. 

CRO\V  S  POND,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Kentucky. 

CROWS'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CROW'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Warwick  co-,  Indiana. 

CROW  WING,  a  village  and  trading-post  of  Uenton  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Crow 
Wing  River. 

CROW  WING  RITER,  of  Minnesota,  has  its  source  in  a 
group  of  small  lakes  S.  of  Lake  Itasca.  It  flows  S.E.  and 
foils  into  the  Mississippi  8  or  9  miles  above  Fort  Ripley. 
Entire  length,  near  100  miles. 

CUOX'.\LL-wiTH-ED/INGHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  cos. 
of  Stafford  and  Derby. 

CHOX'UY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

CROX'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

CROXTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CamWdge. 

CROXTOX.  a  parish  of  Enijland.  co.  of  Lincoli&. 

CROXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Of  Norfolk. 

CROXTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

CROXTOX,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

CROXTON-KEYRIAL,  kee're-al,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester. 

CROXTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

CROY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  .Naiin  and  Inverness.  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Inverness!.  Pop.  1084.  It  comprises  the  Moor  of 
CuUoden,  memorable  for  the  defeat  of  Prince  Charles's  army, 
In  1746.  by  the  royal  troops  under  the  Duke  of  Cumlierl.ind. 

CROY,  a  station  on  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway. 

CROYA,  a  town  of  Albania.    See  Krova. 

CROY'DON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey,  on  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway,  lOJ  miles  S. 
of  London  Bridge.  Pop.  in  ISSi,  20.031.  The  town  is  well 
built,  and  increasing  in  size;  principal  edifices, a  handsome 
parish  church,  with  many  tombs  of  archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury, various  other  places  of  wor.ship,  the  Town-hall,  oc<»- 
sionally  used  as  a  corn-market :  the  Poultry  Market-house, 
Trinity  Hospital,  for  the  maintenance  of  40  poor  persons, 
(revenue,  upwards  of  2000i.  a  year;)  sever■^l  alms-houses, 
the  Jail,  Union  Work-house,  and,  near  the  town,  some  bur- 
racks.  Addington  Park,  the  seat  of  the  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, is  near  Croydon.  Among  its  numerous  public 
Bchools  are  Archbishop  Tenison's,  and  a  school  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  removed  to  Croydon  from  Islington  in 
1825.  Addiscombe  College,  for  cadets  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service,  is  about  IJ  miles  distant,  and  has  14 
professors,  with  from  120  to  160  pupils.  Croydon,  alter- 
nately with  Guildford,  is  the  seat  of  the  county  assizes.  It 
has  a  court  of  requests  and  petty  sessions.  An  active  trade 
In  corn  for  the  London  markets  is  carried  on ;  and  the  di- 
rect London  and  Portsmouth  Railway  here  joins  the 
Brighton  line.  Croydon  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Nnvinmlagus,  and  near  it  many  remains  of  an- 
tiquity h.ave  been  discovered. 

CROYDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

CROY'DON,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, 40  miles  M'.N.W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  755. 

CKO  Y  D0.\  FLAT,  post-oflice.  Sullivan  co..  New  Hampshire. 

CROY'LAND  or  CROW'LAND,  an  ancient  town  and  pa- 
rish of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  on  the  river  Welland,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  built  in  the  time  of  Edward  II.,  and 
much  admired  by  antiquaries.  14  miles  E.X.E.  of  Stamford. 
Pop.  in  1S51,  3183.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  ruins  of  its  once 
splendid  abbey,  founded  in  716,  out  of  the  remains  of  which 
a  church  h!\s  been  constructed. 

OR0ZliT(kro'z4/)ISLAND8,a  group  of  four  small  islands 
in  the  South  Indian  Ocean,  between  Kerguelen  and  Prince 
Edward  Islands.  The  easternmost,  called  East  I.«land,  is 
placed  by  Sir  James  Ross  in  lat.  46°  27'  S.,  Ion.  52°  14'  E. 

CROZIERVILLE,  kro/zher-vlll,  a  thriving  manufactur- 
ing village  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Chester 
Creek,  where  it  is  joined  by  its  West  Briinch.  and  on  the 
West  Chester  I'.ailroad.  16  W.S.W.  of  PhiladelpWa.  Pop.  in 
1S63,  about  800. 

CItOZON,  kro^zAx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Fi- 
nistire,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Quimper.  on  a  peninsula  S.  of  Berst 
Roads.  Pop.  8858.  chiefly  suppoi-ted  by  navigation  and  fishing. 

CItOZO.X.a  village  of  tVance,  department  of  Indre,6  miles 
8.W.  of  La  Chatre.     Pop.  lOSO. 

CRUACHEN,  BEN.    See  BEtr-CRUACnE;». 

CRUACri-LUSSA.  kroo'aK  loos'sa,  or  CKUACH-LUSACII. 
kroo/.in  lu'san.  ("the  mountain  of  plants,")  a. mountain  of 
Scotland.  CO.  of  Argyle.  district  of  Knapdale,  3000  feet  high. 

CRUCES,  krno's^s,  (the  pi  unit  of  the  .-iSpanish  word  Cruz, 
%  "cross,")  a  village  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  on 
the  Isthmus,  2t)  miles  N.N.W.  of  Panama.  Itoats  ascend  the 
Ch.agres  liiver  to  this  point.  In  1760  it  was  sacked  and 
burned  bv  Morgan,  the  English  pirate. 
622 


CRU'CIFER,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee,  126 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville. 

CRU'DEN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  20  miles  N.N.E, 
of  Aberdeen.  Pop.  2349.  Here  are  the  remains  or  a  Druidl- 
cal  temple,  and  the  fine  castlii  of  Slaiiies,  Ibe  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Errol.  In  the  eleventh  century,  this  parish  was  the  scene 
of  a  battle  between  the  forces  of  Jlalcolm  II.  of  Scotland  and 
of  Canute,  afterwards  King  of  Ennlaud. 

CRUD'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Wilts. 

CRU'GES,  a  postroftice  of  Westchester  co..  New  York. 

CRU'IT  ISLAND,  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  is 
in  the  Atlantic,  immediately  off  its  N.W.  coast,  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Dungloe.    Lieugth,  from  N.  to  S.,  2*uile.s. 

CRUM  CREEK,  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
the  DeLaware  River. 

CRUM  ELBOW,  a  postoffice  of  Dutchess  CO.,  New  York. 

CRUM'LIN,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulstei,  co.  of 
Antrim,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Belfast.     Pop.  668. 

CRUMLIN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leiii.«ter.  co.  of  Dublin. 

CRUM'MOCK-WATER,  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, between  Buttermere  and  Lowes  AVater.  Length,  4 
miles ;  breadth,  j  mile.  The  Cocker  carries  its  sujwrtiuous 
waters  to  the  Derwent.  The  surrounding  mouutair.  scenery 
is  beiiutiful.  Scale-Force,  the  loftiest  cascade  of  •'  the  Lakes," 
having  a  fell  of  156  feet  in  one  clear  leap,  is  in  its  vicinity. 

CRUM'SALL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
Pop.  2745. 

CRUN'D.iL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CRUN^VEAR,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

CRU'SO.  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

CRU'WYS-MOlt/CHARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

CRUX-EASrrON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  ILints. 

CRL'Y'BEIvE,  a  village  of  Belgium,  proviuce  of  Last  Flan- 
ders, 6  miles  S.AV.  of  Antwerp. 

CRUYSHANTEM,  krois'hilu'tJm,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent.  Linen- 
weaving  employs  about  6U0  looms.  Near  the  centre  of  the 
commune  is  an  ancient  castle.     Pop.  6769. 

CRYSTAL,  kris/tal,  mountains  of  Africa,  lat.eoS.lon.20°E. 

CRYS'TAL  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  ."Uclleury  co..  Illinois, 
on  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name,  and  on  a  railroad  43 
miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

CRYSTAL  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Waupaca  co..  Wisconsin. 

CRYSTAL  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Autauga  co..  Alabamti. 

CS.\BA,  chOVdhV  a  village  of  Hungary,  beyond  the 
Theiss.  co..  and  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bekes.  Pep.  of  the  dis- 
trict, 24,690.  This  is  the  largest  village  in  Kunpe.  It  has 
a  Roman  Catholic  and  a  Protestant  church,  and  an  exten- 
sive trade  in  corn,  cattle,  fruit,  wine,  hemp,  and  fiax. 

CSACZA,  chat/s(Bh\  or  CSATTCZA.  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, circle  of  Hither  Danube,  54  miles  N.E.  of  Trent.«:chin, 
on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Jablunka,  and  right  bank  of  Kis- 
zucza.     Pop.  4640. 

CSAIKISTEN.  chi-kis'tln\  or  B.ATAILLONP  DISTRICT, 
b2-tdl-y6ns'  dig'trikt,  a  district  of  Hungary,  in  Military  Sla- 
vonia,  on  the  angle  formed  by  the  Danube  and  the  Theiss. 
Pop.  30,600. 

CSAKATHURM,  chl/kd-tooRmN  CSAKVAR,  chakVaR', 
or  TSAKTORNYA,  tsdk-toRn'yl  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Szalad,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  AVarasdin,  on  the  Tarnova.  It 
contiiins  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1080. 

CS.\KOVA,  chOh'koVOh ,  a  town  of  Hungary,  circle  of 
Thither  Theiss,  on  the  Temes,  18  miles  S.  of  Temesvar. 
Pop.  4250. 

CSAKVAR,  chdkVfiR',  a  vilkage  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Stuhl- 
weissenburg.  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Buda,  with  a  castle  and  4 
Protestant  church.     Pop.  4840. 

CSAN.\D.  ch<5h'n3d',  a  market-town  of  Eastern  Hungary, 
capital  of  the  county,  44  miles  N.  of  Temesvar,  on  the  Maros 
Pop.  3730.  It  was  once  a  flourishing  town,  and  has  the  re 
mains  of  an  ancient  castle. 

CS.4NTAVER.  chOnHOh'vaiR/,  a  vill.age  of  Hungary,  cird* 
of  Hither  Danube,  near  Magyar  Kanisa.     Pop.  3186. 

CSANY  or  TSANY,  chiil,  a  village  of  Hungary,  circle  of 
Hither  Theiss,  3  miles  from  Hatvan.     Pop.  2175. 

CS.\SZ.\R.  chO.s'saR',  a  vill.ige  of  Hungary,  circle  of  Hither 
Danube.  8  miles  from  Tat.a.     I'op.  2:!SS. 

CSATH.CSAT.orCSAIT,  chdt,  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
circle  of  Hither  Theiss,  13  miles  from  Sliskolcz.     Pop.  5^  40. 

CSATSAK  or  TSATSAK.  chlV-hik',  a  town  of  Senia,  on 
the  Morava,  90  miles  S.W.  of  Belgrade,  and  lately  rebuilt  in 
a  regular  style.    It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop. 

CSKB.  eh^b.  a  vill.Hge  of  Hungary,  circle  of  Hither  Danube, 
3  miles  frem  I'olanka.    Pon.  2043. 

CSEPEL  or  TSEl'EL.  chi'p^l',  a  river  island  of  Hungary, 
immediately  S.  of  Pesth.  firmed  by  the  Dannlie.  Greatest 
length  from  N.  to  S..  25  miles:  average  breadth.  4  miles. 

C.SERVENKA,  cbJa^'fn'kOh',  a  town  of  Hungai-}-,  circle 
of  Hither  Danube,  10  miles  from  Zombor.     Pop.  2791. 

CSET.NEK.  chJt'nJk'.  a  ni;irket-town  of  Northern  Hun- 
gary. CO.  of  GUmiir.  8  miles  W.  of  Rosenau. 

CSI  K  EK-ST  U II L.  chee'ker-stool',  a  district  of  Transyl  vanli, 
on  the  borders  of  Moldavia,  forming  a  part  of  the  SiiUtary 
Land. 


cso 

CSOKA,  cliO'koli\  a  marl<etrtown  of  Hungary,  circle  of 
Thithtr  Theiss,  about  5  miles  from  Torok-Kanisa,  on  the 
Theiss.  over  wliicii  tliere  is  a  ferry.     Pop.  2*H0. 

Ci-'-)Ki)SYA,  clio*kon'y01i\  a  market-towu  of  Hungary, 
circle  of  Thither  Danube,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Babocsa.  I'op.  15o0. 

CSONGRAD,  chonVrdd',  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
capit.il  of  the  CO.  of  same  name,  at  the  conftuenee  of  the 
Theiss  and  KiiiOs,  70  miles  S.K.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  13,686.  It 
is  well  built.  Its  co-council  and  hi}:h  court  has  been  trans- 
ferred to  Sze^edin,  32  miles  southward. 

CS'JItNA,  ehuR/ndh\  a  marketrtown  of  Western  Hungary. 
30  miles  K.S.K.  of  Oedenburg.  Pop.  ;!990.  It  is  surrounded 
by  garden^and  has  a  Benedictine  abbey,  built  in  1180. 

CtSUKGO.  chooK/go\  a  town  of  Hungary,  circle  of  Thither 
Danube,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Martzali. 

Cl'i:SIPn«JN.     See  MoDAiN. 

CUA.nXlQUALPA,  kwJ-He-ne-kwai'pJ,  a  town  of  Central 
America,  state  of  Guatemala,  and  the  largest  between  that 
city  and  Sonsonate.     Pop.  from  2000  to  3000. 

GUAM  A.     ?ee  Zammze. 

CU  AUTLAY-AMILPAS.  kwfiwt-ll'  d-meeVpas-  a  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  state,  and  70  miles  S.W.  of  Puebla. 

CUBA,  kuOja,  (Sp.  pron.  koiybl,)  an  island  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  belonging  to  Spain,  the  largest  of  the  AVest  Indian 
group,  and  the  most  important  of  all  the  Spanish  colonial 
possessions,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oulf  of  Mexico, 
about  130  miles  S.  of  Floridit,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Bahama  Channel;  on  the  E.,  it  is  separated  from  Ilayti 
by  the  windward  piissage,  about  48  miles  wide;  on  the  S., 
from  Jamaica,  by  a  portion  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  90  miles 
across;  and  on  the  W.,  from  Yucat:in,  by  the  Yucatan  Chan- 
nel, about  130  miles  wide.  It  is  about  a  third  larger  than 
Hayti,  and  nearly  five  times  the  size  of  Jamaica.  It  extends 
from  Ion.  74°  to  near  85°  W.,  and  is  about  C50  miles  in  length 
from  E.  to  W. ;  greatest  breadth,  at  Cape  de  Cruz.  110  miles; 
average  width,  from  50  to  60  miles;  while  towards  its  M'.  ex- 
tremity it  does  not  exceed  31)  miles.  The  extreme  E.  end  of 
the  island.  Point  de  Maysi.  is  in  lat.  20°  15'  N..  Ion.  74°  7' 
W. ;  the  W  ,  San  Antonio,  in  lat.  21°  15'  N.,  ion.  84°  57'  12"  W. ; 
and  it  extends  from  hit.  19°  50'  to  23°  10'  N.  Estimated 
area,  34,800  square  miles.  Coast  line,  exclusive  of  minuter 
sinuosities,  about  2000  miles. 

Geni'ful  Deacriplion. — The  island  is  intersected  longitu- 
dinally by  a  range  of  mountains,  diminishing  iu  height 
from  E.  to  W.  At  the  E.  end,  where  they  are  diffused  over 
nearly  the  entire  surface,  they  attain  their  greatest  elevation, 
which  is  about  80U0  feet.  From  the  bases  of  these  highlands, 
the  country  opens  into  extensive  meadows,  or  beautiful 
plains  and  savannas,  with  occasionally  some  low  swampy 
tracts.  Owing  to  the  cavernous  structure  of  the  limestone 
deposits,  the  great  inclination  of  their  strata,  and  the  small 
breadth  of  the  island,  there  are  very  few  rivers  of  any  mag- 
nitude, and  a  large  portion  of  the  territory  Is  subject  to  se- 
vere droughts.  Yet  the  undulating  surface  of  the  country, 
the  continually  reuew^ed  veidure,  and  the  distribution  of 
vegetable  forms,  give  rise  to  the  most  varied  and  beautiful 
landscapes.  Everywhere,  however,  the  eye  falls  only  upon 
a  mass  of  luxuriant  vegetation;  and  nowhere  is  the  struc- 
ture of  the  country  to  be  seen,  except  on  scarped,  treeless 
mountain  slopes.  The  largest  river  in  Cuba  is  the  Cauto, 
(kfiw'to,)  at  the  E.  end  of  the  island^having  its  sources  in 
the  Sierra  del  Cobre,  or  Copper  Mountains,  and  falling  into 
the  Bay  of  Buena  Esperauzii,  after  a  course  of  about  90 
miles.  None  of  the  streams  are  navigable  excepting  by 
small  boats,  and  only  for  a  few  miles  inland.  The  coasts  of 
Cuba  are  in  general  exceedingly  foul,  presenting  reefs  and 
shallows,  which  extend  from  2  to  2^  miles  into  the  sea,  and 
make  the  approach  to  the  land  both  ditiicult  and  dangerous. 
Within  these  reefs  there  is  often  a  good  sandy  beach ;  but 
for  the  greater  part  of  the  circumference  of  the  island,  there 
Is  a  belt  or  zone  of  lowland  very  little  raised  above  the  level 
of  the  seii.  subject  to  floods  and  inundation.s,  and  so  wet  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year,  as  to  be  constantly  in  a  state  ap- 
proaching to  mud,  rendering  the  acce.ss  to  the  coast,  and 
the  oi'dinary  communication  between  the  interior  and  the 
sea,  Tiext  to  impossible  in  the  rainy  season,  and  not  very 
easy  during  any  month  in  the  year.  There  are,  however,  a 
number  of  harbors  and  bays  on  all  the  coasts,  including  the 
Havana,  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  West  Indies.  Some 
others  are  also  excellent,  such  as  Guantanamo,  Santiago, 
Mnnzanillo.  and  Jagua,  (or  Xagua,)  on  the  S.  coast,  Bahia 
Honda  and  Puerto  de  Cabattas  on  the  N.W.  coast,  and  Nipe, 
Baracoa  Harbor,  Port  Naranjo,  Puerto  del  Padre,  and  Matan- 
gas.  on  the  N.  and  N,E.  coasts. 

Geiihiyy  and  Mineral/igy. — Geologically,  the  island  of  Cuba 
m.ay  lie  shortly  described  as  composed  of  granite,  gneiss, 
syenite,  and  euphotide,  overlain  by  secondary  and  tertiai'y 
fjrmations.  chieHy  calcareous.  conUiining  numerous  fossils, 
and  through  which  the  primitive  rocks  are  often  protruded. 
The  mountains  of  the  S.E.  part  of  the  island  appear  to  have 
X  euljuiarine  connoction  with  the  lieights  of  Hayti  and  Ja- 
maica; and  in  this  section  earthcjuakes  are  frequently  felt, 
thout^h  they  rarely  extend  to  the  W.  part.  In  some  localities 
*b9  limestone  is  exceedingly  purous  ana  cavernous,  ab.sorb- 
bit;  rapidly  the  tropical  lains,  and.  even  engulfing  consider- 


CUB 

able  rirers.  The  latest  calcareous  formation  is  entirely  eo- 
raliferous,  and  goes  on  at  present  accumulating  on  all  the 
coasts,  and  contains  numerous  animal  remains.  Xo  traces 
of  volcanic  eruption,  properly  so  called,  have  hitherto  been 
discovered. 

The  mineral  riches  of  Cuba  have  not  yet  been  fully  ex- 
plored, but  it  is  known  not  to  be  deficient  in  this  respect. 
The  precious  metals  have  not  been  found  in  sufficient  quan- 
tity to  repay  the  cost  and  labor  of  working.  Copper  is  moro 
abundant,  there  being  several  extensive  mines  of  this  metal 
in  active  operation  in  the  Sierra  del  Cobre,  (Copper  Moun- 
tains.) They  were  wrought  by  the  Spaniards  at  an  early  pe- 
riod, but  had  been  abandoned  for  upwards  of  a  century,  when 
they  were  reopened  about  1828.  Slines  of  alum  and  copperas 
were  also  at  one  time  worked  in  the  mountains  of  Juragua, 
but  were  speedily  abandoned.  Coal  has  recently  been  disco- 
vered near  Havana.  A  variegated  serpentine  marble,  chalce- 
dony, magnesia,  iron  pyrites,  quartz,  and  feldspar  slates 
and  schists  have  been  found  in  various  places.  The  schistose 
formation  shows  itself  most  conspicuouslj'  at  the  base  of  the 
mountains  of  San  Juan  and  Trinidad,  where  great  masses 
of  slate  are  to  be  found,  of  a  dark  blue  color,  and  of  a  pyrl 
tons  and  bituminous  quality.  In  tlie  quarries  near  ila 
vana,  a  thick  slate  is  found,  fit  for  floors  and  pavements. 
The  mineral  bitumen  spoken  of,  exhiliits  itself  under  a  vsr 
riety  of  aspects — sometimes  in  a  li(iuid  state,  like  naphtha, 
issuing  from  the  fissures  of  the  rocks;  sometimes  soft,  like 
wax  or  half-melted  resin.  There  are  several  mineral  spruigg 
in  different  parts  of  the  island,  and  on  the  N.  const  are  ex- 
tensive lagoons,  which,  in  dry  years,  produce  immense 
quantities  of  marine  salt. 

Climate,  Soil,  Veffduble  Productions,  cfc. — The  climate  la 
hot  and  dry  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  The  mean 
temperature  is  78°  3',  but  in  the  interior  only  73°  4'.  The 
hottest  months,  July  and  August,  do  not  give  a  greater 
average  than  83°  8' ;  and  the  coldest.  December  and  January, 
present  the  mean  of  69°  8'.  In  summer,  the  thermometer 
seldom  rises  above  82°  or  86°,  and  its  depression  in  winter 
so  low  as  50°  or  53°  5'  is  rare.  Bain  often  descends  in  tor- 
rents from  July  to  September,  and  occasional  showers  tall 
for  a  month  or  two  before  and  after  these  periods.  Xo  snow 
is  known  ever  to  fall  on  the  highest  mountains;  but  frost 
occurs  occasionally,  forming  ice  of  several  lines  in  thick- 
ness. Hail  storms  are  rare,  and  hurricanes  much  less  fre- 
quent than  in  the  other  Antilles.  The  vegetation  of  Cuba 
is  exceedingly  luxuriant.  Forests  of  mahogany,  ebony, 
cedar,  fustic,  and  other  useful  woods  aliound:  and  the  fields 
are  covered  with  flowers  and  odoriferous  plants.  The  \inr\ 
cipal  cereal  cultivated  is  the  indigenous  maize,  or  Indian 
corn.  Two  crops  of  it  are  obtained  in  the  year.  IMce  is  also 
produced  in  considerable  quantities  iu  many  districts;  but 
the  principal  crops  are  sugar,  coffee,  and  tobacco,  also  a  little 
cotton,  cocoa,  and  indigo.  A  considerable  extent  of  country 
is  appropriated  also  to  cattle-breeding  farms,  and  to  pntreros, 
farms  on  which  vegetables  are  raised,  maize,  mallochia  grass, 
cassava,  onions,  garlic,  poultry,  wax,  and  honey.  The  prin- 
ci])al  fruits  of  the  island  ai-e  the  pine  or  ananas,  oranges, 
shaddocks,  plantains,  bananas,  melons,  lemons,  and  sweet 
limes ;  figs  and  strawberries  are  also  to  be  had. 

Animals. — The  most  valuable  domestic  animals  are  the 
ox,  hoi-se.  and  pig,  which  form  a  lai-ge  proportion  of  the 
wealth  of  the  island;  the  sheep,  goat,  and  mule  are  inferior 
in  quality  and  numbers.  Jackasses  and  rabbits  have  been 
recently  intrtduced.  The  sylvan  birds  are  numerous,  and 
in  great  variety,  but  birds  of  prey  few ;  the  principal  is  the 
bald-headed  vulture,  or  turkey-buzzard.  The  only  indige- 
nous qu.idniped  ever  known  in  Cuba  is  the  hulia.  which 
resembles  a  large  rat,  about  18  inches  long  without  the 
tail.  Snakes  and  reptiles  are  not  very  numerous.  The 
most  remarkable  are  the  maja,  12  or  14  feet  in  length,  and 
18  or  20  inches  in  circumference;  and  the  jubo,  about  6 
feet  in  length :  the  latter  is  considered  more  dangerous 
than  the  former,  and  is  also  moro  common.  Phosphorescent 
insects  abound,  as  do  al.so  those  of  a  noxious  description, 
including  chigres  or  jiggers,  ants,  mosiiuitoes.  and  a  singu- 
larly disgusting-looking  spider,  with  a  poisonous  sting. 
There  are  also  centipedes  and  scorpions. 

Agriculture,  d-c. — As  elsewhere  mentioned,  sugar,  coffee, 
and  tobacco  form  the  principal  objects  of  cultivation;  but 
of  these,  the  fii'st  is  by  far  the  most  important.  The  quan- 
tity of  sugar  produced  in  Cuba,  per  acre,  is  estimated  at  a 
little  more  than  2000  pounds,  being  somewhat  better  than 
Jamaica,  but  greatly  short  of  Barbadoes.  The  coffee  planta- 
tions are  confined  almost  solely  to  the  N.  side  of  the  island, 
the  only  part  where  the  precise  degree  of  heat  most  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  the  plant  is  to  be  found.  The  best 
season  for  planting  the  trees  is  in  the  middle  of  the  month 
ofM.ay;  the  gathering  commences  in  August;  but  Novem- 
ber and  December  are  the  most  active  and  important 
months  of  the  harvest.  The  best  tobacco  is  grown  in  the 
district  of  Vuelta  de  Abajo,  a  little  W.  of  Havana,  about  84 
miles  in  length,  and  21  in  breadth ;  and  here  the  mildest 
and  finest  flavoui-ed  is  produced  on  the  banks  of  the  San 
Sebastian,  most  of  which  is  made  into  cigars,  celebrated 
under  the  name  of  Havana  cigars,  reckoned  the  best  made 

a23 


CUB 


CUB 


anywhere.    Previous  to  1820.  the  cultivation  and  sale  of  I 
tobacco  were  subjected  to  the  same  sort  of  monopoly  in 
Cuba  a-s  in  Mexico;  but  at  the  period  referred  to.  the  trade  \ 
was  thrown  opt- n.    The  cattle-breeding  farms  of  the  island  | 
are  said  not  to  be  in  a  very  prosperous  condition.     In  1852  l 
there  were  in   Cuba   15'50   susar    plantations.   1218   colTee  I 
plantations.  5128  cJittle  farms,  13  chocolate  pl.intations.  224 
cotton  plantations,  34.439  fruit  and  vegetable  farms,  7979 
tobacco  plantations,  and  2284  colmemires,  (kolm.4-n3/r^s, 
firom  colniftiar,  an  "  apiary,")  farms  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  production  of  honey.    The  produce  of  the  foregoing  for 
the  year  w;is  sufrar,  7.291,309  cwt,;  coffee,  291, 7"2o  cwt.;  to- 
bacco. 444.040  cwt.:  mola-sses,  267,185  hogsheads:  brandy, 
39,411  pipes ;  honey,  106,175  barrels :  and  beeswax,  18,725  cwt. 

Manufictures.  Cbmmerce.  d-c. — The  manufactures  of  Cuba 
are  confined  to  the  making  of  sugar,  molasses,  and  cigars, 
bleaching  wax,  and  the  preparation  of  coffee.  The  cigars 
which  the  lower  orders  smoke — and  in  Cuba  every  one 
smokes,  man,  woman,  and  child — cost  about  $4  per  1000. 
From  the  same  quality  of  tobacco,  the  first,  second,  and 
third  class  of  cigars  are  made.  When  the  cigars  are 
twisted,  and  before  they  are  sorted,  they  are  said  to  be  "en 
revolucion."  They  are  now  sorted  and  picked,  and  about 
25  per  cent,  of  the  whole  are  chosen,  and  these  are  called  of 
the  first  cla.ss:  the  rest  are  divided  into  seconds  and  thirds, 
and  the  prices  vary  from  $8  to  $15  per  1000.  The  commerce 
of  Cuba,  on  the  whole,  may  be  said  to  be  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  The  export  of  sugar  had  more  than  doubled 
from  18:J7  to  1849,  and  exceeded  in  value  all  other  articles 
of  commerce;  coffee,  however,  has  greatly  declined.  The 
chief  imports  are  grain  and  flour,  salted  meats,  salted  fish, 
cheese,  brandy,  vinegar,  wines,  spices,  fruits,  and  cotton, 
linen,  and  woollen  manufactures,  of  which,  to  the  value  of 
$5,620,000,  were  imported  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
In  the  year  ending  December  1853.  The  exports  are  .sugar, 
coffee,  molasses,  tobacco,  mahogany,  cedar,  fustic,  and  other 
valuable  timljers,  fruits,  and  the  precious  metals. 

The  following  statement  exhibits  the  v.ilue  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  Cuban  produce  for  the  year  1849 : — 

Garden  fruits $14,839,500  :  Beef $3,605,780 

Sugar 18.699.9:i4  !  Pork 1,346.055 


The  leading  articles  of  import  from  the  United  States  for 
the  year  1851  were  as  follows : — 


Birds... 
Milk.... 
Rides... 
Uutton. 


1,166,880 

1,074.216 

326.040 

180,289 

120,000 


Esculents 6,097,080 

Tobacco 6,042,8-29 

Ck>ffee 2,206,131 

Indian  corn 1,884.982 

Charcoal 1,750.110 

Cedar,  maiioganv,  Ac  1,711,193 

Molasses .". 1,162,728 

Other  agricultural  pro* 

iucU 3,728,175 

The  total  value  of  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  island 
at  different  periods  has  been  as  follows : — 


Total $59,791,462 


Tear,  i    Exports. 

Imports. 

Year, 

Exports. 

Imports. 

If37...  i  S20,346,fi07 
1841.,.       26,774.618 
1842,..       26.684.701 
1843...       2J.02«,7M 
1844...       25,426.591 

$22,940,357 
25,081.408 
24.637,527 
23,422,096 
23,771,865 

1845,.. 
1848,.. 
1849... 
1850... 
1851... 

$18,792,812 
26.077. 0<18 
22,436,556 
25,631,948 
31,341.683 

Sl'3.499,.S57 
25.4.35.565 
26.320,460 
28,983,227 
32,311,430 

Of  the  total  exports  from  Cuba  in  1850. 11'98  per  cent,  was 
to  Spain.  32'61  per  cent,  to  the  United  .States.  27'55  per  cent, 
to  England.  '-SO  per  cent,  to  Germany,  7'27  per  cent,  to 
France,  and  2-26  per  cent,  to  Spanish  America,  Of  the  im- 
ports 2H-S1  per  cent,  was  from  Spain,  22-96  per  cent,  from  the 
United  States,  21-10  per  cent,  from  Kngland,  7'27  per  cent, 
from  Germany,  6-03  per  cent,  from  France,  and  6-91  per  cent, 
from  Spanish  .\merica. 

The  following  comparative  tables  exhibit  the  principal 
articles  exported  and  imported,  with  their  declared  value  for 
the  years  1837  and  1849  :— 


Exports. 

Rom... ., 

Sugar 

Coffee 

Wax 

Honey 

Molasses 

Cigar. 

Leaf  Tobacco ........ 

Fruit 

Mahogany 

Cedar 

Imports. 

Liquors,  fcc , 

Bei'f.  pork,  fee 

Spices  and  fruits 

Grain  and  tlour 

ViBh 

Other  provisions 

Cottnn  luanuractures. 
Linen  do. 

Woollen       do. 
Silk  do. 

I.,«*ther 

Lumlier,  kc 

Uanei 

524 


1837. 


$69,010 

7,927  J26 

J,133,567 

171,800 

63,384 

718,598 

1,267,496 

560,948 

81,562 

128,908 

39,967 


1849, 


877,6,36 
134,980 
48,103 
1,478.102 
1,236,762 
601.055 
24.619 
113.196 
39,611 


1837. 


fl.8-'7,761 

1,425,497 

293,565 

3,302,849 

4.37.909 

1.629.161 

S,i33,120 

2,881.999 

676,178 

616,481 

501,150 

979,838 

3,121,930 


1819. 


$2,732,360 

1,971,260 

233,950 

1,160,110 

653.680 

1.068,380 

2,187,-'O0 

1,840,980 

1S7.890 

3.30.940 

1.3S.710 

1.721.200 

6,975,910 


Whale  oil 

,(fa11s 

181 .094 

Indian  com 

.bush. 

229.105 

Linseed  oil 

, galls 

3.311 

Indian  meal 

.bbls.. 

3,398 

Tallow  caudles,... 

.lbs.. 

56,925 

Potatoes 

.bush. 

66,058 

Spermaceti      can- 

.Apples  

.bbls.. 

6.964 

dles 

.lbs,. 

715,764 

Rice 

27,618 

Dried  fish 

.qtls. 

11,062 

Soap , 

.lbs... 

380,748 

Pickled  flsh 

.bbls 

2,289 

..lbs... 

Tallow 

.lbs.. 

548,367 

Tobacco 

.lbs... 

191,615 

Butter 

.lbs.. 

418,777 

Beer,  cider,  Ac. . . 

.gaUs. 

85,251 

Cheese 

.lbs,. 

256,162 

Nails 

.lbs... 

2,698.886 

Pork 

.Iha.. 

3,:i64 

Steel  and  iron 

Flour  and  Bacon.. 

.lbs.. 

1,210,083 

Manufactured  cast 

Lard 

.lbs.. 

7,836,153 

ings 

.floUs. 

534,123 

Boards  and  Planks 

..M... 

51.191 

Paper  and  station 

Other  lumber 

.dolls 

37,816 

ery 

.dolls. 

31,119 

Wooden  manufac- 

Paints and  rarnisb 

.dolls. 

11,830 

tures 

.dolls 

1,353.616 

Glass 

.dolls. 

23,225 

.dolls 
..dolls 

58.7a3 
1,033,884 

.dolls, 
.dolls. 

Specie  and  bullion 

Ice 

18,3:0 

Prints,  &c 

.dolls 

105,964 

Pepper 

.lbs... 

603,189 

Cocoa 

.lbs.. 

98.3t.3 

Cordage 

.lbs... 

29,3-26 

Figs 

.lbs.. 

33,374 

Salt 

.lbs... 

77,191 

The  total  value  of  imports  into  Cuba  from  the  United 
States  in  1851  was  $6.524.12.'5,  of  which  $6.,318.9f.2  was  in 
American  bottoms.  The  total  export  to  all  the  Sj.anish 
dominions  in  1851  was  $13,249,056.  The  total  exjwrt  to 
the  United  States  was  $17,046,931,  a  greater  amount  than 
was  received  there  from  any  other  country  except  Eng- 
land and  France.  The  total  trade  between  Cuba  and  the 
United  Stites.  in  1852,  amounted  to  J;6.517,f>51  imports,  and 
$17,861,728  export.s,  and  in  18.i3  to  $6,287,959  imports,  and 
$18.586.7.55  exports:  the  shipping  employed  the  latter  year 
amounted  to  388.122  tons  inward,  and  493.062  tons  outward 
The  shipping  owned  in  the  island  in  1851  comprised  7  ves- 
sels of  over  400  tons.  30  of  from  2tXt  to  400  tons.  iKI  of  from  80 
to  200  tons,  295  of  from  20  to  80  tons,  208  of  less  than  2'J  tons, 
and  2454  of  still  smaller  burden. 

Infernal  Impmremmts. — The  roads  in  Cuba,  formerly  in  a 
most  wretched  condition,  have  latterly  been  much  improved; 
and  the  internal  traffic  of  the  island  is  now  facilitated  by 
the  laying  of  railways,  of  which  no  less  than  .351  miles  were 
in  operation  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  year.  1 1854.) 
A  railway  from  Havana  to  Guines,  a  distance  of  46  miles,  was 
opened  in  1837,  t)eing  the  first  ever  constructed  in  any 
Spanish  country.  It  was  not  till  1848  that  a  railraid  was 
opened  in  Spain.  From  Havana  a  railway  extends  across 
the  island  to  Hatabano,  sending  off  a  branch  westward  to 
Siin  Antonio  and  Guaniijay.  At  Union  it  connects  with  the 
Matanzas  railway,  and,  farther  E.,  with  the  railway  extend- 
ing to  Cardenas,  A  railway  extends  from  .Tucaro.  on  the  N. 
coast,  34  miles  into  the  inferior:  and  from  Cienfuegos 
another  penetrates  the  interior  of  Santa  Clara.  A  railway 
44  miles  in  length,  connects  Nuevit.as  with  Puerto  Principe, 
and  another  extends  from  the  city  of  Cuba  to  El  Cobre. 
These  railways  have  many  important  branches  leading  into 
the  richest  parts  of  the  island.  Various  railways  are  also 
projected  or  in  progress,  which,  when  completed,  will  render 
every  part  of  the  island  easily  accessible.  The  magnetic 
telegraph  is  in  operation  between  Havana  and  Bataliano; 
and  Havana  is  being  connected  with  5Iatanza.s,  Cardenas, 
and  Gu.anajay.  the  wires  following  the  railroads.  Lines  ar« 
also  being  extended  from  Pinar  del  Rio.  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  island,  to  Santiago  de  Cuba,  in  the  E.  part,  with  branches 
to  the  principal  towns  on  the  coasts. 

The  means  of  external  communication  with  the  principal 
points  on  the  island  are  very  extensive.  Havana  is  con- 
nected by  daily  lines  of  steamers  with  Matanzas,  Cardenas, 
and  Jucaro,  aiTiving  at  Matanz-as  in  five  hours.  Between 
Hataban6  and  Santiago  de  Cuba,  in  the  E,  part  of  the  island, 
steamers  ply  regularly  touching  at  Cienfuegos.  Tiinidad, 
,*anta  Cruz,  and  Manzanillo.  readiing  .Santiago  de  Cuba  in 
five  days.  Steamers  ply  daily  l^etween  liatabano  and  15;iilen, 
touching  at  Dayani'/uas.  Coloma.  and  Punta  de  Cartas :  also 
weekly  between  Batabano  and  tlie  Isle  of  I'ines.  Ocean 
steamers  connect  Havana  with  the  principal  ports  on  the 
American  continent. 

Slave  Tritde.  tf-c. — It  has  been  a  general  impression  that 
the  slave  trade  of  Cuba,  notwithstanding  the  treaty  with 
Spsiin  for  its  abolition,  has  been  not  only  connived  at.  but 
protected,  by  the  Spanish  government.  It  is.  at  any  rate, 
certain  that  the  d£'.:ree  of  encouragement  it  meets  with  de- 
pends much,  if  not  entirely,  on  the  disposition  of  the  captain- 
general  of  the  island  for  the  time  being.  The  slave  trade 
papors  for  1846  roport  that  the  Cuban  slave  trade  was  ,'ilmngt 
annihilated  under  the  honoraVile  .tdininisf  ration  of  Captain- 
general  Valdez,  But  it  soon  after  revived  under  another 
governor,  and  ultimately  attained  a  height  which  it  had 
never  reached  before.  In  1844.  no  fewer  than  10.000  slaves 
were  introduced  into  Cuba:  and  this  was  under  the  governor- 
ship of  General  Valdez.  In  18.tO.  the  numl)er  of  slaves  in 
Cuba,  according  to  the  census  return.i.  was  4,36,100:  altliough 
in  1 8,53  it  makes  the  numl>er  but  3."0,425.  There  can  1«  but 
little  doubt  that  a  large  portion  of  them  are  wrongfully  held 
in  bondage,  there  being  a  Spanish  law  to  the  effect  th.tt  every 
negro  brouirht  into  Cuba  after  a  specified  date  should  I>e 
ipso  facto  fr&e.    The  African  nations  that  fiu-uish  Cuba  with 


CUB 


CUB 


slaves  are  the  JIandingoes,  who  occupy  the  greater  part  of 
Sene;^ainViia.  and  are  the  most  intellijrent,  being  more  or 
less  imbued  with  Arabic  civilization;  the  Gangoes,  iiihabit- 
auts  of  the  coast  from  Cape  Palmas  S.  of  the  Cordillera  of 
Kong;  the  Minaa.  who  come  from  the  Gold  Coast:  the  Lucu- 
mies,  tVom  the  Slave  Coast;  the  last  furnish  the  greatest 
numTjer  of  Cuban  slaves,  and  are  distinguished  by  brands 
on  thi'ir  cheeks ;  the  Carabalies,  from  the  Kingdom  of  Heiiin  ; 
the  Congoes,  from  Congo,  and  the  Macuaes.  found  in  Mozam- 
biiue.  The  Cubans  divide  the  negroes  of  the  island  into 
three  classes,  as  follows : — bozal^s,  (>)0-zd'lj8.)  comprising 
those  lately  arrived,  and  ignorant  of  the  Spanish  language; 
ladinos,  (ll-dee'noce,)  those  speaking  the  language;  and  cri- 
ollos.  (kre-Al'yoce.)  those  who  are  bf)rn  in  the  island. 

Educitirm. — Public  instruction  in  Cuba  has  made  com- 
mendalile  progress  since  the  establishment  of  the  Univer- 
sities of  Havana  and  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  especially  since 
1842,  when  an  important  change  was  effected  in  the  esta- 
blishments for  public  education.  The  Koyal  University 
is  permanently  organized  at  Havana,  with  a  rector  and  a 
corps  of  30  professors;  and  there  is  now  in  course  of  erec- 
tion here,  by  the  government,  a  large  edifice  for  an  insti- 
tution called  the  Royal  College  of  Havana.  It  is  also  pro- 
posed to  establish  a  similar  institution  at  Puerto  Principe. 
There  is  at  Havana,  and  likewise  at  Santiago  de  CuVia,  a  col- 
lege subject  to  special  regulations,  in  whiih  theology  is 
taught,  including  the  humanities  and  philosophy.  The 
schools  for  elementary  instruction  in  Cuba  are  under 
the  inspection  and  control  of  boards  specially  appointed 
by  the  governmeot.  The  number  of  persons  employed 
in  giving  primary  instruction  in  the  island  is  estimated 
at  500,  and  the  number  of  pupils  at  9000.  In  the  country 
parts,  the  most  profound  ignorance  reigns;  the  master 
and  the  servant,  the  agricultural  prople  of  all  sorts,  are 
equally  in  ignorance  of  the  first  elements  of  education. 
Neither  religion  nor  morals  are  in  a  better  condition.  The 
Eoniau  Catholic  is,  nominally,  the  prevailing  religion, 
though  Mr.  Glanville  Taylor  declares  that  he  never  knew 
an  instance  of  men  going  to  church  at  all  in  Cuba,  and 
that  no  reverence  whatever  was  exhibited  for  churches, 
padres,  images,  or  saints. 

Military  Force. — According  to  an  oflRcial  statement  made 
since  the  commencement  of  1854,  the  land  forces  of  Cuba  are 
on  the  most  brilliant  footing,  both  with  respect  to  military  dis- 
-ipliue  and  equipment.  The  army  is  composed  of  16  regiments 
")f  infantry  of  lOUO  men  each ;  2  companies  of  picked  men.  125 
in  number:  2  regiments  of  lancers,  of  four  squadrons  each, 
each  comprising  602  men  .and  500  horses ;  besides  which  there 
are  4  light  squadrons,  each  consisting  of  151  men  and  125 
hor.ses.  There  is  also  a  regiment  of  foot,  with  8  batteries  of 
artillery,  a  brigade  of  5  batteries,  and  a  company  of  sappers 
xnd  miners,  together  with  a  large  reserve  of  chiefs  and  other 
officials,  making  the  total  number  of  veteran  troops  in  the 
island  .as  follows: — Infantry,  17,500  men;  cavalry,  1S08  men 
and  1500  horses;  artillery,  1500  men  and  100  horses  and 
mules;  sappers  and  miners,  130  men.  Total,  20.938  men 
and  1600  horses,  not  including  the  Civic  Guard,  which  is 
slso  a  part  of  the  veteran  troops.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
there  are  on  the  island  1  regiment  of  militia  infantry,  1  of 
disciplined  militia  cavalry  of  781  horses;  also  8  rural  squad- 
rons of  2  companies  each,  with  100  horses.  The  urban 
companies  of  cavalry  also  number  740  mounted  men.  making 
in  all  3-500  mounted  men,  and  a  total  land  force  of  24,438 
troops.  Some  4000  or  5000  troops  have  been  landed  on  the 
island  from  Spain  since  the^  publication  of  the  document 
referred  to,  but  .are  intended  chiefly  to  fill  vacancies.  The 
expense  of  the  army  was  $5,985,963.  The  Cuban  naval  force 
consists  of  1  frigate  of  44  guns,  7  brigantines.  carrying  104 
guns,  11  .steam-vessels,  with  54  guns,  4  schooner.s,  with  11 
guns,  2  gun-boats,  with  6  guns,  and  2  transports ;  in  all,  25 
vessels,  carrying  219  guns,  manned  by  3000  men.  There  are 
also  2  war-steamers  now  being  constructed  in  Spain,  destined 
for  Culia.     Expense  of  the  navy,  .?1,965,444. 

Gorirnmevt,  die. — Cuba,  with  tlie  Spanish  islands  depend- 
ent on  it,  forms  the  captain-generalcy  or  military  govern- 
ment of  lia  Havana.  The  captain  general,  being  also  civil 
governor,  is  assisted  in  his  duties  by  a  sub-governor,  and  a 
colonial  j  unta  of  seven  members.  The  division  of  the  island 
is  fivefold — ecclesiastical,  civil,  military,  fiscal,  and  marine. 
Ecclesiastically,  it  is  divided  into  two,  the  E.  end  presided 
over  by  an  archbishop,  who  has  his  seat  at  Santiago,  and 
the  W.  end  by  a  bishop,  resident  at  Havana.  The  civil  di- 
visions are  also  two,  called  provinces,  but  not  conterminous 
with  the  ecclesiastical  division.  Each  province  contains 
several  smaller  subdivisions,  and  has  its  distinct  governor, 
that  of  the  W.  or  La  Havana  being  the  captain-general,  and 
that  of  the  E.  end  or  Cuba  being  a  separate  governor,  inde- 
pendent of  the  firmer  in  civil  and  political  matters.  The 
two  principal  civil  tribunals  are  the  auiUencias  of  La  Havana 
and  of  Puerto  Principe,  and  of  which  the  captain-general  is 
president  ct  officio.  The  military  division  is  into  three  de- 
partments— eastern,  central,  and  western,  over  each  of 
which  is  a  commandant-general.  The  fifth  or  marine  divi- 
sion is  int.o  five  provinces — Havana.  Trinidad,  San  Juan  de 
los  Kemedios,  Nuevitas,  and  Santiago  de  Cuba,  having  each 


for  its  capital  a  town  of  same  name,  being  the  principal 
towns  of  the  island. 

Ii'evfnue. — The  revenue  of  Cuba  for  the  five  years  end 
ing  with  1837  averaged  §8,948,581,  61  per  cent,  of  which 
was  dei-ived  from  the  customs,  and  the  rest  was  made  up 
fii)ni  various  internal  revenues.  In  1844  the  revenue  wau 
§10,490.252;  and  for  the  three  years  ending  1849,  it  was  aa 
follows ; — 


1847. 

1!«8. 

1849. 

«o.8to,lfin 

5,844, 7H3 
584,477 

$a,0(X>,5a«i 

6,lT4,53a 

709,325 

$(!,0SS,715 

6,.tSO,5<IO 

816,-26 

Impoit  duties  and  tonnage.. 

Total 

$l-.i,»S0,446 

$13,i:i6.44L 

S12,'.!«U,4'J0 

In  1851  the  revenue  is  stated  by  Spanish  authorities  at 
,S13.,821,450,  and  the  expenditures  at  .§11.969.750.  The  taxes 
of  the  i.>^land  are  said  to  haie  included  both  these  sums, 
making  the  real  revenue  $25,791,206,  the  S13,S21.45t)  being 
the  .amount  sent  to  Spain. — (••  De  Bow's  Heview.'") 

The  internal  tax  is  made  up  princijially  from  the  Diezmos, 
a  tithe  collected  on  certain  agiicviltural  products;  (he  Alca- 
vala.  a  duty  of  0  per  cent,  upon  the  .sides  of  all  lauds,  houses, 
negroes,  or  other  property  requiring  a  notary ;  and  thci 
lotteries,  of  which  there  are  10,  yielding,  in  1848,  $IJOO.OOO. 
The  circulating  medium  of  Cuba,  like  that  of  Spain,  consists 
of  the  precious  metals,  there  being  not  a  single  bank  on  the 
island.  'It  is  said,  however,  that  a  large  amount  of  papet 
currency  finds  its  way  into  the  market. 

Piqmlollon. — Half  a  century  after  the  discovery  of  Cuba 
the  indigenous  population,  said  by  the  fir.st  naiigators  t( 
have  been  numerous,  had  entirely  disappeared,  having  been 
exterminated  liy  the  Spaniards.  At  different  periods  the 
population  of  the  island  has  been  as  follows : — 


Years. 

■White. 

Free  Colored. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

15.S)... 

IH.OCO 

I6S0... 

40.000       < 

1775... 

94,419 

30,615 

44,3:«5 

169.370 

1817... 

199.145 

6."0,980      ' 

1827... 

811,051 

106,494 

286.942 

704,487 

1&41... 

418,291 

152.838 

4:jB,495 

1,(11)7,624 

ISoO... 

605,560 

206,570 

4.'«>,100       ^ 

1,247,2:10 

The  annexed  table,  from  De  Bow's  Heview,  Is  on  the 
authority  of  Don  Jose  M.  de  la  Torre,  member  of  the  Ileal 
Sociedad  Economica,  of  Havana. 

Fixed  PopuloM/m  of  Cuha  in  1853. 


Western  Department. 

Pinar  del  Rio 

St. Cristobal 

Bahia  Honda 

Muriel 

San  Autouio 

Hh.'ana 

Santiago 

Kejucal 

Guanabacoa 

Roiiario 

Guines 

Jaruco 

Malanzas 

Cardenas 

Sagua 

Cienfuegos 

Santa  Clara 

Trinidad 

Remedios 

Sto.  Espiritu 


Total. 


Eastern  Department. 

Puert<»  Principe 

Nuevitas 

Tunas 

Manzauitlo 

Holguin 

Huyamo 

Jiguani 

Cuba 

Guautanamo 

baracoa 


855 

387 

MS 

954 

1,107 

1.9.15 

1,017 

657 

1.845 


21,843 
11. .578 

4,124 
15,921 
12,284 
87.916 

7,194 
10.817 
10,721 
11,764 
18,214 
10,218 
31.721 
27.521 
14,534 
17.811 
25,592 
15,208 
15,149 
24,321 


18,252  397,451 


4,545 
1,710 
2,061 
1,044 
1,908 
990 
531 
2,403 


26,893 

2,721 
3,818 
7,321 
19.427 
10,721 
6,721 
21,524 
1,574 
3,817 


Total 17,505  104,537    78,205    61,708     244,450 


Total  of  Island...    35,757  510,988  176,647  330,425  1,009,060 


621 
2,849 
1,721 
32,594 
1,597 
1,74<! 
3,273 
2,841 
2,44-. 
1.875 
5.94.'^ 
3,824 
1,17:! 
4,121 
8.528 
7,:12) 
3,821 
6,394 


10,318 
397 

1,821 
11,143 

8,271 
11,217 

4,318 
29,718 

2,281 

3,721 


9,998 
6.548 
5,494 
19,422 
10.188 
26.8.50 
4.9ftt 
7.9:t8 
4,322 
5.428 
16,918 
8.136 
411,728 
55.016 


9,318 
4.012 
6,816 


917 
3,827 
2,724 
684 
34.000 
5,92s 
1.842 


35,065 
i0.049 
10,239 
S8,l!)2 

24.1'.):) 
147,:)(!0 
13,75 
20.510 
18,316 
20,033 
3T„574 
20,-.'.H 
81,:)97 

86.:k;i 

33/253 
39.421 
31,8.">0 
22,9H2 
37,532 

764,610 


46,532 

4.8(» 
6.:wi 
)9.3»l 
26,  .in 
24.602 
11.723 
85.242 


Pop.  of 
Chief 
Tonus. 


1,500 
270 
570 

1,296 

2.890 
125,905 
2,274 
2,2M 
8,100 


4,708 
6.604 
14,119 


2,004 
3.050 
8,7.14 


The  population  to  the  square  mile  in  the  Western  Departr 
ment  is  42.  in  the  Eastern  14,  and  in  the  Island  28. 

In  the  area  and  population  of  Havana  is  included  the  Isle 
of  Pines;  in  the  population  of  the  city  of  Havana  is  not  in- 
cluded the  suburbs  of  Hegla  and  Casa  Blanca,  whose  aggregate 
population  amounts  to  8310.  The  area  and  population  of  all 
thf  islands  and  keys  adjacent  to  Cuba  are  included  in  the 
above  table.  The  white  population  of  Cuba  mav  be  clasjnfied 
as  follows :  Natives  of  Spain,  90,000;  Canary  Islands,  25,000; 
France,  3000;   England,  1000;   North  America  .ind  other 

525 


CUB 


CUE 


eonntries.  3000;  learing  more  than  400,000  natives  of  the 
Island.  Ethnographically  considered,  the  inhabitants  ai-e 
Caucasian,  African,  American,  and  Jlongolian.  Of  the 
latter  race,  none  were  seen  in  the  island  prior  to  1847, 
except  an  occasional  sailor  from  China.  Since  then,  the 
introduction  of  Asiatic  colonies  has  commenced,  and  about 
6000  persons  from  China  hare  arrived  in  the  island.  They 
are  introduced  by  contract,  generally,  as  field-laborers  for  a 
t«rm  of  years.  Some  20  or  30  of  them  have  returned  to 
China. 

lliftfiry. — Cuba  was  discovered  by  Columbus  on  the  2Sth 
of  October,  1492.  He  first  named  the  island  Juaua;  it  was 
afterwards  called  Fernandina,  and  next  Santitigo;  but  its 
Indian  name  has  survived  all  these.  The  island  was  divided 
Into  nine  independent  prindpalities,  under  as  many  different 
caciques,  among  whom  the  most  perfect  tranquility  pre- 
vailed. The  aborigines  were  an  exceedingly  mild  and  indo- 
lent race.  and.  beyond  all  other  Indian  nations,  they  were 
the  most  ea-sily  converted  to  Christianity.  Columbus  re- 
visited the  island  in  April.  1494,  and  again  in  1502.  In  1508 
Cuba  was  circumnavigated  by  Sebastian  Ocampo.  In  loll, 
the  Spaniards  formed  the  first  settlement  on  the  island, 
and  have  retained  possession  of  it  ever  since.  In  1762. 
Havana  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  British,  but  was 
restored  to  the  Spaniards  in  the  following  year.  From  this 
period,  the  history  of  Cuba  presents  nothing  more  interest- 
ing than  a  catalogue  of  captains-general  and  bishops — except 
that,  in  1789  and  1791,  pel-mission  was  given  to  foreigners  to 
Iwing  slaves  into  the  island — down  to  the  years  1S09-1811, 
when  the  ports  were  opened  to  the  ships  and  trade  of  foreign 
X)untrie8;  during  whi.-h  period  54  or  56  captains-general 
liave  in  turn  ruled  the  island.  The  next  events  of  import- 
ance in  its  historj-  are  the  attempts,  made  in  May.  1850.  and 
again  in  August,  ISol,  by  a  band  of  United  States  adven- 
turers, under  the  command  of  a  Spaniard,  named  Xarcisso 
Lopez,  to  revolutionise  the  island  Both  expeditions  signally 
foiled.  The  whole  450  men  who  landed  were  either  slain  in 
fight  or  taken  prisoners:  of  the  latter.  50  were  shot;  and 

shortly  after  Lopez  himself  was  garotted. Adj.  and  inhab. 

CuBAX.  ku'ban. 

CUI5A,  koo'bi.  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Algarve,  14  miles  X.X.K.  of  Beja.     Pop.  2410. 

CU'BA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New 
York,  on  Oily  Creek,  wliere  it  is  crossed  by  the  New  York 
and  Krle  Kailroad,  and  on  the  canal  connecting  the  Alle- 
ghany River  with  the  Erie  Canal,  110  miles  W.  by  S.  of  El- 
uiint.  The  village  is  a  place  of  active  trade ;  it  contains  a 
liank.  and  about  1000  inhabitants.    Pop.  of  township,  2187. 

CUB.\.  a  post-office  of  Kutherford  co.,  Xorth  Carolina. 

CUBA,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Tennessee. 

CUBA,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  about  80  miles 
MV.  of  Columbus. 

CUIi.i,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

CUB.V,  a  post-office  of  Owen  CO.,  Indiana. 

CUBA,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  Illinois. 

CUBA,  a  township  in  I^ke  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  872. 

CUB.VGUA,  koo-Kl'gwi  a  small  island  of  South  America, 
In  Venezuela,  department,  and  30  miles  X.  of  Canicas.  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  between  5Iargarita  and  the  mainland. 

CUBA.    See  Santiago  de  Ccb.i. 

ClTBAHAT'CnEE.  a  creek  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Talla- 
poosa Kiver  from  the  S.E.,  near  the  W.  part  of  Macon  county. 

CUBAIIATCIIKE  or  CUBEUATCUKE,  a  post-office  of 
Macon  co..  Alabama. 

CUB.\X.  a  river  of  Caucasus.    See  Koobav. 

CUBA.  SAXTIAGO  DE.    See  Santiago  de  Cvmk. 

CUBB  CRE1-;K,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co..  Tennessee. 

CUB'BEULY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

CUB'BINGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

CUBCABEA  or  CUBKABIA,  a  town  of  Darfur.    See  Coob- 

OABIA. 

CUB  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia. 

CU'BERT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

CUB  HILL,  a  post-office  office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Mar34aiid. 

CUB'LEY,  a  parish  ot  England,  co.  of  Derbv. 

CUB'LIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CUBLIZE,  kilb'Ieez',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
RhOne.  on  the  Rhone,  27  miles  X.W.  of  Lyons.   Pop.  2.504. 

CUBZ.^C.  kUb'z3k'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde.  11  miles  X.X.E.of  Bordeaux,  on  the  Dordogne,  with 
a  small  port,  and  fine  suspension  bridge.    Pop.  lOOO. 

CUCIC'FIELD,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England,  co. 
of  Sussex,  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence,  34  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  London,  and  within  1  mile  of  the  railway  from  Loudon 
to  Bri-'hton.     Pop.  3444. 

CUCKOOVILLE.  kCOkTcoo-vil.  a  post-offica  of  Louisa  co.. 
Vlrgini;i,  46  miles  X.W.  of  Kichmond. 

CUCUISAS,  LAS,  lis  koo-kwee'sds.  a  town  of  Venezuela, 
i28  miles  S.W.  of  Cara<ai!.  It  lies  in  the  beautiful  valley  of 
Aragua,  ;ind  properly  speaking,  it  is  composed  of  three 
towns,  near  each  other.     Pop.  5000. 

CUCCRKOX,  kU'kUR'RiNo'.  (ancCVicuro f )  a  town  of  FranM, 
department  of  Vaucluse,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Apt.     Pop.  1568. 

CUCUTA.  koo-koo'ta.  a  valley  of  Xew  Granada,  province 
of  Pamplona,  on  the  Venezuelan  frontier;  lat  7°  30'  X., 
628 


Ion.  72°  10*  W.  It  was  discovered  by  Juan  de  San  Martin 
in  1.534. 

CUD'DALORE',  a  maritime  town  of  Hindostan.  in  the  Car- 
natic,  and  one  of  the  largest  and  most  populous  in  the  S.  of 
India,  17  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Pondicherry,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Trivadi.  at  its  embouchure  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal; 
lat.  11°  43'  30"  X.,  Ion.  79=  45'  46"  E.  It  has  a  court-house, 
a  custom-house,  and  some  trade,  particularly  in  exporting 
to  Madras  the  cottons  produced  in  this  pjjrt  of  the  penin- 
sula. It  is  one  of  the  principal  stations  for  soldieis  wbo 
have  been  invalided.  This  place  has  been  the  scene  of  many 
contests,  and  has  frequently  changed  masters.  It  was  cap- 
tured from  the  French  by  the  British  army  under  Colonel 
CiX)te.  in  1760.  and  continued  under  the  dominion  of  the 
Xabob  of  Arcot  until  1782.  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Rajah 
of  Mysore,  with  the  assistance  of  some  French  troops.  In 
1795.  Cuddalore.  with  the  remainder  of  the  province,  was 
consigned  by  treaty  to  the  East  India  Company,  who  have 
ever  since  retained  it. 

CUIVDAP.MI.  (anc.  Cripaf)  an  extensive  district  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidencv  of  M.adras. 

CUDD.A.P.ill,  the  capit.al  of  the  .above  district,  on  the  Cud- 
dapah  River.  138  miles  X.W.  of  Madras.  It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  an  independent  state,  and  has  a  mud  fort  con- 
taining the  rajah"s  residence,  the  court  house,  and  prison. 
The  diamond  mines  are  7  miles  X.E.  of  the  town,  on  the 
Pennar. 

CUD'DEBACKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Xew 
York. 

CUD'DESDEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CUD'DIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

CUDDIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey.  1  mile 
X'.X.E.  of  Ewell.  Henry  VIIT.  built  in  this  parish  his  mag- 
nificent palace  of  Xonsuch,  which  was  destroyed  in  the  wars 
of  the  17th  century. 

CUD'DYHUXK.  a  post-office.  Yallabusha  co..  Mississippi. 

CUD'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

CUDILLERO.  koo-deely.Vro.  or  OLEIRO,  o-lA'e-ro,  a  town 
and  seaport  of  Spain,  in  ,\sturia.s,  22  miles  X.AV.  of  Oviedo, 
on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  A  few  small  vessels  frequent  the 
port.     Pop.  2210. 

CUDREFIX,  kUMrfh-fSxo',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Vaud.  with  a  small  port  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Lake  of 
Xeufchatcl,  5  miles  X.W.  of  .\venches. 

CUD'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CUDWORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.,  of  York.  We?* 
Riding. 

CUELL.4.R,  kwJl-yaR',  a  town  of  Spain.  30  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Segovia.  Pop.  2851.  It  h.ts  a  fine  castle,  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  .Albuquerque  family.  Its  environs  are  very 
fertile,  and  famous  for  poultry. 

CUEXC.\.  kwjn'kd.  a  city  of  Spain.  In  New  Castile,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  near  the  continence 
of  the  Huescar  and  .Tucar.  84  miles  S.E,  of  Madrid.  Pop. 
iX)37.  It  is  enclosed  by  high  walls,  and  has  7  gates,  a  richly 
.adorned  cathedral,  a  handsome  episcopal  pal.ace.  14  parisii 
churches.  13  convents,  several  colleges  and  hospitals,  a  dio- 
cesan school,  and  8  bridges  across  the  rivers.  In  its  vicinity 
are  agreeable  promenades.  It  has  manufactures  of  wo<illen 
stuffs  and  paper.  It  gives  its  name  to  the  Sierra  Cuenca, 
a  part  of  the  Iberian  Slountain.s,  which  traverse  the  pro- 
vince. Cuenca  was  at  one  time  celebrated  for  its  literature, 
its  arts,  and  manufactories. 

CUEXC.V,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Castile,  between 
lat.  39°  20'  and  40°  47'  X..  ion.  1°  5'  and  3°  W.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  X.  by  the  province  of  GuadaLajara.  Area.  7,990 
square  miles.     Pop.  252.723. 

CUEXC.\,  kwen'ki,  or  RAMBAE,  a  city  of  South  America, 
in  Ecuador,  department  of  .\ssuay.  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  own  name,  in  a  wide  plain,  S640  feet  above  the  sea,  8ii 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Quito.  Though  not  well  built,  it  is  regu- 
larly laid  out.  and  it  ha-s  a  cathedral,  various  other  ecclesi- 
astical edifices,  a  university,  and  trade  in  cheese,  confec- 
tionery, hats.  liark,  and  rural  produce.  In  its  vicinity  ar« 
various  Peruvian  antiquities.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
erected  in  1780.  There  are  here  extensive  sugar  refineries. 
.\  little  to  the  S.  is  the  mountain  of  Tarqui.  whi.h  Oon- 
d;unine  and  other  French  astronomers  selected  for  their 
meridian  in  1742.  .^fter  Quito,  Cuenca  is  the  most  popu- 
lous citv  in  Ecuador,     Pop.  about  20.000. 

CUERX.WAC.t.  kwjR-nd-vd'kl  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  stat«,  and  40  miles  S.  of  Mexico,  on  a  monntaio 
spur  jutting  into  a  valley.  It  consi.sts  of  numerous  steep 
and  narrow  streets,  with  ranges  of  one-storied  houses,  fronted 
with  balconies  and  porches. and  h.as quite  "a  Xeapolitan  ap- 
pearance." Its  suliurbs,  inhabitated  by  Indians,  are  also 
very  picturesque.  In  its  vicinity  is  an  old  isolated  mount 
with  Indian  ruins. 

CUERO.  kw.Vro,  a  post-TilIa<re  and  former  capital  of  D« 
Witt  CO.,  Texas,  on  the  Guadalupe  River,  90  miles  S.  by  E 
of  .\ustin. 

CUERS,  kwaiR,  (anc.  Gisltritm  df  O^rlcis.f)  a  town  of 
Fran'-e.  department  of  Var.  11  miles  X.E.  of  Toulon. 

CUEV.A.  Di;  VERA.  kwA'vi  Ah  vA'ri  a  town  of  Sjiain.  42 
miles  X.E.  of  Almeria,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vlmar.zor,  in 


CUE 


CUL 


the  Mediterranean.  Pop.,  Including  its  suburbs,  10,140. 
Many  of  its  inhal^itants  are  employed  in  fishing,  in  the  ma- 
nufacture of  saltpetre,  and  in  potteries.  It  has  risen  into 
Importance  from  the  silver  mines  recently  discovered  in  its 
vicinity. 

CUEVAS  DE  S.4N  MARCOS,  kwi'vis  di  sdn  mfc/kos,  or 
ALTAS,  dl'tis,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  38  miles  N. 
of  JIal.iga.  on  a  declivity,     i'op.  3711. 

CUEVAS  DE  VI.NRuSlA.kwA'v^sdAveen-ro'ma.atownof 
Epain,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.    Pop.  2tJ00. 

CUFFEIGIITiax,  k&f-fa/trin,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ul- 
gter.  CO.  of  Antrim. 

CUGGKJXO-JIAGGIORE.  kood-jo/no-mad-jo'rA,  a  town  of 
Lombardy,  18  miles  W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  3629. 

CUGLIKRI,  k(K)l-yA'ree.  a  town  of  Sardinia,  division  of 
Bassari,  9  miles  S.K.  of  Bosa.    Pop.  4052. 

CUIARA.  a  town  of  Brazil,     See  Cutaba. 

CUISERY,  kwee'zeh-ree'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  on  the  Seille,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Louhans. 

CUISSEAUX,  kweeVo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  SaOue-et-Loire,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Louhans.  It  has  a  fine 
church  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

CULAUO.    See  Gre.voule. 

CUL'BEUTSON'S,  a  snuiU  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

OUL'BORXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the 
Bristol  Channel,  SJ  miles  W.  of  Minehead.  The  village  and 
church  are  so  buried  among  the  lofty  and  almost  perpen- 
dicular hills,  with  an  elevation  of  1300  feet,  that  fur  3  months 
In  winter  the  sun  is  never  .seen. 

CUL/BUEAXa.  a  po.st-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia, 
about  20  milts  S.W.  of  .\ugustJi. 

CUL/ClllCTII,  a  township  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Lanea.ster. 

CUL'DAFF,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

CULEBRA,  koo-li/bri,  a  river  of  Central  America,  in  the 
itate  of  Costa  Rica,  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea  near  the  Lake 
of  Chiriqui. 

CULEBRA,  koo-lAliri  or  PASSAGE  ISLAND,  a  small 
island  of  West  Indies,  belonging  to  the  A'irgin  group,  off  the 
E.  coast  of  Porto  Rico;  lat.  18°  17'  N.,.lon.  65°  17'  W.  It 
is  about  7  miles  long,  and  3  miles  broad.     Pop.  300. 

CULEBRA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ooean,  belonging  to 
the  Philippines ;  lat.  11°  IS'  N.,  Ion.  123°  3'  E. 

CULEBRA,  koo-l,Vbri,  a  .seaport  of  Central  America,  in 
the  state  of  Costa  Rica,  in  lat.  10°  35'  N.,  Ion.  85°  38'  W.  It 
is  one  of  the  finest  ports  on  this  part  of  the  coast  and  af- 
fords safe  anchorage  for  ships  of  any  burden. 

CUI/FORD,  a  parish  of  England, "co.  of  Suffolk. 

CUL'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

CULIIUACAN,  koo!-wd-kan'.     See  Palexque. 

CULI.iCAX,  koo-le-i-kJn',  a  town  of  Mexico,  90  miles  S.E. 
of  Cinaloa,  in  a  fertile  tract,  on  the  river  Culiacan.  Pop. 
7000.  It  is  a  depot  for  goods  passing  between  Guayuias  and 
Mazatlan. 

CULLA,  kool'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  26  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plansi,  near  the  Seco,  on  a  hill 
crowned  by  a  Moorish  castle.     Pop.  1405. 

CULLARDE-BAZA,  kool-yaR'd.A-ba/tha,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  68  miles  E.N.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  5509. 

CUL^L.ATOOR'  and  CULLOOR/,  two  towns  of  India,  the 
former  in  British  India,  the  latter  in  Nizam's  dominions, 
200  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hyderabad. 

CUI/LEN,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  sea- 
port-town and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  12  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Banff,  on  the  CuUen,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  at  its 
mouth  in  Cullen  Bay.  (N.  Sea.)  Pop.  of  parliamentary  bo- 
rough in  1851, 1853.  The  borough  unites  with  Elgin,  Banff, 
Kintore,  Peterhead,  Macduff,  and  Inverury  in  sending  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
baron  to  Lord  Seafield,  chief  proprietor,  whose  mansion,  rich 
In  valuable  paintings,  is  adjacent. 

CUL'LEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  6 
miles  X.W.  of  Mill  Street.  Here  are  the  remains  of  several 
baronial  castles. 

CULLEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kinsale. 

CULLEX,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

CULLEX'S  WOOD,  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  is  a  suburb  of 
Dublin,  on  its  S.E.  side. 

CULLERA,  kool-yi'rj,  (anc.  Sufcrof)  a  maritime  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Valencia,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, at  the  mouth  of  the  Jiicar.  Pop.  7114.  It  exports 
rgain,  wine,  fruits,  vegetibles.  paper,  and  salt  fish  to  an  aver- 
age annual  value  of  101,482i.  Cullera  has  always,  from  its 
natural  position,  been  esteemed  a  place  of  great  military  im- 
portance: the  walls,  towers,  and  fortifications  have  been 
repeatedly  dismantled,  and  as  often  repaired  or  rebuilt. 

CUl/LERCOATS.  a  township  and  watering-place  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Northumberland,  IJ  miles  N.X.W.  of  Tyne- 
mouth. 

CULLOrOEX  or  DRUMMOS'SIE-MOOR,  a  wide,  moory 
ridge  of  Scotl.and.  co.  of  Inverness,  in  the  parish  of  Croy,  and 
memorable  for  the  total  defeat  of  Prince  Charles's  army,  on 
the  16th  of  April,  174(1,  by  the  royal  troops  under  the  Duke 
of  Cumberland.  On  the  moor,  4  miles  E.X.E.  of  Inverness, 
stands  CuUoden  house,  the  old  seat  of  the  Forbes  family,  in 


which  Prince  Charles  lodged  on  the  night  previous  to  the 
battle. 

CULLO'DEX,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Georgia,  tii 
miles  W.  of  Macon,  and  (i5  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columbus.  The 
situation  is  pleasant  and  healthy.  The  village  contains  I 
church,  a  seminary  and  other  schools  of  high  character,  and 
several  stores. 

CULLO'MA  or  COLOMA,  a  post-town  of  El  Dorado  co., 
California,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  South  Fork 
of  American  River,  and  on  the  road  from  Siicramonto 
City  to  Nevada,  107  miles  in  a  straight  line  N.E.  of  San 
Francisco.  In  the  vicinity  of  this  town  is  Sutter's  Mill, 
where  the  first  discovery  of  gold  in  California  was  made. 
It  contiiined  in  1864,  4  general  stores,  several  saw-mills, 
and  2  churches.  Pop.  in  1860,  758;  total  population  of 
Coloma  township,  1646. 

CULIX)MPTON,  a  town  of  England,     See  Coixumptox. 

CULLY,  kUl'lee',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vivud, 
on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lausanne.  It  haa 
some  Roman  antiquities, 

CUI/LY,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Penn.sylvani2i, 
has  387  inhabitants. 

CULM  and  CULMBACII.    See  Kulm  and  Kulmbach. 

CUI^MERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania. 

CULOIIXGTON,  a  pari.ih  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

CULM'STOCIv,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

CUl/XA.  (anc.  AT/iatoia,)  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  province  of  Bengal,  in  the  district  of  Jessore,  on 
an  arm  of  the  Ganges,  78  miles  E.X.E.  of  Calcutta. 

CULNA,  a  town  of  British  India,  piesidency  and  province 
of  Bengal,  in  the  district  of  Burdwan,  on  the  Iloogly  River, 
43  miles  X.  of  Calcutta.  There  is  here  a  circular  area  com- 
posed of  two  concentric  circles,  the  outer  one  of  whicb  con- 
tains 108  temples,  and  the  inner  35.  Here  also  is  a  flour- 
ishing school  and  a  mission  station  in  connection  with  the 
Fre«  Church  of  Scotland.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  ports 
on  the  Iloogly  for  the  Burdwan  district,  and  carries  on  a 
thriving  trade.  Near  it  is  a  magnificent  residence  of  the 
Burdwan  rajah.     Pop.  40.000. 

CULXAI,  kool-ni'a  village  of  Peru,  in  the  Ande.s,  district 
of  Canta,  about  lat.  10°  10'  S.',  remarkable  only  for  its  great 
elevation,  lieing  alx)ut  10.000  feet  above  sea-level. 

CUL'l'ilE'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  and  pro- 
vince of  Bengal,  in  the  district  of  24  I'ergunnahs,  in  a 
jungly  and  unhealthy  position,  on  the  Iloogly  Kiver,  about 
34  miles  W.,s.W.  of  Calcutta. 

CUL'PEPPER.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Vii^ 
ginia.  has  an  area  of  673  square  miles.  The  southern  and 
north-i'astern  borders  are  respectively  washed  by  the  Rapi- 
dan  and  by  the  Xorth  Branch  of  the  Rapp.ahanno<;k,  which 
unite  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  county.  The  X.  part 
of  the  county  is  drained  by  Hazel  River.  The  surface  is 
finely  diversified  with  hill  and  dale;  the  .soil  is  of  a  deep 
red  eolor.and  highly  productive.  The  Rappahannock  liiver 
has  been  made  navigable  along  the  border  of  the  county^ 
small  boats  also  navigate  Hazel  River.  The  count.v  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad.  Organ- 
ized in  1748,  and  named  from  Lord  Culpepper,  Governor  of 
Virginia  in  1681.  Cajiital,  Fairfax.  Pop.  12,063,  of  whom 
5388  were  free,  and  6675  slaves. 

CULPEPPER  COURT  HOUSE.  Virginia.    See  Fairf.^x. 

CULPHO.  kUl'fo,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

CULROSS,  kOl-ross',  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, seaport-town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  on 
the  N.  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  10  miles  AV.N.W.  of  IMin- 
burgh.  Pop.  of  parish,  in  lh51,  1487.  It  stands  on  a  steep 
acclivity,  and  is  meanly  built ;  the  chief  edifices  are  a  pa- 
rish church,  formerly  collegiate  and  belonging  to  a  monas- 
tery, the  remains  of  an  ancient  chapel,  and  those  of  Culross 
Abliey,  successively  the  seat  of  the  Bruce  and  Dundonald 
families.  The  borough  unites  with  Queen  sferry,  Inver- 
keithing,  Dunfermline,  and  Stirling  in  sending  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  remains 
of  two  Danish  camps,  and  the  house  of  Castle-hill,  on  the  site 
of  an  ancient  stronghold  of  the  Macduffs.  called  Dunne- 
marle.  and  where  the  murder  of  the  wife  and  two  children 
of  JIacduff,  by  order  of  Macbeth,  is  reputed  to  have  tak«n 
place. 

CULS.^^LMOXD,  ktll-sawtoond,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  eo.  of 
Aberdeen. 

CULTER.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  11  miles  S.E.  of 
Lanark.  Culterfell  Mountain,  in  this  parish,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  2430  feet. 

CULTS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  3  miles  S.W.  of 
Cupar.  Its  antiquities  comprise  a  Roman  camp,  and  in  the 
parish  is  the  superb  man.sion  of  the  Earls  of  Lindsay  and 
Crawford.  The  celebrated  painter  Sir  David  Wilkie,  was  a 
native  of  Cults. 

CUL'VER.  a  post-offtoe  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan. 

CUL'WORTH,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

CUMA,  koo'mi,  a  fortress  of  Southern  Italy,  11  miles  W, 
of  Xaples.  close  to  the  Mediterrane;in,  occupying  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Cu>mce.  of  which  it  has  a  few  remains. 

CUMANA,  koo-md-nil/,  a  maiitime  city  of  South  Ameri«\ 

627 


CUM 


CUM 


In  Venezuela,  capital  of  a  department  and  province  on  the 
Gulf  of  Cariaco.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Manzanares.  Lat.  of 
Fort  Boca  del  Rio  10°  27'  6"  X..  Ion.  &*=■  11'  \V.  Pop.  05<H). 
It  has  several  suburbs,  and  a  fort  on  an  adjacent  height, 
but  no  remarkable  edifices ;  and,  on  account  of  fi-equent 
earthquakes,  all  its  houses  are  low-pitched.  Its  raidstead 
is  excelleut,  aud  capable  of  holding  the  combined  navies  of 
Europe.  Export  trade  in  cattle,  smoked  meat,  salt  fish,  co- 
coa, aud  other  provisions  pretty  extensive.  In  the  year  1S47, 
10  vessels,  a^rgregate  buixlen  6S2  tons,  entered,  and  6.  bur- 
den 65S  tons,  cleared  from  the  port.  Cumana  is  the  oldest 
European  cit)'  of  the  New  Continent,  having  been  founded 
by  Governor  Diego  Castellon  in  1523.  It  has  suffered  se- 
verely by  two  earthquakes ;  by  that  of  21st  October,  1706, 
It  was  entirely  destrojed  In  the  space  of  a  few  minutes. 
On  14th  Deceml>er,  1797,  more  than  four-fifths  of  the  city 
were  again  completely  demolished.  Before  the  revolution 
of  1823  its  population  was  upwards  of  30.000,  now  it  is  only 
about  6500. 

CL'MAXA,  a  department,  Venezuela,  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  the  dejjartment  of  Caracas,  S.  bythe  river  Orinoco,  and  on 
the  other  side  by  the  Caribbean  Sea.  h.is  an  area  of  370,0i)0 
squai-e  miles,  and  comprises,  besides  the  cities  of  Cumana 
(the  capital)  and  Barcelona,  the  towns  of  Cariaco,  Carupano, 
Aragua.  and  El  Pao. 

CUMANACOA,  koo-mi-nd-ko'fL  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Venezuela,  department,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Cumana. 
Pop.  2'^iXi.    It  has  a  cool  and  healthy  climate. 

CCMAXIA  or  KU.MAXIA,  koo-niA'ne-a,  (Ger.  Kumanim, 
koomd'ne-?n;  Hun.  Kunsdg,  koon^shdg'.')  Great  CcMAxn, 
(Hun.  A'/.f/v  Kunsdg.  nOdj  or  nddy  koon'shdg'.)  is  an  inde- 
pendent district  of  Hungary,  in  the  province  -  lievond  the 
Ihei-^s.'  between  47°  and  47°  40'  X.  lat..  and  20°  30'  and 
21°  10'  E.  Ion.  The  area  is  about  424  s^^uare  miles.  The 
whole  surface  is  a  low  plain,  and  rendered  so  swampy  by 
the  inundations  of  the  rivers,  that  nearly  one-half  of  Cu- 
mania  is  a  mere  bog.  There  are  here  no  large  land  propri- 
etors or  feudal  lords,  as  in  most  parts  of  Hungary ;  the  peo- 
ple have  an  independent  jurisdiction  of  their  own.  and  send 
representatives  to  the  Hungarien  diet.  The  Cumaniaus  are 
a  robust,  .ithletic  race,  and  very  fond  of  rural  pursuits,  and 
are  altogether  a  rich,  happy,  and  independent  people.  The 
population  amounts  to  about  55,000,  of  whom  37,000  are 
Protestants.  Great  Cumania  contains  one  market  town, 
Kardza.'-uj-SzallSs.     Lat.  47°  20'  X..  Ion.  AP  55'  E. 

Little  Cumvxia,  (Hun.  Kis  Kiimdg,  kish  koon'sh|g',) 
a  district  of  Hungary,  in  the  province  "  this  side  theTheiss," 
It  consists  of  several  detached  portions  of  land,  with  an 
aggregate  area  of  about  1000  square  miles,  so  that  it  is  more 
than  twice  as  large  as  Great  Cumania.*  Pop.  about  64.1XX). 
(P.  C.)  The  general  features  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the 
character  and  condition  of  the  inhabitants,  correspond  with 
that  given  under  the  head  of  Great  Cumania.    Their  largest 

town  is  Felegyhaza.   Lat.  about  40°  43'  X..  Ion.  10°  54'  E. 

Adj.  and  inhab.,  relating  to  both  districts,  CuM-inias,  ku- 
ma'ne-an. 

CUMBAL,  koom-bil'.  a  mountain  peak  of  the  Andes  in 
Xew  Granada,  a  little  X.  of  the  equator.   IIeight,15.620  feet. 

CU.M'BEilLAXD.  the  most  X.W  county  of  England,  hav- 
ing X.  Sohvay  Frith  and  the  Esk  and  Liddle  Kivers  sepa- 
rating it  from  Scotland,  and  W.  the  Irish  Sea.  Area,  1565 
squai-e  miles,  (l,001,tOO)  acres,  two-thirds  of  which  are 
enclosed  and  cultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  195,402.  Surface 
mountainous,  and  highly  picturesque.  Skiddaw  rises  to 
3020  feet  ikbove  the  sea.  'fhe  principal  rivers  are  the  Eden, 
Esk.  and  Derwent.  In  this  county  are  the  beautiful  lakes 
of  Derwent-water,  Bassenthwaite,  Borrowdale.  Buttermere, 
and  Ulles-water.  on  the  twrders  of  Westmoreland.  The  county 
is  traversed  by  the  Lancaster  and  the  MTiitehaven  and  Car- 
lisle Railw-ays.  Xear  Whitehaven  and  Xewington  are  ex- 
ten.s;Te  and  profitable  beds  of  coal,  and  in  Borrowdale  is  a 
lamous  mine  of  plumbago  or  graphite.  The  pnncipal  towns 
are  Carlisle,  Whitehaven,  Cockermouth,  Penrith,  Keswick, 
and  Egremont.  It  sends  to  the  House  of  Commons  two 
members  for  each  division  of  the  county.  Within  the  limits 
of  this  county  is  a  considerable  extent  of  the  great  Roman 
wall  erected  iu  the  time  of  Hadrian. 

CUM'BEKLAXD,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Maine,  has 
an  area  of  about  990  square  miles,  the  Androscoggin  River 
forms  part  of  the  N.E.  boundary,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
■washes  it  on  the  S.E.  It  contains  several  ponds,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is  Sebago  Pond,  from  which  a  canal  has  l>een 
constructed,  affording  a  communication  with  the  Atlantic. 
The!  soil  is  fertile,  and  under  good  cultivation.  This  county 
ha.s  several  bays,  the  chief  of  which.  Casco  Bay,  affords  fa- 
cilitK»8  fjr  navigation,  and  for  fisheries,  perhaps  not  to  be 
equalled  ou  the  coast.  The  railroad  connecting  Boston  with 
Waterville,  and  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroads 
pass  through  this  county,  and  that  from  Gorham  la  in- 
cluded within  It    Capital,  Portland.    Pop  75,591. 


•  The  origin  of  the  distinctive  epithets  of  LillU  and  Great,  as 
applied  to  those  districts,  is  not  known.     The  relative  sixe  of  the 
two  territories  may  possibly  have  changed  since  the  nauiei  were 
fint  bestowed. 
6:S 


CTMBERLAXD,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  New  Jer- 
sey, has  an  area  of  about  4S0  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  Delaware  Bay.  and  on  the  E.  by  Tuckahoe 
Creek ;  and  is  intersected  by  Maurice  River  and  Cohansey 
Creek.  The  surfiice  is  generally  level,  with  some  low  bridges 
Iietween  the  streams.  Marl  is  found  iu  the  W.  part  of  the 
county,  and  iron  ore  in  Greenwich  township.  Organized  in 
174S,  and  formed  from  part  of  Salem  county.  Capital,  Bridge- 
ton.     Pop.  22,605. 

CUMBERLAXD,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  p.irt  of  Pennsyl- 
vania,  has  an  area  of  545  square  miles.  The  Susfiuehauna 
River  forms  the  boundary  ou  the  K. :  Conedogwiuit  Creek 
flows  through  it  towards  the  E_  aud  Yellow  Breeches  Creek 
forms  part  of  the  S.E.  boundary.  The  greater  part  of  the 
county  lies  within  the  Kittatinny  or  Cumberland  Valley, 
enclosed  between  the  Blue  Mountain  range  on  the  X.,  and 
the  South  Mountain  on  the  S.E.  The  soil  is  calcareous,  ex- 
ceedirfgly  fertile,  and  iu  a  high  state  of  cultivatiou.  Lime- 
stone of  fine  qualitj-  is  abundant  in  the  Cumlierland  A' alley, 
and  iron  ore  is  also  found.  The  county  is  copiously  sup- 
plied with  good  springs,  and  with  permanent  water-power. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad,  and 
by  turnpike  roads  extending  to  Baltimore  and  Ilarrisburg. 
Organized  in  1750,  and  named  from  Cumberland  county, 
England.    Capital.  Carlisle.    Pop.  40,098. 

CUMBERLAXD.  a  county  towanls  the  S.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  310  square  miles.  The  Appomattox 
bounds  it  on  the  S.E.,  the  James  River  washes  its  X.  border, 
and  Willis  River  flows  through  it.  the  surface  is  undu 
lating ;  the  soil  was  originally  fertile,  but  in  some  parts  ha.5 
i>eeu  worn  out.  Formed  from  part  of  Goochland  in  1748. 
Capital,  Cumberland  Court-Honse.  Pop.  9961,  of  whom  3250 
were  free,  and  6705  slaves. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  North 
Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  y5<->  square  miles.  It  is  intei 
sected  by  Cape  Fear  River,  which,  in  its  passage  through 
the  county,  is  joined  by  Little  River  and  Rockfish  Creek. 
The  surface  is  diversified.  The  line'which  separates  the 
tertiary  formation  of  the  low  country  from  the  granite  and 
hilly  region  of  Xorfc  Carolina  passes  nearly  tlu-ough  the 
middle  of  the  county.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The 
county  contains  large  forests  of  pitcli-pine,  li-oiu  which  Umu- 
ber  and  turpentine  are  procured,  and  exported  by  means 
of  steamboats  which  navigate  Cape  Fear  River.  Its  pros- 
perity has  been  increased  by  several  plank-roads  recently 
laid,  "the  aggreg-ate  length  of  which  is  above  300  miles. 
Water-power  is  abundant  on  Cape  Fear  River,  and  is  em- 
ploved  in  a  number  of  cotton-mills.  Organized  in  1754. 
Capital,  Fayetteville.  Pop.  16,369,  of  whom  10,539  were 
free,  ami  5830  slaves. 

CUMBERLAXD,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  Tennessee,  has  an  arpa  estimated  at  375  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cumberland  River,  (from  which 
the  name  is  derived,)  lUviding  it  into  nearly  equal  parts. 
The  river  is  bordered  by'liills  of  considerable  height.  The  soil 
is  moderately  fertile.  The  river  is  navigable  by  small  boata 
through  the  county.  There  is  a  remarkable  '-oil  spring"'  on 
the  bank  of  the  river,  in  this  county.  Capital,  Burksville. 
Pop.  7340,  of  whom  5927  were  free,  and  1413  slaves. 

CUMBERLAXD,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  310  square  miles.  It  is  intereected  by  the 
Einb;u-iii3  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Wabash.  The  surface 
is  diversified  with  prairies  and  tracts  of  timlH.'r:  the  soil 
is  good.  The  Central  Railroad  (Chicago  Branch)  passes 
through  one  corner  of  the  county,  Capihil,  Greenup.  Pop. 
8311. 

CUMBERL-WD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cumber- 
land CO..  Maine,  on  Casco  Bay,  and  on  the  Kennebec  and 
Portland  Railroad.55  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Augusta,  Pop.  1713. 

CUMBERLAXD,  a  township  of  Providence  CO.,  Rhode 
Island,  on  the  Blackstone  River,  and  on  the  I*rovjdeuce 
and  Worcester  Railroad,  10  miles  )♦.  of  Providence.  It  has 
4  banks,  and  manufactures  of  iron  ciistings,  machinery,  car- 
riages, boots  and  shoes,  bonnets,  paper-hangings,  sash  and 
blinds,  calico  prints,  and  threjid.     Pop.  833iK 

CUMBERLAND,  a  township  of  Adams cawPennsylvania. 
Pop,  3715.  ^ 

CUMBERLAXD,  a  township  of  Greene  eo,,  Pennsylvanii. 
Pop,  2180. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Alleghany 
CO,,  Maryland,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  River,  and 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  179  miles  W.  by  X,  of 
Baltimore.  It  is  the  eastern  terminusof  the  Xational  Road, 
and  the  western  terminus  of  the  Chesjjpeake  and  Ohio  Ca- 
nal, exteudiiv;  to  Georgetown,  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
aud  has  an  extensive  trade.  In  respect  to  population  it  is 
not  surpassed  by  any  city  in  the  state,  excepting  Baltimore. 
It  contains,  besides  the  county  btiildiugs.  chunlies  of  five 
or  six  denominations.  3  new.^aper  oftices.  3  banks,  and  1 
savings'  institution.  There  are  several  flouring  mills  in 
the  vicinitv.  Lanre  quantities  of  stone  coal  are  mined  i 
few  miles  W.  of  this  town.  Pop.  in  1850,  6073 ;  in  1860,  847S 

CUMBERL.^XD.  a  post-office  of  Grundy  co..  Tenne<isee 

CUMBERLAND,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  ca.  Kan 
tuckf. 


CUM 


CUM 


CnXIBERLAND,  a  village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  about  80 
miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

CUMBERLAXD,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  18  miles 
E.  of  Columbus. 

CUMBEFIIjAND,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  National  Koad,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  10  miles 
E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  po.stxjfiice  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois,  75 
milfs  S.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Nova  Scotia, 
bordering  an  Northumberland  Strait,  and  partly  separated 
from  New  Brunswick  by  Chignecto  Bay.  The  coasts  are 
deeply  indented,  affonling  many  fine  harbors.  The  surface 
Is  broken,  a  portion  being  occupied  by  Cobequid  Mountain. 
Cumberland  county  contains  some  of  the  richest  coal-mines 
that  are  to  be  found  in  all  Nova  Scotia,  and  from  them  the 
North  American  Mining  Company  annually  obtains  large 
quantities  of  excellent  bituminous  coal.  The  underlying 
rock  of  this  coal  formation  also  furnishes  immense  quanti- 
ties of  beautiful  and  compact  gray  and  buff-colored  grind- 
stones, which  are  exported  to  all  of  the  United  States.  The 
county  also  abounds  with  gypsum.  Capital,  Amherst.  Pop. 
in  1851,  11,339. 

CUMBliRLAND,  a  peninsula  of  British  North  America, 
having  N.K.Davis's  Strait,  and  S.W.  Northumberland Inlat, 
between  the  parallels  of  04°  10'  and  07°  30'  of  N.  lat. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  county  in  E.  Australia,  lat.  34°  S., 
.on.  15°  E.,  bounded  E.  by  the  oi^ean,  and  landward  the  coun- 
ties of  Northumberland,  Hunter,  Cook,  and  Camden  In  it 
are  the  towns  of  Sydney,  Paramatta,  Richmond,  AVind.sor, 
llawkesbury,  and  Liverpool,  with  Ports  Jackson,  Ilackins, 
and  Botany  Bay. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  county  in  Van  Diemen's  Land,  in  Clyde 
district. 

CUMBERLAND  BASIN,  celebrated  for  its  flpVries.is  the 
N-E.  portion  of  Chignecto  Bay,  which  communicates  on  the 
S.W.  with  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  Lat.  45°  40'  N.,  Ion.  64°  30'  W. 
In  1850,  there  were  213  fishing  boats  at  the  various  stations 
in  the  Basin,  manned  by  520  men.  Among  the  fish  taken 
were  4100  barrels  of  sh.ad. 

CUMBERLAND  BAY,  a  portion  of  Lake  Champlain,  ex- 
tending into  Clinton  co..  New  York,  near  PJattsburg. 

CUMBERLAND  BAY,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island  of  Juan 
Fernandez,  off  the  coast  of  Chili,  in  lat.3.3°  37' S..  Ion.  78°  53' W. 
CUMBERLAND  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Maine,  alxjut  55  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta. 

CUMBERLAND  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Cumberland  co.,  Virginia,  55  miles  W.  of  Richmond.  It  is 
situated  en  a  ridge,  between  the  Appomattox  and  'Willis 
Rivers,  about  5  miles  from  each. 

CUMBERLAND  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

CUMBERLAND  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Claiborne  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

CUMBERLAND  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Providence  co., 
Rhode  Island,  on  Blackstone  River,  12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Pro- 
vidence. 

CU.MBERLAND  HOUSE,  a  station  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  in  British  North  AmericA.  on  the  W.  side  of  Pine 
Island  Lake,  in  lat.  54°  N..  Ion.  102°  40'  W. 

CUMBERLAND  INSTITUTE,  a  postoffice  of  White  co., 
Tennessee. 

CUMBERLAND  IRON-WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Stewart 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the  Cumberland  River,  55  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Nashville. 

CUMBERLAND  ISLAND,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Georgia,  off 
Camden  county,  is  about  20  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  5  miles 
wide. 

CUMBERLAND  ISLAND,  in  British  North  America,  is 
a  peninsula  between  Davis  Strait  and  Northumberland 
Inlet. 

CUMBERLAND  ISLAND,  In  the  Pacific,  one  of  the  Dan- 
gerous .4rehipela20. 

CU.MBERLAND  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  of  the  Appala- 
chian system,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Vir- 
ginia and  Kentucky,  and  between  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee. 

CUMBERLAND  RIVER,  one  of  the  largest  affluents  of  the 
Ohio,  rises  among  the  Cumberland  Mountains  of  Kentucky, 
near  the  S.B.  boundary  of  the  state,  ilowing  westward  and 
south-westward,  it  enters  Tennessee  between  Jackson  and 
Overton  counties;  and  after  making  an  extensive  circuit  of 
near  250  miles  through  Middle  Tennessee,  and  passing  the 
city  of  Nashville,  turns  towards  the  N.W.  and  again  enters 
Kentucky  about  10  miles  E.  of  the  Tennessee  River.  Its 
gubsequent  course  is  nearly  parallel  with  the  latter  river 
until  it  enters  the  Ohio  at  Smithland.  The  whole  length  is 
estimated  at  above  600  miles.  During  high  water,  large 
steamboats  ascend  to  Nashville,  about  200  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  small  boats  nearly  300  miles  further.  About  14 
miles  from  Williamsburg,  in  Kentucky,  the  river  has  a  ver- 
tical fall  of  60  feet.  The  area  drained  by  this  river  is  esti- 
mated at  17.000  square  miles. 
CUMBERLAND  UNIVERSITY.  See  LcBAJfON,  Tennessee. 
CUMBERLAND  VALLEY,  a  postrtownship  of  Bedford  eo., 

m 


Pennsylvania,  about  100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop- 
1336. 

CUMOJERNAULD,  a  burgh  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumbarton,  on  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.in  1851.  3778.  The  town,  in  a  fine 
valley,  has  a  good  church  and  subscription  library.  The  prin- 
cipal shops,  workshops,  and  dwellings  are  lighted  with  gas. 
In  the  N.  part  of  the  parish  are  some  remains  of  Antoni- 
nus's  wall. 

CUM'BERSDALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber 
land. 

CUM'BER,  UPPER  and  LOWER,  are  two  contiguous  p«r 
rishes  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Londonderry. 
CUM'BERWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
CUMBERWORTH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

CUMBERWORTH,  HALF,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York. 

CUMBO'LA,  a  mining  village  in  Schuylkill  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Schuylkill  Valley  Railroad,  which  extends 
from  Pottsville  to  Tamaqua. 

CUMRRA,  kfim-bra',  or  CIMBRAES,  sim-braze',  GREAT 
and  LITTLE,  two  islands  of  Scotland,  eo.  of  Bute,  in  the 
Frith  of  Clyde,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Largs.  Little  Cumbray  lies 
southward,  separated  from  the  county  of  Ayr  by  a  channel 
3  miles  across,  and  has  a  lighthouse,  in  lat.  55°  43'  16"  N., 
and  Ion.  4°  58'  W.  Both  islands  contain  remarkable  trap 
dykes  intersecting  the  old  red  sandstone. 

CUMBRE.  La,  13  koom'bri,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Caceres.  in  an  extensive  plain.  Pop. 
2081. 

CUMBRE,  L-S  li  koomOari,  (i.  e.  "the  summit,")  a  princi- 
pal pass  across  the  Andes,  between  Santiago,  in  Chili,  and 
Mendoza,  in  lat.  33°  S.,  Ion.  70°  20'  W.  Elevation,  12,454 
feet.  From  the  end  of  May  to  the  end  of  October, 
generally,  but  not  always,  the  Cumbre  and  grejit  part  of 
the  valleys  leading  to  it  on  each  side  can  be  passed  on  foot 
only. 

CUMBRES-MAYORES,  koom'brJs-mJ-yo'r?s,  a  modern 
town  of  Spain,  55  miles  N.N.E.  of  Huelv.a.     Pop.  2056. 

CUM'BRIA.  an  ancient  British  princip.ality.  comprising, 
with  the  greater  part  of  Cumberland,  the  Scotch  districts 
of  Strathclyde,  Galloway,  Kyle,  Carrick,  and  Cunningham, 
in  the  counties  of  Wigtown  and  Ayr.  Early  in  the  eleventh 
century  it  was  given  to  Malcolm,  Prince  of  Scotland,  to  be' 
held  as  a  fief  of  the  crown  of  England.  Its  name  is  pre- 
.served.  not  only  in  that  of  Cumberland,  but  in  the  islands 

of  Cumbray.  and  in  many  places  in  Clydesdale. Adj. 

Clmdrian,  ktim'bre-an, 

CU.M'BRIAN  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  of  hills  in  England, 
occnpying  part  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland,  Westmore- 
land, and  North  Lancashire. 

CUM'BRIE,  an  African  tribe,  to  be  met  with  chiefly  in  the 
kingdom  of  Yaooree,  (Yaouri,)  in  Iloussa,  and  in  the  towns 
and  villages  on  the  banks  of  the  Niger,  in  the  central  parts 
of  Soodan,  towards  the  S.  They  are  a  mild,  harmless,  and 
industrious  race. 

CUMIANA,  koo-me-3/nJ,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  7   ■ 
miles  N.  of  Pisnerolo,  on  the  Cisola.     Pop.  3453. 

CUM'INEStOWN,  a  vilKige  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen, 
parish  of  Monquhitter,  founded  in  1700  by  Cumine  of 
Auchry.     Pop.  477. 

CUMINO.  koo-mee'no,  or  COMING,  ko-mee'no,  a  small 
island  of  the  Mediterranean,  between  Malta  and  Gozo,  IJ 
miles  in  length,  by  three-fourths  of  a  mile  across.  Pop.  900. 
West  of  it  is  the  island  of  Cominotto. 

CUMLV',  koom'lee,  or  COOM'BLA.  a  maritime  town  and 
fort  of  Briti.sh  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  on  a  peninsula 
surrounded  by  a  salt  lake,  near  the  Malabar  coast,  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Mangalore. 

CUM\MERTREES',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries, 
on  Solway  Frith.  Ilere  is  Kinmount  House,  the  superb 
seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Queensberry.  chief  proprietor  in  the 
parish,  and  the  ancient  castle  of  Uoddam,  built  early  in  the 
iburtetmth  century. 

CUM'MING,  a  pleasant  post-village,  capital  of  Forsyth  co., 
Georgia,  on  Vickery's  Creek,  109  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgevllle. 
It  has  a  healthy  situatipn,  and  is  surrounded  by  beautiful 
scenery.  Sawney's  Mountain,  about  2^  miles  from  the  vil- 
lage, contiiins  rich  gold-mines.  Gumming  has  2  churches,  2 
schools,  and  2  hotels. 

GUMMING,  or  DOUBLE  WELLS,  a  post-village  of  War- 
ren CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  57  miles  W.  of  Au- 
gusta. 

CUM'MINGS,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvanijw 
Pop.  S41. 
CUMMING'S  MILL,  a  small  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Tei> 

CUMOIINGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mis 
sissippi. 

CU.MMINGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Dayton,  5  miles  N,  of  the 
former. 

CUM'MINGTON,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Hamp- 
shire  co.,  Massachusetts,  90  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston,  on  the 

529 


CUM 


CUR 


Westfield  River.  It  has  manufactures  of  scythe  stones, 
leather,  castinss.  wooUeu  yarn,  plaids.  Ac.     Pop.  1085. 

CUMMINGTON,  a  small  village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois, 
30  miles  in  a  d>ect  line  S.W,  of  Springfield. 

CUMMI.NUTUN  WEST  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Ilamp- 
Bhire  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  Westfield  River,  110  miles  W.  of 
Boston. 

CUMOIIXS.  a  post'*fiice  of  Arkansas  co.,  Arkansas. 

CUM'MIX'S  CKEEK.  Texas,  flows  into  Colorado  River 
from  the  N..  near  Columbus. 

CCM'MIXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

CDM.MIXSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Hal  ton,  on  the  N.W.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  i\  miles  S.W. 
of  Toronto.  It  contains  a  cloth  fiictory,  a  grist  mill,  and 
saw  mills.     Pop.  250. 

CUM'MUM.  a  to\vn  of  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  75 
miles  X.E.  of  Cuddapah. 

CUM'MUMAIT.  a  town  of  India,  in  Nizam's  dominions, 
110  miles  E.  of  Hyderabad. 

CUM'XOCK.  NEW,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  imme- 
diatelv  S.  of  (Jld  Cumnock. 

CUMNOCK.  OLD,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ayr,  on  Lugar  Water,  here  crossed  by  3  bridges.  12  miles  E. 
of  A}'r.  Pop.  2S36.  It  is  lighted  with  gas.  has  an  old  church, 
many  good  shops,  some  banks  and  public  libraries,  a  manu- 
fectory  of  snuff-boxes,  of  which  between  25,000  and  35.000 
are  produced  annually,  a  trade  in  cotton  stuffs  and  earthen- 
wares, and  an  active  retail  trade.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron 
to  the  Criehton-Stuart  femily,  who  chiefly  own  the  p.arish, 
and  whose  fine  seat  stands  near  the  biinks  of  the  Lugar. 

CUM'XOH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  5  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Abingdon.  It  has  an  endowed  fiee  school  and 
other  charities.  Cumnor  palace,  the  ancient  residence  of  the 
abbots  of  .\bingdon,  and  supposed  scene  of  the  murder  of 
Amy  Robsart.  Countess  of  Leicester,  (see  Sir  W.u.ter  Scott's 
"  Keni'lw'irtit,")  w.is  situated  in  this  parish. 

CUM'UKW,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

CUM'KO,  a  township  of  Iterks  co.,  Pennsylvani;i.  Pop. 
2182. 

CUM'WIITTTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

CUX'DAII  or  KUX'DAH.  a  town  of  Hindostan.  Ilolcars 
dominions.  100  miles  S.E.  of  Oojein.     Pop.  4000  or  5000. 

CUX'DALL-AND-LECK'BY,  a.  parish  of  England,  oo.  of 
York.  Xorth  Hiding. 

CUXDEEaUK'KEE,  a  village  of  Hindostan,  province  of 
Orissji.  25  miles  fromCuttack.  Here  are  three  hills,  which 
are  perforated  in  every  direction  with  caves  of  all  dimen- 
sions, many  being  the  dwellings  of  devotees  or  priests  of  the 
Jain  worship.  Above  the  entrance  to  several  are  long  in- 
scriptions in  a  forgotten  tongue. 

CUXDIX  AM  ARCA.  koon-de-nJ-man'kJ.  the  central  depart- 
ment of  New  Gran.ada,  in  South  .\merica.  comprising  the 
provinces  of  Mariquita,  Nej'va,  Bogota.  &c.  It  comprises 
also  the  capital  city  of  the  republic,  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota. 
Pop.  in  !>-.=);!.  5r4.99"5. 

CUNDWAH.  a  town  of  India.    See  Ctoda. 

CUXEXE  or  CUXEXI,  koo-ni'ne.  a  river  of  South-western 
Africa,  in  Benguela.  flowing  circuitously  along  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  kingdom,  and  felling  into  the  Atlantic  under 
the  namp  of  Xourses. 

CUXEO.  a  town  of  Piedmont.    See  Coxi. 

CUXHA.  koon'ya,  a  town  of  Brazil.  120  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Sao  Paulo,  on  Mount  Falcao.    Pop.  3000. 

CUXinXG.i..  koon-yeeng'gi,  a  river  of  Western  Africa, 
A  ngola.  rising  i  n  lat.  1 1°  10'  S..  Ion.  20°  20'  E.,  and  after  a  N.W. 
course  of  130  miles  enters  the  Coanza. 

CDXXEUSDORF,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Kusnersdorf. 

CUX'XIXGHAM,  a  district  of  Seotlsind.  co.  of  .iyr,  about 
20  miles  in  length,  and  from  9  to  12  miles  in  breadth. 

CDX'NIXGHAM'S,  a  post-office  of  Bastrop  co..  Texas. 

CUNNIXGIIAMS  ISLAND,  near  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Erie. 
is  about  12  miles  N.  of  Sandusky  City.  3  miles  long  and  2i 
wide,  constituting  a  part  of  Ottawa  countv.  Ohio. 

CUNXIXGIIaSI'S  mills,  a  small  post-village  of  Mercer 
CO.,  Pennsvlvania. 

CUX  Nl.NG  II  A.M-S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Person  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

COXTTS.  koon-teece',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  15  miles 
N.  of  Pontevedra.  on  a  small  river.  Near  it  are  mineral 
baths,  much  frequented  in  their  season. 

CUOliGXE.  kwoRn'yi,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  12J 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Ivrea,  on  the  Orca.  Pop.  5(514.  It  has 
several  churches  and  convents,  a  hospital  and  a  copper 
foundry. 

CUPAR-.\NGOS.  koo'per-ang'gus,  a  burgh  of  barony,  and 
parish  o*'  Scotland,  cos.  of  Perth  and  Forfar,  on  the  Isla,  a 
tributaiy  of  the  Tay,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Perth,  and  on  the 
Dund(^?  and  Newtyle  lUilway.    Pop.  of  parish,  in  1S51. 2972. 

CU'P.^R-KIKE.  a  royal,  parliament.arv  and  munici|»l  bo- 
rough, market.town.  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Fife,  in  the  centre  of  the  ••  Howe"  of  Fife,  on  the 
Eden,  9  miles  W.  of  St.  Andrew's  station  of  the  Edinburgh 
and  Northern  Hallway.  Pop.  of  parish,  in  1S51,  7427.  It 
has  a,  good  parish  church,  a  liandsome  oourt-liaU.  with  a 
630 


town-hall,  jail,  public  library,  various  dissenting  chapcla, 
reading  rooms,  newspaper  oftices,  and  banks;  an  active  ma- 
nufecture  of  linen  goods,  .spinning  mills,  corn,  snuff,  and 
fulling  mills,  breweries,  and  tan-yards.  Tlie  borough  unites 
with  St.  Andrew's,  the  two  Anstruthers,  Crail.  Kihenny, 
and  Pittenweem  in  sending  one  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  On  a  mound.  E.  of  the  town,  was  anciently  the 
principiil  residence  of  the  Macduffs,  feudiil  Earls  ("f  Fife',  and 
here  are  also  some  other  historically  interesting  sites. 

CUPIC.i,  koo-pee'kL  a  village  and  seaport  of  New  Grana- 
da, on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  near  the  entrance  to  the  Bay 
of  Panama,  in  lat.  6*^40' N..  Ion.  77°50' W.  There  is  some 
probability  that  this  bay  will  one  day  be  the  western  termi- 
nation of  a  ship  canal  across  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  as  the 
course  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien  up  the  river  Atiato,  thence 
up  its  aftiuent,  the  Naipi.  and  overland  to  this  bay,  would 
appear  to  be  the  route  offering  greater  probabilities  of  suc- 
cess for  such  an  undertaking  than  any  other  on  the  conti- 
nent. Native  boats  at  present  ascend  the.se  streams,  and 
disembark  their  goods  at  a  point  on  the  Naipi.  about  17  miles 
distant  from  the  B.iy  of  Cupica,  the  remainder  of  the  jour- 
ney being  completed  overland. 

CURA.  koo'rj.  a  town  of  South  America,  state  and  depart- 
ment of  Venezuela.  45  miles  S.W.  of  Caracas.    Pop.  40(W. 

CUR  AQO A .  ku-ra-so'.i or  kuVd-so',  (Sp.  O/rofao.  kcvo-r3-.sJ'o,) 
one  of  the  West  India  islands,  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  off  the 
N.  coast  of  Venezuela.  L.it.  12°  N.,  Ion.  69°  W.  Length, 
40  miles:  breadth,  from  6  to  10  miles.  .Pop.  15.164.  of 
whom  9728  are  slaves.  It  rises  wild,  bare,  and  abrupt,  and 
consists  of  two  ridges  of  greenstone,  connected  by  a  lime- 
stone dyke  li  miles  thick.  Iron  and  copper  occur,  but 
are  not  wrought.  The  soil  is  not  rich,  and  the  island  is  de- 
ficient in  water,  yet  a  good  deal  of  sugar,  indigo,  tolwcco, 
and  maize  are  raised.  "The  staple  of  the  island,  however  is 
salt,  obtained  by  natural  evaporation,  and  of  the  finest  qua- 
lity. The  salt  exported  in  1847  was  108,.347  barrels:  that 
produced,  250.000.  The  amount  of  cochineal  produced  in 
1S48  was  18,050  pounds.  In  1847,  662  ve.ssels  (tonnage, 
36,212')  entered  the  port  of  Curagoa.  The  islands  of  Cura^oa, 
Bonaire,  Oruba.  (or  .\ruba.)  and  Little  Cura^oa.  form  a  Dutch 
government,  the  residence  of  the  governor  being  at  Wil- 
helmstadt.  Cura^a  was  settled  by  the  Spaniai-ds,  early  in 
the  sixteenth  century :  it  was  taken  in  1632  by  the  Dutch, 
and  was  captured  by  the  British  in  1798.  but  restored  at  the 
pe.ace  of  .■Vmieus.  It  was  taken  again  by  the  British  in  1S06, 
and  finally  ceded  to  Holland  at  the  general  peace,  in  1814. 
The  government  is  vested  in  a  stadtholder,  assisted  by  s 
civil  and  military  council. 

CURAQO.A.  LITTLE,  a  small  i-sland  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea.  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Cura5oa,  in  lat.  12°  2'  N.,  Ion.  68° 
38'  W. 

CUR.\^RAY.  koo-r3-ri',  a  river  of  Ecuador,  rising  in  the 
Andes,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Llanganate  Mount.^in.  65 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Quito,  and  after  a  direct  course  of  38-5  miles 
through  a  flat  country,  falls  into  the  Napo  87  miles  below  San 
Miguel. 

CUR'BRIDGE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford.  p.irish 
and  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Witney.    Pop.  596. 

CURDS/VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Buckingh.am  co..  Virginia, 
on  Willis  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  It  has  a  large 
flouring  milL 

CURDSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Dix  River. 

CUUiywORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  3 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Coleshill. 

CURE,  kiiR,  a  river  of  France,  rising  in  the  department  of 
Ni^vre.  and  fells  into  the  Yonne  after  a  course  of  66  miles. 

CUREN.    See  Cteene. 

CURKS       S60  CORRESE 

CURF/fON'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-oflice  of  Henry  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

CURETON'S  STORE,  a  posfc<)fflce  of  Lancaster  district, 
South  Carolina. 

CURIA,  or  CURIA  RHfETORUM.    See  CHim. 

CU'ilI.4.  a  small  post-vill.ige  of  Independence  CO.,  .Arkan- 
sas. 90  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Little  Rock. 

CURIA  MURI.\  or  KURIA  MURIA  (koo're-1  moo're-l) 
ISLES,  a  group  of  five  islands  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Arabia, 
Hellaneeyah.  (^Hellaniyah.)  the  largest  and  only  inhabited 
island,  being  in  lat.  17°  33'  N.,  Ion.  56°  6'  E.  Tlie  surface  ia 
sterile. 

CUR1BU>r.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
province  of  Orissa,  atout  82  miles  X.  of  Chicacole. 

CURICO,  koo-ree'ko.  a  maritime  district  of  Chili,  contain- 
ing a  rich  mine  of  gold  and  copper  mingled. 

CURICO.  a  town  of  Chili,  capit.tl  of  the  above  district,  120 
miles  S.  of  Santiago.     Pop.  2000. 

CURISCHE-H.\FF  or  KUKISCHE-HAFF,  koo'rish-?h- 
hiff'.  a  Lagoon,  or  back-water  of  the  Baltic,  in  Eastern  I'rus- 
sia,  extending  along  the  coast  f  t  about  53  miles  S.  of  Me- 
mel.  separated  by  a  narrow  sandy  ridge — the  Curische-Xeh- 
rung,  (kofVrish-eh  n.Vi'oOng) — from  the  sea  with  which  it 
communicates  at  its  X.  extremity  by  Memel  Det>ps.  a  channel 
300  yards  across,  and  12  feet  deei>.     It  receives  (he  Xieraen. 

CUIUTIBA,   koo-re-tee'bi,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 


CUR 

W.  of  the  mountains  of  Cubatao.  follows  a  cireuitons  course 
towards  i,1ib  S.  passes  of  Sao  Paulo,  and,  after  rereivinp:  the 
Sao  Jose,  turns  W.,  and  precipitates  its  waters  over  tlie  ca- 
taract of  Cayacun^'a :  it  ultimately  joins  the  Tguagu.  which 
sometiuies  is  considered  as  a  continuation  of  the  Curitiba, 
and  buars  its  name. 

CUItlTIBA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a  comarca  of  the 
same  name,  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  1U8  miles  W.  of  Para- 
nau'ua.  on  the  lett  bank  of  the  Cuntiba.  Lat.  25°  40'  S., 
ton.  50°  5'  W.    It  has  manufactures  ofcoar.se  woollens. 

CU  R'L  AND,  a  parish  of  Knpland,  co  of  Somerset. 

CUKLJi^/VILIiK,  a  post-villajre  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  8  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Clarion. 

CUKNOUL.    See  Kurnool. 

CUK'RAII  or  KUK'KAII,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  38  miles 
N.W.  of  .A.llahabad,  on  the  Gange.s,  with  numerous  Moham- 
medan remains  on  the  hiirh  banks  of  the  river. 

CUK'KAN,  a  township  of  S^aline  co..  Illinois.     Pop.  1052. 

CU  It  RAN.  a  post-office  of  Stone  co.,  Missouri. 

CUHRKNT  ISLAND,  an  island  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Ce- 
lebes. Molucca  Passa'.'e,  in  lat.  0°  27'  N.,  Ion.  124°  43'  E. 

CURRKNT  ISLAND,an  island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  Papua  and  the  Pelew  Islands,  in  lat. 4° 38' N..  Ion. 
132°  3'  E.  This  island  is  sometimes  called  Ann.i,  or  Pcolo 
Anna. 

CUR/RENT  RIVER,  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  rises  in 
Texas  co.,  Missouri,  and  flowiu};  south-eastward  into  .\r- 
kansas.  enters  the  Black  River  in  Randolph  county.  Its 
whole  length  probably  exceeds  250  miles.  The  water  is  re- 
markably clear.  The  river  is  navigable  for  flat-boats,  and 
alx)unds  with  excellent  fish.  Branch. — Jack's  Fork,  which 
is  properly  an  affluent,  enters  it  from  the  right,  in  Shannon 
CO..  Missouri. 

CUR'RIE,  (anc.  OJriaf)  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edin- 
bur'.;h. 

CUR'RIGL  ASS',  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.,  and  23  miles  N.E. 
of  Cork.     Pop.  262. 

CUR'RIN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  cos.  of  Monaghan 
and  Perm.ana'.;h. 

CUR'KITUCK.  an  island  of  the  United  States.  olT  the 
N.E.  coast  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  30  miles  long  and  2  miles 
broad,  and  encloses  a  sound  of  the  same  name. 

CURRITUCK,  a  county  forming  the  N.K.  extremity  of 
North  Ciirolina.  bordering  on  Virginia  and  Currituck  Sound. 
Area  rstimatfd  at  2!I0  sjuare  miles.  North  River,  an  arm 
of  Allii'inarle  Sound,  washes  the  S.W.  border.  The  surface 
is  luvel.  11  nd  the  soil  sandy.  The  limits  of  the  county  com- 
prise several  islands,  separated  from  the  mainland  by 
Currituck  Sound.  The  name  is  derived  from  a  tribe  of 
Indians  who  once  pos.sessed  the  land.  Capit.il.  Currituck 
Cuurt-llouse.     Pop.  7415,  of  wliom  4892  were  free,  and  2523 

CURRITUCK  COURT-HOUSE,  capital  of  Currituck  co.. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  sound  of  the  same  name.  242  miles 
E.N.K.  of  Raleigh,  and  about  12  miles  from  the  sea. 

CURRITUCK  SOUND,  on  the  coa.st  of  North  Carolina,  in 
the  N.K.  part  of  the  state,  is  separated  from  the  main  sea  by 
low.  narrow  islands,  and  communicates  on  the  S.  with  .\lbe- 
marle  Sound.  Length,  aljout  50  miles;  greatest  breadth,  10 
miles. 

CUirRODE'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, on  the  Nerbudda,  25   miles  E.  of  Sural. 

CUiORUCKDE/AII.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district  of    Boglipoor,    100  miles  S.E.  of  Patna. 

CiJ  irR  UCKPOOR',  a  town  and  zemindary  of  British  India, 
province  of  Bahar. 

CURM{YB.\R'RY,  an  extensive  zemindary  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Bengal,  K.  of  the  Brahmapootra. 

CUR'RV  M.\iyLET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CURRY,  NOKTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

CURRY  REVELLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

(JUR'RY'S  MILLS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Washington  co., 
Georgia. 

t;ijRI!Y"S  RUN.  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Kentucky. 

CURSATO.  kooR-sd'to,  a  mountain  chain  of  British  Gui- 
ana. intersect<;d  by  the  parallel  of  2°  47'  N. ;  the  highest 
summit  rises  3000  feet  above  the  Takutu. 

CURTATONE,  kooR-tii-to'nil.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
3  miles  from  Mantna,  on  the  Lj\go  Superiore  of  Mantua, 
and  on  the  high  road  from  Ci-ejiiona  to  Milan.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  oOOO. 

CUK'TIS  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

CUR'TIS  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Bass  Strait.  S.S.E.  of  Wil- 
son's Promontory,  1060  feet  high.  Lat.  39°  28'  S.,  Ion.  146° 
40' E. 

CURTIS  ISLAND,  an  island  ^of  dry  sand)  between  the 
N.W.  coast  Australia  and  Timor.  Lat.  12°  27'  S.,  Ion.  123° 
55'  K. 

CURTISVILLE,  a  post-village  In  Stockbridge  township, 
Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts.  120  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bostim. 

CURTISVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Tuolumne  co..  California. 

CURT'WRIGHT,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Georgia. 

CUKUGUAT  Y,  koo-roo-gwd-tee',  a  village  of  Paraguay,  135 


CUT 

miles  N.E.  of  Assumption.     It  is  a  dei)dt  for  yerba^nafi,  <» 
Paraguay  tea.  collected  in  its  vicinity. 

CUKA'ALl'I,  kUR'vJl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  on  the  Ranee,  16  miles  E.  of  Albi.  Pop.  2567,  partly 
employed  in  adjacent  lead-mines. 

CURVELLO,  kooR-v^l'lo,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  cf 
Mina.s-Geraes.  150  miles  N.N.W.  of  Villa  Rica.     Pop.  lodf' 

CUR'WINSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Pike  town- 
ship. Clearfield  co..  Penn.sylvania,  on  the  West  Branch  of 
the  Susquehanna  River,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Clearfield,  has  ac 
active  trade  in  luml)er.    Pop.  455. 

CU'RY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

CURZOLA,  kooRd-zo^a,  orCORZOLA,  koRd-zolil.  (anc. 
Cnrcji'ra-NHgra  ;  Slavonic.  Korziil.  koR-zool',)  an  island  in  the 
Adriatic,  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  islands  of  Dalmatia. 
Lat.  of  Fort  Biaggio  42°  57'  24"  N.,  Ion.  17°  8'  E.  Separated  by 
a  narrow  strait  from  the  peninsula  of  Sabionrello.  Length, 
from  E.  to  W.,  about  25  miles ;  average  breadth,  4  miles.  The 
greatest  part  of  it  is  covered  with  trees.  Pop.  4268,  mostly 
employed  in  commercial  navigation  and  fishing.  Principal 
products,  timber,  corn,  wine,  and  fruits. 

CUltZOL.^,  a  town  of  Austria,  capital  of  the  above  island, 
situated  near  its  N.E.  extremity,  on  the  strait  between  the 
island  and  the  peninsula  of  Sabioneello.  It  rises  from  the 
water's  edge  in  a  triangular  form,  and  is  surrounded  by 
massive  walls,  defended  by  huge  old  towers  built  in  1420. 
A  fort  commands  the  strait.  It  contains  the  palace  of  the 
Venetian  governors.  All  the  vessels  of  the  Austrian  Lloyd's 
Company  are  built  here.     Pop.  1846. 

CURZOLARl  ISLES,  coast  of  Greece.     See  KuHZOT.Ari. 

CUSANO.  koo-sd'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  in  the  mounfjiins,  19  miles  ?s".W.  of  Beneveuto. 
Pop.  4000.     It  has  3  churches  and  an  hospital. 

CUSH.  a  post-office  of  Clearfield  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

CUS11'ENDALL\  or  NEW'TONGLENS.  a  market-town  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim,  on  the  D.all,  near  its 
mouth.  32  miles  N.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  645.  It  is  fiequented  as 
a  watering-place. 

CU.S'HENDEEV,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.,  and  36  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Antrim,  on  a  small  bay  of  the  same  name. 

GUSHING,  kiiosh'ing.  a  iiost-villageand  township  of  Knox 
CO..  ;M;tine,  on  St.  George's  River,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of 
Augusta.     Pop.  796. 

CI  SIIINGSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

CU  S 1 1 1 NG  VILLE,  kOc.sh'ing-vil,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

CU'SOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

CUSS  AC,  kiis'sSk'.  atownof  France,dep,artmentof  Hante- 
Vienne.  21  miles  S.W.  of  Limoges.     Pop.  1990. 

CrSSAAVA'ffO,  kris-sa-wi'go,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania, 
rises  in  Erie  co.,  and  joins  French  Creek  nearMeadville. 

CUSSAWAGO,  orCOSSAWA'GO.a  post-township  of  Cr.aw- 
ford  co„  Pennsylvania,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Meadville,  drained 
l)y  Cussawago  Creelc.     Pop.  1806. 

CUSSET.  ktis'sA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Allier, 
32  miles  S.E.  of  Moulins.  Pop.  in  1852.  5510.  It  is  plea- 
santly situated  in  a  valley,  and  has  manufactures  of  coarse 
woollens  and  paper. 

CUSSi:'T.\.  a  post-rvillage  in  Chambers  CO..  Alabama,  on 
the  Montgomery  and  West  Point  Railroad,  about  65  miles 
N.K.  of  Montgomerv. 

CUSSY-KN-MORVanT,  kUs'see'-6N-«-moRH-6x"',  a  village 
of  France,  depaitment  of  Saoue-et-Loire,  12  miles  N.AV.  of 
Autun.     Pop.  1750. 

CUSTARD'S,  a  small  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn- 
svlvania. 
"  CUSTRIN,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  (KUstrin.) 

CUTCH  or  KUTCH.  kiltch,  (written  Catch,  in  French,)  a 
state  and  province  of  Western  Ilindostan.  mostlv  Ijetween 
lat.  '23°  and  24°  N..  and  Ion.  68°  311' and  71°  E..  h.aving  W. 
the  K(iree  branch  of  the  Indus.  S.  the  Indian  Ocean,  E.  the 
Gulf  of  Cutch,  and  N.  the  Runn — an  extensive  salt  morass, 
which  seaparates  it  from  the  Indian  Desert,  formed  after  an 
earthquake  in  1819.  Estimated  area  74(J0  square  miles.  A 
chain  of  rocky  hills  extends  through  the  country  from  E.  to 
W.,  and  abounds  in  volcanic  products,  elsewhere  rare  in  In- 
dia. The  rivers  are  .small,  and  the  soil  in  many  parts  sterile 
from  want  of  water.  Chief  products,  cotton,  dates,  iron  ore, 
horses,  and  goats,  which  are  exported  to  Sinde  and  the  Ma- 
labar coast,  in  return  for  com  and  other  provisions.  The 
ruling  family  is  Mohammedan.  Principal  towns.  Bhooj,  the 
capital.  Anjar,  Teerah.  Luckput,  and  Kuntcote.  all  forti- 
fied, Ijesides  which  tlie  country  is  studded  with  fortresses. 
The  people  are  treacherous  and  demoralized. 

CUTCII  GUNDAV.\,  kutch  gfin-dd/vd,  a  province  of  Beloo- 
chistan.  mostly  between  lat.  '27°  10'  and  29°  60'  N..  and  Ion. 
67°  21'  and  69°  15'  E.,  having  W.  the  provinces  of  Sarawan 
and  Jhalawan,  N.  Afghanistan,  and  E.  Sinde.  Length,  from 
N.  to  S..  160  miles:  breadth.  130  miles.  Area.  10.000  square 
miles.  •  Pop.  100,000  (?)  Surface  low  and  generally  level,  but 
ill  watered,  and  destitute  of  forest-land:  and  the  climate  is 
oppressively  hot.  Where  irrigated,  however,  fine  cixips  of 
grain,  pulse,  cotton,  sugar,  madder,  and  fruits  are  pi'oduced ; 
and  this  is  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  Khan  of  Kelafs  do- 
minion. It  has  also  some  commercial  importance,  from  being 

631 


CUT 


CYC 


;raTer!<o.l  liy  the  principal  rontes  from  Sinde  into  Afghanis- 
tan. Principal  towns,  Guudava,  Dadur,  Bliag,  Leliree,  and 
Kotree. 

OUTCIIOGUE,  k&v-chSij/.  a  post-Tillage  of  Suffolk  co.,  New- 
York.  .s!>out  235  mili-s  S.S.E.  of  Albany. 
(^rT'COMBE,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Somerset. 
OCT'ETANT  CKEEK.  of  Tioga  co.,  Xew  York,  falls  into 
Oswe;;o  Creek  aboMt  2  miles  N.  of  Osweso. 

CUTII'BEUT,  a  post-villaKe.  capital  of  Randolph  CO.,  Geor- 
gia. 150  miles  S.W.  of  Milled,jeville.  It  contains  a  brick 
wiurt-house,  2  or  3  churches,  and  2  academies.  Incorporated 
in  183i. 

CUTIGLIANO,  kooteel-yi'no,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  33  miles 
N.W.  of  Florence,  on  the  Lima,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome 
bridiie.     Pop.  1151. 

CUT'LEK,  a  post-township  of  'Washington  CO.,  Maine,  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  130  miles  E.  by  >'.  of  Augusta,  has  a 
good  harbor.     Pop.  820. 

CUT  OFF,  a  post-village  of  Walton  co.,  Georgia,  75  miles 
K.X.W.  of  MiUedgeville. 
CUT  OFF.  a  post-office  of  Drew  CO.,  Arkans.is. 
CUT^TACK',  (anc.  GUac.  kS'tkk',  ••  a  royal  residence,")  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  is  situated  on  the  Maha- 
nuddy.  220  miles  S.W.  of  Calcutta.  Lat.  2\P  27'  X.,  Ion.  86°  5' 
E.  Pop.  40,000  (?)  It  has  a  good  m.nin  street,  a  spacious  mar- 
ket-place, some  military  cantonments,  and  some  handsome 
Mohammedan  structures,  the  whole  secured  against  inun- 
dation by  solid  embankments  along  the  river.  It  is  a  place 
of  resort  for  bathing,  and  one  of  the  healthiest  stations  in 
India.  In  some  seasons,  large  importjitions  of  rice  take 
place  here :  and  a  good  deal  of  timber,  destined  for  Calcutta, 
is  fioateil  hence  down  the  JIah.anuddy. 

CUT"rACK',  a  large  maritime  district  of  British  India,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  between  the  Miduapoor 
and  Berar,  and  the  N.  part  of  the  Madras  presidency.  Area, 
9000  square  miles.     Pop.  1,290.365  (?) 

CUTTEHAII,  a  village  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Bareily.  Here  the 
Oude  and  British  forces  tobilly  defeated  the  KoliiUas  in 
1774. 

CUT'TIXGSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Rutland  co.,  Vermont, 
about  ()0  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jlontpelier. 

CUrTUB',  a  small  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  13  miles  S.  of  Delhi,  with  many  tombs  of  Mogul  em- 
perors, and  the  Cuttub-Minar,  an  editice  of  a  kind  unri- 
valled in  Ilindostan,  242  feet  in  height,  with  several  balco- 
nies, ascended  by  a  stairca.se,  and  erected  early  in  the  thir- 
ieenth  century. 

CUTrrUP  or  KUTTUP\  a  town  of  Xorth-westem  Africa, 
state,  and  75  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Jacoba.  hat.  9°  45'  X..  Ion. 
10°  15'  E.  It  consists  of  a  number  of  hamlets  almost  adjoin- 
ing each  other,  occupying  a  beautiful  and  extensive  plain. 

CUT'TYIIUXK'  ISLAXD.  the  most  south-western  of  the 
Eli/jibeth  Islands,  at  the  entrance  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  JIass.v 
chusetts.  At  its  S.W.  end  is  a  tixed  light,  4Si  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  41°  24'  35"  X.,  Ion.  70°  57'  20"  W. 

CUT'AVA,  (Hindoo A'an.9^)i/'a,)  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  30  miles  X.  of  Burdwan.  on  the  Iloogly 
liiver.  I 

CUVO,  koo'vo,  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  in  Lower  Gui- 
nea, Benguela,  enters  the  Atlantic  120  miles  S.  of  the  Coan- 
za,  after  a  course  estimated  at  400  miles. 
CU.VH.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
CUXII.iVEX,  ktix-hi'ven  or  kOCx-hJ'fen.  a  seaport  vil- 
lage of  Xorth-westem  Germany,  about  58  miles  AV.X.W.  of 
Hamburg,  to  which  it  belonsrs.  on  the  W.  tank  of  the  Elbe, 
at  its  mouth,  in  lat,  53°  63'  N..  Ion.  S°  44'  E.  Pop.  1000.  It 
has  public  baths,  and  a  regular  packet  communication  with 
England. 

CUXTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
CUX'WOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
CUYAB.\  orCUIABA,  koo-yd/bi.a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in 
the  district  of  Diamantino,  in  lat.  13°  12'  S.  It  tlows  circui- 
tously,  and  joins  the  Porrudos,  or  Sao  LourenQO,  on  its  right 
bank.  Above  the  town  of  Cuyaba  it  is  navig:ible  for  canoes. 
but  is  much  broken  by  rapids,  and  even  for  60  miles  below 
the  town  its  course  is  very  impetuous. 

CUYABA  or  CUIAB.A..,  a  city  of  Brazil,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Matto-G rosso,  near  the  river  of  the  same 
name.  Lat.  15°  26'  S..  Ion.  56°  \V.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  ill 
built  and  irregular;  houses  mostly  of  clay.  Chief  editices, 
tile  churches  of  Bom  Jesu.s,  .Sao  do  Kozarlo,  and  San  .\nto- 
nio ;  it  has  an  imperial  hospitiil.  a  lazaretto,  a  school  of  phi- 
losophy, and  a  Latin  and  other  schools.  Cuyaba  supplanted 
MatU)-GrriS.so  as  capitijl  of  the  province  in  1820.  It  is  the 
Beat  of  the  provincial  assembly,  of  the  military  command- 
ant, and  of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Matto-Grosso.  Its 
commerce  consists  chiefly  in  the  exchange  of  iron  imple- 
ments and  other  European  manufactures'  for  gold.  The 
comarca  of  which  it  is  capital  comprises  numerous  villages, 
and  has  a  population  of  2o.(K)0,  comprising  miners,  agricul- 
turist*, and  many  half-civilized  Indians.  The  rich  gold- 
mines of  the  district  have  been  worked  since  1719. 

CU  If  AHOGA,  kl-a-ho'ga,  a  river  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  X.E. 
partofthe  state,  and  after  a  very  circuitoua  course,  eaters 
632 


Lake  Erie  at  CleveLind.  At  Cuyahoga  Falls,  in  Summll 
county,  the  river  descends  about  200  feet  iu  the  space  of  2i 
miles,  and  affords  abundant  water-power. 

CUYAII(.>G.\.  a  county  in  the  X. X.E.  part  of  Ohio,  border- 
ing on  Lake  Erie,  has  an  area  of  426  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Cuyahoga  P.iver.  from  which  the  n.nme  in 
derived,  and  also  by  "Chagrin  and  Itc^ky  Kivers.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  with  a  moderate  declivity  toward?  tht 
X.  The  soil  is  good,  and  adapted  to  grazing.  Sandstone 
underlies  a  portion  of  the  surtaco:  large  quantitiesof  grind- 
stones and  iiuilding  stone  are  procured  from  it.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  bv  three  railroads, 
which  unite  at  Cleveland,  and  connect  it  with  Pittsburg, 
Erie,  and  Cincinnati.  Cuyahoga  is  the  most  p^ipuloas 
county  in  the  st.ite,  excepting  Hamilton.  Capital,  Cleve- 
land.    Pop.  78,033. 

CUY'AliOGA  F.A.LLS,  a  post-village  and  fractional  town- 
ship of  Summit  county,  Ohio,  on  the  Cuyahoga  River,  and 
on  the  Penn9>lvania  and  Ohio  Canal.  128  miles  X.E.  of 
Columbus.  It  has  a  beautiful  situation,  and  contains  many 
elegant  buildings.  The  river  here  passes  through  a  deep 
ravine,  enclosed  by  walls  of  stratified  rock  near  200  feet 
liigh,  and  presenting  a  viu-iety  of  i)icturesque  views.  With- 
in a  distance  of  21/^  miles  there  is  a  fall  of  more  than  200 
feet,  which  affords  immense  water-power.  There  is  an 
abundance  of  coal  in  the  vicinity.  It  contains  1  bank,  3 
churches,  3  paper-mills,  1  manufactory  of  steam-engines,  2 
machine-shops,  2  flouriug-mills,  and  various  other  mills. 
The  Cleveland,  Zauesville  ami  Cincinnati  Ritilroad  i)asse8 
through  this  place.    Pop.  1516. 

CU\  LEU.  kiler.  a  post-village  of  Cortland  co.,  New  York, 
125  miles  ^\'.  of  Albany. 

CUY'LEKVILLE,  ki'lyr-vil,  a  post-ofRce  of  Livingston  co., 
Xew  York. 

CUYOS  (koo'yoce")  ISL.^XDS,  a  group  of  small  islands  of 
the  Philippines,  in  the  Mindoro  Sea.  between  Pala.van  and 
Panay.  The  largest  of  them.  Gi-eat  Cuyo,  is  in  lat.  lu°  52' 
X.,  Ion.  121°  15'  E.  Cuyo  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  has  a 
small  port  on  the  X.W.  side. 

CUYUXI.  CUYUXY.  koo-yoo'nee,  or  CUYUWIXI.  koo- 
yoo-wee'nee,a  river  of  British  tiuiana.  tributary  to  the  Ksse- 
quibo.  which  it  joins  from  the  W.  in  lat.  6°  26' N.,  Ion.  58° 
43'  W.„after  receiving  the  Mapai-oony.  its  banks  are  less 
picturesque  than  those  of  the  latter  river,  and  it  is  much 
less  navigable:  but  it  traverses  a  more  productive  region. 

CUZCO,  koos'ko.  a  city  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  department,  and 
formerlv  capital  of  the  Inca.s,  200  miles  X'.  of -irequipa.  and 
11.380  feet  above  the  sea.  Lat.  1.3°  30'  65"  S.,  Ion.  72°  4'  10"  W. 
Pop.  in  1850.  41,152.  who  manufacture  cotton  and  woollen 
stuffs,  leather,  embroidery,  Ac,  having  considerable  repute. 
Its  cathednil  and  .\u:;ustiue  convent  are  among  the  finest 
edifices  in  South  America:  and  here  are  a  mint,  hospitals, 
collegiate  schools,  and  a  university.  Its  Dominican  convent 
occupies  the  site  of  a  famous  Peruvian  temple  of  the  sun.  and 
many  massive  specimens  of  ancient  Peruvian  architei  ture 
are  extant  in  and  around  the  city.  On  its  N.  side  are  re- 
mains of  a  vast  fortress  of  a  cyclopeau  kind,  and  traces  re- 
main of  a  magnificent  road  extending  thence  to  I>ima. 

Cuzco  is  the  most  ancient  of  the  Peruvian  cities,  being 
founded,  according  to  common  tradition,  in  1043,  by  Manca 
Capac,  the  first  Inca  of  Peru.  In  1534,  it  was  taken  by 
Pizarro.  who  was  surprised  with  the  grandeur  and  magnifi- 
cence it  exhibited.  Its  streets  were  then  large,  w  ide.  and 
straight;  and  its  churches,  palaces,  and  temples,  the  latter 
including  the  famous  Temple  of  the  Sun.  were  rithly 
adorned  with  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver,  which  glittered 
on  the  w.alls.  While  still  in  possession  of  Pizan-o.  it  w.ns 
besieged  by  the  whole  Peruvian  force,  and  a  great  part  of  it 
destroyed, 

CUZCO,  a  department  of  Southern  Peru,  mostlv  be- 
tween lat.  13°  and  15°. S..  a.Tid  Ion.  70°  and  73°  W.,  having 
AV.  .and  S.  the  departments  of  Ayacucho  and  Puno.  .Area, 
44,900  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1850.  339,718.  Its  chief  towns 
are  Cuzco,  Aban^av,  and  Uruliamba. 

CW.M,  koom,  or  COMBE,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Flint. 

CWMCARV.iX,  koom-kar/van,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Monmouth. 

CWMD.\KE,  koom'dair,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamorgan.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Merthyr-Tydvil.  Pop.  24t14.  In 
its  vicinity  is  a  cascade,  the  schistous  bed  of  which  emits  an 
infiammalile  gas. 

CWMDU.  koom'dee,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morir.in.     Pop.  2.380. 

CWMRHEIDOL.  koom-ri'dol,  a  township  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Cardigan.     Pop.  758. 

CWM-TOYDDWK.  koom-toi'xHoor,  (oo  as  In  poor,)  a  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Kailnor. 

CW.M  YOY,  koom'yoy.  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford 
and  Monmouth.  6  miles  from  .Mx^rgavenny.  The  beautiful 
ruins  of  Ijinthony  Abbey  are  situated  on  the  summit  of  a 
cliff,  in  the  romantic  vale  of  Ewyas.  in  this  parisli. 

CYCLADES.  sikla-dez.  (so  called  because  they  lie  in  a 
circle.  [OyclnsJ  around  Deks.  regarded  as  the  mr st  import 
tant  on  account  of  its  famous  oracle,)  Die  principal  islands  of 


CYF 


CYZ 


the  Grecian  Archipelago,  sitvmted  between  lat.  36°  and  3S° 
N  ,  and  Ion.  24f'  and  2o°  30'  E.,  belongini?  to  the  kinirdom  of 
Greece,  of  which  they  form  the  (j;overnments  of  Tenos.  Syra, 
Naxns,  and  Thera.  comprising;  the  islands  of  Lyra,  Kythnos, 
Thera,  Tenos,  Andro,  Xaxos,  and  Jlelos.  United  area. 
13.0IH)  square  miles.  Pop.  1S,90S,  many  of  whom  are  Koman 
Catholics.  These  islands  are  generally  mountainous,  but 
moat  of  them  fertile.  ,  Produce  of  the  whole,  comprising 
wine,  silk,  barley,  olive-oil,  estimated  at  121,000i  Total  an- 
nual revenue  to  the  government,  55.000/.;  expenditure, 
lO.OOOf.  About  1000  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
60.000  tons,  are  owned  in  the  Cyclades.  The  iuhaliit;ints, 
whose  chief  occupation  is  maritime  trade,  are  among  the 
must  industrious  and  liest  educated  in  the  l<ingdom. 

CYFOETIt-Y-BKUXXIX,  kjf'fo-^th-e-brSn'nin,  a  town- 
ship of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardii^an. 

CV(i'.\KT.  a  postK)fiice  of  Richland  co..  Wisconsin. 

CVLCII-Y-Bt;!!:,  kilk-e-dee.  a  township  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Peml)roke.  parish  of  St.  David's.     Pop.  10S6. 

CYLY-CUM,  kil'e-koom.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  Carmarthen. 

CYME.    See  Sandari.ee. 

CYMKY.     gee  Wai.es. 

CYNELTy-MAWK,  kin/ell-mOwr,  a  township  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Cardigan. 

CYXT'IIIAN.  a  village  and  town.ship  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio, 
90  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1226. 

C  YNTIIl ANA.  sin-the-ah'na,  a  post-village,capital  of  Har- 
rison CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  South  Fork  of  Licking  River,  37 
miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  a  bank,  6  churches, 
an  academj',  1  bagging-factory,  1  wooUen-fiictory,  and  2  tan- 
neries.   Incorporated  in  1802.    Pop.  1237. 

CYNTIIIANA,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Oliio,  58  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

CYN'TIII.\NA,  a  village  of  Il.amilton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CYNTIIIANA,  a  postrvillage  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana,  22 
miles  N.E.  of  Mount  Vernon. 

CY'l'KESS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Yazoo  co.,  Mississippi. 

CYPRESS,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Kentucky,  on  Cy- 
press Creek,  190  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

CY'PRESS.  a  post-village  of  Scott  co..  Missouri,  about  5  miles 
S.W.of  the  Mississippi  River. and  140 miles  S.S.K.of  St.  Louis. 

CY^I'RESS.  a  post-offlce  of  Kenosha  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CYPRESS  BAYOU,  of  Arkansas,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Hempstead  and  Washita  counties,  and  enters  the 
Little  Missouri  from  the  right. 

CYl'RESS  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Tennessee 
from  the  N.  at  Florence.  Little  Cypress  unites  with  it  a 
few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

CYPRESS  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  unites  with  Cadron 
Creek  in  Conwav  c/iunty. 

CYPRESS  CliKEK,  of  Warwick  co.,  Indiana,  flows  into 
the  Ohio. 

CYPRESS  CREEK,  a  postK)fflce  of  Bladen  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

CYPRESS  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Illinois. 
•    CYPRESS  GROVE,  a  postofflce  of   New  Hanover  co., 
Noith  Carolina. 

CYPl'.ESS  INN.  a  post-oflBee  of  Wayne  co..  Tennessee. 

CYPRE.-^S  MTIjLS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Perry  co.,  Arkansas. 

CYPRESS  TOP.  a  post-offlce  of  Harris  co.,  Texas. 

CYPRESSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Gallatin  Co.,  Illinois, 
190  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

CYPRUS,  si'prtls.  (Turk.  Kihris.  kee'breece*:  Gr.  Kwrrpoj; 
Fr.  Oujpri:.  sheep'r ;  Ger.  Oi/peiti,  tsee'pern :  Ital.  Ciprn,  chee'- 
pro.l  an  island  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  and  the  easternmost  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  Iskande- 
roon.  44  miles  S.  of  Cape  Anamoor,  in  Antolia.  and  76  miles 
W.  of  Latakeea  in  Syria :  Cape  St.  Andrea,  its  N.E.  extremity, 
is  in  lat.  35°  41'  42''  N.,  Ion.  34°  35'  ,30"  E. ;  and  Baffa,  near  its 
S.W.  extremity,  is  in  lat.  34°  47'  IS"  N..  Ion.  32=  24'  30"  E.  It 
stretclies  frfjra  Cape  Gatto.  lat.  34°  29'  18"  to  lat.  35°  41'  42"  N. 
or  Cupe  St.  Andrea.  It  is  about  148  miles  in  length,  with  a 
width  of  about  40  miles;  but  its  N.E.  extremity  diminishes 
greatly,  and  terminates  in  a  long,  narrow  peninsula,  about 
40  miles  long,  and  not  over  15  miles  broad.  The  whole 
island  is  occupied  by  a  range  of  mountains  stretching  from 
N.E.  to  S.W.,  known  in  heathen  mythology  as  the  third 
range  of  Olympus,  and  whose  culminating  points,  Santa 
Croce  (Olympus)  and  Thrados.  are  7000  feet  high.  On  the 
N.E.  side  of  the  island  tlie  slopes  of  these  mountains  are 
bold  and  rugged;  and  one  of  the  elevated  valleys  contains 
Nicosia,  the  modern  capital  of  the  island.  On  the  S.  side 
the  hill-slopes  are  even  bolder,  presenting  a  deeply  serrated 
outline,  with  thickly  wooded  sides,  furrowed  by  deep  val- 
Ivys.  The  prevailing  formation  of  the  mountain  range,  in 
its  N.E.  division,  is  limestone,  whicli  assumes  many  abrupt 
and  remarkable  forms.  The  S.W.  portion  of  the  mountains 
is  of  crystalline  formation,  and  yields  excellent  asbestos: 
also  talc,  red  jasper,  copper  in  abundance,  gold,  silver, 
emeralds,  and  the  Paphian  diamond;  but  the  only  mine- 
lals  wrought  are  the  first  three  named. 

Cyprus  is  deficient  in  water;  its  streams  being  chiefly 
mountain  torrents,  which  dry  up  In  summer,  the  only  per- 
manent river  of  Importance  being  the  I'edia,  (anc.  Pedasus,) 


which  waters  the  valley  of  Nicosia,  flows  E.,  and  falls  into 
the  sea  at  Famagosta.  The  climate  is  in  general  healthy, 
excepting  in  some  points  on  the  S.  coast  during  the  heats 
of  summer,  much  increased  by  the  burning  winds  from  the 
Arabian  and  African  deserts,  which,  causing  a  rapid  eva.- 
poration,  give  rise  to  a  dangerous  malaria.  Temporary 
blindness  is  sometimes  occasioned  by  the  sun's  reflection 
from  the  white  chalky  soil ;  and  to  avoid  sun-stroke,  the 
natives  wrap  their  heads  in  thick  shawls. 

The  mountains  of  Cyprus  are  covered  with  vast  forests 
of  excellent  building  timber,  and  the  island  is  esteemed  tlie 
richest  and  most  fertile  in  the  Levant :  yet  it  has  few  level 
tracts  of  country,  those  around  Nicosia.  Famagosta.  Lar- 
nica,  Limasol,  and  Baffa  being  the  chief.  Agriculture, 
however,  is  in  a  very  backward  state.  The  cultivable  sur- 
face of  the  island  is  estimated  at  about  2,500,000  acres,  of 
which  not  much  more  than  130.000  acres  are  actually  under 
tillage.  Fertile  spots  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  village  are 
cultivated,  but  the  more  distant  tracts  are  neglected.  Of 
the  vegetable  products,  cotton  may  be  esteemed  the  most 
important;  it  is  sent  chiefly  to  Marseilles  and  Leghorn; 
excellent  wheat  and  barley  are  raised,  the  surplus  of  which 
is  exported  to  Syria;  tobacco  of  good  quality  is  grown  in  the 
S.W.  part  of  the  island,  and  is  on  the  increase ;  madder, 
after  that  from  Smyrna,  the  best  in  the  Levant,  is  raised  in 
numerous  localities,  and  in  quantity  augments  yearly. 
Silk  is  produced  ahundiintly  in  the  vicinity  of  Bafl'a.  and  in 
other  quarters.  Carobs  are  extensively  grown ;  but  the 
olive  is  much  neglected.  Wine  is  the  most  noted  produc- 
tion of  the  Island,  and  is  of  an  excellent  quality.  The  oiher 
vegetable  products  are  sugar,  flax,  sesamum,  poppies,  liquor- 
ice, exquisite  fruits,  including  the  orange,  citron,  date,  fig, 
pistachio  nuts,  caper,  &c. 

Manufacturing  is  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Salt,  in  large 
quantities,  is  obtained  from  salines  at  Lima.sol  and  Lar- 
nica.  The  Greek  females  of  some  of  the  towns  and  villages 
do  beautiful  embroidery,  and  make  silk  net,  which  will 
st:ind  comparison  with  the  finest  European  lace.  The  fe- 
males also  weave  some  common  cotton,  woollen,  and  linen 
fabrics — the'  last  chiefly  sacking.  Good  morocco  leather  is 
made  at  Nicosia;  and  ciilicoes.  import<?d  from  Britain,  are 
here  dyed  in  brilliant  colors,  and  exported  to  Syria,  Smyrna, 
and  Constantinople.  Pottery.  sufl[icient  for  home  consump- 
tion, is  made;  and  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island,  the  pea- 
santry distil  rose,  orange,  and  lavender  water,  and  myrtle 
and  laud.inum  oil. 

The  island  forms  a  pash.alic.  of  which  the  capital  is  Ni- 
cosia. F'or  ecclesiastical  affairs  it  is  divided  into  the  foui 
dioceses  of  Nicosi.a.  Larnica.  Cerina  and  Baffa.  and  Limas,il 
— the  first  being  .administered  by  an  archbishop,  appointed 
by  the  sultan.  The  ])rincipal  ports,  as  well  as  the  principal 
towns,  are  Cerina,  Famagosta.  Larnici,  Limasol,  and  Baffa. 

Originally  peopled  by  the  Phoenicians,  and  afterward 
colonized  by  the  Greeks,  Cyprus  was,  by  the  latter  people, 
dedicated  to  Venus,  whose  most  celebrated  temple  was  at 
P.aphos,  now  Baffa.  It  belonged  successively  to  the  kings 
of  Persia,  of  Egypt,  to  the  Romans,  and  to  the  Greeks  of 
the  lower  empire.  It  was  one  of  the  first  pl.oces,  out  of 
Palestine,  that  received  the  gospel,  and  was  visited  by  Paul 
and  Barnabas  on  their  missionary  tour.  In  the  time  of 
the  Crusades  it  was  fciken  from  the  Saracens  by  Richard  T. 
of  England,  and  given  by  him  to  the  princes  of  the  Lusig- 
nan  family,  who  had  it  till  the  year  1570,  when  it  was  con- 
((Uered  by  the  Turks.  In  1S30  it  was  t.aken  by  the  Viceroy 
of  Egypt,  but  was  retaken,  in  1840.  by  the  Turks,  who  have 
introduced  various  changes  into  the  government  of  the 
island,  tending  much  to  the  advantage  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  King  of  Sardinia  bears  the  title  of  King  of  Cvprus  and 
Sardinia.  Pop.  in  1841.  100.095,  of  which  70.000  we're  Greeks, 
•30,000  Turks,  and  the  remainder  Roman  Catholics.  Maronites, 

and    Armenians. Adj.  and    inhab.   Cyi'iiiAy.    sip're-.an, 

Cyp'riot  or  Cyp'riote.  The  former  should  be  employed  only 
when  ancient  Cyprus  is  referred  to. 

CYRENE,  sl-ree'nee,  (Gr.  Kupiji/if,  Kurene.)  called  by  the 
natives  GRENNE,  gr^n'nJh,  or  GRENXAH,  a  miserable 
town  of  North  Africa,  regency  of  and  5.50  miles  E.  of  Tripoli, 
on  the  plateau  of  Barca,  occupying  the  place  of  the  ancient 
Cyrene,  1800  feet  above  the  sea  level:  lat.  32°  50'  N..  Ion. 
21°  47' E.  Numerous  interesting  remains  of  antiquity  have 
been  discovered  hei-e.  Cyrene  was  the  birth-place  of  Aristip- 
pus,  Eratosthenes,  and  Callimachus.  It  was  f:iunded  in  tho 
year  632  D.  c.  by  a  colony  of  Greeks,  and  became  the  capital 
of  a  district,  to  which  it  gave  its  name,  extending  from  the 
Great  Syrtis  to  the  Gulf  of  Platea.  This  country  formed  a 
monarchy  which  lasted  for  ISO  years.  It  was  made  tributary 
to  Egypt  under  Ptolemy  Sofer,  and.  along  with  Crete,  was 
ultimately  formed  into  a  Rom.an  province. 

CY'liUSTON.  a  post-village  in  Lincoln  CO.,  Tennessee, 
aboxit  70  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

CY'SOING,  see^zw^N'o'.  a  villaire  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  2746. 

CYTHERA.  sith-ee'ra.     See  Cerioo. 

C  YZICUS,  siz'e-ktis.  a  peninsula  of  .\^sia  Elinor,  in  .\natolia, 
extending  into  the  Sea  ofJtarmora,  S.E.  of  the  island  of  Mar- 
mora, and  70  miles  S.W.  of  Constantiaople,  connected  bv  a 

523 


CZA 

narrow  jecK  with  the  maiuland.  Len^h  from  S.  to  N., 
ii>x)ut  4i  miles;  breailth,  18  miles.  It  is  noted  for  picturesque 
beauty.  On  its  isthmus  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient  town  of 
C.vzicus,  the  i>rincipal  being  those  of  a  fine  lioman  amphi- 
theatre. 

CZARXTKOW,  chau/ne-kov\  a  town  of  Prussia.  63  miles 
S.W.  of  Broniberg.  capital  of  the  circle,  on  the  Xetz.  I'op. 
3510.     It  has  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics. 

CZ.VKNOVVO.  chaR-no/vo,  a  village  of  Poland,  80  miles 
E.X.E.  of  PlocU,  on  the  ri:iht  bank  of  the  Orz,  celebrated 
for  a  victory  by  the  i'rench  over  the  Russians,  December 
23,  ISOt). 

CZ.\.SLAU,  chdslOw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  the 
circle,  45  milas  E.S.E.  of  Prague.  Pop.  3100.  In  its  church, 
which  has  an  elevated  spire,  is  the  tomb  of  the  Hussite 
leader,  Ziska.  Here  Frederick  the  Great  gained  a  victory 
over  the  Austriaus,  Mav  17,  1742. 

CZEBE,  t.sd'bth.  or  TSCHEBEX,  chA'ben,  a  village  of 
Hun^arv.  co.  of  Zarant,  18  miles  from  Deva.     Pop.  1576. 

CZKCZE,  t^t/eJh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  circle  of  Thither 
Banube.  on  the  Sarviz,  over  which  there  is  a  ferry,  9  miles 
from  Foldvar.     Pop.  219U. 

CZEOLED.  tsA'glM\  a  large  vill.ige  of  Central  Hungary, 
CO.  and  H)  miles  S^E.  of  Pcsth.  Pop.  16.650.  It  has  Roman 
Oitholic  and  Calvinistic  churches,  and  a  trade  in  red  wines. 

CZEMPIX.  chSm'pin,  a  small  tow^n  of  Prussian  Poland, 
20  miles  S.SW.  of  I'osen. 

CZEXSTOCHOW,  chJns-to'Kor,  or  CZEXSTOCHOWA, 
chJns-to-Ko'vi  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  75  miles 
S.E.  of  Kalisz,  with  3500  inhabitants,  woollen  manufac- 
tures, and  a  fortified  convent.    In  1C65,  a  bloody  battle  was 


DAD 

!  fought  here  between  the  army  of  the  King  of  Poland  and 
1  that  of  I'rince  Lubomirski.    It' has  a  station  on  the  railway 
from  Warsaw  to  Cracow. 

CZEiTS.\.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Tcheptsa. 

CZERDVX.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Tcherdtx. 

CZERKKWE.  ch.-1-r^k'v.-l.  two  sniaU  towns  of  Bohemia, 
circle,  and  .34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tabor. 

CZERIKOW,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tcherikov. 

CZERXA,  tsJa'niL  a  river  of  Austri.a.  falling  into  the 
Danube  at  Orsova.  after  a  course  of  from  5o  to  60  miles 
from  its  source  in  the  East  Carpathians. 

CZERXIEJEVO.  chJRn-yA-y.4'vo.  a  tovi-n  of  Prus&lao 
Poland,  circle  of  Bromberg.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Gnesen. 

CZERXIGOW  or  CZXERXIGOV.     See  Tcherxigov. 

CZERXOWITZ,  cheR'no-vits.  or  TSCHEltXOWlTZ.  (more 
correctly.  CZERXOWICE,  ch^R'no-vit'seh.)  a  town  of  Au- 
strian Poland,  in  Bukowina,  capital  of  the  circle  of  same 
name,  on  a  hill  near  the  Pruth.  146  miles  S.E.  of  LemWrg. 
Pop.  26,315.  It  has  a  Greek  cathedral.  70i}  houses,  a  gymna- 
sium, and  high  schools,  manufactures  of  clocks,  silver  goods, 
hardwares,  and  carriages,  and  an  active  trade. 

CZER.\O^V^fZ,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle,  and  13  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Tabor. 

CZERSK,  chjRsk,  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  22 
miles  S.E.  of  Warsaw. 

CZIRKXICZ.     SeeZiRKXiTZ. 

CZOKTKOW,  choRt^kov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia.  capi- 
tal of  the  circle,  on  the  Sereth,  105  miles  S.E.  of  Lemberg, 
with  2:>00  inhabitants,  a  castle,  and  an  important  mauufaic 
ture  of  tobacco. 

CZYllKASSY,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tcherkask. 


D 


DAAA'REF.TELD.    See  DovREriET.D. 
DAB'BLIXG'.  a  village  of  Thibet,  on  the  Sutlej,  920 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  .sea;  lat.  31°  45'  X'.,  Ion.  78°  37'  E. 

DABER,  dd'ber.  a  fortified  town  of  Prussia,  government 
of  Stettin,  18  miles  X.X.E.  of  Stargard.    Pop.  1560. 

DABO,  dl^bo',  a  vill.ige  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe.  arrondissement  of  Sarrebourg.  canton  of  Phals- 
boui-g.  Here  is  a  ruin  said  to  be  the  remains  of  a  castle, 
built  by  King  Dagobert,  in  which  Pope  Leo  XI.  was  born. 
I'op.  1226. 

DABRIXGHAUSEX,  d.^'bring-hSw'zen,  a  vill.age  of  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  government  of  Dusseldorf,  circle,  and  8  miles 
S.E.  of  West  i^nnep.     Pop.  212. 

D.\BUL,  dd^bool',  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  district  of  Concau,  85  miles  S.E.  of 
Bombay. 

D.\CC.^,  a  city  of  Briti.sh  India,  ranking  as  the  second 
in  the  province  of  Bengal,  and  formerly  its  capital,  now  the 
se.at  of  one  of  the  six  circuit  courts  of  its  presidency,  and  a 
capital  of  a  district  on  the  Dallye  Creek,  which  connects 
the  Gances  and  Brahmapootra  Rivers,  and  is  here  ero.ssed 
by  10  bridges,  155  miles  X.E.  of  Calcutta.  Lat.  2:i°  42' N., 
Ion.  90°  17'  E.  Estimated  population  200,000.  It  has  an 
imposing  external  appeai-ance,  with  its  numerous  minarets 
and  spacious  buildings,  and  some  good  European  residences 
with  gardens  att;iched;  but  much  of  its  interior  is  said  to 
be  like  the  worst  parts  of  Calcutta.  There  are  in  the  city 
and  suburbs,  13  ghauts  or  landing  places,  7  ferry  stations, 
12  biizaars;  Protestant,  Roman  Catholic  Armenian,  and 
Greek  churches  and  cemeteries,  and  180  Mohammed.an  and 
119  Hindoo  pl.ices  of  worship ;  the  other  conspicuous  build- 
ings being  the  offices  of  the  British  magistrate,  judge,  col- 
lector, and  revenue  comrais.«ioner. :  the  post-office  jail, 
native  hospitiil.  lunstic  asylum,  British  military  canton- 
ments, (unhealthily  placed,  however,  on  the  boniers  of  a 
large  mai-sh.)  the  commis-sariat  department,  militai-y  or- 
phan a.sylum,  and  elephant  depot.  Several  of  its  ruined 
palaces  were  once  fine  edifices.  It  has  a  government  college, 
attended,  in  1845,  by  .342  students  :  a  hospital  for  the  in- 
sane, and  numerous  Baptist  missions,  with  Hindoo  and 
Mohammedan  schools.  The  manufactures  of  fine  and  strong 
muslins  for  which  Dacca  was  formerly  famous,  is  wholly 
.extinct:  scarf  embroitlei-y.  and  m;<nufactiire.s  of  gold  orna- 
ments, musical  instruments,  necklaces,  and  idols  are  im- 
portant branches  of  industry.  Much  of  the  trade  is  in  the 
hands  of  .'Vrmenians.  In  1008,  the  seat  of  government  was 
removed  from  R.<ijmahl  to  this  place.  Dacca  was  formerly 
much  more  extensive  than  it  is  at  present,  and  exhibited  a 
degree  of  splendor  to  which  it  has  now  no  pretensions,  as  the 
magnificent  ruins  of  briilges.  causeways,  caravansaries,  pa- 
laces, gardens,  Ac,  within  its  ancient  limits  sufliciently 
prove.  These  remains  are  now  surrounded  with  jungle  and 
overrun  with  rank  vegetation. 

D.VCCA.  and  DAt^OA  JELWLPOOR/,  two  contiguous  dis- 
tricts of  British  Indi.a,  in  the  presidency  of  Benjral.  inter- 
sected by  the  main  streams  of  thr  Brahmapootra  and  Ganges. 

D.\Cn.\L',  dd'KOw,  a  market  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  oij 
the  Ammer,  10  miles  N.X.W.  of  Munich.    Pop.  1300. 
bin 


DACHEET  RIVER,  Arkjinsas.    See  Dacchitb. 

DACHSTEIX.  d^K'stlne.  (Fr.  pron..  dSk'st^n',)  a  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  the  Bas-Rhia,  10  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Strasbourg.     Pop.  565. 

D.\CI.\,  dA'she-a,  a  former  country  of  South-Eastem 
Europe,  bounded  on  the  X.  by  the  Carpathian  Mountains, 
on  the  E.  by  the  Dneister  and  the  Bl.ick  Se;i.  on  the  S. 
by  the  Danul)e,  and  W.  by  the  Theiss.  It  comprised  wliat 
is  now  the  eastern  part  of  Ilungary,  Transylvania.  Moldavia, 
and  Wallachia. Adj.  and  inhab.  D.ACLAX,  d-A'she-an. 

DACOTAU.    See  Dakotji. 

DACQS.     See  Dax. 

DACRE,  di'ker,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland.  4i 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Penrith.  It  has  an  ancient  church  bnilt 
out  of  the  ruins  of  a  monastery,  and  a  castle,  the  ancient 
seat  of  the  barons  of  Acre,  whose  ancestors  expUiits  as  a  cru- 
sader at  .\cre,  in  Palestine,  otitained  for  the  family  this  name. 

DACRE.  a  township  of  Engl.^ud.  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

D.\'CUSVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  120  miles  X.W.  of  Columbia. 

D-\CZ1CZE,  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Datschttz. 

DAD.iUAH.  dd-di'rd,  a  large  village  of  Sinde,  on  the 
Indus.  34  miles  S.W.  of  Larkhana. 

DADE,  a  county  forming  the  north-western  extremity 
of  Georgiii,  bordering  on  Tennessee  and  Alaliam.a,  contains 
160  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Lookout  Creek.  The 
county  occupies  liOokout  A'aliey.  which  is  environed  by 
high  mountains.  Iron  ore.  bituminous  coal,  and  other 
valuable  minerals  &!»  found  in  the  county.  Xamed  in  honor 
of  Major  Francis  Langhome  Dade,  who  was  slain  in  the 
Florida  War  in  December,  1835.    Capital,  Trenton.    P.  .3069. 

DADE,  a  county  of  Florida,  forms  the  southcra  extremi- 
ty of  the  peninsula,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic.  Area  esti- 
mated at  above  3000  square  miles.  The  surface  is  level, 
and  mostly  occupied  by  the  Everglades,  a  vast  expanse  of 
shallow  water  studded  with  myriads  of  small  islands.  The 
pine,  palmetto,  and  orange  are  indigenous  in  this  region. 
It  is  proposed  to  reclaim  the  inundated  lands  of  this  county 
by  means  of  canals.  There  is  a  good  harbor  for  vessels 
drawing  9  feet  water,  with  a  light-house  at  its  entrance  on 
Cape  Florida.  Indian  Key  is  the  principal  village  of  tlia 
county.    Pop.  83. 

DADE,  a  county  in  the  southwestern  p.art  of  Mis.souri, 
has  an  area  of  498  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Siic 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  Osage,  and  also  drained  by  Horse 
and  Cedar  Creeks,  which  rise  within  it.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  diversified,  and  consists  partly  of  pniirie :  the  soil 
is  generally  fertile.  Capitjil  Greenfield.  Pop.7u72,of  whom 
6726  were  free,  and  346  slaves. 

DADE,  a  small  village  of  Dade  CO..  Missouri. 

D.VDEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tallapoosa  co., 
.Vlabama,  6  miles  E.  of  Tijlapoosa  lUver,  and  about  50 
miles  X.E.  of  Montgomery. 

DADI,  dl'dee,  a  village  of  Greece,  24  mi  lea  N.W.  of  Li  vadia. 
It  faces  the  plain  of  the  Cepliissus, and  is  btilt  on  terraces 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre. 

DADREE,  da'dree\  a  town  N.W.  of  Ilindf  tan  R,ijpoo 
taua,  5ti  milos  S.^V.  of  Delhi. 


DAD 


DAH 


DABSVII/LE,  a  post-oflBce  of  Marion  co.,  Tennessee. 

DAUUK,  di'dur,  n  town  of  Boloochistiin,  in  the  province 
of  Cutch-tiuudava,  5  miles  E.  of  the  Bolan  Pass.  Pop.  about 
SUOO.  It  is  stated  to  be  "  one  of  the  hotte.st  places  in  the 
world."  Here,  in  November,  1840,  the  British  troops  routed 
ft  Kelat  force. 

D.VDVULA,  ddd-vold,  a  village  of  Sinde,  40  miles  S.W. 
of  Subzukote,  in  a  populous  and  well  cultivated  country. 
Lat.  28°  2'  N..  Ion.  Gy°  8'  E. 

DAEXY.  dd'g-nee\  or  DANTK,  dd'nee,  an  island  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  on  the  Great  Pearl  Bank.  Lat.  24°  57'  30" 
N..  Ion.  02°  2.5'  E. 

DAi;T,  dd-^y,  a  town  of  Luzon,  one  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  in  a  district  of  its  own  name,  and  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  North  Camarines.  140  miles  S.E.  of  Jlauila. 

DAFAR,  Arabia.    See  Dhofar. 

D.A-GANA,  dS'gi^nS',  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  Sene- 
gambia,  on  the  Senegal:  lat.  16°  28'  N.,  Ion.  15°  aC  W.  It 
is  a  small  but  flourishing  place,  deriving  much  of  its  conse- 
quence from  containing  a  French  fortified  trading  station, 
which  fronts  the  river.  It  is  a  rude  edifice,  surrounded  by 
^wall  mounted  with  10  cannon.     Pop.  about  1200. 

DAGELET,  di'zheh-U',  an  island  in  the  Sea  of  Japan, 
about  midway  between  Japan  and  Corea,  8  miles  in  cir- 
cumference.    Lat.  (N.  point,)  37°  25'  N.,  Ion.  130°56'  E. 

DA'GENIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

DAG'GER'S  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Botetourt  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, IS  miles  N.  of  Fincastle.  Extensive  buildings  have 
been  erected  here  for  the  entertainment  of  the  public. 

DAG'GETT'S  SIILLS,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  150  miles  N,  of  Ilarrisburg. 

DAGIIESTAN,  dd'ghis-tin',  (from  dagh,  "mountain," 
and  Stan,  "  country,")  a  province  of  Russia,  extends  along 
the  western  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  mostly  between  lat. 
41°  and  4."°  N.,  and  Ion.  46°  and  50°  E..  bounded  S.  and 
S.W.  by  the  Caucasus  Mountains  and  Georgia,  and  N.  by 
the  province  of  Koomikee.  According  to  some  writers,  Da- 
GHESTAN  is  the  "country  of  the  [ancient]  Dahft"  a  Scythian 
people  who  dwelt  S.  and  E.  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is,  how- 
ever, not   impossiT)le  that  they  derived   their  name  from 

the  mountainous  district  originally  inhabited  by  them. 

Adj.  and  iiihab.  Daghest.\nee,  diVbis-td'nee. 

I)A(;'LIXG  WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

DAG.Mi:i;SELLEN,  ddg'mer-s^l'len,  or  DAJIMERSEl.r 
LEN,  ddui'mer-sJllen,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne,  on  the  Wigger. 
Pop.  1828. 

DAGOE.  (Dagoe.)  dd'go'eh,  or  DAGO,  dd'go,  DAGDEN,  an 
island  of  Russia,  government  of  Esthonia.  in  the  Baltic  Sea, 
near  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  separated  from  the 
Island  of  Oesel,  on  the  N.  by  Sele-Sund.  Length,  nearly  34 
miles;  breadth,  16.  The  soil  is  chiefly  sand  or  chalk,  and 
unfertile  ;  and  the  cattle,  though  the  pasture  seems  good, 
are  of  an  inferior  stunted  breed.  The  population  amounts 
to  10.000,  who  are  mostly  employed  in  fishing  and  rearing 
cattle.     The  coasts  are  rocky. 

DAGS'BOROUGII,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware, 
on  Pepper  Creek,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dover. 

DAIIA.  dd'hi,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
Pfalz,  on  the  Lauterj20  miles  S.  of  Kaiserlautern.    Pop.  1300. 

DAIIAB  or  MERSA  DAHAB,  mJr'.sd  dd-hdb'.  (-'golden 
port,")  a  port  of  Arabia,  peninsula  of  Sinai,  on  the  western 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah.     Lat.  28"^  28'  N.,  Ion.  34°  37'  E. 

DAII.r..     See  Daohestax. 

DAIIALAC  or  DAIIALAK.     See  DhalaK. 

D.illHI,  ddh'hee',  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  50  miles 
S.E.  of  Loheia. 

DAIIII R  A,ddn'ra,  a  town,  Arabia,  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Muscat. 

DAHLEN.  ddlen.a  town  of  RhenLsh  Prussia,  in  the  circle 
of  DUsseldorf,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Gladbach.     Pop.  1360. 

DAIILEN,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sax- 
ony, on  a  railway,  27  miles  E.  of  Leipsic.     Pop.  2081. 

DAIILON'EGA  a  thriving  po.st-village.  capital  of  Lump- 
kin CO..  Georgia,  141  miles  N.X.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  is 
situated  on  a  high  hill,  commanding  a  magnificent  view  of 
mountains  in  various  directions.  The  gold  mines  in  this 
vicinity  are  among  the  richest  in  Georgia,  and  the  adjoining 
hills  have  been  completely  riddled  with  the  operations  of  the 
miners.  The  gold  was  first  obtained  from  the  alluvion  of 
the  streams,  afterwards  from  veins  embedded  in  pyrites 
of  quartz  rock.  Several  valualile  mines  have  been  dis- 
covered quite  recently.  A  Branch  United  States  Mint  is 
established  here,  which,  including  the  machinery,  cost 
$100,000.  The  deposits  of  gold,  at  this  mint,  for  the  year 
1853,  amounted  to  $452,28.).  The  village  contains  2  large 
hotels,  3  churches,  1  academy,  and  1  printing-office.  The 
Indian  name  was  Tau-lau-ne-ca,  which  signifies  "yellow 
money."     Pop.  in  18.50,  1277. 

D.\ilLONKG.A..apost-viIlage,WapeIloco.,Iowa,  ontheroad 
from  Keokuk  to  Fort  Des  Moines.  65  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

DAIIME,  dd'meh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  government  of  Potsdam,  on  the  river  Dahme, 
14  miles  S.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  3750.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
defended  by  a  strong  citadel :  it  has  woollen  linen,  and  to- 
bacco tactories     The  French  were  defe-t^od  here  in  171/, 


DAH-MER.  a  town  of  Xubia.    See  Eu  Pahmer. 

D.\IIXA,  AL,  dl-ddn'nd,  a  wide  sandy  plain  occupying 
all  the  north-eastern  part  of  AraVda,  bordering  on  the  Turkish 
pashalic  of  Bagdad,  and  extending  S.  to  about  lat.  27°  N. 

DAHOMEY  or  1>A110.MAY,  dd-ho'mi  or  dd-ho'me,  often 
pronounced,  though  less  correctly,  ddh*ho-mA'.*  4  kingdom 
of  Western  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  with  \)ouuclarJes 
not  well  ascertained,  they  being  liable  to  extension  or 
abridgement  with  the  power  or  weakness  of  its  sovereign. 
At  present  it  appeius  to  occupy  the  space  between  6°  and 
8°  50'  N.  lat.,  and  1°  and  3°  E.  Ion. 

The  country  appears  to  be  in  general  extremely  fertile 
and,  what  is  not  a  little  surprising,  is  well  cultivated,  espe- 
cially in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  towns  and  villages.  On 
the  coast,  particularly  in  the  neighbourhood  of  ^\  hydah.  the 
principal  port  of  the  kingdom,  there  are  many  farms  in  a 
high  state  of  cultivation,  the  houses  clean  and  comfortable, 
and  the  scenery  singularly  beautiful.  These  farms,  how- 
ever, are  mostly  in  the  hands  of  persons  returned  from  the 
Brazils,  and  who  had,  doubtless,  benefited  by  their  agricul- 
tural experiences  in  that  country;  although  Mr.  Duncan 
found  an  equal  degree  of  skill  exhibited  many  hundred 
miles  in  the  interior.  Another  class  of  colonists  here  are 
emancipated  slaves  from  Sierra  Leone.  The  piiiicipal  crops 
raised  here  are  Indian  corn,  yams,  and  the  manioc-root, 
which  is  ground  into  meal,  and  forms  a  principal  article  of 
food.  Two  crops  of  corn  are  obtained  in  the  year ;  and  of  a 
smaller  sort  of  red  corn  four  may  be  obtained.  Inland,  the 
country  loses  none  of  the  beauty  and  fertility  by  which 
it  is  distinguished  on  the  coast. 

Dahomey,  though  generally  level,  or  but  slightly  and 
gradually  rising  from  the  coast,  has  yet  several  pretty 
extensive  mountain  ranges  and  hilly  tracts,  formed,  it  is 
believed,  by  offsets  of  the  Kong  Mountains.  Most  of  these 
mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  plain,  and  are  very  steep, 
being  on  some  sides  nearly  perpendicular.  Some  of  them 
consist  of  immense  blocks  of  granite.  They  are  much  in- 
fested with  wild  beasts — especially  a  range  called  the  Dassa 
Mountains,  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  which  abouuds  with 
lions,  hyrenas,  and  panthers. 

Although  springs  and  rivulets  are  numerous  and  the 
country,  on  the  whole,  well  watered,  there  are  no  rivers  of 
any  magnitude.  The  luxuriance  of  the  vegetable  produc- 
tions of  Dahomey  afford  evidence  of  the  singular  fertility 
of  the  soil.  Its  forest  trees  attain  the  most  magnificent 
dimensions,  and  are  interspered  with  fruit  trees  of  various 
kinds,  including  the  tamarind,  of  which  there  are  two  dif- 
ferent species,  a  yellow  fig  and  damson,  cashew,  koUa,  and 
ground  nuts.  Green  grapes  are  also  plentiful.  The  cocoa 
tree,  and  palms  of  various  kinds,  abound  on  the  coast.  The 
rocks  and  trees  are  festooned  with  beautilul  parasitical 
plants,  and  the  clematis  and  jessamine  fill  the  air  with  their 
delightful  odor. 

The  wild  animals  of  Dahomey  are  of  the  same  kind  as 
those  met  with  throughout  Western  Africa,  consisting  of 
lions,  hyaenas,  panthers,  and  deer.  Jlonkcys  also  abound; 
and  elephants  are  met  with  in  the  vicinity  of  the  swamps 
in  the  interior.  AUigator.s  and  hippopotami  are  numerous. 
Boa-constrictors,  of  enormous  size,  are  met  with  in  the  inte- 
rior, and  insects,  in  great  variety,  alx)und.  Birds  of  beautiful 
plumage  are  met  with  in  great  numbers:  as  are  also  Guinea 
fowl,  the  common  and  Muscovy  duck,  crows,  and  pigeons. 

The  general  condition  of  the  people  under  the  present 
king,  who  seems  to  have  effected  an  extensive  and  beneficial 
reform,  appears  to  be  prosperous  and  happy.  The  Dahomans 
manufacture  a  very  good  cotton  cloth,  and  in  many  places 
iron  is  wrought  with  considerable  dexterity  and  skill  into 
various  useful  articles. 

The  Dahomans  are  all  pagans,  and  their  worship  Fetish, 
The  sovereign  power  is  absolute,  extending  to  an  entire  con- 
trol over  the  lives  and  properties  of  the  people,  who  invest 
their  king  with  the  attributes  of  deity,  believing  him  to  be 
superior  to  aii  human  wants  and  infirmities.  The  posses- 
sion of  fids  extraordinary  power  and  influence  by  a  barba- 
rous prince,  combined  with  the  gross  ignorance  and  super- 
stition of  his  people,  has  led  to  the  perpetration  of  the  mcjt 
fearful  atrocities,  wholesale  murders  forming  the  principal 
and  most  acceptable  part  of  all  state  and  religious  ctuemo- 
nies.  The  number  sacrificed  on  these  occasions  is  now 
greatly  diminished,  there  having  been  32  only  put  to  deaUi 
in  1840,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  most  of  these.  If 
not  all,  were  criminals.  Formerly,  many  hundreds  used  to 
be  sacrificed  at  the  Customs,  as  such  celebrations  were  called, 
and  all  guiltless  of  any  offence.  Oneof  the  most  extraordinary 
manifestations  of  barbarian  spirit  and  sentiment  in  this 
country,  is  exhibited  in  the  king's  female  army,  consis- 
ting of  from  5000  to  8000  women,  formed  into  regiments, 
and  armed  with  long  Danish  muskets,  short  swords,  and 
clubs. 


*  "  Rash  adventurer,  bear  thee  back, 
Dread  the  spell  of  Dauomay, 

Fcir  the  race  of  Zahavak. 
Daughters  of  the  burning  day  " 

Scon's  Bridal  u/  Triennain,  Canto.  III. 
535 


DAI 


DAL 


AHhough  the  King  of  Dahomey  has  always  expressed  the 
ntmost  anxiety  to  form  friendly  alliances  with  the  British 
eovernment.  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  prevail  upon 
him  to  abandon  the  slave  trade,  from  which  he  derives  a 
large  and  immediate  revenue,  about  90ti0  V*ing  annuallj- 
nhipi-t-d  from  his  kingdom.  Pop.  in  1860.  estimated  at  200,OCiO, 

of  which  not  more  than  20.0UO  are  free. Adj.  and  inhab. 

Dahomax.  dihTio-man. 

hXWLY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr.  with  a  village 
ftn  the  tiirvan  Kiver,  6  miles  E.X.K.  of  Girvan. 

DAIMAX,  dl-mto',  or  AKAXGUA.  i-rin'gwl.  a  river  of 
South  Americ.i,  in  the  Banda  Orient.il.  is  an  affluent  of  the 
Ouguay.  rising  in  a  mountainous  district,  in  the  centre  of 
-he  state,  its  whole  course  iH'ing  about  110  miles. 

DAIMIKL.  di-me-^1',  a  modern  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  20  miles  E.N.K.  of  Ciudad-Ke.-U.  Pop.  9128.  There  are 
several  salt-marshes  in  its  vicinity.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollens  and  linens,  and  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  im- 
portant places  in  Iji  Mancha. 

DAINA,  di'ni  a  village  of  Syria,  pashalic,  and  20  miles 
W.  of  Aleppo.  Here  are  numerous  ruins,  supposed  to  be 
those  of  the  ancient  Imma,  and  near  it  the  convent  and 
ruined  pillar  of  St.  Simon  Stylites. 

DAI.NGEKFIELD.     See  D.\>gerfifjj). 

I>.\IK-EIrK.\MEK.    See  Deir  EL  Raster. 

D.\I1{'.SIE.  a  pjirish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  2i  miles  E. 
of  Cupar.  Here  is  an  old  castle,  in  which  a  parliament  was 
held  in  1:355:  subsetjuently.  Archbishop  Spottiswood  resided 
in  it,  and  built  the  church  and  bridge  across  the  Eden. 

DAl'KY,  a  post-office  of  Scotland  co..  Mi.ssouri. 

D.iJEL.  di'jjl',  a  small  town  and  fort  of  North  Sinde.  40 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Dera  Ghazee  Khan,  and  commanding  a  route 
from  the  Indus  throusrh  the  Bolan  Pass. 

DAKHEL.  El,  U  di'Kel.  or  EL  DAKHLEH.  l\  Al^nih.  the 
Vt.  oasis  of  Upper  Egypt,  near  lat.  25°  30'  N..  Ion.  29°  E.,  50 
miles  W.  of  the  oasis"  of  El  Khargeh.  Length,  from  E.  to 
W.,  28  miles:  breadth,  15  miles.  Estimated  population,  be- 
tween 6000  and  VOOO.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  yielding  large 
quantities  of  dates,  olives,  and  other  fruits.  It  contains  the 
small  towns  of  El  Kasr  and  Kalamoon,  numerous  villages, 
and  the  remains  of  many  ancient  towns,  with  a  remarkable 
temple. 

I»AK'KEn,(anc.  PseVcU,)  a  village  of  Nubia,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Nile.  40  miles  N.E.  of  Derr.  with  a  temple  of  the 
Ptolemaic  era.  Opposite  to  it.  E.  of  the  Nile,  are  considerable 
remains  of  the  ancient  Metacompso. 

DAKOT.A..  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  con- 
tains alx)ut  650  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Mississippi,  on  the  N.W.  by  St.  Peters  or  Minnesota 
River,  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Cannon,  and  intersected  by  Ver- 
milion River.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  level,  the  soil 
productiva  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  grass  are  the  sta- 
ples. Capital,  Hastings.  Population  in  1850,  584;- in  1860, 
9093. 

DAKOT.4^,  a  post-office  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin. 

DAKOTA,  a  village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  143  miles  S.E.  of  St. 
Paul. 

DAKOTA  INDIANS.    See  Siocx. 

D.\LAI-NOR.  dd-li'-nor,  a  lake  of  Mongolia,  near  the  Rus- 
sian frontier,  in  lat.  54°  N..  Ion.  116  E. 

DALAKOE.  (DalariJe,)  di^^R-o'Jh.  a  maritime  village  of 
Sweden.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Stockholm,  with  a  fort  on  the  (xulf 
of  Bothnia.     Pop.  600,  mostly  pilots  and  fishermen. 

DALBEATTIE,  dal-bA'tee.  a  village  of  Scotland,  stewartry 
of  Kirkcudbright.  4^  miles  E.S.E.  of  Castle  Douglas. 

D.\LBUKY.  dAl'bgr-e.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

DALBY.  d.il'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

D.tLBY.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork.  North  Riding. 

DAL/B\'  Sl.\G'NA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

DAIVBY-o:<-THE-WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
cester. 

DAL'BY  PART  A.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

DALDERBY,  dil'dgr-be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

DALE,  a  maritime  villase  and  parish,  formerly  a  borough 
and  market-town  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke.  0^  miles 
W.  of  Milford.  on  a  peninsula  bounding  Milfordhaven  on 
the  W.  Pop.  of  pari.sh.  in  1S51,  406.  In  this  parish  is  St. 
Ann's  Head,  in  lat.  51°  41'  N..  Ion.  5°  10'  25"  W.,  with  two 
liirht-houses :  elevation,  192  feet.  The  Earl  of  Richmond, 
afterwards  Henry  VII.,  landed  here  to  contest  the  crown  of 
England  in  1485. 

D.\LE.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering 
on  Florida,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  t'hoctawhatchee  River.  The  surface  is  uneven : 
the  soil  generally  sandy  and  unproductive.  \  large  portion 
of  the  county  is  covered  bv  forests  of  pine.  Capital,  Newton. 
Pop.  12,195,  of  whom  10,388  were  free. 

DALE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co..  New  York. 

DALE,  a  iiost-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DALE,  a  (K>st-office  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana. 

DALECARLIA,  dl-le-kaR'le-i,  or  DALARNE,  diaaR-ni, 
an  old  province  of  Sweden,  now  comprit>ed  in  the  Isen  of 
faluu. 

638 


DAL-ELF,  dil-llf,  (i. «.  "  Dal  River.")  a  river  of  Sweden, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  0.ster  and  Wester  Dal.  fiows  suo- 
ce.ssively  S.E.  and  E..  traversing  many  lakes,  and  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia  10  miles  E.  of  Gefie.  Total  course,  from  the 
source  of  the  Oster-Dal.  about  250  miles.  It  forms  numer- 
ous cataracts,  and,  except  near  its  mouth,  it  is  only  naviga- 
ble for  rafts. 

DALEM.  ddljm,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gelder- 
land.  within  1  mile  of  Gorinchem  or  Gorkum.    Pop.  400. 

DALEN,  dilen,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Drenthe.  24  miles  N.E.  of  Coevorden.     Pop.  1600. 

DALENBURG.  di/len-l«6RG\  a  town  of  Hanover,  15  milea 
S.E.  of  LUneburg.    Pop.  800. 

DALES/VILLE.  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indianfu  about 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

DALESZYCE.  di-lA-shifsA.  atown  of  Poland,  province,  and 
9miles.S.E.  of  Kielce,  in  a  deep  vallej-.  Pop.  al.out  1520.  It 
has  a  fine  church.     Near  it  are  extensive  mines. 

DALE'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 

DALEVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama,  about 
70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Slontgomery.    Formerly  the  county  seat, 

D.\LEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lauderdiile  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  ICO  miles  E.  of  Jackson. 

D,\'LEY''S,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  CO..  Tennes.see. 

DALFSEN,  ddlf'sen.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Overys.«el,  on  the  Vecht.  7  miles  E.  of  ZwoUe. 

DALtJETY,  dal-gh^t/ee.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth.  2  miles  N.E.of  Inverkeithing.  Coal  snd 
salt  are  exports!  from  its  harbor.  Donibristle  House,  in  thig 
parish,  was  in  1592  the  scene  of  the  murder  of  Earl  Moray. 

DAlXilNROSS,  dal'ghin-ross\  a  vUl.ige  of  Scotland,  22 
miles  W.  of  Perth.     Pop.  317. 

DAiyilAM.  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DALIIOUSIi;.  dal-hoo'zee.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co..  and  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Edinburgh,  parish  of  Cockpen.  In  its  vicinity 
is  Dalhousie  Ca.stle,  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Dalhousie. 

DALHOUSIE.  dal-hoo'zee,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Restl- 
gouche  CO.,  New  Brunswick,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rest!- 
gouche  River,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  about 
200  miles  N.  of  St.  John.  In  front  of  the  town  is  a  well- 
sheltered,  crescent-shaped  cove,  with  good  holding  ground 
for  ships  in  9  fathoms  water.  Fine  wharves  and  excellent 
timber  ponds  have  lieen  constructed  here,  affording  every 
convenience  for  loading  the  largest  ships.  The  Restigouclid 
and  its  branches  drain  at  least  4000  .square  miles  of  fertile 
countrj'.  abounding  in  timber  and  other  valuable  resourc»»s, 
the  whole  of  which  must  find  its  w.ny  to  the  sea  through 
the  port  of  Dalhousie.  The  uumlier  of  foreign  arrivals  for 
1851  was  108,  (tons  21.774.)  the  clearances  102,  (tons  23,660,^ 
imports  $12*i.570,  exports  $152,015.    Pop.  about  800. 

DALIAS,  di'le-l.s,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  .nnd  20  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Almeria.  near  the  Mediterranean.    Pop.  11,970. 

DALINGHOE,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co,  of  Suffolk, 

DALUNTO'BER.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  about 
1  mile  N.W.  of  Campbelton.  Pop.  1702. 

DAL.TA.     See  Dallta. 

D.\LKKITII.  dal-keeth',  a  burgh  of  barony,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  Scotland,  c-o..  and  f?  miles  S.E.  of  Edinburgh, 
between  the  North  and  South  Esk  Rivers,  has  a  st.ition  on 
the  Hawick  Branch  of  the  North  British  Railway.  Pop.  of 
parish,  in  1851,  6521;  oftown.  5o86.  The  town  is  well  built, 
paved,  and  lighted;  has  a  parish  church,  (a  Gothic  edifice, 
formerly  collegiate,)  several  other  chapels,  a  classical  ."ichool, 
scientific  institution,  subscription  library,  various  banks,  2 
market'houses,  numerous  good  shops  and  residences,  and 
one  of  the  largest  corn  markets  in  Scotland.  In  and  around 
it  are  extensive  corn  mills,  with  breweries,  iron  foundries, 
tanneries,  and  coal-works.  In  its  vicinity  is  Dalkeith  Palace, 
the  principal  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Bucdeuch.  and  where 
George  IV.  resided  during  his  visit  to  Scotland  in  1822. 

D.iLKEY,  dAl'kee,  a  maritime  village  and  pjirish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster.  co.,  and  8  miles  S.E.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Irish 
Sea,  immediately  outside  Dublin  Bay,  The  village  was  a  sea- 
port town  of  some  consefjuence  in  the  .seventeenth  century, 
and  its  harbor  is  pn)tected  by  7  strong  forts,  now  in  part 
dismantled.  Dalkey  Island  and  battery  are  separated  from 
the  mainland  by  a  narrow  sound.  / 

DALL.\,  dil'li,  a  town  of  Burmah.  province  of  Pegu,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  50  miles  S.W.  of  Ransoon. 

D.\LL.\N,  dll'lan.a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Unter  Rhein, 
(Ixiwer  Rhine.)  It  contains  two  parish  cliurche.<and  a  small 
castle,  and  has  tile-works  and  several  mills.     Pop.  1157. 

D.\L'LAS  or  DOL'L.\S.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin. 

D.\L'L.\S,  a  new  county  in  the  peninsula  of  Florida, 
formed  since  the  census  of  1850  was  taken. 

D.\LLAS.  a  county  in  the  W.  central  juirt  of  .\labama,  ha« 
an  area  of  890  square  miles.  The  Alabama  River  divides 
the  county  into  two  nearly  equal  pjirts,  and,  in  jxissiiig 
through  it,  is  joined  by  the  navigable  riverC.ihawb.H,  and  by 
Ce<lar  and  Mulberry  Creeks.  The  surface  ir.  uneven ;  the 
soil  highly  productive,  and  extensively  cultivated.  1  n  1850, 
there  were  raised  35,275  bales  of  cotton  and  1  207,011  busheli 
of  corn.  The  quantity  of  cotton  was  the  gr<jater.t  ),<r:'d"ioi4 
in  any  one  county  of  the  United  Slates,  except  Tuscalc^a 
county,  Alabama;   and  that  of  corn  greater  than  iu  auv 


DAL 

other  of  the  state,  except  Greene  county.  The  Alabama  Eiver 
is  navigable  by  steamboats  through  its  whole  extent.  The 
unfinished  railroad  connecting  the  Alabama  with  the  Ten- 
nessee River  has  its  terminus  at  Selma,  in  this  county.  Dal- 
liis  county  is  one  of  the  most  populous  in  the  state.  The  de- 
ficiency of  water  which  was  formerly  felt  during  the  summer 
months,  has  been  supplied  by  numerous  Artesian  wells, 
which  vary  in  depth  from  200  to  900  feet.  Kanied  (as  well 
as  most  or  all  of  the  following)  in  honor  of  George  M.  Dal- 
las, formerly  A'ice-President  of  the  United  States.  Capital, 
Cahawba.  Pop.  33,025 ;  of  whom  7866  were  free,  and  25,760 
slaves. 

DALLAS,  a  county  situated  towards  the  N.N.E.  part  of 
Texas,  contains  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  forks  of  Trinity  River,  two  of  which  unite  within  it. 
The  soil  is  mostly  productive,  and  the  county  is  well  sup- 
plied with  water  and  timber.  Capital,  Dallas.  Pop.  8666 ; 
of  whom  7591  were  free. 

DALLAS,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Arkansas, 
contains  860  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Washita,  and  ou  the  E.  by  Saline  River.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level  or  undulating :  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  Wasliita 
is  navigable  by  small  boats  on  the  border  of  the  county. 
Cai)ital,  Princeton.  Pop.  8283 ;  of  whom  4789  were  free,  and 
34U4  slaves. 

DALLAS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Mis- 
souri, hiis  an  areii  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Niangua  River,  (an  aflluent  of  the  Osage,)  flowing  from 
S.  to  N.,  and  also  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Little 
Niangua.  The  surface  presents  no  great  elevations,  and 
consists  of  prairies  and  forests ;  the  soil  is  generally  good, 
and  particularly  adapted  to  pasturage.  The  streams  furnish 
valuable  water-power,  and  the  county  is  supplied  with  good 
springs  of  limestone  water.  Dallas  county  was  formed  a  few 
yearsagooutofi)art  of  Polk  county.  Capital,  Bufialo.  Pop. 
6892;  of  whom  5778  were  free. 

DALLAS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Racoon 
Eiver  and  Beaver  Creek,  altluents  of  the  Des  Moines.  The 
soil  is  stated  to  be  productive.  Tlio  county  is  intersected  by 
the  State  Road  from  Fort  Des  Moines  to  Council  Blufi's. 
Capital,  Adell.    Pop.  5244. 

DALLAS,  a  township  in  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
996. 

DALLAS,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

DALL.YS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Giiston  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, about  170  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh.  The  county  waa 
formed  in  1846,  from  the  S.  part  of  Lincoln  county. 

DALLAS,  Paulding  co.,  Georgia.    See  Appendix. 

DALLAS,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi. 

DALLAS,  a  post-village  of  Madison  parish,  Louisiana,  on 
Bayou  Tensas,  15  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

DALLAS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Dallas  CO., 
Texiis,  on  Trinity  River,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Elm 
I'ork,  about  215  miles  N.N.E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  situated 
in  the  region  known  as  the  "  Three  I'orks  of  the  Trinity." 
It  has  several  dry-goods  stores. 

DALLAS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas, 
170  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Little  Rock.  It  is  situated  in  a  moun- 
tainous region,  which  is  remarkably  rich  in  minerals,  in- 
cluding silver,  lead,  zinc,  iron,  and  stone-coal.  The  popu- 
lation of  the  county  is  sparse. 

DALLAS,  a  township  in  Crawford  co.',  Ohio.    Pop.  406. 

DALLAS,  a  small  village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Belle- 
fontaine  and  Indiana  Railroad. 

DALLAS,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

DALLAS,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Clinton  co., 
Michiican.     Pop.  907. 

DALLAS,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri,  about  16 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

DALLAS,  a  village  of  Iowa  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  West 
Branch  of  Pckatonica  River,  a  few  miles  from  Mineral  Point. 
It  is  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  rich  mines  of  lead  and  cop- 
per, and  has  an  active  business.    Pop.  about  500. 

DALLAS,  ciipiial  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon.    See  Appendix. 

DAL'LASBUUG,  Owen  CO.,  Kentucky.    See  Appendix. 

DALLASRUHG,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio. 

DALL.\S  CITV,  a  small  village  of  Henderson  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Jlississippi  River. 

l)AL'LAST(l\V\,  a  post-office  of  York  eo.,  Pennsylvania. 

DALLKS  CITY,  Oregon.    See  Appendix. 

DALLES  idKVi)  OF  THE  OOLUMIUA,  a  narrow  portion  of 
the  Columbia  River,  some  50  miles  abuve  the  Ca.scades.  This 
channel,  which  receives  the  whole  volume  of  the  river,  is 
formed  by  walls  of  basaltic  rock,  and  is  only  58  yards  wide 
in  the  narrowest  place.  The  word  ••  dalles"  (from  "dalle,"  a 
"  slab")  appears  to  signify  '•  trough,"  in  the  language  of  the 
French  hunters. 

DAL'LTNGTOy.  a  parish  of  England,  co. of  Xorthampton. 

DALLIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

D.VLLU.  a  town  of  West  Soudan.     See  Delow. 

D.\LLY,  ddl'lU  a  villa;;e  and  parish  of  Sweden.  15  miles 
<!.N.E.  of  Malnii}.  It  contains  a  royal  residence,  forming  a 
nonastfry.  and  was  once  the  see  of  a  bishop.  In  the  church- 
yard the  Danish  king,  Uarald  Heiu  is  buried. 


DAL 

DALLYA  or  DALJA,  dSl'yd,  a  market^own,  Austrian 
dominions,  in  Slavouia.  co.  of  Verocz,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Danube,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Eszek.  Pop.  3430,  part^-' 
engaged  in  extensive  sturgeon  fisheries  in  the  river. 

DALMACHERRY,  dal-ma-ehjr'ree,  a  town  of  British  In 
dia.  presidency,  and  100  miles  N.W.  of  Madras. 

D ALMAL/LY.  a  village  of-Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  16  mile* 
N.E.  of  Inverary. 

DALMATIA,daI-mil'she-a.  (It.  pron.  dH-mi'te-i,  Ger.Dalr 
wati«n,  d^l-m^te-en;  ¥r.  Valmatie,  iiliVuiii.''iee',)  KINCJDOM 
OF,  a  province  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  comprising  the  an- 
cient kingdom  of  Dalmatia.  Croatia.  Slavonia.  and  the  town 
and  territory  of  Fiume — the  latter  three  of  which  were  for- 
merly comprised  in  the  kingdom  of  Hungary,  from  which 
they  were  disjoined  by  the  constitution  of  March  4.  1849. 
The  following  article  refers  only  to  the  first  division ;  the 
others  will  be  found  noticed  under  their  respective  heads. 

The  kingdom  of  Dalmatia  consists  of  a  long  narrow  ti  act 
of  mountainous  country,  and  a  number  of  large  islands, 
along  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  bounded,  N.  by 
Croatia,  and  N.E.  by  Turkey.  It  extends  from  about  lat. 
42°  9'  N.  to  lat.  44°  26'  N.  In  breadth  it  is  very  limited,  not 
exceeding  40  miles  in  any  part ;  and  at  the  naiTowest,  near 
Ragu.sa,  about  2  miles;  its  whole  area,  comprises  4928 
square  miles.  The  surface  is  much  varied  ;  a  ridge  of  lime- 
stone mountains  .separates  the  N.  portion  from  Turkey,  and 
another  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast ;  they  are  sterile, 
and  destitute  of  soil.  The  highest  peaks  ai-e.  Orien.  6332 
feet;  Diuara,  6040  feet;  and  Partovo,  5!»29  feet;  and  the 
largest  and  loftiest  part  of  the  N.  range  is  that  of  Velebich, 
to  the  N.E.  of  Zara,  which  is  5439  feet.  On  the  coast  range 
occur  the  peaks  of  Mount  Mossor,  44r4  feet;  and.  S.E., 
Mount  Biocovo,  5S99  feet.  The  inland  parts  of  Dalmatia 
are  diversified  by  undulatory  ground,  hills,  and  high  moun- 
tains— many  of  the  latter  having  the  same  rugged  barren 
aspect  as  those  of  the  coast;  others,  again,  are  partially  co- 
vered with  low  wood.  There  are  also  several  extensive  and 
unwholesome  marshes  in  various  parts  of  the  country, 
causing  deadly  fevers  In  hot  weather.  The  soil,  though  not 
rich,  is  good,  and  the  produce,  as  a  whole,  suffices  for  the 
limited  population  of  the  country ;  but,  altogether,  it  can- 
not be  otherwise  considered  than  as  a  poor,  unproductive 
territory,  though  not  without  some  rich  and  beautiful  val- 
leys; but  these  are  generally  very  narrow.  It  has  few 
rivers,  and  all  with  short  courses.  The  principal  are — the 
Narenta,  in  the  S.,  having  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  to 
admit  large  steamers;  the  Zermagna,  Kerka,  and  Cettina 
On  some  of  thes«!  rivers  the  scenery  is  singularly  wild  and 
picturesque.  The  Kerka  has  several  magnificent  ca.scades ; 
and  on  the  Cettina  there  are  two,  froni  iio  feet  to  upwards 
of  100  fet't  high.  There  are  also  numerous  small  lakes  :  but 
most  of  them  become  dry  in  hot  weather.  The  waters  of 
many  ofthe  Dalmatian  streams  have  a  petrifying  quality, 
and  cover  the  rocks  over  which  they  flow  with  a  coarse 
stalagmitic  deposit.  The  country  is  not  rich  in  metals, 
although,  in  ancient  times,  it  produced  large  quantities  of 
gold ;  but  iron  and  coal  are  wrought — the  latter  in  tne  dis- 
trict of  Dernis,  where  there  are  several  mines. 

The  coast  i.^  indented  with  numerous  harbors  and  bays, 
the  principal  of  which  are  Cattaro,  Sebenico,  and  Ragusa. 
A  vast  number  of  islands,  also,  of  all  dimensions,  stretch 
along,  and  parallel  to  its  shores.  Most  of  these  are  moun- 
tainous, and  present  the  same  general  aspect  as  continental 
Dalmatia;  but  are  valuable  for  their  productions,  such  as 
timber,  wine.  oil.  cheese,  honey,  salt,  and  asphalt:  and  in 
sever.al  of  them  ship-building  is  carried  on  to  a  consideralile 
extent.  The  climate  of  Dalmatia,  generally,  is  warmer  than 
in  any  other  part  of  the  Austrian  dominions:  and  in  spring 
the  African  sirocco  is  occasionally  felt,  but  not^  the  same 
extent  as  in  Sicily  or  Greece. 

Agriculture  is  in  an  extremely  backward  state.  At  pre- 
sent, the  greatest  proportion  of  available  land  is  in  pjisture, 
the  next  in  wood,  and  then  arable  land  and  vineyards. 
The  principal  agricultural  productions  are  Indian  corn, 
rye.  barley,  figs,  olives,  and  vines ;  but  sufficient  grain  is 
not  produced  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  country — the  defi- 
ciency being  imported  from  Turkey  and  Hungary.  Various 
fruits  are  also  grown,  including  ai)ples,  pears,  plums, 
almonds,  peaches,  apricots,  lemons,  oranges,  carobs.  and 
pomegranat<?8.  Comparatively  few  sh(^p  or  cattle  are 
reared:  horses  are  rare,  and  of  very  diminutive  size. 

Dalmatia  h.as  hardly  any  manufactures  worthy  of  the 
name.  Neither  the  Dalmatians  of  Italian  origin,  nor  those 
of  the  Slavonic  race,  are  noted  for  any  .skill,  exopt  the 
ship-builders  of  Curzola.  the  manufacturers  of  liqueurs  at 
Ziira.  and  the  venders  of  oil  and  wine  throughout  the 
country. 

The  whole  of  Dalmatia  is  divided  into  fbur  circles  or  do- 
p.artments — Zara,  Spalatro,  Ragusa.  and  Cattaro,  which  are 
again  subdivided  into  districts,  of  which  there  are  in  all  26. 
Each  circle  is  governed  by  a  capo,  oi-  ciipffann  ciroliire.  who 
superintends  the  police  and  all  the  civil  .administration. 
Somewhat  less  than  a  fifth  of  the  people  of  Dalmatia  are 
Greek  Catholics;  the  rest,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  Jews 
and  Calvinists,  are  all  Roman  Catholics.    Education  is  very 

637 


DAL 

jjenerally  diffused  by  the  system  of  national  schools.  Prin- 
cipal towns,  Zara  the  capital :  Spalatro,  and  Kagusa.  Dal- 
niatia  was  conquered  by  the  Romans  in  the  time  of  Augus- 
tus. In  the  seTenth  century  it  was  taken  by  the  Slaves, 
who  founded  there  a  liinjrdom  that  lasted  till  1050.  when 
the  greater  part  of  it  was  united  to  Hunpary.  and  the  re- 
niajncler  pas.sed  under  the  protection  of  Venice.  In  1797, 
the  Venetian  portion,  along  with  the  city  of  Venice,  was 
CtXSed  to  Austria;  but  in  1805,  by  the  treaty  of  Presburg, 
It  fell  into  the  hands  of  Napoleon,  who  first  united  it  to  the 
kingdom  of  Italy,  and  subsequently,  in  1810,  to  the  king- 
dom of  Illyria.     The  events  of  1814  brought  Dalmatia  again 

under  Austrian  rule.     Pop.  in  1850,  393.715. Adj.  and 

inhab..  Dalmatian,  dal-m;\'she-an. 

DALMATIA.  a  post-village  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
Fylvania,  40  miles  X.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

DALMATIK  or  DALMATIEX.    See  D.iLMATU. 

DALMATOV.    See  Dolmatov. 

DALMKL'LIXGTOX.  a  parish  and  burgh  of  barony  of 
Scotland,  co.,  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Ayr.    Pop.  2910. 

DALME'XY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  U  miles  E.S.E.  of  Queensferry.  Pop.  in 
1851. 1243.  It  has.  among  other  antiquities,  a  picturesque 
castle  of  the  Earl  of  Rosebery,  and  a  Saxon  church  in  fine 
presei-vation. 

D.^LMOW.  dirmOw'.  a  town  of  India,  dominion  of  Oude, 
on  the  X.  bank  of  the  Ganges.  54  miles  S.  of  Lucknow. 

D.\LMY.  dil'mee,  a  small  island  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  off 
the  Arabian  coast,  in  lat.  24°  36'  X..  Ion.  52°  24'  E. 

DALRY,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  19 
miles  S.W.  of  Gla.sgow.  on  the  Scottish  South-western  Rail- 
way, is  beautifully  situated  on  an  eminence  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Gamock.  It  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  im- 
proving in  the  character  of  its  buildings.  Thou'jh  it  has  a 
ga.s-work  the  streets  are  not  lighted,  being  sufficiently  illu- 
minated by  the  glare  of  the  adjoining  Iron-fumaces.  Until 
the  last  few  years,  the  principal  occupation  of  the  inh.abit- 
ants  was  silk  and  cotton  hand-loom  weaving,  but  the  greater 
numl>er  are  now  employed  in  the  numerous  coal  and  iron 
mines  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  in  ISol.  8867. 

DALUY,a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright, 
on  the  Ken.  3  miles  X.W.  of  Xew  Galloway.  Height  of 
Blacklarg  Mountain  2890  feet. 

DAL'RYMPLE,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and 
4J  miles  S.E.  of  Ayr.  Pop.  in  1851.  1096.  The  village,  situ- 
ated on  the  Doon.  gives  name  to  an  eminent  Scotish  family, 
ancientiv  lords  of  the  barony. 

DAL'RYMPLE,  PORT  OF,  is  an  estuary  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Tamar.  on  the  X.  shore  of  Van  Diemen's  Land.  Lat.  of 
light-house.  41°  3'  6"  S..  Ion.  146°  47'  5"  E. 

DAL/SKRF.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

DALSTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Cumlierland. 

D.\LSTOX.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Middle.sex,  form- 
ing a  X.  suburb  of  Ixindon. 

DAiyrOX",  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

D.\LTOX.  dawl'ton.  a  township  of  England,  co.  Lancaster. 

DALTOX.  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  Xew  Hampshire, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  90  miles  X.  by  W. 
of  Concord.     Pop.  666. 

D.\LTOX.  a  post-villace  and  township  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  146  miles  W.  of 
Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  cutlery,  paper,  machinery, 
and  woollen  goods.    Pop.  1243. 

DALTOX.  formerly  CROSS  PLAINS,  a  flourishing  post- 
Tillage,  capital  of  Whitefield  co..  Georgia,  on  the  ^Vestem 
and  Atlantic  Railroad.  271  miles  W.X.W.  of  Augusta,  and  100 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Atlanta.  Dalton  was  laid  out  in  1846.  and 
owes  its  rapid  growth  to  the  construction  of  the  railroad, 
which  was  completed  about  the  year  1849.  It  is  also  the 
southern  terminus  of  the  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia  Rail- 
ro,ad.  leading  to  Knoxville.  and  forming  part  of  the  direct 
route  from  the  Eastern  States  to  those  of  the  South-west. 
Large  quantities  of  grain,  produced  in  the  adjacent  counties, 
are  re.-eived  here  and  forwarded  by  railroad.  Dalton  is  envi- 
roned by  mountains  of  considerable  height.  Pop.  alxiut  2000. 
DALTOX,  a  post-office  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi. 
DALTOX.  a  tliriving  po.st-village  of  Wayne  co..  Oliio.  near 
the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  about  100  miles  X.E. 
of  Columbus.  Lanre  coal  beds  are  found  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop  in  1860,  about  800. 

DALTON,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  about  60 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.    Pop.  789. 

DALTON-IX-FUK/XESS.  a  parish  of  England,  with  a 
market-town.  co..  and  IS  miles  W.X.W.  of  Lancaster.  Pop. 
2201.  mostly  engaged  in  Iron  mines  and  foundries,  and 
In  malting.  In  its  vicinity  are  the  splendid  ruins  of  Fur- 
ness  AbiKjy.  and  remains  of  a  castle  called  the  Peel  of 
Foundey.  erected  on  an  islet,  to  defend  the  harbor. 
DALTON-LF^DAT.E.  a  parish  of  Ejigland.  co.  of  Durham. 
DALTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

DALTON-ON-TEES,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding.  r  t,      -. 

DALTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

538 


BAM 

I  DALUPIRI.  d3-loo-pe-ree/(?)oneof  the  PhQippine  Islands, 
]  N.  of  Luzon.  Lat.  19°  15'  N.;  Ion.  121°  34'  E.  It  is  30  mUe» 
i  in  circumference. 

DALWOOD,  d.<ll'weS(5d.  a  hjimlet  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

DALZIEL.  d.VJl',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

D.\M,  (Den.)  the  name  by  which  Appingedam  is  known 
to  the  country  people  of  Frieshind.    See  Appingedam. 

D.AMAGHAX.  drmj-gin'.  a  fortified  town  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Khorassan,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  .\strahad.  Its  ruinous 
walls  are  about  2i  miles  in  circumference,  but  not  one-half 
of  the  space  within  them  is  occupied  by  buildings. 

DAMAK,  di'milk'.  a  town  of  Java.     See  Demak. 

D.\MAL.\,  dd/miUi.  a  village  of  Greece,  in  the  5Iorea.  de- 
partment of  Argolis.  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  .\rgo.s,  on  the  Gulf 
of  .ilgina.  It  was  the  seat  of  a  congress  duriug  the  Greek, 
revolution.    Near  it  are  the  remains  cf  the  ancient  Trc^zen. 

DAM  AX.  a  district  of  the  Punjab.    See  Damaum. 

DAMAXH(X)R  or  DAMAXIIOUR,  di'mdn-hoor',  (anc. 
Hermopfolis-Par'va,)  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Bahireh.  37  miles  E.S.E.  of  .4lexandri!i.  It  has 
cotton-spinning  and  woollen-weaving  Cictories,  in  which 
latter  are  woven  coarse  csipotes  for  the  army,  afterwards 
sent  to  Boolak  to  be  finished. 

DAMANHOUR  SIIO'BRA  or  CHOBRA,  a  village  on  the 
Nile.  5  miles  miles  X.  of  Cairo,  where  the  Egyptian  pasha 
has  a  summer  residence. 

DAMAR,  dd'mas',  or  DEMAR.  dem'aR',  a  town  of  Arabia, 
in  Yemen,  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sana,"  with  a  citadel,  a  college, 
and  ooOO  houses. 

DAJIARAX,  di'ml-rSn'.  an  island  of  the  Malav  Archi- 
pelago. E.  of  Palawan.  Lat.  10°  45'  N.;  Ion.  120°  5'  E.  It 
is  45  miles  in  circumference. 

DAMURISCOTTA.  (RrvER.)  of  Lincoln  co..  in  the  S.  part 
of  Maine,  may  be  considered  as  an  arm  of  the  sea.  It  is 
navigable  for  16  miles,  nearly  its  whole  length,  for  ships  of 
any  burden. 

D.\MARISCOTT.\,  a  township  in  Lincoln  co..  Maine,  on 
the  Damariscott.a  River,  about  44  miles  X.fi.  of  Portland. 
It  has  a  bank,  and  is  the  centre  of  extensive  ship-buildinj/ 
and  of  some  coast  trade.     Pop.  1366. 

DAMARISCOTTA  MILLS,  a  post-village  in  Lincoln  co.. 
Maine,  about  45  miles  X.E.  of  Poi-tland. 

DAMASCOVILLE.  Ohio.    See  D  vmasccs. 

DAMASCUS,  (anc.  DameA:  dd-mJsk';  Arab.  Sham-«l 
KelietT,  shim-JI-ke-beeR/.  t.  e.  "  Damascus  the  Great."  and 
Sliam-^!!*-Sliererf,  i.e.  '-Damascus  the  Holy."')  a  celebrated 
city  of  Asiatic  "rurkey.  in  Syria,  capital  of  a  pa.shalic  of  its 
own  name,  is  be^iutifully  situated  on  a  plain,  at  the  K.  base  of 
the  .\nti-Ijibanus  range,  about  180  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Aleppo; 
lat.  33°  27'  X.,  Ion.  36°  25'  E.  It  is  suppos(»d  to  be  the  most 
ancient  city  in  the  world.  It  is  6  miles  in  circumference,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  dilapidated  wall.  Its  appearance,  when 
it  first  opens  on  the  view,  has  been  spoken  of  by  all  travel- 
lers, in  all  ages,  in  the  most  rapturous  terras.  The  Arabs 
regJird  it  as  one  of  their  four  terrestrial  paradises.  It  is  said 
of  Mohammed,  that  when  be  lookeit  on  it.  he  exclaimed,  that 
as  man  could  have  bi'.t  one  paradise,  he  would  not  enter 
it.  lest  he  should  have  none  above.  Strabo  also  speaks  of  it 
in  the  most  eulogistic  te.'-ms;  and  Julian  calls  it  the  great 
and  sacred  Damascus,  surpjissing  every  city,  both  in  the 
beauty  of  its  temples  and  the  masmitude  of  its  shrines. 
Addison  describes  the  view  of  the  city  as  '•  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  prospects  in  the  world.""  Lamartine  speaks  of 
it  in  the  same  enthusiastic  langu.age;  and  Lord  Lindsay 
likens  it,  with  its  pituresque  minarets,  to  "  a  fleet  Killing 
through  a  sea  of  verdure."  The  plain  on  which  Dama.scus 
stands  is  of  great  extent  and  extraordinary  fertility,  covered 
with  the  most  beautiful  gardens  and  orc-liards.  irrigitted  by 
the  limpid  waters  of  the  Barrada.  forming  a  waving  grove, 
of  more  than  50  miles  in  circuit,  rich  in  the  most  luxuriant 
foliage  and  the  finest  fruits.  As.  however,  is  the  ca.se  in 
nearly  all  Eastern  cities,  the  interior  of  Dama.scus  by  no 
means  corresponds  with  the  exquisite  beauty  of  its  en- 
virons. The  streets  are  narrow,  and  have,  many  of  them,  a 
gloomy  and  dilapidated  appearance.  In  the  Armenian 
quarter,  the  hotises  are  built  with  mud.  and  pierced,  toward 
the  street,  by  a  very  few  small  grated  wind.iws.  with  red- 
painted  shutters.  They  are  low.  with  flat-arched  dooi-s.  re- 
semliling  those  of  stables,  while  a  dun'.'hill  and  pool  of 
putrid  water  almost  invari.ably  stand  before  each  door.  In 
many  of  them,  however,  a  singular  contrast  is  presented 
between  the  dull,  prison-like  outer  walls  of  gray  mud,  antt 
the  richness  within. 

The  best  and  wealthiest  part  of  the  city  is  what  is  called 
the  >Ioslem  quarter,  where  the  streets  are  wider  and  cleaner, 
and  the  houses  higher  and  better  built.  The  Christi.in  and 
Jewish  quarters  are  the  most  miserable.  Among  the  places 
most  worthy  of  notice  in  Damascus  are  the  bazaars,  which 

*  In  this  and  similar  cases,  the  article  el  is  chanced  in  sound 
to  m,  80  OS  to  corrospond  with  the  initial  letter  of  the  word  to 
whioh  it  is  prefixed:  accordingly,  SUAM-EL-SHEiSFKr  i»  to  1>« 
pronouncBd  and  may  be  written  .^/i'ihi-m-.S/ktm/.  When  Shax 
is  used  to  designate  the  country  »T  Syria,  the  article  is  nsuall> 
emploved.  «.  </.  El  Sham,  pronounced  tK-ithinn.  In  like  maiinet 
El-DAumkb  is  pronounced  and  may  b«  written  JEd-DahvKr. 


DAM 


DAM 


Bfe  merely  long  streets — the  prin  jipal  one  IJ  miles  in  lengrth 
— covered  in  with  hiatli  wood-work,  and  lined  with  shops, 
stalls,  miii;a/,ines,  and  cafes.  In  the  midst  of  the  hazaars 
standi  the  Great  Khan,  said  to  he  one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent .structures  of  tliis  kind  in  the  East,  It  is  an  immense 
cupola,  supported  on  granite  pillars,  and  huilt.  in  part,  of 
alternate  layers  of  black  and  white  marble.  Its  gate  is  one 
of  the  finest  specimens  of  Jloorish  architecture  to  be  seen  in 
the  world.  The  principal  mosque  is  also  a  fine  edifice,  and 
was  originally  a  (^liristian  cathedral.  There  are  three  Latin 
monasteries  iu  Damascus — those  of  the  Franciscans,  Capu- 
chins, and  La/.arists.  The  first  of  these  has  an  extensive 
library.  There  is  also  a  school  for  boys  attached  to  the  Fran- 
ciscan convent,  in  which  the  pupils  are  instructed  in  Arabic 
and  Itali.an.  The  prin.-ipal  Roman  Catholic  churches  form 
part  of  the  monastic  buildings;  there  are  besides,  a  number 
of  det:»ched  churches  belonging  to  different  sects  in  various 
parts  of  the  city.  Besides  the  more  remarkable  architec- 
tural objects  mentioned,  there  is  an  extensive  citadel,  also 
a  serai  or  palace,  in  which  the  pasha  resides.  The  house 
of  Judas,  to  which  Ananias  went,  is  still  pointed  out,  as 
well  as  that  of  Ananias  himself.  This  city  still  continues 
to  be  thoroughly  oriental  in  all  its  features  and  charac- 
teristics. No  wheeled  vehicles  of  any  kind  are  used,  nor 
are  there  glass  windows  to  any  of  the  houses. 

Damascus  is  the  chief  emporium  of  the  trade  in  European 
manufactures  with  Bagdad,  Bassorah, Persia, and  the  neigh- 
boring countries;  it  is  also  a  place  of  great  manuCicturing 
industry.  Traders  and  merchants  arrive  and  depart  with 
the  caravans  (o  and  from  Mecca  once  a  year :  to  and  from 
Bagdad,  Mesopotamia,  and  Persia  two  or  three  times  a 
year;  to  and  from  Aleppo  twice  a  month;  to  and  from  Bey- 
root  weekly.  It  is  one  of  the  holy  cities,  and  here  the  pil- 
grims assemble  on  their  journey  to,  and  separate  on  their 
return  from  Mecca.  The  business  classes  in  the  city  con- 
sist of  Mohammedan,  Cliristian,  and  Hebrew  merchants. 
The  traders  are  the  retailers  of  British  goods ;  and  also  the 
shopkeepers,  grocers,  and  druggists.  There  are  also  a  num- 
ber of  manufacturers  of  silk,  damasks,  cotton,  and  other 
fobrics;  the  looms  for  working  which  amount  to  4000.  There 
are.  besides,  numerous  cotton  printing  and  dyeing  establish- 
ments, tobacco  factorips,  copper  and  iron  foundrie.s,  glag-s- 
worUs,  soaperies,  Ac.  The  manufacture  of  Damascus  Ijlades, 
for  which  the  city  was  once  so  celebrated,  no  longer  exists: 
but  saddles  and  bridles,  rich  and  highly  finished,  fine  cabi- 
net work,  and  eleijant  jewelry,  are  largely  produced.  Until 
a  very  recent  period,  no  Christian  could  walk  the  streets  of 
the  city  without  incurring  the  risk  of  being  insultetl.  and 
probably  maltreated.  This  intense  hatred  of  the  Frank, 
however,  is  now  considerably  abated ;  although  an  obtrusive 
disj)lay  on  the  streets  of  nationality  in  costume,  might  still 
be  attLMided  with  unpleasant  consequences. 

Of  the  origin  of  Damascus  nothing  certain  Is  known.  The 
building  of  it  has  been  ascribed  Ixith  to  Abraham  and  to 
his  steward,  Eliezer.  There  is,  however,  abundant  evidence 
of  its  great  antiquity,  being  mentioned  in  Gen.  xiv.  15,  as 
existing  1913  years  B.  c,  and  appearing  even  then  to  have 
been  a  place  of  note.  At  subsequent  periods,  it  fell  suc- 
cessively under  the  power  of  the  Persians.  Greeks,  and  Ro- 
mans, attaining  great  eminence  under  the  last.  In  1516.  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Turks,  who  retained  it  till  1832, 
when  it  was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha,  but  reverted  again  to 
the  Turks,  when  the  Pa.sha  of  Egypt  was  compelled  to  eva- 
cuate Syria.  It  is  the  native  place  of  the  geographer  and 
historian  Abulfeda.  Beyroot,  distant  about  68  miles  X.W.. 
is  the  seaport  of  Damascus.     Pop.  112,000,  of  whom  alxiut 

12,000  are  Christians,  and  5000  Jews. Adj.  and  Inhab., 

Damascene.  damV-.seen';  Arab.  Siiamee.  Bh,i/mee\ 

D.iMASCUS.  the  largest  pa.'shalic  of  Syria,  comprising  all 
that  country  between  Lebanon  and  the  Euphrates;  lat. 
from  31°  to  3PP  N.,  Ion.  fi-om  35°  to  41=  E.,  having  N.  the 
pashalics  of  Aleppo  and  Diarbekir;  W.  those  of  Tripoli,  Acre, 
and  (Jaza;  and  E.  and  .S.  the  Arabian  Desert.  Chief  cities, 
Damaiseus.  Ilnms.  Hamah.  and  Jerusalem :  here  also  are  the 
remains  of  Palmyra,  and  other  cities  celebrated  in  ancient 
and  sacred  history.  The  pashalic  is  divided  into  20  districts 
or  governorships,  has  8  cities  and  1522  villages,  and  a  popu- 
lation of  526.812,  exclusive  of  Bedouins, 

DAMAS'CUS,  a  thriving  post^village  and  township  of 
W.ayne  co..  Pennsylvania,  is  finely  situated  on  the  Delaware 
River,  and  on  the  Erie  Railroad.  178  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarris- 
burg.  opposite  the  village  of  Cochecton.  A  bridge,  550  feet 
long,  crosses  the  river  at  this  place.  The  village  contains  an 
academy  and  .several  mills.    Pop.  2395. 

D.\M.\SCUS,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Maryland, 
70  miles  X.W.  of  .4nnapolis. 

D.A..M.\SCUS,  a  post-village  in  Spartanburg  district.  South 
Carolina,  about  75  miles  X.W.  of  Columbia. 

DAMASCU.S,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co..  Ohio,  160 
miles  X.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  on  the  line  between  this  county 
and  Mahoning.    The  name  of  the  post^ofRce  is  Damascoville. 

IJ.^IMASCUS,  a  postfVillage  and  township  of  Henry  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Maumee  River,  and  on  the  ^Vabasb  and  Erie 
Canal.  135  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  of  the  town 
ship.  781. 


DAM'AUN'  or  D.A.M,\?f ,  dS'm3n',  a  seaport  town  of  Hindrv 
.stan.  pi-ovince  of  Guzerat,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  Caui^ 
bay,  100  miles  N.  of  Bombay.  Lat.  20°  25'  N. ;  Ion.  72"^  58'  E. 
It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese,  who  conquered  it  in  1531,  abd 
have  kept  possession  of  it  ever  since.  The  town  has  a  ore- 
possessing  appearance  from  the  sea,  the  houses  being  gene- 
rally whitened,  but  the  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty.  It  has 
several  churches  and  convents.  The  commerce  of  the  jilace 
is  rapidly  declining;  but  ship-building  is  still  carjied  on  to 
a  considerable  extent,  timber  being  obtained  from  the  adjoin- 
ing teak  forests.     Pop.  about  6000. 

DAMAUX  or  D.\MAX,  a  district  formerly  in  Afghanistan 
now  included  within  the  territory  of  the  Punjal'.  conipre 
bending  the  tract  of  country  between  the  Salt  range  on  the 
X.,  the  Sooliman  Mountains  on  the  W..  the  Indus  on  the 
E.,  and  Sungur,  in  Upper  Sinde,  on  the  S, ;  extending  about 
220  miles  from  X.  to  S..  by  an  average  breadth  of  60  niiles. 

D.\^1AZ.\N,  di^md'zSxo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonno.  11  miles  X.X.W.  of  X6rac.     Pop.  1680. 

D.\MBACI1,  dim^bdk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bas-Rliin,  4  miles  X.  of  Schelestadt.  Pop.  in  1852,  3539. 
X'ear  it  are  mines  of  iron  and  manganese. 

DAMBAKAXEH,  ddm-bd-kd'neh,  a  village  of  "Western 
Africa,  on  the  Senegal,  in  the  Damga  country.  Lat.  15°  y 
N.:  Ion.  13°  30'  W. 

DAMBKA,  a  lake  of  Abyssinia.    See  Dembea. 

DAM'BELIXG,  LAKE,  a  large  salt-water  lake  of  Western 
Australia,  al)Out  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  Beverly.  It  is  the 
largest  of  several  lakes  in  this  territorj-,  aliout  15  mile* 
long,  by  7  or  8  miles  broad,  shallow,  with  many  low  islands 
of  various  and  lieautiful  form. 

DAM'BOOiy,  or  DAMBO'LO,  a  village  in  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon. 45  miles  X.W.  of  Kandy,  and  70  miles  X.E.  of  Colombo. 
It  lies  at  the  junction  of  four  lines  of  road,  and  has  a  com- 
modious rest-house,  and  carries  on  some  little  traffic.  It 
receives  its  name  from  a  large  mass  of  rock,  situated  aliout 
a  mile  from  the  village,  and  named  Damboollagalla,  which 
rises  atout  550  feet  above  the  level  of  the  surrounding 
plain.  On  the  S.  side  of  the  rock,  about  100  feet  from  the 
summit,  are  five  remarkable  cave-temples,  devoted  to  the 
worship  of  Boodha,  partly  natural  and  partly  artificial. 
In  one  is  a  long  and  int.eresting  inscription,  throwing  con- 
siderable light  on  the  state  of  the  government  of  Ceylon  in 
the  twelfth  century.  In  another  there  is  a  colossal  statue 
of  Boodha  hewn  out  of  the  rock;  and  similar  figures,  though 
smaller,  are  in  some  of  the  other  raves.  In  all  of  them 
there  are  numerous  carvings  and  images.  These  caves,  a 
hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era,  .served  as  a  place  of 
refuge  from  the  invading  Malaliars.  to  the  Ceylonose  mo- 
narch Walagamb,ihu.  who,  in  gratitude  for  the  protection 
thus  received,  ordered  them  to  be  enlarged,  placed  in  them 
images  of  Boodha,  appointed  priests  to  take  charge  of  them, 
and  dedicated  certain  lands  for  their  support.  Notwith- 
standing all  the  changes  that  have  taken  pl.ace  since  that 
period,  the  priests  of  Boodha  still  take  charge  of,  and  offi- 
ciate at  the  cave-temples  of  Damb(X)l. 

DAMBORSCHITZ.dflm'bor-shits^orDAMBORITZ.dam'bo. 
rits\  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Brtinn.  P.  1617. 

D.\M  KR.  a  town  of  Nubia.     See  Ed-Dahmer. 

DAM'KRHAM.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

D.4MERY.  dd'meh-ree',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Marne.  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Epemay,  near  the  right  bank  of 
the  Marne.     Pop.  1770. 

DAMGARTEX.  ddmVaR/ten.  a  fortified  town  of  Prussia, 
in  Pomerania.  25  miles  W.  of  Stralsund.     Pop.  1411. 

D.\MGH.\X,  dim'^ghln',  a  town  of  Persia,  i  Khoras.san, 
capital  of  district  of  the  same  name.  50  miles  S.  of  Astra- 
bad.  It  is  now  in  a  state  of  utter  ruin  and  decay,  not  a 
quarter  of  the  space  within  its  walls  being  occupied  by 
habitable  buildings. 

DAMIETTA,  dam-e-St/ta.  (Arab.  Damiat,  dd-me-dt';  anc. 
Tamia'tliis.)  a  town  and  river  port  of  Lower  Egypt,  on 
the  right  b.ank  of  the  East  Branch  of  the  Xile,  on  its 
delta,  8  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Mediterranean.  Lat. 
.31°  25'  N..  Ion.  31°  49°  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  28.000.  It 
is  in  general  meanly  built,  but  it  has  some  good  mosques, 
houses,  and  marble  baths,  a  school  for  infantry  officers, 
and  a  cotton-spinning  factory.  Its  harbor  is  bad.  and  its 
commerce  having  become  mostly  monopolized  by  Alex- 
andria, it  has  now  little  more  than  a  coasting  trade  with  the 
ports  of  Syria,  &c.,  in  dried  fish  and  agricultural  produce. 
The  ancient  town  of  Damietta  (Tamiathis)  stood  about  5 
miles  nearer  the  sea.  or  farther  N.  It  was  considered  the 
bulwark  of  Egypt,  on  this  side,  in  the  time  of  the  Crusaders ; 
and  its  capture  was  always  looked  upon  as  the  most  impoi-- 
tant  oVject  in  their  expeditions  against  that  country.  The 
danger  to  which  it  was  exposed,  however,  from  its  position 
on  the  shores,  induced  the  Egyptian  caliphs  to  change  its 
position,  and  to  remove  it  to  where  the  modern  town  now 
stands,  abovit  the  year  1251.  The  present  town  contains 
many  anticjue  columns  and  blocks,  supposed  to  have  been 
brought  from  the  old  city.  It  was  taken  by  the  Pasha  of 
Egypt  in  1S33. 

DAMM,  d3mm,  or  DAMME,  ddm'meh,  a  fortified  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Pomerania,  government  of,  and  5  miles 

639 


J 


DAM 

B  S.E.  Stettin,  on  the  railway  to  Starjrard.  at  the  mouth  of 
the  PIbne,  in  the  Dammsche-See.    Pop.  2890. 

DAMM,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  I«wer  Franeonia,  on  the 
Aschaff.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.    Pop.  1009. 

DAMMA,  dirn'mi.  a  small  island  of  the  Molucca  group, 
Malay  Archipelago,  N.E.  of  Timor,  lat  7°  5'  S.,  Ion.  12s° 
30'  K.  It  yields  a  considerable  quantity  of  sulphur,  and 
has  some  good  anchorages. 

DAMMARIE,  dim'ml^ree',  thenameof  several  villages  in 
the  central  departments  of  France;  the  principal  in  Eure- 
et-Lnir.  S  miles  S.  of  Chartres.    Pop.  1131. 

DAMMAKTIX,  dlm'maRHise',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Marne,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Meaux.  Pop. 
18-27.  .Several  villages,  in  the  departments  of  Doubs,  Jura, 
Haute-Marne.  &c..  have  the  same  name. 

DAMME,  ddmm,  or  ddm'mfh,  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flandei-s,  i  miles  K.E.of  Bruges,  on  a  ca- 
nal.    Pop.  800. 

DAMME,  dim'meh,  a  village  of  Xorthem  Germany,  duchy, 
and  43  miles  S.  of  Oldenburg,  with  an  extensive  cattle  market. 

DAM.ME,  dJm'meh.  an  island  in  the  M.ilay  Archipelago, 
Banda  Sea.  between  Ceram  and  Timor,  lat.  7°  10'  S.,  Ion. 
128°  40'  E.  ■  about  12  miles  square.  It  is  very  mountain- 
ous, and  has  a  lofty  active  volcano  in  its  X.E.  part,  where 
there  are  also  hot  springs. 

DAM'MEK,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the 
S.  extremitv  of  Gilolo,  in  lat.  1°  S..  Ion.  128°  10'  E. 

DAMMERSELLEN.     See  Dagmersellex. 

DAMMGARTEN.    See  Damg.a.rte.\. 

DAMM.  LAKE  OF.    See  Dammsche-see. 

DA:MMSCIII'>SEE,  d3mm'sheh-s.V,  or  DAMMISCHE-SEE, 
dani'me-sheh-.s4.  a  lake  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pomerania,  go- 
vernment of  Stettin,  formed  by  the  Oder  near  its  mouth. 
Length.  10  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  2  miles.  It  is  navigable 
in  all  its  extent. 

DAMOO.  di'moo',  a  town  of  Thibet,  40  miles  N.N.E.of  the 
Niti  Pass :  lat.  31°  26'  N.,  Ion.  79°  53'  E. 

DAM  PIER,  dam'peer,  an  island  on  the  X.  coast  of  Papua, 
or  New  Guinea,  in  lat.  4°  40'  S.,  Ion.  14o°  oC  E. 

DAM  PIER  ARCHIPELAGO,  is  off  the  X.W.  coast  of 
Austr.alia.  in  lat.  21°  S.,  Ion.  from  116°  to  117°  E.,  and  com- 
prises Enderby,  Lewis,  Rosemary,  Legendre,  Depuch,  and 
many  smaller  islands.  Dampier  Strait,  between  the  islands 
of  Waigeoo  and  Papua,  is  about  70  miles  long,  and  35  miles 
broad. 

DAMPIERRE,  dSM'pe-alR',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Doubs,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Dole.     Pop.  691. 

DAMPIERRE.  SUR  SALOX,  d5M'pe-aiR/,  sUr  san6xo'.  a 
market-town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Saone,  on  the 
Salon,  9  miles  X.K.  of  Gray.  Pop.  1422.  Dampiebre  the 
name  of  several  villages  in  Central  and  Western  France. 

D.\MPOOR,  dam^poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal.  38  miles  X.W.  Moradiibad. 

DAM'S.*,  a  beautiful  islet  of  the  Orkneys,  in  the  Bay.  and 
forming  part  of  the  parish  of  Firth.     Circuit  alx)ut  1  mile. 

DAMUGGOO,  d3-mtlg-goo'.  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Guinea,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Niger;  lat,  7°  N.,  Ion.  7°  50'  E.  It  is 
large  and  populous,  but  extremely  dirty. 

DAMA'ILLK.  dfiM^veel',  a  Village  of  France,  department 
of  Eure,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Evreux.     Pop.  804. 

DAMVILLERS,  dftMVeeVA/,  a  vill.age  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  13  miles  S.  "of  Montmedy.    Pop.  1075. 

DAN,  a  city  of  antiquity  in  Palestine,  at  the  X.  extremity 
of  the  '•  Promised  Land."  The  site  of  Dan  has  been  fixed  by 
Robinson  at  the  Tell-el-Kady.  3  miles  W.X.W.  of  Banias. 

©AXA,  di'ni.  a  village  of  Xorthern  Syria,  pashalic,  and 
20  miles  W.  of  Aleppo,  with  many  rem.iins  of  antiquity. 

DAXA,  d.i'na,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  P5  miles  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  876. 

DAXAKTL.    SeeDoKAU. 

DAXAPRIS.     See  Dmkper. 

DAXASTRIS.    See  Dniester. 

DAXAW.    See  Danube. 

DAX'BOROUGH  or  DAXn'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks 
CO.,  Pennsylvani.a,  4  miles  X.  of  Dovlestown. 

DAX'BURG.  a  post-village  of  Wilkes  co.,  Georgia,  about  65 
miles  X.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

D.\XBURY,  dan'ber-e.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
It  has  an  ancient  Danish  camp,  whence  its  name. 

D.^NBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grafton  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Xorthem  Railroad,  39  miles  X.W. 
of  C-mcord.    Pop.  947. 

DAXBL'RY,  a  i>o8t-town  and  semi-capital  of  Fairfield  co., 
Connecticut,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Danbury  and  Norwalk 
Railroad,  LS  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bridgeport.  It  is  a  pleasant 
borough,  continuing,  besides  the  county  b>iildings,9  churches, 
2  banks,  1  savings  institution,  2  printing  otlices,  and  about 
"*4  manufactories  of  hats ;  2  weekly  newspapers  are  pul>- 
lished  here.  The  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  chiefly  di- 
*«cted  to  the  manufacture  of  hats.  Population  of  the  bor- 
ough about  5000.  Still  River,  a  branch  of  the  Uousa- 
tonic,  passes  tlirough  the  town,  and  affords  good  water- 
power.  Inorponited  In  1690.  In  1777  it  waa  burned 
by  the  British,  on  which  occasion  Qeneral  Wooster.  the 
&40 


DAN 

American  commander,  was  killed.  An  appropriate  monu- 
ment has  been  recently  erected  to  his  memory  by  the  citi- 
zens of  the  place.    Pop.  of  township,  7234. 

DAX'BURY,  a  post-village,  c;ipitjil  of  Stokes  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  ;ibout  IIJ  miles  W.X.W.  of  Rjvleigh. 

DAXBURY,  a  tow^nship  of  Ottowa  co.,  Ohio,  occupying  the 
N.E.  part  of  the  peninsula  formed  liy  Sandusky  Bay.  Pop.  901. 

DAX'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

DAXBY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rutland  co.,Ver- 
mont,  on  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  70  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Monti)elier.    Pop.  1419. 

DAXBY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tompkins  co^ 
New  York,  on  the  Cayuga  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  7 
miles  S.  of  Ithaca.    Pop.  2261. 

DAXBY,  a  i)ost-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Ionia  CO.,  Michigsm.     Pop.  717. 

DAX  BY,  a  post-office  of  Dupage  co.,  Illinois. 

DAXBY  FOUR  C0RXER3,  a  post-office  of  Rutland  co., 
Vermont. 

DAXBY  WmSKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y^ork, 
North  Riding, 

DAX'CYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee, 
190  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville,  has  2  or  3  stores,  and  about 
100  inhabitants. 

DAXDA,  d^n'da.  or  DAXDE,  diu'd^h,  a  river  of  South- 
western Africa,  bounds  the  state  of  Angola  on  the  X.,  enters 
the  Atlantic  tiO  miles  X.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Coanza.  after 
a  northern  course  estimated  at  200  miles.  Daude  is  a  village 
near  its  mouth. 

DAN'D RIDGE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Jellerson 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  French  IJroad  River,  at  the  head  of  steam 
navigation,  and  30  miles  E.  of  Knoxville.  It  hiis  aa  active 
trade,  and  contains  an  academy  for  both  sexes. 

DANE  or  Diint.     Sie  Dexmark. 

DAXE,  a  county  In  the  S.  central  part  of  Wisconfin.  con- 
tains 1235  sijuare  miles.  The  Wisconsin  River  forms  a  jMirt 
of  its  X.W.  boundary:  it  is  also  drained  by  the  Sug-.ir  and 
Catfish  Rivers.  The  latter  is  the  outlet  of  the  Four  Lakes, 
which  lie  in  a  row  ne-ar  the  centre  of  the  county,  and  are 
connected  by  short  outlet*.  The  largest  of  these  lakes  is 
six  miles  in  length.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  of 
moderate  height  and  gentle  ascent.  The  soil  is  mostly  cal- 
caivous  and  fertile.  Prairies  and  oak  openings  occupy  ne.Hrly 
the  whole  area  of  the  county.  In  the  W.  part  is  an  emi- 
nence called  the  Blue  Mound,  which  is  about  1000  feet 
high.  The  streams  afford  valualile  water-power.  It  is  inter- 
sected bv  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi  Railroad.  Organ- 
ized in  1839.    Capitol,  Madison.    Pop.  4.3,922. 

DAXE.  a  post-towusliip  in  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  15 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison.     Pop,  952. 

DAXEMARK,  (Diinemark.)    See  Desjiark. 

D.\XEMORA.  dd-ne-mo'ri.  a  village  of  Sweden.  24  miles 
X.X.E.  of  Upsala,  celebrated  for  the  iron  mines  in  its  vicinity, 
which  have  Ijeen  worked  without  interruption  fn>m  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  produce  the  finest  iron  in  the  world. 

DAXEMOR.V.  Xew  York.     See  Dan-nemora. 

DAXEMORA.  a  vilLage  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about  110  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Columbus. 

DAXGEAU.  dfiN'^zho',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir.  9  miles  X.  of  Chateaudun.    Pop.  1600. 

DAXGER  (dain'jer)  ISLAXD.  of  Chagos  Arcliipelaso.  on 
the  W.  edge  of  the'  Great  Chagos  Bank;  lat.  0°  23'  S.,  Ion. 
71°  18'  30"  E. 

DAX'GERFIELD  or  DAIX'GERFIELD,  a  thriving  post- 
village  of  Titus  CO..  Textjs,  about  320  miles  X.E.  of  .\ustin 
City.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  rich  farming  region, 
and  h.is  a  large  boiirding  school  for  girls,  and  a  college. 
Pop.  in  1853,  about  350. 

DAXGER.  ISLES  OF.  a  small  group  in  the  Pacific.  Lat 
11°  S.,  Ion.  166°  W. 

DANGEROUS  ARCHIPELAGO,  a  group  of  Islands  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  In  lat.  21°  S.,  ion.  140°  W.,  nearly  identical 
with  the  Low  Archipelago. 

DAN'GER  RIVER.  (Danger  is  a  corruption  of  D' Angra 
or  Kio  cCAngra,  i.e.  the  "River  of  the  Bay.")  a  river  of 
Western  Africa,  which  falls  into  the  Bight  of  Biafra,  forming 
a  considerable  bav  at  it.s  ninuth.  in  lat.  1°  N. 

DAXHOLM,  djn'holm,  formerly  STRALE,  strdlA,  a  small 
island  in  the  Baltic,  in  the  narrow  strait  between  Rugen 
and  the  mainland. 

DAN  IE.    See  Daent. 

D.\X'IEL.  PORT,  a  bay  of  Canada  East  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  district  of  Ga.spe  near  the  entrance  of  Chaleur  Bay. 

DANIELS'  MILLS,  a  post-office  Person  co..  North  Carolina. 

DAXIELSONVILLE.    See  West  Kiluxglt. 

D.\N'1ELSV1LLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Spottsylvania  CO.,  Vir- 
ginia, 90  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

DANIELSVILLE.  a  po.st-village  of  Madison  co.,  Georgia, 
87  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail, 
a  church,  and  2  stores. 

DAXIELSA'ILLK,  a  post-office  of  Dickson  co..  Tennessee 

DAN'IELTOX,  a  pos^office  of  Beiiuforf  district,  S<-uth  Ca- 
rolina. 

D.INILISn.*.,  dj-ne-lee'shi,  a  populous  village  of  Russia, 
government  of  Perm,  of  which  city  it  is  a  suburb. 


DASr 


DAN 


DANILOV  or  DANILOW,  dJ-ne-lor',  a  town  of  Russia,  po- 
verument,  and  40  miles  X.N.K.  of  Yaroslav,  on  the  Pelenda. 
Pop.  1TC4.  It  is  surrounded  by  collieries,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  Ciindles.  and  dye-works. 

D.VMLtJVKTSCIlI,  dd-ne-lo-v6tch'ee,  a  market-town  of 
Bu.ssia.  frovernment.  and  80  miles  N.  of  Minsk.     Pop.  1200. 

DAM.SC1IK-VVALD,  (Danische-Wald,)  dil/nish-gh-ftillt/,  a 
country  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick,  between  the  Uulfs  of  Kck- 
enfiorde  and  Kiel. 

DAXlSff  or  DANISCH,  fWnisch.)    See  Denmark. 

DANKALI,  dSn^ka-lee/,  or  DANAKIL,  d^-ni^eer  or  dl- 
nS'kil,  formerly  a  province  of  Abyssinia,  now  an  independ- 
ent state,  bounded  N.E.  by  the"  Red  Sea.  and  S.W.  by  a 
raniie  cif  mountains  running  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  and 
formin;^  a  frontier  line  towards  Ti^re  and  the  Galla  country. 
It  is  about  ii.50  miles  in  length,  by  al)Out  5(j  in  width,  at  the 
broadest  part,  and  extends  from  about  lat.  13°  to  15°  30'  X. 
It  is  in  general  low,  sandy,  dry,  and  unproductive,  although 
said  to  have  been  formerly  a  rich  country.  The  heat  is 
often  excessive,  the  thermometer  rising  frequently  to  110°. 
In  the  dry  season  it  is  almost  destitute  of  water.  Its  popu- 
lation is  composed  of  various  Arab  tribes,  known  under  the 
geneial  name  of  Dankali,  or  Danakils.  and  de.scribed  by  all 
travellers  as  being  an  unprincipled  and  ferocious  race,  and 
the  rao.«t  treacherous  and  cruel  of  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Africa.     I'op.  estimated  at  70,000. 

DA.NKAKA,  d4n'kil"rl\  or  DIXKIRA,  din^kS-rdN  a  town 
of  Western  Africa,  in  Upper  Guinea,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  Gold  Coast,  47  miles  W.  of  Coomassie. 
The  kingdom  is  tributary  to  Ashantee,  and  contains  rich 
gold  mines. 

DANKOV  or  DAXKOW,  dln-kov',  (written  also  DOX- 
K0\''.)  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  90  miles  S.  of 
Riazan.  on  the  Don.    Pop.  2.5U0.     It  is  mostly  built  of  wood. 

DAXMARK.    See  Denmark. 

DAX^NAIKKNCOTTA,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the 
presidency  of  JIadras,  32  miles  N.  of  Coimbatoor. 

DANXKM.A.RIE,  ddnn'miVee',  a  market  town  of  France, 
department  of  the  Haut-Rhin,  and  12  miles  K.  of  Belfort,  on 
the  Canal  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine.    Pop.  1214. 

DAXNKMOllA.  a  town  of  Sweden.    See  Da.nemora. 

D.\XNEMO'RA,  a  post-village  in  Reekman  township,  Clin- 
ton CO.,  Xew  York,  150  miles  X.  of  Albany.     Pop.  about  100. 

DAX.XKXBBKG,  ddn'nen-bSao\  a  witUed  town  of  Uanf>- 
ver.  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Luiieburg,  on  the  Jeetze.    Pop.  1600. 

DAA'O/S.    See  Denmark. 

DAX  KIVKR.  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  rises  in 
Patrick  co.,  Virginia,  and  tiowing  first  S.E.,  then  E..  it  cros.ses 
the  boundary  of  the  two  states  no  less  than  five  times ;  and, 
after  a  cour.se  of  about  200  miles,  it  unites  with  the  Staunton 
or  Roanoke,  at  Clarksville,  in  Mecklenburg  county.  Virginia. 
It  is  navigable  by  batteaus  to  Danville.  Virginia,  which  is  the 
principal  town  on  its  tanks.  The  water-power  at  Danville 
is  very  aliundant,  but  is  as  yet  little  used. 

DAN'S  FORK,  Jlissouri.    See  Rlack  RrvEK. 

DAKSK.    See  Denmark. 

DAXS'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-vill.age  of  Livingston  co., 
New  York,  on  Canaseraga  Creek,  about  40  miles  S.  of  Ro- 
chester. It  contains  6  cnurches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper-offi- 
ces, a  seminary,  and  a  water-euro.  The  falls  of  the  creek 
at  this  place  furnish  valuable  water-power,  which  is  em- 
ployed in  mills  and  factories  of  several  kinds.  Dansville  is 
connected  with  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  by  a  branch  canal 
about  10  miles  long.    Pop.  about  3300. 

DANSVILLE,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York. 
Pop.  21 S7. 

DAXT'ZIC,  or  DAN'TZICK,  (Ger.  D,tmiff,dlLnt'siG;  Polish, 
Gdansk; gddnsk ;  Fr. Danlzick; ddNt'zeek' ;  L. Dantis'cum ,) a 
fortified  city  and  seaport  of  West  Prussia,  capital  of  an  exten- 
Bive  government  of  its  own  name  is  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  theVistula,;)!/^  miles  from  its  outlet  at  Weich8elmunde,and 
here  joined  by  the  Mottlau  and  Randanne,which  traverse  the 
city.  Lat.  (of  parish  church)  54°  21'  4"  N.,  Ion.  18°  39'  34"  E, 
Pop.  in  1S61,  72,280,  besides  10,4.'^5  soldiers.  The  mean 
temperature  of  the  year  is  45°  6';  winter,  30°;  summer,  61°  y' 
Fahrenheit.  It  is  nearly  of  a  circular  form,  and  ranks  as  a 
fortress  of  the  first  class,  being  both  surrounded  by  walls 
and  bastions,  defended  by  a  citadel  .and  several  outworks, 
and  provided  with  the  means  of  laying  a  considerable  part 
of  the  surrounding  country  under  water.  It  is  entered  by 
four  gates,  has  nine  suburbs,  and  is  divided  into  five  parts — 
the  Old,  New,  and  Low  Town,  the  Speieher,  (granaries.)  an 
Island,  and  Langgarten.  The  last  is  the  more  modern  part  of 
the  town,  and  is  both  regularly  and  well  built.  In  the  other 
parts  the  houses  are  generally  old  and  indilferent.  and  the 
streets  narrow  and  winding.  The  principal  public  edifices  are 
I  cathi.'dral.  finished  in  1503;  numerous  Lutheran  and  Roman 
Catholic  churches  and  chapels,  2  synagogues,  an  English 
church,  several  monasteries  and  nunneries,  a  gymnasium, 
a  i-oyal  school  of  navigation,  schools  of  commerce,  arts,  and 
trade,  a  public  library  with  30.000  volumes ;  an  observatory,  a 
museum,  society  of  natural  history,  an  orphan  asylum,  house 
of  industry,  and  several  hospitals,  2  towh-halls.  an  arsenal, 
dnd  an  exchange.  Vessels  drawing  8  or  9  feet  of  water  can 
reach  the  city ;   others  lie  in  the  Neufiihrwasser,  at  the  I 


mouth  of  the  river,  or  in  the  roads,  which  afford  good  an- 
chorage for  vessels  of  any  burden.  Its  principal  mauufac 
tures  are  fire-arms,  tobacco,  silks,  vitriol,  and  jewellery ; 
and  it  has  numerous  distilleries,  breweries,  flour  mills,  dye- 
works,  and  sugar  refineries.  The  principal  exports  aru 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  pease,  flour,  linseed,  rape,  bi.scuit.s, 
provisions,  ashes,  zinc,  bones,  timber,  staves,  flax,  hemp, 
linens,  spirits,  black  beer,  and  wool.  The  imports  comprise 
woollen  and  silken  stuffs,  and  other  nianuflictured  goods, 
colonial  products,  dyes,  wine,  oil,  spice,  fruit,  salt,  and  furs. 
Among  its  exports,  in  1S52,  were  comprised  20.495  cjuartera 
of  wheat,  1250  of  barley,  21,900  of  rye,  and  4470  of  peas. 
The  tot;il  annual  exports  are  valued  at  900,000^,  and  the  im- 
ports at  300,000i. 

The  proper  port  of  Dantzic  is  Neufahrwasser,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Vistula,  the  numtjer  of  sandbanks  which  encumber 
the  river  iumiediately  above  seriously  obstructing  the  navi- 
gation. Xow,  however,  by  means  of  a  canal  about  150  feet 
wide  by  15  feet  deep,  the  worst  of  the  obstructions  are 
avoided,  and  vessels  of  large  size  come  up  close  to  the  town. 
The  corn  granaries,  with  warehouses  for  linens,  ashes,  hemp, 
lie,  are  all  .situated  on  a  small  island  fijrnied  by  the  Muttlau. 

The  history  of  Dantzic  reaches  back  to  the  times  of  histo- 
rical obscurity.  As  early  as  970.  there  was  a  town  here. 
In  1271,  it  was  taken  by  Mestwin,  and  in  1294  liy  the  Poles 
It  was  occupied  by  the  Teutonic  knights  from  1310  till  1454. 
when  it  liecame  independent  under  the  protection  of  Poland, 
and  was  for  a  long  period  a  principal  member  of  the  Hanse- 
atic  Le.ague.  Dantzic  was  assigned  to  Prussia  at  the  second 
partition  of  Poland.  It  capitulated  to  the  French  in  1S07. 
."'ince  1815,  its  fortifications  have  been  greatly  extended  and 
improved,  but  its  commerce  has  never  regained  its  former 

prosperity.     It  is  the  birth-place  of  Fahrenheit. Inluib. 

Dant'zicker. 

DANTZIC,  GULF  OF.  in  Ea.=t  and  We.st  Prussia,  is  an 
inlet  of  the  Baltic,  06  miles  in  breadth  at  its  entrance.  It  is 
separated  from  the  Fri.sche  Ilaff  by  the  Fri.sche  Nehrung.  a 
long  narrow  tongue  of  land  on  the  S.E.  On  it  are  the  towns 
of  Pillau.  Putzig.  and  llela. 

DAXTZICK.    See  Dantzic. 

DAN/UBK  or  DAN'AW,  (anc.  Danu/biui  and  Uter ;  Get. 
Drmau,  d^ndw;  Ilun.  JJuna,  doo'nOh,)  a  celebrated  river  of 
Europe,  originates  in  two  small  streams,  the  Brege  and  the 
Brigach,  rising  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  Schwarzwald, 
in  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  at  an  elevation  of  285U  feet 
above  the  sea  level,  about  lat.  48°  3'  X\;  Ion.  8°  12'  E.;  and 
uniting  at  Donaueschingen.  Its  general  course  is  from  W. 
to  K.,  falling  into  the  Black  Sea  by  four  different  outlets, 
called  respectively  the  Kilia,  Stjimbool,  Sulineh.  and  the 
Edrillisor  St.  George's  Mouths.  The  Sulineh  mouth  or  chan- 
nel, the  deepest,  is  in  lat.  45°  9'  18"  N.;  Ion.  '29°  40'  30"  E. 
The  extent  of  the  basin  of  the  Danube  is  estimated  at  209,189 
miles,  the  direct  distance,  from  source  to  mouth,  upwards  of 
1000  miles,  and  its  developments,  including  windings,  are 
2423  miles.  From  its  source  the  Danul)e  flows  N  Ji.  to  Ra- 
tislion,  in  Bavaria,  lat.  49°  1'  X.;  Ion,  12°  5'  62"  E.;  when  it 
takes  a  S.E.  by  S.  direction,  to  Waitzen,  in  Hungary,  lat.  47°  30' 
X..  previously  passing  Aienna  and  Presburg.  At  Waitzen  it 
suddenly  bends  round,  and  flows  nearly  due  S.  to  the  point 
where  it  is  joined  by  the  Drave,  near  Eszek,  in  Slavonia; 
thence  it  runs  S.S.E.  to  Belgrade,  on  the  northern  confines 
of  the  Turkish  province  of  Servia,  of  which  it  subsequently 
forms  the  Ixjundary,  continuing  its  general  eastern  course, 
to  the  point  where  it  is  joined  by  the  small  river,  Bereska, 
lat.  44°  28'  N.,  it  abruptly  turns  to  the  X.E.,  and  continues 
in  this  direction  to  Orsova,  a  distance  of  about  25  miles, 
when,  by  suddenly  taking  a  S.E.  course,  it  fairly  enters  the 
Turkish  European  provinces,  forming  the  boundai'y  lino 
between  Wallachia  and  Bulgaria.  At  Rassova,  on  the  S.E. 
extremity  of  the  former  province,  it  t;»kes  a  direction  nearly 
due  X.  to  Galatz,  when  it  bends  round  to  the  S.E.,  and.  after 
a  farther  course  of  about  80  miles,  falls  into  the  Black  Se.a. 

The  great  basin  of  the  Danube  has  been  divided  into 
four  minor  basins.  The  first  consists  of  a  vast  plateau  of  a 
pentagonal  form,  1640  feet  above  sea  level,  150  miles  in 
length,  and  125  miles  broad,  surrounded  by  mountains,  and 
comprising  a  portion  of  the  principality  of  HohenzoUern, 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  WUrtemberg,  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  This  tract  is,  by  fur,  the  most 
fertile  and  most  populous  through  which  the  DanuVe  passes 
during  its  entire  career.  The  principal  affluents  within  this 
space  are  the  Iser  and  Lech,  both  from  the  right,  or  S. — those 
from  the  left,  or  X.,  being  trifling.  At  Ulm  it  is  .about  330 
feet  in  width  and  becomes  navigable. 

The  second  basin  belongs  to  the  empire  of  Austria,  hav- 
ing Vienna  nearly  in  its  centre,  and  comprising  the  .ircli- 
duchy  of  Austria,  Hungary  as  far  E.  as  Waitzen.  and  Styria. 
It  is  very  irregular,  and  is  bounded,  on  all  sides,  by  very 
high  mountains.  The  soil  is  rich  in  mineral  prodacts,  and 
the  climate  one  of  the  best  in  Europe,  The  principal  afflu- 
ents in  this  basin  are  the  March,  or  Morava,  and  the  Ens— 
the  former  from  the  left,  and  the  latter  from  the  right.  The 
Danube  here  flows  through  a  succession  of  the  most  pictu- 
resque scenery,  till  it  passes  Vienna,  Behnv  Presburg  it 
runs  with  great  velocity,  and  is  crowded  with  isbnds.    In 

641 


DAN 


DAO 


this  portiofi  of  its  course,  also,  it  sends  off  numerous  arms, 
cnclwlni;  lirse  tracts  of  country. 

The  thini  basin  of  the  Danube  comprises  ITunfrary,  E.  of 
Waitzen.  and  the  principality  of  Transylvania,  and  consists 
of  an  immense  plain,  almost  without  undul.itions  of  any 
land,  and  only  394  feet  above  the  sea  level.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  lar«re  rivers,  with  marshy  banks,  and  interspersed 
with  stagnant  ponls,  saline  and  sandy  wastes;  rich,  however, 
In  mineral  products,  in  flocks  and  herds,  and  in  wines.  It 
comprises  about  one  half  of  the  entire  basin  of  the  Danube. 
The  principal  affluents  in  this  basin  are  the  S.ave.  theDrave. 
and  the  Morava.  Below  Moldava  the  Danube  flows  for  60 
miles  throuirh  a  succession  of  rapids  and  shallows,  inter- 
spersed with  rocks  and  sandbanks,  and  between  Drenk- 
Dva  in  IIun<jary,  and  Scala  Kl.adova.  in  Servia.  the  navipra- 
tion  is  effectu.ally  Interrupted  by  three  great  rapids,  the 
principal,  or  l.a.st  and  lowest,  of  which  is  the  famous  cataract 
called  the  Iron  Gate,  where  the  stream  rushes  through  a  nar- 
row channel.  Iwtween  stupendous  rocks,  with  srreat  rapidity, 
endinji  with  a  series  of  whirlpools,  eddies,  and  .smaller  falls. 

The  fourth  basin  comprises  Wallachia.  Moldavia,  a  portion 
of  Bessar.ahia,  and  Bulu'ari.a.  This  tract  is  flat,  inundated, 
and  marshy  alons  the  banks  of  the  river.  The  principal  afflu- 
ents in  this  basin  are  the  -Moota,  (Aluta,)  Sereth.  and  Pruth. 
In  its  progress  through  Turkey  the  Danube  gradually  in- 
creases in  width,  from  14(X»  to  2100  yards:  and  below  Ilirsova. 
In  Bulgaria,  it  forms  an  expanse  of  water  like  a  sea.  and  is 
studded  with  islands.  Excepting  between  Drenkova  and 
Kladfiva.  the  Danube  may  be  said  to  be  navigable  for  steara- 
vessels  fr  im  CIm  to  the  sea.  although,  in  some  places,  ren- 
dered difficult  by  the  occurrence  of  shallows  and  sandbank.s. 
The  Danube  receives  60  navigable  tributaries,  and  its  volume 
of  water  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of  all  the  other  rivere  that 
empty  themselves  into  the  Black  Sea  taken  together.  Its  ra- 
pidity is.  in  many  places  above  Ors  ;va.  so  great  as  to  render 
any  navigation,  except  that  of  steam,  impossible:  but  below 
that  point  its  current  is  gentle  and  equable.  Before  1830. 
when  steam  navigation  was  introduced  into  the  Danube, 
the  boats  which  descended  it  were  very  rarely,  If  ever  taken 
back,  but  were  broken  up  at  the  end  of  their  voyage. 

The  number  of  merchant  vessels  sailing  from  the  Danube 
Into  the  Black  Sea;  in  1851,  was  1668,  carrying  417.180 
quarters  of  wheat.  997.299  of  Indian  com,  105.597  of  barley, 
71.024  of  rye.  and  4349  cwt.  of  tallow.     Adj.  D.^nv'bux. 

D-4NUBE.  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Herkimer  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Mohawk  River  and  Erie  Canal.  70  miles 
W.X.W.  of  .Mb-any.     Pop.  1711. 

DAXUBE,  CIKCLE  OF.  one  of  the  four  circles  of  WUr- 
b^mberj.  comprehending  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  king- 
dom, and  bounded,  X.  by  the  .Taxt  circle,  E.  by  Bav.aria.  S. 
by  Ba^\'aria  and  Lake  Constance,  and  W.  by  Baden,  Holien- 
Eollern.  and  the  circles  of  Schwarzwald  (Black  Forest)  and 
Neckar.    .^rea.  2348  sjuare  miles.     Pop.  376.594. 

DAXUBR  TIITIIEIt.  and  DAXUBK,  TillTIIER,  (Oer. 
DiefS'its  (kr  D'inau.  vcnA  Jewfiii  <ler  Dnnau:  or,  this  side 
the  Danul>e,  and  beyond  the  Danube,)  two  of  the  four  prin- 
cipal divisions  of  Hungary,  comprehending  all  the  western 
portion  of  the  country,  and  called,  also.  Nieder  or  Ijower 
Hun_rary:  Thither  D.anube,  suMivided  into  11  counties, 
comprehends  gener.ally  the  whole  of  the  kingdom  situated 
on  the  right  bank,  and  W.  of  the  Danube;  and  Hither 
Danube,  sub-dividid  into  13  counties,  comprehends  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  northern  and  western  part  of 
the  kingdom  N.  and  E.  of  the  Danube,  and  W.  of  the  Theiss. 

DAXUBE.  UPPER  and  LOWER.  (Oer.  (yhcr  and  Vnler 
Donati.  (Wn'ter  do'nOw.'l  two  former  circles  of  the  Bavaria, 
now  called  .Swabia  and  Lower  Bavaria, 

DANUM.     See  D  jncaster, 

D.\X'VERS,  a  post-villaie  and  township  of  Essex  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Essex  Railroad,  about  18  miles  N.by 
E.  of  Boston.  It  contains  5  churches,  15  schools,  1  bank,  a 
savings  institution,  and  an  insurance  office.  It  has  also 
numerous  manufactories,  among  which  are  about  50  of 
boots  and  shoes.  Tliere  are  about  2(Xi0  persons  employed 
In  the  boot  and  shoe  business.  The  nnml>er  of  pairs  of 
boots  and  shoes  annually  miide  amounts  to  over  a  million. 
The  number  of  dwellings  in  1850, 1020.  Danvers  town- 
ship contains  the  village  of  North  Daxvers,  which  see. 
Pop.  5110. 

DAN'^'ERSPORT,  a  post-office  of  E.ssex  ccMassachusetts. 

DAN'VILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Andros- 
coggin CO.,  Maine.  The  township  is  on  the  Androscoggin 
River,  about  2  miles  below  Auburn.  The  village  is  at  the 
juurtion  of  the  Maine  Central  R^iilroad  with  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railroad,  28  miles  N.  of  Portland.    Pop.  1322. 

D,\NVILLE,  a  post  township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  620. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Caledonia 
county,  Vermont,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  con- 
tains a  bank,  4  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and  2  hotels; 
also  manufactories  of  rakes,  woollen  goods,  &c.  It  was 
formerly  the  county-seat.  Population  of  the  villaee  about 
600,  and  of  the  township.  2544.  ' 

DANVILLE,  a  po.xt-village  if  Warren  Co.,  New  Jersey 
12  miles  N.E.  of  Bolvidere,  contains  a  Presbyterian  church! 
542 


D.^NVILLE,    Bucks    CO.,    Pennsylvania.     See    Daihso- 

ROl'OH. 

D.\XV1LLE.  a  flourishing  post-ixirough.  ?apit.al  of  Mon- 
tour county.  Pennsylvania,  on  the  riirht  bank  of  the  Xorth 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  12  miles  alwve 
Sunbury,  and  67  miles  X.  by  E.  from  Harrisburg.  1 1  is  a 
pl.ace  of  great  activity,  and  is  especially  noted  for  the  manu- 
facture of  iron.  By  its  position  on  the  Xorthern  Branch 
Canal,  in  the  vicinity  of  rich  and  inexhaustible  mines  of 
iron  ore,  and  anthracite  coal,  Danville  pos.sesses  a  great  ad- 
vantages for  this  branch  of  industry.  The  celebrated  Mon- 
tour's Ridge,  which  extends  21  miles  along  the  river,  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  this  town,  abounds  in  excellent  iron 
ore  and  limestone,  which  is  used  as' a  flux  in  the  process  of 
smelting.  Since  the  anthr.acite  coal  has  been  used  as  a  fuel 
in  the  iron  furnaces,  the  prosperity  of  the  region  in  which 
these  three  substances  are  abundant,  has  received  a  rsipid 
development:  5  blast  furnaces.  3  rolling  mills,  and  sever.al 
foundries  are  kept  in  constant  operation.  The  town  con- 
tains 16  churches,  2  banks,  and  an  academy.  Two  newspa- 
pers are  issued  here.  The  Montour  Iron  Works  for  the  mar 
nufacture  of  railroad  iron  are  among  the  most  extensive 
establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.  A  Iridge 
connects  the  opposite  banks  of  the  river  at  this  jilace.  The 
Lackawanna  and  Bloomsburg  Railroad  connects  it  with 
Scninton  C8  miles  distant.  The  Catawissa  Railroad  also 
passes  through  this  place.  Danville  was  settled  about  1780. 
Pop.  in  1850, 3302 ;  in  1860, 6385,  or  according  to  one  report, 
8420. 

DANVILLE,  the  principal  village  of  Pittsylvania  county, 
Virginia,  on  the  Dan  River,  5  miles  from  the  North  Carolina 
Line,  and  16S  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond.  The  town  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  high  ground,  near  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  fertile  farming  region,  which  abounds  in  stone-coal, 
iron-ore  and  limestone.  The  canal  which  has  been  con- 
structed around  the  falls  at  this  place  affords  abundant 
water-power.  A  railroad  is  completed  from  Richmond  to 
Danville.  The  village  has  4  or  5  churches,  3  academies,  2 
banks,  and  several  iron-foundries  and  mills.  Pop.  estima- 
ted at  4000. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village  -  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgia,  on 
FUnt  River,  75  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  "250. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Alabama. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tishomingo  co.,  Mississippi. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Texas,  15 
miles  N.  of  Montgomery,  the  county-seat. 

DANVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Pope  co.,  Arkansas. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Yell  co.,  Arkansas, 
on  the  Petit  Jean  River,  about  80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Little 
Rock. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Boyle  county,  Ken- 
tucky. 42  miles  S.  of  Frankfort,  is  situated  in  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  highly  improved  parts  of  the  state.  Mao- 
adan\ized  roads  extend  from  this  village  in  seven  directions. 
A  railroad  35  miles  long  is  in  course  of  construction  from 
Danville  to  Lexington,  and  another  is  in  ])rogres3  from  this 
place  to  Knoxville.  Centre  College,  in  this  town,  has  about 
200  students  and  a  library  of  5500  volumes.  The  State 
Aejium  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  which  is  established  here, 
has  abiiut  67  pupils;  the  building  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the 
Doric  style.  Danville  also  contains  a  handsome  court-house, 
a  bank,  and  several  mills  and  factories.  It  was  the  capital 
of  the  state  for  several  years  preuious  to  1792.  Pop.  in 
1850,  21.50 :  in  1860.  4962. 

D.\NVILLE.  a  village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  7  miles  S.W. 
of  Hillsborough. 

DANA'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.,  about  6C 
miles  N.E.  of  Cofumbus,  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming 
district.    Pop.  near  400. 

DANVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Madison  co,  Ohio,  a  few 
miles  S.  of  London, 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hendricks  county. 
Indiana,  on  the  Indiana  and  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  20 
miles  W.  of  Indianapolis.  There  is  also  a  plank-road  leiul- 
ing  to  Indianapolis  and  the  Wabash  River.  There  is  hei'e  a 
county  seminary.    Pop.  895. 

DANVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Vermillion 
CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Vermillion  River,  125  miles  E.  of  Spring- 
field. The  Great  Western  Railroad  connects  it  with  Spriug- 
field  on  one  hand  and  Toledo  on  the  other.  The  river  fur- 
nishes excellent  water-power;  stone  coal  and  timber  abound 
in  the  vicinity.  Danville  contiiins  6  churches,  1  bank,  2 
seminaries  and  1  newspaper-office.     Pop.  1632. 

DANVILLE,  a  post- village,  capital  of  Montgomery  co, 
Missouri.  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

DANVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Des  Moines  CO.,  Iowa, 
about  14  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Burlington. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Sher- 
brooke,  9  miles  S.  of  Richmond,  and  34  miles  from  Sher- 
brooke. 

DAN  WEBSTER,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana,  52 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

DANZIG,  a  city  of  Prussia.    See  Dantsic. 

DAOORIA,  DAOUKIA,  or  DAURIA,  di-oo're-J,  a  conn- 


DAOf 


DAK 


try  of  AsU,  included  partly  in  Mantchooria,  (a  division  of 
the  Chinese  Knipire,)  and  partly  in  the  Itussian  govern- 
ment of  Irknotsk. Adj.  and  inhab.  Daoorian  or  Daou- 

MAN.  dd-oo'i-e-an. 

DAOOKlAN'or  DAOUKTAN  MOUNTAINS,  a  part  of  the 
Stanovoi  chain,  between  the  basin  of  the  Amoor  and  Lake 
Baikal.  They  are  rich  in  silver,  zinc,  copper,  iron,  and 
mercury. 

DAOUDCAUNDY,  dj-ood-kawn'dee.  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia, in  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Brahmapootra,  30 
miles  W.  of  Coniillah. 

DAOUUN'AGUR,  dd-ood-nj-gfir'  or  dJ-ood-ntlg'gar,  a  town 
of  British  India,  in  the  Bahar  district,  on  the  Sone,  30  miles 
S.S.W".  of  I'atna. 

D.\UUL.\i>,  dd'ooMiV,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finist6re,  10  miles  E.  of  Brest,  with  a  port  on  the 
Atlantic.     Pop.  oOX. 

DAK.  a  village  of  Asi.a.  in  Sinde. 

D.\U.^,  di'rj.  a  ruined  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
p.ashalic  of  Bagdad,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mardeen,  with  exten- 
sive remains  of  granaries,  tombs,  and  reservoirs. 

DARA,  dJ'ni,  a  village  of  Western  Africa,  in  the  Bondoo 
country,  about  12  miles  W.  of  the  Faleme;  lat.  14°  40'  N., 
Ion.  12°  16'  W.  It  is  a  large  and  populous  place,  built  on  a 
plateau  commanding  a  view  over  an  undulated  and  well 
wooded  country; 

DAHABiillKRD,  dd-rib-gherd',  or  DARAB.TERD,  dl-rdb- 
jerd',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  IGO  miles  S.E.  of 
S'heeraz.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  small  river  in  an 
extensive  plain,  and  surrounded  with  groves  of  dates, 
orangfs,  and  lemons,  the  latter  in  such  abundance  that  the 
juice  is  exported  to  all  ptrts  of  Persia.  About  3  miles  S. 
of  the  town  are  some  remarkable  remnants  of  antiquity, 
consisting  of  excavations  and  sculptured  rocks.  Pop.  from 
15,000  to  20.000. 

D.\R.\II,  dd'r/i,  a  village  of  .\sia,  in  Sinde. 

DAR.UKK',  a  town  of  .<inde,  in  the  delta  of  the  Indus,  39 
miles  S.8.\V.  of  Tattah.     Pop.  atout  2000. 

D.\R.\K,  d.iVlk'.  a  village  of  Asia,  in  Sinde. 

DAli-AI--BKII)A.  dir-ai-bi/di,  (the  "white  house,")  a 
small  fortified  maritime  town  of  Slorocco,  kingdom  of  Fez, 
on  the  -Atlantic.  40  miles  N.E.  of  Azamor.     Pop.  700. 

DARANAOUR,  da-ra-ntig'gar,  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  thio  Ganges,  67  miles  N.E.  of  Delhi. 

DAR.\POR.V.\I,  darVi-po-ram',  a  populous  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district,  and  42  miles  S.E.  of 
Coimbatoor. 

D'AltB  )NNE,  dar'bonn'.  a  bayou  of  Louisiana,  formed  by 
three  branches,  viz.  the  South  Fork,  Middle  Fork,  and  Cor- 
neille  Creek,  which  unite  in  Union  parish.  Flowing  thence 
S.E.  it  fiills  into  the  Washita  alxiut  6  miles  above  Monroe. 
Steamboats  ascend  00  miles  from  its  mouth.  •  The  South 
Fork  rises  in  Claiborne  parish,  and  flows  nearly  eastward. 
The  Middle  Fork  rises  near  the  N.  border  of  Claiborne  pa- 
rish, and  its  direction  is  E.S.E.  Corneille  Creek,  or  Cor- 
ney's  Creek,  ris.^'S  in  Union  co..  Arkan.sas,  and  flowing  S.E. 
into  Louisiana,  unites  with  the  main  stream,  a  few  miles 
W.  of  Farmersville. 

D'ARBi)X.\E,  a  post-office  of  Union  parish.  Louisiana. 

DARBY,  a  pleasant  postrvlllage  and  township  of  Delaware 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  D.irby  Creek,  at  the  head  of  tidewater, 
T  miles  S.W.  of  Philadelphia,  is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements 
in  Pennsylvania.  It  has  not  increased  as  rapidly  as  most 
of  the  towns  in  this  state,  though  situated  in  a  rich  and 
pojuilous  neighborhood.     Pop.  1497. 

DARBY,  a  iiost-officij  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

DARBY,  a  townshi])  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  843. 

DARBY,  a  township  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1525. 

DARBY,  n  township  in  Union  CO.,  Ohio.  •  Pop.  1269. 

D.\RBY  CKEKIv,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Delaware 
River.  alKiut  8  miles  below  Philadelphia. 

DARBY  CRKEK.  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Logan  co.,  flows  south- 
eastward, and  enters  the  Scioto  River,  near  Circleville. 

DARBY  CltKEIv.  a  post-office  of  Madison  co..  Ohio. 

DARBY  PLAINS,  a  post^ifflce  of  Union  co..  Ohio. 

D.'VRBY'S.  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia,  94  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

DARBYVILLK.  a  post-village  on  Darby  Creek,  in  Picka- 
way CO..  Ohio.  40  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

DARD.\-XAGY,  daK'ddti^-nOdj',  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
Thither  Danube,  co.  of  Baranya.  in  a  plain,  38  miles  S.S.E. 
of  FUnfkirchen,    Pop.  2160. 

DAKD.VNKLLE.  dar'da-njll',  a  village  of  Pope  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, about  14  miles  S.  of  Dover. 

DARDAXELLK.  a  post-village  of  Yell  CO.,  Arkansas,  72 
miles  N  .W.  of  Little  Rock. 

DARDANELLKS,  dai'd.a-nMz',  or  HELLESPONT,  (anc. 
HdUsivrn'tti:!.)  called  also  the  STRAIT  OF  GALLIP'OLI.  a 
narrow  strait  between  Jlurope  and  Asiatic  Turkey,  con- 
necting the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  ^Egean  Sea.  is  situ- 
ated I)fctween  lat.  40°  and  40°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  26°  10'  and 
26°  40'E..  having  S.E.  Asia  Minor,  and  N.W.  the  penin- 
RiK  of  Gallipoli.  Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.AY.,  40  miles: 
breadth  ffm.  1  to  4  miles.  There  is  always  a  rapid  current 
AX  the  channel,  running  S.,  the  volume  and  velocity  of 


which  is  much  increased  hy  the  prevailing  winds,  which 
blow  in  the  same  direction  with  the  stream  for  at  least  10 
months  in  the  year.  The  Asiatic  side  presents  th*"  most 
beautiful  scenery,  and  is  seen  gradually  rising  from  the  .sea 
upwards  to  the  range  of  Mount  Ida.  The  European  side  is, 
in  general,  steep  and  rugged.  Its  various  inlets  form  secure 
harbors  for  vessels  of  every  size,  and  well  shelt<?red  from  N, 
gales.  On  Iwth  shores  there  are  nvmercnis  forts  and  batte- 
ries. Of  these,  there  are  eight  upon  the  European  side, 
mounting  in  all,  340  guns:  and,  on  the  Asiatic  side,  seven, 
mountiiig  3S3  guns.  The  modern  name  of  this  .strait  is  de- 
rived from  the  castles  called  the  Dardanelles,  on  its  banks  at 
the  S.W.  entrance;  that  on  the  Asiatic  side  being  near  the 
site  of  Dar'ilanus.  an  ancient  town  built  by  Dardanus,  the 
ancestor  of  Priam ;  its  ancient  n.ame  Helle.spont,  (i.  e. "  Sea  of 
Ilelle,")  from  Ilelle,  daughter  of  Athamas.  King  of  Thebes, 
who  was  drowned  in  it.  It  is  also  memorable  as  the  scene  of 
the  death  of  Leander,  who  used  to  swim  across  at  Abydns.  the 
narrowest  part  of  the  strait,  a  feat  also  achieved  by  Lord  By- 
ron. The  invading  armies  of  Xerxes  and  of  the  Turks  crossed 
it  to  enter  Europe. 

D.\RD.\.NKLLES,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Oregon. 

DARDENNE,  a  village  in  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri,  29 
miles  by  railroad  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

DARDENNE  CREEK,  of  St.  diaries  CO.,  Missouri,  enters 
the  Mississippi  River  above  the  mouth  of  Illinois  River.  It 
is  a  fine  mill  stream. 

DARDESlIEIM,daR'des-hTme\  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
circle  and  11  miles  N.W.  of  Ilalberstadt.     Pop.  1655. 

D.VKENT,  dA'rent,  a  river  of  England,  rising  about  5 
miles  W.  of  the  Seven  Oaks,  and  after  a  course  of  alxiut  20 
miles  falls  into  the  Thames  near  Erith. 

D.VREXTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

D.iRETOWN,  a  small  village  of  Salem  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  Salem  Creek,  about  25  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Camden. 

DAIt'FIELD.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest 
Riding.  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Leeds,  and  near  the  North 
Midland  Railway,  is  well  built. 

D.\RFO,  daii'fo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  government 
of  Milan,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Oglio.  Pop.  1711. 

DARFOOR,  DARFOUR,  DARFUR,  dar'foon',  or  DAR-EL- 
FOOR.  (i.  t.  "Country  of  the  Foor  or  Foorians,")  a  country 
of  Africa.  East  Soodan,  whose  boundaries  are  but  imperfi'ctly 
known,  but  which  mav  be  represented,  generally,  as  lying 
l)etween  1,-it.  11°  and  16°  N..  and  Ion.  26°  and  29°  E.  It  lies 
W.  of  Kordofan.  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  strip  of 
country  inhabited  by  wandering  Arab  trilies.  rich  in  cattle 
and  horses.  Darf  wr  is  said  to  be  50  days'  journey  in  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  15  days  E.  to  W.;  and  it  is  tra- 
versed longitudinally  by  a  ridge  of  mountains  named 
Marrah.  from  whose  sides.  E.  to  W.,  descend  numerous 
streams,  none  of  which  are  of  any  size.  The  heat  in  Dartboi 
is  excessive,  and  there  are.  properly  speaking,  only  three 
seasons  in  the  year — spring,  summer,  and  autumn.  Autumn 
is  the  sea.son  of  the  rains.  «hii-h  continue  75  days,  during 
which  time  four  or  five  rainbows  may  often  be  seen  at  once. 
During  summer,  the  mirage  prevails  on  the  plains. 

The  crops  chiefly  cultivated  are  millet,  rice,  maize,  sesa- 
mum,  for  its  seed,  not  for  its  oil.  and  legumes.  Among  the 
fruit  trees  a^e  the  tamarind  and  date.  Tobacco,  both  wild 
and  cultivated,  atiounds,  and  is  much  used  by  the  natives 
in  all  its  forms. 

The  inhabitants  are  a  mixture  of  Arabs  and  negroes, 
though  many  individuals  of  both  races  still  retain  theij 
pecuii.ar  physical  characteristics.  Education  is  little  a^ 
tended  to.  and  is  confined  to  learning  to  real  the  Koran, 
and  that  by  the  male  children  only.  The  religion  is  Mo- 
hammedanism. As  a  result  of  its  position,  the  commerce 
of  Darfoor  is  all  inland;  but  this  is  very  considenable.  Its 
principal  intercourse  is  with  Egypt,  carried  on  by  caravans 
which  traverse  the  desert,  carrying  awjiy  slaves,  camels, 
ivory,  horns  of  the  rhinoceros,  teeth  of  the  hippopotamus, 
ostrich  feathers,  gum,  pimento,  tamarinds,  leather  sacks  for 
water,  paroquets,  monkeys,  and  guinea-flens.  and  a  little-cop- 
per. There  is  also  considerable  trade  with  .Mecca,  combined 
with  religious  objects.  The  commerce  is  conducted  wholly 
by  barter. 

Darfoor  is  governed  by  a  .sultan,  who  is  completely  de.spo- 
tic.  and  always  surrounded  by  a  numerous  corps  of  pri- 
vileged old  women,  who  assist  in  various  ceremonies.  "The 
sultan  seldom  or  never  speaks  to  either  rich  or  poor,  except 
through  the  medium  of  an  interpreter. 

In  1794.  Cobbe,  lat.  14°  11'  N.,  Ion.  28°  8'  E..-  was  the 
capita! :  the  royal  residence,  however,  is  now  believed  to  be 
Tendelty.  about  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  former.  Several  other 
towns  are  named,  but  very  little  is  known  of  them.  The 
population,  according  to  Browne,  is  about  200.000  ;  but  by 
ttie  estimate  made  by  Mohammed  Ebd-Omar-el-Tounsy .  who 
resided  in  the  country  from  1803  to  1820.  and  enjoyed  most 
ample  opportunities  c  investigation,  the  number  is  estl 
mated  at  three  or  f  lur  millions,  all  speaking  a  dialect  of  the 
Arabic. Adj.  and  Inhab.  Fooria.v  or  Fur.iAK,  foo're-an. 

D-\1{GUN,  dan/goon,  a  market^town  of  Mecklenburg. 
Schwerin,  on  the  Klostersee,  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  GiUtrow 
Pop.  1817. 

643 


DAR 

DARIEL,  di-re4l',  (anc.  PijIcb  Ca^pm,  t  the  "  Caspian 
Gates.")  a  Kussian  fortress  of  Cin-assia.  in  a  narrow  defile  of 
the  Caucasus,  on  the  Terek.  80  miles  N.  of  Titlis. 

D.^  ItlEX,  d Vre-en,  (?p.  pron.  dl-re-§n'.)  a  former  province 
In  the  X.E.  part  of  New  Granada,  hordering  on  the  Gulf  of 
Danen. 

DAll.  EN.  d.iVe-3n'.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fairfield 
CO..  Connecticut,  on  Lon^  Island  Sound,  on  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Railroad,  35  miles  S.W.  of  New  llaven. 
Pop.  1705. 

DAIIIEN,  a  post-villase  and  township  of  Genessee  co.,  New 
Fork,  and  on  the  Buffalo  and  New  York  City  and  the  New 
York  Central  ftiilroads,  26  miles  E.  of  Buffalo.  The  streams 
afford  wat«r-power  for  6  saw-mills  and  2  grist  mills  besides 
several  lath  and  shingle  machines.  There  are  also  manu- 
factures of  carriages,  and  sash  and  blinds.  The  village  con- 
tains a  Methodist  church.    Pop.  2143. 

D.\RIEN,  a  small  village  on  the  S.E.  border  of  Hancock 
CO..  Georgia,  a  few  miles  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

DART  KN,  d;\'re-en,  a  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  Mcintosh 
CO..  Georgia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Altamaha  River,  12  miles 
from  the  se,x,  and  <X)  miles  S.W.  of  Savannah.  The  situation 
is  not  healthy.  It  had  formerly  an  extensive  trade  in  pro- 
duce, a  portion  of  which  has  been  diverted  to  another  mar- 
ket by  the  construction  of  the  Central  Railroad.  Large 
quantities  of  pine  lumber  are  received  here  by  the  river. 
The  shipping  of  the  port,  June  30th.  1852.  was  306  tons 
registered,  and  859  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  The  foreign 
arrivals  for  the  year  were  only  3;  tons.  721:  and  the  cleai^ 
ances  for  foreign  ports,  6;  tons,  1359.  The  town  contains  5 
churches.  1  academy,  and  12  stores.    Pop.  570. 

DARIEN',  a  iwst-village  and  township  in  AValworth  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  railfoad  from  Racine  to  Beloit,  19  miles 
N.E.  of  Beloit.     Pop.  1590 

DAKIEN  CENTRE,  a  postrvillage  in  Darien  township. 
Genessee  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Buffalo  and  New  Y'ork  City 
Railroiid,  26  miles  E.  of  Buffalo.  It  has  a  Presbyterian 
church,  a  seminary,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 

D.VltlEN  CITY,  a  small  village  in  Darien  township,  Ge- 
nessee CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Elmira  and  Buffalo  Railroad. 

D.A.RIEN  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  eo..  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  35  miles 
W.S.W.  of  New  Haven. 

DAItlEX,  GULF  OF,  a  portion  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  New 
Granada,  in  lat.  9°  N.,  and  Ion.  7°  W.,  having  W.  the  isthmus 
of  Darien  or  I'anama.  Shores  steep,  and  on  it  are  few  good 
places  for  emlwrkation.  At  its  S.  extremity  an  inlet  termed 
the  Bav  of  Choco.  receives  the  river  Atrato. 

DAKIEN,  ISTHMUS  OF.    See  P.^sama.  Isthmus  of. 

DAKIEN  (or  DOBAY)  LIGHT,  on  the  S.  point  of  Sapelo 
isl.and,  E.  of  Mcintosh  co.,Georgia,  is  74  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  revolves  once  in  five  minutes.  Lat.  31°  33' 
N..  Ion.  81°  15' W. 

DAR.TEELING,  dar'jeeWng,  or  DARJILING,  dar-jil'ing, 
a  British  sanatory  station  for  the  British  troops  in  India,  in 
the  Sikkim  territory;  lat.  27° 3' 9"  N.,  Ion.  88°  28'  E.,  about 
318  miles  N.  of  Calcutta.  It  has  an  elevation  of  7400  feet 
above  sea-level.  The  atmosphere  is  humid  and  moist,  and 
the  annual  fall  of  rain,  120  inches. 

DAUIC,  a  post-office  of  Perrv  co..  Arkansas. 

DARK  COKNEIt.  a  post-viilase  of  Campbell  CO.,  Georgia, 
110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

D.VKK  CORNER,  a  postoflic«  of  De  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 
'  DARKE,  dark,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  Indiiina,  has  an  area  of  609  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Gi-eenville,  Stillwater,  and  Franklin  Creeks. 
The  surfiice  is  mostly  level,  and  consists  partly  of  small 
prairies :  the  soil  is  good,  and  well  timbered.  This  county 
is  intersected  by  three  railroads:  namely,  th«  Greenville 
and  Miami,  the  Bellelbntaine  and  Indiana,  and  the  Colum- 
bus, and  IndianapoUs.  Organized  in  1809,  and  named  in 
honor  of  General  William  Darke,  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
the,Rev.lution.     Capital.  Greenville.     Pop.  26,009. 

DAliKE.  a  post-office  of  Darke  co..  Ohio. 

DARKEHMEN,  daR-ki/m(*n,  a  town  of  East  Prussia, 
15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Qumbinnen.  on  the  Angerapp.    Pop.  2260. 

DARKHAN,  (daE^Kin',)  MOUNT,  a  lofty  granite  moun- 
tain range,  in  Mongolia,  140  miles  S.E.  of  Oorga.  neivr  the 
route  thence  to  Peking ;  on  it  is  a  monument  to  which  the 
Mongol  tribes  repair  annually  to  celebrate  the  memory  of 
Jenghis  Khan. 

D.VKKING.  a  town  of  England.    See  DoKKrso. 

D.^RKS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Berklev  co.,  Virginia,  on 
Sulphur  Spring  Creek,  165  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond, 
contains  1  church  and  a  few  stores. 

IiAR'L.\.STON,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and 
17  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Stafford.  Pop.  of  parish,  in  1851,  10.590. 
The  town  is  rapidly  increasing  and  gradually  improving. 
The  principal  manufacture  is  that  of  iron,  vvhich  is  made 
here  of  all  descriptions,  and  of  excellent  quality.  Articles 
of  iron  are  aLso  manufactured  to  a  gre;it  extent,  such  as  gun- 
locks,  bolts,  bars,  screws.  door-Latches,  bullet-moulds,  cast- 
ings. 4c.  The  coal  and  iron  mines  in  the  parish,  are  also 
extensively  worked. 

DARUETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
W4 


DAR 

DARO-ET,  a  parish  of  Enghnd.  co.  of  Derby. 

DARLEY  ABBEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
parish  of  Alkmund.  on  the  Denvent. 

DAlfLING.  a  principiil  river  of  Central  Australia,  rises  by 
numerous  heads,  between  lat.  20°  and  27°  S..  and  Ion.  151*^ 
and  152°  E.;  it  flows  south-westward,  and  has  been  traced 
as  fir  as  lat.  32°  24'  20"  S.,  Ion.  142°  24'  2i>"  E..  where  it  has  a 
southward  course,  and  unites  with  the  Murrav  near  lat.  34° 
S.,  Ion.  142°  E.  It  receives  the  Bogan  from  "the  S.E.,  tra- 
verses a  bare  and  sterile  country,  and  in  most  part  of  its 
course  its  waters  are  salt. 

DARLING  DOWNS,  a  gras-sy  hill-chain  of  Central  Austra- 
lia, N.E.  of  the  source  of  Darling  River.  Lat.  28°  S-  Ion. 
152°  E.,  and  with  an  average  elevation  of  2uo0  feet  above 
the  sea. 

DARLING  R.A.NGE.  Is  a  granite  series  of  mountains  of 
Western  Australia,  parallel  with  the  co:ist,  and  alx)unding 
with  sandal-wood  and  other  large  timber  trees.  Length,  250 
miles:  greatest  height.  .3500  feet. 

DAR'LINGSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

DAR'LINGTON.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  18$  miles  S.  of  Durham,  on  the  Great  North  of  England 
Railway.  45  miles  N.  of  York.  Pop.  in  1851,  12.453;  of  the 
town.  11.582.  a  lai-ge  number  of  whom  are  Friend.s.  The 
streets  diverge  from  a  spacious  market-place:  the  town  is 
well  built  and  lighted.  It  has  a  bridge  of  thi-ee  arches  across 
the  Skerne.  an  affluent  of  the  Tees,  a  fine  church  of  the 
twelfth  century,  and  formerly  collegiate,  a  new  church,  a 
grammar  school  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  a  blue-coat 
school,  union  work-house,  formerly  an  episcopal  palace,  a 
town-hall,  mechanic's  in,st)tutinn,  manufactures  of  worsted 
and  linen  yarn,  and  metal  foundries.  It  is  a  titular  borough, 
under  the  bishop  of  Durham,  and  the  place  of  election  for 
the  southern  division;  county  and  potty  sessions,  and  bo- 
rough courts  are  held.  It  communicates  by  railway  with 
Bishop  .\uckland  and  Stockton.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  Duke  of  Cleveland. 

DAR'LINGTON.  a  district  in  the  N.E.  part  of  South  Caro- 
Ima,  has  an  area  of  800  square  miles,  it  is  bounded  on  the 
N.E.  by  the  Great  Pedee,  on  the  S.W.  by  Lynche's  Creek, 
and  intersected  by  Black  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating 
rather  than  hilly,  and  p.-vrtly  covered  with  forests  of  pine. 
The  soil  along  the  streams  is  fertile,  and  that  of  the  uplands 
sandy  and  light.  The  district  is  intersected  by  the  Wilming- 
ton and  Manchester  Railroad,  latelv  constructed.  Capital, 
Darlington.  Pop.  20,361,  of  whom  8484  were  free,  and  11,877 
slaves. 

DARLINGTON,  a  post-borough  and  township  of  Beaver 
CO.,  Penusylvaniit,  on  Little  Beaver  Creek,  about  39  miles 
N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  contains  1  or  2  churches,  and  sever- 
al stores.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1677. 

DARLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland, 
32  miles  N.E.  of  Baltimore,  has  2  chtu-ches  and  an  academy. 

DARLINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Darlington  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  7S  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbia.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  jail,  several  churches,  and  stores. 

DARLINGTON,  a  post-village  in  St.  Helena  parish,  Lotil- 
siana.  about  75  miles  N.E.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

D.iRLINGTON.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Indiana.  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Crawfordsville. 

DARLINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Mineral  Pt.R.R.  P.aboutl200.  See  Appendix. 

DARLINGTON  HEIGHTS,  a  post-ofHce  of  Prince  Edward 
CO..  Virginia. 

D'.ARLON.  dar'lon',  a  village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Evansville  and  Illinois  Railroad,  about  20  mUes  N.  of 
Evansville. 

D.i^RMSTADT,  daRm'stStt.  a  town  of  Western  Germany, 
capital  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  of  the 
provinc*  of  Starkenburg,  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  Oden- 
wald,  on  the  little  river  Darm.  and  on  the  Frankfort  and 
Mannheim  Railway,  5S  miles  N.E.  of  Cailsruhe.  Pop. 
28.523.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  new  town,  both  enclosed 
by  walls.  The  former  is  ill  built ;  the  latter  ha,"  broad  and 
handsome  streets.  It  has  old  .ind  new  ducal  palaces :  the 
former  of  which  contains  a  picture  gallery,  museum  of  na- 
tural history,  with  valuable  fos.'iils.  aiiil  of  ancient  and 
modern  sculpture,  a  h.all  of  antiquitie.s.  colle<:tions  of  cork 
models,  armory,  and  a  library  of  2lX).IXH)  volumes;  other 
edifices  are  the  palaces  of  the  hereditary  prince,  and  the 
Landgrave  Christian,  the  opera-house,  in  the  Italian  style, 
artillery  dep6t.  several  churches,  one  of  whii-h  contains  the 
tombs  of  the  landgraves,  ancient  princes  of  this  territory, 
the  Casino,  hall  of  the  commons,  military  hospital,  royal  sta- 
bles, orphan  asylum,  ducal  chapel,  synagogue,  ic.  It  h.aa 
an  agricultural 'norm.al  school,  a  gj-mnasium.  school  of  arts 
and  sciences,  artillery,  scnlptuiv,  and  drawing.  The  pre- 
sence and  expenditure  of  the  court  form  the  chief  source  of 
subsistence  to  the  inhabitants.  Manufactures  of  tobacco, 
wax  candles,  carpets,  silver  articles.  pa)x'r.  cards,  starch,  4e. 
are  carried  on.  The  celebrated  chemists,  Schleijrmacher  and 
Liebig.  were  born  here. 

D.\RN.4C.  dda'nak',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Vlenne,  8  nule«  N.N.M'.  of  Bellac.    Pop.  2214 


DAR 


DAU 


DAR'NAWAY  CASTLE,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Moray,  In 
Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin.    See  Dyke. 

DARNES'TOWN,  a  po.st-vilIat;e  of  Montfromery  co.,  Mary- 
land, near  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac,  55  miles  W.  by  N. 
of  Annapolis. 

DAK.VETAL,  daR'neh-tdl',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-Inferieui-e,  on  the  Aubette,  arrondi.ssement,  and  2 
miles  E.  of  Rouen.  Pop.  in  1852,  6002.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloths,  liLinkets,  flannels,  &c. 

DARNEY,  daR'n.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vcsges,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Minecourt.     Pop.  1880. 

DAR/NICK,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxborough,  1 
mile  W.  liy  X.  of  Melrnse.  It  contains  an  ancient  tower 
built  during  the  fifteenth  centur}'.     Pop.  280. 

DARNLEY  (darnlee)  ISLAND,  in  Torres  Strait,  Australa- 
sia, is  about  100  miles  N.E.  oi  Cape  York. 

DAROCA.  dl-ro'ki,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Jiloca,  pro- 
Tince  and  48  miles  S.W.  of  Saragossa.     Pop.  2510. 

DARO^V'EN,  a  pari.sh  of  Xorth  AVales,  co.  of  Montgomery, 
6  niles  E.N.E.  of  Machynlleth.     Pop.  1013. 

DAR/KIXGXON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

DARRTOWX,  a  post-village  in  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  about  30 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

DAR'SHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DART,  a  river  of  England,  co.  (jf  Devon,  rises  in  Dartmoor, 
flows  south-eastward  past  Totnes,  and  after  a  course  of  35 
miles  joins  the  Knglish  Channel  by  an  estuary  which  forms 
the  harbor  of  Dartmouth. 

DART,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Arkansa.". 

DART'FOlvD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  on  the  navigable  Daren t,  here  crossed  by  an  ancient 
bridge,  and  near  the  line  of  the  London  and  Gravesend  Rail- 
way. 15  miles  E.S.E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  6224.  The  town, 
situated  in  a  narrow  valley,  has  a  large  church,  a  grammar 
school,  a  church  charity  school,  alms-house  founded  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.,  some  remains  of  a  nunnery  founded 
about  1355,  and  made  a  royal  residence  at  the  reformation,  a 
county  bridewell,  union  work-house,  market-house,  bianch 
bank,  with  large  gunpowder,  paper,  oil,  and  flour  mills,  an 
extensive  steam-engice  factory,  and  considerable  trade  with 
London  by  the  river.  It  is  the  seat  of  lathe  sessions  and  a 
court  of  reciuests.  The  insurrection  of  Wat  Tyler,  the 
blacksmith,  commenced  here. 

DAKT'FORU,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Green  Ijike  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  outlet  of  Green  Lake,  r5  miles  N .N.E.  from 
Madison.  It  had,  in  1804,  1  or  2  churches,  5  stores,  i  mills, 
and  about  --lOO  inhabitants. 

DART'INOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DART'MOJR,  a  table-land  of  England,  occupying  a  large 
part  of  the  S.  half  of  the  county  of  Devon.  Area,  350,000 
acres.  It  comprises  many  granite  heights,  termed  ti/rs;  the 
Yes-tor  has  an  elevation  of  2050  feet;  and  Cawsand  Reacon, 
1782  feet.  The  surface  is  mostly  heath  or  woodland ;  it  has 
numerous  mines. 

DARTMOUTH,  dart'mtith,  a  parliamentary  and  munici- 
pal lX)rough,  and  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Dart,  which  forms  its  har- 
bor, and  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  Great  Western  Railway  at 
Totnes.  Pop.  in  1851, 4508.  The  town  is  most  picturesquely 
built  on  a  steep  acclivity,  forming  a  succession  of  terraces, 
often  connected  by  stairs,  and  its  dock-yard  and  quay  pi-o- 
ject  into  the  river,  which  here  resembles  a  lake  with  finely- 
wooded  banks,  and  is  crossed  by  a  floating  bridge.  The  Dart 
is  defended  at  its  entrance  by  a  castle  and  strong  batteries, 
and  is  navigable  to  the  town  for  vessels  of  150  tons  burden. 
The  pi-incipal  exports  are  barley,  woollen  goods,  and  cider. 
The  imports  are  wine,  oil,  fruits,  salt  from  the  Slediteri'a- 
nean,  and  fish,  many  of  the  inhabitants  being  engaged  in 
the  pilchard  and  Labrador  fisheries.  Steamers  ply  hence 
daily  to  Totnes.  Registered  shipping  of  the  port  in  1848, 
452  vessels;  aggregate  burden,  32,099  tons.  It  returns  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  Legge  family. 

DART'MOUTIL  a  seaiiort  of  British  America,  in  the  N. 
part  of  Prince  Edward  Island,  in  Prince  CO.,  on  Richmond 
Bay,  in  lat.  46°  33'  N.,  Ion.  63°  54'  W. 

DARTMOUTH,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Hali- 
fax, situated  at  the  entrance  of  a  small  river  into  Halifax 
harbor,  opposite  the  town  of  Hali&tx. 

DART'MOUTH,  AirTEMONT',  or  ONGLAHY,  ong'gli/- 
hee*.  a  river  of  Madagascar,  rising  in  the  mountains  in  the 
Central  S.  part  of  the  island,  flows  nearly  due  W.,  and  falls 
Into  the  Ray  of  St.  Augustine  under  the  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn.    Its  entire  course  may  be  about  150  miles. 

D.\RTJIOUTII,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bristol  co., 
Miissachusetts.  on  the  N.  side  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  50  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  Numerous  inlets  setting  up  from  the 
bay  afford  many  fine  harbors.  The  whale  fishery  is  carried 
on  from  this  port  to  a  considerable  extent;  in  1853, 
2  ships  arrived,  bringing  385  barrels  of  sperm  oil,  1870 
of  whale  oil,  and  25.800  pounds  of  whalebone.  There  are 
several  villages  in  the  township,  which  has  a  population 
f f  38S3. 

DARTMOUTH  COLLEGE,  New  Hampshire.  SeeHANOTER. 
2K 


DARTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Tori 
West  Riding.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Barnsley.     Pop.  3583. 

DARUVAR.  dd'roo-vaR',  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Empire 
in  Slavonia,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Posega.  It  has  sulphur  bath* 
and  marble  quarries. 

DAR'VEL.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  15  miles  N.E.  of 
Avr,  on  the  Irvine  Water.     Pop.  1362. 
DARVERNUM.     See  Cantkrihry. 

D.AR'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia. 
DAR'WAR\  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom 
bay.  bordering  on  Mysore.     Area,  9122  square  miles.     Pop 
838.757. 

D.\RWAK.  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindostan,  capital  of 
the  above  province,  in  lat.  1.5°28'  N.,  Ion.  75°  8' E.  The  town 
is  situated  to  the  S.  of  the  fort,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall 
and  ditch.  The  fort  is  naturally  strong.  This  pl.ice  hag 
been  taken  and  retaken  many  times,  both  by  native  princes 
and  bv  the  British. 

DAR'M  EN.  LOWER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 2  miles  S.E.  of  Blackburn.     Pop.  in  1851.  3521. 

DARnVEN,  O'VER,  a  town  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  3i 
miles  S.  of  Blackburn.  It  is  well  though  irregularly  built 
of  freestone,  well  supplied  with  water,  lighted  with  gas.  and 
rapidly  increasing  and  improving.  The  cotton  manufacture 
is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent,  no  fewer  than  3800  looms, 
with  63.000  spindles,  lieing  now  at  work,  \fith  the  prospect 
of  an  increase.  Paper  m.inufacturing  and  staining,  and 
handloom  silk  weaving  are  also  carried  on  extensively, 
while  the  carpet  manufacturing  is  just  commencing.  There 
is  a  station  here  on  the  Bolton.  Blackburn.  Clitheroe,  and 
West  Yorkshire  Railway.     Pop.  in  1861.  11,702. 

DARWENT,  a  river  of  England.    See  Derwent. 

DAR'WIN,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Clark 
county,  Illinois,  on  the  Waba.^h  River,  about  20  miles  below 
Terre  Haute,  and  133  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield.  Pop. 
779. 

DAR'AVIN,  MOUNT  and  SOUND,  Terra  del  Fuego,  on  the 
S.W.  side  of  King  Charles's  South  Land;  the  mountain, 
near  the  coast,  is  estimated  to  be  0800  feet  in  height. 

I)AR'YS.\W\  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  Co.,  Arkansas. 

D.\SCHITZ,  di'shits,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  7  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Chrudim,  on  the  Lauena.     Pop.  1500. 

DASHKOVA  or  DASCHKOWA,  dish-ko'vi,  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  12  miles  S.  of  Moheelev,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Dnieper.  Pop.  1100.  Heie  the  French 
were  defeated  by  the  Russians,  on  the  10th  of  July,  1812. 

DAS  MORTKS,  a  river  of  Biazil.    So  Rio  Das  Mortas. 

DASSAU,  dds/s«w,  (written  also  DASSOW.)amarketrtown 
of  Northern  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  20  miles 
W.  of  AVismar.  on  the  Stepenitz.     Pop.  1045. 

DASSEL,  dds'sfl.  a  town  of  Hanover,  23  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Gcittingen.     Pop.  1811. 

DA.«'SEN  ISLAND,  in  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  in  the 
Atlantic,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cape  Town.  Lat.  33°  20'  12"  S., 
Ion.  18°  6'  45"  E. 

DAS/SET-ON-ATON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

DATCH'ET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  on  the 
Thames,  opposite  Windsor.  Here  are  many  elegant  man- 
sions, including  Lord  Montague's  seat  of  Ditton  Park,  re- 
markable for  its  fine  oaks.  Datchet  .Mead  is  famous  for  Fal- 
staff's  adventure  in  •'  Merry  Wives  <rf  Windsor." 

DATCHnvOKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

DATE  ISLAND,  a  small  island  on  the  E.  coast  of  Anam, 
in  lat.  13°  30' N..  Ion.  108°  15'  E. 

DATNOVO,  ddt'no'vo.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government,  and  70  miles  N.W.  of  Ailna.    Pop.  about  1400. 

DAT^CIIITZ.  dS'chits,  (Moravian  Daczicze.  da-chee'cb,-!.)  a 
town  of  Moravia.  25  miles  S.  of  Iglau,  on  the  Thaya,  with 
1600  inhabitants,  and  a  castle. 

DATTOLI,  d^t-tolee,  a  cluster  of  small  rocky  islets  around 
the  island  of  Panaria,  Lipari  group,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
conjectured  to  be  a  part  of  the  ancient  volcanic  island  Evo- 
nymus. 

DAUBA,  dOw'bJ,  or  DUBA,  doo'bi,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
circle,  and  19  miles  N.W.  of  Buntzlau.    Pop.  1700. 

D'AL'BIQNY,  do'beenVee',  a  village  of  Canada  East,  in 
the  parish  ofPointeLevi,  oppo.site  Quebec,  to  which  a  small 
steamer  crosses  several  times  daily.  It  contains  several  stores. 

DAUCHTTE,  daw-cheat/,  also  written  DORCHEAT',  a 
bayou  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana.  Rising  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  the  former  state,  it  flows  southward  into  Louisiana,  and 
forms  the  W.  boundary  of  Claiborne  pari.«h  until  it  falls  into 
Lake  Bistineau,  atoxit  8  miles  S.W.  of  Miuden.  Steamboats 
navigate  the  lower  part  of  this  bayou. 

DAt'DLEB,  dCwdlJb,  or  DAUDLEBY',  dCwdl^b-ee,  a  vil- 
lage of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Koniggratz,  capital  of  a  dLstn'ct 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  Adler,     Pop.  10t)8, 

DAUGI,  dCw'ghee,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Vilna.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Troki.     Pop.  1200. 

DAULE.  ddwiil,  a  large  navigable  river  of  Ecuador,  rises 
nearS.m  Miguel,  in  lat.  .35°  S.,  Ion.  80°  38' E.,  from  which 
point  it  flows  S.  to  Guayaquil,  where  it  joins  the  river  of 
this  name. 

DAULE.  a  village  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  22  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Guayaquil,  on  the  river  Daule. 

545 


DAU 


DAV 


DAULIA  ft  Tillage  of  Greece.    See  Davua. 
DAUMEKAY,  do'meh-rA/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Loii-e,  19  miles  X.W.  of'  Bauge.     Pop.  1^-5:3. 

DAUX,  dOwn.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  capital  of  a 
circle,  29  uiiles  .N.X.E.  of  Treves.  Pop.  460.  It  has  a  castle 
of  the  Coimtf  of  Daun,  and  mineral  springs. 
DAUNT'.-'EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
D.VU'PUIX,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, has  an  area  of  530  square  miles.  Susquehanna 
Kiver  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  AV.  and  S'.W.,  Ma- 
hantingo  Creek  washes  its  northern  Ixjrder,  and  it  is 
traversed  by  Swatara  lUver,  and  by  Wiconisco,  Powell's. 
Clark's,  and  Paxton  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mostly  occupied 
by  parallel  mountain  ridges  and  intervening  valleys,  the 
general  direction  of  which  is  X.E.  and  S.W.  The  Kittatin- 
ny,  or  Blue  Mountain,  raises  its  crest  across  the  middle  of 
the  county.  South  Mount;iin  extends  along  the  S.  Iwrder 
of  the  county.  The  soil  has  almost  every  variety ;  the  val- 
ley in  the  southern  part  is  of  limestone  formation,  and  is 
extremely  fertile.  Extensive  mines  of  anthracite  coal  are 
worked  in  the  northern  part.  Iron  is  also  found.  The  Sus- 
quehanna Canal  extends  along  the  western  border  of  the 
county,  and  tlie  Union  Canal  passes  through  the  southern 
part.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Northern  Central  Kailroad,  the 
Lebanon  A'alley  Railroad,  and  by  other  railroads.  Organized 
in  1785,  and  named  as  a  compliment  to  the  Dauphin  of 
France,  afterwards  called  Louis  XVII.  Harrisburg  is  the 
county-seat  and  capital.    Population,  46,756. 

D.'VIIPIIIN,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Middle  Paxton 
township,  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehanna 
River  and  the  Pennsylvania  O^nal.  10  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Harrisburg.  Stony  Creek  enters  the  river  at  this  point. 
Pop.  680.  « 

D.iUPIIIXE,  d8'fee''n^,  an  extensive  old  frontier  pro- 
vince in  the  S.W.  of  France,  now  comprised  in  the  de- 
partments of  Drome.  IlautesAlpes,  and  Isere.  After  having 
been  governed  for  several  centuries  by  palatine  counts,  who 
were  called  dauphins,  it  was  ceded  to  Philip  of  Valois  in 
1349;  and  from  that  time  to  the  revolution  of  1S30.  the 
eldest  son  of  the  King  of  France  had  the  title  of  dauphin. 

DAU'PIIIX,  FORT,  on  the  E.  coast  of  .Madagascar,  lat. 
25°  1'  S.,  Ion.  46°  50'  E.,  is  a  square  fortress  150  feet  above 
the  sea.  belonging  to  the  French. 

D.\U'REE\  a  village  of  Ilindostan.  province  of  Malwah, 
on  the  Nerbudda.  Lit.  22°  12'  X..  Ion.  76°  23'  E.  At  this 
spot  the  navigation  of  the  Xerbudda  is  impeded  by  a  fall 
of  30  feet  in  height. 

D.\USS,  daws,  an  island  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  a  bay  of 
the  Arabian  caast.     Lat.  25°  10'  X..  Ion.  53°  3'  E. 

DAV'EXIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester.  A 
battle,  between  the  royal  and  parliamentary  armies,  was 
fought  .at  Budheath,  in  this  parish,  in  1643. 

DAVENPORT,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  Delaware 
CO.,  New  York,  13  miles  N.  of  Delhi.     Pop.  2362. 

DAVEXl'OllT.a  flourishing  citj-,  capitalof  Scott  co.,  Iowa, 
is  finely  situated  on  the  Mississijjpi  River  at  tlie  foot  of  the 
upper  rapids,  330  miles  above  St.  Louis,  184  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Chicago,  and  about  175  miles  E.  of  Des  Moines.  It  is 
built  at  the  foot  of  a  bluff  which  rises  gradually  ft-om  the 
river  with  a  range  of  rounded  hills  in  the  background. 
Davenport  is  the  largest  city  in  Iowa,  except  perhaps  Du- 
buque, and  has  advantages  which  indiciite  that  it  will  con- 
tinue to  grow.  It  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Mississijipi  and 
Missouri  Railroad,  which  is  to  be  extended  via  Des  Moines 
to  Council  BlulTs.  It  has  communiciition  with  Chicago  by 
the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad  which  terminates  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  A  handsome  drawbridge 
crossing  the  river  connects  Davenport  with  the  town  of 
Rock  Island.  This  city  contains  lo  churches,  2  or  3  banks, 
several  high  schools  and  is  the  seat  of  Griswold  College. 
Three  newspapers  are  published  here.  Nearly  half  of  tlie 
citizens  are  Germans.  Among  the  manufactories  of  Daven- 
port is  a  niainilactory  of  cotton  and  woollen  cloth.  Stone 
coal  is  so  abundant  and  cheap  here  that  steam  power  is  >ised 
chiefly  for  manufacturing.  The  scenery  around  the  town  is 
scarcely  surpassed  by  any  on  the  Missis-^ippi  River.  First 
settled  in  1^37.  Population  in  1860,  11,267 ;  in  1S65,  esti- 
mated at  17,000. 

DAVENPOllT  CEXTRE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.. 
New  York,  on  Charlotte  River,  65  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Albany. 
DAVJi.N'PORT  CEXTRE,  a  village  of  Xew  York.      See 
Centre. 

D.W'EXTRY,  commonly  pronounced  dJn'tree,  an  ancient 
munii-ip,-<l  borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and 
12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Northampton,  and  5  miles  S.W.  of  the 
Weedon  Station  of  the  London  and  Xorth-western  Railway. 
Pop.  in  18-")1.  4430.  The  town,  on  an  eminence,  has  a  good 
modern  church,  a  free  grammar  school,  founded  in  1576.  the 
remains  of  a  priory,  founded  in  1090.  a  branch  hank,  and 
manufactures  i)f  shoes  and  whips.  A  branch  of  the  ancient 
Watling  Street  runs  E.  of  the  town,  and  on  Brough  (or 
Dane)  Hill.  In  the  vicinity,  is  the  largest  and  loftie.st  Roman 
encampment  in  the  kingdom. 

DA'VEY,  PORT,  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  on  the  S.W. 
coast.    Lat.  43"  18'  S.,  Ion.  140°  E.    It  U  an  excellent  har- 
A4<! 


bor,  separated  into  two  branches,  and  extending  several 
miles'inland. 

DA'VII)  CLARK  ISLAXD.  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
Low  Archipelago.  Lat.  17°  19'  S..  Ion.  138°  30'  W.  It  it 
about  20  miles  in  circumference,  low  and  dangerous. 

DA'VIDSBOROLGII,  a  post-oflice  of  Washington  co., 
Georgia. 

D.VVIDSBXJRG.  a  village  of  Blair  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Central' Railroad,  125  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

D.V'VIDSOX,  a  county  in  the  AV.  central  part  of  North 
Carolina,  has  an  area  estimated  at  630  square  miles.  It  ib 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Yadkin  River,  and  intersected  by 
Abbott's  and  other  creeks.  The  surfiice  is  divei-sified  by 
hills  and  valleys,  the  soil  of  which  is  generally  fertile. 
Gold  h.is  been  found  near  the  S.  boi-der.  It  also  contains 
valuable  mines  of  lead  and  silver.  The  route  of  the  Cen- 
tr.al  Railroad*  (not  finished)  passes  through  the  county. 
Capital.  Lexington.  Formed  in  1S22  from  Rowan  county, 
and  named  in  honor  of  General  AVilliam  Davidson,  an  offl- 
cer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Pop.  16,601,  of  whom 
13,."i25  were  free,  and  3076  slaves. 

D.WIDSOX,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Middle 
Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at  750  square  miles.  It  is 
traversed  by  Cumberland  River,  dividing  it  into  nearly 
equal  parts;  and  also  drained  by  Ilarpeth  and  Stone's 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating:  the  soil  is  fer- 
tile, well  watered,  and  extensively  cultivated.  Fine  lime- 
stone is  abundant  in  the  county.  Steamboats  navigate  the 
Cumberland  lUver  in  this  part  of  its  cmufe.  Eight  good 
turnpike-roads,  extending  to  distant  parts  of  the  state,  meet 
in  this  county  at  the  city  of  Nashville,  the  county  seat  and 
capit.al  of  Tennessee.  The  Xashville  and  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road also  terminates  at  the  same  place.  Davidson  county  is 
tlie  most  populous  in  the  state.  Pop.  17,055,  of  whom  32,265 
were  free,  and  14,790  slaves. 

D.WIDSOX,  a  post-township  on  the  S.  border  of  Sullivan 
CO..  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  525. 

D.^.VIDSOX,  a  po?t-villa!>e  in  Mecklenburg  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina, about  135  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

D.WIDSOX.  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  about 
105  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

DAVIDSON  CEXTRE,  a  post-ofl[ice  of  Genesee  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

DAVIDSON  COLLEGE,  a  post-village  in  Mecklenburg  co., 
Xoith  Carolina,  120  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Raleigh.  The  College, 
from  which  the  place  derives  its  name,  was  foundeil  in  1838, 
has  about  60  students,  and  a  library  of  between  5000  and 
6000  volumes. 

DAVIDSOX'S  CREEK,  of  Burleson  CO.,  Texas,  flows  south- 
eastward into  Yegu.a  Creek. 

DAA'IDSON'S  RIA'ER,  a  post-oflSce  of  Henderson  co..  North 
Carolina. 

DA'VIDSONVILLR,  a  po.st-village  in  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Marvland.  12  miles  AV.  of  Annapolis. 

DA'VIDSTOAV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

D.\'A'IDSA'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 18  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Somerset. 

D.\A'IE.  di'vee,  a  county  in  the  AV.  central  of  North  Caro- 
lina, hiis  an  area  estimated  at  "250  square  miles.  It  is  w.a- 
tered  by  the  Yadkin  River  and  Hunting  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  elevated  and  uneven.  Formed  in  1836.  and  named 
in  honor  of  General  AVilliam  R.  Davie.  Capitol,  Mocksville. 
Pop.  8494,  of  whom  6102  were  free,  and  2392  slaves. 

D.W'IESS.  d:V'vis.  a  county  in  the  X.AV.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  Indiana,  contains  an  area  estimated  at  650 
square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  washes  its  northern  border, 
and  the  Green  River,  navigable  for  steamboats,  bounds  it  on 
the  S.  and  AV.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  th«  soil  fer- 
tile. Extensive  beds  of  coals  are  found.  Daviess  county 
was  formed  in  1815,  a>id  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Joseph 
11.  Daviess,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Capital, 
Owenl)orough.  Population  15,.^49,  of  whom  12,034  were  free, 
and  3515  slaves. 

DAA'IESS.  a  county  tow,ards  theS.AV.part  of  Indiana,  has 
an  area  of  423  square  miles.  The  E.ist  Fork  and  AVest  Fork 
of  AVhite  River  respectively  form  its  boundaries  on  the  S 
and  AV.,  and  unite  at  the"  S.AV.  extrt^nity  of  the  county. 
The  surface  is  mostly  level  or  undulating:  the  soil  varies 
from  sandy  to  clayey,  and  is  generally  fertile.  Extensive 
beds  of  bituminous  coal, are  found  in  the  county.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  AVabash  and  Erie  Canal ;  and  AVhite  River 
and  its  brandies  are  navigable  in  hisli  water.  Organized  iu 
1817.    Capital,  AVashington.     Pop.  13,323. 

D.\.A'IES3,  a  county  in  the  N.AV.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Grand 
River,  which  flows  in  a  S.E..  direction,  receivinsr  in  its  pjiss- 
aire  the  Cypress,  Big.  and  Honey  Ci-eeks.  The  surface  is 
sliirhtly  undulating:  the  soil  "fertile.  Capital,  Gallatin 
Pop.  9f06,  of  whom  9248  were  free,  and  3,')8  slaves. 

D.\A'1LIC.\N,  dS-ve-le-k3n'.  a  b.ay  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
Island  of  Luzon,  one  of  the  I'hilippines      Lat.  \(P  W  S. 

DAA''IXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ot  Kent. 

D.\'A'IOT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Inverness  and 
Nairn. 

D.\A'IOT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  o'  A'  «rdeen. 


DAY 


DAY 


DATTS,  a  county  in  the  S.S.K.  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  5Iis- 
BOUii,  has  an  area  of  4S0  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Fox  liiver  and  Soap  Creek,  and  drained  also  by  the  soui'Cos 
of  (he  VVyaconda  and  Fabius  Hivers,  which  flow  south-ea.st- 
ward.  The  surface  is  rolling;  the  soil  rich  and  well  watered, 
but  mostly  destitute  of  timber.  Named  in  honor  of  (iarrett 
Davis,  f>rmer  menilier  of  Congress  from  Kentucky.  Capital, 
Bloomtield.  Pop.,  wliich  is  rapidly  increasing,  was  in  1850. 
72Gf;  in  1860,  13,764. 

DAVIS,  a  county  of  Utah,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Great  Salt 
Lake.  Area,  about  550  square  miles.  Capital,  Farmington. 
Pop.  2;'0+. 

D.VVISBOROUGH,  a  Tillage  of  Washington  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Central  Hailroad,  1J2  miles  X.W.  of  Savannali. 

DAVIS'S  COVE,  an  inlet  near  the  W.  e.xtremity  of  Ja- 
maica. 5  miles  S.W.  of  Lucca. 

DAVIS'  (or  DAVIS'S)  CKI-^KK.  Missouri,  flows  into  Cur- 
rent liiver  from  the  riiht  at  Van  Buren.  in  lilpley  county. 

DAVIS'  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Favette  co.,  Ala'bama. 

DAVIS'  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana. 

D.WIS'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa. 

DA'VIS  INLET,  a  bay  formed  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Labrador,  80  miles  S.E.  of  Nain.  Lat.  .55°  37'  N., 
Ion.  60°  20'  \Y.  It  extends  57  miles  inland,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  6  miles. 

DA'VIS  ISLAND,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Mergui  Archipe- 
lago, is  about  10  miles  in  circumference.  Lat.  y°  40'  N'.,  Ion. 
97°  5U'  E. 

DAVIS'  5IILLS,  a  village  in  Barnwell  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina, about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Columtiia. 

D.WI.'^'  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Bedford  co..  Tennessee. 

DAVIS'  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia,  130 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 

D A'VISON,  a  post-township.  Genesee  co.,  Michigan.  P.  950. 

DA'VISONVILLF!,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jasper  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Iroquois  River,  about  100  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Indianapolis. 

DAVIS'  (or  DA\TS'S)  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Robeson 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  73  miles  S.S,W.  of  Raleigh. 

DAVIS'  STOHE.  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co..  A'irginia. 

DAVI.'^'S  (da'vi.s-iz)  STRAIT,  between  Greenland  and 
British  North  America,  connects  Baffin's  Bay  with  the  At- 
lantii'.  Length,  about  750  miles.  The  narrowest  part  of  the 
str.■li^  is  precisely  at  the  point  where  it  is  intersected  by  the 
«\ relic  Circle,  being  there  220  miles  broad,  the  widest  being 
probably  about  600  miles.  The  E.  coast  is  thickly  strewed 
thrnuuhout  its  wh  ile  length  with  rocKS  and  islets,  and  ser- 
rated with  numerous  narrow  inlets,  which  penetrate  a  good 
way  into  the  land.  The  ^V.  coast  has  f'wer,  but  larger,  iii- 
dent.itions.  the  most  extensive  being  Hudson's  Strait  and 
Noithumtierland  Inlet.  Strong  currents  set  from  it  south- 
waid.  and  though  greatly  encumljered  with  ice,  it  is  much 
frequented  by  whaling  ships.  Named  in  honor  of  the 
celebrated  navigator,  John  Davis,  who  discovered  this  strait 
in  1.585. 

DA'VISTON,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia,  about  -12 
miles  K.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

D.WISTO.X.  a  post-village  in  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  about  60 
miI<'S  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

D.V'VIST'tWN.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co„  Pennsylvania, 
about  220  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Uarrisburg,     Pop,  about  200. 

D.^'V'ISVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Washiugton  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

D.\VIS■\^LLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Doyle.stown. 

D.WISVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co..  ilLssissippl. 

DAVLIAorDAULI.\,  dav-leo'a,— see  XVIII. '25  on  p.age 
19 — (anc.  Dau'lis.)  a  village  of  Greece,  government  of  Bceotia, 
9  miles  N.W.  of  Livadia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Parnassu.s. 

D.VVOID-GORODOK,  dd-void'-go-ro'dok.  a  market-town  of 
Russian  Poland,  goveuumeut,  and  132  miles  S.S.W.  of  Minsk. 
Pop.  3000. 

D.VVOLI.  di-voOee.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  II..  IS  miles  S.  of  Catanzaro.    Pop.  3000. 

DAVOS.  dS'vos,  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Orisons,  15  miles  E.  of  Chur,  (Coire.)  It  is  the  principal 
place  in  the  valley  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  600. 

D.VVIIELI,  d.iv-nV'lee.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Vilna.  45  miles  N.E.  of  Vilkomeer.  Pop.  1100. 

DAW'ICIN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio. 

DAW'LEY   MAG'XA.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

D.WV'LISII,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon, 
on  the  British  Channel,  3  miles  N,N,E,(if  East  Teignmouth* 
and  having  a  station  on  tlie  tJreat  Western  Railway.  Pop. 
3132.  The  village  is  frequented  as  a  watering-place,  on  ac- 
count of  its  fine  climate,  beach,  and  scenery. 

DAWN,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Missouri, 

D.VW'SON,  a  considerable  river  of  Eastern  Australia, 
iat<;Iy  discovered  near  lat.  25°  S..  Ion.  150°  E. 

DAW'SON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Terrell  co.,  Georgia 
hoont  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

DAW'SONBIJRG,  a  post-office  of  Fremont  CO.,  Iowa. 

DAW'SON  ISLAND,  a  considerable  island  of  Terra  del 
fuego,  in  the  middle  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  intersected 
ty  the  parallel  of  51°  S.,  and  by  the  meridian  of  70°  30'  "W 


DAWSON'S,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  eo.,  Maryland. 

D.\W'SON  VILLK.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mary 
Land,  about  CO  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Annapolis. 

DAW'SON VTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Virginia. 

DAAVULGII AUT,  dawVCil-gawtA  a  walled  to'in  of  I  ndia.  In 
the  Deccan.  Nizam'.s  dominions.  54  miles  S.  of  Boirhanpoor. 

DAX,  d3x.  AX  or  AQS.  3x.  (anc.  A'qzi/^Aiigtm'Ice,) a.  town 
of  France,  department  cf  Ijindes.  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Adour,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Mont-de-JIarsan. 
Pop.  in  1852.  5S42.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  I'onian  walls,  is 
pretty  well  built,  and  has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace, 
court-house,  prison,  chamber  of  commerce,  and  theatre: 
with  manufitctures  of  earthenware,  linen-thread,  linseed- 
oil,  vinegar,  and  leather,  and  some  trade  in  corn,  wine, 
brandy,  Bayonne  hams,  and  wood.  It  was  celebrated  in 
the  time  of  the  Romans  for  its  hot  saline  springs,  (temperar  • 
ture,  162°  Fahr.,  and  is  still  much  frequented  by  invalids. 
The  origin  of  the  name  Dux  is  somewhat  curious.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  the  town  was  called  Ciritiis  Ahenxis  or  Aqiiertsis-; 
I.  e.  the  '-city  of  Aquae."  whence  the  French  Vilk  d'Acqs, 
(town  of  Acfjs.)  or  simply  iCAc'/s;  ctAx,  or  Dax. 

DAXLANDER,  dax'lSnMjr,  a  village  of  Baden,  4  miles  W. 
of  Carlsruhe,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1470. 

DAXWEILEH.  ddx'ftTler,  a  village  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  28  miles  S.  of  Coblentz.     Pop.  ('05. 

DAY.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Siiratoga  co..  New 
York,  50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1209. 

D.\Y'AN  VI LLE.  a  village  of  I.iewis  co..  New  York.  140  miles 
N.W.  of  Albany. 

DAY  BOOK,  a  post-office  of  Yancey  co..  North  Carolina. 

DAYLES'FOHD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVorcester.  3^ 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Stow-ou-the-Wold.  The  celebrated  AVarreu 
Hastings  resided  here.  • 

D.VY'S  STORE,  a  po.st-office  of  Greene  CO..  Pennsvlvania. 

DAY'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co..  Kentucky. 

DAYS'VILLE,  a  manufuturing  village  of  Killingly  town- 
ship. Windham  co.,  Connecticut,  about  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Hartford. 

DAYSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky. 

D.iYSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  on  Rock 
River.  174  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

D-WTON,  a  township  in  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

D.VYTON,  a  post-village  of  Dayton  township,  Cattarau- 
gus CO..  New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad, 
447  miles  from  New  York  (^ity.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1294 

D.W'TON.  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia. 

D.WTON.  a  pleasant  and  flourishingL  post-village  of  Ma- 
rengo CO.,  Alabama,  70  miles  S.  of  Tuscaloosa.  It  owes  its 
growth  and  prosperity  to  the  salubrity  of  the  situation  and 
its  proximity  to  a  fertile  cotton-growing  region,  known  as 
the  'Canebrake."  Many  wealthy  planters,  who  own  estates 
in  the  vicinity,  have  fixed  their  residences  in  this  place,  for 
the  benefit  of  good  society  and  cood  schools.  Several 
churches  and  flourishing  seminaries  have  in  consequence 
been  establisheil  here,  and  the  village  is  rather  eligible  as  a 
retreat  fn>m  business  than  as  a  place  of  trjide. 

DAY'TON.  a  fiourishing  city,  capital  of  .Montgomery  co,, 
Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  left  or  E,  bank  of  the  Great  Miami, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mad  River,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Miami 
Canal,  52  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  67  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Columbus,  and  460  miles  from  AVashington.  Lat.  39°  44' 
N.,  Ion.  84°  11'  W.  This  is  the  third  or  fourth  city  of  Ohio 
in  respect  to  population  and  wealth,  and  surpasses  all  other 
Western  towns  of  equal  size  in  the  variety  and  extent  of  its 
manufactures.  It  is  the  terminus  of  7  railroads,  viz.,  tlie 
Sandusky,  Dayton  and  Cincinnati,  the  Atlantic  and  Great 
Western,  the  Cinciimati  and  Dayton,  the  Dayton  and  West- 
ern, the  Dayton  and  Union,  the  Dayton  and  Xenia,  and  the 
Dayton  and  Michigan.  A  continuous  line  of  railroad  is  now 
completed  from  the  Ohio  River,  at  Wheeling,  to  St.  Louis, 
on  which  Dayton  is  one  of  the  principal  points.  Twenty-six 
Macadamized  or  hard  gravelled  roads  radiate  in  all  directions 
from  Dayton,  witli  an  aggregate  length  of  more  than  600 
miles.  The  town-  is  laid  out  with  streets  100  feet  wide, 
crossing  each  other  at  right-angles.  The  public  buildings 
are  remarkably  splendid,  and  excellent  taste  is  displayed  in 
the  con.struction  of  the  private  residences,  and  in  the  eni- 
hellishmont  of  the  adjoining  grounds.  The  county  court- 
house, built  of  compact  white  marble,  quarried  in  the  vici- 
nity, is  perhaps  the  most  elegant  edifice  of  its  class  in  the 
Western  States.  The  style  of  architecture  is  that  of  the 
Parthenon,  with  slight  modifications.  The  dimensions  are 
127  feet  in  length,  by  62  in  breadth.  It  cost  about  8170,000. 
D.ayton  contains  34  churches,  a  public  librarj-,  3  national 
banks,  3  other  banks.  2  market-houses,  7  well-organized  free 
schools,  and  the  Cooper  Female  Academy,  a  large  and  floiir- 
isliing  institution.  Two  daily  and  three  weekly  newspapers 
are  published  here.  The  streets,  stores  and  p»il>lic  build- 
ings are  lighted  with  gas.  Quarries  of  excellent  lime- 
stone are  worked  in  the  vicinity,  and  furnish  material  for 
the  finest  buildings  of  Cincinnati.  The  abundant  water- 
power  which  Dayton  possesses  is  one  of  the  chief  elements 
of  its  prosperity.  In  1845  an  hydraulic  canal  was  con- 
structed, by  which  the  water  of  Mad  River  is  brought 
through  the  city.    It  is  the  seat  of  extensive  manufactories 

647 


DAY 

ot  iTulroad  car*,  o'  i"Rper,  and  of  stoves  and  hollow-ware. 
Tlie  annual  pi-oducts  of  these  three  branches  are  vahied  iit 
Ilea-  $:j,000,000.  It  also  contiuns  several  cotton-factories, 
woollen-factories,  oil-mills,  flouring-mills,  and  machine- 
Bhops.  Dajton  was  first  settled  in  1796,  and  incorporated 
in  ISOo.  Assessed  value  of  property  in  1863.  $-5,309,928;  in 
lSl'4,  S10,31o,310.  In  1829  the  Miami  Canal  was  opened 
from  Circinnati  to  this  point,  from  which  event  its  pros- 
perity m.iy  be  dated.  Pop.  in  1830,  29;')4;  in  1840,  6067  ;  in 
1S50.  10,976;  according  to  the  census  taken,  in  1853,  lti,u62; 
in  I860,  20,081 ;  in  1865,  about  30,000. 
DAYTOX,  Berrien  cc,  Michigan.  See  Appendix. 
DAYTOX,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indi- 
ana, 10  miles  S.E.  of  Lafayette.  It  is  situatetl  on  the  bor- 
der of  a  prairie,  and  has  valuable  water-power  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  abouut  600. 

DAYTOX.  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  about  55  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  Springlield. 

liAVTOX. a  post-office  of  l,a  Salle  Co..  Illinois, 
i  >  A  YTOX'.  a  village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa,  216  miles'W.S.W. 
of  Iowa  Citv. 
DAYTOX,  Y'lim  Ilill  co  .  Orction.    pin-  Appendix. 
DAViTDX  B.iiOU,  a  small  village  of  Desha  co.,  Arkansas. 
DKAD  fALL,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

DEAD  LAKE,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  FrankUn  cc,  New  York. 
Length,  about  5  miles. 

DK.^D  KlVEil  of  Maine,  rises  in  Franklin  county,  in  the 
X.W.  part  of  the  state,  and  falls  into  Kennebec  River,  about 
20  miles  below  Moosehead  Lake.  This  important  affluent  of 
the  Kennebec  flows  through  a  very  lertile  and  well-wooded 
part  of  the  state. 

DE.4D  KIVEK  of  New  Hampshire,  rises  in  Coos  county, 
and  falls  into  the  Margallaway  Kiver. 
DE.\D  KIVER,  a  postxjffice  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 
DEAD  SEA  or  SEA  OF  SODOM.  (Arab.  Biiket  Loot, 
beea'ket  loot.  "Lake  of  Lot,"  or  Balir  Lout,  blii'r loot, "Sea 
of  Lot;"  Fr.  J^ir  Jforfe,  maiR  most;  Ger. 'J}jdtes-Mi:er,\6ihes- 
main:  ane.Xu'cui  Asphalli/tes ;  L.  Mu're  MurHuum,)  called 
in  Scripture,  SALT  SEA,  SEA  OF  TUE  PLAIXS,  and  EAST 
SEA,  a  celebrated  lake  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  near  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  Palestine,  25  miles  E.  of  Jerusidem,  and  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Jericho.  Centre  about  lat.  31'^  30'  N.,  Ion. 
35°  45'  E.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  41  miles;  breadth 
at  the  widest  part,  95miles;  .-ivei-age.  about  8j  miles.  The 
basin  or  hollow  in  which  the  Dead  Sea  reposes  forms  the 
.southern  termination  of  the  great  depre.ssion  through  which 
the  Joi-dan  flows,  that  river  entering  it  at  its  northern  ex- 
tremity. The  surface  of  the  lake  is  1312  feet  below  the  level 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  984  ftjet  below  Lake  Tiberias, 
from  which  the  Jordan  issues,  it  being  thus  by  far  the 
deepest  known  iissure  on  the  earth's  surface.  It  lies  im- 
bedded between  lofty  cliffs  of  naked  limestone,  its  shores 
presenting  a  scene  of  iRdescribable  desolation  and  solitude, 
encompassed  by  desert  sands  and  bleak,  stony,  salt  hills: 
excepting  where  there  are  fresh-water  streams,  in  which 
localities  the  shores  are  fertile.  Lofty  mounfciins,  exhibiting 
frightful  precipices,  rise  on  the  E.  shore  to  the  height  of 
2000  and  2500  feet  above  the  water;  and  on  the  W.  the 
rocky  barriers  attain  an  elevation  of  1500  feet.  Its  waters 
are  thoroughly  impregnated  with  salt,  and  it  has  not  been 
proved  that  any  animal  exists  in  this  sea.  A  mountain  of 
rock-salt  on  its  S.W.  side,  called  Hijr  Oosdoom,  "stone  of  So- 
dom," preserves  the  name  of  that  city,  ruined  with  others, 
as  described  in  Genesis  xix.  24-28 ;  and  traces  of  towns  or 
buildings  are  reported,  on  doubtful  authority,  to  have  been 
seen  at  certain  times  in  its  bed.  Asphaltum  was  thrown  to 
the  surface  at  its  southern  extremity,  in  large  quantities, 
after  the  earthquakes  of  1834  and  1837.  Messrs.  Robinson 
and  Smith  have  found  the  Andepias  giganU'a  growing  at 
Engedi,  on  its  W.  coast,  the  fruits  of  which,  (the  famed 
'•  apples  of  Sodom,")  though  inviting  in  appearance,  crumble 
in  the  h;»nd  into  powder. 
DEAD  STREAM,  Maine,  joins  the  Penobscot  at  Orono. 
DKAKOVAR,  di-i*ko^vaR/,  a  market^town  of  Hungary, 
in  Slavonia,  co.  of  Veriitze,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Eszek.  Pop. 
3000. 

DE.4L,  deel,  a  municipal  and  parliamentary  borough, 
maritime  town,  and  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  cinque  port  of  Sandwich,  from  which  town  it  is 
4i  miles  S.E..  on  the  shore  of  the  Xorth  Sea,  near  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Downs,  opposite  Goodwin  Sands,  8  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Dover,  and  102  miles  E.S.E.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1851,  7067.  The  town  consists  of  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower 
Deal ;  the  last,  stretching  in  parallel  streets  along  the  coast, 
is  indifferently  built;  Upper  and  Middle  Deal  are  well 
built,  and  comprise  many  detached  houses.  The  principal 
buildings,  are  a  church,  court-house,  jail,  naval  store-house, 
custom-house,  and  new  public  rooms  with  a  library  and 
baths.  At  the  S.  and  X.  extremities  of  the  borough  are 
Walmer  and  Sandown  Castles,  and  intermediate  is  Deal 
Castle,  a  fortress  built  by  Henry  VIII.  The  inhabitants 
are  moi-.tly  connected  with  maritime  traffic,  and  the  skill 
nnd  boldness  of  Deal  boatmen  is  proverbial.  Of  late,  Wal- 
BMr  hub  been  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing.     The  borough 


DEA 

unites  with  Sandwich  in  sending  2  members  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

DEAL,  a  village  of  Monmouth  CO.,  Xew  Jersey,  3  miles  S. 
of  Long  Branch,  and  1  mile  from  the  sea. 

DEAL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co.,  Xorth  Caro- 
lina. 
DE-^MOXOS,  a  district  in  De  Kalb  CO.,  Georgia     Pop.  617. 
DEAX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 
DEjVX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lauc-aster. 
DEAX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Xoithampton. 
DEAX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 
DE.\X,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton, 
5^  miles  X.W.  of  Romsey,  with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the 
South-Western  Railway. 
DEAX,  E.\ST,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
DK.\X,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
DEAX,  X  ETHER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
DEAX  PRIOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
DEAX,  PRIORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 
DE.\X,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
DEAX,  WEST,  two  p;irishes  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
DEAX,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Foi-far,  issuing  from 
Forfar  Loch,  and  falling  into  the  Isla  1  mile  X.  of  Meigle. 

DEAX  or  DEEX,  a  river  of  England,  rising  in  the  co.  of 
Leicester,  and  falling  into  the  Trent  at  Xewark. 

DE.iX'FIELD,  a  township  of  Hancock  CO.,  Maine,  80  miles 
X.E.  of  Augusta. 

DEAX  FOREST,  Engkand,  co.  of  Gloucester,  comprised 
formerly  the  chief  part  of  the  co.  \i.  of  the  Severn,  but  as  a 
royal  forest  it  is  now  reduced  to  22,000  acres,  about  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Xewnham,  and  of  which  about  one-half  is  under 
enclosure  for  navy  timber.  Pop.  in  1851,  13,566,  mostly 
employed  in  iron  and  coal  mines,  with  which  the  forest 
and  neighboring  wastes  abound.  It  coutiins  fine  planta- 
tions of  oak,  beech,  ic.  and  orchards  yielding  the  lamous 
styre-apple  cider.  Xumerous  railways  connect  the  mines 
with  the  Severn,  Wye,  ic.  It  is  divided  into  6  parochial 
districts,  and  belongs  to  the  crown.  The  inhabitants  are 
exempted  from  county  rates,  and  have  other  ancient  privi- 
lege,*;. 

DEAX  MITCH'ELL,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Gloucester,  11  miles  W.  of  Gloucester.    Pop.  665. 
DE.VX'S  COKXERS,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co.,  Xew 
Y'ork. 

DEAX'S  ISLAXD,  a  lagoon  island  in  the  South  Pacific, 
Ocean,  between  the  Low  Islands  and  the  Society  Islands. 
Lat.  15°  5' S.;  Ion.  148°  W. 

DE.VXSTOX,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  30  miles  S.W. 
of  Perth,  on  the  Teith,  about  1  mile  W.  of  Douue.  Pop. 
982,  employed  in  the  Deanston  cotton  factories, 

DEAXS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co.,  Xew  Y'ork,  on 
the  Chenango  Canal,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Utica. 

DEAKBOKX,  deer'born,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  In- 
diana, bordering  on  uliio.  contains  291  squai-e  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Whitewater  River,  and  the  Ohio  touches  its 
S.E.  corner.  The  surface  is  diversified,  some  parts  being 
level,  and  others  hilly ;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  The  prin- 
cipal rock  is  limestone.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Whitewater  Canal,  and  the  railroad  extending  from  Indian- 
apolis to  Lawrenceburg.  the  capital.     Pop.  24,406. 

DEARBORX,  a  township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  20  miles 
X.  of  Augusta. 

DEARBORX.  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Wayne  co, 
Michigan.    Pop.  ls»02. 

DEARBORX^S  RIVER,  the  first  tributary  of  any  import- 
ance which  the  Missouri  receives  after  the  junction  of  its 
three  head  branches.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  flowing  S.E.,  unites  with  the  Missouri,  about  130  miles 
alxive  the  lireat  Fells.    Length,  about  150  miles. 

DEAlt/BORXVlLLE,  a  thiiving  post-village  of  Dearborn 
township.  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  S.  branch  of  the 
Rouge  Kiver,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of 
Detroit.  The  United  States  Arsenal  at  this  place  compre- 
hends 11  brick  buildings,  arranged  around  a  sijuare.  whose 
side  is  300  feet  The  main  building  is  120  feet  long  by  30 
feet  deep,  and  is  3  stories  high.  The  several  buildings  are 
connected  by  a  strong  wall.  12  feet  in  height. 

DEARaX)RFF'SMlLLS.  a  post-office  of  Tuscarrawas  co., 
Ohio,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Massillon. 

DEAR'H.iM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 
DE.A.R'MAX'S,  a  post-village,  landing,  aud  ra'ilroad  star 
tion  of  Westchester  co..  Xew  Y'ork,  on  the  Hudson  River 
and  Railroad,  opposite  Piermont.    It  has  a  ferry  across  the 
river. 

DBASE  (dees)  IXLET.  Arctic  Ocean,  Russian  America, 
S.E.  of  Point  Barrow,  in  lat. 71°  13'  X.,  Ion.  75°  10'  W.,  is  about 
5  miles  broad,  and,  has  2  lathoms  of  water. 

DEASE  RIVER,  of  British  Xorth  America,  rising  in  the 
Coppermine  Mountains,  and  flowing  into  the  X.  side  of 
Great  Bear  Lake.  Xamed.  as  well  as  the  following  river  and 
strait,  after  Lieutenant  Dea.se.  one  of  the  party  who  first  ex- 
plored it  in  1837  by  order  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 

DEASE  STR.ilT.  a  channel  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  commu- 
nicating with  Coronation  Guif,  and  having  Mellwume 
Island  at  its  C.  extremity ;  intersected  by  the  parallel  of 


DEA 


DEC 


B9°  Jf.  It  is  about  120  miles  long,  and  23  miles  average 
breadth,  and  at  its  widest  part  is  considerably  obstructed 
by  islands. 

DK.\TESVILLE,  a  postHDffice  of  Xel.son  co.,  Kentucky. 

DKA'TONSVIUjK,  a  post-village  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia, 
52  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

DKA'VKKTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  16 
miles  S.  of  Zanesviile. 

DEliA,  dA'bd,  or  DIIAPA,  d'hi'pL  a  town  of  Thibet,  capi- 
tal of  a  province,  near  the  Upper  Sutlej.  14,918  feet  above  the 
sea.  Lat.  :W°13'.\.:  Ion.  80<^21'E.  It  is  built  of  stone,  and 
has  a  large  temple  of  Vishnu,  and  monastic  establishment, 
with  some  trade  in  wool  and  salt. 

DKJ5A,  dA'bd.  or  DIIVIJAII,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Ara- 
bia, on  the  .Vrabian  Sea.  100  miles  N.W.  of  Muscat.  The  inha- 
bitants number  between  1000  and  1200,  who  collect  shark 
fins,  and  send  about  90  boats  to  the  pearl  fishery,  the  yearly 
returns  amounting  to  between  4.")00/.  and  G250i. 

DK1{.\I.  dii^bi'.  a  maritime  town  of  Arabia,  on  the  Persian 
Gulf.  lat.  25°  10'  N..  Ion.  55°  25'  E.  It  may  be  considered 
the  termination  of  the  Pirate  coast. 

DEHALPOOR,  dl-bdl-poor',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Pun- 
jab, between  the  Sutl^j  and  Payee  Rivers,  77  miles  S.W.  of 
Lahore. 

DE15DEX.  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

DKIJ'KNHAM.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk,  13  miles  >'.  of  Ipswich.     Pop.  1067. 

DEBI  or  DKIUE,  dA'bee\  a  village  of  Senegambia,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Senegal,  about  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
7  miles  K.  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

DKR'LOIS',  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  incorpo- 
rated March  4,  1852. 

DaiJ,  d,Vbo,  or  DIBBIE.  dibOjce,  (Amh. Bahr-TielKhin'r- 
teeb,  the  '-black  lake,")  a  lake  of  Central  Africa,  in  Nigritia, 
150  miles  S.W.  of  Timbuctoo,  and  traversed  by  the  Joliba 
River,  which  enters  on  its  S.,  and  emerges  from  its  N.E.  side. 
On  its  S.W.  shore  is  a  town  of  same  name. 

DEBOO  or  DEBOU,  dA-boo'.  a  village  of  Western  Africa, 
in  Bondoo,  on  the  Faleme.  Lat.  14°  20'  N.;  Ion.  12°  14' 
W.  It  is  situated  on  a  clilT  overhanging  the  river,  and  has 
the  appearance  of  a  considerable  village,  with  clean,  well- 
built  huts. 

DEBRECZIX  or  DEBRETZIN,  d.i-br5t'sin.  a  royal  free 
town  of  Eastern  Hungary,  and,  next  to  Pesth.  the  largest 
in  the  kingdom,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Bihar,  is  situated  in  a 
sandy  pl.tin.  110  miles  E.of  Pesth.  Pop.  Oa.iiOO,  mostly  Mag- 
yars, and  nearly  43.800  of  whom  are  Calvinists.  The  houses 
are  almost  all  one  story  in  height,  and  thatched ;  the  streets 
are  broad,  unpaved,  and  in  wet  weather  a  mass  of  liquid 
mui.  Its  principal  edifices  are  5  churches,  a  monastery, 
several  hospitals  and  infirmaries,  an  orphan  asylum,  and  a 
town-hall.  It  has  a  Calvinistic  college,  with  a  library  of 
20.000  volumes,  founded  in  1792,  and  said  to  be  the  best 
educ;itional  institution  in  Hungary,  and  upwards  of  2000 
students,  a  Piarist  college,  and  a  Koman  Catholic  high 
school.  It  has  manufactures  of  soap  and  tobacco  pipe- 
bowls,  of  which  latter  about  13,000,000  are  made  annually. 
Shoemaking  is  al.so  carried  on  to  a  vast  extent,  and  about 
25,000  sheep-skins  are  prepared  annually;  besides  which,  it 
has  manufactures  of  furs,  combs,  and  coopers'  and  turnery- 
wares.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  16S4,  but  abandoned 
by  them  in  the  same  year. 

DEBTLTNO.  dJt'ling,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

DEBURIEII,  dgb'oo-ree'eh,  (the  Dali/uralh  of  antiquity,) 
a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Naza- 
reth. 

DEC.\TUR,  de-kA'ter,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extre- 
mity of  Georgia,  bordering  on  Florida,  has  an  area  of  1062 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Flint  River,  and 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Chattahooehe,  and  also  drained 
by  Spring  Creek.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven,  the  soil 
geneially  fertile.  Both  of  the  rivers  above  mentioned  are 
navigaliie  by  steamboats.  Named,  as  well  as  those  which 
follow,  in  honor  of  Commodore  Stephen  Decatur.  Capital, 
Bainbridge.  Population  11,9J2,  of  whom  5998  were  free, 
ami  5924  slaves. 

DECATUR,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  of  325  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River 
Forms  its  entire  E.  boundary,  and  Beech  River  flows  through 
It.  The  surface  presents  no  great  inequalitie.s;  the  soil  is 
mostly  fertile.  Decatur  county  was  formed  in  1846,  out  of 
the  W.  part  of  Perry  co.  Capital,  Decaturville.  Population 
6276,  of  whom  5492  were  free,  and  784  slaves. 

DECATUR,  a  county  in  the  S.B.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
872  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Laughery,  Clifty,  and 
Sand  Creeks.  The  surSvce  is  nearly  level,  or  gently  undu- 
lating; the  soil  is  mostly  a  rich  loam,  based  on  limestone. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Michigan  plank-road,  ex- 
tending from  the  Ohio  River  to  Lake  Michigan,  and  by  the 
[ndianapolis  and  Cinciimati  Railroad.  Organized  in  1821. 
Capital,  Greensburg.     Population  17,294. 

DECATUR,  a  county  in  the  S.  pai-t  of  Iowa,  bordering  on 
Missouri,  has  an  area  of  528  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
'rom  N.  to  S.  by  the  Weldon  River,  and  by  the  Crooked 
fork  of  Grand  River.    The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil 


fertile.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are  separated  by  nume- 
rous groves  of  hard  timber  di.stributed  among  the  watei 
courses.  A  company  of  Hungarian  refugees,  about  ?.00  in 
number,  under  Governor  Ujhazy,  have  formed  a  settlement 
in  this  county,  at  New  Buda.    Capital,  l,eon.     Pop.  8677. 

DECATUR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Otsego  co..  New 
York,  60  miles  W.  of  Alliany.    Population  90-2. 

DECATUR,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Population  668. 

DECATUR,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Mifflin  co., 
Pennsylvania,  42  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisbnrg.     Pop.  1-216. 

DECATUR,  a  handsome  and  thriving  post-village,  capital 
of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railraid,  105  miles 
W.  of  Augusta.  The  situation  is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the 
most  healthful,  beautiful,  and  agreealile  that  can  be  found 
on  any  of  the  great  thoroughfares  of  the  South.  It  con- 
tains 2  seminaries.  About  6  miles  E.  is  the  famous  Stone 
Mountain,  which  is  visited  every  year  by  thousands  of  ad- 
miring spectators.  Pop.  in  is.^o.  744.  See  Sto.ne  Mouxtaix. 
DECATUR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Abv 
bama,  on  the  left  bank  of  Tennessee  River,  30  miles  W.S.W 
of  Huntsville.  It  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Tuscumbia 
and  Decatur  Railroad.  44  miles  long. 

DECATUR,  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Newton  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, 76  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Jackson. 

Di:CATUR.  a  post-vilIas:e,  capital  of  Meigs  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  140  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

DEC.VrUR,  a  post-village  of  Brown  CO.,  Ohio,  about  100 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 

DECATUR,  a  township  in  Lawrence  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  959. 
I)  ECATU  It,  a  township  in  Washington  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1-222. 
DECATUR,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  in  Van 
Buren  co.,  Jlichlgan,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  108  miles  W. 
of  Detroit,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pawpaw,  the  county  .'seat,  and 
about  25  miles  E.  of  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  situated  in  a 
rich  fiirming  district,  which  is  settling  rapidly.  I'op.  of  the 
township.  654. 

DEC.\TUR,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Adams 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  St.  JIary's  River,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Fort  Wayne,  was  settled  in  1837.     Plank-roads  extend  In 
several  directions  from  this  village.     I'op.  532. 
DEC.A^TUR,  a  township  in  Marion  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1387. 
DECATUR,  a  fiourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Macon 
CO..  Illinois,  is  situated  1  mile  N.  of  Sangamon  River,  and  40 
miles  E.  of  Springfield.    The  Central  Railroad  and  Great 
AVestcrn  Railroad  intersect  each  otherat  this  point.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  excellent  agricultural  district,  and  is  rapidly 
advancing  in  population.     It  contains  a  court-house,   11 
churches,  3  banks,  and  several  factories.    Three  new8pap(!rs 
are  issued  here.    Pop.  in  1860,  3839 ;  in  1865,  al'out  5500. 
DECA'I'UR,  a  post-township  of  Decatur  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  952. 
DECATUR,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Decatur  township, 
Green  co.,    Wisconsin,   is    pleasantly   situated    on    Sugar 
River,  87  miles  W.S.W.  of  Milwaukee.     Sugar  River  is  .i 
fine  durable  stream,  affording  extensive  water-power,  which 
has  been  improved  by  the  erection  of  mills.    Lead  and  lime- 
stone are  abundant  here.     Pop.  of  township  1618. 

DECArrURVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  De- 
catur CO.,  Tennessee.  110  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville.  It  be- 
came the  county  seat  in  1846,  when  the  county  was  organ- 
ized. Pop.  alKiut  350. 
DECATURVILLE.  a  po.st-office  of  Wa.shington  co..  Ohio. 
DECAZEVILLE.  deh-ki/.Veel'.  a  vill.age  of  Trance',  depart- 
ment of  Aveyron,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Villefranche,  with  exten- 
sive iron  forges.     Pop.  in  1852.  5938. 

DECCAN  or  DEKKAN,  dJk'kan,  (San.scrit.  Dacshina,  ul,k- 
shee'nd.  "  the  south,")  a  term  formerly  applied  to  the  whole 
of  Ilindost.an  S.  of  the  Nerhudda,  but  latterly  limited  to  the 
country  between  that  river  and  the  Kistnah.  or  from  lat.  16°  to 
23°  N..  and  comprising  the  provinces  ofGundwanah.Orissa, 
the  Northern  Circars.  Candeish,  Berar,  Boeder.  Hyderabad, 
.\urungabad.  and  Bejapoor.  In  1818,  the  following  districts 
were  ceded  to  Britain,  and  constitute  the  British  Deccan: — 
Candeish,  Ahmednugger,  Poonah,  and  Darwar,  under  the 
presidency  of  Bombay :  and  the  ced<-d  districts  on  the  Ner- 
budda,  under  the  presidency  of  Bengal.  The  remainder 
of  the  Deccan  is  under  the  rajah  of  Berar,  the  Nizam,  the 
rajah  of  Sattarah.  the  Guicowar  and  the  Gwalior  sovereign. 
DECCAN,  dJk'kau,  or  DUKKINSHAHABAZPOOR,  dftk- 
kin-shd-hi-biz-poor'.  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Megna  or  Brahmapootra,  from  the  sediment 
of  which  it  is  formed.  It  is  30  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  13 
miles  in  avenaire  breadth. 

DECEP/TION  ISLAND,  near  South  Shetl.and,  in  the  An- 
tarctic Ocean,  lat.  6-2°  55'  6"  S.,  Ion.  60°  35'  ".V.,  is  volcanic, 
and  consists  of  alternato  layers  of  ashes  and  ice,  with  a  deep 
lake.  5  miles  in  circumference,  and  hot  springs ;  temperature, 
140°  Fab. 
DECEMP.\GT.  See  Dieuze. 
DECETIA.    See  Decize. 

DE   CHIEN   BAYOU,  de  sheen   (Fr.  pron.  deb-she-SN"') 
bi'oo,  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  flows  westward  through 
the  S.  part  of  Hickman  co..  into  the  MissLssippi  River. 
DECHKIN.    See  Deshkix. 

DECIMOMANNU,  ddVhe-mo-man-noo/,  a  vilbiie  in   the 

549 


DEC 


DEE 


islaml  of  Sardinia,  7  miles  N'.W.  of  Cagliari.  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Santaliana  and  Mannu. 

DECIZK.  deh-seez',  (an:.  DfCfHia.)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partmi'nt  o,'  >ievre.  18  m-,les  S.E  of  Xevers.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3ni>t.  It  is  jituated  on  a  rock  in  the  middle  of  an  island  in 
the  Loire.  The  islet  is  connected  with  one  tank  of  the  river 
by  a  stone,  and  with  the  rther  by  a  suspension  bridge,  and 
lis,  his^hes'-.  summit  is  crowned  by  an  old  castle  of  the  Dukes 
of  Nevers  De-ize  has  extensive  iron-works;  the  coal-mines 
in  the  neiihboi  hoo4  are  among  the  richest  in  France.  The 
glass-works,  1  mile  distuut,  make  about  100,000  bottles 
m.mthly. 

DKCKEXDOKF.  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  Deggexdorf.   ■ 

DE  ::i\'ERD,a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Tennessee. 

DECK'ER'S  CUKEIC,  a  post-office  of  Preston  co.,  Virginia. 

DECKE1{'.S  FERKY,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana. 

D  ECK'EllTOW.N,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wantage  town- 
ship. Sussex  CO..  New  Jersey,  on  Deep  Clove  Creek.  1.3  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Xewton.  It  is  surrounded  by  beautiful  moun- 
tain scener}'.  and  contains  2  or  3  churches,  an  academy,  a 
bank,  and  milLs  of  various  kinds.     Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

DECO'R All, n  post-village, capital oJ  \Vi^ne^hiek  t;o.,Iowa, 
on  the  Ujiper  Iowa  Itiver,  about  tO  miles  in  a  direct  line 
N.W.  of  Duliuqne.    It  contains  a  national  bank,  4  churches, 

1  newspaper  office,  4  flouring-mills,  &c.    See  Appendix. 
DECJK'it.1,  a  post-office  of  Uentoa  co.,  Minnesota  Terri- 
tory. 

DKCS,  daitch.  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  co. 
of  Tolna.  .3  miles  from  Szexard.     Pop.  1606. 

DED'DIXGXOX.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.,  and  16  miles  X.X.W.  of  Oxford.  Pop.  in  18.51.  2178.  It 
has  endowed  almshouses,  and  breweries  of  excellent  ale. 

DEDELElihX,  dA-deb-lA'ben,  (Gross,  git)ce,  and  Kleis, 
klliie,)  two  adjacent  villages  of  PiTissia,  government  of  Mag- 
deburg, near  Oschei-sleben.     Pop.  1323. 

DEDIIAM.  ded'am.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

DED'lIAM,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Kangor.  intersected  by  Union  River.    Pop.  495. 

DEDHAM.  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Xorfolk 
CO..  .Massachusetts,  is  situated  on  Charles  River.  12  miles 
S.W.  of  Boston;  connected  with  the  Boston  and  Providence 
Railroad  by  a  branch  railroad  about  2  miles  in  length.  The 
village  is  large  and  flourishing,  and  contains  4  churches.  2 
newspaper  offices,  a  bank,  a  savings  institution,  and  an  in- 
surance office.  It  has  soaie  manufactures  of  machinery  and 
print-a.     Pop.  of  the  township.  CoSO. 

DEDHAM,  a  post-office  of  Weaklev  co.,  Tennessee. 

DKDILOVA  or  DEDILOWA,  da-de-lo'vi,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Toola.     Pop.  1000. 

DEE,  a  river  in  Wales,  rises  in  Lake  Bala.  co.  of  Merioneth, 
flows  between  the  county  of  Denbigh  on  the  W.  and  Flint- 
shire and  Cheshire  on  the  E.,  nearly  encircles  the  city  of 
Chester,  and  is  thence  continued  by  an  artificial  channel  8 
miles  in  length,  to  an  estuary  14  miles  in  length,  and  from 

2  to  6  miles  across,  between  the  counties  of  Flint  and  Ches- 
ter, by  which  it  communicjites  with  the  Irish  Sea.  Total 
coui-se,  70  miles.  Its  estuary  is  encumtiered  by  sand  banks, 
but  it  has  important  inland  communication  with  the  rivers 
of  Central  England. 

DEE,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  rises  in  Cairn- 
gorm Jlountains,  and  flows,  with  a  generally  E.  course,  to 
the  Xorth  Sea  at  .\berdeen.  Total  course,  96  miles.  Near  its 
source  its  waters  are  hemmed  into  a  narrow,  intricate  chasm 
of  rock,  flowing  over  which  it  forms  the  "  Linn  of  Dee,"  Its 
s.almon  fishery  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  in  Scotland,  and 
lately  yielded  8000?.  a  year. 

DEE,  a  river  of  Scotland,  flows  southward  below  Kirkcud- 
bright and  enters  Solway  Firth  after  a  course  of  50  miles,  for 
♦he  last  7  of  whi'h  it  is  navigable. 

DEED'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana. 

DEEDS^V'ILLE,  a  po.st-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Skunk  River,  .ibout  40  miles  X.W.  of  Burlington. 

DEEG,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindostan,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  57  miles  X.W.  of  Agi-a.  There  are  here  the  ruins 
of  7  remarkably  fine  palaces.  It  was  thought  to  be  impreg- 
nable by  the  penple  of  India  tiU  it  was  taken  by  storm  by 
Lord  Lake  in  1805. 

DEEGOA,  de-go'i.  a  large  walled  town  of  Borneo,  in  Cen- 
tral Africa,  60  mile^  S,  of  Kooka.     Pop.  30.000  (?) 

DEEL,  a  river  of  Ireland,  rises  in  the  Orrery  Mountains, 
and  flows  into  the  Shannon. 

DEEM,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana. 

DEEX,  a  river  of  England.     See  Dean. 

DEEP  CLOVE  CREEK,  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey,  rises 
at  the  S.E.  base  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  and  enters  the  ^Vall- 
kill  River  a  little  below  Deckertown. 

DEEP  CREEK,  of  Xorth  Carolina,  flows  into  Tar  River 
a  few  miles  above  Tarborouurh. 

DEEP  CREEK,  of  Anderson  district.  South  Carolina,  en- 
ters Kiowee  River  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

DEEP  CREEK,  a  po.st-village  of  Xorf  )lk  co..  Virginia,  at 
the  northern  terminus  of  the  Dism.al  Swamp  Canal,  10  miles 
8  of  .Norfolk.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  shingles,  which  are 
procured  fi-om  the  Dismal  Swamp  and  shipped  by  schooners 
to  tht)  northern  cities. 


DEEP  CUT,  a  village  of  Allen  co^  Ohio,  on  the  Miami 
Canal,  100  miles  X.W.  of  Columbus. 

DKEP  CUT,  a  small  villa-e  of  Ausrlaize  co..  Ohio. 

DEEP  CUT.  a  po.st-office  of  Mercer  co..  Ohio. 

DEEP'IXG.  MAR'KET.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng 
land.  CO.  of  Lincoln.  93  miles  X.X.W.  of  lyondon. 

DEEP'IXG,  ST.  JAMES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  liu 
coin, 

DEEP'IXG,  WEST,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DEEP  RIVER,  a  branch  of  Cape  Fear  River,  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Xorth  Carolina.  Rising  near  the  W.  border  of 
Guilford  county,  it  flows  first  south-etistward,  through  Ran- 
dolph county,  and  then  nejirly  eastward,  until  it  unites 
with  Haw  River,  at  Haywood,  in  Chatham  county.  Its 
length  probably  exceeds  110  miles.  It  flows  through  a 
hilly  and  fertile  country,  and  affords  abundant  motive 
power.  The  river  has  lately  tern  rendered  navigable  fiom 
its  mouth  to  the  inexhaustible  beds  of  anthracite  and  bitu- 
minous coal  which  have  been  oj)ened  along  its  banks  in 
Chatham  county.    The  aboriginal  name  is  Sippotuih. 

DEEP  RIVER,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  Calumet,  in 
Lake  count  v. 

DEEP  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co-,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  a  small  creek,  30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Haven. 
It  contains  2  churches,  a  bauk.  and  has  muimfactures  of 
bits,  augers,  combs,  Ac.     Pupulation  about  lOOO. 

DEEP  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Guilford  co..  North  Carolina. 

DEEP  RIVER,  a  }K)st-office  cf  Lake  co..  Indiana. 

DEEP  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Poweshiek  co..  Iowa. 

DEEP  W.\TER,  a  post-office  of  Marsh.Hll  co.,  Mississippi. 

DEEP  W,\TER.  a  pnst-village  of  Henry  co..  Missouri,  on 
a  tributary  of  the  Osase,  110  miles  W.  by  S,  of  Jefferson. 

DEEPWATER  CREEK,  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri,  flows 
eastward  into  Griind  River. 

DEEP  WELL,  a  post-village  of  Iredell  co.,  North  Carolina, 
125  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

DEER,  capital  of  NubU.     See  Dbrr. 

DEER  BROOK,  a  post-village  of  Xoxubee  co.,  Mi.ssissippi. 

DEER  CREEK,  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  enters 
the  Alleghany  River  a  few  miles  N.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

DEElf  CREEK,  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Maryland,  flows 
through  Baltimore  and  Harford  counties,  and  enters  the 
Susquehanna  alKiut  7  miles  from  its  mouth. 

DEER  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  the  Yazoo  from  the 
N.  in  Warren  countv. 

DEER  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Scioto  River  in 
Ross  county,  about  10  miles  X.  of  Chillicothe. 

DEER  CREEK,of  Indiana,  a  fine  mill  stream,  rises  in  How- 
ard CO..  and  flows  westward  into  the  Wabash,  near  Delphi. 

DEER  CREEK,  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  tlows  into  Mill 

DEER  CREEK,  also  called  SOUTH  YUBA  and  DOBBIN'S 
CREEK,  Y'uba  co.,  toward  the  X.  p.art  of  California,  rises  on 
the  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  running  fir.st  in  a  S.W., 
and  then  in  a  W.  course,  falls  into  the  Yuba  River  25  miles 
above  Marysville.    Good  timber  is  found  on  its  b:inks. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  village  of  AUeLihany  co..  I'ennsylvania, 
on  the  -Mleghany  River.  11  miles  al>ove  Pittsburg. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
225  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Harrisburg. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Issaquena  co.,  Mississippi 

DEER  CREEK, atownshipof  Madison  CO., Ohio.   Pop. 700. 

DEER  CiiEhK,  a  township  of  Pickaway  CO.,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation l:;79. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  Co.,  Michigan. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  post-townsliip  of  Carrol  co.,  Indiana. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  IVp.  1132. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  town^bip  of  Miami  co.,Iudiana.  Pop.  946. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  towusnip  of  PeiTy  co.,  indian-a. 

DEER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon. 

DEER'FIELD  river  rises  in  Windham  co.,  in  the  S.  part 
of  Vermont,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  River  in  Frank- 
lin CO..  in  the  X.X.W.  part  of  M!«s.s.>»ohusetts. 

DEERFIELD.  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Rcckinsham 
CO..  Xew  Hampshire.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     I'op.  2066. 

DEERFIELD,  a  post  vill.tge  and  township  of  Franklin  n., 
Ma.ssachusetts,  at  the  junction  of  Deerfield  and  Omnectlcut 
Rivers  and  on  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad,  about  100 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Bo.ston.     Pop.  3073.      • 

DEERFIELD,  a  townsliip  of  Oneida  co..  New  Y'ork.  Pop. 
2249. 

DEERFIELD.  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co  ,  Xew 
Jersey,  on  Cohansev  Creek,  contains  the  village  of  Liridgo- 
ton.     Total  pop.  4883. 

DEERFIELD.  or  DEERFIELD  STREET,  a  post-vilLige  of 
the  aliove  township.  7  miles  .N.  of  Bridgeton,  contains  a 
Presbvterian  church,  and  aV>out  40  dwellings. 

DEERFIELD,  a  post-vilKige  and  township  of  Ti'iga  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Cow.anesquo  Ci-eek,  16  miles  X.X.W.  of 
WeUsl)orough. 

DEERFIELD,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pe^  i sylvan ia. 
Pop.  1449. 

DEERFIELD,  a  post-vill.ige  of  .\ugusta  CO.,  'N  irginia,  ISO 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Richmond. 


DEE 


DEK 


DEEKFIEI/D.  a  pout-office  of  Carroll  parish,  Tx)uisiana. 

DKEKKTELD,  a  pnst'Village  and  township  of  I'ortage  co., 
Ohio,  15  raile.s  S.E.  of  Ravenna.  The  villaj;e  has  2  churches, 
and  a  f.'w  stores.     Pop.  1091. 

nKEUKlKLD,  a  township  of  Mornian  co..  Ohio.   Pop.  12+0. 

DKF;!!FtELD,  a  township  of  Koss  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship. Ki04. 

DEP;i{FIRED.  a  post-villase  and  township,  of  Warren  CO., 
Ohio,  on  the  ri;;ht  bank  of  Little  Miami  Hiver,  32  miles  N.K. 
of  Cincinnati.  The  Little  Miami  Railroad  passes  near  it. 
Pop.  nf  township,  2021.. 

DEEKFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  CO.,  Michiiian,  on 
the  railroad  connecting  Monroe  and  Adrian,  about  22  miles 
\V.  by  S.  of  the  former. 

DEER  FIELD,  a  township  of  Livingston   co.,  Michigan. 

Pop.  lOl."!. 

DKEHFIELD,  a  pleasant  post^village  of  Randolph  co..  In- 
diana, on  the  Mississinewa  River,  and  on  the  'SVinchester 
and  Portland  plank-road.  7  miles  \.  of  Winchester. 

DEKH  FI  FLD,  a  township  of  Fulton  co..  Illinois.  Pop.  T35. 

DEKKKTKLD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lake  CO., 
Illinois.  -'00  miles  N.E.  of  ,'ipringfield.     Pop.  1022. 

DEERKll'^LD.  a  post-villaire  and  township  of  Dane  co.. 
Wisconsin,  l.i  miles  E.  of  Madison.  The  village  contains 
about  l.T  dwellings.     Pop.  of  township,  952. 

DI;KI!FI1':LD  STUEKT.  Xew  Jersey.     See  DEEnFiEl.n. 

DEERFIELD  VILLAGE.  AVarren  co.,Ohio.  See  DEF.nFiELn. 

DKKR  OROVE,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  30  miles 
N.W.  of  Chicago. 

DKKK'UURST,  a  p.irish  of  Endand,  co..  of  Gloucester.  2i 
miles  S.AV.  of  Tewkesbury.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to 
the  Earl  of  Coventry. 

DEER'IXG,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  793. 

DEER  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Ireland,  on  the  W.  shore  of 
the  estuary  of  the  Fergus.  Si  miles  N.E.  of  Kildysert. 

DEER  ISLAND,  an  island  of  New  Brunswick,  in  Passa- 
maquoddy  Bay,  near  its  entrance,  on  the  S.W.  side,  alxjut 
7  miles  Ions,  and  3  miles  broad. 

DKER  ISLANDS,  two  small  i.slands  in  the  Malav  Archi- 
pelago, in  Macassar  Strait.     Lat.  5°  9'  S.,  Ion.  119°  14'  E. 

DEER  ISLE,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  54 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Augusta.  It  comprises  the  island  of  its 
own  nanii'.  and  several  smaller  ones  lying  in  Penobscot  Bay. 
Shiii-lmililirig,  navigation,  and  the  lisliuries  constitute  the 
chiit'ociiiiiation  of  the  inhabitants.     Pop.  3590. 

DEKR  LICK,  a  post^tfice  of  Mason  co.,  A'irsinla. 

DEER  LICK,  a  post-office  of  William  co..  Ohio. 

DEER'NESS',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Orkney.. island  of 
Pomona,  forming  a  peninsula,  between  the  North  Sea  and 
the  inlet  of  Deer  Sound,  which  forms  an  excellent  harbor. 

DEKR.  NEW,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Alierdeen. 

DE  E  K.  OLD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  Aberdeen  and  Banff. 

DEER'l'.^RK,  a  township  of  Orange  co..  New  York,  on 
Neversink  River.  3S  miles  W.  of  Newl>urg.    Pop.  5186. 

DEERPARK.  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

DEERP.\RK.  a  post-villafre  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  about 
120  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Sprinsrfield. 

DEER  PLAIN,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co..  Illinois. 

DEER  RIVER,  a  village  of  Franklin  co..  New  York,  on  a 
small  stream  of  the  same  name.  liiO  miles  N.W.  of  .Albany. 

DEER  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co..  New  York. 

DERRS/VILLE.  a  post-vilhure  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  12 
miles  W.  of  Cadiz,  the  county  seat. 

DEES,  dais  or  daiz,  a  market-town  of  Transylvania. 
CO.  of  Szoluok.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Gi'eat  and  Little 
Szamos.  28  miles  NJS'.E.  of  Klausenburg.  Pop.  in  184G, 
6300.     It  is  a  dep6t.  for  salt  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

DEE'S.'k..  a  town  of  Ipdia.  in  Guzerat,  88  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ahmodabad,  and  the  head-quartei-s  of  a  brigade  of  the  Bom- 
brfy  army.  It  is  hot  and  unhealthy,  but  near  it  is  the  fine 
salubrious  retreat  of  Mount  Alioo. 

DEF'FORD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester,  with 
a  station  on  the  Birmingham  and  Gloucester  Railway,  4 
miles  N.  of  Tewkesbury. 

DEFI'ANCE.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  border- 
ing on  Indi.ana.  contains  414  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Maumee  and  St..  .Tosi'ph's  Rivers,  and  also  drained 
by  the  .A.uglaize;ind  Tiffin  Rivers,  which  enter  the  Maumee 
at  the  county  seat.  The  surface  is  nearly  level  and  heavily 
timbered.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Fort  Wayn«  and  Toledo  Railroad,  and  by  the  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal.    Capital,  Defiance.     Pop.  11,886. 

DEFIANCE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  capital  of  Defiance 
CO.,  Ohio,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Maumee  River,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Auglaize,  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal, 
and  on  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  51  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Toledo.  Steamboats  can  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  this 
village  during  high  water,  and  b»ats  of  00  tons  in  ordinary 
stages.  In  1794,  General  Wayne  built  Fort  Defiance  at  this 
place,  which  was  then  occupied  by  a  large  tribe  of  Indians. 
It  hv  6  chvuxhes,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  1  wooUeu- 
factory,  and  1  foundry.    Population  13M9. 

DEFRANCE'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


DEFRIETSVTLLE,  de-freets'vil,  a  post-vilLaiTP  of  Rens«.« 
laer  co..  New  York,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Albany. 

DEFYNOCK.  de-fuu'gk  or  de-fin'yk,  a  parish  of  SouT.!i 
Wales,  CO,  of  Brecon. 

DEGAGN.\C.  dch-gii nH'3k',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot,  6  miles  S.S,W.  of  Gourdon.     Pop.  2009. 

DEGERLOCII,  da/gher-loK\  a  village  of  WUrtemberg.  cir- 
cle of  Neckar.  3  miles  S.  of  Stuttsart.     Pop.  1.113. 

DEtiGENDORF,  d^g'ghpndonr,  or  I)ECK'ENDORF\  n. 
town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube  29  miles  X.W.of  Pas- 
sau.  Pop.  .'5^00.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  3  hospitals,  brewe- 
ries, distilleries,  tanneries,  and  potteiies. 

DEGGINOEN.  d%'ghing-gn,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  cir- 
cle of  Danube,  near    GeLslingen.     Pop.  1707. 

DEGHICZE.  or  DEGIIITCUE.  dMiee'chrl,  a  town  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  government  of  A'ilna,  44  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Yoorboorg.   Pop.  1100. 

DE  GLAI/E.  a  post-office  of  Morehouse  parish,  Louisiana. 

DE  GLAIZE  BAYOU,  of  Avoyelles  parish,  Louisiana, 
communicates  with  Atchafalava  Biiyou. 

DEGLIA.  d.il'ya.  or  DELIA.  d^le-L  a  town  of  Sicily,  11 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Caltanisetta.     Pop.  2(100. 

DEGNIZLI.  dJn^yiz-liV.  or  DEXIZLI.  dJnMz-le.>'.  a  town 
of  Asia- Minor. in  Anatolia, 53  miles  S.E. of  Alasluhr.  (.\llah- 
Shehr.)  It  is  inclo.Be<l  by  mountains  and  vine-clad  hill.s.  and 
has  a  castle,  several  mosnues.  and  bazaars:  but  it  has  never 
regained  the  importance  it  had  previous  to  1715.  when  it 
was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  and  12.000  of  its  inhabi- 
tants are  said  to  have  perished.     Pop.  about  6000. 

DEOO.  d-A'go,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  18  miles  S. 
of  Acqui.     Pop.  2I1.7. 

DK  OR.iF'F,  a  village  of  Miami  township,  Logan  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indiana  Railroad.  lOti  miles 
from  Cincinnati.     It  was  laid  out  about  the  year  1850. 

DEHAK,  df-hlk',  or  DOIIAK.  a  vill,age  of  Persia,  province 
of  Irak-Ajemee,  53  miles  N.W.  of  Ispahan. 

DE  HART'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

DEIM-HAJEE,  dAVe-ha'jee\  a  walled  town  of  Afghanis- 
tan. 20  miles  S.  of  Candahar.     Pop.  2000. 

DEflLI.  a  province  of  Ilindo.stan.    See  Delhi. 

DEIIR.  the  capital  town  of  Nubia.     St>e  Derr. 

DKHKA.  dJH'rd  or  d.Vrl.  or  DEYIiAIl  DOON.  dA'rJ  doon, 
a  large  village  of  North-western  Ilindostan.  in  Gurhwal.  in 
the  Doon  Valley,  42  miles  N.F].  of  Seharunpoor.  and  near 
which  is  the  cantonment  of  Landour,  established  for  British 
troops  in  1827. 

DKIIRUNG.  d.Vriing'.  a  district  of  Assam,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  Brahmapootra,  about  30  miles  sfjuare. 

DEIDESHEIM,  di'des-hlme'.  a  town  of  Rheni.sh  Bavaria, 
13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Speyer.     Pop.  2400. 

DEIGHTON-KIRK,  dee/ton-kirk'.  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York.  West  Riding.  A  chapelry  and  parish  in  North 
Allerton.  and  a  township  and  parish  in  Escrick,  co.  of  York, 
are  also  named  Dkightox. 

DEINUM.  di'ntim.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Fries- 
land,  3  miles  W.  of  Leeuwarden,  on  the  canal  thence  to 
Franeker.     Pop.  400. 

DEIR  or  D.\IR.  d.^r  or  dlr.  an  Arabian  word  signifying  a 
"  monastery."  forming  the  name,  or  the  prefix  to  the  names 
of  variovis  places  in  Palestine  and  Egypt. 

DEI  It  or  DER.  d.'lr.  a  town  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, near  35='  10'  N.  lat. 

DEIR-EL  KAINIER  or  KAMMER.  dAr-M-ldui'er.  or  DAIR- 
EL-KAMAR.dIiv^l-k3m'ar.  inSyria.  pashalicof  .\cre.  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Beyroot,  on  the  road  to  Damascus,  and  the  chief 
town  of  the  Druses,  whose  emir  resides  in  its  citadel. 

DEIRA,  d.Vrd.  a  river  and  plain  of  Persia,  province  of 
Khoozistan:  the  river,  an  affluent  of  the  Holwan  River, 
S.W.  of  Zohab:  and  the  plain  it  traverses  the  place  of  a  breed- 
ing stud,  famous  throusihout  Persia. 

DEIRA.  di'rj  or  d:i'r3.  the  name  of  one  of  the  two  sove- 
rei'j:nites  into  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  kingdom  nf  Northum- 
berland was  divided,  in  the  middle  of  the  seventh  century. 

DEIROOT.  or  DEIRUT.  d:l-root/.  a  town  of  I»wer  Egypt, 
province,  and  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ro.setta,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Nile. 

DEISLINGEN.  dis^ing-en.  a  villacre  of  WUrtembera.  circle 
of  lilack- Forest.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Tubingen.     I'op.  1500. 

DE.JT.\R.  d.AHaK'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co,  of  Neograd,  5 
miles  from  Balassa-Gvarmath.     Pop.  12^7. 

DK  KALB'.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
contains  about  350  square  miles.  The  Cbatahoochee  River 
forms  its  boinidary  on  tlio  N.:  it  is  also  drained  by  the 
sources  of  South  River,  one  of  the  main  branches  of  the  Oc- 
muliree,  and  by  Peachtree.  Nancy's,  and  I'toy  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  elevated  and  undulating.  The  famous  Stone 
Mountain,  in  tlie  E.  part  of  the  county,  is  estimated  to  rise 
about  2000  feet  above  the  nearest  stream.  See  Stone  Moin- 
T.UM.  The  soil  in  the  vicinity  of  (he  river  is  excellent.  Gold 
has  b^en  found  in  small  quantities :  and  the  county  con 
tains  iron,  and  an  abundance  of  granite.  Chalybeate  springs 
occur  at  Decatur  and  Atlanta.  This  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Georgia  Ruihoad.  which  connects  it" with  Augusta. 
Named  in  honor  of  Barou  De  Kalb,  who  bravely  fell  at  the 

551 


DEK 

Utttle  of  Camdon,  in  1780.  Capital,  Decatnr.  Pop.  7806, 
ol'  whom  58i  6  were  free^  and  2000  slaves. 

DK  K  ALB,  a  county  m  the  N.E.  part  of  Alabama,  border- 
ing on  Georgia,  is  about  50  miles  long,  and  has  an  area  of 
775  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Wills  Creek,  an  afflu- 
ent of  Coasa  Kiver.  dividing  the  county  into  nearly  eiju-il 
portions.  This  creek  flows  through  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  about  60  miles  long,  and  5  miles  wide,  which  is  en- 
closed by  Lookout  Mountain  on  the  S.E..  and  Sand  Moun- 
tain on  the  X.AV.  The  soil  of  the  v.Hlley  is  fertile  and  much 
Improved.  Water-power  is  abundant.  The  county  is  noted 
for  its  romantic  scenery.  Capit;il.  Lebanon.  Pop.  10,705, 
of  whom  y!S57  were  free,  and  84S  slaves. 

DE  K.A.LB.  a  county  in  the  X.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Caney  Fork,  an  affluent  of  the  Cumberl.and  Kiver,  and 
also  watered  by  several  creeks  which  furnish  motive-power. 
The  surface  is  agreeably  diversified;  the  soil  productive. 
The  turnpike  from  Lebanon  to  l^parta  passes  through  the 
county.  Cai)itaJ,  Smithville.  Population  10,573,  of  whom 
9548  were  free. 

DE  KALB.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Indiana,  border- 
ing on  Ohio,  contains  346  .square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  St.  Joseph's  Kiver  of  the  Maumee.  and  by  Cedar  Creek. 
The  surface  is  mostly  undulating,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Oi^ 
ganized  in  1S36.    Capital.  Auburn.     Pop.  13,880. 

DE  KALB,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  lUS  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Sycamore  and  In- 
dian Creeks,  affluents  of  the  Ki.shwaukee  and  Fox  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  undulating  and  the  soil  good.  The  greater 
part  of  the  county  is  prairie,  with  some  good  timber.  Capi- 
tal. Sycamore.     Pop.  19,086. 

DE  K.\LB.  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Slissonri. 
has  an  area  of  44D  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Blue  and 
Grindstone  Creeks,  affluents  of  Gr.ind  Itiver,  and  by  Livings- 
ton Creek,  and  the  Third  Fork  of  Platte  Kiver.  The  surCice 
is  diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is  produc- 
tive. De  Kalb  was  formed  out  of  part  of  Clinton  county. 
Capital,  Marj'sville.  Pop.  52'J4,  of  whom  5087  were  fre«, 
and  137  slaves. 

DE  KALB,  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Oswegatj?hie  River,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ogdens- 
burg.     It  contains  the  village  of  Kichville.     Pop.  3182. 

DE  K.\LB.  a  post.office  of  Gilmer  co..  West  Virginia. 

DE  K.\LB,  a  village  of  Kershaw  district,  South  Carolina, 
on  Pinetree  Creek,  about  1  mile  from  Camden,  has  a  cotton 
&ctory. 

DE  K.VLB.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kemper  CO.,  Missis- 
sippi, about  Ul5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

DE  K.\LB,  a  post-village  of  Bowie  co.,  Texas,  14  miles 
N.W.  of  Boston,  the  c-ouuty  seat,  and  29  miles  E.  of  Clarks- 
ville. 

DE  KALB.  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  70  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

DE  KALB,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana. 

DE  KALB,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  900. 

DE  KALB.  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  about 
200  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

DE  K.\LB,  a  po.st-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri,  60 
miles  X.W.  of  Independence. 

DE  KALB  CEXTRE,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois, 
near  200  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

DEKK.\.\',  a  country  of  Hindostan.     See  Decoax 

DEKXAL.  dek-ndl'.  or  d^k-nawP.  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  district,  and  40  miles  X.  of  Cuttack. 

DEKOIt'RA.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbia  co.. 
Wisconsin,  on  the  left  bank  of  Wisconsin  Kiver.  6  miles  be- 
low Winnebago  Portage,  and  30  miles  X.  of  Madison.  Small 
steamers  can  ascend  from  the  Mississippi  to  this  village.  It 
has  1  church,  and  2  mills.     Totjil  i)opulatiou  1214. 

DEiyAFIELD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waukesha 
CO..  Wisconsin,  25  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  2  flouring 
mills.  4  stores,  and  1  machine  .shop.    Pop.  of  township.  1343. 

DEL'AOiy.\  Bay.  an  inlet  of  the  Indi.an  Ocean,  in  South- 
eastern .\frica.  55  miles  in  length,  from  X.  to  S..  by  20  miles 
across.  Lat.  of  Cti\>e  St.  Mary,  Myach  Island,  25°  58'  S..  Ion. 
33°  15'  E.  The  shores  are  flat,  marshy,  and  unhealthy  in 
summer.  The  bay,  commodious  and  safe,  is  a  good  deal  fre- 
quented by  South  Sea  whalers.  It  receives  the  Manice 
Kiver  from  the  X..  and  Mapoota.  or  Machavanna.  from  the 
S.,  and  has  on  it«  W.  side  an  estuary,  termed  English  River, 
formed  by  the  mouth  of  several  streams,  one  of  which,  the 
Delagoa.  Is  navigable  by  vessels  drawing  12  feet  water  for  40 
miles,  and  by  boats  for  2011  miles.  The  Portuguese  h.ive  a 
fort  near  Cape  Inyack.  whence  a  limited  export  trade  in 
ivory  and  gnl.l  dust,  and  a  trade  in  slaves,  is  carried  on. 

DEI/AMAI!'.  a  small  P"»t-villaie.  Tioga  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

DEL.\MEKK.  dJl'a-meer.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Ches- 
ter.   It  gives  the  title  of  l«ion  to  the  Cholmondelev  family. 

DK  LAX'CEY,  a  post-office  of  .Madison  co..  Xew  York. 

DELA  X'C<  >.  a  village  of  Burlington  co..  N'ew  Jersey,  at  the 
Junction  of  the  Rancocus  Creek  with  the  Delaware.  12  miles 
al>OTcC:inide'n.  It  is  on  the  Camden  and  AmboyR.K.  Pop.352. 

DELA  PALMA.d^Plap;il'nia.apost-<)ttice.Brownco„01iio! 

DE  LARiiE  BAYOU,  di  larj  bi'oo,  of  Louisiana,  com- 


DEL 

mences  in  the  N.  part  of  Terre  Bonne  parish,  and  flows  S.W. 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

DEL^A  VAX',  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  CO.,  New  York. 
DEL.4VAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tazewell  cc^ 
I  Illinois,  45  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springtield.     Pop.  12;*4. 
I      DELAVAN,  a  post-village  of  Delavan  to»^lship,  Walworth 
!  co.,Wi8consin,  on  the  railroad  leading  from  Rjicine  to  Beloit, 
I  45  miles  W.  from  tlie  former.    Turtle  Creek  and  the  outlet 
!  of  Sw^un  Liike  unite  here  and  sjii)ply  a  valuable  water- 
!  power.    Dolavan  has  a  bank  and  the  State  Institution  for 
j  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.     Population  of  township,  1.549. 
I      DEL.\WARE.  d^l'.vwar,  called  by  the  Indians  MikeriA-it- 
I  Um,  an  important  river  of  the  United  States,  rises  in  Xew 
York,  on  the  W.  declivity  of  the  Catskill  Mountains,  by  two 
I  branches,  the  Coquago  (or  Oquago)  and  the  Popacton.  which 
I  unite  at  the  village  of  Ilancock,  on  the  boundary  l>etween 
I  Xew  York  and  Pennsylvania,  near  the  X.E.  extremity  of 
I  the  latter  state.    It  flows  first  south-eastward  for  a  distance 
of  more  than  70  miles,  to  Port  Jervis,  where  it  enci?unters 
the  Kittatinny  (or  Shawansunk)  Mount.ain.  by  which  its 
course  is  inflected  to  the  S.W.     l*ursuing  this  direction  to 
the  X.  extremity  of  Northampton  county,  it  passes  through 
the  mountain  ridge  at  the  well-known  Delaware  Water  Gap, 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  curiosities  in  the  state.    The 
mountain  on  each  side  rises  almost  perpendicularly  from 
the  waters  edge  to  the  height  of  lOlH)  or  1200  feet  alxwe  the 
river.     From  this  point  its  general  course  is  southward 
until  it  crosses  the  South  Mountain,  a  few  miles  below 
Ea.ston,  and  turning  again  to  the  !^.E.,  falls  over  the  primi- 
tive ledge  at  Trenton,  and  meets  the  tide-water  132  miles 
from  the  sea.     Now  increased  to  a  fine  navigable  river,  aliout 
half  a  mile  in  width,  it  takes  a  south-westward  course, 
passes  by  Philadelphia,  and  empties  itself  into  Delaware 
Bay,  about  40  miles  below  that  city.     Its  entire  length  ia 
al«)ut  300  miles.     The  main   stream,  through  its  whole 
course,  forms  the  boundary  lietween  the  states  of  New  York 
and  Xew  Jersey  on  one  hand,  and  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
ware on  the  other.    It  is  navigable  fur  ships  of  the  largest 
size  to  Philadelphia,  and  for  stejimboats  to  Tn^ntou ;  smaller 
boats  can  descend  the  stream  through  its  whole  course.    A 
ainal  has  been  constructed  along  this  river  from  Bristol  to 
Kaston,  a  distance  of  60  miles,  and  a  heavy  trade  in  coal, 
lumber,  and  grain  is  carried  on  by  this  means.    The  chief 
towns  on  the  Delaware  are  E.aston  and  Philadelphia  on  the 
right,  and  Trenton.  Burlington  and  Camden  on   the  left 
bank.    The  area  drained  by  the  Delaware  is  estimated  by 
Darby  at  11.250  square  miles.    The  great  inflections  of  this 
river  and  of  the  Susquehanna,  exhibit  a  remarkalvle  paral- 
lelism, and  both  receive  their  largest  tributaries  from  the 
right  hand.    Islands  of  small  extent  occur  in  various  parts 
of  its  channel,  one  of  which  lies  Ijetween  PhiLidelphia  and 
Camden,  where  the  river  is  about  1  mile  wide.     Substantial 
bridges  extend  acro.ss  this  river  at  several  points,  of  which 
Trenton  is  the  first  that  occurs  in  ascending  from  its  month. 
The  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  follows  the  course  of  the 
Delawflre  for  a  distance  of  about  90  miles,  and  two  canals 
extend  from  this  river  to  the  Hudson,  namely,  the  Morris 
Canal,  and  the   Delaware  and   Ilmlson.     This  river  was 
bridged  with  solid  ice  at  Philadelphia  in  the  winter  of 
1851-2,  but  this  only  happens  in  seasons  of  unusal  severity. 
Large  numbers  of  sliad  are  caught  in  the  river  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course.    The  name  of  the  river  Delawari>.  as  well 
as  the  Delaware  Indians  and  territory,  was  given  in  honor 
of  Thomas  West.  Lord  De  la  \\  are,  who  visited  the  biiy  m 
1610.  and  died  on  his  vessel  at  its  mouth.    The  Delaware 
was  originally  called  by  the  Dutch  the  South  (Zuyd;  River, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  Hudson  or  Xorth  River, 

DELAWARE,  one  of  the  Middle  States,  and  one  of  the 
original  thirteen,  is  bounded  on  the  X.  by  I'onnsylvania,  E. 
by  the  Delaware  River  and  Bay.  (which  sep:irates  it  irom 
Xew  Jersev.)  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  S.  and  W.  by 
Maryland."  It  lies  between  38°  28'  and  39°  50'  X.  lat..  jftid 
between  75°  and  75°  45'  W.  Ion.,  being  auout  96  miles  iu 
length,  and  37  in  its  greatest  breadth,  including  an  area  (the 
smallest  except  Rhode  Island  in  the  Union)  of  212il  s<|Uare 
miles,  or  l,;i56,000  acres,  of  wliich  637,065  were  imjiroved  in 

Pice  of  the  Omntrif,  Minrrals.  tCc. — There  are  no  moun- 
tains in  Delaware,  but  the  northern  portion  is  beautifully 
variegated  by  hill  and  vale,  while  the  ceiHr.al  and  southern  . 
sections  are  mostly  level.  Delaware  forms  a  part  of  a  low 
peninsula  l>etween  the  Chesa]r<*ake  and  Delaware  Bays,  of 
which  the  Eastern  shore  of  Maryland  constitutes  the  larger 
portion.  There  is  a  slightly  elevated  region  on  the  western 
side  of  Delaware,  running  X.  and  S.,  which  is  occupied  by  a 
swampy  tract,  the  source  of  the  stn-ams  which  flow  in  oppo- 
site directions  to  the  Chi-sapeake  and  Delaware  Bays,  'i'his 
elevation  is  terminated  by  a  cypress  swamp  at  the  >i<iuth. 
Delaware  has  few  minerals:  a  fine  sand  for  glass  nianuiao- 
ture  is  found  ni-ar  the  bead  of  Delaware  Bay.  which  is  ex- 
ported to  Xew  England.  Bog  iron  ore  exists  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state. 

Itivern.  Bi'}/s,  (f-c. — The  Delaware  River  and  Bay,  ss  bafl 
been  el.sewhere  stated,  Iwund  this  state  on  the  E.  T'jero 
are  no  other  large  waters.    The  Brandywiiie  and  Christiana 


DEL 


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Creeks.  <he  former  running  S.E.  from  Pennsylrania,  and 
the  other  coming  in  from  the  S.W.,  unite  at  Wilmington, 
and  pour  tlieir  waters  into  the  Delaware  one  mile  below 
their  junction.  There  are  a  number  of  other  creeks  which 
empty  into  the  Delaware  Bay,  that  are  navigable  by  coasting 
vessels  for  a  short  distance,  and  therefore  important  to  the 
inhabitants.  Indian  Kiver  flows  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
near  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state.  Tiie  Chnptank 
and  Nanticoke  have  their  origin  near  the  middle  of  Dela- 
ware, and  flow  S.W.  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  Tlie  Brandy- 
wine,  so  well  known  for  the  important  battle  fought  on  its 
shores,  just  Ijeyond  the  limits  of  Delaware,  is  a  very  fine 
mill  stream,  and  lias  numerous  flour,  powder,  and  other 
mills  on  its  banks. 

Olijrds  ftf  hitereA  to  Tovrists. — The  banks  of  the  Brandy- 
wine  near  Wilmington  are  very  romantic  and  wild,  and 
near  them  are  the  Brandywine  Chalybeate  Springs,  much 
visited  by  IMiiladelphians.  who  seek  a  pleasant  retreat  with 
their  families  in  the  summer  months.  Lewes,  or  Lewistown, 
near  Cape  Ili-nlopen,  is  becoming  a  bathing  resort.  Near  it 
is  Delaware  Breakwater,  a>>out  two-thirds  of  a  mile  in  extent, 
with  one  face  presented  to  the  sea  and  another  to  the  current 
of  the  river;  the  latter  to  protect  vessels  from  floating  ice. 
The  ice-breaker  is  about  1500  feet  long.  Both  are  built  of 
massive  stone,  at  an  expense  to  the  United  States  govern- 
ment of  over  $2,000,000.  The  deep  cut  in  the  Delaware  and 
Chesapeake  Canal  is  90  feet  perpendicular,  and  is  said  to>l)e 
the  deepest  excavation  of  the  kind  in  any  canal  in  the  world. 

Climate.  Soil,  Prnductinn/<. — The  climate  of  the  N.  of 
Delaware  is  severe  at  times,  but  in  the  southern  part  the 
air  is  ameliorated  by  the  influence  of  the  sea.  The  soil  in 
the  N.  and  on  the  shore  of  the  Delaware  Kiver  is  good,  but 
the  soutliern  portion  is  sandy;  in  the  centre  it  consists  of 
clay  and  sand  mixed.  Wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  butter,  ai'e 
the  staples  of  the  state ;  besides  which  considerable  quanti- 
ties of  oats,  live  stock,  wool,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  market 
vegetables,  hay.  and  fruits,  with  some  rye,  barley,  buckwheat, 
peas,  beans,  wine,  cheese,  grass  seeds,  hemp,  flax,  hops,  Ijees- 
wax,  and  honey,  are  produced.  The  peaches  of  Delaware 
have  become  very  celebrated :  the  other  fruits  are  apples, 
pears,  plums,  grapes,  and  t>erries  of  different  kinds.  In 
1860  there  were  in  Delaware  637,065  acres  of  improved  land 
(a67,2:iO  being  unimproved),  producing  912,941  bushels  of 
wheat;  .3,892,.3.37  of  Indian  corn;  1,046,910  of  oats;  377,921 
of  I  rish  potatoes ;  1 42,213  of  sweet  potatoes ;  1,430.502  pounds 
of  butter;  50,201  of  wool,  and  66,136  of  honey ;  live  stock 
valued  at  $3,144706;  orchard  ]iroducts  valued  at  S114,22.') ; 
market  products  valued  at  $37,797;  slaughtered  animals 
valued  at  $573,076. 

Tntemal  Imprmvments. — Delaware  is  crossed  by  two  lines 
of  railway,  forming  parts  of  the  great  chain  of  communica- 
tion between  the  North  and  East  and  the  capital  of  the 
Union;  about  40  niilesof  their  tracks  are  included  within  tlie 
state.  A  raih'oad  has  been  liuilt  from  Wilmington  through 
Dover  to  Seaford.  The  Philadelphia,  Wilmington,  and  Bal- 
timore Itailway  crosses  through  Wilmington  and  Newark, 
leaving  the  state  near  Elkton,  Maryland.  The  New  Castle 
and  Frenclitown  Railway  forms  part  of  a  steamboat  line 
between  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  much  travelled  when 
navigation  is  open.  An  air-line  railway  is  talked  of  from 
Norfolk  to  New  York,  through  the  southern  and  eastern 
part  of  Delaware.  The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal 
connects  the  bays  of  the  same  names  at  Delaware  City  and 
Back  Creek,  and  forms  an  important  link  in  the  coast  navi- 
gation between  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  the  ports  of 
Virginia.  It  is  of  sufRcient  depth  to  allow  schooners  and 
small  steamers  to  pass  through. 

Manufactures. — Wilmington  in  this  state  is  a  manufac- 
turing town,  and  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  powder, 
paper,  and  flour  mills :  more  recently,  coach  and  car-making 
have  become  imiiortant  bfnnches  of  industry  in  this  town. 
According  to  the  census  of  1860,  Delaware  lia<i  615  manufac- 
turing establishments,  employing  6421  persons,  consuming 
raw  material  worth  $6,028,918,  producing  goods  to  the  value 
of  $9,892,902  annually ;  total  amount  of  capital  invested, 
$5,452,887.  Of  these  11  were  cotton  factories,  capital  in- 
vented $582,500.  value  of  annual  products  $941,703;  4  woollen 
factories,  capital  invested  $117,0(30,  annual  products  $153,000 ; 
80  flour  and  meal  establishments,  capital  invested  $627,062, 
annual  products  $1,849  537  ;  71  saw-mills,  capital  invested 
$247,760,  annual  products  $276,161 ;  45  carpenter  sliops, 
capital  invested  $27,-'iO0,  annual  products  $176,947 ;  38 
blacksmith  sliops,  capital  invested  $31,765,  annual  products 
$68,677;  24  carriage  factories,  capital  invested  $225,150. 
annual  products  $608,.580 :  17  cooper-sliops,  capital  invested 
$59,950,  annual  products  $132,091.  A  considerable  amount 
of  ship-building  is  carried  on  in  Wilmington;  the  whole  num- 
ber of  ship-yards  in  the  state  is  12,  capital  invested  $325,500, 
value  of  home-made  manufactures  $17,591. 

Qimmerce. — Though  bounded  by  navigable  water  for  nearly 
half  Qer  extent,  Delaware  has  but  little  foreign  trade,  l>ecause 
if  hi*r  proximity  to  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore.  Tlie  tonnage 
iwned  by  the  state  in  1863  was  25,963  tons;  and  the  number 
if  v:-.sofs  built  the  same  year  was  2,  tonnage  877.  Dela- 
vure  -ixiiorts  to  other  states  considerable  flour,  grain,  large 


quantities  of  peaches,  lumber,  (from  the  cypress  swamps,) 
and  sand  for  the  manutacture  of  glass. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  report  of  1860,  there 
were  in  Delaware,  1  college,  with  90  students,  and  $9500 
income;  256  public  schools,  with  11,736  pupils,  and  $67,847 
income,  of  which  $29,020  was  from  public  funds.  $3235  from 
taxes,  and  $500  from  endowments  ;  40  academies  and  other 
sciiools,  witli  1957  pupils,  and  $47,462  income,  of  ■which 
$400  was  from  endowments.  There  are  also  in  this  state 
114  liliraries,  of  Avhich  64  are  public,  1  school,  and  1  col- 
lege literary.  The  rest  belong  to  tiie  various  Sunday-sch;D]j 
and  cliurchos. 

Eeliyioiig  Denominations. — Of  tlie  220  churches  in  Dela- 
ware in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  12;  the  Episcopalians,  27; 
the  Friends.  10;  the  GermSn  Keformed,  1;  the  Methodists, 
1-31;  the  Presbyterians,  32;  the  Roman  Catholics,  6;  the 
Swedentjorgians,  1 ;  this  gives  1  church  to  every  510  per- 
sons.   Total  value  of  church  property,  $846,150. 

Populatinn. — ^The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1790  was 
59.096:  in  1800,  64.273;  in  1810,  72,674;  in  1820.  72.749;  in 
1830,76,748;  in  1840,  78.085;  in  18,50,91,532;  in  1860, 112,216; 
of  whom  90,589  were  whites,  19,'<29  free  colored,  and  179S 
slaves.  Population  to  tlie  square  mile,  52.  Representativo 
population  111,496.  Of  the  free  population  84,809  were 
born  in  the  state,  16,384  in  other  states  of  the  Union,  and 
9165  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  1581  were  born  in  Eng- 
land, 5832  in  Ireland,  200  in  Scotland,  30  in  Wales,  39  in 
British  America,  1263  in  Germany.  1.3.3  in  France,  and  87 
in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading 
pursuits,  7284  were  farmers,  6611  laliorers,  4122  farm  labor- 
ers, 2462  servants,  16S8  domestics,  954  carpenters,  920  ap- 
prentices, 560  clerks,  550  factory  hands,  4!*!  slioemakers, 
422  blacksmiths,  405  mariners,  402  merchants,  268  weavers, 
233  coopers,  and  217  painters.  In  the  year  ending  June 
Ist,  1860,  there  occurred  1246  deaths,  or  11.3  in  every  thous- 
and. The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  66,  of  whom  1 
was  a  slave;  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population 
of  the  Eiglith  Census,  pp.  liv.,  1y.,  Ivi.,  etc.)  42  blind,  60 
insane,  and  67  idiotic. 

Delaware  has  3  counties,  namely,  Kent,  Newcastle,  and 
Sussex. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Wilmington  is  the  largest  town  in 
Delaware.  Poi)ulation  in  1860, 21,258.  The  other  principal 
towns  are  Newcastle,  population  aliout  2000;  Milford,  about 
2000;  Smyrna,  1873;  Delaware  City,  1338;  and  Dover,  tlie 
capital  of  the  state,  1289. 

Gmernment,  Finances,  d-c. — The  govemnr  of  Delaware  1» 
chosen  for  4  years,  and  receives  a  salary  of  $1-333  per  annum. 
The  senate  is  composed  of  9  members,  elected  for  4  yeai'S, 
and  the  house  of  representatives  of  21  members,  chosen  fot 
1  year.  These  officers  are  all  elected  by  the  direct  vote  of 
the  people.  The  legislature  meets  biennially,  on  the  2d 
Tuesday  in  October.  Every  white  male  citizen  over  22  years 
of  age,  who  has  p^iid  a  tax,  and  resided  one  year  in  the  state, 
and  one  month  next  preceding  the  election  in  the  county 
where  lie  votes,  is  entitled  to  the  right  of  suffrage.  Those 
between  21  and  22.  not  otherwise  disqualified,  m.ay  vote 
without  having  paid  a  tax.  Delaware  has  but  one  member 
in  the  national  house  of  representatives,  and  three  electoral 
votes  for  president  of  the  United  States.  This  small  state, 
however,  has  furnished  several  distinguished  men  to  the 
national  councils:  John  Dickinson  to  the  Kevolutionary 
period,  and  Rodney.  Bayard,  McT>ane,  and  Clayton,  since 
that  period.  The  judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  superior  court, 
one  chief  and  three  associate  judges ;  2.  A  court  of  chancery, 
with  one  judge:  3.  An  orphans'  court,  composed  of  a  chan- 
cellor and  a  judge  of  the  superior  court;  and,  4.  A  probate 
court.  A  new  and  amended  constitution  was  submitted  to 
the  people  in  1863  and  rejected.  The  assessed  value  of  pro- 
perty in  Delaware  in  1863  was  $:i8,994.038 ;  oniinary  ex- 
penses, $40,442  per  annum.  Public  debt,  none.  There 
were,  in  1860,  12  banks  in  Delaware,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $1,640,775,  a  circulation  of  $1,135,772,  and  $208,924 
ill  coin. 

Histonj. — Delaware  was  first  settled  by  the  Swedes  and 
Finns  about  1627:  was  subjected  by  the  Dutcli  from  New 
York  in  1655:  but  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English  with 
that  colony  in  1664.  It  formed  a  part  of  the  grant  to  Penu 
from  the  crown  in  1682,  under  the  name  of  the  "Three 
Lower  Counties  of  Delaware;"  but  in  1701  was  separated 
from  Pennsylvania,  though  subject  to  the  same  governoi 
down  to  the  period  of  the  JJevolution. 

DELAWARE,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  New  York 
has  an  area  of  aliout  1550  .square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.AV.  liy  the  E.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  on  the 
S.W.  the  Delaware  River  separates  it  from  Pennsylvania. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Coquago  and  Popacaton  branches  of 
the  Delaware  River,  Olaut  Creek,  and  other  smaller  streams. 
The  surface  is  generally  hilly  or  mountainous,  with  fertile 
intervening  valleys.  The  Delaware  and  Susqui  banna  are 
navigable  for  boats  from  this  county,  and  lar^e  (:uantities 
of  lumber  are  annually  rafted  down  them.  The  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad  traverses  the  S.W.  part  of  the  county. 
Named  from  the  Delaware  River,  which  has  its  source  in 
the  N.E.  part  of  the  county.    Capital,  Delhi.    Pop.  42,465. 

563 


DEL 


DEL 


DELAWARE,  a  ••onnty  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Penii^-ylvaUia,  bordering  on  the  state  and  river  of  the  same 
name,  lias  an  area  of  ISO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Darbj,  Cram,  Ridley,  and  Cliester  Creeks.  Brandywine 
Creek  fiirms  the  boundary  on  the  S.W.  The  surface  is  ge- 
neially  ualulating  or  liilly,  excepting  the  level  tracts  along 
the  Delaware  Kiver.  The  soil  being  derived  from  primary 
rocks,  is  not  natnrally  the  most  fertile :  but  has  been  ren- 
dered lii^'hly  productive  by  the  use  of  lime  and  other 
manures.  A  large  part  of  the  land  is  occupied  by  dairy 
&rnis.  The  principal  rocks  which  underlie  the  county 
are  gneiss  and  mica  slate ;  the  quarries  of  the  former 
furni.<h  a  largo  quantity  of  building  material  for  Phila- 
delphia. Whetstones  of  good*  quality  are  procured^  near 
Darby  Creek,  and  exported  to  all  parts  of  the  Union. 
The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power,  which 
is  employed  in  numerous  manufactories.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Uential  Railroad,  the  West  Chester  and  Philadelphia, 
and  the  Philadelphia  and  Wilmington  Railroads.  The 
earliest  settlement  of  the  province  was  made  in  this  county, 
by  the  Swedes  in  1G43.  Organized  in  17S9,  and  named 
from  the  Delaware  River.    Capital,  Media.    Pop.  30,597. 

DELAWARE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Oiiio,  has 
an  area  of  478  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S. 
by  the  Scioto  and  Olentangy  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by 
the  Big  Walnut,  Alum,  and  Mill  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
generally  level:  the  soil  productive.  There  are  valuable 
sulphur" springs  at  the  county  se;it.  The  county  is  libe- 
rally supplied  with  water-power.  It  is  iutei'sected  by  the 
Clevtland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railioad.  Another 
railroad  extends  from  the  county  seat  to  Springfield.  Capi- 
tal, Delaware.    Pop.  23,902. 

Df:LAWARE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 400  scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the.  White  and 
Mis.'issinewa  Itivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level:  a  small 
portion  of  it  is  occupied  by  wet  prairies,  which  are  adapted 
to  grass.  The  soil  Is  generally  productive.  The  streams  afford 
an  ample  supply  of  water-power.  The  county  is  traversed 
by  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  Delaware  tribe  of  Indians,  by  whom  the 
county  was  once  inhabited.   Capital,  Muncie.    Pop.  15,753. 

DELAWARE,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has 
an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ma- 
koqueta  Kiver.  an  affluent  of  the  Mississippi,  and  by  Buf- 
■alo  Creek.  Thj-surface  is  uneven,  and  in  some  parts  bro- 
ken :  the  soil  is  mostly  productive.  Timber  and  water  are 
said  to  be  abundant,  and  the  climate  is  considered  healthy. 
Capital,  Delhi.    Pop.  11,024. 

DEL.\WARE,  a  township  of  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1602. 

DELAWARE,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2838. 

DELAWARE,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DELAWARE,  a  township  of  Mei-cer  c8.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop  1S16. 

DEL.4WARE,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1903. 

DEL,\WARE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pike  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  Kiver,  about  40  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Ka.ston.     Pop.  887. 

DELAWARE,  a  township  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  895. 

DEIjAWARE.  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of 
Delaware  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  3889. 

DELAWARE  or  DELAWARE  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post- 
town,  capital  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  situated  in  the  above 
township,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Olentangy  River,  and  on 
the  railroad  between  Cleveland  and  Columbus.  24  miles  N. 
of  the  latter.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  rolling  ground, 
and  is  neatly  built.  There  is  a  bridge  across  the  river  here. 
Delaware  is  the  seat  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University,  es- 
tablished in  1845,  which  has  a  library  of  18,000  volumes,  and 
of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Female  College,  which  has  many 
pupils.  It  also  contains  11  churches,  2  banks,  (1  of  which 
is  national.)  3  newspaper  offices,  and  a  large  hotel  called 
"The  IliutoQ  House.'  Here  is  a  medicinal  spring  resorted 
to  by  many  persons.  Tliis  village  has  several  machine- 
shops,  an  oil-mill,  and  manufactures  of  cordage,  cra^h,  &c. 
Populntion  in  IhoO,  2074;  in  1865,  about  3000. 

DELAW  ARE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1201. 

DELAWARE,a  township  of  Hamil ton  co„Iudiana.  P.  1207. 

DELAWARE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ripley  co. 
Indiana,  w  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Madison.    Pop.  1549. 

DEL.\WARE,  a  pos^village  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois,  69 
miles  S.W.  of  Springfield. 

DEL.4.WAKE,  a  post-office  of  the  Indian  country,  Ne- 
braska. 

DELAWARE,  del'a-war,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  Middlesex.  149  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  12  miles 
from  lx»ndon.     Pop.  about  400. 

DELAWARE  BAY,  a  large  arm  of  the  sea.  separating  the 
states  of  .New  .Jersey  and  Delaware,  communicates  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  lietween  Cape  May  and  Cape  Henlopen. 
13  miles  distant  from  each  other.  Its  entire  length  to  the 
entrance  of  the  Delaware  Kiver,  of  which  it  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  broad  estuary,  is  about  60  miles;  'sreatest 
654 


breadth.  25  miles.  Numerous  .«hoals  in  the  bay  renJer  the 
navigation  in  some  parts  difficult.  The  want  of  any  good 
anchf)rage  ground  ou  this  portion  of  the  United  States  coast 
has  induced  the  general  government  to  construct  an  exten- 
sive breakwater  within  Cape  Ileiilnpen.  By  thi.s  meansasafe 
and  capacious  harbor,  withadeptliof  from  4  to  tj  fathoms,  h.as 
been  formed.  A  be»con.  on  the  N.W.  end  of  the  Brejikwater, 
exhibits  a  red  fixed  light,  56  feet  aV)ove  the  level  of  the  bay. 

DELAWARE  BRIDGE,  a  post^lfice  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York. 

DELAWARE  CITY,  a  thriving  pnst-borou.ch  of  Newcastle 
CO.,  Delaware,  on  the  Delaware  Kiver,  near  its  mouth.  46 
miles  below  Philadelphia.  It  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  and  contiiiijs  5  churches, 
a  bank,  and  an  academy.    Pop.  iu  l.>50,  90S ;  i?i  1S60,  1355. 

DELAWARE  CITY,  a  town  of  Leavenworth  co  ,  Kansas, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  25  miles  above 
the  junction  of  the  Kansas.     Population  830. 

DELAWARE  COLLEGE.    See  New.\i!K.  Delaware. 

DELAWARE  GROVE,  a  post-.^illage  of  Mercer  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

DELAW.\KE  HILL,  a  village  of  Greene  co..  Arkansa.". 

DEL.A.WARES,  a  trilie  of  Indians,  occupying  a  portion 
of  the  United  States  territory  assigned  to  the  1  ndians  W,  of 
the  Missouri.  They  were  formerly  numerous  and  power- 
ful, occupying  part  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New 
Jersey ;  their  present  number  is  about  SOO. 

DELAY'',  a  post-office  of  Lafavette  co..  Mississippi. 

DELBINO,  a  vlllaze  of  Turke'v.     See  DeLvino. 

DELBKUCK.  (DelbrUck.)  dJl'bruk,  a  market-town  of  Prus- 
sia,  Mestphalia.  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Paderljorn.     Pop.  1110. 

DELDEN.  djl'dgn.  a  town  of  Holland,  province  of  Over- 
Y'ssel,  31  miles  S.E.  of  Zwolle.     I'op.  1495. 

DELECTABLE  HILL,  a  post-ofiice  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana, 
120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

DELEMONT,  dermAK"',  (tier.  DeUUry,  dJlsliJp.r..)  a  town 
of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  29  miks  N.  of  Bern,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Some.  Pop.  1422.  It  has  a  manulactory  of 
watches. 

DELFT,  df  1ft,  (commonly  pronounced  dJlf )  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Rot- 
terdam, on  the  canal  between  it  and  the  Hague.  Pop.  with 
suburbs,  21,460.  It  is  well  built  of  brick,  and  clean,  but 
dull.  Principal  edifices,  the  palace,  in  which  Prince  WUliiUU 
I.  of  Orange  was  assassinated,  July  10th,  1584,  now  used  as 
barracks:  a  Gothic  church,  with  the  magnificent  tomb  of 
that  prince,  and  that  of  Grotius  (Hugo  van  Groot,)  born  at 
Deia,  April  10th.  1583:  the  old  church,  with  the  itombs  of 
Admiral  Van  Tromp,  the  famous  Peter  Hein,  and  the  natu- 
ralist Leeuwenhoek.  the  council-house.  ar.«enal.  and  school 
of  military  engineering.  It  has  many  breweries  and  distille- 
ries with  manufactures  of  carpets,  coverlets,  woollen  cltth, 
soap,  and  earthenwares,  but  most  Of  the  coarse  table  goods 
known  as  "Delft  ware,"  are  in  reality  made  iu  England. 

DELFT,  (original  name  Nedoontivoe  or  Long  Island.')  a 
small  island  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Ceylon,  about  8  miles 
long  by  3  broad,  and  entirelv  surrounded  by  coral  reefs. 

DELFTSHAVEX,  dJlfts'hj'ven,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, South  Holland,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mtuse,  2 
miles  S,W,  of  Rotterdam,  with  3000  inhabitants  engaged  in 
ship-building,  in  the  herring  fishery,  and  iu  distilling.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  Peter  Hein. 

DELFZYL,or  DELFZIJL,  delf-zil',  (L.  Ca.o'lriim  Dd.M'i- 
anum.)  a  maritime  town  and  fortress  of  Ili'lland,  province, 
and  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Groningen.  at  the  mouth  of  the  old 
Delf  or  Damsterdiep,  and  ou  the  estuary  of  the  Ems. 
Pop.  1704. 

DELHI,  dellee,  (Sanscrit,  IndraprasClia.)  a  city  of  Hindos- 
tan,  presidency  of  Bengal,  capital  of  the  alove  province,  and 
anciently  of  the  Patau  and  Mogul  Empires,  lat,  28°  40'  N., 
Ion.  77°  liy  E.  It  is  about  700  miles  N.E.  of  Bombay,  and 
about  790  miles  N.W.  of  Calcutta,  and  now  tlie  re.«idence  of 
the  King  of  Delhi.  It  was  at  one  time  the  largest  city  in  lUn- 
dostan.  covering  a  space  of  20  square  miles,  and  having  a 
population  of  two  millions.  It  is  now  reduced  to  a  circum- 
ference of  7  miles,  and  its  population  to  aliout  2oO.0(X).  A 
vast  tract  covered  with  the  ruins  of  palaces,  pavilions, 
baths,  gardens,  and  mau.suleums,  mark  the  extent  of  the 
ancient  metropolis  of  the  Mogul  Emjiii-e.  ■  The  present  city, 
built  on  two  rocky  eminenc-es.  is  sum>uuded  by  walls  of 
red  sandstone,  30  feet  high,  and  from  3  to  5  feet  thick,  with 
a  moat  20  feet  broad.  There  are  .seven  colos.sal  archt-d  gates, 
defended  by  round  bulwarks,  and  all  built  of  freestone.  The 
streets  are  all  narrow,  excepting  two.  whicJi  are,  or  rather 
were,  of  the  breadths  respectively  of  30  and  40  yards,  but 
now  narrowed  and  otherwise  disfgured  by  the  intrusion  of 
new  buildings.  One  of  them  divides  the  cily  fiom  E.  to  W. 
The  houses  here  are  of  sandstone  and  brick,  and  are  of  two 
and  three  stories  in  heiglit.  The  liazaars  ha.  e  a  very 
attractive  appear.^nce,  being  filled  with  rich  and  showy 
goods  displayed  to  the  best  advantage,  and  throng«>d  with 
busy  crowds.  The  palace  or  residence  of  the  Givat  Mogul, 
buiit  by  Shah  Jehan.  is  by  far  the  most  interesting  liuilding 
in,Delhi.  and  the  most  magnificent  structure  cf  the  kind  in 
India.    It  is  situated  ou  the  bank  of  the  Jumna,  and  is 


DEL 

aT)out  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circuit.  Its  lofty  61111581116(1  walls, 
stup^'Uilous  towers  surmounted  by  elegant  pavilions,  marble 
domes,  and  gilded  minarets,  form  altogether  an  unequalled 
assemblage  of  tiiste  and  magnificence.  Another  remarkable 
object  in  the  city  is  the  Jamma  mosque,  a  splendid  struc- 
ture in  the  Byzantine-Arabic  style,  and  considered  by  the 
Mohammedans  the  wonder  of  the  world.  It  is  built  of 
white  marble  and  red  sandstone.  At  the  two  extreme  cor- 
ners rise  minarets  150  feet  high,  and  between  them  two  lofty 
domes.  A  splendid  view  of  the  city  and  adjoining  country 
is  obtained  from  the  summits  of  the  minarets,  which  are 
ascended  by  winding  stairciises  within.  There  are  no  fewer 
than  forty  other  mosques  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  many 
of  them  having  lofty  minarets  and  gilded  domes.  Five 
miles  S.  of  the  city  is  the  tomb  of  the  Emperor  Iloomaioon. 
the  largest  and  hand.somest  of  the  sepulchral  monuments 
of  Delhi,  and  at  the  distance  of  a  few  hundred  paces  are  the 
tombs  of  several  saints;  the  most  remarkable  of  which  is 
that  of  the  celebrated  JIussulman  SJiint,  Nizam-ud-Been,  dis- 
tinguished by  its  elegant  arabesques  and  filagree  work,  e.\e- 
cut(?d  in  beautiful  white  marble.  The  famous  observatory 
of  Jye-Singh,  Itajah  of  Jeypoor,  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
,  the  city,  has  l)een  much  dilapidated,  and  its  astronomical 
instruments  nearly  all  destroyed  or  carried  off.  The  princi- 
pal European  structures  are  an  arsenal,  a  church,  a  college, 
attended  in  1845  by  460  students,  a  printing  office,  and  the 
dwellings  of  the  British  functionaries,  who  exercise  the  real 
authority  at  Delhi,  the  Jlogul  emperor  receiving  a  yearly 
stipend  of  160.00<W.  from  the  Indo-IJritish  government.  The 
vicinity  is  fertilized  by  the  canal  of  Ali-Merdan,  re-opened 
by  the  British  in  1820.  Delhi  has  manuf;U'tures  of  scarfs, 
embroidery,  harness,  and  ornamented  goods  in  great  variety  ; 
and  its  bazaars  are  furnished  with  most  of  the  produce  of 
the  East. 

Dellii,  or  as  it  was  anciently  called,  Indraprast'ha,  is  men- 
tioned by  the  Mohammedan  historians  as  early  as  A.  D.  1008. 
when  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Hindoo  rajahs.  It  has  at 
various  times  undergone  great  vicissitudes,  having  been  fre- 
quently taken  by  hostile  powers,  and  sulgected  to  all  the 
miseries  of  such  events.  In  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  the  prosperity  of  the  city  and  country  around  was 
almost"  entirely  annihilated,  and  the  Mogul  Emperor  and 
royal  family  reduced  to  the  utmost  poverty  and  distress  by 
the  Mahrattas,  who  took  possession  of  his  capital,  of  his 
gardens  and  houses,  and  used  his  name  to  oppress  and  im- 
poverish the  people  by  fraud  and  extortion.  From  this 
miserable  state  of  desolation  and  ruin  the  city  was  rescued 
by  the  British  in  18U3,  when  it  was  entered  and  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Lord  Lake,  after  he  had  defeated  the  army  of 
Dowlub  Row  Sciuda,  in  the  neighborhfwd.  Peace  and  order 
were  now  restored  to  the  city  and  territory,  and  a  handsome 
annual  allowance  made  to  the  emperor  and  family.  Pop. 
250.000;  of  whom  the  Mohammedans  are  to  the  Hindoos  in 
the  proportion  of  2  to  7. 

DELHI  or  DEHLI,  an  old  Mohammedan  province  of 
Iliudostan,  between  lat.  2S°  and  31°  N.,  and  Ion.  75°  and 
80°  E..  surrounded  by  the  provinces  of  Ourhwal,  Oude. 
Agra.  Rajpootana.  and  Lahore.  It  is  now  one  of  the  six 
administrative  divisions  of  the  North-western  provinces,  and 
comprehends  but  a  small  portion  of  the  ancient  province. 
Area,  t)274  square  miles.  Pop.  1,488.556.  Several  canals 
traverse  the  country,  the  chief  of  which  is  the  Doab  Can.al. 
and  the  canal  of  All  Merdan  Khan,  extending  from  Kur- 
naul  to  Delhi.  The  province  came  under  British  rule  in 
1803.     Delhi  is  the  capital. 

DELHI,  dM'hi.  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  De- 
laware CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Coquago  River,  a  branch  of 
the  Delaware,  77  miles  W  S.W.  of  Albany.  The  village 
contains  4  churches,  2  baijks,  3  academies,  and  3  newspaper 
offices.  Pop.  about  1400 ;  population  of  township,  2900. 
DELHI,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  2700. 
DELHI,  a  small  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  32  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

DELHI,  a  township  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  928. 
DELHI,  a  post-village  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois,  14  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Alton. 

Dl'lLHI,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  near 
the  Makoqueta  River.  40 m.  W.  of  Dubuque.    Pop.  about  600. 
DELHI,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  right  l)ank  of  Fox  River,  80  miles  S.E.  of  Madison.    It 
has  3  stores,  and  2  mills.    Pop.  about  -''OO. 
DELHI  CENTRE,  a  postKjfftce  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan. 
DELIA,  a  village  of  Sicily.    See  Degua. 
DE'LI  A  LAK  E,  in  the  western  part  of  Essex  co..  New  York, 
one  of  the  sources  of  the  Hudson  River.  Ijcngth.  about  5  miles. 
DELI-BABA,  dinee-ba'bd\a  villasre  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  48 
miles  E.S.E.  of    Erzroom.    It  is  inhabited  solely  by  Arme- 
nians.    The  only  building  of  note  is  a  large  Turkish  tomb, 
to  which  the  village  owes  its  name. 

DELICKTO,  d;l  le-chi/to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanata.  3  miles  S.E.  of  Bovino.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a 
coUeiiate  church,  and  various  charitable  establishments. 

DELIKLITASH'.  d^l-e-kle-tdsh'.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pashalic.  and  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Seevas. 
DELITZSCU,  d4/Utsh,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  19  miles 


DEL 

N.E.  of  Merseburg,  on  the  Leber.  Pop.  4C70.  It  is  well  buDt 
and  has  a  castle.  3  churches,  a  hospital,  with  manuiactures 
of  tobacco,  woollen  stocking.s,  and  glove.s. 

DEL'LAMCOTTA,  a  fortress  of  Northern  Kindostan.  in 
Bootan,  47  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sikkim.  It  was  takeu  by  theUH- 
tish  in  1773,  but  again  restored. 

DELLE,  d^U.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haul 
Rhin   II  miles  S.E.  of  Belfort.     Pop.  9i;5. 

DELLI,  dJl'lee,  a  town  and  small  state  on  the  N.K.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Sumatra.  The  town  stands  at  the  moutU 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name.     Ijni.  3°  40'  N.,  Ion.  98°  42'  E. 

DELLIBL.Vr.  d^rie-bldf,  a  village  of  Hungary,  about  10 
miles  from  Neudorf.  The  inhabitants  are  Wallachians.  P.  3986. 
DELLNICZE,  djll-neet/s,i,  a  village  of  Austrian  Croatia. 
Pop.  1679. 

DEL/LO,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  on  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  nearly  opposite  Penang. 

DELLYS,  dM'leez\  a  seaport  town  of  Algeria,  49  miles  E. 
of  Algiers.  It  is  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city, 
supposed  to  be  the  Kusueurium  of  Pliny.  Steamboat  com- 
munication is  kept  up  with  Algiers.     Pop.  1800. 

DEL'LY.MOUNT.  a  headland  of  British  India,  presidency 

of  JIadras.  on  the  W.  ctiast.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Cananore. 

DEL'MAR',  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania.  I'.  2323. 

DELL  I'RAIRIE.  a  post-village  of  .^dams  co.,  Wisconsin. 

DEl/MENHORST',  a  town  of  North-western  Germany. 

grand  duchy,  and  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oldenburg,  on  the  Delme. 

Pop-  1777. 

I'ELORAINE  dJlVrW,  a  town  of  Van  Diemen  s  Land,  32 
Cx.^s  ''-om  Launceston. 

,;F.  -lOS,  two  small  islands  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 
Cyclases;  the  largest,  in  lat.  37°  24' N.,  Ion.  25°  15' E..  is  4i 
miles  long,  and  2  miles  broad.    It  is  the  ancient  lihenea. 
The  smaller  island,  about  half  a  mile  E.  of  the  former,  is  ce- 
lebrated in  antiquity  as  the  birthplace  of  Apollo  and  Diana, 
and  as  containing  a  famous  temple  and  oracle  of  -Apollo. 
DE  LOS  PATOS,  a  lake  of  Brazil.    See  Pato.s,  Lake. 
DELOW,  d5-low',  or  DALLU,  ddl-loo',  a  town  of  ^^■est  Soo- 
dan,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Boossa.  in  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  Ion.  5°  15' B. 
Pop.  10,000.     It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Mandara. 
DELPHI,  a  mountain  of  Greece.    See  Eubit.a. 
DEL'PIlI.asmall  town  of  ancient  Greece,  in  Phocis.  ne.ar 
the  site  of  the  modern  Castri.  (which  see.)    It  was  remark- 
able as  containing  a  celebrated  oracle  of  Apollo. 

DEL'PHl,  a  po.st-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York,  210 
miles  W.  of  Albany. 

DELPHI,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the  W. 
.side  of  Sequatchie  River,  114  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

DELPHI,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Carroll  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  1  mile  E.  of  the 
AVabash  River,  and  65  miles  N.N.W.  of  Indianapolis.'  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  country.  The  Toledo  and  Wabash 
Railroad  passes  through  it.  An  inniiense  water-power  is 
produced  by  a  dam  across  the  river.  Delphi  has  6  churches, 
1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  2  paper-mills.     Pop.  1395. 

DELPHI,  a  post-village  in  Gasconade  co.,  Missouri,  80 
miles  W.N .W.  of  St.  Loui.s. 

DEiyPHOS,  formerly  SECTION  TEN,  a  flourishing  postr 
vilhige  of  Allen  co.,  Oliio,  on  the  Miami  Extension  Canal.  116 
miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.  It  is  the  largest  village  of.  the 
county,  excepting  Lima,  and  owes  its  rapid  growth  to  the 
navigation  of  the  canal,which  affords  extensive  water-power. 
The  village  contained,  in  1850,  a  large  iron  foimdry  and  m.a- 
chine-shop,  2  woollen-factories,  several  boat-yards,  and  mills 
of  different  kinds.  Laid  out  in  1844.  Pop.  about  1200.  It 
is  on  the  Pittsbwg,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad. 
DEL'RAY',  a  post-office  of  Upson  co.,  Georgia. 
DELREY'.  del-rV,  a  post-office  of  Ander.son  co.,  T.enne.ssee. 
DELTA,  del'ta,  (the  name  of  the  Greek  letter  A.)  often 
applied  to  the  alluvial  tracts  enclosed  between  the  bifurcat- 
ing branches  of  a  river  and  their  common  recipient.  Deltas 
are  called  fluvial,  lacustrine,  Mediterranean,  and  Oceanic, 
according  to  the  recipient  of  the  streams  which  form  them. 
They  are  simple  deltas  when  the  stream  is  divided  into  two 
branches  only,  and  compound  when  intersected  by  other 
branches.  The  principal  deltas  are  those  of  the  Nile,  Ganges. 
Niser,  and  Ml.'^issippi.  DMc  branches  of  a  river  are  those 
which  enclose  a  delta ;  and  deltic  islmuls  are  those  formed  by 
the  a»a-deltic  branches  of  a  compound  delta. 

DEL'TA.  a  county  of  Michigan,  forms  the  southern  extre- 
mity of  the  upper  peninsula,  bordering  on  I^ake  Michigan 
and  Green  Bay,  has  an  area  estimated  at  2200  square  miles. 
The  Menomonee  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Wisconsin.  It  is  drained  by  Ford  and  \Vhite- 
fish  Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  mostly  covered  with 
forests.  Tlie  rocks  which  underlie  this  county  are  limestone 
and  sandstone.    Population  1172. 

DELT.\.  a  post-village  of  Lee  township,  Oneida  co..  New 
York,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Utica.  It  contains  1  or  2  churches, 
and  several  stores  and  mills. 

DELTA,  a  new  post-village,  capital  of  Coahoma  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  Yazoo  Pass,  66  milcfl 
below  Memphis.    It  contains,  perhaps,  20  dwellings. 

DELTA,  a  post-offlce  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio,  about  30  mUee 
S.W.  of  Toledo. 

655 


DEL 


DEN 


DELTA,  a  post-township  forming  tiie  north-eastern  extre- 
mity of  Eatou  CO.,  Michi^n.    Pop.  618. 

DKLTA,  a  post-office  of  I'arlie  co..  Indiana. 

DELTA,  a  post-office  of  McLean  co..  Illinois. 

DELTING,  a  parish  of  Shetland,  island  of  Mainland,  on 
Its  X.  coast.     Pop.  'J019,  who  mostly  live  by  fishing. 

DELTOX,  a  post-village  of  Xi-w  Buffalo  township,  Sauk 
county,  Wisconsin,  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison,  has  2  or,3 
churches,  and  about  40  dwellings. 

DELUWI.  deroo-ee'.  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Kho- 
rassan.  140  miles  S.  of  Meshed.    Pop.  300,  of  the  Arab  race. 

DELVIXACIII,  dol-ve-ud'icee,  a  villaiie  of  European  Tur- 
key, cont;iiniu)5  about  300  houses,  2S  miles  E.  of  Delvino. 

DELTINO  or  DELBIXO,  dfl've-no.  a  large  village  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  Albania.  47  miles  W.N.W.  of  Yanina,  on 
a  hill-slope  covered  with  olive  and  orange  plantations,  foi^ 
merlv  the  residence  of  the  pasha. 

DEMAK.  dJm^ak',  or  DAMAK,  d3'm3k'.  a  town,  district, 
and  river  on  the  N.  caast  of  the  island  of  Java,  province  of 
Samarang.  The  town.  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Samarang,  on  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  is  populous,  and  was  formerly  capi- 
tal  of  the  kinsdom  of  Demak. 

DEMAR,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Damar. 

DEMAKCATIOX  POIXT,  a  cape  on  the  Arctic  coast  of 
North  America,  in  lat,  69°  45'  X.,  Ion.  141°  W.,  marking  the 
boundary  between  the  British  and  Russian  Xorth  American 
possessions. 

DEMAVEXD,  (dJm'J-v?nd',)  MOCXT.  a  volcanic  mountain 
of  Persia,  and  the  loftiest  peak  of  the  Elbrooz  chain,  between 
the  provinces  Irak-Ajamee  and  Miizanderan,  40  miles  X.E. 
of  Teheran.  It  has  an  elevation  of  14,695  feet.  Its  shape  is 
conic.ll,  with  a  crater-shaped  summit.  It  yields  large  quan- 
tities of  pumice-stone,  and  pure  sulphur.  Around  its  base 
are  many  hot  springs;  between  it  and  Teheran  is  the  small 
town  of  Demavend. 

DEMBE.A.,  dJmlie-a,  improperly  pronounced  dfm-bee'a, 
written  also  DAMBEA,  or  TZAXA,  a  lake  of  Abyssinia,  in 
lat.  12°  X.,  Ion.  37°  15'  E.  Length,  from  X.  to  S..  60  miles ; 
average  breadth.  25  miles.  It  contains  several  islands,  the 
lai^est  named  Dek,  and  its  S.  part  is  traversed  by  the  Bahr- 
el-Azrek,  or  Blue  Xile. 

DEMBIA,  d^m'be-a,  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  in  Sierra 
Leone,  supposed  to  rise  in  the  mountainous  district  on  the 
S.E.  of  Seneinimbi.a,  flows  in  a  S.W.  direction,  and  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  at  lat.  9°  45'  N. 

DEMIILEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DEMED,  dJnOM',  a  village  of  the  Algerian  Sahara,  174 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Algiers.  The  houses,  which  are  low  and 
ill  constructed,  are  surrounded  with  gardens  containing 
fruit-trees  pulse,  and  grapes  of  excellent  quality.  Powder 
is  manufactured  here.    Pop.  about  200. 

DEMEK.  dVmer.  a  river  of  Belgium,  provinces  of  Lim- 
bourgand  South  Bralwnt.  joins  the  Dyle  6  miles  S.  of  Lou- 
Tain,  after  a  W.  course  of  47  miles,  for  the  last  18  of  which  it 
is  naviirable. 

DE5IEKARA,  dJm-er-J'ra,  written  also  DEMERARY,  a 
river  of  South  America,  in  British  Guiana,  rises  near  lat.  5° 
20'  X.,  and  after  a  X.  course  of  perhaps  ISO  miles,  enters  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  near  lat.  C°  50'  X..  Ion.  5S°  20'  AV.,  by  an  estu- 
ary, on  the  E.  side  of  which  stands  Georgetown. 

DEMEK  AUA.  a  populous  district  of  British  Guiana,  inter- 
sected bv  the  above  river.     Pop.  in  1S51,  50.259. 

DEM'EltlE'S  FEUKY.  a  post-office  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

DEMIAXKA.  dA-me-dn'ka.  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  Lake 
Oogansko6.  government  of  Tobolsk,  flows  E.,  and.  after  a 
course  of  about  200  miles,  joins  the  Irtish  from  the  right. 

DEM1.\XSK.  dJm-e-dnsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  106  miles  S.E.  of  Xovgorod.     Pop.  1200. 

DEMIAXSK,  a  village  of  Siberia,  government,  and  100 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Tobolsk. 

DEM'IXG.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana. 

DEMIR-HISSAR,  dimeer'-his'sar',  '-Iron  Castle,"  (ane. 
Herw:h'a  f)  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Roora-Elee.  on 
the  Struma.  13  miles  X.X.W.  of  Seres.  It  stands  at  the  fcx)t 
of  a  hill,  which  is  crowned  with  an  old  fort,  whence  its 
name.    Pop.  SimK). 

DEMISII.  dVmish',  written  also  ODEMi;^  a  commercial 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  An.atoli.a,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Smyrna. 

DEMMIX,  dfm-meen'.  a  town  of  Prus.sia.  province  of  Po- 
merania,  73  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Stettin,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tollense  and  the  Trebel.  Pop.  6140.  It  has  a  superior 
school,  manufactures  of  hats,  woollen  cloths,  linen,  stock- 
ings, and  lejither.  distilleries,  breweries,  a  brisk  trade  in 
corn,  tobacco,  timber,  and  gloves.  The  exports  of  grain  in 
1852  comprised  64.112  quarters,  of  which  50.420  were  wheat; 
It  is  very  ancient,  and  celebrated  for  the  numerous  sieges 
it  has  sustained;  its  fortifications  were  razed  in  1759. 

DEMOCRACY,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Kentucky. 

DEMiX'UACY.  a  post-f>fflce  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

DEM'  (CRAT,  a  pnst-<iffiee.  Buncombe  co.,  Xorth  Carolina. 

DEMOCRAT,  a  township  in  Carroll  co..Indianii.  Pop.»40. 

DKMiiCUAT.  a  post-office  in  Iroquois  co..  Illinois. 

DKMOXESOI,  Sea  of  Marmora.    See  Princes'  Islands. 

DEMOX  E,  VAL.  v^l  dA-mf/ni,  an  old  division  in  the  N.K 
of  Sicily,  now  partly  comprised  in  the  province  of  Messina. 
656 


DEMOXTE,  dA-mon'tA,  a  fortified  town  of  the  S-irdinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Coni,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Stura,  Pop.  0956.  It  has  been  repeatedly  be 
sieged,  and  was  taken  by  the  French  and  Spaniards  in  1774 

DEMOP'OLIS,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Marengo  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  Tombigl^ee  River,  just  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Black  Warrior,  (>4  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Tuscaloosa.  It  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  and  the  principal  depot  for  the 
cotton  exported  from  the  county,  the  capital  and  labor  of 
which  is  almost  entirely  devoted  "to  the  cultivation  of  that 
article.  The  salubrity  of  the  air,  the  refined  society,  and 
the  excellence  of  the  schools,  render  this  an  attractive  pl.ice 
of  residence.  It  contains  4  churches  and  a  United  States 
land  office.    Free  population,  473. 

DEM'OREST'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  We?t.  co.  of 
Prince  Edward.  9  miles  X.W.  of  Picton,  12  miles  from  Belle- 
ville, and  4  miles  from  Xorth  Port.  Xorth  Port  is  the  Lind- 
ing-plSce  for  Demorestville.     Pop.  about  300. 

DE'MOS.  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

DEMOTICA.  de-mot/i-kd.  (.anc.  Didymotichosr)  a  town  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  Maritza.  at  the  f<X)t 
of  a  castle-orowned  hill.  25  miles  S.  of  Adrianople.  Pop.  8000. 
It  is  well  built,  has  several  Greek  churches,  and  schools.  It 
was  the  residence  of  Chai-les  XII.  for  a  year  after  the  battle 
of  Poltava. 

DEMP'SEYTOWX,  a  small  post-village  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

DEX.A.IX,  deh-n^N""',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Xord.  a  station  on  the  railway  from  Abscon  to  Valenciennes, 
14  miles  E.  of  Douai.  Pop.  in  1852,  8691.  In  1712,  Villars 
gained  a  victory  here  over  Prince  Eugene. 

DEXAXE.  de-nain',  a  village  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois.  90  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Aandalia. 

DEXBIGII,  dt^n^bee,  or  DEXBIGnSIHRE,  dJnAl>ee-s)iir, 
a  maritime  county  of  Xorth  Wales,  having  X.  the  Irish  Sea. 
Area,  603  square  miles,  or  385.920  acres,  of  which  alx)at 
150.000  are  estimated  to  be  arable,  the  rest  being  mostly  in 
pasture.  Pop.  in  1851,  92.583.  The  surface  is  mostly  rug- 
ged and  mountainous,  but  it  contains  the  fertile  v.illey  of 
Llangollen.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Clwyd.  Dee.  Con- 
way, and  A'alle-Crucis.  The  Conway  forms  its  W.,  and  the 
Dee  most  part  of  its  E.  boundary.  Wool  is  manufactured 
into  stockings,  flannel,  and  coarse  cloths  by  the  rural  popu- 
lation. It  has  mines  of  coal,  lead.  u-on.  flint,  and  slate:  in 
the  Khuabon  hills  are  several  iron-works,  and  a  cannon 
foundry.  The  Holyhead  Railway  crosses  the  X.  part  of  the 
county.  Exclusive  of  its  boroughs,  it  sends  2  members  Uj 
the  House  of  Commons,  The  chief  towns  are  Denbigh,  Ru- 
thin, Wrexham.  Llanrwst,  Abergely,  Holt,  and  Rhuabon, 

DEXBIGII.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bnrongh.  mar- 
ket-town, and  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co,  of  Denbigh,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Clwyd,  5  miles  S.  of  St.  A.saph.  Pop.  of  ivirish. 
in  1851. 3591 ;  of  tlie  parliamentary  lorongh.  5498.  It  stands 
on  a  steejt  acclivity,  crowned  by  the  ruins  of  its  stately 
castle,  and  has  many  handsome  antique  houses,  an  old  par- 
ish church,  an  ancient  chapel,  two  free  si-hools,  a  town-hall, 
assembly-room,  literary  society,  and  market-house,  with  some 
manufactures  of  gloves  and  shoes.  Quarter  .sessions  are  held 
here.  The  Ixirough  is  a  polling  place  for  the  county,  and 
joins  with  Wrexliam,  Rutliin.  and  Holt  in  sending  one 
membi-r  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  Eistedffod.  or  tri- 
ennial a.ssembly  of  the  Welsh  bards,  is  sometimes  held  here. 
It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Fielding  family. 

DEXBKiHSIIlRE.    See  Denbigh, 

DEX'BUItY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DEX'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  7  miles  X.X.E.  of 
Derby.  Pop,  1338,  partly  employed  in  collieries.  Flam- 
stead,  the  astronomer,  was  born  here  in  1646. 

DEXBY.  a  chapelry  of  En.;land.  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

DEXCIl'WORTIL  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

DEXDER.  dJn'der.  a  river  of  Belgium,  provinces  of  Ilain- 
aut  and  East  Flanders,  after  a  X.  course  of  42  miles  joins 
the  .Scheldt  at  Dendermonde.  /  It  is  navi'.™ble  from  the 
Scheldt  to  Ath  by  the  help  of  numerous  sluices,  and  serves 
extensively  for  the  conveyance  of  coal. 

DEXDER.  dJn'der.  a  river  of  Xuliia.  tributary  to  the  Blue 
Xile,  which  it  joins  40  miles  N.  of  Sennaar,  after  a  X.W. 
course  of  2.10  miles. 

DKXDERAH.  dJn'df  r-ah.  (^anc.  TenKi/ra.)  a  village  of  Upper 
Egypt,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Xile,  opiX)site  Keneh,  im- 
portant for  its  antiquities,  and  especially  its  grand  temple, 
which  is  220  feet  in  length  by  50  in  breadth,  with  a  portico 
supported  by  24  columns.  In  it  isalso  a  famous  zodiacal  ceil- 
inir :  its  planisphere  was  removed  to  Paris  in  1822,  See  Ksneh. 

DEXDERMOXDE.  den'der-mAn'deh,  DEXDERMOND, 
denVier-mAnf,  or  TEIOIOXDE,  t^r-mon'djh.  (Fr.  pron.  ti^R^ 
mANd'.)  a  fortified  town  of  Ik-lgium.  pi-ovince  of  East  Flan- 
ders, capital  of  the  arrondis.«ement.  at  the  confluence  i.fthe 
Dender  and  the  Scheldt,  and  on  the  railway  from  Mechlin 
to  Ostend,  16  miles  E.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  8548.  It  has  a  citadel 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  a  town-hall  and  hospital,  lunatic 
and  orphan  asylums,  several  churches  and  convents.  It  baa 
manufactui-es  of  cotton  yarn,  lace,  and  woollens. 

DEXEK.\MP.  dJuVkimp',  a  psirish  and  vilJage  o''  the 
Netherlands,  in  Overyssel,  5{  miles  X  J:!,  of  UldenzaiU.  P.  4068. 


DEN 


DEN 


DEXn^-r.DTSION,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DEN'B'OI!D,  a  parish'Of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

DKN\i  ELiEij'or  GON'GILAG,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Szathiiiuiv  about  5  miles  from  Piskolt.     Pop.  1320. 

DK.\'»rl  E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

DKX'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  liucks,  2  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Uxbridge.    It  has  a  lunatic  asylum. 

DKMIA.M,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DKX'tlOLM,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Koxburgh,  parish 
of  Cavers,  5  miles  E.N. E.  of  Hawick.  It  is  neatly  built.  It 
is  the  liirth-place  of  Leyden,  the  poet. 

DENIA,  d:l/ne-d,  (anc.  Diahiium.)  a  maritime  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  46  miles  N.E.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Mediterranean. 
Pop.  2'JSu.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  ruined  castle, 
and  several  hospitals.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen  dotlis,  and  an  export  trade  in  fruits.  The  vessels  en- 
tering and  sailing  from  Denia  average  annually  400,  tonnage 
47,000.  This  city  was  bombarded  by  the  French  iij  1813, 
when  mo.st  of  its  fortifications  and  public  buildings  were 
demolished,  and  though  since  partially  restored,  it  lias  never 
recovered  its  former  consequence.  Its  harbor  is  now  mostly 
choked  with  sand. 

DKN'IO,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

DEN'IS  (or  OKIXA,  o-ree'shi)  ISLANDS,  the  north-east- 
ernmost island  of  Seychelle  Archipelago.  Lat.  3°  49'  S.,  Ion. 
56°  44'  K. 

D  E  \  1 7.  hi.    See  Degnizli. 

DEXKENDOKK,  dtok'gn-doRr,  a  market-town  of  WUr- 
temberg,  circle  of  Neckar,  on  the  Kersch,  3  miles  S.  of  Ess- 
Ijngen.     Pop.  1459.    It  has  remains  of  a  monastery. 

DEN'.MAKK,  (Dani.sh  Danmark,  ddn'maRk  ;  (ier.  DUne- 
mark,  dd/neh-maRk^;  Fr.  Danemark,  dSn^niaRk';  It.  Dane- 
marka,  dd-nA-maR/kd;  Sp.  IHnamurca,  de-nd-man/kd;  L. 
Dafiiia,)  Ki.\QD0M  OF,  a  state  of  North  Europe,  composed  of 
three  parts:— 1.  The  Islands  in  the  Baltic  and  Atlantic; 
2.  The  peninsula  of  Jutland;  3.  The  duchies  of  Sleswick, 
HoIst<?in,  and  Lauenburg.  The  principal  portion  is  situated 
between  lat.  53°  22'  42"  and  57°  44'  52"  N.,  and  Ion.  8°  5'  and 
12°  37'  E.  The  following  exhibits  the  area  and  population 
of  the  monarchy  of  Denmark,  including  its  colonies : — 


Area  in 
sq.  miles. 

Population. 

Year. 

Denmark  Proper 

Ducliy  of  .Sloswick 

15,8i« 
3,600 
3,2.!0 
400 
516 
38,400 

188 

640 

61!,870 

1,407,747 
363,000 
48^.361 
39,560 
8,1.50 
57,100 
8,050 

40,955 
6,000? 

1850 
18,50 

"_         Lauenburg 

1845 

1840 
1840 
1&41 

Greenland 

West  India  Islands— Santa  Cruz,  ) 
St.  Thom.as,  and  San  Juan....  J 

Total  of  Monarchy 

1!,412,926     i 

It  is  hounded  N.  and  W.  by  the  North  Sea,  E.  by  the  Catte- 
gat  and  ttie  Baltic,  and  S.  by  the  Elbe.  The  coasts  are 
greatly  indented,  and  the  country  is  perfectly  tlat;  in  the  N. 
some  parts  of  it  are  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  from  the  in- 
vasions of  which  it  is  defended  by  dykes.  On  the  E.  the 
surface  rises  into  gentle  elevations.  The  highest  part  of  the 
peninsula  is  650  feet,  and  of  the  islands  460  feet,  above  the 
sea.  Ilolstein  and  Lauenburg  are  the  best  watered  districts. 
Among  the  islands,  only  Seeland  and  Funeu  have  rivers, 
the  others  being  watered  by  mere  brooks.  Extensive 
marshes  exist  in  all  the  valleys  of  the  peninsula  and  the 
islands.  Next  to  the  Elbe,  which  forms  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  kingdom  for  80  miles,  the  Eider  is  the 
largest  and  most  important  river.  The  largest  lake  is  the 
Arre,  in  Seeland.  'The  principal  gulfs  are  the  Lym-fiord, 
Kingkiiibing-fiord,  Nissum-tiord,  and  the  bays  of  Kallije 
and  Flensborg,  on  the  continent;  the  Ise-fiord  in  Seeland, 
and  Odense-tiord  in  Funen.  Between  the  islands  and  the 
peninsula  of  Denmark  and  Sweden,  there  are  several  pass- 
ages called  sounds,  the  chief  of  which  areOere  Sund,  (the 
Sound.)  and  the  Great  and  Little  Belts.  The  climate  of 
Denmark  is  humid  and  cloudy;  but,  notwithstanding  its 
northern  position,  it  is,  fi-om  the  lowness  of  its  level  and 
the  influence  of  the  surrounding  seas,  much  milder  than 
the  countries  of  Germany  situated  farther  S.  Mean  tempe- 
rature of  the  year,  46°  6  Fahr. ;  shortest  day,  Oj  hours; 
longest  day,  17  j  hours.  Storms*  are  rare,  and  of  short  du- 
ration: average  days  of  storm,  9;  rain,  106;  snow,  30. 
Prevailing  winds,  W.  during  spring  and  summer,  and  S.W. 
in  autumn  and  winter.  Soil  almost  entirely  alluvial,  co- 
vered with  a  vegetable  mould  well  adapted  for  cultivation, 
in  Jutland  and  the  duchies,  and  producing  excellent  pas- 
turage iu  the  marshy  districts.  The  proportion  of  culti- 
vated to  marsh  land  is  as  two  to  one.  Few  of  the  great  fo- 
rests with  which  the  country  was  once  covered  now  remain. 
The  principal  tree  is  the  beech,  constituting,  perhaps,  about 
four-fifths  of  all  the  growing  timber;  the  rest  consists  chiefly 
of  elm  and  lime.  Oak.  though  once  the  most  abundant  kind 
of  tree,  now  foi-ms  but  a  small  portion  of  the  forests  of  Den- 
*  Tbunderstorms. 


mark,  and  woods  entirely  of  oak  are  rarely  met  with.    Birch 
occurs  in  single  trees  only. 

Afjriculli.ire,  Cattle-Breeding,  rfc. — Although  not  particu 
larly  fevored  by  nature,  Denmark  is  yet  pre-eminently  an 
agricultural  coUntrj' ;  but  improvement  is  greatly  retiirded 
by  want  of  capital,  and,  in  no  small  degree,  by  want  of  en- 
ergy and  industry  also,  on  the  part  of  the  cultivators  of  the 
soil,  by  an  extremely  minute  sudivision  of  property,  by  op- 
pressive dues  and  services,  and,  lastly,  by  bad  roads.  Of 
late  years,  however,  considerable  advances  have  been  made 
in  agricultural  skill  and  management,  notwithstanding  these 
very  serious  impediments,  particularly  in  Ilolstein  and  Sles- 
wick.  The  kinds  of  grain  mo.st  largely  cultivated  are  bar- 
ley, rye,  wheat,  and  oats.  Barley,  the  oldest  ceieal  of  the 
north,  is  grown  chiefly  in  Seeland,  and  in  some  parts  of  Jut- 
land, and  on  the  islands  of  Samsoe  and  Bornholm.  It  is 
largely  used  in  brewing  beer,  the  common  bevei'age  of  thv 
country,  and  is  manufactured  into  flour  and  gioats.  Kye, 
the  principal  product  of  the  .soil,  is  grown  throughout  tl;e 
whole  peninsula,  in  Ilolstein  and  Lauenburg,  and  in  the 
islands  of  Funen  and  Seeland,  and  some  of  the  islands  on 
the  W.  coast.  From  this  grain  the  greater  part  of  the 
bread  used  in  Denmark  is  made.  Wheat  is  grown  chiefly 
on  the  marshes  on  the  E.  coasts  of  Sleswick  and  Ilolstein, 
on  the  islands  of  Laaland  and  Langeland,  and  on  large 
estates  in  other  quarters  of  the  kingdom.  Oats  are  raised 
in  almost  every  part  of  the  country,  but  the  best  are  pro- 
duced in  Jutland.  Large  quantities  of  all  those  grains  are 
exported  annually.  Buckwheat  is  cultivated  in  Jutland, 
in  the  central  part  of  the  duchies,  and  in  the  island  of  Fii- 
nen.  The  quantity  produced  is  suflicient  for  the  demand.s 
of  the  country,  but  little  ren)ains  for  exportation.  The  cul- 
tivation of  rapeseed,  which  has  been  found  to  be  a  profit- 
able crop,  has  been  greatly  improved  and  extended  of  late 
ye.ars.  Potatoes,  which  were  introduced  into  Denmark 
early  in  the  present  century,  are  now  very  generally  culti- 
vated, the  annual  produce  being  estimated  at  2,000,000 
tons.  Red  and  white  turnips  are  also  grown,-  and  various 
kinds  of  vegetables  in  considerable  quantity ;  but  horticul- 
ture is.  on  the  whole,  still  in  a  backward  state,  especially  in 
Jutland  and  Seeland.  It  is  otherwise,  however,  with  herb- 
age plants  and  gras.ses,  which  are  now  carefully  cultivated. 
Beans,  peas,  and  tares  are  also  extensively  produced 
throughout  the  whole  country,  and  form  an  important  ai^ 
tide  of  fxid,  little  being  left  for  exportation.  Flax,  hemp, 
hops,  tobacco,  madder,  lavender,  and  mustiird-seed  are 
grown,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  supply  the  home 
demand,  the  deficiency  being  imported  fiom  other  countries. 
The  places  most  remarkable  for  the  production  of  fruit  are 
the  islands  of  Funen  and  Alseu.  But  cattle-breeding, 
grazing,  and  the  dairy  engage  the  greatest  share  of  the  far- 
mer's attention  in  Denmarli ;  28,000  oxen,  7000  cows,  and 
10,000  calves,  besides  immense  quantities  of  pork  and 
smoked  or  hung  beef,  being  annually  exported  from  the 
country.  A  great  increase  has  of  late  years  taken  place 
also  in  dairy  produce,  particularly  butter,  of  which  45,584 
tons  are  made  annually.  Of  this  quantity,  8624  tons  are 
exported.  Nearly  tlie  half  of  the  butter  exported  is  pro- 
duced in  Ilolstein;  the  remainder  is  supplied  by  Sleswick 
and  .Jutland.  Considerable  quantities  of  cheese  are  also  ex- 
ported, chiefly  from  Ilolstein  and  Sleswick.  I'rivate  socie- 
ties have  lately  Ijeen  formed  tor  the  improvement,  or  rather 
restoration,  of  the  Danish  horse,  which  had  been  rapidly 
deteriorating.  About  10.000  are  exported  annually  from 
the  mainland,  and  about  1000  from  the  islands — the  greater 
part  from  Funen.  Sheep-rearing  is  also  on  the  decline  in 
Denmark,  although  considerable  improvement  has  of  late 
taken  place  in  this  branch  of  husbandry.  The  i-»aring  of 
hogs  is  much  attended  to ;  about  12.000  are  annually  ex- 
ported to  Hamburg;  while  the  export  of  lard  amounts  to 
3087  tons,  of  which  article  Jutland  produces  nearly  as  much 
as  the  duchies.  The  roaring  of  bees  occupies  a  large  share 
of  attention,  and  the  production  of  honey  and  wax  is  rapidly 
increasing;  of  the  latter,  88,000  pounds  are  now  exported 
annually,  while  formerly  both  honey  and  wax  were  import- 
ed into  the  country. 

As  Denmark  has  no  mountains,  except  in  Bornholm, 
where  an  inferior"quality  of  coal  is  found,  its  mineral  pro- 
ducts are  insignificant.  From  the  absence  of  coal,  metals, 
and  water-power,  there  are  no  manufactures  of  importance 
iu  Denmark.  Woollen  cloths,  linens,  bonnets,  and  paper 
are  manufactured  for  home  consumption.  The  m.iking  of 
paper  has  of  late  years  been  greatly  improved  and  extended. 
There  are  a  considerable  number  of  iron  foundiies  in  Den- 
mark, 12  of  which  are  in  Copenhagen;  some  of  them  very 
extensive  establishments.  The  government  formerly  pro- 
tected several  branches  of  manufactures,  but  these  are  now 
confined  to  the  porcelain-works  at  Copenhagen  and  the  cloth 
factory  at  Usserod.  Carriages,  musical  instruments,  to- 
Ijacco,  candles,  both  wax  and  tallow,  and  soap  are  among 
the  principal  manufactures  of  Denmark.  There  are  also  a 
number  of  thriving  sugar  refineries  in  .Jutland.  Sleswick, 
and  Ilolstein.  There  are  some  brandy  distilleries  and  ex- 
tensive tanneries,  chiefly  confined  to  the  towns.  These 
last  have  greatly  multiplied  within  the  last  few  years. 

667 


DEN 


BEN 


Trade  and  Oommf.rce. — The  commerce  of  Denmark  has 
greatly  increased  since  the  peace  of  1815.  The  principal  ar- 
ticles of  trade  are  corn  and  other  grain,  butter,  tallow,  lard, 
rape.seed.  rapeseed-oil.  potatoes,  clover-seed,  cattle,  and 
horses.  The  greater  part  of  these  are  .'hipped  from  Altona. 
Tlie  exports  from  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  the  Kar8e  Is- 
lands, consisting  of  eider-down,  feathers,  skins,  dried  fish, 
and  wool,  are  mostly  shipped  at  Copeuh.igen, 

The  annexed  table  exhibits  the  exports  of  grain  from 
Denmark,  for  the  J'ears  specified  : — 


.Articles. 

1B46. 

1S4T. 

1850. 

1851, 

Wheat,  tons 

Rve, 

Barley,     " 

Cats,         "  ••.... 

Peas,         "  

•riour,       "  

All  sorts.... 

191.306 
29.1.042 
l,l»2,3t3 
282,690 
ITO.Oa.i 
30.600 

154,454 
215,076 
954.968 
429.765 
137..'55 
29,338 

235.220 
303,583 
1,921.097 
527,004 
140,014 
21,044 

238.003 
212.694 
1,390.142 
378.738 
119,545 
24,i00 

2,187,101 

1,982,5.54 

3.164.072 

2,387,475 

The  value  of  the  commerce  of  18,i2  was  as  follows : — Ex- 
ports from  Denmark  I'roper.  $7.."i92.C.09;  imports.  S12."0<1,954: 
exports  from  Sleswick.  S2.5ii3.904;  imports.  $3.52,3.678 :  ex- 
ports from  Ilolstein.  $5,043,599:  imports,  $4,372,141,  Total 
exports,  $15,140,112:  imports,  $-20,596,573. 

After  grain,  the  most  important  export  is  butter.  The 
export  of  this  article  in  1S31I  amounted  to  114.548  cwt. :  in 
1847  it  had  increased  to  183,790  cwt.,  three-fourths  of  which 
w;is  from  the  duchies;  of  this,  again,  six-sevenths  fell  to 
the  share  of  HoLstein.  In  1848  the  export  of  butter  from 
Denmark  proper  amounted  to  23.342  cwt.  The  exports  of 
chee.sf  in  1S47  amounted  to  8770  cwt.,  of  which  5112  were 
from  Ilolstein.  The  trade  in  flesh  and  pork  has  more  than 
doubled  in  the  last  26  years.  In  1831,  these  amounted  to 
7060  cwt.  of  Hesh,  and  18,150  of  pork ;  in  1847,  to  21.914  cwt. 
of  flesh,  and  38.235  of  pork ;  in  1S4S,  the  exports  from  Den- 
mark proper  were  9993  cwt.  of  flesh,  and  9398  of  pork.  The 
ti-ade  in  wool  was  nearly  stationary  for  many  years  previous 
to  1840,  since  which  tlie  increase  has  been  very  consider- 
able: in  1847,  the  exports  from  Denmark  proper  alone  were 
10,005  cwt.  The  exports  of  skins  and  hides  in  1840  were 
27,307  cwt..  and  in  1>;47,  14.723  cwt.  The  falling  off  in  this 
branch  is  attributable  to  the  establishment  of  new  tanneries 
in  the  kingdom.  The  export  of  oil-cake  averaaed  101.237 
cwt,  for  5  ye;»rs  up  to  1840;  the  latter  year  it  reached  170.000 
cwt,,  and  in  1817,  2(iS,519  cwt.  The  jfreat  bulk  of  this 
article  is  exported  from  the  duchies.  Denmark  proper  fur- 
nishing cne-twelflli.  Almost  the  whole  goes  to  England. 
The  export  of  liemp  and  flax  in  1845  amounted  to  207.025 
pounds,  and  in  1S47  to  215.074  pounds.  In  1848,  the  export 
from  I)enm:irk  proper  alone  amounted  to  234.106  pounds. 
Brandy  forms  an  imi>ortant  export,  of  which  the  greater 
portion  goes  to  Hamburg.  Considerable  portions  are  like- 
wise exported  to  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  the  FSriie  Islands. 
The  w(X)l  goes  almost  wholly  to  Sweden,  and  is  shipped 
chiefly  from  I{anders  and  A.arhuus  from  the  former  in  the 
raw  state,  from  the  latter  in  yarn.  Tlie  skins  are  sent  chiefly 
to  Ilamiiurg,  t,he  fish  to  the  ports  of  the  Mediterr.anean,  the 
oil  to  Germany,  and  the  knitted  woollen  fabrics  to  Holland. 

The  diief  imports  are  iron,  timber,  coals,  wine,  salt,  to- 
bacco, coffee,  tea,  and  sugar.  The  imports  from  the  West 
India  colonies,  in  1844,  included  liioO  tons  of  smrar,  and 
119.07S  impeiial  gallons  of  rum,  chiefly  from  Santa  Cruz, 
The  value  of  imports  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  in 
1852,  amounted  to  .$10,945,000,  The  commerce  of  Denmark 
with  the  United  States  is  small,  employing,  in  1852,  but 
42'»0  tons  of  shipping  inwards,  and  1083  outwards.  The 
value  of  imports  was  $115,652;  of  exports,  only  .*16.611. 
In  1844  there  were  4184  vessels  belonging  to  Denmark; 
tonnage,  197.774. 

Fifiierlea. — The  fisheries  were  formerly  a  more  important 
branch  of  national  industry  than  now.  In  1S2S,  the  cured 
herrinzs  exported  amounted  to  above  126,000  tons ;  which, 
in  184-').  had  dwindlwl  down  to  7500  tons.  The  qu.antity 
now  tiken  hardly  suftices  for  the  consumption  of  the  coun- 
try. The  principal  fishing  ground  is  between  the  mouth 
of  the  Schlei  and  the  peninsula  of  Amis ;  those  of  the  Lym- 
fiord.  and  N.  parts  of  the  E.  coast,  Iteing  now  unimportint. 
Next  to  the  herrinz.  the  turbot,  torsk,  .and  salmon  are  the 
most  abundant.  Fish  ponds  were  at  one  time  very  general 
over  the  country,  and  were  profitable,  but  are  now  cliiefly 
confined  to  Ilolstein.  The  seal-fiBheries  ot  Denmark  proper 
are  unimportant,  this  branch  of  business  being  chiefly 
carried  on  on  the  coasts  of  Iceland,  Faroe,  &c. 

Jiile.nitil  Iiiiiir/vriiirnts: — The  maJs  ot  Denmark  are  m  ge- 
neral b.id:  the  best  arc  in  Sceland,  Funen,  and  the  duchies. 
The  geographical  position  of  the  country,  however,  is  favor- 
able for  water  communication,  and  in  consequence  large 
expenditures  have  been  made  in  the  construction  of  canals. 
Of  tliese,  there  are  four,  two  on  the  mainland,  and  one  in 
each  of  the  islands  of  Seeland  and  Funen.  The  Sleswick 
and  Ilolstein  Canal  is  hetwetm  Kiel  Fiord,  at  a  point  3 
miles  N.  of  the  town  of  tliat  name,  and  Rendsburg,  on  the 
658 


Eider,  where  It  joins  that  river,  and  thus  communicates 
with  the  North  Sea.  It  is  10  feet  deep,  100  feet  braid  at  the 
surface,  44  feet  at  the  bottom,  and  is  .about  18  miles  long. 
About  2500  vessels  pass  through  the  canal  annually,  of 
which  one-half  are  under  foreign  flags.  The  Steckenitz  Canal, 
one  of  the  oldest  in  Europe,  connects  the  Elbe  with  the 
Trave.  joining  the  former  above  Lauenburg,  and  the  latter 
above  Lubeck.  Its  general  breadth  is  about  17  yards,  but 
so  shallow  that  it  will  not  carrj-  vessels  drawing  mr.rv  than 
4  or  5  feet  water,  and  so  inadeijuately  supplied  with  water, 
that  it  is  n.avigable  only  twice  or  thrice  a  week,  Thf  canal 
In  Funen  connects  Odense  with  the  sc.a.  and  that  in  See- 
land forms  a  communication  between  the  lake  Bavelso  and 
the  Baltic.  There  are  two  railroads :  one  on  the  m.iinland, 
from  Altona  to  Kiel,  witli  branches  to  GlU.kstadt  and 
llendsburg;  and  one  on  the  Island  of  Seeland,  from  Copen- 
hagen tliroiigh  l;oesl.ilde  to  the  Great  Belt 

People.  L'lngwige.  cOc. — The  population  of  Denmark  is  com- 
posed chiefly  of  Danes,  Germans,  Friscs,  and  Angles,  -and 
.some  70.000  Jews.  The  Danes  occupy  the  islands.  .Tutland, 
andabout  onehalfof  Sleswick.  They  still  maintain  their 
ancient  reputation  of  being  bold  and  hardy  .se.amen:  the 
v.ast  number  of  islands  of  which  their  kingdom  consist."", 
and  the  numerous  sea-ai-ms  intersecting  its  continental  por- 
tion, necessitating  a  certain  amount  of  acfiuaintance  with 
seafaring  life,  facilitates  and  tends  materially  to  keep  up. 
the  maritime  spirit.  The  German  populaticm  is  settled  in 
Ilolstein.  Lauenburg,  and  in  about  one  half  of  Sli'swick. 
The  Frises  and  .\ngles.  two  German  tribe.*.  inhal>it  the  W. 
coast  of  Sleswick  and  the  Islands  of  the  German  <>cean. 
The  Jews,  who  are  of  German  descent,  are  confined  to  Co- 
penhagen, Altona,  and  a  few  other  towns.  The  Danish  lan- 
guage, a  form  of  the  original  Norse  Language,  is  s]>oken 
by  two-thirds  of  the  inh.abit.ants,  being  almost  exclusively 
used  in  the  islands  and  in  ,Tntland :  German  is  spoken  by  the 
remaining  third  of  the  inhabitants,  and  over  Sleswi  /k.  Ilol- 
stein. and  Liiuenburg.  In  some  of  tlie  S.  localities  Frisian 
is  spoken. 

Goi-ernmfnt,  Lawn,  TTeligimi.  d-c. — The  government  of 
Denmark  was  originally  an  elective  monarchy,  the  right  ot 
election  being  vested  in  the  three  estates — the  nobles,  the 
clergy,  and  the  commons.  But  taking  advantage  of  popular 
discontents,  the  partisans  of  the  crown,  in  1660,  suicecded 
in  making  it  hereditary;  and  in  the  following  year  an  Act 
of  Sovereignty  was  obtained,  conferring  absolute  power  on 
the  monarch.  This  state  of  things  continued  till  1S4S, 
when,  on  a  sudden,  almost  the  whole  continent  of  Europe 
was  convul.sed.  and  the  Danish  constitution  underwent 
great  modifications,  and  now  belongs  to  the  class  of  heredi- 
tary constitutional  monarchies.  According  to  a  charter 
adopted  by  the  king  and  diet,  June  5,  1849,  it  Is  declared 
that  tlie  executive  power  is  in  the  king  .alone:  the  legisla- 
tive, in  the  king  and  diet  jointly.  The'persoif  of  the  king  is 
inviolable,  but  he  rules  by  a  responsible  ministry.  He 
must  be  a  member  of  the  evangelical  Lutheran  church, 
which  is  declared  to  be  the  religion  of  the  state.  The  diet 
consists  of  the  Landsthing  and  the  Folkethln" — the  for- 
mer a  kind  of  senate  or  upper  house,  and  tlie  latter  n  house 
of  commons.  To  the  Landsthing  any  male  subject  is  eli- 
gible who  Is  40  years  of  age,  does  not  Labor  under  mental 
incapacity,  and  either  pays  two  hundred  rixdoUars  of  direct 
taxes,  or  enjoys  a  yearly  income  of  twelve  hundrod  rlx- 
dollars.  To  "the  Folkethincr.  anv  male  householder,  25 
years  of  age.  is  eligible,  provided  he  does  not  labor  under 
any  Incapacity  which  would  deprive  him  of  the  riiht  of 
voting.  This  ri-rht  is  the  Rame  in  regard  both  to  the 
Landsthing  and  the  Folkething,  and  belongs  to  every 
householder  who  has  re,ached  his  30th  year,  who  is  not  in 
the  actual  receipt  of  public  ch,arity,  or  who.  if  he  has  at  any 
former  time  been  in  the  receipt  of  it.  has  repaid  the  sums 
so  received,  and  who  does  not  labor  under  mental  incapa- 
city. The  members  of  the  l^andsthing  hold  their  seats  for 
ei'iht,  and  those  of  the  Folkething  for  three  years.  The 
diets  meet  annually  on  the  first  Monday  of  October,  pro- 
vided the  king  does  not  summon  them  on  an  earli.T  d.av. 
The  duchies  of  Sleswick  and  Ilolstein  have  reserved  their 
own  separate  institutions  and  laws:  and  several  districts 
and  towns  have  their  own  ]ieculiar  provincial  laws.  The 
laws  of  Denmark  are  amomr  the  best  in  the  world :  they  are 
equit;i>'le.  brief  and  explicit,  and  their  administration 
prompt  and  effective.  Unlimited  toleration  is  extended  to 
everv  sect.  The  bishops  are  nominated  tjy  the  crown.  The 
sulvirdinate  clergy  amount  in  numbtsr  to  between  1500  and 
1600. 

Ediicitinn.  LHernbrrf.  Art.  and  Srhnrf. — Few  countries, 
in  proportion  to  their  size,  have  done  so  much  for  educa 
tion.  literature,  and  art,  as  Denmark.  At  the  head  of  the 
(Miucational  Institutions  stand  the  University  of  Copen- 
hasen.  and  the  IIoli>erg  Acadomy  at  Sortie.  In  the  64  pn> 
vincial  towns,  are  20  schools,  in  which  the  learned  lan- 
guages are  taught,  and  130  tiwn,  free,  and  upp<'r  general 
schools,  b<>sides  a  number  of  private  establishments:  in  the 
country  there  are  ?.504  common  schools,  or  Volks*ch.|lcn, 
and  5  normal  schools,  in  which  persons  arc  qualifi-d  t,i  l-e- 
come  teachers.    Denmark  has  the  greatest  number  of  prplln 


DEN 


DEN 


In  school,  In  proportion  to  the  total  population,  of  any 
country  in  the  world.  Among  the  eminent  Danish  writers 
may  be  mentioned  OehlenpchlS.:er.  whose  reputation  as  a 
dramatic  writer  stands  hlirh  not  only  in  Denmark,  hut  also  in 
Oei-iuiiny:  tni^emann,  who  has  liad  considerable  success  as 
a  novelist;  IJajrtrt'sen,  who  has  written  voluminously  and 
well,  lioth  ill  Danish  and  German;  and  Hans  Christian 
Andersen,  whose  delii^htful  tales  are  well  known  in  this 
country  throuj;h  the  medium  of  translations.  In  science, 
Denmark  early  attained  considerable  eminence  in  the  pei-- 
son  of  Tyclio  Bi'ahe,  and  still  continues  to  maintain  a  hi;ih 
reputation  in  various  departments  of  scientitic  inquiry.  In 
art.  TlK)rswaldsen  has  given  her  a  first  place,  and  taken  the 
most  efTi^-ctual  as  well  as  patriotic  means  of  enabling  her  to 
koep  it,  by  the  Iiequest  of  his  works. 

Arm;/  ami  Xavi/. — The  land  force  of  Denmark,  in  time  of 
peace,  consists  of  25,000  men ;  in  time  of  war  it  is  increased 
to  75,169.  The  army  is  recruited  by  conscription.  The  pe- 
riod .of  service  is  eij^ht  years,  commencinji  with  the  "ioth 
year  of  the  recruit's  age.  four  years  in  the  line,  and  four  in 
the  reserve.  After  this  period,  they  serve  for  other  eight 
years  in  the  class  called  Festmannen,  similar  t«  the  Prus- 
sian Liindwehr,  and  are  subsequently  enrolled  in  the  re- 
serve force,  in  whirli  they  remain  till  the  termination  of 
their  45th  year.  The  re>;ular  troops  in  the  AVest  India 
colonies  amount  toabout  300  men.  The  navy  consistsol  six 
ships  of  the  line,  four  carrying  each  84  guns,  one  72,  and  one 
OGguns;  OlVij^ates,  withfromOO  to44gunseach;  4corvetteg, 
with  from  28  to  14  guns;  4  brigs,  liaviug  from  16  to  12  guns; 
andlOl  other  craft,  including  8  steamers, — making,  in  all, 
122  vessels,  with  a  total  of  977  guns. 

Finances. — The  Danish  Budget  for  1855-56  gives  the  revenue 
and  expenditures  at  18,142,080  rix  dollars,  (or  §9,514,907;)  of 
which  about  §61-1,000  was  for  the  civil  list  and  the  royal  house, 
$3,898,000  for  interest  on  public  debt,  $2,400,000  for  army  and 
$1,050,000  for  navy.  The  public  debt  amounted.  April  1st, 
1855,  to  123,164,500  rix  dollars,  or  $64,661,303.  The  cbiet 
sources  whence  revenue  is  derived  are  land-tax,  customs, 
and  excise;  next,  the  woods  and  forests,  and  other  crown  pro- 
perty, Iotterie.s,  house-tax,  and  tax  upon  rank  and  salarie.s. 

Wslory.—The  tin-ee  kinirdoms  of  Denmark.  Sweden,  and 
Norway  were  originally  called  Scandinavia.  At  this  remote 
period.  Denmark  was  divided  into  a  number  of  petty  states, 
inhiibited  hy  a  fierce  and  warlike  people,  whose  principal 
occupation  was  piracy.  On  the  decline  of  the  Romans,  the 
Danes,  Swedes,  and  Norwegians,  under  the  general  name 
of  Normans,  began  to  make  themselves  known  to  and 
dreaded  by  the  more  southern  nations,  whose  territories 
they  invaded  and  plundcr^'d.  In  832,  they  landed  in  Eng- 
land, and  there  estalilished  two  kingdoms.  Two  centuries 
afterwards.  Canute,  King  of  Denmark,  completed  the  con- 
quest of  England,  and  subdued  a  part  of  Scotland.  lie  also 
introdii.-ed  tlw  Christi.iu  religion  into  his  dominions,  and 
thus  elTected  a  great  change  in  the  general  character  of  his 
people.  Canute  died  in  1036,  leaving  a,  powerful  kingdom 
to  his  successors.  After  the  extinction  of  the  princes  of  the 
family  of  Skiold.  the  Danes  elected  Christian  I.,  Count  of 
Oldenburg,  in  1448.  This  Christian  was  the  founder  of  the 
royal  Danish  family,  which  has  ever  since  kept  possession 
of  the  throne,  and  from  which,  in  modern  times,  Kussia, 
Sweden,  and  (Jldenburg,  have  received  their  rulers.  He 
connected  Norway,  Sleswick,  and  Holstein,  with  the 
crown  of  Denmark.  In  1726,  Denmark  united  with  the 
crown  the  county  of  Rantzau;  in  1761,  Holstein-l'lciu;  and 
in  1773,  Holstein  flottorp.  In  return  for  the  latter,  by  a 
treaty  with  Kussia.  it  ceded  the  counties  of  Oldenburg  and 
Delmenhorst,  which  was  acquired  in  1607.  Denmark,  siding 
with  Napoleon  during  the  Continental  War,  had  her  capitid 
bombarded  by  the  Uritish  in  1807,  and  her  territory  occu- 
pied after  tiae  battle  of  Ix-ipsic.  in  1813,  by  the  Northern 
powers,  who  were  united  against  France.  She  concluded  a 
peace  with  England  and  Sweden,  January  14,  1S14,  at 
Kiel;  entered  into  an  alliance  against  France,  and  contri- 
buted a  body  of  troops  to  the  allied  forces.  She  was  obliged 
to  cede  Heligoland  to  Great  iSritian,  (receiving  in  exchange 
the  West  India  Islands.)  and  Norway  to  Sweden,  (for  which 
she  was  compen.sated  by  Swedish  I'omerania  and  HUgen.) 
A  peace  was  concluded  with  Russia  in  February,  1814. 
January  14,  1815,  Denmark  ceded  Swedish  I'omerania  and 
KUgen  to  Prussia,  and  received  tor  them  Lauenburg  and  a 
pecuniary  compensation.  June  8, 1815,  the  king  entered  into 
the  German  Confederacy  with  Ilolstein  and  Lauenburg.  and 
receive<l  in  it  the  tenth  pliice.  and  three  votes  in  the  general 
assembly,  (the  plf.nitm :)  after  which,  by  the  appointment 
of  a  decemviral  commission,  preliminary  measures  were 
taken  to  introduce  a  representative  government  into  Hol- 
stein. In  .March.  1848,  the  duchies  of  Sleswick  and  Hol- 
stein revolted  from  Denmark,  ostensibly  in  consequence  of 
its  having  been  proposed  in  a  new  constitution  submitted 
by  the  king,  dated  January  28,  1848.  that  tlie  representa- 
tives of  the  duchies  should  act  with  the  representatives  of 
Dei'.ma:!.,  the  people,  mostly  German  in  their  language  and 
pi*Jilections,  being  desirous  rather  of  joining  the  new  Ger- 
man Empiie:  but  the  real  question  at  issue  was  one  of  suc- 
cession, the  Kiuii  of  Prussia  and  several  of  the  powers  com- 


posing part  of  the  Germanic  Confederation  alleging  that, 
the  duchies  of  Sleswick  and  Holstein,  which  had  hitherto 
been  regarded  as  important  portions  of  the  kingdom  of  Den^ 
mark  were  '■  male  fiefs,"  and  did  not  admit  of  the  succession 
of  '-females."  On  this  plea,  which  had  fur  its  ultimate  ob- 
ject the  separation  of  the  duchies  from  Denmark,  by  pre- 
venting tile  former  from  descending  along  with  the  latter  to 
a  ciueen,  the  powers  above  named  invaded  Denmark,  and  a 
series  of  hostilities  was  the  result,.^highly  creditable  to 
Danish  skill  and  prowess,  though  often  of  a  very  san- 
guinary character.  But,  in  July,  184 J,  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  signed  by  the  King  of  Prussia  and  the  Germanic  Con- 
federation on  the  one  part,  and  the  King  of  Denmark  on 
the  other,  which  terminated  the  interference  of  the  former 
in  the  quarrel.  The  duchies,  however,  continued  the  con- 
test on  their  own  account,  until  defeated  at  the  battle  o) 
Idstet.  fought  on  July  26.  1S50,  when  they  finally  sub- 
mitted to  the  authority  of  their  sovereign,  the   King  of 

Denmark. Adj.  Danish,   dii'nish;   (Dan    Dansk.  d,^nsk; 

Ger.  DaNISCH,  dA/nish;  Fr.  D.\N0is,  dd'nwd';  It.  D\nesf:.  di- 
nd'si:  Sp.  Dinam.\rques,  de-ni-man'kJs,  or  Danes^,)  inhab. 
Dane,  dain;  (Dan.  Dansk,  ddnsk;  tJer.  DXne,  d.i'neh.') 

I)EN'.M.\HK,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  50 
miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1171. 

DI;nMAKIv,  a  post-township  of  Tewis  co..  New  York,  on 
Blft'-k  River.  66  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Utica. 

DENMARK,  a  thriving  poet-village  of  Madison  co..  Ten- 
nesssce.  on  the  road  from  Memphis  to  Jackson.  12  miles  S.AV. 
of  the  latter.     It  has  5  stores.     Pop.  about  200. 

DKN.MAUK,apost-townshipofAshtabulaco..Ohio.  P. 433. 

DENM.\RK,  a  village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  150  miles 
N.E.  of  Springfield. 

DENM.^RK,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co..  Iowa,  about  10  miles 
N.  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  Fort  Madison.     Pop.  843. 

DENN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.,  of  Cavan. 

DENNi:WlTZ,  diWneh-«its\  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Jiiterbogk.  It  has 
an  iron  monument  to  commemorate  tlie  battle  between  the 
French  and  allies  on  the  6ih  of  September,  1813. 

DEN'NING,  a  post-village  and  township  Of  Ulster  co. 
New  Vork.  70  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1073. 

DEN'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DEN'N  IS,  a  post.-vill.age  and  a  township  of  Barnstable  co., 
JIassachusetts,  on  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  84  miles  (by 
railroad)  S.E.  of  Boston,  and  5  miles  from  the  eastern  termi- 
nus of  the  Cape  Cod  Kailruad.  The  township  extends  en- 
tirely across  tlie  peninsula,  whioli  is  hc-re  about  eight 
miles  wide.  If  contains  six  churches,  numerous  stores,  and 
two  marine  insurance  companies.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  engaged  in  commerce  and  j^bijibiiilding.  About 
250  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  35.000  tons,  are 
employed  in  the  coast  trade;  and.  in  1S53,  48  vessels  (3160 
tons)  were  engaged  in  tlie  mackerel  fishery.  The  mackerel 
inspected  in  1852  was  10.2,K)J  barrels.  Besides  the  above, 
there  are  10  or  12  ships  (owned  here  wholly  or  in  parti  em- 
ployed in  the  freighting  IjUfiness.  The  railroad  from  Yarmouth 
to  Orleans  passes  through  Dennis.  Bass  River,  navigiiblc  for 
two  miles,  separates  Dennis  from  Yarmouth,  and  is  crossed- 
by  two  toll-bridges.  The  ])roperty  valuation  was,  in  1850, 
$798,934;  and  in  1854,  it  is  estimated  at  over  fl.OiXXOOO. 
The  village  of  Dennis,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  town- 
ship, where  the  first  settlement  was  made,  contains  a  post- 
office,  a  Unitarian,  and  a  Methodist  church.     Pop.  3C02. 

DKNNIS,  a  post-township  of  Cape  May  co.,  New  Jersey, 
8  miles  N.  of  the  Court-house.     Pop.  1558. 

DENNIS'  CREEK,  in  the  western  part  of  Cape  May  co., 
New  Jersey,  flows  into  the  Delaware  Bay. 

DENNIS'  CREEK,  a  village  of  New  Jersey.    See  Dex.nis- 

VILLE. 

DENNIS'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Helena  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

DEN'NTSON,  a  town.ship  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Lehish  River.  15  miles  S.  of  Wilkesbarre. 

DEN'NISVILLE,  or  DENNIS'  CREEK,  aflonrishing  post- 
village  of  Dennis  town.ship.  Cape  May  Co.,  New  Jersey,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  7  miles 
N.  of  Cape  May  Court-house,  It  has  two  churches,  and  se- 
veral stores.  Around  this  village  is  an  extensive  deposit  of 
•sound  cedar  timber  in  the  soil.  Ship-building  and  trade  in 
lumber  are  carried  on  to  some  extent.     Pop.  about  COO. 

DENNISVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia. 

DEN'NY,  a  thriving  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Stirling.     Pop.  aljout  2000. 

DEN'NY.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois. 

DEN'N YSVILLE,  a  post-townsliip  of  Washington  CO., 
Maine,  135  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  48;). 

DENOON,  dgh-noon,'  a  pc.st-village  of  Waukesha  co..  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Millwaukee  and  Rochester  I'lauk-road,  SO 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Madison.     It  has  a  church. 

DEN'SONTOWN,  a post-ofRce  of  Rankin  co.,  Mississippi. 

DENT,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
WeBt  Riding,  on  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name.  3  miles 
from  Jedburgh.  The  village  is  large,  has  a  chapel,  many 
antique  houses,  and  is  a  polling-place  for  the  A\  est  Riding. 
The  secluded  valley  of  Dentdale  in  singularly  picturesque. 

559 


DEN 


DER 


DENT,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Missouri. 
It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Maramec  IJiver,  and 
by  small  affluents  of  the  Current  KiTer.  The  surface  is  di- 
Tersified  by  hills  and  valleys.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fer- 
tile. The  county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850, 
having  been  recently  formed  out  of  the  northern  part  of 
Shannon  county.  It  wa.s  named  in  honor  of  Frederick  Dent, 
au  early  citizen  of  Missouri.    Capifcil,  Sitlem.    Pop.  6654. 

DENT,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

DEXT.\  GYENTA,  dto'toh^  dy^n'toh\  a  market  town  of 
Huugarv.  2h  miles  S.  of  Temesvar.  on  the  Bezava.   Pop.  5110. 

DENT-DU-MIDI,  dftxo'dU-mee'dee/.  a  mountain  of  the 
Alps,  on  the  frontiers  of  Valais  and  Savoy,  10.771  feet  in 
elevati'.n.     It  was  ascended  for  the  first  time  in  1784. 

DEXTILA,  dJn-tee'ld,  a  state  of  Western  .\frica,  Sene- 
gambla,  between  the  rivers  Gambia  and  Falfme,  about  lat. 
13°  N..  Ion.  12°  W.     Its  surface  is  elevated. 

DEXTON,  a  pari>h  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

DENTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

DENTO.V.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.  4  miles 
S.W.  of  Grantham.  A  Komau  tesselated  pavement  has  been 
discovered  here. 

DENTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Norfolk. 

DENTON,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  North.impton. 

DLNTON,  a  p,irish  of  England,  co.  of  Susse.x. 

DENTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

DKNTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kidiug.  on  the  Wharte.  Ilere  is  the  beautiful  seat  of  Sir  C. 
Ibberston,  Bart. 

DEN'TON,  a  county  in  the  northern  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  9(X)  stjuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Elm 
Fork  of  Trinity,  and  also  drained  by  the  Denton  Fork  of 
that  river,  and  by  Hickory  Creek.  The  county  is  partly  oc- 
cupied by  extensive  forests,  called  the  Cross  Timbers,  and 
contains  "fertile  prauies.  Capital,  Alton.  Population  5031, 
of  whom  4780  were  free. 

DENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caroline  co.,  Sfaryland, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Choptank  Kiver,  65  miles  E.  of  Annapolis. 

DEXTON,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Arkansas. 

DEXTON  Creek,  a  post-office  of  Denton  co.,  Texas. 

DENTON,  EAST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland. 

DEXTON  FORK,  of  Trinity  River,  Texas,  rises  in  Cook 
CO..  and.  flowing  S.E..  unites  with  Elm  Fork,  in  Dallas  co. 

DEX^TON,  XETII'EK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

DEXrrONSVILLE,  a  village  of  HanoTer  09.,  Virginia,  22 
miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

D'ENTRECASTEAUX  (dftytVkisMoO  CHANNEL,  Tan 
Diemen"s  Land,  in  lat.  43°  25'  S.,  and  Ion.  147°  15'  E.,  sepa- 
rates Bruny  Island  from  ti>e  mainland.  Length,  from  X.  to 
S.,  35  miles ;  breadth  varies  from  3  to  9  miles.  At  its  north- 
ern end  it  opens  into  the  estuary  of  the  Derwent  Kiver,  and 
tliat  of  the  Huon  joins  it  from  the  W. 

D'E.NTRECASTEAUX  LSLAXDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean; 
lat.  10°  S..  Ion.  151°  E. 

D'ENTRECASTEAUX  POINT,  in  ■Western  Australia; 
lat.  34°  52'  .30"  S.,  Ion.  116°  E. 

DEX'VER.  a  parish  of  Encland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DEX'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey. 

DEXZLIXGEN.  dJnt.'j'ling-en,  a  village  of  Baden,  in  the 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  4  miles  S.  of  Emmendingen.  It 
sometimes  takes  the  name  of  Langendexzusgen  (lyongDena- 
lingen.)     Pop.  1461. 

DE'OBUND'.  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the  presidency 
of  Bengal,  upper  provinces,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Saharunpoor. 

DEOGIIUR.  deeVgiir',  a  town  of  India,  in  theBerar  domi- 
nions, capital  of  a  district.  56  miles  N.W.  of  Nagp<X)r. 

DE'OGIIUR/,  a  town  of  India,  in  Bundelcuud,  29  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ditteah. 

DEOGHUR  BATDYANATII,  deeVgtir'  brde-J-nilt'h',  a 
celebrated  phice  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  in  the  presidency  and 
province  of  Bengal,  district  of  Beerbhoom,  106  miles  N.W.  of 
Moorshedabad.  with  a  temple. 

DEOGHUR  WARA,  deeVg&r'wd'rd,  a  viHage  of  India,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Indore. 

DEO'LA,  a  fortified  town  of  Hindostan,  55  miles  S.E. 
of  Odeypoor. 

DfeOLS.  diW,  or  BOURG-DIEU,  booRMe-ch',  (anc.  Dol- 
lumf)  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Indre,  H 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ch&teauroux.  on  a  kind  of  peninsula  formed 
by  the  Indre  and  Angolin.    Pop.  2180. 

DEONA.    See  Chester. 

DE'OPHAM,  a  jwirish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DEOTSUH.  dee'ot-.soo',  an  elevated  table  land  of  Little 
Thibet,  S.  of  the  Valley  of  Iskardo.  It  is  about  30  miles 
long  and  15  broad,  and  is  12.000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.     Lat.  34°  30'  N..  Ion.  76°  20*  E. 

DEI'AU'VILLK.  de-peVvill,  a  post-vllUge  of  Jefferson  co., 
New  York,  on  Chaumont  River,  178  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 
It  has  several  stores  and  mills. 

DEPa)EX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DEPEDELEN.    See  Tepelem. 

DE  PERE,  de-pair',  or  de-peer',  a  post-township  and  village 
of  Brown  co.,  Wiiiconcin,  on  both  sides  of  the  Neenah  or  Fox 
660 


River.  6  miles  from  its  mouth  and  110  miles  N.  of  Milwau- 
kie.  It  is  at  the  head  of  lake  navigation,  and  has  abundant 
water-power.  The  river  is  crossed  by  a  dniwbridge  2500 
feet  long.  De  Pere  contains  2  or  3  churches,  2  grist-mills 
and  manufactures  of  pumps,  sashes,  doors,  hubs,  Ac.  P.  768. 

DEPEYSTER,  de-pl'st?r.  (ISLANDS.)  a  group  of  about 
seventeen  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  :  lat.  8°  4'  S., 
Ion.  17}>°  i^  E.  One  of  them  is  of  considerable  size,  the 
others  are  small  and  low. 

DEPEY.STER.  de-pi'ster.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York,  on  the  Oswegatchie  River,  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Ogdensburg.    Pop.  1249. 

DEl'OS'IT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Co<juago  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  177  miles  from  New  York 
City.  There  are  extensive  tanneries  in  the  vicinity.  Pop. 
about  1500.  It  contains  several  churches,  an  academy,  a 
bank,  and  freight  houses  of  the  railroad  company. 

DEPTFORD.  dWford.  a  parliamentary  borough  and  naval 
port  of  England,  in  the  counties  of  KexxX  and  Sun-ey,  on 
the  Thames,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Ravensboume,  and 
on  the  London  and  Greenwich  Railway,  contiguous  to 
Greenwich,  and  3  miles  S.E.  of  London  Bridge.  Pop.  27.876. 
It  is  irregularly  and  in  most  parts  meanly  built,  its  chief 
buildings  are  the  parish  churches,  a  well  endowed  charity 
school,  2  large  ancient  hospitals  for  decayed  pilots  and  ship- 
masters and  their  widows,  belonging  to  the  Trinity  House, 
and  an  extensive  naval  arsenal,  victuallingoffice.  and  dtick- 
yards,  established  here  by  Henry  A'lII.,  and  occupying  an 
area  of  31  acres.  This,  with  large  private  yards  lor  ship- 
building, mostly  employs  the  population.  The  borough 
(created  by  the  Reform  Act)  joins  with  Greenwich. Woolwich, 
ic.  in  sending  two  memlH?rs  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

DEITFORD,  dStt/ford.  a  township  of  GloucesK-r  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River.  Contains  Woodbury,  the 
CO.  seat.     Pop.  2679. 

DEPUCII  (de-pu'?)  ISLAND,  off  the  N.W.  coa.st  of  Australia, 
in  lat.  20°37'46"  S.  Ion.  117°  44' E.,  8  miles  in  circumference, 
composed  of  a  vast  collection  ofgreenstone  rocks  rising  to  514 
feet  above  the  sea,  and  forming  a  remarkalle  contrast  to 
the  adjacent  low  mainl.tnd.  IJere  have  been  found  some 
curious  native  sculptures. 

DER.\.  a  town  of  Palestine.     See  Dbaa. 

DERABUND.  d^rVbtind'.  or  DRABUND.  drd'biind',  a 
town  30  miles  S.W.  of  Dera  Ismael  Khan,  and  a  rendezvous 
for  Lohanee  caravans.    Pop.  about  10<J0. 

DERA  DEEN  PUNAH.  d^r'a  deen  poo'nl  a  town  of  Af- 
ghanistan. 40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mooltan.  and  nearly  opposite 
a  village  of  the  same  name,  on  the  ea.stern  bank  of  the  Indus. 

DERA  FATI  IvHAN,  dfr^a  fd'tee  klu.  a  town  of  Afghanis- 
tan. 16  miles  N.W.  of  Leia.  Pop.  6000,  who  trade  in  cotton, 
grain,  indigo,  sugar,  and  opium. 

DERA  GIIAZKE  KHAN.  d^r'ra-gSVee/kJn.a  considerable 
town  of  Afghanistan,  4  miles  from  the  risrht  bank  of  the 
Indus,  and  65  miles  N,W.  of  Bhawli)Oor ;  lat.  30°  5'  N.,  Icn. 
70°  52'  E.  Pop.  25.iKX).  It  stands  at  the  junction  of  several 
great  routes,  and  has  a  bazaar,  reported  to  contain  1600 
shops,  with  manufactures  of  silks,  cottons,  sau-fs,  and  cut- 
lery to  about  20,000i.  annually,  an  active  transit  trade  and 
extensive  commerce. 

DERAI.\,  a  town  of  .Arabia.    See  Derateh,  El. 

DERA  ISMAEEL(or  ISMAIL)  KUAN.  d^r'^is^mJ-eePkln, 
a  town  of  .\fghanistan.  near  the  western  bank  of  the  Indus, 
17  miles  N.X.W.ofBukkur:  lat.31°50'N..lon.70°58'E.  Pop 
8000.     It  has  extensive  manufactories  of  white  cotton  cloth. 

DERAYEH.  Yx  h\  AhrVih.  written  also  DERAIA.  DE- 
R.\YE.  and  DERR.WEH.  a  town  of  Arabia,  formerly  capital 
of  the  country  of  the  Wahabees,  is  situated  nearlv  in  the 
centre  of  Xedjed ;  lat.  25°  15'  N.,  Ion.  46°  30'  E.  Pop. 
IS.OIK).  It  consists  of  five  separately  fortified  quarters;  and 
had  formerly  nearly  30  mosques,  and  as  many  colleges, 
besides  bazaars:  but.  in  1819.  it  was  nearly  ruined  by  the 
troops  of  Ibrahim  Pasha,  after  a  siege  of  seven  months. 

DER'BE.  an  ancient  city  of  Asia  Minor,  probably  the  mo- 
dern villaire  of  Devli.  28  miles  N.E.  of  Karanian. 

DERBEXn,  dJr'b^nd',  or  DERBEXT.  d^rWnt/,  i.e.  the 
"closed  gates."  (anc.  Alhunaf)  a  fortified  maritime  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  provineo  of  Dagliestan.on  the  Caspian 
Sea,  135  miles  N.W.  of  Bakoo.  Pop.  12.000  Mohammedans, 
with  a  few  Armenians  and  Jews.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain  at  the  entrance  of  a  defile  in  the  Caucasus, 
called  by  the  ancients  the  '•  Allianian  Gates."  and  formerly 
shut  in  on  the  X.  by  an  ii-on  gate.  The  town  is  enclosed  by 
two  w.alls  of  singular  masonry,  8  feet  thick,  and  2''ifeet  high, 
probably  1500  years  old :  and  seven  gates  lead  to  the  dit 
ferent  quarters.  The  streets  are  straight  and  regular, 
but  narrow.  The  upper  city,  which  is  separated  by  a  wall, 
forms  the  citadel,  and  is  still  in  repair.  Derbend  has  no 
proper  .harbor :  ships  cannot  come  near  it.  and  consef|uently 
there  are  many  shipwrecks.  It  was  taken  by  Russia  from 
Persia  in  1795. 

DERBY,  dgr'bee  or  darOiee.  Cthe  latter  pronunciation  was 
once  universal.)  or  DERBYSHIRE,  der'be-shir,  an  inland 
and  central  county  of  England,  having  X.  the  county  of 
York,  E.  Notts,  S.  Leicester,  AVarwick.  and  Stafford,  and  W. 


DER 


DER 


Stafford  and  Cheshire.  Area  663,180  acres,  of  which  about 
610,000  are  in  pasture,  or  arable.  Pop.  in  1S51,  296.0.S4. 
In  the  N.W.  is  the  S.  termination  of  the  Penine  chain  of 
mountains,  highest  elevation  from  1700  to  lJi09  feet,  com- 
posed of  limestone,  and  alwunding  in  romantic  hill  and  dale 
Rconery,  caverns,  and  other  natural  curiosities,  (see  Peak;) 
elsewhere  level  or  gently  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Trent,  Derwent,  Dove,  and  Wye.  Collieries  and  iron  works  are 
numerous  in  the  X.E.,  and  valuable  lead  mines  in  the  Peak 
districts,  where  marble  and  varioms  kinds  of  spar  are  also  ob- 
tained. Canals  are  numerous,  and  branches  of  the  Midland 
railway  Intersect  the  county  throughout.  Derbyshire  sends  2 
Biemliers  to  the  House  of  Commons  for  each  of  its  two  parlia- 
iaent;iry  divisions,  (N.  and  S.,)  and  2  for  its  county  town. 

DEK'BY,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
manufacturing  town  of  England,  capital  of  the  county,  on 
the  Derwent.  at  the  head  of  its  navigation,  and  on  Markeaton 
Brook,  both  here  crossed  by  handsome  bridges,  also  at  the 
junction  of  the  principal  branches  of  the  Jlidland  Railway, 
3d  miles  N.N.E.  of  Birmingham,  and  loi  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Nottingham.  Pop.  in  1861,  43,091.  The  streets  are  clean 
and  well  paved,  and  lighted ;  the  older,  crooked  and  narrow, 
the  newer,  well  built;  and  it  has  a  spacious  market-place,  in 
which  are  a  covered  market  and  a  large  assembly-room.  The 
other  ijriiicipal  edifices  are  a  fine  Grecian  structure,  contain- 
ing the  I'ost-offlce,  Derbyshire  Bank,  a  hotel,  and  public 
rooms,  a  museum.  All-hallows'  Church,  with  fine  tower  and 
monuments,  an  elegant  l.oman  Catholic  church,  many  new 
chapels  of  ease  and  dissenting  chapel.s,  almshouses  built  by 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire,  the  Infirmary,  county  and  town 
halls,  and  an  excellent  jail.  The  Fiee  School,  founded  in  the 
time  of  Henry  II.,  is  considered  one  of  the  most  aucient  in 
England.  Among  numerous  public  institutions  are  .•;  philo- 
sophical society,  town  and  county  library,  mechanics'  insti- 
tute, and  various  charitable  .a,sylums.  Adjacent  to  the  town 
are  public  grounds  possessing  much  beauty.  Derby  is  favor- 
ably situated  for  manufactures  and  trade,  standing  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  a  large  coal-field,  and  communicating  by  canals 
and  railways  with  a  large  part  of  England.  It  is  a  principal 
seat  for  manufactures  of  silk  twist  and  hosiery;  and  in  1h39 
it  had  17  silk-mills,  employing  alxjut  3000  hands.  Silk 
ribands,  cotton  fabrics,  hosiery,  lace,  porcelain  of  great 
beauty  and  elegance,  fluor-spar  and  marble  ornaments,  are 
also  made  in  large  quantities;  and  it  has  many  rolling- 
mills,  foundries,  and  other  metallic  works,  so.ap  factories, 
tanneries,  bleaching-grounds.  corn-mills,  and  malting-houses. 
Wages  are  stated  to  be  generally  higher  and  steadier  than 
in  most  other  large  manufacturing  towns;  yet  this  town 
Avas  the  centre  of  the  great  strike  of  operatives  in  1833-34. 
It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the 
title  of  earl  t«  the  Stanley  family.  The  town  was  called 
Northworthige  by  the  Saxons,  and  Deoraby  by  the  Danes, 
and  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Roman  station  of  Derven>- 
tia.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Linacre,  the  founder  of  the 
roj-al  college  of  physicians.  Dr.  Darwin,  the  antiquary  Hutton, 
and  the  novelist  Richardson. 

DER/BY,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Orleans  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  Lake  Memphremagog.  50  miles  N.X.E.  of  Mont- 
pelier.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and  an  aca- 
demy.    Pop.  1906. 

DERBY,  a  postr-village  and  township  of  New  Haven  co., 
Connecticut,  at  the  junction  of  the  Naugatuck  River  with 
the  Ilousatonic,  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  New  Haven.  Derby 
village,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Ilousatonic  River  and 
on  the  Naugatuck  Railroad,  is  a  flourishing  place,  with  some 
manufactures  and  about  1500  inhabitants.  It  has  steam- 
boat communication  with  New  York,  and  is  connected  by  a 
substantial  bridge  with  Birmingham,  which  occupies  the 
tongue  of  land  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Naugatuck  and 
Housatonic.  P.  of  the  township,  in  1850,  3824,  in  1860, 5443. 

DERBY,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.  90  miles  below  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

DERBY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  Derby  township.  Orange 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Passump-ic  River  Railroad,  53  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  St.  Johnsburg.  It  has  3  churches,  6  stores,  a 
flourishing  academy,  and  500  inhabitants. 

DERBY  HAVEN,  a  maritime  village  of  England,  Isle  of 
Man,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Castleton,  with  a  good  safe  harbor. 

DERBY  LINE,  a  post-village  in  Derby  township,  Orleans 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  boundary  between  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  on  the  Passumpsic  River  Railroad,  67 
miles  N.  by  \V.  of  St.  Johnsbury.  It  has  a  church,  a  bank, 
1  hotel,  and  3  stores.  A  fine  stream  of  water  flows  past 
the  village,  affording  motive-power  for  several  mills. 

DERBYSHIRE,  a  county  of  England.    See  Derby. 

DERBY,  WEST,  is  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
Included  in  the  borough  of  Liverpool. 

DEREC.?KE.  d4Vaich'k.i\  a  village  of  Eastern  Hungary, 
-o.  of  Bihar,  12  miles  S.  of  Debreczin.  Pop.  5320.  In  its 
vicinity  are  5  salt  lakes,  and  a  small  pearl-fishery. 

DERE/HAM,  EAST,  or  MARKET-DEREHAM,  a  market- 
town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  16  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Norwich,  and  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Wymondham,  where  it 
communicates  by  a  branch  with  the  East  Counties  Railwav. 
Pop.  In  1851,  4385.  The  town,  situated  in  a  district  noted 
21. 


for  its  gardens  and  orchards,  is  remarkably  well  built  and 
clean.  It  has  a  very  ancient  cruciform  church,  formerly 
part  of  a  convent,  founded  about  a.d.  750,  and  containing  a 
rich  antiijue  font,  and  a  monument  to  the  poet  Cowper,  who 
was  buried  there  in  1800. 

DERE'HAM.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk 

DERENBL'RO.  di'ren-bO«5RG\  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony 
in  JIagdeburg.  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Halberstadt.  Pop.  24oO. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  an  ancient  castle,  paper  and 
oil  mills. 

DEKENDAH,  dJi-'^n-di\  a  town  and  fort  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  pashalic.  and  65  miles  S.E.  of  Seevas.  The  town 
stands  on  a  platform  of  the  rock,  on  the  summit  of  which 
the  castle  is  situated,  .300  feet  above  the  river  bed. 

DKRETSCHIN,  dd-ret'chin  or  di-rJt-chin',  a  market-town 
of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  53  miles  S.E.  of  Grodno. 
Pop.  1500. 

DERG.  LOUGII.  ISh  dSrg,  Ireland,  is  the  longest  and  most 
picturesque  of  the  expansions  of  the  Shannon,  and  separates 
.Munster  (co.  of  Tipperary)  from  Connaught,  (co.  of  Gahvay.) 
Shape  serpentine;  length  from  N.  to  S.  24  miles;  breadth 
varies  from  2  to  6  miles.    Area.  29.570  acres. 

DERG,  LOUGH,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  at  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  CO.  of  Donegal,  about  9  miles  in  circumference, 
and  containing  the  fomous  islet  calliHl  St.  I'atrick's  Purga- 
tory, which  is  visited  annually  by  18.0(K)  devotees. 

DERIABI.  djr'ee-d'bee,  one  of  the  Kartan  Islands,  on  the 
S.E.  coast  of  Arabia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baj'  of  Curia 
Muria:  lat.  17°  35'  N.,  Ion.  55°  55'  E. 

DER/ICKSON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Worcester 
CO.,  Maryland. 

DER.MBACII,  dJRm'bjK.  a  town  of  Saxe  Weimar,  near  the 
Fulda,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Weimar.  It  h.as  a  castle  and  savings 
bank,  und  has  several  mills.     Pop.  1080. 

DKRNE,  DERNEH,  der'nfh,  or  DER'NA,  (anc.  Dar'nis.)  a 
seaport  town  of  Northern  Africa.  Tripoli  dominions,  140 
miles  N.E.  Bengazi.  It  is  regularly  but  meanly  built.  It 
was  one  of  the  cities  of  Pentapolis.    Pop.  6<J00. 

DERNIS,  d^'R'nees',  a  village  of  Dalmatia,  50  miles  S.E.  of 
Zara.  on  the  Cicola.  Pop.  1010.  It  was  formerly  fortified, 
and  had  the  rank  of  a  town,  with  a  population  of  from  10,000 
to  15.000. 

DERNYE.  dJRn'yA\  a  town  of  Austri.i.  Croatia,  on  tlie 
Drave.  over  which  there  is  here  a  ferry,  about  4  miles  ftrom 
Neudorf.     Pop.  1699. 

DEKOCHE.  de-rish',  a  post-office.  Hot  Spring  co.,  Arkansas. 

DER  PT.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Dori>at. 

DERR.  DEUR  or  DEER,  d^R  or  daiR,  a  town  of  Eastern 
Africa,  capit.al  of  Nubia,  on  the  S.E.  bank  of  the  Nile.  Lat. 
•22°  44'  N.,  Ion.  .32°  15'  E.  It  is  stated  to  be  increasing  in 
trade  and  importance,  and  is  the  residence  of  a  native  Nubi- 
an kashef  under  the  Egyptian  pasha.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
ancient  temple. 

DER^RALOS'SORY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Wicklow. 

DERRAYEH.  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Derayeh,  Eu 

DERR-STTOWN,  Pennsylvania.     See  Lewishurg. 

DER'RY,  a  rivulet  of  Ireland,  falling  into  the  Slaney,  IJ 
miles  below  Clonegall. 

DERRY.  a  co.  and  city  of  Ireland.    See  IjOndonderrt. 

DER/RY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rockingham  co. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Manchester  and  Lawrence  Rail- 
road, 25  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.  The  village,  pleasantly 
situated  on  Beaver  River,  contains  several  churches  and  a 
bank.     Pop.  1995. 

DERRY,  a  small  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DERRY,  a  township,  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.2322. 

DERRY,  a  township,  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.1611, 

DERRY,  a  township,  Montonr  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  933 

DERRY,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  591-2. 

DERRY A6IIY,  dJrVe-a-Hee',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Antrim. 

DERRYHEIGIIAN,  dSr-re-hii/nan,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Antrim, 

DER'RYLO'RAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

DEirRYNOJSE',  or  MADDEN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Armagh. 

DER'RYVUL'LEN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Fer- 
managh, comprising  Lowtherstown,  (which  see.) 

DERSINGHAM,  der'sing-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

DERTINGEN,  d^R'ting-en.  a  market-town  of  WUrtemburg, 
circle  of  Neck.ar,  4  miles  N.  of  Maulbronn.     Pop.  1800. 

DERTINGEN,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  cir» 
cle  of  I>ower  Rhine.  6  miles  E.  of  Wertheim.     Pop.  950. 

DERTINGEN.  (O'BER  and  UNTER.OiJn'ter,)  two  contigu- 
ous villages  of  Wtirtemburg,  not  far  from  Bi'berach.    P.  618. 

DERTONA.    See  Tortona. 

DERTOSA.    See  Tortosa. 

DE  RUYTER.de  ri'ter.a  post-village  and  township  of  M* 
dison  CO.,  New  York,  22  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  contain* 
the  De  Ruyter  Institute.     Pop.  1817. 

DEIVVAL  or  D.^R'VAL.  a  manufacturing  village  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Ayr,  on  Irvine  Water,  9  miles  E.  of  Kilmarnock. 

561 


SfER 

DEKVEXTCH.  clJR'Ti-n)!t\  an  islet  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
near  tl  fc  coa"!t  of  Dalmatia,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Trau. 

DER'VOCK,  a  neat  village  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim, 
4  miles  N.N.K.  of  Jtallymoney.    Pop.  645. 

DEK  IVEX.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

DEKWEXT.  der'went.  a  rirer  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
rises  in  the  High  I'eak,  near  the  X.  extremity  of  the  county, 
and  joins  the  Ti-ent  on  the  border  of  Leicestershire.  I<;ngth 
nearly  60  miles.     Its  upper  rale  is  strikingly  picturesque. 

DERWEXT,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 
a  large  part  of  which  it  drains,  rises  in  the  Wolds,  and.  after 
a  S.  course,  joins  theOusent  Barm  by,  whence  it  is  navigable 
to  Malton.    Total  length  about  (30  miles. 

DERWEXT.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  rises 
in  the  district  of  Borrowdale,  and,  after  forming  the  cataract 
of  Lodore.  flows  N.  through  the  lakes  of  Derwent- water  and 
Bassenthwaite-water,  and  thence  AV.S.W.  p;i,st  Cockermouth 
to  the  Irish  Sea,  which  it  enters  at  Workington.  Its  banks 
abound  with  fine  scenery,  especially  where  it  expands  into 
the  celebrated  lake  of  Derwent^water. 

DER/WEXT.  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  rises  from  Lake  St.  Clare,  in  the  centre  of  the  island, 
flows  very  tortuously  S.E.  through  the  district  of  New 
Norfolk,  and;'between  Richmond  and  Hobart-Town.  enters 
Storm  Bay  by  an  estuary  4  miles  across.  Hobart-Town  and 
Kew  Xnrfulk  are  on  its  banks. 

DERWEXT-WATER,  or  KESnVICK  LAKE,  a  celebrated 
and  picturesque  lake  ofEnsland,  CO.  of  Cumberland,  stretches 
S.  fh)m  Keswick,  for  4  miles,  to  Borrowdale.  and  is  near  the 
middle  \i  miles  across.  Its  banks  are  rocky  and  abrupt:  in 
It  are  .several  richly  wooded  islands,  and  a  remarkable  mass 
of  soft  land,  which  sometimes  partly  fioats  on  its  surface. 
It  is  an  enlarirement  of  the  Derwent  River. 

DE.eAGUADERO.  dJs-S-gwa-D.Vro.  (i.e.  the  "outlet.")  a 
river  of  Bolivia,  rises  from  the  Lake  Titicaea,  of  which  it 
forms  the  only  outlet;  it  fiows  S.  ISO  miles,  and  enters  Ijike 
AuUagas  ICO  miles  N.W.  of  Potosi.  It  is  the  only  river  of 
any  importance  the  entire  basin  of  which  is  wholly  within 
Bolivia. 

DESAGUADERO.  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic  (L.v 
Plata.)  between  the  provinces  of  San  Luis  and  Meudoza,  but 
dried  up  in  summer. 

DE.'iAGUADERO,  a  vast  depres^on  or  inter-alpine  valley. 
in  Bolivia  and  Peru,  between  two  huge  ridges  of  the  Andes, 
Into  which  the  great  chain  divides,  near  the  well-known  city 
of  Potosi.  in  lat.  19°  35'  S.,  and  again  unites  at  the  peak  of 
VUcaBota,  lat.  14°  30'  S.,  lon.VS°  50'  W.  The  great  vaUey  or 
table-land  occupying  the  intermediate  space  is  about  400 
miles  in  length,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  30  to  80  miles. 
It  comprises  an  area  of  1.50.000  square  miles,  and  includes 
the  great  lake  Titicaea.  12.800  feet  abive  se.i-level.  and  the 
smaller  lake  Aullagas  or  Uros,  570  feet  below  the  level  of 
the  former,  the  latter  of  which  receives  the  superfluous  wa- 
ters of  Titicaea  bv  the  river  Desaguadero. 

DESAGUADKKO  DE  OSORXO,  des-d-gwd-d-Vro  di  o-sor' 
no,  a  lake  of  Araucania,  Chili,  35  miles  in  length  by  an  ave- 
rage breadth  of  5  miles.  It  discharges  its  surplus  waters 
by  the  Osorno  Kiver  into  the  P.icific  Ocean. 

Djfis.ilGXES.  d,Vz6il' or  dA^zaif!'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  on  the  Doux,  16  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Tournon.    Pop.  in  1S52.  .3953. 

DES  ALLEMAXD'S  (d.Aze  airmaNo/  or  dJz  ii'leh-mJnz') 
L.\KE.  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  about  5  miles  from 
the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  joined  by  a  bayou  of  its 
own  name  with  Lake  Washa.     Length,  about  V  miles. 

DES  AUC.  d^z  ark,  a  thri\ing  post-villaiie  of  Prairie  co., 
Arkansas,  on  White  River,  50  miles  X.E.  of  Little  Rock.  It 
is  situated  in  a  rich  cotton  and  corn-arowing  district,  and 
has  an  active  trade.  The  river  is  navigable  Ijy  steamlwats 
from  this  point  to  its  mouth  in  all  stages  of  water.  Cypress, 
cedar,  and  white-oak  staves  are  exported  extensively.  Laid 
out  in  1S4S. 

DES  ARC  BAYOU,  d?z  ark  bi'oo.  of  Arkansas,  flows  south- 
eastward into  White  River,  at  the  north-eastern  extremity 
of  Prairie  countv.  a  little  alxive  the  vill.aire  of  Des  Arc 

DESBOROIGH,  a  vilLage  and  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Northampton. 

DE;>'»i  )Ki  )UGir  or  DES/RORO.  a  seaport  on  the  X.  coast  of 
Prince  Edward  Island,  co.  of  Queen's,  with  a  harbor  for 
«mall  craft.     Lat.  4t/>  21'  N..  ion.  €fi°  13'  W. 

DESCHKIN.    See  Deshkix. 

DESICADA.  an  island  of  the  West  Indies.     See  Desirjide. 

DKSKMB(XiUE.  di-srJn-bo'k.A.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Jlinas-tieraes.  on  the  Y  i  has.  atwut  4iJ0  miles  S.W.  of  Goyaz. 
In  the  neijhborhood  ar»  mineral  spriniMi considered  very  efli- 
ca<iousincut:ineousaffettlons.  Pop.oftownanddistrict,6000. 

DKSENZ.VNO.  d.-i8-«^n-z4/no,  a  town  of  LomKirdv,  16 miles 
E.S.K.  of  Hrejci.i.  on  the  S.W.  hank  of  the  Lake  of  Garda.on 
which  it  has  a  fishing  port.  Pop.  3600.  It  is  defended  by 
an  old  castle,  and  has  a  gymnasium,  several  churches,  bar- 
racks, and  manufarturesi  if  silk  hosiery. 

DES'EHEl".  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  newly-organ- 
Ued  Mormon  territory  in  the  United  States.     See  Utah. 

DES'KRKT.  a  co.  of  Utah  territory.  W,  of  the  Great  Snlt 
Lake,  and  b<;tweeu  Tooele  and  Weber  counties. 
512 


DES; 

DESERTAS,  Las,  lis  dA-sJn/ta.s,  a  group  of  islets  ra  the 
.\tlantic  Ocean.  S.E.  of  Madeira:  the  largest  is  C  miles  long, 
and  i  a  mile  broiid.  It  supparts  manj-  cattle.  They  are 
visited  bv  shepherds  from  Madeira. 

DliSERTCREIGllT,  dkVrt^krait/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  CO. 
of  Tyrone. 

DEs'ERTLY'X',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Londonderry. 

DKS'ERTMAR'TIX.aparish  of  Ireland.co.of  Londonderry. 

DESEUTOGHILL,  dezV»"t-toil',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Londonderry.  » 

DES'ERT-SER'GES,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  co.  of  Cork. 

DES'FOHD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

DESFUL  or  DESFOUL.    See  Deztool. 

DESIIA,  df-shA'.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Arkansas,  bor- 
dering on  the  Missis.sippi  River,  contains  S69  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Arkans;is  and  White  Rivers,  and  by 
Bartholomew  Bayou.  The  surfiioe  is  i(u  alluvial  plain, 
partly  subject  to  inundation  by  the  large  rivers  which 
meet  on  its  E.  border.  The  soil  and  climate  are  adapted  to 
the  production  of  cotton  and  maize.  Capital,  Napoleon. 
Pop.  l>459,  of  whom  267.')  were  free,  and  3784  slaves. 

DESCHAMBAULT,  d^sh'dM-bft',  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Portneuf,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  33  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Quebec 

DESHKIX,  DESCHKIX,  or  DECHKIX,  dtsh-kin'  or 
d&h-keen',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  30  miles 
X. X.E.  of  Orel,  on  the  Oka.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  hiirbor  and 
salt  mairazines. 

DESHTI  PYAZ,  dJsh'tee  pPdz',  a  lai^e  village  of  Persia, 
in  Khorassan.  150  miles  S.  of  Mej^hed.  surrounded  by  one 
continued  garden  of  mulberry  and  fruit-trees. 

DESIMA,  dJh-see'md,  an  artifici.il  island  of  Japan,  imme- 
diately opposite  the  city  of  Nagasaki,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  a  .stone  bridge,  strictly  guarded,  The  islano 
is  about  600  feet  in  length  by  250  in  breadth,  and  to  it  the 
Dutch  merchants  in  Japan  are  in  general  closely  restricted. 

DESIO.  dA-see'o,  (anc.  Disimum.  f)  a  town  of  Lombardy,  11 
miles  X.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2000. 

DESIRADE,  dil'zee-rild',  called  also  DESIRADA.  dA-se-rJ;- 
dd.  and  DESlDERArDA.  an  island  of  the  Little  Antilles.  4 
miles  W.  of  Gu.odeloupe.  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  Length, 
from  X.E.  to  S.W..  6  miles:  average  breadth,  2  miles.  Pop. 
2568,  of  whom  2070  are  slaves.  Surface  elevated  and  unfer- 
tile. It  was  the  first  island  discovered  by  Columbus  on  his 
second  vovage,  November,  1493. 

DESK'FORD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff. 

DES  JIOIXES.  de  moin,  the  large.*t  river  of  Iowa,  rises  In 
the  S.W.  part  of  Minnesota,  and  runs  S.E,  until  it  eutens 
Emmet  county  of  Iowa.  Below  this  its  general  direction  is 
S.S.E.  to  Fort  Des  Moines,  where  it  turns  towards  the  S.E^ 
and  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi  R.iver  at  the  SJJ.  ex- 
tremity of  the  state,  about  4  miles  below  Keokuk.  It  is 
thought  th.it  it  can  be  made  navigable  for  ste;»mboats.  with 
a  moderate  expense,  as  far  as  Fort  Des  Moines,  a  distance 
of  above  200  miles,  and  the  state  government  has  recently  un- 
dertaken the  work.  The  river  flows  through  an  undulating 
and  fertile  region,  in  which  numerous  prairies  are  found. 

DES  MOINES,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  border- 
ing on  Illinois,  has  an  area  of  408  square  miles.  The  Mis- 
sissippi River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  E.  and  S.E..  .and 
the  Skunk  River  on  the  S.W.;  it  is  drained  also  by  Flint 
Creek.  The  surface  is  agreeably  diversified,  and  is  divided 
lietween  prairies  and  woodlands  in  convenient  proportions; 
the  soil  is  excellent,  and  is  extensively  cultivated.  Lime- 
stone and  stone  coal  are  abundant.  The  Burlington  and 
Missouri  River  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capi- 
tal, Burlington.     Pop.  19,611. 

DES  MOINES,  capital  of  low.i.    See  Fort  Drs  Moixes. 

DESMOINES  CITY,  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Clarke  co., 
Missouri,  near  the  Mississippi  River. 

DESMOINES  CITY',  a  post-oflice  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa. 

DESMOND.  Michigan.     See  Por.T  IIuROX. 

DESX.l.  des'ni  a^river  of  Rus.«ia.  governments  of  Smo- 
lensk. Orel,  and  Tchernigov,  joins  the  Dnii'per  nearly  oppo- 
site Kiev,  after  a  S.  coui-se  of  nearly  500  miles,  for  the  most 
part  of  which  it  is  navigable.  It  h.as  lieen  propo.sed  to  unite 
the  Oka  with  the  Desna,  and  thereby  give  a  continuous 
water  communication  between  the  Caspian,  the  Black  Sea, 
and  the  Baltic. 

DE  SOTO,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Sfi* 
sissippi,  bordering  on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  about  9<)0 
.square  miles.  The  Missis.sippi  washes  its  N .W.  border ;  it 
is  also  drained  by  Coldwater  Creek.  The  surfiice  is  nearly 
level,  the  soil  fertile.  The  industry  of  the  county  is  almost 
entirely  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton,  which  is  con- 
ve)"ed  by  wagons  to  Memphis  as  the  swamps  in  the  W. 
part  prevent  "access  to  the  nearest  part  of  the  river.  In 
1850,  this  county  produced  32,907  pounds  of  beeswax  and 
honey — the  gre:itest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  in 
the  United  States.  Atout  eighteen  years  ago  the  county 
w.as  a  wilderness,  in  the  possecsion  of  the  Chickasaw  In- 
dians. It  wa«  organized  in  183t),  and  named  in  honor  of 
Hernando  De  Soto,  a  Spaniiu-d,  who  first  explored  this  region 
about  1541.  Cftpitui,  lleruaudo.  Pop,  23,336,  of  whom  9349 
were  free. 


DES 

BE  SOTO,  a  parish  !n  the  N.W.  part  of  Lonisiana,  border- 
ing on  Texas.  Area,  910  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Red  and  Sabine  Rivers,  wliich  flow  respectively  on  its  N.E. 
and  S.W.  borders.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Steamboats  navi- 
gate Red  River  on  the  border  of  this  parisli  and  convey 
produce  to  New  Orleans.  De  Soto  was  formed  since  1840, 
from  Natchitoches  parish.  Capital,  Mansfield.  Pop.  13,298, 
of  whom  4791  were  free,  and  8.507  slaves. 

DE  SOTO,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Floyd  co..  Georgia,  on 
the  OostenauU  Kiver.  opposite  Rome.    It  was  laid  out  in  1861. 

DK  Si^TO,  a  postoffice  of  Tallapoosa  CO.,  Alabama. 

DES  I'KKKS.  dA  pain,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co,  Mis- 
souri. 15  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

DKS  PLAIXES.  d.A  plain,  (usually  called  O'PLAIN,)  a 
river  of  Illinois,  rises  in  the  S.K.  corner  of  Wisconsin,  and 
flt.wing  first  southerly,  and  then  south- westerlj',  joins  the 
Kankakee  at  Dresden,  to  form  the  Illinois  River.  Length, 
about  loll  miles.  The  name  is  derived  from  a  species  of 
maple,  called  plaine.  by  the  Ereuch.  The  Indian  appellation 
was  SJie-sliih-mali-o. 

DKSPOHLADO.     Pee  PtATA,  Li. 

DESPOTO  DAG  XL  dSs-po/to  ddg,  (anc.  Rhod/npe.)  ft  moun- 
tain chain  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  leaves  the 
Ralkan.  about  40  miles  E.  of  Ghiu.Ktendil.  extends  S.E..  and 
terminates  on  the  bank  of  the  Maritza,  the  basin  of  which 
river  it  bounds  on  the  S.AV.    Elevation,  7800  feet. 

DK.-'SAU,  dJs'sOw,  written  also  DES'SAW,  (L.  Drsxn'via.) 
a  walled  town  of  Northern  Germany,  capital  of  the  duchy 
of  An  halt-Dessau,  is  situated  on  the  left  branch  of  the 
Mulde.  near  its  confluence  with  the  Elbe,  here  crossed 
by  a  fine  bridge,  67  miles  S.W.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  12.000,  of 
whom  800  were  Jews.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town 
and  several  suburbs,  and  is  well  built  and  lighted.  Prin- 
cipal public  edifices,  the  Ducal  Palace,  built  in  1470,  and 
having  a  theatre,  a  goiid  collection  of  paintings,  and  other 
works  of  art;  two  other  palaces,  the  Amelia  Asylum,  the 
Riding  School,  Lutheran.  Roman  Catholic,  and  2  Calvinist 
churches,  and  a  synagogue.  It  has  a  college,  a  normal 
school,  schools  of  music,  a  separate  female  school,  and  a 
Jewish  cla.ssical  seminary,  with  manufactures  of  woollens, 
liats.  and  leather,  numerous  distilleries,  and  a  brisk  trade 
in  corn.  The  ground  around  Dessau,  originally  a  sandy 
waste,  has  been  completely  i-eclaimed,  and  is  now  covered 
with  beautiful  gardens,  forming  the  pnncipal  attraction  of 
the  place.    The  celebrated  Jlendelsohn  was  born  here. 

DKSTERRO,  dtVt^K'no,  or  NOSPA  SENHORA  DO  DES- 
TV:RU0.  nns's.4  sjn-yo'rii  do  d?s-t"R'RO.  a  city  of  Rrazil.  capital 
of  the  province  of  Santa  Catharina.  on  the  W".  coast  of  the 
Jsland  of  Santa  Catharina.  4r.0  miles  S.W.  of  Rio  Janeiro. 
Pop.  of  the  district.  Onoo.  Chief  buiblings.  the  palace  of  the 
president  of  the  province,  an  arsenal,  and  a  small  hospital. 
It  is  defended  by  scver.'jl  fi^rts,  and  has  an  excellent  port. 

DKSVKKS.  djv'r  or  daiv'r.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  T'as-de-Calais,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Boulogne.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2yi10.  1 1  has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  cloths,  earthen- 
wares, and  leather. 

U1:TII'WIC1v-LEA.  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England.  14 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Derby.  The  Cromford  and  High  Peak  Rail- 
wav  passes  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  this  place.  I'op.  488. 

DET'.MOLD,  (Ger.  pi-on.  d^t'niolt.)  a  town  of  North-west- 
ern Germany,  capital  of  the  principality  of  Lippe-Detmold, 
on  the  W"erra,  47  miles  S.W.  of  Hanover.  Pop.  4716.  It 
consists  of  an  old  and  new  town,  with  a  suburb.  The 
principal  public  edifices  are  a  neat  palaie  of  the  prince,  a 
Lutheran  and  two  Calvinist  churches.  It  has  a  normal 
school,  a  gymnasium,  a  good  library,  a  Bible  society,  and  a 
school  of  arts  and  sciences.  In  the  vicinity  is  a  summer 
palace  of  the  princes,  and  the  battlefield  on  Vhich  the  army 
of  Varus  was  destroyed  by  the  Germans  under  Hermann, 
(Arminius.)  \.  n.  9.  to  commemorate  which  event  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  there  in  18.J8. 

DETOUR  (de-toor')  POINT,  a  headland  of  the  United 
States,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  opposite  the  W. 
extremity  of  Manitnulin  (Or  Drummond)  Island.  Lat.  45° 
57'  N..  Ion.  84°  4' W. 

DETROIT',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Somerset  co., 
Maine,  about  45  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  The  village  is 
situated  about  three-fjuarters  of  a  mile  S.  of  the  Penobscot 
and  Kennebec  Railroad,  in  course  of  construction,  and  on  a 
fine  mill-stream,  an  affluent  of  the  Sebasticook.  It  contains  2 
stores.  1  saw  mill,  and  2  tanneries.     Pop.  of  township,  659. 

DETROIT,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Alatiama. 

DET1\01T,  de-troit,'  (Fr.  prun.  dAHrwd';  named  from  the 
river  or  "  strait,"  in  French,'/c;;v;tf,  on  which  the  city  is  built ;) 
the  county-seat  of  Wayne  co.,  and  the  largest  city  in  the 
state  of  Michigan,  is  admirably  situated  on  the  W.  side  of 
Detroit  River,  IS  miles  from  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  and  8 
miles  from  the  outlet  of  Lake  .<t.  Clair.  Lat.  42°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
82°  58'  W.  The  river  coimects  these  2  lakes,  and  is  from  half 
a  mile  to  a  mile  wide,  verj-  deep,  of  clear,  pure  water,  with  a 
current  at  3  or  4  miles  an  hour,  not  subject  to  rapid  rise  or 
fall,  and  at  Detroit  forms  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the 
V  nited  States.  The  city  is  defended  by  Fort  Wayne,  situated 
a  little  below,  on  Detroit  River. 

The  greater  part  of  Detroit  is  compactly  built,  with  good 


DET 

buildings,  many  of  them  elegant »—?  -ritb'^Mnnnii  BTirrotm-l- 
inga.  The  city  covers  an  area  of  about  10  square  miles,  at-d 
extends  about  3  miles  on  the  border  of  the  river.  Pop  -.d 
1865,  about  <iO,000.  Streets  and  avenues  are  wide — many  of 
them  from  100  to  200  feet — substantially  paved  with  stone, 
with  wide  side-walks,  and  beautifully  ornamented  with  forest 
trees.  It  has  an  excellent  system  of  sewerage,  by  which 
the  heavy  clay  soil  is  thoroughly  drained.  It  is  a  very  lieai  th- 
ful  city,  not  surpassed  by  any  of  its  size  in  the  United 
States. 

It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  the  p  arest  lake  water,  which 
is  raised  from  the  river,  by  steam-f  ower,  into  a  reservoir, 
built  on  the  most  elevated  part  of  the  city,  and  is  distributed 
in  iron  pipes  at  a  cost  of  about  SlO  per  annum,  to  each  family. 

Its  streets.and  buildings  are  lighted  with  gas.  It  has  a  well- 
managed  system  of  street  railroads,  by  which  any  part  of  the 
city  may  be  eai3ily  reached.  It  has  an  efficient  system  of 
public  schools,  of  which  there  are  66,  with  elegant  and  com- 
modious school  buildings.  It  has  38  church  edifices,  a  num- 
ber of  them  are  elegant  structures.  The  city  contains  7  in- 
corporated banks,  with  an  a  ggregate  capital  of  Si  ,000,000,  and 
abuut  the  same  number  of  private  bankers.  Six  of  the  first 
are  banks  of  issue,  and  one  a  savings  bank.  Tht  /e  is  a  house 
of  correction — capable  of  lodging,  in  single  cells,  300  convicts 
— built  and  managed  by  the  city  government — a  large  chair 
manufactory  is  connected  with  the  institution.  Among  the 
benevolent  institutions  may  be  named  the  Harper  Uosijjtal, 
capable  of  accommodating  500  patients,  commenced  by  Mr. 
Walter  Harper;  the  St.  Marys  hospitiil,  under  the  charge  of 
the  sisters  of  charity ;  the  Marine  Hospital,  for  disabled  sail- 
ors and  seamen,  owned  and  sustained  by  tlie  United  States, 
on  the  bank  of  Detroit  River,  just  above  the  city,  with  orna- 
mental grounds,  and  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  Canada 
shore ;  the  Orphan  Asj'lum ;  and  the  House  for  the  Friend- 
less. There  is  also  an  Industrial  School,  where  the  ragged 
and  vagrant  children  are  gathered,  and  taught  to  read,  write, 
and  sing,  to  mend  and  make  their  cUithing,  and  are  fed  one 
good  moiil  every  day.  The  substantial  and  elegant  building 
of  gray  sandstone,  erected  by  the  United  States,  on  Griswold 
street,  is  nsed  and  occupied  for  the  Post-oflice,  Custum- 
liouse,  and  United  States  courts,  and  cost  $85,000. 

Detroit  is  admirably  situated  ibr  commerce.  By  it^{  posi- 
tion on  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  and  by  means  of  5  important 
lines  of  railroad,  it  has  ready  communication  with  the  prin- 
cipal centres  of  trade,  and  with  the  "Giant  West."  A  line 
of  ships  trades  regularly  between  Detroit  and  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, via.  the  St.  I>iiwrence  River.  The  working  and  develop- 
ing of  the  copper  aJid  iron  mines  of  Michigan  bordering  on 
Lake  Superior,  hjis  created  an  extensive  trade  witli  that 
region,  and  several  lines  of  large  steamers  are  actively 
engaged  in  this  trade.  Other  lines  of  steamers  and  sail 
vessels  trade  regulaily  between  Detroit  and  the  diflereut 
ports  on  the  lakes. 

Hislory. — The  present  site  of  Detroit  was  occupied  as  a 
military  post  by  the  French,  about  the  year  1670.  Three 
Indian  tribes,  the  Hurons,  tlie  Pottawattomies,  and  the 
Ottawas,  had  their  villages  in  the  vicinity.  In  1760,  Detroit 
and  other  western  French  posts  came  into  tlie  posses.sion  of 
the  British.  At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  by  treaty 
with  England  in  1783,  Detroit  passed  under  the  control  and 
government  of  the  United  Stjites.  The  Territory  of  Michigan 
was  established  in  lb05,  and  on  June  11th,  of  that  year,  Ihe 
town  or  village  of  Detroit  was  entirely  destroyed  by  fire.  A 
new  plan  of  the  city  was  then  adopted  by  General  William 
Hull,  the  first  Governor  of  the  Territory,  which  is  in  part  its 
present  plan.  In  the  war  of  1812,  Detroit  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  British,  by  the  surrender  of  General  Hull,  on  18th 
August,  1812:  it  was  evacuated  Ipy  them  September  2ti,  1812. 

Detroit  was  the  capital  of  the  stiite  from  theadmissiou  of 
Michigan  into  the  Union  (1S36)  until  1850. 

[For  the  manufactures  and  statistics  of  commerce  of 
Dktroit,  see  Api'KNinx.] 

DETROIT,  a  village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  western 
shore  of  Peoria  Lake.  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Peoria. 

DETHOIT,  a  postroffice  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois. 

DETROIT  (Fr.  Dilroit.  dA'trw3/.  i.  «.,  a  '-strait,"  or  "nar- 
row passage,")  RIVEI5.  the  name  of  the  river  or  strait  con- 
necting Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake  Erie.  Length,  25  miles , 
breadth,  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile. 

DETS.     See  Dkcs. 

DETTA.  d^t'tOh',  or  GYEDU,  dyiVloo'.'jAMoo'.  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary.  23  miles  S.  by  y'i  of  Temesvar,  on  the 
Berzava.    Pop.  1480. 

DETTELBACH.  dJt'tel-blK\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  tho 
Main,  10  milesE.N.E.  of  Wiirzburg.  Pop.  2445.  Its  churches 
are  much  resorted  to  by  pilgrims. 

DETTENHEIM,  dJt'ten-hime\  a  tillage  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Sliddle  Franconia.  25  miles  S.  of  Anspach. 

DETTINGEN,  d^fting-en.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in 
WUrtemberg.  circle  of  Black  Fore'  t,  on  the  Erms,  6  miles 
S.W.  of  N  Urtingen.     Pop.  2851. 

DETTING  EN",  a  town  of  WUi  temberg.  circle  of  Danube,  Vi 
miles  E.S.E.  of  NUrtingen.     Pop.  2283. 

DETTINGEN,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Jaxt.  15 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ulm.    Pop.  1437. 

503 


DET 


DEV 


BETTIXGEN,  a  village  of  Bararia.  circle  of  Lower  Frtin- 
couiii.  OH  tht?  rijrlit  iank  of  the  Main,  8  miles  N.W.  of  As- 
chiilTeul'iir^.  In  June,  1743,  the  allied  British  and  Austrian 
army,  under  C<eorr;e  II.,  piined  a  victory  here  ever  the 
French,  under  Marshal  Xoailles. 

DErr\V  I  LLElt,  dett'veeriaiR'.  (Ger.  Deltweaer,  df tf wfler,) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Khin,  4}  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Saverne,  on  the  Zorn.     I'op.  1840. 

DE'rrVA,  dMl/vOh\  a  town  in  the  X.W.  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Sohl.  in  a  valley  E.  of  Altsnhl.     Pop.  7240. 

DE UCAR,  du'kai-/,  a  town  of  Xepaul.  Lat.  28°  8'  N.,  Ion. 
82°  E. 

DEULE,  dul,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  department  of 
Tas-de-Calais,  passes  Lille  to  Quesnoy,  in  the  department  of 
Nord.  and  joins  the  Lys  on  the  right.  The  Caual-de-la-Deule 
jcdns  the  Scarpa  and  the  Lys,  and  pjisses  Lille  and  Quesnoy ; 
leM'^th,  41  miles. 

DEULIXA,  dii-lee'nj,  a  village  of  Russia,  government,  and 
33  miles  N.  of  Moscow,  on  the  Voria.  A  treaty  was  con- 
cluded here  in  161S,  between  the  Poles  and  Hussiaus. 

DEURXE,  dS'llR-'neh,  a  villaite  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  near  the  Peel  Marsh,  5  miles  E.  of 
llelmond.     Pop.  3354. 

DEUKNE,  a  village  of  Belgium,  2  miles  E.  of  Antwerp. 
Pop.  5100. 

DEU.*LE5I0NT,  durmix«'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  8  miles  N.AV.  of  Lille.     Pop.  2125. 

DEUTICIIEM,  do'te-KSra,  or  DOETICIIEM,  doo'te-xJm, 
a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gelderland,  on  the 
Old  Yssel.  16  miles  E.  of  Arnhem.      Pop.  1831: 

DEUTSCIIBKOD.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Brod. 

DEUT.<CIIEXDl>RF.  doitch'en-doKf  \orPOPRAD,  po^rld'. 
a  town  of  Northern  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  7  miles  S.W.  of 
liesmarkt.    Pop.  1370. 

DEUTSCHES-BUND.    See  Germaxt. 

DEUTSCH-HAUSE,  doitch-hOw'zeh.  (Moravian,  Husowa, 
hoo-so'v.i.)  a  town  of  Moravia,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Olmutz, 
Pop.  1002. 

DEUTSCn-KRONE,  doitch-knyneh,  a  town  of  West  Prus- 
sia on  Lake  Radnor.  61  miles  W.N.W.  of  Posen.    Pop.  3000. 

DEUTSCHE  AND.  doitchaint.    See  Germany. 

DEUTZ  or  DUYTZ,  doits,  (the  Tui'lium  of  the  Romans.) 
a  fortified  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  opposite  Cologne,  with  which  city  it  is  united 
by  a  bridge  of  lx>ats,  at  the  head  of  the  railway  to  Minden. 
Pop.  3088.  It  has  an  ancient  Benedictine  abbey,  and  manu- 
factures velvets  and  .silken  fabrics. 

DEUX'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

DEDX-PONTS.  di:h'-pA><=',  (Ger.  ZwiOrUclen,  tswi-brtik'- 
ken,  L.  Biixtn'tium.)  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  formerly 
capital  of  an  independent  duchy,  and,  since  1814,  of  a  dis- 
trict and  county,  on  the  Erbach,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Serre.  60  miles  W.  of  Speyer.  It  is  well  built,  and  has 
remains  of  an  ancient  ducal  palace,  a  Lutheran  cathedral, 
C.ilviuist  and  Lutheran  churches,  a  college,  and  manuf.ic- 
tuivs  of  woollen  cloths,  leather,  cotton,  and  tobacco.  In  the 
vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  a  fine  c.istle,  built  by  Stanislaus, 
King  of  Poland.  Deux-Ponts,  with  its  duchy,  formed,  from 
1802  to  1814,  an  arrondissement  of  the  French  department 
of  Mont-Tonnerre.  The  French  name  Decx-Poxts.  and  the 
German  Zweibrcckex,  both  signifying  '-two  bridges,"  are 
derived  from  the  circumstance  of  its  old  castle  being  situated 
between  two  bridges.  Lat.  49°  10*  X^  Ion.  7°  20'  E.  Pop. 
abi)ut  7000. 

DKUX-SEVRES,  a  department  of  France.    See  Sevres. 

DEVA,  d.Vvoh',  (Ger.  Diemrich,  deem'ris,  or  Sciilossberg. 
shloss'bSRO ;  L.  Decajfdlisf)  a  market-town  of  Transylrania, 
CO.  and  10  miles  X.  of  Hunyad.  on  the  Maros.  Pop.  4000. 
In  the  vicinitj'  are  a  copper-mine  .and  paper  mills. 

DEVA,  di'vi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Guipuscoa, 
with  a  small  port  on  the  Deva,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.    Pop.  2490. 

DEVA  or  DEVA  CASTR k.    See  Chester. 

DEV  AX. 4.    Sea  Aberdeen. 

DEVAf>RAYAGA,  ikisi-^n-ifgk,  a  town  of  Northern 
Hindostan,  in  Gurhwal.  reckoned  holy  to  Hindoos  a.s  being 
the  place  where  the  Bhagirathi  and  Alakanauda  Rivers 
unite  to  form  the  Ganges.  It  has  an  ancient  temple,  and 
numemus  stone  houses  Inhabited  by  Brahmins. 

DEV'ENISIL  an  i.sland  of  Ireland,  in  Lough  Erne,  2  miles 
N.X.W.of  EnniskiUen,  containing  some  interesting  remains 
of  ancient  religious  establishments. 

DKVEMSH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Ferm.anagh. 

DEVENTER  or  DEWENTER,  dSv'en-ter  or  d-Vvftn-t^r,  (L. 
DaxvnHria.)  an  ancient  and  fortified  city  of  Holland,  province 
of  Overyssel,  Smiles  X.of  Zutphen,on  the  Y.s.sel.  The  streets 
are  generally  narrow,  but  the  market-places  large  and  wide. 
Successive  changes  in  the  fortifications  have  reduced  the 
gates  to  seven.  An  extensive  prospect  is  enjoyed  from  the 
ramparts,  but  the  favorite  promenade  is  the  Worp,  on  the 
farther  side  of  the  Yssel,  whose  fine  old  linden-trees  were 
destroyed  by  the  French  in  1813,  but  it  is  now  laid  out 
with  great  taste  in  the  English  garden  style.  The  Town- 
house is  of  great  size;  in  it  the  .\thenicum"  has  its  library. 
Tlie  Court-house  and  Prison  are  haudsoma  structures,  as  is 


also  the  Weigh-honse,  a  large,  old,  isblAted  building.  Tho 
Reformed  have  two  churches,  the  Lutherans  one,  the  Meii- 
nonltes  one.  and  the  Roman  Catholics  one :  the  Jews  have 
a  sm.ill  synagogue.  Though  no  longer  the  thiid  commer- 
cial city  of  Holland,  it  still  derives  great  advantages  from 
its  harbor  on  the  Yssel.  It  exports  CoO.OOO  pounds  of  but- 
ter, and  305,000  Deventer  cakes,  annually;  has. a  royal 
Turkey  carpet  manufactory,  an  iron  foundry,  a  stocking 
manufactory,  and  various  other  industrial  establishments. 
Among  its  public  institutions  are  the  gretit  hospital  for  old 
people,  a  burgher  orphan-house,  St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital  for 
the  In-iiane,  and  four  other  hospitiils.  including  a  military 
one.  The  Athenieum  comprises  a  drawing  school,  a  leo- 
ture-nxmi,  and  a  hall  for  the  Chemical  and  Physical  Society. 
There  are  also  a  Latin  and  an  industrial  school,  with  500 
scholars,  a  fine  art*  society,  and  natui-al  history  and  chemi- 
cal society,  a  department  of  the  public  utility  society,  and 
one  for  the  encouragement  of  industry,  and  eight  other 
schools,  with  2200  scholars.  Pop.  in  1S50,  14.37 S,  of  whom 
10.650  are  Protestants,  oOOO  Roman  Catholics,  and  2S0 
Jews ;  in  1863, 17,257. 

DEVERE.\UX,  dJv'e-ro^a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co..  Xew 
York. 

DEA'EREAUX.  a  village  of  Hancock  co-  Georgia,  IS  miles 
X.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

DEV'EUHILL  LOXG'BRIDGE,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.of 
Wilts. 

DEVERHILL  MOXCKTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

DEV'EROX,  a  river  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Aberdeen  and 
Banff,  enters  the  North  Sea  at  Banff.    Length,  40  miles. 

DEVETSER,  dAHJt-salR',  or  DEVECSER,  diVvkh'aiR/.  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  81  miles  S.W.of  Pesth.   Pop,  2800. 

DEV'ICOT'TA,  a  fort  and  seaport  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  M.adras,  district,  and  60  miles  N.E.  of  Tanjore. 

DEVIL  ISLAND,  of  Terra  del  Fuego,  is  in  lat.  54°  58' SO" 
S..  Ion.  69°  4' 50"  W. 

DEVIL  LAKE.    See  Misniwakax. 

DEVILLE-LES-ROUEN,  daVeelMA-roo-ix<:',  a  viUage  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  on  the  Cailly,  2 
miles  N.W.  of  Kouen.  Pop.  in  1852,  3884.  It  has  uiauu£io- 
tures  of  cotton  cloths. 

DEVIL'S,  an  island  off  the  coast  of  French  Guiana.  Lat 
5°  16'  N.,  Ion.  52°  34'  W. 

DEVIL'S  BA'SIN.  the  name  given  by  Cook  to  a  port  In 
Christmas  Sound,  Terra  del  Fuego.  Lat.  u"5°  10'  S..  Ion.  70°  W. 

DEA"IL'S  BRIDGE  crosses  the  Reuss,  in  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Uri,  16  miles  S.  of  Altorf 

DEVILS  BIT  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain  range  of  Ire- 
land, in  Munster,  co.  of  Tipperary,  extending  S.W.and  N.E, 
for  about  24  miles,  and  separating  the  l>aslns  of  the  Shau* 
non  and  Suir.     Height.  2iJ84  feet. 

DEVIL'S  PE.\K.  a  mountain  of  South  Africa.  Cape  Colony, 
in  lat.  33°  57'  12"  S..  Ion.  18°  31'  45"  E.    Height,  3315  feet. 

DEVIL'S  PUNCH-Bt  IWL.  a  small  lake  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Kerry,  near  the  summit  of  Mangerton  Mountain,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  between  2u00  and  3u00  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

DEVIZES,  de-vl'ziz,  (••  The  Vize."  or  "  Vies,''}  a  parliament- 
ary and  municipal  borough  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
on  the  Kennet  and  .\von  Canal,  23  miles  N  .N.W.  of  Salisbury, 
and  10  miles  S.E.  of  the  Chippenham  station  of  the  Great 
Western  Railway.  Pop.  iu  1851,  6554.  It  is  built  on  an 
eminence  neai-  the  X.  limit  of  Salisbury  plain.  The  main 
streets,  branching  from  a  large  market-place,  are  spacious, 
well  paved  and  lighted.  The  princip.il  buildings  are  2  an- 
cient churches,  an  endowed  school  and  almshouse,  a  hand- 
some town-hall  and  cross,  large  county  jail,  and  a  union 
work-house.  Devizes  has  numerous  inns,  having  formerly 
been  a  great  halting-place  on  the  Bath  Road ;  also  mills  for 
silk-throwing,  manufactures  of  snuff,  malt,  and,  on  Thurs- 
day, one  of  the  largest  markets  for  corn  in  the  W.  of  Eng- 
land.   It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

DEVOCU  (dee'vdk)  AVATER,  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, 4|  miles  E.  of  Ravenglass,  and  formed  by  the 
sources  of  a  tributary  of  the  Esk.     .\rea,  300  acres. 

DEV'OX,  or  DEVONSHIRE,  dJvVnshir.  (L.  Devfinia.)  a 
county  of  England,  forming  part  of  its  S.W.  peninsula,  and 
having  X.  the  Bristol  Channel.  E.  the  counties  of  Somerset 
and  niorset,  S.  the  English  Channel,  and  W.  Cornwall.  .A.rea, 
2589  square  miles,  or  1,054,400  acre-s.  of  which  about  1.2i.'0.000 
acres  are  reported  to  be  arable  or  in  p;»sture,  and  upwards 
of  300.000  waste.  Pop.  in  1851,  567.098.  The  surfitce  is  greatly 
brokeu  and  diversified,  but,  except  the  wild,  sterile  tracts 
Dartmoor  and  Exmoor,  generally  remarkable  for  fertility. 
The  vale  of  Exeter,  and  the  district  bordering  on  th«  English 
Channel,  called  the  South  Hiuiis.  are  especially  beautiful  and 
rich.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Exe,  Dart,  Tamar,  J'aw, 
Torridge,  'I'eign,  and  .4xe,  the  estuaries  of  most  of  which 
form  good  h-wbors.  The  inlets  of  Torbay  ani  Plymouth 
Sound  are  re.spectively  upon  its  S.E.  and  S.W.  sides.  The 
county  is  famed  for  its  cider.  The  red  Devon  breed  of  cattle 
is  highly  esteemed  ;  and  Dartmore  feeds  large  numliers  of 
small  ponies.  Mines  of  copper  ,tnd  tin  are  extensive.  The 
Great  We.stern  Railw.ay  extends  through  the  S.  part  of  the 
county,  past  Exeter  to  Plymouth.    Capital,  E\eter.    Ply- 


DEV 


DHA 


mouth.  Devonport,  Tavistock,  Tiverton,  Rarnstaple,  Iloniton, 
rotiiet'S,  Ashburton.  and  Dartmouth  are  the  chief  towns  and 
boroUjzhs,  and  toj;ether  send  18  uiemliers  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  county  sends  2  for  its  X.  and  2  for  its  S.  di- 
vision. It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Cavendish,  and  of 
earl  to  the  Courtney  family. Adj.  Devonian,  de-vo'ne-an. 

DKV'i^.V,  a  river  of  f^cotland,  cos.  of  I'erth  and  Clackman- 
nan, rises  in  the  (khil  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Forth  near 
Alloa.  It  ha.s  remarkable  falls  near  the  village  of  Crook  of 
Devon,  and  its  fine  .scenery  lias  been  celebrated  by  Burns. 

DEVON,  a  postoffice  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

DEVON,  NOKTU,  a  tract  of  the  Arctic  region.  In  North 
America,  Lit.  76°  N..  Ion.  from  80°  to  92°  W.,  having  E.  Baf- 
fin's Bay,  W.  Wellington  Strait,  and  S.  Barrow  Strait,  sepa- 
rating it  from  North  Somerset. 

DEVON  I'OKT,  d6v'9n-port,  (until  1824  called  PLYMOUTH 
DOCK.)  a  parliament;iry  and  municipal  borough,  maritime 
and  fortified  town,  and  naval  arsenal  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon,  at  its  S.VV.  extremity,  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  estuary 
of  the  Tamar,  termed  the  Ilamoaze,  2  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ply- 
mouth. The  borough  comprises  the  parishes  of  Stoke-Da- 
merel  and  East  Stonehouse.  Pop.  in  18(jl,  04,798.  The  town 
stands  on  high  ground,  and  is  enclosed  by  ramparts,  de- 
fended by  various  batteries.  It  is,  however,  as  a  naval  ar- 
senal, the  largest  by  far  in  Great  Britain,  that  Devonport 
attracts  attention,  and  from  which  it  derives  its  chief  ch.v 
racteristics.  The  national  works,  constructed  for  govern- 
ment purpo.ses,  cover  not  less  than  358  acres,  comprising  one 
of  the  finest  dock-yards  in  the  world,  and  which  will  be 
e^iualled  in  magnitude  by  another,  now  in  process  of  forma- 
tion, for  the  equipment  of  men-of-war  steamers.  The  two 
dock-yards  will  comprehend  an  area  of  about  150  acres.  In 
184S,  529  hands  were  employed  in  this  yard,  but  as  many 
as  3000  have  been  .sometimes  engaged  here.  Tlie  principal 
structures  are  the  residence  of  the  port  admiral,  the  bar- 
racks, the  military  hospital,  chapels  of  ease,  assembly-rooms, 
theatre,  and  a  Doric  column  erected  on  a  height  to  comme- 
morate the  changing  the  name  of  tlie  town.  Devonport  has 
breweries,  soap  factories,  and  an  e.xtensive  trade  in  refitting 
and  victualling  ships.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

DEVONSHIRE.     See  Devox. 

DEVKA-TABOOU,  dAv'ri-tA-booR/,  or  DEBRA-TABOUR, 
dJb'rd-ti-booR'.  a  populous  town  of  Abyssinia,  35  miles  E.  of 
Lake  Dembe.a.  in  hit.  11°  55'  N.,  Ion.  37°  45'  E. 

DE  VKIGHI,  devVee-ghee',  (anc.  Nicnp'olis  ?)  a  town  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  pashalic,  and  02  miles  E.  of  Seevas,  on  the  Egkin. 

DEVYNOCK,  de-vtin'ok,  a  village  and  parish  of  Wales,  co. 
of  Brecknock,  7  miles  W.  of  Brecknock. 

DEWA.  a  river  of  Hindostan.     See  Googra. 

DEW  ANGARY.  deeNvdn-gA'ree,  a  populous  village  of  Boo- 
tan,  2100  feet  above  the  sea,  and  having  several  Boodhic 
temples. 

Dl-rWASS',  a  town  of  India,  province  of  Malwah,  23  miles 
S.E.  of  Oojein.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  rajahship,  under  Bri- 
tish protection. 

DEWCHURCH,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

DEW'CHURCH,  MUCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hereford. 

DEWEXTER,  a  town  of  Holland.     See  Deventer. 

DE  WITT',  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Texas, 
contains  968  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Guadalupe 
River.  The  surface  of  the  uplands  is  rolling  and  highly  pic- 
turesque, and  the  soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Guadalupe.  The  population  is  sparse,  but  increasing 
rapidly.  Named  in  honor  of  De  Witt,  an  empresario.  under 
the  Mexican  government,  of  what  was  termed  De  Witt's  co- 
lony. Capital,  Clinton.  Pop.  5108;  of  whom  3465  were 
free. 

DE  WITT,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Illinois,  con- 
tains about  450  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  Salt  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Sangamon  River. 
The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  diversified  by  prairies 
and  forests  of  good  timber;  the  soil  is  highly  productive, 
and  easily  cultivated.  Stone  co.al  is  found.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  The  name  Wiia 
given  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  governor  of  New  York. 
Capital,  Clinton.    Pop.  10,820. 

DE  WITT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Utica  Railroad,  and  on  the 
Erie  Can!U,4  or  5  miles  E  of  Syracuse.    Pop.  3043. 

DE  WlTT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  De  Witt  townsliip, 
Clinton  county,  Micliigan,  on  the  Looking-glass  River,  8 
miles  N.  of  Lansing.  The  river  furnishes  water-power, 
which  gives  motion  to  several  mills.  P.  of  township,  1139. 
DE  WITT,  a  post-village  of  De  Witt  co.,  Illinois,  60  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

DE  WITT,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 

N.  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  85  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

DE  WITT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  70 

miles  E.N.E.  of  Iowa  City,  and  4  miles  N.  of  the  Wapsipini- 

con  River.     Pop.  2261.    See  Appenwx. 

DE  WITT  LAND,  a  region  of  Australia,  on  its  N.W.  coast, 
\)etw  een  Ion.  120°  and  12:5°  E.,  opposite  Dampier  Archipelago, 
discovered  by  De  Witt  in  1628. 


DE  WITT'S  ISLANDS,  off  the  S.  coast  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land.  l)etween  South  Cape  and  South-west  Cape. 

DE  WITT'S  VALLEY,  a  villageofAUeghanvco..  New  York. 

DE  WITT'VILLE,  a  post-office,  Chautiiuqu.-i  co..  New  York. 

DE\\*ITTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  Ea.st.  co.  ol 
Beauharnois,  50  miles  S.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  several 
stores,  saw  and  carding  mills.     Pop.  about  150. 

DEW'USH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

DEW'S.\H,  a  considerable  town  of  Western  Hindostan,  32 
miles  E.  of  Jevpoor.  enclosed  by  a  wall. 

DKWSALL,"a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DEWSBURY,  dewz'ber-e,  a  market  and  manufacturing 
town,  parish  and  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Mest 
Riding,  on  the  Calder,  8  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Leeds,  and  having  a 
Stat  ion  on  the  Manchesterand  lA'eds  Railway,  7  miles  W..\.\V. 
of  Wakefield.  Pop.  of  parish,  in  1851,  28.1U.S.  The  town  lies 
low,  but  has  some  good  streets  and  stone  houses,  .in  d  it  is  well 
paved  and  lighted.  It  has  a  free  school,  a  mechanics'  institute, 
branch  banks,  a  blanket-hall,  with  large  and  thriving  manu- 
factures of  blankets,  carpets,  and  other  low  woollen  fabrics, 
made  from  refuse  woollen  rags  re-spun.  More  than  31.00 
persons  are  engaged  in  the  manufactures  of  the  place.  The 
Calder  Navigation  connects  the  town  with  Hull  and  Liver- 
pool.    Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,  14,051. 

DEX/TER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Penobscot  co,, 
Maine,  70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.  The  village,  situated 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Sebasticook,  is  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing in  the  county.  It  contains  4  churches,  a  newspaper 
office,  a  high  school,  a  lyeeum  and  libniry,  20  stores,  a  la  rge 
hotel,  gas-ligkt  company,  Ac.  The  alx)ve  stream  affords  ex- 
cellent water-power,  which  is  here  employed  for  4  large 
woollen  factories,  an  iron  foundry,  machine  shop,  planing 
machine,  Girding  and  cloth-dressing  mill,  an  extensive  tan- 
nery, several  shingle  m.achines,  2  saw  mills,  and  other  esta- 
blishments. The  above  employ  about  300  luinds.  Imme- 
diately N.  of  the  village  there  is  an  extensive  floating  bridge 
across  the  neck  of  a  large  pond.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about 
800 ;  of  the  township,  2363. 

DEXTER,  a  post-village  of  Brownsville  town.ship.  Jeffer- 
son CO.,  New  York,  at  the  entrance  of  Black  River  into  I,;ika 
Ontario,  about  7  miles  W.  of  Watertown.  It  contains  i 
a  number  of  manufactories  and  saw  mills,  and  has  a  land- 
ing place  for  steamboats,  and  imported  merchandise.  Dexter 
being  a  port  in  the  collection  district  of  S.ackett's  Harlior. 

DKX'TER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Scio  township.  Wash- 
•tenaw  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  at 
the  confluence  of  Mill  Creek  with  Huron  River,  50  miles  W 
by  N.  of  Detroit.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  watei* 
power,  and  has  several  mills.     Pop.  850. 

DEX'TERVILLE,  a  village  of  Chautauqua  co..New  York, 
at  the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Maysville.    Pop.  358. 

DEYNZE  or  DEYNSE,  din'zeh.  (anc.  Donfta?)  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent, 
on  the  Lys,  and  near  the  railway  between  Ghent  and  Cour- 
traL      Pop.  3ai0. 

DP.Yl'AULPOOR,  di^pawrpooR/  or  drpawPpoor',  a  town 
of  Hindostan,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Indore,  having  about  1000 
houses. 

DEYRAH,  a  town  of  Ilindostjin.    See  Dehua. 

DEYUZE,  dA'Uz',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ea.st 
Flanders,  on  the  Lys,  and  the  Ghent  and  Courtrai  Railway, 
9  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  3630.  It  has  celebrated  manu- 
factures of  gin. 

DEZA,  dA/thS.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  35  miles  S.E. 
of  Soria,  on  a  rugged  hill.     Pop.  1424. 

DEZKOOL,  DEZFUL,  or  DEZI'HOUL,  dJz'fool'.  written 
.also  DIZ'FOUL',  DESFOUL.and  DESFUL.  a  town  of  Persia, 
province  of  Khoozistan,  in  which  it  is  now  the  principal 
mart,  on  the  Dezfool  River,  (Coprates.)  here  crossed  by  a  fine 
bridge  of  22  arches,  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  Shooster.  Pop. 
15.000.  (?)  It  is  not  so  well  built  as  Shooster;  and  from  the 
inferior  size  of  its  tazajir,  the  merch.Tnts  expose  their  goods 
for  sale  in  private  dwellings  or  caravanserais.  Near  it  are 
many  mound.s.  evidently  of  Sassanian  origin.  It  has  ruins 
of  ancient  buildiniis.  and  Mr.  Layard  suppo.ses  that  here  was 
the  site  of  the  "Castle  of  Oblivion,"  in  which  Shahpoor  con- 
fined the  .\rmenian  king,  Arsaces  II. 

DHAFAlt,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Dhofar. 

DHALAK,  dd'iak'or  dhiMdk',  or  DAHALAK,  di-htlikj 
(anc.  Orinef)  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  25  miles  E.  of  Mas.so- 
wah.  in  Abyssinia,  23  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,by  15  iu 
breadth.  Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  a  coral 
fishery.  On  its  S.  coast  is  the  village  of  Dhalak.  Several 
small  islands  near  it  are  called  the  Dhalak  Isl.ixris. 

DHAMIE,  dJ'niee'.  oneof  the  Sikh  .states  of  North-western 
Hindostan.  S.  of  the  Sutlej,  protected  by  the  British.  Pop 
3000.     Tt  has  an  armed  force  of  100  men. 

DHAMONEE.  d^'mo-nee'.  or  DH AMANT,  d^'niR'nee'.  a  for- 
tified town  of  India.  d(iniinions,and  1 50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gwaltor. 

DHAR,  <1aR,  or  DHARANUGOUR.  dSVa-nlig'gtir.  a  city 
of  Central  Hindostan.  capital  of  a  rajpoot  state  of  1460  square 
miles.  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  Indore.    Elevation,  1908  feet. 

DHARWAR.     See  Darwar. 

DHAWALAGHIRI,  da-wilVgher'ree,  a  lofty  peak  of  th« 


DHO 

Himalaya  Mountains,  in  Northpm  Hindostan,  formerly 
sn]>|Hised  to  be  thecniniinating  point  of  the  earth's  purfaoe, 
between  Xepaul  and  Thibet,  in  lat.  29°  X.,  Ion.  82°  oC  E. 
t'stiinnted  elevaticu,  2S.ri00  feet.    See  Himalayas. 

DHOF.ill  or  DJF.AU,  doYaR'.  written  also  DHAF'AR,  for- 
merly a  celebrated  city  of  Yemen,  said  by  Arab  writers  to 
biive  lieen  the  residence  of  most  of  the  kinirs  of  that  coun- 
try. This  w  as  probably  the  Sapphara  metropolis  of  Ptolemy, 
and  Supliar-He^a  of  i'liny. 

UIKtLK.\,  dol'kd  or  d'holl^i  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  presi- 
deiiov  of  Br-mbav.  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kaira. 

PIIOLPOOR,  (iarpooK/,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  34  miles  S.E. 
Df  A'jcra. 

DnO;)RCATEE,  dooR^kJ/tee'  or  d'hoor'kS-tee',  the  smallest 
of  the  .Sikh  States,  in  Xorth-western  Ilindostan,  protected  by 
the  British.     Pop.  200. 

DIIDOKWYE,  dooaVi',  asmall  rajahshipof  India,  in  Bun- 
delinind.  under  British  protection.     J'op.  SOOO. 

DUUlUHj-MPOOKKE.  drir'rum-poo'ree,  a  decayed  town  of 
Hindostan,  province  of  Malwah,  on  the  Xerbudda,  in  lat.  22° 
10' X..  Ion.  76°  26' E. 

DI.VBLERETS.  de'Jb'leh-ri',  a  remarkable  mountain  of 
Switzerland,  in  the  Bernese  Alps,  between  the  cantons  of 
Bern  and  Valais.     Ileijiht  above  the  sea,  1U.190  feet. 

DI.\DIX,  dee-d'deen'.  a  town  of  Turkish  .\rmenia.  pashalic, 
and  25  miles  W.X.W.  of  B.iyazeed.  on  the  Xorth  Branch  of 
the  Kuphrates.  It  has  a  larsre  ruined  fort,  and  was,  until 
lately,  a  place  of  some  importance. 

DIALA,  dee-daa.  or  DI YALAII.  deeVdlSh.  a  rirer  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  an  atfluent  of  the  Ti:zris.  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Shirvan,  Ilolwan,  and  various  other  intermediate 
streams,  all  flowing  from  the  mountains  of  Kirmanshah.  It 
is  supposed  to  coincide  with  the  ancient  Gi/ndes. 

DlALItJUKLY.  dee-4'lee-g.iaee.  a  viUa<re  of  Western  Af- 
rica, in  the  Bondoo  cotintry,  on  the  Fsileme,  in  lat.  14°  36' 
N.,  Ion.  12°  10'  W. 
DI'AL'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Oranpte  CO..  North  Carolina. 
DI.AMAXT,  dee'.i^mSx"',  a  town  of  the  French  colony  of 
Martiniiiue,  in  the  Antilles,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island,  8 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Fort  Royal,  near  the  Morne  dc  Diamant,  a 
volcanic  mountain  1.56S  feet  in  elevation.    Pop.  15.34. 

DI.\>I.\XTK.  de-i-mln'tA,  a  coast-town  of  Xaples.  province 
of  Calal)ria  Citra,  30  miles  X.W.  of  Cosenza.    Pop.  1700. 

BIA.MAXTIXA.  de-d-man-tt^na.  formerly  TE.IUCO.  ti- 
ihoo'ko,  a  flourishins  modern  city  of  Brazil,  province  of  Mi- 
nas-Geraes,  capital  of  the  diamond  district,  situated  in  a  val-' 
ley  surrounded  by  hiirh  mountains.  220  miles  X.X.E.  of 
Ouro-Preto,  5700  feet  ab'we  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  was 
erected  into  a  city  in  1S31.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  an 
amphitheatre.  The  streets  are  wide  and  paved.  Pop.  about 
6000.  Its  district  comprises  several  villages  and  a  popula- 
tion of  14.000. 

DIAMA.XTIXA,  atown  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Matto- 
Grosso,  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Ouro  and  Diaman- 
tino.  70  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cuyalta.  Pop.  4500.  The  Rio  Dia- 
MA.NTixo,  (••  Diamond  River.'')  so  called  from  the  valuable 
diamonds  found  in  its  ba^in.  was  discovered  in  1728.  Tlie 
Spanish  government  closed  the  district,  in  order  to  monopo- 
lize the  gold  and  diamonds,  which  led  to  an  extensive  emi- 
jrration  in  1749.  The  present  town  of  Diamantina  occupies 
the  site  of  the  old  village  of  .\lta  Paraguai-Diamantina. 

DIAMAXTE.  de-a-mln'tA.  XEUQUE.  n^'oo-ki,  or  XEU- 
GUE.V,  nJ'oo-ghJn'.  a  large  riverof  the  Argentine  Republic, 
(La  Plata.)  an  affluent  of  the  Rio  Xegro.  having  its  sources 
on  the  E.  slopes  of  the  Chilian  Andes,  about  lat.  36°  16'  S., 
Ion.  70°  W.     Its  whole  course  is  aliout  170  miles. 

DIAMOXD  GROVE,  a  post-village  in  Brunswick  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia.  Sfi  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Richmond. 
DIAMOXD  GROVE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Jasper  co..  Missouri. 
DIAMOXD  (di'mond!  HARBOR.  British  India,  presidency 
of  Btnixal.  is  in  the  river  Hoogly.  -34  miles  below  Calcutta, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  good  road. 

DIAMOXD  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

DIA^IOXD  HILL,  a  postxjfHce  of  Anson  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 154  miles  from  Raleigh. 

DIAMOXD  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

DIAMOXD  ISLAXD.  British  India.  Burmese  dominions. 
Is  in  the  estuary  of  the  Rassain  River,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Cape 
NeRrals.    It  nlK>unds  with  turtles. 

DIAMOXD  MILLS.a  village  of  Indiana  co..  Pennsylvania, 
on  Two  Lick  Creek.  58  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.N.E.  of  Pitts- 
burg, has  1  foundry  and  2  mills.     Pop.  about  150. 

DIAMOXD  P.>IXT.  of  Sumatra.  Imunds  VV.  the  Strait  of 
MtUcca.     Lat.  ^°  16'  X..  Ion.  97°  40*  E. 

DIAMOXD  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Coos  co.,  in  the  N. 
part  of  Xew  Hampshire,  falls  into  Dead  River. 

DIAMPER.  de-am-paiii/.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Travan- 
eore,  14  miles  E.  of  Cochin,  in  lat.  9°  5fi'  X.,  Ion.  7«°  29*  E. 

DIAXA.  dl-an'a.  a  post-township  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York, 
45  mlli-s  .S.  of  Ogdensburg.     Pop.  1483. 

DIAXA  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Buckingham  CO.,  Virginia, 
on  '^late  River,  75  mi'es  W.  of  Richmond. 
DIAXICM.    SeaDESu, 
606 


DID 

DIAXO.  de-2'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Pnncipato 
Citra.  in  the  A"al-diDiano,  ou  the  Calore,  45  miles  from  Sv 
lerno.     Pop.  5000. 

DIANO-MAIUXO,  de-il'no-ma-ree'no.  a  town  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  division  of  Xice.  1^  miles  N.of  Oneglia  Pop.  2538. 
DIAXO  DALBA,  de-d/no  dil'ba.  (ancDiti'iiium  Alhen>xium 
P>mp'Jano>rumr)  a  town  in  Piedmont,  of  Sardinian  States, 
31  miles  S.  of  Alba.    Pop.  -2000. 

DlARBEKIR.dee'an'be-keeR'.orDIARBEKR.dee-an'bfkr, 
a  city  of  .Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of  a  pashalic  of  its  own 
name,  is  situated  near  the  Tigris,  in  lat.  -37°  55'  30"  X..  Ion. 
39°  52'  E.  Pop.  about  8000  fSimilies.  cniefly  Turks  and  Ar- 
menians. It  is  enclosed  by  a  vast  wall  of  dark  stone,  is  sulv 
stantially  built,  and  has  a  citfldel.  seme  cotton  and  silk  looms?, 
and  copiier-works ;  but  its  manufactures  have  of  late  mate 
rially  diminished.    It  is  the  .see  of  a  Chaldean  patriarch. 

DIARBEKIR  or  DIARBEKlt.a  pashalic  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
forming  the  W.  part  of  Turkish  .Vmienia.  mostly  between 
lat.  37°  and  39°X..  and  Ion.  38°  and  42°  E.,  having  X.W.  and 
S.  the  Euphrates,  separating  it  fi-om  the  pashalics  of  Ei-z- 
room.  .Seevas.  Marash.  and  Damascus,  and  E.  the  pashalics 
of  Van  and  Koordistan.    Its  centre  is  traversed  by  the  Upper 
Tigris.     The  chief  cities  are  Diarbekir,  Oorfah,  and  Mardeen. 
DI'.AS  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Cape  May  co.,  Xew  .lersey. 
DIiyBLEVILLE.  a  village  near  the  X.E.  corner  of  Livings- 
ton CO..  Michi^n,  about  51  miles  X.W.  of  Detroit. 
DIB'DFIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 
DIlVERTSVl  LLE.  a  post-office,  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
DIBIO.    See  Duoy. 

DIBOXG.  dee'bong'.  a  river  of  Thibet,  one  of  the  head 
streams  of  the  Brahmapootra,  joins  the  Dihong  in  27°  45'  N. 
lat..  and  95°  10'  E.  Ion. 

DICE'S  I1F;AD.  a  point  or  cape  at  the  entrance  of  Castine 
Harbor,  Maine.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light.  116  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  44°  21'  X..  Ion.  68°  45'  30"  W. 

DICKELVEXNE.dik'-kel-vJnn'.  a  vilLige  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on*  the  Scheldt.     Pop.  1632. 

DICK'EXSOXVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Virginia, 
340  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 

DICK'ERSOX  VI  LLE.  a  post-offlce  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 
DICK'EYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
alKiut  21  miles  N.X.M'.  of  Galena. 

DICKIXSOX.  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  4.30  sijuare  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  OkolKiji  River,  a  branch  of  the  Little 
Sioux  River.  It  has  several  small  lakes,  the  principal  of 
which  is  Spirit  I^ke.  Named  in  honor  of  Senator  Dickin- 
son of  X'ew  York.    Pop.  ISO. 

DICKIXSOX.  a  post-\illage  and  township  of  Franklin  Co., 
New  York.on  Racket  River,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Malone.  P.1917. 
DICKIX.SOX,  a  post-office.  Cumlierland  co..  Pennsylvania. 
DICKI.NSOX.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia,  dm) 
miles  W.S.AV.  of  Richmond. 
DICKIXSOX  COLLEGE.  Pennsylvania.     See  Carusle. 
DICKIXSOX'S  LAXDIXG.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  Stormont,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  ths 
head  of  Cornwall  Canal.  90  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.    In  1851 
6934  vessels  (tons  526.210)  passed  down  this  canal.     The  vil- 
lage contains  churches  of  4  denominations.  6  or  7  stores, 
several  factories  and  mills,  and  has  a  collector  of  customs. 
A  ferry  crosses  the  river  here  to  Messina,  in  New  York 
Pop.  700. 
DICK  .TOTIXSON.  a  township  of  aav  CO..  Indiana.   P.  1222. 
DICKLEBURGH,  dik'el-burg,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

DICK'SBURG.  a  villaire  in  Knox  co..  Indiana,  on  the  N. 
hank  of  the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  14  miles  S.  of  Vin- 
cennes. 

DICK'SOX.  a  county  in  the  N.N'.W.  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  050  sjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Harpeth  River,  and  other  affluents  of  Cumlierland  River, 
which  washes  its  X.E.  border.  The  surface  is  undulating; 
the  soil  moderately  fertile.  Capital,  Charlotte.  Pop.99S2; 
of  whom  7781  were  free,  and  2201  slaves. 

DICK'S  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Kentucky,  rises  in 
Rockcastle  co  .  and  flowing  X.W.,  enters  the  Kentucky  River 
10  miles  X.E.  of  Ilarrodsburg. 

D1C0M.\X0.  de-ko-mi'no.  (anc.  Deaimahmm  *)  a  town  of 
Tuscany.  IS  miles  X.E.  by  E.  of  Florence,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Dicomano  with  the  Sieve.     Pop.  1480. 

DlD.'iM.  deMilm'.  or  DIEM,  deem,  a  village  of  the  X'etber- 
lands,  province  of  Gelderland.  13miles  S.  of  Zutphen.  P.  2100. 
DID'BROOKE.  a  parish  of  Ensrl.and.  co.  of  Gloucester. 
DIIVCOT  .lUNCn'IOX.  a  station  on  the  Great  Western 
Railway.  England,  co.  of  Berks.  53  miles  M'.  of  London. 

DID'DEH.  a  large  .and  thriving  village  of  Western  .\frica 
Bondoo  country,  situated  ne;ir  the  Fal6m6  River,  in  lat.  IS" 
52' X..  Ion.  1-2°1S'W. 
DIIVDIXOTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
DID'DLEBURY,  a  |miish  of  England,  co.  of  Stilop. 
DIIVLTNG.  a  parish  of  Eii-jland.  co.  ot  Su.ssex. 
DID'LIXOTOX,  a  jiarUh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
DID'MARTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
DI'DO.  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co..  Mi.ssi.ssii>pi. 
DIDS'BUKY,  a  chtipelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster 


DIE 

DTE,  dee,  (ane.  Ma  or  Dc'a  Vocrmtii^rum.)  a  walled  town 
of  France,  department  of  Drdme,  on  the  riirht  bank  of  the 
Drome,  2H  miles  K.S.E.  of  Valence.  Pop.  in  1852,  3928.  It 
ha.<i  uianufaetures  of  silks,  paper,  and  leather. 

DIliHURO,  deeTu<SORo\  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  Gersprenz,9  miles  E.N.K.  of  Darm- 
stadt.    Pop.  3100!     It  is  defended  by  a  strong  castle. 

DIKDKKl'IN.  a  village  of  Holland.     See  Dieren. 

DIEDITZ..  dee'dits.  or  DI  KDICE.  de-A-tleef  sA,  a  town  of 
Moravia.  Hi  miles  E.N.E.  of  IJriinn,  on  the  Hanna.    Pop.  1.366. 

DIKGO,  de-:l'go  or  dee'go,  a  bay  of  Anegada,  in  the  West 
Inrtios. 

DIEGO  ALVAREZ.    See  GoucH  Islam*. 

DIEGO  GARCIA,  de-3'.sro  jraH-see'J.  the  most  S.  of  the  Mai- 
dive  Islands,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  with  an  excellent  harbor- 

DTEGO  SAURIEZ,  de-A'jro  s5Ve-A'.  or  BRITISH  SOUND,  a 
fine  harbor,  near  the  N.  extremitv  of  Madagascar.  Lat.  (N. 
point)  12°  13'  4S"  S..  Ion.  49°  2.3'  .'iO"  E. 

DIEGO  R.\>!IREZ.  de-A'co  rJmee'rJs.  an  island  group  in 
the  Sonth  Pacific,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Capo  Horn.  Lat.  56°  26' 
S..  Inn.  6S°  44'  W. 

DIEKIRfH,  dee1;66RK.  a  town  of  the  Netherl.Tnds.  prn- 
■vince.  and  18  miles  N.  of  Lnxembonrg.  on  the  Sure.     P.  3000. 

DI  KLtil,  de-^l'lee.  a  fortified  town  of  the  island  of  Timor, 
on  the  N.  coast,  capital  of  the  Portuguese  goTerument  of 
Dielli.  and  residence  of  the  governor. 

DIEL.SDORE.  decls'doRf.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  8  miles  N.X.W.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  642. 

DIEM  EL,  dee'mel,  a  river  of  Central  Germany,  in  Prus- 
gla,  M'estphalia  and  Hesse-Cassel.  joins  the  Werra  24  miles 
N.  of  Cassel,  after  a  N.E.  ooui-se  of  50  miles,  past  the  towns 
of  St.adtberg  and  Reinhardtswald. 

DI  KM  R ICH,  a  town  of  Transylvania.     See  Deva. 

DIEXVILLE,  de-^NoVeel',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aube,  13  miles  N.W.  of  15.ir-sur-Aute.     Pop.  12n4. 

DlEl'ENUEK.  dee'pen-bik',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Limbourg.  and  3  miles  S.E.  of  Ila.sselt.     Pop.  2508. 

DIEI'ENIIEIM,  dee'pen-hlme",  or  DIEPEN.  dee'pen,  a 
town  of  Holland,  province  of  Overyasel,  17  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Deventer.     Pop.  13S9. 

DIEl'HOLZ,  deep'hAlts\  a  town  of  Hanover,  capital  of  a 
county,  CO  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hanover,  on  the  Hunte.  Pop.  2523. 

DIEPPE,  dyipp  or  de-5pp',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-Inferieure.  at  the  moxjth  of  the  Arriues. 
at  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Rouen  and  Dieppe  Railroad,  on 
the  English  Channel,  and  33  miles  N.  of  Rouen.  Lat.  of 
lighthouse,  49°  55' 7"  N.,  Ion.  1°  5'  2"  E.  Pop. in  1S52, 17.669. 
It  is  divided  into  the  town  proper,  and  the  suburb  le  PoUet, 
which  communicate  by  a  flying  bridge,  both  being  well  fur- 
nished with  water  from  an  aqueduct  supplying  nearly  200 
fountains.  The  principal  edifices  are  an  old  castle  on  a 
cliff  W.  of  the  town,  2  churches,  the  town-hall,  commercial 
college,  theatre,  public  library,  baths,  and  a  school  of  navi- 
gation. The  port,  enclosed  by  2  jetties,  and  bordered  by 
quays,  can  accommodate  from  60  to  80  vessels  under  600 
tons;  but  it  dries  at  low  water,  and  is  otherwise  inconve- 
nient. Dieppe  has  an  active  general  trade,  ship  building 
docks,  manufactures  of  ivory  wares,  watches,  lace,  &c..  and 
is  a  packet  station,  communicating  daily  by  steambo.ats 
with  Brighton,  the  traffic  having  increased  considerably 
since  the  opening  of  the  Paris  and  Rouen  Railway.  Among 
the  imprjrts  of  1*^52.  were  22,9S4  tons  of  coal  from  Newcastle. 
Dieppe  is  the  chief  watering-place  of  Fr.ance.  and  is  much  fre- 
quented by  visiters  in  summer,  but  .still  more  towards 
autumn,  during  the  recess  of  the  legislature,  and  vacation 
of  the  colleges  and  government  offices  at  Paris.  It  was 
once  the  principal  port  of  Franc^  and  its  Inhabitants  were 
distinguished  f^r  thi'ir  enterprise.  It  was  bombarded  and 
much  dam.aged  by  the  English  and  Dutch  combined  fleet  in 
1694.  It  owes  much  to  the  Duchess  de  Berri,  who  first  made 
it  fashionable  as  a  bathini:  place. 

DIEREX,  dee'ren,  properly  DIEDEREX,  dee'der-en,  a  vil- 
lage of  Holland,  province  of  Gelderland,  in  the  Veluwe,  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Arnhem.    Pop.  1300. 

DIERSBURG,  deers'bOoRG,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Ifhine.  on  a  mountain  slope.     Pop.  1100. 

DIERSDORF,  deers'doRf.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  14 
miles  X.N.K.  of  Coblentz.  on  the  VViedbach.  Pop.  1400.  It 
has  a  fine  castle,  and  manufiictures  of  woollen  cloths,  linens, 
and  leather, 

DIES,  a  river  of  Holland.     See  DiEZE. 

DIESBACH.  OBER,  o'ber  dees^bdE.  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  11  miles  S.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  of  parish.  5915. 

DIESBACH,  UXTER.  SOn'ter  dee.s'bdK  a  village  of  Swit- 
Berland.  canton  of  Bern.     Pop.  1330. 

DIESE,  a  river  of  Holland.     Sea  Diezk. 

DI  ESSEN,  dees'sen,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on 
Lower  -\mmer,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Landsberg.     Pop.  1330. 

DIESSEX.  a  scattered  but  prettily  situated  village  of  Hol- 
land, province  of  Xorth  Brabant,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Bois  le 
Due.  on  the  Diesse.     Pop.  540. 

DIESSEXHOFEX,  dees'seii-ho'fen.  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Thurgau,  on  the'left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  ok  miles 
E.  of  SchafChausen.     Pop.  1517,  mostly  Protestants. 

DIEST,  deest,  a  walled  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  South 


DIG 

Brabant,  on  the  Demer.  and  17  miles  N.E.  of  Louvain.  Pop. 
7720.  It  has  manufactures  of  wof«llens  and  hosiery.  Diest 
was  once  a  feudal  barony,  of  which  the  princes  of  Orange 
were  lords.    It  was  taken  by  Marlborough  in  1705. 

DIETHXHEI.M.  dee'ten-hime\  a  town  of  Wtlrtemberg.  cir 
cle  of  Danube,  on  the  ll'ler.  15  miles  N.E.  of  Biberach.  P:p 
1251.    It  h.as  a  fine  church,  and  ruins  of  a  casti-- 

DIETFURT.  dect/fCORt,  a  town  of  Bavir::i.  .ircio  ot  Unper 
Palatinate,  on  the  Lvidwigs  Canal,  at  thir  mouth  of  the  Alt 
miihl,  23  miles  W.  Ratisbon.    Pop.  957. 

DIETFURT,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  :>fiddle  Fran- 
conia.  on  the  Altmilhl,  2  miles  X.W.  of  Pappenheim. 

DIETIGHEIM,  dee'tio-hime',  or  DITTIlJlIIOI.M.  dif/tio- 
hlme\  a  village  of  Eadeu.  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Tau- 
ber,  1  mile  S.  of  Bischofeheim.    Pop.  9S9. 

DIETIKON,  dee'te-kon,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  8  miles  W,X.W.  of  Zurich.  Several  contests  took  place 
here  in  1799  between  the  French  and  Russians,  generally  to 
the  advantage  of  the  former.     Pop.  lOiJO. 

DIETLIXGEX,  deet/ling-gn,  a  villiiire  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1340. 

DIET  WEIL,  GROSS,  groce  deet'wile,  a  village  and  pa- 
rish of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lucerne. 
Pop.  2297. 

DIhTZKXB.\CH,  deet'sen-b3K\  a  village  of  Hesse-Darn>- 
Btadt.  province  of  Starketiburg,  about  7  miles  E.  of  Frank- 
fort-on-the-Main.     Pop.  1239. 

DIEU,  an  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Fi-ance.  See  Ti.e-d'Yeu. 

DIEU-LE-FIT,  de-uh'-leh-fee.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Drome,  in  a  mountainous  district,  17  miles  E.  of  ilonte- 
limart.  Pop.  in  1852,  4222.  It  has  Rom.an  Catholic  and 
Protestant  churches,  a  model  Protestant  school,  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloths,  earthenwares,  and  gla.ss.  In  the 
town  are  2  acidulated  springs,  and  2  miles  N.E.  is  a  curious 
stalactitic  cave  called  •'  'J'om-.Jones." 

DIEULOUARD.  de-uh'loo-aii'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe.  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Xancy.     I'op.  14:j0. 

DIEUZE,  de*uz',  (anc.  De/cem  Pa>gi.)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
p.artmeut  of  Meurthe,  9  miles  E.  of  ChateauSalins.  Pop. 
3St)3.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  large  church,  2 
hosi)itals.  manufactures  of  linen  cloth,  hosiei-y.  hats,  and 
soda.  A  mine  in  the  vicinity  yields  annually  5000  tons  of 
rock  salt. 

DIEZ  or  DIETZ,  deets,  a  town  of  Germany,  10  miles  N.E. 
of  Nassau,  on  the  Aar.  at  its  mouth  in  the  Lahn.  Pop. 
2204.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  and  has  an  an- 
cient castle,  used  as  a  house  of  correction.  2  churches  and  a 
school  of  horticulture.  Three  miles  from  the  town  is  the 
castle  of  Oi'anienburg,  (o-rl'ne-gn-ljOoRO,)  the  residence  of 
the  Dukes  of  Nassau. 

DI  EZK.  DI  ESE,  dee'zeh.  or  DIES.  decs,  a  river  of  Holland, 
province  of  Xorth  Bralirant.  formed  by  the  junction  of  the. 
Aa  and  the  Dommel,  and  falls  into  the  Meuse. 

DIl-'FXAXE  (diff'ndn')  ISLAND,  in  tlie  Red  Sea,  one  cf 
the  Dlialak  group.  Si  miles  from  the  nearest  shore. 

DIG'ISY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DIGBY,  a  village  of  Xova  Scotia,  on  Annapolis  Harbor. 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Annapolis.  A  steamboat  )ili"S  regularly 
between  this  port  and  St.  John's.  Xew  Brunswick. 

DIGBY,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  extremity  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, bordering  on  the  Atlantic.  Brials  Island,  and  a  re- 
markalile  headland  called  Digby  Neck,  encloses  St.  Mary's 
Bay  on  the  N.W.  The  surface  is  extremely  diversified  with 
mountains,  valleys,  and  lakes,  the  last  of  which  give  rise 
to  several  considerable  rivers.  Copper  and  silver  ores  are 
found  in  the  county.  The  underlying  rock  consists  of  dif- 
ferent colored  sandstones  of  the  coal  measures.  Capital, 
Digby.     Pop.  in  1851,  12,252. 

DIGBY',  a  seaport-town  of  Nova  Scotia,  capital  of  Digby 
county,  is  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  neck  of  the  same 
name,  about  110  miles  W.  of  Halifax.  This  is  one  of  the 
principal  seats  of  the  fisheries,  and  the  herrings  of  Digby 
have  obtained  a  wide  celebrity  for  their  excellence.  Pop., 
consisting  of  Hessians,  American  refugees,  and  French, 
about  ftiO. 

DIGGES  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  three  small  islands  in  the 
.\rctic  Ocean,  on  the  S.W.  side  of  Hudson's  Strait.  Lat.  02° 
37'  X.,  Ion.  74°  18'  ^V. 

DIG'GERS.  a  name  applied  to  various  tiibes  of  miserable 
and  degraded  Indians  in  Oregon  and  California,  who  subsist 
on  roots,  which  they  dig  out  of  the  earth,  and  on  insects, 
lizards,  Ac. 

DIGHTON.  dl'ton.  a  post-township  of  Bristol  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  W.  side  of  Taunton  River,  35  miles  S.  by  AV 
ofBcston.     Pop.  1733. 

DIGX.\XO,  deen-yd'no.  a  town  of  Illyria.  in  Tstria,  48 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Triest,  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence 
about  3  miles  from  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  3600.  It  has  a  ca- 
thedral and  2  monasteries. 

DIGX  E.  deeSi,  (anc.  Di'nia.)  a  walled  town  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Basses-Alpes,  on  a  hill  side  near  the 
left  bank  of  the  Bleone,  55  miles  X.E.  of  .4.ix.  Pop.  in  1SS2. 
4781.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace,  courts  of  assize 
atid  commerce,  a  public  library,  tanneries,  and  trade  in 
prunes,  almonds,  corn,  hemp,  and  cattle. 

567 


DIG 


DIN 


DfGOA.    See  Dekgoa.  . 

D/  GOIX.  tlef'gwlNo',  (smcDenegonHium  f)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  t-aOue-et^Loiie,  on  the  Loire,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  (  anal  du  Centre,  14  miles  W.  of  CharoUes.  I'op.  in  lsd2, 
32yl     It  h;is  manufactures  of  earthenware,  and  trade  in  salt. 

DIGS'AVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.,  of  Herts. 

DIGUK,  La,  Id  deeg,  an  island  of  the  Seychelles  Archi- 
pelago, in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Lat.  4°  21'  12"  S.,  Ion.  55°  55' 
16"  K. 

DIIION'G,  dee'hong',  the  great  western  stream  forming  the 
Brahmapootra  Kiver,  in  tart  her  India,  which  br«aks  through 
the  Himalayas,  near  lat.  2S°  15'  N.,  Ion.  95°  10'  E.,  and  has 
been  supposed  identical  with  the  San-poo,  in  Thibet.     See 

BRAHMAI'OOTRA. 

DIJON,  due'zhAxo',  (anc.  Dib/inor Div'io,)a.nyero{  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Coto-d'Or.  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Ouche  and  S^uaon,  on  the  Caual  of  Burgundy,  (Canal  de 
Bourgogne,)  and  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons.  ICO 
miles  S.K.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  32,252.  It  is  enclosed  by 
ramparts,  and  has  many  tine  public  walk.s,  and  beautiful  en- 
virons. The  chief  public  buildings  are  a  palace  of  the  princes 
of  Conde,  a  castle  built  by  Louis  XI.  and  XI 1.,  and  serving 
for  barrai^ks,  the  town-hall,  prefecture,  a  large  old  court- 
house, a  theatre,  hospitals,  prisons,  and  an  orphan  asylum. 
It  has  2  public  libraries,  one  containing  40.000  volumes  with 
MSS.,  a  cabinet  of  natural  history,  a  national  court  for  the 
departments  of  COte-d'Or,  llaute-Marne.  and  Sijone-et-Loire, 
courts  of  assize  and  commerce,  an  acadeinie  unirersituire.  8 
colleges,  .schools  of  medicine  and  the  tine  arts,  and  a  botanic 
garden.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton,  and  woollen 
fabrics,  hats,  earthen-ware,  soap,  beer,  and  leather;  but  its 
chief  dependence  is  on  its  wine  trade,  it  being  the  principal 
depot  and  market  for  the  .sale  of  Burgundy  wines.  Many 
eminent  men  were  natives  of  Dijon,  the  celebrated  Bossuet, 
Crebillon,  Saumaise.  (Salmasius,  the  antagonist  of  Milton,) 
Piron,  Hameau,  Guyton,  Morveau,  &c.  St.  Bernard,  the  fa- 
mous founder  of  Citeaux,  was  born  in  a  neighbouring  vil- 
lage, and  a  bronze  statue  of  him  has  lately  been  erected  in 
a  new  quarter  of  Dijon,  called  the  St.  Bernard  suburb.  Dijon 
is  a  very  ancient  city,  and  is  believed  to  be  of  Roman  foun- 
dation. The  annals  of  the  Middle  Ages  give  constant  evi- 
dence of  its  importance  in  ejirly  times  as  the  capital  of  a 
principality,  the  rival  of  ancient  France  in  extent  of  terri- 
tory, and  occasionally  its  superior  in  power. 

DIJONXOIS  or  DIJONN  AIS,  dee'zhon'nA/,  an  old  division 
of  France,  in  the  province  of  Burgundy.  Its  capital  was 
Dijon,  it  is  now  comprised  in  the  department  of  C6te-d'0r. 

DIKiywID,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

DIiyH.4M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DIL'lIORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

DIL'IGENT  STRAIT,  a  channel  or  passage  in  the  Bay  of 
.Bengal,  between  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  middle  Andaman  and 
some  contiguous  islands,  and  a  group  or  chain  of  larger 
islands,  extending  from  lat.  11°  48'  to  12°  20'  N.  It  is  from 
6  to  9  miles  wide,  except  towards  the  middle,  where  it  is  only 
2  or  3  miles  in  width. 

DILLENBUKG,  dil'len-bfKSRG\  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy, 
and  37  miles  N.E.  of  Nassau,  on  the  Dille.  Pop.  2500.  It 
has  an  ancient  ruined  castle,  a  college,  hospital,  and  orphan 
asylum,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  fabrics.  In  the  vi- 
cinity are  copper  mines,  potash,  and  lime-works. 

DIL'LEUSVILLE,  a  village  of  Lancister  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Ilarrisburg  and  Lancaster  Railroad,  I  mile  W. 
of  Lancaster. 

DILLE'S  BOTTOM,  a  po?tK)ffico  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

DILLI,  dillee,  or  DELLY,  dJl'lee,  a  town  on  the  N.W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Timor.  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  Por- 
tuguese possessions.     Lat.  3°  33'  S.,  Ion.  4°  33  S.,  Ion. 

DILLINGEN,  dilling-fn,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Swabia,  capital  of  a  district  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube, 
24  miles  N.W.  of  Augstiurg.  Pop.  3453.  It  is  enclosed  by 
ancient  walls,  and  has  a  palace,  the  residence  of  the  bishops 
of  Augsburg,  3  Roman  Catholic  churches,  an  orphan  asylum, 
barracks,  gymnasium,  and  superior  schools,  ship-building 
docks,  and  manufactures  of  cutlery. 

DILLINGEN.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  28  miles  S.  of 
Treves.  Pop.  1390.  It  has  paper  milli,  and  copper  and  iron 
foundries. 

DIiyLINGERSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn- 
■ylvania. 

DILLN  or  DILN.    See  Duii\,  (DUlln.) 

DI  l/LON,  a  post-township  of  Tazewell  CO.,  Illinois,  P,  13.39. 

DILLON  8  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,  A'irginia. 

DI  liLS'  HOROUG II,  a  post-village  of  Deai'born  co.,  Indiana, 
85  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

DILLS'HURG,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  306. 

DIL'LY  or  DEl/LY  .MOUNT,  a  headland  of  .South  Hindos- 
tan,  which  may  be  considen^d  as  marking  the  limit  lietween 
the  coasts  of  Canara  and  -Malabar:  lat.  12°  2'  N.,  Ion.  76°  16' K. 

DILM.iN,  deermdn',  a  new  and  considerable  town  of 
Northern  Persia,  province  of  .\zerbaijan.  50  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ooroonu-e/yah.  It  is  a  new  town,  there  being  an  old  one  of 
the  same  name,  now  almost  In  ruins,  almut  4  miles  W.  of  it. 
It  Is  surrounded  by  gardens.  Pop.  estimated  at  15,000. 
6U8 


DILTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

DIL'WORTH.  a  township  of  England  co.  of  Lancaster 

DIL'WORTHTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 78  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

DIjyWYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DIM  A.  dee'ma,  a  large  town  of  .Abyssinia,  state  of  Amhara, 
district  of  Goiam,  near  lat.  10°  30'  N..  Ion.  38°  5'  K.  It  ie 
divided  into  many  quarters  by  stone  walls;  the  houses  are 
mostly  of  stone,  and  its  church  is  one  of  the  largest  edifices 
in  the  countrv. 

DI.MCHUHCII.  a  parish  of  Endand.    See  DYMciiiRcn. 

DIMITROVSIv  or  Dl.MITKOWSK,  dee'me-trovsk',  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  47  miles  S.W,  of  Orel,  on  the 
Oscheiltz,  at  its  confluence  witli  the  Neroosa,  Pop.  about  3000. 

DIMITZ.^NA,  dee-meet-sd'ni,  a  town  of  Greece,  in  Morea, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Carbanara,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Tripolitza. 
Before  the  Russian  invasion  in  1770,  this  town  was  one  of 
the  most  important  places  in  the  country. 

DIM'.M1CK,  a  post-oflice  of  Iji  Salle  co..  Illinois. 

DIM'OCKS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Susiiuehanna 
CO..  Pennsylvani.^,  7  miles  S.  of  Montro.«e.    Pop.  1181. 

DINABURG.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Dusahurg. 

DINAGKPOORorDIXAJPOOR.dee-ndj-poor',  (i.e.  "the 
abode  of  beggars.")  capital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  and 
seat  of  a  British  jurisdiction,  is  105  miles  N.  of  Moorshada- 
bad.  Estimated  pop.  30,000.  It  is  meanly  built.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  British  judicial  and  revenue  courts,  but  is.  on  the 
whole,  a  very  poor  place.  The  vicinity  is  sandy  soil,  and  ill 
supplied  with  water. 

DINAGEPOOR.  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.    Area.  5374  square  miles.     Pop.  2.341,420. 

DINAMARCA,  DiyAMAVQUKS.    See  Denmark. 

DINAN,  dee'uSNo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  C6te9- 
du-Nord,  on  a  height  near  the  Ranee,  14  miles  S.  of  St. 
Malo.  Pop.  in  1852,  8437.  It  is  enclo.sed  by  a  wall,  de- 
fended by  a  fine  old  castle.  The  principal  edifices  are  two 
Gothic  churches,  a  clock-tower,  town-hall,  commercial  col- 
lege, hospital,  public  library,  concert-hall,  &c.  It  has  m.tnu- 
factures  of  sail-cloth,  linen  and  cotton  fabrics,  slme.s,  hats, 
and  leather ;  salt  refineries,  beet-root  sugar  factories,  and  a 
brisk  trade  in  butter,  hemp,  linen  thread,  &c.,  carried  on  by 
means  of  the  river,  which  is  navigable  up  to  the  town.  In 
1389  it  was  besieged  by  the  Duke  of  Lancaster,  and  defended 
by  Du  Guesclin. 

DINANT,  de-n3nt/  or  dee'nfljf"',  (L.  Dina-nHium.)  a  town 
of  Belgium,  pnivince,  and  15  miles  S.  of  Namur,  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  rocky  and  castle-crowned  height,  near  the  Meuse, 
Pop.  6388.  It  has  a  Gothic  cathedral,  two  hospital.*,  a  Latin 
school,  manufactures  of  hardwares,  woollen  fabrics,  paper, 
and  leather.  The  existence  of  Dinant  dates  from  the  sixtll 
century,  and,  according  to  old  chronicles,  its  name  is  d* 
rived  from  the  goddess  Diana,  who  was  worshipped  and  had 
a  temple  here.  As  early  as  the  twelfth  century  it  was 
strongly  fortified,  and  deemed  impregnable.  In  14i3ri.  Philip 
the  Good,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  with  50.000  men  and  a  for- 
midable artillery,  took  it  by  assault,  razed  it  to  the  ground, 
and,  taking  800  of  the  inhabitants,  tied  them  by  twos,  back 
and  back,  and  threw  them  into  the  Meuse,  It  was  rebuilt 
in  1493,  but  has  since  been  twice  taken  by  the  French, 
namely,  in  1564  and  1675. 

Dl'NAPOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, district,  and  14  miles  W.  of  I'atna,  with  a  quay  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ganges.  It  has  handsome  military  can- 
tonments, and  3200  houses,  chiefly  of  mud.  and  tiled. 

DIXARIC  (;de-nJr'ic)  ALPS,  (L.  M'pr.t  Dhmrfica.)  consist 
of  that  portion  of  the  Alpine  system  which  connect  the  Ju- 
lian Alps  with  branches  of  the  Balkan  in  Turkey,  and  cover 
South  Croatia.  Dalmati.i.  alid  Herzegovina,  with  their  rami- 
fications, separating  the  basin  of  the  Save  from  the  region 
watered  by  the  Kerka,  Narenta,  and  other  rivers  flowing  to 
the  Adri.itic  Sea.  They  seldom  rise  to  more  than  7000  feet 
in  height,  and  are  chiefly  of  a  calcareous  formation. 

DIN'AS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

DIN'AS-MOWDDU,  (mOw'THee,)  a  decayed  borough  and 
market-town  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Jlerioneth.  on  the  Dovy. 
Pop.  300.  It  is  most  picturesquely  situated  on  the  si('e  jf  a 
precipitous  mountain,  and  though  but  a  miserable  village, 
has  the  local  designation  of  a  •'city." 

DIN'DER.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Somerset. 

DI.X^DIGUI/,  an  old  division  of  the  M.idras  presidency,  in 
British  India,  now  comprised  in  Madura. 

DIN^DIGUiy,  a  town  of  India,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Madura, 
with  a  fort  on  a  high  granite  rock.     Pop.  3200 

DIN'DIXG'  ISLES,  a  group  off  the  W.  coast  of  the  5Ialay 
Peninsula,  "0  miles  S.S.E.  of  Penang.  I..jit.  4°  20'  N.,  loo. 
1(X»°  32'  E.  PooLo  DiNDixo  is  a  beautiful  granitii-  island, 
250  feet  high,  and  covered  with  thick  woods  from  the  mar- 
gin of  the  sea  to  the  summit. 

DINIVDOK.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Hereford. 

DIN'EVAWR'  CASTLE,  a  ruined  Sirtress  of  South  W.ileK, 
CO.  of  Carmarthen,  anciently  a  seat  of  the  Cambri.m  princes. 
It  now  idves  the  title  of  bamn  to  the  Cardonnel  iiiiiiily. 

DI  NGK,  d.'iX'^'zh.V.  a  town  of  Fiixnce.  department  of  lUe-et, 
Vilaine.  17  miles  N.of  Rennes.     Pop.  18.30. 

DINGELSTADT,    (Dingelstadt,)    dini;'yl  st^tt',  a  wnUed 


DIN 


DIS 


town  of  Prussian  Saxonv,  on  the  Unstrut,  10  miles  N..N.W. 
of  MUhlhausen.     Pup.  36f)2. 

DIN'UESTOW,  a  parish  of  Eagland,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

DIN'OLE,  a  seaport  and  market-town,  parish,  and  dis- 
franchised Ijorouj^li  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  on 
the  N.  side  of  Dinj^le  Bay,  S  miles  K.  of  Dunmore  lle;td.  Pop. 
of  town,  o386.  Its  linen  manuCictiire  has  declined.  Dinj;le 
Bay  is  much  exposed  to  the  swell  of  the  Atlantic,  but  the 
harbor  is  safe. 

DING'IiEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

DIN'G'Jl  AN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pike  co.,  Penn- 
Bylvauia,  on  the  Delaware  lliver,  about  8  miles  below  Mil- 
ford.     Pop. -603. 

DINGOIANSBURG,  a  thriving  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Miami  Kiver,  opposite  Sidney,  72  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Columbus.     Pop.  about  250. 

DIXG'.M  AN'S  FERRY,  a  post-oflfice,  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DINGOLKING.  ding'ol-fiug\  a  town  in  Lower  Bavaria,  on 
a  rock  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Is;ir,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Landau.  Pop.  1897.  Ecclesiastical  councils  were  held  here 
in  772  and  932. 

DING'WALL,  a  royal  burgh  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capi- 
tal of  the  CO.  of  Ross,  at  the  head  of  Cromarty  Firth,  where 
joined  by  the  Peller,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Inverness.  Pop.  of 
borough,  1739.  It  has  wharves  for  vessels  drawing  9  feet 
water,  but  very  little  trade.  It  joins  with  Tain,  Dornoch, 
Wick,  and  Kirkwall  in  sending  1  member  to  Parliament. 

DINIA.     See  Dione. 

DIXKKLS13UHL,  (DinkelsbUhl,)  dink'?ls-bUle\  a  fortified 
town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Jlidile  Franconia,  on  the  Wernitz, 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Anspach.  Pop.  5019.  It  was  formerly  a 
free  town  of  the  empire,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths,  camlets,  leather,  stockings,  and  gloves,  and  a  brisk 
trade  in  corn. 

DINKL.A.GK,  ding'kld^gheh,  a  village  of  Northern  Ger- 
many, grand  duchy  of  Oldenburg,  ciipital  of  a  district  and 
lordship,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Vecht.  Pop.  1384.  It  haa  4  an- 
nual fairs. 

DIM'.MINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

DINS'D.\LE,  a  parish  and  watering-place  of  England, 
CO.  of  Northampton,  on  the  Tees,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Darlington. 
It  has  a  medicinal  spring,  with  baths  and  hotel. 

DINSLAK  KN,  dinsWken,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  24 
miles  from  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  1624. 

DIXS/MOKE,  a  postrtowuship  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  75  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1.365. 

DINTELOORD,  din'teh-lORt',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Brabrant,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Willemstad. 
Pop.  1000. 

DIX'TING,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  on  the 
Sheffield  and  Manchester  Railway,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Shei&eld. 

DIX'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

DIXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

DIN  WID'DIE,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  con- 
tains 540  square  miles.  The  Appomattox  River  bounds  it 
on  the  N.,  and  the  Xottoway  on  the  S.W.;  it  is  also  drained 
by  Stony  and  Xamazine  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating. 
The  rocks  which  underlie  this  county  are  of  the  primitive 
formation.  The  railroad  from  Richmond  to  Weldon,  North 
Carolina,  passes  through  the  county.  Formed  in  1762,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Robert  Dinwiddle,  then  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. Capital,  Dimviildie  Conrt-IIouse.  Pop.  30,198,  of 
wliom  17.424  were  free,  and  12,774  slaves. 

DINWID'DIE  COURT  HOUSE,  a  postrvilUge,  capital  of 
Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia,  on  Stony  Creek,  35  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Richmond. 

DIXWID'DIE'S  TAN  YARD,  a  postnifflce  of  Campbell  co., 
Virginia. 

DIXXPERLO,  dinx'p?R-lo',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Brede voort.   Pop.  700. 

DIOIS,  dee^vi',  an  old  district  of  France,  in  the  province 
Dauphine.  the  capital  of  which  was  Die.  In  1414  it  was 
ceded  to  Charles  VI.  by  Louis-de-Poitiers. 

DIO.MA,  de-o'mi,  a  river  of  European  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Orenboorg,  after  a  N.N.E.  course  of  150  mile.s,  joins 
the  Biela  near  Oofa.    It  has  many  copper  mines  on  its  banks. 

DI'OMKDE  ISLAND,  a  group  in  Behring  Strait,  midway 
between  .\sia  and  .\merica,  consisting  of  Fairway,  Krusen- 
stern,  and  Ratmanov  Islands,  the  centi-al  one  in  lat.  65°  46' 
N.,  ion.  168°  55'  ^V. 

DIOSCORIDIS  INSULA.    See  Socotua. 

DIOS-GYOR,  (Dios-Gyor,)  dee'oshySH/,  a  market^town  of 
Northern  Hungary,  co.  of  Borsod.  in  a  pleasant  valley  65 
miles  W.  of  Miskolcz.  Pop.  3264.  It  has  manufactures 
of  barrels  and  toys.     Near  it  are  important  iron  mines. 

DIOS,  NOMBliK  DE.  nAm'bri  di  dee^oce,  a  town  of 
Mexico,  state,  and  50  miles  S.E\  of  Durango.    Pop.  7000. 

DIOZEGH.  deeV^zJg'.  a  market-towu  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Bihar,  23  miles  S.K.  of  Debreczin. 

DIOZKGH,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co..  and  25  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Presburg,  on  the  Dudvvag.     Pop.  1714. 

DIPIGN.IXO,  de-peen-yi'no.  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  CalaBria  Citra,  3  miles  S.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  2400. 

DU'POLDISWALDE,  dip-pordis-wdl'dgh,  a,  town  of  Saxo- 


ny, circle,  and  11  miles  S.  of  Dresden,  on  the  Weisseritz. 
Pop.  2406.    It  has  manufiictures  of  woollen  and  linen  cloths. 

DIPSO,  dip'so,  a  town  of  Greece,  on  the  island  of  Negropont 
or  EuUwi,  on  the  channel  of  Talanda,  30  miles  N.W.  of  th» 
town  of  Negropont.  It  is  supposed  to  replace  the  ancient 
(Eikpsus,  famed  for  its  hot  baths. 

DIPTFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DIRECTION  ISLAND,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  is  one  of  the 
Keeling  group,  in  lat.  12°  5'  24"  S. 

DIRKCTION  ISLAND,  at  the  entrance  of  the  China  Sea, 
off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Borneo;  lat.  15°  N.,  Ion.  108°  2'  E. 

DIRKCTION  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islands  off  the 
N.  E.  coast  of  Australia,  near  Cape  Flattery ;  lat.  14°  25'  S.,  Ion, 
145°  30'  E. 

DIlfHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

DIRILLO,  de-rillo,  (anc.  AcftaHes,)  a  river  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendency  of  Syracuse,  enters  the  Slediterranean  24  miles 
W.N.W.  of  -Modica,  after  a  W.S.W.  course  of  about  30  miles. 

DIRK-IIARn"OG  ISLAND,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Australi:v. 
Lat.  26°  S.,  ion.  113°  E.  Coast  steep;  length  from  N.  to  S., 
45  miles ;  breadth,  10  miles. 

DIRKSLAND,  diaks/ldnt,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  South  Holland,  20  miles  S.\V.  of  Rotterdam.  It  has  a 
harbor,  communicating  S.  with  the  Ilaringvliet.     Pop.  2030. 

DIRLETON,  dgrl'ton,  a  maritime  village  and  paiish  of 
Scotland,  co.,and  6i  miles  N.  of  Haddington,  on  the  S.  shore 
of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  Its  village,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
in  Scotland,  is  situated  in  a  plain,  on  one  side  of  wliich  are 
the  noble  ruins  of  Dirleton  Castle. 

DIRMSTEIN,  dSeRm'stine.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Palatinate,4  miles  E.N.E.  of  GrUnstadt.     Pop.  2049. 

DIRSCH.\U,  dfiea'shOw,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  capital  of 
a  circle,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dautzic,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vis- 
tula, and  on  the  railway  from  Berlin  to  Dantzic.  Pop.  3510. 
It  has  tanneries,  breweries,  and  a  transit  trade  on  the  river. 

DIRT  TOWN,  a  pos^village  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia, 
about  180  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

DIS,  a  walled  town  of  South  Arabia,  near  the  coast,  53 
miles  E.N.E.  of  MakalLih,  with  lOoO  inhabitants. 

DIS'APPOINT/MENT  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Bonin  group  In 
the  North  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  27°  16'  N.,  Ion.  140°  5i'  E. 

DISAPPOINTMENT  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Pacific  Oce.in; 
lat.  50°  36'  S.,  Ion.  166°  E. 

DISAPPOINT.MENT  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific,  in 
lat.  14°  5'  S.,  and  discovered  by  Byron  in  1765. 

DISCUINGEN,  dish'ing-^n,  a  market-town  of  WUrtem- 
burg,  on  the  Egge,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Neresheim.     Pop.  1150. 

DISCHIXGEN,  UPPER,  a  market-town  of  WUrtemburg, 
on  the  Danube,  E.  of  Ehingen. 

DlS'CO.  a  large  island  belonging  to  Denmark,  in  Davis* 
Strait,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Greenland.  Lat.  69°  11'  N.,  Ion. 
53°  20'  W.  It  contains  stone  quarries  and  coal  mines,  pos 
ses.ses  valuable  fisheries,  and,  with  a  number  of  small  sur- 
rounding islands,  forms  a  division  of  the  inspectorate  of 
North  Greenland. 

DISCOVERY  BAY,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  between 
Capes  Bridgewater  and  Northumberland.  It  is  about  50 
miles  wide.    Centre  in  lat.  38°  5'  S.,  Ion.  141°  E. 

DISCOVERY  PORT,  a  harbor  of  Oregon,  near  the  head  of 
the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  stretching  inland  for  8  miles, 
to  the  parallel  of  48°  N.,  and  having  an  average  width  of  2 
miles. 

DISENTIS.    See  Dissentis  Mustae. 

DISE'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

DIS'M.^L  SWAMP  extends  from  near  Norfolk,  in  A'irginia, 
into  North  Carolina.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  about  30  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  10  or  12  miles.  It  is  in  some  parts  covered 
with  reeds,  in  others  with  a  heavy  growth  of  trees  with  a 
thick  undergrowth.  In  the  centre  is  Lake  Drcm.moxd, 
covering  about  6  square  miles ;  when  full,  the  surface  is  21 
feet  alx)ve  tide-water. 

DISNA,  dis'nd,  a  thriving  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  109  miles  N.N.E.  of  Minsk,  capital  of  a  circle  of  same 
name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Disna.  It  has  some  shipping, 
and  a  considerable  trade.     Pop.  2219. 

DISNA,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  In  a  lake  of  .same  name,  in 
the  N.E.  of  the  government  of  Vilna,  and  joins  the  Dwiua 
after  a  course  of  aViout  90  miles. 

DISON,  dee'z(!)N='.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Liege, 
2  miles  N.N.W.  of  Verviers.  Pop.  2900.  It  has  important 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 

DISS,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  oJ"  Xoi> 
folk,  on  the  Waveney,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Norwich. 

DISS.\IS,  dees'sA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vi- 
enne.  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  1556. 

DISSAY,  dee.s'si'.  and  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Calais,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Long.     Pop.  1600. 

DIS/SEEV  or  VALENTIA.  an  island  in  the  Rod  Sea.  W.  of 
the  Dankali  coast,  about  Ijit.  15°  18'  N.,  Ion.  40°  2,V  E.  It  is 
about  2^  miles  long,  and  |  of  a  mile  broad,  and  is  remarkable 
for  its  pleasant  appearance. 

DISSI'IN,  dis'sgn,  a  market-town  of  Hanover,  13  mile* 
S.S.E.  of  Osnaburg.     Pop.  1650. 

DISSENTIS  MUSTAR,   dis-sJntU   moostaB,   or  DISEN- 

569 


DIS 


t>IV 


TIS  dee  sen'tis,  a  town  or  Switzerland,  canton  of  Orisons, 
3800  loet  above  sea-level,  on  a  gentle  slope,  near  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Further  and  Middle  Khiue,  34  miles  W.S.tV.  of 
.  Chur.  (Coire.)     Its  chief  attraction  is  an  ancient  convent  of 
Beu'-dictine?,  which  is  said  to  have  l>een  founded,  in  600,  by 
Sij:i'^t)ert,     its  superiors  were  once  princes  of  the  empire.    It 
was  almost  destroyed  by  the  French  in  ItSW.   The  environs  of 
Dissentisexhibit  someof  fhefinest  Alpine  scenery.  l'op.l436. 
DI.S'SKRTU,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 
DISTIXGTON.  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 
DJST'LEV,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
DISTKICT,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,Penn8ylvania.    P.  786. 
DISTRICT  OF  COLUM'BIA.  a  small  tract  of  territory  set 
apart  as  the  site  of  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  was 
ceded  to  the  General  Government  by  the  state  of  Maryland, 
by  which  it  is  Ixinuded  on  all  sides  except  the  S.W.,  which 
is  wsished  by  the  Potomac  River.    The  capital  in  Washington 
is  in  lat.  38°  63'  N.,  Ion.  7V'  2'  W.  from  Greenwich.    American 
geographers,  however,  often  compute  longitude  from  this 
place.    Originally  the  District  of  Columbia  was  10  miles 
square,  or  100  square  miles;  bnt  by  the  retrocession  of 
Alexandria  co.  to  Virginia  in  1846,  it  was  reduced  to  about  60 
square  miles,  or  35,400  acres,  16,267  of  which  are  improved. 
Surfice. — The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  with  some 
marshes.    There  are  eminences  of  sufficient  prominence  to 
command  fine  views  and  give  variety  to  the  scene. 

Riven. — The  Potomac  River  separates  the  district  from 
Virginia,  which,  except  a  small  tributary  called  the  East 
Brancli,  and  Rock  Creek,  separating  Washington  from 
Georgetown,  is  the  only  stream  of  importance. 

Proditclions. — The  District  has  very  little  agricultural 
importance,  producing  only  for  home  consumption.  Pro- 
ducts in  1860,  12,760  bushels  of  wheat;  6919  of  rye;  80.840 
of  Indian  corn;  29,548  of  oats;  31,.593  of  Irish  potatoes; 
18,835  pounds  of  butter;  3180  tons  of  hay;  15,200  pounds 
of  tobacco,  with  some  peas  and  beans,  sweet  potatoes,  bar- 
ley, buckwheat,  wine  and  honey.  Value  of  live  stock, 
$11)9.540;  of  orchard  products,  $9980 ;  and  market  garden, 
$139,403, 

ilanufiielures — In  1860,  the  District  had  1  cotton  fac- 
tory of  3560  spindles,  and  83  looms,  employing  $45,000  of 
capital,  and  70  male  and  25  female  liands,  consuming  raw 
material  worth  $47,403,  and  producing  980,000  yards  of 
stuff.  value<l  at  $74,500 ;  2  foundries,  and  4  machine-shops, 
with  $86,200  capital,  consiuning  raw  material  worth  $40,430. 
priMluting  castings,  4c,,  worth  $147,000,  and  employing 
143  hands ;  $108,800  were  invested  in  the  nianufiieture  of 
malt  and  spirituous  liquors,  consuming  S48.400  busliels  of 
barley,  proilucing  22,500  barrels,  valued  at  $159,620;  there 
were  12  flour  and  meal  mills  with  $284,100  capital,  con- 
suming raw  material  worth  $1,069,126,  producing  flour, 
163,2.30  barrels,  worth  $1,104,893,  and  meal  worth  $'!8,000; 
4  tanneries  employing  $66,400  capital,  and  raw  material 
Worth  .i;68,478.  and  producing  leather  valued  at  $107,809; 
8  printing  offices,  employing  $471,250  capital,  and  consum- 
ing raw  material  worth  $307,560.  and  producing  books,  &c., 
Talued  at  $778,500  The  total  value  of  products,  in  1860, 
amounted  to  $5,512,102,  and,  in  1850,  to  $2,680,258,  being  an 
Increase  of  $2,721,844,  or  nearly  121  per  cent. 

Intfrnal  Improvements. — A  few  miles  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  are  in  the  District,  and  the  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  has  its  terminus  at  Georgetown.  There  are  2 
horse-railroads,  with  an  aggregate  of  8  miles  of  track. 

Commerce. — Since  1860.  there  have  been  no  imports  or  ex- 
ports, and  the  amount  of  tonnage  belonging  to  the  District 
Tery  light. 

Klticaliun. — The  returns  on  this  point  as  regards  the 
District  have  not  been  received.  There  were  in  1864,  65 
public  schools,  with  4895  pupils,  and  a  school  fund  of 
J49,171. 

Religimts  Denominations. — Of  68  churches,  the  Baptists 
owned  5,  Episcopalians  12,  Friends  1,  Jews  1,  Lutheran  3, 
Metho<iists  27,  Presbyterians  11,  Roman  Catholics  7,  and 
Unitarians  1,  with  an  aggregate  church  accommodations 
tor  50.040  persons.  Value  of  church  property.  $950,450. 
Public  InstitiUinns. — See  W.\shi.\gton  and  Qeoroktown. 
B'pulati-rn.— The  District  of  Columbia  had  14,093  inhabi- 
tants in  1800;  24,023  in  1810;  33,039  in  1820;  39  S.34  in 
IMO;  43,712  in  1840;  51,<  87  in  1850;  and  75,0<0  in  1860.  of 
whom  29.585  were  white  males,  31.179  white  fenuiles,  4702 
tree  colored  males,  6429  free  colored  females,  and  1212  male 
and  19,3  female  slaves.  Of  the  free  population,  34,005  were 
born  in  the  District,  25,406  in  other  parU  of  tlie  United 
Statics;  59  in  Briti.Mi  America,  1030  in  En-land,  12.58  in 
^land,  2>6  m  Scotland  and  Wales,  3254  in  Gernianv,  160  in 
jrwnce;  40  were  deaf  and  dumb,  of  whom  4  were  free 
colored,  la  slave;  47  blind,  of  whom  11  were  free  colored, 
7  slave.'*;  204  insane,  22  free  colored,  8  slavoe 

0«MrtM.— The  entire  district  constitutes  the  coontr  of 
Washington.  ■' 

C«i«v.— Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  has 
a  population  of  61.122,  and  Georgetown  8733,  and  include 
nearly  the  entire  population  of  the  di.strict 

Cowmmrr./,— The  District  of  Columbia  is  under  the  direct 
government  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  has 


■  no  representation  in  Congress,  and  no  rote  for  President. 
The  judiciary  consists  of  1  supreme  court,  witli  1  chief  and 
3  a-ssociate  justices,  the  former  receiving  $.';000,  and  the 
latter  $3000  each  per  annum,  and  of  an  orphans'  court, 
with  a  judge  receiving  $2500  per  annum.  Assessed  value 
of  property,  $42,000,000.  In  January,  186,"),  there  were  8 
banks,with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $21,000,0u0,  and  6  private 
banking  houses. 

History. — In  1790,  Maryland  and  Virginia  ceded  100  square 
miles  to  the  United  States.  This  tract  was  named  tlie  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  in  honor  of  the  great  discuvcrer  of 
.America.  This  district,  about  two-thirds  of  wliich  was  on 
the  Maryland  shore  of  the  Potomac,  was  designed  for  the 
site  of  the  capital  of  the  nation,  and,  in  accordance  with 
this  intention,  a  city  was  laid  out,  public  buildings  erected, 
and,  in  ISOO,  the  government  officials  removed  tliereto 
from  Philadelphia.  During  the  war  of  1812,  tlie  British 
forces  took  Washington,  and  burned  the  Cajiitol,  (including 
the  library  of  Congress,)  and  the  President's  Ilouss.  In 
1846,  Alexandria  county  was  retroceded  to  '\  irgiiiia.  The 
project  of  abolishing  slavery  had  been  long  entertained  by 
the  friends  of  emancipation,  but  was  not  carried  into  effect 
till  1862. 
DIT'CHEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
DITCHEI/LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
DITCIIINGHAM,  dit/ching-.jm,  a  p;irish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

DITMAKSCH  (dit/maush)  \ORTII  and  SOUTH,  (Ger. 
Norder  noR'der  and  SiUler  sii'der  Dituiarsclieii,  difuias- 
shen.)  a  subdivision  of  the  Duchy  of  Ilolstein.  in  Denmark, 
between  the  Elbe  and  the  Eider.  The  North  distrief  contains 
11  villages ;  chief  town,  Ileide.  Area,  231  S(iuare  miles.  Pop 
in  1847,  30.200.  The  South  district  contains  13  villages; 
chief  town,  Meldorf.  Ai-ea.  275  .sijuaie  uiiU-s.  Pop.  33,400. 
DIT'NEY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Dulxiis  co.,  Indiana. 
DITRO-VAiaiEGY,  deetioMaR'h^dj'.  (Ger.  Jiurgherg, 
bflORo'b^RG.)  a  village  of  Tran.sjlvania.  in  Szekler-land,  on 
the  Maros,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Gytrgyo  St.  iliklos,  with  mi- 
neral springs. 

DITTE'AH,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.in  Bundelcund.  capital 
of  a  rajahsbip,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Jhansi.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  mostly  built  of  stone.  The  rajahsbip.  area  850 
square  miles,  pop.  120.000  is  under  British  protection. 
DITTEKIDGE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
DITTEKSBACII,  dit%rsbaK\  or  STAKSOW,  sta«/sov,  a 
village  of  Bohemijv,  circle  of  Chrudim,  in  a  valley  about  40 
miles  W,  of  Olmutz,     Pop.  1105. 

DITTKURT.  dit'fMKt.  a  market-town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
28  miles  S.W.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Bode.     Pop.  2120. 
DITTIGHEIM,  a  villase  of  Jiaden.     See  DiETianElM. 
DIT'TISHA3I,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
DITrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.     A  handsome 
mansion  in  the  vicinity  is  supposed  to  have  been  part  of  an 
abbev  founded  in  the  reign  of  William  Kufus. 

DITTON,  FEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridg®. 
DITTON,  LONG,  a  pari.sh  of  En;:land.  co.  of  Surrey. 
DITTON   PRI'ORS.  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  .«alop. 
DITTON,  THAMES,  a  parish  of  En.-'.and,  lo.  of  Surrey. 
DITTON,  WOOD,  a  parish  of  England   co.  of  Cambridge. 
DITWYL,  dit/*il,  or  DIETWYI.^  deet'wil.  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  an''.  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lucerne,  on  the 
Reuss.    Pop.  2600,  n:,istly  engaged  in  agriculture. 

DITZINGEN,  dif sing-en,  a  village  of  Wfjrtemburg,  circle 
of  Neckar.  liailiwick  of  Leonberg,    Pop,  12V):3. 

DIU.  deeoo'.  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  West  Ilindostan, 
belonging  to  the  Portuguese,  on  an  i.sland  off  the  S.  coast  of 
the  Guzerat  Peninsula.  E.  of  Diu-head.    Pop.40iX).(?)     It  hag 
the  remains  of  a  once  fiimous  Hindoo  temple,  a  citadel,  and 
a  good  harbor, 
DIU-HEAD  CAPE  is  in  lat.  20°  43'  N.,  Ion.  71°  3'  2"  E. 
DIUM  PROMONTORIOI.    See  C.\Pi:  Passoso. 
DIVEN,  dee/ven,  or  DIVIN.  dee'vin,  (llnn.  Divfnj/,  dee'- 
▼Sil',)  a  market-town  of  Hrmgary,  co.  of  .Neograd.  20  miles  S,E. 
of.iltsohl.   Pop.  1056.   It  has  glass-works  and  a  ruined  castle. 
DIVEN.  a  market-town  of  S<iuthern  Russia,  province  of 
D.ighestan,  on  the  Rubass,  22  mile.«  W.S.W.  of  Derliend. 

DiVEN,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government 
of  (irodno,  about  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kobrin. 

DIVES,  deev.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados, 
12  miles  W.  of  Pont  TEvSciue.  on  tlie  right  bank  of  the 
Dives,  near  ita  mouth.  Pop.  589.  It  hsis  a  small  h.nrbor. 
DIVI/DING  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Cuml>eriand  co.. 
New  Jersey,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bridgeton.  It  h.as  2  churches, 
and  from  200  to  300  inhabitants. 

DIVINA.    Kis.  kish.  and  N.\(!Y  Divina.  H6dj  deeVet'nSh', 
(i.e.  Little  and  Great  Divina.)  two  adjacent  villages  of  Hun- 
gary, in  Hither  Danube,  co.  of  Trentschin.  on  the  Waag, 
about  3  miles  from  Solna.     United  pop.  1525. 
DIVIO.     SeeDlJOX. 
DIVODURUM.     See  Metz. 
DIVON.\.    See  Cahors. 

DIVONNB,  dee^vonn',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
-Mn.  canton,  and  6  miles  from  Gex.    It  has  paper-mjUs  and 
iron-foundries.     Pop.  1600. 
DIVOSCH  or  DIWOSCH,  de^osh\  a  village  of  Aue.^ria, 


In  Slavonia,  cr.  of  Syrmia,  at  the  foot  of  the  monntains  of 
Syrmia,  al)ou',  22  miles  S.W.  of  Peterwardoin.     Pop.  1462. 

DIWISCHaU,  dee'-ve-show\  or  DI15ISCHAU,  dee'be- 
sli('iw\  a  town  of  Boliemia,  circle  of  Kaurzim,  30  miles  S.E. 
of  Prague.     Po|).  1000. 

DIX,  a  township  of  Schuyler  co.,  New  York.    Pop.  2908. 

DIX-AN',  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  state  of  Tigre,  65  miles  N.E. 
of  A.voom,  on  the  Danakil  frontier. 

DIXIJOROUtill,  a  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,Michigan,  3-1 
miles  W.  of  Uotx-oit. 

DIX'COVK  KORX,  a  British  settlement  of  West  Africa,  on 
the  Gold  Coast.  Lat.  4°  -tS'  N.,  Ion.  1°  57'  W.,  in  a  fine  bay, 
in  which  ships  of  100  tons  can  load.  The  town,  which  lies 
below  the  fort,  has  a  permanent  yiop.  of  1200.  Behind  Dix- 
cove  is  a  small  lake  with  brackish  water,  in  which  the 
negroes  maintain  a  number  of  crocodiles. 

5lX  CKEEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Chickiisaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

DIX'FIELD,  a  post-townshii>  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
N.  side  of  Androscoggin  River,  35  miles  W.N.W.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  1181. 

DIX  HILIi,  a  post-offlce  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

DIXMONT,  deex^mdN"',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  20  miles  N.  of  Auxerre.    Pop.  1640. 

DIX\MONT',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  lumber  and  edge-tools.    Pop.  1442. 

DIXMONT  CORNER,  a  village  in  Dixmont  township, 
Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 

DIXMONT  MILLS,  a  village  in  Dixmont  township,  Penob- 
soot  CO.,  Maine,  about  43  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 

DIXMUDE,  di.x'miide',  (Flem.  Dixmui/dev,  dix-moi'den,) 
a  town  of  Belgium,  jjrovince  of  West  Flanders,  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Yser,  12  miles  N.  of  Ypres. 
Po]).  C066.  It  has  a  handsome  parish  church,  a  hospital, 
and  a  workhouse,  breweries,  and  tanneries.  The  town  was 
first  walled  in  the  tenth  century,  and  was  fortified  in  1270 
and  1411.  It  was  often  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Germans 
and  French. 

DI.X'ON,  a  township  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1213. 

DIXON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Leeco.,  Illinois, 
on  Rock  River,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  North  Western  R.R., 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Central  Railroad,  98  miles  W.  of 
Chicago.  A  dam  has  been  built  across  the  river,  producing 
extensive  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  mills.  Dixon 
contains  a  court-house,  a  United  States  land  office,  7 
churclies,  2  banks,  and  1  newspaper  office.    Pop.  2213. 

DI.XOX,  a  post-offlce  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa. 

DI.Y'ON'S  KN/THAXCE,  a  strait  in  North  America,  W. 
coast,  lat.  54°  30'  N.,  Ion.  132°  W.,  between  Queen  Charlotte 
Island  and  the  Prince  of  Wales  Archipelago.  Length  from 
W.  to  K..  100  miles. 

DIXON'S  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 

DIX<JN'S  SPR1.\«8,  a  post-village  of  Smith  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 51  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

Dl.VOXVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Cole  co.,  Missouri,  9 
miles  \V.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

DIX'TON.  NEWTON,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

DIX'VILLE.  a  township  of  Coos  co.,  New  Hampshire,  43 
mile.s  X.E.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  8. 

DIYALAII.  a  river  of  I'ersia.     See  Diala. 

DtZFi )UL  or  DIZFUL.     See  Dezfool. 

DJ.  For  places  sometimes  sijelled  with  these  initial  letters, 
and  not  tbund  here,  refer  to  Dl  and  J. 

D.IAO.\KAO.\,  jdVi-ri'gi,  a  town  of  Java,  province  of 
Madion,  48  miles  S.E.  of  Samarang.     Pop.  6000. 

D.IA.NGUTAI,  jin-go<vti',  a  market-town  of  Southern 
Russia,  province  of  Daghestan,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Derbend. 
Pop.  5000. 

DJAPAN,  a  town  of  Java.    See  Japan. 

DJAI'.\KA.  a  town  of  Java.     See  Japara. 

DJAK.  or  EL  DJAR,  &\  jaR,  a  maritime  town  of  Arabia, 
in   Ifejaz,  on  the  Red  Sea,  45  miles  S.S.E.  of  Yembo. 

DJAVAT.  jd-vaf,  a  town  of  the  Russian  Transcaucasia, 
province  of  Shirvan.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Koor,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Ai-as.  36  miles  S.  of  Shamaka. 

DJAWA.NA,  a  town  of  Java.    See  J-awaxa. 

DJEM.     .See  Emba. 

DJEMILAII.    SeeJF.snLAH. 

DJEKASH,  a  city  of  Syria.    See  Gerasa. 

DJESR-ERKEXE.     See  Jezar-Erkeneh. 

DJI LLO  LO.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See  Giloi/d. 

DJIDDA.     See  Jiddah. 

D.IIGKLLI.  a  town  of  Algeri.a.     See  Jijeu. 

D,(IMAJ.4  or  JAMAJA.ja-ml'jl  an  island  of  the  China 
Sea;  M.(.«. point)  2°50' N..  Ion.  105° 52' E.    Length,  12 miles. 

DJI  I!J).1EII,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Giroeh. 

Djr>IIOR,  a  town  of  MaUoea.     See  .Iohore. 

D.rOKJOKAKTA  or  DJ(X'JOCARTA.jok-yo-kar'ta,  written 
also  VrGYAKAHTA,  a  Dutch  residency  of  .Java,  on  the 
S.  coast  of  the  island  near  its  centre.  This  was  formerly  one 
of  the  most  important  native  states  of  Java.  Pop.  in  1840. 
830  ..00. 

DJOK.^HKARTA.  a  town,  capital  of  the  above,  lat.  7°  47' 
S.,  Ion.  10°  2*'  E.,  is  well  built.  The  sultan's  water-palace  is 
a  curious  town  of  itself,  with  subterranean  approaches,  walls 


DOB 

and  towers.  The  resident's  abode  is  in  a  fort  which  commanda 
both  the  palace  and  the  town.  There  are  here  a  church, 
school,  and  shot  foundry.  Bi.sides  the  European  guards  of 
honor,  the  sultun  has  a  guard  composed  of  young  females 
armed  with  lance,  sword,  and  pistol,  who  perform  service  on 
horseback  as  well  as  on  foot,  and  f.om  among  whoiu  he  fns 
quently  selects  his  wives.    Pop.  90,000. 

DJOLIB.\.     See  Jouba. 

DLE-POLE(?)a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Hither  Danube,  00 
of  Trentschin,  about  lU  miles  from  Sillin.     Pop.  3114. 

DLUH.'V,  dloo/hoh,  or  DL1I.\,  did,  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Arad,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  here  crossed  by  two 
bridges,  9  miles  from  Kubin.     Pop.  1087. 

D.MITROV,  d'me-trov',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
40  miles  N.  of  JIoscow,  capital  of  the  circle,  on  the  Jakh- 
rama,  an  affluent  of  the  Volga.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  ancient 
and  ill  built,  and  has  a  college,  and  manufiictures  of  woollen 
cloths  and  leather.  Near  it  is  a  porcelain  factory,  and  the 
palace  of  the  Counts  Soltikov,  burnt  by  the  French  in  their 
retreat,  October,  1812. 

DMITKOVSK,  d'me-trvosk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  40  miles  S.W.  of  Oro],  capital  of  the  circle,  on  the  Ne- 
roosa,  and  on  the  high  road  from  Moscow  to  Kiev.  Pop. 
3935. 

DNIEPER,  nee'pr.  (Russ.  Dniepr,  dnyJp/p'r;  anc.  Bary^- 
ilieiies,  and  Dumipris,)  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the 
government  of  Smolensk,  flows  generally  S.,  and  passes 
Smolensk,  (where  it  becomes  navigable,)  Moheelev,  Kiev, 
Yekaterinoslav,  Kherson,  and  enters  the  Black  Sea  on  the 
N.  by  several  mouths.  Length,  02:3  miles;  including  wind- 
ings, 1230  miles.  Chief  affluents  on  the  right.Droots,  Bero- 
gina,  i'ripets,  and  Bug;  on  the  left,  Sozh,  Desna.  Soola,  Korol, 
and  Samara.  The  navigation  is  interrupted  by  rapids  for 
47  miles  below  Yekaterinoslav.  A  magnii:eent  wrought-iion 
bar-chain  suspension-bridge  has  been  erected  over  the 
Dnieper  at  Kiev,  by  the  command  of  the  Emperor  of  Kus.sia. 
It  is  half  a  mile  In  length,  and  52i  feet  broad,  and  cost  4U0.0OUZ. 
Tlie  river  here  is  35  feet  deep  in  summer;  but  spring-Hoods 
raise  it  to  50  feet,  and  even  ob  feet.  The  mouth  of  the  es- 
tuary is  defended  by  the  fortresses  of  Otchakov  and  Kin- 
boorn.  The  Borysthenes  was  absurdly  reckoned  the  greatest 
river  of  the  ancient  world,  after  the  Nile.  The  Greeks  had 
very  exaggerated  ideas  of  tlie  fertility  and  beauty  of  the 
surrounding  lands  of  its  lower  waters;  but  of  its  sources 
and  early  course  they  knew  nt.thing.  Near  its  emlxjuchure 
was  the  Milesian  colony  of  Olbia,  founded  for  tra<liug  with 
the  wandering  races  of  the  interior. 

DNIESTER,  nee.s'ter.  (Russ.  Dniedr,  dnyfs'fr;  anc  Tyl' 
ras,  afterwards  Datui^lris  or  DanaxUer,)  a  navigable  river 
of  Austria  and  Russia,  rises  in  the  Carpathian  Mountains, 
(tJalicia,)  separates  Bessarabia  from  the  governments  of  Po- 
dolia  and  Kherson,  flows  E.S.E.,  passes  Sanibor,  Ilalicz, 
Chotym,  Moheelev,  Bender,  Akermau,  and  enters  the  Black 
Sea  on  the  N.W.  l.«ngth,  400  miles;  including  windings, 
5U0  miles.  Chief  affluents  on  the  right,  Stry,  Reout,  and 
Botna;  on  the  left,  Sered  and  i'odhorce.  Navigation  difficult. 

DNIEPROVSK,  VERKHNEE,  (Verknii,)  vtek'nee'  dne- 
4'provsk',  a  town  of  European  Russia,  capital  of  the  district 
of  .same  name,  government,  and  41  miles  W.N.W.  of  Yekater- 
inoslav, on  the  Dnieper. 

DOAB  or  DOOAB,  doo^il/,  ("two  waters,")  a  name  applied 
in  Ilindostan  to  tracts  between  two  rivers,  and  especially  to 
that  between  the  Ganges  and  Jumna ;  the  "  J  ullunder 
dcxib,"  between  the  Sutlej  and  Beas  Rivers.  Punjab  was 
aa^uired  from  the  Sikhs  by  the  British  in  1846. 

DUAKS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  Nation,  Arkansas 

DO.AN',  do-2n',  a  town  of  Arabia,  near  its  S.E.  coast.  111 
miles  W.  of  Dhotar. 

DOAN'S  (donz)  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  West  Fork 
of  White  Itiver,  near  the  S.  line  of  Greene  county. 

DOANESBURG,  dOnz^bftrg,  a  post-office  of  Putn;un  co., 
New  York. 

DOAZIT,  do'dVeo',  'a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Landes,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mont  de  Marsau.     Pop.  15o0. 

D0B.4.R'V.\,  the  northernmost  town  of  Abyssinia,  98 
miles  N.  of  Axoom,  formerly  important. 

DOBASNIZZA,  do-bSs-nits'i,  or  DOBASCHIZA,  do-b^- 
shits'd,  a  village  and  seaport  of  .\ustria,  in  lUyria,  capital 
of  the  district  of  same  name,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fiume. 
Pop.  2160. 

DOBBIN'S  CREEK,  California.    See  Deer  Creek. 

DOBBIN'S  RANCH,  a  post-office  of  Yuba  co.,  California. 

DOBBO,  a  town  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See  Areoo 
Island. 

DOBB'S  FERRY,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  railroad  of  that 
name,  22  miles  N.  of  New  York.  It  is  a  thriving  village, 
with  a  steamboat  landing,  and  a  ferry  across  the  river. 

D0I5EIN,  (Dobein.)  do'bine,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle,  and 
35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leipsic,  on  an  island  formed  by  the 
Mulde.  Pop.  in  1849,  9158.  It  has  2  churches,  a  hospital, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  linen,  and  cotton. 

D0BER.4N,  dcVber-dn',  a  market-town  and  sea-bathing 
establishment  of  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg -Schwerin, 
duchy,  and  40  miles  N.N  J^.  of  Schwerin,  capital  of  the  di» 

671 


DOB 


DOG 


trict,  on  a  small  river  which  foils  into  the  Baltic.  2J  miles  ! 
ielow  the  town.     Pop.  3'.'23.    It  ha.s  a  grand-ducal  palace, 
»ea-water  baths  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  mineral 
springs  and  baths,  temperature,  42°  Fah. 

DOB  LEX.  do-bUn',  or  DOBLEIIX,  do-bUin',  a  large  mar- 
ket-town of  Russia,  government  of  Courlaud,  circle,  and  18 
miles  W.  of  Mitau. 

DOBLIXG,  (Dobling.)  doVlins,  a  suburban  village  of 
Vienna,  3  miles  N.  of  the  city,  with  mineral  baths,  and  nu- 
merous villas. 

DOBOI.  do'boj'',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bosna,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Travnik. 

IK)BOK.\.  do^bo'k6h\  a  vill.age  of  Transylvania,  co.  of  Do- 
boka,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Szamos-Ujvar.  The  county  of 
I>oboka  is  partly  mountainous  and  infertile.    Pop.  66,900. 

DOBOZ.  do'boz',  a  villasre  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bekes,  on  the 
Black  Kiii-os.  about  4  miles  from  Gyula.    Pop.  1714. 

D0B1{.\,  do'brd,  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  25  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Kalisz.  Pop.  1000.  It  has  2  churches,  a  syna- 
gogue, and  manufactures  of  linens,  gloves,  and  hosiery. 

DOBK.\  Bl)X01''0LIS,  a  village  of  Transylvania,  co.  of 
Hunvad.  on  the  Maros,  and  on  the  frontier  of  the  Banat, 
60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Karlsburg. 

DOBRAX.  do-brin'.  or  DOIJR.VXY,  do-br3/nee,  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  circle,  and  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pilsen.    Pop.  1836. 

DOBK.\UC.    See  Liedentual. 

DOBR.WVITZ,  do'brl-*it3',  or  ROTH-DOBRAWITZ,  a 
town  of  Bohemia.  30  miles  X.E.  of  Prague.    Pop.  1161. 

DOBRE  MIASTO.  a  town  of  Prussia     See  Gutstadt. 

DOBRIGXO,  do-breen'yo,  a  village  of  Austria,  lUyria,  in 
the  island  of  Veglia.  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fiume.     Pop.  1700. 

DOBRILUCK.  do'bre-hVik',  a  town  of  Pru.ssia,  in  Branden- 
burg, on  the  Dober.  66  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1200. 

DOBRIXCZE.  do^brint'si,  or  DOBKIXZEX.  do-brint/sen, 
a  village  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  co.  of  Syrmia,  in  a  plain, 
22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Peterwardein.    Pop.  1505. 

D0BROD.TA.     See  Dourudja. 

DOBROKOZ.  do'bro'koz'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Tolna.  84  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pesth.  on  the  Kapos.     Pop.  2550. 

DOBROMIELITZ,  doTjro-mee'lits,  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia,  circle  of  Olmutz,  7  miles  from  Prossnitz.    Pop.  804. 

D0B'ROMIL\  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia.  23  miles  E.  of 
Sanok.    Pop.  IfiOO.    It  has  important  cattle  faii-s. 

DOBROSLAWITZ,  do-bro-slj'vits,  a  village  of  Austrian 
Silesia,  about  41  miles  X.E.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.'^1422. 

DOBROTA,  do-bro'tl,  a  market-town  of  Daluiatia,  2  miles 
N.E.  of  Cattani.  on  the  Adriatic.     Pop.  1700. 

DOBUUDJA  or  DOBRUDSCIIA,  do-bttx/ji.  written  also 
DOBRODJA,  DOBRUJE,  and  DOBRUZA,  a  country  on  the 
right  side  of  the  Danulje.  extending  from  Silistria  and  Varna 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Danube:  inh.ibited  bv  Tartars. 

DOBRCSCIIKA,  do-broosh'kt  or  DOBRIJSKA.  do-broos^ka, 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle,  and  15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Kiiniggriitz. 
Pop.  1900.    It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  flax,  varn,  and  wine. 

DOBRZAX,  ion>zhin,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Pilsen.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Radbuza.     Pop.  2000. 

DOBRZYX,  dob/zhin,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of 
Plock,  on  the  Drewenz,  18  miles  X.N.W.  of  Lipno.  Pop. 
2200,  one-half  of  whom  are  Jews.  It  has  a  fine  castle,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  leather. 

DOBSCUAU,  dojyshflw,  or  DOBSIXA,  dob'-shee'-n5h\  a 
market-town  of  Xorthern  Hungary,  co.,  and  21  miles  X.X.E. 
of  G6mor,  on  the  Dobsina.  Pqp.  5410,  mostly  Germans.  It 
has  extensive  iron,  copper,  and  cobalt  mines. 

DOB-TISZA,  dob-tees'.s<Sh\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  on 
the  Theiss.  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tokay.     Pop.  2274. 

DOCK,  do's.'l.  {i.e.  "sweet,")  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
province  of  Minas  Geraes.  flows  N.E.  l)etween  the  provinces 
of  Porto  Seguro  and  Espiritu  Santo,  and  enters  the  .\tlantic 
60  miles  N.  of  Victoria.  Its  direct  course  X.E.  is  SSO  miles ; 
but  Its  whole  course,  including  windings,  cannot  be  less 
than  500  miles.  Its  navigation  is  very  much  interrupted 
by  cataracts. 

DOCHART.  doK'art.  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  parish 
ofKillin.  Length,  about  3  miles.  Its  banks  are  beautifully 
wooded ;  there  are  ruins  of  a  castle  on  an  Islet,  and  a  curious 
floating  island.  Ariverof  thesamename,  8  miles  in  length, 
carries  Its  surplus  waters  through  Glen-Dochart,  into  the 
liOchy. 

DOCK'ERY'S  STORE,  a  postoffiee  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

DOCK'INO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DOCK'LOW.  a  psirish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DOCTORS  CREEK,  of  New  .Tersey.  rises  in  Monmouth 
CO.,  and  falls  into  Crosswicks  Creek,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Borden- 
town. 

DOCTOR'S  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Altamaha 
from  the  left,  on  the  W.  part  of  Mcintosh  county. 

D(yDA,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Punjab,  on  the  Chenaub, 
here  crossed  by  a  cable-bridge,  115  miles  N.  of  Lahore.  It 
has  a  fort  and  a  pxxX  liazaar. 

DODAIREE,  do^I'rw.  a  town  of  India,  In  the  Deccan, 
Mvsore  dominions,  22  miles  E.X.E.  of  Chittt-ldroog. 

DOD'BRi'>KE,  a  sm.ill  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon,  half  a  mile  E  of  Kiji^'sbridge.   Pop.  1229. 
672 


DODDENHAM,  dod/den-^m,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

DOD'DERHILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcestw. 

DOD'DIXGHURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

Di  iD'DIX'iTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

DODDIXOTON,  a  p:»rish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DODDIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

DODDIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land.    In  the  vicinitv  is  a  valu.able  coal-mine. 

DODDIXGTOX,  DRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DODDIXGTOX,  GRE.\T,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

DODDISCOMBSLEIGH,  dod'dis-komz-lee.  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon. 

DOD'DLESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

DOD'UKIDGE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  Virginia, 
contains  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Hngbi-s  River 
and  Middle  Island  Creek.  The  surfa<;e  is  hilly,  and  the 
land  aiiapted  to  pasturage.  The  Middle- Island  CYeek  is 
navigable  by  flat-boats,  in  which  lumber  is  exported.  Capi- 
tal, West  Union.  Pop.  5203,  of  whom  5169  were  free,  and 
34  slaves. 

DODDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois. 

DODD'VILLE,  a  post-otlice  of  Rock  Castle  co.,  Kentucky. 

DODEBERG,  (Dikieberg.)    See  Doedibekg. 

DOD'FOIID,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

DODGE,  a  county  in  the  E.  jiart  of  Nebraska,  h.is  an  area 
of  about  725  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Platte 
and  Elkhorn  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by  Maple  and  other 
creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  umlulating  prairies 
and  bottom  lands,  wliich  are  overgrown  with  Cottonwood 
and  other  trees.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  rock  which  uudep- 
lies  this  county  is  limestone.  Capital,  Fontenelle.   Pop.  309. 

DODGE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Wisconsin, 
contains  930  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Rock  River 
and  by  Crawfish  and  Beaver  Dam  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
diversified  by  prairies  and  "oak  openings,"  or  uplands, 
which  are  covered  with  a  scattered  growth  of  burr  and  pin 
oaks,  while  the  large  streams  are  bordered  by  dense  forests 
of  oak,  ash,  elm,  maple  <tc.  The  soil  is  calcareous,  and  very 
fertile;  the  Winnebago  Marsh,  (an  immense  mill-pond, 
through  wliich  Bock  River  flows,)  covers  an  area  of  44 
square  miles.  Limestone,  suitable  for  building,  is  found  in 
considerable  quantities.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago 
and  North  Western  R.R.  Rock  River  furnishes  valuable 
motive-power,  and  is  navigable  for  small  boats.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  populous  and  flourisliing  counties  of  the 
state.  Named  in  honor  of  Henry  Dodge,  first  Governor  of 
Wisconsin.    Capital,  Juneau.    Pop.  42,M8. 

DODGE  CENTRE,  Wisconsin.    See  Juneao. 

DODGEVILLE,  a  village  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa. 

DODGEVILLE,  a  post^village  and  township,  capital  of 
Iowa  CO.,  Wisconsin,  45  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Madison.  Rich 
mines  of  lead  and  copper  are  worked  in  the  vicinity.  The 
village  has  6  churches,  9  stores,  and  2  smelting  furnaces. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  liOO;  of  the  township,  2181. 

DODINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

DODINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DOD'SON,  a  township  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  14S6. 

DOIVSONVILLE,  a  small  post-village  iu  Jackson  co., 
Alabama. 

DODSONVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Highland  co., 
Ohio,  ,50  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  in  1853,  about  200. 

DOD'WORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

DOEDIBERG  or  Dodibeeg,  diyde-b^Rc',  a  principal  summit 
of  the  Swiss  Alps,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Glarus,  at  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  the  canton.  Height,  11.887  feet.  Elevati'in  of 
pass  tietween  the  valleys  of  the  Linth  and  Vorder  llheln, 
9609  feet. 

DOE  HILli,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  A'irginia. 

DOE  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co_  Pennsylvania. 

DOESBURG.  doos'bttRG.  (anc.  Dnifsi  BuHgiimf)  a  forti- 
fied town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gelderland,  on  the 
Ys.sel,  10  miles  E.  of  .\rnhem.    Pop.  3347. 

DO*ES'S.\H.  a  large  village  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  56  miles  S.W.  of  Ramghur. 

DOETICHEM,  a   town  of  Holland.    See  DEiTiniFM. 

DOFREFIELD  or  DOFRIXES,  the  central  )iortion  of  the 
mountain  chain  of  Scandinavia.     See  Dovfe-Fjeld. 

Di}G.\REE,  do-gi'ree,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of 
Ajmeer.  23  miles  X.E.  of  Boondee.  on  the  margin  of  a  beau 
tiful  lake,  surrounded  by  pagodas  and  other  buildings. 

DOG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio. 

DOG'GER-B.\XK,  a  sand-bank  occupving  all  the  centre 
of  the  North  Sea,  between  lat  54°  10'  and  57°  24'  N..  and 
Ion.  1°  and  6°  7'  E..  intermediate  between  the  shores 
of  England  and  Denmark.  It  is  the  scat  of  important 
fisheries.  On  the  5th  of  August,  1781.  an  obstinate  contest 
took  place  between  the  English  and  Dutch  off  its  southern 
extremity. 

DOG  ISLAND,  at  the  E.  side  of  the  middle  enti-an.e  to 
St.  George's  Sound,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Florida.  On  its  W 
end  is  a  light  50  feet  high,  revolving  once  in  three  minutea. 
Lav.  29^  43'  30"  N.,  Ion.  84°  41'  W. 


DOG. 


DOM 


DOO  ISLAND,  In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  one  of  the  Timor 
group :  lat.  7°  40'  S.,  Ion.  126°  2'  K. 

DUdlilANI,  dAl-yil/nee,  (anc.  DoHa'naf  or  Dolialmim  f)  a 
town  of  the  Sardinian  Stptes,  in  Piedmont,  province,  and  11 
miles  N.E.  of  Mondovi,  on  the  Kea.  It  haa  a  communal 
college,  a  small  hospital,  the  remains  of  an  old  castle,  and 
several  government  offices.     Pop.  6000. 

DOO'.MEKSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  South- 
ampton. 

DOGN'ACSKA,  dofj^n4ch'li6h\a market-town  of  Hunfrary, 
CO.  of  Krasso,  40milesS.VV.of  Temesvar.  Pop.  2335.  It  has 
iqiues  of  copper,  lead,  and  zinc. 

DOO  IlIVEil,  a  small  stream  of  Washington  co„  Ver- 
lM)nt.  falls  into  Onion  River,  a  few  miles  below  Montpelier. 

Dure  |;IVEU,  Mississippi.    See  Escatappa. 

00(;  l;l  VKR  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Carter  co.,  Tennessee. 

DiXiS.  ISLK  OK,  or  POPLAR  MARSHES,  a  peninsula 
of  the  Thames,  England,  eo.  of  Middlesex,  3i  miles  E.S.E. 
of  St.  Paul's.  The  \Vest  India  docks  are  situated  here,  and 
the  city  canal  intersects  it.  In  former  times  the  king's 
hounds  were  kept  here. 

DOOS/TIIORI^E,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. H  miles  N.  of  Peterlmrough.     Pop.  500. 

DOU'TOWN,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

DOOWOOD  NECK,  a  post-office  of  Horry  district,  South 
Carolina. 

DOGWOOD  VALLEY,  a  village  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia. 

DDUARAB.  do'ha-rdW.  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  E.  side; 
lat.  10°  IS'  30"  N.,  Ion.  41°  59'  E. 

DOHN'A,  AH/nl,  atown  of  Saxony,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dres- 
den, in  a  Kmutiful  and  fertile  district  on  the  Muglitz.   P.  1294. 

DU'IIUD'.  a  town  of  Hindostau,  province  of  Malwah. 
Lat.  22°  56'  X..  Ion.  74°  20'  E. 

DO'lIUiy,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  N.W.  of  Dhalak;  lat. 
15°  5.5'  X.,  Ion.  39°  40'  E. 

DOIRI-;.     Si'B  Dora  Baltea. 

DOKKUM.  dok'kfim.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Friesland.  on  the  ship-canal  Dokkuindiep.  6  miles  from 
the  Xortn  Sea.  and  12^  miles  X.K.  of  Leeuwarden.  Pop.  3797. 
It  is  the  principal  market  for  flax,  has  a  town-hall,  a  Latin 
school,  ship-liuilding  docks,  s.Hlt  refineries,  and  breweries. 

DO^K(V  or  DOKOK.  a  pigmy  race  of  negroes  inhabiting  a 
region  of  Tropical  Africa,  S.  of  Abyssinia,  near  3°  N.  lat.,  and 
87°  E.  Inn.  They  are  four  feet  in  height,  of  a  dark  olive 
complexion,  and  perfectly  wild.  They  are  supposed  by  some 
to  be  the  '•  pigmies"  of  the  ancients. 

DOL,  dol.  a  village  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Ille- 
et-Vilaine,  13  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Malo.  Pop.  in  1862,  4181.  It 
is  enclosed  by  old  fortiflc.ition.s.  and  is  ill  built,  but  it  has  a 
fine  cathedral,  a  hospital,  and  trade  in  corn,  hemp,  and 
cider.  Dol  was  taken  and  retaken  many  times  during  tlie 
Middle  Ages,  and  the  troubles  of  the  lemrue.  In  1793,  the 
Vendeans  repulsed  the  republican  forces  in  an  assault 
upon  it. 

DOL-REX-MAEN,  (mj/en,)  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon. 

DOLCE,  Gulf  and  River.    See  DULCE. 

DOLCE  ACQUA,  dol'chi  d'kwd,  (b.  DiWcis  a/qua,  i.  e. 
"sweet  water,")  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  21 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Nice,  on  the  Xervia.    Pop.  1892. 

DOLCEDO,  dol-chVdo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
In  the  province  of  Oneglia.     Pop.  26(58. 

DOLCIGXO.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See   Dclcigno. 

DOLE,  dol,  (L.  Do'la  or  IWlium  ;  anc.  Dnilium  ?)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  the  Jura,  at  the  foot  of  a  vine-clad 
hill,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Doubs,  29  miles  X.  of  Lons-le- 
Saulnier.  Pop.  in  1852, 10,830.  It  is  irregularly  built.  The 
principal  edifices  are  the  Court-IIouse,  the  Old  and  Xew  Pri- 
sons, 2  hospit.als,  and  a  theatre.  It  has  a  public  library, 
manufactories  of  straw-hata,  leatlier.  earthenwares,  hard- 
wares, and  an  active  trade  in  agricultural  produce.  Dole 
was  founded  by  the  Romans,  and  in  later  times  was  the  ca- 
pital of  Franche-le-Comte,  till  its  annexation  to  the  kingdom 
3f  Franeu.  In  1442,  it  became  the  seat  of  a  parliament  !ind 
a  university,  established  by  Philippe-le-Bon.  The  fortifica- 
tions, once  of  great  strength,  were  dismantled  in  1674.  Pre- 
viously it  had  been  besieged,  taken  and  retaken  several 
times,  alternately  by  the  Germans  and  French. 

DOLE,  L.V,  Id  dol,  a  mountain  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Vaud.  in  the  chain  of  the  Jura,  on  the  French  frontier,  16 
miles  X.  of  Geneva.  6509  feet  in  elevation.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  magnificent  prospects. 

DOLGELLt,  dol-gSth'lee,orDOLGELLEN,  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  North  Wales,  capital  of  the  county  of  Jlerion- 
eth.  ou  the  Jlynach,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  near  the  foot 
of  Cader-Idris,  46  miles  W.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  of  parish, 
in  1851,3479.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  magnificent  hill 
scenery,  and  contains  a  church,  with  fine  tower,  a  county- 
hall,  jail,  and  house  of  correction.  It  has  manufactories  of 
coar.se  woollens,  and  considerable  markets  for  flannels. 
Here  Owen  Glendwr  held  a  parliament  in  1404. 

DOLGOI.  dol-goy',  an  island  in  the  Caspian  Sea,  off  the 
coast  of  Khiva ;  lat.  45°  N.,  Ion.  51°  30'  E. 

DOLtiOI,  an  island  of  European  Russia,  government  of 


Archangel,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  55  miles  S.  ov  *he  island 
of  Vaigats. 

DOLGOI,  an  island  of  Russia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 

DOLIIA,  dol'hOh',  or  DOHA.  diyh6h\  a  market  town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Marmaros,  on  the  Doiha  or  liorsav),  30  miles 
from  Szigeth.    I'op.  8S6. 

DOLIXA,  do-lee'nd.  a  town  of  Austria,  G.ali-i.a,  22  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Stry.  Pop.  3120.  It  has  Roman  Cath  <lic  and  Pro 
testant  cbur"hes. 

DOl/IXGTON.  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Ptwnsylvania, 
120  miles  E.  of  llarrisburg. 

DOLITZ  XIEDERHEl.M,  do'lits  nee'der-hime\  a  village 
of  Saxony,  S.  of  Leipsic,  on  the  bank  of  the  Pleisse,  with  an 
old  castle.     Pop.  930. 

DOiyL.\R,  a  tillage  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Clack- 
mannan, 10  miles  X.E.  of  Stirling.  Pop.  1662.  The  village 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Devon.  The  Dollar  Academy 
is  an  elegant  structure  founded  in  1819.  under  the  will  of 
Captain  M-Xab.  who  left  nearly  80.000/.  for  tbe  purpose. 
Coal  is  wrought  here,  and  Iron-stone  is  abundant.  The  fine 
old  ruin  of  Castle-C.Hmpbell  is  in  this  parish. 

DOIVLAR-LAW,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  CO.,  and  90 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Peebles.     Elevation,  2840  feet. 

DDL'LART,  (L.  SilnM  Emiiuhms  or  JJoUti/riiis.)  a  gulf  ot 
the  German  Ocean,  at  the  estuary  of  the  Ems,  between 
Hanover  and  the  Netherlands,  10  miles  in  length  from  X.  to 
S.,  by  about  7  miles  across,  owes  its  origin  to  a  destructive 
inundation  in  1276.  The  town  of  Emden  is  on  its  northern 
shore. 

DDLLOVA,  dol1oV6h\  a  village  of  Hungary.  In  the 
Banat  district  of  Temesvar,  21  miles  E.X.E.  of  Belgrade. 
Pop.  20.'35. 

DOLM,  dolm,  a  small  island  of  Norway,  on  the  coast  of 
Trondhjem,  near  the  island  of  Hitteren,  and  between  it  and 
Froyeii.  Its  greatest  length  is  6  miles.  Two  summits  rise 
to  the  height  of  nearly  3000  feet. 

DOr.MATOV  or  DOLMATOW.  dol-md-tov',  written  also 
DALMATOV,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Ru.ssia,  in  the  government 
of  Perm,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Iset,  30  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Shadrinsk.  Pop.  1600.  It  has  a  fine  monastery,  and  an 
annual  fair,  visited  by  merchants  from  Sit>eria. 

DO'LO,  a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy,  13  miles  W.  of  Venice, 
on  the  Brenta  and  Brentano.     Pop.  3000. 

DO'LOL',  a  village  of  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  lower  Senegal. 

DOLOXXOR.  ScH-  Tchao-Naiman-Soome. 

DOLORES,  do-lo'rfe,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  21 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Segura.    Pop.  24.33. 

DOLORES,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  depart- 
ment, and  45  miles  N.E.  of  Guanajuato. 

DOVPIIIXTOX.  a  parLsh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

DOiyPHINGSTON,  a  hamlet  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Had- 
dington. 2  miles  W.  of  Tranent. 

DOL'SENTOWN,  a  village  of  Orange  co.,  New  York,  about 
100  miles  S.  by  W.  from  Albany. 

DOl/SON,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co..  Illinois. 

DOLTOX,  dOl'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DOI.rWYDELLAX,  dol-we-d5th1an,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon,  on  the  river  Ledan.  6|  miles  S.S, 
W.  of  Llanrwst.  On  a  rocky  hill,  in  this  parish,  are  the 
ruins  of  Dol-Wydellan  Castle,  in  which  Llewellyn  the  Great 
was  born. 

Dfi5IAGX]5.  do'milnV«V,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  lUe-et-Vilaine,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vitre.     Pop.  1900. 

DOM.\IZE,  do'mjz'  or  do'mAz',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-DOme,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Clermont-Fer- 
rand.    Pop.  1671. 

DOMALAIX.  do'mdMAx"',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine.  22  miles  E.  of  Rennes.    Pop.  2830. 

DOMAXIS,  do'm.-.h'neesh',  or  DOMAXISA,  do'moh'nee'- 
shdh\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  30  miles  E.N.E, 
of  Trentsohin,    It  contains  two  castles.     Pop.  1370. 

DOMART,  do'maR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somnie,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Amiens.    Pop.  1314. 

DOMB.\I,  dom'bJ',  a  large  village  of  Asia  Minor,  60  miles 
W.  of  ,\k-Shehr.     Near  it  are  many  ancient  remains. 

DOMB.\SLE,  dAM'bil',  a  village  of  France,  dep.  of  Meurthe 

DOMBES,  diub,  an  old  division  of  France,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Bourgogne,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of 
Ain.  The  principality  of  Dombes  was  long  governed  by  par- 
ticular princes.     Its  capital  was  Trevoux. 

DOM'BOV  AIV,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  21  miles  N.N.W. 
ofFUnfkirchen.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  an  old  ca.stle  which 
made  a  considerable  figure  in  the  wars  with  the  Turks. 
Pop.  1330. 

DOM'BROVIT/ZA  or  DOM'BROVIT'ZY,  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  150  miles  X.N.^V*.  of  Zhit- 
omeer  (Jitomir.)     Pop.  2645. 

DOMBROWICE.  dom-bro-veet/sA,  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  about  84  miles  W.  of  Warsaw.    Pop.  1159. 

DOMBROWNO,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Giioenburo. 

DO.MBUKG,  domajfiKG,  a  small  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  province  of  Zealand,  on  the  western  coast  of  the 
island  of  Walcheren,  6^  miles  N.W.  of  Middelburg. 

573 


DOM 

D0M6>fE,  do^mln'  or  do'tnain',  a  village  of  Prance,  de- 
partment of  Isdre.  6  miles  N.K.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  1590. 

DOMfil(.A.T,  dom'.-iVJ'.  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of 
AUier.  .3  miles  W.X.W.  of  Montlu^on.     Pop.  SniJ.  , 

DOMKS/TIC.  a  post.ofKce  of  AVilliams  co..  Ohio. 

DOMFKONT,  d6M'frA.vo',  (L.  Domefi-ontium.)  a  town  of 
France,  in  the  department  of  Orne.  capital  of  the  arrondisse- 
ment.  on  a  steep  rock,  near  the  Varenne.  35  miles  M'.N.W 
of  .Vlenjon.  Pop.  2086.  It  has  a  fine  old  church  :  also  ma- 
nufactories of  coarse  linen  and  hemp  cloths,  and  11  large 
annual  horse  and  cattle  fairs.  Domfront  was  founded  early 
in  the  eleventh  century,  and  was  formerly  a  coveted  strong- 
hold. It  was  besieged' and  taken  in  1203  by  King  Philip 
Augustus;  in  I-'JoG  and  1418.  by  the  English ;  in  1574.  by 
the  forces  of  Catheriue-de-Medicis.  from  the  Huguenots;  and 
In  15S9.  from  the  Leaguers,  by  Henry  IV. 

DOMFKONT.  a  village  of  Fr.ince.  department  of  Sarthe, 
10  miles  X.W.  of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  1440. 

DOMINICA  or  DO.MENICA.  dom-e-nee'ka.  (Fr.  Dnmi- 
niqtte.  dom-e-neek'.)  a  British  AVest  India  Island,  of  the 
Leeward  group,  22  miles  X.  of  Martinique;  lat.  of  Roseau. 
15°  IS'  4"  X..  Ion.  61°  24'  7"  ^Y.  Its  length,  from  X.  to  S..  is 
29  miles  :  its  breadth.  16  miles.  Pop.  22.200.  of  whom  about 
800  are  whites.  It  Is  of  volctinic  origin,  and  the  most  elevated 
of  the  lesser  .Antilles,  the  extreme  height  being  5314  feet. 
Though  in  part  mountainous  and  rugged,  it  is  interspersed 
with  fertile  valleys  well  watered.  The  shores  are  but  little 
indented,  and  entirely  without  harbors:  but  on  the  W.  side 
there  are  several  good  anchorages  and  bays,  the  coast  being 
all  along  bold  and  clear  of  danger.  Hot  and  sulphurous 
Rprings  abound.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  suited  for  coffee 
and  sugar.  The  other  products  are  maize,  cotton,  cocoa, 
tobacco,  splendid  timber  trees,  and  cabinet  wood.  Hogs, 
poultry.  )jei«,  and  game  are  plentiful.  The  temperature  of 
the  low  districts  ranges  from  69°  to  88°  Fahrenheit,  but  in 
the  more  elevated  parts,  it  is  much  lower,  the  air  being 
frequently  chill.  The  wet  season  lasts  from  September 
to  January,  but  rain  falls  frequently  during  the  other 
months.  The  thunder  storms  are  not  generally  severe, 
and  earthquakes  are  of  rare  occurrence.  There  are  1  Epis- 
copal. 2  Di.ssenting  churches.  7  free  schools,  and  3  private 
schools.  In  18-52.  6.5.78S  hundredweights  of  sugar.  81.016 
gallons  of  molasses.  .35.794  gallons  of  rum.  67. .594  pounds  of 
coffee,  with  cocoa,  cane-jnice,  copper  ore.  Ac.  were  exported 
to  the  United  Kingdom.  The  fcital  value  of  exports  in  1849 
was  4'*.5•23^.  and  the  value  of  imports  50.584/.  In  the  year 
1844.  343  ships,  of  an  aggregate  burden  of  14.783  tons,  entered, 
and  S-W  ships,  of  an  aggregate  of  14.595  tons,  cleared,  from 
the  ports  of  the  island.  The  reglstei^  shipping  amounted 
to  14  vessels,  of  an  aggregate  burden  of  602  tons.  The 
principal  harbors  are  Roseau,  on  the  western,  and  Prince 
Rupei-t  Bay  on  the  northern  coast.  The  government  is  in 
the  hands  of  a  governor,  council,  and  a  legislative  a.ssembly 
of  20  members.  There  is  here  a  well  organized  militia. 
The  public  revenue  of  the  island  amounted,  in  1849.  to 
8877;..  and  the  expenditure  to  10.539/.  The  isl.and  is  divided 
Into  10  parishes.  The  chief  towns  are  Roseau,  the  capital, 
and  5!t.  .Toseph.  It  was  discoveivd  by  Columbus  in  1498, 
ancl  ceded  by  France  to  (treat  Britain  in  1763. 

DOMINIC.^.  dom-e-nee'k.H.  (native.  O'xrafto'a.')  one  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  Oce.'in:  lat,  (X. 
point)  9°  34'  ?..  and  Ion.  139°  4'  W.  It  is  the  largest  of  the 
group,  beine  about  18  miles  in  diameter. 

DOMIXICAN  RF.PUBLIC.     See  Sa.\  DoMixr.o. 

DOM'IXICK,  a  village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  about  50 
miles  N.X.E.  of  Peoria. 

DOMITS.  (Diimitz.)  diymits.  a  fortified  town  of  Northern 
Germany,  grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  capital  of 
a  distrii't.  33  miles  S.S.W.  of  Schwerin,  at  the  conHuence 
of  the  Elde  with  the  Kllie.  Pop.  2545.  Its  citadel  on  an 
island  in  the  Ellje.  is  now  used  as  a  house  of  correction.  It 
has  manufactuivs  of  tobacco,  distilleries,  and  breweries. 

DOMME.  dom^m.V.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Dordo:rne,  and  on  the  Dordogue,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Perigueux. 
Pop.  1444. 

DOM'MEL,  (anc.  DuthmflaT)  a  river  of  the  Xetherlands, 
in  the  province  of  North  Brabant.  After  a  tortuous  north- 
ern course  of  45  miles,  it  joins  the  Meuse  at  Fort  Crevecoenr. 

DOMMITSII,  dom'mitch.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  8 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Torgau.    Pop.  2060. 

DOMV  AU,  dom'nSw,  atown  of  Ijjst  Prus.sia.  23  miles  S.  E. 
of  K5nigsberg.     I'op.  1281.    It  has  an  ancient  castle. 

DOMO  D'OSSOLA,  do'mo  dos'soli.  (L.  Oscela  or  O^Cflum,) 
a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  on  the  Simplon 
route,  near  the  Swiss  frontier,  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Lago 
Maggiure.  Pop.  2025.  It  Is  built  chiefly  of  stone,  and  de- 
fended by  a  small  fort. 

DOMI'AIKE,  dAx^pAa',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Mirecourt.  Pop.  1000.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  lace. 

DD.MIMKKKK.  dAM'poslR',  a  village  of  France,  departs 
men;  of  Charente-InfSrieure,  6  miles  X.E.  of  La  Rochelle. 
Pop.  2686. 

DOM  PIERRE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Alller, 
1 0  miles  K.S.E.  of  Mouliua.    Pop.  1620. 
674 


DON 

DOMPTERRE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute 
Vienne.  12  miles  X.E.  of  Bellac.    Pop.  1700. 

DOMREMY,  di^MVto'ee,  or  dA>o^eh-mee'.  or  DOAIREMY- 
LA-PUCELLE,  dAN"'rfh-mee'-Id-pti"se!l',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Vosges.  7  miles  X.  of  Neufchateau.  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Meuse.  It  is  the  native  place  of  Joan  of  Arc. 
(called  La  I'ucelle,  i.  f.  "the  Maid,  or  Virgin.")  whose  house 
is  preserved  as  a  national  relic.  Opposite  to  it  is  a  handsome 
monument,  with  a  colossal  bust  of  the  heroine. 

DOMRI.\XSK,  dom-re-insk'.  a  market-town  of  European 
Russia,  government,  and  40  miles  N.X.E. of  Perm.  Vv\i.  leilO. 

DO'MUS.  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bomliay,  16  miles  S.AV.  of  Sural,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tap 
tee.  in  the  Gulf  of  Cambay. 

D()X,  (anc.  Tan'aif ;  Tartar.  Dofi>nn.)  a  river  of  European 
Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  T<x)Ia.  flows  generally  S., 
passes  Dankov.  Leliedian,  Tcherkask.  Nakhitchevan.  ."Czof, 
and  Rostov,  and  enters  the  Sea  of  Azof  by  many  nuiuthson 
the  N.E.  Chief  affluents  on  the  right,  the  Sosna  and  the 
Donets ;  left,  the  Voronezh,  (or  Voronetz,)  Khoper,  Medvie- 
ditsa,  Sal.  and  .Manitch.  Length,  direct.  4C8  miles:  includ 
ing  windings.  990  miles.  The  navigation  of  the  Don  is  dif!' 
ficult  in  summer,  when  the  water  is  low  :  but  in  winter  it 
is  traversed  by  large  vessels.  The  Don  and  the  A'c.ronezh 
communicate  by  canals  with  the  Oka.  an  affluent  of  the 
Volga,  and  thus  unite  the  Sea  of  Azof  to  the  Caspian.  The 
delta  of  the  Don  is  an  expanse  of  sjtiidy  flats,  running  28 
miles  up.  and  22  miles  wide  at  the  coast-Une. 

DON.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  York.  AVest  Riding,  ri.ses 
in  the  moors  AV.  of  Pennistone.  and  joins  the  Ouse  after  a 
course  of  .55  miles.  It  is  navigable  from  Sheffield.  It  com- 
municates by  canals  with  the  Trent  and  the  Calder. 

DON',  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  rises  in  Ben 
.\ven.  and  enters  the  North  Sea  Ij  miles  N.  of  .W.erdeen, 
after  a  course  of  62  miles.  Banks  mostly  level,  ex'ept  in 
the  last  part  of  its  course,  where  it  flows  rapidly  through  a 
narrow  channel ;  and  it  is  navigable  from  the  sea  only  for  a 
short  distance.  Its  salmon-fisheries  were  lately  rented  for 
2000J.  per  annum.  Balgounie  Bridge  is  an  old  Gothic  one- 
arched  bridge  near  its  mouth,  alluded  to  by  Lord  Byron  in 
one  of  his  early  poems:  a  splendid  new  bridge  of  5  arches 
crosses  the  river  a  little  farther  down. 

DON,  d^N^o,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Slaine-et- 
Loire  and  llle-et-A'ilaine.  joins  the  A'ilaine  6  miles  E. X.E. of 
Kedon.  after  a  AA'.  course  of  about  40  miles,  tor  the  last  10  of 
which  it  is  navigable. 

DOX,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  Iowa. 

DO'NA,  a  small  village  or  steamboat  landing  of  Kent  co., 
Delaware,  is  situated  on  Delaware  Bay,  about  7  miles  N.E. 
of  Dover. 

DON.\B.\TE.  don-a-bait'.  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
CO..  and  10^  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dublin,  with  a  station  on  the 
Dublin  and  Drogheda  Railw.ny.     Area.  2715  acres.  Pop.  479. 

DON.\GH,  don'.Hh.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Monaghan. 

DOX.\GH.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal. 

DONAGHADKK.  donVH^-deo'  or  don'a-ga-dee'.  a  seaport' 
market-town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down,  on  the 
Irish  Channel.  M^i  miles  E.X.E.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  town, 
3151.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  good  harbor,  with  a 
light-house.  Embroidering  is  here  carried  on  to  a  ci.nsider- 
able  e.xtent,  and  in  the  town  are  many  tiax  mills.  Steamers 
ply  hence  to  Portpatrick. 

D(JXAGHCLOXEV,  donVklon'ee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Down. 

DOXAGHEADY,  donVh&d'ee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Tyrone. 

DOXAGIIEAVY.  donVhiv'ee,  or  FIXDONACH,  fin'-don'- 
Ih.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone,  comprising  the  town 
of  Fintona. 

DONAGH-HENRY.  don'l-hJn'ree.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Tyrone,  including  Stewartstown  and  a  part  of  Coal  I.sland 

DONAOHMOKE.  donVmoi-'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Donegal,  including  the  town  of  Castle  Linn. 

DOXAGHMOUK.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

DOXAGHMOKK.a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork.  It  givei> 
the  title  of  earl  to  the  Helv-Hutchison  family. 

DOXAGHMORE.  a  parish  of  Irel.-ind.  co.  of  Down. 

DONAGHAIORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  AVicklow. 

DON.UillMOKE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  A\exford. 

DOXAGHMORE,  a  parish  of  Iivland.  Queen's  county. 

D0N.10HM0RE,  two  parishes  of  Ireland,  co.  of  >Ie.ith. 

DOXAGHMORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

Di)N.\GH.MORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

DOXAGHMORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

DOXAGHMORE.  a  parish  of  Irel.ind.  co.  of  Kildare. 

DONAGHMOYNE,  donVmoin',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co  ot 
Monaghan. 

DON^AGHPAT'RICK.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 

DOXAGHPATUICK.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  .M.atli. 

DOX'ALDSON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  S<huylkill  orv 
Pennsylvani-a.  15  miles  S.AV.of  PottsviUe.  It  is  situated 
in  the  vicinity  of  coal-mines,  and  owes  its  rapid  pro^rn-^s  to 
thetradeinooal.  Laidout about  1845.  Pop. in  18.53. alK>ut TOO. 

DOX'ALDSOXVILLE,  a  post-omce  of  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina. 


DON 


DOX 


DON'ALPSOXA''TLLE.  a  town  and  rirer-port,  capital  of 
Ascension  parish.  Louisiana,  on  the  right  tank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  at  the  head  of  Bayou  La  Fourche.  S2  miles 
above  New  Orleans.  It  was  formerly  capital  of  the  state. 
It  has  a  landing  fur  steamboats. and  contains  several  stores. 
DON'ANY.  d'vnah'nee,  a  town  on  the  isle  of  .Mohilla.  one 
of  the  Comoro  Islands,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Lat.  12°  20'  .S.. 
Ion.  4-1°  E.  It  is  walled,  and  along  the  sea-face  is  a  solid 
rampart  or  platform  fur  a  btittery  of  guns.  The  queen's 
house  is  built  in  the  European  style. 
DOXAU,  a  river  of  Europe.  See  Daxcbe. 
DONAUESCIIINGEN',  d(yn6w-^sh'in.<r-fn,  a  town  of 
Southern  Germany,  grand  duchy  of  Eaden,  circle  of  Lake, 
37  miUis  N.W.  of  Constance,  at  the  contluence  of  the  Bri- 
gaeh  and  Brege.  Pop.  3^l.^0.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  fine 
residence  of  Prince  FUrstenberg,  in  the  court-yard  of 
which  is  a  spring  considered  the  fountain-head  of  the 
Danube. 

DOXAUSTAUF,  do'n«w-st6wr,  a  town  of  Bayaria,  circle 
of  Upper  I'alatinate,  9  miles  VV.X.W.  of  Worth,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Danube.  I'op.  IIW.  Near  it  is  the  Walhalla 
temple. 

DUXAUWORTH,  (DonauwBrth.)  do/ndw-ftoBf,  written 
also  DOXAUWEHTII.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swabia, 
capital  of  a  district,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wernitz  with 
the  Danube,  (the  latter  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.)  25  miles 
N.X'.W.  of  Augsburg.  I'op.  3000.  It  was  formerly  a  free  town 
of  the  empire:  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  well  built.  It  has 
several  churches  and  hospitals,  a  monastery,  and  a  fine  pul>- 
lic  promenade.  Its  inhabititnts  are  mostly  employed  in  rais- 
ing fruits,  tiax.  hemp,  and  hops,  in  brewing,  and  a  transit 
trade  on  the  Danube.  In  1704,  Marlborough  here  gained  a 
victory  over  the  Bavarians. 

DUX  BEXITO.  don  bA-nee'to.  a  town  of  Spain,  57  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Badajoz,  near  the  Ouadiana.  It  is  the  capital  of  a 
partidn  (district)  of  the  same  name,  comprising  8  villages. 
Pop.  15.124.     It  has  uianufaeturea  of  woollens. 

DOXC'ASTEIi.  (anc.  Ita'nuni.)  a  municipal  borough,  mar- 
ket-town, and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Biding, 
on  the  navigable  river  Don,  here  crossed  by  two  fine  stone 
bridges,  and  on  the  great  Xorthern  Koad.  32  miles  S.  of 
York,  and  9  miles  E.  of  the  Swinton  Station  of  the  North 
Midland  Kail w.ay.  Pop.  in  1861, 16,430.  It  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated, and  is  one  of  the  cleanest  and  best-built  towns  in  the 
kingdom.  The  High  Street,  nearly  1  mile  in  length,  is  re- 
markably handsome.  The  chief  edificesare  the  Parish  Church, 
a  noble  cruciform  structure,  with  a  tower ;  Christ  Church,  an 
elegant  modern  edifice;  a  grammar  school,  supported  by 
the  corporation;  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  for  decayed  house- 
keepers: a  large  county  deaf  and  dumb  institution;  a  no- 
ble m.insion-ho  use.  or  residence  for  the  mayor:  the  Town- 
hall.  .Tail,  and  Cross;  a  public  library,  theatre,  lyceuin, 
branch  banks,  and  numerous  fashion.able  hotels;  and,  on 
the  celebrated  race-coui-se  adjoining  the  town  on  the  S.E.,  a 
magnificent  grand  stand,  noblemen's  stand,  with  every  other 
convenience  for  its  far-famed  races,  which  directly  or  indi- 
rectly contribute  to  the  chief  resources  of  the  inhabitants. 
They  were  established  in  17u;j.  In  1776,  the  famous  St.  Leger 
stakes  for  3  year  olds  were  fimnded  by  Colonel  St.  Leger,  and 
have  been  since  annually  run  for  in  September  by  the  best 
horses  in  England. 

DOXCHEK  Y.  d<'iN'<!^sheh-ree',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardennes,  on  the  riiht  bank  of  the  Meuse.  here  cros.sed 
by  a  stone  bridge,  :5  miles  W.  of  Sedan.  Pop.  in  1S52.  1784. 
It  is  surrounded  with  walls,  and  was  formerly  strongly  for- 
tified. On  a  large  open  sp.)ce  is  a  town-hall  and  a  residence  for 
a  military  govei-nor ;  it  has  a  hospital  and  cavalry  barracks. 
DOX  COSS.\CKS,  COUXTKY  OF.  See  Cossacks. 
DOX'DRA  HEAD.  (anc.  Dewandre.  i.e.  "island's  end,") 
the  southernmost  extremity  of  the  island  of  Ceylon.  Lat. 
6°  55'  X..  Ion.  80°  38'  E. 

DOX^EG.\L,  don-e-gawl'.  a  maritime  county  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  having  E.  and  S.  the  counties  of  lyondonderry,  Ty- 
rone, and  Fermanagh,  and  oh  other  sides  Donegal  Bay  and 
the  Atlantic.  Area,  1S65  square  miles,  or  1.193.tiO0  acres, 
of  which  393.191  acres  are  arable,  and  769.587  are  waste. 
Pop.  in  1851,  2.55,160.  Surface  mountainous :  principal  rivers, 
the  Swilly  and  Leenan.  Shores  greatly  indented,  and  the 
county  contains  Loughs  Swilly  and  Mulroy.  with  Sheepha- 
Ten,  Gliddore,  Guybarra.  and  Lochrus  Bays,  and  many 
islands  off  the  coast,  'J'he  inland  lakes  are  numerous:  the 
principal  is  Lake  Derg.  in  which  is  the  island  of  St.  Patrick's 
I'urgatory.  Fisheries  in  1S49  employed  12.188  hands  and 
2810  vessels.  Principal  towns.  Ballyshannon  and  Letter- 
kenny,  with  the  ports  of  Kathmelton.  Doneg.al,  and  Killy- 
begs.     It  sends  two  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

DONEG.\L.  a  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Donegal,  at  the  moutli  of  the  Esk.  in  Donegal 
Bay,  11  miles  X.X.E.  of  Ballyshannon.  Pop.  of  town.  1366. 
It  is  ill  built,  but  has  a  neat  church,  a  spacious  m.arket-place, 
•ulphur  baths,  the  ruins  of  a  monastery,  the  remains  of  a 
fine  castle,  a  harbor  for  vessels  drawing  12  feet  of  water ;  it 
exports  corn  and  butter. 

DOXEGAL,  donVgawl'.  a  village  and  township  of  Butler 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Butler.    Pop.  999. 


DONEGAL,  a  village  and  township  of  Washiii^on  co., 
Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  W,  Virginia,  and  intersected  bv 
the  Ilempfield  Riiilroad.     Pop.  1690. 

DOXEGAL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Westmoreland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  44  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  l:iS9. 
DijNEtiAL  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  extends  in- 
wards about  25  miles;  breadth  at  entrance,  20  miles. 

DOXEUAILE,  don^-?r-ail',  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.of  Cork,  on  the  Awbeg.  here  crossed 
by  a  handsome  stone  bridge,  6  miles  X.X.E. of  Mallow.  Pop. 
of  town,  2722.  It  is  a  poor  place,  with  a  few  good  residences, 
a  neat  church,  largg  Itoman  Catholic  chapel,  nunnery,  dis- 
pensary, and  market-house.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount 
to  the  St.  Leger  family.  The  ruined  castle  of  Kilcolman  in 
its  vicinity  was  a  favorite  residence  of  the  poet  Spenser. 

DiJXETS  or  DtJXETZ.  do-nSt.s',  a  river  of  Southern  Kus» 
sia,  and  the  principal  affluent  of  the  Don,  rises  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Koorsk,  flows  mostly  S.E.  through  the  go- 
veinnent  of  Kharkhov  and  the  Don  Cossack  country,  and 
joins  the  Don  on  the  right.  40  miles  X.E.  of  Xovo-Tcher- 
kask.  after  a  course  of  4(10  miles.  It  is  wide  and  deep,  and 
its  banks  are  highly  fertile.  Principal  affluents,  the  O.-kol, 
.\idar,  and  Kalitva — all  from  the  X.  On  its  banks  are  the 
towns  of  Bielgorod,  and  Zniiev,  (where  it  becomes  navigable.) 
Izioom.and  Slavianoserbsk. 

DuXGEX,  dong'Hgn,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
.North  Brabant.  8  miles  X.E.  of  Breda,  on  a  stream  of  its  own 
name.     Pop.  560. 

DOXGE.S,  dA.Nzh.  a  market/town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-Inferieure,  25  miles  X.X.W.  of  .Nantes.     Pop.  2700. 

DOXG-XAI,  dong^-ni',  a  river  of  Anam,  enters  the  China 
Sea  by  many  mouths,  near  lat.  10°  20'  X.,  Ion.  107°  E.  It 
is  navigable  for  large  ships  to  the  city  of  Saigon,  40  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

DOXG-XAI,  a  town  of  Anam,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Dong- 
nai  River. 

DOXG-XAI,  a  considerable  province  in  the  S.  part  of  Anam, 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Siam  and  the  China  Sea. 

T>i>\'(iO.(nm:.  Ac/un'cum  ?)  a  village  of  Xortliern  Italy, 
20  miles  X.X.E.  of  Como,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  which 
rises  above  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Ojuio.     Pop.  1299. 

DiJXGOLA,  dong'go-l5.  a  province  of  Upper  Xubia.  ill  de- 
fined, but  generally  repre.sented  as  lying  between  lat.  17°  60' 
and  19°  30'  N.  It  consists  of  an  extensive  plain,  about  ISO 
miles  long,  but  of  quite  a  limited  breadth,  eniliraciug  Ixith 
banks  of  the  Xile,  b^  which  it  is  traversed  throughout  its  en- 
tire length,  encircling  in  its  course  the  i.sland  of  Argo.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Menilooks  by  Ilirahim  Pasha  in  1820. 

lnha,b.  Dongoi.awee.  dong-gold/wi  e. 

DOXGOLA.  New.  or  MARAKA.  m.iril/k3.  a  town  of  Xu- 
bia. capital  of  the  province  of  Dongola,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Xile.  in  lat.  19°  10'  19''  X.,  Ion. .30°  22'  15"  E.  It  is  populous, 
and  imiK)rtant.  both  as  a  military  depot  and  a  place  of  tr.ide 
its  exports  are  chiefly  slaves  in  return  for  goods  of  all  descrip- 
tions tVom  Cairo.  It  has  an  indigo  lactjry  belonging  to  the 
Egyptian  pasha.     Pop.  5000. 

DOXGOLA,  (Old,)  a  ruined  town  of  Nubia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Xile,  75  miles  S.S.E.  of  New  Dongola.  The  pa- 
lace of  the  ruler  of  Nubia  may  still  be  distinguished  by  its 
size  and  form. 

DONGO'LA,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  on  Pa- 
toka  Creek,  about  14  miles  E.  of  Princeton. 

DOX'HEAD  ST.  AX'DUEW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 
DOXHEAD  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
D0X1XGT0X-0JJ-BAIX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
DOX'IXGTOX  CASTLE,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester,  2  miles  from  Keyworth  station,  on  the  Midland 
Railway.     Pop.  2500. 
DON'IPIIAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kipley  co.,  Missouri. 
DONIPHAN  CITY',  a  post-town  of  Kansas,  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  about  28  miles  above  Leavenworth,  and  5  or  6 
miles  X.  of  Atchison  City. 

DON-ISLE  or  DOX/HILL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Waterford,  with  ruins  of  Don-Isle  Castle. 

DOXJON,  Le,  Ifh  d6N='zh4x=',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  on  the  Odde,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Moulins. 
Pop.  1800. 

DOX  KERBROEK,  donk'er-brdok'.  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
viive  of  Frie.sland.  22  miles  S.F).  of  Leeuwarden.    Pop.  780. 
DOX  KOV  or  DOX  KOW.     See  Daxkov. 
DON'NA  ANA.  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  New  Mexico. 
DOXX  AL  of  Anam.    See  Du.ng-.nai. 

DOXXAOE,  don'ni-o'^h,  an  i.sland  of  Norway,  off  the  coast 
of  Nordland.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ranen  Fiord :  about  1 8  milea 
long  by  6  broad.     Lat.  of  the  centre.  66°  7'  N..  Ion.  12°  45'  E. 
DONNAS  or  DONAS,  do/nds,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  on  the  Dora  Balteai.    Pop.  1530. 
DOX'NELL'S  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 
DO.N'XELSVILLE,  a  post-villaiie  of  Clarke  co.,  Ohio,  a  few 
miles  W.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  about  200. 

DON'XIXGTOX,  a  market-town  and  pari.=h  of  England^ 
CO.,  and  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lincoln.     A  canal  connects  the 
town  with  Boston.  Hemp  is  largely  cultivated,  in  the  viciuitv 
DOXNIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

67i 


DON 

DOXN'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the 
Aruudel  and  Portsmouth  Canal. 

POXMXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DOX'NYBKOOK.  ST.  MARY'S,  a  parish  of  Ireland.  In 
Leinster,  co.  of  Dublin,  including  the  small  towns  of  Irish- 
town,  Hingsend.  and  Sandymount.  ^which  see.)  Pop.  9825, 
of  whom  1610  are  in  the  village;  the  latter,  on  the  Dodder, 
here  crossed  b)'  a  handsome  bridge,  has  an  elegant  parish 
church,  a  large  hospital,  a  dispensary,  a  hat  factory,  and 
Bereral  mills,  but  is  chiefly  famous  for  its  fair,  held  during 
the  week  commencing  .\ugust  iffith. 

DO'XOBEW,  a  town  of  the  Burmese  dominions,  province 
of  Pegu,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  60  miles  alKjve  Rangoon. 

DOX'OHILL.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

DOXTKEI.K,  dA-Vo'tHV  or  ddxo'trAx',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Creuse.  20  miles  E.  of  Aubusson.     Pop.  2250. 

DOX'YATT,  H  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DOX'YLAXD  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

DONYSA,  one  of  the  Grecian  islands.     See  IIerakua. 

DOXZDOKF,  donts/doRt  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on  the 
Lauter.  5  miles  X.  of  Geislingen.    Pop.  1659. 

DONZEXAC.  dfixo^zeh-nlk',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Correze.  5  miles  X.  of  Brives.     Pop.  in  1852. 3409. 

DO.VZfiRE.  dAso'ziiiR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
DrSme.  on  the  Rhone,  35  miles  S.  of  Valence.    Pop.  1707. 

DOXZY,  M^o^zee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Xi6vre, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nonain,  arrondissemeut  and  10  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Cosne.     Pop.  in  1852,  4057. 

DOO'B.^II,  a  small  river  of  Sinde,  rises  in  the  S.part  of  the 
Keertar  -Mountains.  After  a  course  of  about  45  miles,  it  forms 
a  junction  with  theDamajee,  near  25°  X.,  lat.  and  68°  E.lon. 

DOtTBAUXT'  or  DtWBAUXG',  (Indian,  Tootxmvg.  i.  t. 
"turbid  wat<ir,"  a  small  lake  of  British  America,  near  62°  N. 
lat.,  and  98°  W.  Ion.  Doobaunt  River  is  a  small  stream  flow- 
Inir  into  it. 

bOOBOSARY,  DODBOSARY  or  DUBOSARY.doo'bo^S^- 
ree,  (written  also  DUBOZARl  or  XCyvO-DOOBOSARY.)  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Kherson,  on  the  Dniester,  42 
miles  X.W.  of  Tiraspol.     Pop.  1600. 

DOOBOVKA,  DOUBOVKA,  DUBOVKA,  doo-bov'ki  or 
DUBOVSKI-POS.\D,  doo-bov'skee-po-sSd'  a  town  of  Europe- 
an Russi.a,  government  and  180  miles  S.S.W.  of  Saratov,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.  It  is  an  entrepot  for  all  the 
produce  of  the  X.  of  Russia,  sent  by  land  to  Katchaliusk.  on 
the  Don.  for  the  use  of  the  southern  provinces.    Pop.  1300. 

DOODU'UT'LEE,  a  town  of  Farther  India,  in  Cachar,  40 
miles  E.  of  Sylhet. and  where,  in  1S24, aBritish  detachment 
was  repulsed  by  the  Burmese. 

DOO'ISU.  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Done- 
gal, 10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Letterkenny ;  height.  2143  feet. 

DOOK()VCIIE?:X  A.  DOUKOVTCHINA.  or  DUKOVTSCIII- 
K A.  doo-kov-chee'ni.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
and  32  miles  X.E.  of  Smolensk. 

DOO'LEW.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
district  of  Candeish ;  lat.  21°  1'  N.,  Ion.  74°  47'  E. 

DOOLr'l!I.\,  a  town  of  British  Indi.a,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. S.W.  ceded  districts,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Hosungabad. 

DOO'LY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  centnil  part  of  Georgia,  con- 
tains about  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Flint  River,  and  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Alapaha,  and 
by  Lumjikin's,  Gum,  and  Cedar  Creeks.  The  surface  is  level, 
and  partly  covered  with  pine  woods.  Much  of  the  land  is 
productive.  Organized  in  1821,  and  named  in  honor  of  Co- 
lonel John  Dooly,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
Capital,  Vienna.  Pop.  8917.  of  whom  4847  were  free,  and 
4070  slaves. 

DOOMAIRAII  or  DUMAIRA.  doo-mPrtl,  an  island  in  the 
Red  Sea.  otf  the  Abyssinian  coast  in  lat.  14°  X.,  Ion.  43° 30' 
E.,  of  great  height,  running  up  to  a  remarkable  sharp  peak 
In  the  centre. 

DOOX.  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  flowing  from  Ix>ch 
Doon,  in  a  X.X.W.  course  of  about  18  iniles.  into  the  Frith  of 
Clyde.  3  miles  S.  of  Ayr.  The  name  of  this  beautiful  stream 
has  been  immortalized  by  Bums. 

DOO.X,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperarv. 

DOOX^GURPOOR/,  a  town  of  Western  Hindostan,  in  R.ij- 
pootana,  48  miles  S.  of  Odeypoor,  and  the  capital  of  a  small 
rajahsbip.  tributary  to  the  British. 

D(X)X,  LOCII,  ISk  doon.  of  Scotknd.  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Avr, 
Is  about  5  miles  in  length  and  three-fourths  of  a  mile' in 
breadth.  It  is  inclosed  by  mountains,  and  has  an  Islet  on 
which  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle. 

D(H)R,  DOUR, or  DUR,  door,  (rhyming  with  poor^)  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashallc,  and  83  miles  X.N.W.  of  Bagdad, 
on  the  Tiifris. 

DODR.  DOUR,  or  DUR,  door,  a  village  of  Persia,  province 
of  Irak-.\jemee,75  miles  N.W.  of  Ispahan. 

DOOR.  dOr,  a  ctmnty  of  Wisconsin,  is  a  narrow  peninsula 
betwcn'n  Lake  Michigan  and  Green  Bav,  forming  the  X.E  ex- 
tremity of  the  state.  The  area  Is  alxmt  400  s<iuare  miles. 
It  was  separated  from  Brown  county  in  1860.  Capital. 
Gibmltar.     Pop.  2948. 

DOORA,  d.'i'rl,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  and  11  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Utrecht.    Pop.  1002. 

DOORAK,  DOURAK,  or  DURAK,  doo'-rilk,  (written  also 
57  ti 


DOR 

DORAK.)  da'rlk,  a  town  of  Persia,  pnovince  of  Khoozistan, 
200  miles  S.W.  of  Ispahan,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Jerahl 
and  Doorak  Rivers.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk  handker- 
chiefs and  .\raV)ian  cloaks.     Pop.  8000. 

DOOH  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Dane  co..  Wisconsin. 

DQORX,  doRn  or  dtx>rn.  GRE.Vf  and  UTTLK.  two  rivers 
of  Southern  Africa,  in  Cape  Colony,  tributary  to  Elephant 
River.  In  the  district  of  Georce. 

DOORXEBUUG.  dOR'neh-buRG\  or  DOORXEXBURO,  dOR/- 
nfn-b&RG.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gelderland,  8 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Xymwegen.  with  a  fine  castle.    Pop.  600. 

D(X)RX1K.  a  citv  of  Beliiium.     «ee  Tourn.at. 

DOORXSPYK.  doRu'spike.  a  vill.tge  of  the  Xetherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland.  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  \\  miles  S.W. 
of  Elburg.     Pop.  of  parish.  2815. 

Drx)R  VILLAGE,  a  little  post-village  of  La  Porte  co,, 
Indiana,  3  miles  S.W.  of  La  Porte,  is  situated  in  a  fertile 
prairie. 

DOOSHAK,  doo\«hik',  a  walled  village  of  West  Afghanis 
tan,  on  the  route  between  Herat  and  Candahar. 

DOOSH.\K,  a  town  of  West  Afghanistan.    See  J£Lal.abaii. 

DOOSTEK  or  DUSTEE.  doos't(*\  (written  also  DUSEE, 
DOOST,  DOUST,  and  DUST. )  a  river  of  Beloochist.in,  province 
of  Mekr.jn,  enters  the  Arabian  Sea.  in  lat.25°15'X.,  Ion.  61° 
60'  E.,  after  a  coarse  of  perhaps  1000  miles,  but  very  shallow 
throughout. 

DDK,  D'OR,  or  DORE,  (MOXT,)  mA.>o'doR,  a  group  of 
mountiiins  in  France,  comprised  in  the  mountains  of  Au- 
vergne.  department  of  Puy  de  Dome.  \jiiX.  45°  32'  X.,  Ion.  2° 
50'  E.  The  principal  summit  is  the  Pic  de  Sancy.  6188  feet  in 
elevation.  These  mountains  contain  many  volcanic  products 
and  some  craters.  The  rivers  Dor  and  Dngne  have  their 
sources  here,  and  the  celebrated  mineral  baths  of  Mont  Dor 
are  situated  in  the  X.  of  the  mountains.  The  Dor  Moun- 
tain is  often  mistaken  for  the  Mont  D"Or,in  the  department 
of  Rhone. 

Di>'K.\,  a  village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Salamo- 
nie  River,  8  miles  E.  of  Wabash. 

DORA,  a  village  of  Broome  co.,  Xew  York,  18  miles  E.  of 
Binghampton. 

DORA  BALTEA.  do'rd  bdl-ti/i  (anc.  Dulria  M-iiJor.)  a  river 
of  Xorthem  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  rises  at  the  foot  of  the  Little 
St.  Bernai'd.  and  after  an  E.  and  S.E.  course  of  nearly  90 
miles,  joins  the  Po  near  Crescentino.  Under  the  French  it 
gave  name  to  a  department  of  which  Ivrea  (which  is  on  its 
banks)  was  the  capital. 

DORAK,  doVSk',  a  town  of  Persia,  pi-ovince  of  Khoozistan, 
90  miles  S.  of  Shooster.  It  is  walled,  and  reported  to  be 
populous,  and  to  have  some  thriving  manufactures.  SJS. 
of  it  are  the  remains  of  Eskee  (or  Old)  Dorak.     Pop.  6000. 

DOR  AM  A.  do-ri'mi  a  town  of  Central  Arabia,  in  Xedjed, 
30  miles  X.E.  of  Derayeh.  It  is  a  place  of  provisioning  for 
the  Mecca  caravans.  In  1818,  it  was  taken  and  sacked  by 
Ibrahim  Pa.sha,  when  nearly  every  individual  excepting  200 
females  was  slaughtered.     Pop.  7700. 

DORAX.  doVin/,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  on  a  moun- 
tain. 30  miles  S.  of  Sana.    It  has  some  remarkable  tombs. 

DORA  RlPAIRA.do'rire-pI'rd.(anc.i>!(Vi((iV<'n')C.)a river 
of  Xorthern  Ifcily,  in  Piedmont,  rises  in  the  Cottian  Alps, 
and  after  an  E.  course  of  tiO  miles,  joins  the  Po  near  Turin. 

DOR.\T.  Lr,  Ifh  doVi'.  (anc.Oratorium  .?ia  town  of  France, 
department  of  Haute-Vienne.  7  miles  X.of  Bellac.   Pop.  1852. 

DOKCHEAT,  a  post-oifice  of  Clailiorue  parish,  Louisiana. 

DORCHEAT  RIVER.    See  Dauchite. 

DOR/CHESTER,  {unc.  Durnom'ria.  and  Durinum;  Sax- 
on, Dnrnceaster,  probably  .a  corruption  of  Durhii  Ciistra,  i.  e, 
the  "Station  of  Durinum,")  a  p:u-liamentary  and  mu- 
nicipal Ixirough  and  town  of  England,  capital  of  Dorset, 
on  an  eminence  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Frome,  8  miles 
X.  of  Weymouth,  on  the  English  Channel,  and  115  miles 
S.W.  of  London,  on  the  South-western  Railway.  Pop.  in 
1851.  6394.  It  is  almost  wholly  surrounded  by  fine  ave- 
nues, and  handsomely  built,  the  poorer  edifices  being  con- 
fined to  the  adjoining  suburban  village.  Fordlngton.  It  has 
3  churches;  St,  Peter's  is  an  ancient  structure,  containing 
some  curious  monuments  and  stained  glass;  a  small  gram- 
mar school,  having  exhibitions  to  the  university;  several 
ancient  endowed  poors"  hospitals,  a  county  hospital,  union 
workhouse,  handsome  town-hall  with  market-house,  neat 
shire-hall,  county  jail  and  house  of  correction,  Kii^e  cavalry 
barracks,  theatre,  some  lianks. and  seveial  interesting  Roman 
remains,  including  traces  of  the  ancient  walls:  and.  in  the 
close  vicinity  of  the  town,  two  strongly  entrenched  stations, 
and  the  remarkalile  amphitheatre  of  Maumbury.  the  most 
perfect  in  the  liingdom.  'The  last  is  enclosed  by  sloping  sides 
or  seats  of  chalk,  rising  30  feet  atove  the  spacious  arena. 
Dorchester  has  a  flourishing  retail  trade,  breweries  of  cele- 
brated ale,  and  large  fiirs  for  the  vast  nuniWrs  of  shet>p  and 
lambs  pastured  on  the  adj!»cent  downs.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  lloiise  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  th« 
Carleton  family.  Judge  Jeffreys's  "bloody  assize''  was  held 
here  in  1685. 

D(  )KCHESTER.  (anc.  Diirocina  or  Dorocina.)  a  vilL-tge  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oxford,  on  the 
Thames,  here  ctosaed  by  an  elegant  stone  bridge,    fop.  Is 


DOR 

1851, 1061.  The  ancient  cruciform  church  of  the  village  was 
originally  the  cathedral  of  St.  Biriiie,  who  fixed  here  tlie  seat 
of  his  bishopvic.  (the  largest  ever  formed  in  Kn<;!and,)  about 
A.  D.  635.  It  still  contains  the  tomb  of  the  saint  and  his 
leaden  font,  said  to  be  the  most  ancient  of  the  kind  known. 

DOlt/CIIESTIilt,  a  county  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Maryland, 
bordering  on  Delaware  State,  and  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
which  washes  the  W.  border.  Area,  640  square  miles.  Tlie 
Choptank  Kiver  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.  and  N.W.,  and 
the  Nanticoke  Itiver  on  the  S.E.  It  is  also  drained  by  Hud- 
son and  Marshy  Hope  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level,  and 
partly  occupied  by  marshes.  The  Choptank  and  Nanticoke 
Rivers  are  navigable  along  the  borders  of  the  county.  Or- 
ganized in  1669.  Capital,  Cambridge.  Pop.  20,461,  of  whom 
16,-J38  were  free,  and  4123  slaves. 

DORC'HESTEKja  post-township  of  Grafton  co.,NewIIamp- 
Bhire,  about  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  691. 

DOltCHliSTEK,  a  beautiful  and  flouri.shing  post-town  of 
Norfolk  CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  Boston  Bay,  4  miles  S.K.  of 
Boston,  witli  which  it  communicates  by  the  Old  Colony 
Railroad,  and  the  New  York  and  Boston  Air-lino  Railroad. 
It  contains  16  cliurches,  2  banks,  and  a  savings  institution; 
it  has  3  paper-mills,  2  eliocolate-mills,  1  cotton  factory,  3 
large  iron  foundries,  1  wire  factory,  3  plauing-mills,  1  large 
Britiinuia  ware  factory,  1  sasli  and  blind  factory,  1  establish- 
ment for  tlie  mantifacture  of  refrigerators,  21  for  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture,  1  of  starch,  and  7  of  tinware.  Dor- 
chester is  a  favorite  place  of  residence  with  persons  doing 
business  in  Boston.  Many  of  its  dwellings  exhibit  a  de- 
gree of  elegance  and  ta.ste  rarely  surpsissed.  The  township 
contains  5  post-otlices,  viz.,  Dorchester,  Harrison  Square, 
Fairmonnt,  Mattapan,  and  Neponset.  Settled  in  163U  by  a 
company  of  Puritans,  and  named  in  honor  of  tlie  Rev.  John 
Wliite  of  Dorchester,  England.  P.  in  1S50, 79tj9 ;  in  1860, 9769. 

DiHtCHE.STliK,  a  riverport  and  capital  of  'Westmoreland 
CO.,  New  Brunswick,  situated  ou  the  left  bank  of  the  Petico- 
diae  River,  near  its  entrance  into  Shepody  Bay.  The  river 
is  navi;;ahle  for  ships  of  any  size  and  Dorchester  is  rapidly 
becoming  a  place  of  importance.  A  valuable  mineral,  which 
by  some  is  designated  ''jet  coal,"  and  by  others  considered 
pure  a.-iphaltum.  lias  recently  been  discovered  in  its  vicinity, 
and  it  is  now  being  worked  to  a  considerable  extent.  The 
mineral  is  of  a  btilliant  black,  highly  inflammable,  and 
yields  a  large  quantity  of  gas  of  great  illuminating  power. 

DIJRCHKSTER,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  Co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  Maurice  River,  2U  miles  S.E.  of  Bridgeton. 

DOKCUi;STEK,  a  decayed  village  of  the  parish  of  St. 
George's  Dorchester,  Colleton  district,  South  Carolina,  half  a 
mile  K.  of  the  left  bank  of  Ashley  River,  and  18  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Charleston.  This  is  the  principal  scene  of  the  romantic 
tale  of  the  '•  Partisan,"  by  Simms. 

DlJltCIIH.STEIl,  a  village  of  Liberty  cc,  Georgia,  about 
5  miles  from  Suubury,  containing  an  academy  and  12 
families. 

DORCHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  ec,  Arkansas. 

DOK'CHESTER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Canada  East, 
extending  from  the  river  St.  Lawrence  on  the  N.W.  to  the 
State  of  Maine  on  the  S.E.  The  Chaudidre  and  Etchemin 
Rivers  pass  through  this  county.  Area,  2050  square  miles. 
Pop.  43,105. 

DOR'DASVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Pope  co.,  Arkansas. 

DOKDOGXE.  dorMon',  (Fr.  pron.  doR'doS',)  a  department 
in  the  S.W.  of  France,  between  the  departments  of  Haute- 
Vienne,  Charente,  Charente-Inferieure,  Gironde,  Lot-et-G.a- 
ronne,  Lot.  and  Correze.  Capital.  Perigueux.  Area,  3492 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  501,687.  The  chief  rivers  are 
the  Dordogne  and  Vez6re,  both  navigable.  Haute- VezSre,  and 
Isle.  The  surface  is  many  pjirts  is  uncultivated,  and  has 
numerous  marshes.  The  soil,  generally  dry  and  sandy,  is 
rich  in  minerals,  including  iron,  copper,  lead,  coal,  manga- 
nese, and  lithographic  stones;  it  has  marble  quarrie.s  and 
mineral  springSi  Chestnuts  are  extensively  cultivated,  and 
the  truffles  are  the  best  in  France.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures are  iron,  paper,  brandy,  and  liqueurs. 

DORDOGN  E,  (anc.  Durahiius,  and  Dordolnia  f)  a  river  in 
the  S.W. of  France,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Dor  and 
Dogne,  in  the  department  of  Puy-do-Dome,  and  after  a  course 
of  220  miles,  167  of  which  are  navigable,  joins  the  Garonne 
13  miles  N.  of  Bordeaux. 

DORDRECHT,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Dort. 

DOKE,  a  chapolry  of  llngland.  co.  of  Derby. 

DORE  ABBEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DOREB.\T,  doVe-bit/,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  45 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Mocha.    It  is  the  residence  of  a  sheikh. 

DORE  L'EGLISIC,  doR  lA^gleez',  a  villageof  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-Dome,  12  miles  S.  of  Aml^ert.     Pop.  2090. 

DORES,  dcVrz,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  CO.,  and  8  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Inverness,  on  Loch  Ness. 

DORGALI.  doR-gd/lee,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
wpilal  of  a  district,  62  miles  K.S.E.  of  Sas.sari.  Pop.  3356. 
'.t  has  manufactures  of  coarse  silks. 

DORHEIM,  doR'bime.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in 
Uesse-Cassel,  16  miles  N.  of  Hanau,  on  the  Wetter.  Pop.  688. 

DORJELING.    See  Darjeelixq. 

DORJELLA,  dor-yMId,  a  vilLage  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
2M 


DOR 

capital  of  Wammer,  one  of  the  Arroo  Islands.  It  is  well  built, 
has  a  batterv.  and  a  small  but  neat  Christian  church. 

DOR/KING  or  DAR/KING,  a  market-town  and  pari.<'h  of 
Enaland,  co.  of  Surrey,  in  a  valley  famed  for  picturesque 
be.-iuty,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  5996.  The 
town  stands  chiefly  on  a  slojje  facing  the  N.,  and  cnntains 
many  new  and  handsome  residences,  a  church  newly  rebuilt, 
containing  the  mausoleum  of  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  lords  of 
the  manor,  and  in  the  cemetery  of  which  are  traces  of  the 
Roman  Stone  Street.  The  trade  in  lime  and  chalk  from 
adjacent  pits  is  considerable.  Around  the  town  are  nume- 
rous fine  seats  and  mansions,  including  Deepdene,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  late  Mr. Hope,  author  of  "  Anastasius,"  and  tha 
Rookery,  the  birth-place  of  Malthus. 

DORLA,  douli,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  contiguous  vil- 
lages of  l>russian  Saxony,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  JlUhlhausen. 
United  population,  2170. 

DORM  AGEN,  doR-m^/gh^n,  (anc.  Dnrnnm'agus.  t)  a  vill.iH:s 
of  Rhenish  Prussia,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dusseldorf,  near  the 
Rhine.    Pop.  14S6. 

DOR.MANS,  doR^mSN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Marne.  14  miles  W.  of  Epernay.     Pop.  in  1852,  2249. 

DOK'.MANSVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Albany  co..  New  Y'ork 

DOK'NICKTOWN.  a  post-office,  Monongaliacoco., Virginia. 

DOR/.MINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DORMS'DKN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

DOR.MS/TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

DORNACH,  doR^nSk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haut-Rhin.  2|  miles  by  railw.ay  N.W.  of  MUlhausen.  Pop. 
in  18.')2,  2983.  engaged  in  cotton  spinning  and  weaving. 

DORNACH.  doK/iiik\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  19  miles  N. 
of  Soleure.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  of  the  Swiss  over 
the  Austrians,  July  22,  1499. 

DORNBACH.  doRn'bjK,  a  village  of  lavrer  Austria,  3 
miles  N.W.  of  Vienna,  with  the  castle  of  Neuwaldegg. 
I'op.  960. 

DORNBIRN,  doBnOiSfiRn,  or  DORNBURN,  (DornbUm,) 
doRii'bUiin,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  principality 
of  Vorailburg,  6  miles  S.  of  Brogeuz,  ou  Liike  Constance. 
Pop.  4600. 

DORN  BURG,  doRnljCORG,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  duchy 
and  15  miles  E.  of  Weimar,  on  tlie  Sa.ale.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
court  of  law  and  several  pulilic  offices,  and  contains  3  cas- 
tles, one  of  which  was  often  the  residence  of  Goethe. 

DORNDORF,  doun'doRf,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Westphalia,  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  MUnster,  on  the  Lippe 
It  contains  a  i'r.inciscan  monastery  and  hospital.   Pop.  2824. 

DORNES.  doRii,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nj6vre, 
21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nevers.     Pop.  in  1S52,  1282. 

DORNES,  doR'nJs,  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  on  the 
Zezere,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Thomar. 

DOR'NEY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

DORMIAN,  dsRii/h^n,  or  DORNHEM,  doimOiJm,  a  toim 
of  WUrtemburg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  40  miles  S.W.  of 
Stuttgart.     Pop.  1650. 

DORNO,  doR/no,  (L.  Dorfnus,)  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Novara,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Mortara.     Pop.  3683. 

DORNOCH,  dor'noK,  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  mv 
ritiuie  village,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capitiil  of  the  county 
of  Sutherland,  on  the  frith  of  the  same  name,  14  miles  N.  of 
Cromarty.  Pop.  of  burgh,  599.  The  town  is  poor,  but  has  a 
church,  (originally  a  cathedral,)  elegantly  fitted  up  by  the 
late  Duchess  of  Sutherland,  and  fine  remains  of  the  bishop's 
castle.  Sheriff's  courts  are  held  here.  It  unites  with  Kirk- 
wall, Cromarty.  Dingwall,  Tain,  and  Wick  in  sending  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Dornoch  was,  until  the 
revolution,  the  seat  of  the  bishops  of  Caithness.  The  last 
victim  in  Scotland  of  the  laws  against  witchcraft  was  burnt 
in  this  parish  in  1722. 

DORNOCH  FRITH,  a  deep  inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  on  the 
N.E.  coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  counties  of  Sutherland 
and  Ross.  Breadth  of  entrance,  abt.ut  15  miles.  The  navi- 
gation, for  large  vessels  is  obstructed  by  sandbanks. 

DORNOCK,  a  p.^rish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

DORNSTETTEN,  doRn'stJt-ten,  (anc,  Tarodu'num  f)  a  town 
of  Wiirtemburg,  circle  of  the  Black  Forest,  35  miles  S.  W. 
of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1200. 

DORNUM,  doR/nMm,  a  village  of  Hanover,  13  njiles  N.W. 
of  Aurich.     Pop.  1580. 

DOROGH,  do^rog',  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szabolcs,  in 
a  marshy  district,  about  20  miles  N.N .W.  of  Debreczin.  Poj) 
6640. 

DOROGH.  Kis,  kish,  and  Nagy,  Dorooh,  nCdj.  doVog', 
("Little  and  Great  Dorogh,")  two  adjacent  villages  in  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Tolna,  on  the  Sarviz,  which  is  here  navigable.  62 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  of  Kis  Dorogh,  1055;  of  Nagy 
Dorogh.  2666. 

DOROGOBOOZH  or  DOROGOBOUJ,  do-ro-go-boozh',  writ 
ten  also  DOROGOBUSH  and  DOROGOBUJ,  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government,  and  55  miles  E.N.E.  of  Smolensk,  capital 
of  a  circle,  on  the  Dnieper.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  well  built,  and  has  numerous  churches,  a  fine  mar 
ket-place,  a  ruined  citadel,  and  a  brisk  general  trade.  Ou 
the  12th  of  October,  1812,  the  French  were  defeated  here  by 
the  Russians. 

677 


DOR 

DOROGOT:^.  doro-ffol'A,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  in  its  N. 
part.  70  miles  N.W.  of  Y.issy,  (Jassy.) 

DOliOX,  dorAu',  a  small  rivei-  in  the  Sardinian  Stites, 
Savoy,  which  rises  in  the  Grecian  Alps ;  and,  aft«r  a  course 
of  about  -to  miles,  joins  the  left  bank  of  the  Isere,  at  JIou- 
tiers. 

DOROSMA.  doVosh'moh\  a  village  of  Central  Hungary, 
Little  Cumaniii,  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Szeged.     Pop.  8030? 

DOROSZLO,  do]ros'lo\  a  village  of  Hungary,  on  the  Mos- 
tanso.  about  8  miles  from  Zombor.     Pop.  2235. 

DOUPAT,  doR/pdt,  or  DERPT,  dJBpt,  (L.  Torpatum  and 
Darbetun;  RvLss.Turiev  or  Yooru^.)  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Livonia,  capital  of  a  circle  on  the  Embacli.  here 
crossed  "oy  a  stone  bridge,  and  on  the  road  between  Riga  and 
St  Petersburg,  150  miles  N.E.  of  Riga.  Pop.  12,000.  Mean 
temperature  of  the  year  41°.8;  winter,  30°.l :  summer,  63° 
Fahrenheit.  It  has  a  very  picturesque  appearance,  is  well 
built  and  paved,  and  comprises  a  town  proper,  and  the  su- 
burbs of  St.  Petersburg  and  Riga.  Its  old  fortifications  have 
been  converted  into  ornamental  gardens  and  public  walks. 
Principal  edifices,  the  ancient,  but  partly  ruined  Cathedral, 
the  government  offices,  a  college,  founded  in  loS9.  female 
and  numerous  other  schools,  and  a  spacious  market-house. 
Its  celebrated  university,  originally  founded  in  1632  by  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  and  re-established  by  Paul  I., 
had  in  18-16,  SO  profes.sors,  574  students,  an  extensive  libra- 
ry, a  museum  of  arts,  an  observatory,  and  a  botanic  garden. 
The  Dorpat  Observatory  was  rendered  famous  by  the  observa- 
tions made  here  by  Tycho  Brahe.  It  is  the  chief  school  for 
the  Protestant  clergy  in  Russia,  and  the  Reformed  Synod  of 
Vilna  send  their  students  to  Dorpat. 

Dorpat  is  an  ancient  city,  and  in  the  thirteenth  century 
was  a  place  of  so  much  trading  importance  as  to  be  admitted 
among  the  Hanse  Towns.  In  1223  it  was  taken  by  the  Ger- 
mans from  the  Russians ;  the  latter  reposses.'ied  themselves 
of!tinl553.  The  Poles  captured  it  from  the  Russians  in 
1582,  from  whom  again  the  Swedes  recaptured  it  in  1625. 
Peter  the  Great  ultimately  took  it,  and  it  has  since  remain- 
ed in  the  possession  of  Russia. 

DORR,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  706. 

DORR,  a  township  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1060. 

DOR'RA>"CE,  a  post-township  of  Luzerne  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  553. 

DORRANCE,  a  postoffice  of  Stark  co..  Illinois. 

DORKE  (dorr)  ISLAND,  West  Australia,  is  15  miles  N.  of 
Dirk  Hartog  Island,  and  with  it  bounds  Shark  Bay  on  the 
W. ;  lat.  25°  10'  S.     Leusth  from  N.  to  S.  20  miles. 

DORRHA.  dor'ra,  or  DUR'ROW,  duh'ro,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land. Munster.  co.  of  Tipperary. 

DOR/RIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DORIVVILLl!;,  a  past-village  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

DOR/SET  or  DORSETSHIRE,  dor'se1»shir,  a  mantime 
county  of  England,  on  its  S.W.  coa.«t,  having  X.W.  the 
county  of  Somerset,  N.  of  Wilts,  E.  of  Hants,  W.  of  Devon- 
shire, and  S.  of  the  English  Channel.  Area  9S7  square 
miles,  or  643,840  acres,  about  one-third  of  which  is  estimated 
to  be  arable.  Pop.  in  1851, 184.207.  Surface  in  the  N.  mostly 
level ;  in  the  centre,  traversed  by  chalk  downs,  on  which  many 
sheep  are  pa.stured ;  in  the  S.  finely  diversified  by  hill  and 
dale;  In  the  E.  are  some  wide  heaths.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Stour  and  Frome.  Coast  on  the  S.  presents  the  islands  of 
Portland  and  of  Purbeck.  with  St.  Alban's  Head,  and  on 
the  S.E..  the  inlet  Poole  Harbor.  Portland  and  Purbeck 
stone,  coarse  marble  and  potter's  clay,  are  raised  in  large 
quantities.  In  1847,  1120  persons  were  employed  in  linen, 
silk,  and  woollen  factories.  The  South- Western  Railway 
from  London,  extends  through  the  S.E.  part  of  the  county, 
to  Dorchester.  The  county  forms  an  archdeaconry  of  the 
diocese  of  Salisbury.  Capital,  Dorchester.  It  sends,  with 
its  boroughs.  12  memljers  to  the  House  of  Commons,  3  of 
whom  are  returned  by  the  county. 

DOR'SET.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bennington  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  90  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Montpelier.  It  has  extensive  quarries  of  marble,  the 
working  of  which,  constitutes  the  chief  occupation  of  the 
inhabitants.    Pop.  2090. 

DORSET,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Asht.abula  co_ 
Ohio,  175  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  .329. 

DORSET,  a  post^village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  66  miles 
W.  bv  S.  of  Chicago. 

DORSETSHIRE.    See  Dorset. 

DOR'SEY.  a  postoffice  of  Woodford  co..  Kentucky. 

DOR'SIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

DORSTKN.  dnRR/tgn,  a  town  of  Prussiia,  Westphalia.  35 
miles  S.W.  of  MUnster,  on  the  Lippe.  Pop.  2900.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

DOR'STONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

DORT,  doRt,  or  DORDRECHT,  doR/drjKt.  (L.  Dnrdractmi,) 
a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  on  an 
island  in  the  Merwe.  (Meu.se.)  10  miles  S.E.  of  Rotterdam. 
Pop.  23,552.  Chief  edifices,  a  fine  town-hall,  a  Gothic  church, 
with  a  tall  square  tower,  and  numerous  monuments  and 
curious  works  of  art.  It  h-as  a  Ivitln  school,  and  many 
public  institutions;  seveial  quays  and  canals,  a  good  har- 
57  d 


DOU 

bor,  building  docks,  numerous  saw-mills,  s-ilt  and  sugar 
refineries,  linen-bleachiug  grounds,  white  lead  and  tobaceo 
factories,  and  a  large  trade  in  flax,  corn,  saltish,  train-oil, 
and  timber,  floating  hither  down  the  Rhine.  Among  the 
imports  in  iS52.  were  S24S  tons  of  coal  from  Newcastle.  Dort 
was  the  original  residence  of  the  Counts  of  Holland,  and  the 
place  where,  in  1572.  the  independence  of  the  United  Pro- 
vinces was  first  declared.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the  bro 
thers  De  AVitt.  The  famous  Synod  of  Dort,  which  anatho- 
matized  the  doctrines  of  Arminius.  and  was  productive  of 
much  intestine  disturbance  in  the  Netherlands,  was  held 
here  in  1618-19. 

DORT.MUND,  doRfmMnt  {!,.  Dortmunlda  and  Tieirwinia,) 
a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  capital  of  a  circle  on 
the  Emster,  and  on  the  Cologne  and  Minden  Railway,  27 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Arnsberg.  Pop.  2.;!,348.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
mining-board,  and  has  a  Roman  Catholic  and  4  Lutheran 
churches,  3  monasteries.  3  hospitals,  and  a  provincial  aca- 
demy, founded  in  1543.  Its  manufactures  are  linen,  woollen 
and  cotton  stuffs,  tobacco,  nails  and  cutlery.  Dortmund 
early  became  a  place  of  some  importance,  rose  to  be  a  fi-ee 
imperial  town,  and  joined  the  llauseatic  League.  With  thg 
dissolution  of  this  league,  its  prosperity  began  to  decline, 
and  during  the  Thirty  Years  War.  its  trade  was  almost 
ruined.  In  1802,  it  came  into  the  family  of  Nassau  Dioz, 
and  wa.s  given  to  Prussw.  in  1815.  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 

DORTTdN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks.  It  has  a 
ch.alybeate  spring  and  handsome  bath  establishments. 

DORUM,  do'i'Odm,  a  town  of  Hanover,  duchy,  and  44  miles 
N.N  .AV.  of  Bremen,  capital  of  the  district  of  Wursleiu.  Pop. 
628. 

DORZBACH,  doRsljjK.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on  the 
Jaxt,  7  miles  S.  of  Mergentheim.     Pop.  1480. 

DOSA-J.ASZ,  do'shoh\viss',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and 
about  36  miles  E.  of  Pesth.  on  the  Tarna.     Pop.  25(>4. 

DOS  B.ARHIOS,  doce  bSn'Re-oee.  a  modern  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Toledo. 

DOS  HERMANAS,  doce  fR-mi/nds,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Seville.     Pop,  2915. 

DOSSENHEIM,  dos'sen-hIrae\  a  village  of  B.adisn,  circle, 
Lower  Rhine,  4  miles  N.  of  Heidelberg,    Pop,  1425. 

DOSSOLO,  dos'so-lo,  a  village  and  commune  of  Austrian 
Italy,  government  of  Milan,  7  miles  S.  by  N.  of  Viadana, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po.     Pop.  3^46. 

DOTIS,  diVtish^,  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  CO.,  and 
12milesS.E.  of  Komorn.  Pop.  4S69.  It  consists  of  an  upper 
and  a  lower  town,  between  which  are  ruins  of  a  celebrated 
ancient  castle,  which  was  inhabited  by  Mathias  Corvinus; 
it  has  also  a  castle,  with  fine  gardens,  belonging  to  the 
Esterhazy  family,  a  Calvinist.  and  several  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  synagogue,  a  Capuchin  monastery,  a  Piarist  col- 
lege, evmnasium  and  hij:h  school. 

DO/TY'S  COIVNER,  a  postoffice  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

DO'TY'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin, 
37  miles  S.S.W.  of  Providence. 

DOO.AI  or  DOUAY,  doo'A',  (L.  Dimcum,  anc.  Dua'giumf)  a 
fortJfied  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the 
Scarpe,  and  on  the  Railway  du  Nord.  at  the  junction  of  the 
branches  to  Lille  and  Valenciennes,  18  miles  S.  of  Lille. 
Pop.  in  1852,  20,528.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  several  hand- 
some old  churches,  a  fine  arsenal  and  cannon  foundry, 
several  hospitals,  a  theatre,  botanic  garden,  nation.il  college, 
university,  academy,  and  other  public  schools,  and  it  is  the 
seat  of  a  national  court,  and  numerous  flourishing  scientific 
institutions.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  l.ace.  gauzes, 
cotton  stuffs,  earthenware,  beet-root  sugar,  glass,  soap,  and 
refined  sugar.  Douai  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of 
France,  and  existed  in  the  time  of  Julius  Cicsar,  who  men- 
tions it  as  a  place  occupied  by  Caluaci.  It  had  acquired 
considerable  importance,  and  w.os  strongly  fortified  in  the 
ninth  century.  Its  posses.^ion  wa.s  afterwards  strongly  con- 
tested by  the  Flemish  and  French,  by  whom  it  was  repeatedly 
taken  and  retaken.  It  was  finally  secured  to  the  latter  by 
the  peace  of  Utrecht. 

DOUARNENEZ,  doo'aR'ngh-ni/,  (L.  Dnrvarwna.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Finistere,  on  the  bay  of  Douarnenei. 
12  miles  N.W.  of  Quimit.r.  Pop.  in  1852,  4193.  It  hns  a 
considerable  fishery. 

DOU.\Y,  a  town  of  France.     See  DoDAl. 

DOUBLE  BRANCHES,  a  post-oflice  of  Anderson  district, 
South  Carolina. 

DOUBLE  BRANCHES,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co, 
Georcria. 

DOUBLE  BRIDGE,  a  postoffice  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 87  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

DOUBLE  BRID'GES.  a  post-village  of  Upson  CO.,  Georgia. 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Thomaston,  the  county  seat, 

DOUBLE  BRIDGES,  a  post-office  of  Lauderdale  co,,  Tan- 
nessee. 

DOUB'LE  CAB/INS.  a  post-vilLige  of  Henry  co..  Georgia, 
65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

DOUBLE  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Camdon  co.,  Missouri. 

DtlUBLE  PIKE  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Carroll  co.,  Mary 
land. 

DOUBLE  SHOALS,  a  post-offlce  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia. 


DOU 


DOU 


POUBLE  SPRIXO.  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Arkansas, 

DOUBLK  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

DOUBLK  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

DOUBLE  SPRINGS,  a  post-town  of  Calaveras  county, 
California,  is  sitimted  on  the  main  road  from  Sacramento 
City  to  Sonora,  87  miles  E.N.E.  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  in 
the  vicinity  of  one  of  the  principal  mining  districts,  and  is 
much  resorted  to  for  supplies  by  traders  and  miners. 

DOUBLE  W KLL.S,  Warren  CO.,  Georgia.    See  Gumming. 

I).)U1SI)VKA.     See  Doouovka. 

DOU  lis,  doobz.  (anc.  Dii'bis.)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the 
Jura,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  department  of  Doubs.  passes 
Dole,  where  its  natural  navii^ation  commences,  and  joins 
the  SaOne  at  Verdun-sur-Saone ;  it  is  accompanied  by  the 
Canal  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  from  Voujancourt  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  SaOne.  Length  263  miles.  Near  Morteau,  it 
forms  a  cataract  8S  feet  high. 

DOUBS,  a  department  in  the  E.  of  France,  formed  of  ptirt 
of  the  provinces  of  Franche-Comta.  It  is  situated  between 
the  departments  of  Ilaut-Rhin.  Ilauto-Saone,  and  Jura,  and 
on  the  frontier  of  Switzerland.  Area  2028  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1861,  296,280.  Chief  rivers,  the  Doubs  and  Loue. 
The  Canal  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  traverses  the  department 
from  S.AV.  to  .\.K.  The  surface  is  nearly  covered  with 
ramificiitions  of  the  Jura  range.  Soil  In  many  parts  fertile, 
especially  in  the  valley  of  the  Doubs.  It  has  mines  of  iron, 
salt,  gypsum,  and  mineral  springs.  Capital,  Besan^on.  It 
is  divided  into  the  4  arrondissements,  Beaume-les-Dames, 
Besangon.  Montb61iard.  and  Pontarlier. 

DOUBTFUL  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.    Lat.  (E  point)  17°  20'  S. :  Ion.  142°  23'  W. 

DOUBTFUL  ISLAND,  a  sxiall  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  near  the  S.  coast  of  Australia.  Lat.  34°  24'  S.;  Ion. 
119°  34'  E. 

DOUCATES.    SeeDucATES. 

'DOUCK,  doo.s,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow,  5J 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Bray.     Elevation,  2392  feet. 

DOUGHY,  doo^shee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  on  the  Selles,  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  1558. 

DOUDKVILLK,  doodVeel',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-Inl'erieure,  8  miles  N.  of  Yvetot.  Pop. 
17  So. 

DOUDS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky. 

DOUJ^.  doo-A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  >Iaine-et- 
Loire,10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Saumur.  Pop.  in  1852,  3194.  It 
has  vast  Roman  ruins  and  curious  grottoes  in  its  vicinity. 

DOUERA,  doo-:'i'r3,  a  walled  town  of  Algeria,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Algiers.     Pop.  1573. 

DOUGHTY'S  FORK,  of  Killbuck  Creek,  Ohio,  falls  into 
the  main  stream,  in  Coshocton  county. 

DOUGL.\S,  dilg'lass.  a  seaport,  market-town,  watering- 
place,  and  capital  of'the  Isle  of  Man.  on  a  fine  bay  on  its  E 
coast,  81  miles  N.W.  of  Liverpool.  Pop.  in  ISol,  98S0.  Its 
old  .streets  are  narrow,  irregular,  and  dirty;  but  several 
handsome  ones,  with  terraces,  a  crescent,  and  numerous 
detached  villas,  have  been  recently  built.  It  has  4  episcopal 
churches,  several  meeting-houses,  a  hand.some  custom- 
house, market-house,  general  post-office  for  the  island, 
house  of  industry,  assembly  rooms,  libraries,  baths,  with 
e.xcellent  lodging-houses  and  hotels,  including  a  very  ele- 
gant one,  formerly  a  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Athol.  The  har- 
bor, which  admits  of  vessels  drawing  from  10  to  12  feet  at 
high  water,  has  a  good  pier,  520  feet  in  length,  with  a 
light-house  at  its  N.  head.  Lat.  54°  10'  N.;  Ion.  4°  29'  W. 
Liverpool,  Glasgow,  and  Irish  steamers  often  touch  here, 
and  bring  many  visitors.  Small  vessels  are  also  built,  and 
the  town  lias  some  coasting  trade  and  fisheries.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  Deemster  Court  for  the  island. 

DOUGL.\S,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  Oj 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Lanark,  on  a  stream  of  same  name,  which 
rises  in  Cairntable  Mountain,  and  flows  16  miles  N.E., 
through  Douglas-dale  into  the  Clyde.  Pop.  in  1851,  2i311. 
The  parish  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  its  almost  sole  pro- 
prietor, the  heir-at-law  of  the  Douglas  family,  and  that  of 
marquis  to  the  Duke  of  Hamilton.  The  ruin  of  St.  Bride's 
Church  Is  full  of  fomily  tombs,  including  the  beautiful  one 
of  '■  the  good  Lord  James,"  the  friend  of  Bruce,  and  the  hero 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  '-Castle  Dangerous."  The  remains  of 
that  fortress  still  stand  near  the  seat  of  Lord  Douglas. 

DOUGLAS,  dUglass.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wor- 
cester CO.,  Massachusetts,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.   P.  2442. 

DOUGLAS,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Schuylkill  River,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Reading.    Pop.  1120. 

DOUGLAS,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Jlontgomery 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  21  miles  N.N. W.  of  Norristown.  Pop.  1579. 

DOUGLAS,  a  post-village  of  Nacogdoches  co.,  Texas,  about 
240  miles  N.E.  of  Austin. 

DOUGLAS,  a  town  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Kansas  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Soldier  Creek, 
a  few  miles  above  Lawrence. 

DOUGLAS  FORT,  in  British  North  America,  is  near  the 
continence  of  the  Assiniboiu  and  Red  Rivers. 

DOUGLAS  ISLAND,  in  Russian  America,  is  between  Ad- 


miralty Island  and  the  mainland.  Lat.  58°  15'  N. ;  Ion. 
134°  24'  W. 

DOUGLASS,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  CO..  Iowa. 

DOUGLASVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Berks  CO.,  Pennsvlva 
nia.  64  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

DOUKOVTCHINA.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Dookovcheena 

DOULEVANT,  doorvfix"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-.Marne,  9  miles  S.  of  Vassy.  on  the  Blaise.   Pop.  70". 

DOULLENS,  dooridx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somme,  on  the  Authie,  17  miles  N.  of  Amiens.  Pop.  in 
18,52,  4357.  It  has  a  citadel,  a  prison,  and  a  theatre.  It 
was  taken  bv  the  allies  in  1814. 

DOULTING,  dOl'ting,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 

DOUNE,  doon,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  hejiuti- 
fuUy  situated  on  the  Teith,  6i-  miles  N.W.  of  Stiriing, 
Pop.  1559.  Doune  Castle,  one  of  the  most  majestic  feudal 
remains  in  Britain,  was  built  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  last  occupied  as  a  fortress  by  the  adherents  of  Prince 
Charles,  in  1745.  It  was  frequently  occupied  in  the  six- 
teenth century  by  Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII..  aTid 
widow  of  James  IV.  It  was  also  the  residence  occasionally 
of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  and  was  in  possession  of  the  rebels 
in  174.5,  under  the  command  of  Macgregor  of  Glengyle. 

DOUR,  dooR.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  9 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Mons.  I'op.  5833.  It  has  a  custom  house, 
and  extensive  iron  and  coal  works. 

DOUR,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Door. 

DOUR.\K.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Door.ak. 

DOURDAX.  dooR'dSN"',  (L.  Dordim'gum,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Orge.  18  miles  S.W,  of 
Versailles,  Pop.  in  1852,  2508.  It  lias  an  old  castle,  a 
handsome  Gothic  church,  and  manufactures  of  silk  hosiery 
and  coarse  woollen  goods. 

DOUKGA  (dooR'gi)  STRAIT,  is  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
island  of  Papua,  near  Torres  Strait.  The  N.W.  entrance  is 
aVwut  12  miles  wide,  the  W.  point  heins:  in  l.at.  7°  '27'  S., 
Ion.  138°  46'  E.,  and  the  E.  point  in  lat  7°  22'  S.,  Ion,  138° 
55' E. 

DOURGNE.  dooRfl,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn.  9  miles  S.S.W,  of  Castres,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Noire. 
Pop.  1009. 

DOURN.VZ.^C,  dooR^dV,dk',  a  commune  and  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne,  arrondissement  and 
15  miles  S.K.  of  Rochechouart.  Pop,  in  1852,  2355.  It  haa 
important  iron  foundries. 

DOURO,  doo'ro,  (Port.  pron.  dS'ro;  Sp.  Dvern.  doo-.Vro; 
anc.  I/it/riiis.)  an  important  river  of  Spain  and  Portugal, 
rises  in  the  province  of  Soria,  in  Spain,  flows  generally  ^\'. 
through  Leon  to  Miranda,  then  turns  S.S.M'.,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal:  and.  lastly,  again 
W..  and  having  divided  the  Portuguese  provinces  of  Tras- 
os-Montes  and  Beira,  and  intersected  the  province  of  Oporto, 
enters  the  Atlantic  at  Sao  Joaoda  Fox,  3  miles  W,  of  Oporta 
Total  course  estimated  at  400  miles.  Its  basin,  between  the 
A.sturian  Mountains.  N„  and  the  Sierras  Guadarrama  and 
Estrella,  Ac,  is  the  most  extensive  in  the  Spanish  Penin- 
sula; but  its  course  is  chiefly  through  narrow  and  craggy 
valleys.  Chief  tributaries,  the  Pisuerga,  Elsa,  Eresma, 
Tormes,  and  Tavora,  Its  course  is  rapid,  and  so  impeded 
by  rocks,  that,  until  lately,  it  was  navigable  only  to  Sao 
J.  de  Pesquiera;  but  it  has  recently  been  rendered  so  into 
the  Spanish  territory, 

DOURO,  a  recently  formed  province  of  Portugal,  in  the  N., 
having  W.  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  other  side  the  pro- 
vinces of  Jlinho,  Tras-os-Montes,  Upper  Beira,  and  Estrema- 
dura.     Area,  3872  square  miles.     Pop,  in  1850,  808,712, 

DOUSIIAK,  a  town  of  Afghanistan.    See  Jelaiabad. 

DOUST.    See  Doostee. 

DOUSTRE,  doos-t'r',  a  small  river  of  France,  department 
of  Coi  i-6ze,  joins  the  Dordogne  near  Argentat,  after  a  S. 
course  of  25  miles. 

DOUTIIET.  a  post-office,  Anderson  di.'trict.  South  Carolina. 

DOUA'AIXE,  doo'vjn'  or  dooVain'.  (L.  Duvatnia.)  a  town 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Chablais,  9  miles  S.W,  of 
Thonon,  near  the  S,  shore  of  the  L;ike  of  Geneva,    Pop,1140. 

DOUVE,  LA,  M  doov,  a  river  of  France,  rises  at  a  place 
called  Fontaine  Douve,  near  the  village  of  Tollevast,  and 
falls  into  a  bay  in  the  English  Channel,  after  a  course  of  25 
miles.  In  spring-tides  it  is  navigable  as  far  as  St.  Sauveur- 
le-Vicomte,  about  19  miles. 

DOUVRES,    See  Dover. 

DOUVRES  or  DOUVRES-LA-D^LIVRANDE,  doov'R-U- 
d.V-leeVrftNd',  (anc.  Z'«'?>n',<!F(<Z2(ca.s'si'!(m,)  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Calvado.",  7  miles  N.  of  Caen,     Pop,  1,311, 

DOUW,  (ddwv  or  dOw,)  POOLO.  written  also  DAW, 
DAAUW,  or  DAO,  an  island  of  the  Mal,ay  Archipelago,  35 
miles  S,W.  of  Timor,  Lat,  10°  48'  S, ;  Ion.  122°  41'  E.  Pro- 
perly speaking,  it  is  no  more  than  a  barren  rock,  yielding 
only  spelt  and  native  beans;  still  so  attached  are  its  inha- 
bitants to  it,  that  they  refused  the  offer  of  transference  to 
Timor,     Pop,  5000, 

DOUX,  doo,  ("  sweet,")  a  river  of  France,  department  of 
Ardfeche,  joins  the  Rhone,  near  Tournon,  after  a  S,E,  course 
of  25  miles, 

DOUZE,  dooz,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Gers  and 

S79 


DOV 

Iiiindeg,  joins  <bo  Midou  at  Mont-de-Marsan,  after  a  N-IT. 
course  of  .55  miles 

DOVADOLA,  do-vi-doOS.  a  town  of  Tuspany,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Teira-del-Sflle,  on  the  Moutone.     I'op.  22i»3. 

DOVE.  dQv,  a  river  of  England,  rises  near  Buxton,  and 
after  a  S.  course  of  39  miles,  joins  the  Trent  below  Burton. 
Its  iMinks  are  hiijhiy  picturesque,  e.specially  in  the  vicinity 
( f  .\shtHjurne.  where  it  winds  through  a  remarkable  chasm, 
2  milcji  in  lengtli,  temied  Dovedale. 

UiyVEK,  (Fr.  Vouvres,  doov'r;  anc.  Du/bris,)  a  parliamen- 
tary and  municipal  borough,  cinque  port,  and  town  of  Eng- 
land, c'j.  cf  Kent,  on  the  X.W.  side  of  Dover  Strait,  at  the 
terminus  of  the  South-eastern  Railway,  66  miles  E.S.K.  of 
London.  Lat.  of  castle,  51°  7'  8"  N.,  Ion.  1=  19'  5"  E.  Area 
of  Iwrough.  321,1  acres.  Pop.  in  1861,  24,970.  The  town  con- 
si:its  mostly  of  a  collection  of  old  streets  on  the  N.  side  of  its 
harbor,and  a  long  street  on  the  banks  of  a  small  stream,  the 
wh  lie  enclosed  and  bticked  by  chalk  downs,  on  which  are  the 
Castle.  Citadel,  and  several  strong  detached  forts.  On  the  W. 
the  raihv.ay  outers  the  town  through  a  tunnel  cut  in  the 
cliSs,  which  here  abut  into  the  sea.  The  Castle  is  a  collection 
of  formidable  works,  occupying  35  acres;  its  foundation  h:is 
been  attributed  to  the  Komans,  and  it  contains  Roman  and 
Saxon  towers,  a  spacious  keep  terming  a  bomb-proof  maga- 
F.ine,  and  barracks  for  2X)0  men.  The  other  principal  edi- 
fl  es  are  a  military  hospital,  the  two  parish  churches,  a 
handssorae  new  chapel  ofeasa.  numerous  dissenting  chapels,  a 
sy  n.igogue,  the  Town-hall  and  Jtil,  and  the  Hospital  Muison- 
Dii'u,  Custom-hou.se,  Work-hou.se,  Theatre,  .\ssembly  Rooms, 
Museum,  baths,  docks,  bonding  warehou.ses,  and  numerous 
good  hotels.  The  harbor  consists  of  3  basins,  the  outer  one 
esiclosed  between  2  piers  150  feet  apart;  large  sums  have 
byen  spent  upon  it  in  different  reigns,  since  Henry  VII., 
but  its  entrance  is  unfortunately  impeded  by  a  movable 
shingle  bar.  Operations  are  in  progress  to  establish  here  a 
harbor  of  refuge,  by  throwing  out  jetties  of  great  magnitude 
still  farther  into  the  sea.  The  works  authorized  by  the 
government  are  to  cost  2,500,tX)0^  Dover,  the  chief  port  of 
communication  between  England  and  the  Continent,  h.is 
continual  intercourse  by  steamboats  with  Calais  and  Bou- 
logne, It  imports  large  quantities  of  eggs,  fruit,  and  other 
rural  produce,  from  France,  and  has  a  thriving  coa,sting- 
trade  and  fishery.  Ship-building,  with  sail,  rope,  and  paper 
making,  employ  many  of  the  population.  Regular  shipping 
in  lx-17.  lot)  vessels:  aggregate  bwden,  5249  tons.  In  1849 
the  total  number  of  steamers  arriving  and  departing  was : — 
British,  outwards,  781,  tonnage,  87,381;  inwards,  784,  ton- 
lage,  87,639;  foreign,  outwards,  566,  tonnage,  74,557;  in- 
wards, 5C5,  tonnage,  74,555,  Of  other  vessels  the  total  num- 
ber was.  outwards,  265,  tonnage,  11,578;  inwards,  580,  ton- 
nage, 54.545;  in  both  ca.ses  the  hirger  portion  being  coasters 
avfi-airiag  under  80  tons  each.  In  October,  1851,  telegraphic 
communication  was  established  l)etween  England  and  the 
Continent  by  means  of  a  submarine  wire  laid  across  the  chan- 
nel from  Ik)ver  to  Calais.  Shakespeare's  Cliff  is  situated  at 
a  little  distance  from  the  town  and  is  perforated  by  a  tunnel 
on  the  South-eastern  K.iilway.  In  M.iy,  1847,  a  huge  ma.ss 
of  this  cli.ilk-cliff  scaled  off.  and  fell  to  the  base;  the  mass 
was  254  feet  in  height.  15  feet  thick,  and  was  calculated  to 
contain  48,000  tons  of  chalk.  Shortly  after,  another  fall  of 
10,000  cubic  yards  took  place.  The  cliff  is  350  feet  high,  and, 
though  sufficiently  remarkable  in  form,  does  not  bear  out  the 
magnificent  description  of  the  poet,  Dover  is  the  principal 
station  and  seat  of  government  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  and 
has  returned  2  memliers  of  Parliament  since  the  time  of  Ed- 
ward I, 

D>y  VER,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Piscataquis 
co„  Maine,  on  the  Piscataquis  River,  about  70  miles  N,E,  of 
Augusta.  It  has  a  newspaper-office  and  manu&ctures  of 
woollen  goods.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1970. 

DOVER,  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Straf- 
ford CO.,  New  Hampshire,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Coche- 
co  River,  at  the  lower  falls,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Boston 
and  Maine  Railroad,  68  miles  N.  of  Boston,  and  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Portsmouth.  Lat.  43°  13'  N.,  Ion.  70°  54'  W.  The 
site  of  tliis  town  presents  an  agreeable  variety  of  surface, 
and  some  of  the  streets  cross  each  other  in  an  oblique  di- 
rection. It  contains  a  handsome  city-hall,  4  banks  a  sav- 
ings institution,  an  insurance  office,  3  newspaper-offices,  an 
academy,  2  high  schools,  and  10  churches,  viz,,  3  Baptist,  1 
Methodist,  2  Congregational,  1  Episcopal,  1  Unitarian,  1 
Friends"  (orthodox),  and  1  Uuiversalist,  a  court-house,  and 
a  public  library.  The  principal  hotels  are  the  American 
Ilonse  and  the  New  Hampshire  Hotel.  Dover  is  favorably 
situated  for  tnide,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation,  and  is  con- 
nected by  the  Cocheco  Railroad  with  Alton,on  'Wiunipisiogee 
Ijike.  The  river  at  this  place  has  a  direct  fall  of  32  feet, 
affording  abundant  water-power.  The  Cocheco  Manufac- 
turing Company,  with  a  capital  of  $1,:;00,000,  have  erected 
here  4  largo  cotton-mills,  from  a  to  7  stories  high,  in  which 
they  employ  about  1600  operatives,  working  1200  l(X>ms  and 
47,000  spindles.  This  company,  previous  to  the  war,  manu- 
factured and  printed  about  10,000,000  yards,  or  5082  miles,  of 
cloth,  annually.  The  amount  is  however  uecessuiily  le»8 
within  the  last  four  yeai-g. 


DOV 

Dover  also  contains  8  boot  and  shoe  manufactorieg,  sererfU 
of  theui  extensive,  a  nuiuufactory  of  oil-carpets,  1  of  flan 
nels,  an  extensive  iron-foundry,  and  a,  brass-foundry* 
About  12  vessels  of  all  sizes  are  owned  in  the  town.  Ship- 
building, formerly  carried  on  here,  is  about  being  resumed. 
Dover  is  lighted  with  gas.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the 
state,  having  been  settled  by  a  company  from  England,  in 
102;}.  Pop.  of  the  township  iu  ISoO,  8196;  of  the  city  in 
1860,  S5U2. 

DOVEll,  a  i)ost-village  and  township  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  00  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  6o0. 

DOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Norlbl  k  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  Charles  Kiver,  15  miles  S.AV.  of  Boston.  Pop 
679. 

DOVER,  a  posttownslup  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York,  20 
miles  E.  of  Poughkeepsie,  intersected  by  the  Harlem  Kail- 
road.    Pop.  230.'). 

DOVER,  or  DOVER  PLAINS,  a  post-village  in  the  aboTo 
township,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  New 
York.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  several 
stores. 

D'JVER.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Randolph  township, 
near  the  centre  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jei-sey,  is  situated  on  the 
Rockaway  River  and  on  the  Morris  Canal,  about  7  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Morristown.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively 
engaged  in  iron  manufactures.  There  are  several  forges, 
foundries,  rolling-mills,  spike-factories,  and  steel-furnaces. 
The  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad  passes  through  this  place. 
The  Tillay:e  contains  a  bank. 

DOVER,  a  township  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey.  Popula- 
tion 2378. 

DOVEll,  a  post-village  and  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  on  Couewago  Creek,  7  miles  N.W.  of  York.  Pop. 
2449. 

DOVER,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  town,  seat  of  justice 
of  Kent  CO.,  and  capital  of  the  state  of  Delaware,  on  Jones's 
Creek,  and  on  the  Delaware  Railroad,  50  miles  S.  of  Wil- 
mington, and  about  5  miles  W.  of  Delaware  Bity.  Lat.  89° 
10'  N.,  Ion.  "liP  30'  W.  It  has  a  fine  State-house,  with  an 
open  lawn  in  front,  4  churches,  2  large  hotels,  1  newspaper 
office,  a  telegraph-station,  a  bank,  several  seminaries,  and 
many  elegant  residences.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of 
brick.  Dover  has  increased  rapidly  for  some  yem-s  past. 
Pop.  1280;  of  the  hundred,  4:?2'<, 

DOVER,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

DOVER,  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia,  41  miles  N.  of 
Milledgeville. 

DOVER,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia. 

DOVER,  a  post-village  in  Russel  co.,  Alabama,  about  75 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Jlontgomery. 

DOVER,  a  post-office  of  Yazoo  co.,  Mississippi. 

DOVER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pope  co..  Arkans.is.  near 
Illinois  Rsyou,  about  90  miles  N.W,  of  Little  Rock. 

DOVER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stewart  co.,  Tenne.ssee, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Cumberland  River,  75  miles  W.  by  X.  of 
Nashville. 

DO\'ER,  a  thriving  po.st-village  of  Mason  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  10  or  12  miles  below  Maysville,  A  con- 
siderable quantity  of  tobacco  and  hemp  is  expoi^ed  from 
this  place.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches,  a  large  flouring- 
mill,  and  a  steam  saw-mill.    Pop.  about  600. 

DOVER,  a  township  of  Athens  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1423. 

DOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cuyahoga  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  14  miles  W.S.^V.  of  Cleve- 
land.    Pop.  1284. 

DOVER,  a  township  in  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  751. 

DOVER,  a  po^t-village  of  Fulton  county,  Ohio,  170 
miles  N.W.  of  Columbus,  and  35  miles  W.  of  Toledo.  It  was 
laid  out  alxiut  the  year  1S50. 

DOVER,  a  flourishing  vill.-ige  and  township  of  Tuscsraw,"ig 
CO.,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Tuscirawas  River, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  Sugar  Creek.  10;}  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Columbus.  It  owes  its  importance  to  the  navigation  of  the 
Ohio  Cinal,  on  which  large  quantities  of  wheat  and  flour 
are  shipped  at  this  place.  In  1S51  -the  .imount  was  com- 
puted at  5-34.415  bushels  of  wheat,  and  40.495  barrels  of 
ttour.  Dover  also  has  facilities  for  manufacturing,  which 
are  yet  only  partially  improved.  A  hydraulic  cin.-il  h.ns 
been  completed  from  Sugar  Creek  to  the  town,  by  which  a 
fall  of  22  feet  is  obtained.  Dover  has  churche.'  of  5  denomi- 
nations, 1  woollen-factory.  2  iron-furnaces,  and  sever.-U  mills. 
The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Canal  Dover.  Pop.  of  the 
Tillage,  VU3;  of  the  township,  ."490. 

DOVER,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Ohio.    Pop  1W6. 

DOVER,  a  post-township  of  Lemiwee  co.,  Micliigan,  about 
7  miles  W.  of  Adrian.     Pop.  1.377. 

DOVER,  a  small  post-village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Huron  River,  54  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Detroit. 

DOVER,  a  thriving  village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  State  Road  from  Rusliville  to  Cincinnati,  about  90  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  near  300. 

DOVER,  a  po.it-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illiuois,  144  mile* 
N.  of  Springfield. 

DOVER,  a  iKist-village  and  township  of  Lal^iyette  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 108  miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City.    Pop.  2^58. 


DOV 


DOW 


DOVER,  a  post-ofiRce  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

DOVER,  a  village  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  on  Fox  River,  80 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

DOVER,  a  post-village  of  Iowa  co.,  'Wisconsin,  27  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Madison. 

DOVER,  a  small  village  and  township  of  Racine  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Racine  and  Mississiiipi  Railroad,  21  miles  W. 
from  Racine.     Pop.  1108. 

DOVER,  a  posl'Village  and  township  of  Walworth  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  48  miles  H.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

DO  VERA.  do-vA/rd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lodi.  It  is  famous  for  its 
cheese,  known  by  the  name  of  stracchiuo.     Pop.  1683. 

DO'VEKU.\LE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

DOVER  HILL,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Martin 
CO..  Indiana,  Ij  miles  from  the  Eastern  fork  of  White  I'iver, 
and  92  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis.  The  surrounding 
country  cont.aius  coal  and  iron  ore.     Laid  out  in  1S4.'). 

DOVERIDOE.  d&v'rige,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

DOVER  MIIjLS,  a  post-village  of  Goochland  co.,  Virginia, 
on  Dover  Creek  and  on  the  .lames  ISiver  Canal,  21  miles  W. 
of  Richmond.  It  has  a  valuable  water-power  and  a  flouring- 
mill. 

DOVER  PLAINS,  New  York.    See  Dover, 

DOVER  SOUTH  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Piscataquis  co., 
Maine. 

DOVER,  STRAIT  OF,  (Fr.  Pas-de-CalaJa.  pi  dgh  kd'LV,  i.  e. 
the  "passage  of  Calais;"  L.  Fieltum  GaVlicum.)  the  strait 
which  separates  England  and  France,  and  connects  the  Kng- 
li.-ih  Channel  with  the  North  Sea.  It  extends  from  Dunge- 
ness  and  Cape  Gris  Nez  N.E.  to  the  South  Foreland  and 
Calais.  Length,  22  miles;  breadth,  (where  narrowest,)  21 
miles.     See  English  CuANNiiL. 

DOVESVILLE,  d&vs'vill,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co., 
Virginia. 

DOVREFIELD,  DOVREFJELD,  do/vrg-fe-Jld',  or  DO- 
FRIXES,  do'freen'  (Norw.  DaavrefjeU,  d5'vrj-fy61d'.)  a 
mountain  range  of  Norway,  forming  the  central  part  of  the 
Scandinavian  .system,  and  extending  in  an  E.N. E.  direction 
from  the  valley  of  Lessiie,  nejtr  lat.  ti2°  N..  where  the  Lang- 
field  range  terminates,  to  the  Sy  Itf  jallet,  lat.  03°  N.,  where  the 
chain  of  Kiiilen  or  Kiijel  begins.  It  is  generally  composed 
of  gneiss  and  micaceous  schist,  and  possesses,  in  the  Skag- 
Btol.s-tind,  which  has  an  altitude  of  8390  feet,  the  highest 
summit  in  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula.  This  mountain 
raises  its  gigantic  mass  above  the  lofty  plateau  ou  which 
the  chain  rests,  till  its  snowy  heights  are  lost  among  the 
clouds.  Four  passes  lead  across  the  Dovre-Field  range.  The 
most  frequented  of  these  is  in  the  line  of  road  which  leads 
from  Christiania  to  Trondhjem.  by  the  E.  side  of  Sneehaettan. 
Its  greatest  height  is  42i)0  feet.  The  name  is  derived  from 
Daavke  (do'vreh.)  a  small  village,  near  lat.  62°  N.  and  Ion. 
9°  20'  E..  and_^(  W  or  fjeld,  "  a  mountain  ridge."  The  appel- 
lation of  DovRKFiELD  is  often  iucorrectlj'  applied  to  the  whole 
chain  of  mountains  which  divide  Norway  from  Sweden. 

DO'VY  or  DY'VI,  a  river  of  Wales,  cos.  of  Merioneth  and 
Montgomery,  rises  near  Bala,  and,  after  a  S.W.  course  of 
about  .'JO  miles,  joins  the  Irish  Sea  7  miles  N.  of  Aberystwith. 

DOVVAGIAC,  do-wa'je-ak,  a  small  river  of  Jlichigan.  rises 
In  Cass  and  Van  Dureu  cos.,  and  tlows  into  the  St.  Joseph's 
River,  near  Niles. 

DOWAGIAC,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Michi'jan.  on  the 
above  river  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  179  miles  W.  fi-om 
Detroit.     Settled  in  1848.     Pop.  1181. 

DOVVAL'LY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  3  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Dunkeld.  with  which  it  is  united.  Here  was  a 
royal  chase,  and  the  hills  are  still  partly  covered  with  wood, 
abounding  in  red  and  roe  deer. 

DfJWDESWELL,  dowds/well,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

DOWELTON,  a  post-office  of  Y'adkin  co..  North  Carolina. 

D0WL.4ND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DO^VLES.  dowls,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

DOWLETABAD.  DOAVLATABAD,  DOULETABAD.  dCw^ 
la-ta-bM',  or  DE'OGHIR'.  (the  Fortunate  City.)  an  inland 
town  and  fortress  of  Ilindostan,  province,  and  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Aurungabad,  is  situated  in  lat.  19°  57'  N.,  Ion.  75°  16' 
E.  It  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  fortresses  in  India,  and 
Stands  upon  an  isolated  rock,  300  feet — some  accounts  say 
600  feet^— high,  and  for  about  one-third  of  its  height  as  per- 
pendicular as  a  wall,  and  presenting  no  visible  means  of 
reaching  the  summit,  which  is  only  to  be  attained  through 
an  excavation  in  the  heart  of  the  rock.  The  view  from  the 
summit  is  extensive  and  lieautiful.  In  1306  this  fortress 
was  taken  from  a  powerful  Hindoo  chief  by  the  troops  of  the 
Emperor  of  Delhi.  Aliout  l.',55  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
Ahmed  Nizam  Shah  of  Ahmednuggur,  and  in  1634  it  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  Moguls,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by 
Nizam  ul  Mulh,  and  has  since  continued  in  the  possession 
of  the  Nizam  of  Hyderabad.  Near  it  are  the  cave-temples 
of  Elora. 

DOWLETABAD,  a  ruined  fort  of  Afghanistan,  on  the  Fur- 
rah-rood.  140  miles  S.  of  Herat. 

DOW'LISH  WAKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DOWLISH,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 


DOWN,  a  maritime  co.  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster.  Area,  9bC 
square  miles,  or  012.480  acres,  of  which  about  &14.(XiO  are 
arable.  Pop.  in  1851,  328,754.  Carlingford  Bay  separates  ii 
from  Leinster  on  the  S.,  and  the  Newry  Canal  and  I<iigar 
River  form  its  boundaries  on  the  W.  The  other  rivers  ere 
the  Bann  and  Annahill.  It  contains  Lough  StrangfonL 
Dundrum  Bay.  and  the  Mourne  Mountains,  the  highest  of 
which,  Slieve  Donard,  is  2796  feet.  Surface,  mostly  moun- 
tainous or  hilly,  but  in  many  parts  tolerably  fertile.  The 
Ulster  Railway  crosses  the  N.  part  of  the  county.  C.spital, 
Downpatrick.  The  county  returns  2  membeis  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

DOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

DOWN,  (East,)  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DOWN.  (West.)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DOW'NARD.a  post-office  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa. 

DOWNE,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey 
Poj).  .3114. 

DOWNER'S  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Du  Page  co., 
lUindis.  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  1806. 

DOW'NERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Yuba  co.,  California. 

DoWNHAM,  down'.jm,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

DOWNHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

DOWNHA.M-.M  ARKET,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  Ouse.  here  crossed  by  a  stone 
bridge,  with  a  station  on  the  East  .Anglian  Railwiiy,  lOj 
miles  S.  of  Lynn.  Pop.  in  1851,  3262.  The  town  is  weP. 
built,  has  an  antique  church,  a  union  work-house,  a  large 
bell-foundry,  and  markets. 

DOWN'HEAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DOWN-HOL'LAND,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  I^n- 
caster.     It  is  crossed  by  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal. 

DOWN'HOLME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

DOVVNIEVILLE,  dow'ne-vil,  a  post-town,  capital  of 
Sierra  co.,  Calitbrnia,  is  situated  on  Yuba  River,  near  its 
source.    Pop.  1343.    See  Appendix. 

DOWNINOS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Strafford  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

DOWNINGSVILLE.    See  Downingvii,i.e. 

DOWNINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  about 
40  miles  S.W.  of  Marietta. 

DOWN'INGTOWN,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  East  Cain 
township,  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Philadelphia 
and  Lancaster  Turnpike,  and  on  the  Pennsvlvania  Centnil 
Railroad,  29  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  Tile  East  branch 
of  Brandywine  Creek  passes  through  it.  The  houses  ai'e 
neatly  and  substantially  built  of  stone.  Downiugtown  is 
the  western  terminus  of  the  Chester  Valley  Railroad,  which 
extends  to  Norristown.  It  contains  2  boarding-schools,  a 
large  grist-mill,  and  1  national  Imnk.     Pop.  761. 

D0AVN1NGVILLE  or  DOWNINGSVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Grant  co.,  Kentucky,  on  Eagle  Creek,  10  miles  W.  of  Wil- 
liamstown.  the  county  seat. 

DOWNINGVILLE,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal. 

DOWNINGVILLE,  a  po.st-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

DOWNPAT'RICK,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Vl.'iter.  capital 
of  the  CO.  of  Down,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Quoyle,  21  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  town.  4651.  The  town  consists 
chietly  of  four  streets,  and  is  divided  into  English,  Iri.«h, 
and  Scotch  quarters.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  catJUft- 
dral,  parish  church,  chapels,  dioce.san  school,  county  court- 
house, prison,  infirmary,  fever  hospital,  almshouses,  large 
barracks,  and  a  union  work-house.  It  has  a  library.  ne\»s- 
room,  various  schools,  some  convenient  quays,  manufactures 
of  linen,  leather,  soap,  and  breweries.  Near  the  town  are 
the  ruins  of  the  old  cathedral,  a  remarkable  ancient  mound, 
a  race-course,  and  wells,  resorted  to  by  Jfoman  Catholic  pil- 
grims. It  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Downpatrick  claims  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Ireland, 
having  been  the  place  of  residence  of  the  ancient  native 
Kings  of  Ulster,  and  the  chosen  residence  of  St.  Patrick,  whc 
founded  two  religious  establishments  here,  and  presided 
over  them  till  his  death,  in  493,  when  his  remains  were 
deposited  in  the  abbey  of  Down,  as  were,  subsequently, 
those  of  St.  Bridget  and  St.  Columbkill. 

DOWNS,  THE,  a  portion  of  the  North  Sea.  off  the  S.E. 
coast  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  between  the  North  and  South 
Foreland,  and  opposite  Ramsgate,  Deal,  &c.,  where  valuable 
shelter  is  insured  for  shipping  by  the  Goodwin  sands,  which 
serve  as  a  breakwater,  and  where  large  numbers  of  ships 
are  often  lying. 

DOWN  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DOWX.S'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  New  York. 

DOWNSVILLE,  a  post'-office  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey. 

DOWNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Union  parish,  Louisiana 

DOWN'TON,  a  disfranchLsed  borough,  town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  on  the  Avon,  which  here  divides 
into  three  arms,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salisbury.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3898.  It  has  a  long  irregular  street,  with  some  good  houses, 
a  large  cruciform  church,  several  chapels,  a  grammar  school, 
and  some  traces  of  an  ancient  castle. 

581 


DOW 


DRA 


DO^VXTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
DOWSBYwiTH-ORABY.a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Lincoln. 
DOX.V.  or  DOXAX.    See  IIirschberq. 
DOYLESTOWX,  doilz'tOwn,  a  pleasant  post-boroiigh  and 
tcniisliip,  and  the  capital  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  100 
D)i;es  E.  of  lliirrisburg.  A  turnpike  connects  this  place  with 
Philadelphia,  a  distiince  of  28  miles.   It  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  an  eminence,  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful,  fertile,  and  well- 
cultivated  country.    The  county  buildings  are  subsfaintial 
edifices  of  sandstone.    It  contains  an  academy,  5  churches, 
a  public  library,  and  a  bank.     Four  newspapers  are  issued 
liere.    The  Doylestown  Branch  of  the  North  Pennsylvania 
Jltiihoad  connects  it  with  Philadelphia.    Pop.  in  1850, 1006 ; 
in  1S60.  1441 ;  of  the  township,  1723. 

DOYLESTOAVX,  a  small  Tillage  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio. 

DOYIiESTOWX,  a  postvillage  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
road  from  Wooster  to  Akron,  104  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus, 
contains  .350  inhabitants. 

DOY'X'TOX.  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Gloucester. 

1)UAA.  dri,  or  EUUHA,  Stfrd/, written  also  DER.\,  (anc. 
Edreit)  a  town  of  Palestine,  a  few  miles  S.E.  of  Mezareeb,  in 
a  deep  valley.  The  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  cover  an  extent 
of  .-ilKtut  two  miles  in  circumference. 

DKAUUND.  a  town  of  Afghanistan.     See  Derabujto. 

I)KAC,  drik,  a  river  in  the  S.E.  of  France,  departments 
of  Ilautes-Alpes  and  Isere,  rises  in  the  Alp.s.  and  joins  the 
Is^re  3  miles  bi'low  Grenoble,  after  a  N."  .  course  of  70  miles. 

DKACIIENFELS.  drd'Ken-fMs',  (-'Di-agon's  Rock,")  a  cele- 
brated mountain  p(?ak.  one  of  the  ranges  of  fhe  Sieben- 
gebirsre,  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Bonn;  elevation,  1056  feet.  Its 
summit,  crowned  by  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  commands  a 
noble  prospect. 

DR.4.CUT.  dnVkat.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middle- 
sex CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  X.  side  of  Merrimack  River, 
opposite  Lowell,  (with  which  it  is  connected  by  two  substan- 
tial bridges,)  28  miles  X'.  by  W.  of  Boston.  The  village  con- 
tnins  4  churches,  5  stores,  and  a  large  manufactory  of 
woollen  goods.    Pop.  of  township,  1881. 

DK.'VGE,  dri'cheh,  a  river  of  Prussia,  rises  in  the  forest 
of  Draheim,  flows  circuitously  S.S.W.,  expanding  into,  or 
communicating  with,  several  small  lakes,  and.  after  a  course 
of  alx^ut  90  miles,  joins  the  Xetze  from  the  right. 

DRAGOJIESTRE.  dri^go-mJs'tri,  (anc.  AsUicmf)  a  seaport 
town  of  Greece,  in  Hellas,  government  of  Acarnania,  on  an 
iulet  of  the  Ionian  Sea,  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vonizza. 

I)K.\GOME.'?TRE.  BAY  OF,  sheltered  on  the  S.W.  hy  the 
Dragonera  Islands,  is  6  miles  in  length  by  1  in  breadth. 

DKAGOMIUXW,  drl^go-meeR'ni.  a  village  of  Austrian 
I'oland,  in  Bukowina,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Tchemovitz,  on  the 
frontier  of  Moldavia. 

DRAGOX.  BOCA  DEL,  bo/kl  djl  drJ-gSn',  (i.  «.  Dragon's 
mouth.)  is  a  passage,  in  Xew  Granada,  province  of  A'eragua, 
lending  from  Lake  Chiiiqui  into  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

DRAGOXERA,  di-i-go-ni'ri  an  island  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, belonging  to  Spain,  off  the  W.  end  of  Majorca,  about 
2  miles  in  length,  and  having  a  fort  on  its  highest  point, 
but  otherwise  uninhabited. 

DR.iGOXER.\.  a  group  of  the  Ionian  islands,  immediately 
olT  the  coast  of  .\carnania,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Dragomestre. 

DRAGOXERA,  a  group  of  islands,  S.  of  the  Morea,  and 
Immediately  E.  of  Cerigo. 

DUAGOXI,  drd-go'nee.  (anc.  Combidtiera.)  a  town  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  12  miles  X.X.E.  of  Capua.  Pop. 
2400. 

DRA'OOX'S  5I0UTH  is  the  passage  between  the  island  of 
Trinidad  and  the  peninsula  of  Paria.  in  South  America,  12 
miles  across  from  E.  to  W.,  and  Interspersed  by  islets. 

DltAGOR,  (Di-agor,)  dr3g^6r\  a  maritime  vill.ige  of  Den- 
mai'k,  on  the  Sound,  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  island  of 
Amager.  7  miles  S.  of  Copenhagen.     Pop.  iSOO. 

DRAGTEX.  dric'ten,  a  thriving  town  of  the  X'^etherlands, 
province  of  Friesland.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Leeuwarden.     P.  4400. 

DIHGUIGXAN,  drd*gheen"y6s°'.  (anc.  Drocenum?)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Var,  40  miles  X.E.  of  Toulon. 
Pop.  in  1852,  8972.  It  is  picturesquely  situated,  and  has 
many  public  fountains,  a  botanic  garden,  and  manuCictures 
of  broadcloth.  The  town  is  sjiid  to  have  been  founded  in  the 
fifth  century,  and  w.v  early  one  of  thechief  towns  of  Provence. 
It  was  last  fortified  in  1615,  and  its  pos.«ession  was  much  co- 
veted during  the  political  and  religious  contests  of  France. 

DU.\H,  dri,  or  DK.\1I.\,  drd'hi.  a  river,  province,  and  town 
of  Morocco.  The  river  rises  in  Tafilelt  E.  of  the  Atlas  and  is 
lost  in  the  desert  after  a  S.  course  of  250  miles. 

DKAIIUTUSCH,  draOjo-toosh'.  a  marketrtown  of  Austria, 
in  Moravia,  on  the  lloschkan,  22  miles  K.X.E.  of  Olmutz. 

DKAINY.  dr.Vnee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin. 

DK.\KE\BERG,  mountains  of  Africa.     See  Quatulamba. 

DRAKES,  dr.'lk.s,  a  poRtoffice  of  l-ucas  co.,  Ohio. 

DRAKE'S  CHAX'NEL.  in  the  British  West  Indies,  Is  im- 
mediately S.E.  of  the  island  of  Tortola. 

DRAKE'S  CREEK,  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  enters 
the  Big  P.ari-en  Kiver  in  Warren  county. 

DK.AKES  CREEK,  a  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois,  about 
65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 
682 


DRAKE'S  ISLAXD,  in  Plj-mouth  Sound,  England,  off  th« 
town  of  Plymouth,  has  a  fort  aud  military  quarters. 

DKAKE'STOWN,  dniks'town.  a  post-village  of  Morris  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  Schooley's  Mountain,  about  16  miles  W.  by 
X.  of  .Morristown. 

DRAKESVILLE,  drAks'vjl,  a  po.st-village  of  Morris  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  the  Morris  Canal,  12  miles  X.W.  of  Morris- 
town. 

DHAKESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co..  Iowa,  on  the 
rasd  from  the  lower  part  of  theDes  Moines  Valley  to  the  W. 
line  of  the  state. 

DRAMA,  drd'mj.  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Mace- 
donia, sanjak.  and  30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Seres.  A  few  miles 
S.E.  is  the  celebrated  I'lain  of  Philippi,  on  which  the  forces 
of  Brutus  and  Cassius  were  defeated  B.  c.42. 

DRAMAXET,  drihn^^net/,  a  town  of  Senegambia,  on  the 
right  Kink  of  the  Senegal,  kingdom,  and  6  miles  S.E.  of 
Galam.     Pop.  4000. 

DR.\MBUHG,  drSmOiMRG,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania. 
SOmiles  S..S.W.  ofCoslin,  on  theDrage.    Pop.  3.321. 

DR.\MMEX,  dr3m'men,  a  seaport-town  of  Xorway,  stift 
of  Aggershuus,  on  both  sides  of  the  Drammen.  near  its 
mouth  in  the  Christiania  fiord,  "22  miles  S.W.  of  Christiania. 
Pop.  8095.  It  consists  of  the  two  formerly  separate  villages 
of  Bragern.-vs  and  Stromsoe,  which  are  united  by  a  bridge 
across  the  river.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  college,  various 
schools,  distilleries,  manufactures  of  carriages,  sail  cloth, 
rope,  tobacco,  and  earthenwai-es.  and  an  active  trade  in  tim- 
ber, iron,  pitch,  and  other  Baltic  produce.  The  number  of 
Tessels  that  arrived  in  1842  was  548,  tonnage  92,671 :  de- 
parted, 654,  tonnage  108,961.  This  port  is  second  in  Norway 
for  the  export  of  timber. 

DR.\XESVILLE.  drains'vil,  a  post-village  of  Fairfax  co., 
Virginia.  17  miles  W.  of  Washington. 

DR.\XSE.  drSn'seh  or  dr^NZ,  a  river  of  Savoy,  province  of 
Cliablais.  enters  the  Ijike  of  Geneva  2^  miles  X.E.  of  Tho- 
non,  after  a  X.  course  of  24  miles.    See  Bagnes-le-Chaele. 

DRAXSE,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  A'alais.  joins 
the  Rhone  near  Martingy.  after  a  X.  course  of  24  miles. 

DR.\XSFELD,  drSns'fJlt.  a  town  of  Hanover,  landi-ake  of 
Ilildesheim.  and  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Gottinsren.     I'op.  1342. 

DRA'PERSTOWX.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.,  and  27 
miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Londonderry.    Pop.  373. 

DRA'PER'S  VAL'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

DRA'PERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  Vi> 
glnia. 

DRAS.    See  Duras. 

DRASEXHOFEX,  drd'zfn-ho'fen,  or  TRASEXHOFEN, 
trS'zen-ho'fen.  a  vilhige  in  the  -Archduchy  of  Austria,  dis- 
trict of  Poisbrunn,  on  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name,  49 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Vienna.    Pop.  1232. 

DRAU,  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Drate. 

DRAUGHTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

DRAUGH'TOX'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Sampson  co„ 
North  Carolina. 

DKAUSEX,  di-6w'zen,  a  small  lake  in  Western  Prussia,  S. 
of  Elbing. 

DR AV  E,  drAv,  or  dr3v,  (anc.  Drah'us :  Ger.  Drau.  drCw ;  Sla- 
vonian, Drara.  dri'vi.)  a  river  of  South-eastern  Europe,  and 
one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Danube,  rises  in  the 
Tyrol,  alxiut  17  miles  E.  of  Brunecken.  flows  E.  between  the 
basins  of  the  Mur  .and  Save,  at  first  through  Carinthia  and 
Styria.  and  afterwards  separating  Hungarj'  from  Croatia 
and  Slavonia.  joins  the  Danul)e  14  miles  E.  of  Eszek,  after 
a  total  course  of  360  miles,  for  the  latter  three-fourths  of 
which  it  is  navigable.  The  chief  affluents  are  the  Mur, 
Mohl.  Gurk,  Lavant,  and  Gail.  In  its  upper  part  it  is  rapid, 
and  is  little  used  for  commercial  purposes. 

DRAWBRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  Delaware. 

DR.\X.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

DRAYCOT  CERXE,  dri/kot  s?rn,  a  parish  of  England,  co 
of  Wilts. 

DRAYCOT  FOLLIAT,  foWe-at,  a  parish  of  England,  co 
of  Wilts. 

DRAYCOT  AND  WILNE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Deri)y. 

DRAYCOTT-njJTHE-MOORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ol 
Stafford. 

DRAYTOX,  drVton.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Berks. 

DRAYTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

DR.WTOX,  two  parishes  oif  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

DR.AYTO.V.  a  parish  of  Enal.and,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DRAYTOX,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

DRAYTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  with  a 
station  on  the  South  Coast  Railway,  2  miles  E.  of  Cliichester. 

DRAYTOX,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Maryland. 

DRAYTOX.  a  post-village  of  Dooly  co.,  Georgia,  on  Pen- 
nahatchee  Creek,  near  its  entrance  into  Flint  Liver,  85 
milts  S.W.  of  .Miliedgeville. 

DRAYTOX  BEAUCHAMP,  bee'ch&m,  a  parisl  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Bucks. 

DRAYTOX  BUS'SET.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
Dravton-manor  here  is  the  seat  of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  Bart. 

DRAYTOX,  DRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 


DRA 


DRE 


DRA  YTOX,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

DRAYTON,  FEN,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

DKAYTO.V,  I'EX'NY,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester, 
5|-  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hinckley.  George  Fox,  the  founder  of 
the  sect  of  Friends,  was  born  here  in  1024. 

DKAY/TO.\-lN--IIALES,  or  MAll/KET-lx-IIALES,  (anc. 
Mediolanuni  f)  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop,  on  the  Liverpool  and  Birmingham  Junction  Canal, 
17i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Shrewsbury. 

DIIAYTON   I'AIVSLOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

DRAYTONSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Union  district,  South 
Carolina.  75  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

DIIAY'TOX,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotts. 

DItAYTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
with  a  station  on  the  Great  ^Vestern  Ilailway,  Vij  miles  W. 
of  the  terminus  at  Paddington. 

DREBACII,  dr.VbdK,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwic- 
kau, 8  miles  S.W.  of  Lengefeld.     Pop.  21K)0. 

DJIEBKAU,  drJp'kOw,  a  town  of  Prussia,  government, 
and  50  miles  S.S.^V'.  of  [<'rankfort>on-the-Oder.     Pop.  9U2. 

DltEGG,  drJg,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

DREG'IIORN,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 
The  village  is  2  miles  S.E.  of  Irvine.     Pop.  1222. 

DREHKRSVILLE,  dieerz'vil,  a  post-olflce  of  Schuylkill 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

DREIEICIIKNIIAIN.    See  IIai.\-zcr-Dreieich. 

DREM,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  4  miles  X.  of  Had- 
dington, with  a  station  on  the  North  British  Railway,  lOj 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Edinburgh. 

DREMPT,  di-Jmpt,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gel- 
derlaud,  8  miles  S.  of  Zutphen,  on  the  Old  Yssel.  Pop. 
1100. 

DREXGFURTH,  drSng'fOCat.  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  go- 
vernment of  KiJnigsberg,  on  the  Veisse,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Kastenburg.     Pop.  1760. 

DREN'NON  SPRINGS,  of  Henry  CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Kentucky  River.  This  fiishionable  watering-place  is  half  a 
day's  distance  from  Louisville  by  steamboat,  situated  in  the 
most  delightful  region  imaginable,  and  encompassed  by  an 
amphitheatre  of  woody  heights.  The  buildings  are  capable 
of  entertaining  1000  persons.  The  Western  MiliUiry  Insti- 
tute of  this  place  is  a  school  of  high  reputation. 

DREXSTEINFURTII.  drJn'stin-t5dRt\  a  town  of  Prussian 
Westphali.T,  government,  and  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  MUnster. 
Pop.  1150. 

DRENTHE,  drSn'teh,  a  frontier  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, having  E.  the  Hanoverian  dominions,  N.  and  N.E. 
provinces  of  Groningen,  W.  Friesland,  S.  and  S.W.  Overys- 
sel.  Area,  10:!2  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1863,  102,225.  Sur- 
fikce  level,  and  much  of  it  marshy:  its  B.  frontier  is  formed 
by  the  Bourtanger  Jloor.  Soil  generally  poor;  buckwheat 
is  the  principal  grain  I'aised.  The  rearing  of  live  stock  Ls 
the  chief  branch  of  rural  industry.  Chief  towns,  Assen, 
Meppel.  and  Coevorden. 

DREPAXUM.     See  Tr.\pani. 

DRESDEN,  drJz'den  or  drSs'den,  (L.  Dres'da,  or  Dresdenaf 
Fr.  Dresde,  dr^zd.)  a'  city  of  Central  Europe,  capital  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Saxony,  on  both  banks  of  the  Elbe,  here  crossed 
by  a  tine  stone  bridge :  lat.  (Frauenkirche)  61°  3'  18"  N.. 
Ion.  13°  44'  47"  E.,  103  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Berlin,  and  230  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Frankforton-theMain.  It  is  situated  in  a  pictur- 
esque and  fertile  valley  in  the  Saxon  wine  district,  and  con- 
sists of  the  Alstadt.  (Old  Town.)  with  its  suburbs,  Pirna, 
See,  and  Wilsdruf,  and  the  adjoining  new  quarter  of  Frie- 
drichstadt  on  the  W.,  all  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river:  and 
the  Neustadt,  (New  Town,)  on  the  fight  bank.  The  Alstadt 
is  composed  of  lofty  houses,  with  streets  narrow  and  dingy, 
though  tolerably  clean.  The  new  town,  including  the  Neu- 
tadt,  is  more  openly  built;  the  houses  are  not  so  lofty,  but 
are  generally  of  a  pleasing  exterior,  and  frequently  having 
gardens  attached.  Elevation,  322  feet  above  the  North  Sea. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  year,  49°1 ;  winter  3'2°"  ;  summer 
66°  Fahrenheit.  The  old  town,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  river, 
was  formerly  enclosed  by  fortitications,  which  were  destroyed 
by  the  French,  and  their  site  is  now  laid  out  in  fine  public 
walks,  outside  of  which  are  several  suburbs;  and  the  whole 
vicinity  is  very  picturesque.  The  Royal  Palace  is  a  vast  and 
antiquated  building,  containing  a  royal  library,  a  Roman 
Catholic  church,  with  a  tower  37S  feet  in  height,  and  the  State 
Treasury,  with  an  immense  collection  of  valuable  property. 
The  far-famed  Dresden  Gallery  of  Paintings,  for  the  reception 
of  which  a  new  buildi  ng  is  in  progress,  is  considered  the  finest 
collection  north  of  the  Alps.  The  Palace  of  the  Princes,  the 
Japanese  Palace,  or  Augusteum.  and  the  Zwinger,  also  con- 
tain large  collections  of  valuable  works  of  art  and  scientific 
treasures,  for  its  wealth  in  which  Dresden  has  been  termed  the 
"  German  Florence."  Other  principal  objects  of  interest  are 
the  Brilhl  Palace,  many  splendid  churches,  and  residences  of 
noblemen,  rich  in  works  of  art,  an  opera  house  seated  for  8000 
spectators,  a  smaller  theatre,  the  residence  of  the  command- 
ant, the  Mint.  Arsenal.  Hall  for  the  Annual  Exhibition  and 
Sale  of  Works  by  Saxon  Artists,  an  academy  of  arts,  various 
colleges,  schools,  and  asylums,  t^.e  House  of  Assembly, 
Royal  Guardhouse,  new  Post-office,  trades' and  city  halls, 
and  excellent  public  baths.    Dresden  has  manufactures  of 


.silk  and  woollen  stuffs,  leather,  carpets,  gloves,  jewelry, 
musical  and  scientific  instruments,  artificial  flowers,  chemi- 
cal products,  a  bomb  and  cannon  foundry,  sugar  refinery, 
and  a  wool-market,  recently  established,  and  it  is  the  resort 
of  numerous  artists  of  all  descriptions.  Its  trade  is  lesa 
than  might  have  been  supposed,  yet  a  good  deal  of  busi- 
ness is  done'with  the  upper  parts  of  the  Elbe  by  means  of 
the  steamers  which  ply  up  as  far  as  Trentchen,  passing  on 
their  way  through  the  Saxon  Switzerland.  Three  lines  of 
railvf.ay  meet  at  Dresden,  and  have  their  termini  near 
each  other  in  the  Neustadt — the  railway  to  Leipsic,  that  to 
Garlitz  and  Prussian  Silesia,  and  that  to  Prague.  The  city 
is  well  supplied  with  beautiful  and  elegantly  laid  out 
walks.  After  the  Continental  War,  the  whole  of  the  fortifica- 
tions were  thrown  down,  and  their  site  converted  into  gar- 
dens and  promenades;  besides  which  the  Brilhl  Terrace,  in 
front  of  the  Brtihl  Palace,  overlooking  the  Elbe:  the  Gre;it 
Garden  (Grosse  Garten)  in  Pirna  suburb,  5  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  adjoining  it  the  nursery  of  fruit  trees,  the  gar- 
dens of  the  Japanese  I'alace,  the  gardens  of  the  ^larcolinian 
Palace,  the  Botanic  Gardens,  and  Prince  Ma.ximilian's  Gar- 
den, are  all  pleasant  and  favorite  places  of  public  resort. 
Dresden  appears  originally  to  have  been  a  village  of  Wendish 
fishermen  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ell:>e,  where  the  present 
Neustadt  is  situated.  In  the  eleventh  century  the  present 
town  was  built  on  the  left  bank,  where  the  Alst;idt  now 
stands.  In  1510  it  was  fortified ;  and.  in  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  under  Augustus  I.  and  If.,  it  at- 
tained its  greatest  point  of  splendor.  Since  that  time  it  has 
been  the  theatre  of  many  and  important  historical  events. 
It  suffered  severely  during  the  Seven  Years'  War.  and  dur- 
ing the  B'rench  War  it  was  alternately  the  head(iuarter8  of 
Napoleon,  and  of  the  Russian  and  Prussian  army.  In  1813, 
on  the  26th  and  27th  of  August,  the  Allies  were  defeated 
under  its  walls  by  the  troops  of  Napoleon,  on  which  oc<;asion 
the  celebrated  general  Moreau  was  mortally  wounded.  Sep- 
tember 9.  ]S:W.  a  popular  revolution  took  place,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  King  Arton  resigned  in  favor  of  his  nephew, 
and  Saxony  obtained  a  constitutional  form  of  government. 
Another  insurrection  broke  out  in  May,  1849,  when  many 
lives  were  lost:  the  Opera  House  and  part  of  the  Zwinger 
were  burnt,  and  much  damage  done  in  various  parts  of  the 
citv.  Pop.  in  1849,  94,092,  of  whom  88,181  were  Lutherans, 
and  4111  Roman  Catholics;  in  1801,  128,152. 

DRESDEN,  one  of  the  four  great  circles,  (Kreisdirections- 
bezirk,)  into  which  the  Kingdom  of  Saxony  is  divided, 
bounded  N.  by  Prussia,  E.  by  the  circle  of  Bautzen.  S.E.  and 
S.  by  Bohemia,  and  W.  by  the  circles  of  Zwickau  and  l>eipsic. 
Area,  1680  square  miles.  It  wholly  belongs  to  the  basin  of 
the  Elbe,  which  traverses  it  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  and  toward 
both  banks  of  which  the  surface  slopes  down  into  tolery.bly 
level  triicts  of  great  fertility.  In  other  parts  it  is  very  moun- 
tainous.    Pop.  in  1852,  507,705. 

DRES'DEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lincoln  co., 
Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Kennebec  River,  15  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1247. 

DRESDEN,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co..  New  York, 
lies  between  Lakes  Champlain  and  George,  20  miles  N.N.E. 
of  .Sandy  Hill.    Pop.  779. 

DRESDKN,  a  post-village  of  Yates  co.,  New  York,  on  the 
W.  shore  of  Seneca  Lake,  about  7  miles  E.  of  Penn  Y'an.  It 
has  1  church,  10  stores,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 

DRESDKN,  a  post-office  of  Navarro  eo.,  Texas. 

DRESDEN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Weakly  CO.,  Tennes- 
see, 120  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

DRESDEN,  a  postrvillage  of  Jefferson  town.ship,  Muskin- 
gum CO.,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  Muskingum  River,  69 
miles  E.  by  N.  from  Columbus,  and  15  miles  N.  of  Zanesville. 
It  is  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  this  river,  and 
is  connected  with  the  Ohio  Canal  by  a  side-cut.  2  miles  long. 
These  advantages  render  it  a  place  of  active  business.  The 
village  is  well  supplied  with  water-power,  and  the  neigh- 
boring hills  abound  in  coal  and  iron  ore.  The  railroad  from 
Pittsburg  to  Columbus  passes  through  this  place.  Pop.  in 
1860,  1415. 

DRESDEN,  a  village  of  Green  co.,  Indiana,  about  70 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Indian  ipolis. 

DRESDEN,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River  and  Canal,  52  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.  It  con- 
tained, in  1852,  a  warehouse  and  6  dw^ellings.  Grain  and 
other  produce  are  shipped  here. 

DRESDEN,  Pettis  co.,  Missouri.    See  Appendix. 

DRESDEN,  a  village  of  Perry  co.,  Missouri,  about  86 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  St.  Louis. 

DRESDEN  MILLS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

DRES'SERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York 

DREUMEL,  droi'mel.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Gelderland,  17  miles  W.  of  Nymwegen.     Pop.  1465. 

DREU.Y,  druh,  (anc.  Dwocas'ses,  afterwards  Dro/cae.)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  on  the  Blaise.  20 
miles  N.  of  Chartres.  Pop.  in  1852,  6764.  It  is  regularly  and 
well  built;  it  has  a  fine  Gothic  church  and  town-hall,  a  well 
endowed  a.sylum,  public  baths,  a  theatre,  and  a  pleasant  walk 
along  tlie  river,  with  manufactures  of  serge,  woollen  hosiery, 
hats  and  leather.     When  it  was  founded  is  un<'ertiiin  ;  but 

6S3 


DRE 


DKO 


It  had  its  own  counts  and  a  mint  a.  ».  1031.  Tt  was  taken 
and  ravaged  by  the  Auglo-Normans  in  11S8;  in  15!t3  Henry 
IV.  took  it  by  as.<iault,  after  an  obstinato  siege  of  18  days. 

DIIEW,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Arkansas,  contains 
about  UOO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  tlie  E.  part  by 
the  Bayou  llartholomew.  and  partly  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Saline  Kjver.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  partly  co 
Tered  with  forests  of  c.vpress,  ash.  &c.;  the  soil  is  produc- 
tive. Capital,  Monticello.  Pop.  9078,  of  whom  6561  were 
free. 

DKEW,  a  postMjfHce  of  Randolph  CO.,  Arkansas. 

DREWE.NZ,  dri'vtets,  a  river  and  lake  of  Prussia;  the 
lake  in  the  circle  and  close  to  Osterode  is  7  miles  in  length, 
from  E.  to  W..  and  traversed  by  the  river;  which,  after  a 
S.W.  course  of  80  miles,  p-ist  Neumark.  Strasbur^,  and  Do- 
brzyn.  joins  the  A'istula,  3  miles  E.  of  Thorn. 

DREWEKSBUIIG.  a  post-ofjice  of  Franklin  eo.,  Indiana, 
about  84  miles  E.X.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

DREWKYSVILliE,  a  po.st-vilIage  of  Southampton  CO., 
A'iririnia.  75  miles  S.S.E.  of  Richmond. 

DREWRYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co..  Georgia. 

DKEWS^VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Cheshire  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  45  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Concord. 

DRIBUKG.  dreeOjCdRO.  a  town  of  Prussian  WestphalLi,  39 
miles  S.  of  Minden,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  surmounted 
by  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Castle  of  I  burg.  Pop.  2320.  It 
is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  mauutactures  of  glass  and 
fire-arms,  and  mineral  baths. 

DRI'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln,  4 J  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Alford.    Area.  1410  acres.     Pop.  97. 

DRIEBERGEX.  dree'b^RG-en.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province,  and  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Utrecht,  with  a  station  on 
the  Amsterdam  and  Arnhem  Itailway. 

DRIEDORF,  dree'doRf.  a  walled  town  of  Germany,  duchy, 
and  25  miles  N.E.  of  Nassau.  It  contains  two  castles. 
Pop.  646. 

DRIEL,  dreel,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Gelderland.  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bommel.     Pop.  in  1S40,  2815. 

DRIESEN,  dree'zen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 64  miles  X.E.  of  Frankfort,  on  an  island  formed 
by  the  Netze.  Pop.  3840.  It  was  formerly  well  fortified ;  and 
hits  2  large  market-places,  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth, 
linens,  and  leather. 

DKIETOMA.  dree-to/mi,  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Hither 
Danube,  co..  and  6  miles  from  Trentschin.    Pop.  1719. 

DltlF'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

DRIFFIELD.  GREAT,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York,  East  Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Hull 
and  Scarborough  Railway,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hull.  It  has 
an  ancient  church,  a  union  work-houso.  branch  banks,  and 
large  markets  for  corn. 

DRIFFIELD  LITTLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

DRIFT/WOOD,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
804. 

DRIFTWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  135 
miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

DRIFTWOOD  CUEEK,  abranch  of  SinnemahoningCreek, 
rises  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

DRIFTWOOD  FORK,  of  White  River.    See  White  River. 

DRIG'LINGTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  eo.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

DRILO  or  DRILOX.    See  Drdj. 

DRIMEIRCHIOX,  dre-mir'ke-on,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Flint 

DRIMOLEAGUE,  drira'o-leeg\  or  DROMDALEAGUE, 
dr6m'da-Ieeg\  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Muuster  co.  of  Cork. 

DRIVPTEM'PLE  or  DRUMVJTE.M'PLE,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Connaujjht,  cos.  of  Galway  and  Roscommon. 

DRIN.  dreen,  (anc.  Dri'nus.)  a  river  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Bosnia  rises  in  the  Dinaric  Alps,  and.  after  a  N. 
course  of  180  miles,  partly  separating  Bosnia  from  Servia, 
joins  the  Save  63  miles  W.  of  Belgrade. 

DRIN.  (anc.  DrCIo  or  DriUm,  and  Drinus?)  a  river  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  .\lbania,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Black  and  White  Drin.  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Prisrend,  whence 
it  has  a  generally  W.  course  of  110  miles,  and  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Drin  (.\driatic)  5  miles  below  Alessio. 

DRI.V.iOH.  drin'ah.  a  p-iri-sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork 

DRINAGH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

DKINKSTONE,  drink'stUn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

DRIOS,  dree'oce,  a  district  or  settlement  of  British  Gui- 
ana, on  the  )>anks  of  the  Upper  Corinty  n,  about  lat.  2°  I'  N., 
ion.  5fi°  28'  W. 

DRIP'PINO  SPRING,  a  postofflce  of  Edmondson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

DRISIIANE.  dre-shain',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
eo.  df  Cork,  comprising  the  town  of  Millstreet. 

DRISTRA.  a  town  of  European  Turkev.    See  Siustria. 
DRIVER'S  HILU  a  post-office  of  Clinch  co.,  Georgia. 
DROB.VK,  dr«/)>dk.  a  seaport  town  of  Norway,  stift  of  Ag- 
pershuus.  on  the  E.  side  of  Christiania  Fioi-d,18  miles  S.  of 
Christiania.   Pop.  1476.     It  has  trade  la  timber. 
DROC-I-:.      See  Drkux. 
581 


DROGHED.^.  di5h'Hf-da.  a  parlijimentary  and  municipal 
borough,  seaport,  and  town  of  Ireland,  in  Leiustor.  cos.  of 
Meatli  and  Louth,  on  lx>th  sides  of  the  Boyne.  4  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  3H  miles  X.  of  Dublin,  by  "railway.  Pop.  of 
town,  16,621.  It  was  formerly  enclosed  by  walls,  some  re- 
mains of  which  still  exist.  It  h.HS  two  churches,  a  chapel  of 
ease,  an  elegant  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  numerous  mo- 
na-steries  and  nunneries,  an  endowed  classical  and  five 
other  schools,  an  infirmary,  a  mendicity-house,  an  institu- 
tion for  Protestant  clei-gymen's  widows,  an  alms-house, 
mansion-house,  jail,  barracks,  union  work-house,  custom- 
house, linen-hall,  and  market-house.  Linen  and  cotton- 
spinuing  are  carried  on  in  Dro'.:heda.  or  its  imniodiato 
vicinity,  to  a  verj-  considerable  e.xtent.  there  beins  several 
large  mills  on  the  lianks  of  the  Boyne  near  the  town. 
There  is  also  an  extensive  foundry  and  steam-engine  ma> 
nufactory.  two  breweries,  a  number  of  tanneries,  several  soap- 
works,  and  a  small  ship-building  yard.  Di-ogheda  carries  on 
likewise  a  pretty  large  export  trade,  (chiefly  with  Liverpool.) 
in  which  several  first-rate  steamers  ply.  The  numter  of 
sailing  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  in  1848  was  46.  ton- 
nage 4S6S;  steamers  6,  tonnage  1585.  The  harbor  of  Dro- 
glieda  is  formed  by  the  waters  of  the  Boyne,  4  miles  from 
seju  and  extends  about  half  a  mile  below  the  bridge,  with 
10  to  18  feet  of  water  abreast  the  quays.  At  the  entrance 
of  the  harbor  are  three  light-houses.  The  navigation  of  the 
Boyne  for  barges  of  60  tons  extends  inland,  to  Xavan,  19 
miles. 

Drogheda  was  a  principal  rendezvous  for  the  forces  which 
were  so  frequently  required  in  Ulster  between  the  four- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries.  In  1649  it  was  stormed 
by  Cromwell,  and  its  garrison  put  to  the  sword:  and  in 
1690  it  resisted  the  attack  of  a  division  of  King  William's 
army.  Within  2  miles  of  its  walls  was  fought  the  famous 
•'Battle  of  the  Boyne."  Drogheda  was  also  the  seat  of  many 
Irish  parliaments  at  various  periods,  particularly  during 
the  fifteenth  century.  Among  the  remarkable  architectu- 
ral antiquities  with  which  this  ancient  town  and  its  vici- 
nity abound,  are  Magdalen's  Steeple  and  Lawrence  Gate; 
the  first  is  all  that  remains  of  a  Dominican  convent  founded 
in  1224.    Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  14,730. 

DROHITSHIN  or  DROIIICZYN,  dro-hit'shin.  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  province,  and  65  miles  S.S  W.  of  Bialystok, 
on  the  Bug.  Pop.  1000.  It  is  the  most  ancient  town  of 
Podlachia,  and  has  several  churches,  convents,  and  public 
schools.  An  engjigement  between  the  I'oles  and  Russians 
took  place  here  on  the  20th  of  July.  1^31. 

DROGIIIT'SHIN,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government 
of  Grodno.  "25  miles  E.  of  Kobriu. 

DROHOBICZ.  droTio-bitch'.  or  DROnrtOVISCH'.  (written 
also  DROHOBICE.)  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia,  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Sambor,  on  the  Tiszmanicka.  Pop.  in  1845. 72C6. 
It  has  8  suburbs,  numerous  churches,  (one  of  which  is  the 
finest  specimen  of  ancient  architecture  in  Galicia,)  a  syna- 
gogue, sever.ll  schools,  and  important  annual  cattle  and  com 
markets.  Near  it  are  pitch-wells,  iron-mines,  and  salt-works. 

DROITWICH,  droit'itch,  (anc.  Siili/n(rf)  a  parliamentary 
and  municipal  borough  and  town  of  England,  co..  and  7 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Worcester,  with  a  station  on  the  Bristol 
and  Birmingham  Railway.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851.  3125;  ot 
parliamentary  borough,  7096.  It  has  several  churches,  a  well- 
endowed  poor's  hospital,  and  other  charities,  and  a  union 
work-house.  In  the  centre  of  the  town  are  the  famous  brine- 
springs,  wrought  from  the  time  of  the  ancient  Britons,  and 
which  at  present  yield  annually  about  30.000  tons  of  salt 
The  borough  formerly  s6nt  two  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons;  at  present,  one.  Near  it  are  Uindlip  Hall  and 
other  fine  mansions. 

DROLSIIAGHN,  drols'hj'glipn,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Westphalia,  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cologne.     Pop.  497. 

DROMAGH.  drom'dh\a  villageof  Ireljvnd.  in  iIunster,co. 
of  Cork.  5i  miles  S.W.  of  Kauturk,  with  a  castle  and  exten- 
sive collieries. 

DRO.M.\H.\IRE.  dromVh.W.  a  barony  and  village  of  Ire- 
land. CO.  of  I.*itrim,  7i  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sligo.     Pop.  .'J4S. 

DROM.\R.\G  H,  drom'a-rih,  a  parish  of  I  reland.  CO.  of  Down. 

DKO.MCLIFFE,  droniVlif.  or  OGO(»MUCK.  oV'oo-mlik'.  « 
pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.of  Clare,  compri.'iing  the  town  of  Ennis. 

DKOSIE,  (Drome.)  drSm,  (anc.  Ih->i'na.)  a  river  of  France, 
ri.ses  in  the  Hautes-Alpes.  flows  W.  through  the  department 
of  Drdme.  and  joins  the  Rhone  12  miles  S.S.'SV.  of  Valence, 
after  a  course  of  00  miles. 

DROME,  a  department  in  the  S.E.  of  France,  enclosed  by 
the  Alpine  departments  of  IsJre,  Vaucluse,  and  the  Rhone, 
which  river  separates  it  on  the  W.  from  .Ard^che.  Area, 
2,508  sq.  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  326,684.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Rhone,  Isfere,  and  Drome.  Surftce.  mountainous  in  the  K., 
and  level  in  the  AV.  Soil  generally  infertile.  Silk  and  wine 
are  important  products.  Hermitage  being  among  the  growths 
of  the  latter.  The  mineral  products  consist  of  coal,  iron, 
copper,  lead,  marble,  and  granite.  Drome  is  divided  Into 
the  four  arrondis.sements  of  Valence,  (the  capital.)  Crest, 
Die.  and  Montelimart. 

DROMERSHEIM.  dro/mer.s-hIme\  a  town  of  Desse-Dana- 
stadt,  in  llbeinhessen,  near  Biiigi^n.  Pop.  892 


DRO 


DRY 


DROJIIX,  dro'inln,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

DROMIN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth. 

DKOMISKIN,  dro'inis-kiu,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth. 

DROMOD.  dro/mod,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry. 

DROMORK,  dro'niore,  an  episcopal  city  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  CO.  of  Down,  on  the  Lagan,  14J  miles  SAV.  of 
Belfiist,  on  the  road  from  Dublin.  I'op.  of  city,  2110.  In  its 
cathedral  lie  the  remains  of  Jeremy  Taylor  and  other  bishops ; 
and  it  has  an  episcopal  residence,  and  various  antiquities. 

DROMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 
—Some  villages  in  the  counties  of  Clare  and  SUgo  have  this 
Dame. 

DRON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

DROXEIK;),  dro-n.Vro,  (anc.  Draconafrium  or  DragnneJ- 
riumf)  a  city  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  province, 
and  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Coni,  picturesquely  situated  on  an 
eminence  at  the  confluence  of  the  Roccabruna  with  the 
Maira.  It  has  a  Benedictine  monastery,  a  college  with 
about  200  students,  and  an  hospital  erected  on  the  site  of 
the  old  Castle  of  Dronero.     Pop.  a365. 

DRONFIEIiD.  dron'feeld,  a  village  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Derby,  b^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chesterfield.  Pop.  in  1861, 
6231.  The  village  has  a  lieautiful  ancient  church  and  a 
grammar  school.  Btauchief  Abbey,  in  ruins,  was  founded 
by  Fitz-Ranulph  in  11G3,  in  expiation  of  the  murder  of 
Thomas-i-BecUet. 

DRONN  E,  dronn,  a  river  of  Franco,  after  a  S.W.  course  of 
80  miles,  unites  with  the  I.sle  near  Coutras. 

DRONRYP,  drou-iipe',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Frieslaiid,  0  miles  W.  of  Leeuwarden. 

DRONtllElM,  Norway.     See  Trondhjem. 

DRORANDDRF.  dro/rdn-doar,  a  fortified  town  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Moravian  frontier,  20  miles  W.  of  Znaym. 
It  has  a  CHstle,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Templars. 

DROSAU,  dro'zdw,  DUOSCIIAU,  dro'shOw,  or  STRA- 
CZOW,  stri'chov,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Klattau,  on  a  height  alx)ve  the  Bradank.    Pop.  1474. 

DROSEXDOKF,  dro'zen-doKf\  a  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
32  miles  N.  of  Krems.    Pop.  791. 

DROSSE.V,  dros's^n,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 14  mile.s  N.E.  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder.  Pop. 4200. 
It  has  several  Lutheran  churches,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths,  linen  fabrics,  and  le.ather. 

DROTINGIIOLM,  dro/ting-holm'.  a  royal  castle  of  Sweden, 
6  miles  W.  of  Stockholm,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Mat^Iar. 
Its  noble  parks  are  much  resorted  to  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Stockholm. 

DROUMTARIFF.  drSm-tir'ifif,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

DROWN'INU  CREEK,  a  posiKjUBce  of  Burke  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

DROWNIXG  FORIC,  apostKjfficeof  McDonough  co.jllllnoig. 

DROX'FOHD,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Hants. 

DROYLS'DKN,  a  thriving  vilbige  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, 4  )niles  E.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  4933.  The  Moravian 
gettlement  of  Fairfield  is  in  this  township. 

DROYSSIG.  drois'siCt,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Saxony.  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Weissenfels,  with  a  fine  castle. 
Pop.  783. 

DRUEXT,  droo-Jnt/  or  droo-6.\o,'or  DRUEXTO,  droo4n'to. 
(L.  Druen'lum,)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province, 
and  about  7  miles  X.VV.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2000. 

DRU.VI,  or  ELARD'RTUM\  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Hoscommon. 

DRUM,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo. 

DRUM.XCIIOSE,  dram/a-hose\  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ul- 
setr,  CO.  of  Londonderry. 

DRUM'AUL'.  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

DRUMBALLYRO'NEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. . 

DRUM'BLADE^  a  p.irish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

DRUM^BOE'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

DRUM'CAX'XOX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford. 

DRU.MCLTFFE,  drftm^kliff',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Sligo. 

DRUMCOL'LIKER.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

DRU.M'COX'DRA  or  DRUM^CON'RA,  a  papsh  of  Ireland, 
iu  Ijeinster,  co.  of  Meath. 

DRUMCONDRA  or  DRU.MCONRA,  a  vilLage  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster.  co.  and  about  two  N.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  227. 

DRUMCOR'EE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Arm.igh. 

DRUMCOREE,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Westmeath. 

DRUM^CUL'LEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  King's  countv. 

DRUM'OATH'.  a  parish  of  Irel.and.  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

DRUMXJLASS',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

DRU.M'GOO'LAXD,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. 

DRUM'GOOX'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavac. 

DRUMUIOLM'  or  DRUSrilOME',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Donegal. 

DRUM'KEK'RAX.  a  pjirish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Fermanagh. 

DRUMKEERAX.avillageoflreliind.co.ofLeitrim.  P.469. 

DRUM'LAXE',  a  parish  of  IreKand,  co.  of  Cavan. 

DRUM'LAX/RIG  CASTLE,  a  mansion  of  the  Dukeof  Buc- 
cleugh.  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Nitli,  3i  miles  X.  \V.  of  Thornhill.  Built  by  the  Duke 
of  Queensberry  in  1G89. 


DRUM'LEASE'.  a  parish  of  Irel.and.  co.  of  Lel^rim. 

DRUM'LO'MAX.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cavan. 

DRUM'MELZIER/,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles. 

DRUM'MOXD,  a  post-oflftce  of  Washington  co..  Georgia. 

DRUMMOXD,  a  county  in  the  interior  of  Canada  East, 
comprising  an  area  of  lti44  square  miles.  The  river  of  St. 
Francis  passes  through  this  county.    Pop.  lG,a62. 

DRUM'MOXD  CASTLE,  the  seat  of  Lord  "NVilloughby 
d'Eresby,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth.  2  miles  S.  of  Crieff. 

DRUMMOND'S  ISLAND  is  the  farthest  W.  of  the  Jlani- 
toulin  Islands,  in  Lake  Huron,  North  .\meriea,.30  miles  E.  ol 
Mackinaw ;  20  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W'.,  by  10  miles  io 
in  its  greatest  breadth.  Here  is  a  British  fort  and  trading  post 

DRUMMOND  ISLET,  a  .small  Lsland  of  the  China  Sea,  in 
the  Paracels  group.  220  miles  S.E.  of  Hainan 

DRU.MMOND  LAKE.    See  Dismal  Swamp. 

DRUMMOXD  TOWN.    See  Accomack  Coukt  IIorsE. 

DltUM'MOXDVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Welland.  on  Xtigara  River,  near  the  Falls,  where  the  Great 
Western  Railw.iy  communicates  with  the  railw:iv  system  of 
New  York;  48  miles  S.E.  of  Hamilton,  and  24  m'iles  N.N.W. 
of  Buffalo.  It  has  churches  of  four  denominations,  an  as- 
surance agency,  and  several  stores  and  hotels.     Pop.  700. 

DRUMMOXDVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  East.co.  of 
Drummond,  on  the  St.  Francis  River.  50  miles  S.  of  Three 
liivers,  and  90  miles  from  Quebec.  The  district  court  of  the 
county  is  held  here. 

DRUMJIOSSIE  MOOR.    See  CuLL0t)EN. 

DRUM^MUL/LY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  cos.  of  Mo- 
naghan  and  Fermanagh. 

DRUM^OAK',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Aberdeen  and 
Kincardine. 

DRU'MORE,  a  township  of  LancJister  co.,  PennHj-lvania. 
Pop.  3098. 

DRUMViUIN',  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone, 
7i  miles  W.  of  Omagh.    Pop.  452. 

DRUMRAGH,  drCun'rah,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

DRUMRAN'ER,  or  DRUMUlATII',  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  in 
Leiuster.  co.  of  M'estmeath. 

DRUMREILLY,drtim-ri'lee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  chiefly  in 
Connaught.  co.  of  Leitrim. 

DRUMSHAM/BO,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co. 
and  4}  miles  N.  of  Leitrim,  on  the  Shannon,  at  the  S.  extra- 
mity  of  Lough  Allen.    Pop.  617. 

DRUMS/NA,  a  small  but  thriving  market-town  of  Ireland, 
in  Connaught,  co.  of  Leitrim.  on  the  Shannon,  4^  miles 
E.S.E.  ofCarrick.    Pop.  516. 

DRUMS'XAT',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Monaghan. 

DRUNEX,  drU'nen,a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Bi-abaut,  7  miles  W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  14O0. 

DRUXG,  a  pju-ish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavan. 

DRU'RY'S  LAX'DING,  a  village  of  Rock  Island  to.,  IIU- 
nois.  on  the  left  side  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

DRUSENIIEIM,  droo'zfn-hJme\  (Fr.  pron.  drilVSn^em',)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Bas-l!hin,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Moder  and  the  Rhine,  17  miles  S.  of  Wissembourg. 
Pop.  1616. 

DRUSHKOPOL,  droosh-ko'pol(?)  a  town  of  Rus.sian  Po- 
land, government  of  Volhynia,  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vladimeer, 
(Vladimir.)    Pop.  1030. 

DRUSES,  droiVziz,  a  people  who  inhabit  the  chain  of  Le- 
banon, in  Syria,  but  chiefly  the  S.  part.  E.  and  S.E.  of  Bey- 
root,  and  as  far  S.  as  the  district  of  Haslieza,  about  the 
sources  of  the  Jordan.  They  are  remarkable  for  patient  and 
persevering  industry,  for  hospitality,  valor,  and  love  of 
country,  with  extreme  pride  of  birth.  Their  religious  rites 
are  but  little  known ;  but  they  have  a  priesthood,  and  al> 
hor  all  religions  excepting  their  own.  They  neither  fast 
nor  pray,  but  believe  in  the  transmigration  of  souls.  Their 
language  is  Arabic.  The  capital  of  the  Druses  is  Deii'-el- 
Kanier. 

DRUTEN,  drU'ten.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
Gelderland,  on  the  AVaal,  11  miles  W.X.W.  of  Nymwegen, 
with  a  castle,  and  2700  inhabitants. 

DRY''BURG,  a  post-oflfice  of  Halifax  co.,  Virginia. 

DRYBURGH  ABBEY,  drI'btir-rUh  ab/bee  or  dri1>tlrg  aV- 
bee,  a  beautiful  ruin  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  on  the 
Twetcl,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Melrose.  It  was  founded  by  Hugh  de 
Morvilie  about  A.  D.  1160,  and  is  now  the  property  of  the 
Earl  of  Buchan.  The  ruin  forms  a  fitting  cemetery  for  the 
great  bard  of  romance,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  whose  remains  were 
interred  here  in  1832. 

DRY  CREEK,  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  enters  the  Vernon  River 
near  Mount  Vernon. 

DRY  CREEK,  rises  in  El  Dorado  county,  in  the  N.  cen- 
tral part  of  California;  it  flows  first  in  a  W.S.W.  and  then 
in  a  southerly  course,  forming  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  counties,  and  falls  into 
the  Moquelumne  River  about  20  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  San  Joaquin. 

DRY  CREEIi,  No.  1,  a  small  stre.am  of  Yuba  co.,  towards 
the  N.  part  of  California,  falls  into  Be;ir  River  about  5  mileg 
from  its  mouth. 

DRY  CREEK,  No.  2,  a  small  stream  of  Yuba  co.,  flows  into 
the  Feather  River  6  miles  aliove  the  mouth  of  Bear  IUvm: 

585 


DRY 


DUB 


DRT  CREEK,  No.  3,  f.f  Tuba  co.,  after  receiving  seyeral 
email  streams,  falls  into  the  Yulm  River.  Its  wliole  length 
is  about  40  miles.  Gold  is  found  on  this  stream,  which  also 
affords  TMluable  water-power. 

DRY  CREEK,  a  postoffice  of  Lancaster  district,  South 
Carolina. 

DKV  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Covington  co.,  Mississippi. 

DRY  CREEK,  a  small  village  in  Monroe  co.,  Tennessee. 

DI!Y  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Kenton  co.,  Kentucky. 

DRY'DEX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tompkins  co., 
New  York,  8  miles  E.  uf  Ithaca.  Pop. 4902.  Near  the  village 
is  a  mineral  spring. 

DRYDEN,  a  post-township  in  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan,  80 
miles  E.  by  X.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  1752. 

DRYFE&DALE,  drifs'dil,  or  DRYSa)ALE,  a  paiish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

DllY  FORK,  of  AVhitewater  River,  rises  In  Franklin  co., 
Indiana,  and  joins  the  main  stream  in  Ohio. 

DRY  FOItK.  a  post.office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

DRY  FORK,  a  p'.st-offlce  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

DRY  FORK,  a  village  of  Bond  co.,  Illinois,  about  67  miles 
S.  of  Springfield. 

DRY  GLAZE,  a  post-office  of  Camden  co.,  Missouri. 

DRY  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Tennessee. 

DRY'MEN.  a  large  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and 
18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stirling.     Pop.  1515. 

DKYOX.     See  Dcriax. 

DRY  POND,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  North  Carolina. 

DRY  POOL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

DI!Y  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DRY  RIDGE,  a  post-village  in  Grant  co.,  Kentucky,  50 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Frankfort. 

DKY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  CO.,  Ohio. 

DRY  RUN, a  post-villnge of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in 
Path  Valley,  165  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contained  in 
1860  about  100  inhabitants. 

DRY  RUN,  a  postrofflce  of  Tippah  co.,  Mississippi. 

DRYSDALE,  a  parish  of  Scotland.     See  DrtfesdaIK, 

DllY  TOWN,  a  post-town  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  is 
situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  Dry  Creek.  It  is  a  fine  locality 
for  winter  mining. 

DRY  VALLEY,  a  small  village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

DRY  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  'White  co.,  Tennessee,  90 
miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

DRY  WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  150  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

DKY'WOOD  CKEEK,  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  flows  north- 
ward into  Marmiton  Creek. 

DRY  WOODS,  a  village  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  32  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Iowa  City. 

DRZEWiCA,  dzhj-veet'si,  a  town  of  Poland,  province 
of  Sandomier,  (Sandomir,)  29  miles  W.  of  Radom.    Pop.  800. 

DSANGBO.  a  river  of  Thibet.     See  Sanpoo. 

DSCHURDSCHOWA,  a  town  of  Wallachia.   See  Giukoevo. 

DUAGII,  du'ah,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry. 

DUAXE.  du-iu',  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co..  New  York, 
about  140  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany.  St.  Regis  River  tikes 
Its  rise  among  the  numerous  l.ikes  of  this  township,  which 
contains  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore.  For  many  years  previous 
to  1849  forges  were  erected  in  different  localities,  but  chiefly 
on  Deer  River,  and  ores  to  a  considerable  extent  were  smelted. 
Some  good  steel  has  been  manufactured.    Pop.  279. 

DUANESBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Schenec- 
tady CO..  New  York,  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.   Pop.  3222. 

DUANE  STREET,  a  postofflce  of  Hall  co.,  Georgi.i. 

DUADLT.  dd'y,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Xord,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Guingamp.    Pop.  2380. 

pUB*BOI'.  a  populous  town  of  India,  dominions,  and  38 
miles  N.E.of  Baroach.with  remains  of  ancient  fortifications, 
and  a  temple  adorned  with  some  of  the  finest  Indian  sculp- 
tures. 

DUBEN.  doo'ben.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Mulde. 
18  miles  W.  of  Torgau.     Pop.  23S0. 

DUBENETZ.  doo^b^n-JtsN  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Kttniggratz,  about  6  miles  from  Jaromir,  (or  Jaromirz.)     In 
the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  the  strong  castle  of  Kalnowitz. '' 
Pop.  1538. 

DUBICZA  or  DUBITZA,  doo-beet/sl  a  fortified  town  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  on  the  right  bankof  theUnna. 
23  miles  W.  of  Grivdiska.  Pop.  6000.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians  in  1738. 

DU  BICZA.  AusTniAM.  is  a  village  on  the  militjtrv  frontier, 
on  the  left  tmnk  of  the  Unna,  opposite  Turkish  Dubiczii. 

DUIUCZA,  a  market-town  of  Croatia,  circle  of  Dubicz. 
Pop.  3;J20. 

DUBIECKO,  doo'hfrfknio,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Gallcia, 
Circle  of  Sanok,  on  the  bank  of  the  San,  75  miles  W.of  Lem- 
berg.  It  has  valuable  salt-mines,  which  yield  aanually 
about  20(V)  tons  of  siilt.     Pop.  1050. 

DUBITZA,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Dlbicz.i. 

DUB/LIX,  (Irish.  Ball !/-at/i-cliaVi,'- the  town  on  the  ford 

of  the  hurdles,"  or  Pnhlilinn.  '-Black  pool;"  the  EUana  of 

Ptolemy,)  the  capital  city  of  Ireland  and  of  the  county  of 

SnbUu,  on  tfan  Liffey,  close  to  its  entiance  into  Dublin  Bay, 

680 


Irish  Sea,  66  miles  TV.  of  Holyhead,  and  135  miles  W.  of 

Liverpool.  Lat  of  observatory,  53°  23'  2"  N,,  Ion.  6°  20'  5' 
W.  Mean  temperature  of  tfie  year,  49°;  winter,  39°.8; 
summer,  59°.6,  Fahrenheit.  It  is  the  residence  of  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  the  seat  of  the  see  of  the  Arch- 
bishop of  the  southern  province,  and  the  centre  of  all  the 
political,  ecclesiastical,  etlucational,  fi.scal,  commercial,  and 
military  institutions  of  the  kingdom. 

Dublin  is  divided  into  two  nearly  e<(ual  parts  by  the  Lif 
fey,  which  is  embanked  with  gianite.  and  lined  on  both 
sides  with  sp.icious  quays,  and  spanned  by  nine  bridges — 
seven  of  stone  and  two  of  iron.  The  city  is  flanked,  N.  and 
S..  by  the  Royal  and  the  Grand  Canals,  and  is  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  a  highway  called  the  Circular  Road,  from  8  to 
9  miles  in  extent,  which  may  be  considered  the  entire  cit^ 
cumference  of  the  city.  Its  length  from  E.  to  W,  is  about 
2j  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  about  2  miles.  The  ground  on 
which  it  is  built  rises  gently  to  the  N.  and  the  S.W'.;  the 
S.E.  portion  was  reclaimed  from  the  river.  It  is  paved  and 
lighted  with  gas,  and  supplied  with  water,  chiefly  from  the 
Royal  and  the  Grand  Canals.  Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
southern  half  of  the  city  is  Dublin  Castle,  an  edifice  of  dif- 
ferent ages,  built  on  an  elevated  site,  and  containing  an  ar- 
senal, an  armory,  the  viceregal  chapel,  and  various  govern- 
ment offices,  with  the  state  apartments  of  the  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland.  Adjoining  the  castle  on  the  8.  are  its 
gardens:  and  on  its  N.  side  is  the  elegant  Exchange,  from 
which  a  line  of  streets  extending  may  be  considered,  with 
the  Liffey,  to  separate  Dublin  into  four  quarters^ 

The  S.W.  quarter,  occupying  all  the  site  of  the  ancient 
city,  is  mostly  ill  built,  irregular,  and  filthy:  in  this  part 
are  Christ  Church  and  St.  Patrick's  Cathedrals,  both  contain- 
ing interesting  monuments,  the  Archbishop's  Palace,  and  the 
royal  and  foundling  hospitals.  The  X.W.  quarter,  much 
more  regularly  built  than  the  foregoing,  is  principally  inh.i- 
bited  by  the  trading  and  middle  classes.  On  its  outskirts 
are  many  good  edifices,  and  here  are  the  new  IIou.se  of  In- 
dustry, Richmond  Penitentiary,  Blue  coat  Hospital,  Koy.il 
Barracks,  Smithfield  and  Ormond  Slarkets.  the  Linen-hall, 
and  the  new  Courts  of  Law  erected  on  King's  Inn  Quay,  at  a 
cost  of  200,000?.  The  E.  quarters  of  Dublin  are  by  far  the 
handsomest ;  and  the  finest  approach  to  the  city  is  on  the 
X.E.  The  quarter  in  this  direction  comprises  Sackville 
street,  one  of  the  finest  thoroughfares  in  Europe,  and  in 
which  are  the  Post-office  and  the  Rotunda  ;  and  in  its  centre, 
the  Nelson  Pillar,  a  Doric  column  134  feet  in  height,  and 
surmounted  by  a  statue;  in  this  quarter  are  also  the  Cus- 
tom-house and  Royal  Lying-in  Hospital,  with  Monntjoyand 
Rutland  Squares,  and  M.arlborough  Green.  The  S.E.  quarter 
comprises  St.  Stephen's  Cfreen.  in  which  is  the  equestrian 
statue  of  George  II..  Merrion  and  Fitzwilliam  Scjuares,  Col- 
lege Green,  now  a  paved  area,  on  which  are  the  Bank  of  Ire- 
land, (formerly  the  Parliament  House.)  Trinity  College,  and 
a  bronze  statue  of  William  III.:  Dame  street.  Sir  P.  Dunn's 
Hospital,' the  Dublin  Royal  Society  House,  and  the  Mansion 
House,  near  which  is  an  equestrian  st.atue  of  George  I. 
The  principal  edifices  not  hitherto  mentioned  comprise  St. 
George's  Church,  with  a  steeple  200  feet  in  height.  '29  other 
Protestant  parochial  churches,  and  as  many  chapels  of  ease, 
9  Roman  Catholic  parochial  churches.  7  friaries.  3  monaste- 
ries, 8  convents,  numerous  dissenting  chapels,  and  a  syna- 
gogue ;  the  Commercial  Buildings.  Corn  Exchange.  Royal 
Hospital  at  Kilmainham.  various  barracks,  the  new  Inns  of 
Court,  the  County  Infirmary,  Richmond  Surgical.  Dublin,  St. 
Vincent's.  Steeven's.  Mercer's,  and  several  other  general  hos- 
pitals, many  maternity  hospit.als.  the  General  Dispensary, 
Richmond  Lunatic  Asylum,  numerous  other  charitable  in- 
stitutions, the  City  A.ssembly  House.  Corporate  Halls,  Ses- 
sions-house, Newgate  and  several  other  prisons,  and  three 
theatres. 

Its  University,  chartered  in  1591,  and  situated  in  Trinity 
College,  is  attended  by  about  2000  students,  possesses  a 
landed  revenue  of  15,60<W.  a  year,  a  library  of  160,000  vo- 
lumes, a  park,  printing-house,  anatomical  and  chemical  d» 
partments,  a  bot.anic  garden,  and  an  observatory.  Dublin 
has  colleges  of,  phy.sicians  and  surgeons,  an  apothecaries' 
hall,  royal  Irish  and  Hibernian  academies,  a  royal  institu- 
tion, zoological,  geological,  phrenological,  agricultural,  horti- 
cultural, and  other  societies,  various  clulw.  and  a  mechanics' 
institute.  The  Zoological  Society  has  gai-dens  in  the  Phoenix 
Park,  a  fine  open  space  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  citv,  and 
in  which  is  the  Wellington  Testimonial,  a  heavy  obelisk, 
raised  at  a  cost  of  20:000/^  This  park,  the  Rotunda  and  Zoo- 
loirical  Gardens,  are  the  favorite  places  of  re.sort  for  tne  inha- 
bitants. The  villages  of  Ririgsend.  Irishtown,  Sandymnunt, 
Ballsbridge.  Donnybrook,  Ranelagh,  Rathniine.s.  Herold'* 
Cross,  Kilmainham.  Glassnevin,  Drumcondra.  and  Cloiitarf, 
are  immediate  suburbs  of  the  city,  the  environs  of  vhicb 
have  much  picturesque  beauty. 

Dublin  communicates  with  the  W,  of  Ireland  by  the 
Grand  and  Royal  Canals,  by  railways  with  Drogheda.  K  ngs- 
town,  and  Limerick,  and  by  steampackets  with  Belfast.  Glas- 
gow. Liverpool.  Holyhead,  Bristol.  Cork,  Plymouth,  South- 
ampton, London,  and  Havre.  The  Dublin  and  Drogheda 
Railway  is  31^  miles  in  length,  and  borders  the  coast  of  the 


DUB 


DUG 


Irish  Spa  N.  to  Ballbrig;;an,  which,  with  Clontarf.  Malahide, 
ami  lialilanjan,  are  on  this  line.  The  Dublin  and  Kings- 
town Railway,  0  miles  in  length,  has  a  S.E.  direction  from 
Dublin,  and  a  continuation  by  an  atmospheric  line  to  DaF- 
key,  2  miles  farther  S.  Its  harbor,  whicii  comprises  an  area 
of  3030  acres,  has  been  latterly  much  improTed;  and  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Liffey  are  the  Grand  Canal  and  the  Cus- 
tom-house Ducks,  the  latter  occupying  8  acres ;  deptii  at  low 
water  12  feet,  at  high  tides  24  feet;  the  wharves  and  docks 
are  accessible  by  vessels  of  900  tons.  Dublin  had  formerly 
important  manufactures  of  woollen,  silk,  and  cotton  tHbrics, 
but  they  have  declined  into  insignificance,  and  at  present 
its  chief  trade  is  in  linens,  poplins,  porter,  provisions,  &c. 
Its  timber  trade  has  very  recently  increased  so  much,  that 
in  1846, 14.253  loads  of  timber  and  deals  were  imported  from 
Northern  Europe,  and  19,661  from  North  America.  In  1850, 
llie  value  of  foreign  exports  amounted  to  .50.354/.;  in  1851, 
to  50,07ui.;  it  1852,  to  75,182/.;  and  in  1863,  to  only  23,800/. 
In  1840.  the  value  of  exports  was  60,395/.  The  customs  du- 
ties collected  at  the  port  in  1850  amounted  to  874,943/.,  and 
in  1851,  to  893,383/.  The  registered  tonnage  in  1861  com- 
prised 444  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  39.353  tons. 
The  foreign  commerce  employed  1,393,822  tons  of  shipping. 
Including  both  the  entrances  and  clearances. 

The  corporation  of  Dublin  consists  of  a  lord  mayor  and  15 
aldermen,  and  45  town  councillors,  elected  out  of  the  15  mu- 
nicipal wards.  Besides  the  lord  mayor's  weekly  courts,  here 
are  courts  of  conscience  for  debts  under  4'J  .sbiillings  Irish, 
and  5  manor  courts;  and  Dublin  is  the  seat  of  a  chamber 
of  commerce,  and  the  Ouzel-galley  Society  for  the  Arbitration 
of  Commercial  Disputes.  The  see  of  the  archbishop  com- 
prises the  counties  of  Dublin  and  Wicklow,  with  part  of  Ivil- 
dare,  and  his  jurisdiction  is  nearly  co-extensive  with  the 
provinces  of  Leinster  and  Munster. 

The  environs  of  Dublin  are  remarkably  beautiful,  al- 
though the  city  itself  is  somewhat  unfortunate  in  its  ap- 
proaches, none  of  which  do  it  justice.  The  bay  is  noble  and 
picturesque  and  esteemed  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United 
Kingdom  ;  it  is  about  7  miles  in  breadth  at  its  entrance,  be- 
tween Ilowth  Head  on  the  N.  and  Kingston  on  the  S.,  with 
a  lighthouse.  It  extends  inland  for  about  tbe  s-ime  dis- 
tance ;  and  along  the  shores  are  the  villages  of  Ivingstown, 
Blackrock.  Clontarf,  Katheny,  Ac,  and  terraces  of  handsome 
houses  and  scattered  villas.  In  the  centre  flows  in  the 
Liffey,  and  on  either  side  the  Dodder  and  Tolka. 

The  metropolis  of  Ireland  claims  a-high  antiixuity,  haying 
been  in  existence,  as  is  alleged,  since  the  time  of  Ptolemy. 
It«  original  native  name  was  Drom-Col-Coille.  or  the  "  Hill 
of  H.T/.el-wood."  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  ninth  century, 
Dublin  was  taken  by  the  Danes,  who  infested  it  for  several 
»nturies  thereafter.  In  1169,  it  was  taken  by  storm  by  the 
Knglisli  under  Stronglwiw,  who  died  there  seven  years  after- 
wards, and  was  interred  in  Christ  Church  Catliedral,  From 
alwut  this  period  the  history  of  Dublin  is  that  of  Ireland. 
The  city  returns  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
the  University  returns  other  two.  Pop.  in  1841,  232,726;  in 
1851,  254,8.W;  in  1861,  249,73.3. 

DUB'LIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cheshire  co.. 
New  Iliimiishire,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollen  goods  and  leather.  The  view  from  the 
summit  of  Breeds  Mountain,  near  the  centre  of  tliis  town- 
ship, is  exceedingly  beautiful.    Pop.  1096. 

DUBLIN,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Doylestown. 

DUBljIN.atownshipofFulton  co.,PennHylTania.  Pop. 869. 

DUBUN,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  882. 

DUBLIN,  a  post-village  of  Harford  CO.,  Maryland,  68  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Annapolis. 

DUBI.,IN,  a  post-village  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia,  8  miles  S.E. 
of  .lackson,  the  county  seat. 

DUBLIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Laurens  co.,  Georgia, 
half  a  mile  from  the  Oconee  Kiver.  and  120  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Savannah.  It  has  a  court-house,  a  church,  and  several  stores. 

DUBLIN,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 

DUBIJN,  a  post-village  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky,  11  miles 
W.  of  Mayfield,  the  county  seat. 

DUBLIN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto 
Biver.  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

DUBLIN,  a  township  of  Mercer  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1.352. 

DUBLIN,  a  village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  on  Racoon 
Creek,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  llockville. 

DUBIjIN,  a  post-village  ami  township  of  Wayne  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  National  Koad,  and  near  the  Central  Railroad, 
45  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  967. 

DUBLIN  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  co.  of  Dublin,  be- 
tween Howth  Ileivd  on  the  N.,  with  Dsvily  light-house,  in 
lat.53°21'40"  N.,  Ion.  6°  3'  5"  W.,and  Kingstown  on  the  S., 
wild  the  light-house  in  lat.  53°  18'  N.,  Ion.  6°  8'  W.  Its 
length,  and  breadth  of  entrance,  are  each  about  7  miles. 
The  Shores  are  biild  and  highly  picturesque.  At  its  W.  end 
is  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ijiffey,  with  Dublin  Harbor,  and 
on  its  shores  are  the  villaces  of  Ratheny,  Clontarf,  Black- 
rock,  and  Kingstown. 

DUBLIN  COUNTY,  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  has  E.  the  Irish 


Sea.  and  landward,  from  the  S.  round  to  N..  the  counties  of 
Wicklow,  Kildare,  and  ileath.  Area,  354  square  miles,  or 
226.414  acres  ;  of  which  196,063  acres  are  arable,  19,312  un- 
cultivated, 5519  in  plantations,  and  1820  in  towns,  exclud- 
ing Dublin  city.  Pop.  in  1851,  404,992.  The  surface  is  level 
or  undulating ;  principal  river,  the  I^iQey.  Capital,  Dubllu 
city.    It  sends  2  members  to  tlie  House  of  Commons. 

DUBLIN  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Penusvlvania. 

DUBXICZ,  doob^nits/,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co^  and 
7  miles  N.E.  Trentschin,  near  the  Maag.     Pop.  1868. 

DUBNICZA,  doob'nifsd,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  In 
Bulgaria,  22  miles  S.  of  Sophia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Djer- 
ma.     Pop.  6000.    It  has  extensive  iron-works. 

DUBNO,  doob/no,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government 
of  Volhynia,  on  the  Irwa,  32  miles  W.  of  Ostrog.  Pop.  8700. 
It  has  a  castle,  numerous  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  and  a  Greek  abbey. 

DU150IS,  du-boi'  or  du-lxii.s',  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  ot 
Indiana,  has  an  area  of  about  420  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  I'atoka  River,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
East  Fork  of  White  River.  The  N.E.  p;irt  is  rolling,  and  the 
other  portions  level.  The  county  is  heavily  timVjered.  The 
soil  is  generally  fertile.  Extensive  beds  of  stone  coal  are 
found  in  this  county.  Organized  in  1818.  and  named  in  ho- 
nor of  Toussaint  Dubois,  a  merchant  of  Vincennes.  Capital, 
Jasper.     I'op.  10,.394. 

DUBOVKA  or  DUBOTSKI-POSAD.    See  Doobovka. 

DUBOZAKI.    See  Doobosart. 

DUBRAVA,  ALSO,  srsho'  doo-brl/vOh,  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary. CO.  of  Szalad,  on  the  Murakiiz,  near  the  junction  of 
the  Mur  with  the  Drave.    Pop.  2026. 

DUBIWVNA,  doo^brov'nS,  a  town  of  Russi.an  Poland,  47 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Moheelev,  on  the  Dnieper.    I'op.  4000. 

DUBROWNIK.    See  Chroma. 

DUBUQUE,  du-book',  (oo  as  in  monn.)  a  county  in  the  E. 
part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  Illinois  and  Wisconsin,  has  an 
area  of  alx)ut  600  square  miles.  The  ilississippi  River  forms 
its  north-eastern  boundary,  and  the  county  is  also  drained 
by  Fall  River  and  Little  Makoqueta  River.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  extensively  covered  with  timber.  The  county 
comprises  the  principal  portion  of  the  mineral  region  of  Iowa. 
Large  quantities  of  lead  are  annually  taken  from  the  mines 
of  this  county,  and  sent  down  the  river  by  steamboats.  The 
rock  which  underlies  the  county  is  limestone.  A  lailroad 
extends  from  Dubuque  westward.  Named  in  honor  of  M. 
Dubuque,  a  Frenchman,  who  obtained  a  grant  from  the 
Spanisli  government  for  mining  lead  in  tliis  region.  Capi- 
tal, Dnbuque.    Pop.  31,164. 

DUBUQUE,  the  largest  city  in  Iowa,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Dubuque  co.,  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississipi)i,  450  miles 
above  St.  Louis;  built  partly  on  a  terrace  extending  several 
miles  along  the  river,  and  partly  on  the  bluff  rising  200  feet 
higher.  The  main  part  is  regularly  laid  out;  on  the  bluff 
the  streets  conform  to  the  irregular  surface.  Among  the 
finest  puljlic  buildings  are  a  market-house  and  city-hall,  U.S. 
custom-house,  Ejiiscopal  seminary,  and  3  free-school  build- 
ings, accommodating  600  pu])ils  each.  The  office  of  the  Sur- 
veyor-General of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  is  located  here.  Du- 
buque is  the  depot  for  the  lead  mining  region  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  centre  of  trade  for  most  of  northern  Iowa. 
The  shipments  of  lead  range  from  5  to  10  million  pounds 
annually,  worth  one-fourth  to  one-half  million  dollars;  some 
of  the  mines  are  within  the  city  limits,  and  the  best  witliin 
a  few  miles  of  it.  The  land  in  the  vicinity  is  occupied  by  liiglily 
cultivated  farms,  orchards,  and  vineyards.  The  city  contains 
14  I'rotestant  and  3  Catholic  churches.  A  large  cathedral  is 
in  process  of  construction.  There  are  5  newspaper  offices,  3 
of  them  German,  1  state  and  1  national  bank;  iron,  shot,  flour, 
lumber,  and  other  manufactures.  The  city  is  the  eastern  ter- 
minusof  theDubuqueand  Sioux  CityRailroad,with  its  South 
Western  and  Cedar  Falls  and  Minnesota  branclies.  There  are 
extensive  warehouses  on  the  levee,  and  large  elevator  build- 
ings for  the  grain  trade.  Its  railroad  commerce  with  Chicago 
is  by  the  Illinois  Central  and  Chicago  and  N.  W.  railroads ;  its 
river  trade  with  St.  Paul,  St.  Louis,  New  Orleiins,  and  other 
river  cities,  is  carried  on  by  several  lines  of  steamboats ;  the 
N.  W.  Packet  company  has  its  chief  office  here.  Julien  Du- 
buque, a  French  trader,  settled  here  in  1788;  the  Indians 
drove  his  colony  away ;  whites  returned  in  1830 ;  Indian  title 
extinguished  in  1833,  when  the  first  permanent  settlement 
in  Iowa  was  made  at  Dubuque.    Pop.  in  1865,  about  16,000, 

DUCATES  or  DOUCATES,doo'k3't6s(?)atown  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Albania,  8  miles  S.  of  Avlona.  It  is  the  capital 
of  a  numerous  tribe  of  Albanian  Yapys,  whose  government 
is  patriarchal. 

DUCEY.  dU'sA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Manche, 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Avranches.    Pop.  1822. 

DUCHOUQUET,  du'shoo-kJf  or  du'shoo-kA',  a  township 
in  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2502. 

DUCHS.    See  Dux. 

DUCIE  (du'see)  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Is  oval- 
shaped,  and  of  coral  formation,  with  a  lagoon  in  its  centre^ 
Lat.  24<^  30'  S.,  Ion.  124°  20'  W. 

DUCK  BRANCH,  a  postrofSce  of  Barnwell  district.  South 
Carolina. 

687 


DUG 

DUCK  CREEK.  In  Central  Australia,  is  an  arm  of  the 
Macquarrie  River,  W.  of  its  marshes,  and  the  principal  chan- 
nel bv  Vthirh  its  waters  reach  the  Darling  Kiver. 

DUCK  CKEKK.  of  Delaware,  forms  the  boundary  between 
Kent  and  N'eir  Castle  counties,  and  enters  Delaware  Bay. 

DUCK  CUKKK.in  the  S.E.part  of  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Ohio 
Rirer  2  or  3  miles  aboTe  Marietta, 

DUCK  CKEEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  AVhitewater 
Biver  a  few  miles  above  Brookville. 

DUCK  CREEK,  a  hundred  in  Kent  co^  Delaware.  Pop. 
33S8. 

DUCK  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Walker  co.,  Geonria. 

DUCK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Trumbull  co,  Ohio. 

DUCKKNFIELD.    See  Dukixfield. 

DUCK  ISL.\XD,  in  Lake  Huron.  North  America,  off  the 
S.  coast  of  theOreat  Manitoulin  Island. 

DUCK'LIXQTON',  a  parish  of  Enjiland,  co.  of  O.xford. 

DUCKOIANTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

DUCK  RIVER,  of  Middle  Tennessee,  rises  in  Coffee  and 
Franklin  counties,  near  the  base  of  the  Cumberland  iloun- 
tiins,  and  enters  the  Tennessee  liiver  on  its  right  tiank,  in 
the  S.W.  part  of  Humphreys  county.  Its  genenil  course  is 
nearly  W.X.M'.,  and  its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  above 
250  miles.  A  company  has  been  formed  to  improve  the  na- 
vigation of  this  river  by  dams  and  locks. 

DUCK  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Hickman  co.,  Tenne.ssee. 

DOCK  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co_  Alabama. 

DUCLAIR  or  DUCLER.  dU'kl.W,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-InfSrieure,  on  the  Seine,  10  miles  W.X.'W.  of 
Rouen.    Pop.  1700. 

DUD'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

DUD'DESTOX,  a  town  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  form- 
ing the  X.E.  suburb  of  Birmingh.im.  It  is  well  laid  out  on 
an  elevated  plain,  lighted  with  gas,  and  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  size  and  population.    Pop.  in  1S41,  20,079. 

DUIVDIXGSTOX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

DUD'DlXGTtJX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

DUD'DOX,  a  river  of  England,  rises  near  the  junction  of 
the  counties  of  Cumberland,  Lancaster,  and  Westmoreland, 
and  after  a  S.W.  course  of  about  8  miles,  between  Cumber- 
land and  Lancashire,  joins  the  Irish  Sea  X.  of  Morecanibe 
Bay  by  a  wide  estuary,  mostly  dry  at  low  water.  The  river 
Is  celebrated  in  a  series  of  sonnets,  by  Wordsworth. 

DUDELDORF.  doo'dgl-doEfS  a  town  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment  and  IS  miles  X.  of  Treves.    Pop.  870. 

DUDELSIIEIM,  doo'dels-hime\  a  market-town  of  Hesse- 
Darmstidt.  Oberhessen.  near  Biidingen.     Pop.  1258. 

DUDEXIIOFEX,  doo'dgn-ho'ffn,  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darm- 
stadt,  province  of  Starkenburg,  district  of  and  near  Seli- 
genstadt.    Pop.  1131. 

DUDERSTADT,  doo'der-8tiltt\  a  town  of  Hanover,  on  the 
Hahle.  15  miles  E.  of  Go'ttingen.  Pop.  4414,  mostly  Roman 
Catholics.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  and  an  Ursu- 
line  convent. 

DUDIXGEX.  (DUdingen.)  dU'ding-fn,  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  and  3  miles  X.X.E.  of  Freyburg.   Pop.  2342. 

DUDLEY.  dCidlee,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester,  of  which  it  is,  a  de- 
tached part,  surrounded  by  the  county  of  Stafford,  10 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  in  1861,  44,975.  It 
has  several  good  streets,  a  fine  modern  Gothic  parish 
church,  a  chapel  of  e.ve.  and  numerous  dissenting  chapels ; 
a  grammar  school  founded  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and 
free  to  all  parishioners,  Baylie's  Charity  School,  a  blue-coat 
school,  several  other  liberally  endowed  schools,  money  chari- 
ties, and  a  bank.  It  is  a  principal  seat  of  the  iron  trade^ 
its  vicinity  abounding  with  mines  of  coal  and  iron,  and  with 
limestone  qu:»rries.  On  a  hill  X.  of  the  town  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  castle  founded  A.  u.  700,  by  a  Saxon  chief  named 
Dudo.  from  whom  Dudley  appears  to  have  derived  its  name; 
and  W.  of  the  castle  are  the  ruins  of  ■%  priory.  Since  the  Re- 
form Act,  it  has  sent  one  memlier  to  the  House  of  Ci)m- 
mons.  The  Dudley  Canal.  13  miles  in  length,  joins  the  Bir- 
mingham and  Worcester  Canal  4  miles  S.  of  Birmingham. 
Richard  Baxter,  the  celebrated  Xon-conformist  divine,  was 
for  some  time  master  of  the  grammar  school  in  this  parish. 
Dudley  confers  the  title  of  earl  on  the  family  of  Ward. 

DUI)'LEY.  a  pijst-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Mas-sachu-setts.  50  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.  It  is  watered  by 
Several  good  mill  streams,  and  comprises  the  vilLige  of  Dud- 
ley Hill.  Tufts  and  Merino.     Pop.  17.36. 

DUDLEY,  (I  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part  of 
Hanlln  co..  Oliio,  00  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  797. 
DUDLEY,  a  post-townshij)  in  Henry  co.,  Indiana.   P.  1326. 
DUDLEY,  a  village  of  Jackson  oo.,  Indiana,  about  60 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Imiianapoli.s. 

DUDLEY,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  river 
Des  Moines,  al>out  10  miles  below  Fort  Des  Sloines,  the 
county  town.    It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  prairie. 

DUIKLEYTOWX.  a  post-vill.tge  of  Jiickson  co.,  Indiana, 
78  miles  .S.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

DUIVLEYVILLK,  a  p<«it-village  In  Tallapoosa  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 150  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

DUliZEELE.  dQd-z.Vlfh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  4i  miles  N.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  1600. 
688 


DUK 

DUESf-iS,  doo-Jn'yis.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  6 
miles  S.  of  Palencia.  near  the  Pisuerga.  Pup.  2490.  In  ita 
vicinity  is  a  handsome  iron  suspensicm-bridge  called 
^'  Puerto  de  la  Union,"  recently  constructed. 

DUEKXA,  doo-aia/ni.  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  E. 
slope  of  the  Sierra  del  Teleno,  and  after  a  course  of  40  milea^ 
joins  the  Tuerto  from  the  right,  near  La  Baneza. 

DUERO.  a  river  of  Sp.iin  and  Portugal.     See  Docrao. 

DUE  WEST  COKXER,  a  post-office  of  AbbeviUe  district, 
South  Carolina. 

DUFFEL,  daffyl.  (Fr.  pron.  dtffJl'.)  a  village  of  Belgium, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  railway,  thence  to  Brussels, 
and  on  the  Xethe.     Pop.  4048. 

DUF'FIELD,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  4J 
miles  X.  of  Derby,  with  a  station  on  the  North  Midland 
Rjiilway.  Pop.  17.664.  employed  in  manutactures  of  cotton 
and  cotton  lace,  and  in  collieries.  It  has  several  endowed 
alms-hou.ses. 

DUFFIELD,  NORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

DUF'FIELD.  a  post-office  of  Charles  co.,  M.irvland. 

DUF'FI  ELD'S  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co..  Virginia. 

DUF'FIX  S  CREEK,a  viUageofCan.-idaWest,co.of  York, 
22  miles  X.E.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  2  stores,  s;iw  and 
grist  mills.    Pop.  250. 

DUFFS  FORKS,  a  postoffice  of  F.ayette  CO.,  Ohio. 

DUFFS  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
N.E.  of  Queen  Charlotte's  Islands :  lat.  10°  -23'  S.,  Ion.  lOdO 
49'  E.  They  are  about  11  in  numl)er,  extending  14  or  16 
miles  from  N.W.  to  S.E. 

DUF'FUS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  3  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Elgin,  with  a  village,  picturesquely  built  near  Moray  Frith. 
It  contains  Duffus  Castle,  a  ruiu  of  great  antiquity. 

DUFTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

DUG,  a  considerable  town  of  India,  80  miles  S.  of  Kotah, 
and  containing  about  2000  houses. 

DC'G.\N'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Jefferson  co, 
Arkans.is. 

DUG'DEMO'XA,  a  village  of  Catahoula  parish.  liouisiana, 
on  Biiyou  Castor,  about  40  miles  W.  of  Harrisonburg. 

DUliDEMO/NA.  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Iowa. 

DUG'GER'S  FER'KY',  a  post-office  of  Carter  co.,  Tennessee. 

DUOXANO,  doon-yd/no,  a  village  of  Nortbern  Italy,  pro* 
Tince  of  Milan,  6  miles  W.  of  Monza.     Pop.  1421. 

DUG  SPUR,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Virgini.i. 

DUtt'^VAY,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

DUIDA,  dwee'dd,  a  magnificent  mountain  of  South  Am» 
rica,  VenezueUi.  near  its  southern  extremity :  lat.  3<^  10'  N., 
Ion.  66°  10'  W.;  about  20  miles  X.E.  from  the  point  where 
the  natural  can,ilof  theC^ssiquiare,  leaves  the  Orinoco.  It 
rises  to  an  elevation  of  8500  feet,  and  being  perpendicular 
S.  and  W.,  bare  and  stony  on  the  summit,  and  clothed  on 
its  less  steep  declivities  with  v.ist  forests,  presents  a  most 
imposing  spectacle,  forming  a  landmark  which  guid^-s  the 
voyager  on  the  Orinoco  for  hundreds  of  miles.  The  summit 
of  the  mountain  is  so  steep  that  no  person  has  ever  ascended 
it.  At  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  rainy  season,  small 
flames,  which  appear  to  sliift,  are  seen  upon  it.  On  tlii» 
account  it  has  been  called  a  volcano. 

DUIXO,  dwee/no.  (anc.  Castei/lHin  PucVnumf)  a  small  sea- 
port town  of  Austrian  Empire,  Illyria,  government,  and  13 
miles  X.W.  of  Triest.  on  the  X.  coast  of  its  gulf.  Near  it  is 
a  quarry  of  bl.ack  marble. 

DUIli'XlSH  or  DU'RIXISH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Inverness,  comprising  the  W.  part  of  tlie  Isle  of  .Skye. 

DUISBURG,  doc/is-bfioRG^  (auc.  CasUrum  Diusf/iiiif)  a 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  15  miles  X.  of  Dusseldorf.  between 
the  Ruhr  and  Anger,  near  the  Rhine.  Pop.  7770.  It  is 
partly  walled,  and  h,is  2  Lutheran  and  2  Catholic  churches, 
a  gymnasium,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton 
fabrics,  and  has  ship-building  docks.  It  is.«.<ud  to  derive  its 
name  from  the  Teutones.  who  had  a  camp  on  this  spot;  it 
was  called  by  the  Romans  Castrum  Di'usrmis.  A  forest  in 
the  vicinity  is  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  under  the  name  of 
Saltus  Teuioburgentis.  Duisburg  has  been  declared  a  free 
port.     Lat.  61°  26'  N.,  Ion.  0°  46'  E. 

DUIAELAXD,  doi'veh-llnt\  (-'pigeon  land,'')  an  island  In 
the  Xetherlands.  province  of  Zealand,  in  tlie  East  Scheldt, 
sep;irated  from  Schoewen  by  a  narrow  channel.  Length, 
from  E.  to  W.,  8  miles :  breadth,  5  miles.  It  is  defended  by 
dykes,  and  on  its  N.  side  is  the  town  of  Kramnier. 

DUIVEX,  doi'ven,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gel- 
derland,  6  miles  E,  by  S.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  700. 

DUKl/DOM,  a  post-office  of  Weakley  co.,  Tennessee. 

DUKELL.V,  doo-kMli,  a  maritime  district  of  Morocco, 
S.W.  of  the  Morl>eva.  between  lat.  32°  10'  and  33°  15'  X. 

DUKE  OF  YORK,  (native  OaUtfu,  o4*tJ-f.X)'.)  an  island  o» 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean :  lat.  8°  36'  S.,  Ion.  17-2°  23'  52  "  W. ;  it 
is  3  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  2i  miles  bro.ad  from 
N.  to  S..  and  is  of  coi-al  formation. 

DUlvES.  d&ks.  a  county  consisting  of  several  islands  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  (the  principal  of  which.  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, is  separated  from  Barnstable  county  by  Vineyard 
Sound,  which  is  about  5  miles  wide.)  has  an  area  of  .liiout 
lis  square  miles.   A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  covered  with 


DUK 


DUM 


wood.    Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  engapted  in  naTigation 
and  the  flsh<?ries.     This  founty   was  organized  in   ICiJo. 
Capital,  Kdjjarton.     Pop.  44*3. 
DUKE'S,  a  post-ofilce  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio. 
DUKH'S  TOWN,  Guinea.    See  Calabar. 
DU'KINFIKLD,  a  village  and  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Che.ster.  with  a  station  on  the  Manchester  and  Staiey- 
brldge  Kailway,  1^  miles  S.W.  of  Staley-bridge. 

DilKLA,  doiVklj.  a  frontier  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galioia.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Jaslo,  on  the  Jasielka.  Pop.  2300. 
It  has  a  fine  castle,  and  a  Koman  Catholic  church. 

DUIvOllA,  doo-ko'ri,  a  market-town  of  liussia,  govern- 
ment, and  22  miles  S.iJ.  of  Minsk. 
DUKOVTSCHIXA.    See  DooKovcnEEXA. 
DU'LAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
IiULAS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

DULAS,  a  maritime  hamlet  of  England,  on  the  N.  coast 
of  An  xlesev.  Several  small  rivers  of  Wales  have  this  name. 
DULBAilANTA,  doorbi-hdn'ta,  a  district  of  Nortli-ejistern 
Africa.  Soinauli  country  between  lat.  8°  and  10°  N.,  and 
Ion.  40°  and  49°  E.  It  is  a  level  country.  alx)unding  in 
grass,  water,  and  timber,  without  a  stone,  and  forming  ex- 
tensive pasture  ranges. 

DULCK.  dool'si,  (sometimes  called  "Golfo  Dulce".)  a  lake 
of  Central  America,  state,  and  102  miles  N.E.  of  Guate- 
mala, forming  the  principal  water-way  of  the  state  to  the 
Atlantic.  It  is  about  25  miles  long,  and  10  miles  in  average 
breadth ;  has  18  feet  water  at  300  or  400  yards  from  the 
shore,  and,  in  most  other  places,  from  .30  to  60  feet;  commu- 
nicates with  the  Gulf  of  Honduras  through  a  smaller  one 
called  the  Golfete,  on  the  small  river  Dulce,  the  entrance 
to  whii'h,  from  the  sea,  is  impeded  by  a  bar,  which  cannot 
be  passed  by  vessels  drawing  more  than  6  or  7  feet;  though 
once  over,  there  is  a  general  depth  of  15  feet. 

DULCB,  (Oolfo  Didce,)  a  gulf  of  Central  America,  firmed 
by  the  Pacific,  on  the  coast  of  Costa  Kica.  Its  entrance  is 
between  tlie  points  of  Burica,  lat.  8°  N.,  Ion.  83°  W..  and 
Oorda.  lat.  8°  32'  N.,  Ion.  83°  dC  W.,  on  the  latter  of  which, 
is  a  fort. 

DULCE,  RIO,  ree'o  dool'si  or  dool'thA.  a  river  of  South 
America,  La  Plata,  rises  in  the  district  of  Tucuman,  flows 
S.E.  pai-t  Santiago,  and  empties  itself  into  Porongos  Lake. 

DUL'CI,  a  post'OfBce  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi. 

DULCIGNO,dool-cheen'yo,  written  also  DOLCIGN'O,  (anc. 
Olciii>ium;  Turk.  OTsmofi/,)  a  seaport  town  of  European  Tur- 
kev,  in  Albania,  on  Cape  Kadilie,  a  rocky  peninsula  in  the 
Adriatic,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Scutari.  Pop.  from  7000  to  8000, 
about  h^Uf  Turks. 

DULKEK',  a  disfranchised  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath,  on  Nanny  Water, 
5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Drogheda.  Pop.  1158.  It  has  a  handsome 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  some  remains  of  an  abbey  of 
the  twelfth  century. 

DULKKN.  (DUlken,)  dUl'ken,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussi.a, 
regency,  and  20  miles  W.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  canal  between 
the  Rhine  qnd  Venlo  (Netherlands.)     Pop.  2370. 

DULL,  a  large  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

DUL'LINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

DULLN,  (DUUn,)  dUln,  DILLN  or  DILN,  diln  or  dil'n. 
'Hun.  Bda-Bani/a,  b:l'lcitfb^n'y6h\)  a  royal  free  town  of 
'  North-west«rn  Hungary,  co.  of  Honth,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Alt- 
gohl.     Pop.  1680.  engaged  in  adjacent  silver  mines. 

DULMEV,  dool'men,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalw.  17 
miles  S.W.  of  MUns'ter.  Pop.  2500.  It  has  a  castle,  the 
residence  of  the  Duke  of  Croy,  lord  of  the  county  and  town ; 
several  churches  and  hospitals,  and  manufactures  of  linen. 

DULOi;,  du'lo.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

DULUDE  RIVER,  Mich.    See  Buck  River. 

DUL'VERTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset,  151  miles  W.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851, 
1497.    The  town  has  a  union  workhiuse  and  branch  banks. 

DDLWICH.  d&l'ich.  a  h.amlet  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
and  suburb  of  London,  parish  of  Camberwell.  4^  miles 
S.S.E.  of  St.  Paul's.  Pop.  in  18-51,  ia32.  It  is  beautifully 
situated,  partly  in  a  valley  and  partly  on  a  commanding 
height:  and  h.as  numerous  handsome  mansions  and  villas. 
Dulwich  College,  founded  in  1619  by  Edward  Alleyne,  a 
celebratf;d  tragic  actor  of  Shakespere's  time,  is  a  very  hand- 
some and  spacious  Elizabethan  edifice,  with  a  chapel,  gar- 
dens, and  library.  The  picture-gallery,  containing  one  of 
the  choicest  collections  of  Italian  and  Flemish  paintings  in 
Biitain,  was  left  to  the  college  in  1811  by  Sir  Francis  Bour- 
gefiis. 

DUM.VIRA,  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea.    See  Doomairah. 

DUM.iX'^VAY,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
near  the  junction  of  three  streams,  which  form  the  river 
Bandon,  29  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cork.    Pop.  3086. 

DUMARAN,  doo^md-rJn'  an  island  of  Malay  Archipelago. 
Philippines.  N.E.  of  Palawan.  Lat.  10°  30'  N.,  Ion.  120°  E. 
It  is  about  20  miles  in  length  and  breadth,  with  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  S.W.  coast.    Pop.  1460. 

DU^MAS'.  a  post-office  of  Tippah  CO.,  Mississippi. 

DUMAS'S  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina. 


DXJMBAR/TON  or  DUMBARTONSniRE,  diim-bar'ton- 
shir,  formerly  LEN'NOX.  a  county  of  Scotland,  chiefly  en- 
closed by  Lochs  Lomond  and  Long,  and  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
having  a  detached  portion  eastward,  between  the  counties 
of  Stirling  and  Lanark.  Total  area,  165,760  acres.  I'op. 
in  1851,  45,103.  Principal  river  the  Leven.  Surface  mostly 
mountainous,  and  soil  poor;  but  in  the  lowlands  fertile  and 
well  cultivated.  It  contains  iron  and  c«il  mines,  free.stone 
and  limestone  quarries;  principal  towns,  Dumbarton  and 
Helensburgh.  The  county  sends  1  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

DCMBARn'ONorDUNBARTON,  a  royal  pariiamentarv 
and  municipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scot 
land,  capital  of  the  county  of  Dumbarton,  on  the  Leven. 
near  its  confluence  with  the  Clyde,  13  miles  X.W.  of  Glas- 
gow. Pop.  in  1.S51, 4590 ;  of  parliamentary  borough,  5445.  A 
suburb  called  Renton,  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river. 
Dumbarton  Castle,  on  a  bold  isolated  basaltic  rock,  pi-o- 
bably  a  Roman  station,  at  the  rivers  mouth,  is  a  fortress 
of  great  antiquity  and  historical  interest.  The  Leven  is 
navigai^le  from  its  mouth  to  the  quay,  at  high  water;  and 
the  town  has  flourishing  glass  workss  .some  shijvliuilding 
and  rope  making.  The  novelist.  Smnllet,  was  a  native  of 
Dumbarton.  It  has  been  a  stronghold  for  at  least  1000 
years,  and  was  at  different  times  in  posses.sion  of  Edward  I., 
but  came  subsequently  and  successively  into  the  possession 
of  Baliol,  Bruce,  Queen  Mary,  Charles  I.,  and  Cromwell.  It 
was  from  this  castle  that  the  unfortunate  queen  just  named 
was  conveyed  to  France  while  yet  a  child.  In  1503.  at  a 
more  happy  period  of  her  troubled  career,  she  visited  it 
with  a  numerous  retinue  on  a  progress  to  Argyleshire.  The 
last  memorable  occurrence  connected  with  tliis  ancient 
fortaiice,  was  the  vi.sit  of  her  present  majesty.  Queen  Vic- 
toria, August  17th,  1847,  on  her  way  to  the  Ilighl.ands. 
Dumbarton  (Castle  is  one  of  the  four  stipulatt'd  to  be  kept  in 
repair  by  the  articles  of  the  Union.  Dumbarton  was  known, 
in  ancient  times  by  the  name  of  Alcluyd.  which,  in  the 
Britisli  language,  signifies  the  rock  high  on  the  Clyde.  It 
unites  with  Port-Glasgow,  Renfrew,  Rutherglen,  and  Kil 
marnock  in  sending  a  member  to  tlie  House  of  Commons. 
Pop.  in  1841,  3782:  in  1851,  5411, 

DUMBARTONSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.    See  DcM- 

UAIITON. 

DUMBLANE,  of  Scotland.    See  Ddxblaxe. 

DUM'HLETON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

DUMBRAVICZK,  doom'br5h-vet«t/s.i\  a  town  of  Hungary, 
Thither  Theiss,  about  40  miles  from  Arad.     Pop.  1746. 

DUM'DUM\  the  valley  of  the  Pir  Panjal  Pass  between  the 
Punjab  and  Cashmere.  Elevation  11,800  feet,  traversed  by 
a  river  of  the  same  name. 

UU.MDUM,  a  village  and  cantonment  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  0  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cal- 
cutta, and  the  head-quarters  of  the  Bengal  artillery. 

DU.AIFRIES,  dQm-freece'.  or  DUMFi!lES-SHU{  E.  a  frontlei 
county  of  Scotland,  bounded  E.  and  S.  by  Cumberland  and 
Solway  Frith.  Its  estimated  area  is  1007  square  miles,  about 
one-fourth  of  which  is  arable.  Pop.  in  1861,  78,123.  The 
whole  valley  of  the  Nith  is  composed  of  a  red  sandstone. 
The  mountainous  districts  are  of  the  lower  Silurian  strata. 
There  are  mineral  springs  at  Moffat.  The  county  is  subdi- 
vided into  Nithsdale,  Annandale.  and  Eskdale,  watered  by 
the  three  principal  rivers,  the  Nith.  Annan,  and  Esk. 
There  are  nine  lochs  in  the  vicinity  of  Lochmaben,  and 
Loch  Skene,  near  the  head  of  the  Moffat  water,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  1-300  feet.  A  considerable  part  of  the  county  is 
mountainous,  especially  towards  the  N.  and  N.E.  Amongst 
the  highest  mountains  are  Black  Larg  2890  feet,  Lowther 
31.30  feet,  Queensbeny  2140  feet,  Hartfell  :«i  0  feet.  The 
high  grounds  afford  good  pasturage;  and  cattle,  sheep,  and 
pig  rearing  forms  an  important  branch  of  rural  industry. 
The  Glasgow,  Dumfries  and  Carlisle  Kailw.iy  has  recently 
been  constructed.  The  principal  towns  are  Dumfries,  the 
capital,  Annan,  Sanquliar.  and  Lochmaben,  which  are  royal 
burghs.  The  county  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Dumfries  originally  comprised  the  stewartry  of  Kirk- 
cudbright, and  by  tlie  Romans  was  comprehended  under 
the  province  of  Valentia. 

DUMFRIES,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
river-port,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  on  the  Nith,  across 
which  it  communicates  with  its  suburb  >Iaxwellton,  by 
two  bridges,  (one  of  7  arches,  as  old  as  the  thirteenth 
century,)  9  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  2Si  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Carlisle.  Pop.  in  1851,  11.107  ;  of  piirliamentary  borough. 
13,160.  It  is  handsomely  though  irregularly  built,  and  is 
regarded  as  the  provincial  capital  of  South  Scotland.  Around 
it.  of  late,  man}'  handsome  villas  have  been  erected.  Prin- 
cipal edifices,  3  parish  churches.  1  with  an  extensive  ceme- 
tery, a  vast  number  of  monuments,  and  which  contains  the 
remains  and  tomb  of  Burns;  numerous  dissenting  chapels, 
a  tower  in  the  High  Street,  (the  work  of  Inigo  Jones,)  the 
Crichton  Royal  Institution,  (a  lunatic  asylum.)  the  In- 
firmary, Dispen.sary,  Court-house,  Jail  and  Bridewell, 
Theatre,  and  Assembly  Rooms.  Here  are  4  endowed  semi- 
naries united  under  the  name  of  the  Dumfries  Academy, 
various  other  schools,  several  assoi  iatioas  with  libraries, 

589 


DUM 


DUN 


reading:  rooms,  an  observatory,  and  a  mechanics'  institn- 
tion.  In  Queensberry  Square  is  a  handsome  Doric  column 
erected  in  1780  in  honor  of  Charles.  Duke  of  Quoensberry. 
The  principal  manu&ctnres  are  hats,  hosiery,  leather,  bas- 
kets, clocrs.  and  shoes.  Vessels  of  above  60  tons  can  ap- 
proach the  town  quay,  between  which  and  the  mouth  of 
the  river  are  3  other  quays  for  laraer  vessels.  Cattle,  to  the 
value  of  about  350.000<.  are  annually  exported  hence  to  Eng- 
land. Principal  imports,  coal,  slate,  iron,  tallow,  hemp, 
bones.  timl>er.  (from  the  Baltic  and  North  America.)  wine, 
and  colonial  produce.  Steamers  ply  hence  to  Liverpool.  Re- 
gistered shippinsr.  in  1817,  8366  tons.  The  borough  unites 
with  Kirkcudbriiiht,  Sanquhar,  Lochmaben,  and  Annan  in 
Bending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Dumfries  be- 
came a  royal  burgh  in  the  twelfth  contury,  about  the  end  of 
which  a  monastery  was  founded  here;  in  its  chapel  John 
Comyn.  a  competitor  for  the  Scottish  throne,  was  stabbed  by 
Rol)ert  Bruce,  in  1305.  On  the  banks  of  the  Cluden  are  the 
ruins  of  a  nunnery.  Dumfries  gives  the  title  of  Jiarl  to  the 
Crichton-Stuart  family. 

DUMFRIKS,  dQm-treece'  or  dfim-freez',  a  post-village  of 
Prince  William  co.,  .Virginia,  on  Quantico  Creek.  90  miles 
N.  of  Kit'hmond,  was  formerly  a  thriving  place,  containing 
2  churches,  and  several  mills,  but  it  is  now  in  decay. 

DUMFKIES-SUIKE.  a  county  of  Scotland.  See  Dum- 
fries. 

DUM'MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

DUM'MER,  a  post-township  of  Coos  CO.,  New  Hampshire, 
100  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Concord,  on  the  eastern  side  of  An- 
droscoggin River.     Pop.  289. 

DU.M'MERSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wind- 
ham CO,  Vermont,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  Kiver,  100 
miles  S.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1021. 

DU>rMO'D.A.II.  a  river  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  joins  the  Hoogly  River.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Calcutta, 
after  a  south-eastern  course  estimated  at  300  miles.  Its  val- 
ley is  capaiile  of  furnishing  large  supplies  of  coal. 

DUMONT'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  CO.,  Ohio,  32^ 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

DUM'PLTN  ROCK  LIGHT,  on  one  of  the  Dumplin  Rocks, 
In  Buzzards  Bav.  Massachusetts.  It  is  a  fi.xed  light,  43 
feet  alKive  the  level  of  the  sea;  lat.  41°  32'  10"  N.,  Ion.  70° 
65'  40''  W. 

DUM'PO'.  a  town  of  Thibet,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Garoo; 
lat.  31°  6'  N..  Ion.  80°  15'  E. 

DUX.  an  island  in  the  China  Sea.    See  Dune. 

DUN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

DUN  A.  (DUn,a.  i  du'i.i.  or  SOUTH  ERN  DWINA.— dwee'ni, 
(anc.  Titrun'tltus  or  Taninftus.)  an  important  river  of  Russia, 
rises  in  the  W.  of  the  government  of  Tver,  near  the  sources 
of  the  Volga,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  canal,  flows 
at  fii-st  S.\V.  between  the  governments  of  Smolensk  and 
Pskov,  .and  afterwards  N.W..  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course 
separating  Courland  on  the  S.  from  Vitt-bsk  and  Livonia, 
and  enters  the  Oulf  of  Riga,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Riga.  Its 
length  direct  is  400  miles,  for  nearly  all  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable :  although  its  mouth  and  many  other  parts  of  the  river 
are  encumbered  by  shoals,  rendering  its  navigation  unsafe, 
and  only  lit  for  small  vessels,  except  during  the  spring  thaws 
and  autumnal  rains.  Oppf>site  Riga  it  is  about  2400  feet 
broad,  and  cros.sed  by  a  fiojiting  bridge,  which  is  taken  down 
annually  in  September  and  again  erected  early  in  April. 
The  principal  affluents  ai-e  the  Evst  and  Drissa  from  the  N., 
and  theMezhaand  Desna  from  the  E.  and  S.  It  is  con- 
nected by  canals  with  Lake  Ilmen,  the  Beresina,  and  the 
Niemen. 

DUNA,  (DUna.)  dU'nJ.  a  town  of  Russia,  on  a  railway  in 
course  of  construction  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Warsaw. 

DUN.-V.  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Danube. 

DUN.A^BURG.  (DUnnburg.)  du'na-bftrg  or  dU'na-booRg\ 
DINWRURG.  dee'nibooBg\a  strong'ly  fortified  town  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  in  the  government  of  Vitebsk,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  DUna.  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  railway  in 
course  of  construction  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Warsaw,  57 
miles  W..N  .W.  of  Dris-sa.  A  railway  is  also  in  course  of  con- 
struction connecting  DUnaburg  with  Riga,  and  another  is 
projeot^(i  to  ■vj.s.i.w.  The  town  has  Greek  United  .and  Ro- 
man Catholic  churthes.     Pop.  6300. 

DUNAEVTSYI,doonMvt/see,amarket-town  of  Russian 
Poland,  in  the  government  of  Podolia,  12  miles  N.  of  Kam- 
leniec.    Pop.  30(K>. 

DUNAGHV.  dtln'!i-hee.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

DUNAMANAlMI.  dan'mWin.  a  village  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Tyrone.  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Strabane. 

DUNA.MU.XDE.  (DUnamUnde.)  dU'nJ-mUnMfh,  (t.  e. 
"the  mouths  of  the  DOna.' )a  fortress  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Livonia.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Riga,  on  an  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  DUna.  which  it  defends.  It  has  a  custom-house 
and  a  quarantine  establishment. 

DUNA  VEOSE.  doo'nflh^  vA'ch.V.  a  market-town  of  central 
Hungary,  co..  and  4o  miles  S.  of  Peath.  on  the  left  bank  of 
(he  Danube.     I'op.  7910. 

DUX  A  VECSE,  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Bulgaria,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  22  miles 
from  its  mouth. 
690 


DUNVAWAVS,  a  post-office  of  Dark  eo..  Kentucky. 
DUNBAR.  dtin-b.ir',  a  royal  parliament.iry  and  municipal 
borough,  seaport-town,  and  pai-ish  of  Scotland,  county,  and 
10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Haddington,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  with  a  station  on  the  North  British  Itaihvav,  25^ 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  of  town,  in  lSol.'3038. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out.  and  has  a  new  Gothic  parish  church, 
Dunbar  House,  the  residence  of  the  Earl  of  Laudei-dala, 
handsome  as.sembly  rooms,   various  public  libraiies.  and 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle;  also  ship-building  docks, 
sail-cloth  and  cordage  factories,  iron  foundries,  breweries, 
and  distilleries.    The  harbor  is  accessible  by  ves.sels  of  800 
tons  ;  the  principal  imports  are  coal  and  foreign  grain;  the 
exports,  corn,  whisky,  and  fish   for  the  London  markets. 
Dunbar  joins  with  North  Benviek.  Haddington.  Lauder, 
and  Jedburgh  in  sending  1  meml)er  to  Parliament.     The 
name  Disbar  signifies  the  "Ca.stle  of  Bar."  and  originated 
from  its  having  been  bestowed,  in  the  9th  century.  l>y  Ken- 
neth, King  of  Scotland,  on  Bar,  a  valiant  captain  who  had 
signalized  himself  in  the  war  against  the  Plots. 
DUN'BAR/.  a  town.ship  Fayette  co..  Pennsylvania.  P.  2224. 
DUNBAR'NIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 
DUNBARTON,  a  town  of  Scotland.    See  DuMB.AiiToy. 
DUNBARrrON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  M.rrimack 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  901. 
DUNBARTON,  a  post-oflice  of" Barnwell  district.   South 
Carolina. 

DUNBARTON,  a  postH)fflce  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  96  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Columbus. 
DUNBEATH.  dUn-baith',  a  river  of  Scotland. 
DUNBEATH.  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caith- 
ness, 3  miles  S.W.  of  Latheron,  with  a  castle  on  a  peninsular 
rock  in  the  North  Sea. 

DUNBLANE'  or  DUMBLANE,  a  burgh  or  barony,  maiv 
ket-town.  parish,  and  formerly  an  episcopal  city  of  .Scotland, 
county,  and  23  miles  S.W.  of  Perth,  on  the  All;m,  here 
crossed  by  a  single  arched  bridge  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
Pop.  of  town,  in  1S51,  1816.     It  is  a  good  deal  resorted  to  in 
the  summer  for  the  sake  of  a  mineral  spring.     It  has  % 
public  library,  founded  by  Bishop  Leighton.    Ne.ir  it,  on 
the  13th  of  November,  1715,  was  fought  the  indecisive  batr 
tie  of  Sheriffmuir.  between  the  royal  forces  under  the  Duke 
of  Argyle,  and  the  troops  of  the  Pretender,  under  the  Earl 
of  Mar.  Dunblane  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Usborne 
family. 
DUNBOE.  diin-bo'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Londonderry. 
DUN'BiXi'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 
DUNBOYNE,  dUu'boin',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 
DUNC\N,  a  post-office  of  ^^■ood  co.,  Virginia. 
DU.N'CAN,  a  post-oflice  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky. 
DUNCAN,  a  postoffice  of  Sheboygani  co.,  Michig.iu. 
DUNCAN'NON,  a  maritime  village  of  Ireland,  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Wexford,  on  Waterford  Harbor,    2  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Ballyhack.    Pop.  521.    It  has  a  fort,  and  gives  the  title  of 
Viscount  to  the  F^arl  of  Besborough.     ,\fter  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne.  James  II.  embarked  ivoa\  this  place  for  France. 
I)UNC.\NNON.  a  post-otfice  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsvlvauia. 
DUNCAN  CHAN'NEL,  an  inlet  in  I'rince  of  Wales'  Ai-chi- 
pelago,  Russian  America. 

DUNC^.iN  IS'LAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  centre  of. 
the  Galapagos  group. 

DUNCAN  ISLAND,  in  the  China  Sea,  belongs  to  the 
Paracels.  (which  see.) 

DUNCANSBY  HEAD,  the  N.E.  headland  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Caithness,  about  li  miles  E.N.E.  of  John  O'Oroat's 
House:  lat.  5S°  39'  N.,  Ion.  3°  1'  W.  On  its  highest  part  is 
an  ancient  watch  tower,  commanding  a  magnificent  view. 

DUNCAN.S  CREEK,  of  South  Carolin.v  flows  into  the 
Ennoree  River,  on  the  X.  border  of  Newberry  district. 

DUNCAN'S  CREEK,  a  postofltice  of  Cleveland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

DUNCAN'S  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Mu.skingnm  eo, 
Ohio,  on  the  Muskingum  River,  9  miles  below  Z.iuesTille. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  250. 

DUNCAN'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Skunk  River.  C6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

DUNCANSVILLE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Blair  eo.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Portage  Railroad,  about  3  miles  W.  of  HolU- 
davsburg. 

DUNCANSVILLE,    a  post-village  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina.  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbia. 
DUNC/ANTOVVN,  a  post-oflice  of  White  co.,  Illinois. 
DUNCANVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Thomas  co.,  Georaia, 
212  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Milledgeville. 
DUNCARD.  a  village  of  Penn.sylvania.     See  Dr\K.\RD. 
DUNCHLDEOCK,  dUn-kid'eok,  a  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Devon. 
DUN'CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  oo,  of  Warwick. 
DUNCTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
DUN'D.\FF'.  a  post-lorough  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, near  Crystal  Lake,  10  miles  N.  of  Carbondale.    It 
has  a  church,  academy,  and  glass  factory.    Pop.  240. 

DUND.iLK,  dQn-dawk',  two  )>aronies.  and  a  parliamen- 
tary and  municipal  borough,  seajiort-town  and  p;u'ish  of 
Ireland,  in  the  province  of  Leinster,  county  of  Louth,  us 


DUN 


DUN 


the  southern  bank  of  Castletown  Rirer,  near  its  mouth  in 
Duiidalk  Hay,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  pari.sh, 
13,204:  of  town  and  boroufih,  10.782.  The  principal  build- 
ln;rs  are  a  spacious  parish  church,  a  lars^e  Homau  Catholic 
chapel,  a  county  court-house,  county  jail,  market,  and  cus- 
tom-houses, an  infirmary,  a  guild-hall,  linen-liall,  news  and 
assembly-rooms,  a  large  barrack,  union  workliouse,  and 
several  ruined  ecclesiastical  edifices.  It  has  various  schools, 
one  called  the  Dundalk  Institution;  aUso  stt-am  flour-mills, 
a  pin  factory,  breweries,  tanneries,  and  a  larpe  distillery. 
Its  harbor  is  Siife.  the  fisheries  somewhat  important,  and 
it  exports  a  good  deal  of  rural  produce,  with  timber,  slates, 
and  coal.  In  1834,  the  gross  produce  of  the  customs,  was 
only  4460?..  while  in  1S4S,  it  amounted  to  44.393.  The  num- 
))er  and  tonnage  of  sailing  vessels  belonging  to  the  port 
In  1848  was  27,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  2307,  and  3 
steamers,  of  1023  tons.  Comparing  the  five  years  ending 
January  5.  1850,  with  the  preceding  five  years,  the  foreign 
trade  had  more  than  doubled  itself, — the  increase  being  Co 
Tessels.  of  an  aggregate  of  12,480  tons,  inwards,  and  40  ves- 
sels, of  8039  tons,  outwards.  The  rise  of  the  tide  at  the  bar, 
where  there  is  now  a  light-house  on  the  screw  principle,  is 
16  feet.  King  Edward  Bruce,  brother  to  Kobert  Uruce.  of 
Scotland,  was  killed  in  battle  near  Dundalk,  and  part  of  his 
body  is  buried  at  a  place  called  Faughart,  close  to  the  town. 
Dundalk  returns  a  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
There  is  a  direct  railway  communication  lietweon  Dundalk, 
Drogheda.  and  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1851,  11.000. 

DUNDALK  BAY,  a  shallow  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
between  Cooley  and  Dunany  points,  8  miles  in  length  and 
breadth.  It  contains  large  oyster  beds,  and  receives  the 
rivers  Dee.  Fane,  and  Castletown. 

DUNDAKKACII,  dtln-dar'rah,  a  post-office  of  Robeson  co., 
North  Carolina. 
DUND.\S,  dUn-dass'.  a  post-nfficeof  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin. 
DU>iD.\8,  dQn-dass',  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of  Cana- 
da West,  bordering  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Itiver,  and  inter- 
sected by  a  proposed  railroad  connecting  the  Ottawa  with 
Kingston.  Area,  377  square  miles.  Capital,  Cornwall.  Pop. 
In  1852.  13.811. 

RUXDAS,  a  post-town  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Wentworth 
Ilalton.  at  the  head  of  Burlington  Bay,  formed  at  the  W. 
extremity  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  Hamilton  and  Ijon- 
don  Branch  of  the  Groat  AVestern  Railway,  about  6  miles 
W.  of  Hamilton.  It  has  a  branch  of  the  Bank  of  British 
North  America,  agencies  of  three  assurance  companies,  a 
printing-ottice.  issuing  a  weekly  newspaper,  and  churches 
for  the  Wesleyan  Methodists,  Kpi.scopalians,  United  Prcsby- 
t«rians.  Church  of  Scotland,  and  Roman  Catholics.  Itcon- 
tiitis  alxiut  20  stores,  an  iron  foundry,  and  a  machine  shop. 
s;ish  factory  and  planing  machine,  an  axe  factory,  soap  and 
candle  factory,  a  comb  factory,  woollen  mills,  and  grist  and 
other  mills.    Pop.  aliout  3U00. 

DUNDAS/  ISLAND,  of  British  North  America,  is  in  the 
Pacific.  40  miles  N.K.  of  Queen  Charlotte  Island. 

DUNDAS/  ISLANDS,  ofif  the  Kastern  coast  of  Africa, 
between  the  Eixuator  and  lat.  lj°  S.,  comprise  nearly  500 
coral  islets,  from  2i  to  4  miles  in  length,  but  with  only  one 
secure  harbor  near  the  mouth  of  the  Durnford  River. 

DUNDAS  RIVER,  an  .iflluent  of  English  River,  Delagoa 
Bav.  Eastern  Africa. 

DUNDAS  STRAIT,  of  Northern  Australia,  separates 
Melville  Island  from  Coburg  Peninsula,  and  is  18  miles 
across. 

DUNDEE,*  dun-dee',  a  royal  burgh  and  seaport  of  Scot- 
land, county  of  Fortiir,  finely  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Frith  of  Tav.  about  8  miles  from  the  sea,  and  37 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Edinburgh.  lAt.  56°  27'  36"  N.,  Ion.  2° 
67'  45"  W.  It  stretches  along  the  Tay,  for  about  If  miles, 
and  recedes  inland,  with  a  gradual  ascent,  to  a  distance  of 
about  half  a  mile.  Its  appearance  from  the  sea.  and  opiwsite 
the  shore,  is  at  once  striking  and  plea.sing:  an- effect  much 
enhanced  by  the  beautiful  green  hills  which  form  the 
background  of  tlie  picture.  In  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a 
large  open  space,  surrounded  with  good,  substantial  free 
stone  buildings,  of  four  stories  in  height,  called  the  Cross, 
or  .Market-place,  3(>0  feet  long,  by  100  broad,  from  which  a 
number  of  the  principal  streets  diverge.  The  more  re- 
cently formed  streets  are,  in  general,  spacious  and  hand- 
some; but  most  of  those  of  more  ancient  date  are  narrow. 
Irregular,  and  ill  built.  The  town  is  liglited  with  gas,  and 
Is  amply  supplied  with  water.  The  most  conspicuous  ot>- 
ject  in  Dundee  is  its  old  tower,  150  feet  high,  founded  by 
D.ivid,  Earl  of  Huntingdon,  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  the 
only  remaining  portion  of  an  edifice  burnt  down  in  1841; 
Jiud  to  which  three  modern  parochial  churches  have  been 
built  in  the  form  of  a  cathedral,  the  nave,  choir,  and  tran- 
sept respectively  forming  a  separate  church,  and  the  whole 
constituting  one  of  the  most  striking  architectural  features 
of  the  town.  In  all.  there  are  5  Established  Churches,  and 
2  chapels;  11  Free,  6  United  Presbyterian,  and  3  Congrega. 


•  This  name  appears  to  be  a  corruption  of  Dun-Tny,  or  tlie 
"  Castle  of  the  Tay."  Buchanan  calls  it,  in  Latin,  Taodanum, 
•  liioh  is  equivalent  to  "Dun-Tay." 


tionalist  churches,  3  Episcopal  chapels,  3  Roman  Catholic, 
1  I'riends',  and  .several  other  Dis.senting  places  of  worship. 
The  other  public  buildings  of  note  are — the  Town-hall, 
Trades-hall,  Academy,  the  New  Exchange,  containing,  be- 
sides other  accommodation,  a  handsome  reading-room  :  the 
Watt  Institution,  Theatre,  Infirmary,  and  the  Royal  Lunar 
tic  Asylum.  To  these  may  be  added,  the  Jail,  and  Bridewell, 
which  cost  26,000i. ;  and  an  impfising  Norman  triumphal 
arch,  erected  in  front  of  the  mid  quay,  to  commemorate  the 
landing  at  Dundee  of  Her  Majesty,  Queen  Victoria,  in  S<ptem- 
ber.  1844.  There  are  two  handsome  cemeteries  one  on  the 
northern,  and  the  other  on  the  western  side  of  the  town,  both 
ta-stefully  laid  out;  and  al)Ove  the  former  is  the  new  bleach- 
ing-green,  bordered  by  trees  and  shrubs,  and  intersected  by 
gravel  walks. 

Besides  the  Academy,  the  pi-incipal  seminary  of  tlie  town, 
the  Grammar  School,  and  tlie  Sessional  School,  there  are  a 
large  number  of  private  schools,  including  several  connected 
with  the  spinning  establishments  of  the  town,  the  teachers 
of  which  are  paid  by  the  proprietors  of  these  works.  The 
principal  are  the  Dundee  Public  Library,  consisting  of  se- 
veral thousand  volumes;  the  Watt  Library,  and  the  l.aw  Li- 
brary ;  the  Dundee  Literary  Institute  has  a  handsome  read- 
ing-room and  library  in  a  central  part  of  the  town.  Exclu- 
sive of  the  Infirmary  and  Dispensary  already  alluded  to, 
there  are  a  number  of  charitable  and  benevolent  institutions 
and  .societies,  and  various  religious  associations. 

Dundee  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  manufactures, 
and  is  now  the  principal  seat  of  the  linen  manufactures 
in  Great  Britain.  Its  fabrics  comprise  Osnaburghs.  sheet- 
ings, duck  and  coarse  linens  generally,  besides  which  linea 
yarn,  cotton-bagging,  canvas,  and  cordage  are  extensively 
manufactured.  The  linen  manufactures  employ  altogether 
10.157  individuals,  of  whom  4543  are  females:  and  their 
entire  value  is  estimated  at  from  l,500,000(.lo  l.t^OO.OOOi.  an- 
nually. The  linen  yarns  are  manufactured  partly  in  the 
town,  and  partly  in  the  neighboring  towns  and  villages:  and 
a  portion  of  them  is  exported  to  France  and  other  foreign 
countries.  All  the  mills  are  driven  by  steam-power.  The 
staple  articles  of  import  are  flax  and  hemp  from  foreign 
countries,  and  coals  and  lime  coastwise.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  linens  and  linen  jams;  to  which  may  be  added, 
since  the  opening  of  steam  communication  witli  London, 
large  exports  of  black  cattle,  sheep,  and  agricultural  pro- 
duce. Aljout  half  the  linens  shipped  at  Dundee  are  exported 
to  foreign  countries,  being  generally  sent  in  the  first  place 
to  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and  London,  where  they  are  re- 
shipped  for  their  destination.  In  1S50,  the  total  t'onlgn 
exports  amounted  to  91,672?.  Another  manufacture  of 
some  importance  is  the  Dundee  kid  gloves,  famed  lor  their 
neatness  and  durability.  Sugar-refining,  working  in  Iron, 
and  shipbuilding,  the  la.st  including  the  construction  of 
iron  steamers,  are  also  important.  The  iiaibor  accommoda- 
tion, and  docks  of  Dundee,  are  of  Wie  best  description  ;  and 
include  two  wet  docks,  one  of  t  j  acres,  and  anotb.-r  of  6^ 
acres,  with  a  tidal  liarbor  of4|  acres,  connected  with  them; 
the  breadth  of  the  lock  of  the  former,  to  which  is  attached  a 
splendid  graving  dock,  is  40  feet;  and  that  of  the  latter, 
which  is  fitted  to  admit  steamers,  65  feet.  A  wet  dock  of 
14^  acres,  is  now  being  constructed,  the  lock  of  which  will 
bo  60  feet;  and  there  are  others  embraced  by  the  harbor 
plan,  which,  when  executed,  will  greatly  extend  fliis  spe- 
cies of  accommodation.  The  quays  are  wide,  affording  Ijerth- 
age  for  aliove  65  vessels,  and  there  are  spacious  carpenters' 
and  shipbuilding  yards,  with  a  slip  capable  of  drawing  up  a 
a  vessel  of  800  tons.  A  large  crane,  of  30  tons  power,  is 
erected  on  the  S.E.  corner  of  Earl  Grey's  Dock,  for  the  pur- 
jjose  of  lifting  the  heavy  machinery  and  boilers  of  steam 
vessels,  there  being  now  a  considerable  business  carried  on 
in  constructing  and  fitting  in  the  machinery  of  steamers, 
The  registered  shipping  of  Dundee,  in  1851,  numbered  38'i 
vessels:  aggregate  tonnage,  72.754:  the  customs'  duties  col- 
lected, amounted  to  63,34a.  In  1850, 63,183?.  were  collected 
at  the  port. 

Dundee  was  long  considered  one  of  the  most  unhealthy 
towns  in  the  United  Kingdom,  but  some  later  inquiries 
show  that  the  aggregate  duration  of  human  life  is  greater 
here  than  in  either  Liverpool  or  Glasgow.  The  conmiunica- 
tion  between  Dundee  and  the  opposite  shore,  a  distance  of 
from  I5  to  2  miles,  is  maintained  by  a  large  and  handsome 
steamer.  About  100.000  persons  are  conveyed  across  ann  ually, 
besides  carriages,  horses,  cattle,  &c.  The  trip  is  performed 
in  20  minutes.  There  are  four  railways  connected  with  the 
town — one  to  Newtyle,  from  which  are  branches  to  Cupar- 
Angus  and  Glammis,  on  the  Scottish  Midland  Junction, 
(this  being  the  fir.st  railway  line  in  Scotland:)  one  to  Ar- 
broath, with  a  branch  to  Montrose,  and  continuation  to 
Aberdeen  ;  another  (the  Edinburgh.  Perth,  and  Dundee)  to 
Edinburgh,  crossing  the  Friths  of  Tay  and  F'orth  by  power- 
ful steamers ;  and  a  fourth  to  Perth,  and  thence  to  the 
South,  by  the  Scottish  Central.  &c. 

Dundee  was  at  an  early  period  a  place  of  considerable 
note.  and.  like  most  old  towns,  was  originally  walled.  It 
was  erected  a  royal  burgh  by  William  the  Lion,  was  twice 
in  the  possession  of  the  English  under  Edward  1.,  was  as 

o91 


DUX 


DUN 


often  retaken  ty  Wallace  and  Bruce,  and  In  the  reigns  sab- 
ioquent  to  that  of  the  latter  was  ranked  the  third  town  in 
Scotland  after  Edinburirh.  At  the  Reformation  it  was  dis- 
tinguished by  the  name  of  '•  The  Second  Geneva,"  for  its 
«eai  in  behalf  of  the  new  faith.  In  1W5,  it  was  besieged, 
taken,  and  sacked  by  the  Diike  of  Montrose:  and  six  years 
afterwards,  namely,  in  1651,  it  was  stormed  by  Monk,  when 
a  great  number  of  its  inhabitants  were  put  to  death,  not 
fewer,  it  is  said,  than  a  sixth  part,  or  about  1300  persons. 
During  the  reigns  of  the  Scottish  kings  Dundee  was  one  of 
their  places  of  residence.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Hector 
Boece,  the  historian ;  Halliburton,  who  was  the  first  openly 
to  profess  the  reformed  religion  in  Scotland;  Sir  George 
M'Kenzie,  Lord  Advocate;  Ferguson,  the  poet;  andofAd- 
inir.al  Duncan,  the  hero  of  Camperdown.  Sir  AVilliam 
Wallace  was  educated  here.  The  town  returns  one  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  Pop.  in  1841,60.553;  in  1851, 
78.8-29;  in  1861,90.425. 

DUN'DEE'.  a  small  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, 19  miles  W.  of  Belleville,  and  3  miles  from 
Brighton.     It  contains  several  saw  mills  and  a  grist  mill. 

PUXDEE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Beauhar- 
nois,  78  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  100. 

DUX^DEE'.  a  post-village  of  Yates  co.,  New  York,  190  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Albany.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  academies  or 
union  schools.  20  stores,  and  mills  and  factories  of  different 
kinds.     Pop.  in  1860,  733. 

DUXDEE,  a  post-office  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 

DUNDKE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  5Ion- 
roe  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Raisin  River,  15  miles  above  Mon- 
roe, has  an  ample  water-power,  which  is  partially  improved. 
Pop.  about  700 :  of  the  township,  1940. 

DUXDEE,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  in  Kane 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Fox  River,  48  miles  X.W.  of  Chicago. 
The  river  affords  valualile  water-power.     Pop.  1889. 

DCXDERIIEIM,  dMn'der-hime',  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Middle  Rhine.     Pop.  800. 

DUX^DOX'ALD,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ayr.  district  of  I\yle.  4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Irvine.  On  the  Frith 
of  Clyde  are  ruins  of  a  rastle.  supposed  to  hiVe  been  built 
by  the  Stuarts  l^fore  their  accession  to  the  throne,  and  in 
which  they  afterwards  frequently  resided.  It  gives  the  title 
of  earl  to  the  Cochrane  family. 

DUX^DOX'.\LD,  a  village  "and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Down.  5  miles  E.  of  Belfast. 

DUX'DJtEX'XAN,  the  old  name  of  a  parish  of  Scotland. 
CO.  of  Kirkcudbright,  containing  the  ruins  of  a  once  famous 
abbey. 

DUXrDRUM,  a  village  of  Ireland,  on  the  inner  harbor  of 
Dijudrum  Bay, 

DUXDRUM,  a  village  of  Ireland.  4i  mfles  S.  of  Dublin. 

DUX  DRUM  BAY,  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  is  a  b.ay 
of  the  Irish  Sea.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Downpatrick.  having  St. 
John's  Point  on  its  X.E.  side,  and  the  Mourne  Mountains 
on  the  S.W.  Breadth  at  the  entrance,  about  10  miles.  A 
heavy  S.  and  S.E.  swell  sets  into  it:  and  near  its  N.  side  are 
the  rocks  Cow  and  Calf  joined  by  a  reef  with  the  mainland. 
The  steamer  Great  Britain  was  sti-anded  here  in  1846. 

DUX'DRY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DUXE  or  DUX.  doon.  an  island  in  the  China  Sea,  off  the 
E.  coast  of  Anam.  in  lat.  12°  15'  X..  Ion.  109°  30'  E. 

DUXEAX,  dun-ain'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

DUX  EDIN.    See  Edinburgh. 

DUXES,  diin.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn-et- 
Garonne.  29  milee  W.  of  Montauban.    Pop.  1248. 

DUXFAXAGHY,  dlin-fan'a-ne,  a  market-town  of  Ireland, 
in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  on  the  S.  side  of  Dunfanaghy  Har- 
bor. 12i  miles  X.W.  of  Kilmacrenan. 

DUXFEENEY  or  DOOXFEEXY,  doon-fee^nee,  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Connaught.  co.  of  Mayo. 

DUXFERMLIXE.  diim-fer'lin.  a  parliament,arv  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  manufacturing  town,  and  parishof  Scotland. 
CO.  of  Fife,  13  miles  X.W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  town,  in 
1851,  8577;  of  the  parliamentary  borough.  13.836.  It  is 
generally  handsome,  though  irregularly  built,  on  an  emi- 
nence, separated  from  a  large  suburb  on  the  W.  by  a 
ravine,  crossed  by  a  bridge.  The  principal  edifice  is  its  fine 
collegiate  church,  erected  in  1821,  conti'jruous  to  the  ruins 
of  the  ancient  edifice.  The  Abbey,  originally  founded  by 
Malcolm  and  his  queen,  between  1070  and  1086,  was  a  mo- 
nastery of  Culdees.  Here  Edward  of  England  resided  for 
some  months  in  1304,  and  on  leaving  it  set  it  on  fire.  It 
was  reT.uilt  by  Bruce,  and  here  his  body  was  interred.  In 
1589.  the  .Vbbey.  with  its  lands,  was  erected  into  a  temporal 
lonl.ship.  and  conferred  upon  Anne  of  Denmark, wife  of  .lames 
VI.  The  nave  and  tower  and  some  parts  of  the  refectorv.  still 
remain,  and  are  partly  of  Saxon  and  partly  Xorman  architec- 
ture. In  the  town  are  various  other  places  of  worship,  a 
guildhall  with  a  spiie  132  feet  in  height,  town-hall  and  jail, 
several  public  schools,  a  flourishing  mechanics'  institute, 
several  learned  a.ssoc-iations.  and  subscription  libraries.  The 
staple  manufacture  is  table  linen,  in  regard  to  which  the 
town  early  took  the  lead,  and  is  still  unrivalled  by  any  other 
town  in  the  kingdom.  This  manufacture,  together  with 
that  of  colored  worsted  and  cotton  covers,  which  has  been 
S92 


added  to  it.  and  almost  equals  it  i&  extrnt,  rjccupieg  ahout 
one-half  of  the  population.  There  aie  alfeo  njrot.-oni«  spin- 
ning mills,  extensive  malleable  iron-works,  a  larpe  power-loom 
factory,  and,  in  the  vicinity,  several  important  collieries. 
Dunfermline  connects  E.  with  a  br.inch  of  the  Edinburgh  and 
Xorthern,  and  W.  with  the  Alloa  and  Dunterniline  Rail- 
ways, both  of  which  have  a  common  station  immediately 
X'.  of  the  town.  The  town,  erected  into  a  royal  bur^ih  in 
1588,  unites  with  Stirling,  Inverkeithing.  Culross.  and 
Queensferry.  in  .sending  one  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Adjoining  the  Abbey  was  a  palace, enlarged  by  James 
IV.  in  1500.  in  which  Charles  I.  was  born  in  1(300.  and 
where  Charles  II.,  in  1650,  subscribed  the  League  and  Co- 
venant. 

DUXTORD  BRIDGE,  a  station  on  the  Sheffield  and  Man- 
chester Railway,  18^  miles  X.W.  of  Sheffield. 

DUXGAXXOX'  diin-gan'non.  a  parliamentary  and  munici- 
pal borouirh  and  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tj-rone.  11  miles  X.X.W.  of  Armagh.  Pop.  3801.  It  stands 
on  a  hill-slope,  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  is  regularly 
and  pretty  well  built,  and  has  a  good  church,  an  endowed 
royal  school,  founded  in  1628.  fever  hospital,  several  branch 
banks,  and  manufactures  of  linen  and  earthenware.  The 
borough  sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Dungannon  was  the  chief  seat  of  the  O'Xeils.  Kings  of  Ul- 
ster from  the  earliest  period  of  Irish  history  till  1607,  when 
the  last  of  these  powerful  chieftains  fled  to  the  Continent, 
and  his  possessions  were  granted  by  James  I.  to  Sir  Arthur 
Chichester. 

DUXG.\X/XOX,  a  post-village  of  Columliana  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canals,  142  miles  X,E,  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

DUX/GAXSTOWN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow. 

DUX'G.\R'VAX'.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.,  and 
25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Waterford.  on  the  Colligan.  near  its 
mouth  in  the  Bay  of  Dungarvan.  and  across  which  a  hand- 
some one-arched  bridge  connects  it  with  its  suburb.  Abbing- 
side.  Pop.  of  town,  8625.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  re.sorted  to 
for  sea-bathing.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  parish  church, 
4  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  a  convent,  a  ca.stle  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  now  used  as  a  barrack,  a  bridewell,  session-house, 
union  work-house,  and  market-house.  It  has  little  trade, 
its  harbor  being  only  fitted  for  vessels  under  150  tons.  It 
sends  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  gives  the 
title  of  viscount  to  the  Earl  of  Cork. 

DUXGARVAX",  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kil- 
kenny. 

DUXGEN,  (DUngen.)  dOng'Hen,  a  village  of  the  Xethei^ 
lands,  province  of  SVest  Brabant,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc. 
Pop.  1100. 

DUXGENESS,  diinj-nfe«',  a  headland  of  England,  form- 
ing the  S.  extremity  of  the  county  of  Kent,  and  projecting 
into  the  English  Channel,  about  3^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lvdd.  It 
has  a  fort  and  light-house,  in  lat.  50°  64'59"N.,  Ion.  58°  E. 
Elevation  of  light-house,  92  feet. 

DUXGIVEX.  dtin-ghiv'en,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.,  and  10  j  miles  E.S.E.  of  Londonderry, 
on  the  road  from  Armagh.     Pop.  of  town.  1016. 

DUXGL-iSS/.  a  promontory  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  2j  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Dumbarton,  parish  of  Ol\l  Kilpatrick,  projecting 
into  the  Clyde.  Here  was  the  W.  termination  of  the  walto 
of  Antoninus,  which  is  crowned  by  a  ruined  castle  of  the 
Colquhouns. 

DUX^LOW',  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  and  ll^  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Donegal.    Pop.  449. 

DUX'H.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotfs,  on  the 
Trent,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  4  arches,  5J  miles  E.N JJ. 
Tnxford. 

DUNHAM,  a  post-village  and  township  in  McIIenrv  co., 
Illinois,  200  miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  981. 

DUNHAM,  or  DUXHAM  FLATS,  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Missisquoi,  56  miles  S.E.  of  Montre.al,  and  45 
miles  from  Stanstead. 

DUXHAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

DUXHAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DUNHAM  MAS^SEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

DUXHAM'S  BASIN,  a  village  of  Washintrton  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  about  64  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Albany. 

DUX'K  ARD  or  DUXCARD.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Greene  co..  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1455. 

DUXKARD  CREEK,  of  Greene  CO.,  Pennsylviinia,  flows 
into  the  Monongahela  River. 

DUXHOLME,  dUnOiom,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

DUX'IERES.  dtl'ne-aiR'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-T>oiiv,  10  miles  X.E.  of  Yst-ingeaux,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Dunidres.     Pop.  2409. 

DUXIXO,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

DUXnP.\CE,  a  parish  of  Scotland. co.  of  Stnling.  joined 
with  Liirbert,  near  Falkirk.  Here  are  two  singular  artifi- 
cial mounds  of  Celtic  or  Roman  origin.  Torwood.  ,a  part 
of  the  old  Caledonian  forest,  still  remains  iu  this  parish. 


DUN 


DUN 


DTJT«  KKLD,  dtin-k  Jl',  a  burpch  of  barony,  and  market-town 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  I'erth,01d  Dunkeld  (parish  of  Dunkeld  and 
Dowally)  beinji  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Perth,  ou  the  );reat  East 
Pass  to  the  Iliirhlands,  and  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Tay,  across 
which  it  communicates  with  the  suburb,  Little  Dunkeld,  by 
an  elegant  bridjre  of  7  arches.  Pop.  in  1S51,  llU4.  In  an- 
cient times,  Dunkeld  is  said  to  have  been  the  seat  of  the 
Picti-sh  kinjrs.  A  cell  of  Culdees  was  here  early  established, 
and  in  1130  was  made  the  seat  of  a  bishopric  by  David  II. 
Its  cathedral  was  built  in  13.J0.  but  long  l>efore  this  period 
I>unkeld  was  celebrated  in  the  ecclesiastical  annals  of  the 
kinjidom.  Near  the  cathedral  stands  the  ancient  palace  of 
the  Dukes  of  Athole,  an  old-tiushioned  square  building,  and 
at  a  short  distance  the  new  mansion  of  the  late  duke. 
■Within  the  grounds  are  shown  the  two  first  larches  intro- 
duced into  Britain,  brought  from  the  Tyrol  in  1738.  The 
larch  is  now  naturalized  in  Scotland,  and  forms  one  of  the 
most  valuable  and  extensively  cultivated  timber-trees  in  the 
■.ountrv.     I'op.  in  1851,  1102. 

DUNKKLD.  a  parish  of  Ireland.    See  Dunkitt. 

DUNKEIiQUE.    See  Dunkirk. 

DUNK'KIITON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DUNK'K.SWKliL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DU.NMvINKK'LY  or  DU.NKA.XELV,  a  village  of  Ireland, 
CO.,  and  3  miles  Vt'.  of  Donegal,  >'.E.  of  the  head  of  .Macswine's 
Bay,  with  a  parish  church  and  a  Wesleyan  chapel.     Pop.  476. 

DUNK'I.NSVILLE,  a  po.st-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

DU.N'IvI  K K ,  (Kr.Z>H?i/,erf/)/c.  dfiN^'kalRk';  Oer.Duni-i'rcAcn. 
diin'-kfeeh'Ken.)  a  fortified  si^aport  town,  and  the  most  N.  of 
France,  department  of  Nurd,  capital  of  thearrondi.s.sement.  on 
the  Strait  of  Dover.  40  miles  A.W.  of  Lille,  and  45  miles  E.  of 
Dover,  at  I  bejunction  of  3  canals,  and  on  the  Railway  du  Nord. 
Pop.  in  ]^52.2y,0S0.  It  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  has  a  town-hall, 
theatre.  C(jncert-hall,  several  finechurches.  a  lofty  belfry,  seve- 
ral hospit.il.s,  military  and  civil  prisons,  barracks,  a  college,  and 
public  li) M-ary  of  18,0<JU  volumes,  soap,  starch,  and  iron- works. 
The  hurlxir,  chietly  artificial,  is  shallow,  but  the  roadstead  is 
good,  and  since  Dunkirk  was  made  a  free  port  in  1S2IJ.  it  has 
had  a  brisk  and  increasing  trade  in  wines.  In  1844,  the 
number  nf  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  were  197,  (lS.29iJ  tons.) 
A  considerable  nnmlier  of  these  were  engaged  in  the  cod 
fishery,  from  which  the  number  of  vessels  of  all  nations 
whicli  entered  the  port  in  the  same  year  was  94,  (7270  tons.) 
In  1849.  t  he  total  number  of  vessels  entered  was  1740,  (134,828 
tons.)  and  cleared.  1(;69,  (184,927  tons.)  The  receipts  at  the 
Custom-hiiuse  in  1S48,  were  5.277,000  francs,  and  in  1849, 
6,963,000  francs.  Dunkirk  is  the  seat  of  a  court  of  first  re- 
sort and  commerce,  and  of  a  maritime  syndicat,  and  pos- 
sesses a  chamber  of  commerce,  an  e.xchange.  and  an  agricul- 
tural society.  This  town  is  said  to  owe  its  origin  to  a  chapel 
founded  liy  St.  Eloi.  which,  from  its  situation  among  the 
<andy  downs  of  the  coast,  took  the  name  of  Dun-kirk,  i.  e. 
the  "church  of  the  downs."  It  appears  to  have  become  a 
place  of  snme  importance  in  the  tenth  century,  when  it  was 
first  surrounded  Ivy  walls.  The  possession  of  it  was  repeat- 
edly contested  by  the  Spaniards  and  French.  In  1658.  it  was 
given  up  to  the  English  by  Turenne,  and  continued  with 
them  till  ltifi2,  when  Charles  II.  sold  it  to  Louis  XIV. 

DU>i'KIRK,  an  extm-parochial  district  of  England,  co.of 
Kent. 

DUNKIRK,  a  port  of  entry  and  post-town,  in  Chautauqua 
CO.,  New  York,  situated  on  a  bay  of  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the 
Lake  Shore  Rjiilroad,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo.  It  is  the 
western  terminus  of  the  Erie  Railway,  4C0  miles  long.  It 
was  tbrmerly  part  of  the  township  of  Pomfret ;  but,  in  18C0, 
was  set  oti'  as  the  township  and  village  of  Dunkirk.  The 
situation  is  elevated  and  pleasant.  It  contains  2  banks,  3 
oil  refineries,  the  Viirions  shops  of  the  western  division  of 
the  Erie  Railway,  2  printing  offices,  a  large  steam  flom-ing- 
mill,  and  manufactories  of  various  kinds.  As  a  harbor  for 
lake  commerce  the  bay  is  commodious  and  safe.  Thirteen 
propellers,  besides  brigs,  schooners,  and  small  craft,  run 
to  the  harbor  regularly.  I'or  the  year  1862,  the  imports 
here  included  1,095,364  hols,  flour;  147,579  bbls.  pork  and 
beef;  112,061  bu.  wheat;  149,054  bu.  corn;  27,509  tierces 
hams;  li  ,102  bbls.  eggs;  38,245  casks  of  lard;  30,323  pack- 
ages of  butter;  21,460  hhds.  tobacco;  814  bales  of  cotton; 
22,545  hides;  16,275  packages  of  wool;  and  copper,  oil,  cat- 
tle, liog3,  &c.,  ic,  in  proportion.  Its  lake  commerce  is 
Bteadily  increasing,  as  shown  by  the  books  of  the  collector 
of  the  port.  Navigation  is  generally  open  at  Dunkirk  some 
weeks  earlier  than  at  Buffalo,  owing  to  the  ice  being  driven 
down  the  lake  each  spring  by  prevailing  winds,  and  this 
gives  a  decided  advantage  to  it  as  a  port  of  entry.  The  Erie 
Railway  has  two  large  and  secure  docks  for  the  reception 
and  shipment  of  freight.  The  railroad  now  being  built  from 
the  coal-fields  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  Erie  R.R.  at  CarroUton 
will  make  this  place  a  coal  depot,  at  which  vessels  will  be 
supplied.  With  its  natural  advantages,  aided  by  the  public 
spirit  of  its  inhabitants,  Dunlcirk  bidis  fair  to  soon  rank  with 
the  cities  of  the  State  of  New  York.  Pop.  in  1855,  4392;  in 
I860,  5616 ;  in  1865,  about  7000. 

DUNKIRK,  a  post-office  of  Calvert  co.,  Maryland. 

DUNKIRK,  a  post-oflice  of  Greenville  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 


DUNKIRK,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Dans 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Madison.  It  has  a  wate» 
power,  with  several  mills.     Pop.  1760. 

DUN'KITT'.  or  DDN^KELIV,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster.  CO.  of  Kilkenny. 

DUNK'LIN,  a  county  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Missouri, 
bordering  on  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  abcat  700  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  St.  Francis  River,  and 
on  the  E.  in  part  by  Lake  IVmiscot,  intersected  by  Castor 
River.  This  county,  together  with  several  adjoining,  was 
severely  injured  by  the  eitrthquakes  of  1811  and  1812.  Thf 
soil,  where  not  overfiowed.  is  hi>;hly  productive.  Named  in 
honour  of  the  late  Daniel  Dunklin,  former  Governorof  Mis- 
souri. Capitid,  Kennet.  I'op.  5026,  of  whom  4855  were 
free. 

DCNKUR,  drin'ktiR\  a  village  and  fort  of  Ilindostan,  lu 
Kunawur,  on  the  Spiti,  near  the  Sutlej,  140  miles  S.  by  B 
of  Leh:  hit.  32°  18'  N.,  Ion.  78°  20' E. 

DUNLAP',  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co..  Ohio. 

DUNLAP'S  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Airginla, 
rises  in  Monroe  county,  flows  north-eastward,  and  falls  into 
Jackson's  River  near  Covington. 

DUNLAPS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  L.aurens  di.strict,  South 
Carolina. 

DUNLAPSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Union  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  East  F'ork  of  M  hitewater  River,  70  miles 
K.S.K.  of  Indianapolis;  contains  1  church. 

DUXMjAV'.\N,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.of  Wick- 
low,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Donard.     Pop.  of  the  town,  990. 

DUNLECK'NEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Carlow. 

DU.\LKKK/,a  small  post-town  and  disfranchised  borough 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Louth,  on  the  Dublin  and 
Belfast  Railroad,  11  miles  S.  of  Dunkalk.     Pop.  8u8. 

DUN  LElTll.  dan-leeth'.  a  thriving  post-viilage,  .In  Daviess 
CO.,  Illinois,  ou  the  E.  bank  of  the  Jlississippi  l:iver.  oppo- 
site Dubuque.  It  forms  the  N.W.  terminus  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad.    It  has  3  large  hotels,  &c.     Pop.  in  1860, 

DUN-LE-PALLKTEAU,  dONo-lfh-parieh-te',  (or  pairty,) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Creuse,  arrondissement, 
and  14  miles  X.W.  of  Gueret.     Pop.  1421. 

DUN-LE-ROI,  d£is«-leh-rwl,(anc.  Ca>'<rujn  Duhnf)  a  town 
of  Franco,  department  of  Cher.  11  miles  N.  of  St.  Amand 
Montrond,  on  the  rit^ht  bank  of  the  Auron.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4948.     It  was  an  important  city  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

DUNLKV'Y,  a  post-office  of  VVarren  co.,  Ohio. 

DUNLOP',  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ayr  and 
Renfrew,  71  miles  N.E.  of  Irvine.  Pop.  1206.  It  is  famouii 
for  its  excellent  cheese. 

DUNLUCt/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim, 
including  part  of  the  town  of  Bu.shmills.  Dunluce  Castle, 
a  structure  of  the  fourteenth  centurj",  is  now  a  picturesque 
ruin. 

DUN'MAN'US  BAY',  an  inlet  on  the  S.W.  coa.st  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Cork.  4  miles  in  breadth  at  its  entrance,  and  stretch- 
ing inland  about  12  miles. 

DUNMAN'WAY,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Cork.  13  miles  W.  of  Bandon.     Pop.  3086. 

DUN\M01!E',  a  village  of  Scotland,  co..  and  7  miles  S.E.of 
Stirling,  parish  of  Airth.  Pop.  153.  Thec;istle  is  the  ancient 
Seat  of  the  Murray  family,  to  whom  it  gives  the  title  of  earl. 

DUNMOKE,  a  town  and  parLsh  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
co.pfOalway,  75n)ilesN.N.E.  of  Tuam.  Pop.  of  the  town,  917. 

DUNJIURE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.,  and  3j 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Kilkenny.  Here  is  a  curious  cave  of  con- 
slder.aMe  extent. 

DUN\MOR  E'.  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DUNMORE,  a  thriving  post-village  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Lu- 
zerne CO.,  I'ennsylvania,  on  the  railroad  which  extends  from 
Scranton  to  the  Lackawaxeu  River.  The  origin  of  this  vil- 
lage is  very  recent;  it  has  been  built  up  by  the  mining  ope- 
rations of  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  Company.  A  large  num- 
ber of  hands  are  employed  in  the  coal  mines  near  this  place, 
which  are  very  extensive.    Pop.  in  1860,  estimated  at  ICOO. 

DUNMORE,  a  post-office  of  Pocahontas  co.,  Virginia. 

DUNMORE,  EAST,  a  seaport  town oflreland.  in  Munster, 
CO.,  and  8?  miles  S.E.  of  Waterford.  on  Waterford  Harbor. 
Pop.  302.  It  is  well  built,  and  much  fretiuented  as  a  water- 
ing-place. It  has  a  handsome  church,  and  a  harlior  and  qu-iy. 
Mail  steam-packets  ply  regularly  between  it  and  Milford. 

DUN'MOW,  GREAT,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, co  of  Essex,  on  theChelmer,  12  miles  N.N. W.  of  Chelms- 
ford. Pop.  in  1852. 3235.  The  town,  supposed  to  have  been 
the  Roman  Casarom'cigus,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  emi- 
nence, and  well  built.  It  has  a  fine  church,  a  market-cross 
built  in  1578,  a  union  work-house,  and  some  manufactures 
of  sacking. 

DUN. MOW.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

DUNMUR'i'.Y,  a  village  of  Irel.ind,  co.  of  Antrim,  on  the 
Glenwater,  and  on  the  Ulster  Railway,  4j  miles  S.  by  W.  ol 
Belfast.     Pop.  211. 

DUNN,  a  township  of  Dane  co.,  'Wisconsin.    Pop.  1055. 

DUN'NET,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caith 
ness  on  Pentlaud  Frith,  with  a  village,  "i},^  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Thurso. 

603 


DUN 


DUP 


DUX'Xr.T  riEAD.  a  rocky  peninsula  of  Scotland,  forming 
the  \.  extremity  of  Great  Britain,  and  having  on  it  a  liirht- 
house.  340  feet  .-tbOTe  the  sea.  in  lat.  58°  40'  N..  Ion.  3°  21'  VV. 
On  th,<  S.W.  side  is  the  deep  inlet  of  Dunnet  Bav. 

DUNMCHEX,  dan'niK-fn,  a  parish  of  Scoftand,  co.  of 
Forfar. 

PIT.WNIXG.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  with  a  neat 
Tillage.  Si  miles  S..S.W.  of  Perth. 

DUN  NINO  EX,  rtfkin'ning-en.  a  Tillage  of  WUrtemburg, 
circle  of   Schwarzwald.  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kottweil.   P.  1411. 

DUN'NING'S  CREEK,  of  Bedford  co..  Pennsjlvania,  falls 
into  the  I'.avstflwn  Branch  of  JunLtta  River. 

DUXXIXGS  MOUNTAIX.  Pennsylvania,  a  ridge  extend- 
ing nearly  northward  from  the  X.W."  central  part  of  Bedford 
couQty,  E.  of  Dunning's  Creek,  into  Blair  county. 

DCX'XINGSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

DUX'XIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  Ainsty  of 
York. 

DUX^XOSE'.  a  loftv  headland  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  near 
the  middle  of  its  S.E.  coast,    Lat.  60°  37'  X.,  Ion.  1°  11'  36"  W. 

DUX'XO'fl'AR,  a  parish  of  ScotLind.  co.  of  Kincardine,  on 
the  North  Sea,  and  comprising  the  town  of  Stonehaven. 
The  extensive  ruin  of  Dunnottar  Castle,  formerly  the  seat 
of  the  Keiths.  Earl-Marischals.  stands  on  a  perpendicular 
rock,  160  feet  above  the  sea.  and  almost  separated  from  the 
mainland  by  a  deep  chasm.  The  castle  was  taken  in  1296, 
by  Sir  W.  M'allace.  During  the  commonwealth,  the  Scottish 
regalia  were  kept  there;  and  on  the  surrender  of  the  garri- 
son to  Cromwell,  the  crown  was  secreted  in  the  church  of 
Kineff.  In  16.'>6,  many  Covenanters  were  imprisoned  in  the 
dungeons  of  Dunnottar.  It  was  dismantled  after  the  rebel- 
lion of  1715. 

DUXNS/BURO,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

DUXX'S  COR'XERS,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

DUXXSTOWX\  a  village  of  Clinton  co..  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  Kiver,  opposite  Lock- 
haven. 

DUXXSTTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co..  Xew  York. 

DUXXSVILLE.  a  postoffice  of  Essex  co.,  Virginia,  56  miles 
N.E.  of  Richmond. 

DTJXOIS.  diiVwif.  an  ancient  territory  of  France,  pro- 
Tince  of  Orleanois.  (Orleanais.)  now  forming  parts  of  the  de- 
partments of  Eure-et-Loir,  Loir-et-Cher,  and  Loiret. 

DU.NHJI/LY,  a  ruined  castle  of  Scotland,  co.,  of  Argyle,  on 
a  rock  forming  the  X.  point  of  Oban  Bay.  The  M'Dougals, 
descendants  of  the  Lords  of  Lorn,  are  its  proprietors. 

DXJX'OOX'  AM)  KII/MUX.  a  p.irish  and  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Argyle.  on  the  W.  .side  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  74  miles 
W.  of  Greenock.  The  vill.ige  is  frequented  as  a  watering-place, 
and  numerous  steamers  touch  there.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a 
castle  of  the  earlv  Stuarts. 

DCX'REG'G.^X,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  16  miles  X.W. 
of  Dumfries.  Pop.  277.  A  bridge  across  Dalwhat  Water 
connects  it  with  the  villase  of  Minnvhive. 

DUX'KOB'IX  CASTTLE.  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland,  is 
a  residence  of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  parish  of  Golspie,  on 
a  height  on  Dornoch  Frith.  7  miles  E.X.E.  of  Dornoch. 

DUX'ROSS'-XESS.  a  parish  forming  a  peninsula  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  Shetland  mainland,  and  terminating  in  Sum- 
burgh  Head. 

DUXS/BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

DUXS'CORE'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..and  9  miles  X.W.  of 
Dumfries.  Ellisland  Farm,  residence  of  the  late  poet  Burns, 
is  in  this  parish. 

DUXSE.  dUnss,  a  burgh  of  barony,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  on  an  eminence,  at  the  S.  point  of 
Dunse  Law,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  X'orth  British  Railway, 
13  miles  W.  of  I$erwick-upon-Tweed.  Pop.  of  town,  2666.  It 
has  many  private  schools,  a  town-hall,  subscription  and 
other  libraries,  a  reading-room,  and  2  branch  banks.  John 
Duns  Scotus.  Boston,  authorof  the  Fourfold  State.  Dr.  M'Crie, 
the  historian  of  Knox,  and  Sir  Joseph  Paxton,  architect  of  the 
Crystil  Palace,  were  all  born  in  the  town  or  parish  of  Dunse. 

DUXS^KOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

DUXS/FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DUXSHAUGIILIX.  dtin-shawulin.  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Meath,  11  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Navan.    Pop.  of  the  town.  524. 

DUX^SIIELT'.  or  DAXESIIALT.  dAn-shflW,  a  village  of 
Bcotland.  co.  of  Fife,  1  mile  S.E.  of  Auchtermuchty,  on  the 
Eden.     Pop.  646. 

DUX'SIXNAXE/,  one  of  the  Sidlaw  Hills,  in  Scotland,  co., 
and  7  miles  N.E.  of  Perth.  Elevation,  1114  feet.  It  has 
been  a  military  station,  surrounded  by  ramparts  and  fosse, 
attributed  to  Maelx-th. 

DUX'SIXSK'.  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Dub- 
lin, 4  mile«  W.X.W.  of  Dublin  Castle,  and  on  a  hill  n*>ar 
which  is  Trinity  College  Observ.atory. 

DUX'STAULE.  a  markettown  and  parish  of  Engl.and,  Of  , 
and  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bedford,  on  the  Watling  Street,  at 
the  E.  lia.se  of  the  Chiltern  Hills.  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  the 
Boxmore  Station «.  f  the  London  and  Xorth-western  Railway. 
Pop.  in  1851.  3689.  The  town,  situated  among  chalk  downs. 
ooiuist<  of  antique  but  mostly  respectable  brick  houses,  and 


has  a  church,  originally  the  nave  of  a  celebrated  priory, 
founded  by  Henry  I.  The  early  Norman  kings  had  a  palaco 
here. 

DUNST.\BLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex 
co„  Massachusetts,  on  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state,  30  miles 
N,W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  487. 

DUX.STABLK,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  Co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  Kiver,  a  few 
miles  below  Lockliaven.    Pop.  472. 

DUX'STAFF'XAGE,  an  ancient  royal  castle  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Argyle,  on  Loch  Etive.  2i  miles  X.E.  of  Otian.  It  bt^ 
longed  to  the  Scottish  monarchs  in  early  times,  and  is  of 
unknown  antiquity.  The  famous  palladium  stone  of  Scot- 
land, now  in  Westminster  .4.bbey,  was  kept  here  pi-evious  to 
its  removal  to  Scone. 

DUX'STER.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset,  32}  miles  W.X.W.  of  Somerton.  Pop.  in  1861, 
1184.     Here  are  the  remains  of  a  castle. 

DUX'STEW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

DUX'STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

DUXSTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DUXS'TOX,a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  .Maine,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Portland,  has  1  church  and  4  stores.  Pop.  about  900. 

DUX-SUR-MEUSE,  dtiNO-sUR-mcz.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  the  Meuse,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montmedy,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Meuse.    Pop.  966.    It  was  formerly  fortified. 

DUX'SYRE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

DUX'TEHTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

DUNTOCHER,  dJin-tdK'fr,  or  dCin-tfin'er.  a  large  manu- 
fticturing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton.  8  miles  X.W. 
by  AV.  of  Gla.sgow,  containing  several  large  cotton-spinning 
and  weaving  fectories.  and  manufactures  of  agricultural  im- 
plements, ic.    Pop.  3S09. 

DUX'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

DUXTlIX,  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Bucks. 

DUXTOX.  a  parish  of  Eniiland.  co.  of  Essex. 

DUXTOX.  a  parish  of  Enu'land.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

DUX/TOX  BAS'SETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

DUX'TOX  SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

DUXTS/BORNE  AB/fiOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

DUXTSBORNE  ROUSE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

DUX'TEG'AX,  a  bay  and  headland  of  Scotland,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  Isle  of  Skve. 

DUXniXi'AX  FORT,  in  British  Xorth  America,  on  ths 
Peace  River.     Lat.  56°  14'  X.,  Ion.  117°  30'  W. 

DUX'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  rivei^port  of 
Canada  West.  co.  of  Haldimand.  on  Grand  River,  which  is 
here  navigable  fur  steamboats,  and  on  the  Buffalo,  lirautford, 
and  Goderich  Railroad.  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hamilton,  and  60 
miles  by  water  W.  by  X.  of  Buffalo.  It  has  churches  of  the 
Episcopalians  and  Methodists,  an  assurance  agen^'v.  8  stores, 
a  foundry,  grist  and  plaster  milk,  and  extensive  lumber 
yards.  The  imports  in  1851  amounted  to  §110.840.  all  from 
the  United  States,  and  the  exports  to  $85,164.  of  which 
$76,416  went  to  the  United  States.     Pop.  about  1000. 

DUXWICH.  dun^ch.  a  decayed  borough,  seaport,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  the  Xorth  Sea.  26  miles 
X.E.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  237.  It  was  .inciently  an  important 
city,  the  capital  of  East  Anglia.  but  has  been  almost  entirely 
destroyed  by  initwds  of  the  sea :  and  the  ruins  of  a  monastery, 
a  church,  and  a  eliapel.  are  all  that  remain  of  its  ancient 
ecclesiastical  edifices,  said  to  have  been  50  in  number.  The 
borough  formerly  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
It  was  a  Roman  station. 

DU  P.\GB.  a  CO.  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
of  340  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  E.  and  W.  branches 
of  the  Du  Page  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the 
soil  highly  productive.  A  latere  portion  of  the  county  is 
prairie.  The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  passes  along  the 
S.E.  border.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago  and 
Galena  Railroad,  and  two  or  three  short  lines  of  railroad 
terminate  in  the  W.  part.   Capital,  Xapierville.    Pop.  14,701. 

DU  PAGE,  a  postrtownship,  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Will  CO..  Illinois,     fop.  918. 

DU  PAGE,  a  p<:.st-village  of  Will  co,  Illinois,  on  Du  Page 
River,  14  miles  N.  of  Joliet. 

DUPLAIX',  a  post-township  forming  the  NJE.  extremity 
of  Clinton  co..  Michigan.     Pop.  915. 

DUI'LIX,  du'plin,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  has  an  area  estimated  at  670  square  miles.  It  ia 
intersected  by  the  N.  branch  of  Cape  Feiir  River,  and  by 
Goshen  Creek.  The  surface  is  a  level  and  sandy  jilain,  partly 
covered  with  forests  of  pitch  pine.  The  soil  is  said  to  be 
fertile  near  the  large  streams.  In  1850  this  county  pro- 
duced 2-53.097  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes,  the  gi-eatest  qiian- 
tity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  It  is  intersected 
by'the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  liiulroad.  Capitiil,  Kenans- 
ville.  Formed  in  1749.  Pop.  15,784,  of  whom  8600  were 
free,  and  7124  slaves. 

DUPOXT',  a  thriving  post-villa{ce  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Ruilruad,  14  miles  N.W  »f 
Madison,  contains  a  railway  station,  and  several  stoics. 


DUP 


DUR 


DCPPAtr,  dflSp'pdw,  a  marketrtown  of  Bohemia,  18  miles 
E.N.K.  of  EInbogeii.  in  a  deep  valley.on  the  Aubach.    P.  1-100. 
DUr'PLIN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 
DUl'REW,  a  district  In  Clarke  co..  Georgia. 
DUPRKE'S  (du-preez')  OLD  STORK,  a  post-office  of  Char- 
lotte CO..  Virpinia. 

DUQDESNK,  du-kain',  a  fort  formerly  occupying  the  site 
of  Pittsburg.     See  Pittshdrg. 

DUQUESNE,  a  pcst-borough  of  Reserve  township,  Alle- 
ghany CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  Alleghany 
River,  1  or  2  miles  above  Pittsburg.  It  has  been  mostly 
built  since  1845,  and  contains  numerous  saw-mills,  tanne- 
ries, and  ice-houses  for  the  supply  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  1720. 

DUQUOIN,  du-kwoin'.  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois, 
14S  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

DUR.    See  Door. 

DU  it  AK.  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Doorak. 

DURANCE,  dUVS.N'ss,'  (L.  Driwn'tia.)  a  river  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  France,  rises  near  Mont  Gen^vre,  department  of 
Ilautes-Alpes.  and,  after  a  tortuous  S.W.  course  of  100  miles, 
joins  the  Rhone  3  miles  S.W.  of  Avignon.  It  is  rapid  and 
innavigat)le.  but  is  used  to  float  down  numerous  rafts  from 
the  mountains. 

DURAND.  du-rand.'  a  post-offlce  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio. 

DURANOC),  doo-rjn'go  or  doo-rdng'go,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  of  liiseay,  1.3  miles  S.E.  of  Bilbao,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Durango,  over  which  are  3  stone  bridges.  It  has  an 
hospital,  several  public  schools,  and  2240  inhabitants. 

DUKANGO.  doo-rdng'iro,  an  inland  state  or  department  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation.  Ixitween  lat.  23°  37'  and  27°  45' 
N..  and  Ion.  102°  30' and  107°  17'  W.;  surrounded  by  Chi- 
huahua. Cohahuila,  Zacatecas.  Jalisco,  Sonora.  and  Clnaloa; 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  about  280  miles:  breadth.  150  miles; 
area,  about  48,489  square  miles.  It  is  mostly  rocky  and 
mount.iinous,  and  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Madre,  which 
forms  the  connecting  link  between  the  plateau  of  .^nahuac 
and  the  Rocky  Jlountains.  It  is  watered  by  only  a  few 
streams,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  Rio-de-la.s-\ases, 
which  loses  itself  in  the  Lake  of  Cayman,  in  the  Bolson-de- 
Mapimi.  The  greater  part  of  this  state  is  a  barren  and  irre- 
claimable waste:  but  there  are  some  fine  me.adows,  well 
adapted  for  grazing,  and  along  the  banks  of  the  streams  the 
soil  is  rich  and  fertile,  producing,  in  abundance,  corn,  maize, 
rice,  and  other  cere.als.  Agriculture,  cattle-rearing,  and 
working  the  gold,  silver,  and  iron  in  the  mountains,  are  the 
chief  employments.  Durango  is  greatly  infested  by  several 
Indian  tribes,  especially  by  the  Comanche.s,  who,  at  certain 
Reasons,  overrun  the  N.  and  W.  portions  of  Me.xico.  driving 
cattle,  and  massacring,  without  mercy,  all  who  come  in  their 
way.     Pop.  137,503. 

DUR.\.\GO.  a  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  the  above  state. 
7295  feet  above  sea-level :  lat.  24°  26'  N.,  Ion.  103°  34'  37"  W. 
It  is  picturesque,  but  dirty;  and  has  2  large  churches;  a 
college,  an  hospital,  several  convents,  a  mint,  and  numerous 
woollen  and  cotton  manufactories:  and  a  good  trade  in 
cattle  and  leather.  In  1S45.  $43,732  in  gold  and  SliOli.(iOS  in 
silver  were  coined  at  the  mint.  Iron  mines  are  wrought  in 
the  vicinity.  It  was  founded  about  the  middle  of  the  six- 
teenth century.  Pop.  22,000,  of  whom  a  majority  are  rogues 
and  beggars. 

DURAN'GO.  a  post-offlce  of  Dubuque  co..  Iowa. 

DU'RAXT'S  NECK,  a  post-office  of  Perquimans  co.,  North 
Carolina.  215  miles  E.X.E.  of  Raleigh. 

DURAS,  doo-rds',  or  DRAS,  dris.  a  vallev  of  Ladakh, 
about  lat.  34°  2r  N.,  Ion.  75°  30'  E,.  at  a  short  distance  N. 
from  the  northern  frontier  of  Cashmere,  elevated  9000  feet 
above  the  sea. 

DURAS,  dUV3ss',  a  market^town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  12  miles  N.  of  Marmande.     Pop  1700. 

DURAS.  or  KINVARRA-DURAS.  kin-vir/rd-du'ras,  a  pa- 
rish of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway. 

DURAVEL,  dUVi^'Jl'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cahors.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Lot.     Pop.  3120.     It  has  a  large  annual  cattle  fair  in  October. 

DURAZZANO.  doo-rdt-.sd'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Caserta.    Pop.  2300. 

DUP.  AZZf).  doo-rdt/so,  or  DURAS.  doo-rds',  (auc.  Fpidam'- 
nita.  aftei'wards.  Dyrrhachhim.)  a  fortified  maritime  town  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Albania.  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  El-Bas- 
Mn.  on  the  rocky  peninsula  of  Peli,  in  the  Adriatic.  Pop. 
from  (iOOO  to  7000.  Its  harbor  is  safe,  and.  though  moderate- 
sized  vessels  must  anchor  more  than  1  mile  from  the  shore, 
the  town  has  an  active  impoi-t  trade  in  Manchester  and  Birm- 
ingham goods  by  way  of  Triest.  and  an  export  of  tobacco  and 
corn  to  Italy.  The  ancient  Epidamnus.  which  was  a  cctlony 
of  Corcyreans,  was  the  most  powerful  maritime  town  of 
Illyria.  The  expulsion  of  its  aristocracy.  B.C.  436,  was  the 
origin  of  the  Peloponnesian  War.  No  traces  of  the  ancient 
city  now  exist,  excepting  pieces  of  columns  and  marbles 
scattered  over  the  burial-grounds  or  built  in  the  walls. 

DUI'.BEX.  dOOn/hen,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Courland,  on  the  S.E.  shore  of  Lake  Durben,  15  miles 
E  N.E.  of  Libau.     Pop.  1500.     It  has  an  ancient  castle. 

DURMJIN'S  CORNERS,  a  village  and  post-office  of  Wil- 
lianji  If.-  Ohit. 


DURBUY,  dfln-boi',  (Fr.  pron.  dUR^bwee',)  a  small  town  of 
Belgium,  in  Luxembourg,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ourthii, 
11  miles  N.N.E.  of  .Marche.     Pop.  about  400. 

DURCAL,  dooR-kdl',  a  village  of  Spain.  In  .\ndalusia,  13 
miles  8.  of  Granada,  in  a  beautiful  plain  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Sahor.     Pop.  1821. 

DURELL',  a  postrtownship  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Susquehanna  River,  a  few  miles  below  Towanda. 
Pop.  1202. 

DUREN,  (DUren,)  dU'ryn,  or  MARK-DUREN,  mask-dU'- 
rgn, (anc.  MarcndiJi-um,) a.to\!n  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  18  milea 
E.N.E.  of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle,  on  the  Roer,  and  on  theCologne  and 
Alx-la-Chapelle  Railway.  I'op.  8010.  It  is  pleasantly  situated, 
and  has  a  Roman  Catholic  and  numerous  Lutheran  and 
Calvinist  churche.s,  a  female  high  school,  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths,  cassimeres,  cotton  goods,  nails,  cutlery, 
watches,  soap,  leather,  and  colored  silks.  In  its  vicinity 
are  oil.  paper,  and  wire  mills.  DUren  is  of  Roman  origin, 
and  is  mentioned  by  Tacitus  under  its  name  of  .Marcodurum. 
It  was  besieged  by  Charles  V.  in  1543.  with  an  army  of 
60.000  men,  and.  after  an  obstinate  resistance,  taken  and 
destroyed.  Charlemagne  here  defeated  the  Saxons,  and 
held  diets  in  775  and  779.  It  was  the  capit.al  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Roer  under  the  French  Empire. 

DURGERD-iM.  dau'HPr-ddm',  a  fishing  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  North  Holland,  on  the  Y,  opposite  Amsterdam. 
Pop.  450. 

DUR'HAM.a  maritime  county  in  the  N.  part,  of  England, 
having  E.  the  North  Si>a.  Pop.  in  1851, 390.997.  The  surf  i.o 
is  mountainous  in  the  W.,  where  one  range  has  an  elevation 
of  from  1000  to  2196  feet,  whence  several  other  ranges 
decline  toward  the  coast.  The  river  Tees  forms  the  south- 
ern boundary,  and  the  Tyne  the  northern ;  the  other  rivers 
are  Wear,  Skerne,  and  Derwent.  The  valley  of  the  Tets 
and  eastern  shores  of  the  county  are  composed  of  mag- 
nesian.  limestone,  and  new  red  sandstone.  The  western 
part  of  the  county  consists  of  mountain  limestone,  rich  in 
lead  ore:  greenstone  and  basalt  dykes  intersect  the  dis- 
trict. The  Teeswater  breed  of  short-horned  cattle,  rai.aed 
here.  Is  deservedly  famous.  The  Durham  Collieries  are  the 
most  extensive  and  valuable  in  the  kingdom;  near  the 
coast  are  numerous  coal-mines:  lead,  iron,  and  grinding- 
stones  are  also  highly  inipoitant  products.  All  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county  is  intersected  by  railways,  and  the  Great 
North  of  England  line  traverses  it  from  S.  to  W.  Durham, 
a-s  a  county  palatine,  was  formerly  under  the  sovereignty  of 
its  bishop,  most  of  who.se  jurisdiction  has  now  merged  in 
that  of  the  crown.  Principal  towns.  Durham.  Sunderland, 
Darlington.  Gateshead.  South  Shields,  and  Stockton.  It 
sends  in  all  ten  members  to  the  Hou.se  of  Commons,  four  of 
whom  are  returned  by  the  county.  It  gives  the  titleof  earl 
to  the  Lambton  family.  At  the  time  of  the  Roman  inva- 
sion, the  principal  part  of  the  county  was  included  in  tlie 
territory  oftlje  Brigantes.  William  the  Norman,  soon  after 
the  Norman  conquest,  subjugated  and  Laid  waste  the  whole 
district. 

DUR'HAIM.  originally  DUNVHOLME.  (L.  PuneVmia.  Dim- 
dhnum  or  Dunhiihnum.)  an  ancient  city,  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  .and  famous  episcopal  see  of  England, 
capital  of  the  above  county,  nearly  in  Its  centre,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Great  North  of  England  Railway.  14:J  miles  S.  of  New- 
ca.«tle.  Pop.  in  1851, 13.188.  Ithasamostimposingextern.il 
appearance,  its  cathedral  and  castle  occupying  the  summit  of 
a  steep  rocky  eminence,  surrounded  by  hanging  gardens  and 
plantations,  and  nearly  encircled  by  the  Wear,  here  crossed 
by  several  bridges,  and  beyond  which,  on  either  side,  are  the 
quarters  of  Framwellgate,  Etvet,  &e.  TheCathedral,  founded 
in  1093.  and  one  of  the  noblest  edifices  in  the  kingdom,  in- 
cluding the  western  porch,  is  507  feet  in  length,  by  200  feet 
in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  has  a  central  tower  214  feet  in 
height;  it  is  chiefly  of  massive  Norman  architecture,  and  h.as 
the  tomb  of  St.  Cuthbert,  the  chapel  of 'the  vener.tble  Bede, 
a  fine  W.  front,  with  a  Galilee  chapel,  and  two  richly  orna- 
mented towers  143  feet  in  height.  The  See.  founded  near 
the  end  of  the  t«nth  century,  was  long  the  richest  bishopric 
in  England.  In  1843  its  gross  income  was  22,416?..  but  its 
arrangements  have  been  materially  remodeled  by  the  com- 
missioners, and  the  bishop's  annual  income  fixed  at  SOiKt?.  Ad- 
joining the  cloisters  are  the  deaneiy,  library,  chapter-house, 
prebendal  college,  and  exchequer.  The  Castle,  a  little  N.  of 
the  cathedral,  was  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and 
contains  apartments  for  the  liishop,  but  is  otherwise  chiefly 
appropriated  to  the  Ecclesiastical  University,  incorporated  in 
1837,  and  which  succeeded  one  existing  from  the  time  of 
Cromwell  to  the  Restoration.  A  new  college,  called  llalfisld 
Hall,  has  been  attached  to  the  former.  In  which  students  can 
be  educated  on  much  cheaper  terms  than  in  the  University. 
An  additional  college,  on  similar  terms  to  Ilalfield  Hall,  was 
opened  in  October,  1851.  Duiliam  has  6  pai-ish  churches,  a 
Roman  Catholic  and  various  other  chapels,  a  grammar 
school,  with  exhibitions  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  a  well- 
endowed  blue-coat  and  numerous  other  schools,  an  infirm- 
ary, .alms-houses,  and  many  other  charitable  institutions, 
public  libi-aries,  and  .assembly -rooms.  In  the  old  town,  on 
the  N.,  are  the  Market-place,  Theatre,  and  principal  shops ; 

5»0 


DTjR 


DUS 


in  Elvet,  the  County  Jail  and  Coart-house,  erected  at  a  cost 
i.i  140  l.<X>i.  Till'  tra-le  and  pupulalion  of  the  city  hare  re- 
jtfiitlv  received  a  rapid  increase,  owini;  mainly  to  the  exten- 
einn  oi"the  coal  trade.  The  borouijh  is  divided  into  3  wards, 
and  gyveroed  by  a  mayor,  6  aldermen,  and  18  councillors, 
i^ui'ham  is  the  seat  of  the  county  assizes,  borough  sessions, 
Aud  sheriffs  courts.  It  sends  two  members  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  Abont  2  miles  from  the  city  is  Xeville's  Cross, 
er.if  tf  d  to  commemorate  the  defeat  of  David  II.  of  Scotland, 
in  13ia. 

DURHAM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Androscoirgin 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Androscoggin,  across 
whicl;  iti  a  bridge,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1623. 

DURHAM,  a  post-office  of  Strafford  Co.,  New  Hampshire. 

DURHAM,  a  beiiutiful  post-village  and  township  of  Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  Connecticut,  20  miles  S.  of  Hartford.  The  vil- 
lage consists  of  one  wide,  handsome  street,  and  contains  3 
chiu'clies,  2  or  3  stores,  an  academy,  a  hotel,  and  several 
boot  and  shoe  manufactories.  The  surrounding  country  is 
fertile  and  higiily  cultivated.     Pop.  1130. 

DURHAM,  a  post'Village  and  township  of  Greene  CO., 
New  York,  on  CiJtskill  Creek,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.  Pop. 
2558. 

'DURHAM,  a  post-township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
ou  the  I>elawai'e  River,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia. 
Pop.  1208. 

DUiniAM.  a  post-ofnce  of  Columbia  co.,  Florida. 

DUKHAM,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois. 

DUli/H.XM,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  on  the  N.  coa.st  of 
Lake  Ontario,  comprising  an  area  of  620  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  2  proposed  railitMids.  Capital,  Port  Hope. 
Pop.  30.732. 

DUI4'H.\M(Op.ms'town,)  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  East,  co. 
of  Ueauharnols,  45  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  200. 

DUKHAM  (^St.  Francis.)  a  p<jst-villaie  of  Canada  Kast, 
CO  of  Drummond,  on  the  river  St.  Francis,  56  miles  S.E.  of 
Port  St.  Francis. 

DUKHAM.  a  county  of  New  South  Wales,  in  the  N.  part 
of  the  colony.  In  it  are  the  settlements  of  Muscleton, 
Edenglassie.  Merton,  Dulwich,  Paterson,  and  Clarence. 

DUUIIAM,  a  district  of  Western  Australi.-v.  surrounded 
by  the  districts  of  Urey,  Carnarvon,  Landsdowne,  Howick, 
and  Victoria. 

DUU'IIAM  CENIRE,  a  post^ffice  of  Middlesex  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

DU  It  If  A  M  CREEK,  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
the  Delaware  Kiver. 

DUUIIA.M  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

DUK'HAMVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 
125  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches, 
and  perhaps  :;00  inhabitants. 

DURHAMVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

DURHAMTILLE,  a  thriving  post-villasre  of  Lauderdale 
to..  Tennessee,  190  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

DUUIA  MAJOR.    See  Dora  Baltea. 

DURIA  MINOR.    See  Dora  Ripaiba. 

DUKIAX.  doo're-2n'  or  dix>rl'an,  or  DRYON,  dri'on. 
UllEAT  and  LITTLE,  two  islands  at  tho  S.E.  entrance  of 
the  Strait  of  Msiljicca.     Ljit.  0°  50'  N.,  Ion.  10o°  60'  E. 

DUKI.\.X  STR.\IT  lies  between  the  E.  coast  of  Sumatra 
and  the  island  of  Lingen.    It  is  about  120  miles  in  length. 

DUiUMSH.  of  ScotLind.     See  DoiwisH. 

DUlilNU.M  or  DURINI  CASTRA.    See  Dorchester. 

DL"K1SDKKR/.  a  p:irish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  17  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Dumfries.  Druml.inrii^  Castle,  the  ma'xnificent 
se:it  of  the  Duke  of  Buccleugh.  ou  the  right  bank  of  the 
Nith,  is  in  this  parish.  It  was  built  by  the  Duke  of 
Queensberry  in  10i>9,  uniting  the  aspect  of  a  palace  and  a 
castle. 

DURIUS.    SeeDoimo. 

DUKK.HinM.(DUrkheim.">  dURkOiIme.  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  on  the  Isenach.  18  miles  N.  of  Landau.  I'op.  4529. 
It  has  a  castle.  Itoman  Catholic.  Lutheran,  and  Calvinist 
churches.  ai:d  a  hi-h  school,  with  manufactures  of  tobacco, 
cutlery,  and  pap  t. 

DUULACH,  dOOaliK,  a  town  of  Western  Germany,  in 
Baden.  i:ircle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  l^nz,  with  a  station 
on  the  Baden  Railway,  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop. 
4840.  It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Baden  mai^ 
praves,  whoso  castle  on  a  contiiruous  hei'.'ht  is  now  a  ruin, 
ill  the  gardens  around  which  some  Roman  antiquities  have 
been  disc-overed.  It  has  a  cavalry  bairack,  and  manu&o- 
t  urcs  of  tobacco  and  earthenwares. 

DUKLAi'H.  daKlak.  a  post^villaje  of  Lancaster  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 3s  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

D  U  K  L  K I  ( i  H,  dtir'lee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DUB'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Southampton. 

DUif.NES.S.  a  parish  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Scot- 
laud.  CO.  of  Sutherland,  and  including  Cape  Wi-ath. 

DUKN'KOKD.  a  river  of  Eastern  Africa,  coast  of  Zangue- 
bar.  falling  into  the  Indian  Ocean  in  lat.  1°  8'  .S. 

DUK.N'KOltD,  GRKAT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

DURNHOLZ,  (DUruholz,)  dUan'hdlts,  a  town  of  Austrian 
5lM 


Moravia.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Brunn,  on  the  Thays.  It  hag  an 
old  castle  and  an  hospital.     Pop.  2407. 

DUl;NTEN.(DUrnten.)dURn'ten.MITT£L.mit'tgl.OEER, 
o'ber,  and  UNTEK.  OOn'ter,  (••  Middle,  Upper,  and  Lower,") 
a  parish  and  scattered  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  16 
miles  S.E.  of  Zuriih.     Pop.  15o3. 

DUROC.  du-rok',  a  post-office  of  Benton  co..  Missouri. 

DURUCASSES.     See  Dreix. 

DUROCATALAUNUM.    Chalons-sor-Marxe. 

DCKOCORTORUM.    See  Reims. 

DUROVERNU.M.    See  Casterbirt. 

DURRANG/DKA.  a  town  of  Uindostan,  in  Guzerat,  85 
miles  N.W.  of  Cam  bay. 

DCRRENBEliU.  dUR'Een-bJRG\  a  village  of  Prussian  Sax- 
ony.  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Merseburg.  Pop.  320.  It  has  saline 
springs,  yielding  annually  240.6(:iO  hundred-weight  of  salt. 

DURRENBERU.  (Diirrenberg.)  a  mountain  of  Upper  Aus- 
tria, near  theS.olza,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ilallein.  containing 
mines,  from  which  upwards  of  150,000  tons  of  salt  are  raised 
annually. 

DURltEXBERG.  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  near  the 
Salza.  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ilallein. 

DURREX  liOTH.  ^DUrrenroth,)  dliR'Ren-r6t\  a  village  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  22  miles  N.E.  of  Bern,  in 
an  elevated  and  picturesque  Ircality,  surrounded  by  green 
slopes  and  wooded  hills.     Pop.  1542. 

DURREXSTEIX.(DUrrenstein.l  dliR'Ren-stine\a  town  of 
Lower  Austria,  on  the  Danulie.  Sj  miles  W.S.W.  of  Krems. 
Pop.  500,  with  the  Castle  of  Narhemberg  and  an  abbey  of 
the  Augustiues.  On  a  high  rock  near  the  town  are  the 
ruins  of  the  fortress  in  which  Richard  Coeur-de-Lion  was 
imprisoned  on  his  return  from  I'alestine.  in  1192,  by  Leo- 
pold. Duke  of  Austria.  In  1805  the  French  were  defeated 
here  by  the  united  Russian  and  Austrian  armies. 

DUlt'KETSVlLLE.  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co..  A'irginia. 

DURRHEIM,  (DUrrheim.)  dURR'hIme.  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Lake,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Villingen,  on  the  AV.  slope  of 
the  Black  Forest.     Pop.  1049. 

DUR'RIXUTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

DURRINGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

DUR'KIS.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine. 

DURRMEXZ-MUHLACKEli.  (MUhlacker,)  ddOR'm^nts- 
mii'ldk'ker.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  AVtirlemberg,  on 
the  Enz.'lt  miles  W.  of  Ludwigshurg."    Pp.  1490. 

DUR'ROW.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster,  Kilkenny  and  Queen's  counties.  5f  miles  S  S.W.  of 
Abbevleix.  Pop.  of  the  town,  1318.  It  has  extensive  iloUT 
mills.' 

DURROW.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  chiefly  In 
Kinii's  eountv. 

DURR-SEii,  (DUrr-See.1  dURR'sA'.  a  small  lake  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  37  miles  S.  of  Bern,  nearly  4000  feet  above 
the  sea-level. 

DUR'RUS.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Cork.  . 

DUR'SEY.  an  island  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  off  its  S.W. 
extremity,  between  the  estuary  of  the  Kenmare  River  and 
Bantry  Bay.     I-ei^gth,  2^  miles.    Pop.  200. 

DURS'LEY'.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England.  CO.,  and 
14  miles  S.S.W.  cif  Gloucester,  and  4i  miles  E.S.E.  of  the 
Berkeley  Station  of  the  Gloucester  and  Bristol  Railway. 
Pop.  in  1S51,  2752. 

DUKSTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

DURTAL.  dUK^dl'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire.  on  the  Loire.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Augers.  Pop. 
1566. 

DURWAZ.  dooRVSz'  a  territory  of  Independent  Toorkis- 
tan.  lietween  Bndukhshanand  thePamer  Bolor  Mountains, 
intersected  by  h»t.  38°  N.  and  Ion.  71°  E.  It  is  exceedingly 
mountainous,  and  its  dizzy  paths  can  only  be  tniversed  by 
footmen.     Cotton  is  grown  on  what  little  soil  there  is. 

DURWEST'OX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset, 

DUSKE.     See  Doostee. 

DUSHAK,  a  town  of  Afghanistan.     See  Jbt.al.abap. 

DUSllET.  dooVhef,  a  town  and  fort  of  Georgia,  in  .\sia, 
28  miles  X.  of  Tetlis. 

DUSHORE/.  a  postKiffice  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

DUSK'Y  B.\Y.  a  large  inlet  on  the  S.W.  coast" of  Middle 
Island.  Xew  Zealand,  lat.  45°  40'  S..  Ion.  166°  20'  E..  afford- 
ing good  anchorage,  and  having  in  it  Resolution  and  other 
islands.    Dis^-overed  by  Cook  in  17t9. 

DUS^S.iUX'.  a  river  of  Hindoetan.  has  its  .sources  in  the 
Vindhitya  Monntiiins.  flows  X..  aud  joins  the  Betwah  in  lat. 
25°  45'  X..  Ion.  79°  otK  E.    Entire  course,  a>x)ut  180  miles. 

DUSSELDORF.  d&s'sel-dorfS  (Ger.  Pfi^ffhltirf.  dUs'sel- 
doRr  ;  h.  Dusseldr/rifi  um^\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  Kipital 
of  a  government  of  its  own  name,  is  l>eaulifully  situated, 
among  villas  and  gardens,  on  the  right  l«nk  of  the  Rhine, 
here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  at  the  influx  of  the  Dtisfel, 
21  miles  N. N.W.  of  Cologne,  on  the  railway  fn>m  thence  to 
Minden.  and  16  miles  W.  of  Elberleld.  with  which  it  is  also 
connected  by  a  railway,  and  of  which  it  Is  the  port.  Pop., 
including  tlie  subnrlis'  of  Neustadt  and  Rngsclburg,  37.916, 
chiefly  Roman  Catholics.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor 
of  tlie  Rhenish  provinces,  and  is  generally  well  built  Ne-tr 
the  i-iver  aud  quays  the  .-treets  ai-e  full  of  factories  aud  nar»- 


DUS 


DYR 


houses,  but  beyond  these  are  many  hnndjiome  streets  and 
planted  squares.  Its  fortifications  were  destroyed  by  the 
J'rench.  and  their  place  is  now  occu))ied  by  public  walks. 
Principal  edifices,  the  castle  of  the  former  electors,  several 
fine  churches,  a  town-hall,  larjie  barr.icks,  a  synajrogue,  and 
a  mint.  Its  institutions  include  several  hospitals,  an  acar 
demy  of  sciences,  orijjinally  seated  at  Duisburg.  a  famous 
school  of  p;ii:itiini.  founded  in  1777.  by  the  Klectnr  Theo- 
dore, and  entitled  the  "  Academy  of  Art,"  many  excellent 
educational  estaljlishments.  an  observatory,  museums,  and 
the  remains  of  a  noble  collection  of  paintings  which  were 
chiefly  transferred  to  Munich.  It  has  manufiu-tures  of 
woollen  stuffs,  carpets,  hosiery,  and  chemical  products,  and 
a  trade  with  Klberfeld  and  Solingen  in  woven  fabrics,  iron 
wares  and  linens,  which  are  exported  into  Switzerland  and 
down  the  Rhine  to  the  Netherlands,  along  with  coal  for  the 
mines  on  the  Huhr,  The  commerce  of  the  town  h.as  nearly 
doubled  within  the  last  ten  years.  From  its  position  at  the 
mouth  of  the  DUssel  it  derived  its  name  DUSSKLDOItF 
(DUsseldorf)  or  the  '•  village  of  the  DUssel."  It  was  raised 
from  the  rank  of  a  village  to  that  of  a  municipal  town,  by 
Adolphus  v..  Duke  of  Berg,  in  12S8.  It  afterwards  became 
the  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Berg. 

DU8.SKLD0KF.  a  governmentof  Rhenish  Prussia,  bounded 
N.  and  \V.  by  Holland.  The  surface  wholly  belongs  to  the 
basin  of  the  Rhine,  which  divides  it  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts.     Area  2096  square  miles.     Pop.  907,151. 

DUS'SKKA.  a  fortified  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of  Gu- 
rerat.     Lat.  23°  16'  X.,  Ion.  71°  51'  K,     Pop.  6000. 

DUSSLIXGKN.  dfiOs/ling-?n,  a  market-town  of  WUrtem- 
berg.  5  miles  S.  of  Tubingen.    Pop,  2287. 

DUSTKE  or  DUST,    See  Doostee. 

DUSTO.N,  a  parish  of  England,  co„  and  2  miles  W,  of 
Northampton.     It  has  remains  of  an  abbey  built  in  1112. 

DVrcri.  and  DUTCHMAN.    See  Netherlands, 

DUTCH  ORKEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Iowa.  .^5  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

DUTCH  CREEK,  a  post-ofTice  of  Brown  co„  Wisconsin. 

DUTCH  EAST  INDIES,  a  name  somntiraes  given  to  the 
Dutch  Possessions  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Nether- 

LAXT)S. 

DUTCH'ESS,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  816  square  miles.  It  is  Iiounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  state  of  Connecticut,  and  on  the  W,  by  the  Hudson 
River,  It  is  drained  by  AVappinger's  Creek,  Fishkill  River, 
and  other  smaller  streams,  which  turn  numerous  mills.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  E,  and  \V,  parts  hilly.  The 
soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  under  good  cultivation,  although 
a  large  portion  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  grain.  In 
1850  this  county  produced  782,605  bushels  of  corn,  and 
1.066,177  of  oats,  the  greatest  quantity  of  each  produced  by 
any  county  In  the  state.  Limestone  abfiunds;  iron  and  lead 
ore,  marble,  and  slate  are  found.  The  Harlem  and  the 
Hudson  River  Railroad  traverse  the  county.  Capital,  Pough- 
keepsie.     Pop.  64,941. 

DUTCH  GUIANA.    See  Guiasa. 

DUTCH  ISLAND,  in  Narragansett  Bay,  Rhode  Island. 
On  its  S.  end  is  a  fixed  light.     Lat.  41°  29'  N„  Ion.  7 1°  24'  W, 

DUTCH'MAN'S  CREEK,  of  Davie  co.,  North  Carolina, 
flows  S.E.  into  the  Yadkin  River. 

DUTCHMAN'S  CREEK,  of  Lincoln  CO.,  North  Carolina, 
flows  into  the  Catawba  from  the  N.W. 

DUTCiniAN'S  CREEK,  of  Fairfield  district,  South  Caro- 
lina, flows  intn  Wateroe  River  from  the  right, 

DUTCH  NECK,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey, 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton. 

DUTCH  SET'TLEMENT,  a  village  of  St.  Mary's  parish. 
Louisiana,  on  Bayou  Teche.  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  OrIean.s. 

DUTCH/VILLE,  a  post-oflBoe.  Granville  co..  North  Carolina. 

DUT'HILL-AITO-ROTHIEMURCHUS,  rothVmar'kQs,  a 
united  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Elgin  and  Inverness,  on 
the  Spey. 

DUTOTS'BURG,  a  postrvillage  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Delaware  River,  4  miles  E.  of  Stroudsburg. 

DUTTEAH,  a  town  and  rajahship  of  India.     See  Ditteaii. 

DUT'TON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  4i  miles 
E.  of  Frodsham.  Pop.  361.  'fhe  Grand  .Junction  Railway 
Viaduct  here  crosses  the  valley  of  the  Weaver,  and  is  a  stu- 
pendous structure  of  stone,  consisting  of  20  Gothic  arches, 
about  70  feet  in  height  and  60  feet  in  span.  Dutton  Hall  is 
a  ruin  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

DUTTON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

DUTTWEILER,  dOdt'wrier.  a  village  of  Prussia,  40  miles 
8.S.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Fischbach.  It  has  extensive  alum 
and  vitriol  works;  a  seam  of  coal  in  the  neighborhood  has 
long  l>een  burning  below  ground.     Pop.  1387. 

DUVAL,  du-v6ll',  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida, 
bordering  on  the  Atlantic,  has  an  area  of  430  square 
miles.  St.  John's  River  flows  along  the  eastern  border 
antil  it  enters  the  sea,  and  Nassau  River  forms  its  N, 
boundary.  The  surface  has  but  little  elevation.  Capital, 
Tacksonville.  Pop.  5074,  of  whom  3087  were  free,  and  1987 
ilaves. 

DUVALL'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Prairie  co.,  Arkansas, 

DUX  or  DUCllS,  dOox,  or  DUXOW,  doox'ov,  a  town  of  Bo- 


hemia, circle,  and  18  miles  W.N.'W.  of  Leitmeritz.  Pop.  864 
The  town  belongs  to  the  counts  of  Waldstein,  whose  castli 
contains  a  fine  library  of  13,000  volumes,  a  picture  gallervi 
and  a  cabinet  of  natural  history. 

DUX'BURY,  a  township  in  W.ashington  CO.,  Vermont,  on 
the  S.  side  of  Onion  River.  15  miles  W,  of  Montpelier,    P.  lOOO 
DUXRUltY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Plymouth  co. 
Massachusetts,  on  Massacimsetts  Bay,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Bos- 
ton.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  ship-build 
ing,  commerce,  and  the  fisheries.     Pop.  2597. 
DUX'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
DUYTZ,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Deutz. 
DVIN.\.  two  rivers  of  Russia.     See  Di'NA  and  DwiN.A 
DWALDEK,  dwil'der.  an  island  in  the  Sea  of  Java,  near 
the  S.  entrance  to  the  Macassar  Strait.     Lat.  4°  12'  S.,  Ion. 
116°  21'  E. 

DWARACA,  dwS-rii/kil,  a  maritime  town  of  Western  Hin- 
dostan,  in  the  Baroda  dominions,  at  the  western  extremity 
of  the  Guzerat  I'eninsula.  Lat.  22°  14'  N.,  Ion.  6S°  68'  E. 
Here  is  a  temple  of  Krishna,  with  a  pyramid  140  fi-et  in 
height,  and  resorted  to  anjiually  by  lo.OOO  pilgrims.  The 
town,  enclosed  by  walls,  has  an  important  trade  in  chalk, 
which,  having  a  high  sanctity  is  used  by  the  Brahmins,  for 
marking  their  Sireheads. 

DWIGIIT,  a  village  of  Pope  co.,  Arkansas,  on  Illinois  Ba- 
you, about  9  miles  S'.W.  of  Dover. 

DWINA,  dwi'na,  or  dwee/ni,  or  DVTNA,  (Russ.  pron. 
dvee'ni,)  or  NORTHERN  DWINA,  an  important  river  of 
Russia,  governments  of  Vologda  and  Archangel,  is  formed 
by  theconfluenceof  the  Sookhona.  (Sukhona,)and  Vitchcgda, 
flows  N.W.,  and  enters  a  gulf  of  the  \Vhite  Sea  by  several 
mouths,  20  miles  below  .Archangel.  Total  course.  330  miles. 
Chief  affluents,  the  I'inega,  Vaga.  and  Emtsa.  It  is  connected 
througli  the  Sookhona  with  the  Neva  by  the  LfiobinsUce.. 
(Lubinski.)  Canal,  and  through  the  Vitcliegda  with  the  Kama 
and  Volga  by  the  Severnoi  Canal.  From  slioals  at  its  mouth, 
it  does  not  admit  vessels  drawing  more  than  14  feet  of  water. 
Opposite  Archangel  it  is  4  miles  in  breadth ;  and  it  is  the  prin- 
cipal channel  for  the  trade  between  Central  Russia  and  the 
White  Sea. 

DWINGELOO,  dwing'ne-liy,  a  pleasantvillageof  Ilolhind, 
province  of  Drenthe,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Assen.     Pop.  700. 

DWOREC.  a  town  of  Moravia,  See  Hof, 

DWYGYFYLCHI,  dwe-ghe-fil'kee,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon,  on  the  Irish  Sea. 

DYARDANES.    See  Brahmapootra. 

DY'BERKY,  a  township  of  AVayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1339. 

DYBERRY  CREEK,  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  mils 
into  the  Lackawaxen  River. 

DVCE,  dis,  H  parish  of.  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen.  Her« 
are  some  Druidical  remains. 

DY'CUSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  co.,  Kentucky. 

DY'ER,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee,  bordering 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Missouri. 
Area  estimated  at  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Obion  and  Forked  Deer  Rivers,  which  flow  south-westward. 
The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  is  highly  productive  and  well 
timbered.  Large  quantities  of  lumber  (yellow  poplar)  are 
procured  in  the  county.  Capital,  Dyersbnrg.  Pop.  10,5:J6, 
of  whom  7895  were  free,  and  2641  were  slaves. 

DY'ER'S  BAY  extends  into  St«uben  township  of  Il.ancock 
CO.,  Maine.     Depth,  4  or  5  fathoms. 

DY'ERSBUltG,  a  flourishing  ]»st-village,  capital  of  Dyer 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  Forked  Deer  River,  161  miles  W.  of  Nash- 
ville. It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  has  severivi 
steam  saw  mills. 

DYE'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Grundy  co.,  Missouri. 

DYFFRYN  CLYDACH,  dif'rin  klid'ak,  a  hamlet  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

DVHERNFURTH,  dee'hern-fiWRf ,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Oder. 
Pop.  1400. 

DYKE  AND  MOY,  a  united  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  El- 
gin and  Nairn,  on  the  Moray  Frith,  3  miles  W.  of  Forres. 
In  this  parish  are  Hardmoor  Heath,  on  which  Macbeth  Ls 
supposed  to  have  met  the  weird  sisters,  and  Darnaway 
Castle,  the  princely  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Moray,  surrounded 
by  vast  pine  woods.  This  edifice  still  contains  the  ori- 
ginal bjironial  hall  built  by  Regent  Randolph,  the  nephew 
of  Bruce, 

DYKE'MAN'S,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  New  York. 

DYLE  or  DYL.  dil,  a  river  of  Belgium,  provinces  of 
South  Brabant  and  Antwerp,  after  a  N.  and  W.  course  of 
50  miles,  joins  the  Nethe  to  form  the  Rupel.  4  miles  N.W 
of  Mechlin.  Chief  affluent,  the  Demer.  from  the  influx  of 
which  the  Dyle  is  navigable  to  its  termination,  a  distance 
of  22  miles.  It  gave  its  name  to  the  department  of  Dyle, 
under  the  French  Empire, 

DYM'CIIURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

DY.M'OCK,  a  parish  of  llngland,  co.  of  Gloucester.  John 
Kyrle.  Pope's  '■'  Man  of  }!oss."  was  born  here. 

DYNOV,  din'ov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galiciai 
17  miles  N.  of  Sanok,  on  the  San.    Pop.  2075. 

DYKRHACHIUM.    See  Durazzo. 

697 


DTS 


EAH 


DYg  ART,  df'zart,  or  DESART,  a  royal  parliamentary  and 
muiiii  ioal  b-^rougb.  seaport  toirn.  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Kift,  on  t)ie  N.  coast  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.  12  miles  X.X.E 
of  Edi:ibur).;h.  Pop.  iu  1851,  8739.  It  consists  of  several 
narrow  thor<iUfrhlares  meeting  in  a  central  open  space;  the 
highstieet  l.s  lined  with  substantial  antique  houses.  On 
its  W.  side  is  Dysart  House,  the  seat  of  the  Karl  of  Rosslyn. 
It  has  laanufactures  of  ticking  and  checks  to  the  value  of 
about  ISti.OOO/.  a  3-ear,  a  flax-spinning  mill,  and  a  trade  in 
coal  and  building  stone.  The  borough  unites  with  Kirk- 
caldy, Rurnt  Island,  and  Kinghom  in  sending  one  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the 
Tollemache  family.  West  of  the  town  are  the  ruins  of 
Ravenscraig  Castle.  Dysart  is  mentioned  in  Scottish  his- 
tory as  early  as  the  Danish  invasion  of  Fife  in  874. 

DYSERT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

DYSERT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

DYSERT,  a.  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Ros- 
common. 

DYSERT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Waterford. 

DYSERT,  two  parishes  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Kerry. 

DYSERT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  West- 
meath. 

DYSERT.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  leinster,  co.  of  Louth. 

DYSERT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  ia  Munster,  co.  of  Limerick. 


!  DYSERT  GALLEN  or  DYSART  GALLEN,  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Leinster,  Queen's  eountv. 

DY'SERTU.  a  parish  of  N  orth  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

DY'SON'S,  a  post-office  of  Uuernsev  co..  Ohio. 

DY'SON'S  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

DYSORT^VILLE,  a  post-office  of  McDoweU  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

DZAXBO  or  DZAXGBO,  a  river  of  Thibet.    See  Sanpoo. 

DZIALOSZICE.  dze-4-lo-sheet/.s.i  a  town  of  Poland,  pro- 
Tince,  and  36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kielce.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Warta.     Pop.  3193. 

DZIALOSZYN.  dze-3-losh'in  ?  a  town  of  Poland,  province, 
and  67  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kalisz,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Warta. 
Pop.  1100. 

DZIAXGXAMRING,  dze^ng'nimVing',  a  to^n  of  Thibet, 
150  miles  W.  of  Lassa, 

DZITOVO,  dze-to'vo.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government,  and  97  miles  S.S.E.  of  Grodno.    Pep.  1000. 

DZIUZILOV,  dzyoo-zee'lov  or  dzyoo-zee-lov'.  a  market- 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  70  miles  E. 
Kamieniec.     Pop.  1500. 

DZOUNGARIA,  a  country  of  Central  Asia.  See  SooxGABLi. 

DZWINOGROD,  dzwee'no-grod,  a  market-town  of  Aus- 
trian Poland,  in  Galicia,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Kamieniec  Pop. 
1800. 


E 


EA,  a  village  of  Holland.    See  Ee. 
E.4GLE,  ee'g'l,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

EAGLE,  a  pof t-township  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York,  15 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  1312. 

EAGLE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

EAGLE,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1364. 

E.AGLE,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Hancock 
CO.,  Ohio,  82  miles  X.W.  by  X.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  1371. 

E.AGLE,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  593. 

EAGLE,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Clinton  co.,  Michigan,  15  miles  W.  by  N.  of  I  jinsing.  P.  91 2. 

EAGLE,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle"  co.,  Illinois,  110  miles 
K.X.E.  of  Springfield. 

EAGLE,  a  township  in  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 

EAGLE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Missouri. 

EAGLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  AVaukesha  co., 
Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  a  railroad  36  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Milwaukie.  It  has  2  churches,  6  stores,  and  about  80  houses. 
Total  pop.  1280. 

EAGLE  BRIDGE,  a  post-offlce  and  station  where  several 
railroads  meet  in  Rensselaer  co..  Xew  York,  32  miles  X.E.  of 
Albany  by  the  Albany  and  Rutland  Railway  route. 

EAGLE  CLIFFS,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Mississippi.  115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

EAGLE  CKEEK,  a  pos-t-office  of  Bradlev  co..  Arkan.sas. 

EAGLE  CREEK,  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohioj  flows  into  Blan- 
chard's  Fork  at  Findlav. 

EAGLE  CREEK,  ofOhio,  falls  into  the  Ohio  River,  a  few 
miles  above  Ripley,  in  Brown  county. 

EAGLE  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Boone  county,  and 
flowing  nearly  S..  enters  White  River,  4  miles  below  In- 
dianapolis.    It  affords  unfailing  water-power. 

EAGLE  CREEK,  a  post-otBce  of  Benton  co.,  Tennessee. 

EAGLE  CREEK,  a  township  in  Lake  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
749. 

EAGLE  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co..  North 
Carolina. 

KA(jLE  FOCX/DRY,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

EAGLE  FUR'XACE.  a  postrvillage  of  Roan  co.,  Tennessee, 
140  miles  E.S.E.  of  Xashville. 

EAGLE  GROYE,  a  post-office  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia. 

EA'GLE  HAR'BOR,  a  post-village  of  Gaines  township, 
Orleans  co.,  Xew  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal.  57  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Buffalo.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  flouring  mills,  and 
several  warehouses.    Pop.  about  500. 

EAGLE  HARBOR,  a  post-village  of  Houghton  co.,  Michi- 
gan on  a  fine  bay.  oiK-ning  into  Lake  Superior,  alK)ut  375 
miles  N.W.  of  Lansing.  It  is  a  thriving  place  in  the  vicinity 
of  rich  copper-nn'nes.     Pop.  1306. 

EAGLE  ISLAXD.  in  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo,  in 
the  Atlantic,  and  4  miles  W.S.M'.  of  Erris-Head.  It  has  2 
light-honses.    Lat.  54°  7'  X..  Ion.  10°  6'  W 

E.\GLE  ISLAXD  POINT.  Maine,  on  which  is  a  li^ht  to 
guide  to  the  X.E.  entrance  to  Penobscot  Bay. 

EAGLE  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Colorado  co.,  Texas. 

EAGLE  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co..  Michi<mn. 

EAGLE  LAKES  (The)  are  situated  in  the  N.  part  of 
Maine,  in  Aroostook  and  Penobscot  counties. 

EAGLE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York. 

EAGLE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Iredell  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

EAGLE  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee. 
698 


EA'GLE  MOUXTAIN,  of  Ireland.  LHster,  co.  of  Down,  is 
one  of  the  highest  of  the  Mourne  Mountains.  Elevation, 
2084  feet. 

EAGLE  PASS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kinney  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  RioGrande.450  miles  S.W.of  Austin 
Citj-.  contains  about  400  inhabitants. 

EAGLE  POIXT,  or  ELK'IIORN  GROYE.  a  small  post- 
Tillage  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  about  100  miles  N.  of  Peoria. 

EAGLEPORT,  ee'g'l  port,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Muskingum  River.  IS  miles  S.  of  i^inesville. 

EA'GLE  RIVER,  Kentucky,  rises  in  Scott  co.,  flows  first 
nearly  N.  through  Owen  county,  then  turning  suddenly  to 
the  S.W..  enters  the  Kentucky  River  near  the  bjfder  between 
Owen  and  Can-oil  counties. 

EAGLE  RIVER,  a  i.iost-villaee  of  Houghton  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  about  375  miles  X.W. 
of  L.ansing.    It  is  the  seat  of  extensive  mining  operations. 

EAGLE  ROCK,  a  post-village  in  Make  co.^  North  Caro- 
lina. 14  miles  E.  of  Raleigh. 

EAGLESCLIFFE,ee'g'i2-kliff.  or  ECCLESCLIFFE,  ek'k'lz- 
kliff.  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Durham. 

EAGLESHAil,  ee'g"lz-am,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Renfrew,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Paisley.  It  has  much 
beautiful  scenery,  and  moors  abounding  iu  game.  Here 
are  remains  of  a  castle,  built  by  Sir  J.  Montgomery,  with 
the  ransom-money  of  Henry  Hotspur,  whom  he  took  pri- 
soner at  the  battle  of  Otterburn.  Pollock,  author  of  "The 
Course  of  Time."  w.is  born  in  this  parish  in  1708. 

EAGLESHAY.  ee'g"l-shA.  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  1  mile 
E.  of  Rousav.     Length  2^  miles;  breadth  I'mile. 

EA'GLESMERE,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

EA'GLE'S-NEST.  (The.)  a  rock,  of  Ireland,  in  Mun,eter.  co. 
Kerry,  l)etween  the  Upper  and  Middle  Lakes  of  Killamey, 
4  miles  S.W.  of  Killarney.  It  is  an  almost  perpendicular 
crag.  13O0  feet  in  height. 

EA'GLETOWN,  apostvillage  in  Choctaw  nation,  160 
miles  W,S.W.  of  Little  Rock,  Arkansas. 

EAGLETOWX,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana, 

21  miles  X.  of  Indianapolis. 

EA'GLE  VIL'LAGE.  a  post-village,  in  Wyoming  Co.,  X.Y- 
about  as  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

EAGLE  YILL.\GE.  a  post-village  of  Boone  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  Michigan  Road.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

EA'GLEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Tolland  co., Connecticut, 
on  the  Willimantic  River,  which  affords  water-power  for  a 
cotton  factory,  and  on  the  New  Loudon  Northern  Riiilroad, 

22  miles  E.  of  Hartford. 

EAGLEVILLE,  a  village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Bald  Eagle  Creek,  100  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

EAGLEVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

EAGLEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Williamson  co^  Tennes- 
see. 30  miles  S.  of  Xashville. 

EAGLEVILLE.  a  thriving  po.Bt-village  of  Ashtabula  co., 
Ohio,  on  Mill  Creek,  20u  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus. 

EAGLEVILLE,  a  village  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisonsin. 

EAGLEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  cc  ,  Wisciinsin, 
on  the  railroad  from  Milwaukee  to  the  Mississippi,  36  miles 
W.S.W.  of  the  former.     See  Eaqi.e. 

EAllEIXOMAL'WE,  e-d-hi-no-miJw'wee,  the  oativt  name 
of  the  nio.st  northern  of  the  two  great  islands  'i  Ni  «  Zea- 
land, which  see. 


EAK 

EAKIIIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
EALAN-NA-COOMB,  rWan-na-koom,  an  islet  of  Scotland, 
off  the  coast  of  Sutherland. 

KALI  NO.  ee'linf;.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
with  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  6  miles  W.  of 
Paddin^'ton. 

KAJIUNT  (ee'mont)  BRIDGE,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Westmoreland. 
EAl'.  a  village  of  Holland;    See  Epe. 
EAU'DISLAND.  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Hereford. 
EAK'UISLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford,  5 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Kingston.    In  its  vicinity  is  a  gigantic  oak 
400  years  old. 

EAKL,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Tennsylvanla,  13 
miles  K.  of  Reading.  I'op.  114.3. 
EARLE,  ?rl,a  township  in  La  Salle  co., Illinois.  Pop.  819. 
EAltLE'S.  friz,  a  post-office  of  Muhlenburg  co.,  Kentucky. 
EAKLESVILLE,  frlz'vil,  a  postofflce  of  Spartanburgh 
district.  .South  Carolina. 

EARLKVILLE,  fil'vil,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  CO.,  Illi- 
nois. ah()ut  140  miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

EARLSFERRY,  frlz'f6r-ree,  a  decayed  burgh  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  1  mile  W.  of  Elie. 

EARL-SHILTON,  a  village  and  ch.apelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester. 

E  ARL'STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts.  Pop.  in 
1851.  970. 

EARL'STON  or  ERCILDOtJNE,  gr'sll-doon,  (formerly  Er- 
ed'lfiun.)  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  6i  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Lauder.  It  has  an  endowed  academy,  library,  and 
savings'  bank,  and  is  famous  as  the  birthplace  of  Thomas 
the  Rlivuier. 

EARI/VI  LLE  or  EARLETVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Madison 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Chenango  River  and  Canal  of  that 
name,  about  32  miles  S.W.  of  Utica.  It  contains  2  or  3 
churches,  and  about  8  stores. 

EARLVILLE  or  EARLEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Lan- 
caster CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

EARLA'ILLE,  a  post-oflBce  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio. 

EARLY,  er'leo,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama,  contains  about  500  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Chattahoochee,  and  drained  by 
the  Colamoka  and  Sp'ring  Creeks.  The  surface  is  a  level 
and  fertile  plain,  in  which  scarcely  a  rock  can  be  found. 
The  greater  part  of  it  is  occupied  by  forests  of  yellow  pine 
and  oak,  or  by  plantations  of  cotton  and  Indian  corn. 
Steamboats  navigate  the  river  along  this  county,  and  the 
creeks  furnish  extensive  motive-power.  On  the  bank  of 
Colamoka  Creek  is  an  artificial  mound,  75  feet  in  height, 
with  a  level  surfiice  on  the  top,  80  yards  by  30  in  extent. 
Named  in  honor  of  Peter  Early.  Governor  of  Georgia  in 
1813.  Capital,  Blukeley.  I'op.  6149,  of  whom  2092  were 
free,  and  iOWl  slaves. 

EARLY  GROVE,  a  postrofflce  of  Lincoln  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

EARLY  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, 175  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

EAIl'LYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Albemarle  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 'M  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

E.\r.N'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

EAKX,  LOCIl,  16k  enn,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  24 
miles  W.  of  Perth.  Circumference  about  19  miles.  Depth 
said  to  be  100  fathoms.  Benvoirlich  is  the  loftiest  of  tlie 
mountains  surrounding  this  lake,  the  scenery  of  which  is 
much  admired. 

EARN,  LOCH,  a  river  issuing  from  the  above  lake,  flows 
E.  through  the  rich  valley  of  Strathearn,  and  joins  the  Tay 
after  a  course  of  30  miles,  near  Abernethy.  It  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  50  tons  to  the  Bridge  of  Earn,  a  small  water- 
ing-place, 3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Perth. 

EAKNtVlIILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

EAKPVILLE,  eri^vil,  a  post-oflice  of  Upshur  co..  Texas. 

EARSDON,  ers'dgn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

EAKi<II.\M.  er'sham,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

EAKTHAM,  grth'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

EAS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Hiding. 

EASDALE  or  EISDALE,  eez'dAl,  a  small  island  of  the 
Hebiides,  lat.  56°  20'  N .,  Ion.  6°  26'  E.  Area. about  1  i  square 
miles.  It  is  noted  for  slate  quarries,  which  have  been 
wrousht  for  150  years. 

EASEBOUKNE,  eezlrem,  a  town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Sus.sex,  I5  mile  N.E.  Midhurst.     Pop.  1708. 

EAS/INPTON.  a  narish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

EASINGTON,  a  parisn  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

EASINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Elding. 

EASINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  North 
Hiding. 

EAS'INGWOLD,  ft  m.arket-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  North  Riding.  12i  miles  N.N.W.  of  York.  Pop. 
of  town,  2171.  It  has  an  endowed  school,  a  union  work- 
house, and  3  branch  banks. 

EASKEY,  ais'kee,  a  village  and  parish  of  IreUnd,  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Roscommon,  19^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sligo,  ou  a 


EAS 

river  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  6349.     It  has  an  ancient 
castle. 

EAST  AB'INGTON,  a  post-village  ot  Abic^t-^o  township, 
Plymouth  CO.,  Mas-^achusetts,  near  tlie  Old  t  olony  Railroad, 
ISmiles  S.S.E.  of  Boston.  Tlie  inhabitants  are  extensively 
engaged  in  tbe  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes. 

EAST'A  BO'GA,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  cu.,  Alabama. 
E.\ST  AL'LEN,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania,    Pop.  I,i56. 

EAST  AL'LENTOWN,  a  village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  tbe  Lehigh  River,  near  Allentowu. 

EAST  ALTON, a  post-village  of  Belknap  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, about  .30  mile.-)  N.E.  of  Concord. 

EAST  AM'HERST,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 
EAST  AMU'CHY,  a  district  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia. 

EAST  AM'WELL,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersey.    Pop.  1865. 

EAST  ANDOVER,  a  post-village  of  Merrimack  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Northern  Railroad,  25  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Concord. 

EAST  AULINGTON,  a  thriving  village  recently  sprung 
up  in  the  E.  part  of  Arlington  township,  Bennington  co., 
Vermont,  about  95  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  water-power,  which  is  employed  for 
manufactories. 

EAST  ASH'FIELD,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, about  40  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield.  It  has  a  church, 
2  stores,  a  potterv,  and  a  tannery. 

EAST  ASllFOKD,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New 
York. 

EAST  AU'BURN  or  BEIIY'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of 
Androscoggin  co.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  Kiver,  about 
35  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  a  Baptist  church,  a 
store,  and  about  200  inhabitants. 

EAST  AUKO'RA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  New 
York,  in  Aurora  township,  and  on  Cazanovia  Creek,  which 
furnishes  good  water-power,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo. 
It  contains  churches  of  4  denominations,  an  academy,  2 
insurance  offices,  10  stores,  1  woollen  factory,  2  iron  foun- 
dries, 8  blacksmith  shops,  2  tanueries,  a  fluuring-mill,  2 
shingle  factories,  a  sheep-skin  manufactory,  beside  several 
other  establishments.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  village  are 
several  small  lakes  or  ponds,  around  which  are  mounds 
and  embankments,  containing  large  quantities  of  human 
bones.  Human  relics  are  also  found  in  the  village,  and 
for  miles  around,  scarcely  a  well  or  cellar  being  dug  with- 
out meeting  with  thigh-bones,  skulls,  &c.  There  is  a  post- 
office  at  eacli  end  of  the  village,  about  1  mile  ai)art.  Pop. 
about  2000. 

I;AST  AVON,  a  post-village  of  Avon  township,  Livings- 
ton CO.,  New  York,  220  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  and  2 
miles  E.  of  Avon  Springs.  It  is  situated  on  the  line  of  the 
Buffalo,  Corning,  and  New  Y'ork  Railroad,  and  contains  2 
churches.     Pop.  450. 

EAST  BAUJ'WI.V,  a  post-village  in  Cumberland  co., 
Maine,  45  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  BAK'NAUD,  a  post-village  in  Windsor  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 40  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  BAU'KE,  a  post-<iffice  of  Orleans  co.,  New  York. 

EAST  BARRE,  a  postoffice  of  Huntingdon  00.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

EAST  BATON  ROUGE,  eest  bat/on  roozh.  a  parish  in  the 
S.E.  central  part  of  Louisiana,  contains  about  500  square 
miles.  The  Amite  River  washes  its  E.,  and  the  Missi.ssippi 
its  W.  border.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  N.,  and  gently 
undulating  in  the  S.,  and  the  soil  is  moderately  fertile 
The  parish  contains  extensive  forests  in  which  live  oak,  the 
cypress  and  magnolia  are  found.  Cai)ilal,  Biiton  Rouge. 
Pop.  16,046,  of  whom  7476  were  free,  and  8.^70  shives. 

EAST  BEEKOIANTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  New 
York. 

EAST  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Yadkin  co..  North  Carolina. 

EAST  BENNINGTON.    See  Bennington  E.\8T. 

EAST  BERGEN,  (usually  pron.  bfr'jen,)  a  post-office  of  Ge- 
nesee CO.,  New  York. 

EAST  BEHK'SHIRE,  a  post-village  in  Franklin  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Montpelier. 

E.VST  BEIi'LIN,  apost-office  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut 

EAST  BERLIN,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Conewago  Creek.  24  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Harris- 
burg,  and  15  miles  \V.  of  York.  It  has  several  stores,  and 
about  100  houses. 

EAST  BEIILIX,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan, 
90  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Lansing. 

EAST  BEKNE,  a  post-village  of  Albany  co..  New  York,  19 
miles  W.  of  A 11  any. 

EAST  BETU'ANY,  a  post-village  in  Genesee  CO.,  New 
York,  contains  1  or  2  churches,  and  .several  stores. 

E.\ST  BETH'EL.  a  post-village  of  Oxford  co..  Maine,  on 
the  .\tlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  about  60  miles  W. 
of  Auirusta. 

EAST  BETHEL,  a  post-village  ot  Bethel  township,  Wind- 
sor CO ,  Vermont,  near  the  Vermont  Centr.1l  Kailroad,  38 
miles  S.  of  Montpelier.  and  39  miles  N.E.  of  Windsor. 

EAST  BETH'LEHEM,  a  post-township  of  Washington  Co., 

690 


flAS 


EAS 


I*ent»svlvania,  on  the  Uonongahela  River,  33  miles  S.  of 
rittsbiirir.     P..p.  2151. 

EASTBTR'MIXOIIAM,aborongliof  Allegliany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Monongahela,  opposite  Pitts- 
burg, and  iiiimcdiately  above  Birmingham.     Pop.  34'21. 

EA.-^T  BLOOM'KIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  On- 
tario CO..  New  York,  on  the  Canandaigna  and  Niagara  Rail- 
road,8  miles  W.  of  Cauamlaigua.  Tlie  village  has  i  chinches, 
and  an  academy.     Pop.  of  the  townshii),  2163. 

EAST  BOSTON,  Massachusetts.    See  Boston. 

E.\STBOUIlNE,  eest/bUin,  a  market-town,  watering-place, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  &i  miles  S.  of  Ilails- 
ham.  I'op.  3015.  The  town  has  a  the;itre.  ball-room, 
library,  a  ehalyljeate  spring,  and  an  excellent  beach  for 
bathing.     In  its  vicinity  is  Beachv  Head. 

EAST  BOWDOINIIAM,  bc/dtn-ham,  a  postofBce  of  Saga- 
dahook  CO..  Maine. 

EAST  BRAD'FORD,  a  po.st-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  BK.\DFOKD,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  village 
of  Bradford  town.sliip.  Essex  co.,  Mas.sachusetts,  on  the 
right  la.nk  of  the  Merrimack  liiver.  28  miles  N.  of  Boston. 

EAST  BRADFORD,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Poji.  1 175. 

EAST  BI!.4.N'DY\VINE,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Poj).  1039. 

EAST  BREWSTER,  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  ca,  Irfas- 
sachusetts.  55  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST'BRTDOK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

EAST  BRIDGE/WATER,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Bridgewator  Branch 
of'the  Old  Colony  Railroad,  25  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston. 
The  village  contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  an  academy  incor- 
porated in  1S37.  The  Inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged 
in  the  manufactureof  bootsaud  shoes.  There  are  also  manu- 
factures of  carriages,  castings,  edged  tools,  4c.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  3ii7. 

EAST'BR')OK,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  30 
miles  K.  by  S.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  221. 

E.ISTBRO  'K.  a  post-ofBce  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EASTBKOOK'KIELD,  a  post-village  in  Orange  co.,  Ver- 
mont, abont  15  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 

E.\ST  BROOKKIELD,  a  post-village  in  Worcester  co., 
Massaohnsettg.  6U  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

EAST  BR  »OK'LY.\,  a  village  of  Windham  co.,ConnecH- 
cut,  abont  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  Qninnebang  Cott<m  -Mills. 

EA.ST  BRUN.<'\VlCK,a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1H15. 

EAST  BUF'FALO,  a  village  and  township  in  Union  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  im- 
mediately S.  of  Lewisburg.     Pop.  968. 

EAST  BURKK,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont, 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  BURN'IIAM,  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Augu.sta. 

EAST  CAL.\IS.  (kal'is).  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Vermont,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  CALX,  (kaln,)  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn«yl- 
Tania. 

EAST  CAMBRIDGE.  Massachusetts.    See  Cambidge. 

EAST  CAMBRIDGE,  (kdm'brij,)  a  post-office  of  Henry  oo., 
Illinois. 

EAST  CANAAN,  eest  kA/n?n,  a  post-village  of  Grafton 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord. 

EAST  CANAAN,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hartford. 

EAST  CAN'ADA  CREEK  rises  in  Hamilton  co.,  in  the  E. 
central  part  of  New  York,  and  after  forming  the  boundary 
between  Herkimer  and  Fulton  counties,  tails  into  the 
Uohawk. 

EAST  CANa)OR,  a  small  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  New 
York. 

EAST  CAPE.  New  Zealand.    See  Cape  W.ai-Apoo. 

EAST  CAl'E.  JIadagascar.    See  Cape  East. 

EAST  CAPK.  Asia,  on  Behring's  Strait.    See  Cape  E.ast. 

EAST  CARI/TON.  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co..  New  Y'ork. 

EAST  CEN'TREVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

EAST  CHAR'LEMONT,a  post-vill.igeof  Franklin  county, 
Majisachusetts,  on  the  Deerfield  River,  about  45  miles 
W..V.W.  of  Springfield. 

EAST  CHAI{LESTON,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  route  of  a  proposed  railroad  to  connect  Rouse's 
Point  with  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  about 
60  miles  X.N.  K.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  CHARLESTON,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

EAST  CHAT'HAM,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  M  estern  Railroad,  and  on  or  near  the  Hudson 
ami  Berkshire  R.R.,  28  miles  &£,.  of  Albany,  and  23  N.E. 
of  Hudson. 

EAST  CHKSTER,  post-village  of  Rockingham  Co.,  New 
Hampshire,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Concord. 

EAST  ClIESTEIt,  a  post-village  and  township  of  West- 
chester CO.,  Now  York,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  uiuue,  about 
600 


16  miles  N.E.  of  New  York.  The  township  is  intersected  by 
the  Harlem  Railroad,  and  by  the  New  York  and  New  Haven 
Railroad.  The  creek  is  navigable  from  the  East  liiver  to 
the  village,  w  hich  contains  2  or  3  churches.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship, 65S2. 

EAST  CHICKAMIN'GA,  a  district  in  Walker  co..  Georgia. 
Pop.  2088. 

EAST  CHI'NA,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.  New  York, 
270  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

EAST  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

EAST  CLAR/ENDON,  a  post>village  of  Rutland  co.,  Vei^ 
mout,  60  mlies  S.S.W.  of  Moutpalier, 

EAST  CLARaOON,  a  post-village  of  Geauga  x>.,  OhlO; 
174  milbs  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

EAST  CJiARKS/FIELD,  a  po.stoffiee  of  Huron  en.,  Ohio. 

E.i.ST  CLAHK'SOX,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Xew  York. 

EAST  CLEVEOiAND,  a  post-village  of  Cuyahoga  co, 
Ohio,  about  4  miles  K.  of  Cleveland.     Pop.  3011. 

EAST  COB'LESKILL,  a  postrvillage  of  Schoharie  co..  New 
Y'ork.  38  miles  W.  of  Albanj-. 

EAST  COCAI/ICO,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  2325. 

EAST  CONCORD,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Concord 
township,  Merrimack  co..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  E.  tank 
of  the  Merrimack  River,  and  on  the  Boston  Concord  and 
Montreal  Railroad,  about  2  miles  from  Concord. 

EAST  CONCORD,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

EAST  CONCORD,  a  post-office  of  Bureau  co..  Illinois. 

EAST  CON^EQUENES'SING,  a  township  of  Butler  co, 
Penn.sylvania. 

EAST  CON'STABLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  New 
York. 

EAST  CORINTH,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co..  Elaine. 
It  contains  an  academy,  and  several  establishments  for  tlie 
manufacture  of  lumber. 

EAST  CORINTH,  a  post-vUlage  of  Oninge  co.,  Vermont, 
23  miles  S.E.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST'COTTS.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

EAST  COVENTRY,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1401. 

EAST  CRAFTS^URY',  a  thriving  post-village  in  Crafts- 
bury  township,  Orleans  CO.,  Vermont,  about  30  miles  N,E. 
by  N.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Heikimer  co..  New  York. 

EAST  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cape  May  co.,  New  Jersey. 

EAST  DEER,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co_  PeunsylvaniiL 
Pop.  184".. 

EAST  DE  KALB,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co-  New 
York. 

EAST  DENOJIS,  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  co ,  Massa- 
chusetts, near  Cape  Cod  Bay,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  The 
industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  chiefly  directed  to  commerce. 
Some  10  or  12  ships  owned  here  are  employed  in  the  foreign 
trade,  besides  which  the  fisheries  and  coastwise  trade  are 
important.  Ship-building  is  carried  on  here  to  some 
extent. 

EAST  DIX/FIELD.  a  post-village  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  35 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  DIXOIONT,  a  post-village  in  Dixmont  township, 
Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  alxmt  12  miles  N.E.  of  .Augusta. 

EAST  DONEGAL,  (don-e^gawl',)  a  township  of  Liiucsstat 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  2183. 

E.\ST  DOIfSET,  a  p<ist-village  in  Dorset  township,  Ben- 
nington CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Western  A'ermont  Railroad, 
about  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.  In  its  vicinity  are 
numerous  valuable  marble  quarries,  the  working  of  which 
furnishes  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants. 

EAST  DOUG'L.iSS.  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co..  Massa- 
chusetts, about  45  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.  It  contains  seve- 
ral manufactories  of  printed  goods. 

EAST  DiyVER,  a  post-office  of  I'iscataquis  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  DUANES'BURG,  a  post-office  of  Schenectady  no. 
New  Y'ork. 

EAST  DCRIIAM,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  New  York, 
40  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

EAST  ETJEN,  a  posl>offi,e  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  EDEN,  a  post-office  of  Erie  CO.,  New  Y'ork. 

EAST  EiyiNGTON,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
75  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 

E.AST  EL/LIOTT,  a  post-village  in  York  co..  5Iaine.  noar 
the  Portland.  Saco.  and  Portsmouth  Railroad,  about  45  miles 
W.S.W  of  Portland. 

EASTTER,  a  village  in  Piftsfield  township,  Btrkislure  co., 
Massachusetts,  about  115  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Boston. 

EAS/TEBGATE.  a  parish  of  i'^iglaiid,  co.  of  Susivx. 

EA.S/TER,  GOOD,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Es.stx. 

E.\STER,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

EASTER  ISLAND,  or  TEAI'Y  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific,  !n 
lat.  27°  6'  S.,  Ion.  109°  17'  W.,  arx)ut  2300  miles  \\.  of  the 
coast  of  ChilL  It  is  small  and  of  volcanic  origin,  and  rises 
1200  feet  in  elevation. 

KASrTKRX  (or  GLOUCESTER)  POINT,  at  the  entrancs  . 
of  Cape  Ann  Harbor.  Massacbusotts,    On  it  is  a  ligbt-honse 
contJiining  «  fixed  light.     Liit.  42°  34'  40"  N.,  Ion.  7iio  a.'V  W. 

EASTERN  ARCHIPELAGO.    See  JUlai  ARCUin.(.Auu. 


EAS 


EAS 


EASTERSXOW,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co. 
of  Roscommon. 

EAST  KU'CLID,  a  village  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
N.K.  of  Cleveland. 

EAST  EV.\XS,  (iv'anz,)  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,NewYork. 

EAST  FAIU'FIKLb,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co., 
Ohio,  about  1.50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbu.s. 

EAST  FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 45  miles  N.X.W.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  FAiyLOAVFIELD,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvaiiiii.     Pop  1440. 

EAST  FA  LLOWFIELD,  a  township  of  Crawford  Co.,  Penn- 
Bylviinia,  1226. 

EAST  FAL/MOUTII.  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
sachusett.s,  60  miles  S.E.  of  lioston.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Pacific  Cotton  and  Woollen  JIanufkcturing  Company. 

EAST  FAK/JIIXGTON,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co.,  New 
Tork. 

EAST  FAR3ITXGT0N,  a  post-village  in  Oakland  co., 
Michigan,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit. 

EAST  FELICIAN'A.  a  parish  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Loni.si- 
ana,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  has  an  area  of  about  480 
square  miles.  The  Amite  River  bounds  it  on  the  E.,  and  it 
is  drained  by  the  Coniite  River  and  several  creeks.  The 
sur&ce  is  gently  undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile  and  easily 
tilled.  A  railrfiad  25  miles  long  extends  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River  to  Clinton,  the  seat  of  justice.  The  parish  con- 
tains an  .isylum  for  tlie  insane,  and  a  college.  Pop.  14,697, 
of  whom  4104  were  free. 

EAST  FIN'D'LEY,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania,  3S  miles  S.W.  of  PittHlmrg.    Pop.  1221. 

EAST  FlSU'KIbL,  a  post-township  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York,  about  75  miles  S.  of  Alliany.     Pop.  2544. 

EAST  FLOK'ENCE,  a  post-o«ice  of  Oneida  co„  New  York. 

E.\ST'FORD,  a  po.st-vlllage  and  township  in  Windham 
CO.,  Connecticut.  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hartford.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  woollen  goods.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1005. 

EAST  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Adair  co.,  Kentucky. 

EAST  FORK,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois, 
60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springtieid. 

EAST  FOliK,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  110 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  .lelTerson  City. 

EAST  FOX/ROROUGII,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 25  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Boston. 

EAST  FRAXK'LIN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 60  miles  X  X.W.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  FHEE'DOM,  a  post-village  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  a  branch  of  the  Juniata  River,  130  miles  W.  of  Ilar- 
risburg. 

EAST  FREE/TOWN,  a  postofflce  of  Bristol  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

EAST  FREETOWN,  a  postoffieo  of  Cortland  co..  New 
York. 

EAST  G  A  INKS.  giiiz,a  post-office  of  Orleans  co.,New  York. 

EAST  GAINES'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co..  New 
York. 

EA.ST  GATEWAY,  a  postoffice  of  Saratoga  co.,  New  York. 

EAST  GEN'ESEE,  a  township  in  Genesee  county,  Mi>-hi- 
gan. 

EAST  GEXO'.A^,  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York, 
bbout  20  miles  S.  of  Auburn. 

EAST  GEOK'GIA,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont, 
on  the  Vermont  Centrail  Railroad,  48  miles  N.W.  of  Mont- 
pelier. 

EAST  GER'MAN,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co..  New  York. 

EAST  GEROIANTOWN,  a  postofflce  of  Wayne  co.,  In- 
diana. 

EAST  GLASTENBURY,  a  village  of  Hartford  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, about  9  miles  S.  of  Hartford.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Roaring  Brook  Manufacturing  Company. 

EAST  GLEN'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Schenectady  co..  New 
York. 

EAST  GO'SIIEN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  844. 

EAST  GRAFTON,  a  postrofflce  of  Rensselaer  co..  New 
York. 

EAST  GRAN'BY.  a  post-village  in  Hartford  co.,  Connecti- 
But,  20  miles  N.X.W.  of  Hartford. 

EAST  GHAX'VlLbE,  a  post-village  in  Hampden  co.,  Mas- 
gachusetts.  about  100  miles  E.S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  GKEKX'BUSII,  a  post-town.ship  of  Rensselaer  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson,  oppo.site  Albany.     Pop.  1607. 

EAST  GREENE,  a  pcst-office  of  Chenango  co.,  New  York. 

EAST  GKEEXE,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  Pennsylvania. 

EAST  GUEEN'FIELD,  a  township  in  La  Grange  co.,  In- 
diana.    Pop.  400. 

EAST  GHEENVVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio. 
110  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

E.\ST  GREEN'WICH,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital 
of  Kent  CO.,  Rhode  Island,  on  the  W.  side  of  Xarraganset 
Bay,  on  the  Stoningtou  and  I'rovidence  Railroad,  14  miles 
.S.  by  W.  of  Providence.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  contains 
the  county  buildings,  2  banks,  4  churches,  a  flourishing 
Beminary,  5  or  6  cotton  factories,  and  a  newspiiper  office. 
The  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  chiefly  devoted  to  manu- 


factures, the  fisheries,  and  the  coast  trade.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  28S2. 

EAST  GREENWICH,  a  postrofflce  of  Washington  co. 
New  York. 

EAST  GRIN'STEAD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ei»^ 
land,  CO.  of  Sussex,  26  miles  S.  of  London.  Pop.  3686.  Th* 
town  has  a  grammar  school.  It  formerly  sent  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

EAST  GRIS'WOLD,  a  village  of  New  Ixjndon  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, al)0ut  45  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  a 
cotton  factory. 

EAST  GROVE,  a  postrvillage  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  66  miles 
S.  of  Iowa  City. 

EAST  GROVE'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co..  New 
York. 

EAST  GUITTFORD,  a  village  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont, 
about  116  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  several 
comb  manufactories. 

EAST  GUILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co..  New 
York,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

EAST  HAD/DAM,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  E.  side  of  tlie  Connecti<Mit  River  30  miles 
S.S  E.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  the  nimnifiicturing  village 
of  Mechanicsville,  and  on  the  Connecticut  are  the  villages 
called  the  Landing  and  Goodspeed,  each  of  which  has  a 
steamboat  landing.  Considerable  trade  is  carried  on  by  the 
river.     It  contains  2  lianks.     Pop.  ;;056. 

EAST  HAD'DAM  LAX'DING,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  al>out 
1  mile  lielow  the  entrance  of  Salmon  River,  and  35  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Hartford.  It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and  hag  a 
bank  for  discount,  several  stores,  and  a  shipyard  where  seve- 
ral large  ships  have  recently  been  constructinl.  Steamboats 
plying  between  Hartford  and  New  York  touch  here. 

EAST'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

EASTHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

EAST'HAM,  a  post-township  of  Barnstable  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, situated  on  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  extending 
from  the  Atlantic  on  tlie  E.  to  Cape  Cod  Bay  on  the  W., 
alx>ut  70  miles  (in  a  direct  line)  S.E.  of  Boston.  The  inha- 
bitants are  extensively  eng.iged  in  the  freighting  business, 
fisheries,  and  making  salt.  About  2000  tons  of  shipping 
are  employed  in  freighting,  and  1600  tons  in  the  fisheries. 
Pop.  779. 

EAST  HAM'BURG,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

EAST  HAMaLTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Madison  co.,  New 
York,  about  'Jo  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

EAST    HAMPDEN,  a  postofflce  of  Penobscot  CO.,  M.Mne. 

EAST  HAMPDEN,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

EASTIIAMP/STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

EAST  HAMP/TON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hamp- 
shire CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  village  is  about 
4  miles  from  the  river,  on  the  New  Haven  and  .Nortliamp- 
ton  Railroad.  It  contains  2  churches,  1  bank,  and  an  ex- 
cellent institution,  called  Williston's  Seminary.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  vulcanized  rubber,  buttons,  suspenders,  &c. 
Mount  Tom,  alxjut  2  miles  E.S.E.  of  the  village,  rises  ab- 
rupt! v  to  the  height  of  1214  feet.     Pop.  of  township,  1916. 

EAST  HAMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 18  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford. 

EAST  H.\MI'TON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Suffolk 
CO.  New  York,  the  township  forming  the  F>.  extremity  of 
Long  Island,  terminating  in  Montauk  Point.  The  village 
is  situated  near  the  ocean,  about  110  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New 
York,  and  has  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  600  inhabitants. 
Pop.  of  township.  2267. 

EAST  HAN'OVER,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn^ 
sylvania.    Pop.  1710. 

E.iST  H.^NOVER,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  20  miles  N.E.  of  liar- 
risburg.     Pop.  1806. 

EAST  HARD'WICK,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co.,  Ver- 
*mont.  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  HART'FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hart- 
ford CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River, 
opposite  Hartford.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
plain,  and  contains  one  broad,  hand-sonie  street,  finely 
shaded  with  elms  and  other  trees.  Slanufacturing  is  car- 
ried on  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  includes  the  makijig 
of  paper,  screws,  spoons,  carriages,  leather,  &c.     Pop.  2951. 

EAST  HAR/WICH.  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 65  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  HA'VEN,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Veimont, 
45  miles  S.E.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  136. 

EAST  HAVEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New 
Haven  county,  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  4 
miles  E.  of  New  Haven.  A  company,  organized  since 
November,  1852,  with  a  capital  of  $400,000,  have  erected 
in  the  south-western  part  of  the  township,  on  New  Il.tver 
Bay.  several  extensive  buildings,  with  furnaces  and  othei 
appurtenances  necessary  to  the  smelting  of  copper  ore.  'I'his 
is  to  be  brought  by  water,  for  which  purpose  the  compa.iy 
have  constructed  a  wharf.    Between  East  llaven  and  Bran- 

601 


EAS 


EAS 


ford  lipj  abcanOfnl  sheet  of  water,  called  Saltonstatl  Lake, 
from  w  hich  Nev  Haven  is  mostly  supplied  with  ice.  The 
Tillage  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  New  Haven  and  New 
LondoL'  Riiilroad,  and  contains  2  churches,  and  a  number 
of  stones.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2292. 

EAST  HA'VERHILli,  a  post-villasre  of  Grafton  co.,  New 
flampshire.  about  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord. 

EAST  HAVERHILL,  a  post-village  of  Essex  CO.,  Massa- 
diusetts.  about  SS  miles  N.  of  Boston. 

EASV  H.\WLEV,  a  jiost-ofBce  of  Way  ne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EA  ST  H  K'BROX,  a  post-village  of  O.xford  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Buckfield  Branch  Railroad,  45  miles  X.N.W.  of  Portland. 

EAST  HEMP'KTELD,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
■j-lvania.     Pop.  2013. 

EAST  UER'KICK,  a  post-villa<re  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  110  miles  X.X.E.  of 'Harrisburg. 

EAST  HIGH'GATE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ver- 
mont, about  55  miles  X.N.W.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Xunda  township,  Livingston 
CO..  New  York,  about  255  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

E.^ST  HOLD'EX.  a  post-office  of  Penobsco't  CO.,  Maine. 

EAST  HOiyLISTOX.  a  postvillage  of  Sliddlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. alx»ut  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 

EAST  Hiy.MER,  a  post-offlce  of  Cortland  co..  New  York. 

EAST'HOPE,  a  parij^h  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

EAS/THORPE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

EASTHi  )TH'LY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

EAST  HOUXDS'FIELD,  post-office,  Jefferson  co.,NewTork. 

EAST  HDXT'IXGDOX,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1952. 

E.\ST  IN'DIES,  a  collective  name  vaguely  applied  to  Ilin- 
dostan.  Farther  Indi.-^  and  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See 
l»WA,  and  M.tUT  Archipelago. 

E.'iST'IXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

EAST  ISLAXD.  Indian  Ocean.    See  Cbozkt  IsL-ixiw. 

EAST  JAF'FREY,  a  post-village  of  Cheshire  co..  New 
Hampshire,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.  It  cont.nins  a  banlc, 
and  several  establishments  for  the  manutactui-e  of  heavy 
sheetins^s. 

EAST  JXrvX.  a  post-offlce  of  Wvoming  co.,  New  York. 

EAST  .TEW'ETT.  a  po.^t-office  of  Greene  co..  New  York. 

EAST  JOHN'SOX'.  a  village  of  Lamoille  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  Eden  Branch  of  Lamoille  River.  It  contains  2  stores,  2 
saw  mills,  and  a  number  of  workshops. 

EAST  KENT,  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

EAST  KILOilXGLY,  a  post-viUage  of  Windham  co.,  Con- 
necticut, about  30  miles  N.X.E.  of  Norwich,  'ihe  inhabi- 
tants are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
goods. 

EAST  KINGSTON,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co., 
New  Hampshire,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  598. 

EAST  KXOX,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  KOY.  a  post-office  of  Wvoming  co..  New  York. 

EAST  KOY  CREEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  New  York,  unites 
with  West  Koy  Creek,  and  enters  the  Genesee  River  in  Alle- 
ghanv  count V. 

EAST  LACK^iWA^VNOC,  a  township  of  Mercer  co,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  794. 

EAST  LAM'PETER,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co,  Penn- 
Bylvunia.     Poji.  2205. 

EAST  LANDAFF',  a  post-offlce  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

EAST  LAX'SING,  a  post-office  of  Tompkins  co..  New  Y'ork. 

EAST'LEACH,  MARTIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

EASTLEACH,  TUK^T:LLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

EAST  LEB/ANON,  a  post-village  of  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Concord,  on  the  Northern 
Railroad. 

EAST  LEE,  a  post-office  of  Berk.shire  co..  Massachusetts. 

EAST  LEMPSTTER,  a  postoffice  of  SuUivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

EAST  LE/ON.  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York. 

EAST  LEWLSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Mahoning  co..  Ohio. 

EAST  LEXINGTON,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Middlesex  co..  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Lexington  and  AVest  Cambridge  Railroad, 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

EAST  LIB/ERTY,  a  village  of  Collins  township,  Alleghany 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  5  miles  E. 
of  Pittsburg.  Pop.  about  1000.  The  name  of  the  postoffice 
is  Wilkins. 

EAST  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.  on  the  Youghiogheny  River. 

EAST  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  126 
miles  -X.X.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

EAST.LIBERTY,  a  postoffice  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 

EAST  Ll'.MA,  a  township  of  La  Grange  county,  In- 
diana. 

EAST  LIM1NGT0N.  a  postrvillageof  York  co.,  Maine,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Little  Ossipee  with  Saco  River  about 
65  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  LTXE,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York 
about  20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

EAST'LIXO,  a  parish  of  England  co.,  of  Kent 
602 


EAST  LITCH'FIELD,  a  post-offlce  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con. 
necticut. 

EAST  LIV'ERMORE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  An- 
droscoggin CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  Rive?,  and  on 
the  Androscoggin  Railroad,  about  25  miles  'W.  ny  N.  of 
Augusta.  The  village  contains  3  churches,  4  stores,  and 
several  mills.     Pop.  of  township.  1029. 

EAST  LIV'ERl'OOL.  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Colum- 
biana  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  48  miles  below  Pitt* 
burg,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  R.R.  It  is  beau- 
tifully situated.  Its  rapid  growth  has  been  caused  by  the 
discovery  of  a  fine  material  for  stoneware  or  ydlowware. 
It  has  5  churches,  and  12  potteries,  each  of  which  employs 
about  100  men.     Pop.  in  1850,  835;  in  1865,  about  2200. 

EAST  LONGMEAD^OW.  a  post-village  of  Hampden  co, 
Massachusetts,  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  LY'M.4N.  a  post-village  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, about  80  miles  W.X.W.  of  Concord. 

E.\ST  LYME,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Xew  London 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Xew  Haven  and  Xew  London  Rail- 
road. 43  miles  E.  of  Xew  Haven.  The  town.ship  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  from  which  a  deep  inlet 
sets  up.  abounding  in  shad  and  other  fish.  Manufacturing 
is  cajried  on  to  a  limited  extent.     Pop.  1506. 

EAST  M.iCDOX'OUGH,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co.,  New 
York. 

EAST  MACHI'AS,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co., 
Maine,  at  the  entrance  of  East  Machias  River  into  Machias 
Bay,  about  130  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  engaged  in  the  lumbering  business,  navigation, 
the  fisheries,  and  ship-building.     Pop.  2181. 

EAST  MA'CON.  a  village  of  Bibb  co..  Georgia,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Ocmulgee  River  opposite  Macon. 

EAST  MADISOX,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
40  miles  N.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  MADISON,  a  post-offlce  of  Carroll  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

EAST  MADISON,  a  small  village  of  Morris  co.,  New 
Jersev. 

EAST  MAHO'NING,  a  township  of  lodiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop  1209. 

EAST-MAIN,  or  SLADE  RIVER,  a  river  of  Ltibrador.  en- 
ters .Tames  Bay  on  its  E.  side,  in  lat.  52°  15'  N.,  Ion.  78°  41' 
W.,  after  a  course  estimated  at  400  miles,  in  which  it  tr* 
verses  numerous  lakes. 

E.\ST  SIAIXE.  a  post-office  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 

EAST  MA'RION  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  Xew  Y'ork. 

EAST  MARION,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan, 
40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lansing. 

EAST  M  ARI/BOROUGH,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvanLi.     Pop.  1476. 

EAST  MARSH'KIELD,  a  post-villageof  Plymouth  CO., Mas- 
sachusetts. 20  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  MEDnVAY',  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, an  the  Air-line  Railroad  (in  pi-ogress)  from  New  Y'ork 
to  Boston.  20  miles  S.W.  of  the  latter. 

EAST->IE'ON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EAST  MID^DLEBOROVGH,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth 
CO.,  Massachusetts.  .3.S  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  MIDOiLEBURY.  a  post-village  of  Addison  co.,  Vet^ 
mont.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  MON'MOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  c6..  Maine. 

EA.ST  .MOXTPE'LIER,  a  post-town.«hip  of  Washington 
CO..  Vermont.  6  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Jlontpelier.     Pop.  1328. 

EAST  MoXT'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co,  Maine, 
about  35  miles  E.X.E.of  Augu.sta. 

EAST  MORICHES,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  Long 
Island,  about  65  miles  E.  of  New  Y'ork. 

EAST  MOULTON BOROUGH,  (mol'ton-btir-Qh.)  a  po.st- 
village  of  Carroll  co..  New  Hampshire,  43  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Concord. 

EAST  MOUNT  VER'XON,  a  village  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  NAXTOIEAL,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  9C8. 

EAST  XASS.\U'.  a  post-village  o'f  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
York,  aliout  18  miles  E.  of  Albanv. 

EAST  XEW  MAH'KET.  a  post-village  of  Dorchester  co, 
Maryland.  45  miles  S.E.  of  .\nnapolis. 

EAST  XEW'PORT,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
65  miles  X.E.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  NEW  PORT'LAND.  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co, 
Maine,  about  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  NEW  SH.VKON,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Kennebec  co, 
Maine,  about  25  miles  N.X.W.  of  .\ugusta. 

EAST  NEW  VINJ-/YARD,  a  post-offlce  of  Franklin  co, 
Maine. 

EAST  NEW  YORK,  a  post-village  of  Flatbush  township. 
King's  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad.  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Xew  York  City.  It  contains  several  churches,  stores, 
and  manufiictorie.s. 

EAST'XOR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hert  ord.  1}  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Ledbury.  The  Earl  of  Somers's  smS.  her«  is  a 
magnificent-fiibric. 

EAST  NORTH'POKT,  a  postoffice  of  Waldo  >„    Mfc'na. 


J 


EAS 

EAST  XORTHnVOOD,  a  post-Tillage  of  Rockingham  co., 
New  Hampshire,  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Concord. 

EAST  NOKTH  YAR/.MOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Cumber- 
lanil  CO.,  Maine.  al)out  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Augusta. 

East  NOKWE'OIAN,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania.     Pop.  1158. 

EAST  NOH'WICH,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co.,  New 
York,  on  Long  Island. 

EAST  NOTTINGHAM,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1361. 

EAST  OG'DBN,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan. 

EASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

EASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

EASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

EASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norf  ilk. 

EASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

EASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EASTON,  a  post-township  of  Bristol  co.,  Ma.ssachusettg, 
20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Boston.  Tributaries  of  Taunton  River 
How  through  the  township,  furnishing  motive-power  for 
several  cotton  and  woollen  factories.     Pop.  3067. 

EASTON,  a  post-township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
Kbout  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  1350. 

EASTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  26  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Al- 
bany. The  village  has  3  churches,  several  stores,  and  per- 
haps 400  inhabitants.     Pop.  of  the  town.ship,  3083. 

EASTON,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  River,  immediately  above 
the  mouth  of  the  Lehigh,  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harrisburg, 
and  56  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.  The  New  Jersey  Central 
Railro.id,  78  miles  long,  connects  it  with  New  York  City.  It 
is  built  on  a  point  of  land  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lehigh 
River  and  Bushkill  Creek  with  the  Delaware.  A  fine  bridge, 
about  500  feet  long,  crosses  the  latter  river,  and  a  chain 
bridge  connects  Easton  with  South  Easton,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Lehigh.  The  town  is  laid  out  in  rect'ingular 
blocks,  is  lighted  with  gas,  and  supplied  with  good  water, 
conveyed  by  pipes  from  a  spring  one  mile  distant.  It  con- 
tains 2  banks,  a  public  library,  several  academies,  8  print- 
ing offices  issuing  newspapers,  and  is  the  seat  of  Lafiiyette 
College,  a  flouiishing  institution,  founded  in  1832,  with  a 
library  of  5000  volumes.  The  building  is  among  the  princi- 
pal ornaments  of  the  town.  Easton  is  one  of  the  most  floui^ 
ishiiig  towns  in  the  state,  advantiigeously  situated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Delaware,  Lehigh,  and  .Horris  Canals,  by 
which  vast  quantities  of  stone  coal,  lumber,  grain,  and  other 
produce  are  received  and  exported.  It  is  connected  with 
New  York  by  the  Now  Jersey  Central  R.  R.  and  with  Phila- 
delphia by  the  Belvidere  Delaware  R.  R.  The  town  has 
abundant  water-power,  and  is  the  seat  of  extensive  manutiic- 
tories,  among  which  are  7  or  8  flouring  mills,  several  oil  mills, 
extensive  iron  foundries,  saw  mills,  cotton  factories,  and  2 
rifle  factories.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful,  rich,  and 
highly  cultivated  countrj'.  which  abounds  in  iron  ore  and 
limestone.  Laid  out  in  1738,  and  incorporated  in  1789.  Pop. 
exclusive  of  South  Easton,  in  1850,  7250;  in  1860.  8944. 

EA.'^Ti)N.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Talbot  co.,  Maryland, 
at  the  head  of  tide  navigation  on  Treadhaven  Creek.  12  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Choptank  River,  and  SO  miles  by  water 
from. Annapolis.  It  contains  4  churches,  1  bank,  an  armory 
belonging  to  the  state,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Settled 
about  1786.     Pop.  in  1850,  1413. 

EASTON.  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

EASTON,  a  township  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  836. 

EAST<>N,  a  po.st-village  of  Leavenworth  CO.,  Kansas, 
beautifully  situated  on  the  Fort  Riley  Road,  where  it  crosses 
Stranger  Creek,  14  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Lenvenworth.  It  has 
one  SiiW-niill.  and  2  stores.     Pop.  about  100. 

EASTON,  BAVENTS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

EASTON-IN-GOHD  A'NO.  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

EASTON.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kssex. 

EASTON,  GRKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

EASTON.  LITTLK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.«sex.     . 

EASrrON,  M  AG'N  A.  a  chapeli^  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

EASTON,  MAU'DIT,  parish  of  England.  CO.  Northampton. 

EASTON,  NESTON,  parish  of  England,  co.  Northampton. 

EAST  OK'AN'GE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont, 
16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  ORANGE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

EAST  OR'ANGEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co..  New 
7ork. 

FAST  OR'LEANS,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 65  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  OK'RINGTON,apost-village  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine, 
65  miles  E.N.E  .»f  .\ugusta. 

EAST  OTTO,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York, 
about  •iOO  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

EAST  PAINTKD  POST,  a  poBt>village  of  Steuben  co.. 
New  York.  210  miles  E.  by  S.  of  .\lbany. 

EAST  PAL'ESTINE,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co., 
Ohio,  about  It'iO  miles  F  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

EAST  PA  LM  Y'R A,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  New  York, 
195  mites  W.  oy  N.  of  Albany. 

EAST  PAR/ISH,  a  postolfice  of  Otaego  co..  New  York. 


EAS 

EAST  PAR/SONFIEID,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  Elaine. 

EAST  PAW-PAW,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

EAST  PEM'BROKE,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co^  S>w 
York,  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Niagara  Fails  Railroad,  6 
miles  from  Batavia. 

EAST  PENN,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.  extremity 
of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  River.  90  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg.     Pop.  801. 

EAST  PENNS'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susfjuehanna  River, 
opposite  Harrisburg.  The  township  is  intersected  by  tho 
Cumberland  Valley  Railroad.   Pop.  1845. 

EAST  PEIVPERELL,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co,  Mas- 
sachusetts, about  41)  miles  N.AV.  of  Boston. 

EAST  PHARSA'LIA,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co.,  New 
York,  about  100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

EAST  PIER'PONT,  or  COXE'S  MILLS,  a  thriving  post- 
village  of  Pierpont  township,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York, 
on  Racket  River,  which  here  affords  extensive  water-power, 
about  4  miles  S.  of  Potsdam.  A  dam  was  built  across  the 
river  here  in  1819,  and  a  bridge  in  1828.  The  village  con* 
tains  from  40  to  50  families,  a  starch  factory,  yielding  about 
.30  tons  of  starch  annually,  a  grist  mill,  and  several  saw 
mills,  one  of  which,  erected  in  18.52,  has  50  gang  saws,  and 
is  capable  of  being  increased  to  twice  that  number. 

EAST  PIKE,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York, 
about  250  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

EAST  PIKE,  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

EAST  PIKE'LAND,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  793. 

EAST  PIKE  RUN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1698. 

EAST  PIT'CAI  R  N,  apost-offlce.  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York. 

EAST  PITTS'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  PITTSTON,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  PLAIN'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
Hampshire,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Concord. 

EAST  PLY.M'OUTII,  a  post-villageof  Ashtabula  CO.,  Ohio, 
212  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

EAST  POESTENKILL,  eest  pooa'tfu-WlV,  a  post-office  of 
Rensselaer  co..  New  York. 

EAST  POINT,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgi.% 

EAST  PO'LAND,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  about  35  mile« 
S.W.  of  Augusta. 

EAST'PORT,  a  port  of  entry  and  township  of  Washington 
CO.,  Maine,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  S.E.  part  of  Moose 
Island,  234  miles  N.E.  of  Portland.  Lat.  44°  54'  N.,  Ion. 
66°  56'  AV.  Besides  a  bridge,  extending  from  the  N.  part 
of  the  island  to  the  mainland  of  Perry,  the  town  com- 
municates by  means  of  ferries  with  Pembroke,  Lubec,  and 
the  British  islands  adjoining.  It  contains  from  60  to  70 
stores.  6  or  7  churches,  and  a  bank.  The  harbor  is  remark- 
able for  its  high  tides,  which  usually  ri.«e  25  feet,  thereby 
preventing  the  accumulation  of  ice.  Extensive  provision 
has  been  made  to  meet  the  rerjuii-ements  of  commerce,  by 
the  construction  of  wharves,  of  which  there  are  nearly  00. 
Eastport  is  eligibly  situated  for  trade  with  the  British  pro- 
vinces. It  is  also  an  important  lumber  depot,  and  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  fisheries  and  in  the  coast  trade.  The  ship- 
ping of  the  district,  June  30,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  13,955  tons  registered,  and  17,467  enrolled  and  li- 
cen.sed.  Of  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage.  15,973  tons 
were  employed  in  the  co.asting  trade,  and  1184  tons  in  the 
cod  and  mackerel  fisheries.  During  the  year  there  were 
1164  foreign  arrivals — tons,  152,995 :  of  which  88,455  were 
in  American  bottoms.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  were 
669,  with  a  burden  of  81.258  tons ;  in  American  bottoms, 
46.068  tons.  The  same  year  17  ships,  7  brigs,  and  14  schooners, 
with  an  aggregate  of  10.691  tons  were  admeasured.  In 
1S53, 15.095  tons  of  navigation  were  built  in  the  district. 
Much  of  the  shipping  constructed  here  is  for  other  ports. 
This  place,  which  is  on  the  easternmost  frontier  of  the 
United  States,  is  defended  by  Fort  Sullivan.  It  has  steam- 
boat communication  with  Calais,  on  the  St.  Croix  River,  and 
with  Boston,  Portland,  and  places  along  the  coast.  'The 
township  consists  of  Moose  Island,  comprising  about  2000 
acres,  and  several  other  small  islands  in  Pasgamaquoddy 
Bay.    Pop.  3850. 

E.\STPORT,  a  steamboat  landing  of  Alabama,  on  the 
Black  Warrior  River,  below  Tuscaloosa. 

E.\STPOBT,  a  flourishing  post-village'  of  Tishemingo  co., 
Mississippi,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Tennes.see  Kiver, 
near  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  state,  270  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Jackson.  It  is  bttilt  on  a  bluff,  separated  from  the  river  by 
a  bottom,  half  a  mile  in  width.  Eastport  is  the  largest  town 
in  the  county,  and  has  an  active  trade.  It  contains  about 
15  stores. 

EASTPORT,  a  village  of  Tuscar.-iwas  co.,  Ohio,  near  Still- 
water Creek.  IfX)  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

EAST  POULTNEY.  polfnee.  a  post-viUage  of  Rutland  co, 
Vermont,  65  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier. 

603 


EAS 


EAS 


B\3T  PRIXCETOX.  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
•achusetts.  aliout  45  miles  W.  by  X.  of  BosUm. 

EAST  PUOV'IDKNCK,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
sylyania.    Pop.  1212. 

EAST  RAISIN  VILLE,  (r.Vzfn-vil,)  a  post-office  of  Monroe 
eo.,  Michigan. 

E.\ST  K.W'DOIiPH.  a  post-Tillage  of  Orange  co^  Vermont, 
about  25  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST  RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  eo.,  Ma.ss.v 
chusetts,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Boston.  The  chief  industry  of 
the  inhabitants  is  directed  to  the  mauulacture  of  boots  and 
shoes.     Pop.  about  1700. 

EAST  RANDOLPH,  a  post-villageof  Cattarau^s co.,New 
York,  on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  about 
65  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Buffalo,  and  16  m.  E.  of  Jamestown.  It 
contains  2  churches,  2  hotels,  4  dry  goods,  and  several  other 
stores.  It  has  a  good  natural  water-power,  improved  in 
part  for  3  or  4  saw  and  grist  mills,  a  large  furnace  and 
moulding  establishment,  an  e.\tensive  chair  factory,  and  a 
tannery. 

*   EA.ST  RANDOLPH,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Wis- 
eonsin. 

E.4ST  R.iY'MOND,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

E.iST  RE.VD'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  JIaine. 

EAST  RICII'LAND,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,Ohlo,  20 
miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

EAST'RINGTON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Hull  and  Selby  Railway,  20 
miles  W.  of  Hull. 

EAST  RIA''ER,  of  New  York,  is  properly  a  strait  connect- 
ing Long  Island  Sound  with  New  York  Bay,  and  is  navi- 
gable by  large  vessels.  It  contains  several  small  islands, 
and  has  a  pass  called  Hellgate,  (which  see.)  7  miles  N.K.  of 
New  York  City.  Length,  alx)ut  20  miles  :  breadth  between 
New  York  and  Brooklyn,  three-quarters  of  a  mile. 

EAST  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  CO.,  Virginia. 

EAST  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Walton  co.,  Florida. 

EAST  ROCH'ESTER,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co., 
Ohio,  120  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

EAST  ROCKHFORT,  a  post-office  of  Cuvahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

EAST  ROD'MAN,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co^  New 
York,  150  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

EAST'ROP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EAST  ROX'BURY,  a  post-office  Washington  CO.,  Vermont. 

EAST  RUM'l'ORD,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  RU'PERT,  a  post-village  of  Bennington  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 80  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier. 

EAST'RY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

EAST  S.^G'I.N.A.W,  a  post^village  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Saginaw  River,  about  100  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Detroit.  It  contains  several  steam  saw-mlUs,  and 
has  a  railroad  leading  to  Flint.     Pop.  3001. 

E.4^ST  SA'LE.M,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  New 
York,  about  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  .\lbany. 

EAST  SAL  KM  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EAST  SALISBURY.  (.sawlzTjUr-re.)  a  post-village  of  Essex 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  SAN'BORNTON,  a  post-vilLage  of  Belknap  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Concord. 

EAST  SAND'WICU.  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
■achusetts,  about  60  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  S.4  N'DY.  a  postK>ffice  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvanl.i. 

EAST  S  A N'G  KRVl LLE.  a  post-office,  Piscataquis co.,Maine. 

EAST  SCHUYLER,  (skHer,)  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co.. 
New  York. 

EAST  SCOTT,  a  postoffice  of  Cortland  co..  New  York. 

EAST  SEA.    See  Baltic. 

EAST  SHA'RON.  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston. 

EAST  SHARON,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EAST  SHEF'FIELD.  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  co.,  Mas- 
Bachy»etts,  aliout  32  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

EAST  SUEL'BURNE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Massar 
chusetts. 

EA.ST  SIIEL'BY,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
140  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

EAST  SHEI/DON,  a  postK)fflce  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont. 

EAST  SID'NEY,  a  thriving  village  of  Clinton  township. 
Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  River,  which  separates  it 
from  Sidney,  the  county  seat,  72  miles  from  Columbus.  Pop. 
In  1860,  about  350. 

EAST  SMITII-'FIELD,  a  post^fflce  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

EAST  SPRING/FIELD.  a  post-vilUge  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York,  60  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

EAST  SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
lylTani.n. 

EAST  SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio, 
120  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columi.u«. 

EAST  WKING'WATER.  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.. 
New  Y"rk.  215  miles  W.  of  .Mliany. 


EAST  STA  XD/ISH,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine 
EAST  .STER/UNG,  a  post-office  of  Mayne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vsnia. 
EAST  PTONE'UAM,  a  postK)fflce  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine 
AM 


EAST  STOUGHTON  (sto'ton).  a  post-village  of  Norfolk 
CO..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Old  Colony  and  Newport  R.l!.,  17 
miles  S.  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes. 

EAST  STRONG,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  SUF'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co.,  Connec- 
ticut. IS  miles  N.  of  Hartford. 

EAST  SUI/LIV.4N,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  SUL/LI  VAN,  a  post-office  of  Cheshire  co..  New  IL^mp- 
shire. 

EAST  SUM'NER,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

EAST  TAUN'TON,  apostroffice.  Bristol  co.,  .Massachusettg, 

EAST  TENNESSEE  COLLEGE.  See  KxoxvitLE,  Tennessee. 

E.AST  THET'FORD.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  Vermont. 

EAST  TIIO.MASTOX.  a  village  of  Maine.    See  Rockland. 

EAST  THORN'DIKE,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co..  Maine. 

EAST  TOWN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  7-8. 

EAST  TOWNSEND.  a  village  of  Windham  co.,  A'ermont, 
about  95  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.  contains  an  academy. 

EAST  TOWX'SEXD.  a  post-office  of  Huron  co.,  Oliio. 

EAST  TREXaOX,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co..  Maine. 

E.AST  TROY',  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EAST  TROY,  a  thriving  po.st-vilkige  and  township  of  Wal- 
worth CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  pl.ink-road  from  Jlilwaukee  to 
Janesville,  32  miles  S.W.  of  the  former.  The  villajre  has  6 
stores  and  2  mills.    Pop.  al)out  .')00;  of  the  township.  1717. 

EAST  TRUM'BULL,  a  post-office  of  Trumbull  co..  Ohio. 

EAST  TUR'XER,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co..  Maine. 

EAST  U'XIOX,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  M.nine. 

EAST  UNION,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  18 
miles  W.  of  Coshocton. 

EAST  UXIOX,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Wayne 
CO.,  Ohio,  alxiut  100  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  ISO". 

E.AST  U'NITY,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  eo.,  New  Hamp> 
shire,  about  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Concord. 

E.AST  V.AR'ICK.  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

EAST  VAS'SALBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Kenneljec  cc 
Maine,  about  16  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  an 
academv. 

EAST  VENICE,  a  post-office  of  Cayuga  co.,  .New  York. 

E.AST'VILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Northampton  co, 
Virginia,  180  miles  bj'  water  E.  by  S.  of  Richmond,  and  a  few 
miles  E.  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  It  contains  a  court-bouse,  i 
carri.ige  shops,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  alx)ut  300. 

E.AST'VILLE.  a  post-village  in  Randolph  co.,  Alabama,  160 
miles  E.  of  Tu.scaloosa. 

EASTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

EAST  A'lX'CENT,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1681. 

EAST  VIR'GIL.  a  post-vilLige  of  Cortland  co..  New  York, 
130  miles  W.  of  Albanv. 

EAST  WAKE/FlELUa  post-officeof  Carroll  CO.,  New  York 

E.AST'WALL,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

EASTW.ALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

EAST  WAL/L1NGF0RD\  a  post-office  of  Rutland  co., 
Vermont. 

EAST  WARE/HAM.  a  post-village  in  Plymouth  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. alKJUt  50  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston. 

EAST  W.ASII'IXGTOX.  a  post-village  in  Sullivan  co..  New 
Hampshire,  about  33  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Concord. 

EAST  WA/TERFOKD.  a  post-village  of  Juniata  co.,  Penn- 
sylv.inia,  on  Tuscarora  Creek,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

E.AST  WE.ARE,  (wair.)  a  post-villageof  Hillsborough  co., 
Xew  Hampshire,  on  the  New  Il.impshire  Ceutial  Railroad, 
16  miles  N.W.  of  Manchester. 

EAST  WEST'.MORELAXD,  a  post-village  of  Cheshire  CO., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  13  miles  S.S.E.of 
Bellows  Falls. 

EAST  WEST'A'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio, 
150  miles  X.E.  of  Columbia. 

EAST  WEY'MOUTjy.  a  post-village  in  Norfolk  co..  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  South  Shore  Raili-oad,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Boston. 

EAST  WHATE'LY,  a  post-village  in  Franklin  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 80  miles  W.  of  Boston. 

EAST  WHITl^yLAND,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1187. 

EAST'WICK,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

EAST  WII/rON,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Maine. 

E.\ST  WILTO.N,  a  post-village  of  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hampshire,  at  the  terminus  of  the  NashUiH,  Lowell  and  Wli- 
tou  Railroad.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Nashua. 

EAST  WIXD'HAM,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  New  York. 

EAST  WIND'SOR,  a  post-office  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

EAST  WINDSOR,  a  pleasant  village  and  township  of  Hart- 
ford CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  Riyer, 
where  it  receives  the  Scantic.  about  10  miles  N.X.E.  of  IlRrt- 
ford.  It  contains  churches  for  the  Methodists,  Baptists, 
Congregatioiialists,  and  Episcopalians,  and  an  aca(iem}\ 
There  are  in  the  township  some  manufactures  of  cas.siniere9, 
twej-ds.  buttons,  Ac.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  is  the  Cor- 
iK-cticut  Theological  Institute.  (See  East  Wixdsor  Uiu-^ 
Pop.  2580. 


EAS 


EBE 


EAST  WINDSOR,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  191.3. 

EAST  WINBSOR  UXhh,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  CO., 
Connectioiit,  about  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilartford.  Jt  is  the 
Beat  of  the  Connecticut  Theological  Institute. 

EAST  WINTIIUOP,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  CO.,  Maine. 
EAST  WO'BUll.X,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  CO.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 8  miles  N.N.W.  of  IJoston. 

EAST'WOUD,  two  pai'i.shes  of  England,  po.  of  E.ssex. 
EAST\V(JOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Nottingham. 
EA?T\VO(JD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew. 
EAST  WOOIKSTOCK,  a  post-office  of  ^Vindbam  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

EAST  ■WORCESTER,  (wOOs/t^r.)  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co.. 
New  York.  53  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 
E.\STYN,  a  town  of  Wales.    See  Hope. 
EAT'IXUTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Warwick. 
EAT'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
EATON,  two  townships  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
EATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
EATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
EATON,  a  post-township  of  Carroll  co..  New  Hampshire,  60 
miles  N.E.  of  Concord,     fop.  780. 

EATON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Madison  Co.,  New 
York,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Albany.  The  village  has  2  or  3 
churches,  .several  factories,  and  aljout  500  inhabitants.  In 
the  township  is  .Morrisville,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  3871. 

EATO.N,  a  post-township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  opposite 
Tunkhannock.     Pop.  938. 

EATON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Gibson  co..  Tennessee, 
on  the  Forked  Deer  River,  H'.i  miles  W.  of  Nashville.  The 
greater  part  of  the  cotton  produced  in  the  county  is  shipped 
at  this  place. 

EATON,  a  post-village  in  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  160  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Jatkson. 

E.\TON,  a  township  of  Lorain  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1206. 
E.\TON.  a  post-village  of  Washington  township,  and  capi- 
tal of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  on  Seven  Mile  Creek,  40  miles  N.  of 
Cincinnati.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  country,  and  is 
well  supplied  with  water-power.  About  a  mile  W.  of  Eaton 
is  the  site  of  Fort  St.  Clair,  which  was  erected  in  the  winter 
9f  17H1-J.  General  Harrison,  who  was  then  an  ensign,  com- 
manded the  guard  during  its  erection.  Eaton  is  on  the 
Cinrinnati.  Eaton  and  Riihniond  Railroad,  which  connects 
it  with  Cincinnati.  It  contains  6  churches,  1  bank,  2  news- 
paper offices,  a  Union  school,  a  woollen  factory,  an  iron 
foundry,  a  machine  shop,  and  2  manufactories  of  (lax.  Laid 
out  in  1806.     Pop.  in  1850,  1346;  in  1S60,  about  1800. 

EATON,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Michigan,  contains 
676  .square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  Orand 
River,  and  drained  by  the  sources  of  Thornapple  and  Battle 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  is  mostly  a 
deep  calcareous  and  sandy  loam.  The  middle  and  N.  part  is 
heavily  timbered ;  the  southern  portion  is  occupied  with 
plains,  over  which  oak  trees  are  .scattered.  Named  in  honor 
of  John  II.  Eaton,  Secretary  of  War  under  President  Jack- 
son.   Capital.  Charlotte.    Pop.  10.476. 

EATON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Eaton  co., 
Michigan,  about  18  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  1270. 

E.\TON,  a  post-village   in   Denton   township  Eaton  co., 
Michigjin,  on  Thornapple  River,  about  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Lansing. 
E.\T0N,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Illinois. 
EATON,  a  small  village  of  Cedar  co„  Missouri. 
EAT'ON  RISII'OP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
EATON  BKAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Beds. 
EAT'ON  CEN'TUE.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  c-o.,New  Hamp- 
ihire.  <jO  miles  N.E.  of  Concord. 

EAT'ON   CON'STANTINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 
EATON  FIELD,  Enghind.    See  Ede.nfield. 
EATON  rtUANT.  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co.,  5Iaine. 
EAT'ON  HASTINGS,  (h.Wtings,)  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
)f  Berks. 
EAT'i  >N,  LITTLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
EATON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
EAT'ON  RAP'IDS.  a  post^village  and  township  of  Eaton  CO., 
Michigan,  on  Orand  Uiver,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lansing.     A 
aowspaper  is  published  in  the  village.     Pop.  2318. 

EAT'ON'S  COR'NERS.  a  village  of  Schenectady  co..  New 
York,  about  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alliany. 

E,\T'ON"S  N  ECK.  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Ilunting- 
d(  n"s  Bay.  Long  Island     On  it  is  a  fi.xed  light,  134  feet 
ab^ive  the  level  of  the  sea.    Lat.  40°  57'  5"  N.,  Ion.  73°  24' 
12  ■  W. 
X  ATON  SOC'ON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
E  AT'ONTON,  a  flouri.shing  post-village,  capital  of  Putnam 
CO.,  lieorgia,  is  situated  on  a  high  ridge,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Willi  dgeville.     A  branch  railroad  extends  from  this  village 
to  Mi'ledi;eville.  and  connects  with  the  Central  Kailroad.  It 
is  a  place  of  some  iiuportance  on  account  of  its  excellent 
schools.   It  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  2  academies,  and 
1  carriage  factory.     Pop.  2009. 
EAT'ONTON  FACTORY,  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Georgia, 


on  Little  River,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  i-is  a 
cotton  factory,  employing  about  100  operatives,  and  a  capi- 
tiil  of  $70,000. 

EAT'O.NTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  .ler- 
sey,  11  miles  E.  of  Freehold.  It  contains  an  academy,  and 
between  30  and  40  dwellings. 

EAT'ON  YILLE,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  CO.,  New  York, 
75  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

EAU-PLEINE.  o  plain,  a  post-office.  Portage  co.,  WisccTisin. 

EAU.\-BONNES.  LES,  lazeol)onn,  or  AAS,  Is.  a  hamlet 
of  France,  department  of  Ba-sses-Pyrenees,  22  miles  S.  of 
Pau,  frequented  tor  its  sulphur  springs. 

EAUX-CHAUDES,  LES.  lize  o  shod,  or  AIGUESCHAU- 
DES.  aig-shod.  a  hamlet  of  France,  adjacent  to  Eaux-Bonneft 

EAUX-VIYES,  o-veev,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Geneva,  on  the  S.E.  shore  of  l.ake  Leman.     Pop.  14f.2. 

E.^UZE,  oz.  cr  ELSE,  I'z.  (anc.  i2iisa,)  a  town  of  Fiai-ce, 
departmentofGers.  on  the  Geli.se.  an  affluent  ot  the  tiaronne, 
aiTondissement,  and  15  miles  S.W.  of  Condom.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4082. 

EAY'RSTOWN,  airstown,  a  village  of  Burlington  co..  New  , 
Jersey,  on  the  S.  branch  of  Rancocus  Creek.  4  miles  S.  of 
Mount  Holly.    It  has  2  mills  and  about  20  houses. 

EBBEUSDORF-AM-MOOS,  a  village  of  Austria.  See 
Ebrkiciisdorp. 

EB/RERSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

EBBES/BORNE-WAKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

EBBS-FLEET,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  3i  mile! 
W.S.W.  of  Ramsgate. 

EBELEBEN,  A'bfh-l.Vbfn,  a  small  town  of  Central  Ger- 
many, 9  miles  S.W.of  Schwarzburg-Sondershauseu.  Pop.  831. 
It  has  a  palace  of  the  sovereign  prince. 

EUELSBEKG,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Ebersbero. 

EB'ELTOFT,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  18 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Aarhuus,  on  a  bay  of  the  Cattegat.  Rop. 
llOO.     It  has  a  small  harbor. 

EB'ENE'ZEK,  a  post-tiffice  of  Indiana  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

EBENEZEU,  a  village  of  Effingham  co..  Georgia,  on  the 
Savannah  Kiver,  25  miles  alx)ve  Savannah.  It  is  among  the 
oldest  places  in  the  state.     The  tirst  settlers  were  Germans. 

I;benezER,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia,  112 
miles  W.  of  August!!. 

EBENEZER.  a  po.st-village  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi. 

EB^ENE'ZER  CREEK,  of  Georgisi,  flows  into  Savannah 
River  about  9  miles  E.  of  Springfield,  in  Fiffingham  county. 

EB'ENE'ZEKYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Y'ork  district.  South 
Carolina.  80  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

F>BENFUI!T,  !l'ben-f06Rt\  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  24 
miles  S.  of  Vienna,  on  the  Leitha.     Pop.  Iu0<^>. 

E'BENSBUKG,  a  jjost-borough,  capital  of  Cambria  co., 
I'ennsylvania.  is  situated  on  an  eminence  a  few  miles  W.  of 
the  main  Alleghany  chain,  74  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Pittsburg. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  nn  academy,  a  town  hall,  7 
churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices.     Pop.  1002. 

EBERBACH,  i'bf  r-bdK\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Neckar,  23  miles  E.  of 
Mannheim.     I'op.  3050. 

EBERBACH,  a  village  of  Nassau,  near  the  right  hank  of 
the  Rhine,  3  miles  N.  of  Ilattenheim.  It  had  formerly  an 
important  abbey,  the  buildings  of  which  are  now  used  as  a 
house  of  correction.  Its  vineyard  is  the  most  elevated  in 
Itheingau,  (200  feet.)  and  produces  one  of  the  best  wines  of 
the  district. 

EBEKGASSING,  iV^r-gh'^ag,  or  OEBERGASSLING, 
((EbergSssling,)  yber-gh^s'sling.  a  village  of  Lower  Austria, 
on  the  Fische,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vienna. 

EB/ERLEE,  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  7  miles  N.E, 
of  Greencastle. 

E1VF;RLEYILLE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

f:B'EKLY'S  mill,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

EBEKMANNSTADT,  .Vbfr-mann-stiitt,  a  town  of  Bavh- 
ria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  15  miles  S,E.  of  Bamberg. 
Pop.  051. 

EBERN,  A'bfrn.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Baunach,  45 
miles  N.E.  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  1102. 

EBERNBUKG,  a'bern-bC6Ro\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Palati- 
nate, on  the  Nahe,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Mentz. 

EBEUSBACH,  A'bers-bte\  a  village  of  Saxony,  14  miles 
S.W.  of  Bautzen,  on  the  Bohemian  frontier.  Pap.  5C20.  It 
is  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the  linen  manuiiicture  of 
Saxony. 

EBEHSBERG.  A'bers-bjRo\  or  EBELSBERG.i'bels-bJRG\ 
a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Traun,  4  miles  S.S.F).  of 
Lintz.  The  French  defeated  the  Austi-ians  here,  May  3d.  1S09. 

EBEHSBERG,  a  village  of  Upper  Bavaria,  18  miles  E,S.E. 
of  Munich,  with  1004  inh.ibitants. 

EBEKSBURG,  lt/hps-h66m\ a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  i 
miles  E.  of  Backnang. 

EBEUSDORF,  i'bers-doRf  \  a  market>town  of  Germany,  in 
the  principality  of  Reuss,  39  miles  S.S.E.  of  Weimar,  and  a 
fine  residence  of  the  sovereign  prince.  Here  Napoleon  issued 
his  first  proclamation  to  the  Saxons,  in  1806.    Pop.  1312. 

606 


EBE 

EBERSDORF-AM-MOOS.    See  Ebreichsdoiif. 

BBKRSDORF,  KAISER,  (kl'zfr.)  a  village  of  Lower  Austria, 
6  miles  S.E.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1136. 

EBKRSHEIM,  A/bers-hrme\  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
Bufnt  of  Bas-Rhin,  on  the  Strasbourg  and  Mulhausen  Rail- 
way, 4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Schelestadt.     Pop.  lot>4. 

EB'ERSOLE'S  WARE/HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Mason  co., 
Kentucky. 

EBERSTADT,  AAbgr-stitt\  a  market-town  of  Hesse-Darm- 
gtddt.  4  miles  S.  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  1792. 

EBESFALA^A,  i/b^sli'foI'v6h\  a  royal  free  town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, 35  miles  N.E.  of  Hermmannstadt.     Pop.  2900. 

EBIIAUSEN,  6b-h6w'zen,  or  MOLLHAUSEN,  (MSUhau- 
een.)  mol-hfiw'zf  n,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  about  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Nagold. 

EBUER,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Abher. 

EBINGEN,  i'bing-?n,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  10  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Babliugen.  on  the  S<?hmiecha.  Pop.  4384.  It  has 
manufiictures  of  woollen  cloths,  hosiery,  and  leather. 

EBLANA.     See  DuuLi.v. 

EBLERN,  §b'iern,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  circle  of 
Judenberg.  on  the  Ens.  Pop.  (500.  It  has  copper-mines  and 
foundrie.s,  producing  annu."i'ly  from  18.000  to  20,0tJ0  cwt.  of 
copper  pyrites,  150  cwt.of  fulphur,  and  500  cwt.  of  vitriol. 

EBOE,  a  town  of  Guinea.    See  Aboh. 

EBOLI,  i'bo-le,  or  EVOIil,  4'vo-le,  (ane.  Ehuri.)  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sa- 
lerno.   Pop.  4200. 

EB'OXY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

EBOHA,  a  town  of  Portugal.    See  Evora. 

EBOKACUM.    Seo  York. 

EBRE.  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Ebko. 

EBREICHSDORF.  SWrlKS-doRfN  or  EBERSDORF-AM- 
MOOS,  i/bers-doRr-lm-moce,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  6 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ebeufurt.    Pop.  800. 

EBREUIL,  A^brui',  (anc.  Ehroliumf)  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  AUier,  5  miles  W.  of  Gannat,  on  the  Sioule. 
Pop.  in  1862,  2446. 

EBKING  EN,  iWring-en,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  4  mil«a  S.W.  of  'Freiburg.    Pop.  1100. 

EB'RIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  2 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Chipping-Caniden.  It  gives  the  title  of  vis- 
count to  the  yart<?scue  family. 

EBltO,  ee'bro,  (Sp.  pron.  A/Bro;  Fr.  Ehre,  aib'r;  anc.  IMitis.) 
a  river  in  the  N.E.  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  province  of  Santander, 
12  miles  W.  of  Reynosa,  flows  generally  S.E.,  past  LogroHo, 
Calahorra*  Tadela,  Saragossa.  and  Tortosa.  and  enters  the 
Mediterranexn,  in  lat.  40°  42'  N..  Ion.  0°  50'  E.  Length. 
340  milef.  It  is  navigable  from  Tudela.  but  its  navigation 
is  dilBcnlt.  on  account  of  its  rapidity  and  the  rocks  in  its 
bed.  anfl  several  canals  have  been  cut  for  its  improvement. 

EB1WPUNU.M,  or  EBURODUNUM  CATURIGIUM.  See 
Embrun'. 

EBf'AMBOOL,  or  EBSAMBUL.    See  Ips.\mbool. 

EBSTUHF,  ^bs'tonf  or  t'ps'toHf  a  town  of  Hanover,  princi- 
pality, and  15  miles  S.  of  Liiueburg.    Pop.  866. 

EBUDES.    See  Hebrides. 

EBUKACUM.    See  York. 

EBURI.    See  Ebou. 

EBUROVICES.     See  Evredx. 

EBUS.  A^boos',  or  BOS,  bos,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Mindoro,  with  which  it  forms  a  good 
harbor.    It  is  about  Ij  miles  in  circuit. 

EBUSUS.    Seelvi?.^. 

ECAUSSINES,  A'kos'seen',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  on  the  Senne  and  on  the  Namur  Railway,  13 
miles  X.E.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2680. 

ECBATANA.    See  H.\madax. 

ECCHINSWELL,  Jk'kiuz-well,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Hants. 

EC'CLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ECCLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk 

I'XJCLES.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick.  The  cele- 
brated Lord  Kaimus  was  lx)rn  in  this  parish. 

ECCLESALL-BIERLOW,  ^k'k'lz-il-beer'lO,  a  township  of 
England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

ECCLKSCLIFFE.  a  parish  of  England.    See  E.aolesclffe. 

ECCLESt'ECHAX,  Jk'kl's-f^k'an,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co., 
and  14  miles  2.  of  Dumfries.     Pop.  768. 

ECCLKSFi  ''I.D.  a  mrish  of  England.  co.Tork,West  Riding. 

ECCLESHALL,  ek'klz-hil,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Grand  .Junction  Railway, 
where  it  joins  the  .Manchester  and  Birmingham  Railway.  Oi 
miles  W. N.W.  of  Stafford.  Pop.  4730.  Its  church  afforded 
a  sanctuary  to  Queen  Margaret  of  .4njou.  The  Bishops  of 
Litchfield  owned  the  manor  at  the  time  of  the  Contiuest.  and 
have  inhabited  the  Ciistle  here  since  the  thirteenth  century. 

ECCL ESIII LL,  a,  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ECCLE.^HIM,.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

ECCLESMACIIAN,  ^k'k  Iz-maK'jn,  a  parish  of  Scotland.' 
eo.  of  Linlithgow. 

ECyOLESTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

ECCIjE.STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ECCLKSTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

EC^CLESTON,GREAT,  a  township,  England,  co.  Lancaster. 
<iO« 


ECL 

ECDAI/LAH  or  EKDUL/LAII,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Allahabad,  on  the 
Ganges. 

ECHACON'NEE,  also  called  TOCIIOCU'XO,  a  creek  of  Geoi* 
gia.  flows  S.E.,  and  enters  Ocmulgeo  River  at  the  S.  extie> 
mity  of  Bibb  county. 

ECIIACONNEE,  a  village  of  Bibb  co.,  Georgia,  on  EclmcotH 
nee  Creek. 

ECHALLEX'S,  A'shdriftNo',  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  Talent,  8  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Lausanne.     Pop.  800. 

ECHAUFFOUR,  A'shorfooR/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  19  miles  E.  of  Argentan.     Pop.  17U.5. 

ECHELLES,  LES,  Uze  i^shfeU',  (?.  c.  "  the  st;urs,'')  a  village 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Savoy,  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Chambery,  on  the  Guiers.  It  is  named  from  the  stairs 
which  formerly  existed  here,  and  which  liave  been  replaced  by 
a  new  road  cut  in  the  mountain,  over  a  space  of  lOUO  feet, 
begun  by  Napoleon,  and  finished  by  the  King  of  Sardinia 
in  1817. 

ECHMIED'ZIN'  or  ETCHMIADZIN,  Jtch-me-ad-zeen',  a 
town,  and  the  ecclesiastical  capital  of  Armenia,  in  the  Rus- 
sian duminious,  province,  and  15  miles  W.  of  Erivan,  and  25 
miles  X.  of  Mount  Ararat.  It  has  a  large  fortified  convent, 
comprising  a  magnificent  church,  bazaars,  Ac,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  Catholicos,  or  primate  of  the  Armenian  Church. 

ECHMIN,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Akhmym. 

ECIIT,  ^Kt,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

ECHT,  6Kt.  or  EGT,  ^Ht.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Limburg.9niiIesS.W.ofRoermond,  on  theMeuse.  Pop.  1500. 

ECHTERDIXGEN,  ^K'tfr-ding^n,  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg, circle  of  Neckar,  5  miles  S.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1636. 

ECHTERNACH,  ^K'tfr-nitK\  a  town  of  Netheriands,  pro- 
vince of  Luxemburg,  on  the  Sure,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Lux- 
emburg.   Pop.  3723. 

ECHZELL.  ^K-ts^U',  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt.  in  Ober- 
hes.sen,  on  the  Horloff.  5  miles  S.S.E.of  Giessen.     I'op.  1615. 

ECU  A,  (fthe-ad,  {a.nc.  Astigi,)  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  52  miles  E.N.E.  of  Seville,  on  the  Genii.  I'op.  28,370. 
It  has  numerous  convents,  hospitals,  churches,  and  Roman 
remains;  and  a  fine  public  walk  near  the  river,  ornamented 
with  statues  and  fountains.  Its  vicinity  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  oil,  hut  the  town  is  .so  hot  as  to  be  called  the  ••  frying- 
pan  of  Andalusia."  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen 
cloths,  linens,  and  leather. 

ECK,  LOCH,  16k  fek,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argjie, 
between  Lochs  Long  and  Fyue.  Length,  7  mUes,  bretidth, 
;  a  mile, 

ECKARTSBERGA.  gk'karts-fjjRVa,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  1628. 

ECICE.NBERG.  a  village  of  Austria.     See  Eogenberg. 

ECKERXFORDE,  (EckeriU"orde.)ek'kern-foRMeh. or  ECK- 
ERXFIOltD,  Jk'ern-fe-ORd',  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  in 
Gottorf,  on  an  iiilet  of  the  Balric.  10  mUes  E.  S.  E.  of  Sles- 
wick.  Pop.  3800.  It  has  a  suburb  joined  to  it  by  a  bridge, 
an  invalid  a.sylum,  and  a  normal  school ;  with  distilleries, 
ship-yards,  and  malting-trade. 

ECKEUgDORF,  ^k'kers-doRf\  a  village  of  Prussia,  in 
Breslau,  circle  of  Glatz.     Pop.  955. 

ECKIJRSDORF,  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Lieg- 
nitz.  circle  of  Sagan.     Pop.  1042. 

ECKERSDORF,  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Bres- 
lau. circle  of  Xamslau.    Pop.  1183. 

ECK'FORD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  in  the 
vale  of  Teviot,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kelso.  Here  are  ruins  of 
the  border  tower  of  Cessford. 

ECK  FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part  of 
Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  about  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Lansing. 
Pop.  1023. 

ECKHUNG  CHOO,  Jk'kOng'  choo.  a  river  of  Thibet,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  main  head-stream  of  the  Indus.  1 1  rises  in 
theKaihis  Mountains,  lat.  31°  20'  N.,  Ion.  81°  16'  E.,  whence 
it  flows  N,E.,  and  assumes  the  name  of  the  Indm  .ibout  loo. 
79°  E.     At  Ion.  80°  E.  it  is  joined  by  the  Singhey  Choo. 

ECK'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  iingland,  co,  of  Worce.ster. 

ECKIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 

ECK'.M.\XSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co..  Ohio,  oa 
the  plank-road  from  Ripley  to  Locust  Grove,  10  miles  N.  of 
the  Ohio  River. 

ECKMOHL,  Jk'mul.  (Ger.  EgrpnUhl.  Jk'mUl.)  a  village  c* 
Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  Bavari,i."  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ratisbon, 
on  the  Great  Laber.  It  is  celebrated  for  a  victory  of  tlio 
French  over  the  Austrians,  22d  April,  1809,  for  which  Da^ 
voust  was  created  Prince  of  EckniUhl. 

ECLI  I'SE,  e-klips/,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co,,  Tennessee, 

ECLIPSE  (e-klips')  1SL.\XDS,  a  cluster  of  small,  roc'iy, 
barren  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  S,W. 
coast  of  Australia:  lat.  35°  12'  S.,  Ion.  117°  53'  E. 

ECLUSE,  L',  l.i'klUz'.  an  important  frontier  fort  of  France, 
department  of  Ain.  alx)ve  the  Khone,  14  miles  S,W,  of  (leneva. 
It  commands  the  only  entrance  into  France  between  .>>eyssel 
and  St,  Genaix,  and  "has  latterly  been  greatly  streKjthencd 
by  additional  batteries, 

ECLUSE,  L',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  6 
miles  S,  of  Douai,    Pop.  1691. 


ECL 


ECU 


ECLUSE,  L',  the  French  name  of  the  Dut«h  town  Slurs. 

KCOM.MOY,  A^koinHnwi'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe.  13  miles  S.S  E.  of  Le-Mans.     Pop.  in  1852,  3tl31. 

ECON'OMY,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Beaver 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  and 
on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Kailroad,  17  miles  N.W.  of 
Pittsburg.  It  is  a  settlement  of  Germans,  called  the  Har- 
mony Society,  who,  under  the  direction  of  George  Rapp, 
emigrated  from  Germany,  and  finally  established  themselves 
here  in  1825.  They  own  3500  acres  of  land,  which,  together 
with  their  other  property,  is  held  in  common.  The  village 
is  situated  on  a  plain,  and  contains  about  100  houses,  a 
large  church,  a  school-house,  a  museum,  and  manufactories 
3f  wool,  cotton,  silk,  and  flour.  Their  patriarch  Rapp  died 
In  1847.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1220. 

ECONOMY,  a  postoffice  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

ECONOMY,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Whitewater  River,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Centreville. 

ECORCE,  d^kors'.  a  postrtownship  in  the  E.  part  of  Wayne 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  W'.  side  of  Detroit  River,  80  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Lansing.     Pop.  2396. 

ECOKK  A  FA BRE,  a  village  of  Arkansas.    See  Camden. 

ECOSSK  and  ^COSSAfS.    See  Scotland. 

ECOUCIlf;.  A'koo'shi',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Orne,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Argentan,  on  the  Orne.     Pop.  1506. 

ECOUEN,  .Vkoo-Sxo' or  i^kwfiN"'.  a  market^town  of  Fiance, 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  10  miles  N.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in 
1852,  1042.  Its  tine  chateau,  built  in  the  time  of  Fr.ancis  I., 
is  now  a  house  of  education  for  the  children  of  military 
officers. 

ECOURT-ST.-QUENTIN,  A'kooR/-sJN<'-kaN''HS\«',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  arrondissement  of 
Arras,  canton  of  Marquion.  Pop.  1803.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cloths. 

ECREIIOU,  Jk'r^hoo',  a  group  of  low  rocky  islets  in  the 
English  Channel,  about  6  miles  N.E.  of  the  island  of  Jerftev. 

EC'RICOK'  or  IC'RICOK'.  a  town  of  Guinea,  capital  of'a 
chiefship.  on  the  Old  Calabar  River,  here  upwards  of  1  mile 
in  breadth,  alxjut  100  miles  N.  of  its  mouth.  The  hou.ses 
are  of  earth  and  raised  on  platforms.  Old  Ecricok  is  much 
higher  up  the  siime  river. 

ECSEU,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Etsed. 

ECSEG,  AVhJg',  a  vill.age  of  Hungary,  in  Hither  Danube, 
CO.  of  Neograd,  on  the  Zagyra,  about  12  miles  from  Hatvan. 
Pop.  152;i. 

ECTON,  a  paii.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ECUADOR,  ^k-wi-doR/,  (i.  e.  "  Equator ;"  Fr.  E-jiiatfur, 
i'kwd^tint/;  Port.  J-y/nadnr.  .i-kwA-dOn/.)  a  republic  of  South 
America,  lying  under  the  eciuator,  whence  it  takes  its  name. 
It  extends  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific,  from  the  mouth  of 
the  P.atia.  in  lat.  2°  30'  N..  to  the  S.  end  of  the  Gulf  of 
Puna  or  Bay  of  (iuayaquil,  in  lat.  3°  20'  8.  From  this  point 
tho  boundary  line  strikes  S.E.  along  the  river  Tumhez.  about 
60  miles  to  the  Cordillera,  which  it  follows  S.  to  lat.  IP  20'  S. 
and  then,  turning  E.  till  it  reaches  the  Marailon,  which  it 
follows  in  its  winding  course  E.  by  N.  into  the  wilds  of  the 
Interior.  Such  is  the  S.  boundary  of  the  state.  The  N. 
boundary  is  traced  in  like  manner,  E.  from  the  source  of  the 
Patia  across  the  Cordillera,  to  the  source  of  the  Fragua.  and 
down  this  stream  to  the  .lapura,  which  it  follows  E.  by  S.  into 
the  boundless  forests.*  The  .Tapura  joins  the  Maraflon  or 
river  of  Amazons  within  the  Brazilian  territory,  and  the  line 
of  demarciition  between  the  two  .states  in  the  unfreriuented 
region  of  the  interior  has  not  been  as  yet,  we  believe,  autho- 
ritatively settled.  Geographers,  however,  draw  a  boundary 
line  nearly  In  the  meridian  of  70°  W.,  from  Tabatinga.  where 
the . la vari  joins  the  MaraHon.  to  the  river  .lapura  or  Caqueta. 
so  that  the  state,  thus  limited,  1ms  New  Granada  on  the  N., 
Peru  on  the  S.,  the  Pacific  on  the  W..  and  Brazil  on  the  E. 
Its  greatest  breadth  from  N.  to  S.  is  near  the  sea-coasts  be- 
tween the  extreme  points  already  indicated;  towards  the  E. 
It  (X)ntr.aets  uniformly.  Its  length,  from  Cape  San  Lorenzo, 
Ion.  80°  40',  to  its  E.  limit,  is  about  800  miles:  and  the  area 
of  the  state,  probably,  does  not  fall  short  of  240,000  square 
miles.     Pop.  in  1858,  1,040,.371. 

Of.rural  View. — This  state,  like  the  others  situate  along 
the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  embraces  every  variety  of  cli- 
mate, having  tiej-ras  ealientes  or  low  tracts,  insufferably  hot ; 
templmdiis  or  temperate  regions,  from  6000  to  9000  feet  above 
the  sea :  frias  or  cold  districts,  extending  from  the  upper 
limits  of  the  preceding  to  the  borders  of  the  paramos  or  cold 
deserts,  lying  Iwtween  the  elevation  of  11.000  feet  and  the 
limits  of  perpetual  snow:  and.  finally,  the  iievadns  or  snowy 
heights  themselves.  The  culminating  summits  in  this  part 
of  the  Andes  are  ranged  close  together  in  double  file,  or 
along  the  outer  edges  of  a  n.arrow  elevated  longitudinal  ridge. 
in  tlie  hollows  of  which  is  collected  the  chief  population  of 
the  state.  On  the  W.  of  this  ridge,  towards  the  sea,  the  de- 
clivities of  the  Cordillera  are  covered  with  dense  forests. 
On  the  E.  also  impenetrable  forests  occupy  the  mid  region, 

*  On  the  map  accompanying  Lieutenant  Ilerndon's  explora- 
tion of  tlie  Amazon,  no  p.irt  of  the  A.mazon  or  Maraiion  is  on  or 
within  the  boumJaries  of  Ecuador,  nor  does  the  Japura  form  .^ny 
part  of  the  N.  boundary  ;  but  as  it  has  no  explanation  in  the  text, 
we  have  preferred  tc  fcUow  the  Imperial  Gaietteer. 


between  the  temperate  heights  and  those  intermin.ahle  and 
periodically  desert  plains  below,  which  are  here  called  by 
the  Spanish  name  Llanos,  and  which  resemble  the  pumpaa 
and  savannas  of  other  regions. 

Cordilleras. — Tlie  central  ridge  or  elevated  region  of  Ectj^ 
dor  is  formed  by  a  double  range  of  snow-clad  mountiiiis — 
several  of  them  active  volcanoes — which  enclose  a  longitu- 
dinal valley,  varying  in  elevation  from  8800  to  13.900  feet, 
and  divided,  as  will  be  seen,  by  transverse  harriere.  The.s« 
mountains,  which  figure  as  the  most  remarkable  volcania 
group  on  the  earth,  are  as  follows : — 

E.  Range.  Abs.  HeigtU 

Koet. 

Cayambe I!»,a35 

Guiimanl 

ADtisana 19.137 

Cotopaxl 18,875 

Quelemdama 

Tunguragua 16,i21 

Sangay 16,138 


■W.  Range.  Abs.  Height. 

Feet. 

Paste 13,450 

Cumbal 15,620 

C'utaoa;be 16,380 

Pichlnetia l.'i,9--'4 

Corazou l,'i,795 

Ilin^a 17,380 

Carguarazo 15,540 

Chimborazo •il.iti 


Thus,  within  a  distance  of  250  miles,  there  rise  in  succes- 
sion at  least  a  dozen  mountiiins  surpa.ssing  Mont  Blan« 
in  absolute  elevation,  besides  many  more  which  just  reach 
the  line  of  perpetual  congelation.  At  the  N.  limit  of  Ecuador, 
the  two  chains  uniting  form  the  Paramos  de  los  Pastes, 
having  on  their  N.and  S.  borders  respectively  the  volcanoes 
of  Pasto  and  Cumbal,  and  inhabited  to  a  height  of  10,200 
feet.  Towards  the  S.,  the  snowy  Cordilleras,  separating, 
enclose  the  long  valley  of  Quito,  which  is,  however,  more 
elevated  than  the  city  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  The 
village  of  Lulumbamba  or  Gualabamba  in  this  valley,  and 
the  Nevado  of  Cayambe,  lie  directly  under  the  equator. 
About  40  miles  S.  of  the  equator,  the  valley  of  Quito  is  closed 
by  the  Alto  de  Chisinche,  where  the  two  branches  of  the 
Andes  unite  in  a  single  narrow  ridge,  not  quite  600  feet 
al)ove  the  adjacent  plains.  S.  of  Chisinche  again  the  ridge 
opens,  and  the  valley  of  Hambato  extends  about  15(J  miles 
in  length,  between  Chimborazo  and  Carguarazo  on  the  one 
side,  and  the  group  of  Sangay  on  the  other.  It  terniinBtes 
on  the  S.  at  the  trachytic  ridge  of  Assuay.  where  the  Paramo 
attains  the  absolute  height  of  15,440  feet.  Beyond  this, 
towards  the  S.,  the  valley  of  Cuenca  succeeds,  and  stretches 
about  30  miles  to  the  mountains  of  Loja.  the  elevation  of 
which  does  not  exceed  700t>  feet.  None  of  the  summits  on 
the  sides  of  this  valley  attain  the  height  of  perpetual  snow; 
indeed,  the  highest  of  them  probably  does  not  exceed  11.000 
feet:  and  beyond  the  valley  of  Cuenca,  towards  the' Maraflon. 
the  hills  sink  to  an  elevation  of  2000  or  3000  fiiet.  Among 
the  m(mntains  enumerated  above,  Chimlorazo  holds  the 
first  place.  Cotopaxi,  tliough  not  the  highest,  is  the  most 
celebrated  and  conspicuous  peak  in  this  most  remarkable 
region  of  the  Andes.  It  at  once  attracts  the  eje,  being  a 
perfectly  symmetrical  truncated  cone,  presenting  a  unilbrm 
unfurrowed  field  of  snow  of  resplendent  briglitness.  It  is 
not  to  its  beauty,  however,  that  it  owes  its  celebrity,  but  to 
its  terrific  eruptions,  which,  recurring  frequently  in  the 
course  of  the  last  and  the  beginning  of  the  present  century, 
totally  changed  the  face  of  the  S.  part  of  the  valley  of  Ham-' 
bato,  overturned  the  towns,  or  buried  them  under  scorise 
and  ashes.  Riobamba  was  destroyed,  in  1797.  by  an  erup- 
tion of  Tunguragua,  when  the  rivers,  dammed  up  by  masses 
of  rock  falling  from  the  mountains,  swept  away  every  vestige 
of  the  town.  Great  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  perished 
on  that  occasion.  Pichincha,  which,  previous  to  the 
Spanish  conquest,  was  an  active  volcano,  rises  immediately 
above  the  plain  of  Quito.  Its  crater  is  3  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  may  be  viewed  by  a  spectator  lying  flat  on  the 
precipitous  rocks  which  form  its  brim.  Thus  seen,  it  appears 
to  be  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  plain  of  Quito,  or  about 
6600  feet  (1 J  miles)  deep,  and  is  quite  black  within,  while 
its  upper  edges  are  covered  with  snow. 

Valbx/s. — The  cultivated  land  of  Ecuador  lies  chiefly  in 
the  valley  which  extends  along  between  the  summits  of  the 
Cordillera,  and  which  may  be  considered  as  divided  by  trans- 
verse ridges  or  dykes  into  the  valleys  of  Quito.  Hambato, 
and  Cuenca.  The  average  height  of  this  tract  is  about  9000 
feet  above  the  sea.  thoug-h  .at  its  S.  extremity,  at  and  beyond 
Loja,  it  sinks  about  200<J  feet.  Deep  clefts  or  crevices  some- 
times occur,  which  bring  the  tropical  vegetation  into  imme- 
diate contiguity  with  that  of  the  elevated  plains.  Thus  the 
luxuriant  rale  or  glen  of  Chota  penetrates  the  plain  of 
Ibarra,  at  a  depth  of  nearly  5000  feet.  The  inhabited  dis- 
tricts on  the  sea-side  at  Barbacoas.  Esmeraldas.  and  tiuaya- 
quil.  are  of  small  extent,  and  the  slopes  of  the  Andes  on 
both  sides  are  still  covered  with  wild  forests,  on  which  the 
encroachments  of  human  industry  are  scarcely  perceptible. 
These  forests,  with  the  snowy  heights  and  the  dreary  para- 
mos on  the  borders  of  the  snow,  occupy  nineteen  tweiitietlis 
of  the  area  of  the  state. 

Gerilogy,  d-c. — The  Andes  of  Ecuador  may  be  entitled,  col- 
lectively, a  volcanic  group,  but  as  yet  little  has  been  done 
towards  the  minute  examination  of  their  structure.  Chim- 
borazo is  known  to  be  a  mass  of  trachyte:  the  ridge  of 
Assuay  displays  the  sjime  formation;  lavas,  pumice,  and 
cinders,  cover  extensive  tracts  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Coto 

607 


ECU 


ECU 


pHxi  and  Sanpav.  Tet  the  syenitic  rocks  and  porphyries, 
elsewhere  so  characteristic  of  the  Andes,  occur  here  also; 
and  on  the  hei.::hts  of  Cuenca  the  causeways  and  ruined 
temples  of  the  Incas  are  constructed  of  freestone.  It  is  said 
that  gold  was  formerly  collected  in  several  river  beds  in  the 
Tallev  of  llamlMito  and  S.  towards  Zeruma.  and  silver  oivs 
are  believed  to  exist  in  various  parts  of  the  Cordillera;  sul- 
phuret  of  mercury  is  found  in  Cuenca,  and  platina  in  Bar- 
bacoas ;  but  no  attention  is  now  given  to  the  mines,  except- 
ing those  of  iron  and  copper.  Emeralds,  however,  are  still 
gathered,  chie.iy  by  Indians,  the  mines  beinir,  for  the  most 
part,  in  impenetrable  forests,  ou  the  side  of  the  river  Esmer- 
aldas. 

Jiivcrs.  <£c. — The  rivers  are,  for  the  most  part,  rapid  tor- 
rents, quite  unavailable  for  purposes  of  internal  communi- 
cation. Some  of  the  streams  on  the  coast  may  perhaps  be 
plied  for  a  few  miles  by  the  canoes  of  the  Indians,  but  com- 
merce derives  no-  aid  from  their  navigation.  The  rivers  of 
the  eastern  water-shed,  all  tributaries  of  the  Amazon,  have 
long  courses,  but  are  not  generally  navigable  till  they  reach 
the  plains  beyond  the  limits  of  the  settled  parts  of  the 
country.  The  Amazon,  however,  (here  called  Marafion.)  is 
navig-able  to  San  Borja  for  large  vessels,  and  for  lijrhter 
craft  to  Chuchunga.  Flowing  into  it  are  the  Santiago, 
Morona.  Pa.<taQa  or  Pastaza,  Chambira.  Tigre,  Xapo,  J^a  or 
Putumavo,  and  Caqueta  or  Japura;  the  last  thi-ee  rivers 
of  from  "iW  to  1000  miles  in  length,  and  all  having  a  S.E. 
course.  The  government  of  Ecuador  has  recently  thrown 
the  n.Hvigation  of  the  Amazon  and  its  tributaries  open  to 
the  world  :  hut  as  the  mouth  and  so  large  a  portion  of  the 
course  of  that  river  is  in  the  possession  of  Brazil,  the  act  is 
of  little  practical  importance,  except  as  an  indication  of  in- 
creased liberality  in  commercial  intercourse.  The  commu- 
nication by  post  with  the  settlements  (chiefly  missionary)  of 
the  interior,  on  the  banks  of  the  .MaraBon  was  formerly  and  is 
still  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  by  means  of  Indl-ins. 
who.  with  the  packets  of  letters  tied  in  a  handkerchief  round 
the  head,  swim  for  -"00  or  400  miles  down  the  great  river, 
aided  only  by  a  balsa  or  float  of  light  wood,  which  supports 
them  in  the  descent  of  the  rapids.  On  the  W.  or  maritime 
Bide  of  the  mountains  the  chief  rivers  are  the  Patia.  noted 
only  for  the  extreme  insalubrity  of  its  valley;  the  Mira,  the 
Esmerakias.  so  called  from  the  ancient  emerald  mines  (now 
deserted)  on  its  banks:  and  the  river  of  Guayaquil,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  two  small  streams,  the  Caracol  and  Daule. 
The  estuary  at  the  mouth  of  this  river,  being  protected 
towards'  the  sea  by  ti*  large  island  of  Puna,  forms  a  secure 
and  capacious  harbor,  sometimes  called  the  Gulf  of  Puna. 
This  island  is  remarkable  as  being  the  landing-plaoe  of 
Plzarro.  when,  in  1530.  he  led  his  adventurous  band  to  the 
cr>nquest  of  Peru.  Guyaquil.  one  of  the  principal  gulfs  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  lies  partly  within  the  republic  of  Ecuador, 
and  partly  within  Peru. 

Clifiiatf. — From  its  geographical  position,  and  double  range 
of  snow-olad  mountains.  Ecuador  may  be  readily  inferred  to 
)>ossess  variety  of  clim.ate.  so  far  at  least  as  temperature  is 
concerned.  But  the  practical  effects  of  this  variety  are  less 
striking  and  important  than  might  be  expected.  The  inha- 
bitants of  the  coast,  of  European  origin,  are  few  in  number; 
and  the  influential  population  has  selected  for  its  abode  not 
merely  a  temperate,  but  even  an  almost  invariable,  climate. 
On  the  plain  of  Quito.  93iX)  feet  al>ove  the  sea.  there  reigns 
a  perpetual  spring,  with  a  temperature  so  constant  that  even 
the  snow-line  on  the  surrounding  mountains  seems  hardly 
to  vary  throughout  the  year.  The  absolute  height  of  the 
line  of  perpetual  congelation  is  here  about  15.700  feet,  which 
is  considerably  lower  than  in  Bolivia,  where,  owing  to  the 
dryness  of  the  climate,  the  fall  of  snow  is  scanty.  At  Quito 
the  rain  is  abundant,  falling  generally  for  a  few  hours  in 
the  afternoon,  and  rarely  so  constant  or  so  heavy  as  to  mar 
seriously  the  enjoyment  derived  from  the  usually  bright 
sky  and  delicious  atmosphere.  It  is  popularly  believed 
that,  since  the  earthquake  of  1797.  the  tempeniture  of  tjuito 
and  the  adjoining  valley  has  been  lower  than  before;  but  it 
does  not  appear  that  any  change  has  taken  place  in  the 
vegetable  productions  of  the  country  since  that  event. 
Farther  S..  in  Loja,  and  E..  in  the  plains,  there  is  lass  rain 
than  at  Quito:  while  in  the  opposite  direction,  at  BarbapMs, 
it  rains  nearly  every  day  in  the  year.  The  country  round 
Guayaquil  is  inundated  to  a  great  "extent  in  the  rainy  season, 
(July, ;  after  which  it  remains  for  some  months  a  pestilential 
marsh,  from  which  issue  incredible  multitudes  of  mosquitoes, 
reptiles,  and  noxious  in.<!ects.  The  exemption  enjoved  by 
<{uito  and  the  elevated  valleys  from  these  plairues  is  counter- 
balanced by  their  liability  to  violent  earthquakes,  of  which 
they  are  constantly  reminded  by  the  ground  gaping  in  det»p 
tracks,  by  tottering  buildings,  and  other  monuments  of 
former  ruin.  The  hi:rh  lands  are  often  visited,  too.  by  gust.s 
of  wind,  of  indescribable  violence,  sometimes  accompanied 
with  sn->w. 

Znoln,  V. — All  that  we  know  of  the  zoology  of  Ecuador  is 
derived  fmm  |)opular  r<>port,  compared  with  the  scientific 
!nforni:iti()n  L'athered  in  theother  tropical  regions  of  America. 
The  pinna,  cougar  or  American  lion,  {Frlis  concicr.)  and  the 
stiU  more  formidable  jsiguar  or  American  tiger,  together 
fi08 


with  the  black  hear,  frequent  the  moun'tains  near  Quito, 
and  descend  even  to  the  sea-shore.  The  tapir  ( of  two  species) 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  wild  quadrupeds;  deer  are 
numerou-s.  but  generally  small.  The  sloth,  bats,  of  which 
one  species  (the  vampire)  is  destructive  to  cattle,  cavies, 
iguanas,  much  prized  as  deli.-ate  food,  and  monkevs  of 
many  species,  people  the  interminable  fjivsts.  As  to  the 
feathered  tribes,  the  reptiles,  and  insects,  thev  are  far  too 
numerous  to  be  specified  in  a  brief  sketch  like  this.  On  the 
sea-coast,  life  is  rendered  miserable  by  the  iiice.s.sant  stings 
of  flies  and  insects;  snakes  lie  coiled  in  the  path  of  the 
traveller;  and  the  lianks  of  ever)-  stream  are  guarded  by 
alligators.  Fish  of  many  kinds  are  inconceivably  abundant 
along  the  shore,  but,  owing  to  the  great  heat  of  the  climate, 
they  .are  of  little  value  to  the  inhabitants;  they  feed,  how- 
ever, myriads  of  birds,  of  various  species,  and  the  condor, 
among  the  rest-  is  said  to  visit  the  beach  twice  a  day  fi-om 
his  home  on  the  highest  Andes — 100  miles  distant — to  feast 
on  the  shell-fish  washed  ashore  by  the  tide. 

Vdyetatimi. — The  botanical  productions  of  this  country  are 
m.iny  and  intrinsically  valuable,  but  not  absolutely  peculiar 
to  it.  The  cinchona,  china,  or  quina.  (Jesuit's  bark.)  of 
Loja.  is  of  the  best  kind,  and  was  formerly  in  general  de- 
mand: but  the  price  now  paid  for  it  barely  defrays  the 
expense  of  carrying  to  the  sea-coast.  The  cocoa  of  the  .«ame 
locality,  and  of  the  coast  near  Guayaquil,  is  excellent,  and 
finds  a  ready  sale  in  Mexico.  Bice  and  pepper  al.so  are  culti- 
vated in  the  low  country,  while  the  plain  of  Quito  produces 
sugar-cane,  cotton,  maize,  and.  higher  up.  wheat  and  tiarley. 
^Vheat,  which  here  attains  the  greatest  perfection,  and  is 
extremely  prolific,  particularly  when  grown  on  irrigated 
lands,  may  be  regarded  as  the  characteristic  product  of  this 
country.  It  is  exported  chiefly  to  Guateni.al.-i.  In  the 
efjuable  climate  of  Quito,  wheat  can  ripen  at  any  time  of 
the  year,  and  the  sea.son  of  sowing  it.  depends,  in  the 
several  localities,  on  slight  differences  of  elevation.  An  indi- 
genous species  of  tobacco,  very  mild,  and  rendered  fragrant 
by  the  process  of  drying,  is  cultivated  in  the  neiirhborhood 
of  lioja.  The  vast  forests  of  large  timber,  and  the  abundance 
of  tropical  fruits,  on  the  sides  and  chiefly  at  the  W.  ff<it  of 
the  Andes,  add  little  to  the  wealth  of  the  state,  and  ser\-e 
at  present  only  to  shelter  and  support  a  few  tribes  of  wild 
Indians,  Agriculture,  considenrd  as  a  science,  is  in  a  low 
condition  in  this  as  in  the  neighboring  st,ites,  being  chiefly 
in  the  hands  of  the  aboriginal  race,  who  cling  obstinately  to 
their  old  habits. 

OrmmTce  and  Industry. — The  Indians  of  Ecuador  may  be 
considered  industrious,  though  they  never  manifest  the 
energy  of  the  European  race.  They  weave  cotton  cloth, 
make  quilts  and  carpet*,  which  last  are  highly  prized  on 
account  of  their  brilliant  and  unchange-tble  colors.  Their 
pottery  also  merits  commendation.  The  Indians  are  the 
miners,  the  agriculturists,  the  herdsmen,  and.  to  a  great 
extent,  the  manufacturers  al.so.  of  the  state.  On  the  coast 
they  formerly  carried  on  a  profitable  pearl-fishery :  but  of 
late  years  this  has  been  aliandoued.  chiefly  owing,  it  is  said, 
to  the  dread  of  a  large  cuttle-fish,  the  gr.isp  of  which  is  fatal 
to  the  divers.  That  the  natives  are  not  deficient  in  nautical 
skill  and  boldness  is  evident  from  their  Kh1s;is  or  rafts,  made 
of  light  wood,  on  which  they  often  venture  to  sea.  and  make 
voyages  of  200  or  300  miles  along  the  coast.  The  balsas  are 
sometimes  60  feet  long,  and  capable  of  carrving  25  tons  of 
merchandise.  The  native  ingenuity  is  still  further  mani- 
fested in  the  taravitas  or  rope  bridges,  of  various  kinds, 
thrown  over  torrents  and  across  profound  cha.Kms.  The  com- 
merce of  Ecuador  is  very  small,  and  is  chiefly  carried  on 
through  the  adjoiningportsof  New  Granada  and  Peru.  There 
is,  however,  some  trade  through  Guayaquil,  its  only  port. 

Government,  <£c. — The  form  of  government  is  republican, 
with  a  president  and  vice-president  as  the  head.  who.  in 
conjunction  with  a  sen.-ite  and  house  of  repi-esentatives, 
constitute  the  law-making  power.  In  the  .•idministration 
of  the  government  the  president  is  assisted  by  a  council  of 
state.  The  revenue  of  the  republic  in  1S411  was  $79-2.9tX). 
Men  of  all  races  and  complexions  are  politicallv  equal.  Be- 
ligious  liberty,  freedom  of  the  press,  and  election  to  office, 
are'  now  established  by  law.  .  But  the  whites  or  Spanish 
Creoles,  though  numerically  weak,  still  maintain  a  leading 
position,  by  means  of  their  superior  education  and  intelli- 
gence. It  is  said,  however,  that  they  are  excelled  in  the 
moral  qualities  and  in  purity  of  life  by  the  native  race;  and 
that  when  the.se  shall  have  l>een  raised  by  e<lucation,  the 
power  of  the  state  must  neces.'wrily  pass  into  their  hands. 
In  dress  and  domestic  manners  these  people  differ  in  nothing 
from  the  natives  of  Peru.  The  Spaniards  are  much  given 
to  indolent  enjoyment,  swinging  iii  hammocks,  and  .smoking 
cigars.  A  very  broad  hat.  braided  jacket  and  bree<"he«, 
coarse  buskins  on  hare  legs,  and  spurs  with  rowels  of  enoi-- 
m<>us  size,  form  the  dress  of  the  peasant.  The  cavalier 
generally  hides  his  other  finery  beneath  an  ample  mantillo 
or  clonk  of  cloth  or  velvet.  The  ladies  also  sometimes  con- 
ce.ll  themselves  in  capotes,  but  the  French  stylo  of  dress  is 
now  generally  adopted  by  the  upper  classes.  The  Spanish 
language  is  spoken,  but  education  is  in  a  very  backwurd 
state. 


ECU 


EDE 


ZhriHnns. — The  State  of  Ecuador  is  at  present  divided  into 
three  departments,  viz. :  Pk'uador,  which  comprises  Pichin- 
cha.  Chiral«5razo,  and  Imbamliura;  (iuayaquil.  comprising 
Guayafiuil  and  Manabi ;  and  Assiiay,  subdivided  into  ("uenca, 
Ijoja,  and  Jaen  de  Bracamoros.  The  department  of  (juaya- 
quil  comprises  the  entire  maritime  district  of  the  state;  the 
otliiT  two  embrace  the  hei;;hts  of  the  Cordillera.  As  to  the 
moile  in  which  the  Llanos  or  (Treat  eastern  plains  are  shared 
among  the  provinces,  we  cannot  find  any  statement;  and, 
Indeed,  it  does  not  appear  tliat  the  civilized  popuktion  of 
Ecuador  have  as  yet  descended  anywhere  into  those  plains, 
which,  so  far  as  the  missions  extend  ftlong  the  N.  banks 
of  the  .\mazon,  are  considered  as  depending  on  .Taen  de 
Bracamoros.  The  Galapagos  or  Turtle  Islands  under  the 
line,  and  in  Ion.  89°  .30'  to  91°  3'  W.,  are  also  claimed  though 
not  yet  occupied  by  this  state. 

Chii'f  Towns. — The  chief  towns  (proceeding  from  N.  to  S.) 
are  Ibarra,  at  the  foot  of  Cutacache;  Quito,  the  capital,  with 
70,000  inhabitants:  l!iobamb.a,  near  Chimlwrazo,  and  within 
a  few  miles  of  the  site  of  the  old  town ;  Cuenci,  which  ranks 
next  to  Quito  in  population,  having  20.000  inhabitants: 
Loja;  .Taen  de  Bracamoros,  only  a  large  village;  and  Guay.ir 
quil,  the  chief  port  of  the  state,  and  nearly  equal  in  size, 
while  superior  in  wealth,  to  Cuenca. 

Biimhili'in,  <fe. — Of  the  population  of  Ecuador,  the  abori- 
ginal red  race  or  Peruvians,  as  they  may  be  called,  speaking 
the  Quichua  or  some  cognate  language,  form  more  than 
half;  the  rest  are  negroes,  mulattoes.  mestizoes,  zamboes. 
and  whites,  the  last  a  small  minority.  The  negroes  are 
comparatively  ffew,  and  chiefly  on  the  coast;  indeed,  the 
little  maritime  towns  of  Esmeraldas,  Rio  Verde,  and  Ata- 
cames,  are  peopled  almost  wholly  by  zamboes,  or  that  breed 
of  mixed  negro  and  Indian  blood  which  is  is  said  to  inherit 
all  the  vices  of  lx>th  parent  stocks.  The  entire  popuUtion 
of  the  state  probably  exceeds  500,000. 

Anti'iuiticx. — In  the  time  of  the  Incas  the  mountain  region 
from  Quito  S.  ranked  next  to  the  plains  round  Titicai^a,  as 
the  seat  of  Peruvian  civilization,  and  the  remains  of  royal 
roads  or  causeways,  and  of  tambos  or  palaces,  still  attest,  at 
Cayambe  and  on  Assuay,  (more  than  13.000  feet  above  the 
sea.)  the  perseverance,  grandeur  of  design,  and  careful 
workmanship  of  the  natives. 

History. — Quito  formed  part  of  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru  till 
1564,  when  it  was  erected  into  a  separate  presidency.  In 
1717,  it  was  annexed  to  New  Granada,  but  at  the  end  of  five 
years  returned  to  its  former  separate  condition,  and  so  con- 
tinued till  the  revolution,  which  broke  out  in  1809.  The 
first  .attempts  at  insurrection  were  twice  suppressed;  and  it 
was  not  till  18-22  that  the  royalists  were  finally  vanquished 
in  Quito,  which  then  united  with  New  Granada  axiil  Vene- 
zuela to  form  the  republic  of  Columbia.  Continual  troubles 
and  revolts  harassed  the  new  republic,  till,  at  last,  in  1831, 
the  three  iU-united  states  agreed  to  separate,  and  to  form  so 
many  independent  confederated  republics,  dividingequitably 
between  them  the  Columbian  debt.  On  this  occasion  Quito, 
with  its  associated  provinces,  took  the  name  of  Ecuador. 

ECUKEUILS.  .VkUVui'  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Portneuf,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec 

EDAM,  A'dim'.  (L.  Kiamum.)  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Holland,  with  a  port  on  Zuyder-Zee,  12 
miles  N.E.  of  Amsterdam.     Pop.  4o2i. 

EDAM.  .'IVtdm',  an  i.-^land  on  the  N.  coast  of  Java,  9  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Batavia,  about  2  miles  in  circuit  and  very  woody. 
There  are  liere  some  storehouses  for  salt;  but  the  island  is 
chiefly  used  as  a  place  of  banishment. 

E'D.W,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  in  Scotland,  between 
Westray  and  Stronsay,  to  the  latter  of  which  is  a  ferry,  3 
miles  across.    Length,  f^i  miles;  breadth.  2j  miles. 

ED'BUUTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

EDD.  Md,  a  maritime  vill.age  of  Abyssinia,  lat.  1.3°  58'  N., 
Ion.  41°  40'  E.,  on  a  sandy  plain,  and  consisting  principally 
of  oblong  huts,  with  arched  tops,  and  an  outer  covering  of 
coarse  crass  mats. 

ED-DAIIMER,  Jd'-dJh'mer,  a  town  of  Nubia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Nile,  at  the  influx  of  the  Atbara,  80  miles  N.  of 
Shendy. 

EDDER.  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Eder. 

EDDERACIIYLIS,  §d'djr-raKHl-is,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
00.  of  Sutherland. 

EDDEKTt  »UN,  ed'der-toon\  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  Ross. 

ED'DINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Penob.scot 
».,  Maine,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Penobscot  River,  70  miles  N.E. 
of  Augusta.     Pop.  856. 

EDDLESBOROUGU,  ^d'd'lz-btir-ah,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Bucks. 

ED'DLESTONE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles. 

EDDY.  Jd'dee,  an  island  of  Ireland,  in  Galway  Bay,  CO., 
and  5  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Qalway ;  area,  95  acres.  It  contains 
the  ruins  of  an  old  castle. 

EIVDYS  CREKK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  enters 
Cumberland  River,  in  Caldwell  county,  near  Eddyville. 

ED'DYSTONE  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific, east  of  New  Guinea ;  lat.  8°  18'  S.,  Ion.  156°  30'  40"  E. 
The  natives,  who  are  black,  and  have  woolly  hair,  are  can- 
aibals. 

20 


ED'DYSTONE  LIGIIT-IIOUSE,  on  the  Eddystone  rocks, 
in  the  Engli.sh  Channel,  off  the  coast  of  Cornwall,  14  miles 
S.S.W.  of  nymouth  Breakwater.  Lat.  50°  1.0'  54"  N.,  Ion.  4° 
1.5'  5-j"  ^y.  It  was  built  in  1759,  of  Portland  stone  encased 
in  granite,  and  is  about  100  feet  high,  furnished  with  16 
powerful  argand-burners,  which  give  a  fixed  light  of  the 
first  magnitude. 

ED'DYS  VILLE  or  ED'DYVILLE,  a  post- village  of  Wapolle 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  river  Des  Moines,  15  miles  by  railroad  N.W. 
ofOttnmwa.     Pop.  917. 

ED'D  YTO \VN,  a  post-village  of  Yates  co..  New  York,  about 
190  miles  W.  of  Albany 

ED'DYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  Co.,  New  York, 
about  300  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

EDDYVILLE,  a  village  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York,  on  the 
Roiidout  Creek,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Hudson  River, 
about  55  miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Dela- 
ware and  Hudson  Canal. 

EDDY'VILLE,  a  iwst-village,  capital  of  Lyon  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Cumberland  River,  at  the  month  of  Eddy 
Creek,  about  10  miles  W.  of  Princeton.  It  has  1  or  2 
churches.  10  stores,  and  4  warehouses.     Pop.  599. 

EDDYVILLE.  a  village  of  Iowa.     See  EDDTSvn.LE. 

EDIO,  ElODE.  il/deh,  or  EDEN,  .Vden.  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  Gelderland.  11  miles  W.N.W.of  Arnhem,  on  the 
road  to  Amsterdam.     Pop.  1000. 

EDIiLENEY.  A'dA'lJfl'  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  Hither 
Theiss.  co.  of  Borsod,  on  the  Bodva,  12  miles  N.  of  Miskolcz. 
Pop.  1470. 

EDELFINGEN,  4'del-fingVn,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Jaxt.  on  the  Tauber,  2  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mergenfi- 
heim.     Pop.  1090. 

EDEN,  a  village  of  Holland.    See  Ede. 

E'DEN,  a  river  of  England,  rising  in  county  Westmore- 
land, flows  through  Cumberland,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  48 
miles  into  Solway  i'rith :  its  banks,  in  many  parts  are  very 
beautiful.     Its  salmon  fisheries  are  valuable. 

EDEN,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  flowing,  after  an  E, 
course  of  18  miles,  into  the  Bay  of  St.  Andrews,  in  the  North 
Sea. 

EDEN,  a  river  of  Scotland,  joins  the  Tweed  after  a  S.B. 
course  of  18  miles,  3i  miles  below  Kelso. 

EDEN,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  in  the 
northern  part  of  Mount  Desert  Island,  35  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Ban.gor.     I'op.  1247. 

EDEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lamoille  co.,  Ver- 
mont, about  30  miles  N.  of  Montpelier.  The  village  con- 
tains 1  church,  1  store,  1  tavern,  and  a  number  of  starch 
factories.     Pop.  of  the  township,  919. 

EDE.V,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Erie  co.  New  York, 
16  miles  S.  of  Buffalo.     Pop  24:i9. 

EDEN,  a  post-ofhce  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EDEN,  a  post-oflice  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Carolina. 

EDEX,  a  post-ofhce  of  Laurens  co..  South  Carolina. 

EDEN,  a  post-village  of  Bryan  CO.,  Georgia,  50  miles  N.  of 
Darien. 

EDEN,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  818. 

EDEN,  u  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1721. 

EDEN,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  about  150 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

EDKN,  a  township  in  Wyandott  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1247. 

EDEN,  a  post-ofhce  of  Ingham  CO.,  Michigan. 

EDI;N,  apost-ottice  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

EDEN,  a  township  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  685. 

EDE.V,  a  post-office  in  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois. 

EDE.V,  a  small  village  of  Randolph  co  ,  Illinois. 

EDEN,  a  township  in  Schuyler  Co.,  Illinois. 

EDEN,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa. 

EDEN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Fond  du  Lao 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  70  miles  N.E.  of  Madison.    Pop.  1271. 

E'DENBRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  with  a 
station  on  the  South-Eastem  Railway,  5  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Godstone. 

E'DEN  BURG,  a  thriving  post-village,  of  Shenandoah  co., 
Virginia,  on  Stony  Creek,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Woodstock.  It  is 
connected  by  a  turnpike  with  Staunton.    Pop.  1377. 

EDENBURG,  a  post-office  of  Cameron  CO.,  'Texas 

E'DENDEKRY,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Lelnst«r, 
King's  County,  near  the  bog  of  Allen,  32J  miles  W.  of  Dublin. 
Pop.  1850. 

ErOENFIELD  or  EATON  FIELD,  a  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lancaster. 

EDKNFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Irwin  co..  Georgia. 

E'DENIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland.  3 
miles  N.  of  Penrith.  The  church  contains  monuments  of 
the  Musgrave  family,  whose  noble  mansion  gives  name  to 
the  parish. 

E'DEN  HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  2J  miles 
N.W.  of  Bourn.  Grimsthorpe  Castle,  seat  of  Lord  W. 
D'Eresby.  is  in  this  parish. 

EDENKILLIE,  eeMgn-killee,  a  parish  of  Sootland,  co 
of Elzin. 

EDENKOBEN,  A/den-ko'ben,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  circle  of  Pfalz,  7  miles  N.  of  Landau.  Pop.  4900. 
It  has  mineral  springs,  and  importiut  grain  markets. 

609 


EDE 


EDI 


I/DEXSOR,  a  parisl  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
E'DEX"S  RIDOE.  a  phist-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 
E'DENTO.N,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  CO..  New  York. 
EDENTOX,  a  post-town,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of 
Chowan  co.,  North  Carolina,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Ed- 
enton  Bay,  which  opens  into  Albemarle  Sound,  a  little  below 
the  mouth  of  Chowan  Rirer,  150  miles  E.  of  Raleigh.    It  is 
one  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state,  and 
carries  on  some  trade.    June  30th,  1852.  1640  tons  of  ship- 
ping were  owned  and   employed    in  the  coist  trade,  and 
during  the  year  3  schooners,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
215  tons,  wei-e  built.   Edenton  contains  a  court-house,  bank, 
an  academy,  1  newspaper  office,  and  several  churches.    It 
was  settled  in  1716.     Pop.  in  1850,  1607. 
EDEXTON,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 
E/DEN  A'AL/LEY,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 
E/DEN  YIl/LAGE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

li/DEXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  New  York,  119 
miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Albany. 

EDER.  d'dfr.  or  EDDER,  M'der,  a  river  of  West  Germany, 
rises  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  about  42  miles  X.E.  of  Coblentz, 
and  joins  the  Fulda,  8  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Cassel.  Gold  has 
been  found  in  its  sands. 

E'DER,  a  town  of  West  Hindostan,  100  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Baroda,  and  estimated,  in  1820.  to  comprise  2500  houses,  but 
at  present  is  little  else  than  a  large  village. 

E'DER  X.  AMAru',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Finis- 
t^re.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Chate-iulin.    Pop.  1734. 

EDER'XIOX,  a  beautiful  valley  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of 
Merioneth,  between  Corwen  and  Bala.  It  contains  many 
fine  seats,  including  Crogen.  ftirmerly  the  residence  of  Earl 
Dudley  and  Ward.     Pop.  of  hundred,  4005. 

EDES  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  CO..  Maine. 
EDESIIEIJI.  A'dfs-hlme\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  Pa- 
latinate, on  the  Queich,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  6 
miles  X.  of  Landau.    It  contains  2  castles,  and  has  an  im- 
portajit  annual  fair.     Pop.  2069. 
EDESSA.    See  Oorfa. 

EDP:YRX.  A'dairn  or  a/dirn,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon. 

EDFOO,  EDFOU  or  EDFTJ,  ed'foo\  (anc.  ApoJIinop'olis  Ma^- 
na ;  Coptic  Atlxi.)  a  village  of  Upper  Eg>pt.  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Xile,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Thebes,  consisting  of  a  cluster  of 
mud  huts,  around  some  of  the  finest  ruins  in  Egypt.  Pop. 
from  1500  to  2000.  Arabs  and  Copt.s,  which  last  manufacture 
blue  cotton  cloths,  and  earthenware  similar  to  the  ancient 
Egyptian  pottery.  The  remains  of  antiquity  comprise  a 
quaj-  and  2  fine  temples,  both  of  which  appear  to  have  been 
constructed  in  the  age  of  the  Ptolemies. 

EDGAR,  a  post-office  of  St.  John  Baptist  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

EIVGAR,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering  on 
Indiana,  a  few  miles  from  the  Wabash  River.  Area,  about 
600  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Brulette  and  Clear  Creeks, 
affluents  of  the  Wabash  River,  and  by  Little  Embarras 
River.  The  surface  presents  no  great  inequalities :  the  soil 
is  good.  The  county  contains  extensive  prairies,  and  many 
parts  of  it  are  well  timbered.  Xamed  in  honor  of  Colonel 
John  Edgar,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  distinguished 
pioneers  of  Illinois.     Capital,  Paris.     Pop.  16.925. 

ED'GAR.  PORT,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  West  Falkland 
Island,  lat.  52°  0'  42"  S.,  Ion.  60°  13'  15"  W.  It  is  a  very 
secure  harbor.  The  rocks  on  lx>th  sides  of  the  entrance  are 
bold :  there  are  from  15  to  17  fathoms  in  mid-channel. 

ED'GAUTOWX,  a  post-village  and  township,  port  of  entry 
and  seat  of  justice  of  Duke's  co..  Massachusetts,  on  the  S.E. 
side  of  the  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  about  75  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Boston.  The  island  is  separated  from  the  main  land 
by  an  arm  of  the  ocean,  about  4  miles  wide,  called  Vineyard 
Sound.  The  village  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
a  good  town-house,  3  fine  churches,  2  flourishing  public 
schools,  occupying  houses  which  cost  about  $2500  each,  a 
bank  about  to  go  into  operation  with  a  capital  of  $100,000, 
and  a  very  extensive  oil  manufactory.  One  newspaper  is 
published  here.  The  harbor  is  small  but  one  of  the  safest 
in  the  world,  and  has  a  depth  of  from  4  to  5  fathoms.  At 
its  entrance,  on  a  pier  extending  1000  feet  from  the  W. 
beach,  is  a  fixed  light  50  feet  al>ove  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat. 
41°  25'  X..  Ion.  70°  27'  W;  The  shippiiig  of  the  district,  June 
SOth.  1S52,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  5797  tons  regis- 
tered, and  2174  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  regis- 
tered tonnage,  3964  tons  were  employed  in  the  whale 
fl.sheries,  and  of  the  enrolled  and  licensed  1498  tons  in 
the  coast  trade,  and  473  tons  In  the  cod  and  mackerel 
fisheries.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were  82,  (tons, 
14.9it9.)  of  which  78  (tons,  14.386)  were  by  American  ves- 
sels. The  foreign  arrivals  for  1864  were  73,  and  the  registered 
tonnage  2533.  The  district  includes  Martha's  Vineyard  and 
the  adjoining  islands.  The  interests  of  Edgartown  are  en- 
tirely commercial,  and  probably  no  other  town  in  New  Eng- 
land of  equal  population  has  go  many  ship-masters  and 
mates  of  vessels.  Pop.  of  the  village  "about  1500 :  of  the 
township,  in  1860,  2118. 
EDGE,  £j,  a  tythiug  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
610 


EDGE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

EDGEBASTOX,  Jj-bas'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

EDGECOMB,  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  co.,  JIaine,  on  a 
peninsula  formed  by  two  deep  inlets  of  the  sea,  about  30 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  Considei-able  shipping  is  owned 
here,  and  ship-building  is  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Pop. 
1112. 

EDGECOMBE,  ^jTcom,  a  county  towards  the  N  Jl.  part  of 
North  Carolina.  Area,  estimated  at  600  square  miles.  It 
is  traversed  by  Tar  River,  and  watered  by  Fishing,  Sandy, 
and Contentny  Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  tlie  soil 
is  generally  sandy  and  fertile.  Turpentine  is  procured  from 
the  pine  forests.  Tar  River  is  navigable  from  its  mouth 
to  the  county-seat.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Wil- 
mington and  Weldon  Railroad.  Organized  in  1783,  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  Eiirl  of  Mount  Edgecombe.  Capital, 
Tarborough.  Pop.  17,376,  of  whom  726S  were  free,  and 
10,108  slaves. 

EDGECOTT,  fjOiott.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

EDGECOTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton,  6 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Banbury.  In  the  Wars  of  the  Koses  thead- 
herents  of  Edward  IV.  were  defeated  here. 

EDGECUMBE  BAY.  in  Eastern  Australia,  is  an  inlet  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean.     Lat.  20°  S..  Ion.  147°  30'  E. 

EDGECUMBE  MOUXT,  a  picturesque  hill  of  England,  in 
Devonshii-e.  on  the  Tamar.  opposite  Plymouth,  on  which  is 
the  beautiful  seat  of  the  Mount  Edgecumbe  ijmiily. 

EDGEFIELD,  ^j'feeld.  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  X'orfolk. 

EDGI':'F1ELD,  a  district  in  the  western  part  of  South  C.v 
rolina.  bordering  on  the  Savannah  River,  which  separates  it 
from  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  1540  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  X.  by  Saluda  River,  and  drained  bj-  the 
sources  of  Edisto  and  Little  Saluda  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
moderately  hilly :  the  soil  productive.  In  1S£0  the  district 
produced  25,880  bales  of  cotton,  1,155,489  bu.shels  of  corn, 
and  285.926  bu.shels  of  oats.  The  quantities  of  corn  and 
oats  wei-e  the  greatest  noised  by  any  one  district  in  the 
state,  and  the  quantity  of  cotton  was  not  exceeded  by  any 
excepting  Abbeville.  The  streams  furnish  abundant  mo- 
tive-power. The  Savannah  River  is  navigable  by  steam- 
boats to  the  southern  part  of  the  district;  the  South  Caro- 
lina Railroad  has  its  western  terminus  in  it,  and  the 
Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad  passes  near  the  northern 
border.  Capital,  Edgefield  Conrt-House.  Pop.  39,SS7,  of 
whom  15,827  w'ere  free,  and  24,060  slaves, 

EDGEFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama, 

EDGEFIELD,  a  pleasant  village  of  Davidson  co.,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  River,  opposite  Xash- 
ville.  It  contains  a  handsome  church,  2  schools,  and  a 
manufactorj-  of  lard-oil  and  caudles.  The  village  was  com- 
menced aliout  1849.     Pop,  1836. 

EDGE'FIELD  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-vill.age,  capital  of 
Edgefield  district,  South  Carolina,  56  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Co- 
lumi>ia.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country, 
wliieh  is  mostly  occupied  by  plantiitions  of  cotton.  The 
village  has  3  or  4  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  and  alS  free 
inhabitants. 

EDGE'IIILL,  an  elevated  ridge  in  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick, 7  miles  X.W.  of  Banbury.  Here  was  fought,  in  1642, 
the  first  battle  between  Charles  I.  and  the  Parliamentary 
forces.  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  is  the  Vale  of  Red  Horse,  so 
called  from  the  colossal  figui-e  of  a  horse  cut  on  the  side  of 
the  hill. 

EDGEIIILL,  in  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  a  suburb  of 
Liverpool,  which  it  adjoins,  and  with  which  its  population  • 
is  united.     The  Livei-pool  Botanic  Garden  is  situated  here. 

EDGE  IIILL.  a  post-office  of  King  George  co..  Virginia. 

EDGE'WARE.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Middlesex. 

EDGE/WORTH,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

EDGEWORTII.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

EDGE'WORTIISTOWX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leiuster, 
CO.,  and  Cf  miles  E.S.E.  of  Longford.  It  was  the  residence  of 
R.  L.  Edgeworth,  Esq..  and  his  gifted  d.aughter. 

EDGIXGTOX.  ^j'ing-t^n  a  small  post-village  of  Rock 
Island  CO.,  Illinois. 

EDGMOXD.  ?j'niond.  a  parish.of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

EDG'MOXT,  a  post-township  on  the  X.W.  border  of  Dela- 
ware CO..  Pennsylvania.  10  miles  from  Chester.    Pop.  647. 

EDGTOX,  Jj'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

E'DIX.  a  vill.^ge  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad 
from  Springfield  to  Loudouville,  about  30  miles  X,  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

EDIXA.    See  EniNHUKGH. 

EDI'XA,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  nf  Knox  cc., 
Missouri,  on  the  South  Fabius  River,  125  miles  X.  of  Jeffer- 
son Citv. 

ED'IXBOROUGII,  a  post-borough  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  Conniattee  Creek,  20  miles  S.  of  Erie,  is  situated  in 
a  fine  grazing  region.  A  plank-road  connects  it  with  Mead- 
ville.     Po)).  474. 

EDIXBURG.  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  26 
miles  X.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  48. 

EDIXBUliO.  a  post-towiuship  of  Saratoga  co.,  Xew  York, 
45  miles  X.N.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1479. 


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EDTNBTJRG,  a  pnst-offlco  of  fiercer  eo.,  New  Jersey. 

EDIN15UHG,  a  village  of  Sliddlcsex  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Assjinpink  Creek.  8  miles  K.  of  Trenton. 

EDINDUHG,  a  post-ofRce  of  L.awi-ence  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

EDIXBUUG,  a  postrvillage  of  Leake  co.,  Mississippi,  76 
miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

EDIXBUKO.  a  postrvillage  and  port  of  entry  of  Cameron 
CO.,  Texas,  on  the  Kio  Grande.  It  has  a  custom-house  aud 
several  stores.     Pop.  about  500. 

EDINBUKG,  a  post-ofHce  of  Garrard  CO.,  Kentucky. 

EDINBUHG,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Portage  CO., 
Ohio,  about  140  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1018. 

EDI  N  BU  RG,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  80  miles  N.E.  of 
Columbus. 

EDINBURG,  a  post-office  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michigan. 

EDINBUKG.  a  thiiving  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Blue  Kiver,  and  on  the  Madison  and  Indiana 
Railroad,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Shelbyville  Branch  Rail- 
road, 30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  river  furnishes 
abundant  water-power.    Pop.  1100. 

EDINBURG,  a  village  of  Grundy  co.,  Missouri. 

EDIXBURG,  a  village  of  Scotland  co.,  Missouri,  about  140 
miles  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

EDINBURG.  a  post-village  in  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  45  miles 
N.K.  of  Iowa  City. 

ED'IXBURG  CEX'TRE.  a  postrvillage  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York.  45  miles  X.W.  of  .\lbany. 

EDIXBUKGH,  M'in-bur-rtlh,  EPIXBURGIISIIIRE,  M'- 
in-b6r-rfth-shir,  or  MID-LOTHIAN.  mid-lo'Tne-an,  a  county 
situ:ited  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  S.  division  of  Scotland, 
bounded  on  the  X.  by  the  Frith  of  Forth.  Area,  3.58  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  ISol,  259.435.  The  S.E.  partof  the  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Moorfoot  Hills,  a  br.anchof  the  Lamniernioors, 
of  greywackfe  or  lower  silurian  formation.  From  the  S.^V. 
the  Pentland  range  runs  towards  the  X\E..  composed  of  por- 
phyry, while  the  greenstone  hills  of  Corstorphine  extend 
from  the  Frith  of  Forth  southward,  and  are  continued  by 
the  greenstone  and  basaltic  elevations  of  the  Castle  Rock, 
Arthur's  Seat,  and  Calton.  in  the  vicinity  of  the  capital. 
Carnethey,  the  most  elevated  of  the  Pentland  range,  is  1802 
feet  above  the  sea.  From  the  S.  the  county  gradually 
slopes  towards  the  borders  of  the  Frith,  and  on  the  E.  and 
W.  extends  Into  level  and  fertile  plains.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Wat«r  of  lieith.  the  Esk.  the  .\lmond,  and  the 
Tyne.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  I^elongs  to  the  coal 
formation,  and  coal  is  extensively  wrought.  Sandstone  of  a 
very  superior  quality  abouiids.  aiid  is  extensively  quarried  at 
Craiirleith,  Granton,  .and  Hailes.  Limestone  is  tbund  in  many 
localities,  especially  at  Gilmerton,Crichton,  and  Burdiehouse. 
No  met.al  is  wrought  except  iron,  which  exists  as  ironstone 
in  the  coal  #tratji.  The  county  is  chiefly  agricultural,  and 
f;u-niing  is  conducted  on  the  best  modern  principles.  There 
are  extensive  paper  mills  on  the  Esk  and  Water  of  Leith, 
and  several  distilleries,  breweries,  and  potteries,  but  no 
other  manufactures  of  importance.  The  Edinburgh  and 
Glasgow,  North  British,  Caledonian,  and  Edinburgh  and 
Northern  Railways  traverse  the  county.  Capital.  I'Min- 
burgh.  It  sends  one  meml>er  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Mid-Lothian  and  the  surrounding  distiicts,  at  the  period  of 
the  Roman  conquest,  was  formed  into  the  province  of  Va- 
UnHia.  The  country  was  subsequently  occupii'd  by  Saxon 
Invaders  from  the  north  of  England,  and  by  them'  chiefly 
retained  till  aliout  the  year  lO-'O.  when  the  Lothians  were 
ceded  to  the  Scottish  monarch,  Malcom  II. 

EDIXBUl'.GH,  fd'in-bfir-tih  or  M'in-brllh  (L.  Edinhurf- 
gum.  or  Mifna ;  Celtic.  DitneiVin  ;  Fr.  AUinhnurp.  AMJ.m'- 
booR/;  It.  Eilinhor'gn,  ,Vdin-boR'go,)  the  metropolis  of  Scot- 
land, a  royal  and  parliamentary  borough,  capital  of  the 
above  county,  about  li  miles  from  the  S.  shore  of  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  42  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Glasirow.  and  333  miles  X.W. 
of  London.  Lat.  (observatory)  55°  57'  24"  N.,  Ion.  3°  11'  W. 
The  city  stands  on  three  parallel  ridges,  of  considerable  ele- 
vation, lying  E.  and  W.,  and  is  remark.able  for  the  general 
excellence  and  elegance  of  its  buildings.  It  is  divided  into 
an  Old  Town  and  Xew  Town.  The  former  occupies  the 
central  and  highest  ridge;  the  loftiness  of  the  houses  here, 
rising  in  huge,  dark,  irregular  masses,  along  the  edges  and 
on  the  steep  slopes  of  the  acclivities,  add  greatly  to  its  pic- 
turesque appearance :  but,  like  most  old  towns,  it  is  exceed- 
ingly irregular  in  the  arrangement  of  its  .street's.  The  New 
Town  occupies  a  ridge  of  much  broader  crest  and  less  abrupt 
ascent,  to  the  N.  of  the  Old  Town,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a  deep  hollow,  formerly  filled  with  water,  and  called  the 
North  Loch.  The  houses  here  are  built  of  a  beautiful  white 
freestone,  obtained  from  quarries  in  the  vicinity,  and  are 
remarkably  handsome,  while  many  of  the  squares,  crescents, 
circuses.  A-c.  are  truly  magnificent.  On  the  S.  of  the  Old 
Town,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  hollow,  stands  the  remain- 
ing portion  of  the  city.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  unim- 
portant streets,  this  is  also  comparatively  a  new  town ;  but 
without  any  of  the  pretensions  or  elegancies  of  the  other. 
About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  fiirther  S.  is  the  handsome  suburb 
ofXewington.  The  entire  city  is  about  11  miles  in  length. 
And  the  same  in  breadth,  with  a  circumference  of  about  5^^ 
miles     The  principal  street  ia  the  Old  Town  is  that  which 


occupies  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  bearing,  at  diCfertnt  points, 
the  names  of  Canongate,  Netherbow,  High  street.  Lawn 
Market,  and  Castle  Hill.  It  is  upwards  of  1  mile  in  le""*h, 
rising  gradually,  with  a  regular  and  steep  incline,  from  a 
small  plain  at  the  E.  end  of  the  town,  on  which  stands  the 
Palace  of  Ilolyrood,  and  terminating  in  the  huge  rock  on 
which  the  castle  is  built,  4i3  feet  above  the  sea  level.  The 
appearance  of  this  street  is  rendered  exceedingly  imposing 
by  the  loftiness  and  anti(|ue  aspect  of  the  houses  with 
which  it  is  lined,  many  of  them  ranging  from  five  to  seven 
stories  in  front,  and  several  more  in  the  rear.  The  streets 
!  in  the  New  Town  most  worthy  of  notice  are  Prince's  street, 
George  street,  and  Queen  street,  all  running  parallel  to 
each  other.  Prince's  street  extends  along  the  edge  of  the 
hollow  wliich  separates  the  Xew  Town  from  the  Old.  IJeing 
built  only  on  the  X.  side,  a  magnificent  view  of  the  Old 
Town,  with  its  lordly  castle  towering  high  and  darkly  oi: 
its  rocky  ridge,  and  of  the  intervening  valley,  is  obtained, 
rendering  it  one  of  the  most  delightful  promenades  of 
which  any  city  can  boast.  At  the  E.  extremity  of  this 
street  is  the  Calton  Hill,  a  rocky  eminence  studded  with 
monuments,  and  having  a  broad  verdant  summit,  com- 
manding a  beautiful  view  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  witli  its 
shipping  and  surrounding  shores.  On  the  S.  side  (f  the 
town  are  the  Meadows,  a  large  level  park,  surrounded  with 
trees  and  walks  for  tlie  recreation  of  the  inhabitants.  ui>- 
wards  of  IJ  miles  in  circumference;  adjoining  the  Meadows 
are  Bruntsfield  Links,  an  exten.sive  common,  of  tineven 
surface,  much  frequented  by  the  golf-players  of  Edinburgh. 
From  the  higher  parts  of  the  Links,  which  overlook  the 
beautifully  situated  village  of  Morningside,  a  view  is  ol> 
tained  of  the  Pentland  Hills,  and  of  the  intervening  valley 
or  strath,  with  the  romantic  hills  of  Braid,  rendered  classi- 
cal by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Beyond  the  E.  extremity  of  the 
town  a  huge  belt  of  precipitous  rock,  called  Salisbury  Crags, 
rises  to  the  height  of  many  hundred  fi^et  fi-om  the  deep  val- 
ley below.  Immediately  behind,  a  conical  hill,  with  a  nar- 
row, rocky  summit,  called  Arthurs  Seat,  towers  above  the 
Crags,  attaining  an  elevation  of  706  feet.  A  broad  pathway 
winds  along  the  face  of  the  Crags,  and  a  carriage  drive  leads 
round  the  entire  hill;  many  points  from  both  afford  pros- 
pects of  unrivalled  beauty  and  splendor, 

Pulilic  Binldinffs,  MonvmenU,  Statues,  rf-c. — In  the  Old 
Town  the  most  remarkable,  and,  next  to  Ilolyrood,  the 
most  interesting  public  building  is  the  Castle,  the  position 
of  whicii  has  already  been  described.  It  is  composed  chiefly 
of  a  cluster  of  irregular  buildings,  begirt  with  embrasured 
walls,  excepting  on  the  S.  .side,  where  a  lofty,  antique-look- 
ing edifice  rises  sheer  from  the  face  of  the  rock,  which  it 
emulates  in  grandeur  and  sternness  of  aspect,  overlooking 
the  Grass  Market.  The  fortress  contains  accommodation 
for  2000  soldiers,  and  the  armory  space  for  30,000  stand  ot 
arms.  On  a  small  fl.agged  area,  occupying  the  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Castle,  and  called  the  bomb  battery,  stands  con- 
spicuously a  huge  piece  of  ancient  ordnance  called  Jfrms 
Meg.  built  of  malleable  iron  staves,  cask-fashion,  and  be- 
lieved to  have  been  forged  at  Mons,  in  Flanders,  A.  D.  1486. 
In  an  apartment  in  the  Castle  is  kept  the  ancient  regalia  of 
Scotl.and.  found  in  the  year  1818  in  an  old  oaken  chest, 
where  they  h.ad  lain  undiscovered  for  upwards  of  a  century. 
They  consist  of  a  crown,  sceptre,  and  sword  of  state.  At  the 
E.  end  of  the  lofty  range  of  ancient  buildings  on  the  S.E. 
side  of  the  castle  a  small  room  is  pointed  out,  in  which 
Queen  Mary  gave  birth  to  .lames  VI.,  ,Iune  19, 1506.  This 
castle  was  anciently  called  Cudrum  Piidlarum.  the  "  Camp 
of  the  Maidens,"  on  account,  as  tradition  has  it,  of  its 
having  been  the  place  of  residence  of  the  daughters  of 
the  IMctish  kings  previous  to  their  marriage.  On  the  esplar 
nade  in  front  of  the  Castle  stands  a  bronze  statue  of  tlie 
late  Duke  of  York,  and  a  little  lower  down,  on  the  face 
of  the  acclivity,  the  house  in  which  Ram.say,  the  poet, 
died. 

The  Palace  of  Holyrood,  or  Holyrood  House,  as  it  is  more 
generally  called,  is  situated,  as  alre;idy  mentioned,  at  the 
lower  or  eastern  extremity  of  the  street  leading  to  the 
Castle.  It  is  of  a  quadrangular  form,  with  a  central  court 
94  feet  square.  The  front  is  flanked  by  two  castellated  cir- 
cular towers  at  either  end,  and  between  them,  in  the  centre, 
is  the  entrance  gate.  No  part  of  the  present  palace  is  older 
than  the  time  of  .Tames  X..  (1528.)  while  the  greater  portion 
of  it  dates  only  from  the  time  of  Charles  II.  In  the  N.AV. 
angle  of  the  building  are  the  apaitments  which  were  occu- 
pied by  Queen  Slary,  nearly  in  the  same  state  in  which 
they  were  left  by  that  uuf  )rtunate  princess.  The  palace 
was  twice  partially  destroyed  by  tiro,  first  by  the  English 
during  the  minority  of  Queen  Mary,  and  afterwards  by  the 
soldiery  of  Cromwell.  On  the  area  in  front  stands  a  statue 
of  Queen  Victoria,  in  freestone,  by  Ritchie. 

Ailjoining  the  palace  on  the  N.  side,  are  the  ruins  of  the 
chapel  belonging  to  the  Abbey  of  Holyrood,  founded  in  U28 
by  D.avid  I.,  the  only  portion  of  that  establishment  now  re- 
maining. In  this  chapel.  Queen  Mary  was  married  to  Lord 
Darnley.  July  29.  15l'5.  and  in  its  S.E.  corner  are  deposited 
the  remains  of  David  II..  James  II.,  James  V.,  and  Magda/- 
len  his  queen,  Henry,  Lord  Darnley,  and  other  illustrious 

611 


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anc  noble  ijersonages.  It  is  still  used  as  a  place  of  sepulture 
l>y  fiiinilifi  of  distinction.  A  privilege  of  sanetiiarj'  tor  in- 
solvent debtors  is  attached  to  this  abbey,  extending  over 
Arthurs  Seat,  Salisburj'  Crags,  and  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance K.,  including,  altogether,  a  space  of  about  5  miles  in 
circumference. 

The  C:ith.?dral  of  St.  Giles,  the  tutelar  saint  of  the  city, 
situ.ite  iu  High  street,  is  a  large  ancient  edifice  in  later 
Gothic  style,  of  no  great  beauty,  but  having,  on  the  whole, 
rather  an  imposing  appearance.  It  was  iu  thi.«  church  that 
the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  was  subscribed  iu  1643, 
by  the  Committee  of  Estates  of  Parliament,  the  Commission 
of  the  Church,  and  the  English  Commissioners.  It  contains 
three  separate  places  of  worship ;  and  the  monument  of  the 
Eogent  Murray,  assassinated  at  Linlithgow  in  15i59 :  his  re- 
mains, along  with  those  of  the  Jlanjuis  of  .Montrose,  are  in- 
terred within  the  church.  The  entire  building  is  206  feet 
iu  length,  by  110  in  breadth.  On  a  commanding  situation 
at  the  top  of  High  street,  stands  Victoria  or  Assembly 
Hall,  a  magnificent  new  structure  in  the  decorated  Gothic 
style.  Its  elegant  spire  rises  to  the  height  of  241  feet,  aud 
is  seen  from  all  points,  a  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object. 
Here  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Established  Church  meet 
annually  in  May.  It  is  used  also  as  a  place  of  worship. 
Adjoining  St.  Giles'  Church  is  an  open  area  called  Parliament 
Square;  in  the  centre  of  which  is  an  equestrian  statue  of 
Charles  II.,  erected  in  I6S5.  At  the  S.W.  comer  of  the 
square  is  the  entrance  to  the  Parliament  House,  the  various 
higher  courts  of  law,  and  the  Advocates'  Library.  The 
Parliament  House,  now  known  by  the  name  of  the  Outer 
House,  is  the  place  iu  which  the  Scottish  Parliament  met 
before  the  Union.  It  is  a  magnificent  hall,  122  feet  long, 
by  4i»  feet  broad,  with  a  lofty  open  timber  roof,  and  con- 
tains marble  statues  of  Henry  Duudas.  first  Lord  Melville, 
and  Lord  President  Blair.  The  only  other  buildings  of  any 
note  in  the  Old  Town  are  the  Tron  Churfh.  founded  in 
1637;  the  County  II.ill,  containing  the  sheriff  courts;  the 
Royal  Exchange,  founded  in  1753 :  the  New  Corn  Exchange 
in  the  Grass  Jlarket;  and  the  Bank  of  Scotland. 

Dean  Bridge,  a  noble  structure  thrown  across  a  deep  ra- 
vine, at  the  bottom  of  which  flows  the  Water  of  Leith.  con- 
nects the  ridge  on  which  the  New  Town  stands,  with  the 
country  to  the  N.  of  it.  Its  height  to  the  top  of  the  parapet 
is  109  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  river.  There  are  4  arches, 
each  90  feet  span.  The  Physicians'  Hall,  in  Queen  street, 
lately  erected,  is  a  handsome  edifice,  embellished  by  colo.ssal 
figures  iu  front.  The  Assembly  Rooms  and  Music  Hall, 
the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  and  the  Commercial  Banks, 
the  Western  Bank,  the  British  Linen  Company's  Bank,  and 
sundry  others,  are  all  elegant,  and  some  of  them  ornate 
structures.  The  Easter  Office,  or  General  Register-house 
of  Scotland,  at  the  E.  end  of  Prince's  street,  forms  a  square 
of  200  feet,  surmounted  by  a  dome  50  feet  in  diameter,  and 
contains  upwards  of  100  apartments  for  the  transaction  of 
public  business.  On  the  elevated  platform  in  front  is 
erected  a  bronze  equestrian  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton, by  John  Steele.  The  The:itre-Royal,  General  Post- 
oflfice,  and  St-amp-ofSce,  are  substantial  edifices.  The  Jail 
and  Bridewell,  a  cluster  of  castellated  buildings,  sun-ounded 
by  a  high  wall,  on  a  rocky  ledge  of  the  Calton  Hill,  was 
founded  in  1S15.  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  piisoners 
in  1817,  when  the  old  jail,  poetically  called  the  '■  Heart  of 
Mid-Lothian,"  was  taken  down,  and  its  inmates  removed  to 
the  new  prison,  now  the  only  one  in  Edinburgh.  There  are  a 
number  of  other  handsome  edifices  in  the  New  Town  which 
do  not  come  under  the  designation  of  public  buildings,  such 
as  the  New  Club  in  Prince's  street,  finely  situated  opposite 
the  Castle,  Ac. 

Cliuj-dies.  d-c. — Besides  St.  Giless'.  the  Tron,  and  'V'ictoria 
Hall,  already  adverted  to,  Edinburgh  posses.ses  23  churches 
in  connection  with  the  Established  Chuich.  of  which  St, 
George's,  St.  Stephen's.  St.  Mary's,  and  St.  Andrew's  may  be 
specified  as  eleg.ant  buildings.  There  are  25  Free  Churches, 
the  finest,  in  an  architectyral  point  of  view,  being  Free  St- 
George's,  and  the  Free  High  Church,  the  latter  forming  part 
of  the  New  College  buildings.  There  are  15  United  Presb3'- 
terian,  and  8  Episcopalian ;  of  the  latter,  St  John's,  in 
Prince's  street,,  and  St.  George's,  in  York  Place,  are  very 
elegant  Gothic  structures.  The  other  places  of  worship  iii- 
clude  6  Baptist,  3  Methodist,  3  Congregationalist.  2  Original 
Seceders,  1  Reformed  Presbyterian,  2  Roman  Catholic,  with 
places  of  meeting  for  Glassites.  Friends.  Jews,  &c.  The 
Greyfriars'  Church-yard,  attached  to  the  Old  and  New  Grey- 
friars'  Churches,  burned  down  in  1S45.  is  noteworthy  from 
the  numerous  remarkable  personages  interred  in  it.  among 
whom  are  George  Buchanan,  the  historian;  Alexander  Hen- 
dereon,  moderator  of  the  Glasgow  Assembly  of  1638;  Sir 
George  McKenzie,  well  known  as  '•  bluidv  McKenzie,"  a 
celebrated  lawyer  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.;  Dr.  Pitcaim; 
MacLiurin,  the  mathematician;  Allan  Ram.say,  the  poet; 
Itoljertson,  the  historian,  &c.  In  this  church-yard  are  also 
interred  many  who  suffered  martyrdom  during  the  times 
of  the  persecution ;  and  here,  on  tlie  top  of  the  grave-stones, 
the  National  Covenant  was  signed  in  li.3S. 

Tt;e  most  remarkable,  and  by  &r  the  most  elegant  of  the 
612     • 


public  monuments  of  Edinburgh,  is  that  erected  to  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  on  the  S.  side  of  Prince's  street.  It  is  in  tha 
form  of  an  elaborate  Gothic  cross.  200  feet  high.  bt>iug  a 
cimposition  from  Melrose  Abbey,  designed  by  Georire  M. 
Kemp.  A  marble  sitting  figure  of  the  novelist  and  poet,  by 
Steele,  occupies  the  platform  of  the  monument,  and  over  it 
the  groined  arches  form  a  canopy.  On  Calton  Hill  are  the 
monuments  to  Admiral  Nelson;  Dugald  Stewart,  the  meta- 
physician; Playfair.  the  mathematician:  and  the  National 
Monument,  intended  to  be  a  literal  reproduction  of  the 
Parthenon,  to  commemorate  those  who  feU  at  Waterloo,  and 
in  the  different  engagements  by  sea  and  land  during  the 
last  war  with  France,  but  for  the  want  of  funds,  its  progress 
was  arrested,  when  only  13  columns  for  the  W.  end  of  the 
edifice  has  been  erected,  so  that  it  now  appears  like  a  ruined 
temple,  and  imparts  to  Calton  Hill  an  aspect  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  Acropolis  of  Athens.  The  other  noteworthy 
monuments  in  the  city  are  those  to  the  poet  Burns :  Hume, 
the  historian ;  and  Lord  Melville;  with  bronze  stJitues  of 
the  Earl  of  Hopetciun,  George  IV.,  aud  William  Pitt;  the 
last  two  by  Chantrey. 

Education,  Science,  dc. — Considered  simply  as  a  centre  of 
learning,  Edinburgh  is  the  most  distinguished  town  in  the 
British  Empire.  The  Edinburgh  Review  ha.s  long  ranked 
among  the  most  able  journals  in  Europe.  The  University 
of  Edinburgh  is  especially  celebrated,  having  included  among 
its  professors  men  distinguished  in  almost  every  department 
of  .Science  and  literature.  The  building  of  the  university,  sit  u- 
ated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  town,  in  Nicolson  street,  occupies 
a  Large  and  somewhat  heavy-looking  quadrangular  edifice, 
with  a  spacious  court  in  the  centre,  founded  in  1789.  the  uni- 
Tersity  itself  having  been  founded  in  15S2.  The  E.  front  is 
adorned  with  a  portico,  supported  by  Doric  columns.  2ii  feet 
in  height.  There  are  32  profes.^^ors  in  4  faculties — divinity, 
law,  medicine,  and  the  arts.  The  average  annual  number 
of  students  is  about  1200.  The  libi-ary  is  a  magnificent 
room.  198  feet  in  length,  by  50  in  breadth,  and  above  ."lO  in 
height.  It  contains  alxmt  100.000  volumes.  The  museum 
comprises  a  rich  collection  of  specimens  in  the  various  de- 
partments of  natural  history.  A  little  S.  of  the  university 
is  the  Royal  College  of  Sui-geons,  an  elegant  modern  build- 
ing of  the  Ionic  order;  it  has  a  v.iluable  museum.  The 
New  or  Free  Church  College  occupies  an  elegant  struc- 
ture in  the  Tudor  style,  situated  in  the  Old  Town,  at 
the  he:id  of  the  I^rthen  Mound,  having  professors  in  the 
theological,  moral,  aud  natural  sciences:  and  attached  to 
it  is  an  excellent  library  and  a  museum.  In  the  New 
Town,  at  the  foot  of  the  Earthen  Mound,  and  fronting 
Prince's  street,  stinds  the  Royal  Institution,  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  Roy.al  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  fjrthe  Board  of  Trustees,  instituted  in  1727,  for 
encouraging  trade  and  manufactures  in  Scotland,  and  for 
the  Royal  Institution,  having  for  its  object  the  promotion 
of  the  fine  aits.  It  is  a  Grecian  edifice,  with  an  exterior 
peristyle  of  Doric  columns,  and  a  fine  octjistyle  portico  in 
front,  three  columns  in  depthy  supporting  a  pediment.  The 
building  is  surmounted  by  a  colossal  stitue  of  Qu^'en  A'ic- 
toria  in  stone,  and  is  justly  considered  one  of  the  finest 
structures  in  the  metropolis.  The  Edinburgh  High  School, 
a  splendid  Doric  edifice,  270  feet  in  length,  is  situated  a 
little  E.  of  the  prison ;  and  on  Calton  Hill,  above  it,  stands 
the  Royal  Astronomical  Observ.atory.  The  other  more  pro- 
minent educational  institutions  are  the  Edinburgh  Aca- 
demy, and  the  Scottish  Naval  and  Military  Academy,  esta- 
blished for  the  purpose  of  affording  education  to  pupils  des- 
tined to  serve  in  the  army,  navy,  or  Ejist  India  Company's 
service:  and  the  Royal  Scottish  Academy  of  Painting, 
Sculpture,  and  Architecture.  There  are  also  several  public 
seminaries,  and  a  number  of  schools  for  the  education  of  the 
poorer  classes,  two  normal  schools.  Heriot  Schools,  seven  in 
number,  and  the  School  of  .ALrts.  established  in  1821,  for  the 
instruction  of  mechanics  and  tradesmen  in  the  elements  of 
scientific  knowledge.  The  societies  and  institutions  for  the 
promotion  of  science  and  other  branches  of  knowledge  are 
exceedingly  numerous.  Besides  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons, above  mentioned,  the  prini;ipal  are  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians,  incorporated  iu  1681;  the  Highl.aud  Society, 
instituted  in  1785.  for  the  promotion  of  agricultural  im- 
provements in  Scotland;  the  Royal  Society;  the  Astrono- 
mical Society;  the  Society  of  Antiqu.iries.  established  by 
royal  charter  in  1780;  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society;  the 
Royal  Medical  Society;  the  Wernerian,  the  Botanical,  and 
the  Speculative  Societies.  Adjoining  the  Parliament  Ho'dse, 
with  which  it  has  a  communication,  is  the  Advocate.s'  Lib- 
rary, containing  the  largest  and  most  valuable  c-oUection 
of  books  in  Scotland,  the  printed  works  amounting  to 
150.000  volumes,  and  the  manuscripts  to  1700.  In  an  ad- 
joining building  is  the  Signet  labrary.  belonging  to  the 
Writers  to  Her  M.ijesty's  Signet,  containing  aVwut  50.000 
volumes.  There  are  5  other  public  libraries  in  the  city,  and 
3  public  gardens  connected  with  scientific  objei-ts — tin) 
Zoological  Gardens,  the  Caledonian  Horticultural  Society's 
Garden,  aud  the  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  all  situated  in  th^ 
N.E.  environs  of  the  city. 

HospiUxU  and  otlier  Charitable  Institutions. — Few   cities  of 


EDI 


EDI 


equal  extent  are  possessed  of  more  numerous  and  more 
majjniticent  hospitals  and  charitable  institutions.  Many 
of  the  edifices  huilt  for  these  institutions  are  among  the 
finest  in  the  city,  and  resemble  rather  ducal  palac*!S  than 
receptacles  for  orphans  or  the  children  of  indigent  parents. 
Amonir  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Infirmary,  situated 
near  the  Colle;i;e.  as  one  of  the  most  prominent.  It  is  a 
spacious  edifice,  built  in  17.36,  containiiif;  400  beds;  a  sur- 
gical hospital,  fever  hospital,  and  lock  hospital,  occupying 
separate  buildinirs,  are  connected  with  it.  Ileriot's  Hospi- 
tal, on  the  3.  side  of  the  city,  founded  by  George  Ileriot, 
goldsmith  and  jeweller  to  James  VI.,  is  a  fine  old  Kliza- 
bethan  structure,  designed  by  Inigo  Jones,  and  one  of  his 
finest  works.  The  object  of  the  institution  is  the  mainte- 
nance and  education  of  poor  boys,  the  sons  of  freemen  of 
the  town  of  Kdinburgh;  and  the  surplus  funds  are  em- 
ployed In  establishing  and  maintaining  free  s<-hooIs  in  va- 
rious parts  of  tile  city.  Another  large  and  exceedingly  ele- 
gant structure,  of  <iuite  recent  erection,  is  Donaldson's  Hos- 
pital, in  tlie  W.  part  of  the  city:  it  is  a  Tudor  building,  and 
intended  to  maintain  200  poor  boys  and  girls.  Of  the  nu- 
merous other  hospitals  and  benevolent  institutions,  many 
of  which  have  handsome  and  extensive  buildings,  the  fol- 
lowing may  be  specified: — George  Watson's  Hospital,  John 
Watson's  Hospital,  Gillespie's  Hospital,  and  the  Orplian 
Hospital.  Besides  these,  there  are  the  Lying-in  Hospital, 
the  .\sylum  for  the  lilind,  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution, 
the  City  Work-house,  the  Canongate  Charity  Work-house, 
and  the  West  Kirk  Poor-house,  at  the  W.  end  of  the  city : 
the  Htiuse  of  Refuge,  the  IIou.se  of  Industry,  and  the  Night 
Asylum  for  the  Houseless.  There  are  also  many  public 
dispensaries,  where  medicine  and  medical  attendance  are 
gratuitously  alTorded  to  the  poor. 

Courts  nf  L'dv,  itx. — Kdinburgh  is  the  seat  of  the  Supreme 
Courts  of' Scotland.  The  principal  of  these  is  the  Court  of 
Session,  composed  of  1.3  judges,  each  of  whom  Is  distin- 
guished by  the  title  of  lord.  They  are  formed  into  two  divi- 
sions of  7  and  6,  and  sit  in  separate  apartments,  forming 
di-stinct  courts,  but  on  important  occasions  unite.  From 
these  divisions  there  are  5  judges  detached,  2  from  the  one, 
and  3  fi-om  the  other,  called  Lords  Ordinary,  who  sit  in 
judgment  in  separate  apartments,  and  before  one  or  other 
of  whom  all  cases  must  be  tried  in  the  first  instance;  but  a 
right  of  appejil  lies  to  the  division  befbre  whose  ordinary 
the  case  has  been  tried,  and  ultimately  to  the  House  of 
Lords.  The  Court  of  Session  tries  all  questions  affecting 
civil  rights,  and  decides  not  only  on  the  law  of  the  case,  but 
also  in  matters  of  equity.  They  also  constitute  the  Teind 
Court,  which  is  held  for  the  settlement  of  all  civil  matters 
relating  to  the  church.  The  Court  of  Justiciary,  or  supreme 
criminal  cc-urt,  instituted  in  lt>72,  is  composed  of  the  Lord 
Justice-General,  the  Lord  Justice-Clerk,  and  5  lords  com- 
missioners. All  criminal  causes  come  before  this  court  at 
the  instance  of  the  Lord  Advocate,  who  is  the  public  prose- 
cutor. The  inferior  courts  are  the  Sherilf  Court,  the  Jus- 
tice of  Peace  Court,  and  Small  Debt  Court.  The  College  of 
Justice,  established  by  James  V,  in  1.532,  consists  of  all 
members  connected  with  the  Supreme  Courts,  They  enjoy 
several  privileges,  and  are  exempt  from  some  of  the  city 
taxes.  The  Faculty  of  Advocates,  presided  over  by  a  dean, 
is  an  association  of  barristers  who  have  the  privilege  of 
pleading  ciuses  before  the  Court  of  Session,  or  any  other 
courts  of  record.  The  Writers  to  the  Signet  are  an  incorpo- 
rated body,  the  members  of  which  are  qualified  to  conduct 
cases  before  the  Supreme  Courts,  and  have  the  exclusive 
privilege  of  subscribing  the  writs  that  pass  the  royal  signet  in 
Scotland.  Solicitors  before  the  Supreme  Courts  are  a  society 
of  lawyers  who  also  practise  before  the  courts,  but  with  in- 
ferior privileges  to  those  of  the  Writers  to  the  Signet. 

Manufactures  and  Trade.  —  The  manufactures  of  Edin- 
burgh are  neitlier  extensive  nor  important;  ale  brewing, 
for  which  it  has  been  famous  for  upwards  of  200  yeai-s,  is 
the  principal.  There  were  lately  26  breweries  in  the  city, 
whose  annual  consumption  of  malt  amounted,  altogether,  to 
329,606  bushels.  Shawl-making,  coach-building,  type  and 
iron  founding.  so:ip,  and  candle  making,  are  carried  on  to  a 
considerable  extent:  and  also  the  making  of  various  kinds 
of  ni:ichinery,  generally  of  the  smaller  cLa.ss.  Glass-painting 
ond  staining  .are  also  prosecuted  to  some  extent,  and  with 
much  success.  Edinburgh  is  the  head-quarters  of  the  bonk- 
trade  in  Scotland,  and  as  a  literary  mart  it  is  the  second 
town  in  the  United  Kingdom,  being  in  this  respect  excelled 
only  by  London.  The  manufacture  of  linen  was  at  one  time 
an  important  branch  of  industry  here,  but  is  now  nearly 
extinct. 

Municipal  Government,  d:c. — The  affairs  of  the  city  are 
conducted  by  a  lord  provost,  magisti'ates,  and  council, 
elected  by  the  citizens,  according  to  the  Burgh  Reform  Act. 
The  council  consi.sts  of  33  memliers,  31  of  whom  are  returned 
hy  the  five  wards  into  which  the  city  is  divided ;  the  dean 
of  guild,  elected  by  the  guildry;  and  the  trades'  convener, 
elected  by  the  incorporated  trades.  The  lord  provost  is 
high  sheriff  and  lord-lieutenant  within  the  city  and  liber- 
ties. The  streets  are  lighted  with  gas.  The  supply  of  water, 
which  is  frequently  found  inadequate,  especially  in  dry  sea- 


sons, is  obtained  from  a  large  reservoir,  formed  in  a  gor(;\ 
of  the  I'entlaiid  Hills,  .at  the  distance  of  between  6  and  7 
miles.  A  further  supply  is  about  to  be  brought  from  the 
Revilaw  Springs,  about  8  miles  S.W.  from  the  city. 

The  inhabitiints  of  Edinburgh  are,  to  a  groat  extent,  per- 
sons of  independent  property,  annuitants,  Ac,  and  include 
a  larger  proportion  of  the  more  liberally  educated  clas.ses 
than  any  other  town  in  the  United  Kingdom.  It  has  aiso 
become  the  central  point  of  several  important  ndlways — the 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  North  British,  and  Granti>n  lines 
have  their  termini  in  the  low  ground  between  the  Old  and 
New  Town,  W,  of  the  North  Bridgi; ;  the  Caledonian  has  its 
terminus  in  the  western,  and  the  Dalkeith  .Mineral  Line  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  city  ;  and  the  Union  Canal  furnishes 
an  additional  means  of  transit  for  goods  to  the  W.  of  Scot- 
land. Leith  (which  see)  is  the  port  of  Edinburgh,  and  may 
almost  be  said  to  f  jrm  a  suburb  of  it. 

Nn-me.  ami  HUtury. — The  name  lidinburgli("}klwin's  Castle 
or  f  )rt")is  supposwl  to  be  derived  from  Edwin.  King  of 
Northumbria, a  Saxon  prince,  who.  in  the  seventh  t-entury, 
possessed  the  southern  part  of  Scotland,  and  wlio  is  alleged 
to  have  built  a  stronghold  on  the  site  of  the  present  castle. 
It  was  anciently  written  Edwinesbueg  or  EDWiNKSnuiun 
The  Gaelic  name  Dun  Edin  or  Dunrdin,  is  merely  a  transia 
tion  of  the  Saxon  name;  while  its  poetical  name,  Edwa.  \v:is 
introduced  by  George  Buchanan.  Edinburgh,  accordinj'  to 
Chalmers,  first  atttiined  the  dignity  of  a  capital  in  the  nnie 
of  James  V.,  the  principal  town  of  Scotland  previous  to  that 
period  having  been  Scone,  where  the  Scottish  kings  were 
crowned.  It  was,  however,  a  place  of  considerable  impor- 
tance long  prior  to  this,  having  been  recognised  as  a  bur<;h 
by  David  1.  in  1128.  In  1215,  Alexander  II.  held  here  his 
first  parliament:  and  20  years  later,  a  provincial  synod  was 
convened  in  the  city  by  the  p  ipe's  leg:ite.  It  sulfered  from 
the  successive  attiicks  of  the  English  during  the  wars  of 
independence;  and  was  all  burned  down,  excepting  the 
Castle,  by  Richard  II.  in  13S5.  The  town  was  rebuilt 
under  shelter  of  the  Castle,  and  for  a  long  period  w.as  con- 
fined to  the  central  ridge.  In  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries,  the  city  was  walled,  and  the  southern  loch  or 
morass  lieitig  drained,  became  the  .seat  of  the  Cowgate  and 
Gi-ass  Market,  in  which  the  wealthier  class  of  the  commu- 
nity took  up  their  residence.  In  1513,  Edinburgh  was 
visited  by  the  plague;  and  in  1532  the  College  of  Justice 
was  established.  It  was  taken  and  burnt  in  1554  by  an 
English  army  und:r  the  Earl  of  Hertford;  but  soon  re- 
covered from  the  consequences  of  that  disaster.  On  the  3d 
of  December,  1657,  the  first  Covenant  w.os  signed  in  the 
the  city;  and  during  the  remainder  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury it  was  the  scene  of  numerous  interesting  events,  in- 
cluding many  in  the  history  of  Queen  Mary  and  in  the 
earlier  history  of  the  Reformation,  more  especially  in  con- 
nection with  John  Knox,  whose  house  (from  a  window  of 
which  he  frequently  preached)  is  still  standing,  near  flie 
top  of  the  Canongate.  On  the  28th  of  February,  1C3S.  the 
National  Covenant  was  signed  in  the  Greyfriars'  Church- 
yard. After  the  overthrow  of  Charles  I.,  the  Scots  having  taken 
up  arms  in  favor  of  his  son,  Cromwell  invaded  their  country, 
and  took  Edinburgh  Castle.  It  remained  in  the  po.ssission 
of  the  English  till  the  Restoration,  which  was  followed  by 
the  memorable  religious  persecution  in  Scotland,  carried  on 
xinder  the  auspices  of  the  Duke  of  York,  afterwards  James 
II..  during  whii'h  the  Gra.ss  Market,  the  common  place  of 
execution,  where  so  many  of  the  Presbyterian  Protestants 
suffered  martyrdom,  became  the  most  notable  place  in  the 
city.  In  1736,  John  Porteous,  captain  of  the  city  guards, 
having  been  reprieved  bj'  Queen  Caroline  (then  regent) 
from  a  sentence  of  death,  pronounced  upon  him  for  ordeiing 
the  guard  to  fire  upon  the  multitude  assembled  to  witness 
the  execution  of  a  smuggler,  by  which  six  people  were  killed 
and  eleven  severely  wounded. — was  forcililj-  taken  out  of 
prison  by  the  populace,  carried  to  the  Grass  >Iarket,  and 
there  hanged  upon  a  dyer's  pole.  In  1745,  the  city  was 
taken  possession  of  by  the  reb»ls  under  Prince  Charles 
Edward  Stuart.  The  only  other  event  in  the  history  of 
Edinburgh  sufficiently  momentous  to  be  nott'd  here  took 
place  May  18,  1S4;5,  wlien  the  Assembly  of  the  Established 
Church  of  Scotland,  then  holding  its  annual  meeting  in  St, 
Andrew's  Church,  was  severed  by  the  secession  of  2U3  of  its 
members,  who,  retiring  to  Tanfield  Hall,  Canonmills.  formed 
themselves,  with  the  addition  of  other  seceding  ministers 
and  elders,  into  the' first  General  Assembly  of  the  Free 
Church  of  Scotland,  Edinburgh  returns  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  Registered  electors.  In  1850,  5.'>'.;0. 
Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough,  in  1841,  138,182;  in  1851, 
158,015;  in  1861,  168,098, 

EDINBURGH,  NEW,  a  seaport  of  South  America,  pro- 
vinc«,  and  118  miles  E.S.E.  of  Panama,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Darien. 

EDINBURGHSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.     See  Edi.n- 

BURGH. 

ED'IXFIELD,  a  villatre  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia. 
ED'INGHALL  or  ED>INGALE,  a  parish  of  England,  cos. 
of  Stafford  and  Derby. 
ED'INGLY,  a  parish  of  England,  ct-  of  Notts. 

613 


LL= 


EDI 


EEL 


ED1NG  DHOuPE,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ED'IXurON,  a  iiarish  '.f  Eiifrland,  co.  of  Wilts,  3^  miles 
E  N.E.  of  Westbury.  The  bishops  of  Salisbury  had  foi^ 
merly  a  palace  here,  which  was  destroyed,  in  1450.  by  the 
popuiacK,  who  dragfred  the  bishop  from  the  altar  and  stoned 
him  to  death.  Boatton  Hill,  in  this  parish,  has  a  Danish 
encampment,  which  was  taken  by  King  Alfred.  The  figure 
of  a  whit*  horse,  cut  on  the  side  of  the  hill,  is  supposed  to 
commemorate  this  victory. 

E01XGT0N,  a  post-office  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois. 

E1)'IST0.  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  formed  by  the  union 
of  tlie  North  Edisto  and  South  Edisto.  The  former  rises 
near  the  western  extremity  of  Lexington  district,  and  flows 
S.E.  to  Orangeburs  Court  House,  where  it  turns  southward 
and  unites  with  the  other  branch  a  few  miles  W.  of  Branch- 
ville.  The  South  Edisto  ri.ses  in  Edgefield  district,  and  flows 
along  the  boundary  between  Orangeburg  and  Barnwell  dis- 
tricts to  the  junction.  The  main  stream  flows  S.E.  and  S. 
until  it  enters  the  Atlantic  by  two  channels,  called  the 
North  and  South  Edisto  Inlets,  between  which  Edisto 
Island  is  situated. 

EDISTO,  a  post-office.  Lexington  district.  South  Carolina. 

EDISTO  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Colleton  district,  South 
Carolina. 

EDISTO  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

E'DlTH-WESrrON  or  EDOVESTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Rutland. 

EIVLASTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

EIVLIXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land.   Here  are  the  remains  of  an  old  castle. 

EIVLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

EDLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

EDLIPO.  f  d1e-po\  a  picturesque  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
Syria,  32  miles  S.M'.  of  Aleppo,  on  one  of  the  routes  from 
that  city  to  the  S.    Pop.  2-00. 

EIVMESTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Otsego  co.. 
New  York.  18  miles  W.  of  Cooperstown.     Pop.  1804. 

ED'MONDBYERS.  a  psirish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

EDOIOND.S,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  80 
miles  E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  444. 

EDMONDS,  a  post-office  of  Bmnswick  CO.,  Virginia. 

ED'MONDSIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

ED'MOXDSOX.a  county  in  the  south-west  centra!  part  of 
Kentucky,  has  an  area  estimated  at  225  square  miles.  It  is 
hitc-i-sected  by  Greene  River,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Bear 
Creek,  and  also  drained  by  Xolin  Creek.  The  surface  is 
genei-ally  undulating  and  in  some  pai'ts  hilly;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  county  is  occupied  by  exten.sive  beds  of  stone 
coal  and  cavernous  limestone;  the  latter foi-mation  contains 
the  celebrated  Mammouth  Cave,  a  description  of  which  will 
be  found  under  the  head  of  Kestl'ckt.  Organized  in  1S25. 
and  named  in  honor  of  Captain  John  Edmondson,  who  fell 
at  the  battle  of  River  Raisin,  Capital,  Brownsville.  Pop, 
464.5,  of  whom.  4:^72  were  free,  and  273  slaves. 

EDOIONDTHORPE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ED'.MONSTONE,  an  island  of  Hindostan.  in  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hoogly.  I*Ht.  21°  32'  N.,  Ion. 
8S°  20'  E.  From  a  mere  half-tide  sandbank,  this  alluvial 
phenomenon  rapidly  became  an  island  of  2  miles  in  length, 
and  half  a  mile  in  breadth,  coverel  with  shrubs,and  afford- 
ing a  supply  of  fresh  water;  in  1817  a  tripod  was  erected  on 
it  as  a  sea-mark  for  ships,  and  in  1820  it  was  adopted  as  a 
marine  station.  But  it  has  been  as  rapidly  demolished  as 
it  was  formed,  by  the  encroachments  of  the  sea,  being  now 
without  a  particle  of  vegetation,  and  neai'ly  covered  by  the 
sea  at  hi_-h  tides, 

ED'.MOXTOX,  a  vilLage  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  on  the  London  and  Cambridge  Railway,  and 
the  Kerr  River,  8  miles  N.  of  Loudon.  It  hjis  a  large 
ancient  chapel,  and  considerable  trade  in  timber  by  the 
River  Tjea. 

ElVMOXTON.a  fortifie^village  of  British  North  America; 
lat.  53°  45'  X.,  Ion.  113°  20'  W.  It  is  built  of  red  eiirth,  en- 
closed by  high  pickets,  and  entered  by  battlemented  gate- 
ways,   its  vicinitj-  is  rich  in  coal  and  other  niinei-als. 

ED'MOXTUX,  a  post-village  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky,  114 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

ED'MUXDS-BUUY.    See  Burt  St.  Edmund's. 

ElVNAM  or  ED'KXUAM,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Rox- 
burgh, on  the  Eden,  2i  miles  N,N.E.  of  Kel.so.  It  has 
an  obelisk  to  the  memory  of  Thomson,  '-poet  of  the  Sea- 
sons." who  was  born  in  the  manse  of  PMnam,  A.  D.  1700. 

ED'NEYVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Ileudersou  co.,  North 
Carolin!\. 

EDULO,  A'dolo,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  44  miles  N  Jl.  of 
Bergramo,  on  the  Oglio.     Pop.  2000. 

E'DOM,  a  post-oflice  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia. 

EDOM.  a  postoffice  of  (lilmer  co  ,  Georgia. 

EDRAY'.  a  post-office  of  Pociihontas  co.,  A'irginia. 

EDIIEI.  a  town  of  Pale.stine.     See  Draa. 

EIVKO.M.  a  parish  of  .Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

EfS.^^LLVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Bradford  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
Tauia,  125  miles  N.  of  Ilairisburg. 


ED'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

ED  WALTON,  Jd-wSl'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

EDnVARDS,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  200  square  miles.  The  Wabash  River  touches  its 
south-eastern  extremity;  the  Little  Wabash  flows  through 
the  western  part,  and  Bon  I'as  Creek  forms  its  eastern 
boundary,  The  surface  pre-^ents  a  succession  of  rolling 
priiiries  and  fi^ests.  and  the  s.  il  is  good.  A  p!ank-road 
extends  from  the  AV abash  River  to  Albion,  the  county  seat. 
Named  in  honor  of  Ninian  Edwards,  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Illinois.    Pop.  5-lo4. 

EDWWRDS.  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
Y^ork,  on  Oswegatchie  River,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Canton, 
Pop.  1287. 

EIVWAEDSBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cass  co., 
Michigan,  on  Pleasant  Lake.  140  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing.  It 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  border  of  a  rich  prairie,  and 
was  settled  about  1S35. 

EDWARDS"  DEPOT,  a  post-ofRce  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 

EDAV.A.RDSPORT,  a  post-vill.ige  in  Knox  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  AV.  bank  of  the  AVest  Fork  of  AVhite  River,  40  miles 
S.  bv  K.  of  Terre  Haute. 

ED'WARDSTONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

EIVAVAF.D.'-TOAVN,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Bean- 
harnois.  54  miles  S.K.  of  Montreal. 

EDAVARDSVILLE.  or  THE  NARROWS,  a  post-village  in 
the  township  of  5!oiristown,  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  Ifork, 
on  the  N,  side  of  Black  Lake,  about  18  mile  S.S.AV.  of  Og- 
densburg.  A  ferrj'  to  cross  Black  Lake  from  this  point, 
was establi-shed  many  jears  ago,  but  not  licensed  fill  1851. 
It  has  several  times  been  proposed  to  construct  a  bridge 
across  the  lake,  which  is  here  narrow,  and  is  divided  near 
the  middle  by  an  island.  A  Union  Church  was  erected  in 
the  village  in  1847,  by  the  joint  industry  of  the  Presbyte- 
rians and  Methodists. 

ElfAVARDSVlLLE.  a  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Ohio, 
about  so  miles  S.AV.  of  Columbus. 

EDAVARDSVILLE,  a  thriving  po.st-village,  capital  of 
JIadison  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cahi  kia  Creek,  74  miles  S.  by 
AV.  of  Springfield.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  highly, 
productive  district.  It  contains  a  United  States  laud-office 
several  churches,  and  an  academy. 

EDAVESTON.  a  parish  of  England.    See  Edith- AVeston. 

EE/\V1X-L0ACII.  a  parish  of  Emrland.  co.  of  AVorce.sfer. 

EDAVIN-RALPII.  a  parish  of  EngLind.  co.  of  Hereford. 

ED'AVIXSTOAV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Nolt.s. 

ED'WOIITII,  I.  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford.<ihire. 

ED'ZELL.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  ti  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Brechin.  It  has  ruins  of  a  stately  castle,  and 
several  Druidical  remains. 

EE,  L  or  EA,  A'd,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Fries- 
land,  IS  miles  N.E.  of  Leeuwarden.     Pop.  9S0 

EK*CH.\XK',  a  town  of  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  103 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Patna. 

EECKEREX.  A'ker-en,  a  town  of  Belgivun,  4  miles  N.  of 
Antwerp.     Pop.  3934. 

EEC  LOO,  A  klo',  or  ECCLOO,  fk-klo'a  town  of  Belt  ium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  post-road  between  Ghent  and 
Bruges,  11  miles  N.AV.  of  (jhent.  Pop.  9151.  It  has  a  town- 
hall,  ani:ient  convent,  pri.son,  sevend  churches,  numerous 
schools,  and  manufactures  of  woollens,  tobacco,  and  choco- 
late, with  breweries,  and  salt  refineries. 

EEDi:.  a  village  of  Holland.    See  V.m. 

EEDILABAD,  ee'dil  A-bAd'.  or  IDULABAD,  ee'dtil-a Lid', 
a  small  walled  town  of  Ilicdostan.  province  of  Candeish,  on 
the  Poorna.  lat.  21°  4'  N.,  Ion.  70°  8'  E. 

EEGHOLAI,  (aig/ljolm.)  GRKAT  and  LITTLE.  2  small 
i.slands  of  Denmark,  in  the  Great  Belt,  2i  miles  AV.  of  See- 
land. 

EEJMUT,  e^'nilif.  a  small  town  of  Sinde.  near  the  In- 
dus, 17  miles  S.E.  of  Shikarpoor.  Lat.  27*  55'  N.,  Ion.  68'^' 
56' E. 

EEL.  a  township  in  Cass  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  708. 

EKLCHEli  or  EKLCllI.    See  Khoten. 

EEL  CREEK,  rises  in  the  southern  pjirt  of  Trinity  county, 
in  the  N.AV.  portion  of  California,  .ind  running  in  a  N.AV. 
course,  falls  into  the  Pacific  in  about  4o°40'N.  lat. 

EKLDE.  ail'dfh,  a  village  of  Ilolhmd,  province  of  Drenthe, 
10  miles  N.  of  .Vssen,  and  connected  with  Groningen  by  a 
canal.     Pop.  700. 

EELEl-:,  ELK.  ILL  ee'lee\GOOLDJA.or  GOULDJA.gool'- 
jil.  written  also  GULD.SCII.A.  (Chinese,  ffoei-yuan-tchirg.  ho- 
A'-yoo-dnVhing'.)  a  city  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  in  Soongaria, 
capital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  on  the  ri.>;ht  bank  of 
Eelee  River.  Lat.  43°  46'  N.,  Ion.  82°  30'  E,  It  is  enclosed 
by  a  stone  wall,  .lad  contains  barrack.s,  forts,  gi-anaries.  and 
public  offices  for  the  use  of  government:  and  is  a  plai-e  of 
banishment  f  )r  Chinese  criminals.  Outside  the  town  are 
the  barracks  for  the  tioops.  It  carries  on  a  consider-ible 
trade  with  China  through  the  cities  in  the  province  of 
Kansoo,  and  also  with  other  towTis.    Pop.  75.000. 

EELEE,  or  I  LI,  ec'lee',  a  river  of  Asia,  rising  about  lat.  42* 
N..  and  lou.  81°  E.,  iu  the  mountains  of  Thian-Shan-Nao-L  » 


J 


EEL 


EGG 


flows  N.E.,  and  then  turns  N-X-W.,  passing  the  city  of 
Kelee.  and  falling  into  Lalce  Ten;,'heez,  or  Balkash,  on  thu 
frontier  of  Siberia,  after  a  course  of  above  30  J  miles. 

EEL  IllVEll,  (Shoamaqw  of  the  Indians.)  of  Indiana. 
rises  in  Allen  county,  and  flowing  south-westward  about 
100  miles,  enters  the  Wabash  at  Logansport.  It  is  a  rapid 
stream,  and  furnishes  abundant  water-power.  The  average 
width,  for  a  distance  of  60  miles,  is  near  50  yards.  S/io-a- 
mariw  ."dignifies  '•slippery  fish." 

EEL  Itl  V  KR.  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Boone  county,  and,  flow- 
ing fiist  S  \V.  and  then  S.E.,  enters  the  West  Fork  of  White 
River  about  5  miles  above  Bloomf.eld.  in  Greene  county. 
The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  100  miles,  and  the  averat;e 
width  of  its  lower  part  at  50  or  60  yards. 

EEL  HIVEK,  a  post-office  of  Allen  eo..  Indiana. 

EKL  RI V  El!,  a  township  of  (Jreone  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  439. 

EEL  RIVER,  townsbi]].  Hendricks  CO..  Indiana.  Pop.  15-tl. 

EELS,  eelz,  EKLEEYATS  or  ILIYATS,  eeMee-y^ts',  a 
name  applied  to  the  wandering  tribes  of  I'ersia,  and  .also 
to  those  who  are  employed  in  the  pearl-fishery .  They  dis- 
claim connei-tion  with  the  old  Persian  stock,  and  preserve 
their  peculiar  habits  and  customs.  Tlieir  communities 
usually  consist  of  20  or  30  families.  The  men  liave  well- 
made,  powerful  frames,  piercing  black  eyes,  noses  generally 
inclined  to  be  aqniline.  frequent  overhanging  thick  mous- 
tachios,  which,  united  with  black,  bushy  beards,  almost  en- 
tirely conceal  their  dark  brown  skins.  Their  appearance  is 
altogether  strongly  cliaracteristic  of  health,  hardihood,  and 
independence.  The  women,  when  young,  are  often  hand- 
some; their  complexion  is  of  a  delicate  nut-brown  Ijue.  ejes 
dark  and  expressive,  nose  well  formed,  the  mouth  small,  and 
adorned  with  Iteautiful  teeth,  and  the  expression  of  the  coun- 
tenance full  of  good  humor.  All  these  attractions,  however, 
soon  disappear  as  they  advance  in  life;  their  skins  become 
parched  and  withered.  When  aged,  they  become  the  most 
shrivelled  and  repulsive-looking  hags  it  is  possible  to  imagine. 

EEM,  aim,  a  river  of  Holland,  originates  in  numerous 
streamlets,  which  rise  in  Gelderland.  and  unite  near  Amers- 
foort,  whence  the  stream  flows  N.W.  to  its  outlet  in  Zuyder 
Zee.     It  is  navigable  to  Amersfoort. 

EEMN  ES,  aim'nes,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Utrecht,  neiir  the  Eem,  8  miles  N.N. W.  of  Amersfoort. 
Pop.  13iMi. 

EEI'.SKL,  aiR/sM  or  EERZEL,  rIr'zJI,  a  village  of  Hol- 
land. 8  miles  S.W.  of  Eindhoven.    Pop.  270. 

EE\SAUOIIUlt/,  a  town  and  strong  fort,  Ilindostan,  100 
miles  ^\'.S.\V.  of  Gwalior. 

EES'SAIl  SOMAU'LEE  or  SOMACLI.  a  powerful  trilie  in 
East  Africa,  who  inhabit  the  territory  of  Adel,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Sea  of  Bab-el-Mandeb.  They  lead  a  wandering  life, 
roving  from  place  to  place,  wherever  they  can  find  past  mage 
for  their  flocks  and  herds.  Few  of  them  wear  any  clothing, 
excepting  a  leather  apron.  They  are  armed  with  spear,  shield, 
bows,  and  arrows.  Their  arrows  are  poisoned.  They  are 
held  in  great  dread  by  their  neighbors,  the  Danakils,  who 
describe  them  as  thieves,  and  murderers.    See  Adel. 

EKAT,  a  province  of  Shoa,  Abys.sinia.    See  ABYSSiNi.i. 

EFBE,  ^Pbri^,  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  near 
the  S.  co;ist  of  Mysol;  lat.  2°  12'  S.,  ion.  130°  E.,  about  5  or 
6  miles  in  length.  Birds  of  paradise  migrate  hither  during 
certain  seasons,  and  are  caught  by  the  natives,  who  dry 
them  in  their  feathers,  and  send  them  to  Europe. 

EFEXECIITYD,  ^f-gn-^K'tid,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Denbigh. 

EKFEKDTNG,  Sffer-ding\  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  near 
the  Danube.  13  miles  \V.  of  Lintz,  with  an  old  stronghold  of 
the  Princes  of  Starkemberg.     Pop.  1300. 

EF'FIN'GH.VM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  3i 
miles  S.W.  of  Leatherhead.  Its  vill.age.  formerly  a  large 
town,  gives  title  of  earl  to  a  branch  of  the  Howard  family. 

EF'FI.NGIIAM,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of -tSO  square  miles.  It  is  situated  l)etween  the  Savan- 
nah and  Ogeechee  Rivers,  which  respectively  form  its 
boundaries  on  the  K.  and  W.;  the  former  separates  it  from 
South  Carolina.  The  county  is  also  drained  by  Ebenezer 
Creek.  The  surface  is  level,  and  partly  covered  with  forests 
of  pine  and  cypress;  the  soil  is  sandy,  and.  with  sm.all 
exceptions,  unproductive.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Central  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  Lord  Effing- 
ham, a  British  olKcer.  who  resigned  his  commission  rather 
than  take  arms  against  the  American  colonies.  Capit.al 
Springfield.  Pop.  4755,  of  whom  2590  were  free,  and  2165 
slaves. 

EFFINGHAM,  a  county  in  Illinois,  situated  towards  the 
S.E.  part  of  the  state,  contains  about  500  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Little  Wabash  River.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  is  divided  almost  equally  between  prairies 
*nd  woodlands.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Mines  of  copper,  iron, 
and  lead  have  recently  been  discovered  here.  Tlie  count}' 
is  intersected  l)y  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  (Chicago 
Branch).  The  Little  Wabash  River  affords  water-power. 
The  population  of  the  county  has  more  than  doubled  within 
ten  years  ending  in  1860.    Capital,  Ewington.    Pop.  7816. 

EFFINGHAM,  a  post-townsliip  of  Carroll  co..  New  Ilamp- 
shiro,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1209. 


EFFINGHAM,  a  post-village  in  Darlington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

EFFINGHAM  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  N«w 
Ilampsliire,  about  55  miles  N.E.  of  Concord. 

EF'FORT,  a  post-oiflce  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EF'IRDS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Stanley  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

E0.\,  A'g,i.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  7  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Coimbra. 

EGA,  A/gi.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  on  tho 
Teffe,  near  the  Amazon.  Pop.  chiefly  Indiatis.  who  culti- 
vate manioc,  rice,  maize,  cocoa,  and  sarsaparilia,  in  which 
they  trade  by  barter. 

KGADI.    See  ^:r,ADE8. 

EG  BELL,  Jg'bMl',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  Hither 
Danulje.  co.,  and  53  miles  N.W.  of  Neutra,  on  the  Sirkovi, 
not  far  above  its  junction  with  the  March.     Pop.  2860. 

EG'DEAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

EGEA  (or  EJEA)  DE  LOS  CABALLEROS.  A-Hi'd  dA  loce 
kJ-iiSl-yA/roce,  atown  of  Spain,  34  miles  N.N.W.  of  Saragossa. 
Pop.  3082. 

EGEDESMIXDE,  Jg'?-des-min'deh,  a  district  of  North 
Greenland,  comprising  numerous  islands.  It  Avas  named 
from  Hans-Egede.  who  visited  it  as  a  missionary  in  1741. 

EGELN,  A/gheln,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sa.xony,  16  miles 
S.W.  of  JIagdelmrg.  on  the  Bode.     Pop.  2800. 

EGELSHOFKN,  4/ghels-ho'fen,  or  EGOLSHOFEN,  a  vil- 
lage and  parish  of  Switzerland,  ainton  of  Thurgau,  in  a 
lieautiful  district  surrounded  by  vineyards,  3  miles  W.  of 
Constance.     Pop.  1386. 

EGENBURG,  A'ghen-bMRa',  or  EGGENBURO.  Jg'ghen- 
boOao*,  a  walled  town  of  Lower  Austria,  in  a  valley  at  the 
W.  foot  of  the  Mannhartslierg,  38  miles  N.\V.  of  Vienna. 
Fine  amethysts  are  often  found  in  the  vicinity,  and  the 
whole  district  is  rich  in  monuments  of  the  Jliddle  Ages. 
Pop.  1002. 

EGENHAUSEN,  .Vghen-hOw'zen,  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Scliwarzwald,  5  miles  W.  of  Nagold.  Pop. 
1069. 

EGER,  Jg'f  r  or  A/gher,  a  river  of  East  Germany,  joins  the 
Elbe  .33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Prague,  after  a  course  of  125  miles. 

EG'ER.  (Bohemian  Clieh,  k^b.)  a  frontier  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, on  the  Eger,  92  miles  W.  of  Prague.  Pop.  10,500.  It 
is  built  on  a  rock,  and  was  formerly  an  important  fortress. 
In  its  old  castle,  in  1634,  the  principal  friends  of  Wallen- 
stein  were  put  to  death,  while  Wnllensteiu  himself  was  as- 
sassinated in  a  house  in  tlie  market-place.  Eger  has  some 
handsome  building.s,  including  the  town-hall  and  parish 
church,  college,  barracks,  numerous  scliools,  and  hospitals, 
and  juanufactui-es  of  chintz,  cotton  fabrics,  and  woollens. 
Near  it  are  the  b,aths  of  Franzenbrunnen. 

EGi;!!,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Erl.^u. 

EGERDIIt,  ^gVr-deer',  a  lake  and  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
pashalic  of  Anatolia,  15  miles  N.I'.  of  Isbarta.  The  lake,  27 
miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  greatest  breadth,  10  miles,  is 
highly  picturesque,  and  communicates  at  its  N.  end  with 
l>ake  Hoiran.  .\t  its  S.  extremity  is  tlie  town,  in  lat.  37° 
5-2'  N.,  ion.  31°  6'  E..  at  the  foot  of  a  high  cliff,  and  with  a 
castle  on  a  promontory  in  the  lake.  From  500  to  000  houses, 
all  Turkish. 

EG  EKI,  A'gher-ee,  a  .small  lake  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
4  miles  S.E.  of  Zug.  Length  3^  miles;  breadth  varying  to 
I5  milt^s:  depth  very  great. 

EG  EKOE,  (Egeroe.)  Sg'er-iiVh.  an  island  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Norway,  40  miles  S.S.E'.  of  Stavanger ;  lat.  58°  26'  N.,  ion. 
5°  50'  E. 

EGERSUND.  ?g'er-soond^,  a  maritime  town  of  Norway, 
.38  miles  S.  of  Stavanger.  on  the  .strait  which  .separates  it  from 
the  small  island  of  JOgeriie;  I.at.  58°  26'  10"  N..  Ion.  5°  57'  8" 
E.  Pop.  1262.  It  has  a  small  port,  and  is  the  centre  of  an 
extensive  herring  fishery. 

EGKItSZEG.  A'ghjRVJg',  a  village  of  West  Hungary,  on 
the  Zala.  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Raah.     Pop.  3422. 

EG'EliTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

EGG.  Jgg,  a  village  and  parisk  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
9  miles  S.E.  of  ZuriL-h,  2380  feet  above  sea-level.     Pop.  27^3. 

EG'G.V,  a  largo  town  of  Guinea,  on  the  S.W.  bank  of  the 
Niger.  70  miles  N.X.AV.  of  its  junction  with  the  Chadda; 
lat.  8°  42'  N.,  ion.  6°  40'  E.  It  extends  for  more  than  2  miles 
along  the  river,  and  is  very  populous.  A  large  population 
also  live  here  on  board  of  canoes,  and  trade  up  and  down 
the  Niger  from  Egga,  importing  Benin  and  Portuguese 
goods.  Near  it,  on  the  opposite  bank,  is  a  considerable 
market  town. 

E(  iG  A  KAIL  West  Africa.    See  Att.\h. 

EGG-BUCK'LAND,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Devon. 

EG'GEBEKV  a  walled  town  of  W'est  Africa.  Zeg-Zeg.  80 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Kano:  lat.  10°  52'  N..  ion.  9°  6'  E..  delight- 
fullv  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  besiutiful  plain.  Pop.  about 
14,000. 

EGG  RNBERG.  %'ghen-bSRg\  ECKENBERG.  Jkn<en-hjRo\ 
or  EGtiEXBUUti,  Jg'ghen-MoRG",  a  village  and  lordship  of 
Austria,  Styria,  circle  of.  and  about  2  miles  from  (irStz.  It 
has  a  castle,  a  simple  but  m.ajestic  structure,  which  con- 
tains a  good  collection  of  paintings.    Pop.  of  lordship,  3516. 

615 


EGG 


EGY 


EGG  EXBURG,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Egexbcko. 

EGOEXFKLDKX.  ^g'ghen-f^rdeii,  a  market-towu  of  Upper 
luvaria.  on  the  Kott,  34  miles  ^".S.W.  of  Passau.   Pop.  1484. 

EGGENSTEIN,  ^g'ghen-stine\  a  Tillage  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Middle  lihine,  near  Gtrlsruhe.     Pop.  1179. 

EGGESFOKD,  Jgz'ford,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

EGG  IIAH'BOK,  a  township  of  Atlantic  co..  New  Jer.<«>y, 
bordering  on  the  ocean  and  G  ivat  Egg  Harbor  Bav.  Pop.  38&4. 

EGG'I.NTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

EGG  ISL.\XD  POINT,  the  southern  extremity  of  Egg 
Island,  in  the-Delaware  IJay.  near  the  left  .shore,  has  a  fixed 
light.  40  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  lat.  30°  10'  24"  N., 
Ion.  75°  9'  \V. 

EG'GLESTOXE.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

EGGMUHU  a  village  of  Bavaria.    See  Eckmlhl. 

EGGOLSUi;lM,  ^g'gols-hime\  a  market-town  of  Bavarm, 
on  the  Nuremberg,  and  Neumarkt  Kailway,  11  miles  S. 
of  Bamberg.     Pop.  918. 

EG'H.\.M,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
on  the  Thames,  3  miles  E.  of  Windsor.  The  village  is  con- 
nected with  Staines  in  Middlesex  by  an  iron  bridge  over 
the  Thames.  Adjoining  it  is  the  field  of  Runnymede,  where 
King  John  held  the  memorable  conference  with  his  barons, 
which  ended  in  the  signing  of  Magna  Charts.  A.  D.  1215. 
Cooper's  Hill,  in  this  parish,  is  celebrated  in  the  poetry  of 
Denhain  and  Pope. 

tXJ'HOLM,  a  small  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Little  Belt, 
4  miles  X.E.  of  iEroe  Island.  Also  a  small  island  in  the 
Lymfiord.  Jutland. 

'EGIDIST.\I)T.  in  Transylvania.     See  X.^or  Esyed. 

E«iIN.  ^g'een'.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Euphrates. 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Arabgheer.  ('Aiabgir.) 

EGINA.  an  island  and  gulf  of  Gi-eece.    See  .j:GnJA. 

EGITTO.    See  Ectpt. 

EtJ'LETON,  a  pari.-^h  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

EG'LINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land.   Here  .ire  ruins  of  a  border  tower. 

EG'LIXTON-CAS'TLK,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Eglinton, 
Scotland,  co.  of  .\yr.  on  the  Lugton,  2  miles  X.  of  Ii-vine.  It 
Is  a  magnificent  modern  Gothic  structure,  surrounded  by  a 
jark  of  1200  acres.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Mont- 
gomerie  femily,  who.se  ancestor,  a  relative  of  the  Conqueror, 
commanded  the  van  at  the  battle  of  Hastings. 

EGLIS.4D,  A'gle-z5w\  a  .small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  14  miles  N.  of  Zurich,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
near  the  Baden  frontier.    Pop.  1600. 

EG'LISH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  co. 

EGLISH.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Armagh. 

EG'LOX.  an  ancient  city  of  P,Hlestine,  identified  « ith  the 
village  of  .4jlan,  p;i.shalic,  and  18  miles  E.X.E.  of  Gaza. 

EGLOSHAYLE,  Jg-lp-shdl',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall. 

EGLDSKER'RY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

EGLWYS.  sijuifying  a  "  church,"  forms  a  part  of  a  num- 
ber of  Welsh  names. 

EGLWYSBREWIS,  fgloo-is-brewOs,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Glamorg;»n. 

EGLWYS,CY.M.MYX,(kim'min,)a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carmarthen,  4  miles  from  Llangham.  It  has  ruins  of  2 
castles ;  and  2  subterranean  rivers  fall  here  into  Carmarthen 
Bay. 

EGLWYS,  EIRW,  (I'roo,)  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke, 6  miles  S.  of  Cardigan.  The  ruins  of  Pencilli  Chapel 
are  in  the  parish. 

EGLWY'S,  FACK,  a  parish  of  W.ales,  cog.  of  Denbigh  and 
Carnarvon. 

EGLWY'S,  II/AX,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  on 
the  TafF,  9j  miles  N.W.  of  Cardiff.  Here  is  a  bridge  across 
the  Taff.  having  a  single  arch  of  140  feet  sp;in. 

EG  LW  YS.  R IIOS.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Camavon. 

EG'MANTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

EG'MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

EGMOND-AAX-ZEE,  fg'mont-ln-z4,  a  village  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, province  of  North  Holland,  on  the  North  Sea,  5 
miles  W.  of  Alkmaar,     Pop.  13:38. 

EGMOND-BINXEN,  Jg'mont-bin'nen,  and  the  castle  of 
Graven  (Counts.)  Van  Egmond,  are  ai^acent 

EG'.MONT,  or  SIX  ISLANDS,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  Chagos 
Archipelago,  The  largest  is  in  lat,  6°40'S.,  Ion,  71° 2(5' 30" 
E.  The  whole  group  produces  about  6000  gallons  of  cocoa- 
nut  oil  vearly, 

EG'MONTBAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  in 
North  AmeriKi,  on  the  S,W.  coast  of  Prince  Edward  Island. 
Lat.  4(5°  31'  N..  Ion,  64°  E, 

EG  MONT  ISLAND,  an  Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Low 
Archlpela;;o,  in  lat,  19°-24'  S„  Ion,  139°  15'  W, 

EGMOXT  ISLAND,  the  laigest  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Archi- 
pelago, or  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  in  the  Pacific,  Lat.  10° 
53'  S..  Ion,  ir..j°  50'  K.  Length,  2ii  miles ;  breadth,  10  miles. 
It  is  of  coral  formation,  st<>ep.  well  wooded,  and  f-rtile, 

EGMONT  KKY,  at  the  entrance  to  Tampa  Bay,  W.  coast 
of  Florida.  On  it  is  a  li;At-hou8e.  showing  a  fixed  lio-ht,  40 
feet  high.     Ut,  27° 3ii'  N„  Ion,  82°  48'  W, 

EG  .MONT,  MOUNT,  an  active  volcano  of  New  Zealand,  in 
the  X.  part  of  the  island.  18  miles  S,  of  Xew  Plymouth,  and 
616  ' 


rising  to  about  8840  feet  above  the  sea.    Lat.  39°  15'  S.,  Ion. 
174°  13'  E. 

EGMONT,  PORT.  West  Falkland  Island,  off  its  X,  coast, 
between  Keppel  and  SaundL'rs  Islands,  iu  lat.  51°  21'  S.,  Ion. 
tiO'W,  It  affords  anchorage  and  fresh  water,  Itut  little  or 
no  wood, 

EGX.\CII,  fg'niK,  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Thui-gau,  2i  miles  W,  of  .Arbon,    Pop.  3276. 

EGOI  ISLES,  Pacific  Ocean.    See  C.utOLUTES, 

EG'  >LSn0FEN,  a  Swiss  village.     See  Egdshofex. 

EGR  A,  a  town  of  Germany,     See  Kger, 

EG'REMONT,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cumberland,  on  the  Ehen,  37  miles  S,S,W,  of  Carlisle. 
Pop,  1750.  It  has  ruins  of  a  massive  Norman  castle.  It 
gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Wyndham  tUmily, 

EGRE.MONT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co,  of  Carmarthen. 

EGltEMOXT,  a  town.ship  in  Berkshire  co,,  Massachusetts, 
120  miles  W,  by  S,  of  Boston,    Pop,  1079. 

EGREMONT  PLAIN,  a  post-oflice  of  Berkshire  CO.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

EGRES,  i'grJsh',  or  EGRIS,  4'grish',a  village  of  Hungary 
in  Banat,  on  the  JIaros.  aliout  15  miles  fixim  Komlos,  P,  2S40. 

EGREVILLE.  .Vgh"r-veel'.  a  town  of  France,  dep;irtment 
Seine-et-Marne,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fontainebleau.     Pop.  1477. 

EGRIPO  or  EGRIPOS  ISLAND,  Greece.     See  Eubcea, 

EGRIPO  or  EGRIPOS,  a  town  of  Greece.     SeeCHALCli 

EGRIS,  a  village  of  Hungary,     See  Egres. 

EGT,  a  village  of  Holland.    See  Echt, 

EGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  North  Riding. 
_  EGTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
'EGUILLES.  a'gheei',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-du-lihone,  5  miles  X,W,  of  Aix.     Pop.  15S7. 

EGUISIIEIM,  d'ghees't^m',  EXHEIM.  Jx'hime.or  E.VEX, 
a  town  of  France,  dejx-irtment  of  Ilaut-Rhin,  near  the  Lauch, 
on  the  Strasbourg  and  Basel  Railroad,  4  miles  S,%\',  of  Col- 
mar.  Pop.  in  1852.  2133.  It  owes  its  ori:.xiu  to  a  strong  cas- 
tle, supposed  to  have  been  erected  iu  the  ei^hih  century, 
of  which  a  massive  hexagonal  tower,  about  130  feet  high, 
still  exists. 

EGYEK.  .•\d\vfk'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co,  of  Szabolcs,  on 
the  Theiss.  about  15  miles  from  Nadudvar,  It  contains  a 
Roman  Catholic  and  a  Protestant  church.  Most  of  the  in- 
habitants are  Protestants,     Pop.  2570, 

EGY'PT,  (Gr,  AtyVTrroi  ;  L,  ^yypHus  ;  Hebrew,  ilizr  <st 
Mizraim  ;  Coptic,  tlnim  or  Khem  ;  Fr.  AV/i/pte,  A^zheept';  Ger. 
^(jypten,  i-ghif't^n;  It.  Eifitlo.  k-jil'to;  Arnh.  Missr,  misr.cr 
J/«sr ;  Turk.  KiU  or  Kf^Ot.)  a  country  in  the  N.E.  of  Africa, 
remarkable  alike  for  its  physical  peculiarities,  and  for  it3 
historii-al  interest,  and  which  still  retains,  iu  its  wonderful 
monuments,  the  earliest  records  of  civilization.  It  embraces 
properly  the  lowest  and  most  northern  divisi..>n  of  the 
valley  of  the  Nile,  from  the  last  cataracts  to  the  sea.  In 
lat,  24°  3' 45"  N.,  the  river,  issuing  from  the  rocky  glen  of 
Lower  Nubia,  sweeps  in  a  smooth  but  rapid  stream  round 
the  little  island  which  was  called  by  the  Greeks  Philn?,  by 
the  Arabs  Bilak,  (Ixith  names  being  cirruptions  of  the  Coptic 
pi-lakh,  that  is.  ••  the  limit,")  and  then  immediately  hurries 
down  the  cataracts,  or  rather  rapids,  of  Asswan,  (Syene,) 
and  by  the  island  of  Elephantine,  about  2  miles  below  Philje. 
Here  the  obstructions  to  the  navijcation  of  the  Nile  are  at 
an  end.  and  the  river  extends  in  a  general  course  N.  by  W., 
to  lat,  31°  35'  X.,  where,  in  the  neighborh>X)d  of  D.nmietta, 
the  princip,'U  branch  tails  into  the  Mediterranean  St-a,  The 
length  of  Egypt,  measured  on  the  meiidi;in,  is  but  450  geo- 
graphical miles;  but  along  the  winding  valley  of  the  river, 
which  is  truly  the  habitable  country,  it  has  an  extent  of 
alx)ve  600  miles.  The  average  width  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile 
may  be  assumed  to  lie  8  miles :  the  gre:itest  w  idth  of  the 
delta,  from  Alexandria  on  the  W.  to  the  ruins  of  Pelusium 
on  the  E.,  is  about  160  miles.  The  whole  area  compri.sed  in 
the  valley  and  delta,  may  be  taken  at  ll.WK)  square  miles. 

Descriptvm. — The  island  of  Phil;e,  at  the  S,  extivuiity  of 
Egypt,  has  been  compared  by  .irab  writers  to  an  emerald 
set  in  gold:  and  this  allusion  to  its  luxuriant  vegetation, 
compared  to  the  naked  surface  of  the  surrounding  desert,  is 
equally  applicable  to  the  valley  lower  down.  The  Nile,  in 
the  valley  of  Egypt,  is  evei-y  where  an  agi-ee:ible  object;  not 
so  much  owing  to  the  majesty  of  the  stream,  or  the  variety 
of  its  scenei-y,  as  to  the  stiong  contra.st  between  the  fresh- 
ne.ss,  verdure,  and  animation  of  the  rivers  bank.s.  and  the 
desolation  which  reigns  beyond  them.  The  scenery  of  the 
river  is,  in  the  S.  part  of  Upper  Eg.vpt,  wild  and  romantic; 
but  as  we  descend,  it  grows  continually  more  tame  and  mo- 
notonous, till  at  length  every  lively  and  picturesque  feature 
is  lost  in  the  uniform  level  of  the  delta. 

Miiuntains,  VaUeys.  d-c. — The  valley  of  the  Xile,  through- 
out its  whole  extent,  fnim  Phihe  to  the  vii-inity  of  Caii-o.  is 
hemmed  in  on  both  sides  by  continuous  chains  of  hillK 
those  on  the  E.side  approach  more  clo.sely  to  the  river,  while 
the  Libyan  hills  on  the  W.  rise  with  a  gradual  ascent  and 
sometimes  recede  to  a  distance  of  10  or  15  miles,  Towardd 
the  delta  these  chains  of  hills  diverge;  that  on  the  E,  siile 
turning  E,  by  Jebel  Mokattem,(that  is,  "the hewn,"  .so called 
prob;ibly  frnm  its  qujirries.)  ne;ir  Cairo,  and  sinking  gradu- 
ally, lili  it  disappeai-s  iu  the  Isthmus  of  Suez ,  while  the  Li- 


EGY 


EGY 


byan  chain  skirts  to  the  N.W.  the  plains  of  the  Natron  Lakes. 
The  desert  between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea  is  intersected 
by  several  chains  of  mountains,  which  increase  in  elevation 
towards  the  E.,  so  tliat  the  ridges  nejirest  to  the  Red  Sea  at- 
tain a  hei;;ht  exceedinj;  perhaps  6000  feet.  W.  of  the  Nile, 
the  Libyan  chain  sepaiates  the  river  from  a  w  ide  valley,  which 
is  supposed  not  to  be  aboA  e  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  openings 
or  lateral  valleys  with  wliich  we  are  best  acquainted,  are,  on 
the  E.,  the  Valley  of  the  Wanderings,  (of  the  children  of  Is- 
rael,) leading  from  the  neighborhood  of  Cairo  to  the  head 
of  ttie  Gulf  of  Suez,  and  that  through  which  passes  the  road 
from  Koptos  to  Kosseir,  on  the  Red  Sea.  In  early  ages, 
when  the  commerce  of  the  Red  Sea  was  far  more  important 
than  it  Is  at  present,  the  roads  from  the  Nile  through  the  E. 
desert  were  numerous  and  frequented;  and  there  still  re- 
mains indubitable  evidence,  eliiefly  i)i  the  ruins  of  guard- 
bouses,  and  solidly  constructed  wells,  of  the  industry  wliich 
once  animated  these  inhospitable  wastes.  ^V.  of  the  Nile, 
in  lat.  29°  20'  N.,  a  deep  sinuosity  in  the  Libyan  chain  of 
hills  forms  the  fertile  valley  of  Fayoom,  (in  Coptic,  Phiom, 
the  "sea  or  lake,")  in  the  N.W.andlowes^  part  of  which  is  the 
lake  called  Hirket-el-Keroon.  I'rom  this  valley  a  road  le.ids 
W.,  through  the  hills,  to  the  oasis  of  El  Dakhel.  The  roads 
from  Girgeh  or  .Tirjeh  and  Esneh  to  the  great  oasii  are  much 
frequented;  and  several  other  openings  of  less  note  offer 
communications  with  the  fertile  spots  which  characterize 
the  depressed  region  W.  of  the  river. 

Oase^i. — These  extend,  in  a  narrow  line,  along  the  hollow 
region  of  the  Libyan  desert,  parallel  to  the  general  direction 
of  the  vaJley  of  the  Nile,  and  above  80  miles  W.  of  it.  Tha 
Grciit  Oasis,  called,  from  its  chief  town,  ElWahelKhargeh, 
lies  immediately  W.  of  the  Thebaid,  and  has  a  length  of  100 
miles.  About  60  miles  W.  of  the  N.  extremity  of  this  o.asis, 
lies  the  Wah  el  Dakhel,  24  miles  long  and  10  miles  broad. 
In  the  parallel  of  Girjeh,  and  W.  by  S.  of  the  Fayoom,  the 
date-groves  of  the  Little  Oasis,  (Oasis  Parva,)  or  \Vah  el  B.a- 
harieh,  display  their  unusual  verdure.  In  this  fertile  spot 
artesian  wells  are  numerous,  and  some  of  ancient  construc- 
tion have  been  recently  discovered,  which  have  a  depth  ex- 
ceeding 400  feet.  On  the  road  between  this  oasis  and  thjit 
of  El  Diikhel,  occurs  the  AVah  el  Ferifreh,  of  small  extent. 
W.  of  Fay(X)ra.  and  about  200  miles  from  the  Nile,  lies  the 
oasis  of  Seewah,  (Siwah.)  where  the  foundations  of  the  once 
celebrated  temple  of  .Jupiter  Amnion  maystill  be  traced.  Tiie 
region  of  the  oases  terminates  towards  the  N.,  in  the  desert 
of  the  Natron  Lakes,  which  the  Copts  called  Scete,  and  where. 
In  the  miilst  of  the  dreary  wilderness,  prison-like  monas- 
teries offered  a  congenial  home  to  gloomy  and  ascetic  tempers. 
The  deserts  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile  generally  present  to 
view  uniform  plains  of  gravel,  or  of  fine  drifting  sand;  on 
the  E.  the  scene  is  varied  by  rocks  and  mountains,  but  the 
aridity  is  extreme,  and  the  heat,  reverberated  from  sur- 
rounding cliffs,  is  often  insupportable. 

JHvi;rs,  Canals,  d-c. — The  only  river  of  Egypt  is  the  Nile, 
which  receives  no  accession  fi'om  tributary  streams  (occii- 
sional  torrents  from  extraordinary  rains  excepted)  in  the 
last  1500  miles  of  its  course.  It  enters  Egypt  with  a  breadth 
of  3000  feet,  and  though  often  contracted  lower  down  to  2000 
feet,  its  average  width  throughout  may  be  taken  at  half  a 
mile,  and  therefore,  with  the  canals  depending  on  it,  bears  a 
considerable  proportion  to  tlie  whole  area  of  the  habitjible 
valley,  fif  the  canals,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  is  that 
commonly  called  the  Hahr  Yoosef.  or  .To.seph's  River  or  Canal, 
which,  leaving  the  Nile  at  Deiroot.  (lat.  2G°  15',)  runs  along 
the  foot  of  the  Libyan  hills,  which  it  enters  at  the  opening 
of  El-Lahoon,  and.  having  watered  the  valley  of  Fayoom,  it 
again  issues  from  the  Libyan  eliain  and  joins  the  Kile.  The 
Bahr  Yoosef  has  a  length  of  140  miles,  and  the  level  plain, 
often  10  or  12  miles  wide,  included  between  it  .and  the  Nile, 
forms,  with  the  valley  of  Fayoom,  the  most  fertile  part  of 
Egypt.  Popular  belief  ascribes  the  construction  of  this  wa- 
ter-course to  Joseph,  but  competent  observers  pronounce  it 
to  be  an  ancient  branch  of  the  river,  flowing  between  banks 
for  the  most  part  of  natural  origin.  The  apex  of  the  Delta 
wa,s,  in  the  time  of  Herodotus,  at  Cercasorus,  10  miles  below 
Slemphis;  it  is  now  about  6  miles  still  lower  down,  at  Batn- 
el-Bakara.  The  river,  at  the  early  period  referred  to,  sep.a- 
rated  at  once  into  three  l)ranches,  the  Canopic  going  N.AV., 
the  Pelusiac  N.E.,  and  the  Sebennytic  branch  proceeding 
directly  N.  to  the  sea.  The  latter  also  threw  off  two  other 
branches,  namely,  the  Saitic,  W.,  and  the  Mendesian  E. 
Near  the  former  of  these  flowed  the  Bolbitine,  and,  at  some 
distance  to  tlie  E.,  the  Bucolic  branches,  both  artificial. 
These  were  the  seven  mouths  of  the  Nile,  as  described  by 
Herodotus.  At  the  present  day.  only  two  of  them  continue 
to  flow  in  uninterrupted  navigable  channels  to  the  sea.  and 
those  are  the  Bolbitine  and  Bucolic  arms,  now  named  re- 
spectively, from  the  towns  at  their  mouths,  the  Kosetta  (R:x- 
sheed)  and  Damietta  (Damyat)  branches.  Among  the  ancient 
canals  of  Lower  Egypt,  one  merits  especiiil  notice,  namely,' 
that  which,  starting  from  the  Nile  a  little  below  the  modern 
"!airo,  ran  N.E.  and  E.  into  ihe  desert,  and  then  turning  S.. 
- 1:  rough  the  marshy  district  of  the  Bitter  Lake.s,  termin.ited 
at  Vrsinoe.  .at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  thus  uniting  the 
Nijo  and  the  lied  Sea.    It  was  completed  by  Ptolemus  PhiLi- 


delphus,  after  Pharao  Necho  and  Darius  had  both  attempted 
its  construction,  and  failed.  In  a  few  years,  however,  it  be- 
came choked  up  and  useless,  but  was  restored  by  Trajan, 
only  to  fall  again  to  ruin.  Some  traces  of  it  still  remain, 
but  for  the  most  part  it  is  wholly  obliteiated.  One  of  the 
greatest  works  carried  on  in  Egypt  in  modei'n  times  is  that 
pri  jectedby  Jlohammed  Alee  for  the  damming  up  or  barrage 
of  the  Nile  below  Cairo,  and  for  the  est.iblinhment  of  canals 
above  the  barrage  which  should  carry  the  water  of  the 
stream  over  the  surface  of  Lower  Egypt.  The. barrage  is  es- 
tablished at  the  point  of  the  Delta  where  the  Nile  bifurcates 
into  two  great  branches,  one  flowing  to  Ro.settiv,  the  other 
to  Damiettii.  It  is  IIS  miles  from  Alexandria,  and  99  miles 
from  Rosetta,  12  miles  below  Cairo,  and  in  view  of  the  great 
pyramids  of  Gheezeh,  (Gizeh.)  The  works  were  completed 
a))out  the  commencement  of  185.3,  and  comprehend — 1.  A 
sluice  bridge  on  each  of  the  two  branches  of  the  river,  with 
a  levelling  quay,  to  fix  the  points  of  the  Delta.  2.  Three  great 
canals,  one  cut  on  the  right  bank-  f  the  Diamietta  braiich  in 
the  direction  of  Mansoorah,  another  running  along  the  left 
bank  o/  the  Rosetta  branch  in  the  directi  jn  of  Alexandria, 
and  the  third  placed  in  the  axis  of  the  Delta.  The  canal 
directed  towards  Alexandria  is  197  feet  wide  ;  the  two  others 
are  each  328  feet.  The  quay  wall  constructed  at  the  point 
of  the  Delta  is  5291  feet  in  lengtli. 

Lilies. — The  first  place  among  the  lakes  of  Egypt  has  been 
hitherto  usually  assigned  to  the  Birket-el-Keroon,  lying  N.AY. 
of  Fayoom.  owing  probably  to  the  celebrity  which  attached 
to  it  from  the  supposition  that  it  was  a  remnant  of  the  an- 
cient Lake  Mceris.  The  embankments  enclosing  the  site  of 
that  lake  (IMoeris)  were  discovered  in  the  E.  part  of  the  Fay- 
oum  Valley,  by  M.  Linant  de  Bellefonds,  in  1842.  The 
Birket-el-Iieroon  has  a  length  of  about  34  miles,  and  a  gene- 
ral breadth  of  6  miles.  The  Nile,  in  capes  of  high  flood, 
makes  its  w.ay  to  its  waters,  which  then  rise  4  or  5  feet.  On 
its  shores  stands  a  castle,  the  projecting  spouts  of  which 
have  procured  for  it  theappellation  of  Kasr-el-Keroon.  (Horn 
Castle,)  whence  the  lake  takes  its  name.  About  50  miles 
N.  of  the  Birket-el-Keroon,  a  low  tract,  extending  S.E. 
and  N.W.,  exhibits  in  the  rainy  season  a  chain  of  pools, 
known  as  the  Natron  Lakes;  from  which,  in  the  dry  sea^ 
son,  the  water  evaporates,  leaving  the  ground  tliickly 
encrusted  with  natron,  (sesquicarbonate  of  soda.)  better 
known  in  commerce  under  the  n.ame  of  troiia.  The  fertile 
land  of  the  Delta  i.s,  for  the  most  part,  separated  from  the 
sea  by  a  series  of  lakes,  or  rather  vast  lagoons,  which  are 
themselves  fenced  from  the  sea  by  very  nariow  necks  of  land. 
Between  the  Rosetta  and  Damietta  arms  of  the  Nile,  Lake 
B(X)rlos  occupies  half  of  the  coast,  or  above  -30  miles ;  E.  of 
the  latter  arm.  Lake  Menzaleh  covers  an  extent  of  500  square 
miles ;  while  Lake  Bardow.al  (anc.  SirMnis)  stretches 70  miles 
still  farther  E.  making,  altogether,  a  frontier  covered  by 
these  lagoons  but  little  short  of  200  miles. 

Gmlnf/y,  &c. — The  general  rocks  of  Egypt  are  limestone, 
overlain  with  sjvndstone  and  granite,  which  breaks  through 
and  overspreads  both.  The  granite  region  lies  at  (hi'  S.  ex- 
tremity of  Egypt.  In  Lower  Nubia,  the  summits  cf  the  gra- 
nitic rocks  rise  1000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river.  This 
rude  and  wild  scenery  continues  down  to  Asswan,  where 
the  cat;»ra<?ts  are  formed  by  the  cliffs  and  broken  mas.ses  of 
granite  which  line  the  bed  of  the  river.  The  rock  at  Ass- 
wan or  Syene  is  not  the  syenite  of  modern  geologists.  Black- 
ened by  the  sun's  rays,  and  often  highly  poli.shed,  it  has  fre- 
quently been  mistaken  for  basalt;  and,  indeed,  it  is  not 
certain  that  volcanic  rocks  may  not  be  found  mingled  with 
the  granite.  The  cliffs  near  Asswan  have  supplied  the  ma- 
terials for  all  the  colossal  and  monolithic  monuments, of 
Egypt.  From  Asswan  to  Esneh  (lat.  25°  19'  N.)  extends  the 
sandstone  formation,  which  is  very  durable,  and  easily 
worked.  The  quarries  at  Jebel  Silsilis  (Chain  Mountain)  and 
a  few  other  points  in  this  region,  furnished  the  materials  for 
the  superb  structures  of  Thebes,  and,  indeed,  f^r  most  of 
the  temples  of  ancient  Egypt.  Below  Esneh  the  limestone  pre- 
dominates, though  sandstone  hills  still  occasionally  inteiiupt 
the  calcareous  range.  The  Egyptian  limestone  is  generally 
grey,  containing  fish,  shells,  and  corals;  but  in  the  E.  de- 
sert, specimens  have  been  found  of  handsome  marble ;  and 
in  the  parallel  of  Minieh,  lat.  2SO  4'  N.,  and  about  100  miles 
E.  of  the  Nile,  were  discovered,  a  few  years  ago,  the  splendid 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Alabastropolis,  which  once  derived 
wealth  from  its  quarries  of  alabaster.  Farther  S.  in  the 
desert,  towards  the  limits  of  the  granite,  we  come  upon  the 
ancient  mines  or  quarries  of  jasper,  porpiiyry.  and  verd  an- 
tique. The  emerald  mines  of  Zebarah  lie  near  the  Red  Sea, 
in  the  parallel  of  Syene.  Diluvial  heaps  of  oyster  and  other 
shells  frequently  occur  at  considerable  elevations  in  the  cal- 
careous region,  and  a  few  miles  E.  of  Cairo,  in  the  Jebel  JIo- 
kattem,  an  extensive  tract  is  covered  with  the  silicified 
trunks  of  trees.  This  phenomenon  of  a  petrified  forest  pre- 
sents it.self  again  in  the  desert  of  the  Natron  Lakes,  W.  of 
the  Nile,  and  also  far  to  the  S.  in  Nubia. 

AUuviupi. — The  alluvial  soil  of  Egypt  is  a  no  less  interest- 
ing object  of  study  than  the  rocky  foundation  on  which  it 
re.sts.  The  Nile,  during  the  floods,  dc^posits  in  the  valley  of 
Egypt  the  earthy  particles  with  whicli  it  becomes  loaded  in 

617 


EGY 


EGY 


rhe  ;arly  and  impetuous  part  of  its  course,  and  it  is  easy  to 
recc  >riiise,  in  the  dark  brown  mould  of  Kgypt,  the  disinte- 
frat.'U  trachyte's  of  Abyssinia.  Wherever  the  velocity  of 
the  ^trl';^m  is  checked,  the  earthy  sediment  is  deposited,  and 
a  thin,  slimy  film  spreads  over  the  ground.  The  increase 
of  the  soil  by  this  means  is  said  to  proceed,  in  Upper  Kgypt, 
at  the  rate  of  4  or  5  inches  in  the  century:  in  the  Delta  it 
goes  on  more  slowly.  From  the  depth  of  the  sedimentary 
soil  covering  causewaj's,  or  heaped  around  monuments  at 
Thebes,  which  doubtless  stood  originally  almve  the  reach 
of  the  inundation,  it  hjvs  been  calculated  that  the  age  of 
that  city  must  reach  back  at  least  to  the  year  2960  b.  c. 

Cliiiuile. — The  climate  of  Egypt  is  remarkable  for  its  dry- 
ness and  general  uniformity.  Peculiar  circumstances,  such 
as  the  vicinity  of  the  sea,  and  the  freshness  of  the  N.  wind, 
modify  at  the  X.  and  S.  extremities  of  the  country,  respec- 
tively, the  cold  of  winter,  and  the  burning  heat  of  summer. 
In  the  Delta,  the  mean  temperature  of  winter  is  about  54° 
Fah.;  that  of  summer,  S2^:  at  Asswan.  the  thermometer 
often  rises,  in  the  latter  sea.son,  to  90°.  It  is.  however, 
ch;iracteristic  of  Egypt  and  the  neighboring  deserts,  that  a 
great  lall  of  temperature,  from  14°  to  20°,  takes  place  at 
night,  owing,  as  it  is  usually  explained,  to  the  setting  in 
of  the  \.  wind  at  sunset,  or  rather  perhaps  attributable  to 
the  general  dryness  and  perfect  transparency  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, which  favor  rapid  evaporation,  and  the  radiation  of 
heat.  This  nocturnal  cooling  sometimes,  though  very 
tarely,  sinks  just  before  sunrise  to  congelation;  and  ice  has 
been  found  on  the  Nile  even  at  Asswan,  (Syene.)  The  hot 
8.  wind,  or  Khamseen,  (that  is,  50  days'  wind,)  sets  in  at  the 
vernal  equinox,  and  lasts,  as  the  name  implies,  nearly  two 
mouths;  the  thermometer  sometimes  rising  during  its  con- 
tinuance to  100°;  fi.  winds  prevail  after  the  autumnal  equi- 
nox; daring  the  remainder,  or  about  eight  months  of  the 
year,  the  wind  blows  from  the  X.  and  neighboring  points. 
In  the  maritime  parts  of  the  Delta,  considerable  fiUls  of  rain 
occur  25  or  30  times  between  October  and  March:  only  half 
of  this  quantity  falls  at  Cairo,  and  above  the  2rith  parallel 
rain  is  hardly  known ;  hail  is  very  rare,  and  still  more  so 
snow,  which  fell,  nevertheless,  in  1833,  in  the  Delta,  to  the 
great  sui-prise  of  the  people.  There  seems  to  be  little  reason 
for  supposing  that  the  climate  of  Egypt  is  insalubrious. 
As  to  the  plague,  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  be  generated  in 
Egypt:  but  its  rapid  diffusion,  as  well  as  the  prevalence  of 
elephantiasis,  and  other  apparently  endemic  diseases,  may 
be  naturally  ascribed  to  the  filthy  habits  and  wretched  con- 
dition of  the  people. 

Sf-isrms. — In  Egypt,  the  seasons  are  reduced  to  three,  viz. 
the  inundation,  spring,  and  harvest,  the  distinction  being 
immediately  dependent  on  the  Nile.  At  the  beginning  of 
June,  the  hot  winds  being  over,  and  most  of  the  crops  cut, 
the  country  begins  to  resemble  the  adjacent  desert,  and  the 
parched  ground  cracks  and  opens  in  all  directions,  when,  in 
the  third  week  of  the  month,  the  river  is  observed  to  rise. 
The  increase  of  the  water  becomes  in  a  short  time  regular, 
till  it  re.iches  its  maximum,  about  the  second  week  of  Sep- 
temljer.  As  the  canals  become  filled,  the  water  is  allowed 
to  run  over  the  fields  and  gardens,  the  low  dams  which 
protect  them  being  successively  trodden  down.  During 
this  season,  Egypt  resembles  a  great  .sea,  in  which  the 
towns,  villages,  and  groves  of  trees  figure  as  so  many 
islands.  By  the  middle  of  November,  the  river  has  re- 
turned to  its  old  bed.  and.  as  the  waters  retire,  the  fields 
emerge  from  the  inundation  in  a  most  un.sightly  guise, 
covered  with  blackish  mud:  the  seed  is  quickly  sown:  the 
refreshed  earth  teems  with  life :  and,  in  an  incredibly  short 
time,  the  face  of  the  country,  lately  so  deformed,  is  clothed 
with  the  richest  verdure.  This  spring-time  lasts  till  the 
Khamseen.  or  hot  winds,  after  which  comes  the  harvest,  and 
occupies  the  period  that  intervenes  till  the  return  of  the 
Inundation.  The  Nile  may  rise  at  the  present  day  28  feet, 
without  occasioning  any  damage. 

Botany.— The  wild  plants  of  Egypt  are  generally  dicoty- 
ledonous annuals,  characterized  by  a  hairy  or  thorny  exte- 
rior, long  roots,  and  leaves  of  pale  green  color,  and  dry  tex- 
ture. The  most  common  wild  shrub  is  the  Acacia  seval, 
which  is  almost  leafless,  and  armed  with  long  thorns.  The 
palm-tree  is  rarely  seen  in  a  perfectly  wild  state:  vet  forests 
of  the  date-pjilm,  of  great  antiquity,  exist  on  the  E,  boi-ders 
of  the  Delta,  and  on  the  site  of  .Memphis.  The  doum-palm, 
{Cucifera  thrbaica.)  singular  in  its  bifurcat<'d  forms,  arrives 
at  perfection  in  Upper  Egypt,  and  yields  a  fruit  of  the  size 
of  an  orange:  but  much  less  esteemed  than  the  date.  The 
sycamore  is  the  largest  and  most  umbrageous  of  Egyptian 
tret'S,  often  obtaining  a  circumferenc-e  of  23  or  30  feet,  but 
with  a  moderate  height :  it  bears  a  kind  of  fig  on  its  trunk 
and  larger  branches.  The  oramres.  figs,  and  tamarinds  of 
Egypt  are  excellent:  but  the  Europetin  fruits  grown  there 
are  of  iufenor  quality.  The  chief  timber-trees  are  the  acacia 
lebekh.  the  cypr.-ss.  and  the  Aleppo  pine.  The  sant  or  aca- 
cia nilotica,  valuable  for  Wa  hard  wood,  and  producing  gum 
arable,  increast's  in  size  as  we  ascend  the  Nile.  The  late 
Viceroy,  Mohamm(>d  Alee,  is  .said  to  have  planted,  chiefly  in 
Lower  Egypt,  alxive  16.000,000  of  trees  of  various  kinds- 
and  his  (ton.  Ibrahim  Pasha,  planted  more  tiian  5,000,000. 


Zodogy. — The  list  of  the  wild  animals  of  Egypt  is  not 
large.  The  wolf,  hy»na,  and  jackal,  habitual  inhabitants 
of  the  desert,  occasionally  visit  the  Valley  of  the  Nile:  there 
the  ichneumon  or  mangouste,  which  lives  chiefly  on  eggs, 
and  preys  on  those  of  the  crocodile  among  others,  is  still 
numerous.  The  jerboa,  or  kangaroo-like  rat.  burrows  in 
the  sands,  and  frequents,  in  great  number.?,  the  plains  of 
Gheezeh,  round  the  pyramids.  The  crocodile  very  rarely  do- 
.scends  the  Nile  below  Girjeh.  and  the  hippopotamus  has  long 
since  retired  to  Upper  Nubia,  and  never  visits  the  waters 
of  Egypt,  except  when  forcibly  borne  down  by  the  flood,  as 
happened  in  1836,  when  one  of  these  aiilnials  rose  into 
view  before  Damietta.  AVild  swine  are  still  numerous  in 
the  marshes  and  thickets  bordering  on  the  Delta,  but  they 
are  little  molested  by  a  Mohammedan  population. 

Agriculture — The  system  of  husbandry  pui-sued  in  Egypt 
is  proViablj'  the  same  now  that  it  was  3U00  years  ago,  where- 
ever  the  government  has  not  interfered  with  it,  by  intro- 
ducing new  objects  of  culture.  The  Egyptian  peasant  is 
extremely  tenacious  of  ancient  usages :  his  plough  at  the 
present  day  exactly  re.sembles  that  figured  in  the  hiero- 
glyphics :  for  a  harrow  he  u.ses  a  roller  made  of  a  piece  of 
tlie  trunk  of  a  palm-tree;  and  he  allows  no  rest  to  the  inun- 
dated land,  but  relieves  it  only  by  a  change  of  crops.  AVheat 
and  barley,  which  are  among  the  principal  crups  in  Egypt, 
are  quite  ripe  in  May  in  the  Delta,  where  the  produce  of  the 
field  arrives  at  maturity  generally  a  month  later  than  in 
Upper  Egypt.  Durrah,  (Sorghum  rulgarf.)  the  grain  on 
which  the  natives  chiefly  subsi.st.  and  millet,  are  sown 
■later,  and  gathered  earlier.  Of  maize,  two  crops  are  often 
raised  in  the  year.  Rice,  the  sale  of  which  is  a  monoj:ioly 
of  the  government,  is  a  novelty  to  the  Egyptian  husband- 
man, and  is  grown  chiefly  in  the  low  grounds  near  IJosetta 
and  Damietta.  Beans,  lupins,  lentils,  and  various  kinds  of 
pulse,  with  onions,  bamich,  (Hi/biacus  e.<culeiilu:<.)  and  mal- 
low, are  cultivated,  and  consumed  in  great  quantities.  The 
cultivation  of  cotton,  begun  in  1821,  has  now  extended 
widely;  indigo  succeeds  in  the  Eayoom  and  Ujiper  Egypt. 
The  growth  of  the  sugar-cane  is  confined  to  the  latter  coun- 
try; the  manufacture  of  the  sugar  being  carried  on  at  Min- 
yeh.  For  the  s.ake  of  the  silk  manufacture,  3,000,000  of  mul- 
berry trees  have  been  planted  in  Egypt ;  but  the  hot  winds 
often  prove  fatal  to  the  silk-worms.  The  cultivation  cf  the 
olive.  al.=o,  is  now  encouraged;  and  attempts  have  been 
made  even  to  naturalize  the  coffee  plant,  dove,  and  cin- 
namon. 

Industry. — The  Egyptians  still  adhere  to  their  ancient 
custom  of  uniting  the  followers  of  each  business  or  pro- 
fes,sion  into  a  guild  or  corporation,  governed  by  their  chief 
or  sheikh,  who  acts,  if  need  be,  as  their  repre.sentative. 
These  guilds  are  exceedingly  numerous,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, among  a  people  whose  social  organization  reaches  to 
a  remote  antiquity.  Of  all  the  trades  pursued  in  this  coun- 
try.  the  most  remarkable  is  hatching  of  eggs  by  the  artificial 
heat  of  ovens — a  peculiarity  of  Egypt,  handed  down  from 
ancient  times.  The  poultry  reared  in  this  way  are  wholly 
without  the  instincts  which  relate  to  the  care  of  offspring; 
the  artificial  method  of  hatching,  therefore,  when  once  re- 
sorted to.  soon  becomes  necessary,  and  the  natural  system 
of  incubation  is  totally  superseded..  It  is  said  that  24.000,000 
of  eggs  are  submitted  annually  to  the  vivifying  ovens  in 
Egypt,  of  which  number  about  one-fifth  fail.  The  busi- 
ness of  tanning  is  one  in  which  the  Egyptians  succeed  per- 
fectly, by  a  process  peculiar  to  themselves.  They  make  ex- 
cellent morocco  leather,  of  goatskin  dressed  and  dyed  in  a 
particular  manner.  The  pottery  of  Egypt,  also,  deserves 
pi-aise,  chiefly  for  the  merit  of  the  bardaks  or  water-jars. 
The  best  bardaks  are  those  made  at  Keneh.  whiih.  besides 
being  impregnated  with  a  fine  and  lasting  perfume,  are.  in 
various  degrees  and  forms,  permenllo  to  water;  so  that 
while  some  sen'e  as  filters,  others  exude  the  purified  fluid, 
and  keep  it  cool  by  evaporation,  which  effect,  in  such  a 
climate  as  Egypt,  is  a  matter  of  great  importance.  But  the 
manufactures,  which  require  capital,  and  are  carried  on 
with  skill  and  the  aid  of  machinery,  all  owe  their  introduc- 
tion to  the  late  Mohammed  Alee,  and  are.  in  fact,  the  pro- 
perty of  the  government.  That  energetic  ruler  istaMished 
above  20  cotton  mills  on  a  large  saile.  horses  or  oxen  Inking 
employed  as  the  moving  power.  His  linen  manufactories 
deliver  annually  3,000.000  pieces,  and  compete  in  Italy  with 
the  productions  of  Germany  and  England.  The  manufac- 
ture of  silk,  as  well  as  the  rearing  of  the  silk-worm,  re- 
ceived from  him  a  powerful  impulse.  AVoollen  cloth, 
hempen  cordage,  sugar,  indigo,  oil.  gunpowder,  and  various 
chemical  products,  all  engaged  his  attention:  and  in  every 
case  he  established  manufactorie.s.  to  be  conducted  on  the 
public  account.  He  erected  an  iron  foundry  at  lioolak,  a 
suburb  of  Cairo,  on  the  Nile,  His  establishments  for  the 
manufacture  of  fire-arms,  and  of  military  accoutrements  in 
general,  merit  commendation,  especially  on  grounds  of 
policy. 

Cumtixerct. — The  commerce  of  Egypt,  under  the  present 
viceroy,  appears  to  be  in  a  very  prosperous  conditimi — a  re- 
sult owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  system  of  government  which 
has  prevailed  since  the  death  of  Mohammed  Alee.   The  prin- 


EGY 


EGY 


cipsi  articles  exported  are  cotton,  beans,  pease,  rice,  wheat, 
barley,  (Tums,  flax,  hides,  lentils,  linseed,  mother-of-pearl, 
sesamum,  senna,  and  ostrich  feathers.  The  chief  imports 
are  cotton  and  iron  manufactures,  coals,  olive-oil,  indigo, 
earthi.-nware,  sugar,  drugs,  liquors,  and  pitch.  The  annexed 
table  exhibits  the  value  of  the  exports  from  Egypt  for  a  se- 
ries of  years,  ending  1851 : — 


1841 $9,913,507 

1842 9,02i,3.H0 

1843 9,578.920 

1844 8,393,422 


1846 89,289,119 

184li 9,355.504 

1847 15,017,175 

1848 7,862,827 


1849 $10,155,811 

lH.iO......     15,767,898 

1851 16,290,234 


The  v.ilue  of  imports  into  Egypt  in  1849  was  $9.350,000 ;  in 
1861  it  had  increased  to  Sll.500,000.  According  to  the  cus- 
tom-house returns.  Great  Britain  occupies  the  first  place  in 
Egyptian  commerce,  the  North  of  Europe  the  next,. Austria 
the  third,  and  France  the  fourth.  To  facilitate  the  internal 
trade  of  the  country,  a  railway  about  120  miles  long,  was 
opened  from  Alexandria  to  Cairo  in  the  early  part  of  1855, 
and  is  to  be  extended  to  Suez. 

Ooremmenl. — The  government  of  Egypt  is  in  the  hand.sof 
Turks,  and,  as  might  be  expected,  is  an  unqualltied  despo- 
tism. Moh.ammed  Alee,  (.Mehemet  Ali.)  the  first  viceroy  and 
founder  of  the  present  dynasty,  in  1808  aoolished  the  right 
of  private  individuals  to  hold  estates  in  land,  thus  becoming 
hims.?lf  the  sole  proprietor  of  the  whole  kingdom,  iiouses  and 
gardens  excepted.  He  took  into  his  own  hands  all  the  agri- 
culture, as  well  as  all  the  manufactures  of  the  kingdom,  lie 
aimed  at  developing  the  resources  of  Egypt,  but  he  never 
dreamt  of  turning  to  account  the  mainspring  of  national  pro.s- 
perity,  namely,  the  untiring  energy  with  which  every  man 
iab'irs  to  promote  his  own  welfare.  All  his  reforms,  his 
schools,  manufactures,  canals,  plantations,  well  ap]>ointed 
army,  and  increasing  navy,  all  tended  towards  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  .system  on  which  he  reckoned  for  the  increase  of  his 
financial  means  and  political  power,  never  taking  into  the 
account  the  instruction  or  well-being  of  his  people.  They 
were  left  but  a  wretched  subsistence. 

Heienuts  and  Erpen-ies. — The  revenues  of  Egypt  are  de- 
rived from  various  sources,  the  chief  being  the  meeree  (niiri) 
or  land  tax,  which  yields  nearly  half  of  the  whole  income. 
Next  in  importance  are  the  proceeds  of  monopolies,  namely, 
of  cotton,  indigo,  sugar,  rice,  opium.  &c.  Then  come  the  capi- 
tation, the  customs,  taxes  on  grain  brought  to  market,  on 
cattle  slaughtered,  on  date-treea.  fishing.  &c.;  in  all  produc- 
ing about  2.500.000^  The  J^xyptian  army  is  composed  of 
laO.OuO  regular  troops,  12.000  of  whom  are  cavalry,  and  of 
about  40,000  national  guards.  To  these  may  be  added 
about  40.00)  irregular  cavalry,  (Bedouins,  chiefly  in  Am- 
bia.)  The  fleet  consists  of  10  or  11  .ships  of  the  line,  6  fri- 
gates, and  a  dozen  smaller  vessels;  connected  with  it  and 
with  the  arsenals  is  a  force  of  40.000  men.  The  entire 
milit.-uT  force  maintained  in  the  kingdom  cannot  fell  much 
short  of  270.000  men. 

/i'((c<!,  Piipuldtion.  i6c. — Of  the  inhabitants  of  Egypt,  the 
great  majority — those  of  the  peasant  class,  or  Feilahs.  as 
they  are  cjilled — are  undoubtedly  indigenous,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  descendants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  These, 
having  embraced  Mohammedanism,  are  now  generally  de- 
nominated Arabs,  though  easily  di.xtingui.shed  from  the  true 
Arab,  who  Invariably  regards  the  Fellah  with  contempt. 
The  Copts  are  the  Kgyptians  who  still  cling  to  the  Christian 
faith;  though  comparatively  few,  they  contrive  to  hold  a 
respectable  position  in  society  by  means  of  their  education 
and  useful  talents.  The  Fellahs  are  generally  peasants 
and  laborers.  With  these  alxiriginal  Egyptians  are  min- 
gled, in  various  proportions,  Turks,  Arabs,  (chiefly  Bedou- 
ins.) .Armenians.  Greeks,  Berbers,  Negroes,  Jews,  and 
Franks.  The  Turks  form  a  privileged  class,  or  kind  of  ari.s- 
tocraey,  and  hold  the  principal  offices  under  government. 
The  Arab  tribes  considered  as  belonging  to  Egypt,  and  to 
whom  lands  have  been  assigned,  are  the  Bedouins,  who 
supply  the  country  with  camels,  sheep,  and,  to  some  extent, 
with  horses;  their  numl)er  is  about  250,000.  The  whole 
population  of  Fgypt  has  been  estimated  by  the  government, 
from  apparently  ample  data,  at  3i  or  nearly  4  millions,  but 
Europeans  who  have  examined  this  question  on  the  spot 
concur  in  reducing  the  estimate  to  2i  millions;  the  Fellahs 
being  nearly  2.000.000,  the  Copts,  145.000.  and  the  ruling  caste 
of  Tuiks  and  Memlooks,  (that  is.  slaves  chiefly  from  Caucasus, 
taken  young,  and  reared  as  Turks,)  not  above  20,000. 

Dii^ixinnn. — Egypt  falls  naturally  into  two  divisions, 
namely.  Upper  and  I^ower  Egypt;  the  latter  comprising  the 
broail  plains  of  the  Delta,  and  the  former  the  comparatively 
narrow  valley  of  the  river  higher  up.  These  were  anciently 
regarded  as  separate  kingdoms,  denoted  in  hieroglyphics  by 
different  crowns  or  rf)yal  tiaras.  Whenever  they  were  united 
under  the  same  rule,  the  I'haraoh  bore  the  title  of  "The 
Lord  of  the  two  worlds."  But  the  lower  part  of  the  valley, 
which  includes  the  Fayoom  and  the  plains  watered  by  the 
Bahr  Yoosef  differs  widely  again  from  the  narrower  portion 
higher  up :  hence  the  division  into  Upper.  Middle,  and  Lower 
Egypt ;  or,  to  use  the  Arab  names.  Saeed  (Sa'id)  or  Mares,  fin 
Coptic,  the  South;) Wustanee  or  Vostauijand  Baharee.  (Ba- 
hari.  "maritime."^  or  Er-l'eef,  (El  Kif.)  The  whole  country 
appearu  to  havc  ueca  subdivided  from  the  earliest  ages  into 


districts,  or,  as  the  Greeks  termed  them,  Nomes.  Upper 
Flgypt,  or  the  S.aeed,  was  often  named  by  classic  writers  the 
Thebais:  and  Middle  Egypt,  divided  into  7  Noines,  the  iie;>j,a- 
nomi.s.  These  ancient  territorial  divisions,  beinir  ibunded 
on  nature,  have  never  fallen  wholly  into  disuse,  though  dis- 
guised under  new  names.  The  late  Viceroy.  Mohammed 
Alee  divided  the  whole  country  into  seven  Mooderliksor  pro- 
vinces, supeiintended  by  a  Mooder;  each  Mooderlik  beicf; 
subdivided  into  departments,  and  these  again  into  cantons, 
each  having  its  proper  and  responsible  chief 

Literature,  Slonumf.n(s,  and  UUtwy. — As  the  Araliic  lan- 
guage has  been  for  twelve  centuries  the  language  of  Egypt, 
the  literature  of  the  country  has  necessarily  become  merged 
into  that  of  Arabia.  The  truly  indigenous  literatxn-e  of  the 
country,  therefore — that  which  belonged  to  Egypt  when  its 
historical  importance  was  at  its  height^ — must  he  sought  for 
in  the  graven  monuments  of  that  period.  Passing  ovei-  the 
2500  years  during  which  Egypt  was  ruled  by  gods  and  demi- 
gods, we  come  to  the  Menes,  tlie  founder  of  the  first  of  thirty 
dynasties,  recorded  more  or  less  perfectly  by  Manetho,  the 
high-priest  of  Isis  et  8ebenjiytus.  who  lived  aboxit  ".00  B.  C. 
But  so  arbitrarily  has  the  high-priest's  information  been  dealt 
with  by  the  writers  who  have  handed  it  down  to  us.  that 
we  cannot  decide  whether  he  places  5Ienes  5400  or  3900 
years  before  the  Christian  era.  Ills  son  and  successor  is 
said  to  have  written  a  book  on  anatomy,  and  to  have  had  a 
temple  at  Memphis.  This  city  was  already  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom,  and  mention  is  made,  at  the  same  early  age, 
of  Bubastos  or  I'u-Pasht,  (Pibeseth,  Ezek.  xxx.  17.)  dedi- 
cated to  the  goddess  Pasht,  the  remains  of  wliich  may  still 
be  traced  at  Tel-Bastjih.  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Delta.  With 
the  fourth  dynasty  begins  the  period  of  undoubted  contem- 
porary monuments.  ShCifo  (Cheops)  built  the  great  pyra- 
mid in  which  his  name  is  written:  his  immediate  successor 
built  the  second:  and  his  nephew.  Menkare.  the  third.  A 
portion  of  the  coffin  of  Menkare,  with  his  name  insciined  on 
it,  is  now  in  the  British  Museum,  being  probably  the  oldest 
specimen  of  writing  extant,  beyond  the  pvramids  and  the 
tombs  of  Gheezeh  and  Sakkara.  These  earliest  known  speci- 
mens of  hieroglyphic  writing  exhibit  the  art  in  complete 
maturity,  and,  coupled  with  the  pyramids,  prove  that 
Egypt  under  the  fourth  dynasty  was  already  far  advanced 
beyond  the  infancy  of  civilization.  The  eleventh  dynasty 
was  the  first  of  the  Diospolitan  or  Theban  kings,  whose  ce- 
lebrity, however,  commenced  with  the  twelfth,  to  which  be- 
longed Sesortasen,  one  of  those  kings  whose  achievements 
have  been  ascribed  to  the  halffabulous  Sesostris.  and  of 
whom  there  remains  an  insci-ibed  pillar,  recording  his  con 
quests  in  Nubia,  and  of  his  son,  Animencmes  IIT.,  who  em- 
banked Lake  Moeris  and  built  the  Labyrinth.  This  edifice, 
the  foundations  of  which  may  still  lie  traced,  appeared  to 
the  Greeks,  even  while  Karnak  stood  in  all  its  glory,  to  be 
the  greatest  and  most  wonderful  in  the  world.  The  fif- 
teenth and  two  succeeding  dynasties  were  those  of  the 
Ilyksos  or  shepherds,  whose  tyrannous  rule  continued  for 
some  centuries.  With  the  ei-jhteenth  dynasty  begins  the 
most  brilliant  period  of  Egyptian  history,  and  the  greatness 
of  Thelies.  Aahmes,  (Amosis.)  the  first  king  of  the  eigh- 
teenth dynasty,  is  suppo.sed  by  some  to  have  been  the  Pha- 
raoh (Pii-re,  king)  under  whom  the  Exodus  took  place; 
though  others  suppose  the  Exodus  to  have  taken  place  in 
the  reign  of  Ramses,  (Sesostris.)  the  last  king,  or  the  last 
but  one,  of  this  dynasty.  Subsequently  comes  a  series  of 
great  princes — Amenoph,  Thothmes,  Horus.  Ramses,  and 
Menephthah,  to  whom  are  due  the  grand  niotiaments  of 
Karnak.  Luxor.  (el-Akhsar,)>Iedinet  Aboo,  Amada,  Senineh, 
Ac.  Their  conquests  are  recounted  on  obelisks,  temples, 
tombs,  and  represented  by  paintings,  with  hieroglyphic  ex- 
planations so  elaborate  and  frequent,  as  to  furnish  the  ma- 
terial of  a  voluminous  though  still  obscure  literature.  Some 
papyri,  written  in  the  reign  of  Menephthah  11..  the  last  of 
the  twelfth  dynasty,  (and  son  of  Ramses  III.,  the  Sesostris 
of  most  writers,  1340  n,  c)  have  been  partially  interpreted, 
and  throw  a  curious  light  on  the  manners  of  the  age.  One 
of  tliem  contains  instructions  written  by  a  minister  of  .state 
for  the  secret  preparation  of  a  certain  feast,  whence  it  ap- 
pears that  the  Ethiopian  feast  entitled  "Table  of  the  Sun," 
(in  old  Egyptian  phrase,  the  king.)  as  described  by  Herodo- 
tus 800  yeai-s  later,  had  its  origin  in  Thebes.  Under  the 
twentieth  dynasty  commenced  the  decline  of  Egypt  and  of 
Egyptian  art,  while  Assyria,  on  the  other  hand,  began  to 
rise.  A  I'haraoh,  probably  the  last,  of  the  twenty-first  dy- 
nasty (Tanites,  by  Isaiah  called  the  Princes  of  Zoan.)  gave 
his  daughter  in  marriage  to  King  Solomon.  (1  Kings  i.x.  16.) 
The  twenty-second  began  with  Sesonchis,  the  Shishak  of 
Scripture,  (the  first  I'haraoh  mentioned  by  name  in  the 
Sacred  Volume,)  to  whom  .Jeroboam  fled,  and  who  after- 
wards sacked  Jerusalem.  The  next  dynasty  was  founded 
by  Sabaco,  (So,  the  ally  of  Hosea,  2  Kings  xvii.4.)  originally 
from  Upper  Nubia.  Ills  name,  as  well  as  that  of  his  fol- 
lower, Tirhaka,  or  Zerach  the  Ethiopian,  is  found  on  the 
monuments.  The  twenty-sixth  dynasty  is  distingui.shed 
chiefly  by  P.sammetichus,  in  whose  reign  the  Greeks  legan 
to  grow  numerous  in  Egypt.  This  was  followed  by  the  Persian 
Cambyses  and  his  successors  for  124  years,  after  which  pe- 

619 


EGY 

nod  we  have  again  three  dynasties  of  native  princes,  the 
Ust  king  of  Egyptian  racet*ing  Nectanelms,  of  whom  there 
remains  a  temple  and  inscription  at  I'hiise.  He  was  driven 
from  the  tlirone  in  341  B.  c.  by  a  usurper,  who  was  soon 
after  displaced  ly  Daiius  Ochus:  and  he  in  turn  wasoblijred 
in  332  B.  c.  to  make  way  for  Alexander. 

Among  the  titipliies  brought  by  the  British  army  from 
Egypt  was  the  Kosetta  stone,  a  large  black  slab,  covered 
with  inscriptions  in  three  different  characters.  The  last  of 
Ihe.se  is  tJreek.  and  informs  us  that,  in  the  ninth  year  of 
Ptolemy  Epiphaues.  (196  B.  c.'l  the  priests  of  Egypt,  con- 
vened for  the  purpose,  decreed  certain  honors  t^^  that  king, 
and  ordered  tliat  their  decree  should  be  engraved  on  hard 
stone.  '•  in  sacred,  (hieroglyphic.)  demotic,  and  Greek  cha- 
racters." The  certainty  that  the  hieroglyphic  inscription 
here  contained  the  same  matter  as  the  Greek,  induced  Dr. 
Thomas  Young,  in  1813,  to  examine  it  attentively,  and  he 
soon  detected  the  often-repeated  names  of  Ptolemy  and  Cleo- 
patra. The  first  steps  having  been  successfully  made,  the 
progress  that  ensued  was  astonishingly  rapid,  insomuch  that 
ChampoUion  left  liehind  him  at  his  death,  in  1S.30.  a  com- 
plete Egyptian  grammar  and  dictionary  of  hieroglyphics.  In 
consequence,  therefore,  of  this  remarkable  discovery,  we  of 
the  nineteenth  centurj-  have  a  much  better  knowledge  of 
the  monuments  and  history  of  ancient  Egypt  than  was  pos- 
sessed either  bj'  the  Greeks  or  Komans. 

Modern  History. — In  A.  I>.  639,  the  Arabs  effected  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt,  which,  under  its  Mohammedan  rulers,  soon 
became  totally  changed.  In  1250,  the  government  was  seized 
by  the  Slemlooks,  (slaves,  chiefly  from  Caucasus,  bred  to 
military  service.)  who  had  grown  into  power  by  the  favor  of 
Saladin.  These  were  subdued  by  Selim.  the  Ottoman  sul- 
tan, in  1517  ;  but  the  descendants  of  the  defeated  chiefs  kept 
the  country  in  disorder  for  more  than  two  centuries;  and 
when,  in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the  Otto- 
man empire  was  hard  pressed  by  Kussia  and  Austria.  Egypt 
again  fell  under  the  turbulent  sway  of  the  Memlooks.  who 
continued  to  retain  the  sovereign  power  during  the  French 
invasion  in  1798 :  but  on  the  expulsion  of  the  French,  the 
young  officer,  Mohammed  Alee  Bey.  commanding  the  Tur- 
kish forces,  contrived  to  shorten  the  contest  by  entrapping 
and  treacherously  murdering  the  Memlook  le.iders.  Such 
was  the  act  which  founded  the  fortunes  of  the  future  pasha. 
As  he  consolidated  his  power  in  Egjpt,  the  porte,  with  sin- 
ister intentiims  probably,  commanded  him  to  suppress  the 
M'ahabee,  (Wah&bi.)  a  fanatical  sect  in  Arabia,  grown  forti>i- 
dable  by  their  numbers  and  audacitj-.  But  his  energy  qnd 
perseverance  overcame  all  difficulties.  lie  soon  subdued  the 
Wahabee,  and  annexed  to  his  dominions  all  the  provinces 
of  Arabia  bordering  on  the  Red  Sea.  On  the  banks  of  the 
Nile  bis  conquests  extended  to  Sennaar  and  Kordofan.  At 
length  he  broke  openly  with  the  )>orte.  and  the  Ottoman 
and  Egyptian  forces  meeting  in  the  plains  of  Xizeeb,  (Nizib,) 
in  Syria,  in  June,  1839,  the  latter  gained  a  decisive  victory  ; 
the  result  of  which  was  a  treaty  confirming  to  Mohammed 
Alee  the  vice-royalty  of  Egjpt,  as  a- fief  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire, hereditary  in  his  family. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Egyptia-N, 

e-jip'sh.Hn.  (Arab.  Mus'ree.) 

E/GYl'T.  a  post-viliase  of  Monroe  co_  New  York,  about 
200  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Albany. 

EGYl'T.  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EGVl'T.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  West  Virginia. 

EGYTT,  a  post-office  of  Effingham  co..  Georgia. 

EGYl'T,  a  post-office  of  Colorado  co..  Texas. 

EG  YI'T.  a  post-office  of  Favette  co.,  Tennessee. 

EGVI'T'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co..  Ohio. 

EH  KX.  e'hen.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  flows 
throuirh  the  Lake  andL>'ale  of  Ennerdale,  past  Egremout, 
and  thence  S.  to  the  Tri-sh  Sea. 

EHIXGEN,  A'ing-fn,  (anc.  Dracuinaf)  a  town  of  AViirtem- 
berg,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Ulm.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  Roman 
Catholic  gymnasium,  an  hospital,  and  4  churches. 

EHXHKIM.  a  town  of  France.     See  Obernai. 

EHMXGEX.  A/ningen.  a  vill.ige  of  Wurtemberg,  circle 
of  Schwarzwald.  7  miles  W.  of  Urach.    Pop.  5010. 

EIIXIXGEX,  a  village  of  AVUrtemberg,  4  mUes  S.W.  of 
BBblingen.     Pop.  1530. 

EHKA.NG,  A'ring,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Rhine  province, 
t^vei-nnient  and  4  miles  X.  of  Treves,  on  a  hei'ht  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Kyll  with  the  Moselle.  It  is  surrounded 
\rith  walls,  and  has  extensive  iron-works,  .some  trade  in 
cattle,  and  an  important  annual  fair.     Pop.' 1050. 

EHKEXBEltG.  A'rgn-b6Rr.\  (Alt.  ilt,  and  Xec.  noi.)  two 
contiguous  vilLiges  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Leitmeritz.  Pop. 
tf  Alt  i.hrenberg.  2.579:  Xeu  Ehrenberg.  13-20. 

EHKENBItEITSTEIX.  A'ren-brlt/stlne.  41  town  of  Rhe- 
nish Prussia.  Immediately  opposite  Coblentz,  with  which 
It  Is  conneite<l  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  Pop.  2100.  It  is  situ- 
ated at  the  fix)t  of  a  rocky  mountain.  4(58  feet  in  elevation, 
and  thence  called  KhrenbreitsUin-im-Thalc,  ('•  Ehrenbrelt- 
tMu  in  the  valley:")  it  commands  extensive  views  of  the 
Khnie.  and  has  a  steam-cooking  apparatus  which  prepares 
provisions  for  1000  men  daily.  The  Fortress  of  Ehrenbreit- 
steln.  which  ciwers  the  rock,  was  originally  a  Koman  cas- 
irum.  It  was  In  vaju  besieged  by  the  French  in  lti32  and 
tJ:jQ 


EIG 

1688 .  It  was  again  besieged  by  General  Marceau  in  1796, 
and  taken  in  1799:  it  was  demolished  after  the  peace  oi 
Luneville,  but  has  been  restored  by  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment since  1815.  and  is  now  a  first  class  fortress,  capable  of 
contjiining  a  garri.«on  of  14.100  men. 

EHHEXFRlEDEliSDORF,  .AVen-free'ders-doEP,  a  town  of 
Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  on  the  slope  of  the  Sanlierg, 
about  1600  feet  above  the  sea,  44  miles  S.W.  of  Dresden. 
Pop.  2620. 

EHREXnAUSEX,  A'ren-hOw'zen,  a  market-town  of  Aus- 
tria, in  Styri.i.  circle,  and  10  miles  X.X.W.  of  Marburg,  on 
the  MuV,  here  crossed  by  a  covered  bridge.  In  1S09.  a  bat- 
tle was  fought  here  between  the  French  and  Austrian^, 
Pop.  708. 

EHREXSTETTEX,  A'ren-st^t^en,  a  market-town  of  Baden. 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  1564. 

ElBAU  or  EYBAU.  Itdw,  (Alt,  ilt,  and  Xeu,  noi.)  two 
contiguous  villages  of  Saxony,  on  the  Rnmburger.  Pop 
4?t00.  This  is  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  the  celebrated  linen 
manufacture  of  Lusatia. 

EIBELSTADT.  i'l)el-statt\  or  EIVELSTADT.  i'vel-statt\  a 
town  of  Bavaria,  in  Lower  i'ranconia,  on  the  Main,  5  miles 
S.E.  of  WUrzburg.    Pop.  1500. 

ElBEXSCHITZ  or  EIBEXSCHUTZ.  (Eibenschiitz.)  iOien- 
shuts\  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  Iglawa,  12  miles  S.W.'of 
Briinn.     I'op.  3549. 

EIBEXSTOCK,  I^ifn-stock^  a  town  of  Saxonv.  16  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Zwickau.  Pop.  4666.  It  has  manufactures  of  che- 
mical products,  muslin,  and  lace.  There  are  tin-mines  and 
stone-quarries  in  the  vicinity. 

EIBISWALD,  i'bis-«dlt\  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in 
Styria.  24  miles  W.X.\V.  of  Marburg.     Pop.  917. 

ElBSTADT.  iVstitt  or  ip'stStt,  (GROSS,  groce.  and 
KLEIX.  kiln.)  two  vilLages  of  Bavaria,  in  Lower  Franconia, 
near  Kiinigshofen,  on  the  Saale.  Ochre  is  mined,  and  wine 
is  extensively  grown  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  of  Gross  Eibstadt, 
522:  Klein  Eibstadt.  642. 

EICH,  IK,  a  vill.Hge  and  pari.sh  of  Holland,  province  of 
Luxemburg,  of  which  it  forms  a  suburb.    Pop.  4600. 

EICH.  Ik.  a  village  of  Hes.s^Darmstadt,  in  Rheinhessen, 
near  the  Rhine.  9  miles  X.  of  Worms.    Pop.  1342. 

EICH  EX  BUHL.  i'Ken-bUle\  a  village  of  Bavaria.  In  Lower 
Franconia,  district  of,  and  near  Miltenberg,  at  the  conllu 
ence  of  the  Schippach  and  Erf.  Pop.  9S5. 
EICHO,  a  town  of  Portugal.  See  Eixo. 
i;iCHORX.  iKTiorn,  a  village  of  Moravia.  18  miles  W.  of 
Briinn,  on  the  Schwarzawa,  with  an  old  fortress,  powdoi 
mills,  and  iron-works. 

EICUSTADT  or  AlCHSTADT.  Ik'st  Jtt,  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
capital  of  a  principality  given  in  1S17  to  Prince  Eugene 
Beauharnai.s,  42  milesW.S.W.  of  Ratisbon,  on  the  Alt- 
miihl.  Pop.  7396.  It  has  a  ducal  residence,  a  cathedra], 
and  .several  other  churches,  a  Capuchin  convent,  bishop's 
palace,  gymnasium,  Latin  and  other  schools,  a  public  libra- 
ry, museums,  and  manufactures  of  earthenw:ires,  hard- 
wares, and  woollen  goods, with  breweries  and  stone  quar- 
ries. Eithstadt  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  French  uudei 
Des.saix  in  1796. 

EICHSTETTEX.  ik'stJt-ten,  a  market-town  of  Biiden,  on 
the  Dreisam.  8  miles  X.W.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  2517. 

EICHTERPTIKI.M,  lK'tfi-s-hIme\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  near  Wiesloch.     Pop.  835. 

EIDER,  i'der  or  id'er,  (L.  EuUra.)  an  important  river  of 
Denmark,  rises  In  Holsteln,  8  miles  S.  of  Kiel,  and  flows 
generally  W.  to  the  German  Ocean,  past  Rendsbuig  and 
Friedrichstadt,  forming,  with  the  canal  of  same  name  which 
continues  it.  the  limit  between  the  duchies  of  Sleswick  and 
Holsteln.  Length  90  miles,  for  70  miles  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. It  opens  a  communication  between  the  Baltic  .ind 
tlie  German  Ocean,  and  the  tides  are  felt  as  far  as  Rends- 
burg. 

EIDSVOLD.  Ids'vold.  or  EIDSYOLD-BAKKEN.  Jds'vnld- 
bik'ken.  a  town  of  Xorway.  32  miles  X.X.E.  of  Christiania, 
on  the  A'ermen-Elf  It  has  iron  forges,  and  wa-s  the  seat  of 
the  Xational  .\ssembly,  held  after  the  treaty  of  Kiel.  Janu- 
ary 14.  1814,  by  which  Denmark  abandoned  Xorwav  to 
Sweden. 

EIFEL.  ITfl.  a  range  of  schistous  hills,  in  Prussia,  pro 
vince  of  Lower  Rhine,  connected.  W.  with  the  East  .\rden- 
nes.  and  trending  E.  by  S.  towards  the  Rhine,  chiefly  be- 
tween the  rivers  Abr  and  Xette.  They  are  somt-times  di- 
vided into  Hohen-Eifel.  (" high  Eifel,")  Vorder  EitVl. (••  hither 
Eifel."')  and  Schnelfel.  ("snowy  Eifel.")  The  culminating 
peak  Is  about  2300  feet  hi>;h.  5sumerousextinct  craters  and 
other  traces  of  vol'-.inic  action  are  met  with;  and  they  tire 
still  the  haunt  of  the  wolf  and  the  boar. 

EIG,  EIGG.  eeg,  or  EG<;  (Jgg)  ISLAXD.  one  of  the  He- 
brides of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  12  miles  W.  of  .^ri.'.iig, 
on  the  m.aiuland.  Pop.  646.  Here  are  some  remarkable  ba- 
saltic cliffs. 

EIGELTIXGEN.  I'ghel-tingVn,  a  village  of  Baden,  I^ake, 
circle,  hiiliwick  of.  and  near  Stockach.     Pop.  793. 

EIGIOR.  i'gher,  a  mountiin  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Ber- 
nese Oberlanu,  2  miles  X.  of  the  MSneh.  Elevation  13,04o 
feet. 


EIG 

KIGnT  BROTH'ERS,  or  SOWAUBA,  sowaw'ba,  a  group 
of  small  islands  on  the  N.K.  coast  of  Ahysssiuia,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Strait  of  Bab-t-l-Mandeb.  about  15  miles  N.  of  Kas  Bir : 
the  laiL'est  in  lat.  12°  28'  N.,  lon.4y°  28'  50"  K.  The  highest 
rises  about  350  feet  above  the  sea,  with  a  small  bay  on  its  N. 
eide. 

KIGHTEEN  MILE,  a  post-oflRee  of  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

EIGHTEEX  MILE  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  enters 
the  Kiowee  a  few  miles  8.AV.  of  Pendleton. 

EIJKHLAND,  or  EIERLAND,  iVr-ldnf,  (" egg-land,")  a 
former  island  of  Holland,  province  of  North  Ilolland,  now 
forming  the  N.  part  (about  two-iifth.s)  of  the  island  of 
Texel.  It  receives  its  name  from  the  number  of  sea-fowls' 
eggs  fiund  upon  it. 

EliCKN,  I'kgn,  a  village  of  Swilzerland,  canton  of  Aargau, 
near  the  Rhine,  10  miles  N.  of  .\arau.     Pop.  1078. 

EILAU  or  KYLAU,  ildw,  (Deutsoh,  doitch,)  a  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  West  Prussia,  29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ma- 
rienwerder,  on  the  Lake  of  Genserich.     Pop.  2280. 

EILAU  or  EYLAU,  (Pkeu.ssisch,  proi'sish.)  a  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  East  Prussia,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiiuigs- 
berg,  on  the  Pasmar.  Pop.  2580.  It  is  well  known  for  the 
victory  gained  by  the  French  over  the  Prussians  and  Rus- 
sians. February  8,  ISO". 

EILDOX  (eel'd9u)  HILLS,  three  conical  peaks  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Roxburgh.  Elevation  of  the  loftiest,  1350  feet.  Tradi- 
tion relates  that  these  hills  were  originally  one  mountain, 
cloven  into  three  parts  by  the  power  of  the  wizard  Jlichael 
Scott !  The  view  from  their  summits  embraces  some  of  the 
most  interesting  scenery  of  the  border. 

EILKNBURG,  lOfn-bdORG^  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
27  miles  E.NE  of  3Ierseburg,  on  an  island  in  the  Mulde. 
Pop.  8740.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  an  old  castle. 
Luther  preached  here  at  the  commencement  of  the  Refor- 
mation in  1522. 

EILENDOKF,  lien-dour,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
3  miles  E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic 
church,  a  copper  mill,  and  mines  of  calamine  and  lead. 

EIL,  LGCll,  15k  eel,  a  salt-water  lake  of  Scotland,  forming 
the  upper  part  of  Loch  Linnhe,  on  the  Ixirders  of  the  coun- 
ties of  .\rgyle  and  Inverness.  Uere  is  the  residence  of  the 
chief  of  clan  Cameron. 

EILSKN,  n'sgn,  a  village  of  Northern  Germany,  in  Lippe- 
Schaumbnrg.  2  miles  E.S.E.  of  Biickeburg,  on  the  Au.  at 
the  foot  of  the  Uaarlljerg  5Iountain.  It  ^as  celebrated 
miner:\l  springs,  and  a  bathing  establishment. 

ETMAUK  COUNTRY,  Asia.     See  Huzareh. 

EIMISKCK,  im'bJk,  a  town  of  Hanover,  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Grubenhagen,  on  the  llm,  39  miles  S.E.  of 
Ilanover.  I'op.  5S67.  It  is  enclosed  by  fortifications.  The 
S.  side,  restored  since  the  burning  of  1826,  is  well  built  and 
regular,  has  a  gynasium  and  various  endowed  institutions. 

EIJIEO.  I'me-o,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  N.W.  of  Tahiti.  Lat.  17°  30'  S..  Ion.  150°  10'  W. 
Length  9  miles;  breadth  5  miles.  Estimated  pop.  1300.  It 
is  mountainou.s,  has  an  alirupt  coast,  and  is  noted  for  its  ex- 
cellent timber.  It  is  the  church  station  of  the  missionaries 
in  th.'se  islands,  who  have  established  here  some  cotton, 
rope,  and  other  factories. 

EINDHOVEN,  ind'ho'vgn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
Tince  of  North  Brabant,  on  the  Dommel,  at  the  influx  of 
the  Gender.  19  miles  S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Pop.  3028.  It  has 
a  Latin  school,  and  manufactures  of  linens  and  woollens. 
It  was  f  )rmerly  fortified. 

EI  NOD,  (Einod,)  I'not,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styri.i,  SJ 
miles  N.W.  of  Judenliurg,  with  mineral  springs.  In  1797, 
a  skirmish  took  place  here  between  the  Austrians  and 
French  under  Massena.  There  are  numerous  villages  in 
Germany  called  Einod,  or  EinOde. 

EIXSIEDHX,  In'.see'del.  a  village  of  North  Hungary,  circle 
of  Zips,  on  the  Golnitz,  il4  miles  N.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2370. 

EINSIKDELN,  in'seeMi'ln.  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Schwitz,  in  the  valley  of  the  Sihl. 
Pop.  SOiiO.  It  comprises  about  75  inns  and  ale-houses  for 
the  reception  of  pilgrims,  &c. ;  and  owes  its  origin  to  the 
famous  Benedictine  Abbey,  superior  of  all  the  Benedictine 
abbeys  in  Switzerland.  The  abbey  is  situated  above  the 
town,  at  an  elevation  of  2985  feet  above  tlie  sea,  in  a  cold, 
exposed  district.  It  was  founded  in  the  ninth  century,  has 
spacious  apartments,  a  hospital,  library,  with  26,000  vo- 
lumes, museum  of  paintings  and  Roman  antiriuities,  and  a 
marble  cliapel,  with  an  image  of  the  virgin,  which,  on  tlie 
1 4th  September  annually,  attracts  on  an  average  150.000  pil- 
grims. Its  rich  treasury  was  despoiled  by  the  French  in 
1798.  The  reformer  Zwingli  was  curate  of  Eiusiedeln, 
which  was  also  the  birthplace  of  Paracelsus. 

EINUKU,  Tnoo-roo'.  a  town'  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Madras,  in  lat.  13°  5'  N.,  Ion.  75°  ItV  E.,  and  having  a 
Brahminical.  and  numerous  Jain  temples. 

EINVIliLE,  S-N^VeeV,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  4^  miles  N.  of  Luneville,  with  a  chateau, 
in  which  Stanislaus  of  Poland  resided.     Pop.  1146. 

EIUKE,  airk,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  cos.  of 
Queen's  and  Kilkenny. 


EKH 

EISACir,  i'zIk,  or  EISAK.  i'zJk,  a  riv.>r  of  Austria,  In 
Tyrol,  rises  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Brennoi ,  and  flows  into 
the  Adige. 

EISENACH,  i'zfn-jK\  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  Grand' 
Duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar,  capital  of  the  principality  of  Lisea 
ach,  on  the  Ilorsel,  at  the  foot  of  the  \\'artliurg,  and  on  the 
railway  from  Leipsic  to  Cassel,  44  miles  W.  of  ^Veimar 
Pop.  94.39.  It  is  the  principal  town  in  the  Tliuiingian 
Forest,  and  has  many  good  public  edifices,  including  tf 
ducal  rtfsidence,  mint,  town-hail,  prisons,  hospitals,  gymna 
sium,  forest  and  various  other  school.s,  mauufartures  of 
cotton  goods,  soap,  and  w  hite  lead,  dye-works,  and  tanneries. 
Near  it  is  the  castle  of  'Wartburg,  once  the  residence  of  the 
landgraves  of  Thuringia.  and  in  wliich  Luther  passed  ten 
months  of  durance,  from  May  4lh,  1521,  to  March  6th,  1522, 
under  the  friendly  arrest  of  the  Elector  of  Saxouy.  The 
principality  of  Eisenach  has  an  area  of  285  square  miles, 
and  a  pop.  of  70,845. 

EISENBER6,  i'zfn-bJRo',  a  town  of  Central  Germany, 
in  Saxe-Altenburg,  24  milesAV.S.W.  of  Alteuburg.  Pop.  4744. 
It  has  a  castle,  with  an  observatory,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  stuffs  and  porcelain. 

EISKNBURG,  i'zen-bOi>RG\  or  A'AS-TARMEGYE,  voih- 
vaR'uiAMyi',  a  co.  of  Hungary,  in  Hither  Danube,  lK)uudtjd 
W.  by  Stvria,  and  N.AV.  by  the  Archduchy  of  Austria. 

EISENBURG,  i'zeTi-bdei!u\  or  VASVAU,  vOsh'vait',  a  town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenljurg,  near  the  Herpenyo,  27  mile? 
S.E.  of  Giins.     Pop.  670. 

EISENDORF,  I'zfn-doRf\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Klattau.  38  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Pilsen,  in  the  Bohnierwald 
Mountain.*,  on  the  frontiers  of  Bavaria.     Pop.  742. 

EISENERZ,  i'zen-jRts\  or  INNEliBliRG,  in'ner-b?Ra\  a 
market-town  and  lordship  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  circle,  and 
19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bruck.  at  tlie  foot  of  the  ICrzberg  or  Iron 
.Mountain.  It  contains  a  Gothic  church  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  iron,  which  has  been  worked 
on  the  mountain  for  1000  years.     Pop.  2575. 

EISENSTADT,  i'zen-stj{tt\  (Hun.  Kis  Hartnny,  kish  man'- 
tof!',)  a  royal  free  town  of  Hungary,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of 
tEdenburg.  near  the  W.  bank  of  Lake  Neusiedl.  Pop.  ,')700. 
Tt  is  divided  into  the  town,  distrfht,  and  the  demesne  of 
Prince  Esterhazy.  The  former  has  a  town-house  and  a 
Franciscan  convent;  and  the  latter  contains  the  musnificent 
palace  of  the  prince,  with  a  chapel,  theatre,  and  other 
splendid  apartments.  In  the  park  is  an  extensive  orangeix 
containing  400  orange-trees,  and  70.000  spwies  of  exotio 
plants.     N.  of  the  town  are  the  princely  Zoologiial  Gardens. 

EISEY,  ee'zee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

EISFELT,  ice'fJlt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Meiningen, 
on  the  Werra,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Meiningen.  It  stands  in 
an  extensive  valley,  more  than  1400  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
is  divided  by  the  river  into  the  old  and  new  town.  Pop. 
2796. 

EISGRUB,  Ice'grMp,  a  market-town  of  Sloravia,  29  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Briinn,  on  the  Thaya.  It  contains  a  fine  seat  of 
Prince  Lieclitenstein.    Pop.  1954. 

EISK.  atsk  or  isk,  a  maritime  town  of  Ru.ssi.i.  at  the  head 
of  a  landlocked  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  E.  shore  of  the 
Sea  of  Azof,  territory  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  Black  Sea,  50 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Azof. 

EISLEBEN,  IslA-bfn.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  23  miles 
N.W.  of  Merseburg.  Pop.  8340,  employed  in  linen-weaving 
and  mines  of  silver  and  copper  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  divided 
into  an  old  town  enclosed  by  walls  and  ditches,  a  new  town, 
with  suburbs;  and  has  an  old  castle,  a  gymnasium,  and  the 
house  in  which  Luther  was  horn,  in  1483,  now  a  charity 
school. 

EISLINGEN,  GROSS,  groce  iceling-en,  a  village  of  AV'Ur- 
temburg,  ciicle  of  Danube,  2  miles  E.  of  Goppingen,  on  the 
Fils.     Pop.  1228. 

EISNERN  or  AISNERN,  ice'nem,  a  village  of  Austri.a,  in 
Illyria,  circle,  and  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Laybach. 

EITEHFKLD,  i'tfr-f^lt',  a  market-town  of  Western  Ger- 
many, in  Hesse  Cassel,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Ilersfeld.     Pcjp.  632. 

ElVELSTADT,  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  Eibelst.adt. 

EIXO  or  EICHO.  i'e-sho  or  A'sho,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lamego,  near  the 
Vouga.     Pop.  3100. 

EJEA  DE  LOS  CABALLEROS.     See  Egea  de  los  Ca- 

BALLEROS. 

EKATERINBURG.    See  Yekaterixbooro. 
EKATERINODAR.    See  Yek.\teri>odar. 
EKATERINOGKAD.    See  Yekateri.noorad. 
EKATERIXOSLAV  or  EKATERINOSLAW.     See  Yeka- 

TEKINOSIAV. 

EKENAS  or  EKENES,  Jk'eh-n5ce\  written  also  EKNAS, 
a  small  seaport  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  province  of  Nyiand, 
on  a  tongue  of  land  near  the  N.E.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Abo.     Pop.  1260. 

EKEROE,  &k'er-a*eh,  one  of  the  .\land  Islands,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  immediately  W.  of  Aland.  Length,  12 
miles,  breadth,  4  miles. 

EKHE,  Jk'eh.  ov  IGA,  ig'a.  a  river  of  Mongolia,  issues  from 
the  S.  eud  of  Lake  Koos.saigool,  in  about  lat.  50°  28'  N., 
lou.  100°  E.,  from  which  it  flaws  S.E.,  and  joins  the  Selenga 

621 


EKH 


ELB 


at  l«t  18°  SC  X,  Ion.  104°  E.  Entire  course,  about  170 
miles. 

EKH MrM.  a  town  of  Upper  E<rypt    See  Akhmtm. 

EKIM  KHAN",  Jk'eem'  Kin.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
140  miles  E.  of  Seevas.  near  tlie  junction  of  tlie  Ivamak  or 
Ana  with  the  Euphrates.     Pop.  from  leWO  to  1600. 

EKNAS,  a  town  of  Kussia.    See  Ekenas. 

EK'KON,  an  ancient  town  of  Palestine,  identified  with 
the  villa<»eof  Akiue,paslialic  of  Gaza,  23  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Jerusalem. 

EKSJO,  (Ek.^S,)  Jk'sha.  a  town  of  Sweden,  lien,  of  Smi- 
land.  on  an  elevated  plain,  100  miles  S.W.  of  Stockholm. 
Pop.  1100. 

E'LA.  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  12-28. 

EL  AASY.  a  river  of  Syria,    See  Oroxtes. 

EL-ABIAD  or  BAIIR  EL-ABIAD.     See  XlLE. 

EL.\GUI.  a  river  of  Siberia,     See  Yixaqooee. 

EI^AIISA.    See  Lahsa. 

K'L.\JISVILLE.  a  post^villasje  in  Patrick  co.,  Virginia, 
about  200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

ELrAISAISH,  el-dVish'.  or  AtrARAlSCH.  el-iVish'.  (-'the 
Garden  of  Pleasure.")  improperly  LARACIIK.  a  fortified 
seaport  town  of  Morocco,  on  a  declivity  near  the  mouth  of 
a  river  flowing  into  the  .\tlantie.  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tangier. 
Lat.  36°  13'  X.,  Ion.  6°  9'  W.  Pop.  4000.  of  whom  1300  are 
Jews.  It  has  a  castle,  a  handsome  mosque,  a  larce  market- 
place, and  a  dock-yard.  The  port  receives  only  small  vessels, 
Itud  its  trade  has  of  Lite  very  much  declined. 

E1^.\REKSH  or  ARISH.  d-reesh',  a  village  of  Lower  Egg^pt, 
on  the  Jlediterranean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  AVady-el-Areesh, 
" Torrent  of  Eirypt,"  on  the  route  from  E^jpt  to  Syri.i,  It 
is  supv.osed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Rhinodura. 

ELAVER.    See  Aluer. 

ElrAZKKK  or  BAHR  EL-AZREK.     &?e  XlLE. 

ELBA.  M'ba,  (Fr.  Elbe.  Jib.  anc.  IVra  and  .Ethania,  Gr. 
AiOaXia.)  the  largest  island  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
between  Corsica  and  the  coast  of  Italy,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  channel  of  Piombinb.  it  is  of  a  trian^lar  form, 
rounded  on  the  W..  coasts  elevated  and  steep,  deeply  indented 
by  7  gulfs,  which  fbrm  several  good  ports,  the  best  of  which 
is'  that  of  Porto-ferraio,  the  capital.  Length  from  E.  to  W., 
17i  miles ;  breadth,  from  2}  to  10^  miles.  The  population, 
which  has  been  gradually  increasing,  was.  in  1842.  18.448 
civili.Hns.  of  whom  7546  were  proprietors  of  the  .soil.  The 
island  is  entirely  mountainous,  covered  with  the  conti-eforts 
of  3  chains,  which  meet  S.E.  of  the  capitil:  the  culminating 
point  is  3134  feet  in  elevation.  The  climate  is  temperate 
and  he.ilthy.  except  in  some  low  districts  on  the  shore. 
Excellent  wine  and  delicious  fruit  are  produced.  Iron 
abounds  in  many  parts  of  the  island,  but  is  worked  only 
near  Porto-ferraio.  Tlie  port  of  embarkation  for  all  the 
minerals  of  i;iba  is  FoUouicii,  on  the  Gulf  of  I'iombino.  By 
the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814.  the  island  was  erected  into  a 
sovereiiiiity  for  Xapoleon.  and  it  was  his  residence  from  May 
3d,  1S14.  to  February  20th.  1S15. Adj.  and  inhab.  Ei/bax. 

EL'B.\.  a  village  of  Essex  co.,  Xew  York,  25  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Elizaljethtown. 

ELB.\.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co.,  New 
York.  6  uiile*  N.  of  Batavia.     Pop.  2040. 

ELBA,  a  post-oflice  of  Jackson  co.,  W.  Virginia, 

ELB.A.,  a  post-oflice  of  Colfee  co.,  Alabama. 

ELB.A.,  a  jKJSt-oftice  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee. 

ELBA,  a  township,  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  809. 

ELBA,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin.    P.  1640. 

EL  B.4L.\D.  Jl  bj-ldd',  an  ancient  city  of  Arabia,  of  which 
the  ruins  only  now  remain,  on  the  S.E.  coast,  within  100 
yards  of  the  sea ;  lat.  17°  1'  N.,  Ion.  54°  12'  30"  K  The  ruins 
are  spread  over  a  space  2  miles  long  and  600  yards  broad, 
and  consist  of  exten.sive  mounds  of  loose  hewn  stone,  worn 
and  blackened  by  long  exposure  to  the  weather.  It  is  not 
certainly  known  when  or  by  whom  this  ancient  city  was 
built:  but  there  is  a  tradition  that  it  was  founded  about 
the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century. 

El^BASSAN",  Sl-bis'siu',  AL-BASSAN,  ll-bJsVan',  or  IL- 
BASS.W.  il-b.^sV'in',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  province 
of  Albania  »U  miles  S.K.  of  Scutari,  on  a  tributary  of  the 
S««mbi :  lat.  41°  11'  X,  Ion.  19°  5t5'  E.     Pop.  3000. 

ELBE.  ?lb.  (Ger.  pron.  Jl'beh :  anc.  AVhis ;  Bohemian.  I^he, 
li1)A ;  Dutch,  £/rc,  M'veh.)  an  important  river  of  Germany, 
rises  in  the  western  slopes  of  the  Schnee-Koi)pe.  in  the 
the  Riesengebirge,  Bohemia,  from  30  springs,  the  southern- 
most of  which,  the  Ell>brunnen,  is  situated  at  an  elevation 
of  4.MK>  feet  aliove  the  sea.  It  flows  generallv  N.W.,  and 
waters  Bohemi.a.  Saxony,  and  l»russ!a.  separates  Hanover 
and  Slecklenburjr.  and  forms  part  of  the  S.  boundary  of 
Denmark.  It  cntei-s  the  German  Ocean  near  the  port  of 
Cuxhaven.  I.en'.'th,  in  a  direct  line.  396  miles;  including 
windings.  5.'i0  miles.  Its  chief  aftluents  are  the  Uavel.  the 
Moblau.  EiMr.  and  .*«ale.  It  is  navigable  from  the  confluence 
of  the  Moldan,  i>ut  its  navigation  is  impeded  by  the  Inwness 
of  Its  bed.  the  greater  part  of  which  is  only  from  1.60  to  300 
fe«t  alx)ve  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  14  miles  wide  at  its 
mouth,  and  ships  drawing  14  feet  of  water  can  ascend  it  at 
all  times  to  Hamburg,  but  its  estuary  is  encumbered  by 
622 


sandbanks.  It  is  connected  by  canals  with  the  Oder  and 
the  Trave;  and  light  steam-packets  ascend  it  as  tir  as  Meluik 
in  Bohemia. 

ELBERFELD,  Jl'ber-flie,  (Dutch,  EJberrelde,  Jl'ber-fJlV 
djh.)  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  Wipper,  10  miles 
E.  of  Dusseldorf,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 
This  is  one  of  tlie  richest  and  most  important  manufacturing 
towns  of  Germany.  Pop.  56,293.  It  is  long,  straggling, 
and  irregularly  built;  but  in  the  newer  piii-ts  of  the  town 
are  several  good  streets,  well  paved,  and  lighted  with  gas. 
It  is  the  se.at  of  several  commercial  companies,  and  has  a 
gymnasium,  with  a  library  and  museum,  a  school  of  manu- 
factures, and  22  burgher  schools,  with  7743  pupils.  It  has 
5500  femilie.s.  and  100  great  houses  engaged  in  m.^nufto- 
tures.  Its  chief  busines.s  is  in  dyeing,  printing,  and  cloth- 
weaving.  It  has  70  dyeing  establishments.  10  bleaching- 
grounds,  6  cotton-spinning  Cictories.  and  1  woollen-mill. 
It  is  famed  for  the  dyeing  of  Turkey-red,  and  a  great 
amount  of  yarn  is  annu.illy  sent  here  to  be  dyed.  Elber- 
feld  and  IJannen,  which  adjoins  it.  supply  all  Germany 
with  tapes  and  bands.  See  Barmex.  It  has  extensive 
exchange  transactions,  a  Rhenish  West-Indtsn  tradinir  com- 
panj-.  and  a  mining  company.  Bleach-fields  were  established 
here  in  1450,  but  it  first  assumed  importance  at  the  coa- 
clusion  of  the  Seven  Years'  War. 

El/BEItT,  a  CO.  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  514  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  and  S.W.  by 
Broad  River,  and  on  the  X.E.  by  the  Savannah,  which 
separates  it  from  South  Carolina.  It  is  also  drained  by 
Beaverdam.  Coldwater.  ilnd  C«dar  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
hilly:  the  soil  in  the  vicinity  of  the  rivers  is  good,  and  in 
other  parts  moderately  fertile.  On  thebankof  the  Savannah 
River  ure  several  artificial  mounds,  one  of  which  is  40  or  50 
feet  high,  and  bears  on  its  summit  a  large  cedar.  The 
county  was  named  in  honor  of  Samuel  Eliiert,  formerly 
governor  of  Georgia.  Capital,  Elberton.  Pop.  10,433,  of 
whom  4722  were  free,  and  5711  slaves. 

EL'BEI?TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

EI/BERTOX,  a  thiiving  posl/viUage.  capital  of  Ellx-rt  CO., 
Georgia,  78  miles  X.W.  of  Augusta.  The  situation  is  healthy 
and  the  water  good.  A  fine  court-house  and  several  other 
buildings  were  erected  in  1S51 ;  and  me.^sures  have  been 
taken  to  lay  a  plank-road  to  Augusta.  The  village  contains 
1  academv  "nd  2  carriage-shops. 

ELBEliVELDE.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Elberfeld. 

ELB1>TEIMTZ.  Jl'beli-tl'nits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  19  miles 
W.  of  Chrudim,  on  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  Prague  and  Olmntz 
Itailwav. 

ELBEUF  or  ELB(EUF,  hVhvf,  (L.  ElWrium  or  EU 
leMviiim.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
Inferieure,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Rouen,  and  about  4  miles 
from  the  Paris  and  Rouen  Railway.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  in  a  picturesque  valley,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Seine;  its  newer  streets  are  wide  and  handsome,  some  of 
tliem  opening  into  a  .spacious  area.  l)ordered  with  chestnut 
trees,  called  the  Champ  de  Foire:  and  it  has  eight  Artesian 
wells,  with  six  well-supplied  public  fountains :  and  is  lighted 
with  gas.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  tributary  of  commerce,  a  con- 
sultative board  of  manufactures,  and  a  council  of  prud'- 
hommes.  Elbeuf  is  chiefly  noted  for  its  spinneries.  numer- 
ous factories,  dye-works,  Ac;  for  the  manufitcture  and  Mni.sh 
of  woollen  cloths — being  the  third  town  in  France  for  this 
species  of  manufacture.  A  rivulet,  which  traver.ses  the 
place,  in  several  windings,  called  the  Puchot.  is  usefully 
employed  in  these  operations,  and  in  fulling,  washing.  Ac. 
The  lighter  woollens,  such  as  zephyrs,  habit-cloths,  chefjuered 
stuffs,  fine  colored  flannel  fabrics,  mostly  fir  China,  billiard- 
table  covers,  and  all  sorts  of  fancy  goods,  are  made  to  a  gi-eat 
extent,  employing  at)nut  two-thirds  of  the  inhabitants,  be- 
sides more  than  20(X)  persons  in  the  surroundinsr  towns 
Kltieuf  is  also  an  entrepot  for  the  better  cloths  of  Lraiviers 
and  Sedan,  and  for  the  wool  of  Spain,  Italy.  Germany,  and 
Engl.ind.  Saap,  chemical  stuffs,  oil,  and  all  sorts  of  ma- 
chinery for  the  woollen  manufactures,  are  likewise  mada 
It  hiis  also  some  trade  in  grain  and  timber,  and  daily  tiaflit 
by  steamer  with  Paris.  Rouen,  and  Havre.  Elbeuf  is  an 
old  town,  and,  as  early  as  the  sixteenth  century,  had  8C 
cloth  manufactories :  but  its  importance  as  a  great  exporting 
cloth  mart,  dates  from  about  a.d.  1720.  Pop.  in  1831, 10,258; 
in  1S52.  17.534. 

ELBING.  el'bing.  (Polish.  Elhi^fl.  ^11jy6x«;  L.  EJhin'ffo,) 
a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Eastern  Prussia.  34  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Dantzic,  on  the  Elbing.  5  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the 
Frische  Haff.  Population  25,091.  It  consists  of  an  old 
town,  a  new  town,  and  suburbs,  the  last  piirtly  enclosed 
within  the  town  walls,  which  are  entered  by  7  gates.  The 
principal  edifices  are  a  Roman  Catliolic  .ind  8  Protestant 
churches,  a  synagogue,  a  gymnasium,  with  a  public  library, 
and  numerous  schools  and  charitable  establishments,  in 
eluding  a  house  of  industry,  founded  by  Cowle,  (an  Eng 
lishman.t  and  in  which  400  children  are  educated.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  refined  sugar,  vitriol.  p>>arV 
ash.  tobacco,  sail-cloth,  oiL  st.arch,  saip,  chiccory,  in  inime  of 
which  steam  machinery  is  used.  Its  ti-ade  Is  e?  euslve 
and  about  500  vessels  are  employed. 


ELB 

ELRINO  ERODE,  Jl^hinsj-oa-ro/clfh,  a  town  of  Hanover.  In 
the  Ilaiz,  20  miles  E.  of  Clausthal.  Pop. 3051,  employed  in 
mining,  iron-forging,  and  brewing. 

KL'BIXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

KLBOGEN  or  ELLBOOEX.  Jl-ho/ahen,  or  ELNBOGEN, 
?ln-bo'Qhen,  (elbow,)  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia,  capibil  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name.  74  miles  W.  by  N.  of  I'rairue.  It  is 
situated  on  a  steep,  rocky  promontory,  round  which  the  Eger, 
here  crossed  by  a  chain  bridge,  makes  an  ellxjw-like  bend, 
to  which  the  towu  owes  its  name.    It  is  fortified.     Pop.  2000. 

EL-BOTHKI'i,  el-bo't'her,  a  low  sandy  island  in  the  Ked 
Sea.  on  the  Arabian  coast,  lat.  15°  25'  N.,  Ion.  41°  30'  E.,  3 
miles  \.\V.  of  Kainarau  Island. 

EL/BRIDGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga  co., 
New  York,  165  miles  \V.  by  N.  of  Albany.  The  village  is 
situated  If  miles  N.  of  the  Old  Syracuse  now  Central  Kail- 
road,  and  2^  miles  S.  of  the  Erie  Can.al  and  the  new  track 
of  the  Central  Kailroad,  on  the  outlet  of  Skaneatales  Lake, 
which  serves  as  a  feeder  to  the  canal,  and  also  furnishes  an 
abundant  and  never-failing  water-power.  It  contains  an 
establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  knit  wrappers,  a  pail 
factory,  chair  and  other  factories,  a  flouring-mill  and  2  saw- 
mills, the  whole  employing  about  100  hands;  3  churches 
and  the  Munro  Academy,  founded  and  munificently  en- 
dowed by  Nathan  Munro,  Esq..  of  Elbridge,  lately  deceased. 
The  building  (recently  completed)  is  one  of  the  finest  in 
this  section  of  the  state.  It  is  built  of  fine  stone,  and  will 
cost  upwards  of  §20.000.  The  institution  has  a  permanent 
fund  of  $20,000.  Two  plank  roads  intersect  each  other  at 
this  village,  one  e.xtending  from  Syracuse  W.,  the  other 
from  Skaneatales  N.  to  Cato.  There  are  3  other  villages 
besides  Elbridge  in  the  township.  Pop.  of  the  township,  in 
1S50,  3924;  and  in  1S60,  4509.  Pop.  of  the  village  about 
1000. 

ELBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois,  10  miles 
S.K.  of  Paris.     Pop.  of  township,  1760. 

ELBROOZ,  ELBKOUZ,  or  ELBRUZ,  grbrooz',  written 
also  ELBUKZ  or  ELRUllJ,  a  range  of  mountains,  in  Cen- 
tral Asia,  occupying  a  middle  position  between  the  Anti- 
Taurus  and  the  Kuen-lun,  and  forming  the  connecting 
range  by  which  these  two  systems  are  united.  The  Elbrooz 
pursue  a  course  ne:trly  K.  and  W.,  skirting  the  S.  shores  of 
the  Caspian,  and  stretching  E.  to  the  highlands  of  Merghab, 
In  the  N'.W.  part  of  Afghiinistan.  This  mountain  tract,  irre- 
gular in  shape,  and  spreading  out  in  some  parts  to  a  breadth 
of  full  200  miles,  is  divided  longitudinally  into  ridges,  sepa- 
rating valleys  which  communicate  with  each  other  by  passes 
or  defiles,  and  foini  an  extensivs  aggregate  of  districts,  many 
of  which  are  well  inhabit<!d  and  cultivated. 

ELHUKG,  Sl'bHrG.  a  maritime  town  of  Holland,  province 
of  Oelderland.  on  the  Znider  Zee.  33  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Arn- 
hem ;  lat.  52°  26'  50"  \.,  Ion.  i>°  50'  E.     Pop.  2100. 

ELCKBUS  or  ELCEBUM.  •  See  Schelestadt. 

ELCHK,  M'chi  (anc.  Il>ici  or  mice.)  a  town  of  Spain.  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Alicante.  Pop.  1S,063.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  wholly  an  Oriental  appearance,  being  built 
in  the  Mooiish  style,  and  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  exten- 
sive plantations  of  date-palms,  which  furnish  its  principal 
article  of  export,  shipped  from  Alicante  as  "Barbary  dates." 
The  chief  edifices  are.  a  fine  old  castle  of  the  Duke  of  Arcos.  a 
church  with  a  majestic  dome,  convents,  schools,  and  a  hand- 
some bridge  across  a  ravine  which  intersects  the  town.  It 
has  many  Roman  insciiptions.  and  an  ancient  palace  and 
fortalice,  called  Callaforra.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Don  Jorge 
Juan,  the  travelling  companion  of  UUoa  in  South  America. 

ELCIIE  DE  LA  SIERRA,  41'chA  di  Id  se-^R'ai,  a  town  of 
Spain.  65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albacete,  on  the  Segura,  with 
manufactures  of  coarse  cloths. 

ELCHI.NCiEN,  Jl'King-en,  (Ober,)  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Ulra.  Cele- 
brated for  a  victory  of  the  French  over  the  Austrians,  14th 
Octolier,  1^05,  which  procured  for  Marechal  Key  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Klchingen. 

ELDA.  Jl'dd.  (anc.  AdaVlum.)  a  town  of  Spain,  26  miles 
N.W.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Elda.  Pop.  3846.  It  has  manu- 
fectures  of  paper,  soap,  lace,  leather,  and  brandy. 

ELDAGSKN,  Jl'ddg-sen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  15  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Hanover.     Pop.  2210. 

ELDE,  41'deh,  a  river  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  which, 
rising  in  Lake  Jliiritz,  forms  Lakes  Kolpin,  Flesen,  Mal- 
ehow,  and  Plau,  flows  W.  by  S.,  receives  the  waters  of  Lake 
Schwerin  on  the  right,  and  falls  into  the  Elbe  at  Domitz, 
about  62  miles  S.E.  of  Hamburg.    Total  course  94  mUes. 

ELDE.V,  M'den,  a  village  of  Holland.     See  Elst. 

ELDEX.  a  parish  of  England.     See  Elvedox. 

ELDENA.  Il'deh-nd,  a  village  of  Prussi.xn  Pomerania.  5 
miles  E.  of  Oreifswalde.   It  has  a  royal  school  of  agriculture. 

K'LDEll'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

EL'DERSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

EL/DERSLIE  or  EL'LERSLIE.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Kenfrew.  2  miles  N.K.  of  Paisley.  Pop.  1200,  chiefly 
weavers,  spinners,  and  colliers.  This  is  the  ancient  pati-i- 
mony  and  supposed  birth-place  of  Sir  William  Wallace,  in 


ELE 

whose  family  it  remained  until  the  last  century.  A  noble 
oak.  still  stiinding  near  the  village,  bears  the  name  of  the 
patriot,  whom  its  branches  are  said  to  have  sheltered  from 
the  English. 

EiyDERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Pittsburg. 

EL'DERTON.  a  post-village  of  Armstrong  co^  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  14  miles  S.  E.  of  Kittanning. 

EL'DOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  3  miles 
S.E.  of  Auckland.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  descend- 
ants of  the  Lord  Chancellor  Eldon. 

ELDO'RA,  a  po.st-village,  cai)ital  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa. 

AX  DOKADO,i\  do-rd'Do,  a  mime  given  by  the  Spaniards 
to  a  part  of  South  America.  It  signifies  "  the  golden"  country. 

F:L  DORADO,  Si  do-rah'do,  a  county  towartls  the  N.  part  of 
California,  bordering  on  Nevada,  hak  an  area  of  about  2000 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  ]>y  the  American 
River;  it  is  also  drained  by  the  South  Fork  of  the  American 
River,  by  the  forks  of  the  Cosumne  which  flow  westward, 
and  by  Carson's  River,  which  flows  eastward.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  being  traversed  by  the  Sierre  .Nevada,  or  Snowy 
Range  of  California.  This  county  contains  productive  gold  •■ 
mines.  In  1800  about  40  quartz  mills  were  in  operation  in  , 
it.  It  is  one  of  the  most  populous  in  the  state.  Cajiital, 
Placerville.  The  number  of  inhabitants,  according  to  the 
census  of  1S60,  was  20,562.    See  Appendix. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-office  of  Culpejjper  co„  Virginia. 

EL  DORADO,  a  neat  and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Union  co,.  Arkansas,  145  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Little  Rock.  It 
has  a  few  handsome  buildings,  a  spacious  brick  court-house, 
a  good  seminary,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several  stores. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  500. 

EL  DOR.\DO,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  furnjiike  from  Frankfort  to  Harrodsburg. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri,  25  miles 
W.  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

EL  DORADO,  Fayette  co.,  Iowa.    See  Appendix. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Fond  du 
Lac  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1180. 

EL'DRED,  a  townshij)  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  826. 

ELDRED,  a  township  of  McKean  co„  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  754. 

ELDRED,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  534. 

EliDRED.  a  post-ofBce  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EI/DREDVILLE,  a  postKjflice  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

EL/DRTDGE.  Sld'rij,  a  postoffice  of  Walker  co.,  Alabama. 

ELDRIDGES  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Salem  co.,  New 
.Jersey. 

ELK.  a  city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan.    See  Eelee. 

ELECHEE.  or  ILITSI,  Toorkistan.     See  KiioTE?f. 

ELEIGH.  eeHw,  or  MONKS-ELEIOH,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, eo.  of  Suffolk. 

ELEK,  AMjk'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theis.s,  co.  of 
Arad,  about  15  miles  from  Simand.    Pop.  2'j14. 

ELEMER,  AMA^maiu',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Banat,  co.  of 
Torontal.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Nagy-Becskerek.     Pop.  2773. 

EL'EPHAN'TA,  a  small  island  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  in  the  harbor  of  Bombay.  7  miles  S.W.  of  the 
city.  It  is  6  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  some  remark- 
able cave-t<'mples,  in  one  of  which  is  a  colossal  bust  15  feet 
in  height,  representing  a  triune  Brahminical  divinity.  A 
gigantic  figure  of  an  elephant  (whence  the  name  of  the 
island)  formerly  stood  near  the  shore,  but  it  has  now  fallen 
to  decay.  The  great  temple-cave  is  1.30  feet  long,  and  123 
broad,  rests  on  26  pillars,  and  contains  many  mythological 
figures  of  a  remote  and  unknown  age. 

EL'EPHANT  BAY.  of  South-western  Africa.  Benguela,  is 
an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  in  lat.  13°  14'  S..  Ion.  12°  33'  E.  It 
has  excellent  anchorage,  but  no  fresh  water. 

ELEPHANTINE,  Jl-e-fdu'tee^n.i.  (Arab.  JesiPeret-d-Shaf, 
j§-zee'r?t-Jl-shif,  '-islet  of  flowers,")  an  island  of  Upper 
Egypt,  in  the  Nile,  opposite  Asswan  (Syene.)  It  is  1  mile 
long,  and  J  mile  broad,  highly  fertile,  and  covered  with 
gardens,  dwellings,  and  mills,  interspersed  among  canals 
and  ruins.  It  has  extensive  quarries  of  granite,  traces  o( 
Roman  edifices,  and  remains  of  temples  erected  by  the  Pha- 
raohs. 

ELEPHANT  ISLAND,  Senegambia,  in  the  Gambia 
Rivei\  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  very  populous,  and 
on  it  Wie  French  formerly  had  Fort  Podor. 

EL'EPHANT'S  RIVER  of  Cape  Colony.  See  Oufant's 
River. 

ELESD,  Anfshd',  or  ELLES,  Jl'lJsh',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  Thither  Theiss.  co.  of  Bihar,  on  the  Koros.  60 
miles  S.E.  of  Debreczin.    It  has  a  trade  in  salt.    Pop.  1370. 

ELETZ.  a  city  of  Russia.     See  Yeletz. 

ELEUSIS,  e-lu'si!».  an  ancient  and  famous  city  of  Greece, 
the  remains  of  which  exist  near  Lepsina.  in  the  government 
of  Attica,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sarandaf  )ro.  in  the  Gulf  of 
^gina.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Athens.  The  whole  pl.ain  around 
is  strewed  with  ruins,  and  the  ancient  causeway  hence  to 
Athens,  forms  the  modern  highway. 

ELEUmiERA  ISLAND  and  KEYS,  one  of  the  Biihama 

623 


ELB 

Islands  in  the  Vest  Indies;  lat.  of  Pigeon  Key,  25°  11'  N., 
Jon.  76°  15  W.,  50  miles  N.E.  of  New  ProTJdence.  and  sepa- 
rated from  Abaco  by  the  PrOTidence  Channel.  Length.  SO 
miles:  breadth,  10  miles.  At  its  >'.  end  is  a  harbor  fort. 
Fop.  2.56? 

tLKUTHEROP'OLlS,  or  BETOGAB'KA.  an  ancient  city 
of  Palestine,  identified  with  Beit  Jibi-een.  (Beit-Jibrin.)  a  vil- 
lage in  the  pashalic.  and  2S  miles  E.X.K.  of  Gaza,  with  ruing 
more  extensive  than  any  in  South  Palestine,  except  those 
at  Jeru.^alem  and  Hebron,  and  comprising  a  large  Roman 
fortress  and  massive  vaults.  Xear  it  are  remarkable  arti- 
ficial caverns. 

ELEVATION,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

ELEA''EN  POINTS,  a  small  river  of  Missouii  and  Ark- 
ansas, rises  in  the  S.  part  of  the  former,  and  flowing  S.E. 
Into  Arl<ansas,  enters  the  Black  Kiver.  about  12  miles  S.AV. 
of  Pocahontas,  and  near  the  mouth  of  Spring  River.  It  is 
naviijable  bv  flat-lxiats. 

ELFDAL,"Jlf  dSr.  ELFDALEN,  ^Ifddngn.  or  ELFTEDAL, 
§lf'vg-ddl\  a  parish  and  village  of  Sweden.  72  miles  N.AV.  of 
Falun.     Pop.  2700.  It  has  porphvry  quarries  and  iron-works. 

ELFELD,  milt  or  ELTVILLE,  glt/vill,  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Germanv.  duchv.  Nassau,  on  the  Rliine,  5  miles  S.^V. 
of  AViesbaden.'    Pop."  2234. 

El/FORD.  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

EL  FRAT.    See  Euphrates. 

ELFSBORG.  Jlfs'boF.g.  or  WENERSBORG,  ft?n/ers-hoRg\ 
a  lipn  or  county  of  South-western  Sweden,  bounded  E.  by 
Lake  AVener. 

EL  FUERTE.     See  C.tLBrco. 

ELFA'EDAL,  a  village  of  Sweden.     See  Elfdjil. 

EI/GAI!,  an  i.slet  of  Orkney,  in  Scotland,  S.  of  Shapinsay. 

ELGG,  h\k,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  18  miles 
N.E.  of  Ziu-ich.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  an  old  castle  and  a  glass 
factory. 

ELGIN,  el'ghin,  a  royal  parliamentary,  municipal  burgh, 
ancient  city,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Mo- 
ray or  Elgin,  on  tlie  Lossie,  118  miles  N.  of  Edinburgh,  and  5 
miles  S.AV.  of  Lossiemouth,  Its  seaport.  Pop.  in  1851,  of  royal 
burgh,  -53S3;  of  municipal  do.  6337.  The  town  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  valley,  anciently  called  "  the  garden  of  Scotland,"  and 
extends  about  a  mile  in  length  along  the  right  bank  of  the 
Lossie,  with  the  suburban  village  of  Bishopmill  on  the  left. 
About  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  the  town  still 
retained  the  antii^uated  and  stately  aspect  of  an  ancient 
ecclesiastical  metropolis;  but  more  recently,  mo.st  of  the  old 
houses  have  given  place  to  modern  structures.  It  contains 
t  neat  modern  church  in  the  High  street,  occupying 
the  locality  of  old  St.  Giles',  a  modern  court-house  and 
prison,  Gray's  Hospital  or  Infirmary  on  elevated  ground  to 
the  AV..  endowed  with  26,0C0J.,  to  which  is  attached  a  luna- 
tic asylum :  an  orphan  institution,  endowed  in  1832  with 
70,000/..  by  General  Anderson,  a  native  of  the  town,  and 
who  left  it  for  India  a  private  soldier.  There  is  an  English 
chapel,  free  church,  and  several  other  churches;  a  literary 
and  scientific  institution  with  museum,  assembly  rooms, 
and  public  fountain.  There  is  also  an  excellent  academy, 
trades-.schools  and  infant  school ;  some  ancient  alms-houses, 
and  other  ch.arities  for  the  poor.  The  ruins  of  the  Cathe- 
dral, by  far  the  most  extensive  .ind  beautiful  of  any  ancient 
Scottish  remains,  are  on  the  N.E.  of  the  High  street.  The 
Cathedral  was  founded  in  1224  by  Bishop  Andrew  Moray, 
■was  burned  in  1390  by  the  AA'olfe  of  Badenoch.  and  reliuilt 
by  Bishop  Barr.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  289  feet  in 
length ;  breadth  of  transept,  120  feet ;  height  of  two  western 
towers,  Ijetweea  which  is  the  grand  entrance,  S3  feet.  The 
great  central  tower  and  spire  which  fell  in  1711,  was  198 
feet  high.  The  chapter-house  is  entire  and  highly  orn.a- 
mented.  The  architecture  is  a  mixture  of  Saxon  and  mid- 
dle Gothic.  An  ancient  wall  inclosed  a  space  of  ground 
called  •'  the  college,"  in  which  resided  the  dignitaries  of  the 
Cathedral.  Several  of  the  old  mansions  still  remain  entire. 
There  are  remains  of  a  monastery  of  Grey  Friars,  and  a 
conical  eminence  called  Lady  Ilill.  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
castle  or  stronghold  of  the  Earls  of  Moray,  on  whicii  is  now 
erected  a  pillar  to  the  memoi-y  of  the  late  Duke  of  Gordon. 
Elgin  is  supposed  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Helgy.  a 
Norwegian  general,  and  was  created  a  royal  burgh"  by 
AVilliam  I.  Along  with  Banff,  CuUen,  Inverary.  Kintore, 
and  Peterhead,  it  returns  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Here  is  held  the  sheriff  and  head  burgh  court  of  the 
county.  In  the  vicinity  is  Grant  Lodge,  a  seat  of  the  Earl 
of  Seafield.  The  Earl  of  Elgin  derives  his  title  from  this 
town.  The  beautiful  and  secluded  valley  of  Pluscardine.  in 
S.AA".  of  the  parish,  contains  the  ruins  of  Pluscai-dine  Priory, 
fDUnded  in  1230  by  Alexander  II.;  it  is  a  model  of  Melro.se 
on  a  smaller  sc,<,le.  and  less  ornamented,  but  of  beautiful 
proportions,  and  simple  style  of  architecture.  The  church 
walls  are  pretty  entire,  and  the  refectory  has  been  fitted  up 
•s  a  chapel  of  ease  for  the  S.AV.  part  of  tliis  extensive  parish. 

ELGIN,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugas  co.,  New  York,  about 
800  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

EI/ilN,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Kane  co.. 
Dlinois,  on  Fox  River,  and  on  the  railroad  between  Chicago 
and  Galena.  42  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  the  former,  and  138  miles 
624 


ELI 

from  the  latter.  The  river  affords  water-power,  which  is 
employed  in  mills  of  various  kinds.  Elciu  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  and  populous  country,  and  has  an  active  business. 
It  contains  several  chiu-ches,  an  academy,  and  a  bank. 
Total  pop.  2797. 

EIAiIN.  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co..  Iowa. 

EL/GlN.  a  county  in  the  AV.  part  of  Canada  AVest,  situated 
upon  the  N.  shore  of  Ijike  Erie,  comprises  an  area  of  aiiout 
700  squai-e  miles.  Otter  Creek  traverses  the  E.  part,  and  the 
Thames  forms  a  part  of  the  l)Oundary  letween  Elirin  and 
Middlesex  counties.    Capital.  St.  Thonias.     Pop.  25,418 

EUHNSHIRE.  a  county  of  Scotland.     See  Mor.\t. 

ELGIOBAR.  ^1-He-o-BaRA  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gni- 
puzcoa,  10  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  St,  Sebastian,  on  the  Deva.  Pop. 
2l»5. 

ELGORAB,  Sl-go-rlV.  a  small  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  Arabia,  in  lat.  1G°  S'  N. 

ELGUETA,  il-gkHL  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Guipuz- 
coa,  on  an  elevated  plateau,  30  miles  S.AV.  of  tt.  Sebastian. 
Pop.  1517. 

EiyilAM,  a  small  market-town  and  pari.'Jh  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent.  (SI  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Folkstone.     Pop.  1445. 

EUIAYZ.  ?l-hAz  or  ?rinz'.  a  small  oasis  of  the  Libyan 
Desert,  in  lat.  28°  8'  N..  Ion.  28°  53'  K. 

EL-HEl/LEH.  a  villageof  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Nile,  opposite  Esneh. 

ELHEMTZ.  frl/hA-nits,  or  LHENICSE,  iJ-nit/sJ.  a  market- 
town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Prachin,  on  a  height,  among 
mountains  and  forests.  23  miles  S.  of  Pisek.  It  has  a  parish 
church,  a  chapel,  and  two  mills.     Pop.  121S. 

EL'IANGOO'DY,  a  large  and  populous  villasre  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Miidras,  25  miles  N.AV.  of  Ramnad. 

ELIAS.  MOUNT  ST.     See  MocxT  St.  Euas. 

ELI'DA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Win- 
nebago CO.,  Illinois,  190  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

ELIDA,  a  iiost-otfice  of  Allen  co.".  Ohio. 

ELIE  or  ELY,  eelee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  here  forming  the  Bay  of  i:iie,  2i  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Colinsburgh.-  The  village  has  an  excellent  harbor 
and  fiipr.     The  ruins  of  Andross  Castle  are  in  the  vicinity. 

EI^I'JAH'S  ClfEEK,  a  post-office  cf  Boone  co.,  Iventucky. 

E'L1MSP0RT\  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia. 20  miles  from  AVilli.imsport.     Pop.  about  200. 

E/LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

E'LIS.  a  department  of  the  kingdom  of  Greece,  on  the 
N.AA'.icoast  of  the  Morea.     The  chief  town  is  Pyrgo. 

ELIS.  the  name  of  a  small  river  in  the  district  of  Elis,  an 
aifiuent  of  the  Iliaco  Peneus. 

ELIS.  a  town  of  Greece.     See  Gastocm. 

ELISABETGRAD.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Yeijsabetgr  u>. 

ELISABETHSTADT.  A-lee'za-b^t-stat t\  a  royal  free  town  ol 
Transylvania,  on  the  Kukiillo,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Hermann- 
stadt.    Pop.  4000. 

ELISAVETOPOL.  A-leeVa-vA'-to'pol.  written  also  ELIZA- 
BETHPOL  and  ELIZAVETPOL  or  GANJEH.  gdn'jeh,  or 
GANJ.\.  gin'ji  a  fortified  town  of  Georgia.  90  miles  S.E.  of 
Teflis.  Pop.  12.000.  It  was  formerly  important  as  the  resi- 
dence of  an  .\ghovavian  primate,  and  a  Pei-sian  khan.  Near 
it  are  the  villages  of  Anenfeld  and  Helmendorf,  two  Ger- 
man colonies. 

ETJ'Z.\,  a  post-offic«  of  Mercer  co..  Illinois. 

ELiZ'ABETH  (CITY).  New  Jersey.     See  Euzabethtows. 

ELIZABETH,  a  to\vn:<hip  of  Union  co..  New  Jersey,  con- 
taining Klizabeth.  the  county-sent.     Pop.  11.567. 

ELIZAB  KTH,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Total  population,  5991. 

ELIZABETH,  a  thriving post-l)orough  in  the  above  town- 
ship, is  lieautifnilj'  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jlonon- 
gahela  River,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Pittsburg.  It  contains  6 
churches,  3  boat-yards,  and  several  coal  works.  Steam- 
boats run  regularly  from  this  place  to  I'ittsburg.  Pop. 
about  1500. 

ELIZ.\BETir,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
15  miles  N.  of  Lancaster. 

ELIZABETH,  or  ELIZ'ABETHTOAVN,  a  village  in  AVood 
CO..  A'irginia.  on  the  AV.  bank  of  Kanawha  River,  about  300 
miles  N.AV.  of  Richmond. 

ELIZABETH,  or  ELIZABETHTOAVN, a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Bladen  co..  North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape 
Fear  River.  90  miles  S.  of  Raleigh. 

ELIZABETH,  a  pc'st-village.  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, on  AAhite  River,  a  few  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
Black  River,  and  about  lOit  miles  N.E.  of  Little  Rock.  The 
rivers  alwve  named  are  navigable  for  steamers  during  8  or  9 
months  of  the  year.  Lai-ge  quantities  of  cypress  and  ash 
timber  are  exported  from  the  <»iuitv. 

ELIZABETH,  a  township  of  I.a\vrence  co..  Ohio.  Pop.2726. 

ELIZABETH,  a  township  of  Miami  co..  <  iliio.     Pop.  1222. 

ELIZABKTH.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  In- 
diana. 4  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Co- 
rydon.  the  county  seat. 

ELIZ.\BETH.  "a  post-village,  capital  of  Hardin  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Ohio  River.  219  miles  S.S.K.  of  Springfield. 

ELIZ.ABETH.  a  post-village  of  Jo  Davie.^s  co..  Illinois,  is 
pleasantly  situated  ou  the  road  between  Galena  and  Chi- 


ELI 

oago,  18  miles  S.E.  of  the  former.  It  has  considerable  busi- 
ness, and  derives  its  importance  mainly  from  the  rich  mines 
of  lead  with  whi.h  it  is  surrounded.    Pop.  1460. 

KLIZ/ABKTH  CIT'Y,  a  county  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Virginia, 
borderini;  on  Chesapealte  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  James  Kiver, 
has  an  area  of  50  s<iuare  miles.  Hampton  Koads  form  the 
boundary  on  the  S.,  and  Hack  Kiver  washes  its  N.  border. 
The  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  occupies  the  extremity  of  the 
peninsula  formed  by  .James  and  Yorli  Kivers.  It  was  one 
of  the  S  orirfnal  shires  into  which  Virginia  was  divided  in 
1&34.  Capital,  Hampton.  Pop.  8798,  of  whom  3381  were 
free,  and  2417  slavea. 

ELIZABKTH  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Pasquotank 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Pasquotank  Kiver, 
about  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  215  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Raleigh, 
and  50  miles  S.  of  Norfolk,  in  Virginiti.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  considerable  towns  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  sbite.  Small 
vessels  ascend  the  river  to  this  place,  and  it  communicates 
with  Norfolk,  in  Virginia,  by  means  of  the  river  and  the 
Dismal  Swamp  Canal.  Lumber,  and  other  products  of  the 
pitcli-piue,  are  exported.  Pop.  iu  1860,  1798.  It  contains 
2  banks  anfl  several  churches. 

ELIZABETH  ISLAND,  or  IIEN'DERSON'S  ISLAND,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  24°  21' S.,  Ion.  1280  18' W.,  is  of  a 
peculiar  coral  fornuition,  5  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in 
breailth.  and  thickly  covered  with  shrubs. 

ELIZABETH  ISLAND,  an  uninhabited  island  in  the 
Strait  of  Magellan;  lat.  of  the  N.E.  point,  52° 50' S.,  Ion. 
90'^  '60'  W.  It  is  long,  and,  compared  with  the  adjacent  land, 
low.  not  being  more  than  fn>m  200  to  SiiO  feet  high. 

ELlZABi-nil  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Admiralty  Islands,  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean  ;  lat.  2°  65'  S.,  Ion.  146°  49'  E. 

ELIZABKTH  ISLAND,  one  of  the  .Marshall  Islands,  in 
the  North  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  of  the  S.  point,  5° 48' N., Ion. 
169°  36'  E. 

ELIZABETH  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Society  group;  lat.  of 
the  E.  point.  15°  5S'  S..  Ion.  145°  48'  AV. 

ELIZABKTH  ISLANDS,  off  the  coast  of  Massachusetts, 
are  situated  between  BuzKird's  Bay  and  Vineyard  Sound. 
They  are  very  small,  16  iu  number,  of  which  ouly  2  or  3  are 
Inhabited. 

ELIZABETIIPOL,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Eusavetopol. 

ELIZABETH  PORT,  a  thriving  manufacturing  post-vil- 
lage in  Union  co..  New  Jersey,  on  Staten  Island  Sound,  14 
miles  W.S.W.  of  New  York,  and  7  by  railroad  S.  of  Newark. 
It  contains  5  churches,  3  iron  foundries,  1  wheel  factory,  and 
otlur  factories, and  an  extensive  ropewalk.  It  is  the  eiistern 
terminus  of  the  Central  Railroad.  A'  steamboat  makes 
several  trips  daily  between  this  town  and  New  Y'ork.  Pop. 
inlSeo,  abont  ^^^hO. 

ELlZABiiTHPOUT.  Cape  Colony,  district  of  Uitenhage,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Algoa  Bay,  and  the  most  frequented  seaport 
along  the  S.  coast  of  Africa. 

ELIZABETH  RIVER,  a  small  stre.im  of  Virginia,  empty- 
ing itself  into  Hampton  Roads.  A  light-ship  is  stationed  on 
Craney  Island  Klats.  at  its  mouth. 

ELIZ'ABETHTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital 
of  Essex  CO..  New  York,  on  Boquet  Kiver,  about  125  miles 
N.  of  Albany.  The  village  contains,  besides  the  county 
buildings.  1  or  2  churches,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  1343. 

ELIZ  ABETHTOWN,  now  ELIZABETH,  a  city  and  capital 
of  Union  co..  New  Jersey,  is  situated  15  miles  W.SAV.  of 
New  York  city,  and  5  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Newark.  The  New 
Jersey  Railroad  inter.sects  tlie  Central  Itiiilroad  at  tliis  point, 
connecting  Elizubethtown  with  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
and  places  in  the  interior  of  the  state.  The  borough  has 
a  pleasant  situation  on  elevated  gi'ound,  and  is  regularly 
laid  out  with  broad,  straight  streets,  finely  shaded,  and  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles.  It  contains  20  churches, 
among  which  .are  4  Presbyterian  (large  and  handsome  build- 
ings), 4  Episcopal,  and  4  Methodist;  2  newspaper  offices,  2 
banks,  an  insurance  office,  and  several  manufactories,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  3  large  estjiblisiiments  for  making 
oil-dotlis.  Elizabeth  was  fornu-rly  the  capital  and  jirinci- 
pal  town  of  New  Jersey,  and  ha«  long  been  noted  for  its  ex- 
cellent schools,  and  for  its  intelligent  and  polite  society. 
Settled  in  \6ii'^.    Pop.  in  I860,  about  13.500. 

ELIZABETllTOW  N,  a  post-borough  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lancaster  and  Ilarrisburg  Railroad, 
19  miles  S.E.  of  llarrislmrg.  The  turnpike  leading  to  Ilar- 
risburg passes  through  it.  It  contains  a  town-liall,  and  seve- 
ral churches.    Incorpor-.ited  in  1827.    Poj).  700. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  Virginia.    See  Grave  Ckeek. 

ELIZABKTHTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bladen  CO., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  River,  50 
miles  aVicive  Wilmington.    It  has  al)0ut  150  inhabitants. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carter  co., 
Tennessee,  on  an  island  at  the  confluence  of  Watauga  and 
Doe  Rivers.  318  miles  E.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated  in  a 
mountainous  region,  which  contains  abundance  of  good 
iron  ore,  and  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  Seve- 
ral iron-works  are  in  operation  in  the  vicinity. 

ELIZABKTHTOWN.  a  post^village.  capital  of  Hardin  co., 

Kentucky,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Valley  Creek,  and  on 

the  railroad  from  Nasiiville  to  Louisville,  43  miles  S.  by 

2P 


ELK 

W.  of  the  latter.    It  is  handsomely  built  of  brick,  and  con 
tains  6  churches  and  2  seminaries.     Pop.  556. 

ELIZABi/l'IITOWN.  a  village  in  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  30 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Zanesville. 

ELIZABKTinVlWN,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  cc,  Ohio, 
on  the  Whitewatir  Canal.  aViout  18  miles  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
about  200. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co„ 
Indiana,  on  the  railroad  from  Madison  to  Columbus,  7  miles 
S.E.  of  the  latter. 

ELIZABETHTOWN.  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
White  River.  65  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ELIZABICTHTOWN,  a  post-village,  capit.1l  of  Hardin  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  N.bank  of  Ohio  River,  about  200  miles  S.S.K 
of  ."Springfield. 

ELIZABETHTOWN.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri 

ELIZ'ABETHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ELl'ZAVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Columbia  co..  New  Y'ork, 
about  42  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

ELIZAA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fleming  co.,  Kentucky, 
70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Frankf  jrt.     Pop.  about  200. 

ELIZAVILLE.  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  about  33 
miles  N.N.W.  cf  Indianapolis. 

ELIZONDO,  it-le-thon'do,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  20 
miles  N.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  1100. 

ELJ.A.S,  ^I'uds,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  58  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Caceres,  near  the  borders  of  Leon.     Pop.  2739. 

EL-JEMM.  Jl-jJni',  (anc.  Ti/s'drus.)  a  village  of  Barbary, 
105  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tunis,  with  remains  of  an  .amphitheatre, 
inferior  in  size  only  to  those  of  Rome  and  Verona. 

ELK.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
has  an  area  of  800  square  miles.  The  Clarion  River  and  its 
branches  traverse  the  W.  part;  the  Bennett's  Branch  and 
Driftwood  Branch  of  the  Sinnemahoning  Creek  flow  through 
the  S.E.  part.  The  surface  is  broken  by  in-egular  moun- 
tains and  hills,  the  highest  of  which  is  Elk  Mountain,  in 
the  S.  part,  from  which  the  name  is  derivetl.  The  greater 
l)art  of  the  county  is  covered  with  dense  forests.  The  soil 
is  mostly  adapted  to  pastoral  pursuits.  Bituminous  coal  is 
abundant.  'I'ho  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad  passes 
througli  the  county.  Organized  in  1843.  Capital,  Kidge- 
way.     Pop.  5916. 

ELK,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  963. 

ELK,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  480. 

ELK,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  1673. 

ELK,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Vinton  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  2->34. 

ELK.  a  small  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin. 

EL  KAB,  fl  kdb,  (anc.  Eili/thi/asf)  a  town  in  Upper  Egypt, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  ThelK'S. 

EL  K.\DER.  &l  kah'djr,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clayton 
CO.,  low.a.  on  the  Turkey  River.  90  miles  N.  of  Iowa  City. 
The  river  affords  abundant  water-power.  El  Kader  has  a 
largo  flouring  mill  and  several  stores. 

EL-KASR  or  EL-KASAR.  M-k^s'r',  (t.  e.  "the  ca.stle.")  a 
large  village  of  Upper  Egypt,  capital  of  the  great  western 
oa,sis  Dakhol,  lat.  25°  41'  N.,lon.  29°  E.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  sheikh,  is  surrounded  by  palm  and  acacia  plantations; 
and  has  sulphur  springs,  and  remains  of  an  Egyptian  temple. 

EL  KATIF.    See  Katif,  El. 

ELK  CRKEK,  of  Washington  co.,  Indi.-ina,  flows  into  the 
Muscatatuc.k  River. 

ELK  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Erie  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Erie.  Pop 
1587. 

ELK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co..  Virginia. 

ELK  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-village  of  Ashe  co.,  North 
Carolina,  214  miles  from  Raleigh. 

ELK  DALE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylv.inia. 

ELK  FOKD,  a  village  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  35  miles  N.E.  of 
Iowa  City. 

ELK  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Vernon  co.,  Missouri. 

ELK  GARDEN,  a  post^iffice  of  Ru.ssel  co.,  Virginia. 

ELK  GKOA'E,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri. 

ELK  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin,  40 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Madison. 

ELK  GROVE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ijifayette  CO., 
Wisconsin,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Galena.     Pop.  1316. 

ELrKHARGEH,  Jl-kaR'gheh.  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  capi- 
tal of  the  Great  Oasis.  Lat.  25°  2S'  N..  Ion.  30°  40'  E.  Pop. 
6000.  Among  numerous  ruins  are  those  of  a  temple,  and 
near  it  is  a  remarkable  necropolis. 

ELK'II.\r,T.  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Indiana,  border- 
ing on  Michigan,  contains  467  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  St.  Joseph's  .ind  Elkhart  Rivers,  which  unite  within 
its  limits.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  is  very 
productive.  About  half  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  oak- 
openings  and  prairies;  the  remainder  was  ori;;inally  co- 
vered by  dense  forests.  In  the  N.  are  several  lakes,  the 
largest  of  which  is  near  3  miles  in  circuit.  The  streams  af- 
ford abundant  water-power.  The  North  Indiana  Railroad 
pas.ses  through  the  county.    Capital,  Goshen.     Pop  20,986, 

ELKHART,  a  post-office  of  Andsrson  co.,  Texas. 

625 


ELK 


ELL 


ELKHART,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Elkhart  Co.,  Indiana,  at  the  confluence  of  the  river  of  the 
same  name  with  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  100  miles  E.  of  Chi- 
cago. The  village  is  connected  with  Chicago,  Toledo,  and 
Monroe,  by  two  railroads  which  unite  here.  It  contains  1 
bank,  3  churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal shipping  point  for  the  county,  and  has  a  large  flour- 
jng-mill,  a  paper-mill,  and  several  saw-mills.  Pop.  in  1860, 
1439:  in  lS-60.  about  1800. 

ELKHART,  a  township  of  Noble  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1006. 

ELK'HART  CREEK,  of  Houston  co.,  Texas,  flows  into 
Trinity  River. 

ELK'HART  RIVER,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Noble  county. 
and  flowing  X.W.  empties  it.self  into  the  St,  Joseph's  (of 
Lake  Michigan)  at  the  village  of  Elkhart.  Its  whole  length 
is  about  100  miles,  and  its  breadth  in  the  lower  half  of  its 
course  is  from  80  to  100  yards.  It  furnishes  abundant 
water-power. 

ELK  HILL,  a  posfcoffice  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia,  64  miles 
S.W.  of  Richmond. 

ELK'HORX,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Kentucky,  9 
miles  from  Frankfort. 

ELK  HORN,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  607. 

ELKHORN,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Illinois,  126 
miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

ELKHORN.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Missouri, 
90  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ELKHORX.  a  thriving  village  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri,  about 
160  miles  X.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ELKHORN,  a  thriving  post^village  and  township,  capital 
of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  railroad  leading  from 
Racine  to  Beloit,  40  miles  W.  of  the  former.  The  surround- 
ing country  is  fertile,  and  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  small 
lakes.  Eliihorn  contains  4  or  5  churches,  2  banks,  1  or  2 
newspaper  offices,  15  stores,  and  about  240  houses.  Pop.  108J 

ELK  HORX,  a  post-office  of  Umpqua  co.,  Oregon. 

ELKHORN  GRDVK,  Illinois.    See  E.iOLE  Point. 

ELKHOKX  GUOVE.  a  posfK)ffice  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Mount  Carroll,  the  county  seat. 

ELK'HORX  RI\'ER.  of  Kentucky,  rises  in  Fayette  county, 
by  two  branches,  the  North  and  South  Forks,  which  unite 
about  3  miles  E.  of  Frankfort.  After  a  north-westerly  course 
of  a  few  miles  it  enters  the  Kentucky  River  in  Franklin 
countv. 

ELk'IXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ELKINGTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

ELK  LAKE,  a  postofiice  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

ELK'LAND,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  589. 

ELKL.\ND.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Cowanesque  Creek,  16  miles  N.  of  Wellsborough. 
Pop.  312. 

ELK  LICK,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.  17  miles  S.  of  Somerset.    Pop.  1293. 

ELK  LICK,  a  village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  82  miles  N.E. 
by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ELK  MILLS,  a  po.st-village  of  McDonald  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Elk  River.  220  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ELK  MOUNTAIN.  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  in  the  S. 
part  of  Elk  county,  immediately  S.E.  of  Little  Toby's  Creek. 
an  affluent  of  Clarion  River.  Elk  Mountain  is  also  the 
name  of  an  elevated  mountain  ridge  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Sus- 
quehanna county.  The  height  of  the  latter  is  about  '2000 
feet. 

EL-KOS.  M-kos',  (a  "bow,"  so  named  from  its  windings.) 
a  river  of  Morocco,  province  of  Fez,  enters  the  .\tlantic  at 
El-.\raish.    It  has  a  bar  at  its  mouth,  within  which  is  a  port. 

EL-KOSH.  M-kosh'.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Koor- 
distan,  at  the  foot  of  the  Sote  Mountains.  30  miles  N.  of 
Mosul.  Pop.  from  2000  to  3000.  said  to  be  all  Roman  Catho- 
lics. It  is  a  place  of  considerable  strength,  with  stone 
houses  and  a  synagogue,  resorted  to  by  many  Jewish  pil- 
grims. 

ELK  PORT,  a  post-village  of  Clayton  00.,  Iowa,  80  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

ELK  RIDGK.  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tennes.see. 

ELK  RIDGE  LAXD'IXO,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co., 
Maryland,  on  the  S.  bank  of  Patapsco  River,  and  on  the 
Baltimore  and  W.ishington  Railroad.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Balti- 
more. It  has  an  active  business,  containing  several  manu- 
factories of  iron,  and  mills.  The  railroad  crosses  the  river 
here  on  a  handsome  viaduct  of  granite,  about  700  feet  in 
length. 

ELK  RIV'KR,  formed  by  Big  and  Little  Elk  Creeks,  which 
rise  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  unite  at  Elkton, 
Cecil  county,  Maryhand.  Flowing  thence  south-westward 
It  enters  (he  Chesapeake  about  8  miles  S.E.  of  Havre  de 
Grace.  The  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal  follows  the 
lower  part  of  this  river. 

ELK  RIVKH.  in  the  W.  part  of  A'irginia.  rises  in  Ran- 
dolph and  I'ocahontis  countifs.  interlocking  sources  with 
the  Greenbrier  and  Monongahela  Rivers,  and  pursuing  a 
general  western  course,  fiills  into  the  Great  Kanawha,  at 
628 


Charleston,  in  Kanawha  county.  The  whole  length  is  per- 
haps 200  miles.  Boats  can  ascend  in  ordinary  stages  to  Sut- 
ton in  Braxton  county,  more  than  100  miles  from  its  mouth. 

ELK  RIVER,  of  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  rises  on  the 
N.W.  declivity  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  in  Grundy 
county.  Tennessee,  and  passing  into  Alabama,  enters  Ten- 
nessee River,  on  the  W.  border  of  Limestone  county.  Steam- 
boats navigate  it  from  its  mouth  to  Elkton.  in  Tennessee, 
about  40  miles. 

ELK  (or  COWSKIX)  RIVER,  a  small  stream  which  rises 
in  the  S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  and  flowing  through  JIcDonald 
county,  into  the  Indian  Tenitor}',  enters  the  Xeosho, 

ELK  RIVER,  a  po.st-ollice  of  l^rauklin  co.,  Tenne.'^see. 

ELK  RIVER,  a  township  of  Allen  co..  Inaianii, 

ELK  RIVER,  a  po.st-oflRoe  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 

ELK  RIVER,  a  post-olSce  of  Bentou  co.,  Minnesota  Ter- 
ritory. 

ELK  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn.iylvania. 

ELK  RUN',  a  postoffice  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virpinia. 

ELK  RUN,  a  post-township  in  the  E,  part  of  Columbiana 
CO,,  Ohio,    Pop.  1410. 

ELK  RUN,  a  post-oflice  of  Black  Hawk  co..  Iowa. 

ELKS/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

ELK  SPRIXG.  a  sm.>)ll  villaire  of  Pike  co.,  Mis.souri, 

ELK  SPUR,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  co,,  North  Carolina. 

ELK'STONE,  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ELKSTONE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

ELK'TON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cecil  co.,  Maiyland,  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  branches  of  Elk  lliver,  and 
on  the  Philadelphia  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad, 
50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baltimore.  Several  handsonje  houses 
have  been  erected  within  a  few  years  past,  and  the  place  is 
gradually  improving.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, 5  churches,  2  newspaper  i>ttices,  a  bank,  and  a  fire-in- 
surance office.     Pop.  in  1^5o,  M2s  ;  in  1801),  about  lOOO. 

ELKTON,  a  post-village  of  i;i!es  co.,  Tennessee,  on  thb 
Elk  River,  87  miles  S.  of  Na.shville.  The  river  is  navigated 
by  small  steamboats  for  a  few  months  in  the  year. 

ELKTON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Elk  Creek,  187  miles  S.W,  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  the 
Green  River  Female  Academy,  the  Jefferson  Academy  for 
boys,  and  3  or  4  churches. 

ELKTOX,  a  thriving  post--village  of  Columbiana  co,,  Ohio, 
on  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal,  169  miles  N.E.  of  Co- 
umbus. 

ELKTON,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Illinois,  130  miles 
S.E.  of  Springfield. 

ELKTOX.  a  post-village  of  Ilickory  co.,  Missouri,  about 
100  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ELKTON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Umpqua  CO.,  Oregon. 

EL  KUEIT,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Grane. 

ELK'VILLE,  a  post>village  of  Caldwell  co..  North  Carolina. 

EiyL.\-KlRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding, 

EL'LAND.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Rid- 
ing, on  the  Calder.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Ualifex,  with  a  station  on 
the  Manchester  and  Leeds  Railway.  Pop.  6470.  It  has 
m.inufactures  of  coarse  woollens. 

EL'LASTONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

ELLBOGEN.  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Elbogex. 

ELLl5,  f  rii'.  a  river  of  France,  enters  the  Atlantic  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Quimper.  after  a  S.  course  of  38  miles.  It  is  navigar 
ble  to  Quimperle.  8  miles  from  the  sea, 

ELLEJAY,  Georgia.     See  Emiwt. 

El/LEJOY,  a  post-office  of  Blunt  co.  Tennessee. 

EL'LEL.  a  cbapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ELLENBOROUGH,  Mlen-btlrVtlh.  a  township  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Cumberland,  on  the  small  river  Ellen,  5i  miles 
W.N.W.  Cockermouth.  Pop.  865,  chiefly  colliers.  It  gives 
the  title  of  earl  to  the  Law  familv. 

F:LLENB0R0UG1I,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co^  Wisconsin, 
on  Platte  River.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Lancaster. 

El/LEXBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton  CO., 
New  York,  about  155  miles  X.  of  Albanv.     Pop.  2:548. 

EL*LEXGOW'.\N.  a  post-office  of  lialt'imore  co.,  Maryland. 

EL'LENHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

EL'LEXVILLE.  a  post -village  of  XHster  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Del.aware  and  Hudson  Canal,  aliout  80  miles  S.S.W.  from 
Albany.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches,  about  6  stores  several 
factories  and  mills,  and  a  national  bank.  Pop.  e.stimated 
at  1200. 

EL/LERBURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

EL'LERSLIE.  a  post-village  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penosyl- 
vaniii.  140  miles  X.X.E.  from  Harrisburg. 

ELLKRSLIE,  a  district  in  Harris  co..  Georgia. 

ELLERSLIE.  a  post-village  of  Harris  CO.,  Georgia,  about 
14  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus. 

EL/LERTON  PRl'ORY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  York, 
East  Riding. 

ELLERTON-ON-SWALE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding,  1 J  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chatteri^k.  Pop. 75 
Henry  Jenkins,  who  died  in  1679  at  the  extra>  rdinary  ago 
of  169.  was  born  here, 

EL'LERY.' a  post-village  and  township  of  Ch.intauquaco, 


ELL 


ELM 


New  York,  on  Chnutauniua  Lake.  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Buffalo. 
Pop.  1751. 

KLLi-^IvY,  a  small  Tillage  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

EiyLKKY  CEX'TRE,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York. 

EiyLKPBOUOTJGH,  a  parish  of  Knprland,  co.  of  Bucks. 

EL'LKSMEIIE.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Enpcland  and 
Wales,  cos.  of  Flint  and  Sainp,  10  miles  X.N.AV.  of  Shrews- 
bury. Pop.  7081.  It  has  a  branch  bank,  and  a  larj^e  trade 
In  malt,  carried  on  by  a  canal,  which  communicates  with 
Welshpool,  Chester,  and  the  Mersey.  The  site  of  the  an- 
cient castle  commands  a  rich  and  varied  prospect. 

EIJ.KSMEUE,  PORT,  a  village  and  port  of  Enjrland,  In 
Cheshire,  on  the  Slersey,  Si  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Liverpool. 
Pop.  about  600. 

EL'LKT.SVILLEorEL'LITTSTILLE,  a  village  of  Monroe 
CO..  Indiana,  on  the  extension  of  the  New  Albany  and  Salem 
Railroad.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Bloomington.    Pop.  alxiut  150. 

ELLi:ZELLi:S,  JlPzMl',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut,  16i.miles  X.K.  of  Tournay.    Pop.  6205. 

ELL  GROVK,  a  post-oilice  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee. 

El/LICE  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islets  on  a  coral  reef,  sur- 
rounding a  lagoon  in  the  Pacific,  discovered  in  1S19.  Lat. 
8°  30'  S.:  Ion.  179°  1.3'  E.     Pop.  250. 

EI/LICHPOOU',  a  city  of  India.  9S  miles  W.  of  Nagpoor. 
r*at.  21°  14'  N.,  Ion.  77°  36'  E.  It  is  partly  enclosed  by 
walls. 

I:L'LIC0TT,  a  township  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York,  at 
the  S.  K.  end  of  Chautauqua  Lake.     Po]).  4704. 

ELLICOTT.  a  post-offlce  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

EI.LICOTT  CREKK,  u  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

Ei-I.ICOTT'S  MILLS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Howard 
county,  Maryland,  is  i)lea.^antly  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Patapsco  River,  and  on  the  Haltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad.  12  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Baltimore.  It  contains  a 
bank,  a  newspaper  office,  numerous  flouring  mills,  and  other 
manufactories,  and  in  the  township  are  several  lumbering 
mills.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  is  remarkably  beautiful 
Pop.  1444. 

EI/'LlCOTTVILLE,a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Cattaraugus  ro..  New  York,  on  the  Gre.at  Valley  Creek,  a 
tribut.iry  of  the  Alleghany  River,  on  the  line  of  the  Buf- 
falo and  Pittsburg  Railroad  Cprojected),  10  miles  N.  of  the 
New  York  and  Erie  R.iilroad,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  plank-road,  and  l'i5  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  contains 
besides  the  county  buildings.  4  churches,  viz.  an  Episcopal, 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Roman  Catholic,  3  printing 
offices  issuing  weekly  newspapers,  a  flouri.shing  school,  3 
public  houses,  4  land  offices,  and  11  stores  of  various  kinds. 
The  creek  here  furnishes  good  water-power,  whiih  at  pre- 
sent is  only  used  for  a  grist  mill  and  saw  mill.  The  village 
Is  located  In  a  fertile  and  picturesque  valley,  inclosed  by 
hills  covered  with  heavy  forests  of  birch  and  maple.  Pop. 
about  1200;  of  the  township.  1881. 

EI/LIJ.\.Y,  a  small  river  of  Cilmer  co.,  Georgia,  flows  into 
the  Coosawattee  at  the  village  of  EUijay. 

ELLI.TAY,  a  post-village  and  capital  of  Gilmer  co..  Georgia, 
on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  171  miles  N.W.  of  Milledge- 
ville.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  mountainous  region,  which  is 
rich  in  minerals.  The  village,  contains  a  court-house,  jail, 
and  5  stores. 

ELLINGEN,  ?11ing-en,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Rezat, 
28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nuremberg.  Pop.  1329.  It  has  a  manu- 
factorv  of  pianof  )rtes. 

EL'LINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ELLINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

ELLTNGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Hants. 

ELLINGIIAM,  GREAT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

ELLINGIIAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

ELT>'IXCtTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

EiyLIXOTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland  co., 
Connecticut,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  2  or 
3  churches  and  an  academy.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1510. 

ELLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York,  25  miles  E.  of  .Mavsville.     Pop.  1937. 

ELLINGTON,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1752. 

ELlilNGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Outagamie 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  36  miles  W.  l>y  S.  of  Green  Baj".  It  has  two 
mills.    Total  pop.  727. 

EI/LINGWOOD'S  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co., 
Maine. 

EL'LTOT.  a  post-village  and  township  of  York  co..  Maine, 
on  the  Portland  Saco  and  Portsmoxith  Railroad.  45  miles 
S.W.  of  Portland.  It  contains  an  academy,  and  in  the 
township  are  several  lumbering  mills.     Pop.  1767. 

ELLIOTT  BAY.  Washington  Territory.     See  Se.wie. 

BL'LIOTTSBURG.  a  post-oflRce  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ELLIOTT'S  CRCS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co., 
Kentucky. 

ELLIOTT'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office.  Morgan  ccOhiq. 

ELLIOTT'S  RANCH,  a  post-offlce  of  Sacramento  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 


ELTvIOTTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pis.i.raquis  cc  ,  Ma'.no. 
90  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  59. 

ELLIOTTSTILLE.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  i>\ 
the  Ohio  River,  145  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbu.s. 

EL'LIS,  a  county  of  Texas,  situated  in  the  N.  central  part 
of  the  .state,  contains  about  lOSO  s^iuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Trinity  River  and  its  affluents.  The  surface  is  diversified 
by  tracts  of  liard  timber  and  fertile  prairies.  Capital,  Waxa- 
hacliie.     Pop.  5246. 

EL'LISBL'RG,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Jefferson  co..  New  York,  bordering  on  fjike  Ontario,  about 
16  miles  S.W.  of  Watertown,  witli  which  it  is  connected  by 
railroad.  The  village,  situated  fin  Sandy  Creek,  contains  2  or 
3  churches,  and  a  number  of  mills  and  factories.     Pop.  5614. 

ELLISBURO,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Camden. 

ELLISBURG,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ELLISBURG,  a  small  post-village  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indi- 
ana, 150  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

EL'LISFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EL'LIS  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co..  Illinois. 

ELLIS  ISLAND,  of  New  York,  is  situated  in  New  York 
Harbor,  about  a  mile  S.W.  of  the  city;  on  it  is  Fort  Gibson 

ELLIS  RIVElt,  a  small  stream  of  Coos  county,  in  the 
N.E.  p.art  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  into  the  .Saco  River. 

El^LISTON,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  CO.,  New  York,  140 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

ELLISTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky. 

ELLISTON,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois. 

ELTJSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mississippi. 

EL'LISVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Louisa  co.,  Virginia,  60 
miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

ELLTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co.,  North  Carolina. 

ELLISVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Florida. 

ELLTSVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jones  co.,  Missis^ 
sippi,  on  Tallahalla  River.  144  miles  S.E.  of  Jackson. 

ELLISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co..  Illinois,  on 
Spoon  River,  about  76  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

ELLISVILLE,  a  post^village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  22 
miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

ELLITSA'ILLE.     See  EI,LETS^^I.I,E. 

ELL'MORE,  a  post-office  of  Ottawa  co..  Ohio. 

EL'LON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

ELLOR.t,  a  town  of  Hindostan.    See  Flora. 

ELLi:)RE,  ?PI5r',  a  considerable  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  >Iadras.  38  miles  N.  of  Masulipat-im,  and  for- 
merly capital  of  one  of  the  Northern  Circars.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  district  collector. 

EL'LiiUUH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

EI/LOUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

ELLRICH  or  ELRICH.  ?ll'riK.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Erfurt.  Pop.  2600.  Near  it  is  the  re- 
markable calcareous  grotto  of  Kille. 

ELLS'WORTH,  an  important  commercial  town,  port  of 
entrj',  and  capital  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  is  situated  on 
both  sides  of  the  navigable  river  Union,  which  is  here 
crossed  by  4  liridges,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Bangor,  and  alxiut  4 
miles  above  the  entrance  of  the  river  into  Frenchman's  B.ay. 
It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  4  churches,  2  good 
hotels,  a  bank,  and  60  stores.  Twenty-five  vessels  are  often 
seen  anchored  here  at  a  time,  and  50,000,000  feet  of  lumber 
are  exported  annually.  The  shipping  of  the  district, 
(Frenchman's  Bay.)  June  30,  1852.  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  1689  tons  registered,  and  36.760  tons  enrolled  and 
licensed.  Of  the  latter  22.272  were  emploj-ed  in  the  coast 
trade,  13,075  in  the  cod  fishery,  and  2860  in  the  mackerel 
fishery.  One  hundred  and  fiftj'  vessels  are  owned  in  the 
town.  During  the  year  above  mentioned.  22  vessels,  with 
an  aggregate  burden  of  3119  tons,  were  admeasured  in  the 
district,  and  in  1853  the  ship-bujlding  in  Frenchman's  Bay 
amounted  in  6860  tons.  Flllsworth  is  one  of  the  most  flou- 
rishing towns  in  the  state.  Pop.  in  1840,2203;  in  1^60, 
4009:  and  in  1860.  4658. 

ELLSWOKTII,  a  township  of  Grafton  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, 50  miles  NiN.W.  of  Cimcord.     Pop,  302. 

ELLSWORTH,  a  post-village  in  Litchfield  CO.,  Connecti- 
cut, 60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford. 

ELLSWORTH,  a  post-villaie  and  township  of  Mahoning 
CO..  Ohio,  5  miles  W.  of  Canfield,  and  165  miles  N.E.  of  Co- 
lumbus. The  village  has  2  churches  and  a  flourj|hing  acv 
demy.     Pop.  825. 

ELLSWORTH,  a  post-village  in  Texas  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  Big  Sandy  Fork  of  Gasconade  River,  85  miles  S.  by  E.  cf 
Jefferson  City. 

ELLSWORTH  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  cc, 
Maine.  30  miles  S.E.  of  Bangor. 

ELLW.\NGEN,  ^U'wdng-en.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg.  on 
the  Jaxt.  45  miles  F;,N.E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  2938.  employed 
in  bleach-works  and  tanning.  It  has  a  castle,  cathedral, 
gymnasium,  and  hospital. 

ELLWOOD.  a  post-office  of  Muhlenburg  co.,  Kentucky, 

ELM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

ELM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 

ELM,  Jl'm.  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 

627 


ELM 


ELR 


10  miles  &.S.E.  of  Glarus.    Pop.  1013.    Its  sulphur  springs 
■were  formerly  celebrated. 

i;LM,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  CO.,  PennsylTania. 

Hhyi,  a  post-office  of  Ballard  co.,  Kentucky. 

Kl/MA.  a  post-office  of  Krie  co.,  New  York. 

EL  MASARAII,  i\  nid'sa-rdh.  a  village  of  Egypt,  10  niile,s 
S.  of  Cairo,  opposite  the  site  of  ancieut  Memphis,  with  ex- 
tensive ancient  quarries,  to  which  a  railway  has  recently 
been  constructed. 

ELM  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama. 

ELM  BllAXCII,  a  small  village.of  Lawrence  co.,  Missouri. 

ELM  CKEEK.  of  McKinley  co.,  Texas,  flows  south-east- 
ward into  the  Nueces  Kiver. 

ELM  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Falls  CO..  Texas. 

EL'MEK,  ,1  post-office  of  :Nilem  co.,  New  Jersey. 

EL  METEMXEU.  el  m^ttei'neh.  a  town  of  Nubia,  on  the 
Nile,  nearly  opposite  Shendy.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse 
cotton  fabrics. 

ELM  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 

ELM  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Illinois. 

ELM  GROVE,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Missouri,  on  Smith's 
Fork  of  Platte  River.  28  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Independence. 

ELM  GROVE,  a  villageof  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  8S  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Iowa  City. 

ELM'IIAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ELMH  AM.  SOUTH,  or  ALL  SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Suffijlk. 

ELM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Davidson  oo..  Tennessee. 

ELMINA,  ^1-mee'iid,  or  ST.  GKUKGE  DEL  MINA,  (dJl 
mee'ni)a  town  and  fort,  capital  of  the  Dutch  posses.sions 
on  the  Guinea  coast.  Africa.  The  fort  Is  in  lat.  6^  4'  45"  N. 
Ion.  1"  '20'  30"  W.  The  town  is  irregular,  ill  built,  and  dirty. 
Pop.  from  8000  to  10.000,  blacks,  the  fort  of  Klmiua  is  the 
strongest  ou  the  whole  coast :  it  is  surrounded  with  double 
walls  and  deep  ditches,  has  3  rows  of  guns  next  the  sea.  and 
the  land  side  is  defended  by  Fort  St.  J  ago,  the  key  of  Elmina. 

ELMI'RA,  a  city  and  township,  capitiil  of  Chemung  coun- 
ty. New  York,  is  situated  near  the  junction  of  Newtown 
Creek  with  the  Chemung  Kiver,  where  the  latter  is  crossed 
by  the  Erie  Railroad,  273  miles  from  New  Y"ork  Citj*.  El- 
niira  is  the  N.  terminus  of  a  railroad  which  extends  via 
AVilliamsport  and  Harrisburg  to  Baltimore,  251  miles,  and 
connects  it  with  Philadelphia,  271  miles  distant.  Another 
railroad  extends  northwai-d  to  Canandaigua,  Niagara,  Ac. 
The  Chemung  Canal  also  connects  Eluiira  with  Seneca  I>ake, 
20  miles  distant;  and  the  Junction  Canal  connects  it  with 
the  interior  of  Pennsylvania.  The  city  is  handsomely  laid 
out,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  13  churches, 
a  female  college,  capable  of  accommodating  300  pupils, 
several  other  educational  institutions,  5  banks,  a  savings 
institution,  4  excellent  hotels,  about  300  stores,  a  large  num- 
ber of  warehouses,  and  2  daily  and  2  weeklj"  newspapers  are 
issued  here.  Here  are  2  rolling-mills,  4  manufactories  of 
boots  and  shoes,  1  of  pianos,  and  an  oil  refinery.  Elmira  has 
surpassed  all  of  its  competitors  along  the  line  of  the  Erie 
Itaiiroad  in  the  rapidity  of  its  growth.  Pop.  of  the  township 
in  1840, 4791 ;  in  1850,'81tJ6;  in  1860, 8682 ;  of  the  city  in  18C5, 
aliout  14,000.     Settled  in  1788. 

ELMIRA,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

ELMIIJA,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois,  40  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  of  township,  954. 

ELM'LEY  CASTTLK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
fe.st«r. 

ELJILEY,  ISLE  OF.  a  parish  of  Englatid,  co.  of  Kent. 

ELM'LEY,  LOV'ETT.a  pari>h  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester 

EI/MONT,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Jlissouri. 

EIVMORE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ELMORE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lamoille  co., 
Vermont,  about  17  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.  The  vil- 
lage contains  1  store,  1  tavern,  1  starch  factory,  2  saw  mills, 
and  other  establishments.     Pop.  602. 

ELMORE,  a  village  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia,  62  miles  \7.  of 
Macon. 

EI/MORE,  a  postoffice  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio. 

ELMORE,  a  township  in  Daviess  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  483. 

ELMORE,  a  post-office  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois. 

ELM  POINT,  a  postoffice  of  Bond  co.,  Illinois,  60  miles S. 
of  Springfield. 

ELM  RIVER,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  is  an  affluent  of 
the  Little  AVab.ish.  which  it  joins  in  Wayne  county. 

ELM'S^LL,  NORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork, 
West  Riding. 

ELMSALL,  SOUTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

ELM'SETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  3^  miles 
K.N.E.  of  Hadleigb.  Here  is  a  curious  petrifjiug  spring, 
called  the  Dropping  WeU. 

ELMSHOHN.  ^ImsOioRn,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Hol- 
bMu,  on  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  Kiel  and  Altona  Railway,  10 
miles  EiJ.E.  of  Gliickstidt.  Pop.  ooOO.  It  has  au  active 
trade  iu  grain. 

ELM  SPRING,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Arkansas,  212  miles  N.W.  of  Little  Rock,  has  a  largn  semi- 
nary for  both  sexes,  and  a  flouring  mill. 

KLM/STEAD,  a  parish  of  i^nglaud,  co.  of  Essex 
628 


ELM'STED.  a  parish  of  EngLind.  co.  of  Kent 

ELilSTHORPE.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  3 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Hinckley.  The  church,  which  is  in  ruins, 
was  occupied  a,«  the  head-quarters  of  the  officers  of  Richard 
Ill.'s  army,  before  the  battle  of  Bosworth. 

ELM'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ivent. 

EL-M'STONE-HARIVWICKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

EL.MS-'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ELSITON,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Derby. 

ELM  TREE,  a  post-office  of  Weakly  co.,  Tennessee. 

ELM  TREE,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  Co.,  Illinois,  about 
100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

ELMUNCHILLY.  il'mftn-chillee.  a  village  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Madras,  31  miles  S.W.  of  Vizagapatam,  in 
a  valley,  with  a  temple  and  some  curious  sculptures. 

EL>I  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Alleghanv  co..  New  Y'ork. 

ELM'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Colleton  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

ELM'WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  23  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Peoria. 

ELMWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Saline  CO.,  Missouri. 

ELNBOGES,  a  town  of  iiohemia.     See  Eldogex. 

ELNE,  &ln.  (anc.  lUiljerif.  afterwards  Helena.)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Pyrenees-Orieutales.  on  the  Tech, 
8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Perpignan.  Pop.  in  1S52.  2524.  It  was 
once  a  place  of  importance,  llliberis  was  the  place  where 
Hannibal  first  encamped  after  passing  the  Pyrenees;  having 
been  rebuilt  by  Constantine,  it  received  the  name  of  his 
mother  Helena. 

ELrOBElD,  LOBEID,  or  LABAYET.    See  Obeid. 

Ji/LON,  a  post-office  of  Amherst  co„  Virginia. 

ELON.  a  post-office  of  Ashley  co.,  Arkansiis. 

El/OOS  or  ELUCE.  M-oos',  an  island  and  town  in  the  Eu- 
phrates, in  Asiatic  Turkey,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hit.  The 
island  is  1  mile  in  length,  with  oOO  houses,  and  some 
mosques. 

ELORA,  ELLORA,  Jl-lo'ri  or  ELOUROU,  e-loo'roo,  a  vU- 
lage  of  llindostan.  in  lat.  20°  5'  N.,  Ion.  75°  15'  E.,  about 
1  mile  E.  of  which  are  some  cave-temples  excavated  iu  the 
W.  slope  of  a  hill,  in  magnitude  of  execution  surp.assing  all 
other  structures  of  their  kind  iu  India. 

ELORA,  e-lo'ra.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Wa- 
terloo, at  the  confluence  of  the  Grand  and  Irvine  Rivers,  12 
miles  from  Guelph.     I'op.  about  400. 

ELORRIO.  i-ioR'KeK),  a  town  of  Spain,  18  miles  S  j:.  of  Bil- 
bao.   Pop.  2280. 

EL  PASO,  M  pah'so,  a  newly  fonned  county  forming  the 
W.  extreniitv  of  Texas.  It  is  not  mentioned  iu  the  census 
of  1850.     Pop.  in  1860,  4051. 

EL  PASO  or  EL  PASSO.  a  post-office  in  the  above  county. 

EL  PASO  DEL  NOItTE,  el  pd'so  del  nor.'tiV,  better  known 
as  EL  PASO,  (often  written  EL  PASSO.)  a  settlement,  or 
more  properly  a  line  of  settlements,  embracing  a  popula- 
tion of  about  5000,  situated  in  a  rich  but  narrow  valley, 
which  extends  9  or  10  miles  along  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  in  the  Mexican  state  of  Chihuahua,  350  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Santa  Fe.  The  grape  is  extensively  cultivated 
in  this  locality,  and  considerable  quantities  of  a  weiik  but 
well-flavored  wine  and  brandy  (known  to  the  American 
traders  as  Pass  wine  and  Pass  brandy)  are  made.  The 
houses  are  built  of  adobes,  or  sun-dried  bricks,  chiefly  of 
onestory,  with  earthern  floors.  Though  supplied  with  abun- 
dance, the  inhabitants  are  remarkably  deficient  in  the  com- 
monest appliances  of  civilized  life;  glazed  windows,  chairs, 
tables,  knives  and  forks,  and  other  conveniences,  which  the 
humblest  American  considers  indispensable  to  comfort,  are 
unknown  even  to  the  rich.  Few  of  the  people  are  pure 
white,  beiiig  nearly  .ill  more  or  less  tinged  with  Indian 
blood.  That  portion  of  the  settlement  at  the  northern  part 
of  the  viiUey,  where  the phua.  the  parish  ehureh.  and  the 
dwellings  of  a  few  of  the  principsil  inhabitants  are  located, 
may  be  considered  as  the  town  of  El  Paso.  It  is  in  hit.  31° 
42' N.,  Ion.  Iei6°  4*.)'  W.,  1420  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  following  the  course  of  the  stream.  mO  miles 
in  a  direct  line  E.  from  of  the  I'acific  coast,  and  1800  miles 
from  ^Vii.'-hington  City.  El  Piiso  is  the  chief  thoroughfare 
between  New  .Mexico  and  Chihuahua,  and  the  other  Mexi- 
can states  farther  S.,  the  Rio  Grande  l>eiug  foi-daWe  near 
the  town  a  great  portion  of  the  ye,ar.  The  name,  signifying 
"the  p:»ssage,''  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  jxissjige 
of  the  river  thi-ough  a  gorge  or  gap  iu  the  mountain,  just 
above  the  town. 

liL  PeS.).\,  (■I  p?n-y5n'.  a  firtified  height  8^  miles  from 
the  city  of  Mexico,  commanding  the  entrance  t»  it  from  the  E. 

EL'PIIIN,  a  markeVtowu.  parish,  and  bishop's  see  of  Ire- 
land, in  Counaught.  co.  of  Rosi-omnion.  17^  miles  W.N.W. 
ofLongfird.  Pop.  of  town.  1551.  Its  cathedral  is  a  small, 
plain  church,  with  au  ancient  tower;  the  episcopal  pjilace 
and  deanery  are  substantial  structures.  The  diocese  ••"■ 
prises  76  parishes  in  the  counties  of  Roscommon,  Sligo.  Gal- 
way,  and  Mayo,  and  is  now  annexed  to  the  sees  of  Kilniore 
and  .\rdagh.  The  family  of  Gold.smith  resided  in  this 
parish,  and,  by  some,  the  poet  i.<  8:iid  to  have  been  born  hera 

EiyilOD.  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Iudi;.ua. 


ELR 


ELY 


KT,  ROSARIO.  Jl  ro-s^re-o,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confe- 
deration, state  of  Cinaloa,  65  miles  K.X.E.  of  Mazatlan.  Pop. 
5000.  It  had  some  rioh  fiold  and  silver  mines,  no  lonper 
ivrfiught.  and  i.s  now  important  chiefly  as  a  depot  for  the 
trade  between  ilazatlan  and  the  interior. 

EL.SA,  iVsi,  a  river  of  Tuscany,  join.s  the  Amo  3J  miles 
W.  of  Kmpoli,  after  a  X.W.  course  of -30  miles. 

KLSA.  a  river  of  Tuscany,  an  affluent  of  the  Albegna. 
Tot*l  course,  12  miles. 

1;LS.\SS,  a  country  of  Germany.    See  AtSACE. 

KLS'UOX.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  lOngland,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  16  miles  W.N'.W.  of  Morpeth.  I'op.  16S0. 
The  Castle,  built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.,  is  now  the  rec- 
tory-house. The  parish  abounds  in  coal,  lime,  and  iron- 
stone. 

EL'SKN'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ks.sex. 

ELS'KIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

KI.SFLKTII.  Jls'ti.At,  a  market-town  of  Oldenburg,  on  the 
Weser.  at  thetinflux  of  the  Ilunte,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Bremen. 
I'op.  2000.  employed  in  ship-building. 

K1,.>^'IIAM  or  AILES/IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

EI/SIXBOUOUOII,  a  township  of  Salem  co.,  New  Jersey, 
3  miles  from  Salem.     Pop.  749. 

EL'SING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ELSr.XOli  E,  grsin-6r',  or  ELSINEUK,  Jl'sin -fir',  (Dan.  TTfl- 
finr/ui:  hM'sing-g^'gr,)  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  on  the 
l.sland  of  Seeland.  at  the  narrowest  jtart  of  the  Sound,  here 
onlv  2i  miles  broad.  24  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Coponh.agen.  Lat. 
(Kronborg  light)  56° 2' 12" N.,  Ion.  12°  37'30"  E.  It  has  two 
churches, a  classi;-al  school,  and  a  custom-house;  its  inhabi- 
tants are  chiefly  engaged  in  commerce  and  seafaring,  and 
considerable  traffic  is  carried  on  with  Ilelsingborg  on  the 
opposite  coast,  this  being  the  chief  point  of  transit  between 
Denmark  and  Sweden.  Elsinoreis  defended  by  the  castle  of 
Kronborg,  which  stands  on  a  projecting  spitof  land,  and  com- 
mands the  Sound.  It  is  a  Gothic-liyzantine  edifice,  with  walls 
and  ditches;  it  is  entered  by  two  drawbi-idges,  and  was  built 
in  1.574-1584.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light,  113  feet  high.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Kronborg  is  the  royal  country  palace  of  Marien- 
lyst.  Elsinore  is,  however,  chiefiy  noted  as  being  the  place 
where  the  Sound  dues  are  levied  on  vessels  entering  or  clear- 
ing the  Baltic.  The  dues,  originally  instituted  for  keeping 
up  lights  and  landmarks  on  the  Cattegat  and  neighboring 
coasts,  now  consist  of  dues  on  the  ship,  being  light  or  beacon 
money,  and  dues  on  the  c^rgo,  a  toll  paid  to  the  Danish  go- 
vernment. The  total  number  of  vessels  passing  the  Sound 
was.  in  1847,  21,526;  184S,  10,857;  1849.  18,0o<):  of  which,  in 
1847,4522  were  British;  2502  Prussian;  2334  Norwegian; 
16.38  Swedish;  1507  Dani.sh;  and  1447  Dutch.  Of  other 
countries  the  numbers  were  under  1000,  and  in  some  cases, 
as  America,  Naples,  and  Hamburg,  under  100.  The  prin- 
cipal maritime  countries  have  consuls  at  Elsinore.  Elsi- 
nore is  the  assumed  scene  of  Shakspeare's  tragedy  of  Ham- 
let.    Pop.  8000. 

ELSON  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific,  is  one  of  the  Gambier 
Islands. 

EPSON'S  B.\Y,  an  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  Russian 
America,  immediately  E.  of  Point  Barrow.  Lat.  71°  N.,lou. 
156°  W.  ■ 

EI/STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

ELSTEAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Susjsex. 

ELSTER,  Jl'ster,  White,  (Goi-.  Weiss  Elster,  wice  Sl'stgr,)  a 
river  of  Germany,  rises  near  Asch.  in  Voigtland,  flows  N., 
and  joins  the  Saale  3  mile.s  S.  of  Halle,  (Prussia.)  Length, 
110  miles.   Chief  affluent,  the  Pleisse,  on  the  right. 

ELSTEK,  Black,  (Ger.  iSc/iM,'artii7.s<er,  shwaRtsSl'ster,)  a 
river  of  Germany,  ri.ses  2  miles  S.  of  Elster,  (Saxony,)  flows 
N.W.,  and  joins  the  Elbe  8  miles  E.  of  Wittemberg,  (Prussia.) 
Length,  105  mile.s.    Chief  affluent,  the  Hoder,  on  the  left. 

ELSTEK,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  on  the 
Little  Elster,  with  mineral  springs. 

ELSTEKBKKG,  ?l'ster-1ieR0',  a  town  of  Saxony,  16  miles 
S.W.  of  Zwickau,  on  the  White  Elster.  Pop.  2379,  employed 
in  woollen  and  cotton  weaving. 

ELSTEI'vWEUDA.  Jl'ster--ftjRM3,  a  town  of  Prussian  S.ax- 
ony.  66  miles  E.N.E.  of  Me'rseburg,  on  the  Black  Elster.  Pop. 
1442. 

ELSTON  or  ELVESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Notts. 

EL'STOAV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,and  2  miles  S.  of  Bed- 
ford. John  Bunyan.  author  of  the  "Pilgrim's  Progress," 
was  born  here  in  162S. 

ELSTRA.  els'trd.  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Bautzen,  on 
the  Elster.  21  miles  N.E.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  1080. 

ELS'TREE  or  ID'LESTREE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Herts. 

ELS'\\'ICK.  a  township  of  England,  co.  Northumberland. 

ELS'WORTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

ELTEN,  Jl'ten.  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Dus- 
seldorf.  not  far  from  the  Khine,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Clevos. 
Pop.  1446. 

EfiTERLEIX.  Jl'ter-irne\  a  mining  town  of  Saxony,  19 
miles  S.E.  of  Zwickau.  I  op,  1910.  It  has  manufactures  of 
lace. 


ELT'IIAM,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  7 
miles  E.S.E.  of  London.  Pop.  2668.  It  has  lenuiins  <,i  a 
roj'al  palace,  formerly  consisting  of  four  quadrangles,  and 
possessing  great  magnificence,  the  existing  edifice  of  which 
is  the  hall,  no'w  or  latelj*  a  barn,  but  in  good  preservation. 
Eltham  was  a  favorite  residence  of  the  I'lantagenet  and  'J'u- 
dor  monarchs.  The  palace  and  parks  were  destroyed  during 
the  Commonwealth. 

EL'TISLEY,  a  ptirish  of  England,  co.  of  Canibridirt. 

ELTMANN,  ^It'miin.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Main,  3o 
miles  E.N.E.. of  WUr/.burg.     Pop.  1392. 

ELT'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

ELTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

ELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

ELTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

ELTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

ELTOX,  a  township  of  Englatid.  co.of  Derljy. 

ELTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  I^ancnster. 

ELTON,  ^rton',  (i.  t.  "  golden  lake,")  a  salt  lake  of  Russia, 
70  miles  E.  of  the  Volga,  government,  and  100  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Saratov.  Area,  130  s(i«:ire  miles.  It  receives  several  rivei'S. 
Upwards  of  100,000  tons  of  salt  are  obtained  annually  from 
its  waters.    • 

EI/fON,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York,  300 
miles  W.  of  Albany. 

ELTON,  a.  post-office  of  Edgefield  district.  South  Carolina. 

ELTSCH,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  .Tolsva. 

ELTVILLE,  a  town  of  Western  Germany.     See  Ei.iEin. 

EL-TYH,  (51  tee,)  DESERT  OF,  (or  of  '-"the  Wandering.") 
so  called  because  it  was  the  place  of  the  forty  years'  sojourn 
of  the  Hebrews  in  the  desert,  is  a  name  applied  to  the  pe- 
ninsula which  is  between  the  Gulfs  of  Suez  and  .^kaliih, 
and  Egypt  and  Palestine.  It  is  mountainous,  comprising 
Jeb-el-fvh,  Jlount  Sinai.  Ac. 

EL  TYH,  WADY,  wA'dee  41  tee,  (or  "Valley  of  the  Wan- 
dering.") is  in  Middle  Egypt,  extending  between  ancient 
Memi>his  and  Suez,  immediately  S.  of  the  Jeb-el-Atak.a. 

ELTZ,  Jits,  a  river  of  South-western  Germany,  in  Baden, 
joins  the  Rhine  20  miles  S.  of  Strasbourg,  after  a  tortuous 
course  of  33  miles  past  Waldkirch  and  Kenzingen. 

ELUSA.     See  Eauze. 

ELVA,  iVyi,  (L.  HeVra.)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
in  I'iedmont,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Coni.     Pop.  llt:5. 

EI./VAN  WATER,  asmallafHuent  of  the  Clyde.in  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Lanark.  It  flows  N.E.  Particles  of  gold  have  been 
otien  found  in  its  sands. 

ELVAS,  Sl'vls,  (Sp./Mws,  flMs,  or  YfVves.ylV\l».)^  for- 
tified fi-ontier  city  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  12  miles 
W.  of  Badajos,  on  the  Guadiana.  Pop.  ]6,4r)0.  It  stands  on  a 
hill,  on  which  are  the  fortresses  of  Santa  Lucia  and  Lijpe.  The 
town  is  generally  ill  built  and  dirty.  Its  streets  ai-e  lined 
with  venerable  Moorish  buildings.  Chief  edifices,  theCathe- 
dral,  several  churches  and  convents,  the  Areenal,  bonrf>-proof 
barracks  for  6000  or  7000  men,  a  theatre,  college,  seminary, 
public  hospital,  prison,  and  a  remarkable  tower.  A  Iiirge 
Moorish  aqueduct  supplies  the  city  with  water  from  a  hill 

3  miles  W.  It  has  manufactures  of  arms  and  jewelry.  Elvas 
was  taken  by  Marshal  Junot,  and  held  by  the  Fieuch  from 
March  to  August,  1808. 

El/VASTON,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.,  and  4  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Derby.  Elvaston  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Harring- 
ton, is  in  this  parish. 

EI/VEDOX  or  EIVDOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  SufT"lk. 

ELA'EX.  6PvftN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Morli- 
han.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Vannes.  Pop.  in  1852,  3496.  In  its 
castle,  now  a  ruin,  Henry  of  Richmond  (afterwards  Henry 
VII.  of  England)  remained  a  prisoner  for  fourteen  years  after 
the  battle  of  Tewkesbury. 

EiyVETIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EL'VINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

EiyvIXSVILLE.a  post-office  of  Bedford  CO.,  Pennsvlvania. 

EI/VVICK  HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

EL'WOOD,  a  post-offlce  of  Walker  co.,  Texas. 

EL'WORTIIY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

EL'WY,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  joins 
the  Severn  at  Pennarth. 

ELWY,  a  river  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh,  falling  into 
the  Clwyd  at  St.  Asaph. 

ELXAS,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Euas. 

ELY,  (ee'lee.)  ISLE  OF,  a  district  of  England,  co.  of 
Cambridge,  lying  N.  of  the  centre  of  the  county,  from 
the  rest  of  which  it  is  separated  on  the  S.  by  the  Ouse. 
Area,  225,150  acres.    A  smaller  tract,  of  about  7  miles  by 

4  miles,  is,  however,  now  viewed  as  foi'ming  the  isle  strictly 
so  called.  It  is  surrounded  by  mar.sh,  formerly  covered 
with  water,  whence  the  name.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  but 
requires  artifieial  draining.  The  district  exhibits  a  level, 
monotonous  plain,  containing  many  marsh  plants  and 
aquatic  birds.    See  Bedford  Level. 

ELY,  a  city  and  episcopal  see  of  England,  capital  of  the 
above  island,  on  the  Ouse,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cambridge, 
iind  72  miles  N.E.  of  London,  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Kail- 
way.  Pop.  in  1851,  6176.  The  houses  are  mostly  ancient. 
The  Cathedral,  chiefly  built  between  the  reigns  of  William 

e29 


ELY 

Rnfue  md  E-lwird  III.,  exhiliits  a  sinfrular  yet  Imposing 
comlj)i»ation  ol  the  Saxon,  Norman^and  Gothic  styles.  It 
i.-i  o3i  feet  in  len^jth,  by  190  feet  in  the  transept;  has  an 
elegant  octagonal  central  tower,  and  many  interesting 
monuments.  Trinity  Church,  founded  in  13J1.  is  a  beauti- 
ful structure.  The  Bi.<hop's  Palace  is  neatly  built  of  brick. 
Ilere  are  also  a  grammar  school,  founded  by  Henry  VIII., 
an  endowed  chaiity  school,  several  oil  mills,  and  manufac- 
tures of  earthenware  and  tobaico-pipe.s.  In  the  environs 
are  rich  orchards  and  market-gardens.  Ely  is  governed  by 
a  custos-rotulorum.  and  is  the  only  city  in  England  which 
semis  no  member  to  the  House  oT  Commons.  Its  bishopric 
was  founded  in  1107.  The  celebrated  Abbey  of  Ely,  on 
which  the  bishopric  was  founded,  was  established  by  Saint 
EtheldreJa  or  Audry.  daughter  of  a  Saxon  king,  a.  d.  673. 
It  was  destroyed  by  the  Danes  about  the  year  870.  The 
city  and  island  are  siiid  to  owe  their  name  to  the  ntimber 
of  eels  which  still  aliound  here. 

ELY.  a  beautiful  demesne  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Fer- 
managh, compri.siug  sevenil  woody  islets  alx)ut  the  head  of 
Lower  J»ugh  Erne,  4  miles  X.  of  Enniskillen.  It  gives  the 
title  of  maiijuis  to  the  Lol'tus  family. 

ELY,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  Iowa. 

ELY,  a  small  village  of  Canada  Ea«t,  co.  of  Sbefiford,  10 
miles  S  S.E.  of  Melbourne,  and  22  miles  from  Grandy. 

E'LY  LICK,  a  village  of  Kails  co.,  Missouri,  78  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ICLYRIA,  e-llr'e-a,  a  pleasant  post-vill.ige  and  township,  ca- 
pit.il  of  Loraiu  co..  Ohio,  is  situated  on  Black  Kiver,  7  miles 
from  Lake  Erie,  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cleveland,  and  116  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Columbus.  The  village  ."itands  on  a  peninsula 
fonued  by  the  branches  of  Black  River,  which  here  unite. 
The  river  in  this  vicinity  has  two  falls  of  40  feet  perpen- 
dicular, and  affords  fine  water-power.  The  railioad  from 
Cleveland  to  Sandusky,  passes  tlirough  this  place.  Elyria 
contains  a  court-house,  5  or  6  churches,  a  national  bank,  an 
academy,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  One  of  the  churches  is  a 
Gothic  building  of  sandstone.  In  the  vicinity  are  several 
mills,  an  iron  furnace,  a  machine-shop,  and  an  axe-factory. 
Pop.  in  1850, 1482;  in  1853,  about  2000;  of  the  township  in 
1860,  1613. 

E^LYSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 70  miles  X.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

ELYSIAX  (e-lizh'yjn)  FIELDS,  a  post>ofBoe  of  Harrison 
CO..  Texas. 

ELYSIAX  FIELDS.  Hud.son  co..  New  York.  See  Hoboken. 

ELYSIUM,  e-lizh'ytim.  a  po.st-village  of  McHeury  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 50  miles  X.W.  of  Chicago. 

E/LYTOX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson  co.,  Alabama, 
100  miles  N'.X.W.  of  Montgomery. 

ELZ,  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Eltz. 

ELZA.  ^Vzi,  a  river  of  Tuscany,  joining  the  Arno  near 
Bmpoli  after  a  X.W.  course  of  35  miles. 

ELZK,  ^It/seh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  9  mUes  W.S.W.  of 
Hildesheim,  near  the  Saale.     Pop.  2035. 

JCM.iDOO,  A-md-doo'.  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  kingdom 
of  Yarrilia.  about  18  miles  X.  of  Jenna,  lat.  7°  10'  N.,  Ion.  3° 
10'  E.,  on  the  route  from  Badagry  to  Boosa. 

EMAX'UKL.  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has 
sn  area  of  about  1000  stjuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
.\.  by  the  Ogeechee  River,  on  the  S.AV.  by  Pendleton's 
Creek,  intorsected  by  the  Great  Ohoopee,  and  also  drained 
by  the  Cannouchee.  The  surface  is  level  and  partly  co- 
vered with  piue  timber;  the  soil  is  sandy  and  sterile. 
Named  in  himor  of  David  Emanuel,  at  one  time  president 
of  the  Georgia  Senate.  Organized  in  1812.  Capital,  Swains- 
borough.     Pop.  oOSl,  of  whom  3787  were  free. 

EMATRIS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Mona- 
ghan. 

J:MBA,  im'hi.,  JEM  or  DJEM,  j  Jm,  a  river  of  Central  Asi.i, 
forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  Russi;m  go- 
vernment of  Orenboorg  and  the  Kirghees  Territory.  (Inde- 
pendent Toorki.st;tn,)  enters  the  Gulf  of  Emba  at  the  X.E. 
extremity  of  theOaspiim  Se.a.  alter  a  S.W.  course,  estimated 
at  JoO  miles,  where  it  expands  into  numerous  shallovv  lakes, 
and  has  valuable  tisheries. 

EMB.\CH,  fcm'bdK.  (Gross.  grOce.  and  Kleix,  kline;  t.  n. 
"Great"  and  "Little,")  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of 
Livoni.!.  It  rises  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  district  of  Pernau.  and, 
under  the  name  of  Kleiu  Embach,  flows  S.E.  to  near  Valk. 
then  turns  X  .  Mnd.  after  a  course  of  about  36  miles,  enters 
the  S.  extremitj  nf  Lake  Virtzerv.  The  stream  which  i.osues 
from  the  X.  extremity  of  the  same  lake,  takes  the  name  of 
Gross  Embach,  Hows  E.  past  Dorpat,  where  it  becomes  navi- 
gable, and  enters  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Lake  Peipus.  Total 
length,  40  miles. 

EM  BAK'K  AS  or  EMB  AR/R  APS,  a  river  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of 
Illhinis.  falls  into  the  Wabash  R  or  7  milfs  below  Vincenne.s. 

EMBARUAS,  a  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows  through  Wau- 
paca CO.,  and  enters  Wolf  River  on  the  E.  border  of  that 
county. 

E.MIIARRAS  P.OIXT.  a  post-village  of  Edgar  co.,  UlinoU, 
1(X)  miles  E.  of  SpringfiL-M. 

EV!  IIDKX,  a  tf)wii  of  Hanover.    See  Emdex. 

EMU'DEX,  a  post-township  ol  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
630 


EMM 

W.  side  of  Kennebec  River,  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  AngTista. 
Pop.  1041. 

EMBDEX  CEXTRE,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
on  Kennebec  Kiver,  40  miles  X.W.  of  Augusta.. 

EM'BEliTOX,  orEM/MERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Buckingham.  IJ  miles  S.  of  Olney,  and  8  miles  from  the 
Wolverton  Station  on  the  Loudon  and  North-western 
Railway. 

EMBLETOX,  Jm^jgltpn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland. 

EMBLETOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

EMBOMM.\,  Jm-b(im'md.  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Lower 
Guinea,  Congo,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Congo  or  Zaire,  70 
miles  W.X.W.  of  San  Salvador. 

EMBOK'ROW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

EMBOTETIU.    St«  Mondbgo. 

EM'BKEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylrania. 

EMBRO,  fmOsro,  a  post-village  of  Canada  AVest  co.  of  Ox- 
ford, 124  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  37  miles  from  London. 
It  contains  several  stores,  and  two  grist  mills.  Pop.  about 
200. 

EMBRUX',  Jm'brQn,  (Fr.  pron.  SM'brtlNo';  anc.  Ebro- 
dufnum.)  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of  II:iutc9- 
Alpes.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Durance.  19  miles  E.  of  Gap. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4794.  It  has  a  cathedral,  with  a  lofty  tower. 
Under  the  Romans  it  was  an  important  military  post:  and 
its  archbishop's  see,  suppressed  at  the  Revolution,  is  said  to 
have  dated  from  the  t(uie  of  Constantine. 

EMB'SAY',  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West 
Riding. 

EMBUDO,  fm-lxKydo,  a  village  of  Xew  Mexico.  United 
States,  situated  near  a  pass  of  the  same  name,  about  50  miles 
N.  of  Santa  Fe. 

EMDEX  or  EMBDEX,  Jm'dJn,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
Hanover,  principality  of  East  Friesland,  on  the  DoUart.  14 
miles  S.W.  of  Aurich,  with  which  it  communicates  bv  a 
canal.  Lat.  53°  22'  3"  X.,  Ion.  7^  12'  38"  E.  l*op.  12,139. 
The  town  is  intersected  by  canals  connected  with  the  har- 
bor. Principal  edifices,  the  Council  and  Custom-houses, 
Barracks,  Exchange,  Gymnasium,  and  School  of  Xavigation. 
The  port,  consisting  of  an  outer  and  two  inner  harbors,  is 
shallow;  but  the  roadstead  is  deep  enough  for  vessels  of 
any  size.  Emden  is  a  free  port,  but  its  trade  has  been  de- 
clining ever  since  the  .sixteenth  century,  and  its  herring 
fishery  is  almost  extinct.  It  has  ship-building  docks,  and 
manufactures  of  linen  fabrics  and  yarn,  hosiery,  hats,  soap, 
starch,  tobacco,  and  .-Jail-eloth.  with  breweries,  distilleries, 
and  tanneries.  Exports  corn,  butter,  cheese,  spirits,  tal- 
low, honey,  wax,  wool,  and  hides;  imports  timber  from  the 
Baltic,  hemp,  and  pot;ish. 

EMEXABAD,  im-kn%hM',  or  AMIX'ABAD',  a  town  of 
the  Punjab,  35  miles  N.  of  Lahore.  Lat.  32°  10'  N.,  Ion.  74° 
8'E. 

EM'ERALD  or  MACOUR.  mj'koor'.  a  coral  island  in  the 
Red  Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Nubia.  Lat.  23°  50'  X.,  Ion.  30°  52' 
30"  E. 

EM'ER.ALD  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,Wisconsin. 

EMKHALD  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois. 

EMERIXA,  em'gh-ree'nd,  a  district  on  the  island  of  Ma- 
dagiscar,  kingdom  of  Ankova.  and  formerly  an  independent 
state,  it  is  the  highest  and  hejilthiest  district  in  the 
island. 

EMERITA  AUGUST.X.     See  Merid.\. 

EM'EKY,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

EMER\"S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

EMERY'S  KIVEH.  of^East  Tennessee,  rises  in  Morgan  co., 
and  flowing  southward,  enters  Clinch  River,  near  Kingston, 
Roane  county. 

EMES-\,  a  town  of  Syria.    St>e  Homs. 

EMFKAS.  Jm'frd.*'.  a  considerable  town  of  Abyssinia,  on  a 
hill.  Lat.  12°  12'  38"  N.,  Ion.  37°  38'  30"  E.  Chief  trade, 
cloves  and  civet. 

EM'IGSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Y'ork  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

EM1XEXCE,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York. 

EMIXEXCE,  a  thriving  post-villaie  of  Henry  co..  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  railroad  from  Louisville  to  Frankfort,  40 
miles  E.  of  the  former. 

EMIXEXCE.  a  p  ist-vill.ige  of  Logan  CO.,  Illinois,  40  miles 
N.N'.E.  of  Springfield. 

EMIXEXCK,  a  post-vilLige.  capital  of  Sh.nnnon  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Current  Kiver.  about  120  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

EM'LEXTOX,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylv.mia. 

EM'LKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

EM'LY'.  a  small  market  and  episcopal  town  and  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  JIunster,  co.  and  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tippe- 
rary.    Pop.  of  town.  CoO.    It  has  ruins  of  acithedral. 

EM*LYK.\DD',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught.  Cv*.  of 
Sligo.  It  has  ruins  of  a  small  abbey,  and  of  a  castle  built 
in  1300. 

EM'M.V,  a  post-village  of  White  co.,  Illinois,  about  li 
miles  X.E.  nf  the  Little  Waliash  Uiver. 

EM'MAUS,  or  .MCOP'OLIS,  an  ancient  town  of  Palestine, 
supposed  to  be  the  village  of  Amwas,  p:ishalic  of  Gaz.a,  on  a 
conical  hill.  13  miles  W.X.W.  of  Jerusalem. 

EM'MAUS,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn.sylvania.  at 


EMM 

the  foot  of  the  South  5Iountain,  5  miles  S.W.  of  AUentown. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Moravians.    Pop.  381. 

EM.MAUS,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  A'irginia. 

EMM  EX,  Gross,  groce  Jm'mgn,  a  river  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Bern,  rises  in  tiie  Bernese  Oberland,  flows  \.,  and 
joins  the  Aar,  Ij  miles  N.E.  of  Soleure,  after  a  course  of  45 
miles.  Its  valley,  "  the  Emmenthal,"  is  one  of  the  finest  In 
Switzerland,  and  feeds  large  herds  of  cattle. 

EMME\,  Kleix,  kline  Jm'men,  a  river  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Lucerne,  rises  near  the  source  of  the  above  river, 
and  after  a  N'.E.  course  of  30  miles,  joins  the  lleuss,  (roiss,) 
Ij  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne. 

EM^IEXDIXGEX,  Jm'men-dinjr'fn,  a  town  of  Baden,  on 
the  Eltz.  and  on  the  Duke  of  Baden's  Railway,  9  miles 
N.X'^.W.  of  Freiburg.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  manufactures  of 
paper  and  cotton. 

EMMElUCir,  ?m'meh-riK\  or  EMRICII,  Jm'riK.  a  walled 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  49  miles  X.X.W.  of  Dusseldorf,  on 
the  right  banl*of  the  Rhine.  Pop.  6380.  It  has  a  custom- 
house, and  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  hosiery,  and  soap. 

EM/METT,  a  county  of  Jlichigan,  called  al.xo  TOXEDA- 
GAXA,  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  lower  penin- 
sula, bordering  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  an  area  of  about  200 
square  miles.  The  census  of  1850  furnishes  no  information 
respecting;  this  county.     I'op.  in  ISl.O,  1149. 

EMMETT,  a  new  county  in  the  N.N.'VV.  part  of  Iowa, 
bordering  on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  450  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Des  Moines  River,  and  by 
one  of  its  aifluents  flowing  from  Okamanpidu  Ijake.  There 
are  several  small  lakes  near  the  N.E.  harder  of  the  county. 
Emmett  county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Named 
in  lionor  of  Emmett,  the  Iri.-h  patriot.    Pop.  in  1860, 105. 

EMMETT,  a  post-village  of  ^Vllkin.son  Co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Central  Itailroad,  40  miles  E.  of  Macon. 

I'iMMETT.  a  post^township  in  the  W.  part  of  Calhoun  co., 
Michi-an.     Pop.  1224. 

EMMKTT,  a  post-office  of  Lake  CO.,  Illinois. 

EMMETT,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.  of  Dodge 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  40  miles  E.X.E.  of  Madison.  Pop. 
1267. 

EM'METTSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Blary- 
land,  50  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.W.  from  Baltimore,  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  fertile  and  populous  country,  and  has  con- 
siderable business.  It  contains  several  churches,  an  aca- 
demy, St.  Mary's  College,  a  flourishing  institution  under 
the  direction  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  having  a  theological 
seminary  connected  with  it;  also  a  female  institution  con- 
ducted liy  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  an  a.sylum  for  the  edu- 
cation of  orphan  girls.     I'o))  in  1850,  812. 

EM'METT.SVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Randolph 
CO.,  Indiana,  about  75  miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

EM'MIXGTON  or  AMOIIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Oxford. 

EM'XETII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk 

EM'ORTOX,  a  post-office  of  ITaiford  co.,  Maryland. 

EM'OHY,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  A'irginia. 

EMORY,  a  post-ofRce  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi. 

EMORY  AXD  IIEXRY COLLEGE.   SeeTAiiLEOF  Coluqes. 

EMOR  Y  COL  L  1:0  E.  Georgia.    See  Oxford. 

EMORY  IKOX-WORKS,  a  post-office,  Roane  co..  Tennessee. 

EMOY  or  EM(JUY.  a  town  of  China.     See  Amot. 

EMPFINGEX,  Smp'fing'en,  a  viUage  of  We.stern  Germany, 
In  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.  near  Ilaigerloch.    Pop.  1910. 

EM'I'LXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

EM'PIRE,  a  post-office  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois. 

EMPIItE,  a  post-office  of  Fond  du  Lac  co,,  Wisconsin. 

E:MPIUE  city,  a  small  town  of  Tuolumne  co..  California, 
is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  about 
30  miles  by  water  above  its  entrance  into  the  San  Joaquin. 
The  river  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats,  during  winter, 
to  this  town. 

EMPIRE  IRON  WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Trigg  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

EMPOLI,  6ni'po-lee,  ranc.  Em'/mlum,?)  a  town  of  Tuscany, 
16  miles  W.  of  Florence,,  on  the  Arno.  Pop.  5500.  It  has 
manuta:'tures  of  straw  hats. 

EM  FORI. F,    See  Ami'URIAS. 

EMPORION,  Sm-po're-on,  (i.  e.  a  "centre  of  trade,"  or  em- 
porium.) a  town  and  island  of  Santorini.  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  This  place  derives  its  name  from  h.<iving  at 
one  time  been  the  residence  of  most  of  the  merchants  and 
vine-growers  of  the  island.     Pop.  1380. 

EMl'O'RITJM.  a  small  villaire  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsvlva- 
nia,  about  170  miles  X.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

EMP'SIIOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EMRICII,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  EMMERicn. 

EMS.  6ms,  (anc.  A  niihia  or  .1  m>'fiu.i.)  a  river  of  North-west- 
ern Germany,  rises  in  Prussian  Westphalia,  N.  of  Paderborn. 
flows  at  first  W.,  then  X.  throuj;h  the  Hanover  dominions, 
and  joins  the  Xorth  Sea  by  an  estuary,  between  the  Nether- 
lands and  East  Friesland.  after  a  course  of  IfiO  miles.  Near 
its  moutli  it  expands  into  a  basin  called  the  Dollart. 
Affluents,  the  Werse,  TIaase.  and  Leda.  On  its  banks  are 
the  towns  of  Wahrendorf,  Rheine,  Lingen,  Meppen,  Aschen- 
dorf,  Oldersuni,  and  Emden. 


END 

EMS,  ?ms,  or  BAD-EMS,  bdd-?ni!?,  a  quJot  w«tering-pla<-e 
of  Nassau,  on  the  Lahn,  15  miles  N.  '-'1  Wiesbaden.  Pop 
1800.  It  is  shut  in  by  hills,  and  has  a  pleasant  terrace  aloiig 
the  Lahn,  with  fine  scenery  on  the  heights  around  it.  The 
Kurhaus  is  a  large  ducal  chateau,  let  out  in  anartments  to 
visitors.  The  springs  vary  in  temperature  from  93^  to 
135°  Fah. 

EMSDETTEN,  Sms^d^t-tgn.  a  vill.age  of  Prussia,  provinct* 
of  We.stphalia,  government  of  Miinster,  circle  of,  and  near 
Steinfurt-on-the-Ems.    Pop.  1180. 

EMS  IIOHEN,  (Ems-IIiihen,)  ^ms  h5'en,  a  market-town 
of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  Vorarlberg,  near  the  Rhine.  10  milns 
S.S.W.  of  Bregenz.  It  contains  a  parish  chinch  and  a  castle, 
and  a  quarry  from  which  fine  whetstones  are  obtainec*. 
Pop.  2133. 

EMSKIRCHEN,  Jms'k66RK-en.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
in  Middle  Franconia,  on  the  Aurach.  14  miles  W.N.AV.  oi^ 
Nuremberg.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  the  castle  of 
KSnigstein.     Pop.  867. 

EMS'WORTII,  a  small  maritime  town  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  on  an  arm  of  Chichester  Harbor,  and  on  the  Chi- 
chester and  Portsmouth  Railway,  8^  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ports- 
mouth. Pop.  llOo.  It  is  neat  and  clean,  and  has  some 
trade  in  ship-building,  with  extensive  oyster  beds. 

EOIU,  a  town  of  Australia,  in  New  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Conk,  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Sydney,  on  a  rising  ground,  on 
the  river  Nepean. 

EMU  BAY.  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  in  Bass's  Strait,  be- 
tween Blackman's  Point  and  Round  Hill  Point.  Lat.  41°  4' 
S..  Ion.  14<i°  E. 

EM/UCKSFAIR/,  a  post-office  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama, 
IfO  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

E>1'YVALE',  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  co.,  and  5  mile.'i 
N.N.E.  of  Monaghan.     Pop.  in  1841.  694. 

ENARA.  A-na'ri,  or  ENARK,  h-niH,  a  large  lake  of  Rus- 
sian Lapland,  atwut  lat.  69°  N..  Ion.  28°  E.  Area,  (585  square 
miles.  It  contains  numerous  islands,  and  communicates 
with  the  Arctic  Oceiin  by  the  Patsjoki  River.  On  its  W. 
shore  is  the  fishing  village  of  Enare.     Pop.  350. 

ENAREA.  hni're-L  a  country  of  North-Kast  Africa,  in 
Abys.sinia,  S.W.  of  Shoa,  and  between  lat.  7°  and  8°  N.,  and 
Ion.  36°  and  37°  E.  Nearly  all  the  coffee,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  slaves  and  ivory  brought  through  Abys- 
sinia to  be  sent  to  the  marts  N.  and  E.,  are  from  this  coun- 
try.    Principal  town,  Sakka. 

EX'ltORX,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Berks. 

EXCHUSA,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Enkhutsev. 

ENCIXA-SOLA,  Jn-thee'nd-so/li  a  town  of  Spain,  CO  miles 
N.N.I'',  of  Huelva,  (wJl'vd.)  Pop.  3441.  It  has  manufactures 
of  wc(  liens  and  linens. 

EXCOUX'TER  BAY.  in  South  Australia,  in  lat.  .35°  30' 
S.,  Ion.  139°  E.  It  receives  the  outlet  of  Lake  Victoria,  and 
is  E.  of  Kangaroo  Island,  under  shelter  of  which  is  good 
anchcrage  for  small  vessels, 

EXr'RUZILHADA,  Sn-kroo-zeel-yd/da,  a  village  and  har- 
bor ol  Brazil,  province  of  Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-tlrande,  tn  the  S. 
of  the  lacuhy  near  the  little  river  Santa  Barbara,  about  50 
miles  \V.  of  Itio-Pardo.     Pop.  20(K). 

END.\A'A,  Jn-dS'vd,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  New 
Grenada,  rises  in  lat.  5°  30'  N..  Ion.  69°  20'  W..  and  after  an  E. 
course,  joins  the  Orinoco  near  the  influx  of  the  Meta. 

ENDE,  Sn'dA.  a  seaport  town  of  theMalav  Archipelago,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Flores,  in  Int.  8°  52'  S.,  Ion.  121° 
42'  E.  It  h.as  an  excellent  harbor,  and  formerly  belonged 
to  the  Dutch. 

ENDEAVOR  (en-dJv'ilr)  RIVER,  in  East  Australia,  enters 
the  Pacific  in  lat.  15°  26'  S..  Ion.  145°  E. 

ENDEAVOR  STRAIT,  in  North  Australia,  is  between 
Cape  York  and  Wolf  Island,  E.  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria. 
Lat.  10°  4.y  S..  Ion.  142°  10'  E.     Breadth,  8  miles. 

ENDEVLION,  a  maritime  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall. 

ENDENICn.  5n'den-iK\  a  village  of  Prussia,  government 
of  Cologne,  circle,  and  2  miles  W.  of  Bonn,  on  the  Kreuz- 
berg.     Pop,  984. 

EN'DEKBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

EXDERBY-BAG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

EN'DERBY-LAXD,  a  considerable  extent  of  territory  in 
the  Antarctic  Ocean,  lat,  67°  30' S.,  Ion.  50°  E..  discovered 
February  1831,  by  Biscoe.  who  so  named  it  after  the  enter- 
prising London  merchants,  by  whom  he  had  been  sent  out 
on  his  voyage. 

EN'DERBY-MA'VIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

EXDERBY-WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

EXDERI,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Axdreeva. 

ENDERMO.  JnMJr'mo*.  a  port  of  Japan,  on  the  southern 
coast  of  the  island  of  Yesso:  lat.  42°  20'  N..  Ion.  141°  5'  E. 

EXD'FORD  or  EN'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

ENDIAN.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  IIixdian. 

ENDINGEN,  Jn'ding-en,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  the 
Upper  Rhine,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Freiburg,  between  the 
Rhine  and  the  Baden  Railway.  Pop.  3000.  It  ha?  liueu 
manufactories  and  extensiv-.i  vinevards. 

631 


END 


EXG 


EXDING  EN,  a  Tillage  of  AVurtemberg,  1{  miles  S.W.  of 
Bahriiijxen.     Pop.  7-10. 

EX'DU-V.  a  cU.ipelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

EX'DOIl,  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalii-.  and  18  miles 
8.E.  of  Acre,  on  the  western  declivity  of  Mount  Ilermon. 

ENDOK.  a  post-village  of  Will  co..  Illinois. 

ENDKKD.  Ju'drM\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sumegh, 
near  Szarmardv.     Pop.  V£i9. 

ENDKKD  or  GROSS  ANDRA,  grooe  Jn'drd,  a  village  of 
Hunsfiry'  ♦■<'•  of.  and  S  miles  from  Oldenburg.     Pop.  738. 

EN'DKICK,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  the  county 
of  Stirling,  and  flows  through  the  picturesque  valley  of 
Innerdale  into  Loch  ]>omond,  near  Buchanan. 

EN'EKGV,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Mi.s.sissippl. 

EN'FIKLD,  a  niarket-towu  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  on  the  London  and  Cambridge  Railway,  -w  miles 
from  Ponder"s  End.  and  10  miles  N'.E.  of  London.  It  has  an 
ancient  church,  with  several  subordinate  chapels;  a  free 
school,  founded  in  1413;  and  remains  of  an  ancient  royal 
palace. 

ENFIELD,  a  village  of  Ireland.  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath, 
with  a  station  on  the  Dublin  Railway,  24  miles  'W.X.W.  of 
Dublin. 

EN 'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  eo.,  M.iine,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Penobscot  River,  90  miles  N  Ji.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  526. 

ENFIELD,  a  post'VilUge  and  township  of  Gi-afton  co_, 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Northern  Railroad,  59  miles  N.W. 
of  Concord.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  cassimeres,  sati- 
nets, cabinet  ware.  Ac.    Pop.  1876. 

ENFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  CO.,  Ma.K.sachu- 
setts,  90  miles  'W.  by  S.  of  Boston,  intersected  by  Swift 
River.     Pop.  1025. 

ENFIELD,  a  post-village  and  town.'ihip  of  Hartfi^i-d  co^ 
Connecticut,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  New  Haven,  Hartford,  and 
Springfield  Railroad,  14  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  A 
bridge,  the  first  erected  across  this  stream  in  the  state,  con- 
nects it  with  Suffield.  A  canal,  5i  miles  in  length,  hzis 
been  constructed  around  the  falls  in  the  Connecticut,  oppo- 
site the  vill.ige.  Here  is  the  seat  of  the  Hazard  Powder 
Comjiany.  The  township  contains  several  nianufiictories, 
and  the  village  of  ThjMPSowille,  which  see.    Pop.  4997. 

ENFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tliomi)kius  CO., 
New  York.  6  or  7  miles  W.  of  Ithaca.     I'op.  1919. 

ENFIFXD.  post-village  of  King  WiUiam  co.,  Virginia,  36 
miles  N  E.  of  Richmond. 

ENFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Halifax  co.,  North  Carolina, 
on  the  AVelJou  and  Wilmington  Railroad,  19  miles  S.  of 
Wei  don. 

ENFIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
York,  160  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

ENGADINE  or  ENGADIN,  Jn-gi-deen',  an  exten.sive 
valley  cf  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  the  Gri.<i0ns,  league 
of  ''God's  House,"  between  two  principal  chains  of  the 
Rhaetian  Alps,  and  consisting  of  the  upper  valley  of  the 
Inn.  Its  length,  from  S.W.  to  N.E.  is  45  miles ;  average 
width  IJ  miles.  Elevation,  5753  feet  atove  the  sea.  Pop. 
10,000.  It  is  subdivided  into  the  Ober  and  Unter-En- 
gadine. 

ENGANO,  Jn-gl'no,  (Sp.  EngaRn.  fn-g3n'yo,)  an  island  of 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  south-western  coast  of  Suma- 
tra; lat.  5°  21'  S.,  Ion.  102°  20'  E.  It  is  about  30  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, rither  lofty,  and  well  wooded. 

EXG.4N0,  an  Wand  of  the  northern  coast  of  Papua;  lat. 
2°  2S'  S.,  Ion.  135°  E.  Its  length  is  about  15  miles ;  breadth, 
6  miles. 

ENGEDI,  ^ng'ghe-di.  or  AIN-JIDY,  ain-jid'ee.  an  ancient 
town  of  Palestine,  on  the  western  margin  of  the  Dead  Sea, 
at  a  point  nearly  equidistant  from  both  extremities  of  the 
lake:  lat..  ab-  ut  31°  30'  N.,  Ion.  25°  30'  E. 

ENGELBEUG.  Jng'el-b5RG\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Cnterwalden.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Sarnen.  3284  feet  in  ele- 
vation, with  looe  inhabitants,  and  a  remarkable  Bene- 
dictine convent,  having  a  fine  church  and  library. 

ENGELIIAKDSZELL.  Jng'el-hdr.t\sM.  a  town  of  Cpper 
Austria,  2S  miles  .\.W.  of  Wei.',  on  the  Danube.  Pop.  llOO. 
It  has  a  castle  of  the  Piince  of  Wi-ede. 

ENOELIIOLM,  Jng'ghel-holm'.  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden, 
on  the  Ronne  Aa,  near  its  mouth  in  a  bay  of  the  Cittesat. 
Pop.  loss. 

EN'GELLTILE.  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co^  New  York, 
»bout  40  miles  W.  of  .Mbany. 

ENGELSBERG.  Jng'ghels-bjRc'.  a  town  of  Austrian  Sile- 
sa,  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tr-jppau.    Pop.  2200. 

ENG  EN.  ^ng'en,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  .\ach,  23  miles 
N.W .  of  Constance.  Pop.  of  1472.  The  French  defeated  the 
Au8tri:tns  here  on  the  :$d  of  Mav.  ISiX). 

ENGENHO-DO-MATTO.  fn-zhJn'yo-do-mat'to,  (i".  t.  the 
■■Genius  of  the  Forest")  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Minas  Ger.ies,  aV.out  140  miles  N.W.  of  Rio  Ja- 
neiro. It  ontains  a  parish  church,  which  stands  2416  feet 
above  sea  level.     Pop.  3tKHl. 

EXGER.  hrj^r.  a  town  of  Prussian  Wcptphalia.  18  miles 
B.W.  of  M inden.     Pop.  1500,  engaged  in  linen  manufactures. 


In  its  parish  church  is  a  monument  tc  the  Saxon  chieftain 
Witikind. 

ENGERS,  Jng'frs.  EUXOSTEIN  ENGERS,  oi'no-stine» 
Jng'frs,  or  ZOLL  ENGERS,  tsoll  Sng'ers,  a  vilkige  of 
Prussia,  government,  and  5  miles  N.E.  of  Coblentz.  on  the 
Rhine.  It  lias  a  castle,  with  a  fine  botanical  garden  and 
park.    Pop.  808. 

ENGHEIN.  a  viUage  of  France.    See  Montmorenct. 

ENGHEIN-LES-BAINS,  ix^Vhe-iNoaa-bAN'.  a  small  town 
of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-<Jise,  on  the  Northern 
Railroad. 

ENGHIEX.  5s<:'ghe-&Ko'.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mons.  Pop.  3742.  It  has  a 
chate;iu  with  a  park  and  gardens,  a  gymnasium,  manufac- 
tures of  linen  and  cotton  fabrics.  It  belongs  to  tbe  Arem- 
l>erg  family,  but  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  that  of  Bonrbon- 
Conde,  till  the  death  of  the  last  duke,  shot  by  oi-der  of 
Napoleon  in  1804. 

ENGIA.  a  corrupt  spelling  of  JEgixa.  which  see. 

ENGL.-VND,  ing'gland,  (L.  An'f/b'a;  Fr.  Anglrtrrre.  5se^- 
I'taiB';  It.  7Hp/ii7/erra,ln-ghil-tt^E'i;"a:Sp.and  Vnrt. Injlatcrra, 
iug-sll-t^R'Rd:  Ger. England. ^ng'lSnt :  Dut<-h.  Engi-lamL  Jng'. 
H5!-I3nt\)  acelebrated  country  of  Europe,  fornnng,  with  Wales, 
the  southern,  larger,  and  more  important  division  of  the 
island  of  Great  Britain :  between  lat.  49°57'42"and  55°46'N. ; 
and  Ion.  1°  4i/  E.  and  5°  42'  W.  The  boundary  betwi-en  it  and 
Scotland,  the  northern  division  of  the  i.«land,  is  not  very  well 
defined,  but  consists  of  a  ti-act  of  moor  and  mountain,  stretch- 
ing, in  a  nortli-eastern  direction,  from  Solway  Frith  to  the 
Tweed.  On  all  other  sides  it  is  washed  by  the  sea — on  the 
W.,  by  the  Irish  Sea  or  St.  George's  Channel,  which  separates 
it  from  Ireland,  and  has  an  average  width  of  about  90  miles; 
on  the  S.AV.,  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  whose  vast  surges  here 
beat  inccss-iutly  and  uncontrolled  upon  its  shores:  on  the 
S.,  by  the  English  Channel,  separating  it  from  F'rance  by 
distances  which,  commencing  at  ltK>  miles  in  the  W.,  con- 
tract to  21  miles  at  the  Straits  of  Dover;  and.  on  the  E.  by 
the  North  Sea  or  German  Ocean,  separating  it  from  Belgium, 
Holland,  and  Denmark.  Its  contour  is  very  irivgular.  the 
coast-line  presenting  an  almost  uninterrupted  succession  of 
curves,  bays,  estuaries, and  headlands:  it  attains  its  greatest 
width  on  its  southern  shore,  and  narrows  as  it  proceeds  N, 
terminating  almo.st  in  a  point.  Its  general  shape  may  be 
described  as  that  of  a  triangle,  the  base  of  which  lias  its  ex- 
tremities at  Land's  End  and  ^uth  Foreland,  while  the  side* 
are  formed  by  straight  lines,  drawn  from  these  two  points, 
and  converging  till  they  meet  at  the  town  of  Berjvick 
The  three  sides  of  the  triangle  thus  firmed  measure, 
from  L.ind's  End  to  South  Foreland.  317  miles;  from  South 
Foreland  to  Berwick,  345  miles ;  and  from  Land's  End  to 
Berwick,  425  miles;  and  when  added  together,  give  a 
perimeter  of  1087  miles.  This,  however,  is  only  a  very 
di.sttnt  approximation  to  the  truth.  AVhen,  in.«tead  of 
assuming  imaginary  lines,  the  actual  curvature  of  the  co.ast 
is  traced,  and  the  opposite  sides  of  its  estuaries  are  included, 
the  perimeter  is  found  to  be  not  less  than  2iXK)  miles.  The 
space  thus  enclo.sed  has  a  length,  measured  on  a  meridian, 
from  Berwick  nearly  to  St.  Alban's  Head,  of  .365  miles.  Its 
breadth,  measured  on  a  parallel  of  latitude,  attains  its 
maximum  between  St.  David's  Head,  in  South  Wales,  and 
the  Naze,  in  Essex,  where  it  anioxints  to  280  miles.  The 
shortest  distance  between  the  waters  of  the  oppusjte  .shores 
is  in  the  N..  where  the  outlets  of  the  Esk  and  Eden,  in  the 
Solway  Frith,  are  only  62  miles  from  these  of  the  Blyth  and 
Wand.sbeck,  in  the  German  Ocean.  The  area  of  South 
Britain  (i.  e.  all  that  part  of  Britain  S.  of  Scotland)  was 
formerly  estimated  bv  writers  on  gec^raphv  variously  at 
from  •28",000,000  to  47,0'00,000  acres.  But  from  the  most  accu- 
rate surveys  that  have  lieen  made,  the  true  area  is  now  un- 
derstood to  be  36.999,f80  acres,  or  57.812  square  miles,  of 
which  50.377  are  in  England,  and  7,425  in  Wales.  After 
deducting  all  the  land  which  may  be  considered  absolutely 
waste,  there  remain,  out  of  the  57,812  square  miles,  no  lesi 
than  51.000  available  for  cultivation,  con.sisting.  generally, 
either  of  rural  districts,  where  hill  and  valley,  wo^ds  and 
rivers,  fields  of  corn,  and  meadows  of  richest  verdure,  unit* 
in  forming  landscapes  of  unrivalled  beauty,  or  of  manufno 
tuiing  districts  covered  with  large  and  populous  towns,  in 
whii-h  all  the  great  branches  of  mauuficture  and  commerce 
are  carried  on. 

The  physical  features,  geology,  agriculture,  commerce.  Ac, 
of  England  will  be  found  fully  described  under  the  article 
headed  British  Empire. 

Heligion. — The  Church  of  England  is  incorporated  w'.th 
the  state.  The  sovereign  is  decl.-ired  to  I«e  its  only  temporal 
head.  Its  le,iding  di,:;nitaries  sit  in  virtue  of  their  office,  or, 
what  is  nearly  the  Siime  thing,  of  the  emoluments  ins^pa 
rably  annexed  to  it.  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  are  entitled 
to  take  part,  l)Oth  by  sptt'<h  and  vote,  in  all  its  delibera- 
tions. "The  reli^rion  is  Protestant,  and  the  fonn  of  church 
government  Episcopal,  though  all  religious  sects  have  per- 
fect freedom  to  hold  their  peculiar  tenets,  and  lalx^ir  a.sst 
duously  in  propagating  them,  whether  by  the  pulpit  or  the 
press.  Episcopally.  the  whole  kiuL'dom  is  divided  into  the 
two  provinces  of  Cantei'uury  and  York,  each  presided  over 


ENG 

by  an  arclibishop— the  former,  styled  Primate  and  Metropo- 
litan ot  all  Knu;larid.  crowns  the  sorereigu,  whether  king  or 
queen  ;  tlie  liitter,  styled  Primate  and  Metropolitan  of  Eng- 
land, crowns  the  queen  consort.  Each  archbishop,  con- 
8ideri»d  as  the  head  of  his  province,  has  a  general  superin- 
tcnddU(*  OTer  the  dioceses  within  it;  and  has,  moreover,  a 
diocese  of  his  owq,  iu  which  lie  possesses  the  privileges  and 
performs  the  dutii'S  of  an  ordinary  Inshop.  The  number  of 
dioceses  is  2S,  of  whicth  21  are  in  the  province  of  Canterbury, 
and  7  in  that  of  York.  Each  diocese  has  a  dean  and  chap- 
ter, in  whom,  iu  the  case  of  a  vacancy,  the  power  of  election 
Is  f  irmally  placed;  but  all  archbishops  and  bishops  are  no- 
minated, and,  as  the  nomination  must  take  effect,  actually 
appointed  by  the  crown.  Their  emoluments  are  chiefly  de- 
rived from  land,  and  have  been  estimated  to  yield,  in  the 
aggregate,  a  net  produce  of  about  160,000^  Till  recently, 
the  incomes  wera  very  unequal;  but  by  a  statute  of  William 
IV.  an  extensive  modification  has  been  effected.  The  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  has  now  15.00:1?. per  annum:  the  Arch- 
bishop of  York,  lU.OUO/. ;  the  Bishop  of  London,  lO.OOOi. ;  the 
Bishop  of  Durliam,  8000?.:  the  Bishop  of  Winchester,  7000?.; 
and  the  Bi.shop  of  St.  Asaph  and  Bangor,  5200?.  None  of  the 
rest  have  more  than  5000?.,  nor  less  than  4000?.  The  aggre- 
gate income  of  the  benefices  of  the  church  is  estimated  at 
about  three  millions  sterling.  Several  of  these  are  above 
2000?..  and  a  considerable  number  beneath  50?. ;  but  the  far 
greater  proportion  range  Ixitween  150?.  and  400?.,  making  the 
average  nearly  2,S0?.  The  doctrine  of  the  church  is  con- 
tained in  Thirty-nine  Articles,  which,  having  been  ratified 
by  Parliament,  caunot  be  altered,  except  by  its  authority. 
The  public  services  of  the  church  are  regulated  by  the  Book 
of  Common  Prayer.  The  adherents  of  the  Established 
Church  are  estimated  to  comprise  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
population,  leaving  but  one-third  for  the  non-confbrmists. 
Other  estimates,  however,  greatly  reduce  this  proportion. 
Mr.  Baines,  of  Leeds,  in  evidence  recently  given  before  a 
committee  of  the  House  of  Common.s.  e.^timates  the  number 
of  dissenting  chapels  at  14,340,  and  the  churches  of  the  Esta- 
blishment at  alwut  the  same  number,  but  does  not  think 
that  one-half  of  the  population  are  dissenters.  Of  the  non- 
conformists, the  Methodists,  Independents,  and  Baptists  are 
the  most  numerous. 

Etlucalitm,  Crime,,  dv. — For  the  higher  and  wealthier 
classes,  and  the  clergy  of  the  Established  Church.  England 
possesses,  in  the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  two 
of  the  most  celebrat<4  institutions  in  the  world.  For  the 
middle  cl;usses.  a  much  more  scanty  provision  has  been 
made.  The  deficiency,  however,  has  in  some  measure  been 
supplied  by  the  ei-ection,  within  comparatively  recent  times, 
of  agreat  number  of  colleges  and  endowed  schools,  in  which 
instruction  in  the  various  branches,  both  of  general  and 
professional  education,  is  furnished  at  a  moderate  expense. 
But  the  education  which,  in  a  national  point  of  view,  is  the 
most  important  of  all — that  suitable  to  the  great  masses 
of  the  population — was  for  a  long  time  greatly  neglected. 
The  public  mind,  however,  has  finally,  in  a  measure,  been 
awakened  to  the  necessities  of  the  case,  accurate  statistics  of 
the  educatiinal  state  of  the  most  important  districts  of  the 
kingdom  have  been  obtained,  proving  both  the  lamentable 
extent  to  which  ignorance  prevails,  and  its  decided  ten- 
dency to  foster  pauperism,  immorality,  and  crime;  and  all 
classes  of  the  community,  more  especially  the  religious 
.  bodies  in  it.  are  now  making  commendable  exertions  in  ex- 
tending the  ble.ssings  of  education.  The  great  work  of  popu- 
lar instruction  in  England  is  at  present  most  extensively 
carried  on  iu  the  national  schools  in  connection  with  the 
Established  Church,  and  by  the  British  and  Foreign  School 
Society,  the  constitution  of  which  is  so  framed  as  to  receive 
the  support  of  all  denominations.  In  addition  to  these, 
there  are  also  great  numbers  of  local  associations,  not  under 
the  immediate  superintendenceof  any  publicbody.  The  sup- 
port which  popular  education  in  England  receives  from  the 
government,  through  the  board  organized  for  the  purpose, 
consists  only  of  an  original  grant  of  30,000?..  now  rai.sed  to 
125,000?.  per  annum.  The  proportion  of  the  population 
which  some  of  the  Swiss  cantons  have  under  instruction  in 
the  schools  is  as  1  to  5.  In  England,  the  proportion  is  only 
as  1  to  11.  To  this  fact — tne  scanty  provision  made  for  the 
education  of  the  masses — is  to  be  traced  one  of  the  most  pro- 
lific sources  of  crime ;  and  it  has  been  ascertained  that  out 
of  3:15.429  persons  committed  for  offences  committed  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales  between  1836  and  1848.  not  fewer  than 
304.772.  or  more  than  90  per  cent.,  were  uninstructed.  The 
number  of  criminal  convictions  in  England  in  1840.  was  19, 
"ilS;  iu  1844.  18.4o6;  and  iu  1848,  22,277.  In  Wales,  the 
number  in  1840  was  414;  in  1844,  483;  and  in  1848,  623. 

Judiciory. — The  House  of  Lords,  sitting  in  its  judicial  ca- 
pacity, is.  strictly  speaking,  the  only  supreme  court  within 
the  British  Islands,  though  that  name  is  usually  given  to 
the  court  or  courts  of  each  kingdom  whose  decisions  are 
subject  to  no  other  review  than  that  of  the  House  of  Lords. 
The  High  Court  of  Chancery,  next  to  the  Parliament,  is  the 
highest  court  in  England.  It  consists  of  two  distinct  tri- 
bunals, iirtlinarj/  and  eMraorclmarii ;  from  the  former  issue 
Ul  original  writs  that  p:is8  under  the  great  seal,  commissions 


ENG 

of  charitable  uses,  bankruptcy,  idiocy,  lunacy,  *c.  The  Ex- 
traordinary Court,  or  Court  of  Equity,  proceeds  upon  rula« 
of  equity  and  conscience,  moderates  the  rigor  of  the  com- 
mon law,  and  gives  relief  in  cases  where  there  is  no  security 
in  the  common  law.  The  lord  high  chancellor,  the  keeper 
of  the  great  seal  and  the  highest  officer  of  the  crown,  the 
vice  chancellor,  and  the  master  of  the  rolls,  are  the  judges 
who  preside  over  the  High  Court  of  Chancery,  each  holding 
a  separate  court.  The  master  of  rolls  is  appointed  by 
the  crown  for  life,  and  takes  precedence  next  to  the  lord 
chief  justice  of  the  Queen's  Bench.  This  office  is  of  high 
antiquity,  and  its  emoluments  are  reckoned  at  about  70<XIJ 
a  year.  The  vice  chancellor  holds  his  office  during  good  be- 
havior, and  takes  precedence  next  to  the  master  of  the 
rolls.  His  income  amounts  to  alxmt  5000?.  per  annum.  The 
office  of  vice  chancellor  was  created  by  George  III.  An  ap- 
peal may  be  made  from  any  decision  of  the  master  of  the 
rolls  or  vice  chancellor  to  the  lord  high  chancellor,  and  the 
court  of  the  latter  is  of  late  years  chiiffly  occupied  with 
such  appeals,  original  causes  being  for  the  most  part  con- 
fined to  the  courts  of  the  master  of  the  rolls  and  vice  chan- 
cellor. The  superior  courts  are  the  Court  of  Exchequer, 
having  cognizance  of  all  cases  relating  to  the  revenue,  the 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench,  which  is  the  highest  common  law 
and  criminal  court  in  the  kingdom,  and  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas.  In  these  courts  the  great  mass  of  the  litigation 
of  the  kingdom  is  carried  on.  The  Court  of  Common  Pleas 
was  fonnerly  the  only  tribunal  for  causes  of  a  purely  civil 
nature  between  private  persons,  and  is  still  the  only  court 
in  Westminster  in  which  a  real  action  can  be  tried ;  but  the 
great  majority  of  causes  between  party  and  x>arty  may  now 
be  brought  indiscriminately  in  any  of  the  three  courts.  In 
each  of  these  there  is  a  chief  justice,  and  .several  puisne 
judges  which,  in  the  Exchefjuer,  are  styled  chief  barons. 
During  the  reigns  of  the  Stnarts  there  were  frequently  four 
puisne  judges,  but  after  the  revolution  the  number  in  each 
court  seems  constantly  to  have  been  three,  constituting,  to- 
gether with  the  two  chief  justices  and  the  chief  baron,  the 
twelve  judges  of  England.  By  act  of  Parliament,  in  1830,  a 
fourth  puisne  judge  was  added  to  each  court,  making  the 
total  number  of  the  superior  judges  of  common  law  fifteen 
Instead  of  twelve.  A  full  court,  however,  consists  of  foiii 
judges,  the  whole  five  never  sitting  together  at  a  time.  The 
superior  courts  sit  at  Westminster,  for  the  determination' 
of  all  <iuestions  at  law,  each  holding  four  terms  annually, 
and  twice  a  year  fourteen  of  the  judges  make  their  circuits 
through  England  and  Wales  to  try  all  (juestions  of  fact  that 
arise  in  the  country.  From  each  of  the  three  courts  there 
lies  an  appeal  by  writ  of  error  to  the  Court  of  Exohei]uer 
Chamber.  This  is  not  a  permanent  court  consisting  always 
of  the  same  members,  but  from  whichever  of  the  tliiva 
courts  an  appetil  is  made,  the  cause  is  bi-ought  before  the 
judges  of  the  other  two.  In  case  a  unifoi-m  decision  cau- 
not be  agreed  upon,  a  further  appeal  lies  by  writ  of  error  to 
the  House  of  Lords.  The  judges  of  the  superior  courts  are 
in  all  caVs  appointed  by  the  crown  for  life,  and  are  remo- 
vable only  upon  an  address  from  Parliament  to  the  crown. 
For  the  convenience  of  holding  the  circuit  courts,  England 
and  Wales  are  divided  into  eight  judicial  districts. 

fblilical  Divisiims,  <£c. — The  civil  or  political  divisions 
of  England  have  necessiirily  undergone  repeated  changes. 
At  the  invasiim  of  the  Komans,  the  country  appears  to  have 
been  portioned  out  among  a  number  of  half  savage  and 
indepeudi  nt  tribes,  of  which  the  Danmonii  occupied  the 
S.W. ;  the  Durotiges,  Belgse,  and  Regni,  the  S. ;  the  Cantii, 
the  S.E. ;  the  Trinobantes  and  Iceni,  the  K. ;  the  Brigantes 
and  Ottoduni,  the  N. ;  the  Silures,  Dimeta?,  and  Ordovices, 
the  W. ;  and  the  Catecuchlani,  Dobuni,  Cernovii.  and  Cori- 
tani,  the  centre.  Under  the  Komans.  the  principal  divi- 
sions were  Britannia.  Prima,  comprehending  the  whole  of 
the  S.  as  far  as  the  estuaries  of  the  Severn  and  Thiinies; 
Britannia  Secunda,  nearly  equivalent  to  Wales;  Flavia 
Caisariensis,  occupying  the  centre  from  the  Thames  to  the 
Humber;  Maxima  Cassariensis,  stretching  across  the  island 
to  the  opposite  coasts,  from  the  Humber  to  the  Tyne.  on  the 
E.,  and  from  the  Mersey  to  Solway  Firth,  on  the  W.;  and, 
lastly.  Valencia,  occupying  the  remainder  of  the  N.,  and 
extending  indefinitely  into  Scotland.  The  next  gre.'it  divi- 
sion was  the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  so  called  from  the  seven 
petty  kingdoms  of  which  it  consisted.  It  is  probable  that, 
even  during  their  existence,  the  modern  division  into 
counties  had  begun  to  l)e  established,  but  it  does  not  appear 
to  have  assui:ied  a  definite  form  till  the  time  of  Alfred  the 
Great,  who  subdivided  his  dominions  into  32  counties,  with 
the  names,  and  nearly  the  l)oundaries,  which  they  still 
retain.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  the  32  English  coun- 
ties of  Alfred  were  increased  to  40,  b\'  the  addition  of  the 
three  northern  counties  of  Xorthumberland.  Cumberland, 
and  Westmoreland,  of  which  the  Scots  long  had  dejure.  oi 
dc. facto  possession;  by  the  formation  of  Lancashire,  Dur- 
ham,  Cornwall,  and  Kutland.  and  the  annexation  of  Mon 
mouth  to  England.  A  variety  of  other  changes  were  intro- 
duced, the  most  important  of  which  was  the  incorporation 
of  \\'ales  with  the  English  monarchy,  and  its  subdivision 
into  12  counties. 

633 


ENG 

TH?  names,  areas,  and  population  of  the  different  counties 
of  El  ^iand  and  Wales,  are  exhil)it<?d  in  the  annexed  tables  : 


CotrXTIKS. 

Area 

in 

Square 

Miles. 

Number 

of 
Parishes. 

Population 
inlSol. 

Population 

per 

Square 

Mile. 

Bedfo  1 

462 

705 

730 

818 

1,105 

1.365 

1,565 

1.0-9 

2,589 

987 

973 

1,657 

1,258 

836 

611 

361 

1,627 

1,905 

803 

2,776 

281 

576 

2,116 

»:<5 

1,952 

82i 

739 

150 

1,291 

1.636 

1,672 

1,138 

1,481 

748 

1,461 

881 

758 

1,352 

7.'« 

1,201 

4 

2.109 

2.669 

123 
151 
207 
165 

91 
505 
105 
140 
465 
275 

76 
414 
338 
223 
134 
102 
413 

67 
213 
630 
197 
123 
748 
303 

94 
212 
218 

51 
217 
474 
318 
151 
509 
144 
314 
201 

S-1 
303 
173 
187 

48 
192 
196 

124.478 
170.005 
16:1.723 
185,405 
455,725 
855,558 
195,492 
296.084 
567,098 
1K4,207 
890,997 
869,318 
458,805 
115,489 
167,-98 
61,183 
615.766 

2,0:11.136 
230,308 
4<.I7,222 

1,886,576 
1.57.418 
442.714 
21-'.3.'» 
S03.56S 
270,427 
170.4.19 
22.9>3 

22»,;mi 

44:1,916 
405.370 
606.716 
.rt7.il5 
683.082 
836.844 
475.013 
58.287 
254.221 
276.926 
2-0.983 
36.303 
215,-.'I4 
1,825,495 

■270 

241 

224 

226 

Chester 

412 
259 

125 

i88 

218 

186 

899 

Kssex ?.. 

222 
864 

i;« 

274 

178 

375 

1,066 

287 

146 

6,713 

272 

Norfolk 

209 

NorihaniptoQ 

Konhumberlvxl 

216 
154 
829 

231 

154 

178 

Somerset 

271 
240 

535 

228 

Surrev 

910 

230 

5:19 

Wei^tmorelaQd 

Wilis       

7T 
188 

375 

York,  Kast  Riding... 

184 

9,076 

102 

496 

—  North  Riding.. 

—  West  Riding... 

Total 

50,922 

9,942 

16,9il.888 

332 

Aiiglesej 

Brecon 

Cardigan  .... 
Carmarthen . 
Cu!ttarTon... 
Denbigh...... 

Kliut 

Glamorgan  .. 
Merioneth  ... 
Moutgomerj  . 
Pembroke .... 
Radnor 


Total . . . 


693 
947 
579 
603 
2«9 
856 
602 
755 


57.327 
61.474 
70,796 

110.632 
87,870 
9-',5S3 
68,156 

281.849 
38.843 
67.:«5 
94.140 
24,716 


1.006.721 


The  population  of  England  in  1831,  was  13,091,005;  iu 
1841,  l.i,995.13S;  in  1861,  18,954,444.  Of  Wales,  in  1831, 
806.182:  in  I'Ul,  911,603;  in  1861, 1,111,780. 

Hidory. — The  first  historical  record  of  the  island  is  fur- 
nished by  Julius  C«sar,  who,  about  half  a  century  before 
the  Christian  era.  determined  to  visit  its  shores,  and  add  it 
to  the  number  of  his  conquests.  His  landing  was  opposed 
by  honies  of  painted  and  half  naked  barbarians,  who  not 
only  dbplayed  dauntless  courage,  but  possessed  some  ac- 
quaintance with  the  arts  of  war.  The  superior  discipline, 
however,  of  the  llonians  prevailed,  and  though  Cresar  soon 
withdrew,  his  successes  were  followed  up  by  other  leaders, 
»nd  the  greater  part  of  the  island  became  a  Roman  province, 
tnd  continued  so  for  nearly  400  years.  But  when  Rome, 
enable  longer  to  nitjun  the  island,  in  con.sequenceof  dissen- 
•lons  which  hjid  broken  out  in  the  heart  of  the  empire  with- 
drew her  legions,  the  spirit  of  freedom  had  died  out  among 
the  natlTes :  and  when  the  triljes  of  the  X.  came  pouring 
down  upon  them,  the  pusillanimous  Britons  found  no  better 
alternative  than  first  to  claim  the  protection  of  their  old 
masieis.  and  when  that  was  refused,  to  ctll  in  the  aid  of 
warlike  trilies  from  the  E.  shores  of  the  German  Ocean.  The 
llK.siiilants  were  expelled,  but  the  new  allies  remained,  and, 
eontiiiually  reinforced  by  large  arrlvjOs  of  their  countrymen, 
spread  rapidly  over  the  fiiirer  portions  of  the  island,  till  the 
Britons  were  cooped  up  iu  its  wildest  and  almost  inaccessi- 
ble tastnesses.  The  rstxong,  having  become  masters,  were 
not  united  under  one  head,  hut  governed  by  a  number  of 
Independent  chiifs,  who  ultiu.iit<!ly  formed  what  is  called 
the  Pa.xon  Heptarchy.  Feuds  soon  anjse,  and  war  and  in- 
te^tiiie  disseiisi.ins  rag'>d  almost  without  intermission  till 
827,  when  Egbert,  in  whom  military  prowess  and  political 
Baga(  ity  were  happily  coaibined,  made  himself  sovereign  of 
the  whole  country,  and  gave  to  it  the  naaie  of  England. 
His  most  distinguished  successor  was  Alfred,  who  came  to 


ENG 

the  throne  in  871.  His  reign  is  one  of  the  brightest  In  Eng- 
lish history ;  and  his  numerous  virtues  and  admii-able  in- 
stitutions have  justly  procured  for  him  the  surname  of  the 
Great.  Upon  his  death  in  901.  the  Danes,  who  bad  formerly 
made  inroads  into  the  country,  renewed  their  incursions, 
and  in  1014.  Sweyn.  King  of  Denmark,  having  arrived  at 
the  head  of  a  powerful  force,  obliged  Ethelred,  tlip  reigning 
sovereign,  to  take  refuge  in  Xormaiidy  wilh  Duke  Richard, 
whose  daughter  he  had  married.  The  Saxon  was  thus  sup- 
planted by  the  Danish  dyna.^ty.  under  which  the  only  great 
name  which  appears  is  that  of  Canute.  His  srm,  Ilardicanute, 
a  compound  of  cruelty,  rapacity,  and  intemperance,  died  of  a 
deljauch  in  1041.  With  him  the  Danish  dynasty  ceased,  and 
the  Saxon  was  resumed,  in  the  person  of  Kthelrcd's  son, 
Edward,  surnamed  the  Confessor.  On  his  death,  in  HX;6, 
Harold,  maternal  grandson  of  Canute,  and  brother  of  Ed- 
wards  queen,  assumed  the  reins  of  government.  His  ac- 
cession, however,  was  contested  by  William.  Duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, who  had  been  made  heir  to  the  throne  by  the  will 
of  Edward,  but  whose  title  by  blcod  was.  perhaps,  as  de- 
fective as  Harold"?.  William  landed  at  Hastings  in  1066, 
with  a  powerful  army,  and  in  the  great  battle  which  fol- 
lowed. Harold  was  slain  and  his  army  destmyed.  The  vic- 
torious chieftain  thus  added  to  his  former  titles  that  of  con- 
quest, and  although  he  cho.se  rather  to  accept  the  sceptre  as 
a  gift,  yet  there  is  no  doubt  that  he  wielded  it  as  a  con- 
queror. His  alilities  were  of  the  hi;:hest  order,  but  his  tem- 
per was  imperious,  and  his  laws  tyrannical.  He  died  in 
1087.  and  was  succeeded  by  his  .son.  William  II..  surnamed 
Rufus,  who.  in  1100.  was  accidentally  shot  in  a  hunting  ex- 
cursion by  Sir  Walter  Tyrrell,  one  of  his  attendants.  His 
brother  Henry,  a  prince  of  great  ability,  but  destitute  of 
moral  qualities,  usurped  the  crown,  which  of  riirht  belonged 
to  the  elder  brother,  Robert,  who  was  then  a'  sent  in  the 
Holy  Land.  He  succeeded  iu  subtluing  all  his  enemies,  but 
at  the  moment  when  the  summit  of  his  wislu'S  seemed  to  be 
gained,  he  was  overtaken  by  a  domestic  calamity  so  over- 
whelming that  it  is  said  he  was  never  known  to  smile  again. 
His  only  son.  William,  a  prince  of  great  prrniise.  in  his  18th 
year,  the  undisputed  heir  to  his  crown.  [>erished  by  ship- 
wreck in  a  passage  from  Normandy  to  England.  Vpon  the 
death  of  the  king  in  1135,  Henry,  the  son  of  his  daughter 
Matilda  by  Geoffrey  of  I'lantagenet.  eldest  son  of  the  Count 
of  Anjou,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1154.  His  reign  is  one 
of  the  ablest  in  English  annals.  Among  its  most  interesting 
events  are  his  struggles  with  the  clergy,  the  murder  "fBecket, 
and  the  conquest  of  Ireland.  The  di.s,sension  in  his  &E!ily 
sent  him  to  his  grave  with  an  unrecalled  malediction  on  his 
undutiful  children.  He  was  succiH'ded  in  11S9  by  his  eldest 
son.  Richard  I.,  who.se  achievements  in  the  Crufades  gained 
for  him  the  surname  of  Coeurde  Lion,  ("lion-hearted.")  This 
brave  prince  met  his  death  in  1199.  while  bt!:ieging  one  of  his 
vassals  in  the  castle  of  Chalons.  During  the  reign  of  King 
John,  who  obtained  the  throne  by  the  murder  of  the  true 
heir.  Prince  .\rthur,  son  of  Geoffrey,  his  next  brother,  was 
granted,  at  Runnymede,  in  1215.  the  JIagna  Charta  of  Eng- 
land. The  king  died  the  following  year,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son.  Ilenrj'  III.,  an  imbecile  prince,  whose  nign.  one 
of  the  longest  and  feeblest  on  record,  did  not  terminate  till 
1272.  His  son  and  successor,  Edward  I.,  was  a  man  of 
very  different  character.  By  his  conquests  he  annexed 
Wales  to  his  dominions.  He  also  made  a  barlai-ous  at- 
tempt to  extinguish  all  evidence  of  the  national  irdepen-' 
dence  of  the  Scots,  by  the  destruction  of  their  ancient 
records.  He  has,  however,  the  merit  of  being  the  only 
priuce  who,  up  to  his  time,  successfully  resisted  the  arro- 
gant pretensions  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  and  he  intro- 
duced many  valuable  improvements  by  the  laws  which  he 
enacted.  He  was  succeeded  in  1307  by  his  son.  Edward  II., 
who.  .ifter  all  imaginable  insults  had  been  heaped  upon 
him.  died  a  horrid  death  in  prison  by  the  hands  of  assassins 
in  1327.  His  son  and  successor.  Edward  III.,  wielded  the 
sceptre  till  his  death  in  1377.  a  year  subsequent  to  that  of 
his  celelirated  son.  surnamed  the  Black  Prince.  The  great 
events  of  this  reign  are  the  battles  of  Cressy  and  Poictiers, 
and  a  naval  engagement  in  which  an  English  tJeet  of  250 
sail,  commanded  bv  the  king  in  person,  defeatod  a  French 
fleet  of  400  sail,  with  the  loss  of  230  ships  and  oO.tiOO  men. 
Edward  III.  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Richard  II., 
son  of  the  Black  Prince.  He  "at  first  exhibited  some  intre- 
pidity and  presence  of  mind  in  suppressing  a  popular  out- 
break, commonly  called  Wat  Tyler's  insurrection ;  but  was 
afterwards  formally  deposed  by  Parliament  as  unfit  to 
govern,  confined  to  the  Tower,  and  there  murdei-ed  in  1400. 
The  Duke  of  Lanca.ster  now  assumed  the  soverei.^'nty,  utider 
the  title  of  Henry  IV..  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  fierce 
and  bloody  contest.'  between  the  houses  of  L'<ncaster  and 
York  known  as  the  War  of  the  Roses.  In  this  reign  the  fires 
of  persecution  were  lighted  against  the  Lollards  and  Wick- 
liffeites.  The  crown  liext  descended  to  Henry  V..  the  victor 
of  .\gincourt.  who  succeeded  his  father.  Henry  IV..  i»x  1413. 
He  was  cut  off  in  1422.  in  the  34th  year  of  his  age.  ahd  was 
succeeded  by  bis  son.  Henry  VI..  a  mere  infant.  His  reign 
was  a  perpetual  scene  of  distraction,  rival  factions  contend- 
ing for  the  superiority,  and  often  securing  it  by  the  com- 


ENG 


ENN 


mission  of  horrid  crimes.  During  Henry's  lifetime,  the 
house  of  York  resumed  its  ascendency  in  the  person  of  Duke 
Edward,  wlio  was  proclaimed  kiuj;  by  tlie  name  of  Edward 
IV.,  ill  1-161.  In  1470,  he  was  obliftod  to  flee,  and  Ilenry 
was  nominally  restored.  Factious  still  continued  to  rage, 
and  the  most  barbarous  atrocities  were  openly  perpetrated. 
Henry  "s  eldest  sou,  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  was  despatched 
by  the  d.aggers  of  Clarence  and  tiloucester,  and  he  himself, 
a  few  days  after,  met  the  same  fate.  Edward  IV.  was  now 
again  sole  sovereign,  and  continued  a  course  of  cruelty  and 
prolli;-,acy  till  his  death  in  1482.  His  two  sons,  one  1.3  and 
the  otlier  9  years  of  age,  were  both  murdered  by  the  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  who,  by  a  .series  of  unparalleled  atrocitits.  cut  his 
way  til  the  throne,  and  took  upon  him  the  title  of  Kichard 
III.  In  1485,  only  two  years  after  his  usurpation,  he  was 
slain  on  the  field  of  Bosworth  by  the  Duke  of  Kichuiond, 
wlto  mounted  the  throne  as  Ilenry  VII.,  and  by  marrying  the 
representative  of  the  house  of  York,  happily  united  the  two 
roses,  and  terminated  the  feuds  by  whicli  the  kingdom  had 
been  torn  asunder.  After  a  long,  prosperous,  and  peaceful 
reign,  he  died  in  1509,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  .son.  Henry 
VIII..  then  in  liis  18th  year.  His  reign  is  distinguished  by 
many  events  of  importance;  but  the  one  which  far  eclipses 
all  tlie  rest  is  the  Keformation.  He  died  in  1647,  leaving  a 
son  and  two  daughters,  who  all  successively  mounted  the 
throne,  The  son,  Edward  VI.,  succeeded  in  his  9th,  and 
died  in  his  16th  year,  and  was  followed  iu  the  succession  by 
Maiy.  daughter  of  Ilenry  A'lII.  by  Catherine  of  Aragon. 
From  the  persecutions  wliich  took  place  during  her  reign, 
she  has  been  transmitted  to  posterity  under  the  name  of 
Bloody  JIary.  At  her  death,  the  throne  was  ascended  by 
the  illustrious  Elizabeth,  whose  reign,  though  not  free  from 
blemit^hes,  pioved  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  prosperous 
which  the  kingdom  has  ever  enjoyed.  She  died  iu  1603. 
Undur  her  successor.  James  VI.  of  Scotland  and  I.  of  Eng- 
land, the  liistory  of  England  begins  to  form  part  of  that  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  which  is  accordingly  contained  in  the 

artid,'  JiiuTisii  Kmi-iue. Adj.  Enoush,  ing'glish,  ANGUAtf, 

and  Anolica.n;  inhab.  Eno'ushman:  (Fr.  for  both,  A.voLAls, 
6>'Vla/;  It.  I.NULESE,  in-glA/si:  Sp.  Ingi.es,  ing-gles';  Ger.  adj. 
Exfii.iscFt,  Jng'glish;  inhab.  Enolani>er,  ^ng'gldn-dfr.) 

ENOLEFl  ELD,  Sng'gel-feeld.  parish  of  England,  co.  Berks. 

EN(il>E\VOOD  (ing'ghfl-wood)  FUB'EST,  a  wide  moor  in 
England,  eo.  of  Cumberland,  near  Carlisle. 

EXGLISH  BAZAR,  a  town  of  British  India,  on  the  Maha- 
nuddv.  65  miles  N.  of  Moorshedabad. 

E.NGLISH  CHANNEL.  (Fr.  La  Manche,  li  mSNsh.  t.  e.  "  the 
sleeve :"  so  named  from  its  shape;)  that  portion  of  tlie  Atlantic 
whicii  stiparatfS  Great  Britain  from  France,  extending  from 
Dover  Strait  to  Land's  End,  Cornwall.  Width  at  Dover,  20 
milps:  nt  Land's  End,  102  miles:  greatest  width.  156  miles. 

ENGLISH-COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ENGLISH,  COMPANY'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  off  the  N. 
coast  of  Australia,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Arnhem;  lat.  12° 
10'  S.,  Ion.  1:50°  35'  E. 

ENGLISH  COVE,  a  bay  on  the  S.W.  coa.st  of  New  Ire- 
land, in  tlie  Pacific;  Lat.  4°  54'  S.,  Ion.  152°  35'  E. 

ENGLISH  CliEEK,  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  flows  into  the 
Des  Moines  from  the  S.W. 

ENGLISH  HAR/BOR,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Antiiiua,  is  one  of  the  liest  harbors  in  the  West  ludies;  lat. 
17°  3' N.,  Ion.  61°  45' W. 

ENGLISH  IIAKBOR,  in  Central  America,  Costa  Rica,  on 
the  Pacific ;  lat.  8°  50'  N.,  Ion.  83°  55'  W. 

ENGLISH  NEIGHBORHOOD,  nd'bgr-hood,  a  post-village 
of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey,  5  or  6  miles  N.  of  Uoboken.  It 
contains  2  churches,  and  several  stores. 

ENGLISH  PRAI'RIE.  a  post-village  of  McHenry  co., 
Illinoi.«,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

ENGLISH  RIVER,  an  estuary  in  Delagoa  Bay,  South- 
eastern Africa,  about  lat.  25°  68'  2"  S.,  Ion.  32°  30'  7"E.,  which 
receives  tlie  Mattol,  Dundas,  and  Temby  Rivers.  It  flows 
through  a  mud  flat  covered  with  mangroves. 

ENGLISH  RIVER,  of  Iowa,  an  atiiuent  of  the  Iowa,  is 
formed  by  two  branches,  which  unite  near  the  N.W.  corner 
of  'W  ashington  county,  and  flowing  eastward,  enters  the 
Iowa  aliout  15  miles  S.  of  Iowa  City.  The  branches  are 
called  the  North  Fork  and  South  Fork. 

E.NGLISH  RIVER,  in  Iowa,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
^tate.  and  flowing  S.E.,  enters  the  Red  Cedar  in  Black  Hawk 
county. 

ENGLISH  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co., 
Iowa. 

ENGLISHTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co..  New 
Jersey.  5  miles  .N.W.  of  Freehold.  It  has  a  Methodist  church, 
and  ;iVjout  40  dwellings. 

ENGLISH  TURN,  a  post-office  of  Plaquemine  parish, 
Louisiana. 

ENG  U.-V-GUAgU,  (or  GUAZU.)  Jng'gwl-gwd-soo/,  an  island 
of  Brazil,  province,  and  about  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sao-Paulo. 
It  is  quite  dose  to  the  main  land,  and  has  recently  been 
connected  with  it  by  a  road  built  upon  piles.  The  town  of 
Santos  stands  at  its  N.,  and  that  of  Sao-Vicento  at  its  S.E. 
extremity. 

ENGUERA,  Jn-gwi'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  47  miles  S.W.  of 


Valencia.  Pop.  5751.    It  has  manufactures  of  ivooIVii  stufife, 
and  a  considerable  trade. 

F;N'H.\M,  a  parisii  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EN1KAI,E.  STlt.MT  OF.  in  South  Russia.   See  Yemkalh. 

ENKHUYSEN,  Jnk'hoi/sen,  ENKHUIZEN,  ENCHUSA 
Jn-kii'sA(?)a  fortified  seaport  town  of  tlie  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Holland,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Zuyder-Zee. 
(zoi'der-zil,)  28  miles  N.N. E.  of  Amsterdam.  Pop.  4988.  It 
has  a  fine  town-hall,  a  large  cannon  foundry,  and  trade  in 
salt,  fish,  timlier,  and  cattle. 

EN  KIRCH,  Jn'keeRH,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  i 
miles  S.W.  of  Zell,  on  the  Moselle.     Pop.  2090. 

ENKJOPING.  (Enkjiipiug,)  ENKOPING.  (Enkiiping.)  or 
ENKIOPING,  (Enkioping.)  Sn'chti'ping,  (almost  fin'chap^- 
ing,)  a  town  of  Sweden,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Upsal,  near  Lake 
.Ma-lar.     Pop.  1253. 

EN'.MORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  4  milee 
W.S.W.  of  Bridgewater.     Here  is  a  fine  moated  castle. 

ENNA.    See  Cvstro  Giovanni. 

ENN.\SKA,  6n-nils'kd.  one  of  the  Fox  islands,  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean.  90  miles  S.W.  of  Oomnak:  lat.  52°  40'  N. 

ENNEDA,  Jn-n.Vdd,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
1  mile  S.E.  of  Glarus,  on  the  liinth.     Pop.  2129. 

EN'NEL,  or  BEL' VEUEKE'.  a  lake  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Westmeath,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mullingar.  It  is  stud- 
ded with  wooded  islets,  and  has  several  fine  seats  on  its 
banks. 

EN'NERDALE-WATER,  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland,  1  mile  E.  of  the  small  village  of  Ennerdale,  and 
about  7  miles  N.E.  of  Egremont.  It  is  formed  by  the  river 
Ekeii,  and  is  surrounded  by  inland  mountain  scenery. 
Length.  2j  miles;  breadth.  J  mile. 

ENNEZ.iT,  Snn'zd/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Puy-de-Dome,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Clermont.   Pop.  iu  1852.  1509. 

EN'NIS,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
market-town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Clare,  on  the 
Fergus.  20  miles  W.N  .W.  of  Limerick.  It  has  3  bridges  acro.ss 
the  Fergus,  a  county  court-house,  jail  and  infirmary,  a  fever- 
hospital,  town-hall,  barracks,  work- house,  market-house  and 
linen  market,  3  branch  banks,  a  parish,  and  a  large  Roman 
Catholic  church,  a  Rom.in  Catholic  college,  2  convents,  and 
ruins  of  a  fine  abbey.  The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the 
Hou.se  of  Commons.    Pop.  9318. 

EN'NISCOR/THY,  a  municipal  borough  and  market- 
town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.,  and  12  miles  N.N.W.  of 
AVexfiird.  It  has  a  court-house,  district  bridewell,  Roman 
Catliolic  cathedral  and  convent,  a  stately  Anglo-Norman 
castle,  the  property  of  Ixird  Portsmouth,  and  still  in  good 
repair;  remains  of  a  priory  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to 
the  poet  Spencer.  Most  of  the  corn  raised  in  the  county 
is  sent  to  AVexford.  Enniscorthy  was  the  scene  of  frightful 
outrages  during  the  rebellion  of  1798.     Pop.  7016. 

EN'.NISKEEN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster  and  Leinster, 
COS.  of  Cavan  and  Meath. 

EN'NISKER'RY,  a  number  of  small  islands  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Ireland;  co.  of  Clare;  of  these  the  most  important  is 
Mutton  Island,  about  1  mile  from  the  shore.  It  contains 
about  210  acres  of  land,  and  some  curious  caves,  formerly 
used  by  smugglers. 

EN'NISKER/RY,  a  beautiful  village  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster, CO.  of  Wicklow,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dublin. 

FjN^NISKiyLEN,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
thriving  market-town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  capi- 
tal, CO.  of  F'ermanagh,  mostly  built  on  an  Island,  on  the 
river  connecting  Upper  and  Lower  Lough  Erne,  87  miles 
N.W.  of  Dublin.  The  parish  is  noted  for  its  picture.«que 
scenery.  Pop.  of  town,  5086.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a 
county  court-house  and  prison,  a  town-hall,  in  which  are 
preserved  the  banners  borne  by  the  Enniskilleners  at  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne,  a  richly  endowed  school,  large  barracks, 
an  infirmary,  union  work-house,  linen-hall,  2  or  3  branch 
banks,  2  weekly  newspapers.  &c.,  a  small  manvifactory  of 
cutlery.  The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com 
mons.  Ennlskilleu  was  founded  in  1641  by  Sir  William 
Cole,  to  whose  family  it  still  mostly  belongs,  and  now  gives 
the  title  of  earl.  The  inhabitants  warmly  supported  the 
Protestant  caui*  in  the  war  of  1689,  succe.ssfuUy  defended 
their  town  against  King  James'  forces,  and  afterwards  dis- 
tinguished themselves  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne.  From  the 
•'F^nmskil'lixers"  has  been  formed  the  gallant  regiment 
known  as  ••  the  Enniskillen  dragoons." 

EN\N1SKIL'LEN.  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, 8  miles  N.W.  of  Bowmanville.    Pop.  100. 

ENNIS  POINT,  a  village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  ISO 
miles  S.W.  of  Jefl^erson  Citv. 

ENNISTRAHUL,  en'nis-trawl',  a  small  i.^land  c<T  the  N. 
coast  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  7  miles  E.N.i;.  of 
Malin-IIead.     It  has  a  lightrhouse  with  a  revolving  !igbt. 

EN^NISTY'MON,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Murster, 
CO.  of  Clare,  on  a  small  river  of  the  same  name,  near  its 
mouth  in  Liscanor  Bay,  14^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jumis.  Pop. 
2o8J.  In  the  environs,  which  are  singularly  picturesque, 
is  an  old  castle  of  the  O'Briens. 

EN'MSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  80  miles  W.N.Vv.  of  Hairisburg. 

63o 


ENN 


ENZ 


EN'NISVn.LE,  a  village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Lanark.  9 
miles  S.  of  Carletoa  Place,  and  12  miles  from  Perth.  Pop. 
about  151). 

EX'XOREE,  a  small  river  of  South  Carolina,  rising  in 
Greenville  district,  near  the  N.W.  border  of  the  st.ate,  flows 
S.E..  and  enters  the  Hroad  Hirer  in  Newberry  district,  a  few 
miles  below  the  mouth  of  Tiijer  Kiver. 

KX'NOIIEK,  or  EXOREE,  a  postoffice  of  Spartanburg  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

EXXS,  or  EX'S,  ^ns,  (ane.  AnHsus  or  An'esus.)  a  river  of 
Austria,  rises  in  the  circle  of  Salzburg,  11  miles  S.  of  Rad- 
stadt.  flows  E.  through  Styria.  and  then  N..  separating  the 
provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Austria,  past  Kadstiult.  Steyer, 
and  Enns.  and  enters  the  Danube  on  the  right,  11  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Lintz.  Chief  affluents,  the  Steyer  on  the  right, 
and  Salza  on  the  left.     Length.  112  miles. 

EXXS,  (anc.  Lauriacumf)  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on 
the  Enns,  near  its  junction  with  the  Danube.  10  miles  S.E. 
of  Lintz.  It  has  3400  inhaViitants.  and  manufactures  of  iron 
and  steel.  The  town  is  inclosed  with  old  walls,  (the  expense 
of  whicli  was  defrayed  with  a  part  of  the  ransom  of  Richard  L 
of  England.)  and  has  a  towor.  erected  by  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian. It  was  the  head-quarters  of  Xapoleon  in  1809.  Near 
it  is  the  castle  of  Ennseck. 

E'NOCH,  a  post-township  In  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about  100 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  1482. 

EX'ODER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  ComwaU. 

E/XOE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 

E'NOX,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

EXOX  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Mississippi. 

ENOX,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad 
from  D.iyton  to  Springfield,  7  miles  S,  \V.  of  the  latter.  It 
has  2  churches,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

EXOX,  a  postrvillage  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  about  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Princeton. 

E'XOX  COL'LEGE.  a  post-office  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 

EXOX  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Heard  co.,  Georgia,  about 
9  miles  X.E.  of  Franklin. 

EXOXTEKEIS.  i-non'tA-ki.s\  a  village  of  Russian  Lap- 
land, on  the  Torned  River,  190  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tornea. 
Pop.  800. 

E'XOX  V  AI/LEY,  a  post-office.  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EXORE,  Jn*6r',  a  village  of  British  India,  presidency,  and 
8  miles  X.  of  Madras,  on  the  bank  of  a  salt  lake. 

EXOllEE.  of  South  Carolina.     See  Exnoree. 

E'XO  KIVER,  a  small  stream  of  North  Carolina,  flows 
eastward  through  Orange  county,  and  enters  Neuse  River, 
near  the  X.  border  of  Wake  county. 

ENOS,  i'nos\  (anc.  ^nos.)  a  seaport  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, province  of  Uoom-Elee,  38  miles  X.W.  of  Gallipoli.  on  the 
M%ean  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maritza,  in  theGulf  of  Enos. 
Pop.  7000.  (?)  It  is  the  actual  port  of  Adrianople.  and  the  seat 
of  some  trade;  but  its  harbor  is  choked  with  sand,  and  ad- 
mits only  small  vessels.  The  Gulf  of  Enos,  N.  of  the  town, 
is  14  miles  in  length,  by  5  miles  in  breadth,  and  entered  by 
a  strait  2j  miles  in  width. 

E'NOSUUllG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  S.  side  of  Missisque  River,  50  miles  N,N.W. 
of  Montpelier.    Pop.  2066. 

EN0S15URG  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ver- 
mont. .5S  miles  N.  of  Montpelier. 

EXOTA  EVSK.  i^no-ti4vsk'.  a  town  of  Rus,sia  government, 
and  80  miles  N.W.  of  Astrakhan.  It  has  a  fiirt  in  which  a 
garrison  is  kept  and  in  its  vicinity,  wandering  Calmucks 
encamp  both  summer  and  winter.     Pop.  3000. 

EXSCIIEDE,  Jn-skA/deh.  a  frontier  town  of  the  Nether 
lands,  province  of  Overyssel,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Zwolle.  Pop. 
6000. 

EXSENADA  DE  BARR.\GON,gn-sA-na'da  d.A  baR-Rl-gdn', 
a  bay  and  village  of  the  Argentine  Kepublic.  30  miles  S.E.of 
Buenos  Ayres.  in  the  estuarv  of  the  Plata  Kiver, 

EX.S'II.\.M,  a  parish  of  Eusrland.  co.  of  Oxford,  on  the 
Isis,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Witney,  The  village,  formerlv  a 
market-town,  is  very  ancient.  It  has  2  handsome  stone 
bridges  across  the  Isis.  a  fine  Gothic  church,  a  very  curious 
ancient  cro.ss.  and  remains  of  an  abhev.  founded  in  the 
thirteenth  century.     The  vicinity  ha.s  delisrhtful  scenery. 

EXSI.<HEI.\I,  en'sis-hime\  or  EXSHEIM,  ^ns'hime,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut-Rhin,  on  the  111,  15 
miles  S.  of  Colmar.     Pop.  in  1S52,  3936. 

EXSIVAL.  ^n'se-vil.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Liege,  on  the  Vesdre.  7  miles  N.  of  Spa.    Pop.  2720. 

EX'STOXK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

EXTELHUCII,  ^n't?l-bOoK\  a  parish  and  village  of  Swit- 
terland,  canton  of  Lucerne,  capital  of  vallev  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Little  Emmun,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Lucerne. 

EXTEKHRISE,  a  thrivinir  post-village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Kailroad. 
6  miles  i;.  of  Lancaster.  It  has  n  depflt  for  the  produce  ex- 
ported from  the  vicinity,  and  has  an  active  trade  in  lumber 
and  coal. 

EXTEltPKISE.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  norlds. 

EXTKltl'RISE.  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  .MississippL 

KXT  Kit  Pi!  I SE.  a  post-village  of  Prdble  co.,  Ohio,  100  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 
630 


ENTERPRISE,  a  post-office  of  Shiawassee  co.  Michigan. 

ENTERPRISE,  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana. 

EXTERPRISE,  a  village  of  Switzerland  co..  Indiana; 
about  8  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  100  miles  S.E.  of 
Indianapolis,  is  a  place  of  considerable  business. 

EXTERPRISE.  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Elm  Creek.  5.5  miles  S.E.  of  Vandalia. 

EXTERPRISE.  a  post^illage  of  McDonald  CO.,  Missouri, 
about  225  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

EXTERPRISE.  a  post-office  of  Black  Hawk,  co.  Iowa. 

ENTRAGUE.  d-voHrdg' a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  13 
miles  S.S.W  of  Coni.    Pop.  3147. 

EXTRAIGUES  or  EXTRAYGUES,  Sso'traig',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aveyron,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Espalion, 
on  the  Lot.     Pop.  1806. 

EXTRAIGUES  or  EXTRAYGUES,  three  villages,  in  the 
departments  of  ls6re,  Xievre,  and  Vaucluse. 

ENTRECASTEAUX,  Sxfr'kasHo',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Var,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Brignolles.     Pop.  2137. 

EXTKE-DEUX-MERS,  ftNt'rMch'-maii:'.  (anc.  B(m.;W.«?)a 
vine  country  of  France,  department  of  Gironde.  between  the 
Dordogne  and  Garonne,  interspersed  with  corn-fields  and 
country  seats;  the  best  wine  is  produced  from  the  vine- 
yards of  Sainte-Fov-la-Grande. 

EXTRE-DOURO-E-MIXHO,  in  Portugal.    See  Minho. 

EXTRE  RIOS.  Sn'tr.A  ree'oce,  (;'.  e.  "between  the  rivers,") 
a  province  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.)  Souti 
America,  between  the  rivers  Uruguay  and  Parani.  (whence 
its  name.)  having  E.  the  Republic  of  Uruguay,  oh  the  W.  the 
provinces  of  Santa  Fe,  and  Buenos  Ayres.  and  on  the  X.  the 
province  of  Corrientes.  Estimated  area,  32,000  si^uare  miles. 
Pop.  30,000.  Surtjjce  alternately  swampy  and  in  wide 
prairies,  on  which  large  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  w.inder; 
its  S.  part  is  an  alluvial  plain,  annually  inundated.  Climate 
equable  and  healthy:  there  is  no  frost.  Cultivation  is  very 
limited.  The  princip.al  products  are  hides,  horns,  tallow, 
and  jerked  beef.  Chief  towns,  Parani,  Ybicuy,  and  Coucep- 
cion  de  la  China. 

EXTREV.A.U.\,  6\t'rVo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Basses-Alpes,  on  a  heiirht  near  the  Var,  arrondissement, 
and  17  miles  N.E.  of  Castellane.     Pop.  1704. 

ENTRINGEN,  Jn'tring-en.  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg.  circle 
of  Schwarzwald,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Ilerrenberg.  On  a  htischt 
above  the  town  stands  the  castle  of  Ilochentringen.  Pop. 
1.344. 

EXTRY  (en'tree)  ISLAND.  KAPITO,  kS^pee-to.  or  KA- 
PITI,  kd-pee'tee.  an  island  of  New  Zealand,  in  Cook  Strait. 
Lat.  40°  50'  S..  Ion.  174°  45'  E.  It  is  5  miles  in  length  from 
X.E.  to  S.W..  by  H  miles  in  breadth,  and  rises  to  1800  feet 
alx)ve  the  sea.  AVater,  wood,  and  stock  are  plentiful,  and  the 
island  is  a  native  depot  for  fla.x. 

EXTWISLE.  f  nt/wJl,  a  township  of  England,  co.  Lancaster. 

EXTZ,  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Exz. 

EXVIE,  ftN-o'vee',  (L.  In  rilriis  or  Inrift.)  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  division,  and  23  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Coni,  on  theGiandone.     Pop.  2470. 

EX'VILLE  or  EX'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford,  5}  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stourbridge.  Lord  Stafford 
has  a  fine  mansion  here. 

EXYENG,  ^n'ySng',  a  village  of  Hungary,  10  miles  from 
Veszprim,     Pop.  2117. 

EXZ  or  EXTZ.  ^nts.  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Wiirtomburg 
and  Baden,  rises  in  the  Schwarzwald.  12  miles  S.  of  Wildbad, 
flows  X.E.  and  E.  past  Pforzheim,  and  joins  the  Xeckar  on 
the  left  at  Besii^heim.     Length,  55  miles. 

ENZBERG.  Jnts'b^RO,  a  village  of  Wiirtemburg.  circle  of 
Xeckar,  and  6  miles  W.  of  Vaihingen,  near  the  Enz,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Baden.     Pop.  1054. 

EXZELLEE.  inV.Mlee.  EXZILLI.  JnV.iWee.  or  EXZELT, 
JnVJl'ee.  written  also  EXZELLE  and  IXZILI.  a  seaport 
town  and  a  lake  of  Persia,  province  of  Ghilan.  The  town  is 
on  a  low  spit  of  land  between  the  Caspian  and  the  lake.  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Reshd.  Estimated  pop.  2.')00,  mostly  Rus- 
sians. It  consists  of  200  wood  and  reed  houses,  caravan- 
serais, a  bazaar,  and  a  few  det-iched  towers  for  its  defence. 
The  Lake,  about  25  miles  in  lensrth  from  E.to  W.,  commun^ 
cates  with  the  Caspi.in.  immediately  E.  of  Enzeli.  by  a  chan- 
nel 500  yards  across.  It  forms  the  port  of  Enzeli.  and  is  fire- 
quented  by  Russian  cr.aft  of  from  SO  to  70  tons;  larger  ves- 
sels anchor  in  the  Caspian,  opposite  the  town. 

EXZERSDORF.  fnts'ers-doRf\  or  STADTEL  ENZERS- 
DORF.  stJt'tel  Jnts'ers-doRf\  a  small  fortified  town  of  Lo«^ 
Austri.i,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danulx).  8  miles  K.  -jf 
Vienna,  on  the  rsiilway  to  Stockerau.  It  was  bombarded  by 
the  French  in  1809, 

EXZERSDi)RF.  a  village  in  Lower  Austria,  on  the 
Fischa.  about  4  miles  from  Fischamend.    Pop.  1050. 

EXZERSDORF  AM  GKBIRGE.  ^nt.s'fvs-dour  Jm  ga-beeB- 
gah,  a  village  of  Ixiwor  Austria,  about  5  miles  from  Vienna. 
It  contains  a  Franciscan  monastery  and  the  ruins  of  ■i 
castle.     The  poet  Werner  was  born  here.     Pop.  820, 

EXZILLI,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Enzeilf.e. 

EXZWEIHINOEN,  Jnts-wi'hing-en.  a  villatre  of  Wilrteia 
berg,  circle  of  Xeckar,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Vaihinge'i.  on  tbs 
Enz.    Fop.  1520. 


EOA 


ERB 


T.OA.  e-o/l  EOOA.  e-oo/a,  or  MIDTLEBURG,  one  of  the 
Frieudly  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  18°  19'  S.,  Ion. 
175°  37'  W.  Circuit,  about  GO  miles.  Surface  rocky  and 
barren,  rises  to  600  feet  above  the  sea.  It  was  discovered  by 
Tasman  in  1643. 

KO'LIA.  a  post-village  of  Dane  co.,  'Wisconsin,  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Madison. 

EOKS-TISZA,  (Eors-Tisza,)  i'aRsh'tee'sOh,  a  village  of 
Huniary.  co.  of  Ileves,  about  6  miles  from  Tisza-Fiired.  In 
the  vicinit}'  are  the  traces  of  a  Komaii  fort,  near  which 
many  coins  have  been  found.     I'op.  1184. 

El'AIiiNK.S,  fh-pin',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Eure,  0^  miles  S.S.W.  of  I'ont-Audemer.     Pop.  2317. 

EPA.NO.MKRIA,  i-pil-no-mdrree'i,  a  town  in  the  island  of 
Santorini,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  singularly  situated  on 
the  face  of  the  clilfs  of  the  N.W.  promontory  of  the  island. 
The  houses  are  piled  one  over  another  from  15  to  20  deep,  the 
whole  surrounded  liy  numerous  wind-mills,  perched  on  the 
very  top  of  the  cliff.  Many  of  the  dwellings  are  excavations 
In  the  rock:  others  are  built  above  them,  some  with  ai-ched 
roofs,  others  Hat,  the  lower  tier  full  400  feet  above  the  deep 
waters  of  the  gulf;  the  strata  below  are  |)erpendiculur,  and 
of  a  bright  red  and  black  lava,  much  calcined,  and  scorite. 
The  town  is  approached  from  the  zig-zag  road  cut  into  the 
cliffs,  and  has  a  very  striking  appearance,  the  houses  tower- 
ing on  high  far  above  the  mast-heads  of  the  laigest  ships. 
At  night  the  voyager  would  hardly  Ije  aware  of  the  presence 
of  a  town,  wei-e  it  not  for  the  twinkling  lights  along  the 
face  of  the  cliffs. 

El'K,  A'peh,  or  EEP,  aip,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Gelderland,  26  miles  N.  of  Arnhem.  Pop.  including  ad- 
joining hamlets,  3300. 

EI'EIIV,  A'p.Vee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Somme.  Ill  miles  N.E.  of  Peronne.     I'op.  20l9. 

El'KlilKS,  i'piVeJ.sh',  or  IIEPEU.JES,  hA'pfRV^sh',  (L. 
Epe'rice.)  a  royal  free  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Tarcza, 
an  allluent  of  the  Theiss,  143  miles  N.E.  of  Pesth.  Pop. 
8()0C).  It  is  one  of  the  best  built  towns  of  Upper  Hungary, 
being  surrounded  by  walls  and  gardens;  it  has  a  Lutheran 
and  4  Uoman  Catholic  churclies.  a  synagogue,  town-halls, 
Catholic  and  Lutheran  gymnasiums,  an  Episcopal  lilirary, 
manufactures  of  linens  and  woollens,  earthenware,  and 
beer.     Near  it  are  chalybeate  springs, and  a  royal  sivlt-mine. 

EPERNAY,  A^p'^R^na/,  (1^.  A'quce  Perenhies,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Marne.  capital  of  the  arrondissement, 
nejir  the  left  bank  of  the  Marne,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cha- 
lons-sur-JIarne.  Pop.  5926.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and 
is  neat  and  clean.     It  is  an  entrepot  for  Champagne  wines. 

EPliliNOV,  A^pJr^uAno',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir.  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chartres.     Pop.  1553. 

EPFIG.  fp'feeg',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas- 
Rhin,  6i  miles  N.  of  .Schelestadt.    Pop.  1946. 

EPIIESU.S,  ^f'e-stls,  (Or.  E0£<roj,)  a  famous  ancient  city 
of  Asia  Minor,  the  ruins  of  which  exist  on  the  banks  of  the 
Cayster,  ne.ir  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Scala  Novo,  35  miles 
S.S.E.  of:?myrna.  Its  remainscompri,seamagnificent theatre, 
a  stadium  687  feet  in  length,  ancient  walls  and  towers  of 
the  Greek.  Uoman,  and  Byzantine  periods,  and  in  a  mar.shy 
tract  the  traces  of  a  vast  edifice,  apparently  the  celebrated 
temple  of  Diana,  or  a  church  subsequently  erected  on  its 
site.  Ephesu.s  was  anciently  the  cjipital,  and  one  of  the 
twelve  cities  of  Ionia,  and  had  one  of  the  seven  Christian 
churches  fiiunded  by  the  apostles.  Subsequently  a  Moham- 
medan city  was  erected  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  former,  but  it 
has  also  fallen  into  utter  decay.  Only  a  few  scattered  villages 
now  remain,  the  principal  of  which  is  Ayasoolook  or  Aj\>- 
SCIAK.  and  the  sea  has  retired  and  left  its  ancient  port  a  deso 
late  marsh.  The  celebrated  painters  Apelles  and  Parrhasius 
were  natives  of  this  city. 

EPHi'.V'TAH,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.  part 
of  Fulton  CO.,  New  York,  about  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 
It  was  originally  settled  by  Germans.     Pop.  2202. 
.  EP II ' I !  ATAII,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  2-127. 

iil'IIR  ATAII,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  oc,  Pennsylva- 
nia. 1:'>  miles  N.E.  of  Lancaster,  was  settled  by  a  sect  called 
DunkiTs.     It  is  on  the  Reading  and  Columbia  Railroad. 

El'IDAMNUS.     See  Di'RAZZO. 

EPIDAURUS.  ep'e-daw'rtts,  EPIDAURO,  ip-e-dSiv'ro.  (Int. 
XVIII,  25.)  or  PIDAVRO,  pLe'ddv-ro  a  seaport  village  of 
Greece,  in  the  Morea,  government,  and  23  miles  E.  of  Argos, 
on  the  Gulf  of  .^gina.  Its  inhabitants  raise  vegetables  for 
the  markets  of  Athens.  It  was  the  place  where  the  first 
Greek  Congress  assembled  in  1821.  The  remains  of  Epiduu- 
rus  Limura  e.xist  in  the  government  of  Lacouia,on  the  -^^^ge- 
an,  3  miles  N.  of  Monemvasi.a. 

El' I  LA.  .A-peelJ,  (a  c.  Bi/ojMis  f)  a  town  of  Spain,  22  miles 
W.  of  Suragossa,  on  the  Jalon.     Pop.  3152. 

EI'INAC,  i'pee^ndk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Autun.  Pop.  DiSO,  en- 
gaped  in  extensive  coal  and  iron  mines.  It  is  connected  by 
railway  with  the  Canal  of  Burgundy,  (Canal  de  Bourgogne.) 

EPINAL,  A'pee^ndl',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  on  both  sides  of  the  Moselle.  190  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Paris.    Pop.  in  1852,  10,984.    It  is  generally  well 


built,  and  has  a  ruined  castle,  and  severrfl  large  an,'  tins 
pulilic  edifices,  including  a  Gothic  cathedral,  a  p'^eft-ct'-re. 
and  a  theatre,  a  public  library  with  17,000  volumes,  syr.u  a 
museum  of  paintings  and  antiquities.  It  is  the  si-at  o  ma- 
nufactures of  embroidery,  lace,  linen  fabrics,  and  thi,\ad, 
hosiery,  earthenware,  oil,  paper,  and  chemical  proihicts. 

EPINAY,  .Vpee'n.V,  the  name  of  .several  cnmniures  and 
villages  of  France,  the  principal  being  in  the  dephrtment 
of  Seine,  9  miles  N.  of  Paris,  and  comprising  many  hand- 
some country  villas. 

KP1NAY-,SUR-0RGE,  A'pee'n.V-siiR-oRzh,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seiiie-et-(Jise,  on  the  Paris  and  Or- 
leflns  Railway,  2|  miles  from  Longjumeau. 

EPIPIIANIA.     See  Hajiah. 

EPIRUS,  e-pi'rtls,  (Gr.  lliretpof.  Epeirog,  i. e.  "  mainland,") 
a  celebrated  country  of  ancient  Greece,  corresponding  to  the 
S.  portion  of  Albania,  in  which  it  is  now  included.  The 
name  was  given  to  distinguish  it  from  Corey  ra  and  other 
islands  off  the  W.  coast. luhab.  Epi'rot  or  Epi'uote. 

EPOREDIA.     See  Ivkea. 

EP/PKRSTONE.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

EPP1ND015F,  «p'piu-doRr,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau.     Pop.  1516. 

EPPl.XDORF,  a  village  in  the  territory  and  3  miles  N.  of 
Hamburg,  on  the  Alster.    Pop.  708. 

hP'PlNG.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  London.  The  town,  orij^inally  a 
hamlet  of  Waltham  Abbey,  is  pleasantly  situated,  and 
much  visited  in  summer.  Pop.  1S21.  The  famous  royal 
tbrest  of  Ejiping  still  boasts  of  some  beautiful  wocdland 
scenery.  The  river  Roding  divides  Epping  Forest  fri  m  the 
forest  of  Hainaut  on  the  S.E.  The  two  forests  togethei 
cover  about  10,000  acres. 

EP'PING,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rockingham  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  Lamprey  River,  and  on  the  Portsmouth 
and  Concord  Railroad,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.  The  vil- 
lage contains  an  academy.    Pop.  1414. 

i;PPINGEN,  ^p'ping-en,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Elsenz, 
25  miles  E.N.E.  of  CarLsruhe.     Pop.  3237. 

EPPSTKI.V,  Jpp'stine,  a  romantic  village,  with  a  mineral 
spring  and  ruined  castle,  in  Nassau,  Northern  Germany,  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Kbnigstein.   Pop.  340. 

EP'SOM,  (AngloSaxon,  Ehhsham.)  a  town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Surrey,  14  miles  S.W.  of  London,  and  8 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Croydon  station,  on  the  railway  to  form  a 
part  of  the  direct  line  to  Portsmouth.  Pop.  of  the  town, 
3390.  It  has  a  town-hall  and  a  national  sihool.  Epsom  is 
famous  for  its  medicinal  spa,  (discovered  in  1618.)  and  from 
which  the  suliihate  of  magnesia  takes  the  name  of  Epsom 
salts;  but  chieHy  for  its  races,  which  are  held  on  the  week 
preceding  Whitsunday,  and  are,  especially  oi\  the  Derby 
day,  more  numerously  attended  than  any  other  in  the 
kingdom,  from  300,000  to  400.000  persons,  mostly  from  Lou- 
don, resorting  hither  during  the  week. 

EP'StlM.  a  post-township  of  ^Merrimack  co.,  New  Ilanyv 
shire.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1216. 

EPTE,  i^pt,  (L.  Ep>h!,)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  Seine^ 
Inferieure,  flows  S.  between  the  departments  of  Seine  and 
Eui-e,  on  its  right,  and  the  departments  of  Oise  and  Seine- 
et-Oise,  on  its  left,  and  joins  the  Seine  above  Vernon,  after 
a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

EPTINGEN,  Jp'ting-en,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Basel  country,  (Basel-Landschaft.)  in  a 
mountainous  district,  among  precipices  so  steep,  that  in 
winter  the  sun  is  visible  only  about  mid-day,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Basel.     Pop.  646. 

EP'WORTH.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Gainsborough.  Pop.  944.  mostly 
employed  in  the  culture,  dressing,  and  spinning  of  flax,  &e. 
The  celebrated  John  Wesley  was  born  here  in  1703. 

EQUADOR,  a  republic  of  South  America.     See  Ecr.\DOR. 

EQUALITY,  e-kw6Pe-te,  a  post-oifice  of  Anderson  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

EQUALITY,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama. 

EQUALITY,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

EQUALITY,  a  village  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

EQUALITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois, 
on  Saline  Creek,  14  miles  W.  by  N.ofthe  Ohio  River,  and  187 
miles  S.S.E.of  Springfield.     Pop.  369. 

EQUATEUR  or  EQUATOR.    See  Ecuador. 

E^QUINUNK',  a  railrcid  station,  in  Delaware  co..  New 
Y'ork.  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  163  miles  from 
New  York  City. 

EQUINUNK,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  opposite  the  above  station,  about  24 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilonesdale.    It  contains  several  tiuneries. 

ERANNOBOAS  or  ERANOBOAS,    See  Sone, 

ERAS/MUS.  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  North  Carolina, 
184  miles  AV.  of  Raleigh. 

ER.iS'TUS.  a  po.st-ofiice  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia. 

ERBA.  inliL  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  Milan,  province, 
and  7  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Como,  near  the  Lodi.     Pop.  1554. 

ERBACH,  jB'bdK.  a  river  of  lUienish  Bavaria,  which  passe.s 
Deux-Ponts,  and  joins  the  Bliese.  after  a  cour.se  of  20  miles. 

ERBACH,  a  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  Mimling,  22 

637 


ERB 


ERI 


mfles  S.E.  of  Darmstadt,  Pop.  2078.  It  has  a  ducal  residence, 
with  interesting  collections  of  armor  and  antiquities. 

EltBACH.  a  village  of  Nassau,  beautifully  situated  on  the 
Rhine.  7  mUe.s  W.  of  Mentz.  At  a  short  distance  is  the  old 
couTeut  of  t;lierbach,  founded  by  St.  Bernard  de  Clairvaux 
in  1131.  now  used  partly  as  a  prison  and  partly  as  a  lunatic 
asTlum.    Pop.  1307. 

EU15ACH,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Danube.  8 
miles  K.  of  Ehingen,  near  the  Danube,  with  a  parish 
church  and  a  fine  old  castle  belonging  to  the  lords  of  Ulm. 
Pop.  1037. 

KRBKXDORF,  ?r.'ben-doRr.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  W;i.ildnaab.  21  miles  E.S.K.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1410. 

KIU5ESBUDKSIIKIM,  ^Bnies-lxxydes-hlme',  a  village  of 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  in  Rheinhessen.  near  Alzey.     Pop.  865. 

KKBIL.  a  town  of  Asi.itic  Turkey.     See  Akbeel. 

KK'BISTOCiv,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  cos.  of  Flint  and 
Denbigh. 

EK'CALL,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ERC£,  hr^sA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ariege,  12 
miles  S.K.  of  St.  Girons.    Pop.  1236. 

EUCf:-EN-LAMEE,  ^R's.i/OS'^ia'mA'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine.  23  milesX.E.  of  Redon.  P.3040. 

EiiCILDOWX.     See  Earlstox. 

EK'CILDOWX.  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

EKCOhANO.     See  Hercvlanecth. 

ERCSI.  jRVhee'.  or  EKCSEXY,  jRVhfB'.  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Stuhlweissenburg.  with  a  steam-packet  station 
on  the  Danulie.  Oi  miles  X.  of  Adony.     Pop.  32y6. 

EHDELY-ORSZAG.     See  Tbasstivakia. 

ERDKVEX.  JndVSs<^,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan.  12  miles  S.E.  of  L"Orient.    Pop.  3002. 

EKLIXG,  ?R/ding.  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  20  miles  N.E. 
of  Munich.    Pop.  1826.  employed  in  woollen  weaving. 

ER'DIXGTOX,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick.  4  miles  E.  of  Birmingham.     Pop.  2579. 

ERDMAXXSDOKF,  jRt'mdnns-doRr,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
government  of  Breslau.  near  llii-schberg.     Pop.  862. 

EltD.M  AXXSDORF.  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau, 
on  the  Zschopau.    Pop.  834. 

EKDOD.  (Erdijd.')  ?RMod',  a  town  of  Eastern  Hungary,  65 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Debreczin,  with  glass-works  and  a  mined 
castle.    Pop.  1670. 

EKDOD,  ^E'dod'.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  co.  of 
Verocze.  10  miles  from  Eszek.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  an 
old  castle. 

ERDOIIEGY.  iRMo^hJdj',  a  village  of  Hungary,  on  the 
White  Koros.  8  miles  from  Simand.    Pop.  144ii. 

ERDOVEGH,  (Erdovegh.)  ^RMoVJg',  or  ERDEWICH.  ^r/- 
deh-<iiK\  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  co.  of  Syr- 
ml.1,  district,  and  8  miles  from  lUok!    Pop.  2460.' 

ERdRE.  jRd"R,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Loire-In- 
Krieure,  joins  the  Loire  at  Xantes.  after  a  S.W.  course  of 
45  miles,  for  the  last  16  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

EREBUS.  VOI.CAXO  OF.    See  Victoria  Land. 

ERKCH,  Jr'etch.  or  ER/ICH^  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in 
Bundelcund,  on  the  Betwah,  40  miles  X.E.  of  Jhansi.  Lat. 
25°  49'  N.,  Ion.  79°  2*  E. 

EREE  or  ERIH.  hr'ee\  one  of  the  Sooakin  Islands,  in  the 
Red  Sea.  lat.  18°  10'  N.,  Ion.  28°  20'  E.,  about  4i  miles  long. 
On  the  E.  part  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Ptolemais  The- 
ron :  the  highest  part  is  a  mound  of  ruins,  which  is  visible 
from  a  distance  of  3  miles. 

EREGLEE,  EREGLI,  JrVglee/,  or  EREKLT.  frVWee'- 
written  also  EREGRI,  (anc.  Herad^a  or  Herach'ia.)  a  sea- 
port town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Black  Sea.  128  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Constantinople.  Lat.  41°  15'  30"  N.,  Ion.  31°  28'  E.  It 
has  300  houses,  and  architectural  fragments  of  the  ancient 
city,  a  good  port,  and  ship-building  yards.  Exports  timber, 
silk,  and  wax :  imports  colonial  produce,  tobacco,  and  iron. 
It  was  anciently  of  considerable  import.ince.  and  here  the 
10,000  Greeks,  under  Xenophon,  embarked  on  their  return 
to  Greece. 

EREGLKE  or  EREGLI,  (anc.  Archallat  or  Ai-iHtelaUf)  a 
town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Konieh,  with 
about  WtO  poor  houses. 

EKEGM.  (anc.  IWinHhus  or  ITeraclefa.)  a  seaport  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora, 
63  miles  W.  of  Constantinople. 

EREtrRI.  a  town  of  Asit  Minor.    See  ERtniEE. 

EllETS  or  ERETZ.  A-rJts',  a  fortified  town  of  Russian 
Transcaucasia,  district  of  Shirvan,  near  the  Koor,  50  miles 
W.X.W.  of  SbanmUa. 

ERFURT  or  ERFURTH.  >R'f85Rt,  (L.  Erphor^dia  and  Er- 
f.ur'tum.)  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Genu 
and  on  the  Thuringian  Railway,  14  miles  E.  of  Gotha. 
Pop.  32.546.  It  is  old  and  irregularly  built.  Principal  edi- 
fices, a  cathedral,  with  a  famous  bell  weighing  275  cwt., 
numerous  churches  and  spirits,  an  Ursuline  convent  and 
girls'  school,  an  orphan  asylum,  occupying  the  Augus- 
tine convent,  of  which  Luther  was  a  member.  The  uni- 
versity founded  here  in  l:$92.  was  closed  in  1816.  and  the 
Pharmlcenic  Institute  was  almlished  in  1828:  but  Erfurt 
has  a  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  gj-mnasia.  a  normal 
school,  an  academy  of  sciences,  sdentiflc  and  literarr  asso- 
638 


dations.  museums,  a  hotanic  garden,  and  a  public  library 
of  15,000  volumes.  It  has  a  garrison  of  4000  men.  Erfurt 
has  an  extensive  manufacture  of  shoes,  with  others  of 
woollen  and  cotton  cloths,  leather,  vinegar,  vemiicelli, 
and  pearl  barley.  In  1808,  i  memorable  intervifW  took 
place  here  between  Xapoleon  ind  the  Emperor  Alexander 
of  Russia. 

ERGEXZIXGEX',  fR'ghJnt-smg'en.  a  village  of  VTiirtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Schwarzwald,  6  miles  W.X.W.  of  Rottenburg 
Pop.  1528. 

ERGKEE  KASTREE,  a  town  of  Greece.  See  Aeotro 
Castro. 

ERI  BOLL,  LOCH,  16k;  Jr'e-boll.  an  arm  of  the  sea  on  the 
X.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland.  It  is  about  10  miles 
in  length,  and  fi-om  1  to  3  in  breadth. 

ERICEIIH,  i-re-s.A'e-rd,  a  maritime  town  of  Portugal 
province  of  Estremadura,  near  the  Atlantic,  22  miles  X.W. 
of  Lisbon.     Pop.  2550.  mostly  fishers. 

ERICHT,  LOCH,  16k  Jr^iKt.  a  lake  of  Scotland,  cos.  of 
Perth  and  Inverness.  Length.  14  miles :  breadth.  1  mile. 
It  lies  in  a  vast  uninhabited  district,  considered  the  wild- 
est and  most  inaccessible  in  Scotland.  Prince  Charles  Ed- 
ward found  refuge  here  after  the  battle  of  Culloden. 

ERICHT.  a  river  of  Scotland.  E.  of  the  co.  of  Perth,  flow- 
ing into  the  Isla,  opposite  Balbrogy,  after  a  course  of  17 
miles.    Its  banks  are  singularly  picturesque. 

ERICUSA  or  ERICODES.    See  Aucudi. 

ERIDAXUS.    See  Po. 

E/RIE,  one  of  the  five  great  lakes  drained  by  the  St. 
Lawrence  River,  lies  between  41°  25'  and  42°  55'X.  lat..  and 
between  78°  55'  and  83°  34'  W.  Ion.,  having  Canada  West 
on  the  X.,  a  part  of  the  state  of  Xew  York,  Pennsylvania, 
and  Ohio  on  the  S.,  and  a  part  of  Michigan  on  theW.  Its 
shape  is  elliptical,  the  entire  length  being  alxiut  240  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  57  miles ;  average  breadth,  38  miles :  com- 
puted circumference,  658  miles.  The  depth  of  this  lake  is 
less  than  that  of  any  other  in  the  chain,  the  greatest  yet 
obtained  from  soundings  being  only  270  feet ;  and  its  mean 
depth  does  not  exceed  120  feet.  Towards  the  shores,  and 
especially  at  the  western  extremity,  its  shallowness  is  a  se- 
rious impediment  to  navigation,  which  is  entirely  suspended 
during  the  winter  months,  in  consequence  of  the  shoal  por- 
tions being  frozen.  The  surface  of  Lake  Erie  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  322  feet  above  the  level  of  Outirio,  and  565  feer  above 
high-water  mark  in  the  Hudson  at  Albany.  There  is  some 
reason  to  suppose  that  it  was  once  much  higher  th.in  this. 
.Ancient  beaches  have  been  discovered  in  Ohio  and  Michigan, 
having  an  elevation  of  more  than  100  feet  above  the  present 
surface  of  the  water.  Its  princip,al  supply  is  by  the  Detroit 
and  St.  Clair  Rivers,  which  constitute  the  outlet  of  the  three 
great  lakes  to  the  X.W.,  viz.,  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Supe- 
rior. Numerous  other  streams  also  flow  into  it.  the  more 
important  of  which  are  the  Maumee.  Sandu.sky.  Grand,  Hu- 
ron, and  Raisin.  Its  own  waters  are  di.«charged  by  the 
Niagara  River  into  Lake  Ontario,  and  thence  by  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  ocean.  The  principal  harbors  on  the  coast 
are  Buffalo.  Cleveland,  Toledo,  Dunkirk,  Erie,  Sandusky 
Bay,  and  Monroe,  all  of  which  have  been  improved  liy  the 
United  States  government.  The  commercial  importance  of 
Lake  Erie  has  been  greatly  increased  by  the  constiuction 
of  numerous  canals  and  railroads,  connecting  its  ports  with 
the  interior  and  the  seaboard.  The  amount  of  business 
and  travel  which  these  channels  of  communication  conduct  to 
it  is  .ilmost  incalcuable.  The  shipping  of  f  he  several  -■Ameri- 
can ports  on  Lake  Erie,  June  .30, 1852.  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate burden  of  148,219  tons,  of  which  70.562  were  empKiyed  iu 
steam  navigation.  The  commerce  of  the  sinirle  port  of  But 
falo  amounts  to  neariy  §80.000.000. annually.  The  lake 
abounds  with  fine  fish.  A  kind  termed  vhiie-fish  was  for- 
merly taken  In  vast  quantities,  hut  their  number  has  some- 
what diminished.  Lake  Erie  is  remarkable  for  its  violent 
storms,  which  prevail  most  in  the  months  of  Xovemljer 
and  Deceml^r.  often  cau.eing  the  most  disastrous  shipwrecks, 
attended  with  fearful  loss  of  life. 

ERIE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  X'ew  York,  has  an  area 
of  about  950  square  miles.  It  Is  bounded  on  the  W.  \>y  Lake 
Erie,  N.  by  Tonawanda  Creek,  and  S.  by  Cattaraugus  Creek, 
and  is  drained  by  Buffalo  Creek,  with  its  three  branches, 
Cazenove,  Seneca,  and  Cayuga,  and  by  Ellicott's  and  Con- 
quaga  Creeks,  with  some  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  valt> 
able  water-power.  The  surface  in  the  X.  part  is  unduLiting, 
and  the  soil  well  adapted  to  the  prodiiction  of  grain ;  in  the 
southern  portions  the  face  of  the  country  is  uneven,  and 
the  land  more  suitable  for  grazing.  Iron  ore,  lime.«tone, 
water  cement,  and  brick  clay  are  among  Its  mineral  produc- 
tions. The  Erie  Canal  has  its  western  termination  at  Bui 
falo,  and  connects  with  Xl.agara  River  at  Black  Rock.  wheri« 
there  is  an  extensive  basin.  The  county  is  traversed  by  six 
railroads,  which  pa.ss  through  or  terminate  in  Buffalo.  Or- 
ganized in  1821,  havinc  l>een  formed  from  part  of  XUgara 
county,  and  named  from  the  groat  lake  which  foims  its 
western  boundary.    Capit.al.  Buffalo.     Pop.  141,971. 

ERIE,  a  county  forming  the  X.W.  extremity  of  Pennsyl- 
vaniii,  bordering  on  Xew  York,  Ohio,  and  Lake  Erie,  Iuls  an 
area  of  740  square  miles.    It  is  intersected  hy  Frencli  anc 


ERI 

Conneaut  Creeks :  Walmit  and  Elk  Creeks  rise  in  the  county, 
and  flow  into  Lake  Erie,  whioti  forms  the  entire  N.W. 
boundary.  The  surCice  is  Renerally  rolling,  with  a  rid{:e  of 
hifrhlarni,  exteudinn;  nearly  parallel  with  the  lake  shore,  at 
a  distance  of  several  miles.  The  soil  is  clayey,  having  a 
basis  of  slate  and  sandstone.  The  northern  part  produces 
good  crops  of  grain,  the  southern  is  better  adapted  to  pas- 
turage, and  dairy  farming.  Iron  is  the  principal  mineral. 
French  Creek  furnishes  extensive  wafcjr-p<:)W(jr.  The  county 
is  traversed  by  the  Erie  Extension  Canal,  and  by  several 
railroads,  among  which  are  the  I'liiladelphia  and  Erie,  the 
Erie  and  Pittsburg,  and  the  Lake  Shore  Kailroad.  Formed 
in  1800.  Capital,  Erie.  Population  iu  1850,  38.742 ;  in  1860 
49,432. 

ERIE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Lake 
Erie  and  S.andusky  Bay,  contains  350  siiuare  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  Huron  and  Vermilion  Kivers,  and  by  Pipe 
Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  with  a  gentle  declivity 
towards  the  N.  The  soil  is  alluvial  and  remarkably  rich. 
The  county  contains  abundance  of  fine  limestone,  which  is 
extensively  quariiod  at  Sandusky.  Numerous  ancient 
mounds  and  iudosures  are  found  near  Huron  River.  Erie 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Mad  River  and  L;ike  Erie  Rail- 
road, by  the  Sandusky  and  Mansfield  Railroad,  and  by  the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad.  Capital,  Sandusky  City. 
Pop.  24.474. 

ERIE,  a  post-borouih.  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Erie  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  90  miles  S.W. 
of  Buffalo,  129  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg,  and  310  miles  by  turn- 
pike from  Ilarrisburg.  Lat.  42°  8'  .\.,  Ion.  80°  10'  W.  It  is 
pleasantly  sitiuited  opposite  the  island  of  Presque  Isle,  for- 
merly a  peninsula.  The  harbor,  which  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  best  on  the  lake,  is  3t  miles  long,  and  over  1  mile  wide, 
and  from  9  to  25  feet  deep  the  whole  length.  Large  .sums 
have  been  expended  in  improving  and  Pirtifying  the  harbor, 
and  in  erecting  a  lighthouse.  The  island  is  4  miles  long, 
and  1  mile  wide.  Erie  is  an  important  place  of  outfit  for 
vessels  of  the  United  States,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  flour- 
ishing trade.  The  Erie  Extension  Canal  connects  it  with  the 
Ohio  River  and  Beaver;  several  railways  e.xtend  to  Cleve- 
land, BuIThIo,  Ac.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Philadelphia 
and  Erie  Railroad,  with  a  branch  leading  to  Pittsburg. 
Erie  contains  a  cuuit-huuse,  3  or  4  national  banks,  from  12 
to  la  churches,  a  fine  hotel,  au  aciujemy,  and  4  newspaper 
offices.  The  canal  affords  extensive  water-power,  which  is 
employed  in  mills  of  different  kinds.  About  20,0(0,000 
feet  of  lumber  are  received  hero  annually  by  canal,  and 
over  80.000  tons  of  stone  coal.  The  reijorted  value  of  im- 
ports and  exports  in  1851,  was  $3,832,862.  The  shijiping  of 
the  district  (Presque  Isle),  June  80,  1852,  amounted  to  an 
aggregate  of  8123  tons,  em-oUed  and  licensed,  of  which  5350 
tons  were  employed  in  steam  navigation.  Incorporated  in 
1805.    Pop.  in  1840,  3412 ;  in  1850,  5850 ;  in  1860,  9419. 

ERIE,  a  post-office  of  Roane  CO.,  Tennessee. 

ERIE,  a  township  of  Ottawa,  Co..  Ohio.     Pop.  371. 

ERIE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.E,  part  of 
Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Pop. 
1362. 

ERIE,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  520. 

ERIE,  a  post-village  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois,  on  Book 
Eiver,  76  miles  N.N'.W.  from  Peoria. 

ERIE,  a  post-village  of  Camden  county,  Missouri,  on  the 
Osage  River,  just  below  the  Niangua,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Jef- 
ferson City. 

ERIE,  FORT,  in  Upper  Canad.a,  is  at  the  commencement 
of  Niigara  River,  immediately  opposite  Black  Rock,  in  New 
York.     Lat.  42°  51'  N..  Ion.  79°  W. 

E'RIEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Nelson  township,  Madison 
CO.,  New  York,  about  35  miles  H.W.  of  Utica.    Pop.  300. 

ERIIL    SeeEREE. 
•  ERIIIA.    See  JEiticno. 

ERIN.    See  Ireland. 

E'RIN,  a  post-township  of  Chemung  co.,  New  York,  10 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Klmira.     l>op.  1339. 

ERIN,  a  post-village  of  Meriwether  en..  Georgia,  near  the 
junction  of  Whitewater  Creek  with  Flint  River,  about  60 
miles  N.W.  of  Macon. 

ERIN,  a  post-office  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

ERIN,  a  postKjffice  of  Jasper  co.,  Texas. 

ERIN,  a  township  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  E. 
shore  of  Ijike  St.  Clair.     Pop.  1975. 

ERIN,  a  post-villiige  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  64  miles 
N.W.  of  Chicago. 

ERIN,  a  township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

ERIN,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Washington  co..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1445. 

ERIXO-K.\STR0,  Jr'e-no-kis'tro  or  ^r-e-no^kas-tro,  (anc. 
Tlies'pia?)  a  village  of  Greece,  government,  and  10  miles  W. 
ei  Thebes,  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Zagros,  (anc.  HcVicon.) 

ERIN  SHADES,  a  post-office  of  Henrico  co.,  Virginia. 

ERISAY.  Jr'e-si\  and  ERISKAY,  Jr'is-k4\  two  islets  of 
the  Hebrides;  the  former  between  Harris  and  North  Uist; 
the  Utter  immediately  S.  of  South  Ui.st.  2  miles  in  length, 
from  N.  to  S. :  it  is  the  place  where  Prince  Charles  Edward 
Stuart  first  landed,  in  1745. 


ERN 

ETITTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent  on  the  Th-imes 

ERIVAN,  Jr-e-vdn',  (L.  Erim'na,)  a  fortified  town  of  Rus- 
sian Armenia,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Zenghi.  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Araxes,  115  miles  .S.S.W.  of  T.flis.  Pop.ll.2'<4.  It 
is  ill  built,  but  has  a  large  bazaar,  several  Armenian  churches, 
an  Armenian  convent,  Greek  church,  mosques,  and  cuiioua 
aqueducts.  Near  it  is  a  citadel  on  a  scarped  rock,  in  \thich 
are  the  governor's  residence,  a  fine  mosque,  a  cannon  foun- 
dry, and  barracks.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  cotton 
stuffs,  leather,  and  earthenware;  is  a  station  for  caravans 
from  Tiflis  and  Erzroom  :  and  has  considerable  trade  with 
Russia  and  Turkey.  It  wa.'!  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1827, 
and  confirmed  to  them  by  a  treaty  with  Persia  in  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

KRKELENZ.  6R/kfh-lf  nt.s\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  23 
miles  N.N.E.  Alx-la-Chapelle.  Pop.  2070,  engaged  in  linen 
weaving  and  lace  making. 

ERKilNE,  jR'kAhiA.  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  formed 
by  .several  head  streams  that  have  their  sources  in  the  Lit- 
tle Balkan  Mountains,  near  A'iza,  about  lat.  41°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
27°  40'  E.  It  flows  first  S.S.W.  for  about  18  or  20  miles, 
then  turns  W.  by  N.  and  falls  into  the  Maritza  at  Jezar 
Erkene,  lat.  41°  3<y  N.,  Ion.  26°  35'  E.,  after  a  course  of  about 
60  miles. 

ERKENEK,  jR'k.WJk',  a  village  and  pass  in  Mount  Tau- 
rus, in  .\siatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Marash ;  the  pass  is  45 
miles  N.E.  of  Someisat,  on  the  Euphrates,  elevation  3828 
feet  above  the  sea. 

ERLACII,  Jr/I^k,  (Fr.  Or7f«r,  sWle-.V,)  a  town  of  Switzei^ 
land,  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  24  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Bern,  with  540  inhabitants,  and  a  castle  of  the 
eleventh  century,  now  used  as  a  prison. 

ERLAXGEN,  6R'iang-cn.  or  ERLANG,  (^RlSng,  a  town  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  rallwav  from  Bamberg  to  Nureml)erg.  11 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Nuremberg.  Pop.  10,896.  It  is  walled,  and 
divided  into  .an  old  and  new  town,  which  latter  is  one  of  the 
best  built  pLices  in  Germany.  Here  is  the  only  Protestant 
university  in  Bavaria,  founded  in  1743  by  one  of  the  Jlai^ 
gr.aves  of  Baireuth,  occupying  their  ancient  palace,  and 
with  which  the  university  of  -Mtdorf  was  incoriwratcd  in 
1809.  This  institution  has  faculties  of  theology,  mwlicine, 
and  arts;  museums  of  natural  hist'iry.  a  library  of  105,000 
volumes,  and  a  botanic  garden.  Number  of  students  in 
1847,  304.  The  town  has  manufactures  of  woollen  goods, 
hosiery,  hiits,  glove.s,  and  leather;  a  large  plate-glass  fac- 
tory, breweries,  and  an  active  trade  in  cattle. 

KRLAU,  Sr^IOw,  (Hun.  £ger.  .VgaiR/.)  a  fortified  town  of 
Hungary,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Heves,  on  the  Erlau  or  Eger, 
67  miles  N.E.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  19.800,  mostly  Roman  Ca- 
tholics. It  is  entered  by  six  gates,  has  a  cathedral,  a 
bishop's  palace,  a  diocesan  lyceum,  with  a  library  and  ol> 
servatory.  a  gymnasium  and  high  schools,  various  public 
institutions;  it  is  the  seat  of  a  large  trade  in  fine  red  wines 
raised  in  its  vicinity.  It  has  also  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  linen  fabrics. 

ERLB.\CII,  MliiK.  or  MARKT-ERLBACH.  mitkt-jRV- 
blK,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  in  Middle  Fmncouia,  16 
miles  N.W.  of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  1211. 

ERLBACH,  InVhiK,  a  market-town  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  near  A^oigtsberg.    Pop.  817. 

ERLENB.\CH,  SR/lgn-bjK\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  2i)  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Simmen  River,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Stockhom  Mountain.    Pop.  1187. 

ERLENBACII,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  6  miles  S.E, 
of  Landau. 

ERM.^TINGEN,  8R'm.i-ting'*en,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurgau,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Un- 
tersee.  4  miles  W.  of  Constance.     Pop.  1584. 

ERMELAND,  Jn'meh-ldnt'.  (L.  Wirfmia ;  Fr.  Warmie.  yavS 
mee/,)  an  old  division  of  Poland,  forming  the  E.  part  of  the 
circle  of  Marienburg,  now  comprised  in  the  Prussian 
government  of  KiJnigsberg. 

ERMELO,  ?R'meh-lo',  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Gelderland,  125  miles  N.W.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  1400. 

ERMEXONVILLE,  jR'meh-nAs"'veel'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Oise,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Senlis,  with  an  elegant 
chateau,  celebrated  as  the  pl.ace  in  which  Rousseau  died. 

ERMENT,  a  village  of  Upper  Egypt.    See  ,\'!>ient. 

ERMESLEBEN,  Sa'mes-ld'ben,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
38  miles  N.W.  of  Merseburg.   "Pop.  2290. 

ERMINEEYEII  or  ERMINIYEH.    See  Armenia. 

ER'MINGTON,  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Devon. 

ERMONT,  ^R^mixo',  a  station  on  the  Graat  Northern  Rail- 
way of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  9|  miles  N.  of 
Paris. 

ERMSLEBEN,  jRmslJ-ben,  a  town  of  Prussian  S.ixonyi 
38  miles  N.W.  of  Merseburg.  on  the  Selke.     Pop.  2200. 

ERNE,  em,  a  river  and  two  celebrated  Lakes  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  The  river  issues  from  Lake  Ganriy,  co.  of  Cavan, 
and  flowing  N.  merges  into  Upper  and  Lower  Lough  Erne, 
and  thence  flows  into  Donegal  Bav.  It  is  navigable  for  ves- 
sels drawing  12  feet  water  to  Ballyshannon,  where  it  forms  a 
fine  cataract.  The  scenery  on  its  banks  and  on  its  two  lakes 
is  magnificent.  United  "length  of  the  two  lakes  and  their 
connecting  river,  about  60  miles.    Area  of  upper  lake.  94o.3 

639 


ERN 


ESC 


acres;  ef  lower  Take,  27,645  acres.  The  lakes  are  studded 
with  numerous  islets.  Klevation  of  lower  lake  above  Done- 
gal Bay.  148  feet.  The  Ulster  Canal  will  connect  these 
waters  with  LouL'h  Xeairh  and  Belfast. 

ERNKK,  ^R^nA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  May- 
enne,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Mayenue,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Laval.  I>op.  in  1852,  5614.  It  has  a  college  and  manufac- 
tures of  neeilles. 

KKNSTBKUNX,  ^RnsfbrCSn,  or  EHRENSBRUXN.  i/rgns- 
br(5<(Q\  a  market-town  of  Ix)wer  Austria,  in  a  beautiful  val- 
ley, 12  miles  N.  of  Korneuburg.  About  2  miles  N.W.,  on  a 
height,  stands  the  castle  of  Ernstbrunn,  with  a  tine  garden. 
Pop.  14(.)0. 

ERXSTHAL,  jRns/tAl,  a  town  of  Saxony.  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Zwickau.     Pop.  2700.  ~It  has  manufectures  of  woollens. 

EROOB  or  EKROOB,  an  island  of  Torres  Strait.  See 
Darnllt  Island. 

ERPEL,  jK'pt-1.  a  town  of  Prussia,  government,  and  20 
miles  X.W.  of  Cobltntz.  on  the  Rhine.    Pop.  800. 

ERPFIXGEX.  jKp'fing-en,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  10 
miles  S.  of  Reutlingen.     Pop.  744. 

ERI'INGIIAM.  a  parish  of  Enprland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ERRIGAL.  frVe-gawl',  a  i)arlsh  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Londonderry. 

ERRIGAL  KEROG0E,  Jr-re-gawl'  kee-r5g',  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone.  It  has  ancient  ruins,  and  fine  scenery. 

ERRIGAL  TROUGH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cos.  of  Mona- 
ghau  and  Tvroiie. 

ER'RIXGDEX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Hiding. 

ER/RIS,  a  maratime  district  or  barony  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  in  the  X.W.  part  of  the  co.  of  5Iayo,  with  a  sifigu- 
lail3'  wild  and  desolate  mountain  scenery.    Pop.  26.428. 

ER'RI.*nEAU.  a  lofty  promontory  in  the  above  district, 
forms  the  W.  point  of  the  Bay  of  Broadhaven,  5^  miles  N. 
of  lielniallet.    " 

ERRO.VD,  er'rocJ',  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  presidency  of 
Madiae.  55  miles  N.E.  of  Coimbatoor ;  lat,  11°  21'  N.,  Ion.  77° 
45'  E. :  on  a  canal  from  the  Bhavani. 

ER'ROL.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  on  the  Tay, 
10  miles,  W.S.W.  of  Dundee.  The  village  is  beautifully 
situiited.  and  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Hay  femily. 

ER'ROL,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co,,  Xew  Hampshire,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Umbagog  Lake,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Lancaster. 
Pop.  178. 

ERROMAXGO  ISLAXT).    See  New  Hebrides. 

ERROXAN,  Jr'ro-ndn',  or  EOOTOOXA,  foo-too'nl  an  island 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  Xew  Hebrides.  Lat.  19°  31'  S., 
Ion.  170°  8'  E. 

pnjROOB,  an  island  of  Torres  Strait,  in  Australasia.  See 
Darnley  Isi.a.vd. 

ERROOR',  a  small  maritime  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  JIadras.  50  miles  S.E.  of  Calicut. 

ERSEK-UJ  VAR,  jRVhJk'-ooVvaR/,  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, 22  mill's  S.S.E.  of  Xeutra,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Neu- 
tra.    Pop.  6785.    It  has  a  Franciscan  and  a  normal  school. 

ERSKIX'E,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  on  the 
Clyde,  5  miles  W.X.W.  of  Renfrew.  The  Earls  of  Mar  took 
their  surname  from  this  parish,  formerly  their  property. 

KRSTEIX,  jR'stine,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas- 
Bhin,  on  the  111,  and  on  the  railway  thence  to  Mulhausen 
{or  Mulhouse.)  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3688.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  cord- 
age, tobacco,  tiles  and  earthenware. 

ERTIXGEX.  5R'ting-en,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle 
of  Danuljo,  bailiwick  and  S.  of  Riedlingen.    Pop,  1879. 

ERTVAAG-OE,  Ju'vog-o'Sh,  an  island  of  Norway,  stift  of 
Trondbjem.  Lat.  63°  13'  N.,  Ion.  8°  20'  E.  Length  and  breadth 
about  12  miles  each. 

ERTVKLDE.  feRtVJl'deh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  9  miles  N.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  3060. 

ERUSLAX,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Yeroslak. 

ERVA7.,  jR-vats/,  or  ERVAZZE,  ^R-vSt/sA,  a  village  of 
Austria,  in  Dalraatia,  circle,  and  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Spalato, 
near  the  Cettina. 

ER/VIXG.  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Massachusetts, 
on  the  E.  side  of  C^mnecticut  River,  and  on  the  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts  Railroad,  70  miles  W.X.W,  of  I5oston.  Pop.  527. 

ERVY,  iv>yee/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube,  19 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Troves.  Pop.  1821,  It  has  manufactures  of 
coarse  linens  and  wicker-work. 

ERWA.  ^R/wd\  anisland  in  the  Red  Sea,oneof  the  Dh.xlak 
group.     It  is  moderately  high,  and  about  12  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. 
.   ER'WARTON.  a  parish  of  England.co,  of  Suffolk. 

ER'WASH.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham,  which 
falls  into  tlia  Trent,  about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Nottingham. 

Elt/WI.X,  a  post-township  of  Steuben  co.,  Xew  York,  20 
miles  S.S.  E.  of  Bath ;  intersected  by  the  Erie  Railroad.  Pod. 
1859.  ^ 

E  RAVIN  CEN'TRE,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York,  situated  in  the  aliove  township. 

ERWIN'NA,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Delaware  River,  opposite  Frenchtown,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  bridge. 
640 


ERWINSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Cleveliind  co..  North 
Carolina. 

ER'WINTON,  a  post-office  of  Lamewell  district.  South 
Carolina. 

ER'WYRS,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  D^nllgh. 

ERXLElsEN,  ^Rx'l.i'bfn.  a  village  of  Prr,;isi-«,  rjOV<',fniiient 
ofilagdeliurg.  andlOniilesS.of  Xew  lialdei-sleben.  P.  1687. 

ERYTHR.i:UM  MARE.    See  Rei,  Sea. 

E1;YX.  in  Northern  Italy.     See  Leeici. 

ERZBERG.  ^Rts/bteo,  ("Ore  mouiitain.")  a  celebrated 
mining  district  of  Styria.  circle  of  Bruck.  The  market-town 
of  Eisenerz  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  Erzberg  Mountain;  and 
here  for  upwards  of  1000  years,  extensive  iron  mines  hove 
been  in  operation.  These  yield  annually  300,000  cwt.  of  the 
best  iron.  On  the  summit  of  the  mountain  a  colossal  iron 
crucifix,  25  feet  in  ele^  ation,  was  erected  by  the  Aj'chduke 
John  in  1821    See  EiSEyuBZ. 

ERZEX,  eR/zJn,  (unc.  Ar^ano'rum  Op'pidvrnT  or  TJiOsf- 
pia  ?)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  85  milts  E.  of  Diarbekir,  on 
the  Erzen  River  an  affluent  of  the  Tigris.  Near  it,  on  the  E,, 
is  the  small  lake  Thospitis. 

ERZEXGAX.  er'zen-gdn',  or  ERZIXGEN,  ?r'zin-ghJn',  a 
town  of  Asiatic  Tiirkey.  pashalic  of  Erzrofjm.  in  a  fine 
plain  on  the  Euphrates,  75  miles  W.S.W.  of  Erzroom.  It 
is  said  to  comprise  3000  houses. 

EliZEIlOUM  or  ERZLKUM.    See  Erzroom. 

ERZ-GEBIRGE,  ^Rtfi'ga-beeR'ga,  ("ore  mountains,")  a 
mounti\Jn  chain  of  South  Germany.  boiii:ding  Saxony  on 
the  E.  and  Bohemia  on  the  X.W„  and  extending  from  the 
FiL-htelberg  N.E.  to  the  Saxon  Switzerland.  Total  length, 
alwut  120  miles:  average  breadth,  25  mUes:  average  height, 
25(10  feet,  but  the  Schwarzwald  rises  to  4fiOl)  feet.  It  is 
abrupt  on  its  S.E.  side,  mostly  of  primary  formation,  and 
yields  numerous  mefcillic  ores,  whence  its  name. 

ERZGEBIRGER-KREIS,  ^Rts/ga-leen'tLher-krls,  or  EEZ- 
GEBIRGE,adistrict  or  circleofSaxonj- prior  to  thenew  divi- 
sion of  the  liingdoni  in  1835,  It  lay  alons;  the  mountains 
of  the  same  name,  and  is  now  included  chiefiy  in  the  circle 
or  province  of  Zwickau,  excepting  small  portions  in  the  cir- 
cles oj-  provinces  of  Dresden  and  Leipsic. 

ERZIXGEX,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  EEZEXGAy, 

ERZROOM,  ERZROUM  or  ERZRUM.  erzVoom'.  (written 
also  ERZEROUM.  ERZERUM,  and  ARZROOM,  arz'i-oom',) 
{».nc.  Arztn  f)  the  principal  city  of  Armenia,  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, capital  of  a  paslialic  of  the  same  name,  in  a  plain  on  the 
Kara  Soo,  or  W.  branch  of  the  Euphrates,  from  5500  to  6000 
feetabovethesea,  30  miles  long  and  20  miles  bnad.  120  miles 
S.E.  of  Trebizond,  and  155  mile^  W.  of  Mount  Ararat.  The 
population,  before  the  Russian  inva.sion  in  ]8:i0.  was  esti- 
mated at  100,000,  but  in  1844  it  was  only  4i),(Xl0;  it  is,  how- 
ever, regularly  increasing.  Elevation. 6100  feet.  It  is  partly 
enclosed  by  a  wall  30  feet  high,  and  has  an  extensive  citadel. 
The  streets  are  narrow,  filthy,  and  infested  with  dogs;  the 
houses  are  mostly  of  mud.  timber,  or  sun-di  ii?d  bricks,  Tlie 
principal  buildings  are  the  Armenian  and  Greek  churches 
and  schools,  about  40  mosques,  a  large  custoni-hi.use.  and 
numerous  khans  or  caravanserais.  Erzroom  has  an  exten- 
sive trade  with  all  the  adjacent  countries,  and  is  a  chief  halt>- 
ing  station  for  caravans  going  from  Teheran  to  Jlecca.  The 
imports  comprise  shawls,  silk,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  indigo, 
niiidder.  and  rhubarb,  from  the  E..  and  broadcloths,  chintzes, 
shawls,  and  cutlery,  from  the  W..  by  way  of  the  Black  Sea.  Its 
vicinity  is  extremely  fertile :  and  near  it  many  cattle,  horses, 
mules,  and  sheep,  are  reared,  which,  with  furs,  galls,  Ac,  form 
the  principjil  exports.  Erzroom  was  founded  about  415,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Arze.  u;ider  the  name  of  Tliendosio- 
jxtlis;  and  it  was  the  bulwark  of  Armenia  under  the  Byzan- 
tines, as  it  still  is  under  the  Turk-s.  its  position  rendering  it 
an  important  military  post.  Erzroom  is  supposed  to  be  a 
corruption  of  Ardz-lioom,  i.e.  "the  land  of  Rome;"'  the 
Turks  sometimes  applying  the  name  Room  (or  Rome)  to  any 
territory  that  was  recognised  as  forming  a  part  of  the  ancient 
Roman  or  Byzantine  empire. 

liRZROOM  or  ERZROUM,  PASHALIC  OF.  one  of  the 
great  subdivisions  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  comprising  the  major 
part  of  Turkish  Armenia,  mostly  between  lat.  39°  and  41° 
N.,  and  Ion.  39°  and  44°  E..  having  X.  the  pashalic  of  Trebi- 
zond, W.  Seevas,  S.  Diarbekir  and  Bagdad,  (Koordistan,)  and 
E.  Persia  (Azerbai'jan't  and  the  Russian  dnmiiiions.  (Georgi.'i, 
&c.)  It  is  a  lofty  table-land ;  elevation  estimated  at  6(K)0  feet ; 
traversed  fi-om  E.  to  AV.  by  several  mouutjiiu  chjiins.  and 
containing  the  sources  of  the  Euphrates,  Araxes,  Koor,  and 
Tchoruk  Rivers.  The  winter  and  spiing  climate  is  severe,  but 
the  summer  heat  is  considerable.  It  has  ui.any  extensive  and 
fertile  valleys,  producing  rye,  barley,  flax,  and  fine  fruits, 
and  rich  pasturages,  feeding  numerous  herds  of  cattle.  &c. 
It  is  sul)divided  into  the  districts  of  Eizroom,  Kars,  Ipsera, 
Bayazeed,  Moosh,  Ac;  the  princijial  to\M;sareoi  >ameUHn  e, 

ESA,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  States,    See  Lts. 

ESA,  A/si,  (L.  Imi.)  a  village  of  the  Sardininn  States,  in 
Piedmont,  6  miles  E.X.E.  of  Nice,  on  a  lofty  height  com- 
manding a  view  of  the  sea,  and,  in  clear  weather,  of  the 
mountains  of  Corsica. 

ESCALA,  LA.  \i  ^s-kj/li.  a  town  of  Spain.  IS  miles  N.E.  of 
Geroua,  with  a  fisliing  port  In  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  2295. 


ESC 


ESK 


ESCALAPLANO,  Ss-ka-li-pUVno,  or  SCALAPLANO,  skj- 
j3-py/iio,  a  village. on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province,  and 
15  miles  E.  of  Isili,  on  the  S.  slope  of  a  hill  between  two 
strenm.s.    Pop.  1220. 

KSCALOXA,  fee-kS-lo'ni,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  28 
miles  N.W.  of  Toledo,  on  the  Alberche.  Pop.  500.  It  has  a 
ruined  palace,  and  remains  of  ancient  walls. 

ESC.\LONA,  a  marketrtown  of  Spain,  province,  and  12 
miles  N.  of  Segovia.     Pop.  lCrj8. 

ESCALONILLA,  Js-ki-lo-neeVj-d.  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Toledo,  in  a  pleasant  valley. 
Pop.  21it5. 

KSC AMBIA,  a  county  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  Flori- 
da, bordering  on  Alabama.  Area  about  850  square  miles. 
The  Perdido  River  bounds  it  on  the  W.,  and  separates  it 
from  Alabama;  the  Escambia  River,  from  which  the  name 
is  derived,  forms  its  K.  boundary,  and  the  S.  border  is  wasiied 
by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  is 
mostly  covered  by  forests  of  pine ;  the  soil  is  generally  poor. 
Capital,  Pensacola.  Pop.  5708,  of  whom  3807  were  free,  and 
1901  slaves. 

ESCAM'BIA  RIVER  rises  in  Monroe  co.,  Alabama,  and 
flows  into  an  arm  of  Pensacola  Bay.  It  is  navigable  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Conecuh,  which  is  also  navi;;able  more  than 
50  miles  beyond  this  point.  Above  their  junction  the  Cone- 
cuh is  the  larg(!r  stream. 

ESCATAI'TA,  or  DCKJ  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Alabama 
and  MLssissippi.  Hows  .southward  and  enters  the  Pascajroula 
near  its  mouth,  and  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Mis.sissippi. 

E.SCATliO.V,  Ss-kd-tron',  a  town  of  Spain,  42  miles  S.E.  of 
Saragossa,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Martino  and  Ebro. 
Pop.  22C3. 

ESCAUT,  a  river  of  France  and  Belgium.    See  Scheldt. 

ESCII.VU,  fsh'dw,  a  market-town  of  Rav.iria,  in  Lower 
Franconia,  on  the  Elstiva,  :!0  miles  W. of  Wiirzburg.  Pop.  7C0. 

ESCriKLBACII,  Jsh'el-baK\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Lower  Rhine,  near  Miesloch.     Pop.  973. 

ESCIIEXAU.  &h'en-(5w\  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle 
of  Neckar.  6  miles  E.  of  Weinsberg,  with  a  parish  church 
and  a  castle.    Pop.  951. 

ESCIIEXBACII,  Jsh'i>n-bilK\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  27  miles 
S.E.  of  Baireuth.    Pop.  ISOO. 

ESCIIENBACII,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  9  miles  S.E.  of 
Anspach. 

ESCHKXBACn,  Jsh'fn-b3K\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  6  miles  N.  of  Lucerne. 

ESCIIEN'Z.  ^shMnts,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Thurgau.  on  the  Rhine.  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  SchafT- 
hausen.  consisting  of  Ober  and  Unter  Eschenz.     Pop.  2016. 

ESCIIERSIIAUSEN.  fsh'frs-hOw'zen,  a  village  of  Bruns- 
wick, on  the  Lenne.    Pop.  1070.  employed  in  linen-weaving. 

ESCIIMUNEIN,  a  village  of  Central  Egypt.    See  Obiimoo- 

NEYX. 

ESCIIOLTZ  (Jsh'olts)  BAY.  an  inlet  of  Kotzebue  Sound. 
In  Behring  Strait,  Russian  America,  near  the  Arctic  Circle, 
Ion.  161°  10'  W.  Here  some  remarkable  fossil  remains  have 
been  discovered. 

ESCIKJLZ.MATT,  5Bh'olts-mJtt\  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Lucerne,  bailiwick  of  Entelbuch, 
nearly  3000  feet  above  sea-level.    Pop.  2908. 

ESCIir.EFP.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  AstTRtTFF. 

ESCIIWEPcE,  feh'wcVghfh,  a  walb^d  town  of  Uesse-Cassel, 
province  of  Nieder-IIesson,  on  the  AVerra,  26  miles  fi.S.E.  of 
Cassel.  Pop.  6012.  It  is  a  flourishing  town,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  woollens  and  linens. 

ESCIIWEILK.R.  ?ph'<~vner,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  9 
miles  il.X.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  the  railway  thence  to 
Cologne.  Pop.  7884.  It  manufactures  ribands,  woollens, 
canvas,  needles,  iron  wire,  and  machinery. 
.  ESCLU'SIIAM,  Above  and  Baow,  the  name  of  two  town- 
ships of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

ESCOCIA.  and  ESCOCE.S.     See  Scothnd. 

EfCOiri:Atl.  f-s'ko-hJg'.  post-ofRoe.  Kent  oo.,  Rhode  Island. 

ES'COM  (!  K.  a  parochial  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

ESCOXAW'BA.  a  post-oftice  of  Delta  co.,  Michigan. 

ESCOXDIDO,  fs-kon-dee'DO,  (i.  e.  "hidden,"  or  "shel- 
tered,") a  harbor  of  Cuba,  on  its  S.  coast,  60  miles  E.  of  San- 
tiago. 

ESCOX'DIDO,  a  harbor  of  Venezuela,  department  of  Zulia, 
province  of  Coro,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  peninsula  of  Para- 
guana. 

ESCOXDIDO,  a  harbor  of  Xew  Granada,  department  of 
Isthmus,  province  of  Cauca,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Panama.  140  miles  S.E.  of  Panama. 

ESCOXDIDO.  a  harbor  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  in  lat.  25° 
55'  X.,  Ion.  110°  45'  W..  near  Loreto. 

ESCOXDIDO.  a  harbor  of  Yucatan,  at  the  X.E.  extremity 
of  Lake  Terminos.  Lat.  18°  50'  N.,  Ion.  91°  5'  W.  It  is  the 
name  of  the  adjacent  channel  from  Lake  Terminos  into  the 
Sulf  of  Mexico,  and  of  the  Bluefields  River,  in  Central 
Imerica. 

ESCORIAZA.  Js-ko-re-a'thd,  a  town  of  Spain,  S3  miles 
tf.W.  of  St.  Sebastian,  with  mineral  springs.     Pop.  1761. 

ES'CRICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

ESCUDO,  Ss-koo/do,  an  Island  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  about 
2Q 


9  miles  from  the  X.  coast  of  A'eragua.  Lat.  (W.  point)  9°  6 
24"  X..  Ion.  81°  34'  30"  \V. 

ESCUDO  DE  VERAGUA,  fs-koo'do  d.i  v.^-rj'gwa.  a  river 
dividing  Central  from  South  America,  flows  into  the  Carilv 
bean  Sea. 

E.^CUIXTLA,  Js-kweent.'ld,  a  town  of  Central  America, 
on  the  Pacific.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Guatemala,     i'op.  2.500. 

ESCULA'PIA,  or  SULl'IIUR  SI'RIXGS,  of  Lewis  CO., 
Kentucky.  This  fashionable  watering-place  is  situated  in 
a  delightful  valley.  The  buildings  are  large  enough  tfl 
accommodate  200  persons. 

ESCURl  AL,  ^s-koo-re-ai',  or  ESCORIAL.  Js-ko-re-Sl',  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  Estremadura.  province,  and  32  miles  S.E.  of 
Cnceres,  on  the  side  of  a  hill.     Pop.  2300. 

ESCUltlAL.  Ss-koo-re-ai'.  ESCORIAL.  or  ESCORIAL  DK 
ABA.IO,  ^s-ko-re-,ai'  d;l  d-ld/no,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  24  miles  X.W.  of  .Madrid,  on  the  S.S.E.  slojie  of  the 
Sierra  Guadarrama.  Pop.  1326.  It  is  remarkable  for  the 
celebrated  monastery  and  palace  of  the  Escuiial  in  its  vici- 
nity. This  splendid  edifice,  built  by  Philip  II.,  is  con- 
structed in  the  form  of  a  gridiron,  and  contains  a  magni- 
ficent mausoleum  for  the  meml>ers  of  the  royal  family,  an 
extensive  collection  of  rare  paintings,  liooks,  and  MSS.  It 
is  the  usual  residence  of  the  court  in  autumn. 

ESDRi^•:LOX  or  ESDRELOX,  ^s-dree/lon,  PLAIX  OF, 
(Turk.  Mf-rj  Ihno  Amce.r.)  a  famous  plain  of  Palestine, 
pashalic.  and  from  10  to  30  miles  S.  of  Acre,  between  Mounts 
Carmel  W.  and  ilermon  and  Gilboa  E.  It  Is  lii4hly  fertile 
and  watered  by  the  Ki.shon.  It  hits  been  the  .scene  of  numer- 
ous combats,  both  in  ancient  and  modern  times,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  victory  of  Deborah  and  Barak  over  Sisera. 
(Judges  iv.  12-15.) 

ESKXS,  Jz'^nss  or  A/z?nss,  a  town  of  Hanover,  near  the 
Xorth  Sea.  26  miles  X.E.  of  Emden.     Pop.  2218. 

ESGUEIRA,  Js-gi/e-rd,  a  village  of  I'ortugal.  province  of 
Beira.  22  miles. X.E.  of  Aveiro.  Pop.  2900.  It  has  a  Bene- 
dictine convent,  the  oldest  in  the  kingdom. 

ESII,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham.  It  has  a 
handsome  Roman  Catholic  college. 

ESII'EiJ.  a  parish  of  lOngland.  co.  of  Surrey.  The  royal 
palace  of  Claremont,  in  this  parish,  was  built  by  the  great 
Lord  Clive,  and  purchased  for  the  residence  of  the  Princess 
Charlotte  and  Prince  Leopold  in  1816.  It  was  the  residence 
of  Louis  Philippe  atler  his  abdication  in  1848.  Esber  Place 
is  a  splendid  Gothic  .structure,  once  occupied  by  Cardinal 
Wolsey.  and  now  the  property  of  the  Pelham  family. 

ESIIMOUXEYN,  a  village  of  Egvpt.     See  Oshmooxetn. 

ESII'OLT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.    Esholt  Ilall  occupies  the  site  of  a  nunnery. 

ESIPTEJIO'A.  an  ancient  town  of  Palestine,  pa.shalic  of 
Damascus,  identified  with  the  modern  village  of  Semooa  or 
Semua,  8  miles  S.  of  Hebron,  and  has  remains  of  antiquity. 

ES1.A.X0,  A-se-l'no,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
province  of  Cagliari,  in  an  exposed  and  rugged  district  on 
the  elevated  plateau  of  Planargia.    Pop.  1500. 

ESIXE,  .-l-see'nA,  a  village  or  Northern  Italy,  province  of 
Bergamo,  4  miles  S.  of  Breno,  on  the  Oglio.     Pop.  1311. 

ESIXO.  A-si'o'no,  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Marches, 
rises  on  the  X.  sl'ipe  of  the  Apennines,  flows  X.W.,  and  enters 
the  Adriatic  7  miles  X.W.  of  Ancona.     Length.  40  miles. 

ESK.  fok,  a  beautiful  lake  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.,  and 
about  3  miles  X.X.E.  of  Donegal.     Area,  976  acres. 

ESK.  a  mountain  range  of  Ireland,  in  Mun.ster,  between 
the  COS.  of  Cork  and  Kerry. 

ESK,  a  river  of  England,  oo.  of  Cximberland.  rises  in  Sea- 
Fell,  and  flows  S.W.  for  20  miles  into  the  Irish  Sea,  near 
Ravenglass. 

ESK.  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Black  and  White  Esk  in  Eskdalemuir, 
flows  24  miles  into  Solway  Frith,  near  Sarkfoot.  Its  valley 
is  noted  fjr  picturesque  scenery. 

ESKDALEMUIR,  Jsk-dAl-miire',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co., 
and  22  miles  X.E.  of  Dumfries.  This  formed  part  of  the 
distiict  of  Eskdale,  early  settled  by  Norman  barons. 

ESKE,  Jsk,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Xorth  Riding, 
rises  near  Kildale.  and  flows  E.  into  the  Xorth  Sea  at  Whitby. 

ESK EE  or  ESKI,  is/kee,  (signifying  "old,")  a  Turkish 
prefix  of  the  names  of  numerous  towns.  &e. 

ESKEE  ADALIA.  fsTcee  a-dd'lee/yd,  the  ruins  of  the  an- 
cient Side,  in  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Adana.  on  the  Mediter 
ranean,  35  miles  X'.W.  of  Alaya,  comprising  the  remains  of 
defensive  walls,  and  a  large  theatre. 

ESKEE  AXDAVAL.  ?s/kee  in-dd-vai'.  a  town  of  Turkey, 
pashalic  of  Konieh,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Xigdeh.  and  famous  in 
antiquity  for  its  breed  of  horses. 

ESKEE  BABA,  Js^kee  bl'ba.  a  village  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Room-Elee.  28  miles  S.E.  of  Adrianople. 

ESKEE  (or  ESKI)  DJUMA,  S.s/kee  joo/md.  a  town  of  Bul- 
garia, 18  W.  of  Shoomla. 

ESKEE  (or  ESKI)  EREKLT.  ?s/kee  e-r^kHee.  a  town  of 
Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  55  miles  W.  of 
Constantinople. 

ESKEE  (or  ESKF;  IIISSAR,  ?.s/kee-his-sar',  (ane.  LanrH. 
cefa.)  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia.  46  miles  S.E. 
of  Ala-Shehr,  (anc.  Philadelphia,)  has  extensive  remains  of 

611 


ESK 

walls,  two  theatres,  temples,   &c.;   but,  having  suffered 
greatly  frr  m  earthquakes,  Its  site  is  now  wholly  deserted. 

JiSK  EK  (or  ESKI)  IIISSAR,  (anc.  Stratoniae'a.)  a  ruined 
city  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia.  55  miles  S.E.  of  Ayasalook, 
(anc.  Eph'fsus.)  It  ha?  extensiye  remains,  including  a  vast 
temple  and  a  theatre. 

ESK  E  F>S  AR  A,  is'kee  sj'ri,  or  ESKI-SAGR  A.  Js'kee  sl'grl, 
a  town  of  European  Tut  key,  province  of  R(X)m-Elee.  on  the  S. 
elope  of  the  Balkan  Mr  untains,  70  miles  N.AV.  of  Adrianople. 
Pop.  20,000.(?)  It  is  fir.ely  situated,  and  h."is  manufactures  of 
carpets  and  leather.     Near  it  are  hot  mineral  baths. 

ESKEE  (or  ESKI)  SIIEIIR,  h'kee  shMi'r,  (anc.  Dori/- 
loelumf)  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kutaieh. 

ESKEK  STAMBOOL.  (KSKI  STAMBOUL.)  fs'kee  stdm- 
bool'.  is  the  anciei.t  Alexaxdru  Trmas,  which  see. 
ESKEK,  a  river  of  European  Turkey.    See  Isker. 
ESKI.    See  Eskee. 

ESKILSTUXA,  Js-kil-stoo'nI.  a  town  of  Sweden,  57  miles 
VT.  of  Stockholm,  on  the  Hjelmar.     Pop.  2486. 
ESKILUP,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Iskixib. 
ESKIMOS.    See  Esqiimaux. 

ESK,  NORTH,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  rises  in 
the  Grampians,  and  flows  32  miles  into  the  German  Ocean, 
3  miles  N.  of  Montrose. 

ESK,  NORTH  and  SOUTH,  two  small  but  beautiful 
streams,  rise  in  the  co.  of  Peebles,  flow  through  Mid- 
Lothian,  unite  near  Dalkeith,  and  proceed  to  the  sea  at 
Musselburgh.  The  X.  branch  flows  past  Roslin  Castle  and 
Hawthoruden. 

ESK,  NORTH  and  SOUTH,  two  rivers  of  Van  Dieman's 
Land,  district  of  Launceston,  flow  W.  and  join  the  Mac- 
quarrie  and  Quamby  to  form  the  Tamar  River,  The  town 
of  Launceston  is  on  the  North  and  Perth  on  the  South  Esk. 
ESK,  SOUTH,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  rises  in 
the  Grampians,  in  the  X.W.  part  of  the  co..  flows  E.  through 
Strathmore,  after  a  course  of  36  miles,  into  _Monti-ose  Ilar^ 
bor.  The  towns  of  Brechin  and  Monti-ose  are  on  its  banks. 
Fine  pearls  were  formerly  fished  in  this  river. 

ES1..\,  ^sld,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  N.  part 
of  the  province  of  Leon,  near  Valdeburon.  in  the  S.  slope  of 
the  mountains  of  Asturias.  flows  S.S.W.,  and  joins  the 
Douro  about  15  miles  below  Zamora,  after  a  course  of  about 
125  miles. 

ESMERALDA,  Js-mi-ril'dS,  sometimes  written  ESME- 
RELDA.  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  rises  near 
Quito,  flows  N.W.,  and  enters  the  Pacific  in  lat.  0°  5S'  N., 
Ion.  79°  40'  W.,  after  a  course  of  110  miles.  At  its  mouth  is 
a  village  of  the  same  name. 

ES.MERALDA.  a  mission  settlement  of  Venezuela,  on  the 
Orinoco,  16  miles  E.  of  its  bifurcation. 

ESMER.4LDAS.  fe-nitr-dl'dSs.  a  maritime  town  of  Ecu.v 
dor,  province  of  Imlximbura.  95  miles  N.W.  of  Quito,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Esmereldas. '  Lat.  1°  X..  Ion.  7!i°  35'  W. 

ESMERALDA.  SERRA,  .sjR'iid  is-m.A-rdlUt  a  mountain 
chain  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Geraes,  between  the  Doce 
and  Belmonte  Rivers.  Lat.  1S°  30'  S.  Length  from  W.  to 
E..  alxiut  170  miles. 

ESXEII,  yinhh..  or  ESN^.  Iffak.  written  also  ESXA,  (Cop- 
tic, 'Sne ;  a.nc.Lato}Mtf,)the  priucip.il  eommerci;U  town  of  Up- 
per Efrypt.on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile.25  miles  S.of  Thel>es. 
L.<it.  25°  19'  39"  N..  Ion.  32°  34'  30"  E.  It  stands  on  a  mound 
of  debris,  30  feet  in  height,  and  is  the  entrepOt  for  the  Sen- 
naar  caravans.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  shawls, 
potterj-,  a  cotton-spinning  factory,  and  a  Coptic  monastery; 
out  it  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  ruins,  especially  for  those 
of  a  vast  ancient  temple.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  4000. 
ESO.  A'so.  an  i.iland  of  D.ilmatia.  8  miles  "S.W.  of  Zara,  in 
the  Adriatic,  lietween  the  islands  of  Grossa  and  Ugliano. 
Leu<ith.  7  miles;  average  breadth.  Ij  miles. 

E/SOM  HILL,  a  post-oflice  of  Paulding  co..  Georgia. 
ESO'PUS.  a  ])ost-yill.Tge  and  township  of  Ulster  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  about  r8  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Al- 
bany.   The  village,  situated  2  miles  \V.  of  the  river,  has 
several  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township.  4734. 

ESOPUS  CREEK,  of  Ulster  county,  in  the  E.  part  of  New 
Tork,  falls  into  the  Hudson    River  15  miles    S.S.W.  of 
Catskill. 
ES<»U.\N,  a  town  of  Egvpt.    See  Asswan. 
ESI'ADACINTA,  *s-pj  bl-seen'ti,  a  fortified  frontier  town 
(^  Portugal,  province  of  Tra.s-os-Montes,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Diiuro.  2i.)  miles  E.  of  Torre  de  Moncorvo. 
ESI'AGNE.  F.SPAGNOL.    See  Spaix. 
ESI'ALION,  S.s'pi"le^Sj(«,  a  town  of  France,  departmentof 
Aveyroii.  on  the  Lot.  16  miles  N,E,  of  Rodez.    Pop.  2600. 
ESI'ANA.  ESPASfOL.    See  Spai.\. 
ESI'AS.tLA.    See  Hatti. 

ESI'ARDELL.  Js-par-dJll',  one  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  in 
the  Mediterranean,  a  little  N.  of  Formentera,  and  between 
that  island  and  Ivi^a.     Lat.  38°  48'  N.,  Ion.  1°  25'  E. 

ESPARRAGOSA-DE-LARES,  ^s-paR-nd-go'sa  dA  li'rfs,  a 
town  of  Spain.  Estremadura.  80  miles  E.  of  Badajos.  P.  2450. 
ESl'ARRAGUERA.  Js-paR-p.i-gA'ra.  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Cataloni.1,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Llobregat. 
Pop.  2.'i66.  It  has  numerous  cloth  factories,  paper  mills,  and 
ft  celebrated  annual  &ir. 
642 


ESQ 

ESP  ARTEL,  CAPE,    See  Cape  Spaetei. 
ESPE.TO,  f.s-pA'flo,  a  town  of  Spain,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Cor- 
dova, with  the  remains  of  a  Moorish  castle.'     Pop.  .52'!4. 

ESl'ELETTE.  Js'peh-lJttA  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Bas.ses-Pyren6«s.  12  miles  S.  of  Bayonne.     Pop.  160(1. 

ESI'ER  A,  Js-pd'rJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  34  miles  N.E.  of  Cadiz, 
on  the  Guadalete.     Pop.  1577.    It  has  linen  weavii.g. 

ES/PERANCE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Schoharie 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Schoharie  Creek,  28  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Albany.    Pop.  of  the  township.  1409. 
ESPERANCE,  PORT.    See  Apamsojj"s  IIaesor. 
ESPERAZA,  JVpfh-ri'zJ',  a  town  of  France,  dop.nrtment 
of  Aude,  8  miles  S.  of  Limoux,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Audc. 
Pop.  1403.     It  has  m.anufactures  of  hats. 
ESPICHEL.  CAPE.    See  Cape  Espichel. 
ESPIEL,  fs-pe4!'.  a  town  of  Spain.  25  miles  N.W.  ot  Cor- 
dova, near  the  left  hank  of  the  Guadiato.     Pop.  1088. 

ESPIERRE,  Js'pe-aiR',  a  village  of  Belgium.  West  Flan- 
ders, 8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Courtrai.  Here  the  French  force  was 
defeated  by  the  Austrian*  and  Engli.sh.  May  22,  1794. 

ESPINWRDO,  ?spe-naR'do,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
2  miles  N.N.W.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  1SS7. 

ESPINHAQO.  SERRA  DO,  sSr/rS  do  ?s-peen-y3'so.  a  moun- 
tain chain  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia.  extends  from  near 
Bahia  to  the  Uruguay.    It  contains  rich  diamond-mines. 

ESPINOSA-DE-LOS-MONTEROS.  Js-pe-no'si  dA  loce  mon- 
tA'roce,  a  town  of  Spain.  52  miles  N.  of  Burgos,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  Trueba.  Pop.  2298.  Here  the  French  gained  a 
victory  over  the  Spaniards.  November,  1S08. 

ESPIRITO  SANTO,  Js-pVe-to  sdn'to  or  fs-pee're-fo  s,?n'to, 
a  small  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  between  lat.  1S°  30'  .and 
21°  20'  S.,  having  N.  the  province  of  Porto  Seguro.  and  E.  the 
Atlantic.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Doce,  which  bounds 
it  on  the  N.,  and  the  Parahiba  do  Sul.  on  the  S. 

ESPIRITO  SANTO  or  VILLA  VELHA  D'ESPIRITO 
SANTO,  veelll  vJi'yl  dJs-pee're-to  sin'to,  the  former  capital 
of  the  above  province,  is  situated  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Bay 
of  Espirjto  Santo.     Pop.  1000. 

ESPIRITU  SANTO,  Js-plr'e-too  s.^n'to  or  ?.s-pee're-too  s3n/- 
to,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province  of  Badajos, 
42  miles  E.  of  Llerena. 

ESPIRITU  SANTO,  ?spli''e-too  sin'to  or  Js-pee're-too  s3n'- 
to,  a  cape  of  Terra  del  Fueso;  lat.  52°  38'  S.,  Ion.  68°  37'  W. 
ESPIRITU  SANTO,  a  town  of  Cuba,  near  the  centre  of  the 
island.     Pop.  99';2.  aVcut  hiilf  of  whom  are  whites. 

ESPIRITU  SANTO,  the  largest  and  westernmost  of  the 
New  Hebrides  Islands,  iu  the  Pacific.  Lat.  15°  S.,  Ion 
167°  E.     Length.  66  miles :  breadth.  20  miles. 

ESPIRITU  SANTO,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  30 
miles  N.  of  \a  P.iz.  13  miles  in  length  by  5  miles  in  breadth. 
ESPIRITU  SANTO,  a  group  of  the  Bahama  Isliinds,  18 
miles  S.  of  .\ndros. 
ESPIRITU  SANTO  BAY,  Florida.    See  Tampa  Bat. 
ESPIT.\.  ^s-pee-'td.  a  town  of  Central  America,  in  Yuca- 
tan, about  30  miles  N.  of  Valladolid.     Pop.  ROOO. 

ESPLUGA  DE  FRANCOLI.  ?s-ploo'gi  d-\  frjn-ko-lee',  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tarragona. 
Pop.  2702, 

ESPORL.\.S.  Js-poEnjs,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  island  of 
Majorca.  8  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Palma.  In  its  vicinity  are 
some  curious  natural  caverns.     Pep.  1857. 

ESPOSEND.\.  Js-po-sfn'da,  a  maritime  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Minho.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cavado,  26  miles  N. 
of  Oporto.     Pop.  1500. 

ES'PY,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvani.a,  on 
the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  about  85  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

ES'PY VI LLE.  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Shenan'TO  Creek,  110  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pittsburg. 

ESQUERMES.  fs'kaiRm/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
ofNord.     Pop.  1707. 

ESQUILLADO,  L',  iJs-keel-yd/do,  a  smaU  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  coast  of  France.  Lat.  43°  3'  N., 
Ion.  0°  34i'  E. 

ESQUI>I.\UX,  fste-mC'  or  fs'ke-m^z,  sometimes  written 
ESKIMOS.  ('•  eaters  of  raw  flesh."')  the  present  inhabitants 
of  Arctic  America  and  Greenland,  of  Mongol  origin,  and  con- 
sisting of  three  principal  stocks:- -the  Kalalits.  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Greenlanders;  the  Esqtiimaux  proper,  on  the 
N,  and  E.  coast  of  Labrador:  and  the  Western  Esquimaux, 
found  along  Hudson's  Bay.  the  W.  side  of  Bafiin's  Bay.  the  po- 
lar shores  of  America,  as  far  as  the  mouths  of  the  Coppt>rmine 
and  Mackenzie  Rivers,  and  both  on  the  American  and  Asi- 
atic sides  of  Behring's  Straits.  This  last  locality  gives  them 
the  remarkable  peculiarity  of  l)eing  the  onlyabori-inal  race 
common  to  the  Old  and  the  New  \Vorld.  Their  leading  phy- 
sical pe<-uliarities  are  a  stunted  stature,  (seldom  exceeding 
five  feet  in  height."*  flattened  nose,  projecting  cheek-bones, 
thick  lips,  eyes  often  oblique,  and  yellow  and  biTwnish 
skin.  The  dress  of  the  men  consists  chiefly  of  a  cloak  of 
seal-skins,  which  reaches  to  the  knees;  and  that  of  the  wo- 
men differs  from  it  only  in  a  few  minute  points,  often 
scarcely  discernible.  In  summer  Xhey  .ivo  in  teuts  covered 
with  the  skins  of  rein  and  fallow  deer,  in  wluti^r  they  may 
be  said  to  burrow  beneath  the  snow     Their  cLief  depoiid- 


ESQ 

ence  for  food  is  on  fishing,  particularly  on  that  of  the  seal. 
Their  weapons  are  bows  and  arrows,  and  spears  or  lances, 
generally  pointed  with  stones  or  bones,  but  sometimes  with 
copper.  Their  language  consists  of  long  compound  words, 
and  has  regular  though  remarkable  inflections.  In  gram- 
matical structure,  at  least,  it  is  American.  In  intellect  they 
are  by  no  means  deficient,  and  the  success  which  ultimately 
attended  the  labors  of  the  Danish  missionaries  proves  their 
capability  of  receiving  Christianity,  of  understanding  its 
truths,  and  conforming  to  its  precepts. 

ESQUI.M.4UX,  Js'ke-mo\  an  island  and  harbor  of  North 
America,  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  N.  or  Labrador 
coast.  Lat.  54°  35'  N.,  Ion.  5ij°  21'  W.  The  island  is  2|  miles 
long  and  Ij  broad,  and  al)Out  2iX>  or  250  feet  in  height  on 
the  N.  side.  The  harbor  is  between  the  X.  side  of  the  island 
and  the  mainland. 

ESQUINA,  Is'ketyni,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
(La  Plata,)  province  of  Corrientes,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
i'arani.     Pop.  SOO. 

KSQUIPULAS.  Js-Ue-poo'lSs,  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state  of  Guiitemala,  18  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Chlijuimula.  Pop. 
1800. 

ESROM,  Js'rom,  a  lake  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  See- 
land,  11  miles  W.  of  Elsinore.  Area,  8  .square  miles.  Near 
its  X.  end  is  a  small  village  of  the  same  name. 

E.?S,  iss.  a  magnificent  cataract  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co. 
of  'VVicklow,  4f  miles  W.  of  Ulendalough.  formed  by  the 
Avonbeg  lUver. 

ESSAKTS,  Ll-^S,  lAi  ^s'saR',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  A'endee.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Bourbon  Vendee.     Pop.  2727. 

ESSl5,  ia^sAf,  a  village  of  yrance,  department  of  ]lle-et- 
Vilaine,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Yitre,  with  1703  inhabitants ;  and 
Dear  which  is  the  Roche-aux-Fees,  a  Druidic  monument  oc- 
cupying a  space  about  20  yards  in  length  from  S.E.  to  N.W., 
and  consisting  of  43  large  blocks,  34  of  which  support  8 
others. 

ESSECK,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Eszek. 

ESSKX,  i.s'pgn,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  on  the  Co- 
logne and  Miuden  Railway,  19  miles  N.X.E.  of  Dusseldorf. 
I'op.  2. 1,7 6fi,  employed  in  niiinnfaetures  of  fire-arm.'*,  steam- 
engines,  steel  and  iron  wares,  leather,  vitriol,  woollen  and 
linen  goods,  and  coal-mines.  It  has  Roman  Catholic  and 
Lutheran  churches,  an  old  Capuchin  convent,  and  a  gym- 
na.siura.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  mining  board  and  a  municipal 
court  of  justice. 

E.S.SKN,a  villageof  Hanover,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Osnaburg. 
Pop.  832. 

ES.SKX,  a  village  and  parish  of  Oldenburg,  circle  of  Klop- 
ponliurg,  31  miles  S.S.W.  of  Oldenburg.     Pop.  748. 

ES'.SEXDI.\E,  a  parish  of  England.' co.  of  Rutland. 

ES'SE.VUOX.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Herts. 

E.SSKQUIBO,  fe-seh-kee'bo,  (more  properly  ESSEQUEBO, 
^.s'se-kd'bo.)  the  principal  river  of  British  Guiana,  in  South 
America,  enters  the  Atlantic,  in  the  N'.W.  part  of  that  co- 
lony, by  an  estuary  20  miles  in  width,  in  lat.  7°  \.,  Ion.  58° 
40'  \V.,  after  a  course  of  at  least  450  miles.  One  of  its  sources 
has  been  reached  by  Sir  R.  Sehomburgk.  In  Lit.  0°  41'  N. 
Affluents,  the  Uipununy  or  Rupunoony.  Massenx>ny,  and 
Cuyuui.  Its  course  lies  through  f  irests  of  the  most  gigantic 
vegetation.  It  abounds  with  islands,  and  in  Its  estuary  are 
three  or  four  of  considerable  size.  Alwut  60  miles  from  its 
mouth  are  the  Falls  of  Etiibally.  It  gives  Its  name  to  a 
county  of  British  Guiana. 

ES'SEX.  a  maj-itime  county  of  England,  having  X,  the 
counties  of  Cambridge  and  Suifolk,  E.  the  North  Sea,  S.  the 
Thames,  and  W.  Middlese.x  and  Herts.  Area.  081,120  acres, 
of  which  nearly  900,000  acres  are  anable.  Pop.  ia  1851,  309.318. 
Surface,  towards  the  Thames  and  the  sea.  flat,  marshy,  and 
much  broken  into  peninsulas  .and  islands;  In  the  centre 
and  N.,  beautifully  diversified  and  richly  wooded.  Princi- 
pal rivers,  the  Thames.  Lea,  Stour.  Roding,  Crouch,  Colne, 
Chelmer,  and  Blackwater.  Soil  mostly  a  fertile  loam.  Cli- 
mate on  the  coiist  damp,  and  pnxlncing  agues:  in  other 
parts  clear  and  healthy,  less  rain  falling  than,  jjerhaps,  in 
any  other  English  county.  The  forming  is  ranked  among 
the  best  in  England.  The  quality  of  the  Essex  wheat  is 
very  superior.  Besides  the  usual  crops,  teazels,  8<iffron,  car- 
raway,  and  hops  are  largely  grown.  Great  numbers  of 
calves  are  f  ittened  for  the  London  market,  and  the  butter 
of  Epping  is  of  the  finest  quality.  The  stock  of  sheep  is 
estimated  at  from  500,000  to  600.000  head.  Essex  contains 
14  hundreds.  6  halthundreds.  and  a  royal  liberty,  comprising 
406  parishes  In  the  home  circuit  and  dioceses  of  London  and 
of  Rochester.  Chief  towns.  Chelmsford,  (the  capital,)  Colches- 
ter. Maldon.  and  Harwich.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Eastern  Counties  Railway.  It  sends  ten  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  of  which  two  are  for  its  northern,  and 
two  for  its  .southern,  divisions.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  Coningsby  family. — This  was  the  name  of  a  kingdom  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Heptarchy,  comprising  the  above  county, 
Es.<!ex,  and  parts  of  the  counties  of  Middlesex  and  Hertford- 
shire. 

KS'SEX,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Ver- 
mont, has  an  area  of  79i)  square  miles.  It  is  Imunded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  is  drained  by  the  Pas- 


ESS 

sumpsic, Clyde,  Nulhegan,  and  several  other  streams.  P 
contains  numerous  small  lakes  and  ponds.  The  surface  Is 
rough  and  mountainous,  and  the  soil  generally  pt  or  and 
unfruitful;  along  the  bank  of  the  Connecticut  there  is. 
however,  some  good  land.  The  Atlantic  snid  St.  I  awrenes 
Railroad  passes  through  the  N.E.  part  of  this  county.  Or- 
ganized in  1792.  and  named  from  p;ssex.  a  county  in  Eng- 
land.    Capital,  Guildhall.     Pop.  5786. 

ESSEX,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Massa- 
chusetts, has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  ia 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  S.E.  by  JIas 
sachusetts  Bay,  and  Is  traversed  by  the  Merrimack  and 
Ipswich  Rivers.  It  has  a  great  extent  of  .sea  coast,  and 
many  fine  bays,  which  afford  excellent  harljors.  A  large 
portion  of  the  great  wealth  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  sea- 
board towns  is  invested  in  commerce  and  the  fisheries.  The 
interior  towns  are  manufacturing  and  agricultural.  Until 
within  the  last  few  years  the  manufacture  of  leather  and 
shoes  were  almost  the  only  branches  of  industry;  but  re- 
cently numerous  steam  cotton  and  woollen  mills,  erected  in 
Lawrence.  Salem,  and  Xewburyport,  have  contributed  very 
much  to  the  industrial  prospects  of  the  countj-.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  rough  and  rocky,  and  the  soil  hard,  but 
well  cultivated.  The  Merrimack  River  Is  navigable  for 
sloops  of  200  tons  to  Haverhill,  in  this  county.  Es.sex  is 
traversed  by  railroads  connecting  Boston  with  Gloucester, 
Portsmouth,  Portland,  and  Manchester,  and  several  short 
lines  partly  Intersect  It.  Organized  In  1642.  Seats  of  jus- 
tice, Salem,  Ipswich,  Lawrence,  and  Newburyport.  I'op. 
105,611. 

ESSEX,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  jwirt  of  New  York,  has  an 
area  of  about  1050  square  miles.  It  Is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Lake  Champlaln,  and  the  river  Au  Sable  forms  part  of 
northern  boundary.  It  is  drained  by  the  head-waters  of 
the  Hudson,  and  by  Boquet  and  Scroon  Rivers,  all  of  which 
afford  motive-power  for  numerous  grist  and  saw  mills.  The 
surface  In  the  western  part  is  rough  and  mountainous,  and 
usually  thickly  wooded,  but  along  the  lake  shore  It  is  much 
more  level.  5it.  Tahawus  is  thi;  principal  elevation  and  the 
highest  mountain  In  the  state.  The  soil  is  generally  good. 
This  county  abounds  In  Iron  ore  and  limestone,  and  some 
marble  and  blacklead  have  been  found.  Organized  in  1799, 
having  previouslv  formed  p.art  of  Clinton  county.  Capital, 
Elizabethtown.    top.  28,214. 

ESSEX,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  New  Jersey,  has  an 
area  of  about  200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Passaic  River,  Newark  Bay,  and  Staten  Island  Sound,  on 
the  W.  by  Piissaic  River,  and  Bound  Brook,  and  on  the  S.  by 
Union  county.  These  streams,  especially  the  Pas.saic.  afford 
valuable  water-power.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  but  in 
some  portions  hilly;  and  in  the  western  part  are  two  eleva- 
ted ranges,  known  by  the  local  names  of  First  and  Second 
Mountains,  which  traverse  the  county  from  S.W.  to  N.E. 
The  soil  is  mostly  derived  from  red  shale,  and  is  in  many 
places  highly  productive.  The  New  Jersey  Railroad,  the 
New  Jersey  Central  R  R.,  and  the  Morris  Canal  traverse  this 
county,  which  is  also  partly  intersected  by  the  Morris  and 
Essex  RR.  Organized  in  1710.  Capital,  Newark.  Pop.  98,877. 
ESSEX,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an  area 
of  about  300  square  miles.  The  Rappahannock  River  forms 
the  N.E.  boundary.  The  snrface  in  the  W.  part  is  uneven ; 
the  soil  is  generally  sandy,  and  moderately  fertile,  having 
been  improved  by  guano,  lime  and  marl.  The  river  is  na- 
vigable by  small  vessels,  along  the  border  of  the  county. 
Formed  in  1692.  Capital,  Tappahannock.  Pop.  10,409,  of 
whom  3773  were  free,  and  6690  slaves. 

ESSEX,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  in  Chitten- 
den CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  35 
miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.  At  Essex  Junction,  In  this 
township,  a  branch  railroad  diverges  to  Burlington.  The 
village  contains  3  or  4  churches  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  1906. 

ESSEX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  oo..  Mass.a- 
chusetts,  on  an  arm  of  Squam  Bay,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Boston. 
Several  vessels  are  owned  here,  employed  in  the  coast  trade 
and  fisheries,  and  some  ship-building  is  carried  on.  top. 
of  the  township,  1701. 

ESSEX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  7 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  30  miles  E.  of  New  Haven.  The 
village  contains  4  churches,  an  academy,  2  banks,  an  exten- 
sive ropewalk,  10  stores,  2  carriage-factories,  a  woollen- 
mill,  and  4  soap-factories,  &c.  The  inhabitants  are  consid- 
erably engaged  in  ship-building  and  the  coast-trade.  Pop. 
1764. 

ESSEX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co..  New 
York,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Cliamplain,  about  130  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Albany.    It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  3  or  4 
churches,  and  several  stores.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1633. 
ESSKX,  a  post-offlce  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 
ESSEX,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Clinton  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  1013. 
ESSEX,  a  township  in  Porter  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  189. 
ES'SEX,  a  peninsular  county  of  Canada  West,  Is  situated 

643 


ESS 

lief'W^n  Tjak.es  St.  Clair  and  Huron,  comprising  an  area  of 
677  squire  miles  It  is  traiersed  by  the  Great  Western 
Eailway,  which  has  its  terminus  at  AVindsor  in  this  county. 
Capital".  Sandwich.     Pop.  16,817. 

KS'SIK-wiTH-NK'VAY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

E.S'.SINGTON,  a  township  of  Kn'.'land.  co.  of  Stafford. 

ES'SlXtiTON,  Northern  Australia.     See  Port  KssiSGTOJf. 

ES-SIOUT,  a  town  of  Upper  Ksrypt.     See  SiooT. 

ESSLFNG,  Sss'Iing,  a  village  of  Ix>wer  Austria,  on  the  Da- 
nube, 7  miles  E.  of  Vieun.i.  Between  this  village  and  As- 
pern  was  fouirht  a  sanguinary  but  indecisive  lattle  by  the 
French  and  Austrians  on  the  21st  and  22d  of  Jlay,  1809. 
Both  villajies  were  at  th;»t  time  destroyed,  but  have  since 
been  rebuilL 

E.SSLINGEN,  Sss'ling-^n,  a  town  of  AViirtemberg,  circle  of 
Xeckar,  on  the  Neckar,  and  on  the  railway  to  Ulm,  7  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Stuttgiirt.  Pop.  15,059.  It  is  enclosed  by  -.vails,  and 
ill  built ;  principal  edifices,  an  old  castle  on  a  height,  and  a 
handsome  town-hall.  It  has  a  richly  endowed  hospital,  va- 
rious seminaries,  manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton  cloths 
and  yarn,  lacquered  tiu-wares,  glue,  and  paper  mills. 

ESSJNXE,  Ss\sonn',  a  river  of  France,  dep;irtments  of 
Loii-et  and  Seine-et-Oise.  rises  12  miles  N.E.  of  Orleans,  after 
a  N.  course  of  45  miles,  joins  the  Seine  at  Corbeil.  It  turns 
numerous  tiour  mills. 

ESSONXE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et- 
Oise,  on  the  above  river,  half  a  mile  S.W.  of  Corlieil.  Pop.  in 
1>52,  3439,  employed  in  flour,  fulling  and  tobacco  mills,  and 
'uanuf  ictures  of  table  liuen. 

ES-SOU.\N,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt.     See  AsswAX. 

ESSOYES,  is'svri/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Bar-sur-Seine.    Pop.  1727. 

ES'TABROOK,  a  thriving  village  of  Anderson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, about  160  miles  E.  ol^  Nashville.  It  has  an  extensive 
manufactory  of  salt,  and  sulphur  springs  which  are  consi- 
dered valuable. 

ESTACA,  PUNTA  DE  LA.  poon'ta  dA  li  fs-tdOcl  a  pro- 
montory on  the  N.  of  Galicia,  forming  the  northernmost 
point  of  Spain.    Lat.  4;5°  48'  .\.,  Ion.  7°  42'  \V. 

EST.^OEL,  Ss'ti'zhM'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pyr6aees-0rientales,  on  the  Gly,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Per- 
piguaii.  Pop.  in  1852,  2-359.  employed  in  distilleries  and 
marble  quarries.    It  was  the  birthplace  of  Ai-ago. 

ESTAIKES,  SsHia',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
on  the  Lys,  13  miles  W.  of  Lille.  Pop.  3207,  employed  in 
manufactures  of  linens  and  soap. 

E^TAMPES,  a  town  of  France.    See  Etampes. 

EST.VXCIA,  ^s-tin'se-i,  a  town  of  Brazil,  25  miles  S.W. 
of  Sergipe,  on  the  Piauhi.     Pop.  3000. 

EST.\PLES,  a  town  of  France.     See  Etaples. 

EST.\RAC,  feHlVik'.  an  old  subdivision  of  France,  in  the 
province  of  Guienne,  of  which  Mirandewas  the  capital,  now 
included  in  the  departments  of  Gers  and  Ilautes-Pyrenfies. 

KSTAKREJA.  Js-taR-Ra'zhd.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Pouro.  on  the  Antua,  23  miles  fi-om  Oporto.     Pop.  2000. 

ESTAVAYER  or  ESTAVAYE.  is'ii^tyfJ,  (Ger  SUfMs, 
ftjf'iis,)  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  15  miles 
AV.N.W.  of  Freyburg,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Xeufchatel. 
Pop.  1703.  It  has  an  old  castle,  a  Dominican  nunnery,  and 
a  Jesuits'  college. 

ESTE,  Ss'teh,  a  river  of  Hanover,  joins  the  Elbe  7  miles 
W.  of  Altona,  after  a  course  of  26  miles. 

ESTE.  Js'td,  (anc.  Ate^le.)  a  town  of  Lombardv,  capital  of 
a  district,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Padua.  Pop.  8000,  employed 
in  manufactures  of  silk  twist,  linens,  and  earthenware.  It 
is  picturesquely  situated  and  well  built:  its  houses  are  sup- 
ported on  arches,  .ind  it  has  a  church  and  leaning  tower  in 
the  I'lOmanesqne  style.  The  Rocca  or  castle,  near  the  town, 
is  a  fine  feudal  fortress,  on  the  site  of  the  seat  of  the  Este 
family,  from  whom  the  sovereigns  of  Great  Britain,  Hano- 
ver, Brunswick,  and  Modena  are  descended. 

ESTKBAX-DE-NOGALES.  Js-td-Bln'-di-no-ga/lls,  a  town 
of  t^pain.  32  miles  X.X.E.  of  Leon.    Pop.  720. 

ESTELL.V,  Js-til'yd,  (anc.  AVbat)  a  town  of  Sp,"iin,  26  miles 
S.AV.  of  Pamplona.  Pop.  6192.  It  has  an  old  castle,  several 
churches  and  convents,  a  hospital,  college,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woollens. 

ESTELLIXE  FUR/XACE,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

ESTELVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Atlantic  co..  New  Jersey. 

ESTEPA,  Js-t;l/pl.  (anc.  AstiApa.)  a  town  of  Spain,  54  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Seville,  with  a  fine  palace  of  the  family  of  Centu- 
rion.    Pop.  6559. 

KSTEPONA.  fe-t.i-po'nl,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  41 
miles  S.W.  of  Malaga,  on  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  9251. 
Chief  industry,  fishing,  linen  weaving,  and  manufactures 
of  leather.  It  has  an  old  Roman  castle  in  the  centre  of  the 
town. 

ESTERHAZY,  fs'ter-hi^zee,  orESTERIIAZ,  (Ilun.  Eszter- 
ha;,  J.'i'tJr.'hJz',)  a  village  of  Lower  Hungary,  near  the  S.E. 
extremity  of  the  Neusiedl  Lake,  41  miles  W.S.W.  of  Pre.s- 
burg.  Pop.  375.  Here  is  a  magnificent  palace  of  Prince 
Esterhazy,  built  in  1700  in  the  Italian  style,  surrounded  by 
a  noble  park. 

ESTHOXI.A.,  fs-tho'ne-J,  orKETEL,  rSy'S,  (Ger. EsOdatid, 
frU 


EST 

Jst'lant.)  a  government  of  Russia,  between  lat.  58°  16*  and 
39°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  22°  10'  and  28°  5'  E.,  having  E.  the 
government  of  St.  Petersburg,  S.  Livonia  and  Lake 
Peipus,  N.  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  and  W.  the  Baltic,  in 
which  it  comprises  the  islands  of  Dago,  'Worms,  Ac.  Area, 
8054  square  miles.  Pop.  289,800.  Surface  generally  flat; 
shores  i-ocky.  Principal  rivei-s,  the  Narva,  Loksa,  Keyel,  all 
flowing  N.  Soil  sandy  or  marshy,  and  climate  humid; 
about  two-thirds  of  it  covered  with  pine  forests,  or  unpix)- 
ductive.  Jlore  corn  is,  however,  raised  than  is  reiju?red 
for  home  consumption:  besides  flax.  hemp,  hops,  and  to- 
bticco.  JIany  cattle  are  reared,  and  the  fisheries  .are  impoit- 
ant.  Except  distilling,  the  mauuCictures  are  almost  wholly 
domestic.  The  principal  exports  are  corn,  spirits,  salt  fish, 
and  hides.  Principal  impjrts,  herrings  and  salt.  The  in- 
habitants are  mostly  of  Finnish  des'eut,  and  Protestants. 
The  government  is  subdi\  iJed  into  six  circles.     Principal 

towns.  Revel,  llapsal,  Weisseustein,  and  Wesenberg. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Estuoxian,  6s-tho'ue-an. 

ES/TILL,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Kentucky  River,  dividing  it  nearly  in  the  middle, 
and  also  drained  tiy  Red  River.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
mountainous,  and  partly  covered  by  forests.  The  soil  is 
fertile.  Iron-oi-e  .and  stone  c-oal  are  abundant  in  the  moun- 
tains. The  .streams  furnish  valuable  motive-power.  Estill 
county  was  formed  in  1808,  and  named  in  memory  of  Cap- 
tain James  Estill,  who  was  slain  in  a  biittle  witli  the  In- 
dians in  17J<2.  Capital,  li-viue.  Pop.  08b6,  of  whom  G379 
were  free,  and  507  slaves. 

ESTILL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Platte  co.,  Slissouri. 

ESTTILLVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Scott  co,  Vir- 
ginia, on  Moccasin  Creek,  357  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kichmond. 
1  ron-ore  and  coal  are  abundant  at  this  place.  It  contains 
1  or  2  churches,  and  about  tO  dwellings. 

ESTRELL.\,  Js-trJl'yJ,  a  river  of  Central  America,  state 
of  Costa  Rica,  enters  the  Pacific  near  Quaypo,  after  a  S.W. 
course  of  50  miles. 

ESTRELLA,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  province  of  An- 
tioquia,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Medellin. 

ESTRELL.A.,  PORTO  DA.  poR'toddJs-trJiai.  a  maritime  vil- 
lage of  Brazil,  on  the  h.iy  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  16  miles  N.  of  Rio. 

ESTRELLA,  SERR.\  DA.  (sJr'rI  di)  a  mount.tin  range 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  extending  from  S.W.  to  N.E. 
for  about  75  miles,  and  having  one  peak  which  rises  to 
7524  feet  in  height. 

ESTRELLA,  SERRA  DA.  sJe'eS  dJ  Js-trJl'lS,  a  mountain 
chain  of  Brazil,  pi-ovince  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Length,  from  E. 
to  W.,  alwut  IS  miles;  average  hei;,'ht.  3400  feet. 

ESTREMADURA,  f.s-trA-mit-Doo'ril.  (Fr.  Ettrimadure.  Is"- 
tr.VmdMuR'.)  an  old  province  in  the  S.W.  of  Spain,  bounded 
N.  by  the  province  tf  Leon,  E.  by  New  and  Old  Castile.  S. 
by  Andalusia,  and  W.  by  Portugal,  now  comprised  in  the 
provinces  of  Badajos  and  Caceres.  Area.  14,742  s<juare 
miles.  Pop.  601,124.  On  the  N.  it  is  bounded  by  the  Sier- 
ras de  Gredos,  Bejar,  and  Gata;  on  the.S.  by  that  of  Con- 
stantina.  a  continuation  of  the  Sierra  Morena;  and  in  the 
centre  it  is  divided  by  the  Sierras  de  Guadalupe  and  San 
Benito,  into  two  regions,  the  N.  watered  by  the  Taj;us.  and 
the  S.  by  the  Guadiana.  Soil  very  fertile,  but  almost  wholly 
devoted  to  pasturage.  Agriculture  is  greatly  neglected; 
much  less  corn,  wine,  flax,  hemp,  <ic..  is  raised  than  is  re- 
quired for  home  consumption;  and  chestnuts  form  a  large 
portion  of  the  food  of  the  inhabitants.  Four  millions  of 
merino  sheep  are  said  to  be  driven  hither  to  feed  every 
winter;  ana  vast  herds  of  hogs,  goats,  and  cattle  are  reared. 
Le.ad,  copper,  silver,  and  iron  mines  exist  here,  but  they  are 
nearly  all   neglected;  and  manufactures  are  insignificant. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Estremenian.  ^tre-mee'ne-gin.    The 

Spanish  Estremeno.'S,  fs-trA-ni.in'yoce  is  sometimes  used  by 
English  writers  to  designate  the  inhabitants. 

E.STREM.\DURA,  es-trA-md-doo'rl,  an  adminstrative 
province  of  Portugal,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean:  capital,  Lis- 
bon. Area,  7256  sijnare  miles.  I'op,  in  1853,  74>,661.  The 
Tagus  divides  it  into  two  nearly  equal  parts,  the  X.  of  which 
is  more  mountainous  than  the  S..  but  also  more  fertile.  It 
is  frequently  visited  by  earthquakes.  Principal  products, 
wine,  fruits,  oil,  honej.  cork,  sumach,  and  salt.  Nearly 
sufficient  corn  is  raised  fox  home  consumption.  Few  mines 
are  wrought;  and  manufactures  are  unimporUmt.  The 
province  is  subdivided  into  the  districts  of  Lisbon,  Leira, 
and  Santarem,  besides  which  cities  it  comprises  Setubal, 
Torres-Vedras,  Thomar,  and  Cintni. 

ESTREMERA,  ^s-tr-A-m-Vri  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile, pi-oviuce,  and  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madrid,  near  the 
Tagus.     Pop.  29J6. 

ESTREMOZ,  es-trA-mOze'.  sometimes  written  ESTREMEZ, 
a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  N.  p;at  of  the  province  of  Alem- 
tejo.  23  miles  N.E.  of  Evora.  Pop.  C600.  It  has  a  strong 
castle  on  an  eminence,  an  arsenal,  and  cavalry  barracks, 
manufactures  of  earthenware,  and  a  trade  in  hardwares. 
Near  it  are  marble  quarries. 

ESTREMOZ,  Js-trA-mOze',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Rio-Grande-do-Norte,  on  the  Lakeof  Gmyiru.  about  Iti  miles 
N.  of  Natal,  and  12  miles  from  the  sea.    Pop.  about  I'l^C. 


ESZ 


ETO 


■SSZKK,  ESSECK,  ?s's6k\  or  ESSEGG,  Is'sJg,  (Slavonic, 
0«i/.%  os'slk;  anc.  Mur'sia  or  Mur'm,)  one  of  the  most 
strongly  fortified  towns  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  capital 
of  Slavonia,  on  the  Drave,  (on  v'hioh  it  has  a  steam- 
packet  station.)  13  miles  from  it«  confluence  with  the  Da- 
nube. Pop.  ]2.2tJ2.  The  modern  fortress  contains  many 
miissive  buildings,  including  an  arsenal  and  barracks  for 
SU.OOO  men.  strengthened  by  additional  works  on  the  oppo- 
site bank  of  the  Drave.  Around  it.  beyond  its  glacis,  are 
the  upper,  lower,  and  new  towns,  in  which  last  most  of  the 
trade  is  conducted.  It  has  Roman  Catholic,  (Jieek.  and 
other  churches,  a  town  council-house,  a  gymnasium,  and  a 
normal  schmil.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk  stuffs,  and  large 
fairs  for  corn,  cattle,  and  hides. 

KSZTKKHAZ,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Esterhazy. 

ET.IlBLES,  i'tilh'l',  a  maritime  town  of  France,  dep.Trt- 
ment  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  on  the  English  Channel,  8  miles 
N..\.\V.  of  .St.  Hrieuc.     Pop.  1018. 

KT.VIX,  kHky'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meuse, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Moselle,  in  a  marshy  tract,  12  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Verdun.  I'op.  in  18o2,  2875.  It  has  a  communal 
colK'ge,  and  manufictures  of  cottons. 

E'TAL.  a  township  of  England  co.  of  Northumberland,  9 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Wooler.  llere  are  ruins  of  a  castle,  Viuilt 
by  Sir  II.  Manners  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 

ET.-VI.K,  d-td/lgh,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxembourg,  24  miles  S.W.of  Bastogne. 

ETA.MPE8,  4'tdMp',  formerly  written  ESTAMPES,  (anc. 
Stamipa'f)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seino-et-Oise, 
stretching,  with  its  suburbs,  for  2  miles  along  the  post-road 
between  Paris  and  Orleans,  30  miles  S.S.W.  ot  Paris.  Pop. 
in  1852,  808.3.  It  has  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Orleans  Rail- 
way, a  Gothic  church  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  the  re- 
m.iiiis  of  a  royal  castle.  In  the  town  and  its  vicinitj'  are  nume- 
rous flour-mills,  and  it  is  estimated  to  sui)ply  Paris  with 
nearly  half  the  quantity  of  flour  consumed  in  that  capital. 
It  has  also  manufactures  of  soap,  hosierv,  and  linen  thread. 

ETA  PLK8  or  E.ST A  Pli  liS,  AHdp'P,  (anc!  SUxpulce  f)  a  seaport 
town  of  France,  department  of  I'as  do  Calais,  on  the  Canche, 
near  its  mouth,  15  miles  ^.  of  Boulogne.  Pop.  in  1852,  22ii7. 
It-s  importance,  as  a  military  post,  has  long  ceased;  and  its 
castle,  built  in  lltiO,  is  now  a  ruin:  but  it  retains  its  trade 
in  salt,  and  has  breweries  and  distilleries. 

ETAT,«UMS.    See  Unitkb  States. 

ETAWAII,  ^rtJ'wa,  or  ETAWEII,  ^tHj'wfh.  a  district  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  Donb.  Are.a,  3450 
square  miles.     Principal  towns,  Minpooree  and  Etawah. 

ET.WVAII,  a  town  of  British  India,  wipital  of  the  above 
district,  on  the  .Imnna,  fti  miles  S.E.  of  Agra,  with  remains 
of  foimer  grandeur,  now  in  decay. 

E  T'ClIKIiLS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

E'L"('IIi;.\IIX,  ^i/che-piin,  (Fr.  pron.  ^tcli^'h-milN".')  or 
ECHKMIX,  a  river  of  Canada  East,  flowing  from  a  lake  of 
the  sjime  name,  lat.  46°  21'  N.,  Ion.  70°  37'  \V.  It  falls  Into 
the  8t.  Ijiwrence,  between  3  and  4  miles  alwve  Quebec.  En- 
tire length,  alxjut  50  miles. 

ETCUULIIAMI'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilte. 

ETCII'r.NGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ErCII.Ml.\l)ZlN,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Echmiadzin. 

ETEl).  AH^d',  or  ETETA,  A'tA'tOh\  a  village  of  Austria, 
Transylvania,  tldvarhely-Szekler-Stuhl,  25  miles  E,S.£.  of 
Maro.s-Vasarhely.     I'op.  1283. 

ETETITZ.  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Ette. 

ETH'iOKIUGK,  a  village  of  Jones  co.,  Georgia,  17  miles 
VT.  bv  N.of  Milledgi'ville. 

ETmOPIA,  e-the-o'p(>-a,  (Tj.  ^IhMpia;  Gr.  A(0ioir(a, 
Ailhvijna.)  the  name  given  by  the  ancient  geographers  to 
the  countries  S.  of  Egypt.  It  was  often  vaguely  applied  to 
the  whole  southern  part  of  Africa,  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the 
Atlantic;  or,  to  speak  more  correctly,  as  far  AV.  as  the  know- 
ledge of  the  ancients  extended.  In  its  most  exact  political 
sense  it  seems  to  have  denoted  the  kingdom  of  Meroe ;  but, 
with  a  wider  application,  it  included  also  the  kingdom  of 
the  .\xomit;e,  besides  sevenvl  other  tribes — the  Troglodytes 
and  the  Ichthyophagi  on  the  Red  Sea,  and  the  Blemmyes, 
Megabari,  and  Nubae  in  the  interior.  The  people  of  Ethio- 
pia were  of  the  Caucasian  race,  and  seem  to  have  spoken  a 
langviage  allied  to  the  Arabic,  Their  religion  apjtears  to 
have  been  similar  to  that  of  the  Egyptians,  though  free 
from  their  grosser  superstitions.  Some  traditions  made 
Meroe  the  parent  of  fjgyptian  civilization,  while  others  as- 
cribed the  civilization  of  Ethiopia  to  Egyptian  colonization. 
So  great  wrvs  the  power  of  the  Ethiopians,  tliat  more  than 
once  in  its  history  Egypt  was  governed  by  Ethiopian  kings, 
while  the  most  powerful  kings  of  Egj'pt  do  not  seem  at  any 
time  to  have  acquired  a  permanet  hold  upon  Ethiopia.  At 
present,  Ethiopia  is  divided  into  Upper  Ethiopia,  including 
Nubia  and  Abyssinia,  and  Lower  Ethiopia,  comprising  Con- 
go, Lower   Guinea,  Kaffrai'ia,  Mocaranga,  &c. Adj.  and 

inhab.  ETHlOPlA>f,  e-the-o'pe-an. 

FTIVE.  LOCH,  16h  6t/iv.  aii  inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  Scot- 
land, co.of  Argyle.  Length,  about 20 miles;  breadth,  varying, 
ind  often  very  narrow.  Scenery  on  its  shores  very  beautiful. 

ETJOU,  Jt-yoo',  a  town  of  Japan,  on  the  island  of  Kioosioo, 
%b  miles  N.E.  of   Nagasaki. 


ETKO,  iVko,  a  lagoon  of  Lower  Egypt,  7  mile?  S.S.W.  of 
Rosetta.  18  miles  in  length,  and  from  3  to  5  miles  in  bre-'.dth, 
It  is  separated  from  the  Mediterranean  by  a  nanow  s:in(l- 
bank.  on  which  is  the  village  of  Etko.  14  miles E.ofAlxxjkeer, 
This  lagoon  wsts  formed  by  an  inundation  of  the  Nile  in 
1801. 

1:TS A.  Wna..  (L.  ^tlna ;  Sicilian.  U'mgilenn.  mon-jf-bfllo, 
a  corruption  of  the  Gibhelt/ltciinat  or  "mountain  of  fii-e"  of  tW 
Saracens,)  a  celebrated  volcano  in  the  N.E.  of  Sicily,  near  the 
coast. and  withina  shortdistanceof  Catania.  Theloftiest  siun- 
mit  is  in  lat.  37°  43'  31"  N.,  Ion,  1.5°  E,.  and  is  10.874 feet  aboyo 
sea-level.  The  base  covers  an  area  of  nearly  90  miles  in  cir- 
cumference; it  is  almost  encircled  by  the  rivers  Alcantara 
and  Giaretta.  the  .sea  marking  its  limits  on  the  E.  The 
dimensions  of  the  crater  have  been  variously  stated,  the 
circumference  from  2^  miles  to  4  miles,  and  the  depth  from 
(500  to  800  feet;  but  the  height  of  the  cone,  the  diameter  of 
the  crater,  and  its  depth,  are  liable  to  constant  change  from 
eruptions.  Although  when  viewed  from  a  distance.  Etna 
presents  a  very  sj'mmetrical  cone,  it  is  found,  on  a  nearer 
approach,  and  when  examined  more  in  detail,  to  present  an 
exceedingly  diversified  surtace,  and  to  be  studded  on  its 
flanks  by  numerous  minor  cones  or  secondary  volcanos  of 
considerable  dimensions.  These  are  altogether  alKiut  SO  in 
number,  and  the  largest  alK)ut  700  feet  in  height.  A\ben 
viewed  from  above,  they  present  one  of  the  most  striking 
scenes  imaginable,  being  arranged  in  beautiful  picturesiiue 
groups,  anil  richly  clothed  with  wood:  those  in  the  hi>:h«r 
parts  with  lofty  pines,  and  those  at  lower  elevations  with 
chestnuts,  oaks,  beech,  and  holm.  The  great  terminating 
cone,  at  the  summit  of  which  is  the  pi  incipal  crater  or  open- 
ing, and  which  is  continually  throwing  out  sulphurous  va- 
pours, ri.ses  from  an  irregular  plain  9  miles  in  circumference, 
and  about  1100  feet  below  the  culminating  point  of  tlio 
mountain.  The  interior  of  this  crater,  is  incrusted  with 
various  colored  efllorescenees  of  ammonia,  sulphur,  and 
martial  vitriolic  salts,  to  the  depth  of  about  ICO  yards.  The 
bottom  of  the  crater  is  plain,  and  tolerably  hard,  though, 
from  being  composed  of  loose  cinders,  the  feet  sink  in  some 
places.  Near  the  centre  are  two  mounds  of  scoria;  and  ashes, 
each  with  a  large  aperture  at  the  summit,  and  several  fis- 
sures around,  from  whence,  at  intervals,  issue  volumes  of 
thick  smoke,  with  a  rumbling  noi.se  and  hissing  sound. 
There  is  also  a  light  thin  vapor,  occasionally  oozing  fi-om 
the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  huge  amphitheatre  in  every 
direction.  About  00  eruptions  of  Etna  are  recorded  in 
history  ;  the  more  remarkable  ones  of  later  periods  are  those 
of  1792,  1811,  181,9,  and  18.32.  The  eruption  of  1792  con- 
tinued for  a  whole  year:  the  streams  of  lava  which  flowed 
from  the  mountain  on  that  occasion  were  often  30  feet  high, 
while  in  their  fluid  state.  In  that  of  1832.  numerous  fiery 
mouths  opened  in  the  sides  of  the  mount»iin,  from  which, 
in  the  midst  of  violent  explo.sions  and  other  convulsions, 
accompanied  by  tremendous  discharges  of  ashes  and  cinders, 
vast  streams  of  lava  issued;  and.  pouring  down  the  declivi- 
ties, overran  cultivated  fields,  and  threatened  with  destruc- 
tion the  town  of  Bronte.  The  stream  of  lava,  on  this  occa- 
sion, was  18  miles  in  length.  1  mile  broad,  and  30  feet  high. 
In  l(iC9,  one  of  these  burning  streams  of  molten  matter 
overtopped  the  ramparts  of  Catania,  CO  feet  in  height,  and 
fell  in  a  fiery  ca.scade  into  the  city,  a  part  of  which  it  de- 
stroyed :  it  however  ultimately  cooled,  and  the  solid  lava 
may  still  be  seen  curling  over  the  top  of  the  rampart  like  a 
cas<ade  in  the  act  of  falling.  At  the  foot  of  the  crater  of 
Mount  Etna.  9770  feet  alx>ve  the  sea.  stands  a  small  build- 
ing, called  the  Engli.sh  House,  probably  the  highest  inha- 
bited place  in  Europe.    This  ho\ise  is  covered  with  snow  till 

the  middle  of  June,  and  fresh  snow  fells  on  it  in  August, 

Adj.  ICtnean,  St-nee/an,  (L.  jEt.nveus.) 

ET'N.\,  a  postrvil'lage  and  township  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Penobscot  and  Kennebec  Railroad,  30  miles 
N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  849. 

ETNA,  a  post-village  of  Dryden  township.  Tompkins  co., 
New  York,  on  Fall  Creek,  about  100  miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Albany. 
It  has  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  stores  and  mills. 

ETNA,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co..  Pennsylvania. 

ETNA,  a  post-ofiice  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia. 

ETNA,  a  postofRce  of  Paulding  co..  Georgia. 

ETNA,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Tenne.>;see. 

ETNA,  a  post-village  and  township,  in  Licking  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  National  Road,  about  18  miles  E.  of  Columbus,  P.  1242. 

ETNA,  a  post-oflSce  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan. 

ETNA,  a  post-village  in  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana,  about 
90  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ET'.VA  CEN'TUE,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co..  Maine. 

ETOILE,  A'twdl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Difime, 
7  miles  S.  of  A'alence.  Pop.  1058.  It  has  a  fortified  castle  in 
which  Louis  XI.  resided. 

ETOILE,  ILE  L',  ile  KVtw3l'.  one  of  the  Amirante  Islands, 
in  the  Indian  Ocean  ;  lat.  5°  5.V  S.,  Ion.  53°  4'  E.,  1 J  miles  long. 

ETOLIA,  a  province  of  Greece.    See  jEtolia. 

E'TON,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buclis,  on  th« 
right  bank  of  the  Thames,  opposite  Windsor,  with  which  it 
is  connectedby  a  handsome  bridge.  Pop.  in  1851,  3CC6.  The 
"  one  long  winding  street,  is  famous  for 
&45 


ETO 


EUP 


its  college  f' anded  by  King  Henry  VI.  in  1446,  and  now  a 
fiivoritt  seat  nf  preliminary  instruction  for  the  sons  of  the  no- 
bility and  ge'itry.  It  consists  of  two  noble  brick  quadrangles, 
with  towdrs,  cloisters,  and  gateways  in  the  Tudor  style,  and 
h.is  a  fine  chapel  and  hall,  a  valuable  libr-vy,  two  statues  of 
its  royal  Ibunder,  beautiful  pleasure  grounds,  with  70  foun- 
dation scholars,  and  about  7lK)  stipendiary  pupils.  The  col- 
lege is  governed  by  a  provost  and  fellows,  and  is  richly  en- 
dowed. Thefdllowsof  King's  C!ollege,  Cambridge,  areentirely 
elected  from  Eton  scholars.  The  ancient  and  curious  tri- 
ennial pageant  of  the  .Montem.  when  money  is  collected  for 
the  .senior  scholar  on  his  removal  to  Cambridge,  is  now  dis- 
continued. Among  the  many  great  men  who  received  a 
p.<>rt  of  their  education  at  Eton,  may  be  named  Waller, 
IJoyle,  Walpole,  Boliugbroke,  fielding.  Gray,  Sherlock, 
Person.  Chatham,  Fo.x,  Loixi  Grey,  Canning,  and  Wellington. 

ET'OW.\H,  (generally  called  hi'to-wah,  and  formerly  writ- 
ten IIKJIITOWEK,)  a  small  river  of  Georgia,  which  rises  in 
Lumpkin  county,  and  flows  niairly  W.  by  S.  to  Kome,  where 
it  unites  with  the  Oostenauhi.  and  forms  the  Coosa.  Gold 
is  found  in  many  places  on  its  banks. 

ET;  IWAH,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia. 

ETUET.\T,  A'treh-td',  a  maritime  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Sejne-Inferieure,  on  the  English  Channel,  15 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Havre.  It  atfords  facilities  for  an  extensive 
harbor,  its  port  being  defended  by  a  natural  dyke.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  oysters.    Pop.  1518. 

ETRUKIA,  e-troo're-A,  in  ancient  times  one  of  the  most 
important  conntries  of  Italy,  now  forms  the  province  of 
Lncca,  the  greater  pjirt  of  Tuscany,  and  a  portion  of  the 
States  of  Umbria.  The  name  was  restore<l  by  Napoleon.who 
bi"  the  treaty  of  Luii6ville,  in  ISOS,  formed,  of  the  grand 
duchy  of   Tuscany,  the  kingdom  of  Etruria,  which   was 

united  to  the  French  Empire  in  1808.    (See  Tcscaxy.) 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Etrurian,  e-tru're-an. 

ETKC'JUA.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  parish 
of  Stoke-on-Trent,  Ij  miles  N.E.  of  Newcastle-u'nder-Lyue. 
It  was  the  residence  and  seat  of  the  manufactures  of  the  late 
Mr.  J.  Wedgewood.  inventor  of  the  beautiful  imitation  of 
Etruscan  vases,  and  the  great  improver  of  English  porcelain, 
who  died  here  in  1795. 

ETSCII.  a  river  of  North  Italy.    See  Adige. 

ETSED  or  ECSED.  Jtch'ed'.  a  vilUige  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Heves.  alx)ut  5  miles  from  Gyongyiis.     Pop.  ISol. 

ETSED  or  ECSED,  a  village  of  "Hungary,  Thither  Theiss. 
21  miles  W.X.W.of  Sz;ithni;ir,  near  an  extensive  mora.ss  of 
its  own  name,  on  the  Kraszmi.  It  contains  an  old  castle,  in 
which  the  Hungarian  crown  was  long  deposited.    Pop.  1275. 

ErSK.\.  Jtch'kOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal, 
on  the  Bega  Canal.  5  miWs  from  Nagv-Becskerek.    Pop.  3243. 

ETTE.  Jf  ta,  or  ETETITZ.  a'ta'tlts^.  a  village  of  Hungary. 
Hither  Danube,  co.  of,  and  about  12  miles  from  Komorn,  on 
the  road  from  I'apa  to  Dotis.     Pop.  lOSO. 

ETTELBUCCK,  §t/tel-brook'.  a  vilhige  of  Holland,  duchy  of 
Luxemburg.  3  miles  S.'W.  of  Diekirch.  on  the  Alzette.   P.  221S. 

ETTEX,  it/tfn,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
N'orth  Braliant,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Breda.  Pop.  5391,  who 
trade  in  corn,  cattle,  and  fuel. 

ETTENHEIM,  ^t/ten  hime\  a  town  of  Baden,  18  miles  N. 
of  Freiburg,  on  the  railway  to  Carlsruhe.  Pop.  2730,  who 
manufacture  linen  fabrics.  From  17iW  to  1S03,  this  town 
was  the  residence  of  the  last  Prince-bLshop  of  Strasburg.  and 
hc-re  the  Duke  d'Eni:hien  was  seized  and  conveyed  to  Vin- 
ceiines.  May  Itith.  lSii4. 

EiTTEBS.  a  post-ofBceof  York  co,  Pennsylvania. 

ETTISWEIL,  fet'tia-wil'.  a  vill.age  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  16  miles  W.N'.W.  of  Lucerne,  on  the  Roth.     Pop.  876. 

ETTf^INGEX,  JttAing-en.  a  town  of  Baden,  on  a  railway 
and  on  the  -\lb  River.  4i'mileS  S.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop.  4250. 
It  has  gunpowder,  paper,  and  cotton  mills. 

ETTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

ETTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ETTUICK.  a  river  of  Scotland,  joining  the  Tweed  after  a 
course  of  24  miles.  2  miles  K'low  Selkirk. 

ETTUICK,  a  mountainou.s  parish  of  Scotland,  near  the 
head  waters  of  the  above  river,  co.,  and  17  miles  S.W.  of  Sel- 
kirk. It  was  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Buccleugh  family,  has 
several  old  border  fortresses,  and  much  romantic  scenery. 
Hogg.  "  the  Ettrick  Shepherd."'  was  born,  and  spent  the 
greater  part  of  his  life,  in  this  parish. 

ETTUICK-FOK'EST.  a  beautiful  pastoral  tract  watered 
hy  the  atwvo  river  and  its  tributaries.  It  formed  originally 
a  part  of  the  Great  Caledonian  Forest,  but  is  now  almost 
entirely  divested  of  trees. 

ET'TIUCK-1'EN',  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  near  the  source 
of  the  Ktlrick  Kiver.     Height,  22(X)  feet. 

ETTVEK.  ^tt.yi'V,  a  village  of  Hungary,  IHther  Danube, 
CO.  of  Stuhlweissenburg,  about  12  miles  from  Martouvasar. 
Pop.  1787. 

ET'W.^LL.  a  pirish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

ETYM  AXDUIJS  or  ETYMAXDER.    See  IlEUnno). 

KIT,  ih.  (L.  Jiiga  or  Jiif/iuin.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 

icent  of   the    Seine-Inforieure.    on   the  Bresle.    near  the 

English  Channel,  17  miles  N.X.E.  of  Dieppe.    In  it*  parish 

ehuich,  with  a.  crypt, are  many  effigies  of  tbu  Artois  femilv. 

646 


Counts  of  Eu.  The  Chateau  d'Eu,  inherited  by  the  ex-king 
Louis-Philippe  from  this  family,  contains  the  finest  i-olloo- 
tion  of  historical  portraits  in  France,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  park  and  extensive  gardens.  The  forest  of  Eu  extends  tor 
a  considerable  distance  to  the  E.  and  S.  The  town  of  Eu 
was  burnt  in  1445  by  Louis  XI.,  to  prevent  its  falling  iuto 
the  hiinds  of  the  English.  This  was  the  place  of  an  "inter- 
view between  Queen  Victoria  and  the  King  of  the  French 
in  1843.    Pop.  in  1852.  4019. 

EUBA.  oVbL  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  near 
Thum.    Pop.  1539. 

EU'B.\NKS,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co,  Georgia  80 
miles  XJi.  by  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

EUBtEA,  u-bee/a.  or  XEG'KOPOXr,  (Turkish,  F./ripo'' 
or  Egh-ipos' ;  L.  Eulem;  It.  X<grnponle,  ai^gro-pon'tk ; 
Gr.  Evffuia.  Ei)hoia.}  the  largest  island  of  the  kingdom  of 
Greece,  of  which  it  ifbrms  a  department,  in  the  J^gean  Sea, 
lying  along  the  northern  coast  of  Thebes  and  Attica,  be- 
tween lat.  37°  56'  and  39°  2'  N'..  and  Ion.  22°  40'  and  24° 
40'  E.,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the  channels  of 
Eulxea,  (anc.  Euriptis;)  crossed  bv  a  bridge  at  its  narrowest 
point  opposite  Chalcis.  Talanta.  and  Trikeri.  Its  length  is 
115  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  33  miles.  Pop.  43.312. 
The.  surface  is  mountainous,  but  very  fertile.  The  highest 
mountains  are  Delphi,  near  the  centre,  on  the  northern 
coast,  6259  feet  high,  Kandili,  4337,  and  St,  Elias,  between 
uOUO  and  4000  feet  high.  The  principal  products  are  com, 
wine,  cotton,  wool,  pitch,  and  turpentine.  Many  cattle,  sheep, 
and  goats  are  reared.  The  principal  towns  are  Chalcis.  ca- 
pital of  the  northern  division.  (Eulxea.)  and  Karystos,  the 

chief  town  of  the  southern  division. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Eu- 

B(EAN.  u-ljee'an. 

EU'CUEE'or  U'CHEE  CREEK,  of  Russell  Co.,  Alabama, 
flows  into  the  Chattahoochee  River,  near  Fort  Mitchell. 

El'CLID,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co,,  New  York,  about 
11  miles  X,  by  W.  from  Syracuse. 

EUCLID,  a  beautiful  post-village  and  township  of  Cuya- 
hoga CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake'Erie,  iind  on 
the  Cleveland  and  Erie  It<iilroad,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Cleveland. 
The  village  contains  2  churches,  #nd  an  academy.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  1769. 

EUDOKEEF,  uMo-keef.  or  FOG'GY  ISLANDS,  a  group 
of  small  islands  in  the  North  Pacific,  off  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Aliaska.  Russian  America, 

EUEKDOltF,  oi'er-doRr,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  in 
Lower  Franconia,  on  the  Saale.  here  crossed  by  a  biidge,  29 
miles  X.N.E.  of  M'urzburg.     Pop.  998. 

EUFAU'LA,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Barbour  co., 
Alabamji,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Chattahoochee  River.  90 
miles  E.S.E,  of  Montgomery.  It  is  finely  .situated  on  a  bluf! 
which  rises  about  200  feet  above  the  level  of  the'river.  It 
is  the  centre  of  an  active  and  increasing  trade.  About 
20,000  bales  of  cotton  are  annually  shipped  at  this  place  in 
steamlioats,  Eufaula  h;is  4  churches.  25  stores,  and  several 
newspaper  offices.     Pop.  in  1860.  about  3000. 

EUFKMIA.     See  Santa  Ecfema. 

EUQAXEAX  (u-g.Vne-an)  HILLS,  a  low  range  of  North- 
ern Italy,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Padua,  extending  for  about  10 
miles  from  N,W.  to  S.E,.  and  containing  many  fossil  re- 
mains, and  hot  springs  resorted  to  for  bathing. 

EUGENE,  u-jeen',  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township 
of  Vermilion  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Big  A'ermilion  River,  82 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Indianapolis.  The  river  is  crossed  at 
this  place  by  a  bridge.  Pop.  about  600;  of  the  township, 
12S.3. 

EUGEXE  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lane  co.,  Ore- 
gon, about  Go  S.  by  W.'from  Salem.    Pop.  in  IStX),  1183. 

EUH.\R'LEY,  a  post-ofiice  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia." 

EUHAR'LEY  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Etowah 
from  the  left  in  Cass  co. 

£l"-HO.  a  river  in  Cliina.    See  Yc-Uo. 

tlL.EUS.    See  Kaeoox. 

EUL.\'LIA.  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania,  con- 
tains the  borough  of  Coiiderspcrt.    Pop.  877. 

EULE,  oilgh,  or  EULAU.  oilOw,  a  market-town  and  cir- 
cle of  Leitmeritz,  about  12  miles  from  Aus.segg.  I'op,  94V, 

EULE,  oi'leh,  or  ELAU,  i16w,  a  mining  town  of  Bohe- 
mi.-u  12  miles  S.  of  Prague,  Pop,  1350.  It  was  formerly 
celebrated  for  its  rich  gold  mines. 

EULEXBERO,  oilen-lj^RG\  a  market-town  of  MoraTia, 
circle,  and  IS  miles  N.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  Sill. 

EULIA.  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Tennes.see. 

EUPATORI.'V.  u-pd-to're-S.  formerly  KOSLOW  or  KOS- 
LOV,  kos-lov',  a  seaport  town  of  Russia,  government  of  T.in- 
rida.  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Crimea,  38  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Simferopol.  Pop.  7000.  It  has  a  high  Tartar  schotl,  hos> 
pital.  custom-house,  a  l.-irge  harbor,  and  considerable  trade. 

EUl'EX.  oi'pen,  (Fr.  NCau.  ni'o'.)  a  frontier  town  of 
Rhenish  I'russia.  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aix-la-Chapi-lle,  on  the 
Vesdre.  4^  miles  E.  Limburg.  Pop.  in  1846, 10,940.  It  has 
important  manufiictories  of  wooUen.s. 

EUl'UE'MIA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Prrbleco..  Otio, 
on  the  Xational  Road  and  on  the  Eaion  and  Piqua  I'.aH- 
road,  b'l  miles  X.  of  Cincinnati. 

EUPHRATES, u-fri'tez, (Turk. El-fTat,l\frhi,^ alto  caliod 


EUP 


EUR 


by  the  natives  MOORAD,  so  celebrated  in  all  periods  of 
history  for  the  great  events  that  have  transpired  on  its 
banks,  and  for  the  renowned  cities  whose  walls  it  has 
laved,  has  its  sources  in  two  principal  branches,  in  about 
40°  .\.  latitude,  and  between  41°  30'.  and  i'JP  55'  K.  Ion. 
Moorad  CUai,  its  most  eastern  and  larfjest  branch,  has  its 
ori:;in  in  the  Anti-Taurus  Mountains,  near  the  meridian 
last  named,  while  a  smaller  branch  Kara-Soo,  rises  70  or  80 
miles  farther  W.,  thoui^h  in  the  same  range,  and  distant 
about  24  miles  N.E.  of  Erz-room,  and  90  miles  from  the 
south-eastern  shores  of  the  ULack  Sea.  These  main  con- 
fluents unite  near  Kaban-.Madan,  or  Kebb4n-Ma'den  in  lat. 
about  38°  58'  N.  and  Ion.  38°  30'  K.;  and  from  thence  take 
the  name  of  Euphrates.  The  general  course  of  the  two 
principal  affluents  before  their  union,  as  well  as  of  the  main 
river  after  thi-ir  conjunction,  is  S.W.  to  within  about  80i 
miles  of  the  tiulf  of  Iskanderoon,  (its  nearest  approach  to 
the  Mediterranean,)  at  the  Castle  of  Oroom  or  Graum. 
From  this  point  the  Euphrates  flows  a  little  E.  of  S.  for  87i 
miles — following  the  stream,  or  tio^  miles  in  a  direct  line  to 
Balis,  in  lat.  3'i°  1'  21"  .\.,  and  Ion.  38°  V  10"  E.  "  Here," 
in  the  words  of  Colonel  Chesney,  "  it  seems  to  abandon  the 
struggle  it  had  hitherto  maintained  to  re;ich  the  .Mediterra- 
nean." and  bending  off  in  a  general  south-eastern  course, 
which,  but  with  iuuumerable  detours,  it  preserves,  till  it 
discharges  its  waters  into  the  Persian  Gulf,  after  a  course 
of  more  than  1780  miles,  from  the  heiid  waters  of  the  Moor- 
ad-Cliai.  The  latter  river  of  it.self  has  a  course  of  40iJ  miles 
before  its  junction  with  the  Kar4-Soo.  For  about  580  miles 
from  their  sources,  the  Euphrates  and  its  upward  trihutii- 
ries  meander  through  a  mountainous  country,  at  times 
shut  in  by  dark  and  lofty  precipices,  interrupted  by  rapids 
or  contracted  within  narrow  defiles  and  deep  chasms.  Near 
the  village  of  Pash-tfch.  the  Euphrates  enters  one  of  the.«a 
chasms,  where  the  precipices  are  from  1000  to  1500  feet 
hi-'h,  and  the  gorge  so  narrow  as  to  be  crossed  by  a  bridge, 
while  the  mountains  ri.se  to  about  4uOD  feet  on  each  side. 
Nor  loes  this  interesting  river  lack  in  picturesque  beauty 
below  this  point:  on  the  contrary,  till  it  reaches  the  plains 
ne;ir  ancient  Babylon,  there  is  a  perpetual  variety  in  its 
devious  course,  which  is  now  through  swelling  hills,  and 
now  washing  the  base  of  some  perpendicular  ciilT,  crowned 
with  its  ruined  castle  or  fortress.  At  80  miles  below  Kak- 
kah.  ••  beetle-browetl  precipices"  rise  abruptly  to  a  height 
of  from  300  to  500  feet  al).)ve  the  water's  edge.  The  ruins 
of  aniieut  cities,  tlie  remains  of  canals  traversing  Meso- 
potamia and  uniting  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  combine 
with  the  picturesiiue  scenery  already  noticed  to  give  tliis 
river  an  interest  unsurpassed  by  any  other  en  the  globe. 
At  Hit,  in  lat.  33°  38' N.  and  Ion.  42°  52' E.,  the  country 
begins  to  be  level,  and  lioth  above  and  below  this  town, 
ancient  irrigating  aijueducts,  of  costly  construction,  di- 
verge from  the  main  stream.  The  Euphrates  is  120  yards 
In  width  a  little  below  the  junction  of  its  two  m.ain 
branches :  while  its  genenil  breadth  varies  from  200  to  4o0 
and  even  600  yards;  but  narrows,  (owing  to  the  numerous 
canals  for  irrigation.)  below  lliilah.  to  Itii),  120,  and  even  CO 
yards  in  width.  After  receiving  the  Tigris,  in  about  31°  N. 
lat..  and  47°  29'  E.  lim..  the  united  rivers  take  the  name 
of  Shatt-el-Arab.  which  expands  to  nearly  half  a  mile,  in 
breadth,  and  for  tlie  l.ist  40  miles  to  even  a  greater  lireadth. 
The  general  depth  of  the  Upper  Euphrates  exceeds  8  feet,  and 
oetween  Khaboor  and  IJassora  or  Basrah,  the  depth  varies 
'rom  8  to  21  feet,  the  shallows  being  in  the  lower  parts  of 
the  river,  in  the  marshes  once  forming  the  Chaldean  Lake, 
where  the  Euphrates  separates  into  two  branches,  from 
which  smaller  ones,  and  numerous  irrigating  cuts  diverge. 
Below  Bassora,  the  depth  increases  to  30  feet,  and  in  some 
Instances  to  40  feet  or  more.  The  current  varies  from  2  to 
4  miles  an  h')ur  at  high  water,  but  is  much  oftener  below, 
than  alx)ve  3  mile.s.  At  Hit.  the  mean  velocity  is  4'4fifeet  per 
second :  while  that  of  thi<  Danube,  at  Pesth,  is  but  233  feet. 
According  to  Colonel  Chesney,  whom  in  this  article  we 
have  generally  followed,  the  Euphrates  is  navigable  with- 
out serious  interruption,  from  Someisat, a  distance  of  llltSy 
miles,  to  the  sea;  and  rafts  are  floated  down  even  above  the 
latter  town.  There  are.  however,  some  obstructions  to  navi- 
gation at  low  water,  caused  by  ledges  of  rocks  crossing  the 
bed  of  the  stream,  as  at  Iviiriblah.  in  lat.  34°  40'  N.  Below 
the  Lemloon  marshes,  there  is«a  narrow  bank  of  pebbles 
across  the  river,  with  3  or  4  feet  depth  at  low  water. 

It  is  remarkable  that,  though  this  great  river  has  its 
sources  comparatively  near  tihe  Caspian  and  Black  Seas, 
and  approaches  to  within  le.ss  than  100  miles  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, near  its  middle  course,  it  should  yet  discharge 
It.self  into  the  Persian  Gulf  the  most  remote  of  the  four 
seas.  The  quantity  of  water  discharged  by  the  Shatt-el- 
Arab  i.^  computed  at  23ri.907  cubic  feet  per  second.  The 
principal  tributaries  of  the  Euphrates  descending,  and  in 
order,  below  KeOh^n-Ma'den.  are  Tokhmah-Soo,  the  8ajur, 
the  KhalHX)r,  the  Tigris,  (almost  equal  in  magnitude  to  the 
parent  stream,)  and  the  Kiiroon. 

The  Euphrates,  particularly  in  the  middle  and  latter 
part  of  its  course,  is  thronged  with  islands,  especiiilly  at 
low  water. 


The  permanent  flooding  of  the  Euphrates  is  causod  by 
the  melting  of  the  snow  in  the  mountains  along  the  upper 
part  of  its  course.  This  takes  place  about  the  l>eginning 
of  .March,  and  it  Increa.ses  gradually  up  to  the  end  of  .May 
The  river  continues  high,  and  its  coni-se  very  rapitl.  lor  io 
or  40  days ;  but,  aftc-rwards,  there  is  a  daily  decrease, 
which  becomes  very  .small  and  reirular  towards  autumn. 
From  the  middle  of  September  to  the  middle  of  Otol  er  thf 
river  is  at  the  lowest.  The  increiiient  of  l:.nd  about  tho 
delta  has  been  found  to  be  a  mile  in  30  years. — about 
double  the  increase  of  any  other  delta; — owing  in  part  to 
the  n.ature  of  the  soil  over  which  the  Euphrates  and  it? 
associ.ated  stre.ams  flow  for  such  enormous  distances ;  and 
especially  to  this  detrital  matter  being  deposited  in  sc 
land-locked  a  body  of  water  as  the  Persian  (Julf.  in  which, 
aided  by  the  in.set  of  the  tide,  the  sediment  is  poured 
back,  instead  of  being  swept  out,  by  a  boisti-rous  open  sea, 

EURE,  iir  or  CR.  (anc.  Eburat)  a  river  of  Fr.-ince.  rises  in 
the  department  of  Orne,  flows  N.E.  through  the  departments 
of  Eure-et-Loirand  Eure,  and  joins  the  Seine  on  the  left, 
above Pont-dc-1'Arche.  Its  chief  affluent  is  the  Iton  on 
the  left.  Its  length  is  112  miles,  for  50  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. 

EUUE,  a  department  in  the  N.W.  of  France,  capital, 
Evruux,  f  >rms  part  of  the  old  province  of  Normandy,  situ- 
ated on  the  estuary  of  the  Seine,  between  lat.  48°  :i7'  and 
49*  28'  N.  Area,  2248  square  miles.  The  climate  is  mild 
and  humid;  the  surface  generally  fiat.  The  chief  rivers  are 
the  Seine  and  its  affluents,  the  Eure,  Kille.  Andille.  and  the 
Iton.  an  affluent  of  the  Eure.  The  minerals  comprise  iron, 
building  and  mill  stones.  Com  is  raised  for  exportation; 
apples  and  pears  are  important  crops;  pasture  is  extensive, 
and  forests  cover  one-fifth  part  of  the  department.  Excel- 
lent horses,  cattle,  and  .sheep  are  reared.  The  mining  and 
mjinufacturing  industry  is  very  active.  The  manufactures 
include  woollen.s,  cotton,  paper,  glass,  iron,  cojvper.  and  zinc 
wares.  The  dep;irtment  is  divided  into  the  arrondi.s.sements 
of  Les  Andelys.  Bernav,  Evreux,  Louviers.  and  I'out-Aude- 
mer.     Pop.  in  18C1,  398,061. 

EURE-ET-LOIR.UR-.i-lwaR,  a  department  in  the  N.W.  of 
France,  capital,  Chartres,  forms  part  of  the  old  provinces 
of  Orleanais  and  Ile-de-France.  between  lat.  47°  fi7'  and  48° 
55' N.  Area.  2117  squ.are  miles.  Its  chief  rivers  are  the  Eure 
and  Loire.  There  are  many  marshes  in  the  W.  The  climate 
is  mild  and  temperate ;  the  soil  is  extremely  fertile,  and  a 
great  amount  of  corn  is  raised.  It  is  considered  the  granary 
of  Paris.  Here  excellent  cavalry  horses  are  reared,  and 
numerous  cattle,  sheep,  and  poultry.  The  department  is 
poor  in  miner.als,  but  has  several  iron  works,  and  mannfac- 
tories  of  coarse  cloths,  cottons,  and  paper.  It  is  divided 
into  the  arroudissements  of  Chartres,  Ch&teaudun,  Breux, 
and  Nogent-le-Jlotrou.    Pop.  in  1861,  2.)0,455. 

EURE'KA,  a  post-office  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Arkansjis. 

EUREK.\,  a  post-office  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois. 

EUREKA, a  post-village  of  Winnebago co.,Wisconsin. on 
Fox  River,  16  "miles  W.  of  Oshkosh.  It  has  2  stores  and  1 
mill. 

E U R E K  A .  a  post-town,  capital  of  Humboldt  co.,California, 
on  lluinbolilt  Bav^    See  Appendix. 

EURIPUS,  Gr-»'-e.     See  EuBWA. 

EUROPA,  u-ro/pj.  or  BASSAS-DA-INDTA,  b3s's;is-da-een/- 
de-d.  an  island  on  the  East  African  coast.  Mozambique  Clian- 
nel.aboutoor4milesin  diameter.  Lat.22°30'S..lon.40°24'  E. 

EURGPK,  u'r&p,  (Gr.  Evp&>..i|.  EurOpe;  Kr.  L'Kurcpe, 
lUnVop';  \j.  Euroipa.)  one  of  the  principal  divisions  of  the 
earth,  forming  the  N.W.  portion  of  the  old  world  and  though 
called  a  continent,  it  might  perhaps  be  more  justly  entitled  a 
great  peninsula.  It  is  the  lepstof  the  principal  divisionsof  the 
earth,  Au.stralia  excepted,  and  yields  to  the  others  not  only 
in  general  grandeur  of  scale,  but  also  in  appreciable  gifts, 
noble  rivers,  luxuriant  variety  of  vegetation,  and  mineral 
tr&aturcs.  Yet  it  is  remarkable  for  its  decidetl  superiority  in 
arms  and  industry,  and  as  the  quarter  wherein  civilization, 
almost  constantly  progressive,  has  hitherto  attained  its  most 
perfect  development. 

Boundiiries. — Europe  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  .\t- 
lantic,  on  the  N.  by  the  Arctic  <"tcean  or  North  Polar  Sea. 
On  the  S.  It  is  separated  from  Africa  by  the  Mediterranean 
(inland)  Sea,  which  is  connected  with  the  Sea  of  Marmora 
or  Propontis  by  the  strait  called  the  Dardanelles  or  Helle- 
spont; and  the  Sea  of  Marmora  is  again  joined  on  the  E.N.E. 
to  the  Black  Sea  or  Euxine  by  a  similar  strait  known 
as  the  Bosporus.  The  Dardanelles  and  Bosporus,  with 
the  intervening  sea.  divide  Europe  from  the  adjacent  shores 
of  .\sia  Minor.  N.E.  of  the  Black  Sea  is  its  shallow  conti- 
nuation, the  Sea  of  Azof.  (imcPu'lus  Mviilti>:)  which  closes 
the  series  of  inland  waters  encompassing  the  sliores  of  Eu- 
rope on  the  S.  and  S.E.  From  the  head  Bf  the  Sea  of  Azof, 
the  line  which  separates  Europe  from  Asia,  or  in  general 
terms,  the  E.  boundary  of  Europe,  is  merely  arbitrary  and 
speculative;  the  practical  and  authoritative  determin.ation 
of  it  is  neither  prompted  by  any  interest,  nor  facilitated  by 
natural  landmarks.  Some  gixigraphers  trace  the  lioundary 
line  from  the  Sea  of  .\zof  up  the  river  Don.  to  the  point 
where  this  river  approaches  nearest  to  the  Volga ;  theuM 

647 


ECR 


EUR 


rp  thi  latter  rirer  and  its  E.  tributary,  the  Kama,  to  the 
TTrjilian  Mouutainf.  Others  prefer  the  line  of  lowest  level, 
whifh  is  partially  marked  by  the  rirer  Manitch,  between 
the  Sea  of  Azof  and  the  Ciispian  Sea,  and  then  continue  the 
boundary  up  the  Ural  (or  Ya'ik)  lUver  to  the  mountains. 
Others,  ajrain.  carry  the  boundaries  of  Europe  and  Asia 
farther  S.  to  Caucasus,  where  this  mountain  chain  extends 
from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Caspian  in  a  AV.X.W..  K.S.E. 
direction.  All  airree  in  assumin>r  the  Vralian  Mountains  to 
form  part  of  the  natunil  boundary  between  Kurope  and 
Asia.  This  opinion,  which  is  of  modern  origin — the  an- 
cients considered  Europe  as  extendiujt  indefinitely  to- 
ward the  N.E.,  and  embracing  tlie  country  now  called 
Siberia — is  founded  merely  on  the  apparent  convenience 
of  referring  the  demarcation  of  the  two  continents  to  a 
chain  of  mountains,  supposed  to  run  for  1200  miles  nearly 
in  the  direction  of  the  meridian.  But  the  region  of  the 
Ural,  which  is  still  but  imperfectly  known,  presents,  to  a 
great  extent,  only  a  moderate  elevation,  attained  by  imper- 
ceptible degrees,  and  offering  to  the  eye  no  landmark  what- 
ever. The  true  E.  boundary  of  Europe  is,  in  fact,  a  con- 
tested question,  which  has  called  forth  much  futile  dis- 
cussion ;  nature  has  drawn  in  the  region  referred  to  no  de- 
cisive line  of  separation  between  the  Jf^.  and  \V. :  neither  has 
political  power;  and  the  limit  of  jurisdiction — the  line  which 
separates  Russia  from  Siberia — lies  hot  in  the  Ural,  but 
much  farther  E.,  at  the  river  Tobol. 

JPofition.  >lj-e!,  <fc. — The  northernmost  point  of  Europe, 
on  the  mainland,  is  Cape  N'ordkyn,  in  L:ipland,  lat.  71°  6'  N. 
North  Cape,  on  the  island  of  Mageriie.  lies  al)out  4  mile.^  far- 
ther X.  The  most  southern  points  of  the  continent  are  Punt.i 
de  Tarifa,  lat  36°,  in  the  Strait  of  tTibraltar,  and  Cape  Mata- 
pan,  lat.  36°  17',  which  terminates  the  Morea.  The  Island  of 
Crete,  reaches  a  little  S.  of  35°.  On  the  W.,  Cape  Finisterre 
(coast  of  Spain)  is  in  Ion.  9°  27'  W. ;  Cape  Koca  (I'ortugal) 
in  Ion.  9°  28' AV.;  while  Yekaterlnboorg.  (Ekaterinburg.)  in 
the  Uralian  Mountains,  lies  in  Ion.  60°  3b'  £.  Thus  Europe 
may  be  said  to  extend,  in  round  numbers,  through  36  de- 
grees of  hititude,  and  70  of  longitude.  From  Oipe  Mata- 
pan  to  North  Cape  is  a  direct  distance  of  24tK)  miles;  from 
Cape  St.  Vincent  to  Yekaterinloorg,  X.E.  by  E..  3400  miles. 
The  fexterior  of  Europe  is  made  up  of  the  following  parts, 
each,  in  some  measure,  naturally  independent  of  the  rest, 
namely,  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  Jutland,  and  the 
Danish  Islands,  the  British  Islands,  the  Iberian  Peninsula, 
or  Spain  and  Portugal,  the  peninsula  of  Italy,  and  that  of 
Greece.  Iceland,  al.'so,  though  not  physically  connected 
with  Europe,  has  been  always  reckoned  as  part  of  it.  be- 
cause it  was  known  to  Europeans,  and  colonized  by  them, 
long  before  the  discovery  of  .\merica,  to  which  it  more  pix)- 
perly  belongs.  Owing  to  this  incompactnesg  of  figure  and 
separation  into  peninsulas,  the  area  of  the  Europe;»n  Conti- 
nent, notwithstanding  its  considerable  length  and  breadth, 
does  not  exceed  3,60(1.000  square  miles,  or  3.800.000  if  Cau- 
casus be  taken  as  the  S.E.  limit  toward  Asi.a,  Toward  the 
E.  it  becomes  more  compact,  or  in  other  words,  it  lo.ses  in 
Russia  its  characteristic  peninsular  features,  and  takes  a 
transitional  form  before  it  commingles  with  .\sia.  But  W. 
of  Cracow  and  the  Russian  territory,  there  is  hardly  a  spot 
In  the  European  Continent  which  is  300  miles  distant  from 
the  sea. 

Seus. — The  Atlantic  Occin  takes  different  names  in  the 
various  portions  of  it  which  wash  the  W.  shores  of  Europe; 
thus  between  the  N.  coast  of  Sp,iin  and  the  W.  coast  of 
France  lies  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  where  the  ocean  swell  rolling 
Into  the  region  of  variable  and  restless  winds,  produce  a 
perpetually  troubled  sea.  Farther  X.  between  the  coasts 
of  France  and  those  of  the  British  Islands,  St.  George's 
Channel  is  still  more  noted  for  uncert,iin  and  tempestuous 
weather.  From  this  channel  a  branch  running  X.  between 
Gre:»t  Britain  and  Ireland,  is  named  the  Irish  Sea.  Here, 
in  lat.  52°  30'  X.,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Ireland,  the  streams  of 
opiX)8ite  tides  from  X.  to  S.  are  so  exactly  counterbalanced, 
that  the  sea  remains  always  at  its  mean  level;  while  in 
the  British  Channel,  not  far  off.  the  tides  often  rise  24  feet ; 
and  at  St.  JIalo,  on  the  coast  of  Xormaudy,  40  or  even  50 
feet.  The  sea  between  Great  Britain  and  the  Low  Countries 
of  Holland  and  Germany  is  named  the  Gorman  Ocean  or  North 
Sea.  From  this  a  great  gulf  or  inland  sea  brandies  off  to  the 
S.,  X..  and  E.;  taking  successivelythe  names  of  Skagernick. 
Oitteg-at.  the  Baltic  Sea,  (the  Sea  of  the  Baits  or  Belts,  that  is, 
narfow  passes.)  called  by  the  Scandinavians,  and  thence  by 
the  Germans  also,  the  Ejist  Sea,  (Ostsee.)  In  lat  5H°  N., 
the  Gulf  of  Finland  branches  off  to  the  E.  from  the  Ifciltic 
for  a  length  of  250  miles.  From  the  same  latitude  extends 
N.  the  Gulf  of  liothnia,  nearly  500  miles.  The  whole 
length  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Skage- 
r,ick  to  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  cannot  be  less 
than  1200  miles.  There  is  no  appreciable  tide  in  the 
Baltic,  and  as  this  sea  receives  many  rivers,  while  it 
liisis  little  by  evaporation,  its  waters  are  much  less 
Bait  than  those  of  the  ocean,  and  it  Is  popularly  believed 
that  a  continuance  of  X.  winds  renders  them  quite  fresh. 
N.K.  of  th>!  Gulf  of  Finland,  a  depressed  tract  of  country, 
with  uumeruus  lakes,  separates  that  gulf  from  the  WUte 
<>48 


Sea,  which  is  a  deep  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  extend- 
ing from  X.E.  to  S.W.  between  the  shores  of  Lapland, 
Finland,  and  Russia,  nearly  400  miles.  The  Strait  of  Gib- 
raltar, in  one  place  only  19  miles  wide,  lorms  the  con*, 
muuication  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea,  which  latter  has  an  extension  from  \V.  to  K. 
of  2500  miles,  with  a  general  breadth  of  i>erhai)S  oliO  miles; 
but  owing  to  its  sinuous  shores  and  tleep  iudeutalions,  the 
distance  from  the  African  to  the  Europeiiu  Continent  in 
some  places  exceeds  llHX)  miles.  Its  cliief  gults  are  the 
Gulf  of  Venice  or  Adriatic  Sea.  between  Italy  and  lllyria, 
above  500  miles  in  length,  and  the  Archipelago,  which  lies 
between  the  Grecian  Peninsula  and  A.'ia  Minor.  The  Medi- 
terranean lying  generally  under  a  warm  /.oi:e.  (^lat.  from  30° 
to  45^,)  and  having  only  a  narrow  Wit  between  it  and  the 
Great  Desert  of  Africa,  is  much  exhausted  by  evaporation, 
and  a  constant  current  sets  into  it  from  the  .■Mlautic  on  the 
one  side,  as  well  as  from  the  Black  Sea  on  the  other.  Hence 
its  waters  rather  exceed  in  saltness  those  of  the  ocean. 
Owing  to  the  great  magnitude  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the 
phenomena  of  tides  are  perceptible  in  it;  in  the  Black  Sea 
there  is  no  tide. 

Mountains. — The  mountains  of  Europe  form  several  dis- 
tinct groups  or  systems,  of  very  different  geological  dates, 
and  capable  of  being  considered  as  a  whole,  only  fioni  that 
point  of  view  which  discloses  their  coml  iued  influence  on 
the  climate,  physical  character,  and  capabilities  of  the  con- 
tinent around  them.  Into  the  succinct  account  here  about 
to  be  given  of  them,  no  particulars  will  be  admitted  which 
have  not  this  xinity  of  bearing.  The  Scandinavian  Moun- 
titins,  to  which  the  great  Northern  Peninsula  owes  its  form, 
and  in  some  res])ects  its  peculiar  climate,  extend  through 
13  degrees  of  latitude,  (6S°-71°,)  or  above  900  miles,  from 
the  Polar  Sea  to  the  S.  point  of  Norway.  They  bear  many 
n.imes  in  succession :  first,  descending  from  the  X.,  we  have 
the  Lapland  Mountains:  then,  on  the  borders  of  Sweden,  the 
Kiolen  ;  then  the  Dovrefield :  after  which  come  the  Sogna- 
field  and  Ilardangerfield.  The  highest  summit  of  the  ch:un 
are  Skagtolstind.inSognafield,(lat.61°24'X.,)8390feet:  and 
SneehStten,  in  the  Dovrefield,  (lat.  C2°  2o'  N.,)  8115  feet. 
The  highest  pjirt  of  the  chain  is  from  the  middle,  south- 
wards. They  nowhere  form  a  narrow  crest  at  their  sum- 
mits, but,  on  the  contrary,  expand  into  phiins,  fells,  fields^ 
(fjelds.)  often  30  or  M)  miles  wide.  Towards  the  K.  the  moun- 
tain mass  declines  gradually ;  while  on  the  W.  it  tills  ab- 
ruptly to  the  sea,  which  forms  numerous  deep  inlets,  oj 
fiords,  along  the  coast  of  Norway. 

In  the  British  Islands,  as  in  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula, 
the  mountains  rise  chiefly  on  the  W. ;  and.  indeed,  the  older 
rocks,  in  l)oth  cjises.  seem  to  lie  in  parallel  courses,  as  if 
they  formed  parts  of  one  system.  In  the  f'lm  of  Scotland, 
the  direction  of  Glenmore.  of  the  estuaries  of  the  Clyde  and 
Severn,  and  in  the  deep  inlets  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Ireland, 
may  be  seen  strong  traces  of  parallelism  with  the  Scandi- 
navian range.  But  the  mountains  of  the  British  group  are 
neither  so  simple  and  uniform  in  their  geological  charac- 
ters, nor  so  elevated  as  those  of  Norway.  In  Scmdinavja 
there  are  no  traces  of  volcanic  rocks  ;  but  on  the  W.  side  of 
3cotl,^nd,  and  N.  shores  of  Ireland,  basalts,  and  trap-rocks 
are  widely  spre:td.  and  appear  to  have  proceeded  from  a  .source 
lying  between,  perhaps  uniting,  the  two  countries,  and  now 
sunk  in  the  ocean. 

The  mountains  of  France  occupy  chiefly  the  S.  and  E.  de- 
partments :  the  X.  and  W.  portions  of  the  empire  belong 
to  the  great  plain  of  Northern  Europe.  The  mountains  of 
Auvergne  extend  alx)ut  SO  miles,  from  X.  to  S..  separating 
the  basins  of  the  Loire  and  Garonne.  They  form  a  table- 
laud  3500  feet  high,  from  which  again  ri.se  some  conical 
peaks,  the  Puy  de  Sancv.  or  Mont  d"Or,  attaining  the  height 
of  6188  feet;  CanUl,  6ii93  feet.  E.  and  S.  of  this  volcanic 
mass  extend  the  Cevennes.  for  about  180  miles  the  N.  por- 
tion running  N.  and  S..  with  the  Rhone;  while  the  S.  poi^ 
tion.  bending  to  the  S.W.,  approaches  the  Pjrenees,  fi-om 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  depres.sion  through  which 
pa.sses  the  canal  of  Languedoc  uniting  the  Mediterranean 
with  the  Atlantic.  The  Cevennes  furm  the  denjarcation  of 
the  waters  flowing  into  these  two  seas.  Their  general  ele- 
vation is  about  3000  feet;  but  a  few  points  rise  2iKjO  feet 
higher.  The  Jura  Mountains,  extending  atout  2(X»  milea 
X.E.  and  S.W.,  form  a  barrier  between  France  and  Switzer- 
land. Their  average  height  is  3700  feet;  but  the  most 
elevated  point,  the  Molesson,  reaches  6588  feet.  On  the  W. 
of  the  Rhine,  between  it  and  the  Moselle,  ri.se  the  Vosges, 
which  form  a  chain  120  miles,  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  with 
a  mean  height  not  exceeding  2*60  feet.  The  dome-like  sum- 
mits of  this  chain  have  received  the  name  of  B.illous;  and 
the  highest  of  them,  the  Ballon-de-Sulz,  attains  on  eleva- 
tion of  4680  feet. 

Oa  the  S.,  France  is  divided  from  Spain  tly  the  Pyrenees, 
a  narrow  chain.  250  miles  long,  and  hardly  -^0  miles  in 
breadth,  extending  in  an  E.S.E..  W.N.W.  direction,  from 
the  shores  of  the  Su-diterranean  Sea  to  those  ut  the  ocean', 
though  some  consider  the  mountains  of  Asturias  and  G»- 
licia.  which  stretch  above  300  miles  W.,  as  .'i  continuation 
of  the  Pyrenees.    The  central  line  or  axis  of  this  chain  is 


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somposed  of  pfranite,  overlain  with  limestone.  The  highest 
poiut.  La  Malailetta,  or  Slont  Maudit,  called  also,  in  the 
pnivincial  lantruaiie,  tlie  I'ic  Ue  Nethou,  hasan  elevation  of 
lllfiS  feet.  Several  other  points  exceed  lO.OOO  feet;  and  as 
the  limits  of  perpetual  congelation  are  found  here  at  the 
lieights  of  S3(I0  feet  and  91U0  feet,  on  the  N.  and  S.  faces  of 
the  mountain  respectively,  it  is  evident  that  a  large  area  in 
the  Pj-renees  must  bo  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  They 
are  separated,  on  the  S.,  by  the  valley  of  the  Ehro,  from  the 
elevated  plain  of  tlie  Spanish  Peninsula.  This  great  plain, 
or  table-laud,  the  elevation  of  which  varies  from  2.200  feet  to 
2800  fi«t,  h.'is  a  superficial  extent  of  not  less  than  90,000 
square  miles.  It  descends  gradually  on  the  \V.  towards 
I'ortuiral ;  but  on  the  K,  towards  the  provinces  of  Catalonia 
and  Valencia,  it  presents  an  abrupt  steep  or  line  of  fliffs, 
with  the  characters  of  an  ancient  sea  margin.  Thi.s  table- 
land is  bounded  N.  and  S.  by  chains  of  mountains  running 
K.  and  VV'.,  and  Iwtween  which  again  lie  three  other  chains, 
inclining  from  X.E.  to  S.W.  The  first,  or  northernmost  of 
these  reaches  in  its  highest  point,  an  elevation  of  about 
8500  feet.  The  second  mountain  chain  of  the  Iberian  table- 
land is  the  Guadarama,  which  separates  the  valleys  of  the 
Douro  and  the  Tagus.  Towards  its  W.  extremity  it  is  bet^ 
ter  Icnown  as  the  Sierra  d'Estrella.  The  highest  point  of 
these  mountains,  which  are  visible  from  Madrid,  is  tlio 
I'eBalara,  8'200  fjet  high.  Between  the  Tagus  and  the  Gua- 
diana.  conies  the  Sierra  Guudaloupe,  the  fourth  chain;  and 
between  the  valleys  of  the  Guadiana  and  Guadahiuivir.  the 
Sierra  Morena,  ijoth  lower  than  the  preceding,  the  highest 
ridge  of  the  former  not  exceeding  5100  feet ;  while  the  Cum- 
bre  de  Aracena,  the  culminating  ptdnt  of  the  latter,  rises 
5380  feet  al)0ve  the  sea.  The  fifth  chain  of  mountains,  that 
of  Grenada,  called  also,  in  its  highest  jiart,  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
which  bounds  the  t.ible  land  on  the  S.,  rises  in  a  few  points 
higher  even  than  the  Pyrenees:  andtheCerrode  Mulahacen, 
attains  an  elevation  of  11,058  feet.  Between  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  tlie  sea  on  the  S..  extends  the  chain  of  the  Alpu- 
jarras,  rising  to  a  iieight  of  9000  feet. 

The  Alps,  the  highest  mountains  in  Europe,  extend  un- 
interruptedly from  the  mouth  of  the  Ithone  to  the  plains 
of  Ilunnary,  througii  4  degrees  of  latitude.  (44°— 18°  N..)  and 
about  12  degrees  of  longitude.  {;>°-^6°  30'  E.)  On  the  S.  they 
ore  bounde<i  by  the  valley  of  the  Po:  on  tlie  W.  by  that  of 
the  Rhone;  and  on  the  N.  by  the  valley  of  the  Danube,  and 
some  of  the  attlueiits  of  the  lUiine :  on  the  E.  they  meet  the 
lUyrian  chain.  The  Alps  are  divided  by  geologists  into  two 
distinct  chains,  supposed  to  heut  different  ages.  The  Mari- 
time Alps,  the  most  western  part  of  the  system,  strike  S.S.W. 
to  N.N.E.;  the  high  Alps,  or  pnucipal  chain,  stretch  W.S.W. 
to  E.N.E.  It  is  at  the  point  wliere  these  two  chains  cross  each 
other,  that  the  Alps  attain  their  greatest  elevation,  and  that 
Mont  lilanc  rears  its  snowy  crest.  15,810  feet  alx)ve  the  sea. 
Mont  J!osa.  about  70  miles  farther  E.,  rises  to  within  600  feet 
of  the  .same  elevation,  and  the  average  height  of  the  whole 
range  between  these  two  summits  cannot  be  taken  at  less 
than  11.0  10  feet.  The  mean  height  of  the  Alps  throughout 
their  whole  extent,  is  probably  atout  8000  feet;  and  m.»ny 
points  reach  an  elevation  exceeding  12,000  feet.  These 
mountains  are  divided  by  longitudinal  valleys  of  great  ex- 
tent. From  the  snowy  heights  of  th*  Alps,  vast  glaciers  de- 
scend along  the  valleys,  till  they  reach,  in  some  instances, 
the  moderate  elevation  of  3000  feet. 

The  Apennines  may  be  conveniently,  though,  from  the 
geological  point  of  view,  not  perhaps  correctly,  considered 
as  a  branch  of  the  Alps.  After  a  winding  course  round  the 
Gulf  of  Genoa,  thfsy  turn  to  the  S.E.,  and  constitute  the 
central  ridge  of  the  Italian  Peninsula.  This  chain  has  a 
length  of  600  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  20  miles 
to  60  miles.  In  La  Puglia  it  spreads  into  a  wide  table-land, 
about  1500  feet  above  the  Mediterranean.  The  highest 
point  of  the  Apennines  is  the  Monte  Corno,  in  lat.  42°  27', 
9519  feet  high.  The  loftiest  ridges  of  the  chain  are  on  its  E. 
side,  towards  the  Adriatic  Sea.  The  Euganean  Hills,  near 
Padua,  the  Albanian,  near  Rome,  and  Vesuvius,  at  Naples, 
are  all  of  volcanic  origin,  and  quite  distinct  from  the  Apen- 
nines. To  tlie  latter,  however,  belong  the  mountain  groups 
which,  often  attaining  the  height  of  6000  feet,  form  the 
island  of  Sicily:  but  here  again  the  volcanic  Etna  10.874 
feet  high,  may  perhaps  be  regarded,  as  a  part  of  the  Apen- 
nine  system. 

The  Dinaric  or  Illyrian  Alps  branch  off  from  the  high 
Alps  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  in  a  direction  parallel 
to  that  of  the  Apennines.  They  rise  nowhere  higher  than 
6000  feet:  but  overhanging  the  sea,  and  occasionally  co- 
rered  with  fine  forests,  they  have  a  grand  appearance.  Af- 
ter continuing  in  the  same  direction  for  aliout  200  miles, 
this  chain  merges  in  the  Balkan,  (the  Ha'mtis  of  the  an- 
cients.) which  extends  to  the  Black  Sea.  As  the  Pyrenees 
and  Alps  cut  off  the  two  \V.  peninsulas,  so  the  united  chains 
of  the  Illyrian  Alps  and  the  Balkan  separ.ite  that  of  Greece 
•from  the  rest  of  Europe.  S.  of  these,  and  p.-irallel  to  the 
Balkan,  runs  the  Despoto-Dagh,  (the  lihodlnpe  of  the  an- 
cients,) the  E.  portion  of  which  attains  the  height  of  8240 
feet.  Still  farther  S.,  Pindus  strikes  to  the  S.E.,  and  forms 
(he  central  ridge  of  the  Grecian  Peninsula;   its  highest 


point,  Liakhura,  exceeds  8000  feet :  luid  Mount  St.  Eliaa, 
(anc.  Tai/firfiia.)  in  the  IMoren.  rises  7829  feet. 

North  of  the  Alps,  and  extending  E.,  in  Germany,  there  rise 
several  groups  and  chains  of  mountains  which  collectively 
separate  the  basin  of  the  Danube,  on  the  N.,  from  the  basin* 
of  the  rivers  that  How  into  the  North  and  Baltic  Seas.  At 
the  sources  of  the  Weser  are  the  Ilarz.  and,  S.  of  this  group, 
the  Thuringerwald  Mountains.  Farther  to  the  E.,  the  Kra- 
patski  or  Carpathian  chain  incloses  the  great  plain  of  Hun- 
gary, attaining,  in  several  places,  an  elevation  of  8C00  or 
8500  feet.  The  Ural  Mountains,  which  serve  as  a  boundary 
between  Europe  and  Asia,  extend  nearly  in  the  meridian, 
or  from  N.  to  S..  through  18°  of  latitude,  or'from  lat.  49°  to 
67°,  but  N.  of  60°  they  are  not  habitable  by  <'ivilized  man. 
The  highest  known  summit  of  the  Ural — the  Konjakofekoi- 
kamen,  in  lat.  60° — reaches  an  absolute  elevation  of  5397 
feet ;  but,  generally  speaking,  the  chain  is  low,  and  presents 
to  the  eye  only  a  series  of  rounded  hills. 

Plain.'!. — The  great  plain  of  Northern  Europe  conimencei 
at  the  N.  foot  of  the  Pyrenees ;  compreliends  \Vest<^rn  France, 
Western  and  Northern  Belgium,  Holland,  and  part  of  Den- 
mark; thence  all  the  N.  provinces  of  Germany  into  Russia, 
where  it  expands,  and  terminates  in  the  E.  only  at  the  t'ral. 
A  large  portion  of  this  plain,  beginning  at  the  Scheldt, 
and  extending  through  Ilolland,  Bremen,  Ditmaish,  Ha- 
nover, and  the  N.  provinces  of  Prussia,  is  a  low  sandy  level, 
sometimes  covered  with  heath  and  brushwood;  sometimes 
reseml>ling  a  sandy  desert,  not  unfiequently  below  the 
level  of  the  sea  or  rivers,  and  protected  from  inun<iation 
only  by  means  of  strong  dykes ;  or  if  liable  to  be  submerged, 
then  converted  into  marsh.  Nearly  the  entire  of  European 
Russia  is  a  plain,  diversified  only  by  moderate  undulations; 
and  that  plain  is,  in  superficial  extent,  equal  to  all  the  i-est 
of  Europe.  Owing  to  its  vast  extent,  it  can  atfciin  a  con- 
siderable elevation  by  an  ascent  qiUte  imperceptible :  and 
the  ridge  of  Valdai,  which  separates  the  basins  of  the  Volga 
and  Dnieper,  flowing  into  the  Caspian  and  Black  Seas,  from 
that  of  the  Dwina,  which  runs  into  the  Baltic,  has  an 
absolute  height  of  nearly  1200  feet.  IJesides  tliis  great 
pLiin  or  series  of  plains,  there  are  two  others,  the  pl.iin  of 
Bohemia,  and  the  plain  of  Hungary;  the  latter  with  an 
area  of  40,000  square  miles,  a  great  part  of  which  is  perfectly 
level. 

Gedngy. — It  seems  to  be  admitted  on  all  hands  that 
the  first  rank  among  European  mountains,  with  respect  to 
age  as  well  as  extent,  belongs  to  the  Scandinavian  rang". 
It  consists  almost  wholly  of  what  were  heretofore  called  pri- 
mary rocks,  and.  on  their  flanks,  the  oldest  deposited  sti-«ta, 
(Cambrian.  Silurian,  Devonian.)  containing,  in  thiir  fos.sils, 
proofs  of  relative  age,  lie  horizontal  and  undisturbed,  tlieir 
formation  having  taken  place  subsequent  to  the  upliejjval 
of  the  mountains.  In  the  AV.  of  England,  and  on  the  AV. 
side  of  the  Ural,  analogous  strata  are  found  distorted  or 
raised  vertically,  showing  that  the  mountains  on  which 
they  lean  have  risen  since  their  deposition:  but,  at  tlie 
same  time,  proving  the  antiquity  of  the  framework  of 
Northern  Europe,  from  its  W.  to  its  E.  extremity.  The 
ninth  great  change  in  the  physical  aspect  of  AVestern  Eu- 
rope get^ms  to  have  been  produced  by  the  raising  of  the  Py- 
renees, wliich  chain,  being  comparatively  recent,  lifted  with 
it  recent  strata,  such  as  chalk  and  the  earlier  tertiary  for- 
mations; and  as  the  chalk,  the  formation  of  which  was  ar- 
rested by  the  convulsion  which  raised  the  Pyrenees,  occu- 
pies but  a  small  portion  of  Europe,  it  is  suppo.sed  that  the 
effects  of  that  convulsion  were  very  widely  felt,  and  that,  in 
fact,  the  emergence  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  continent 
from  the  waters  which  then  covered  it  took  place  suddenly 
at  tlie  upheaval  of  the  Pyrenees.  The  eleventh  great  revo- 
lution was  effected  by  the  upheaval  of  the  AVestern  Alps ; 
the  twelfth  by  that  of  the  Iligh  Alps;  so  that  these,  tho 
greatest  mountains  of  Europe,  are  also  unqucstionablj'  the 
youngest,  with  the  exception  of  one  inconsiderable  chain  in 
Greece,  the  upheaval  of  which  maybe  assi.srned  to  a  volcanic 
action  still  partially  surviving  in  Etna  and  A"esuvius.  It  is 
remarkable  that  the  European  land  which  first  rose  above 
the  ocean  is  that  which  still  continues  most  constantly  to 
rise;  foi-  it  is  fully  ascertained  that  the  waters  of  the  Baltic 
are  retiring  fiom  the  shores  of  Sweden  at  a  uniform  rate, 
or.  in  other  words,  the  land  is  rising  at  the  rate  of  about  5 
feet  in  a  century.  During  the  formation  of  the  tertiary 
strata,  nearly  three-fourths  of  Europe — most  of  Russia,  tho 
basin  of  the  Danube,  Northern  Germany,  Holland,  part  of 
France,  the  E.  shores  of  Sweden,  of  England,  of  Italy,  ic. — 
were  under  water.  The  rising  of  the  Pyrenees  made  Europe 
a  continent:  the  convulsion  which  separated  En.irland  from 
France  is  supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  the  rising  of  the 
High  Alps.  Scotland  and  Ireland  remained  connected,  pro- 
bably till  a  much  more  recent  period,  by  volcanic  formations, 
which  have  subsequently  crumbled  and  sunk  in  the  ocean. 
It  is  near  the  contact  of  the  older  sedimentary  rocks  with 
those  of  eruptive  or  volcanic  origin  that  the  great  metallic 
deposits  are  found.  These  lie  chiefly  in  England.  Sweden, 
the  Ural,  and  in  a  line  from  the  Harz,  through  the  Erzge- 
birge.  to  the  Carpathians. 

Hivers. — The  vaiious  chains  of  mountains,  from  the  Co- 

649 


EUR 


EUR 


iwines  to  lb.9  Carpathians,  which  divide  the  -waters  mn- 
L'Wg  iatf)  the  Mediterranean  from  those  flowing  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  the  North  Sea.  and  the  Baltic,  tbrra  collec- 
liTely  '  rid.L'e,  extending  W.S.W.  and  K.X.K..  parallel  to 
the  Ili-h  Alps;  and  consequently  the  streams  flowing 
from  itv  X.  side,  or  through  the  plain,  all  incline  more  or 
less  to  the  V,'.,  and,  owing  to  the  breadth  of  the  plain, 
which  they  traverse  with  a  moderate  fall,  they  are  all  navi- 
gable to  a  considerable  extent.  The  Ebro,  at  the  S.  foot  of 
the  Pyrenees,  holds  a  course  parallel  to  these  mountains, 
but  the  other  large  rivers  of  the  Spanish  Peninsula  run.  like 
the  mountain  chains  which  confine  their  basins,  in  a  direc- 
tion parallel  to  the  High  Alps.  From  these  last  named 
mountains  descend,  as  might  be  expected,  some  of  the  larg- 
est of  the  European  rivers — the  Danube,  the  Rhine,  the 
Rhone,  and  the  Po,  all  have  their  sources  in  this  central 
chain.  The  first  and  greatest  of  these,  the  Danube,  has  a 
length  of  perhaps  2400  miles,  or  about  three-fourths  of  the 
length  of  the  Nile.  It  is  remarlcable  that  the  Volga,  which, 
among  European  rivers,  holds  the  first  rank  for  length, 
having  a  course,  of  nearly  1700  miles,  derives  but  a  small 
proportion  of  its  waters  from  the  heights  of  the  South 
Ural ;  its  chief  sources  are  little  more  than  1000  feet  above 
the  sea.  This  river  di-ains  an  immense  extent  of  country 
■with  so  moderate  a  Cill,  that  its  channel  is  always  full.  The 
lakes  of  Europe  accompany  the  chief  mountain  systems,  and 
may  be  divided  into  two  groups — the  Alpine  and  Scandi- 
navian. A  chain  of  lakes  extends  along  the  N.  side  of  the 
Alps,  through  Switzerland  and  the  Tyrol ;  and  along  the  S. 
side,  through  Lombardy  and  Styria.  The  Scandinavian 
lakes  extend  across  Sweden  from  W.  to  E.,  beginning  at  the 
b.  termination  of  the  mountains;  and  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
BiiUic  a  numl)er  of  lakes  stretching  in  the  same  direction 
across  Finland,  on  the  borders  of  Kussia,  mark  the  continu- 
ation of  the  line  of  depression. 

ClirtwU. — Europe  enjoys  the  great  advantage  of  lying  al- 
most wholly  within  the  temperate  zone.  A  small  portion  of 
it  only,  comprising  Lapland  and  the  X.  co.%st  of  Kussia,  ex- 
tends beyond  the  Arctic  circle.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
most  southern  point  of  Europe  does  not  reach  within  12° 
of  the  tropic,  nor  even  attain  a  zone  where  snow  is  a  rare 
phenomenon.  Another  remarkable  advantage  is  the  great 
extent  of  its  maritime  boundaries.  The  frequent  mixture 
of  sea  and  land  tends  to  diffuse  over  the  latter  the  equable 
temperature  of  the  ocean.  It  is  well  known  that  W.  coasts 
are  in  general  more  warm  and  humid  than  those  that  face 
the  E.  This  difference  of  climate  is  easily  explained  by  the  j 
difference  Iwtween  the  ruling  winds.  The  W.,  or  rather 
B.W.  wind,  on  the  coast  of  Europe,  is  in  reality  the  equato- 
rial current  of  the  atmosphere,  which,  flowing  at  first  due 
N.  towards  the  pole,  continually  inclines  more  and  more  to- 
wards the  E.,  becjiuse  the  velocity  of  the  earth's  movement 
of  rotation  is  greatest  at  the  ec^uator,  and  diminishes  towards 
the  poles;  and  consequently  that  motion  from  W.  to  E., 
which  is  latent  in  the  equatorial  current  at  its  first  starting 
N.,  becomes  apparent  as  the  circles  of  latitude  diminish,  anil 
the  wind  from  the  intertropical  regions,  describing  a  curve, 
reaches  the  European  shores  as  a  S.W.  wind.  A  like  train 
of  reasoning,  with  an  obvious  inversion  of  circumstances, 
will  show  that  the  N.E.  wind  is  generally  nothing  else  than 
the  polar  current,  bent  from  its  originally  S.  cour.se,  because 
it  falls  short  of  the  E.  motion  of  the  lower  circles.  The 
equatorial  current  of  the  atmosphere,  determined  in  its 
course  by  circumstances,  flows  N..  with  little  intermission, 
over  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and,  inclining  E..  becomes  a  S.W. 
wind.  This  is  the  predominating  wind  of  Western  Europe. 
In  Ireland  the  S.W.  wind,  warm  and  humid,  prevails  dur- 
ing nine  months  of  the  year;  on  the  Continent  its  dura- 
tion, strength,  and  temperature  decline  uniformly  towards 
the  E.  At  St.  Petersburg  it  is  still  the  prevalent  wind,  but 
farther  E.  it  gives  way  to  the  cold  and  dry  N.E.  wind.  The 
heat  and  moisture  of  the  equatorial  zone  are  continually 
flowing  into  the  atmosphere  of  Europe;  but  the  effect  of 
this  is  greatly  heightened  by  an  oceanic  current.  The 
equ.atorial  current  of  the  ocean  flows  W.,  but  being  checked 
by  the  American  Continent,  it  turns  N.,  flows  round  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  then,  under  the  name  of  the  Gulf  Stream, 
runs  at  a  little  distance  from  the  coasts  of  the  United 
States,  and  pa.«siiig  3.  of  Newfoundland,  falls  with  a  rela- 
tively high  temperature  chiefly  on  the  shores  of  Ireland. 
Scotland,  and  Norway.  At  the  same  time,  the  N.  shores  of 
Europe  are  guarded  from  accumulation  of  ice  by  fortunate 
accidents  of  structure.  The  great  projection  of  the  Conti- 
nent W.  of  the  Obi.  and  the  position  of  Nova  Zembla, 
stretching  forward  to  lat.  77°,  screen  Europe  effectually 
from  the  ice  firmed  on  the  N.  shores  of  Siberia,  This  ice. 
when  it  breaks  up,  drifts  to  G  reenland,  the  E.  coasts  of 
Which  are  never  open,  while  the  W.  shores  of  Norway,  in 
the  same  latitude,  are  never  closed.  Many  circumstances, 
therefore,  concur  to  favor  Europe  generally  with  a  pecu- 
liarly genial  climate,  in  which  the  vicissitudes  of  season  are 
felt  without  their  rigor. 

The  incr«»«e  of  temperature  from  N.  to  S.  and  from  E.  to 
W..  .ts  it  takes  place  throughout  Europe,  where  those  ele- 
meutA  have  been  accurately  determined,  is  exhibited,  in 
650 


degrees  of  Fahrenheit's   thermometer,  in   the   foUcwlnj? 
table:— 


North  Cape 

Trondhjem  (Korway). 
Umeil  (Sweden)....'... 

St.  Petersburg 

Stockholm 

Edinburgh 

•Kaiao 

Copenhagen 

Dautzlc 

Dublin 

Hamburg 

Berlin 

Warsaw 

London 

Penzance 

Prague 

Paris 

Carlsrohe 

Vienna 

Buda 

Bordeaux 

Rome '. 

NapleJ 

Liabon 


Latitude.    p|P°|f°"    -VTinter.     Summer. 


71° 
63« 


53X 
53« 

52 
51 K 


S8K 


From  this  it  will  be  manifest  to  what  an  extent  the  seve- 
rity of  winter  is  mitigated  by  the  vicinity  of  the  ocean. 
North  Cape  has  a  milder  winter,  and  Trondhjem  (Dron- 
thelm)  even  a  better  climate  altogether,  than  Ka>an.  whiih 
is  situated  in  a  much  lower  latitude — in  the  same  parallel, 
indeed,  as  Edinburgh.  That  the  lines  of  equal  mean  tem- 
perature decline  S.  as  we  go  farther  E.,  is  obvious  from  the 
comparison  of  Penzance,  Paris,  Carlsruhe.  Vienna,  and  Buda. 
It  is  also  to  be  observed,  that  if  the  same  mean  temperature 
be  traced  E.,  the  difference  of  temperature  of  the  seasons  will 
be  found  constantly  increasing,  the  summer  growing  hotter, 
the  winter  colder.  Thus,  compare  Edinburgh  and  Ilamburg, 
Dublin  and  Prague,  Penzance  and  Buda,  Naples  and  Lisbon, 
and  it  will  be  seen  that  efjuability  is  the  characterof  the  W. 
Hence  it  is  that  some  plants,  as  the  vine  for  instance,  which 
suffer  little  from  the  cold  of  winter,  but  the  successful  cul- 
tivation of  which  depends  chiefly  on  the  summer  heat,  have 
a  wider  range  towards  the  E.,  or,  in  other  words,  they  flou- 
rish within  limits  which  run  to  the  N.  of  E..  and  thus  make 
an  angle  with  the  line  of  constant  mean  temperattms.  The 
same  advantages  of  mild  and  genial  temperature,  which 
Western  has  over  Eastern  Europe,  the  continent  collectively 
has  over  the  rest  of  the  earth.  The  diminution  of  mean 
temperature,  as  well  as  the  intensity  of  the  opposite  seasons, 
increase  as  we  go  E.  across  the  Old  World.  Peking,  in  lat.  40°, 
has  as  severe  a  winter  as  St.  Petersburg.  The  hills  near  the 
seaside  S.  of  the  Chu-san  Islands,  lat.  00°,  are  covered  with 
snow  four  or  five  months  in  the  year,  and  the  snow  has 
hardly  disappeared  when  the  peach-trees  are  in  full  blos- 
som. The  E.  side  of  the  American  Continent  is  as  remark- 
able as  Eastern  A.sia  with  respect  to  absolute  and  equable 
temper.ature;  and  although  the  W.  coast,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbi.a,  has  a  much  milder  climate  than  the  E.,  yet 
it  is  still  much  Inferior  to  W.  Europe,  as  will  be  seen  from 
the  following  table  : — 


Kew  Toric 

Halifax 

Quebec 

Cumberland  House  (Hudson's  Bar). 
Fort  Vancouver  (Colombia,  W.  coasi 
Fort  George  (Colombia) 


Lati-  i  Mean  |  Win- 
tude.  !  temp.  I    ter. 


4*M 


As  a  large  proportion  of  the  rain  which  falls  on  Europe  is 
borne  to  it  by  the  S.W.  wind,  the  quantity  of  rain  dimi- 
nishes towards  the  E..  but  not  with  regularity.  The  preci- 
pitation of  the  aqueous  vapor  suspended  in  the  atmosphere 
being  determined  by  great  mas.ses  of  high  land,  the  heaviest 
rains  fall,  sis  might  be  expected,  round  the  Alps,  particularly 
on  their  S.  side,  and  at  the  W.  side  of  the  Scandinavian 
range.  The  peninsulas  of  Simthern  Europe — namely.  Spain, 
Italy,  and  Greece — all  feel  the  effects  of  their  exposure  to 
the'heated  S.  winds  which  come  to  them,  from  the  great 
.\frican  Desert,  and  they  have  little  or  no  rain  in  summer. 
Some  districts  in  Spain  are  often  without  rain  for  nine 
months  together.  The  Pyrenees,  the  Cevennes,  the  .\\\\s, 
and  the  Carpathians  fonn  a  limit  of  climate  between  the 
dry  region  on  the  S..  visited  only  Viy  winter  rains,  and  the 
humid" region  on  which  rain  falls  at  all  times  of  the  year, 
but  chiefly  in  summer.  Sweden,  however,  on  the  E.  sideoi 
the  Scandinavian  range,  has  but  little  summer  rain,  exhi- 
biting in  this,  as  in  other  particuLirs.  a  strong  contrast  with 
the  maritime  climate  of  Norway.  At  Bergen,  in  the  latter 
country,  the  quantity  of  rain 'that  falls  within  the  year 
amounts  to  SO  inches ;  at  Stockholm  it  is  but  17i  inches. 
Ireland,  exposed  to  constant  S.W.  winds.  complet<'ly  satu- 
rated with  vapor,  has  208  rainy  days  in  the  year ;  but  the 
rain  is  gentle,  though  frequent,  and  protwbly  does  not 
amount  to  more  than  32  inches.    Loudon  has  178  days  of 


EUR 


EUR 


rain,  and  Enpland,  collectively,  31  inches;  thoufrh,  in  the  ! 
mountaiuous  districts,  Cumberland  especially,  the  annual  i 
rain  ofteu  exceeds  60  inches.  The  Alps,  at  their  S.  foot,  | 
have  tjo  inches:  Friuli,  100  inches;  Palermo,  21  inches; 
Lisbon  and  Madrid — the  one  on  the  W.  coast,  the  other  in- 
land, on  a  plain — have  respectively  35  and  9^  inches  of  rain. 
<}oin;.r  over  the  continent  from  \V.  to  E.,  we  find  that  Hol- 
land has  2t>  inches  of  annnal  rain,  and  St.  Petersburg,  21 
inches;  Western  iTrance  has  24  inches;  Buda,  18  inches. 
The  fnow  which  covers  the  ground  in  Russia  during  five 
months,  from  October  to  April,  amounts,  when  measured  as 
rain,  by  inches,  to  only  a  very  small  quantity.  The  line  of 
perpetual  snow  is  found  at  North  Cape  at  the  height  of  2300 
feet  above  the  Sea.:  in  Southern  Norway,  at  the  height  of 
6500  feet.  In  the  Alps,  the  general  height  of  this  line  may 
be  taken  at  90U0  feet;  but  on  the  N.  side  and  E.  end  of  the 
chain  it  descends  to  8600  feet,  while  on  the  S.  face  of  Mount 
Koi«i  it  rises  to  10,000  feet.  On  the  Pyrenees,  the  snow-line 
occurs,  on  the  N.and  S.  sides  respectively,  at  heights  of  8300 
and  9100  feet.  Thus  it  apptsirs  that  the  line  of  perpetual  con- 
gelation falls  lower  on  the  Pyrenees  than  on  the  Alps,  though 
the  latter  mountains  lie  3°  farther  N.  than  the  former;  but 
this  is  the  inevitable  consequence  of  the  vicinity  of  the 
ocean,  which  diminishes  the  intensity  of  the  summer  heat, 

ZAnilogy. — The  zoology  of  Europe  offers  little  for  remark. 
The  reindeer  and  polar  bears  are  peculiar  to  the  N.  The  S. 
alone  has  lizards  and  serpents.  In  the  forests  of  Poland  and 
Lithuania  the  urus  or  bonasus,  a  species  of  wild  ox,  is  still 
occa.«ionally  met  with.  Bears  and  wolves  still  inhabit  the 
forests  and  mountains,  but,  in  general,  cultivation  and 
population  have  expelled  wild  animals.  The  domesticated 
animals  are  nearly  the  same  throughout.  The  ass  and 
nrule  lose  their  size  and  beauty  N.  of  the  I'yrenees  and 
Alps.  A  few  camels  are  bred  in  the  neighViorhood  of  .Vienna, 
in  Italy,  in  which  country  also  buffaloes  are  used  for 
draught.  The  Mediterranean  Sea  has  many  species  of  fish, 
but  no  great  fishery;  the  N.  sea.s,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
annually  filled  with  countless  shoals  of  a  few  species,  chiefly 
the  herring,  mackarel,  cod,  and  salmon. 

VeijeUititm. — With  respect  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  Eu- 
rope may  be  conveniently  divided  into  four  zones.     The 


first,  or  northernmost,  is  that  of  fir  and  birch.  This  may 
be  subdivided  into  the  zones  of  lichen,  birch,  an  1  fir.  The 
tundras,  or  mo.ssy  plains  of  Scan(iin.avia,  do  not  equal  in 
extent  those  of  Kastern  Russia.  The  heights  inaccessible 
to  other  vegetation,  up  to  the  borders  of  perpetual  snow,  are 
occupied  by  lichens,  the  moet  valuable  of  which  sre  th«^ 
reindeer  moss  and  the  Iceland  mo?s.  The  birch  reaclie.< 
almost  to  North  Cape ;  the  fir  ceases  a  degree  farther  S.  The 
cultivation  of  grain  extends  farther  in  these  rude  latitudes 
than  might  be  at  first  supposed.  Barley  ripens  even  under 
the  70th  parallel;  wheat  ceases  at  0-1°  in  Nonvay,  62°  in 
Sweden.  In  the  country  of  the  Samoyeds,  in  Eastern  Rus- 
sia, the  limit  of  barley  is  in  about  07°.  Within  this  zone,  the 
S.  limit  of  which  extends  from  lat.  64°.  in  Norway,  to  lat. 
62°.  in  Russia,  agriculture  has  little  importance,  the  inha- 
bitants being  chiefly  occupied  with  the  care  of  reindeer  or 
cattle,  and  in  fishing.  The  next  zone,  which  may  be  called 
that  of  the  o.ik  and  Vieech,  and  cereal  produce,  extends  from 
the  limit  above  mentioned  to  the  4Sth  parallel.  Next  we 
find  the  zone  of  the  chestnut  and  vine,  occupying  the  space 
between  the  4Sth  parallel  and  the  mountiiin  chains  of 
Southern  Europe.  Here  the  oak  still  flourishes,  but  tho 
pine  species  become  rare.  Rye,  which  characterizes  the  pre- 
ceding zone,  on  the  continent  f;ives  way  to  wheat,  and.  in 
the  S.  to  maize  also.  The  fourth  zone,  comprehending 
the  southern  peninsulas,  is  that  of  the  olive  and  ever- 
green woods.  The  orange  flourishes  in  the  8.  portion  of  it, 
and  rice  is  cultivated  in  a  few  spots  in  Northern  Italy  and 
Eastern  Spain.  The  deciduous  oak  here  gives  jilace  to  the  evei^ 
green  and  cork  oaks,  with  edible  acorns.  The  lines  which  do- 
fine  the  region  favorable  to  the  growth  of  each  plant  generally 
incline  S.  towards  the  E. ;  but  it  is  otherwise  with  the  vine, 
olive,  and  a  few  other  plants  within  certain  limits.  The  cul- 
tivation of  the  vine  begins  on  the  coast  of  France,  in  lat.  48°, 
passes  N.  of  Paris,  in  lat.  49°.  and  goes  still  farther  N.  in  Ger- 
many, where  it  re.ichesits  northern  limit :  it  is  still,  however, 
carried  on  with  success  on  the  Volga,  in  lat.  .50°. 

The  following  table  exhil'its  the  name  and  area  of  each 
statfl  in  Europe,  also  the  form  of  government,  the  prevailing 
religion,  and  the  population,  revenue,  debt,  army  and  navy, 
and  capital  city : — 


Area,  Ihpulalinn,  cfe.  o/  all  the  European  Staten. 


Anhiilt  BeraburK , 

AuhaU-Uessau-Kotlien 

Ausn-ia 

Ba.leii 

Bavaria 

Belgium 

Bremen 

Bru 


vick. 


Denmark., 


Frank  fort 

Great  Britain  and  Irelaud.. 
Greece 


Designation. 


iiourg.. 


Ha 

Hanove 

HesKe-Cas^el 

Hesse- Darmstadt 

Hesse-Hombuig.. 

[*Hnhenzolleru-Hechingen.] 

[•Hoheuzoll.-Sigmarlugen.] 

Ionian  Republic '. 

Liechtenstein 

Lipije-Detmold 

Lulicck 

Mecklenburg-Sohwerin 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz 

Modena 

Naples 

Nassau 

Netherlands 

Oldenburg  and  Kniphamen. 

Parma 

Pontittaal  States 

Portugal 

Prussia 

Reuss,  Old > 

"        Young 5 

Russia 

San  Marino 

Sardinia 

Siixe-Altenburg 

I  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 

Saxe-Meiuiugen 

I  Saxo-Welmar-Elsenaob 


Schaumhurg-Lippe 

Schwarzbuig-Rudolstadt 

Suhwarzburg-Sondeisiiauacn 

Spain 

Sweden  anl  Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Tuseauy.  with  Lucca 

Walluck 

W'JrtL-mburg 


Duchy 

Duch}'" 

Kuipire 

Grand  Duchy 
Kingdom  .... 
.Monarchy  .. . 
Free  City.... 

Duchy 

Monarchy.... 

Empire 

Free  City 

Kingdom  .... 
Monarchy.. .. 
Free  City.... 

Kingdom 

Electorate  ... 
Grand  Duchy 
Landgrave... 
Principality.. 
Principality.. 


Principality.. 
Principality.. 
Free  City.... 
Grand  Duchy 
Grand  Duchy 

Duchy 

Kingdom  .... 

Duchy 

Monarchy  . . . 
Grand  Duchy 
Duchy ". 


Kingdom  .... 

Monarcliy  . . . 
Principalities 

Empire 

Republic 

Kingdom  .... 

Duchy 

Duchy 

Duchy 

Duchy 

Kingdom  .... 
Principality.. 
Principality.. 
Principality.. 
Monarchy  ... 
Monarchy.... 

Republic 

Empire 

Grand  Duchy 
Principality.. 
Kingdom 


Lutheran  .. 
Luth.&  Cnl. 
K.  Catholic. 
Lutheran  . . 
R.  Catholic. 
Lutheran... 

Lutheran... 
Lutheran  .. 
E.  Catholic. 


Area, 
sq.  m. 


3.1!)  i 

078 

!S6,5oU 

5,9(H 

29,1)37 

11,400 

112 

1,400 

aoo.en 
sol 

I20.4IHI 


K.  Catholic. 

18.600 

151 

Lutheran  .. 

14,811 

Calvlnistlc. 

4.4:19 

Lutheran... 

S,761 

Calvlni.stlo. 

106 

R.  Catholic. 

117 

R.  Catholic. 

Md 

Greek  Ch.  . 

I,0ir2 

R.  Catholic. 

5.1 

Calvinistio. 

438 

114 

Lutheran  .. 

4,845 

Lutheran  .. 

7«7 

R.  Catholic. 

2,07:i 

R.  Catholic. 

«1.90« 

Lutheran  .. 

1,751 

CUvinistic. 

is.m;! 

Lutheran  .. 

2,421 

R.  Catholic. 

2,766 

K.  Catholic. 

17.210 

R.  Catholic. 

35,-268 

Luth.&R.C. 

109,314 

Lutheran .. 

640 

Greek  Ch. . 

1,U2,504 

22 
28,229 

R.  Catholic. 

Lutheran  .. 

510 

Lutheran  .. 

799 

Lutheran  .. 

971 

Lutheran .. 

1,418 

Lutheran.. 

6,917 

Calvinistio. 

207 

Lutheran  .. 

331 

Lutheran  .. 

327 

R.  Catholic. 

193,244 

Lutheran  .. 

293,48i 

15,261 

Mohamrad'n 

203,6J8 

R.  Catholic. 

8,5SS 

Lutheran  .. 

461 

Lutheran  .. 

7,55^ 

52,641 

lll,7o»' 

.16.514.466 

1.3.-)f,943 

4.5)9,452 

4,350,090 

74,000 

m,208 

?,107,397 

36,779,222 

77,971 

27.332.145, 

1,002.1  I2i 

W0<l.690 

l,819,;:5;l 

759,731 

854,319 

24,921 

20,143 

45,4:11 

219.797 

7, .160 

106.615 

56,500 

541,449 

99,628 

586,4.58 

8,704.472 

4-.;9,341 

S,962,i90 

28;),66o 

507,881 

3,006,771 

3,471,203 

16,935,420 

114,983 

60,098,821 

7,600 

5,090,245 

132,850 

150,412 

166,364 

262,524 

1,987,832 

30,226 

69,0:18 

60.847 

13.9:16,218 

4,467,156 

2,:190,116 

15,3,50,000 

1,778,021 

69.697 

1,815,686 


t526,583' 

700,000 

117,930,000 

11,912.110 

13,914,274 

25,000,000 

589,318 

1.171,000 

7,500,000 

267,B8:l,6J0 

747.0801 

255.900.000  S 

3.984.4261 

2,953,973 

6,429,870 

8.134,075 

3,282,749 

137,353 

77,440 

87.120 

558,632 

10,748 

187,631 

262,369 

2,370.774 

221,4:10 

1,682.000 

18,5:16.885 

1.750.000 

17,938,438 

726,842 

1,274,400 

12,542,500 

14,186.829 

76,593,048 

261,138 

87,209,270 

6.600 

25,630,000 

503,100 

706.400 

576,580 

1,124.870 

6,045.660 

93,600 

288,280 

200,400 

122,596,000 

8,229,1.56 

3,210.000 

36,540,000 

3,649.184 

266,813 

5,090,946 


$1,254,558 

3.470.512 

611,300.000 

26,522,932 

54,798,248 

130,700.000 

1,9:16.000 

4,8.13.0t» 

111.198.560 

,115.800,000 

5,083,200 

,865.800,000 

25.000,000 

23,10:1,104 

27,,184,03B 

1,182,551 

7,009,290 

528,146 

154,880 

40,321 


3,416,000 

7,640,0t« 

871,200 

3,18.800 

88,,184,S52 

4,080  000 

300,247,075 

740,520 

2,368,000 

100,000,000 

88,071.047 

152,569,815 

87,120 


370 
854 
639.659 
15,U00 
58,239 
180,000 
6O0I 

s.oooj 

75,1«9| 

401,2471 

1.024' 

1 44,035  i 

9,848i 

1,800; 

23,687 

11,000, 

10.514 

350 

146 

356 

4,000 

60 

820 

407 

7,752 

800 

3,500 

106,519 

57,959 
600 
4,148 
17.365 
38,000 
S49,812 

745 


567,772,640  699,000  237 


114,300,000 
1,642,676 
2,296,953 
1,670,450 
4,292,200 
31,230,000 

"48,.166 

524,200 

914,930,000 

9,661,000 

2,943,000 

150,000,000 

(?) 

435,6fl0l 
19,369,487! 


140,000 
1,500 

1,200 
2,400 


809 
700 
136,787 
167,484 
108.000 
448.8ti0 
15,376 
520 
19,017 


11,773 
15,026 


288 
9,000 


Bern burg. 

Dessau. 

Vienna. 

Calsruhe. 

.Munich. 

Brussels. 

Bremen. 

Brunswick. 

Copenhagen. 

Paris. 

Frankfort. 

Lonilon. 

Athens. 

Hamburg. 

Hanover. 

Cassul. 

Darmstadt. 

Honiburg. 

Hechingen. 

Sigmuriugen. 

Corfu. 

Liechtenstein. 

Detntold. 

Lubeok. 

Schwerin. 

Strelitz. 

Modena. 

Naples. 

Wiesbaden. 

Amsterdam. 

Oldenburg. 

Parma. 

P.ome. 

Lisbon. 

Berlin. 

5  Grciz. 

J  .Schlcitz. 

St.  Petersburg. 


•  See  note,  page  745. 


T  And  90  gun-boats. 


t  And  117  steamers. 


§  And  210  gaa-boats. 


Turin. 

Altenburg. 

Coburg. 

Meiningen. 

"Weimar. 
....  I  Dresden. 
....     B,ickeburg, 
....     BudoLstadt. 
....     Sondershausen, 
1,231   Madrid. 
(7)    I  Stockholm. 

I  Bern. 

4,000  Constautipople 
....   [Florence. 
....     Arolsen. 
....  I  Stuttgart. 

II  And  392  gun-boau. 
651 


EUR 


EUR 


The  total  »rea  of  Europe,  according:  to  the  estimates  of  the 
different  states,  as  furnished  in  tlie  foregoing  taile,  is 
3,830.130  square  miles.  Of  this,  2.142.604  square  miles  was 
comprised  in  the  territory  of  Bussia,  being  "247.439  .square 
miles  more  than  half  of  the  entire  area  of  the  Continent. 
The  total  population  of  Europe,  as  shown  in  the  foregoing 
tal>Ie.  is  2i:4.209,000 ;  the  total  revenue.  $1,170,771,515:  de)>t, 
$S,4Si>.210.369;  army,  3,938,9t)9  men;  nary,  1757  vessels, 
and  47.067  jruns. 

Eilinngraphy  and  Lanfjimge. — Europe  is  occupied  by  many 
different  rac<w.  wholly  distinct  or  very  remotely  connected. 
The  Celts  once  possessed  the  AVest  of  Europe,  from  the  Alps 
to  the  British  Islands.  The  only  remnant  of  the  pure  Celtic 
lans;uage.  at  the  present  day.  is  the  G,T?lic.  or  Erse,  spolien 
in  some  districts  of  Ireland,  the  Scotch  Hiehlands.  and 
the  Hebrides.  The  Welsh  are  probably  descendants  of  the 
Cimbri.  (whence  they  are  still  called  in  the  AVelsh  tongue 
Cymry.)  a  portion  of  which  nation,  witli  the  Teutones.  in- 
vaded Italy,  and  were  defeated  by  Marius  about  100  n.o.  A 
portion  of\hese  Cymry  established  themselves  in  Brittany, 
where  the  people  still  speak  a  langu;ige  resembling  tlie 
Welsh.  The  Celts  adopted  the  Anglo-Saxon  writing;  they 
also  used  the  Ogham,  which  was  a  s.icred,  but  not  an  ancient 
character.  Their  literary  cultivation  l:)egan  with  their  con- 
version to  Chri.stianity,  and  does  not  seem  to  have  ever 
advanced  fir.  In  Spain,  also,  they  were  driven  to  the  W. 
side:  the  E.  shores,  the  Pyrenees,  and  part  of  Aquitani.i. 
were  h  'Id  by  the  Iberians,  of  whom  the  Basques  are  now 
the  representatives.  Their  language,  the  Eskuara.  tias  no 
discoverable  affinity  with  any  other;  and  the  Basques  are 
the  only  European  race  who  cannot  be  traced  into  Asia. 
Next  to  the  Oltic  comes  the  Teutonic  race,  who  have  long 
predominated,  and'  have  supplied  everywhere,  except  in 
Russia,  the  reigning  &milies.  Under  this  name  are  com- 
prehended the  Germans  and  Scandinavians ;  the  language 
of  the  former,  including  Gothic,  Lithuanian.  Flemish.  Fri- 
sian. Ando-Saxon,  Ac,  extended  from  Transylvania  to 
North  Britain,  and  from  the  Alpes  to  the  Baltic  Sea.  The 
Scandinavians.  Danes  and  Norwegians  chiefly,  colonized 
Iceland,  and  the  Faroe  Islands.  Shetland.  Orkney,  and  others 
of  the  Scotch  Islands:  and  traces  of  their  presence  in  Ire- 
land may  be  discerned  even  in  Ptolemy's  map  of  that  island, 
A.  D.  150.  The  literature  (>f  this  race  goes  back  to  pagan 
times,  and  is  extremely  abundant.  To  the  E..  in  general, 
of  the  Teutonic  race,  though  sometimes  mixed  with  it.  come 
the  Slavonians,  that  is,  the  Poles,  the  Chekes,  or  Bohemi- 
ans. Esthonians,  the  Servians,  Craitians,  about  one-third 
of  the  population  of  Hungary,  and  the  Russians.  The 
Vends,  or  Veneti,  formerly  a  powerful  nation  on  the  S. 
shores  of  the  Baltic,  but  now  absorbed  in  the  German  name, 
were  of  this  race.  An  offset  of  the  same  stock  penetrated  to 
the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  and  founded  Venice.  Among 
the  Slavonians,  the  great  mass  of  the  people  were  serfs,  and 
subject  to  harsh  treatment.  Hence  their  nation.il  name, 
(Slave.)  which  means  renoicned.  has  become,  in  West  Europe 
and  America,  the  designation  of  one  deprived  of  liberty. 
Slavonian  literature  is  all  of  modern  date.  In  the  S.  and 
S.E.  of  Europe  are  the  offspring  of  the  PeL-\.sgian  stock, 
speaking  the  Greek  and  Latin,  which  latter  absorbed  the 
Etruscan  .and  other  languages  of  ancient  Italv.  Greek  was 
the  l.-uiguage  not  merely  oif  the  Grecian  Peninsula,  but  of 
all  the  islands  and  Asiatic  shores  of  the  .Egean  Sea :  it  was 
this  langu.age — rich,  vigorous,  and  singularly  perspicuous — 
that  first  gave  expression  to  that  pure  taste,  and  manly 
conception  which  now  form  the  distinction  of  Europe.  Mo- 
dern Greek  is  spoken  within  a  comparatively  limited  range, 
and  differs  from  the  ancient  tongue,  chieflv.  in  having  lost 
many  grammatical  inflexions ;  hence  it  is"  called  Aplo-Hel- 
lenic  or  Simple  Greek.  The  .\lbanians  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Grecian  Peninsula,  are  probably  .sprung  from  the  mixed 
Celtic  and  Dacian  population  of  the  lUyrian  Mountains.  At 
the  present  day,  the  language  of  the  Skipatars  (as  thev  call 
themselves)  is  one-third  Celtic,  and  contains  much  Slavo- 
nian. 

The  Latin  or  Roman  language  was  connected  with  the 
Greek,  through  the  least  cultivated  di.alect  of  the  latter— the 
^Eoli'in :  and  contained  many  words  of  Western  origin.  The 
Teutonic.  Slavonian.  Greek,  and  Latin,  (with  the  modern 
tongues  derived  from  them,)  all  Ijelong  to  what  is  called  the 
Indo-European  family  of  languages.  Thev  mav  all  be 
traced  from'the  Sanscrit,  the  ancient  language  of  Upper 
India,  and  the  Himalaya,  though,  perhaps,  the  Slavonian 
may  be  more  conveniently  referred  to  a  cognate  tongue— 
the  Zend  or  ancient  Persian.  The  Gvpsies  also  speak  a  lan- 
guage of  Indian  origin,  and  related  to  the  Pali.  The  Celtic 
Language  has  so  much  analogy  with  the  Indo-European 
stock,  as  to  countenance  the  belief  that  the  Celts  were  but 
an  older  wave  of  the  same  great  stream  of  emigration  from 
the  Highlinds  of  Central  Asi.a.  From  the  neiL'ht)orhood  of 
the  Altai  Mountains,  N.K.  of  the  Hiaialava.  flowed  westward 
another  similar  stream.  Turkish  trills  occupied  the  steppes 
N.  of  tne  Black  .Sea.  probably  at  an  earlv  age.  At  present 
the  Ba.<hkirt.  ;n  the  South  Ural,  are  of  Turkish  race,  to 
which  belong  aJso  the  Tartars  of  Kasan,  those  of  the  Krim. 
and  the  Nogays  on  the  Don.     The  Ottoman  or  ntiim.n 


asa 


Turks,  (so  named  from  their  early  Sultan.  Othman  or  Os- 
man.)  after  being  settled  for  ages  in  Asia  Minor,  at  length 
took  Constantinople  in  1453.  and  established  their  empire 
in  Europe.  Previous  to  this  event,  a  body  of  Turcom:ius  liad 
forced  their  way  into  Macedonia,  where  their  descendants  still 
remain.  The  iSshing  and  hunting  tribes  of  .North  Sii'eri.a, 
also  took  part  in  this  Western  movement,  and  the  Finns 
advancing  from  theObi.  settled  themselves  in  the  countries 
now  called  Lapland  and  Finland.  Higher  up.  from  the 
banks  of  the  Irtish,  other  hordes  of  the  same  nati  >n  mingled 
with,  and  led  by  Turks  and  Mongols,  poured  down  on  the 
valley  of  the  Danul)e.  in  the  seventh  centuiT.  and  founded 
the  kingdom  of  Hungary.  The  language  of  the  Magyars, 
as  the  Hungarians  call  themselves,  has  not  vet  lost  all  r* 
semblance  to  that  of  the  Ostyaks  on  the  Olii.  The  in  con 
venience  arising  from  diversity  of  speech,  is  much  dimi- 
nished in  Europe  by  the  great  predominence  of  tlie  lan- 
guages of  the  Indo-European  family,  wliii-h  are  sp;iken  by 
nine-tenths  of  the  whole  population :  the  Teutonic.  Sclavo- 
nian,  and  Latin  sroups.  each  nunii)ering  about  TO  millions. 

The  literary  cultivation  of  Europe,  considered  in  the  ag- 
gregate, and  apart  from  the  separate  national  literature  of 
which  it  is  composed,  suggests  a  few  important  observa- 
tions. It  has  proceeded  altogether  from  ancient  G  reece.  In 
poetry,  history,  and  speculative  philosophy,  the  Greeks  cer- 
tainly excelled  in  their  time;  but  their  original  and  peouliai 
merit  was  that  of  laying  the  foundations  of  exact  .science, 
and  of  the  scientific  examination  of  nature.  Thev  com- 
menced rearing  the  solid  and  enduring  edifice  of  human 
knowledge.  Pythagoras.  Hipparchus,  Ptolemy,  and  Euclid, 
were  the  forerunners  of  Copernicus.  Kepler,  Galileo.  New- 
ton. Laplace,  and  Herschel:  and  Aristotle  broke  the  way 
for  Locke  and  for  Cuvier.  It  was  fortunate  that  Christianity, 
while  spreading  W..  raised  in  general  consideration  the  two 
languages  which  contained  tlie  seeds  of  civilization.  When 
the  Arabs,  having  overrun  with  great  rapidity  the  \.  of 
Africa,  and  part  of  Spain,  laid  aside  their  arms.  ,and  turned 
to  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace,  they  created,  in  the  latter 
country  particularly,  a  literature  which  was  as  remarkable 
for  its  extreme  copiousness,  as  for  its  superficial  character 
and  general  worthlessness.  Their  example,  however,  worked 
on  the  poets  of  Catalonia.  Provence,  and  Italy :  and  to  them, 
prob.ibly,  we  owe  the  introduction  of  rhyme  into  J';uro|>ean 
verse.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  mention  here  briefly,  as  an 
epoch  in  the  history  of  letters,  and  as  a  cau.se  of  European 
superiority,  the  discovery  of  the  art  of  printing,  which,  with 
the  liberty  of  the  press,  wherever  it  is  established,  is  sure  to 
advance  the  interests  of  humanity.  ' 

Xame  and  Hutnri/. — The  origin  of  the  name  EcRopE  is 
uncertain.  According  to  ancient  fable,  it  is  derived  from 
Europa.  the  daughter  of  the  Phoenician  kijig.  Agenor.  Some 
derive  it  from  the  Greek  words  ttipiij,  (eurus,)  •'  bixisid."  and 
oir,  (op.)  the  root  of  the  verb  -to  see  or  view;"  snpposins 
the  name  to  have  been  given  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
small  Grecian  islands,  who  first  visited  and  beheld  the 
boundless  prospects  afforded  by  the  continent,  so  <iifferent 
from  the  limited  views  to  which  they  had  been  accustomed. 
Its  first  application  appears  to  h.ave  been  restricted  to  the 
mainl.and  of  Greece.  N.  of  the  Morea  or  Peloponnesus.  The 
history  of  modern  Europe  starts  from  Rome,  as  its  literature 
from  Greece.  In  the  early  years  of  the  Cliristiau  era.  the 
Romans  subdued  all  W.  and  X.  Europe,  as  far  as  the  Baltic. 
The  Roman  power  was  favorable  to  civilization ;  it  increased 
the  measure  of  general  liberty,  promoted  intercourse  in  vari- 
ous ways,  especially  by  the  construction  of  good  roads,  on  a 
great  scale,  and  perfected  the  civil  law.  As  the  Roman  Em- 
pire declined,  the  Northmen,  or  maritime  .adventures  of  Jut- 
land and  Norw.ay,  (including  Danes  and  Anglo-Saxons.)  rose 
into  Importance,  and  obtjiined  at  last  a  firm  fixiting  in  Eng^ 
land  and  West  France.  With  the.se  people  rose  into  voirue  the 
feudal  system,  which  made  the  tenure  of  land  depend  on  the 
condition  of  military  service.  But  the  feudal  system.  ;is  a 
military  organization,  proved  a  failure;  it  created  turbulent 
vassals,  and  not  trained  soldiers,  and  after  experiencing,  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  the  great  superiority  of  the  Ottoman 
troops  in  the  field,  European  nations  adopted  the  .system 
of  standing  armies.  This  change,  however,  was  unfavorable 
to  liberty,  to  morals,  and  to  public  economy;  and  the  gra- 
dual discovery  of  the  immen.se  power  connected  with  a  well- 
ti-ained  standing  army  prompted  inordinate  ambition.  Hence 
the  wars  and  revolutions  of  the  last  and  present  centuries. 
The  extinction  of  ancient  European  dynasties,  however,  will 
hereafter  bo  thou'_rht  a  matter  of  little  importance,  compared 
with  the  colonization  which  now  proceeds  from  tlie  W.  part 
of  Europe  over  the  whole  earth,  carrying  with  it  a  widely- 
spread  and  cultivated  language,  a  ripe  literature,  useful 
arts,  enlightened  sentiments,  and  Cliristian  philanthropy, 
Adi.  and  inh.ab.  EintopEAN,  u-ro-pee'an. 

EUKOTAS.  now  called  VASILKE.  fB.a.sili.l  vi5'se-lee.  TA- 
SILIICO.  vd-siVe-ko.  or  BASILOPOTAJIO.  va-sil-(^pf.t'j-mo. 
a  river  of  Greece.  Morea.  and  the  principal  stream  of  ancient 
I^conia.  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Itolokythla.    Length,  f>0  miles. 

EUFIVTANIA,  u-re-td-nee'd  or  4v-re-t.^-nee'd.  a  dtsfric'.  or 
diocese  of  Greece,  nmne  or  province  of  ^tolia  and  Anarnania. 
Its  capital  is  KarpenisL    Pop.  21.533. 


EUS 

EU?KIRCIIEX,  ols'k65RK-fn,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Cologne.     Pop.31U0. 

KUS'TOX,  a  parish  of  Knglaud.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KUTAW,  a  post-offlce  of  Kandolph  co..  Georgia. 

EUTAVV,  a  pleasant  post-village,  capitjil  of  Greene  CO., 
Alabama.  3  miles  \V.  of  Black  Wamor  Kiver,  and  105  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Montgomery.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  community 
of  wealthy  cotton-planters,  many  of  whom  reside  here  for 
the  .social  and  eduraitioual  advantages  which  the  village 
affiirds.  The  adjacent  country  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  and 
wealthy  parts  of  the  state.  £ut:iw  contains  several  churches, 
a  newspiper  office,  and  2  female  seminaries.  Laid  out  in 
183>i.     i>.,p.  in  1860,  about  20U0. 

EUTAW.  a  postrofflceof  De  Soto  CO.,  Mississippi. 

EUTAW  INDIANS.     See  Utah. 

EUTAW  Sl'KINGS,  a  small  affluent  of  the  Svntee  River. 
In  South  Carolina.  On  its  banks  was  fought  the  battle  of 
Eutaw  Springs  in  1781. 

EUTIN.  oi-teen',  a  town  of  North  Germany,  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Lubeck,  in  a  det^iched  territory,  enclosed  by 
Hiilstein,  IS  miles  N.  of  Lubeck.  Pop.  2816.  It  has  a  duciil 
palace  on  an  island  in  an  adjacent  lake. 

EUTINGEN,  oi'ting-gn,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Mid- 
dle Rhine,  near  Pforzheim,  on  the  Enz.  lu  the  vicinity  are 
the  remains  of  a  Itoman  tower.    Pop.  896. 

EUXINliK.N,  a  village  of  Wiirtembefg,  circle  of  Schwarz- 
wald,  (Bl;ick  Forest.)  3  miles  N'.E.  of  Horb.  It  contains  a 
parish  church.     Pop.  1191. 

EU.YlNi-;  SK.\.    See  Black  Sea. 

EUXINUS  PONTUS.    See  Black  Sea. 

EUXTi>N,  a  chapelry  of  England,  eo.  of  Lancaster. 

EVAN'UBLIST  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  rocky  islets  of  South 
America,  olf  thi  W.  coast  of  I'afeigonia.  lat.  (southernmost) 
62°  24'  S.,  Ion.  75°  V  Vi.,  consisting  of  four  priaci|al  ones, 
and  some  detached  rocks  and  breakers.  They  form  an  ex- 
cellent leading  mark  for  the  \V.  entrance  of  the  Sti-ait  of 
Magellan,  near  which  they  are  situated. 

EVA.NS,  iv'anz,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Erie  co., 
New  York,  on  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the  Buffalo  and  State  Line 
Railroad,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Buffalo.  The  village  U  situated 
on  the  shiire  of  the  lake,  and  has  a  good  lauding.  Pop.  of 
the  township.  2510. 

EV.\NS15IJKG,  iv/anz-bUrg,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  220  iuiles  W.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

EV'.VNSBUiU),  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, at  the  outlet  of  Conneaut  Lake,  about  90  miles  N.N.W. 
of  I'ittsburg.     Pop.  about  200. 

EV  *  NSBURG,  a  village  of  -Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
7  miles  N.W.  of  Norristown. 

EVANSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  Canal,  about  85  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

EVANS'  CRKKK,  of  Lenawee  CO.,  Michigan,  euters  R.iisin 
Kiver  at  Tecumseh. 

EV.\NS'  FALLS,  a  post-offlce,  Wyoming  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

EV.4NS1I.^M,  Virginia.    See  Wvtheville. 

EVANSI'ORT,  iv'anz-pOrt,  a  post-village  of  Detiance  co., 
Ohio,  on  Tiffin  River,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Defiance,  has 
about  20i)  inhabitants. 

EVANS'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  New 
York.  1(10  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

E  VAN  S'  S  MI  LLS,  post-office,  Chatham  co..  North  Carolina. 

EVANSVILLK,  iv'anz-vill.  a  post-village  of  Preston  co., 
firgini.a.  alxjut  200  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

EVANSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 

EVANSVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Vanderburg  CO.,  In- 
diana. 

EVANSVILLE,  a  flourishing  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capi- 
tal of  Vanderburg  co.,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  a  high  bank 
of  the  Ohio  River,  200  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  2oO  miles 
below  Louisville,  in  Kentucky.  It  is  the  S.  tenninus  of  the 
Evansville  and  Crawfordsville  Railroad,  and  of  the  A\'abash 
and  Erie  Canal,  which  was  completed  in  1^53.  This  canal, 
which  is  about  4C0  miles  long,  is  the  most  extensive  in  the 
Union.  The  course  of  the  river  is  here  so  winding  that  Ev- 
ausville  is  not  far  from  the  centre  of  the  county.  The  situ- 
ation is  fine,  on  ground  which  ascends  gradually.  Among 
the  public  buildings  are  tiie  branch  of  the  State  Bank,  a 
splendid  ediflce,  and  a  marine  hospital.  It  contains  also  30 
clnucbes,  (many  of  which  are  brick,)  a  fine  court-house,  5 
banks,  1  theatre,  and  -1  public  halls.  Ten  newspapers  are 
publisliid  here.  The  commercial  advantages  above  named, 
together  with  the  navigation  of  the  Ohio,  wliich  is  seldom 
obstructetl  either  by  drought  or  ice  below  Evansville,  render 
this  a  place  of  extensive  trade,  and  the  principal  shipping- 
point  for  the  grain  and  pork  of  Southwestern  Indiana. 
Here  .ire  11  flour-mills,  6  breweries,  5  iron-foundries,  3  ma- 
chine-shoi)s,  2  large  woollen-factories,  and  manufactories  of 
tobiicc<\  leather,  &c.    Pop.  11,484. 

EVANSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Kaskuskia  River,  135  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

-EVANS\'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Aliens  Creek,  and  on  a  railroad  22  miles  N.W.  of  Beloit.  It 
has  2  churches,  2  mills,  an  academy,  and  2  stores. 

JJVANTON,  iv'an-ton,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Koss, 
13  mUes  N.N.W.  of  Inverness.    Pop.  462. 


EVO 

E'\'AUX,  iVO',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Crease. 
arrondisseiuent,  and  21  miles  N.E.  of  Auljusson.  with  hot 
miner.-il  baths.     Pop.  1391. 

KV/KDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

EVE.NING'S  (oev'uingz)  SHADE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence 
CO.,  Arkansas. 

EVEN  LODE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

EVENLY,  a  river  of  Ihigland,  rising  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
CO.  of  Oxford,  and  flowing  S.E.  past  lilandford  and  Blenheim, 
into  the  Isis,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Oxford. 

EVENLY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

EVENWOUD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

EVERBECQ.  A'vfr-b^k\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Tournai,  with  extensive  salt- 
refineries  and  linen  manufactures.     Pop.  4084. 

EV/EKCKEECil.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

EVERDi^N,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Northampton. 

EVERETT'S  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia. 

EVERETTSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Alexandria  town- 
ship. Hunterdon  CO.,  New  Jersey,  atjout  11  miles' W.N.W.  of 
Flemington. 

EVERETTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Albemarle  co..  Virginia, 
near  the  Virginia  Central  Railroad,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Itich 
mond. 

EVERGIIEM,  A'vfi^QhJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  provincts 
of  East  Flanders.  4  miles  N.  of  Giient.     I'op.  7795. 

EVERGREEN,  formerly  ROGERSVILLE,  roj/yrz-vil.  a 
a  post-village  of  Anderson  district,  South  Carolina,  131  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

EVERGREEN,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Conecuh  co..  Alabama, 
about  108  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montgomery.  It  h.HS  2  churches, 
an  academy,  and  3  stores. 

EVERGREEN,  a  post-offlce  of  Newtort  co.,  Mississippi. 

EVE  liG  R  EEN .  a  post-offi ce  of  Avoyelles  parish,  Lo ui.^iana. 

EVERINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

EVERITTSVILLE,  a.  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Neuse  River,  and  on  the  Wilmington  and 
Weldon  Railroad,  about  50  miles  S.E.  of  RiUeigh.  It  con- 
tains a  flourishing  seminary  for  girls. 

EVERLY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

EVEKSDEN,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. • 

E  VERSDEN,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridire. 

EVERSIIOLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

EVERSUOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dor.set.  OJ  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Beauniinster.  Melbury  Hall,  the  sejit  of  the  Earl 
of  Ilchester,  is  in  this  parish. 

EVEItSLEY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

EVERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Beds. 

EVERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

EVERTON.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lani-".s*«r. 

EVERTON.  a  post-village  of  Fayette  CO.,  Indiana,  70  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Indi.anapolis. 

EVESB.\TCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford.. 

EVESH.\M.  eevz'am  or  eevz'ham,  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  tiorough  and  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester, in  the  beautiful  vale  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the 
navigable  Avon.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Worcester.  Area,  which  in- 
cludes 3  parishes,  2150  acres.  Pop.  in  1851, 4605,  mostly  cm- 
ployed  in  garden  work  in  the  rich  environs.  It  has  some 
remains  (including  the  stately  tower)  of  its  celebrated  mitred 
abbey,  founded  in  709;  two  branch  banks,  with  small  manu- 
factories of  stockings,  and  a  large  market  on  Monday  forhoi^ 
ticultural  produce.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  An  act  has  been  obtained  for  a  railway  connect- 
ing Worcester  and  Oxford,  and  pas.sing  through  Evesham. 
In  1265,  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Edwai-d  I., 
here  totally  defeated  the  barons,  under  Simrm  de  Montfort. 

EVESII.4.M,  eevz'ham,  a  township  of  Burliugt^iu  oo..  New 
Jersey.     Pop.  3145. 

EVESH.VM,  a  village  in  the  above  township.  8  miles  S.AV. 
of  Mount  Holly,  has  a  church,  and  2  or  3  stores. 

EVI.AN,  dHe-^x"'.  (Anc.  Aquianum  f)  a  village  of  Savoy,  on 
Lake  Leman  26  miles  N.E.  of  Geneva.  Pop.  2084.  Near  it 
are  the  chalybeate  baths  of  Amphion. 

EVIE  (^v'ee)  and  REN'DELL,a  parish  in  the  mainland  of 
Orkney,  Scotland.    Pop.  1447. 

EV'INGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

EV'IT'S  MOUNTAIN,  a  ridge  extending  across  the  Mary- 
land line  N.N.E.  through  Bedford,  to  the  Raystown  branch 
of  the  Juniata. 

EVOLl.  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Ebou. 

EVORA,  iv'o-rL  (anc.  Eblora  and  LilieraVitaKJuflia,)  a  city 
of  Portugal,  capital  of  the  province  of  Alemtejo.  on  a  height 
85  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  15,000.  It  is  enclosed  by 
ramparts,  and  has  two  ruined  forts,  a  rich  Gothic  cathedral, 
several  convents  and  hospitals,  a  house  of  charity,  barracks, 
diocesan  school,  and  a  museum.  An  aiueduct  still  in  use, 
and  the  remains  of  a  temple  of  Diana,  (now  a  slaughter 
house.)  are  attributed  to  the  Roman  general.  Quintus  Ser- 
torius.     It  has  manufactures  of  hardware  and  leather. 

EVORA-MONTE.  M'o-rd-mon't.l  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Alemtejo,  beautifully  situated  on  the  side  and 

653 


EVR 


EXE 


crest  of  a  hill,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Erora.  It  is  smTOtinded 
by  y-pUs,  and  defended  bj'  a  castle.  Here,  ia  1834,  the 
Kilguelites.  after  beiiii;  defeated  at  Santarem,  were  forced  to 
lay  down  their  arms.    Pop.  940. 

"jiVliAX,  dvVftx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cfites- 

du-Xoid.  on  the  Ranee,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dinan.    Pop. 4500. 

EVRE,  aivV.  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Cher,  rises 

In  the  marsh  of  Bourdelins,  and  joins  the  Cher  near  A'ier- 

ten.     Length.  41  miles. 

EVREUX,  JvVuh',  (anc.  Mediolalnum,  afterwards  Ebiiro- 
vflces  and  Ebroica)  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure.  on  the  Hon,  53  miles  W.N.W.  of  Paris.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  many  antique  houses,  a  fine  cathedral, 
the  church  of  St.  Taurin.  a  clock  tower,  built  during  the 
English  domination  in  1417,  a  town-hall,  episcopal  palace, 
theatre,  and  a  liotanie  garden.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton twist,  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  leather.  In  its 
environs  is  the  fine  chateau  of  Navarre,  in  which  the  Em- 
press Josephine  resided  after  her  divorce.  P.  in  1852. 12.877. 
EVROX,  ev'ris*',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne, 
17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Laval.     Pop.  2'256. 

EVRY,  iv'Tee/,  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Corbeil  Railway, 
13  miles  S.  of  Paris. 
EA'ST,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Yevst. 
EWANOWITZ,  A-*l-no'*its,  or  EYWANOWITZ.i-M-no'- 
<i^its.  a  town  of  Austrian  Moraria,  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Briinn, 
on  the  Ilanna.    Pop.  2u03. 
EW^BANK'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlceof  Johnson  co.,  Arkansas. 
E^\■'ELL,  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Surrey,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and  Epsom  Kail- 
way,  li  miles  N.N.E.  of  Epsom,    Pop.  in  1851, 1918. 
EWKLL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
EWELME,  u'wJlm,  a  p.'trish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford,  2 J 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Wallingford.    It  has  an  hospital,  founded 
by  the  Duke  of  Suffolk  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 

EWE,  LOCH,  loK  yoo.  an  inlet  of  the  North  Sea,  in  Scot- 
land, on  the  W.  coast  of  the  co.  of  Ross.  It  is  connected  by 
a  short  river  with  Loch  Maree. 

EWEN'NY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  5 
miles  W.  of  Cowbi  idjre.    It  h;is  ruins  of  an  ancient  abbey. 
EW'IORBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
EWES'DALE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  on 
the  small  river  Ewes,  4  miles  N.  of  Langholm.    The  scenery 
is  amongst  the  most  bi«utiful  on  the  borders. 
EW'HURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 
EWUURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
EWHURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
EWIJK.  a  village  of  Holland.     See  Ewtk. 
EW'ING.  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Delaware  River.    Pop.  2079. 

EWIXG.  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 
EWING.  a  postKiffi<'c  of  Franklin  co..  Illinois. 
EAVI  NO'S  \  ECK.  a  )>ost,-offlce.  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersev. 
EW'INGTOX,  a  post-olfice  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 
EWIXGTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Effingham 
CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Little  Wabash  River,  where  it  is  crossed 
by  the  National  Koad,  S2  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield.    It  is  on 
the  route  of  the  projected  railroad  between  Alton  and  Terre 
Haute.    The  river  here  affords  water-power.    Pop.  200. 
EWLOE,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 
EW'YAS,  a  valley  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecknock,  near 
the  point  where  it  joins  with  the  cos.  of  Hereford  and  Mon- 
mouth.    It  ia  watered  by  the  river  Ilonddy,  surrounded  by 
lofty  mountains,  and  contains  the  picturesque  ruins  of 
Llanthonv  Abljev. 
EWYAS  HAK'/OLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
E^\■YK  or  EWI.IK,  A'wik,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderbind,  6  miles  W.  of  Nymwegen.  Pop.  670. 

EX.\E1{DH.  Jx-aa'deh.  a  commune  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Termonde.     It  has  linen 
manufactjiries,  ijreweries,  and  corn-mills.    Pop.  4235 
E.X'ROUItXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
EX'BCRY.  a  parish  of.  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
EXCEL'SIOR,  a  postofifice  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota  Ter- 
ritory. 
E.XCHANGE,  a  post-office  of  Wiirren  co..  North  Carolina. 
E.XCHANGE,  a  post-office  of  M'Cracken  co.,  Kentuckv. 
EXCID  EOIL,  S-X^seeMuI',  an  ancient  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  20  milei?  N.E.  of  Perigueux.  on  the  Lou6. 
It  has  two  antiijue  towers,  with  other  remains  of  former 
defem-es,  and  ruins  of  a  monastery.    Marshal  Bugeaud  was 
born  here  in  1784.     Pop.  at>out  2000. 

EXE.  Jx,  (anc.  iKica.)  a  river  of  England,  rises  in  Exmoor, 
CO.  of  .■iomersft.  and  flows,  after  a  S.  course  of  45  miles,  into 
the  En-rllsh  Channel  at  Exmouth,  from  whence  to  Topsham 
(alxiut  8  mil.'s)  it  has  a  na\igiible  estuary.  Its  chief  afflu- 
ents are  the  Veo  and  Clist.  Bampton,  Tiverton,  and  Exeter, 
are  on  its  banks. 
EXKA  DE   LOS  CABALLEROS.     See  EoiA  db  los  Cx- 

BAIXEROS. 

E.\'EI,BY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  York,  North  Riding. 

E.\EN.  a  town  of  France.     See  EotjiSHrjM. 

EXETKK.  (L.  l<'ca,  Exii>nia,  Urfllat)  a  city,  seiiport.  and 
pnrlianientary  borough  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Ese,  10  miles  N.W.  of  its  outlet  in  the 
054 


English  Channel,  159  miles  W.S.W.  of  London,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Great  Western  Railway;  lat.  50°  44'  N.,  Ion.  3°  3.3'  W." 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  summit  and  slopes  of  an  acclivity 
rising  from  the  river,  over  which,  at  the  W.  entrance  to  the 
city,  is  a  handsome  stone  bridge.     Two  principal   streets 
cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  from  which  a  number  o< 
smaller  ones,  extremely  narrow,  diverge.    It  ia  well  paved 
and  lighted,  amply  supplied  with  water,  and  kept,  on  the 
whole,  remarkably  clean.    The  chief  object  of  interest  in  the 
city  is  the  Cathedral,  a  noble  edifice,  of  hiirh  antiquity.    It 
is  cruciform,  408  feet  in  length,  and  consists  of  a  nave",  with 
two  side-aislej:,  two  short  transepts,  formed  out  of  two  heavy 
Norman  towers,  each  130  feet  in  height,  a  choir  of  the  same 
width  as  the  nave,  and  128  feet  in  length,  10  chapels  or  ora- 
tories, and  a  cbapter-house.    The  W.  front  is  richly  dec> 
rated,  presenting  one  of  the  most  beautiful  fa^tides  "of  any 
building  in  the  kingdom,  perhaps  in  Europe.    The  other 
architectural  antiquities  are  the  remains  of  the  castle  of 
Rougemont,  on  a  high  eminence  N.  of  the  city ;  St.  John's 
Hospital,  now  appropriated  to  a  free  grammar  school.  4c.; 
and  the  chapels  of  St.  Wynard  and  St.  Anne,  and  the  chapel 
of  the  Leper's  Hospital.     The  modem  edifices  worthy  of 
notice  are  the  theiitre.  assembly  or  ball-room,  bridewell, 
jail,  sessions-house,  cavalry  and  artillery  barracks,  guild- 
hall, baths,  and  the  new  markets.     There  are  24  churche* 
and  Episcopal  chapels  in  the  city  and  suburbs,  bi^sides  2 
Independent  churches.  2  Baptist,  a  Presbyterian,  and  several 
other  places  of  worship  for  Methodists  and  Unitarians,  a 
Friends'  meeting-house,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  a 
synagogue.     There  are  56  daily  schools  in  the  city,  s.-vnral 
of  which  are  endowed,  and  13  seminaries  devoted  to  pritjat-y 
instruction.    This  enumeration  includes  a  free  grammar 
school,  founded  by  the  citizens  in  the  time  of  Charlts  1.,  in 
which  the  sons  of  freemen  are  instructed  gratuitously.    It 
has   sixteen   exhibitions  to  either  of  the  Universities  of 
Oxf>:>rd  or  Cambridge.   The  charitable  institutions  of  various 
kinds  are   numerous.    Of  these  about  10  are  devoted  to 
education,   of  which  the  principal  are  St.   Mary   Arches 
School,   the  Devon  and  Exeter  Central   Schxil.  and    the 
Exeter  British   School.    The  charitable  institutions  com- 
prise the  Devon  and  Exeter  Hospital  for  Iho  s;eU  aud  indi- 
gent, opened  in  1747,  and  containing  200  beds,  Eupviorted 
partly  by  subscription,  and  partly  from  incorfe  derived 
from  funded  property ;  a  dispensary,  a  well-conducted  lunatic 
asylum,  a  deaf  and  dumb  institution,  a  penitentiaiy  for 
destitute  females,  an  eye-infirmary,  a  lying-in  charity,  a 
humane  society  fir  the  recovery  of  the  apparentlj' drowned, 
a  stranger's  friend  society.  &c..  besides  a  number  of  minor 
charities.    The  scientific  and  literary  institutions  are  the 
Devon  and  Exeter  Institution  fir  the  Promotion  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  the  Arts,  established  in  1817,  and  containing 
about  10,000  volumes:  the  Athenaum.  a  literary  institution, 
es'talilished  in  1S35;  a  mechanic's  institute,  established  in 
1825:  a  liter.arj-  and  philosophical  society,  founded  in  1836, 
ic.     Woollen  goods  were  formerly  manufactured  here  to  a 
greiit  extent,  but  the  trade  is  now  all  but  extinct,  being 
limited  to  small  quantities  of   serges.      The  cotton   and 
shawl  manufacture,  at  one  time  considerable,  has  entirely 
ceased.    The  weekly  meetings  of  the  woollen  manufacturers 
of  Devon,  however,  are  still  held  here.    There  are  several 
large  breweries  and  iron-foundries  in  the  town,  and  .some 
tan-yards  and  paper-mills  in  the  vicinity.    The  priiicipjil 
exports  are  serges  and  other  woollen  goods,  paper,  and  man- 
g.anese;  imports,  general  merchandise,  timber,  coals,  (chiefly 
from  Newcastle.)  and  limestone.  By  means  of  a  canal.  5  miles 
in  length  and  15  feet  in  depth,  vessels  of  400  tons  can  now 
reaf-h  the  city.     A  large  floating  basin  has  also  been  recently 
formed:  extreme  length,  917  feet,  width,  llOJ  feet,  at  the 
entrance.  90  feet,  depth,  18  feet.    On  December  31,  ISSO,  thd 
vessels  registered  at  the  port  were  182,  tonnage,  I'-.SSS; 
entered  coastwise,  in  the  same  year,  910  vessels,  tonnage, 
76,938 :  cleared,  613  vessels,  tonnage.  38.682.    Colonial  .and 
foreign  vessels,  inwards,  184.  tonnage.  7654;  outwards.  97. 
Exeter  is  a  place  of  remote  antiquity,  having   \<een  a 
British  settlement  long  prior  to  the  invasion  of  the  Romans, 
by  whom  it  w.as  called  hca  Damnoniorum,  being  spoken  of  by 
this  name  both  by  .\ntoninus  and  Ptolemy.     A  number  of 
coins,  .small  bronze  statues,  some  tesselated  pavements,  and 
other  Roman  antiquities,  h.ave  been  found  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  city,  showing  that  it  was  an  important  itoman 
station.     In  the  reign  of  Alfred  it  was  called  Exan-ciAlre^ 
(the  Castle  of  the  Ex.)  of  which  the  presi>nt  name  is  a  cor- 
ruption.  Before  the  Norman  conquest  this  place  was  the  re- 
sidence of  the  West  Saxon  kings.    The  number  of  its  religi- 
ous establishments  was  at  one  time  so  great  that  the  Sax- 
ons called  it  Monkstown.    It  is  said  to  have  >)een  one  i.f  th» 
first  cities  that  returned  members  to  the  House  of  Commons, 
Baldwin,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  Sir   Thomas  Bodley, 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  Library,  were  natives  of  the  city. 
The  Cecil  Cimily  derive  the  titles  of  earl  and  marquis  from 
Exeter.  It  forms  a  countj-  of  itself   Pop.  in  1851,  '12,810.^— 
luhab.  Ex'oN. 

EX'ETEK,  or  SQUAM'SCOT  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of 
Rockingkam  eo..  New  H.ainpshire.  falls  Into  fJie  Pkcataqna 
River,  about  10  miles  M".  of  Portsmouth. 


EXB 

EXETER,  a  posSTillage  and  township  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine.  CO  miles  N.E.  of  Auj^usta.     Pop.  17S3. 

EXKTKR.  a  post-villaire  aud  township,  seat  of  justice  of 
Rockingham  co.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  and  Maine 
Railroad.  50  milos  X.  of  IJoston,  and  37  miles  S.E.  of  Con- 
cord. It  has  a  deliirhtful  situation  on  a  rirer  of  its  own 
name,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  30  or  40 
stores,  4  or  5  churches,  a  bank,  a  newspjiper  office,  and  a 
richly  endowed  educational  institution,  called  Phillips' 
Academy,  founded  in  1781.  The  fills  at  this  pUace,  to  which 
the  river  is  navigable,  afford  good  water  power,  which  is 
improved  for  a  cottor  factory,  an  establishment  for  making 
gas  pipes,  a  paper  mill,  a  morocco  factory,  Ac.  The  most 
important  business,  however,  is  the  manuticture  of  car- 
riages, for  which  there  are  here  8  or  10  establishments. 
Pop.  of  tx)wnship  3309 ;  of  the  village,  in  1864,  about  3000. 

KXETKR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waahingtoncc, 
Rhode  Islan<l,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Providence.  The  village 
contains  a  bank,  and  several  cOtton  and  satinet  factories. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  1741. 

EXETER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York,  on  Canandaigua  Lake,  about  7i  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Alpany.     Pop.  1570. 

EXETER,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  2308. 

EXETER,  a  post-township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
intersected  by  the  Northern  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River.  The  liattle  celebrated  in  Campbell's  "  Gertrude  of 
Wyoming"'  was  fought  here  in  1778. 

EXKTER,  a  town«hip,Wyomingco.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  216. 

EXETKR,  a  post-office  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio. 

EXETER,  a  p<ist-township  in  the  northern  part  of  Mon- 
roe CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  832. 

EXETKR,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Illinoig,  about  50 
miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

EXKTEll,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
25  miles  S.by  W.of  Madi.«on. 

EXETER  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

EX'KOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the 
Exe  River,  7j  miles  N.N'.W.  of  Dulverton.  It  has  several 
ancient  tumuli,  and  much  picturesiiue  scenwry. 

EX'IIAM/,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

EXIIKIM,  a  town  of  France.     See  Er.visHElM. 

EXILLES,  Jx'eel',  or  ESIGLTE,  A-seel'yA,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  37  miles  W.  of  Turin,  on 
the  Dora  Ripaii-a.     Pop.  1785. 

EXIN,  J.Veen',  (Pol.  Ksi/nia.ksinfyD  a  town  of  Prussian 
Poland,  government  of  Posen.  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bromberg, 
with  2000  inhabitants,  and  a  famous  convent. 

EX'MIX."?TER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PjX'MOOR,  an  e.xtra  parochial  district  of  England,  in  the 
W.  of  the  CO.  of  Somerset,  and  N.E.  of  Devon.  .\rea,  19,270 
acres.  It  consists  of  ranges  of  hills,  from  1100  feet  to  1600 
feet  in  elevation,  formerly  forest,  and  the  resort  of  the  an- 
cient Druids,  but  uow  mostly  heath  or  marsh.  A  few  red 
deer  still  breed  in  this  tract.    The  river  E.xe  rises  here. 

EX'.MOUTII,  a  town  and  wat<jring-place  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon,  parish  of  Littleham,  on  the  Exe.  at  Its  mouth  in 
the  English  Channel,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  of  the 
town  in  1851.  5123.  It  has  a  ball-room,  baths,  and  libraries : 
the  extreme  betiuty  of  its  surrounding  scenery,  with  the  mild- 
ness of  the  climate  rendering  it  a  very  Civorite  residence.  The 
Beacon  Ilill  commands  one  of  the  finest  views  in  England. 
Exmouth  irives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Pellew  family. 

EXMOUTII,  GULF,  on  the  W.  coist  of  Australia,  lat.  22° 
8.,  formed  by  a  peninsula  about  80  miles  long,  and  termi- 
nating with  the  North-west  Capo.  It  is  30  miles  in  width 
at  the  entrance,  and  about  65  miles  in  length. 

EX'NING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

EXPER'IMENT  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

E.Xl'LO'RIXG  I.«;LAXDS.  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  a 
group  of  the  Friendly  Islands:  lat.  17°  10'  S.,  Ion.  178°  38'  W. 
They  are  well  situated  for  the  resort  of  vessels;  anchorage 
safe  and  easily  reached.     Fruit  and  vegetables  are  abundant. 

EX'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland.  4i  mils 
E.X.E.  of  Oakh.am.  The  Ilall,  an  ancient  seat  of  the  Noel 
family,  stands  in  a  noble  park. 

IIXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 


FAB 

EXTON,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Hants. 

EXUMA,  Jx-oo'mJ,  Ghkat  and  Little,  two  of  the  Baliamn 
Islands;  the  larger  in  lat.  23°  30' N..  Ion.  76°  60'  \Y..aO 
miles  in  length,  by  3  miles  in  breadth,  and  having  one  of 
the  best  harbors  in  these  islands. 

EYAFIALLA-YOKUL,  ril-re-dl'ld-yoOiSOl,  a  volcano  of  Ice- 
land. 15  miles  S.E.  of  Mount  Ileela. 

i'l'U/yjBy'a'rurkishterm,  signilyingjprwr'nc*.  SeeTtTRKET. 

EYA.M,  ee'ijm  or  i',jm,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derl^y. 
in  a  romantic  wooded  and  rocky  dell,  4i  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Tideswell.  Eyam  was  once  known  as  ''the  village  of  the 
plague."  with  which  disea.se  it  was  visited  in  1665. 

EYBAR,  A-e-Baii'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Guipuzcon, 
23  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian.  Pop.  1771.  It  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  arms. 

EYDOX,  ee'dpn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

EYE.  I.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  market- 
town,  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  11  miles  from 
the  Ilawlsy-road  Station  of  the  Ea.stern  Counties  Railway,  and 
30  miles  N.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough,  in 
1S51.  7531.  The  town  mostly  consists  of  whitewashed  .ind 
thiitched  cottages;  it  has  a  fine  Gothic  church,  a  grammar 
school  with  two  exhibitions  to  Cambridge,  a  handsome 
guildhall,  j.ail,  house  of  industry,  almshouse,  .and  a  branch 
bank  of  England.  Eye  formerly  sent  2  members,  and  now 
sends  1  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  parlianjentary  bo- 
rough now  extends  over  11  parishes. 

EYE,  a  parish  of  England,  c-o.  of  Hereford. 

EYE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

EYE,  a  liberty  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

EYE,  1,  an  island  in  the  .Malay  Archipelago,  the  outermost 
island,  at  the  N.  entrance  of  Qilolo  I'.issage ;  lat.  0°  23'  X.,  Ion. 
129°  53'  E.     It  is  small,  low,  and  covered  with  wild  trees. 

EYE  or  EYEO,  a  town  of  Western  .\frica.    See  Katuxoa. 

EYEFORD.  I'ffird.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

EYEMOUTH,  I'mftth,  a  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  on  the  Eye,  a  sm.all  stream  which 
rises  in  the  Lammennoor  range,  and  here  enters  the  North 
Sea,  8  miles  X.X.W.  of  Berwick.  Pep.  of  parish.  1401.  It 
exports  grain,  and  has  a  fishery.  Here  is  a  fine  bay,  with 
an  excellent  harbor. 

EY(  iUI  ERES.  .Vghe-aiR',  (anc.  Aquaria  f)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Bouches-du-RhOne.  20  miles  E.  of  Aries.  Pop. 
2099.     It  h.as  manufactures  of  woollens  and  silk  twist. 

EYKE.  ike,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

EYL.\U.  two  towns  of  Prussia.     See  EiLvu. 

EYMDUTIERS.  .VmooHe-aiR'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute^Vienne,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Limoges.     Pop.  Is42. 

EYXE.  I'ngh.  a  commune  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders.  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  24L^. 

EYXESBURY,  ainz'bgr-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

EYXESFORD,  ains'ford,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Kent, 
5s  miles  S.E.  of  Foots-cray.  I'op.  1313.  It  has  an  ancient 
church,  and  ruins  of  a  Norman  castle. 

EYKAGUES,  A'rdg',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-du-lihone,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Aries.     Pop.  1S44. 

EYRE'COURT  or  AIIVCOURT,  a  small  market-town  of 
Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Ban.v 
gher.  Pop.  1419.  In  the  vicinity  is  the  residence  of  the 
Eyre  family. 

EYRE  (air)  CREEK,  the  channel  of  a  stream  in  Central 
Australia,  between  lat.  25°  and  26°  S..  and  Ion.  13S°  and 
139°  E.,  traversing  a  flat,  flanked  by  high,  red  sand-hills, 
and  containing  aljundance  of  water  and  grass.  Captain 
Start  traced  this  creek  for  60  miles,  when  penetrating  into 
the  interior  of  Australia  in  1845. 

EYSDEX',  is/den.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Lim- 
burg.  6  miles  S.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  9-30. 

EYTHORXE,  I'thorn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

EYTOX,  i'tgn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

EYTOX-ON-TUE-WILD'MOORS\  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Salop.  21  miles  N.  of  Wellington.  Pop.  365.  The  cele- 
lirated  Ix)rd  Herbert  of  Cherbury  was  born  here  in  loSl. 

EYW.\XOWITZ.  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Ewanowitz. 

EY'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

EZC.\R  AY,  2th-k3-ri'  or  ?s-k<Vri'.  a  town  of  Spain,  pi-ovince, 
and  31  miles  W.S.W.  of  LogroiSo,  on  the  Oja.    Pop.  3211. 


F 


FAABERG,  fo'blRg,  a  village  and  parish  of  Norway,  stlft, 
and  85  miles  N.  of  Christiania,  on  the  Lougan.  Pop. 
4780. 

FAABORG,  fo/boRO,  a  seaport-town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
island  of  Funen,  on  its  S.  coast.  15  miles  W.  of  Svendborg. 
Pop.  2200.  It  has  steam  communication  with  Kiel,  and  ex- 
ports corn. 

FA  BAR  A,  fi-Bi'rd.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon.  68  miles 
S.E.  of  Saragossa,  on  the  Matoranna.  In  the  neighborhood 
are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  once  belonging  to  the  Templars. 
Pop.  1370. 


FABBRIANO,  ab-bre-d'no,  a  city  of  Central  Italy,  prov- 
ince of  Macerata,  29  miles  W.  of  Macerata.  Po]i.  661^ 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  manu&ctures  of  paper  and  parch- 
ment. 

F.\BBRICA.  flVbre-kS,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical 
States,  delegation,  and  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Virterbo.  Pop.  2149. 

FA'BKR'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Xel.son  co.,  Virgiiiia, 
about  100  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

FAIUAXHAZA.  fd'be'arfhi'i,Oh\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Szathmar.  on  the  Szamos.     Pop.  11.30. 

FABIUS,  faWe-tis  or  fa'bo-tis  a  river  of  Missouri,  wbicli 

655 


FAB 


FAI 


enters  the  Mississippi  in  Marion  co.,  nearly  opposite  Qnincy, 
In  Illinois,  about  1  mile  below  the  Junction  of  its  main 
branches,  the  North  Fabius  and  South  Fabius.  The  former 
rises  near  the  N.  frontier  of  the  state,  and  flows  S.E.  through 
the  midille  of  Scotland  and  Lewis  counties.  Its  length  is 
perhaps  150  miles.  The  South  Fabius  rises  in  Schuyler 
county,  and  pursues  a  south-easterly  course  of  nearly  the 
same  length.  The  Middle  Fabius  rises  near  the  N.  border 
of  Missouri,  and  enters  the  North  Fabius  on  its  riirht  bank, 
near  the  middle  of  Lewis  county.  Taylor's  Fork  flows  S.E. 
through  Lewis  county,  and  enters  South  Fabius  about  9 
miles  N.  of  Palmyra. 

FA'BIUS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga  co., 
New  York,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  2305. 

FABirS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hardy  co.,W.  VirRinia. 

FABl  US,  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  876. 

FABIUS,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Missouri.    Pop.  1620. 

FABIUS,  a  township  of  Marion  co.  Missouri.     Pop.  1630. 

FABRIQUE  LA  NUEVA,  fd-bree^A  IS  noo-A/vi  a  town 
of  Spain,  proTince  of  Malaga,  near  the  Gu.idiaro.    Pop.  2475. 

FABRIZIA,  fa-brid'ze-J,  a  town  of  Naples,  prOTince  of 
Calabria  Ultra  II.,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Monteleone.  It  suffered 
greatly  bv  the  earthquakes  of  17S3.     Pop.  2941. 

FAC'COMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

FA  CUES,  fSsh.  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
4  miles  from  Lille.    Pop.  1257. 

F.\CII[NGEN,  fl'King-fn,  a  village  of  Western  Germany, 
duchy,  and  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nassau,  on  the  Lahn,  with 
a  celebrated  spring,  whence  500,000  Uasks  of  mineral  water 
are  annually  exported. 

FACIL'ITY,  a  post-ofBce  of  McMinn  CO.,  Tennessee, 

FACONE,  fd-ko'nA.  a  lake  of  Japitn.  in  the  island  of  Ni- 

Ehon,  57  miles  W.S.W.  of  Yeddo.  It  is  9i  miles  long,  by  4^ 
road,  and  gives  rise  to  a  sm.nll  river  of  same  name,  which 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Y'eddo.  The  Japanese  attach  peculiar 
sanctity  to  this  lake. 

FAC'TOirS  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee. 

FACTORY  CREEK,  or  A'BRAM'S  CREEK,  New  York, 
formed  by  the  union  of  Kinderhook  and  Claverack  Creeks, 
falls  into  the  Hudson  River,  4  miles  above  the  city  of 
Hudson. 

FACTORY'  HILL,  a  postofflce  of  Nansemond  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

FAC/TORY  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Isles  de  Los,  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Africa,  75  miles  N.W.  of  Sierra  Leone.  Lat.  9°  28' 
N.,  Ion.  13°  44'  W. 

FACTORY  POINT,  a  post-village  in  Manchester  township, 
Bennington  co.,  Vermont,  on  a  branch  of  Battenkill  River, 
near  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  alxiut  80  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Montpelier.  The  inh.ibitants  are  principally  engaged 
In  quarrying  and  preparing  marble.  The  village  contains  a 
woollen  factory  and  a  tannery,  both  of  considerable  extent. 

FACTORY  VIL'LAGE,  Hampshire  CO.,  Massachusetts,  3 
miles  N.W.  of  Northampton,  contains  extensive  woollen 
Jactories  owned  bv  Boston  capitalists. 

FACTOKY'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  N.  side  of  Staten  Island,  about  155  miles  S.  of 
Albany.  It  has  a  large  dyeing  and  printing  establishment. 
The  name  of  the  post-office  is  North  Shore. 

FACTORYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Cayuta  Creek,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  New  Y'ork 
and  Erie  Railroad,  about  264  miles  from  New  Y^ork  City.  It 
has  sevenal  mills  or  factories. 

F.\CTORYATLLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wyoming  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lackawanna  and  Western  Railroad, 
35  miles  S.  of  Great  Bend.    It  has  several  mills. 

FACTORYVILLE,  a  village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  ilichigan, 
on  Nottawa  Creek,  a  few  miles  N.E.  of  Centreville.  Pop. 
about  200. 

FADD,  ffldd,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  and 
about  2  miles  from  Folna.  on  the  Danube.  Pop.  3831. 
.  FADIE  VSICOI,  ta-de-Jv'skoi,  an  island  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
in  Asiatic  Russia,  lat.  76°  N.,  and  Ion.  from  141°  to  145°  E., 
between  the  islands  of  Kotelnoi  and  New  Siberia.  Length, 
from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  100  miles;  breadth,  35  miles. 

FAD,  LOCH,  loK  fad,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  Isle  of  Bute,  1 
mile  S.E.  of  Rothesay.    Length  5  miles. 

F.i;GL(E>:orFAGLOE,  (F^lbe,)fl/glo\  one  of  the  Aland 
Islands,  in  the  Baltic,  in  the  S.  part  of  the  group.  Lat.  60° 
N.,  Ion.  20°  20' E. 

F.EMUND  or  FAMUND,  (Fjimund.)  fA/moond\  a  lake  of 
Norway,  near  the  Swedish  frontier,  85  miles  S.E.  of  Trond- 
hjem.    Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  37  miles:  breadth.  6  miles. 

F.UN(;(EE  or  FANGOE,  (Fangoe,)  fJng'gii",  an  island 
in  the  Baltic,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Sweden.  Lat.  68°  19'  N.,  Ion. 
16°  57   E. 

FAENZA,  fSrinhi,  (anc.  Favenftia.)  a  city  of  Central  Italv. 
province  of  Ravenna,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Ravenna,  at  the 
junction  of  the  canal  of  Zanelli  with  the  Lamone.  Pop. 
17,486.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  defended  by  a  cita- 
del. It  has  a  cathedral,  and  a  fine  marble  fountain,  schools 
of  painting,  a  college,  hospital,  lunatic  and  orphan  a.sy- 
lums.  It  has  manu&ctures  of  a  peculiar  earthenware, 
called,  from  the  name  of  the  town,  faience,  silk  twist, 
fiibriM,  and  papyri  «md  a  brisk  trade  bv  the  canal  to  the 
656 


Po.    It  was  sacked  by  Sir  J.  Hawkwood  in  1376.    It  was  tht 
birthplace  of  the  mathematician  Torricelli. 

F.ERDER  or  FARDER.  (Farder.)  fAii'der.  a  small  island 
off  the  S.  coast  of  Norway,  with  a  light-house,  in  lat.  59°  3 
N..  Ion.  10°  37'  E. 

F.5:SUL.E.    See  Fie.sole. 

FAGAGNA,  i3-gin'yi.  a  village  and  parish  of  Austrian 
Italy,  government  of  A'enice,  S  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Udine.  II 
stands  partly  on  a  height  and  partly  on  low  ground,  con- 
tains a  parish  and  6  auxiliary  churches,  and  tho  remains 
of  an  old  castle,  and  has  several  mills. 

FAGLOE.  (FSL'loe.)  one  of  the  Aland  Islands.   See  F  jolOe. 

FAONANO,  fein-yi'no,  or  FAGNANO^^LONA,  f^u-y^'no- 
o-lo'n3,  a  Tillage  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  19  miles  N.W.  of 
Milan,  on  the  Olona.     Pop.  1670. 

FAGNANO,avill!ige  of  Italy.  ISmilesS.ofVerona.  Here, 
in  1799,  an  engagement  took  place  between  the  French  and 
the  Austrians. 

FAGNANO,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Citra  II.,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Aquila. 

FAGNANO.  a  village  of  Italy,  province  of  Calabria  Citra, 
22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cosenza.    Pop.  ISOO. 

FAONANO,  a  village  of  Italy,  province  of  Ravenna,  If 
miles  S.W.  of  Faenza. 

FAIIAN,  (fl'han.)  LOWER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Donegal,  on  Lake  Swilly. 

FAHAN.  UPPER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal. 

FAIILEEYAN  or  FAHLIYAN,  fShneeVan',  a  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Fars,  45  miles  N.of  Kazeroon,with  from 
60  to  70  houses,  but  formerly  of  more  importance. 

F.\IILUN,  a  town  or  province  of  Sweden.     See  FALtrs. 

FAHRAFELD,  fd'ri-fat\  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on 
the  Triesting,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Vienna.    Pop.  700. 

F.ilDO.  tl'do,  a  town  of  Switzeiland,  capital  of  the  Val 
Levantine,  canton  of  Ticino,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bellinzona, 
on  the  Ticiijo.    Pop.  615. 

FAI-FO,  fi-fo.  a  town  of  the  empire  of  Anam,  in  Farther 
India,  and  formerly  the  centre  of  its  China  trade,  in  the 
province  of  Quang-nan.  on  a  river  near  its  mouth,  in  the 
Cbiaa  Sea,  and  15  miles  S.  of  Turon.  with  which  town  it 
communicates  by  a  canal.  It  has  a  large  Boodhic  temple, 
with  2  other  Chinese  temples ;  its  population  being  mainly 
Chinese.    The  principal  exports  are  sugar  and  cinnamon. 

F.\ILSWORTH.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

FAIOOM,  or  FAIOUM.    See  Fayoom. 

FAIR'BAN  K,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co..  Indiana.  P.  1099 

FAIR'BAULT.  a  post-offlce  of  l',ice  co..  Minnesota. 

FAIR/BLUFF,  a  post-office.  Columbus  co..  North  Carolina 

FAIR'BURN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Wes 
Riding. 

F.\IR/BURN,  a  post-vill.age  on  the  line  between  Campbell 
and  Fayette  counties,  Georgiii,  on  the  Atlanta  and  La 
Grange  Railroad,  102  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

FAIR'D.iLE,  a  post-village  of  Susqueh;iuna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 7  miles  S.W.  of  Montrose. 

FAIR/DEALING,  a  post-offic<^  of  Marsh.<>ll  co..  Kentucky. 

FAIR'FAX.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virgini.a,  border- 
ing on  Maryland  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  has  an  area 
of  430  square  miles.  The  Potomac  River  forms  its  boun- 
dary on  the  N.E.  and  S.E.,  and  the  Occo<iuan  washes  its 
S.W.  border.  The  surf;ice  is  hilly :  the  soil  in  .some  parts  is 
sandy,  and  is  not  uniformly  fertile.  Much  of  the  land  has 
been  worn  out,  and  is  no  longer  cultivated.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  two  railroads  leading  to  Alexandria.  Mount 
Vernon,  the  residence  of  George  AVashington,  is  on  the 
bank  of  the  Potomac  in  Fairfax  county.  15  miles  below 
Washington.  Formed  in  1742.  and  named  in  honor  of  Lord 
F.airfax,  the  proprietor  of  a  considerable  district  in  the  N.E. 
part  of  Virginia.  Capital,  Fairfax  Court  House.  Pop.  11,834, 
of  whom  8718  were  free,and  3116  sl.aves. 

FAIRFAX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co^ 
Vermont,  on  the  Lamoille  River,  about  38  miles  N.£.  by  N. 
of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron-castings,  starch, 
leather.  &c.     Pop.  1987. 

FAIRFAX,  or  CULPEPPER  COURT  HOUSE,  a  thriving 
post-village,  capital  of  Culpepper  CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  Orange 
and  Alexandria  Railroad.  It  is  surrounded  1  y  a  finely  di- 
versified and  fertile  region,  which  is  in  a  higli  state  of  cul- 
tivation. The  business  of  the  place  has  recently  received  a 
new  impetus  by  the  construction  of  the  raili-oad.  Fairfax 
contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Founded 
in  1759.     Pop.  in  1860.  1056. 

F.4IRF.\X,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 

FAIRFAX,  a  post-office  of  Iligliland  co.,  Ohio. 

F.ilRFAX,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana. 

FAIRFAX  COURT  HOUSE,  a  small  town,  capital  ol 
Fairfax  co.,  Virginia,  120  miles  N.of  Richmond,  and  21  milef 
W.  of  Washington,  contains  the  county  buildings,  and  from 
200  to  300  inhabitants. 

FAIRFAX  STATION,  a  post-office,  Fairfax  co..  Virginia. 

F.\IIWIELD.  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Kent. 

F.\IRFIELD,  a  cbapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

F.\IRFI  ELD,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  parish 
and  3^  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mancb-wter.  on  fhe  railway  thence  to 
Stayley-bridge.  The  Moravians  have  an  estiablishment  ber& 


-J 


FAI 

FATRTIELD,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Connecticut,  has  an  area  of  about  650  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  tlie  S.K.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the 
N.K.  by  the  llousatonic  River,  by  which  it  is  cliiefly  watered, 
although  it  h.is  numerous  small  rivers  falling  into  the 
liound.  This  stream  furnishes  abundant  watei-power.  It 
has  several  good  harbors,  which  allord  great  facilities  for 
navi^iation  and  the  fisheries.  The  surface  in  the  northern 
and  western  portions  is  hilly;  In  the  southern  and  eastern 
more  level.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  llousatonic  is  naviga- 
ble for  steamboats  along  the  eastern  border.  The  railro;id 
extending  from  New  York  to  New  Haven,  and  that  con- 
necting Bridgeport  and  Albany,  traverse  this  county.  Seats 
of  justice,  Kairtield  and  Danbury.     Pop.  77,476. 

fAlKFIELD,  a  district  In  the  N.  central  part  of  South 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  680  sqvwre  miles.  The  Watereo 
River  forms  its  Iwundary  on  the  E.  and  X.E.,  the  Broad 
River  on  the  S.W. ;  and  it  is  drained  by  Little  River  and 
Wateree  Creek.  The  surCice  is  hilly,  and  the  soil  fertile. 
The  district  is  intersected  bv  the  Charlotte  and  South  Caro- 
lina Itiiilroad.  Capital,  Winnsborough.  Pop.  U'.^,lll,  ot 
whom  B.')77  were  free,  and  15,534  slaves. 

FAIRKIELD,  a  county  in  the  S.  centr.al  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  the  Hockhocking  River,  and  by  Little  AValnut 
and  Rush  Creeks.  The  southern  jiart  is  hilly,  and  the 
remainder  undulating  or  level ;  the  soil  is  generally  excel- 
lent, and  well  cultivated.  The  county  contains  quarries  of 
limestone  and  freestone,  which  furnish  good  materials  for 
building.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  Viy  the 
Hocking  Canal ;  also  by  the  Zanesville  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road.   Capital,  Lancaster.     )'op.  30,538. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-villfw;e  and  township  of  Somerset 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  western  side  of  the  Kennebec,  25  miles 
N.  by  E.  from  Augusta.     Pop.  2753. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Vermont,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  some  manu- 
factories (.f  lioots  and  shoes,  starch,  leather,  &c.     Pop.  2497. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  pnst-vill.age  and  township,  port  of  entry, 
and  semi-capital  of  Faiiiield  co.,  Connecticut,  is  situ.ated  on 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven 
Railroad.  22  miles  S.W.  of  \ew  Haven.  The  village  stands 
In  a  fertile  plain,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  water,  and  is 
principally  built  on  one  wide  and  beautiful  street.  The 
dwellings  on  this  street  are  mostly  new  and  very  handsome. 
A  fine  Congregational  Church  has  recently  been  erected 
near  its  centre,  and  on  the  southern  side  of  the  village  is 
the  ilariue  Pavilion,  a  mammoth  hotel  built  for  the  accom- 
modation of  persons  visiting  Fairfield  during  the  summer 
months,  for  its  fine  sea  air  and  beautiful  scenery.  Alxiut  IJ 
miles  E.  by  S.,  is  the  village  of  Black  Rock,  containing  a 
church  and  a  post-office.  Its  harbor  is  the  finest  in  the 
state,  with  the  exception  of  New  London.  Ships  of  the  first 
class  are  built  here.  The  western  portion  of  the  township 
comprises  the  l>orough  of  Southport.  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
tive of  New  England  villages,  and  on  the  N.  is  Greenfield  Hill, 
the  scene  of  President  Dwighfs  poem,  ''Greenfield  Hill." 
The  shipping  of  Fairfield  district,  on  the  30th  of  June,  1852, 
amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  757  tons  registered,  and 
24,508  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the' latter,  23.856 
tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade.  The  foreign  arrivals 
for  the  j'car  were  33 — tons,  4018.  The  clearances  f)r  foreign 
ports  were  31 — tons,  3548,  of  which  2873  were  in  foreign 
bottoms.  Fairfield  was  settled  in  1059.  In  1779,  it  was 
burnt  liy  order  of  Governor  Tryon.     Pop.  4379. 

F.VIRFIELD,  U  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer 
eo..  New  York.  16  miles  E.  of  Utica.  The  village  contains 
KTBral  chui-ches,  and  perhaps  500  Inhabitants.  Pop.  of 
township.  1712. 

FAUtFlELD,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2448. 

F.MRFTELD,  a  village  of  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey,  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Newark. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Adams  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
42  miles  S.W.  of  Hai-risburg. 

F.\IRFIELD,  a  township  of  Crawford  co..  Pennsylvania. 
Pop. 1777. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Shaver's  Creek,  about  100  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Harrisburg. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Lycoming  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  SS5. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  2014. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Virginia, 
144  miles  W.  of  Richmond.     It  has  2  churches. 

FATRFIBLD,  a  post-office  of  Hyde  co.,  North  Carolina. 

FAII!FIELr>,  a  post-village  in  Pickens  co.,  Alabama,  on 
t/ie  Tomliigbee  River,  about  50  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

F.\IRFIELD,  Free.stone  co.,  Texas.    See  Appendix. 

F.\1KFIELD.  a  post-village  In  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  55  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  jwst-village  of  Nelson  co.,  Kentucky,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Hardstown.     It  contains  1  church. 

FAT  I{F[  ELD,  a  township  of  Butler  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2503. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  village  and  town.ship  of  Columbiana  co., 
2R 


Ohio,  about  160  miles  N.E.  of  Columbtis.  Pop.  of  village 
about  400:  of  the  township,  2442. 

F.\IRFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Greene  CO.,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation 532. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Bath  township 
Greene  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Dayton  and  Springfield  Railroad, 
64  miles  N.N. K.  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  4  churches,  1 
academy,  and  over  400  inhabitants. 

F.A.IRPi  ELD,  a  township  of  Higbland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 24.33. 

FA [ RFIELD,  a  township  of  Huron  to.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1698. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.  I'op.ll92. 

FAlRFIEIyD,a  township  ofTi;scarawa8CO.,Ohio.  l'op.844. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  southern  part  of 
Lenawee  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  16.35. 

FAIRFI ELD, a  township  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.  Popu- 
lation 1213. 

F.\Il!FIi:LD,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  on  tlio  East  Fork  of  Whitewater  River, 
48  miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  866. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township  In  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  854. 

FAII!FIEI-D,  a  small  village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 

FAI  K  FIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wayne  co.,  Illinois. 
150  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springfield.  It  contains  a  liandsome 
court-lions-,  several  stores,  and  a  bank.    Pop.  in  I860,  508. 

F.\TRFIELD,  a  village  in  Benton  co.,  Missouri,  on  Pomme 
de  Terre  River,  about  100  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

F.\IRF1ELD,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Jeffer- 
son CO.,  Iowa,  fin  Big  Cedar  Creek,  and  on  the  Burlington 
and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  50  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Burling- 
ton. Fairfield  is  one  of  the  most  iniportaat  towns  in  tlie 
interior  of  the  state,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade. 
It  hiis  1  newspaper-offlce,  7  churches,  1  bank,  a  United  States 
land-offlce,  a  female  seminary,  and  a  college  established  by 
the  state.     Pop.  1692. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township,  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin.   Pop.  593. 

F.\IRFIELD,  a  post-village  on  the  line  between  Rock  and 
Walworth  counties,  Wisconsin.  The  post-office  is  in  M'al- 
worth  county. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon. 

FAIU'FIELD  CEN'TR  E,  a  post-office.  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana. 

FAIR/FIELD  COR'NERS.  a  post-village  in  Somerset  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Kennebec  River,  22  miles  N,N.E.  of  Augusta- 

FAIR'FIELIMIEAD.  a  township  of  England.  CO.  ofStaflford. 

FAIR'FOUD.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of 
Gloucester,  on  the  Colne,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cotswold  Hills, 
24  miles  S.E.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  1672.  It  is  neatly  built, 
and  has  a  beautiful  church  of  the  reian  of  Ilenrv  VII. 

FAIR  FOR'KST,  a  postofficc  of  Union  co..  South  Carolina. 

FAIR  FOREST,  a  post-office  of  Desha  co.,  Arkansas. 

FAIR  ti.4R'DEN,  a  po.st-office  of  Sevier  CO.,  Tennessee. 

FAIR  GROVE,  a  postroflftce  of  Davidson  CO.,  North  Caro- 
lina, 90  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

FAIR  HA'VEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rutland 
CO.,  A'erniont,  on  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad, 
about  55  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.  The  village  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  Castleton  River,  which  here  affords  an 
extensive  water-power,  and  near  the  railro.'id.  about  2  miles 
E.  of  the  New  York  State  Line,  In  the  township  are  seve- 
ral apparently  inexhaustible  quarries  of  excellent  marble 
and  slate,  both  of  which  are  extensively  wrought  and  ex- 
ported. There  are  also  rolling-mills  and  machinery  for  the 
manuficfure  of  nails,  manufactures  of  paper,  leather,  &c. 
Pop.  of  township,  1378. 

FAIRHAVEN,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township 
of  Bristol  CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  Buzzard's  Bay.  about  65 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  A  branch  railroad,  commu- 
nicating with  Boston  through  the  Cape  Cod  and  ( ild  Colony 
and  Newport  Railroads,  was  opened  about  the  1st  of  June, 
1854.  The  village  is  beautifully  situatoil  on  the  loft  bank 
of  the  Aeushnet  River,  opposite  Now  Bedford,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  and  ferry.  It  contains  4  churches, 
a  bank,  a  savings  institution,  3  oil  factories,  an  excellent  sys- 
tem of  public  schools,  comprising  a  high-fichool,  grammar, 
Intermediate,  and  primary  schools,  and  the  Boston  and  Fair- 
haven  Iron  Works.  The  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is 
partly  directed  to  shipbuilding  and  the  whale  fishery,  2 
ships,  3  barques,  and  2  brigs  are  owned  here.  The  American 
Nail  and  Machine  Company  are  about  to  establish  their 
works  hero.  The  population  in  1850  w;is  4304;  since  which 
Aeushnet  township  has  been  fornied  out  of  It.  Pop.  la 
1860,  3118. 

FAIR  HA'VEN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  New  ILaven 
CO.,  Connecticut,  is  situated  on  the  New  Haven  and  New 
London  Railroad,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Qulnepiao 
River,  which  forms  the  dividing  line  between  New  Haven 
and  East  Haven.  2  miles  E.  from  the  public  square  of  the 
former.  The  passage  of  the  river  for  ordinary  travel  is  by 
an  iron  bridge,  about  300  yards  in  length,  and  for  the 
railroad  cars  by  a  massive  frame  structure,  supported  by 
piers  and  braces,  at  an  elevation  of  about  40  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  water.  Most  of  that  part  of  the  village  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Qninepiac  is  built  on  a  beautiful 
plain,  which  extends  to  West  River,  beyond  New  Haven 
The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  intersecting  each  othsr 

667 


FAI 


FAL 


at  light  angles,  and  the  dwellings  Are  usually  surrounded 
with  highly  Tnamented  grounds.  The  left  hank  rises  gra- 
dually to  an  elevation  of  100  or  150  feet,  affording  delightr 
ful  sites  for  residences.  The  view  of  the  river  and  bay. 
with  the  shipping,  New  Haven,  and  the  bold  outline  of  hills 
towai-ds  the  N .,  commanded  from  this  eminence,  is  one  of 
surpassing  beauty.  Alx)ut  40  vessels  are  owned  in  Fair 
Haven,  which  are  employed  in  the  oyster  business.  It  is 
stated  that  8(X),000  kegs  of  oysters  are  annually  exported  to 
different  purts  of  the  United  States.  They  are  taken  in  the 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays,  and  brought  here  during 
the  winter  season  to  be  opened.  The  village  contains  4  or 
6  cliurches,  several  of  them  beautiful  edifices,  an  academy, 

2  hotels,  and  several  first-class  stores.  Pop.  in  1860,  esti- 
mated at  MOOO. 

FAIR  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York, 
on  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Lake 
Ontario,  Auburn,  and  Ithaca  Railroad. 

FAIR  HAVKN,  »  thriving  post-village  of  Preble  CO., 
Ohio,  on  Four  Mile  Creek,  42  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

FAIR  IIAVE.X.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois,  8 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Mount  Carroll. 

FAIRUA'VEN,  a  bav  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Spitzbergen, 
lat.  79°  oO'  X..  Ion.  10°  6'  E.  • 

FAIR  HEAD  or  BEN  MORE' HEAD,  a  lofty  promontory 
on  the  northern  coast  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim,  5 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Ballycastle.  It  is  an  immense  body  of  co- 
lumnar greenstone,  530  feet  in  elevation. 

FAIR  IIILL,  a  postrvillage  of  Cecil  CO.,  Maryland,  7  or  8 
miles  N.  of  Elkton. 

F.A.IR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Virginia, 

FAIR  ISLE,  (lie.)  Scotland,  between  Orkney  and  Shet- 
land, 23  miles  S.W.  of  Sumburgh  Head.  Its  length  is  4 
miles ;  its  breadth.  2J  miles.  Pop.  232.  It  is  accessible  for 
Tes.sels  at  only  one  point,  on  the  S.E.  The  Duke  of  Medina 
Sidonia,  admiral  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  was  wrecked  off 
here  in  158S. 

F.ilR  LAND,  a  post-oiTice  of  Shelby  eo.,  Indinna. 

FAIR  LAND,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co..  Missouri. 

FAIR'LEE,  a  post-township  of  Orange  CO..  Vermont,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge,  and  on  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Kail- 
road,  30  mile  S.W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  549. 

FAIR'LEY.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  oa  the  coast 

3  miles  S.  of  Largs.    It  has  an  old  castle. 
FAIK'LIOIIT,'a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
FAIR'LOP.  in  Ilainault  Forest.  England,  12  miles  N.E.of 

London,  celebrated  fijr  an  annual  fair,  and  an  oak  of  great 
age  and  size,  now  nearly  destroyed. 

FAIR'MONT,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Marion 
CO.,  W.  Virginia,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Monongaliela 
River,  and  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rjiilroad,  302  miles 
W.  of  Baltimore.  'Ihe  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats 
from  this  point  downward.  A  magnificent  wire  suspension- 
bridge  across  the  river  connects  the  village  with  Palatine. 
A  newspaper  is  published  here.  The  village  contains  a 
bank.     Free  pop.  704. 

FAIRMONT,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York. 

FAIHMOUNT,  a  post  office  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey. 

FAIRMOUNT.  Pennsylvania.    See  Philadelphia. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

F.\IRMOUNT.  a  post-township.  Luzemeco.,  Pennsylvania, 
22  miles  W.  of  Wilkesbarre.     Pop.  1190. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia,  140  miles 
N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

FAIRMOUNT.  a  post-office  of  Smith  eo.,  Mississippi. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Miama  CO.,  Ohio. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  post^ffice  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana. 

FAIR'.MOUNT  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co,, 
Pennsylvania. 

FAIR/I'L.VINS,  a  postofflce  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigan. 

FAIR  PLAY',  a  postoffice  of  Pickens  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia,  115 
miles  W.  of  .Augusta. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  postoffice  of  Benton  CO.,  Alabama. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  post-office  of  Panola  CO..  Texas. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  post-village  of  Hot  Spring  co.,  Arkansas, 
a  few  miles  N.E.  of  Kockport 

FAIRPLAY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Green  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Western  Fork,  of  White  River,  75  miles 
B.W.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  572. 

FAIRPLAY.  a  postofflce  of  Polk  co..  Missouri. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  12 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Galena.  It  hag  2  churches,  and  about  100 
bouses.     The  Sisiniwa  Mound  College  is  near  this  place. 

F.MItPOINT',  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

F.\Ilt'l'01tT,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York 

FAIRI'ORT.  (usually  callsd  HORSl^HEADS.)  a  village 
of  Elniira  township.  Chemung  co..  New  York,  on  the 
CIiemun'.r  Canal,  H  miles  above  Elmira,  has  2  or  3  churches, 
a  bank  and  several  utoreu.    Pop.  about  lOOO.     See  IIorsb- 

BEADS. 

058 


FAIRPORT,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.  Ohio,  on  Lake 
Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  River,  about  165  miles  N.E. 
of  Columbus.  It  has  a  commodious  harbor  and  a  light- 
house. 

FAIRPORT,  a  post-village  in  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  40  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Iowa  City. 

FAIR'STED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FAIRTON,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey, 
4  miles  S.  of  Bridgeton.  It  has  1  or  2  churches,  and  about 
50  dwellings. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  Yoik, 
about  45  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

FAIRVIEW,  New  Jersey.    See  Quakertown. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylv» 
nia.  on  the  right  bank  of  .\lleghany  River.  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Pittsburg.    The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Houston. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
40  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsburg. 

F.4IRVIEW,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsvlvanla. 
Pop.  1106. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Butler. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  tho  W.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  Kiver,  nearly  opposit« 
Ilarrisburg. 

F-ilRVIEW,  a  post-township  of  Erie  eo.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Lake  Erie,  with  a  village  on  the  Erie  and  Cleveland 
Railroad.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Erie.     Pop.  2131. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
2126. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maryland. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  county.  West  Vir- 
ginia, is  situated  2  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  and  36  milea 
N.  of  Wheeling. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  in  Buncombe  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 240  miles  N.  of  Raleigli. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  in  Greenville  district,  South 
Carolina,  SO  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

F.\IRVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co., Georgia,  about 
100  miles  N.  of  .Milledgeville. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Arkansas. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-vilL-ige  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky,  190 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

FAII{VIEW,  a  post-village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
National  Road,  44  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Zanesville.  It  contains 
several  churches,  and  400  or  500  inhabitants. 

F.\1RVIEW,  a  vilUge  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  50  miles  B. 
by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

F.\IRVIKW.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Mississinewa  Kiver,  about  75  miles  N.E.  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fulton  co^ 
Illinois.  75  miles  N.N.W.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  920. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Pettis  co.,  Missouri,  76  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

F.ilRVIE^V,  a  post-viliagOiiOf  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near 
the  Wapsipinieon  River,  33  miles  N.N.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

FAIRVIEW  VILL.4.GE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co, 
Pennsylvania. 

FAIlt/VlLLE.  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  New  York,  30 
miles  E.  of  Rochester. 

FAIRVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylviinia. 

FAIRWATER.  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, 22  inilcs  W.  of  Kond  du  Liic.    It  has  2  mills. 

FAIRWEATH'KR,  a  post-office  of  Ad.Hms  co.,  Illinois. 

FAIRWEATHER,  a  mountain  of  Russian  America.  35 
miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Fairwe;>ther.  forms  an  import.iiit  point 
of  the  Ru.ssian  and  British  frontier,  and  is  stated  to  havean 
elevation  of  14.ftO0  feet. 

FAIRWEATHER,  C.IPE.    See  Cape  Faitiweather. 

FAIUWE.VrilERS  ISLAND,  at  the  entrance  of  Black 
Rock  Harbor.  Connecticut.  On  it  is  a  light,  45  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  41°  8'  24"  N.  Ion.  73<:  13'  30"  W. 

FAISANS,  ILE  DES,  eel  dA  fi'z6s»'.  (i.e.  "isle  of  phea- 
.sants.")  a  small  island,  formed  by  the  Bidassoa.  on  the 
borders  of  France  and  Spain,  near  I  run.  Here  the  treaty  of 
the  Pyrenees  was  concluded  between  Fr.-inee  and  Spain, 
Septemlier  7.  1659. 

FAISON'S  DEPOT,  fii'zonz  dee'po.  a  post-village  of  Duplin 
CO..  North  Carolina,  on  the  railroad  from  Weldon  to  Wil- 
mington. 63  miles  N.  of  the  latter. 

F.\JAI!DO.  a  town  of  I'orto  Rico.    See  Faxarpo. 

FAJEMMIA.  ti-jim'me'i.  a  fortified  town  of  Africa,  in 
Senegambi.a,  state  of  Konkodoo.  (Konkodu.)  and  the  re- 
sidence of  its  chief.  60  miles  S.E.  of  Bambook.  Lat.  1:?^ 
50'  N.,  Ion.  10°  35'  W. 

FA'KENHAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf- 
folk. 

FA'KENHAM-LANCASTER,  a  market-tow>  ?nd  pailsh 
of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  Wensum,  'z-l  niiies  N.W. 
of  Norwich.     Pop.  2164.     It  has  a  magnificent  chur-h. 

FAL,  fil.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  floivs  S.S.W. 
Into  the  estuary  which  forms  Falmouth  Harlior. 

FAI/A  AND  SOUTKA,  soo'tr^  a  parish  of  Scotland,  eoe. 


FAL 


FAL 


of  Edinburgh  and  Haddington,  14  miles  S.K.  of  Edin- 
burjili.  There  was  an  ancient  hospital  here  for  the  relief 
of  pilgHms. 

FA  LAB  A,  tii-Whi.  a  fortified  town  of  'Western  Africa,  in 
Senegambia.  capital  of  the  state  Soollmana,  215  miles  X.E. 
of  Sierra  Leone.     I'op.  6000.  (?) 

I'ALAISl'],  filUAz',  (anc.  FiiMriaf)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  CalTados,  on  an  elevated  but  broken  fiat,  bor- 
dering on  a  rocky  precipice,  or  falaife,  whence  its  name,  23 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Caen.  It  consists  of  three  distinct  parts — 
the  town  proper,  almost  completely  surrounded  by  old 
walls;  the  suburbs  of  St.  Laurent  and  Val  d'Ante,  extend- 
ing into  the  narrow  ravine  below  the  precipice  on  which  the 
town  stands;  «ud  the  suburb  of  Guibray,  sometimes  called 
the  hiih  town,  and  situated  on  a  hei;;ht  about  1  mile  E. 
The  situation  is  very  picture.squo,  but  the  streets  are  irre- 
gular, the  houses  generally  indifferent,  and  the  appearance 
of  the  town,  as  a  whole,  dull  and  lifeless.  The  churches  of 
St.  Laurent,  St.  Gervais,  and  St.  Guibray,  the  town-house, 
general  hospital,  Hotel-Dieu.  and  public  library,  are  deserv- 
ing of  notice,  but  the  great  object  of  attraction  is  the  castle, 
the  ancient  seat  of  the  Dukes  of  Normandy,  and  the  birth- 
place of  William  the  Conqueror.  It  occupies  a  commanding 
position  on  a  promontory  connected  with  the  plateau  on 
which  the  town  is  built  on  one  side  only,  and  isolated  on 
the  others  by  steep  ravines,  and  before  the  invention  of 
gunpowder  was  a  place  of  great  strength.  It  is  now  only  a 
grand  and  picturesque  ruin.  It  covers  nearly  4  acres,  and 
is  surrounded  by  ramparts,  varying  in  height  according  to 
the  nature  of  the  ground,  from  16  feet  to  50  feet.  Imme- 
diately within  the  court  another  tower,  of  loftier  eleva- 
tion and  more  architectural  merit,  bears  the  name  of  Tal- 
bot's Tower,  and  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the  English, 
after  the  capture  of  Falaise  by  Henry  X.  A  colossal  bronze 
equestiian  sfcitue  of  the  Conqueror,  by  Louis  Itochet,  was 
inaugurated  here  (X'tober  20,  1851.  Falaise  is  the  seat  of  a 
court  of  iirst  resort  and  commerce.  Its  trade  consists  of 
wool,  horses,  cattle,  and  of  the  manufactures  of  the  town, 
comprising  cotton  hosiery,  lace,  cotton  goods,  leather,  and 
p.iper.  According  to  the  .Xormandy  Chronicle.  Falaise  had 
risen  to  be  a  place  of  some  importance  at  the  commenco- 
ment  of  the  eleventh  century.     Pop.  in  1852,  8961. 

F.\LALU,  fd-l^loo',  one  of  the  Caroline  Islands,  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  X.W.  of  Ilogolen. 

FALCKS.  fdl'tWs,  a  town  of  Sp.iin,  province. and  29  miles 
S.AV.  of  Pamplona.  I'op.  2310.  It  has  mineral  springs,  and 
ruins  of  a  Koman  castle. 

FALCET,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Falset. 

FAiyCON,  a  post-oftice  of  Columbia  co.,  Arkansas. 

FALCO.\.\UA,  fdl-ko-nd'rl  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  10  miles  W.  of  O.senza.     Pop.  lUliO. 

F.\UCONER,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York. 

FALCONERA,  fai-ko-n,Uri  a  small  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipehigo,  26  miles  N.\V.  of  Milo.     Lat.  'M°  50'  40"  N. 

FALEME,  fiMA/mA,  FALKMEII.  fn.Vniih.  or  BA  (bd) 
FALKJIE.  a  river  of  Senegambia,  in  Western  Africa,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Senegal  which  it  joins  15  miles  N.W.  of  Galam.  in 
lat.  14°  4(V  N.,  Ion.  11°  4S'  W..  after  a  N.  course  of  200  miles. 

FAL'FIELD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
Pop.  15.37. 

F.\LKENAU,  fil'kgh-n6w\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  5  miles 
W.S.W.  of    Elbogen.  on  the  Eger.     Pop.  1900. 

FALKENBEKG,  fil'ken-b*Ro\  a  fortified  town  of  Prus- 
Bian  Silesia,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  1632. 

FALKEXIIKUG,  fdl'kgn-bjR(i\  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden, 
ten,  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Halmstad,  with  a  small  harbor, 
166<J  inhabitants,  and  an  active  salmon  fishery. 

FALKE.XmjUO,  fil'ken-bodRQ\  a  town  of  Prussian.  Po- 
merania.  47  miles  S.  of  Coslin.     Pop.  3050. 

FAL'KEXIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FALKENSTEIX,  fdl'ken-stine\  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle 
of  Zwickau.  11  miles  E.  of  Plauen.    Pop.  3346. 

FAL'KINGIIA-M,  a  parish  of  England.     See   Folkdjo- 

H.\M. 

FAL'KINSTEIX,  a  post-oflRce  of  Preston  co.,  Virginia. 

FALKIRK,  fAl-kjrk',  (commonly  pronounced  in  Scot- 
land, faw-kirk'.)  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh, 
market-town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling,  on  an 
eminence  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  fertile  tract  called 
the  Cai-se  of  Falkirk.  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Edinburgh,  on  the 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway,  and  Scottish  Central  Rail- 
way. Pop.  of  the  borough  in  1801,  9029.  It  has  a  town- 
house,  parish  church,  numerous  schools,  a  public  library, 
seve<'al  branch  banks,  a  foundry,  and  other  small  manu- 
Bietures.  The  Great  Carron  Iron-works  are  within  2  miles 
of  the  town,  which  is  famous  for  its  three  annual  trysts, 
which  are  the  largest  cattle  tairs  in  Scotland,  300,000  head 
oi  cactle  and  sheep,  on  an  average,  appearing  annually,  and 
sales  made  to  the  amount  of  half  a  million  sterling.  Fal- 
kirk unites  with  Linlithgow,  Lanark,  Hamilton,  and  Air- 
drie  in  sending  one  memlxT  to  tlie  House  of  Commons. 
Traces  of  the  Roman  w.all  of  Antoninus  are  found  in  this 
parish.  Here  was  fought,  A.  D.  1298.  a  battle  between  the 
troops  of  Sir  William  Wallace  and  of  Edward  I.,  when  the 
latter  was  victorious;  also,  in  1740,  an  engagement  between 


the  Highlanders,  under  Prince  Charles  Edward,  and  the 
English  army. 

FALKJOPIXO.  a  town  of  Sweden.    See  F.ALKoPCfG. 

Falkland,  fawkland,  a  royal  and  municipal  borough 
and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  at  the  foot  of  East  Lo- 
mond Hill,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3102.  The  only  olject  of  interest  is  the  palace,  a  favoiitd 
hunting-seat  of  the  Scottish  monarchs.  The  chief  part  of 
the  present  edifice,  which  is  inhabited  by  the  heritable 
keeper,  was  built  by  James  V.,  who  died  here.  Falkland 
gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  English  family  of  Carey. 

FALK'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Pitt  co.,  North  Carolina. 

FALK'LAXD  islands,  (I'r.  ^falmdnes,  m^Uoo-een';  pp. 
Afahinas,  mil-vee/nis.)  an  island  group  in  the  South  At- 
lantic Ocean,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  consisting  alto 
gether  of  alxjut  200  i-slands,  large  and  small,  250  miles  N.E. 
i'erra  del  Fuego,  between  lat.  51°  and  53°  S.,  and  Ion.  57° 
and  02°  W.  Only  two  of  these  islands  are  of  any  consider- 
able size;  they  are  called,  respectively.  East  and  West  Falk- 
land, separated  from  each  other  by  a  sound  (see  Falkland 
SoLND)  varying  in  breadth  from  2}  to  18  miles.  East  Falk- 
land is  about  85  miles  in  length,  and  almut  53  miles  in 
breadth ;  area,  3000  sijuare  miles.  West  Falkland  is  So  miles 
long  by  about  40  broad;  area.  2000  square  miles.  The  other 
islands  vary  from  16  miles  long  by  8  broad,  to  mere  islets 
of  half  a  mile  diameter.  The  whole  group  is  indented  in  a 
remarkable  manner  by  bays,  harbors,  and  sounds;  two  of 
the  latt«r,  Choiseul  and  Grantham,  penetrating  so  deeply 
into  either  side  of  East  Falkland  as  nearlj"  to  divide  it  into 
two  parts,  the  intervening  isthmus  being  little  more  than  2 
miles  broad. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  islands  is  by  no  means 
attractive.  Kidges  of  rocky  hills,  about  lOOO  feet  in  height, 
traver.se  extensive  tracts  of  sombre-looking  moorland,  unen- 
livened by  a  tree,  and  limited,  seiiward,  by  a  low,  rocky 
coast,  on  whi^h  the  surf  beats  with  great  violence.  On  the 
N.  part  of  Ea.st  Falkland  the  hills  attain  a  con.sideraMe  ele- 
vation, but  the  whole  of  the  S.  portion  is  so  low  that  it  can- 
not be  seen  from  the  deck  of  a  vessel  5  miles  distant.  The 
more  elevated  parts  of  East  Falkland  are  quartz  roc'k  ;  clay- 
slate  prevails  in  the  intermediate  districts.  Sandstone,  on 
which  are  beautifully  perfect  impressions  of  shells,  occurs 
in  beds  within  the  slate  formation,  and  upon  the  slate  is  a 
stratum  of  clay  fit  for  making  bricks.  A  peculiar  featureia 
the  geology  of  these  islands  ispre.sented  in  streams  of  stones, 
which  appejir  to  flow  down  the  sides  of  the  hills.  These 
streams  are  20  or  30  feet  wide,  spreading  out  in  some  plac<.'3 
to  even'a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  width.  The  stones  are  of  var 
rious  sizes,  from  1  to  4  or  5  feet  cube.  Scarcely  any  view 
can  he  more  di.smal  than  that  from  the  heights;  moorland 
and  black  log  extend  as  Cir  as  eye  can  discern,  intersected 
by  innumerable  streams  and  pools  of  yellowish  brown  water. 
The  soil  of  the  island.s,  so  far  as  has  been  explored,  is  gene- 
rally peat,  although  much  of  what  seems  to  be  a  bjirren 
moor  is  solid  sandy  clay,  covered  by  a  thin  layer  of  vege- 
tible  mould,  on  which  grow  shruliby  bushes  and  a  coarse 
grass,  affording  ample  nourishment  to  cattle.  The  largest 
river  is  the  San  Carlos  in  East  Falkland,  about  30  miles 
long,  and  navigable  for  boats  for  8  miles.  The  only  other 
stream  of  any  note  is  the  Arwyo  Malo  or  Matson,  which  lalls 
into  i'ort  San  Salvador,  on  the  N.E.  coast. 

The  climate  is  equable  and  remarkably  salubrious,  there 
being  no  extremes  of  either  heat  or  cold.  The  ordinary 
range  of  the  thermometer  is  tetween  30°  and  50°  in  winter, 
and  from  40°  to  65°  in  summer.  Rain  and  high  winds  are 
fre<iuent.  but  lightning  ^nd  thunder  are  rare.  A  peculiar 
feature  of  the  Falklands  is  the  entire  de.stitution  of  trees, 
but  there  are  a  great  variety  of  sweet-scented  flowers,  which, 
in  Noveml)er  and  December,  nearly  cover  the  ground.  The 
tussac  grass  is  the  most  useful  and  singular  plant  in  the 
flora  of  these  islands.  It  covers  all  the  small  islands  of  the 
group  like  a  forest  of  miniature  palms,  and  thrives  Ijest  on 
the  shores  exposed  to  the  spray  of  the  sea.  Ferns  and  mosses 
are  few,  but  lichens  are  in  great  variety  and  abundance.  So 
far  as  yet  tried,  all  the  useful  kinds  of  vegetables  and  green 
crops  generally  have  thriven,  but  fruit  has  not  been  found 
to  succeed,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  corn  would  ripen. 

The  rearing  of  cattle  and  the  cultivation  of  vegetables  ap- 
pear to  form  the  natural  resources  of  this  country.  It  is 
stated  that  the  very  few  animals  landed  originally  by  the 
Buenos  Ayreans  and  others  have  gone  on  increasing  in 
numbers,  entirely  in  a  state  of  nature,  until  they  are  now 
reckoned  at  from  35,000  to  100.000,  or  more.  The  wild 
horses  of  the  islands,  of  which  there  are  several  thousands, 
are  highly  thought  of;  and  although  many  of  the  districts 
are  too  rmiist  and  swampy  for  sheep,  still  there  is  a  suffici- 
ent quantity  of  land  on  which  flocks  could  be  kept  advan- 
tageously. Pigs  and  rabbits  are  also  plentiful.  The  nume- 
rous creeks  abound  with  a  description  of  fish  resembling  a 
gray  mullet,  weighing  up  to  15  pounds,  and  which  are  caught 
in  large  quantities  by  the  simplest  means.  Sea  elephant 
and  seal  frequent  the  shores,  and  whales  re.sort  to  the  sur- 
rounding waters,  though  now  in  diminished  numbers 
There  are  no  reptiles  of  any  kind  in  the  Falkland  Islands, 
and  of  the  quadrupeds  a  peculiar  species  of  fox  is  the  only 

659 


FAL 

animal  indigvnous  to  them.  The  principal  of  the  feathered 
Irjbe  aiv;  gpotyj,  snipes,  dufks.  hawks,  vultures,  albatrosses, 
gulls,  petrels,  penguins,  &c.,  and  a  verj  few  land  hirds. 

The  Falkland  Islands  were  d^'covered  hv  Davis,  on  the 
14th  of  Ausrust,  1502.  They  were  afterwards  visited  (lfi90) 
by  Stronp.  who  gave  them  the  name  which  th^y  now  bear. 
In  1710.  a  French  vessel  from  St.  Malo  touched  at  them,  and 
Darned  them  Isles  Malouines.  Settlements  were  .ifterwards 
formed  on  them  by  the  French.  Spaniards,  and  English 
alternately,  but  the  latter  have  ultimately  retained  pos.ses- 
pionof  them.  A  British  settlement  has  been  recently  formed 
in  Kast  Falkland,  called  Stanlej-,  situated  at  the  head  of 
I'oit  ^Villiam.  an  inlet  on  the  >'.E.  co.-vet.  Lat.  51°  40'  30" 
S.;  Ion.  57°  49' W. 

FALK'LAND  SOUND,  a  narrow  strait  separating  Kast 
and  West  Falkland  I.slands  from  e<nch  other.  It  extends  45 
mile.s  in  a  X.  and  S.  diix^ction,  varying  in  bi-eadth  from  2j 
to  18  miles.  The  K.  side  of  the  sound  is  low,  with  gently 
undulating  hills,  seldom  exceeding  150  feet  in  heiu'ht.  The 
W.  side  is  hitrh  and  bold,  forming  a  singular  ridge,  varying 
from  300  to  5uO  ft'et  in  height. 

FALK/.\EK'S  ISLAND,  of  Guilford  Harbor.  Connecticut 
It  contains  a  fixed  light  75  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Lilt.  41°  12'  30"  N..  Ion.  72°  39'  42"  W. 

F.\LKONEIlA.  fll-ko-nA'rd.  a  small  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  45  miles  from  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  Morea,  and 
2.S  miles  N.W.  of  Milo.     Lat.  36°  51'  X..  Ion.  23°  54'  E. 

FALKOPING,  (Falkoping.)  or  FALKJOI'ING,  (Falkjbp- 
ing.)  fil'chcrping.  a  small  town  of  Sweden,  Isen.and  3S  miles 
S.W.  of  Mariestad.  near  which,  in  1388,  Albert,  Kingof  Swe- 
den, was  defeated  and  made  prisoner  by  Jlargai-et,  Queen  of 
Denmark. 
FAL'LASBITRG.  a  post-oflice  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 
F.\LL  BRANCH,  a  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 
FALL  CHEEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Henry  county,  and 
after  a  course  of  alx)Ut  75  miles,  falls  into  'White  River, 
just  above  Indianapolis     It  is  a  valuable  stream  for  mills. 
FALL  CKEEK.  a  post-office  of  Early  co.,  Georgia. 
FALL  CREEK,  a  township  in  Hamilton   co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1341. 
EALL  CIlEEK,atownsliipinIIenry  CO.,  Indiana.  P.1729. 
FALL  CREEK,  a  township  in  Madison  co.,  Indiana.  P.2107. 
F.\LL  CRKICK,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana. 
FALL  CREEK.  aTowu.shipin  Adams  CO.. Illinois.  Pop. 967. 
FALL'EN  TIM/BEK,  a  post-ofifice  of  Cambria  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FALLERSLEBEN,  faWers-lAHien,  a  town  of  Hanover, 
principality  of  Liineburg,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Gifhorn.  The 
po  t  lioffman  w.as  born  here.    Pop.  1414. 

F ALI/I N G  BUI  1X5 E,  a  post-ofKce  of  Campbell  co..  Virginia. 
FALLING  CREEK,  a  post-ofEce  of  Wayne  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

FALiyiNG  RIVER,  a  sm.all  stream  of  Campbell  co., 
in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  flows  into  the  Staunton  or 
Itainoke  River. 

FALLING  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Greenbrier  co.,  Vu^ 
ginia. 

FALI/ING  WATER,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 
FALLING  W.4TER.  a  po.st-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 
FALLING  WATER  CItEEK.  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
Tennessee,  flows   S.W.  through  White  county,  into  the 
Canev  Fork  of  CumK'rl.nud  Kiver. 

FALLING  WATERS,  a  post-village  of  Berkeley  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Potomac  River,  1S8  miles  N.  by  AV.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

FAL'LOWFIELD,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FALLOWFIELD,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  897. 

F.ILL  RIVEK,  of  Iowa,  rises  near  the  E.  border  of  DeW 
ware  county,  and  flowing  south-eastward,  enters  the  Mako- 
queti)  River,  in  Jackson  county. 

F.\LL  RIVER,  an  important  manufacturing  city  and 
port  of  entry  of  Briitol  county,  Massachu.setts,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Taunton  River  into  Mount  Hope  Bay,  the  eastern 
arrnofNanagansettBay,  .53  milos  S.S.W.  of  Boston.  The 
,  X'^^'-'^y  ="»<»  Newimrt  Railroad  connects  it  with  Boston 
ami  Newiwrt.  It  has  a  fine  situation  on  elevated  ground, 
an<!  enj^>y  s  superior  adv.mUges  for  manufacturing ;  a  streani 
the  outlet  of  Watuppa  Ponds,  uniting  with  the  launton  at 
Its  mouth,  lurnishes  a  never-fiiiling  hydraulic  power  The 
town  18  well  built,  much  of  it  of  granite,  which  is  obtained 
in  large  quantities  from  quarries  in  the  vicinity.  It  con- 
t;viii3  14  churches  a  public  library,  7  banks,  3  savings  banks, 
a  t^ne  gramte  biulding  occupied  as  a  market-house  and  cityl 
hall  and  several  fine  school  buildings.  The  streets  are 
handsomely  adorned  with  sliade  trees,  which,  during  the 
summer  months,  add  much  to  the  comfort  and  beauty  of 
the  place,  lal  River,  from  which  the  town  derives  its 
iwnio,  IS  about  2  miles  in  length,  the  greater  part  of  which 
distjince  It  flows  over  a  rocky  bed,  between  high  banks,  and 
m  the  last  half-mile  of  its  course  has  a  descent  of  about  140 
feet.  This  portion  of  it  is  occupied  with  extensive  niann- 
66^"^^        with  a  separate  dam  each,  either  extend-  i 


FAL 

Ing  partialy  or  entirely  across  the  stream.  About  222,000 
spindles  are  employed  in  the  production  of  cotton  fabrics, 
of  which  aliout  49,225,000  yards  are  annually  turned  out. 
Three  large  calico-printing  establishments  produce  annually 
47,000,000  yards  of  prints.  Tliere  is  also  a  woollen  factory 
producing  about  150,0(X)  yards  annually,  and  extensive  iron 
works,  comprising  a  rolling-mill,  nail-mill,  foundries,  and 
machine-shops.  Cotton  hatting,  thread,  oil-carpet,  and  ma- 
chinery, are  also  largely  produced.  Four  newspapers  .ire 
issued  here.  Fall  River  enjoys  excellent  advantages  for 
commerce.  Its  harbor  is  safe,  capacious,  e;isy  of  access,  and 
of  sufficient  depth  to  admit  vessels  of  the  largest  class.  The 
shipping  of  the  port,  June  30th,  1S52,  animounted  to  an 
aggregate  of  3809  tons  registered,  and  11,-375  tons  enrolled 
and  licensed.  Of  the  former,  856  tons  were  employed  in  the 
whale  fisheries,  and  of  the  latter,  4S2t5  tons  in  steam  navi- 
gation; (none  in  the  cod  or  mackerel  fisheries.)  The  foreign 
arrivals  for  the  ye^tr  were  2:3,  (tons,  4023,)  14  of  wliich  (tons, 
2S0S)  w^ere  in  American  vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign 
ports  were  12,  (tons,  101)6,)  of  wliich  only  751  tons  were  in 
American  bottoms.  The  number  of  vessels  owned  and  em- 
ployed here  in  18(54,  was  about  CO,  with  a  tonnage  of  14,204 
tons.  A  daily  line  of  steamboats  connects  the  town  with 
New  York.  Pop.  in  1850,  11,524;  in  1860,  14,205;  and  ia 
1S65,  about  I'^.OOO. 

FALL  RIVER,  a  towniship  of  Newport  co.,  Rhode  Island 
formed,  in  l'^5t3,  from  the  N.  part  of  the  township  of  Tiverton, 
and  adjoining  Fall  River,  Massachusetts.  Thread,  both  in 
skeins  and  spools,  is  very  extensively  manufactured:  there 
is  1  large  calico-works,  printing  annually  14,000,000  yards 
of  calico  and  delaines.  Pop.  in  1S60,  3377.  By  a  decree  of 
the  supreme  court,  this  place  was  annexed  to  Fall  Biver, 
Massachusetts,  in  1862. 

FALL  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Craw  fish  River.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Madison.  It  has  good 
water-power,  with  3ever;il  mills,  and  about  35  dwellings. 

FALLS,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  central  i)art  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  H.jO  sq.  ni.  It  is  intersected  by  Brazos  River, 
and  also  drained  by  Elm  and  Big  Creeks.     Pop.  3614. 

F.\1.LS,  a  town.-iliipofBucksco.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  2316, 

FALLS,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the 
Susiiuehanna  River.    Pop.  850. 

F.\LLS.  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  North  Carolina,  191 
miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

F.\LLS.  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Hocking 
CO..  Ohio,  on  both  sides  of  Licking  River.    Pop.  1987. 

F.\LLS.  a  township  in  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2367. 

FALL'S  BRIDGE,  a  village  in  Canaan  township.  Litch- 
field CO.,  Connecticut,  about  35  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Hart- 
ford. 

FALLS'BCRG.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sullivan  co., 
New  York,  about  95  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Alb»nv.  Pop.  in  1840, 
1780;  in  1850.  2620;  in  1860.  3333. 

F.\LLSBURG,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  916. 

FALLS  CHURCH,  a  post-ofBce  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia. 

FALL'.SINGTOX.a  post-boi-ough  of  Falls  township.  Ducks 
CO.,  Pennsjlvauia.  25  miles  E.N.E. of  I'hiladelphi.o. 

FALL'S  M1LL.S.  a  jtcst-iiffice  of  Cal  ell  co.,  Virginia. 

F.iLLS  OF'  BLAINE,  a  post-office,  I^awiience co.,  Kentucky. 

F.iLLS  OF'  ROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co..  Kentucky. 

FALLS  OF  SCHUYLKILL,  ^skoolTiill*,)  formeriy  a  post- 
village  of  I'hiladelphia  co.,  Pennsylvania,  now  included 
within  the  limits  of  the  consolidated  city  of  Philadelphia,  is 
l)eautifully  situated  on  the  Schuylkill  River.  5  miles  alove 
the  State-house.  Here  is  an  extensive  manufactory  of 
chemicals,  and  works  for  printing  calico. 

FALLS  OF  ST.  CKOIX.    See  St.  Cr.ois  F.MiS. 

FWLLSTON,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Beaver  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  right  bank  of  Beaver  River,  about  2  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  30  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsbui-g.  The  falls 
of  the  river  at  this  place  produce  motive-power  for  mills 
and  factories  of  various  kinds.  A  bridge  across  the  river 
connects  the  borough  with  New  Brighton.  Pop.  in  IbtX),  577. 

FALLSTON.  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

FAIiLSTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Iredell  co.  North  Caro 
lin.o,  135  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

F.iLLSA'Il/LAGE.a  jiost-villagein  Litchfie'd  co.,Conneo 
tlcut.  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  45  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Hart- 
ford, has  a  t>auk. 

F.iL'.^IER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

FAL'MOUTH.  fil'miith,  a  parliamentary  and  municip.il 
borough,  .seaport  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
on  a  branch  of  the  estuarv  of  the  Fal,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  the 
Lizard  Point,  and  79  miles  S.W.  of  Exeter.  I-it.  50°  8'  8"  N., 
Ion.  6°  2'  7"  W.  Pop.  of  borough  in  1851.  49J3.  The  town 
consi.sts  mostly  of  a  long  line  of  streets  extending  along  the 
W.  side  of  the  harbor,  with  elegant  villas  ranged  on  the 
eminence  behind.  It  is  generally  well  built,  has  a  chun-h 
and  several  meeting-hou.se.s.  a  town-hall,  jail,  market-house, 
custom-house,  excise  office,  packet  oflice,  large  bonding  and 
other  M-arehou.ses.  3  banks,  public  rooms,  subscription  li- 
brary, baths,  a  polytechnic  institution,  a  merchants'  hospi- 
tal for  disabled  seamen,  and  numerous  schools.    I'bt  har- 


FAL 


FAN 


Dor  is  formeiJ  by  the  estuary  of  the  Va\.  nnd  is  about  5 
miles  in  lensth  and  T  in  lireadth.  The  entrance  is  defended 
by  I'endennis  and  St.  Mawe's  Castle,  both  built  in  thereiirn 
of  Henry  VIII.,  and  the  former  containing  large  barracks, 
masazines,  &c.  Its  position,  at  the  entrance  of  the  English 
Channel,  has  rendered  Falmouth,  for  the  last  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years,  a  principal  station  for  the  foreign  mail 
packets,  and  the  great  rendezvous  for  fleets  proceeding  fo 
the  S.  and  W.  The  foreign  and  coasting  trade  is  consider- 
able. Chief  imports,  rum,  sugar,  gold,  and  silver,  from  the 
West  Indies  and  South  America:  wines,  spirits,  and  fruits, 
from  the  Peninsula  and  Mediterranean:  timber,  tallow,  and 
hemp,  from  the  Baltic:  and  provision.s.  from  Ireland.  Chief 
export.s.  tin.  copper,  pilchards,  and  fuel.  Registered  ship- 
ping in  1847,  H518  tons.  With  I'enryn,  it  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  the  IIou.se  of  Commons.  Falmouth  is  a  town  of  re- 
cent origin,  and  is  first  noticed  in  a  charter  of  Charles  II., 
dated  1661. 

F-M/.\IOUTII.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cumberland 
oo.,  Maine,  on  Casco  I5;iy,  about  0  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Portland. 
The  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad  and  the  Portland 
and  Kennebec  Railroad  both  pa.ss  through  the  township, 
which  is  also  intersected  by  I'resumpscot  River,  a  stream 
forming  the  outlet  of  Sebago  i'oud.  and  furnishing  water- 
power  capable  of  being  improved  to  an  almost  unlimited  ex- 
tent. The  village  contains  a  church,  a  store,  and  about  300 
Inhabitants.     Pop.  1935. 

FALMOUTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Barnstable 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  A'ineyard  Sound  and  Buzzard's  Hay, 
70  miles  S.S.K.  of  Boston.  There  is  some  shipping  owned 
here,  employed  in  the  whale  fisheries;  and  in  l!S53,  2  ves- 
sels arrived,  bringing  '2<>tJ0  barrels  of  S|)erm  oil,  tKIO  barrels 
of  whale  oil,  and  9(100  pounds  of  whalebone.  The  village 
contains  a  bank.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2456. 

FALMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Stafford  co.,  Virginiii,  on 
the  Rappahannock  River,  6c>  miles  N.  of  I'ieiimond.iis  the 
largest  village  in  the  county.  The  water-power  of  tlie  river 
is  employed  in  2  cotton  factories  and  2  flouring  mills. 

FALMOUTH,  a  post^village,  capital  of  I'endleton  co..  Ken- 
tucky, on  Licking  River,  at  the  junction  with  its  South 
Branch,  and  on  the  Covington  and  Lexington  Railroad.  60 
miles  N.K.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  ."itu-ited  on  a  beautiful  plain, 
and  surrounded  by  heights  which  command  an  extensive 
view.     It  has  4  churches  and  a  woollen  factory. 

FALMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  about 
60  miles  K.  of  Indianapolis. 

F.\L'MOUTH,  a  seaport  town  in  the  British  West  Indies, 
on  th(!  W.  coast  of  Jamaica,  in  lat.  18°  30'  N..  Ion.  77°  40'W. 

FALMOUTH,  a  seaport  town  in  the  British  West  Indies, 
on  the  S.  coast  of  Antigua,  with  a  harbor  and  2  forts. 

F.\L'.MOUTH.  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Hants, 
on  an  arm  of  Mines  Bay,  opposite  Newport,  and  atout  30 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Hnlifax.  It  is  rapidly  becoming  a  pl.ace  of 
importance,  in  consequence  of  the  mines  of  coal,  plaster, 
limestone,  jind  other  valuable  minerals  found  in  the  vicinity. 

F.\LSK  BAY,  an  extensive  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  in  South 
Africa,  Cape  Colony,  its  W.  side  being  formed  by  the  Cape 
of  Good  liope.  Length  and  breadth,  about  22  miles  eivcli. 
Ships  resort  to  Simon's  Bay  in  this  inlet  from  Table  Bay, 
during  the  N.W.  monsoon,  and  it  is  the  principal  station 
of  the  Cape  naval  squadron. 

FALSK  B.\Y,  a  Uay  of  New  Zealand,  on  the  W.  side  of 
North  Island.     Lat.  36°  33'  S.,  Ion.  174°  10'  £. 

FALSE  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  00  miles  E.of 
Cuttack. 

FA LSE  CAPE.    See  Cape  False, 

FALSET  or  FALCHT.  fdl-sJt/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, province,  and  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tarragona,  on  a  plain 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Mornal.  It  is  indifferently  built,  and 
surrounded  by  the  ruins  of  its  ancient  Roman  walls  and 
castle.     Pop.  2995. 

FALSTKK,  fdl'ster.  (anc.  Fahtriaf)  an  island  of  Denmark, 
In  the  Baltic,  and  separated  from  that  island.  Miien  and  I>;ia- 
land,  by  narrow  straits.  Lat.  about  64°  50'  N'..  Ion.  12°  E. 
Length,  30  miles:  breadth,  from  2  to  13  miles.  Pop.  in  1850, 
23,249.  The  surface  is  flat  and  well  watered;  and  the  island 
is  so  fertile  in  fruit.  &c.  as  to  be  termed  the  •'  orchard  of  Den- 
mark." More  corn  is  grown  than  is  required  for  home  con- 
.sumption;  timber,  live  stock,  and  bees  are  plentiful.  Some 
ve8.sels  are  built,  but  the  manufactures  are  almost  wholly 
domestic.    The  priucip.al  town  is  Nykioping. 

FA  LSTERliO.  fil'ster-boo\a  small  seaport  town  of  Sweden, 
ueai  its  S.  extremity,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Malmo,  on  a  penin- 
sula ill  the  Baltic. 

FAL'STONK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthumberland, 
7  miles  N.W.  of  Bellingham.  Coal  is  abundant  in  this  parish. 

FALTERONA,  (fll-tVro'na.)  MOUNT,  a  summit  of  the 
Apennines,  in  Tuscany,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Florence.  Height, 
,t557  fi*et.    The  Arno  rises  on  its  S.  side. 

FAliTSI,  fil'tsee,  a  frontier  town  of  Moldavia,  on  the 
Priith.  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Yas.sy. 

iALUN  or  FAIILUN.  fd'loon,  a  mining  town  of  Sweden, 
ocpital  of  a  la>n.  on  Lake  Runn,  54  miles  W.S.W.  of  Gefle. 
It  has  a  school  of  practical  mining,  museums,  and  manufac- 
tujes  of  cotton  yarn,  &c.    Here  is  the  ^mous  copper  mine 


of  Falun :  it  is  an  immense  abyss.  120C  feet  across,  and  na 
many  in  depth.  The  daylight  fiom  atrove  is  sufticie-t  foV 
the  operatiims  of  the  miners,  so  that  they  are  not  oI<iiger 
to  use  lamps  or  candles,  as  in  other  deep  mines.  Not  only 
copper,  liut  also  silver  and  gold  are  fibtained  here.  Lat.  CO"' 
35'  N..  Ion.  16°  :35'  E.     Pop.  alxiut  4400. 

FALUN.  FAHLUN,  fd'loon.  or  STORA-KOPPARBERO, 
sto'rd-kop'paK-b?sg\  a  maritime  province  of  Sweden,  mostly 
between  lat.  69°  52'  and  62°  16*  N.,  bordering  on  Norway. 
Area,  12.261  square  miles.     Pop.  151,497. 

FAMAGOSTA,  fd-mil-gos't^  or  FAMAGUSTA.  fi-ma-poo.^- 
ii,  a  seaport  town  of  Cyprus,  on  its  E.  coast,  in  lat.  35°  7'  40" 
N.,  Ion.  3.'i°  59'  E.  Its  defences  are  now  insignificant,  and  the 
town,  with  its  palace  and  numerous  churches,  is  mostly  in 
ruins;  its  harlor  is  choked  up,  and  useless  except  fir  small 
craft.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Greeks.  Famagosta  is 
built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  j\ritirilne.  Under  the  Vene- 
tian rule,  it  was  one  of  the  principjil  commercial  cities  of  the 
Levant.  Five  miles  N.E.  is  Old  Famagosta,  (ancient  SaVamU 
and  OmatanUic)  a  site  covered  with  ruiii.s. 

FAMARS,  fS'maR',  (anc.  f\ihiiim  Murithf)  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  3  miles  S.  of  Valencieuues. 
Pop.  606.    It  has  the  remains  of  a  Roman  fort. 

FA^IATINA.  fi-md-tee'nd.  an  extensive  valley  of  South 
America,  in  the  Argentine  Reputlic.  (La  Plata,)  province 
of  La  Rioja,  about  150  miles  in  length,  and  30  miles  in 
breadth,  bounded  E.  and  W.  by  the  mountain  ranges  of  Ve- 
lasco  and  Famatina.  Its  irrigated  spots  aie  very  fertile,  but 
its  surface  is  generally  barren.  It  contains  the  town  of 
Chiliceto.  numerous  villages,  and  silver  mines. 

FAM'BRIDGE,  NORTH,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FAMBRIDGE.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FAME,  a  po.st-ofTice  of  Choctaw  co..  Mississippi. 

FAMELig.\0,  VILLA  NOVA  DE.  veel'ld  no/vd  d.A  fK-m\- 
le-.sOwx'i'.  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Bar- 
cellos.     Pop.  2000. 

FAMENNF;.  fd^mjnn'  or  f3-m5n'neb,  a  small  district  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Luxembourg,  named  from  its  inha- 
bitants, aviled  by  Cassar  Ifemani  or  I'lia'moni. 

FAMIEII.  fd'mee'eh,  a  town  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Damas- 
cus, on  the  Orontes,  32  miles  N.W.  of  Hamah.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Ap:mf!a. 

FAMINE,  (fam'in.)  PORT,  on  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  E. 
coast  of  Brunswick  Peninsula,  in  lat.  .6:!°  38'  3"  S.,  Ion.  70° 
58'  15"  W.  This  port  was  formerly  ciiUed  San  Felipe,  having 
been  settled  by  some  Sp;inish  colonists  in  1582-3,  all  of 
whom,  excepting  one  man,  perished  of  hunger  aud  attend  • 
ant  diseases  ;  hence  its  name-  Port  Famine. 

FA.MMAMATZ,  fdrn'md-rndts'.  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of 
Niphon.  near  tlie coast,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Okasakee, (Okasaki.) 

FAMUND,  (FSmund.)  a  hike  of  Norw.ay.    See  F.bmum). 

F.\NAUuRlA,  fd-iid-go're-i,  a  .sm.all  Russian  village  and 
fortress,  government  of  the  Cossiicks  of  the  Black  Sea,  on 
the  Strait  of  Ycnikale,  near  Taman. 

FANANO.  fd-ud/uo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  30  miles 
S.W.  of  .Modena,  near  Jloute  Ceinone.     Pop.  20UO. 

FANAYE,  fd-ni'Jh  or  fd-u.A\'h.  a  large  village  of  Western 
Africa,  ne;ir  the  Senegal,  in  lat.  10°  24'  N.,  Ion.  15°  S'  W.  Its 
people  are  industrious,  and  liave  a  brisk  trade  in  millet,  tish, 
and  matting.    Its  ruler  is  a  maraboot  of  Foota. 

FANCSIKA,  fdu'chee/kohN  or  FANCIKOVA,  fdnVheko'- 
vCh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ugocs,  situated  on  a  small 
arm  of  the  'fheiss,  3  miles  from  Nagy-Szollos.     Pop.  891. 

FAN'CY  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  tilynn  co.,  Georgia. 

F'ANCY  FARM,  a  post-office  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky. 

FANCY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

FANCY  HILL,  a  post-ofiice  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Virginia. 

FANCY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Iredell  Co.,  North  Carolina. 

FANCY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Murray  co..  Georgia. 

FANE,  a  river  of  Ireland,  falls  into  Duudalk  Bay  after  a 
S.E.  course  of  aVjout  20  miles. 

FANG'FOSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

FANO-KI,  fdng-ki,  a  small  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  China, 
province  of  Quaug-tong,  in  lat.  21°  18'  N.,  Ion.  110°  35'  £. 

FANUOE,  (Fangiio.)  an  island  in  the  Baltic.    See  F^nocee. 

FANIROO  or  FANIRU,  f  d'nee-roo',  a  village  of  Afriui,  iu 
Nigritia,  state  of  Houssa,  64  miles  N.W.  of  Kano. 

FANISO,  fd^ueo'.so.  a  village  of  Africa,  in  Nigritia,  etata 
of  Hous.sa,  close  to  Kano,  enclosed  by  a  wall. 

FAN  JEAUX,  fSNo'^zho',  (anc.  Fa'num  Jo'vist)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aude,  on  a  mountain  9  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Castelnaudary.  Pop.  1776.  It  was  taken  aud  burnt  by 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  in  1355. 

FAN-LING-TAO,  fdu-lirtg-td'o,  an  island  in  the  Sea  of 
Japan,  E.  of  Corea.    Lat.  36°  48'  N.,  Ion.  128°  50'  E. 

FANLOB/BUS.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

FAN'NET  POINT,  a  headland  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal,  with  a  light-house  at  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance 
of  Lough  Swilly. 

F'AN'NETT,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop. -2222. 

FAN'NETTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Metjil  township, 
Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in  Path  Valley,  17  iiiiles  N.W. 
of  Chambersburg.    Pop.  about  250. 

661 


FAN 


FAR 


I'AX'XIX,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Texas,  Iwrdering 
oa  Red  River,  wliich  separates  it  from  tlie  Indian  Territory, 
contains  about  930  square  miles.  It  is  dniined  by  Sulphur 
Fork  of  Red  River,  and  Bois  d'Arc  Creek.  Tlie  surface  con- 
sists mostly  of  pr.iirie;  tlie  soil  is  remarkably  fertile.  Named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  James  W.  Fannin,  killed  at  Goliad.  Capital, 
Bonham.     Pop.  9217 ;  of  whom  7-196  were  free. 

FAXXIXS  DEFEAT,  a  jxistoffice  of  Goliad  co.,  Texas. 

FANO,  fi'uo,  (anc.  Fa'tium  Fortu'ruv.)  a  seaport  town  of 
Central  Ifcily,  in  the  Marches  and  in  the  province  of  Urbino 
and  I'esai-o,  on  the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Metauro,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  I'esaro.  Pop.  10.000.  It  is  enclosed  by  old 
walls,  with  a  lofty,  bostioued  front  towards  the  sea,  and  is 
superior  in  its  treasures  of  art  to  every  other  town  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Central  Italy.  Fano  has  one  of  the  finest  modern 
theatres  in  Italy,  remains  of  a  triumphal  arch  erected  to 
Augustui!,  and  several  other  antiquities.  Its  harbor  is  now 
choked  up ;  but  it  has  still  some  trade,  and  manufactures 
of  silk  twist. 

F AXO,  f  i'no,  or  FAXXO,  f  An'no.  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Adriatic,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Corfu,  of 
which  it  is  a  dependency. 

FAXOE,  (Fanoe,)  fd'noVh,  an  i.<land  of  Denmark,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Jutland.  11  miles  X.W.  of  Ribe,  8  miles  long,  and 
2  miles  broad.     Pop.  2^00.  mostly  fishers. 

FANTEE  or  FA.NTI.  fiu'tee,  a  maritime  country  of  Gui- 
nea, about  lat.  6°  30'  X.,  and  Ion.  1°  W..  bounded  S.  by  the 
ocean,  and  enclosed  landward  by  the  states  of  Aguafoo,  Was- 
saw,  and  Assin.  The  soil  is  fertile;  and  the  country  popu- 
lous, owing  to  the  protection  of  the  British  forts  of  Cape 
Coast  Castle.  Ac. 

FAXUM  FOKTUX  JR.    See  Faso. 

FAOUET,  LE.  leh  fd^oo-i',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan,  on  the  Elle,  24  miles  W.  of  Pontivy.  It  has 
manufactures  of  paper.     Pop.  in  lSo2.  3160. 

FAOU.  LE,  leh  fiOoo'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Finistere,  8  miles  X.X.W.  of  Ch4teaulin,  with  a  port  on  the 
Brest  roadstead.    Pop.  911. 

FARA,  fi'ri.  a  town  ol  Piedmont,  11  miles  N.W.  of  No- 
vara.    Pop.  1804. 

FARA.  a  town  of  Naples,  proTince  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  7 
miks  .S.  of  Chieti.    Pop.  1420. 

FAKADEES  or  FARADIS,  favSMees/,  written  alfso  F.\.- 
RADl^S,  a  town  of  Xorthern  Africa,  dominions,  and  38 
miles  S.E.  of  Tunis,  supposed  to  be  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Aphridisinm. 

FARA  DI  GERA  D'ADDA.  fi'rd  dee  ji^rl  dld'dl.  a  village 
of  Austrian  Italy,  province  of  Bergamo,  3  miles  AV.  of  Tre- 
viglio,  near  the  Adda.    Pop.  1341. 

FARADIS.  a  town  of  Xorth  Africa.     See  Faradees. 

FARAFKKII.  Q-TOjfthh.  or  FEKAFRA,  fa-r^'frfh.  an  oasis 
of  the  Libyan  Desert.  Africa,  in  lat.  27°  X.,  Ion.  28°  23'  E.,  100 
miles  X.N.W.  of  the  oasis  of  Dakhel.  It  comprises  seTeral 
Tillages,  and  a  town  with  traces  of  Greek  and  Roman  edifices. 
The  inhabitants  manufacture  cotton  yarn,  coarso  woollens, 
and  earthen  vessels. 

FAKAHABAD.  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Ferahabad. 

FAKAJAX,  fi-rliM,  or  FARAGIIAX,  fi-rd-gin',  »  village 
of  Kafiristan,  on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  near  the 
source  of  the  Tagoo,  in  lat.  35°  42'  X.,  Ion.  70°  22'  E.;  here 
the  Afyhaus  and  the  inhabitants  of  Kafiristan  meet  to  bar- 
ter good.s.    In  time  of  war  it  is  held  as  neutral  ground. 

FAKAKIIABAD.     See  Furrlck.^bad. 

FAltALLijXES  DE  LOS  FKAYLh.^,  fd-rai-yo'nJs  dj  loce 
frl'l^s.  a  group  of  .small  islands  on  the  coast' of  California, 
consisting  of  the  Xorth.  Sliddle.  and  South  Farallon.  (fj-rdl- 
yon'.)  The  first  named  is  .situated  .32  miles  due  W.  of  the 
entrance  to  San  Francisco  Bay.  These  islands  extend  in  a 
direction  very  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast,  their  extreme 
points  being  about  12  miles  apart.  They  serve  as  land- 
marks tor  navigators  in  approaching  San  Franci.sco  Bay.  Fa- 
rallon isa  Spanish  word  signifying  a  •'  small  pointed  island." 
The  whole  name  mav  l>e  translated  '■  Friars'  Islands." 

FARA  SAX  MARTI XO.  f.i'rd  siln  mar.-tee/no,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Lan- 
ciano.    Pop.  2400. 

FAR  AY,  Wrk,  an  islet  of  the  Orkneys,  separated  by  a  nar- 
row sound  from  Eday.    Pop.  67. 

FA  KAY,  SUUTII.  an  island  of  the  Orkneys,  near  the 
Island  of  Flota.      Pop.  55. 

FARCKTT'.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

FAUCIIOUTK.  a  town  of  Upper  Egjpt.    See  Farshoot. 

FAUDKR.  (FSrder.)  an  island  of  Norway.     See  Fj:rder. 

FAR'DIXGAVOKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FAllE/HAM,  a  market^town  and  parish  of  Eu'^land,  co.  of 
Hants,  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  I'ortsmouth  Harbor,  with 
a  station  on  the  South-west  Railway,  4J  miles  X.X.W.  of 
Gosport.  Pop.  of  town  in  1850,  3451.  The  town  is  resorted 
to  for  sea  bathing.  It  has  a  union  work-house,  a  philoso- 
phical Institution,  and  manufactures  of  ropes  and  earthen- 
ware, ship-building,  and  trade  in  timber,  coal,  and  com 

FAUESC(X)»«,  FAItKSCOL'R,  or  FARESKUIi.  f^rfs-koor', 
a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  province,  and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Dami- 
Ktta,  on  the  Xile.    Near  this  place,  Louis  IX.  of  France  was 
(nade  prisoner,  with  all  his  army. 
t>6:2 


FAREWELI/,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  StaffoixL 

FAR'FORTIl.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FARIGLIAXO,  fi-reel-yi'no.  a  vilhige  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
Tince of  Mondovi,  on  the  Tanaro.     Pop.  2(i40. 

FARILHAO,  fd-reel-yowsc/,  a  group  of  islets  off  the  coast 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Kstremadura,  12  miles  X.W.of  Cnp« 
Peniche. 

F.^RIM,  fi-rees°'  or  f3-reem'.  a  palisaded  town  of  Senegam 
bia.  Western  Africa,  on  the  Cacheo  River,  60  miles  X.W 
of  Jeha. 

FAKIXDOLA,  fi-rin'do-li,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  erf 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Feramo.     Pop.  2556. 

FAKIXGDON.  a  pari.sh  of  England.     See  Farri.ngdos. 

FARKASD.  feR^koshd',  a  market-town  of  Hungary.  Hither 
Danube,  co.,  and  19  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Xeutra,  on  the  W  aag. 
Pop.  33.30. 

FAR'LA  JI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

FARLEIGH  ^farOee)  East,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  a  large  part  of  which  is  laid  out  in  hop  grounds  and 
orchards. 

FARLEIGH,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  ad- 
jacent to  the  above.  The  churchyard  contains  some  of  th« 
finest  vew-trees  in  Enttland. 

FARLEIGH  HUNG'ERFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset.  Adjoining  the  village  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle 
and  a  chapel,  built  about  1170.  The  environs  abound  in 
rich  scenerv. 

FARLKliiH  W.^L'LOP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

FAR/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

FAR/LEY',  a  post-office  of  Culpeper  co.,  Virginia. 

FAltLEY'.  a  post-office  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri. 

FARLEY  CHAM'BEKLYXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

FAR/LrNGTOX,a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  on  the 
coast.  Here  are  extensive  water-works,  supplying  Ports- 
mouth and  its  suburbs. 

FAR'LOW'S  GKOA'E.  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois, 
20  miles  E.X.E.  of  Keithsburg. 

FARLS^niORP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FARM'BOROUGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

FAR'.MER,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

F.\RMER,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  X.E.  part  of 
Defiance  co..  Ohio,  145  miles  X.W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1180. 

FARMKR-S,  a  po.st-officeof  York  eo..  Pennsylvania. 

FARMER'S,  a  post-office  of  Meriwether  co..  Georgia. 

F.A.RMEirS,  a  post-office  of  Fleming  co.,  Kentucky. 

FARMER'S,  a  post-bftice  of  Ko.sciusko  co.,  Indiana. 

FARMERS'  AXD  MECUAXICS'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of 
Jackson  co..  CJeorgia. 

FARMER'S  BRAXCH.  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Texas. 

FAR'MERSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Clavton  co.,  Iowa,  92 
miles  N.  of  Iowa  City.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1193. 

F.\RMER'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Liy)eer  co.,  Michigan. 

FAR5IER  S  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Jackson  county, 
Iow:x. 

FARMER'S  GROVE,  a  poslniffice  of  Southampton  co.,  Tii^ 
ginLa. 

FARMER'S  GROA'E,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin. 

FARMER'S  HALL,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  50 
miles  AV.X.AV.  of  Peoria. 

FARMER'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.,  Xew  Y'ork. 

FAR.MER'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co..  New 
York.  S5  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany,  has  1  bank. 

FARMER'S  RETREAT,  a  post-office  of  Dearborn  co.,  In- 
diana. 

FARMER'S  VALLEY,  a  postoffice  of  McKean  co.,  Peun- 
sj-lvania. 

FAR'MERSVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Catta- 
raugus CO.,  New  York.  45  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.    Pop.  1389. 

FARMERSVILLE.  a  neat  village  of  Covert  township,  Se- 
neca CO..  New  Y'ork.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Ovid,  and  about  2  miles 
W.  of  Cayuga  Lake.  It  contiiius  2  churches,  5  stores,  and 
about  400  inhabitants. 

F.A.RMEI;SV1LLE.  a  post-office  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia. 

FARMKRSVILLE.  a  pnst-village  of  Meriwither  co.,  Geoi^ 
gi.H,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Milled.;eville. 

FARMERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co..  Alab-ama. 

FARMERSVILLE.  a  neat  and  thriving  post-vilLnge.  capt 
tal  of  Union  parish.  Loui"^iana.  is  situated  on  the  top  of  a 
hill.  1  mile  from  the  river  d'Arbonne,  and  290  miles  by  water 
N.N.W.  of  Baton  Rouge.  The  navigation  of  the  river  has 
recently  been  improved,  so  that  steamers  can  ascend  from 
the  Mississippi  as  £ir  as  this  village. 

FARMERSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co..  Kentucky. 

FARMERSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln"*co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

FARMERSVILLE.  a  village  of  Hohnes  co.,  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  S.E.  of  Millersburg. 

FARMEKSVI LLE.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
80  miles  AV.  bv  S.  of  Columbus. 

FARMERSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Posey  eo..  Indiana. 

FARMERSVII,LE,  a  post-office  of  Colljn  co.,  Texas. 

FARMERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  count.v.  Wis- 
consin. 

FARMERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  dna-^  Wrst,  to.  of 


FAR 


FAR 


Leeds.  15  miles  W.  of  Brockville,  and  50  miles  from  Kings- 
ton.    Pop.  about  220. 

FARMERVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsyl- 
rania. 

FARM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Poin.sett  co.,  Arkansas. 

FARM  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia. 

FARM'INfrDALE.  a  post-township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 
Organized  April  2,  1852.    Pop.  896. 

FARMING  DALE,  a  post-village  and  railroad  stjition  of 
Queens  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  31  miles 
E.  of  New  York. 

FAini'INGIIAM,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co.;  New  York. 

FAItM'INGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

FAR.MINGTON,  a  post-vill.ige,  town.ship,  and  capital  of 
Frjviikliii  CO.,  Maine,  on  Sandy  River,  at  the  N.  terminus  of 
Andmscoggiii  Railroad,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.  It  con- 
tiiins,  besides  the  county  buildings,  4  cluirches,  a  new8pai)er 
office,  a  State  Normal  school,  3  graded  schools,  an  institu- 
tion called  Abbott's  Boys'  School,  a  bank,  3  public  liouses, 
and  18  stores.  There  is  1  other  village  called  Farmington 
Falis.  in  the  township.  On  the  streams  are  several  mills 
and  factories.  Sandy  River  is  crossed  by  3  bridges  in  this 
tovviisliii).     Pop.  3106. 

FAr..\IINGTON,  a  post>township  of  Strafford  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Cocheco  Railroad,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Con- 
cord. In  this  township  there  is  a  rock  from  IJO  to  80  tons  in 
weight,  so  accurately  poised  that  it  may  be  made  to  vibrate 
by  the  hand.    Pop.  2275. 

FAFiMINGTON,  a  beautiful  post-village  and  township  of 
Ilartfdrd  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Farmingtnn  I5iver,  and 
on  the  New  Il.aven  and  Northampton  Railroad,  30  miles  N. 
of  New  Haven,  and  about  10  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 
The  CoUiiisville  BrancSi  Railroad  diverges  fiom  the  New 
Haven  and  Northampton  Railroad  at  Plainville,  in  this 
township,  where  tlie  latter  is  intersected  by  the  Hartford, 
Providence  and  Fishkill  Railroad.  Jlanufnctures  of  various 
kinds  are  carried  on  in  this  township,  comprising  brass  and 
Iron  castings,  forks,  spoons,  paper,  soap,  candles,  &c.  Farm- 
Ington  Tillage  is  built  principally  on  one  e.xtended  street, 
and  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery.  Round  Hill,  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  is  regarded  as  a  great  natural  curi- 
osity.    Pop.  of  the  township.  3144. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Ontario  co..  New  York, 
20  mik'S  S.E.  of  Rochester.  It  is  intersected  bj'  the  Rochester 
and  Auburn  R.ailroad.    Pop.  1868. 

FAKMINGTON,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1+49. 

FAR^IINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  National  Road,  about  60  miles  S.E.  of  Pitts- 
burg. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1106. 

FARMINGTOV,  a  postKiffice  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland. 

FAIOUNGTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  liiiltimnre  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Davie  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 1211  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

FAl!MlN(iTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Clarke  co.,  Georgia,  55 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

FAitMINCiTON,  a  post-village  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. -i>2  miles- N.N.E.  of  .Tackson.  contains  3  or  4  stores. 

F.VUMINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co..  Arkansas. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Tennessee, 
50  miles  S.  of  Na.shville. 

FAltMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky, 
11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mavfield. 

FARMINGTO.V,  a  small  village  of  Belmont  co..  Ohio. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1174. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  Oakland 
CO.,  Michizan,  on  Power's  Creek,  aljout  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Detroit.  The  plank-road  from  Detroit  to  Lansing  passes 
through  the  township.  The  village  has  an  active  trade, 
and  contains  several  fiourini:  and  saw-mills.     Pop.  1914. 

FARMINGTON,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
26  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

FARMINGTON,  a  postoffice  of  Rush  CO.,  Indiana. 

FARMINGTON.  a  Ijeautiful  post-village  and  township  of 
Fulton  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Peoria  and  Oquawka  Railroad, 
24  miles  W.  of  Peoria.  The  village  is  situated  in  an  undu- 
lating, fertile  country,  which  is  finely  diversified  by  wood- 
lands and  prairies.     Pop.  1359. 

FARMINGTiJN,  a  post-vill.age,  capitil  of  St.  Francis  co., 
Missouri,  140  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  has  a  court- 
'louse,  several  churches,  and  a  number  of  stores.  Mines  of 
*ton  and  lead  are  opened  in  the  county. 

FARMINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  'V'.an  Buren  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Keokuk,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  It  is  a 
f  hipping-point  for  the  i>roduoe  of  the  vicinity.  It  contains 
6  cluirches,  and  6  dry-goods  stores.     Pop.  2641. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  30  miles  E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  2010. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Washington 
CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1718. 


F.-^^RMINGTON  CENTRE,  Maine.    See  Fxbmixotox. 

FARM'INGTON  CEN/TRE,  a  pos^offlce  of  Tioga  co.,  P»nn. 
sylvania. 

FARMINGTON  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-villnge  in  Farm- 
ington  township,  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  on  .Sandy  River, 
about  30  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  2  saw-mil's,  1 
fiour-mill,  1  church,  and  4  stores. 

FARMINGTON  HILL,  a  small  village  in  Farmlngtou 
township.  Franklin  co..  Slaine. 

FAitMlNGTON  RIVER,  Connecticut,  is  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  E.  and  the  W.  branches  in  Litchfield  co.,  and, 
flowing  in  a  winding  course,  falls  into  the  Connecticut  iu 
Hartford  co.,  a  few  miles  above  Hartfoi-d.  The  New  Hnveu 
and  North.impton  Railroad  follows  the  course  of  this  river 
for  about  16  miles. 

FARML.\ND,  Indiana.    See  Farmville. 

FARM  RIDGE,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  55 
miles  N.E.  of  Peoria. 

FARMSUM,  faRm'stim,  a  village  of  Holland,  pi-ovinee  of 
Gronlngen.  3  miles  E.  of  Appingedam,  hard  by  the  fortress 
of  Delfzyl.     Pop.  1184. 

FARM'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Prince  Edward  CO.,  Vii^ 
ginia.  is  finely  situated  on  the  AppomattoxRiver,  08  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Richmond.  The  South  Side  Railroad  connects  it 
with  Petersburg  and  Richmond.  The  river  is  navigable  for 
batteaus  from  this  place  to  its  mouth,  and  the  village  has 
an  active  trade.  Farmville  has  3  churches,  1  bank.  1  news- 
paper office,  and  several  toljacco  factories.     Pop.  1536. 

FARMVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

FARMVILLE, or  FARM'LAND,  a posUillage and  railroad 
station  of  Itandolph  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Indianapolis  and 
Bellefontaine  Railroad,  8  miles  AV.  of  Winchester. 

FARN'BOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

FARNBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

FARNBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

FARNBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

FARN'DALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

FAltN'DISII,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Bedford  and 
Northampton. 

F.iRN'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester.  Speed, 
the  antiquary,  was  bf)rn  here  in  1552. 

FARNDON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

FARNDON.  EAST,  a  parish  of  Emrland.co.  Northampton. 

FARNE  (farn)  or  FERN  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  17  islets 
and  rocks  off  the  E.  coast  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Durham,  lying 
between  2  and  5  miles  from  the  mainland,  ojjposite  Ham- 
borough.  Innumerable  sea-liirds  build  on  these  islands,  on 
which  there  are  now  2  light-hou.ses.  tlie  highest,  on  the 
S.W.  point,  revolving,  the  other,  on  the  N.A\'.  imint.  fixed. 
I>at.  55°  37'  N..  Ion.  1°  39'  W.  On  one  of  these  islets,  where 
St.  Cuthbert  died,  are  a  square  tower,  a  ruined  diurch,  and 
the  stone  coffin  of  the  saint.  The  pass.age  between  the 
islets  is,  in  rough  weather,  very  dangerous.  Here  the 
'•Forfarshire"  was  wrecked  in  1838,  when  9  persons  were 
saved  by  the  heroism  of  the  light-house  keeper  and  his 
daughter,  Grace  Darling. 

FAI{'NELL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  in  the  E.  division  of  the 
CO.  of  Forfar,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Urechin.  .\n  ancient  castle 
of  the  Ogilvies  is  here  used  as  a  kind  of  work-house. 

F.\RN'1I.\M,  a  markeWown  and  parisli  of  England,  co 
of  Surrey,  6  miles  S.W.  of  the  Farnborough  station  of  the 
.Soutli-western  Railway,  and  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  (iuildford. 
Pop.  of  the  town,  in  18.50,  3515.  The  town  hxs  an  ancient 
church,  an  endowed  grammar  school,  and  a  castle,  forming 
the  principal  palace  of  the  Bishops  of  Winchester,  with  a 
valuable  library  and  collection  of  paintings.  Two  miles  S. 
are  the  interesting  ruins  of  Waverly  AbV'Oy,  founded  in 
1128.     William  Cobbett  was  born  here  in  1762. 

FARNH.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

FARNIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FARNHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FARNIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

F.\RN'H-\M,  a  thriving  village  of  Richmond  co.,  Virginia, 
5  miles  from  the  Rappahannock  River. 

FARNHAM.  EAST,  a  vill.^ge  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Shef- 
ford.  15  miles  E.  of  St.  Johns,  and  38  miles  from  Montreal. 
It  cont.tins  several  saw-mills. 

FARN'HAM,  ROY'AL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks, 
4  miles  N.  of  Windsor.  The  Earls  of  Shrewsliurj-,  who 
formerly  held  the  manor,  still  have  the  privilesre  of  its  tenure 
confirmed,  of  supporting  the  left  arm  of  the  sovereign,  while 
holding  the  sceptre  .at  the  coronation. 

FARNHAM.  WEST,  a  village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Shef- 
ford.  15  miles  E.  of  St.  Johns,  and  3S  miles  from  Montreal. 
It  contains  several  saw  and  grist-mills  and  hotels. 

FARN'HILL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Ridina. 

FARN'IIURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FARN/INGHAM,  a  pari.'jh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Foots-Cray.  A  bridge  of  four  arches  here 
cros.^es  the  Darent,  on  which  are  several  paper-mills. 

FARN'LEY",  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

663 


FAR 


FAO 


FARNLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  TVest 
Riding 

FAK.TLEY   TY'AS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Hiding. 
I'AKNS'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
FAll'NCMSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Worcester  oo..  Massd- 
chusetts.  60  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Boston,  on  the  Providence  and 
Worcester  Railra-td. 
FAK-NWOliTII,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
FAUO,  fd'ro,  a  seaport  city  of  I'ortUiral.  province  of  Al- 
garve,  capital  of  a  comarca,  on  the  Valferniosa.  near  the  S. 
coast,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Tavira.     Pop.  8440.     It  has  a  cathe- 
dral,  several    convents   and  charitable  establishments,   a 
military    hospital,    custom-house,    arsenal,    and    superior 
schools.    Its  harbor  is  small,  but  it  has  a  good  roadstead. 
The  exports  are  fresh  and  dried  fruits,  wine,  cork,  sumach, 
baskets,  and  anchovies. 

FAKO,  a  villase  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  12 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Beja. 

F.^RO,  fa/ro,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  en  a 
considerable  lake,  40  miles  AV.  of  Obidos. 

FARO,  fd'ro.  two  villages  of  Sicily,  on  and  near  Cape  Faro. 

FARO,  (FaixJ.jan  island  of  Sweden.     See  Fak(E. 

FARO  (fd'ro)  CIIAN'XEL,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
Strait  of  Messina,  and  the  two  great  divi.-;ions  of  the  Nea- 
politan dominions  are  accordingly  called  the  Dominij-al-cli- 
Id  and  Al-dt-qud  di  Faro.  ("  dominions  on  this  side,"  and 
those  •*  beyond  the  Faro.'") 

FAROE,  (.Faroe,)  ti'ro  or  f:'i'rb\  or  FAERO,  fl'ro,  (Dan. 
Fdrikme,  f,'i'roVr-neh .  Ger.  Faroer.  fa'roer ;  Fr.  Foera.  fiV.V ; 
Sp.  Fei-ro,  f  Jr'ro,)  a  group  of  Islands  iu  the  North  Atlantic, 
belonging  to  Denmark,  about  170  miles  N.W.  of  the  Shetland 
Isles,  between  lat.  61°  20'  and  62°  20'  N..  and  intersected 
centrally  bj-  Ion.  7°  W.  They  are  22  in  numK'r.  but  of  these 
17  only  are  inhabited.  The  whole  group  stretches  about  65 
miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  44  miles  from  E.  to  W.  The 
largest  isle  is  Stromoe,  in  the  centre  of  the  group;  area,  104 
geographical  square  miles ;  the  other  larger  ones  are  Osteroe, 
Suderoe,  Sandoe,  Vaagoe,  and  Bordoe ;  aggregate  area,  376 
geographical  s<iuare  miles.  The  islands  generally  present 
steep  and  lofty  precipices  to  the  sea,  which,  in  running  be- 
tween them,  often  forms  fiords  and  bays  in  which  good 
anchorage  is  found.  The  surface  rises  towards  the  interior, 
and  terminates  in  peaks.  The  culminating  point.  Slattare- 
tind,  in  the  island  of  Osteroe.  has  a  height  of  2800  feet. 
The  soil  h;is  sometimes  a  depth  of  4  feet,  but  for  the  most 
part  is  thin,  and  does  not  exceed  6  inches.  Barley  is  the 
only  cereal  that  comes  to  maturity.  Turnips  and  potatoes 
thrive  well.  There  is  no  wood,  but  the  want  of  it  is  com- 
pensated by  abundance  of  excellent  turf.  The  minerals 
of  the  island  include  line  opal,  and,  it  is  s.<tid.  al.so  coal. 
The  feathers  of  wild  fowl  form  an  important  article  of  trade ; 
but  the  wealth  of  the  inhabitants  is  derived  chiefly  from 
fishing,  and  the  feeding  of  sheep.  The  islands  were  origi- 
nally peopled  by  Norwegians.  In  the  legislature  of  Den- 
mark they  are  represented  by  a  deputy,  named  by  the  king. 
Their  chief  magistrates  are  an  amtmann.  who  is  also  com- 
mandant, and  a  landvogt.  who  is  also  head  of  police.  The 
capital  is  Thorshavn.  in  Stromoe.     Pop.  in  1851.  8150. 

FAUtE.  fj'ro,  or  FARO,  (Faiii,)  fi'i-ii,  an  isl.md  in  the  Bal- 
tic, belonging  to  Sweden,  off  the  N.  extremity  of  Gothland, 
of  which  it  is  a  dependencj-,  and  separated  from  it  by  Faroe 
Sound,  2  miles  .across.  Lat.  58°  N.,  Ion.  19°  10'  E.  Length 
from  N.  to  S.,  10  miles ;  breadth  6  miles.  On  its  E.  side  is  a 
Tillage  of  the  same  name. 

FARR.  far.  a  pjtrish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland. 

FARRAKABAD.    See  Furrickabad. 

FAR'RANDSVILLE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Clinton  CO..  Penn- 
Bylvania,  on  the  West  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  8 
miles  above  Lock  Ilaven. 

F.ARH.MS,  farVar'.  several  islands  in  the  Red  Sea.  51  miles 
off  the  coast  of  Arabia.  Lat.  (S.  end)  10°  17'  N..  Ion.  40°  40' 
E.    They  extend  N.N.W.  13  miles,  and  are  low  and  sandy. 

FAR'RINtiDON  or  FARaXGDIN,  GREAT,  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  at  the  foot  of  Farring- 
don  Hill,  in  the  vale  of  Whitehouse,  32  miles  AV.N.W.  of 
of  Reading,  and  6  miles  N.  of  the  Farringdon  Road  station 
of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851, 
2450.  It  is  an  ancient  and  very  neat  town,  with  an  intei^ 
esting  old  church,  a  town  hall,  a  large  nati;)nal  .school,  a 
branch  bank,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  corn  and  bacon. 
The  Farringdon  Itoad  station  is  6:3|  miles  W.  of  London. 

F.\RKI\GDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

F.iK'KINtiTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

FAR'RI.NQTON  GUR/NEY,  a  ptu-ish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

FAK'itlORVILLE.  a  post-ofRce  of  Pike  co..  Alabama. 

FAK'ROAVSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia, 
130  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Richmond. 

FARS,  or  BARSI^iTA^•,  far'sis-tdn',  (anc.  PerttU,)  a  pro- 
Tinee  of  Persia,  mostly  between  lat.  28°  and  32°  N.,  and  Ion. 
50°  and  55°  K..  having  S.W.  the  Persian  Gulf  and  on  other 
sides  inclosed  by  the  provinces  of  Khoozistan,  Irak  Ajemee, 
(Aj^uii.)  Yezd.  Kerman,  and  I^ristan.  The  surCice  is  very 
\'ariou8;  on  the  x>ast  it  is  level,  and  the  cUmate  hot:  la  the 
6t>i 


interior  are  mountain  ranges  rising  to  2500  or  30tH)  leet  in 
height,  and  interspersed  with  many  long  and  narrow  fertile 
plains.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  liundemeer,  Tab.  and 
Nabon.  Salt  lakes  are  numerous.  The  products  comprise 
corn,  rice,  dates,  raisins,  and  other  fruits,  line  tobacco,  opium, 
saffron,  hemp,  cotton,  attar  of  roses,  silk,  and  wine.  Many 
cattle  and  sheep  are  reared:  and  the  horses,  camels,  and 
asses,  are  of  superior  breeds.  The  principal  minerals  are  lead, 
iroji,  marble,  borax,  naptha,  and  salt.  The  iuhabitants  are 
among  the  most  civilized  and  industrious  iu  the  kingdom, 
and  manufacture  fine  woollen,  silk,  .ind  cotton  stuffs.  Capi- 
tal, Sheeraz.  Fars  contains  the  ruins  of  Perf>epolis,  Pasar 
gada,  and  Shapoor.  It  was  the  patrimony  of  Cj  rus,  and, 
with  the  substitute  of  P  for  its  initial  letter,  it  gave  name, 
among  the  ancient  Greeks,  to  the  whole  empire  of  his  sufr 
cessors.     See  I'liRsiA.     Pop.  1,700.001). 

FARSAN  (farVau')  ISLANDS,  in  the  Red  Sea.  E.  side, 
about  lat.  16°  30'  N.,  Ion.  42°  45'  E.  They  are  two  in  num- 
ber, and  are  the  largest  of  all  along  thj>  c<  a.st,  but  may  be 
considered  as  forming  one  island  only,  bsiug  connected  by 
a  sandy  spit  of  sho;il  water,  across  wliiih  cnmels  frequently 
pass  from  one  to  the  other.  The  westernmost.  Farsan  Ke- 
beer.  is  31  miles  long,  and  the  other,  Far.>-an  Seggeer,  about 
18  miles. 

FAHSIIOOT  or  FARCIIOUTE,  farVshootA  written  also 
FARSIIIOUT,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  near  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Nile,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Girgeh.  It  has  a  Coptic  church, 
a  government  school,  and  a  cotton  yarn  factory. 
F.4.RSIST.\N,  a  province  of  Persia.  See  F.abs. 
FARSUND.  faR'sooud,  a  maritime  village  of  Norway,  stift 
of  Christiania,  50  miles  W.  of  Christiansand.  on  theNorth 
Sea.    The  chief  exports  are  dried  fish.     Pop.  1032. 

FAKTASII,  for'tish',  or  FARTAK,   lar^tdk',   called  also 
SAKEF,  (.Sail,)  sdVel',  or  KERSAII,  a  seaport  of  Arabia,  on 
its  W.  side.    The  harbor  has  anchorage  in  U  fathoms  water. 
FARTASII  or  FARTAK,  CAPE.    See  Cap*;  Faktash. 
FAR'TlllNGOE.  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nonhampton. 
FARTHER  INDIA.    See  India. 
FARTHER  POINT.    See  Appendix. 
FARTIIINGSTONE.  parish  of  England,  co.  Northampton. 
F.\H'WAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
FAR  WEST,  a  post-oflfice  of  Johnson  oo.,  Indiana. 
FAR  WEST,  a  post-village  of  CaldweU  co..  Missouri,  neai 
Shoal  Creek,  160  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 
FAS,  a  city  of  Morocco.    See  Fez. 
F.\S.  a  kingdom  of  Africa.    See  Fez. 
F,\S.4NA.  fd-sd'nd.  a  sm.all  se.aport  town  of  Tllyria,  52 
miles  S.  of  Triest.    Opposite  are  the  Brioni  Islands,  the 
marble  of  which  was  u.sed  in  building  Venice. 

FASANO,  fd-sd'no,  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Bari,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Jlonopoli.  Pop.  SSUO.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  a  convent. 

F  AT  ARELLA,  fd-td-r  Jl'yd,  or  FATORRELLA,  fd-toR-R^'yl, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tarrst- 
gona.  in  a  mountainous  district.     Pop.  1495. 

FATATENDA.  fd-td-tSn'dd,  a  considerable  town  of  West 
Africa,  on  the  Gambia :  lat.  13°  22'  N..  Ion.  14°  10'  W.  The 
English  African  Company  had  a  factory  here,  situated  on  a 
rock,  and  overlooking  a  fine  country,  but  were  driven  from 
it  by  the  hostile  conduct  of  a  native  prince. 

F.tTCIIIO,  fdtch'e-o\an  island  of  the  Japanese  dominions, 
in  the  Strait  of  Corea ;  lat.  34°  20'  N..  Ion.  129°  So'  E.  It  is 
fertile,  but  diflieult  of  access,  and  is  the  place  of  banishment 
for  state  criminals. 

F.\TEERE1I.  d-tee'rfh,  a  village  and  ruined  town  in  thb 
E.  desert  of  Upi>er  Egypt,  65  miles  N.E.  of  Keneh,  with 
Roman  antiquities,  and  granite  quarries. 

FATEZH,  FATESCH  or  FATEJ,  fS't^zh',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government,  and  33  miles  N.W.  of  Koorsk,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  Oosoja.  Pop.  2000. 
FATORRELLA.  a  town  of  Spain.  See  F.^tasella. 
FATSA  or  FATSAII,  fit/sd.  (anc.  Phadisana.)  a  seaport 
town  of  Asia  Sliuor,  on  the  Black  Sea.  CO  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Samsoon.  It  has  an  old  palace  and  a  large  khan,  but  is  in 
decay.    Two  miles  E.  are  the  ruins  of  PJemoin'vm. 

FATSIZIO,  fat-see'ze-o\  F.ATZIZIOO  or  FATZIZIOU,  fdtr 
zee'ze-oo\  an  island  of  Japan,  a  dependency  of  the  province 
of  Yzoo,  island  of  Niphon,  lat,  33°  0'  N.,  Ion.  140°  E.  It 
is  21  miles  long  by  7i  miles  broad,  and  contains  .i  town 
of  the  same  name.  State  criminals  are  banished  to  this 
island,  and  employed  in  manufacturing  silk  stuffs  for  tho 
court. 

FATTECONDA,  fdt'te-kon'di  a  town  of  Senearamlia,  in 
BondfX),  on  the  Faleme  River,  lat.  14°  25'  N,  Ion.  11=  30'  W, 
32  miles  N.E.  of  Boolil>anee,  (Bulibani.) 

FAUCETT'S  (few's^ts)  STORE,  a  post-ofllce  of  Orange  co. 
North  Carolina. 

F.\UCIGNY,  fSi'seevi'yeef.  a  vill.ige  of  Savoy,  giving  name 
to  a  province,  of  which  Bonneville.  3  miles  S.S.E.,  is  the 
chief  town.  This  province  is  the  highejit  in  SAVcy,  and  is 
called  "the  cliissical  country  of  the  Alps."  Pop.  101,792. 
The  village  is  2162  feet  above  the  .sea. 

F.\UC1LLKS.  fo'seel',  a  mountain  range  ol  France,  d* 
partments  of  Marne  and  Vosges,  connected  K  with  tho 
Yosges  Mountains,  and  S.W.  with  the  plateau  of  Langres, 


FAU 


FAY 


separating  the  Tjaslns  of  the  Meuse  and  Moselle  from  that 
of  the  Saone.     Summit  les  Fourches.  1611  feet  iu  elevation. 

FAUCO(}.VEY,  fo^konV'V,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Saone,  at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges  Mountains,  11 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Lure.     Pop.  1581. 

FAUGH.\..NVALK,  faw'an-vil/  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Londonderry. 

FAUulitA,  f6wVyL  a  village  and  parish  of  Tuscany,  in 
tJie  Val  di  Tora,  11  miles  li.  of  I-eghorn.     Pop.  2122. 

FAUIillORN,  fOwl'horn,  a  mountain  of  the  Alp.s,  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  32  miles  S.E.  of  Born,  between  the 
valley  of  th'i  Grindelwald  and  the  Lake  of  Brienz,  8802  feet 
In  elevation.     It  has  an  inn  on  the  summit. 

FAULK'BOUKN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FAUQUIER,  faw'keer.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  abuut  6S0  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  the  Rappahannock,  and  its  branch,  the 
North  River,  and  drained  by  Goose  Creek.  The  Blue  lUdge 
extends  along  the  N.W.  border;  the  surface  is  tinely  diversi- 
fied, and  the  soil  is  mostly  very  fertile.  Several  gold  mines 
have  been  worked  in  the  county.  It  also  contains  valuable 
beds  of  magnesia  and  soapstone.  The  Kappahannock  is 
navigable  by  small  boats.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the 
Orange  and  Alexandria  Itailroad.  and  by  the  Manas.sa's  Gap 
Railroad.  The  illustrious  .John  Mar.shall.  late  Chief  Justice 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  this  county.  J'ormed  in 
1759,  and  named  in  honor  of  Francis  Fau(iuier.  at  that  time 
Governor  of  Virginia.  Capital,  Warrcnton.  Pop.  21,706,  of 
whom  11,251  were  free,  and  1(».455  slaves. 

FAUQUIER  WHITE  SULPHUR  SPJUNGS,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia,  on  the  Kappahannock  Kiver, 
57  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wasliington,  is  a  beautiful  and  popul.ar 
place  of  resort  in  summer. 

FAUSSE  (fo.<s)  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  St.  Martln'H  parish, 
liouisiana. 

F  AU.SSE  R I VI E  R  E,  f  Oss-red-ve-air', «  small  village  of  Point 
Couple  parish,  I.rfiuisiana. 

FAVAIOS,  fa-vi'oco,  (anc.  Flaviast)  a  town  and  parish  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  near  the  Tua,  61  miles 
K.  by  .S.  of  Braga. 

FAVALB.  fi-vdlA,  (anc.  PagcJU  Liplurumf)  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  Stites,  province  of  Chiavari,  in  the  valley  of 
Fontanabuoua,  almost  surrounded  by  lofty  precipices.  Pop. 
1589. 

FA  VARA,  fd-va'rl  a  town  of  Sicily,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Qii^ 
^nti.    Pop.  7590.    It  has  rich  mines  of  sulphur. 

FAVENTIA.    See  Faknza. 

FAVERCJES.  fd'vaiRzh',  (L.  Falnricaf)  a  village  of  Savoy, 
province  of  Geuevese,  near  the  Lake  of  Annecy,  23  miles 
N.E.  of  Chambery.  Pop.  3641.  It  has  manufactures  of  paper 
and  cotton. 

F.WERN'EY,  fd'vja^ni',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Saflne,  10  miles  N.  of  Vesoul,  on  the  Lauterne.  Pop. 
1557. 

FAVERSIIAM,  fav'fr.sh-am,  a  borough,  parish,  and  seaport 
town  in  England,  co.  of  Kent,  45  miles  E.S.E.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don, near  a  biaiich  of  the  Swale.  It  con.sists  principally  of 
four  streets,  spacious,  well  paved,  and  well  lighted.  In  the 
centre  is  the  Town-h:ill  and  market  place.  Faversham  has  a 
handsome  church:  chapels  for  Baptists,  Independents,  and 
Wesleyan  Jlethodists,  Bible  Christians,  and  Latter-day 
Saints;  a  free  grammar  school,  a  national,  and  three  other 
schools.  Vessels  of  150  tons  come  up  the  Swale  to  the  town  at 
common  tides.  On  December  31st,  1850,  the  number  and 
tonnage  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  port  was  289;  tonnage, 
11.999;  and  one  steam-vessel  of  19  tons  burden.  The  vessels, 
coastwise  and  foreign,  which  entered  in  1850,  were  1438  ves- 
sel.s;  tonnage,  107,319;  cleared,  1-303;  tonnage,  42.199.  The 
principal  exports  are  corn,  hops,  fruit,  wool,  and  other  pro- 
duce ;  imports — timber,  iron,  coal,  tar,  Ac.  Faversham  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder. 
Roman  cement  is  also  manufactured  here,  but  the  oyster 
fishery  has  now  become  the  princi)ial  trade  of  the  place. 
King  Stephen  was  buried  in  the  abbey  which  he  founded 
here  in  1147.  The  town  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the 
Duncombe  family.     Pop.  4621. 

F.WKjX  AN.4..  fd-veen-yd'ni,  (.anc.  J^gu/sa  or  ^f.hu/.w,)  an 
Island  of  the  Mediterranean,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Trapani.  Length,  from  E.  to  W.  6  miles ; 
average  breadth.  2  miles.  Surface  low,  except  in  the  centre, 
where  a  hill  range  crosses  it  from  N.  to  S.,  having  on  its 
liighest  point  St.  Catherine's  Castle.  It  has  stone  quarries. 
On  its  E.  side  is  its  principal  town.  San  Leonardo,  and  on 
its  N.  coast  a  good  harbor,  defended  by  Fort  San  Giacomo. 

F.\V()UITA.  fd-vo-ree't.4,  a  village,  and  beautiful  country 
seat  of  .\ustrian  Italy,  in  the  vicinity  of  Mantua,  memorable 
OS  the  scone  of  several  severe  contests  between  the  Frencli 
and  Austrians.  in  which  the  former  were  victorious.  One 
Immediate  result  was  the  surrender  of  Mantua,  with  its 
garrison  of  2O.O0O  men. 

F-WRIA.  t;?v're-a.  a  marketrtown  of  Piedmont,  province 
ci  Turin.     Pop.  2745. 

FAW'DON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

FAWK'UAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 


FAWLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

FAWLEY,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Bucks,  3  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Henley-on-Thames.  Fawley-court  is  a  handsom* 
structure  built  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren  in  1684. 

FAWLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

FAWN  or  FAWN  GROVE,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1402. 

FAWN  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  a  small  stream  which  enters 
the  St.  Joseph's  at  Constantino. 

FAWN  RIVER,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  ox 
tremity  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  571. 

F.VWS/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton,  •» 
miles  S.  of  Daventry.  The  seat  of  the  Knightley  {;lmiIy^ 
situated  in  a  fine  deer  park,  is  an  ancient  and  interesting 
structure. 

FAXARDO  or  FAJARDO,  fS-naK/do,  a  town  and  island  of 
Porto  Rico,  on  the  E.  coast,  near  the  mouth  of  a  small  river 
of  the  same  name.    Pop.  about  3000. 

F,\XOE,  (FaxSe.)  fax'oVh.  a  village  of  Denmark,  island  of 
Seeland.  bailiwick  of  Prasstiie,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Copenhagen, 
about  2  miles  from  the  sea  It  has  noted  quarries  of  build- 
ing limestone  of  a  pale  yellow-color,  and  composed  mainly 
of  petrifactions  of  marine  animals. 

F.tX'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

FAY,  fi,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire-InfS- 
rieure,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Savenay.    Pop.  1852. 

FAY.\L,  fi-il',  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  Islands,  in 
the  N.  Atlantic  Ocean ;  lat.  (W.  point)  38°  35'  36"  N..  Ion.  28° 
60' 30"  W.  Area,  "27,520  acres,  of  which  it  is  estimated  that 
10,020  acres  are  under  cultivation.  In  its  centre  is  a  moun- 
tain rising  about  3000  feet.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile. 
The  island  produces  annually  about  12.000  quarters  of  In- 
dian corn.  4000'of  wheat,  2000  of  potatoes  and  onions,  200 
pipes  of  wine,  and  17,000  boxes  of  oranges.  The  principal 
exports  are  oranges  and  wine.  The  imports  are  manufac- 
tures, cotton  twist,  and  flax,  chiefly  from  England,  coloni.al 
produce  from  Brazil  and  Portugal,  tea,  tobacco,  and  soap 
from  the  latter.  Fayal  has,  besides,  a  considerable  transit 
trade.  About  170  American  whalers  touch  at  the  island 
every  year,  and  land  the  oil  of  such  fish  .as  they  have  caught 
on  their  outward  voyage.  This  oil  is  afterwards  shipped  for 
the  American  market,  and  amounts  in  value  to  between 
10.000^  and  50.000^  annually.  Fayal  has  a  good  bay  oppo- 
site to  Pico.  Opposite  the  town  of  Orta,  in  the  bay  of  that 
name,  is  the  best  anchorage  in  the  Azores.  The  chief  town 
is  Villa  Orta,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  island.  Pop.  25.900. 

FAY-AUX-LOGES.  fi^OMozh',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment  of  Loiret.  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  1053. 

FAYENCE,  frS.Nss'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Var,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Draguignan  It  has  manufactures  of 
earthenware  and  glass.     Pop.  in  1852,  "2257. 

FAYETTE,  fk-ykt/.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vaniii,  bordering  on  W.  Virginia,  hag  an  area  ot  800  square 
miles.  The  Mouongahela  River  forms  its  entire  boundary 
on  the  W.;  the  county  is  Intersected  by  the  Youghiogheny 
River,  and  drained  also  by  Redstone,  Dunlap's,  Indian,  and 
Jacobs'  Creeks.  The  surface  is  finely  diversified.  A  moun- 
tain ridge,  called  Laurel  Hill,  forms  the  E.  boundary; 
another,  which  is  the  most  W.  branch  of  the  Alleghany 
chain,  extends  across  the  middle  of  the  county,  under  the 
name  of  Chestnut  Kidge;  the  land  between  these  and  the 
W.  border  is  rolling.  The  soil  of  the  N.W.  part  is  very  pro- 
ductive; the  other  portions  are  adapted  to  pasturage.  Iron- 
ore  and  bituminous  coal  are  abundant.  The  Monongahela 
is  navigated  by  steamlxwts  along  the  liorder.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  National  R/ad.  Organized  in  1783,  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  illustrious  Marquis  de  Lafayette. 
Capital,  Unioutown.     Pop.  39,909. 

FAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  W.  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  770  sq.  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Kana- 
wha or  New  River,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Gauley  River,  and 
on  the  N.E.  by  Meadow  River.  The  county  has  a  moun- 
tainous surface,  abounding  in  wild  and  iiicturesque  scenery. 
The  principal  elevations  are  Gauley  and  Sewell  Mountains. 
The  famous  cliff  called  Marshall's  I'illar,  ri.ses  about  1000 
feet  above  New  River,  «  few  miles  from  the  county  seiit. 
Several  fertile  plateaus,  or  glades,  defctitute  of  timber,  occur 
among  the  higlilands  of  this  county.  The  soil  is  generally 
good.  Irou-oro  is  found.  The  New  River  is  a  rapid  stream, 
affording  abundant  water-power  in  this  part  of  its  eoursa 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Covimzton  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road (not  yet  finished).  Capital,  Fayetteville.  Pop.  11997, 
of  whom  5726  were  free,  and  271  slaves. 

FAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
contains  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
and  S.E.  by  Flint  River,  which  rises  near  tlie'N.  border,  and 
also  drained  by  Whitewater,  Line,  and  Rose  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  generally  level;  the  soil  is  furnied  by  the  disinte- 
gi-ation  of  primary  rocks,  and  is  not  the  most  fertile.  Granite 
and  iron  are  the  most  valuable  minerals  of  the  county.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Atlanta  and  La  Grange  Railroads. 
Cajiital,  Fayetteville.  Pop.  7047,  of  whom  5028  were  free, 
and  2019  slaves. 

FAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Alabama, 
bordering  on  the  Mississippi,  has  an  area  of  about  900 

665 


FAY 

■qnare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Sipsey  River  and 
Lnxapatilla  Creek,  affluents  of  Tombigbee  River.  The  sur- 
face is  somewhat  uneven,  the  soil  fertile.  Capital,  Fayette 
Court  House.  Pop.  12,850,  of  whom  11,147  were  free,  and 
1703  slaves. 

FA'i  ETTE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  1050  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Coiora-lo  River.  The  surface  is  undulating:  the  soil  is  a 
black  sandy  loam,  very  fertile.  The  river  is  navigable  for 
about  six  months  in  the  year,  as  high  as  the  county  seat. 
Some  of  the  streams  furnish  water-power.  Coal  mines  have 
been  discovered.  Capital,  La  Grange.  Pop.  11,604,  of  whom 
7818  were  free,  and  3786  slaves. 

FAYETTE,  a  county  m  the  S.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  the  Mississippi,  has  an  area  estimated  at  550 
square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Loosahatchie  and  Wolf 
Rivers.  The  soil  is  very  productive,  and  extensively  culti- 
vated. The  county  is  traversed  by  a  railroad  leadinj;  to 
Mempliis.  Capitjil,  Sonierville.  Pop.  24,a:J7,  of  whom  S854 
were  free,  and  15,473  slaves 

FAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Ken- 
tucky, has  an  area  estimated  at  300  square  miles.  The 
Kentucky  River  washes  its  S.E.  border:  it  is  drained  by 
Hickman"s  Creek,  and  by  the  North  and  South  branches 
of  Elkhorn  River,  which  rise  within  its  limits,  and  though 
flowing  in  opposite  directions,  afterwards  unite  with  Ken- 
tucky River.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  beautiful  undu- 
lations; the  soil  is  highly  productive,  and  extensively  culti- 
vated. In  1850  the  county  pi-oduced  2967  tons  of  hemp, 
more  than  any  other  county  in  the  United  States,  except 
Platte  county,  Missouri.  The  rock  which  underlies  the 
surface  is  the  blue  or  Trenton  limestone,  a  good  material 
for  building.  The  Kentucky  River  is  navigable  by  small 
steamboats  in  this  part  of  its  course.  Railroads  have  been 
opened  tonnecting  Lexington,  the  count}'  seat,  with  Louis- 
ville and  Covington;  another  is  in  progress,  which  will 
connect  that  city  with  Maysville.  In  respect  to  population 
and  weiilth,  Fayette  is  the  third  county  in  the  state.  Capi- 
tal, Lexington.  Pop.  22,599,  of  whom  12,584  were  free,  and 
10.015  slaves. 

t'AY'ETTE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Ohio, 
has  an  area  of  414  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Paint 
and  Deer  Crseks,  and  also  drained  by  the  North  Fork  and 
Rattlesnake  Fork  of  the  first-named  creek.  The  surface  in 
the  N.  and  AV.  is  nearly  level,  and  in  the  S.  gently  undu- 
lating. The  soil  is  mostly  a  deep  black  loam,  and  very  pro- 
ductive. The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Cincinnati,  Wil- 
mington, and  Zanesville  Railroad.  CaiuUil,  Washington. 
Pop.  15  935. 

FAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains about  200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  West 
Fork  of  Whitewater  River.  The  surface  varies  from  let  el 
to  undulating:  the  soil  is  highly  productive.  Probably  no 
county  in  the  state  is  more  highly  improved  and  densely 
peopled.  Limestone  is  the  most  abundant  rock.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Whitewater  Canal,  which  af- 
fords a  great  water-power,  and  by  the  railroad  which  ex- 
tends westward  from  Hamilton  in  Ohio.  Oi-ganized  in  1819. 
Capital,  Connersville.     Pop.  10,225. 

FAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  640  square  miles.  The  Kaskaskia  River  flows 
through  the  county  diagonally  "in  a  south-westerly  direc- 
tion, receiving  in  its  passage  a  number  of  creeks.  The  sui^ 
face  is  generally  level,  or  slightly  undulating,  diversified  by 
prairies  and  by  forests  of  good  timber;  the  soil  is  produc- 
tive. The  streams  furnish  motive-power  for  numerous 
mills.  The  Central  Railroad  of  Illinois  passes  through  the 
county,  and  materially  affects  its  prosperity.  Fayette  is 
one  of  the  oldest  counties  of  the  state.  Capital,  Yandalia. 
Pop.  11,189. 

FAY' ETTE,  a  new  county  in  the  \.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  720  .square  miles.  The  Turkey  River,  an  affluent  of 
the  Mississippi,  is  formed  in  the  N.  part  bv  the  union  of  its 
two  main  branches,  and  then  traverses  the  X.E.  part  of  the 
county ;  the  South  Fork  of  the  same  stream  drains  the 
middle  portion;  the  S.  part  is  drained  by  Buffalo  and  other 
creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  extensively  covered 
with  woods,  among  which  are  scattered  numerous  fertile 
prairies.  The  streams  of  this  couutv  are  said  to  afford  ex- 
tensive water-poyver.    Capital,  West  Union.    Pop.  12,073. 

FAYETTE,  a  post-township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  15 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  910. 

FAYETTE,  a  village  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York,  on 
Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Silver  Creek,  31  miles  S.W.  of 
Buffalo. 

FAYETTE,  a  village  of  Chenango  co.,  New  Y'ork,  about 
100  miles  W  .S.W.  of  Albany.  It  has  2  churches,  and  several 
milU. 

FAYETTE,  a  pc^t-township  of  Seneca  co..  New  York,  ex- 
tending from  the  Cayuga  to  the  Seneca  Lake,  12  mUes  N.  of 
Ovid.     i'op.  3742. 

FAYl-TTfE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FAYETTE,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pep.  2006.  ' 

FAYETTE,  a  postoffice  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 
66(3 


FAY 

FAY'ETTE.  a  pleasant  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson 
CO..  Mississippi,  about  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Natchez.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house.  2  newspaper  offices,  and  a  nimil>er  of 
stores.     Pop.  in  1860,  339. 

FAY'ETTE,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1569. 

FAYETTE,  a  township  of  Hillsdale  co!,  Michigan.  Pop. 
468. 

FAYETTE,  a  township  in  Tigo  co„  Indiana.    Pop.  1561. 

FAYETTE,  a  post-village  in  Greene  co.,  Illinois,  50  miles 
S.W.  of  Springfield. 

FAY'E'lTE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Howard  co..  Missonri, 
on  Bonne  Femme  Creek^  60  miles  N.W.  of  Jefierson  City. 
The  Missouri  River  approaches  within  10  or  12  miles  of  the 
village,  at  two  nearly  opposite  points.  Coal  and  limestone 
lire  abundant  in  the  vicinity.  Fayette  has  4  churches,  a 
UnitcHl  States  land-oilice,  an  academy,  a  college,  and  a  bank. 
Pop.  647. 

FAY'ETTE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lafayette  co., 
Wisconsin,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.  The  village  contains 
2  mills.  2  stores,  and  30  dwellings.     Pop.  its-i. 

FAYETTE  CORNER,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  cc,  Ten- 
nessee. 177  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville. 

FAYETTE  COURT-HOUSE.  Alabama.    See  Fatettevilub. 

FAYETTE  SPRINGS,  a  postoffice  of  Fayette  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FAY'ETTEVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  alxiut  100  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 

FAY'ETTEVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Manlius  township, 
Onondaga  co..  New  Y'ork,  near  the  Erie  Canal,  atout  120 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  It  contains  churches  of  3  deno- 
minations, an  academv,  and  a  bank. 

FAY'ETTEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 144  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.     l"op.  about  300. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  a  small  post-village,  capitjil  of  Fayetto 
CO.,  W.  Virginia,  about  35  miles  S.E.  of  Charleston,  and  5  miles 
W.  of  New  River.  A  few  miles  from  the  village.  New  River 
flows  along  the  base  of  a  remarkable  cliff  or  precipice  of 
stupendous  height,  known  by  the  name  of  the  ■•  Hawk"s 
Nest,"  or  Marshall's  Pillar.  Chief-Justice  Marshall  mea- 
sured it  with  a  line,  and  found  the  heiu'ht  to  1  e  It  00  feet. 

FAYETTEVILLE.  a  flotirishing  town,  capital  of  Cumber- 
land CO.,  North  Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Cap« 
Fear  River,  at  the  head  of  natural  navigation,  CO  miles  3. 
of  Riileigh.  and  100  miles  N.W.  of  Wilmington.  The  town 
is  regularly  laid  out,  with  streets  of  100  feet  in  width.  It 
is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade,  which  is  facilitated  by 
plank-roads  extending  in  various  directions.  The  adjoiib 
jng  country  is  partly  occupied  by  extensive  forests  of  pine, 
which  supply  important  articles  of  export,  in  the  form  of 
turpentine,  tar.  lumber,  &c.  The  navigation  has  lately 
been  extended,  by  the  construction  of  lucks  and  dams,  as 
far  as  the  coal-mines  of  Chatham  county.  The  ample 
water-power  of  the  river  is  employed  in  manufactories  of 
cotton  and  flower.  Fayetteville  contains  an  arsenal  of  con- 
struction, a  large  establishment  enclosing  al'out  50  acres, 
now  nearly  completed;  also  3  banks  and  3  newspaper 
offices.  In  1831  a  large  part  of  the  town  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  and  nearly  $100,000  were  sub.scribed  for  the  relief  of  the 
sufferers  by  the  citizens  of  this  and  other  states.  The  pros- 
perity of  this  place  has  recently  been  increased  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  distilleries  of  turpentine,  and  by  the  con- 
struction of  plank-roads.  This  place  was  tiiken  by  the 
Union  nrmv  in  March,  1865.     Pop.  in  1860,  4790. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fayette  co,, 
Georgia,  25  miles  S.  of  Atlanta.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in 
the  midst  of  cotton  plant.ations.  It  contains  a  brick  court- 
house. 2  churches,  2  high  schools,  a  printing  office,  and  a 
Masonic  lodge. 

FAYETTEVILLE  or  FAYETTE  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post- 
village,  capital  of  Fayette  co,,  Alabama,  about  2  miles  W.  of 
Sipsey  River,  and  150  miles  N.W.  of  Montgomeiy.  It  con- 
tains a  court-hou.oe  and  a  few  stores. 

FAYETTEAILLE,  a  village  in  Talladega  co..  Alabama. 

FAY'ETTEVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Fayette  co.,  Texas,  a 
few  miles  S.E.  of  La  Grange. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
Wa.shington  co.,  Arkansas.  2t0  miles  N.W.  of  Little  Rock. 
It  has  an  elevated  and  highly  picturesque  situation,  and 
abounds  with  the  finest  springs  of  pure  cold  water.  It  la 
the  centre  of  an  active  trade,  and  has  2  large  and  flouiish- 
ing  schools,  one  for  each  sex.  The  Ozark  Institute.  3  miles 
N.W.  of  the  village,  is  a  prosperous  academy  for  boys, 
founded  in  1845.  Fayetteville  contains  a  United  States 
land-office,  3  churches,  and  a  handsome  court-hou.>!e.  The 
current  of  emigration  is  setting  strongly  towards  this  part 
of  the  state.     Pop.  in  1860,  967. 

FAYEriEYlLLE.  a  post-village,  capita]  of  Lincoln  CO., 
Tennessee,  on  Elk  River,  73  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nashville.  11 
contains  a  court-house  and  a  newspaper  office. 

FAYETTEAILLE.  a  pnst-village  of  Brown  CO..  ">hio.  on 
the  Fast  Fork  of  Little  Miami  River,  80  miles  S.AV.  of  Co 
lumlms. 

FAYETTEVILLE.  a  village  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  « 
miles  S.E.  of  IndiauapoUs. 


FAY 


FEI 


FAYETTEVTLLE,  a  poslrvUlage  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana, 
about  6  miles  W.  of  Bedford. 

FAYKTrEVILLB,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Kaskaskia  Kiver,  14  miles  S.K.  of  Belleville. 

FAYL-BILLOT,  LK,  Igh  fail  (or  fh\)  bee'yo/,  or  LE  FAYS 
BILLOT,  lei!  f  .A  bee  yo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Marne.  13  miles  S.K.  of  Langres.     Pop.  2502. 

FAY'JIOUTII,  a  township  in  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  58. 

FAYOE  or  FEIOE,  (FeiBe,)  ffij'fh,  a  little  island  of  Den- 
mark, immediately  E.  of  Laaland.     Pop.  1500. 

FAYOO.M,  FAIOOM,  FAYOUM,  FAYUM,  or  FAIOUM, 
fl-oom',  a  province  of  Middle  Egypt,  consisting  of  a  valley, 
40  miles  S.W.  of  Cairo,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Xile,  and  con- 
siderably depressed  beneath  its  surface.  Length  from  E.  to 
W.,  38  miles:  breadth,  31  miles.  In  its  N.  part  is  the  fa- 
mous Lake  Moeris.  It  is  well  irrigated  both  by  nature  and 
art,  and  was  anciently  the  garden  of  Egypt.  Medinet-el- 
Fayoom,  (anc.  Crncr/dilf^Mis,  afterwards  Arsinloe.)  is  its  ca- 
pital, around  which  are  numerous  remains  of  antiquity. 

FAYS-BILLOT,  LE,  a  town  of  France.  See  Fayl-Billot,  Le. 

FAYSTON,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Vermont,  15 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  800. 

FAZ,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Bussia.     See  Phasis. 

FAZELEY,  feiz'lee,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford, 
With  a  station  on  the  Birmingham  and  Derby  Kailway,  li 
miles  S.  of  Tarn  worth.  I'op.  1490.  The  late  Sir  Robert  Peel's 
cotton  factory  was  in  this  township. 

FAZILPOOR,  fiVil-poor',  a  small  and  decayed  town  -of 
North-western  Ilindostan.  in  Bhawlpoor  Territory,  with  a 
fort  on  the  Indus.    Lat.  28°  30'  N..  Ion.  69°  50'  E. 

FEACLE.  fiVkel.  a  parish  of  Trelmid.  co.  of  Clare. 

FKADS  (feedz)  AND  GOOD'MAN'S  ISLANDS,  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  E.  from  New  Ireland,  lat.  3°  27'  S.,  Ion.  154° 
45'  E.  They  consist  of  an  irregular  chain  of  low  islands  and 
sandbanks,  encircled  by  a  reef  extending  nearly  N.W.  and 
S.E.  27  miles. 

FEALE,  fail,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  joins  the 
Shannon  near  Guisborough,  by  a  navigable  and  tidal  es- 
tuary called  the  Cashen.    Length,  30  miles. 

Fl'^Ali/ING,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Wash- 
ington CO.,  Ohio.     I'op.  1589. 

FKAKN,  f  Jrn,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  near  the 
Moray  Frith,  N.  of  Cromarty.  It  contains  ruing  of  Fearn 
Abbey,  and  of  Lochliun  and  CadboU  Castles. 

FEARN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

FEARN'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Winston  co.,  Mis- 
eissijipi,  105  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson.  One  newspaper  is  pub- 
lished here. 

FEAS'T  KRYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FEASTEIIVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Faii-field  district,  South 
Carolina. 

FKATII'ER  RIVER,  of  California,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  Butte  CO.,  and  flowing  first  in  a  S.W.,  and  then  in  a 
8.S.W.  cour.se  through  that  county,  after  separating  Sutter 
Irom  Yulxi  and  Placer  counties,  falls  into  the  Sacramento 
River  about  30  miles  almve  Sacramento  City.  The  princi- 
pal towns  upon  its  banks  are  Hamilton,  Yuba  City,  Marys- 
ville,  and  Vernon.  Steamboats  run  regularly  between 
Marysville,  the  head  of  navigation  on  this  river,  and  San 
Francisco.  Gold  is  found  in  abundance  on  this  stream. 
Branches. — Middle  Fork  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Butte  co., 
among  the  hills  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  flow- 
ing in  a  general  S.W.  course,  unites  with  Feather  River 
about  25  miles  above  Marysville. 

FEATII'ERSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  3  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pontefract,  with  a  station 
on  the  railwav  thence  to  Wakefield. 

FKATIIERSTONE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, 4  miles  S.W.  of  Ilaltwhistle.  Its  castle,  the  an- 
cient seat  of  the  Featherstones,  is  picturesquely  situated  near 
the  South  Tyne. 

FEATIIEKSTONE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford 

FEC.\MP.  fA^kfiNc'.  a  seaport  town  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-Iuferieure,  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Fecamp,  and  on  the  branch  railway  from  Rouen 
to  Havre,  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Havre.  Its  port,  though  small, 
is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Channel,  and  has  been  lately  much 
improved  by  the  construction  of  a  quay  and  light-house.  It 
sends  several  vessels  to  the  whale  ^shery.  Fecamp  has 
numerous  cotton,  oil,  and  other  mills,  turned  by  water- 
power,  several  steam  saw-mills,  ship-building  docks,  tan- 
neries, sugar  refineries,  manufactures  of  linens,  hardware, 
soda.  &c.,  and  an  active  trade  in  Baltic  and  colonial  pro- 
duce, fish,  salt,  and  brandy.  It  has  a  remarkable  church. 
part  of  an  ancient  abbey ;  it  is  the  seat  of  a  <hamber  of 
commerce,  naval  bureau,  and  school  of  navigation,  and  is 
the  ref  idence  of  various  foreign  consuls.  Pop.  in  1852. 11.401. 

FKCK'ENHAM.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

FEDALA,  fA-d^d.  a  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  Morocco, 
on  a  promontory  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Salee,  surrounded  by  a 
fine  fertile  country,  and  has  an  excellent  roadstead. 

FED/ERAL  POINT  LIGIIT-HOVSE,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina.  The  light  is 
elevatdd  48  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 


FED'ERALSBURG,  a  village  of  Carolina  co.,  MarylandU 
50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Annapolis. 

FEDER  ALSBURG.  a  post-officeof  Dorchester  CO..  Mary  lane. 

FED'ERAL  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York. 

FEIVERALTON,  a  post-village  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  90 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

FEDER-SEE,  f.Vder-s.V,  a  lake  of  Wiirtemberg,  about  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Riedlingen.  It  is  nearly  circular;  diameter 
of  alwjut  2^  miles,  and  falls  into  the  Danube  by  the  Kanzach. 

FEDT.  f  Jt,  a  village  and  parish  of  Norway,  15  miles  F.. 
of  Christiania,  on  Lake  Ojeren.    Pop.  2360. 

FEED'ING  UILLS,  a  post-office  of  Hampden  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

FEED  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  CO.,  Ohio. 

FEE  FEE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FEEJEE,  FIDJI,  FIJI,  (fee'jee.)  or  VITI  (vee/tee) 
ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  E.  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  between  lat.  15°  30'  and  19°  30'  S.,  and  Ion. 
177°  E.  and  178°  W.  The  entire  group  comprises  altogether 
154  islands,  65  of  which  are  inhabited.  They  are  the  Eastern 
and  Asaua  groups,  the  latter  forming  the  W.  side  of  the 
Archipelago.  There  are  numerous  spacious  outlets  or  pas- 
sages to  and  from  the  central  space,  enclosed  by  the  group 
known  as  the  Goro  Sea.  Two  of  the  islands  only  are  of 
large  size,  namely,  Viti  Levu,  and  Paoo  (Paou)  or  Sandalwood 
Islands.  Among  the  others  may  be  mentioned  Vuna,  Kan- 
d.aboo,  Ovolau,  Bau  or  Ambow,  Muthuatu.  and  Goro;  some 
of  the  others,  though  smaller,  are  populous.  They  each 
contain  from  5000  to  13,000  inhabitants.  Mo.st  of  the  re- 
mainder are  mere  islets.  The  Feejees  are  of  volcanic  origin, 
but  no  signs  of  volcanic  heat  have  been  met  with,  excepting 
at  Savu-Savu,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  large  island  of  Paoo. 
The  peaks  are  usually  basaltic  cones  or  needle.s,  some  of 
which  rise  to  the  height  of  several  thousand  feet.  A  luxu- 
riant foliage  covers  these  i.slands  to  their  summits,  giving 
them  a  singularly  pleasing  and  picturesque  asy)ect.  The 
soil  consists  of  a  deep  yellowish  loam,  with  a  large  jMirtion 
of  decayed  vegetable  matter,  which,  aided  by  a  fine  climate, 
and  .abundance  of  water,  is  extremely  productive.  Fruits 
of  various  kinds  abound,  including  the  bread-fruit,  of  which 
there  are  nine  different  sorts,  the  banana,  cocoa,  shaddocks, 
papaw  apple,  Tahiti  chestnut,  and  a  number  of  oihei  fruits 
peculiar  to  the  islands.  The  chief  food  of  the  inhabitants  is 
the  yam,  of  which  they  have  five  or  six  varieties.  Sugar- 
cane, turmeric,  and  tobacco  are  also  culiivated.  Sandal- 
wood, for  which  these  islands  were  formerly  noted,  h.as 
wholly  disappeared.  Vegetation  is  exceedingly  rapid.  Ac- 
cording to  a  statement  made  by  the  horticulturist  to  the 
United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  turnips,  radish,  and 
mustard-seed,  after  being  sown  24  hours,  the  cotyledon 
leaves  were  above  the  surface.  In  four  weeks  from  the 
time  of  planting,  radishes  and  lettuce  were  fit  for  use.  and 
in  five  weeks,  marrowfat  peas.  The  climate  is  agreeable 
and  healthful.  The  mean  temperature  of  Ovolau.  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  islands  of  the  group,  about  8  miles  long  by 
7  broad,  during  the  six  weeks  that  the  observatory  of  the 
United  States  Exploring  Expedition  was  established  there, 
was  77°  81'.  The  barometer  stood  at  30126  inches.  The 
lowest  temperature  was  62°;  the  highest,  96°.  The  inha- 
bitants of  these  islands  are  a  barbarous  and  savage  race, 
remarkable  for  cruelty,  deceit,  and  cowardice.  They  are 
also  extremely  covetous,  and  addicted  to  lying.  Human 
sacrifices  are  frequent  among  them,  and  cannibalism  is  com- 
mon. The  Feejeeans  are  ruled  by  chiefs,  to  whom  great  de- 
ference is  paid,  and  who  in  turn  appear  to  acknowledge 
the  supremacy  of  the  Chief  of  Ambow.  who  has  recently 
assumed  the  title  of  Tui  Viti,  King  of  the  Feejeeans.  The 
missionaries  have  made  great  progress  in  the  windward 
group.  The  towns  of  the  islands  are  usually  fortified  with 
strong  palisades,  and  have  but  two  entrances,  in  which 
are  gates,  the  passage  being  so  narrow  as  to  admit  of  only 

one  person  at  a  time.    Pop.  estimated  at  133,500. Adj. 

and  inhab.  Feejee/an. 

FEKLAHIYAII,  f('l-a-hee'yah,a  town  of  Persia.  SeeDoRAK. 

FEELING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FEEiySTED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FEES/BURG,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  about  40 
miles  E.S.K.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop  about  200. 

FEGERSHEIM,  fi'ohers-hlmeN  (Fr.  pron.  f,Vzh^R'z?m',) 

a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin.  with  a  station 

on  the  railway  to  Colmar.  7  miles  S.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  1771. 

FEGYVERNEK,  fAdjV^R^n^k'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 

Heves.  near  Tisza-Beo.     Pop.  1396. 

FEIir.BELLlN,  fAR'bel-leen'.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Potsdam.  Pop.  1644. 
In  1675  the  Swedes  were  defeated  here  by  the  troops  under 
the  elector  of  Brandenljurs. 

FEIA,  fA-ee'i  a  large  lake  of  Brazil.  130  miles  N.E.  of 
Rio  Janeiro,  near  the  Atlantic,  with  which  it  communicates 
by  an  artificial  canal  called  Furado.  The  lake  is  shallow 
and  abounds  in  fish. 

FEIGNIKS,  fainVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
.  Nord,  12  miles  N.  of  Avesnes.    Pop.  1816. 

66T 


FEI 

FET-HEOTJ.  a  province  of  Japan.    See  FiGO. 

FEILI,  fi/lee,  a  numerous  tribe  of  Persia,  living  compact 
and  united  in  one  region,  and  not  dispersed.  like  most  of 
the  ottiers.  in  small  detachments,  in  differeut  parts.  Tiie 
tribe  occupies  alto;_'ether  about*  100,000  house.s  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  mountains  of  Laristan,  ttie  territory  of  Shooster, 
and  other  places. 

FEIIXENS,  f  A^Sno',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ain.  lo  miles  W.X.W.  of  Uour<r-eu-Bresse.    Pop.  2i'84. 

FEIOE.  (FeiBe.)  a  small  island  of  Denmark.    See  Fatoe. 

FEJK.\,  ft'e-ri,  (anc.  LangolJriga.)  a  seaport  town  of  Por^ 
tugal.  province  of  Beira,  on  the  Atlantic,  1-4  miles  S.S.E.  of 
C^orto.     Pop.  iOiX). 

FETSTRITZ.  f  i'strits,  a  river  of  Styria,  joins  the  Raab  be- 
low Fiirstenfyld,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  about  50  miles. 

FEISTKITZ,  a  village  of  Styria,  circle,  and  9  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Orat.'..  on  the  Mur.  with  600  inhabitants. 

FEI.-<TKITZ,  a  village  of  Carniola,  circle,  and  W.  of  Yillach, 
with  iron- works. 

FELANICHli,  fi-ll-neech'.  written  also  FELAXITX.  (anc. 
(Xiruitix  f)  a  town  of  Spain,  island  of  Majorca.  28  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Palma,  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  mountains.  It  is  well 
built,  has  wide  streets,  a  parish  church,  chapel,  town-house, 
prison,  two  schools,  a  hospital,  and,  on  the  neighboring 
mountain.SanSalvador  of  Felaniche.  an  ancient  castle,  witn 
subterranean  vaults,  constructed  by  the  Moors.  The  ma- 
nuEictures  are  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  brandy,  and  ropes. 
Ihe  trade  is  in  rice,  coffee,  sugar,  wine,  brandy,  fruit,  and 
cattle.  The  town  is  of  great  antiquity;  and  among  the  hills 
bard  bv  are  numerous  Moorish  remains.     Pop.  9752. 

FKLBACII,  fil'bdK,  a  village  of  Wtirtembei-g.  circle  of 
Necknr.  near  Cannstadt,  about  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stuttgart. 
Pop.  Ti". 

FEI/BUrGO.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FELCII'VILLE,  a  postrvilhige  of  Windsor  eo.,  Vermont,  65 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Montpelier. 

FEl.D.\.  fei'di.  a  villige  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  Oberhessen, 
drcle  of  Griinberg.  near  Ulrichstein.    Pop.  880. 

FEI,D15ACII,  fJld'hiK  or  fMt/biK,  a  maritime  town  of 
Austria,  in  Styria.  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Grjitz,  on  the  Kaab, 
here  crossed  by  four  bridges.    Pop.  "08. 

FELDBERG.  felt/bSRG.  the  culminating  peak  of  the  Black 
Forest  Mountains,  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden ;  lat.  ■17°  53' 
N..  Ion.  7°  55'  E.     Height.  4675  feet. 

FELDBKRG,  fJldOiSRO  or  fi\t'hlv.o,  a  market-town  of 
MeckIeDl>erg-Strelitz,  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Uaus- 
see,  15  miles  E.  of  New  Strelitz.     Pop.  715. 

FKLUKIRCH.  fJlt'klaK,  or  CA.Ml'O  DI  SAN  PIETRO, 
kim'po  dee  s3n  pe.i'tro.  a  town  of  the  Tyrol,  in  Vorarlberg, 
20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bregeni,  on  tho  lU.    Pop.  2300. 

FELDKIRCIIBN,  felt/kfeeRKVn,  a  village  of  Baden,  10 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Freiburg ;  also  tlie  name  of  one  in  lllyria, 
drcle  of  Villach. 

FELBSBERG,  fJlts^RQ,  FELDSPERG,  fJlts'pSRG,  or 
TELTSPURG.vllts'jiOaRO.  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  40  miles 
N.N. E.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  2322.  Here  is  a  magnificent  palace 
of  Prince  Liechtenstein,  and  in  the  vicinity  tlie  best  wine  in 
the  archduchy  is  produced. 

FELJ-:(}Y1IAZA,  fA'lJdj'h4'z(5h\  a  town  of  Hungary,  W.of 
the  Theiss,  on  the  road  between  Pesth  and  Temesvar.  66 
miles  S.E.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  17.000.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic 
gymnasium,  large  cattle  markets,  and  an  e.xtensive  trade  in 
corn,  wine,  and  fruit  Some  Roman  autiijuities  have  been 
discovered  here. 

FELETfO,  fd-lJt/to.  (L.  fikc/tum.)  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  in  Piedmont,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Turin,  ou  the 
Oreo.    Pop.  1704. 

FELrGYOGY.filMyodj',  or  FELSOGYOGY,  (Felso-Gyogy,) 
fershii'dyodj,  a  village,  or  rather  a  series  of  scattered  villages 
of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  co.  of  Nieder-Weissenburg,  about 
8  miles  from  Tovis.    It  is  inhabited  by  Wallachians. 

FKLroi.\.V.\,  Louisiana.     See  East  and  West  Feliciana. 

FELICIANA,  fe-li.'i-e-ah'na,  a  post-village  in  Graves  co., 
Kentucky.  250  miles  W.S.W."  of  Frankfort. 

FELK^'ITY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin  township, 
Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  4  miles  N.  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  42 
miles  S.E.  of  Cincinnati.  It  lias  several  brick  churches.  Pop. 
956. 

FELTCUDI.  fA-le-koo'dee.  (anc.  PlKenicuj'a,)  one  of  the  Li- 
pari  Islands,  in  the  Mediterranean.  Lat.  38°  43'  N^  Ion.  14° 
28'  E.     I'op.  800. 

FELIJ,  a  village  of  Spain.    See  Feus. 

FELITTO.  fa-lifto,  a  town  of  Naples,  Principato-Citra,  20 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Campagna, on  the Calore.     Pop.  1500. 

FE'LIX.  a  small  island  in  the  South  Pacific.  Lat.  26°  20' 
8.,  Ion.  80°  W. 

FELIX  or  FELIJ.  fAaeeH,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
16  miles  W.N.W.  of  .\l»ieria.     Pop.  2140. 

FE'LI.X.  a  post-office  •  f  Wilp•^n  co.,  Tennessee. 

FELI X.  a  post-village  of  Moniteau  co.,  Missouri,  38  miles 
W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ryJLlX  IIAR/BOll,  North  America,  In  Boothia.  See  Boo- 
thia Felix. 

FELIX  KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Rldiug. 

668 


FEN 

FE'LIXSTO'W.  a  p-irish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FELIZZANO.  fA-lit-sA'no,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
Tanaix).  9  miles  W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  2175. 

FELKA.  fflTiChS  or  FOLK-VELKA.  folk-vJl'k6h\  a  town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  in  a  plain,  on  the  Felkbaoh,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Kosmark.     Pop.  1322. 

i'ElJK.  I RK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork.  West  Riding. 

FELLATAHS.  a  tril«  of  Africa.     See  Fool\hs. 

FELLBACH.  fi^ll'bAK.  a  market-town  of  WUrtemberg,  dr- 
cle  of  Neckar,  6  mil.-s  E.N.E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  2700. 

FELLETIN,  ftirtlx='.  a  town  of  France,  department  cf 
Crouse,  ou  the  Creuse,  5  miles  S.  of  Aubusson.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  carpets,  velvet,  and  paper.   Pop.  in  1S52.  3454. 

FELLIN.  ffl-leen',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Livo- 
nia, 110  miles  N.N.E.  of  Riga.  Pop.  oboO.  It  is  very  an- 
cient, and  has  the  remains  of  an  old  castle. 

FELLONICA.  fel-lon'e-kS.  a  village  of  Aiistrian  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  28  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Mantua,  on  thePo.  i'op.  2301. 

FEl/LOWSHI  1'.  a  post-office  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey. 

FEI/LOWSVILIjE.  a  small  vilUge  of  Preston  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Winchester  to  Parkersburg. 

FEL/.MERSHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

FKL'MINGHAM.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FELOOJAH.  FELUJ  ah.  fA-loo/ji  FELL'GIAH.fA-loo'ge-ah, 
or  ANBAR.  3n-bar'.  a  castle  of  .Asiatic Turkey,  pashalic,  and 
35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bagdad,  on  the  Euphrates,  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge  of  Iwats.  about  midway  between  Hit  iind  Hill.-ih. 

FELOOl'S.  f^bMoops',  an  African  people,  inhabiting  a  m* 
ritime  territory  in  Senegambia,  between  the  rivers  Gambia 
and  Casamanza.  about  75  miles  in  length  from  W.  to  E., 
and  about  45  miles  in  breadth.  They  are  supposed  to  num- 
ber aix)ut  50.000. 

FELP'H.\.M.  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FELSBERG.  fMs'lieitfi.  a  town  of  IIesse-Cas.=el,  in  Niedor 
Hessen,  on  the  Eder.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ca.ssel.    Pop.  1233. 

FELSENGEBIRGE.    See  Rocky  Mountains. 

FEL'SH.KM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FELSO,  (Felso.)  f^i'shiV,  a  Hungarian  word,  signifying 
"upper,"  prefixed  to  many  towns  in  Ilimgary.  For  towns 
commencing  with  this  word,  see  additional  name. 

FELSO  (Felso)  GYOGY,  of  Austria.    See  Fel-Gyogt. 

FEl/STKD.  a  parish  of  England.     See  Feelsted. 

FELT'H.\M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex 

FEl/rilORPE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

FELTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

FELTONSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  in  Middlese.x  co, 
Ma.ssachusetts.  at  the  terminus  of  the  Lancaster  and  Sterling 
Branch  Kailro-id.  34  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston. 

FELTON  VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Philadelphia  City,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FELTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

FELTRE.  fJl'trA.  (anc.  Fel'tria.)  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Belluno.  on  a  heiglit 
near  the  Piave  Pop.  5600.  It  is  partially  fortified,  and  has 
a  cathedral,  an  episcopal  gymnasium,  and  a  diocesan  schooL 
It  h.is  silk-twist  and  wax-bleaching  factories,  and  a  trade  in 
corn.  wine,  and  oil.  In  1809.  Napoleon  conferred  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Feltre  on  General  Clarke. 

FELT'S,  a  post-office  of  lugham  co.,  Michigan. 

FELT'S  M'  LLS.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New  Y'ork, 
162  miles  N.W.of  .Albany. 

FELT'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co..  New  Jersey. 

FELT'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Norfolk. 

FKLTZ.  felts,  a  village  of  Holland,  duchy  of  Luxemburg, 
12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Luxemburg.     Pop. 926. 

FELUDSH.  fA-iad.sh'.  or  PHELECHE.  fAleetcb.  an  island 
at  the  head  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  on  the  entrance  to  Grane 
Harbor,  in  U»t.  29°  27'  N..  Ion.  48°  16'  E.  Length.  7i  miles, 
from  N.W.  to  S.E. :  breadth,  from  2  to  3i  miles.  The  chief 
town  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island. 

FKLUJ.\Hj  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Feioo.iah. 

FEMERN  or  FEHMARN.  fi'mern  or  fom'mern,  an  Island 
of  Denmark,  province  of  Sleswick.  in  the  B,"iltic.  separated 
from  Holstein  by  Femersund.  a  channel  1  mile  broad.  Lat. 
of  Burg,  its  capital,  26°  10'  N.,  Ion.  11°  12'  E.  .4.rea.  70  srjuaro 
miles.  Pop.  in  1846.  8860.  The  surface  is  low  and  leveL 
Corn  .and  cattle  are  abundant,  but  fishing  and  navigation 
are  the  principal  occuptitions  of  the  inhabitant.s. 

FEMINA.  fem'e-iii.  or  FEMMINE.  ffm'me-nA,  a  small 
rocky  island  off  the  N.  cotist  of  Sicily,  10  miles  N.M'.  of  Pa- 
lermo. 

FEMME  OSAGE,  f.hnm  o'z3zh'  or  f?m  o'sAj'.  a  pf.st-village 
of  St.  Charles  co..  Mi.s.«ouri.  44  miles  W.  of  St  Loui.s. 

FEMOE.  (Femiio.)  fMn'tiVh.  a  little  island  of  DeiimarV,  N. 
of  the  coast  of  the  island  of  U-ialand.     Pop.  about  7tiO. 

FEN'AtJlI.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Counaught,  co.  of  t«l- 
trim.     It  has  ruins  of  an  abliey. 

FENAGH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  I,einster,  co.  of  Catlow. 

FEN  AIN.  feh^n^N"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  ol 
Nord.  9  miles  "E.  of  Doual.     i'op.  1942. 

FENClO-HOlISKS,  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Diirbam 
Railway,  in  England,  co.,  and  6  miles  N.E.  of  Durham 

FEN'ELON  FALLS  .  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Victoria,  16  miles  N.  of  Lindsay. 


FEN 


FER 


FENERIP.  f?n-fh-reof/,  or  riXERrVE,fin'fh-reeT',a  town 
and  l»;<y  on  the  N.K.  coast  of  the  island  of  Madagascar,  iu  lat. 
17°2S'S..  Ion.  49°  23' K. 

FEXKSTKKLLE,  £l-n}s-tr5Wi,  a  market-town  of  Tied- 
mont  50  miles  W.  of  Turin,  on  the  Clusone.     Pop.  1291. 

FEXfiTKANGE,  fyh-ni'trSxzh',  a  town  of  France.  dep.irt- 
nent  of  Meurthe,  on  the  San-e,  8  miles  N.  of  Sarrebourg. 
Pop.  1473. 

FEMT.  an  island  of  Ireland.    See  Fenxit. 

FEN'ITOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

FEN'XKK.  a  post-township  of  Madison  co.,  New  York, 
about  1 12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  drained  by  Chittenango 
Creek.     I'op.  1640. 

FJCN'NIOItSVILLE,  a  post^villago  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 110  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

FEN'MVIOKK,  a  post-townsliip  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 

FEN'NIT  or  FEN'IT,  an  island  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Kerry,  forming  the  division  between  Tralee  and  Bally- 
heigue  IJays,  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tralee.  Pop.  215.  It  has  a 
ruined'castle. 

FENX'S  BlilDGE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia, 
40  miles  E.  of  Milledguvillo. 

FENSTANTTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

FEX'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Linouln. 

FEXTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  StalTord. 

FE.VTOX',  a  post-village  in  St.  Louis  Co.,  Missouri,  near  the 
Maramec  River,  16  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Ix)ui8. 

FEXTOX,. KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 

FEXTON,  LITTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

FEX'TONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co.,  ^ew 
York. 

FEXTOXVILLE,  a  post-villacre  in  Oenesee  co..  Michigan, 
on  thi'  Detroit  and  Milwaiikie  Railroad,  52  miles  N.W.  of  De- 
troit.  It  lia.sl  bank, 4 churches  ic.   Pop.735.   See  Appkhdix. 

FEN'TKiiSS,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  Kentucky,  contains  570  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Obey's  River,  and  other  affluents  of  the  Cumber- 
land. The  surface  is  occupied  by  high  table-lands  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountain,  which  afford  line  pastures.  The 
county  contains  abuud.ance  of  good  timber  and  stone  coal, 
and  is  amply  supplied  with  water-power.  Pop.  5054,  of 
whom  4.S67  were  tree. 

FEX'TKISS,  a  pogtK>fflce  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Carolina. 

Fi;X'\VICK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

FEN  V,  ffa,  or  FOXY,  (Fony,)  foH,  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Toroutal,  15  miles  from  Temesvar.     Pop.  1947. 

FE'OCK.  a  pai'ish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

F EOD( )SIA,  or  TH I'lODi  )SIA.     See  K.\ffa. 

FEOiJor(FEOU)-LEANG,  fA-.x/-lA-dng',  or  FOW-LEANO, 
f6w-le-ing',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Kiaug-see,  45  miles 
N.E.  of  Yao-tchoo. 

FEK.\FHA,  an  oasis  of  theT.ibyan  Desert.   See  Farafreh. 

FERAHABAD,  feh-ra-hd-bdd'.  or  FAKAHABAD,  a  mari- 
time town  of  Persia,  province  of  .Mazanderan.  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river,  in  the  Caspian  Sea,  15  miles  N.  of  Saree. 

FEKAI  KHOLM,  fer-i'kolm.an  elevated  district  of  Afgha- 
nistan, having  E.  and  S.E.  the  river  llelmund,  and  W.  and 
N.W.  the  Kohi-Ba>a  r.ange,  Lat.  34°  20' N.,  Ion.  67°  64' E. 
It  is  well  cultivated,  fertile,  and  populous. 

FEKBAXE,  fgr-ban',  a  villajre  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
King's  CO.,  on  the  Brosna,  9  miles  X.E.  of  Banagher.  Pop.  537. 

FER'DIXAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dubois  CO., 
Indiana,  134  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indiiinapolis.     Pop.  1646. 

FEMDIXAXD,  a  post-ofiice  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois. 

FEKDIXAXDEA.  f^R-de-ndnnlA'd,  oi-GKA/HAM  ISLAND, 
a  remarkable  volcanic  island,  whioh  appeared  in  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  31st  of  July,  1831,  in  lat.  37°  8'  3"  N..  Ion. 
12°  42'  15"  E.,  between  Sicily  and  Pantellaria,  and  remained 
visible  above  the  water  for  three  months. 

FERE  CIIAMPEXOISE.  fain  shdM'peh'nwdz',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Marne.  Pop.  in  1852,  21o0.  Here,  on 
the  24th  of  March,  1814,  the  French  were  totally  defeated  by 
the  iiiiies. 

FliHi;,  L.4,  Id  EiiR,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne,  on  an  island  in  the  Oi.se,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Serre,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Laon.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollens  and  chemical  products,  a  large  arsenal,  and  a  s  hool 
of  artillery.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  iu  1530,  and  by 
the  Prussians  on  the  2Sth  of  February,  1814.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4441. 

FERED.  &tM',  FERET,  FEREDJIK,  fd-rjd-jeek',  or  PHE- 
REH,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee.  44  miles 
N.W.  of  Uallipoli,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Maritza,  with 
mineril  baths.     Pop.  3000. 

FERE-EX-TARDENOIS,  iaiR-^NO-tan'dfh-nwd',  a  town  of 
France,  dop.artment  of  Aisne,  on  the  Ourcq,  12  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Chateau-Thierry.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2556. 

FEREXG.4L.  fA-rJn-gdl',  a  remarkable  lead-mine  in  North- 
ern .\fghanistan,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Ghorbund,  extensively 
wrought  at  a  remote  period,  but  long  concealed,  and  re- 
discovered only  a  few  years  ago.  Lat.  34°  55'  N..  Ion.  68'^33'  E. 

FlIREXTIXO,  fA-rSn-tee'no,  (anc.  PrmtHmm.)  a  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  0  miles  X.W.  of  Erosinone. 
Pop.  680',." ,    It  is  abishop's  see,  and  has  numerous  antiquities. 


FERET,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Feret). 

FEREZ,  fi'rSth  Or  tVrSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  40 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Albacete.  on  a  gentle  height,  in  a  moun- 
tainous district.    Pop.  1330. 

FERGHANA,  Central  Asia.     See  KnoKAK. 

FER'GUS,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare, 
enters  the  Shannon,  by  a  broad  estuary,  after  a  S.E.  course 
of  about  27  miles. 

Fi:;R/GUS,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Waterloo,  12 
miles  N.  of  Guelph.  It  contains  several  stores  and  a  saw 
mill.     Pop.  about  500.  . 

FER/GUSON,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1784. 

FERGUSON,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  610. 

FEK'GUSON'S  COR/NERS.  post-office,  Yates  co..  New  York, 

FER'GCSOX  VILLE,  a  post-olliee  of  Delaware  CO.,  Xew  York. 

FERI.\,  fA'i-e-i,  a  town  of  Spain.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos. 
Pop.  2437.    It  has  manufactures  of  cloth. 

FKRIAXEII.  fa-re-d/nvh,  (anc.  Tha'la  ')_  a  town  of  Northern 
Africa,  in  the  desert,  176  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tunis. 

FERIXGABAD,  fA-rin-gd-bdd',  a  village  of  Beloochlstan, 
agreeably  situated  0  miles  N.E.  of  Jloostung,  ou  the  rout« 
thence  to  the  Bolan  Pass.     Pop.  about  8U0. 

FKKLA,  f^K/ld,  a  town  of  Sicily,  capital  of  a  canton,  18 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  3596. 

FERLACH,  fjR'llK.a  village  of  Carinthia.  7  miles  S.of 
Klagenfurth,  on  the  Drave.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  extensive 
iron  and  steel  manufactures. 

FER'LIGS,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co..  Pennsylvania. 

FERM.\XAG1I.  ffr-man'd,  an  inland  county  of  Ireland, 
in  Ulster,  inclosed  by  the  cos.  of  Donegal,  Tyrone.  Monaghan, 
Cavan,  Leitrim,  and  Connaught.  Area,  714  square  miles. 
Mountain  limestone  is  the  prevalent  rock,  with  old  red 
sandstone,  and  millstone  grit.  Soil  generally  i-icli  loam. 
Pop.  116,007.  The  surface  varies  from  the  richest  vales  to  tlie 
wildest  uplands.  The  lakes.  Upper  and  Lower  Erne,  with 
their  connecting  river,  divide  the  county  into  two  nearly 
equal  p<jrtions.  It  sends  3  raembei-s  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 2  for  the  countj',  and  1  tor  Enuiskillen,  its  thief  town. 

FKRM.\N.\GH,  fer-mau'j,  a  township  of  Juniata  co., 
Penn.sylvania.     Pop.  1101. 

FEK.M.\XVILLE,  fJn'mflNoVeel',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  -Mancht^,  about  9  miles  from  Cherbourg.  P.ll(;2. 

FERMO,  fSR'mo.  (anc.  Firhniim,)  a  city  of  Central  Italy, 
in  the  Marcliee.  about  4  miles  from  the  Adriatic,  and  34 
miles  S.E.  of  .Aucona.  Pop.  7000.  The  city  proi)er  is  in- 
closed by  a  wall,  entered  by  five  gates,  and  has  a  cathedral, 
a  university,  founded  in  1824,  and  fine  collections  of  art. 
Its  coast  harbor,  Porto  di  Fermo,  is  small,  but  exi)orts  corn, 
silk,  and  woollens.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Lauctantius  and 
Galeazzo  Sforza. 

FERMO,  a  district  of  Central  Italy,  bordering  on  tho 
Adriatic.    Area,  about  350  gi|nare  niile.s.     Pop  11 1, 751. 

FERMOSELLEjfSii-mo-sillA,  (anc.OceWum  Z>i//r«V ) a  fron. 
tier  town  of  Spain,  26  miles,  S.W.  of  Zaniora,  near  the  Douro. 
Pop.  33iX>.     It  has  manufactures  of  cloths. 

FERMOY',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster, CO.,  and  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cork,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Blackwater.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,  5825.  The  chief 
structures  are  a  stone  bridge  of  13  arches,  erected  in  1(  89, 
handsome  barracks  for  3000  troops,  an  elegant  parish  church, 
a  coun-lioiibe,  UiUewell,  union  work-house,  hospital,  and 
convent.  It  has  extensive  flour  mills,  and  a  large  trade  in 
agi'icultural  produce.    It  was  a  military  station  in  1797. 

FEKNAXDINA,  fSR-ndn-dee'nd,  a  village  of  .Nassiiu  co., 
Florida,  on  the  N.  part  of  Amelia  Island,  185  miles  E.  by  X'. 
of  Tallahassee.  It  is  said  to  have  the  best  harbor  S.  of 
Chesapeake  Bay.    Pop.  1330. 

FEKX  AXDO  DE  XOROXHA,  f  jR-ndn'do  dd  no-rAn'yd.  an 
isl.iud  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean.  126  miles  from  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Brazil,  to  which  empire  it  l>elongs.  Lat.  of  Peak, 
3°  5U'  10"  S.,  Ion.  32°  22'  42"  W.  Length,  from  X.K.  to  S.W., 
8  miles.  Surface  mountainous  and  rugged.  It  has  several 
harbors  defended  by  forts,  and  it  serves  as  a  place  of  banish- 
ment from  Brazil. 

FERNAN'DO  DE  TA'OS,  a  postofflce  of  Taos  co.,  New 
Mexico. 

FERXAN'DO  PO.  (Port.  pron.  fjR-ndn'do  po;— so  called 
from  the  name  of  its  discoverer.)  an  island  in  the  Hi;j:ht  of 
Biafra.  in  Western  Africa,  about  20  miles  from  the  mairiland, 
between  lat.  3°  12'  and  3°  47'  N.,  and  Ion.  8°  2i/  and  8°  57' 
E.  It  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and  in  form  an  oblong  square, 
broadest  in  the'  S.  extremity,  35  miles  long,  and  22  niilea 
broad.  A  ridge  of  mountains  traverses  two-thiids  of  its 
length,  terminating  in  a  magnificent  cone,  11.040  feet  high, 
called  Clarence  Peak,  the  summit  of  which  is  almost  con- 
stantly enveloped  in  clouds.  The  whole  appearance  of  this 
beautiful  island  is  picturesque  in  tho  extreme,  being  covered 
to  its  highest  elevations,  on  the  N.  part,  with  dense  forests 
and  luxuriant  vegetation,  while  on  the  S  some  fine  park 
scenery  compen.s.ates  a  comparative  deficiency  of  trees.  The 
latter  consist  chiefly  of  palms  and  the  magnificent  bumbax, 
or  silk-cotton  tree.  Many  of  these  measure  150  feet  from 
the  base  to  the  first  branch,  and  hav«,  iu  the  dry  seasons, 


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fegtocns  cf  beanttful  cUmbing  plants  pendant  from  the 
braccbes.  The  other  trees  are  tho  goora  or  stercHlia,  a 
gpecies  of  ebony ;  a  dark-colored  wood  like  mahopinj-.  and 
»everul  species  of  shrubs.  The  sugar-cane  also  grows  here 
wild,  in  great  profusion  ;  yams,  likewise,  are  grown  in  great 
quantities,  and  are  esteemed  the  finest  in  Africa;  they  form 
the  chief  article  of  food  of  the  inhabitants. 

There  are  several  harbors  in  the  island,  the  most  spacious 
of  which  is  Maidstone  Bay,  at  the  N.E.  end.  where,  in  a 
creek  or  cove,  is  situated  Clarence  Town,  the  principal  Eng- 
lish settlement,  established  in  1827.  Pop.  between  800  and 
900,  chiefly  liberated  Africans  from  Sierra  Leone.  The  na- 
tives, called  Kdeeyahs.  are  a  peculiar  race,  and  wholly  differ- 
ent in  their  physical  characteristics  and  language  from  their 
neighViors  on  the  Continent.  The  island  was  discovered  in 
1471  by  the  Portuguese,  who,  in  1778  ceded  it  to  Spain.  In 
1827  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  England. 

FERXAX  NUSkZ.  fSn-nin'  noon'yith.  a  town  of  Spain, 
11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  5652.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollens  and  linens. 

FERN  CHEEK,  a  pnst-office  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Kentucky. 

FERXEY,  or  FERXEX,  f  jR'n.V,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  .\in.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Gex.  and  4  miles  X.W.  of 
Qenevs.  at  the  foot  of  the  Jura  Mountains.  It  was  a  miser- 
able h.ainlet  till  Voltaire  lixed  his  residence  there.  In  1768. 
he  established  a  manufactory  of  watches,  which  occupied 
800  hands.  The  house  in  which  he  lived  for  20  years,  is  an- 
nually visited  by  thousands  of  travellers. 

FEKX  ISLANDS.  Enu'laud.     See  Farxe  Islant>s. 

FERXO,  f  ^R'no,  a  village  and  parish  of  Xorthern  Italy, 
province,  and  23  miles  N.W.  of  Milan,  with  a  parish  church. 
Pop.  2180. 

FERN'S,  a  decayed  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO..  and  I'f  miles  X.  of  Wexford.  Pop.  of  town,  632.  It  has 
picturesque  ruins  of  an  abbey,  and  a  modem  cathedral ;  it 
was  a  bishop's  see.  comprising  the  whole  of  the  county  of 
Wexford,  until  united  with  Ossory  in  1835. 

FEROE  ISLAXD.  in  the  Atlantic.     See  FarBe. 

FERO'XIA.  a  post-ofRce  ofTelfour  co.  Georgia. 

FEROZABAD  or  FIHOZABAD,  fe-ro^zS-bid'.  a  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  24  miles  E.  of  Agra. 

FEROZABAD.  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  in  Xizam's  do- 
minions, on  the  Beemah.  112  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hyderabad. 

FEROZABAD  or  FIROZABAD.  fe-ro-zi-bid'.  a  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Pars,  63  miles  S.  of  Sheeraz.  It  is  enclosed 
with  old  walls,  and  has  a  royal  palace,  a  large  temple,  and  an 
ancient  aqueduft,  but  it  is  now  mostly  in  ruins. 

FEROZEPOOR.  fi-roV>h-poor',  orFEROZAPOKE.fA-ro'za- 
p8r',  a  to^vn  of  North-western  India,  district  of  Sirhind, 
near  the  Sutlej.  85  miles  W.  of  Loodiana. 

FEROZEPOOR  or  FEROZEPOHK.  a  town  of  Hindostan, 
province  of  Agra.  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Delhi. 

FEROZESIIAIl.  f-i-roV.^-sh.4h'.  a  village  10  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Verozepoor.  Here  the  British  gained  a  victory  over  the 
Sikhs.  Xovember  18.  IMo. 

FERRAXDIXA.  f^R-RSn-dee'ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Basilicata,  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Potenzs.     Pop.  4900. 

FERRARA,  f^R-Ri'ri  (anc.  FoHum  AMnif)  a  celebrated 
city  of  Northern  Italy,  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same 
name, '^6  miles  N.N. E.  of  Bologna,  in  a  fertile  plain,  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  X.  branch  of  the  Po.  It  is  a  large  and  well- 
built  town,  with  spacious  and  regular  streets,  and  is  enclosed 
by  a  wall  7  miles  in  circuit.  It  is  defended  on  the  W.  side  by 
a  citadel  regularly  fortified.  In  the  middle  of  the  city  is  a 
castle,  flanked  with  towers,  and  surrounded  by  wet  ditches, 
whii-h  was  once  the  residence  of  the  dukes,  and  is  now  that 
of  the  legate.  Ferrara.  though  still  retaining  many  traces 
of  its  former  grandeur,  has  long  been  falling  into  decay;  its 
pavements  are  overgrown  with  grass,  and  the  staircases  and 
balconies  of  many  of  its  noble  palaces  are  overrun  with  ivy. 
while  others  are  without  eitlier  doors  or  windows.  The 
population  has  also  fallen  to  one-fourth  of  its  former  amount. 
It  still  contains  a  vast  cathedral,  and  numerous  churches, 
most  of  which  contain  valuable  paintings,  together  with 
some  interesting  specimens  of  sculpture.  It  has  an  old 
ducal  palace  and  a  moated  fortress.  There  are  here  a  pub- 
He  gallery  of  paintings,  called  the  Palazzo  del  Magistrato, 
containing  many  excellent  works  by  the  leading  painters  of 
the  Ferrara  school ;  a  school  of  medicine  and  juri-;prudence, 
and  a  public  library,  containing  80.000  volumes  and  900 
MSS..  the  latter  including  some  of  those  of  .\riosto  and 
Tasso.  The  house  in  which  Ariosto  was  educated,  and  that 
in  which  he  live<J  during  his  latter  years,  and  known  by 
the  names  respectively  of  the  Casa  degli  Ariosti  and  the 
Casa  dWriosto.  are  shown  t^o  strangers.  The  latter  is  now 
national  property,  and  is  ranked  among  fhe  national  monu- 
ments. Another  object  of  interest  is  the  cell  in  the  Hospi- 
tal of  St.  Anna,  in  which  Tasso  was  imprisoned.  The  house 
occupied  by  the  author  of  the  l^u^Uir  F.rfo— the  Casa  Gua- 
rina — is  still  Inhabited  by  the  marquises  of  that  name. 
The  theatre  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  Papal  States.  Fer- 
rara is  one  of  the  eight  archbishoprics  of  the  latter:  the 
blsh'-pric  dates  from  »">61;  its  archbishopric  was  founded 
by  Clement  .\II..  in  17.'?5.  It  curries  on  some  trade  in  com. 
unU  oth.r  produce  of  the  soil.  There  are  manufactures  of 
670 


silk  ribbons,  wax  candles,  brazen  utensils,  and  stoves ;  tan- 
neries and  glass-works.  Under  the  line  of  Este,  it  was  The 
capital  of  a  sovereign  duchj-.  and  possessed  one  of  the  most 
polished  courts  in  Italy,  and  a  population  estimated  at  more 
than  80,000.  In  the  fifteenth  century  it  was  famous  fir  its 
school  of  painting,  which  ranked  as  one  of  the  first  iu  Italy; 
and  in  the  sixteenth  it  was  the  asj-lum  of  Calvin.  Marot, 
and  many  other  eminent  Reformers.    It  was  the  birthplace 

of  Guarini,  and  Cardinal  Bentivoglio.    Pop.  27,688 Adj. 

and  inhab.  Fkrrakesk.  f&rVl-reez'. 

FERRAKA.  a  province  iu  the  N.  part  of  Italv,  bonnded  N. 
by  Austrian  Italy,  and  E.  by  the  Adriatic.  Area.  1144  square 
miles.  It  is  almost  entirely  composed  of  a  delta,  formed  by 
branchesof  thePo.  and  by  "the  Panaro  and  Primaro,  and  in- 
cludes within  it  the  extensive  marshes  and  lagoons  of  Com- 
machio  The  delegation  comprises  thefar  greater  part  of  what 
was  formerly  the  duchy  of  Ferrara,  and  was  long  governed  by 
princes  of  the  house  of  Este.  On  the  death  of  Alphonso  IT., 
without  heirs,  in  1598,  Pope  Oement  VIII.  succeeded  in 
uniting  it  to  the  Papal  States.  It  was  dissevered,  in  1796, 
by  the  French,  and  became  one  of  the  departments  of  the 
then  kingdom  of  Italy,  but  re-united  in  1814,  except  thepartg 
on  the  leit  bank  of  tlie  Po-di-Maestra  and  Po-di-Goro.  It  ia 
now  a  part  of  the  kin<rdom  of  Italv.     Pop.  in  1862,  lf«>,158. 

FERRARA,  fh^-^&'rl.  or  FERRERA,  flR-R.Vra,  (L.  Fh-ra- 
ria.)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont.  8  miles 
from  Xovara.  near  the  Albogna.  or  Arbogna.    Pop.  1692. 

FERRATUS  MOXS.     See  Jcrjura. 

FERRAZZANO.  f  SR-Rit-s^'no.  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise.  1  mile  S.S.E.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2450. 

FERREIRA,  f&R-R^'e-ri.  (anc.  Kora'pia.)  a  fortified  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo.  16  miles  W.  of  Beja. 

FERREIRA,  a  village  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  6 
miles  E.  of  Thomar. 

FERREIRA.  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  40 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Aveiro. 

FERREIRA.  f ^R-R-Ve-rJ.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
36  miles  E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  1558. 

FERREIROS,  f^R-RA-ee'roce.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Douro.  12  miles  E.X.E.  of  Aveira.  near  the  Vouga.    P.  1418. 

FERREIROS  DE  TENDAES,  f^R-R^-ee'roce  Ak  tfn-dd'Js,  a 
town  of  Beira-Alta.  16  miles  from  Lamego.    Pop.  1644. 

FERRERE.  f  Jr-rA-iJ,  (anc.  Ferraria  As'tenmun  f)  a  village 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  8  miles  W.  of  Asti.  It 
contains  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle  and  a  beautiful 
palace,  finelv  sittiated  on  a  height.     Pop.  about  \f0^. 

FERRERIAS,  fjR-RA-ree'as.  a  town  on  the  Island  of  Mi- 
norca. 19  miles  N.W.  of  Mahon.     Pop.  1128. 

FERRET,  COL  DE.  kol  deh  flR^KA',  a  celebrated  pass  the 
Pennine  Alps,  from  the  town  of  Orsiires  in  Switzerland,  on 
the  N.,  to  that  of  Cormeyeur  in  Piedmont,  on  the  S. :  the 
ascent  from  the  former  direction  being  made  by  the  A'al  d'En- 
tremont.  and  that  from  the  lat?er  by  the  Val  de  Ferret,  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  AUee  Blanche.  The  ascent  on  loth  sides  is 
somewhat  monotonous:  but  from  the  Col.  which  has  a  height 
of  7641  feet,  the  view  is  one  of  the  most  magnifi'eut  in 
Switzerland. 

FER'RIBY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

FERRIBY.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FERRIERE.  f^R*Re-aiR'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Allier.  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  La  Palisse.     Pop.  3228. 

FERRIERE.  LA.  \i.  f^R^Re-aifi'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ome,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Domfront.     Pop.  1497. 

FERRlftRES.  f^R'Re-aiR'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Izdre.  17  miles  X.E*.  Grenoble. 

FERRlfeRES.  a  vill.age  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  8 
miles  X. X.E.  of  Mont.argi.s.  Pop.1782.  It  has  marble  quarries. 

FER'UIXG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FER'RINTOSH.  a  village  and  btirony  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross.  \\  miles  S.E.  of  Dingwall.     Pop.  of  barony,  29r'7. 

FER'KISBURG,  a  postrtownship  of  Addison  co..  Vermont, 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Cbamplain.  on  the  liutland 
and  Burlington  Railroad.  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Montpeiier, 
intersected  by  Otter  Creek.     Pop.  1738. 

FER'RO.  (Sp.  Hi>rro.  y^R/Ro:  Fr.  Jh  de  Fn,  eel  deh  faiR.) 
the  most  S.W.  of  the  Canarv  Islands.  I^at.  of  X.W.  point, 
•27°  4.5'  8"  N.,  Ion.  18°  7'  5"  W.  of  Greenwich.  It  is  known 
chiefly  as  the  place  whence  the  longitude  is  reckoned  by 
many  of  the  geographers  of  Europe.  Area  of  island.  100 
square  miles.  Pop.  i>37.  It  is  the  least  fertile  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  but  produces  good  wine  and  fruits;  archil, 
honey,  small  sheep.  Ac.  which,  with  brandy,  are  exported 
to  TenerifTe.     Chief  town.  Valverde. 

FERRO  C.^PE.     See  Cape  Ferro. 

FERROL,  f  Jr-ro1'.  a  seaport-town,  and  one  of  the  princi- 
pal naval  arsenals  of  Spain,  province,  and  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Corunna,  on  the  N.  arm  of  the  Bav  of  Betanzos.  Lat.  of 
the  Mole,  43"  29' 30"  N.,  Ion.  8°  l.rw.'  Pop.  16,61L  Its  haiv 
bor.  one  of  the  best  in  Europe,  is  entered  by  a  strait  which 
admits  only  of  one  ship  at  a  time,  and  is  defended  by  the 
Cfi.stles  of  .''an  Felipe  and  Palma.  The  town  on  its  N".  sh.ire 
is  strongly  fortified  on  the  land  side.  Its  vast  ar.senal  and 
dockyard,  founded  by  Charles  III.,  covers  nearly  24  acres, 
and  comprises  many  magnificent  docks  and  storehousea 


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tt  ban  2  hospitals,  3  lar^e  churches,  a  nion.ist«ry,  a  prison 
for  galley-slaves,  the  residence  of  the  authorities,  naval  bar- 
racks for  (ioOK  men,  and  schools  of  navi'iatiou  and  mathe- 
matics. The  niauufactures  comprise  hats,  paper,  leather, 
naval  stores,  and  hardwares.  Principal  exports,  corn,  brandy, 
vinegar,  fish;  imports,  salted  meat  and  manufactured  pro- 
ducts of  Northern  Europe. 

FKIi/liYUIilDUE.  a  .small  town  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Kidini!;,  on  the  Aire,  and  near  the  junction  of  the 
North  Midland,  York,  Manchester,  and  Leeds  and  Selby 
railways,  about  2  niik>3  X.K.  of  Poutefract. 

FKRMIYDKX,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  parish  of 
Craig,  on  the  South  Ksk,  opposite  Montrose,  and  |  mile  from 
the  North  Sea.     I'op.  921,  mostly  fishers. 

FEli/RYIIILL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

FER'KYL.\.ND,  a  small  maritime  town  of  Newfoundland, 
on  the  S.E.  coast,  3.5  miles  S.W.  of  St.  John's. 

FEK/RYPORT-ON-CH.VIG,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Tay,  here  crossed 
by  a  floating  bridge  of  the  Edinburgh  and  Northern  Rail- 
way, lis  miles  N.E.  of  Cupar.  Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  the  .lalmon  fishery,  and  in  weaving  linen.  Here 
is  one  of  tlie  Tav  light-houses.     Lat.  56°  29'  N.,  Ion.  2°  49'  W. 

FKRRYT(»\V'N  OF  C REE.     See  Cree. 

FERS'FTELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FERTf:,  LA,  M.  ff'R'tV,  an  old  term  signifying  a  feudal 
fortress,  is  the  name  of  many  towns,  kc.  of  France. 

FEinfi-HERNARD,  LA,  ti  fjRHi'  biR'naR',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Sarthe.  on  the  Iluisne,  17  miles  S.E. 
of  Mamers.  Pop.  2.595.  It  has  manufactures  of  liuen  fa- 
brics, linen  and  cotton  yarn. 

FERTl>aAUCIIER,  LA,  \l  fjR'td'  gO'shalR/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Coulomniiers.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2097. 

FERT£-MACE,  la,  M  fi^R'tA/  maV,V,  a  town  of  France, 
departmtint  of  Orne,  13  miles  E.  of  Domfront.  P.  in  1852, 6039. 

FERTE-MILON,  LA.  Id  f^Rt'A'  mee'lA.N"',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Aisne.  on  the  Ourcq,  15  miles  N.^V.  of  Cha- 
teau-Thierry. Pop.  1914.  It  is  enclosed  with  walls,  and 
has  a  ruined  castle.     It  was  the  birth-place  of  Racine. 

FEHTfi,  SAINT  AUBIN,  LA.  Id  ihCXh!  s^Nt  o'bi.N»',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Or- 
leans.    Pop.  in  1852.  2117.  . 

FERTJO-SOUS-JOUARRE,  LA.  M  f?RH.V  soo  zhoo-aR',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  .Seine-et-Marne.  on  the  Marne, 
11  miles  E.of  Me;nix.  Pop.  in  1852, 4189.  AIx)ut  1200  pairs  of 
mill-stones  are  annually  11  uarrieU  in  its  vicinity,  and  exported 
to  England,  America.  Ac. ;  and  it  has  monufactures  of  pa- 
per, ropes,  and  leather.  It  has  a  commercial  basin  on  the 
Marne.  here  forming  several  islands,  on  one  of  which  is  tlie 
ancient  castle  of  La  Rarre. 

FKRTfeUR-AUBE.  LA.  M.  fk'ti'  sUr  5b,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Haute- .Marne,  16  miles  W.  of  Chau- 
moiit.     Pop.  1131.     It  is  a  great  timtier  dejiot. 

FKRTIT  or  FERTYT,  {kr\\\J  or  fer'teet/,  a  little-known 
country,  or  district  of  Eastern  Africa,  S.  of  Darfiwr  and  Kor- 
dofan,  watered  liy  the  afliuents  of  the  Bahr-el-Abiad,  with  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  in  a  hilly  region,  about  lat.  9°  36'  N., 
Ion.  26°  42'  18"  E.  Fertit  is  said  to  contain  rich  copper 
mines. 

FERWERD,  fjR'*jRt,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Friesland.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Leeuwarden.     Pop.  1600. 

FEKZAII.  fJr'zd,  a  village  and  di.«trict  of  Afghanistan,  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Cabool.  The  district  is  highly  cultiv.ited  and 
fertile.  It  hiis  a  population  of  about  4000  Afghans  and 
Tadjiks. 

FES.^.  fSs'4  or  fA'sd,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars.  78 
miles  S.E.  of  Sheeraz.  The  population  is  estimated  at  18,000. 
The  town  stands  on  a  mountain  defile,  is  of  considerable 
size,  and  has  manufactories  of  silken,  woollen,  and  cotton 
fabrics,  with  a  trade  in  superior  tobacco,  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

FESOLK,  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Fiesole. 

FES'SENDKN  MILLS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Rockingham  county, 
New  Hampshire. 

FESTENBKRG.  f?s'tpn-bjRg\  or  TWARD.A.GORA.  t*aR- 
dd-go/rd.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Breslau. 
Pop.  2476. 

FESTIXIOG,  f4s-tin'yog.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Merioneth.  It  has  slate  quarries,  and  is  surrounded  by  beau- 
tiful scenery. 

FETCH' A}I.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

FETERXE.  fiHk'n.V,  (L.  Fittfr'na.)  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  Savoy,  province  of  Chablais.  near  the  Dranse,  24 
miles  N.E.  of  Geneva.  Mines  of  lignite  are  worked,  and 
there  are  some  fine  alabaster  grottos  in  the  vicinity.  Pop. 
12511. 

FKTII'ARD.  a  municipal  town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Munster,  co.  of  Tipperary,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cashel.  Pop.  of 
town,  3915.  It  was  built  in  the  reign  of  King  John :  most 
of  the  original  walls  and  gateways  remain  entire.  It  has  a 
very  large  ancient  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  friary  chapel, 
ana  an  infantry  barr.ick. 

FETHARD,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wex- 
ford, 4  miles  S.E.  of  Duncannon.  The  village,  on  Bannow 
Bay,  has  a  large  lobster  fishery.    Loftus  Hall,  the  seat  of  the 


Marquis  of  Ely,  and  Interesting  remains  of  antiquity  are  in 
this  parish. 

FETII'EKHUFF'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co., 
Indiana. 

FETH'EROLFFSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FET-ISLAM,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Ol.\dov4. 

FET'LAR,  one  of  the  most  northern  of  the  Shetland 
Lsles,  separated  from  North  Yell  by  a  sound  alwut  two 
miles  in  breadth.     Area,  about  12.000  aiTes.     Pop.  761. 

FETOOKA  or  FETOUGA.    See  Hood's  Islands. 

FETTAX,  fJt'tdn,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  the 
Orisons,  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chur.  It  stands  amidst  magniii- 
cent  scenery,  nearly  5000  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  558. 

FErTERCAIRNA  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine, 
on  the  North  Esk.  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montrose.  Here  is  an 
ancient  ruin,  called  "FenelJa's  Castle."  in  which  Kenneth 
III.  is  said  to  hare  been  murdered  in  the  tenth  century. 

FETTERES'SO,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine,  on 
the  North  Sea.  about  2  miles  W.  of  Stonehaven.  A  Roman 
camp  and  Druidical  remains  are  in  this  parish. 

FET'TKRMAX.  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co..  Virginia. 

FEUCIITWAXG.foiKf*ang.orFEUCnTWANGEN.foiKt/- 
*lng'gn.  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Sulz,  14  uiilea 
S.W.  of  Anspach.     Pop.  2550. 

FEUERBACH,  foi'f  r-bjK',  a  market-town  of  WUrtemburg, 
2i  miles  X.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  2538. 

FEUERLAND.    See  Terra  dil  Fueoo. 

FEUILLJ;!':.  la,  \l  fuhV-V-  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure.     Pop.  2154. 

FEUILLjiE,  LA,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Finistfere.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Carhaix.  Near  the  village  there 
is  an  ancient  Pagan  temple.     Pop.  in  1852.  2400. 

FEU'liA  BUSJI,  a  post-offico  of  Albany  co.,  New  York. 

FEURS,  fUR,  (anc.  F<i>rum  SegtmatK/rum,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Montbrison, 
on  the  Loire.  I'op.  in  1S52,  2943.  It  has  a  port  on  the 
river,  tr.nde  in  corn  and  hemp,  and  numerous  Roman 
antic{uitics.  It  was  the  capital  of  tlie  district  of  Forez 
till  1441. 

FEVE'DA,  an  island  of  North  America,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia.  Oregon  Territory,  lietween  Vancouver's  Island  and 
the  mainland ;  lat.  49°  41'  N.,  Ion.  124°  W.  Length,  32 
miles  ;  average  breadth  2  miles. 

FEVI;RSHAM,  a  town  of  England.    See  Faversham. 

FEWS^TON,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

FEYE,  fVih,  or  FEYE-OE,  fl'Jh  ffeh.  a  small  island  off 
the  western  coast  of  Norway,  stiff,  and  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Bergen;  lat.  60°  46'  N.,  Ion.  4°  44'  E.  Length,  4  miles; 
breadth.  2  miles. 

FEZ,  f^z.  (.\rab.  Fas,  f3s;  L.  ■Jis'sa  or  Fiz>za.)  an  impor- 
tant city  of  Morocco,  nominally  the  second,  but  in  reality  the 
principal  city  in  the  empire;  lat.  .34°  6'  3"  N.;  Ion.  5°  1'  11'' 
W.;  loo  miles  E.  of  the  Atlantic,  85  miles  S.  of  the  Mediter^ 
ranean,  and  245  miles  N.E.  of  the  city  of  Morocco.  It  is 
finely  situated  on  the  slope  of  several  hills,  whose  acclivities 
are  covered  with  orange  groves,  orchards,  and  gardens.  It 
is  surrounded  by  walls,  now  in  a  state  of  utter  decay.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  dark,  and  extremely  dirty.  The  houses 
are  high,  with  flat  roofs,  on  which  the  families  spread  car- 
pets in  summer  to  enjoy  the  cool  breezes  of  the  evening. 
There  are.  it  is  said,  upwards  of  200  mosques  in  the  city,  the 
principal  of  which  is  called  El  Caroobeen.  (Caroubiu,)  contain- 
ing 300  pillars,  a  number  of  gates,  and  two  handsome  foun- 
tains in  the  court.  Within  this  mosque  is  a  covered  place  for 
women  who  may  choose  to  participate  in  the  public  prayers, 
an  indulgence  not  allowed  in  an}'  other  Moliammedan  place 
of  worship.  The  most  frequented  mo.sque  is  that  of  Sultan 
Muley  Edris,  the  founder  of  Fez,  who  is  venerated  as  a 
saint,  and  whose  remains  are  depo.Mted  here.  Its  minaret 
is  the  finest  and  loftiest  in  Fez.  This  mosque  is  the  most 
sacred  sanctuary  in  all  the  country,  affording  safety  and 
protection  to  the  most  atrocious  criminals.  The  only  other 
remarkable  building  to  be  seen  at  Fez  is  the  Sultan's  Pa- 
lace, situated  on  an  elevation  in  the  new  city.  It  is  com- 
posed of  a  great  number  of  court-yards,  some  half-finished, 
others  going  to  decay.  Its  gates  are  always  kept  closed,  no 
persons  but  those  particularly  privileged  being  admitted. 
The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water  from  the  river  Fez. 
There  are  also  a  great  number  of  public  baths.  Fez  con- 
tains several  ho.spitals.one  of  which  is  very  richly  endowed, 
used  for  the  treatment  of  lunatics.  There  are  nearly  200 
caravanserais  or  inns,  in  which  the  guest  furnishes  his  own 
food  and  bedclothes.  The  manufactures  consist  of  woollen 
cloaks,  sashes,  silk  handkerchiefs,  slippers,  red  caps,  exten- 
sively u.sed  throughout  the  north  of  Africa,  and,  from  the 
place  of  manufacture,  named  Fezes;  coarse  linen,  fine  car- 
pets, common  earthenware,  saddlery,  and  copper  utensils. 
The  city  is  governed  by  a  kaid  or  governor,  who,  as  the 
lieutenant  of  the  sovereign,  has  the  executive  power;  the 
kadi  is  charged  with  the  civil  jurisdiction.  Fez,  founded 
in  793,  by  Muley  Edris,  was  capital  of  an  independent  state, 
and  subsequently  became  .so  famous  as  a  seat  of  .Arabian 
learning,  that  its  schools  of  philosophy  and  physical  science 

671 


FEZ 


FIG 


■were  resorted  to.  not  only  from  all  the  Mahommedan  states 
of  Afriia  and  Spain,  >ut  even  from  Christian  countries. 
The  remains  of  its  institutions  stiU  attract  round  them  a 
number  of  Mohammedan  doctors,  and  the  schools  are  fre- 
quented by  a  great  many  scholars;  but  the  studies  are  con- 
fined to  the  Koran  and  its  commentators,  with  a  slight 
tincture  of  grammar  and  logic,  metaphysics,  alchemy,  and 
astrology.  Fez  is  considered  a  holy  town  by  the  M'estern 
Arabs,  and  was  also  resorted  to  by  them  as  a  place  of  pil- 
grimage, when  the  way  to  Mecca  was  obstructed.  After  its 
conquest,  in  15-48,  by  Morocco,  it  commenced  to  decline,  but 
recovered  for  a  time  after  the  fall  of  the  kingdom  of  Cordova, 
and  in  consequence  of  the  edicts  of  Philip  II.  against  the 
Mohammedans.  The  population  is  estimated  at  9tl,000,  com- 
posed of  Moors  and  Arabs,  65,000;  Berbers,  &c.,  10,000; 
Jews,  10.000 ;  Negroes,  5000. 

FEZ,  KixGDOH  OF,  once  an  independent  state,  now  the 
most  northern  section  of  the  empire  of  Morocco ;  bounded 
K.  by  the  Mediterranean.  E.  by  Algeria.  S.  by  the  river  Om- 
er-begh  or  Morbeza,  which  separates  it  from  Morocco  Proper; 
and  Vt'.  by  the  Atlantic  It  was  conquered  and  united  to 
Morocco  iu  15-18. 

FEZAKAII.  fl-zS'ri.  a  lake  of  Algeria.  30  miles  S.S.W.  of 
llona.  It  is  about  30  miles  long  and  24  broad,  very  shallow, 
and  abounds  with  flamingos  and  other  wild  fowl,  and  its 
shores  with  snipe  and  wild  boar. 

FEZZAN,  tSz^zJn',  (anc.  Phazania  or  Phasania,)  a  king- 
dom of  Northern  Africa,  usually  considered  as  lying  between 
lat.  24°  and  31°  N. ;  and  Ion.  12°  and  17°  E. ;  being  about  460 
miles  iu  length,  and  300  miles  in  breadth.  It  is  bounded 
by  Tiipfili  on  the  N.,  and  on  all  other  sides  by  the  Sahara 
or  Great  Desert.  In  the  northern  part,  there  are  three 
ranges  of  mountains  perfectly  barren,  of  irregular  form, 
occasionally  broken  into  detached  masses,  and  some- 
times rising  into  conical  peaks  of  from  1200  to  1500  feet  in 
height.  To  the  S.  of  these  ranges,  the  country  consists 
of  exten.sive  sandy  plains,  destitute  of  vegetation,  alter- 
nating with  ridges  of  low  hills,  the  valleys  of  which  contain 
nearly  all  the  cultivable  soil  in  the  territory.  Dates  are  the 
principal  produce,  and  form  the  chief  food  of  the  inhabit- 
ants ;  sm.ill  quantities  of  maize  and  barley  are  also  grown. 
Figs,  pomegranates,  lemons,  and  legumes  are  plentiful,  as 
are  also  pot  herbs  and  garden  Tegetables.  There  are  no 
rivers  or  brooks,  and  a  few  natural  springs;  but  w.^ter  is 
found  in  abundance  at  various  depths,  from  10  to  20  feet. 
In  summer  it  is  extremely  hot,  but  in  winter  the  cold  is 
pi-etty  severe.  Early  in  1850,  snow  fell  at  Sockna,  and  ice, 
the  thickness  of  a  man's  finger,  was  formed  at  Moorzook. 
Rain  seldom  falls:  in  some  districts  it  docs  not  rain  for  years 
together.  With  the  exception  of  gaats,  few  domestic  ani- 
mals are  reared.  In  the  southern  parts,  some  flocks  of  a 
peculiar  kind  of  sheep  are  met  with,  and  in  the  most  fertile 
districts  a  few  horned  cattle.  The  wild  animals,  which  are 
abundant,  are  lions,  panthers,  hyenas,  jackals,  tiger-cats, 
gazelles,  and  foxes.  A  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  by 
caravans  with  Timbuctoo  and  Bomoo;  while  Moorzook, 
the  capital,  is  the  rendezvous  of  caravans  coming  from 
Cairo,  Bengjvzi,  Tripoli,  Ghadamis,  Tooat,  and  Soodan. 
The  natives  of  Fezzan  are  of  a  mixed  race,  between  those 
of  various  African  countries.  The  principal  towns  are 
Moorzook.  towards  the  southern  twundai-y ;  and  Sockna, 
towards  the  northern,  distant  from  each  other  about  230 
miles.  Fezzan  is  governed  by  a  chief  who  has  the  title, 
and  exercises  the  power  of  a  sultan  within  his  own  terri- 
tory, but  is  dependent  on  the  Pasha  of  Tripoli,  to  whom  he 
pays  tribute.  In  time  of  war.  the  sultan  is  s;iid  to  be  able 
to  "bring  from  15,000  to  20.000  men  into  the  field.  The 
population  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from  75,000  to 
150.000. Inhab.  Fez'aneeb/. 

FIACCONE.  fe-dk-ko'n.A.  (L.  Flaco.)  a  town  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  7  mUes  S.  of  Novi.    Pop.  1040. 

FIANO.  fe-3'no,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  14  miles  N.W.  of 
Turin.     Pop.  8S5. 

FIANOXA.  fe-l-no'ni  or  FLUNONA,  floo-no'nS,  a  village 
and  seaport  of  lllyria,  circle  of  Trlest,  on  the  Gulf  of  Quar- 
nero.  19  miles  S.W.  of  Fiume.    Pop.  810. 

Fl'ATT.  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 

FIC.MtlZZI,  fee-k3-rit/see,  a  maritime  village  of  Sicily, 
province  of  Messina.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Palermo.    Pop.  1820. 

FICCAROLO.   fik-kd-ro^o,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 

ftvernment  of  Venice.  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rovigo,  on  the 
0.  here  crossed  by  a  flving-bridge.  Pop.  2500. 
nCHTKLBKKO,  fiK'tel-b^Ro\  or  FICHTELGEBIRGE,  fiK'- 
tfl-^a-beeR'oa.  a  mountain-range  in  Bavaria,  forming  a  kind 
of  centr.-il  nucleus  from  which  the  principal  ranges  of  Ger- 
many diverge.  It  commences  near  the  town  of  Baireuth ; 
and.  stretching  N.E.  for  about  36  miles,  terminates  on  the 
Bohemian  frontiers,  where  the  Erzgebirge  begins,  and  con- 
tinues the  chain  in  the  same  direction.  Its  principal  sum- 
mits are  ttie  Ochsenkopf,  (ox'fn-kopf,  i.  e.  "ox-head,")  3397 
feet,  and  the  Schneeberg.  ('•  snow-niountaln.")  3450  feet  high. 
No  less  than  four  important  rivers  here  take  their  ri-oe.  Of 
these  the  Main  or  Mayn.  which  is  the  largest,  flows  W.  to- 
wards the  Rhine:  the  Naab.  S.  towards  the  Danulie;  and 
loth  the  Eger  and  the  Saale  to  the  Elbe,  though  by  different 
672 


directions,  the  one  E.  and  the  other  N.  The  Fichtelpeblrge 
takes  its  name  {Ficlde  or  Piclitcl,  pine,)  from  the  pine  fortjota 
with  which  much  of  it  is  covered. 

FICfLLE.  fe-kool'lA.  a  town  of  Italy,  Pontific.il  States,  9 
miles  N.N.W.  of  drvieto.    Pep.  1706. 

FLDA.  fee'dl.  (Chin.  Feitan  f  fA-tln',)  a  province  of  Japan, 
in  the  central  part  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  covered  with  well 
wooded  mountains. 

FIDALGO,  fe-ddl'go,  a  large  harbor  of  Russian  America,  on 
its  southern  coast,  N.E.  of  Prince  William  Sound,  in  lat  60° 
50'  N.,  Ion.  145°  45' W.,  and  bearing  the  name  of  its  Spanisb 
discoverer  in  1790. 

FIDALLAH.  fe-diHia,  or  FIDALA,  fe-dd'l^.  a  walled  Be» 
port  town  of  Morocco,  province  of  Fez,  near  the  Atlantic,  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Rabat. 

FIDDICII,  fid'dlK,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  flowing 
thi-ough  the  beautiful  vale  of  Glen-Fiddich  into  the  Spey. 

FIDDICHOW.  fid'de-Kov\  a  town  of  Pru.^sian  Pomerania, 
circle  of  Greiffenhagen,  on  the  Oder.  21  miles  S.W.  of  Stettin. 
Pop.  2150. 

FIIVDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

FID'DLE  POND,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district,  South 
Carolina. 

FlIVDLETOWN.  a  post-oflSce  of  Eldorado.  California. 

FID'DOWN'.  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Leinster,  co.  of  Kilkenny, 
on  the  Suir.  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  AVaterford.  The  noble  seat 
of  the  Earl  of  Besborough  is  in  thi.s  parish. 

FIDDRI.  a  lake  of  Africa.     See  Fittr£. 

FIDELAIRE,  LE,  leh  feeMeh-l.^R',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Eure.  16  miles  W.S.W.of  Evreux.    Pop.  1551. 

FIDELITY,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co..  Ohio. 

FIDERIS.  fe-da'ris,  a  village  of  SwitzerLind.  canton  of 
Grisons.  in  the  Landquart  Valley,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chur. 

FIDJI  ISLANDS.  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Feejee. 

FIDO-K ASTRO,  fee'do  ki.s'tro,  a  ruined  fort  of  Epirus,  on 
the  northern  shore  of  the  gulf,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  old 
river  of  Arta,  and  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Aia'bracus. 

FIELD,  a  Norwegian  term.     See  Fjeld. 

FIELD-DAL'LING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Norfolk. 

FIEI.D'ING.  a  small  post-villace  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois. 

FIESOLE,  fe-es'o-le  or  fyk'6-lk*  or  FESOLE,  fjs'o-le, 
(anc.  F(E.<>iil(F.)  a  town  of  Tuscany.  .3  miles  N.E.  of  Florence, 
on  a  steep  hifl  comm.inding  a  magnificent  view  of  the  Arno 
Valley.  Pop.  24o4.  It  was  anciently  one  of  the  twelve  prin- 
cipal cities  of  Etruria.  and  has  remains  of  Cyclopean  walls, 
and  of  a  Roman  amphitheatre,  with  a  cathi-dial  of  the 
eleventh  century,  adorned  with  excellent  sculpture  and 
paintings,  a  commPrcial  hall,  an  Episcopal  school,  and  many 
country  houses  of  the  inhabitants  of  Florence.  Near  it  are 
extensive  sandstone  quarries. 

FIF.  fif  or  FUF,  fiif.  a  town  of  Arabia,  capital  of  the 
district  of  Lahsa.  about  115  miles  W.  of  the  Persian  Gulf; 
lat.  24°  53'  N.,  Ion.  49°  47'  E.  It  is  protected  by  an  earthen 
wall  50  feet  high,  and  a  drj'  ditch.  The  walled  town  and  its 
suliurbs  together,  were,  in  1819,  estimated  to  contain  15,000 
inhabitants,  of  whom  60.1  were  capable  of  liearins  arms. 

FIFE,  f  If  or  FIFESIIIRE.  fif'shir,  a  maritime  county  of 
Scotland,  forming  a  peninsula  on  its  eastern  coast  between  the 
Frith  of  Tay  on  the  N ..  and  the  Frith  of  Forth  on  the  S..  and 
having  the  North  Sea  on  the  E.  Area.  451  square  miles,  or 
288,000  acres,  of  which  more  than  two-thirds  are  cultivated. 
Pop.  in  1851,  153.546.  The  northern  portion  is  formed  of 
old  red  sandstone.  From  the  Eden  westward,  it  consists 
of  the  coal  formation,  with  limestone,  coal,  and  ironsttine. 
The  whole  county  is  intersected  by  trap  rocks.  The  Ochills, 
the  Lomouds.  and  Largo  Law  are  the  highest  summits. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tay,  Eden,  Leven,  and  Foi-th. 
The  ••  How  of  Fifis."  ti-aversed  by  the  Eden,  is  pai-ticularly 
productive.  Fifeshire  contains  thirteen  royal  burghs,  and 
an  unusu.al  number  of  thriving  towns  and  villages,  the 
chief  of  which  are  Cupar,  (the  county  town.)  Dunfermline, 
St.  Andrews,  Kirkcaldy,  and  Elie.  Fife  sends  1  member  to  the 
IIou.se  of  Common!,  and  its  burghs  join  in  sending  3  others. 

FIFE,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  CO..  Alabam.a. 

FIFE'IIEAD-MAG'DALEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dor.«et 

FIFE'IIEAD-NEA''ILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Dorset 

FIFE-NESS,  fif-ness'.  a  promontory  of  Scf'tland,  co.  of 
Fife,  projecting  on  the  North  Sea,  in  "lat.  56°  17'  N.,  Ion.  2° 
36'  W.  Beyond  it,  the  dangerous  ridge  called  Carr  Rocks, 
extends  a  considerable  distance  into  the  sea. 

FIFESHIRE.  a  county  of  Scotland.    See  Fife. 

FIFE'S  POST-OFFICE,  is  in  Goochland  co.,  Virginia. 

FI'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Oxford. 

FWIELD  BA'A'ANT.  n  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

FIGASl-SIMA.  fe-gd'see'see'md.  (Chinese  TiKr>g-(ao,  toonff- 
Wo,)  an  island  of  Japan,  Gotoo  group,  a  little  N.W.  of  Kioo 
sioo,  and  belonging  to  the  province  of  Fizen. 


•  "  And  let  ns  from  the  top  of  FtESOi-E, 

Whence  Galileo's  glasfi,  by  night  observed. 
The  phases  of  the  moon,  look  round  below. 

On  Arnos  vale— 

Rogers's  Ita!i/,  Part  I'irst,  XXn. 
Milton    writes    it    Fesou:.      See    Paradiu     lAtt,   Book    I. 
line  269. 


FIG 


FIN 


FIGEAC,  fee'zhJk'  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
on  the  Selle.  32  miles  N.K.  of  Cahoi-s.  Pop.  in  1862,  7433.  It 
Is  situated  in  a  deep  valley,  surrounded  by  rocl<y  vine-clad 
heights.  It  ha.s  remains  of  fortifications,  numerous  antique 
dwellings  and  public  edifices.  Beyond  the  town  are  two 
remarkable  obelisks.    Charapolliou  wa.s  born  here  in  1790. 

FIGII'ELDEAN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

FIOIIIG  or  FIGUIG.  fee'gheeg'.  atown  of  North  Africa,  Mo- 
rocco, country  of  Sigilmessa,  S.  of  the  Atlas,  lliS  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Fez.  A  considerable  trade  is  done  with  Fez,  Tafilelt,  and 
Tooat,  and  is  a  rendezvous  for  the  Mecca  and  Tinibuctoo 
caravans.    The  people  are  warlike,  and  adepts  in  mining. 

FIGHTING  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Upper  Canada,  in  the 
Detroit  River,  3  miles  below  Sandwich;  area,  1800 acres,  of 
which  300  are  arable. 

FIGLINK,  fe-glee'ni,  or  FIGIIINE,  fe-ghee'ni,  a  village 
of  Tuscany.  16  miles  S-t;.  of  Florence,  near  the  Arno.  P.  41o0. 

FIG<.>,  fee^go',  (Chinese  Fn-Heoo,  fi'he-oo,)  a  province  of 
Japan,  island  of  Kioosioo.  It  is  more  than  60  miles  long. 
Chief  town,  Koomanioto. 

FIGUEIKA,  fe-gA'e-r3.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mondego,  which  forms  its  port, 
24  miles  S.W.  of  Coimbni.  Pop.  6000.  It  has  an  active  ex- 
port trade  in  salt,  oil,  wine,  and  fruits,  and  is  a  lavorite 
bathing  place. 

FIGUEIKA,  a  village  and  se.aport  of  Portugal,  province 
Of  Algarve,   4  miles  N^I.  of  Cape  St.  Vincent. 

FIG  UEIRO-DOS-VI N IIOS,  fe-gi'e-ro-doce-veen'yoce,  a  town 
of  Portugal,  Eslremadura,97  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  2410. 

FIGUEKAS,  fe-gA'rfc,  a  frontier  town  of  Spain,  and  one 
of  tlie  strongest  fortresses  iu  Europe,  21  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Gerona,  near  the  French  frontier.  Pop.  8050.  It  is  situated 
In  a  rich  plain  of  olives  and  rice.  Principal  edifices,  a  large 
citadel,  built  by  Ferdinand  VI.,  with  vast  arsenals  and  ma- 
gazines, and  quarteis  for  16.000  men.  It  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1(<08,  1811,  and  1823. 

FIGUIG.  a  town  and  district  of  Morocco.    See  Fi«Hia. 

FIGUKI.NA.  fe-goo-ree'ni,  an  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
being  the  most  N.  in  the  New  Siberian  Archipelago;  lat.  76° 
15' N..  Ion.  140° 40' K. 

FIJI,  islands  in  the  SouthPacific  Ocean.    See  Feejee. 

FILADELFIA,  fe-li-dJl'fe-a.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  13  miles  S.  of  Nlcasti-o.     Pop.  3300. 

FILADl'll^FIA,  a  city  of  I'ennsylvania.    See  Philadelphia. 

FII/BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FILEIINK.  fe-lS'neh,  (Polish,  Widm,  *oo/len,)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland,  on  an  island  in  the  Netze.  45  miles  N.W. 
of  Posen.    Pop.  ."4S0.   It  has  manufactures  of  cloth  and  Lace. 

Fl'LEY,  a  .small  watering  plaoe  and  jjarLsh  of  England. 
CO.  of  Vork.  East  Kiding,  on  a  tongue  of  land  projecting  into 
the  North  .Sea,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Scarborough  and 
Hull  Hailway.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Scarborough.     Pop.  1590. 

FILIYAS,  fil-leeV^s,'  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  after  a 
course  of  75  miles,  falls  into  the  Black  Sea,  20  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Amastra. 

FlUKINS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford,  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Burford.    Pop.  600. 

FIl/LAN,  a  river  of  Scotl.and.  co.  of  Perth,  enters  Loch 
Tay  after  an  E.  course  of  10  miles. 

FILLE-FIELD,  fil'lWe-^ld'.a  mountain  plateau  of  Norway, 
connected  with  the  Sogne-Kjeld  on  the  N„  and  the  liardan- 
ger-Fjeld  on  the  S.  The  summits  vary  in  heig  it  from  4900 
feet  to  C300  feet.  The  central  summit  of  Suletind  in  which 
the  Lerdal  takes  its  rise  is  6043  feet  high. 

FILLEIGII.  finee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

FILLINGES.  feeninzh',  (L.  Filin'gia,)  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  in  Savoy.  12  miles  E.  of  Geneva,  on  the 
Menoge,  and  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Voiron.    Pop.  1952. 

FIL'LINGII.4M,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FILL'MORE,  a  new  county  in  the  extreme  S.E.  part  of 
Minnesota,  bordering  on  Iowa,  contains  about  ^50  square 
miles.  It  i.s  intersected  by  Root  River.  A  railroad  is  in 
progress  through  this  county  from  La  Crosse  to  St.  Paul. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Formed  since 
the  census  of  1860  was  taken,  and  named  in  honor  of  Mil- 
liard Fillmore,  ex-president  of  the  United  States.  Capital, 
Preston.     Pop.  ]3,r4'2. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Alleghany  co..  New  York. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Virginia. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Cleveland  co..  North  Carolina. 

FILLMORK,  a  post-office  of  Whitefield  co.,  Georgia. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Bossier  parish,  Louisiana. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe  co.,  Tennessee. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio. 

FILLMORE,  a  township  in  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
668. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana. 

FILLMORK,  a  village  of  Putnam  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
railroad  from  Terre  Haute  to  Indianapolis,  34  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  the  latter,  was  laid  out  in  1850.  It  has  a  steam  mill, 
and  s<;veral  stores. 

1 ILLMORE,  a  small  village  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 


FILLMORE,  n  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois,  14 
miles  N.W.  of  Vandalia. 

FILLMORE,  a  pnst-office  of  Andrew  co.,  MissonrL 

FILLMORE,  ;i  post-office  of  Du  Buque  co.,  Iowa. 

FILLMORE.  Ji  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Wisconsin. 

FIJ^LMORE  CITY,  a  post-town,  seat  of  justice  of  Mill.ird 
county,  Utah,  is  situated  on  the  Nuquin,  a  branch  of  Ni- 
collet River,  about  600  miles  E.  by  N.  of  San  Francisco,  and 
1200  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis.     Pop.  said  to  be  6oO. 

FIiyLONGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

FILOR,  firor',  or  FALOUR.  fd'lixir',  a  town  of  the  Punjab, 
on  the  Sutlej.  TS  miles  S.E.  of  Amritseer.  It  has  a  fort  built 
by  Runjeet  Singh,  and  a  feny  across  the  Sutlej. 

FILS.  fils,  a  river  of  WUrtemberg,  which  joins  the  Xeckar, 
6  miles  E.  of  Esflingen,  after  a  W.  course  of  30  miles. 

FI  L'TON,  a  pf.rish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

FIM'BOROUGII,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf- 
folk. 

FIMBOROUGII,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf- 
folk. 

FINALE,  fe-nMA,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian 
Statvs.  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albenga,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 
Pop.  5018.  It  consists  of  the  two  communes.  Finale  Borgo, 
and  Finale  Marino.  It  has  a  collegiate  church,  numerous 
ruined  f  >rts,  a  small  harbor,  and  some  trade  in  fruits. 

FINALE,  a  frontier  town  of  North  Italy,  of  the  Modeneae 
dominions,  near  the  Po,  22  miles  N.E.  of  5lodeua.  Pop.  8000. 
It  has  manufactures  of  silk  tmd  other  tabrics,  and  an  active 
general  trade. 

FISaNA,  feen-yd'nJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  28  miles  N.W.  of 
Ahneria,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Alniirez.    Pop.  3173. 

FIN/CA.STLE.  a  hand.sonie  postrvillasre.  capital  of  Bote- 
tourt CO.,  Virginia.  175  miles  W.  of  Richmond.  It  is  well 
built,  and  finely  situated  in  a  fertile  and  undulating  valley, 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  North  Mountain,  about  6  miles 
E.  of  the  latter.  The  Peaks  of  Otter,  which  rise  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  county,  are  among  the  highest  point.s  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  Fincastle  contains  4  or  5  churches,  2  academies,  and 
2  printing  offices.    It  was  laid  out  iu  1772.    Pop.  896. 

F1NC.\STLE,  a  post-vill.age  in  Campbell  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  200  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

FINC.\.STLE.  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  about  90 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  A  plank  road  extends  from  this 
village  to  Batavia,  in  Clermont  county. 

FINCASTLE,  a  post-vill.age  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  14 
miles  N.  of  Greencastle.  The  route  of  the  New  Albany  and 
Michigan  Railroad  passes  near  this  place. 

FINCASTLK,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co..  Illinois. 

FINCH'AM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FINCH  A.M'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

FINCH'IN(iFlELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

FINCH'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  7i 
miles  N.W.  of  London.  The  common  here  was  once  a  noted 
haunt  of  hiuhw.iymen. 

FIND'HORN,  find-horn/,  a  river  of  Scotland,  after  a  N.E. 
course  of  45  miles,  enters  Moray  Frith.  Fearful  inundations 
bv  this  river,  pi-oduciug  '•  the  Moray  Flood,"  took  place  in 
1829. 

FINDHORN,  a  small  seaport  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Moray,  ou 
the  above  river,  at  its  mouth.  4  miles  N.  of  Forres.  Pop. 
806.  The  s;indbanks  here  are  continually  shifting;  and  the 
site  of  the  village  has  been  already  changed  on  account  of 
the  encroachments  of  the  sea. 

FIND'LAY,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1187. 

FINDL.\Y,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Hancock  co..  Ohio,  on  the  left  bank  of  Blanchard'i 
Fork,  loo  miles  by  the  usual  route,  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 
The  village  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  country,  and  is  the 
centre  of  an  active  trade.  The  Fremont,  Lima  and  Union 
Railroad  passes  through  Findlay,  which  is  also  tlie  W.  ter- 
minus of  another  railroad.  Here  are  wells  from  which  in- 
flammable gas  issues  in  quantity  sufficient,  it  is  said,  to  light 
the  village.  It  contains  7  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper 
offices,  1  good  school-house,  1  woollen  factory,  1  iron  foundry, 
and  3  flouring-mills.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  185o,  2032,  in 
1860,  2467 ;  of  the  village  in  1850, 1258,  in  1865,  about  2800. 

FIND'LEY,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1098. 

FINDOE,  (Findiie,)  finM5'eh,  a  small  island  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Norway,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stavanger,  in  the  Bukke- 
fiord.  Its  churc!i  contains  a  monument  recording  a  victorj 
obtained  over  ths  Scotch. 

FIN'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FINDON,  a  vilhge  of  Scotland.    See  Finnan. 

FINE,  a  township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York.   P.  519. 

FINE'DO.X,  a  purish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

FINERIVE,  of  Madagascar.     See  Fexerif. 

FINE'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

FINE'SH.\DE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

FINESTRAT,  fe-n^s-tratA  a  town  of  Spain,  23  miles  NJi. 
of  Alicante,  on  the  Torres,  near  the  Mediterranean.  Pop. 
2720.  who  manufacture  rush-wares. 

FINESVILLE,  f  inz/vill,  a  tlourishing  village  of  Greenwich 

673 


FIN 


FIN 


township,'  in  the  S.  part  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  is  on  the 
Musconetcong  Creek,  about  1  mile  from  its  mouth,  and  20 
miles  S.S.\V.  of  Belvidere. 

i"I.\GAL.  fing'gawl',  a  district  of  Ireland,  in  I/einster,  co. 
of  Dublin,  X.  of  the  Liffey.  The  inhabitants  were  originally 
Finnish  or  Xorwe^ian  settlers,  (whence  the  name;)  and  they 
still  retain  a  dialect  and  other  marks  of  foreiirn  origin.  Fin- 
gal  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Plunkett  family. 

f  ING.VL,  fing'gawl',  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  Mid- 
dlesex, 157  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  25  miles  from  Iiondon. 

FISG'EKSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

FIXGEST,  fing'ghesK  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Backs. 

FIXG'Il.iLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  Xorth  Riding. 

FIXHJLASS',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.,  and  4 
miles  X.X.\y.  of  Dublin.  The  poet  Parnell  was  vicar  of 
Finglass. 

FIXGOES,  flng'gaz\  or  WAXrDERERS,  a  race  of  South 
Africans,  belonging  to  rarious  scattered  tril)es,  originally 
from  theE.  co.ist,X.of  Kaffraiia,but  now  chiefly  inhabiting 
a  tract  of  country  formeriy  called  the  neutral  ground,  be- 
tween the  Lower  Keiskamma  and  Great  Fish  River,  but  at 
present  forming  part  of  the  province  of  Victoria,  to  which,  to 
the  number  of  17,000,  they  were  bi-cught,  and  there  settled 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Colonial  Government.  Previous 
to  their  removal  to  their  present  settlement,  the  Fingoes 
lived  in  a  state  of  abject  slaverv  under  the  AmakosaKaffres. 

FIX'GRIMIOE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Esse.x. 

FIXH.\.X,  feen'feo',  or  FIGX.4.X,  feen'ya.x"',  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  MonUuban.     Pop.  1646. 

FIXUA  VEX,  a  village  of  Scotland.    See  Oathlaw. 

FIXISTfiRE,  finUs-taia/,  originally  FIXISTERRE,  (L. 
JV'ni's  Ter/roe.  i.  e.  "  Land's  end,")  a  department  of  France, 
forming  its  X.W.  angle,  and  part  of  the  old  province  of  Bre- 
tagne.  bounded  X.  by  the  English  Channel.  S.  and  W.by  the 
Atlantic,  in  which  it  comprises  numerous  small  islands. 
Area,  2690  square  miles.  Coasts  steep,  much  indented  on 
the  W.,  presenting  numerous  promontories  and  excellent 
harboi-s.  Surface  little  elevated ;  traversed  by  the  low  moun- 
tains of  .\rree  and  Xoires :  highest  point  9S4  feet.  It  is  formed 
by  the  basins  of  numerous  rivers,  the  chief  of  which  are  the 
Elom.  .\ulne.  Odet,  and  Elle.  all  navigable  near  their  mouths. 
Horses  and  cattle  extensively  reared.  The  minerals  comprise 
coal,  lead,  granite,  and  slate.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  6  arrondis.sements  of  Brest,  Chateaulin,  Lander- 
neau,  Quiniper,  and  Quimperl6.  Capital,  Quimper.  Pop. 
in  1861,  627,304. 

FIXKEXWARDER,  (FinkenwSrder.)  fink'en-wJnMer.  an 
island  in  the  Ellie,  belonging  partly  to  Hamburg,  and  partly 
to  the  Hanoverian  bailiwick  of  Ilarburg.  It  is  protected 
by  a  surrounding  wall  20  feet  high.     I'op.  1700. 

FIXKS'BUKG.  a  post-village  in  Carroll  co.,  Maryland, 
about  50  miles  X.W.  of  Annapolis. 

FIXK'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co..  Tirsinia. 

FIXLA'GAX,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  island  of  Isky, 
and  with  an  island  containing  ruins  of  a  castle  of  the  Lord 
of  the  Isles. 

FIXLAXD,  Grand  Ducht  of,  (Fr.  Finlande,  f  Js<!'l5xd'; 
L.  Fin'nia,  FirvJnia^  Finlanldia.)  a  government  in  the 
N.W.  of  Russia,  bounded  X.  by  Xorw.HV.  W.  by  Sweden 
and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  S.  by  t'heGulf  of  Finland;  length, 
from  X.to  S.,  CoO  miles;  breiidth.  near  the  centre,  only  112 
miles;  but  toward  the  S..  where  it  is  greatest,  370  miles: 
area,  about   146,850   square    miles.     The  coast  generally 

E resents  a  face  of  bold  and  precipitous  granite  cliffs,  and 
1  lined  by  numberless  small  islands  and  rocks,  which 
make  the  navijatiou  extremely  dangerous.  The  interior 
may  be  descrilied  as  a  vast  table  land,  with  an  average 
height  of  from  4tJ0  to  600  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  not.  how- 
ever, by  any  means  a  monotonous  fiat.  The  surface  is  much 
broken  by  hills  and  valleys,  and  occasionally  rises  into 
mountains,  of  which  a  chain  at  Maanselke.  nearly  4000  feet 
high,  is  continued  S..  though  with  several  interruptions,  and 
terminates  in  lofty  cliffs  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  Many  of 
the  heights  are  bare,  but  the  greater  part  of  those  of  mode- 
rate elevation  are  covered  with  forests,  chiefly  of  pine  wood ; 
and.  in  combination  with  the  vast  number  of  lakes  enclosed 
by  their  bases,  often  form  very  romantic  scenery.  These 
sheets  of  water,  both  by  their  number  and  individual  ex- 
tent, furnish  one  of  the  most  ch,iracteristic  features  of  the 
country.  The  most  important  are  Lake  ladoga,  the  greater 
part  of  which  belongs  to  the  principality;  Saima,  Pianajar- 
t1.  (I'iajanejarwi.)  all  in  the  S..  where  the  greater  part  of  the 
surface  is  occupied  by  water;  the  UleA,  near  the  centre. and 
the  Enara.  in  the  extreme  X.  The  lakes  of  Finland  form  the 
chief  liasins  for  receiving  the  far  greater  part  of  the  streams. 
Their  waters  are  afterwards  discharged  into  the  sea  by 
rivers  generally  of  no  great  length,  but  of  much  width  and 
depth.  The  climate  varies  much,  according  to  locality.  In 
Lappmark,  in  the  .\.,  it  is  polar,  but  somewhat  modified. 
Farther  S..  the  winter  begins  in  the  middle  of  October  and 
eontinnes  to  the  middle  of  .May :  but  even  during  the  coldest 
•eason  thaws  of  several  days' "duration  \re  not  unfrequent. 
fiuring  appears  suddeuly,  and  continues  for  about  a  month, 
ti74 


leaving  only  about  four  months  for  summer  and  harvest 
The  summer  months  are  hot,  and  dry.  The  soil  is  very  fer- 
tile; considerable  quantities  of  barley  and  rye  are  exported, 
and  Finland,  when  in  possession  of  Sweden,  was  regarded  as 
its  most  important  granary.  A  great  part  of  the  land,  owinic  to 
the  nature  of  the  surface  and  climate,  however,  is  fit  only  for 
pasture.  In  the  X..  where  vegetation  is  almost  confined  to 
the  growth  of  moss  and  lichen,  other  domestic  animals  are 
superseded  by  the  reindeer,  of  which  great  herds  are  kept 
The  forests  are  very  extensive,  and  furnish  one  of  the  chief 
sources  of  public  revenue.  In  addition  to  timber,  chiefiy 
fir,  large  quantities  of  potash,  pitoh,  and  rosin  are  obtained 
from  them,  and  form  the  principal  articles  of  export.  The 
minerals  are  chiefly  confined  to  iron,  lead,  sulphur,  nitre, 
slate,  and  granite;  a  great  numt)er  of  excellent  quarries  of 
granite  have  been  opened,  chiefly  on  the  borders  of  the  lakes 
or  sea  coasts,  and  from  them  blocks  of  extraordinary  magnt 
tude  and  beauty  are  obtained.  One  of  the  finest  specimens 
is  furnished  by  the  obelisk  monolith  recently  erected  in  St. 
Petersburg  to  the  Emperor  Alexander.  In  its  rough  state 
it  was  12  feet  in  diameter,  and  SO  feet  long.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  W.  coast  are  of  Swedish,  and  those  of  the  S.E_  of  Rus- 
sian origin ;  but  the  far  larger  portion,  amounting  to  nearly 
five-sixths  of  the  whole,  are  Finns,  with  a  slight  mixture 
of  Laplanders.  Up  to  the  twelfth  century,  the  Finns  lived 
under  their  own  sovereigns,  and  were  pagans.  Their  con- 
version to  Christi.anity  took  place  about  the  middle  of  that 
century  after  their  conquest  by  the  Swedes.  They  are  almost 
all  Lutherans.  In  1721,  the  part  of  F'inland  which  formed 
the  province  of  Wiborg.  was  secured  to  Peter  the  Great  by 
the  treatj-  of  Nystadt.  The  remainder  was  conquered  from 
the  Swedes  in  1S09,  and  now  forms  a  division  of  the  Russian 
Empire,  under  the  name  of  a  Grand  Principality,  the  emperor 
exercising  his  supremacy  as  grand  prince.  The  proper  seat 
of  government  is  at  Petersburg;  but  a  governor-general, 
representing  the  emperor,  resides  in  Helsingfors.  Adminis- 
tratively, Finland  is  subdivided  into  S  la?ns  or  counties.  It 
is  also  sometimes  subdivided  into  the  two  lappmarks  of 
Kami.  Torned.  and  the  district  of  Viborg.      i'op.  in  1851, 

1.636,915. Adj.  Fisx'tSH,  Fis'la.vdish,  and  Fi.no'kias(?); 

Inhab.  Fixx. 

FIX'LAXD,  GULF  OF,  one  of  the  great  arms  of  the  Baltic 
Sea,  extending  E.  between  lat.  5S°  40'  and  60°  40'  X.,  and  Ion. 
23°  and  30°  10"  E.,  bounded  X.  by  Finland,  and  E  an i  S.  by 
the  Russi.^n  governments  of  St.  Petersburg  and  Revel, 
Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  260  miles ;  breadth,  from  X.  to  S.. 
from  25  to  90  miles.  It  contains  numerous  islands,  (the  prin- 
cipal is  Cronstadt.)  and  receives  the  Xeva.  Looga^  X.arova, 
and  many  smaller  rivers.  St.  Petersburg  is  at  its  E.  end.  and 
the  towns,  Xarva.  Revel,  Port  Baltic,  Kkenas,  Boigo.  Fredo- 
riiishamm.  Helsingfors.  and   Viborg,  .are  also  on  its  coasts. 

FIXLEY  or  Fl.NDLEY,  Ohio.     See  Fi.ndlat. 

FIXLEY'.  a  village  and  township  of  Green  CO.,  Missouri, 
130  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

FIX'LEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvivnia,  180  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

FIXOIARK,  (Dan.  and  Sw.  Finmarken,  fln'man^kgn; 
X'orw.  Ftnmarkens,  fin'maRk^fns.)  an  extensive  province  of 
Xorway,  forming  the  northernmost  portion  of  Continental 
Europe,  situated  between  the  Arctic  Ocean  and  Russian 
Laplaiid,  bounded  S.W.  by  the  province  of  Xordland.  Area 
estimated  at  27.412  square  miles.  It  comprises  numerous 
islands,  on  the  northernmost  of  which  is  "Xorth  Cape.  Lat. 
71°  10  X..  Ion.  25°  50'  E.  Important  fisheries  are  established 
here,  and  give  employment  to  the  greater  part  of  the  popula- 
tion. The  cod  fishery  alone  employs  2916  Ixiats  and  15.3"24 
men.  and  the  produce  is  upwards  of  16.000,000  of  fish.  21,500 
barrels  of  cod  liver  oil,  and  6000  barrels  of  roe.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Finns  and  Laplanders.    Pop.  43,938. 

FIX'MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

FIXX,  a  lake  and  river  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  eo.  of  Done- 
gal. The  lake,  in  the  parish  of  Inniskeel,  is  aViout  2  miles 
in  length :  the  river  proceeds  from  it.  and,  after  an  eastward 
course  of  24  miles,  joins  the  Foyle  near  Lifford. 

FIX'XAX  or  FIX'DOX,  a  fishing-vUlage  of  Scotland,  co., 
and  6  miles  S.  of  Aberdeen.  It  is  famous  for  its  smoked 
haddocks. 

FIX'XAX.  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  flowing  through  the 
valley  of  Glenfinnan  into  the  E.  extremity  of  Loch  ShieL 
A  monument  in  this  romantic  vale  marks  the  spot  where 
Prince  Charles  Edward  first  unfurled  his  banner,  in  1745. 

FIX'XEY  MILLS,  a  post-oflSce  of  Amelia  eo..  Virginia. 

FIX'XIXGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FIX'NIXOLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Xotts  and 
York,  West  Riding. 

FIXX'S  POIXT.  of  Salem  co.,  X'ew  Jersey,  is  a  noted  point 
on  the  Delaware  River,  4  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Salem 

FIND,  fee/no.  or  PORTO  FIXO,  poR'to  fee'no,  a  promontory 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  on  the  shore  of  the  gui£  an<]  17 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Genoa. 

FIXO,  fee'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  6  miles  8.  of 
Como,  on  an  eminence  near  the  source  of  the  Seveso.  Pop, 
1475. 

FIXOW,  fee'nov,  •  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Vran- 


FIN 


FIS 


denburg,31  mtles  N.E.  of  Berlin,  on  tbe  Finow  Canal,  which 
connects  the  rivers  Ilavel  and  Oder.     Pop.  560. 

I'lNS'lJUllY,  a  parliamentarj'  borough  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  compri.«ing  the  X.  part  of  the  metropolis,  between 
the  borough  of  Jlarylebone  on  the  W.  and  the  Tower  Ham- 
lets on  the  K.,  and  on  the  S.  bordering  on  the  city  of  London 
and  liberty  of  Westminster.  Pop.  in  1861,  3S6,844.  It  com- 
prises the  parishes  of  Islington,  Clerkenwell,  St.  Luke,  &c., 
and  derives  its  name  from  Finsbury  Square.  It  comprises 
St.  Luke's  Hospital,  the  Charter-IIou.se.  Smithfield,  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's, and  the  Foundling  Hospitals,  Gray's  Inn,  the 
British  Museum,  Clerkenwell  Sessions-House  and  prison, 
ftnd  the  depot  of  the  New  Uiver  Company.  Since  the  Ke- 
form  Act  it  has  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

FINSTER-AAHHORX,  lin'stfr-jR/hoiin,  a  mountain  of 
Switzerland,  is  the  culminating  point  of  the  Bernese  Alps, 
between  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  14,026  feet  in  ele- 
vation. 

FIXSTERMUNZ,  (Finstermtlnz.)  fln'.ster-mants\  a  nar- 
row pass  in  the  Tyrolese  Alps,  on  the  Inn,  18  miles  N.  of 
Olurns. 

FINSTERWALDE,  fin'ster-ftilMeh,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg.  40  miles  N.  of  Dr(?sden.  Pop.  46S0. 

FI.XSTEinVALDE,  fiu'stgr-ftolMfh.  a  village  of  Holland, 
province,  and  23  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Qroningen,  near  the 
estuary  of  the  Dollart.    Pop.  1067. 

FI.NTO'XA,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  In  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tyrone.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Clogher.     Pop.  1327. 

FI.XTR.VY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

FIX'TRY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling,  with  a 
village  5  miles  S.E.  of  Balfron.  The  scenery  on  the  Carron 
and  Endrick  is  beautiful,  the  latter  forming  the  cascade  (60 
feet  lii;rh)  called  the  "  Loup  of  Fintry." 

FIX'VOY.  a  parish  of  Ireland.  In  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim. 

FIOXIE  or  FIOXIA.     See  Fuxen'. 

FIORA.  fe-o'rd,  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  and 
the  Pontifical  States,  rises  near  Mount  Ami.ita.  and  enters 
the  Mediterranean  20  miles  N.W.  of  Civita  Vecchia  after  a 
8.  course  of  40  miles. 

FIORAXO,  fe-o-ri/no,  (L.  Flnria'num.)  a  Tillage  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  province,  and  2  miles  W.  of 
Ivrivi.  en  the  Dora.     Pop.  1040. 

FIORD.    See  Fjokd. 

FIOREXZA,  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Florence. 

FIOREXZUOLA,  feVrJu-zoo-oOl,  (anc.  Fhren/tia,)  a  town 
ol  Nurthern  Italy,  in  the  state  of  A^milia,  on  the  ^5;milian 
A\";ty,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Parnii'i.  Pop.  2750.  It  lia.s  a  col- 
lejiiate  church,  and  many  remains  of  antiquity.  Cardinal 
All/eroni  was  born  here  in  1(.'64.  Eifiht  miles  S.  are  tlie 
ruins  of  the  ancient  VeJeia,  buried  by  a  fall  of  sand  in  the 
fouith  century,  and  rediscovereil  in  1761. 

FIOREXZUOL.\,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Flo- 
rence, on  the  Santerno,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Prato. 

FIORl'.XZUOLA,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  5}4  miles 
N.W.  of  Pesaro. 

FIRAN,  fee^dn',  a  small  island  In  the  Red  Sea,  about  18 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Arabia,  lat.  17°  13'  N.,  Ion.  41°  30'  E., 
celebrated  for  its  pearl  fisherv. 

FIRAXDO.  fe-rSn'do,  or  FIRATO,  fe-rMo,  an  Island  of 
Japan.  olT  the  X.AV.  coast  of  Kioosioo,  55  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Nagasaki.  Lat.  :53°  30'  N.,  Ion.  129°  30'  E.  On  its  E.  side 
is  the  town  of  Firando,  with  a  good  harbor.  Here  the 
Dutch  had  a  trading  fort  from  1609  until  1640. 

FIR.IO,  fe-rd/o.  a  considerable  town  of  Japan,  on  the  island 
of  Xiphon.  province  of  Yamato,  45  miles  S.S.E.  of  Miako. 

FI  R'BECK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West  Biding. 

FtRE  ISLAND  LKiHT-lIOUSE,  Long  Island,  on  the  S. 
side  of  Fire  Island  Inlet.  It  is  70  feet  10  inches  high,  and  ex- 
hibits a  revolving  light,  produced  by  IS  lamps,  89  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

FIRENZE.  a  city  of  It.alv.    See  Flokexce. 

FIRE'PLACE,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New  York,  on 
Fireplace  Bay,  which  sets  up  from  the  Atlantic,  about  62 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Brooklyn. 

FIR'LE.  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Sussex. 

FIRM  [NY,  feeR^mee'nee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Loire,  6  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Etienne,  and  sharing  with  that 
town  in  manufactures  of  silks,  glass,  and  hardwares,  coal 
mines,  &c..     Pop.  2258. 

FIR.MUM.    See  Fermo. 

FIROZABAD.    See  Febozabai>. 

FIROZGUR,  feeVoz-glir',  a  town  of  India,  102  miles  S.W. 
of  Hyderabad,  on  the  Beemah. 

FIRS/BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FIRSBY.  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FIRST  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsvlvaniji. 

FIRST  ISLAND,  or  MURDER  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in 
*he  Mozambique  Channel,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Madagascar, 
from  which  it  is  distant  about  3  miles.  Lat.  22°  5'  S.,  Ion. 
43""  '■  E.  II  was  named  Murder  Island  by  Captain  Owen, 
in  cnnsefjuence  of  the  murder  there  of  two  of  his  midship- 
men by  the  natives. 

FIRST  LAKE.  Wisconsin.    See  Four  Lakes. 

FIRTH  AND  STEN'NESS.  a  united  parish  of  Scotland,  on 
Mainland,  one  of  the  Orkneys. 


FTSCHA,  fi.sh'a,FTSCIIAMEND  or  FLSCll  AMEXT,  n»h'a- 
mJnt'.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  with  a  castle,  on 
the  Fischa  River.  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Vienna.    Pop.  1220. 

FISCII.4,  fish'd,  a  river  of  Lower  Austria,  in  the  Schn(y^ 
berg,  flows  N.E.,  receiving  the  Piesting  and  the  Itiesenb.ich, 
and  joins  the  Danube  at  Fischa,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Vienna, 
after  a  course  of  55  miles. 

FISCHBACH,  fish'bdK,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  27 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Liegnitz,  with  a  castle  of  Prince  William  of 
Prussia. 

FISCIIENTHAL.  fish'en-tdl\  a  village  .and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  T8s8. 
Pop.  2814. 

FISCHHAUSEX,  fish'how'zen.  a  seaport  town  of  Eastern 
Prussia,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Frische-IIaff,  20  miles  W. 
of  Konigsberg.     Pop.  1914. 

FISCIANO,  fee-shd'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Salerno,  with  2  parish 
churches  and  2  convents.    Pop.  1296. 

FISKN,  a  province  of  Japan.    See  Fizem. 

FISII'BACK,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Kentucky. 

FlSIl'BOUliN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FISH  CREEK  rises  in  Lewis  co.,  in  the  N.  central  part 
of  New  Y'ork.  and  falls  into  Oneida  Lake  in  Oneida  county. 

FISH  CREEK.  Oneida  co..  New  York,  falls  into  Wood 
Creek,  about  2  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Oneida  Lake 
The  east  branch  of  this  stream  abounds  with  fine  niill-seats. 

FISH  CREEK,  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York,  tails  into  the 
Hudson  River,  about  25  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Moh.awk. 

FISH  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Montcalm  co.,  and 
flows  into  Maple  River. 

FISH  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Steuben  co.,  and  flows 
into  the  St.  Joseph's  River  of  the  Mauniee. 

FISH  CREEK,  a  post<iffice  of  Marshall  CO.,  Virginia. 

FISH  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Steuben  co.,  Indian.a. 

FISI1'D.\M,  a  post-village  in  Wake  co.,  North  Carolina, 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

F18HD.\M.  a  post-village  in  Union  district.  South  Carolina, 
60  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

FISIID.\M,  a  post-ofiice  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia. 

FISHER-ROW,  a  village  of  Scotland.    See  MrssEincBGH. 

FISII'KR'S,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  CO.,  New  York. 

FISHER'S,  a  pnst-offlce  of  Catawba  co.,  North  Carolina, 
170  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

FISHER'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  co..  Tennes.see. 

FISHER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Robertson  co, 

FISHER'S  ISLAND,  New  York,  off  the  E.  end  of  Long 
Island,  is  8  miles  long  by  1  mile  broad. 

FISHER  SOUND,  a  ch.annel  of  British  North  America,  on 
the  W.  coast,  which  separates  Princess  Royal  Islands  from 
the  continent,  and  forms  the  N.  continuation  of  Fitzhugh's 
Strait.  Lat.  52°  N.,  Ion.  130°  W.  It  was  discovered  by  Van- 
couver in  1793. 

FISHER'S  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina,  a  small  stream 
which  flows  through  Surrey  co.  into  the  Yadkin. 

FISHER'SAILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Merrimack 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  partly  in  Concord  and  partly  in  Bos- 
cawen  townships,  on  the  Northern  and  Claremont  Railroad.s, 
6  miles  N.  of  Concord.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Contoocook  River,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Merrimack.  It  contains  an  academy,  and  is  extensively 
engaged  in  manufactures. 

FISHERSVILLK,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Wind- 
ham CO..  Connecticut,  on  French  River,  and  on  the  Norwich 
and  Worcester  Railroad,  40  miles  N..\.K.  of  Norwich.  See 
Thompson.  • 

FISIIERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 

FISH'ERTOX  AX'G  ER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
f  of  a  mile  W.  of  Salisbury.  The  county  jail  is  in  this  parish, 
and  petty  sessions  are  held  here. 

FISIIERTON  DE-LA-MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

FISU'ERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FISHERVILLE,  a  postK)fflce  of  Shelby  co.,  Tennessee. 

FISIIERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky. 

FISH'GUARD,  or  AB'ERGWAIN'.  a  seaport  town  and 
parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Pembroke,  14  miles  N.  of 
Haverfordwest.  Pop.  in  1851,  2316.  The  town,  on  a  cliff  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Gwain,  has  very  steep  street.s,  irregularly 
built,  a  valuable  fishery,  and  exports  of  oats,  butter,  and 
slates.  The  port,  with  a  pier,  a  breakwater,  outer  and 
inner  basin,  and  light-house,  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  in 
St.  George's  Channel.  A  detachment  of  French,  who  landed 
here  in  1797,  were  captured  by  the  inhabitants  under  Lord 
Cawdor. 

FISH  HOUSE,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  New  Y^ork,  on 
Sacandaga  River,  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albany. 

FISH'ING  CREEK,  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flowg 
into  the  North  Branch  of  the  Sus(iuehanna  jit  Bloomsburg. 

FISHING  CREEK,  in  the  N.  part  of  West  Virginia,  flows 
through  Wetzel  co.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  enters  the  Oliio  River 
a  little  below  New  Martinsville. 

675 


FIS 


FIU 


■pi:JH  rXG  CRFEK,  of  North  Cai-olina,  rises  in  the  N.  part 
ol  the  state,  and,  flowing  soiitheastwaid,  enters  Tar  Kiver  a 
fff  miles  ai)ove  Tarlioioiiglj. 

KISIIIN'U  CKEElv,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  in  Yorli  dis- 
trict, and  flows  S.E.  through  Chester  district  into  the 
Catiwba  Kiver. 

FiSIIINO  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Savannah  in 
Lincoln  county. 

FISIIINU  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  East  Fork 
of  White  Kiver,  at  I^iwreuceport. 

FISHING  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  enters  Missouri  Kiver 
St)m  the  left  in  Kay  county. 

FISHING  CREEK,  a  post-Tillage  of  Cape  May  ec,  New 
Jersey,  on  Delaware  ISay,  6  miles  S.W.  of  the  county  seat. 

FISIIING  CREEK,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1-266. 

FISII'KILL,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Dutchess  co., 
K»»T  York.  The  township  borders  on  the  lludson  Kiver, 
opposite  Xewburg,  being  intersected  by  the  Hudson  River 
lUilroad,  about  60  miles  N.  of  New  York.  The  village  is 
situated  on  Fishkill  Creek.  5  miles  E.  of  the  Hudson.  It 
Cuntiiins  4  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  1  printing  ofiSce. 
issuing  a  newspaper,  and  about  1500  inhabitants.  There 
are  several  other  villiiges  in  the  township.  Fishkill  is  in- 
tended to  be  made  the  western  terminus  of  the  Ilartfoi-d, 
Providence  and  Fishkill  Railroad,  otherwise  called  the  Bos- 
ton, Hartford  and  Erie  Railroad,  wliich  is  opened  from 
Providence  to  'Waterbury,  Connecticut.  Pop.  9546.  See 
Fishkill  Lvxwvg. 

FISHKILL  CREEK,  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York,  Cills  into 
the  Hudson  Kiver  about  2  miles  below  Newbui-g. 

FISHKILL  LANDING,  a  thrivins;  post-village  of  Dutchess 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of  Fish- 
kill  Creek,  opposite  Newburg,  about  60  miles  N.  of  New 
York,  and  on  the  Hudson  Kiver  Railroad.  It  has  churches 
of  3  ilenoiiiinations,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  several  fac- 
tories, and  an  iron  foundry  with  a  machine-shop.  The  Bos- 
ton, Hartford  and  Eiie  Railroad  extends  to  near  this  point, 
between  which  and  the  New  York  and  Erie  Raih-oad  com- 
munication is  to  be  effected  by  means  of  the  Newburg 
Branch  Railraid  and  a  ferry  across  the  Hudson.  A  ferry 
now  plies  between  Fishkill  Landing  and  Newburg.  Pop.  in 
1860.  about  160O. 

FISHKILL  MOUNTAINS.  This  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  hi,.;h!ands  of  the  Hudson. 

FISHKILL  PL.A.INS,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
York.  aV>out  02  miles  N.  of  New  York  City. 

I  TSH'LAKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  "West  Riding. 

VISH  L-VKE,  of  New  York,  in  the  N.  part  of  Fulton  co., 
is  3  or  4  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  li  miles  wide. 

FISH'POND,  a  post-village  of  Tallapoosa  co..  Alabama. 

FTSH'POKT,  a  post-village  of  Kock  Island  co..  Illinois. 

FISH  RIVER,  GREAT.    See  Great  Fish  River. 

FISHTOFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FlSIinVICK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

FISKE'DALE.  a  post-ofBce  of  Worcester  CO..  Massachusetts. 

FISKEN.IES,  a  settlement  in  the  S.  part  of  Greenland, 
on  the  coiist,  and  the  residence  of  an  inspectorate. 

FISK'EKTON,  a  p.%rish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FISKERTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

FISKEVILLE,  fisk'vil,  a  village  in  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  on  Pawtuxet  Kiver,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Providence.  The 
industry  of  the  inhabitiints  is  chiefly  directed  to  the  manu- 
fieture  of  cotton  print  goods,  sheeting,  thread,  &c  Pop. 
from  1200  to  150<X 

FISKS/BURG.  a  post-village  in  Kenton  co.,  Kentucky,  40 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Frankfort. 

FISKS  COUNERS,  a  post-offlee,  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin. 

FI.S'LERVlLLE.apost-office  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey. 

FIS.MES,  feem.  (anc  PUnes  liemr/rumf)  a  town  of  France, 
depirtment  of  Marne,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ardre  and 
Yele,  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Reims.  Pop.  in  lSo2, 2425.  It  has 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollens. 

FISS.VTA,  fis  si't.l  a  seaport  of  North  Africa,  dominions, 
and  ft)  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tripoli. 

FISTKLLA.  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Tkfz^. 

FIT.\TS,  fee'tdts',  or  FITAKI,  fe-tdTie.  (Chinese,  Ibhang- 
loo.  chdng-loo.)  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  on  a 
river  near  the  E.  coast,  90  miles  E.N.E.  of  Yeddo. 

FITCIITJUKG,  a  semi-capital  of  Worcester  CO.,  Massachn- 
setts,  50  miles  .N.M'.  of  Bo.ston.  It  is  the  terminus  of  three 
important  r.iilroads,  viz.,  the  FiUhburg,  the  Worcester  and 
Fitchburg,  and  the  Vermont  and  Massiichusetts.  It  contains 
B  very  handsome  town-house,  with  a  hall  capable  of  seating 
15  0  persona,  7  or  S  churches,  5  of  them  brick,  and  1  (Bap- 
tist) costing  5:.5,0OO,  a  jail,  a  public  high-school,  in  which 
pupils  ure  fitteil  for  college,  2  first-class  hotels,  one  of  which 
cost  $:;0.000,  and  the  other  $35,000, 3  printing  offices,  2  banks, 
a  siivings  institution, and  an  insurance  company.  Two  news- 
jiiipers  are  is.'iued  here.  Fitchburg alio  contains  6 or  7  paper- 
mills,  several  woollen  and  cotton-mills,  2  large  manufactories 
oi'  chairs,  and  a  celebrated  macluue-shoj).  The  other  pi  iuci- 
pal  manufactures  are  piano-fortes,  stejim-engines,  machinery, 
castings,  etige-tools,  and  wooden-ware.  Pop.  in  1S40,  2604: 
iu  1860,  5120;  and  in  ISOO,  7805. 
676 


FITCHBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of,  Dane  co^ 
Wisconsin.  10  miles  S.  of  Madison.  It  has  1  church  and  2 
stores.     Pop.  1177. 

FITCH'POKT,  a  village  of  Garrard  CO.,  Kentucky,  about  45 
miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

FITCH'VILLE,  a  po.st-village  and  township  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  atiout  90  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Colum- 
bu.s.    It  has  a  Inion  school.    Pop-  1CI96. 

FITEKO.  fe-tA'ro,  a  town  of  Spain,  53  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pam- 
plona, on  the  .\lhama.    Pop.  2263. 

FIT'FCL  HEAD,  a  headland  on  the  S.  coast  of  Shetland, 
W.  of  Quend.al  Bay.    Elevation,  400  feet. 

FlTsnvOKTH,  a  small  village  of  Madison  co.,  Arkansas. 

FITrrLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  WUts. 

FITTLKWOKTIl.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FITTK£,  fit/tr.V,  or  FIDDKI,  fid'dree',  a  lake  of  Central 
.Africa,  in  Ni-ritia,  near  lat.  14°  N..  Ion.  20°  E.,  -200  miles  E. 
of  Lake  Tchad. 

FITZ.  fits,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

FITZABADING,  fit-t^'bdMlng',  a  beautiful  fertile  district 
in  the  S.W.  part  of  Abyssinia,  province  of  Gojam. 

F'lTZ'HE.AD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

FITZHEN'RY,  a  post-office  "of  AVestmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvani.a. 

FITZHENRY,  a  post-office  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 

FITZHUGII  (fits^u)  SOUND,  a  strait  of  North  America, 
in  lat.  51°  3;i'  N.,  Ion.  12S°  10'  AV..  separating  Calvert  Island 
from  the  mainland.    It  is  1 S  miles  long,  and  3  miles  broad. 

FITZKOY.  fits'roy,  an  island  near  the  N.E.  coast  of  .\us- 
traU.1,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  (irafti^ri.  The  N.  peak  is  550 
feet  hi;:h.     Lat.  16°  55'  N.,  Ion.  146°  E. 

FITZ'KOY  HAR'BOR,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
ofCarleton,  32  miles  E.  of  Bytown. 

F1TZ'»>  ATERTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co^  Tii^ 
ginia. 

FlTZnviL/MAJI.  a  post-village  and  towni=hip  of  Cheshire 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Concord.  It  has  manufactures  of  pails,  rakes, 
leather,  Ac.     Pop.  1294. 

FXULINAS,  feoo-lee/nas,  or  FLOKINAS,  flo-ree'nl.s,  a  vil- 
lage on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province,  and  9  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Sassari.  near  the  Pianora.    Pop.  '20-25. 

FIUMAKA-DI-MUKO.  fe-oo-mj'rd-dee-moo'ro,  a  village  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  7  miles  N.N  J:!,  of  Reg- 
gio.    Pop.  1400. 

FIUME.  te-oo'm.A  or  fyoo'mi,  (Ger.  Sitvct  Veil  am  Hium, 
sjnkt  vite  dm  flOwm:  lUyr.  Hika,  ree'kd,)  a  seaport  tcJwn  of 
Austri.a.  capital  of  the  Hung.arian  Littorale  or  KUstenland, 
(-'  Coastland."')  on  the  small  river  Fiumara,  where  it  falls 
into  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero.  at  the  N.E.  extremitv  of  the  Adri- 
atic. Lilt,  of  the  clock  tower.  4.5°  19'  36"  N.,  Ion.  14°  26'  45"  E. 
It  consists  of  the  old  town,  built  on  a  height,  and  c-oniposed 
of  very  indifferent  houses,  and  gloomj-.  dirty,  winding,  and  ill- 
paved  sti-eets ;  and  of  the  new  town,  situated  along  the  shore, 
and  presenting  a  very  marked  contr.-»st  to  the  old  town,  by 
the  number  of  its  handsome  buildings,  and  the  general  spa- 
ciousness .and  regularity  of  its  streets.  The  objects  most  de- 
serving of  notice  are  the  old  capitular  or  high  church.  MaiiS 
Himmeltahrt,  adorned  with  a  fine  front,  the  church  of  St. 
Veit.  formerly  Ijelonging  to  the  Jesuits,  a  handsome  structure 
in  the  firm  of  a  rotunda,  with  a  dome,  and  S  marble  pillars, 
resembling  the  church  of  Maria  della  Salute,  in  Venice;  the 
casino,  an  elegant  edifice,  the  governor's  residence,  barracks, 
town-house,  mona.steiies,  &c.  Fiumeis  the  seat  of  a  military 
governor,  a  mercantile  and  commercial  court,  a  maritime 
consulate,  sanitarj-  directory,  customhouse,  and  bridewell; 
and  possesses  a  gymna.sium.  a  high  school,  and  a  burgher 
hospital.  Its  manufactures  include  linen,  leather,  woollens, 
refined  sugar,  refined  wax,  tuUicco,  and  especially  rosoglio; 
but  ship-building  is  the  chief  business  of  the  place,  for 
which  the  splendid  forests  of  the  Julian  .\lps  afford  the 
greatest  facilities.  The  h;lrbo^  is  very  indifferent,  and  ad- 
mits only  small  vessels;  but  the  roadstead  has  sufficient 
depth  of  water  for  vessels  of  am-  si^e.  at  a  few  hundred  yards 
from  the  shore,  and  is  well  sheltered.  The  principiil  exports 
are  corn,  tobacco,  wood,  fruit,  and  salted  provisions:  the 
princiiKil  imports  are  sugar,  rice,  spices,  and  .salt.  Fiume  is 
the  only  important  seaport  for  the  outlet  of  the  produce 
of  Hungary.  Its  commercial  importance  was  early  per- 
ceived, and  easy  communication  with  the  interior  has  Ix'en 
8  vured  by  a  m.agnificent  road  of  73  miles  to  Carlstiidt,  where 
the  navigation  of  the  Save  and  Kulpa  becomes  available. 
On  an  average  of  7  years,  the  exports  from  Hungary  through 
Flume  amounted  to  abjut  $100,000.  a  year.  The  town  was 
occupied  by  the  French  from  1809  to  1S14.    Pop.  11,000. 

FIUME,  fcMx/md.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  26  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Udine.    Pop.  20li0. 

FIUME  DI  -MSI.  fe-oo'm:l  dee  nee'see,  a  seaport  village  of 
Sicily,  on  the  Strait  of  >Iessina.  at  the  mouth  of  the  ancient 
C/irt/fotlio.is,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Messina.  Pop.  2200.  Near 
it  are  mines  of  alum,  antimonv.  and  copper. 

FIU.ME-FUEDDO.  fcMxymA'-frSd'do,  (i_.  e.  "cold  .stre.am") 
a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Cltra,  near  the  MeJi 
terranean,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cosenza.    Pop.  24(H). 
FIUME-FREDDO.  a  village  of  Sicily,  on  a  Uttle  river  ol 


FIU 


FLA 


the  same  name,  which  flows  from  Mount  Ktna.  province  of 
Catania,  and  enters  the  .Mediterranean  at  Aci.     Pop.  2840. 

Ft  UMICELt.0,  fu-oo-me-chC'l'Io,  a  villape  of  Xorthern  Italj", 
1  mile  \V.  Brescia,  with  many  country  houses  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  that  city. 

FJUMICIXO;  fi'-oo-mechee'no.  (anc.  IhrHm  AurjiixUi.)  a 
small  seaport  Tillage  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  I'ontifioal 
States,  15  miles  S.W.of  Home,  at  the  N.  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
It  is  a  place  of  holiday  resort  for  the  Romans. 

FIVK  CORNEKS.  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York, 
about  22  miles  S.  of  Auburn. 

FIVE  FI.NGERS  POINT,  a  headland  of  New  Zealand,  Mid- 
dle Island,  on  its  AV.  coast,  in  lat.  45°  33'  S.,  Ion.  100°  18'  K. 

"  Thk  Five  Fixqkks  "  is  another  point  on  the  same  coast. 
Lat.  42°  2'  S.,  Ion.  171°  25'  E. 

FIVE  I'DRKS,  a  locality  in  Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia,  noted 
for  a  victory  gained  (April  1,  1805)  by  Gen.  Sheridan,  on 
which  occasion  he  took  over  5000  jjrisoners. 

FIVE'IIEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Somerset. 

FIVE  IIUM'MOCKS  POINT,  a  headland  of  Ix.wer  Cali- 
fornia, on  its  W.  coast.     Lat.  30°  24'  N.,  Ion.  115°  40'  W. 

FIVE  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islands  In  the  China 
Sea,  on  the  S.  coast  of  China,  province  of  Quang-tong,  in  lat. 
21°40'N..  Ion.  112°3S'E. 

FIVE  ISLANDS,  a  group  In  the  Tenasserim  or  Mergni 
Archipelago,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Pine-tree  Island,  about  lat.  10° 
20'  N.,  Ion.  98°  E. 

FIVE  ISLANDS,  ("Cinque  Islands,")  in  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, otf  the  S.E.  end  of  Rutland  Island,  one  of  the  Anda- 
mans,  in  lat.  11°  22'  N.,  Ion.  92°  45'  E. 

FIVE  ISLANDS,  of  .T.apan.    See  Goto  Islands. 

FIVE  ISLANDS  II.VKIJDR.  a  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Antigua,  British  West  Indies. 

FIVE  MEN'S  SOUND,  in  Frobishers  Strait,  British  North 
America. 

FIVE  MILE,  a  posfcofflce,  Pickens  district.  South  Carolina. 

FIVE  MILE,  a  post-oflice  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio. 

FIVE  MILE  CREEK,  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York,  falls  into 
the  Conhocton  River. 

FIVE  MILE  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  south-west- 
ward throu<:h  Lancaster  district  into  Catawba  River. 

FIVE  MILE  HUN,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New 
York. 

FIVE-MTLE-TOWN,  or  BLES'SINGBOURN.  a  small  mar- 
ket-town of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone,  parish,  and  6j  miles  \V. 
by  S.  of  Clogher.    Pop.  693. 

FIA'E  POINTS,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FIVE  POINTS,  a  post-office  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio. 

FIVF:S,  feev,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
within  1  mile  of  Lille.    Pop.  in  1K52,  3018. 

FIVIZZANO,  fe-vit-si'no,  a  walled  town  of  Tuscany,  capi- 
tal of  a  detached  portion  of  territory,  34  m  iles  N  .W.  of  Lucca. 
Pop.  ISOO. 

FIX'BY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

FIZA,  fee/z5h\  or  FORED,  (Fored.)  fb'rjd'.  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Heves,  on  the  Thei.ss,  27  miles  S.E.  of 
Erlau.    Pop.  4020. 

FIZEN  or  FISEN,  fee'z?n',a  province  of  Japan,  in  the  W. 
part  of  the  island  of  Kinosioo.  It  also  includes  1010  islands 
and  islets,  of  which  the  Goto  group  and  the  island  of  Firando 
are  the  most  important. 

F'JKLD  or  FIELD,  fe-lW  or  fyJld,  a  Norwegian  word, 
elgnifying  a  mountain  range. 

FJOliD  or  FIORD,  fe-oRd'  or  fyoRd,  a  Danish  and  Nor- 
wegian word,  signifying  "  b.iy  or  estuary,"  forming  a  part 
of  numerous  names  in  the  N.  of  £urope. 

FLA.\CH,  fldK,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  15  mifes  N.N.E.of  Zurich,  beautifully  situated  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Thur  with  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1002. 

FLAClv'V)  LLE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Ltiwrence  co.,  New  York. 

FLAD'BURY,  a  parish  of  EngLand,  co.  of  Worcester. 

FLAD'STRAND,  Denmark,    See  Fredkrikshav.v, 

FLAGU,  a  township  in  Ogle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1801. 

FLAG'GON,  a  small  bayou  of  Rapides  parish,  Louisiana, 
flows  into  Catahoula  L;ike. 

FLAGG  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co,,  Kentucky. 

FLAGG'TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..,  New  Jersey, 

6  miles  S.W.  of  Somerville. 

I'L.^G'POND,  a  post-office  of  Washington  CO..  Tennessee. 

FLA(iSTAI),  fldg'stdd.  or  FLA(iSTAIM)E,  (Flagstad-oe,) 

flJg'stdd-B^eh,  a  small  island  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Norway, 

7  miles  N.E.  of  Arendal. 
FLAGSTAD.oneoftheLoffodenlslands.S.ofWest-Vaagen. 
FLAGS'TAFF,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 
FLAM'BOiiOUGlI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 

Riding,  on  the  North  Sea.  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bridlington.  An 
old  fishing  village  occupies  the  centre  of  the  celebrated  pro- 
montory Flamborough  Head,  which  consists  of  a  range  of 
limestone  rocks,  elevation  450  feet,  extending  along  the 
shore  for  several  miles,  with  a  light-house  214  feet  above  the 
North  Sea,  in  lat.  54°  7'  N.,  Ion.  0°  5'  E.  On  it  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  towerand  a  Danish  fosse.  The  rock  is  perforated 
by  caverns,  which  are  the  resort  of  numerous  sea-fowl. 

FLAM'BOROUGH,  WEST,  a  village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of 
Halton,  3  miles  S.  of  Dundas,  and  8  miles  from  Hamilton. 


FLAM'STEAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

FLANDERS,  Han'derz.  (L.  FUn'dria ;  f^p.  Fliindeif,  tliln- 
di'S;  It.  Fiimdra,  fe-dn'drii;  Fr.  Fhimire,  Myii'r;  Ger. 
Flandern,  fldii'dgrn;  Dufch  VlaiinOinn,  vldn'der-^'n.')  a 
former  country  or  district  of  Europe,  now  included  in  Hnl 
land,  Belgium,  and  France.  It  stretched  from  the  Scheldt 
below  Fort  Lillo,  W.  along  the  Hond  or  AVest  Scheldt,  and 
AV.S.W.  along  the  German  Ocean,  to  the  entrance  of  the 
Straits  of  Dover,  near  Gravelines,  The  name  occurs  for  the 
first  time  in  the  seventh  century.  The  erection  of  the  teral- 
tory  into  a  county  took  place  in  the  ninth  centui-y,  and  w.as 
made  by  Philip  the  Bold.  King  of  France,  in  favor  of  his  son- 
in-law,  Baldwin,  of  the  Iron  Arm.  It  afterwards  passed  to 
the  united  houses  of  Spain  and  Austria,  and  ultimately  to 
the  latter,  but  underwent  considerable  curtailment  by  the 
conquests  of  the  French  in  the  W.,  when  part  of  it  l)ecame 
French  Flanders,  and  is  now  included  in  the  departments 
of  Nord  and  Ardennes;  and  the  conquests  of  the  Dutch  in 
the  N.,  who  succeeded  in  including  the  ipost  northerly  por- 
tion of  it  in  the  province  of  Zealand.  The  remainder  still 
retains  its  ancient  name,  and  forms  the  modern  pinvinces 

of  East  and  West  Flanders,  in  Itelginm. Adj.  Fiem'ish; 

inhab.  F'lem'ixo.  (The  French  of  both  is  Fi-amand.  fld'niftx"'.) 

FLANDERS,  East,  (Fr.  Fliindre  Orientale,  flfiNd'r  oVe-d.\=^- 
til',)  a  province  of  Belgium,  bounded  N.  by  Holland.  Area, 
1154  .square  miles.  The  surface  forms  an  extensive  plain, 
belonging  wholly  to  the  ba.sin  of  the  Scheldt,  which,  with 
its  tributaries,  and  canals  connected  with  them,  furnish 
ample  water  communication.  Its  soil,  partly  of  a  sandy 
and  partly  of  a  clayey  texture,  is  so  industriously  and  skil- 
fully cultivated  that  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  vast  garden, 
and  presents  one  of  the  richest  rural  landscapes  which  any- 
where exists.  The  principal  crops  are  wheat  and  flax. 
Manufactures  have  m.ade  great  progress,  and  all  the  ordi- 
nary, as  well  as  the  fine  tissues  of  wool,  cotton,  and  Hax 
are  largely  produced.  The  province  is  divided  into  C  arron- 
dissements.     Capital.  Ghent  or  Gand.     Pop.  810,583. 

FLANDERS,  AVest,  (Fr.  Flandre  OmtPntalt,  H5xd'r  ok'- 
see'ddx<''tll',)  a  province  of  Belgium,  Ijounded  N.  and  N.AV. 
by  the  German  Ocean,  AA'.S.AV.  and  S.  by  France.  Area,  1250 
geographical  square  miles.  The  surface  is  generally  flat,  and 
a  range  of  sand  hills  or  downs,  lines  the  greater  part  of  the 
coast.  The  S.E.  portion  of  the  province  belongs  to  the  basin 
of.  the  Schelde,  but  the  far  larger  part  of  the  pi-ovince  sends 
its  waters  directly  to  the  German  Ocean  by  a  number  of  small 
streams,  chiefly  employed  in  feeding  canals.  Much  of  the 
soil  is  naturally  sandy  and  poor,  but  the  untiring  industry 
of  the  inhabitants  has  converted  the  far  greater  part  of  it 
into  fertile  plains.  Large  tracts  of  m(K>r,  however,  still  exist, 
and  cannot  well  be  dispensed  witii,  as  they  form  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  fuel.  The  most  important  crop  is  flax.  The 
principal  brancli  of  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  linen, 
ordinary,  and  divmask.  The  province  is  divided  into  8  arron- 
dLssements.    Capital,  Bruges.     Pop.  647,371. 

FLAN'DERS,  (Fr,  Flandre,  flS.xd'r,)  an  old  province  of 
France,  of  which  the  capital  was  Lille.  It  is  now  comprised 
in  the  department  of  Nord. 

FLAN'DERS,  a  post>village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on 
the  S.  side  of  Long  l.sland.  about  225  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albany. 

FL.\NDE1!S.  a  post-village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  54 
miles  N.E.  of  Trenton. 

FLANDRE  OCCIDENTAL.    See  Flanders,  West. 

FLANDRE  ORIENTAL.    See  Fla.vders.  East. 

FLAN'NEN  or  FLAN'NAN  ISLES,  (written  also  FAN- 
NAN.)  or  the  "  Seven  Hunters,"  a  group  of  islets  of  the  He- 
brides, Scotland,  about  15  miles  N.AV.  of  Gallan  Head,  in 
Lewis.  They  are  not  inhabited,  but  feed  numerous  sheep, 
and  are  a  gre.at  re-sort  of  sea-fowl. 

FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

FLAT  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois. 

FLAT  BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  New  York. 

FLAT'BROOKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Flatkill, 
18  miles  W.  of  Newton. 

FLAT'BCSH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  King's  co., 
New  York,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brooklyn.  It  contains  churches 
for  the  Episcopalians,  Dutch  Reformed,  Methodists,  and  Ro- 
man Catholics,  and  a  flourishing  institution  called  Erasmus 
Hall.  The  American  army  was  defeated  neiir  this  village  iu 
1776.    Pop.  of  township.  3471. 

FLAT  CREEK,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  flows  through 
Amelia  county  into  the  Appomattox  River. 

FLAT  CREEK,  of  Twiggs  co.,  Georgia,  flow^  into  the  Oo- 
mulgee  River. 

FLAT  CHEEK,  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into  Ala- 
bama River  5  miles  above  Claiborne. 

FL.\T  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  New  York 

FLAT  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

FLAT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia. 

FL.\T  CREEK,  a  postoffice  of  Bedford  co..  Tennessee. 

FLAT'HEAD  or  SAILISH  (sAnish)  IN'DIANS,  a  tribe 
dwelling  in  Oregon,  in  the  vicinity  of  Cl.ark's  River  and  the 
adjacent  portion  of  the  Columbia.  Their  name  is  derived 
from  a  custom,  formerly  prevalent  among  them,  of  flatteu- 

677 


FLA 


FLE 


ing  the  heads  of  their  children,  when  very  young,  by  arti- 
ficial means.  It  is  Siiid  that  this  practice  has  been  aban- 
doned by  them,  though  It  still  obtains  among  several  other 
tril>e.<  to  whom  the  name  of  Flatheads  is  not  usually  given. 
Those  tribes  occupy  the  the  territory  on  both  sides  of  the 
Columbia  Kiver,  for  a  considerable  dist-tnce  from  its  mouth. 
They  are  commonly  of  diminutive  stature,  .andb.idly  made; 
a  wide  mouth  and  thick  lips,  nose  thick,  and  nostrils  large. 
The  tlatt«ning  of  the  head  is  accomplished  by  subjecting 
the  skull  of  the  infant  to  constant  and  severe  meclianical 
pressure  during  the  first  si.\  or  eight  months  of  its  life.  It 
does  not  appear  that  this  operation  has  any  effect  in  dimi- 
nishing the  capacity  of  the  cranium,  or  the  whole  volume  of 
brain. 

FLATIIOLM,  an  islet  of  England,  in  the  Bristol  Channel, 
CO.  of  Somerset,  i>arish,  and  8  miles  W,\.W.  of  Uphill.  It  is 
about  IJ  miles  in  circumference,  consists  mostlyof  rich  pas- 
ture land,  and  has  a  light-house  with  a  revolving  light,  156 
feet  .ilKive  the  sea,jn  lat.  51°  22' 36"  X.,  Ion.  3^7' 3"  W.,  and 
an  inn  resorts  to  by  pleasure  parties. 

FLAT  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  the  Mergui  Archipelago, 
S.E.  of  Asia. 

FLAT  ISLANDS,  two  islets  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra, 
in  lat.  2°  20'  X.,  Ion.  9<iO  3'  E. 

FLAT'KILL  CREEK,  in  the  X.  part  of  New  Jersey,  rises 
in  Sussex  county,  and  enters  the  Delaware  on  the  boundary 
between  that  county  and  Warren. 

FL.\T'LAN'D.  a  post-office  of  Humphreys  co.,  Tennessee. 

FLATLANDS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  King's  co., 
New  York,  about  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brooklyn.     Pop.  1652. 

FL.\T  LICK,  a  postrofflce  of  Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana. 

FLAT  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Knox  Co..  Kentucky. 

FLATOW,  fii'tov,  (Pol.  ZUtown.  zlo-to'vo  or  OMoiuo,  tchlo- 
to'vo.)  a  town  of  Western  Prussia,  S3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mari- 
enwerder.  Pop.  2320.  It  hiis  manufacturesof  cloth  and  lace. 

FLAT  POINT,  is  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Suma- 
tra, and  a  headland  on  the  S.  coast  of  Borneo. 

FLAT  POND,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Georgia. 

FL.\T  KIVER,  a  small  affluent  of  Xeu.se  River,  rises  in 
Person  co..  North  Carolina,  and  joins  the  Xeuse  near  the  X. 
extremity  of  Wake  county. 

FL.\T  RIVER,  of  Michigan",  a  small  stream  which  enters 
Grand  River  in  Kent  countv. 

FLAT  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  148 
miles  W.  by  X.  of  Detroit. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  postoffice  of  Henderson  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Kershaw  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

FL.\T  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia,  about 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Slilledgeville.  It  is  almost  on  the  line  be- 
tween Henry  and  De  Kalb  counties. 

FL.\T  ROCK,  a  postoffice  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kentucky. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Henry  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  903. 

FLAT  R(X:K,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Huron  River,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Detroit.  It  has  good  water- 
power,  and  several  mills. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  township  in  Bartholomew  co^  Indiana. 
Pop.  1303.      . 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co..  Indiana,  near  a 
stream  of  the  same  name,  aix)ut  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Shelby- 
TUle. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Hlinoi.'?. 

FLAT  ROCK,  a  village  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Missouri, 
about  ISO  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

FLAT  ROCK  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into  the 
■Wateree  from  the  left,  about  8  miles  X.W.  of  Camden. 

FL.\T  ROCK  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Henry  CO.. 
flows  south-westward,  and  enters  the  Driftwood  Fork  of 
White  River  at  Columbu.s,  after  a  course  of  about  100 
miles.  It  flows  through  a  rich  farming  region,  and  fur- 
nishes a  large  amount  of  water-power.  The  Indian  name 
is  Puck-op-kah. 

FLAT  SIIOAL  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Chattahoo- 
chee River  in  Harris  co.,  a  few  miles  below  AVest  Point. 

FLAT  SHOALS,  also  called  FLAT  SIIOAL  FACTORY,  a 
post-village  of  Meriwether  co.,  Georgia,  on  the  Flint  River, 
i>6  miles  W,  of  Milledgeville.  The  river  at  this  place  affords 
abundant  water-power. 

FLATTERY.  CAI'E,  Oregon.    See  Cape  Fiattert. 

FLAVACOUR,  fliVa'kooR'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Oise.  3  miles  N.W.  of  Chaumont. 

FLATTERY  CAPE,  n  cape  of  Eastern  Australia,  In  Ut. 
14^  52'  S.,  Ion.  145°  2'  21"  E. 

FLAT  T(jP.  a  postoffiee  of  fiercer  co.,  Virginia, 

FLATWOf)DS,  a  post-office  of  Favette  CO.,  I'ennsvlvanla. 

FL.4TW00D.S.  a  post-office  of  Braxton  co.,  A'irginia. 

FLATWOODS.  a  post-office  of  Izard  co..  Arkansas. 

FL.^'VEL-FLY'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

FL.VVIGNY,  fli'WeenVee'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  (dte  dOr.  27  miles  X.AV.  of  Dijon,  with  1234  inbabitaotb, 
and  the  remains  of  an  abbey. 
C78 


FL  AVION  A  VI  A.    See  Aviles. 

FLAVY-LE-MARTEL,  fliVee'-lfh-m.iR't^l',  a  village  <rt 
France,  department  of  Aisne,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Quentiu. 
Pop.  1563. 

FL.A.XBOUR'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

FL.\X'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

FL-WOSC,  flrosk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Var.  4  miles  W.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  1826. 

FLECHE,  LA.  Id  flaish,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  on  the  Loire,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Le  JIans.  It  is 
ornamented  with  fountains,  and  supplied  by  an  equeduct 
upw.ards  of  half  a  mile  in  length.  On  an  i.sland  in  tUe  Loire, 
which  separates  the  town  from  its  suburb.s,  are  the  reni.nins 
of  an  ancient  castle.  The  other  principal  edifices  are  a  mili- 
tary college,  formerly  a  Jesuits'  college,  the  Town-hall, 
Court-house,  Hospital,  and  the  Church  of  St.  Thomas,  from 
the  lofty  spire  (fleclie)  of  which  the  town  derived  its  name. 
It  has  some  linen,  hosiery,  and  glove  manufactures.  Pup. 
in  185'2,  704S. 

FLECKEROE,  (FleckerSe,)  flfck'er-iiVh,  an  isl&nd  off  the 
S.  coast  of  Norway,  3  miles  S.  of  Christiansand,  with  a  good 
harbor. 

FLECK'XEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

FLED'BOROUGil.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

FLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

FLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  c-o.  of  Lincoln. 

FLEET,  a  small  river  of  Scotl.ind.  i-ssuiiig  from  a  lake  of 
the  s.ime  name,  and  flowing  S.S.E.  into  Wigton  Bijy.  It  is 
also  the  name  of  a  small  river  of  England,  an  affluent  of  the 
Trent,  co,  of  Notts:  and  of  ancient  Fleta,  which  bounded 
the  Roman  city  of  London  on  the  W.,  and  is  now  a  covered 
sewer  called  Fleet-ditch. 

FLEET,  LOCH,  loK  fleet,  Scotland,  is  an  arm  of  the  sea 
on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  co.  of  Sutherland.  Across  its  E.  end 
a  road  is  carried  by  an  embanked  earthen  mound. 

FLEET'VJ  LLE.  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  150  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

FLEET'WOOD.  a  new  .seaport  and  watering-place  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Lancaster,  parish  of  PouIton-le-Fylde,  on  the 
Wyre.  at  the  entrance  of  Morecorabe  Bay,  18  miles  X.W.  of 
Preston  with  which  it  communicates  by  railway.  Pop.  in 
1851,  3373.  The  town,  rapidly  increasing,  has  a  church  and 
hotel,  market-house,  custom-house,  light-house,  and  docks. 
Several  steamers  ]>ly  between  it  and  Ireland  and  Scotland — 
its  position,  and  the  easy  access  of  its  harbor,  giving  a  de- 
cided advantage  over  most  other  ports  as  a  point  of  commu- 
nication between  London.  Helta.st.  and  Glasgow. 

FLEETWOOD  ACAIVEMY,  a  post-office  of  King  and 
Queen  co.,  A'irginia. 

FLEHINGEN,  tt.'l'hing-en.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine,  6  miles  from  Bretten.    Pop.  1138. 

FLEKKEFIORD  or  FLEKKEFJORD.  flikOjeh-fe-oKdN  a 
maritime  town  of  Norway,  stift.  and  55  miles  W.  of  Christian- 
sand,  anit  of  Mandijl,  on  an  inlet  of  the  North  Sea.  Pop.  873. 

FLEM'ING.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  h.is 
an  area  estimated  at  500  .square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.AA'.  by  Licking  River,  and  drained  by  Fleming.  Fox.  and 
Triplett  Creeks.  The  eastern  part  is  hilly  or  mountainous, 
and  the  western  undulating.  The  soil  is  mostly  of  lime- 
stone formation,  and  is  productive.  A  depo.sit  of  iron  ful- 
gurites occurs  near  Licking  River;  the  oxide  of  iron  is 
formed  into  regular  tubes,  from  the  size  of  a  pistol-barrel  to 
.several  inches  in  diameter.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Maysville  and  Lexington  Railroad.  Organized  in  1798, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John  Fleming,  an  early 
settler  of  Kentucky.  Capital,  FlemingHburg,  Pop.  12,489, 
of  whom  10,471  were  free,  and  'XHS  slaves. 

FLKMING,  a  post-villrtge  and  township  of  Cayuga  co.. 
New  A'ork,  on  Owasco  Lake,  4  miles  S,  l^y  AV.  of  Auburn. 
The  villiige  contains  2  churches  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  1-31. 

FLEMING,  a  post-office  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FLE5IIN0.  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan. 

F'LEM'ING'S.  a  post-office  of  AVeakley  co.,  Tennessee,  121 
miles  AA'.  of  Nashville. 

FLEMINGS,  a  postrvillage  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  5  miles 
S.AV.  of  Shelbv.ville. 

FLEM'INGSBURO.  a  po.st-villase.  capital  of  Fleming  co., 
Kentucky.  75  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Frankfort,  and  17  miles  S. 
of  Jlaysville.  It  contains  a  large  court-house.  6  churches,  a 
branch  bank,  1  academy,  1  newspaper  office,  and  10  stores. 
Pop.  about  800. 

FLEM'INGSTOXE,  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co,  of  Glv 
morgan. 

FLEM'INOSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co..  New  Y'ork, 
5  or  6  miles  N.E.  of  Owego. 

FLEM'INGTON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Huntei-don  co,, 
New  Jersey,  is  situated  in  Raritan  township.  28  miles  by 
railroad  N.N.AV.  of  Trenton.  It  has  4  churches,  9  stores, 
2  hotels,  1  bank,  a  fine  court-house,  a  large  academy,  3  news- 
paper offices,  and  many  handsome  buildings.  Some  beds  of 
copper  ore  near  the  village  have  given  ri8<»  to  a  mania  for 
sj)ecuh\ting  in  copper-mine  stocks.  Three  or  fonr  companies 
expended  a  considerable  amount  of  money  i'l  exploring  the 
i  mines;  and  it  is  stated  that  they  a*^  Dow  worked  with 


FLE 


ru 


success.  A  1)ranch  railroad  has  been  completed  from  this 
place  to  the  Belvidere  Railroad  near  Lambertville.  Pop. 
1174. 

FLEMINQTON,apostrviUage  ofClinton  co.,  Penusylvania. 

FLK-MIN(jTON,  a  post-village  iu  Wake  co.,  Korth  Caro- 
lina, 15  mile.";  N.W.  ofKaleigh. 

I'LKMINGTON,  a  post-oHice  of  Marlon  co.,  Florida. 

FLKMIVTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FLEXS'UKKG,  a  village  of  Ethngham  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Little  Wabash  Kiver,  97  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield,  has  seve- 
ral mills.     L:iid  out  in  1851. 

I'LE.NSBOim,  U^ns'boua,  or  FLENSBURQ,  fl^ns/bMRO, 
(L.  Fkiufplijlis,)  a  market-town  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswiek, 
kt  the  W.  end  of  Flensborg  Fiord,  an  inlet  about  20 
miles  long,  by  from  2  to  10  miles  broad,  \yilh  from  5  to 
12  fiithoms  water,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sleswiek.  Lat. 
64°  40'  54"  N.,  Ion.  9°  20'  12"  E.  It  is  well  built,  and 
has  several  handsome  streets,  and  three  market  squares, 
a  high  school,  and  several  others,  4  churches,  a  hospital,  a 
penitentiary, Ttnd  several  charitaljle  and  useful  institutions. 
The  industry  of  the  place  comprises  sugar-retining,  tobaeco- 
Bpiuuing,  soap-makiug,  iron-founding,  brewing,  distilling, 
&c.;  and  there  are  here  ship-yards  in  which  West  India 
merchantmen  are  built.  In  1847  the  port  had  140  vessels, 
of  14,000  total  tonnage,  some  of  which  traded  to  the  West 
Indies.  In  1848,  706  vessels  arrived  iu  the  port.  Flensborg 
Is  an  ancient  town  and  the  most  populous  and  important 
in  the  duchy  of  Sleswiek.  As  early  as  the  twelfth  century 
it  was  a  wealthy  place;  but  it  afterwards  suffered  greatly 
from  wars  and  conHagrations.  In  the  war  with  Britain  in 
1807,  its  commerce  was  greatly  impaired.  In  1S48,  the  Ger- 
mans took  possession  of  Flensborg,  and  its  envii-ons  became 
the  scene  of  hostile  operations.    Pop.  19,082. 

FLEUS,  HaiR,  a  town  of  France,  depiirtment  of  Ome,  11 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Domfront.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen 
and  cotton  goods.     Pop.  iu  1852.  8401. 

FLESSELLLS,  tlfe\s^ll',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Sorame.  7  miles  N.  of  Amiens.    Pop.  1693. 

FLETCII'EK,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  CO.,  Vermont, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  916. 

FLETCHER,  a  post^village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  80  miles  N. 
of  Cincinnati,  has  about  300  inhabitants. 

FLETCll'lNG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  3i  miles 
N.W.  of  Uckfield.  liere  it  the  Gothic  mansion  of  the  Earl 
of  Sheffield.     Iu  the  church  is  a  monument  to  Gibbon. 

FLE'l  'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

FLEUKANCE,  fluh^idxss',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Oers,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Aueh.     Pop.  in  1852,  4309. 

FLEUKBAIX,  fluR^bA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais.     Pop.  2963. 

FLEUKIER,  llthVe-A',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Neufchatel,  in  the  Val  Travers. 

FLEUKS  CASTLE,  tloorz  cas'sgl,  (rhyming  with  mnorz,) 
the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Roxburgh,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Rox- 
burgh, on  the  Tweed,  1  mile  above  Kelso.  It  is  a  superb 
mansion,  built  by  Vanburgh  iu  1718. 

FLEURUS,  tlL'hVuce',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  in  a  wide  plain,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Charleroi.  Pop. 
2370.  Sanguinary  battles  took  place  in  its  vicinity  in  1622, 
1670,  1794,  and  1815. 

FLEURY,  fluh'ree',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  7  miles  N.E.  of  .Narbonne.    Pop.  1306. 

FLEURY,  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of  Yonne,  OJ 
miles  N.W.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  1420. 

FLEURY-SUR-ANDELLE.  fluh^ee'-sUR-aNoMJll',  a  village 
of  Franco,  department  of  Eure,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Andelys. 
Near  it  are  the  remains  of  Mortimer  Abbey,  begun  iu  1154 
by  Henry  II.  of  England. 

FLEUUY-SUR-LOIRE,  flthVee'-sUn-lwaR,  a  village  of 
France,  on  the  Loire,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orleans. 

FLE V  US  LACUS.    See  Zuydf.r  Zee. 

FLEWEIVLIN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postofficeof  De  Soto 
CO.,  Mississippi. 

FLICK&'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 117  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

FLIEDEN,  ftee'den,  a  village  of  Hesse  Cassel,  9  miles  S.W. 
of  Fulda,  on  the  Flieden.     Pop.  1762. 

FLU.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Fux. 

FLIM'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

FLIMS,  ttims,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Orisons,  U  miles  W.  of  Chur,  about  2700  feet  above  sea 
level.    Pop.  997. 

FLIN'DERS,  a  group  of  four  islands  off  the  N.E.  coast  of 
Aafctralia,  near  Cape  Flinders,  at  the  mouth  of  Bathurst 
Bay.     Lat.  14°  11'  5"  S.,  Ion.  144°  12'  5"  E. 

FLINDERS,  a  bay  of  .Western  Australia,  co.  of  Sussex, 
between  Cape  Leeuwin  and  Cape  Beaufort.  Lat.  34°  20'  S. 
There  is  no  landing  for  a  boat  on  its  E.  and  N.  shores. 

FLINDERS,  a  river  of  Northern  Australia,  flowing  into 
the  Guif  of  Carpentaria. 

FLIN'DERS'  LAND  is  a  nanja  formerly  given  to  the 
coast  of  Southern  Australia,  between  Ion.  127°  and  140°  E., 
discovered  lly  Flinders  in  1802. 

FLINDERS'  RANGE,  in  Southern  Australia,  is  a  moun- 
tain system,  extending,  with  its  ramifications,  N.N.E.  from 


about  lat.  32°  S.,  Ion.  138°  E.,  through  the  peninsula,  siir- 
rounded  by  Lake  Torrens.  Mount  Serle,  its  chief  summit, 
is  in  lat.  30°  30'  S..  Ion.  138°  40'  E. 

FLINE.S-LES-MORTAGNE,  tieen-U-moRHan'.  a  village  ol 
France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the  Scheldt,  7  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Tournay.     Pop.  1832. 

,FL1NES-LEZ-RACH,  fleen-lA-rSsh.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Nord,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Douiii,  with  3600  inha- 
bitants, and  an  ancient  Cistercian  abbey. 

FLINN,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1278. 

FLINN'S  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennes.see. 

FLINSBERG,  tlins/bteo,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia.  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  on  the  QueisS.  Pop.  1700.  It  has 
mineral  springs  and  Uaths. 

FLINT  or  FLINT'SHIRE,  a  maritime  co.  of  North  Wales, 
having  N.  the  Irish  Sea,  E.,  the  Dee.  and  S.  and  W.,  Den- 
bighshire. Area.  289  sijuare  miles,  it  being  the  least  of  the 
Welsh  counties.  Pop.  in  1851,  08,150.  Surface  level  in  the 
N.;  elsewhere  finely  diversified,  and  a  mountain  range  rung 
parallel  with  the  Dee,  throughout  the  county.  Chief  rivers, 
tlie  Deo  and  Clwyd.  The  soil  is  extremely  fertile  in  tlio 
plains  and  vales.  Principal  agricultural  products,  wheat, 
and  cattle  of  a  small  but  excellent  breed,  with  clieese  and 
butter.  Its  lead-mines  are  now  the  mo.st  exten.^ive  in  the 
empire;  those  of  copper  .are  also  valuable,  and  coal,  near  the 
Dee,  is  plentifully  obtained  for  smelting  works  and  for  ex- 
port. Chief  towns,  Flint,  Mold,  St.  Asaph.  Holywell,  Rhydd- 
lan,  and  Ilawarden.  The  great  line  of  railway  to  connect 
London  with  Holyhead,  traverses  the  county.  The  county 
sends  1  memlxir  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  1  is  re- 
turned for  Flint  and  its  contributory  boroughs. 

FLINT,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  seaport, 
watering-place,  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Flint,  on  the  e.stuary  of  the  Dee,  12j  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Chester.  Pop.  of  paimh.  in  1851.  2845;  of  parliamentary 
borough,  3296.  It  is  surrounded  by  ancient  intrenchments, 
has  the  ruins  of  a  castle  of  great  strength,  a  fine  county 
jail  and  guiltlhall,  considerable  exports  of  coal  and  lead 
from  the  large  mines  in  the  vicinity,  and  imports  of  timber, 
&c.  Its  wharves  are  appraiched  by  vessels  of  oCKJ  tons  at  all 
states  of  the  tide.  Flint  is  the  principal  polling-place  for 
the  county.  It  unites  with  St.  Asaph  and  Rhyddlan,  &c. 
in  sending  1  member  to  the  Hou.ee  of  Commons. 

FLINT,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  Nation.  Arkansas. 

FLINT,  a  post-town  and  capital  of  Genesee  co..  Michigan, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  Flint  River,  64  miles  by  railroad 
N.W.  of  Detroit.  A  railroad  extends  from  this  point  to  East 
Saginaw.  Flint  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  the 
river  affords  a  valuable  water-power  in  the  immediate 
vicinity.  The  Michigan  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
and  Blind,  located  here,  is  a  fine  edifice,  Flint  contains 
a  city  hail,  6  churches,  3  banks.  2  newspaper  offices,  7 
steam  saw-mills,  and  4  fiouring-mills.  Population  in  1S60, 
2950. 

FLINT,  a  post-ofSce  of  Steuben  co..  Indiana. 

FLINT  CREEK,  of  Ontario  co..  New  York,  flows  north- 
ward into  the  Canandiiigua  outlet. 

FLINT  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  a  small  stream  flowing  into 
the  Wabash,  near  the  northern  extremity  of  Fountain  co. 
An  immense  bed  of  small  fragments  of  flint  is  found  at  the 
mouth  of  this  creek. 

FLINT  CREEK,  a  little  stream  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Illi- 
nois, falls  into  the  Mississippi  Itiver. 

FLINT  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
184  miles  W.  of'Albany. 

FLINT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Mississippi. 

FLINT  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  35 
miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

FLINT  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Tenne.ssee. 

FLINT'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

FLINT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Rappahannock  co.,  Virginia. 

FLINT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  St.  Chiirles  co.,  Missouri, 
48  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FLINT  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Mead  co.,  Kentucky. 

FLINT  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Jlontgomery  co.,  Missouri. 

FLINT  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  district.  South 
Carolina, 

FiJNT  RIVER,  of  Georgia.  (r/iro»!a<f««/,a  of  the  Indians,) 
rises  near  Fayetteville,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  and 
flowing  in  a  general  southward  direction,  pa.«ses  hy  Lanier, 
Ogletliorpe.  and  Albany,  and  unites  with  the  Chattahoochiee 
at  the  south-western  extremity  of  Georgia,  forming  the 
Appalachicola.  Steamboats  ascend  to  Albany,  which  is  aliout 
250  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  whole  length  of 
the  Flint  is  estimated  at  300  miles. 

FLINT  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Morgan  co.,  Alabam,a, 
flows  into  the  Tenne.ssee,  near  Decatur. 

FLINT  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  a  branch  of  the  Saginaw, 
rises  in  Lapeer  CO.,  flows  W.  and  N.W,,  and  unites  with  the 
Shiawassee  near  the  middle  of  Saginaw  co.  Lenzth  estunated 
at  100  miles.     Small  boats  can  ascend  it  20  miles  or  more. 
.    FLINT  RIVER,  a  po.st-office  of  .Madi.son  co..  Alabama. 

FLINT  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Catawba  co.,  North  Carolina 

FLINTS,  apost-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Ge<ir!ria. 

FLINTSUIllE,  a  county  of  Wales.    See  Fuxt. 

679 


J 


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TLO 


nJNTfi  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washin<rton  co.,  Ohio. 

FLINT  .^PKING,  a  post-office  of  Bradley  co..  Tennessee. 

FLINT'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Marion  district,  South 
Carolina,  abnut  130  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Columbia. 

FLir'PO'S,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co..  Virginia. 

FLISK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife.  5  miles  N.X.W. 
of  Cupar.  On  the  Tay.  in  this  parish,  stands  the  ruin  of 
Bambreich  Castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Kothes  family. 

FLISK.  a  small  river  of  Ireland,  which  flows  into  the 
Lake  of  Killarney. 

FLITCil'AM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FLITSCU.  flitch,  or  PLKSS.  plftss.  a  market-town  of 
Illyria,  50  miles  X.N.W.  of  Triest.  on  the  Isonzo.  Pop.  2100. 
Near  it  is  the  Flitscher-Kliiise.  (Hitch'f  i^klOw'zfh,)  a  pass 
cut  across  the  Julian  Alps  in  1809. 

FLITTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

FLIT'WICiv.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

FLIX  or  FLU,  HeeH,  a  town  of  Spain,  40  miles  W.  of  Tara- 
gona,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Ebro.  Pop.  1S37.  It  has  mauu- 
fiictures  of  linens. 

FLIX'BOKOUlilL  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FLI.XECOUKT,  fleex'kooa',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Somme.  12  miles  X.AV.  of  Amiens.     Pop.  1729. 

FLIXToX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca-ster. 

FLIXTOX,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FLOBECQ.  tto^blk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  n,ai- 
naut,  22  miles  X.E.  of  Tournay.  Pop.  5258.  It  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  linens. 

FUXJKTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

FLfJD'DA  or  FLAD'DA,  an  islet  of  the  Hebrides,  off  tlie 
N.W.  point  of  Itasay. 

FLOD'DEX.  a  hill  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
8  miles  X.X.W.  of  Wooler.  Around  its  base  was  fought, 
September  9th.  1613.  between  the  English  and  Scotch,  the 
celebrated  battle  of  Fl'iclden  Fidd,  described  with  such  spii-it 
and  power  in  the  last  canto  of  Scott's  M irtnion.  A  pillar 
has  been  erected  on  the  spot,  to  commemorate  this  action. 

FLOGXY,  flonVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tonne,  on  the  canal  of  Burgundy.  18  miles  X.W.  of  Auxerre. 

FLOII,  flo.  a  village  of  llesse-Cassel,  province,  and  E.X.E. 
of  Fulda.  on  the  Xessehvasser.    Pop.  1140. 

FLOXIIEIM.  flon'hirae.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  hi 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  17  miles  S.S.\V.  of  Mehtz.    Pop.  1602. 

FLOORE,  floor,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

FIaVKA.  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Texas. 

FLORA,  a  township  of  Sauk  co..  AVLscon.sin. 

FLOR.\C.  floVdk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lo- 
lire.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Mende,  on  the  Tamon.     Pop.  1904. 

FLO'RAL  COL/LEOE.  a  small  village  of  Kolieson  co.. 
North  Carolina,  95  miles  S.W.  of  iialeigh,  has  a  female  semi- 
nary of  high  standing. 

FLOK'DOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

FLOR'EXCE,  (It.  Firenze,  te-rin'zL  or  Ftcrema.  fe-o-rJn'- 
ci;  Fr.  Florence,  flo^rftsss';  Ger.  Florem.  flo-r^nts/;  anc.  Fit*- 
ren'tia  Tuscf/rum,)  a  celebrated  city  of  Tuscany,  and  the 
present  capital  of  Italy,  at  the  terminus  of  two  railways, 
one  conne<'ling  it  with  Prato  and  Pistori.i,  the  other  with 
Leghorn,  Pisa,  and  Sienna,  143  miles  N.W.  of  P,ome.  and  50 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Leghorn ;  lat.  (cathedral)  43°  46'  3H"  X..  Ion. 
11°  15' 30"  E.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Arno.  which  divides  it 
into  two  unequal  parts,  the  larger  being  on  the  X.  side  of  the 
river.  The  latter  varies  here  in  width  from  aliout  100  to  150 
yards,  and  is  crossed  by  four  bridges,  one  of  these,  the  Ponte 
della  Santa  Trinita.  is  of  marble,  and  remarkable  for  its  light- 
ness and  elegance;  it  is  formed  of  three  elliptic,  arches,  and  is 
adorned  with  statues.  There  are  l)esides  two  suspension 
bridges.  All  these  bridges  are  within  a  few  hundred  yards 
of  each  other.  On  either  side  of  the  Arno  is  a  spacious  quay, 
called  the  Lungo  TArno.  ("'along  the  Arno,")  a  lavorite 
lounge  or  promenade  of  the  Florentines.  The  city  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  old  wall.  4i  miles  in  circuit,  in  which  there 
are  seven  gates.  There  are  also  two  fortres.ses  on  the  line  of 
the  walls,  but  they  are  now  wholly  useless  for  military  pur- 
poses. The  streets  are  generally  narrow,  but  are  clean,  and 
well  paved  with  flagstones.  The  private  dwellings  are  mostly 
handsome,  and  the  palaces,  of  which  there  are  a  great  many, 
are  noble  and  impressive  structures.  Many  of  these  are 
magnificently  fitted  up,  and  confciin  extensive  libraries,  and 
valuable  collections  of  paintings,  one  of  the  choicest  in  Italy 
being  in  the  I'itti  Palace,  formerly  the  residence  of  Luca 
Pitti.  the  formidable  opponent  of  the  Medici  family,  now 
occupied  by  the  grand  duke.  The  city  contains  numerous 
pi:izzas  or  squares,  the  most  iraportaiit  of  which,  and  the 
centre  of  puMic  life,  is  the  Piazza  del  Grauduca,  adorned 
with  a  marble  fountain,  and  a  bronze  statue  of  Cosmo  I.,  by 
John  of  Bologna.  Several  of  the  other  squares  are  of  a  con- 
Fiderable  size,  and  many  of  them  are  named  from  the  church 
they  contain. 

The  most  remarkable  building  in  Florence,  and  perhaps 
the  most  remarkal>le  of  the  kind  in  Europe,  is  the  Duomo 
or  Cathedral  of  Santa  Maria  del  Fiore.  situated  in  a  spacious 
square,  nesirly  in  the  centre  of  the  city.  It  is  a  stupendous 
pdifice.  with  a  dome,  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  said  to 
have  excited  both  the  admiratioa  aod  emulation  of  Michael 


Angelo.  Its  walls  are  of  brick,  incrnsted  with  black  and 
white  marble,  and  its  floors  are  p.ived  with  the  same  mate- 
rial, of  various  colors;  it  is  also  adorned,  both  within  and 
without,  with  marble  statues,  the  works  of  the  most  ''mi- 
nent  sculptors;  and  its  paintings  are.  in  general,  master- 
pieces of  the  art.  The  Duomo  Wiis  begun  at  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century  by  Aniolfo  di  Lapo,  was  continued  by 
other  successive  architects,  and  completed  in  the  fifteenth 
century  by  Brunelleschi,  who  erected  its  vast  dome.  Oppo- 
site the  gates  of  the  cathedral  is  the  small  octagonal  church 
of  St.  John.  (San  Giovanni,)  now  used  as  a  geneial  bap- 
tistry for  the  city,  the  three  bronze  gates  of  which  aro 
celebrated  as  the  most  be.autiful  castings  extant.  One 
of  them,  the  work  of  Ghiberti.  was  s-aid  by  Michael  Angelo 
to  be  worthy  of  being  the  gate  of  paradise.  Xone  of  the 
other  churches,  the  number  of  which  is  said  to  be  170, 
exhibit  any  remarkable  architectural  excellence,  though,  in 
many  instances,  their  internal  decorations  are  sufficiently 
imposing.  The  church  of  Santa  Croce  contains,  among 
other  interesting  tombs,  those  of  Jlichael  Angelo.  Buona- 
rotti.  Galileo,  Machiavelli,  and  Alfieri.  The  two  market- 
places, the  Mercato  Vecchio,  and  the  Mercato  Xuovo,  are 
deserving  of  notice;  the  gallery  (loggia)  of  the  latter  was 
built  by  Cosmo  I.,  from  designs  by  Tasso.  These  markets 
are  amply  supplied  with  merchandise  and  provisions  of  all 
sorts,  and  with  a  profusion  of  the  most  gorgeous  flowers,  on 
which,  it  has  been  said,  more  money  is  spent  in  Florence 
than  in  any  other  p;irt  of  the  world.  Immediately  behind, 
and  extending  S.W.  from  the  Palazzo  Pitti.  are  the  Boboli 
gardens,  about  ly  miles  in  circumference.  Magnificent  lau- 
rels, cypresses,  j-uccas.  Ac,  form  their  chief  natural  attrac- 
tions :  their  artificial  ornaments  consist  of  terraces,  statues, 
and  vases,  including  four  unfinished  figures  by  Michael 
-ingelo.  Siiid  to  h.ave  been  intended  tor  the  tomb  of  Popfe 
Julius  II.  The  proudest  boast  of  Florence,  however,  is  its 
grand  gallery,  (tialleria  Imperiale  e  Heale.l  It  occupies  the 
upper  story  of  a  fine  building,  called  the  XTffizi,  erected  by 
command  of  Cosmo  I.,  after  a  design  by  Vasari.  In  this  gal- 
lery are  contained  specimens  of  palming  and  statuary  by 
the  greatest  masters  in  these  arts.  In  statuary,  among  nu- 
merous antiques  may  be  specified  the  celebrated  Venus  de 
Medici,  and  the  group  of  Xiolie  and  her  children;  and  in 
painting,  there  are  works  by  Michael  Angelo,  Raphael,  Ti- 
tian. Quercino.  Correggio,  Guido,  and  numeroxis  others  of 
the  first  names  in  various  schools. 

The  Laurentian  Library,  a  long  and  lofty  gallery,  with 
ixautiful  windows  of  stoined  glass,  contains  upwards  of 
90W  ancient  MSS_  equalled  in  importance  by  no  collection, 
except  the  Vatican.  The  Maglialiecchian  Library  is  the  great 
repository  of  printed  l)Ooks.  The  library,  called  the  Biblioteca 
Marucelliana.  comprises  a  large  and  excellent  collection  of 
books,  bequeathed  to  the  public  by  .\bate  Francesco  Maru- 
celli.  who  died  in  1703.  The  Biblioteca  Kiccardiana  is  a 
fourth  public  library,  founded  in  the  end  of  the  .^^ixteenth 
century  by  Kiccardo  Romolo  Riccardi,  and  has  recently 
been  purchased  by  tlie  government  It  contains  23,000  vo- 
lumes, and  35.000  MSS.:  these  last  more  especially  belong 
to  the  literature  of  the  Middle  Ages.  The  private  libraries 
are  numerous  and  extensive ;  that  of  the  grand  duke  con- 
tains upwards  of  60.000  volumes,  and  1500  MSS.  The  cha- 
riUible  institutions  of  this  superb  city  of  palaces  are  many 
and  important ;  some  of  them  are  of  very  ancient  date ;  one, 
called  the  buonuomini  (good  men)  di  San  JIartino,  has 
been  in  existence  for  400  years.  It  con.sists  of  a  societj-  of  20 
gentlemen,  who  collect  and  distribute  .alms  among  the  poor 
who  are  ashamed  to  beg,  unfortunate  persons  starving  un- 
der a  genteel  appearance.  Another,  which  has  existed  for 
500  years,  called  the  Misericordia.  is  diffu.sed  over  Tu.scany. 
At  Florence  it  consists  of  400  persons  cho.sen  promiscuously 
from  every  rank,  who  volunteer  their  .services  to  the  sick, 
the  hurt,  and  the  dead.  Among  those  of  recent  creation  is 
the  SocietA  di  San  Giovan  Batist.a,  instituted  chiefly  lor  the 
purpose  of  endowing  poor  maidens.  Its  distributions  in  Flo- 
rence alone  amount  to  between  3000/.  and  4CO(i7.  annually. 
Schools,  and  other  literary  and  educational  establi.'^hments, 
are  also  numerous.  The  most  eminent  of  the.se  is  the  Accade- 
niia  DelLi  Crusca.  a  society  of  Italian  philologists,  who  com- 
piled the  great  dictionary  of  the  Italian  language,  and  which 
continues,  under  another  name,  to  discuss  and  decide  upou 
questions  concerning  that  language,  its  grammatical  rule.s 
and  the  choice,  application,  and  etymology  of  its  words,  on  all 
of  which  subjects  it  is  considered  t^y  the  Itali.ins  as  the  high^ 
est  existing  authority.  It  ha*  also  puiJished  very  P'rreot 
editions  of  .several  Itali.in  classics.  The  society  t.ook  its 
name,  Cru.sca.  which  means  "bran."  with  a  mill  for  its  do- 
vice,  to  intimate  that  its  purpose  was  to  sift  the  good  from 
the  bad.  the  chaff  from  the  corn. 

The  manuCictures  of  Florence  have  greatly  fallen  off,  but 
still  silk  worms  are  reared  to  a  con.sideiable  extent:  and 
woollens,  silk,  straw-hats,  porcelain,  mo.saics.  and  pietra 
dura,  are  manufactured,  and  likewi.se  numerous  objects  in 
the  fine  arts ;  but  the  chief  dependence  of  the  city  is  on  the 
visits  and  tenijxirary  residence  of  foreigners,  ^'he  climate 
is  in  general  fine,  though  somewhat  foggy  in  autumn ;  pro- 
Tisions  are  cheap  and  kbunoaut;  and,  besides  the  beauty  of 


FLO 

the  city  itself,  a  delightful  vicinity,  studded  with  villas,  coun- 
try houses,  and  gardens,  combine  to  render  Florence  altoge- 
ther one  of  the  most  desirable  places  of  residence  in  Italy. 

Florence  holds  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  history  of  mo- 
dern Italy.  It  owes  its  origin  to  a  colony  of  Roman  sol- 
diers, sent  thitlier  hy  Octavianus  after  the  victory  of  Peru- 
gia, to  whom  he  allotted  part  of  the  territory  of  the  colony 
of  F'iesole,  established  about  40  years  before  by  Sylla.  J  ittle 
more  is  known  of  it  under  the  empire,  and  hardly  any  re- 
mains exists  of  that  period,  except  some  relics  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  a  few  inscriptions.  Christianity  was  establislied 
here  in  the  third  century,  and  early  in  the  fourth  a  bishop 
of  Florence  attended  a  council  at  Koma  In  thebeginniug 
of  the  twelfth  century,  the  city  had  risen  into  importance 
through  the  industry  and  enterprise  of  its  iuhabitiints,  who 
had  now  commercial  establishments  in  the  Levant,  France, 
and  other  parts  of  Europe ;  and  had  become  money-changers, 
money-lenders,  jewellers,  and  goldsmiths.  In  the  latter 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  wealthy  family  of 
the  Albizzi  became  chief  rulers  in  Florence.  These  again 
were  overthrown  in  1434  by  Cosmo  de  Me4ici,  a  popular  citi- 
cen  and  princely  merchant,  who  assumed  the  first  place  in 
the  state.  On  the  fall  of  the  republic  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, a  memVier  of  a  lateral  branch  of  the  Medici,  the  line 
of  Co.smo  having  become  extinct,  was  placed  by  Charles  V. 
as  Duke  of  Florence.  The  ducal  dynasty  of  Medici  continued 
to  rule  till  the  year  1737,  when,  becoming  extinct,  they 
were  succeeded  bj'  Francis  of  Lorraine,  afterward.'*  Kmperor 
of  Germany.  From  this  period  the  history  of  Florence 
merges  into  that  of  Tuscany.  Among  the  great  number  of 
illustrious  men  born  in  Florence,  may  be  mentioned  Dante, 
Petrarch,  Boccaccio,  Guicciardini,  Lorenzo  d'Medici,  Galileo, 
Michael  Angelo,  Ijeonardo  da  Vinci,  Benvenuto  Cellini,  An- 
drea del  Sarto,  and  Amerigo  Vespucci.  Pop.  in  1862, 114,363. 
— ^Adj.  and  inhab.  Florentine,  Uor'gn-tine,  (It.  Fiorentino, 
fe-o-r^n-tee'uo.) 

FLOlfliNCK,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,  Massachusetts. 

FLORENCE,  n  post-village  and  township  of  Oneida  co., 
New  York,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Utica.    Pop.  of  township,  2802. 

FLORENCE,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Delaware,  20  miles  above  Philadelphia. 

FLORENCE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  railroad  now  in  progress  from  Pitts- 
burg to  Steubenville,  25  miles  W.  of  the  former. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, about  07  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

FLORENCE,  postoffice.  Darlington  district.  South  Carolina. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Stewart  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Chattahoochee,  177  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

FL<JltE.\CE.  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Lauder- 
dale CO.,  Alabama,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  Tennessee  River,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  Muscle  Shoals, 
nearly  opposite  Tuscumbla,  and  260  miles  N.W.  of  Mont- 
gomery. It  is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  the  produce 
of  the  county  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Tennessee,  and  does 
a  large  business  in  proportion  to  the  population.  The  river, 
which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  wide,  is  crossed  by  a  fine 
bridge,  which  cost  $150,000.  A  railroad,  about  6  miles  long, 
connects  this  place  with  tlie  Memphis  and  Charleston  Rail- 
road. A  railroad  is  proposed  which  will  connect  Florence 
with  Nasliville  and  New  Orleans.  F'lorence  contains  3  large 
brick  churches,  a  female  seminary,  and  a  newspaper  office. 
There  are  2  large  cotton  factories  on  Cypress  Creek,  3  miles 
from  the  village,  having  a  capital  of  $45,000  each.  Slioal 
Creek  also  gives  motion  to  a  cotton  factory  (9  miles  distiint) 
which  cost  $60,000.  Tlie  river  is  navigable  by  steamboats 
from  its  mouth  to  Florence,  a  distance  of  300  miles.  Pop. 
inlSfiO,  l:i05. 

FLORENCE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  turnpike  from  Covington  to  Lexington,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Cincinnati.    Pop.  about  400. 

F'LORENCE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  alxiut  110  miles  N.N.E.  of  Colum- 
bus.   Pop.  1563. 

FLORENCE,  a  township  of  Williams  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1319. 

FLORKNCK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  St.  Jo- 
seph CO..  Michigan,  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing.   Pop.  981. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-office  of  Switzerland  co..  Indiana. 

I'LORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Illinois  River,  ll  miles  E.  of  Pittsfield. 
It  has  a  landing  place  for  steamboats. 

F'LORENCE,  a  township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Missouri,  54 
miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

FLORENCE,  a  village  of  Louisa  CO.,  Iowa,  on  Iowa  River, 
60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Iowa  City.  This  place  was  formerly  the 
■>esidence  of  Black  Hawk,  a  famous  Indian  chief. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-oflice  of  Mills  CO.,  Iowa. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-office  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin. 

FLOR'ENCE,  PROVINCE  OF,  or  COMPARTIMENTO  FI- 
ORENTINO, kom-paR-te-mJn'to  fe-o-rjn-tee'no,  a  province 
of  Tuscany,  consisting  of  four  detached  portions,  enclosed 
by  the  Sardinian  States  and  the  duchies  of  Parma,  Lucca, 
md  Modena.  and  of  Florence  Proper,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by 
Ibe  Papal  States.    Area,  including  detached  portions,  about 


3500  square  miles.  On  the  N.  and  N.E.  it  is  covered  by  the 
North  Apennines,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Central  Apennines 
and  the  Tuscan  Sub-Apennines.  Enclosed  by  these  moun- 
tains lies  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  Arno.  On  the  N.W 
are  situated  the  lakes  of  Fuceechio  and  Bientina.  The  soil  it 
very  fertile.  The  minerals  include  copper,  lead,  and  mer 
cury ;  and  quarries  of  marble,  alabaster,  ani  fine  buildin)^ 
stone.    Pop.  t)7 1,867. 

FLOREN  SAC,  floV6N"'sdk',  a  village  of  Fr.ince.  department 
of  Ilerault,  2ij  miles  S.W.  of  Montpellier.    Pop.  34ii6. 

FUJRENTIA  or  FLORENTIA  TUSCORUM.  See Flcbe.\cb. 

FLORENTIA.    See  Fiorenzuolo. 

FLORES.  flo'rSs,  FLORIS.  tto'rls,  ENDE,  Jn'd.i  or  MAND- 
FIREI,  nidnd-fee'rl,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archiptlago, 
and  the  largest  of  the  chain  that  extends  from  Java  to  Ti- 
mor, mostly  between  lat.  8°  and  9"^  S.,  and  Ion.  120°  and 
123°  E.  Length,  from  W.  to  E..  about  2UU  miles;  average 
breadth,  36  miles.  Surface  hilly,  and  on  its  S.  side  are 
several  lofty  volcanic  peaks.  Cotton  of  good  staple  is  raised, 
but  the  only  exports  are  sandal  wood,  bees-wax,  horses,  and 
a  few  slaves.  The  native  inhabitants  are  Timuri,  a  dark 
curly-haired  race,  who  occupy  all  the  islands  hence  E.  to 
Timor-laut,  in  Ion.  131°  E.;  on  the  cojist  are  several  colonies 
of  Malays  and  Boogis,  which  latter  possess  the  valuable  port 
of  Ende,  on  the  S.  coast.  At  its  E.  extremity  is  Larantuca, 
a  Portuguese  station.  The  principal  trade  of  Flores  centres 
in  Singapore.  The  Strait  of  Flores,  on  the  E.,  separates  this 
island  from  those  of  Solor  and  Adenara. 

FLOR  ES,  flo'rJs,  the  most  W.  of  the  Azores.  Lat.  39°  25'  N., 
Ion.  31°  12' VV'.  Pop.  9000.  Surface  mountainou.s,  but  fertile; 
shores  steep.  The  products  comprise  wheat,  rj'e.  yams,  fine 
fruits,  cedar  wood,  archil,  and  some  manufactured  woollen 
stuffs.     Principal  towns,  Santa  Cruz  and  Lagens. 

FLORES,  tto'rls,  an  island  of  the  Plata  estuary,  22  miles 
E.  of  Mon  te-Video.     Lat.  34°  66'  S.,  Ion.  56°  56'  W. 

FLORES,  flo'rJs,  an  island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  on 
the  W,  coast  of  British  North  America,  not  far  from  the 
middle  of  Vancouver's  Island ;  lat.  49°  20'  >'.,  Ion.  125°  45'  W. 
It  is  16  miles  long,  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  and  is  from  2  to  0 
miles  briiad. 

FLORES,  flo/rJs,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  280  miles 
N.E.  of  Goyaz,  near  the  Parana.    Pop.  2400. 

FLORES  HEAD,  or  IRON  CAPE,  the  most  N.E.  point  of 
Flores  Island  ;  lat.  8°  1'  S.,  Ion.  122°  SO'  E. 

FLORES  SEA,  that  part  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  Ijing 
N.  of  the  islands  of  Flores,  and  S.  of  the  island  of  Celebes, 
extending  from  N.  to  S.  upwards  of  3°  of  latitude.  It  is  in- 
terspersed with  numerous  islets  and  coral  reefs. 

FLORl  AN,  flo're-dn',  or  FLORIAN  A,  flo-re-ifna.  a  suburb  of 
La  Valetta,  in  Malta,  (which  see.)  Here  are  the  lesidences 
of  many  English  families,  with  the  principal  Protestant 
buri;il  grounds  in  Malta,  barracks  for  lOUO  men,  a  botanic 
garden,  and  a  house  of  industry  for  200  female  children. 

FLOR'ID,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Illinois. 

FLORIDA,  flor/e-d.j,  (Sp.  pron.  Ho-ree'riJ.)  the  most  south- 
ern of  the  United  States,  and  the  twenty-seventh  in  the  order 
of  admission  into  the  American  Confederacy,  is  bounded  N. 
by  Alabama  and  Georgia,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  S.  and  W. 
by  the  G  ulf  of  Jlexico  and  Alabama.  This  state,  which  forms 
a  peninsula  in  the  southern  part,  lies  between  25°  and  31° 
N.  lat., .ind  between  80°  and  87°  44'  W.  Ion.  It  is  about  385 
miles  long  from  N.  to  S..  in  the  peninsula  about  50,  and  in 
the  northern  expanse  250  miles  wide,  including  an  area  of 
alxiut  59.208  square  miles,  or  37,931,620  acres,  of  which  only 
654,213  were  improved  in  1800. 

Face  of  the  Country. — "Florida  is  generally  level,  pro- 
bably never  elevated  more  than  250  or  SliO  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  the  southern  part  of  the  peninsula  (we  quote  De 
Bow's  '  Resources  of  the  South  and  West')  is  covered  with  a 
large  sht-et  of  water,  called  the  Everglades,  of  an  immense 
extent,  (filled  with  islands.)  which  it  is  supposed  may  be 
rendered  available  hy  drainage.  The  central  portion  of 
the  peninsula  is  somewhat  elevated,  the  highest  point  be- 
ing about  171  feet  above  the  ocean,  and  gradually  declining 
towards  the  coast  on  each  side.  The  country  between  the 
Suwanee  and  Chattahoochee  is  elevated  and  hilly,  and  the 
western  portion  of  the  state  is  level."  "  The  lands  of  Flo- 
rida," says  the  same  writer,  " are  almost  md  ginrris.  very 
curiously  distributed,  and  may  be  designated  as  high  hum- 
mock, low  hummock,  swamp,  savanna,  and  the  different 
qualities  of  pine  land.  High  hummock  is  usually  tim- 
liered  with  live  and  other  oaks,  magnolia,  laurel,  ic,  and 
is  con.sidered  the  best  description  of  land  fur  general  pur- 
poses. Low  hummock,  timbei-ed  with  live  and  water  oak, 
is  subject  to  overflow,  but  when  drained  is  preferred  for  su- 
gar. Savannas,  on  the  margins  of  stresuns.  and  in  detached 
bodies,  are  usually  very  rich  alluvions,  and  yielding  largely 
in  dry,  but  needing  ditching  and  dyking  in  ordinary  sea- 
sons. Margh  savannas,  on  the  borders  of  tide  streams,  are 
very  valuable,  when  reclaimed,  for  rice  or  suiiar-cane." 
S.W.  of  Florida  is  a  chain  of  rocky  key.s  or  islets,  danger- 
ous to  navigators,  but  favorable  to  the  manufacture  of 
salt,  and  for  fisheries.  On  the  N.E.  coast  are  Amelia  and 
other  islands,  which  it  is  thought  mav  yield  the  celebrated 
stja-island  cotton  adTantageously.    The  Everglades  cover  an 

681 


FLO 


FLO 


extent  of  about  '60  miles  long  by  60  broad,  occupying  the 
moiit  of  that  part  of  Florida  S.  of  Lake  Okechobee.  and  are 
desc)  Ibed  bv  De  Bow  as  a  Tast  lake  studded  with  thousinds 
of  isTinds,  from  one-fourth  of  an  acre  to  hundreds  of  acres 
In  area,  mostly  covered  with  dense  thickets  of  shrubbery 
and  vines,  and  occasionally  with  lofty  pines  and  palmettoes. 
The  water  is  ttom  1  to  6  feet  in  depth,  out  of  which  (from  a 
Tesretable  deposit  at  the  bottom)  issues  a  rank  growth  of 
tail  grass.  The  Everglades  furnish  a  soil  well  adapted  to 
the  banana  and  plantain. 

ffiivrs.  Bays,  rfc. — Florida  has  a  number  of  bays,  viz. 
Chatham.  Charlotte's  Harbor,  Tampa.  Appalachee.  Appala- 
chicola.  Choctaw  ha  tehee,  and  Pensacola  Bays,  all  on  the  W. 
Bide.  The  last  affords  an  excellent  harbor.  There  is  also  n 
chain  of  lakes  running  through  the  middle  of  the  state,  the 
largest  and  most  southern  of  which  is  Lake  Okechobee. 
The  rivers,  too, are  numerous,  and  mostly  more  or  less  navi- 
gable. In  the  N.W.  is  the  Perdido,  a  small  river  separating 
Florida  from  Alabama ;  followed  in  order  by  the  Escambia, 
Blackwater,  Yellow-water,  Choctaw  ha  tehee,  and  Cliipola 
River,  but  none  of  great  length,  and  all  entering  the  state 
from  Alabam,*i,  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, with  the  exception  of  the  Chipola,  which  is  an  affluent 
of  the  Appalachicola.  The  latter,  (the  largest  river  in  the 
state.)  together  with  the  Oclockonee.  Oscilla.  and  Suwanee, 
enter  the  state  from  Georgia,  and  also  flow  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  St.  Mary's,  separating  the  stite  from 
Georgia  on  the  N.,  the  St.  John's,  and  Indian  Kiver,  (or 
Inlet.)  are  the  principal  rivers  falling  into  the  Atlantic. 
The  St.  John's  is  a  broad  and  sluggish  stream,  resembling 
an  inlet,  and  is  navigable  fur  vessels  drawing  8  feet  water 
for  more  than  100  miles.  The  Appalachicola  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  the  same  draught  to  the  junction  of  the  Chat- 
tahoochee and  Flint.  Kiversin  this  state  often  issue  from  the 
ground  with  sufficient  force  to  turn  a  mill  at  their  source. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — About  12  miles  from  Tall.v 
hass^,  a  spring  bursts  from  a  vast  depth,  which  has  been 
sounded  with  250  fathoms  of  line  before  finding  lx)ttom. 
This  forms  a  lake  of  beautiful  transparency,  reflecting  the 
sky  in  all  its  hues,  and  is  nearly  as  cold  as  ice  in  the  hottest 
weather.  The  number  of  these  springs,  some  of  which,  at 
their  source,  have  sufficient  force  and  body  to  turn  a  mill, 
bursting  from  a  great  depth  below  the  surface,  has  led  to 
the  conjecture  that  a  vast  cave,  or  series  of  caves,  underlies 
the  whole  country  in  which  they  exist,  and  through  whose 
roof  they  burst  with  violence,  wherever  an  opening  in  the 
rock  has  either  been  made  or  found.  The  Great  Sink  in 
Alachua  county  is  an  underground  pass,ige,  by  which  the 
waters  of  the  Alachua-Savannah  are  supposed  to  discharge 
themselTes  into  Orange  Lake.  "In  this  place,"  says  Bar- 
tram,  "a  group  of  hills  almost  surround  a  large  basin, 
which  is  the  general  receptacle  of  the  water  draining  fmm 
every  part  of  the  savanna,  by  lateral  conduits,  winding 
about,  and  one  after  another  joining  the  main  creek  or 
general  conductor,  which  at  length  delivers  them  into  this 
sink,  where  they  de.scend.  by  slow  degrees,  through  rocky 
caverns  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  whence  they  are  car- 
ried by  secret  subterraneous  channels  into  other  receptacles 
and  liasins.  There  are  three  great  doors  or  ventholes 
through  the  rocks  in  the  sink,  two  near  the  centre,  and  the 
other  one  near  the  ring,  much  higher  up  than  the  other 
two.  which  was  conspicuous  through  the  clear  water.  The 
beds  of  rocks  lie  in  horizontal  thick  strata  or  lamina,  one 
over  the  other,  where  the  sink-holes  or  outlets  are."  There 
Isawarm  and  slightly  sulphurous  spring  on  Musquito  River. 
In  Benton  county  are  iron  and  sulphur  springs. 

Climate^  Sr,il.  and  Productirms. — The  peninsula  of  Florida, 
the  most  southern  land  belonging  the  United  States,  ap- 
l)roaches  within  a  degree  and  a  half  of  the  torrid  zone,  of 
whose  climate  it  largely  partakes,  and  a  number  of  whose 

Productions  it  yields.  According  to  Dr.  Perrine's  tables. 
lie  mean  temperature  at  Key  West,  (in  lat.  24°  32'  40"  N..) 
and  Havana,  (in  lat.  23°  9'  N.,)  in  1838,  (which  we  extract 
from  De  Bow,)  was — 


Monthi. 

KejWwt. 

Baraiuk 

Hontbi. 

Key  West. 

Harana. 

Jaunaiy 

69 

71 

July 

82 

80 

February 

TO 

7S 

August 

81 

80 

March 

73 

77 

September 

77 

79 

April 

75 

78 

October 

74 

75 

79 

81 

November 

70 

72 

June 

81 

81 

On  the  night  of  June  28-29.  the  coldest  known  for  many 
years,  the  thermometer  fell  to  44°.  Bartram,  however, 
states,  that  on  the  3d  of  January,  in  1765.  the  thermometer 
fell  to  2»jO.  and  all  the  orange-trees  were  killed.  At  St. 
Au-rustine,  the  thei-monieter  has  sunk  on  yarious  occasions 
to  3;j°  30°,  and  24'':  and  at  Pilatka.  in  lat.  29°  38'.  to  28°. 
and  to  27° ;  at  Tampa,  lat.  27°  48'  to  28°.  26°,  40°.  28°.  30°, 
88°.  and  30°.  At  Fort  King,  in  the  interior,  half  a  desree 
S.  of  St.  Augustine,  the  climate  is  more  severe  than  on  the 
coast,  and  ice  an  inch  thick  is  sometimes  seen  in  its  vicinity. 
The  summers,  however,  are  hotter  tlian  on  the  coast.  AVhile 
Ui6  minimum  range  at  St.  Augustiue  was  39°,  and  the 
682 


maximum  92°,  at  Fort  King  the  minimum  was  27°,  and 
maximum  105°.  The  Gulf  coast,  too,  h.ns  a  more  severe 
winter  climate  than  the  Atlantic;  the  minimum  (at  the 
time  referred  to)  was  35°,  and  maximum  92°,  at  Tampa 
Bay.  From  the  relative  numlier  of  deaths  occurring  annu- 
ally— taking  into  account  those  deaths  which  are  owing  not 
to  the  climate,  but  to  the  fact  of  this  state  being  a  great 
resort,  at  le,ist  during  winter,  for  invalids  from  the  north — 
it  would  appear  that  Florida  is  among  tiie  healthiest-,  if 
not  the  very  healthiest,  of  the  United  States. 

The  soil  of  the  state  is  generally  sandy,  except  in  the 
hummocks,  where  it  is  mixed  with  clay;  yet,  o%ving  to  the 
mild  climate,  it  is  highly  pi-oductive  in  many  parts.  The 
best  lands,  however,  of  the  state  lie  useless  at  present  for 
want  of  drainage.  Florida  is  particularly  well  adapted  to 
grazing.  Besides  the  forest  and  fruit-trees  sub.sequently 
enumerated,  the  state  produces  cotton.  Indian  corn,  sngai^ 
cane,  rice,  tobacco,  (of  a  very  fine  quality,)  beans,  peas,  sweet 
potatoes,  and  butter,  in  considerable  quantities;  and  some 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  Irish  potatoes,  barley,  buckwheat,  wine, 
cheese,  hay,  grass-seed,  hops,  flax,  and  silk.  This  state  is 
also  favorable  to  tlie  growth  of  .-^isal  hemp.  In  ISi'O  there 
were  in  Florida  654,213  acres  of  inii)roved  land  (2,266,015 
being  unimproved),  producing  2,834,391  liusliels  of  Indian 
corn;  46,899  of  oats;  36:3,217  of  peiis  and  beans;  1,129,759 
of  sweet  potatoes;  223,704  pounds  of  rice;  828,815  of  to- 
bacco; 59,171  of  wool;  408,855  of  butter;  5280  of  cheese; 
65,153  bales  (of  400  lbs.  each)  of  cotton;  11,478  tons  of  buy; 
live  stock  valued  at  $5,5.53,356;  market  products  at  $'20,828; 
and  slaughtered  animals  at  $1.193,fH)4. 

fairest  Trees. — Florida  abounds  in  forest  trees,  among 
which  are  the  liveoak,  so  valuable  in  ship-building;  the 
water,  and  other  varieties  of  oak,  swamp  cypress,  pine, 
hickory,  magnolia,  dogwood,  and  laurel.  The  palnia  christi, 
or  castorKsil  bean,  becomes  a  large  tree :  and  on  the  islands 
and  keys,  boxwood,  satinwood.  m.i.^tic.  and  lignumvitse 
abound.  Arrowroot  grows  wild,  and  ginger  and  cinnamon 
may  be  cultivated.  The  pine  grows  from  Cape  Sable  to  near 
Indian  River.  Fruit-trees  of  great  variety  find  a  congenial 
soil  and  climate  in  Florida,  Except  in  a  few  .seasons  of  un- 
usual severity.)  The  lime,  lemon,  orange,  olive,  cocoanut, 
plantain,  pine-apple,  banana,  guava,  citron,  pimento,  cofl'ee, 
pepper,  cloves.  &e.  may  all  be  successfully  cultivated. 

Animal.''. — Hideous  alligators  Kisk  on  the  shores  of  the  in- 
lets, rivers,  and  lagoons  of  Florida.  Turtle,  oysters,  and 
other  shell  and  fin  fish  abound.  Great  numbers  of  wild- 
fowl are  found  in  many  parts  along  the  coast. 

Manufactures. — This  is  not  a  manufacturing  state.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1860  there  were  in  Florida  185 
manufacturing  establishments,  employing  2454  persons, 
consuming  raw  material  worth  $S74.50o,  producing  goods 
to  the  value  of  $2,447,969  annually.  Total  amount  of  capital 
invested,  $1,874,125.  TaJue  of  homemade  manufactures, 
$63,259. 

Internal  Improvements. — In  1860.  this  state  had  401  miles 
of  railroad  completed,  connecting  Pensacola  with  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama,  Jacksonville  with  Lake  City,  &c.  The 
princiijal  railroads  are  tlie  Pensacola  and  Georgia,  in  oper- 
ation 60  miles;  the  Florida,  154  miles  long,  extending  from 
Femandina  to  theGulf  of  Mexico ;  the  Florida  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  Central,  extending  westward  ti-om  Jacksonville  (78 
miles  completed) ;  and  the  Florida  and  Alabama  Railroad, 
45  miles  long. 

Crmmerce. — Florida  has  but  little  foreign  commerce,  and 
its  domestic  trade  is  limited  pretty  much  to  the  export  of  its 
products,  viz.,  cotton,  rice,  live-oak  and  other  luml)er,  pitch, 
tar,  turpentine,  and  resin.  Salt  is  exported  from  the  Salt 
Keys,  and  fish  are  sent  to  Cuba.  The  lumber  trade  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  importance.  According  to  De  Bow.  188.499 
bales  of  cotton  were  received  at  the  ports  of  Florida  in 
1851-2,  nearly  all  of  which  was  probably  exporti-d.  The 
foreign  exports  for  1852-3amounted  to  $1,698,206.  and  im- 
ports to  «:65.4,'U.  Ilntire  tonnaere  of  the  .several  districts, 
12,127.  'The  fisheries  are  valued  at  alx)ut  $15.0<;>0  annually. 
At  the  different  ports  of  Florida.  179.476  bales  of  cotton  were 
received  in  1853.  of  which  142.296  were  exported. 

Editcati'im. — The  census  report  of  1860,  gave  Florida  97 
public  schools,  with  iOSi  pupils.  «;20.0:>9  income;  and  138 
academies  and  other  schools,  with  44S6  pupils,  and  $75,412 
income,  of  which  $2045  was  from  endowments ;  it  gives  also 
66  libraries,  with  46,.'>75  volumes,  of  which  64  are  j)ublic, 
containing  37.126  volumes. 

iiV/iV/roK*  Denominations. — Of  the  319  churches  in  Florida, 
the  Baptists  owned  110;  the  Episcopalians,  9;  the  Metho- 
dists, 153;  the  Presbyterians,  2.5;  tlie  Roman  Catholics,  17  ; 
the  Univers!\list9,  3:  and  the  Lutherans,  2;  averaging  1 
church  to  440  persons.     Value  of  church  property.  $284,390, 

Period  teals. — In  IStX),  there  were  iu  Florida  22  periodicals, 
of  which,  1  wa-s  issued  bi-weekly,  2  tri-weekly,  and  19  weekly, 
20  were  political,  and  2  literary.  Number  of  copies  issued 
annually,  1,0S  1,600. 

Piililic  In.<i(iiiitions. — There  were  in  Florida,  according  to 
the  census  of  1S50.  1  public  library  with  lOiX)  v  ilumes.  aud 
6  school  and  Sunday-school  libr.tries.  with  166f  volumes. 

Popuiaiion, — The  number  of  iuhabitanV  iu  1830,  w;i 


FLO 


FLO 


84,730;  in  1840,  64,477;  in  1850,  87,445;  in  1860,  140,424; 
of  whom  77,747  were  white,  932  colored,  and  61,745  slaves. 
Population  to  the  square  mile,.2.  Representative  population, 
116,720.  Of  the  free  population,  35,602  were  boru  iu  the 
state ;  39,768  in  other  states  ;  3309  in  foreign  countries  ;  of 
whom  320  were  born  in  England;  827  in  Ireland;  189  In 
Scotland;  6  in  Wales;  77  in  British  America;  478  in  Ger- 
many ;  141  in  France ;  and  1271  in  other  foreign  countries. 
Of  tiie  population  in  the  leatUng  pursuits,  7534  were  far- 
mers; 2452  laborers;  1329  farm  laborers;  1175  planters; 
737  housekeepers;  693  carpenters;  6-31  domestics;  622 seam- 
stresses; 590  merchants;  558  mariners;  494  clerks;  468 
overseers  ;  276  teachers ;  268  physicians ;  173  lawyers ;  169 
blacksmiths ;  159  clergymen.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st, 
1860,  there  occurred  1769  deaths,  or  12-8  in  every  thousand. 
Of  24  deaf  and  dumb,  9  were  slaves  (see  Introduction  to  the 
volume  on  Population  of  the  Kighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi, 
Ac.) ;  of  36  blind,  21  were  slaves ;  of  25  insane,  5  were  slaves ; 
of  68  idiotic,  16  were  slaves. 

Counties. — Florida  is  divided  into  37  counties,  viz.,  Ala- 
chua, Brevard,  Calhoun,  Clay,  Columbia,  Dade,  Duval.  Es- 
cambia, Franklin,  Gadsden,  Hamilton,  Hernando,  Hills- 
borough, Holmes,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Lafayette,  Leon, 
Levy,  Liberty,  Madison,  Manatee,  Marion,  Monroe,  Nassau, 
New  River.  Orange,  Putnam.  Santa  Kosa,  St.  John's,  Sumter, 
Suwanee,  Taylor,  Volusia,  \\  akulla,  Walton,  Washington. 

Cities  and  'Jhwns. — Tliere  are  but  few  large  towns  in  Flo- 
rida. Pensacola  is  tlie  largest  town,  with  a  i)oj)uhition,  in 
1860,  2876.  The  other  principal  towns  are.  Key  West,  pop. 
2832:  Jacksonville,  21  IS;  Tallahassee,  1932;  St.  Augustine, 
1914,  &.C.    Capital  Tallahassee. 

Giwernment. — The  executive  power  in  Florida  is  invested 
in  a  governor,  elected  by  the  people  for  four  years,  and  re- 
ceiviug  a  salary  of  §15011  a  year.  The  legislative  power  is 
placed  iu  the  hands  of  a  senate  of  19  members,  elected  for 
four  years,  and  a  house  of  representatives  of  40  members, 
elected  annually,  and  both  by  popular  vote.  The  judiciary 
consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court,  composed  of  a  chief  and  two 
associate  judges,  which  holds  four  ses.sious  annually,  one  in 
e;ich  of  the  following  places — Tallahassee,  Jacksonville, 
Tampa,  aiid  Mariana;  and,  2.  Of  four  circuit  courts.  The 
judges'  salaries  of  both  courts  are  $2000  a  year  each.  Flo- 
rida hiM  but  one  member  in  the  national  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  three  electoral  votes  f!)r  president.  The 
assessed  value  of  property  in  1850  was  $22,784,837.  The  re- 
ceipts are  about  $60,000 ;  ordinary  expenses,  $45,000  per  an- 
num, exclusive  of  public  debt  and  schools.  Estimated  value 
of  property  in  1853,  $25,148,497. 

History. — Florida  wa.s  the  earliest  settled  of  the  now  exist- 
ing states  of  the  United  States,  but  was  not  a  part  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  Union  till  1820,  when  it  was  purchased  of 
Spain.  Thouu;h  so  recently  become  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Confederacy,  Florida  is  more  fertile  in  materials  of  his- 
tory than  many  of  her  elder  sisters.  Her  territory  was 
visited  by  Ponce  de  Leon  as  e;irly  as  1512,  and  afterwards  by 
Narvaez,  who  invaded  the  country  from  Cuba  with  400 
men,  and  penetrating  into  the  interior,  was  never  again 
heard  of.  De  Soto  subdued  the  savages,  after  a  bloody  resist- 
ance, in  1539.  It  was  called  FUirula  (••  flourishing,  blooming") 
by  the  Spaniards,  on  account  of  the  rich  vegetation  which  it 
presented  to  their  view.  The  French  began  settlements,  but 
after  a  struggle,  in  which  mutual  atrocities  were  perpetrated, 
they  were  expelled  by  the  Spaniards,  who  settled  St.  Augus- 
tine (the  first  permanent  colony)  about  1565.  Previous  to 
the  Kevolution,  Florida  was  involved  in  a  war  with  the  Eng- 
lish colonies  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  in  which  the 
Spaniai'ds  were  defeated  by  Oglethorpe.  At  the  peace  of 
1763,  Florida  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  but  was  re- 
conquered by  Spain  in  1781.  Since  its  acquisition  by  the 
United  States,  it  has  been  the  theatre  of  many  sanguinary 
conflicts  with  the  Seminole  Indians,  led  on  by  their  daring 
chief,  Osceola.  The  savages,  though  but  a  handful  in  num- 
ber, managed  to  baffle  for  years  the  skill  and  power  of  our 
armies,  by  retreating  to  their  swamps  and  forests,  and  it 
cost  the  United  States  government  many  millions  of  dollars 
before  they  were  finally  subdued,  which  event  took  place  in 
1842.  In  1846,  the  greater  part  of  them  were  removed  be- 
yond the  Mississippi.  General  Jackson  followed  these  In- 
dians, in  1818,  into  the  then  territory  of  Spain,  to  chastise 
them  for  depredations  on  the  American  settlers,  took  posses- 
sion of  St.  Mark's  and  Appalachicola.  be.«ieged  the  Spanish 
governor,  who  had  aided  the  Seminoles,  and  brought  them 
all  tc  .submission.  There  is  a  remnant  of  this  tribe  still  in 
Florida,  who  steadfastly  resist  all  offers  of  the  general  go- 
vernment to  induce  them  to  remove. 

FLORIDA,  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, about  115  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  645. 

FLORIDA,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Aew  York. 
Pop.  2991. 

I'LORIDA,  a  post-village  of  Qrange  co..  New  York,  about 
110  miles  S.S.W.  of  .Albany.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches 
and  an  academy.    William  H.  Seward  was  born  here. 

I'L'iRIDA,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Wabiish 
and  Erie  Canal  and  Mauuiee  River,  48  miles  above  Toledo. 
FLORIDA,  a  ptistr-jfli:,.  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan.  i 


rLORID.4.,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Missouri, 
on  Salt  Kiver,  at  the  .junction  of  its  throe  main  branches 
and  at  the  head  of  navigation,  13  miles  E.  of  Paris. 

FLORIDA  BAY,  at  the  S.  end  of  Florida,  between  Florida 
Reefs  and  the  mainland. 

FLORIDA,  GULF  OF.  See  Baham.4.  Channel  and  Gulp 
Stre.\m. 

FLORIDA  REEFS,  or  KEYS,  an  almost  continuous  chain 
of  small  islands  and  sandbanks,  reefs  or  keys,  extending 
from  Cape  Florida  in  a  S.W.  direction  for  a  distance  of  220 
miles,  the  whole  lying  in  a  bow  or  curve.  They  are  very 
numerous.  Among  the  principal  may  be  mentioned  Key  or 
Cayo  Largo,  Cayo  Hueso  or  Key  West,  on  Which  the  city 
of  Key  West  is  built. 

FL6RIDIA,flo-ree'de-3,a  town  of  Sicily,  intendancy  of  Sy 
racuse,  in  a  plain,  7  miles  W.  of  Syracuse.    Pop.  4800. 

i'LORIDO,  RIO,  ree'o  flo-ree'do,  a  village  of  Mexico,  stat« 
and  180  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Durango.    Pop.  about  2000. 

FLORIDSDORF,  flo'rits-douf,  called  also  FLORIDSDORP- 
AJl-SPITZ.  flo/rits-doRf^  dm-spits,  village  of  Lower  Austria, 
with  a  station  on  the  railway  from  Vienna  to  Olmutz,  4 
miles  N.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  1060. 
FLORIXAS,  a  village  of  Sardinia.  See  Fiuunas. 
FLO'KIS,  a  post-village  in  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  75  miles  S.W, 
of  Iowa  City. 

FLOIUISSANr,  a  post-village  in  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FLORSIIEIM,  (Fliirsheim,)  floRs'hime,  a  vUlage  of  Ger- 
many, duchy,  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Nassau,  on  the  Main. 
Pop.  2000. 

FLORSIIEIM,  (Florsheim,)  OBER,  oAjgr  floRs/hime,  a  town 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Rheiu-IIessen,  24  miles  S.W. 
of  Darmstadt.  It  is  an  ancient  commandery  of  the  Teu- 
tonic order.     Pop.  1061. 

F'LO'l'A  or  FLO'T.^Y,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  adjacent 
to  Faray.  Length,  3  miles ;  breadth,  2  miles.  Pop.  with  ad- 
jacent islets,  405. 

FLOTTE,  LA,  Id  flott',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inferieure,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Isle  de 
Re,  9  miles  W.X.W.  of  La  Rochelle.  Pop.  2227.  It  has  a 
good  harbor  and  roadstead. 

FLOWER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pendleton  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

FLO W/ERFIELD,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  in  the  N.W. 
corner  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan,  on  Rocky  Creek,  154  miles 
W.  of  Detroit.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  300;  of  the  town- 
ship, 1097. 
FLOWERS  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  More  co.,  North  Carolina. 
FLOW'ERTOWN,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,-Pennsyl- 
vania,  on  the  Bethlehem  Turnpike,  8  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nor- 
ristown.     It  contains  several  inns  and  stores. 

FLOWERY  MOUND,  a  pos^ofiBce  of  Concordia  parish, 
Louisiana. 
FLOW/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 
FLOYD,  floid,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  area  of  280  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Little  Kiver, 
an  affluent  of  the  New  or  Kanawha.  The  surface  is  high 
and  mountainous,  the  county  occcupying  the  north-western 
declivity  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  which  slopes  gradually  towards 
the  valley  of  New  River.  The  land  is  generally  rough,  and 
in  some  parts  unproductive,  but  a  large  portion  is  adapted 
to  pasturage.  The  highlands  contain  copper,  iron  ore,  and 
other  minerals.  The  county  is  plentifully  supplied  with 
water-power.  Organized  in  1831,  and  named  in  honor  of 
John  Floyd,  at  that  time  Governor  of  Virginia.  Capital, 
Jacksonville.  Pop.  8236,  of  whom  7761  were  free,  and  475 
slaves. 

FLOYD,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Georgia,  border- 
ing on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  540  square  miles.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Coosa  River  and  its  constituent  streams,  the 
Etowah  and  Oostenaula  Rivers,  which  unite  at  th"e  county 
seat;  also  drained  by  Cedar  and  other  creeks.  The  surface 
is  beautifully  diversified,  and  in  some  parts  mountainous. 
Taylors  Ridge  is  the  principal  elevation.  The  soil  of  the  val- 
leys and  the  river  bottoms  is  very  productive.  Iron,  plum- 
bago, galena,  slate,  satin  spar,  and  agate  are  found.  There 
is  a  valuable  mineral  spring  in  the  S.W.  part.  A  branch 
railroad  extends  from  the  county  seat  to  the  Western  and 
Atlantic  Railroad.  Organized  about  the  year  1S33.  previous 
to  which  time  the  soil  was  in  the  possession  of  the  Cherokee 
Indians.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Floyd,  formerly  mem- 
ber of  Congress  from  Georgia.  Capital,  Rome.  Pop.  15,195, 
of  whom  9282  were  free,  and  5913  slaves. 

FLOYD,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kentucky,  ha.s*an  area 
estimated  at  500  square  miles.  1 1  is  intersected  by  the  West 
Fork  of  Big  Sandy  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Licking  River.  The  surface  is  broken  by  highlands, 
which  produce  good  pasture,  and  contain  large  bedsof  stone 
coal.  B'loyd  county  was  formed  in  1799,  and  named  in  honor 
of  Colonel  John  Floyd,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Kevolu- 
tion. Capital,  Prestonburg.  Pop.  6388,  of  whom  6241  were 
free,  and  147  slaves. 

FLOYD,  a  county  in  the  S..  part  of  Indiana,  bordering  on 
the  Ohio  Kiver,  contiiins  148  squ;u-e  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Silver  and  Indian  Creeka.    The  surface  is  diversified;  the 

6S3 


FLO 

poll  Is  not  uniformly  productive,  A  range  of  steep  hills, 
called  the  "  Knobs,''  extends  throupb  it  X.  and  S„  with  an 
altitude  of  about  500  feet.  The  county  contains  extensire 
b«ds  of  iron  ore,  limestone,  sandstone,  and  slate.  The  hills 
produce  good  timber  for  boat-building.  The  New  Albany 
and  Chicago  Rjiilroiid  passes  through  the  county.  Organized 
in  ISlSt.     Capital,  New  Albany.     Pop.  20,183, 

FLOYD,  a  new  county  in  the  N.N.E,  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  about  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Ced.ar 
Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Lime  and  Shellrock  Creeks, 
(branches  of  Knglish  Hiver.)  which  unite  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  the  county.  The  slope  of  the  county  is  south-eastward, 
Capit;il,  Charles  City,    Pop.  3744, 

FLOYD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oneida  CO,,  New 
York,  6  miles  E,  of  Rome,     Pop.  1440. 

FIX) YD.  a  village  of  Camden  co..  Georgia,  near  the  mouth 
of  Santilla  Kiver.  35  miles  S,  of  Darien, 

FLOYD,  a  township  in  Putnam  co..  Indliina.    Pop.  1440. 

FI^.>YD  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Floyd 
00.,  Virginia,  180  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond, 

FLOYD  KNOBS,  a  post-office  of  Flovd  co,.  Indiana, 

FLOYDSBURG,  a  postrvill^e  in  Oldham  co,  Kentucky,  36 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Frankfort 

FLOYD'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co„  Kentucky, 

FLOYD'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Horry  district.  South 
Carolina, 

FLOYD'S  RIVER,  of  Iowa,  rises  in  the  N.W,  part  of  the 
state,  and  flows  S,W,  into  the  Missouri,  near  the  mouth  of 
Sioux  River, 

FLOYD'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia. 

FLUELEN,  or  FLUIILEN,  (FlUhlen.)  ttii'len.  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  on  the  Lake  of  Uri.  2  miles  N,  of 
Altorf,  Here  is  a  chapel  erected  to  the  memory  of  William 
Tell  in  1388,  and  resorted  to  annually  by  a  large  concourse 
of  persons  in  Ascension  week, 

FLUKE'S,  a  post-office  of  Botetourt  co.,  Virginia,  163  miles 
W.  of  Richmond. 

FLUME,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hampshire. 

FLUMENDOSA,  floo-mJn-do'si,  (anc.  Sa^phmr)  a  river  of 
Sardinia,  which,  after  a  S.  and  E.  course  of  tO  miles,  enters 
the  Mediterranean  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island,  30  miles 
N,E.  of  Cagliari. 

FLUMINI-MA.TORI,  floo'me-ne-mj-yo'ree,  a  village  on 
the  island  of  Sardinia,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Iglesias.    Pop.  1700. 

FLUMS.  tiooms.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  23  miles  S.  of  St.  Gall,  near  the  Seez.    Pop.  2634. 

FLUNONA.  a  village  of  Illyria.    See  Fiaxoxa. 

FLUSHING,  (Dutch  Vlissingm,  flis'sing-?n;  Ft.  Flessin- 
ffuc,  flfe^sJNG'.)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  Zeeland.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  M'alcheren, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Western  Scheldt.  Lat.  of  the  light- 
house, 61°  26'  4"  N.,  Ion.  3°  34'  7"  E.  Pop.,  exclusive  of  gar- 
rison. 7726.  It  is  strongly  defended,  and  has  2  harbors  with 
extensive  dock-yards,  and  a  fine  town-hall:  but  most  of  its 
public  buildings  were  destroyed  during  its  boni1>ardment 
by  the  English  in  1809.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  admiralty  board, 
and  has  considerable  trade  with  both  Indies,  England,  &c., 
and  extensive  communications  by  packet  boats.  Admiral 
de  Ruyter  was  born  here  in  1C07. 

FLUSll'lNG.  a  small  seaport  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
one-fourth  of  a  mile  N.  of  Falmouth. 

FLUSHING,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Queen's  co., 
New  York,  on  Long  Island  Sound.  9  or  10  miles  E.  of  New 
York.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  head  of 
Flushing  Bay,  and  contains  churches  of  5  or  6  denomina- 
tions, a  boarding  school  and  other  seminaries,  2  printing 
offices  issuing  newspapers,  and  atout  20  stores.  It  is  noted 
for  the  extensive  gardens'  and  nurseries  of  William  R, 
Prince,  of  Parsons  &  Co..  and  several  others,  which  attmct 
great  numbers  of  visitors  from  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 
Steamboats  ply  regularly  l)etween  Flushing  and  New  York. 
A  raihoad  connects  it  with  Williamsburg.  Pop.  estimated 
at  4000;  of  the  township,  10,188. 

^  FLUSHING,  a  village  of  Bucks  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Neshaminy  Creek,  3  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Delaware 
River.  KlK)ut  20  miles  N.E.  of  Philadelphia. 

FLUSHING,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.E.  coi^ 
ner  nf  Hell  lont  co..  Ohio.  lU  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Claursville.  Pop. 
1766.    The  village  contains  several  stores.     Pop.  aliout  450. 

FLUSHING,  a  jrast-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Genesee 
CO.,  Midiigan.     Pop.  1273. 

FLUSOR.    SeeCHiixTi. 

FLUVAN'NA,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Vii^ 
pinl.i,  has  an  area  of  170  square  miles.  The  James  River 
forms  the  S.  boundary,  and  Rivanna  River  flows  thrcui'h 
the  middle  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  partly  broken  and 
partly  level ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile,  in  others  almost 
barren.  The  James  River  Canal  passes  along  the  border  of 
the  county.  Gold  has  been  found  near  Palmyra,  the  county 
Beat.  Formed  from  .tlbeniarle  county  in  1777.  Pop  10  3^ 
of  whom  ;>3i9  Were  free,  and  4994  slaves.  '^^ 

FLU  V  ANN  A,  a  [lost-village  of  Chautauqua  Co.,  New  York 
•bout  325  miles  W.  by  8.  of  Albany.  ' 

FLY  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York. 

ILY  Cit  KEK,  a  post-office  of  La  Qrance  co..  Indiana. 
6M 


FOJ 

FLY/PORIMSBAr'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wop- 

FL'i^  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York. 

FLY.M'S  LICK,  a  po^t-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessea. 

FOATY,  fo'te,  orFO/T.\.  a  small  i.sland  of  Ireland,  in  Cork 
Harbor,  6  miles  N.  of  Queenstown,  connected  with  the  main- 
land and  with  Great  Island  by  two  handsome  bridges. 

FOB'BING,  a  parissh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  near  the 
Thames,  SJ  miles  E.  of  Hordou-on-the-IlilL  Jack  Cade's  re- 
bellion  commenced  here. 

FOCA.  fo'ki,  a  small  island  on  the  W,  coast  of  Africa,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Calabar  River.  It  contains  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  and  furnishes  supplies  of  wood,  water,  and  pro- 
visions. 

FOCHABERS.  foK'a-berz,  a  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Moray, 
on  the  Spey,  here  crossed  by  a  4  arched  bridge,  9  miles  j;.  of 
Elgin.  Pop.  1135.  It  is  very  neatly  built.  In  the  vidnity 
is  the  Duke  of  Richmond's  magnificent  domain  of  Ooi-don 
Castle. 

FOCHrS  FORGE,  a  post-office  of  SchuylkiU  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FOD'DERTY,  a  mountainous  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of 
Ross  and  Cromarty, 

FOEIL,  LE,  Ifh  ftl,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6tes-du-Nord.  9  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  2485. 

FOGARAS,fo'gOh'r0.sh',orFRAGET  SCHMAKKX.  frd'ghSt 
shmaitkt,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the  Aloota,  (Aluta.) 
55  miles  E,  of  Hermannstadt  Pop,  5100.  It  has  a  I'rotest- 
ant  gymnasiiuu,  churches  of  various  sects,  and  an  old  fo> 
tress, 

FOGGIA,  fod'ji.  a  walled  city  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata.  in 
the  great  plain  of  .\pu!ia,  80  miles  E.X.E.  of  Naples.  Pop. 
32,493.  It  is  well  built,  but  unhealthy.  The  principal 
structures  are  the  governor's  residence,  a  Gothic  cathedral, 
about  20  other  churches,  theatre,  the  com  magazines.  ( fo/fe.) 
extending  under  a  large  part  of  the  city,  the  remains  of  « 
palace  built  by  the  Emperor  Frederick  11.,  and  a  now  pro- 
menade. It  is  the  entrepot  of  a  large  trade  in  corn,  wool, 
cheese,  cattle,  wine,  oil,  and  capers.  It  is  the  place  of  regis- 
tration for  the  flocks  feeding  in  the  Apulian  tuvoliert.  and 
has  an  important  annual  fair. 

FO'GLESVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Macungy  township,  Le- 
high CO.,  Pennsylvania,  9  miles  W,  by  S,  of  AUentown,  and 
80  miles  E,  of  Harrisburg. 

FOGLIA,  fAl'ya,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  on  the  K. 
slope  of  the  Apennines,  in  Tuscany,  about  3  miles  W.  of  Ses» 
tino,  and  fells  into  the  Adriatic  at  the  latter  town,  after  a 
course  of  about  38  miles. 

FOGLIZZO,  fol-vit/so,  a  vill.ige  of  the  Sardinian  States,  17 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2917. 

FOGLO.  (Foglo.)  fo'glo\  a  small  island  of  Russia,  Aland 
group,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  In  lat.  6u°  N., 
Ion.  20°  30' E. 

FO'GO  or  FUEGO,  foo-.Vgo  or  fwA/go.  (i".  e.  "fire."  named 
from  its  volcano.^  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands.  W.  of  San- 
tiago, nearly  circular,  and  40  miles  in  circumference.  It  ia 
formed  almost  entirely  of  the  slopes  of  a  volcanic  mountain 
9157  feet  in  elev.ation.  The  first  eruption  of  this  volcano  on 
record  occurred  in  1680,  and  the  last,  which  caust'd  jrreat 
destruction,  on  the  9th  of  April,  1S47.  Its  inhabitants  suffer 
severely  from  the  want  of  water;  during  three  yeai-s  of 
drought  (from  1730)  two-thirds  of  the  inhabifcmts  perished 
from  this  cause.  In  1831,  the  population  was  reckoned  at 
17,000,  and  in  1843  only  7000,  The  climate  is  excessively 
dry,  and  the  temjierature  elevated.  It  is  extremely  fertile, 
and  produces  the  best  grain  and  fruit  in  the  archipelago. 
The  chief  port  is  Nossa  Senhora  da  Luz,  (nos'sd  sOn-vo'rd  dl 
loos.)    Lat.  14°  53'  N.,  Ion.  24°  30'  5"  W. 

FO'GO,  a  small  island  off  the  E,  coast  of  Africa,  in  Mo- 
zambique Channel, 

FOGO,  an  island  N  j:.  of  Newfoundland,  in  lat,  49°  40'  N, 
Ion,  54°  W, 

FOGO,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

FOGO.  a  post-office  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan. 

FOGUS  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Kenneb<>c  co.,  Maine. 

FOUR.  (FUhr.)  fiin.  an  i.sland  of  Denmark,  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Sleswick.  in  the  North  Sea.  in  lat.  54°  4.3'  N..  Ion.  8°  Cif  B. 
Area,  25  square  miles.  The  W.  part  of  the  island,  with  a 
population  of  2100.  Iielongs  to  Jutland,  and  the  E.  part,  with 
2660  inhabitants,  including  the  village  of  Wyk,  to  Sle.^wick. 
Great  numbers  of  oysters  are  exported  hence  to  Hamburg, 
and  numei-ous  wild  fowl  are  taken  here  in  autumn.  . 

FOIX,  fwi.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ariege.  44 
miles  S.  of  Toulouse,  on  the  .\riege,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyre- 
nees. Pop.  in  1852,  4C84.  It  has  a  oomniuna)  college  and  a 
normal  school,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  cavernous  roi'k.  on 
which  are  3  Gothic  towers,  the  remains  of  an  old  casHe, 
celebrated  in  the  Middle  .*gos  for  the  sieges  it  sustained  It 
has  several  iron-forges,  and  ix  tr.ide  in  cattle,  leather,  \vix)l, 
iron  and  steel  goods.  It  is  the  birthplaceof  Gaston  ile  F'-Ix. 
•This  was  the  ciipit-al  of  the  old  Comte  de  Foix.  part  ci  t)  a 
domain  of  Ilenrj'  IV.,  now  forming  the  depirtmeiit  ot 
Ariege. 

FOJANO  or  FOUNO,  fo-yi'no.  a  market-town  of  NnpIoB, 
23  mUes  SJ^  of  Campobasso.    Pop.  20OO. 


FOJ 


FON 


FOJANO  or  FOIANO,  a  markettown  of  Italy,  In  Tuscany, 
In  the  Chiana  Valley,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arezzo.  Pop.  65uO. 
FO-KIliX,  fo'be-^ii',  a  maritime  province  of  China,  mostly 
between  lat.  2i°  and  28°  N.,  and  Ion.  Hij°  and  121°  E.,  having 
S.K.  the  China  Sea.  Pop.  14,777,410.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  principal  river  is  the  Min.  which  enters  the 
sea  below  Koo-choo-foo,  the  capit;U  city.  Though  one  of  the 
smaller  provinces,  it  is  among  the  most  wealthy  in  China, 
produtinp  a  good  deal  of  the  finest  black  tea  consumed  iu 
the  empire,  with  the  best  camphor,  toUicco,  sugar,  iron,  in- 
digo, and  alum.  The  town  of  Amoy  and  the  island  of  i'o:^ 
tnosa  ;ire  compri.sed  in  this  province. 

FOKTCIIAN  Y  or  FOKCIiAM,  fok-chd/nee,  a  frontier  town 
of  Moldavia  and  Wallaehia.  European  Turkey,  on  the  3111- 
kov,  92  miles  N.E.  of  Bucharest.  Pop.  tJUOO,  mostly  Greeks 
and  Jews.    It  was  burned  by  the  Turks  in  1822. 

FOLDVAK,  (Foldvar,)  or  FOLUVAR  DU.XA,  fold'vlR' 
doo/noh\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  co.  of 
Tolna,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Simonsthnrm.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  partly  on  the  crest, 
and  partly  on  the  side  of  a  hill.  It  had  once  strong  tbrtifi- 
catious,  of  which  some  remains  still  exist;  it  contains  a 
Koman  Catholic,  and  a  Greek  non-united  church,  a  high 
school,  barracks,  and  Franciscan  monastery,  and  has  an  im- 
portant sturgeon  fishery.  The  district  is  fruitful,  both  in 
corn  and  wine.  Foldvar  is  a  steamboat  station.  Pop.  10,400. 
FOLDVAK.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  12 
miles  from  Kronstadt.     Pop.  2100. 

FOLDVAK,  or  .MAUI  EXUUKG.ml-ree'fn-bMnG',  a  village 
of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  on  the  .\lt,  about  12  miles  from 
Porumljuk.     Pop.  1100. 

FOLDVAK  TLSZA,  foldVdii'  tees/s6h\  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, Hither  Danube,  co.  of  Ileves,  on  the  Theiss,  8  miles 
from  Szolnok.     Pop.  '■iSi9. 

FOLEMBKAY,  foMSjiMirA/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne,  15  miles  \V.  of  Laon.     Pop.  1057.    It  has  an  ex- 
tensive glass  factory,  employing  900   workmen,  and  pro- 
ducing eight  millions  of  wine  bottles  annually. 
FOLES'IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Warwick. 
FOLOAKIA,  fol-gd're-a.  or  FLLLGKEIT,  (FiiUgreit.)  fUll'- 
grlte.  a  village  of  A  ustria.  in  the  Tyrol,  near  Roveredo.  P.  1430. 
FOLGEFO.NDEX-FIELD,   fol'gh^h-fon'den-fe-^ld',   an   ele- 
vated plateau  and  mountain  range  of  Norway,  stretching 
from  X.  to  S.,  at  no  great  distance  from  the  W.  coast.     Its 
culminating  point  is  5790  feet  in  height;  but  its  most  re- 
markable feature  is  its  glacier,  which  is  about  5000  feet 
ibove  the  level  of  the  sea.  and  40  miles  long  by  20  broad. 
Its  depth  has  been  estimated  at  €00  feet.     A  stream  issuing 
from  its  base  forms  a  magniticent  waterfall. 

FOLGOAT.  LK,  Ifh  fol'go-d',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  FiiiLstfire,  14  miles  N,N.E.  of  lirest,  remarkable  for 
a  magnificent  parish  church  built  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
FOIJA.  fo'le-()h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Temes,  on 
the  Uburda.  4  miles  from  Zebely.     I'op,  1009. 

FoLIG.NO,  fo-leen'yo,  (anc.  Fulgin'ia  or  Fulffinfium,)  a 
walled  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  state  of  Lnibria,  20 
niiies  ."-.E.  of  Perugia,  in  a  beautiful  vale  winding  among 
the  Apennines,  and  watered  by  the  Clitumno.  The  only 
public  buildings  worthy  of  notice  are  the  Cathedral,  dedicated 
to  St,  Felician,  and  the  Palazzo  Commuuale,  a  handsome  edi- 
fice, reiently  erected,  in  the  Ionic  style.  Foligno  has  a  high 
reputation  throughout  the  Papal  States  for  its  manufactures 
of  woollens,  parchment,  and  wax  candles.  Simp  and  playing- 
cards  are  al.so  m.ide;  there  are  silk-mills  and  tanneries,  and 
it  has  some  trade  in  cattle.  The  town  was  nearly  destroyed 
ty  the  earthquakes  of  1^31  and  1802.  It  was  anciently  a  place 
of  some  importance,  being  at  the  head  of  a  confederacy  of 
Umbrian  cities.  In  1439  it  was  incorporated  with  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  by  Cardinal  Vitelleschi,  on  the  extinction  of 
the  Friaci  Cimily.     Pop.  17,891. 

FOLKK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
FOLKI'VSTONE.  (L.  Lnpis  prtpuU?)  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Kent,  5  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Dover,  of  which 
cinque-port  it  is  a  member.  Pop.  in  1851,  7549.  The  town, 
on  the  line  of  the  South-eastern  Railway,  here  carried 
across  a  lofty  viaduct,  lies  in  a  hollow  between  two  high 
cliffs,  on  the  English  Channel,  opposite  Boulogne.  It  is 
Irregularly  built;  has  an  ancient  church,  an  endowed  school 
and  charities,  a  battery,  a  pier,  harbor  admitting  vessels  of 
from  10  to  12  feet  draught  at  high  water,  and  recently  much 
Improved  by  the  removal  of  shingle;  a  market-house,  excel- 
lent baths,  and  other  accommodations  for  visitors,  whom 
the  fine  sands  and  beautiful  surrounding  scenery  attract 
hither.  Folkestone  greatly  suffered  by  encroachments  of 
>he  sea,  and  its  trade  has  much  decayed;  but  it  has  still 
valuable  fisheries  and  considerable  traffic  with  Boulogne. 
Earl  Radnor,  as  lord  of  the  manor,  owns  the  jail  and  appoints 
the  keeper.  The  borough  joins  with  Hythe  in  sending  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
viscount  to  the  earls  of  Radnor.  Harvey,  the  celebrated  dl.s- 
eoverer  if  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  was  born  here  in  1578. 
FOL'KIXGIIAM  or  FAL'KINGHAM,  a  market-town  and 
baiish  of  England,  co.,  and  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lincoln. 
Pop.  820. 


FOL'KIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
FOLKS/WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Iluntincdon 
FOLK'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding 
FOL'LIFOOT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  \Ve8t 
Riding. 

FOLLO,  foWo,  (L.  FoVhim.)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  State*, 
division  of  Genoa,  7  miles  from  Levanto,    Pop,  2271). 

FOLLOXICA,  fol-lon'e-ki,  a  maritime  village  of  Tuscany, 
province  of  Pisa,  on  the  Mediterranean,  opp<jsite  Elba,  aud 
12  miles  E.  of  Piombino.  It  has  rapidly  increased  in  siz^. 
having  had  in  1830  only  3  houses,  whereas  now  it  has  in 
winter  from  1200  to  1500  inhabitants,  employed  in  iron 
works.  All  the  ore  from  Elba  is  brought  hither  to  bo 
smelted,  aud  during  S  months  of  the  year  1,000,000  pounds 
of  iron  are  produced  from  its  furnaces, 
FOL'SOMDALE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  \ew  York. 
FOMBIO,  fomljo-o,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Lodi,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Codogno.  In  1700,  the  Fiench  hero 
defeated  the  Atistrians.    Pop.  1485. 

FO.M'XIER  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  flows  through  Clark  co. 
into  Little  Missouri  River. 

FOX'D.\,  a  post-village  of  Mohawk  township,  capital  of 
Slontgomery  co.,  New  York,  on  the  X.  bank  of  the  Mohawk 
Ki ver,andorftho New  York  CentrulRailroad,42  miles  W,X.W. 
of  Albanj'.  It  has  a  handsome  court-house,  2  or  3  churches, 
I  bank,  aud  several  manufactories.  Que  newspaper  is  puh- 
lislied  here.    Pop.  about  700. 

FOXD-DES-NEGRES,  f6xo-dA-nA'g'r.  a  town  of  Hayti,  in 
its  S.AV.  peninsula,  55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Port  au  Prince. 

FOXD  DU  LAC.  (i.e.,  "end  of  the  lake."). a  name  some- 
times applied  to  the  S.  extremity  of  Lake  Winnebago,  Wis- 
consin. 

FOXD  DU  LAC,  (Fr.  pron.  fAs"  lU  iSk.)  a  co.  in  the  E. 
part  of  Wisconsin,  at  the  S.  end  of  Lake  W  innebago.  con- 
t;iins  754  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Mil- 
waukee and  Rock  Rivers,  and  by  Fond  du  Lac  River.  A 
high,  steep  ledge  of  limestone  extends  through  the  county 
from  S.AV.  to  N.E,  On  the  S.E.  side  of  this,  the  laud  is 
heavily  timbered;  the  W,  part  of  the  county  contains  ex- 
tensive praii-ies.  The  soil  is  calcareous  and  fertile.  This 
county  is  intersected  by  tile  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railroad,  and  by  another  railroad.  The  settlennait  of  the 
county  began  in  1835,  and  has  progressed  with  great 
rapidity.  "  Fond  du  Lac,"  in  French,"  signifies  •'  the  end 
of  the  lake."     Capital,  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  34,154, 

FOXD  DU  LAC,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Fond  du 
Lac  CO.,  AVisconsin,  is  admirably  situated  at  the  S.  end  of 
Winnebago  Lake,  72  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milwaukee,  and  90 
miles  N.E.  of  MadLson.  L.ike  Winnebago,  which  is  a  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water,  30  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide,  forms 
a  link  in  the  chain  of  navigable  waters  connecting  I.Ake 
Michigan  and  its  tributaries  with  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  is  the  channel  of  an  active  and  extensive  trade.  The 
Fox  River,  by  which  Winnebago  L;ike  communicates  with 
Green  Hay,  has  been  rendered  navigable  for  steamboats,  aud 
a  canal  has  been  cut  from  the  same  river  to  the  Wisconsin. 
Fond  du  Lac  has  grown  up  almost  entirely  since  1845,  and 
the  population  has  increased  with  surprising  rapidity.  The 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  connects  Fond  du  Lac 
with  Chicjigo  on  one  hand,  and  Green  Bay  on  the  other. 
The  town  is  built  on  ground  ascending  gradually  from  the 
lake,  and  is  pleasantly  embowered  among  groves  aud  clumps 
of  trees.  It  has  an  abundance  of  the  purest  \>  ater,  obtained 
by  means  of  Artesian  wells,  which  vary  in  depth  from  90  to 
130  feet.  It  contains  1  national  bank,  2  other  biinks,  4 
public  halls,  11  churches,  2  high-schools,  13  dry-goods  stores, 
5  drug  6tt)res.  6  book  stores,  2  floining-mills,  3  planing-mills, 
and  16  saw-mills.  It  has  also  2  plow  factories,  4  cabinet 
shops,  3  soap  factories,  1  maiuifactory  of  railroad  cars,  6  of 
wagons,  1  of  threshing  nuichines,  and  6  grain  elevators. 
One  daily  and  4  weekly  newspapers  are  issued  here.  Pop. 
in  1850,  2014 ;  in  1860,  5450 ;  in  1865,  about  10,000, 

FOND  DU  LAC,  a  settlement  of  Itasca  co,,  Minnesota,  on 
the  St,  Louis  River,  22  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Superior.    It  is  accessible  by  steamboats  from  the  lake, 

FOXDETTES,  foKo'd^t/,  a  vUlage  of  France,  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire.  4  miles  X,X,W.  of  Tours.  Pop.  in  1852,  2283. 
FOXDI,  fon'dee,  (.inc.  Fun>di,)  a  town  of  Xap'cs,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  on  the  Appian  Way,  14  miles  N.W.  of 
Gaeta.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  unhealthy  from  the  proximity  of  a 
salt  lagoon,  (anc.  FundahmsLalcus ;)  but  it  has  a  Gothic  cathe- 
dral, and  various  other  public  buildlng,s,  with  extensive  re- 
mains of  Cyclopean  walls.  Its  vicinity  (the  ancient  Ca'cuhus 
A'ger)  is  extremely  fertile,  and  was  anciently  lamous  for  its 
wine. 

FOXDO,  fon'do,  a  market-town  of  Au.'.'tria,  in  Tyrol,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Wildbach  and  Rovella,  25  miles  N.  of 
Trent.     Pop.  1426. 

FONDON,  fon  don',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  And.alusia,  28 
miles  X.W\  of  Almeria,  in  a  valley  between  the  Sierras 
Nevada  and  de  Gador.    Pop.  1951. 

FOXES'AVOOD.  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Virginia 
FONG.  fong.  a  prefix  to  the  names  of  many  cities  of  China. 
See  .ilso  FCNG. 
FONG  or  FUNG-YANG,  f&ng-yilng,  a  town  of  China,  pro 

6So 


FON 

■Ince  of  NganhoeJ,  on  a  mountain  near  the  Hoal-ho,  495 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Peking.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the  founder 
of  the  Ming  dynasty. 

FOXG-TSIAXa,  fong-tse-dng',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Shen-see,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Hoei-ho,  90  miles  W.  of 
See-ngan. 

FOX  XI,  fon'nee.  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  34  miles 
K.X.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  3053. 

FOXSKCA,  fon-sA/ki,  a  town  of  Spain.  12  miles  S.  of 
Toledo.  Pop.  4162.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  dye- 
works,  and  brandy  distilleries. 

FOXSECA  GULF,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Conchagca. 

FONTAINEBLEAU,  fdx-t^n-blo'.  probably  contracted  from 
Fontaine  Belle  Eac,  '■  fountain  of  beautiful  water,"  (L.  Fbns 
Bellaqiieus,  f\>ns  Bleaudi.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  finest  forests  in 
the  empire,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons.  al)out  2  miles 
from  the  left  b;ink  of  the  Seine,  and  37  miles  S.S.E.  of  Paris. 
It  is  well  built,  partly  of  stone  and  pjirtly  of  brick,  with  spa- 
cious and  regular  streets.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  court  of  fii-st  re- 
TOrt,  and  several  public  offices ;  confctius  fine  Ivtrracks,  a  com- 
munal college,  school  of  design,  public  library  of  28,000 
volumes,  public  baths,  and  several  hospitals  The  castle  or 
palace  of  Fontiiinebleau.  from  which  the  town  de'!'ives  its  chief 
importance,  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  France.  Many 
of  its  sovereigns  have  made  it  their  favorite  residence,  and  vied 
with  each  other  in  lavishing  upon  it  all  the  emljellishments 
that  art  could  furnish.  Henry  IV.  expended  upon  it  about 
100.000?..  Louis  XIV.  above  aiO.OOOi.,  Xapoieon.  250.000/..  and 
Louis  Philippe,  it  is  said,  still  more  than  any  of  his  prede- 
cessors. The  park,  laid  out  like  a  vast  garden,  and  adorned 
with  statues,  temples,  fountains,  lakes,  and  waterfalls,  coi^ 
responds  to  the  magnificence  of  the  palace.  The  forest, 
frhifh  has  an  area  of  84  English  square  miles,  abounds 
with  all  kinds  of  game.  Fontainebleau  has  manufactures 
of  calico,  porcelain,  and  stone-ware;  also  quarries  of  sand- 
stone, extensively  used  in  paving  the  streets  of  Paris  and 
the  roads  of  the  surrounding  districts ;  and  a  trade  in  wine, 
fruits,  preserves,  hoi-ses,  and  cattle.  Fontainebleau  is  the 
birthplace  of  Philippe  IV.,  Henry  III.,  and  Louis  XIII., 
Kings  of  France,  and  Dancoiirt  and  Poinsonet,  dramatic 
authors.  Christina.  Queen  of  Sweden,  resided  here  after 
her  abdication.  Pope  Pius  VII.  was  detained  here  for  18 
months,  and  here  Xapoieon  signed  his  first  atxlication  in 
1814.     Pop.  1852, 10,365. 

FOXT  A I X  E  FK  A  XC  A ISE,  fAsoHAn'  (or  fAs^HfnO  frSNo'sAz/, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  C6te-d"0r,  20  miles  X.E.  of 
Dijon.  Pop.  1208.  It  has  a  fine  chftteau  and  a  monument 
t<i  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

FOXTAIXE  L'EVEQDE,  fAif'tfe'  li'-vJk'.  a  town  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Ilainaut,  6  miles  AV.  of  Charleroi.  Pop. 
8018.  employed  in  iron  forces,  hardware  manufactures.  Ac. 

FOXTAIXE  XOTKE-DAM!-;.  V.^^Hin'  not'r-ddm.  a  vill.Hge 
of  France,  department  of  Xord,  2  miles  W.  of  Cainbrai. 
Pop.  1582. 

FOXTAXA.  fon-tl'nd.  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  pi  miles  .S.S.W.  of  Sora.     Pop.  2100. 

FOXTAXA,  fon-ti/nd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italj',  near 
Parma.     Pop.  1000. 

FOXTAXA  FKEDDA.  fon-ti'nl  frJd'di  avilLige  of  Xorth- 
em  Italy.  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  L'dine. 

FOXT.\XAKOSA,  fon-t4*na-ro'sa.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Ultra  I..  4^  miles  W.  of  Trigento.     Pop.3000. 

FOXTAXELLA,  fon-td-n&lld,  or  FOXTAXELLA  DEL 
PIAXO,  fon-tl-nJll3  d^l  pe-3/no,  a  decayed  town  of  Northern 
Italy.  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bergamo.  . 

FOXTAXELLATO,  fon-ti-nJl-la'to.  or  FONTANALLATA, 
fon-td-nil-li'tl,  a  village  of  Italy,  7  miles  W.X.W.  of  Parma. 
Pop.  1600. 

FOXTAxF^MORE,  fon-ti'nA-mo'rA.  (L.  Fonta'na-MaufrcL,)  a. 
Tillage  of  Pie<lmont.  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aosta.     Pop.  1190. 

FUXTAXETO-DI-XOVAKA,  fon-ti-nA'tonlet-no-vi'ri,  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  about  1&  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Xovara,  near  the  Agogna.    Pop.  2531. 

FOXTAXETO-DI-^EI!CELL1.  tbn-td-nA'tOKlee-vJR-chJllee, 
a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  18  miles  S.W.  of  VerceUi, 
near  the  I'o.    Pop.  i:234. 

FOXTAKABIA,  fon'ta-r.Ani^a,  {Bp.  Fuenterrahia,  fvilri-ik- 
ril-bee'i,)  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Bidassoa.  which  forms  a  part  of  the 
boundary  between  France  and  Spain.  It  is  chietiy  interest- 
ing on  a<;count  of  its  hi.storiwil  associations.  The  town  itself 
has  Ijeen  fre<juently  l)esieped,  and  its  vicinity  has  been  the 
scene  of  numerous  military  operations.  In  1837,  some  severe 
fighting  took  place  here  between  General  Evans  and  the 
Carlist.s,  the  former  eventually  taking  the  town.    Lat  43° 

22*  X.,  Ion.  1°  47'  AV. Adj.  and  inhab.,  Fontar.uuaji,  fon^ 

tl-rinx-an.  * 

FOXTCOUVEKTE.  fAso^kooVaiRt/,  (L.  Fbns  OpeHtus.)  a  vil- 
lage of  tile  Sardinian  States,  on  the  Arvan.  about  3  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Siin  Giovanni  di  Moriano.     Pop.  loOO. 

FOXTE,  fm'tA,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  govemment 
of  Venice,  21  miles  W.X.W.  of  Treviso.     Pop.  "l63i. 

FOXTECCHIO,  fon-t^kOteK),  a  village  of  Xaples.  province 
of  Abruz/xi  Ultra  Il„  16  miles  S.£.  of  AouUa.    Pod.  863. 
686  ■»  »■ 


FOO 

FONTELLO,  fon-tlllo,  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira.  on  the  Douro.  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ijimego. 

FONTEXAY-LE-COMTE,  fiN«'teh-nA'-leh-k6.Nt.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  A'ecdee.  on  the  Ve'nd^.  where  it  bo- 
comes  navigable.  33  miles  S.E.of  Bourtx>n-Vindee.  Pop.  in 
1852,  7884.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  has  a  couimuna] 
college,  barracks,  hospitals,  a  church  with  a  spire  311  feet  in 
height,  and  a  ruined  castle.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse 
linen  and  woollen  cloths;  and  it  is  an  entrepot  f.r  the 
Gironde  and  Charente  wines.  Fo.vtenay  is  the  name  of 
numerous  communes  and  villages  of  France,  the  chief  of 
which  is  FoNTENAT-AUX-RosES.  department  of  Seine,  3.  of 
Pari.s,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Sceaux. 

FOXTEXAV-SOCS-BOIS,  fAx^Heh-nA'-soo-bwd.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine,  1  mile  E.  of  Vinceunes.  Pod 
1696. 

FONTEXOY.  fAx°Hfh-nwA/.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Tournay.  Here  on  the  30th  of 
April.  1745,  the  forces  under  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  were 
defeated  bv  the  French  under  Marshal  Saxe. 

F0XTEX0Y-L1>CH.\TEAU,  f(liN='teh-nwd/-leh-sha't3',  m 
town  of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  on  the  Touey,  17 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Epinal.     Pop.  1372. 

FOXTES,  fon't^s.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-o»- 
Montes,  about  15  miles  W.  of  Villa  Real.     Pop.  It  00. 

FOXTEVIVO,  fon-t.A-vee'vo,  a  village  of  Italy,  provinco 
of  Parma,  in  a  pliun  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Parma.  It  contains 
a  magnificent  marble  mausoleum  of  Ferdinand,  Duke  of 
Bourton,  who  died  here  in  1802^  and  a  coUoge  of  Maria 
Louisa.     Pop.  2630. 

FOXTEVRAULT,  fAsoHeh-vro'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment  of  Maine-et-Loire,  8  iniles  S.E.  of  Saumur.  Pop.  1400. 
It  owed  its  foundation  to  a  famous  abbey,  destroyed  during 
the  first  revolution,  a  part  of  which  is  now  a  prison.  The 
other  remaining  portions  are  a  church  of  the  twelfth  century, 
in  which  are  the  tombs  of  Henry  II.  and  Richard  I.  of  Eng- 
land. Eleanor  of  Guienne.  and  Isabelle,  widow  of  King  Jihn. 

FOXT'HILL,  BISH'OP'S.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

FOXT'UILL  GIF'FORD,a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
1|  miles  S.E.  of  Hindon.  Here  stood  Fonthill  Abley.  the 
superb  and  singular  mansion  of  the  late  W.  Beckford.  Esq. 

FOXTIVEROS,  fon-te-vi'roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  province,  and  25  miles  N.N.M'.  of  Avila.    Pop.  694. 

FOXT'.MELI.-M.\G'XA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

FOXTVIEILLE.  f6N«Ve-A]'  or  fiN«Ve-A'ye,  a  village  of 
Fi-ance,  department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  5  miles  X.E.  of 
Aries.     Pop.  1786.     Near  it  are  excellent  stone  quarries. 

FOXZ,  fons  or  fonth,  a  town  of  Spain,  35  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Ilue.'ca.     Pop.  2160.     It  has  Roman  remains. 

FOXZASO,  fon-zd'so.  a  village  of  Xorthem  Italy,  govem- 
ment of  Venice,  22  miles  W,S,W,  of  Belluno.    Pop.  2700. 

FOO.  FOU.  or  FU,  a  Chine.<e  word  signifjinga  "city"or 
more  properly  a  "city  of  the  first  class,"  joined  to  many 
Lliiuese  names,  as  K.vi  FoSG  Foo.  YcSN.tx  Foo;  these  com- 
pounds being  nearly  equivaletrt  to  the  '•  great  city  of  Kal 
Foug,"  the  •■great  city  of  Yunnan,"  i-c.  It  maj-.  however, 
be  observed  that  there  are  several  other  Chinese  words  repre- 
sented in  English  by  i-bo  having  altogether  a  different  sig- 
nification fronr  the  alxive. 

FOO  or  FOU,  loo,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Shensee, 
situated  on  the  Lo-ho,  45  miles  S.  cf  Yenngan. 

FOOAH,  FOUAH.  or  FOUA,  foo'i  (anc.  J/.  Mis.')  a  village  of 
Lower  Egypt,  on  the  W.  arm  of  the  Xile,  opposite  Atfch,  16 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Rosetta. 

FUO'CIIOO',  FOO-CnOO-FOO.  fixi'choo'foo/.  FOO-CIIOW- 
FOO,  FOO-TCHOW-FOO,  fooVlidw'foo',  oi-  FOU-TCHEOU- 
FOU,  HxrchS-oo^foo',  a  city  of  China,  one  of  the  five 
ports  recently  opened  for  commerce,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Fo-kieu,  on  the  Min  River,  25  miles  from  its 
mouth,  Lat,  26°  12'  24"  N.,  Ion.  119°  30'  E.  Pep.  estimated 
at  500,000.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills, 
alx>ut  4  miles  distant,  and  is  enclosed  by  a  castellated  wall, 
y  or  10  miles  in  circumference,  outside  of  which  are  su- 
burbs as  extensive  as  the  city  it.self.  The  whole  is  com- 
manded by  a  fortified  hill  600  feet  above  the  plain,  and 
inside  of  the  walls  is  another  height  crowned  by  a  conspi- 
cuous watch  tower.  A  long  bridge,  erected  on  granite  pit 
lars,  here  cros.ses  the  river,  and  is  partly  covered  with  shops. 
The  walled  city  is  very  superior  to  that  of  Amoy :  it  has 
good  shops  and  houses,  a  main  street,  with  residences  for 
the  public  functionaries.  Large  quantities  of  cotton  goods 
and  well  dyed  blue  cloths  are  manufactured  here,  and  600 
ovens  for  the  production  of  porcelain,  are  constantly  em- 
ployed in  the  city  and  it.s  vicinity.  Xear  it  are  also  exten- 
sive lead  mines;  and  the  black  tea  district  l»eing  within  70 
miles,  tea  is  procured  at  Foo-choo  25  per  cent,  cheaper 
than  at  C.inton.  A  large  commerce  is  carried  on  ^itli  th* 
maritime  provinces  of  China,  both  by  land  and  water,  alsn 
witli  the  Loo-choo  Islands  and  Japan.  Principal  exports, 
timber,  tea.  paper,  bamboo,  oranges,  and  other  fruits,  spices, 
copper,  and  corn.  Imports  comprise  salt,  sugar,  European 
manufactures,  and  a  great  Variety  of  other  goods.  Besidea 
the  trade  by  land,  it  is  estimated  that  shipping  to  29.000 
tons  is  employed  in  the  trade  of  Foo-choo;  and  the  value  of 
the  import  and  return  cargoes  is  supposed  to  aniouat  tp 


FOO 


FOR 


iTOOO.OOO  annually.  One  half  the  population  are  supposed 
to  be  addicted  to  smoking  opium,  on  which  above  $2,000,000 
are  annually  spent. 

FOO-CIIOO-FOO  or  FOO-CIIOW-FOO,  a  city  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Kianp;-see,  210  miles  N.W.  of  the  foregoing  city. 

FOO-KKU,  foo'ku',  or  foo^ke-oo',  a  town  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Hunan,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Iloai-ho,  45  miles  S. 
cf  Kaifong. 

FOO'LADOO',  a  mountainous  district  of  Western  Africa, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Senegal,  between  Ion.  S°  and  10°  W., 
and  intersected  by  the  l.jth  parallel  of  N.  lat.  The  .scenery 
of  this  country  is  represented  as  singularly  grand  and 
sublime,  with  villages  perched  among  prei;ipices  of  many 
hundred  ft'et  in  perpendicular  height. 

FOOLAILS,  FOULAIIS.  or  FULAHS,  tooni.7>,  by  some 
writer.'*  called  FKLL.\T.\[IS.  ii\-Wtiz,  a  remarkable  race, 
widely  diffused  through  West  .\frica,  particularly  Senegam- 
bia.  Their  principal  kingdoms  are  Foota  Toro.  Rondoo.  Foola- 
doo,  ICaarta,  Ludamar.  and  iva.'sson.  Their  original  locality  is 
unknown.  Though  allied  to  the  negro  family,  they  differ 
widely  in  their  physical  diaracteristics  from  that  race,  having 
neither  their  deep  jet  color,  crisped  hair,  flat  nose,  nor  thick 
lips.  In  person  they  are  tall,  well  proportioned,  and  of  erect 
and  graceful  figure.  In  speaking  of  the  negro  nations,  they 
always  riuik  themselves  with  the  white  people.  They  are 
shrewd  and  intelligent,  are  active  traders,  and  industrious 
agriculturists,  whiih  is  their  chief  and  favorite  employment. 
They  have  many  large  commercial  towns,  large  tracts  of 
highly-cultivated  lands,  and  numerous  schools.  They  are 
mostly  Mohammedans,  to  which  religion  they  became  con- 
verts about  400  years  ago. 

FOO-MI.\0,  forming',  a  town  of  China,  province,  and  18 
miles  X.W.  of  Yunnan,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Yang-tse-kiang, 
FOONAI  or  FOU.NAI,  fooSiI'.  a  considerable  town  of  Jar 
pan.  island  of  Itioo-Sioo,  near  its  N.  coast. 

FOO-XIXO  or  FOU-MNO,  ftx/ning',  a  city  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Foliien,  capital  of  a  department,  70  miles  N.E.  of 
Foochoo-foo. 

FOO-NlNa  or  FOU-NING,  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Pe-chee-lee,  near  the  Yellow  S&'i,  105  miles  E.  of  Peking. 

FOOl'IM  or  KOU-PIM.  foo-pim'.  a  town  of  China,  province 
of  Pe-chee-Ioe,  63  miles  W.  of  P.io-ting. 

FOO-Pl.N  or  FOUPIN,  Cxipin',  a  town  of  China,  province 
6f  Quang-ton  g. 
FOOK  and  FOOKIAN.  See  Dae  FooR. 
FOOUICAKIA,  foo-re-ki'rt-d,  a  large  town  of  West  Africa, 
In  the  Mandiiigo  country.  76  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sierra  Leone. 
FOOSEE,  FOUSI  or  FU.-<I.foo~see'.  the  loftiest  mountain  in 
the  empire  of  .lapan,  commonly  called  by  the  .Japanese  FooSEB- 
Y.iMA.  It  is  situated  in  lat.  :ii)°  15'  N..  Ion.  13SO  ,S5'  E.,  in  the 
province  of  Sooroosia.  island  of  Xiplion.  Its  height,  accord- 
ing to  Sieliold.  is  12.440  feet;  it  stands  in  an  i.solated  position, 
in  the  centreof  a  boundless  landscape  of  uncommon  beauty. 
It  is  an  ancient  volcano,  formerly  the  most  active  in  all  Ja- 
pan; but  a  century  and  a  half  have  elapsed  since  the  last 
eruption,  and  its  crater  Is  now  filled  with  water.  It  is  re- 
garded with  a  superstitious  reverence;  and.  in  the  month  of 
August,  Boodhist  devotees  make  pilgrimages  to  its  summit, 
to  offer  prayers  to  the  idols  which  liave  been  placed  in  the 
ravines  of  the  rock  by  their  ancestors.  According  to  Ja- 
panese historians,  this  mountain  emerged  from  the  bosom 
of  the  earth  in  tlie  yejir  2S5  n.c,  and  a  corresponding  depres- 
sion of  the  ground  produced,  in  a  single  niglil.  the  great  Lake 
Slitsoo,  or,  as  Siebold  names  it.  Biwako.  The  last  eruption 
occurred  at  the  close  of  the  year  1707. 

FOO-SHAX  or  FOU-SCIIAX,  foo'shln',  a  large  city  of 
China,  province  of  Quang-tong.  21  miles  E.X.E.  of  Canton, 
on  the  island  of  See-Kiang.  (Si-Kiang.)  A.  portion  of  its  in- 
habitant!!, as  is  common  in  many  other  towns  in  China,  live 
in  boats.     Pop.  estimated  at  200.000. 

FOO-.SiIAX  or  FOC-CIIAX,  foo'shjn',  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Kiang-soo,  on  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  below  ban- 
king, at  the  base  of  a  fortified  height. 

FOO.-ilYAMA  or  FOUSI  YAMA.  See  Foosee. 
FOCTA,  a  territory  of  Western  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  S. 
of  the  Senegal,  extending  from  Dag.ana.  on  the  N.W.,  to 
North  Guererr.  on  the  S.E.,  between  lat.  15°  and  16°  26'  N., 
Ion.  12°  30'  and  10°  30'  W.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
of  which  that  on  the  W.  is  called  Foota-Tora,  that  in  the 
centre  Foota.  (Proper.)  and  that  on  the  E.  Foota-Damga. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  well  watered,  and  well  cultivated;  but  the 
climate  is  extremely  hot.  The  principal  productions  are 
rice  and  other  cereals,  cotton  of  excellent  quality,  and 
tobacco.  The  forests  are  extensive,  and  the  district  con- 
tains several  iron  mines.  The  natives  profess  the  Moham- 
medan religion.  The  government  is  theocratic  and  elective ; 
but  the  almamy  or  chief  must  be  chosen  from  certain  privi- 
leged families,  liy  a  council  of  five  persons  The  almamy  is 
controlled  by  the  council  of  five,  to  whom  he  must  constantly 
submit  his  acts,  and  who  possess  the  right  of  reprimanding, 
deposing,  andeven.  in  certain  cases,  of  putting  him  to  death. 
FOOTA-BOXDOO.    See  Bondoo. 

FOOTA-.TALLON,  foo'td-jdlMon',  a  considerable  district  of 
Western  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  intersected  by  lat.  13°  X.  and 
Ion   lo-'  W.    It  is  extremely  mountainous,  and  remarlutble 


for  the  rom.intic  beauty  of  its  scenery.  The  rivers  SeneiT*!, 
(iambia.  and  Grande,  have  their  source  within  this  district 
The  capital,  TinitK).  in  lat.  10°  25'  N.,  Ion.  10°  40'  W.,  con- 
tains a  pop.  of  about  7000. 

FOO-TCHOW-FOO  or  FOO-CIIOW-FOO.    See  Foo-Choo. 

FOOT/DEE  or  FUTTIE,  fooftee.  a  fishing-village  of  Scot- 
land, in  Aberdeenshire,  forming  a  suburb  of  Xew  Aberdeen, 
and  immediately  adjacent  to  the  entrance  of  the  harbor. 

FOOTSITZ  or  FOUTSITZ,  foot'sits'.  a  town  of  Japjin,  on 
the  island  of  Niphon,  province  of  Bingo,  105  miles  X.B.  of 
Miako. 

FORBACH.  foR'bdk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mo- 
selle, on  the  Xancy  and  Mannheim  Kaihvay,  43  miles  X.E.  of 
Metz.  Pop.  in  1862,  4826.  It  manufiictures  woollen  cloths 
and  tobacco-pipes. 

F011B.\CH,  foR'bjK,  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the  Slurg, 
here  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge,  24. miles  S.S.W.  Oi 
Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1245. 

FORBES,  foR/b^s.  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles  8.B. 
of  Budweis.     Pop.  720. 

FORBES'  (forbz'iz)  ISLANDS,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia, in  Temple  Bay;  lat.  12°  30'  S.,  ion.  143°  20'  E. 

FOR/BUSII,  a  post-office  of  Yadkin  co..  North  Carolina. 

FORCADOS,  RIO  DOS.  ree^o  doce  fcR-ka'doce.  a  river  of 
Western  Africa.  Upper  Guinea,  falling  into  the  Bii;ht  of 
Benin :  lat.  5°  22'  N.,  Ion.  5°  19'  15"  E.  The  bar.  at  its  mouth, 
is  1  mile  broad.  3  miles  long,  and  carries  13  feet  at  low 
water.  Forcados  is  considered  the  most  accessible  estuary 
on  the  coast,  with  .a  noble  sound  of  smooth  water,  5  fathoms 
deep,  immediately  within  the  bar. 

FORCALL,  foR-kSll',  a  town  of  Spain,  44  miles  N.  of  Cas- 
tellon  de  la  I'lana,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ebro.  Pop.  2000, 
engased  in  the  manufacture  of  sandal-cords. 

FORCALQUIER,  foR'kSrke-.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  the  Basses-Alpes,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Digne.  Pop. 
1098.     It  was  formerly  fortified. 

FOR'CETT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

FORCIIIIEIM.  foRK'hime,  a  fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Regnitz,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bamberg,  on  the  railway 
thence  to  Nuremberg.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  collegiate  church, 
a  synagogue,  and  an  arsenal.  Rudolph  of  Rheiufield  was 
elected  emperor  here  by  the  diet  of  lo77. 

FOKCIITEXAU.  foRK'tek-ndw',  (Hun.  Fralvn-AIhin.  frdk'- 
no'011'yOh\)  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co  .  and  11  miles  W. 
of  (Edenburg.  Pop.  729.  It  has  an  elegant  new  residence 
of  the  Eszterhazv  familv. 

FORCHTEXBERG,  foRK'ten-bjRO\  a  town  of  Wilrtem- 
berg.  18  miles  X.E.  of  Ileilbronn.     Pop.  nt'4. 

FORD,  ford,  a  parish  of  Engliind.  co.  of  Xorthumberland, 
7i  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Windsor.     Ford  Castle  is  partly   mo- 
dern.    It  was  taken,  previous  to  the  battle  of  Flodden, 
by  James  IV. 
"ford,  a  parish  of  Enfcland,  co.  of  .S.a!op. 

FOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

FOliD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

FORD,  a  post-oflice  of  Geauga  co..  Ohio. 

FORDE.  foR'dSh,  a  parish  and  village  of  X'orway,  76  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Bergen.    Pop.  of  parish  3760. 

FOR'DEX.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

FORD'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

FORDH.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

FORDHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Norfolk. 

FORD'IIAM,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  Y'ork.  It 
is  the  seat  of  St.  John's  College,  (Roman  Catholic,)  a  thriv- 
ing institution  founded  in  1841. 

FORD'INQBRIDGE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Hants,  on  the  Avon,  here  ci-ossed  by  a  stone- 
bridge.  19  miles  N.W.  of  South.ampton.     Pop.  in  ISol.  3178. 

FORDIXGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

FORDOCHE,  forMosh'.  a  small  bayou  of  Louisiana,  flows 
through  Pointe  Coupee  and  Iberville  parishes,  and  commu- 
nicates with  Atchafalaya  Bayou. 

FORDOCHE,  a  post-office  of  Point  Coup6e  parish.  Louisiana. 

FOR'DON.  a  town  of  Prussia,  Poland,  7  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Bromberg.  on  the  Vistula.    Pop.  2080. 

FOlfDOUX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine. 

FORD'S  CR  EEK,  a  post-office,  Catahoula  parish,  Louisiana. 

FORD'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Dinwiddle  co.,  Vircinia. 

FORDS  FERRY,  a  post-officeof  Crittenden  co.,  Kentucky. 

FORD'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia. 

FORDS'VILLE.  a  post-village  in  Marion  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  western  bank  of  Pearl  River,  about  100  miles  S.  by  E, 
of Jackson. 

FORDSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky,  130 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

FOgDYCE,  for-diss',  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  on 
North  Sea,  co.  of  Banff.     The  village  is  a  burgh  of  barony. 

FORE,  a  decayed  town  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  W(«t- 
meath.  3  miles  E.  of  CastlepoUard.  Pop.  119.  The  town, 
built  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  has  an  ancient  Ktond 
cross,  ruins  of  a  priorj-  and  chapel,  and  the  cell  of  a  lierndt, 
tenanted  so  late  as  1764. 

FORE'LAXD,  (NORTH  and  SOUTH.)  two  celebrated  head- 
lands in  England,  co.  of  Kent;  the  first  forming  the  N.B. 

tjS7 


FOR 

angle  of  the  county,  and  the  most  easterly  land  in  England. 
Xt  c-onsists  of  chalky  cliffs,  nearly  200  feet  in  heisrht.  pro- 
jecting into  the  North  Soa,  and  having  a  li^ht-house  with 
fixed  liL'ht.  elevated  1S4  fivt.  in  lat.  51°  22'  5"  X.,  Ion.  1°  26' 
7"  W.  The  South  Foi-eland  is  about  16  miles  S.  of  the  for- 
mer, the  Downs  Iving  between.  It  has  two  liirht-houses.  in 
lat.  51°  8'  4"  N.,  Ion.  1°  22'  5"  E.,  elevation  372  feet,  with 
fixed  liihts  to  warn  ships  coming  from  the  S.,  of  their  ap- 
proa.^h  to  the  Goodwin  Sands. 

Ft)KE'M.A.RK.  a  pari.sh  of  Enorland.  co.  of  Derby. 

FORKNZA.  forfn'zl,  (anc  fhren'tumf)  a  city  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  in  the  Apennines,  15  miles  N.E.  of 
Potenza.     Pop.  6100. 

FOK'EST.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham.  Pop. 
884,  partly  employed  in  lead  mines.  Here  are  cascades  of 
the  Tees  and  romantic  scenery. 

FOKEST,  a  viJla-e  of  Belgium.    See  FoRfiT. 

FOREST,  a  county  in  the  N.X.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
has  an  area  of  376  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cla- 
rion or  Toby's  River,  and  the  liorthern  part  is  traversed  by 
Teonista  Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  hilly,  and  ex- 
tensively covered  with  thick  forests  of  pine.  "The  soil  is 
moderately  fertile,  except  where  it  is  too  rough  and  rocky 
for  cultivation.  Lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export. 
Stone  coal  is  found.  The  Clarion  river  is  navirrable  by  small 
boats  through  the  ctiunty,  and  the  route  of  the  Sunbury 
and  Erie  Railroad  passes  near  the  north-eastern  extremity. 
This  county  was  formed,  about  the  year  1861.  out  of  the 
northern  part  of  Jefferson,  and  is  not  included  in  the  census 
of  1S50.     Capitjil,  Marion.     Pop.  898. 

FOKEST,  a  township  in  Genesee  CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  632. 
FOREST,  a  towusliip  in  the  northeaotern  part  of  Fond 
dii  Lac  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1231. 

FOREST,  BLACK,  Germany.    See  Black  Fosbst. 

FOR'ESTBURG.  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co.  New 
fork.  44  miles  W.  of  Xewhurg.     Pop.  911. 

FOREST  C ANTON'S,  Switzerland,  are  the  cantons  of 
Lucerne.  Schwytz.  Uri.  and  Unterwalden.  in  the  centre  of 
which  is  the  I>ake  of  Lucerne,  or  lake  of  the  Four  Cantons. 

FOR'KST  CIT'Y,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  ca,  New 
York    14.">  miles  W.  of  .Mb.-,nv. 

FOREST  CREEK.of  Union  district.  South  Carolina,  tiows 
S.E..  and  enters  the  Tiirer  River  10  miles  S.E.  of  Unionville. 

FOR'ESTD.\LE.  a  postrofflce  of  Rutland  co_  Vermont. 

FOREST  DEPOT,  a  post-oflBce  of  Bedford  co..  Virginia. 

FOREST  GATE,  a  station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Kail- 
wav.  England,  co.  of  Essex.  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  London. 

FOREST  GROVE,  a  postK)fflce  of  Claiborne,  parish, 
Louisiana. 

FOREST  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Elkhart  co..  Indiana. 

FOR'EST  HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

FOREST  IIILL,  a  station  on  the  London  and  Brighton 
Railway.  5  miles  S.  of  London  Bridge.  Around  it  is  much 
beautiful  scenery,  which  is  interspersed  with  many  hand- 
some villas. 

FOREST  IIILL,  a  post-offlce of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FOREST  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Marvland. 

FOREST  HILL,  a  postrotfic*  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana. 

FOREST  HOME,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Arkansas. 

FOREST  HuJIK,  a  post-office  of  Amador  co.,  California. 

FOllKST  HOUSE,  a  small  village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FOREST  I'RON  WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Penn- 
eylvania. 

FOREST  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Peniisylvjinia,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Montrose.    Pop.  1125. 

FORE^^TO,  fo-rJs'to.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Bergamo.  3  miles  W.  of  Sarnieo.    Pop.  1251. 

Purest  0.\K.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  Maryland. 

FOUEST-QUARTER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  Durham. 

FOREST  KETREAT.apostoffice  of  Nicholas  co.,Kentuckv. 

FOREST  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Greenup  co..  Kentucky. 

FOR'ESTVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Hartford  CO..  Connecticut, 
on  the  Hartford  Providence  and  Fishkill  Railroad,  15  miles 
W.S  W.  of  Hartford. 

FOR  EST  VI LLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  8  miles  E.  of 
Dunkirk.  It  contains  churches  for  the  Methodists,  Baptists, 
»nd  Universalists.  and  about  halt'-a-dozen  stores.     Pop.  674. 

FORE.STVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvani.t. 

FOKESTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Shenandoah  co..  A'irginia. 

FURESTVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Wake  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 1.')  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

FOKESTVILLE.  a  village  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

FOKESTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa. 

FdI'.ET  or  FOREST,  foVA',  or  foV^h',  (Flemish  Vorft. 
TORst.  I  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Liege,  on  the  Vesdre.     Pop.  2o28. 

FOKET,  LA.  14  fo'rA/,  or  foVJh',  a  maritime  hamlet  of 
France,  deprtrtment  of  Finistdre.  arrondissement  of  Quim- 
p^r,  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name.    Pop.  1500. 

FOR  EZ.  fo*r;i/,  an  old  division  of  France,  in  the  province 
Of  Ly.nn.iis,  the  CHpit-nl  of  which  was  .Montbrison,  now  form- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  department  of  Loire. 

fOK/FAK,  FORFAllSHlKJi,  for:i»r-«hir,  or  ANQCS,  »ng'. 


FOR 

1  p6s,  a  maritime  county  of  Scotland,  having  E.  the  North  Sea, 

and  S.  the  Frith  of  Tay.     Pop.  in  1851, 191.269.    The  surface 

1  is  naturally  divided  into  four  parallel  lielts.  rnnniug  from 

I  N.E.  to  S.W„  viz.,  the  Bi-aes  of  Angus,  a  part  of  the  Grampian 

j  range;  the  A'ale  of  Strathmore:  the  Sidlaw  Hills:  the  rich 

plain  on  the  Frith  of  Tay  and  the  se.i.     The  principal  rivers 

are  the  North  and  South  Esks.  and  the  I.sla.    Forfar  is  the 

chief  seat  of  the  coarse  linen  manufactures  of  Scotland.     It 

has  5  royal  burghs,  viz.,  Dundee,  Arbroath.  Forfar.  Montros*, 

and  Brechin.   It  sends  3  members  to  the  House  of  Commons, 

1  being  for  the  county. 

FORF.VR,  a  parliamentary,  mun)cip.al.  and  royal  burgh 
and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  county  of  Forfar,  in 
the  v.ile  of  Stiathmore,  near  a  small  lake,  14  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Dundee,  with  which,  and  Arbroath,  it  is  connected  by 
railw.ay.  Pop.  in  1851,  11,009;  pop.  of  borough.  9311.  It  is 
well  built,  has  handsome  county  buildings,  an  excellent 
news-room  and  library,  numerous  schools,  and  places  of 
worship,  with  considerable  manufactures  of  Highland 
brogues  and  coarse  hneus.  Forfar  unites  with  Montrose, 
.\rbroath.  Brechin,  and  Bervie,  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 
FORFARSHIRE,  a  co.  of  Scotland.  See  Forfar. 
FORG.  forg.  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Laristan.  175 
miles  S.E.  of  Sheeraz.  It  is  inclo.sed  by  an  earthen  rampart, 
is  well  furnished  with  water,  and  hasa  fortified  palace,  and 
about  200  houses. 

FOR'GAN,  (formerly  St.  Phillans.)  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  Tay,  opposite  Dundee,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  a  steam  ferry. 

FOr.'GANDEX'NY.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.s.  of  Perth  and 
Kinros.s  6  miles  S.W.  of  Perth.  It  has  remains  of  Roman 
and  Danish  camps. 

FORGAKH,  foR-gl're-i[,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  go- 
•vernment  of  A'enice,  near  the  Tagliamento,  16  miles  N.W. 
of  Udine.    Pop.  1050. 

FORGES-LES-EAUX.  foRzh-Uz-a.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  the  Seine-Inferieure.  22  miles  N.E.  of  Rouen. 
Pop.  1653.  It  has  mineral  springs,  and  an  establishment 
of  baths.  fi*quented  from  July  to  September.  Its  three 
springs.  La  Rei.nette,  La  Royale.  and  La  Cardinale,  were 
so  named  from  having  been  resorted  to  in  1632  by  Louis 
XIII.,  his  Queen,  and  the  Cardinal  Rit'lieliLU.  They  are 
chalvbeate.  and  have  a  temperature  of  45°  Fahrenheit. 

FORGE  VILLAGE,  a  post-villaire  in  Middlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Stony  Brook  Railroad,  6  miles  from 
Groton.  and  about  30  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

FOR'GLEN\  a  parish  of  Scotland,  county,  and  7$  miles  S. 
of  Banff.  The  ancient  castle  of  Forglen  is  situated  on  the 
romantic  banks  of  the  Deveron. 

FOR'GUE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 
FORI  A,  fo're-4.  or  FORIO.  fo^re-o.  a  .seapoit  town  of  Naples, 
on  the  western  coast  of  the  island  of  Ischia.  district,  and  16 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Pozzuoli.  Pop.  6100.  It  is  beautifully 
situated,  and  h.ts  a  good  harbor.  Near  it  are  mineral  bath.s. 
FORK'ED  DEER  RIVER,  of  West  Tennes.see.  is  formed 
by  two  brjnche.s,  the  South  and  North  Fork.s,  which  unite 
in  Dyer  county.  Flowing  thence  south-westward,  it  enters 
the  Mississippi,  near  the  north-westward  extremity  of  Lau- 
derdale county.  Keel-boats  ascend  the  South  Fork,  the 
lai-gest  branch,  as  high  as  Jackson,  which  is  150  miles  from 
its  mouth.  The  North  Fork  rises  near  the  north-eastern 
extremity  of  Madison  county,  and  joins  the  South  Fork  a 
few  miles  S.  of  Dversburg. 

FORK'ED  HEAD,  a  headland  of  North  America,  Cape 
Breton,  on  the  S.E.  coast,  between  Fourehon  Harbor  and 
Portland  Cove. 

FORKED  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Dover  township. 
Ocean  co..  New  .Tersey,  is  situated  on  a  stream  of  its  own 
name,  alwut  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Toms  River.  It  has  2  grist 
mills.  1  saw  mill,  a  ship-yard,  a  school-house,  and  a  store. 
Most  of  the  citizens  are  engaged  in  maritime  pursuits  at  a 
distance  from  home ;  but  there  are  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
village  many  excellent  farms. 

FORKED  RIVER,  a  postofflce  of  Monmouth  CO.,  Nevr 
Jersey. 
F0RK1IILL.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  .\rmagh. 
FORK'L.A.SD.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Greene  co„  Ala- 
bama, at  the  junction  of  the  Black  Warrior  and  Tomblgbee 
Rivers.  18  miles  S.  of  Eutaw. 
FOliK  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co..  A'irginia. 
FORK  MEET'INGHOUSE,  a  post-office  of  l).-iltimore  co., 
Maryland. 
FORK'NER'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Laclede  co.,  Mls.sourl. 
FORK  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Virginia. 
FORKS,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1140. 

FORKS,  s  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsylvanin. 
Pop.  0»1. 

FORKS  OF  ELK'HORN,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Keo- 
tuckv. 

FORKS  OF  PIGEON,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co..  North 
Carolina. 

FORKS  OF  POTCMAO,  a  post-office  of  Hampshhre  co, 
Virginia. 


FOR 


FOR 


FORK'STON,  a  post-village  and  township  ofWyomlng  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  105  miles  N.E.  of  Hairisburg. 

■PORKS'VILLK,  a  postoflice  of  Mecklenburir  co.,  Virrfnia. 

FORKSVirvLi;,  a  small  post-village  of  Washita  parish, 
Louisiana,  13  miles  W.  of  Munroe. 

FOHKSVILLK,  a  pos^village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  50  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

FOKKTOWNj'a  post-village  in  Somerset  co.,  Maryland, 
about  90  miles  S.S.E.  of  Annapolis. 

FORK  UNION,  a  post-office  of  Fluvanna  co.,  Virginia. 

FOHLI,  foR-lee',  (anc.  Fnfrum  LivHi.)  a  walled  city  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  in  the  State  of  iEmilia,  capital  of  a  province  of  its 
own  name,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Bologna,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
©nlunes,  in  a  pleasant  and  fertile  plain,  watered  by  the 
Ronco  and  Slontone.  It  is  handsome  and  well  built,  with 
a  spacious  square,  and  contiiins  many  beautiful  buildings, 
Including  several  palaces,  one  of  which,  the  Palazzo  Guerini. 
is  after  the  designs  of  Michael  Angelo.  It  also  has  a  cathe- 
dral, and  several  other  churches,  most  of  which  are  adorned 
with  fine  paintings,  by  Cignani,  Guido,  and  other  masters. 
There  are  likewise  numerous  convents  in  the  town,  and  a 
famous  citiidel,  now  a  prison.  Forli  is  a  bishop's  see,  and 
the  residence  of  the  legate.  It  has  a  collecre,  a  public  li- 
brary, and  some  literary  societies;  manufactures  of  silk 
ribbons,  silk  twist,  oil-cloth,  woollen  stuffs,  wax,  nitre, 
and  refined  sulphur;  and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn, 
wines,  oil,  hem^i,  ;ind  anit^eseeU.  Forli  wag  taken  by  the 
French  in  1797.     Pop.  17.723. 

FORM,  a  province  of  Central  Italy,  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the'Adriatic.  Area,  about  750  square  miles.  Capital,  Forli. 
Pop.  in  1862,  224,463. 

FORLI.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  7J4  miles 
N.  of  Isernia.     Pop.  2200. 

•FOI!LIMPO!>OLI,  foR-lim-pop'o-le,  (anc.  y</r7/m  Pftpil'ii,) 
a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  province  of  Forli,  5  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Forli.  Pop.  4191.  It  hag  an  ancient  castle,  a 
cathedral,  and  some  trade  in  wine,  flax,  and  silk. 

FORM'BY.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca.ster. 

FOIiMKNTEKA,  foR-'m^n-tii'ra,  (anc.  Pityii/sm.)  one  of  the 
Balearic  Islands,  in  the  Mediterranean.  6  miles  S.  of  Ivi^a. 
Length  from  W.  io  E.,  13^iiles;  breadth,  from  2  to  10  miles. 
Pop.  2000,  engaged  in  agriculture. 

FORMKKIE.  t'>R*mph-ree'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
3f  Oise,  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Beauvais.     Pop.  1257. 

FORMICUE.  foH-mee'k.i  two  small  islands  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, off  the  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  intendency,  and  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Trapani.  the  E.  and  larger  being  covered  with  stone 
buildings,  and  h.aving  a  tolerable  harbor. 

FORSiICHE,  foR-meencjl,  a  group  in  the  Mediterranean, 
off  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Elba. 

F(11!MICHE  DI  GHOSSETTO.  foR-mee%A  dee  gros-sjf to  a 
group  in  the  Mediterranean,  including  Monte  Christo,Qian- 
,  Giglio,  &c. 

FORMICOLA,  foR-mee'ko-H,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Capua.     Pop.  2000. 

FORMIGA.  foR-mee'gd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  provineo  of  Minas- 
Geraes,  140  miles  E.  of  Villa  Rica,  near  the  source  of  a  small 
river  of  the  same  name,  comarca  of  Rio  Grande.    Pop.  2000. 

FORMIGARA.  foR-me-gd'rd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  Cremona,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Soresina.    Pop.  11S6. 

FOH^IIG.VS,  foR-mee'gJs,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Slinas-Oeraes.  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jlinas-Novas.   Pop.  1000. 

FORMIUINE,  foii-nie-jee'nfV,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  situ- 
ated on  ii  op.nul  0  miles  S.S.W.  of  Modena.    Pop.  1800. 

FORMION  Y.  foR^meen^yee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Calvados.  12  milej  from  Rayeux,  famous  for  a  battle  be- 
tween the  French  and  English,  in  1450,  in  which  the  latter 
were  defeated,  and  in  consequence  of  which  they  were  com- 
pelled to  abandon  Normandy.  A  monument  to  commemo- 
rate the  event  was  set  up  in  1834,  near  the  highway  be- 
tween Paris  and  Cherlx)urg,  at  the  spot  where  the  closing 
struggle  is  recorded  to  have  taken  place.     Pop.  537. 

FORMOSA.  (Chinese  Tai-wan  or  Tai-ouan,  tl-wdn';  Fr.  Fbr- 
Biose,  foK^moz';  Port,  iibrmata,  foR-mo'sJ,  i.e.  "beautiful,") 
an  island  of  the  China  Sea,  between  22°  and  25°  30*  N..  and 
Ion.  120°  30'  and  122°  E.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  245  miles ; 
breadth  at  the  broadest  part,  which  is  at  the  centre,  about 
100  miles.  Area,  15.000  square  miles.  The  whole  coast  of  the 
i.sland  facing  the  mainland,  and  for  a  considerable  distance 
inland,  belongs  to  China,  and  is  Included  in  the  government 
of  the  province  of  Fokien,  from  which  it  is  distant  about  90 
miles.  The  rt^mainder,  or  E.  side  of  the  island,  is  occxi- 
pied  by  aborigines.  Formosa  is  intersected  throughout  Us 
whole  length  by  a  ridge  of  mountains  called  Afuh  Kan  fHian, 
some  of  whose  summits  are  supposed  to  reach  an  eleva- 
tion of  12.000  feet,  and  are  covered  with  snow  during  the 
whole  year.  Their  declivities  are  clothed  with  fine  trees 
ind  ftasture-grounds.  giving  the  island  a  very  attractive  ap- 
pearance from  the  .sea,  whence  its  Portuguese  name.  These 
mountains  pre.sent  many  evidences  of  former  volcanic 
vction.  Rivers  are  numerous  on  the  W.  side,  but  most 
of  them  are  mere  mountain  torrents.  The  soil  of  the  loiter 
tracts  and  the  more  gentle  slopes  of  the  mountains  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  well  cultivated,  and  the  climate  salubrious. 
The  rice  trade  alone,  between  the  island  and  the  maritime 
2T 


provinces  of  the  mainland,  employs  about  300  vessels.  The 
rice  grown  in  Formos.i  is  of  superior  quality.  Wheat,  mil- 
let, maize,  several  kinds  of  vegetables,  sugar-cane,  oranges, 
pine-apples,  guavas,  cocoa-nuts,  areca-nuts,  peaches,  apri 
cots,  figs,  grapes,  pomegranates,  chestnuts,  and  melons  are 
also  raised  in  large  quantities.  The  commerce  of  Formosa 
is  confined  chiefly  to  Fokien,  and  to  a  few  of  the  other  E. 
provinces  of  China,  from  wliich  it  imports  tea — green  tea 
only,  and  that  of  a  peculiar  kind,  being  cultivated  on  the 
island — raw  silk,  woollen,  and  cotton  stuffs,  and  other  ma- 
nufactures. The  exports  besides  rice,  are  camphor,  salt, 
sulphur,  maize,  fruits,  timber,  and  other  produce.  The 
domestic  animals  are  cattle,  buffaloes,  hor.ses,  asses,  goats, 
sheep,  and  hogs.  The  E.  part  of  the  i.sland  is  said  to  be  in- 
fested with  tigers,  leopards,  and  wolves,  but  none  are  mej 
with  in  the  cultivatwl  districts  on  the  W.  side.  In  184S 
coal  of  excellent  quality,  and  extending  over  a  large  area, 
was  discovered  at  the  N.E.  part  of  the  island,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  village  of  Kclung-tow  or  Killon.  The  aborigines  are 
of  a  slender  shape,  olive  complexion,  wear  long  hair,  and 
blacken  their  teeth.  They  are  divided  into  numerous  clans 
or  tribes,  have  no  written  laniruage,  are  honest,  and  just  in 
their  dealings,  but  revengeful  when  provoked.  The  Chi- 
nese portion  of  the  island  Is  divided  into  fmr  districts,  the 
capital  of  which  is  Tai-wan-tbo.  The  Chinese  had  no  know- 
ledge of  Formo.sa  till  the  year  1403.  and  their  sway  was  not 
estijblished  over  it  till  1683.  Since  then  it  has  greatly  flou- 
rished through  their  industiy,  perseverance,  and  agricul- 
tural skill.  An  e.xtensive  emigration  is  still  going  on  from 
the  continent;  and  lands  are  taken  up  by  capitalists,  who 
not  only  encourage  the  people  to  go  over,  but  purchase 
large  numbers  of  poor  persons  to  occupy  them.  The  colo- 
nists are  wealthy  and  unruly,  and  are  a  source  of  great  an- 
noyance, from  the  frequency  of  their  revolts,  to  the  Chinese 
government.  Literature  is  in  a  flourishing  state  in  the 
island,  and  the  people  of  Fokien  sometimes  send  their  sons 
there  to  obtain  literary  degrees.  Formosa  has  tew  available 
harbors,  owing  to  the  shallowness  of  their  entrances.  The 
channel  S.  from  the  island  is  remarkable  f  jr  the  violence  of 
its  N.  winds  and  for  its  heavy  seas.  In  1032  the  Dutch  be- 
came masters  of  it.  but  they  were  expelled  by  the  fiimous 
pirate  Coxinga.  whose  successors  ruled  here  till  1083.  The 
Nerbudda  transport  and  the  brig  Ann  were  wrecked  on  For- 
mosa hi  1841,  and  nearly  all  their  survivors  were  ulti- 
mately put  to  death  with  great  cruelty  by  the  Chinese. 
Pop.  estimated  at  2.500.000. 

FOKMOS.\.  foR-mo'sJ.  the  northernmost  of  the  Bissagos 
Islands,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Africa.  It  is  fertile  and  well 
wooded,  but  has  no  good  water.  This  is  the  n.tme  also  of 
the  river  of  Benin,  of  bays  on  the  Brazil  and  Zanguebar 
coasts,  of  a  mountain  of  Johore,  Malacca,  and  of  a  village  of 
Sicily.  S.E.  of  Trapani.  with  2000  inhabitants. 

FORMOSA  or  FORMOSO.    See  Bknin,  River  of. 

FORMOSA.  (for-mtVsa.)  Mount  and  River,  near  the  S.E. 
extremity  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  in  M.alacca  Strait.  The 
mount  is  in  lat.  1°  49'  N.,  Ion.  102°  55'  K..40  miles  E.  of 
Malacca.  The  W.  end  forms  the  bluff  point  of  land  called 
Point  Slzan.  on  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  of  lorniosa 
Riyer.  which  extends  a  considerable  wav  into  the  countrv, 
and  falls  into  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  at  lat.  2°  N.,  Ion.  102° 
50'  K. 

FORMO'SA.  a  village  of  Cole  co..  Missouri,  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  near  the  mouth  of  Osage  River,  about  10  mile< 
below  .Tefferson  City. 

FORMOSE,  an  island  of  China.    See  Formosa. 

FORNAS,  foK'nds',  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Antolia,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  the  ruins  of  Xanthus,  and  near  which  are  the 
remains  of  the  ancient  Patusa. 

FOKN'CETT  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

FORNCETT  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

FORNELLA,  foR-n^lJ,  a  fortified  harbor  of  the  island  of 
Minorca,  on  its  N.  coast,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Port  Mahon. 

FOR/NEY'S,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  North  Cai-olina. 

FORN'HAM  ALL  SAINTS,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

FOR  N  HAM  ST.  GENEVE VE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

FORNHAM  ST.  MARTIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

FORNO,  foR'no,  several  villages  of  Northern  Italy,  the 
principal  being  Forno  di  Rivara,  foR'no  dee  re-\ii/vi,  in  Pied- 
mont. 31  miles  N.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2612. 

FORNOS  D'  ALGODRES.  foR'noce  ddl  go/drJs.  a  town  of 
Portuiral.  province  of  Beira  Alta,  16  miles  S  Ji.  of  Viseu. 
Pop.  1123. 

FORNOVO,  foR-no'vo,  (anc.  FtJrum  Nulvum.)  a  market- 
town  of  Northern  Italy,  situated  13  miles  S.  W.  of  Parma. 
Here  the  French,  under  Charles  VIII.,  defeated  the  Mi- 
lanese and  their  allies  in  1405. 

FOR'RABURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cnrnw.all. 

FOR'RHS,  a  parliamentary,  municipal,  royal  tiurgh.  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Moray,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Elgia 
Pop.  of  town,  3339.    It  is  neatly  built,  has  a  town-house,  an 

689 


FOR 


FOR 


exceK«nt  acadomj'.  a  library,  some  remains  of  a  castle,  a 
tower  in  honor  of  Nelson,  and  near  it  a  remarkalile  ancient 
obelisk,  called  Sweno's  Pillar,  probably  erected  in  memory 
of  a  victory  over  the  Danes.  Forres  unites  with  Inverness, 
Fortrose,  and  Nairn  in  sending  1  memlier  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  According  to  Shakspeare  and  tlieold  chronicles,  it 
was  on  a  "blasted  heath"'  near  Forres  that  Maclwth  first  met 
the  weird  sisters.    Findhorn.  4  miles  to  the  N..  is  the  seaport. 

FOR'KIS.  a  post-oflRce  of  Hancock  co..  Virginia. 

FORRO,  foR'Ro\  written  also  FORROU.  a"market4own  of 
Hungary,  in  Hither  Theiss,co.  of  Abaujvar,  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Szickso.  on  the  Hernad. 

FORRO,  or  BRENNDORF,  brf  n'doRf.  a  village  of  Hungary, 
in  Transylvania,  about  15  miles  from  Nagy-Enyed.  Pop.  1016. 

FORRU,  foR-iuxV,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
rion  of  Caffliari.  23  miles  S.E.  of  Oristano.    Pop.  9tiO. 

FORS'BROOK.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

FORS'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

FORSE,  forss,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness,  fells 
into  the  Pentland  Frith,  near  a  village  of  the  same  name. 

FORSTE.  foRs'teh.  or  FORSXA.  foRs'ti.  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  43  miies  S.  of  Frankfort,  on  an 
island  in  the  Neisse.  Pop.  3610,  employed  in  potteries,  and 
in  weaving  linens  and  woollens. 

FOR'STERA'ILLE.  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia,  80 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

FORSYTH,  for-slTH'.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part 
of  North  Carolina:  area  estimated  at  250  square  miles.  It 
Is  drained  by  Yadkin  River  and  by  Muddy  Creek.  The  sui^ 
face  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys ;  the  soil  is  said  to  be 
fertile.  The  rocks  which  underlie  the  county  are  primitive. 
A  plank-road  is  in  progress,  which  will  connect  Salem  with 
Fayetteville.  Formed  in  1849,  from  the  S.  p.nrt  of  Stokes 
coimty.  Capital.  Windsten.  Pop.  12,692,  of  whom  10,928 
were  free,  and  1764  slaves. 

i'ORSY'TH.  a  county  in  the  N.central  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.E.  and  S.  by  the  Chattahoochee,  intersected  by  the  Eto- 
wah, and  also  drained  by  Vickery's  and  Sittiugdown  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  or  sm.ill  mountains :  the 
soil  in  the  vicinity  of  the  rivers  is  alluvial  and  rich,  and  the 
uplands  are  moderately  productive.  ••  F'orsyth  county  lies 
in  the  gold  rejrion.  Sawney's  Mountain,  near  Cumming. 
contains  abundance  of  gold.  Silver  and  copper  are  found 
in  several  places,  and  a  few  diamonds  and  other  precious 
stones  have  been  found."  (White's  StutisUcs  of  Gforgia.) 
Named  in  honor  of  John  Forsyth,  an  eminent  statesman  of 
Georgia.  Capital,  Cumming.  Pop.  7749,  of  whom  6859 
were  free,  and  890  slaves. 

FORSYTH,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Jlonroe  co., 
Geoi^ia,  on  the  Macon  and  Western  Railro.ad. 25  miles  N.W. 
of  Macon.  It  has  a  brick  court-house.  3  churches.  2  schools, 
a  newspaper  office,  and  2  hotels.     Pop.  about  500. 

FORSYTH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Taney  co.,  Missouri. 
on  White  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Swan  Creek,  150  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Jeffer.ion  City. 

FORT  AD'AMS.  in  Narraganset  Bay,  one  of  the  defences 
of  Newport.    See  Newport. 

FORT  ADAMS,  a  post-village  of  Wilkinson  co.,  Missifsip- 
pi,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  40  miles  S.  of  Natchez. 

FORT  AiyAMu,  of  Bexar  co.,  Texas,  near  San  Antonio. 
Here.  March  6.  1836.  a  small  garrison  of  Texans  bravely  re- 
sisted a  body  of  Mexicans  ten  times  their  number,  and  pe- 
rished to  a  man ;  whence  this  spot  has  been  called  the  Ther- 
mopvlpe  of  Texas. 

rORTALEZA,  foR-tl-l.i'zi.  a  city  of  Br.azil.  capital  of  the 
province  of  Ceara,  on  a  bay  in  the  Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Ceara.  Lat.  3°  42'  S..  Ion.  38°  30'  W.  Pop.  3000. 
It  has  a  palace  of  the  governor,  a  Latin  school,  and  an  hos- 
pital.   Previous  to  1823  it  was  called  CEARA.or  Villa  doFortb. 

FORT  AM'STERDAM,  New  York,  on  the  S.  point  of  Man- 
hattan Island,  founded  in  1626.  It  was  called  FoRT  James 
under  the  British  rule. 

FORTANA.  foR-td'n.i  the  easternmost  of  the  Bonin 
Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  lat.  25°  N..lon.  143°  30'  E. 

FORT  AN'CIENT,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Ohio. 

FORTANETE,  foR-ta-n.i/tA,  a  town  of  Spain.  34  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Teruel.    Pop.  2002.    It  has  manufactures  of  linen. 

FORT  ANNE,  fftrt  ann.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Washington  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  and 
on  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad.  67  miles  N.  by 
K.  of  Albany.  The  Tillage  contains  churches  for  the  Sle- 
thodists,  Presbyterians,  and  Baptists,  a  bank,  nlcut  half  a 
dozen  stores,  several  tannerie.'?.  and  other  establishments. 
There  are  3  looks  here  in  the  canal,  which  has  its  highest 
level  in  this  township.  A  fortification,  from  which  the 
place  derives  its  name,  was  erected  at  the  head  of  boat 
navigation  here,  on  Wood  Creek,  in  1756.  during  the  wars 
with  the  French.    Pop.  of  the  township.  3127. 

FORT  AR'BUCKLE,  a  post-office  of  <  hoctaw  co..  Arltansas. 

FORT  AR'NOLD.  the  name  of  one  of  the  redoubts  at  West 
Point,  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 

FORT  AT'KINSON.  a  post-village  of  Winnishiek  co.,  Iowa, 
no  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

FORT  ATKlNSON.a  thriving  post-village  of  Jefferson  co., 

«yo  ' 


Wisconsin,  on  Rock  River,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Jforth- 
western  R.R..  20  miles  N.E.  of  Janesville.  It  is  situated  in 
a  rich  farming  district.  It  has  several  churches,  a  national 
bank,  and  al-out  10  stores. 

FORT  ATKINSON  or  FORT  SUM'NER,  a  former  mili- 
tary post  in  Kansas,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Arkansa.s  Rive  , 
on  the  Santa  Fe  Road.  Here  the  Laramie  treaty  with  the 
tribes  of  the  Arkansas  River  was  ratified,  July,  1853. 

FORT  AUGUSTTA,  Pennsylvania,  a  revolutionary  foiton 
the  site  of  Sunbury. 

FORT  AUGUSTA.  Georgia,  an  ante-revolutionai-y  fort  on 
or  near  the  present  site  of  .'Augusta. 

FORT  AUGUSTUS,  a  furt  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Inverness,  on  the  line  of  the  Caledonian  Canal,  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  Loch  Ness.  The  village  is  mean  and  irregular; 
the  fort,  built  in  1730,  is  now  all  but  abandoned. 

FORT  BAIN'BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Kussifl  co.,  Al.ibam«, 
on  the  line  of  the  (proposed)  Girard  and  Mobile  Railroad. 

FORT  BALL,  New  York,  an  ante-revolutionary  fort  near 
Rome,  between  the  ilohawk  and  Wood  Creek. 

FORT  BAR/RIXGTON  or  FORT  BAIVRINGTONFER/RT, 
a  post-vill.age  of  Mcintosh  co.,  Georgia,  on  the  Altamahi 
River,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Darien. 

FORT  BEND,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas,  contains 
about  850  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Brazos 
River,  and  Bernard  River  bounds  it  on  the  S.W.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level :  the  soil  is  alluvial,  and  some  piu-ts  are 
fertile,  especially  on  the  river  bottoms.  The  uplands  are 
mostly  uncultivated,  and  destitute  of  timber;  the  large 
streams  are  fringed  with  forests  of  live  oak.  red  cedar,  4c. 
Steamboats  navigate  the  Brazos  through  this  ccunty  during 
several  months  of  the  year.  Caiiltiil.  Richmond.  Pop.  6143, 
of  whom  2016  were  free,  and  41 -'7  sbtve*. 

FORT  BENTON,  in  Montana  Territory,  is  situated  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Missouri,  al>oiit  40  miles  below  the  Great 
Falls.     Lat.  47°  50'  N.,  ion.  110°  30'  W. 

FORT  BEVERSEDE.  bA'ver-s,iMeh,  Pennsylvania,  built 
on  the  Schuvlkill.  near  its  mouth,  bv  the  Dutch,  in  1G48. 

FORT  BLOCK'HOUSE  and  FORT  MONCKTON"",  two  forts 
of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  defending  the  entrance  of  Ports- 
mouth Harbor,  on  the  W.  • 

FORT  B0ISl5.  bwd'zA',  a  fort  belonging  to  the  Hndmn 
Bay  Company,  situated  in  Idaho,  on  the  Lewis  River,  at 
the  mouth  of  Red  River.  Lat.  4-3°  49'  22"  N.,  Ion.  116^  47'  W. 

FORT  BOONE,  an  old  fort  on  the  site  of  Booneville,  Kea- 
tuckv.    It  was  erected  by  Colonel  Boone  in  1775. 

F0"RT  BROOKE,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Tampa  Bay, 
Florida. 

FORT  BROWDER.  a  post-office  of  Barber  co.,  Alabama 

FORT  BliCiWN.    See  Brownsville. 

FORT  Bl'FI-INGTON.  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  CO..  Georgia. 

FORT  BUT'LER,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  Florida. 

FORT  BYKD.  Pennsylvania,  an  ante-revolutionary  fort  on 
the  Moiiongahela.  at  the  mouth  of  Red  Stone  Creek,  near 
the  site  of  Brownsville. 

FORT  CAS'SIMIR,  Delaware,  near  the  present  site  of  New- 
castle, was  erected  by  the  Dutch  about  1650. 

FORT  CASWELL,  one  of  the  defences  of  the  harbor  of 
Smithville.  North  Carolina. 

FORT  CHARLES,  an  old  fort  near  the  present  site  of 
Richmond.  A'irginia.  erected  in  1645. 

FORT  CIIIP^PEWY'AN  and  FORT  WEDOiERBURN,  two 
forts  of  British  North  America,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Lake 
Athabasca. 

FORT  CILRISTIANA.  krisHe-^'nl  founded  by  the  Swedes 
in  1638.  stood  near  the  site  of  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

FORT  CLARK,  a  post-office  of  Al.icHua  co..  Florida. 

FORT  CLARKE,  in  Humboldt  co.,  Iowa,  on  Lizard  Rivor, 
165  miles  W.N.W.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

FORT  CLINTON,  one  of  the  defences  of  West  Point  durin? 
the  Revolution. 

FORT  CLYDE,  an  old  fort  of  New  York,  near  Fort  Plain, 
in  Montgomery  county. 

FORT  COLUM'BUS,  is   situated  on  Qorernor's  Island. 

"  FORT  COLVILLE.  a  fort  belonging  to  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  is  situated  in  Washington  Territorv-.  on  the  left 
bank  of  "the  Columbia,  near  48^  3i/  N.lat..  and  118  W.  Ion. 

FORT  CON'FIDENCE.  a  fort  of  Briti.sh  North  America,  at 
the  N.  extremitv  of  the  Great  Bear  Lake. 

FORT  CONSTITUTION.  See  Portsmolth.  Nkw  Hampshirb. 

FORT  CORNWAI/LIS,  a  revolutionary  fortress  erected 
by  the  British  at  August.a,  Georgia. 

FORT  (X)V1NGT0N, formerly  FRENCH'S  MILLS,  a  post- 
village  and  township  of  Franklin  co..  New  Y'ork.  on  Salmon 
River,  about  18  miles  N.W.  of  Malone.  The  viliase  is  situ- 
ated on  the  E.  side  of  the  river,  alx)ut  6  miles  fmrn  its  en- 
trance into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Steamboats  ascend  nearly  to 
this  point.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out.  and  contains  churches 
of  three  denominations,  an  academy,  and  several  millc.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  27,57. 
•    FORT  CRAWFORD.  apost-officeofConecuh  co..  .Alabama. 

FORT  CRO'GIIAN.  of  Potawatamie  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  N.  of  Council  BliifT. 

FORT  CRuWN  POINT,  New  York.    See  Chow.v  Poi.vt. 


FOR 


FOR 


FORT  CTJM'BERLAXD,  a  strong  fortress  of  England,  eo. 
of  Hants,  on  Portsea  Island,  4  miles  K.  of  Portsmouth,  and 
defending  the  entrance  of  Lanjiston  Ilarlsor. 

FORT  CUMBERLAND,  an  old  fort  on  or  near  the  present 
sit^?  of  Cumberland,  Maryland,  erected  by  Briiddock  in  1750. 

FORT  DADK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Florida,  on  the 
WithUcoochee  Itiver,  170  miles  S.K.  of  Tallahassee.  Near 
this  spot,  in  December.  1835,  Major  Dade,  with  his  112  com- 
panions, perished  while  heroically  defendini;  themselves 
against  an  overwhelming  force  of  Indians.  Only  one  of  the 
number  escaped. 

FORT  DAU'PIIIN,  a  ruined  French  fort  and  town  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Madagascar.     Lat.  25°  1'  S.,  Ion.  46°  40'  K. 

FORT  DAYTON.    See  Fort  Herkimer. 

FORT  DKCA'TUR.  a  post-villasre  of  .Macon  CO..  Alabama, 
near  the  Tallapoosa  River,  and  on  the  railroad  from  Mont- 
gomerv  to  West  Point.  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  the  former. 

FORT  DEFI'AXCE,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

FORT  DES  MOINES,  (de-moin',)  a  thriving  post-town, 
capital  of  Iowa,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Des  Moines 
and  Racoon  Rivers,  175  miles  W.  of  Davenport.  The  seat 
of  the  state  government  was  established  here  in  1855. 
Tlie  Des  Moines  is  susceptible  of  steam  navigation  to  this 
point.  The  Mississippi  and  Missouri  R.R.  will  connect  it 
with  Davenport  on  the  E.,  and  Council  Bluffs  on  the  W.; 
120  miles  or  more  of  this  road  are  finished.  The  town  con- 
tains 11  churches,  4  banks,  3  newspaper  offices.  1  paper-mill, 
S  iron  foundries,  and  several  flouring-mills.  Mines  of  stone 
coal  have  been  opened  in  the  vicinity,  and  timber  is  abun- 
dant. The  river  furnishes  extensive  water-jiower.  This 
place  is  now  called  Des  .Moines.  Pop.  in  1860,  3965;  In  1865, 
about  6500. 

FORT  DICKINSON,  an  old  fort  situated  near  Wllkes- 
barre.  Pennsvlvania. 

FORT  DUN'CAN,  a  post-village  and  military  station  of 
Kinnev  co.,  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  at  what  is  called  the 
Easle  P.iss.  250  miles  W.S.W.  of  Austin. 

FORT  DV  QUESNE,  Pennsylvania.     See  PiTTSBuna. 

FORT  DUR'KEE,  an  old  fort  built  In  1769,  near  Wilkes- 
barre,  Pennsylvania. 

FiJRTEAU  (firHo')  BAY,  an  islet  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Labrador,  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  Strait  of  Bclk-isle. 
It  receives  a  considerable  river,  and  possesses  valuable 
fisheries. 

FORT  ED'\V.\RD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wash- 
!n;.iton  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Hudson  River. 
The  village  is  situated  on  the  Saratoga  and  Washington 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Champlajn  Canal.  2:i  miles  from 
Whitehall.  It  contains  4  churches,  2  banks,  1  newspaper 
office,  and  a  collegiate  institute,  and  the  remains  of  old  Fort 
Edward,  erected  in  1755.  A  dam,  9IK)  feet  in  length,  and  27 
feet  high,  was  erected  many  years  ago,  across  tlie  Hudson, 
a  little  N.  of  the  village,  and  8er\-ed  formerly  to  supply  the 
canal  by  means  of  a  feeder  half  a  mile  in  length.  There 
are  manufactures  of  iron  and  paper  at  this  place.  I'opu- 
lation  of  the  townsuip,  3544;  of  the  village,  about 
2000. 

FORT  EDWARD  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
New  York. 

FORT  EI/SINBURG,  New  Jersey,  was  built  In  1643,  by 
the  Swedes,  near  the  present  site  of  Salem. 

FORT  EXTERPRI.-iE.  a  fort  of  British  North  America, 
about  150  miles  N.  of  the  Great  Slave  Lake. 

FOIST  ERIE.    See  Erie,  B'ort. 

FORTESQUE  (fonHJsk'?)  BAY.  a  Ijpautiful  bay  of  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  on  tfle  E.  coast  of  Tssmairs  Peninsula. 

FORTEVENTURA  Island.      See  Fuerteve\tlr.\. 

FORTKVnOT.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

FORT  FAIR/CHILD,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co..  Maine. 

FORT  FAIR'FIELD.a  post-village  in  the  E.  part  of  Aroos- 
took CO.,  Maine,  on  the  S.  side  of  .\roostook  River,  150  miles 
N.E.  by  N.  of  Bangor.  It  contains  a  barrack,  and  is  chieHy 
interesting  from  its  having:  been  a  military  post  during  onr 
difficulties  with  England  in  1S39. 

FORT  FILL'.MORE,  a  military  station  and  post-office 
below  Donna  Ana,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  in  the  S.  part  of  New 
Mexico. 

FORT  POOTE.  a  post-office  of  Neshoba  co..  Jlississippi. 

FORT  FRANK'LIN.  New  York,  a  revolutionary  stockade 
at  Llflvd's  Neck.  I/ing  Island. 

FORT  FRAN  KLIN,  a  fort  of  British  North  America.  Lat. 
65°  12'  N..  loQ.  123°  13'  W.,  with  a  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture of  17°  Fahrenheit. 

FORT  FRONTENAC.     See  KiNr.STo>f,  Canad.a. 

rORT  GAGE,  of  New  York,  an  ante-revolutionary  fort, 
situated  a  little  S.  of  Fort  George. 

FORT  GAINFJS.  gainz.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Early  CO., 
Georgia,  on  the  Chattahoochee  River,  175  miles  S.W.  of  Mil- 
lod.'eville.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff,  160  feet  above 
common  water  mark.  Steamboats  navigate  the  river  for 
about  eight  months  of  the  year.  Fort  Gaines  is  the  chief 
mart  for  the  sale  and  shipment  of  the  cotton  produced  in 
Early  county.  It  contains  several  churches.  On  the  banks 
of  Colamoka  Creek,  a  few  m':»s  S.E.  of  Fort  Gaines,  are  seve- 


ral artificial  mounds,  the  largest  of  which  is  75  feet  in  height, 
with  a  level  surface  ou  the  top.  80  yards  by  30  in  extent 
From  the  base  of  the  mound  a  broad  road  or  canal,  500 
yards  long,  extending  to  the  creek,  is  still  well  defined,  and 
in  some  places  is  about  12  feet  dt^ep.  A  vertical  shaft  U.as 
been  sunk  in  the  mound  to  the  depth  of  50  or  60  teet,  but 
nothing  found  except  charcoal,  and  a  white  substance  sup 
posed  to  be  decomposed  bones. 

FORT  GAINES,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Minnesota, 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  122  miles  N.  of  St.  Paul. 
It  is  now  calleil  FoRT  Ripley,  which  see. 

FORT  GAR'RY,  a  fort  of  British  North  America,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Assinilxjine  and  Red  Rivers,  40  miles  S.  of  , 
Lake  Winnipeg.  It  is  a  strong  and  regular  fortification,  and 
near  it  are  many  good  dwellings,  with  Roman  Catholic  and 
Protestant  churches. 

FORT  GEORGE,  a  fort  of  Scotland,  co.  and  9  miles  N.E.  ol 
Invemess,  and  the  northernmost  of  the  three  forts  on  the 
line  of  the  Caledonian  Canal,  on  a  point  of  land  jutting  into 
Moray  Frith.  It  covers  15  aci-es.  has  qu;>rters  for  3000  men, 
bonili-proof  magazines,  and  is  esteemed  the  most  complete 
fortification  in  Britain. 

FORT  GEORGE,  the  citadel  of  Madras,  in  British  India. 

FORT  GEORGE,  thecitadel  of  Astoria,  in  Oregon 

FORT  GEORGE,  an  old  fort  (now  a  picturesque  ruin,)  at 
the  S.E.  end  of  Lake  George,  New  York. 

FORTGIB'SON,  or  CAN/TONMENT  GIBSON,  a  post-vil- 
lage and  military  station  In  the  Indian  Territory,  on  the 
Neosho  River,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Arkansas,  in  about 
36°  45'  N.  lat..  and  95°  30'  W.  Ion. 

FORT  GOOD  HOPE.  Connecticut,  commenced  in  1023,  by 
the  Dutch,  was  near  the  present  city  of  Hartford. 

FORT  GOT'TENBURG,  built  by  the  Swedes,  on  Tinicum 
Island.  12  miles  lielow  Philadelphia,  in  1642. 

FORT  GOW'EIt,  Ohio,  a  revolutionary  fortress  on  the 
Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Ilockhocktng. 

FORT  ORAN'BY,  a  revolutionary  fort  near  Columbia, 
South  Carolina. 

FORT  GRATIOT,  grash'eot,  a  military  post  and  settle- 
ment in  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  at  the  head  of  St.  Clair 
River,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Detroit. 

FORT  GRIERSON,  greer's9n,  one  of  the  revolutionarj' 
forts  at  Augusta,  Georgia. 

FORT  GltlS/WOLD,  Connecticut,  a  revolutionary  fortress 
near  New  London. 

FORTH,  forth,  a  river  of  Scotland,  ri.ses  on  the  N.E.  side  of 
Ben  Ijomond.  and  after  a  winding  course  eastward,  through 
some  of  the  finest  scenery  in  the  kingdom,  it  expands  into 
the  arm  of  the  sea  called  the  Frith  of  Forth,  dividing  the 
counties  of  Perth,  Clackmannan,  and  Fife  on  the  N.,  from 
Stirling.  Linlithgow,  Edinburgh,  and  Haddington  on  the  S. 
The  course  of  the  Forth,  including  its  many  "links''  or 
windings,  is  estimated  at  170  miles.  Breadth  at  Queens- 
ferry.  3  miles:  at  Leith  Fort,  6  miles.  Chief  tributaries, 
the  Teith.  .Allan,  and  Devon.  The  Forth  has  m.any  good 
harbors,  the  principal  of  which  is  Leith;  above  Queensferry 
is  one  of  the  safest  road.steads  in  the  island.  The  river  is 
navigable  to  Stirling  for  vessels  of  100  tons,  and  to  Alloa  for 
vessels  of  300  tons.  It  is  connected  with  the  Clyde  by  a  ca- 
nal ;!S  miles  in  length.    See  Forth,  Frith  of. 

FORT  H.\LE,  Connecticut,  named  Fort  Rock  in  the  Revo- 
lution, is  on  an  insulated  rock,  2  miles  from  New  Haven. 

FtJRT  HALL,  a  fort  belonging  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany, and  an  Important  station  on  the  route  to  Oregon, 
tiituated  on  the  left  or  S.  bank  of  Lewis  River.  Lat.  4'i°  1' 
30"  N..  Ion.  112°  29'  54"  W. 

FORT  HAM/I  LTON,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  King's  co.. 
New  York,  situated  on  the  Narrows,  at  the  W.  extremity  of 
Long  Island,  7  miles  S.  of  New  York.  Uei-e  is  a  strong  for- 
tification, defending  the  entrance  of  New  York  Harbor.  The 
vill.age  has  a  lai-ge  hotel  or  boarding-house,  and  is  a  place  of 
summer  resort. 

FORT  HAR/DY,  New  Y'ork,  near  the  site  of  Saratoga,  a 
revolutionary  fortress,  now  in  ruius,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Fislikill  Creek  with  the  Hudson. 

FORT  HAR'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Alachua  CO..  Florida. 

FORT  HEM'BREE,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

FORT  HEN'DERSON.  a  small  po.=t-village  of  Macon  co., 
Alabama.  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Montsromery. 

FORT  HEN'RY,  Virginia,  founded  by  Ixird  Dunmore,  in 
1774,  and  n.amed  by  him  Finca.stle.  near  the  site  of  Wheeling. 

FORT  HENRY,  an  old  fort,  erected  in  1646,  on  the  sit« 
of  the  present  town  of  Petersburg,  Virginia. 

FORT  HER'KIMER.  New  York,  known  in  the  Revolu- 
tion as  Fort  Dayton,  near  the  site  of  the  present  villa'.re  of 
Herkimer,  was  erected  during  the  Old  French,  or  Seven 
Y'ears'  War. 

FORTH.  FRITH  OF,  Scotland.  After  the  river  Forth  is 
joined  by  the  Devon,  on  the  N.  it  begins  to  widen,  and  gra- 
dually assumes  the  appearance  of  a  bay.  This  bay.  called 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  is  about  50  miles  long,  and,  where 
widest,  is  near  15  miles  broad. 

FORT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  45  mileg 
N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 


FOR 

FORTH  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  of  hills  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  4  miles  W.  of  Wexford.  In  179S,  about  15.000  in- 
surijouts  encamped  here,  previous  to  the  attack  and  capture 
of  ■Wexford.  The  maritime  barony  of  Forth  forms  a  penin- 
sula, studded  with  the  ruins  of  AnKloSaxon  towers,  built 
to  i>rc  tect  the  invaders  from  the  Iri.-ih. 

FOll/TUO  or  rUK'THO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  North- 
ampt<  n. 

rOKT  IIOW/ARD,  a  thriving  post-villajre  of  Brown  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Fox  Kiver,  neiir  its  mouth, 
opposite  Green  Bay.  It  has  a  large  foundry,  with  a  ma- 
cJiine-shop,  and  2  steam  saw-mills.  It  is  a  terminus  of  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestei-n  Railroad.     Pop.  695. 

FORT  IIUXTKR,  a  postroflice  of  Montgomery  co.,  New 
York,  and  the  site  of  an  old  fortitic.ition,  of  which  there  are 
still  some  remains,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  about  35  miles  V\'.  by 
N.  of  Albany. 

FORT  HUNTER,  New  York,  on  the  Jlohawk,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Schoharie  Creek,  was  founded  during  the 
French  and  Indian  War,  razed  during  the  Revolution,  and 
again  partiallv  restored. 

FORTIFIED  ISLAND,  or  BASWARAGE,  bas/war-aj",  in 
British  India,  presidency,  Madi-as,  is  a  small  island  opposite 
Ouore,  on  the  Malabar  coast,  and  fortified  by  Tippoo  Saib, 
from  whom  it  was  taken  in  1792. 

FORT  IXDKPEXDENCE,  is  on  Castle  Island,  in  Boston 
Harbor.  3  miles  below  the  city.  It  was  called  Castle  A\il- 
liam  in  and  before  the  Revolution.  The  present  name  was 
given  by  the  elder  Adams  while  president. 

FORT  INDIAN,  a  celebrated  fortress  of  the  Narragansetts, 
near  Ivingston,  Rhode  Island,  in  the  early  colonial  times. 

FORTINGAI/,  forHin-gawl',  a  large  mountainous  parish 
of  Scotland,  occupying  the  N.W.  part  of  the  county  of 
Perth.  Area,  nearly  450,000  acres.  Pop.  in  1^51,  2486. 
Remains  of  a  Roman  camp,  and  of  numerous  Celtic  forts 
and  feudal  castles  are  still  visible,  and  in  the  district  of  Ran- 
noch  are  large  remnants  of  the  ancient  Caledonian  forest. 
In  Fortingal  churchyard  is  a  yew  tree,  supposed  to  be  the 
largest  in  the  kingdom.  In  the  parish  are  Schiehallion, 
Glen  Lyon,  and  Ijochs  Rannoeh,  Etricht.  and  Garry. 

FOl'it  INGE,  a  post-office  of  Bexar  co..  Texas. 

FORT  ISLE  AUX  NOIX,  eel  6  nwj,  fortified  by  the 
French  in  1759,  and  again  by  Schuyler  in  1775,  is  now  a 
strong  British  fortress  in  the  Sorel  River,  near  the  southern 
boundary  of  Canada  East. 

FORT  JACK'SON,  a  village  in  the  township  of  Hopkinton, 
5t.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  branch  of  St.  Regis 
River,  about  40  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg.  It  contains  2 
churches,  a  saw-mill,  clothing  works,  starch  factory,  &c. ; 
and  in  the  vicinity  is  a  quarry  of  Potsdam  sandstone,  yield- 
ing a  be.autiful  material  for  building. 

FORT  JAMES,  a  British  station  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 

FORT  JEF'FERSON,  a  village  of  Ballard  co..  Kentucky. 

FORT  JEFFERSON,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Greenville.  The  fort  at  this  pl.ice  was  built 
by  General  St.  Clair,  in  1791. 

FORT  JEN'KINS,  Pennsylvania,  8  miles  .above  Wilkes- 
barre.  was  built  in  1776.  A  second  fort  of  the  s;ime  name 
was  built  half  way  between  Wilkesbarre  and  Sunbury,  on 
the  Su.squehanna. 

FORT  JEN'NINGS,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Auglaize  River,  about  112  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

FORT  JES/SUP.  a  post-office  of  Sabine  parish,  Louisiana. 

FORT  JOHN,  a  post-office  of  Nebraska  Territory. 

FORT  JOHNSTOWN,  New  York,  an  ante-revolutionary 
fortress  on  the  Mohawk,  3  miles  W.  of  Amsterdam. 

FORT  JOHNSTOWN,  North  Carolina,  a  revolutionary 
fortress  on  the  Cape  Fear  River,  2  miles  from  its  mouth,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Smithsville.  There  is  still  a 
fortress  here  of  the  same  name,  forming  one  of  the  defences 
of  Smithville  Harbor. 

FORT  JONES,  on  Scotts  River,  in  Siskiyou  co., California, 
near  lat.  41°  35'  N. 

FORT  KASKAS'KIA,  an  ante-revolutionary  and  revolu- 
tionary fortress  or  stockade,  on  the  site  of  the  present  town 
of  Kaskaskla,  Illinois. 

FORT  KEAR/NY,  in  Indian  country,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Platte  River,  and  on  the  Oregon  route,  near  99°  W.  Ion. 

FORT  KENT,  a  post-village  of  Aroostook  co..  Slaine.  at  the 
mouth  of  Fish  River.about  1.55  miles  N. of  Bangor.  It  cou- 
tiiins  5  stores  and  excellent  water-power,  which  is  improved 
for  mill.s.     Fort  Kent  originated  during  the  Aroostook  War. 

FORT  KOOTANYE.  koo-ti-ni',  in  Oregon,  on  Kootanye 
or  Flat  Bow  River,  in  lat.  48°  N. 

FORT  LAFAYETTE,  a  fort  surrounded  by  water,  in  the 
Narrows,  at  the  entrance  of  New  Y'ork  Harbor,  immediately 
in  front  of  Fort  Hamilton. 

FORT  LAr'AlHIl-;,  a  military  postand  settlementon  the 
North  Fork  of  Platte  River,  on  the  route  to  Oregon.  Lat.  42° 
12*  10"  N..  Ion.  104°  47'  43"  W.  It  has  a  post-office  of  the 
satne  name. 


tow 


F<JRT  LAV'RENS,  a  revolutionanry  fort,  near  the  present 
wn  of  Bolivia,  In  Ohio,  founded  in  1778. 


iOKT  L  AWllENCE,  a  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Cum- 


FOR 

berland,  on  an  arm  of  Cumberland  Bav,  about  90  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Halita.^. 

FURT  LEAVENWORTH,  an  important  militiry  post  of 
the  State  of  Kansivs,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Missoiiri  River,  398 
miles  above  its  mouth.  31  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Kanzas  Kiver,  and  4  miles  tjelow  Weston,  Missouri,  in  lat. 
39°  21'  14"  N..  and  Ion.  04°  44'  W.  This  is  the  oldest  fort  on 
the  Slissouri,  having  been  established  in  1827.  It  is  Iho 
great  frontier  depfit  for  the  other  military  posts  on  the  Santa 
Fe  and  Oregon  routes,  and  the  general  rendezvous  for  troops 
proceeding  to  western  forts.  The  government  reservation 
extends  0  miles  along  the  Missouri,  and  about  3  back'.  The 
fort  is  1  mile  or  less  N.  of  Leavenworth  City.  It  has  a  good 
landing  for  steamboats.  All  the  buildings  are  well  con- 
structed, and  present  quite  an  imposing  appearance.  They 
consist  of  the  barracks  for  the  troops,  a  large  structure,  throe 
stories  high  :  an  hospital,  which  cost  from  $12,000  to  $15,000 ; 
the  quartermaster's  building,  a  capacious  wareliouse,  &a 
Connected  with  the  fort  are  several  large  farms,  and  stabling 
for  8000  horses  and  15.000  mules. 

Fort  Leavenworth  is  rapidly  improving.  New  streets  are 
being  laid  out,  and  m.any  new  buildings  are  in  course  of 
erection.  The  parade-ground  is  remarkably  handsome. 
Here  centre  all  the  great  military  roads  of  the  territories: 
one  road  runs  S.  to  the  Texas  fort.s,  one  S.W.  to  Santa  F6, 
another  due  W.  to  Fort  Riley,  and  a  fourth  N.W.  to  Nebraska, 
Utah,  Oregon.  California,  &c.  Fort  Leavenworth  is  supposed 
to  possess  the  ereatest  advantages  for  the  starting-p"int  of 
the  Pacific  Railroad.  Here  was  the  rendezvous  of  General 
Kearney  in  June.  l'<46,  befiire  his  expedition  to  Santa  F6, 
and  from  this  place  have  started  the  expeditions  of  General 
Jo.«eph  Lane  to  Oregon  in  1S48:  Captain  Stansbui-y  to  the 
Salt  l^ake  in  1849 ;  the  surveyors  of  the  Central  Pacific  I{ail- 
road  route  in  1853;  Colonel  Fremont  for  the  similar  purpose 
in  the  same  year.  Ax.  It  is  the  otitfitting  point  for  the 
wagon-trains  sent  westward  by  the  government. 

FORT  LEE,  a  village  of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Hudson  River,  at  the  foot  of  the  Palifsades,  9  miles  above 
New  York.  Here  was  a  noted  military  po.st.  now  in  ruins. 
FORT  LIBKKTfi,  lee'b^K'tA'.  formerly  called  Port  Dauphin, 
a  seaport  town  of  Hayti.  on  its  N.  coast.  Lat.  19°  42'  N.,  Ion. 
71°  57'  W.    ItLs  well  built,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 

FORT  LITTLETON,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

FORT  LO'GAN,  named  from  Colonel  Logan,  who  led  a 
party  of  settlers  in  1774,  was  situated  in  Lincoln  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, a  mile  W.  of  the  town  of  Stanton. 

FORT  LOUDON,  lOw'don,  an  ante-revolutionary  fort,  on  the 
Tennessee  Kiver.  near  the  confines  of  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 
FORT  LOUIS,  foR  looVe'.  a  town  of  France,  de|>artmeut 
of  Bas-Rhin,  near  the  Rhine.  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stras)x)urg, 
with  the  remains  of  a  fort,  built  by  Vauban,  and  destroyed 
by  the  allies  in  1815. 

FORT  M.^cHEN'RY,  situated  on  Patapsco  Bay,  guards  the 
entrance  to  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

FORT  Mac/INTOSH,  Pennsylvania,  a  revolutionary  stock- 
ade on  the  Ohio  lUver,  36  miles  below  I'ittsburg,  at  the 
mouth  of  Beaver  River,  near  the  site  of  the  town  of  Beaver. 
FORT  MacKEAN.    See  Fokt  Plaix. 
FORT  MACKINAAV.  See  Mackixac.  SIichigax. 
FORT  MA'CON  is  situated  near  Beaufort  harbor,  North 
Carolina. 

FORT  M.^D'ISON,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Lee  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  ilississippi  River,  12  miles  above  the  head  of 
the  lower  rapids,  22  wiles  above  Keokuk,  and  22  miles  below 
Burlington.  The  situation  is  beautiful  and  healthiul ;  the 
ground  rising  gradually  from  the  wifter  to  the  W.  part  of 
the  town.  The  latter  is  well  built,  with  a  large  pro])orlion 
of  brick  houses.  It  contains  the  state  prison,  a  haiid.«om9 
brick  court-house,  5  or  6  brick  churches,  and  a  t'.'ink. 
Two  or  three  ferrj'-boats  ply  constantly  across  the  river, 
which  IS  nearly  a  mile  wide.  Fort  Madison  is  a  place  of 
much  activity  in  trade  and  manufactures;  in  the  latter  of 
which  it  apiiears  to  have  made  more  progress  than  any  other 
town  in  the  state.  Two  or  three  newspapers  are  published 
here.  Large  quantities  of  grain,  pork,  &c.  are  shipped  at 
this  place,  w  hich  is  also  an  extensive  depot  for  pine  1  amber. 
Pop.  in  1850.  2:j00;  in  1860,  2S86. 

FORT  MANN,  a  former  military  post  of  Kansas  Territoty, 
on  the  Santa  Fe  route,  on  the  N.  sideof  the  Arkansas  River, 
24  miles  aliove  steamlxiat  navigation.  It  was  estai  lished 
about  1845,  but  was  discontinued  upon  the  erection  of  Fort 
Atkinson,  at  the  main  crossing  of  the  Arkansas. 
FORT  M.\I!10N'.  See  St.  .\iinsTixE,  Florida. 
FORT  M.\SS.\CIIU'SETTS,  New  .Mexico,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  10  miles  E.  of  the  river,  and  W.  of  the 
Sangre  de  Christo  Pass,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  al)OUt 
150  miles  due  N  from  Santa  Fe,  in  about  37°  45'  N.  lat., 
and  105°  30'  W.  Ion. 

FORT  MER'CER,  on  the  Jersey  shore  of  the  Delaware,  4 
miles  below,  was  a  revolutionary  fortress,  now  in  ruins. 

FORT    MIFI'LIN,  a   revolutionary   fortress,  still   iiarrl- 
soned,  at  the  junction  of  the  Si-huylkill  and  Delaware  Rivers, 
6  miles  below  Philadelphia. 
FORT  MILL,  a  postoffioe  of  York  district,  South  Camiina. 


FOR 

FORT  MIL1.ER,  a  post-village  of  Wasliington  co^  New 
York,  on  the  K.  side  of  the  Hudson,  and  on  the  Ohamplain 
Canal.  4U  miles  X.  of  Albany.  Thure  is  here  a  fall  of  about 
'M  feet  in  the  river,  across  which,  a  dam,  8  feet  high  has 
Iseen  constructed,  and  a  channel  opened  to  serve  »s  a  feeder 
to  the  ciinal.  The  village  contains  a  church,  some  half  a 
dozen  stores,  several  factiories,  and  about  400  inhabitants. 

FORT  MILIyl'IK,  of  California,  situated  near  the  entrance 
of  the  i^an  Joaquin  River  into  the  plains,  is  a  few  miles 
above  the  head  of  navi;;ation  on  that  stream. 

FOKT  MILLER,  a  revolutionary  fort  on  the  site  of  the 
present  town  of  the  same  name,  ou  the  Hudson,  in  New 
i'ork. 

FORT  MITCII'ELL.  a  post-village  of  Russell  CO.,  Alabama, 
12  miles  from  Columbus.  Georgia. 

FO  RT  JIONTOOll'KRY,  a  post^fflce  of  Cherokee  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

FORT  MONTPE'LTER,  a  small  post-village  of  Baldwin 
CO..  Alabauia. 

FOIIT  MOORE,  an  ante-revolutionary  fort  near  Sand  Bar 
Ferry,  on  the  Savannah  River. 

FORT  .MORGAN.     See  MowLE,  Alabama, 

FORT  MOTTE,  South  Carolina,  a  revolutionary  stockade 
on  the  Congaree,  33  miles  tielow  Columbia. 

FORT  MOTTE,  a  postofflce  of  Orangeburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

FORT  N  AS'S  AU,  New  Jersey,  a  fortress  erected  by  Captain 
Jacobus  May,  (under  the  command  of  Henry  Hudson.)  on 
the  Delaware,  near  the  site  of  the  present  t<iwn  of  Gloucester, 
in  1631.  This  was  the  tirst  settlement  on  the  shores  of  the 
Delaware,  but  it  was  not  permanent. 

FORT  NKCKS'.SITY.  Pennsylvania,  an  ante-revolutionary 
fort,  erected  by  Washington,  in  1754,  near  the  site  of  the 
present  town  of  Union,  in  Fayette  county,  in  a  tract  which 
wa.«  then  known  as  "the  Great  Meadows." 

FORT  NEL'SON,  a  revolutionary  fortress,  and  Fort  Nor- 
folk, erected  in  1812,  both  defended  Norfolk,  Virginia.  On  the 
gite  of  the  former  stands  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital. 

FOHT'.NER-S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Laclede  CO.,  Missouri. 

FOltT  NKSQUALLY.     See  Nesqu.vht. 

FORT  NEW/I'ORT,  New  York,  an  antorevolutionary  for- 
tress on  Ward  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Oneida  ij&ka. 

FORT  NIAG'.^RA,  Canada  West,  an  ante-revolutionary 
foili-ess,  still  garrisoned,  built  by  the  French  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  of  that  name,  on  the  British  side,  about  1727. 

FORT  NINETY-SIX,  South  Carolina,  (so  called  because 
It  was  96  miles  from  the  frontier  fort  of  Prince  George,  on 
the  Keowee,)  in  Abljeville  district.  0  miles  from  the  Saluda 
River.  This  fortress,  mostly  held  by  the  British,  was  the 
scene  of  some  severe  conflicts  in  the  Revolution. 

FORT  NO.VSENSE,  N ew .Jersey,  near  Morristown, erected 
by  order  of  Washington,  to  give  employment  to  his  men 
(hence  the  namel  during  the  winter  of  1779-SO. 

FORT  OGLETHORPE,  o'gl-thorp,  or  OGLETHORPE 
BARRACKS,  on  St.  Simon's  Island,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Alabama,  was  founded  by  Oglethorpe  about  1737.  It  is  now 
In  ruin.s.  but  was  the  scene  of  hostilities  both  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War,  and  that  of  1812. 

FORT  OKON.\G'AN,afhrt  belonging  to  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Okonagan  river,  a  few  miles 
ftbove  its  junction  with  the  Columbia. 

FORI'ON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

FORTON  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

FOKT  ONTARIO.    See  Fort  Osweoo. 

FORT  OPLANDT,  o'pldnt,  an  old  fort  built  by  the  Dutch 
In  1631.  near  the  site  of  Lewes,  Delaware. 

FORT  ORANGE.    See  Albany. 

F()KTORE.  foR-to'rA,  (ane.  PreiiHo,)  a  river  of  Naples,  rises 
In  the  Apennines,  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Benevento,  flows 
mostly  N.,  separating  the  provinces  of  Capitan.ata  and  Mo- 
lise.  and  enters  the  Adriatic  by  two  mouths,  34  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Foggia,  after  a  course  of  45  miles. 

FORT  OSAGE',  a  post-villase  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  151 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

FORT  OSWEGATCH'lE.  New  York,  on  the  site  of  Og- 
densburg,  an  old  French  fort,  called  on  their  maps,  as  early 
asl740.  Fort  Pre.serv.atlon  and  Fort  LaGallette.  It  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1760,  then  called  Fort  William  Augustus. 

FORT  OSWE/GO,  an  old  stockade  on  or  near  the  site  of 
Oswego,  New  York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Oswego  River,  was 
erected  as  early  as  1096,  by  Count  Frontenac;  but  Fort 
Ontario,  on  the  E.  side,  built  in  1755.  was  the  principal  for- 
tress after  1758.  The  forts  here  were  the  scene  of  many 
stirring  events  in  the  wars  between  France  and  England, 
and  of  a  sl.irmish  in  1814. 

FORT  P.\R'IS,  in  Stone  Arabia,  Montgomery  co.,  New 
York,  is  a  revolutionary  fortres.s.  3  miles  N.  of  the  Mohawk. 

FORT  I'AU'LUS  HOOK,  New  .Jersey,  on  the  present  site  of 
Jersey  Oitv.  a  revolutionary  fortress,  erected  by  the  British. 

FORT  i'E'QUOT',  Connecticut,  an  Indian  "fort,  of  early 
colonial  date,  on  Pequot  Hill,  8  miles  N.E.  of  New  London. 

FORT  ITTT.     See  PiTTSBcno. 

FOKT  PITT,  a  fortification  near  Chatham,  in  England. 

FORT  PITT,  a  fortiticati  m  of  British  North  America,  on 
the  Saskatchewan.    Lat.  47°  30'  N.,  Ion.  108°  W. 


FOR 

FORT  PLAIN,  a  revolutionary  fortress,  at  the  junctioii 
of  the  Mohawk  and  Osqu.^ga  Creeks.  This  fort  was,  for  a 
time,  called  Fort  McKea\. 

FORT  PL.\IN,  a  postrvillage  of  Minden  township.  JInnt 
gomery  co..  New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawl 
River,  and  on  the  Erie  Canal,  68  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany 
It  contains  several  churches,  a  bank.  Fort  Plain  Seminary 
and  Collegiate  Institute,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  E.xcelleuf, 
building  stone  is  quarried  iu  the  vicinity.  Poi)ulati(JU.  about 
2000. 

FORT  PLANK  or  BLANK,  New  York,  a  revolutionary 
fort,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Fort  Plain,  in  Montgomery  county. 

FORT  PREBLE.     See  Portand.  Maine. 

FOKT  PRINCE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

FORT  PRINCE  GEORGE,  one  of  three  frontier  forts,  on 
the  Savannah  River,  of  early  colonial  date.  It  was  about 
300  miles  from  Charleston. 

FORT  PDT'NAM,  the  principal  fortre.ss  at  West  Point,  iu 
the  Revolution,  now  a  commanding  and  picturesque  ruiu, 
several  hundred  feet  above  the  river. 

FORT  RACOON',  a  posf>village  of  Des  Moines  co..  Iowa. 

FOKT  RECOVERY,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 

FORT  RENSSELAER,  a  revolutionary  fortress,  near  Cana- 
joharie.  New  York. 

FORT  RIDGE/LY,  a  United  States  fort  of  Pierce  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Jlinuesota  River,  about  200 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

FORT  RI'LEY,a  post-office  and  militarypost  of  Davis  co., 
Kansas,.was  established  in  18.5.3,  at  the  junction  of  the  two 
main  branches  of  the  Kansas  River,  (called  Republican  .and 
Smoky  Hill  Forks.)  140  miles  from  Fort  Leavenworth:  lat. 
39°  3' 38"  N..  Ion.  96°  24'56"W.:  elevation  above  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  926  feet.  It  posse.s.ses  excellent  military  .advan- 
tages, being  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  country  which  abounds 
in  timber,  building  materials,  good  water  and  grass,  and  is 
on  the  route  of  troops  and  emigrants  going  to  California  and 
New  Mexico.  At  favorable  seasons  of  the  year  the  Kanzas 
River  is  navigable  to  this  place.  The  origin.<il  plan  of  the 
fort  contemplates  barracks  of  stone  for  8  companie.s.  part  of 
which  were  erected  last  year,  (1853.)  and  it  is  expected  that 
the  rest  will  be  finished  this  summer,  with  all  such  other 
buildings  as  are  necessary  for  a  large  mounted  force.  Near 
this  place  is  a  Methodist  mission.  A  splendid  military  road 
was  constructed  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Riley  in  1854; 
and  in  1855  Congress  made  an  appropriation  of  $100,000  to- 
wards extending  it  W.  to  Bridgers  Pass. 

FORT  RI  P'LEY,  formerly  FORT  GAINES,  a  post-village  of 
Cass  CO..  MinnesoU,  stands  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Nokay  River.  122  miles  N.  of  St.  l*aul. 

FORTROSE',  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh  and  .sea- 


has  a  good  harbor,  an  episcopal  chapel,  an  academy,  at 
which  the  late  Sir  James  Mackintosh  received  his  early  edu- 
cation, and  remains  of  the  ancient  cathedral  of  the  Bishops 
of  Ross.  The  burgh  unites  with  Inverness.  Fori-es,  and 
Nairn  jn  sendinir  1  memlier  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

FORT-ROY'AL,  a  fortified  town  and  seaport,  in  the  French 
West  Indies,  capital  of  the  island  of  Martinique ;  lat.  14°  36' 
N.,  Ion.  61°  4'  15"  W. ;  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  a  deep  and 
well-sheltered  bay,  protected  by  a  fort,  which  covers  the 
whole  surface  of  a  peninsula,  commanding  the  town  and 
harbor.  The  streets  are  straight  and  spacious;  houses,  in 
general,  well  built.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  parish 
church,  government  offices,  the  barracks,  arsenal,  prison, 
and  hospital.  At  its  E.  extremity,  near  the  careening  place, 
is  a  fine  parade,  called  the  Savannah,  foi-ming  the  glacis  of 
Fort  St.  Louis.  From  its  situation  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
island,  the  bay  is  protected  from  the  prevalent  winds.  Iu 
1839.  Fort-Royal  was  almost  wholly  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake. Upwards  of  500  persons,  including  nearly  all  the 
inmates  of  the  principal  hospital,  were  killed  by  the  falling 
of  the  buildings.  Fort-Royal  is  the  residence  of  the  French 
governor.     Pop.  11.300. 

FORT  SAINT  SEBASTIAN.  s5nt  se-bast'ytln.  (Port.  Sao 
Sehastiao.  sown"  .s.i-b3s-te-<5wN'=',)  the  citadel  of  the  Portuguese 
settlement  of  Mozambique,  in  East  Africa,  which  see. 

FORT  SiO  JOACHIM,  sown"  zho-I-keeN«'.  a  settlement 
of  Brazilian  Guiana,  on  the  Branco.  an  affiuent  of  the 
Amazon.    Lat.  3°  1'  46"  N.,  Ion.  60°  .T  W. 

FORT  SCHUYLER,  (New,)  New  York.    See  Rome. 

FORT  SCHUYLER.  (Old.)  New  York.    See  UncA. 

FORT  SCOTT,  a  post-village,  military  post,  and  capital  of 
Bourbon  co.,  Kansas,  is  on  the  Marmiton  Creek  or  River,  a 
small  branch  of  the  Osage  River,  120  miles  S.  of  Leaven- 
worth. It  contains  a  city  hall,  3  or  4  churches,  1  bank,  1 
newspaper  office,  several  wholesale  stores,  a  hospital,  and  a 
large  flour-mill.  Pop.  .about  1000.  A  military  post  was 
established  here  in  1842.  The  town  was  incorporated  in 
1855.  It  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  in  Southern 
Kansas,  and  a  great  depot  of  army  stores. 

FORT  SCOTT,  a  post-office  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  near  th« 
western  boundary  of  the  state. 

693 


FOR 


FOS 


FORT  SEX'EOJ    a  postoffice  of  Seneca  co..  Ohio. 

FOKT  SLON'GO,  a  fortress  erected  by  the  Tories  in  1781, 
Troadwell  Xeok,  on  Long  Island. 

FOl'iT  SMITH,  a  thriviug  post-village  of  Sebastian  co., 
Arkan.<as,  on  tlie  rijrht  bank  of  the  Arkansas  River,  163 
miles  by  land,  W.N'.W.  of  Little  Rook,  and  at  the  western 
boundary  of  tht  state.  I«Ht.  34°  45'  N.,  Ion.  95°  V>'.  It 
has  an  extensive  trade  with  the  Indian  tril:«s,  and  is  a 
military  post  of  the  United  States.  A  weekly  newspaper 
is  published  here.  The  government  buildings  are  of  brick. 
There  is  1  frame  church  in  the  place.  According  to  some 
authorities,  Fort  Smith  is  the  present  county  seat.  Pop. 
1530. 

FORT  SNEI/LTNG,  a  military  post  and  post-village  of 
Hennepin  co..  Minnesota,  stands  on  the  point  formed  by  the 
continence  of  the  Minnesota  with  the  Mississippi  River,  7 
mileH  aljove  St.  Paul. 

FORT  SOREL/,  on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Sorel,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name,  erected  by  Sorel,  a 
French  enfrineer.  in  1665. 

FORT  STAXWIX,  Xew  York.    See  Rome. 

FORT  ST.  DA'VID,  a  fortress  of  Ilindostan,  on  the  Coro- 
mandel  coast,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Poudicherry.  A  factory 
was  established  here  in  1C91 ;  and,  after  the  capture  of 
Sladras  by  the  French,  in  1746,  it  became  the  head  of  the 
British  settlements  in  this  quarter  till  1758,  when,  after  a 
short  sie?e,  it  was  taken  by  the  French  under  M.  Lally,  and 
the  fortifications  were  demolished. 

FORT  ST.  EVMO,  the  citadel  of  La  Yaletta,  in  Malta, 

FORT  ST.  FREIVERIC,  the  first  in  point  of  time  of  the 
fortifications  at  Crown  Point,  Xew  York,  built  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century. 

FORT  SULLIVAX.    See  Eastport,  Maine. 

FORTS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co.,  Xew  York. 

FORTSVILIiE.  a  village  in  Jones  co.,  Georgia,  18  miles 
W.  of  Milledsreville. 

FORTSYILLE,  a  village  of  Ilancock  co^  Indiana,  on  the 
Bellefont.aine  and  Indianapolis  Raili-oad,  20  miles  X  j;.  of 
Indianapolis. 

FORT  TAY'LOR,  a  postK)fflce  of  Benton  co^  Florid-a. 

FORT  TlCONDER(jaA.     See  Ticosderog.^. 

FORT  TOMP/KIXS.  is  situated  on  Staten  Island,  oppo- 
site Fort  Hamilton,  at  the  entrance  of  Xew  York  Harbor. 

FORI  lOWSOX,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Arkansas,  on  Red 
River. 

FORT  TRUM'BULL.  a  revolutionary  fortress  on  the  W. 
wde  of  the  Thames,  a  little  below  New  London.  Connecticut. 
Opposite  is  Fort  Oriswnld.  both  still  irarrisoned. 

FORT  TRY'OX,  a  revolutionary  fortress,  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  York  City. 

FORTUXA,  foB-too/nJ,  a  market-town  of  Spain.  16  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Murcia.  Pop.  4010.  It  has  mineral  baths  and  a 
saltpetre  factory. 

FORTC'X.i.  a  village  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky. 

FORTUN  AT.E  INSULA.    See  Canaries. 

FORTUNE,  BAY,  an  extensive  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Newfoundland.  Lat.  47°  X.,  Ion.  55°  W.,  giv- 
ing the  name  to  a  district  on  its  X.  side.  It  contains  Brune 
Island,  and  at  its  entrance  are  the  French  islands  of  Mique- 
lon  and  St.  Pierre. 

FORTUXE  ISLAND,  a  small  islet  off  the  coast  of  Sumatra. 

FORTUNE  ISLAND,  in  the  .Malay  Archipelago,  in  Mo- 
lucca Passage.    Lat.  6°  55'  S..  ion.  124°  8'  E. 

FORTUNE  ISL.AXD,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the 
Banda  Sea.    Lat.  5°  3'  S.,  Ion.  132°  11'  E. 

FORTUNE  ISLAND,  in  the  Sooloo  Sea.  Lat.  14°  4'  S., 
Ion.  120°  32'  E. 

FORTUNE  KEY,  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands. 

FORT  U'NION,  a  United  States  fort  on  the  route  from 
Independehce  to  Santa  Fe,  in  New  Mexico. 

FORT  VAI/LEY,  a  thriving  post^village  of  Houston  co., 
Georgia,  28  miles  S.TV.  of  Macon.  It  is  situated  on  the 
South-western  Railroad,  at  the  terminxis  of  the  Muscogee 
Railraad,  leading  to  Columbus,  alx)ut  70  miles  distant. 
Since  the  completion  of  the  railroad,  this  place  has  been 
much  improved,  and  has  become  a  depot  for  cotton.  It  con- 
tains 1  church,  1  large  academy,  and  3  dry-goods  stores. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  1000. 

FORT  VICTORIA,  vik-to're-a.  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  is 
the  citadel  of  the  capital  town  of  Amboyna. 

FORT  VILLAKINO,  vil-lS-ree'no.  a  frontier  settlement  in 
Patagonia,  on  the  island  of  Choloechel,  in  the  Rio  Xegro, 
and  nanu-d  after  its  founder  in  1782. 

FORT  ^AI/LAWAL^LA,  in  Washington  Territory,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Columbia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wallawalla 
River,  near  iip  X.  lat.  It  belongs  to  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company. 

fort"  WAR^REX,  Boston,  is  situated  upon  Governor's 
Island.     .See  Bo?to\. 

fort  WASHINGTON,  is  situated  on  the  Potomac  River. 
In  the  S.  part  of  Prince  Georges  County.  Maryland. 

FORT  WASHINGTON,  a  post-vULige  of  Prince  George's 
to.,  MariUnd,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Potomac.  15  miles  S.  of 
H'ashiDgtou  City. 
6M 


FORT  WASHIXGTOX,  on  Manhattan  Island,  wag  cap- 
tui-ed  by  the  British  in  Xovemlier,  1776. 

FORT  WASHITA,  wSsh'e-taw',  a  postoflRce  of  Chickasaw 
Xation,  Indian  Territory. 

FORT  WASHITA,  Chicksaw  Xation.  is  situated  on  Red 
River,  about  265  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Little  Rock. 

FORT  WaT'SOX,  is  situated  on  Santee  River,  in  Sumter 
CO.,  South  Carolina. 

FORT  W.\YNE,  wain,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Allen 
CO.,  Indian-a,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  St.  Joseph'* 
and  St.  Mary"s  Rivers,  which  form  the  Mauniee.  and  on  the 
Wabash  aud  Erie  Csjnal,  122  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lafayette,  and 
112  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  Fort  Wayne  is  a  town  of 
rapid  growth,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  places  in  the 
state.  The  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad  here  intersects  the 
Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  148  miles 
from  Chicago.  Since  the  latter  road  has  been  finished,  Fort 
Wayne  is  connected  with  I'hiladelphia  by  a  continuous  line 
of  railways  more  than  600  miles  in  length.  Sevenil  plank- 
roads  lead  from  this  place  to  different  parts  of  the  state  and  of 
Ohio.  It  contains  2  national  banks,  1  state  bank,  8  churches, 
a  Methodist  female  college,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  The 
surrounding  region  is  highly  productive,  and  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  land  is  under  cultivation.  On  the  site  of  the 
to\vn  was  the  old  "Twightwee  village"  of  the  Miami  tribe. 
Here  Fort  ^Vayne  was  erected  in  1794,  by  order  of  General 
Wayne,  and  it  continued  to  he  a  militiiry  post  until  1819. 
Pop.  in  ISeO,  estimated  at  9000. 

FORT  WEBB.    See  West  Point. 

FORT  WEDDERBURN.    See  Fort  Chippewatax. 

FORT  WEL/LINGTON,  a  fort  on  Coburg  Peninsula,  in 
Northern  Australia,  near  Port  Essington. 

FORT  WELUNGTON,  a  small  fortress  near  Prescott, 
Canada  West. 

FORT  WILIIEI/5IUS,  on  Princes  Island,  near  Fort 
Orange.  (Albany.) 

FORT  WIL'KINS,  a  post-office  of  Houghton  county, 
Michigan. 

FORT  WILLIAM.    See  C.^icctta. 

FORT  WILL/IAM,  a  fortress  of  Scotland,  co  of  Inverness, 
on  Loch  Eil,  near  the  foot  of  Ben  Nevis,  and  at  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Caledonian  Canal,  adjacent  to  the  village  of 
Maryburgh.  It  was  originally  built  by  General  Monk,  and 
reconstructed  in  the  time  of  William  III.,  whence  its  name. 
It  is  now  garrisoned  by  only  a  few  invalids. 

FORT  WILLIAM,  a  fort  of  Briti.sh  America,  on  the  X.W. 
coast  of  Lake  Superior.    Lat.  48°  25'  33"  N.,  Ion.  89°  20'  W. 

FORT  WILLIS  or  WYLLYS.    See  West  Point. 

FORT  WIN.NEB.i'GO.  Wisconsin.    See  Portage  Citt. 

FORT  WINI'ERMOOT,  one  of  the  revolutionary  forts  of 
Wvomins  A'allev. 

FORT  WOLCOTT.    See  Newport.  Rhode  Island. 

FOIiT  WORTH,  a  village,  TaiTant  co.,  Texas. 

FORT  WYOOIING,  PennsylvanLi,  a  fortress  on  the  site 
of  the  present  town  of  Wilkesbarre. 

FOR'TY  FORT,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FORT  YCM.i.  a  United  States  fort  in  California,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado  Rivers,  on  the  N.W.  bank 
of  the  united  stream. 

FORUM  ALIENI.    See  Ferrara. 

FORUM  CORN ELII.    See  Imola. 

FORUM  JULII.    See  Friuli. 

FORUM  JULII,  or  FORU.M  JULIUM.    See  FRfiJUS. 

FORUM  LIVII.    SeeFoKLi. 

FORUM  NOVUM.    See  FoRXOvo.     . 

FORUM  POPILII.  in  G.allia  Cisjilpina.    See  Foblimpopou. 

FORUM  POPILII,  in  Lucania.     See  PoTiA. 

FORUM  SKGUSIAXORUM.    See  Feirs. 

FORUM  SEMI'RONII.    See  Fossombronk. 

FORUM  YOCONTII.    See  Vidaubax. 

FORAVARDSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FORWICII,  fbr'dich.  a  small  municip,al  borough,  parish, 
and  member  of  the  Cinque  Port  of  Sandwich.  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  on  the  navigation  of  the  Stour,  2  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Canterbury.  Pop.  231.  It  has  an  ancient  chureh,  and  waa 
formerly  of  import.ance. 

FOS,  fos,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Gv 
ronne,  in  the  Pj'renfes,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop. 
1597.  Near  it  silver  mines  were  worked  in  the  time  of  the 
Romans. 

FOSC.ILDO,  fos-kdl'do.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Citra.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Cossenza.    Pop.  20O0. 

FOSDICK.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

FOSDINOVO,  fos-de-no'vo,  (L.  Pi!ide}if>>vum.)  a  village  of 
North  Italy,  Bituate<l  7  miles  N.W.  of  Carrai-a,  1814  feet 
above  the  sea.     Pop.  1448. 

FOS'DYKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Ilolbeach.  Fosdtke-Wash,  an  ai-m  of  the  -wa,  1 
mile  in  width,  is  here  crossed  by  an  embankment  and 
bridge. 

FOSNJES  or  FOSNAS.  (Fa«nK.-.)  fos'n.Ace,  a  n>>;itf  Joe  vil- 
lage and  parish  of  Norway,  stitt,  and  90  mile*  'AJ'M.  of 
Trondhjem.    Pop.  2600. 


FOS 


FOU 


F0S5ACECA,  fos'sl-oh.Vkd,  a  Tillage  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,  9  niilps  N.  W.  of  Campabasso.     Pop.  2450. 

FOSSACECA.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ci- 
tra.  nf.'ir  the  Adriatic,  4^  miles  S.E.  of  San  Vito.    Pop.  2300. 

F08SACECA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Piedmonte.     Pop.  800. 

FOSS.VNO,  fos-s3/n(),  (aiic.  Fosm'num,)  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian SUtes.  in  Piedmont,  on  the  Stura.  14  miles  N.E.  of 
Colli.  It  is  picturesquely  situated  on  a  hill,  enclosed  by  old 
■walls,  and  crowned  by  a  fine  castle.  Internally  it  is  an- 
tique and  gloomy,  the  houses  built  over  arcades,  which  form 
the  footways.  There  are  several  squares,  none  of  them  very 
remark.ible;  a  fine  cathedral,  containing  a  few  good  paint- 
ings; other  churches  and  conventual  buildings,  several  pa- 
laces, a  theatre,  hospital,  montrde-piili,  orphan  asylum,  ce- 
metery, a  royal  scientific  academy,  several  educational 
establishments,  and  mineral  baths.  Its  manufactures  are 
silk,  Kather,  iron,  woollen  poods,  and  paper.  It  has  a  trade 
in  agricultural  produce,  and  two  well-attended  annual  fairs. 
Pop.' 16.1)41. 

FOSSAWAY  and  TULLIEBOLE,  tarie-bol',  a  united 
parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Perth  and  Kinross,  6  miles  \V.  of 
Kinross.  Pop.  1724.  The  castles  of  TulUebole  and  Aldie  are 
in  this  parish. 

FOSSE  or  FOSSES,  foss,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Namur.    Pop.  2900. 

FOSSNAES.  a  village  of  Norway.     See  FosN.^s. 

FOSSOMBHONE,  fo.s-som-bro'ni,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
in  the  Marches,  about  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  UHiino,  on  the 
Metauro,  here  crowed  by  a  fine  modern  single-arched  bridge. 
Pop.  6421.  It  sprang  from  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Fnrutn 
S;mp)-iinii,  about  2  miles  distant,  and  has  a  cathedral  and 
flourishing  manufactures. 

FOSSUM.  fos'sooin,  a  village  of  Norway,  stlft  of  Agger- 
shuns,  62  miles  S.W.  of  Christiania.  It  lias  a  cobalt  mine, 
and  extensive  iron-works. 

FO.STAT.  fosUat/,  or  OLD  CAIRO,  (ki'ro,)  a  town  of  Central 
Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  34  miles  S.W.  of  Cairo,  opposite  Gheezeh. 
See  Cairo. 

FOSTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Providence  co.. 
Rhode  Island,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Pawtuxet,  which  allords 
good  water-power,  15  miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Providence.  It  con- 
tiuns  several  churches  and  a  bank.     Pop.  1935. 

FOSTEli,  a  post-village  of  Bracken  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  50  miles  in  a  straight  line  N.E.  of  Lex- 
ington. 

FOSTER  CENTRE,  a  post-offlce  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

FOS'TERDALE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York, 
120  miles  S.W.  of  Albanv. 

FO.STER  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia. 

FOSTER'S,  a  post-offlce  of  Tuscaloosa  co..  Alabama. 

FOSTER'S,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  15  miles 
6.S.E.  of  Vandalia. 

FOSTER'S  BAR.  a  postoffice  of  Yuba  co.,  California. 

FOSTER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-offlce  of  Bledsoe  co., 
Tennessee. 

FOSTER'S  FORK,  a  post-offlce.  Prince  Edward  co.,  Yirginia. 

FOS'TERTO\VN.  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey, 
6  miles  S.  of  Mount  Holly. 

FOSTERVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York, 
155  miles  W\N.W.  of  Albany. 

FOSTER VI LLE.  a  village  of  Henry  co..  Georgia,  on  the 
Macon  and  Western  Railroad,  80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milledge- 
Ville. 

FOSTERVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennes- 
see. 42  miles,  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

FOS/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FOSTON,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Leicester. 

FOSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

FOSTON-ON-WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

FOSTO'KIA,  a  post-village  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Pennsvlvania  Railroad.  124  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

FOTII'ERBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FOTIt'EHINGAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 85  miles  N.N.W.  of  Crundle.  Edward,  Duke  of 
York,  who  died  at  Agincourt.  and  Richard.  Duke  of  York, 
slain  at  the  battle  of  Wakefield,  were  buried  in  its  church. 
The  c;istle.  founded  in  the  reign  of  the  Conqueror,  the  birth- 
place of  Richard  III.,  and  the  scene  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots' 
imprisonment,  trial,  and  execution,  was  razed  to  the  ground 
after  the  accession  of  James  I. 

FOU.  a  town  of  China.     See  Foo. 

FOU.VH.  a  villaire  of  Egypt.    See  Fooah. 

FOU-CHOU.  of  China.     See  Foo-Choo-Foo. 

FOUESNANT.  foo-f's'nSx"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
tf  Finistfere,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Ouimper.    Pop.  in  1852.  Xi&i. 

FOUG,  foog.  (anc.  Fa'gus  Lecolrvm,?)  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Meurthe.  about  5  miles  from  Toul.  A  hill  in 
the  vicinity  is  crowned  by  the  remains  of  a  castle  and  p.a- 
lace.  which  belonged  to  theearly  kings  of  France.     Pop.  1484. 

F0U(lEH.4'i,  lou'zheh-rA/.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  ir,e-et-ViUine.  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Redon.  Pop.  in  1852,  5619. 

FOUGI-jKES,  foo'zhain/,  (L.  Filicarice  Mhedimum,)  a,  town 


of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  27  miles  N.S  of 
Renne.s,  pleasantly  situated  on  a  height  near  the  Nanson, 
Pop.  In  1852,  9083.  It  has  a  commercial  college,  mineral 
springs,  and  manufactures  of  sail-cloth  and  hempen  fabrics, 
and  trade  In  corn,  butter,  and  honey.  It  was  formerly  one 
of  the  strongest  places  in  Brittany,  and  was  often  taken  and 
re-taken  during  tht>  wars  with  the  English  from  the  ele- 
venth to  the  fifteenth  centuries.  A  memorable  engagement 
took  pliice  here.  November  15, 1793,  between  the  A'endeaus 
and  the  Republicans. 

FOUGEROLLES,  fooVheh-roIl',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment, and  19  miles  N.W.  of  Mayenne.     Pop.  2324. 

FOUGEROLLES.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Hante- 
Saone.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lure.  Pop.  1139.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable manufacture  of  cherry  brandy. 

FOUGES.  foozh,  a  seaport  town  of  .Asia  Minor.  SeePnoc.f.A. 
The  Gulf  op  FouaES  is  an  inlet  of  the  ^Egean  Sea,  immedi- 
ately N.  of  the  Gulf  of  Smvrna. 

FOUILLOUSE,  LA,  Ij'  foo^yooz',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loire,  6  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Etienne.     Pop.  873. 

FOUL'BRIDGE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

FOUL'DEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FOUI/DKN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

FOUL  ISLAND,  in  the  bav  of  Bengal,  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Burmah.  lat.  18°  4"  N..  Ion.  93°  57'  E. 

FOUL'MIRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

FOUL'NESS,  an  Island  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex,  on  the  North  .Sea,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Rochfor4.  It  Is 
the  largest  of  a  cluster  of  islands,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Crouch.     Area.  8060  acres.     Pop.  674. 

FOUiyPOINT,  a  village  on  the  E.  coast  of  Madagascar, 
formerly  the  principal  settlement  of  the  French  on  that 
Island.     Lat.  17°  4^  S..  Ion.  49°  30'  E. 

FOULS'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FOUL/STON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

FOULTA.    SeeFuLTA. 

FOUN.\I,  a  town  of  Japan.    See  Foon ai. 

FOUN/DRYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  14  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Bloomsburg. 

FOU-NING.    See  Foo-nino. 

FOUNTAIN,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Indiana, 
bordering  on  the  Wabash  River,  contains  about  400  square 
miles.  It  is  dr.ained  by  Coal  Creek.  The  surface  is  mostly 
level,  and  is  diversified  by  majestic  forests  and  beautiful 
i)rairies,  the  latter  of  which  occupy  about  one-fourth  of  the 
county.  The  soil  is  generally  a  black  loam,  and  is  highly 
productive.  Coal  and  iron-ore  are  abundant.  The  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal  passes  through  it.  Capital,  Covington.  Pop. 
15,566. 

FOUNTAIN  DALE,  a  postofflce  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FOUNTAIN  GREEN,  a  post-offlce  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FOUNTAIN  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  CO.,  lUi- 
nois.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Carthage  the  county  seat. 

FOUNTAIN  HEAD,  a  post-office  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 

FOUNTAIN  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Gi-eene  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

FOUNTAIN  HILL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ashley  co., 
Arkansas,  155  miles  S.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

FOUNTAIN  INN,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district.  South 
Carolina. 

FOUNTAIN  PRAIRIE,  a  postrtownship  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Columbia  co..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1079. 

FOUNTAIN  PRAIRIE,  (formerly  called  FALL  RIVER,) 
a  small  village  of  Columbia  co..  AVisconsin. 

FOUNTAIN  RUN,  a  postrvillage  of  Monroe  co..  Ken- 
tvickv. 

FOUNTAIN'S  AIVBEY,  one  of  the  finest  monastic  ruins 
in  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding,  in  the  beautiful 
park  of  Studley-Royal,  about  3  miles  S.W.  of  Ripon.  It 
was  founded  in  1204,  and  formerly  occupied  12  acres  of 
ground.  2  of  which  are  still  covered  by  magnificent  rulns^ 
and  in  a  more  perfect  state  than  most  others  in  the  king, 
dom. 

FOUNTAIN  SPRING,  a  postoffice  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
svlvania. 
'  FOUNTAIN  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co.,  Virginia. 

FOURCHAMBAULT  fooK'sh8.\j'li6',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  NiSvre,  5  miles  from  Nevers.  on  the  Loire, 
here  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge.  Here  are  extensive 
iron-smelting  furnaces  and  forges,  employing  about  3000 
workmen. 

FOURCHE  A  REYNAULT,  foorsh  I  r.VnS'  a  post-village 
in  Washinirton  co..  Missouri.  65  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FOUIiCHE  A  THOMAS,  foorsh  a  tn'mJ',  a  small  stream 
which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  and  flowing  southward 
into  Arkansjis.  enters  Black  River  above  Pocahontas. 

FOUHCHE  DUMAS,  foorsh  doo'md/,  a  postroffice  of  Ran- 
dolph CO..  Arkansas. 

FOURCHE  LA  FAVE,  foorsh  \i  fJv.  a  small  stream  of 
Arkansas,  rises  near  the  S.W.  border  of  Scutt  cuunty,  and, 
flowing  eastward,  enters  the  Arkansas  in  I'erry  county. 

FOUR  BROTHERS.     See  QLjlTRE-FiiiRES. 

695 


FOU 


FOX 


F»)Da  COIVXEKS,  a  post-office  of  Hurou  cc,  Ohio,  104 
miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Columbus. 

FOUR  KVAN'GKLISTS.  a  group  of  four  islets,  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Patagonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan, 
lat,  52°  34'  S.,  Ion.  75°  5'AV.,  and  which,  with  eight  others, 
about  15  miles  W.,  compose  a  group  called  the  "Twelve 
Apostles."' 

FOUR  LAKES,  a  name  given  to  a  chain  of  lakes  in  Bane 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  extending  in  a  row  from  X.AV.  to  S.K.,  and 
discharging  their  waters  into  Catfish  River.  The  water  of 
all  these  lalies  is  pure,  and  deep  enough  in  most  places  for 
the  purposes  of  navigation.  In  describing  thera  we  shall 
reverse  the  order  in  which  they  are  named,  beginning  with 
the  uppermost,  and  descending.  Fourth  Lake,  at  the  X,W. 
extremity  of  the  chain,  is  considerably  the  largest,  being 
6  miles  in  length,  and  4  miles  in  its  greatest  breadth.  The 
water  is  cold  and  pure.  It  is  navigable  for  small  steam- 
boats ;  the  depth  in  some  p:irts  is  estimated  at  from  60  to 
70  feet  This  beautiful  lake  is  mostly  fed  by  springs,  having 
but  one  tributary.  It  has  clear,  white,  and  gravelly  shores. 
The  surface  is  estimated  at  210  feet  alxjve  Lake  Michigan, 
Third  Lake,  the  next  below,  is  6^  miles  long,  and  2  miles 
wide.  Madison,  the  cipital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the 
N.  shore  of  this  lake,  ou  the  strip  of  land  between  it  and 
Fourth  Lake,  Second  Lake,  the  next  in  order,  is  3i  miles 
long,  and  near  2  miles  wide.  First  Lake,  the  lowest  of  the 
chain,  is  rather  more  than  3  miles  long,  and  atout  2  miles 
wide.  The  region  in  fh«  vicinity  of  the  Four  I.iakes  is  a 
beautiful  country,  with  a  rich  limestone  soil.  Third  and 
Fourth  lakes  are  now  called  Lake  Mouonaand  Lake  Mcndota. 

FOURMIES.  foou^me©',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  8  miles  S.S.E,  of  Avesnes,     Pop,  1S83, 

FOUR  MILE  BRANCH,  a  postroffice  of  Barn  well  district, 
South  Carolina. 

FOUR  MILK  BRANCH,  a  postofflce,  of  Monroe  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

FOUR  MILE  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  flows  into  the  Kala- 
mazoo River,  in  Kalamazoo  county, 

FOUR  MILE  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Preble  county,  and 
enters  the  Miami  River  near  Hamilton. 

FOUR  MILK  CRI'iEK,  a  post-offiee  of  Erie  co,.  New  York. 

FOUR  MILE  GROVE,  a  postrofflcB  of  Lee  co,.  Illinois. 

FOUR  MILE  PRAiailE,  a  post-office  of  Van  Zandt  co., 
Texas. 

FOUR  MILB  PRAIRIE,  a  poet-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 

FOURNI  (foor'nee')  ISLANDS,  (anc,  CaHxuB.)  a  group  of 
the  Grecian  Archipelago,  belonging  to  Asiatic  Turkey,  and 
consisting  of  about  20  islets,  5  miles  S,W.  of  Samos.  They 
are  mount.iinous.  and  alxiund  with  caverns. 

FOURTEEN  MILE  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  flows  through 
Hinds  county  into  Big  Black  River. 

FOURTEEN  MILE  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  through 
Clarke  county  into  the  Ohio,  14  miles  above  the  Falls  of  the 
Ohio. 

FOURTH  LAKE.    See  Four  Lakes. 

FOUR  TOWNS,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries.  See  Hiqhtae. 

FOU-SH  AN.  a  town  of  China.    See  Foo-sh.\s. 

FOUSIYAM.\.  a  mountain  of  Japan,    See  FoosiT.oiii. 

FOUSSERET,  LE  Id  foos,s'sfh-rA',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Garonne,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2271. 

FOU-TCHOW-FOO,  a  city  of  China,    See  Foo-choo-foo. 

FOUTSITZ,  a  town  of  Japan,    See  Footsitz. 

FOUVEXT-LE-BAS,  fjoVSxo'-lfh-bd',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ilaute-SaSne.  16  miles  from  Gray,  In  its 
vicinity  are  three  large  grottoes,  in  one  of  which,  M.  Cuvier 
discovered,  in  1800,  the  fossil  bones  of  a  great  number  of 
quadrupeds;  and  in  1827,  on  a  second  seiirch.  M.  Thirria 
found  relics  of  the  rhinoceros,  elephanVhyena,  bear,  horse, 
ox,  and  lion. 

FOVANT',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 

FOVEAUX  (fo\6')  STRAIT,  in  New  Zaaland,  lat.  47°  S., 
Ion.  I<i7°  K„  separates  New  Munster  from  New  Leinster. 
Breadth  varies  from  10  to  25  miles.  It  contains  many 
Islets, 

FO'VERAX,  a  parish  of  ScotUnd,  co,  of  Aberdeen,  1  mile 
S.S.W,  of  Newburgh,  Here  are  the  ruins  of  2  castles.  The 
Ythan  River  in  this  parish,  has  a  pearl  fishery. 

FOW,  or  FAU.\,  f5,  an  bland  in  the  Malay  .\rchipel^o, 
Gilolo  passage,  about  lat.  0°  C  S.,  ion.  129°  30*  E.,  sepa- 
rated from  the  W,  shore  of  Geby  by  a  narrow  channel,  about 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  which  forms  a  safe  liarlwr,  with 
depths  fmm  10  to  15  fathoms, 

FOWEY.  foy,  written  also  FAWEY,  a  river  of  England, 
enters  the  English  Channel  near  Fowey.  after  a  cour.«e  of 
a)x>ut  30  miles.  It  has  a  broad  estuary,  and  is  navigable  to 
near  liostwithiel, 

KOWEY,  a  decayed  seaport,  borough  town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  at  the  mouth  of  the  above 
river,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Launceston.  Pop.  in  1851. 1006.  The 
town  is  situati^  amidst  scenery  of  singular  lieauty.  Its 
harl>or  admits  the  largest  vessels,  and  is  defendi-d  by  one 
ancient  and  two  modern  forts.  The  principal  exports  are 
copper-ore.  of  which  many  thousand  tons  are  shipped  an- 
600 


Dually,  pilchardst,  chinn  clay,  and  stone.  Fowey  was  a 
place  of  great  imjiortance  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries,  having  numerous  ships,  and  a  formidable  name  in 
the  naval  annals  of  the  time.  During  the  siege  of  Calais^ 
under  Edward  III.,  it  sent  47  vessels  to  that  monarch's 
aid,  being  a  greater  number  than  was  contributed  by  any 
other  town  in  England. 

FOWLA  or  FOULA.  fSwIi.  written  also  FOUL,  one  of 
the  Shetland  Islands,  IS  miles  W.  of  the  others,  in  lat.  60* 
8'  N.,  Ion.  2°  6'  W.  Length,  about  2  miles;  breadth,  H 
miles;  elevation  1369  feet.  Pop,  215,  mostly  fishermen  and 
fowlers.  This  islet,  which  affords  good  sheep  pa.' ture,  Ij 
conjectured  to  have  been  the  Ultima  Thule  of  the  ancient* 

FOW-LE.\NG.  a  town  of  China,     See  Feoo-Le.\m}. 

FOWLER,  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Oswepitchie  River,  27  miles  S,W,  of  Canton.  It  con- 
tains extensive  beds  of  iron-ore,  and  quarries  of  white  lim^ 
stone.     Pop.  18ii». 

FOWLER,  a  poet-township  in  the  eastern  part  of  Triun- 
bull  CO..  Ohio.  160  miles  N.E,  of  Columbus.     Pop,  996. 

FOWLER'S,  a  post-offlce  of  Brooke  co„  W.  Virginia. 

FOWLER'S  BAY.  South  Australia,  near  the  head  of  th« 
great  .\ustraliau  biarht,  immediately  W,  of  Point  Fowler,  in 
lat,  32°  3'  S„  Ion,  132°  40'  E, 

FOWLER"S  KNOB,  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co.,  Virginia, 

FOWLER'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  170 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

FOW'LERSVILLE,  a  postx)fflce  of  Coltimbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FOW'LIS  WES/TER.  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
and  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Perth.  Here  is  a  very  curious  an- 
cient cross, 

FOWLSTOWN,  a  village  in  Decatur  co.,  Georaia,  about 
200  miles  S.W.  of  .Milledgeville. 

FOWN'HOPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

FOX,  a  former  co.  in  the  N.W.  centr.al  part  of  Iowa,  has 
an  area  of  about  550  s(iUHre3.  It  is  intersecte<l  by  Lizard 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  Des  Moines.  This  county  is  not 
included  in  the  census  of  18.50;  the  population  is  very  sm.ill. 
The  name  is  derived  from  the  Fox  tribe  of  Indians.  It  ia 
now  comprised  partly  in  Pocahontas  county. 

FOX,  a  township  fif  Clearfield  co,,  Pennsylvania,  Pop.  154. 

FOX,  a  towniship  of  Elk  co,,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1333. 

FOX,  a  township  of  Oirroli  co,,  Ohio,     Pop.  1126. 

F<'X,  a  townsliip  in  Kendall  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1-10.5. 

FOX'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Norfolk 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Providence  Railroad, 
21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston,    Pop,  2879. 

FOX'BURG,  a  small  village  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  .\lleghany  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Clarion  River. 

FOXBURO,  a  post-offlce  of  Forest  co.,  Penn.«ylvania, 

FOX'CHASE,  a  pleasantly  situated  post-village  within  the 
chartered  limits  of  Philadelphia,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  State 
Ilou.se. 

FOX'COT  or  FOS'OOTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buck- 
ingham. 

FOX  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Mis.souri,  28 
miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FOX'CROFT,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Piscataquis 
CO..  Maine,  on  the  N.  side  of  I'iscatni|uis  River.  60  niileit 
N.N.E.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  an  academy,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  woollen  goods,  castinsrs,  forks.  &c.    Pop.  1102. 

FO.X'EARTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

FOX'FORD.  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Mayo,  9  miles  S.  of  Ballina.  Pop.  680.  It  has 
a  market-house  and  barracks. 

FO.\'H.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FOX'HOLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Eas% 
Riding. 

FOX  INDIANS.    See  Sacs. 

FO.X  ISLANDS,  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Amctian  Islands. 

FOX  L.\KE,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co„  Illinois. 

FOX  LAKE  or  WACSH.VRA.  wl-shah'ra.  Wisconsin,  in 
Dodge  CO.  Fox  Lake  township  is  about  3  miles  long  and  2 
miles  wide. 

FOX  LAKE  or  WAUSHARA,  a  thriving  post-village  and 
to\»-nship  of  Dodge  co,.  Wisconsin,  on  Beaverdam  Creek, 
outlet  of  Fox  r,iike.  about  60  miles  N,N.K,  of  Mailison,  It  is 
a  place  of  active  business,  and  contains  1  or  2  banks^  and  a 
flouring-mill.    Total  iwipulation,  1461. 

FOX'LEY,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  c-o.  of  Norfolk. 

FOXLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Wilts. 

FOX  RIVfMt.  of  Iowa  and  Missouri,  a  small  stream  which 
rises  in  Davis  co..  Iowa,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  in  Clarke 
CO.,  Missouri,  about  2  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Des  Moines 
River.  It  is  sometimes  marked  .\romat'ic  River  ou  the 
maps. 

FOX  RIVER,  or  PISIITAK'A,  rises  in  Waukesha  co.,  Wis- 
consin, and  running  (in  its  general  direction)  nejirly  due  S. 
till  it  reaches  Oswego,  in  Illinois,  then  changes  its  course  to 
S.W.,  and  falls  Into  Illinois  River  at  Ottawa.  The  entiie 
length  is  estimated  at  200  miles.  It  affords  great  •<*»Uif 
power. 

FOX  RIVER.  (Neexah  of  the  Indians.)  of  Green  Bay.  one 
of  the  most  Important  rivers  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Mar- 


FOX 

quette  co..  and  flows  first  nearly  S.W.  towards  the  Wiscon- 
sin, I)Ut,  when  within  I5  miles  of  that  river,  it  suddenly 
turns  towards  the  N.  After  a  course  of  a  few  miles,  it 
assumes  its  general  N.E.  direction,  and  passing  through 
Lake  Winnebago,  falls  into  the  S.  end  of  Green  Bay.  A 
canal  has  been  tut  from  this  river  to  the  Wisconsin,  and  the 
channel  below  Lake  WinneViago  is  to  be  improved,  so  that 
steamboats  can  pass  from  L;>ke  Michigan  to  the  Mississippi. 
The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  200  miles.  The  i-apids  in 
the  lower  part  of  its  course  furnish  immense  motive-power. 

FOX  RIVKR.  Great  and  Little,  two  rivers  of  Canada, 
within  2  miles  of  each  other,  and  both  falling  into  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  between  Griffith's  Cove  and  Little  Vallee, 
on  the  X.E.  .side  of  the  district  of  Gaspe. 

FOX'S  CHANNEL,  a  strait  of  British  North  America, 
stretching  N.  from,  the  X.W.  extremity  of  Hudson's  Strait, 
having  W.  Melville  Peninsula  and  Southampton  Islands, 
and  E.  an  unexplored  country. 

FOX  SPRING,  a  post-ofHce  of  Overton  co.,  Tennes.see. 

FOX  SPRINGS,  situated  in  Fleming  co.,  Kentucky,  about 
10  miles  from  Flemingsburg.  They  contain  sulphur  and  iron. 

FOXTON,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

FOXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

FOX'VILLE,  a  post-villajre  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Rappahannock  lUver,  108  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

FOJ^VILLE.  a  post-ofliee  of  Frederick  co..  Maryland. 

FOY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

FOYERS,  pronounced  and  sometimes  written  FYERS, 
(fl'grz,)  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  joins  Loch  Ness  about 
half  way  between  Fort  Augustus  and  the  N.E.  end  of  the 
loch,  2  miles  .above  which  junction  it  falls  over  a  ridge,  esti- 
mated at  90  ftset  in  height,  forming  the  finest  cataract  in 
Britain.  There  is  another  fall  of  30  feet  about  one-fourth 
of  a  milo  above  this,  crossed  by  a  bridge.  The  grandeur  of 
these  cascades  is  aided  by  surrounding  scenery. 

FOYLE,  a  river  of  Ireland,  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
the  Finn  and  Mourne  at  Lifford,  flows  thence  N.  in  a  broad 
tidal  stream,  till  it  exp.tnds  into  Lough  Foyle,  after  a  course 
of  H  miles.  It  has  a  large  salmon  fishery,  and  is  navigable 
for  vessels  of  000  tons  to  the  bridge  at  Londonderry. 

FOYLK,  LOUGH,  Wh  foil,  of  Ireland,  is  a  large  arm  of 
the  sea,  forming  the  estuary  of  the  above  river.  Length, 
18  miles ;  breadth,  9  miles. 

FOZ,  foth  or  fiis,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  42  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Lugo,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic 

FOZ,  a  village  of  Portugal,  proyince  of  Alemtejo,  on  the 
Tagus,  27  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon.  It  has  extensive  iron- 
works. 

FKADES.  fri'd?s.  a  small  island  of  Brazil,  province  of  Ba- 
hla,  in  All  Saints*'  Bay,  2.')  miles  N.W.  of  Bahia. 

FRADES.  fri'D^s.  a  village  of  Spain,  22  miles  S.  of  Sala- 
manca, with  mineral  springs. 

FRAG  A,  fr^'ga,  (anc.  adiica  Flaviat)  a  town  of  Spain.  55 
miles  S.E.  of  Huesca,  on  theCinca,  here  crossed  by  a  wooden 
bridge  of  22  arches.  Pop.  5028.  Its  environs  are  noted  for 
excellent  figs  and  pomegranates.  It  has  several  Roman 
ruins. 

FRAGETSCHMARKT.    See  FooARAS. 

FRAGNETO.  frdn-yA'to,  (Fraoxeto  Moxtorti:,  frSn-y.Vto 
mon-foR/t'l,  and  Fhaoxkto  L' Abate,  frdn-y.Vto  ll-b3't.A,Hwo 
contiguous  villages  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra, 
and  respectively  17  and  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Arjano.  Pop. 
of  the  former,  1820;  of  the  latter,  2120. 

FRAGOLETTA,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Georgia. 

FRAGUA.  fri'gwi,  a  river  of  New  Granada,  rises  on  the 
S.E.  slope  of  the  Sierra  de  Pardaos.  and  after  a  S.E.  course 
of  about  180  miles,  joins  the  Japura  in  lat.  0°  50'  N.,  Ion.  74° 
10'  W. 

FRATLES.  frilfe.  a  modem  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Jaen,  jurisdiction  of  Alcala-la-Real.     Pop.  2174. 

FRAIN  or  FRAYX.  frine,  (Moravian,  Wranow.  yrd'nov,) 
a  market^town  of  Moravia.  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Znaim,  on  the 
Thaya.  with  j,  celebrated  manufactory  of  porcelain.     P.  840. 

FRAIPOINT,  fr.Vpwlfi'',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  9  miles  S.E.  of  Liege.    Pop.  1058. 

FRAISTHOKPE,  frds'thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  East  Riding. 

FRAIZE,  irk?.,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vosges, 
25  miles  E.  of  Epin.41.     Pop.  2501. 

FKA'LEY,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1149. 

FRAM'FIELB.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FR.VMIERES.  fri'me-aia/  a  village  and  commune  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Hainaiit,  about  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mons. 
Pop.  9073. 

FRA'MINGn.\M.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middle- 
sex CO..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  Jind  Worcester  Rail- 
road, which  here  sends  off  a  branch  road  to  Milford.  21  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  Saxonville.  on  Concord  River,  in  the  N. 
Tart  of  the  township,  is  connected  by  a  branch  railroad  with 
Uje  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad  at  Nati^;k  Framingham 
contains  a  bank,  a  state  normal  school  established  here  in 
1853,  and  a  high  school.  On  the  E.  border  Hps  a  part  of  Co- 
chituate  Lake,  from  which  Boston  is  supplied  with  water. 
Pop.  4227. 


FRA 

FRAMINGHAM,  EARL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Noi- 
folk. 

FRAMINGHAM  PIGOT,  a  pari.sh,  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

FRAM'LINGHAM.a  market-town  and  parish  of  England 
CO.  of  Suffolk,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ipswich,  on  the  .shore  of  a 
lake  communicating  with  the  river  Ore.  Pop.  in  1851,  2450. 
It  has  a  fine  old  church,  containing  several  monuments  of 
the  early  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  and  the  ruins  of  a  magnificent 

FRAM'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  Enghind,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

FRAMMERSBACH,  fram'mers-b^K',  a  market-town  of  Ba- 
varia, circle  of  Lower  Franconia,  28  miles  N.W.  of  WUra- 
burg.     Pop.  218S,  partlv  engaged  in  iron-mines. 

FRAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

FRAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FRAMPTON  COTrrJiRELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

FRAMPTON-ON-SEV'ERN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

FRAMSTDEN,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FR.\MURA,  fri-moo/rd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Levanto.    Pop  1113. 

FRAM'WELLG  .\TE.atownshipof  England.  CO.  of  Durh.am. 

FRANCA,  Mnr^i,  or  VILLA-FR ANCA-DO-IMPERADOR, 
veel1i-fran-k3-do-eem-p,-l-r3-doRA  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  270  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sao-Paulo.  on  the  Mugi. 

FRANC^VIS,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Fr.a.\(;.ais. 

FRANgALSE,  La.  U  fr6.N°'»Az',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarnet-Garonne,  9  miles  N.W.  nfMi  ntanban.  P.  3825. 

FRANQ.4IS,  Le,  Igh  frln'si/,  a  small  town  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Martin Ijue. 

FItANC-ALEU,  tTln\-K^\vht,  a  country  of  France,  in  tho 
ancient  province  of  Auvergne.     Its  capital  was  Sermur. 

FRANCASTEL,  frSNo'klUHJl',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  25  miles  from  Clermont.     Pop.  82S. 

FRANCAVILLA,  frdn-ki-vind.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Otranto,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Taranto.  Pop.  ll.SoO.  The 
chief  edifices  are  a  cathedral,  a  college,  several  hospitals, 
charitable  institutions,  and  convents.  In  1734,  it  suffered 
greatly  from  an  earthquake.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  cotton  stuffs,  earthenware,  and  snuff. 

FRANCAVILLA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata, 
25  miles  E.  of  I>agonegro.    Pop.  2000. 

FRANCAVILLA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  on  the  Adriatic,  7  miles  N.IO.  of  Chieti.    Pop.  3150. 

FRANCAVILLA,  a  town  of  Sicily,  inteudancy  of  Messina, 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Taormina.    Pop.  2900. 

FRANCAVILLA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  4i  miles  N.E.  of  Ca.ssano.    Pop.  1100. 

FRANCAVILLA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calahria 
Ultra  II.,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nicastro.    Pop.  1650. 

FRANCE,  (L.  OaVlia,  or  Fran'cia;  Fr.  La  France,  13 
frdNss;  It.  Francia,  frin/chd;  Sp.  Francia,  frdn'the-i;  Port. 
Franga.  frin'sl;  Ger.  Frayihreich.  frdnk'riK;  Dutch.  Fran- 
Iryk,  frink'rik ;  Dan.  Franhrige,  frdnk'ree'ghf h ;  Sw.  Franh- 
rike,  frink'ree^kA,)  an  empire,  one  of  the  most  populous 
and  influential  in  the  world,  is  situated  in  the  W.  part  of 
Europe,  between  lat.  42°  20'  and  51°  5'  N.,  and  between 
Ion.  4°  50'  W.  and  8°  25'  E.;  bounded  N.  by  the  German 
Ocean  and  the  Straits  of  Dover;  N.W.  by  the  English  Chan- 
nel, (La  Manche  ;)  W.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  including  that 
part  of  it  called  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  {Golfe  de  Ouscogne ;)  S.  by 
Spain  and  the  Mediterranean  Sea;  E.by  the  Sardinian  States, 
Switzerland,  and  Baden ;  and  N.E.  by  Rhenish  Bavaria,  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  Luxemburg,  and  Belgium. 

Besides  the  continental  territory  here  indicated,  the  em- 
pire includes  under  its  sovereignty  numerous  islands  and 
colonies  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  the  area  and  popula- 
tion of  which,  according  to  the  most  recent  ofilcial  returns, 
are  exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table : — 


France,  including  Corsica 

Algeria  (Fr.  Algerie) 

Colonies  in  West  Africa- 
Senegal  , 

Bourbon,  or  lie  de  la  Reunion,  Indian  Ocean 

St.  Marie,  (near  the  island  of  Madagascar)... 

Asiatic  Possessions — 

Pondicherry  (Pondichery,)  Karlkal,  Gan- 

jani,    Chandemagore,   Yanaon,  Surate, 

and  M.-ibe 

West  Indies- 
Martinique,   Guadeloupe,   N.  part  of   St. 
Martin,    .Marie    Galante,  Desirade,  and 

the  Sainted  Group 

French  Guiana,  South  America 

8t.  Pierre  aud  Miquelon  Islands,  on  the 
coast  of  North  America,  near  Newfound- 
land  

Souih  Pacific  Ocean- 
Marquesas   Islands,  Taiti  and  Akarao,  In 

New  Zealand 

New  Caledonia,  (Nonvelle-Caledonie) 

Total 


Area  In 
sq.  miles 


1,200 
27,560 


Population 


37,47-i,7.S2 
2,999,124 

14,876 

los.noo 

4,000 


2,101 
2,000 


321.016       4I,063,3J9 


mi 


FRA 


FRA 


In  tracing  the  gf^eral  contour  of  Prance,  the  projections 
imd  iudentatlonr  which  occur  are  so  numerous,  that  the 
country  necessarily  assumes  the  shape  of  a  polygon  com- 
posed of  many  unequal  sides.  It  however,  we  connect  the 
more  g.ilient  points  which  are  on  the  N.,  the  W..  the  E.,  the 
S.W.,  and  the  S.E.  by  straisht  lines,  the  included  space, 
constituting  a  pentagon,  will  comprise  the  whole  of  the 
French  territory,  and  give  a  good  general  idea  of  its  shape. 
The  longest  lines  that  can  be  drawn  across  the  country  are 
two  diagonals — one  from  the  S.E.  to  the  N.  W.  extremity, 
670  miles  in  extent;  the  other  from  the  S.W.  to  the 
N.E.,  having  a  length  of  625  miles.  Measured  on  the 
meridian  of  Dunkirls,  the  greatest  length  is  600  miles;  and 
measured  on  the  parallel  of  4S°  20'.  the  greatest  breadth  is 
6S2  miles.  The  breadth  near  the  centre  is  400  miles,  and 
between  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde  and  the  frontiers  of  Sa- 
voy, where  the  country  is  narrowest,  it  does  not  exceed  330 
miles.  The  lenirth  ofthe  coast  line,  without  allowing  for 
minor  indentations  is,  along  the  German  Ocean  and  Eng- 
lish Channel,  5i  0  miles;  along  the  Atlantic,  500  miles;  and 
along  the  Mediterranean,  260  miles,  giving  an  aggreg.ate  of 
1320  miles.  It  is  difficult  to  s,ay  what  addition  would  be 
made  by  minutely  tracing  the  bays  and  headlands:  but  the 
whole  length  of  the  coast  line  may  be  safely  estimated  at 
not  less  than  1500  miles.  The  continental  boundary  formed 
on  the  S.W.  by  the  Pyrenees,  is  250  miles;  on  the  E.  by  the 
Alpj.  155;  the  Jura.  167;  and  the  Rhine,  100  miles;  and  on 
the  X.E.  by  an  arbitrary  line  of  .ibout  290:  in  all,  962  miles; 
thus  giving,  in  coast  and  mainland,  a  general  perimeter  of 
about  2402  miles,  including  an  area  of  197,340  square  miles. 
On  taking  a  survey  of  this  great  country,  itis  impossible  not 
to  be  struck  with  the  advantages  which  it  derives  from  its 
position.  It  not  only  forms  a  continuous  and  compact  whole, 
but  though  united  to  the  Continent  by  a  line  of  above  900 
miles,  is  so  much  isolated  from  it  by  great  natural  bound- 
aries, that  the  only  direction  in  which  it  can  be  considered 
open  to  hostile  attack  is  on  the  N.E.,  where  a  line  of  strong 
fortresses  has  made  a  barrier  almost  as  impenetrable  as  those 
which,  in  other  directions,  have  been  provided  by  nature. 
Again,  on  the  X.  and  W..  a  long  line  of  coast  gives  it  imme- 
diate access  to  the  great  ocean  thoroughfares,  while  on  the 
S.  its  harlx)rs  in  the  Mediterranean  give  it  a  commanding 
influence  both  in  Africa  and  the  East,  and  secure  to  it  a  large 
share  in  the  traffic  of  that  most  important  of  all  Inland  seas. 

Pliysical  FiaturfS.  ilountains. — The  Alps  in  the  E..  and 
the  Pyrenees  in  the  S.W.,  connect  the  mountains  of  France 
with  the  most  magnificent  ranges  of  Europe;  but  only  a 
few  very  lofty  summits  are  situated  within  the  French  ter- 
ritory. Of  these.  Mount  Olan,  on  the  borders  of  Savoy, 
forms  the  culminating  point,  rising  13,819  feet.  Two  other 
summits  in  the  same  locality  exceed  13,000  feet.  The  chain  of 
the  Pyrenees  culminates  near  its  centre,  in  Mal.idetta, which 
has  its  highest  peak  in  Spain;  but  the  adjoining  pe;ik, 
Nfthou,  which  nearly  equals  it,  having  a  height  of  11,108 
feet,  is  in  Fr.-vnce.  Several  other  summits  on  the  French 
Bide  of  the  Pyrenees  exceed  10.000  feet.  Both  of  these 
ranges  throw  out  numerous  branches ;  but  they  all  subside 
rapidly  as  they  recede  from  their  central  axis,  ahd  fall  far 
«hort  of  the  heights  which  have  been  already  mentioned. 
The  range  next  in  importance  is  the  Cevennes,  the  S.  com- 
mencement of  which  has  been  placed  somewhat  arbitrarily 
In  a  depression  where  a  lateral  branch  of  the  Pyrenees 
seems  to  terminate  and  the  Can.al  du  Midi,  connecting  the 
Atlantic  with  the  Mediterranean,  has  its  summit  level. 
From  this  point,  called  the  Col  de  Narouze,  the  Cevennes 
proceed  first  in  a  north-easterly  direction  as  fiir  as  Mont 
Pilat,  in  the  S.E.  of  the  department  of  Lozere,  and  then 
N,  to  the  Canal  duCentre,  Their  whole  length  is  about  360 
miles.  The  average  height  of  the  central  ridge  does  not  ex- 
ceed 3000  feet;  the  loftiest  summits  are  found  not  in  it,  but 
In  its  westerly  branches,  forming  the  mountains  of  Auvergne. 
where  the  culminating  points  occur  in  Mount  d"Or,  6188 
feet,  and  the  Plomb  de  Cantal,  C093  feet.  Though  the 
Cevennes  are  considered  as  terminating  at  the  Canal  du 
Centre,  they  are  continued  N.E.,  under  the  appellation  of 
C6te  d'Or.  to  an  elevated  plain,  stretching  longitudinally 
E.  and  W.,  and  known  by  the  name  of  the  Plateau  de 
Langres.  At  its  eastern  extremity  the  chain  of  the  Vos- 
ges  commences  in  a  ramification,  called  Monts  Faucilles. 
The  principal  chain  lies  considerably  E.,  commencing  in 
the  Ballon  d'Alsace,  in  the  N,E.  part  of  tlie  department  of 
Uaute-Saone,  stretching  almost  due  N,  along  the  AV,  of  the 
departments  of  Haut-Uhin  and  Bas-Rhin,  into  Germany. 
The  whole  length  of  this  principal  chain  in  France  is  about  95 
mile.s;  but  if  to  this  we  add  the  Faucilles,  the  Plateau  de 
Langres,  and  the  Cote  d'Or,  by  which  it  is  brought  into  con- 
nection with  the  Cevennes,  we  shall  have  a  total  length  of 
about  270  mile-s.  The  aver.ige  height  does  not  exceed  30O0  feet ; 
and  the  most  remarkable  summits — the  Ballon  deGuebwiller, 
llaut  de  Uonec,  and  the  Ballon  d' Alsace — are,  respectively, 
l-TOO,  4391,  and  4688  feet.  A  chain  of  heights  stretching  S.. 
connects  the  chain  of  the  Yosges  with  that  of  the  Jura,  and 
has  an  average  height  of  about  3000  feet.  Another  low 
chain,  continued  from  the  Plateau  de  Langres,  piocceds 
N.N.W.,  and  forms  two  other  ranges  or  plateaux,  known  by 


the  names  of  .Vrgonne  and  Ardennes.  Their  average  elfr 
vation  is  under  1200  feet,  scarcely  entitling  them  to  be 
classed  among  mountain  ranges. 

The  coasts  of  the  English  Channel  are  generally  bordered 
by  .sandy  downs;  those  of  Brittany  are  covered  with  rocks. 
S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde,  is  a  vast  extent  of  «ountry 
covered  with  marshy  lakes  ((tangs)  and  shifting  sands. 

Gedngy. — France,  as  might  be  anti-ipated,  from  the  ex- 
tent of  space  which  it  occupies,  possess-es  all  the  geological 
formations,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  development.  The 
mountains  generally  have  a  nucleus  of  granite,  which  ac- 
cordingly forms  a  prev.iiling  rock  in  the  Alps,  on  the 
eastern  frontier,  and  their  branches  S.  to  the  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean,  in  the  Pyrenees,  the  Cevennes,  and 
the  elevated  Plateau  de  Langres.  In  the  Vosges.  it  is  more 
sparingly  developed,  its  place  l)eing  often  occupied  by  por- 
phyrj':  and  in  the  Jura,  where  limestone  occurs  in. such 
enormous  ma.sses  as  to  have  given  its  name  to  a  peculiar 
formation,  it  does  not  appe:ir  at  all  in  situ ;  but.  on  the  other 
hand,  almost  the  whole  of  the  extensive  peninsuhi.  includ- 
ing the  old  province  of  Brifanny,  and  part  of  those  of  Nor- 
mandy and  Poitou,  is  covered  by  it.  The  other  crjstalline 
rocks,  consisting  chiefly  of  trachytes  and  ba.salts,  have  re- 
ceived a  magnificent  development  in  Auvergne,  where 
whole  mountains  are  composed  of  them,  and  where  the 
effects  of  remote  volcanic  agency  are  still  presented  to  the 
eye  in  extinct  craters  and  lava  streams.  The  granite  is 
overl.iid  by  primitive  stratified  rocks  of  gneiss,  and  of  mica- 
ceous and  argillaceous  slates,  succeeded,  particularly  in  the 
Pyrenees,  by  mountain  limestone,  which  there  assumes 
a  form  worthy  of  the  name,  and  is  found  on  Mont  Perdu, 
full  of  its  characteristic  fossil  shells,  at  the  height  of  10,2-"0 
feet  alxive  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  secondary  formation, 
commencing  with  this  limestone,  and  continued  in  ascend- 
rng  series  up  to  the  chalk,  always  possesses  peculiar  interest, 
because,  within  it  valuable  mines  of  lead  and  iron,  and  all 
the  workable  se.ams  of  coal,  are  included.  It  is  largely  de- 
veloped in  many  parts  of  France,  and  furnishes  a  con.sidet^ 
able  number  of  coal  and  mineral  fields,  to  which  more 
particular  reference  will  afterwards  be  made.  The  tertiary 
formation,  including  all  the  limestones,  sands,  and  clays, 
a1x>ve  the  chalk,  occurs  continuously  in  two  great  divisions, 
and  partiallj-,  in  a  number  of  isolateid  spot.s.  covering  avast 
extent  of  surface.  The  larger  continuous  division  is  in  the 
S.W.,  where  it  commences  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  and 
occupies  a  very  large  portion  of  the  basins  of  the  Garonne 
and  of  the  Adour.  The  le.sser.  but  better  known  division, 
takes  the  name  of  the  Paris  basin,  and  has  been  made  fami- 
liar to  the  scientific  world  by  the  labors  of  Cuvier  and  other 
distinguished  naturalists.  It  occupies  a  larse  extent  of 
space  around  P.iris.  and  stretches  southward  into  the  valley 
of  the  Loire.  The  .same  formation  is  found  to  a  considera- 
ble extent  in  the  basin  of  the  Rhone.  p,Hrticularly  along  the 
eastern  bank  of  that  river  and  also  of  its  tributary,  the 
Saone.  Of  more  recent  alluvial  formations,  the  only  one 
particularly  deserving  of  notice  is  the  delta  of  the  P/hone. 

Hydrography. — The  great  watershed  by  which  the  whole 
of  Europe  is  divided  into  two  vast  iMsins.  the  one  sending 
its  w!itei-s  S.  to  the  Mediterranean,  the  Black  Sea.  and  the 
Caspian,  and  the  other  W.  and  X.  to  the  Atlantic,  N'orth 
Sea,  and  the  Baltic,  passes  in  a  waving  line  across  France 
from  S.W.  to  X.E..  and  divides  it  into  two  very  unequal  por- 
tions. In  France,  this  watershed  commences  at  the  western 
extremity  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  proceeds  E.  jn  the  line  of 
its  central  axis  till  it  reaches  the  .south-eastern  extremity 
of  Ari^ge.  Here  it  meets  a  branch  thi-own  off  at  right 
angles  from  the  principal  chain,  and  proceeds  with  it  X.  to 
the  Col  de  Xarouze.  already  referred  to  as  the  suuimit  level 
of  the  Canal  du  Midi.  Its  cour.se  is  now  determined  by  the 
Cevennes,  with  which  it  proceeds  first,  tortuou.^ly,  almost 
X.E..  and  then  nearly  due  X.,  crossing  the  Canal  du  Xord, 
and  thereafter  continuing  with  the  Coted'Or  to  the  Plateau 
de  Langres.  Ilaving  cro.=:.sed  this  plateau,  thfe  Monts  Fau- 
cilles give  it  an  easterly  direction  as  far  as  the  Ballon  d' Al- 
sace, where,  as  if  retracing  its  steps,  it  proceeds  S.S.W.  along 
the  great  wall  of  the  Jura,  and  quits  the  French  territoi-y 
on  reaching  the  slopes  of  the  Jorat  The  portion  of  France 
to  the  S.  and  E.  of  this  great  watershed  is  not  equal  to  a 
fourth  of  its  whole  sur&ce.  and  is  almost  wholly  drained 
by  the  Rhone  and  its  tributaries.  The  only  secondary  ba- 
sins  deserving  of  notice  are  those  of  the  Tech.  Tet,  Gly,  and 
Aude,  which  have  their  sources  in  the  Pyrenees:  and  the 
II6rault,  descending  from  the  Cevennes,  The  far  larger 
part  of  France,  situated  N'.  and  W.  of  the  great  European 
watershed,  contains,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  secondary, 
four  principal  river  basins — the  Rhine,  belonging  to  tile 
X'orth  Se.1  or  German  Ocean ;  the  Seine,  lielongiug  to  the 
English  Channel,  and  the  Loire  and  Garonne,  both  be- 
longing to  the  Ba3'  of  Biscaj-.  The  first  of  the.se  ba.sius, 
though  the  largest  of  all,  is  developed  to  a  very  limited 
extent  within  the  French  territory.  All  the  others  are 
wholly  French.  The  more  important  .secondary  basins  on 
this  side  of  the  great  watershed,  are  those  of  the  Sommn 
and  the  Orne,  Iielonging  to  the  Engli.sh  Channel ;  and  the 
Yilaine,  Sdvre-Xiortaise,  Chareute,  and  Adour,   ix  1  >ngin^ 


FRA 


FRA 


to  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  lengths  of  the  principal  rivers, 
»nd  the  area  of  their  basins,  are  exhibited  in  the  following 
Tables  :— 


Length  of  the  Principal  Rivers. 

»  Length.  I  Iniglh. 

Riren.  Eug.  m.  Riven.  Cog.  m. 

Adour 204  Mense  (French  part) ^20 

AUier 200.  Moselle 328 

Aude 130  Moselle  (French  part) 167 

Chareute 248!  Marne 291 

Cher 229  Oise 158 

Crcuse 173  Oise  (French  part) 148 

Dordngue 3I0{  Orne 86 

Doubs 'ZeS  Rhine 962 

Durance 235  Rhine  (French  part) 136 

Escaut  (Scheldt) 22:i  Rhone,  with  Lake) 334 

Escaut  (French  part) 55.  Rhone  (French  part) 322 

Garonne 465 ,  Rhone,  as  far  as  Lyons 3'J8 

Giroude SOi  Sa'ne 316 

Herault 8S  Seine 497 

Isere 1981  Somme 117 

Isire  (French  pmrt) 105  Tarn 220 

Loire 6+5  Viennc 2l'0 

Lot 266,  Vilaine 130 

Ueuse 434i  Yonne loo 

Area  of  Vie  Principal  Biver  Basins. 

Area,  I  Area, 

Birer  Bulnl.  «].  m.  KlTer  Bulnl.  iq.  m. 


Adour 3,000  !  Seine,  below  Paris. 

Gironiie 350 

Garonne,  as  far  as  Bee  (     jo  000 

d'Ambes J         ' 

Dordogne,  as  far  as  Bee  >       ^  qqq 

d'Anibea 5         * 

Charente 4,500 

Loire 29.000 

Allier 4,500 

Vilaine 2,500 

Seine 22,000 


.   6.500 

Marne 3,.500 

Yonne .'    2,000 

.Mcu.se  (French  part) 1,000 

Rhine 42,000 

Rhine  (French  part) ?,000 

Moselle  French  part) 6,500 

Rhone 25,000 

Rhone  (French  part) 18,500 

Sanne 7,000 

Durance 3,000 


But  few  of  the  rivers  of  France  are  navigable  for  large 
vessels.  The  greater  portion  of  them  flow  with  a  swift  cur- 
rent throntrh  channels  interrupted  by  shallows  or  rapids 
and  ra:iny  have  their  entrances  obstructed  by  sand  banks. 
Tlie  Hhine,  in  commercial  importance  one  of  the  first 
rivers  of  Europe,  forms  part  of  the  eastern  boundary,  along 
which  it  is  navigable  for  steamt)oats  to  Bfile.  in  the  N.  of 
Switzerland,  a  distance  of  about  500  miles  from  the  sea. 
By  means  of  a  canal  its  waters  communicate  with  those  of 
the  Seine.  This  last  river  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  from  250 
to  3(111  tons  to  Rouen,  and  for  those  drawing  6  feet  of  water, 
to  Paris.  Shifting  s.and  banlis  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine, 
toiretlier  with  its  extremely  tortuous  course,  between  the 
metropolis  and  the  sea,  present  serious  obstacles  to  naviga- 
tion. Steamboats  require  two  days  for  the  descent,  and 
four  days  for  the  ascent.  The  Loire,  the  largest  river  in 
France,  has  a  navigable  channel  of  512  miles,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  Seine  by  the  Orleans  Canal,  and  with  the 
Uhone,  through  the  medium  of  a  canal  which  joins  it  with 
the  navigable  waters  of  the  SaQne.  The  rapid  current  of 
the  Khone,  and  its  large  tributaries  was  formerly  a  great 
obstacle  to  navigation,  but  the  introduction  of  steamers 
has  in  a  great  measure  obviated  this  difficulty,  and  added 
vastly  to  the  commercial  importance  of  the  river.  It  is 
said  that  France  has.  In  all.  133  navigable  rivers  extend- 
ing to  about  8000  miles.  See  Means  of, Internal  Communica- 
tion, page  702. 

Biii/s,  Lakes,  Cfipes,  c6c. — On  the  coast  of  France  are  two 
great  gulfs  or  bays,  viz.:  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  (Golfc  do  Gas- 
cogne,)  formed  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  Vi'.,  and  the  Gulf 
of  Lyons  (Golfe  de  Lyon)  setting  up  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean, on  the  S.  The  former  extends  from  Cape  Ortegal  on 
the  northern  coast  of  Spain,  to  the  island  of  Ouessant  at 
the  west  extremity  of  Brittany,  a  distance  of  not  less 
than  360  miles,  having  an  average  breadth  of  about  250 
miles.  The  latter  extends  inland  about  80  miles;  the  dis- 
tance ncroas  its  mouth  is  about  130  miles.  The  other  prin- 
cipal bays  are  Cancale  and  St.  Brieuc  on  the  N.;  Brest 
Road  and  the  bays  of  Douarnenez  and  Audierne  on  the 
W.  of  Brittany  ;  the  bays  of  La  Forest,  arid  Quiberon,  and 
Penerf  Uoad  on  the  S.  of  Brittany ;  the  Bay  of  Bourgneuf 
S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ijoire;  Basque  Roads,  or  the  Bay  of 
La  Kochelle,  and  the  Basin  of  Arcachon,  W.  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Gironde;  the  Roads  of  Toulon.  Cavalaire.  Grimaud, 
Napoule.  and  Jouan.  on  the  Mediterranean.  Brittany  (Bre- 
tagne)  is  a  remar1<able  peninsula  in  the  W.,  separating  the 
Kngliv..  Channel  from  the  B.ay  of  Biscay ;  and  another  pro- 
jection, called  Contentin,  extends  far  into  the  Knglish  Chan- 
nel. The  principal  capes  are  Gris-Nez.  in  the  Straitsof  Dover; 
Cape  Barfleur  and  Cape  la  Hague,  the  former  at  the  north- 
ern, an  1  the  latter  at  the  north-western  extremity  of  the 
peninsula  of  Contentin;  the  Bec-du-l'.az,  and  the  Point-de- 
Penuiarch  in  Finistere.  Among  the  islands  along  tlie  coasts 
may  be  mentioned  Corsica.  Hy6res.  and  Lerins,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean; Noirmoutier,  OlC'ron,  R6,  Belle-Isle,  Dieu.  Graix, 
Sein.  and  Ouessant.  in  the  Atlantic.  The  lakes  are  so  few 
In  number,  and  individually  so  limited  in  extent,  as  to  be 
undeserving  of  separate  notice.  The  largest,  Grand-Lieu,  in 
tlie  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  covers  an  area  of  only 


29  square  miles,  and  is  altogether  devoid  of  interest.  The 
next  largest,  St.  Point,  in  the  Jura,  does  not  cover  3  square 
miles.  Others,  of  still  less  dimensions,  become  more  inter- 
esting from  their  localities  in  the  lofty  regions  of  the  Pyre- 
nees, or  in  the  deep  hollows  of  ancient  craters  in  Auvergne. 

Climate. — No  country  in  Eui-npe  can  boast  of  a  climate 
superior  to  that  of  France.  With  a  very  limited  excep- 
tion, it  lies  wholly  within  the  more  moderate  portion  of 
the  temperate  zone  between  the  isothermal  lines  of  50°  to 
60°,  and  con.sequently  with  a  mean  annual  temperature 
varying  only  10  degrees.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  a 
country  whose  territory  extends  over  more  than  S  degrees 
of  latitude,  presents  a  coast  of  many  hundred  miles,  partly 
to  the  ocean  and  partly  to  an  inland  sea,  and  in  its  interior  is 
composed  of  lofty  mountain  ranges,  elevated  plateaus,  un- 
dulating slopes,  and  low  level  plains,  must  possess  a  much 
greater  variety  of  climate  than  is  indicated  by  the  mean  of  a 
series  of  observations  made  at  its  northern  and  southern 
extremities.  The  peculiar  vegetable  products  which  the  dif- 
ferent districts  of  France  are  able  to  mature  furnisli  one  of 
the  best  means  of  judging  of  its  climate.  The  whole  country 
may  be  conveniently  divided  into  four  distinct  region.s. 
Within  the  first  and  warmest,  the  olive  is  successfully  cul- 
tivated. This  forms  the  S.E.  part  of  France,  and  is  chiefiy 
limited  to  the  departments  which  border  on  the  Meditei^ 
ranean.  The  second  region  is  characterized  bv  the  general 
cultivation  of  maize  or  Indian  corn.  Its  N.limit  is  deter- 
mined by  a  line  drawn  diagonally  in  a  E.N.E.  direction  from 
the  department  of  Gironde  to  the  department  of  Bas-Rhin. 
The  third  region  reaches  N.  to  the  extreme  limit  of  the 
profitable  culture  of  the 'vine,  and  may  be  considered  as 
determined  by  a  line  stretching  between  the  mouth  of  the 
Loire  and  the  town  of  M6zi6res.  in  the  department  of  Ar- 
dennes. All  the  country  beyond  this  line  is  included  in  the 
.fourth  region.  In  the  N.,  the  winters  are  .sometimes  rigor- 
ous, and  last  more  than  halfof  the  year.  In  the  S..  the  sum- 
mers are  long  and  warm,  the  sky  almost  alwa}-s  serene,  and 
the  winters  of  short  duration.  In  the  centre  the  tempera- 
ture is  mild,  and  more  steady  than  in  the  N.  or  S..  (mean 
temperature.  58°  Fahrenheit.)  The  me.an  annual  quantity 
of  rain  in  the  S.  is  2:3  inches;  in  the  W. 24;  in  the  N.  22; 
and  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhone  35  inches.  Number  of  rainy 
days,  between  lat.  43°  and  4(j°.  1.34:  in  the  latitude  of  Paris, 
105;  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  66;  on  the  Atlan- 
tic, 152;  and  in  the  interior,  147.  Along  the  coasts  of  the 
Mediterranean,  the  S.  winds,  heated  by  the  burning  desert 
of  Africa,  often  spread  desolation.  The  mistral,  from  the 
N.N.W.,  occasionally  arrests  vegetation  by  its  furious  blasts 
in  the  basin  of  the  Rhone,  while  the  E.  wind,  from  the 
snowy  Alps,  is  equally  dreaded  in  the  E.  departments.  The 
basin  of  Garonne  is  visited  by  cold  S.  winds  from  the  Pyre- 
nees, and  by  storms  from  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  But  after 
making  allowance  for  all  these,  more  than  four-fifths  of  the 
surface  remains  under  an  atmosphere  remarkable  for  its  salu- 
brity, serenity,  and  brightness. 

VegeUdion  and  Agriculture. — In  the  variety  of  its  vegetable 
products,  France  surpasses  all  the  other  countries  of  Europe. 
The  nunitier  of  its  plants,  either  indigenous  or  completely  na- 
turalized, has  been  estimated  at  more  than  7000.  Oni^half 
of  tliese  belong  to  the  crj'ptogamous  class,  composed  chiefly 
of  ferns,  lichens,  and  funguses,  and  for  the  most  part  de- 
void of  economical  value;  but  the  phenogamous  class,  in- 
cluding all  flowering  plants,  and  among  them  all  which  fur- 
nish products  essential  to  the  existence  and  comfort  of  man, 
contains  3540  species;  while  Germany  has  only  2280,  Eng- 
land 1370,  and  Prussia  1079.  Of  course,  the  far  greater  part 
of  these  are  interesting  only  to  the  botanist :  and  many 
others,  though  possessed  of  a  value  which  makes  their  pre- 
servation and  propagation  an  object  of  national  importance, 
are  by  their  very  nature  excluded  from  a  course  of  regular 
culture.  Existing  in  natural  forests,  they  perpetuate  them- 
selves by  throwing  off  shoots  from  the  parent  stems,  or  by 
shedding  their  seed,  and,  when  formed  into  regular  plantar 
tions,  they  grow  up  with  little  care,  and  continue  in  vigor 
for  centuries.  In  these  natural  and  artificial  forests,  France 
is  well  supplied,  and  finds  an  important  source  of  wealth. 
They  extend  over  about  one-seventh  of  the  whole  surface, 
and  are  the  more  valuable  from  usually  occupying  ground 
which  could  not  in  any  other  way  have  been  turned  to  good 
account.  Their  principal  localities  are  the  Ardennes.  Vosges, 
and  Plateau  de  Langres.  in  the  N.E. ;  the  Jura  in  the  E., 
and  the  Cevennes,  particularly  the  mountains  of  Auvergne, 
in  the  centre.  The  two  loftiest  of  the  French  mountain- 
ranges,  the  Alps  and  the  Pyrenees,  are  comparatively  poor 
in  wood.  Isolated  forests  exist  in  various  other  qu.nrters.  .as 
at  CompiJgne,  Villers-CoterSts,  Ilallate,  Ch.antilly,  Fontaine- 
bleau,  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  and  in  the  I^ndes,  along  the 
Bay  of  Biscay.  In  the  last  locality,  a  forest  of  sea  pine, 
about  100  miles  long  by  7  miles  broad,  has  been  formed,  and 
not  only  furnishes  good  timber  and  large  quantities  of  rosin 
and  other  vegetable  products,  but  serves  the  important  pur- 
pose of  protecting  a  large  tract  of  territory  from  cloud.s  of 
dust  and  whirlwinds  of  sand,  which  must  soon  have  con- 
verted it  into  a  desert.  The  other  ^ooalitl->s  in  which  the 
pine  prevails  are  the  Vosges  and  the  Jura,  where  tte  prin- 

69« 


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cipal  sipecies  Is  the  eommon  fir,  (Pinus  Abies.)  and  the  loftier 
Alps,  where  it  is  the  larch,  (Pinus  Larix)  In  the  other 
forests  the  prevailing  trees  are  the  oak  and  the  elm.  Where 
artificial  plantatious  have  l>een  forraed,  one  tree  to  which  a 
just  precedence  has  been  given  is  the  chestnut,  eciujilly 
valuable  for  the  PxhI  ivnd  the  timber  which  it  furnishes.  An- 
other tree,  perhaps  of  more  importance  than  any  other,  but 
chiefly  confined  (by  the  degree  of  warmth  which  it  requires) 
to  the  S.  of  France,  is  the  mulberry,  on  which  the  most  cele- 
brated branch  of  national  industry  is  founded.  It  is  culti- 
vated on  the  most  extensive  scale  in  the  departments  of 
Gard,  A'aucluse,  and  Basses-Alpes,  and  more  partially  in 
the  departments  of  Var,  Bouches-du-Khune.  Drome.  Ai^ 
ddcbe.  and  Lozere.  The  number  of  mulberry-trees  in  France 
ha.s  been  estimated  at  o.TtW.OiK).  Another  tree  of  great  eco- 
nomiciil  importance  is  the  olive;  but  a  severe  winter,  in 
1789.  havim?  destroyed  or  seriously  damaged  a  vast  number 
of  the  trees,  the  cultivation  has  lost  much  of  the  Civor 
with  which  it  was  previously  regarded.  In  some  districts, 
particularly  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  it  main- 
tains its  ground,  but  in  general  both  the  quantity  and  qua- 
lity of  the  produce  are  defective.  The  best  oil  comes  from 
the  plain  of  Salon,  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Aix.  department 
of  Bouches-du-Rhone.  Among  the  other  trees  and  shrubs 
which  form  objects  of  culture  in  the  olive  region,  may  be 
mentioned  the  orange,  lemon,  pistachio,  and  aiper.  To  the 
N.  of  it,  the  more  important  orchard  fruit  is  the  plum,  which, 
In  the  midland  districts,  is  of  the  finest  quality,  and  when 
dried  forms  an  important  article  of  export.  Still  farther  N., 
where  the  vine  begins  to  fail,  its  place  is  supplied,  on  an  ex- 
tensive- scale,  by  the  apple  and  pear,  particularly  in  Xoi^ 
mandy,  where  their  fermented  juice  furnishes  the  general 
beverage. 

Besides  the  large  portion  of  France  occupied  by  forest  tim- 
ber, and  trees  valuable  for  their  leaves  and  fruits,  another, 
portion  nearly  of  equal  extent,  estimated  at  about  one- 
seventh,  is  either  absolutely  waste  or  so  rugged,  moorish, 
sandy,  and  marshy,  as  to  be  properly  clai<sed  with  waste. 
The  remainder,  subject  to  some  minor  deductions,  is  the 
cultivable  land.  Of  this,  a  quantity  equal  to  one-half  of  the 
whole  French  territory  is  under  the  plow,  one-eleventh  in  per- 
manent meadow,  and  one-twenty-fifth  in  vinejards.  To  se- 
cure the  productiveness  of  the  land  thus  occupied,  it  has  been 
seen  that  nothing  is  wanting  to  the  climate.  The  soil  presents 
all  imaginable  varieties — rich  alluvium,  vegetable  loam,  calca- 
reous earth,  tenacious  cLiy.  hungry  gravel,  and  sand.  Taken 
as  a  whole,  however,  it  is  of  at  least  medium  fertility,  and  in 
many  districts  possesses  a  fertility  which  cinnot  easily  be  sur- 
pas.sed.  In  regard  to  the  management  of  arable  land,  the 
French  cannot  claim  much  praise.  While  every  thing  else 
has  been  undergoing  rapidchange,  the  system  of  agriculture 
has  remained  almost  stationary.  Owing  to  many  causes,  the 
quantitj-  of  land  taken  into  cultivation  has  been  enlarged, 
and  the  annual  produce  has  increased,  but  it  is  very  doubt- 
ful if  this  increase  has  been  obtained  by  improved  modes 
of  agriculture.  On  the  contrary,  in  many  districts  the  most 
antiquated  routine  continues  to  be  followed,  the  implements 
used  are  generally  of  an  inferior  description,  and  the  large 
farming  establishments  for  which  Kpgland  and  Belgium  are 
distinguished  are  here  even  of  much  rarer  occurrence  than 
on  many  other  parts  of  the  Continent.  One  great  cause  of 
this  state  of  matters  is  the  almost  endless  subdivision  of  pro- 
perty, which  necessarily  results  from  the  French  law  of  suc- 
cession, by  which  all  children  inherit  equally.  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  the  death  of  every  fiither  operates  like  a  new 
subdivision  of  whatever  land  he  m.iy  have  died  possessed 
of.  and  the  whole  country  is  in  courseof  being  broken  down 
into  innumerable  patches,  too  small  to  deserve  the  name  of 
farms,  or  to  require  either  the  exercise  of  skill,  or  the  ex- 
penditure of  capital  in  their  management.  According  to 
Balbi,  France  is  possessed  by  nearly  eleven  millions  of  pro- 
prietors, liable  to  direct  taxation.  This  gives  to  each  an  ave- 
rage holding  of  only  five  acres  of  arable  land.  But  to  show 
that  the  limit  of  subdivision  is  not  yet  attained.  Balbi  adds 
that  •'  as  a  very  great  proportion  of  these  proprietors  are 
fathers,  whose  children  are  not  yet  in  possession  of  the 
shares  which  must  fall  to  them,  and  as  they  all  have  heirs 
more  immediate  or  more  remote,  we  must  necessarily  expect 
to  see  property  partitioned  still  mpre  and  more."  Be  the 
merits  of  this  arrangement,  morally  and  politiatlly,  wh;it 
they  may.  it  is  evidently  incompatible  not  only  with  an  en- 
lightened, but  with  any  thing  that  can  properly  be  called 
a  general  system  of  agriculture.  Still,  the  agirregate  amount 
of  produce  raised  in  such  circumstaucvs  must  be  verv  great. 
The  millions  who  depend  entirely  on  the  land  for  their  sub- 
sistence, are  in  a  manner  neces.titated  to  tax  its  powers  to 
the  utm'jst:  and  accordingly,  the  result  of  their  labors,  when 
drawn  up  in  a  tabular  form,  presents  a  most  imposing  ap- 
pearance. 

In  France  as  in  all  countries  situated  within  the  milder 
portion  of  the  temperate  zone,  the  ordinary  cereals  form  the 
grestt  bulk  of  the  cultivated  crops.  These,  in  the  order  of 
their  importance,  are  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  barley,  the  avei^ 
ftge  .annual  value  of  each  of  which  is  estimated  respectively 
Bt  $213,1(18.701,  $58,082,21 6j  $57,362,272,  »nd  $24,707,e9«, 


giving  an  annual  aggregate  of  gross  produce  amounting  ia 
value  to  $353,200,888.  The  crops  next  iu  importance  to  these 
are  meslln  or  mixed  com,  {ni'ikil.)  potatoes,  hemp.  rape,  uiaize, 
buckwheat,  flax,  and  beet.  The  most  valuablecrop.s,of  which 
the  cultivation  on  a  great  scale  fe  not  general,  but  ivnfincd 
to  particular  districts,  are  madder,  tobacco,  saffron,  and  hops. 
In  France,  the  gra.ss  is  on  a  much  more  limited  scale  than 
thp  arable  husbandry,  the  land  in  permanent  meadow  being 
in  extent  only  one-sixth  of  that  under  the  plow.  This  con- 
trasts strikingly  with  England,  where  the  grass  land  exceeds 
the  arable.  The  races  of  oxen,  instead  of  being  confined  to 
a  few  of  the  more  perfect  types,  are  almost  as  various  as  the 
different  districts  into  which  the  .country  is  divided;  they  in- 
clude a  few  good  breeds,  particularly  in  the  rich  plains  of 
Lower  Normandy,  with  many  more  of  the  most  inferior  de- 
scription. The  rearing  of  sheep  is  more  successful,  and 
though  the  improvement  of  the  carcase,  by  imparting  to  It 
the  best  feeding  properties,  continues  to  be  too  much  over- 
looked, the  fleece  has  in  many  districts  been  carefully  and 
skilfully  improved,  and  much  wool,  scarcely  inferior  to  that 
of  the  merino,  is  raised.  The  general  employment  of  cattle 
for  agricultural  purposes  gives  little  encouragement  to  the 
rearing  of  draught  hoi-ses;  but  the  warlike  propensities  of 
the  nation  has  always  created  an  extensive  demand  for  horses 
of  a  description  adapted  both  for  heavy  and  light  cavalry. 
Considerable  pains  have  been  taken  to  improve  such  breeds, 
by  the  establishment  of  government  studs,  and  the  rearing 
of  them  is  extensively  and  successfully  carried  on.  Asses 
and  mules,  generally  of  a  superior  de.scription,  are  much 
used  in  France,  and  also  reared  in  considerable  numbers  for 
exportation.  One  of  th*  most  import.ant  branches  of  French 
agriculture  still  remains  to  be  noticed.  As  already  men- 
tioned, the  quantity  of  land  in  vineyards  is  about  one-t  won ty- 
fifth  of  the  whole  sur&ce:  but,  as  there  are  extensive  and 
continuous  districts  where  there  are  no  vineyards,  the  pro- 
portion which  vine  land,  or  the  districts  properly  adapted 
to  it.  bears  to  the  whole  land  under  cultivation,  attains  a 
much  higher  ratio.  In  every  thing  relating  to  this  branch 
of  culture  the  F"rench  are  unsurpassed.  The  various  first 
class  wines  which  they  produce,  under  the  names  of  Cham- 
pagne, Burgundy.  Bordeaux.  &c.  are  in  high  repute,  and  in 
general  demand  all  over  the  world.  The  vineyards  produce 
.annually  abcut  7.70G.9til  pipes  of  wine,  valued  at  $5  2.084.018, 
and  228,129  pipes  of  brandy,  valued  at  $11,433,852.  giving- 
an  aggregjite  value  of  $iJ3,5i7,870.  The  comparative  value 
of  laud  under  the  vine,  and  of  land  under  the  oi-dinary 
cereals,  is  thus  placed  in  a  clear  light.  It  has  been  seen 
above  that  the  annual  produce  of  the  four  most  important 
cei-eals,  occupying  at  least  one-fourth  of  the  whole  surface, 
amounts  in  value  to  $213,000,000.  According  to  the  pro- 
portion of  land  occupied,  the  vine  produce  should  only  be 
about  $55,500,000.  In  other  words,  the  produce  of  land 
under  the  vine  is  nearly  one-eighth  more  than  its  produce  in 
grain.  It  ought  to  be  added,  that  much  of  the  land  from 
which  this  superior  produce  is  obtained  consists  of  rocky 
steeps  aud  terraces  on  which  corn  could  not  be  grown. 

Mine/ — The  coal  fields  of  F'rance  exist  in  no  fewer  than 
33  departments :  but  most  of  the  coal  pits  are  so  limited  in 
extent,  that,  while  the  proportion  of  the  whole  surface  occu- 
pied by  workable  seams  is  in  Great  Britain  one-tenth,  and 
in  Belgium  one-twenty-second,  in  France  it  does  not  exceed 
one-hundredth.  Several  of  the  smaller  fields  occur  in  the 
X.W..  and  also  in  the  S..  where,  besides  common  coal,  lioth 
anthrjicite  and  lignite  are  also  found;  but  the  fields  whose 
importance  entitle  them  to  particular  notice  are  those  of  Va- 
lenciennes in  the  N.K..  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  the 
great  Belgian  coal  field,  and  that  of  St.  Etienue.  to  which 
the  manufiictures  of  that  town,  Lyons,  and  the  surrounding 
districts  are  indebted  for  much  of  their  prosperity.  The 
annual  product  is  altout  4,150.000  tons,  but  falls  so  far  short 
of  the  annual  consumption  that  a  large  import  takes  place 
from  England  and  Belgium,  particularly  the  latter,  and 
wood  continues  to  be  the  common  fuel  throughout  Fi-ance 
for  domestic  purposes.  The  coal  fields  contain  seams  of  iron, 
which  are  extensively  worked,  and  furnish  ore  to  a  great 
number  of  blast  furnaces :  but  the  chief  supply  to  these  works 
appears  to  be  derived,  not  from  them,  but  partly  frum  alluvial 
beds,  in  which  the  ore  occurs  in  the  form  of  l«lls.  especially  iu 
the  departments  of  Ardennes.  Moselle.  Ilaute-Marne.  Ilaute- 
Saone.  Ni^vre.  Cher.  ic.  partly  from  seams  occurring  in 
profusion  among  the  strata  of  the  Jura  limestone.  p:irlicu- 
larly  on  the  W.  slope  of  that  mountain  chain,  aud  partly 
from  veins  of  iron  diffused  among  the  crystalline  and  primi- 
tive rocks,  chiefly  of  the  Alps.  Pyrenees,  and  Vosge.*.  The 
numVier  of  mines  actually  worked  is  about  2000,  and  the 
quantity  of  pig  iron  anuually  produced  exceeds  a  miliiou 
of  tons. 

Few  countries  are  understood  to  be  so  rich  in  lead  a« 
France.  It  occurs  iu  greater  or  less  quantity  in  a  multitude 
of  districts,  and  Is  generally  argentiiei-ous.  It  would  s.>em, 
however,  that  the  richness  of  the  seams  is  not  in  propor- 
tion to  their  number,  .as  the  working  of  it  is  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely  confined  to  I'oullaouen,  Uuelgoat,  department  of 
Finist^re:  Vial.'is,  department  of  Lozere:  and  PontgiLiaud, 
department  of  Puy-de-DOme.    The  produce  in  silver  is  about 


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3000  pounds,  \n  lead  26.2-SO  tons,  and  in  litharpce  33.970  tons. 
Manganese  is  very  widely  diffused,  but  is  worked  only  in 
12  niices.  of  which  the  most  important  is  that  of  I{oman6<:he, 
department  of  Seine-et-I/)ire.  The  averase  annual  produce 
ts  about  2800  tons.  Gold  exists  both  in  the  sands  of  rivers 
and  in  ,Htu  in  thin  streaks  imbedded  in  quartz.  Attempts 
have  been  made  to  work  it,  but  not  with  success.  A  vein  of 
quicksilver  was  opened  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
and  was  successfully  worked  for  12  ye;irs.  and  then  aban- 
doned. Zinc,  copper,  arsenic,  nickel,  and  cobalt  exist,  but 
not  in  such  quantities  as  to  be  worked  with  profit.  The 
principal  saline  substances  are  alum  and  common  salt.  The 
former  occurs  extensively  in  bituminous  schists  abounding 
with  iron  pyrites,  and  is  worked  in  7  departments;  the  latter 
occurs  in  the  form  of  rock  salt,  both  in  the  X.E.  departments 
and  in  the  i'yrenees,  and  is  worked  to  the  averai^e  extent 
annually  of  about  43.000  tons.  But  the  great  source  from 
which  salt  is  derived  are  the  lagoons  and  salt  marshes, 
which  line  many  parts  of  the  coast:  of  these  the  produce 
Is  about  300,001)  tons.  A  large  revenue  is  also  derived  from 
quarries.  They  are  classified  under  the  head  of  polished  or 
worked  stone.s,  including  the  granites  of  Finistfere,  the  mar- 
bles of  the  Pyrenees,  May enne,  and  the  Ardennes ;  the  litho- 
graphic stones  of  Ch&teauroux.  the  millstones  of  Ferte-sous- 
Jouarreaud  liergerac,  and  the  once  valuable  but  now  almost 
forgotten  gun-tiints  of  Loir-et-Cher ;  building  stones,  in- 
cluding the  granites  of  the  N.W.  peninsula,  the  lavas  of  i'uy- 
de-DOnie,  the  calcareous  rocks  of  the  Jura  formation,  and 
the  sandstones  of  the  Paris  basin ;  plaster  or  gypsum,  also 
alx>unding  in  the  same  basin;  limestone,  diffused  over  many 
districts;  and  roofing  slates,  extensively  quarried  at  many 
points,  and  more  especially  in  the  Ardennes  and  at  Angers. 
To  quarries  may  be  added  valuable  beds  of  common  clay, 
fine  potters'  earth,  and  kaolin.  The  number  of  quarries  and 
beds  from  which  all  these  materials  are  extracted  exceeds 
20,000,  and  the  value  of  their  gross  annual  produce  has  been 
estimated  at  $7,70-1,000. 

Manxfadures. — Owing  to  the  remarkable  subdivision  of 
property,  to  which  reference  has  already  txien  made,  the  agri- 
culluial  outnomljers  the  manufacturing  population  of 
France  in  the  proportion  of  5  to  1.  and  hence  the  value  of 
the  produce  of  manufactures,  on  which  only  one-fifth  of  the 
population  ai-e  employed,  cannot  be  expected  to  be  compara- 
tively as  great  as  that  of  such  a  country  as  England,  where 
the  relative  proportions  of  the  two  great  classes  of  popula- 
tion are  nearly  reversed.  In  these  circumstances,  the  im- 
portant position  which  France  holds  in  regard  to  all  the 
great  branches  of  manufacturing  industry,  and  the  decided 
lead  which  it  takes,  at  least  in  one  of  them,  is  extremely 
creditable,  and  bears  strong  testimony  both  to  the  industry 
and  ingenuity  of  its  inhabitants.  The  most  important  tis- 
sue is  silk,  which,  in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  plain  and 
figured,  has  its  principal  locality  at  Lyons,  and  the  towns 
of  the  surrounding  districts,  particularly  St.  Etienne.  and 
is  also  successfully  manufactured,  though  to  an  inferior  ex- 
tent, at  Paris,  Ntmes,  Avignon,  Annonay.  and  Tours.  After 
it,  though  at  a  considerable  distance,  follow  cotton  stuffs, 
pure  and  mixed,  at  Kouen,  St. Quentin,  Troyes,  Lille,  <tc.; 
woollens,  including  broadcloths,  at  Louviers.  Elljeuf  Sedan, 
Carcassonne,  .\bbeville;  &c.;  lighter  woollen  stuffs  at  Rheiras, 
Amiens,  and  Beauvais:  carpets  at  Paris.  Aubusson,  Felle- 
tin.  and  Abbeville;  and  tapestry  at  Paris  and  Beauvais; 
linens,  including  fine  muslin,  gauze,  and  lace,  at  Valen- 
ciennes. Courtrai,  St.  Quentin,  .'VIenqon,  Caen,  Ac;  porce- 
lain at  Sevres,  Paris,  Limoges,  and  Bayeux;  stoneware  at 
Nevers,  Monterau,  &c. ;  and  common  pottery  at  Sarregue- 
mines,  and  Meillonas;  beet-root  sugar,  chiefly  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord;  leather,  and  the  various  articles  m.ade 
of  it,  including  gloves;  paper,  pKain  and  stained;  hat.s,  ho- 
siery, steel,  iron,  brass  and  zinc  ware,  plate  and  flint  glass, 
Ac.  Besides  these,  a  great  number  of  articles  in  which 
skill,  taste,  and  ingenuity  are  more  especially  required,  have 
their  common  seat  in  the  capital.  Among  others,  may  be 
mentioned  all  articles  of  verti,  jewelry,  clocks  and  watches, 
surgical  and  mathematical  instruments,  carriages,  works  in 
Ivory,  types,  Ixioks,  and  engravings. 

Ti'ade  and  Chmmerce. — This  is  usually  divided  into  inter- 
nal and  external.  The  former  is  unquestionably  the  larger 
9f  the  two,  but  its  amount  cannot  be  ascertained  with  any 
degree  of  exactness.  The  principal  towns  of  the  interior, 
Bonstituting  the  centres  from  which  it  emanates,  are  I'aiis, 
Lyons,  Rouen,  Lille,  Stnvsbourg,Toulouse,Ntnies,Xancy,and 
Porpigiian".  The  commerce  of  France,  with  its  colonies  and 
foreign  powers  for  the  last  16  years,  is  shown  as  follows : — 


It  will  be  perceived  by  these  figures,  that  during  the  first 
period  of  8  years,  the  imports  exceeded  in  value,  the  exports 
tothe  amount  of  $103,100,000,  while,  during  the  last  peric-d, 
i  the  aggregatevalneoftheexport8ha8been$3-i8,l'.'t).000  more 
than  that  of  the  imports.  The  average  increase  in  the  ag- 
gregate value  of  the  imports  in  the  latter  period  over  th'j 
former,  has  been  S2o-l,4-i4.000,  w.'-ile  that  of  the  exports  has 
reached  $705,740,000.  Of  the  trtal  value  of  imports  for  1851, 
$146,800,000  was  by  sea,  and  $84,800,000  by  land;  and  of  th« 
exports,  $253,00O,ObO  was  ocean  commerce,  and  $T2..S00,000 
was  conveyed  by  land.  The  following  ttible  exhibits  the  trade 
of  France  for  the  year  1S.50  in  articles  of  domestic  produce 
and  for  domestic  consumption  with  the  countries  specified. 


1 

Imports. 

Exports.     1 
$19I.-J00.000, 

184R 

Imports. 
S'iJl.tOO.OlX) 

Exports, 

1  i«.-is 

fIs7,H)0.000 

S23l>,000.000 

,  183!) 

lB!»,40i).OnO 

20i),6oo.noo; 

18-17 

•268.fiOO.00n 

254,200.000 

11840 

SKt.lflO.nOC- 

a)2.30o.0i>oi 

18-m 

17-2,400.000 

230.<iOO,000 

;  ]«4l 

■2-i4.20n.000 

2l;<,200,000; 

1,S49 

2-28,400,000 

284.600.000 

184i 

'2-8.400.000 

188.000,0001 

1850 

•2.S4, 800.000 

.106,200,000 

i8«: 

■J-MAOO.OOO 

198.400,0001 

18^.1 

2.S1. 600.000 

3-23,800,000 

18i4' 

238,1)00.000 

2'29,400.000] 

18,i'.' 

287,080.000 

336, -.'00,000 

I  1845 

•248,000.000 

237,400,000 

1853 
Tot. 

34:1,364,000 

S»2,840,000 

1  Tot. 

51.703.500.000 

$l,KH0.700.00o' 

S-.:,OI8,'244,000 

S2,366. 440.000 

Official  Valuk. 
Exports.        Imports. 


England 

United  States... 

Belgium 

Spain 

Switzerland.... 

Sardinia 

German  Union.. 

Turkey ., 

Brazil 

Tuscany 

Russia 

Naples 


$45,200,000 
33,600,000 
32.-200,000 
14,-20O,00O 
11,-200,000 
11,600,000 
9.400,000 
4,600,000 
4,500,000 
3,400,000 
3,600,001) 
2,800,000 


$i4,ooo,oa) 

24,600,000 
'21,000,000 
7,000,000 
4.800.000 
14,400,000 
6,600,(XH) 
8,800,000 
2,40C,(KX) 
2,000.000 
5,000,000 
3,000,000 


Actual  Value, 
Exports,         Imports. 


$47.8)10,000 
38,800,000 
iO,OflO.(K10i 

l2,noo.o(X)! 
10,000.000' 

10,-.00.00t)' 
9,000.000 
4.fi0(),000 
3,8<K1.000 
3,-.00,Ot«) 
S.600.00O 
2.1100,000 


814,600,000 
-24.400,000 
-23.600,000 
6.000,000 
4,800.000 
14.600.000 
7,-20tf,lX)0 
8,000.000 
2,-200,(X)0 
2.000.000 
4.01)0.000 
3,400.000 


The  total  official  value  of  the  exports  to  Great  Biitain, 
was  $59,000,000,  an  increase  of  57  pel-  cent,  on  the  5  preced- 
ing years.  Value  of  imports,  $24,400,000;  exports  to  the 
United  States,  $-54,600,0000,  imports,  $-.27,400,0()0,  an  increase 
of  50  per  cent,  on  an  average  of  the  5  preceding  years ;  ex- 
ports to  Belgium,  $23,400,000;  imports,  $31,(00,000  or  23 
per  cent,  more  than  the  average  of  the  previous  5  years; 
exports  to  Spain,  $51,200,000;  imports.  $10,000,000.  increase 
over  the  5  previous  years  27  per  cent.  E.xpoi-ts  to  Sardinia, 
$16,400,000,  imports,  S1S,200.IX)0.  Exports  to  the  Herman 
Union  $12,800,000,  imports  9,000,000.  Exp<irts  to  Tui-key, 
$7,-200,000 ;  imports,  $11,200,000.  The  general  export  trade  to 
Algeria,  In  1850,  amounted  to  $17,600,000,  and  in  1851, 
$-21,200,000,  Theincrease  in  the  official  value  of  the  trade  with 
the  other  colonies  from  1850  to  1851,  were  -Martinique,  66  per 
cent,,  Guadeloupe,  51  per  cent.,  Bourbon,  or  lie  do  Reunion, 
7  percent.,  and  FrenchGuiana,4pereent,  Of  the  $231,60)3,000, 
the  total  value  of  imports  Into  France  in  1851,  60  per  cent, 
was  raw  material,  of  which  76  per  cent,  was  for  the  supply 
of  the  Victories,  and  of  the  total  exports.  (,S;J-25,800,000,)  32  jier 
cent,  was  natural  produce,  and  68  per  cent,  manufactured 
articles. 

The  exports  of  cereals  in  1850,  amounted  in  value  to 
$14,800,000;  in  1851  to  $19,200,000;  of  wines  in  1850, 
$14,000,000,  in  1851  to  $16,000,000;  of  bnindies  and  spirits 
of  wine  in  1850,  to  $4,600,000,  in  1851,  to  $6.000.000 ;  articles 
of  silk  manufacture  in  1851,  $40,800,000.  being  $800,000  less 
than  in  1850 ;  of  cotton  manufactures  in  1850,  $27,800,000,  in 
1851,  $33,000,000;  woollen  fabrics  in  1850,  $25,200,000.  in 
1851.  $26,400,000;  and  of  prepared  skins  in  1851,  $7,400,000, 
an  increase  of  ,$1,200,000  over  the  previous  year;  the  ofRcial 
value  of  manufactured  articles  of  every  cl.iss  exported  in  1849, 
was  $194,000,000,  and  in  1850,  $209,400,000.  being  an  increase 
of  $15,400,000,  or  8  per  cent.  The  increase  on  the  average  of 
the  five  previous  years  was  22  per  cent.  The  increase  iu 
tlie  importation  of  raw  material  for  I80O,  as  compared  with 
the  average  of  the  five  previous  years,  was  .is  follows: — Silks, 
$5,200,000;  wool.  $2,600,000;  coal,  $l.-200,000;  raw  hides, 
$600,000;  flax,  $1,200,000,  cotton,  ,$1.-200.000 ;  and  colonial 
sugar,  $600,  )uO.  There  has  been  a  deci-ease  iu  the  importa 
tions  of  1850,  as  compaj-ed  with  the  five  previous  years,  in 
leaf  tobacco,  of  $2,200,000  ;  indigo.  $200,000 ;  oliveoil,  $200,000, 
and  of  foreign  sugare,  $2,800,000,  The  imports  of  cotton 
from  the  United  States  in  1851  amounted  to  310.000  bales; 
and  in  1862,  to  426,728  bales.  The  fisheries  yielded  403,777 
metrical  quintals,  of  fresh  and  dry  cod,  in  1850.  and  4o-2,041 
in  1851 ;  20,157  quintals  of  whale  oil  and  bone  iu  1850,  and 
in  1851  only  17,477  quintals. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  exports  and  imports  of 
the  precious  metals  for  six  years,  ending  1851 : — 


1846, 
1847, 
1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 


Imported. 
Gold.  '  Silver. 


$1,612,041 
4.251,443 
8,399,552 
2,432,160 
12,219,4-20 
23,204,9-20 


$21,502,248 
27,800,633 
46,500,821 
58,576,752 

28,8,iC.132 
35,859,688 


Exported. 
Gold.  Silver. 


$2,731,567 
6,743.666 
1,172,027 
1,1-29,680 
8,833,'240 
6,-286,980 


$12,019,596 

16  949.-267 
3  9.<!3,646 
9.369,392 

17  582.060 
20,-:04  708 


The  amount  of  gold  coined  in  France  in  1846  was  $391,203; 
in  1847.  $1,444,897  :  in  1843.  $7,443,3-20 ;  in  1849,  $.3.033,042 ; 
in  1850,  $15,973,569;  in  1851,  $45,'239,269 ;  and  in  1853, 
$121,460,148, 

The  total  amount  of  mercantile  tonnage  and  shipping  ai^ 
riving  at,  and  departing  fi-om,  the  ports  of  France  is  given 
in  the  annexed  table,  showing  how  this  department  of  com- 
merce stood  prior  to  the  revolution,  and  for  nearly  five  .years 
after  it : — 

701 


FRA 

Ti.E  NCMBES  AXD  TOSSAGE  OP  SAttlXO  ASB  StEAM  VESSEL?, 

J^mch  and  Fireign.  which  Estered  and  Cleared  at  Ports 
in  France,  with  Oargnes  and  in  Ballast  for  Fortign  Coun- 
tries in  the  years  1843-1S52. 


EilTEKSD. 

Vessels.            Tons. 

Cliarsd. 
Vessels,    i        Tom. 

18.404 
18,5»6 
20,195 
2-J,7I6 
Il.OOT 
13.815 
15,3JS 
16,300 
17,424 
18.70-2 

J,1j0,965 
1,173,147 
2,S29,Etl 
2,696.021 
2,779,342 
1,777,022 
1,890,660 
2,068,963 
2,201.917 
2.4;».704 

18.649 
18,280 
20.234 
21.761 
12.396 
12,732 
13.857 
15.626 
17, -'12 
16.398 

2,140,912 

2,120,986 

2,332.405 

Itl6 

2.593,567 

1.497.466 

1,:!67.843 

1,483.919 

1,616.189 

18SI 

1,886.269 

1852 

1.863.189 

The  following,  placed  in  the  order  of  their  importance, 
are  the  twelve  powers  with  which  maritime  intercourse  was 
most  active  in  1861,  and  the  share  of  the  French  flag  in 
each: — 


Kuglaud 

Duited  States  Atlantic  Coast... 

Sardiuia 

Norway 

Naples 

Turkey 

S)>aia  ....  

Russia 

Low  Countries. 

Tuscany 

Sweden 

Brazil 


Total  Tonnage. 


Share  of  the 
French  Flag. 


The  coastwise  trade  of  1852  is  represented  in  weight  by 
2.544  785  tons,  it  havine  been  2.121.520  tons  in  ISol.  and 
1.91S,030  tons  in  1848.  The  proportion  of  the  Atlantic  in 
the  movement  of  1852  was  1,835,590  tons,  and  that  of  the 
Slediterranean  703,195  tons,  or  72  per  cent,  through  the 
Atlantic  ports,  and  28  per  cent,  through  the  Mediterrane;in. 
The  six  principal  ports,  in  the  order  of  their  importance, 
stood  as  follows : — 


Tons, 

Bordeanx 272.135 

Marseille*. 188,717 

Celts 154,577 


Tons. 

Havre 13S.535 

Nantes lU.a-« 

Bouea 109.973 


The  amount  of  the  si.\  ports  coming  next  in  importance 
varies  from  96.128  to  47.721  tons,  and  the  next  ten  ports 
from  43.314  to  20,290  tons.  The  movement  iu  the  leading 
articles  was  as  follows : — 

Tons. 
Building  Materials....  242.172 

OTSters 112.000 

Coals 98.528 

Brandies 76,222 

The  exports  of  silk  fabrics  in  1853  amounted  in  value 
to  fu57.6O0.000:  in  cottons  to  <i32.SO0.OO0:  in  woollens  to 
$29,200,000;  in  linens  to  ^fi.SiiO.O^^O:  in  gloves  and  hosiery 
$9,400,000;  and  in  wines  to  $15,150,000.  Value  of  merchan- 
dise that  crossed  the  French  territory  in  1853,  $217,050,800. 
The  general  movement  in  the  foreign  colonial  coasting 
trade  and  fisheries  is  exhibited  in  the  following  table : — 

AKRrVAI.S. 


Tons. 

trine 4CJ1.643 

Timber 312.7:i5 

Com  and  Flour 28.8.690 

Salt -272.749 


Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Crews. 

94.::67 
25,143 

4.287,613 
1,863.220 

563.1-29 
171.441 

Mediterranean  Poru 

119.410 

6,150.833 

734.570 

I 

)kparti;res. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Crews. 

94.719 
25,228 

4.354,561 
1,871.669 

463.098 
171.780 

Mediterranean  Ports 

Total 

119.947 

6.226.230 

634.878 

Since  the  introduction  of  steam,  intercourse  between 
France  and  England  has  been  gre.itly  extended.  During 
the  year  1852,  2t5,404  persons  arrived  from  London.  24.035 
from  Dover,  30.063  from  Folkestone.  5586  from  Southampton. 
and  6-2-21  from  Newhaven ;  total  from  the  five  ports,  92.909. 

M'-nns  rif  Internal  Cnmmunicatinn. — The  canals  of  France 
are  numerous,  and.  both  in  the  directions  which  have  been 
given  to  them,  and  in  their  general  construction,  furnish 
signal  displays  of  engineering  skill.  The  object  has  been 
to  connect  all  the  great  i-iver  basins,  and  thus  give  a  con- 
tinuous water  communii-ation  throughout  the  interior,  and 
from  sea  to  sea.  The  Can.tl  du  .Midi,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes 
called,  the  Canal  of  Languedoe.  starting  from  a  point  in  the 
iJaronne  a  little  below  Toulouse,  is  continued,  in  an  K.S.E. 
direcMon.  into  the  lagoon  of  Thau,  and  therebv  gives  a  con- 
tinueil  navig-.ible  communication  between  the"  Atlantic  and 
the  Mediterranean,  iu  the  line  of  the  important  towns  of 
Bordeaux,  Agen,  Toulouse, Carcassonne, and  Xarbonne.  In 
like  manner,  three  sep.irate  canals  cut  across  the  basin  of 
the  Klione;  the  Canal  du  Centre,  or  of  CharoUais,  which 
70a 


FRA 

commences  at  Ch41ons-sur-Sa6ne,  and  proceeds  to  Diiroln, 
on  the  Loire ;  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  Canal,  so  called  from 
uniting  these  two  rivers,  partly  by  the  intervention  of  the 
Doubs:  and  the  Canal  of  Burgundy, which,  proceeding  also 
from  the  Saone.  communicates  with  the  Yonne,  and  through 
it  with  the  Seine.  The  effect  of  these  three  canals  is  to 
break  down  the  barriers  which  isolate  the  basibs  of  the 
Rhone,  Loire,  Seine,  and  Rhine,  and  give  navigable  .access 
from  any  one  of  them  into  the  other  three.  The  longesi 
of  all  the  canals,  but  only  partially  executed,  is  that  which 
is  to  unite  Xantes  with  Brest.  Its  commercLil  importance 
is  not  very  apparent,  as  the  natural  mode  of  proi-eediug 
from  one  port  to  another  must  be  to  sail  ovt r  the  ocean 
which  flows  continuously  between  them.  The  chief  use 
will  be  to  keep  open  an  important  channel  of  communica- 
tion in  time  of  war,  when  it  might  otherwise  be  efTectually 
closed  by  British  cruisers.  The  whole  number  of  canals 
whii-h  France  possesses,  is  86,  having  a  united  length  of 
23.50  miles. 

The  roads  of  France  are  usually  classified  under  the  heads 
of  Great  Roads  (routes  royales)  and  Dep.irtment  Koadsi 
The  former,  26  in  number,  have  a  length  of  24,900  miles* 
the  latter,  97  in  number,  a  length  of  22.500  miles.  Besides 
these,  there  are  a  great  number  of  country  or  bye-roadi. 
(clwmins  vicinaur.)  the  length  of  which  is  unknown.  But 
the  roads  which  may  now  be  considered  to  constitute  the  only 
true  thoroughfares,  those  on  which  the  comparative  wealth 
and  prosperity  of  a  countrj*  depend,  are  railways.  In  the 
construction  of  these  France  is  among  the  foremost  nation* 
in  Kurope.  Taking  Paris  as  the  centre,  a  main  trunk  pro- 
ceeds \.  to  Amiens,  where  it  divides  into  two  Ijranche*, 
one  of  which  proceeds  N.  to  the  coast,  at  Boulogne,  and  the 
other  X.E.,  past  Lille,  into  Belgium.  A  branch  from  Lille, 
turning  W..  ultimately  throws  off  two  branches,  one  proceed- 
ing to  Calais,  and  another  to  Dunkirk.  Starting  again  from 
Paris,  a  line  runs  W.X.W.,  keeping  clo.se  to  the  banks  of  the 
Seine,  till  it  reaches  Rouen,  when  it  forks,  sending  one  1  ranch 
X.  to  Dieppe,  and  the  other  W.  to  Havre.  Thus  the  traveller 
from  England  to  France  has  the  choice  of  five  different  ter- 
mini on  the  coast — Dunkirk,  Calais,  Boulogne,  Diepi>e.  and 
Havre.  The  next  great  trunk  from  Paris  proceeds,  with  very 
little  deviation,  E.  to  Stra.sbourg,  and  then,  almost  due  S., 
through  the  left  valley  of  the  Rhine,  to  Basel,  (Bale.)  An- 
other trunk,  extending  S.,  fjrks  soon  after  quitting  Paris; 
one  branch  takes  a  S.E.  course,  first  to  Dijon,  and  thence  to 
Chalons,  where,  for  the  present,  It  terminates;  the  other 
branch  continues  S.  to  Orleans.  Here  it  again  forks,  and 
sends  off  two  important  lines,  one  S.S.E.,  to  Bourg>-s  and 
Xevers,  and  the  other.  S.W.,  to  Tours.  From  Tours  a  branch 
goes  \V.S.W.  to  Xantes,  and  another  S.  for  Bordeaux,  though, 
as  yet.  not  completed  tieyond  Poitiers.  From  Bordeaux,  it 
is  intended  to  carry  it  along  the  Gai-onne,  and.  nearly  in  the 
line  of  the  Canal  du  Midi,  to  the  Mediterranean.  The  only 
railw.ay  not  connected  with  Paris  is  at  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  the  country.  It  commences  at  Marseilles,  and  proceeds 
circuitously  X.E.  to  Avignon,  from  which  it  is  to  be  carried 
-.ilmost  due  X.,  to  meet  the  Paris  trunk  line,  which  is  now 
(January,  1855)  nearly  or  quite  completed  to  Lyons.  A  branch 
of  the  Marseilles  line  leaves  it  at  Beaucaire.  and  is  carried  W. 
to  Ximes.  where  it  forks,  sendinc  a  small  branch  X.  to  .Vlais, 
while  the  main  line  proceeds  S.\V.  past  Montpellier.  tothe 
port  of  Cette.  These  lines  include  all  the  principal  railways 
in  France,  completed  up  to  1853,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
secondary  branches.  The  united  length  of  the  railways  in 
operation  In  the  empire  at  this  date  was  2303  miles,  and 
1111  miles  were  in  course  of  construction.  Above  20  lines 
were  chartered  during  this  and  the  preceding  year. 

Ginemment. — France,  though  for  many  ages  almost  a  pure 
despotism,  only  limited  by  the  power  of  the  parliaments, 
(more  judicial  than  If^slative.)  princip.-»lly  confitied  to 
registering  the  decrees  of  the  king,  which  they  m)_'ht  re- 
fuse, but  seldom  dared  to  do.  has  changed  its  form  of  govern- 
ment more  frequently  since  17S9  th.an  any  civilized  nation 
on  the  globe,  having  had  fourteen  dilferent  constituti'^ns  in 
a  period  of  65  years.  The  first  serious  check  received  by 
the  old  despotism  wa.«  in  the  assemblage  of  the  Stat<s4;eneral 
in  1789.  This  bn<}y.  called  together  at  irregular  and  dis- 
tant periods,  at  the  ple.asure  of  the  sovereign,  on  this  occa- 
sion framed  a  constitution  embracing  the  idea  of  a  limited 
monarchy,  with  but  one  legislative  body,  elected  by  uni 
versal  suffrage.  The  constitution  was  sworn  to  by  the  king 
in  1791.  In  1793  it  gave  place  to  a  purely  democratic  con- 
stitution, which,  however,  continued  only  a  few  y&irs.  im- 
ptirtant  changes  having  taken  place  in  1795  and  1793.  Nov. 
9th.  1799,  Napoleon  was  chosen  consul;  under  him  France 
became  an  empire  in  1804,  and  so  continued,  with  some 
Interruption,  till  his  final  exile  and  the  re-storntion  of  the 
Bourbons  in  1815,  in  the  person  of  LouLs  XVIII.  On  the 
accession  of  the  latter  to  the  thrOne,  he  gave  his  people  a  Con- 
stitutional Charter,  with  a  Chamber  of  Deputies,  elec-teil  by 
a  constituency  of  70,000  voters,  and  a  Chamber  of  Peer."!, 
named  by  the  king.  The  revolution  of  1830,  whi  h  was 
caused  by  the  infringement  of  the  Charter  by  Charles  X., 
placed  Louis  Philippe  on  the  throne,  who  re-.-iffirnieil  and 
considerably  extended  the  coustitutiooal  privileges  gr,-inted 


FRA 


FRA 


by  Louis  XVI II.  In  184S,  the  French  people  became  agrain 
dissatisfied  with  the  f»overnment,  Ixiuis  Philippe  was  driven 
into  exile,  and  a  republic  was  formed,  with  a  president  elect- 
ed for  four  years,  anda  National  Assembly,  all  chosen  by  uni- 
versal suffrafre.  In  December,  1851,  took  place  the  famous 
coup  (UCfat  of  Louis  Napoleon,  then  President  of  France ;  and 
on  January  14tli,  1S52,  a  draught  of  a  constitution  was  pro- 
mulirated.  in  which  it  was  stated  that  "the  Constitution 
readmits,  confirms,  and  truarantees  the  great  principles  pro- 
claimed in  17Sy,  and  which  are  the  bases  of  the  public  right 
of  the  French.  The  povernment  of  the  French  republic  is 
confided  for  ten  years  to  Prince  Ix)uls  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
the  present  President  of  the  Republic.  The  President  of  the 
llepublic  governs  by  means  of  .Ministers,  the  Council  of  State, 
the  Senate,  and  the  Legislative  Body.  The  legislative  power 
Is  exercised  collectively  by  the  President  of  the  Republic, 
the  Senate,  and  the  Legislative  Body."  By  this  constitu- 
tion Senators  were  appointed  by  the  president,  for  life;  their 
number  could  not  exceed  150,  of  whom  80  were  appointed  at 
the  outset.  Their  services  were  to  be  gratuitous;  but  the 
president  might  grant  any  of  them  30,000  francs  a  year. 
The  legislative  body,  consisting  of  261  members,  was  to  be 
elected  by  the  people,  by  universal  suffrage,  for  6  years,  in 
the  proportion  of  a  representative  to  evei-y  36.000  electors. 
The  legislative  body  might  discuss  and  vote  proposed  laws 
and  imposts  which  had  been  previously  sanctioned  by  the 
Senate,  but  possessed  no  power  to  make  amendments  or 
originate  bills.  Its  sittings  were  to  be  public,  but  might  be 
private  on  the  demand  of  five  members.  The  sessions  of 
the  Senate  were  to  be  secret.  In  1853  the  republic  wag 
changed  to  an  empire,  but  no  important  alteration  wag 
made  in  the  congtitution. 

Admtnistratinn  nfjuatict. — In  accordance  with  the  generiil 
arrangement,  which  divides  the  whole  country  into  depart- 
ments, each  department  into  arrondissements,  and  each 
arrondissement  into  cantons,  and  each  canton  into  com- 
munes.— a  series  of  courts  and  judges,  commencing  with 
the  lowest  of  these  divisions,  rise  above  each  other  in  regular 
order.  First,  each  commune  has  a  justice  of  peace,  {jup''.  'It 
paix.)  who  judges  in  petty  causes,  but  whose  more  appro- 
priate function  is  understood  to  l)e  to  act  as  a  kind  of  umpire 
between  parties  at  variance,  and  induce  them  to  settle  their 
diiTerences  without  proceeding  to  formal  litigation.  If  the 
attempt  at  conciliation  fiiils,  the  complainant  brings  his 
action  Itefore  a  court  which,  from  being  that  in  which  the 
Bction  must  originate,  receives  the  name  of  court  of  primary 
Dr  first  jurisdiction,  or  resort,  (tribunal  de  premiere  instance.) 
Eveiy  arrondissement  has  such  a  court,  and  has,  moreover. 
If  any  more  importimt  trading  town  is  situated  within  it.  a 
trihimal  de  cnmmfrce.  to  whitrh  mercantile  and  commercial 
causes  are  appropriated.  It  has,  also,  occasionally,  a  court, 
called  cnnseil  de  prud'liommen.  in  which  persipns  of  skill  and 
character,  not  vested  with  ordinary  legal  functions,  settle 
disputes  on  principles  of  equity,  and,  apparently,  in  the 
character  of  arljitrators.  From  these  courts  of  primary  i-e- 
sort.  an  appeal  lies  to  a  number  of  courts,  which  used  to  be 
called  cnurs  rni/ales.  They  are  in  all  27,  have  each  jurisdic- 
tion over  several  departments,  and  are  ranged  into  three 
classes;  namely,  two  courts  composed  of  five,  nine  courts 
composed  of  four,  and  sixteen  courts  composed  of  three 
chambers.  These  courts  generally  hold  their  sittings  in  the 
most  important  town  situated  within  their  jurisdiction. 
Above  all  these  courts,  and  properly  the  only  supreme  court 
in  the  state,  is  the  cour  de  ciissation,  so  called  from  its  power 
of  reviewing  and  annulling  the  decrees  of  inferior  courts. 
It  sits  in  the  cajntjil.  A  general  idea  of  the  quantity  of 
business  which  comes  before  these  courts,  and  of  the  e.xtent 
of  litigation  throughout  the  country,  may  he  obtained  from 
the  following  summaiy,  upon  an  average  of  five  J'ears,  end- 
ing with  1S43.  The  annual  average  of  cases  which  came 
before  justices  of  peace  was  714.953.  and  of  these  521.487 
were  settled  amicalily  out  of  court;  before  courts  of  first 
resort,  198.031,  of  which  151,819  were  decided:  before  the 
royal  courts,  18.192.  of  which  11,387  were  decided;  and 
before  the  cour  de  cassation,  729,  of  which  the  decisions  in 
379  cases  dismissed,  and  350  sustained  the  appeal. 

Instruction.— la  France,  education  in  all  its  branches  has 
long  been  tjiken  under  the  special  cognizance  of  the  state, 
and  the  supeiintendence  of  it  is  expressly  committed  to  a 
high  functionary,  who  takes  the  name  of  minister  of  public 
instruction  and  religious  worship,  (des  cultes.)  The  principal 
educational  establishments  are  classed  under  three  heads : — 
academical  or  superior,  secondary,  and  primary.  At  the 
head,  and  as  the  centre  of  the  whole,  stands  the  university. 
The  minister  of  public  instruction  is  considered  its  grand 
master;  and,  with  a  council,  composed  of  30  members,  exer- 
cisas  a  universal  educational  jurisdiction  over  all  France. 
For  this  purpose,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  university  is  divided 
into  27  circonscriptions.  each  of  which  has  the  name  of  aca- 
eUinie  universitaire  of  the  chief  place  within  its  district. 
Thus,  for  instance,  the  one  which  includes  the  three  depart- 
ments of  Charente,  Dordogne,  and  Gironde,  is  called  the 
ac(uMmieunifersituire  of  Bordeaux.  At  these  establishments, 
the  education  given  is  of  the  highest  professional  description, 
wid  need  not  be  particularized.    Secondary  instruction  com- 


prehends moral  and  religious  mstruction,  ancient  and 
modern  languages,  philosophy,  history,  geography,  niathe 
m.atical  and  physical  science.  This  education  i.s  given  chiefly 
in  colleges.  Primary  instrviction  is  intended  for  the  whole 
population,  with  a  few  unimportant  exceptions.  It  compre- 
hends moral  and  religious  instruction,  reading,  writing,  the 
elements  of  the  French  language,  and  of  arithmetic.  Were 
this  education  actually  received  by  all  for  whom  it  is  in- 
tended, the  proportion  of  pupils  at  school  ought  to  be  about 
1  in  5  of  the  whole  popul.ition.  By  careful  inquiry  it  was 
ascertained  that  in  184:5  the  proportion  was  only  1  in  10"9. 

Religion. — Religion  is.  in  like  manner,  under  the  cogni- 
zance of  the  state,  and  falls  within  the  provin.ce  of  the  high 
functionary  already  mentioned,  who  adds  to  his  designation 
of  minister  of  public  instruction  that  of  minister  des  cultts. 
Here,  however,  his  power  of  interference  is  much  circum- 
scribed. For  while  the  charter  which  was  granted  by  Louis 
XVIII..  and.  till  formally  abrogated,  must  still  be  considered 
the  fundamental  law  of  the  state,  declares  that  the  Roman 
Catholic  is  the  religion  of  the  majority,  it  does  not  establish 
it,  but,  on  the  contrary,  places  all  forms  of  religifm  on  an 
equal  footing,  and  professes  to  deal  impartially  with  all.  by 
paying  salaries  to  their  ministers.  By  a.<sumiug,  on  very  in- 
sufficient grounds,  that  all  persons  who  do  not  openly  avow 
themselves  to  be  Protestants  or  Jews  are  Roman  Catholics, 
these  are  represented  as  constituting  fourteen-fifteenths 
of  the  whole  population.  They  have  80  diiweses,  of  which 
15  are  archiepiscopal.  Each  diocese  has  a  seminary  under 
the  direction  of  a  bishop.  The  Archbishop  of  Paris  has  an 
annual  stipend  from  the  state  of  $71184;  the  other  arch- 
bishops of  $3000,  and  the  bishops  of  $2000.  There  is,  beside.s, 
an  aggregate  annual  allowance  of  about  $20,000  for  diocesan 
visits,  and  other  similar  purposes.  The  Protestants  are  con- 
sidered as  either  Calvinists,  belonging  to  the  Reformed 
Church,  or  Lutherans,  adhering  to  the  Confession  of  Augs- 
burg. Their  number  is  estimated  at  1,500,000.  The  Calvi- 
nists comprise  about  two-thirds  of  the  whole.  They  have 
consistorial  churches  in  59  departments,  and  a  faculty  of 
theology  at  ilontauban.  The  Lutherans,  constituting  the 
remaining  third,  are  most  numerous  in  the  N.and  E.  Their 
general  consistory  is  at  Strasbourg,  where  also  they  have 
a  seminary  and  faculty  of  theology.  The  Jews  have  a  cen- 
tral consistory  at  Paris,  and  synagogues  at  Paris,  Stras- 
bourg, Colmar,  Metz,  Nancy,  Bordeaux,  and  Marseilles. 

Army,  ydv;/,  and  Finance. — The  army  of  France,  after 
that  of  Russia,  though  not  the  most  numerous,  is  the  itiost 
effective  in  Europe.  January  1, 1854,  it  numbered  401.247 
men,  of  whom  371,244  were  infantry,  71.031  cavalry,  and 
58.972  artillery.  This  force  is  kept  up  partly  by  voluntary 
enlistment,  but  principally  by  thti  conscription,  in  virtue  ol 
which,  all  Frenchmen  between  the  ages  of  20  and  213  are 
liable  to  be  forced  into  military  service.  In  the  budget  for 
1855,  the  expenditures  on  the  army  (Gwfrre)  are  estimated 
at  J;ti3,179.55S.  The  navy  comprises  53  ships  of  the  line,  carry- 
ing 5096  guns.  (9  ships  of  120  guns  each.  14  of  100,  19  of  90, 
and  11  with  from  80  to  82  guns  each;)  58  fiigates,  with  3965 
guns:  39  corvettes,  with  808  guns;  and  140  other  vessels, 
carrying  1854  guns,  making  an  aggregate  of  290  sail  ves- 
sels, carrying  11,773  guns.  The  steam  fleet  consists  of  3 
ships  of  the  line,  20  frigates,  30  corvettes,  and  64  other 
ves.sels,  with  engines  in  the  aggregate  equal  to  28,750  horse- 
power. The  expenses  of  the  navy  for  1855,  are  estimated 
at  $25,520,480.    The  following  is  the 

Budget  for  1852,  as  brought  forward  July,  1851. 


EXPENDITOBZ 

Jnstlce 

Foreisn  Affairs 

Public  Instrnctloa 

Retigious  Worship 

Interior  (Home  Depart- 
ment)  

Agriculture  and  Com- 
merce   

Public  TTorks 

War 

Marine '. . . . 

Public  Debt 

Dotations 

General  Service 

Expenses  of  Collection. 

Repayments 

Sinking  Fund,  Dota- 
tions, and  Rents 


$5,152,271 
l,.'!8+.95f) 
4,4i:i,107 
8,113,766 


3,440.4'--6 
lI.4-'7,448 
52.9-'V..100 
]»,949.434 


60,9«0.6S0 
1,751,692 
5,145, 217 
18,918,124 
1&,641,263 

15,418.875 


Total  Ordinary  Exps.S;59,T22.832 


Extraordinary  Works. $13,1.38,131 


Rbvenub. 

Direct  Taxe.s $79,309,861 

Revenue    and    Sale  of 

Lands 2.123,898 

Forests  and  Fisheries.,    fi, 771, .532 

Indirect  Taxes 151.196.9,53 

Mortmain  EHecta 609,840 

Universities :««,828 

Departmental  Service..    3.717,120 

Algeria 2,374,504 

India 203.280 

Colonies 1.086.173 

Miscellaneous 3,758,356 

Repayment  by  N.  Rail- 
way Company 774,400 

Reserve      of      Sinking 
Fund 15.418,875 

Total  Revenue.  .$267,683,620 

Expenditure 259.722,832 

Excess  of  Revenue ?7.9r,0,788 


In  the  budget  for  1855,  the  total  expenditures  are  esti 
mated  at  $312,406,000,  and  the  revenue  at  $:il3,202,400.  Of 
the  former,  $S0.t?52.500  was  for  interest  on  public  debt; 
$•29,267,000  for  public  works,  and  S13,123,940  for  public 
instruction.    Debt  in  1854,  $137,500,000. 

Divisions,  <tc. — Long  before  the  Oallic  conquest,  the  Ro- 
mans possessed  the  S.E.  of  modern  France,  under  the  name 
Gallia  Transalpina.  The  remainder  of  the  country  is  de- 
scribed by  Caesar  under  three  principal  divisions — one  in 
the  N.,  occupied  by  the  Belgfe ;  a  second  in  the  S.W.,  inha- 
bited by  the  Aquitani ;  and  the  rest  was  in  the  possession 

703 


FRA 


FRA 


of  the  Gal  15  proper,  or  Celte.  After  tlie  «)tnpletion  of  the 
Roman  conciuest,  these  names  in  a  great  measure  disap 
peared.  and  a  division  into  four  provinces  took  place.  At  a 
still  later  period  the  names  of  the  provinces  were  attain 
changed,  and  their  number  was  increased  to  12.  Without 
particularizing  the  whole,  we  may  mention,  as  of  most  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  history,  Narbonensis  Prima  and  Seeun- 
An,  in  the  S;  Lugdunensis  Prima,  Seounda.  Tertia,  and 
Quarta.  in  the  E.  and  the  centre:  and  Aquitania  Prima  and 
Secunda.  in  the  S.  and  S.W.  During  the  decline  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  a  number  of  German  trit>es  had  gained  a 
footing  in  the  country,  and  appeared  to  have  formed  a  con- 
federation under  the  designation  of  Franks,  or  freemen: 
but  when  the  empire  fell,  the  victorious  barbarians  who  had 
effected  its  overthrow,  Vandals,  Huns,  Suevians.  Burgun- 
dians.  Ac.  appe.ired  on  the  frontiers  of  Gaul,  defeated  the 
Franks,  who  attempted  to  oppose  them,  and  finally  formed 
permanent  settlements.  The  Franks,  though  weakened, 
had  not  been  subdued.  Not  contented  with  retaining  their 
ground,  they  made  new  conquests,  and  at  last  succeeded  both 
in  giving  their  name  to  the  country,  and  in  founding  the 
French  monarchy  in  the  person  of  their  king,  Clovis.  to- 
wards the  end  of  the  fifth  century.  Were  it  practicable,  it 
would  be  scarcely  worth  while  to  attempt  to  trace  the  various 
subdivisions  which  the  monarchy  subsequently  underwent, 
SuMce  it  to  say.  that  not  without  numerous  changes  and  in- 
terruptions of  prosperity,  it  continued  to  adv.Hnce.  till,  under 
Louis  XIV.,  its  extent  became  nearly  the  same  as  at  pre- 
sent. The  subdivision  of  the  country  into  provinces  had 
long  been  adopted,  and  was  now  completed,  the  number  of 
provinces  amounting  to  33.  In  1789,  when  the  love  of 
change  became  paramount,  the  provinces  were  not  per- 
mitted to  escape ;  and  the  whole  of  France,  including  the 
Island  of  Corsica,  was  parcelled  out  into  86  departments, 
and  each  department  subdivided  successively  into  arron- 
dis.sements.  cantons,  and  communes.  This  division  has 
since  maintained  its  ground,  and  perhaps  deserves  it.  be- 
cause, instead  of  being  merely  anartifici.al  nomenclature,  it 
has  the  merit  of  bein:;  a  kind  of  natural  classification — each 
department  being  named  after  the  most  important  physical 
.feature  which  it  contains,  and  thus  furnishing  in  the  name, 
some  knowledge  of  the  sp;ic«  which  it  designates.  The  pro- 
vinces, however,  though  no  longer  recognised  in  legal  and 
other  formal  documents,  continue  so  familiar  to  the  French 
themselves,  and  are  so  frequently  mentioned,  not  only  by 
earlier  writers,  but  in  the  geographical,  historical,  and  sta- 
tistical details  even  of  the  present  day,  that  a  knowledge  of 
their  locality  is  still  of  great  importance.  The  first  of  the 
following  tables  exhibits  the  old  provinces  in  alphabetic-il 
order,  and  in  parallel  columns  the  depjirtments  correspond- 
ing to  them,  and  their  capital  towns;  the  second  table,  in 
like  manner,  shows  the  departments  in  alphabetical  order, 
their  area,  population,  Ac. 

The  Old  Prmincex  of  France,  and  their  GtpitaLi,  with  the 
Chrrespondinff  Departments  into  which  Uiey  have  been  di- 
vided. 


Capitals  of 
Provinces.  Departments.  Prorincea. 

Alsice Haut-Rhin  ;  Bas-Rhin Strasbourg. 

Amgoumois Chareot Angouleme. 

Anjou MaiDe'et-I.oire Angers. 

Artois Inland  or  S.E.  part  of  Pas-de-Calais..  Arms. 

Aunis Maritime  part  of  Charente-Iaferieure.LaRoclielle. 

Auvergne Puj-de-Dme  and  Cantal Clenuont. 

Beam Basse-sPrrenees, Pjui. 

Berri Cher,  ludre Bourges. 

Bourbonnoii Allier Uouliiu. 

Borgandr,  (Bour- 

gogne! Ain.C te-d'Or.  Sa^ne-et-Loire, Tonne  Dijon 

Brittany,        (Bre-J  C;.t«s  du-Xord.Finistere,IlIe-et-Vil- >„_     ^ 

tagne) )       aine,  Loire-Inferieure,  Morbihan  J"'"'"®'. 

Champagne ...Ardennes,  Aube.Marne.Haute-Marne  Troves. 

Comtede-Folx Arieje,  and  the  Republic  of  Andorre..Foix. 

Dauphiae Hiiutes-Alpes,  Drome,  Isere Grenoble. 

Plaudre Nord Lille. 

Franche-Comti Doubs,  Jura,  Haute-Sa 'ne Besangon. 

Oascony,       (Gas-f  Aveyton,  Dordogne,  Gers,  Gironde,  )  ,     ^ 

co?ne) ■i      Lot,     Lot-et-Garonne,      Landes,  >S^ 

Guleune (      HauteaPj-ren^es.Tarn-et-Garonne  j""™**"*- 

I«IeofFrance,(l3le5  Oise. Seine,  Seine-et-Oise,  Seine-et-  >„     . 

de  France) <      Marne,  S.  part  of  Aisne jfan*. 

Launiedoc  5  Ardeche.Aiide.Gard.Herault.Haute-  >,,„„,„,  , 

i^ajigueaoc j    Oaronue.Haute-Loire.Lozere.Tarn  {Toulouse. 

Limousin Correie.  Haute- Vienne Limogev 

Lorraine Meurthe.  Meuse,  Moselle,  Vosges Nancj. 

Lronnois Loire,  Rhone Lyons 

};»'"e -■ Mayenne,  Sarthe Le  Mans. 

*'='"='>«•, Creuse Gueret. 

Nlvernoi.  ......   .Nievre Nevort. 

>ormandy,   tSor-J  Calvados,  Enre.Maoche.Ome.Seine  >_ 

mandie) <     Inferieure,  N.  part  of  Eure-et-Lolr  i  "''"*''• 

Orl&iiiuois  .........Eure-et-Loir,  F-oiret,  Loir-et-Cher. . . Orleani. 

{"icardy,      (Ficar-J  Somme.  maritime  part  of  Pas-de-  t 

„<«iei i     Calais.  N.  part  of  Aisne jAmiena. 

""0" Dcux-Sevres.  Vendee.  Vienne Poitiers. 

Provence.     .  {  Basses-Alpes,      Bouches-du-Rhine,  )  ., 

■<      V  ar,  K.  part  of  Vauclusc jAix. 

Kouss'llon Pyrenees-Orlentales ..Perpignan. 

Baintonire 5  Kjsternorlnland  partof  Charente- )  ^  .  ,„. 

)     Infbrieure >  seniles. 

Oomtat-d- Avlg::;a.. Western  part  of  Vaucluae !'!!.. Avignon 


Tfie  Departmentt  of  France,  their  Area,  Hipulation.  Capital 
City,  and  the  Number  of  Arrondifsemmts,  C\jntmt,  and 
Oomniunes,  inUt  which  they  are  subdivided. 


701 


Ain 

Aisne 

Allier 

Ardeche 

Ardennes.... 

Aridge 

Aube 

Aude 

Aveyron 

Basses-Alpes, 
Basses-Pvrenees 

Bas-Rhin 

Bou.-du-Rhone. 

Calvados 

Cantal 

Charente 

Charenle-Infer.. 
Cher.... 
Correze. 
Corsica,  (Corse) 

Cite-dOr 

Cites-du-Nord 

Creuse« 

Doriiogne  .... 
Doubs 


I)r  -me.. 
Kure... 


Eure-et-Lnir.... 

Finistf-re 

Gard 

Gers 

Gironde 

Haute- Garonne. 

Haute- Loire 

Haute-Marue... 
Hautes-.\lpes... 
H.-iute-Sa  ne... 
Hautes-Pvrenfes 
Haute-Vieune  .. 

Haut-Riiin 

Herault 

Ille-et-Vilaine.. 

Indre 

Indre-et-Lolre. 
Isere 


Loire 

Loire-Inferieure 

Loirel 

Lot 

Lot-et-Garonne 

Lozere 

Maine-et-Loire.. 


Che. 


Ma 

Marne... 

Mayenne. 

Meurthe.. 

Meuse.. .. 

Morbihan 

Mo.-ielle... 

Nievre.... 

Xord 

Oise 

Orne 

Pos-de-Caiais. . . 
Puy-de-D  nie... 
Pvr^nees-Orien. 

Bh  ne 

Sa''ne-et-Loire.. 

Sarthe 

Seine 

Seine-et-Marne. 
Seine-et-Oise... 
Scine-lnferieure 
Sevres  (Deux-).. 

Somme 

Tarn 

Tam-et-Garon 

Var 

Vaucluse 

Tend<ie 

Vienna 

Vosges 

Yonne 


•i.tiS' 
2,322 
2,762 
2,110 
1,953 
1,"S8 


2.862 
1.777 
l,tf54 
2,140 
2,245 
2,300 
2,500 
2,747 
2.1!18 
3.331 
3,354 
1,867 
2.i;» 
3,4!>; 
2,018 
2,508 

i,-.'48 

2,117 
2.548 
2,2.Vi 
2,390 
3.714 
2,5-.'9 
1.900 
2,385 
2.114 
2.0-28 
1.730 
2.118 
1,548 
2.382 
2,554 
2,624 
2,332 
3,163 
l,8i»4 
3,490 
2,3.80 
l.t05 
2,590 
2,551 
2,004 
2,0.'7 
1,965 
2.755 
2,26:1 
3,116 
1,966 
2,3-.'2 
2.368 
2.667 
2.034 
2,595 
2,170 
2,218 
2,329 
2,505 
3,039 
1.571 
1.066 
3.270 
2,371 
185 
2,154 
2.141 
2,298 
2,315 
2,343 
2,185 
1,405 
2,773 
1.3-8 
2.595 
2,574 
2.230 
2.781 


446> 

8381 
316. 


274 
255 
560 
543 
106 
792 
259 
4341 
480! 


262 
585 
6+0 
362 
704 1 
4-.9i 


5791 

256 1 
550 
1891 
581 


372.939iBourg. 
558,9891  Laon. 
33il,7,=>8!Moulin». 
38«.505iPrivas. 
S:tl.l  9  Mezierea. 
267.4SSi  Foix. 
265.247  i  Troves. 
289.7«7!riir"ca83onne. 
394.1si,Rodez. 
152,0T0|r)iene. 
44fi997;P:iu. 
587.4.14 1  Strasbourg. 
4.'8.9(-9;MarseiUes. 
491.210|Caen. 
253.3.91AurilIac. 
88-'.912  Aneonleme. 
4R9.9!I2  La  Rochelle. 
306.-261 1  Bourges. 
3;0..'<;4:Tulle. 
236. --ol  '.Ajaccio, 
400.297  lHjon. 
63.'.HI3,S:iintBr!eno. 
287,073j(;uBret. 
505.7''9  Perigucux,' 
21K;.«7y  ISes.incon, 
3.(;.846IV;iIt'uce. 
415.777 1  Evreu.t. 
294.892!Chartre9. 
617.610jgHliup«r. 
4<I8.1(a  Xiiues. 
307,479  A  uch. 
614.3.'<7lBordeaux, 
4*4).794|Toulouse. 
3(M.fil5  Le  Put. 
268.3*  Cbauiiiont. 
13',0;J8iGap. 
347.0<>6lVc^oul. 


2,")0.934 
319.379 
494.14 
389. -tH 
574.618 
271 .938 
315.641 
603,497 
SLi.-.K) 
302  196 
161. (-92 
47-.;  .588 
535,664 
341.0-9 
29<i.:.-4 
341. 345 
144.705 
515.45.; 
fi00.8S. 
373..302 
374.566 
450.4-.'5 
328.657 
478,172 
459.6.H4 
3:7, 161 


2-28t 
259; 

585i 
3911 


Tarbes. 

Limoges. 

Col  mar. 

Montpcllier. 

Ronues. 

Ch  tteauroux. 

Tours. 

l«renoble. 

l.ons-le-.Saulnler, 

Mout-de-Maiian. 

Blois. 

Moutbrison. 

Nantes. 

Orleans. 

Caliors. 

Accn. 

Monde. 

.\  ngers. 

Sai~nt-L». 

Ch  lons-sur-Mer. 

Laval. 

Nancy. 

Bar-le-Duc, 

Vannes. 

Metz. 

Nevera. 


l.ille. 

Reauvals. 

.\len^n. 

A  rraa.         [rand. 

rierniont-Fer- 

Perpignan. 


■  Mans. 


1,15S.:85 

403.857 

43U.^84 

632.994 

59fi.Sy7 

181  .»,"5 

674.74,1 

574.721' 

473,071 
l,4i0.5S0 

345,0761  Mcliin. 

471,8.*,   Versailles. 

762.o:i<)j  Kouen. 

3,'3.61.=,|Xiort. 

570.fi3T|Ainien8. 
.  363.073]  Allii. 

237.5is;i|  .Monlanban. 

357.967 1  Draguigu  on. 

264.618  Avignon. 

3Nt.734  Bouibon-Vend^e. 

317,305i'oitieri. 

427,  09'Rpinal. 

S80.856:Auxerre. 


Total 100^71!  363  2847  36,843  35,779.:22l 


Races,  Langwige,  &c. — The  population  of  France,  ag  ex- 
hibited in  the  above  table,  averages  173  ,'6  persons  per 
square  mile.  The  leading  stock  from  which  this  popal> 
tion  springs  is  Celtic,  but  Celtic  extremely  modified  by  long 
and  extensive  intercourse  with  the  Komans,  and  the  in- 
cursion of  numerous  hordes  from  the  N.,  who  must  ulti- 
mately have  formed  no  .small  proportion  of  the  lnh.Hbit."»nts. 
The  different  races  have  become  completely  amalgamated 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  country,  and  form  the  Fremb, 
properly  so  called;  but  a  distinction  of  race  is  still  marked 
in  several  districts,  as  in  the  (lermans  of  the  N.E.,  the  Bas- 
ques of  the  S.W..and  the  KreTonsof  the  N.W.  The  basis  of 
the  language  is  Latin.  The  original  words  of  difTen-nt  origin 
are  chiefly  Celtic  and  German.    Of  the  latter,  about  1000 


-J 


FRA 


FRA 


roots  have  hecn  counted,  exdusire  of  derivatives  and  com- 
pounds. According  to  the  French  themselves,  their  lan- 
guage is  superior  to  al!  modern,  and  scarcely,  if  at  all,  in- 
ferior to  the  most  celebrated  of  ancient,  tongues.  More 
impartial  judjres  form  a  different  estimate;  and,  while  ad- 
mitting its  possession  of  a  flexibility  and  nicety  of  distinc- 
tion which  admirably  adapts  it  not  only  for  conversation 
and  all  the  branches  of  lighter  literature,  but  also  for  the 
severe  sciences,  find  it  deficient  in  force  and  dignit v.  The 
people,  intellectually  considered,  take  the  first  rank.  In 
ingeuuity  they  are  unsurpa.ssed,  and  in  the  higher  walks 
of  literature,  with  the  exception  of  the  highest  kind  of 
poetry,  they  have  writers  of  the  most  distinguished  name. 
Their  moral  qualities  are  perhaps  less  to  be  admired.  They 
are  courteous  and  generous,  and  are  wanting  neither  in  sen- 
gibility  nor  enthusiasm;  but  as  a  nation,  they  are  deficient 
In  solidity  and  strength  of  character,  and  hence  are  alike  un- 
fitted to  bear  either  prosperity  or  adversity.  In  private  life, 
more  especially  in  large  cities,  dis.soluteness  prevails.  In 
Paris,  of  30,141  children  born  in  1849,  9941  were  illegitimate; 
In  other  words,  in  Paris,  every  third  mother  is  unmarried, 
and  every  third  child  has  a  stain  on  its  birth.  This,  however 
exhibits  French  society  in  its  worst  aspect;  and  it  there- 
fore ought  to  bo  added,  that  over  the  whole  country  the 
proportion  of  illegitimate  to  legitimate  births  does  not  ex- 
ceed 1  in  14-4,  the  illegitim.ate  having  been,  in  1848,  67,791, 
and  the  legitimate,  9S0.9.J7;  and  that  while  crimes  against 
the  person  are  mnre,  those  against  property  are  less  numer- 
ous than  in  England. 

Name  and  History. — Gaijl  or  Galija,  the  name  of  ancient 
France,  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  modern  kingdom  in  the 
language  of  the  poets.  The  present  name  was  derived  from 
the  Franks,  (in  Latin  Fran'ci.)  i.e.  "Freemen,"  a  con- 
federacy of  various  German  nations,  who  overran  Gaul,  on 
the  decline  of  the  Roman  power,  and  afterwards  were  united 
under  one  head  by  Clovis,  who  founded  the  French  mo- 
narchy about  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  century.  With 
Clovis,  the  .Merovingi,in  race  of  kings  commenced.  It  ceased 
with  Childeric  III.,  in  752,  when  Pepin  le  Bref  obtained 
the  crown.  The  Carlovingian  dynasty  commenced  with  him, 
or,  more  properly,  with  his  son  Charles,  sumamed  the 
Great,  (in  Latin  Carolus  Magnus,  now  corrupted  into 
Charleinagne,)  who  established  his  sovereignty  not  only 
over  France,  but  also  Italy,  (except  its  S.  part)  and  the  far 
larger  part  of  Germany.  This  empire  fell  to  pieces  shortly 
after  his  death  in  771.  His  successors  kept  the  throne  of 
Franco  till  the  death  of  Louis  V.,  when  the  Capetian  dynasty, 
whi,  h  had  virtually  commence<l  in  the  person  of  Hugh  Capet 
the  Gieat.  was  fornr.ally  established  by  the  coronation  of  his 
son  at  Kheims,  in  987.  This  dynasty  was  continued  in  a 
direct  line  till  the  death  of  Charles  IV.  The  most  distin- 
guished name  in  the  direct  line  of  Capetian  kings  is  that 
of  St.  Louis,  whose  reign  of  44  years,  from  1226  to  1270.  is 
among  the  most  illustrious  in  French  annals.  Charles  IV. 
■was  succeeded,  in  1.328.  by  Philip  VI.,  grandson  of  Philip 
the  Bold,  by  his  third  son,  Charles  of  Valois.  He  was  thus 
out  of  the  direct  line  of  the  Capetian  kings,  and  hence  the 
dynasty  which  he  established  is  known  as  that  of  the  col- 
lateral branch  of  Valois.  It  was  continued  directly  till 
1498,  and  then  successively  in  the  collateral  branches  Valois 
Orleans,  Valois  .\ngouleme,  and  Valois  Bourbon.  The  last 
commenced,  in  15S9.  with  Henry  IV.,  sumamed  the  Great. 
During  the  three  previous  reigns.  Protestantism  had  made 
wonderful  progress  in  France,  and  bade  fair  for  the  ascend- 
ant, when  two  dreadful  blows  were  struck  at  it — the  one  by 
an  atrocity  among  the  foulest  on  record,  the  Massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  in  honor  of  which  the  Pope  ordered  a  medal 
to  be  struck,  and  Te  Deum  to  be  sung;  and  the  other  by 
the  act  of  Henry  himself,  who  rewarded  the  fidelity  with 
which  the  Protestants  had  clung  to  him,  and  fought  his 
battles,  by  publicly  abjuring  their  religion.  To  his  honor, 
however,  he  not  only  refused  to  persecute  it,  but  gave  it 
complete  toleration,  by  issuing  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  This 
was  more  than  Rome  could  endure;  and  she  therefore  sent 
him  his  reward  in  the  dagger  of  a  .Tesuit  assassin.  He  was 
lucceeded,  first,  by  his  son  Louis  XIII.,  sumamed  the  Just, 
though  it  is  difftcult  to  know  why;  and  then  by  his  grand- 
son, Louis  XIV.,  sumamed  the  Great.  During  his  reign, 
many  great  literary  names  occur;  but  the  monarch  himself, 
when  st^-ipped  of  the  trappings  of  royalty,  which  he  knew 
well  how  to  set  off  to  the  best  advantage,  stands  forth  in  no 
more  honorable  light  than  that  of  a  sensualist  and  a  bigot. 
In  the  former  character,  he  made  his  court  a  harem;  and  in 
the  latter,  recalled  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and,  by  the  revoca- 
tion, cruelly  drove  multitudes  of  his  best  subjects  from 
their  homes,  and  gave  the  national  prosperity  a  shock  from 
which  it  has  not  recovered.  The  licentiousness  of  his  reign 
was  continued  in  a  more  disgusting  form  during  th.at  of  his 
successor,  Louis  XV.;  and  when.  In  the  person  of  Louis 
XVI.,  the  crown  passed  into  the  hands  of  a  sovereign,  who, 
though  not  distinguished  for  talents,  was  of  unblemished 
morals,  and  loved  his  country,  the  day  of  retribution  had 
arrived,  and  all  remedies  were  too  late.  The  whole  frame- 
Work  of  society  was  broken  up,  and  the  most  fearful  atrocities 
were  openly  perpetrated,  on  a  scale  of  magnitude  to  which 
2U 


the  previous  history  of  the  world  has  no  parallel.  Atheisin 
and  the  wildest  democracy  then  walked  hand  in  hand,  and 
left  no  doubt  as  to  what  mvist  at  all  times  be  expected  whet 
they  gain  the  ascendant.  'The  reign  of  terror  was  followed,, 
by  a  military  despotism,  headed  by  a  man  whose  wonder- 
ful talents  raised  France  to  the  highest  pinnacle  of  mili- 
tary fame,  and  whose  overthrow  after  years  of  struggle, 
the  combined  powers  of  Europe  finally  succeeded  in  effect^ 
ing,  and  doomed  him  to  spend  the  last  years  of  his  life 
and  die  a  prisoner  on  a  rugged  and  solitai-y  isle  of  the 
ocean.  The  Bourbons  regained  their  throne,  but  soon  showed 
that  the  lessons  of  adversity  had  been  lost  upon  them. 
They  were  again  expelled,  in  1830,  and  Louis  Philippe,  the 
head  of  the  collateral  branch  of  Orlean.s,  gained  the  crown, 
and  retained  it  for  eighteen  years.  February  24th,  1848,  in 
consequence  of  a  rising  in  Paris,  originating  in  causes  too 
numerous  to  be  here  specified,  Louis  Philippe  found  it  ne- 
cessary to  aijdicate  the  throne  and  take  refuge  in  England. 
A  repuljlic  succeeded,  which,  after  dragging  out  a  feeble  and 
uncertain  existence  of  little  more  than  two  years  and  eight 
months,  was  brought  to  an  end  by  its  own  I'resident,  Louis 
Naptileon  Bonaparte.  December  2d,  1851 ,  supported  by  the 
army,  he  dis.solved  the  House  of  liepresentntives.  impiisoned 
a  large  number  of  its  members,  including  .some  of  the  most 
eminent  men  in  the  country,  m.any  of  whom  he  subse- 
quently bani.shed  to  Cayenne,  or  otherwist:  expelled  from 
France.  He  subjected  the  citizens  of  Paris  to  the  fire  of  his 
troops,  destroying  not  only  those  who  attempted  to  resist 
his  usurped  authority,  but  also  a  number  of  those  who  were 
peaceatily  sitting  in  their  own  homes.  The  numlwr  then  slain, 
has  been  estimated  as  higli  as  3000.  It  is  due,  however,  to 
state  that  the  government  which  Louis  Napoleon  established, 
has  been  administered  with  firmness  and  ability;  and  th.at, 
under  it,  all  the  material  interests  of  France  have  been  highly 
prosperous. Adj.  French,  (Fr.  Francais,  frSxo'sA/,  femi- 
nine, Franjuse,  frSxo^siz' ;  It.  Francesco,  fr^n-chjs'ko ;  Sp. 
Frances,  frdn-thjs';  Ger.  FraszOsisch,  frjnt-so'zish.)  Inhab. 
Frkncumax,  (Fr.  FR.ixgAis;  It.  Francese,  frdn-chi'sA;  Sp. 
Frances  ;  Ger.  Franzose,  frint-so'zph.)  Gai/uc  and  Gaul  are 
either  poetical  or  else  used  in  reference  to  ancient  Gallia. 
FRANCE,  ISLE  OF.  See  Mauritius. 
FRANCE,  ISLH  OF,  (a  province.)  See  Ile  de  France. 
FRAN'CES,  a  bay  in  the  island  of  Santi.ago,  tlie  principal 
of  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  about  3  or  4  miles  W.  of  the 
S.K.  point  of  the  island.  This  bay  has  been  fretjuently  mis- 
taken lor  Porto  Praya,  which  is  4  or  5  miles  further  S.W. 

FRANCESCAS,  Mn'sis'kis',  a  town  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Lot-et-Garonne,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Nerac.     Pop.  200. 

FRAN'CESTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hills- 
borough CO.,  New  Hampshire,  2()  miles  S.W.  of  Concord. 
The  village  contains  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  several  stores 
and  factories.  The  township  is  rich  iu  minerals,  com- 
prising black-lead,  crystal,  garret,  and  soapstone.  The 
latter  is  found  in  great  abundance,  and,  when  polished, 
resembles  verd  antique  marble.     Pop.  1082. 

FRAX'CKSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Pulaski  co.,  Iowa. 
FRANCKZA,    frdn-sA'sl,   a  small   island  of  Brazil,   pro- 
vince of  Rio-de-.Ianeiro.  a  little  S.W.  of  Cape  Frio. 
^  FRANCHE-COMTiv,  frSxsh-kiNoH.i'.  an  old  province  in  the 
E.  of  France,  the  capital  of  which  was  Be.san^on.  now  divided 
into  the  departments  of  Doubs.  the  Ilaute-Saone,  and  Jura. 
FRANCHI.MONT,  frSNG'shee'mAN"',  a  hamlet  of  Belgium, 
about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Liege.    It  once  gave  title  to  a  marqui- 
sate,  and  was  noted  for  the  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants.  The 
castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  crowning  a  neighboring  height,  is 
alluded  to  in  Scott's  poemof  Jlarminn.  It  was  a  noted  strong- 
hold as  early  as  the  12th  century.  When  Liege  was  besieged, 
in  1467,  by  Charles  the  Bold  and  Louis  XL,  tiOOof  the  people 
of  Franchimont  cut  their  way  into  the  camp  of  the  besiegers, 
and  nearly  succeeded  in  killing  or  carrying  off  the  king  and 
the  duke,  but  were  finally  overpowered  and  all  slain.  Pop.  294. 
FRANCIS'CO,  a  post-oflice  of  Stokes  co..  North  Carolina. 
FRANCIS'CO.  a  post-oifice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois. 
FRANCIS'COVILLE,  a  post-officeof  Jackson  co.,  Michigan. 
FItANCIS  CREEK,  post-office,  Manitoowoc  co.,  AVisconsin. 
FRANCIS  MILLS,  a  post-otfice  of  Oce.an  co..  New  Jersey. 
FRANCISVILLE,  a  post-viyage  of  Crawford  co.,  Georgia, 
31  mile^  W.S.W.  of  Macon. 

FRAN'CISVILLE,avillageof  Boone  co.,  Kentucky,  about 
16  miles  S.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

FIIANCOFONTE.  frdn-ko-fon'tA,  a  town  of  Sicily,  25  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  3480. 

FRANCOLI,  frdn-ko-lee/,  a  small  river  of  Spain,  Catalonia, 
after  a  course  of  about  30  miles,  falls  into  the  Mediterra 
nean.  about  1  mile  S.W.  of  Tarragona. 

FRANCONIA.  fran-ko^ne-a,  (Ger.  Frank-en,  frank'en,  or 
FrankerUand,  frjlnk'en-ldnt\  V.  e.  the  "  Land  of  the  i' ranks.") 
an  old  duchy,  afterwards  a  circle  of  the  Germanic  Empire,  be- 
tween Upper  Saxony,  the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  Swabia, 
Bavaria,  and  Bohemia.  The  chief  cities  are  Nuremberg, 
WUrzburg,  and  Anspach.  Since  1806,  it  has  been  divided 
between  the  grand  duchies  of  Baden  and  Ilessen,  and  the 
kingdoms  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria.    It  gives  name  to  three 

circles  of  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria. Adj.  and  inhab.  Fras- 

CONIAN,  fran-ko'ne-jn. 

706 


FRA 


FRA 


FRANCWNTA.  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co.,  Xew 
Hampshire,  75  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Concord.  This  is  said 
to  he  the  coldest  place  in  the  United  States.  Mount  Jack- 
son, adjoinin-;  the  "Notch,"  Kere  exhibits  the  famous 
"  profile,'"  or  "Old  Man  of  the  Mountain."  It  consists  of  a 
peak  of  solid  rock,  1000  feet  high  nearly  perpendicular. 
The  township  abounds  in  majrnetic  iron  ore.     Pop.  708. 

i'RANCONIA,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 14  miles  N.  of  Xorristown.     Pop.  1579. 

FRAXCONIA,  a  post-villafre  of  Putnam  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Auelaize  River,  120  miles  X.W.  from  Columbus. 

PRANCON  VILLE,  fr6x«'k6.\oVeel',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-efc-Oise.  with  a  station  on  the  Korthern 
Railway,  9^  miles  N.  of  Paris.     Pop.  In  1852,  1248. 

FRANEKKR,  frdn'e-ker,  a  town  of  the  Xetherl.inds,  pro- 
vince of  Friesland,  10  miles  W.  of  Leeuwarden.  Pop.  5149. 
It  ia  well  built,  clean,  intersected  by  canals,  and  has  an 
athenaeum,  several  Latin  schools,  a  public  library,  and  bo- 
tanic garden. 

FRANGY,  fr6x"V.hee',  a  Tillage  of  Saxony,  province  of 
Genevese,  on  an  aflluent  of  the  Rhone,  31  miles  N.of  Cham- 
bery.     Pop.  1434. 

FRANOY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  the  SaSne- 
et-Loire.  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Louhans.    Pop.  2835. 

FRAXKEN.    See  Fuaxconia. 

FRAXKEX,  a  post-office  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan. 

FRAXKEXAU,  frSnk'eh-ndw^  a  village  of  Germany, 
Hesse-Cassel.  province  of  Ober  Hessen,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Cas- 
sel.    Pop.  1042. 

FRAXKEXAU  or  FRAXKEXHEIM,  frlnk'en-hime\  a  vil- 
lage of  Bavaria,  province  of  Jliddle  Franconia,  14  miles  W. 
of  Anspach.  Here  is  a  fine  castle  of  Prince  Hohenlohe-Schil- 
lingsfiirst. 

FR.iXKEXBERG,  frank'fn-bJRC.',  a  town  of  Saxony,  7 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Chemnitz,  on  the  Zschop.iu,  an  affluent 
of  the  Mulde.  Pop.  6273.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
manufacturing  towns  in  Saxony,  and  has  extensive  esta- 
blishments for  cotton  and  linen  weaving,'  and  mining. 

FRAXKEXBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  Iles.se-Ca.ssel,  pro- 
vince of  Ober  Hessen,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Cassel.  Pop.  3253.  It 
has  manufactories  of  woollen  cloth,  tobacco,  and  paper. 

FRAXKEXBURG,  frink'en-li«dRG\  a  marbet-town  of 
Austria.  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wels.     Pop.  1017. 

FRAXKEXHAUSEX.  frdnk'en-howVen,  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Germany,  principality  of  Schwarzbufg-Trndolstadt,  on 
the  Wipper,  27  miles  X.  of  Erfurt.  Pop.  48/3.  It  has  been 
nearly  rebuilt  since  the  great  burning  of  1833.  In  1814,  a 
salt  spring  was  discovered  in  its  vicinity. 

FRAXKEXLAXD.     See  FRAXCOIflA. 

FR.\XK'EXLUST.  a  post-office  of  Saginaw  co..  Michigan. 

FRAXKEXJIARKT.  frank'en-maRkt\  a  market-town  of 
Austria,  31  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wels.    Pop.  937. 

FRAXKEXSTEIX,  ftiuk'en-stjne,*  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  39  miles  S.  of  Breslau,  on  a  bi-anch  of  the  railway 
from  Berlin  to  Dresden.  Pop.  6042.  It  has  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  Lutheran  churches,  and  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  linen  fabrics. 

FRAXKEXTHAL,  frank'en-tar,  a  town  of  Rhenish  B.v 
varia,  15  miles  X.X.W.  of  Speyer,  and  connected  with  the 
Rhine  by  a  canal  6  miles  in  length.  Pop.  4C56.  It  is  regu- 
larly built,  the  inhabitants  are  industrious  and  commercial. 

FRAXKEX  WALD,  frink'fn-«ait\  a  small  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  the  X.E.  of  Bavaria,'  between  the  Main  and  Saale, 
uniting  the  Fichtelberg   with    the  Thuringerwald. 

FRAXK'FORD,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Leinster, 
King's  CO..  8J  miles  N.E.  of  Birr.    Pop.  1345. 

FRAXKfORD,  a  township  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1828. 

I'RAXKFORD,  a  village  and  township  of  Cumberland  co., 
Penn.sylvania,  about  10  miles  W,  by  N.  of  Carlisle.     P.  1401. 

FRAXKFORD,  a  post-borough  within  the  chartered  limits 
of  the  consolidated  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  Tacony  Creek, 
■which  furnishes  water-power,  6  miles  X.E.  of  the  State- 
house.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  manu- 
fcctures,  which  consist  principally  of  woollen  goods,  prints, 
and  iron-ware.  The  borough  contains  9  or  10  churches,  a 
national  bank,  and  a  printing  office.  An  extensive  hosiery 
factory  is  about  being  established  here.  Frankford  Asylum 
for  the  Insane,  a  well  conducted  institution,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  is  in  the  immediate  vi- 
cinity.    Pop.  in  1850,  5346. 

FRAXKKdRD.  a  post-villace  in  Greenbrier  CO.,  TT.  Vir- 
ginia, ISO  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

FRANKFORD,  a  post-village  in  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  on  an 
affluent  of  Salt  River.  80  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

FRANKFORD  CKEEK,  Pennsylvania.     See  Tacoxt. 

FRANKFORT  (frjnk'f&rt.)  on  theMaix,  (Ger.  Pranlfurt- 
am- Mam,  frSnk'fdORt  im-min;  Fr.  Franc fm-t,  fr5xk%R/: 
L.  Francofiir'tum  ad  Miehium.  or  Tmjec'tum  'Franco) rum,  i.  e. 
the  "passage  of  the  Franks")  a  free  city  of  Germany,  seat 
of  the  Germanic  Diet,  and  capital  of  the  territory  of  its 
own  name,  is  situated  on  the  Main,  in  a  beautiful  but 
narrow  valley,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  gentle  heights 
of  the  liSdenburg,  terminated  at  some  distance  by'^the 
lofty  summits  of  the  Tauuus,  and  on  the  S.  by  the 
700 


Miihlberg.  S-ichsenhausenberg,  and  LerehesSerg:  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Mentz.  It  consists  of  the  town  proper,  situated  on 
the  right  bank,  and  the  suburb  of  Sachsenhausen  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  river,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.   ■ 

The  environs  are  covered  with  handsome  country  seats, 
the  old  walls,  ramparts,  and  stagnant  ditches,  have  been 
removed,  and  the  space  occupied  by  them  has  been  planted 
with  trees  forming  tine  promenades.  It  is  still,  however, 
entered  by  large  gates,  nine  in  number — seven  belonging  to 
the  town,  and  two  to  Sachsenhausen.  Two  of  these  gatea 
retain  their  original  form — the  Gallus  Thor.  and  the  'Es- 
chenheimer  Thor.  The  latter,  situated  on  the  X.  consists 
of  a  lofty  tower,  crowned  by  five  turrets,  and  affords  a  good 
specimen  of  the  architecture  of  the  14th  century.  The  other 
old  gates  have  been  removed,  and  their  places  supplied  by 
handsome  modern  structures,  formed  on  ancient  models. 
Among  these  the  Ober  Main,  or  S.E.  gate  in  imitation  of  the 
porches  of  the  Cumpus  Militum  at  Pompeii,  and  the  Bocken- 
heim  or  Mentz  gate,  with  a  guard  and  toll-hoxise,  all  modelled 
after  the  temple  of  Wingless  Victory,  on  the  Acropolis  of 
Athens,  are  particularly  deserving  of  notice.  The  north  or 
right  bank  of  the  river  here  curves  gently  towards  the  land, 
and  is  lined  by  a  spacious  quay,  along  which  the  town 
stretches  E.  to  W..  from  the  Ober  Main  to  the  Unter  Main 
gates,  for  about  2000  yards.  The  breadth,  measured  nearly 
due  N.  from  the  river,  is  about  1400  yards.  The  circuit  is 
rather  more  than  4  miles.  Fronting  the  quay  already  men- 
tioned is  a  range  of  magnificent  houses,  occupied  chiefly  by 
diplom.atists,  bankers,  and  rich  merchants;  but  immediately 
behind  it  is  the  Old  Town,  consisting  generally  of  indif- 
ferent houses,  huddled  together  without  any  regularity,  in 
narrow  streets  and  lanes,  and  often  built  of  wood,  with  over- 
hanging gables.  There  is.  however,  a  remark.able  exception 
in  the  Zeil,  a  fine  spacious  street,  which  stretches  in  a  long 
curve  from  E.  to  S.W.,  and  forms  the  principal  thoroughfare. 
It  contains  a  great  number  of  splendid  mansions,  having 
originally  been  the  chosen  residence  of  the  Frankfort  aris- 
tocracy, but  the  necessity  of  providing  for  the  increasing 
demands  of  trade  ha.s  gradually  dish^dged  them,  and  filled 
the  whole  street  with  shops,  extending  along  it  like  a  con- 
tinuous bazaar.  Within  the  town  no  fewer  than  29  squares 
are  counted.  The  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Ross- 
markt,  the  largest,  with  a  fine  fountain  in  its  centre;  the 
Paradeplatz,  the  Liebfrauenberg,  the  Paulsplatz.  and  the 
Romerberg.  The  Rijmer,  or  town-house,  a  venerable  struc- 
ture of  very  early  date,  is  situated  in  the  Romerberg,  and 
supposed  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  Italians,  com- 
monly called  "Romer,"  (Romans,)  who,  at  the  great  fairs  of 
the  town,  lodged  their  goods  in  it.  It  was  first  purchased  by 
the  magistrates  in  1405.  and.  continuing  to  undergo  suc- 
cessive alterations  and  addition.s,  till  it  assumed  its  present 
form  in  1740.  In  one  of  its  halls,  called  the  Wahlzimmer, 
the  electors  of  the  empire  met  and  made  their  arrangements 
for  the  election  of  the  emperor,  and  the  Senate  of  Frankfort 
now  holds  its  sittings.  In  another,  the  Kaisers.aal,  the  em- 
peror was  banqueted  after  his  election,  .".nd  waited  on  at 
table  by  kings  and  princes.  The  ceiling  of  this  hall  has  been 
richly  decorated  by  modern  artists,  with  strict  adherence  to 
the  original  style,  and  the  niches  in  its  walls  contain  62 
portraits,  being  those  of  the  whole  German  Emperors,  in 
regular  succession,  from  Conrad  I.  to  Francis  II. 

There  are  12  churches  viz.  6  Lutheran.  2  Calvinistic, 
and  4  Roman  Catholic.  There  is  also  a  Jewish  synagogue. 
The  most  remarkable  church  edifices  are  the  Domkirche 
or  G.thedral,  belonging  to  the  Roman  Catholics,  an  ancient 
structure,  surmounted  by  a  fine  tower,  begun  in  1415,  and 
carried  on  for  a  century,  though  still  unfinished.  It  is  in- 
teresting both  as  the  scene  of  the  emperor's  coronation,  and 
as  containing  the  chapel  in  which  he  was  formerly  elected; 
St.  Paul's,  the  principal  Protestant  church,  a  modern  edifice 
of  an  oval  form ;  St.  Catherine's  Church.  Lutheran,  sui^ 
mounted  by  a  spire  200  feet  high,  and  intei-esting  as  the 
church  in  which  Protestantism  was  firet  preached  in  Frank- 
fort; the  French  Reformed  Church,  a  verj'  h.indsome  edifice; 
St.  Leonard's  Church,  close  upon  the  river,  on  the  spot  once 
occupied  by  the  pakace  of  Charlemagne,  of  which  not  a  ves- 
tige now  remains :  anda  church  in  Sachsenhausen.  originally 
belonging  to  the  Teutonic  knights,  adjoining  their  old  castle. 
Other  buildings  deserving  of  notice  are  the  courts  of  justice, 
the  Saalhof.  a  gloomy-looking  building,  on  the  site  of  a  palace 
of  Louis  the  Pious,  son  of  Charlemagne ;  the  New  Exchange; 
the  large  p.alace  of  the  Prince  ofThurn  and  Taxis;  the  Mint, 
Post-Oifice.  Theatre,  the  house  in  which  Luther  lived,  and 
that  in  which  Goethe  was  V)orn,  August  28,  1749. 

Art.  Literature,  dx. — Frankfort  is  rich  in  establishments 
intended  to  promote  art  and  literature.  The  chief  of  these  are 
the  StSdel  Institute,  so  named  after  its  founder,  a  Frankfort 
banker,  who  bequeathed  al'Out  80,000/.  to  establish  a  public 
gallery  and  schoolof  art.  and  whose  views  havealreadj-  been 
carried  out  to  a  considerable  extent  by  the  formation  of  a  good 
picture  gallery  and  other  collections;  the  Son kenberg  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History,  containing  many  rare  specimens 
brought  from  Egypt.  Nubia,  and  Abyssinia,  by  the  traveller 
RUppel;  the  town  library,  possessed  of  60,000  volumes  and 
valuable  M.SS.,  besides  other  curiodties,  and  a  picture  gal- 


FRA 


FRA 


lery.  In  the  garden  of  the  banker  Bethmann  is  to  be  seen 
the  >)eautiful  and  well-known  statne  of  Ariadne,  by  Dan- 
neckcr.  The  literary  and  other  scientific  associations  in- 
clude a  medical  institute,  physical,  geographical,  polytech- 
nic, and  several  musical  societies.  The  chief  educational 
establishments  are  the  jrymnasium,  the  Muster,  the  Middle, 
several  other  public,  and  numerous  private  schools.  Among 
the  benevolent  institutions  are  the  Senkenher^  Ilospit.'il, 
the  Hospital  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  Orphan  Asylum,  the 
House  of  Refuge,  the  lunatic  .and  the  deaf  and  dumb  asj'- 
lums,  and  a  number  of  almshouses.  About  a  mile  outside 
the  walls  is  the  New  Cemetery,  at  the  gate  of  which  is  a 
house  where  bodies  are  deposited  for  a  time  previous  to  in- 
terment, and  watched  till  decomposition  commences.  Here 
every  convenience  of  warm  baths  and  other  applicances 
needful  in  cases  of  suspended  animation  are  kept  in  rea- 
diness. 

The  manufactures  of  Frankfort  are  not  important.  It 
was  formerly  fiimous  for  its  woollens  and  linens,  but  they 
have  almost  ceased  to  e.xist.  Those  which  still  maintain 
their  ground  are  chiefly  articles  of  rerlil  in  bronze  and  metal 
gilt,  chemical  products,  chocolate,  gold  and  silver  thread, 
japan  and  brass  ware,  machines,  types,  playing-cards,  snulf 
and  tobacco,  straw  hats,  tapestry,  cirpets,  wax  cloth,  and 
black  for  copperplate  .•md  lithographic  printers.  The  contr.al 
situation  of  the  town  has  long  secured  to  it  an  extensive 
trade,  both  transit  and  general.  The  former,  however, 
threatens  to  be  seriously  affected  by  the  railway  system, 
which  has  raised  up  a  numljer  of  formidable  competitors  in 
towns  which  have  been  brought  within  reach  of  the  great 
thoroughfares,  and  hence  classes  of  goods  for  which  Frank- 
fort was  the  entrepot,  either  take  different  directions,  or  pass 
on  without  transhipment.  The  general  trade  is  chiefly  in 
wine.  silk,  raw  and  manufactured  cotton,  wool,  iron,  and 
timber.  The  tr.ide  in  English  wares,  formerly  extensive,  has 
greatly  fallen  off  since  Frankfurt  joined  the  ZoUverein.  The 
export  duties  collected  in  1852,  amounted  to  StO.OOO.  against 
$5936  in  1851;  transit  duties  in  1851,  $3206,  in  1852  only 
$1860:  import  duties  iu  1851.  $603,321.  and  in  1852,  $626,355. 
Total  in  1851,  $612,526;  in  1852,  $638,215.  But  by  far  the 
most  important  trade  of  Frankfort  is  in  money  and  bank- 
ing. Its  capitalists,  among  whom  I'.othschild  and  Eeth- 
mann  take  the  lead,  exert  no  inconsiderable  influence  in 
the  money  markets  of  Europe.  Frankfort  has  two  annual 
fairs,  once  visited  by  400,000  strangers. 

Xiime,  History,  d-e. — Of  the  origin  of  the  name  Frankfuht 
-Ittle  is  known  beyond  the  signification,  the  "ford  of  the 
Franks,"  which  is  nearly  equivalent  to  the  Latin  Trajictum 
Prancarwn.  This  place  appears  to  have  been  originally  a 
Rohian  station,  but  did  not  attract  much  attention  till  the 
time  of  Charlem.agne.  who  had  a  palace,  and  held  a  council 
here  in  793.  It  was  fortified  in  838.  and  made  a  free  city  in 
1154.  Subse<iuent  emperors  made  it  the  seat  of  their  court, 
and  conferred  on  it  imiwrtant  privileges.  A  charter  by  the 
name  of  the  Golden  Bull,  granted  in  1.356,  by  Charles  iV..  is 
still  preserved  among  the  archives  of  the  town.  In  1555, 
Charles  V.  conferred  upon  it  the  privilege  of  coining  money. 
The  peace  of  AVestphalia  confirmed  it  in  the  possession  of 
all  its  rights.  Under  Napoleon  it  became  the  capital,  first 
of  a  principality,  and  then  of  a  grand  ducliy,  with  an  area 
of  nearly  2000  square  miles.  His  downfall  restored  its  in- 
dependence: and  the  Congress  of  Vienna  constituted  it  a 
member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  giving  it  precedence 
among  the  four  free  towns  of  the  empire.  In  1831,  it  was 
made  a  free  port.  In  the  N.E.,  outside  the  Friedburg  gate, 
a  group  of  colossjil  granite  rocks  marks  the  spot  where  the 
Prince  of  Hesse-l'hillipsthal.  and  many  of  his  gallant  follow- 
ers, fell,  in  1792,  in  the  successful  storming  of  the  town ;  and 
in  the  gardens  around  are  many  beautiful  statues  and  other 
works  of  distinguished  artists.  At  still  greater  distances  are 
many  spots  to  which  plea.sant  excursions  may  be  made,  and 
with  little  expenditure,  either  of  time  or  monej',  in  conse- 
quence of  the  numerous  easy  and  cheap  means  of  convey- 
ance which  are  here  enjoyed.  Communication  with  Frank- 
fort is  tacilitated  by  lines  of  steamers  which  ply  daily  on 
the  Main  to  Wurzburg,  and  railroads  branch  off  in  all 
directions — to  Mentz  and  Wiesbaden,  to  Darmstadt  and  Ilei- 
delburg,  to  Cassel,  Ilanau.  and  Offenbach.  Fop.  in  1861, 
75.9.30. 

The  Territory  of  Fr  axkfort  has  an  area  of  about  90  square 
miles,  and  lies  immediately  around  the  walls  on  both  sides 
of  the  Main.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  senate,  com- 
posed of  42  members,  chosen  in  the  first  instance  by  all 
Christian  citizens  not  under  legal  incapacity.  As  a  member 
of  the  confederation.  Frankfort  unites  with  the  other  three 
free  towns  in  holding  the  17th  place  in  the  Diet,  and  has 
only  one  vote  in  common  with  them  in  the  lesser  council; 
but  has  a  fiill  vote  to  itself  in  the  plenum.  Its  contingent 
of  men  to  the  confederation  is  1024.  among  whom  are  in- 
eluded  132  riflemen.  Its  revenue  in  1854  was  $747,080,  ex- 
penditure. $707,324.  and  debt,  $5,083,200,  of  which  about 
$4,500,000  are  lent  upon  railways.     Pop.  in  1S61,  87,518. 

FRANKFORT.  Gt.AND  DuciiT  OF.  the  name  of  a  temporary 
sovereignty  of  Germany,  formed  in  1806,  by  Bonaparte,  in 
favour  of  the  Arch-Chancellor  or  Elector  of  Mentz,  who  was 


named  Prince  Primate  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 
Several  places  were  added  to  the  territory  already  possessed 
by  him ;  among  others,  the  hitherto  free  city  of  Frankfort. 
1  n  1811,  the  grand  duchy,  comprising  an  area  of  2376  .sijrflrs 
miles,  contained  a  population  of  292,9fi3.  At  the  Ongress 
of  Vienna  he  was  deprived  of  his  states,  and  tieated  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  secularized  bishops  of  1803,  receU  ing 
an  annual  pension  of  100,000  florins  from  the  sovereigns 
who  shared  his  possessions. 

FRANK'FORT  ON  tfie  Oder,  (Qi'r.  Franlfurt-an-(J<'.r-0(ier, 
frinJi'fOdRt  dn  djR  Mer;  Xj.  Francnfur'tum  ad  O'deram  or 
Viladum.)  a  city  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenljurg.  and  c.i- 
pital  of  the  government  of  Frankfort,  on  the  Oder,  60  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Berlin,  with  which  city  it  communicates  by  railway. 
Lilt.  52°  22' 8"  N.,  Ion.  14°  33' 24"  E.  It  consists  of  the  town 
proper,  surrounded  by  walls  and  ditches,  and  of  three  sub- 
urbs on  the  left  bank,  and  of  another  suburb  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge 
about  290  yards  long.  It  is  built  with  considerable  regu- 
larity, four  spacious  streets  traversing  it  nearly  in  parallel 
lines.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  superior  court  of  appeals,  of  other 
courts,  and  public  oflice.s,  and  contains  6  churches,  of  which 
the  Marien,  or  Oberkirehe,  of  the  thirteenth  century,  is 
most  deserving  of  notice,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapol,  s-n.a- 
gogue,  town-house  built  in  1 617, a  gymnasium, buigher  and 
numerous  other  schools,  a  theatre,  a  house  of  correction,  an 
orphan  and  two  other  hospitals.  The  university  which 
Frankfort  possessed  from  an  early  period  was  transferred  to 
Breslau  in  1816.  The  manufactures  consist  of  woollen  and 
linen  cloth,  silks,  hosiery,  gloves,  leather,  delft  and  common 
earthenware,  wax,  sugar,  and  brandy ;  and  the  trade,  gene- 
ral and  transit,  is  extensive  both  by  land  and  water,  par- 
ticularly the  latter,  there  being  about  2000  vessels  which 
annually  pass  the  town.  There  are  also  three  important  an- 
nual fairs,  much  frequented  by  dealers  from  Poland.  .\t 
the  extremity  of  the  bridge,  on  the  right  bank,  a  monument 
has  been  erected  to  Piince  Leopold  of  Brunswick,  who 
perished  in  endeavoring  to  rescue  a  fatally  during  an  inun- 
dation of  the  Oder;  and  in  the  neighborhood,  near  Kuners- 
dorf  a  great,  though  not  decisive  battle,  was  fought  Ijetween 
the  Prussians  under  Frederick  the  Great,  and  the  united 
army  of  the  Austrians  and  Russians,  somewhat  to  tlie  ad- 
vantage of  the  latter.  The  poet  Kleist,  a  native  of  the  town, 
was  killed  in  this  battle,  to  whom  a  monument  has  been 
erected.  Frankfort  possesses  a  bathing  establishment,  with 
chalybeate  springs,  and  vapor  and  .sulphur  bath.s.  Pop.  34,2.53. 

FRANICFORT,  a  government  of  Prussia,  forming  the  S.E. 
portion  of  the  province  of  Brandenburg.  Area,  7500  square 
miles.    Pop.  860,087. 

FRANK'FORT.  a  demesne  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Kilkenny,  3f  miles  N.E.  of  UUingford,  It  gives  the  title 
of  baron  to  the  Montmorency  family,  descendents  of  the 
nephew  of  Earl  Strongbow. 

FRANKFORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  "Waldo  co., 
Maine,  on  tlie  W.  side  of  Penobscot  River,  12  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Bangor.  The  village  contains  2  churches.  12  stores,  and 
an  extensive  carding  mill.  Ship-building  and  cooperage 
are  extensively  carried  on  here.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
2143. 

FRANK'FORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  Mohawk  River,  9  miles 
S.E.  of  Utica.  It  contains  churches  of  4  deTiouiiuations,  7 
or  8  stores,  several  mills,  and  about  100  dwellings.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  3247. 

FRANKFORT,  a  village  of  Greenbrier  CO.,  W.  Virginia, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Lewisburg,  contains  1  or  2  churches. 

FRANKFOltT,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire  co..  W.  Vir- 
ginia, on  Patterson's  Creek,  12  m.  S.  of  Cumberland  in  Md. 

FRANKFORT,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Alab-ama. 

FRANKFORT,  a  handsome  town,  capital  of  Kentucky, 
and  seat  of  justice  of  Franklin  county,  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  the  right  (or  N.E.)  bank  of  Kentucky  River,  60  miles 
from  its  mouth,  24  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Lexington,  53  miles  E. 
of  Louisville,  and  550  miles  from  Washington.  Lat.  38°14' 
N.,  Ion.  84°40'AV.  It  stands  on  an  elevated  plain  or  valley, 
between  the  river  and  the  bluff,  which  rises  a  .short  distance 
behind  the  town  to  the  height  of  .about  150  feet.  The  river, 
which  is  here  near  100  yards  wide,  flows  in  a  deep  channel 
of  limestone  rock.  The  eminences  on  the  N.E.  side  of  the 
town  present  a  delightful  view  of  the  picturesque  scenery 
for  which  this  river  is  so  remarkable.  Frankfort  is  regu- 
larly planned,  and  generally  well  built.  The  State-house 
stands  on  a  small  eminence,  nearly  midway  between  tlio 
river  and  the  northern  limit  of  the  valley.  It  is  a  handsome 
edifice  of  Kentucky  marble,  quarried  in  the  vicinity,  with  a 
portico  supported  by  six  columns  of  the  Ionic  order.  The 
governor's  house  is  a  plain  building  of  brick.  The  other 
public  buildings  are  the  State  Penitentiary,  a  court-house,  6 
churches,  1  academy,  2  banking  houses,  and  the  State  In- 
titution  for  Feeble-Minded  Children.  One  newspaper  is 
issued  here.  The  town  is  supplied  with  good  spring  w^ater, 
distributed  through  iron  pii}es.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  active 
trade,  which  is  facilitated  by  railroads  leading  to  Louisville 
and  Lexington,  and  by  the  navigation  of  the  river.  The  lat- 
ter has  been  improved  by  means  of  dams  and  locks,  so  that 

707 


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<!."aml>oats  can  ascend  from  its  mouth  to  the  junction  of  its 
constituent  brunches.  A  chain  bridge  connects  tlie  town 
with  the  village  of  South  Frankfort,  on  the  opposite  bank. 
I'op.  3702. 

FKAXKFORT.  a  thriving  postr-villafte  of  Concord  town- 
ship Itoss  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  North  Fork  of  Paint  Creek,  11 
miles  X.AV.  of  Chillicothe.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  and  popu- 
lous farming  district.     Pop.  551. 

FKAXKFORT.  a  flouri.shing  post-village,  capit.il  of  Clinton 
CO.,  Indiana,  ou  a  branch  of  Wildcat  lUver.  42  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Indianapolis.  It  is  surrounded  by  fertile  and  well-im- 
proved farms.  A  plank-i-oad  extends  from  this  village  to 
]^:ir;ivette  and  Delphi  on  the  Wabash.  It  contained  iu  1S53, 
5  churthes.    Pop.  in  1860,  773. 

FKAXKFORT,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Illinois,  160 
miles  S.  by  K.  of  Springfield,  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 
It  contains  several  stores. 

FKANKFOKT.  a  township  of  Will  co„  Illinois.   Pop.1763. 

FUA  XKFORT.  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  90  miles 
N.K.  of  .Tefferson  Citv. 

FK  A  X  K  FORT  HI  LL,  a  post-office.  Herkimer  co..  New  York. 

FKAXKFORT  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co.,  M.nine, 
on  Marsh  Stream,  which  is  navigable  to  this  point,  about  10 
miles  S.  of  Bangor.  It  has  a  church,  a  pottery,  and  2  stone 
quarries,  which  furnish  employment  to  about  300  hands. 
The  lumber  trade  is  extensively  carried  on. 

FKAXKFORT  SPRIXGS,  a  post-borough  of  Beaver  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  about  25  miles  W.  of  Wttsburg. 

FR.iXKFURT,  and  FKAXKFURTH,  cities  of  Germany. 

See  FRANfeFORT. 

FKAXK'LAXD  ISLAXDS,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Australia,  in 
lat.  17°16'S.,  Ion.l40°E. 

FR.-VXK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

FR.\XK'LIX,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Maine,  has  an 
area  of  1600  square  miles.  Dead  and  Sandy  Rivers,  branches 
of  the  Kennebec,  have  their  sources  in  this  county.  It  has 
also  several  smaller  streams,  which  turn  numerous  grist 
and  saw  mills.  The  surface  is  undulating,  with  some  moun- 
tainous districts.  Mount  Abrah.am  and  the  S.addlehack 
Jlountain  are  comprised  within  its  limits.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally fertile.  In  1850  this  county  produced  49,717  tons  of 
h.ay,  and  540,720  pounds  of  butter,  a  greater  quantity  of  each 
than  was  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state,  except  Somer- 
set. Organized  in  1S30,  having  been  formed  out  of  portions 
of  Oxford  and  Somerset  counties,  and  named  in  honor  of  the 
philosopher  and  statesman,  Benjamin  Franklin.  Capit;\l. 
Farmington.     Pop.  20,403. 

FKAXKLIN,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  A'ermont.  has  an 
area  of  about  6.30  square  mile.s.  It  is  bounded  on  Jhe  W.  by 
l^ake  Champl.ain.  ijnd  is  drained  principally  by  the  Mis- 
si.sfiue  and  Lamoille  Rivers,  which  afford  abundant  motive 
power.  The  surface  is  uneven,  Hnd  in  the  K.  part  hilly. 
Marble  of  good  quality  is  found  at  Swanton.  and  iron  ore 
in  other  parts  of  the  county.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Lake 
Champlain,  on  the  W.  border  of  the  county,  is  navigable  for 
ves.sels  of  90  tons  burthen.  It  is  intersected  by  the  railroad 
connecting  Burlington  and  Rouse's  Point.  Organized  iu 
1792.    Capital,  St.  Albans.     Pop.  27,231. 

FRAXKLIN,  a  county  in  the  X.W.  central  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts, has  an  area  of  about  650  .square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  is  watered  by  the 
Deerfield  and  Miller's  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  streams, 
which  afford  good  water-power.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in 
some  parts  mountainous.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  Connec- 
ticut River,  by  me;ins  of  canals  around  the  different  fells  and 
rapids,  is  navigable  for  small  boats.  The  railroad  connect- 
ing Hartford  and  Bellows  Falls  traverses  the  county,  which 
is  also  intersected  by  that  extending  from  Lowell  to  Green- 
field. Organized  in  1811,  having  been  taken  from  Hamp- 
shire county.    C.apitiil.  Greenfield.     Pop.  31,434. 

FR.\XKlllN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Xew  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  1764  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Saranac,  Chateaugay,  Salmon,  St.  K^is.  and  Racket  Rivers, 
which  afford  valuable  water-power.  It  has  several  lakes  or 
ponds,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  Saranac  and  Loon 
Lakes.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  S.W.  part  moun- 
tainous, and  well  wooded.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
The  south-eastern  portion  of  the  county  abounds  in  iron 
ore  of  excellent  quality.  The  N.  part  is  traversed  by  the 
railroad  connecting  Ogdensburg  and  Rouse's  Point.  Organ- 
ized in  1808,  having  previously  formed  part  of  Clinton 
county.    Capital,  Malone.    Pop.  30,837 

FR.VXKLIX,  a  county  of  Penn.sylrania,  bordering  on 
.Maryland,  has  an  area  of  740  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Conedogwinet,  Antietam,  Tuscarora,  and  Coneco- 
cheague  Creeks.  The  South  Mountain  forms  its  boundary 
on  the  E.,  and  Tnscarora  or  Cove  Mountain  on  the  X.W. 
Parnell's  Knob,  a  high  and  picturesque  peak  in  the  X.  part 
of  the  county,  is  the  S.W.  termination  of  the  Kittatinny 
range.  The  highest  points  of  Cove  Mountain  are  estimated 
to  be  about  1500  feet  above  the  valley.  The  greater  part  of 
the  county  consists  of  a  broad  limestone  valley,  watered 
with  copious  and  unfailing  mountain  springs,  and  having  a 
soil  of  unsurpassed  fertility.  In  1850  this  county  jieided 
I(o7,062  bushels  of  wheat,  the  greatest  quantity  produced 
708 


by  any  county  of  the  state,  except  Lancaster.  Limestone^ 
marble,  and  slate  are  abundant ;  the  mines  of  iron  ore  ar« 
rich  and  extensively  worked.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  railroad  extending  from  Carlisle  to  Ilagerstowu.  and  by 
a  turnpike  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg.  Organized  iu 
17S4.    Capital,  Chambersburg.    I'op.  42,126. 

FR.A.XKLIX,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  S64  square  miles.  The  Staunton  River  forms  its 
X.E.  boundary,  and  the  Blue  Kidge  extends  along  its  X.W. 
border.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  rolling;  the  soil  has  a  sub- 
stratum of  clay,  and  is  very  prc.ductive.  Iron  ore  is  found 
in  .several  part*  of  the  county.  Formed  in  1784.  Capital, 
Rocky  Mount.  Pop.  20,098,  of  whom  13,747  were  free,  and 
6351  slaves. 

FRAXKLIX,  a  county  in  the  X.X.E.  part  of  Xorth  Caro- 
lina, has  an  area  estimated  at  450  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Tar  River.  The  surface  presents  no  great  in- 
equalities. The  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad  passes  along 
or  near  its  border.  Capital.  Lewisburg.  Formed  in  1779. 
Pop.  14.107,  of  whom  7031  were  free,  and  7076  slaves. 

FRANKLIN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Georgi.i,  bor- 
dering on  South  Carolina,  contains  about  450  square  miles. 
The  Tugaloo  River,  a  branch  of  the  Savannah,  forms  the  N.E. 
boundary  for  more  than  40  miles.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  m.'iiu  branches  of  Broad  River,  called  the  Xorth  Fork 
and  Hudson's  Fork.  The  surface  is  uneven;  the  soil  is 
mostly  fertile,  especially  near  the  river.  Iron  ore  is  abun- 
dant, and  a  little  gold  has  been  found.  The  streams  furnish 
extensive  motive-power.  The  count)-  is  copiously  supplied 
with  springs  of  good  water.  Capital,  Carnesville.  Pop. 
7393.  of  whom  6080  were  free,  and  1313  slaves. 

FKAXKLIN.  a  county  of  Florida,  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  h.is  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  .\ppalachicola  River,  navigable  by  steam- 
boiits.  The  surface  is  low.  the  soil  sandy,  and  mostly  un- 
cultivated. Capital,  Appiilachlcola.  Pop.  1904,  of  whom 
1384  were  free. 

FKAXKLIN.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Alabiim.n,  bor- 
dering on  Mississippi,  h.is  an  area  of  12t30  square  miles.  It 
is  intei-sected  by  Bear  and  Cedar  Creeks,  and  the  Tennessee 
River  forms  its  entire  X.  boundarj-.  The  surface  is  hilly; 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  extensively  cultivated. 
Steamboats  navigate  the  Tennessee  River  along  the  X.  bor- 
der. The  railroad  which  extends  from  the  head  to  the  foot 
of  the  Muscle  Shoals  in  that  river  has  its  western  terminus 
in  this  county,  and  the  route  of  the  Memphis  and  Charles- 
ton Railroad  passes  through  it.  Pop.  18,627,  of  whom  10,132 
were  free,  and  8495  slaves. 

FKAXKLIN.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Mi.ssissippi, 
has  an  area  of  about  730  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Ilomochitto  River.  The  surface  is  uneven :  the  soil  is 
said  to  be  rather  poor,  excepting  the  river  bottoms.  The 
pine  is  abundant  in  the  county.  Capitiil,  Meadville.  Pop. 
8265.  of  whom  3513  were  free. 

FRAXKLIN,  a  parish, in  the  N.E.  p!«rt  of  Louisiana,  ron- 
tiiins  740  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  Bceuf  and  Macon 
Bayous.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil  and  climate  are 
adapted  to  cotton  and  Indian  corn.  The  streams  furnish 
.ibundant  water-power,  which  is  only  employed  in  a  few  saw 
mills.  The  bayou  Boeuf  is  navigable  bj-  steamboats.  Capi- 
tal, Winnsborough.  Pop.  6162.  of  whom  2760  were  free,  and 
3402  slaves. 

FRAXKLIX,  a  county  of  .Arkansas,  situated  towards  the 
X'.W'.  part  of  the  state,  contains  770  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  .\rkansas  River,  which  divides  it  into  two 
nearly  equal  parts.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  of  the 
lowliinds  is  mostly  fertile.  Capital,  Ozark.  Pop.  7298,  of 
whom  6330  were  free. 

FR.\XKLIN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Tennessee,  border- 
ing on  .Maliama.  Area  estimated  at  7S0  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  head  streams  of  Elk  Kiver.  an  affluent  of  the 
Tennessee  River.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  particul.arly 
in  the  S.E.  part,  which  is  occupied  by  a  branch  of  the  Cum- 
berland Mountains.  The  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Water- 
power  is  very  abundant  on  Elk  River  and  its  branches. 
The  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  passes  thmugh  a 
mountiiin  by  a  tunnel  2200  feet  long:  and  the  Winchester 
and  Alabama  Railroad  h.as  its  N.  terminus  in  this  cnunty. 
Capital,  Winchester.  Pop.  13,848,  of  whom  10,297  were  free, 
and  3551  slaves. 

FRAXKLIX, a  countyin  the  N.central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  .it  2IjO  square  miles.  The  Kentucky 
River  flows  throuiih  the  middle,  and  Elkhorn  River  flows 
through  the  E.  part  into  the  former  stream.  The  surface  is 
finely  diversified,  undulating,  and  hilly.  Tht-  Iveiitucky 
River  in  this  county  flows  through  a  chasm  between  stivp 
cliffs  of  limestone  several  hundred  feet  high.  The  soil  is 
very  prwluctive,  and  much  improved.  The  i-ock  which  un- 
derlies the  county  is  the  blue  or  Trenton  limestone.  Quar- 
ries of  marble  are  also  worked  near  the  Kentucky  River. 
The  river  is  navlg.iblc  by  steambo.its  in  this  coxmty,  which 
is  intersected  by  the  Louisville  and  I.exington  Railroad. 
Organizeil  in  1794.  Frankfnrt  is  the  county  seat  and  capital 
of  the  state.    Pop.  12,694,  of  whom  9310  were  free,  ard  3384 


FRA 


FRA 


FKANKLIN,  a  county  of  Ohio,  situated  a  little  S.  of  the 
centre  of  the  state,  contains  5oO  square  miles.  ]t  is  drained 
by  the  Sciuto  and  Olentangy  Kivers,  and  by  Walnut  and 
Alum  Creeks.  The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  is  fertile,  and 
much  of  it  is  well  cultivated.  Four  important  railways 
radiate  from  Columbus  towards  the  chief  towns  of  the 
state,  and  several  plank-roads  have  been  laid  in  the  county. 
Franklin  is  the  fourth  county  of  the  state  in  respect  to  po- 
pulation, and  is  rapidly  improving.  Capital,  Columbus.  Pop. 
50.361. 

FRANKLIN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  border- 
ing on  Ohio,  contjiins  about  380  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  forks  of  Whitewater  Kiver,  which  Unite  near  the 
centre  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  level  in  some  parts 
find  hilly  in  others;  the  soil  contains  a  large  proportion  of 
lime,  and  is  mostly  fertile.  The  county  is  amply  supplied 
with  water-power,  and  has  manufactories  of  cotton,  paper, 
«nd  flour.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Whitewater  Canal.  Ex- 
tensive beds  of  blue  or  Trenton  limestone  are  found.  Or- 
ganized in  1810.    Capital,  Brookville.     Pop.  19.540. 

FKAMvLIN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Big  Mud- 
dy Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Saline  Creek.  It  is  heavily 
timbered ;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Capital,  Benton.  Pop. 
9393. 

FRANKLIX,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Mis.souri,  has  an 
area  of  874  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.^)y  Jli.s- 
Bouri  River,  intersected  by  the  Maramec  and  Riviere  au 
Bfleuf.  and  also  drained  by  Bourbeuse,  Berger,  St.  John's, 
and  Indian  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly  ; 
the  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  especially  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  along  the  other  streams.  Large  quantities  of  cop- 
per, lead,  and  iron  are  found  on  the  banks  of  Maramec 
Kiver  and  Bourbeuse  Creek.  Two  iron  furnaces  are  kept 
in  constant  operation.  Mines  of  copper  and  lead  have  been 
opened  in  numerous  places,  and  yield  good  profits.  It  is 
plentifully  supplied  with  water-power.  The  Maramec 
Kiver  has  been  navigated  by  small  steamboats  in  the 
county,  and  with  little  improvement  it  would  be  navigable 
to  the  Virginia  mines.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Pacific  Railway  and  by  tlie  southwest  liranch  of  the  same. 
Cajiit.il,  ITnion.     Pop.  18,085  of  whom  16,484  were  free. 

FRANKLIN,  a  new  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  about  600  square  mile.s.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Iowa  Kiver,  and  by  Otter  and  Pipe  Creeks,  tributaries  of 
Red  Cedar  Kiver.  This  county  is  not  included  in  the  census 
of  1850.     Pop.  in  1860,  1309. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Hancock  co., 
Maine,  at  the  head  of  Frenchman's  Bay,  30  miles  S.E.  of 
Bangor.     Pop.  1004. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Oxford  co.,  Jfaine. 

FR.4NKLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Merrimack 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  W.  side  of  Merrimack  River,  on 
the  Northern  Railroad,  19  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.  The 
inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures,  com- 
prising denims,  batting,  wieking,  warp-yarn,  iSrc.    Pop.  16(^)0. 

FltANKLIN,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  CO.,  Vermont, 
55  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1781. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Norfolk  co.. 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad,  27  miles 
S.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  2172. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  London 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  London  Willimantic  and  Pal- 
mer Railroad,  20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  London,  and  30 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  2358. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  Delaware  CO., 
New  York,  about  82  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.  The  village 
contains  3  or  4  churches,  an  academy,  about  a  dozen  stores, 
and  SUO  inliabitants.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3308. 

FRAN  K  LIN,  a  township,  Franklin  co.,  New  York.  P.  1105. 

FRAMCLIN,  a  township,  Bergen  CO.,  New  Jersey.  P. 2318. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Newark. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  177?. 

FR.\NKLIN,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,New  Jersey,con- 
tains  a  part  of  New  Brunswick.     Pop.  3599. 

FR.\NKLIN,  a  thriving  village  of  Sussex  co.,  New.Tersey, 
11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newton.  It  contiiins  a  Baptist  church,  2 
3ron  fcrges,  1  blast  furnace,  and  several  mills. 

FRAN  K  LI  \,  a  township,  Warren  co..  New  Jersey.  P.  1902. 

FRANKMN,  township,  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.2115. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1391. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  2674. 

FRANKLTN,a township,Beaverco., Pennsylvania.  P.696. 

FRANKLIN,atown6hip,Bradfordco.,Pennsylvania.P.998. 

FRAN  K  LIN,  a  township,  Butler  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1132. 

Fli  AN  IvLIN,  a  township,  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  979. 

FRANKLIN,  township,  Fayetteco., Pennsylvania.  P.1418. 
VRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
c  <i tains  Waynesburg,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  1376. 

ifRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.  Pennsylya- 
bid.    Pop.  1551. 


FRANKLIN,  township,  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  759. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township,  Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylva 
nia.     I'op.  805. 

FRANKLIN,  a  thriving  post-borough, capital  of  Venango 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  French  Creek,  just  above  its  entrance 
into  the  Alleglumy  River,  212  miles  W.N.W.  of  Harrlsburg 
and  68  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  the  S.  terminus  of  a  rail 
road  which  connects  at  Meadville  with  the  Atlantic  and 
Great  Western  R.R.  Its  growth  has  received  a  great  im- 
pulse from  the  trade  in  rock  oil.  Small  steamboats  ply  be- 
tween this  town  and  Pittsburg.  Franklin  contains  a  court- 
house, 5  churches,  2  academies,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  of- 
fices, 10  hotels,  and  4  oil  refineries.  It  was  laid  out  in  1795. 
Pop.  in  1850,  936;  in  1860, 1303;  in  1865,  about  5000. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  M'estmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1760. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township,  York  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1017. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland,  on  the 
South  Branch  of  Patapsco  River,  34  miles  N.  of  Annapolis. 

FKANKLIN,a  post-village,  capital  of  Pendleton  Co.,  West 
Virginia,  on  the  South  Branch  of  the  Potoniiic,  about  ICO 
miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Southampton  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Blackwater  River,  and  on  the  Portsmouth  and  Roar 
noke  Railroad,  88  miles  S.S.E.  of  Richmond. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Macon  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Tennessee  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
Western  Turnpike.  325  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  mountainous  region. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Heard  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  145  miles  W. 
of  Milledgeville.  Water-power  is  abundant  in  the  vicinity. 
Franklin  has  a  good  court-house,  and  a  new  bridge  across 
the  river. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Alabama,  on  th3 
Chattahoochee  River,  about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Montgomery. 
It  contains  5  stores.    Pop.  about  250. 

FRANKEIN,  a  village  in  Macon  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
Montgomery  and  AVest  Point  Railroad,  45  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Montgomery. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  ol  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi,  00 
miles  N.  of  .Tackson. 

FR.\NKLIN.a  thriving  post-town  and  portof  entry,  capi- 
tal of  St.  Mary's  parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
river  Techg,  65  miles  by  water  fioiji  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
125  miles  S.S.W.  of  Baton  Rouge.  It  is  hituated  in  a  rich 
planting  district,  and  has  an  active  trade.  Cotton,  sugar, 
and  maize  ar»  exported  by  the  river,  which  is  navigated  by 
large  steamers.  The  shipping  of  the  port,  (Teche  District,) 
June  30,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  2158  tons,  en- 
rolled and  licensed,  of  which  1219  tons  were  employed  iu 
steamboat  navigation.     Pop.  about  1400. 

FRAN  KLIN,  a  post-village,  capitiil  of  Robertson  co.,  Texas, 
about  90  miles  N.E.  of  Austin. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-township  in  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  501. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Arkansas. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  in  Izard  co.,  Arkansas. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  in  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  in  Union  co.,  Arkansas. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Williamson  CO., 
Tennessee,  on  the  llariieth  River,  18  miles  S.  of  Nashville, 
and  on  the  Nashville  and  Decatur  R.R.  Franklin  contains 
a  bank,  a  cotton  factory,. an  iron  foundry,  and  2  newspaper 
offices.  Here  was  fought  a  severe  but  indecisive  battle 
between  Gen.  Hood  and  Gen.  Schofield,  Nov.  30,  1864. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Simpson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Drake's  Creek,  150  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It 
contains  2  churches,  and  about  800  inhabitants. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2261. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1172. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  3240. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  991. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1034. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  983. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1686. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1016. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  and  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio., 
14  miles  N.W.  of  Cadiz,  the  county-seat.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
about  200 ;  of  the  township,  1216. 

FRAN  KLIN,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  1434. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Licking  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  980. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  654. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  156L 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-township  iu  the  E.part  of  Morrow  co. 
Ohio.    Pop.  1256. 

FRAN  K  LIN,  a  township  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1557 

FRAN  KLIN,  a  township  ofRichland  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1128 

FRANI\.LIN,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  883. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  828. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  near  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  Canal,  and  on 

709 


FRA 


FRA 


•he  left  bank  of  Miami  River,  33  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  by 
E.  of  Clncirnati.  I\  Is  one  of  the  largest  villages  in  the 
county,  and  has  4  chnrc' :es,  1  national  bank,  and  a  high- 
Bchool.  The  railroa  i  betw  een  Cincinnati  and  Dayton  passes 
quite  near  this  place.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  1200 ;  of 
the  township.  2967. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Wavne  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1368. 

FUAXKLIN,  a  township  of  Lenawee  co^  Michigan, 
pop.  1457. 

FRANKLIN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michi- 
gan, 21  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit,  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the 
sources  of  Rouge  River.  It  has  a  good  water-power,  and 
contains  several  mills  and  stores. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.   P.  1208. 

FRANKLIN,  a  towrship  of  Floyd  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  769. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Hendricks  co^  Indiana. 
Pop.  1152. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1430. 

FRANKLIN,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township,  ca- 
pital of  Johnson  co.,  Indiana,  on  Young's  Creek,  and  on  the 
Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  In- 
dianapolis, and  66  miles  N.AV.  of  JIadi.son.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal station  on  this  railroad  between  the  two  cities  above 
named.  The  railroad  was  opened  from  Madison  to  this 
point  in,lS46.  since  which  time  the  population  of  Franklin 
has  been  tripled,  and  its  business  has  increased  in  a  much 
higher  ratio.  Franklin  is  the  E.  terminus  of  a  railroad 
leading  to  Martinsville,  and  of  a  plank-road  al)0ut  20  miles 
in  length,  which  extends  to  a  branch  of  AVhite  River  at 
Moorsville.  Franklin  College,  at  this  place,  is  a  flourishing 
Institution,  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  The  village 
contains  a  large  county  seminarv.  and  about  5  churches. 
Pop.  of  the  village  in  1S60,  about  20"00 ;  of  the  townshii),  2367. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  951. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  JIarion  co.,  Indiana.    P.  2000. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  15S2. 

F 1!  A  N  KLTN,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1327. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Putnam  CO.,  Indiana.   P.  1259. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Ripley  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  2115. 

FR.\NKLIN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1431. 

FIIANKLIN,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1283. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  and  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illi- 
nois.   Pop.  936. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  De  Witt  co.,  Illinois,  on  Salt 
Creek,  40  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois. 

FltANKLIX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Morgan  Co., 
Illinois,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Jacksonville.    Pop.  1440. 

FR.^N'KLIN,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Missouri. 

Fit  AN  KLIN,  a  ix)st-village  and  township  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa, 
24  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Keokuk  City.    Tofcil  pop.  1690. 

FR.\NKLIN',  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa,  about  60 
miles  S.  of  Des  Moiues. 

FHAXKLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremitj'  of  Milwaukie  co.,  Wisconsin,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Mil- 
waukie.  The  village  has  2  stores  and  2  hotels.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1773. 

FRANKLIN  BAY,  on  the  N.  coast  of  North  America,  be- 
tween Port  Fitton  and  Cape  Parry,  and  intersected  by  the 
meridian  of  125°  W. 

FRANKLIN  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

FRANKLIN  CITY,  a  post-village  in  Norfolk  co.,  Mas.«Ui- 
chusetts.  30  miles  S.W.  of  BostonV 

FRANKLIN  COLLEGE,  a  post-village  of  Djivid.son  co.. 
Tennessee,  a  short  distance  from  Nashville.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Franklin  College  which  was  founded  in  184.5,  and  in  1852 
had  80  students  and  a  library  of  2500  volumes. 

FRANKLIN  COLLKGE,  Georgia.     See  .\thes-s. 

FRANKLIN  WLLKGE;  Ohio.    See  New  Athens. 

FRANKLIN  COLLEGE,  Louisiana.    See  Opelousas. 

FRANKLIN  COHNEItS.  a  no.st-oflice  of  Erie  co.,  Penn. 

FR.\NKLIN  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Darke  county,  and 
£Mls  into  the  Miami  River  in  Butler  county. 

FRANK'LINDALE\  a  thriving  post-village  of  Fishkill 
township,  Dutchess  co..  New  York,  on  Wappinger's  Creek, 
about  65  miles  N.  of  New  York.  A  fall  in  the  creek  here 
affords  an  exten.sive  water-power,  employed  for  numerous 
mills.  The  village  contains  churches  of  4  or  5  denomina- 
tions, and  exten.sive  cotton  factories,  print-works,  Ac.  which 
furnish  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  The  name 
Of  the  post-office  is  Wappinger's  Falls.     Pop.  about  1200. 

FRANKLINDALE,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
T  »nia. 

FRANKLIN  DEPOT,  a  postofflce  of  Southampton  co., 
Virginia. 

FKANKLIN  FALLS,  a  po.st-village  of  Franklin  co..  New 
lork.on  the  Saranac  River,  about  35  miles  S.S.E. of  Malone. 
A  fall  In  the  river  here  affords  good  water-power,  which  is 
employed  in  manufacturing  lumber.  In  1852  a  ct>nflagra- 
tton  destroyed  the  entire  village,  with  the  exception  of  two 
small  hou.ses,  but  it  has  since  been  mostly  rebuilt.  A  plank- 
road,  with  but  4  miles  of  interruption,  connects  it  with 


Keeseville.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  employed  in  the 
lumber  bu.siness. 

FRANKLIN  FURNACE,  a  post-village  in  Hardiston 
town.sbip,  Sussex  CO..  New  Jersej-.  is  situated  on  the  Wal- 
kill  River,  about  11  miles  in  a  straight  line  N.E.  of  Newton. 
It  has  a  large  blast  furnace  for  making  pig-iron,  and  a  cu- 
pola furnace  for  m.iking  stoves  and  plough  castings. 

FRANKLIN  FURNACE,  a  post-village  of  Sdoto  co.,  Ohio, 
ne.ir  the  Ohio  River,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Portsmouth. 

FRANKLIN  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co..  Illinois. 

FRANKLIN  ISLAND,  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean.  Lat.  76^ 
8'  S.,  Ion.  16S°  12'  E.  It  is  12  miles  long,  and  composed  en- 
tirely of  igneous  rocks.    Discovered  by  Sir  James  Ross, 

FliANKLIN  ISLAND,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  entrance 
to  St.  George's  River,  Maine.  At  the  N.  end  is  a  fixed  light, 
50  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  43°  51'  N.,  Ion.  69= 
10'  W. 

FRANKLIN  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Pacific,  off  the  S. 
coast  of  .\ustralia.  lat.  3-2°  32'  S.,  Ion.  133°  35'  E. 

FKANKLIN  MILLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin 
township.  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cuyahoga  lUver,  and  on 
the  Mahoning  Canal,  6  miles  W.  of  Ravenna,  the  county 
seat,  and  134  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  river  has  a  fall 
of  40  feet  at  this  place,  affording  abundant  water-power, 
which  is  partly  improved.  The  village  is  the  seat  of  flourish- 
ing manulactories  of  wool,  glass,  and  flour.  It  coutaius  4 
or  5  churches.  1  bank,  and  about  1400  inhabitants. 

FRANKLIN  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co, 
Georgia. 

FRANKLIN  SQU.A.RE,  a  post-village  of  Salem  township, 
Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road, 155  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  contains  2  or  3  stores, 
several  mills,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

FRANK'LINTON.  a  village  of  Schoharie  co^  New  York, 
about  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Mbany. 

FRANKLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  railroad  from  Gaston  to  Raleigh.  27  miles 
N.E.  of  the  latter.  It  has  grown  up  since  the  construction 
of  the  railroad. 

FRANKLINTON,  a  post-village,  cipital  of  Wa.shington 
parish,  Louisiana,  on  Bogue  Chitto,  68  miies  N.  of  New  Or- 
leans. 

FRANKLINTON,  a  village  of  Henry  co,  Kentucky,  8 
miles  K.  of  Newcastle. 

FRANKLINTON,  a  village  of  Fr.anklin  co.,  Ohio,  on  th« 
W.  side  of  Scioto  River,  opposite  Columbus,  was  the  first 
seat  of  justice. 

FRANK'LINTOWN,  a  post-village  of  I'ork  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  18  miles  S.AV.  of  Harrisburg,  has  about  100 
inhabitants. 

FRANK'LINVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Catta- 
raugus CO.,  New  York,  13  miles  E.  of  Ellicottville.  and  about 
45  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo.  The  village  is  situated  in  the 
valley  of  Ischua  Creek,  and  contains  about  800  inhabitants. 
Pop.  of  the  township  1819. 

FRAN  KLIN  VILLE,  a  village  of  Es.sex  co_  New  Jersej-, 
!»bout  10  miles  N.W.  of  New  York,  contains  a  chui-ch,  and 
perhaps  25  dwellings. 

FRANKLINVILLE,  formerly  LITTLE  EASE,  a  small 
village  of  Gloucester  CO.,  New  Jersey,  16  miles  S.SJ-2.  of 
Woodbury. 

FRANKLINVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Montour  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FR.VNKLINVILLE.  a  pos^office  of  Carroll  co..  Maryland. 

FRANKLINVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  R.indulph 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  Deep  River,  70  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 
It  h.is  a  fine  water-power,  and  a  cotton  factory. 

FR.\NKLINA"1LLE,  a  small  vill.age  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois. 

FRANKLINVILLE,  a  small  vUlage  of  McIIeury  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Ki.shwaukee  prairie. 

I'R.\N  K  PIERCE,  (peerce,)  a  post-office  of  Johnson  cclowa. 

FRANKREICII.  FKANKRYK  or  FRANKR1JK,FRANK- 
RIGE.  and  FRANKRIKE.    See  Fraxcb. 

FR.\NKS  ISLAND  LIGHT/HOUSE,  on  Frank's  Island, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Mississippi  River,  by  the  N.E.  Pass. 
It  shows  a  fixtKi  light  78  feet  above  the  level  of  the  gul£ 
Lat.  29°  S'  30"  N..  Ion.  S9°  1'  24"  W. 

FRANKSTADT,  frduk'stitt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  So  milei 
E.N.E.  of  Prerau.     Pop.  .".200. 

FRANKSTADT  or  FRENSTADT,  frju'stdtt,  a  town  of 
Moravia,  circle,  and  22miles  N.N.W.  of  Olniutz.     P.  1680. 

FRANKSrroWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Blair  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Frankstowu  branch  of  Juniata  Rivei, 
and  on  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  3  miles  E.  of  Uollidays- 
burg.    Pop.  13l3. 

FRANKS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Claiborne  parish,  Loui 
sianii. 

FRANKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Warwick. 

FRANKTOW.V.a  post-office,  Nortliampton  co.,  Virginia. 

F1{jVNKT0\VN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  ot 
Lanark,  9  miles  S.  of  Carleton  Place,  and  15  miles  from  Perth. 
Pop.  about  100. 

FRANK  VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  cf .,  Maryland. 

FRANS/HAM.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Eujdand.  lo.  of  Norfolk 

FRA>;SHAM,  UTTLii  a  pai  ish  of  Eus^ntJ,  Kx  of  iir>rfoik. 


FKA 


FEE 


FRANSO'NIA,  a  post-office,  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois. 

FRANT  or  FANT,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Kent  and 
Sussex,  3  miles  S.  of  Tunbridge- Wells.  Here  are  the  ruins 
of  Beigham  Abbey. 

FRANZBURG,  fr^ntsTjCCRG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  14  miles  S.W.  of  Stralsund,  on  a  lake  at  the 
source  of  the  Little  Trelel.    Pop.  lU-l. 

FRANZEXSBRUXNEN,  frants'fns-brMn'nen,  FRANZ- 
ENSBKUXX,  fri,nts'gns-brd<5nn\  ("Francis'  Spring,")  or 
FRAXZKNSBAD,  fdnts'gns-biltN  ("Francis'  Bath,'')  a  vil- 
lage of  Bohemia,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Klbogen,  with  culo- 
l)rat«!d  bath  establifhments,  from  which  200,000  jars  of 
mineral  water  are  exported  innually.  Named  in  honor  of 
one  of  the  German  empercrs. 

FRANZKXTIIAL,  frints'gn-tir,  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  lieitmeritz,  on  the  Pulsnitz.     Pop.  1484. 

FRAXZOSE  and  FRANZOSIVH.     See  Fl!A^•CE. 

FRASCAKOLO,  frils-ka-ro/lo,  (L.  i^r)scaj7o;«»i.)a  village  of 
Piedmont,  30  miles  N.  of  Novara.  on  the  Po.     Pop.  1673. 

FRASCATI,  frls-kff  tee,  (anc.  Tus'culum.)  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  in  the  Pontifiail  States,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Rome. 
Pop.  4975.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  one  of  the  lower 
Alban  hills,  and  comprises  a  modern  cathedral,  with  monu- 
ments to  Cardinal  York  and  his  brother  Prince  Charles 
Edward,  the  pretender,  who  died  here  on  the  31st  of  Janu- 
ary, 17SS,  an  old  cathedral,  an  episcopal  palace,  formerly  a 
fortress,  various  convents,  churches,  and  fountains,  a  public 
seminary,  and  the  villas  Aldobrandini,  Bracciano,  Mondra- 
gone,  and  Ruffinella,  the  hist  of  which  belonged  to  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  and  has  in  its  precincts  a  planted  hill  called 
"Parnassus."  On  the  crest  of  the  hill,  above  this  domain, 
are  the  remains  of  Tusculum,  the  birthplace  of  Cato,  and 
femous  as  the  residence  of  Cicero,  Lucullus,  and  Mipcenas. 
It  was  totiilly  destroyed  by  the  Romans  in  1191,  and  now  com- 
prises only  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre,  a  theatre,  and  bath.s. 

FR.\SERBURGII,  fr.a'zfi'-biirVtih,  a  seaport  town,  muni- 
cipal burgh,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  CO.,  and  37  miles  X.  of 
Aberdeen.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851, 3093.  It  has  a  harbor,  con- 
sidered one  of  the  best  on  the  X.E.  coast  of  Scotland;  large 
herring  fisheries,  and  considerable  exports  of  grain  and  dried 
fish.  The  municipal  government  is  under  the  control  of  Lord 
Saltoun.  provost,  whose  seat,  Pilorth  House,  is  in  this  parish- 

FR.\SXES,  frds'uSs.  or  frin,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  11  miles  X.E.  of  Tournay.    Pop.  4043. 

FRASSIXETO-D'IVREA,  fris-se-nA'to-dee-vrA'd,  a  villase 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ivreii.     P.  214.'!. 

FRASSIXETTO  or  FRASSIXETTO-DI-PO,  frds-se-njf to- 
dee-po,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Alessan- 
dria.   Pop.  2087. 

FRASSIXO,  frSssee'no.  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
19  miles  X.W.  of  Coni.     Pop.  1098. 

FRASSO,  frds'.so,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  12  miles  E.X.E.  of  Caserta.     Pop.  4000. 

FRASTAXZ,  frds'tints.  a  village  of  Austria.  Tyrol,  on  the 
111,  about  4  miles  fi  om  Feldkirchen.    Pop.  1521. 

FRAT.    See  Euphrates. 

FRA'TIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Essex. 

FRATTA,  frdl'tff.  a  small  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
State  ofUmbria^lSl^  miles  N.ofPerugia,on  the  Tiber.  I'.1226. 

FRATTA,  LA,  ll  frdt/td,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  7  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Rovigo,  with  many  handsome  country  houses. 
Pop.  2000. 

FRATTA  MAGGIORE.  MtHi  mid-jo'r.A,  a  city  of  Naples, 
in  the  district  of  Casoria,  0  miles  N.  of  Naples.  Pop.  8500. 
Fratta  is  also  the  name  of  a  small  river  of  North  Italy,  tri- 
butiiry  to  the  Brenta. 

FRATTK,  frdfti.  a  village  of  It.ily,  in  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  13  miles  X.?.  of  Qaeta.    Pop.  2900. 

FRATTE,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Marches,  16 
miles  S.K.  of  Urbino.     Pop.  1072. 

FRAUBKUXX,  frCwt  roon.  or  FRAUKNBRUNN,  frow'en- 
broon\  (the  -'Virgin's  Fountain;"  L.  Fons  Bna'tcv  Virlfiinis. 
'•Fountain  of  the  iSlessed  Virgin,")  a  vUlage  of  Switzerland, 
10  mUes  X.X.E.  of  Bern. 

FRAUEXBURG.  fr6w'en-bO«RG\  a  town  of  Prussia,  42 
miles  S.W.  of  Konigsberg,  on  the  Frische-IIaff.  Pop.  23S0. 
Here,  in  the  cathedral  of  Ermeland,  is  the  tomb  of  Coper- 
nicus. 

FRAUEXFELD,  fr6w'en-fJlt\  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
Thurgau,  on  the  Murg,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Zurich.  Pop.  2858, 
It  has  cotton  mills,  dyeins.  and  print  works. 

FRAUEXKIRCHEX,  fr6w'en-k66R'Ken,  or  BOLDOG-AS- 
ZOXY,  bordosh'-3s'soB',  a  market-town"  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Wieselburg.  9  miles  S.S.R.  of  Xeusiedl.     Pop.  2100. 

FRAUEXMARKT,  frCw'en-maRkt',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Honth,  66  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pesth.     P.  2.358. 

FKAUEXSTETN,  frOw'en-strne\  a  town  of  Saxony.  20 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Dresden,  with  1107  inhabitants,  a  castle,  a 
»ilver  mine,  dve  works,  and  linen  manufactures. 

FRAUSTADT,  frSw'stdtt,  a  frontier  town,  of  Pru.ssian- 
Poland,  48  miles  S.S.A\  .  uf  Posen.  Pop.  5310.  It  has  a  Lu- 
theran and  3  F.oman  Catholic  churches,  a  college,  barracks, 
an  orphan  asylum,  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen,  &c. 

FRAYLES,  LOS,  loee  irVMs,  several  small  islands,  groups 
in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  off  the  a.  cost  coast  of  Hay  ti. 


FRA'ZER,  a  po.st-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FRAZER  (fra'zer)  RIVER,  in  British  North  inu-rica.  W. 
of  the  basin  of  the  Columbia,  enters  the  Guif  of  Georgia, 
opposite  Vancouver  Island,  in  lat.  45°  N.  Forts  George, 
Alexandria,  and  Langley,  are  on  its  banks. 

FRA'ZKRSBURG,  a  post-villxige  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  Canal.  61  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

FR  A'ZI  ER'S  BOTTOM,  a  post-ofiice  of  Putnam  eo.,  Virginia. 

FREAS'BURO,  a  village  of  Saieni  co..  New  Jersey,  12  milts 
S.E.  of  Salem. 

FREASE'S  STORE,  a  po.st-office  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio. 

FKECHEN,  fr^K'eh,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Pru.ssia,  22  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop.  2(340.  It  has  manufactures  of 
earthenware. 

FRECHEXFELD,  frJK'en-filt',  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in 
the  Palatinate,  S.  of  L.andau.     Pop.  1420. 

FRECIIILLA,  fnA-cheel/yi,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  21 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Valencia.    Pop.  1706. 

FRECK'EXI1A:M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FRECKEXIIORST.  frek'kgn-hoEst\  a  town  of  I'russia.  pro- 
vince of  Westphalia.  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Munster.     I'op.  1510. 

FRECKLETOX,  frjk'jl-ton,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

FREDEBURG,fri'deh-b5oRa\atown  of  Prussia,  Westpha- 
lia, 18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Arnsberg.    Pop.  739. 

FREDKXSBORG,  frA/dens-boRG\  a  Danish  fort,  on  the 
Guinea  co,ast,  with  the  village  Xingo.  30  miles  X.E.  of  Accra. 

I'REB'ERICA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Del.v 
ware,  on  Jlotherkill  Creek,  13  miles  S.  of  Dover.  It  has  2 
churches,  2  hotels,  and  about  10  stores. 

FREDERICA,  a  small  post-village  of  Glynn  co.,  Georgia, 
is  situated  on  St.  Simon's  Sound,  about  70  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Sjivannah. 

FRliDERICIA,  fred'eh-rish'e-i,  or  FRIDKRICIA,  fre-deh- 
rish'e-2,  a  seaport-town  in  Denmark,  North  Jutland,  baili- 
wick, and  ■IS  miles  S.E.  of  Weile.  on  a  tongue  at  the  N.  en- 
trance of  the  Little  Belt.  It  is  a  regular  fortress,  with 
nine  bastions,  and  three  ravelins  on  the  laud  side,  and 
two  bastions  towards  the  sea.  It  is  entered  by  four  gates ; 
contains  4  churches,  a  synagogue,  an  hospital,  and  a  cus- 
tom-house, at  which  all  ships  passing  through  the  Little 
Belt,  pay  toll;  and  has  a  harbor  of  the  fourtli  class,  with  12 
feet  of  water,  some  shipping,  and  considerable  manufactures 
of  tobacco,  which  is  grown  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  46(10. 

Fl'iKD'KRICK,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Maryland,  bor- 
dering on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  770  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Potomac  Itiver,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Virginia,  intersected  by  Moiiocacy  River,  and 
also  drained  by  Catoctin,  Pipe,  Linganore.  and  Bennett's 
Creek.s.  The  South  Mountain,  a  continuation  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  of  Virginia,  forms  its  western  boundary,  and  the  sur- 
face is  generally  undulating.  The  soil  in  different  parts  is 
formed  of  decomposed  limestone  and  slate,  and  is  highly 
productive.  According  to  the  census  of  1850.  this  county  pro- 
duced 23,838  tons  of  hay,  and  723,064  pounds  of  Imtter.  more 
of  each  than  any  other  county  in  the  state.  The  limestone 
which  underlies  the  surface  is  of  superior  quality:  a  quarry 
of  fine  white  marble  has  been  opened  in  the  county,  which 
also  contains  valuable  mines  of  copper,  iron,  and  manganese. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, and  has  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  on  its  S.W. 
bortler.  Capital,  Frederick.  Pop.  46,591,  of  whom  43,348 
were  free,  an<l  3243  slaves. 

FREDERICIC.  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  378  square  miles.  The  Ope<iuan.  Sleepy,  and 
Black  Creeks,  affluents  of  the  Potomac,  ri.se  within  it  and 
flow  N.E.  The  surfiice  is  beautifully  diversified  with  moun- 
tain scenery :  the  principal  elev.ation  is  the  North  Moun- 
tain, extending  along  the  W.  border.  The  county  occupies 
part  of  the  Great  Valley  of  Virginia,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
wealthy  and  highly  cultivated  in  the  state.  Blue  limestone 
underlies  a  large  portion  of  the  surface.  The  streams  fur- 
nish abundant  motive-power  for  mills  and  factories.  A  rail- 
road extends  from  Harper's  Ferry  to  Winchester,  the  capit.al 
of  the  county.  Turnpike  ro.>ids  radiate  in  several  directions 
from  the  latter  town.  Formed  in  1738.  Pop.  16,546,  of  whom 
14.287  wore  free,  and  2259  slaves. 

FRKDERICK,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 15  miles  N.N.W^.  of  Norristown,  drained  by  Per- 
kiomen  Creek.     Pop.  1783. 

FREDERICK,  a  village  of  Ban-en  co.,  Kentucky,  17  miles 
N.E.  of  Glasgow. 

FREDERICK,  a  township  in  Knox  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  712. 

FREDERICK,  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  about 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

FRKDKRICK,  a  township  in  Schuyler  CO.,  Illinois.  P.  553. 

FREDERICK  CITY,  capital  of  Frederick  CO.,  Maryland,  is 
situated  2  miles  W.  of  the  Monocacy  River,  44  miles  X.W. 
of  Washington,  and  65  miles  by  railroad  W.  of  B.iltiniore. 
.4.  branch  railroad  3  miles  long,  connects  it  with  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Riiilroud.  It  is  the  second  or  third  city  of 
the  state  in  wealth  and  commercial  importance,  and  in 
population.  The  houses  are  gener.ally  built  of  brick  or 
stone ;  the  streets  are  wide  and  straight,  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.    The  town  contains  a  handsome  court-house, 

711 


THE 


FRE 


11  chnirhes,  (PresTiyterian,  Episcopalian,  Methodist,  Bap- 
tist, German  Lutheran.  German  Calvinist,  and  Roman 
Catliolic.)  3  banks,  a.  college,  an  academy,  and  other  semi- 
naries, 2  newspiiper  offices,  and  6  large  tanneries.  It  has 
also  manufactories  of  iron,  wool,  paper,  flour,  &c.  Pop.  in 
1850.  60-28:  in  ISBO.  Sl-li. 

FRED'ERICK  IIEXRY,  a  bay  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Tas- 
mania. (Van  Diemen's  Land.)  9  miles  E.  of  IIobart-Town. 

FKEDEKICKSBEKG,  frJd'eh-iiks-b^RG\  FUEDEIUCKS- 
BORG, frJd'eriks-l)ORG\ or  IIILLEKOD. (Hillerod.) hillf-riidN 
a  village  of  Denmark,  province  of  Seeland,  21  miles  N'.X.W. 
of  Copenhagen,  with  a  paUice,  the  usual  summer  residence 
of  the  Danish  royal  family. 

FRED'KRICKS130RG\  a  citadel  of  Sweden,  15  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Stockholm,  and  defendinji  the  entrance  to  its  harbor. 

FRED'ERICKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Lebanon  co.,  Penn- 
eylvania.  lU  niiKs  N.  of  Ltbanon.     Pop.  469. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  the  chief  town  of  Spottsylvania  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rappahannock  River,  at 
the  head  of  tide  water,  05  miles  X.  of  Richmond.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  and  has  advantages 
for  commerce  and  manufactures.  The  railroad  from  Wash- 
ington to  Richmond  passes  through  the  town,  and  a  canal 
has  been  constructed  from  this  place  to  a  point  on  the  river 
40  miles  above.  The  river  affords  extensive  water-power. 
Large  quantities  of  fine  granite  and  freestone  are  found  in 
the  vicinity.  It  contjiins  5  churches,  1  orphan  asylum,  2 
seminaries,  3  or  4  newspaper  offices,  and  2  banks.  Pop.  in 
1840,  3974;  in  1S50,  4062;  in  1860,  5022.  The  Union  troops 
having  attacked  tlio  Confederate  fortifications  near  this 
place,  were  repulsed  Doc.  13, 1802. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gillespie 
CO.,  Texas.  65  miles  in  a  straight  Hue  W.  by  S.  of  Austin. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  Kentucky.    See  Warsaw. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  S.aU,  Creek 
township,  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Wooster. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Blue  River,  about  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Salem. 

FREDERICKSBUKG,  a  post-ofHce  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri. 

FREDE'RICKSBUKG,  a  vill.age  of  South  Africa,  Cape 
Colony,  district  of  Albany,  28  miles  N.E.  of  B.ithurst. 

FREDERICKSIIALD,  fr&d'er-iks-hdldN  or  FREDERICK- 
SII.'^.LL,  frJd'er-iks-hdlP,  a  maritime  town  of  Norway,  stift 
of  Aggershuus.  on  a  small  river,  near  the  X.E.  angle  of  the 
Skager-rack.  58  miles  S.S.E.  of  Christiania,  Pop.  5503.  It  is 
femous  for  its  strong  fortress,  Frederickstein,  at  the  siege 
of  which  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  was  killed,  December  11th, 
1718.  The  town  is  singularly  picturesque.  The  streets  are 
wide  and  regular,  houses  mostly  of  two  stories,  and  built 
«ince  a  destructive  conflagration  in  1759.  It  has  an  active 
trade  in  timber  and  iron;  manufivctures  linens  and  tobacco. 

FREDERICKSHALL.  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia. 

FREDERICK'S  OORD,  fred'er-iks  oad,  a  piiuper  colony 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Drenthe,  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Steenwyk.  It  was  f  mnded  in  1818 ;  and  a  great  number  of 
paupers  are  profitably  employed  there  by  the  state  in  agri- 
cultural occupations,  brick  making,  spinning,  and  weaving. 

FREDERICKSSTAD,  frfd'fr-ik-stld\  or  FREDERICK- 
STADT,  frfd'gr-ik-stitt\  a  fortified  town  of  Norway,  stift  of 
Aggershuus,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Glommen,  48  miles  S.E.  of 
Christiana.  Pop.  2673.  It  has  an  arsenal,  harbor,  and  a 
tobacco  factorv. 

FREDERICKSSTADT,  frfd'er-ik-6t3tt'  or  FRIEDRICH- 
STADT.  freed'riK-stitt\  a  town  of  Denmark,  province,  and  23 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Sleswick,  on  the  Eider,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
North  Se!i.  Pop.  2500.  It  was  founded  in  1C21  by  the  Ar- 
minians  driven  from  Holland  by  the  decisions  of  the  Synod 
of  Dort  It  is  built  in  the  Dutch  style,  and  has  Lutheran, 
Roman  Catholic,  and  other  churches,  a  synagogue,  ship- 
yards, and  woollen  manufactures. 

FREDERICKSVARN.  FREDERIKSVARK,  ic    See  Frb- 

PERIKSVARX.  FREPEKIKSV.\RK,  &C. 

FREDERICKSTADT,  a  town  of  Russi.i,  goTernment  of 
Courland,  on  the  Dwina,  48  miles  E.  of  Mitau. 

FREDERICKSTED,  frfd'gr-ik-stM\  a  town  of  the  Danish 
island  of  .Santa  Cruz,  in  the  West  Indies,  on  its  AV.  coast, 
with  2400  inhal>itants.  a  fort,  and  a  roadstead. 

FRED'ERICKSVILLE,  post-office,  Berks  co..Pennsvlvania. 

FREDERICKSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-vUlage  of  Schuyler 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Illinois  River,  80  miles  below  Peoria.  It 
is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  the  produce  of  the  county. 

FREIVERICKTOWN,  a  seaport-town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co 
if  Cumberland,  at  the  head  of  Wallace  Bay,  on  a  small  es- 
tuary, about  82  miles  N,  of  Halifax, 

FREDERICKTOWN.  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Beech  Fork  of  Salt  River,  8  miles  N.W.  of 
Springfield. 

FREDEKICKTOWN,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Psndv  aud  Beaver  Canal,  168  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

FREDERICKTOWN,  a  flourishing  and  well-built  post- 
village  of  Knox  CO..  Ohio,  on  Vernon  River,  and  on  the  rail- 
road from  Sandusky  to  Newark.  aViout  50  miles  N.E.  of 
Col  imbus.  It  has  a  Union  school.  The  river  furnishes 
water-power,  which  \s  employed  in  saw,  flour,  aud  carding 
mUls.    Pop.  in  IbaO,  712;  in  1800,  7S4. 

'.a 


FREDERICKTOWN.  a  post-office  of  Marlon  co..  Illinois. 

FREDERICKTOWN.  a  jmst-village,  capital  of  Madison  co.^ 
Missouri.  158  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  has  a  brick 
court-house.  1  or  2  churches,  and  several  hundred  inhabit- 
ants.    Copper  and  lead  .are  found  iu  the  vicinity. 

FRED'ERICTON,a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  New  Brun» 
wick,  capital  of  the  province,  and  of  York  co.,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  River  St.  John,  60  mUes  in  a  direct 
line  N.N.W.  of  St,  John' ;  Lat.  45<^  65'  N.,  Ion.  45°  32'  30''  W. 
The  streets  are  regularly  laid  out.  some  of  them  being  1  mile 
long.  and.  for  the  most  part,  continuously  built  with  wooden 
houses.  The  public  buildings  comprise  the  Province  Hall, 
where  the  provincial  assembly  .and  the  coui-ts  of  justice  a.s- 
eemble.  the  Government  House,  churches  of  the  Episcopar 
lians,  I'resbyterians,  Baptists,  Methodists,  and  Roman  Catho- 
lics. The  river,  which  is  here  J  mile  wide,  is  navigable  to 
this  point,  80  miles  from  the  Bay  of  Fuudy.  for  sea-going 
vessels  of  120  tons;  small  ste:imers  ascend  65  miles  above 
the  town,  to  W'oodstock,  and  occasionally  a  trip  is  made  to 
the  Grand  Falls,  a  distance  of  about  75  miles  from  Wood- 
stock. In  1849  the  sum  of  $40,000  was  appropriated  by  the 
legislature  of  New  Brunswick  to  be  expended  at  the  i-ale  of 
S8000  per  annum  in  improving  the  navigation  of  the  St. 
John's  .above  Fredericton.  The  work  of  removing  obstruc- 
tions was  commenced  in  1850,  and  it  is  thought  that  by  the 
end  of  1S55  the  river  will  be  entirely  free,  and  that  steamers 
of  light  draught  will  be  enabled  to  ascend  without  hin- 
drance from  the  B;iy  of  Fundy  to  the  Grand  Falls.  Frederic- 
ton  was  m.ide  a  port  of  entry  iu  1S4S,  since  which  it  has  be- 
come the  chief  entrepOt  of  commerce  with  the  interior, 
receiving  large  quantities  of  British  merchandise  for  dis- 
tribution in  the  province,  while  the  timber  and  lumbei 
from  the  upper  districts  are  collected  here  before  thej-  are 
floated  down  for  exportation  to  St.  John,  with  which  place 
there  is  a  regular  communication  by  steamers.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  not  less  than  50.000  persons  were  transported 
by  steamers  between  St.  John  and  Fredericton  in  1851, 
during  which  year  two  vessels  eutered  the  port  from  Bos- 
ton. Fredericton  was  formerly  called  St.  Aune.  Pop.  in 
1852.  4458. 

FREDERIKSHAMN,  fr5d'er-ikshlm\  or  HAMINA.  hi- 
mee'u3.  a  fortified  seaport-town  of  Finland,  on  an  inlet  of 
theGulf  of  Finland,  63  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Viborg.  Pop.  3500. 
In  1809,  the  treaty  was  signed  here  by  which  Sweden  ceded 
Fiuland  to  Russia.  In  1821  the  towu  was  almost  whoUy 
destroved  by  fire. 

FRliDERIKSHAVN,  frM'er-iks-hi5wn\  formerly  FIAD- 
STRAND,  fldd'strand,  the  mo.st  N.  seaport-town  of  Den- 
mark, province  of  Jutland,  stift.  and  36  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Aalborg,  on  the  Cattegat.  Lat.  57°  27'  1"  N..  Ion.  10°  33'  E. 
Pop.  1400.  It  has  a  citadel,  light-house,  and  regular  com- 
munication with  Frederiksvaern. 

FHEDERIKSSUND,  fr&d'er-iks-soond\  a  small  town  of 
Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Seeland,  on  Roeskilde  Fiord,  22 
miles  N.W.  of  Copenhagen.     Pop.  450. 

FREDERIKSVAERN  or  FREDERICKSVAERN,  frdd'fr- 
iks-vaiRn\  a  mtu-itime  village  and  fortress  of  Norway,  stift 
of  Aggershuus,  7  miles  S.  of  Laurvig,  on  the  Skager-rack. 
It  has  a  harbor  and  dockvard. 

FREDERIKSVARK  (Frederiksvark.)  fred'gr-iks-v5Rk\  or 
FRIEDRICHSAVERK,  free'driKs-«kk',  a  market-town  of 
Denmark,  on  Ise  Fiord,  30  miles  N,W.  of  Copenhagen,  with 
a  royal  residence,  a  cannon  foundry,  gun-powder  factory, 
and  copper-works.    Pop.  600. 

FRE'DON,  a  post-office  of  Su.ssex  co..  New  Jersey. 

FREDO'XIA,  a  post-village  in  Pomfret  township,  Chau- 
tauqua CO.,  New  York,  alniut  40  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo.  It 
contains  5  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspa])er  offices,  an  acad- 
emy, several  mills,  2  natnnil  jias  companies,  and  springs  of 
carburetted  hydrogen  gjis,  used  for  the  purpose  of  lighting 
the  houses.     Pop.  about  2800. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Chambers  co.,  Alabama,  175 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  "Tuscaloosa. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-oflice  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-oflice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee. 

FREDONI.4^,  a  post-village  of  Caldwell  co.,  Kentucky,  12 
miles  W.  of  Princeton. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Newark. 

FREDONI.\,  a  sm.all  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 

FKEDONIA,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan.  P.  913. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  CO.,  Indiana. 

FKEDONIA,  a  post-vill.age  of  Williamson  co.,  Illiuois,  on 
Muddy  liiver,  about  15  miles  N.W.  of  Marion. 

FREDONI.i,  a  village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  at  the  junction 
of  Iowa  and  Cedar  Rivers. 

FREDONIA,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ozaukee  co, 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  1785. 

FREDONIA,  a  post-oflice  of  Ozaukee  co.,  Wisconsin. 

FREE'BOURN,  a  township  of  Dunklin  co.,  Missouri. 

FREE  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Gordon  Co..  Georgia,  oa 
the  Oostenaula  River,  170  miles  N.W\of  Milledgerille. 

FREE'BUBG.  a  post-village  of  Snyder  co^  Pennsilvaniv 
about  50  miles  N.  of  Harrisburjj. 


FRE 


FRE 


FREETOENSBURa,  a  post-office  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

FRKE'DOM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waldo  co., 
Maine,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  849. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Carroll  co., 
New  Hampshire,  4.5  miles  N.X.K.  of  Concord.     Pop.  917. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York,  about  320  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Albany,     i'cip.  1424. 

FREEDOM,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  473. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
ro>\d,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  a  manufactory  of 
steam  engines,  and  a  boat-yard      Pop.  533. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 

FREEDOM,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  4.')0. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Portage  co., 
Ohio,  140  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  9S3. 

FREEDOM,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  near  the  Ohio  and 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  136  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

FREEDO.M,  a  township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1336. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-village  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  on  AVhite 
River,  64  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

FREEDOM,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  713. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-township  of  1^  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  210 
miles  N.E.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  1302. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lafayette  co., 
Missouri,  95  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City.    Pop.  1838. 

FREEDO.M,  a  post-office  of  Outagamie  co.,  AVisconsin. 

FREEDOM  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
York,  79  miles  S.  of  .\lbany. 

FREE'IIOLD,  a  village  of  Green  co..  New  York,  on  Cats- 
kill  Creek,  about  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

FREEHOLD,  a  post-vill;ige  and  township,  capital  of  Mon- 
mouth CO.,  New  Jersey.  The  village  is  situated  on  a  plain, 
30  miles  E.  of  Trenton,  and  contains  6  churches,  an  acad- 
emy, 2  newspaper  offices,  and  2  banks.  A  branch  railro.ad 
connects  the  villiigo  with  tlie  Camden  and  Amboy  lUiilroad, 
The  battle  of  Monmouth  Court  House  was  fought  here,  June 
28, 1778.    Pop.  about  2000,  of  the  township,  3811. 

FREEHOLD,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  th'e  N.  boundary  of  the  state,  15  miles  N.W.  of  War- 
ren.   Pop.  1418. 

FREE'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

I'REELANI),  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa. 

FREELAND'S,  a  post-office  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

FREE'M.\.N,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  45 
miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  666. 

FREE'MANSBURU,  a  pretty  and  thriving  post-village  of 
Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Lehigh  River,  10  miles  from  its  mouth.    Pop.  649. 

FREE'MAN'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  W. 
Virginia. 

FREE'MANSVILLE,a  post-offlce  of  Cherokee  co..  Georgia. 

FREE'MANTLE,  a  town  of  Western  Au.stralia,  co.  of 
Perth,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Swan  River,  and  about  80  miles 
S.W.  of  the  town  of  that  name;  lat.SJo  5'  S.,  Ion.  115° 40' E. 

FREE'MANTON,  a  post>vill.-ige  of  Effingham  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  National  Road,  5  miles  W.  of  Ewlngton,  is  situated 
on  a  fertile  prairie.    Laid  out  about  1840. 

FREB'0,a  post-office  of  Washita  co.,  Arkansas. 

FKEE'POIIT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Maine,  on  Casco  Bay,  and  on  the  Kennebec  and  Port- 
land Railroad,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Portland.  The  inhabitants 
»re  engaged  in  agriculture,  commerce,  the  fisheries,  and 
ship-building.  Ten  sliips,  varying  from  700  to  1200  tons 
burden  were  on  the  stocks,  in  course  of  construction,  in 
April  last.  (1854.)  This  branch  of  business  has  more  than 
doubled  since  1850.  About  10  vessels  are  owned  here,  and 
employed  in  carrying  cotton  and  breadstuffs  to  foreign 
countries,  and  coastwise.  A  river,  flowing  through  the 
township,  furnishes  motive-power  for  a  grist  mill,  with 
which  is  connected  several  kinds  of  machinery.  There  are 
here  manufactories  of  fire-plates,  shoes,  &c.  The  village 
contains  3  churches,  a  high  school,  4  stores  and  300  inhabit- 
ants. There  are  3  other  villages  in  the  township,  one  of 
which  has  a  population  of  200,  and  the  others  about  150 
each.    Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  2792. 

FREEPORT,  a  post-office  of  Queen's  co.,  New  York. 

FREEPORT,  a  nourishing  post-borough  of  Armstrong  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  and  on  the  right 
bank  of  tlie  Alleghany  River,  30  miles  above  Pittsburg,  and 
on  the  Alleghany  A'alley  Railroad.  It  contains  several 
woollen  factories  and  mills.     Pop.  1701. 

FREEPORT,  a  small  village  of  Blair  eo.,  Pennsylvania. 

FREEPORT,  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  Penn-sylvania,  near 
the  S.W.  corner  of  the  state,  5  miles  from  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad. 

FREEPORT,  a  post-ofiice  of  Wood  co.,  AMrginia. 

FREEPORT,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Har- 
rison CO.,  Ohio,  100  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  of  the 
village  in  1850,  350;  of  the  township,  in  1860.  1070. 

FREEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  CO.,  Indiana,  on  Blue 
liver,  9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Shelby  ville. 


FRJOEPORT,  a  post-village  or  city,  capital  of  Stephenson 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Pekatonica  River,  and  at  the  junction 
of  the  Central  Railroad  (main  line)  with  the  Chicago  and 
Gal  fua  R.R.,  121  miles  AV.N. W.  of  Chicago.  It  is  bordered  on 
different  sides  by  prairies  and  groves.  It  has  11  churches,  2 
national  banks,  and  3  newspaper  offices.  Population,  ia 
1850,   1430;  in  1860,  5370. 

FREE/SHADE,  a  post-offlce  of  Afiddlesex  co.,  A'irdnia. 

FREE'STONE,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  840  square  miles.  The  Trinity 
River,  navigable  by  steamboats,  forms  it?  N.E.  boundary, 
and  it  is  drained  by  Richland  and  Buffalo  Creelis.  Capital, 
Fairfield.     I'op.  6-^81. 

FREETHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FREE-TOWN,  or  ST.  GEORGE,  a  town  of  Upfjer  Guinea, 
in  AVestern  Africa,  capital  of  the  British  settlement  of  Sierra 
Leone,  on  its  AY.  coast.  Lat.  8°  27'  N.,  Ion.  Vi°  14'  AY.  Pop. 
in  1S47, 18,000.  It  is  enclosed  landward  by  an  amphitheatre 
of  mountains;  is  regularly  built,  mostly  of  wood,  and  has 
various  schools,  government  offices,  and  barracks,  a  theatre, 
and  around  it  many  European  country  houses. 

FREE'TOWN,  a  posMownship  of  P.ristol  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 40  miles  S.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1521. 

FREETOAYN,  a  township  of  Cortland  co..  New  York,  H 
miles  S.  E.  of  Cortbmdville.    Po]).  981. 

FREETOAVN,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  64 
miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

FREETOAVN  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Cortland  co., 
New  York,  135  miles  AA'.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

FREE  UNION,  a  post-offlce  of  Albemarle  co.,  A'irginia. 

FREGELL.E.     See  Cepraxo. 

FREGENAL  DE  LA  SIERRA,  M-ufi-nlV  di  Id  se-eR/Rj, 
a  town  of  Spain,  39  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.  Pop.  5975.  It 
has  extensive  tan-yards  and  manufactures  of  linens. 

FREGIONAJA,  fra-jo-nd'yd,  a  village  of  Italy  in  Lucca,  6 
miles  AA'.  of  Lucca.  It  has  an  ancient  monastery,  founded 
In  1107. 

FREIAMT,  frMmt,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  in  the  bailiwick  of  Emmendingen.    Pop.  2179. 

FREIBERG  or  FREYBERG,  frl'bfeo,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
capital  of  its  mining  district,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Dresden,  near 
the  Mulde.  Pop.  in  1861, 17,488.  It  is  enclosed  by  ancient 
fortifications,  is  well  built,  paved  and  lighted,  and  has  a  fine 
cathedral,  with  some  remarkable  monuments  and  works  ot 
art,  an  orphan  asylum,  a  gymnasium,  burgher  .school,  &c., 
and  outside  of  the  town  is  the  old  cathedral  of  Freudenstcin. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  administration  of  mine.s,  and  foundries 
for  the  kingdom,  and  of  a  famous  mining  a&idemy,  founded 
in  1765,  having  13  professors,  AVerner's  collection  of  minerals, 
a  library  of  18,000  volumes,  and  attended  by  from  50  to  70 
pupils,  who  work  practically  in  the  neighboring  mines.  In 
the  vicinity  are  said  to  be  about  130  mines  of  silver,  copper, 
lead,  cobalt,  &c.,  employing  139  officials,  5796  miners,  and 
supporting  a  population  of  11,200  persons ;  the  principal  ig 
the  Himmelsfttrst,  one  of  the  most  productive  silver  mines 
in  Europe.  Extensive  smelting  works  and  foundries  are 
seated  at  Ilalsbrllcke,  3  miles  distant.  Freiberg  h.a,s  also 
flourishing  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver  lace,  woollen 
cloths  and  cassimeres,  some  extensive  breweries,  and  the 
only  shot  foundry  in  the  kingdom.  It  communicates  by 
railway  with  Breslau  and  Schweidnitz. 

FREIBURG  or  FREYBURG,  fnlKidRQ.  a  city  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Trcisam,  and  on  the 
Baden  Railway,  by  which  it  communicates  with  Slannheim, 
Basel,  Ac,  76  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop.  (including 
suburbs)  16,883.  Elevation.  920  feet.  It  is  well  built,  and 
its  cathedral,  with  a  spire  380  feet  in  height,  is  one  of  the 
noblest  Gothic  edifices  in  Germany.  The  other  principal 
buildings  are  the  grand  ducal,  and  archbishop's  palaces.  3 
hospitjils,  custom-house,  exchange.  &c.  Good  public  walks 
and  vineyards  replace  the  old  fortifications ;  and  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  fish-market  is  a  public  fountain  with  a  statue  of 
the  founder  of  Freiburg,  Duke  Berchtold  III.  of  Zahringen. 
The  University,  founded  about  1454.  and  famous  as  a  school 
of  Roman  Catholic  theology,  has  about  220  students.  The 
town  has  numerous  museums,  a  botanic  parden,  a  gymna- 
sium, a  school  of  forest  economy,  Herder's  Institute  of  Arts, 
various  other  public  schools,  and  a  library  of  100.000  volumes. 
Its  chief  sources  of  prosperity  are  its  University  and  other 
public  establishments;  but  it  has  also  manufactures  of 
chiccory,  chemical  products,  leather,  and  potash,  with  beU 
foundries,  gunpowder  and  paper  mills.  Near  it  is  the 
ruined  castle  of  Zfihringen. 

FREIBURG.  frl'bOORG,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
36  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Breslau,  on  the  railway.  Pop.  4000.  It 
has  manufactures  of  linen  and  tobacco. 

FREIBURG,  a  village  of  ILanover,  18  miles  N.N.AT.  of 
Stade,  with  a  port  on  the  Elbe.    Pop.  913. 

FREIBURG,  a  canton  of  Switzerland.    See  Fketbouho. 

FREIBURG,  fri'bfidRO,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Saxony,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Merseburg,  in  a  fertile  district  on 
the  Unstrut.     Pop.  2608. 

FREICHO.     See  Freixo. 

F1{EIDENSBUR(5.  Pennsylv.^nia.    See  Frikdexrhitrg. 

FREIENOUL,  fri'gh-nor,  a  vUlage  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 

713 


PEE 


FRE 


<m  the  Ruhr.  Pop.  970.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive 
waiiiifacture  of  woollen  wares. 

I'RKlEXSJiRX.  fri'en-sjRn^,  a  market-town  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, province  of  Oberhessen,  circle,  and  9  miles  X.K.  of 
I  .un^•,en,  on  the  Seebach.     Pop.  1132. 

FRKIHAX,  fri'hdn,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
Si  tJites  N.N.f;.  of  Breslau.    Pop.  1211. 

FHEIIIEIT,  fri/hite.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow, 
oa  tlie  Aupe.  at  the  foot  of  the  Kehhorngebirge,  25  miles 
K.N.E.  of  Gitschin.     Pop.  609. 

FREINSHEIM,  frinsOjime,  a  market-town  of  Khenish 
Bavaria,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Landau.     Pop.  2191. 

FkEINWALDE,  frln'wdlMeh,  or  FKEYEXWALDE,  frl»- 
en-*dlMf  h.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on 
the  AlUMer,  33  miles  X.E.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  3670.  It  has 
alum-works,  and  manufactures  of  sulphate  of  soda  from  the 
neighboring  springs  of  ,\lexandrienbad  and  Freienwalde. 

FREIXW.\LdE.  a  town  of  Prussia  province  of  Pomerani.a, 
82  miles  E.  of  Stettin.  Pop.  1180.  It  has  manufactures 
o/  cloths. 

FREISIXG,  fri'zing,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the 
Isar,  20  miles  X.X.E.  of  Munich.  Pop.  in  1845,  5350.  It 
has  breweries  and  tobacco  factories. 

FREISTADT  or  FREYSTADT.  fri'stltt,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Silesia.  23  miles  W.X.W.  of  Glogau.  Pop.  3330.  It  h;\s 
manufactures  of  woollens. 

FREISTADT,  a  town  of  Western  Prussia,  16  miles  S.E. 
of  Marienwerder.    Pop.  1876. 

FREISTADT,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  palatinate,  on  the 
Schwarzach.     Pop.  798. 

FREIWALDAU,  fri'wdrdOw,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia, 
40  miles  "W.X.W.  of  Troppau,  1300  feet  above  the  .sea.  Pop. 
1422.  It  has  a  castle,  a  paper  mill,  and  a  hydropathic  esta- 
blishment. 

FREIXO  for  FREICIIO)  D'ESPADA-ACIXTA,  fnVsho  dSs- 
pi'dd-i-seen'ti,  a  vill.age  of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os- 
Montes,  on  the  Douro.  45  miles  S.  of  Braga.     Pop.  845. 

FREIXO  (or  FREICHO)  DE  XUMAO.  fr.Vsho  di  noo- 
mdwNO,  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  40  miles 
E.N.E,  of  Viseu. 

FRKJUS,  fri'zhiic©',  (anc  (P/rum  Juflium  or  FrJnim 
Ju/Iii.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Draguignan.  It  has  a  cathedral,  episcopal  palace,  and 
remains  of  Roman  walls.  At  St.  Raphael,  a  fishing  village 
li  miles  distant,  Xapoleon  disembarked  on  his  return  from 
Egvpt,  in  1799.  and  reembarked  on  his  voyage  to  Elba  in 
1814.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2665. 

FRELIGHSBURG,  free^ligs-bfirg,  a  post-village  of  Ca- 
nada East,  CO.  of  Missisquoi,  28  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Johns,  and 
60  miles  from  Stanstead.     It  is  a  port  of  entry. 

FRELS'BURG,  a  post-office  of  Colorado  co.,  Texas,  about 
80  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Austin. 

FREMIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  EngLmd,  co.  of  Devon. 

FRE'MOXT,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Iowa,  bordering  on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square 
miles.  The  Missouri  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on 
the  W.,  the  Xishnabatona  River  and  Keg  Creek  flow  tlirough 
the  county  towards  the  S.W.  The  surface  is  diversified: 
the  soil  is  said  to  be  good.  The  county  contains  a  laige  por- 
tion of  prairie.  Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  J.  C.  Fremont, 
chief  of  the  exploring  expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
to  Oregon  and  Cnliforniiu    Capital,  Sidney.     Pop.  5074. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

FREMONT,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FREMONT,  a  post-office  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee. 

FREMONT,  formerly  LOWER  SANDUSKY,  a  pnstrvillage 
and  township,  capitjil  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  left  or 
W.  bank  of  the  Sandusky  River.  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  San- 
dusky City,  and  105  miles  N.  bj  W.of  Columbus.  It  is  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  and  has  considerable  business.  The 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad  passes  through  the  place. 
and  steamboats  run  frequently  from  this  town  to  the  ports 
on  Lake  Erie.  It  has  a  bridge  across  the  river,  and  contains 
a  court-house,  8  churches,  4  newspaper  offices,  2  banks,  1 
iron  foundry,  1  woollen  factor}-,  2  sash  and  blind  factories 
and  2  steam  flouring-iuills.  It  is  the  X.  terminus  of  the 
Fremont,  Lima  and  Union  Railroad.  Pop.  in  1850,  1725; 
in  1860,  3510 ;  in  1865,  sjiid  to  be  5000. 

FREMONT,  a  post-vilhige  in  the  S.  part  of  Shiawassee  co^ 
Michigan. 

FRKMOXT,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Stewben  co., 
Indianiv.  about  160  mile^  N.N.K.  of  Indiauai)olis.    Pop.  736. 

FRE.MOXT,  a  township  in  L;ike  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1005. 

FRKMOXT,  a  township  in  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri.  ' 

FREMONT,  a  post-villiige  of  Cedar  county,  Missouri, 
near  Sac  River,  110  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.S.W.  of  Jeffer- 
son City. 

FREMOXT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Mahaska  co^  Iowa, 
70  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

FRKMON  r,  a  postrofflce  of  Steuben  co.,  Iowa. 

FREMONT,  a  post-<iffiee  of  Brown  co.,  AVisconsin. 

FRKMONI',  a  post-village  of  Waupacca  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Wolf  River,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Mukwl^  has  2  stores. 

FREMONT,  a  post-villafje  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Sauramcuto  River,  iu  the  £.  pai-t  of  the  county, 
714 


of  which  it  is  the  capital,  about  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Benicla. 
Pop.  120. 

FREMOXT  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..New  York. 

FREMOXT  CEXTRE,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois. 

FREMONT'S  BASIN  or  FREMONT  BASIN.  See  Great 
B.tsix. 

FJiEXCHMAXund  FREXCH.  See  France. 

FRENCH,  a  township  in  Adams  co..  Indiana.     Pop.  689. 

FRENCH  BRO.\D.  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co.  North 
Carolina.  265  miles  AV.  of  Raleiah. 

FREXCH  BROAD  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennes- 
see, rises  near  the  ba,<:e  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  Henderson 
county  of  the  former  state,  and  fiows  nearly  north-westward 
into  Tennessee.  After  passing  the  mouth  cf  the  Noli- 
chucky,  it  turns  towards  the  S.W.,  and  entei-s  Holston 
River,  4  miles  above  Knoxville.  The  whole  length  is  esti- 
mated at  200  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  stesimboats  to  Dand- 
ridge.  The  scenery  along  the  Iwnks  of  this  river  is  very 
fine,  e.specially  at  the  AVarm  Springs,  in  Buncombe  county, 
North  Carolina. 

FRENCH  CAMP,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississipia. 

FRENCH  CAMP,  California.     See  Castokio. 

FRENCH  CREEK,  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylvani.%  enters 
the  Schuylkill  at  Phoenixville.  It  affords  extensive  watei^ 
power. 

FREXCH  CREEK,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
called,  by  the  Indians,  Venango  Creek,  is  formed  by  two 
branches  which  unite  in  Erie  county.  It  fiows  south-west- 
ward to  Meadville,  where  it  takes  a  S.K.  course,  and  enters 
the  Alleghany  River  at  Franklin.  A'enango  county.  The 
whole  length  is  estimated  at  150  milas.  Petroleum  abounds 
near  tliis  stream. 

FREXCH  CREEK.apo.st-village  and  township  in  the  S.W. 
exti-eniity  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York,  about  350  mile!> 
W.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  968. 

FRENCH  CREEK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  theN.B. 
extremity  of  Mercer  co.,  PenusylvanLi.on  French  Creek,  210 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  883. 

FliENCH  CREEK,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vanifi.    Pop.  1269. 

FREXCH  CREEK,  a  village  of  A'enaneo  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

FREXCH  CKEEIi,  a  post-office  of  I^wis  co.,  Virsii'nia. 

FREXCH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois. 

FREXCH  CREEK  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co. 
North  Carc>lina. 

FREXCH  GROVE,  a  post^village  of  Bureau  co,  IlUnois, 
60  miles  X.  of  Peoria. 

FREXCH  GUIAXA.    See  Guiana. 

FREXCH  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Australia  Felix,  in  the 
harbor  of  Western  Port,  about  6  miles  long  and  5  broad, 

FREXCH  ISL.\ND,  a  post-office  of  Spenc«r  co.,  Indiana. 

FRENCH  LICK,  a  post-township  in  Orange  co.,  Indiana, 
88  miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Indianapoli.s.     Pop.  1234. 

FRENCHMAN'S  BAY,  on  the  coiist  of  Maine.  Lat.  44° 
15'  N.,  Ion.  68°  25'  AV.  It  extends  inland  nearly  30  miles, 
with  an  averiige  breadth  of  ab^ut  20  miles.  It  contains 
Mount  Desert  and  many  other  i.slands:  and  abounds  with 
indentations  forming  excellent  harlxirs,  which  are  at  all 
times  accessible,  being  never  obstructed  with  ice. 

FREXCHMAX'S  CAP,  a  lofty  mountain  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  5000  feet  high,  6  miles  N  .E.  of  the  X.E.  corner  of  Mao- 
quarie  Harbor.     Lat.  42°  IS'  S.,  Ion.  145°  42'  E. 

FRENCH  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  AVarren  co.  New 
York. 

FRENCH  P.^RK.  asmall  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Roscommon,  16^  miles  S.AV.  of  Leitrim.    Pop.  515. 

FREXCH  RIVER,  of  British  North  America,  in  Canada 
West,  fiows  AV.  from  Lake  Jiipissing  into  Lake  Huron,  (or 
Georgian  Bay.)  which  it  enters  in  lat.  45°  53'  X,  and  Ion. 
81°  5'  W..  after  a  course  estimated  at  55  mile.s. 

FREXCH  RIA"ER.  of  British  Xorth  Americ.i,  in  Canada 
West,  joins  the  estuary  of  the  .\bbililibe  and  Moo.se  Rivers, 
at  the  S.AV.  corner  of  James's  Bav,  (^Hudson's  Bay.)  Lat.  51° 
8'  N,  Ion.  81°  W. 

FREXCHS  CORXER.  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co..  Maine. 

FRENCH'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

FRENCHTOWN,  a  post-village  of  .\lexandria  township, 
in  Huntingdon  co..  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  the  Delaware 
River,  16  miles  above  Lambertviile.  It  has  3  churches,  2 
hotels,  5  stores,  1  grist-mill,  and  1  »iiw-mill.  The  BetviUere 
Delaware  Railroad  piisscs  through  it.     Poji.  about  SCKX 

FKEXCHTOWX.a  post-vill.ige  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Xorth  Branch  of  the  Susquel>anna  River,  atout 
134  miles  X.  of  Harrisburg. 

FREXCHTOAVX.  a  landing-place  and  railroad  station  of 
Cecil  CO..  Maryland,  on  Elk  River,  1  mile  S.  of  Elkton.  and 
lU  miles  E.X.E.  of  Baltimore.  The  railroad  to  Xewcastle  and 
Philadelphia  connects  here  with  the  Baltimore  ste.-.mlioats. 

FRE.NCHTOAVN,  a  poot-village  in  Upshur  CO.,  AV.A'irjinia, 
about  100  miles  S.  by  E.  of  AVlieeling. 

FRENCHTOAVN,  a  township  of  Monroe  co,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1777. 

FRENCH  TILT-AGE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co,  Illi- 
nois, 7  or  8  miles  E.S.E,  of  St.  Louis,  AlissourL 


FRE 


FRI 


FREXCTI  VTT.r.AOE,  a  village  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Missouri, 
60  mile:  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FRENCH' VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tatiia,  on  tiie  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  14  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Clearfield. 

FKENES.  a  town  of  France.    See  Fresxes. 

FRENEUSE,  fr?h-nuz',  or  GRAND  LAKE,  a  lake  of  New 
Brunswick,  9  miles  E.  of  Frederlcton,  9  miles  long  by  2  wide, 
and  in  some  places  40  fathoms  deep. 

FRENS'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Hants  and 
Surrey. 

FRENTO.    See  Fortore. 

FRENZE.  frJnz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FRESH'FORD,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co., 
and  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kilkenny.  Pop.  2075.  It  has  an  an- 
cient cliurch,  formerly  part  of  an  abbey. 

FRESIIFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

FRESH  POND,  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

FRESirWATER,  a  parish  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  IJ  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Yarmouth.  The  cliffs  of  Freshwater  Bay  are  per- 
forated by  remarkable  caverns,  and  surmounted  by  a  light- 
house. 

FRESNAY,  fri'ni',  or  FR£nAY-LE-VICOMTE,  frA'ni/- 
Ifb-vee^koNt/.atown  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  10  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Mamers,  on  the  Sarthe.  Pop.  in  1852,  3371,  em- 
ployed in  manufactures  of  table  and  other  linens. 

FRESN.iYE,  LA  \i  frd'n.V,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Sarthe,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Mamers.    Pop.  in  1852,  14.52. 

FRESNEDA  or  LA  FRESNEDA,  \i  fr^s-ni/Dd,  a  town  of 
Bpain,  in  Aragon,  70  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Teruel,  and  15  miles 
S.E.  of  Alcafiiz.     Pop.  1635. 

FRESNES  or  FRENES,  frain,  a  town  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Orne,  12  miles  N.  of  Domfront.    Pop.  in  1852,  2108. 

FRESNES,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  S.  of 
the  Scheldt,  65  miles  N.  of  Valenciennes.  Pop.  in  1862,4913. 

FRESNES  SUR  APANCE,  frain  sUr  a'pftxss/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ilaute-Marne,  23  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Langrts.     Pop.  1252. 

FRESNILLO,  fr?.«-neel'yo,  a  decayed  mining  town  of  the 
Me.xican  Confederation.  25 miles  N.W.  of  Zacatecas.   P.  8000? 

FRESNO-DE-LA-VEOA,  fr4s'no-dA-14-vi/gi,  a  town  of 
Bpain,  16  miles  S.  of  Leon,  near  the  Elsa.    Pop.  2061. 

FRESNO-EL-VIEGO,  frJs'no-Jl-ve-A'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  34  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid.  between  the  rivulets  of 
Lanzon  and  Menines.    Pop.  1016. 

FRESNOY-LE-GRAND,  fi-AHiwA'-leh-grftN",  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne,  arroudissemunt  of  St.  Quentin. 
Pop.  in  1852.  4001. 

FRESSE,  frS.ss,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute- 
Sa8ne,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Lure.    Pop.  2858. 

FRESSE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  12 
miles  S.K.  of  Remiremont.  near  the  Moselle.     Pop.  1200. 

FRES'SINGFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  4 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Harleston.  Pop.  1456.  Archbishop  S;incroft 
was  born  and  died  here. 

FRESTON  or  FRISn."ON,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

FRETAVAL,  fr.VtiVAl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loir-et-Cher,  on  the  Loire,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Vendome.  Near 
this  tlie  troops  of  Philip  Augustus  were  totally  defeated  by 
the  English  in  1194. 

FRETH'ERNE,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

FRET'TEMIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FREUCHIE,  fru'Kee.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  2 
miles  E.  of  Falkland.     Pop.  713. 

FREUDIiNBERG,  froiMen-bJRo\  a  village  of  Germanv,  in 
Baden,  on  the  Main,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wertheim.    P.  1718. 

FRI-illDl-iNBERG,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government, 
and  39  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arnsberg.    Pop.  675. 

FREUDENBERG,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Treves,  circle,  and  B  miles  S.S.W.  of  Saarburg.  P.  745. 

FREUDENSTADT.  froi'den-stdtt\  a  town  of  Southern  Ger- 
many, in  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  on  the  Murg, 
40  miles  S.W  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  4130.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth.s.  white  lead,  and  Prussian  blue. 

FREUDENTHAL.  froi'den-tilP,  a  walled  town  of  Austrian 
Silesia,  circle,  and  20  mile's  W.  of  Troppau.  Pop.  3608.  It 
has  a  large  palace,  a  Piarist  college,  a  high  school,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  linen  and  woollen  cloths. 

FREUDENTHAL.  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Nec- 
kar,  4  miles  W.N.W.of  Besigheim,  with  a  royal  castle.   P.  833. 

FRKVENT,  freh-v^No',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  on  the  Canche,  21  miles  W.  of  Arras.  Pop. 
in  1852.  3650.    It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and  woollens. 

FREWS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York,  about  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Maysville. 

FREVBEltG,  fri'bSRG.  (Moravian,  l^zilion,  pzhee'bon,)  a 
town  of  Moravia,  42  miles  E.N.E.  of  Olmutz.  Pop.  3600.  It 
V»as  a  Piarist  college  and  a  crymnaxium. 

IfREYIUJKG,  a  city  of  Baden.     See  FREintlRO. 

FREYBURG.  fil'bhdRQ,  FRIBOUBG,  free'booR/,  or  FREI- 
BURG IN  UECIITLAND,  fri'b«jRG  in  liKt'ldrt,  a  town 
of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  canton  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Sarine,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Bern.  Pop.  10.454.  It  is 
liii^hly  pietuiesque,  and  enclosed   by  ancient  walls;  and 


consists  of  the  upper  or  French  town,  and  the  lower  or 
German  town  on  the  brink  of  the  riyor,  here  crossed 
by  a  stone  bridge,  2  wooden  bridges,  .\nd  a  fine  iron 
suspension  bridge,  905  feet  in  length,  28  in  breadth,  and 
174  feet  in  elevation,  completed  in  1834.  Fribourc  haj 
many  quaint  old  houses,  a  catliedral  with  a  spim  27o  i«i»?  lu 
elevation,  a  Jesuits'  monastery,  college,  town-hall,  diocesan 
school,  museum,  hospital,  orphan  asylum,  work-house,  pri- 
son, public  baths,  several  libi-aries.  and  medical,  natural  his- 
tory, and  antiquarian  societies ;  with  manufactures  of  wool- 
len cloths,  straw  hats,  hardware,  porcelain,  and  leather 
sugai^refineries,  dye-houses,  and  a  considerable  aunuai 
cattle  market. 

FREYBURG,  FREIBURG,  or  FRIBOURG,  a  canton  of 
Switzerland,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  canton  of  Bern. 
Area,  5C5  square  miles.  Pop.  105,523,  mostly  Roman  Ca- 
tholics. It  is  situated  mostly  in  the  basin  of  the  Aar,  and 
partly  in  that  of  Thiele  and  I^ake  Neufchatel.  Surfivco 
hilly  in  the  S.  and  E.,  where  it  is  traversed  by  ramifica- 
tions of  the  Bernese  Alps;  culminating  points,  the  Dent  de 
Brenlaire,  7723  feet.  Dent  de  Folligran,  7716  feet,  and  Monl 
Moloson,  6683  feet.  Principal  rivers,  the  Sarine  and  the 
Broie.  The  greater  part  of  Lake  Morat  is  in  this  canton. 
Agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people  in  the  N., 
and  cattle-rearing  in  the  S.  districts.  Corn  is  grown  suffi- 
cient for  home  consumption,  and  dairy  husbandry  is  more 
advanced  than  in  any  other  Swiss  canton.  Timber  and 
peat  are  important  products.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly 
of  Gallic  descent,  and  French  is  the  prevalent  language  in 
the  towns;  but  German  Is  spoken  in  the  N.E.,  and  Ro- 
mansch  in  the  S.  Chief  towns,  Freyburg,  Romont,  and 
Bulle. 

FREYCINET  (frl'se-ngf)  HARBOR,  an  inlet  of  Shark  Bay, 
in  Western  Australia.     Lat.  26°  20'  S.,  Ion.  114°  E. 

FREYCINET  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific,  in  Dangerous  Ar- 
chipelago. Lat.  77°  55'  S.,  Ion.  140°  52°  Sv.  Discovered  by 
Duperry  in  1823. 

FREYCINET  S  PENINSULA,  of  Van  Dieman's  Land,  on 
the  W.  coast,  forming,  with  Schouten's  Island,  the  E.  side 
of  Oyster  Bay.    Lat.  42°  18'  S..  Ion.  148°  20'  E. 

FREYENWALDE.    See  Freienwalde. 

FREY-OE,  (Frey-oe.)  fri'oVh,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Norway,  stift  ofTrondhjem.  immediately  S.ofChristiansund, 

FREYS/BUSII,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  New 
York,  about  340  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

FREYSTADT,  a  town  of  I'russia.    See  Freist.^ct. 

FREYSTADT  or  FREISTADT,  fri'stitt,  a  town  of  Upper 
Austria,  on  the  railway  between  Lintz  and  Budweis.  18  mileii 
N.N.E.  of  Lintz.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  2  castles,  a  Piarist  college, 
and  a  high  school. 

FREYSTADT,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle,  and  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Teschen.    Pop.  900. 

FREYSTADTEL,  (Freystadtel,)  fi I'stSt'tel.  or  FREYSZ- 
TAK,  frAsH^k',  a  market-town  of  Hungary',  15  miles  N.W. 
of  Neutra,  on  the  Waga,  opposite  Leopoldstadt.     Pop.  4660. 

FREYSTROl'E,  a  p.arish  of  South  Wale.s,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

FREYWALDAU,  of  Austrian  Silesia.    See  Freiwai.dau. 

FREYWALDAU,  fri'wdrdew,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
49  miles  W.N.W.  of  Liegnitz.    Pop.  1020. 

FRI'AR'S  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Coahoma  co.,  Mississip- 
pi, 150  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jackson. 

FRIAS,  free/Js,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  35  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Burgos,  near  the  Ebro.  Pop.  1210.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke 
to  a  distinguished  family. 

FRIAUL,  of  Italy.    See  Friuli. 

FRIBOURG,  Switzerland.    See  Fretburo. 

FRIBUSS,  fiee'bodss,  FRUBIS,  (Frubis.)  frli'bis,  or  FRU- 
PAS,  (Friipas,)  frtl'pds,  a  town  of  ISohemia,  circle  of  Elbo- 
gen,  in  the  Erzgebirge,  84  miles  N.N.W.  of  Prague. 

FRICENTO,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Frigemto. 

FRICK,  frik,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  A.argau,  8 
miles  N.  of  Aarau.  Pop.  1817.  The  Frickthal.  of  which  it 
is  the  capital,  is  a  valley  of  about  100  square  miles  in  extent, 
with  a  population  of  20,000,  mostly  Roman  Catholics,  and 
employed  in  cotton  spinning,  and  trading  in  cattle,  wine, 
and  timber. 

FRICKENHAUSEN,  frik'en-hSw'zen,  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
in  Lower  Franconia,  on  the  Main,  S.E.  of  WUrzburg.  P.  1052, 

FRICKLEY,  England.    See  Clayton-with-Fricklet. 

FRICK'S  GAP,  a  pos^village  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia,  200 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

FRI'DAYTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East 
Riding. 

FRIEDAU,  free/dCw,  or  FRIDAU.  free/deSw,  a  village  and 
lordship  of  Lower  Austria,  6  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Polten.  P.  700. 

FRIEDBERG,  freed'bSRO  orfreefbSRO.  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Budweis,  on  the  Moldau.    Pop.  789. 

FRIEDBERG,  freed'htao.  a  town  of  Styria,  39  miles  N.E. 
of  GrUtz.  on  the  Pinzau.     Pop.  550. 

FRIEDBERG,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  47  miles  N.W. 
of  Troppau,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Schlippe  and  Setzdorf. 
Pop.  931. 

FRIEDBERG,  freed'h^RO.  a  fortified  town  of  Hes.se-Darm- 
stadt,  on  the  Frankfort  and  Cassel  Railway.  21  miles  N.  of 
Frankfort    Pop.  2700 

716 


FRI 


FRI 


FKIEDBERQ.  a  town  of  Bararia,  circle  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Augsliurg.    Pop.  2000. 

FRIEDBERG  ot  FRIEDEBERG,  free'dgh-WRG\  a  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg.  66  miles  N.E.  of  Frank- 
fort, on  the  Peza.  Pop.  4540.  It  is  surrounded  by  lakes, 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  woollen  cloth  factories  and  tan- 
neries. 

FRIEDEBERG,  or  FRIEDEBERG-AM-QUEISS,  free'deli- 
bjRG^dm  kwiss,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  46  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Liejrnitz,  on  the  Queiss.     Pop.  2140. 

FRIEDEBERG,  (VBER,  a  town  of  Silesia,  19  miles  S.  of 
Liejrnitz.  Here,  in  1745,  the  Austriaus  were  defeated  by 
Frederick  II. 

FRIEDEBURG,  fi-ee'deh-b«5RQ\  a  village  of  Hanover,  in 
East  Friesland,  16  milesE.S.E.  of  Aurieh. 

FRIED ECK,  free'dJk,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  14  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Teschen,  on  the  Ostrawitza.  Pop.  3700.  It  has 
ft  large  castle,  a  pilgrimage  church,  mineral  baths,  and  ma- 
nufectures  of  linen  cloths. 

FRIEDENSBURG,  free'denzbQrg,  a  village  of  Schuylkill 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pottsville. 

FRIEDEXSVILLE,  free'denz-vill,  a  post-office  of  Lehigh 
CO.,  Pennsvlvania. 

FRIEDERSDORF.free'ders-doRf\orFRIEDERSDORF-AM- 
QUEISS,  (Jm  kwlss.)  a  frontier  village  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Gorlitz,  on  the  Queiss.     Pop.  1206. 

FRIEDERSDORF-AN-DER-LANDSKROXE,  freefders- 
doKr-Sn-d^R-Mnts'kro-neh,  a  vill^e  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Silesia,  W.  of  Liegnitz.  '  Pop.  977. 

FRIEDEWALD,  free'deh-wjlf,  a  market-town  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  province,  and  24  miles  N.X.E.  of  Fulda.     Pop.  1545. 

FRIEDEWALDE,  free'deh-wSlMeh,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  on  the  railway  froni  Xeisse  to  Brieg,  about  45  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Breslau. 

FRIEDLAND,  freedland  or  freetl^nt,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Mecklenburg  Strelitz",  30  miles  N.E.  of  New  Strelitz.  Pop. 
4656.  It  has  manufactures  of  various  fabrics,  and  an  active 
trade  in  horses. 

FRIEDLAN'D,  a  town  of  Eastern  Prussia,  government,  and 
27  miles  S.E.  of  Konigsberg.  Pop.  2478.  Here  the  French  de- 
feated the  allied  Russians  and  Prussians,  14th  of  June,  1807. 

FRIEDL.\XD,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,  N. of 
the  Lausnitz  Mountains,  68  miles  X.X.E.  of  Prague.  Pop. 
S497.  It  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  Wallenstein,  whose  castle 
is  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 

FRIEDLAXD,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  46 
miles  S.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Steinau.     Pop.  1343. 

FRIEDL.VXD,  freedlint,  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  on  the 
Ostrawitza.  44  miles  E.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  1905. 

FRIEDLAXD,  a  marketrtown  of  Moravia,  22  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Olmutz,  in  a  vallev  on  a  mountain  slope.    Pop.  754. 

FRIEDLAXD  MARKISCH.freedldnt  maR/kish,a  townof 
Prussia,  120  mil«?  W.S.W.  of  Marienwerder.     Pop.  2300. 

FRIEDLAXD,  PRUS'SIAX.  a  town  of  Prussia,  70  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Marienwerder.     Pop.  1600. 

FRIEDKICHRODA,  freed'riK-ro'dJ,  a  town  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  Sa.xe-Gotha.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Gotha.    Pop.  2130. 

FRIEDRICHSFELD,  freed'riKs-f^lt\  is  a  station  on  the 
Mayn-Xeckar  Railway,  in  Baden,  between  Heidelberg  and 
Ladenburg. 

FRIEDKICHSFELDE,  freed'riKs-f  JlMeh,  a  village  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Brandenburg,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Potsdam. 
Pop.  1000. 

FRIEDRICHSHAFEX,  freed'riKs-ha^en.  or  BUCHHORN, 
bCSK'hoRn.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  at  the  S.  terminus  of  the 
WUrtemburg  Railway,  on  Lake  Constance.    I'op.  1672. 

FRIEDRICHSHAMX,  freed'riKs-hdm,  a  town  of  Russia, 
In  Finland,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  110  miles 
W.X.W.  of  St.  Petersburg.    Pop.  1026. 

FRIEDRICIISHULD,  Prussia.     See  BillekbecK. 

FRIEDRICHSRUH,  freed'riKs-roo\  a  village  of  Germany, 
In  Holstein,  on  the  Berlin  and  Hamburg  Railway,  18  miles 
S.E.  of  Hamburg. 

FRIEDRICHSSTADT.  SeeFREDERiCKSTADT. 

FRIEDRICHSTHAL,  freed'riKs-tilr,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  15  miles  X.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  1058. 

FRIEDRICKSHALL,  Xorway.    See  Freberickshald. 

FRIEXD'FIELD,  a  postKjffice  of  Slarion  district,  South 
Carolina. 

FRIEXDLY,  frJndlee.  (or  TONGA,  ton'gj,)  ISLANDS,  a 
collection  of  upwards  of  150  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
composing  the  Toxo.v  and  Feejee  groups,  (which  see.)  be- 
tween lat.  13°  and  25°  S.,  and  Ion.  172°  W.  and  177°  E. 
Principal  islands,  Tacanova,  Ambow,  and  Tongataboo.  They 
were  discovered  by  Tasman  in  1643,  but  received  their  col- 
lective name  from  Cook.    See  Polynesia. 

FRIENDS,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New  York. 

FRIEXDS'  GKOVE,apost-villageofCharlotteoo.,  Virginia, 
104  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

FRIKND'SHIP,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Maine,  35 
miles  S.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  770. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Alleghany 

CO.,  New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  373 

miles  from  New  York  City.  The  village  contains  4  cliurches, 

Baptidt,   Methodist,  Congregational,    and    Universalist,  a 

716 


national  bank,  an  academy  of  music  and  another  acndemy. 
The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  wool-growing. 
Total  population,  1889.     Pop.  of  village  about  SOO. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-vUlage  of  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Marj- 
land,  25  miles  S.  by  of  Ann.apolis. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 95  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Raleigh. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  postoffice  of  Sumter  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

FRIEXDSHIP,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Mississippi. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Texas. 

FRIEXDSHIP,  a  post-office  of  Saline  co..  Arkansas. 

FRIEXDSIIIP,  a  post-office  of  Dyer  co.,  Tennessee. 

FRIEXDSHIP,  a  post-office  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio. 

FRIENDSHIP,  a  post-office  of  McDonough  co.,  IllJTiois. 

FRIENDSHIP,  a  township  of  Fond  du  Lac  co..  Wisconsin. 

FRIENDS'  SHAW^NEE'  LABOR  SCHlX)L,  of  Kansas,  is 
situated  3  miles  W.  of  Kansas  and  about  2  miles  from 
Westport.  Missouri.  It  has  30  pupils,  who  are  instructed  in 
learning,  agriculture,  and  domestic  matters,  and  is  supported 
by  the  tliree  Yearly  Meetings  which  have  it  in  charge,  with- 
out any  aid  from  the  Indians.  The  farm  contains  over  200 
acres  of  land  in  fence,  and  its  proceeds  afford  a  surplus  for 
sale.  The  Friends  have  been  laboring  among  the  Shawnees 
for  fifty  years,  including  the  period  before  their  removal. 

FRIEXDS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvaniii,  140  miles  X.X.E.  of  Ilarrisburg.     Pop.  202. 

FRIENDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Mary- 
land, about  40  miles  W.  of  Cumberland. 

FRIENDSVILLE.  a  vill.ige  of  Blount  co.,  Tennes,see.  on  a 
small  affluent  of  Holston  River,  2  miles  from  the  latter. 

FRIENDSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co.,  Illinois,  8 
miles  X.  by  W.  of  Mount  Carmel. 

FRIESACH,  free'ziK,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 33  jniles  X,W.  of  Potsdam,  with  a  station  on  the 
railway  from  Berlin  to  Ilamburs.    Pop.  2300. 

FRIESACH.  free'ziK,  or  FRISCHES  WASSER.  frish'os 
ftis/sgr,  (anc.  Virunum?)  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Illyria,  23 
miles  X.X\E.  of  Klagenfurth,  on  the  Metnitz.     Pop.  1273. 

FRIESEXHEIM.  free'zen-hime\  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Baden,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Offenburg.     Pop.  2034. 

FRiiiSEXHEIM,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Palatinate,  on  the 
Rhine,  about  3  miles  S.W.  of  Mannheim.  The  allied  armies 
crossed  the  Rhine  here  in  1814.     Pop.  1200. 

FRIESLAND,  freez'land,or  VRIESLAXD,  freesllnt,  (Fr. 
Frise,  freez;  L.  Frisia.)  a  province  of  the  Xetherlands,  on 
the  N.E.  side  of  the  Zuvder  Zee.  Area.  1272  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1863,  282,481.  The  surface  is  flat,  and,  lieing  below 
the  level  of  the  sea,  its  coasts  are  protected  by  dykes.  Much 
of  it  consists  of  sandy  heaths.  Capital,  Leeuwarden.— — 
Adj.  Friesian,  freezh'yan,  and  Frlesic,  free'zic;  iuhab. 
Frieslaxder  or  Frisian.  ' 

FRIESLAND,  (EAST,)  Principautt  of,  the  N.W.  por- 
tion of  Hanover,  forming,  with  Harlingerland,  the  district 
of  Aurieh.    See  Hanover. 

FRIESOYTHE.  free'zoi-teh,  a  town  in  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  Oldenburg,  on  the  Soeste,  18  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Oldenburg, 
Pop.  1036. 

FRIESTIIORPE,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FRIESnOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FRIG'ATE  ISLE,  an  inhabited  i.sland  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  the  easternmost  of  the  Sejchelle  group.  Lat.  4°  32' 
S.,  Ion.  56°  E. 

FRIGEXTO,  fre-jJn'to.  or  FRICEXTO,  fre-chjn'to,  (anc. 
FrequenHum  ?)  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principjito 
Ultra,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Avellino.  Pop.  3000.  Here  are 
some  ancient  ruins. 

FRIGILIANA,  fre-ne-le-J'nJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  27  miles  E. 
of  Malaga,  near  the  Mediterranean,     Pop.  2596. 

FRIGXAXO,  freen-yd'no,  (Maggiore,  m^d-jo'ra,  and 
MiNORE.  me-no'rA.)  two  contiguous  villages  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  10  and  11  miles  S.W.  of  Casert-a. 
United  pop.  2356. 

FRILS'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

FRIM'LEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

FRIXCO,  frinTvo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Alessiindria,  7  miles  N,  of  Asti,  on  the  A'ersa. 
Pop.  lOSO. 

FRIXDSOJURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

FRIXG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

FRIXG'FOUD.  a  parish  of  EngUnd.  co.  of  Oxford. 

FRIX'GYBAZAR',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  Ki  miles  S.E.  of  Dacca,  on  a  river  uniting  the  Gang^ 
and  Me^na. 

FRIX'STED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

FRIXTOX,  a  parish  of  Ilngland,  co.  of  Essex,  12  miles 
S.E.  of  Manningti-ee.  A  great  part  of  the  parish  has  been 
swept  away  by  the  sea. 

FRIO,  CAPE,  a  promontory  of  Brazil.     See  Cape  Ffio. 

FKIOCKUEIM,  free'ok-heem\  a  vilUge  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Forfar.  6^  miles  X.W.  by  N.  of  Arbroath.     Pop.  1104 

F15ISANC0,  fre-sdnTto,  a  town  jf  Austrian  Italy,  goibrt, 
ment  of  Venice,  near  Friuli.    Pop.  2200 


lk=r: 


FEI 


FRO 


FRIS^TR'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Warwick  eo.,  Indiana. 
FRISBV'-ON-THli-WREAK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 

Leicester. 

FKISCII AU,  fiisli'Sw,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  20 
miles  E.  of  Znaim.     Pop.  V05. 

FRISCIIAU  or  FRISSAWA,  fris-sJ/*!  a  village  of  Aus- 
trian ^loravia.  30  miles  from  Gross-Meseritsch.    I'op.  767. 

FRISCIIE-IIAFF,  frish'gh hdf,  ("Freshwater  Buy  or  La- 
goon.'') an  extensive  lagoon  of  Eastern  Prussia,  between  lat. 
54°  15'  and  54°  45'  N.,  ion.  19°  16'  and  20°  25'  E.,  separated 
from  the  Raltic  by  the  Frische-Nehrung,  a  tongue  of  land  38 
miles  in  length,  by  1  mile  in  breadth,  and  at  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  which  it  communicates  with  the  Baltic  by  a  channel 
l/^mile  across.  Length  of  the  Ilaff  from  S.VV.  to  N.E.,  57 
milet' ;  average  breadth,  5  miles.  Depth  in  no  place  more 
than  12  feet.  It  receives  the  Pregel  and  I'assarge  Rivers, 
and  two  arms  of  the  Vistula  at  its  delta.  The  towns  of 
Pillau,  Fischhau.sen.  and  Brandenburg,  are  on  its  shores. 

FRI.SK'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FRTSTON,  a  parish  of  J^ngland,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FRITH'KLSTOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

FRITH'VILLR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FRIT'TENDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

FRIT'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FRITTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FRIT'WHLL.  a  pari.sh  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Oxford. 

FlUTZL.iR,  frit.s'laR,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Iles.se-Cassel, 
16  miles  S.W.  of  Cassel.  Pop.  3049.  It  has  an  Ursuline  con- 
vent. 

FRIULI,  fre-oolee,  (It.  pron.  free^oo-le;  Ger.  Fi-iaul, 
free'Owl ;  anc.  Pi>rum  Jullii.)  an  old  province  of  Northern 
Italy,  formerly  divided  between  the  empire  of  Austria  and 
the  Venetian  territory,  now  forming  the  circle  of  Gorit^, 
part  of  Triest,  and  the  delegation  of  Friuli,  (capital,  UdinC;) 
in  Lombardy. 

FRIZ'EI.BURG,  a  post-oflRce  of  Cariul  eo.,  Maryland. 

FROB'ISIIER  STRAIT,  in  British  North  America,  between 
Hudson's  Strait  and  Northumberland  Inlet,  leading  from 
the  ocean  W.,  and  separating  the  districts  of  Metaincog  and 
Nita.  Length,  240  miles;  medium  breadth.  SO  miles.  Its 
shores,  on  both  sides,  are  rugged  and  mountainous.  It  was 
discovered,  in  1576,  by  Sir  Martin  Frobisher. 

FROC  ESTER,  fros'tgr.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

FRODESLEY,  frodzlee,  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

FROD'INGHAM,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FRODINGIIAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  East  Riding. 

FROD'SHAM,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  on 
the  Mersey  and  Weever  Rivers,  co.,  and  11  miles  N.E.  of 
Chester.  Pop.  in  1851,  6382,  chiefly  employed  in  salt-works 
and  cotton  manufactures.  The  town  has  a  fine  old  church, 
a  grammar  school,  and  a  graving-dock  for  building  ve.s.sels. 

FRODSIIAM,  a  lordship  in  the  above  parish,  11  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Chester.     Pop.  1022. 

FRO  EN,  (Froen.)  fro'jn,  an  island  of  Norway,  off  its  W. 
coast.    Lat.  61°  47'  N. 

FROEX,  (Froen.)  a  village  and  parish  of  Norway,  115  miles 
N.W.  of  Chiistianja,  on  the  Lougan.    Pop.  of  parish,  4S00. 

FROG  LEVEL,  a  village  of  Newberry  district,  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  40  miles 
from  Columbia.    The  name  of  the  post-office  is  changed  to 

I'ROSPERIly. 

FROG'TOWN,  a  district  in  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia, 

FROHBUKG,  fro'boiiRG,  a  town  of  Saxony,  21  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Leipsie.     Pop.  2523. 

FRtyilN.Xja  village  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Perry  co.,  Missouri, 
about  5  miles  from  the  .Mississippi  River. 

FPvOIINLKITEN,  fron'lften,  a  village  and  railway  station 
of  Styria,  14  miles  N.  of  Gratz. 

FROHSDOUB',  fros'douf,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on 
the  Leitlia,  near  Miener-Neustadi,  with  a  castle,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Duke  de  Bordeaux  and  the  Duchess  d'Angou- 
leme  in  1849. 

FROIISE,  fro'seh,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  govern- 
itient.  and  6  miles'S.S.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Elbe.   Pop.  932. 

FROME,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  flows  past 
Frampton  and  Dorchester,  into  Poole  Bay. 

FRO.ME,  a  river  of  England,  an  affluent  of  the  Lugg,  co. 
of  Hereford. 

FROME,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  which  after  a 
N.  course  of  20  miles,  flows  into  the  Avon. 

FROME.  or  FROME  SEL'WOOD,  a  parliamentary  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  19  miles  S.E. 
of  Bristol,  is  plea.santly  situated  on  the  E.  and  N.E.  declivity 
of  a  hill,  at  the  base  of  which  flows  the  river  Frome.  Great 
improvements  have  taken  place  of  late  years,  both  as  regards 
the  widening  of  the  streets  and  the  construction  of  the 
houses.  The  town  is  now  lighteil  with  gas  and  supplied 
with  water.  There  are  3  parish  churches  in  Frome.  besides 
pl.ices  of  worship  for  Baptists,  Independents,  Wesleyans, 
Piimitive  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  and  the  Society  of 
Friends.  The  schools  and  charities  are  one  British,  one 
National,  four  Dissenters'  schools,  and  one  attached  to  each 
of  ihe  three  churches,  besides  a  number  of  respectable  pri- 
vatSj  schools.    There  are  also  a  blue-coat  school,  in  which 


25  boys  are  clothed  and  educated,  and  a  charity  school  for 
20  girls.  There  is  a  flourishing  savings-bank  in  the  town; 
and  a  literary  association  was  formed  in  1844,  wliid.  met 
with  immediate  success.  Frome  has  been  long  celebrated 
for  the  manufacture  of  woollen  cloths,  particujiirly  broad- 
cloths and  cassimeres.  Silk,  livery  cloths,  carriage-linings, 
and  hats,  are  al.so  manufactured  to  a  considerable  extent 
The  river  Frome  is  crossed  at  the  town  by  a  neat  stone 
bridge  of  five  arches.  The  environs  are  beautiful,  and  are 
adorned  by  numerous  handsome  nuansions  and  villas.  Frome 
returns  a  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Pop.  in  1851, 
10,148. 

FROME,  BISHOP'S,  a  parish  of  England.  See  Bishop's- 
Fbome.  ■ 

FROME.  LOWER,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  an 
affluent  of  the  Avon. 

FRO.ME,  UPPER,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester, 
an  afHuent  of  the  Severn. 

FROMISTA,  fro-mees/td,  an  oldand  decayed  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  20  miles  N.  of  Palencia,  near  the  Canal  of 
Castile.     Pop.  1029.     It  has  brandy  distilleries. 

FROXSAC,  frAN^Vlk/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  on  the  Dordogne,  opposite  Libourne.     I'op.  1529. 

FRONT,  frAx",  (L.  Frrnis,)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Turin,  on  the  Amalone.  P.  1304 

FRONTEIRA,  fron-tiVe-rd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Alemtejo,  12  miles  E.  of  Aviz.  I'op.  2480.  The  Portu 
guese  defeated  the  Spaniards  here  in  1(363. 

FRONTEXAC,  fron'te-ndk',  (Fr.  pron.  frANoHgh-ndk'.)  a  cc 
of  Canada  West,  bordering  upon  Lake  Ontario,  near  its  out 
let,  and  extending  to  lat.  45  N.  It  is  intersected  by  two 
proposed  railways,  and  interspersed  by  numerous  small 
lakes  and  rivers.  The  Itideau  Canal  connects  Kingston,  in 
this  CO.,  with  Bytown,  Capital,  Kingston.  Area,  1342 
square  miles.     Pop.  30,735. 

FROXTENAY,  frAx«Heh-n.V,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Deux-Sevres,  ari-ondissement  of  Niort.  It  was  once 
a  fortified  town,  but  was  taken  and  dismantled  by  Louis 
VIII..  in  the  thirteenth  century.     Pop.  1482. 

FRONTENHAUSEN,  fron'tgn-hOw'zen,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  Vils,  52  miles  N.E.  of  .Munich.     Pop.  1007, 

FRONTERA  DE  TABASCO,  LA,  Id  fron-t.Vrd  d.A  td-hSs/ko, 
a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  department,  and  on 
the  Tabasco,  .about  3  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  .Juan  Bautista,  (A'illa  Ilermosa,) 
of  which  it  is  the  port.  It  has  some  st«ne  dwellings,  but  its 
liouses  are  mostly  of  mud  and  bamboo.  The  principal 
building  is  the  custom-house.  About  1  mile  distant  is  a 
fort  on  the  river.  It  exports  logwood,  cocoa,  timber,  dye- 
woods,  and  drugs. 

FRONTIER/,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  New  York. 

FRONTIGNAN,  frAN='teen'j6W,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ilerault,  on  the  lagoon  of  Maguelonne,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Montpellier.     Pop.  1966. 

FRONTON,  frdiNo'tis"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  16  miles  N.  of  'Toulouse.     Pop.  2225. 

FRONTON,  fron-ton',  a  village  of  Cameron  co.,  Texas,  on 
Point  Isabel  and  on  the  Laguna  del  Madre,  a  few  miles  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  about  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brownsville. 

FRONT  ROY'AL,  a  flourishing  po.st-village,  capital  of 
Warren  CO.,  Virginia,  140  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond,  and 
1  mile  E.  of  Shenandoah  River.  It  is  pleasantly  situated 
in  a  valley  between  the  river  and  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  rail- 
road from  Alexandria  to  Strasbuvg  passes  through  this  vil- 
lage, and  a  plank-road  20  miles  long  connects  it  w  ith  AVin- 
chester.  The  water-power  of  the  river  has  been  improved 
by  the  erection  of  numerous  flouring-mills.    Free  pop.  412. 

FROO.ME  ST.  QUENTIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset. 

FROOME  VAU/CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset. 

FROSINONE,  fro-se-no'n.i,  (anc.  Frusino.)  a  ttiwn  of  Italy, 
in  the  Pontifical  States,  on  the  Cosa.  an  affluent  of  the  Sacco, 
near  the  Neapolitan  frontier,  and  48  miles  E.S.K.  of  Rome. 
Pop.  7660.  Its  vicinity  is  notorious  for  brigandage,  to  re- 
press which  it  has  a  special  tribunal.  It  is  a  bishiop's  see, 
has  some  antiquities,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  large  annual  fair. 

FROSINONE,  a  delegation  of  the  Papal  States,  composed 
of  a  small  isolated  portion  called  PonteCorvo,  euclcsed  within 
the  Neapolitan  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  and  of  Frosi- 
none  Proper,  bounded  S.W.  and  S.  by  the  Mediterranean. 
Area,  about  800  English  square  miles.  The  S.W.  portion  of 
the  deleg.ation  is  occupied  by  the  Pontine  Marshes.  P.  148,378. 

FROSOLONE,  fro-so-lo'nd,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,  11  miles  E.  of  Isernia.    Pop.  4200. 

FROSSASCO.  fros-sasOio,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
4  miles  N.  of  Pinerolo,  on  the  Noso.    Pop.  1.398. 

FROSS.iY^,  fros'sA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-Inferieui-e,on  the  Loire,  18  miles  W.  of  Nantes.  P.  2820. 

FROST,  a  post-office  of  Pocahontas  co.,  Virginia. 

FROST'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co..  Maryland, 
on  the  Cumberland  Road,  10  miles  W.  of  Cumberland  A 
large  quantity  of  stone  coal  is  procured  in  the  vicinity. 

FROSn'ENDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

FROST  VILLAGE,  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Shefford,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Stanstead,  &nd  <!2  miles  frosa 
Montreal. 

717 


FRO 

FROTTSTEDT  frot(/st?tt,  a  village  of  Germany,  Sfixe- 
TOtha,  on  the  Thurinirian  Eailway,  90  miles  W.  S.W.  of 
Halle.  A  railway  4  miles  lon<r,  connect'!  it  with  Waltershausen. 

FRilUARD.  froo^R/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Meurtlie.  on  the  Paris  and  Strasbotirg  Railway,  6  miles  N.W. 
of  Nancy. 

FRO^V'r-ESWORT^.  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Leicester. 

FROX'FLELD,  a  parish  of  Enu'land.'co.  of  Hants. 

FROX'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  'Hilts.  It  has 
an  endowed  hospital  for  50  widows,  (30  being  those  of  clergy- 
men.) founded  bv  the  Duchess  of  Somerset  in  16S6. 

FROYE>f  or  FROJEX.  fro'yjn,  an  island  of  Norway,  off 
its  W.  coast,  stift,  and  52  miles  W.N.W.  of  Trondhjem,  sepa- 
rated from  Hitteren  Island  by  Frov-fiord.  Lat.  6^  -tC  N., 
Ion.  8°  4^  E.  Length  from  E.  to'W.,  20  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  8  miles. 

FROYLE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

FRO'ZEX  CHEEK,  a  posboffice  of  Breathitt  co..  Kentucky. 

FRO'ZEX  STRAIT,  in  British  North  America,  is  between 
Southampton  Island  and  Melville  Peninsula.  Lat.  66°  N., 
Ion.  i-5^  W.   Average  breadth,  15  miles. 

FRUBIS,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  FWBtJSS. 

FRUGAROLO,  froo-gi-ro'lo,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, on  the  Turin  and  Genoa  Railway,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Alessandria. 

FRUGES.  frtlzh,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas-de- 
Calais,  32  miles  W.X.W.  of  Arra-s.  Pop.  1852,  3052  It  has 
aiaiiufactures  of  woollens  and  hosiery. 

FRCIT.  a  postoffice  of  Sht^lbv  co.,  Illinois. 

FRUIT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Clearfield  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

FRUITinLL,post-otSce,Edi,'efield  district.  South  Carolina. 

FRUIT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Kentuckv,  190 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

FRUIT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana 

FRUPAS,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Fribbss. 

FRUSINO.    See  Frosixoxe. 

FRUTIGEN.  fro</ting-en.  a  flourishing  village  of  Switzer- 
land. Clinton,  and  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1000. 

FRY'BURG,  a  village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn.sylvani,a,  about 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Allentown. 

FRYBURG,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co^  Pennsylvania. 

FRYB0RG.  a  small  post-village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio. 

FRYEBURG.  fri'burg.  a  post-village  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Saco  River.  58  mUes  W.S.W.  of  Augusta. 
It  is  built  principally  on  one  broad  street,  finely  shaded,  and 
contains  a  church,  a  hotel,  and  a  flourishing  academy.  A 
south-eastern  branch  of  the  White  Mountain  range  termi- 
nates at  this  village,  rendering  the  scenery  highly  pictu- 
resque. Daniel  Webster  was  for  some  time  a  teacher  in  the 
academy  at  this  place.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1623. 

FRYKRXIXG.  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Essex. 

FRY'ER'S  BRIDG  E,  a  post-office  of  Pike  CO..  Alabama. 

FRYER'S  PONDS,  a  post-office  of  Burke  CO.,  Georgia. 

FRYKEX,  frii'ken,  a  lake,  or  rather  chain  of  lakeS.  in 
Sweden,  N.  of  Carlstad.  It  stretches  from  N.  to  S.  about 
40  miles,  and  seldom  exceeding  a  mile  in  width,  has  the 
appearance  of  a  broad  river.  It  discharges  itself  into  Lake 
M'eper  by  the  Nors.  Fryksdal.  the  name  of  the  valley  in 
which  it  lies,  contains  .some  of  the  finest  scenery  of  Sweden, 
and  is  sometimes  called  Swedish  Switzerland. 

FRY'STONE,  FER'RY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

FRYST.JNE,  MONK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

FUBI N  E.  foo-bee'ni.  a  village  of  Piedmont,  9  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Alessjindria.     Pop.  2234. 

FC'CA,orJU'AN  DE  FU'CA.  (Sp.  pron.  Hoo-ln'  d4  fooHia,) 
a  strait  of  North  America,  in  Oregon  Territory,  leading  from 
the  Pa.'iflc  into  the  G  ulf  of  Georgia.  S.  of  Vancouver  Island, 
and  forming  a  part  of  the  British  and  United  States  bound- 
ary line.     Lat.  of  entrance  48°  10'  N..  Ion.  124°  W. 

FUCKCCIIIO.  foo-chJk'keo.  a  town  of  Tuscanj-,  on  the 
Arco.  23  miles  W.  of  Florence.     Pop.  5233. 

FUOECCHIO,  a  lakeof  Tuscany,  province  of  Pisa,  is  about 
7  miles  long,  by  3  miles  average  breadth,  and  flows  by  a 
small  stream  S.W.  to  the  Arno. 

FUCrxo.  L.\GO  li'go  foo-cheo'no,  or  CELANO.  ch.y3'no, 
(ane.  Fuci'nvs  La'cic^,)  a  lake  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  TI..  alwut  11  miles  long,  5  miles  broad,  and 
35  mill's  in  circuit.  It  lies  2181  feet  above  sea-level, 
enclosed  on  the  N.E.,  E..  and  S.E.,  by  the  Apennines,  S. 
by  Mount  Salviano.  and  W.  bv  the  Roman  sub-Apennines, 
and  is  open  only  on  the  S.W..  leaving  the  country  in  that  direc- 
tion expi)sed  to  its  inu-idations.  A  remedy  was  attempted 
by  the  Emperor  Claudius,  who  caused  an  aqueduct  to  be 
constructed  across  Salviano,  for  the  purpose  of  discharging 
the  surplus  waters  of  the  lake  into  the  Garigliano,  Of  this 
vast  work,  on  whith  3u.(hx>  slaves  are  said  to  have  labored 
11  years,  there  are  only  a  few  remains.  The  lake  is  generally 
believed  to  be  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

FUEGOS.  fw.'Ugoce,  foo-A'goce.  (i.  e.  fires,")  one  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  30  miles  N.of 
Mindanao.  Lat  9°  N.,  Ion.  12:i°  .30'  E.  Length,  20  miles, 
by  «  miles  in  breadth.  It  is  so  named  from  having  in  its 
centre  a  volcanic  peak. 
718 


FUE 

FITEGO,  VOLCANO  DE,  vol-kj'no  dl  fwi'BO,(foo-i'?o,)  i. «. 
"  fire-volcano,"  a  mountain  of  Central  America,  .stite  of  Guate- 
mala. 20  miles  W.  of  the  Volcano  d'Agua.  (•'  water  volcano."; 
Violent  eruptions  frequently  take  place,  and  smoke  is  com' 
monlv  .seen  issuing  from  one  of  its  peaks. 

FUENCALIENTE,  fwJn'kd-le-Jn'tA  or  foo-en^kd-le-On'tA.  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ciuiad-lleal. 
Pop.  2105. 

FUEN-CHOO.  FUEN-TCHOU.  or  FUEN  CHOO-FOO, fwJnV 
chooYoo',  a  considerable  town  of  China,  province  of  Shansee, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Fuen-Ho,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Taiynan, 

FUENGl  ROL.A.,  fwjn'ife-ro'lii,  a  town  of  Spain,  20  "miles 
S.W.  of  JIalaga,  on  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  1182. 

FUKN-HO.  fwSn^ho',  a  river  of  Chin.a,  province  of  Sharsee, 
joins  the  Hoang-Ho  in  lat.  35°  30'  N..  Ion.  110°  28'  E_  after 
a  course  mostly  S^  and  suppo.^ed  to  l>e  navigable  for  300 
miles.  The  cities  of  Tai-yuan,  Fuen-choo,  Piu-y:ing,  and 
Kiang.  are  on  its  banks. 

FUEN-LABRADA,  fw^n^U-brl'd  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  9  miles  S.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  2027. 

FUEX-LABRADA-DE-LOS-MOXTES.fwJn'ia-bra'ra-di-loce- 
mon'tfe.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  100  miles  E.  of 
Bad.ijos!     Pop.  1029. 

FUKN-M.\YOR,  fwJn'mi-yoR',  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  6  miles  W.  of  LogroBo.  near  the  Ebro.     Pop.  2ij:J7. 

FUENSALID.\.  fwjn'sa-lee'Da.  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  16  miles  X.W.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  2739. 

FUEXSAXT.\,  fwJn'sdn'tJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  58  miles  S.  of  Cuenca.    Pop.  1831. 

FU  EN-TCHOU.  a  town  of  Chmn.    See  Fcen-choo. 

FUENTEALAMO,  fwJn'tJ-d'U-mo,  a  town  of  .Spain,  18 
miles  S.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  6250. 

FUENTE-ALBILDA,  fw^n'tVil-beelMi.  a  village  of  Spain, 
in  Valencia.  24  miles  from  Albacete.     Pop.  1117. 

FUENTE.CANTOS,  fwin'd-kdu'toce,  a  town  of  Spain,  48 
miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.    Pop.  5190. 

FUENTE-DEI^ARCO.  ftv^n'ta-dM-dR/ko,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estremadura.  80  miles  from  Badajos,  on  the  N.  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Morena.     Pop.  1100. 

FUENTtDEI^FRESNO,  fwSn't,i-dJl-fr?s/no,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  La  Mancha,  20  miles  X.N.E.  of  Ciudad-Rodrigo. 
Pop.  2315. 

FUENTE-DEI^MAESTRE,fwJn'tA-dfl-md4s'tri.  a  town  of 
Sp.ain,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.    Pop.  6106. 

FUEXTE-DE-PEDRO-NARRO,  fwln'tA-d.'V-p.^/nro-n.aR'RO,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile.  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cuenca^ 
Pop.  1260. 

FUEXTE-EL-SAUCO,  twSn'ti-Jl-sCw'ko,  a  town  of  Spain, 
48  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid.     Pop.  2599. 

FUEXTE-EXCARROS.  fwen'tA-^n-kte'Roce,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  A'alencia,  55  miles  from  Alicante.    Pop.  1475. 

FUEXTE-GUIXALDO.  fwjn'ti-ghe-ndl'do,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  17  mUes  S.S.W.  of  Ciudad-Kodrigo, 
Pop.  12S3. 

FUEXTE-IIERIDOS,  fwJn'td-A-ree'iwce,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia.  64  miles  N.W.  of  Seville,  in  a  mountainous 
district.    Pop.  1229. 

FUEXTE-LA-HIGUERA,  fwJn'tA-ld-e-gA'rd,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Valencia,  43  miles  X.W.  of  Alicante. 
Pop.  2626. 

FUEXTE-LA-PESa,  fwJn'tA-ll-pJn'ya,  a  town  of  Spain, 
29  miles  S.W.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  1576. 

FUEXTE-OV EJU NA,  fwfn't.-l-o-vd-HOo'n J, (anc.  M>  Tlaira,f) 
written  also  FUEXTE-ABE.TUXA.  fwfn'ti-d-Bd-HoiVnd,  and 
FUENTE-OBtUUXA,  fwJn't.i-o-vi/Hoo'nd,  a  town  of  Spain, 
36  miles  X.W.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  4660.  It  h.-is  manufactures 
of  woollens  and  leather. 

FUENTE-PALMERA,  fwJn'tA-pgl-m.Vrd,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  .Andalusia,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Cordova,  in  a  plain.    P.  1556 

FUENTEPELAQO,  fw^n-t-l-p^l'S-go,  a  town  of  Spain,  16 
miles  N.  of  Segovia.     Pop.  1352.     It  manufactures  linen. 

FUENTERR.tBIA.  in  Spain.    See  Fontarabia. 

FUENTES-DE-ANDALUCIA,  fwin't^s-d.Vdn-dd-loothee'l, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  .\ndalusia,  32  miles  E.X.E.  of  Seville. 
Pop.  5915. 

FU  ENTES-DE-DON-BERMUDA.  fw?n't?SKU-donl  eK-moo'- 
Dd.  a  town  of  Spain.  12  miles  W.N.W.  cf  I'alencia.  Pop.  3065. 

FUENTES-DE-EBRO,  fwln'tis-Ai-kfhro.  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  A  ragon,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Saragossa.  on  the  Ebro.   P.  1446. 

FUENTES-DE-LA-CAMPANA,  fwSn'tL^s-d.Vll-kdm-pd'ni, 
a  town  of  Spain,  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Seville.     Pop.  SG72. 

FUENTES-DE-LEON.  fwJn'tos-dd-l.'i  On',  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estremadura.  50  miles  S.  of  Badajos,  on  the  boidtrs of 
Seville.     Pop.  2920. 

FUENTES-DE-OXORE,  fwfn't^s-dd-o-no^rl,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  S-aLimanca,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Ciudad 
Rodrigo,  and,  in  1811,  the  scene  of  various  engjigemeuts 
between  the  Enelish  and  French  troops. 

FUEKTE,  tvinfxk,  a  small  island  ofT  the  N.W.  coast  of 
South  America,  New  Granada,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  88 
miles  S.S.W.  of  C.irtflgena. 

FUERTE,  RIO  UE.  ree'o  d.A  fvlKHk.  a  river  of  Mexli^an 
Confederacy,  in  Cinaloa,  enters  the  Gulf  of  California,  lat. 
!  26°  50'  N.,  ion.  109°  10'  W.,  after  a  W.  course  of  ab;ut  180 
1  miles.    See  A'ula  del  Fcebte. 


FUE 


FUL 


FUERTE,  EL.    See  Villj  del  Fuektr. 

FUERTE  DH  SAN  JOSK,  fwjR^tA  dA  sin  ho-sA/,  a  town 
of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,)  95  miles  N.E.  of 
Tucuuian. 

FUERTEVEXTURA,  fwjR/tA-vSn-too'ra,  or  FORTEVEN- 
TURA,  foR'ti-v^n-too'ia,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  Archipelago,  separated  from  Lanzarote,  on 
the  N.  by  the  canal  of  Boeayna.  Lat.  of  its  N.W.  point  28° 
42'  X.,  Ion.  14°  1'  W.  Area,  75S  Kijuare  miles.  Pop.  11,800. 
It  is  less  mountainous  than  the  other  Canary  Islands.  Sur- 
face deficient  in  streams,  but  has  some  tracts  of  great  fer- 
tility. The  capital  is  Betancuria,  with  a  pop.  of  900;  Cabras 
on  the  E.  coast,  with  the  principal  harbor,  has  a  population 
of  2200,  and  is  rapidly  extending.     See  Canaries. 

FUElvTY,  fu-er'tee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Roscommon. 

f  UGA,  foo'gd,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  Ba- 
buj'anes,  25  miles  N.  of  Luzon,  and  about  35  miles  in  circuit. 
tat.  19°  N.,  Ion.  121°  20'  E. 

FUGELOE,  (Fugeloe,)  foo/gh?h-lo'Jh,  an  island  of  Norway, 
Finmark.  in  the  Arctic  Ocean.     Lat.  79°  18'  N.,  Ion.  20°  40'  E. 

FUGEN,  (fiigen,)  fU'chen,  a  vill.ige  of  Au.stria,  Tyrol,  in  a 
beautiful  and  fertile  plain,  on  the  Zillerbach,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Ilartberg,  25  miles  E.  of  Innspruek.     Pop.  814. 

FUG'GLESTON.  u  parish  ■  f  England,  co.  of  AVilts,  1  mile 
N.  of  Wilton.     It  has  2  end^iwcd  hospitals  for  aged  persons. 

FUH.N  KN,  an  island  in  the  Baltic.     See  Funen. 

FULAlLliE,  foo-lilee/,  or  FULLALEE,  ffil-ld-Iee',  a  river 
of  Sindo.  forming  the  E.  arm  of  the  Indus  at  the  delta.  It 
leaves  the  Indus  about  12  miles  N.  of  Hyderabad,  which 
city  it  insulates,  by  sending  off  a  branch  to  rejoin  the  main 
stream  15  miles  below;    Thence  it  is  called  Goonee. 

FULANGA,  foo-ldn'gd,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean.     It  is  surrounded  by  a  coral  reef. 

FUiyBKCK,  a  pari.';h  of  England,  eo.  of  Lincoln. 

FUL'BOUKXE,  a  parish  of  Engliind,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

FUI/liUOK  IC,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Warwick. 

FUL'l{I{i>()K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

FULDA.  foOI'dd,  a  river  of  Germany,  joins  the  Werra  to 
form  the  Weser.  after  a  course  of  90  miles. 

FULDA,  fimiliarly  called  FULD,  fOdld  or  f651t,  a  walled 
town  of  Germany,  llesse-Cassel,  on  the  Fulda,  54  miles  S.E. 
of  Cas.sel.  Pop.  9570.  It  has  a  line  cathedral,  bishop's 
palace,  Franciscan  and  Benedictine  monasteries,  numerous 
hospitals,  asylums,  an  arsenal,  prison,  and  workhouse. 
Most  of  its  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics,  over  whom, 
the  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Fulda  has  supreme  eccle- 
siastical jurisdiction.  Public  institutions  comprise  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  seminary,  Protestant  gymnasium,  lyceum,with 
a  public  library,  school  of  industry,  orphan  asylum,  &c. 
Manufactures  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  tobacco,  and  leather. 

FUL'D.\II,  a  post-village  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
from  the  Ohio  Kiver. 

FULKK,  fooMik',  a  village  of  Hungary,  district  of  Little 
Cumania,  48  miles  S.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2600. 

FULE,  NAGY,  (Xagy-Faie.)  nCdj-fU'li',  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, Thither  Danube,  co.  of  Stuhlweissenburg,  near  Vesz- 
prira.     Pop.  KiOO. 

FUI/J'OIII),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 
2  miles  S.  of  York.  Principal  edifices,  barracks,  and  a 
Friends'  lunatic  asylum,  termed  "  the  Retreat." 

FULOINTUM  or  FULGIXIA.    See  FoLiGXO. 

FOL'HAM,  a  parish  of  PJngland,  co.  of  Middlesex,  on  the 
Thames,  &i-  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  It  is  mostly 
laid  out  in  rich  market  gardens ;  has  some  handsome  man- 
eions,  with  alms-houses,  schools,  and  other  charities.  The 
palace  of  Fulham,  a  residence  of  the  Bishops  of  London 
since  the  reigu  of  Henry  VII.,  is  a  large  and  commodious 
brick  quadrangle,  surrounded  by  beautiful  grounds,  and  en- 
circled by  a  moat  communii'ating  with  theThames,  Pop.  9319. 

FULIGNO.  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Foliono. 

FUL'LER'S  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Cole  co.,  lUinoie,  70 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

FULLERSVILLE  or  FULLERVILLE  IRON  WORKS,  a 
post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York,  on  a  tributary  of 
the  Oswegatchie,  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Little  York,  and  28  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Canton.  It  cout.nins  a  grist  mill,  and  extansive 
manufactories  of  iron,  one  of  which  for  making  malleable 
iron  is  capable  of  producing  120<)  pounds  per  day. 

FUL'LKTBY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FULLPTKIN,  (FUUsteiu,)  fiill'stiue,  a  village  of  Austrian 
Silesia.  15  miles  from  .laxerndorf.     Pop.  766. 

FULL-SUTTON.  parish  of  England,  co.  York.  Ea.st  Riding. 

FULLWOOD'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
North  Carolina. 

FUL'MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

FL'L'.MODESOX,  a  pari-.h  of  Jingland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FIIL'N  KCK.  a  V  illage  of  England.  CO.  of  York,  V/es»t  RiUrng, 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Leeds.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Jlora- 
vians,  who  settle"!  here  in  1723,  and  have  a  larga  boys'  and 
Cirls'  school,  a  chapel,  and  a  j-pecies  of  convent  for  single 
brethren  f  nd  sisters. 

FULNECK.  FULXEK.  foM'nJk,  or  FULXIK,  fool'iiik,  a 
town  of  Moravia,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Prerau.  Pop.  3500.  It 
hns  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 


FUL-SEE,  (FUI-See.)  fUl-sa  or  fUl-za,  a  lake  of  Denn<ark, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Jutland,  bailiwick  of  Ribe.  It  is  nearly 
rectangular,  with  exception  of  a  small  narrow  expan.se  in  the 
S.E..  where  a  small  stream  furnishes  its  principal  supply  of 
water.  It  is  about  30  miles  in  circuit,  and  area  8  geogra- 
phical square  miles.     Its  great<;st  depth  is  about  22  feet. 

FUr^STOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

FULTA,  OdVtA.  written  also  FOULTA,  (anc.  PUalata.  "fer- 
tility,") a  considerable  village  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Calcutta,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Hoogly,  which  here  affords  a  .safe  anchorage. 

FULTOX,  f<5<)l't9n,  a  county  in  the  E.X.E.  part  of  New 
Y''ork.  has  an  area  of  about  53U  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  East  Canada  Creek,  and  is  drained  principally 
by  it  and  Sacandaga  River,  with  their  tributaries,  which 
afford  valu.able  water-power.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  un- 
even, and  in  some  parts  mountainous.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile.  The  railroad  connecting  Albany  with  Utica  passes 
through  the  S.W.  corner  of  this  county.  Organized  in  1838, 
having  previou.sly  formed  part  of  Jlontgomery  county,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Robert  Fulton,  who  first  successfully  ap- 
plied steam  to  the  propulsion  of  boats  in  America.  Capital, 
Johnstown.     Pop.  "24,162. 

FULTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  bor- 
dering on  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  .about  380  square  mtlis. 
It  is  traversed  by  Conoloway  and  Licking  Creeks,  affluents 
of  the  Potomac.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Cove  Moun- 
tain forms  the  E.  boundary,  and  Sideling  Hill  traverses  the 
W.  part.  The  valleys  have  some  fertile  land,  and  the  high- 
lands are  covered  with  timber.  A  large  part  of  the  county 
is  unsettled.  It  is  intersected  by  a  turnpike  from  Chanibers- 
burg  to  Bedford.  It  was  formed  a  few  yeai-s  ago  out  of  the  E. 
partof  Bedford  county.  Capita.',  McConnellsburg.     Pop.9131. 

FULTON,  a  county  of  Arkansas,  situated  in  the  N.  part  of 
state,  bordering  on  Missouri,  contains  860  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  White  River,  and  the  Big  North  Fork  of  that 
river.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  undulating,  and  the  soil 
mostly  fertile,  especially  along  the  streams.  Capital,  Salem. 
Pop.  4024,  of  whom  3936  were  free,  and  88  slaves. 

FULTON,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Ken- 
tucky, bordering  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  the  State 
of  Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at  200  square  miles. 
The  surface  is  diversified ;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Formed 
in  1845,  out  of  part  of  Hickman  county.  Capital,  Hickman. 
Pop.  5317,  of  whom  4239  were  free. 

FUI/TON,  a  couuty  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  borflcring 
on  Michigan,  contains  337  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Tiffin's  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Maumee.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Formed  a  few  years  ago 
by  a  division  of  Lucas  county.    Capital,  Ottokee.  Pop.  14,043. 

FULTON  county,  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 366  squ.are  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Tippecanoe 
Kiver.  The  .surface  is  nearly  level,  and  is  diversified  by 
forests,  prairies,  and  oak  openings.  The  soil  is  mostly  produc- 
tive. It  abounds  in  iron-ore.  and  is  liberally  supplied  with 
water-power.  Organized  in  1836.  Capital,  Rochester.  Pop. 
94-22. 

FULTON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
of  870  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Illi- 
nois River,  intersected  by  Spoon  River,  which  divides  it 
into  nearly  equal  parts,  and  also  drained  by  Otter.  Put- 
nam's, and  Copperas  Creeks.  The  surface  Is  undulating, 
and  diversified  by  beautiful  prairies  and  forests,  which  in  a 
state  of  nature  were  of  neai'ly  e(iual  extent.  The  soil  is  ex- 
ceedingly fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  Rich  mines  of  stone 
coal  have  been  opened  in  the  county.  The  Spoon  River 
furnishes  motive-power  for  numerous  mills.  The  banks  of 
the  rivers  and  creeks  are  well  timbered.  The  Illinois  River 
affords  great  facilities  for  exporting  produce;  and  the  Chi- 
cago and  Quiucy  Railroad  passes  through  the  nm'them 
part  of  the  county.    Capital,  Lewistown.    Pop.  33,338. 

FULTON,  a  post-village  in  Volney  township,  Oswego  co., 
New  Y'ork,  on  the  Oswego  River,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Syracuse 
It  is  situated  on  the  Oswego  Canal,  on  the  right  (E.)  bank 
of  the  river,  which  has  a  fall  of  38  feet  in  a  mile,  producing 
a  fine  water-power,  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  stream 
jiasses  the  Oswego  and  Syractise  Railroad.  It  has  G  churches, 
2  banks,  1  newspaper  office,  a  seminary,  an  academy,  an  iron 
foundry,  and  numerous  mills.  Pop.  of  the  township,  8045 ; 
of  the  village,  aliont  SSOn. 

IT ULTON,  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Schoharie  co., 
.New  York.    Pop.  2944. 

FULTON,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FULTON,  a  postxjfllce  of  Westmoreland  co..  Pennsylvania. 

FULTON,  a  post-village  in  Davie  co..  North  Carolina,  on 
Y'A.lkin  River,  110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

lULTON,  a  post-village  in  Sumter  district,  South  Caro- 
linrv.  40  miles  S.E.  of  Columbia. 

FULTON,  a  post-ofRce  of  Cobb  c3.,  Georgia. 

FULTON,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama. 

FULTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Itawamba  CO.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  Tombigbee  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
210  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson.     Small  steamboats  ascend  to 
this  place  in  high  water.    Pop.  from  300  to  400. 
'      FULTON,  a  post-village  of  Hempstead  co.,  Arkansas,  on 

719 


FTJL 


FUR 


Rmi  R5ver.  140  miler  S.W.  of  Little  Rr-ok.    A  plank-road  has 
bwn  comiBftnced  lietween  this  place  «nd  Camden. 

FULTON,  a  post-vJila.se  of  Lauderc^ale  co..Tennessee,  on  a 
bluff  of  thi>  M_ssissipp!  Itirer.  about  35  miles  N.  of  Memphis. 

FULTON',  a  townihip  of  Fulton  co.,OLio.     Pop.  Il.i9. 

FULTON,  a  post  Tillage  and  towu.«hi  >  of  Il.imilton  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  F.iver,  immediately  a'"ve  Cincinnati,  of 
which  it  isasubaib.  High  hilLs  rise  lehind  the  villaire 
not  more  than  a  few  hundred  yards  from  the  river,  and  con- 
tain valuable  quarries  of  limestone,  suiiaole  for  building. 
Fulton  contjiins  6  churches,  10  boat-ysu-ds,  a  dry-dock,  a 
rolling-mill,  a  foundry,  and  several  steam  mills.  Steanibott 
building  constitutes  the  chief  business  of  the  place.  Pop. 
about  6(^KX).    It  now  forms  tlie  l"tb  ward  of  the  city. 

FULTON,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Rock  co.,  TTis- 
consin.    Pop.  1S90. 

FULTON,  Stark  county,  Ohio.    See  Canal  Ftt;.ton. 

FULTON,  a  post-village  in  Barry  co.,  Michigan,  130  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  Detroit. 

FULTON,  a  township  in  FountMn  co.,  Indiana.    P.  799. 

FULTON,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  V)..  Indhna. 

FULTON,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  on  Spoon  River. 

FULTON  or  FULTON  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Whifesides 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Mi^■siss!ppi  River,  and  on  the  Chicago, 
Fulton  and  Iowa  R.R.,  136  miles  W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1612. 

FULTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Callaway  co.. 
Missouri,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City,  and  12  miles  from 
the  Missouri  River.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Asylum,  and  the  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.  The 
former,  which  was  established  in  1848.  is  a  beautiful  edifice 
210  feet  long,  .ind  5  stories  high,  containing  112  apartments. 
The  people  of  the  county  gave  $12,000  and  4G0  acres  of  land, 
to  secure  the  location  of  thi.s  institution.  The  village  con- 
tains several  churches,  academies,  and  a  branch  bank. 
There  are  large  manufactories  of  earthenware  in  the  place. 

FCLTON,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Iowa. 

FULTON,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  near  Rock 
Elver,  about  34  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

FULTON  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 

FUI/rONIIAM,  a  post-village  in  Fulton  township.  Scho- 
harie CO.,  New  York,  on  Schoharie  River,  about  35  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Albany. 

FUVTONHAM,  or  UNIONTOWN,  a  post-vUlage  of  Mus- 
kingum CO.,  Ohio.  57  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

FUL'l'ON  UO USE. post-village,  Lancaster co..Pennsvlvania. 

FULTON  L.KKES,  in  Hjimilton  and  Herkimer  cos..  New 
Tork,  consists  of  6  or  8  small  lakes  connected  with  Moose 
River  bv  short  outlets. 

FULTONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Glen  township,  Mont- 
gomery CO..  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  Mohawk  River, 
44  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  1  or  2  churches,  seve- 
ral stores,  &c. 

FULVII  FORUM.    See  V.*.le.\za. 

FUL'WOOD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

FUMAY,  f  il^mi'.  a  town  of  France,  dep.irtment  of  Ar- 
denneSj  on  the  Meuse,  16  miles  N.  of  Mezidres.  Pop.  in 
1852.  3447.  It  stands  Very  picturesquely  among  wooded 
heights,  two  of  which,  termed  the  Barnes  de  la  Meu4e,  ("la- 
dies of  the  Jleuse.")  overhang  the  river. 

FUMEL,  f  u^mel',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  on  the  Lot  2(3  miles  N.E.  of  Agen.     Pop.  1349. 

FUMONE.  foo-mo'ni,  a  town  of  the  Papal  States.  7  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Frosinone.  It  contains  a  castle  situated  on  a 
height,  and  famous  as  the  place  in  which  Pope  Celestinus 
was  imprisoned,  after  having  been  forced  to  resign  the  pope- 
dom to  Boni&ce  VIII.     Pop.  1000. 

FUNCHAL,  foon-shll',  the  capital  town  of  the  isl.ind  of 
Madeira,  on  its  S.  coast.  Lat.  of  the  British  consuls  house, 
32°37'7"N..  Ion.  160  64'7"W.  Pop.  IS.OOJ.  Me.in  tempera- 
ture of  the  year,  67°-6;  winter.  63°'5;  summer.  71°'i5.  Its 
white  houses,  built  on  declivities,  give  it  a  handsome  appear- 
ance from  the  sea.  and  its  sti-eets  are  well  paved  though  nar- 
row. The  chief  edifices  are  a  cathedral,  the  governor's  resi- 
dence, hospitsl.  and  theatre.  The  harbor  is  indifferent,  but 
Funchal  remains  the  entrepot  of  the  wiue  trade  of  the 
Uland.  Its  environs  are  pleasant,  and  ornamented  by  nu- 
merous villas. 

FU.NDAO.  (Fundao.)  foon-d6wNo',  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Garda.  Pop.  2600.  It  has 
manuCictures  of  cloths. 

FUND'ENHALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

FUNDI.    See  Foxni. 

FUNDY,  BAY  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Athintic.  separating 
Nova  Scotia  from  New  Brunswick.  Lenth.  near  170  miles; 
breadth,  vai-ying  from  30  to  50  miles.  At  its  upper  extre- 
mity are  Chlgnecto  Bay  and  Sllnes  Channel,  leading  to 
Mines  Basin.  Passamaquoddy  Bay  opens  into  it  near  its 
mouth.  The  Bay  of  Fundy  is  deep,  but  its  navigation  is 
dangerous.  The  tides,  which  here  rise  to  the  height  of  71 
feet,  rush  in  with  such  rapidity  thit  swine  are  often  over- 
taken and  drowned  while  feeding  on  shell-fish.  Grindstones 
and  gyi)sum  or  plaster  of  Paris  are  obtained  at  the  head  of 
this  bay.  It  comprises  the  Grand  Menan  and  Long  Isl.tnds, 
and  receives  the  St.  John  and  St.  Croix  Rivers.  The  city  of 
8L  John  (New  Bruoswick)  is  on  itn  N.  ooost. 
720 


FU'NEN  or  FUHNEN,  (Ger.  Piinen  or  FTihnenJxi'neix,  Dan. 
/V^n-  fii'en;  h-Piofnia;  i'r.  Finnie.  feeVnee.O  an  island  m 
tl  e  Riltic,  and  next  to  Seeland.  the  largest  of  the  Danish 
Islands,  is  situated  betweea  lat.  55°  4'  and  55°  38*  N., 
und  Ion.  9°  44'  and  10^  53'  E..  separated  r'rom  S^and  on 
the  E.  by  the  Great  Belt  anr.  from  the  main  land  on  the  W 
iy  the  Little  Bi-.lt  Area.  "il23  square  mll<>j.  Pop.  in  ISol, 
170.450.  Surface  undulating;  hilly  in  the  W  ind  S.JV. 
Shores  grAitly  indented,  and  in  the  N.E.  by  the  OUciise 
Fiord,  which  receives  the  Odense,  the  principal  river,  35 
miles  'n  length.  Lakes  n  imerous:  the  laigest  is  .Irreskov 
See.  Soil  very  productive.  Corn  is  rai.%d  for  export, 
and  has,  hemn,  and  fruit  are  cultivated.  Funen  ex- 
ports A  great  raany  cattle:  the  other  principal  exports 
are  honey,  corn,  horses,  fruit,  lard,  butter,  leather,  salted 
meat,  and  some  manufactured  goods.  The  trade  is  active, 
and  chietly  with  Norway  and  Sweden.  Funen,  with  Lange- 
Ib-nd.  an  island  S.E.,  forms  a  stift,  suMivided  into  3  amts. 
Principal  towns  of  Funen.  Odense,   SvendboTir,  and   Xyliorg. 

FUNFHAUS,  (Fiinfh.ius.)  fllufhOws.  FUNFHAUSEL, 
(I"Unfhal-sel.)fUnf'hoi'zel.orHANGENDENLISSEN,hdng'- 
ea-d^n-lis'sf  n,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  about  2  miles  from 
Vienna.     Pop.  2400. 

FUNFKIRCHEN.  (FUnfkirchen.)  funrkgfp.K'fn,  (-'five 
churches;''  Hun.  Pics  or  IMs.  p;iitch.)  a  rov.tl  free  town  of 
Southern  Hungary,  capital  of  the  county  "of  Baranva,  105 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Buda.  Pop.  14,500.  It  is  well  built,  and 
has  a  cathedral  on  the  site  of  a  Roman  fortress,  numerous 
remains  of  mosques,  baths,  and  other  edifices  built  by  the 
Turks,  who  held  the  town  from  1543  tol6S6.  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic diocesan  school,  a  college,  and  military  and  hiA  .«chools. 

FUNG  or  FOXG,  f  hng  or  f06ng,  a  prefix  to  the  names  of 
numerous  citie.s,  ic.  of  China. 

FUNG-THI  AN,  a  city  of  Mantchooria.     Sec  Mwkdct. 

FUNG-WAH,  ffing-wi,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Che- 
kiang,  about  30  miles  from  Ningpo.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1842. 

FUNG-WHANG-CHING.  fiing'-hw3ng'-ching'.  sometimes 
written  FOUNG  YANG  HOCANG-TCIllNG.  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Leao-tong.  near  the  Coivan  frontier. and  the  only 
entrepot  of  the  trade  between  China  and  Corea. 

FUNG-Y.\NG,  fTing'-yJng',  or  ffiOug\vdng',  written  also 
FOUNG-Y.A.NG.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Ngan-hoei,  capital 
of  a  department.  95  miles  N.AV.  of  N.anking. 

FUNKSTOWN,  a  village  of  Franklin  co..  PennE>-lvania, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Chamberslmrg.     Pop.  in  1800,  about  400. 

FUNKSTOW  N,  a  post-village  of  W  ashington  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  Antictam  Cre<;k,  98  miles  N.\V.  of  Annapolis.  It  is 
one  of  the  principal  villages  in  the  county.  Pop.  in  1850, 793. 

FUN'NY  LOU'IS,  post-offic&,  Catahoula  p.irish,  Louisiana 

FUNSa'ONVILLE,  called  also  LAIRDS'VILLE,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Little  Muncy  Creek, 
98  miles  N.  of  ilarrisbui-g.  has  1  church,  2  Etore.s,  several 
mills,  and  about  200  inhabitants. 

FUNTINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

FUR.    See  Dartoob. 

FURC.\.  LA,  la  fooETiJ.  (Fr.  La  Fmirche.  ]3  fooR.sh.1  a  moui> 
tain  of  Switzerl.ind,  canton  of  Valais,  immediately  W.  ol 
.Mount  St.  Gothard.     Height  8268  ft«t.      • 

FURE.\U.  fiiVo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-I!h6ne.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Aix.    Pop.  1897. 

FUKED,  (FUred.)  Tu'rdd'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  on  the  VT. 
shore  of  Lake  Ba]atony,9miles  S.  of  Veszprim,  resorted  to  as 
a  hathing  pl.tce.    Pop.  1046. 

FURED,  (FUred.)  TISZA.  tee'sCh'  fii'rJd'.  a  market  town  of 
Hunsrarv.  on  the  Theiss.  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kardzag.   P.  4020. 

FUREEDABAD.  foo-ree'da-bad'.  a  town  of  British  India, 
Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  17  miles  S.  of  Delhi. 

FUREEDP(X»R,  foo-reedpoor',  or  D.^C'CA  JEL'APOOR/, 
a  district  of  British  Indi.-i.  presidency  of  Bengal,  between 
lat.  2-3°  and  24°  N..  and  Ion.  89=  and  90°  30'  E. 

FOR'EEDPiX)R'.  or  FUR'REEDPOOR',  the  chief  town  of 
the  above  district  is  .situated  37  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Dacca,  lat. 
23°  37'  N.,  Ion.  89°  53'  E. 

FUREEDPOOR,  a  town  of  British  India,  district  and  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Delhi. 

FCRIAN.    See  Dabfoor. 

FUR'ISHPOOR'.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Malwah, 
17  miles  from  .\shta.     Pop.  about  7000. 

FURK,  foiiRk.  a  castle  and  village  of  Eastern  Persia,  105 
miles  N.AV.  of  Lake  Hamoon.)  The  castle  is  reputed  to  be 
the. strongest  in  Khorassan.    Pop.  of  the  village  about  1600. 

FURLO,  fooRlo.  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Marches, 
8  miles  South  of  Urbino ;  near  it  is  the  famous  Pass  of  Furlo, 
(anc.  Wtra  Interci'sa.) 

FURLOG,  fooii/log\  FURLAH,  fooR*!6h\  or  FERLYUO, 
fjR'lyoop\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  1  hither  Theiss,  abou* 
8  miles  from  Lugos.     Pop.  2625. 

FUR'N.\CE.  a  post-office  of  Berks  co,  Pennsylvaniv 

FURNACE,  a  small  vilLage  of  Mer  »••  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FURN.\CE.  a  post-office  of  Erie  co_  Ohio. 

FURNACE  CHEEK,  an  affluent  of  Clarion  River,  in  Elk 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

FURNACE  HOI/LOW,  a  village  of  Oo.vx.    See  SlAJroRn. 

FURNACii  VII/LAGE,  a  villagn  in  Salisbury  township, 


FUR 


FDT 


Litchfield  CO ,  Connecticut.  50  miles  ■W.N.W.  of  Hartford,  con- 
tains manufactures  of  iron. 

FURNAS,  fooR'nds,  a  village  on  tlie  E.  coast  of  the  island 
of  St.  Michael.  Azores,  with  sulphurous  springs. 

FUKNEAUX  (fur'ny)  or  FOUKNEAUX  (fooP.'noO 
ISLANDS,  a  group  of  Australasia,  Basss  Strait,  between 
A'an  Piemans  Landand  Australia.  Lat.-W^  S.lon.l4S°  E.  They 
consist  of  three  or  four  large  and  many  smaller  islands,  Great 
Island,  the  principal,  being  3.5  miles  long,  by  10  miles  broad. 
Cape  Barren,  Clark,  Ilumniotk.  and  I5ab>,'l  Islands  are  those 
next  in  size.  The  soil  is  sandy,  and  vegetation  feeble.  D1.S- 
covered  by  the  English  navigator,  Furneaux,  in  1773. 

FUIiXEAUX,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.l7°S., 
Icn.  14.3°G'W. 

FTIRNES,  fuRn,  (Flemish  Veume,  vSR'nfh,)  the  most  W. 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flauders,  at  tlie  junction 
of  several  canals,  near  the  North  Sea,  and  26  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Bruges.     Pop.  4699.     It  has  an  active  trade  in  cattle. 

FUR/XESS,  a  manorial  liberty  of  England,  on  the  Irish 
Sea,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  with  a 
beautiful  ruin  of  the  celebrated  abbey  of  Furness,  founded 
In  1127,  by  Stephen,  afterwards  King  of  England. 

FURKAUKNE,  fftr^ra-jeen',  (?)  a  little  island  in  the  Red 
Sea,  on  the  W.  side,  about  lat.  18°  W  N.,  Ion.  38°  20'  E. 

FUR'RAH,a  decayed  town  of  Afghanistan,  on  the  Furrah- 
rood  River,  (which  enters  the  Lake  of  IIamoon,)140  miles 
S.W.  of  Herat.  Lat.  32°  24'  N.,  Ion.  02°  7'  E.  In  1810,  it  was 
large  and  populous,  but  between  that  date  and  1839,  it  had 
been  completely  ruined  in  the  hostilities  of  the  chiefs  of 
Herat  and  Candahar. 

FUKKAII,  a  villiige  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, distiict,  and  N.AV.  of  Agra. 

FURRAH-ROOD.  fur'rd-r(iod\  a  river  of  Western  Af.;hanis- 
tan,  rising  in  the  mountains  N.E.  of  Tooki-Gusseerman,  flows 
S.W..  and  fiills  into  Lakellainoon  in  lat.32°4'  N.,  Ion.  C0° 45'  E. 

FURRUCKABAD,  f&r-rQk-d-bdd',orFARAKHABAD,(j.e. 
"happy  residence,"  see  Int.  xvi.  1,  Obs..)  a  town  of  British 
India. capital  of  theabove  district,  is  situated  near  theGanges, 
100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Agra,  lat.  27°  23'  N.,  Ion.  79°  33'  E.  Pop. 
66,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  wall,  has  some  wide  streets,  and 
Is  one  of  the  principal  commercial  towns  of  Upper  Ilindostan. 
Lord  Lake  defeated  the  troops  of  Ilolkar  here,  in  1805. 

FURRUOKABAD.  or  FEROCKABAD,  a  district  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal. 

FURRUCItXAGUR,  fur-rtik-na-gtir',  two  towns  of  Briti.sh 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Delhi,  one  being  10 
miles  E.N.E.  and  the  other  20  miles  S.W.  of  that  city. 

FUR.STENAU,  (Ftirstenau,)  f  ilRs'teh-n6w\  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, kingdom  of  Hanover,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Osnabrllck. 
Pop.  1285.. 

FURSTENAU,  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Starkenburg,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Darmstadt,  with  a  fine  resi- 
dence of  the  counts  of  Erbach. 

FURSTENAU,  a  village  and  castle  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Grisons. 

FURSTENBERG,  (FUrstenberg.)  f  liRs'ten-bjRQ\  a  town  of 
Germanv.  in  Mecklenberg-Strelitz,  ou  the  Havel,  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Old  Strelitz.    Pop.  2425. 

FURSTENBERG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  provitice  of  Branden- 
burg, on  the  Berlin  Frankfort  and  IJieslau  Railway,  63 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  1560. 

FURSTENBERG,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  West- 
phalia, on  the  Aa.  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  BUren.    Pop.  1555. 

FURSTENFELU,  (FUrsteufeld.)  faRs'ten-f4lt\  a  town  of 
Styria,  30  miles  E.  of  Griitz,  ou  the  Feistri"tz.  Pop.  2000.  It 
has  a  large  imperial  tobacco  factory. 

FURSTENFELD(FUrstenfeld)BRUCK.niEs'ten-fMt'br6i5k, 
a  village  of  Upper  Bavaria,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Munich,  with  a 
military  hospital. 

FURSTENFELDE,  (Fiii-stenfelde.)  fuRs'ten-fePdfh,  a  town 
of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  26  miles  X.  of  Fi'ank- 
fort.     Pop.  1506. 

FURSTEXWALDE.  (Fiirstenwalde.)  fiir.s'ten-'fi-3rdeh,  a 
town  of  Prussiii,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Spree,  21 
miles  W.  of  Frankfort,  and  on  the  railway  thence  to  Berlin. 
Pop.  4412.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and  woollens,  and 
an  active  trade  b3'  the  river. 

FURSTENWERDER,  (Furstenwerder,)  fuRs'ten--ftlRMer.  a 
town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  13  niiles  W.X.W. 
of  Prenzlow.  between  two  lakes.    Pop.  1600. 

FURTA,  fooR't6h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Thither  Theiss, 
CO.  of  Bihar,  about  16  miles  from  Grosswardein.    Pop.  1371. 

FURTEI,  faoR-tii/ee,  or  FORTEI,  foR-tA/ee,  a  village  on  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  about  20  miles  X.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  950. 

FURTII.  (Kiirth.)  f  liRt,  the  principal  manufacturing  town 
of  Bavaria,  after  Nuremberg,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Keg- 
nitz  and  I'egnitz,  5  miles  X.W.  of  Nuremberg,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  railway.  Pop.  19,125,  of  whom  2600  are 
Jews,  the  rest  mostly  Lutherans.  It  has  several  churches 
and  synagogues,  and  numerous  schools.  The  Jews,  inter- 
dicted from  tettlingin  Nuremberg,  have  rendered  Fiirth  a  for- 
midable rival  to  that  city,  and  possess  here  a  separate  court  of 
'iistice,  Hebrew  schooLs,  2  printing  establishments,  and  enjoy 
unusual  privileges.  The  manufactures  comprise  fabrics  of  va- 
rious kinds,  mirrors,  lacquered  wares,  horn,  and  bone  articles. 
2V 


FURTII.  (FUrth.)  a  frontier  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Chain, 
40  miles  X'.E.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  2244. 

FURTH,  (Fiirth,)  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  16  miles 
S.E.  of  Dai-mstadt. 

FURTHER  INDIA.    See  India. 

FURTWAXGEN,  ruRtZ-fiang-en,  a  town  of  Baden,  1  mile 
E.N.E.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  965. 

FURUDPOOR.  a  town  of  India.    See  Dacca. 

FU'RY-AND-HECLA  STRAIT,  North  America,  in  lat.  70» 
X..  Ion.  85°  W..  leads  westward  into  Boothia  Gulf,  having  N. 
Cockburnlsland,  and  S.Melville  Peninsula.  Its  breadth  varies 
from  8  to  40  miles,  with  numerous  islands. 

FURY  POINT,  of  British  North  America,  Prince  Regent's 
Inlet,  on  the  AV.  side  of  North  Somerset,  in  lat.  72°  40'  30*' 
N.,  Ion.  91°  5-3'  W.     Here  Sir  James  Ross  wintered  in  1822-3. 

FUSAGASUGA,  foo-sS-gd-soo/giJ.  a  river  of  New  Granada, 
ilowing  W.,  and  falling  into  the  Magdalena  52  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Santa-Fe-de-Bogota. 

FUSARO,  foo-sd'ro,  (anc.  JcJiUron,}  a  lake  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince, and  11  miles  W.  of  Naples,  on  the  peninsula  of  Baine. 

FUSE,  fooZzeh,  a  river  of  Germany,  joins  the  AUer  at  Celle 
after  a  course  of  60  miles. 

FUSHT,  fasht  orfoosht,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea.  on  the 
E.  side,  in  lat.  16°  11'  X.,  Ion.  42°  25'  E.     It  is  2  miles  long. 

FUSIGNANO,  foo-seen-yd'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italv*, 
State  of  .Emilia,  30  miles  U.K.  of  Ferrara,  ou  the  Seruo. 
Pop.  4759.     It  is  the  birth-place  of  Monti. 

FUSIXA.  foo-see'ni,  a  village  and  post-station  of  Northern 
Italy,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Venice,  on  the  Brenta  Canal. 

FUSSEX,  (FUssen.)  f iis'sen.  a  frontier  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Lech,  near  the  Tyrolese  border,  56  miles  S.W.  of  Augs- 
burg. Pop.  1315.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  mu- 
sical instruments. 

FUTI-PAXJAL,  foo'tee-pdn'jdP,  a  mountain  of  Cashmere, 
upwards  of  12,000  feet  high;  lat.  33°  20'  X.,  ion.  74°  30'  E. 

FUTTAIC  or  FUTAK,  f  iot'tOk',  a  town  of  Southern  Hun- 
gary, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  8  miles  W.  of  Peter- 
wardein.  Pop.  4700.  It  has  a  fair  in  Xovember,  attended 
by  Turkish.  Greek,  and  Armenian  merchants. 

FUTTAK,  UJ,  oo/ee  fuotHflk',  or  NEW  FUTTAK,  a  town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  has  a  ferry  over  the  Danube,  towards 
Cserevi'cs.     Pop.  4800. 

FUTTEGHUR,  a  fort  of  Afghanistan,  near  the  E.  end  of  the 
Khyber  Pass:  lat.  33°  58'  N..  Ion.  71°30'E. 

FUTTEHABAD.  ftif  teh-ha-bdd',  ("the  abode  of  victory,") 
a  town  of  Hindostan,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Oojein,  so  named 
after  a  great  battle  gained  here  by  Aurengzebe. 

FUTTEHAB.\D,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  24  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi. 

FUTTEHABAD,  fiit'tgh-hd-bad',  a  town  of  Afghanistan, 
plain  of  Jelalabad,  in  lat.  34°  21'  X.,  Ion.  70°  13'  E.,  and  oc- 
cupied by  the  troops  of  Sir  R.  Sale  during  the  advance  on 
Cabool  in  1842.  Also,  a  district  in  the  Nizam"s  dominions, 
comprising  the  towns  of  Daroor,  Cullum,  and  Latorr. 

FUTTEHGHUR,  ftitHeh-gfti-',  or  FATAtiHAR,  fd-td-gaR/, 
(i.e.  "the  fort  of  victory,")  a  town  of  British  India,  pre.si- 
dency  of  Bengal,  (Agra,)  3  miles  S.E.  of  Furuckaliad,  on  the 
Ganges.  It  has  a  strong  fort,  and  military  cantonments, 
and  is  the  residence  of  the  head  civil  and  military  authori- 
ties of  the  district.  A  superior  manufacture  of  tents  is  car- 
ried on  here. 

FUTTEHGHUR,  a  town  of  North-western  Hindostan,  30 
miles  X.E.  of  Bhawlpoor,  on  the  Ghara  or  Sutlej. 

FUTTEHGHUR,  a  ruined  fort  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  route 
from  Attock  into  Cashmere. 

FUTTEHGUXGE,  ffieteh-gQnj',  or  FATAHGANJ,  fd-tl- 
gdnj',  a  walled  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Oude,  8 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Lucknow.  It  was  formerly  the  residence 
of  Raiah  Tickait  Rov. 

FUTTEHPOOR,  f'atHeh-poor',  a  town  of  India,  Sinde,  in 
the  delta  of  the  Indus,  45  miles  S.  of  Hyderabad. 

FUTTEHPOOR,  ftt-teh-poor',  alarge  inland  town  of  Hin- 
dostan, province  of  Allahabad,  05  miles  S.  of  Lucknow,  in 
lat.  25°  56'  N.,  Ion.  80°  45'  E.  It  is  surrounded  with  tombs, 
and  contains  several  good  houses,  and  an  elegant  mosque. 

FUrrEHPOOR,  a  village  of  Beloochistan,  province  of 
Cutch  Gundava,  5  miles  S.  of  Gundava,  in  lat.  28°  25'  N., 
Ion.  67°  35'  E. 

FUTTEHPOOR  SIKRA.    See  Futtipoor  Sikra. 

FUTTIHPOOR,  fut-te-poor',  or  FUTTEHPOOR,  a  town  of 
Hindostan  in  the  Punjab,  in  a  fertile  and  well  cultivated 
country,  on  the  Ravee,  82  miles  S.W.  of  Lahore,  on  the  route 
thence  to  Mooltan. 

FUTl'IPOOR  SIKRA  or  FUTTEHPOOR  SIKRA.  an  inland 
town  of  Ilindostan.  province,  and  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  Agra, 
in  lat.  26°  6'  N.,  Ion.  77°  34'  E.  It  was  enclosed  and  fortified  by 
the  Emperor  Akbar.  and  contains  remains  of  a  palace  formei-ly 
inhabited  by  him.  The  portion  of  this  deserted  palace  contain- 
ing the  apartments  of  Abu-Fazel,  the  celebrated  prime  mi- 
nister of  Akbar,  is  in  a  better  state  of  preservation  than 
most  of  the  other  buildings.  The  walls  are  of  great  strength 
and  solidity,  all  the  apartments  being  arched,  and  it  ap- 
pears, from  what  remains,  were  once  richly  decorated.  I'he 
exterior  is  all  of  a  sombre  red  freestone,  in  a  fine  stylo 
of  oriental  Gothic.    There  is  also  a  tomb  of  elaborate  work- 

721 


FUT 


GAD 


maosbip,  X 1  wbich  several  mnmbe*  8  of  the  royal  family  were 
buried :  it  strtcds  in  the  centre  of  an  arcaded  square,  and  is 
•pproachei  throusrh  a  gate  of  noble  proportions. 

FUTTOOLAII-KILLA,  ffit-toold-kil'Id,  or  PUTTOOLA- 
KILLA,  p&t-too'la-killi.  a  village  and  fort  of  Afghanistan, 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Candahar,  3918  feet  alore  sea  level.  Its 
supply  ?f  water  brought  by  a  canal  from  bills  about  50  miles 
K.,  can  be  easily  intercepted.  The  British  army  suffered 
severely  from  this  cause  when  encamped  here,  in  April,  1839. 

rUTTYPOOR,  f  atte-pooi-'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengai,  Xagpoor  ceded  districts,  18  miles  KSJi.  of 
Hosur-sibad. 

FUTTYPOOR,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Esypootana,  90 
miles  X.W.  of  Jeypoor. 

FUTTYPOOR,  a  large  village  of  Sinde,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Indus.  10  miles  S.  of  Larkhana. 

FOTWA.  fut/wl  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  S  miles  S.S.E.  of  Patna,  on  the  Ganges,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Pompon,  here  crossed  bv  a  bridge. 

FUUR,  fooR,  or  FUURLAXD,  fooR/lind,  an  island  of 
Denm.irk,  province  of  Jutland,  30  miles  X.W.  of  Viborg,  in 
the  Lymfiord.  Area,  11  square  miles.  Pop.  1000.  It  lii»s 
niinenil  springs,  and  traces  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

FUVEAU.  f  u^•o^  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bou- 
ches-du-Rhone.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Mx.    Pop.  1>97. 

FUZER,  (Fiizer.)  fu'zSr\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Abaujvar,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Kaschau.    Pop.  665. 

FUZES,  (Fuzes,)  fu'zJsh',  or  FIZESCII,  fee'zfsh',  (L.  Sali- 
cium.)  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Kraszna,  on  the  slopes 
of  two  hills,  surrounded  by  woods,  15  miles  from  Somlyo. 
It  is  inhabited  bv  Wallachians.     Pop.  "2414. 

FUZES  (Fuzes)  GYAKMATH,  fti'zJsh'  dyoRWf,  a  maj> 


ket-town  of.  Hungary,  in  Thither  Theiss,  Bekes,  on  the  Bd- 
rettyo,  equally  distant  from  Gyula  and  Csaba.    Pop.  4950 

FYEX.  an  it^land  of  Deumaik.    See  ivsss. 

FYERS.    See  Foyers. 

FY'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

FYFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 

FYFIELD.  a  parish  of  J^ngland,  co.  of  Ilant.s. 

FY'LIXGDALES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  Xortl) 
Riding,  on  the  North  Sea,  4^  n.iles  S.S.E.  of  "Whitby.  On 
Raven  Ilill,  in  this  parish,  llubba,  the  Danish  chieftain,  un- 
furled his  standard  in  SG7. 

FYNE  or  FINE,  LOCH,  loK  fin,  an  inlet  of  the  sea.  m 
Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  commencing  l>etweeu  the  islar.ds  of 
Bute  and  Arran.  and  running  up  between  the  districts  of 
Kintyre  and  Cowal  for  about  40  miles,  with  an  avei'aga 
breadth  of  about  5  miles.  The  shores  are  deeply  indented, 
and  finely  screened  by  projecting  mountains.  The  town  of 
Inverary  stands  near  the  head  of  this  loch. 

FYUM.    See  Fayoom. 

FY  VIE.  f  i'vee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  about  24  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Aberdeen.  Fyvie  Castle,  the  seat  of  Gordon  of 
Fyvie,  is  a  stately  Gothic  edifice.  Here  ai-e  also  the  fine 
ruins  of  Gight  Castle,  and  of  a  prior}-. 

FYZABAD.  f  i-zd-1  3d',  {i.  e.  '•  a  beautiful  residence,")  a  town 
of  India,  4  miles  ^^'.  of  Oudc.  on  the  Kalee.  It  is  large, 
populous,  and  has  the  remains  of  a  fortress  and  of  a  palace. 

FYZABAD,  a  village  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, in  Agra.  Near  it  is  a  ruined  hunting-seat  of  the  Em- 
peror Shah-Jehan. 

FYZABAD.  a  village  of  Afghanistan,  on  the  Herri-Rood, 
32  miles  E.  of  Herat. 

FYZABAD,a  town  oflndependentTartary.See  Bcdckhshan. 


G 


GAABENSE,  go'bln-seh,  a  village  and  ferry  station  of 
Denmark,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Falster. 

GAAD,  gdd,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal,  on  the 
Temes.  about  12  miles  from  Detta.     Pop.  1108. 

GABARDAN,  gi'baR'd6x«',  or  GAAARDAX,  gi'TaRMSx"', 
an  ancient  vicomte  of  France,  belonging  to  Coudomois.  It 
is  now  included  in  the  E.  of  the  department  of  Landes,  on 
the  S.W.  of  I/Ot*t-Garonne. 

GABARRET,  gi^baR^Rd/.  a  town  of  Fi-ance,  department  of 
Landes,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mont-de-Marsan.  Pop.  854.  It 
was  formerly  capital  of  the  vicomte  of  Gabardan. 

GAB.\S,'giM)Js/,  a  frontier  village  of  France,  department 
of  Bas.ses-PyrC'ueos,  30  miles  S.  of  Pau. 

GABBIANO.  gili-be-d'no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  IS  miles  S.W.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  2022. 

GABEL,  gi/bgl,  GABLON,  gi-blon'.  or  GABLONY,  gj- 
blo/nee.  a  town  oif  Bohemiiv,  on  the  Adler,  37  miles  E.S.E. 
of  KiiniggrStz.     Pop.  605. 

GABEL,  gi'bel,  GABDAU,  glVdOw,  or  JABLONA,  jd-blo'- 
nj,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Jungfernbach,  50  miles 
N.N'.E.  of  Prague.  In  the  neighborhood  is  the  castle  of 
Falkenberg.     Pop.  2135. 

GABELA,  gl'bAna.  or  GABELLA,  g3-b5n3,  a  town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  Herzegovina,  on  the  Narenta,  26  miles 
S.W.  of  Mostar. 

GABERA.  gd-bj'ril,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  52 
miles  S.W.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  1574. 

GABES,  a  town  of  Africa.     See  Cabes. 

G.\BIAN.  gd'be-d.\»',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Beziers.     Pop.  1023. 

GABI.WO.  gd-be-i'no,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  province,  and 
12  mile.«  W.  of  Ca-sale,  on  the  Po.    Pop.  2;i53. 

GABLON  or  GABT>ONY.  a  town  of  Bohemix    See  Gabel. 

GABLONZ,  gd'blouts.  (Bohemian.  Gabhinhcu  gi-bloon'kl.) 
a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau.on  the  Neisse. 
Pop.  3209.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade  in  orna- 
mental glass,  the  preparation  of  which  employs  6000  men. 
It  has  al.so  large  cloth  factories  and  wool-spinning  works. 

OABOOS,  gl-boon',  a  river  of  Western  .\fiica.  enters  the 
Atlantic  by  a  wide  estuary,  near  the  equator.  The  French 
planted  a  colony  in  its  vicinity  in  1S45. 

OA'BRIEL  CHANNEL,  a  remarkable  channel  in  the 
Terra  del  Fuego  Isl.ands;  lat.  54°  20'  S..  Ion.  70°  40'  ^V..  be- 
tween Dawson  Island  and  a  range  of  hills  on  the  E.  side  of 
Madalen  Channel,  having  Cape  Fi-oward  directly  opposite 
its  N.W.  extremity.  The  width  of  the  channel,  at  both  ex- 
tremities, is  from  2  to  3  miles ;  but  the  shores  gradually 
approach  each  other  midway,  and  the  coast  on  each  side 
rises  abruptly  to  the  height  "of  1500  feet.  The  whirlwinds 
or  hurricane  squalls,  called  by  sealing  vessels  '•  williwaws," 
So  frequent  in  Terra  del  Fuego.  operate  with  ^reat  violence. 
Bursting  over  the  mountainous  ridge  which  forms  the  S. 
ride  of  the  channel,  they  descend,  and,  striking  against  the 
base  of  the  opposite  shore,  rush  up  the  steep,  and  carry  all 
before  them. 

GABRIEL'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  North 
Oatoliua. 

722 


G.\Cfi,  gi'sJ/.  a  town  of  France,  department  ot  Ome,  15 
miles  E.N.E.  of  .A.rgentan.     Pop.  1500. 

GACILLY',  LA,  Id  gi'see'yee'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vannes.     Pop.  1403. 

GACS,  pitch,  or  G.4CZ.  g3ts,  a  market-town  of  West  Hun- 
gary, circle  of  Neograd,  64  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pesth.   Pop.  4300. 

GAD.\MIS,  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Ghad.«!IS. 

GADDADA.  gdd-dd'di.  TCIITN-TCHOO,  (.TCHIN-TCHOU,) 
chinVhoo'  or  TCHIN-TCHIU,  chin^cbe-oo',a river  of  Hindo8> 
tan,  joins  the  Brahmapootra,  in  Bengal,  district,  and  45 
miles  N.E,  of  Rungpoor,  after  a  S.  course  estimated  at  150 
miles. ' 

GAD'DESBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

GAD'DESDEN,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

GADDHSDEX.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ofllerts. 

GAD'DEYSVILLE,  a  post-ofSce  of  Robeson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

G.\D'DISTOWN.  a  post-ofRce  of  Union  co..  Georgia. 

GADE,  gaid.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Herts,  after  a  S. 
course,  joins  the  Colne  near  Rickmans worth. 

GADEBCSCH,  ga/deh-lH»sh\  (L.  DiH  Lu'cm.)  a  walled 
town  of  Northern  Germany,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Schwerin. 
It  has  a  chapel  where  King  Albert  of  Sweden  is  buried. 
Korner  the  poet  fell  here  in  the  war  of  the  hberation. 
Pop.  2284. 

GADES.    See  Cadiz. 

GAD'FLY,  a  post-office  of  Barry  co..  Missouri. 

GADITANIAN.    See  Cadiz. 

GADITANUM  FRETU.M.    See  Gibraitar,  Strait  op. 

GADJ.iTSCH,  gSd-yatch'.  GADATCH,  (GadStch.)  gl- 
d?tc-h'  or  GADlTCn,  gd-ditch',  a  town  of  Southern  Ru.ssla, 
government,  and  60  miles  N.W.  of  Poltava,  on  the  PsioL 
Pop.  3041.    It  has  7  churches. 

G.AiDMEN,  g.^d'men.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Bern,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sarnen.  It  is  hemmed  in 
by  lofty  mountains,  some  of  them  9000  feet  hiih.     Pop.  697. 

GADOXI,  gd-do'nee,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division,  and  49  miles  N.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  690. 

GADOO,  gd-doc/,  a  native  st.nte  of  Senegambia.  S.  of  Foola- 
doo  and  Brooko.  It  is  mountainous  and  well  watered  by 
the  Senegal,  and  contains  mines  of  gold,  iron,  and  saltpetre, 

GADOR.  gddoR'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  10  mile* 
W.  of  Almeira.  on  the  Almeira.    Pop.  1954. 

GADS'DEN,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Florida, 
bordering  on  Georgia,  and  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains 
about  750  square  miles.  The  Appalaeliicola  river  ft.rnw 
its  boundary  on  the  W.,  and  the  Ocklokonee  River  on  the 
E.  The  surfiice  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  By 
the  census  of  1850,  this  county  produced  more  toh'^cco,  mo- 
lasses, and  sweet  potatoes,  than  any  other  county  in  the 
state,  and  more  corn  than  any  other  excepting  Leon.  In 
1850  the  products  were  776.177  pounds  of  tobacco;  292.8f0 
bushels  of  com;  and  143.000  of  sweet  potatoes.  Capital, 
Quincv.   Pop.  9396.  of  whom  3987  were  free,  and  5409  slaves. 

(lADSDEN.  a  post-office,  Richland  district.  South  Carolina. 

G.\DSDEN",  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Ala- 
bama, on  the  Coosa  River,  about  130  miles  N    of  Mont- 


GAD 


GAL 


Bomery.  The  cotton  raised  in  the  vicinity  is  exported  at 
this  place  by  steamboats.  A  railroad  has  been  commenced 
between  Gadsden  and  Selma,  on  the  Alabama  lliver.  It 
contains  4  lari;e  warehouses. 

GADS/HILL,  England,  co.  of  Kent,  2J  miles  N.W.  of  Ro- 
chester, famous  as  the  scene  of  Kalstaff's  and  Prince 
Henry's  rencounter. 

GAK,  gM  or  gi,  a  large  villase  of  Western  Africa,  in 
Foota-Toro.  on  the  Senegal.    Lat  16°  28'  N.,  ion.  15°  28'  W. 

G^STRIKLAND,  Sweden.     See  Gestrikland. 

G  AETA,  gd-,Vtl,  (anc.  Caie'ta  or  O/je/to ;  Fr.  Gaite,  gl'ait',)  a 
strongly  fortified  seajiort  of  Italy,  province  of  Terra  (U 
L:ivoro,  occupying  .a  peninsula  on  the  N.W.  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Gaeta.  40  miles  N.W.  of  Naples.  Pop.  (besides  mili- 
tary,) 3000.  It  has  a  handsome  cathedral,  9  other  churches, 
several  convents,  a  public  seminary,  hospital,  and  foundling 
asylum.  In  Its  immediate  vicinity  stood  the  villa  of  Cicero, 
in  the  grounds  of  which  he  met  his  death,  B.C.  43.  It  is  the 
see  of  an  archbishop,  and  the  centre  of  an  active  trade;  its 
port  is  one  of  the  best  in  Italy.  Gaeta  is  a  place  of  great 
antiquity,  having  been  a  place  of  resort  for  the  wealthy  Ito- 
man  families.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1789  and  1800. 
Pope  Pius  IX.  sought  an  asylum  here  in  1849,  having  escaped 
in  di.sfcuise  from  Rome. 

GAETA,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Italy ;  Jat.  41=  >'..  Ion.  13°  40'  E.  On  its  N.E. 
side  it  receives  the  river  Gangliano. 

GAFSA,  GU AFSA,  gjtf 'si, of  CAFSA.kif'sd,  (anc.  Cap'sa,)  a 
town  of  Africa,  in  Tunis,  74  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cabes. 

GAG  or  GAGA,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
See  Gagy. 

GAGE'S  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Illinoi.s. 

GAGES  POINT,  a  postroffioe  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Arkansas. 

GAGE'TOWN,  a  town  of  New  Brunswick,  rapital  of  .Sun- 
bury,  on  the  St.  Johns  River,  about  28  miles  S.E.  of  Frede- 
ricton.  On  the  bordersof  Grand  Lake,  a  short  distance  above, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  are  extensive  coal-mines, 
from  which  large  quantities  of  coal  are  annually  raised. 

GAGGENAU,  gig'ghen-6w\  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the 
Murg,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1150. 

GAGLIANO,  pil-y4'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ultra  II.    Pop.  1500. 

GAGLI.\NO,  a  village  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra  II. 
Pop.  1400. 

G.\.GLI AND,  a  village  of  N-iples,  in  Otranto.    Pop.  2700. 

GAGLIANO,  a  village  of  Sicily,  province,  and  36  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Catiinia.     Pop.  2SS6. 

GAGLIAVOLA.  gdl-yS-vo'ia,  (L.  Hnliavola.)  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  No- 
vara.  on  the  Agogna.     Pop.  735. 

GAGY,  gd'ghee.  GAG,  gdg.  or  G.\GA,  gd/gil,  an  isl.and  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  Uilolo  Passage.  Lat.  (N.  point,) 
0°20'S.,  Ion.  129°  53' E. 

G.^IIAN'NA.  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

GAIA.  VlLL.t  NOVA  DE.  vil'ld  no/va  dA  ghi'd.  a  town 
and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  on  the  Douro, 
immediately  opposite  Oporto.     Pop.  5300. 

GAIDARONISI,  grcd^ronee'see.  or  GAITHARONISI,  (anc. 
Hi/etul.-ia)  an  island  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  in  the 
jEgean  Si>a.  13  miles  S.  of  Samos.   Lat.  37°  2S'  N.,  Ion.  27°  E. 

GAIDARONISI,  (anc.  0'(rys«.*')  a  small  island  of  European 
Turkev.  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  S.  side  of  Crete. 
Lat.  34°  38'  N.,  Ion.  2.5°  46'  E. 

GAIL,  glle,  (Slavonian  SiHa,  silld.)  a  river  of  Illyria,  in 
Carinthia,  rises  near  the  Tyrol,  and  joins  the  Drave  2  miles 
below  Villach,  after  an  E.  course  of  65  miles. 

GAILDOKF,  gil'doRf.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  on  the 
Kocher.  31  miles  N.E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1510. 

GAI'LEY'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co..  Georgia. 

6AILLAC,  g^h^ydk'  or  gdl'ydk',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn.  12  miles  W.  of  Alby,  on  the  Tarn.  It  has  a 
ommunal  college,  manufactures  of  wine  casks  and  turned 
wares,  and  distilleries.    Pop.  in  1852.  8245. 

GAILLAC.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron, 
18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milhan.    Pop.  1243. 

GAILLAC  TOULZA  glh^dk'  toorzd/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ilaute-Garoune,  arrondissement,  and  16 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Muret.     Pop.  1723. 

GAILLAN,  glh'ySx"''  or  gdryftN*"'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gironde.  1  mile  N.N.W.  of  Lesparre.    Pop.  1793. 

GAHiLON.  gJh^yAxo'  or  gdPvAx"',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Eure,  8  miles  E.S.R.  of  Louviers,  with  a  station 
on  the  Paris  and  Rouen  Railway,  48  miles  N.W.  of  Paris. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3246. 

GAIN'ER'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

GAINES,  gdnz.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orleans  CO., 
Xew  York,  6  or  7  miles  S.  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  about  33 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Rochester.  The  village  has  2  or  3  churches, 
an  academy,  and  perhaps  lOO  dwelliiigs.  The  Erie  Canal 
lia.sses  through  the  S.  portion  of  the  township.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  2542. 

GAINES,  a  v"st-township  on  the  W.  border  of  Tioga  co, 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  435. 

G.\.1NES,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Genesee  CO., 
Michigan.    Pop.  760. 


GAINES,  a  township  of  Kent  co..  Michigan.     Pop.  870. 

GAINESBOROUOIt.  Virginia.     See  GAl.vsBORnuoil. 

(4AINESB0R0UGH,  g.'Vnz'btir-ruh,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee,  on  Cumberland  River,  73  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Na.shville. 

GAINES  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-village  of  Rappahannock 
CO..  Virginia,  about  120  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

GAINES'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Chicot  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

GAINESTOWN,  ginz'town,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co. 
Alabama,  on  the  Alabama  River.  Here  is  a  steamboat 
landing. 

GAINESVILLE,  gAnz'ville.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Wyoming  co..  New  York,  on  the  Buffalo  and  New  York  City, 
Railroad,  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Buffalo.  The  village  contains  1 
or  2  churches,  and  several  stores  and  mills.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1732. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Prince  William  co.,  Vir 
ginia. 

GAINESVUiLE,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Hall 
CO..  Georgia,  on  the  Chattahoochee  l{iver,  110  miles  N.  of 
Milledgeville,  has  a  pleasant  situ.ation  and  a  delightful 
climate,  which  render  it  a  fiishionable  place  of  resort  in 
summer.     Pop.  344. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Sumter  co.,  Al.abam.a, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tonibigbee  River,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Noxubee  River,  54  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tuscaloos.a.  It  is  a 
place  of  active  business,  and  the  principal  shipping  point 
of  the  county.  It  contains  3  or  4  ehurdies,  about  a  dozen 
stores,  an  academy,  and  a  newspaper  office.   Pop.  al)out  1500. 

G.ilNESVlLLK,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Mississippi. 
It  has  a  newspaper  ottice,  and  alxiut  800  inhabitants. 

GAINESVILIJE,  the  capital  of  Cook  co.,  Te.xas. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Green  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, about  7  miles  W.  of  St.  Francis  River,  and  105  miles 
N.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

GAINFAHRN,  G.\INVARN,  ghin'faRn,  or  CONFARN, 
kon'faRn,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  about  4  miles  from 
Baden.     Pop.  13o6. 

G.\1N'B'0KD,  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, on  the  Tees,  7J  miles  W.N.W.  of  Darlington.  Pop.  in 
1851,  7348. 

GAINS'BOROUGH,  a  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.,  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Lincoln,  on  the  Trent. 
Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  7506.  The  town  is  densely  built, 
but  clean,  well  paved,  and  lighted.  It  has  a  church,  the 
tower  of  which  was  built  by  the  Knights  Templars,  a  gram- 
mar school,  town-hall,  neat  theatre,  curious  ancient  hall, 
said  to  have  been  a  palace  of  John  of  Gaunt,  and  a  union 
work-house.  Chief  foreign  imports,  linseed,  rapeseed,  bones, 
and  timber:  exports,  Manchester,  Birmingham,  and  Shef^ 
field  manufactures.  The  canals  connecting  it  with  the 
Trent  render  Gainsborough  a  natural  outlet  on  the  E.  coast 
for  the  midland  counties,  in  consideration  of  which  it  was 
made  a  port  in  1840. 

GAINSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  AMr- 
ginia,  150  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond,  contains  2  churches, 
and  about  30  houses. 

GAINSBOROUGH,  Roanoke  co.,  Virginia.  SeeBicLicK. 

G  AIRING,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Gajar. 

G.\1RL0CH.  gdr'loK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross. 

GAIRLOCH,  a  branch  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  co.  of  Dum- 
barton, between  the  parishes  of  Row  and  Rosneath,  oppo- 
site Greenock.  Length  from  S.  to  N.,  7  miles;  average 
breadth.  1  mile. 

GAI RO,  ghl'ro,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  3  miles  from  LanuseL 
Pop.  1100. 

GAIRSA,  gAr'sd.  or  GAIRSAY,  gAr'si  one  of  the  Orkney 
Islands,  parish  of  Rendal.  from  which  it  is  divided  on  the 
N.  by  a  strait.     Length.  2  miles.     Pop.  71. 

6.\IS.  ghice,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  4  miles 
N.E.  of  Appenzell,  on  the  S.  declivity  of  the  Gfitris  Moun- 
tains. 2900  feet  above  the  sea. 

GAJAR. gCh'y5R',orGATRING,  ghl'ring\  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co..  and  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Presburg,  on  the 
Rudana.     Pop.  3000. 

GAJDOBRA.  ghrdo'bi'Ch^,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  ol  Bacs, 
7  miles  from  I'alanka.     Pop.  .3000. 

GA  KOV  A,  gd-oh^ko'vOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs. 
Pop.  3000. 

G.\L.VCZ,  a  town  of  Moldavi.a.    See  Gaiatz. 

GALADZET  (gd-ldd-zef)  HILLS,  a  range  in  the  Burmese 
dominions,  in  Farther  India,  about  100  miles  N.  of  Ran- 
goon. They  are  steep  and  rugged,  and  extend  for  about  60 
miles  from  E.  to  W. 

GALAM',  or  KAJA.\^GA.  kd-jd'gd,  a  country  of  Africa,  in 
Senegambia.  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  14°  45'  N.,  and 
by  the  meridian  of  13°  10'  W.  It  occupies  a  narrow  space 
along  the  Senegal,  and  is  divided  by  the  Faleme  into  two 
parts,  of  which  the  W.  is  called  Goy6  or  Lower  Galam,  and 
the  E.  Kamera  or  Upper  Galam.  it  is  fei-tile.  and  rich  in 
vegetable  products;  the  rivers  alx)und  with  fifh.  and  their 
banks  with  crocodiles  and  hippopofcimi ;  and  the  forests  with 
lions,  elephants,  wild  b(5ars.  and  apes.  The  inhabitants  are 
an  industrious,  agricultural,  and  commercial  people,  almost 

723 


GAL 

exclusivelj-  employed  as  earners.  The  supreme  power  is 
conferred  according  to  the  principle  of  collateral  .succession; 
but  the  authority  of  the  tunka,  or  cMef,  is  restricted  by  a 
national  or  representative  council. 

C.ALAM.  g^'ldm'.  or  FOKT  ST.  JO'SEPH,  a  town  of  West 
Africa,  capital  of  the  above  country  on  the  Senegal  River. 

OALANTIIA.  gSMdn/td',  a  fortifii^  villa^'e  of  Western 
liunjrary,  29  miles  E.  of  Presburg.     I'op.  2ST0. 

G  .\.LAPAGOS,  gd-l3'pd-goee.  commonly  pronounced  in  Eng- 
lish gal-la-pA/gtis,  (Ger.  SchildkroienLnseln,  shilt'kro-ten-in'- 
Beln,  or  •■ 'tortoise  Islands;"  Fr.  Gallnpagos,  gdiUi^-pSVos', 
lies  lies  ToHiief,  eel  dA  toR'tU'.  "Islands  of  the  Tortoises;'";  a 
grjup  of  islands  in  the  I'acific  Ocean,  on  and  near  the 
■Equator,  between  Ion.  89°  and  92°  W.,  730  miles  W.  of  the 
coast  of  Ecuador,  Soutli  Americi.  and  consisting  of  6  prin- 
cipal and  7  small  islands;  the  largest.  Albemarle  Island, 
being  60  miles  in  length,  by  15  miles  in  breadth,  and  reach- 
ing an  elevation  of  4000  feet.  All  are  volcanic,  and  abound 
in  lavas.  They  are  frequented  by  turtles  of  enormous  size, 
whence  the  name  of  this  group  is  derived,  (in  Spanish  Gul- 
ajnigos,)  iguanas,  and  other  reptiles.  On  Charles  Island 
a,  small  colony  of  Spaniards  has  been  planted,  forming  a 
penal  settlement;  the  other  islands  are  mostly  unpeopled. 
The  principal  islands  are  .\lbemarle.  Indefatigable,  Chat- 
ham, Charles.  James,  Marborough,  Hood,  Harrington,  Bind- 
loes.  and  Aiingdon. 

G.\L.\PAGOS  ISLANDS,  an  unimportant  group  of  the 
West  Indies.  Bahamas.  X.  of  .4baco. 

GALAKOZ.A.,  gd-ld-ro/thi.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia. 
58  miles  X.  by  E,  of  Iluelva,  on  the  JIartiga.     Pop.  1936. 

G.iLASIIIELS,  galVsheelz/,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  pa- 
rish of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Koxburgh  and  Selkirk.  5  miles 
W.X.W.  of  ilelrose.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,  5918.  It  is  irre- 
gularly built  of  stone  on  both  sides  of  tlie  Gala,  here  crossed 
by  three  bridges ;  it  has  3  churches,  2  libraries,  a  mechanics' 
institute,  2  branch  hanks,  and  flourishing  manufactures  of 
stockings,  flannels,  blankets,  &c. 

GALATA.  gi'li-ti  the  largest  suburb  of  Constantinople, 
on  the  X.  side  of  the  Golden  Horn.  J  of  a  miles  W.  of  the 
Seraglio  Point.  It  is  about  4  miles  in  circumference,  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  entered  by  numerous  gates.  The  inha- 
bit;ints  are  mostly  European  Christians,  and  Galata  is  the 
chief  seat  of  the  foreign  trade  of  the  Turkish  capital.  It 
has  man}'  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  and  Armenian  churches, 
a  i-emarkable  tower  140  feet  in  height,  and  the  custom-house 
for  the  port  of  Constantinople. 

GALATA,  a  Tillage  of  Greece,  government  of  iEtolia,  W.  of 
Lepanto,  near  the  Phidaris. 

GALATA,  a  village  and  cape  of  Bulgaria,  on  the  Black 
Sea.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Varna. 

GAL-iTtyA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Ilarrison  cc,  Texas. 

GALATINA,  Xaples.     See  S.\x-Pi£Tro-ix-Galatin.\. 

GALATOXE.  gd-ld-to/ni,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Olranto,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Lecce.     Pop.  4150. 

GALATHO.  gd-hVtro,  a  town  of  Xaples.  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  I.,  IS  miles  X.E.  of  Palmi.     I'op.  1730. 

GALATZ,  ga'iats,  GALACZ,  or  GALATCII.  gdlltch, 
(anc.  Axir>p>dlis ?)  a  town  of  Moldavia,  capital  of  the  district 
of  KoTOurloni,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  between  the 
confluences  of  the  Sereth  and  Pruth  with  that  river.  Lat. 
(church  of  Uspenski.)  45°  2C'  12"  X..  Ion.  28°  2'  58"  E.  The 
older  parts  of  the  town  consist  of  miserable  wooden  houses, 
or  nither  huts,  confusedl)-  huddled  togethpr,  and  forming  a 
series  of  narrow,  filthy,  and  irregular  streets.  In  the  newer 
quarters  are  numerous  well-built  houses  of  stone.  There 
are  here  several  Greek  churches,  a  convent,  a  hospital,  and 
a  large  bazaar,  always  well  filled  with  merchandise.  The 
lower  part  of  Galatz  consists  almost  entirely  of  warehouses, 
and  has  from  time  immemorial  po.^sessed  the  right  of  a  free 
port — a  privilege  which  was  extended  to  the  whole  city  in 
1831.  Galatz  is  the  principal  port  in  the  principality,  and 
the  chief  medium  of  the  commerce  carried  on  between  Ger- 
many and  Constantinople,  vessels  of  300  tons  being  able  to 
ascend  the  Danube  thus  far.  Its  trade  was  formerly  entirely 
in  the  hands  of  the  Greeks,  but  now  many  Engli.sh  and  other 
foreign  houses  have  established  themselves  there.  The  prin- 
cipal exports  are  grain,  wine,  planks  and  deals,  wool,  tallow, 
and  preserved  meat,  the  amount  of  which,  with  some  other 
trilling  articles,  exported  in  1845.  w.is  $1,828,217.  The  im- 
ports are  chiefly  British  manufactures,  sugar,  tin-plates, 
iron,  tar,  pitch,  coal,  oil,  olives,  dried  fruits,  lemons  and 
oranges,  carobs,  tobacco,  caviar.  s;ilted  fish,  glassware,  lamb- 
skins, li.'ather,  and  alba,  or  coarse  cloth.  The  wliole  imports 
in  1845  amounted  to  $1,084,097.  The  uuml)er  of  vessels  de- 
parting from  Galatz  in  1851  was  619.  tons  101.592.  manned 
by  6589  men,  and  taking  cargoes  to  the  value  of  S2,4<J2,421 , 
tf  which  $683,598  was  wheat,  $1,357,837  Indian  corn,  and 
$240,625  rye.  Of  the  vessels.  178  were  English,  139  Gi-eek, 
103  Turkish,  42  Austrian.  40  Sardinian,  and  31  Kussian ; 
296  taking,  among  other  things.  35.368  quarters  of  wheat, 
295.295  of  Indian  corn,  and  15,664  of  rye.  and  1925  hundred- 
weight of  tallow,  were  bound  for  England;  and  176,  with 
44.984  quarters  of  wheat,  20,407  of  Indian  corn,  6205  of  rye, 
2424  hundred-weight  of  tallow,  429,516  plauks  and  deals, 
\ud  18  caskg  of  wUie,  were  for  Coastantinople.    The  total 


GAL 

value  of  importations  by  sea  during  the  year  was  $2,423,886, 
of  which  $1.164.>t40  was  manufactured"  coods.  $277,912  re- 
fined and  crushed  sugar,  and  $188.1^3  iron.     Pop.  36000. 

GA'LA  WATER,  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  the  .Muirfoot 
Hills,  CO  of  Edinburgh,  flows  mostly  S.S.W.,  and  joins  the 
Tweed  close  to  Abbotsford. 

G.\L.\X1I)I,  gd-ldx'e  de.  ('anc  (En'lJie.)  a  seaport  town  of 
Greece,  government  of  Phocis,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salona,  12 
miles  S.  of  Salona  or  Amphissa.  It  has  two  harbors,  and 
w-Bs  one  of  the  most  flourishing  commercial  towns  in  Western 
Hellas,  but  was  ruined  by  the  Turks  in  1S21. 

GAL^BAiyLY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Li- 
merick. 7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tipperary.  It  has  an  ancient 
church,  and  ruins  of  a  monasten'. 

GALDAR.  gdl-dai;/.  or  GALDA'S.  gai'dds.  a  village  of  the 
Great  Canary  Island,  on  its  X.W.  coast,  5  milts  X.W.  of 
Palmas.  with  the  remains  cf  a  residence  of  the  ancient 
Guanche  chiefs,  and  extensive  caverns.     Pop.  2500. 

GALEATA,  gi-lA-d'ti.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  on  the  Bidente, 
about  2  miles  from  Civitello.     Pop.  1026. 

G.\LEGA.  gl-lA'gd,  a  small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
X.E.  of  Madagascar.  Lat.  10°  29'  50"  S.,  Ion.  56°  45'  E.  It 
is  covered  with  cocoii-trees.  and  exports  a  large  quantity  of 
oil  to  France,  of  which  it  forms  a  possession. 

GA'LEX.  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Xew  York,  intersected 
by  the  Erie  Canal.    Pop.  5340. 

GALiy.V.\.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  20  miles 
X.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

GA1>EXA.  a  village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  20  miles  from  the 
Ohio  River  at  Portsmouth. 

GALEXA,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Indiana. 

G.A.LEXA.  ga-lee'n.H.  a  flourishing  city  and  capital  of  Jo 
Daviess  co..  Illinois,  on  Fevre  River.  6  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Mississippi  River,  450  miles  above  St.  Louis.  180 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Chicago,  and  250  X.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 
"The  river  on  who.se  rocky  shelf  thl«  town  is  built  is  more 
properly  an  arm  of  the  Mississippi  River,  setting  up  between 
lofty  bluHs.  around  whose  base  it  winds  with  picturesque 
effect.  The  streets  rise  one  above  another,  and  communi- 
cate with  each  othet  by  flights  of  steps,  so  that  the  houses 
on  the  higher  streets  are  perched  like  an  eagle's  eyrie,  ovei^ 
looking  the  rest,  and  i.-ommanding  an  extensive  prospect. 
Pleasant  churches  meet  the  eye  on  the  first  ledge  or  terrace 
above  the  levee,  and  pnvate  residences,  wearing  an  aspect 
of  neatness  and  comfort,  adoni  each  successive  height." 
(Thompson's  Letters.)  Galena  owes  its  growth  and  import- 
.ance  mainly  to  the  rich  mines  of  leadAvith  which  it  is  sur- 
rounded in  every  direction.  Considerable  quantities  of  cop- 
per are  found  in  connection  with  the  lead.  The  amount  of 
lead  shipped  at  this  place  in  1S52  was  40,000,000  p<iunds, 
valued  at  $1,(:00,000.  The  Fevre  River  is  navigable  by 
steamboats,  which  make  regular  passages  from  Galena  to 
St.  Louis.  St.  Paul's,  and  other  ports  on  the  Mississippi 
lUver.  The  commerce  of  the  place  is  extensive,  and  rapidly 
increasing.  It  is  on  the  Illinois  Central*  Railroad  ;  Main 
Line)  and  is  directly  connected  with  Chicago  by  the  Galena 
and  Chicago  Uniim  Railroad.  This  citj-  contains  2  national, 
banks,  and  several  newspaper  offices.  Galena  is  or  was  re- 
cently the  home  of  Lieutenant-Genoral  U.  S.  Grant,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  of  the  United  States.  An  error  in 
the  spelling  and  pronunciation  of  Fevre  River  (named  fi-om 
La  F'evre,  an  early  French  trader)  has  given  some  currency 
to  an  unfounded  impression  that  the  place  is  unhealthy. 
The  name  of  the  city  is  taken  from  gaUna,  a  species  of  leaid 
ore.    Pop.  in  1850,  6004 ;  in  1860,  8196. 

GALEXA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stone  Co.,  Missouri. 

GALEXSTOCK,  g5len-stok\  a  mountain  of  Switzerland, 
on  the  confines  of  the  cantons  of  Valais  and  Uri,  forming  by 
its  X.E.  side  one  of  the  baiTiers  of  tlie  magnificent  glacier  in 
which  the  lihone  has  its  source.  Its  loftiest  summit  exceeds 
11,000  feet. 

GALEiyTA  POIXT,  the  S.E.  point  of  the  island  of  Trini- 
dad, in  the  West  Indies.     Lat.  10°  9'  X.,  Ion.  60°  59'  W. 

GALERA,  g.i-l.Vrd.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  pro- 
vince of  Tarragona,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Tortosa.     Pop.  1574. 

GALERA.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and 
about  70  miles  X.E.  of  Granada.  On  a  height  above  it  .^tood 
the  former  town  of  Galera,  which  w.as  completely  razed, 
every  inhabitant  being  destroyeil,  by  the  Infiinte  Don  John 
of  .\ustria,  during  the  wars  against  the  Moors.     Pop.  1781. 

GALERA,  gdla'rS.  (anc.  Gai(liia?)  a  deserted  but  pio- 
turesque  village  of  the  Pontifical  States,  co.  and  13  miles. 
X.W.  of  Rome,  on  the  Arrone. 

GALERA.  gi-l.Vri.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  M.itto- 
Gros.so,  joins  the  Guapore,  60  milesX.X.W.  of  Villabella,  after 
a  course  of  about  9ii  miles. 

GALER.4.  gl-lA'ri.  a  point  cf  South  America,  in  Xew 
Granada,  28  miles  N.X.E.  of  Cartagen.i,  lx)unding  a  bay  of 
its  own  name  on  the  X.     Lat.  10°  51'  X.,  Ion.  7o°  25'  W. 

G.\LERA.  g3-lA'r3.  an  island  of  tlie  Pacific,  in  Solomon  Ar- 
chipelago.    Lat.  9°  15'  S..  Ion.  101°  eC  E. 

G.\LES,  gailz.  a  post-villa'.:e  of  Sullivan  co^  Xew  Yoik,  99 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

GALESBURCi.  gailzhjvirg.  a  post-village  of  Kalim.iroo  co, 
Michigan,  on  the  Central  Kailroad.  130  miles  W.  of  Detroit 


GAL 

GALESBURO,  a  thri\-lng  city  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chiciigi),  Burlington  and  Qnincy  Ritilroiid,  165  miles  W.S. W. 
of  Chiciigo.  Another  railroad  53  miles  long  connects  it  with 
Peoriiu  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  district,  and  has  an 
active  business.  Galesburg  is  the  seat  of  Knox  College,  and 
of  Lombiird  College.  It  also  contains  12  churches,  3  banks, 
a  female  seminary,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  in  18u0, 
4953 ;  in  1865,  about  7000. 

GALES'S  FERRY,  a  post-village  In  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 45  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford. 

GALESVILLE.  gailz'vill,  a  postrvillage  of  Washington  co., 
New  York.  37  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany. 

GALESVILLE,  a  village  and  steamboat  landing  of  Anne 
Arundel  co.,  Maryland,  on  West  River,  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Annapolis. 

GALESVILLE  MILLS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Ulster  co.,  New 
York. 

GA'LEY,  a  p."irish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry. 

GALOA,  gdl'gCh\  a  river  of  Hungary,  joins  the  Zagyva 
30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Pesth.  after  a  course  of  nearly  40  miles. 

GALlAXO(gi-Ie-a'no)  ISLAND,  of  British  North  America, 
in  Queen  Charlotte's  Sound,  is  in  lat.  61°  9'  N.,  Ion.  128° 
2'W. 

GALICIA,  gal-ish'e-a,  (Sp.  pron.  p3-lee'the-3  or  gJ-lee'se-1 : 
anc.  GaUaifcia,  the  country  of  the  Gallcpfci.)  afl  old  province 
of  Spain,  with  the  title  of  kingdom,  and,  since  1833,  form- 
ing the  provinces  of  Corunna,  Lugo,  Orense,  and  Pontevedra, 
at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  Peninsula,  between  lat.  41°  50' 
and  43°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  6°  60'  and  9"^  15'  W.  Area,  10,920 
square  miles.  Pop.  1,7.30,029,  Its  surface  is  generally 
mountainous;  and  its  principal  rivers  are  the  Minho,  Sil, 
and  Ulla.  The  forests  are  extensive,  .and  feed  large  herds 
of  hogs.  There  are  also  good  pasture  lands  and  wide  tracts 
of  heath.  Chesnuts,  maize,  rye,  flax,  potatoes,  wheat,  bar- 
ley, and  inferior  wine,  form  the  principal  vegetable  pro- 
ducts. The  first  compose  most  part  of  the  food  of  the  Gali- 
ciaus  ;  the  rest  are  partly  exported.  Sheep  and  horses  are 
extensively  reared.  The  mineral  products  comprise  copper, 
lead,  tin,  antimony,  marble,  and  j;vsper.  The  mass  of  the 
Galicians,  or  Gallpgos,  are  very  poor,  ignorant,  and  uncivi- 
lijied,  but  hardy  and  industrious ;  and  they  make  the  best 
agricultural  laborers,  soldiers,  and  domestic  servants  in  the 
peninsula. — Adj.  and  inbab.  Oalle'qan,  (Spanish  Gallego, 
gdl-y.i'go.)  and  Uaijcian,  gal-ish'e-an. 

GALICIA,  gal-ish'e-a.  or,  KINGDOM  OF  AUSTRIAN  PO- 
LAND, (Polish  Halicz.'hmich ;  Ilun.  Halicx.  hd/litch^  Ger. 
Gdlizien.  gd-lif  se  gn ;)  a  province  of  Austria,  compo.sed  of  the 
kingdom  of  Lodomeria'.  the  duchies  of  Auschwitz  and  Zator, 
and  the  grand  duchy  of  Cracow,  and  formerly  including  the 
duchy  of  Bukowina.  It  lies  beween  lat.  47°  40'  and  50°  35' 
N.,  and  Ion.  18°  55'  and  26°  25'  E.;  bounded,  N.  by  I'oland, 
N.E.  and  E.  by  Russia,  S.E.  by  Bukowina,  S.  by  Hungary, 
and  W.  by  Moravia,  and  a  small  portion  of  Prussian  Silesia ; 
greatest  length, .E.  to  W.  325  miles;  breadth,  towards  the 
E.,  where  the  widest,  a  little  AV.  of  the  meridian  25°,  190 
miles,  and  thence  gradually  diminishing  westwards,  till,  near 
meridian  19°  30',  it  is  reduced  to  its  minimum  of  27  miles. 
Its  area  and  population  iu  1842  were  as  follows: — 

Area  in 
square  miles.  Population. 

Kingdom  of  Lodomeria    28,895 4,Sh6,168 

Dvichienof  Auschwitz  and  Zator.       776 170.4:8 

Grand  Duchy  of  Cracow Ui. 145,787 


Total 3U,115 


4,70-.!,383 


Its  contour  is  generally  well  defined  by  natural  bounda- 
ries ;  on  the  S.,  in  particular,  by  the  Carpathians,  which 
form  a  long  and  irregular  curve,  stretching  W.  to  E.  along 
its  frontiers;  N.W.  by  the  Vistula;  S.E.  by  the  Bialy  Cze- 
ramos,  a  tributary  of  the  Pruth,  and  for  a  short  distance  by 
the  Dniester;  and  E,  by  the  Podhoree,  a  tributary  of  the 
Dniester.  Part  of  the  N.,  bordering  on  Inland,  and  all  the 
N.E.,  are  without  natural  boundaries.  The  great  physical 
features  of  the  country  are,  in  a  manner,  determined  by  the 
Carpathians,  and  their  ramifications.  The  principal  chain, 
comprising  the  far  greater  part  of  the  Western  Carpathians, 
commencing  in  the  S.E.  of  Galicia,  near  the  sources  of  the 
Theiss  and  Pruth,  forms  a  curve,  not  quitting  the  frontiers 
till  it  reaches  its  western  extremity,  having  its  culminating 
point  in  the  mountains  of  Tatra.  The  loftiest  summit,  the 
Great  Kriwan,  has  a  height  of  8150  feet.  Galicia  is  partly 
traversed  by  the  great  watershed  which  divides  the  whole 
continent  of  Europe  into  two  great  basins.  The  chief  river, 
on  the  N.  and  W.  of  this  watershed,  is  the  Vistula,  which, 
before  quitting  the  frontier,  receives  the  Sola,  Raba,  united 
Poprad  and  Donajecz,  Wyslocka  and  San,  and  also  drains  a 
large  portion  of  the  E.,  by  its  tributary,  the  Bug.  The 
chief  rivers  on  the  other  side  are  the  Dniester,  which  rises 
Dear  the  centre  of  the  kingdom,  and  flows  across  it  in  an 
B.S.E.  direction,  receiving  numerous  tributaries  on  both 
banks.  The  only  part  of  the  surface  belonging  to  the  basin 
of  the  Danube  is  in  the  S.E.  The  climate  is  severe,  particu- 
larly in  the  S.,  where  more  than  one  of  the  Carpathian 
summits  are  beyond  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow.  The  win- 
ters are  long,  and  the  summers  comparatively  short,  but 


GAL 

very  warm.    Deep  snow  is  not  uncommon  in  the  middle  o 
April,  and  the  grape  never  ripens.    Pop.  in  1857,  4,597,470. 

In  the  more  mountainous  districts  the  soil  often  forms  a 
thin  covering  on  bleak  and  almost  barren  rocks,  whers 
scanty  pasture  only  is  obtained.  In  other  parts  of  the  s;imt 
district,  both  the  quality  and  depth  of  the  soil  improve,  thi. 
pastures  become  excellent,  and  many  magnificent  fore.'stt 
occur.  In  general,  where  the  elevation  is  small,  theground, 
more  especially  where  resting  on  a  substratum  of  limestone, 
is  of  great  fertility,  and  yields  abundant  crops  of  corn  .'ind 
maize.  Hemp,  flax,  and  tobacco  are  also  extensivel}' grown; 
and,  in  the  district  arovind  Lemberg,  rhubarb  is  cultivated 
on  a  large  .«cale.  The  domestic  animals  include  great  num- 
bers of  horned  cattle,  generally  of  a  superior  description,' 
and  a  fine  hardy  breed  of  horses,  well  adapted  for  cavalry. 
Sheep  are  in  general  very  much  neglected;  but  goats,  swine, 
and  poultry  abound.  The  rearing  of  bees  is  much  attended 
to.  The  minerals  include  marble,  alabaster,  copper,  cala- 
mine, coal,  iron,  and  rock-salt.  Only  the  last  two  are  of 
much  imp<irtance.  Iron  occurs  in  numerous  parts  of  the 
central  Carpathian  chain,  and  bog-iron  ore  is  frequently 
met  with  in  extensive  se.ams  on  the  plains.  Thej'  are  both 
worked  to  a  considerable  extent.  The  rock-salt  is  particu- 
larly abundant,  stretching  in  continuous  beds  for  nearly 
250  miles  along  the  base  of  the  Carpathians,  beyond  tlio 
limits  of  Galicia,  into  Bukowina  and  Transylvani.a.  The 
most  important  mines  have  their  central  locality  at  Wiel- 
iczka.  Blanufactures  have  not  made  much  progress;  but 
distilleries  exist  in  every  quarter.  The  principjil  exports 
are  salt,  wood,  coal,  aniseseed.  linen,  and  brandy.  The  popu- 
lation is  generally  of  Slavonian  origin,  and  consists  of  two 
principal  branches — Polish  in  the  W.,  and  Russniak  in  the 
E.  The  number  of  Jews  is  considerable.  The  Roman  Ca 
tholic  is  the  established  religion ;  but  a  majority  of  the 
inhabitants  belong  to  the  Greek  church.  Educational  esta- 
blishments, both  for  superior  and  ordinary  instruction^  are 
numerous.  At  the  head  of  the  former  stands  the  univer- 
sity of  Lemberg,  and  the  lyceum,  at  Przemysl.  The  latter 
are  spread  over  the  whole  country,  and  appear  to  be  trJera- 
bly  well  attended,  as  the  numlier  of  persons  at  school  has 
been  estimated  at  one  in  eight  of  the  whole  population. 
For  administrative  purposes  it  is  divided  into  the  three  go- 
vernments of  Lemberg,  Cracow,  and  Sfcmislau.  Lemberg 
is  the  capital.  Galicia  was  originally  called  Halics,  (of  which 
it  is  only  a  corruption,)  a  name  derived  from  an  old  castle, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Dniester,  but  now  includes,  in  addition 
to  the  old  duchy  of  Halics,  an  independent  duchy,  called 
first  Wolodinir  or  Vladimir,  and  thereafter  Lodomeria. 
From  the  12th  to  the  14th  centuries  these  duchies  belonged 
to  Hungary,  but  pas.'ied  by  marriage  to  Poland.  In  1772, 
on  the  first  partition  of  that  unhappy  kingdom,  the  Em- 
press Maria  Theresa  obtained  restitution  of  these  duchies, 
and  formed  them  into  the  kingdom  of  Galicia  and  Lodome- 
ria, a  name  still  sometimes  used,  though  that  of  Lodomeria 
is  more  frequently  dropped,  and  the  nanie  Galicia  applied  to 
both. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Galicias,  gal-ish'e-an. 

G.VLIEN,  a  small  river  of  Berrieu  co.,*  Michigan,  flows 
into  Lake  Michigan. 

GALIGHER,  a  po.st-ofRce  of  Guernsey  CO.,  Ohio. 

GAt/lLEE,  (L.  Galilee  I.  Gr.  FaAiXaia.)  a  province  of  an- 
cient Judea,  comprising  the  country  W.  of  the  Jordan,  from 
Samaria  nearly  to  Sidon,  together  with  both  shores  of  tho 
Lake  of  Galilee  (or  Tiberias.)  It  now  forms  the  central  part 
of  the  pashalic  of  Acre,  in  Asiatic  Turkey. 

GALINAKA,  gd-le-nd'rd,  (anc.  Gallina'ria,)  a  small  island 
of  the  Sardinian  St.atos,  in  the  Mediterranean,  province,  and 
2  miles  S.E.  of  Albenga.  Its  ancient  name  was  derived  from 
the  number  of  hens  (in  Latin  GuUinte.)  that  were  raised  here, 

G ALIGN,  gSle-on  or  gi-le-on',  an  island  on  the  N.E.  co.a8t 
of  Jav.a,  and  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Madura ;  lat.  7°  S.,  Ion 
114°  1.3'  E. 

GAL'ION,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati  Railro.id,where 
it  is  crossed  by  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  R.R.andthe 
Bellefontaine  Line,  58  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus  and  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Crestline.  The  completion  of  the  railroads  has 
givfin  a  vigorous  impulse  to  the  growth  of  this  place.  It 
has  a  national  bank.     Pop.  1966. 

GALISTES,  gi-lees't^s,  a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadura, 
42  miles  N.N.W.  of  Caceres,  on  a  height  above  the  Jerte. 
Pop.  1'205. 

GALITA,  g^lee'tl,  (anc.  Ca.Vathi>,r)  an  Island  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, off  the  N.  coast  of  Tunis:  Int.  37°  31' N,  Ion.  8° 
55"  E.  Between  it  and  the  mainland  are  the  Sorelli  Rocks, 
on  which  the  British  steam-frigate  Avenger  foundered,  20th 
Dec.  1847. 

GALITCH,  a  town  of  Austri.a.    See  Hat.icz. 

GALITCH,  gd'litch,  a  town  of  Rifrsia.  goveriiment,  and 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Kostroma,  on  the  Lake  ol  Galitch.  Lat.  58° 
•20'  N.,  Ion.  42°  28'  E.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  13  churches  and  2 
old  forts. 

GALIZIEN.    See  Galicia  (Austrian). 

GALKOT,  gjrkot/,  a  small  town  of  Nepaul,  consists  of 
about  500  huts,  surrounding  the  house  of  the  chief;  lata 
28°  17'  N.,  Ion.  83°  14'  E. ;  76  miles  W.N.W.  of  Gorkha. 

725 


GAL 

GAr.KOT.  a  temtory  of  Nepoul.  It  is  very  small,  but 
wull  rulU'/ated.  aud  h^a  copper  and  iron  mines. 

GALLA,  Also,  irshiy  gal'10h\  a  vilhige  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Kouioru,  at  the  foot  of  Jlount  Steinberg,  about  6  miles 
from  Tati.     Pop.  800. 

GALL.\,  Felso,  fersho'  gJl16h\  a  village  near  the  former. 
Pop.  900.  Both  are  inhabited  by  Germans,  and  belong  to 
Prince  Esterhaiy. 

GALL.TXI  and  GALLiECIA.    P«  Gaucia,  (of  Spain.) 

GAiyLAGIIERVILLE.  a  postvillage  of  East  Cain  town- 
ship, Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Philadelphia  and 
Columbia  K.ailroad,  3(3  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  Large 
quarries  of  maruie  are  worked  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  atwut 
•200. 

GAL'LAHER,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  28A 

GAI/LAXT,  PORT,  in  the  Strait  of  JIagellan,  on  the 
V.  coast  of  Brunswick  Peninsula.    Lat.  63°  41'  42"  S. 

QALLAPAGOS.    See  Galapagos. 

GALL.4.11,  gii-yaR',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  28  miles 
N.W.  of  Sara.>r08«i.    Pop.  1015. 

GALLARATE,  gdl-li-ri'tA,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy, 
23  miles  N.W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  3900. 

GaLLAKDON,  gdl^aRMAs"',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eurenjt-Loir,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chartres.  Pop. 
1496. 

GALLARGUES,  gSriaRg'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gard.  12  miles  S.W.  of  KImes  on  the  railway  to  Moutpel- 
lier.    Pop.  1072. 

G.VLLAS,  gdndz,  a  numerous  and  powerful  race,  chiefly  in- 
habiting a  territory  in  Eastern  Africa.  S.  of  Shoa,  but  dispersed 
in  great  numbers  over  the  countries  adjoining,  especially 
><".  and  E.  They  are  divided  into  many  tribes,  but  are  all 
distinguished  by  the  same  general  characteristics,  moral 
aud  physical.  Their  color  varies  from  a  deep  bl.ick  to  a 
orownish  yellow ;  stature  tall ;  bodies  spiire,  wiry,  aud  mus- 
cular, have  agreeable  countenances,  and  are  brave,  but  fero- 
cious and  cruel,  massacring  in  war  alike  the  resisting  and 
unresisting,  young  and  old,  male  and  female.  Their  lan- 
guage is  spoken  throughout  a  great  part  of  Africa,  S.  of  the 
equator.  They  are  in  a  low  state  of  heathenism,  have  no 
priests,  and  are  opposed  to  the  introduction  of  a  new  reli- 
gion. They  know  only  about  a  Being,  whom  they  call 
Wake,  to  whom,  on  particular  occasions,  they  sacrifice  a 
cow  or  sheep,  but  have  no  system  of  religion. 

G.iLL.\TI  A,  gjl-ld/she-a.  a  post-office  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois. 

GAl/LATIX.  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Indiana, 
lias  an  area  estimated  at  160  square  miles.  The  Eagle 
Creek  forms  the  southern  boundary.  The  surface  is  diver- 
sified by  hills,  which  are  well  timbered.  The  blue  or  Tren- 
ton limestone  underlies  the  county.  Capital,  Waisaw.  Pop. 
5,056,  of  whom  4348  were  free,  and  70S  slaves. 

GALLATIN,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  310  .S(iuare  miles.  It  is  iuter-sected  by  the  Xorth 
and  South  Forks  of  Saline  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Ohio. 
The  surface  is  extensively  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  Is 
fertile.  Salt  is  pi-ocured  from  springs  o»tlie  banks  of  Sa- 
line Creek,  near  Equality.  This  county  is  among  the  oldest 
inlUinois.  Organized  about  the  year  1812.  Namedinhonor 
of  the  distinguished  Albert  Gallatin.  Capital,  Equality. 
Pop.  8055. 

GALLATIN,  a  township  of  Columbia  co„  New  York. 
Pop.  1533. 

_  Gallatin,  a  post-vllUge,  capital  of  Coplah  CO.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  Bayou  Pierre,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jackson.  A  news- 
paper is  published  here. 

GALLATIN,  a  post-village,  cipitil  of  Sumner  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 25  miles  N.E.  of  Nashville,  aud  3  miles  N.  of  Cum- 
berland River.  It  contains  several  academies  and  churches, 
now  used  as  hospitals.  A  railroad  extends  from  tins  place 
to  Nashville.    Pop.  about  1800. 

GALLATIN,  a  post-village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
S.  bank  of  Racoon  Creek,  IB  miles  N.  of  Terre  Haute. 

GALLATIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri, 
about  1  mile  S.W.  of  Grand  River,  and  50  miles  E.  of  St.  Jo- 
seph.    It  has  1  newsijaper  office.     Pop.  about  500. 

GALLATIN'S  RIVER,  the  most  easterly  of  the  three 
branches  which  form  the  Missouri  River,  rises  In  about 
44°  N.  lat.,  and  110°  W.  Ion.,  and  flows  northward  to  join 
Jefferson's  River. 

UAL'LATIXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gallatin  township, 
48  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

GALn.AUDETT',  a  post-office  of  Marion  CO.,  Indiana. 

GALLEGO,  gil-yi'go,  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  Pyre- 
nees, and  joins  the  Ebro,  about  1  mile  below  Saragossa,  after 
a  southward  course  of  So  miles. 

GALLEGOS.    See  Gaucia. 

GALLEGOS,  g^l-y.^goce,  a  small  and  rapid  river  of  Pata- 
gonia, enters  the  Atbintic.  opposite  the  Falkland  Islands, 
In  lat  51-  :J3'  S.,  Ion.  69°  W.,  by  a  large  estuary,  in  which 
the  tide  is  said  to  rise  46  feet. 

OAULEN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  co. 

GALLEN KIRCH.  gdl1fn-k66RK\  a  villaae  of  Austria,  in 
Tyrol,  about  35  miles  from  Feldkfrch.    Pop.  1560. 
72a 


GAL 

GALLE,  POINT  DE,  pwSso  deh  gill,  or  point  deh-gall, 
a  town  of  Ceylon,  on  the  S.W.  side,  lat.  6°  1'  N.,  Ion.  80° 
13'  E.,  a  station  where  steam-p.ickets  call. 

GALLESE,  g5l-l,Vs.A,  a  vilLige  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  A'iterbo.  Pop.  1060.  It  is 
supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tki^cenlnium. 

GAl/LEY  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Pope  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

GAL/LEYIIEAD',  a  promontory  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Cork,  between  the  Bays  of  Ross  and  Clonakilty. 

GALLIA.    See  France. 

GAL'LIA,  a  county  in  the  southern  part  of  Ohio,  con- 
tains atiout  420  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  E.  separating  it  from  Virginia,  and  it  is 
drained  by  Racoon  and  Symmes  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly.  Stone  coal  and  iron  are  found  in  the  county. 
Settled  in  1700,  by  a  colony  of  Frenchmen,  some  of  whose 
descendants  now  reside  in  Gallipolis.  Hence  originated  the 
name,  GulUa  being  the  Latin  appellation  for  France.  Capi- 
tal. Gallipolis.    Pop.  22,043. 

GALLIA  FURNACE,  a  post-village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  20 
miles  W.  of  Gallipolis. 

GALLIANO,  gai-le-a'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy.  S.E. 
of  Como,  has  a  curious  Lombard  church,  with  inscriptions 
of  tlie  fouith.^nd  frescoes  of  the  11th  century. 

GALLIATE.  gdl-le-i't.i,  a  vUlage  of  Piedmont,  province, 
and  4i  miles  E.N.E.  of  Novara.     Pop.  585S. 

GALLICANA,  gil-le-ka/nd.  a  village  of  Italv,  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  19  miles  E.  of  Rome.     Pop.  1300. 

GALLICANO,  gil-le-kd'no,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  16  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Lucca,  near  the  Serchio.    Pop.  1317. 

GALLICUM  PRETUM.    See  Dover.  Str.ut  of 

GALLICUS  OCEAXUS.    See  Biscay,  Bai  of. 

GALLICUS  SINUS.    See  Gilf  of  Lvoss. 

GALLIGNANA.  gdl-leen-yil'nd,  or  GALLTNIANA.  g3l-le- 
ne-l/ud.  a  town  of  Austria,  in  lllyria,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Triest. 
Pop.  1411. 

GALLINA,  gjl-lee'nl,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Africa, 
belonging  to  the  Bissagos  or  Bijuga  group. 

GALLINARIA.     See  Gauxara. 

G.\.LLIX.\S.  gdl-lee'nS.s.  a  river  of  Western  Africa,  falling 
into  the  Atl.antic,  in  lat.  7°  N..  Ion.  11°  38'  W..  and  formerly 
noted  for  the  number  of  slaves  shipped  fi-om  it. 

GALLIPOLl.  gdl-lip'o-le.  (anc.  C\iUip>(Ais.)  a  seaport-town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  .same  name,  at  the  entrance  of  the  sea  of  Mar- 
uioriu  132  miles  M'.S.W.  of  Constantinople.  Lat.  40°  24'  N..  Ion. 
26°  40'  E.  Pop.  aliout  17.000.  It  has  two  ports,  and  is  the 
princip.-il  station  of  the  Turkish  fleet.  The  town  is  ill  built 
and  dirty;  but  ha.s  extensive  bazaars.  It  has  manufao- 
tures  of  cottons,  silks,  and  earthenwares,  and  the  best  Mo- 
rocco leather  made  in  Turkey.  It  is  a  Greek  bishop's  see, 
and  residence  of  a  Capidan  Pasha.  It  was  the  first  European 
town  taken  bv  the  Turks. 

GALLIPOLl, (giil-lip/o-le,)PENINSULA OF, (anc.  nrn'cica 
Chersonefmg.)  is  situated  between  lat.  40°  3'  and  40°  3S'  N., 
and  Ion.  26°  10'  and  27°  E..  extending  S.W.,  separating  the 
Hellespont  on  the  S.E.  from  tlie  -I-j^ean  Sea  and  Gulf  of 
Saros  on  the  W.  and  N.  Length  63  miles;  breadth  fiom  4 
to  13  miles. 

GALLIPOLl,  gJl-lip'o-le.  (anc.  CuUijMis.)  n  fortified  .sea- 
port town  of  Naples,  province,  and  "29  miles  V.S.W.  of 
Otranto.  on  a  rocky  inlet  in  the  Gulf  of  Taranto.  connected 
by  a  bridge  with  its  suburb  Lizza.  on  the  mainland.  Pop. 
8500.  It  is  well  built,  and  ha,':  a  cathedral  and  a  ciistle.  and 
schools ;  but  is  chiefly  noted  for  its  extensive  cisterns,  exca- 
vated in  the  rock,  and  peculiarly  ad.Hpted  for  clarifying  olive 
oil.  One  mile  W.  is  the  island  of  St.  Andrea,  between 
which  and  the  town  is  a  harbor,  with  from  10  to  12  fathoms 
water.  This  port  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  in  tlie 
Neapolitan  dominions,  as  the  great  mart  for  the  oil  of  Apulia. 
The  town  has  also  manufactures  of  muslins,  woollens,  and 
cotton  hosiery,  a  tunny  fishery,  and  an  active  trade  in  corn, 
wine,  and  fruits. 

GALLIPOLIS,  galMe-po-leece',  a  thriving  post-town  and 
township,  capitiil  of  Gallia  co.,  Oliio,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  Ohio  River,  108  miles  S.S.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  fertile  district.  It  contains  7  churches,  1  .icado- 
my,  1  bank.  2  newspaper  ofiBces,  60  stores,  a  Union  school,  3 
steam-flouring-mills,  1  woollen-factory  and  2  tanneries.  Pop. 
in  I860,  3418 ;  in  lS6o,  aU>ut  5000. 

GALLIPOLl.  STRAIT  OF.    See  DARDANEtlES. 

GAI/LITZIN.  a  post-office  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GALLNEUKIRCHEX,  gill'noi-k66RKVn,  a  markettb  rn 
of  Upper  Austria,  4  miles  X.X.E.  of  Steyereck.     Pop.  9l3. 

G.4l*L00.\'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Fcrmanasrh. 

GAL'LOPVILLE,  a  post-vill.age  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  a  few  miles  X.N.E  of  Oy 
densburg.    The  name  of  the  post-office  is  l.islwn. 

GAL'LOW.W,  a  district  comprising  the  S.W.  part  ot 
Scotland.     It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Stewirt  Luiiily. 

GAI/LOWAY,  a  township  of  .\tlanti-'  CO.,  New  Jersey 
Pop.  2735. 

GALLOWAY,  a  post-village  of  La  Sal  e  co.,  Illinids,  115 
miles  N.N  Ji.  of  Spiiugfield. 


GAL 

GALLOWAY,  MTJLL  OF,  a  hold  rocky  headland  forming 
ihe  extreme  S.  point  of  Scotland,  in  lat.  54°  38'  6"  N.,  Ion. 
4°  51'  15"  W.,  having  a  lighthouse  325  feet  above  the  sea. 

GALLOWAY,  NEW,  a  royal  and  parliamentary  borough 
of  Scotland,  co.,  and  19  miles  N.W.  of  Kirkcudbright,  situ- 
ated on  the  lien.  Pop.  430.  It  unites  with  Wigton,  Stran- 
raer, and  Whithorn  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of 
Oouimons.    Kenmure  Castle  stands  in  its  vicinity. 

GALL  ST.  of  Switzerland.    See  Saint  Gall. 

OALLUCIO,  gil-loo'cho,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Tenu  di  J>avoro,  25  miles  li.N.E.  of  Giieta.     i'op.  1&72. 

GAI/LUPVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co.,  New 
1  ork,  25  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

GALLUKA,  gJl-loo'ri,  one  of  the  four  quarters  into  which 
the  island  of  Sardinia  was  divided  in  the  Middle  Ages.  It 
occupied  the  most  northern  part  of  the  island. 

GALLUZZO,  gdl-loot'so,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province,  and 
8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Florence.    Pop.  638. 

GALOENGONG,  gdnoon'gong',  or  GALONGONG,  glMon'- 
(tong',  a  volcano  of  ,7ava,  province  of  Preanger,  division  of 
Tjanjor,  after  which  the  surrounding  beautiful  and  lertile 
district  is  named.  No  eruption  of  this  mountain  was  on 
record,  or  in  the  recollection  of  the  inhabitants  around,  till 
Octolier  8,  1822,  when  a  fearful  outburst  took  place.  Ashes, 
stones,  and  lava  were  thrown  out,  and  a  large  surrounding 
district  of  country  laid  waste,  and  114  villages,  upwards  of 
4000  people,  many  cattle,  rice-fields,  and  three-fourths  of  a 
million  of  cotfee  trees  were  destroyed. 

GALOFAliO,  gl-lo-fi/ro,  (anc.  CharyVdU,)  a  famous  whirl- 
pool immediately  outside  of  the  harbor  of  Messina,  in  the 
strait  between  Italy  and  Sicily,  near  Cape  Faro.  Opposite 
to  it  on  the  coast  of  Italy  is  the  rock  of  Scylla. 

GALSA,  gil'.soh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Thither  Theiss, 
CO.,  and  about  12  miles  from  Arad.    Pop.  1800. 

GAL'STON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

GALT,  gilt,  a  town  of  Canada  \Vest,  co.  of  Ilalton,  on  Grand 
River,  about  25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hamilton.  It  contains 
churches  of  6  denominations,  3  branch  banks,  3  assurance 
agencies,  2  printing  offices  issuing  weekly  newspapers,  about 
15  stores,  and  has  manufactures  of  axes,  iron  castings,  ma- 
chinery, paper,  soap  and  candles,  lasts,  pails,  ic.  Pop.  about 
2300. 

GALTEE  or  GALTY  (gawl'tee)  MOUNTAINS,  of  Ireland, 
in  Munster,  extend  E.  and  AV.  for  about  20  miles. 

GALTELLE.  pjl-tjl'li,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
67  miles  S.E.  of  Sassari.    Pop.  950. 

GAL'TRES  FOKEST,  a  tract  of  land  in  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding,  lying  between  iVldlwrough  and  thecity  of  York. 

GALT'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Amherst  co.,  Virginia. 

GAL'C'VILLE,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GALTY  ISLANDS,  Ireland.    See  G.^ltee. 

GA'LUM.  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois,  144  miles  S. 
of  Springfield. 

GALVEAS,  g3l-vA'is,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo,  37  miles  W.S.W.  of  Portalogre,  with  an 
annual  fiiir.     Pop.  1107. 

GAL'VESTON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas,  border- 
ing on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Galveston  Bay,  has  an  area 
cf  330  square  miles.  It  comprises  a  long,  narrow  island  of 
its  own  name,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  West  Bay. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  sandy.  Capital,  Gal- 
Teston.    Pop.  8229,  of  whom  6709  were  free. 

GALA'ESTON,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  A'irginia. 

GALVESTON,  a  port  of  entry,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Gal- 
reston  county,  and  the  most  populous  and  commercial  city 
of  Texas,  is  situat«.<l  on  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  a  bay  of 
its  own  name,  aixjut  450  miles  W.  by  S.  of  New  Orleans,  and 
230  miles  S.E.  of  Austin  City.  Lat.  29°  17'  N..  Ion.  94°  50' 
W.  The  island  of  Galveston,  which  separates  the  bay  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  about  30  miles  in  length  and  3  miles 
in  breadth.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  has  a  mean 
elevation  of  only  4  or  5  feet  above  the  water.  The  bay  ex- 
tends northward  from  the  city  'to  the  mouth  of  Trinity 
Kiver,  a  distance  of  35  miles,  and  varies  in  breadth  from  12 
to  IS  miles.  The  harbor  of  Galveston,  which  is  the  best  in 
the  state,  has  12  or  14  feet  of  water  over  the  bar  at  low  tide. 
Galveston  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  ports  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  carries  on  an  active  trade.  Its  shipping, 
June  30,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  1489  tons  regis- 
tered, and  4004  tons  enrolled  .and  licensed.  Of  the  latter, 
3640  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  and  1808  tons 
in  steam  navigation.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were 
21,  (tons,  5974,)  of  which  19,  (tons,  5480)  were  by  foreign 
vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  were  21, — tons, 
6287,  of  which  1461  were  in  American  bottoms.  Steam- 
boats make  regular  passages  to  New  Orleans,  and  to  the 
towns  in  the  interior  of  Texas.  Three  or  four  newspapers 
are  published  here.  The  city  contains  a  fine  market-house, 
u  town  liall,  about  8  churcnes,  and  several  large  hof<?ls. 
Tlie  privatti  houses  are  mostly  of  wood,  and  painted  white. 
Hie  strewis  are  wide,  straight,  and  rectangular,  and  bordered 
by  numerous  flower  gardens.  Kailroads  are  projected  from 
Gal  vest.  1  to  Houston,  and  to  Red  Kiver.  First  settled  in 
1837.    Poy.  m  1860,  7?''"^ 

GALVESTON,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana. 


GAM 

GALTEZ.  gjl'vfth,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15  miles 
S.W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  2263.    It  has  manufi  ctui-es  of  serge. 

G~ALVEZ,  a  group  of  islands.     See  Hapai. 

GALWAY,  gawl'way,  a  miuitime  county  of  Ireland,  la 
Connaught,  bounded  on  the  W.  Viy  the  Atlantic,  Area 
2.447  sq.  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  322,212.  The  surface  in  the 
W.  includes  the  Lakes  Corriband  JIask,  and  the  district  of 
Connemara,  one  of  the  wildest  and  most  mounlainous  il) 
Ireland,  with  a,  seacoast  deeply  indented  with  inlets.  In 
the  E.  it  is  mostly  flat  and  sterile,  but  Interspersed  with 
bogs.  Chief  rivers,  the  Sh.annon,  which  bounds  the  county 
on  the  S.E.,  the  Black  River,  and  the  Suck.  Agriculture 
very  backward.  Fisheries  valuable.  The  Irish  language  is 
in  many  districts  universal.  The  county,  which  is  the 
second  in  extent  in  Ireland,  is  divided  into  2  Hidings,  East 
and  West.  Capital.  Galway.  It  sends  4  members  to  the  House 
of  Commons;  2  for  the  county,  and  2  for  the  chief  town. 

GALWAY,  a  town  and  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland, 
capital  of  the  above  county,  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of 
Galway  Bay,  at  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Midland  Great- 
western  Railway,  117  miles  W.  of  Buljlin ;  lat.  (li;iht)  63°  10^ 
12"  N.,  Ion.  9°  3'  30"  W.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Corrib.  issuing 
from  Lough  Corrib,  and  across  which  there  are  two  stone 
bridges.  In  the  more  ancient  parts  of  the  town  the  streets 
are  narrow  and  irregular;  but  in  the  modern  por- 
tions the  streets  are  spacious,  and  the  houses  in  general 
handsome  and  svibstantial.  The  town  is  well  lighted  with 
gas,  and  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water.  The  prin- 
cipal buildings  are  the  Queen's  College,  a  beautiful  struc- 
ture in  the  Elizabethan  style;  the  Established  Collegiate 
Church  of  St.  Nicholas,  a  large  old  edifice,  in  the  deco- 
rated English  style;  several  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  3 
monasteries,  5  nunneries,  Presbyteiian  and  .Methodist  meet- 
ing-houses; 4he  County  and  Town  Courthouses,  both  hand- 
some Grecian  structures;  and  prisons,  the  County  Infirmary, 
Fever  Hospital,  an  endowed  and  a  charter  school,  the  Cu.^tom 
House,  the  Union  Work-house,  and  2  barracks.  The  build- 
ings of  the  Franciscan  Nunnery,  or  Convent  of  St.  Clare, 
and  of  the  Presentation  Convent,  are  extensive  and  impo.is- 
ing.  The  Grammar-school  or  College,  the  endowment  of 
Erasmus  Smith,  is  a  spacious  and  neat  structure.  There 
are  three  news-rooms,  called,  respectively,  the  County  Club- 
house, the  Galway  Institution,  and  the  Commercial  Read- 
ing-room; and  a  trades  mechanics'  hisLitute.  The  benevo- 
lent and  charitable  institutions  are  tlie  town  Infirmary  and 
Dispen.sary.  and  the  Fever  Hospital.  Galway  is  not  a  manu- 
facturing place,  but  there  are  two  breweries,  two  distilleries, 
a  paper  mill,  a  foundry,  a  tanyard,  and  several  flour  mills, 
in  the  town  and  its  vicinity.  Its  retail  trade  is  consider- 
able, there  being  no  other  town  of  any  importance  within  2C 
miles.  The  commerce  of  the  port  was  at  one  time  extensive, 
but  has  now  much  declined.  The  principal  exports  are  corn, 
flour,  kelp,  marble,  wool,  and  provisions:  imports — timber, 
wine,  salt,  coal.  hemp,  tallow,  and  Swedish  and  British  iron. 
The  vessels  registered  .at  the  port,  in  184S,  were  21 ;  tonnage, 
4033.  The  coasters,  from  January  1,  1847,  to  January  1, 
1848,  were,  inwards,  173;  tonnage,  20,060: — outwards,  41; 
tonmage,  4354."  lu  the  colonial  and  foreign  trade  the  num- 
ber of  vessels  was,  inwards,  139:  tonnage,  2<?,161; — out- 
wards, 145;  tonnage,  26,676.  Theharlwr,  which  has  an  ex- 
tensive line  of  quays,  is  in  process  of  being  connected  with 
Lough  Corrii)  by  a  canal.  Its  floating  dock,  area  5  acres, 
admits  vessels  of  14  feet  draught.  On  Mutton  Island,  in 
front  of  the  harbor,  is  a  lighthouse,  33  feet  al)Ove  high  water. 

On  the  right  bank  of  the  Corrib,  and  forming  a  suburb,  is 
a  large  fishing  village,  called  a  Claddagh,  inhaljited  by  a 
peculiar  and  primitive  r.ace  of  people.  About  10  tons  of 
salmon  are  taken  yearly  out  of  the  Corrib  River.  The  bo- 
rough returns  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It 
gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  a  branch  of  the  Arundel  family. 
Galway  was  conquered,  in  1232,  by  the  Anglo-Normans  un- 
der De  Burgh,  many  of  whose  descendants  still  reside  in 
the  town.  During  the  Middle  Ages  it  had  a  flourishing  trade 
with  Spain,  whence  the -Moori.'^h  character  of  its  architecture. 
The  town  suffered  greatly  during  the  troubles  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.     Pop.  in  1841,  17.275;  in  l.'-Sl,  24,697. 

GALWAY,  gawl'way,  a  post>village  and  township  of  Sara- 
toga CO..  New  York,  36  miles  N.N.W.  of  .\lbany.     Pop.  2427. 

GALWAY  B.\Y,  on  the  N,  coast  of  Ireland,  is  a  large  ex- 
panse of  water,  about  IS  miles  broad  at  its  seaward  extremity, 
dimininishing  to  about  8  miles  inland,  and  being  about  20 
miles  long  from  E.  to  W.  It  is  protected  from  the  swell  of 
the  Atlantic  by  the  Arran  Isles,  of  which  there  are  three. 

GALWKN.  gdl-wen',  a  town  of  Eastern  Africa,  in  the  re- 
gion S.  of  Abyssinia,  on  a  river,  near  lat.  1°  43'  N.,  Ion.  44<- 
:i5'  E.     Pop.  9000  (?). 

GAM.\CHES,  gS'mSsh'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somnic.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Abbeville,  on  the  Bre.«;le.  Pop.  1273. 

G.-VM  A  LE  RO,  gd-mi-l;l'ro,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  1379. 

GAMBALAKUM,  gim-bd-ll'rum,  a  river  of  Africa,  in  Ni- 
gritia,  falling  into  the  S.  extremity  of  Lake  Tchad,  after  a 
course  of  about  f-5  miles,  direct  distance. 

UAMB.'VRA,  gdm-b^rd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  19  miles 
S.  of  Brescia. 

727 


GAM 

GAMB\RARE  glm-ba-rl/iA,  or  GA^lBARAPvO,  gim-ba- 
riTo,  a  Yillaire  of  North  Italj-,  9  miles  W.  of  Venice. 

GAMBAK(JU.  i.;ain-b3-roo',  a  ruined  town  of  Bomoo,  on 
tho  Yeoo.  5  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Old  Birnee,  It  contains  some 
extensive  ruins,  and  w;is  formerly  the  residence  of  the  sul- 
tan? of  Bornoo. 

GAMBATKSA,  pim-bj-fcl'si  or  GAMBETESA.  gam-bi- 
ti'si.  a  villajre  of  Naples.  proTince  of  Molise,  16  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2700. 

GAMBI.\.  gSnilie-a,  (the  Stachir  of  Ptolemy,)  a  river  of 
West«»rn  Africa,  in  Seneftambia.  the  centre  of  which  region 
It  travei-ses.  enterinf;  the  Atlantic  at  Bathurst,  110  miles 
S.E.  of  Cape  Verd.  in  lat.  13°  28'  N.,  Ion.  U°  35'  W.,  after  a 
W.N.W.  course,  estimated  at  upwards  of  lOO'J  miles.  At  its 
mouth  it  is  abiut  4  miles  aci-oss.  but  immediately  within 
this  its  width  is  doubled,  and  a  forty-gun  brig  may  ascend 
It  for  about  1.50  miles.  Vessels  of  150  tons  can  reach  the 
vicinity  of  Barraconda,  Ion.  13°  50'  W.,  where  the  navigation 
is  stopped  by  falls.  It  has  numerous  affluents,  and  the  Ca- 
gamanza,  which  enters  the  Atlantic  about  60  miles  farther 
S.,  is  considered  one  of  its  arms. 

G.^MBIA,  a  British  colony  of  Western  Africa,  consi.stlng 
of  the  i.sland  of  St.  Mary,  with  the  town  of  Bathurst.  Ac,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Gambia,  and  several  forts  on  its 
banks,  along  which  British  influence  extends  beyond  McCar- 
thy Island,  in  lat.  13°  30'  N.,  Ion.  14°  40'  W.  Pop.  in  1851, 
5693,  of  which  191  were  whites.  It  is  stated  to  be  the  most 
healthy  European  settlement  in  Western  Africa,  and  has  a 
flourishing  trade.  Exports,  including  wax,  hides,  ivory, 
gold-dust.  rice,  palm  oil.  horns,  and  timlier,  in  1852,  amount- 
ed in  value  to  217,856/.  Value  of  imports,  110,174/.,  of  which 
45.1901.  were  from  Great  Britain,  and  24.017/.  from  the  United 
Stat*"*  Foreign  arrivals  during  the  year,  528  vessels,  tons, 
29,274:  cleaninGes,  260  vessels,  tons,  30,188.  Gambia  is  a 
dependency  of  Sierra  Leone.  * 

GAM'BIER',  a  post- village  of  College  township,  Knox  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Vernon  River,  5  miles  E.  of  Mount  Vernon. 
Kenyon  College,  founded  here  in  1826,  under  the  auspices 
of  Bishop  Chase  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  is  a  richlj'  en- 
dowed institution.  Gambler  contains  2  cliurches.  One  re- 
ligious periodical  is  published  here.     Pop.  575. 

GAM'BIER*  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat. 
2.3°  8'  S.,  Ion.  134°  55'  W.,  consisting  of  five  large  islands 
and  several  small  islets  in  a  coral  reef  lagoon,  and  important 
as  being  (except  Pitcairn  Island)  the  only  known  station 
between  Chili  arid  Tahiti  where  good  water  is  procurable. 

GAMBIEK  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  Spencer  Gulf.  South 
Australia.  Wedge  Island,  the  largest,  being  in  lat.  35°  12'  S., 
Ion.  130°  30'  E. 

GAM'BLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgi.-*. 

GAM'BLKS,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co..  Pennsylvania. 

GAMBOLO,  gim'bo-lo,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division, 
and  18  miles  S.E.  of  Novara.     Pop.  5075. 

GAMBRUON,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Gombeoon. 

GAME  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Stafford  co..  Virginia. 

GAMEREN.  gi'meh-ren,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderland,  11  miles  S.'W.of  Thiel,on  the  Waal.  Pop.  1042. 

GAMK.V  glm'kd.  or  GREAT  LION,  a  river  of  South 
Africa,  in  Cape  Colony,  rises  near  Beaufort,  lat.  32°  24'  S., 
Ion.  22°  48'  E.,  and  flows  S.W.  through  the  Great  Karroo, 
till  its  junction  with  the  Dwyka  or  Rhinoceros  River,  when 
the  united  streams  form  the  Gauritz. 

GAMLA  KAULEBY,  gdni'W  kaKleh-bU.  (i.e.  "Old  Karle- 
by,")  a  town  of  Finland,  laen,  and  68  mUes  N.E.  of  Vasa,  1 
niile  from  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Pop.  2000. — New  Karleby  is 
a  maritime  town,  45  miles  N.E.  of  Vasa. 

GAM'LINGAY.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

G.\MMERTINGEN,  gfoi'mertingVn,  a  town  of  Western 
Germany.  11  miles  N.  of  Sigmaringen.    Pop.  973. 

GAM'KIE.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff, 
with  a  village  on  the  North  Sea.  7  miles  E.N.K.  of  Banff. 
On  the  coast  here  are  stupendous  cliffs,  perforated  by  caverns, 
and  frequentwl  by  vast  flocks  of  sea-birds. 

GAMKU.V.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Gomduoox. 

GAMSUURST,  gJms'haaRst,  a  village  of  Baden,  in  a 
marshv  and  unhealthy  district  N.  of  Offenburg.     Pop.  1377. 

GAM'STON,  a  p.arlsh  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

GAN,  gdN"»,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
PyrinSes.  4  miles  S.  of  Pau.     Pop.  1139. 

G.A.NANOQUE,  gi-ni-nok'.  a  po.st-village  of  Canada  West. 
CO.  of  Leeds,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  18  miles  N.E.  of 
Kingston,  and  32  miles  from  BrockviUe.     Pop.  about  800. 

GANAT.  g4>ndt/,  or  JANAT.  jd'nilt/.  a  town  of  West 
Africa,  in  Fezzan,  120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Moorzook.  in  a  sandy 
and  iiarren  region,  but.  owing  to  its  position  on  the  caravan 
routes,  rich  and  populous. 

G.ANCI,  gdn'chee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Palermo, 
24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cefalu.     Pop.  9,352. 

G.VND,  a  city  of  Belgium,    See  Ghent. 

GAN  D.KPOi  )R.  gdnMi-poor'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  I5omi)ay,  district,  and  62  miles  N.  of  Ahmednusrgur. 

GANUELLINO,  gin  dAl-lee/no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
8  miles  from  ('lusone,  on  the  Serio.  It  has  iron-works  sup- 
plied by  extensive  mines  in  the  district.     Pop.  1127. 

GANDERSHEIM,  gdn'dv'rs-hImo\  a  town  of  Northern 
728 


GAN 

Germany,  duchy  of  Brunswick,  on  the  GanJe,  36  miles  S.W 
of  Brunswick.     Pop.  1925. 

GANDESA.  gdn-dA/s3.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  42  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  2310. 

GANDI.4,  gdn'de-d,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  34 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Valencia,  near  the  Mediterranean.  Pop. 
5751.  It  has  a  fine  collegiate  church,  college,  and  a  palace 
of  the  Duke  of  Qandia. 

GANDICOTTA,  gdn-de-kot'td.  a  town  and  fort  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  43  miles  N.W.  of  Cuddapah,  on 
the  Penna. 

GANDINO,  gdn-dee'no,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  12 
miles  N.E,  of  Bergamo, 

G.VNDIOLLE.  gSxoMe-oll',  a  village  of  Western  Africa,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Senegal  River,  10  miles  S.  of  Fort  St. 
Louis,  said  to  have  5000  inhabitants. 

G.^N'EHEW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

GANGAL.\,  pdn-cdnd,  an  island  of  Western  Africa,  in  the 
Faleme.    Lat.  14°  44'  N.,  Ion.  12°  12'  W. 

G.\NGES,  gan'jez,  (Fr.  Giinfje,  gftxzh;  Ilindoo,  Gunga, 
gQng'gd,  or  Gmga,  gdng'gd,  so  called  as  flowing  through 
Gang,  the  earth,  to  heaven.)  the  principal  river  of  Ilindos- 
tan,  through  the  N,  part  of  which  it  flows  /rom  W,  to  E,,  tra- 
versing the  middle  of  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  almost  in  its 
entire  length.  It  rises  by  two  principal  heads.  Bhagiratlii 
and  Alakananda,  in  lat.  31°  N.  and  Ion.  7°  E..  from  an  im- 
mense mass  of  snow  at  an  elevation  of  13,000  feet,  flows  at 
first  S.W,  to  Ilurdwar,  and  thenceforward  mostly  E.S.E.  to 
the  Bay  of  Bengal,  which  it  enters  by  numerous  mouths,  its 
ea.stemmost  arm  uniting  with  the  Me'jrna  or  Braiimapootra, 
and  its  W.  branch  being  tlie  IIoo'.:ly  River.  Its  total  length 
is  estimated  at  1960  miles.  In  its  couree  it  receives  11  af- 
fluents, some  of  which  are  equal  to  the  Rhine,  and  none 
smaller  than  the  Thames:  the  princip.al  are  the  Jumna, 
liamgunga.  Goomty,  Goggra.  Sone.  Gunduck.  Koose.  Mahan- 
uddy,  and  Teesta,  which  have  courses  varjing  from  ."lOO  to 
600  miles  in  length.  Between  Tlurdwar  and  Allahabad  it 
is  usually  from  1  to  ly  mile  across:  below  which  its  breadth 
increases  frequently  to  3  miles,  and  at  500  miles  from  the 
sea  it  is  30  feet  in  depth,  and  so  continues  to  near  its 
mouth,  where,  however,  the  quantity  of  deposit  it  brings 
down  often  forms  bars  and  shoals.  It  is  crossed  by  no  bridges 
after  it  leaves  the  mountains. 

About  200  miles  from  the  sea,  the  Delta  of  the  Ganges, 
which  is  considerably  more  than  double  that  of  the  Nile, 
commences.  It  is  a  flat  alluvial  tract  of  from  80  to  200 
miles  in  breadth.  The  S,  extremity,  or  that  part  which 
borders  on  the  sea,  is  known  as  the  Sunderbunds.  a  dreary, 
unhealthy  region,  covered  with  wood,  and  liroken  up  by 
numerous  creeks  and  rivers,  all  of  which  are  salt  except 
those  that  communicate  immediately  with  the  principal 
arm  of  tlie  Ganges,  In  tracing  the  sea-coast  of  the  Delta 
eight  openings  are  found,  each  of  which  appears  to  l>e  a 
principal  mouth  of  the  Ganges.  The  navigation  through 
the  Sunderbunds  is  chiefly  effected  by  means  of  the  tides, 
there  being  two  distinct  passnjes,  the  one  named  the  South 
or  Sunderbund  pas.sage,  and  the  other  the  Ballaghaut  pass- 
age. The  first  leads  through  the  widest  and  deepest  rivers, 
and  opens  into  the  Iloogly  about  65  miles  below  Calcutta, 
The  Ballagliaut  passage  opens  into  a  shallow  lake  on  the  E. 
side  of  Calcutta.  The  navigation  by  these  pa.s.sages  extends 
more  than  200  miles  through  a  thick  forest,  divided  into 
numberless  islands  by  channels  of  exceedingly  various  width. 
The  whole  coast  of  the  Delta  is  one  mass  of  mud  banks,  which 
are  continuall)'  shifting,  and  among  which  there  is  scarcely 
a  channel,  with  the  exception  of  the  Iloogly,  which  ships  of 
burden  can  safely  ent*r. 

The  periodical  inundation  of  the  Ganges,  whi  A  commences 
about  the  latter  end  of  April  or  beginning  of  May,  proceeds 
from  the  tropical  rains  which  begin  to  fall  about  that  period. 
The  rise  of  the  river  is  at  first  slow  and  gradual,  not  exceed- 
ing an  inch  a  day  for  the  first  fortniglit.  Afterwards  it  in- 
creases to  3  or  4  inches,  and.  latterly,  when  the  rains  have 
become  general  in  all  the  countries  through  which  it  pas.scs, 
it  ri.ses  about  5  inches  a  day.  until  it  has  attained  a  height 
of  32  feet  above  it»  ordinary  level.  By  the  end  of  July,  all 
the  flat  country  of  Bengal,  contiguous  to  the  Ganges  and 
Brahmapootra,  is  overflowed  to  an  extt-nt  in  breadth  of  100 
miles,  nothing  being  visible  but  villages  and  the  tops  of 
trees,  the  former  being  built  on  artificial  mounds  above  the 
height  of  the  flood.  After  the  middle  of  August,  the  waters 
begin  to  subside,  running  off  at  tho  rat«  of  from  3  to  4  inches 
a  day  till  November,  from  which  period  to  the  month  of 
April  they  decrease  at  the  rate  of  atiout  5  inch  a  day.  The 
quantity  of  water  discharged  into  the  ocean  by  the  Ganges 
is  comput<?d  to  be  500,tX)0  cubic  feet  per  second  in  the  four 
months  of  the  flood  sea.son.  and  100.000  cubic  feet  per  second 
on  an  average  during  the  remainder  of  the  year.  The  quan- 
tity of  mud  brought  down  annually  by  the  stream  is  com- 
puted at  235.521.3S7  cubic  yards,  and  it  discolors  the  sea  to 
a  distance  of  60  miles  from  the  coast.  Owing  to  the  loose- 
ness of  the  soil  on  the  banks,  large  portions  of  them  are 
being  constantly  swept  away  by  the  force  of  the  current, 
and  with  such  rapidity,  in  some  cases,  that  an  sere  of  ground 
has  been  known  to  disappear  in  less  than  llalf  an  hour. 


GAN 


GAR 


The  phenomenon  called  the  Bore,  a  sudden  and  rapid  in- 
flux of  the  tide,  in  the  form  of  an  enormous  wave,  rising  as 
perpendicular  as  a  wall,  assumes  a  more  formidable  appear- 
ance in  the  Ganges  than  in  any  other  river  in  Asia,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Brahmapootra.  In  the  Iloogly,  the 
Bore  rushes  onwards  with  an  appalling  noise,  at  the  rate 
of  between  17  and  18  miles  an  hour,  and  at  Calcutta  it  some- 
times c;iuses  an  instantaneous  rise  of  5  feet,  having  been 
probably  more  than  double  that  height  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river.  The  waters  of  the  Ganges  are  held  sacred  by  the 
Hindoos,  from  Gaugootri,  about  15  miles  from  its  source,  to 
the  islandof  Suugiu-,at  the  mouth  of  the  Iloogly.  There  are, 
however,  particular  places  more  eminently  .sacred  than  the 
rest,  and  to  these  pilgrims  resort  from  groat  distances  to 
perform  their  ablutions,  and  carry  off  water  to  be  used  in 
future  ceremonies.  The  Ganges  water  is  also  esteemed  for 
Its  medicinal  properties,  and  in  the  British  courts  of  justice 
witnesses  of  the  IJrahtiiinical  fiiith  are  sworn  upon  it. 

The  valley  of  the  Ganges  is  one  of  the  richest  on  the  globe, 
and  contains  a  greater  extent  of  vegetable  mould,  and  of 
land  under  cultivation,  than  any  other  country  in  this  con- 
tinent, with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 
For  hundreds  of  miles  along  its  course,  down  to  the  Gulf  of 
Bengal,  not  a  stone  is  to  be  seen.  Wheat  and  other  European 
grains  are  produced  in  the  upper  part  of  this  magnificent 
valley,  while  in  the  S.  every  variety  of  Indian  fruit,  rice, 
cotton,  indigo,  opium,  and  sugar,  are  produced  in  the  great- 
est profusion.  The  sources  of  the  Ganges  are  at  an  elevation 
of  upwards  of  13.000  and  18,000  feet  respectively  above  sea- 
level;  yet  the  fiiU  of  the  river  from  Ilurdwar,  nearly  at  the 
foot  of  the  Himalayas,  to  the  Delta,  a  distance  of  about  1200 
miles,  is  only  1000  feet.  Its  banks,  in  many  places,  exhibit 
scenes  of  great  beauty,  while  in  the  stream  itself  clusters  of 
picturesiiuo  rocks  occasionally  occur,  interesting  not  only 
from  their  own  appearance,  but  from  the  associations  con- 
nected with  them.  One  of  these,  the  Fakeer's  Kock,  which 
occurs  about  200  miles  above  the  Delta,'is  a  picturesque 
pile,  consisting  of  several  masses  of  gray  granite,  heaped  one 
upon  the  other,  and  forming  ledges  and  terraces,  which  are 
the  sites  of  several  small  temples,  a  principal  one  rising  from 
the  summit  and  overtopping  all.  This  place  has  been  held 
sacred  for  ages,  and  has  been  the  abode  of  Fakeers  from  time 
Immemorial,  who  levy  tribute  on  all  passers-by.  The  rock 
is  also  interesting  to  the  antiquarian,  being  covered  with 
sculptured  figures  of  great  antiquity,  and  numerous  inscrip- 
tions in  an  unknown  character. 

The  Ganges  is  navigable  for  boats  of  a  large  size  nearly 
1500  miles  from  its  mouth ;  and  the  busy  scene  which  it  daily 
exhibits,  together  with  the  number  and  variety  of  boats  with 
which  it  is  crcnvded.  is  not,  perhaps,  equalled  on  any  other 
river  in  the  world.  It  forms,  with  its  tributaries,  the  great 
route  of  communication  and  traffie  throughout  interior 
India,  there  being  few  roads  adapted  for  the  conveyance  of 
goods;  and  its  value  as  a  highway  for  commerce  is  all  the 
more  increased,  from  the  numerous  important  towns  and 
cities  that  lie  either  immediately  on  its  banks,  or  at  no 
great  distance  from  them.  Ascending  the  stream,  may  be 
named  Calcutta,  Moorshedabad,  Bahar,  Patna,  Benares, 
Allahabad,  Cawnpoor,  and  Furruckabad.  It  forms,  also 
the  great  military  highway  by  which  India  was  conquered, 
and  is  tliH  main  aitery  by  which  British  power  is  diffused 
through  Ilindostan. Adj.  Gangetic,  gan-jjf ik. 

GANGES,  gftxzh,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  IlerauU, 
25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Montpellier.  It  has  a  chamber  of  manu- 
factures, and  factories  of  silk  gloves,  hosiery,  and  twist,  with 
a  trade  in  wine.     Pop.  in  1852,  4600. 

GAN'GES,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  11  miles  N. 
of  Mansfield. 

G.WGKS,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  759. 

GANGES  CANAL.     See  I\mA,  page  900. 

GANGKTICUS  SINUS.    See  Bengal,  Bat  of. 

OANGI,  gdn'jee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Palermo,  19 
Dxhes  S.S.E.  of  Cefalu.     Pop.  9350. 

GANGOOTKI,  gdn^goo'tree.  a  famous  place  of  pilgrimage 
in  Northern  Hindoostan.  in  Gurhwal,  near  the  source  of 
the  Ganges,  in  lat.  30°  59'  N.,  Ion.  78<^  56'  E.,  and  10,073  feet 
above  the  sea. 

GANGPOOR,  ging-poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  on  the  Braminy  Kiver,  70  miles  N.E.  of 
Sumbhulpoor. 

GANITSA,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Ganva. 

GANJA  or  GAND.TA,  gSn'jJ,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  30  miles  S.E.  of  TiHis. 

GANJAM,  gdn-jdm',  the  most  northern  district  of  the 
presidency  of  Madras,  in  British  India,  on  the  Coromandel 
Coast.  Area,  3700  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1837,  688,079. 
Capital,  Oanjam. 

GANJAM.  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  on  a  river, 
near  its  mouth,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  90  miles  S.W.  of 
CutUiek.  It  was  formerly  populous  and  handsome,  but  has 
latt<>r)y  decayed. 

GAN.TEII.  a  town  of  Georgia.    See  Elisabetopoi.. 

GANNAT,  gin*n2/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Allier,  capital  of  an  arroiidis.sement,  on  the  Andelot,  34 
miles  S.S.VV.  of  Moulins.    Pop.  in  1852,  5422. 


QAN/NET  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  on  th, 
W.  coast  of  New  Zealand,  N.  island.  Lat.  37°  67'  S.,  Ion  174 
2'  E. 

GANNET  ISLAND,  of  British  North  America,  on  the  coast 
of  Labrador.    Lat.  54°  N.,  Ion.  55°  34'  \V. 

GAN/.\£T  ROCK   LIQHT'HOUSE,  on  Gannet  Rock,   a 
small  Island,  6^  miles  from  the  S.W.  head  of  Grand  .Men.in, 
Maine.    The  light  revolves,  and  is  elevated  90  feet.    Liit 
46°  32'  N.,  Ion.  60°  52'  W. 
GAN'NONSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana. 
GANOS,  gj'nos^,  a  maritime  town  of  Europeiin  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee,  44  miles  N.E.  of  Oallipoli,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Sea  of  Marmora. 
GANOWITZ,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Gonowitz. 
GAXSERNDORF,  gln'sgrn-doRf*,  a  village  of  Lower  Aus- 
tria, with  a  station  on  the  Northern  Railway,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Presburg  Pesth  and  Szolnok  Railway,  19  miles 
N.E.  of  Vienna. 

GA.XSEVOORT,  gans'voort,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  ll 
miles  N.E.  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
GANTp;,  OJiVyO/.?.    See  Ghent. 

GANTHEAUME  (ginHomn  BAY,  of  Australia,  on  theW. 
coast  of  Edel  Liind.  Lat.  27°  46'  S.,  Ion.  114°  7'  E.  Two 
small  rivers  fall  into  this  bay,  from  about  12  miles  inland. 

G  ANTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 
8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Scarborough,  on  the  railway  thence  to 
York. 
GAN-WIIAY,  a  province  of  China.  See  Ngan-hoei. 
GANYA,  g|n'y6h\  or  GANITSA,  gi-nit/s^,  a  village  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Marmaros,  18  miles  from  Szigeth.  Pop, 
1500. 

GAP,  g3p,  (anc.  Vapinfcum,)  a  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Hautes-Alpes,  4G  miles  S.S.E.  of  Grenoble, 
on  the  Luie,  2392  feet  above  the  sea.  It  has  a  Gothic  cathe- 
dral, with  the  tomb  of  the  Constable  I^esdiguieres,  a  com- 
munal college,  normal  school  and  public  library,  a  court- 
house, town-hall,  prefecture,  bishop's  palace,  barracks,  and 
a  large  public  reservoir  constructed  in  1832.  Pop.  in 
1852,  8797. 

G.\P,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the   Pennsylvania   Central   Railroad,   18   miles   E.   of 
Lancaster.    It  has  an  active  trade  in  lumber  and  stone 
coal. 
GAP,  a  small  post-village  of  Walker  co.,  AlaTiama. 
GAP  CIVIL,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co..  North  Carolina. 
GAP  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co.,  North  Carolina. 
GAP  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co..  Tennessee. 
GAP  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois 
G.APLO,  a  lake  of  Prussia.    See  Goplo. 
GAP  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  W.  Virginia,8 
miles  from  the  court-house,  has  several  mills  and  a  woollen 
factory. 
G.APPLITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Kaplitz. 
GAP  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Arkan.'ias. 
GARACIIICO,  gj-ra-chee/ko,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Tene- 
rilfe,  on  its  N.  coast.     Pop.  2600.    It  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  a  volcanic  eruption  in  1705,  before  which  it  was  one  of  the 
most  important  places  in  the  island. 

GARAII,  gd'ri  or  AM-EL-SAGHIER,  am-?l-sl'ghe-?r,  a 
small  town  or  village  of  Egypt,  on  the  oasis  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Libyan  Desert,  about  250  miles  S.W.  of  Cairo. 
It  rises  above  the  palm-trees,  and  bears  a  striking  resem- 
blance, at  first  sight,  to  an  old  ruined  castleof  feudal  times. 
The  oasis  consists  of  a  level  plain,  enclosed  by  abrupt  preci- 
pices, and  covered  in  part  with  beautiful  palm  woods.  Salt 
pools  occur  here  and  there,  surrounded  by  an  efflorescence 
of  dazzling  whiteness. 

GAR  A,  LOUGH,  16h  gah'r.a.  a  lake  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
13  miles  W.  of  Carrick.     Area.  4537  acres.     It  i-eceives  the 
Lung  River  on  the  S.W.    Its  outlet  is  the  river  Boyle. 
GARAMA  and  GARAMANTKS.     See  ^Ioorzook. 
GARBAGNATE,  gaR-bJn-ya'tA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  Milan,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bollate.    Pop.  1362. 

GARBANA,  gaR-bd'nJ,  (L.  Garbanefa  Dertlitmen'shim.)  a 
town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division,  and  22  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Alessandria.     Pop.  1293. 

GARBIEH,  gaR'bee^fh,   a  maritime   province  of  Iiower 
Egypt,  in  the  delta  of  the  Nile.    Chief  town,  Mehallet-eV- 
Kebeer. 
GAR'BOLDISHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
GARCHIZY,  gaR^shee'zee',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Nevers.  Pop.  in  1852.  4.595. 
GARD.  gau,  or  GARDON,  gaRMAx"',  a  river  of  Southern 
France,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Garden  d'AIais  and 
G.ardon  d'Anduze,  and  joins  the   Rhone  6   miles   N.E.  of 
Tarascon,  after  an  E.S.E.  cour.se  of  55  miles. 

GARD,  a  department  of  France,  in  the  S.,  formed  of  part 
of  the  province  of  Languedoc,  bounded  E.  by  the  Rhone, 
and  S.,  for  10  miJes,  by  the  Mediterranean.  Area.  2256  sqviare 
miles.  In  the  N.  it  is  traversed  by  high  mountains ;  in  the 
S.,  numerous  lakes  and  marshes  render  the  countiy  un- 
healthy. Chief  river.s,  the  Rhone,  A'idourle,  and  Ilerault, 
which  flow  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  Ceze  and  Gardon, 
affluents  of  the  Rhone.    The  department  is  traversed  by 

729 


GAR 


GAR 


the  canal  from  Beaucaire  to  Aiguos-Mortes,  and  by  a  rail- 
vay  from  Alajs  to  Beaucaire  by  Nlmes,  and  from  Nfmes  to 
Cette  by  Montpellier.  It  has  mines  of  iron,  coal,  lead,  sul- 
phur, and  zinc.  Corn  Is  raised  insufficient  for  home  con- 
sumption, but  wine,  brandy,  olive-oil,  and  fruit  are  abun- 
dant. Silk- worms  are  extensively  reared.  Capital,  Xtmes. 
The  department  is  divided  into  the  4  arrondissemeuts  of 
Alais.  Nlmes.  Uz6s,  and  Le  A'igan.     Pop.  in  IStil.  422.107. 

GARD.\,  gaR/dd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Verona,  on  the  H.  shore  of  the 
Lake  of  Gar  la.    Pop.  3000. 

GARDAFUI,  CAPK,  Africa.    See  Cape  Guardafci. 

GARD.VIA,  gaR-di'l,  or  GUARDEIA,  gaR-di/yi,  a  town  of 
Algeria,  fu  the  Sahara,  oasis  of  Wady  Mzab.  Lat.  31°  57'  X., 
Ion.  2°  SC  E.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  with  battlements. 
and  defended  by  nine  towers,  capable  of  containing  300  to 
♦00  combatants,  and  has  ten  gates.  The  town  contains 
6  mosques,  one  of  which  is  of  e.\tr3ordinary  size.  A  consi- 
derable trade  is  carried  on  with  Tunis,  Algiers,  Ac.  in  oil, 
corn,  butter,  negroes,  groceries,  pottery,  and  numerous 
other  articles.  The  government  of  the  town  is  administered 
by  a  national  assembly,  presided  over  by  a  chief,  who,  how- 
■  ever,  can  decide  nothing  without  first  taking  the  advice  of 
the  religious  chief,  whose  word  has  the  authority  of  law. 
The  Jews  have  a  synagogue  hei«,  and  live  in  a  quarter  by 
themselves.  Gardaia  is  surrounded  by  immense  orchards, 
watered  by  wells,  which  sometimes  have  a  depth  of  300  feet. 
In  these  orch.*irds  are  cultivated  the  vine,  and  all  other 
Jiinds  of  fruit  common  to  that  part  of  Africa,  except  oranges 
and  citrons.  Rain  is  of  rare  occurrence.  On  a  mountain  in 
the  neighborhood  are  the  ruins  of  a  large  tower,  supposed 
to  have  belonged  to  the  Romans.  Pop.  uncertain,  but 
staftd  to  be  little  inferior  to  that  of  Algiers. 

GARDA,  LAKE  OF,  or  BEXACO.  bi-niOco,  (anc.  La'cus 
Benafcus,)  the  largest  lake  of  Northern  Italv,  between  lat. 
45°  26'  and  45°  56'  N.,  and  Ion.  10°  35'  and  10°  50'  E. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  35  miles;  breadth,  from  2  to  10  miles. 
Height  above  the  sea,  320  feet;  greatest  depth,  951  feet.  At 
Its  N.  extremity  it  receives  the  iiarco  River,  and  at  its  S.E. 
end  it  discharges  itself  by  the  Mincio  into  the  Po.  In  sum- 
mer, from  the  melting  of  the  Alpine  snows,  it  rises  4  or  5 
feet,  and,  like  all  similar  inland  waters,  is  subject  to  violent 
storms.  On  its  shores  are  the  towns  and  villages  of  Pes- 
chiei-a,  Riva,  Gargnano,  Salo,  and  Gaixla.  Near  its  E.  shore 
the  battle  of  Rivoli  was  fought  in  1797. 

GARDAXXE.  gafi'din',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bouchesdu-Rhone,  5  miles  S. of  Aix.    Pop.  in  1S52.  2837. 

GAKDE  FREIXET.  LA,  11  gaRd  frA'ud',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Var,  15  miles  S.  of  Draguignan.  It 
stands  on  a  lofty  eminence,  near  the  site  of  tlie  celebrated 
Saracen  castle,  the  ruins  of  which  still  exist.    Pop.  in  1852, 

G.iRDELEGEN,  gaR/dgh-li'ghgn,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  the  MUde,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Magdeburg. 
Pop.  5750. 

GARDEMPE,  a  river  of  France,    See  Gartempe. 

G.A.R'DEX,  a  post-oliice  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

G.\KDEX  GKOVE,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa,  50 
miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Fort  Des  Moines. 

G.VKDEX  PLAIX.a  post-village  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois, 
95  miles  X.X.AV.  of  Peoria. 

GARDEX  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois. 

GAKDEX  VAULEY,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Texas. 

GARDIA,  g.Wdee*d.  a  village  of  West  Africa,  in  Bon- 
doo,  in  a  plain,  surrounded  by  tamarind  and  other  trees. 
Lat.  14°  5'  X.,  Ion.  12°  28'  W. 

GARDIKI,  gaR-dee'kee,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Epirus,  12  miles  N.  of  Delvino.  Previously  to  1812,  it  w.is  a 
flourishing  city,  but  it  was  then  taken  and  mostly  ruined 
by  Ali  Pa.sha. 

GAR/DIXER,  a  city  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  on  both 
sides  of  Cobbessecontee  River,  (which  here  enters  the 
Kennebec  from  the  right.)  and  on  the  Kennebec  and  Port- 
land Railroad,  53  miles  N.N.E.  of  Portland,  and  7  miles  S. 
of  Augusta.  A  bridge  900  feet  in  length  lias  recently  been 
constructed  across  tlie  Kennebec,  connecting  Gardiner  with 
Pittston.    A  fine  public  hall  has  been  built  here  in  the  piist 

?ear.  The  town  possesses  excellent  facilities  for  manulac- 
uring,  the  Cobl)ossecontee  having  in  this  part  of  its  course  a 
succession  of  falls,  affording  extensive  hydraulic-power. 
.Eight  d:ui)S  have  been  built  across  the  stream  witliiu  the  dis- 
tance of  a  mile.  The  principal  manufacturing  estal>lishmeuts 
are  13  saw-mills,  with  sliingle,  claplward,  and  lath-mills,  3 
flouriiig-mills,  2  extensive  paper-mills,  a  woollen-factory,  ao 
iron-founthy,  2  machine-shops,  2  sash  and  blind  factories, 
2  potteries,  and  a  tjtuuery .  About  550  persons  are  employed  in 
these  various  manufiictorics.  Gardiner  is  also  advantageously 
•ituated  for  commerce,  the  Keimebec  being  navigable  to  this 
point  for  ships.  About  0000  tons  of  shipping  are  owned  here, 
above  half  of  which  is  employed  in  the  Southern  and  for- 
eign trade,  .ind  the  remainder  in  the  coastwise  trade.  The 
city  contains  9  churches,  a  city  hall,  an  iamshouse,3  banks, 
a  savings  institution,  a  public  high-scho*)!,  a  mechanics"  as- 
sociation with  a  library  of  1500  volumes,  and  about  100  stores. 
One  weekly  newspaper  is  publi8bi>d  here.    Pop.  in  1850, 


64S6:  but  by  the  formation  of  new  townships,  into  whici 
portions:  of  its  territory  have  been  incoriicrated,  tho  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  has  been  reduced  to  4487. 

GARDIXER  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Oregon. 

GAUDIXEirS  BAY,  of  Xew  York,  fit  the  E.  end  of  Long 
Island,  is  about  8  miles  long  and  G  wide. 

GARDIXKR'S  ISLAND,  Xew  York,  situated  between  the 
above  bay  and  the  ocean.  Length,  about  4  miles;  breadth, 
from  J  of  a  mile  to  1  mile. 

G-iRD'XER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Rail- 
road. 60  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  the  nianuticture  of  chaii-s.    Pop.  2646. 

G.\RDXER.  a  small  village  of  Jloi-gan  co.,  Ohio. 

GARDNER'S  BRIDGE,  a  postofiice  of  Martin  co..  North 
Carolina. 

GARDXER'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Monroe 
CO.,  North  Carolina. 

GARD'NERSVILLE.  a  posb-village  of  Schoharie  co.,  New 
Y'ork,  45  miles  W.  of  .Albany. 

GARDOKH,  a  village  of  Thibet.    See  Garoo. 

GARDONE,  gaR-do'nA,  a  village  of  Northern  Itily,  10 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Brescia.  Pop.  IJOO.  It  has  manufactures 
of  firearms,  jewelry,  and  silk  gcods. 

GARDOXE  RIVIERA,  gaR""-do'u4  re-ve-A'ri,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Salo, 
near  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Gardiu    Pop.  1442. 

GARD,  POXT  or,  pAs"  du  gaa,  an  aqueduct  bridge,  10 
miles  X.E.  of  Nlmes,  celebrated  as  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent Roman  remains  in  France. 

GARD'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Wabash  CO.,  Illinois. 

GARDTOP,  a  vi'il.-ige  of  Thibet.    See  Garoo. 

GAREEP  or  GARIEP,  a  river  of  Africa.  See  Obamge 
River. 

GAUESSIO,  rf-rJs'se-o,  or  GARESSO.  gS-rfs'so.  a  town  of 
Piedmont,  province,  and  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mondovi,  on  the 
Tanaro.     Pop.  5436. 

GARET,  g3-r§t/,  a  district  of  Morocco,  province  of  Fes, 
bounded  N.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Mclilla  is  its  principal 
town. 

GARFAGNAXA,  gaR-fln-yii'nJ,  a  district  of  Northern 
Italy,  in  Tuscany,  formed  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Serchio. 
Area,  155  square  miles.  Pop.  31,717,  Chief  town,  Castel- 
nuovo-di-Garfaguana. 

GAR'FORTU,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Y'ork,  West 
Riding. 

GARG,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  GSrgo. 

GARG.\LI.ANO,  g.nR-gd-le-3'uo,  a  decayed  town  of  Greece, 
near  the  W.  co;ist  of  the  Morea.  llj  miles  N\by  W.of  Nava- 
rino.  on  a  height.     Pop.  alx)Ut  350. 

GARG.\XO,  guR-gJ/no,  (anc.  Gargahius.)  a  mountain  pe- 
ninsula of  Xaples,.  province  of  Capitanata.  extending  for 
about  30  miles  into  the  Adriatic,  with  a  breadth  varying 
from  15  to  30  miles.  Its  loftiest  summits  are  Calvo,  near  its 
centre,  5450  feet;  Sagro.  on  the  E. ;  Spiiro.  on  the  X.;  Gar- 
garano,  on  the  W.;  and  Rignano.  on  the  S.  They  are  com- 
posed almost  throughout  of  limestone  and  the  accompany- 
ing rocks  of  the  Jura  formation,  and  contain  some  metallic 
veins  and  beds  of  ironstone,  none  of  which  are  worked. 
They  continue  clothed,  as  Horace  describes  them,  with  lofty 
forests  of  pine. 

GARG  ANTA-LA-OLLA.  gaR-gJii'ta-l3-ol'ya.a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estremadura,  province,  and  65  miles  N.N.E.  of  Caceres. 
Pop.  1972. 

GARG  ANUS.    See  G.vrgaxo. 

GARG.iRUS,  gai-'g.^-rus,  (Turk.  Kaz-<lygh,  kJz'dSg',)  a 
mountain  of  Asia  Minor,  in  .-Vnatolia.  10  miles  N.W.  of  Ad- 
ramy  ti.  It  is  the  most  elevated  summit  of  the  range  of  Id.^, 
4955  feet  in  height,  and  subdivided  into  a  tiiple  zone  of  cul- 
tivated land,  forests,  and  snow. 

GARGXAXO,  gaRn-yi'no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  .23 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Garda. 
Pop.  4000. 

GAR/GRAVE,  a  parish  of  En.gl.ind.  co.  of  York,  West  Rid- 
ing. 4i  miles  W.N.W.  of  Skipton.  Here  are  remains  of  a 
Roman  villa. 

GAR'GUN'NOCK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling. 

GAR'IIA,  a  river  of  Ilindostan,  joins  the  Chuuibul. 

GARHWAL,  a  province  of  India.     SeeGLBHW.\l_ 

GARIEP,  a  river  of  South  Africa.     See  ORANGE  RlVBS. 

GARIGLIANO,  gl-reel-yd/uo,  (anc.  Li'rix.)  a  river  pt 
Naples,  rises  about  5  miles  S,E.  of  Tagliacozzo.  flows  S.E, 
and  enters  the  Mediterranean  9  miles  E.  of  Gaeta,  alter  & 
course  of  75  miles,    Affluent.s,  the  .'vacco  and  Mell'a. 

GARIJP,  a  village  of  Iloll.iml.     See  fl-UiYP. 

GARIOCH.  g3're-5K.  an  inland  district  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
.\l>erdeen,  comprising  150  s<iuare  miles,  and  including  15 
parishes  in  the  centre  of  the  county. 

G.A.R/LAND,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co,  Maine,  75 
miles  X.N.E.  of  .\ugusta.     Pop.  1498. 

GAULAXD.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Penn.ivlvanU. 

GARLANDS,  or  GARLAND'S  STORE,  a  post-ofllc*  <t 
Albemarle  co..  Vinrinia,  95  miles  W.  )>y  X.  oi  <ichmond. 

GAIt'LANDVILLE,  a  post-village  if  Jaspei  co.  Missis 
sippi. 


GAR 

QARLASCO  gaR  iJs'ko,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  23 
miles  S.K.  of  Novaia.  Pop.  5436.  The  Austrians  crossed 
the  Po  near  it  in  their  inrasion  of  Piedmont,  March,  1849. 

GAU'LIESTON.  a  small  seaport  town  of  Scotland, CO.,  and 
6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wicfton.  on  a  small  bay  of  the  same  name. 
Pop.  "1*0.  A  Liverpool  steamer  touches  here.  In  the  vici- 
nity is  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Galloway. 

GARLIN,  iraaMixo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  capital  of  the  arrondissement,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Pan.     Pop.  in  1852,1418. 

GARillSCH,  gaR'mish,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
on  the  Loisach,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Isar,  50  miles 
8.W.  of  Munich.     Pop.  1500. 

GAR'MON'S  MILL'S,  a  post-office  of  Cabarras  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

GAR'JIOUTH,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  CO.  of 
Elgin,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Spey,  3  miles  N.  of  I'ochabers. 
Pop.  6(10. 

GARNACIIE,  LA,  \k  gan'ndsh',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vendue,  17  miles  N.  of  Les  Sables.     Pop.  2926. 

GARNAVIL'LO  or  GAR/NAVILLE,  a  thriving  po.st-vil- 
lage,  capital  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  mail-rout«  from 
DubiKjue  to  Praine  du  Chien,  about  45  miles  N.W.  of  Du- 
buque. It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high,  rolling  prairie. 
Lead  is  abundant  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  1:335. 

GAR/NER'S  FOKD,  a  post-village  of  Cleveland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

GAR'NETSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Meade  co.,  Kentticky, 
•  on  Otter  Creek,  about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Louisville. 

GARN^KIRK',  a  station  on  the  railway  between  Glasgow 
and  Edinburgh,  in  Scotland,  5i  miles  E.X.E.  of  Glasgow. 

G  AR'XOCK,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  joins  the 
Irvine  River  near  its  mouth,  after  a  course  of  12  miles. 

GARNSEE.  gaRn'si\  or  SLEMNO,  sl^m'no,  a  town  of 
Prussia,  8  miles  S.  of  Marienwerder.    Pop.  1985. 

GARO'GA,  or  GAROGA  CHEEK,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Fulton  CO.,  New  York,  about  40  miles  E.  of  Utica. 
Pop.  629. 

GAROGA,  a  small  lake  near  the  centre  of  Fulton  co..  New 
York. 

GAROGA  CREEK,  of  New  York,  rises  in  Fulton  county, 
flows  S.W.,  and  enters  the  Jlohawk  near  Fort  Plain. 

GAROM'NA,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Galway,  about  6  miles  N.  of  the  South  Arran  Isles.  Area, 
about  3y  square  miles. 

GAHON,  a  headland  of  Ireland.    See  Gerron. 

GARONNE,  gl^ronn',  (anc.  Garum'na.)  a  river  of  France, 
rises  in  the  I'yrenees,  in  the  Val  d'Anin,  on  the  confines  of 
Spain,  enters  Franco  near  the  village  of  Pont-du-Roi,  and 
passes,  in  the  department  of  Uaute-Garonne,  St.  Beat,  Mout- 
rejeau,  St.  Martory.  and  Cazferes,  (whei-e  its  natural  naviga- 
tion commences,)  Carbonne.  Muret,  and  Toulouse,  nearwhich 
it  is  joined  by  the  Canal  du  Midi.  At  Blaye  the  river  loses 
its  name,  and  assumes  that  of  the  Gironde,  (see  Gironde,) 
which  it  receives  at  its  junction  with  the  Dordogne.  at  Bee 
d'Amlifes.  Length,  384  miles.  Chief  affluents  on  the  right, 
Salat.  AHege,  Tarn,  Lot,  Dorpt,  and  Dordogne;  on  the  left, 
Neste,  Gers,  and  Giron.  The  Garonne  Is  subject  to  over- 
flow, on  account  of  the  general  flatness  of  its  banks;  its 
bed  is  variable,  its  navigation  diiflcult,  and  often  inter- 
rupted by  low  water.  The  Canal  du  Midi  connects  it  with 
the  Mediterranean. 

GAROO,  gdVoo/,  GARDTOP,  gaRd'top',  GARTOP,  gaR^top', 
GORTOPE.  goR'tAp',  or  GAHDOKII,  gaR'doK'.  a  village  or 
station  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  in  Southern  Thibet,  near  a 
source  of  the  Indus,  in  lat.  31°  40'  N.,  Ion.  80°  21'  E.  Ele- 
vation, 16.0(X)  feet.  It  is  a  collection  of  a  few  houses,  with  a 
number  of  felt  tents  pitched  beside  them  in  summer ;  an 
active  trade  is  then  carried  on  in  the  exchange  of  tea.  shawl- 
wool,  and  other  products  of  China  and  Thibet,  for  those  of 
Cashmere  and  India. 

GAROUPAS,  a  town  of  Brazil.    See  Porto  Bello. 

GARRA.  a  river  and  village  of  India.    See  Ghara. 

GAR'RAGILL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cumljerland. 

GAR'RARD,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  250  square  miles.  The  Kentucky 
River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.,  Dick's  River  on  the 
S.W.,  and  Paint  Lick  Creek  on  the  N.E.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified, undulating,  and  hilly;  the  soil  is  very  productive. 
The  Kentucky  River  is  navigable  on  the  border  of  the 
tounty.  Formed  in  1796,  and  named  in  honor  of  James 
Garrard.  Governor  of  Kentucky.  Capital.  Lancaster.  Pop. 
lOj-Wl,  of  whom  6953  wei-e  fl'ee,  and  3578  slaves. 

GAR1{ARD'S  FORT,  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GAR/R  ATTSVILLK,  a  pos^village  of  Otsego  co..  New  York, 
86  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

GARREGUEL,  gaR^Reh-ghJl',  a  large  village  of  Africa,  in 
Senegambia.  on  the  Senegal.     Lat.  15°  27'  N.,  Ion.  12°  46'  W. 

(f.VR'RF.TTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Christian  CO.,  Ken- 
tucky, 214  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  contains  1  church 
and  several  stores. 

GAR'RETTSVILLE,  a  postroflice  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
syhania. 

OA  RRErrSVIljLK.  a  nost-village  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  on 
ttio  SlatiOiaiQg  Bi ,  er,  ana  on  a  railroaU  37  m.  S.E.  of  Cleveland. 


GAR 

It  has  4  churches,  1  woollen-factory,  1  axe-factory,  and  2 
flouring-mills.     Pop.  about  600. 

GARRIGA,  LA,  13  gaR-Ree'g3,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  about  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Barcelona. 
Pop.  1180. 

GARRIGUELLA,  LA,  la  gaR-Re-ghfl'yJ,  a  village  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  alwut  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gerona.     Pop.  1720. 

G  Ai'./RIOTT'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Triable  cr.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

GAR/RISON'S,  a  post-ofHee  of  Putnam  co..  New  York. 

GAR'RISONVILLE,  a  post-oflflce  of  Stafford  co.,  \  irginia. 

GAR/RISTOAVN.  a  village  and  paiish  of  Ireland,  co.,  and 
16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  2000. 

GARROBILLAS,  glR-Ro-Reel'yds.  a  modern  town  of  Spain, 
27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Caceres,  near  the  Tagus.     Pop.  4434. 

GARRON,  a  headland  of  Ireland.    See  Gerro.v. 

GARROTE,  gdR-Eo'tA,  a  postoffice  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

GARROVILLAS-DE-ALCONETAK,  gaR-RO-ved'yas-dA-ll- 
ko-ni-taR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province,  and 
19  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  6573. 

GAR/ROW  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain  range  of  Farther 
India,  between  lat.  25°  and  20°  N.,  and  Ion.  90°  and  92°  E. 
This  region  rises  to  an  elevation  of  from  3000  to  4000  feet,  and 
is  inhabited  by  an  independent  people,  who  bring  their  sur- 
plus produce,  mostly  raw  cotton,  into  the  adjacent  Bengal 
districts,  where  they  exchange  it  for  other  kinds  of  mer- 
chandise. 

GAR/RY  ISLAND,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  Briti.«!h  North 
America,  off  the  mouth  of  Mackenzie  River,  in  lat.  69°  aC 
N.,  Ion.  135°  W. 

GARRY  LAKE,  in  Briti.sh  North  America,  in  lat.. 66°  N., 
Ion.  99°  30'  W.,  receives  Black's  River  from  the  W. 

GARRY,  LOCII.  loK  gar/ree,  a  snTall  lake  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Perth,  in  the  wild  district  of  Athole  Forest.  The  river 
Garry,  flow  ing  from  the  above  lake,  after  an  impetuous  E.S.E. 
course  of  20  miles,  joins  the  Tummel  about  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Blair-Athol. 

GAR'RY  OWEN,  a  postrvillage  in  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  15 
miles  S.  of  Dubuque. 

GARS'DALE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

GARSmON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

GAR'SINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

GARS'TANG,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
and  11  miles  S.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  Wyre,  and  on  the  Lan- 
caster and  Preston  Railway  and  Canal.  Pop.  in  1851,  7465, 
employed  in  cotton  and  woi-sted  mills,  and  calico  print  works. 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  Greenhalgh  Castle,  gani- 
soned  for  King  Charles  I.  by  the  Earl  of  Derby  in  16-13. 

GARSTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

GARSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

GARTACH,  gaR/tdK,  Gross,  groce,  and  Kleix.  kline, 
two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  WUrtemberg,  11  miles  W. 
of  Ileilbronn,  on  the  Leinbach  Pop.  of  Gross  Gartach,  1615 ; 
of  Klein  Gartach,  780. 

GAR'TAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

GARTAN,  LOUGH,  loK,  of  Ireland,  is  about  2  miles  in 
length. 

G  ARTEMPE,  gaR'tfijrp',  or  GARDEMPE,  gaR'd3Mp',  a  river 
of  Central  France,  which,  after  a  course  of  120  miles,  at  first 
W.  and  then  N..  joins  the  Creuse  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Poitiers. 

GARTH,  garth,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan, 5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Caerphilly.    Pop.  1209. 

GARTH,  a  hamlet  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery,  2 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Welshpool.    Pop.  252. 

GARTHBEIBIO,  garth-bi'beK),  a  parish  of  North  Wales. 
CO.  of  Montgomery. 

GARTIIBRENGY,  garth-brgng'ghee,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Brecon. 

GARTIIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

GAR/TLY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Aberdeen  and 
Banff. 

GAR/TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 
on  the  North  Sea,  12  mil?s  E.N.E.  of  Hull.  Grimston-Garth, 
the  seat  of  the  descendants  of  Sylvester  deGrimston,  stand- 
ard bearer  of  AVilllam  the  Conqueror,  is  a  large  castellated 
edifice,  finely  situated  in  this  parish. 

GARTON-on-the-WOLDS.  aparLsh  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding.  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Great  Driffield. 

G  ARTOP  or  GARTOPE,  a  village  of  Thibet.    See  G.\R0O. 

GARUMNA.    See  G.VRO.WE. 

GARVAGII,  gap/viH,  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Londonderry,  9  miles  S.  of  Coleraine.  Pop. 
851.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  Canning  fe,mily,  who 
own  the  town,  and  whose  seat  is  adjacent. 

GaRVAGIIY.  caR-vau'ee.a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. 

GAR/A'ALD  B.4R'A,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  5  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Haddington.     Here  are  the  ruins  of  V  ester  Castle. 

GAR'VESTONE,  or  GAR/STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co, 
of  Norfolk. 

GARTVOCK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine 

GAR'WAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herefiird. 

GARYP  or  GARIJP.  gJ-ripe',  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  Friesland,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Leeuwarden.    Poj .  620. 

731 


GAR 


GAT 


•JAHIYSBCRG,  a  post-village  of  Xorthampton  oo.,  North 
Carolinn,  on  the  railroad  from  Petersburg  to  AVeldon,  where 
It  is  crossed  by  the  Seaboard  and  Koanoice  Kailroad,  "-j  miles 
N.  (f  Weldon. 

(J  A'RYSVILLE,  a  post-otiice  of  Prince  George  co.,  A'irginia. 

GARZ  or  GARTZ,  gtiRts,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Pomerania,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Oder.  Pop. 
S800. 

GARZ  or  GAKTZ,  a  town  of  Prussia,  on  the  island  of  Rli- 
<«n,  in  the  Baltic,  10  miles  E.  of  Stralsund.     Pop.  1650. 

G  ARZE.NO,  gaRd-zA/no,  a  village  of  Northernltaly,  province 
of  Como.  6  miles  from  Dongo.    Pop.  1404. 

GAKZWKILER,  gaRts'STler,  a  village  of  RhenLsh  Prus- 
sia, government,  and  18  miles  S,W.  of  Dusseldorf,  l^op. 
1096. 

GASCOGNE,  a  province  of  France.    See  Gascoxt, 

GA.SCOGNE,  GOLFK  DE.    See  Biscay,  Bay  of. 

G.\SC0N.ADE,  gas'ko-naid',  a  river  of  Missouri,  which 
rises  by  several  branches  in  Wright  co..  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
state,  interlocking  with  the  sources  of  White  Kiver  of  Ar- 
kans.->,s.  Its  general  direction  is  N.N.E.  It  is  a  beJiutiful 
stream  of  clear  water,  flowing  through  a  hilly  country 
abounding  with  picturesque  scenery,  and  covered  by  exten- 
sive forests  of  pine  and  other  timber.  Steamboats  have 
ascended  about  (JO  miles  fnmi  its  mouth  when  the  water  is 
high.  Large  rafts  of  yellow-pine  lumber  are  floated  down 
the  stream  annually.  It  enters  the  Missouri  in  Gasconade 
county.  40  miles  below  Jefferson  City,  after  a  course  of  about 
250  miles.  Branches. — The  Osage  Fork  rises  near  the  W. 
border  of  Wright  county,  and  flowing  N.E.,  enters  the  river 
in  La  Clede  county.  The  Robidoux  Fork,  rising  in  Texas 
county,  flows  X.,  and  falls  Into  the  river  a  few  miles  from 
WaynesviUe,  Pulaski  county.  The  Big  Piney  Fork  rises  in 
the  S.  part  of  Texas  county,  and  flowing  X.,  enters  the  main 
stream  near  the  centre  of  Pulaski  county,  after  a  course  of 
about  100  miles.  These  are  more  properly  affluents  than 
constituent  branches. 

GASCONADE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  540  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Mis- 
souri River,  and  intersected  in  the  X.W.  part  by  the  Gas- 
conade, from  which  the  name  is  derived.  The  Bourlieuse 
Creek  and  several  of  its  branches  flow  through  the  S.E.  part 
of  the  county.  The  surface  Is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  inferior, 
excepting  the  river  bottoms  and  lowlands.  Iron  ore  and  sul- 
phur are  abundant,  and  indications  of  copper  along  Bour- 
beuse  Creek  are  reported.  Limestone  underlies  the  greater 
part  of  the  county,  and  burrstoue  of  good  quality  is  found 
on  the  Gasconade.  Small  steamboats  navigate  the  river 
when  the  water  is  high.  Capital,  Hermann.  Pop.  8727,  of 
whom  8651  were  free,  and  76  slaves. 

GASCONADE,  a  post-village  of  Gasconade  co.,  Missouri,  36 
miles  S.  of  Jefferson  City. 

GASCONADE  FERKY,  a  postoffice  of  Gasconade  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

GAS'CONY,  (Fr.  Gascngne.  pSs^kofl':  Sp.  Gascufla.  gjs-koon'- 
yi;  L.  Vasco>nta.)  an  old  province  in  the  S.W.  of  France,  now 
forming  the  departments  of  Landes,  Gers,  IIautos-Pyr6.nees, 
and  part  of  Basses-Py  rentes.  It  was  a  dependency  of  Guienne, 
and  its  capital  was  Auch.  A  portion  of  it  belonged  to  the 
sovereigns  of  Navarre,  and  it  was  united  to  France  In  158l>. 
— ^Adj.  and  inhab.  Gas'con:  (Fr.  Oascox,  gis'kSN"/.) 

GAS  FACTORY,  a  po.st-office  of  Lincoin  co.,  Tennessee. 

GASK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

GASKO,  g^ko,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Herzego- 
vina, 50  miles  S.E.  of  Mostar. 

GASPAR,  GRANDE,  grdn'dA  gJs-paR/,  a  petty  island  in 
the  Gulf  of  Paria,  South  America,  near  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Trinidad. 

GASPARILOiA  (or  GASPARILnLO)  SOUND  and  ISLAND, 
are  situated  on  the  W,  coast  of  Florida,  near  Charlotte 
Harbor. 

GASPARINA,  gSspa-ree'na,  or  GASPERINA,  gis-pj-ree'- 
nd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  11  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  2600. 

GASPE,  gis'pA/,  a  district  of  Canada  East,  consists  of  the 
counties  of  Bonaventure  and  Gasp6,  situated  on  the  P. shore 
of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  that  river, 
E.  by  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  and  S.  by  the  Bay  of  Clia- 
leur  and  the  province  of  New  Brunswick.  The  population 
is  principally  on  Gaspe  B.ay,  the  other  parts  of  the  coast  be- 
ing mostly  unsettled.  They  are  chiefly  engaged  In  the  fishe- 
ries and  the  timber  trade. 

GASl'E,  a  maritime  county  of  Canada  East,  occupying  the 
E.  portion  of  the  Gaspe  Peninsula,  has  an  area  of  4003  square 
miles.    Capital.  Gasp^.     Pop.  in  1851, 10,904. 

GASI>E,  or  GASl'E  BASIN,  a  post-town  and  port  of  entry 
of  Canada  East,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Gaspg.  situated  on  the 
8.  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  harl)or  formed  by  Gaspe  Bay, 
496  milfs  E.  by  N.  of  Queljec.  It  has  a  custom-house,  is  the 
seat  of  an  extensive  cod  fishery,  and  several  vessels  are 
owned  here  employed  in  the  whale  fishery.  The  value  of 
Imports  for  1851  amounted  to  $53,352,  and  the  exports  to 
{141,740.  "^ 

GAS'PEH,  a  township  of  Prable  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  908. 

GAS  PORT,  a  post-vUlage  ft  Niagara  co.  New  York,  on 


the  Erie  Canal,  about  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Buffalo,  named 
from  springs  liere  which  emit  an  inflammable  gas. 

GASSEN,  gd.s'sen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 47  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  990. 

GASSINO,  g3s-see'no,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince, and  8  miles  N.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2.597. 

GASTDORF.  gdst'doKf  or  GASTOKF,  gits'toiif,  a  town  or 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Leitmeritz,  29  miles  N.  of  Prague.  Pop, 
1073. 

GASTEIN,  gas'tine,  or  HOF-GASTEIN.  hotiias'tlne,  a 
market-town  of  Austria,  duchy,  and  44  miles  S.  of  Salzburg, 
on  the  A(fhen.  It  contains  a  school  and  a  iiathiug  establish- 
ment, supplied  by  wooden  jiipes  from  the  springs  of  Wild- 
bad-Gastein,  about  6  miles  distant.  There  is  a  series  of  fine 
cascades  in  the  vicinity,  formed  by  the  Achen,  which  de- 
scends, by  successive  leaps,  nearly  300  feet.     Pop.  4000. 

GASTEIN.  gas'tine.  BAD  GASTEIN,  bdt  gi«/tlne.  or  WILD- 
BAD  GASTEIN,  «ilt'bat  gSs'tlne,  a  villa-e  and  watering- 
place  of  Austria,  49  miles  S.  of  Salzburg,  3000  feet  above  the 
sea.  Here  are  several  hotels,  and  well-frequented  mineral 
springs;  temperature,  110°  Fahrenheit. 

GASTEL.  gis'tel,  NEW  and  OLD,  two  contiu'uous  villages 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  14  miles  W. 
of  Breda.    United  pop.  2917. 

G.\STE1{EN,  gis/tA-ren,  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  on  the  S. 
frontiers  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  W.  of  the  Blumlis  Alp. 
It  is  almost  unsurpassed  in  savage  grandeur,  having  for  its 
background  the  great  Tschingel  glacier,  between  the  Schilt- 
horn  and  Sackhorn,  whose  summits  exceed  90(i0  feet  In 
height.  A  footpath'leads  out  of  this  valley  over  the  Iloch- 
weyden  Alps  and  the  Lotschen  glacier  to  Keppel,  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Lotschen,  canton  of  Valais. 

GAS'TIK^RPE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GAST'ON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  South  Carolina,  has  an  area  estimated  at  350 
square  miles.  Catawba  River  forms  the  E.  ijoundary,  and 
the  South  Catawba  flows  through  the  county.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys:  the  soil  is  fertile.  Formed 
from  the  S.  part  of  Lincoln  in  1846.  Capital.  Dallas.  Named 
in  honor  of  the  late  William  Gaston,  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  North  Carolina.    Pop.  9;i07,  of  whom  7108  were  free. 

GASTON,  a  post-village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near 
the  Missouri,  about  5  miles  above  Nebraska  City. 

G.ASTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Northampton  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  left  Itank  of  the  Roanoke  River,  85  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Raleigh.  It  is  the  terminus  of  two  railroads,  which  con- 
nect it  with  Raleigh  and  Richmond,  iu  Virginia.  Gaston  is 
a  depfit  for  tobacco  and  wheat. 

G.\STON,  a  post-oifice  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

CASTOR,  ga-s-toR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  about 
75  miles  N.E.  of  Cadiz.  It  contains  chalybeate  and  sulphur- 
ous springs.     Pop.  1200. 

GASTORF.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Gastdorf. 

GASTOUNI  or  GASTUNI,  gis-too/uee,  (anc.  EHis,)  .a  vil- 
lage of  Greece,  in  Morea,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  Klarentza. 

GASTOUNI  or  GASTUNI.  GULF  OF.  a  bay  oppcisite  Zante, 
between  Capes  Kurnia  and  Skaphidia,  and  receiving  the 
river  Iliaco.  (ancient  Penelus.) 

GASTRIIvLAND,  (Gastrikland.)    See  Gestriklcm). 

GATA,  gi'ta,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and  65 
miles  N.W.  of  Caceres,  on  the  river  Gata,  an  affluent  of  the 
Alagon.     Pop.  2004. 

GATA,  gd/ta,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  55  mUes  N.E. 
of  Alicante,  on  the  Jalon.    Pop.  1645. 

GATA,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Gata. 

GATA,  SIERRA  DE,  se-SR'Ri  di  gd'ti,  a  mountain  range 
of  Spaiu  and  Portugal,  separating  the  basins  of  the  T.agus 
and  Douro  Rivers,  and  the  old  Spanish  provinces  of  Estre- 
madura  and  Leon. 

GAT'CO.MBE.  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  England. 

GATE'IIOUSE,  a  municipal  borough,  riverport.  and  mar- 
ket-town of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kirkcudbright,  on  the  Fleet,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  Kirkcudbright.  I'op.  in  1851, 1750.  It  has  a 
branch  bank,  news  room,  with  some  manufactures  of  cotton, 
soap,  and  tan-works.  The  river  is  navigable  for  vessels  of 
180  tons.  A  canal  of  about  1  mile  in  length  abridges  the 
length  of  navigation  about  one-half,  by  means  of  wliich 
alx)ut  170  acres  of  land  have  been  reclaimed  from  the  river. 

GATWLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GATES,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  500  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Nottoway  River,  and  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  Meberrin  and  Chowan  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level,  and  is  partly  covered  by  forests  of  nal;  and 
pine.  Chowan  River  is  navigable  along  its  border.  Ffrmed 
in  1779.  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Horntio  (lat'S.  Ca- 
pital, Gatesvilli..  Pop.  in  1860,  8443,  of  whom  4642  wera 
free,  and  3901  slaves. 

GATES,  a  post-town.ship  of  Monroe  co..  New  York,  3  miles 
W.  of  Rochester,  intersected  by  the  Erie  Camd  and  several 
railroads.    Pop.  2710. 

GATES,  or  GATESS  MILLS,  a  post-villHgo  of  Cuyahoga 
CO.,  Ohiot  on  Chngrin  River,  16  miles  E.  of  Cleveland. 

GATES,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri. 

GATES'UEAD,  a  manicipal  and  parliumeutury  borough. 


GAT 


GAV 


and  parish  of  Enuland,  co.  of  Durham,  on  the  York  Newcas- 
tle and  Berwick  Kailway,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  theTyne, 
opposite  Newcastle,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  splen- 
did railway  bridge,  and  by  a  handsome  stone  bridsje  of  nine 
arches.  It  consists  of  one  wide.  irre<nilar  street,  with  seve- 
ral narrow  streets  and  lanes  diverf^ing  from  it  on  either 
side:  has  a  mean  and  unprepossessing  appearance,  and  is 
densely  inhabited  by  the  workini;  classes.  The  town  is 
lighted  with  gas,  and  well  supplied  with  water.  The  parish 
church  is  an  ancient  cruciform  structure,  with  a  finely  illu- 
minated window ;  and  there  are,  besides,  four  chapels  of  ease, 
of  which  St.  John's,  opened  in  1825,  and  St.  Cuthbert's,  in 
1848,  are  handsome  buildings ;  and  places  of  worship  for 
Presbyterians  and  Methodists.  There  are  several  charitable 
and  benevolent  institutions,  the  principal  of  which  are  St. 
James's  Hospital,  some  charity  schools,  and  almshouses,  a 
dispensary,  and  mechanics'  institute.  The  mauuSictures  of 
Gateshead  include  anchors,  chain  cables,  and  nails;  ship- 
building, hemp  and  wire  rope  making,  iron-founding ;  paper, 
glue,  vinegar,  hats,  brass  and  copper  works,  &c.  There  are 
also  several  glass  and  chemical  works,  and  a  large  soap- 
work.  In  the  neighborhood  are  extensive  collieries,  and 
also  quarries  of  the  well-known  Newcastle  grindstones.  The 
borough  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  6  aldermen,  and  18  coun- 
cilors, and  returns  a  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Daniel  De  Foe  is  said  to  have  written  the  '•  Adventures  of 
Robinson  Crusoe"  while  residing  in  this  town.  Pop.  in  18-41, 
19,.505  :  in  18.il,  upwards  of  24.000,   in  1861,  &3,58». 

GATKS'HKAD-FKLL^  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

G.VI'E'SIDE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  ca  of  Renfrew,  4  miles 
S.E.  of  Paisley.     Pop.  e73. 

GATES'VILLE,  a  village  of  Washington  co..  New  York, 
63  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albany. 

GATESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Early  co..  Alabama. 

G.\TESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gates  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  Bennett's  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Chowan  River, 
140  miles  N.E.  of  Kaleigh. 

GATESVILLE,  a  post-ofiRce  of  Franklin  co.,  Alabama. 

GATIIA,  gi'tS,  GATTA,  gaftah\  or  G.A.TTENDORF,  giV- 
ten-doRf\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Wieselburg,  on  the 
Leitha.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Presburg.    Pop.  1731. 

GATINAIS.    See  Gatinois. 

GATIN  \RA,  gd-te-nava,  or  GATTINARA,  gat-te-ni'ra,  a 
market-town  of  Piedmont,  province,  and  23  miles  X.W.  of 
Vercelli.    Pop.  4701. 

GATINE.  gdHeen',  a  district  of  France  which  belonged  to 
the  former  province  of  Pcitou.  and  is  now  included  in  the 
department  of  Deux-Sfevres.    Its  capital  was  Parthen.ay. 

GATINEAU,  gl^tee'nO',  a  river  oi  Canada  East,  rises  in 
some  large  lakes,  in  lat.  48°  N.,  Ion.  7-5°  30'  W.,  from  which 
It  flows  S.,  and  fillls  into  the  Ottawa  near  Hull.  Steamboats 
have  ascended  this  river  for  4  miles.  It  is  navigable  for 
canoes  upwards  of  300  miles. 

GaTINOIS  or  GATINAIS,  gJHee'nA/,  an  old  division  of 
France,  dependent  on  the  provinces  of  Orleanais  and  Isle  of 
France,  and  now  subdivided  among  the  departments  of 
Seine-et/Marne,  Loiret.  Ni6\Te,  and  Yonne. 

GATO,  gS/to,  GATTO,  gJt'to.  AGATTON,  a-gSt-ton',  AGA- 
THO,  a-gj'to,  or  AQATON,  d-gaHon',  a  town  of  Upper 
Guinea,  the  port  of  Benin,  from  which  town  it  is  distant 
15  miles  S.S.W..  on  a  creek  of  the  Benin  River,  and  accessible 
to  vessels  of  60  tons. 

GATRONE,  gd-tro'nA,  a  town  of  Northern  Africa,  in  Fez- 
lan,  77  miles  S.S.E.  of  Moorziwk,  on  the  S.  extremity  of  a 
sandy  plain.  In  the  centre  is  a  castle,  occupied  by  Mara- 
bouts. 

GATSCHINA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Gatshina. 

GATSHINA  or  GATSCHINA,  gdt-shee/nl  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Pop.  7000.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  an  imperial  palace,  with 
extensive  parks,  and  Greek,  Lutheran,  and  Roman  Catholic 
churches. 

GATTA.  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Gatha. 

GATTENDORF,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Gatha. 

GATTKVILLE,  gattVeel'.  a  vill.%ge  of  France,  department 
of  Manche.  arrondissement  of  Cherbourg.  Pop.  1308.  It 
gives  its  name  to  the  promontory  forming  the  E.  angle  of 
the  peninsula  of  Cotentin.  called  the  Raz-de-GattevilJe. 

GATTICO.  git/te-ko,  a  vilLage  of  the  S.ardinian  States,  In 
Piedmont,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  1876. 

G.-VTTINARA,  giit-te-nd'ra,  a  walled  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Novara,  on  the  Sesia. 
It  contains  a  parish  church  on  a  magnificent  scale.  4  other 
churches,  and  the  remains  of  some  feudal  castles.  Pop.  4701. 

G  ATTO,  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  Gato. 

G.^TTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
17  miles  S.bv  W.  of  London.     Pop.  250. 

GATTONSIDE,  a  village  of  Scotland.    See  Melrose. 

0.\TUX,  gd-toon',  a  river  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  in 
Central  America,  rises  in  the  mount.alns  E.  of  Puerto  Bello, 
flows  N.,  and  joins  the  Chagres  River  8  miles  from  the  Ca- 
ribbean Sea. 

GATUN,  gl-toon',  a  town  of  New  Granada,  in  the  Isthmus 
if  I'anama.  situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Gatun  with 
Uie  Chagres,  about  8  miles  from  the  sea. 


GATJALGESHEIM.  gOw'Sl-ghPs-hTme',  a  town  of  Hesso. 
Darmstadt,  3  miles  \V.  of  Ober-lngelheim.     Pop.  1802. 

GAUCIIOS,  gow'chocu.  the  cat  tle-reariug  inhabitants  of  the 
Pampas  of  La  Plata.     See  Plata.  La. 

GAUCIN'  orGAUZIN,  gow-thecn'  or  gOw-seen'.  a  strongly 
fortified  and  garrisoned  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  47 
miles  W.S.AV.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  .3098. 

GAUDEXZDORF,  gdw'dents-doiif,  a  village  of  Tx)wer  Aus- 
tria, on  the  Wien,  here  crossed  by  a  wire  bridge,  and  piw 
perly  a  suburb  of  Vienna.     Pop.  2(jO0. 

G.4U-EL-KEBEEK.  gOw-51-keh-beer',  (a,ac.  Ant(irip>nUs,)  a 
village  of  Egypt,  with  the  remains  of  a  temple  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Nile,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Sioot. 

OAUIK.  gow'er  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  near  Loch  Etive, 
and  enters  Loch  Rannoch.  in  the  co.  of  Perth. 

GAUKARNA,  gaw^kaR/nd,  a  maritime  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Madras,  on  the  Malabar  coast.  21  miles 
N.W.  of  Onore,  with  about  800  houses.  Lat.  14°  32'  N.,  Ion. 
75°  25'  E. 

GAUL.    See  France. 

GAULBY  or  GALBY,  gawl'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester. 

OAULEY  (gawlee)  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  CO., 
W.  Virginia,  situated  just  below  the  junction  of  the  Gauley 
and  New  Rivers,  about  150  miles  S.  of  Wheeling.  It  is  the 
head  i  if  navigation  on  the  river,  which  presents  here  a  beau- 
tiful full  of  22  feet. 

GAULEY  RIVER,  in  the  central  port  of  W.  Virginia, 
unites  with  the  New  River  at  Gauley  Bridge,  in  Fayette  co., 
36  miles  above  Charleston.  Below  the  junction,  the  river 
is  called  the  Great  Kanawha.  The  valley  of  Gauley  River 
is  almut  60  miles  long. 

GAULNA,  gawl'ni,  a  hill  fort  and  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bombay,  103  miles  E.S.E.  of  Siirat.  taken  by 
the  British  in  1804,  and  finall/ ceded  to  them  in  1818. 

G.\UNER.SD01iF,  gdw'ners-doRf\  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Werdenbach.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Korneuburg. 
It  consists  of  three  distinct  parts,  called  Markt,  Wieden,  and 
Aigen-(.iaunersdorf.     Pop.  1337. 

GAU-ODERNIIEIJI,  a  town  of  Germany.    See  Odernheijj. 

G.\UH,  a  city  of  Hindostan.     See  (JouK. 

G  AUK.  a  town  and  district  of  Afghanistan.     See  GnoRE. 

GAURE,  goR,  an  ancient  country  of  France,  capitjil  of 
Fleurance,  in  the  former  province  of  Guienne. 

GAUKI.\C,  goVe-dk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Blaye.    Pop.  1774. 

GAURITZ,  gOw'rits.  a  river  of  South  Africa,  in  Cape 
Colony,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Gamka  and  Dwyka 
Rivers,  and  separating  the  districts  of  George  and  Zwollen- 
dam  to  the  sea,  which  it  enters  after  a  tortuous  S.  course  of 
50  miles. 

G.\USSOX,  g3sVAN»',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes  du-Nord,  10  miles  N.  of  Loudfac.     Pop.  in  1852,  2118. 

GAUT'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GAUTULCO.  gow-tool'ko,  a  h.arbor  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state,  and  110  miles  S.E.  of  Oajaca,  on  the 
Pacific. 

GAUZIN,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Gaucin. 

G.^V'AKDO,  gd-vaR/do,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  10 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  Chiese.     Pop.  19(10. 

GAA'ARNIE,  gdVaR^nee'.  a  frontier  hamlet  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Hautes-Pyren6es.  34  miles  S.  of  Tarbes.  4378  feet 
above  the  sea,  with  mineral  springs,  an  inn,  and  ne.ar  it  a 
magnificent  amphitheatre  called  the  circus,  or  valley  cf 
Gavarnie,  (orMarbore.)  It  is  situated  on  a  small  stream 
called  Gave-de-Pau,  in  which  is  the  Fall  of  Gavarnie,  one  of 
the  finest  cascades  in  Europe. 

OAVE,  gdv,  (i.n.  "water,'")  the  generic  name  of  every 
stream  in  the  French  Pyrenees  departments. 

G.IVE  D'ASPE,  giv  ddsp,  and  GAVE  D'OSSAU,  glv 
dos\so',  department  of  Basses-Pyrenees,  rise  ne;ir  the  Pio 
du-Midi,  and  unite  near  Olfiron,  to  form  the  Gave  d'Oleron. 
Length  of  the  Gave  d'Aspe,  30  miles;  of  the  Gave  d'Ossau, 
30  miles. 

GAVE  DE  PAU,  giv  deh  pe.  rises  in  Spain,  near  Mount 
Perdu,  flows  N.W.  through  the  valley  of  Gavarnie,  and 
joins  the  Adour,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bayonne.  after  a  course 
of  110  miles.     Principal  affluent,  the  Gave  d'Oleron. 

GAVELEO,  gi-vM'lo,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Rovigo.  It  occupies  the 
site  of  an  ancient  town  of  the  same  name,  which  was  de- 
stroyed partially  by  the  Hungarians,  and  .ifterward  totally 
by  the  inundation  of  the  Adige  and  the  Po.  but  whose 
splendour  is  still  attested  by  its  ruins.     Pop.  "JOiH). 

GA'VER'S,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

GAVI,  gS/vee.  a  fortified  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province,  and  5  miles  S.  of  Novi.     Pop.  5702. 

GAVIA,  gS've-d,  a  mountain  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
S.W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

GAVIA  LA  CHICA.  gJt/ve-l  13  chee^l,  a  yillage  of  Spain, 
province,  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Granada. 

GAVIA  LA  GRANDE,  gj/ve-d  M  grjn'd.-l,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province,  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Granada. 

GAV  I  AC.  (Gaviao,)  gS-ve-OwN"',  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro 
Tince  of  Beira-Eaisa,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Crato.     Pop.  1234. 

733 


GAV 

G  A  VTA  ox,  gl-ve-6wir«',  a  market-to\m  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo,  30  miles  W.X.W.  of  Portal  egre.  Pop.  1117. 

GA\'ILAX.  SIERRA  DE,  se-^H/llAdA  g£-Te-!dn'.  a  moun- 
tain range  of  Cuba,  near  the  centre  of  the  island,  forming  a 
part  of  the  great  chain  by  which  the  island  is  intersected  in 
Its  whole  lenirth. 

GAVIRATE,  gl-ye-rJ'tA.  a  rillaze  of  North  Italy,  18  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Como.  on  the  Lake  Varese.     Pop.  2100. 

GAVOI,  gil-voi',  a  Tillajre  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  64 
ailes  X.X.E.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1476. 

GAVORRAXO,  gd-voR-Ki'no,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
Maremma  Grossetana,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Sienna.  It  was  for- 
merly surrounded  by  walls,  and  defended  by  a  strong  castle, 
now  in  ruins.    Pop.  540. 

G.A.VKAY.  gdVrt',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Coutances.     Pop.  1057. 

GAA'RILOVSA,  g^v-re-lov'si.  a  large  village  of  Russia, 
gOTernment.  and  30  miles  X.  of  Vladimeer. 

GAVRILOVSA,  a  village  of  Siberia,  government  of  Tomsk, 
district  of  Barnaul. 

G.IWCOTT.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

GAWEIXtIIUR,  g^-wM-irhJir',  or  GAWULGUR,  gi-wtil- 
ghur',  a  hill  fortress  of  Ilindostan.  in  Xizam"s  dominions.  14 
miles  X.W.  of  Ellichpoor,  formerly  considered  very  strong, 
but  stormed  and  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  (then 
GenenU  WeUeslev)  in  1803. 

GAAV'LER  RANGE,  a  range  of  mountains  in  South 
Australia,  about  23  miles  X.E.  of  Adelaide,  remarkable  for 
their  sterile  and  arid  character,  being  without  timl)er  or 
vegetation  of  any  kind,  and  without  a  single  sti-eam  or 
water-course.  The  country  around  is  equally  barren  and 
repulsive.     Their  utmost  elevation  is  al>out  2000  feet. 

GAWS'ttORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

GAYA  or  Q.\Y.\II,  ghi'.a,  a  city  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal.  43  miles  S.W.  of  Bahar.  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Ganges.  The  population  has  been  estimated  at  36.000, 
(the  Bengal  Gazetteer  states  100,000:)  it  is  variable,  often 
being  auirmented  by  many  thousand  pilgrims.  Gaya  con- 
sists of  the  old  city,  on  an  eminence,  inhabited  by  many 
Brahmins,  and  considered  a  town  of  great  sanctity:  and 
Sahibgunge.  the  trading  quarter,  regularly  and  well  laid  out, 
on  the  river's  bank.  Some  silk  ^nd  cotton  manufactures  are 
carried  on  here,  and  the  town  has  well-supplied  markets, 
and  is  noted  for  its  stone-cutters.  Boodba-Gaya  (which  see) 
In  the  vicinity,  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  place  whence 
the  Boodhist  n.>ligion  emanated:  but  at  Gaya  proper,  the 
Brahminioal  faith  reigns  supreme,  and  here  k  a  remarkable 
temple  of  Vishnu. 

G.-VyA.  ghi'i.  (Moravian.  Kygom,  kig'ov)  a  town  of  Aus- 
tria, in  Moi-ivia,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Ilradisch.  Pop.  1922,  of 
whom  500  are  Jews. 

G.AY.\.  (ghl'i  )  ISLANDS,  twoislandsin  thelndian  Archi- 
pelago, one  on  the  X.E.  coast,  the  other  on  the  N.^V.  const 
of  Borneo :  the  fii-st  in  lat.  4°  66'  N..  Ion.  118°  52'  E,  the 
second  in  lat.  6°  2'  N..  Ion.  116°  E. 

G  AYBIEL,  ghl-lx-^l'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  25  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Castcl!on-de-la-Plana.     Pop.  1224. 

G.iY'DOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

GAV  HE.4.D,  a  remarkable  promontory  at  the  S.W.  end 
of  Marth-i's  Vineyard.  Massachusetts,  elevated  134  feet  above 
high  water.  On  it  is  a  revolving  light,  173  feet  above  the 
sea.     Lat  41°  21'  X.,  Ion.  70°  50'  40"  W. 

6.\Y  HEAD,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  New  York. 

GKY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Texas. 

GAY'HURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

Q.WLESVILLE.  gailz'vil,  a  post-village  in  Cherokee  co., 
Alabama,  near  Coosa  River,  150  miles  X.X.E.  of  Mont- 
gomery. 

GAY'LORDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  Housatonic  River  and  Railroad,  about  40 
miles  W.S.W.  of  H;irtford.  It  has  ninnufiictures  of  boots 
and  shoes,  leiither,  iron-castings  and  machinery. 

GAYO'SO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pemiscot  co.,  Missouri, 
310  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  is  situated  near  the 
Mississippi  River,  at  Walker's  Bend,  40  miles  by  water 
below  New  Madrid.  The  earthquakes  of  1811  and  1812  ex- 
hibited the  greatest  violence  in  this  vicinity.  Laid  out  in 
1851. 

GAYS/PORT.  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Blair  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  a  branch  of  the  Juniata  River,  which  separates 
it  fi-om  Hulidaysburg,  120  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg.  A  branch 
Riilroad  connects  it  with  the  Central  Railroad.  It  contains 
a  railroad  dep.'.t  belonging  to  the  state,  and  an  iron-foundry. 
Pop.  in  18.M1.  .590;  in  1860.  601. 

GAYS/VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co..  Vermont,  3 
nnJlei  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier. 

G  A  YTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

OAYTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

GAYTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Stafford. 

GAYTOX-LI>MARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
i«ln. 

GAYTOX-LE-WOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

GAYTOX  THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

QAY'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 
734 


GED 

GkZk,  frA'rJ,  (Arab.  Guzuh.  gfiz/zeh,)  a  city  of  Palestine, 
abont  2  miles  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  48  miles  S.W 
of  J  erusjilem.     Lat.  31°  29''X.,  Ion.  34°  29'  E.    Pop.  probably 
15,0ti0  or  16,000  (Kolnnson.)  It  is  an  open  town,  partly  built 
of  stone,  but  mostly  of  earth,  and  unbaked  bricks,  on  the* 
.site  of  the  ancient  city;  and  it  is  a  principal  entrepot  fot 
the  caravans  passing  between  Egjpt  and  Syria.     Gaza  is 
mentioned  very  early  in  Holy  Writ  (Genesis  x.  19.)     It  was 
one  of  the  chief  cities  of  the  Philistines,  and  it  appe;)rs  to 
have  always  remained  a  place  of  some  importance;  but  it 
has  very  scanty  remains  of  antiquity.    G.aza  was  also  a 
name  of  the  Atropatenian  Ecbatana.  Persia,  in  the  jin)vinoe 
of  Azerbaijan,  identified  with  TuKuri  Suleiman. 
GAZACA.     See  Tabreez. 
GAZE/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 
GAZXA.  a  city  of  Afghanistan.    See  Ghuznee, 
GAKUOLO.  gdd-zoooHo,  or  GAZZUOLO,  git-soo-o'lo,  a  vil- 
lage  of  Lombardy,  11  miles  W.X.W.  of  Mantua.    Pop.  2000. 
GAZZAXIG.A,  git-sd-nee/gl,  a  village  of  Xorthern  Italy, 
9  miles  X.E.  by  X.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Serio.     Pop.  1494. 

G.AZZO,  git/so.  a  village  of  North  Italy,  government  of 
Venice,  8  miles  X.X.E.  of  Aicenza.     Pop.  1660. 

GAZZOLDO,  git-sol'do,  a  village  of  Jiorthern  Italy,  10 
miles  W.  by  X.  of  Mantua.    Pop.  io09. 

GDAXSK,  a  city  of  Prussia.     See  Dantsio. 

GDOV.  g'dov,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  120 
miles  S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  the  Odovka.     Pop.  1000. 

GDOM'  or  GDOV,  gdov,  a  small  town  of  Austri:in  Gali- 
ci.1.  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bochnia. 

GE.AXT.  zhA'Sso',  (i. «.,  '•  giant,")  one  of  the  principal  sum- 
mits of  the  Pennine  Alps.  Savoy,  4i  miles  X.E.  of  Mont 
Blanc,  13.099  feet  in  elevation.  The  Col  (or  pass)  du  Geant, 
is  11,146  feet  in  elevation,  and  leads  from  Courmayeur,  in 
Piedmont,  to  Chamouni,  in  Savoy,  by  the  Mer  de  Glace. 

GEARS'VILLE,  a  small  village  of  White  CO.,  Tennessee. 

GEAS/HILL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  co., 
71  miles  X.W.  of  Portarlington.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a 
castle,  heroically  defended  by  Lady  Digby  during  the  civil 
war  in  1641. 

GEAUGA,  je-aw'ga,  a  county  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Ohio, 
contains  about  430  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  the  Cuyahoga,  Grand,  and  Chagrin  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  rolling,  and  partly  covered  with  dense  forests; 
the  soil  contains  a  large  proportion  of  clay.  Sandstone 
underlies  a  part  of  the  surface.  Capital.  Chanlou.  Organized 
in  1805.    Pop.  15,817. 

GEB,  (i.  e.,  "  mountain,'")  is  an  Arabian  prefix  of  the 
names  of  numerous  heights  in  Asia  and  -ifrica.  See  Jeb 
and  Jedel. 

GEB.A,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  Jeba. 

GEB.\,  a  village  of  West  Afric.i,  in  Senegambia,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  lat.  12°  16'  X.,  Ion.  14°  o5'  W.     Pop.  750. 

GEB.AIL.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Jebail. 

GEB-EL-DOKHAX,  j^b^l  do'kin',  (anc  FbrphyrPUi 
Mons,)  in  the  E.  desert  of  Upper  Egypt,  about  lat.  27°  18 
X.,  Ion.  30°  18'  E.,  with  extensive  ruins,  and  vast  porphyry 
quarries. 

GEBESEE,  gMifb-B-V  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxonv,  11  miles 
X.X.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Gera.     Pop.  2009. 

GEBHARDSDORF,  ghJbOiarts-doRr,  (Alt,  ilt,  i.  f..  Old,) 
a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Leiimiti. 
Pop.  2000. 

GEiyil-iRT'S.  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GEBSEH,  ph^b'seh.  GEIBCWZEH.  or  GEIBUZEH.  gi'- 
boo-zeh.  sometimes  written  KIVYZA,  (anc.  Lihi/ssa  t)  a  town 
of  A.siatic  Turkey,  Gulf  of  Ismeed,  (Izmid.)  26  miles  S.E. 
of  Constantinople.  It  contains  a  fine  mosque  of  white 
marble,  and  some  good  baths,  built  by  the  grand  vizier  to 
Selim  I.  at  the  time  of  the  conquest  of  Egypt. 

GEBY,  j^Wee?  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  Gilolo 
passage,  on  the  equator.  Ion.  129°  30'  E.  Length,  alxiut  26 
miles :  average  breadth.  3  miles. 

GEDDES,  ghM'dez.  a  pos^village  and  town.ship  of  Onon- 
daga CO.,  New  York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Onondaga  Lake,  and 
on  the  Erie  Canal  and  Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad,  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Syracuse,  and  133  miles  VV.  by  X.  of  Alliany. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  eng.-iged  in  the  manufacture 
of  salt,  producing  upwards  of  260,000  bushels  annually. 
Pop.  2528. 

GED/DINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North* 
ampton. 

GEDEII.  gi'dfh.  a  mountain  of  Java,  province  of  Prean- 
ger,  about  46  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Batavia.  It  is  one  of  the 
loftiest  mountains  in  the  island,  its  highest  pe;ik  named 
Pangerango,  being  9868  feet  high.  The  peak  called  Gedeh, 
is  only  about  10  or  12  feet  lower,  and  sends  forth  at  timea 
thick  volumes  of  smoke,  and  also  flames  and  ashes:  but 
neither  lava  nor  stones,  as  far  as  yet  known.  It  is  covered 
to  its  very  top  with  a  thick  rank  vet.etation. 

GEDERX,  pA'dem.  a  village  of  Germany,  grand  durhy 
Hesse-Darmstadt  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nidda.     Pop.  200u. 

GEIVLI.NG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xottingham. 

GED'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GEDROSIA.    See  Beloochistax. 

GEDUMA.  gi-doo'mi,  a  state  of  West  Africa,  on  the  X. 


GEB 

frontier  of  Senegaiebia,  having  N.  the  Sahara,  and  S.  the 
Senefral,  which  separates  it  iVom  Galani  or  Kajaaga,  and 
Boudoo. 

GEIOL,  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  Gheel. 

OEELON'G.  gheeMong'.  a  town  in  the  S.E.  of  Australia,  colo- 
ny of  Victoria  or  J'ort  I'hllip,  co.  of  Grant,  near  the  head  t^f 
Geelong  hartor,  (the  W.  arm  of  the  bay  of  Port  Philip.)  not 
far  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Barwon,  -tO  miles  S.W.  of  Mel- 
bourne; lat.  3S°  8'  S.,  Ion.  1-14°  25' E.  It  is  the  second  town 
of  the  colony,  and  is  very  flourishing.  Numerous  ware- 
houses have  been  erected  here,  and  the  neighborhood  is 
adorned  with  cottages  and  gardens.  The  surrounding 
country  is  exceedin.i;ly  beautiful,  the  soil  fertile,  and  the 
climate  healthy.  The  shipping  point  is  the  small,  but 
fine  harbor  of  Corio,  enclosed  by  picturesque  green  clills, 
probably  within  less  than  a  mile  of  the  town.  The  desti- 
nies of  this  settlement  are  likely  to  niiaergo  a  complete 
change  from  the  recent  discovery,  (1861,)  of  what  appears 
to  be  Inexhaustible  mines  of  gold,  at  a  hill  called  Buniu- 
yong  or  Bullarat.  40  miles  N.N'.W.  of  Geelong.  and  55  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  .Melbourne;  lat.  37°  40'  S.,  Ion.  143°  55'  E.  The 
deposits  met  with  here  are  represented  as  far  exceeding  in 
value  any  that  have  yet  been  found  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world,  while  the  well-authenticated  instances  of  indi- 
vidual success,  resemble  realizations  of  the  wildest  and  most 
extravagant  flights  of  the  imagination.  The  gold  field  is 
believed  to  OKtend  for  miles  around  the  central  point  at 
which  the  first  discovery  took  place  ^  rich  deposits  having 
been  found  6  miles  distant  from  Ballarat.  The  revenue  of 
Geelong  in  1851,  was  2785Z.;  in  1852  it  reached  10,697^., 
most  of  which  was  spent  in  works  of  public  improvements. 

GEELVINK.  ghAl'viiik\  a  bay,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
Papua,  between  Great  Bay  and  Dampier  Strait ;  lat.  1°  54' 
S..  Ion.  137°  5'  E.     It  has  fi'om  20  to  25  fathoms  of  water. 

GEELVINK  CII.iNNEL.    See  Gelvi.nk.     . 

GEERTRUIDENBKRG.  H.'lR-troi'den-b^BG\  or  GERTRUY- 
DEXBERG.  tiJii-troi'den-b^RG',  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabant,  <J  miles  N.N.E.  of  Breda. 
Pop.  1625.     It  was  taken  by  Prince  Maurice  in  1595. 

GEERVLITE,  nilE/flceHeh,  a  town  of  Holland,  province 
of  South  Holland,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Briel,  where  the  Spuy 
unites  with  the  old  Meuse.    Pop.  589. 

G  Ei;Z  K II,  a  tow  n  of  Egypt.    See  Gheezeh. 

GEFELL,  g.\-f^ll',  a  town  of  Prussia,  pj-ovince  of  Saxony, 
55  miles  S.E.  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  1574. 

GEFLE,  y&\'\k,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  a  liiPTi  of  its  own  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gefle  River,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  100  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop. 
11,610.  The  river  here  separ..  tes  into  three  arms,  enclosing  2 
Islands,  on  which,  and  on  either  bank,  the  town  is  situated. 
It  i.-i  irregularly  built,  but  has  wide  streets,  an  excellent 
harbor,  having  a  depth  of  18  feet  near  the  shore.  Principal 
edifices,  an  old  castle,  now  the  government-hou.se,  the 
council-house,  high  sichool.  lazaretto,  and  hospitals.  It  has 
ship-yards,  sugar  refineries,  and  tanneries. 

GEFLK,  yJv'lA,  or  GKFLEBORG,  yfevOi-boRoS  a  maritime 
laen  or  province  of  Sweden,  mostly  between  lat.  60°  and  62° 
20'  N.,  and  Ion.  15°  and  17°  30'  E.,  having  E.  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia.  Area,  7561  square  miles.  CapitiU,  Gefle.  Pop.  in 
1850. 120,158. 

GEFREES,  ghJf-r.ice',  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  Franconia,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1212. 

GEUO,  GEIIOL,  or  JEHO.    See  Zhehol. 

GEHREN.  gil'ren,  or  AMT-GEIIREN,  amt-gi/ren,  a  vil- 
lage in  the  principiility  of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  24 
miles  S.E.  of  Gotha.    Pop.  1370. 

GEIB,  ghibe.  (Hun.  Hibbe,  hib'b.V,  or  Hi/by,  hib/bee\)  a 
ir.arke(>town  of  North  Hungary,  on  the  Waag,  106  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2240. 

GEIBUZEH.     See  Grbseh. 

GEIERSBERG,  ghi/ers-bSaG\  SUPIIIORA,  soo-pe-ho'ra, 
»r  KYSSPERK,  kiss'pjnk,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  32  miles  S. 
of  KSnigirratz,  on  the  Still  Adler.     Pop.  13C0. 

GEIGER'S  (ghi'gherz,)  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

GEILENKIRCIIEN.  ghilen-kegRKVi,  a  town  of  Rhenish, 
Prussia,  13  miles  N.  of  Aixla-Chapelle,  on  the  Wurm.  Pop., 
including  Hunshofen.  1507. 

GEILNAU,  gil'ndw,  a  celebrated  watering-place  of  Nas- 
lau,  on  the  L.ahn,  9  miles  E.  of  Coblentz.  The  water,  which 
is  similar  to  that  of  Seizor,  is  annually  exported  to  the  ex- 
tent of  200,000  bottles. 

GEISA,  ghl'zd,  a  town  of  Germany,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Eisenach,  on  the  Ulster.    Pop.  1787. 

GEISELHORING,  (Geiselhiiring,)  ghi'zel-hoVing,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Little  Laber,  19  miles 
6.E.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  1179. 

GEISENFELD.  ghl'zen-ft'lt\  a  market-town  of  Upper  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Ilm,  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Landshut.    Pop.  1409. 

GEISKNHEI.M,  ghl'zgn-hlme\  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
manv.  duchy  of  Nassau,  on  the  Rhine,  14  miles  W.  of  Mentz. 
Pop.'2509. 

GEISII,  gish,  a  lofty  mountain  of  Abyssinia,  kingdom 
of  Amhara.  at  the  sources  of  the  Blue  Nile;  lat.  11°  N.,  Ion. 
36°  55'  E.;   height  9700  feet  above  sea-level.    It  is  con- 


nected  by  a  lower  ridge  with  Mount  Lichemji,  which  is  still 
higher. 

GEISLINGEN,  ghlse'ling-gn,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  on 
the  Wurtemburg  Railway,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ulm.  Pop. 
22.31. 

GEISPOLZIIEIM,  ghTse'polts-hime\  or  GEISPTTZEN,  gi- 
spit/sgn,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  the  Bas-Rhin, 
on  the  Strasbourg  and  Bale  Railway,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Stras- 
bourg.    Pop.  2166. 

GEITHAIN,  ghlfhine,  or  GEITEN,  ghi/tgn,  a  town  of 
Saxony,  circle,  and  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Leipsic.     Pop.  3089. 

GELDERLAND  or  GUELDERLAND,  ghSl'dpr-lani, 
(Dutch,  Geldtrland,  H?l'dfr-lint\)  a  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, having  N.W.  the  Zuyder-Zee,  S.E.  the  Prussian  do- 
minions, and  on  other  sides  the  provinces  of  Overv.ssel, 
Utrecht,  South  Holland,  and  North  Brabant.  Area"  1972 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1863,419.996.  Surface  more  hilly  than 
in  most  of  the  Dutch  provinces;  principal  rivers,  the  Waal 
and  Old  Rhine,  the  Yssel  forming  its  N.E..  and  the  Meuso 
its  S.  boundary.  Along  their  banks  a  good  deal  of  frviit  is 
raised  for  export,  with  corn,  hops,  and  tobacco:  elsewhere 
the  land  is  generally  poor.  Some  of  the  waste  lands  have  l>een 
latterly  planted  with  pines  and  oaks.  Principal  crops,  wheat, 
rye.  potatoes,  buckwheat,  and  tobacco.  Many  cattle  are  reared. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics,  paper,  and  leather,  with 
tile  making;  brewing  and  distilling  are  extensively  carried 
on.  The  province  is  divided  into  4  districts ;  chief  towns, 
Arnhem  the  capital,  Nymwegen,  Thiel.  and  Zutphen. 
.  GELDERMALSEJI,  ghJl'dfr-mirsem.  a  village  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, province  of  Gelderland,*  6  miles  W.  of  Thiel. 
Pop.  1569. 

GELDEKN,  ghJl'dgm,  (Fr.  Gueklres,  gheld'r.)  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Wesel,  on  the  Niers.  Pop. 
3648.  It  was  founded  in  1097,  and  was  the  residence  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Qeldern  till  1343.  Its  fortifications  were  razed 
in  1764. 

GELDERSHEIM,  ghil'ders-hime\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in 
Lower  Franconia,  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Werneck.     Pop.  10S2. 

GKLD'ESTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GELDROP,  ghjl'drop,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc. 
Pop.  1730. 

GELEEN,  gi-lain',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Limburg,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  2065. 

GELENAU,  gh^l'fn-6w\  or  GELNAU,  ghSl'uCw,  a  village 
of  Saxony,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Thum.     Pop.  4221. 

GELL-\n,  ghillih,  a  town  and  fortress  of  North  Africa, 
Algeria,  105  miles  E.S.E.  of  Constantino,  on  the  Tunis 
frontier. 

GiiLLAII,  a  town  of  Africa,  20  miles  N.  of  Tunis,  said  to 
be  the  ancient  Cadra  Corndiana. 

GELLEJ,  ghM'la/.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Borsod. 
Gellej  Katona,  a  Hungarian  writer  of  some  eminence,  was 
born  here.     Pop.  1077. 

GELLI-GAEll,  ghMhlee-ghir,  a  parish  of  South  ATales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

GELLIVARE.  yJlle-vdVi,  a  village  of  Sweden,  lam  of 
Piteii,  in  Luled  Lappmark,  about  100  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Pited.  It  has  extensive  iron-works,  the  ore  of  which,  yield- 
ing nearly  67  per  cent,  of  pure  iron,  is  obtained  in  solid 
masses  from  two  mountain  ridges  in  the  neighborhood. 

GELNHAUSSEN,  ghiln'hdw'zen,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Hesse-Cassel,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hanau,  on  the  Kinzig. 
Pop.,  with  suburbs,  4334.  On  an  island  in  the  river  here,  is 
the  castle  Burghausen ;  and  near  the  town  are  the  remains 
of  a  palace  of  Barbarossa. 

GELOSTER,  je-los'ter,  a  village  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michi- 
gan. 135  .miles  W.  of  Detroit,  contains  several  stores. 

GELVERDEII,  ghM-vJr'dyh,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor, 
pashalic  of  Karamania,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Kaisareeyeh. 

GELVES,  hJI'vJs,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  3  miles  W.S.W. 
of  .Seville,  near  the  Guadalquivir.   Pop.  3054. 

GELVINK,  ghJl'vink,  (written  also  GEELYINK)  CHAN- 
NEL,  S.W.  of  Australia,  between  Houtman's  Abrolhos  and 
the  mainland.  It  is  about  30  miles  in  width,  and  CO  miles 
in  length. 

GEMAPPE.    See  Jemmapes. 

GEMARKE,  geh-maa'keh,  a  town  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia,  in 
the  centre   of  the    district   of  Barmen.    Pop.  2430.    See 

B.4.RMEN. 

GEMBLOUX,  zhfiM^bloo',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Namur.  Pop.  2317.  It  had  in  former 
times  a  famous  Benedictine  abbey.  The  French  gained  a 
victory  over  the  Austrians  here  in  1794. 

GEMENOS,  zhi^m.Vnos',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  the  Bouches-du-Rhone,  12  miles  E.  of  Marseilles.  Pop. 
1835. 

GEMERT,  H.VmSEt,  (Fr.  pron.  zh.VmaiR',)  a  village  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  18  miles  S.E. 
of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  1600. 

GEJIISHKHANA,  ghomMsh-kJ'nah,  or  GUMISHKANA, 
gum'ish-kS'n,jh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Erz- 
room,  near  the  source  of  the  Kharshoot,  45  miles  S.  of  Tre- 
bizond,  well  built;  has  several  thousand  inhabitants,  and 
silver  and  copper  mines  in  the  vicinity. 

736 


GEM 

GE^DIT,  gh?m'mee,  a  remarkable  mountain-pass  across 
the  Alps  in  Switzerland,  between  the  cantons  of  Bern  and 
Valais,  about  'Zi  miles  S.  of  Tfaun,  7595  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

GKMONA.  ji-nio'ui,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
15  miles  N.X.W.  of  Udine,  near  the  Tagliameuto.  Pop. 
4S0O. 

g£M0Z-A.C,  zh.Vmo'zik',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Chiirente-Inferieure,  13  miles  S.  of  Saintes.     Pop.  2675. 

GEMUND,  (Gemund.)  gheh-miiut',  a  small  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Kbenish  Prussia,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Ruhr.     Pop.  900. 

GEMUND.  of  Austria  and  Bavaria.     See  Gmu>t>. 

GEMUN'DEX,  g'miin'den,  a  town  of  Germany,  Bavaria, 
on  the  Main,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Saale,  21  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Wiirzburg.     Pop.  1543. 

GEMUXDEX,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesse-Ca.ssel,  pro- 
Tinee  of  Ober-IIessen,  15  miles  X.E.  of  Marburg.  Pop.  1430. 
See  Gmch^den. 

GEMUXDEX,  g'miin'dfn,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cobleutz.    Pop.  91S. 

GEXABUM.    See  Orleaxs. 

GEXALGUACIL,  id  njl-fewl-theel'.  a  town  of  Spain,  An- 
dalusia, about  55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Malaga.    Pop.  1139. 

GEXAPPE,  zhgh-napp',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  South  Brabant,  on  the  Dyle,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1800.  Near  this  village  various  military  actions  took 
place  in  1815. 

GEXAUGEXTU,  ji-naR-jJn-too',  the  loftiest  mountain 
range  of  Sardinia,  near  the  centre  of  the  island.  Its  prin- 
cipal summit  rises  to  7000  feet  above  the  sea. 

GEXARO,  MOXTE.  mou'tA  jA-ni'ro,  or  GEXXARO,  jJn- 
ni'ro,  a  mountain  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States,  21  miles  X.E. 
of  Rome,  41S5  feet  in  height,  and  one  of  the  loftiest  of  the 
bills  bounding  the  Cimpagna  di  Koma  on  the  £. 

OEXAVA.    See  Geneva. 

GEXWZEXO,  jA-ndd-zA'no,  a  town  of  the  Papiil  States,  in 
tbe  Campagua  di  Roma,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Rome,  beituti- 
fully  situated  on  the  slopes  of  a  steep  hill  above  the  Rivo- 
tana  torrent,  surmounted  by  a  castle,  and  protected  by 
a  drawbridge.  It  contains  the  rich  chapel  of  Madonna  di 
Buon  Consiglio,  one  of  the  most  famous  shrines  in  this  part 
of  Italy.    Pop.  2396. 

GEXD,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Ghext. 

GEXDRIXGEX,  ghen'dring-fn,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Gelderland,  on  the  Alt-Yssel,  22  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Aruhem.     Pop.  4S27.' 

GEXEGAXTS'LET  lUVER,  a  small  stream  of  Chenango 
so.,  of  New  York,  falls  into  Chenango  River. 

GEXEMUIDEX,  Hi'neh-moiMgn,  a  viUage  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Overyssel,  8  miles  N.  of  Zwolle.  Pop. 
1200. 

GfixfiRAC.  zhi'nAV3k',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Gard,  7  miles  S.  of  Xlmes.    Pop.  1944. 

GEX'ERAL  WAYNE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsvlvauia. 

GE.NEROSTEE  CREEK,  of  Anderson  district,  South 
Carolinji,  Bows  S.W.  into  Savannah  River. 

GENES.    See  Genoa. 

GEXESEE,jtoVsee',  a  river  of  New  York,  has  its  sources 
in  Pennsvlvania,  near  the  boundarj-  between  the  two  states. 
It  flows  first  in  a  north-westerly  course  into  Alleghany 
county,  then  turning  it  runs  in  a  north-easterly  direction 
through  Wyoming  and  Livingston  counties,  and  enters 
Lake  Ontario,  about  7  miles  X.  of  Rochester.  Near  its  mouth, 
there  are  tails  about  100  feet  high,  and  at  Rochester 
others  of  nearly  the  same  height.  Above  the  falls  are 
rapids,  from  the  head  of  which  a  feeder  leads  intd  the  Erie 
Canal.  In  the  northern  part  of  Alleghany  count}-,  there 
are  three  other  falls — one  of  60,  one  of  90,  and  the  other  of 
110  feet ;  and  for  two  or  three  miles  along  both  sides  of  the 
river  are  perpendicular  walls  of  rock,  near  400  feet  high. 
At  Rochester  the  Erie  Canal  is  carried  across  this  river  by  an 
aqueduct,  built  of  freestone,  of  9  arches,  each  of  50  feet  span. 

GENESEE,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  area  of  aliout  486  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Tonawanda,  Allen's,  and  Oak  Orchard  Creeks,  and  other 
smaller  streams.  The  surface  is  slightly  undulating.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  chiefly  a  moist  sandy,  or  gravelly  loam,  well 
adapted  to  Iwth  grazing  and  tillage.  Iron-ore,  limestone, 
water-cement,  and  salt-springs  are  among  its  mineral  pro- 
ductions. It  is  intersected  by  the  Buffalo  and  Rochester 
Railroad,  the  Canandaigua  and  Xiagara  Falls  Railroad,  and 
by  a  branch  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  It  was 
organized  iu  1802.  (having  been  formed  out  of  part  of  Onta- 
rio county.)  when  it  contained  all  that  part  of  the  stote 
lying  W.  of  the  Genesee  River,  from  which  it  derived  its 
name.    Capital,  liatavia.     Pop.  S2,1S9. 

GENESEE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Michigan, 
contiins  500  wiuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Flint  and 
SMaw.issee  Rivers,  and  by  Thread  and  Kear.xley  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  rolling;  the  soil  is  mostly  a  dry  and  fertile 
Eandy  Icnim.  Extensive  oak  openings  are  found  in  the  S. ; 
the  other  parts  produce  dent>e  "t)rests  of  pine  and  other  Um- 
ber. Organized  in  183«.  Caidtal,  FUnt  Pop.  22,498 
736 


GEN 

GENESEE,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York.  Popu- 
lation, 963. 

GENESEE,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pod. 
680.  >  J  y 

GENESEE,  a  p.  township  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan.  P.1211. 

GENESEE,  a  post-township  in  theS.W.partof  Waukeslia 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1628. 

GENESEE  FALLS,  or  PORTAGEVILLE,  a  village  of 
Genesee  Falls  towTiship,  Wyoming  co.,  New  Y'ork,  on  the 
Genesee  River,  about  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains 
5  churches  and  3  hotels.  Pop.  in  1S60, 1020.  The  Buffalo 
and  New  York  City  Railroad  crosses  the  river,  1  mile  N.  of 
the  village,  by  a  magnificent  bridge,  800  feet  in  length,  and 
234  feet  in  height.  The  river  at  this  place  is  bordered  by 
precipices  about  400  feet  high,  and  has  several  picturesque 
falls,  which  are  much  visited  by  tourists  and  parties  of  plea- 
sure. The  Genesee  A'alley  Oinal  crosses  the  river  by  an 
aqneduct  of  stone.     The  post-offlce  is  called  Portageville. 

GEXESEE  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vani.a. 

GEXESEE  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Whitsides  co.,  HU- 
ndis,  94  miles  N.  by  AT.  of  Peoria. 

GEXESE^O,  a  handsome  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Livingston  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Genesee  River,  25 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Rochester.  The  vill.ige  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  5  chun-hes,  2  banks,  a  large  academy  or 
high  schod.  .and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  about  200*J;  of 
the  township,  SOtVi. 

GEXESEO,  a  flourishing  post- village  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  78  miles  X.N.W. 
of  Peoria.  Geneseo  is  the  largest  village  in  the  county,  and 
is  situated  on  a  fertile  prairie.  It  contains  a  high  school  with 
three  departments.     Pop.  of  township,  1794. 

GEXESTELLE,  zheh*n53^t?ll',  a  vill.ige  of  Frtince,  depart 
ment  of  Arddche,  9  miles  W.  of  Privas.     Pop.  1975. 

G  EX  EST,  L  E,  leh  zhf  h-ni'.  a  vill.age  of  France,  department 
of  Mayenne,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Laval.    Pop.  1072. 

GE.VEVA.  jen-ee'v.j,  (Fr.  Geniv:,  zheh-naiv',  or  zhjh-njv'; 
Ger.  Gt-nf,  gh^nf;  It.  Ginerra.  je-n.VvrS:  Sp.  Ginebra,  ne-ni/- 
Brd,  or  He-nd'vri;  auc.  Gench-a  or  Gena'ra,)  &  city  of  Swit- 
y.eriand.  capital  of  a  canton  of  its  own  name,  on  the  declivities 
of  two  hills,  in  the  centre  of  a  basin,  the  sides  of  which  are 
formed  partly  by  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Jura,  and  partly  by 
secondary  chjtins  of  the  Alps,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  Genev.a,  where  it  narrows  almost  to  a  point,  and  pours  out 
the  blue  Rhone,  here  crossed  by  several  bridges,  and  dividing 
the  town  into  two  portions ;  the  larger  and  more  important  of 
which  is  on  the  left  or  S.  bank.  The  environs  are  covered 
with  handsome  vill:is,  and  the  city  itself  when  approached 
either_by  land  or  water,  has  a  very  imposing  apjiearance. 
It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  flanked  with  bastions,  and  is 
entered  on  the  land  side  by  three  gates.  Geneva  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  upper  .and  lower.  The  upper  town,  occupied 
chiefly  by  the  burgher  aristocracj-.  contains  a  considerable 
number  of  well-built  houses  and  handsome  hotels;  the 
lower  town,  the  seat  of  trade  and  residence  of  the  poorer 
classes,  is  very  indifferently  built,  cou.'isting  chiefly  of 
houses  remarkable  only  for  their  disproportioned  height, 
and  lining  narrow,  irregular,  dark,  and  ill-cleaned  streets. 
The  chief  exception  is  along  the  banks  of  the  Rhone,  where 
a  quay  about  400  yards  long  is  bordered  by  a  row  of  hand- 
some modern  houses.  The  more  important  public  build- 
ings and  institutions  are  the  Cathedral  or  Church  of  St. 
Pierre,  a  Gothic  structure  of  the  tenth,  eleventh,  and 
twelfth  centuries,  occupying  the  highest  site  in  the  town, 
and  by  its  three  towers  forming  the  most  conspicuous  ob- 
ject within  it;  the  Town-house,  iu  the  Florentine  stjle; 
the  Musee  Rath,  a  neat  building  named  after  its  founder; 
the  Arsenal,  with  a  collection  of  ancient  armor;  the  Old 
Prison,  originally  the  bishop's  palace ;  the  Casino,  Peniten- 
tiary, and  Ilouse  of  Correction.  The  house  in  which  Calvin 
lived  and  died  is  rather  conjectured  than  known,  and  the 
very  site  of  his  giave  is  lost.  Among  the  principal  educa- 
tional Institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  College,  which 
was  founded  by  Calvin,  and  has  never  ceased  to  prosper, 
average  attendance  413 ;  the  Academy,  composed  of  the  four 
faculties  of  theology,  law,  science,  and  literature,  with  26 
prof'essoi-s,  and  about  250  students;  the  primary  schools,  a 
number  of  other  schools  supported  by  the  state  or  special 
endowments,  and  a  great  many  piivate  boarding-schools, 
some  of  which  are  of  considerable  celebrity.  Besides  these, 
there  is  the  Evangelical  Sc'nool,  in  connection  with  the  So- 
ciete  Evangelique.  a  theological  seminary,  in  which  joung 
men  are  prepared  either  for  the  ministry  or  fir  the  mi-^ 
sionary  field.  Among  its  teachers  in  1S52,  were  Gaussin 
and  Merle  d".\ubign6.  Geneva  has  a  museum  of  natural 
history,  enriched  with  the  geological  collections  of  Saussure, 
and  the  fossil  plants  of  Brogniart  and  DecandoUe,  a  boti- 
nieal  garden,  and  an  astronomical  observatory. 

The  only  important  manufacture  of  Geneva  is  that  of 
watches,  musical  boxes,  and  jewelry,  which  employ  about 
3000  persons,  who  annually  make  above  lOO.OoO  watche.s 
and  work  up  "5,000  ounces  of  gold.  5000  merks  of  silver,  and 
precious  stones  to  the  value  of  40,000?.  The  trade  is  very- 
much  restricted  by  the  narrow  limits  of  the  Geuevese  t«rr«- 


GEN 


GEBJ 


tory,  and  the  jealous  watch  which  the  Sardinian  and  French 
govei-uments  keep  along  its  frontiers.  There  is  also  a  want 
of  s  proper  uavii^able  outlet,  tlie  navigation  of  the  Hhone 
below  Geneva  beini^  very  much  obstructed.  Its  chief  trade, 
Jn  addition  to  that  furnished  by  Its  staple  manufacture, 
consists  in  supplying  the  surrounding  districts  with  colo- 
nial products,  and  numerous  minor  articles. 

The  origin  of  Geneva  is  unltnown,  but  its  antiquity  i.s 
proved  by  the  reference  which  Cae.sar  makes  to  it.  On  the 
Invasion  of  the  N.,  it  was  successively  occupied  by  the 
Burgundians,  who  made  it  their  capital,  the  O.strogoths, 
and  Fraulis.  It  next  formed  part  of  the  second  kingdom  of 
Burgundy,  and  became  incorporated  with  the  Germanic 
Empire.  By  a  grant  of  the  emperor.s,  the  temporal  was 
added  to  the  spiritual  power  of  the  bishops,  and  the  Counts 
of  Savoy  having  succeeded  in  controlling  the  nomination 
of  the  bishops,  became  in  a  manner  masters  of  Geneva. 
This  state  of  affairs  was  suddenly  interrupted  by  the  Re- 
formation, to  which  the  Genovese  are  indebted  both  for 
their  civil  and  religious  freedom.  The  celebrity  which  they 
afterwards  acquired,  chiefly  under  the  guidance  of  Calviu 
and  his  distinguished  associates,  is  matter  of  lOuropean  his- 
tory. The  city  was  tiiken  by  the  French  in  179S.  and  firmed, 
till  1813,  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Leman.in  the  French 
Empire.    In  1814,  along  with  a  small  territory,  it  joined  the 

Ilelvi'tic  Confederation.     Pop.  in  1S60,  41,415. Adj.  and 

inh.ab.  Gexevese.  j^iiVveez'. 

GKNEVA,  a  small  canton  of  the  Swiss  Confederation, 
bounded  AV.  and  N.W.  by  France,  N.  by  the  canton  of 
Vaud  and  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  and  E.  and  S.  by  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  and  including  also  the  communes  of  Celigny, 
Le  Coudre,  and  Petit  ISois,  enclosed  by  Vaud.  Area,  01 
English  square  miles.  The  surface  is  broken  by  several 
hills,  none  of  which  are  mora  than  4iXI  feet  above  the  lake. 
The  whole  canton  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Khone,  and 
the  only  stream.?  of  importance  are  that  river  and  the  Arve, 
which  joins  it  a  little  below  the  town  of  Geneva.  The  soil 
has  been  so  much  improved  by  skilful  and  persevering  cul- 
ture, that  the  whole  territory  wears  the  appearance  of  a 
large  and  beautiful  garden.  Even  the  natural  flora  is  re- 
markably rich,  and  makes  the  surrounding  country  a  fa- 
vorite resort  of  the  botanist.  Within  a  circle  of  25  miles, 
round  the  town  of  Geneva,  1470  specie.'  of  plants  have  been 
found.  Part  of  the  surface  is  under  the  culture  of  the  vine, 
but  the  wioe  obtained  is  not  remarkable  either  for  quantity 
or  quality.  The  manufactures  are  extensively  carried  on, 
and  consist  chieliy  of  clocks  and  watches,  gold,  silver,  and 
other  metal  wares,  woollen  cloths,  and  silk  goods  of  various 
'descriptions,  hats,  and  leather.  The  territory  of  Geneva 
h.aving,  by  the  arrangement  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  ob- 
tained an  accession  of  15  communes,  detached  from  France 
and  Savoy,  was  admitted  a  meniljer  of  the  Swiss  Confedena- 
tiou  in  1814,  and  ranks  as  the  'Z2d  canton.  The  legislative 
power  is  exercised  by  a  great  council,  composed  of  deputies 
of  25  years  of  age,  elected  by  all  male  citizens  of  21  years  of 
age,  and  not  under  legiU  incapacity.  The  number  of  de- 
puties is  at  the  rate  of  1  for  every  3.33  inhabitants,  and 
amounts  at  present  to  186.  All  religious  denominations 
are  declared  to  have  perfect  freedom,  but  two  of  thom  are 
paid  by  the  state — the  Roman  Catholics,  amounting  to  ra- 
ther more  than  a  third  of  the  population,  and  the  Pro- 
testant National  Church.     Pop.  in  ISCO,  82,870. 

GENE/VA.  a  post-village  of  Seneca  township,  Ontario  co., 
New  York,  is  beautifully  situated  at  the  N.  end  of  Seneca 
Lake,  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  50  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Rochester.  It  is  handsomely  built  on  the  western  shore 
of  the  lake.  It  contains  11  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper 
offices,  more  than  60  stores,  a  water-cure,  besides  several 
niilis  and  fact(.iries.  The  Episcopal  church  is  a  fine  stono 
edifice  in  the  Gothic  style,  built  at  a  cost  of  S25,000.  Here 
is  the  Hobart  Free  College,  under  the  direction  of  the  Epis- 
copalians. It  was  founded  in  1823,  and  in  1863.  it  had  8  pi-o- 
fessors,  94  students,  and  a  library  of  13,000  volumes.  The 
Medical  Institute  of  Geneva  College,  founded  in  1835,  has  6 
professors  and  about  80  students.  The  Geneva  Union  School 
is  attended  by  alwut  300  jjupils.  Steamboats  ply  daily  be- 
tween Geneva  and  Jefferson,  at  the  head  of  the  lake.  Pop. 
about  6000. 
GENEVA,  a  post-offlce  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia. 
GENEVA,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  co.,  Alabama. 
GENEVA,  a  post-village  and  township  at  the  N.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Erie, 
and  on  the  railroad  from  Cleveland  to  Erie,  50  miles  E.N.E. 
of  the  former.  Pop.  1758. 
GENEVA,  a  township  in  Jennings  co., Indiana.  Pop.  2131. 
GENEVA,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co./  Indiana. 
GENEA^A,  a  thriving  post-village  and  capital  of  Kane 
county,  Illinois,  on  Fox  River,  36  miles  W.  of  Chicago.  The 
river  is  a  rapid  stream,  affording  fine  water-power,  which 
has  been  laigely  improved.  Geneva  is  on  a  branch  of  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  and  is  a  place  of  active 
trade.  It  contains  a  bank,  6  churches,  a  newspaper  office, 
and  a  manufactory  of  reapers  and  mowers.    Pop.  997. 

GENEVA,  a  village  in  Morgan  co.j  Illinois,  about  40  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

2W 


GENEVA,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of  Wal- 
worth CO.,  Wisconsin,  finely  situated  at  the  E.  end,  and  on 
the  outlet  of  Geneva  Liikc.  70  miles  S.E.  of  Madison,  and  85 
miles  by  railroad  from  Chicago.  It  has  sevenil  churches 
and  mills.  Settled  in  1838.  Pop.  about  800 ;  of  the  town- 
Bhip,  in  1860, 1184. 

G  l-^N  EVA  B.\  Y,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsiu. 
on  the  N.  side  of  Geneva  Lake,  64  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

GENEVA,  LAKE  OF,  or  LAKE  LE/MAN,(Ger.  Gtii/er. 
See,  ghJn'fjjr-sA/ ;  Fr.  iac  de  Genere,  Ilk  deh  zhyh-naiv';  anc. 
Lemahms  La'cus,)  a  lake  of  Europe,  between  Switzerland 
and  the  Sardinian  States.  It  is  crescent-shaped.  Length, 
45  miles;  breadth,  from  1  to  9g  miles;  area,  82  sciuare  miles; 
height  above  the  sea,  1230  feet;  and  greatest  depth  near  its 
E.  extremity,  984  feet.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Rhone  from 
E.  to  W.,  and  receives  the  Branse,  Veuogo,  and  other  small 
rivers.  Its  waters  have  a  peculiar  deep  blue  color,  are  very 
transparent,  and  contain  a  great  variety  of  fish;  it  is  never 
wholly  frozen  over,  and  It  is  subject  to  seiches,  or  remarkable 
risings  of  from  1  to  4  or  5  feet,  which  last  only  about  25 
minutes.     Steam  navigation  was  introduced  in  182^3. 

GENEVA  LAKE,  in  the  S.  pari  of  Walworth  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, is  8  miles  long,  with  a  mean  width  of  1  mile.    Tha 
shore  is  bold,  and  the  water  pure  and  deep. 
GENEVE.    See  Geneva. 

GKNEVESE.j4-n.WA/s4.  or  OEN£vOIS,  zhfh-n.iVwi',  a 
province  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  the  W.  of  Savoy,  bounded 
W.  by  the  Rhone.    Capital,  Annejv. 
OKNFA'E.'^K.    See  Geneva  (of  Switzerland.) 
GENEVIEVE,  j4nVh-veev',  a  township  in  St.  Genevieve 
CO.,  Jlissouri.     Pop.  1300. 

GENJ^VOIS,  a  province  of  the  Sardinian  States.  See 
Genevese. 

GKNI^VRE,  MONT.  miNO  zhph-naiv'r',  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable summits  of  the  Cottian  Alps,  between  the  French 
depjirtments  of  Ilautes-Alpes  and  the  Sardinian  province  of 
Susa,  11,614  feet  in  elevation.     It  is  crossed  by  a  route  con- 
structed by  Napoleon,  at  an  elevation  of  0560  feet. 
GENF,  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  Ge.veva. 
GENFER-SEE,  a  lake  of  Geneva.    See  Oenev.a.,  Lake  op. 
GENOENRACIL  gh^ng'fn-baK\  a  walled  town  of  Baden, 
on  the  Kinzig,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Zell.     Pop.  2400. 

OENIL,  JKNIL,  or  XENIL,  ii.i-neel',  a  river  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  joins  the  Guadalquivir,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Cor- 
dova, after  a  W.N.W.  course  of  about  120  miles. 

GENILLE,  zhfh-neel',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Indre-et-Loire,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Tours.     Pop.  1954. 

GUNIS,  zheh-nee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Dordngne,  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pfrigueux.     Pop.  1429. 

GE.MSSAC,  zhgh-nees*sdk/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde.  32  miles  E.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1115. 
OENITCin.     See  SlVASH. 

GENITO,  a  post-village  of  Powhattan  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Appomattox.  29  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  has  a  flouring-mill. 
GEN  LIS,  zhSsoMee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cote  d'Or,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Dijon.     Pop.  909. 

GENNARO,  j5n-n3/i-o.  a  mountain  of  the  Papal  States, 
about  9  miles  N.  of  Tivoli.  It  belongs  to  the  E.  branch  of 
the  Central  Apennines.  Heiirht,  4289  feet.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  Guadagnolo,  it  is  the  highest  point  in  the  chain 
which  bounds  the  Campagna  on  the  E.,  and  rs  supposed  by 
some  to  be  the  iUms  LucretUis  celebrated  by  Horace.  The 
summit  commands  one  of  the  finest  views  in  It.aly. 

GENNEP,  nSn'nJp,  a  town  of  Holland,  province  of  Lim- 
burg,  on  the  Prussian  frontier,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Nymwegen. 
Pop.  950. 

GENNES,  zhSnn,  several  villages  of  France;  the  principal 
in  the  department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Augers, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire.  Pop.  1727. 
G  1-;nn ESARETH.  lake  of.  See  Tabareetah. 
GENOA  or  GENOVA,  a  maritime  division  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  Area, 
about  1250  square  miles.  It  forms  9  provinces.  Capital, 
Genoa.    Pop.  in  1852.  571,167. 

GENOA,  j4n'o-a,  (Ital.  (jnora,  jjn'o-vj ;  Fr.  Genes,  zhain; 
anc.  Gen'ua,)  a  famous  fortified  se;jport  city  of  Northern  Italy, 
in  the  Sardinian  States,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
between  two  rivers,  the  Bisagno  and  the  Polcevera,  75  miles 
S.E.  of  Turin.  Lat.  44°  24'  54"  N.,  Ion.  8°  53'  E.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  city  from  the  sea  is  beautiful  and  striking: 
it  is  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  and  rises  gradually  from  the 
shore — the  whiteness  of  the  houses,  the  imposing  outlines 
of  the  intermingling  palaces,  and  the  distant  villas  and 
gardens,  heightening  the  effect  of  its  picturesque  position. 
Immediately  behind  the  city  rises  an  abrupt  hill,  covered 
with  vill.as  and  country  houses.  The  city  is  enclosed  by  a 
double  line  of  fi>rtlficationa,  forming  a  vast  semicircle,  sup- 
ported by  numerous  detached  forts,  redoubts,  and  outr 
works,  crowning  hill  after  hill,  and  constituting  one  of  the 
most  extensive  town  fortificjitions  in  Europe;  the  outer 
wall  being  about  7  miles  in  extent.  In  the  older  parts  of 
the  town,  the  streets  are  exti-emely  narrow,  being  seldom 
more  than  10  feet  wide,  with  lofty  buildings  on  either  side. 
Thev  are  also  dark,  steep,  and  crooked,  and  almost  wholly 
inaccessible  to  carriages.     In  the  newer  Quarters,  again, 

7,37 


GEN 

niRny  of  them  are  spacious,  and  are  lined  with  noble  edi- 
fices. The  finest  of  these  streets  are  the  Strada  N'uova  and 
the  Strada  lialbi,  in  both  of  which  are  palaces  of  the  most 
superb  architecture.  Most  of  the  streets  are  paved  with 
smooth  slabs  of  lava,  having  a  patliway  of  bricks  in  the 
centre  to  afford  footing  to  mules,  and  to  persons  carrying 
burdens.  Many  of  the  palaces  are  crowded  with  works  of 
art,  and  splendidly  fitted  up.  The  principal  are  the  Ducal 
Palace,  and  the  palaces  of  Doria,  Serra.  Giustiniani,  Cani- 
basio,  Balbi.  Durazzo.  and  the  palace  of  the  queen-mother. 

The  churches  and  hospitals  of  Genoa  rival  the  palaces  in 
splendor.  The  most  remarkable  of  the  former  is  the  Duomo, 
or  Cathedral  of  St.  Lorenzo,  founded  in  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury, but  not  completed  till  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth. 
The  most  conspicuous  church  in  the  general  view  of  the 
city  is  that  of  Oarignano,  finely  situated  on  a  hill,  and 
having  a  resemblance  to  St.  Peter's  in  its  general  plan.  The 
other  churches  of  note  are  Sto.  Stefano  della  Porta,  a  hand- 
some structure,  but  chiefly  remarkable  for  containing  a 
painting  of  the  martyrdom  of  the  titular  saint,  the  joint 
production  of  Kaph.Wl  and  Giulio  Romano;  San  Siro,  (St. 
Cyr,)  the  most  ancient  Christian  Ibundation  in  Genoa; 
St.  .lLmbrosi;i.  containing  several  fine  paintings,  and  splen- 
didly decorated  within ;  and  L'Annunziata.  also  magnifi- 
cently fitted  up  interiorlj'.  There  are  a  number  of  other 
interesting  ecclesiastical  edifices,  although  more  than  half 
the  churches  in  the  city  were  demolished  by  the  French. 
The  principal  charitable  institution  is  the  .\lbergo  de'  Po- 
veri,  in  which  1600  indiridu.als,  orphans  and  old  people, 
find  shelter:  the  children  are  brought  up  to  different  trades, 
and  the  girls  who  marry  out  of  the  hospital  receive  a  decent 
dowry.  The  house  itself  unites  the  beauties  of  architecture 
on  the  most  splendid  scale,  with  the  most  perfect  conve- 
nience. The  Ospedale  del  Pammatone  is  another  splendid 
Institution  for  l>enevolent  purposes,  founded  in  1430.  The 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution,  (Sordi  Mutti.)  is  also  much 
celebrated.  There  are  in  and  at>out  Genoa  15  different  reli- 
gious establishments  for  females,  all  regulated  according  to 
the  monastic  system,  though  none  of  the  inmates  take 
vows.  The  largest  of  these  institutions  is  tliat  of  the 
Fieschine.  whicii  contains  2o0  persons,  all  employed  in  such 
light  work  as  lace-makiug,  embroidery,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  artificial  flowers.  There  are  two  theatres  in  the 
city,  one  of  which,  the  Teatro  Carlo  Felice,  is  an  elegant 
structure,  the  Bank  of  St.  George,  one  of  the  most  ancient 
and  celebrated  in  Europe,  and  a  university,  also  a  hand- 
some building.  Besides  the  University,  the  other  chief 
educational  institutions  are  the  Theological  Seminary,  the 
School  of  Fine  Arts,  the  Royal  Marine  School,  and  the  School 
of  Navigation.  Genoa  is  the  seat  of  royal  ai)peal  courts,  of  a 
chamber  of  commerce,  and  an  admiralty  court.  It  is  sup- 
plied with  water  by  aqueducts  18  miles  in  length. 

The  manufactures  of  Genoa  .ire  considerable.  Its  velvets 
and  silk  are  world-famed ;  and  it  likewise  ix)s.sesses  factories 
of  cloth,  stockings,  blond,  oilcloth,  hats,  paper,  essences, 
and  soap.  Besides  these,  its  works  in  gold,  silver,  and 
marble,  have  a  high  reputation ;  indeed,  for  silver-filagree, 
delicately  and  artistiailly  wrought  into  bracelets,  brooches, 
bunches  of  flowers,  and  other  kinds  of  ornaments  innume- 
rable, the  Genoese  workmen  stand  unrivalled,  and  their 
productions  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  port  is 
of  a  semicircular  form,  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  in 
diamet«r,  formed  by  two  moles  projecting  into  the  sea  from 
opposite  sides,  but  not  opposite  each  other;  the  Molo  Xuovo, 
or  Xew  Mole,  on  the  E.  side,  being  about  790  yards  S.  of  the 
Molo  Vecchio,  or  Old  Mole,  on  the  AV.  Both  rise  from  16  to 
18  feet  above  the  sea.  Near  the  abutment  of  the  Xew  Mole 
is  the  Light-house,  a  beautiful  structure,  300  feet  in  height. 
There  is,  besides,  a  fixed  harlxir-light  on  each  of  the  moles. 
Genoa  is  a  free  port,  and  the  chief  outlet,  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean, for  the  manufactures  of  Switzerland,  Lombardy,  and 
Piedmont.  There  is  an  immense  number  of  bonding  ware- 
houses situated  in  one  locality,  called  Porto  Franco:  these 
are  surrounded  by  walls,  and  "form  a  small  separate  town. 
The  principal  articles  of  export  are  rice,  oils,  fruit,  cheese, 
rags,  the  products  of  its  manufactures,  &c. ;  imports,  cot- 
tons, raw  cotton,  woollens,  cochineal,  indigo,  colonial  pro- 
duce, tobacco,  salt  fish,  hides,  grain,  le.id,  nutgalls,  &c.  In 
ancient  times,  the  Genoese  merchants  were  remarkable  for 
their  enterprise,  and  for  the  extent  of  their  dealings.  They 
brought  the  productions  of  Ilindostan  from  Ispahan  to 
Trebizond.  and  from  thence  conveyed  them  through  Kaffa, 
In  the  Crimea,  and  afterwards  through  Constantinople  to 
Europe,  Their  commerce  subsequently  declined  greatly, 
but  is  now.  and  has  heen  for  some  years  past,  reviving. 
The  exports  amount  to  about  $15,000,000  annually,  and  the 
imports  to  JUl.000.000.  The  foreign  trado  in  1846  employed 
2424  ves^-ls  (tons,  297,147)  inwards,  and  2268  vessc-ls  (tons, 
279..')5S)  outwards. 

The  origin  of  Genoa  is  s.aid  to  be  more  remote  th.in  that 
Of  Rome.  As  early  as  the  eleventh  centurv,  the  Genoese 
had  become  formidable  at  sea:  and.  notwithstanding  an 
almost  continuous  succession  of  wars  through  several  ages, 
gradually  increased  in  power  and  Importjince.  About  the 
Duddle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  the  rivalry  between  Genoa 
738 


GEN 

and  Venice,  so  famous  in  Italian  history,  began  to  manifest 
itself.  For  nearly  seven  centuries,  witlj  some  interruption^ 
Genoa  was  the  capital  of  a  famous  commercial  republic, 
which  planted  numerous  colonies  in  the  Levant  and  on  the 
shores  of  the  Black  Sea.  After  a  long  period  of  internal 
distraction  and  misrule,  the  citizens  instituted  a  supreme 
magistrate,  called  Doge,  for  life,  excluding  by  law  all  the 
nobles.  This  form  of  government  continued  for  two  cen- 
turies, but  without  remedying  the  evils  it  was  iutenoed  tc 
correct,  tumult  and  faction  continuing  as  before.  Another, 
and  more  efficient  form  of  government  was  inti-odueed  by 
Andrea  Dorea,  in  1528,  which  existed  till  overturned  by 
Bonaparte.  The  city,  in  1799.  being  then  in  the  possession 
of  the  French,  was  taken  by  the  united  forces  of  Austria 
and  England ;  and  finally,  in  1S15,  after  a  rapid  succession 
of  changes,  united,  by  a  decision  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
to  the  Sardinian  monarchy.  Pop.  in  1838, 115,257  ;  in  1862, 
127,986. Adj.  and  inlialj.  Genokse,  jJnVeez'. 

GEXOA  or  GEXOVA,  an  ancient  duchy,  and  afterward  a 
republic,  which,  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  1S14,  was 
annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  is  now  included 
chiefly  in  the  division  of  Genoii,  but  partly  also  in  that  of 
Xice. 

GEXOA,  usually  pronounced  je-no'a,  a  post-village  and 
township  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Cayuga  co.,  Xew  York,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake.  160  miles  W.  of  Albany.  The 
village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Salmon  Creek,  about  20 
miles  S.  of  Auburn.  It  has  2  churches,  an  academy,  2  mills, 
an  iron  foundry,  and  a  number  of  stores,  Popuiation  of 
township,  2429. 

GE.NUA,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Delaware  co- 
Ohio.    Pop.  1126. 

GENOA,  a  post-township  iu  the  S.E.  part  of  Livingston 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  879. 

GEXOA,  a  small  post-village  and  township  of  De  Kalb 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  220  miles  X.  by  E.  from  Springfield. 
Pop.  985. 

GEXOA  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office,  Delaware  co.,  Olda 

GEXOA,  GULF  OF,  a  wide  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  N. 
of  Corsica,  and  S.  of  the  Sardinian  States,  forming  an  angle, 
near  the  summit  of  which  Genoa  is  situated.  It  receives 
numerous  small  rivers.    The  G  ulf  of  Spezzia  is  its  chief  inlet. 

GEXOESE.    See  Genoa.  Italy. 

GKXOLA.  jiA-no^lI,  (L.  Gavenola.)  a  village  and  circle  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Saluzzo, 
Pop.  1956. 

GEXOLIIAC.  zheh-noMdk'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gard.  17  miles  X'.N.W.  of  Alais.    Pop.  1491. 

GilXONI.  jA-no/nee.  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  4 
miles  fi-oni  I^coni.    Pop.  107S. 

GEXOVA.    See  Genoa. 

GKNS.4.C.  zhfiNo'sdk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gi- 
ronde.  31  miles  E.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  l.'W)5. 

GEXSAXO.  a  town  of  the  Papal  States.    See  Gexzano. 

GEXSIXGEX.  ghJn'sing-en,  a  village  of  IIes.se-D:u-mstadt, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Bingen.    Pop.  943. 

GENT,  ghfnt,  a  town  of  Holland,  Gelderland,  7  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Xymwegen.    Pop.  400. 

GENTIIIN,  ghjn-teen',  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
30  miles  X.E.  of  Slagdeburg,  on  the  Plauen  Canal,  and 
with  a  station  on  the  Berlin  and  Magdeburg  Railway. 
Pop.  2340. 

GEXTILLY,  zh8s"'teeVee',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Sceiiux,  on  the  Bidvre,  S.  of 
Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  13,877.  The  commune  comprises  the 
village  of  Bicetre,  celebrated  for  its  vast  Castle,  serving  as 
an  hospital  for  5000  superannuated  and  imbecile  old  men, 
and  a  prison  for  2000  culprits,  mostly  destined  for  the 
hulks.  This  edifice  also  contains  extensive  workshops  for 
polishing  glass,  woollen  spinning,  and  various  manufacto- 
ries. It  has  a  well,  sunk  in  the  rock,  183  feet  deep.  Near 
this  is  the  new  fort  of  Bicetre. 

GEXTILLY,  zh5N<='teeI'yee.  or  zh5x<='teerype',  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Nicolet,  75  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec. 

GENTRY,  jjn'tree,  a  new  county  in  the  N.N.AV.  jiart  of 
Missouri,  bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  770  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Grand  River,  flowing  in  a  S.S.E. 
direction,  and  also  drained  by  the  East  and  AVest  Forks  of 
that  river,  which  enter  the  main  stream  near  the  middle  of 
the  county.  Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Richard  Gentry, 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,  Florida,  in 
1837.  Capital,  Albany.  Population,  11,980,  of  whom  11.862 
were  free. 

GENTRY  COURT  HOUSE,  the  foi-mer  capital  of  Gen- 
try co.,  Missouri.  ne;ir  a  fork  of  Grand  River,  about  220  miles 
X.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

GEXTItYVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana, 
17  miles  X.  from  Rockport.  the  county  seat. 

OENTRYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gentry  co.,  Missouri, 
90  miles  X.  of  Independence. 

GKNTS,  ghMitsh,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szathinar, 
near  Szent  >liklos.    Pop.  1080. 

GENTS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  .ibbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

GENTSVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  'Walton  co ,  Florida 


OEN 

QENtTA.    Sfle  Genoa. 

GENZANO.  jgn-za/no,  or  GENSANO.  jfn-sj'no.  a  town 
of  Italy,  Pontifical  States,  18  milos  S.E.  of  Rome,  on  the 
Appian  Way.  I'op.  4fi22.  It  is  picturesque,  and  has  a 
palace  ot  the  Duke  of  Cesarini,  a  Capuchin  Convent,  and  a 
modern  cathedral.  An  annual  festival,  here  called  the 
Infirirala  di  Cknzann,  (in-fe-o-rd'td  dee  jjn-zd'no.)  is  fre- 
quented by  numerous  visitors  from  Rome. 

GENZAXO,  a  town  of  Italy,  Naples,  province  of  Basilieata, 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  3150. 

GKOGKAPIIE,  jee-o-frraf,  or  zhA-o-graf,  a  strait  in  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  separating  Schouten's  Island  from  Frey- 
ciiiet's  Peninsula.  It  is  scarcely  a  mile  in  width  at  the 
narrowest  part. 

GE(',iGKAPIIE,  a  bay  of  Western  Australia,  co.  of  Sussex, 
of  which  it  occupies  the  whole  northern  e.xtremity,  being 
about  35  miles  in  width. 

GEORGE,  a  maritime  district  of  Cape  Colony,  in  South 
Africa,  borderimi  on  the  ocean.  Area,  4033  square  miles. 
Pop.  9193.    Capital,  George  Town. 

GEORGE,  a  lake  of  New  South  Wales,  between  the  coun- 
ties of  -A-rgyle  and  Murray,  2000  feet  above  the  sea,  16  to  18 
miles  in  length,  and  about  7  miles  at  its  greatest  breadth. 

GEORGE  D'ELMINA,  (ST.)     See  ELMix.t. 

Gi;ORGE,  LAIvE,  called  also  IIOR'ICON,  a  beautiful 
mountain  lake  of  New  York,  betwesn  Warren  and  Wash- 
ington counties.  36  miles  in  length,  with  a  breadth  varying 
from  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  four  miles.  The  water  is 
remarkably  transparent,  .and  in  gome  parts  is  more  than 
400  feet  deep.  To  a  passenger  traversing  this  lake,  scarcely 
any  thing  can  be  imagined  more  beautiful  or  picturesque 
than  the  scenery  along  its  banks.  The  romantic  effect  of 
the  prospect  is  greatly  enhanced  by  a  multitude  of  delight> 
ful  islands,  of  various  forms  and  sizes,  which  meet  the  gaze 
of  the  beholder  on  every  side.  Of  these,  if  we  include  many 
little  islets  and  rocks,  there  are  more  than  300  :  a  popular 
notion  prevails  that  their  numlaer  corresponds  to  that  of 
the  days  of  the  year.  Twelve  miles  from  the  south-western 
extremity  of  the  lake  there  is  an  island  of  about  20  acres, 
called,  from  its  position,  Twelve  Mile  Island.  A  mile  far- 
ther north  there  is  a  high  point,  or  tongue  of  land,  called 
Tongue  Mountain,  west  of  which  projects  a  sm.iU  arm  of  ihe 
lake,  named  North-west  Bay.  Ilere  the  Narrows,  that  is, 
the  narrowest  part  of  the  lake,  commence,  and  continue  7 
or  S  miles.  Near  the  W.end  of  the  Narrows,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  lake,  is  Black  Mountain,  the  summit  of  which  is 
regarded  as  the  highest  point  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  lake,  having  an  elevation  of  2200  feet  above  its  surface. 
About  12  miles  beyond  Black  ^lountain  there  is  a  rock 
alxiut  2O0  feet  Iiigh,  rising  almost  perpendicularly  from  the 
surface  of  the  water.  During  the  French  War,  Major  Rogers, 
being  closely  pursued  by  the  Indians,  slid  down  this  steep 
declivity,  and  landed  safelj'  on  the  ice,  leaving  his  pvirsuers 
petritled  with  astonishment  at  the  d.angerous  exploit  which 
they  hiid  witnessed.  From  this  circumstance  the  rock  has 
been  named  Rogers'  Slide.  Two  or  three  miles  beyond  the 
place  just  mentioned  is  Lord  lIowe"s  Point,  where  the  divi- 
sion of  the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe  lauded  previous 
to  their  attack  on  Ticonderoga. 

GEORGENBOURG.  a  town  of  Rus.sia.     See  YoOEBOOno. 

Gi;ORGENSGMUND.  g/i-oR'ghens-mCdnf,  a  village  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Royal  Bavarian  Railway,  about  40  miles  S.  of 
Nu  rem  burg. 

GEORGENTIIAL,  gd-OR/ghen-tar,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  25 
miles  W.  of  Leitmeritz.     I'op."  17t~3. 

OKORGENTIIAL,  a  village  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  8  miles 
S.S.W.  ofGoth,a.    Pop.  617. 

GEORGE-NYMP/TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

GEORGES,  a  towBship  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2656. 

GEORGE'S  CREEK,  of  South  Carolinp.  enters  the  Sa- 
luda from  the  right,  a  few  miles  E.  of  Pickensville. 

GfiORGE'S  CREEK,  a  post-vill.age  of  Mas.sac  co.,  Illinois, 
125  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Vandalia. 

GEORGE'S  "MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

GEOItGE'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

GEORGE'S  TOWN,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  26.30. 

Gl'MRQES/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

GEORGE'TOWN,  a  district  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  South 
Carolina,  bordering  on  the  sea.  has  an  area  of  813  square 
niiles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  Santee  River,  and 
intersected  by  the  Pedee,  Waccamaw,  and  Black  Rivers, 
which  unite  in  the  S.E.  part,  and  flow  through  Winyaw 
B.ay  into  the  .\tlantic.  The  surface  is  a  level  plain,  in  many 
places  marshy,  and  partly  covered  with  pine  woods.  The 
soil  is  moderately  fertile.  In  1850  this  district  produced 
4r!.7t"5.040  nounds  of  rice,  the  greatest  quantity  produced 
by  any  county  or  district  in  tJie  United  St^ites,  except  Beau- 
fort, of  Soutli  Carolina.  Capital.  Georgetown.  Pop.  21,305, 
of  wlioHk  3190  were  free,  and  18,109  slaves. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  post-towij«hip  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 
composed  of  two  islands,  35  miles  S.  liy  E.  of  Augvista,  poa- 


GEO 

sesses  excellent  advantage  for  fisheries   and    navigation 
Pop.  12.')4. 

GKORGETOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  m., 
Massachusetts,  29  miles  N.  of  Boston.  It  contains  3  or  4 
churches,  and  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $100,000  In  the 
township  are  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  leather, 
Aliout  4o,000  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  are  annuallv  produced. 
Incorporated  in  1838.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2075. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co..  Connecticut, 
on  the  Norwalk  and  Danbury  Railroad,  14  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Danbury. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Madison 
CO..  New  York,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Syracu.se.  and  112  miles  W, 
of  Albany.  The  village  has  2  or  3  churches,  and  about  300 
inhabitant!;.    Pop.  of  the  township.  1476. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jersey,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Mount  liolly. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Be.aver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  about  40  miles  below 
Pittsbunr.    Pop.  295. 

GEORiSETOWN,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylv.ania, 
about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Lancaster. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  turnpike  from  Pittsbui-g  to  Erie,  about  75  miles  N.  by  W, 
of  the  former. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  pnst-village  of  Northumberland  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River, 
40  miles  above  Harrisburg. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Sus- 
sex CO.,  Delaware,  36  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Dover.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  an  academy,  and  several  other  schools,  a 
bank,  2  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  fine  Odd  Fellows' 
Iliill,  10  or  12  stores,  and  3  hotels.  Pop.  in  1860,  5.")3:  in 
1805.  about  700. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Washington 
CO..  District  of  Columbia,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  tbe 
Potomac  River,  about  125  miles  (following  the  windin&s  fit 
the  channel)  from  its  mouth,  and  2  miles  W,N.W.  of  Wash- 
ington City,  from  which  it  is  .separated  by  Rock  Creek.  It 
is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  on  a  range  of  hills, 
the  most  elevated  of  which  are  denominated  the  Heights. 
These  eminences,  which  are  occupied  by  numerous  elegant 
villas,  command  a  view  of  the  most  exquisite  lieauty.  em- 
bracing the  city,  Washington,  the  Potomac,  and  an  almost 
illimitable  expanse  of  country.  On  the  northeastern  de- 
clivity of  the  Heights,  is  Oak  Hill  Cemetery,  a  burial-placo 
of  classic  elegance,  laid  out  in  1849.  The  entire  gronnds  are 
thickly  shaded,  and  enclosed  by  an  iron  fence.  Georgetown 
exliibits  quite  an  antiquated  appearance,  though  within  a 
few  years  past  it  has  been  greatly  improved.  It  contains 
10  churches,  2  banks,  and  several  fine  hotels.  It  is  chiefly 
distinguished  for  its  literary  advantages  and  for  its  polite 
society.  The  Russian  and  some  of  the  other  foreign  ministers 
have  made  it  their  place  of  residence.  Among  the  literary 
institutions,  the  college  under  the  control  of  the  Catholics 
may  be  mentioned  as  the  most  important.  It  was  first 
founded  as  an  academy  in  1789,  chartered  as  a  college  in 
1799.  and  in  181S  Congress  invested  it  with  authority  to 
confer  degrees.  The  institution  occupies  two  commodious 
brick  edifices,  standing  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  city, 
in  the  midst  of  a  large  tract  of  land  owned  by  the  corpora- 
tion. The  college  is  furnished  with  an  extensive  philoso- 
phical apparatus  and  a  museum  of  natural  history.  Con- 
nected with  it  is  a  flourishing  female  academy,  taught  by 
the  nuns,  and  a  fine  botanic  garden.  Besides  the  above, 
the  city  contains  numerous  private  seminaries,  among  which 
is  an  excellent  boarding-school  for  young  ladies,  conducted 
by  Miss  Harover.  An  United  States  hospital  for  soldiei-s  is 
located  here.  Georgetown  is  one  of  the  greatest  shad 
and  herring  markets  in  the  United  States.  Vast  quantities 
of  these  fish,  taken  in  the  Potomac,  are  brought  here  for 
barrelling. 

This  port  once  had  considerable  foreign  commerce  and  coast 
trade,  but  it  has  much  declined.  The  shipping,  of  the  collec- 
tion district,  JuneSOth,  1854,  amounted  to2884tons  registered 
and  33.099  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  During  the  year,  42 
sloops  and  canal  boats,  and  2  steamers,  with  an  aggregate 
burden  of  2814  tons,  were  admeasured.  The  flouring  busi- 
ness is  exten.sively  carried  on,  .and  keeps  nearly  50  mills  in 
operation.  Manufacturing  has  also  been  introduced,  and 
of  late  has  become  an  important  branch  of  industry.  Tlie 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  is  carried  over  the  Potomac  at 
this  place  in  an  aqueduct,  a  stupendous  structure,  1446  feet 
in  length,  and  36  feet  above  the  ordinal^  surface  of  the 
water.  Cost  of  construction,  $2,000,000.  Pop.  in  1860,  S7o3. 
GEORGETOWN,  a  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  George- 
town district.  South  Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  W.  shore 
of  Winyaw  Bay,  a  little  below  the  confluence  of  the  Great 
Pedee,  Bhick.  and  Waccamaw  Rivers,  about  15  miles  from 
the  se.a,  and  13-2  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbia.  The  confluence 
of  these  three  navigable  rivers  renders  the  position  advan- 
tageous for  trade.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  bank,  sevei-al 
churches,  and  seminaries.    Georgetown  is  one  of  the  oldest 

739 


GEO 


B£0 


towns  in  the  state;  but,  in  consequence  of  a  bar  obstructing 
the  entrance  t</  its  tiarbor,  and  the  previous  unhealthiness 
of  the  place,  it  has  remained  in  statu  quo  for  many  years. 
Itecently,  boweyer,  its  salubrity  has  been  improved  by  a 
change  in  the  ouUivation  of  rice  in  the  vicinity,  and  several 
steam  saw-mills  and  turpentine  distilleries  have  been  erected. 
It  has  also  1  iron-foundry  and  1  shoe  factory.  The  shipping 
of  the  dietrict,  June  30th,  1R52.  amounted  to  an  ajri^reiiate 
of  1890  tons  registered,  and  2096  tons  enrolled  and  licensed, 
'fhe  clearances  for  foreisn  ports  during  the  year  were  14, 
(tons,  2091),  all  in  Americ.in  bottoms.  The  census  of  1S50 
pives  this  town  a  population  of  1720.  Two  papers  are  issued 
here. 

GKORGETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Chattahoochee  Kiver.  nearly  opposite  Eufaula,  in 
Alabama.     Cotton  is  shipped  here  in  steamboats. 

GEOIiGETO'W.X.  a  post-village  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  Pearl  River,  40  miles  S.  of  Jack.son. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Williamson  co., 
Texas,  on  San  Gabriel  River,  about  40  miles  N'.  of  .■Vustin. 

GEORGETOAVX,  a  flourishing  post-vill.age,  capital  of  Scott 
CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  North  Elkhorn  Kiver.  17  miles  E.  of 
Frankfort.  It  stands  on  elevated  ground,  surrounded  by  a 
Jjeautiful  and  fertile  region.  Georgetown  Colleae,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Baptists,  is  a  prosperous  institution,  with 
about  130  students,  and  a  library  of  6500  volumes.  The 
main  college  edifice  is  100  feet  long,  and  60  wide.  The 
village  contains  4  churclies,  1  bank,  1  female  seminary,! 
printing-office,  and  2  woollen  tictories.  Population,  in  1860, 
16S4. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  postvillage  in  Pleasant  township,  and 
capital  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus, 
and  7  miles  from  the  Ohio  River.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich 
farming  district,  and  has  considerable  business.  It  contains 
6  churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices.     Pop.  723. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  150 
miles  >'.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  over  200. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Cadiz. 

GEORGETOAVN.  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ottawa 
CO..  Michigan,  on  both  sides  of  Grand  River.     Pop.  971. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Cass  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River  and  Canal,  8  miles  W.  from  Logansport,  has 
about  100  inhabitants. 

GKORGETOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Floyd  co., 
Indiana.  9  miles  W.  of  New  -Albany.     Pop.  12S3. 

GEORGETOAVN,  a  small  village  of  Cl.iy  co.,  Illinois. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois,  about 
15  miles  E.  of  Kaskaskia. 

G  EORGETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois, 
10  miles  S.  of  Danville.  It  has  a  plank-road  leading  to  the 
Wabash  River.    Pop.  1SS3. 

OEORGETOAVN,  a  post-village,  capitiU  of  Pettis  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  West  Fork  of  La  Mine  River,  37  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Booneville.    Pop.  592. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  postofflce  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  postoffice  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

GEORGETOWN,  (Dutch,  Slabrocl;  sta^irMk.)  the  capital 
city  of  British  Guiana,  and  of  the  county  of  Demerara,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  River,  on  its  E.  bank:  lat. 
6°  49'  24"  N.;  Ion.  58°  11'  30"  W.  It  is  built  with  Dutch 
regularity;  the  streets  .are  broad  and  intersecting  at  right 
ansles.  mostly  with  canals  in  the  middle,  communicating 
with  each  other  and  with  the  river,  and  crossed  by  a  mul- 
titude of  bridges.  The  houses  are  built  in  straight  lines, 
and,  as  a  security  against  damp,  are  raised  3  or  4  feet  from 
the  ground  on  hardwood  posts;  many  have  gardens  at- 
tached, and  the  luxuriant  foliage  embowering  them  adds 
greatly  to  the  pleasing  aspect  of  the  <Mty.  Water  street, 
which  foecs  the  river,  is  wholly  occupied  by  merchant.s. 
whose  warehouses  and  wharves  jut  out  into  the  stream.  This 
is  the  only  street  exclusively  inhabited  by  Europeans.  The 
principal  buildings  are  th"  'I'own-hall,  with  the  government 
offices,  an  imposing  stone  editice,  in  a  pure  style;  the  Epis- 
copal cathedral,  also  of  stone,  and  the  Colonial  Hospital, 
(expenses  in  1852.  $43,392.)  There  is  also  a  second  Epis- 
copal church,  a  neat  Scotch  church,  a  Roman  Catholic, 
and  8  other  chapels,  belonging  to  Wesleyans,  Baptists, 
the  IvOndon  Missionary  Society,  Ac:  numerous  schools, 
nnder  the  guidance  of  the  various  religions  communities; 
a  mariners'  hospital,  a  lunatic  asylum ;  astronomical  and 
botanicil  societies,  instituted  in  1844;  2  banks.  3  news- 
paper offices,  barracks,  and  2  theatres.  The  .Market-place, 
adjoining  the  Town-hall,  is  open,  airy,  and  surrounded 
by  elegant  shops,  well  supplied  with  all  kinds  of  pro- 
visi'ins.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  is  Fort  Frederick- 
William;  connected  with  it  are  excellent  barracks  and  a 
milKary  hospital,  and  near  it  is  a  fine  light-house.  George- 
tfjwn,  from  its  low,  swampy  position,  is  unhealthy ;  the  prin- 
cipal diseases  are  yellow  and  intermittent  fever,  dysentery, 
diarrhea,  and  dropsy.  Anchorage  good  in  17  feet  water; 
but  at  the  river  mouth  is  a  bar,  on  which  there  is  only  15 
teet  Crater.  The  exports  consist  of  sugar,  rum,  and  coffee. 
740 


and  the  trade  in  1S53  employed  591  vessels,  (tons,  101,764.) 
inwards.  Pop.  iti  1848,  23.000,  of  whom  19,000  were  negroes 
and  people  of  color;  in  1851,  25.508. 

G20RGE  TOWN,  a  town  of  Cape  Colony.  South  Africa, 
125  miles  E.  of  Zwellendam.  It  is  poorly  built,  and  a  few 
3'ears  ago  was  among  the  least  flourishing  places  in  the 
colony.  Trade  chiefly  in  timber,  and  supplies  for  the  tar- 
mors  in  the  Lange-kloof. 

GEORGE  TOWN,  a  maritime  town  of  Van  Diemen's  L.>ind, 
CO.,  and  28  miles  N.W.  of  Lauucestou,  ou  the  Tamar;  lat.  41" 
6'  S.,  Ion.  146°  50'  E. 

GEORGK  TOWN,  a  village,  capital  of  the  island  of  Ascen 
sion.  with  a  fort  and  some  military  works. 

GEOllGK  TOW.N,  a  maritime  village  of  Prince  Edward 
Island,  North  America,  ou  its  eastern  coast,  31  miles  E.  of 
Charlotte  Town. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  seaport  town,  capital  of  Penang,  or 
Prince  of  Wales  Island,  in  .Malacca  iStrait.  Lat.  5^  25'  6"  N., 
Ion.  100°  19'  45"  E.     See  PESiXO. 

(iEORGKTOAVN,  a  seaport  town,  capital  of  Kings  co,. 
Prince  Edward  Island,  on  the  peninsula  between  the  Brude- 
nell  and  Cardigan,  at  the  entrance  into  Cardigan  Bay.  on 
the  S.E.  side  of  the  island.     L;it.  4C°  12'  N..  Ion.  62°  33'"  W. 

GEOllGETOAVN.  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  East, 
38  miles  N.E.  of  Montre.al. 

GEORGETOAVN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co,  of 
Ilalton,  34  miles  N.W.  of  Toronto,  and  35  miles  from 
Hamilton.    I'op.  about  6.50. 

G]:OI{GETOWN  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co., 
Maryland, 

GEORGE'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Stanstead,  62  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Johns,  and  12  miles  from 
Stanstead. 

GEORGIA,jor'je-a,  or6RUSIA,groo'se-^(Pers.  GwirgiHan 
or  Gnurijistan,  goor-ghis-t^n',  or  Goorjistaii,  goor-jis-tlii'; 
written  alscf  Gardschislan  and  Garjislan,)  a  country  of 
Asia,  situated  near  tlie  centre  of  the  Russian  possessions,  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Caucasian  range,  and  now  included  in  the 
Russian  government  of  Tiflis.  It  is  bounded  S.  by  an  .Ar- 
menian range,  which  separates  the  basin  of  the  Koor  from  that 
of  the  Aras,  and  W,  by  a  branch  of  the  Caucasus,  forming  part 
of  the  water-shed  between  the  Caspiau  and  the  Black  Seas. 
The  name  is  sometimes  employed  to  designate  the  whole  terri- 
tory poases.SBd  or  claimed  by  the  Russians  S,  of  the  Caucasus. 
In  this  large  sen.se  it  may  h.ave  an  area  of  28,800  geogra- 
phical square  miles;  but,  when  more  correctly  confined  to 
Georgia  proper,  the  area  doe.s  not  exceed  12,800  geographical 
square  miles.  The  central  part  is  occupied  by  a  large  and 
fertile  valley,  in  which  the  Koor  flows  from  W.  to  E.,  and 
receives  almost  all  its  drainage.  The  soil,  generally,  in  the 
lower  grounds,  and  more  especially  in  this  valley,  is  of  great 
fertility;  and,  having  the  advantage  of  a  delightful  climate, 
grows  in  abundance  not  only  all  the  ordinary  cereals, 
maize,  hemp,  and  flax,  but  great  quantities  of  wine  and 
cotton,  and  unlimited  supplies  of  the  most  exquisite  fruit. 
Important  improvements  have  taken  place  in  agriculture 
since  the  Russians  acquired  possession  of  the  country  from 
Persia,  in  1800 ;  but  it  has  not  yet  recovered  from  the  disastei-s 
brought  upon  it  by  ages  of  misrule  and  almost  inces.sant 
warfare.  The  natives,  forming  about  three-fourths  of  the 
whole  population,  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race,  and  have 
been  as  much  celebrated  as  the  Circassians  for  the  athletic 
frames  of  the  men  and  the  beauty  of  the  women.  These 
properties  have  created  a  large  demand  for  both  sexes — the 
males  to  serve  in  the  armies,  and  the  females  to  become  in- 
mates of  the  harems  of  the  Turks,  The  nobles  long  derived 
their  chief  revenue  from  this  inhuman  trafRc,  valuing  their 
serfs  only  for  the  money  which  they  could  obtain  for  them 
in  the  Turkish  markets.  Under  the  Russian  sovereignty 
this  traffic  has  cea.sed;  and  the  distinction  which  divided 
the  whole  population  into  the  classes  of  nobles  and  serfs, 
nearly  equivalent  to  those  of  masters  and  slaves,  though  still 
subsisting,  has  been  greatly  modified.  The  power  of  life 
and  death,  which  the  nobles  claimed,  and  made  no  scruple 
of  exercising,  has  teen  expressly  abolished.  The  Georgians 
belong  nominally  to  the  Greek  church;  but  both  clergy 
and  people  are  generally  ignorant.  The  Bible,  however,  was 
translated  into  their  native  language,  a  peculiar  dialect, 
greatly  resembling  the  Armenian,  as  early  as  the  tegjuning 
of  the"  fifth  century ;  and  its  benefits,  though  hitherto  not 
very  apparent,  promise  to  be  greatly  extended,  bj-  nieans 
of  a  printing-press  which  the  Russians  have  established. 

Capital,  Tiflis,   Pop.  of  Georgia  proper,  about  300,000. Adj. 

and  inhab.  Georgi.w,  jor'je-an. 

GEORGIA,  one  of  the  original  st.ates  of  the  United  St.ates 
of  North  America,  is  bounded  on  the  N,  by  Tennessee  and 
North  Carolina ;  E,  by  South  Carolina,  (from  which  it  is  .sepa- 
rated by  the  Savannah  River.)  and  by  the  .A.tlantic  Ocean; 
S,  by  Florid^,  and  W.  by  Florida  and  Alabama,  from  which 
it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  Georgia 
lies  between  30°  21' 39"  and  35<^  N,  lat,  and  between  81- and 
85°  53'  38"  W.  Ion,,  being  about  300  miles  in  length  from 
N,  to  S.,  and  256  in  its  greatest  l)re^adth  from  E.  to  W,,  in- 
cluding 58,000  square  miles,  37,120,0(10  acres,  of  which  onlv 
8,062,758  are  improved,  showing  that  this  already  giiAt  and 


GEO 


GEO 


flourishing  state  is  but  in  the  commencement  of  developing 
her  resources  and  wealth. 

Pure  of  the  Crruntry. — fieorpia  has  every  variety  of  surface, 
from  the  mountains  of  the  north,  through  all  gradations  of 
rou!;h.  hilly,  aud  undulating  country  to  the  alluvial  tiats 
which  begin  alxiut  100  miles  from  the  sea,  to  which  they 
extend.  AA'e  learn  from  White's  "Statistics  of  Georgia," 
from  which  we  are  oI)liged  to  condense,  that  "commencing 
ftt  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  spreading  out  from  100  to  150 
miles  westward,  we  have  an  extensive  plain  of  a  tertiary 
formation,  gradually  swelling  up  to  a  height  of  600  feet,  at 
a  line  passing  near  the  head  of  navigation  of  the  Savann.ah, 
bgeechee,  Oconee,  and  Ocmulgee  Kivj>i-s.  where  it  meets  a 
primary  formation."  An  angle  of  cretaceous  formation,  un- 
derlying the  tertiary,  enters  Georgia  from  Alabama,  be- 
tween Fort  Gaines  and  Columbus,  and  extends,  with  its 
apex,  to  a  point  between  Macon  and  Knoxville.  The  N. 
side  of  this  triangle  is  about  SO,  and  the  S.K.  about  100 
miles  in  length.  The  primary  formation  crosses  the  state 
In  a  S.W.  direction,  above  the  falls  of  the  rivers  named, 
with  a  breadth  of  100  miles  at  the  northern,  and  100  miles 
at  the  southern  limit.  A  second  plain  above  the  falls  suc- 
ceeds, of  about  60  or  70  miles  in  width,  beyond  which,  on 
the  N.AV.  side  of  the  primary  belt,  and  running  nearly  pa- 
rallel with  it,  we  come  upon  the  Blue  Kidge  Mountains, 
which  reach  an  elevation  varying  from  1200  to  4000  feet. 
The  N.W.  of  Georgia  consists  of  transition  rocks,  except  in 
the  extreme  N.W.  counties,  which  are  carboniferous  in  their 
formation.  In  the  S.E.  is  Okefonokee  Swamp,  or  rather  se- 
ries of  swamps,  which  have  a  circuit  of  about  180  mile.s, 
filled  with  pools  and  islands,  and  covered  with  vines,  Ijay- 
trees.  and  underwood.  Alligators,  frogs,  lizards,  cranes,  &c., 
find  a  congenial  l>nme  in  this  region. 

Miwml-^. — Previous  to  the  discovery  of  the  gold  mines  of 
California.  Georgia  was  the  Eldorado  of  the  United  States; 
but  though  her  mines  are  almost  swept  out  of  inind  by  the 
richer  jields  of  the  new  state  on  the  Pacific,  a  soberer  time 
may  come  again,  when  slow  and  patient  industry  may  be 
content  to  develop  the  golden  treasures  of  this  region.  The 
tract  containing  the  gold  mines  has  its  centre  in  Lumpkin 
county,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state;  and  at  Dahlonega, 
in  this  countv.  a  branch  mint  has  been  established,  which 
coined  in  18S1,  $351,592  in  gold,  $476,788  in  1852.  and 
$452,289  in  1S53.  Besides  this  precious  metal,  Georgia  con- 
tains some  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  manganese,  titanium, 
graphite,  antimony,  and  zinc ;  also  granite,  marble,  gypsum, 
limestone,  coal,  sienite,  marl,  burrstono,  soapstone,  asbestos, 
elate,  shale,  tripoli,  fluor-spar,  barytes,  tourmaline,  arra- 
gonite,  kaolin,  epidote,  porcelain  clay,  ruby,  opal,  augite, 
cyanite,  emerald,  prase,  corneli;ins,  chalcedony,  agate,  jas- 
per, amethyst,  precious  garnets,  schorl,  zircon,  rose  quartz, 
beryl,  and  even  diamonds.  Fossils  are  found  in  abundance 
In  the  S.E.  counties  near  the  sea. 

Kivers.  B-tys,  cC-c. — Georgia  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
rivers,  both  for  the  purposes  of  navigation,  and  for  pro- 
pelling power.  To  the  central  plateau  which  forms  the  falls 
or  rapids,  the  rivers  are  mostl;/  navigable  for  steamers,  and 
among  and  above  them  they  furnish  advantageous  sites  for 
mills.  Of  the  36  cotton  fiictories  in  Georgia  in  1851,  34 
were  driven  by  water.  The  Oconee  and  Oicmulgee  rise  in 
the  N.  of  the  state,  pass  through  its  centre  to  within  100 
miles  of  the  ocean,  where  they  unite  to  form  the  Alfamah.a, 
which  flows  eastward  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Alta- 
maha  is  navigable  to  Darien  for  vessels  drawing  from  11  to 
14  feet  water,  and  its  confluents  to  Macon  and  Milledgeville 
for  steamlx)ats.  The  Savannah,  which  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  eastern  boundary,  dividing  Georgia  from  South 
Carolina,  is  formed  by  the  Tugaloo  and  Seneca  Kivers.  It 
Is  about  500  miles  in  length,  is  navigaljle  for  ships  to  Sa- 
vannah, and  for  large  steamboats  to  Augusta.  The  Ogee- 
chee,  a  river  flowing  S.E.  alxjut  200  miles,  drains  the  coun- 
try between  the  above  named  rivers.  It  is  navigable  for 
sloops  .30  or  40  miles,  and  for  keel-boats  to  Louisville.  Can- 
nouchee,  a  western  branch,  is  navigable  60  miles.  Tlie 
Santilla  and  St.  Mary's  drain  the  south-eastern  counties, 
and  the  Flint,  Oclockonee,  and  Suwanee,  witli  their  branches, 
the  south-western.    The  Santilla  and  St.  Mary's  are  navi- 

f;able  for  sloops  about  .30  or  40  miles,  and  for  keel-boats  per- 
laps  as  much  more.  The  Flint,  a  branch  of  the  Chattahoo- 
cliee,  is  about  300  miles  long,  and  is  n.avigable  to  Albany 
for  steamboats.  The  Chattahoochee  rises  in  the  N.E.  of 
Georiria.  crosses  the  state  in  a  S.W.  direction  till  it  strikes 
the  W.  boundary,  which  it  follows  for  about  150  miles  to  its 
union  with  the  Flint,  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Georgi.a, 
where  their  united  floods  form  the  Appalachicola.  The 
Chattahoochee  is  navigal)le  to  Columbus  for  steamboats. 
The  Tallapoosa  and  Coosa,  headwaters  of  the  Alabama,  and 
tlie  Iliawassee,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Tennessee  River, 
take  their  rise  in  the  N.  of  this  state.  The  Suwanee  and 
the  Oclockonee  pass  S.  into  Florida.  A  line  run  through 
the  middle  of  the  state,  from  S.  to  N.  would  nearly  divide 
the  waters  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  from  those  flowing  into 
the  Gulf  of  Jlexico;  but  this  line  would  trend  to  the  E.  both 
In  the  \.  and  S..  and  to  the  W.  in  the  centre.  The  waters 
ofthe  Iliawassee,  however,  reach  the  gulf  through  the  Ohio 


and  Mississippi  valleys.  Georgia  has  about  80  miles  of  sea/ 
coast,  which  is  lined  by  small  islands,  on  whidi  grows  the 
celebrated  sea-island  cotton.  These  islands  are  cut  off 
from  the  mainland  by  narrow  sounds,  inlets,  or  lagoons. 

Objects  of  Jntc.rai  to  Touristf. — The  geologist  will  find  in 
the  alluvions  of  the  south-eastern  counties  of  Georgia  ex- 
tensive fossil  remains,  while  her  minerals  and  mountains 
will  offer  much  for  his  examination;  and  the  antitixniri^n, 
too,  m.'iy  find  objects,  even  in  this  new  country,  to  baffle  his 
most  ingenious  theories.  In  Hancock  county  is  an  Indian 
mound,  of  a  semioval  form.  2000  feet  long  and  37  high,  and 
surrounded  by  a  ditch.  Human  bones  have  been  found 
here.  About  9  miles  E.  of  Mncon  is  a  mound,  covering 
about  300  acres  at  its  base  and  50  at  its  top.  which  seems  to 
be  a  natuial  elevation,  but  is  covered  on  the  summit  with 
the  ruins  of  a  limestone  fortification.  There  are  several  ar- 
tificial mounds  in  the  same  neighborhood,  and  in  other 
parts  of  the  state.  One  in  Cass  county  is  1114  feet  in  cir- 
cuit and  75  feet  high,  in  which  have  been  found  large  jjuan- 
tities  of  pottery.  To  the  lover  of  the  picturesque.  (Jeirgia 
offers  many  grand  scene.s,  and  among  them  the  l^fone  Moun- 
tain, in  De  Kalb  county,  7  miles  in  circuit,  and  2220  feet  in 
height;  the  Falls  of  Tallulah,  a  branch  of  the  Tugaloo,  i.-. 
Ilaber.sham  county,  where  it  passes  through  a  ridge  o'' 
mountains,  forming  cliffs  fiom  200  to  500  feet,  and  descend 
ing  in  a  succession  of  four  falls  through  the  space  of  a  mile; 
Toccaco  Falls,  in  the  .same  stream,  185  feet  hi^h :  Amicolah 
Falls,  in  Lumpkin  county,  with  a  descent  of  400  feet  in  as 
many  yards;  the  Towaligo  Falls,  in  Monroe  county;  the 
Eastatoah  and  Stockoa  Falls,  iu  Kabun  county,  (thought 
by  many  to  surpass  the  Toccaco ;)  a  series  of  falls  in  the 
Iliawassee,  sometimes  with  a  descent  of  about  100  feet;  Ni- 
cojack  Cave,  opening  into  the  Bacoon  Mountains,  hear  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  the  state,  extending  for  miles  into  the 
mountain,  which  it  enters  by  a  portal  ICO  feet  wide,  and 
60  high;  through  this  passes  a  stream,  up  which  the  visiter 
must  be  boated  for  three  miles,  when  further  progress  is 
stopped  by  a  cataract ;  (Wilson's  Cave  is  described  in  the  same 
neighborhood,  by  Sears;  whether  or  not  it  is  the  same  cavo 
under  a  different  name  we  have  no  means  of  determining;) 
Nix's  Cave,  in  Floyd  county:  Track  Kock  and  Pilot  Moun- 
tain, (12C0  feet  high.)  both  in  Union  county — are  all  worthy 
of  a  separate  description  in  a  work  of  a  different  character. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Pioduclions. — -'While  the  inbaliitants 
(we  quote  De  Bow's  Resources  of  the  South  and  AVest)  of 
South.,rn  and  Middle  Georgia  are  being  parched  witli  heat, 
fiequeutly  so  intense  as  prevent  comfoi'table  rest,  even  at 
night,  the  more  nortliern  climate,  among  the  mountains, 
is  such  as  to  render  necessary  a  blanket  in  order  to  com- 
fortalile  repose.  A  more  lovely  heaven  does  not  smile  uprm 
the  classic  land  of  Italy  than  upon  tlie  favored  inliabitants 
of  Georgia."  According  to  meteorological  observations  made 
at  Savannah  by  Dr.  Posey,  during  the  year  ending  Slay, 
1852,  the  maximum  in  June,  at  2  p.  M.,  was  Oi'^^;  mini- 
mum 70;  mean  for  the  day,  77°10:  maximum  for  .luly, 
99°'3;  minimum.  90''-6;  mean,81°'7:  maximum  for  August, 
9.3°;  minimum,  82°-5;  mean.  79°-70:  maximum  for  Septem- 
ber, SS^-l ;  minimum,  60°-2:  mean,  67°'7 :  maximum  for 
October,  85°'6;  mininum,  50°-9;  mean,  CG°-25:  maximum 
fir  November,  77°-l ;  minimum.  50°-l;  mean,o6°-12:  maxi- 
mum for  December.  58°'6;  minimum,  4.3°'3;  mean.  47°'27: 
maximum  for  January,  76°;  minimum.  29°-5;  mean,41°-75: 
maximum  for  February,  81°  7 ;  minimum,  60°;  mean, 
5ij°'45:  maximum  for  March.  84° ;  minimum,  43°-9;  mean, 
61°-30:  maximum  for  April,  86°-7  ;  minimum,  67°-9;  mean, 
63°-27  :  and  maximum  for  May,  94°'9;  minimum,  69°-9; 
and  mean,  75°-52.  There  were  85  rainy  days  in  the  year, 
viz.  13  in  June,  12  in  July,  10  in  Augu.«t,  4  iu  September, 
5  in  October,  5  in  NovemI)er,  7  in  December.  4  in  January, 
5  in  February,  7  in  March,  8  in  April,  and  5  in  May.  The 
thermometer  was  highest,  July  30,  2  P.  M.,  9fl°'3,  and  low- 
est, January  20,  7  a.  m.,  13°'8.  The  peach  blossomed  Fe- 
bruary 20th.  and  the  plum  on  the  2od,  Snow  falls  some- 
times, but  does  not  lie  long. 

The  diversity  of  soil  is  not  less  than  that  of  climate,  from 
the  rich  alluvions  near  the  seacoast  and  rivers,  to  the  thin- 
ner soil  of  the  pine  barrens  (not  so  sterile  by  far  as  tlieir 
name  implies)  and  the  rougher  mountain  regions.  Tlie 
good  and  bad  lands  of  Georgia  are  so  intermingled,  that  it 
is  difficult  to  describe  them  by  districts.  In  the  south,  we 
have  on  the  coast  the  islands  with  their  light  sandy  .soil, 
but  fertile  in  sea-i.sland  cotton;  and  on  the  mainland  are 
the  rich  alluvions,  but  interspersed  with  swamps,  which, 
however,  yield  rice  in  abundance.  The  bottom  lands  of  the 
Savannah,  Ogeechee,  Altamaha,  and  the  smaller  rivers, 
are  exceedingly  fertile,  and  produce,  rice,  cotton,  Indian 
corn,  and,  sugar,  Fartlier  west,  about  60  miles  from  the 
coast,  commence  the  pine  barrens,  at  present  mostly  va- 
luable for  their  timber  and  naval  stores,  but  easily  cul- 
tivable and  productive,  should  occasion  require.  In  th<» 
south-west  the  soil  is  light  and  .sandy,  but  fertile,  and  pro- 
ductive  in  .cotton.  The  sugar-cane  is  also  sometimes  cul- 
tivated successfully.  The  soil,  though  fertile,  is  e.tsily  ex- 
hausted, and  requires  manuring  to  restore  it.  Tlio  middle 
region  consists  of  a  red  loamy  soil,  once,  productive,  but, 

741 


GEO 

owi  ',;  to  al.til  ^ystonl  of  culture,  nmch  imimverislied.  Its 
prodiu  ts  are  ;o!  ton,  tobacco,  anil  tlie  various  kinds  of  grain. 
We  no  V  com'!  to  the  Cherokee  country  in  tlie  north,  once 
la  possession  of  the  Indians  of  that  name,  and  containing 
lands  among  the  most  fertile  in  the  slate,  particularly  in  its 
valleys,  which,  though  worked  by  the  Indians  for  ages 
past,  are  still  capable  of  producing  from  50  to  75  bushels  of 
grain  to  the  acre.  This  region  is  not  so  well  adapted  to  the 
culture  of  cotton,  though  it  can  be  raised  successfully,  but 
yields  wheat,  corn,  Irish  potatoes,  pe.is,  betins,  &c..  abund- 
antly. Here,  too,  are  to  be  found  gold,  iron,  coal,  marble, 
granite,  limestone,  and  other  minerals,  valuable  in  build- 
ing and  the  industrial  arts.  The  iron  is  represented  as  be- 
ing of  very  superior  quality.  Our  summary  of  the  natural 
resources  and  the  physical  characteristics  of  this  flourishing 
Etate,  brings  us  to  the  conclusion  that  it  is  surpassed  by  no 
Atlantic  or  Gulf  state,  to  say  the  least,  in  the  elements  of  a 
rapid  growth  in  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  commerce. 
AVith  a  soil  capable  of  yielding  most  of  the  great  staples  of 
the  country,  and  some  tropical  fruits,  with  a  mild  climate, 
yet  cold  enough  in  the  north  for  the  restoration  of  health 
to  the  enervated  inhabitant  of  the  south,  and  for  the  pro- 
duction of  the  winter  grains ;  with  rivers  that  can  he  navi- 
gated by  steamboats  to  her  centre,  and  whose  branches  fur- 
nish water-power  in  abundance,  what  element  of  prosperity 
does  she  lack,  if  she  be  true  to  hei-self  ?  Jhe  prime  articles 
of  cultivation  in  Georgia  are  cotton,  rice,  sweet  potat<5es, 
and  Indian  corn,  besides  which  large  quantities  of  live  stock, 
wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  wool,  peas,  beans,  Irish  potatoes,  fruits, 
market  products,  butter,  cheese,  hay.  sugar,  molasses,  bees- 
wax and  honey,  and  some  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  wine, 
grass  seeds,  hops,  flax,  and  silk  are  produced.  Georgia  is 
first  of  the  states  of  the  Union  in  the  amount  of  sweet  pota- 
toes raised,  and  second  in  that  of  rice  and  cotton.  In  1S60 
there  were  in  Georgia  8,062,758  acres  of  improved  land 
(18,587,732  being  unimprovetl),  producing  2,5-44,913  bushels 
of  wheat;  115.532  of  rye;  30,776,293  of  Indian  corn;  1,231.817 
of  oats;  1,765.214  of  pesxs  and  beans;  303,789  of  Irish  pota- 
toes;  6,508,541  of  sweet  potatoes;  14.682  of  barley;  52.507  ,»)52 
pounds  of  rice;  919,318  of  tobacco:  946,227  of  wool ;  5,439,765 
3f  butter;  15,5S7  of  cheese;  546.749  gallons  of  cane  molasses; 
103,490  of  sorghum  molasses;  701,840  bales  (of  400  pounds 
each)  of  cotton;  953,915  pounds  of  honey;  and  46.448  tons 
of  hay;  live  stock  valued  at  $38,372,734;  orchard  products 
at  $176,048 ;  market  products,  $201,916;  and  slaughtered  ani- 
mals at  810,908,204. 

fbrest  Trees. — There  are  extensive  forests  of  pine  and  live- 
oak  in  the  S. ;  the  swamps  affoi-d  cedar  and  cypress,  and  the 
middle  country  oak  and  hickory.  The  other  forest-ti-ees  are 
walnut,  chestnut,  poplar,  sycamore,  beech,  maple,  ash,  gum, 
elm.  fir.  spruce,  magnolia,  laurel,  and  palmetto. 

Animah. — Bears,  deers,  wolves,  panthers,  foxes,  gophers, 
and  rabbits,  among  quadrupeds;  alligators,  terrapins,  li- 
zards, scorpions,  and  rattlesnakes,  among  reptiles:  and  tur- 
tle, rock,  black,  and  flying-fish,  trout,  bass,  drum,  sheeps- 
head.  Spanish  mackerel,  porgey,  and  mullet,  among  fish, 
are  the  loading  objeet.s  of  animated  nature  in  Georgia. 

Muvii/aetures.—Georgia  has  recently  made  great  advances 
in  the  establishment  of  manufactures,  for  which  she  enjoys 
great  facilities  in  the  abundaneeof  her  water-power  and  fuel, 
in  the  nearness  of  the  rawmaterial  to  the  manufacturer,  and 
in  the  number  of  her  navigable  rivers  and  iron  roads  ready 
to  carry  her  fabrics  to  market.  According  to  the  censuB  of 
1S60  there  were  in  the  state  1890  manufacturing  establish- 
lisliments,  employing  11,575  persons,  consuming  raw  ma- 
terial worth  $9,986,532,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of 
816,925,564  annually,  total  amount  of  ( apital  invested, 
$10,890,875.  Of  these  103  were  establishme'  its  for  the  prepa- 
ration and  manufacture  of  cotton,  capital  in7e8ted,S2,3s5,670, 
annual  products,  $3,072,377;  11  woollen  factories,  capital 
invested,  $242,500,  annual  products,  $464,420 ;  410  saw-mills, 
capital  invested,  $1,639,217,  annual  products,  $2,412,996;  378 
flour  and  meal  establishments,  capital  invested,  $1,599,515, 
annual  products,  $4,550,007;  158  blacksmith  shops,  capital, 
$98,245,  annual  products,  .S221,.590 :  137  establishments  for 
the  preparation  and  maniifacture  of  leather,  capital  invested, 
$329,048,  annual  products, $422,45 1 ;  125  boot  and  shoe  manu- 
factories, capital  invested.$16S,331,annual  products.$406,557 ; 
118  carriage  factories,  capital  invested,  $,370,i35,  annual 
products.  So95,331;  13  distilleries  (turpentine^  cajiital  in- 
vested, $196,620,  annual  products,  $236,111;  to  which  we 
may  add  the  value  of  home-made  manufactures,  which  was 
$1,431,413. 

Internal  Improvements.— Georgia  takes  the  lead  of  the 
Southern  States  in  the  number  and  extent  of  her  railw.iys. 
which  cross  the  middle  and  N.  of  the  state  in  all  directions^ 
connecting  her  commercial  centre  with  all  the  important 
towns  of  her  own  interior,  with  Alabama  on  the  W..  and 
with  Tennessee  and  the  great  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Valleys 
to  the  X.  and  N.VV.  According  to  the  census  of  1860  there 
■were  in  Georgia  1404  miles  of  railroad  completed.  The  Cen- 
tral Georgia  Railroad  extends  from  Savannah  to  Macon,  190 
mih-.i ;  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad  extends  from  Mar 
con  103  miles  to  Atlanta,  where  it  connects  with  the  Geor- 
gia Railroad  and  the  Chattanooga  and  Atlanta,  formerly 
<4a 


GEa 

called  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  which  is  about 
136  miles  long.  Atlanta  is  connected  with  Augusta  by  the 
Georgia  Railroad,  171  miles  long  exclusive  of  branches.  An- 
other road  87  miles  long  extends  from  Atlanta  to  West 
Point.  The  Savannah  Albany  and  Gulf  Railroad,  extend- 
ing from  Savannah  towards  Tallahasse,  Florida,  is  com- 
pleted to  Boston,  189  miles  from  Savannah.  Augusta  is  the 
N.  terminus  of  a  railroad  which  connects  with  the  Central 
Railroad  at  Millen,  and  forms  part  of  a  direct  route  to  Sa- 
vannah. Macon  is  also  connected  with  Columbus  by  rail- 
road. The  railroads  from  Charleston  and  Savannah  form 
important  arteries  in  the  trside  between  the  Xorth  and  the 
Southwestern  States,  lliere  are  only  a  few  short  cjinals  in 
Georgia  —  one  connecting  the  Savannah  and  Ogeechee 
Rivers;  another  from  Brunswick  to  the  Altamaha;  and  a 
canal  round  tiie  falls  in  thw  Savannah,  at  Augusta,  making 
a  total  of  about  50  miles. 

Commerce. — Georgia  is  favorably  situated  for  internal 
trade,  having  a  number  of  navigable  rivers,  which  m.-iy  be 
ascended  by  steamboats  from  200  to  300  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  still  farther  for  keel-boats.  She  has  an  active  coa.stiuj; 
trade  with  her  sister  states;  and,  besides  sailing  ve.ssels, has 
lines  of  ocean  steamers  running  regularly  between  Savau 
nah  and  New  York,  and  the  .same  port  and  I'hiladelpbia 
The  principal  exports  of  Georgia  consist  of  her  great  staple, 
cotton,  and  of  rice,  lumber,  and  naval  stores.  Her  exporta 
to  foreign  countries  amounted  in  1S53  to$371,883.  and  her  im- 
ports to  $508,261.  Tonnage  entered.  52,175:  cleared,  81,527. 
Georgia  exports  also  largely  of  her  rice,  lumber,  and  cotton 
to  other  states  of  the  Union.  There  were  received  at  the 
different  ports  of  Georgia,  in  1S53,  394,490  bales  of  cotton, 
and  39.929  tierces  of  rice  were  exported ;  but  the  exports  of 
cotton  have  reached  600.000  bales  iu  a  single  year.  The  ton- 
nage of  the  state,  in  1853,  was  22,130.  of  whicli  5667  was 
ste;im  tonnage;  the  number  of  vessels  built  in  1S52  was  2, 
whose  tonnage  was  323. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Georgia,  32  colleges,  with  3302  students,  and  $167,931  in- 
come, of  which  $4,770  was  from  public  funds ;  1752  public 
schools,  with  56,087  pupils,  and  $449,966  income,  of  which 
$117,243  was  from  public  funds,  and  $o3,276  from  taxation  ; 
242  academies  and  other  public  schools,  with  11,075  pupils, 
$237,373  income,  of  which  $25,289  was  from  public  funds, 
and  $.3043  from  taxes.  There  are  also  in  this  stutc,  364 
libraries,  of  which  288  were  public,  52  Sunday-school,  11 
college,  and  13  church  librai-ies,  comprising  a  total  of 
272,935  volumes.  Georgia  is  celebrated  for  her  female  insti- 
tutes. Among  the  numerous  high  schools  and  academies 
we  may  mention  tlie  Georgia  Female  College  at  Macon,  which 
before  the  war  is  said  to  have  been  attended  by  about  150 
pujuls,  who  were  carried  through  a  liberal  course  of  educa- 
tion. It  is  mentioned  as  an  evidence  of  the  increiised  in- 
terest felt  in  the  subject  of  education,  that  a  conmion-school 
journal  had  been  established  at  Columbus.  Among  the  col- 
legiate institutions  of  the  state  may  be  named  Franklin  Col- 
lege at  Athens,  and  Oglethorpe  University  at  Milledgeville. 

Periixiicals. — There  were  published  in  Georgia,  in  1860, 
105  periodicals,  of  which,  12  were  issued  daily,  and  71  weekly 
75  were  political,  4  religious,  22  literary,  and  4  miscellaneous. 
The  nunjber  of  copies  issued  annually,  was  13,415,444. 

Religious  Denomiiiations. — Of  the  2393  churches  in  Geor- 
gia, in  1860, 1141  belong  to  the  Baptists,  Vj  to  the  Christians, 
25  to  the  Episcopalians,  1  to  the  Jews,  9  to  the  Lutherans, 
1035  to  the  Methodists,  125  to  the  I'resbyterians,  4  to  the 
Cumbeiland  Presbyterians,  S  to  the  Roman  Catholics,  27  to 
the  Unionists,  and  3  to  the  Univei-salists,  making  1  church 
to  every  442  persons.    Value  of  church  property,  $2,440,391. 

Public  Institutions. — There  is  a  State  Li;natic  Asylum  near 
Milledgeville,  which  went  into  operation  in  1842,  and  which 
receives  $15,000  annually  from  the  state,  and  had  in  1853 
120  inmates.  The  state  has  recently  appropriated  $25,000 
for  enlarging  the  building.  There  is  also  an  Asjium  for 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  Murray  county,  which  received,  in 
1852.  $17,000  from  the  state.  The  State  Penitentiary  at 
Milledgeville  is  a  three-story  granite  building,  200  feet  by 
30.  The  convicts  are  employed  in  manufactui-ing  lejither, 
wagon.s.  shoes,  pails,  and  many  other  articles,  the  sale  of 
which  leaves  a  small  balance  over  the  expenses  of  the  peni- 
tentiary. It  had  122  convicts  in  1853.  Georgia  h.ad,  in  1850 
3  public  libraries,  with  6500  volumes;  26  school  and  Sun 
day-school  libraries,  with  3788  volumes;  and  9  college  libra 
ries,  with  21.500  volumes. 

Papulation. — The  original  settlers  of  Georgia  were  English. 
Scotch,  and  German,  with  the  usual  admixture  of  othei 
nations,  (as  shown  by  the  figures  below.)  as  the  pe<iplirig  of 
the  state  progressed.  Up  to  183S,  the  Cherokee  Indians,  one 
of  the  most  civilized,  intelligeut.  and  numerous  of  the  abo- 
riginal tribes,  formed  a  considerable  part  of  the  population 
of  Georgia.  In  1790  the  number  of  inhabitants  was  82.648; 
162,101  in  1800;  252.433  in  1810;  340.987  in  1820:  51R.S23  in 
18;0;  691,392  in  1S40;  906,185  in  1850;  and  in  1S60, 1.057,286, 
of  whom  591,550  were  whites,  2500  colored.  462,198  slaves, 
and  3^  Indians.  Population  to  the  squwe  mile,  18.  Repre- 
sentative population,  872,406.  i  <f  the  free  population,  475,4'.i6 
were  boru  iu  the  state,  107,921  iu  other  states,  11,671  iu 


GEO 


GER 


forofsn  countries;  of  whom  1122  were  born  in  England; 
6686  ill  Ireland ;  431  in  Scotland;  56  in  Wales;  178  in  Britisii 
America;  2472  in  Germany;  283  in  France;  and  11.128  in 
otiier  foreign  countries.  Of  the  populaticm  in  the  leading 
pursuits.  67,718  were  farmers,  19,567  farm  laborers,  11,272 
laborers,  53:!7  servants,  4909  overseers,  3626  clerks,  3219  car- 
penters, 3195  merchants,  2858  planters,  2454  factory  hands, 
2411  seamstresses,  2123  teachers,  2004  physicians.  In  the 
year  ending  June  1, 1S60,  there  occurred  12,816  deaths,  or 
123  in  every  thousand.  The  ratio  of  mortality  is  less  than 
that  of  most  of  the  Southern  States.  There  were  supported 
in  the  same  year  1453  paupers,  at  an  expense  of  $45,161. 
Of  3SS  deaf  and  dumb,  S3  were  slaves  (see  Introdcction 
to  the  volume  on  Population  nf  the.  Eighth  Census);  of  484 
blind,  187  were  slaves;  of  491  insane,  44  were  slaves;  of 
724  idiotic,  183  were  slaves. 

This  state  has  132  counties,  viz.:  -Appling,  Baker,  Bald- 
win, Banks,  Berrien,  Bibb,  Brooks,  Bryan.  Bullock,  Burke, 
Butts,  Calhoun.  Camden,  Campbell,  Carroll,  Cass,  Catoosa, 
Charlton,  Chatham,  Chattahoochie,  Chattooga,  Cherokee, 
Clark,  Clay,  Clayton,  Clinch,  Cobb.Colfee,  Colquitt,  Colum- 
bia, Coweta,  Crawford,  Dade,  Dawson,  Decatur,  Do  Kalb, 
Dooly,  Dougherty,  Early,  Echolls,  Effingham,  Elbert,  Eman- 
uel, Fannin,  Fayette,  Floyd,  Forsyth,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Cil- 
mer,  Glasscock,  Glynn,  Gordon,  Greene,  Gwinnett,  Ilaber- 
Bham,  Hall,  Hancock,  llaralson,  Harris,  Hart,  Heard,  Henry, 
Houston,  Irwin.  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Jones, 
Laurens,  Lee,  Liberty,  Lincoln.  Lowndes,  Lumpkin,  Macon, 
Madison,  Marion,  Mcintosh,  Meriwether,  Miller,  Milton, 
Mitchell,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Murray,  Sluscogee, 
Newton,  Oglethorpe,  Paulding,  Pickens,  Pierce,  Pike,  Polk, 
Pulaski,  Putnam,  Quitman,  Kabtin,  Randolph,  Richmond, 
Schley,  Scriven,  Spalding,  Stewart,  Sumter,  Talbot,  Talia- 
ferro, Tatnall,  Taylor,  Telfair,  Terrell,  Thomas,  Towns.Troup, 
Twiggs,  Union,  Upson,  Walker,  Walton,  Ware,  Warren, 
Washington,  Wayne.  Webster,  White,  Whitefield,  Wilcox, 
Wilkes,  Wilkinson,  Worth.    Capital,  Milledgeville. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  towns  of  Georgia  have  received  a 
new  impetus  since  the  completion  of  her  railways;  and 
places  that  were  mere  cross-roads  a  few  years  ago,  with  their 
tavern,  store,  and  smithy,  have  become  flourishing  manu- 
facturing villages.  Savannah,  the  principal  city  of  Georgia, 
had  a  population  of  22,292  in  1-^60  (15,312  in  1850);  Augusta, 
the  next  largest,  12.493;  Columbus,  9621;  Atlanta,  9554; 
Macon,  8247;  Rome,  4010;  Athens,  3848;  Newton,  3225. 

Government. — This  state  is  similar  in  its  governmental 
divisions  to  the  other  members  of  the  eonf  deracy.  The 
legislature  meets  biennially,  on  the  fii-st  Monday  in  October. 
The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  2  years,  and  receives 
a  salary  of  $3000  per  annum.  The  senate  consists  of  47 
members,  and  the  house  of  representatives  of  130,  both 
elected  for  each  session  of  the  legislature,  and  receiving  $5 
per  diem.  Every  whit«  male  who  has  paid  a  tax  the  pre- 
vious year,  and  resided  in  the  county  where  the  election 
takes  place  6  months  before  the  election,  is  a  legalized  elector. 
The  state  of  Georgia  is  entitled  to  7  members  in  the  national 
house  of  rejirosentiitives,  and  to  9  electoral  votes  for  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

The  judiciary  is  composed — 1.  Of  a  court  of  errors  and 
appeals,  presided  over  by  3  judges,  elected  for  6  years  by  the 
legislature;  2.  Of  a  superior  court,  held  in  every  county  in 
the  state  twice  a  year,  and  presided  over  by  judges  elected 
for  4  years  by  the  legislature;  3.  Of  an  inferior  court,  consist- 
ing of  5  justices  in  each  county,  elected  by  the  people  for  4 
years,  and  holding  2  sessions  a  year;  and,  4.  Of  justices' 
courts,  consisting  of  2  justices  for  each  militia  district, 
elected  by  the  people  of  their  respective  districts.  The  state 
is  divided  into  11  judicial  districts.  The  judges  of  the  superior 
court  are  elected  by  the  legislature  for  4  years.  The  judges 
of  the  supreme  court  receive  .$2500  per  annum. 

The  public  debt  of  Georgia  in  1853  was  2.801,972.  The 
sources  of  revenue  (which  averages  about  $700,000  a  year) 
are  a  general  tax.  a  special  tax  on  bank  stocks  and  railroad 
stocks,  and  an  income  from  the  State  Railroad.  The  expen- 
ditures, for  the  pay  of  legislators,  civil  establishments,  judi- 
ci.^^y,  public  charities.  Ac,  are  about  $131,000  a  year,  of 
which  $30,000  (in  185-3)  was  contributed  to  the  deaf  and 
dumb  and  lunatic  asylums.  The  public  debt  consists  of 
bonds  issued  for  the  construction  of  railways.  Estimated 
value  of  real  and  personal  property  in  1852.  $308,968,825 ;  to 
each  individual,  $366.  In  1854  there  were  18  banking  insti- 
tutions in  the  state,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $12,957,600, 
a  circulation  of  $9,518,777,  and  .$1,576,813  in  coin. 

History. — Georgia  was  the  last  settled  of  the  original 
thirteen  states  of  the  American  Confederacy.  A  charter  for 
establishing  the  "  Colony  of  Georgi.\,"  (named  in  honor  of 
the  king.)  was  given  by  George  II.,  June  9,  1732.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  by  Oglethorpe  at  Yamacraw  BlutT,  now 
called  Savannah,  in  1733,  more  than  100  years  after  the 
settlement  of  most  of  the  original  colonies,  and  63  years 
after  that  of  South  Carolina,  her  nearest  neighbor.  Three 
years  afterwards,  some  Germans  founded  fibenezer  on  the 
river,  about  25  miles  above  .S.ivannah.  The  settlement  of 
Darieu  was  commenced  about  the  same  time  by  some  Scotch 
Uighlauders.    The  infant  colony  was  involved  in  sonie  severe 


contests  with  the  Spaniards  of  Florida,  who  claimed  the 
country  as  far  as  the  33d  degree  of  N.  latitude.  In  1739- 
Oglethorpe  invaded  Florida,  took  Fort  Diego,  and  besiege*! 
St.  Augustine,  but  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  and  return. 
The  Spanish  in  turn  invaded  Georgia  in  1742:  but,  being 
alarmea  by  a  stratagem  of  Oglethorpe's,  they  -arreated  with 
out  coming  to  blows.  Slaves  were  first  amnitted  into  the 
colony  in  1749.  The  proprietors,  harassetl  by  the  diflicultiw 
that  surrounded  them,  gave  up  the  province  to  the  cmwn 
in  1752,  when  Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed  its  agent  near 
the  British  government.  In  1761  the  Cherokee  Indiana 
were  attacked  by  Colonel  Montgomery,  on  which  occasion 
the  savages  so  bravely  resisted,  that,  though  Montgomery 
claimed  the  victory,  he  thought  it  advisable  to  retreat.  The 
following  year  Colonel  Grant  burned  their  towns,  laid  waste 
their  country,  and  forced  them  to  sue  for  peace,  tieorgia 
entered  warmly  into  the  Revolution,  and,  during  parts  of 
1778, 1779,  and  1780,  was  in  the  hands  of  the  British  troops. 
Savannah  was  captured  by  them  December  29th,  1778.  and 
the  combined  American  and  French  armies  were  repul.sed 
in  an  attempt  to  retake  it  in  October,  1779,  with  a  loss  to 
the  allies  of  1100  men.  In  18.38  the  Cherokee  Indians  wore 
removed  from  the  state  to  the  Indian  territory,  beyond  the 
5Iississippi,  and  Georgia  came  into  possession  of  the  long- 
eoveted  Indian  reservation,  regarded  as  among  the  best  lands 
of  the  state. Inhab.  Georgun,  jor'je-^n. 

GEORGIA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific,'  in  Solomon  Archi- 
pelago. E.  of  New  Guinea. 

GEORGIA,  a  post^township  of  Franklin  co..  Vermont,  on 
Lake  Clianiplain,  and  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  40 
miles  N.W.  of  Montpeller.    Pop.  1647. 

GEORGIA,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  Slississippi. 

GKORGIA,  a  di.strict  in  Clarke  co.,  Georgia. 

GKORGIAN'A,  a  county  of  Ea.st  Australia.  New  South 
Wales.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Abercorn  River  and  its 
affluents,  the  I>achlan  forming  its  W.  )x)undary. 

GEORGIAN  BAY.    See  Huron,  Lake. 

GEORGIA,  SOUTir  an  island  in  the  South  Atlantic.  Lat. 
54°  5'  S..  Ion.  .38°  15'  W. 

GEOIfGIAVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Isl.and. 

GEORGIEVSK  or  GHF:0RGHIEVSK,  gd  oR-gho-^v.'sk',  a 
fortified  town  of  the  Russian  dominions,  government  of 
Caucasus,  near  an  affluent  of  the  Kooma  (Kuma.)  90  miles 
S.K.  of  Stavropol.  Pop.  3000,  mostly  Cossacks.  It  was  founded 
in  1771.  is  regularly  built,  and  was  the  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment till  1802. 

GEOROIEVSKOE,  gA-or-ghe-<lv'sko-A,  a  village  of  Russia, 
government,  and  120  miles  N.W.  of  Viatka,  on  the  Kama. 

GKOKGSWALDE,  gA'orgs-«ardeh.  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia. 64  miles  N.  of  Prague.     Pop.  4499. 

GEPPERSDORF,  gh^p^ers-doRr,  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Moravi.i,  circle  of  Olmiitz.     Pop.  736. 

GEPPERSDORF,  ghVp?rsdonf\  a  village  and  lordship 
of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle  of  Troppau.     Pop.  1340. 

GER.  zhaiR.  the  name  of  several  villages  of  France,  the 
principal  in  the  department  of  Manche,  8  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Mortain.     Pop.  in  1862,  2624. 

GER  A.  g.Vrd.  a  river  of  Centr.al  Germany,  flows  northward, 
and.  after  a  course  of  about  38  miles,  joins  the  Unstrut,  12 
miles  N.  of  Erfurt. 

GER  A.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  principality  of  Reuss, 
on  the  White-Elster,  35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leipsic.  Pop.  11.265. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  several  churches  and  hos- 
pitals, an  orphan  asylum,  a  richly  endowed  gymnasium, 
wilh  a  public  library  and  museums,  normal  and  various 
other  schools.  It  manuf;ictures  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics, 
leather,  hats,  tobacco,  porcelain. colors,  earthenware,  and  car- 
riages :  and  has  dye-works,  breweries,  and  brick-kilns.  In  its 
neighborhood  are  well  frequented  public  baths. 

GER.\CE,  j.A-rd'ch;l,  (.tnc.  Lo>cn.)  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  34  miles  N.E.  of  Reggio.  Pop. 
between  .3000  and  4000.    It  is  a  bishop's  see. 

GEIiACI.  ji-rl'chee.  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the  Val  Dimona, 
16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cefalu.     I'op.  3360. 

GERARD-DE-RYS,  zhAVaR'-de-reece.  an  island  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean :  l.at.  3°  10'  S..  Ion.  148°  10'  E.  Length,  about 
40  miles:  breadth,  8  miles.  It  is  mountainous,  densely 
wooded,  and  inhabited  by  Papuan  Negroes. 

GlCRARDMER,  zhaVaRd'maiR',  or  G1^:R0ME,  zhAVo'm.V, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  between  the 
Lakes  Gerardmer,  Longemer,  and  Retournemer,  15  miles  S. 
ofSt.DiS.     Pop.  1597. 

GEK'ARDSTOWX  or  GER'RARDSTOWN,  a  post-village 
of  Berkley  co.,  Virginia,  166  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond, 
contains  3  churches. 

GERASA,  je-rd'.sa,  JER  ASH.  je-riish',  written  also  DJER- 
ASn.  a  ruined  city  of  Syria,  in  ancient  Decapolis,  80  miles 
S.S.W.  of  D.amascus.  on  the  opposite  slopes  of  two  hiils.  2l:0C 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  lat.  32°  20'  N..  ion.  36°  3- 
E.  The  ruins  of  this  city  have  been  compared  to  those  of 
Baalbec  and  Palmyra.  Here  may  be  seen  a  magnificent 
triumphal  arch  of  the  Corinthian  order,  a  nauniachia,  a 
theatre,  and  a  small  temple,  with  a  spacious  semicircular 
colonnade  of  the  Ionic  order,  trom  which  a  street,  with  a 

743 


==JJ 


GER 


GER 


raose  of  columns  on  each  ?ide,  traverses  the  whole  length 
ct  the  city.  The  street  is  crossed  at  rifrht  angles  by  three 
parallel  istreets.  on  either  of  which  are  the  remains  of  inte- 
restin;:  and  magnificent  buildmgs.  Beyond  the  north  wall  is 
an  extensive  necropolis,  with  numerous  finely-executed 
sarcophagi.  Gerasa  was  built  by  the  Komans  aftt-r  their 
conquests  in  the  E.;  takeu  by  stonu  by  Alexander  Jan- 
nasus :  burned  by  the  Jews  iu  their  veiifreance  on  the  Sy- 
rians. fi)r  the  massacre  of  their  brethren  at  Ca?sarea:  taken 
by  Annius,  a  general  under  Vespasian,  who  burned  down 
what  remained  of  it :  and  in  1122,  its  castle  was  destroyed 
by  Baldwin  11.  of  Jerus;ilem. 

GKKAU.  a  town  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt.    See  Geoss  Gekau. 

GERBA  or  GERBT.     See  Jkkua. 

GERBEROY,  zh^<K'bfh  rwl',  a  small  ancient  town  of 
France,  department  of  Oise,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Beauvais. 
Pop.  2S2. 

GERBEVILLER.  zhJR'bi^•eeVa^B',  a  marketrtown  of 
France,  department  of  Meurthe,  6  miles  S.  of  Luneville. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  2i>93. 

GERBIER-DES-JON'CS,  zhJR'be-i'-dA-zhAso',  one  of  the 
C6vennes  Mountains,  in  France,  department  of  Ardfeche,  18 
miles  W.N'.AV.  of  I'rivns.  Its  summit  was  lowered  by  the 
effect  of  an  earthijuake  in  1821.  from  5610  feet  to  5126  feet. 

GERBSTADT,  (Gerbstadt.)  ghfRb'st^tt,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxonv.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  1950. 

0ERD.4.UE.\,  ghjR'dSw-en,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  40 
miles  S.E.  of  Konigsberir.    Pop.  2400. 

GEKEMOABO,  zhird-mo-iUbo,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the 
Interior  of  the  province  of  Bahia.     Pop.  3000. 

GER'ENTON,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi. 

GERENZANO.  jA-rJn-zil'no,  a  village  of  Kortheru  Italy, 

15  miles  X.W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  1430. 

GEREZ.  SERRA  DE,  s^r'rS  di  zhi'rjz,  a  mountain 
chain,  of  Portugal,  forming  a  ramification  of  the  mountains 
of  Asturias,  and  situated  between  the  basins  of  the  Doui-o 
and  the  Minho  to  the  W.  of  Montalegre.  It  stretches  about 
18  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  is  generally  compose!  of  a  suc- 
cession of  lofty  granite  peaks.  Its  culminating  point,  the 
Murro  de  Buragciro,  has  a  height  of  4296  feet.  Marshal 
Soult.  in  1809,  when  retreating,  led  his  army  through  a 
terrific  gorge  forming  one  of  the  passes  in  this  chain. 

GERG.^L.  ii^R-gdl',  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
18  miles  N.  of  .\lmeria.     Pop.  6028. 

GERGEI,  jeR-jA'ee,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  34 
miles  X.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  2161. 

GERGEN,  ghjR'ghJn'.  a  small  town  and  ruined  castle  of 
Asiati;  Turkey,  on  the  Euphrates.  Lat.  37°  56'  30"  X.,  Ion. 
39°  11'  E. 

G  ERGENTI.  a  city  of  Sicily.    See  Giroenti. 

GERGOFALVA,  ghjR'go^fOl'viih*,  a  town  of  Transylvania, 

16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilermannstadt. 

GKRIDEII,  phih'reeMfh.  (anc.  Oa'liaf  or  Flaviop/c^isf)  a 
town  of  Asia  ilinor,  pashalic  of  Anatolia,  32  miles  E.  of  Boli. 

GERINDOTE.  aa-reen-do'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Cas- 
tile. 16  miles  N.W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  12.53. 

GERINGSWALDE.  gA'rings-« dl'dgh,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
30  miles  S.E.  of  Leipsic.     Pop.  2318. 

GERK,  ghJRk.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  near  the 
confluence  nf  the  Bossut.  and  Save.     Pop.  2S10. 

GERLACIISIIEIM.  ghjRllK.'i-hlme'.  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Silesia,  government,  and  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz. 

GERL.\CIISnKIM.  ghiKliks-hime'.  a  village  of  Germany, 
grand  duchv  of  Baden.  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wertheim.     P.  1100. 

GERLAC'USIIEI.M  GERLINGEN.(gh*Rling-en,1a  village 
of  WUrtembnrg.  circle,  and  3  miles  E.  of  Leonberg. 

GERM.\,  gheR'md,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  Fezzjin,  50 
miles  N.W.  of  Moorzook.  It  is  enclosed  by  rampfirts  and  a 
ditch ;  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  ancient  Garama,  but  has 
no  vestiixes  of  antiquity. 

GEKMAX.    See  Germajty. 

GERMAN,  jer'man,  a  post-townshin  on  the  W.  border  of 
Chenango  co.,  New  York,  120  miles  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  781. 

GEI;MAN,  a  township,  Fayette  co^  Pennsylvania.  P.  2046. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1359. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Augl.aize  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1721. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  190*. 

GERMAN,  a  post-tow nship of  Dtuke co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1685. 

GKRM  AN,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1872. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1240. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1637. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.,  Ohio.    P.  3104. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1143. 

GERMAN,  a  township  in  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana.    P.  782. 

GERM.\X, a townfeliip in Vanderburgco., Indiana.  P.  1368. 

GERMAN  FLATS,  a  township  of  Herkimer  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  .Mohawk  River  and  Erie  CauiU,  15  miles  S.B.  of 
Utica.     Pop.  3940. 

OERMANIA.    SeeGiSRMAST. 

GERMANIC  CONFEDERATION.    See  QEEMAlfT. 

GERMANICUS  OCEANUS.    See  North  Sea. 

GEl!Nf.\N'NA.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Virginia. 

GKRMA'NO.  a  postKifBce  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio. 

GER.MAN  OCEAN.    See  Noktu  Sea. 
744 


GERMAN  REFORMED  COLLEGE.  See  Mbecersbcbo, 
Ponnsvlvana 

GERMAN  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  Preston  CO.,  W. 
Virginiii,  on  the  Bjiltinioreand  Ohio  Railroad,  130  miles  S.E. 
of  Wheeling.    The  village  is  called  Mount  C;trmel. 

GER'M.\NSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 18  miles  from  AUentown. 

GERM.A.N'S-WEEK.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

GER'MANTON.  a  postrvillage  of  Stokes  co.,  North  Caro 
lina,  110  miles  M'.N.AV.  of  Ralei-h. 

GER'MANTOWN,  a  post-village  and  town.'ihip  of  Columbia 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  on 
the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  12  miles  below  Hudson.  Pop. 
1353. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  village  of  Fayette  co..  Pennsylvania, 
near  the  Monougahela  River,  about  195  miles  W.  by  S.  of: 
Harrisburg. 

GER  M  ANTOWN,  formerly  a  post-borough  of  PhilaclelpWa. 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  but  now  included  within  the  chartered 
limits  of  the  city,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Germantown 
Railroad,  6  miles  N.W.  of  the  State-house.  It  consists  prin- 
cipally of  one  broad  street,  extending  about  4  miles  in  a 
N.N.AV.  and  S.S.E.  direction,  and  several  others,  recently 
bnilt  up,  intersecting  it  at  right  angles.  Many  of  the  mer- 
chants of  Philadelphia,  and  other  persons  retired  from  busi- 
ness, have  here  their  residences,  some  of  which  are  of  sur- 
passing elegance,  and  are  enclosed  with  spacious  grounds, 
adorned  with  fountains,  statuary,  and  green-houses.  Ger- 
mantown contains  21  places  of  worship,  a  newsi^aper  office, 
a  bank,  an  insurance  office,  an  academy  and  other  schools. 
It  is  lighted  with  gas.  and  supplied  with  water  from  Tulpe- 
hocken  Creek.  Here  are  also  extensive  manufactories  of 
various  kinds.  Pop.  in  1810,  6209;  of  the  ward  in  1864,  about 
20,000.  This  great  increase  in  population  is  chiefly  d«e  to 
its  salubrious  situation,  and  its  ready  communication  with 
the  city. 

GERMANTOWN,a  village  of  Bath  co.,Yirginia,  half  a  mile 
from  the  AVarni  Springs.   It  has  2  stores,  1  hotel.   Pop.  100. 

OERM.\NT0WN,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia, 
95  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Hyde  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, near  the  W.  end  of  Pamlico  Sound,  135  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Raleigh. 

GERMANTOWN.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Shelby  co.; 
Tennessee,  near  Wolf  River,  and  on  the  Memphis  and 
Charleston  Railroad,  15  miles  E.  of  Memphis,  is  situated  iu 
a  rich  cotton-growing  district,  and  has  an  active  trade. 
Pop.  about  400. 

GERM.A.NTOWN,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Bracken  co., 
Kentucky,  about  70  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort,  is  connected  by 
a  turnpike  with  Maysville.  A  part  of  the  village  with  the 
post-office  stands  in  the  county  of  Mason.     Pop.  neiir  500. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Germ.in 
township,  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  on  Twin  Creek,  44  miles 
N.  of  Cincinnati.  It  is  situated  in  a  l>eautiful  ^nd  fertile 
valley.  The  settlers  were  mostly  of  German  descent.  It 
contains  5  churches,  a  national  bank,  a  newsjiaper  office,  an 
academy,  3  flour-mills,  and  a  plow  factorv.    Pop.  14-38. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  IS 
miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

GERMANTOWN.  a  post-village  of  W.ivne  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  56  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  Illinois. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  sm.ill  village  of  Warren  co..  Missouri. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin.   Pop.  2344. 

GERMAN  VAL'LEY.  a  post-village  of  Morris  co.,  New 
Jersey,  17  miles  W.  of  Morristown,  has  2  churches. 

GER'MANVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Edgefield  district, 
South  Carolina.  .30  miles  W.  of  Columbia. 

GERMANVILLE.  a  post-office  of  JelTerson  co.,  Iowa. 

GERMANY,  (L.  Grma'ma;  Ger.  DeiiUchlavd.  doitch'- 
I3nt;  'Ft.  AUemagne,ii.\\''m?X.'\  S\>. Aknia7iia.  l-ldmd'-ne-J;) 
the  name  given  to  a  very  large  portion  of  Centr.il  Europe, 
not  forming  a  single  sovereignty,  but  compo.sed  of  a  great 
number  of  independent  states,  and  parts  of  states,  united 
together  by  a  common  league,  called  theGermai;i';  Confedera- 
tion, {Deutsches  Bund,  doi'chos  l)0i5nt.)  It  lies  between  lat. 
45°  and  55°  N.,  Ion.  5°  50'  and  19°  20'  E.,  and  is  bounded  N. 
by  the  North  Sea,  Denmark,  and  the  Baltic,  E.  by  AVest  Prus- 
sia, with  the  Duchy  of  Posen,  Poland.  Galicia.  and  Hun- 
gary; S.  by  the  Adriatic  Sea  and  Austrian  It.nly;  S.AV.  by 
Switzerland;  and  W.  by  France.  Belgium,  and  Holland. 
Greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.,  G9.')  miles;  greatest  breadth 
from  E.  to  W..  638  miles;  area,  235,029  square  miles.  It  is 
obvious  that  the  contour  of  Germany  is  not  defined  either 
bj'  political  or  natural  boundaries — not  by  political  bounda- 
ries. becau.se  several  of  its  more  important  stateu  h;.ve  large 
possessions  which  are  not  Includo-l  in  it;  and  not  by  •jatur.il 
boundaries,  because,  though  pari  ially  washed  b"  tbi 09  .«eas, 
the  North  Sea,  Baltic,  and  Adrialic.  and  barred  in  .on  Jiffer- 
ent  directions  by  lofty  mountains,  its  frontiers  generally  ar* 
only  marked  by  imaginary  lines.  The  Pillowing  table  gives 
the  name.  area,  and  population  of  the  dllfereul  states  which 
compose  the  confederation :— 


OER  GER^ 

SUitei  of  the  German  Qmfederation,  Oieir  Area,  Population,  Contingent  to  the  Federal  Army,  and  Number  of  Votes  in  the  Die^ . 


Designation. 


Popolation. 


Pop.  per 


Conting«.:l|y         ; 
Army. 


•  A  Dhalt-Bernburg 

•Anhalt-Dessau 

r»AnhaU-Kothenf] 

Austria— 

Archduchies 

Styria 

Carinthia  and  Carnicla 

Part  of  the  coast  territories 

Tyrol,  witli  Vorarlberg  and  Salzburg.. 

Bohemia 

Moravia  and  Silesia 

Duchies  of  Auschwitz  and  Zator  in 

Gallcia 

*Badeu 

ttllavaria 

Bremen « 

*Hrun»wiclk 

»Franl!fort 

Hamburg 

*Hanovcr 

*Hcsse-Cas3el 

V'Hesse-DarmstadL 

^Hessc-Homburg 

[*HohenzoIleru-Hechingen  J] 

[^Hohenzollern-Sigmuriugenl] 

Holstein  and  Laueuburg 

Liechtenstein .......... 

*I.ippe-  Oetmold 

Lippe-Schaumburg 

Labecli 

•  Luxemburg  with  Llmburg 

*Meckleaburg-Schn-criu 

Mecltlcnburg'Strelitz 

•Nassau 

•  Oldenburg  and  Kuiphaiiscn 

Prussia. — Divisions: — 

Brandenburg,  with  Niederlauslti 

Pomerauia,  with  Ragcn 

Silesia,  with  Glatz 

Prussian  Oberlausitz 

Saxony,  with  Altniarli  and  Thuringia. 

Westphalia,  with  Mansler  and  part  of 
Osnabr  aclt 

Lower  Rhine,  with  Jullers,  Cleves,  and 

Berg , 

•Reuss,  (old  line) 

•Reuss,  (youug  line) 

•Saxony 

•Saxe- Altenburg 

•  SaxeCoburg-Gotba 

•Saxe-Meiniugen 

•Saxe- Weimar-  KisenacU 

•  Schwarzburg-Kudolstadt 

•Sch  warzbu  rg-Soudershausen 

•Waldeck 

•Wurtemberg 


Duchy. 


Empire . 


Grand  Duchy 
Kingdom  .... 
Free  City.... 

Duchy 

Free  City...., 

Kingdom!'.!! 
Electorate  ... 
Grand  Duchy 
Landgrave... 
Principality. 

Dnchief 

Free  City...".. 
Grand  Duchy. 

Duchy , 

Grand  Duchy. 


70,293 


5,904 
29,6.37 


1,400 


14,811 
4,439 


335 
8,7^9 


Kingdom.. 


Total. 


Principality 

Kingdom.... 
Duchy 

Principality 
Kingdom  ... 


60,421 


6,917 
510 
799 


53,641 
68,08-2 
43,677 


11,893,192 


1,S,t6,943 

4,569,462 

74,000 

271,208 
77,911 

200.690 
1,819.253 

759,751 

854,319 
24,921 
20,143 
45.431 

626,a50 
7,360 

106,615 
80,2;6 
55,500 

400,000 

541,449 
99,628 

429,341 

2tJ3,665 


11,775,198 


85.159 

79,824 
1,987,832 
l.S2,860 
150.412 
166.364 
262.524 
69.0.38 
60,847 
59,697 
1,815,686 


155-28 
189-11 
13734 


229-83 
156.22 
660-71 
193-00 
860-67 
1,329-07 
122-88 
17115 
22715 
234-92 
172-16 
132-62 
141-28 
138-49 
243-18 
14602 
486-80 
18:1-31 
111-66 
1-29-89 
245-19 
117-17 


235-9C 
162-57 
335-94 
260-49 
188-37 
161-03 
185-13 
208-57 
186-08 
130-08 
240-36 


235,0-29 


41,187,669 


Bernburg 

Dessau , 

Kothea 

Tienaa 

Carlsruhe 

Muuich 

Bremen 

Brunswick 

Frankfort 

Hambui-g 

Hanover 

Cassel 

Darmstadt 

Homburg 

Hcchiugen 

Sigmaringen... 
Gl icksbcrg.... 

Vadutz 

Detmold 

Buckeburg 

Liibeck 

Lu.\emburg.... 

Schwerin 

Strelitz 

■Wiesbaden 

Oldenburg 

Berlin 

Greli 

Schleitz 

Dresden 

Altenburg 

Coburg 

ileinlngen 

Weimar 

Rudolstsdt 

Sondershausen. 

Arolson 

Stutlgart 


37P 
52& 
825 


94,822 


2,096 
683 
1,-298 
13.064 
5,679 

-.iOO 

145 

356 

3,600 


1,166 
1,150 
2,010 


302,911 


68* 


•  The  states  marked  with  a  •  belong,  either  in  whole  or  In  part,  to  the  Zollvekkim  or  Customs'  League, 
t  The  vote  belonging  to  the  extinct  line  of  Saxe-Gotha  is  given  by  the  three  existing  Ootha  lines,  making  a  total  of  69  votes, 
t  Anholt  Kotfaen,  it  is  stated,  has  recently  been  absorbed  in  the  other  two  divisions  of  Auliolt,    The  two  HohenzoUerns  have  lately 
been  purchased  by  the  King  of  Prussia. 


Physical  Features. — These  at-e  greatly  diversified,  and  pre- 
ient  such  an  irrefiular  succession  of  mountains  and  valleys, 
table-land  and  plains,  as  makes  it  extremely  difficult  to 
arrange  them  for  the  purpose  of  a  distinct  general  descrip- 
tlan.  The  whole  country  seems,  however,  to  admit  of  being 
divided  into  four  distinct  parts — a  mountainous  region  in  the 
S.,  a  central  plateau,  a  central  mountain  region,  and  a  N. 
plain.  The  region  in  the  S.  is  covered  by  the  Alps,  which, 
entering  Germany  on  the  S.E.  of  Switzerland,  proceed  E. 
through  the  Tyrol,  throw  off  one  large  branch,  wiiii.-h  descends 
S.  through  lUyria  to  the  Adriatic,  and  continues  E.  with  the 
other  main  branch  till  it  becomes  linked  with  the  chain  of 
the  West  Carpathians.  The  central  mountain  region,  of  much 
less  elevation  than  the  former,  since  it  nowhere  attains  the 
limit  of  perpetual  snow,  is  much  more  complicated,  consist- 
ing of  a  great  number  of  separate  ranges,  which  ramify  in 
all  directions,  and  become  so  interlaced  with  each  other  that 
the  limits  assigned  to  them  are  in  many  instances  arbitrary. 
Between,  or  rather  enclosed  by,  the  langes  of  the  two  great 
mountain  i-egions  now  referred  to,  lies  the  central  plateau 
of  Germany,  covering  a  space  of  about  60,000  geogriiphiral 
square  miles.  Neither  in  extent  nor  in  elevation  can  it  be 
compai-ed  to  the  great  plateaus  of  the  African  and  A.'^iatic 
continents,  though  in  miniature  it  bears  a  considerable  re- 
semblance to  them.  Its  average  height  above  the  sea  level 
is  from  1400  to  1500  feet;  and  its  surface,  by  no  means  uni- 
form, is  both  broken  by  hills  and  intersected  by  valleys, 
within  which  important  rivers  pursue  their  courses.  To  the 
N.  of  the  central  mounfciin  region  is  the  great  plain,  which 
extends  without  interruption  to  the  German  Ocean  and  the 
Baltic,  and  becomes  so  low  when  it  approaches  these  waters, 
as  in  many  places  to  require  artificial  protection  from  their 
waves.  Its  length,  from  W.  to  E.,  is  about  550  miles,  and 
its  averige  breadth  200  miles.  To  all  appearance  it  has  once 
been  covered  by  the  sea.  alluvial  deposits  of  great  depth  be- 
ing spread  over  almost  every  part  of  its  surface,  and  gene- 
rally with  so  large  a  proportion  of  sand  as  to  make  it  tor  the 
tuost  pait  natural'.y  unfertile. 


Minerdh. — Germany  possesses  numerous  and  raried  mino- 
ra! riches.  Gold  is  found  in  Austria  and  Baden;  silver  in 
Saxony  and  Hanover;  copper,  iron,  tin,  rock-salt,  and  alum 
in  Prussia  and  Austria ;  lead  and  litharge  in  Hanover  and 
Austria;  manganese  in  Saxony  and  Austria;  cobalt  in 
Saxony  and  Prussia;  antimony  and  bismuth  in  Austria; 
arsenic  in  Prussia  and  Saxony;  mercury  in  Austria  and  Ba- 
varia ;  and  sulphur  in  Saxony  and  Austria.  Coal,  marble, 
alabaster,  kaolin,  calamine,  molybdenum,  cinnabar,  lime, 
asbestos,  slates,  millstones,  freestone,  trass,  and  sundry  pre- 
cious stone.s — as  amethysts,  garnets,  &c. — are  also  found  in 
various  localities.  The  country  is  likewise  extremely  rich 
in  mineral  waters,  including  chalybeate.  sulphurou.s,  alka- 
line, saline,  and  warm  springs  of  all  kinds. 

T^tfcrs.— Germany  is  a  remarkably  well  watered  country. 
Its  central  mountain  region  and  plateau  form  part  of  the 
great  water-shed  of  Europe,  and  either  give  rise  to  more  than 
one  of  its  most  important  rivers,  or  send  them  their  princi- 
pal affluents.  Thus  the  Danube,  rising  near  its  W.  extre- 
mity, proceeds  across  it  in  an  E.  direction  till  it  reaches  the 
confines  of  Hungary,  and  has  itself  not  only  become  a  large 
navigable  river,  but  been  augmented  by  important  naviga- 
ble tributaries.  The  Rhine,  in  like  manner,  though  it 
neither  rises  nor  terminates  within  Germany,  flows  within 
it  for  more  than  a  balf  of  its  course,  and  forms  its  boundary 
for  more  than  a  half  of  the  remainder.  After  these  coma 
the  Elbe,  strictlj'  speaking  the  greatest  river  of  Germany,  in- 
asmuch as  its  whole  basin  lies  within  it,  the  Oder,  Weser, 
Main,  Neckar,  llosel,  Ems,  and  Eider — all  of  whicn  are  navi- 
gable. 

Climate,  Veffetation.  and  Zoology. — Though  Germany  ex- 
tends over  10°  of  latitude,  its  mean  annual  temperature  is 
remarkably  uniform,  excepting  the  limited  district  S.  of  the 
Alps,  the  mean  annual  temperature  at  Triest  being  58°. 
Excluding  this  district,  the  mean  annual  difference  does  not 
exceed  5°,  the  raiige  being  between  45°  and  50°.  This  uni- 
formity is  owing  mainly  to  the  different  elevations  ot  the 
siu-facBi  the  low  plains  of  the  N.  having  a  higher,  while  the 

745 


GER 


GER 


hills  arid  plateaus  of  the  S.  have  a  lower  temperature,  than 
their  Ktitades  might  seem  to  indicate.  The  climate,  how- 
ever, is  more  continental  than  insular,  and  hence  the  range 
of  the  thermometer  is  very  considerable ;  and  delicate  plants, 
which  grow  vigorously,  and  receive  their  full  supply  of  heat 
In  summer,  often  perish  by  the  lieen  frosts  of  winter.  Both 
the  KLine  at  Mannheim,  and  the  Danube  at  Vienna,  usually 
receive  a  coating  of  ice.  The  mildest  climate  is  enjoyed  by 
the  v.illeys  of  the  Rhine  and  the  Main,  where  both  the 
almond  and  chestnut  are  matured.  The  cultivation  of  the 
Tine  is  general  S.  of  51°  N.  latitude,  and  X.  of  that  parallel 
It  ceases  to  be  profitable.  With  the  exception  of  the  loftier 
mountain  districts,  where  the  surface  is  fit  only  for  pasture, 
(and  often  where  even  that  fails,  richer  treasures  are  found 
beneath  it.)  the  growth  of  all  the  ordinary  cereals  is  univer- 
sal, and  in  some  parts  to  such  an  iKtent  as  to  leave  a  large 
surplus  for  export.  Potatoes,  hemp,  and  flax  also  form  most 
important  crops,  and  in  many  parts  tobacco  and  hops  are 
cultivated  on  an  extensive  scale.  The  forests  are  of  great 
extent,  particularly  in  the  mountain  districts,  as  indicated 
by  their  names  of  Schwarzwald,  (Black  Forest,)  Bijhmerwald, 
(Bohemian  Forest.)  Thiiringerwald.  (Thuriugian  Forest,)  &c. 
They  abound  in  all  the  finest  trees  of  the  temperate  zone, 
and  furnish  timber  which  cannot  be  surpas.sed.  The  cen- 
tral plateau  is  more  sparingly  wooded,  but  the  E.  part  of 
the  X.  plain  has  extensive  tracts  of  oaks  and  beeches  along 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  and  of  pine,  with  a  considerable  in- 
termixture of  birch  in  the  interior.  Among  domestic  ani- 
mals, the  horned  cattle  of  the  districts  along  the  North  Sea 
and  the  Baltic,  the  sheep  of  Saxony,  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and 
Moravia,  and  the  swine  of  Westphalia,  have  long  been 
femous.  The  horse,  the  noblest  of  all,  appears  to  be  much 
neglected.  Game  is  very  abundant,  and  includes,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  smaller  kinds,  the  boar  and  the  wolf.  Fish  are 
Tery  numerous,  both  in  the  rivers  and  lakes,  but  do  not  in- 
clude many  of  the  finer  varieties. 

Manufactures. — Linens  are  made  in  every'  part  of  Ger- 
many, but  more  especially  in  Westphalia,  Silesia,  Bohemia, 
and  Saxony ;  woollens  in  the  Prussian  provinces  of  the 
Bhine,  Saxony,  Brandenburg,  and  Silesia,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Saxony,  in  Moravia,  and  liohemia :  cottons,  which  liave 
increased  in  a  remarkable  degree,  in  the  Prussian  provinces 
noted  above,  in  Saxony,  and  Upper  and  Lower  Austria;  silk, 
in  Lower  Austria  and  the  Rhine  provinces,  where  even  the 
Lyons  fabrics  are  equalled.  The  manufactures  of  leather, 
of  metals,  porcelain,  glass,  wax,  tobacco,  fancy  flowers,  sti-aw 
hats,  musical  instruments,  watches,  clocks,  woodeu  wares, 
including  toys,  Ac,  are  likewise  important ;  and  breweries 
and  distilleries  are  to  be  met  with  everywhere. 

Bailwai/s. — The  railway  system  has  made  considerable 
progress  in  Germany ;  and  now  extends  in  a  connected  series 
(forming  in  the  N.  part  of  the  county  a  close  network)  from 
the  Baltic  to  the  Alps,  and  from  the  Xorth  Sea  to  Viei»na, 
and  close  upon  the  Adriatic  at  Triest.  From  Hamburg, 
Vienna  may  be  reached  by  lines  passing  either  through  Bei-- 
lin  and  Breslau,  or  through  Dresden  and  Prague ;  and  Switr 
lerlaud  may  be  reached  either  by  lines  passing  through 
Hanover  and  Frankfort,  or  through  Leipsic  and  Xuremlwrg. 
To  the  W.,  the  German  lines  connect  with  the  Belgian  and 
French,  to  the  N.  with  the  Danish,  and  to  the  E.  with  the 
Russian  and  Hungarian  railways ;  so  that  a  traveller  starting 
from  Paris,  or  from  thecojist  terminus  of  any  of  the  French 
or  Belgian  lines  at  Havre,  Boulogne,  Calais,  Ostend.  Antwerp, 
Ac,  m.ty  pursue  his  journey  by  railway  to  any  of  the  more 
important  towns  of  Northern  and  Central  Germany,  or  even 
to  Cracow  and  Warsaw,  to  Vienna  and  Pesth ;  and  in  a  short 
time  he  will  also  be  able  to  reach  the  Adriatic  at  Triest  or 
Cronstadt,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Moscow,  The  entire  length 
of  railways  in  Germany  open  to  the  public  at  the  eommence- 
of  1853  was  5736  miles:  of  which  1136  were  in  Austria,  2332 
in  Prussia.  662  in  Bavaria,  244  in  Saxony,  465  in  Hanover,  189 
in  WUrtemburg;  193  in  B.aden,  and  515  in  the  principalities. 
There  were  also  851  miles  of  railway  nearly  completed. 

People. — The  inhabitants  of  Germany  belong  to  two  prin- 
eip.ll  stocks — Teutonic  or  Germans  proper,  and  Slaves,  or 
those  of  the  Slavonic  race.  The  latter,  who  originally  en- 
tered Germany  from  the  E.,  are  found  chiefly  in  Moravia, 
Bohemia,  some  of  the  Alpine  valleys  of  Styria  and  Illyria, 
on  the  N.  slopes  of  Upper  Silesia,  and  along  the  shores  of 
Pomerania;  though  of  one  stock,  tliey  are  known  in  different 
districts  by  different  names — as  Czechs,  Wends,  Slowaks, 
&c.  The  Teutonic  race,  which  is  by  far  the  most  numerous, 
and  which  accordinjily  stiimps  the  character  of  the  people, 
is  spread  over  the  whole  of  the  X.,  W.,  and  S.  of  Germany. 
The  proportion  between  the  two  stocks  is  about  1  to  6^. 
There  is  probably  closely  intermingled  with  both  stocks 
the  remains  of  several  ancient  Celtic  tribes.  In  addition 
to  the  two  great  races  already  spoken  of.  the  Italians  pre- 
vail on  the  S.  side  of  the  Alps,  in  Tyrol,  Friuli,  and 
Istria;  and  French  in  the  Rhenish  provinces  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Rhine.  The  Greeks,  Armenians,  and  Jews 
B*-arcely  require  to  be  particularized.  With  respect  to  the 
religion,  the  Germans  are  ehietly  divided  between  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  and  Protestant  churches.  The  following  table 
Vill  give  a  general  idea  of  Uie  proportion  in  numbers  the 
746 


various  races  bear  to  each  other,  and  also  of  their  distribu- 
tion according  to  their  religious  belief: — 


Nationalities. 

Eeligion.                      | 

Roman  Catholic  .. 

....21.09-2,000 

JiW-3 

Jews 318.000 

Itali.ins 210.000 

Greelis 

5,000 

V¥l 

Language. — The  language  of  the  Slaves  includes  several 
dialect.s:  of  which  the  most  marked  are  tho.';e  of  Bohemia 

and  Moravia,  and  that  which  is  spoken  in  Silesia,  and  i( 
identical  with  Polish.  The  German  language,  an  offset  of 
the  Gothic,  in  like  manner  includes  a  gre;it  number  of  dia- 
lects; wiiich,  however,  admit  of  being  reduced  to  the  two 
great  classes  of  High  German,  (^Hnch-DeuUch.)  and  Low 
German  {Platt-Deidsch.)  The  Low  German  is  the  vernacu- 
lar of  the  Lower  orders,  and  presents  itself  under  a  great 
variety  of  modification.s,  as  Alemannic  in  Switzerland.  Sw*- 
bian  in  the  Schwarzwald  and  the  greater  part  of  Wiirtem- 
herg.  Bavarian  on  the  Bavarian  plateau,  &c.  High  German 
is  the  spoken  language  of  the  great  majority  of  the  educated 
classes,  and.  in  fact,  the  only  proper  German  langu.age,  be- 
cause the  only  one  which  is  written  and  printed.  This  dis- 
tinction it  ow&s,  not  so  much,  perhaps,  to  its  intrinsic  supe- 
riority over  Low  German,  as  to  the  .tccidental  circumstance 
of  Luther  having  published  his  translation  of  the  Bible  in 
it — a  feet  equally  honorable  to  the  Reformer  and  to  the 
Reformation;  to  the  Reformer,  as  indicating  the  consum- 
mate ability  with  which  he  had  performed  his  task;  and  to 
the  Reformation,  as  proving  the  intellectual  superiority  of 
those  who  espoused  it.  and  the  close  connection  which  it 
established  between  religious  freedom  and  literary  progress. 
This  language,  from  its  peculi:tr  structure,  is  well  adapted 
to  a  concise,  scientific  style:  and  yet.  from  its  great  flexi- 
bility and  full  open  vowel  sounds,  its  richne.ssin  words,  it« 
wondrous  capacity  for  variations  and  combinations,  and 
the  power  it  possesses  of  expressing  with  clearness  and  pre- 
cision the  minutest  shades  of  meaning,  it  is  equally  power- 
ful in  conveying  to  the  mind  the  most  exuberant  imagery 
and  fanciful  creations  of  the  poet,  and  the  profoundest  ideas 
of  the  mental  philosopher.  The  German  is  rich  in  standard 
works  in  every  branch  of  knowledge  and  art.  In  philo- 
sophical criticisms,  in  metaphysics,  and  in  some  departments 
of  poetry,  their  literature  takes  a  higher  rank  than  th;it  of 
any  other  nation. 

Qmititulion. — The  characteristic  feature  in  the  political 
institutions  of  Germany,  is  the  number  and  variety  of  the 
sovereignties  into  which  it  Is  divided.  Xo  fewer  than  38 
states  are  possessed  of  sovereign  rights,  and  the  modes  in 
which  they  exerci.se  them  are  of  the  most  heterogeneous 
description;  some  claiming  powers  which  border  on  de-s- 
potism,  others  presenting  themselves  under  the  form  of 
constitutional  monarchies,  in  which  the  popular  principle 
is  more  or  less  largely  developed :  and  others,  both  bear- 
ing the  name,  and  occasionally,  though  not  always,  per- 
forming the  part  of  free  towns  or  republics.  The  necessity 
of  a  common  head,  under  which  all  the  forces  of  these  he- 
terogeneous bodies  might  be  concentrated,  and  made  avail- 
able for  the  common  defence,  was  felt  at  a  very  early  period; 
and  Germany  was  no  sooner  restored  to  nominal  indepen- 
dence, by  the  dissolution  of  the  empire  of  Charlemagne, 
than  recourse  was  had  to  an  elective  monarchy;  accord- 
ing to  which,  those  states  called  Electoral,  while  retaining 
their  individual  independence,  made  choice  for  life  of  an 
emperor,  to  whom  they  swore  allegiance,  binding  them- 
selves to  him  and  to  each  other  in  an  indissoluble  lemrue, 
offensive  and  defensive.  This  elective  monarchy,  esta- 
blished in  the  ninth  century,  underwent  many  modifica- 
tions, but  was  continued  by  a  regular  succession  of  em- 
perors till  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century,  when  it  was 
brought  to  a  termination  in  the  pei-son  of  Francis  II.,  who 
renounced  the  name  of  Emperor  of  Germ.iuy  for  that  of 
Emperor  of  Austria.  The  German  Empire  was  replaced 
temporarily  bj-  the  Confederation  of  the  lihine.  which  had 
for  its  object  mutual  assistance  and  the  maintenance  of 
peace  among  the  confederate  parties,  which  consisted  of 
the  Kings  of  Bavaria  and  Wurtemberg.  and  several  petty 
sovereigns.  The  Confederation  was  established  at  Paris, 
July  12, 1806,  under  the  protection  of  Napoleon.  Its  terri- 
tory was  considerably  augmented  from  time  to  time,  till  its 
dissolution  in  1814.  "  In  1815,  the  Congress  of  Vienna  esta- 
blished the  Germanic  Confederation,  composed  of  all  the 
German  States,  (see  table,  page  745.")  the  governments  of 
which  formed  an  alliance  to  secure  to  their  re.spective  terri- 
tories the  integrity  of  their  laws,  and  the  maintenance  of 
peace  and  order  within  their  dominions. 

The  affairs  of  the  confederation  are  managed  by  a  repre- 
sentative assembly,  called  a  Diet  {Bunths-Versammlung,) 
which  meets  in  Frankfort -on-the-Main.  (Austria  presiding.) 
and  sits  permanently,  but  has  the  power  of  adjournment 
It  acts  either  as  a  General  As.semlily  or  Plenum,  in  vliich 
every  state  has  one  or  more  votes,  according  to  rank,  the 


J) 


GER 


GER 


whole  numher  being  69;  or  in  a  Minor  Assembly,  or  com- 
mittee, ill  whicli,  as  the  whole  number  is  only  17,  the  larger 
states  have  no  more  than  a  single  vote,  and  the  inferior  states 
only  parts  of  a  vote ;  several  of  them  being  grouped  toge- 
ther So  as  to  give  single  votes  by  delegates :  thus,  while  11 
states  have  a  vote  each,  27  states  have  only  six  joint  votes. 
The  initiative  is  vested  in  the  Minor  Assembly  or  commit- 
tee, which  arranges  the  business  generally,  and  decides 
what  matters  are  to  be  submitted  to  the  Plenum ;  but  no 
organic  change  can  be  made  till  sanctioned  by  the  Plenum; 
and  carried  by  a  majority  of  at  least  two-thirds  of  its  votes. 
la  regard  to  peace  and  war,  all  the  states  must  act  federa- 
tlvely :  in  other  words,  no  individual  state  can  negotiate 
with  the  enemy  separately;  and  the  contingent  of  men  and 
money  which  each  must  contribute  is  fixed  generally  ac- 
cording to  the  population. 

Name  and  History. — Nothing  is  known  of  the  early  his- 
tory of  Germany,  except  what  we  derive  from  the  Romans. 
In  the  time  of  Julius  CiBsar,  the  Germans  (Germani)  were 
regarded  as  the  most  formidable  and  warlike  of  all  the  Eu- 
ropean barbarians.  To  this  character  they  appear  to  have 
been  indebted  for  the  appellation  by  which  they  were  known 
among  the  surrounding  nations.  Wehrman,  i.  e.  "  war-man," 
■was  changed  by  the  Romans  into  German,  as  they  probably 
had  uo  other  mode  in  which  they  could  indicate  more 
nearly  the  sound  of  the  barbarian  name.*  In  the  early  part 
of  the  3d  century  the  Alemanni  or  Allemanni  appear  as  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  and  powerful  of  the  German  na- 
tions, if  they  were  not  rather  a  union  of  various  nations,  as 
their  name  (AUeniannen,  all  men,  or  all  sorts  of  men,)  would 
seem  to  imply.  Though  often  defeated,  the  Allemanni  ha- 
rassed almost  continually  the  iloman  frontier  on  the  side 
of  Germany,  during  the  decline  of  the  Western  Kmpire.  But 
having,  in  a  sanguinary  battle,  been  utterly  routed  by  the 
Franks,  under  Clodwig,  in  496,  they  were  afterwards  united 
to  the  Suevi,  and  with  them  consolidated  into  a  dukedom, 
called  the  Duchy  of  AUemaunia.  From  the  Allemanni  the 
French  and  Spanish  names  of  Germany,  AlUmagne  and  Ah- 
mania,  are  derived.  The  Germanic  Empire  dates  from  the 
time  of  Charlemagne,  by  whom  it  was  founded,  iu  the  latter 
part  of  the  8th  century.  Conrad,  the  first  Duke  of  Franco- 
nia,  was  elected  emperor  about  the  yesir  911,  from  which 
thne  the  crown  of  Germany  remained  elective  till  1806,  when 
Francis  II.  abdicated  the  imperial  crown  of  Germany. 
After  the  French  revolution  of  February,  1848,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  replace  the  German  Diet  by  a  representative 
parliament,  to  meet  at  Frankfortron-the-Main.  Such  a 
bodj',  composed  of  500  representatives,  did  meet  in  Frank- 
fort, March  30th,  and  drew  up  a  plan  of  representation ; 
in  acv;ordance  with  which  the  first  German  National  As- 
sembly was  elected,  and  met  likewise  in  Frankfort,  May  18, 
1848.  This  Assembly  elected  Archduke  John  of  Austria 
to  be  Lord  Lieutenant,  or  Regent,  {lieichsverweser.)  of  this 
newlj'-constituted  German  Empire.  The  same  prince  was, 
In  like  manner,  elected  Regent  by  the  Diet,  then  also  sitting 
in  Frankfort,  and  with  this  transaction  the  existence  of  the 
Diet  may  be  said  to  have,  for  the  time  being  at  least,  vir- 
tually terminated.  The  newly-constituted  Assembly  pro- 
ceeded to  form  a  constitution  for  the  German  Empire,  which, 
however,  after  being  passed,  was  not  recognised  by  several 
important  states ;  dissensions  ensued,  and,  on  May  30, 1849, 
the  Assembly  resolved  to  transfer  its  place  of  meeting  to 
Stuttgart.  But  this  resolution  not  being  acquie.sced  in  by 
the  government,  it  resolved  to  remain  in  Frankfort;  while 
a  large  body  of  the  members  withdrew  to  Stuttgart,  w^here 
the  German  Parliament  was  summoned  for  June  6.  This 
proved  the  final  death-blow  to  that  Assembly,  which  at  one 
time  seemed  destined  to  play  so  important  a  part  in  German 
history.  Subsequently,  Prussia  endeavored  to  form  a  eon- 
federation  {Bund,)  with  herself  at  the  head  of  it.  This  plan 
was  opposed  by  sundry  states,  including  Austria;  which 
last,  proceeding  to  act  on  the  old  law  of  the  Confederation, 
by  which,  since  1815,  the  Diet  of  German  states  has  been 
annually  assembled  at  Frankfort,  convoked  the  Diet  for 
May  10,  notwithstanding  the  remonstrances  of  Prussia. 
With  the  exception  of  Prussia  and  Oldenburg,  all  the  states 
obeyed  this  summons.  Again  the  pretensions  of  Prussia 
to  form  and  head  a  separate  confederation,  nearly  involved 
Germany  in  a  general  war;  which  was,  however,  happily 
prevented.  Meetings  between  the  ministers  of  Prussia  and 
Austria  took  place,  and  differences  were  so  far  arranged  that 
these  two  leading  powers,  with  the  concurrence  of  the  other 
states,  united  in  attempting  to  re-constitute  the  Germanic 
Confederation.  Various  propositions  to  effect  this  object 
have  been  made,  but  no  definite  result  (February,  1862,) 
had  been  attained. 

Zollverdn,  or  Customs'  Leagim. — This  celebrated  commer- 
cial union  was  formed  by  Prussia,  in  order  to  unite  the  va- 

*  It  is  curious  to  observe  how  often  w,  in  a  Teutonic  language 
is  changed  to  (/  in  a  Romanic.  Among  many  other  instance-s,  we 
may  cite  the  following:  Ger.  wehr,  Sp.  giutrra,  Fr.  guerre ;  Eng., 
ward,  Sp.  guarda,  Fr.  garde ;  Eng.  waste,  Sp.  gaslar,  Fr.  gdfer 
(originally  gastur;)  Eng.  wager,  Ft.  gager ;  Eag.  warrant,  Fr. 
oaraniir.  (See  note  to  CORNWALL,  page  169 ;  also.  Int.  XXVII., 
10.) 


rious  German  .states  for  purposes  of  trade  and  commerv'e, 
by  suppressing  the  rates  and  tariffs  which  each  had  esw- 
blished,  and  fixing  both  a  uniform  scale  and  mode  of  !ev3'- 
ing,  by  means  of  which  merchandise,  after  one  fixed  pay- 
ment on  the  frontiers,  might  be  transmitted  ove^  the 
country  without  the  impediment  and  annoyance  of  new 
inspections  and  new  payments  on  the  frontiers  of  every 
separate  state.  Having  no  compulsory  powers,  Prussia 
could  only  adopt  the  form  of  a  voluntary  association,  auJ 
endeavor  to  allure  the  different  states  into  it,  by  convinc- 
ing them  of  its  accordance  with  their  true  interests.  The 
success  has  been  very  remarkable,  and  the  Zollverein  now 
embraces  an  area  of  131,615  geographical  square  miles,  and 
a  population  of  28,534,399,  being  63u8  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
area,  and  64'.3oper  cent,  of  the  population;  the  several  states 
included  in  this  union  will  be  found  marked  with  an  aste- 
risk (*)  in  the  preceding  Table,  page  745. 

The  annexed  table  exhibits  the  quantity  of  the  principal 
articles  imported  into  eleven  of  the  states  and  one  free  city, 
included  in  the  German  Zollverein,  viz.'  Baden,  Bavaria, 
Brunswick,  Frankfort,  Ilesse-Cassel,  Ilesse-Darrastadt,  Lux- 
emburg, Nassau,  Prussia,  Saxony,  Thuringia,  and  Wiirtem- 
burg,  for  two  years,  1861  and  1852: 


Cotton  wool 

Cottou  yarn 

Coiton  manufac. 

Iron,  raw 

Iron,  manufac... 
Klax  and  hemp, 

L: 


yarn..... 
Llneu  and  hem 

pen  good».... 
Brandy,     of    al 

kinds 

Wines , 

Butter , 

Fruits 

Spices 

Coffee 

Cocoa 


1852. 


cwt. 
668,344 
467,503 
7,560 
2,281.305 
89,092 

275,107 
72,127 

6,477 

33,747 
203,407 

45,780 
164,790 

51,116 
944,715 

14,531 


cwt. 
590.809 
489,450 
8,151 
2,284,127 
71,927 

243,604 
56,040 

6,254 

34,211 

216,062 
24,277 

145,284 
54,881 

905,179 
11,983 


Rioe 

Molasses 

Tobacco  iu leaves 

and  stems. 
Tobacco,   in  roll 

and  cut 

Cigars 

Snuff 

Sugar 

(lil,  in  casks 

Silk  goods 

Half-silk  goods.. 

Tallow 

Woollen  yarn.... 
Woollen  goods. . . 

Silk,  raw 

Whale  oil 

Herrings 


1852.      1851 


cwt 
591,220 
20,40 

335,714 

11, .577 

17,906 

73 

803,176 

74,7fi.'j 

3,871 

1,972 

.10,374 

70,140 

19.960 

15,870 

141,354 

266,035 


cwt. 

388.943 
5,595 


11,462 

31,613 

106 

781,107 

61,427 

3,316 

1,944 

14,169 

69.3.'53 

21,318 

14,870 

202,207 

272,571 


The  total  amountof  duties  collected  in  the  different  States, 
composing  the  Zollverein  in  1851  was  $16,289,235.  and  in 
1852,  $16,688,804,  of  which  $16,640,845  were  import  duties, 
$230,944  export,  and  $257,015  transit  duties.  Of  the  amount 
collected  in  1852,  the  four  powers  which  received  the  largest 
shares  were,  Prussia,  .$8,311,286;  Bavaria,  $2,265,147; 
Saxony,  $947,977;  Wiirtemberg,  $903,506.  The  duty  col- 
lected on  17,229,350  quintals  of  beet-root,  formanuCicturing 
into  sugar,  was  $1,206,054.  The  manuiacture  of  sugar  from 
beet-root  has  iuere.a.sed  rapidly,  and  it  was  estimated  that  in 
1853  the  amount  would  be  nearly  doubled. 

There  formerly  existed  what  was  called  the  Customs' 
Union  of  Hanover,  but  the  states  composing  it,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Lippe-Schauniburg,  about  two  years  since  1  ecame 

absorbed  in  the  German   Zollverein. Adj.  and  inhab. 

German;  (Ger.  Deutsch,  doich;  Fr.  Ali.emanb,  3irm5N«';  It. 
Tebesco,  tA-dJs'ko;  Sp.  Aleman,  dlA-min'.) 

GER'M ANY,  a  township,  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  744. 

GERMANY,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GtellMERSIIElM,  gh^R/mf rs-hlme\  (anc.  Vifcus  Jv/liusf)  a 
fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Rhine,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Speyer.  Pop.  2200.  Near  it  is  the  ruined  castle  of  Fried- 
rjchsbiih!,  where  Rudolph  of  Ilapshurg  died,  A.  D.  1291. 

GERMl,  ghjR'mee,  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Azer- 
baijan, 120  miles  N.E.  of  Tabreez.  It  is  large,  and  its  inha- 
bitants are  rich  in  flocks  and  cattle. 

GERMOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

GERNRODE,  ghfen'roMeh,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Anhalt  Bernburg,  13  miles'S.S.E.of  Halberstadt.  Pop.  2193. 

GERNSBACH,  ghjRns'bdK,  a  town  of  Germany,  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  on  the  Murg,  17  miles  S  W.  of  Carlsruhe. 
Pop.  2265.     Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Eberstein. 

GERNSHEIM,  gh^Rus'hime,  a  town  of  Germany,  grand- 
duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  Rhine,  11  miles  S.W.  of 
Darmstadt.  Pop.  2843.  It  is  named  in  annuls  dating  as  far 
back  as  773,  and  has  a  castle,  and  a  remarkalle  town-hall. 

GEROLSTEIN,  gA/rol-stine\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  34 
miles  N.  of  Treves,  with  mineral  baths.     Pop.  720. 

GEROLZIIOFEN,  gA'rolts-ho'fen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  an 
afflmsnt  of  the  Main,  20  miles  N.E.  of  WUrtzburg.    P.  2160, 

GER0M15,  a  village  of  France.    See  Gerardmer. 

GERONA,  JERONA,  or  XERONA,  iiA-ro'ni  (anc.  Gerunl- 
da.)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name, 
on  the  Ter,  at  the  junction  of  the  OfSa,  52  miles  N.E.  of 
Barcelona.  Pop.  7661.  It  stands  below  the  fortified  height 
of  Monjuiz,  its  only  remaining  out-work.  The  town  is  partly 
enclosed  by  walls.  Principal  edifices,  the  Cathedral,  a  fine  and 
conspicuous  building  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  college 
church  of  San  Felice,  the  Cipuchin  Convent,  with  an  Ara- 
bian bath,  the  diocesan  school,  with  a  large  library,  several 
ho.spitals,  and  9  convents.  Gerona  has  manufactures  of 
coar.se  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  hosiery.  F.oap.  and  paper, 
but  little  trade.    It  was  erected  into  a  bishopric  by  Cbarl» 

747 


GEil 


GUE 


magpe,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  ecclesiastical  tribunal,  a  eub- 
Jelegat«  of  police,  and  a  military  gorernor.  It  has  been 
•eTer.ll  timis  block.ided.  e.«pecially  by  I'hilip  V.  in  the  war 
of  the  succession,  and  in  1S09  by  the  French  under  Auge- 
reau,  wh.i  lost  15,000  men  here  in  seven  months. 

GKUONA,  a  maritime  province  of  Spain,  in  C.italonia. 
bounded.  N  by  France,  E.  and  S.E.  by  the  Mediterranean, 
Area.  2413  square  miles.    Capital.  Gerona.     Pop.  262  594. 

GEKKANS.  ghJr'ranz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

GEUKESIIEIM,  ghJR/Rfs-hime\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
gia,  4  miles  E.  of  Dusseldorf,  with  a  station  on  the  railway, 
thence  to  Elberfeld.     Pop.  1090. 

GEKllI.  ii^R-Ree'.  (aac.  Aceririsf)  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
59  miles  X.E.  of  Lerida,  on  the  Noguera.    Pop.  519. 

GEH'RON,  GAK/KON  or  GAR'O.V,  a  con<!picuous  head- 
land of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim,  on  the  Irish  Sea, 
between  Glenarm  and  Red  Bays,  6  miles  X.  of  Glenarm. 

GER/KY  POST,  a  township  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New  York, 
Pop.  1315. 

GERS,  zhaiK,  {rxic.  JEgeriauf)  a  river  of  France,  joins  the 
Garonne  near  Agen,  after  a  course  of  75  miles. 

GEltS,  a  department  in  the  S.W.  of  France,  formed  of  a 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Gascnny.  Area,  2390  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  IStil,  'iJs.QSl.  Surface  mostly  covered  with 
ramificatioDs  of  the  Pj-renees.  Principal  rivers,  the  Gei-s. 
Save,  Gimone,  Baise,  and  Adour,  all  having  a  K.  course. 
Much  of  this  department  consists  of  heaths  and  waste  land. 
Soil  infertile,  and  scarcely  enough  corn  is  raised  for  home 
consumption.  AVine  is  produced  much  beyond  consump- 
tion, and  a  good  deal  of  it  is  converted  into  Armagn.ic 
brandy.  Many  mules  are  reared  for  the  Spanish  markets. 
Gers  is  divided  into  five  arrondissements :  principal  towns, 
Auch  (the  cipital.) Condom,  Lectoure,  Lombez, and  Mirande. 

GERS.\U,  !;hftR's8w,  a  vill.age  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Schiwytz,  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne.  Pop. 
1361.  inclusive  of  its  small  territory,  which  formed  an  in- 
dependent state  from  1390  to  1798. 

GERSFELD,  ghJRs'fJlt.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Lower  Franconia,  on  the  Rbon.  with  3  castles.  Pop.  1700. 

GERSTKTTEX.  gh^B'st^t'ten,  a  village  of  Wurtemberg,  8 
miles  S.W.  of  Heidenheim.     Pop.  1524. 

GERSTHOFEX.  gh^Rst/ho^fen,  a  station  on  the  Royal  Ba- 
varian Railway,  between  Augsburg  and  Xordheim. 

QERSTUXGEX,  gh^Rs'tMng-gn,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Saxe-Weimar,  on  the  Thuringian  Railway,  11  miles  W.  of 
Eisenach,  on  the  AVerra.    Pop.  1465. 

GERTRUYDENBERG.    See  Geertruidenbero. 

GERUXDA.    See  Geroxa. 

GERUS.\LEMMK.    See  Jerusalem. 

GERZ.Vr.  z\\li\\A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-D6me,  4  miles  X.E.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  in  1852.  2694. 

GERZEN,  ghjRt'sen,  or  GERZEXSEE,  ghfefsgn-sA',  a  vil- 
lage of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bern,  on  a 
(mall  lake  of  the  same  name:  among  the  most  conspicuous 
objects  are  the  cone  of  the  Xiesen.  and  the  mural  precipices 
of  the  Stockhorn.     It  h.is  an  old  and  a  new  castle.     Pop.  808. 

GESEKK.  1,'i-z.^'keh,  or  GESECKE,  ga-zSkljeh,  a  town  of 
Prussia,  in  Westphalia.  26  miles  X.E.  of  Arnsberg.  Pop.  3210. 
It  has  A  nunnerv  for  noble  li»dies. 

GESEl{ICII-SkF^  gi'zer-iK-s.V,  a  lake  of  Prussia,  27  miles 
E.  of  .Marienwerder.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  15  miles ;  breadth, 
3  miles. 

GESORIACOL    See  Bouwgse. 

GESPUXSART,  zhJs'ptiN«V-iR',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Meziires.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2192. 

6ESSEXAY.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  20  miles  from  Buntzlau. 

GESSO-PALEXA.  jJs'.so-pa-l,Vna,  a  village  of  Xaples.  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo-Citra.  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chieti.    Pop.  3070. 

GESTE.  zhJs^t.V,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-«t- Loire,  6  niilesW.S.W.  of  Beauprdau.    Pop.  1993. 

GESTKL.  iiJs/tel.  a  village  of  the  Xetherlands.  province 
of  Xorth  Brabant.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  2000. 

GESTIXGTIIORPE  or  GUES/TIXGTnORPE,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Essex. 

GESTRIKLAXD.  GASTRIKLAXD,  (GSstrikland.)  vJs/- 
trlk-mnd\  or  GESTRICIA,  jJs-trish'e-a.  a  former  province  of 
Sweden,  forming  now  the  S.  part  of  Gefleborgs  lien. 

GESTURI.  j^s-too/ree,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division,  and  about  28  miles  N.X.W.  of  Cairliari.    Pop.  1779. 

GE.^U.^LDO,  jA-soo-Jl'do.  a  town  of  Xaples.  province  of 
Principato  Ultra.  2  miles  S.W.  of  Frigento.    Pop.  3200. 

GET.\FE.  nd-ti'fi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  8  miles 
B.E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  2800. 

GETTYSBURG,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Adams  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Hanover  Branch  of  the  Northern 
Central  K.R..  114  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia,  and  36  miles  S.W. 
of  Harri.-ib>irg.  It  stands  on  elevated  ground,  in  the  midst 
of  a  fertile  farming  country.  The  court-house  and  public 
offices  lire  built  of  brick,  and  are  sufficiently  commodious ;  the 
private  dwellings  are  generally  built  in  a  neat  and  substan- 
tial maimer.  The  l-utlieran  Theological  Seminary  of  this 
plac«.  founded  in  1826,  has  a  library  of  10,000  volumes.  The 
town  in  also  the  sejit  of  Pennsylvania  College,  a  flourishing 
ioBtitutiun.  The  buildings  occupied  by  these  in&titutioua 
74S 


are  large  and  beautifiil  edifices.  The  town  contains  2 1  lank^ 
2  academies.  8  churches,  and  3  newspaper  otfices.  On  the 
2d  and  3d  of  July,  1863,  the  Uuion  army  gained  a  great  and 
important  victory  over  that  of  the  rebels  under  General  Lee 
at  tliis  place.  Copiier  is  said  to  be  found  in  several  places 
near  this  town.     Pop.  in  1850,  2150 ;  in  isGO,  2390. 

(JETTYSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  102 
miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

GEULE,  Ho'leh.  (Ger.  pron.  goi'lgh,')  a  stream  of  Ilolland, 
rises  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  flowing  X.W.,  falls  into  the 
Meuse.  5  miles  X.X.E.  of  Mae.>itricht.     length,  o3  miles. 

GfiVAUD.VX,  zhriVoMSxo',  an  old  division  of  France,  in 
the  province  of  Langued'x;,  now  comprising  the  departmento 
of  Haute-Loire  and  Lozdre.     Its  capital  was  Mende. 

GEVELSBERG.  g.Vfels-bJRn\  a  village  of  We.stphalia,  20 
miles  S.  of  Dortmund,  on  the  railway  thence  to  Elberfeld. 

GEYREY,  zheh-vr.V.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cdte  d'Or,  on  the  Paris  and  Lyons  Railway,  10  miles  S.  d 
Dijon.    Pop.  153S. 

GEWITSCII,  gi'*itch.  (5Ioravian.  Geunczlo,  g-A-vitchTvO,) 
a  town  of  Moravia,  20  miles  X.X".E.  of  Briinn.     Pop.  2420. 

GEX,  zhix,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  capital 
of  arrondissement,  and  formerly  the  fo.-titied  capital  of  a 
small  territory,  now  annexed  to  Switzerland,  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Jura  Mountain.s,  11  miles  X.W.  of  Geneva.  Pop.  2874. 

GEYER,  ghi'er.  a  tow^n  of  Saxony,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Zwickau.    Pop.  3.i61. 

GEYERSBERG.    See  Geiersberg. 

GEYSERS  or  GEISERS.    See  Iceland. 

GIIADAMIS.  GIIADAMES,  or  G ADAMIS.  gl-di'mis  or  gl- 
dlmss',  atownof  Xorth  Africa,  in  an  oasis  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  Desert  of  Sahara.  310  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tripoli:  lat.30°6' 
X.,  Ion.  8°  24'  23"  E.  It  is  surrounded  with  ruined  walls :  the 
houses  are  generally  three  and  four  stories  in  height,  built 
in  the  Moorish  style:  streets  narrow  and  winding,  covered 
in,  and  dark,  having  only  small  open  spaces  here  and 
there  to  admit  the  light;  they  are  thus  constructed  to  ex- 
clude the  summer  heats,  and  the  rigorous  blasts  of  winter. 
Pop.  alout  3000. 

GUAR  A  or  GARRA,  gjr'ri,  a  village  of  Sinde,  on  the 
X.W.  border  of  the  Delta  of  the  Indus,  and  25  miles  from  its 
bank  ;  lat.  24°  44'  X.,  Ion.  67°  36'  E. 

GIIARA  or  GARRA,  a  small  stream  in  Sinde,  flowing  p.ist 
the  village  of  the  same  name,  and  falling  into  a  long  creek, 
opening  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  10  miles  E.  of  Kurraehee : 
lat.  24045'  X..  Ion.  67=  10'  E. 

GIIARA  or  GARRA.  girfrl,  the  name  given  to  the  Sut-  ' 
lej  River,  in  the  Punjab,  from  the  influx  of  the  Beas.  'M  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Amritseer.  to  that  of  theChenaub  near  Oocb,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  260  miles,  throuiihout  which  it  forms  the  W. 
boundarj-  of  Itajpootana  and  Bhawlpoor.  At  its  commence- 
ment it  is  from  200  to  270,  and  at  its  termination  500  yards 
across. 

GHARDEIA,  a  town  in  Algeria.    See  Gardaia. 

GlIARMY,  gaR'mee.  a  village  in  the  Libyan  Desert,  be- 
longing to  Egypt,  about  330  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Cairo,  on  a 
height  overlooking  some  ruins,  supposed  to  be  those  of  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  .\mmon. 

GHASSA.  gds'si.  (written  al.«o  GASSA.)  atown  of  North- 
ern Hindostan.  in  Boctan.  on  the  Tchin-C'Uoo  (Tchiu-t>:hiu) 
River:  lat.  27° oC  X.,  Ion. 89°  18'  E. 

GI1.\T,  g^t.  an  oasis  of  Africa,  in  the  Sahara.  S.  of  Tripoli, 
and  S.W.  of  Moorzook ;  lat.  25°  X.,  Ion.  11°  15'  E. 

GH.\UTS,  gawts.  The,  two  mountain  chains  whii-h  bor- 
der the  coasts  of  the  peninsula  of  Hindostan.  divt-rging 
from  each  other  northward  at  the  Xeilgherry  Hills,  lat.  11° 
20'  X.,  Ion.  76°  E.,  and  enclosing  E.  and  W.  the  Deccan,  or 
great  table-land  of  South  India. — The  Eastern  Ghauts  stretch 
N.E.  for  about  500  miles,  broken  through  by  the  Cavery 
and  Pennar.  to  the  Kistnah  River.  Greatest  heiirht  .itxiut 
3000  feet.  Summits  usually  rocky  and  bare.— The  Westers 
Ghauts  extend  through  13°  of  lat..  from  Cape  Comoiin  to 
the  banks  of  the  Taptee,  with  a  short  but  remarkable  l.reak, 
the  Paulghautcherry  Pass,  S.  of  the  Neilgherries.  Ave- 
rage dist.ince  from  the  sea,  30  to  40  miles:  average  olev,v 
tion,  between  3000  and  bOOO  feet.  The  highest  summit 
of  the  Xeilgherries  is  9941  feet.  They  are  commonly  ab- 
rupt on  the  W.  side,  and  crowned  with  fine  forests  of  bam- 
boo, rattan,  poon,  and  the  finest  teak  known.  The  term 
Ghaut  signifies  a  pa.ss  through  a  range  of  hills,  but  has 
been  transferred  to  the  general  mountain  range. 

GHAYX.  gine  or  KH.\IX.  kine.  a  town  of  East  Persia, 
2:30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Yezd.  on  the  route  into  Afghanistan, 
with  a  fortress,  and  some  manufactures  of  felt  and  CHrj)ets. 

GHAZ'IPOOR'  or  GHAZ'EEPOOR',  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia,  the  capital  of  a  small  district  of  its  own  nanie.  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Ganges,  38  miles  E.X.E.  of  Benaros.  Priniip.il 
buildings,  the  fine  but  dilapidated  Sanicenic  ptlace  of  Co* 
sim  Alee  Khan,  now  used  for  a  custoiii-honse.  ^i  new  li  rt, 
convenient  militarj-  cantonments,  the  church,  si^hor.l,  and 
jail:  and  on  the  parade-ground,  the  mausoleum  of  the  Mar 
quisCornwallis.  who  died  here  in  ISOb. 

GIIEBUABA.  ga-brl'bi.  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irak  AJo- 
mee,  a>x>ut  5  miles'  X.W.  of  Ispahan. 

GUEBSE,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  GsBMn. 


OHB 


GHI 


GHKBT,  pi/dee,  a  villajje  of  Lombardy,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Brescia,  with  a  ca^•tle.     Pop.  3500. 

GIIKDMAX,  ggd-man',  a  town  of  East  Persia,  18  miles  S. 
of  Herat. 

GIIKEL  or  GEEL,  gail,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
26  miles  E.t?.E.  of  Antwerp.  Pop.  703S.  From  time  Imme- 
morial, idiotic  or  insane  persons  of  peaceable  habits  from 
the  neighboring  provinces,  have  been  boarded  here  in  tarm- 
houseH.  &e.    In  1839  the  number  of  them  was  079. 

GIIKESAN  or  GIIISAX,  ghee'siln'.  a  seaport  town  of 
Aral'ia,  on  the  Ked  Sea,  84  miles  N.X.W.  of  Lioheia,  lat.  16° 
46' N..  Ion.  42°  3' E. 

Gnr.EZEIL*  GIIIZEH,  GIZEII,  GEEZEH,  ghee/zfh,  or 
JIZKII.  jee'zfh,  a  town  of  Middle  Egypt,  in  a  province 
ol  the  same  name,  on  the  W.  banic  of  the  Nile,  3  miles  S.W. 
Cairo,  and  f-imous  for  its  vicinity  to  the  great  I'yramids ; 
the  lari;est  of  these,  being  that  attributed  to  Cheops,  is  763J 
feet  square  at  its  foundation,  covering  13  acres,  and  rising  to 
4C0  feet  in  hei^'ht.    See  Pyramids. 

GlIKIVAII,  g.Vvd,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia, 
16  miles  lO.N.E.  of  Ismeed,  (Nicomedia.)  near  the  Saliareeyah 
Kiver,  (anc.  Sangarius.)    It  is  said  to  have  400  houses. 

GIIKLEN.TEEK  or  GIIELENDJIK,  gi-lto-jeek',  written 
also  GIIELENCUIK,  a  bay  and  seaport  of  Circa.ssia,  on 
the  X.E.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea;  lat.  (of  fort)  44°  3:3' 24" 
N.,  Ion.  ?j?P  3'  15"  E.  The  bay  is  about  1  mile  wide  at  the 
entrance  with  7  and  7i  fethoms  water  in  the  middle.  It 
affords  stood  anchorage. 

GIIIOLUWE,  fiA-lii'^fh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Ypres.    I'op.  3718. 

GUEMLEK,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Gllio. 

Gil  EMM  E,  gbSm'mi,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince, and  14  miles  N.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  2935. 

GHEXNEII  or  GIIEXEII,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Kexeh. 

GHENT,  ghJnt,  (Fr.  Gand,  g^N",  Flem.  Gend,  H^nt;  Sp. 
Gantf,  gdn'ta;  L.  Gande  and  Oatidavum,)  a  famous  fortified 
city  of  Belgium,  capital  of  the  province  of  East  Flandei-s. 
in  a  fertile  plain  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lys  with  the 
Scheldt;  on  the  Terneuzen  Canal,  which  communicates 
with  the  .sea,  admitting  vessels  drawing  15  feet  water,  and 
on  the  railway  from  Ostend  to  Bru.s.swlf,  31  miles  N.W.  of 
Brussels.  It  occupies  a  triangular  spitce,  above  8  miles  in 
circuit,  is  surrounded  by  walls,  defended  by  a  strong  cit.idel, 
and  entered  by  7  gates.  In  the  interior,  the  most  striking 
feature  is  the  great  nnmlier  of  canals  which  branch  off  from 
the  Lys  in  all  directions:  and.  forming  a  kind  of  net-work 
within  the  town,  divide  it  into  2i3  islands,  communicating 
with  each  other  by  42  large,  and  46  small  bridges.  Another 
striking  feature  is  the  number  of  fine  promenades;  of  which 
the  most  remarkable  is  the  Couimre,  formed  by  rows  of 
trees  along  the  Bruges  Canal.  The  town  is,  on  the  whole, 
well  built.  In  some  of  the  older  parts,  the  streets  are  often 
dark,  and  so  narrow,  that  two  cairiages  can  scarcely  pass; 
here  many  of  the  houses  have  gable  fronts,  which  rise  tier 
above  tier,  presenting  a  very  fantastic  appearance;  in  the 
other  quarters,  the  streets  are  in  general  straight  and  spa- 
cious, with  rows  of  handsome  houses  fronting  canals  en- 
closed by  magnificent  quays.  There  are  a  great  number  of 
squares,  among  the  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Marche- 
du-Vendredi.  ('•  Friday  Market,")  wliere  the  weekly  market 
is  lield.  and  where,  in  early  times,  the  Counts  of  i'landers 
were  inaugurated,  and  the  trades  unions  used  to  rendez- 
vous: the  Canter  or  P.arade.  planted  with  lime-trees,  and 
surrounded  by  elegant  edifices;  the  Plain  de  St.  Pierre,  a 
large  space  used  especially  for  reviews  and  military  e.xer- 
cises;  the  Corn-market,  near  the  centre  of  the  town:  the 
Place  St.  Pbarailde,  where  the  gate  of  the  castle  of  the 
Counts  of  Glanders  still  stands;  and  the  Plaiue-des-llecol- 
lets,  remarkable  for  the  number  of  its  fine  mansions  and 
hotels.  Before  leaving  the  squares  it  may  be  proper  to  men- 
tion, that  near  the  Marehe-du-A'endredi,  there  is  an  enor- 
mous cannon  18  feet  long,  10  feet  in  circuit,  and  nearly  3 
feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  evidently  a  prototype  or  twin-sister 
of  the  famous  Mons  Meg,  now  in  Edinburgh  Castle.  It  is  sur 
named  Dulle  Griete,  equivalent  in  Flemish  to  Mad  Margaret. 

The  principal  buildings  are  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Bavon,  a 
vast  structure,  somewhat  heavy  in  its  exterior,  but  within 
finely  proportioned  and  ri.-hly  decorated,  possessed  of  many 
intere.^ting  monuments  and  fine  paintings;  the  Church  of 
St.  Nicolas,  the  oldest  in  Ghent;  the  Church  of  St.  Michael, 
with  a  celebrated  crucijixiou  by  Vandyk;  the  Church  of  St. 
Pierre,  with  a  beautiful  dome,  and  a  facade  adorned  with 
Corinthian  <olumns;  the  Hotel-de-Ville,  composed  of  two 
buildinirs.  the  one  of  the  seventeenth  century,  combining 
three  distinct  orders  of  architecture,  and  the  other  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  of  florid  Gothic:  the  IIotel-de-1'Octroi, 
(custom-house.)  decorated  with  Doric  and  Corinthian  pilas- 
ters; the  Beffioi,  (belfry,)  a  lofty  square  tower,  surmounted 
by  a  gilded  dragon,  and  containing  a  fine  chime,  a  clock, 
and  several  bells,  one  of  which  weighs  nearly  five  tons,  the 


*  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  there  is  the  same  differenoe  in  the 
>ound  of  this  and  many  other  names  among  the  Arabs  .as  w« 
might  sujipose  would  arise  among  Englishmen  attempting  to  pro- 
nounce (rizeh  ;  some  making  the  G  hard,  others  soj't. 


'  new  Palais-de-Justice,  a  handsome  structure,  intended  lioth 
I  to  accommodate  the  courts  of  law.  and  serve  as  an  exchange*, 
the  Maison-de-Force,  (house  of  correction.)  an  immense  octa- 
gonal building;  the  Beguinage.  a  huge  nunnery,  surrounded 
by  a  wall  and  moat,  and  occupied  by  about  600  inmates;  ant! 
the  new  Theatre,  on  whii  h  the  municipality  are  said  to  Lave 
I  expended  100,0(JO?.  The  pilncipal  literary  and  Scientific  and 
I  other  institutions  are  the  University,  a  handsome  modern 
'  structure,  finished  in  1820.  adorned  with  a  noble  Corinthian 
portico,  modelled  on  the  Pantheon  at  Kome,  and  having  a 
museum  of  natural  history,  a  lilirary  of  GO.OiiO  volumes,  and 
an  attendance  of  about  350  students;  an  athenauni,  epis- 
copal seminary,  industrial  school,  academy  of  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture,  a  superior  prinmry  school,  sci- 
entific, literary,  and  musical  societies,  a  deaf  and  dumb  in- 
stitution, a  lunatic  asylum,  and  a  sncitii  inctriinomale.  .said 
to  be  one  of  the  most  useful  associations  of  the  town,  and 
has  for  its  object  the  legitimation  of  natural  children:  the 
.Tardiu-des-Plantes.  (botanic  garden.)  boasted  olas  the  finest 
in  Belgium;  and  tho  General  Hospital.  Ghent  is  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  and  the  seat  of  courts  of  primary  resoi  t  and  com- 
merce :  of  a  superior  appeal  court  for  both  East  and  'West 
I'landers,  and  of  a  court  of  assize. 

The  extent  to  which  the  cotton  manufacture  is  carried  on 
in  Ghent,  has  procured  it  the  surname  of  the  Belgian  Man- 
chester. It  absorbs  about  $S,OtiO,(  00  of  capital,  gives  em 
ployment  to  .30,000  workmen,  and  produces  about  a  million 
of  pieces  of  calico,  plain  and  printed.  The  otlier  manuljic- 
tures  of  importance  are  refined  sugar,  common  and  table 
linen,  woollen  cloth,  flannel,  serge,  silk.  lace,  thread,  rib- 
bons, hosier}',  wax-cloth,  oil,  chemi<-al  products,  armor, 
physical,  mathematical,  and  surgical  instruments,  articles 
in  steel,  bronze,  and  crystal,  carriages,  paper,  hats,  delft- 
ware,  tobacco,  starch,  &c.  There  are  also  extensive  ma- 
chine works,  roperies,  tanneries,  breweries,  and  distil- 
leries. The  trade  in  corn.  oil.  seeds,  wine,  and  Flemi.ih  linen 
— particularly  the  last,  which  has  here  one  of  its  chief  en- 
trepots— is  very  important.  Every  Friday,  about  18,00\ 
pieces  of  linen  are  exposed  for  sale:  and  several  of  the  au 
nual  fairs  are  very  numerously  frequented. 

The  origin  of  Ghent  is  uncertain.  It  is  first  mentioned  85 
a  town  in  the  seventh  century,  but  does  not  appear  to  have 
acquired  much  importance  till  the  twelfth  century,  when 
its  fortifications  were  completed.  At  this  time  it  only  occu- 
pied the  space  contained  between  the  Lys  and  the  Scheldt; 
l)ut,  by  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  it  was  nearly  ai3 
large  as  at  present,  and  so  much  larger  than  Paris  then  was. 
as  to  justify  the  bonmot  long  afterwards  used  by  Charles  V. 
— Je  meltrais  Paris  duns  mon  Gand  (Cant.)*  In  the  bloody 
feuds  which  agitated  Flanders  up  to  the  middle  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  Ghent  took  a  leading,  liut  not  always  a 
successful  part;  and  repeatedly,  by  the  turbulence  of  its 
citizens,  ])rovoked  a  fearful  retribution.  In  1369,  when  the 
county  of  i'landers  passed  by  marriage  to  the  house  of  Bur- 
gundy, Giient  followed  its  fortunes,  but  shortly  afterwards 
revolted;  and,  notwithstanding  seven  reverses.  In  one  of 
which  it  lost  20,000.  and  in  another  16.0<W  of  its  citizens, 
scarcely  ceased 'to  be  prosperous.  The  spirit  of  revolt,  how- 
ever, was  subdued:  and  Charles  the  Bold  was  peacefully 
crowned  at  Ghent  in  1467.  In  1500,  Charles  V.  was  born 
at  Ghent,  and  eighteen  years  after  succeeded  to  the  most 
extensive  monarchy  which  had  existed  in  Europe  from  the 
days  of  Charlemagne.  The  Gantois  appear  to  have  dreaded 
a  collision  with  euch  a  power;  but  at  last,  in  1557,  when  an 
extraordinary  subsidy  was  demanded,  broke  out  in  open 
resistance.  Severe  punishment  soon  followed,  and  tho  citi- 
zens, in  addition  to  other  enormous  fines,  were  obliged  to 
pay  for  the  erection  of  a  citadel,  intended  to  keep  them  in 
bondage.  Ghent  afterwards  suffered  much  during  the  ag- 
gressions of  Louis  XIV.,  the  campaigns  of  Marlborough,  and 
the  commotions  of  the  French  revolution;  but  the  advan- 
tages of  its  position,  and  the  indu.stry  of  its  citizens,  seem 
to  make  it  superior  to  all  calamities,  and  its  prosperity  is 

again  as  great  as  ever.    Pop.  in  1862,  121,250. luliab. 

Gaxtois,  gSx^Hwi'. 

GHENT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
Yorlt,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Albany.  Pop. 
2803. 

GHENT,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio 
Kiver,  59  miles  X.  of  Frankfort,  has  3  churches. 

GHEORGHIEVSK.    See  Georgievsk. 

GHERBA,  au  island  in  the  Tunis  dominions.    See  Jerba. 

GHERGONG,  ghSR'gong',  a  town  of  Farther  India,  once 
the  capital  of  .\ssam,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Brahmapootra. 

GHEltlAH,  ghirlee'L  a  fortress  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  on  a  rocky  promontory  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
172  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bombay;  taken  by  the  British  in  1756. 

GHERZEH,  ghJr'zfeh.  or  KER'ZEII.  (anc.  Cani'sa,)  a  town 
of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Black  Sea,  20  miles  S.  of  Sinope. 

GHE.S.\X,  a  seaport  town  of  .Arabia.     See  Giieesan. 

GHIAMDA,  ghee'dm'dl,  a  town  of  Thibet,  110  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Lassa.  It  contains  two  Boodhist  temples  of  colossal 
proportions,  and  is  a  station  of  a  Chinese  garrison.    It  car- 

*  That  is,  "  I  could  put  Paris  into  my  glove,"  or  "  into  my 
Ghent." 

749 


GHI 


GIA 


ries  on  a  considerable  trade  in  lapls-lazuli,  deers' horns,  and 
rhubarb  with  lassa,  and  with  the  Chinese  provinces  of  Se- 
chuen  and  Yunnan. 

GHI  AX.     See  GuTASDOTTE. 

GHIEUZEL  HISSAR,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  ArocJ. 

GUILAX  or  GILAN,  gheeMin',  a  province  of  Persia,  be- 
tween lat.  360  30'  and  38°  Si/  N..  and  Ion.  48°  30'  and  50° 
30'  E.,  having  on  the  N'  E.  the  Caspian  Sea.  Area,  proba- 
bly 6000  square  miles.  The  Elbrooz  Mountains  bound  it  on 
the  S.  It  is  very  fertile,  densely  wooded,  swampy,  and  un- 
healthy. 

GirrLAX,  a  village  of  Persian  Koordistan,  30  miles  S.  of 
Zohab,  with  some  remarkable  antiquities. 

GHILARZA.  ghe-laRd'zi  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division  of 
Cisliari.  20  miles  X.E.  of  Oristano.     Pop.  2045. 

GHIO,  ghee'o,  GIIEMLEK.  ghem'ljk',  or  KEMLIC,  kSm'- 
Uk',  a  small  but  flourishing  se;iport  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in 
Anatolia,  on  the  Bay  of  .Moodauia.  16  miles  X.X.E.of  Brusa. 
It  has  about  600  Greek  and  25  Turkish  houses,  with  a  large 
export  trade  in  olives,  silk,  wines,  and  spirits  to  Constanti- 
nople. &c.  It  is  the  principal  port  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora 
for  the  import  of  corn  from  the  Black  Sea. 

GHIOUUA,  one  of  the  Grecian  Islands.    See  Gt.^ros. 

GHIKZ.\,  gheer'zi.  a  valley  of  Northern  Africa,  150  miles 
S.E.  of  Tripoli,  with  some  remains  of  Roman  antiquities. 

GHIS.ALBA,  ghe-sdlOnl.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Bergamo,  2  milus  from  Martinengo.  on  the  Serio. 
The  gates  and  part  of  the  fortification,  including  the  walls 
and  towers  of  a  cistle  which  figured  during  the  civil  wars, 
Btill  remain.    Pop.  1374. 

GHIS.AX.  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Qheesax. 

GHISOXI,  ghe-so'nee,  a  villasre  of  Corsica,  in  the  E.  part 
of  the  island.     Pop.  1815. 

GIIISTKLLES,  ghees'tJll',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders.  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2500. 

GIIIUSTEXDIL,  ghyoos't*n-deel',  or  KOSTEXDIL,  (anc. 
JwAinialna  Secunlda  t)  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room- 
Elee,  capitil  of  a  sanjak.  near  the  Kara-.«oo,  or  .Strymon,  65 
miles  E.X.E  of  Uskup,  (Ushub.)  Pop.  SOOO.  (?)  mostly  Turks. 
It  has  sulphur  baths,  and  near  it  are  iron,  gold,  and  silver 
mines. 

GIIIUZEL  HISSAR.  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Aidin. 

GIIIZXEE  or  GIIIZXI,  a  town  of  Afghanistan.  See 
Ghdzxee. 

GHLIX,  Glin  or  glJxo.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  3  miles  W.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2697. 

GIIO.\.  go''!',  or  GW.A.  gw3.  a  seaport  town  of  Aracan,  on 
the  Bay  of  Bengal.  62  miles  S.E.  of  Sandoway.  It  was  for- 
merly important  for  its  commerce. 

GIIOLA.M,  a  town  of  Afghanistan.    See  Khooloom. 

GII0I.AM-SMA1I-KA-K0TE,  gonam'-shdh-kakSt,  a  town 
of  Sinde.  in  British  India,  on  the  \S.  branch  of  the  Indus. 
85  miles  S.W.  of  Tattah. 

GIIOL'SOX.  a  post-village  o/Xoxubee  co.,  Mis.sis.sippi,  110 
miles  X.E.  of  .laokson. 

GUOI/SOXVlbLi;.  a  post-village  of  Brunswick  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Muherrin  River,  75  miles  .S.S.W.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

GHOOS  or  GHOUS,  goos,  (anc,  ApnUinnpfolis  Bir'va,)  a, 
town  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  Xile,  17  miles  S.  of  Keneh. 

OIIOOZKAX,  gooz'kdn'.  a  vill.age  of  Persi.a.  province  of 
Khorassan,  14  miles  E.  of  Jleshed,  perpetually  harassed  in 
the  forays  of  the  Turcomans.     Pop.  1000. 

GH0'R.\GII.\I;T'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  90  miles  X.E.  of  Moorshedabad.  It  was  formerly  of 
importance,  and  has  a  greatly  venerated  Mohammedan 
tomb. 

GHiyRA  TRUP.  a  vill.ige  of  Afghanistan,  on  the  Indus, 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Attock.  I^t.  33°  40'  N.,  Ion.  72°  9'  E. 
There  is  here  a  very  dangerous  rapid,  resulting  from 
the  latei-al  contraction  of  the  high  and  rocky  sides  of 
the  river,  which  is  here  narrowed  to  a  width  of  only  250 
feet.  Through  this  narrow  channel  the  Indus  rushes  at 
the  rate  of  from  9  to  10  miles  an  hour,  and  with  a  noise  like 
thunder. 

GIIORBUXD.  gor'blind'.  a  village  of  Xorth  Afghanistan, 
in  lat.  35°  4'  X..  Ion.  68°  47'  E.,  whence  a  p,i.s8  proceeds 
across  the  Koosh  into  Khoondooz. 

GIIORE,  (t6r,  or  6AUR.  g6wr.  a  town  and  independent 
district  of  M'est  Afghanistan,  120  miles  S.E.  of  Herat,  and 
the  origin.il  possession  of  the  famous  Mahmoud  of  Ghore, 
who  established  the  Afghan  dynasty  in  Uindostan  in 
1186. 

OUOUS,  atownof  Egypt,    See  Gnoos. 

GlIOUSOHUR,  goosVar'  a  lar/e  fortified  town  of  British 
India,  pi-esidency  of  Bengal.  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Seharunpoor 

GIIOY,  gov.  a  village  uf  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  .Mons.     Pop.  2147. 

GIIUMMUKUJIXI  or  GHU.MURDJIXA,atowiiofTurkey. 

See  GlMOOIUEENA. 

GIIi;NM'<X)l!/.a  fortified  town  of  India,  in  the  Nizam's  ter- 
ritory, capitjvl  of  a  large  district,  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hyder- 
abad. It  appears  tc  b^Ts  Ijeen  formerly  a  place  of  im'port^ 
ence,  and  had  one  of  the  largest  and  fiut-st  mosques  in  the 
Hizam's  io'Jiiuica. 
750 


GHURRT.  gOr'ree.  a  considerable  village  of  Sinde,  near  aa 
offset  of  the  Indus,  in  lat.  27°  31'  X..  Ion.  69°  T  E. 

GHCRUX.  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Gmvy. 

GHUZEL  HISSAR,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  An>n». 

GIIUZXEE,  GHUZXI.  gtiz'nee'.GAZXA.  gdz'nj  orgaz'nj, 
or  GIIIZXI.  ghiz'nee\  a  famous  fortified  city  of  Afghanistan, 
on  the  W.  extremity  of  a  hill  range,  elevation.  7726  leet,  8fl 
miles  S.S.W.ofCabobl.  Lat.33°34' N..lon.68°18'E.  Pop  (ex- 
cluding garrison)  variously  estimated  at  from  3000  to  10.001).  It 
stands  on  a  scarped  rock,  280  feet  above  the  adjacent  plain,  oa 
its  W.  side :  and  its  walls,  about  35  fwt  in  height,  and  flanked 
with  numerous  towers,  form  an  irregular  square  alout  IJ 
miles  in  circumference,  the  whole  being  enclosed  by  a/avise- 
braj/e  and  a  wet  ditch.  In  the  X.E.  part  of  the  town  is  the 
citadel,  with  a  piilace,  magazine,  and  granary;  the  whole 
city  is,  however,  commanded  by  adjacent  heights.  From  its 
elevated  position,  the  winter's  cold  is  intense — from  10°  to 
20°  below  zero.  It  has  several  bazaars,  and  is  an  entrep6t 
for  the  trade  between  .Afghanistan  and  the  Punjab.  Old 
Ghuznee,  destroyed  in  the  twelfth  century,  is  about  3  miles 
N.E. ;  its  ruins  cover  an  extensive  space,  and  here  are  two 
fine  minaret.s,  and  the  tomb  of  Mahmoud  of  Ghuznee, 
whence  the  famous  "  gates  of  Somnauth"  were  removed  in 
1842.  Under  the  dynasty  of  Mahmoud  of  Ghore,  and  his 
fiither  Subuctaghin,  about  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh 
centurj',  Ghuznee  was  the  capital  of  an  empire  reaching 
from  the  Ganges  to  the  Tigris,  and  from  the  Jaxartes  to  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  the  British 
under  Lord  Keane,  July  23, 1839:  in  1842  the  garrison  sur- 
rendered it  to  the  Afghans,  but  it  was  retaken  in  the  same 
year  by  the  troops  under  General  Nott. 

GHUZXEE  RIVER,  of  Afghanistan,  rises  about  12  miles 
X.  of  Ghuznee.  and  enters  Lake  Abistada.  after  a  S.  course 
estim.ited  at  60  miles.  Xear  Ghuznee.  which  it  passes  on  the 
E.  it  was  embanked  in  the  eleventh  century  by  Mahmondof 
Ghuznee,  whose  bund,  though  much  damaged  by  the  Ghore 
sovereigns,  is  still  fit  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation. 

GUYRCHE,  GIIYRCE.  ghir'cht^h,  or  KIRCHEH.  kir'chJh, 
(anc.  Tulfzis,)  a  large  village  of  Nubia,  on  the  W.  liank  of  the 
Xile.  Lat.  23°  16'  N.,  Ion.  33°  E.  It  has  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable temples  in  Nubia. 

GHYRETTY.  ghi-rjt/tee  or  ghe-rJt/tee.  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  near  the  Hoogly, 
opposite  Fulta. 

GHYSABAD.  ghi-sl-bad'.  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Bun- 
delcund.  35  miles  S.W.  of  liObargong. 

GIABAR.  ghe-4-bai-',  or  JI.\B.\R,  jei-blH.  a  town  and  cas- 
tle of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa.shalic  of  Diarbekir,  on  the  E»* 
phrates,  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rakka.  The  town  has  about 
1000  houses  and  tents. 

GIACOMO  DI  LUSIAXA.  jiTco-mo  dee  loo-se-1'na.  a  vil- 
lage of  .Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice.     Pop.  2500. 

GI.\GLI()XE.  jdl-yo'n.'l.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Statea, 
3  miles  W.  of  Susa.  on  the  Dora.     Pop.  1496. 

{JIAX.T.AR.je-in-jai-'(?)asm!illdistrict  or  native  st-ate  \i\ 
the  Malay  Arehipel.ago.  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  01 
Bali.  Its  capital,  of  same  name,  lies  about  8  miles  in- 
land, and  is  the  residence  of  the  Rajah.  Pop.  of  the  state, 
200.000. 

GIAXXUTI,  jin-noo'tee,  or,  GIAXNUTRI.  jin-noo'tree, 
(anc.  Dianiiim.)  a  small  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  belong- 
ing to  Tuscany,  9  miles  S.  of  the  peninsula  of  Argentaro. 
Lenzth,  2  miles. 

GI'AXT'S  CAUSF/WAY,  a  celebrated  bas.altic  foi-mation 
on  the  N.  coast  of  IreUnd.  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim,  to  the 
W.  of  Bengore  Head,  about  2  miles  N.X.E.  of  Bushmills. 
The  coast  here  is  for  a  great  distance  distinguished  by  i-urious 
and  m.agnificent  basaltic  cliffs  and  caves,  but  the  •■  cause- 
way," properly  so  called,  is  a  platform  projecting  into  the  sea, 
from  the  base  of  a  stratified  cliff,  alxmt  400  feet  in  height, 
and  resembles  a  pier  700  feet  in  length.  350  feet  in  lT,.'adth, 
and  varying  to  30  feet  in  heiglit  al>ove  the  strand.  It  is 
separated  by  whinstone  dykes  into  three  divisions,  com- 
prising together  about  40,000  perfectly  formed,  closely  united, 
and  very  dark  colored  polygonal  columns,  each  consisting 
of  several  pieces.  Their  depth  below  the  surface  is  unascer- 
tained.  Popular  legend  ascribes  this  stupendous  1'onii.ition 
to  the  labor  of  giants,  seeking  to  construct  a  road  aci-osi 
tbe  sea  to  Scotland. 

(il  ANT'S  MOUXTAIX.  in  Asia  Minor,  on  the  E.  shore 
of  the  Bosporus.  13  miles  W.X.W.  of  Constantinople. 
On  it  is  a  grave  greatly  venerated  by  the  Turks,  and  near 
its  S.  fort  are  some  batteries,  and  the  ruins  of  a  church 
built  by  Justinian. 

GIARRATAXA.  jdR-Rl-ti'na.  (anc.  Ciratammf)  a  village 
of  Sicily.  13  miles  X.E.  of  Modica.     Pop.  2440. 

GI.\RRE.  jiv/nA.  a  town  of  Sicily,  at  the  E.  slope  of  Mount 
Etna.  7  miles  X.  of  Aci  Reale.     Pop.  4700. 

GIARRETTA,  jdR-R^t/ta,  or  SIMi-TO,  se-md/fo,  (anc.  S;/- 
nKt'tliiif.)  a  river  of  Sicily,  rises  in  the  mountains,  about  'JO 
miles  S.E.  of  Caronia.  and  after  a  very  tortuous  S.E.  course  of 
60  miles,  enters  the  Meiliterranean.  U  miles  S.  of  Catania.  Af- 
fluents, the  Adriano,  Trachino.  Ditt.-iina  and  Chris-is. 

GIAT.  zhe-J',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Payde- 
Dome,  31  miles  W.S.W.  of  Riom.    Pop.  In  1S62,  2160 


GIA 

QIAVE,  j'I'tJ,  a  villape  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  28  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  1575. 

GIAVENO.  jd-v.Vno,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division,  and  17 
miles  W.S.W!  of  Turin.     Pop.  8806. 

UIBAUA  or  .JIUAUA,  He-b^rl,  a  seaport  village  of  Cuba, 
on  a  height  on  its  N.  coast,  100  miles  E.  of  Puerto  Principe. 

GIHBS'S  (ghibz)  CROSS  llOADS,  a  post-office  of  Cumber- 
land CO.,  North  Carolina, 

GIBBS'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

GIBBSVILLE,  ghlbs'vil,  a  small  post-Tillage  of  Sheboy- 
gaji  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

GIBKAII,  ghiWe-ii,  an  ancient  town  ot  Palestine,  a  few 
miles  N.  of  Jerusulem. 

GIBELLIXA,  je-b^l-lee'ni,  a  Tillage  of  Sicily,  30  miles 
E.S.E.  Trapiui.     Pop.  5300. 

GIBEON,  ghiWe-on,  an  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  about  7 
miles  N.  of  Jerusalem. 

GIBESONVILLK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 

QIB0LDE1I.\.USEX.    See  GiEBOLDEH.t.usEN. 

GIBRALEON.  He-brd-l.-l-on',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
8  miles  N.  of  Iluelva,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Odiel.  Pop. 
2704.    It  ha.s  an  ancient  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Bejar. 

GIBRALTAR,  je-brawl'tgr.  (8p.  pron.  He-bril-tan/;  It.  Oi- 
Wferra,  jeebil-tjK'Ri:  anc.  (MVpe,;  Arab.  .AsM-tariX-,  j JVel-t^- 
reek' — the  Hill  of  Tarik.  a  Berber  leader,  who  conquered  the 
fort  in  711,)  a  town  and  strongly  fortified  rock  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  Spain,  in  Audalusia,  belonging  to  Great  Britain ; 
lat.  36°  9'  X.,  lou.  5°  21'  W.  This  remarkable  fortress,  which 
forms  the  key  to  the  Mediterrane.in,  standing  on  a  penin- 
sula at  its  entrance,  is  connected  with  the  Continent  by  a 
low  sandy  isthmus.  Ij  miles  long  and  }  mile  broad,  having 
the  Bay  of  Gibraltar  on  the  W.,  and  the  open  sea  of  the 
Mediterranean  on  the  E.  Near  the  point  of  junction  of  this 
isthmus  with  the  mainland  are  the  Spanish  lines,  between 
which  and  the  rock  is  a  space  called  the  •'Neutral  Ground." 
The  hiichest  point  of  the  rock  is  alx)ut  14V0  feet  ahove  sea- 
level;  its  N.  face  is  almost  perpeudicuhir,  while  its  K.  side  is 
full  of  tremendous  precipices.  It  terminates  at  its  S.  ex- 
tremity, in  what  is  termed  Europa  Point.  On  the  W.  side 
it  Is  less  steep  than  on  the  K.,  and  between  its  ba.se 
and  the  sea,  is  a  narrow  span  almost  level,  on  which  the 
town  is  built.  Hero  the  rock  is  secured  by  extensive  and 
powerful  batteries,  rendering  it  apparently  impregnable. 
The  body  of  the  rock  consists  of  a  kind  of  primary  mar- 
ble, running  in  strata  of  30,  40,  and  50  feet  in  thickness. 
At  the  N.  extremity  are  perpendicular  fissures,  on  the 
ledges  of  which  a  numlxir  of  hawks  nestle  and  rear  their 
young  in  the  breeding  sea.son.  There  are  numerous  re- 
markable caves  in  various  parts  of  the  rock,  some  of  them 
beautifully  picturesque,  but  all  difficult  of  access.  The  most 
singular  of  these  natural  excavations  is  St.  Michael's,  on  the 
S.W.  side,  the  entrance  to  which  is  1000  feet  oliove  sea-level. 
When  seen  from  a  ship's  deck,  no  appearance  of  vegetation 
presents  itself  on  the  rock,  the  whole  having  an  exceedingly 
barren  and  forbidding  aspect;  but  it  is  not  in  reality  so 
destitute  in  this  respect  as  it  seems ;  acacias,  fig,  and  orange 
trees  grow  freely,  together  with  a  great  variety  of  odorifei^ 
ous  plants. 

Vast  suras  of  money,  and  an  immense  amount  of  labor, 
have  been  spent  in  fortifying  this  celebrated  stronghold. 
Numerous  caverns  and  galleries,  extending  from  2  to  3 
miles  in  length,  and  of  sufficient  width  for  carriages,  have 
been  cut  in  the  solid  rock ;  forming  safe  and  sheltered  com- 
munications from  one  part  of  the  garrison  to  another,  with- 
out being  exposed  to  the  fire  of  an  enemy,  in  cases  of  attack. 
Along  these  galleries,  at  intervals  of  every  12  yards,  are  port- 
holes bearing  upon  the  neutral  ground  and  bay;  while 
trees,  shrubs,  and  Howers  of  various  kinds,  have  been 
planted  at  different  points,  both  for  ornament  and  utility. 
On  the  summit  of  the  rock  there  are  several  barracks,  towers, 
and  fortresses.  Of  late  years  the  fortifications  have  been 
carefully  strengthened  at  every  vulnerable  point.  The  total 
number  of  guns  now  mounted  on  the  rock  is  said  to  be  not 
less  than  1000.  The  principiil  defences  are  on  the  W.  side, 
fronting  the  bay:  but  there  is  alsoa  battery  on  the  E.,  though 
the  steepness  of  the  rock  renders  it  almost  unnecessary. 

The  town  of  Gibraltar,  situated,  as  already  remarked,  on 
a  plain  between  the  W.  declivity  of  the  rock  and  the  sea, 
consists  chit'tly  of  one  spacious  street,  about  half  a  mile  in 
length,  lined  with  shops,  and  paved  and  lighted.  The  prin- 
cipal buildings  are  the  Governor's  and  Lieutenant-Governor's 
houses,  the  Admiralty,  Naval  Hospital,  A'ictualling-Office,  and 
barracks,  and  a  handsome  theatre.  There  are  Protestant  and 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  four  Jewish  synagogues,  7  regi- 
mental and  2  public  schools,  public  libraries,  Ac.  There  are 
also  a  lunatic  asylum,  almshouses,  Ac.  The  water  for  the 
supply  of  the  town  and  garri.son  is  collected  during  the  rainy 
season ;  the  roofs  of  the  houses  being  so  constructed  as  to 
receive  the  falling  rain,  which  subsequently  finds  its  way  to 
a  tank  beneath,  with  which  every  house  is  provided.  Gib- 
raltar is  a  free  port,  but  its  trade  has  greatly  declined  within 
the  last  half  century.  It  still,  however,  continues  to  be  a 
valuable  entrepot  for  the  distribution  of  British  manufac- 
tures to  the  Barbary  States.,  and  to  the  different  countries 


bordering  on  the  Mediterranean.  Cottons,  woollens,  kc,  are 
imported  from  England ;  sugars  and  rum  from  the  West  In- 
dies; tobacco,  rice,  and  flour  from  America;  and  wines, 
silks,  wax,  &c.,  from  the  East.  The  chief  export  is  wine. 
The  revenue  of  Gibraltar,  for  the  year  1S49,  was  29.770/. :  and 
the  expenditure,  31,117?. ;  the  difference  being  met  by  a  par- 
liamentary vote  in  aid.  No  executive  or  legislative  counsel 
exists  here.  The  administration  is  vested  in  the  governor, 
who  is  also  commander-in-chief  of  the  troops ;  and  the  set- 
tlement is  treated  as  a  garrison-town,  the  power  of  en;ioting 
laws  being  vested  in  the  governor  alone.  All  criminal  oases 
are  determined  according  to  the  laws  of  England.  Every 
precaution  is  taken  to  prevent  the  increase  of  new  residents. 
Foreigners  are  permitted  to  remain  during  specified  periods 
only,  and  on  giving  the  required  security.  The  strength  of 
the  garrison  is  generally  between  3000  and  4O0O,  of  all  arms. 

Gibraltar,  under  the  name  of  Calpe,  and  IMount  Abyla, 
now  called  Apes'  Hill,  opposite  to  it  on  the  African  coast, 
were  called  by  the  ancients  the  Pillars  of  Hercules ;  and  in 
very  early  ages  were  regarded  by  the  people  dwelling  E.  of 
them  as  the  western  boundary  of  the  world.  Gibraltar 
came  into  possession  of  the  English,  by  conquest,  in  1704; 
it  has  been  since  repeatedly  besieged,  but  always  without 
success.  The  last,  and  most  formidable  attack  made  on  it, 
occurred  in  September,  1782,  when  the  Spaniards,  aided  by 
a  powerful  fleet  and  army  from  France,  as.sailed  the  fortress 
with  floating  batteries ;  but  were  defeated  with  great  losf> 
by  the  garrison,  commanded  by  General  Elliot.  On  this  oc 
casion  an  incessant  discharge  of  red-hot  shot  was  main- 
tained on  the  attacking  boats,with  the  most  destructive  effect. 
Pop.  in  1860, 15,462,  of  wliicli  about  3SO0  were  females. 

GIBRALTAR,  a  post-village  of  Brownstown  township, 
Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Detroit  River,  at 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  22  miles  below  Detroit.  It  has 
a  good  harbor,  the  entrance  to  which  is  facilitjited  by  a 
light-house.  The  Gibraltar  and  Clinton  Canal  (unfinished) 
terminates  here  and  affords  water-power. 

GliSR.VLTAR,  a  township  of  Door  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  about  65  miles  N.E.  of  Green 
Bay.     Pop.  439. 

GIBRALTAR,  BAT  OF,  is  formed  by  Europa  Point  on 
the  E.,  and  Point  St.  Garcia  on  the  W.  It  is  of  a  semicir- 
cular form,  alx)ut  6  miles  in  length,  and 4 j miles  in  breadth; 
with  depths  varying  from  4  to  2fiO  feet.  The  tide  rises  4  and 
5  feet.  The  shipping  is  protected  on  the  British  side  by  two 
formidable  moles,  called  the  Old  and  New  Mole,  one  on  the 
N.  and  the  other  on  the  S.  side  of  the  town  of  Gloraitar. 
The  former  runs  1100  feet  into  the  sea;  the  latter  70i,i  feet. 
An  elbow  formed  by  the  shore  affords  shelter  for  large  ves- 
.sels  in  winter:  the  farthest  out  lying  in  6  and  5  fathoms. ' 
Opposite  the  town  of  Gibraltar,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  bay, 
is  the  Spanish  town  of  Algeclras. 

GIBRALTAR,  STRAIT  OF,  a  narrow  channel  between 
the  S.  part  of  Spain  and  the  N.  of  Africa,  forming  the  en- 
trance to  the  Mediterranean  from  the  Atlantic ;  its  width 
at  the  narrowest  part  is  about  15  miles;  greatest  depth,  960 
Cithoms.  Through  this  strait  a  powerful  central  current, 
running  at  the  rate  of  from  3  to  6  miles  an  hour,  sets  con- 
stantly from  the  Atlantic  into  the  Mediterranean.  There 
are  also  two  Lateral  currents — one  on  the  European,  and  one 
on  the  African  side ;  each  of  them  alxmt  2^  miles  broad,  flow- 
ing at  about  the  .same  rate  as  the  central  current ;  and  e)>bing 
and  flowing  with  the  tide,  setting  alternately  into  the  Medi- 
terranean and  into  the  Atlantic.  An  excess  of  water  is  con- 
stantly flowing  into  the  former  from  the  latter,  to  supply 
the  loss  sustained  by  evaporation. 

GIBSON,  ghiVson,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee, 
contains  about  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  l)y  the 
North  and  Sliddle  Forks  of  the  Forked  Deer  River,  and  ty 
Rutherford's  Fork  of  Obion  River.  I'he  route  of  the  Mobile 
and  Ohio  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capital, 
Trenton.  Pop.  21,777,  of  whom  15,636  were  free,  and  6141 
slaves. 

GIBSON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering 
on  Illinois,  contains  449  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Patoka  River,  and  the  Wabash  forms  its  W.  boundary.  The 
surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Tlie  county  con- 
tains extensive  beds  of  coal.  It  is  intersected  by  the  War 
bash  and  Erie  Canal,  and  has  a  railroad  from  Princeton,  the 
county-seat,  to  Evansvilje.  on  the  Ohio.    Pop.  14,532. 

GIBSON,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co..  New  York,  about 
200  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

GIBSON,  a  township  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  589. 

GIBSON,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Montrose.    Poj}.  1439. 

GIBSON,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  946. 

GIBSON,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

GIBSON,  a  township  of  Washington  co..Indiana.  Pop.  1488. 

GIBSON'S  STORE,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

GIBSON'S  STORE,  a  postofflce  of  Richmond  co..  North 
Carolina. 

GIBSON'S  WELLS,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co..  Tennessee. 

GIB'SONA'TLLE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  New 
York,  about  235  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

731 


GIC 


GIL 


010211?,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Gitschis. 

GIDMXG.  ghid'ding.  a  parish  of  Englaud,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

OIDDXXG,  GKK.Vr,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

GIDDIXG,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

GIDDINGS,  ghid'dingz,a  post-offlceof  Sauk  co.,'\Visconsin. 

GIDDINQ,  STEEPLE,  a  parish  of  Englaud,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

GIDEA,  (Gidei,)  yid'e-6,  a  river  of  Sweden,  tens  of  UmeS 
and  Hernosand,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  60  miles  N.E.  of 
Hernosand,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  100  miles.  Near  its  source 
Is  the  village  of  Gidei 

GIDLEY.  ghidlee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

GIDLEY'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

GIEBOLDEHAUSEX  or  GIBOLDEHAUSEN,  ghee^l- 
dfh-hdw'zen,  a  market-town  of  Hanover,  duchy  of  Gruben- 
hagen,  1-1  miles  E.X.E.  of  Gottingen.     Pop.  2141. 

GIEX,  zhe-^Ny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  on 
the  Loire,  37  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orleans.  Pop.  in  1S52,  6112. 
It  has  a  fine  ancient  castle,  and  a  spacious  quay. 

GIEXGEX,  gheeng'fu,  a  town  of  Wtirtemberg,  24  miles 
S.S.E.  of  EUwangen,  on  the  Brenz.     Pop.  2000. 

GIEKSDOKF,  ghee'grs-doRf^,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Silesi;i,  government,  and  S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  13S8. 

GIESIM.  ghee'sim'.  a  town  of  Xubia,  on  the  Kahad,  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Nile.  123  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sennaar. 

GIESMAXXSDOKF.  ghees'minns-doRr,  (Obek,  o^ber, 
MiTTEL,  miftfl,  and  Xieder,  nee'djr.)  a  village,  or  rather 
three  contiguous  villages,  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Buutzlau.     Pop.  2028. 

GIESMAXXSDOKF,  a  village  of  Prussia  province  of  Sile- 
sia, circle  of  Sprottau.     Pop.  1183. 

GIESMAXXSDOKF,  a  vilLige  of  Prussia,  province  of  Sile- 
sia, circle  of  Bolkenhain.    Pop.  1245. 

GIESSEX,  ghees'.sgn.  a  town  of  Germany,  grand  duchy 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  Lahn,  and  on  the  railway  from 
Cassel  to  Frankfort,  33  miles  X.X.W.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  in 
ISt'il,  9331.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  is  irregularly 
built ;  but  it  has  some  good  edifices  including  the  Castle, 
now  the  sesit  of  the  provincial  government,  the  Arsenal, 
Town-hall,  and  Observatory.  Its  University,  founded  in 
160",  has  recently  become  &mous  for  its  school  of  organic 
chemistr}',  under  Baron  Liebig,  whose  class  is  attended  by 
Btudeats  from  all  parts  of  Western  Europe,  and  even  from 
North  America.  The  University  has  a  library  of  36,000  vol- 
umes, and  some  m.anuscripts,  collections  in  natural  history, 
&c.  In  1S47  it  had  40  profe.ssors  and  teachei-s.  and  570  students 
Giessen  h:is  also  a  normal  school,  school  of  forest  economy, 
and  other  institutions  of  leai-ning,  on  which  its  prosperity 
mainly  depends. 

GIETEllVEEX,  Qhee'tjr-v.iin',  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  Drenthe,  10  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Assen.     Pop.  595. 

GIETHOOKX,  ghee'toRn,  a  village  of  the  Xetherlands, 
province  of  Overyssel,  16  miles  X.  of  ZwoUe.     Pop.  1570. 

GIFFOUD,  gbiffyrd,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  4  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Haddington.  Pop.  600.  Knox,  the  Keformer,  w.is 
born  here  in  1505. 

GIFHORX,  ghiPhoRn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  on 
the  AUer,  36  miles  E.X.E.  of  Hanover.     Pop.  2269. 

GIGAXSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Jigaxsk. 

GIGAXTIXU,  je-gdn-te-noo',  a  mountain  in  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  a  little  S.K.  of  Tempio,  4101  feet  high.  It  rises  al- 
most perpendicularly  from  the  surrounding  plain. 

GIG'GLESWICli,  a  parish  of  Englaud,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  on  the  Bibble,  1  mile  W.X.W.  of  Settle.  Here  is  a 
celebrated  gnimmar  school,  founded  by  Edward  VI.,  having 
six  scholarships  in  Christ's  College.  Cambridge.  Giggles- 
wick  Taru  is  a  considerable  lake  near  the  village. 

GIGHA,  gbee'gi,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  sepa- 
rated from  the  district  of  Kintyre  bv  a  channel  3i  miles  in 
breadth.    Area,  about  £000  acres.    Pop.  550. 

GIGLIO,jeel'yo,or  ISOLA  DI  GIGClO,ee'so-iadee  jeel'yo, 
(anc.  IgiVium,)  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging 
to  Tuscany,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Mount  Argentjiro.  '  Pop.  153J, 
mostly  collected  iu  the  village  of  Giglio.  It  is  5  miles  in 
length  from  X.W.  to  S.E.,  mountaiuous  and  fertile. 

GIGXAC,  zheen'ydk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Lod&ve,  on  the  Herault.     P.  2951. 

GIGXOD.jeeu-yod'.  (L.  Ginodium,)  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  3  miles  N.X.W.  of  Aosta,  on  the  Banteggio.     P.  1260. 

GiaUEL.A,  He-gA'ia,  a  river  of  Spain,  joins  the  Guadiana, 
80  miles  >..E.  of  Ciudad-Keal,  after  a  course  of  90  miles. 

GIIIUN,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Oxus. 

GIJIGinXBK  orGIJIGIXSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Ji- 

ilOINSK. 

GIJOX%  JIJOX,  or  XIXON,  He-h5n',  a  fortified  seaport- 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  11  mUes  X.X.E.  of  Oviedo,  on 
the  Bay  ot  Biscay.  Lat.  44°  65'  19"  X.,  Ion.  5°  44'  49"  W. 
Pop.  6;)22.  It  is  handsome,  and  has  a  triumphal  arch,  a 
collegiut^j  church,  a  high  school,  a  school  of  navigation,  and 
public  library,  with  manulactures  of  stonewares,  hats,  and 
linen  fabrics;  an  active  export  trade  iuuuts  and  fruits,  and 
import  trade  a  colonial  produce. 
152 


GILA  or  .TILA,  Heel'l,  a  considerable  river  of  Xorth  AinO' 
rlca,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  United  States,  and  formerly  con- 
stituting the  X.  boundary  of  the  Mexican  state  of  Sonora.  It 
has  its  sources  in  the  mountains  of  Xew  Mexico,  about  lat 
32°  45'  X.,  and  Ion.  108°  30'  W.,  from  which  it  flows  Vi'.,  and 
joins  the  Colorado,  just  before  that  river  falls  into  the  Gulf 
of  California,  at  lat.  32°  30'  X.,  and  about  lon.ll4°40"  W.,ita 
whole  course  being  .^bout  450  miles.  About  108° 40'  ^V.  Ion.,  Or 
probably  about  CO  miles  from  its  source,  it  is 50  feet  wide,  with 
an  average  depth  of  2  feet,  swift  and  clear ;  the  banks  covered 
with  trees  and  luxuriant  vegetation  ;  the  former  consisting 
chiefly  of  cotton-wood,  a  new  syc;imore,  mezquit,  pala,  a 
few  cedars  and  larch.  Farther  down,  or  about  Ion.  110°  W., 
the  banks  of  the  stream  and  the  countrj'  around,  assume  a 
wild,  rugged,  and  inhospitable  appearance;  the  mountains 
of  trap,  granite,  and  red  sandstone,  iu  irregular  aud  con- 
fused strata,  but  generally  dipping  sharply  to  the  S.,  cluster 
so  closely  together  that  it  becomes  difficult  to  tell  from  what 
direction  the  river  comes,  or  iu  what  direction  it  is  going. 
A  few  miles  lower  down,  the  valley  of  the  Gila  widens,  and  is 
covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  mezquit,  \^ .Acacia  prosopis,) 
cotton-wood,  and  willow,  the  pit.ihaya,  and  every  other  va- 
riety of  cactus,  the  latter  flourishing  iu  great  luxuriance. 
The  Rio  San  Pedro,  which  joins  the  Oila  from  the  S.,  and 
the  rivers  San  Francisco,  Salines,  and  Bonita.  from  the  N., 
are  almost  the  only  affluents  of  which  any  thing  has  been 
ascertiiined.  Most  of  the  tributaries  are  insignificant  at 
their  junction  with  the  main  stream,  and  can  be  stepped 
across,  the  result  of  their  traversing  deserts  of  s.iud,  and 
rainless  regions  of  arid  wastes,  by  which  their  waters  are 
gradually  absorbed.  The  Gila  is  navigable  for  small  bo.'its 
only,  and  that  but  to  the  village  of  Pijmo,  about  100  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Coloradp.  The  ruins  of  num- 
l>erless  houses  are  found  along  the  whole  course  of  the  Gila, 
proving  that  these  regions  were  much  more  populous  at  a 
former  period  than  they  are  now.  These  ruins  are  uni- 
formly of  the  same  kind;  not  one  stone  now  remains  on  the 
top  of  another;  and  they  are  discoverable  only  by  the  bro- 
ken pottery  around  them,  and  stones  laid  in  regular  order, 
showing  the  traces  of  the  foundation  of  a  house. 

GIL.\D.  ghee'ldd',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Temesvar, 
on  an  arm  of  the  Temes.     Pop.  4JOO. 

GILAN,  a  province  and  village  of  Persia.     See  Ghilan. 

GIIVIJEIIDIKE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East 
Riding. 

GIL'BERT  ISLAXDS,  or  KIXGS/MILL  GROUP,  a  group 
of  15  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  between  lat.  1°  S.,  and 
2°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  172°  and  174°  30'  E.  They  are  of  coral 
formation,  all  low,  the  highest  land  in  the  group  not  ex- 
ceeding 20  feet,  and  are  fast  wearing  away  b)'  the  action  of 
the  sea.  Their  soil,  which  is  but  a  few  inches  in  depth,  is 
of  coral,  sand,  and  vegetable  mould.  Their  cultivation  con- 
sists for  the  most  part,  in  that  of  the  cocoa-nut  and  v>an 
danus,  which  are  the  chief  articles  of  foi^d.  The  natives 
also  cultivate,  with  great  care,  a  species  of  the  taro.  (Arum 
cordifolium.)  The  bread-fruit  tree  is  to  be  found  on  the  X. 
islands.  The  inhabitants  of  this  group  resemble  the  Ma- 
Jays.    Pop.  of  the  entire  group  estimated  at  60,000. 

GILBERTSBOKOUGU,  a  post-olflee  of  Limestone  co,  Ala- 
bama. 

GILBERT'S  MILLS,  a  post-oflice  of  Oswego  co.,  Xew  York. 

GIL'BKKTSVILLE,a  post-village  of  Otiiego  co.,  Xew  York, 
95  miles  W.  of  Albany,  contains  3  or  4  churches,  about  half 
a  dozen  stores.  Ac.    F'op.  about  450. 

GILBERTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

GILBOA,  ghirbo'a,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S. 
part  of  Schoharie  co.,  Xew  Y'ork,  on  Schoharie  River,  about 
50  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.  The  village  contains  2  Methodist 
churches,  3  or  4  stores,  and  several  factories  and  mills.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  2541. 

GILBOA,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia. 

GILBOA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Blanchard  Kiver,  94  miles  X.W.  of  Columbus.  It  is 
liberally  supplied  with  water-power. 

GILCHRIST'S  (ghil'krists)  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of 
Marion  district.  South  Cai-olina. 

GII/CRUX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

GII/DER,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

GIl/DERSOME,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  'West 
Riding. 

GILDOXE,  jil-dc/n-i,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise,  4  miles  from  Campobasso.     Pop.  2300. 

GIL'EAD,  a  post-township  of  Oxfoi-d  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  and  on  the  Andros- 
coggin River,  00  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Augusta.  Pop.  347. 

G1LE.\D,  a  township  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio.     l"op.  1942. 

GILEAD,  a  post-village  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Maumee 
River  140  miles  X.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

GILE.VD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Branch  co., 
Michiiran.     Pop.  644. 

(ilLEAD,  a  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  about  82 
miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

GILEAD,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois,  near  the 


GIL 


GIN 


HlasIsGlppi  River,  90  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield,  has  sereral 
hundred  inhabitants.    It  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 

GILEAD,  ghil'e-ad,  MOUNT,  (Arab.  JeM-Jilad,  j5b-el-je- 
I3d'.)  in  Syria,  paslialic  nf  Damascus,  is  25  miles  N.X.K.  of 
the  Dead  Sea.  lat.  32°  7'  N.,  Ion.  35°  46'  E.,  and  near  the 
extremity  of  tlie  rej;ion  of  Gilead,  which  extended  f!)r  some 
distance  northward,  along  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Jordan. 

QILEXA,  JILENA,  or  XILENA,  He-li'nd,  a  Tillage  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  56  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Se- 
ville.    Pop.  16S8. 

GILES  jilz,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  about  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Kanawha  or  New  River,  and  also  drained  by  Walker's, 
Wolf,  and  Sinking  Creeks.  The  surface -is  very  mountain- 
ous; the  principal  elevations  are  Walker's  and  Peter's 
Mountains.  The  soil,  excepting  the  vicinity  of  the  rivers 
and  creek.s,  is  rocky  and  unproductive.  Since  the  census 
of  1850  was  t.aken,  the  dimensions  of  the  county  have  been 
reduced  by  the  formation  of  Craig  county  out  of  the  N.E. 
part.  Named  in  honor  of  William  IJ.  Giles,  Governor  of 
Virginia  in  1828.  Capital,  Parisburg.  Pop.  6883,  of  whoin 
6105  were  free,  and  778  kUvcs. 

GILES,  a  county  iu  the  S.  part  of  Tennessee,  bordering 
on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of.  &)0  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected in  the  S.K.  part  by  Elk  River,  and  also  drained  by 
the  branches  of  Richland  Creek.  The  soil  is  very  produc- 
tive, and  extensively  cultivated.  In  1850,  the  county  pro- 
duced .322,487  pounds  of  butter,  the  greatest  quantity  made 
In  any  county  of  the  state.  A  macadamized  road  extends  to 
Nashville.  Capital,  Pulaski.  Pop.  2ti,100,  of  whom  15,318 
were  free, 

GILES  COURT  HOUSE,  Virginia.    See  Pawshuro. 

GILESTONE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

GILFOltD,  ghil'ford,  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Down,  on  the  Bann,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Banbridge. 
Pop.  653.    Gilford  Castle  is  in  the  vicinity. 

GILFORD,  ghil'ford,  a  township  of  Belknap  Co.,  New 
Hamjisliirp,  on  the  Concord  and  Montreal  R.R.     Pop.  '2811. 

GILFORD,  a  post-village  and  capital  of  Belknap  county. 
New  Hanipsiiire,  in  the  above  township  and  on  or  near  the 
S.  side  of  Wiiinii)iseogec  Lake,  about  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Concord.  The  village  is  ple^isantly  situated,  and  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  several  churches  and 
stores. 

OILGE,  ghiVghfh,  a  river  of  Prussia,  one  of  the  mouths 
of  the  Memel.  It  IHUs  into  the  Curische-haff,  34  miles  N.E. 
of  Konigsberg. 

GILG  E,  a  village  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  river.   P.  990. 

GILGEXliUKO,  ghil'ghenl)WRO\  (Polish,  Domhnrwno, 
dom-brov'no.)  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  32  miles  N.E.  of  Ko- 
nigsberg.    Pop.  1262. 

OILGIIIT,  ghirghit/,  a  small  independent  territory  of 
Central  Asia,  on  the  N.  declivity  of  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  with 
a  village,  in  lat.  35°  35'  N.,  Ion.  74°  15'  E.  on  the  Gilghit 
River,  an  afDuent  of  the  Upper  Indus. 

GILTXO-AUyiNG,  jeeMing'  aw'ting',  or  GIL/I-ANG',  and 
GILION.  je-le  on,  two  small  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
off  the  E.  end  of  Madura. 

GILL,  ghill.  a  lake  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.,  and  2 
miles  S.E.  of  Sligo.     Length,  4  miles. 

GILL,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Massaehu.setts.  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the  route  of  the  Con- 
necticut River  Railroad,  1(10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  V.  683. 

GILL,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1745. 

GILL  AM,  ghil'lam,  a  township,  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.  P.  568. 

GIL'LELAND  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Travis  Co.,  Texas. 

GILLESPIE,  ghil-lis'pce,  a  county  in  the  AV.  central  part 
of  Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  1100  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Pedernales  River  and  Sandy  Creek.  The  surface  is  un- 
even. Capital,  Fredericksburg.  Pop.  2736,  of  whom  2703 
vrere  free.  Named  in  honor  of  Captain  Gillespie,  who  was 
killed  at  Monterey. 

GILLESPIE,  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on  a 
railroad  20  miles  N.E.  of  Alton. 

GILLESPIEVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio. 

GILL  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GILLINGII.\M,  ghilling-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset, on  the  Stour.  It  has' an  ancient  church  and  school, 
and  traces  of  an  ancient  Saxon  palace  in  the  enclosed  forest 
of  Qillfngham. 

GILLiXOHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

GILLINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GIL'LTOXS.  a  post-office  of  Baker  co.,  Georgia. 

GIL/LISO.WILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Beaufort  co.,  district 
5outh  Carolina. 

GTLLOLO,  a  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.   See  GiLOio. 

GILL'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

GILL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

GTI/L'S  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Lincoln  CO.,  Tennessee. 

GILLS'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia,  18  miles 
£.  of  Gainesville. 

GILLY,  zheelYee'  or  zhee'yee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  llainaut,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Charleroi.     Pop.  5618. 

GILM.\N,  ghil'man,  a  post-township  of  Hamilton  co.,  New 
York,  68  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albany. 


GIL'MANTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Belknap  co. 
New  Hampshire,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Concord.  The  villag* 
contains  churches  of  3  denominations,  an  insurance  offict- 
a  flourishing  academy,  and  4  stores.  The  inhabitants  of  Gil 
nuintun  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  ot 
carriages  and  hardware.  Population  of  the  township, 
2073. 

GILMANTON  IRON  WORKS,  a  post-village  in  the  above 
township,  about  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Concord.  It  contains  2 
churches,  3  stores,  a  plow-factory,  2  tanneries,  and  mills  of 
various  kinds. 

GILMER,  ghil'mgr,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  West 
A'irginia :  area  512  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  E. 
to  W.  by  the  Little  Kanawha  River,  and  also  drained  by 
Lick,  Leading,  and  Steer  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mostly  co- 
vered with  forests.  The  county  contains  salt  springs  and 
iron  ore.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Parkersburg  and  Weston 
Turnpike.  Formed  a  few  years  ago  out  of  part  of  Lewis 
county,  and  named  in  honor  of  Thomas  W.  (iilmer.  member 
of  Congress  from  Virginia.  Capital,  Glenville.  Pop.  37S9, 
of  whom  3707  were  free,  and  52  slaves. 

GILMER,  a  county  in  theN.  part  of  Georgia,  about  10  m. 
miles  from  the  line  of  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  about  475 
scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  waters  of  the 
Connasauga,  Coosawattee,  and  EUijay  Rivers.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  by  mountain  ridges  connected  with  the 
Blue  Ridge,  and  is  remarkable  for  picturesque  scenery. 
Pome  of  lliese  elevations  are  known  as  the  Coliuttah,  Frog, 
Bald,  Tallona,  and  Sliarptop  Mounttiins.  Gilmer  county  is 
remarkably  rich  in  minerals.  Gold-mines  are  worked  in 
several  places,  and  are  productive.  Many  persons  are  em- 
ployed in  quarrying  marble,  wjiieh  is  of  fine  quality ;  and 
the  county  contains  an  abundance  of  good  iron.  Named  iu 
honor  of  George  R.  Gilmer,  who  was  Governor  of  Georgia  in 
1830.  Capital,  Ellijay.  Pop.  C724,  of  whom  0557  were  free, 
and  167  slaves. 

GILMER,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Upshur  co., 
Texas,  about  320  miles  E.N.E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  situated 
in  a  rich  planting  region,  which  is  diversified  by  prairies 
and  forests.     Laid  out  In  1848. 

GILMER,  a  township  in  Adams  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1182. 

G 1 LMER,  a  post-village  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  35  miles  N.W. 
of  Chicago. 

GILMER'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

GIL'MERTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

GIL'MORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

GILOLO,  je-lo/lo,  GILLOLO,  DJILLOLO,  jil-lo/lo,  or  IIAL- 
MAHER.\,  hJlmi-hfVrS,  a  considerable  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  on  the  Equator,  Ion.  128°  E.,  separated  from 
Celebes  by  the  Jloluccn  Passage,  and  from  Coram  by  Pitt's 
Passage,  respectively  about  130  miles  across.  Estimated 
area,  6500  square  miles.  Its  shape,  like  that  of  Celebes,  con- 
sists of  four  peninsulas,  radiating  N.,  E.,  and  S.  from  a  com- 
mon centre.  The  interior  is  mountainous,  and  in  m.iny 
parts  densely  wooded;  the  coasts  are  resorted  to  by  pirates. 
The  products  are  sago,  cocoa-nuts,  spices,  fruits,  edible 
birds'-nests.  pearls  and  gold-dust,  horses,  horned  cattle,  and 
sheep.  The  im|)orts  are  mostly  from  the  Dutch  East  India 
settlements,  anij  comprise  manufactured  goods,  opium, 
china-ware,  and  iron.  The  island  is  subdivided  into  several 
petty  states;  prinrip-al  towns,  Ossa  and  Gilolo. 

GILOLO,  PASSAGE  OF,  separating  the  above  island,  on 
the  E.,  from  the  islands  of  Waigeoo,  Battanta,  Mysol,  is 
from  100  to  140  miles  across. 

GILOP'OLIS,  a  post-office  of  Robe.son  co..  North  Carolina, 

GILPAIGOAN,  ghil-pI-gOn',  written  also  GILPAIGON, 
a  town  of  Persia,  provinceof  Irak-Ajemee,  100  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Ispahan. 

GIL'IWY',  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

GILROY,  a  post-offlce  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  California. 

GILS'LAND,  a  hamlet  and  district  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, on  the  Carlisle  and  Newcastle  Railway,  8  miles  N.E. 
of  Brampton.  It  abounds  in  romantic  scenery,  has  medicinal 
spiings,  and  is  much  resorted  to  as  a  watering-place. 

GILS'TONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

GIL'.SUM,  a  post-town.ship  of  Cheshire  co.,  New  Ilami^ 
shire,  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  676. 

GIMBSHEIM.  ghimp-s/hlme,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse-Dai-mst;»dt,  9  miles  N.W,  of  Worms.     Pop.  1594. 

GIMEXA.  JIMEXA  or  XIMKXA.  He-m4/ud,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  50  miles  E.S.E  of  Cadiz.     Pop.  5878. 

GIM1GX.\X0,  je-meen-y^'no,  a  town  of  Tu.scany,  20  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Florence.    Pop.  5818. 

GIM'IXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GIMINO,  je-mee'no,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Illyria, 
about  60  miles  from  Fiume.     Pop.  3568. 

GIMOXE.  zhee'mon',  a  river  of  France,  joins  the  Garonne 
abovit  3  miles  S.  of  Castelsarrasin,  after  a  course  of  05  miles. 

GIMONT,  zhee^mANo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers.  on  the  Gimone,  14  miles  E.  of  Auch.    P.  in  1862,  3053, 

GIXEVKA  and  GIXEBRA.    See  Geneva. 

GIXGEE  or  JHINJI,  jin'jee,  a  fortified  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Madras.  It* 
extensive  fortifications  cover  most  part  of  three  detached 

763 


GIN 

rocky  WUs  of  difficult  ascent,  and  comprise  a  remarkable 
Bcen-storied  tower,  a  pagoda,  mosque,  a  castellated  palace, 
va  ions  military  works,  and  some  interesting  ruins.  It  has 
been  repeatedly  taken:  the  last  time,  in  1750,  by  the  French, 
who  ceded  it  to  the  British  in  1761. 

G IXGKLOM,  Hing'hA-lom^  or  zhix^'zheh-lis"^',  a  village  of 
Belgium,  on  the  railway,  4S  miles  K.  by  "S.  of  Brussels. 

GIX'GEKBUEAD  GROUND,  a  dangerous  reef  of  the  Baha- 
ma Islands.  35  miles  S.  of  the  Great  Bahama.  Lat.  25°  56' 
>-..  Ion.  78°  25'  E. 

GIX'GKK  HILL,  a  small  post-vUlage  of  Washington  co., 
Perinsylvania. 

GINGER  ISLAND.  AVest  Indies.    See  YiRGiy  Islanps. 

GINGST,  ghingst,  a  village  of  Prussia,  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  island  of  Riigen,  in  the  Baltic.    Pop.  778. 

GINNEKEN.  iiin'nA-ken,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Brabant,  1  mile  S.E.  of  Breda.     Pop.  700. 

GINSENG,  jin'seng,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  CO.,  Virginia. 

GIN  TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia. 

GIOIA.    See  Gioja. 

GIOJ.  jo'ee,  a  villaee  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
atra.  6  miles  N  .W.  of  Vallo.     Pop.  1 KOO. 

GIOJA  or  GIOIA,  jo'yi,  a  city  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
19  miles  E.  of  Altamura.    Pop.  9500. 

GIOJA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II., 
15  miles  S.E.  of  .\vezzano.     Pop.  1900. 

GIOJA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Piedimonte.    Pop.  2400. 

GIOJA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Lltra  I., 
27  miles  N.E.  of  Reggio,  near  the  gulf  of  its  own  name.  It 
was  almost  destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of  1783.     Pop.  429. 

GIOJOS.\.  jo-yo'sii,  a  town,  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  I.,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Gerace.    Pop.  7019. 

GIOJOSA,  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  its  N.  coast,  5  miles  N.W. 
of  Patti.  Pop.  3300.  It  was  built  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain on  which  stood  Giojosa  A'ecchio.  (or  Old  Giojosa.) 

GIORGIEV  or  GIORGIEF.    See  Giurgevo. 

GIORNICO,  joRfne-ko,  (Ger.  Ir'nis,)  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Ticino,  on  the  Tessin. 

GIOVATA,  jo-v3'td,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
in  Anatolia,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Kos,  (here  called  the 
Gulf  of  Giova.  jo'vd,)  50  miles  E.  of  Boodroom. 

GIOVENAZZO,  jo-v4-nJt'so,  (auc.  Aaiiohm,)  a  fortified 
seaport  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  on  a  rocky  penin- 
sula in  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  6000.  It  has  a  cathedral,  con- 
vents, hospitals,  and  a  castle. 

GIPPING,  ghip/ping,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GIR.    See  Nioeb. 

GIRAGLIA.  je-r3l'y5.  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
li  miles  off  the  N.  extremity  of  Corsica. 

GIRAPETRA.  je-rd-p.A'trd,  a  small  maritime  town  of  the 
island  of  Crete,  on  its  S.  coast.  17  miles  S.  of  Spina-Longa. 

GIRARD,  jt^rard',  a  township  of  Clearfield  CO..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Susquehanna,  12  mUes  N.E.  of  Cleailjeld.  Pop. 
492. 

GIRARD,  a  beautiful  post-borough  and  township  of  Erie 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Lake  Erie.  The  borough  is  situated 
on  the  Lake  Shore  Railroad  16  miles  S.W.  of  Erie,  and  on 
the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  about  2  miles  from  the  lake.  It 
is  surrounded  by  rich  and  well-cultivated  farms,  and  con- 
fciins  1  academy  and  a  national  bank.  Pop.  in  1860,  about 
600;  of  the  township,  2453. 

GIKARD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  opposite  Co- 
lumbus, Georgia.  It  is  the  largest  place  in  the  county,  and 
has  considerable  trade.  Girard  contains  1  printing-office, 
several  stores,  and  about  1000  inhabitants.  The  route  of  a 
railroad  has  been  surveyed  from  Girard  to  .Mobile. 

GIRARD,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ma- 
honing River,  170  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Ohio  Canal  passes  through  it. 

GTR.\RD,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Branch  co- 
Michigan.    Pop.  1128. 

GIRARD.  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois. 

GIR'DLENESS',  a  headland  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine, 
forming  the  S.  point  of  the  entrance  of  the  Dee.  2  miles  S. 
of  Aberdeen.  It  has  a  light-house  with  2  fixed  lights.  Lat. 
67°  8'  N.,  Ion.  2°  3'  W. 

GIRGEII  or  JIRJEH,  jMa'jJh,  (written  DJIRDJEII  by 
the  French.)  a  town  of  Upper  Eg^pt,  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  own  name,  on  the  Nile.  60  miles  N.W.  of  Thebes.  Pop. 
7000. (?)  It  is  large,.andin  Upper Egjpt  ranks nextin  importr 
ance  after  Sioot  (Siout).  It  has  several  mosques,  a  govern- 
ment cotton  factory,  a  school,  attended,  a  few  years  ago,  by 
loo  boys,  and  a  Latin  t-onvent.  which  is  now  the  oldest  Ro- 
man Catholic  establishment  in  Egypt. 

GIKGENTI. jlK-jJn'tee,  orGERGENTI. ?  (anc.  AgrigtnUum.) 
a  city  of  Sicily,  on  the  slojie  of  a  mountain,  nearly  1200  feet 
•bove  the  sea,  which  it  faces  at  about  3  miles  distant.  Pop. 
18,569.  It  has  an  Imposing  external  appearance,  but  is  ir- 
regularly laid  out.  The  public  buildings  are  large,  though, 
nxcept  the  public  seminar>',  library,  and  museum,  they  are 
without  merit:  the  principal  are  a  cathedral  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  with  some  antiquities  and  treasures  of  art, 
ftnd  a  great  many  other  churches  and  convents.  On  the 
754 


GIT 

coast  is  a  port,  with  a  mole  built  by  Charles  III.  in  1768^ 
two  light-houses,  extensive  corn  magazines,  a  prison,  kc 
The  extensive  remains  of  the  ancient  city,  E.  of  the  modern 
town,  comprise  the  magnificent  temple  of  Concord,  the  most 
perfect  existing  structure  of  early  Greek  architecture;  the 
remains  of  a  vast  temple  of  the  Olympic  Jupiter,  369  feet  in 
length,  (basement.)  182  feet  in  breadth,  and  120  feet  in 
height:  the  tomb  of  Theron;  and  portions  of  the  temples  of 
Juno,  Hercules,  Vulcan,  Castor  and  Pollux,  &c.  Girgenti 
is  the  chief  port  in  Sicily  for  the  export  of  sulphur ;  the  other 
principal  exports  are  corn,  almonds,  sumach,  oil.  and  soda. 

GIRGENTI,  a  province  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Sicily,  com- 
prising an  area  of  about  1377  square  miles.    Pop.  2.3o,187. 

G1R1FAL01,  je-re-fdl'ko,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  9  mUes  S.W.  of  Catanzaro. 
Pop.  3300. 

GIRISHK,  gheeVishk',  a  fort  and  village  of  Afghanistan, 
on  the  Ilelmund.  Liit.  31°  46'  N..  Ion.  64°  18'  E.  The  fort 
is  built  upon  a  mound,  about  2  miles  from  the  river. 

GIRJEII,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Girgeh. 

GIROMAGNY,  zheeVo^mdn'yee',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaut-Rhin,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Belfort.  Pop.  in 
1852, 2700. 

GIRON,  JIRON,  XIRON,  He-r6n',  or  GIRONA.  He-ro/nl,  a 
small  town  of  New  Granada,  department  of  Boyaca,  46  miles 
W.  of  Pamplona. 

GIRONDE,  je-rSnd'.  (Fr.  pron.  zheeVAxd',)  an  estuary  of 
Western  France,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  rivers  Garonne 
and  Dordogne.  Length,  alxmt  50  miles;  the  breadth  varies 
from  2  to  6  miles,  its  mouth  being  3  miles  across.  It  is  navi- 
gable throughout,  but  greatly  encumbered  with  .'mnd-banks, 
and  subject  at  flood-tide  to  a  heavy  reliux  from  the  sea, 
termed  the  mascaret,  similar  to  the  bfire  (barre)  in  the  Seine. 

GIRONDE,  a  maritime  department  in  the  S.W.  of  France, 
formed  of  part  of  the  oW  province  of  Guieune,  having  W.  the 
BayofBiscay.  Area,  3714  square  miles.  Pop.  in  ISOl,  667,193. 
Surface  generally  level,  and  all  the  W.  portion  is  a  sand-flat, 
interspersed  with  lagoons,  .ind  termed  the  '•  landes."  Prin- 
cijial  rivers,  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne,  with  the  estuary  of 
Gironde  formed  by  their  union.  Most  of  the  claret-wines 
are  grown  in  this  department,  the  vineyards  in  which  form 
its  chief  source  of  wealth.  There  are  stone  quarries  and 
smelting-works.  but  few  mines.  Gironde  is  divided  into  6 
arrondissements ;  chief  towns,  Bordeaux,  (the  capital,)  Bazas, 
and  Elaye. 

GIRTHON.  ghir'thpn,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright. 

GIRTON,  ghlr'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

GIRTON.  a  parish  of  Enf;land,  co.  of  Notts. 

GIR  VAN,  ghir'van,  a  river  of  Sc<itland.  co.  of  .Ayr,  rises  in 
a  email  hike,  and  flows  westcriy  into  the  Irish  Sia,  opposite 
Ailsa  Craii.', 

G1RV.\N,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  parish  of  Scotland,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  alxsve  river,  co.,  and  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ayr. 
Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1S51,  7319.  It  is  mostly  inhabited  by 
cotton  weavers,  and  has  a  town-hall,  twobrajich  banks,  and 
a  harbor  containing  from  9  to  11  feet  of  water. 

GISBUEN,  ghi7/btlrn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  on  the  Ribble,  lOi  miles  W.S.W.  of  Skipton. 
Gisburn  Park,  the  seat  of  Lord  Ribblesdale.  is  remarkable 
for  its  herd  of  wild  cattle,  similar  to  those  of  Chillingham. 

GISLEIIAM,  ghiz'el-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

GISLINGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GISORS.  zhee^zoR'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure, 
on  the  Epte,  33  miles  N.E.  of  Evreux.  Pop.  in  1S52,  3653. 
The  principal  edifices  are  an  old  castle,  ptirtly  built  by 
Henry  II.  of  England,  and  a  curious  piirish  church  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  In  the  Jliddle  .4ges.  Gisors  was  a  fort- 
ress of  importance;  here  several  memorable  interviews  took 
place  between  Henry  I.  of  England  and  Pope  Calixtus, 
Henry  II.  and  Louis  VII..  ic.  It  has  a  commun.<il  college, 
and  an  active  trade  in  corn,  &c. 

GISR.    See  Jezar.- 

GISSER,  ghis'ser,  an  island  of  the  Banda  group.  Malay 
Archipelago.  It  is  low  and  sandy,  surrounded  by  a  coral  reet 

GISSI,  jis'see,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Citra,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Vasto.    Pod.  3400. 

GISSIGHEIM.  ghis'sig-hlme\  a  vUlage  of  Itiden,  on  the 
Brehm.     Pop.  958. 

GIS/SING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GISWEIL,  ghLs/ftlle,  or  GYSWYL,  ghis'^il,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Unterwalden,  on  the  Lauwibach,  0 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Sarnen.  A  little  above  the  village  the  out- 
let of  the  Lungemsee  forms  two  fine  ca.<cades.     Pop.  1406. 

GITS,  nits,  (Fr.  pron.  zheet.)  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  AVest  Flanders,  16  miles  N,E.  of  Ypres.    Pop.  3826. 

GITSCHIN  or  GICZIN,  phitch'in.  a  walled  town  of  Bo- 
hemia,  on  the  Czidlina.  (chid-lee'nd.)  50  miles  NJi.  of 
Prague.  Pop.  3S28.  It  has  a  fiue  castle,  built  by  Wallen 
stein,  and  a  gjninasium. 

GITTELDE.  ghiftiTdfh.  a  town  of  Northern  Germany,  3J 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Brunswick.     Pof .  1213. 

GITTISUAM,  ghit/te-sham,  a  parish  of  Knglana,  co,  of 
Devon. 


GIU 


GLA 


OTUBIASCO.  joo-be-is'k'6,  a  Tillage  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Ticino,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Bellinzona.     Pop.  613. 

GIUGLIANO,  jool-yA'uo,  a  market-town  of  Xaple.s,  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Naples.  I'op.  8300.  It  has  4  churches,  an  hospital, 
and  a  fine  noble  residence. 

GIUGLIANO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ci- 
tra,  district  of  Cliieti.     I'op.  14U0. 

GIULAMEKK,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Joola- 

UERE. 

GIULTANA,  joo-le-H'nJ,  a  seaport  villag;e  of  Dalmatia,  on 
the  K.  side  of  the  peninsula  of  Sabioncello. 

GICLIANOVAjjoo-le-il-no'va,  or  G1.ULIANU0VA,  joo-le- 
l-noo-o'vd,  (anc.  dis'trum  iVWrMHi,)  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Teramo,  near 
the  Adriatic.    Pop.  2000. 

OIULIOl'OLI,  joo-le-op'o-le,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Citra,  24  miles  S.  of  Lanciano.     Pop.  1055. 

GIUPAXA,  joo-pJ'ni,  or  SCIPAN,  she-pSn',  an  island  of 
Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatic,  near  the  coast,  3  miles  S.  of  Slano. 
Pop.  850.     Length,  5  miles;  average  breadth,  Ij  miles. 

GIURQEVO,  GIUr.GKWO,  jooR-jA'vo,  or  DSCIIUKDSCIIO- 
WA,  a  town  of  Wallachia,ou  the  Danube.  40  miles  S.W.  of 
Bucharest,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  a  poor 
plac«,  but  has  an  active  trade,  especially  with  some  of  the 
Austrian  ports  on  the  Danube.  The  fortifications  formerly 
encircling  the  town,  were  levelled  by  the  Russians  in  1829. 

GIUSS.\N  0.  joos-sd/no,  a  village  of  Northernltiily,  province, 
and  18  miles  N.  of  Milan.     Pop.  1983. 

GIUSVALLA,  joos-vdnd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
about  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Alessandria.    Pop.  1186. 

GIV'ENDALK  or  GWEN'DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  East  Kiding. 

GIV'ENS^'ILLK,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co..  Mississippi. 

GI  VET,  zheeVA',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardennes,  on  the  Meuse,  26  miles  N'.N'.E.  of  Mezieres,  on 
the  Belgian  frontier.  Pop.  in  1862,  5639.  Here  are  exten- 
sive barracks,  a  military  liospital,  and  on  an  adjacent  height 
is  the  citadel  of  Charlemont. 

GIVOitS,  zhee^oE/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ehone,  13  miles  S.  of  Lyons,  on  the  railway  from  thence  to 
St.  Etienne,  and  on  the  Khoue,  near  where  it  is  joined  by  the 
Gier  River  and  the  Canal  of  Givors.  Pop.  in  1852,  9118.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade  in  coal  and  ironstone,  brought 
hither  by  its  canal,  which  is  about  10  miles  in  length. 

GIVKY,  zheeVree',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  6  miles  W.  of  Chalons-sur-SaOne.  Pop.  in 
1852,  3071. 

GIZEII,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Giieezeii. 

GJAT  or  O.TATSK.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  GznATSK. 

GLADBACH,  glM'baK,  or  MOXCUEN  GLADBACII.  a 
town  o!  Rhenish  Prussia.  10  miles  W.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the 
railway  from  Aix-la-Cliapelle  to  Ilomberg.    Pop.  17,064. 

GLADBACII,  a  town  of  Khenish  Prussia,  government  of 
Cologne.  6  miles  N.E.  of  .Mulheim.     Pop.  2550. 

GLAD'DEN'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  district, 
South  Carolina. 

GLADE,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
698. 

GLADE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  cp.,  Virginia. 

GL.\DE  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  IJutler  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Glade  Creek,  22  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg. 

GLADK  .MIXES,  a  pnstoffice  of  Hall  co..  Georgia. 

GLADEXBACII,  gld'dfn-biK\  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Marburg.   Pop.  1050. 

GL.VDE  RUX.a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co..  Pennsylvania. 

GLADE'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Geor- 
gia, 32  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

GLADK  SPRIXG,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia,  on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Kailroad,  12  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Abingdon.  It  is  the  seat  of  Emory  and  Henry 
College,  foinided  by  the  .Methodists  in  1838. 

GLADE  SPRIXG.  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Texas. 

GLAD'ESTKY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

GLADESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Georgia. 

GLADEVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Preston  co.,  W.Virginia. 

GLADOVA,  gld-do'va,  (Turk.  Fei-Mam,  fit-is'ldm',)  a  town 
of  Sei'via,  on  the  Danube,  immediately  below  the  "  iron  gate." 
or  rapids  of  that  river.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Xew  Orsova.  It  is 
the  chief  station  of  the  Danube  Steam  Xavigation  Com- 
pany, and  its  inhabitants  are  actively  employed  in  the  con- 
veyance of  merchandise,  by  land,  between  it  and  Orsova. 
About  2j  miles  below  it  are  the  remains  of  the  bridge  built 
by  Trajan  across  the  Danube. 

GLADSMUIll,  gladz'miire.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  4 
miles  W  of  Haddington.  The  battle  of  Gladsmuir.  better 
known  as  that  of  Prestonpans,  was  fought  partly  in  this 
parish. 

QLAIVWIN,  a  new  county  towards  the  E.  part  of  Michi- 
gan, contains  about  570  square  miles.  It  is  inter.sectRd  by 
the  Titibawassee  River.  This  county  is  not  included  in  the 
eensus  of  1850,   Pop.  in  1860, 14. 

GLADY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Barbour  co..  W.  Virginia. 

GLAIDS'DALE.  a  narish  rf  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
itiaing. 

GLAM'MIS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cc .  and  5i  miles  S.W.  of 


Forfar,  on  the  Dundee  and  Newtyle  Railway.  The  vene- 
rable and  stately  Castle  of  Glammis,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of 
Strathmore,  contains  an  interesting  collection  of  antiquities. 
A  passage  is  still  shown,  in  which  Malcolm  II.  is  said  to 
have  been  murdered,  A.  D.  1031. 

GLAMOR'GAN,  or  GLAMORGANSHIRE,  glam-or'gan- 
•shjr,  the  southernmost  county  of  Wales,  having  S.  and  W. 
the  Bristol  Chiinnel.  Area,  856  square  miles  of  which  alout 
one-half  are  arable  or  pasture  lands.  Pop.  in  1851,  2ol,849. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  N.,  level  In  the  S.;  the 
"Vale  of  Glamorgan"  is  of  fertility  unsurpassed  in  Wales. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tawe,  Neath,  TafT,  Romney, 
forming  the  boundary  on  the  side  of  Monmouthshire,  and 
on  the  W.  the  Loughor,  which,  with  the  Bury  estuary, 
bounds  X.  the  peninsula  of  Gower.  All  the  N.  part  of  this 
county  belongs  to  the  great  coal  field  of  South  Wales.  Largo 
iron-works  are  established  at  Merthyr-Tydvil,  Aberdare.  and 
Ilerwain  ;  and  smelting-works  at  Swansea  and  Xeath,  con- 
nected with  the  coast  by  a  railway  to  Cardiff  and  its  branches. 
The  Neath  and  Swansea  Canals  are  also  in  this  county.  Capi- 
tiil,  Cardiff.  The  county  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Common.s,  and  its  boroughs  send  3. 

GLAMOR'GAN,  a  county  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  bounded 
N.  by  the  St.  Paul  and  South  Esk  Rivers,  separating  it  from 
the  county  of  Cornwall,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  ocean.  Capi- 
tal, Swansea. 

GLAMORGAXSIIIRE.    See  Glamorgan. 

GLAN,gldn,a  lakeof  Sweden,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  Iwn  of 
Linkoping,  about  9  miles  long  by  6  miles  wide.  The  Motala, 
which  discharges  Lake  Wetter,  after  passing  through  Lake 
Roxeu,  enters  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Glan ;  and,  issuing 
from  its  E.  extremity  passes  the  town  of  Norrkjiipiug  and 
forms  a  long  estuary  called  Braviken  in  the  Baltic. 

GLANDllVE,  gl6N«Maiv',  a  hamlet  and  former  town  of 
France,  department  of  Basses-Alpes.  on  the  Var,  17  miles  X  .E. 
of  Castellanne,  ruined  by  repeated  inundations  of  the  river. 

GLAND'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GLAND'FORD-BRIGG  (or  BRIDGE,)  a  market-town  of 
England,  co.,  and  24  miles  N.X.W.  of  Lincoln.  Pop.  in  1861, 
2201.    Steam-packets  connect  the  town  with  Hull. 

GL.\X'DON.  a  harbor  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  3  miles  W. 
of  Ross  Bay,  about  1  mile  wide,  and  stretches  inland  about 
3  miles. 

GLANDON.  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  about  2  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  harbor. 

tiL.\N^DDKE',  a  harbor  on  the  S.  coast  of  Ireland,  co.,  and 
34  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cork,  in  lat.  51°  36'  N.,  Ion.  9°  5'  W. 

GLAXDORE,  a  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  situated  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  harbor,  contains  many  handsome  houses, 
erected  for  the  accommodation  of  bathers  and  others  attract- 
ed to  it  by  the  beauty  of  its  situation  and  the  salubrity  of 
its  climate. 

GL.^NDOKF,  gldn'doRf,  a  village  of  Hanover,  province  of 
OsnabrUck.     Pop.  980. 

GLANE,  gldn  or  gld/neh,  a  stream  of  Switzerland,  joins 
the  Saane  lielow  Attenryff. 

GLAN'MIRE',  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.,  and  5 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Cork.    Pop.  453. 

GLAN/TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

GLANnvORTH,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  fn  Mun- 
ster, CO.  of  Cork.  5j  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mitchelstown.  Pop.  of 
village,  1012.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  noble  castle,  forfeited 
by  liord  Fermoy  in  1641. 

GLAP'TIIORN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

GLARXlSCIL(Glarnisch,)glaiR'nish,  a  mountain  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  about  5  miles  S.^V.  of  Glarus,  has  seve- 
ral peaks,  and  is  connected  with  the  Todi.  It  is  8925  feet 
high,  rises  abruptly  from  the  vallay  below,  and  is  difficult  of 
ascent.  Lat.  of  the  Vorder  Glarnisch.  47°  1'  22"  N.,  lou.  9°  2' 
30"  E. 

GLARUS,  gia/r66s,  or  CLARIS,  gUVeece/,  a  town  of  Swit- 
zerland, capital  of  a  canton  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Linth, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Glarnisch.  Pop.  in  1850,  4082.  Its 
church  is  shared  both  by  Protestants  and  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  it  has  a  hospital,  town-hall,  free  school,  public 
library  and  reading  room,  with  manufactures  of  muslins, 
printed  cottons,  woollen  cloths,  and  Schabzieger  cheese. 

GLARUS  or  CLARIS,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  enclosed 
by  St.  Gall,  the  Grisons,  Sehwytz.  and  Uri.  Area,  2S0  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1860,  33..3f>3  The  Linth  and  its  aftluenta 
pour  themselves  into  the  Lake  of  Wallenstatt,  on  its  X', 
frontier;  on  all  other  sides  it  is  hemmed  in  by  high  moun- 
tain rangos,  and  the  Dodi  at  its  S.  extremity.  11.887  feet  in 
height,  is  the  loftiest  summit  in  East  Switzerland.  Or- 
chards are  numerous;  little  corn  is  produced;  cattle  rearing 
and  manufactures  of  cotton  and  linen  goods  form  the  chief 
occupations  of  the  inhabitant.s.     Capital,  Glarus. 

GLAyBURY,  a  parish  of  South  ^\■ales,  cos.  of  Brecon  and 
Radnor. 

GLAS'CO,  a  postrvillage  of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  on  Hud- 
son River,  48  miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  has  a  steamboat  land- 
ing and  extensive  brick-yards. 

GLASCOMOE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radncr 

GLASCOW,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Waterloo,  scp.v 

755 


GLA 


GLA 


rated  fiorn  BvidfC^port  by  the  Grand  Rirer,  OTer  which  there 
M  n  liriil^e,  2  miles  N.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  about  75. 

GL.i'^EN,  (GlSsMi.)  frli'zen,  a  village  of  Prussia,  gorem- 
ment  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  880. 

GL.\SEM5ACII.  gW'zfn-biK\  a  Tillage  of  Austria,  duchy 
of.  and  near  !?a!zbur'2. 

GLA.SKNDORF.  glS'zen-doRr,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Bidschow.     Pop.  290.' 

OLASKHSDORK.  (Glasersdorf.l  glA'zerz-dour,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau.   Pop.  1217. 

GLASERSDOKF.  (Glasersdorf.)  a  village  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz.  circle  of  Liiben.     Pop.  977. 

GLASERHDOHF  (Glasersdorf)  (VnER,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
government  of  Liegnitz.  circle  of  Liiben.    Pop.  665. 

OLAS'FORD.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

GLAfVGOW,  (L.  Gliis'cua.)  the  principal  commercial  and 
m;inufacturing  citv  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  I^wer  Ward, 
on  bith  sides  nttheClvde.42milesW.bvS.  of  Edinburgh.  Lat. 
of  Glasgow  Bridge.  S.i°  51'  5-t"  X.,  Inn.  4°  16'  W.  Greatest 
length  from  E.to  W..  3  miles:  breadth  from  N.to  S..2  miles; 
circumference  about  8  miles.  The  city  proper  stands  wholly 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  having  the  suburbs  of  Calton 
and  Brid'geton  on  the  E.,  and  those  of  Anderston  and  Fm- 
nieston  on  the  W.,  the  whole  forming  one  continuous  town ; 
besides  these,  the  suburban  villages  of  Camlachie,  West- 
muir,  and  Parkhead  on  the  E..  and  of  Partick  on  the  W., 
are  so  cla«ely  connected  with  it  as  to  be  likewise  almost  con- 
tinuous. On  the  opposite  or  left  bank  of  the  Clyde  is  the 
ancient  suburb  of  GorKals;  and,  of  more  modern  growth, 
those  of  Hutchesontown  on  the  E..  and  Laurieston,  Trades- 
ton,  and  Kingston  ou  the  W..  the  whole  so  blended  as  to  con- 
stitute one  uliinterrupted  series  of  streets  and  houses,  with 
which  the  village  of  Govan,  on  the  W.,  is  almost  united. 
These  two  sections  of  the  town  are  connected  by  three  sub- 
stantial stone  bridges;  and  an  elegant  suspension  bridge 
was  in  process  of  erection  in  1852:  in  addition  to  these,  an- 
other stone  bridge  crosses  the  river  at  the  E.  extremity  of 
the  town.  The  greater  part  of  the  city,  and  its  suburban 
portions,  stand  on  level  ground,  lying  along  the  banks  of 
the  river;  but  on  the  N.  and  X.W.,  at  once  compri.'sing  the 
oldest  and  newest  parts,  it  rises  to  considerable  elevations, 
occupying,  in  the  former  quarter,  the  face  and  summit  of  a 
steep  ridge;  in  the  latter,  ascending,  and  crowning  several 
gentle  acclivities.  Its  plan  is  very  regular,  both  on  the  N. 
and  S.  sides  of  the  river,  the  streets  generally  extending  E. 
and  W.,  nearly  parallel  to  the  river,  or  X.  and  S.,  at  right  an- 
gles to  it. 

The  general  appearance  of  Glasgow,  on  being  approached 
In  almost  any  direction,  is  not,  perhaps,  very  preposses- 
sing, owing  to  its  generally  low  situstlon.  and  to  the  obtru- 
sion of  a  vast  number  of  tall  smoking  chimneys,  and  other 
manifestations  of  manufacturing  industry;  still,  the  great 
number  of  its  handsome  spires  forms  a  striking  feature  in  its 
genenal  .ispect.  when  viewed  from  a  distance ;  and.  when  sur- 
veyed in  detail,  it  is  found  to  possess  many  plea.«ing  and  at- 
tractive features.  All  its  buildings,  with  the  exception  of  fac- 
tories and  a  few  suburban  houses  for  the  working-classes,  are 
constructed  in  a  superior  style,  of  fine  white  and  generally 
polished  freestone,  imparting  a  peculi.ar  air  of  combined 
solidity  and  elegance  to  the  whole  city.  Slanj'  of  the  streets 
are  handsome  and  spacious,  some  of  the  public  edifices  mag- 
nificent, and  the  new  crescents,  squares,  and  isolated  rows 
of  dwellings,  particularly  in  the  W.  end  of  the  town,  present 
as  beautiful  specimens  of  modern  domestic  architecture  as 
are  to  be  seen  any  where;  having  the  additional  advantage, 
in  numeroiis  instances,  of  fine  comm.anding  situations. 
The  principal  streets  are.  in  general,  remarkably  straight, 
and  most  of  them  of  considerable  width.  They  are  kept  in 
good  order,  and  are  well  paved,  and  lighted  by  between  7000 
and  8000  gas  lamps.  Water  is  furnished  at  the  rate  of  27 
gallons  a  day  to  each  inhabitant,  the  total  daily  supply  be- 
ing 12.000,000  gallons.  The  principal  street  is  the  Trongate, 
with  its  continuations — the  G.allowgate  on  the  E.,  and  Ar- 
pyle  street  on  the  W. ;  it  lies  E.  and  W.,  is  in  all  about  2 
miles  long  and  80  feet  wide,  and  is  justly  considered  one  of 
the  handsomest  streets  in  Europe.  The  finest  N.  and  S. 
streets  are  Buch.anan  street  and  Queen  street;  the  former 
the  fashionable  street  of  the  day.  and  the  most  remarkable 
for  the  elegance  of  its  shops.  The  squares  of  Gla.sgow  are 
few  in  number,  and  generally  small.  The  crescents  and  ter- 
races are  of  modern  creation,  and  are.  therefore,  all  confined 
to  the  growing,  or  W.  and  X.W.  end  of  the  city. 

Public  BuiUlinrii,  bridges.  Mnnumimts,  dv. — Glasgow  has 
many  public  buildings  of  great  architectural  merit;  but  by 
far  the  most  magnificent  is  the  Royal  Exchange  in  Queen 
street.  It  is  in  the  Corinthian  style,  surmounted  by  a 
handsome  circular  clock-tower,  has  a"  lofty  octostvle  portico, 
thi-ee  colunnns  In  depth,  and  Is  adorned  on  the  sides  by 
engaged  columns,  giving  the  whole  building  a  singularly 
noble  appearance:  the  news-room  is  aliout  100  feet  long  by 
40  broad,  with  a  rich  colTered  roof  supported  by  Corinthian 
columns.  The  new  County  Buildings  in  connection  with 
the  adjoining  Merchants'  Hall,  compose  a  ma-rniftcent  pile, 
of  a  simple,  but  imposing  character.  The  Tontine,  contain- 
iug  the  Uld  Exchanfre  and  Town-liaU,  situated  at  the  Cross, 
768 


on  the  north  side  of  Trongate,  is  a  noble  range  of  buildings 
with  a  superb  palatial-looking  front,  supported  on  rustica- 
ted arcides.  Adjoining  to  it.  at  the  Cross  and  the  foot  of 
the  High  street,  is  the  quaint-looking  steeple  of  the  old 
Tolbooth,  with  a  fine  chime  of  bells :  and  W.  from  it  is  the 
steeple  of  the  old  Tron  Church,  a  well-known  landmark  in 
the  city.  Many  of  the  banks  are  among  the  chief  architect- 
ural ornaments  of  Glasgow ;  the  Union,  Briti.sh  Linen, 
Roy.al.  Xational.  AVestem.  and  City  Banks,  may  especially 
be  particularized  for  their  elegance.  The  Western  Club- 
House,  Assembly  Rooms,  now  the  Athenajum,  Ilutchesons' 
Hospital,  the  Trades'  ILall,  the  Universities,  the  Established 
and  Free  Church  Xorm.il  Seminaries,  City  Hall,  Corn  Ex-' 
change,  the  extensive  Lunatic  -Asylum  at  Gartnavel.  2  miles 
W.  from  the  city,  and  the  Observatory,  about  half  a  mile 
nearer  in  the  s.ame  direction ;  some  of  the  more  recently 
erected  schools,  both  private  and  charity,  are  all  more  or 
less  deservin,^  of  notice;  as  are  also  the  Town's  Hospital, 
and  the  Xorth  and  South  Prisons.  The  public  monuments 
comprise  that  to  Xelson  in  the  Green,  .an  Egyptian  obelisk, 
144  feet  In  height ;  an  equestrian  statue  of  KingWUllam  111. 
at  the  Cross:  the  st.atues  of  Sir  John  Moore,  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  by  Flaxman,  and  one  of  his  finest  works;  of  James 
Watt,  by  Ch.antrey :  and  a  fluted  Doric  column,  surmounted 
by  a  figure,  in  free.stone,  to  Sir  Walter  Scott — the  last  three 
In  George  Square ;  and  the  equestrian  statue  of  the  Duko 
of  Wellington,  by  Marochetti,  In  front  of  the  Royal  Ex- 
change. 

Churches  and  Places  of  Winrfhij). — There  are.  within  the 
parliamentary  city  and  burgh  of  Glasgow,  14-3  places  of 
worship — Established  Church  25,  Free  30,  United  I'resby* 
terian  23.  Episcopalian  5,  Roman  Catholic  7,  Independent 
11,  Baptist  7,  other  denoniiiiatious,  35  ;  affording,  altOL'ether, 
seats  for  114,278  persons.  .4s  specimens  of  ecclesiastical 
architecture,  many  of  these  churches  are  of  a  high  oi-der. 
First,  is  the  ancient  Cathedral  or  High  Church,  a  msijestic 
pile,  situated  on  the  X.,  and  the  oldest  part  of  the  town, 
on  the  edge  or  W.  bank  of  a  ravine,  traversed  by  the  Mo- 
lendinar  Bum.  This  fine  old  edifice  was  founded  in  112-3, 
during  the  reign  of  David  I.,  by  John  Achaius.  Bishop  of 
Glasgow,  and  dedicated  to  St.  Mungo  or  Kentigern.  It  re- 
ceived, however,  subsequently,  many  additions  and  embel- 
lishments, bv  successive  prelates,  as  far  down  as  the  Re- 
formation, tt  is  in  the  early  pointed  style,  with  a  lofty 
tower  and  spire  rising  from  the  centre  225  feet.  The  whole 
edifice  has  recently  been  subjected  to  a  complete  repair. 
"  The  crypt  of  the  cathedral."  according  to  Mr.  Rickman, 
"  is  not  equalled  by  any  in  the  kingdom;  the  piers  and 
groins  are  all  of  the  most  intrlc.ite  character,  the  most 
beautiful  design,  and  excellent  execution."  Among  the 
Established  churches,  St.  Andrew's,  a  building  of  the  com- 
posite order,  and  one  of  the  oldest,  is  also,  in  many  respects, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  city;  after  it,  St.  David's,  in  the  de- 
corated Gothic  .style,  St,  George's,  and  St.  Enoch's.  In  the 
Roman  style,  may  be  named  as  most  worthy  of  notice.  The 
finer  specimens  of  ecclesiastical  architecture,  of  more  recent 
erection,  are  the  Fi  »e  churches  of  St.  John,  St.  Matthew, 
St.  Peter,  and  St.  Stiihen,  all  Gothic  buildings,  with  ele- 
g.ant  and  lofty  spires:  he  Renfield  street  United  Presby- 
terian Church,  and  the  i^  -w  Independent  Chapel,  tasteful 
Gothic  structures, 

Educatitmal.  Literary,  and  .•s^>^'tijic  Inftitntifms. — -At  the 
head  of  the  educational  institution"!  of  Glasgow  stands  the 
Unlverfsity.  founded,  in  1450.  by  Bishop  Turnbull.  Tt  com- 
prises 22  professors,  in  the  four  faculties  of  arts,  theology, 
law,  and  medicine;  there  is.  besides,  a  lecturer  ^"  the  struc- 
ture and  diseases  of  the  eye.  The  building,  sii.-afed  in 
High  street,  comprises  5  quadrangles  or  open  i  urts, 
bounded  by  the  various  rooms  and  offices  belonging  to  the 
Institution.  Its  street  front  is  in  the  EUzabeth,an  stvi, 
and  dates  .about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  Behind 
is  the  Ilunterian  Museum,  so  called  from  its  founder,  the 
celebrated  Dr.  William  Hunter,  who  studied  at  the  Univer- 
sity. It  is  an  elegant  Roman  Doric  e<llfice,  contains  Dr. 
Hunter's  valuable  collection  of  anatomical  preparatii^ns,  a 
collection  of  objects  of  natural  history,  a  cabinet  of  coins,  a 
library  of  12.000  volumes,  and  a  small,  but  choice  collectinn 
of  paintings,  purchased  for  the  founder  by  Sir  R.  Strange, 
including  several  of  the  originals  of  the  finest  works  of 
that  eminent  engraver.  The  professors  derive  their  incomes 
partly  from  fees  paid  by  the  students,  and  partly  from  funds 
belonging  to  the  college,  augmented  by  annusil  grants  from 
Government.  There  is  only  one  session  in  the  year,  com- 
mencing in  the  beginning  of  November,  and  termln.atitig 
on  the  1st  of  M.ay,  The  number  of  students  varies  f"-om 
1000  to  1200,  The  .\ndersonian  University  w,>ls  founded, 
for  the  use  of  unacademical  classes,  in  1795.  by  John  An- 
derson, professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the  University 
of  Glasgow,  and  endowed  by  him  with  a  valuable  philo- 
sophical apparatus,  museum,  and  library.  Other  public 
educational  institutions  are  the  Mechanics'  Institution, 
the  first  of  the  kind  estiiblished  in  Britain  :  the  Hi'zh  .^'chooi 
or  Grammar  School,  under  the  superintendence  of  the  in- 
corporation: the  Normal  Seminaries  of  the  EstibllsheJ  at"? 
Free  Churches,  for  the  training  of  teachers— the  former  the 


GLA 


GLA 


first  seminary  of  the  l^liid  In  Scotland,  the  latter  conducted 
on  Stow's  Training  System:  and  the  Government  School  of 
Design.  The  number  of  minor  elementary  schools  i.<i  also 
Tery  iireat :  but  there  seems  to  be  still  a  very  large  amount 
of  educational  destitution  in  the  city,  especially  as  regards 
children  between  the  ages  of  5  and  10  years;  the  number 
of  whom,  not  attending  school,  Dr.  Strang  estimates  at  be- 
tween 6000  and  70<}0.  The  principal  literary  and  scientific 
institutions  are  the  Philosophiiral  Society,  Literary  and 
Commercial  Society.  Maitland  Club.  Athenasum.  the  Glas- 
gow Medical  Society,  and  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society.  The 
.public  libraries  are  Stirling's  Library,  about  12.000  volumes ; 
the  Glasgow  Library,  15,000  volumes;  the  College  Library, 
101,000  volumes;  and  the  libraries  of  the  Athena>um,  the 
Adersonian  University,  and  the  Mechanics'  Institution. 
There  are  3  public  reading-rooms — the  IJoyal  Exchange,  the 
Tontine  or  Old  Exchange,  and  the  AthensBum, — besides  a 
number  of  minor  rooms  established  by  private  individuals 
In  different  parts  of  the  city.  There  were,  in  1852,  14  news- 
papers published  in  Glasgow — 9  weekly,  3  twice  a-week,  1 
thrice  a-week.  and  1  daily.  Several  of  these  are  conducted 
with  great  ability. 

Bciwviile.nt  Inditidions. — These  are  so  numerous,  that  we 
can  do  little  more  than  name  the  principal.  They  comprise 
the  Koyal  Infirmary  and  Fever  Hospital,  Eye  Infirmary, 
Kight  Asylum  for  the  Houseless;  the  Town  Hospitiil.  or 
City  Poor-house,  and  the  Barony  and  Govan  Parish  Poor- 
houses;  the  A.sylum  for  the  iilind.  Institution  for  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  Indigent  Old  Men's  Asylum,  House  of  Refuge  for 
Females,  Hou.se  of  Refuge  for  Males,  IvOck  Hospital,  three 
Lying-in  Hospitals.  Ilutchesons'  Hospital  for  the  Mainto- 
nance  of  Decayed  Burgesses  and  their  M"idows,  and  the 
Education  of  Boys,  (sons  of  burgesses:)  a  Lunatic  Asylum, 
Humane  Society,  the  Merchant.?'  House,  and  the  Fourteen 
Trades  Incorporations,  the  last  two  dispensing  a  large  sum 
annually;  besides  numerous  free  schools  for  the  poor,  bene- 
volent societies,  and  minor  charities. 

The  Green,  Bolanic  Giirden,  and  Cimeteriea. — The  Green, 
as  it  is  emph.aticjtlly  called,  is  a  large  and  laeautiful  park, 
comprising  140  acres  of  smooth  verdant  lawn,  and  adorned 
at  various  points  by  rows  of  noble  trees.  It  is  situated  at 
the  south-eastern  part  of  the  city,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  river :  is  the  common  property  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
is  used  principally  fir  purposes  of  recreation.  The  Botanic 
Garden,  about  a  mile  N.AV.  from  the  city,  or  about  2  from 
the  Cross,  comprises  21  acres,  occupying  the  gentle  slope 
overlooking  the  wooded  banks  of  the  Kelvin,  which  forms 
part  of  its  V'oundary.  It  is  tastefully  laid  out,  and  has  an 
extensive  collection  of  native  and  exotic  plants.  The  Ne- 
cropolis occupies  a  steep  rocky  eminence  rising  from  the 
Molendinar  Bum,  opposite  the  Cathedral ;  and  is  taste- 
fully and  profusely  adorned  with  trees  and  shrubs.  The 
numerous  monuments,  many  of  them  exceedingly  hand- 
some, with  which  it  is  crowded,  are  finelj'  displayed  in  ter- 
races, rising  alx)ve  each  other  on  the  face  of  the  steep. 
There  are  three  other  cemeteries  of  a  similar  kind  in  the 
outskirts  of  the  town ;  and,  altogether,  the  number  of  places 
of  sepulture  in  and  around  the  city  is  21. 

Markets,  and  Omsumptinn  nf  FbiJd. — Glasgow  is  well  sup- 
plied with  all  kinds  of  provisions;  but  has  only  one  gene- 
ral public  marketplace  that  need  here  be  noticed — namely, 
the  Bazaar,  in  Candleriggs  street,  which  is  spacious  and 
■well  arranged.  The  cattle-market,  at  the  east  end  of  the 
city,  occupies  an  area  of  30,000  square  yards,  and  is  well  laid 
out.  It  appears  that  the  use  of  bread  has  doubled  since 
1846.  To  supply  the  demand,  there  are,  besides  numerous 
smaller  bakeries,  several  very  extensive  establishments,  at 
the  largest  of  which  as  many  as  40,000  quartern  (4  pounds) 
loaves  have  been  baked  for  some  weeks  in  succession.  The 
number  of  animals  slaughtered  in  GLisgow,  during  the 
year  1851  was— oxen  29.569,  calves  4443,  sheep 72,589,  lambs 
60,499,  goats  50,  and  pigs  5157. 

Sanitary  Condition. — The  climate  of  Glasgow  is  marked 
by  great  humidity,  and  the  prevalence  of  S.  and  S.W.  winds. 
It  seems  particularly  unfavor.able  to  human  life  during 
childhood,  no  fewer  than  one  child  out  of  every  20,  under  15 
years  of  age,  dying  here  annually;  while  in  Edinburgh, 
Dundee,  and  Greenock,  only  1  child  out  of  every  30  dies  an- 
nually. To  adults,  however,  and  the  aged,  the  climate  is 
more  favorable;  Glasgow  being  ranked,  in  regard  to  these, 
as  the  fourth  healthiest  town  in  the  kingdom.  The  most 
prevailing  disease  is  consumption;  next,  bowel  complaints;' 
and  next,  typhus  fever.  Of  late  years,  much  has  been  done 
by  the  public  authorities  towards  the  improvement  of  the 
sanitiry  condition  of  the  city,  but  much  still  remains  to  be 
done.  There  are,  at  present,  42  miles  of  main  sewers ;  21 
miles  of  which  have  been  formed  during  the  last  six  years. 

Manufacturers. — The  principal  textile  manufactures  of  Glas- 
gow are  cotton,  which  include  an  immense  variety,  from 
coarse,  unbleached,  to  the  finest  bleached  imitations  of  linens; 
ghoetinirs,  twilled  and  plain,  counterpanes,  bed-covers,  ging- 
Qams,  checks,  and  stripes ;  cords,  in  colored  febrics  for  foreign 
inarkets;  calicoe.s,  cambrics,  jaconets,  lawns,  muslins  plain 
and  fency.  Ac  Besides  these,  mixed  fabrics  of  cotton  and  silk, 
cotton  and  wool,  and  cotton  and  liuen  are  manufactured  to 


a  considerable  extent.  The  calico  print-works  produce  good* 
of  every  variety  and  quality.  The  following  talile,  will  giv» 
a  good  general  idea  of  the  extent  to  which  the  various  mtfliu 
factures  already  alluded  t(j  are  c-irried  on,  including  the 
additional  branches  of  tlax-spinning  and  rope-making: — 

Statistical  Table  oftiie  Factories  and  Print  Works  situated  in, 
and  near  Glaagnw, 


Nilure  of  Work, 

Number 

of 
Works. 

AgE^Tepato 
Emplojed. 

Apjfretrato 
SpiDdles. 

Agrrgat* 
I>o»,r- 
L4uins. 

Cotton  Sfiinniug 

Cotton  Weaving 

Cotton    Spinning    and 

40 
S9 

16 

21,7.17 

700 

700 

1,350 

868,436 
14,392 
30,703 
35.000 

19,272 
60 

Woollen   and  TTorsted 

spinning  nnd  weaving 

Silk  throwing  and  wind- 

!)5 
7 
i 
4 

iTo~ 
11 

Flax  spinning  and  rope- 

Calico  print  works 

SI4,.t87 
3,164 

94«,533 

li(,;i32 

Total 

121 

27,651 

948,533 

19,:i32 

To  complete  this  section  of  the  manufactures,  dyeworks 
must  be  added;  in  which  there  are  employed,  in  dyeing 
Turkey  red,  for  which  Glasgow  has  long  been  noted,  .about 
350  hands;  and  in  other  colors  connected  with  manufactures 
about  720.  But  a  very  inadequate  idea  of  tlie  extent  of  the 
Gla.sgow  manufacturing  interests,  in  the  branches  already 
mentioned,  will  be  formed,  unless  it  be  recollected  that,  in 
addition  to  the  factories  enumerated  in  tlio  preceding  taV'le, 
the  hand-loom  weavers  in  all  the  villages  for  many  miles 
round  are  employed  directlj-  by  Glasgow  houst!s;  and  that 
the  spinning  and  weaving  factories  of  Blantvre,  Lanark, 
Catrine.  Deanston,  Kothes.ij',  &c.,  and  the  print  works  of 
Alexandria,  Bonhill,  Barrhe.ad,  and  N'eilston,  Ac.  are  quite 
as  much  the  factories  of  Glasgow  as  those  situated  within 
the  bounds  of  the  city. 

The  embroidering  of  muslins,  commonly  called  the  sewed 
muslin  manufactures,  is  a  branch  of  business  almo.st  pecu- 
liar to  Glasgow  ;  about  nine-tenths  of  the  whole  of  this  kind 
of  work  being  done  for  that  city,  the  remaining  tenth  for 
Belfast.  The  number  of  persons  employed,  either  exclu- 
sively or  parti.ally  in  these  manufactures,  in  the  counties 
of  Lanark,  Ayr,  and  Renfrew  in  Scotland,  and  iu  the  N. 
of  Ireland,  is  very  great ;  they  are  chielly  females  who  work 
in  their  own  homes,  many  of  them,  however,  only  at  bye- 
hours.  One  Glasgow  firm  employs  upwards  of  20,000  :  and 
the  total  number  employed  by  Glasgow  houses  is  estimated 
at  about  110,000.  The  embroidering  also  with  silk  on  wool- 
len fabrics,  such  as  ladies'  dresses,  vestings,  ic,  gives  work 
to  many  thousand  hands,  residing  chiefly  in  the  surround- 
ing villages,  and  scattered  over  the  three  counties  above- 
named. 

Iron. — The  iron  manufactures  of  Glasgow,  in  all  their  de- 
partments, are  at  least  as  important  as  those  of  cotton.  In 
1849,  there  were  79  smelting  f^urnaces  around  the  town,  each 
producing  an  average  of  6000  tons  of  pig-iron  per  annum,  or 
475,000  tons  yearly.  The  principal  articles  manufactured 
from  this  metal  are — land  and  marine  engines,  locomotives, 
railway  wheels  and  axles,  carriages,  wagons,  trucks,  rails, 
chair.s,  and  power-looms,  and  machinery  of  all  kinds,  hj'- 
draulic  presses,  mills  of  various  descriptions,  anchors, 
chains,  and  ship-mounting  in  general,  bars,  Ac.  ;  and  a 
vast  quantity  of  iron  is  now  consumed  also  in  the  build- 
ing of  both  sailing  vessels  and  ^steamers.  The  following 
table  furnishes  a  view  of  one  department  of  iron  manufac- 
tures, that  connected  with  marine  engines  and  steamers, 
in  which  the  number  of  hands  employed  is  between  4000 
and  5000:— 

Marine  Engines  and  Iron  Steamers  constructed  at  Glasgow 
in  the  years  1847-1851. 


1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

Tot.ll.. 


Horse- Power  of 
Marine  Kn^nes 
eOQitruoted. 


3,155 
5,220 
2,691 
4,387 
3,444 


18,897 


No.  of  Vessels 

for  which  these 

Engines 

were  made. 


Besides  what  is  done  for  private  companies,  a  considerable 
amount  of  work  is  also  performed  for  government :  the 
Clyde,  on  which  steam  navigation  first  commenced  in  Bri- 
tain, still  retaining  pre-eminence  for  its  .steamers  and  marine 
engines.  The  Cuuard  mail  packets,  were  all  built  here, 
and  their  engines  were  constructed  by  Robert  Xapier  of 
Glasgow,  From  March  to  August,  1853,  there  ■^ere  built 
or  building  here,  for  British  American  marine   service,  h 


GLA 

fiteamers,  with  an  Hstsregate  burden  of  6S20  tons  and  1560 
]Kirse-power  aud  8  sailing  vessels,  measuring,  in  the  aggre- 
gi.te,  5243  tons. 

Chemical  Substances.— T%e  most  extensive  chemical  works 
ptahablyin  existence  are  tho^  of  St.  Rollox.  in  the  X.E. 
part  K,'  Glxsgow.  They  cover  over  12  acres  of  ground,  em- 
ploy ahout  1000  hands,  have  several  lofty  chimney-stalks, 
one  of  which  is  450  feet  hiih,  50  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base, 
and  14  feet  at  the  top;  and  consume  annually  from  70,000 
to  SO.OOO  tons  of  coal.  About  50.000  tons  of  raw  materials 
arf  used  in  these  works,  and  the  manufiictui-ed  products 
amount  to  about  25.000  tons  annually,  principally  of  alkali, 
bleaching-powder,  vitriol,  and  soap.  Iodine  is  manufac- 
tured to  a  great  extent  by  several  houses  in  Glasgow; 
indeed,  with  the  exception  of  one  establishment  in  the  X. 
of  Ireland,  a  small  one  at  Greenock,  and  another  at  Bor- 
rowstouness,  all  the  British  iodine  is  made  in  this  city. 
Cudbear  is  .almost  exclusively  a  Glascrow  manufacture. 
Bichromate  of  potash  is  largely  produced.  The  other  prin- 
cipal chemical  manufactures  are  naptha.  pitch-oil,  pitch, 
sulphate  of  ammonia,  carbonate  of  ammonia,  and  liquid 
ammonia ;  animal  charcoal,  .salt  of  ammonia,  and  bone  tar; 
piroligneous  acid,  acetic  acid,  and  their  combinations,  such 
as  sugar  of  lead,  iron  mordaunts,  &e.,  extensively  used  in 
dyeing  and  printing:  a  small <iuantity  of  tartaric  acid  and 
cr&am  of  tartar,  with  aquafortis,  muriatic  acid,  and  the 
various  solutions  and  combinations  of  tin,  iron,  copper, 
Ac,  used  by  calico-printers  and  dyers,  are  also  manufac- 
tured. Alum  aud  prussiate  of  potash  are  extensively  made 
by  Glasgow  houses;  but  the  works  are  at  some  distance 
from  the  city. 

PfiUeries.  Tobacco-pipes,  Glass.  <f-c.— Till  1837  there  was  only 
1  pottery-work  in  Glasgow;  in  1852  theve  were  8,  with  the 
prospect  of  a  rapid  increase;  the  town  being  quite  as  favor- 
ably situated,  with  respect  to  clay,  as  the  Staffordshire  pot- 
teries; and  much  more  so  with  respect  to  fuel,  aud  the  ready 
means  of  conveyance  of  goods  to  all  part.s  of  the  world.  All 
kinds  of  ware  are  manufactured,  from  the  coarsest  descrip- 
tion to  the  finest  porcelain,  employing  upwards  of  1300 
nands.  The  common  w.are  is  made  of  red  clay  obtained  in 
the  vicinitv  of  the  town;  and  f^r  the  finer  kinds  .about 
10,000  tonsof  clay  are  annually  imported,  chiefly  from  the 
counties  of  Dorset,  Devon,  and"  Cornwall.  Besides  the  pot- 
teries above  .alluded  to.  there  is  an  extensive  manufactory 
of  firebricks,  and  other  .articles  from  fire-cl<ay._  including 
chimney  tops.  va,ses,  and  other  ornamental  objects.  But 
probably  the  most  remarkable  advances  made  in  the  manu- 
factures of  clay  have  taken  place  in  the  making  of  tobacco- 
pipes,  which  is  now  carried  on  to  a  greater  extent  in  Glas- 
gow than  in  any  other  place  in  Great  Britain.  Twenty 
years  ago  there  were  but  50  persons  employed  in  this  branch 
of  manufacture  in  the  city;  while  in  1852  there  were  4.30, 
which  produced  from  6000  to  7000  gross  (about  1.000,000) 
of  pipes  weekly.  These  are  exported  to  all  part.s  of  the  world. 
The  manufacture  of  green  glass  1x)ttles  commenced  in  1730, 
and  of  flint  glass  in  1777.  For  many  years  there  was  only 
1  manufactory  of  each:  in  1S52  there  were  11 — of  which  6 
*re  bottle,  4  flint,  and  1  crown,  employing  altogether  about 
400  persons.  Flint  gla.ss  is  exported  to  a  considerable  extent, 
chiefly  to  Canada  and  the  East  Indies.  There  are  10  distil- 
leries within  the  bounds  of  the  Glasgow  collection,  produc- 
ing annually  about  2,500,000  g.allons  of  .spirits;  and  in  the 
city  and  suburbs  there  are  5  breweries,  the  most  extensive 
of  which  exports  240,000  dozens  of  bottled  malt  liquor,  and 
pays  4O0O;.  annually  for  corks.  The  number  of  manufacto- 
ries of  hard  confections  is  6;  the  largest  of  these  establish- 
ments works  the  pan.s  by  ste;\m-power  and  uses  a  ton  of 
sugar  daily.  The  extent  to  whicli  beef  hams  are  cured — 
a  business  almost  peculiar  to  Glasgow — may  be  inferred 
from  the  fact,  that  during  the  six  months  endinc  Dec.  31, 
1851,  upwards  of  128  tons  of  fresh  beef  came  from  Edinburgh 
alone,  to  be  converted  into  hams. 

Harhor  and  Quays. — The  improvements  of  the  river  and 
the  accommodation  provided  for  shipping,  are  two  of  the 
most  remarkable  features  connected  with  the  city  of  Glas- 
gow. The  harbor  at  the  Broomielaw.  below  Glasgow  Bridge, 
is  usually  crowded  with  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world, 
from  the  stately  ship  to  the  humble  scow  or  gabbard.  The 
quays  which  line  each  side  of  the  river  were,  in  1813,  941 
feet  in  length;  in  1835  they  had  extended  to  4451  feet;  and 
now  they  are  10.873  feet  in  extent,  furnished  with  long 
ranges  of  sheds  and  strong  cranes,  and  capable  of  accommo- 
datinjt  vessels  of  1000  tons  burden.  There  being  no  wet 
docks,  all  vessels  must  lie  in  the  river.  The  average  avail- 
able depths  at  high  water  of  neap-tides,  is  16  feet.  Various 
formidable  obstructions,  including  a  shoal,  called  the  Hirst, 
extending  a  quarter  of  a  mile  up  and  down  the  river,  on 
which  there  was  only  15  inches  at  low.  and  39  at  high-wat«r. 
and  some  islands  one  or  more  of  which  was  situated  from  2 
to  3  miles  below  the  city,  have  been  removed,  and  a  clear 
passage  made  to  the  sea.  InlSlO,  the  depth  of  the  water.at 
the  top  of  spring-tides  was  9i  feet;  which  now  is  about  the 
di'pth  at  the  lowest  state  of  neap-tides.  The  process  of 
dei.'pening  H  still  goins  on,  and  further  improvement  isal.so 
ui  progress  by  straightenuig  the  general  course  of  the 
•  758 


GLA 

river,  and  cutting  away  r'.i  points  and  projections  which 
impede  the  flow  of  the  tide.  Altogether,  there  lias  been  ex- 
pended by  the  Clyde  Trust,  en  construction  and  repairing 
of  qu.ays  .and  sheds,  genenal  management,  interest  of  debt, 
lie.,  aud  in  deepening  and  improving  the  river,  from  1770, 
to  June  30,  1S51,  the  sum  of  1,888.624?.;  of  which  sum 
1,062,846Z,  have  been  expended  since  1842. 

That  this  great  outlay  has  not  been  fruitless,  is  evidenced 
by  the  following  tables,  showing  the  number  of  vessels 
arriving  at  the  port,  and  the  lapid  increase  in  their  size. 

Table,  allowing  the  increase  of  Tonvge  heiiveen  iheyeari  ending 
July,  1828,  July.  1850.  • 


Tons. 


Uuder  40. . 

40  tn   CO. . 

60  to    80.. 

80  to  100.. 
100  to  150.. 
150  to  200.. 
'..'Oil  to  250.. 
250  to  300. . 


1828.  I  1840.  :  1850. 


2117 

3256 

2K47 

4286 

4605 

3945 

1399 

2975 

213 

922 

20 

S26 

14 

171 

1 

284 

4319 
2245 
2894 
3204 


Tons. 


300  to  350 

350  to  400 

400  to  450 

450  to  500 

500  to  600 

600  to  700.... 
700  &  upward, 


The  whole  tonnage  which  arrived  during  the  same  period 
was  as  follows  : — 


182S 214.315 4S1,946 

1840 27 1 .912 894,387 

1850 392.033 873,159 

Trade  and  Commerce. — Besides  being  the  seat  of  a  gi-eat 
amount  of  trade  arising  from  what  may  be  called  its  native 
manufactures,  Glasgow  is  a  general  mart  for  all  the  manu- 
factures of  Scotland,  and  for  much  of  those  of  the  \.  of  Ire- 
land. It  has  also  an  extensive  foreign  and  coiisting  trade, 
for  the  accommodation  of  which  there  are  numerous  spacious 
bonded  warehouses  and  granaries  in  convenient  localities, 
most  of  the  former  being  in  the  vicinity  of  the  quays.  One 
of  the  most  important  articles  of  the  conimcr -e  of  Glasgow 
is  grain,  the  quantities  of  which  imported  from  Ireland  and 
other  countries  to  the  Clyde,  and  by  way  of  Grangemouth, 
(the  latter  arriving  at  Port-Dundas,  the  extensive  harbor 
of  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal.)  for  the  years  1850  and  1^51, 
were  as  follows : — 


Ireland. 


1850. 


1861. 


Wheat bol.      9.570  7,330 

Flour Kks.  28.470  21,730 

Oats bol.  122,900  130.320 

0.'«tnical....l(is.    12,900  18,900 

Barter bol.      9,8,30  3.350 

Bvans bol.   11,390  20,320 


Foreign,  and  Grangfiniulh. 

iJiO.  1831. 

Wheat qrs.  182,4(12  331,781 

Flour sks.    52.556  80,6:i4 

Flour oris.  1S,300  27>i.S3I 

Oats   qra.    23,429  13,S25 

Barley qra.    46.096  42.096 

Beaus qrs.    44,615  28,858 

Pea.-! qrs.    10,406  4.800 


Besides  these  importations  of  gnain.  about  30,000  tons  are 
brouu'ht  annu.ally  from  the  E.  of  Scotland  by  the  Edinburgh 
and  GlasKOW  Railway.  The  quantity  of  fresh  and  salted 
meat  imported  in  1851  was  19,798  tons,  of  which  18,378  tons 
came  by  sea.  There  were  imported  into  the  harbor  the  same 
year.  8900  tons  of  eggsi,  butter,  and  lard:  nearly  the  whole 
of  which  was  foreign.  The  number  and  register  tonnage  of 
steam  vessels  which  arrived  at  Glasgow  from  1st  July,  1850, 
to  30th  June,  1851,  w.as  11.062;  tonn.age  1.021.821.  The 
number  and  tonnage  of  the  s,aiUng  vessels,  foreign  and 
coastwise,  which  arrived  and  departed  during  the  samo 
period  is  shown  in  the  following  table; — 


Lines  of 
Coast. 

iMWiBDS. 

Outwards. 

Loaded. 

In  Ballast. 

Loaded. 

In  Ballast 

No. 

Tonnage. 

NO. 

Tonnage. 

No.   j  Tonnape. 

No.  '  Tonna^. 

Scotland 
England 
Ireland 

Foreign 
Total 

1,935 

523 

1.132 

3,590 
675 

4.166 

45.762 
65,705 
63,542 

1,964 
57 
35 

109.755 
10.354 
8,863 

3,023      82,907 
889      86.065 
838;     44.289 

81 
•i 

6,215 
718 

177.909 
123,346 

2,046 

1 

123.972 
468 

4.750    218,261 
716,  176,441 

83 
16 

6.933 
3.186 

300,3.56 

2,047 

124,430 

5:466|  389,702 

99 

10,119 

The  quantity,  in  tons,  of  the  various  soods  imported  into 
Gliisgow,  foreign  and  coastwise,  fi-om  July  1,  IS.iO.  to  Juno 
30.  l$bl,  was  428.102;  the  exports  for  the  same  period, 
595,124.  The  total  value  of  exports  in  1^40  was  2.214,320?.; 
in  1851,  3,499,082/.;  in  1852,  3,570,375/.;  and  in  1853, 
4.968.6307. 

No  general  st.atement  that  can  be  made,  will  give  a  cle.arei 
view  of  the  great  extent  and  rapid  increa.se  of  the  comratrco 
of  the  port,  than  the  followinc  table,  showing  the  progre-ssive 
increase  in  the  tonnage  of  shipping,  (GlasgoTr  property.)  and 
the  amount  of  customs'  dutii?  collectei?  at  various  p»> 
riods ;  the  increase  in  the  latter  being  aU  >  e  more  remark- 


GLA 


GLA 


able,  from  the  well-known  fact,  that  many  and  Important 
duties  have  iu  recent  years  been  wholly  abolished. 


Years 

Jan.  5. 

1T96 

Duties. 

No.  of 
Ships. 

Tonnage. 

Re.maeks. 

£V25  13 

OW, 

1812 

3,124     2 

iVA. 

35 

2,620 

Glasgow  ships  required  to 

1815 

8,300    4 

■A% 

59 

4.829 

be  registered  at  Port- 
Glasgow  or  Greenock 
till  1819,  and  it  conti- 
uned  optional  to  do  so 
till  1824. 

1820 

11,000    6 

9 

85 

6,fi0t 

Glasgow  made  a  bonding 

1825 

41,154    6 

7 

-111 

14,084 

port  for  particular  ar- 
ticles in  1817  and  1818, 
and  in  1822  extended  to 
all  articles  except  to- 
bacco and  tea. 

leso 

59,013  17 

3 

233 

40,978 

Glasgow  made  a  port  of 
imi)Ortatiou  of  East  In- 
dia goods  in  1828. 

1835 

2T0,6B7    8 

9 

297 

54,3.35 

Glasgow  made  a  port  for 

1840 

46H,!)74  12 

2 

351 

71,878 

imijortation    and  ware- 

1845 

551.86      2 

.»> 

472 

111,620 

bousing  of   tobacco    in 

18.50 

t)40,5(i8     7 

9 

5D7 

137,909 

1832,  and  of  tea  in  1834. 

1851 

675,044  15 

10 

512 

140,741 

1852 

704.419  19 

9 

508 

U5,(i84 

Railways  and  Canals. — On  the  N.  side  of  the  river,  the 
Edinburgh  and  Glasi;ow,  the  Caledonian,  and  the  Glas;;ow, 
Garnkirk,  and  Coatbridge  Kailway,s  have  their  termini:  and 
on  the  S.  side,  are  those  of  the  joint  Glasgow,  Paisley,  and 
Greenock,  and  Glasgow  and  South-western;  the  Glasgow, 
Barrhead,  and  Neilston  ;  the  Clydesdale  Junction ;  and  the 
General  Terminus  and  Ilarbor  Railway.  Of  these,  the  last 
named,  and  the  Glasgow,  Garnkirk,  and  Coatbridge,  are 
exclusively  mineral  lines.  The  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal, 
communicating,  as  its  name  indicates,  with  the  Clyde  on 
the  one  hand  at  Bowling,  and  the  forth  on  the  other  at 
Grangemouth,  unites  at  fort  Dundas,  with  the  Mpnkland 
Canal.  The  former  is  the  medium  of  an  extensive  trade 
with  the  E.  coast  of  the  country,  and  with  the  Baltic,  itc; 
the  latter  is  chieHy  used  for  conveying  coal  and  iron  to  the 
city,  from  the  mining  districts  to  the  E.  of  it. 

'^id'iry. — The  name  Glasgow  (in  old  documents  fre- 
quently spelt  Glascu  and  Glasgu)  is  probably  derived  from 
the  Celtic  C'lais-dlm.  (dark  ravine,)  in  allusion  to  the  locality 
in  which  the  Cathedral  is  situated.  This  locality  was  first 
settled  about  560.  As  early  as  the  thirteenth  century,  Gla.s- 
gow  appears  to  have  possessed  a  regular  magistracy  and 
Mjurts  of  justice;  and  nearly  a  century  before  this,  the  an- 
nual fair,  still  continued,  was  established.  Glasgow  has  been 
the  scene  of  but  few  important  historical  events.  In  1638 
was  held,  in  the  Cathedral,  the  famous  Gla.^gow  Assembly 
of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland,  which  deposed  the  bishops,  abolished 
Prelacy,  restored  Presbytery,  and  accomplished  what  has 
been  c.ilied  the  Second  Reformation  in  Scotland.  In  1652, 
a  third  part  of  the  city,  including  almost  all  the  shops  and 
warehouses,  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  and  a  .similar  visitation, 
in  1677,  consumed  upwards  of  1000  houses  and  150  .shops. 
The  inhabitants  of  Glasgow  were  engaged  in  wh.tle-fishing 
as  early  as  1667.  About  the  same  time  were  established 
various  branches  of  manufactures. 

But  it  was  not  till  the  eighteenth  century  that  the  ad- 
vantageous position  of  the  city  for  commercial  pursuits — 
situated  on  a  navigable  river,  and  in  the  immediate  vici- 
nity of'exhaustless  fields  of  coal  and  iron — fairly  began  to 
affect  its  fortunes.  The  union  of  Scotland  and  England,  in 
1603,  having  opened  Virginia  and  Maryland  to  British  en- 
terprise. Glasgow  very  soon  became  a  great  mart  for  to- 
bacco, and  supplied  the  fiirmers-general  of  France  with  that 
article.  In  1718,  the  first  vessel  built  on  the  Clyde  crossed 
the  Atlantic,  and  direct  communication  was  established 
with  America.  Noy ember  14,  1715,  appeared  the  Glasgrno 
Churant,  the  first  newspaper  published  in  the  city.  About 
the  same  year  the  manufacture  of  linens,  lawns,  cambrics, 
&c.,  was  intraluced.  which  continued  a  staple  until  super- 
seded by  muslins.  Inkle-looms  were  introduced  from  Harlem 
in  17o2.  In  17-tO,  Alexander  Wilson,  formerly  professor  of 
astronomy  in  the  University  of  Glasgow,  along  with  his 
friend  John  Bain,  introduced  the  art  of  type-founding ;  this 
foundry  soon  after  Iieeame  the  most  famous  in  Europe  for  the 
beauty  of  its  types,  as  well  as  for  its  extent.  The  first  print- 
field  belonging  to  Glasgow  was  established  at  the  neighbor- 
ing village  o"f  Pollokshaws,  iu  1742.  While  residing  in  this 
city,  (176.3-4,)  James  Watt,  then  a  young  man  of  27  years 
of  age,  commenced  the  series  of  practical  experiments  on 
the  steam-engine,  which  resulted  in  his  splendid  improve- 
ment of  that  Invaluable  aid  to  manufactures.  In  1785, 
Turkey -red  dyeing,  not  previously  existing  in  Britain,  was 
introduced  into  Glascrow  bv  George  Macintosh  and  David 
Dale.  Cotton-spinunig  -^OfXs  were  established  in  1792,  and 
in  the  following  year  (1793)  power-looms  were  introduced. 
From  this  period  the  progress  of  the  Glasgow  manufactures 
was  exceedingly  rapid.  In  tne  latter  end  of  the  eighteenth 
centiiry.  Charles  Tennent  discovered  bleaching  liquor,  and 
In  1798  bleaching  powder  was  invented  by  Charles  Macin- 
tosh ;  and  soon  thereafter  these  two  chemists  united  in  es- 


tablishing St.  Rollox  Chemical  Works,  already  alluded  to- 
The  importance  of  the  di.seovery  of  bleaching  powder  wilt 
be  appreciated,  when  it  is  stated  that  the  quantit)-  of  cot- 
ton goods  now  manufactured  is  so  great,  that  the  entire 
surface  of  Great  Britain  would  not  suffice  to  bleach  them  by 
the  old  method  of  exposure  to  the  air.  The  first  steambtjat 
(the  Comet)  successfully  propelled  on  a  navigable  liver  in 
Europe,  w.as  started  on  tlie  Clyde,  by  Henry  Bell,  in  1812: 
(steam  navigation  w.as  commenced  on  the  Hudson  in  1807.) 
In  1828  Neilson  obtained  a  patent  for  using  heated  air  in  tha 
manufacture  of  iron,  commonly  called  the  "  hot  blast,"  by 
the  introduction  of  which  the  extensive  iron  fields  in  the 
vicinity  of  Glasgow,  hitherto  only  partially  worked,  were 
rendered  fully  available. 

Among  the  remarkable  men.  who  can  be  claimed  as  natives 
of  Glasgow,  may  be  named  General  Sir  Thomas  Munro.  Gene- 
ral Sir  John  Moore,  who  fell  at  Coruuna,  and  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, the  poet. 

Glasgow  is  a  royal,  municipal,  and  parliamentary  burgh, 
and  is  governed  by  a  lord  provost,  8  bailies,  and  39  coun- 
cillors. Its  income  in  1851  was  26,490/.,  and  the  expendi- 
ture 18,903i,  It  is  the  seat  of  justiciary,  sheriff,  burgh, 
county,  small  debt,  and  police  courts;  has  also  a  river  court, 
and  a  chamber  of  commerce ;  and  sends  2  members  to  tlie 
House  of  Commons.  Pop.  in  1785,  45,889 ;  in  1801,  83,769  ; 
in  1821.  147.043;  in  1831.  202.426;  in  1841,  280,082;  and  iu 
1851,  347.001.     In  1861,  394,857. 

GliASGOW,  a  post-village  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware,  on 
the  Newcastle  and  Frenchtown  Railroad,  16  miles  S.W.  of 
Wilmington. 

GLASGOW,  a  small  village  of  Walker  co.,  Alabama. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Barren  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  railroad  from  Louisville  to  Nashville,  126 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  3  houses  for  worship, 
2  academies,  and  2  tanneries.     Pop.  about  800. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Illinois,  40  miles 
S.W.  of  Springfield. 

GLASGOW,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  left  (N.)  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  72  miles 
by  land  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade;  the  surplus  produce  of  Howard  county,  and  some 
others,  being  mostly  shipped  here.  It  contains  several 
churches,  and  stores,  and  one  or  two  branch  banks.  Pop. 
in  1860,  1035. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-oflflce  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

GLASGOW,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Pictou, 
on  the  East  River,  near  its  entrance  into  Pictou  Harbor, 
about  90  miles  N.E.  of  Halifax. 

GLASHUTTE.  (GlashUtte,)gias'hiitHeh,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  Dresden,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dippoldiswalde.  Pop.  1085. 

GLASNEV/EN,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.,  and  3^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.1226.  It  hasa  botanic 
garden  belonging  to  the  Dublin  Royal  Society,  laid  out  on 
the  grounds  formerly  attached  to  the  house  of  the  poet 
Tickell,  a  handsome  cemetery  containing  the  remains  of  the 
celebrated  John  I'hilpot  Curran,  an  agricultural  school,  and 
a  deaf  and  dumb  institution. 

GLASOW,  a  town  of  I?ussia.    See  Glazov. 

GLASS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.s.  of  Aberdeen  and  Banff. 

GLASS,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  parish  of  Kiltearn. 
Length,  4  miles. 

GLAS'SAHY.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 

GLASS/BOROUGH,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin 
township,  Gloucester  co..  New  Jersey,  11  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Woodbury,  and  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  about  160  feet  above  the  Delaware  Rirer. 
and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  glass.  It  contains  5 
manufactories  of  window-glass,  bottles,  &c.,  employing  about 
500  hands;  also  an  Episcopal  and 2 Methodist  churches, and 
Odd-Fellows'  and  Sons  of  Temperance  Hall,  a  steam  saw  aixd 
giist-mill,  and  6  stores.  The  surrounding  country  is  fertile, 
and  highly  cultivated.  Settled  about  the  year  1770.  The 
West  Jersey  Railroad  connects  here  with  the  Millville  and 
Glassborough  Railroad.    Pop.  in  1800,  about  1700. 

GLASS  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Barry  CO.,  Michigan. 

GLAS'SERTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigtou. 

GLASS'FORD.  a  psirish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

GLASSLOUGH,  glass/lSu.  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland, 
in  Ulster,  co.,  and  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mona^han.  Pop.  662. 
Adjoining  it  is  Leslie  Castle. 

GLAS.STOOLE  or  GLASSTHULE,  glass-tool',  a  village  of 
Ireland,  in  Leinst«r,  co.,  and  5  miles  S.E.  of  Dublin,  on  Dub- 
lin Bay.     Pop.  849.  ' 

G  LASS  VILLAGE,  a  post-office  of  Conway  co..  A  rkansas. 

GLASSY  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  i'ickeu.!  district. 
South  Carolina. 

GL.A.S/TENBURY,  a  township  of  Bennington  co.,  Vermont, 
9  miles  N.E.  of  Bennington.     Pop.  47. 

GLASTENBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  IlartfirJ 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  7  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  soap 
and  candles,  woollen  goods,  .sewing  silk.  &c.  .  Pop.  3363. 

GLAS'TOX,  aparish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

GLAS'TONBURY,  an  ancient  municipal  borou^'h  and  mar- 

759 


GLA 


GLE 


KeMoTm  of  Enejland.  eo.  of  Somerset,  25  miles  S  W.  of  Bath. 
Pop.  in  1851.  31"J5.  It  occupies  a  peninsula  formed  by  the 
river  Brue.  anciently  known  as  the  island  of  A  valon  or  Apples. 
Most  of  the  houses  have  been  built  out  of  the  materials  of  its 
superb  abbey,  once  eoverino:  60  acres,  but  of  which  the  beauti- 
ful ruins  of  the  church,  with  St.Joseph's  Chapel,  and  the  Ab- 
bot's Kitchen  now  form  the  chief  remains.  Other  structures 
of  interest  are  the  ancient  Market-cross,  St.Georjre's  Inn.  for- 
merly the  abbey  hospitium.  the  Tribunal,  the  Abbey  House, 
the  Great  Gate  House,  now  also  an  inn,  the  Hospital  of  St. 
John,  founded  in  1240,  the  two  .ancient  p.arish  churches,  and 
St.  Michael's  Tor,  a  curious  tower  on  a  hill  adjoining  the 
town.  Glastonbury  has  a  town-hall,  2  or  3  banks,  small 
manufactures  of  silk,  and  some  export  trade  in  timber, 
slates,  tiles,  and  agricultural  produce,  by  a  canal  connecting 
It  with  the  Bristol  Channel.  Its  ancient  abbey  was  founded 
In  605,  on  the  site  of  a  British  ohurch,  said  to  owe  its  orisrin 
to  St.  Joseph  of  Arimathea.  whose  '-miraculous  thora," 
which  constantly  blossomed  on  Christmas  day,  together 
with  the  shrine  of  St.  Dunstan,  used  to  attract  multitudes 
of  devotees  to  Glastonbury  in  the  Middle  Ages.  It  was  the 
burial-place  of  the  renowned  King  Arthur,  whose  remains 
were  many  centuries  ago  discovered  here.  I'ielding.  the  no- 
velist, was  born  at  Sharpham  Park,  in  the  vicinity,  in  1717. 

GLATT,  gMtt.  a  river  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Zurich, 
joins  the  Rhine  below  Eglisau. 

GLATT,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  with  a  castle  on  the 
Glatt  River,  35  miles  N.W.  of  SigmaVingen.     Pop.  486. 

GLATTFELDEX,  glitt/fjl'dea.  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  13  miles  N.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  1098. 

GLATTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

GLATZ,  giats,  (Pol.  KlrdzHo,)  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  52  miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Xeisse.  near  the 
Bohemian  frontier:  elevation,  971  feet.  Pop.  7800,  or,  in- 
cluding the  gaiTison,  10,000.  It  is  strongly  walled,  and 
situated  between  two  heights,  one  crowned  with  an  old  cas- 
tle, the  other  with  a  modern  fortress.  It  has  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  Luthern  churches,  a  Roman  Catholic  gymnasium, 
and  several  schools,  an  arsenal,  large  barracks,  and  other 
buildings  for  military  service,  with  manufactures  of  damasks, 
woollen  cloth,  plush,  ribbons,  muslins,  hosiery.  le;ither,  to- 
bacco. &c.  It  was  taken  by  the  Prussians  under  Frederick 
the  Great  in  1742,  by  the  Austrians  in  1759,  and  by  Wiir- 
temberg  and  Bavarian  troops  in  1807. 

GLAUCHAU.  glOw'Kdw.  or  GLAUCHA,  gldw'Kd,  a  town 
of  Saxony,  8  miles  X.E.  of  Zwickau,  on  the  Mulde.  Pop.  in 
1861,16,580.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  castle  of  the 
princes  of  Schouburg,  of  whose  mediatized  principality  it 
is  the  capital. 

GLAZE'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

GLAZOV,  GLASOW.  or  GLAZOW.  gld-zov',  a  small  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  98  miles  E.  of  Viatka,  on  the 
Tcheptsa. 

GLEHX,  glain.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  10  mUes  S.W. 
of  Dusseldorf     Pop.  1250. 

GLEHX,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  of  Aix- 
'a»-Chapelle.  circle  of  Schleiden,    Pop.  388. 

GLEIWITZ,  gli'wits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  43  miles 
S.E.  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Klodnitz.  with  a  station  on  the  rail- 
way. Pop.  7.350,  chiefly  employed  in  .some  roval  iron-foundries. 

GLEMIIAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GLEMHAM.  LITTLK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GLEMS'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GLEX^,  a  river  of  England,  flows  E.  into  the  Till. 

GLEX.  a  river  of  England,  enters  Fosdyke  Wash. 

GLEX'A.  gljn'ah,  a  beautiful  vale  and  bay  of  Ireland, 
near  Killarney,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry.  Here  Lord  Ken- 
mare  has  a  cottage. 

GLEX  AI/T.^,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Georgia,  23  miles 
e.E.  of  Columbus. 

GLEXAXS,  glfh-n8xe',  a  group  of  rocky  islets  belonging 
to  France,  in  the  Atlantic,  9  miles  from  the  S.  coast  of  the 
department  of  Finist^re. 

GLEX'ARM',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim,  on  an  Inlet  of  its  own  name  from  the  Irish  Se.i.  25i 
miles  X.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  881.  It  is  picturesquely  situated, 
•rith  a  castle,  the  seat  of  the  Earls  of  Antrim. 

GLEXART'XKY,  a  valley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  vrith  an 
exten.nivedeer  forest  belonging  to  Lord  Willoughby  d'Eresby. 

6LEXAVY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim. 

GLEX'BEGIP,  a  parish  of  Irel.ind,  co.  of  Kerry. 

GLEX'BER'VIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine. 

GLEX  BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Hart  co.,  Kentucky. 

GLENMJUCK'ET,  a  ptirish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

GLEXIJURX,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  60 
miles  X.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  741. 

GLEX'CAIUX',  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfrie.s. 

GLEXCAPLK.  gl^n'kap'gl,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  5 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Dumfries.     Pop.  268. 

GLEXCOE,  gl?n'ky,avalleyofScotland,co.ofArgvle.near 
the  head  of  Loch  Etive.  Its  bed  is  swept  by  Ossian'"s  '•  dark 
torrent  of  Cona,"  and  no  other  portion  of  the  Highlands 
presents  suclTa  scene  of  gloomy  sublimity.  The  massacre 
if  the  MacDonalds  occurred  here  in  February.  1692. 

GLEXCOE,  a  postroffice  of  Bolivar  co.,  Misslssinni 
760  y  ff 


GLENCOE,  a  post-otflce  of  Gallatin  co.,  Kentuckv. 

GLEXX;OLLU.MBKILL',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  lister,  ca 
of  Donegal. 

GLEX  COVE,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co.,  Xew  Yoik,  on 
Hempstead  Harbor,  176  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albany.  It  has  a 
church  and  a  steamboat  landing. 

GLEXCKOE.  gl^n-kry,  a  vale  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argj-le, 
near  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Loch  Long.  Its  scenery,  with  thai 
of  the  neishboring  vale  of  Glenkinlass,  is  remarkalily  fine. 

GLEX'CROSE'  or  CLEX'COKSE'.  a  parish  of  Swtland,  co, 
of  Edinburgh,  on  the  Pentland  Hills. 

GLEX'DALE,  a  thriving  post-vill.-ige  in  West  Stockbrldge. 
township,  Berkshire  co.,   Massachusetts,  about  110  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Boston.    It  contains  a  cotton  mill,  2  stores,  and 
a  sash  and  blind  works. 

GLEX'DALE.  a  post-ofBce  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey. 

GLEXDALOUGH.  glJn-dal'lih.  a  lake  and  valley  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster,  co.  of  ^Vicklow,  24  miles  S.  of  Dublin,  famous 
for  its  wild  grandeur  and  interesting  ruins. 

GLEX'DER/MOT,  or  CLOX'DER/MOT,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Ulster,  co.  of  Londonderry. 

GLEX'DEV'OX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

GLEX'DOX,  a  thriving  village  of  Xorthampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh,  2  miles  above 
Easton.    It  is  the  seat  of  the  Boston  Company's  iron-works. 

GLEX/DOX-BAR/FOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorth- 
ampton. 

GLEX^ELG',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  on  the 
coast  opposite  the  Isle  of  Skye,  It  gives  the  title  of  baron 
to  the  Grant  family. 

GLEXELG,  a  river  of  Australia,  in  "Victoria,  receives  all 
the  rivers  S.W.  of  the  Grampian  Mountains,  and  enters  the 
Southern  Ocean  between  Capes  Xorthumberland  and  Bridge- 
water,  near  lat.  30°  S.,  Ion.  141'  E. 

GLEX^ELG',  a  maritime  town  of  South  Australia,  6  miles 
S.W.  of  Adelaide,  on  the  Sturt. 

GLEXELG.  one  of  the  northernmost  counties  of  West 
Australia,  about  60  miles  from  E.  to  W. 

GLEXELG,  a  river  of  Xorth-west  Australia,  in  T.isman 
Land,  falls  into  Doubtful  Bay.     Length,  from  60  to  70  miles. 

GLEXFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

GLEX^FIX'LAS,  a  narrow  and  picturestjue  valley  of  Scotr 
land,  CO.  of  Perth,  parish  of  Callandar.  It  is  inhabited  by 
the  Stuarts,  clansmen  of  the  Earl  of  Moray. 

GLEXFIX'LAS.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Slissouri, 
on  Big  River.  45  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

GLKXFIX'XAX,  a  valley  of  Scotland.     See  Finxax. 

GLKXFHU'IX,  a  valley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Loch  Lomond.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  bloody 
conflict  between  the  Macgregors  and  Colqnhouns,  in  1002. 

GLEXG.4D',  a  headland  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Done- 
gal, forming  the  W.  point  of  Culdall  Bay,  8j  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Malin  Head. 

GLEXGAR1FF  HARBOR,  a  branch  of  Bantry  Ray,  in  Ire- 
land, Munster,  co,  of  Cork,  on  the  X'.  side  of  the  bav,  6  milea 
N.W.  of  Biuitry. 

GLEXGAR'RY,  a  beautiful  valley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  In- 
verness, W.  of  the  Caledonian  Canal,  and  about  12  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Fort  Augustus.  It  contains  a  fine  lake,  with  a 
castle  of  the  MacDonalds. 

GLEX'HAM.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.,  Xew 
York,  on  Fishkill  Creek,  88  miles  S.  of  Albany.  The  inha- 
bitants are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufiictureof  wool- 
len goods,  prints,  iSc. 

GLEXHOLM,  glto-home',  a  former  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Peebles,  now  united  to  Broughton. 

GLEX'HOPE'.  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  120  miles  W.X.W.  of  Uarrisburg. 

GLEXISL.\,  gljn-l'la,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  17 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Forfar.  It  has  the  ruins  of  two  castles  of 
the  Ogilvies. 

GLEX^KEXS'.  a  district  of  Scotland,  forming  the  X.  part 
of  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright. 

GLEXLIV'ET,  a  viUley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff,  alx)ut  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Huntly.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  memorable  en- 
counter, in  1594.  between  the  adherents  of  the  Earls  of 
Huntly  and  of  Argyle. 

GLEX'LUCE',  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigfon,  near 
Luce  Bay,  16  miles  W.X.W.  of  Wigton.  Pop.  890.  Glenluce 
Abbey,  now  a  sp;icious  ruin,  was  founded  in  1190. 

GLEXLY'OX.  a  fine  mountain  vale  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth,  extending  along  the  river  Lyon.  W.  of  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  for  28  miles.  It  has  much  romantic  scenery, 
and  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  heir  of  the  Duke  of  AthoL 

GLEX-M.\G'X.4.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  1  Bicester. 

GLEX^MALURE',  a  wild  mountain  vale  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  co.  of  M'icklow.  on  the  Avonbeg  River.  It  was  the 
scene  of  outrages  during  the  rebellion  of  1798. 

GLEN^MORE',  a  vale  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Moray  and  Inver- 
ness, on  the  Spey,  containing  extansive  fir  forests  of  ii^ 
Duke  of  Richmond. 

GLEX'.MORE/,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  Now  YorV. 

GLK.VMORE,  a  postoffice  of  Buckingham  fO .  Virginia. 

GLP:XM0R1ST0X,  a  valley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  luverneiiH. 
It  contains  a  parish  united  to  Urquhart. 


GLE 

GLENMOR'RIS,  a  pos<>village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Hal- 
ton,  6  mlli!S  X.W.  of  Oalt.     Pop.  about  120. 

GLKNMUICK,  glJn-miike',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen. 

GLKNN,  a  pos(>town.ship  of  Montgomery  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  43  miles  W.N.W.  of  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  2884. 

GLENN,  a  post-ofBce  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GLENN  GHOVE,  a  po.stoffice  of  Kavette  co.,  Georgia. 

GLENNIE  (glJn'nee)  ISLANDS,  a  duster  of  small  islands 
off  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  in  Bass'  Strait,  in  lat.  39°  12'  S., 
Jon.  146°  15'  E. 

GLENN  MILLS,  a  postoflice  of  Culpepper  co.,  Virginia. 

GLENN'S,  a  postoffice  of  Gloucester  co.,  Virginia. 

GLENN'S,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa. 

GLENN'S  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  co,. 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  Eiver,  about  60  miles  N.  of  Al- 
bany. It  contains  churches  for  the  Presbyterians,  Slethod- 
ists.  Baptists,  iiml  Episcopalians,  2  banks,  1  or  2  academies, 
2  newspaper  offices,  several  miichine-shops,  6  gang  saw-mills. 
Marble  of  excellent  quality  is  quarried  in  the  vicinity.  The 
river  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  at  this  place,  and  has  a  fall  of 
about  60  feet,  furiushing  abundant  water-power.  The  vil- 
lage is  connected  by  a  feeder  with  the  Chumplain  Canal. 
Tlie  basiness  portion  of  the  village  was  destroyed  by  fire  in 
May,  1804,  since  which  time  44  stores,  Ac,  have  been  erect- 
ed.    Pop.  in  lSf4.  about  5000. 

GLENN'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Spartanburg  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  86  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia.  It 
Is  surrounded  by  beautiful  scenery,  and  is  a  place  of  great 
tesort.    The  water  is  said  to  contain  magnesia  and  sulphur. 

GLENN'S  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  John.son  co.,  Indiana. 

GLENN'VTLLE,  a  thriving  village  of  Barbour  co.,  Ala- 
bama, on  the  road  between  Eutaula  and  Columbus,  in  Geor- 
gia, 18  miles  N.  of  the  former.  It  derives  its  Importance 
chiefly  from  its  excellent  schools.    Pop.  about  yOO. 

GLEN-OF-TUE-IIORSE,  a  stupendous  ravine  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Kerry,  on  the  side  of  Mangerton  Mountain, 
about  5  miles  S.  of  Killarney. 

GLENOGLE,  glSn-o'g'l,  a  valley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
at  the  head  of  Loch  Earn.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  gloomy 
and  savage  grandeur  of  its  scenery. 

GLENORCIIY  (glen-or'Kee)  and  IN'ISIIAIL',  a  united 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Inve- 
rary.  Near  Loch  Awe.  in  this  parish,  stand  the  fine  ruins 
of  the  castle  of  Kilchurn,  and  on  the  island  of  luishail,  are 
the  remains  of  a  small  monastery. 

GLEN  RID'DLE,  a  postofflce  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GLEN  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  York  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  15  miles  S.  of  York.  It 
has  a  natiouiil  bank.    Vop.  289. 

GLEN^ROY',  a  valley  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  parish 
of  Kilmanivaig,  Lochabar.  It  is  noted  for  Its  "parallel 
roads,"'  supposed  by  some  to  have  tieen  the  shores  of  a  former 
lake,  which  had  several  distinct  epochs  of  subsidence ;  by 
othcTS  to  have  been  formed  by  the  periodic  upheaving  of  the 
land,  washed  by  the  waters  of  the  sea. 

GLEN^SIIEE',  a  narrow  valley  of  Scotland,  7  miles  long, 
at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  co.  of  Perth. 

GLEXSIIEE,  SPITTAL  OF,  a  stage  on  the  great  military 
road  to  Fort  Gt^orge.  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cupar-Angus. 

GLENSHIEL.  glfiu-sheel',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross, 
adjoining  Glenelg  on  the  N.  The  Highland  Jacobites  were 
defeated  here  in  1719. 

GLEN'TIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GLENTIES,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal, 
6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ardara.    Pop.  317. 

GLHX'TTLT',  a  long,  narrow  mountain  pass  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  IVrth.     Lord  Gleulyon  has  a  beautiful  demesne  here. 

GLENTMVORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GLKN'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fairtield  co.,  Connecticut, 
about  CO  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford. 

GLENVILLE,  a  post>t6wnship  of  Schenectady  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  New  York  Central,  and  by  the  Sarato- 
ga and  Sciienectady  Railroads.    Pop.  3192. 

GLENVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gilmer  co.,W.  A'ir- 
ginia,  on  Little  Kanawha  liiver,  82  miles  in  a  direct  line  S. 
of  Wheeling.     Free  pop.  398. 

GLEN  WILD,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

GLEN'WOOD,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

GLENWOOD,  a  post-offlce  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GLEN  WOOD,  capital  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa.  See  Appendix. 

GLEVUM.    See  Gloucester. 

GLIMS'lIOLM,  one  of  the  smaller  Orkney  Isianas,  nearly 
i  miles  8.  of  Pomona. 

GLIN,  a  market-town  and  seaport  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Limerick,  on  the  Shannon,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Tralee. 
Pop.  Vi')8.  Here  is  the  castle  of  the  Knights  of  Glin,  de- 
ocendants  of  the  Desmond  family. 

GLINA.  glee'nd,  a  fortified  town  of  Croatia,  in  the  Hun- 
garian military  frontier,  on  the  Glina,  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Karl- 
Stadt.    Pop.  1760. 


GLO 

GLINIANY,  gle-ne-^nee  almost  gleen-yi'-nee,  a  town  oi 
Austrian  Poland,  In  Galicia,  25  miles  E.  of  Lemberg.  Poji 
2350. 

GLINIANY,  a  small  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  18  miles 
N.  of  Sandomier,  (Sandomir.) 

GLIN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

GLIT'NESS,  one  of  the  smaller  Shetland  Isles,  6  miles  N.B. 
of  Lerwick. 

GLOBE,  a  village  inWoonsocket  township.  Providence  co, 
Rhode  Island,  about  12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Boston. 

GLOBE,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co..  North  Carolina. 

GLOBE,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri. 

GLOBE  VILLAGE,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  post* 
village  of  Worcester  CO.,  Massachusetts,  about  60  miles  S.W. 
of  Boston.     De  Laines  are  made  here.    See  Souihukicgb. 

GLOCKNER.    See  Gross  Glockner. 

GLOCKNITZ,  gl5k'nits,  written  also  GLOGGNITZ,  glog'- 
nits,  a  market-towu  of  Lower  Austria,  42  miles  S.S.Sv.  of 
Vienna,  is  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Griitz.    Pop.  1520. 

GLOGAU,  glo'gow,  or  GROSS  GLOGAU,  groce  glo'gOw, 
sometimes  wiitten  GL0G.4W,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  government, and  35 miles  N.N .W.ofLiegnitz, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Oder,  and  on  a  branch  railway  from 
Frankfijrt  to  Breslau,  the  town  being  connected  l)y  a 
wooden  bridge  with  the  Dom  In.sel,  or  Cathedral  Island,  in 
the  Oder,  which  is  separately  fortified.  Pop.  about  13,500. 
or,  including  the  garrison,  17,500.  Besides  its  cathedral. 
Glogau  has  many  other  Roman  Catholic  and  some  Protest 
ant  churches,  a  synagogue,  a  citadel  with  a  large  garrison,, 
Roman  Catholic  and  Protestant  colleges,  and  a  school  ot 
midwifery;  with  manufactures  of  beetrroot  sugar,  tobacco^ 
paper, woollen  and  cotton  fabrics, and  straw  hats, and  aeon 
siderable  corn  market. 

GLOGAU,  UPPER  or  LITTLE,  a  town  of  Prus.sian  Silesia, 
23  miles  S.  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Hotzenplotz.     Pop.  3760. 

GLOGGNITZ,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Glockmtz. 

GLOGOVATZ,  glo'go-vdts\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Arad,  on  the  Sfaros.  It  is  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  the 
old  and  celebrated  town  of  Orod,  which  was  founded  by  the 
Emperor  Probus  in  277,  and  afterwards  destroyed  by  the 
Tartars.     Pop.  2086. 

GLOMEL,glo^mfel',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  cotes- 
du-Nord,  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Guingamp.     Pop.  in  1852,  3814. 

GLOMMEN,  glom'mgn,  almost  glftrn'men,  the  principal 
river  of  Norway,  rises  in  the  Dovrefield  tableland,  70  miles 
S.  of  Trondhjem,  flows  generally  S.,  traverses  the  Oieren  Lake, 
and  enters  the  Skager-raek  at  Fredericksstad  50  miles  S.B. 
of  Christiania,  after  a  course  estimated  at  280  miles.  Its 
navigation  is  impeded  by  numerous  falls. 

GLONS,  glA.Ns,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  7  miles 
N.  of  Liege.    Pop.  2000. 

GLOOKHOV,  GLOUKHOV,  GLUCIIOV  or  GLUCHOW, 
gloo-kov',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  130  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Tchernigov.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  enclosed  by  earth  ram- 
parts, and  has  several  churches  and  convents,  with  3  annual 
fairs,  and  a  large  trade  in  corn  and  spirits.  It  was  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  Cossack  hetmen,  and  the  governors  of 
Little  Russia. 

GLOOS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

GLOP/PEN,  a  parish  of  Norway,  stift,  and  100  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Bergen,  on  a  fiord  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  3360. 

GLORIO/SA  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  in  the  Mozambique 
Channel,  100  miles  from  the  N.  extremity  of  Jladagascar, 

GLOS'SOP,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby,  on  the  Manchester  and  Sheffield  Railway,  and  19 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Sheffield.  The  town  consists  of  two  por- 
tions, called  the  New  and  the  Old  Town;  the  former  is  irre- 
gularly built,  and  the  latter  contains  many  respectable 
shops  and  dwellings.  It  has  a  town-hall,  market-house,  a 
handsome  church,  and  places  of  worship  for  Wesleyaus,  In- 
dependents, Roman  Catholics,  and  other  Dissenters,  an  en- 
dowed school,  and  a  savings'  bank  ;  and  is  the  principal  seat 
in  Derbyshire  of  the  cotton  manufacture.  There  are  also 
woollen  and  paper  mills,  dyeing,  bleaching,  and  print-works, 
and  iron  foundries.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  22,898. 

GLOUCESTER  or  GLOUCESTERSHIRE,  glos'ter-shir,  a 
county  of  England,  in  its  W.  part,  bordering  on  the  estuary 
of  the  Severn.  Area,  1258  square  miles,  or  805,120  acres,  of 
which  about  750.000  are  grass  and  arable.  Pop.  in  1851, 
458,805.  It  has  three  natural  divisions :  the  E.  being  the 
Cotswold  Hills;  the  middle  forming  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
Severn  and  its  affluents;  and  the  division  W.  of  the  Severn 
consisting  mostly  of  the  Forest  of  Dean.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Severn,  Upper  and  Lower  Avon,  Wye,  and  Isis.  In  the 
hills,  sheep-farming  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry.  The 
vale  of  the  Severn,  once  famous  for  vineyards,  is  now  equally 
so  for  its  corn-lands,  orchards,  and  gardens.  Chief  minerals, 
coal  and  iron  ore,  extensively  worked  In  the  forest  district. 
Gloucester  is  divided  into  29  hundreds.  Capital,  Gloucester. 
Railways  connect  the  county  town  with  Birmingham,  via 
Cheltenham  and  Worcester;  with  Bristol,  with  Dean  Forest, 
and  with  London,  by  junction  at  Swindon  with  the  Great 
AVestern  Railway.  A  canal,  via  Stroud,  connects  the  rivers 
Thames  and  Severn;  another  connects  tho  cities  of  Glouces- 
ter and  Hereford;  and  a  third,  IS  miles  in  length,  by  en- 

761 


QLO 

abling  jarps  vessels  to  avoid  the  dangerous  navijration  of 
the  Ssi  <m.  hrings  them  up  to  the  city  of  Gloucester.  The 
county  sen  Is  6  memliers  to  the  House  of  Commons;  2  are 
for  its  K.  division,  2  for  it«  W..  and  2  for  its  boroughs. 

GLOUCESTER,  pronounced  and  often  written  GLOSTER. 
(anc.  Gleh  uni.)  a  city,  countj'  of  itself,  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  and  river  port  of  England,  capital  of 
the  courty  of  Gloucester,  on  the  E.  hank  of  the  Severn.  33 
miles  N  N.E.  of  Bri.stol.  and  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cheltenham. 
Area  of  the  city.  6S0  acres.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  Iw- 
rou-'h  in  1851.  17.572.  It  occupies  a  sliiht  eminence  beside 
the  Severn,  where  it  divides  to  enclose  the  island  of  Alne\', 
each  of  the  two  channels  beinjr  here  crossed  by  a  handsome 
bridge.  It  has  four  principal  thoroushfares,  crossing  at 
right  angles,  and  directed  towards  the  cardinal  points:  and 
on  its  S.  side  is  a  new  and  handsome  suburb.  The  Cathe- 
dral, formerly  the  church  of  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey,  and 
built  in  104",  is  one  of  the  finest  in  England:  it  posse.'ses 
a  square  tower  223  feet  in  height  a  large  E.  window,  stalls 
of  fine  workmanship,  and  the  tombs  of  Edward  IT.  and 
Bobert.  Duke  of  Normandy.  It  is  the  place  of  a  triennial 
musical  festival,  alternately  with  Worcester  and  Hereford. 
Several  of  the  parish  churches  are  handsome.  Other  chief 
buildings  are  the  episcopal  pal.Hce,  shire-hall,  city-h.all.  county 
Infirmary,  lunatic  asylum,  jail,  market-house,  theati-o.  as- 
sembly-rooms, and  pump-room  over  a  spa,  said  to  exceed  that 
of  Cheltenham  in  the  efficacy  of  its  waters.  The  grammar 
school  has  two  exhibitions  to  Pembroke  College^  Oxford: 
an  hospital;  a  blue-coat  school:  and  another  charity  school, 
a  revenue  exceeding  100?.  It  has  manufactures  of  cutlery, 
soap,  pins.  &c.,  and  an  old-established  bell  foundry.  Until 
the  completion  of  the  Berkeley  Canal,  by  w^hich  vessels  of  up- 
wards of  500  tons  now  ascend  to  the  city,  the  trade  of  Glouces- 
ter was  mostly  conducted  through  Bristol :  but  it  has  now 
extensive  wharves,  and  an  incre.ising  trade  in  timber,  corn, 
&c..  and  imports  merchandise  from  the  West  Indies  and  the 
Baltic.  Arrangements  were  in  progress  in  1852  to  bring 
coal  to  Gloucester  from  the  Forest  of  Dean  and  the  Welsh 
coalfields.  The  docks  comprise  an  ar&a  of  about  8  acres. 
The  number  of  vessels  entering  the  port  in  1851  was  1652. 
and  ranging  up  to  1000  tons  register.  The  foreign  and  co- 
lonial produce  imported  in  the  same  year  was  160.000  tons. 
Gloucester  has  returned  2  memliers  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons since  the  time  of  Edward  I.  Glevum.  said  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  British  Oaer-Glow,  "the  Ciir  city,"  was  a 
place  of  importance  when  made  a  Roman  station  under 
Claudius,  a.  d.  44;  and  throughout  the  Saxon  and  Norman 
jieriods  it  retained  a  large  share  of  consequence.  Its  bishop- 
ri'-,  founded  by  Henry  VIII..  was  united  with  that  of  Bris- 
tol in  IS-'ie.  Its  neightwrhood  abounds  in  fine  scenery  and 
the  residences  of  we.althv  individuals. 

GLOUCESTER,  glos'ter.  a  county  in  the  S.W.part  of  New 
Jersev.  has  an  area  of  950  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.W.  by  the  Delaware  River,  N.E.  by  Big  Timher 
Creek,  and  S.W.  by  Oldman's  Creek,  and  is  drained  by  Ra- 
coon and  Mantua  Creeks.  Along  the  Delaware  River,  fjr 
about  7  miles  from  its  bank,  the  soil  is  a  clayey  loam,  very 
fertile,  and  highly  cultivated.  S.E.  of  this  it  is  sandy,  and 
generally  covered  with  pine  forests.  In  1850  this  county 
yielded  254.870  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes,  the  greatest  quan- 
tity produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  Marl  is  found 
along  the  bank  of  the  Delaware,  and  for  several  miles  in- 
land: iron  ore  near  Woodbury,  which  is  exported  for  manu- 
facture :  and  Ijeds  of  shells  in  different  places.  The  inh.v 
bitants  are  largely  engaged  in  glass  and  iron  manufactures. 
The  railroad  connecting  Camden  with  Capo  May  and  Mill- 
villo  passes  through  this  county.  Organized  in  1677.  and 
named  from  Glouct>8ter,  a  county  of  England.  Capital, 
Woodbury,  Pop.  18,444. 

GLOUCBSTEK.  a  county  of  Virginia,  situated  on  Ches.a- 
peake  Bav.  in  the  S.E.  p.-ir't  of  the  state,  contains  280  square 
miles.  The  Piankatank  forms  its  N.  and  the  York  River  its 
S.W.  boundary.  The  waters  contain  an  abundance  of  fish 
and  oysters,  which  furnish  empl'>yment  and  subsistence  to 
a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants.  Large  quantities  of 
oysters  and  wood  are  exported  to  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia. Formed  in  1642.  CapiUl,  Gloucester  Court-IIouse. 
Pop.  10.956.  of  whom  5220  were  free,  and  573G  slaves. 

GLOUCl.STER.a  post-town  and  port  of  entry  of  Essex  co., 
Massachusetts.  2S  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boston,  is  situated  on  the 
8.  si  le  of  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Ann.  and  connected  by  rail- 
road with  the  principal  cities  and  towns  of  the  seaboard  and 
Interior.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  handsomely  and 
compactly  built.  It  contuns  7  churches,  viz. :  Episcopal, 
Congregational.Baptist,  Metliodi8t,Unitarian,  ^man  Catho- 
!•-',  a=a  tJmversalist;  3  banks,!  savings  bank,  2  insurance 
ofliccs,  and  a  gas-light  company,  incorporated  in  1853,  with  a 
CiipitiU  of  *100,000.  Tlu-eo  newspajjers  are  published  here. 
The  interests  of  Gloucester  are  almost  entirely  commer- 
cial. It  lias  a  greater  amount  of  tonnage  employed  in  the 
domestic  fisheries  than  any  other  town  in  the  United  States. 
In  1864,  2i  3  vessels  owned  here  and  manned  by  about  2700 
persons  were  employed  in  the  mackerel  fishery.  The 
quantity  of  mackerel  inspected  in  18tj4  was  155,000  barrels. 
The  number  of  men  employed  in  the  cod  and  mackerel 
162 


GLU 

fisheries  was  6,550.  There  are  about  40  firms  engaged 
in  fitting  out  vessels  and  packing  maclierel.  The  halibut 
fishery  is  a  new  enterprise,  having  been  commenced  within 
a  feiv  years.  The  number  of  vessels  engaged  in  it,  owned 
at  Gloucester,  was  30  in  1844,  63  in  1846,  and  about  75  in 

1852.  The  cod  fishery  has  been  successfully  prosecuted  here 
for  more  than  a  century.  From  1765  to  1775,  tlie  average 
annual  fleet  sent  out  was  146  vessels,  tons  6530,  employing 
888  men;  and  from  1786  to  1790,  160  vessels,  tons  3600, 
maimed  by  680  men.  In  1864  the  number  of  vessels  owned 
here  and  employed  in  the  cod  fishery,  was  382.  Of  the 
ports  of  Massachusetts,  only  Boston  and  Salem,  it  is  said, 
surpass  Gloucester  in  foreign  imports,  which  consist  of 
sugar,  molasses,  &e.,  from  Surinam,  and  of  cotils,  wood,  salt, 
and  lumber  from  the  British  Provinces.  l)uriiig  the  year 
ending  June  30, 1853,  the  number  of  foreign  arrivals  "was 
207,  of  which  24  were  Americiin  vessels.  The  clearances 
for  foreign  countries  were  204  vessels.  Nearly  35,000  tons 
of  shipping  are  owned  at  Gloucester.    During  the  year 

1853,  41  vessels  were  built,  averaging  a  little  more  than  80 
tons  each.  The  harbor  of  Gloucester  is  one  of  the  best  on 
the  coast,  and  is  accessible  at  all  seasons  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  class.  Gloucester  was  oocupied  as  a  fishing  station 
as  early  as  1624,  being  the  first  settlement  made  on  the  N. 
shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  It  was  incorporated  in  1639. 
Pop.  in  1850,  7786;  in  1860.  10.904. 

GLOUCESTER,  a  township  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Is- 
land, 15  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Providence.  It  contains  the 
manu&cturing  village  of  Chepachet.     Pop.  2427. 

GLOUCESTER,  a  village  of  Atlantic  co..  New  Jersey,  13 
miles  N.E.  from  Sl.ay's  Landing.  It  contains  an  iron  fur- 
nace and  a  grist  mill. 

GLOUCESTER,  a  township  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2320. 

GLOUCESTER  CITY,  a  post-town  of  Camden  co..  New 
Teisey,  situated  on  the  Delaware,  about  4  miles  below  Cam- 
den. This  flourishing  place  has  increased  in  population,with- 
in  the  last  15  years,  from  some  50  to  abont  3000.  Its  growth 
is  chiefly  owing  to  the  establishment  of  several  cotton  and 
other  factories.  It  contains  several  churches.  Steamboats 
ply  continually  between  this  place  and  Philadelphia. 

GLOUCESTER,  a  maritime  county  of  New  Bi-unswick, 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  St  Liiwrence  and  the  Bay  of  Cha- 
leur.  The  surface  is  extremely  diversified  with  mountains 
and  rivers,  and  on  its  coasts  are  numerous  islands — the 
principal  of  which  are  Shippegan  and  Misi-oue.  Great  Ship- 
pegan  Harbor,  comprising  3  commodious  harboi-s.  and  Little 
Shippegan  and  Bathurst  Harbors,  are  in  this  county.  Into 
the  latter  flow  3  large  rivers.  Ship  building  is  carried  on 
to  a  considerable  extent,  and  there  is  a  large  export  trade  in 
timber,  deals,  &c.  It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  railroad 
through  Gloucester  county,  connecting  Bathnrst.  theoountf 
seat,  with  the  European  and  North  Am.ericau  Railway.  Pop. 
in  18.51. 11.704. 

GLOUCESTER,  a  maritime  county  of  New  South  Wales. 
The  chief  river  is  the  Manning,  which  separates  it  from  the 
county  of  Macquarrie.  Chief  towns,  Raymond  Terrace,  the 
capital.  Carrington.  and  Stroud. 

GLitUCESTER  COURT-HOUSE,  Gloucester  co.,  Virginia, 
82  miles  E.S.E.  of  Richmond,  near  .an  arm  of  the  Chesapeake. 
It  contains  an  academy  and  several  churches. 

GLOUCESTER  FURNACE,  a  post-vill.-ige  of  Atlantic  co., 
New  Jersey.  74  miles  S.  of  Trenton. 

GLOUCESTER  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  fs  a  sm.all 
island  in  lat.  19°  7'  S..  Ion.  140°  .37'  W. 

GLOUCE.STERSHIRE.    See  Gloitester. 

GLOUCHOV  or  GLOUKllOV.     See  Gwokhov. 

GLOVER,  gluv'er,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  1244. 

GLOVERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York, 
40  miles  N  .W.  of  Albany.  It  has  4  churches,  1  bank,  1  nevs- 
paper  office,  and  manufactories  of  kid  and  buckskin  glovifj, 
mittens,  &c.  It  is  stated  that  two-thirds  of  the  buckskjfl 
gloves  and  mittens  made  in  the  United  States  are  made  hert . 
Pop.  about  3300. 

GLOVER  VILLAGE,  a  pcst-oflfice  in  Glover  township. 
Orleans  co.,  A'ermont,  about  35  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Montpe- 
lier. It  contains  2  cliurches,  one  of  which,  the  Congrega- 
tional, is  tt  spacious  and  splendid  edifice. 

GLOWNO,  glov'no.  two  small  towns  of  Poland,  one  N.  of 
Posen.  the  other  56  miles  W.S.W.  of  AVarsaw. 

GLUCHOV  and  GLUCHOW.    See  Glookiiov. 

GLUCKSBURG,  (GlUcksburg.)  gliiksaitViKr..  a  village  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick.  6J  miles  N.E.  of  Flensborg, 
with  750  inhabitants,  and  the  fine  residence  of  the  Duke 
of  Holstein-Gliicksburg. 

GLUCK.STADT,  (Gllickstadt.)  gliik'stltt  a  town  of  IK«- 

niark.  capital  of  the  duchy  of  Holstein.  a  marshy  tract,  at 

the  mouth  of  the  Little  Rhine,  on  the  Ell>e.  29  miles  N.W.  •>* 

Hamburg.     Pop.  In  1847,  6000.  ?hiefly  employed  in  navi^ 

j  tion.  and  its  harbor  is  being  greatly  extended  and  improve<l 

\  It  was  formerly  important  as  a  fbrtre.«s;  but  in  1814.  it* 

j  defences  were  demolished,  and  its  old  arsen.il  is  now  used 

I  fi)r  a  prison  and  a  work-house.     The  town  is  intersected  by 

,  canals,  but  so  deficient  in  good  water  that  rain  has  to  bo 


GLU 


GOD 


carefully  preserred  in  cisterns.  It  has  a  school  of  naviga- 
tion, and  several  other  schools ;  since  1830  it  has  been  a  free 
port.  It  comraunieates  by  railway  with  Altoua,  Kiel,  and 
Kendsljurg,  and  by  steam-packets  with  the  ports  on  the 
Elbe. 

GLUIRAS,  ghveeh-fc',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ard^che,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  I'rivas.     Pop.  in  1852,  2764. 

GLUKX3,  glooRns;  called  also  GLURENTZ,  glooWnts,  a 
small  town  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  on  the  Adige,  40  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Botzen;  it  was  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1799. 
Pop.  S42. 

GLUS/BURN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kidint:. 

GLVDE,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster  and  Leinster,  rises 
in  the  county  of  ilonaghan,  flows  south-eastward,  and  en- 
ters Dundalk  Bay  conjointly  with  the  Doe. 

GLY'MONT',  a  post-ofSca  of  Charles  co.,  Jlaryland. 

GLVMPU'VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Newbury  district,  South 
Carolina. 

GliY.MP'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

GLYN  or  GLYNN,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cai^ 
martheu,  4J  miles  N.N.W.  of  Llanelly.     Pop.  908. 

GLYN-CON'NON.  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan, 6  miles  S.  of  .Merthyr-Tydvil.    Pop.  1614. 

GLYNDE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  3  miles 
B.S.E.  of  Lewes,  with  a  station  on  the  South  Coast  Railway. 

GLYNN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering 
on  the  sea,  contitins  about  400  square  miles.  The  Altamaha 
River  bounds  it  on  the  N.  The  surface  is  partly  occupied 
by  pine  barrens  with  a  sandy  soil,  and  by  extensive  swamps, 
which,  when  drained,  are  productive.  The  county  includes 
several  islands  on  the  coast,  one  of  which  is  about  12  miles 
long.  Formed  in  1777,  being  among  the  oldest  in  the  state, 
and  named  in  honor  of  John  Glynn,  an  English  lawyer,  and  a 
warm  fiiend  of  the  American  colonies.  Capital,  Brunswick. 
Pop.  SS89,  (if  whum  lOoO  were  free,  and  2839  slaves. 

QLYNNCORWG,  glinn-kor'oog,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

GLYN'-TAFF,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan, 
6  miles  W.  of  Caerphilly.    Pop.  998. 

GLYN-TRAIAN,  gliu-tri/an,  a  township  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Denbigh. 

GMU.ND,  (Gmiind.)  g'miint,  or  GMUNDEN,  (Gmtlnden,) 
g'mtlu'den,  an  old  walled  town  of  Germany,  in  WUrtemberg, 
on  the  Rems,  29  miles  E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  6100.  It  has 
numerous  churches,  a  fine  town-hall.  a.sylums  for  the  blind 
and  foi-  deaf  mutes,  a  normal  and  Latin  schools,  and  manu- 
factur  'S  of  jewellery,  wooden  wares,  and  woollen  stuffs. 

GMUND.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Austria,  73  miles 
N.N.\V'.  of  Yienna,  near  the  Bohemian  frontier.     Pop.  426. 

GMUND  or  GEIIUND.  (Gemund,)  ghgh-munt\a  town  of 
Germany,  in  lUyria,  Carinthia,  26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Villach, 
on  the  Leser.    Pop.  160. 

GMUNDEN,  (Omiindeu.')  g'miin'den,  a  town  of  Upper 
Austria,  situated  among  the  finest  scenery  in  Austria,  on 
the  river  and  Lake  of  Traun,  (orGmiinden  See.)36niiles  S.W. 
of  Lintz.  Pop.  3;300.  It  has  a  depot  for  the  salt  of  the 
neighlioring  mines,  a  port  for  the  steam  packets  on  the  lake, 
and  a  station  for  the  horse-puwer  railway  to  Lintz. 

G.N'.iDAU,  gnj'ddw,  a  village  and  .Moravian  settlement 
of  Prussian  Saxony,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the 
railway,  thence  to  I^eipsic.     f'op.  400. 

GNADKNIltJTTKN,  gndMen-huHgn,  a  post-village  of 
Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  95  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

GXADENTIIAL,  gni'dfn-t4l\  a  Moravian  missionary  sta- 
tion of  South  Africa,  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cape  Town. 

GNESyN,  gni'zen,  (Polish,  Gniezno,  gne-Jz/no,)  a  town 
of  Prussia,  duchy,  and  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Posen.  Pop. 
7140.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  8  other 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  several  convents,  and  a  diocesan 
school,  it  being  the  see  of  the  archbishop  primate  of  Prus- 
sian Poland.  It  has  also  breweries,  distilleries,  and  a  large 
fair  for  cattle  and  horses. 

GNIEWKOWO,  gneev-ko^vo,  a  town  oi  Prussia,  province, 
and  72  miles  E.N.E.  of  Posen.     Pop.  900. 

GNOIHN,  gnoi'gn.  a  town  of  North  Germany,  in  Mecklen- 
burg-Schweriu,  25  miles  N.E  of  Giistrow.     Pop.  2982. 

GXOSALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

GO'A,  (anc.  Govayf)  a  fortified  maritime  city  and  capital 
of  the  I'ortuguese  dominions  in  the  East,  on  an  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mandona  River,  on  the  W.  coast  of  India.  250 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Bombay;  lat.  15°  28'  2"  N.,  Ion.  73°  51'  2"  E. 
Pop.  about  4000.  It  is  a  city  of  churches,  and  the  wealth 
of  provinces  seem  to  have  been  expended  in  their  erection, 
their  architecture  far  surpassing  in  grandeur  and  tiste 
whatever  of  their  kind  has  been  attempted  by  Europeans  in 
the  East.  The  chapel  of  the  palace  is  built  after  the  model 
of  St.  Peters  at  Rome ;  the  Church  of  St.  Dominic  is  adorned 
with  paintings  by  the  Italian  masters;  that  of  the  Jesuits 
contains  the  fine  tomb  of  St.  Francis  Xavier;  the  Cathedral 
would  be  worthy  of  any  principal  city  of  Europe;  the 
Augustine  church  and  convent  are  also  noble  structures ; 
but  most  of  these  edifices  are  stated  to  be  decaying;  the 
viceroy's  palace,  and  the  building  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Inciuieitlou,  have  loug  ^roen  unoccupied.    Goa  is  an  arch- 


bishopric, and  has  a  diocesan  seminary.  It  was  heid  with 
its  territory  by  the  English  from  1807  to  1815.     See  P.\NJIM, 

GOA  or  GOACH.    See  Macassar. 

GO.\CK,  go'iik/,  a  town  of  the  Island  of  Celebes,  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  immediately  S.  of  JIacassar,  and  thi 
former  residence  of  its  sultan.  It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch 
in  1778.     See  Macassar. 

GOAHATI,  go-a-hi'tee,  GOWIIATI,  gOw-hl/tee,  or  GWA 
IIATTEE.  gwd-hiftee,  a  small  town  of  Lower  Assam,  In 
Farther  India,  on  the  Brahmapootra,  64  miles  E,  of  Goal- 
para. 

GO.\LPARA,  go-ill-p.l'rI,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  on  the  Brahmapootra,  neai  the  Assam 
frontier. 

GOANDS,  GONDS,  gOndz,  or  KIIOONDS,  a  wild  tribe  oi 
Indians  inhabiting  the  hills  of  Omerkuntuc,  central  llin- 
dostan,  at  the  sources  of  the  Sone  and  Nerbudda.  They 
are  one  of  the  lowest  classes  in  the  scale  of  civilization  to  be 
found  throughout  India;  their  manners  and  customs  are 
peculiar  to  themselves,  and  their  physiognomy  differs  very 
widely  from  the  usual  characters  found  in  the  natives. 
Their  skin  is  much  blacker  than  the  ordinary  shade,  lipt* 
thick,  hikir  woolly,  resembling  that  of  an  African;  their 
forms  are  well  proportioned,  being  strong  and  athletic. 
They  live  upon  wild  roots  and  vegetables,  and  such  ani- 
mals as  they  can  snare  or  kill. 

GO-iT'IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

GOAIVIIURST,  a  parish  of  iingland,  co.  of  Somerset 

GOAT  ISLAND,  in  Newport  barter,  Rhode  I.sland,  di- 
rectly in  front  of  the  town.  Fort  Woloott  is  on  this  island, 
and  on  the  N.  end  is  a  light>hou.se,  exhibiting  a  fixed  light 
Lat.  41°  29'  18"  N.,  Ion.  71°  20'  5"  W. 

GOAT  ISLAND.    See  Niao.\ra  Falls. 

GOAT  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Philippines,  Strait  of  Manila; 
lat.  13°  55'  N.,  Ion.  120°  24'  E. 

GOAT  ISLAND,  or  POOLO  CAMBING,  pooHo  kdm^bing', 
on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Sumbawa.  Flores  Sea;  the  N.  point  is 
in  lat.  8°  7'  S.,  Ion.  118°  46'  18"  E. 

GOAT  ISLANDS,  two  steep  islets,  off  Terceira,  Azores. 

GOAVE,  go'lv',  the  name  of  two  towns  of  Ilayti,  Lb 
Grand  (leh  grSs")  Ooave,  being  7  miles  E.  of  Le  Petit  (Igh 
peh-tee')  Goave,  which  is  on  the  Bay  of  Gonn'ives.  48  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Port-au-Prince,  with  a  good  harbor,  and  an  active 
foreign  trade. 

GOBANIUM.    See  Abero.wenxt. 

GOBI,  gon)ee\  COBI,  or  SHAMO,  shl'moN  (t.  e.  "  sea  of 
sand.")  a  wide  region  of  Central  Asia,  between  lat.  40°  and 
50°  N.,  and  Ion.  90°  and  120°  E.,  comprising  a  great  part  of 
Mongolia  and  Chinese  Toorkistan.  Length  from  E.  to  W. 
about  1200  miles ;  breadth  varies  from  50u  to  700  miles.  Its 
central  portion  consists  of  a  desert  of  shifting  sands,  about 
3000  feet  above  the  sea,  skirted  on  the  N.  and  S.  by  exten- 
sive rocky  or  stony  tracts,  interspersed  with  some  oases, 
affording  a  scanty  vegetation. 

GOCII,  goK,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  8  miles  S.  of 
Cleves,  on  the  Niers.  Pop.  3800.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
has  a  cistle,  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  Meunonite  churches. 

GOCIIOP  or  GOCHEB.    See  Gojeb. 

GOCILSIIEIM,  goKs'hime.  a  town  of  Germany,  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  18  miles  N.E.of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1370. 

GOCIISIIEIM,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  near 
Schweinfurt,  with  a  castle.    Pop.  1727. 

GOCKLINGEN,  (G<5cklingen.)gok'ling-fn,  a  village  of  Ba- 
varia, in  the  Palatinate,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Landau.  Pop.  1519. 

GODA,  (Gijda,)  gWdn,  or  GODAU,  (Gcidau,)  giVdOw,  a  vil- 
lage of  Saxony,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bautzen.     Pop.  938. 

GOIVALMING,  a  municipal  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the  Wey,  4  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Guildford.    Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  2224. 

GODANO,  go-di'no,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Sardinia, 
13  miles  N.W.  of  Spezzia,  near  the  A'era.     Pop.  3379. 

GODAVERY,  go-di/vg  r-e,  a  large  river  of  India,  in  the  Dec- 
can,  rises  from  the  West  Ghaut  Mountains  and  Chandpoor 
hills,  and  after  a  tortuous  .south-eastward  coui-se,  estimated 
at  700  miles,  it  divides  into  two  principal  branches,  which 
subdivide  as  they  enter  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  lat.  16°  30'  N., 
Ion.  82°  E.  During  the  rainy  season  it  is  in  many  places  IJ 
niHes  across;  but  at  the  pa.ssof  Papkoouda,  is  contracted  by 
precipitous  mountains,  2000  feet  high  to  .".  quarter  of  a 
mile.    Principal  affluents,  theWurdah  and  Maiijera. 

GOD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

GODFJ.LA,  go-D^l'yd.  a  town  of  Spain,  4  miles  N.  of  Va- 
lencia, on  ttie  c.inal  of  Moncado.     Pop.  1244. 

GODELLETA,  go-nJl-yi'ti,  a  village  of  Spain,  about  15 
miles  W.  of  Valencia.     Pop.  1069. 

GODERICn,  gOd'rik,  or  GOOD'RTCII,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land,  CO.  of  Hereford,  on  the  M'ye,  3|  miles  S.W.  of  Ross. 
It  has  picturesque  remains  of  a  castle,  partly  built  before 
the  conquest,  and  once  the  residence  of  the  Talbots.  It 
figured  greatly  during  the  Parliamentary  War,  and  was  one 
of  the  last  castles  in  England  which  held  out  for  the  king. 
Goderich  Court  contains  a  rare  collection  of  armor.  Ac; 
and  Goderich  gives  title  of  viscount  to  the  Robinson  family. 

GODERICH.  gSd'riteh,  a  post-town  and  port  of  entry  of 
Canada  West,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Huron,  Perth,  and  Bruco 

763 


GOD 


GOL 


COS.,  \s  pleasantly  situated  on  Lake  Huron,  at  the  entrance 
(*■  Maitland  Piiver,  and  at  the  W.  terminus  of  the  BufTalo 
Brantford  and  Ooderich  Railroad,  (in  progress.)  157  miles 
N.W.  of  Buffalo,  and  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  London.  It  is  the 
only  shipping  point  for  many  miles  on  the  lake,  and  has  a 
harbor,  protected  by  a  pier  with  a  light-house  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Maitland.  There  are  churches  for  the  Episcopalians, 
Presbyterians,  Secessionists,  Methodists,  and  lloman  Ca- 
tholics, a  branch  bank,  3  assurance  agencies,  and  about  10 
stores.  The  town  has  also  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  woollen 
factory,  2  tanneries,  and  grammar  schools,  &e.;  2  news- 
papers are  published  here.    Pop.  about  2000. 

GODERICH,  au  inland  co.  of  West  Australia,  about  55 
miles  square.  The  capital,  Kojonup,  is  90  miles  N.W.  of 
Albany. 

GODESBKRO,  go'dgs-b5RQ\  a  Tillage  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cologne,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1170. 

QODJiWAERSVELDE.  godVd^^RS-Jld',  a  small  village  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Uazebrouck. 
Pop.  1836. 

GOD'FREY,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 

GODHA'VEN,  or  more'properly  GODHAVN,  goi>'h8wn, 
(i.e.  "good  haven,")  a  Danish  colony  on  the  S.^V.  part  of 
Di.sco  Island,  in  Davis's  Strait,  and  residence  of  the  in- 
spector of  North  Greenland.    Pop.  250. 

GODI.A.SCO,  go-de-ds'ko,  (L.  Godias>cum,)  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  18  miles  E.  of  Alessandria.    Pop.  lt;07. 

GODING,  (Goding.)  go'ding,  a  town  of  Moravia,  34  miles 
S.E.  of  Brlinn,  on  the  March,  and  on  the  railway  between 
Briinn  and  Prerau.    Pop.  2975. 

GOD.IAM  and  GODJEB.    See  Gojam  and  Gojeb. 

GOD'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co,  of  Chester,  8  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Manchester,  on  the  railway  thence  to  ShefBeld. 

GOD'JIAXCIIESTER,  a  municipal  borough  and  parish 
of  England,  co.,  and  }  mile  S.S.E.  of  Huntingdon.  Pop. 
in  1851,  2337.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Roman 
Vurolipons. 

GOD'MANHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

GOD'MANSTONE,  a.  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

GOD'.MERSHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

GODOLLO.  (Godiillo.)  go'doriS',  a  town  of  Hungary,  15 
miles  N.  E.of  Pesth,  with  2330  inhabitants. 

QODOLTHIN. a  hamletof  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  parish 
of  Breaze,  5^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Helstone.  It  gives  the  title  of 
baron  to  the  Osborne  family,  who  have  a  seat  here. 

GO'DRA.  a  town  of  India.  Gwalior  dominions,  142  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Oojein.    Lat.  22°  48'  N.,  Ion.  73°  44'  E. 

GODS'HILL.  a  parish  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

GOD'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  27  miles 
S.S.E.  of  London,  by  the  S.E.  railway,  on  which  it  has  a 
station.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  sandstone  quarries,  and  has 
many  elegant  mansions. 

GODTIIAAB,  god'tib,  a  village  of  South  Greenland,  in 
Davis's  Strait.  Pop.  of  district,  740.  It  was  the  fii-st  Danish 
colony  in  Greenland,  established  by  Hans  Egede  in  1721. 
It  has  a  mission  seminary,  and  is  the  residence  of  an  in- 
spector. 

GODnviNVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey. 

GOEDEREEDE,  gooMeh-rVd^h,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  South  Holland,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Briel,  on  the 
island  of  Goeree.    Pop.  1045. 

GOENONG-API  or  GOENONGAPEE.  See  Goonong-Apee. 
'  GOENONG  TELLA.  a  town  of  Celebes.  See  GooNOXG  Tklla. 

GOENTOER,  goonHoor,'  or  GOONTOOR,  goouHoor',  or 
GOENONG-GOENTOER,  goon'ong'-goonHoor',  an  active  vol- 
cano on  the  Island  of  Java,  province  of  Preanger.  about  94 
miles  S.E.  of  Batavia.  Height,  6689  feet.  Its  eruptions  in 
1818,  1825.  1835,  and  1841,  all  caused  great  damage  to  the 
surrounding  countrj',  destroying  large  numbers  of  coffee- 
trees,  and  covering  extensive  tracts  with  ashes,  sand,  and 
stones. 

GOEREE,  gooW,  GOEDEREEDE-ENOVERFLAKKE, 
l?ooMfh-r.Vdg-^n-o'ver-fldk'kgh,  written  also  GOERE,  an 
island  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  be- 
tween Cramerand  Hollands  Diep,  now  united  to  the  island 
of  Over-Flakkee.  The  town  of  Goeree  orGoereede  is  on  the 
£.  coast. 

GOES,  HMee,  or  TERrGOES,  t?r-H8«ce',  a  fortified  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  on  the  island  of  South 
Beveland.  Lat.  41°  30' N.,  ion.  3°  53' E.  Pop.  5425.  It  h.-js 
a  curious  ancient  monastery,  a  harbor  on  an  arm  of  the 
Scheldt,  ship-building  docks,  and  an  active  trade  in  salt, 
hops,  corn,  &c. 

GOES.  go/Js,  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  19 
miles  E.ofCoimbra. 

G(ETA-EI,F.  a  river  of  Sweden.    See  G&lBk. 

G(ETEnORG   or  GOTEBORG.       See  Gothesbukg. 

GCE'ITINGEN.     See  Gottinoen. 

G(ETZEUBKUCK.  ghitV,i:h^brlik',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Moselle.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Sarreguemines.  It 
Las  a  manufactory  of  watch  glasses,  employing  600  hands, 
and  producing  45.000  glasses  daily. 

QOF'FLE,  a  village  of  Passaic  oo.,  New  Jersey,  about  3 
mllw  N.  of  I'atterson. 

aOFF'S  COR/N  EllS,  a  postofflce  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 
7M 


GOFF'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York. 

GOKFS'TOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsbo 
rough  CO..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  W.  side  of  Merrimack 
River;  and  on  the  New  Hampshire  Central  Railroad,  12 
miles  S.  of  Concord.  The  Merrimack  here  has  a  descent  of 
about  48  feet  in  the  distance  of  half  a  mile,  called  .\raoskeag 
Falls,  around  which  is  a  canal.  The  township  has  manu- 
factures of  cottons,  woollens,  &c.    Pop.  1740. 

GOFFSTOWN  CENTRE,  a  postrvillage  of  Hillsborough  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  New  Hampshire  Central  Railro.ad, 
15  miles  S.  of  Concord. 

GOG  AN,  go'gan',  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Azer- 
baijan, on  the  E.  side  of  I.jike  Ooroomeeyah. 

60GEH,  a  town  of  India.    See  GoGO. 

GOGGINGEN,  (GSggingen,)  gag'ghing-en,  a  vill.ige  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Wertach,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Augsburg.  Pop.  1222. 

GOGGINGEN,  a  village  of  Bavari.^,  grand-duchy  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Lake.  E.  Mosskirch.    Pop.  622. 

GOG'GINSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

GOGGRA,  gog'gra,  GOGRA,  SARJOU,  sar^oo/,  Di;r\VA,  or 
K.4.NAR.  kj^nar',  (Ilindoo,  Ghnrglwra.  gar'gd-rl.)  a  river  of 
North  Hindostan,  and  one  of  the  chief  tributaries  of  the 
Ganges,  which  it  joins  about  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Benares,  after 
a  S.E.  course  of  from  400  to  500  miles  through  Nepaul.Oude, 
and  the  Bengal  territory.  The  towns  of  Fyzabad  and  Oude  are 
on  its  banks.  It  is  the  S-ireyu  of  Hindoo  mythology,  and  ac- 
cording to  Rennel,  the  Agorames  of  Arrian.  The  river  is 
regarded  with  peculiar  veneration  by  the  Hindoos,  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  in  their  sacred  poetry,  and  its  banks  are 
re.sorted  to  by  numerous  devotees. 

GOG'MA'GOG  HILLS,  England,  co.,  and  3  miles  S.E.  of 
Cambridge.  On  their  highest  summit  are  remains  of  an 
ancient  camp  with  a  triple  entrenchment. 

GOGNA,  a  river  of  Piedmont.    See  Agogn.\. 

GO'GO,  or  GOGEH,  go'gheh,  a  maritime  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bomb.iy,  district  of  .\hmedabad,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  with  a  safe  roadstead  during 
the  S.W.  monsoon. 

GOGRA,  a  river  of  Hindostan.    See  Goggr.^. 

GOHUD,  go'h&d',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
.Bengal,  in  the  upper  provinces,  district,  and  22  miles  N.E. 
of  Agra.    Lat.  26°  24'  N.,  Ion.  78°  20'  E. 

60HUN,  go'htln',  a  town  of  India,  in  Bundelcund,  11 
mUes  N.W.  of  Jaloun. 

60I.\NINII.\,  go-y3-neen'yi  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Rio-Grande-do-Norte,  28  miles  S.  of  Natal.    Pop.  1500. 

GOIL,  LOCH,  loK  goil,  a  branch  of  Loch  Long.  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Argyle,  extending  for  4  miles  N.  to  Loohgoilhead. 

GOIRLE,  goialeh.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North 
Brabant.  15  miles'  S.W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  795. 

GOISERN,  goi'zern,  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the 
Traun,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  H.allstadt.  Pop.  708.  It  is  con- 
sidered the  hand.somest  village  in  Austri.i. 

GOITO,  go/e-to,  a  village  of  Ix)mbardy,  8  miles  N.W.  of 
Slantua,  on  the  Mincio.    Poo.  ISOO. 

GOJAM  or  GODJAM,  go'jam',  a  district  of  Abyssinia,  in 
Amhara;  lat.  from  10°  to  11°  N.,  Ion.  from  37°  to  38°  E.  It 
is  mostly  a  grassy  plain,  traversed  in  some  parts  by  high 
mountain  ranges,  and  by  affluents  of  the  Abai. 

GOJEB  or  GODJEB,  go'jJb\  written  also  GOCHEB,  GO- 
CHOP,  and  GOSHOP,  a  river  of  Africa,  in  the  country  S.  of 
.\byssinia,  flowing  E.,  in  lat.  about  6°  N.,  supposed  to  join 
the  Abai. 

GOM^AUIC  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, 50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Darwar,  on  the  Gutpurba.  (an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Kistnah.)  which  forms  here  a  sort  of  cat.aract. 

GOKT.SCHE-DENGHlS.(Goktsche-Denghis,Vokt'shA-dJng' 
ees\  ('-blue  lake.")  also  called  KEGHAM  (kA'gSmO  SEA, 
and  sometimes  SEWAN,  sAVJn',  a  lake  of  Russian  Arme^nia, 
to  the  N.E.  of  Erivan,  about  40  miles  long  from  N.W.  to  S.E., 
and  on  an  average  12  miles  broad.  It  is  situated  about  5000 
feet  above  the  sea-level,  in  a  basin  surrounded  by  mountains, 
many  of  them  covered  with  the  richest  verdure,  not  a  few  of 
the  most  fantastic  forms,  and  several  covered  with  snow.  In 
the  N.AV.  of  the  lake  there  is  an  island,  called  Sewan  or 
Sevan,  with  a  convent  on  it. 

GO'LANDSVILLE  or  GO'LANSVILLE,  a  post-village  in 
Caroline  co..  Virginia. 

GOLA-SECCA,  %cAi-s.lY>^i,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province,  and  33  miles  N.W.  of  Milan,  on  the  Ticino.  which 
Hannibal  crossed  at  this  pl.sce  with  his  elephants.  Pop.  161)1. 

GOL'BORNE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
with  a  station  on  the  Ixindon  and  North-western  Railway, 
2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Newton.     Pop.  1657. 

GOiyCAR.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riiing. 

GOLCONDA.  gol-kon'dd.  a  fortified  town  of  Hindostan,  i:i 
Nizam's  dominions,  3  miles  W.  of  Hyderabad.  Lat.  i;°  l.V 
N.,  Ion.  78°  32'  E.  It  has  lx>en  not4?d  as  a  i-p6t  for  dia- 
monds, which  are  brouglit  hither  from  the  phiins  at  the 
base  of  Neela  IluUa  Mountains,  on  the  banks  of  the  j<ist>- 
nail  and  Pennar  Rivers,  no  mines  existing  in  the  viiinty; 
and  a  large  amount  of  treasure  is  supposed  to  be  kept  nere, 
as  Europeans  or  native  strangers  are  not  usually  allnvve  1  to 
enter  the  gates.  On  its  N.  side  are  some  famous  toiubs,  fre- 
quently resorted  to  by  holiday  parties  from  Seounilcrul-ad, 


Iksr: 


GOL 


GOM 


Ie  the  district  are  found  opals,  chalcedonies,  and  other 
gems. 

GOLCONrDA,  a  post-Tillage,  capital  of  Pope  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Lusk  Creek,  220  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Spriiiu:field.    It  has  a  brick  court-house.     Pop.  404. 

G0IiD.4.NGKR.  a  p.arish  of  England.    See  Ooldhanqeii. 

GOLD.VPP,  gol'dilpp,  a  town  of  Eastern  Prussia.  21  miles 
S.E.  of  Oumbiunen,  on  the  Goldapp  River.     Pop.  -3880. 

GOIiDA  U,  gol'dOw,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
6i  miles  W.X.W.  of  Schwytz,  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  llossberg, 
bf  a  landslip  of  which  mountain  the  former  village  of  the 
8Ame  name,  with  the  Tillages  of  Biissingen,  Rother,  and  a 
part  of  Lowertz,  were  totally  buried,  on  September  2,  1800. 

GOLDBERG,  golfbjRa,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussian 
Silesia,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Ivatzbach,  an  af- 
fluent of  the  Oder.  Pop.  7350.  At  its  high  school  the  famous 
Wallenstein  was  educated.  About  6  miles  K.  is  the  hamlet 
of  WahlsUidt,  where  the  troops  under  Blueher  defeated  the 
French  under  Macdonald,  August  26,  1S13. 

GOLDBERG,  a  town  of  Geiinany,  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schworin,  28  miles  E.  of  Schwerin,  on  the  small  lake  of 
Goldberg.     Pop.  2646. 

GOLD'CLIFF,  a  parish  of-  England,  co.  of  Monmouth,  4^ 
miles  S.E.  of  Newport,  with  remains  of  a  priory  of  the  12th 
century. 

GOLD  COAST,  a  country  of  Guinea,  in  West  Africa,  ex- 
tending along  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  from  the  river  Volta  0° 
40'  E.,  to  Cape  Ljihotl,  about  Ion.  5°  W.,  and  bounded  X.  by 
Ashantee.  It  was  discovered  by  the  Portuguese,  who  founded 
an  establishment  at  Fort  Elmina  in  1482.  The  Engli.<h  first 
settled  here  in  16*54.  The  country  is  fertile;  deer  are  plenty 
in  the  interior,  and  fish  along  the  coasts.  The  principal 
European  establishments  are  Accra,  Axim,  Capo  Coast 
Castle.  Dixeove,  and  Elmina. 

GOLD  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Brown  co.,  Indiana. 

GOLD'EN,  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperary,  in  the  '-Golden  Vale,"  a. rich  valley  of  the 
Suir.  3i  miles  W.  of  Cashel.     Pop.  602. 

GOLDEN  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Ireland,  In  Lcinster,  co., 
and  1 J  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dublin.    Pop.  1090. 

GOLD'EN  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Greenville  district. 
South  Carolina,  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  8 
miles  from  Greenville. 

GOLDEN  HILL,  a  post-ofRce  of  Dorchester  co.,  Maryland. 

GOLDEN  LAKE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wiscon.sin. 

GOLDEN  PLACE,  a  post-oiflce,  On.slow  co.,  North  Carolina. 

GOLDEN  POND,  a  post-office  of  Triag  co.,  Kentucky. 

GOLDEN  RIDGE,  a  township  in  Oxford  co..  Maine. 

GOLDEN'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co., 
New  York.  120  miles  S.  by  E.  of  .Mbany. 

GOLDEN  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district. 
South  Carolina. 

GOLDEN  STEIN,  gol'dgn-8tIne\  or  KOLDS.STEIN,  kolf- 
stine,  a  town  of  Moravia,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Olmutz,  on  a 
hill  above  the  Bord.  It  has  two  castles,  one  of  them  an  an- 
cient fortress,  in  ruins,  an  Augustine  monastery,  and  two 
glass  furnaces.     Pop.  1020. 

GOLD'EN  A'^ALE,  England,  co.  of  Hereford,  lying  W.  of 
the  city  of  Hereford,  on  the  river  Dover.  It  owes  its  name 
to  its  rich  soil  and  beautiful  scenery. 

GOLDEN  VAI/LEY,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co..  North 
Carolina. 

GOLD-'IIANGER  or  GOLD  ANGER,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex. 

GOLD  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Buckingham  co.,  Virginia. 

GOLD  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Rowan  co..  North  Carolina, 
isontaiiis  several  stores.  There  is  a  gold-mine  in  the  vicinity. 

GOLDI.XGEN,  gol'ding-fn.  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Courland.  72  miles  WA'.W.  of  Mitau.     Pop.  2624. 

GOLD'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

GOLDKRONACH,  gold'kro'ndK,  a  well-built  town  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Kronach,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Baireuth,  with  three 
castles.     Pop.  940. 

GOLD  KE'GION,  a  postKjfflce  of  Moore  co..  North  Carolina. 

GOLDSBOROUGII,gilds'biir-rtih.  a  parish  of  England,  co! 
of  York,  West  Riding.  2J  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kuaresborough. 
The  Earl  of  Harewood  has  a  mansion  here. 

GOLDS'BOROUGH,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  90  miles  E.  of  Augusta,  has  many  excel- 
lent harbors.     Pop.  1717. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,  a  village  of  Y'ork  co.,  Pennsylvjinia,  on 
the  Susquehanna  River,  and  on  the  York  and  Cumberland 
Railroad,  18  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Y'ork.  It  was  laid  out  in  1850. 

GOLDSBOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wayne  co., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  Neuse  River,  wljere  it  is  crossed  by 
th«  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Ra- 
leigh. The  first  house  was  built  in  1841.  About  the  year 
fS48  it  began  to  improve  rapidly,  and  is  now  one  of  the 
•flost  flourishing  places  in  the  state.  The  public  buildings 
we  new  and  remarkably  fine.  Steamboats  can  ascend  the 
river  as  high  as  this  place  for  about  two-thirds  of  the  year. 
Goldsbcrough  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  North  Carolina 
Railroad,  about  220  miles  long,  which  extends  to  Charlotte. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Union  army  in  March,  1865.  Pop.  in 
1860,  SS5. 


GOLDSCHEUER,  golfshoi'gr,  a  village  of  Germany,  grand- 
duchy  of  Baden,  on  the  Rhine,  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Offeu- 
burg.     Pop.  572. 

GOLD'SHAW-BOOTH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lan 
caster.  2^  miles  N.E.  of  Haslingden.     Pop.  748. 

GOLDS'TON,  a  post-office  of  Chatham  co..  North  Carolina. 

GOLD.S'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cheiokee  co.,  Georgia. 

GOLD'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tall.apoosnco.,  Alab.ama. 

GOLEGA,  go-li/ga,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estre- 
madura.  on  the  Tagu.s,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lislion.  Pop.  2600. 

GOLEK-BOGHAZ,  go'ljk'-bo'giz',  (the  "Cilician  gates"  ot 
antiquity.)  a  pass  in  A.siatic  Turkey,  through  tlie  Bulghar- 
Tagh,  (Taurus.)  between  the  pashalics  of  Karamania  and 
.\dana,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Tarsoos,  and  defended  by  Turkish 
batteries. 

GOLFE,  ISLES  DU,  eel  dil  golf,  (i.  e.  "  islands  of  the 
gulf,")  two  inhabited  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  ^ 
lat.  10°  15'  S..  Ion.  101°  46'  E. 

GOLFODULCE,  a  lake  of  Central  America.    See  Dulce. 

GOLGO'THA,  a  post-vilLoge  of  Cobb  co.,  Georgia,  123  mUes 
N.W.  of.MiIledgeville. 

GOLI,  gf/lee,  a  small  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  3  miles  N.E.  of  the  island  of  .\rbe. 

GOLI,  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  on  the 
estuary  of  the  .Teba.  5  miles  N.E.  of  Bissao.     Pop.  4000.  (?) 

GOLIAD,  go'Ie-ad',  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  con- 
tains about  900  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  liy  tlie  San 
Antonio  River,  and  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Coleto  Creek. 
Tlio  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Goliad.  Pop.  3384,  of  whom 
2541  were  free,  and  843  slaves. 

GOLI.\D,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Goliad  co.,  Texas,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  120  miles  in  a 
straiglit  line  S.  by  E.  of  Austin.    Pop.  1212. 

GOLLERSDORF,  (Giiilersdorf,')  gollers-doRf,  a  market> 
town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  GiiUersbach,  23  miles  N.W. 
of  Kornenburg.    Pop.  1278. 

GOLLNOW,  gol'nov,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Ihna,  and  on  the  railroad  from 
Stettin  to  Dantzic.    Pop.  4700. 

GOLLOUSIER,  gol-loo-seer',  (Fr.  pron.  gorioo'se-jU,  a  petty 
maritime  town  of  the  island  of  Socotra,  Indian  Ocean,  on 
its  N.  coast. 

GOLLUB,  golloob,  a  fown  of  Prussia,  on  the  Drewenz. 
Pop.  2320. 

GOLLUMBINCZE,  golloom-bin'sJ,  or  GOLUBINCZE, 
go'loo-bin'si.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  22  miles  S.E, 
of  Peterwardein.    Pop.  3500. 

GOL.MA.  an  island  of  Sweden.    See  Holmox. 

GOLNITZ,  (Golnitz.)  grd'nits,  a  markettown  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Zips,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Kperies.  Pop.  5300.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  mining  council  and  tribun!»l ;  in  and  around 
it  are  iron  and  copper  mines,  iron  forges,  and  factories  of 
iron  wire  and  cutlery. 

GOLO,  go'lo,  a  river  of  Corsica,  enters  the  Mediterranean 
on  its  E.  coast,  12  miles  S.  of  Bastia.  Length.  38  miles. 
Near  its  mouth  are  supposed  to  he  the  ruins  of  Muriaiia. 

GOLS,  golsh,  or  GALOS,  gilh'losh',  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Wieselburg,32  miles  S.E.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1800. 

GOI/SPIE,  a  palish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland,  *on 
Dornoch  Frith,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dornoch.  Dunrobin 
Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland,  is  in  this  pari.sh. 

GOLSSEN,  gols'.sfu,  a  town  of  Prussia,  government,  and 
46  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  on  the  Dahme.     Pop.  1061. 

GOI/THO,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GOLTSCII-JENIKAU,  goltsh-yA'ne-k(5w\  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, circle  of  Czaslau,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  2030. 

GOLUBINCZE,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Gollumbixcze. 

GOMANIZZ.^.,  go-mJ-nit'sd,  a  village  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Albania.  43  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Yaniua,  (Janina.)  Lat.  (S.E. 
point)  39°  28'  42"  N.,  Ion.  20°  18'  E. 

GOMARINGEN,  go^mar-ingVu,  a  village  of  Wiirtemhurg, 
5  miles  W.  of  Reutlingen,  on  the  AVit-.satz.     Pop.  1485. 

GOMBAS,  gom'bSsh',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Liptau, 
7  miles  from  Rosenberc.     Pop.  lOOO. 

GOMB'ROON'.  GOiPBEROON',  GAMRUN,  gdmVoon,' 
GAAPBROON',  BUNDER  ABBAS',  bun'der-!ib'b3.s\  BEN'- 
DER  AB'BAS',  or  BUN'DER  AB'BAS'SEE,  (formerly  Hor^- 
mooz>,  Hormuz  or  JTarmofzia.)  a  seaport  town  of  Persi.a,  pro- 
vinceof  Kerman,  hut  latterly  forming  a  part  of  the  Muscat 
dominions,  on  the  Persian  Gulf  near  its  mouth  about  13 
miles  N.AV.  of  the  Island  of  Ormuz.  Lat.  27°  18'  N..  Ion,  56^ 
30'  E.  Pop.  5000.  (?)  It  owed  its  importance  and  modern 
name  to  Shah  Abbas,  who,  in  1022,  with  the  aid  of  the 
English,  drove  the  Portuguese  fi-om  Ormuz,  the  trade  of 
which  island  was  then  transferred  hither.  Some  remains  of 
European  factories  exist,  and  one  serves  for  an  occasional 
residence  of  the  Imam  of  Muscat.  The  imports  consist  of 
Indian  and  other  piece  goods,  and  China  ware;  the  exports 
comprise  Persian  carpets,  tobacco,  and  dried  fruits. 

GOMER,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 

GOiIER.4,  go-m.Vr2,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  W.  group, 
west  of  Teuerifle,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  strait  13 
miles  broad.  Length,  12  miles;  breadth,  9  miles.  Pop. 
11,742.  It  has  .some  primary  mountains,  covered  with  per- 
petual  snow,  and  many  fertile  valleys,  producing   corn, 

70  j 


G03I 


GOO 


finits.  trine,  cotton,  sugar,  &c.    The  principal  town  is  San 
Set>a.KtiHn. 

GOMKRA,  go-mi'ri.  a  river  of  Morocco,  province  of  Fez, 
enters  the  M^lterranean  near  Velez-de-Gomera,  after  a  N.W. 
course  of  50  miles. 

GOMKKA.  VELEZ  DE.  vAlfth  di  go-mA'ri,  or  BADIS.  hi- 
deece'.  ianc.  Paridina.  f)  a  town  of  Morocco,  province  of  Fez 
with  a  fort  on  the  Mediterranean,  55  miles  S.E.  of  Ceuta.  It 
Is  situated  between  two  high  mountains,  and  contains  about 
700  houses. 

GO'MEKSAL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  "West 
Elding. 

OOM'ETRA  or  GOM'ETRAY,  a  small  island  of  Scotland, 
eo.  of  Argyle,  between  Staffa  and  Mull,  and  separated  from 
Ulva  by  a  very  narrow  sound. 

GOMEZ,  gormSs,  an  island  of  South  America,  New  Gra- 
nada, in  the  Caribbean  Sea.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Magdalena, 
I^t.  110  6'  X..  Ion.  74°  50'  W. 

GOMMEGNIES:  gom'mAnVee',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord.  14  miles  N.AV.  of  Avesnes.    Pop.  in  1852,  3093. 
GOMMENITZA,  gom-md-nit/sj,  a  small  seaport  town  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Epirus,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, opposite  the  S.  extremity  of  Corfu. 

GO.MMEKX,  gom'mem,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  9 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Ehle.     Pop.  1880. 

GOMOXA,  go-mo'nd,  a  small  island  of  the  PaciSc,  Xulla 
Islands,  in  lat.  1°  46'  S..  Ion.  127°  27'  E. 

GOMOR,  (Gomijr,)  gb^moR',  a  county  of  Hungary,  Hither 
Theiss.  comprising  an  area  of  1615  square  miles.  It  contains 
the  lofty  summits  of  Kroua.  Tresznik,  Czigan,  and  Sztudena. 
It  has  mines  of  iron,  cobalt,  tin.  and  saltpetre.  Pop.  170,962. 
GOMOR  (Oiimor)  SAJO,  gS'miJR/  sl/yo',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
In  the  county  of  GomiJr,  on  the  S.\jo,  88  miles  K.E.  of  Pesth. 
Pop.  1049. 

GOMUL,  go^mtiV,  or  GOOLATREE,  goo-li'ree  or  goo-ll'ree, 
an  important  pass  on  the  middle  route  from  llindostan  into 
Afghanistan,  leading  from  Dera  Ismael  Khan  to  Ghuznee, 
along  the  channel  oi"  the  Gomul  River, 

GOMUL,  go^mtll',  a  river  of  Eastern  Afghanistan,  rises 
about  lat.  33°  X.,  Ion.  69°  22'  E.,  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghuznee, 
and  crossingtheSuleimanrangeof  mountains  about  lat.  32° 
25'  X.,  is  lost  in  the  sand.    During  the  rains,  however,  it 
continues  its  course  to  the  Indus;  lat.  32°  5'  X..  Ion.  71°  E. 
G<JXA1VE,  LA,  la  go'uiv',  an  island  of  the  AVest  Indies, 
W.  of  Hay ti,  in  the  Bay  of  Leogane.    Length,  about  36  miles ; 
average  breadth,  8  miles.    It  has  no  permanent  population. 
GOX.^^IVES,  (Gonaives,)  LKS,  lA  go*niv',  a  town  of  llayti. 
capital  of  an  arronditsement,  on  the  Bay  of  Gona'ives,  65 
milfs  X.^V.  of  Port  au  Prince.    It  has  an  excellent  harbor, 
a  naval  and  military  hospital,  .and  public  baths. 
GOX'ALDSTUN  E.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotts. 
GOXCELIX.  gAN'«Vh-lJ>t«',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Isere.  17  miles  X.t.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  1547. 

GON'DAR,  the  capital  city  of  Abvssinia.  21  miles  X.E.  of 
Lake  Dembea,  or  Zana.  in  "lat.  12°"50'  X.j  Ion.  37°  32'  E.  It 
is  built  on  a  lofty,  insulated  hill,  which  is  an  extinct  vol- 
cano, between  two  rivers,  which  unite  below  the  town.  En- 
tire circumference  of  the  city,  about  11  miles.  It  conttiins 
a.  ruined  palace,  many  churches,  and  other  buildings  de- 
voted to  religious  purposes.  Gondar  was  formerly  a  royal 
residence;  but  is  now,  with  the  whole  province  in  which  it 
is  situated,  in  the  hands  of  the  Gallas,  and  h.as  lo.st  much 
of  its  former  splendor.  Cotton  cloths  of  a  fine  quality  are 
manufactured  here.  The  people  of  this  city  are  represented 
as  extremely  licentious,  and  addicted  to  the  most  barbarous 
and  Irutal  practices.     Pop.  estimated  at  .50.000. 

GONDELSHEIM.  gon'dels-hime'.  a  village  of  Baden,  14 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Carlsruhe.'    Pop.  1320. 

GOXDRECOUliT.  gANdr'kooR',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  on  the  Ornain.  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Commercy. 
Pop.  1081. 

GONBREVILLE,  g6xd'rVeel'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  on  the  Moselle,  4  miles  E.N  JJ.  of  Toul. 
Pop.  1307. 
GOXDS,  a  tribe  of  Indians.    See  Go.inds. 
GONDWARA.  gondV^'rd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  district,  and  18  miles  S..S.W.  of  Purue;ih. 
GOX'ERBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
GOXESSE,  go'ni'S.s',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise.  10  miles  X.E.  of  Paris,  on  the  Crou.    Pop.  in  1852, 
2263.     It  is  the  birth-place  of  Philip  Augustus.     Here,  alter 
the  liattle  of  'Waterloo,  the  head-quarters  of  the  British  army 
were  established,  July  2,  1S15. 

GOXFAROX.  g4s<:'£iV.x'='.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Var.  22  miles  X.E.  of  Toulon.    Pop.  1663. 

GOMAPZ  or  GOXIOXDZ,  gMyA.NV,  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  sroveniineut.  and  32  miles 'X.W!  of  Bialystok,  on  the 
Bober.     Pop.  1550. 

Gd'.MC,  a  post-village  in  Strafford  co..  New  Hampshire,  on 
the  Coche<-o  Railroad.  8  miles  from  Dover. 
GOXIOXDZ.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Gomai>z. 
GOX  N  E  VILLE,  gonnH-eel',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  JIanche.  6  miles  E.  of  Cherbourg.    Pop.  137U. 

GONXEVILLF;.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seiae- 
(uferieur  -.  11  miles  N.N  J:!  of  Havre. 
708 


GOX'NINGEN,  (GSnningen.)  gon'ning^gn,  a  village  of 'Wii^ 
temberg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  at  the  foot  of  the  Rossberg, 
5  miles  S.W.  of  Reutlingen.    Pop.  2422. 

GOXXORD,  gon'noR/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Maine-et-Loire,  18  miles  S.  of  Angers.    Pop.  187S. 

GOXXOS-CODIXA,  gon'nos-ko-dee'nd,  a  village  of  Sai^ 
diuia,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Oristano.    Pop.  544. 

GOXXOS-FAXADIGA.  gon'uo.s-fi-nd-dee'gd.  a  village  of 
Sardinia,  30  miles  N.X.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  2925. 

GOXXOS-TRAMATZA,  gon'nos-trd-mdfsd,  a  vUIage  of 
Sardinia,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Oristano.     Pop.  850. 

GOXOWITZ,  go/no-^its",  or  GAXOWITZ,  gi'no-^its',  a 
market-town  of  AustrLn,  in  Styria,  19  miles  S.S.\V.  of  Mar* 
burg.    Pop.  670. 

GOXSIXSKOIE-OZERO,  go-si n-skoi'i-o-zd/ro.  a  lake  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Irkootsk,  58  miles  X.  by  W. 
of  Kiakhta.     Near  it  are  several  pagodas. 

GOXTEXSWEIL,  gon'tf us-« ile\  or  GUXDISCIIWEIL, 
goon'dish-*ile\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  .4argau, 
about  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Aarau.    Pop.  2119. 

GOXZAGA,  gon-zd/g3,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
in  Lombardy,  14  miles  S.  of  Maptua. 

GONZALES.  gon-zahlSz,  a  county  in  the  S.  or  S.  central 
part  of  Texas,  has  an  area  of  1140  square  miles.  It  is  intei^ 
sected  by  the  Guadalupe,  and  also  drained  by  San  Marcos 
River,  and  by  Castleman's  Fork.  Capital,  Gonzales.  Pop 
8059,  of  whom  4891  were  free. 

GOXZ.\LES,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gonzales  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  Guadalupe  River,  70  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Austin.  It  was 
formerly  a  considerable  village,  but  was  burut  during  the 
Texas  revolution.      Pop.  1103 

GOXZALO.    See    SJo   Gosgiio. 

GOOCH'LAXD.  a  county  towards  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  260  square  miles.  James  River  forms  the  S. 
boundary  through  the  whole  length  of  the  county.  The 
surfece  is  undulating ;  the  soil,  originally  fertile,  has  been 
in  some  parts  exhausted.  Extensive  mines  of  bituminous 
coal  are  worked  here,  and  gold  has  been  found  in  small 
quantities.  The  James  River  Canal  connects  the  county 
with  Richmond.  Formed  in  1727,  and  named  in  honor  of 
one  of  the  governors  of  the  colony.  Capital,  Goochland 
Court-llouse.  Pop.l0,6o6,  of  whom  4ol7  were  free,  and  6139 
slaves. 

GOOCHLAND  COURT-HOCSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Goochland  co.,  A'irginia,  1  mile  N.  of  James  River,  and  28 
W.  of  Richmond.  The  public  buildings  are  neat  and  sul>- 
stantial. 

GOOCH'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Little  Saline  Creek.  35  miles  X.Vv.  of  Jefferson  City. 

GO0D'.\LL  LAKE,  a  township  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois. 

GOOD'ERSTONE,  or  GOOD'SuX,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

GOODE"S,  a  station  of  Virginia,  on  the  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee Railroad,  8  miles  from  Lvnchburg. 

GOODES  PRE'CIXCT,  a  post-oftice,  Clarke  co.,  Kentucky. 

GOOD'FIELD.  a  post-oftice  in  Meigs  co.,  Tennessee. 

GOOD'FIRM,  a  township  in  Grundy  co..  Illinois.  Pop  670. 

GOOD  GROliXD,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York, 
about  240  miles  S.E.  of  Albany. 

GOOD  HOPE,  a  small  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

GOOD  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Walton  co.,  Georgia,  7  miles 
E.  of  Monroe. 

GOOD  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co..  Ohio.  7  miles 
S.E.  of  'Washington,  the  county  seat.    Laid  out  in  1>49. 

GOOD  HOPE,  a  township  of  Hocking  c-o.,  Oliio.     Pup.  953. 

GOOD  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin,  9 
miles  N.  of  Milwaukee  City. 

GOOD  HOPE,  a  fort  of  British  North  America,  on  the 
McKenzje  River.  Lat.  67°  30'  X..  Ion.  130°  40'  Vt\  Old  Fort 
Good  Hope  is  on  the  same  river,  105  miles  N.W. 

GOOD  HOPE,  BAY  OF.  a  bav  of  Russian  America,  in  lat 
66°  30'  X.,  Ion.  161°  to  164°  W.,  at  the  termination  ot  Kotie- 
bue  Sound.  It  contains  Chamisso  Island.  The  laud  around 
it  is  swampy. 

GOOD'HUE.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Minne.sota.  hor- 
dering  on  the  Missis-Mppi  River,  and  uu  Lake  Pepin,  which 
separates  it  from  Wisconsin,  contains  about  650  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cannon  River.  Formed  in  1S52-3, 
out  of  apart  of  Wabashawco.  C^ipital.  Ri'dwing.  Pop.  8977. 

GOOD'INGS  GROVE,  a  post-village  of 'Will  co.,  Illiuoi*,  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

GOOD  INTENT',  a  post-office  of  Wa.shlngton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GOOIVLEIGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

GOOD^LUCK',  a  village  of  Dover  township.  Ocean  CO..  New 
Jersey.  7  miles  from  Tom's  River.  This  town  is  oi  e  of  the 
oldest  settlements  on  the  Jersey  shore,  and  lias  a  Methodist 
church  and  2  schools. 

GOOIV.MAX.  a  district  in  Harris  co..  Georgia. 

GOODMAX'S  CROSS  KQADS,  a  post-office  of  Harris  «»., 
Georgia. 

GOODMAN'S  ISLANDS.    See  Finn's  and  Goo)  m.od's  Is- 

tAXDS. 

GOOCNESTON,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  oiKcLt 


GOO 


GOO 


OOODPiTCn,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Gopctich. 

QOOD'KICII.  a  post-office  of  Genesee  eo.,  Michigan. 

GOOD  SI'lUNG,  a  post-village  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennes- 
see, 13  miles  S.  of  Nashville 

GOOD  5>PKING,  a  post-office  of  Limestone  CO.,  Alabama. 

GOOD  SfUK.  ft  post-offlce  of  Carroll  co.,  Virginia. 

GOOD  SUCCESS/  BAY,  Terra  del  Fuego,  Le  Maire  Strait, 
in  lat.  54°  49'  S.,  Ion.  65°  13'  W.  It  is  a  good  anchorage. 
Heights  about  1200  feet  above  the  sea  surround  the  bay. 

GOOD'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co..  Pennsylvania. 

GOOD  M'ATEU,  a  post-offlce  of  Coosa  CO.,  Alafiama. 

GOOD'WIN  SA^DS,  a  range  of  shoals  in  the  Strait  of 
Dover,  extending  off  the  S.K.  coast  of  England,  co.  of  ICent, 
between  the  North  and  South  Foielands,  abjut  7  miles  E. 
of  Deal  and  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  the  roadstead,  termed  the 
Downs,  lying  between  them  and  the  mainland.  Length 
about  10  miles,  by  I5  miles  in  breadth.  They  are  divided 
Into  two  portions  by  a  narrow  channel,  are  in  many  places 
bare  at  low  water,  and,  owing  to  their  shifting  and  loose 
nature,  they  have,  perhaps,  proved  more  fatal  to  life  and 
property  than  any  other  quicksiinds  known.  Floating  lights 
have  long  been  fi.\ed  here,  and  some  lofty  beacons  have  been 
erected. 

GOODnVIN'S  MILLS,  a  posUiffice  of  York  co..  Maine. 

GOODnvOOD,  the  fine  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  in 
England,  co.  of  Su.ssex,  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chichester.  Good- 
wood races  are  hel.d  annually  in  the  park  during  the  last 
week  in  .lulv. 

GOOD'W  Y.VSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dinwiddle  co..Virginia. 

GOOD'YEAK'S  BAR,  a  mining  settlement  of  Sierra  co., 
California.  Pop.  about  400.  It  has  a  post-ofiSce  of  the  same 
name. 

GOOJAII,  goo/jl,  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  the  route  Itetween 
Tattah  andkurr.ich.?e,10  miles  W.  of  Tattah,  and  on  a  navi- 
gable creek  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 

GOO.TKKAT.  a  town  and  province  of  Indi,^.    See  Gczerat. 

GOOKEKA,  GOUKEKA.  goi/ke-kd,  or  GOUKCHA,  gook'- 
chd,  or  SEVAN,  sAVdu'.  LAKE  OF.  Georgia,  is  between  lat. 
40°  9'  40"  and  40°  35'  N.,  Ion.  45°  E.,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Eri- 
van.  Length  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  47  miles ;  breadth  varies 
from  6  to  21  miles.  Height  above  the  sea,  5300  feet.  It  is 
very  deep,  and  yields  fine  fish ;  contains  the  island  of  Sevan, 
with  an  Armenian  monastery,  and  receives  several  small 
rivers.    The  village  of  Gookeka  is  on  its  \V.  side. 

GOOLAI UEE,  a  pass  of  India.    See  Oomvl. 

GOOLD,  goold,  an  island  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia, 
In  Rockingham  liay,  lat.  1S°  9'  54"  S.,  Ion.  146°  11'  30"  E., 
about  7  miles  in  circumference. 

GOOLR.gooLa  river-portand  townof  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Killing,  on  the  Uuse.  at  the  influx  of  the  Don.  3  miles  S. 
of  Ilowden.  Pop.  in  IS51,  5001.  The  docks  of  Goole  form  its 
most  ;mpoi-taut  foature.  One  of  these,  the  ship  dock,  is  600 
feet  long  by  200  feet  broad,  with  18  feet  of  water;  the  other, 
the  barge  d<ick,  is  900  feet  long  by  150  feet  broad,  and  will 
contain  200  vessels  averaging  50  or  CO  tons  each.  The  num- 
ber and  tonnage  of  sailing  vessels  registered  as  belonging  to 
the  pt<rt  in  1860  was  512,  tonnage,  32,878;  steamers,  8,  ton- 
nage, 551.  The  number  and  tonnage  of  vessels  that  entered 
and  cleared  at  the  ]X)rt  during  the  same  year  w.is — sailing, 
steam.  British,  and  foreign,  inwards,  3318,  tonnage,  194,032 : 
outwards,  2940,  tonnage,  173,128.  The  gross  amount  of 
customs'  duties  for  the  same  year  was  £34.258.  The  town 
owes  its  rise  and  subsequent  importance  chietty  to  the  open- 
ing of  the  Knottingley  and  Goole  Canal  by  the  Aire  and 
Calder  Navigation  Company,  by  which  a  direct  inland  navi- 
gation has  been  effected  to  Leeds,  Manchester,  Liverpool,  &.c. 

GOOIiKOO.  goorkoo',  a  mountain  range  of  Afghanistan, 
SO  miles  S.W.  of  Ghuznee,  lat.  33°  22'  N..  Ion.  67°  50'  E..  up- 
wards of  13,000  feet  high,  and  covered  with  snow  throughout 
the  year. 

OOOMISII  (GOUMISII,  or  GUMISII)-KHANEII,  goom'- 
ish-Kd/neh,  ("place  of  silver;"  anc.  Bi^te,/)  a  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  pashalic,  and  lUO  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Erzroom.  It  is 
built  in  successive  terraces  up  the  sides  of  a  ravine,  and  is 
stated  to  have  nearly  1000  houses,  mostly  inhabited  by  Greeks 
and  Turks.  Near  it  are  some  productive  silver,  lead,  and 
copper  mines,  the  oies  from  wliich  are  all  reduced  at  Tokat. 

GOOMREK,  (iOUMRI,  or  GUMRI,  goom'ree,  a  ruined 
town  of  Russian  Armenia,  54  miles  N.W.  of  Erivan,  on 
which  has  been  recently  built  the  important  fortress  and 
city  of  AixXANDROPOL.  Pop.  10,000.  From  the  great  eleva- 
tion of  the  laud  in  this  district,  (average,  5860  feet,)  the 
cold  is  intense;  men  are  often  frozen  to  death  in  the  open 
fields,  and  wild  animals  are  driven  into  the  towns  from 
hunger.  Caravans  of  from  50  to  100  camels  bring  provi- 
sions for  the  Russian  troops  stationed  here. 

GOOMSUR.  gooni'stir'.  (Hindoo,  Ghumsara,  goom-.s3'r3.)a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  73  miles  ^\'.  of 
Jugeemaut. 

GbOMTY  or  GOOMTEE.  goom'tee,  (Hindoo,  Gtmati,  go'mj- 
tee,  ''winding,")  a  river  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, a  tributary  of  the  Ganges,  which  it  joins  17  miles  N.E.  of 
Benares.  Its  chief  affluent  is  the  Sye.  The  cities  of  Luck- 
Dow,  Sultanpoor,  and  .Tuanpoor.  are  on  its  banks. 

GOOMTY  or  GOOMTEE,  a  river  of  British  India,  pre- 


sidency of  Bengal,  district  of  Tipejah,  joins  the  Br.'ihm*. 
pofrtra.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Dacca.     Comiila    is  on  its  S.  bank. 

GOONABAD,  GOUNABAD,  or  GLNABAD.  goo-na-lad',  a 
town  of  East  Persia,  province  of  Khorafsan,135  miles  W.S.Vf . 
of  Meshed. 

GOONANG  TELLA,  of  Celebes.    See  Goonono  Telia. 

GOONDA.  goonM3.  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  dominion,  and 
25  miles  N.W.  ofOude. 

GOONDIAM  or  GOUNDIAM,  poon-de-dm'.  a  village  of  West 
Africa,  in  Upper  Galam,  on  the  Faleme;  lat.  14°  40'  N..  Ion. 
12°  12'  W. ;  inhabited  dining  the  season  of  cultivation,  but 
after  haivest  it  is  evacuated,  in  consequence  of  the  ineru- 
sions  of  the  Bambarras  and  Moors. 

GOONEE,  goo/nee^,  an  arm  of  the  river  Indus,  in  Sinde, 
continuous  with  Fulailee  below  Hyderabad,  enters  the 
Indian  Ocean  by  the  Koree  and  Sir  mouths  of  the  Indus  at 
its  delta.  New  Luckput,  its  E.  branch,  traverses  a  lake 
formed  by  an  earthquake  in  1819.  Its  W.  branch  is  navi- 
gable from  the  Ali-I$under,  in  Slagbribee,  to  the  sea,  a  dis- 
tiince  of  50  miles. 

OOONIAM-AMADOO  or  GOTJNIAM-AMADOU,  goo-ne- 
drn'-d-md-doo/,  a  village  of  West  Africa,  in  Bondoo,  about  2i 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  the  former. 

GOONIAM  (or  G0UNIAJ1>SISSE,  goo'ne-lm'-.sces'sch.  a 
villageof West  Africa,  in  Bondoo ;  lat.  14°  60' N..  Ion.  12-  24'  W. 

GOONIEH,  GOUNIEH.  or  GUN  I  EH,  goo'nee^h,  a  walled 
town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trebizoud,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea. 

GOONONG-APEE,  GOUNONG-APL  or  GUNONG-API,  an 
i.sland  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  Flores  Sea,  N.E.  of 
Sunibawa.  L.Ht.  8°  16'  S..  Ion.  119°  8'  E.  It  has  a  volcano. 

GOONONG-APEE,  GOUNONG-API,  GUNONG-API.  GOE- 
NONG-API,  goo^nong'a'pee',  or  GOENONG-APU,  goo'nong'- 
ii'pii',  a  burning  island  of  the  Banda  group,  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  180  miles  S.  of  Booro.  Lat.  6°  35'  S.,  Ion.  126°  45 
E.  It  contains  a  volcanic  peak,  whioh  in  1820  broke  out  in 
a  fearful  eruption. 

GOONONG-TELLA,  GOEN*ONG-TELLA,  goo'nohg'tJlia,  or 
G0I50NTAL0,  goVon-tdIo,  a  spacious  bay  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Celebes,  with  a  breadth  of  65  mile.s  at  the 
entrance,  widens  towards  its  inner  extremity,  which  is  very 
little  known,  to  100  miles.  On  the  N.  side  of  the  b.iy.  and 
not  far  from  its  entrance,  is  Gornntalo  River  and  village. 
Lat,  0°  28'  30"  N.,  Ion.  123°  16'  E. 

GOONONG-TELLA  orGOENONG-TELLA.amaritime  town 
of  Celebes,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Goonong-Tella  Bay.  between 
the  N.  and  E.  limbs  of  the  island.     Lat.  0°  30'  N.,  Ion.  123°  E. 

GOONTOOR,  a  volcano  of  .lava.    See  Gootoer. 

GOOR,  gOB,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Ove^ 
yssel,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Zwolle.    Pop.  lf.27. 

GOORB.VN,  goor^n/,  a  river  of  Sinde,  rising  between 
Kurrachee  and  Sehwan,  about  lat.  25°  20'  N..  Ion.  67°  08'  E. 
anil,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  about  60  niile.s.  falls  into  the  Bay 
of  Kurrachee.  in  lat.  24°  48'  N.,  Ion.  67°  6'  E. 

GOORGAUN,  GOURGAN.  or  GURGAN.  goor'gdn'or  goor'- 
gawn',  a  town  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Persia,  on  a  small  stream 
of  its  own  name,  which  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lat  37° 
10'  N.,  Ion.  56°  30'  E. 

GOORIEL,  GOUKIEL.  GURIEL.  goo-re-fl',  or  GURIA.  a 
province  of  Asia,  shjired  between  the  Russian  and  Turkish 
dominions,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Black  Sea.  It  formed 
a  part  of  the  ancient  CnlcJiis.  The  principal  towns  are  Bar- 
toom,  in  the  Turkish;  Poti,  Toras,  and  Fort  St.  Nikolai  in 
its  Russian  division. 

GOORIEV,  GOURIEV,  or  GURIEV.  goo-re-Jv/,  a  town  and 
fortress  of  Russia,  government  of  OrenlxK)rg,on  the  Uial,  at 
its  embouchure  in  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lat.  47°  10'  N.,  Ion. 
52°  t..    Pop.  2000. 

GOORKHA,  goor^kS.  a  city  of  Nepaul,  nearly  in  the  centre 
of  the  kingdom,  58  miles  W.  of  Khatmandoo,  in  lat.  27°  62' 
N..  Ion.  84°  22'  E.,  foi-meriy  the  capital  of  the  Goorkhas. 

GOORSOOF,  GOURSOUF.  or  GURSUF.  gooB-soof/,  a  mari- 
time village  of  Russia,  in  Crimea,  on  its  W.  coast.  It  was 
called  EristJiena  (f)  by  the  ancient  Greeks. 

OOORUMCONDA.GTJRRAMCONDA.  or  GURRtJMCONDA, 
goor-rtlm-kon'da,  a  strong  hill-fort  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  52  miles  S.S.W.  of  CudJapah. 

GOOS,  GOUS.  or  GIIS,  goes,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the 
government  of  Vladimeer,  and,  flowing  S.,  empties  itself  into 
a  lake,  after  a  course  of  CO  miles. 

OOOSE'BERRY  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  island.*  Sr 
Newfoundland,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Bouavista  Bay. 

GOOSE  CREEK,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  falls  into 
the  Potomac  4  miles  E.  of  Leesburg.  after  a  course  of  nearly 
60  miles.  By  means  of  dams.  &c..  it  has  been  made  navi- 
gable for  a  distance  of  about  20  miles.  An  affluent,  called 
the  North-West  Fork,  enters  this  creek  from  the  left  hand, 
near  the  middle  of  Loudon  county. 

GOOSE  CREEK,  of  Michigan.    See  Raisin  Riveb. 

GOOSE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ritchieco..  Virginia. 

GOOSE  CPtEEK,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co..  Tennessee 

GOOSE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Furneaux  Islands,  in  lat  40° 
19'  N..  Ion.  147°  47'  E. 

GOOSE  ISLAND,  in  Christmas  Sound,  off  the  S.  eoa.st  of 
Terra  del  Fuego;  so  named  by  Captain  Cook. 

767 


GOO 


GOR 


OOOSB  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 
In  Canada   East,   13  miles  X.E.  of  the  island  of  Orleans. 

GOOSE  ISL.VNP,  a  rocky  islet  in  Bass'  Strait,  on  which  a 
light-house  was  erei.t«d  in  1S4<>. 
GOOSE  LAKE,  in  Asiatic  Kussia.    See  Goxsixskoib-Ozero. 
GOOSE  POXD,  a  post-village  of  Oglethorpe  co.,  Geoi-gia,  7C 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

GOOSXAKGII,  goo.'^'narg,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster.  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Preston,  Here  is  a  riclily  en- 
dowed institution  for  decayed  persons  of  the  higher  classes, 
founded  by  Dr.  Hushell  in  1735. 

QOOTA  or  GUUTA,  goo't^  a  village  of  AVest  Africa,  in 
Bondoo,  on  the  Faleme,  in  lat.  14°  24'  X.,  Ion.  12='  18'  W.  It 
has  a  citadel,  erected  by  the  sovereign  of  Bondoo  as  a  palace 
and  retreat  to  Sambala,  King  of  Ivasson. 

GOoTY  or  GOOTEE,  a  strong  fort  and  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madra.s,  50  miles  E.  of  Bellary,  on  a 
mountain,  2171  feet  above  the  sea.  The  military  works 
here  are  very  extensive,  and  Gooty  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  a  petty  Mahratta  state. 

GO'PUER  CREEK,  of  Iowa,  flows  into  the  Missouri  a 
little  below  the  mouth  of  Boyer  River. 

GorLO.  gop^o.  or  GAPLO,  gdp'lo,  a  lake  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Bromberg.  It  forms  a  long  and  narrow  expanse, 
having  nowhere  a  breadth  of  2  miles,  and  yet  is  above  20 
miles  ifing. 

GOPPIXGEN.  (Goppingen,)  gop'ping-^n,  a  town  of  Wiir- 
temburg.  on  the  Fils,  27  miles  X.W.  of  Tim.  Pop.  5035. 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  royal  residence,  a  remarkable 
town-hall,  mineral  l)aths.  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and 
earthenwares,  bleaching-works.  and  an  active  trade  in  wool. 
Near  it  are  the  baths  of  Boll,  and  the  ruined  castle  of 
Hohensfciuffen.  the  cradle  of  the  imperial  race  that  held  the 
German  Empire  in  the  twelfth  century. 

GOP.S'ALL.  an  extra-parochial  liberty  of  England,  the 
■eat  of  Earl  Howe,  co.  of  Lincoln,  4i  mUes  N.W.  of  Market- 
Bosworth. 

G()RA,  go'rS.  a  small  town* of  Poland,  government,  and 
19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Warsaw. 

OOKA.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Posen,  22  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Bromlierg. 

GOR.\.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.    See  GrnRAti. 

GORABUXDER.  go'ra-blin'dfr,  a  village  and  fort  of  British 
India,  pref^idency.  and  about  20  miles  X.  of  Bombay,  at  the 
N.  extremity  of  the  Island  of  Salsette,  separated  fbom  the 
mainland  by  a  narrow  arm  of  that  sea. 

GOR.iil.  goVdm',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  20 
miles  in  circuit.    Lat.  4°  3'  S.,  Ion.  131°  50'  E. 

GOR'BALS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Lanark  and  Ren- 
frew. 

GORBATOV  or  GORBATOW,  goR-bJ-tov',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  36  miles  W.S.W.  of  Xizhnee-Novgorod,  on 
the  Oka.   Pop.  2070. 

GORCIIEX.  (Gorchen.)  goR/Ken,  or  MIPTSKA  GORKA, 
meets'kl  goR'ks,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province,  and  52  miles 
8.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1418. 

GOKCUM,  a  town  of  Holland.    See  Gorkum. 

GORDES.  goud.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vaucluse, 
10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Apt     Pop.  in  1852,  2948. 

GOR'DO.  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 

GOR/DOX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Kelso.  It  is  famous  as  having  given  the  title  of 
duke  to  the  Gordons,  a  Xorman  &mily.  whose  earliest  seat 
in  Scotland  was  fixed  here  in  the  reign  of  Malcolm  Ceanmore. 

GOR'DOX,  a  new  county  in  the  X.W".  part  of  Georgia.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Oosteuaula  River,  a  branch  of  the  Coosa, 
and  also  drained  by  Pine  Log  and  other  creeks.  The  soil  in 
general  rests  on  a  stratum  of  blue  limestone,  and  is  highly 
productive.  The  county  is  intei-sected  by  the  Western  and 
Atlantic  Railroad.  Formed  out  of  parts  of  Cass  and  Floyd 
counties  in  l.S4i4-50.  and  named  in  honor  of  William  W. 
Gordon.  Esq.,  lirst  president  of  the  Central  Railroad.  Capital, 
Calhoun.     Pop.  10,140,  of  whom  804u  were  tree. 

GORDOX,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wilkinson  co..  Georgia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  the  Milledgeville 
Railroad,  21  miles  E.  of  Macon.  Large  quantities  of  cotton 
are  exjxjrted  from  this  place.  It  has  6  dry-goods  stores,  and 
does  an'extensive  grocery  business.    Laid  out  in  1843. 

GORDON,  a  post-ofiRceof  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

GOKDOX  A,  goR-do'ni.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chiavenna,  on  the  Mera,  at 
the  enti-ance  of  the  valley  of  Bodengo.     Pop.  975. 

GOU'DOX  CASTLE,  or  CASTLE  GORDOX,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Richmond,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin,  about  1  mile 
N.  of  Fochabers.  It  stands  in  a  maenificent  park,  and  is 
one  of  the  finest  structures  in  Scotland. 

GORIHJXCILIX).  goR-don-theel'vo,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
Tlnoe.  and  aliont  22  miles  from  Leon,  in  a  plain.    Pop.  1808. 

GOR'rWXS.  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Greenville  and  Miami 
Railroad,  22  miles  from  Dayton. 

GOR'DOX'S  POIXT,  a  small  village  of  Beaufort  district. 
South  Carolina. 

GoK'DONSSPRIXGS.apost-villageof  Walker  CO.,  Georgia, 
about  JK)  miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

QOR'DO  X  S  V I LLE,  a  post-vUli^  of  Lancaster  co-  Pennsvl- 
768 


vania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  10  miles  from 
Lancaster. 

GORDOXSTILLE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  Tirginia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  and  at  the  terminus  of  the  Orange 
and  Alexandria  Railroad,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

GORDOXSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Smith  co.,  Tennessee. 

GORDOXSA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Iventucky. 

GOR'DOXTOX,  a  post-office  of  Person  co.,  North  Carolina. 

GORE,  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 

GORE,  gor,  a  district  of  Canada  "West,  comprising  the 
counties  of  Wentworth  and  Ilalton,  bounded  E.  by  Lake 
Ontario.     Pop.  about  40,000. 

GOREE,  goYil/,  an  island  and  town  of  Western  Africa,  be- 
longing to  the  French,  immediately  S.E.  of  Cape  Verd,  in 
lat.  14°  39'  N.,  Ion.  17°  24'  W.  Pop.  about  6000,  comprising 
18  Europeans.  It  is  about  3  miles  in  circumference,  and 
steep  on  the  W.,  S.,  and  E.  sides.  At  its  N.E.  extremity  is 
a  roadstead.  The  town  is  well  built,  and  covers  about  two- 
thirds  of  the  island:  it  is  the  seat  of  civil  and  commercial 
tribunals,  and  an  entrepOt  for  gum-Senegal,  ivory,  gold-dust, 
&c.  It  has  latterly  been  pretty  strongly  fortified,  but  is 
deficient  in  wood  and  water.  It  has  lieen  repeatedly  taken 
by  the  English  and  Dutch  in  the  last  and  the  present  cen- 
turies. 

GOREE.  an  island  and  village  oftheNetherlands.near  the 
mouth  of  the  Meuse,  (Maas.) 

GOR  EE,  go*rA,'  a  village  of  Jersey,  on  its  S.E.  coast,  7  miles 
E.S.E.  of  St.  Ilelier's,  and  immediately  below  Mount-Orgueil 
Castle 

GORE  ISLAND,  or  ST.  MATTHEW,  an  island  jn  Behring 
Sea,  about  midway  betweftn  America  and  Asia.  Lat.  of  its 
S.  point,  00°  18'  N.,  Ion.  172°  4'  W.  Length  from  N.W.  to 
S.E.,  28  miles. 

GO'RELOY',  one  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  containing  an 
active  volcano.     Lat.  51°  56'  N.,  Ion.  178°  40'  W. 

GORESBRIDGE,  gOrz^brij,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster,  CO.  of  Kilkenny,  2}  miles  E.  of  Gowran.    Pop.  921. 

GO'REY,  a  municipal  l>orough  and  market-town  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  cj.,  and  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Wexford. 
Pop.  3Sfi5. 

GOK'GAXSVILLE,  a  smaU  village  of  Rutherford  co., 
North  Carolina. 

GORGONA.  goR-go'nJ,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
belonging  to  Tusainy.  province  of  llsa,  between  Corsica  and 
Leghorn.  It  is  a  wooded  rock,  about  2  miles  in  length  and 
breadth,  inhabited  by  families  engaged  in  its  fishery  of 
anchovies. 

GOKGOXW.  goR-go'nJ.  an  i.sland  of  South  America,  New 
Granada,  in  the  Bay  of  Choco,  in  the  Pacific,  110  miles  S.W. 
of  Buenaventura.     I^t.  2°  57'  N.,  Ion.  78°  25'  W. 

GORGOXA,  a  village  of  Xew  Granada,  on  the  isthmus, 
and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Panama,  on  the  river  Chagreg. 

GORGOXILLA,  goR-go-neel'yi,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  off  Point  Manglares,  Ecuador. 

GORGOXZOLA.  goR-gon-zo^d.  a  village  of  Lombardy,  12 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Milan.  Pop.  2310.  It  has  an  extensive 
trade  in  the  celebrated  Strachino  cheese. 

GORGUE,  LA,  Id  goKg.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Hazebrouek.  Pop.  in  1852, 
32^3. 

GORHAM,  go'ram,a  thriving  post-village  and  town.shipot 
Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  on  the  York  and  Cumberland  Kail- 
road.  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Portland.  The  village  contains  4  or 
5  churches,  an  academy,  and  about  1000  inhabitants.  The 
manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  machinery,  edged  tools,  &c., 
is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 3252. 

GORH.\M,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Ilampshire, 
on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Iiawrence  Railroad,  about  lUO  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  907. 

GORHAM.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontario  co., 
New  York,  en  Canandaigua  Lake  and  on  the  N.  Division 
of  the  Erie  R.R.  about  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Geneva.  Pop.  2537. 

GORHAM,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Fulton  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1480. 

GORI,  po'ree\  a  considerable  town  of  West  Africa,  on 
a  small  island  of  the  same  name  on  the  Xiger,  aUnit  mid- 
way between  Egga  and  the  confluence  of  the  Chadda, 
(Tchadda.) 

GOiU,  go'ree  or  go'ree',a  fortified  townof  Russi.i.  in  Georgia, 
on  the  Koor,  43  miles  W.X.W.  of  Titiis.  Pop.  3000.  It  has 
Sevei'al  Greek  and  Armenian  churches. 

GORI  or  GORY,  a  village  of  Russia,  government,  and  42 
miles  N.E.  of  Moheelev. 

GORIX.go'rin  or  go-reen',a  river  of  Russian  Poland,  joins 
the  Pripets,  by  two  arms,  about  50  miles  E.  of  Pinsk,  after  a 
tortuous  northerly  course  of  230  miles. 

GORIXCIIEM,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Gorkum. 

GO'RIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford,  on  the 
Thames  and  the  Great  Western  Railway,  on  which  it  has  a 
station,  8|  miles  X.W.  of  Reading. 

GORlXti.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suissex, on  the  South 
Coast  Railway,  3  miles  W.  of  Worthing.  Castle  Goring,  the 
seat  of  the  Shelley  family,  is  in  this  parish. 

GORlSSEXiKN,  (Giirisseifen,)  OBER,  o^bjr  gyris-srffn,  • 


-J 


GOR 

village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz.    Pop. 
2240. 

GORITZ,  (Goritz.)  po'rits,  (Ger.  Gorz.  gijRts ;  It.  Oorizia,  go- 
rid'ze-d,)  a  town  oflllyria.  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Triest,  on  the 
Isonzo.  Pop.  12,137.  It  consists  of  an  upper  or  old  town,  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  with  a  partly  ruined  castle,  now  a  prison ; 
and  a  lower,  or  new  and  well-built  town.  Principal  build- 
ings, a  fine  cathedral,  several  other  churches,  the  liishop's 
palace,  the  barracks,  formerly  a  Jesuits'  college,  the  circle- 
hall,  town-house,  alms-houses,  and  an  elegant  new  theatre. 
It  has  the  diocesan  school  for  the  government  of  Triest;  a 
philo.sophieal  academy;  I'iarist  and  other  colleges;  Ursu- 
Une,  Jews",  and  other  superior  schools;  societies  of  agricul- 
ture and  arts;  and  manufactures  of  silks,  rosoglio,  leather, 
ic,  with  dye-works,  sugar-refineries,  and  a  brisk  general 
trade.    The  ex-king  of  France,  Charles  X.,  died  here  in  1836. 

GOKITZ,  (Goritz,)  giVrits,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  cf 
Brandenburg,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1750. 

G0KIZ1.\,  a  town  of  Au.«tria.    See  Goritz. 

GORKH.\,  gonfkk,  a  town  of  Xortliern  Hlndostan.  and 
(the  ancient  capital  of  Nepaul.)  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Khat- 
mandoo,  reported  to  comprise  2000  houses,  with  a  temple  to 
the  tutelar  deity. 

GOKK  UM,  GOltCUM.  goRn<rim,  or  GORINCIIEM,  go'rink- 
em.  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South 
iloiland,  on  the  Meuse.  (Maas)  at  the  influx  of  the  Linge,  22 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Rotterdam.  Pop.  8190.  It  has  a  court  of 
primary  jurisdiction,  cojlege,  learned  association  established 
in  1«15,  manufactures  of  tobacxo-pipes,  active  salmon  fishery, 
and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn,  cheese,  hemp,  and  horse.«. 
It  is  the!  irlhplace  of  several  eminentDutch  painters:  and  a 
house  once  occupied  l)y  Grotius  still  exists  in  the  town. 

tiOKI^A.  goRlS,  (Maggiore,  mild-jo'rd,  ••Greater,"  and 
MiN'ORE,  me-no'r;l,  "  Lesser,")  two  adjacent  villages  of  Nor- 
thern Italy,  4  miles  from  Milan.     Pop.  2067. 

GO  I\L.\GO,  goR-Id'go.  a  v  illage  of  Lombardy,  7  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Bergamo.     Pop.  1^200. 

GOR'LKSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GOKLICE,  goR-leet/sA.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Poland, 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  .NeuSandec.   Pop.  2547. 

GORLITZ.  (GBrlitz.)  giiRdits,  almost  gtUtnita,  (Wendisch, 
Ffirlirz.  foE'lerts :  i'olish.  Giniic,  goR/lits.)  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  52  miles  \V.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Xeisse,  and  on  the  rail- 
way from  Dresden  to  Rreslau.  Pop.  20,534.  It  is  walled, 
entered  by  11  gates,  and  has  3  suburbs.  Principal  edifices, 
the  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  Paul,  a  structure  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  tlie  town-hall.  4  hospitals,  a  prison,  and  an 
orphan  asylum.  It  has  a  Prote.stant  college,  and  a  philoso- 
phical society,  with  a  library  of  20.000  volumes  and  several 
manuscripts;  extensive  manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen 
cloths,  bell-foundiies.  steel  and  iron  factfii-ies,  lithographic 
printing  and  bleaching  establishments,  and  an  active  trade 
in  linen  fabrics  and  wool. 

GOROIANSTOWN',  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Meath,  IJ  miles  N.W.  of  ISalbriggan.  Pop.  ICO.  It  gives  the 
title  of  viscount  to  the  Preston  family,  who  acquired  the 
manor  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  and  whose  baronial  resi- 
dence adjoins  the  village. 

GORO.  go'ro.  or  KOUO,  ko'ro.  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands. 
Lat.  (N.  point)  17°  14/  S..  Ion.  179°  2G'  W.  It  is  9^  miles 
long,  and  4  miles  broad,  high,  and  apparently  susceptible 
of  cultivation  to  its  very  top.     Pop.  estimated  at  2000. 

GORODISCHTCllfi,  go-ro-dish'ch.'\.  or  GOIIODICIITCIII, 
go-ro-dish'chee,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  16  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Nizhnee-Novgorod.  It  has  a  monastery  in  which 
the  Grand  Duke  Alexander  lived  as  a  monk.     Pop.  3000. 

G0R0DISCIITCI115.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Grodno,  near  Xovofrrodek.     Pop.  1500. 

60R0D1SCIIT(  IlJiorGORODITCII.  go-ro-ditch',  a  town 
of  Russia,  sovernment.  and35  niilesE.N.lC.of  Pensa.  P.2000. 

QORODiSClITCnfi  or  G0R0DITCH£.  go-ro-dee'chA,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  40  miles  S.W.  of  Tver.  Pop. 
1271. 

GORODXIA,  go-rod'ne-J,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  33  miles  N.E.  of  Tchernigov,  with  1700  inhabitants. 

GORODoK.  go-ro-dok'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
20  miles  X.X.W.  of  Vitebsk.     Pop.  1700,  mostly  Jews. 

GORODOiv  BOHISSOV,  go-ro-dok'  bo-ris-sov',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  63  miles  S.W.  of  Moscow,  and 
founded  by  the  Czar  IJoris-Godanov,  whence  its  name. 
GoRODoK  is  the  name  of  several  villages  in  the  government 
of  Minsk. 

GOROGUEA.  go-ro-g,Va,  or  GURGUEA,  gooK-g.Vi  a  river 
of  Brazil,  Ivtween  the  provinces  of  Piauhi  and  Pernambuco, 
joins  the  I'arahiha  95  miles  X.X.W.  of  Oeiras,  after  a  N.E. 
course  of  S'JO  miles. 

GOROKIIOV.  go-ro-kov',  or  GOROKHOVETZ,  go-ro-ko- 
vJts',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  95  miles  E.  of  Vla- 
dimeer,  on  the  Kliasma.    Pop.  2400. 

GOROKHO  V,  a  village  of  Russia,  government  of  Volhynia, 
30  miles  S.E.  of  Vladimeer. 

GOROXTALO,  a  bav  of  Celebes.    See  GooyoxG  Teila. 

GORl'.EDYK  or  GORREDIJK,  goR/-Re-dik\  a  market-town 
of  the  Xetherlands.  province  of  Friesland,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
\ieeuwarder      Pop.  1700. 

2Y 


GOS 

GORREVOD,  goRVod',  a  village  of  France,  de'partinent  of 
Ain,  18  miles  X.  of  Bourg.  Pop.  17S3.  It  was  created  a 
duchy  by  Louis  XVIII. 

GORROX.  goRV.i.N^',  a  village  of  France,  department,  and 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Mayenne.    Pop.  1034. 

GORSBACU,  (GiJrsbach.)  goKs'bdK,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Saxony,  about  35  miles  E.X.E.  of  Merseburg, 
with  a  church.     Pop.  9C5. 

GORSKli,  goR/sel.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gelder- 
land.  5  miles  X.  of  Zutphen.     Pop.  C29. 

'GORSUCH'g  (gor'saks)  MILLS,  a  pos^ofBce  of  Baltimore 
CO..  Maryland. 

GORT.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co,  of 
Galway,  16  miles  X.X.E.  of  Eunis.  Pop.  3056.  It  is  almost 
embowered  among  trees,  i.s  very  neatly  built,  and  has  a  bivr- 
racks,  union  woik-house,  and  large  market.  It  gives  the 
title  of  viscount  to  the  Verek(!r  family,  whose  mansion, 
Loughcooter,  is  2  miles  from  the  town. 

GOlfTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster.  3j  miles 
E.S.E.  of  JIanchester,  on  the  railway  thence  to  Sheffield. 

GORTZKE,  (Giii  tzke.)  gijRts'keh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  .Saxony,  27  miles  E.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  1434. 

GORUCKPCHJR.  go-ruck-poor',  a  town  of  Ilindontan,  pro- 
vince, and  104  miles  X.X  Ji.  of  Benares,  on  the  Jtaptee.  Ijit. 
-ltj°  4G'  X..  ion.  83=  19'  E.  It  is  reckoned  one  of  the  most 
healthy  places  in  India.  In  its  AV.  suburb  is  a  temple  of 
Geracnath.  a  Hindoo  deity  in  high  repute  in  these  quarter*. 

GORUCKPOOR,  a  district  of  British  India,  pre.sidency  of 
Beng.il.  having  Nepaul  on  the  X.     Area,  9520  square  miles. 

GORWYDD,  gor'wiiH,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
CardiBin.     Pop.  608. 

GoilY.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  GoRi. 

GORZ,  (Gorz,)  a  town  of  lUyrla.    See  Goritz. 

GORZE.  goRz.  a  town  of  Franco,  department  of  Moselle, 
9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Metz.     I'op.  1763. 

GOSAR'IiY,  a  consideiable  town  of  Ilindostan,  in  the  Ma- 
cherry  dominions,  60  miles  W.X.W.  of  Agra. 

GOS'BECK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GOS'BERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GOS'FI  KLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  2  milefl 
S.AV.  of  Ilalstead.  Gosfield  Hall  is  one  of  the  finest  remain- 
ing specimens  of  architecture  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII, 

OOS'FORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Xorthumberland. 

GOSFORTH,  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  6 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Egremont. 

GO'SHEX,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Concord.    I'op.  076. 

G0."~I1EX,  a  post-township  of  Addisou  CO.,  Vermont. 
Pop.  .'594. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 100  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Boston.     Pop.  459. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litchfield  CO., 
Connecticut.  30  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford:  said  to  be  tlie 
most  elevated  town.ship  in  Connecticut.  It  is  noted  for  its 
excellent  dairy  farms  and  numerous  tanneries:  and  has 
manufactures  of  Iwots  and  shoes,  soap  and  candles,  hard- 
ware, sash  and  blinds.  &c.     Pop.  1381. 

GOSHEN,  a  postrvillage  and  township  and  semi-capital  of 
Orange  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Newburg  Branch  Railroad,  00  miles  X. N.W.  of 
.New  York.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  3 
or  4  churches,  2  lianks.  a  flourishing  academy,  about  15 
stores,  and  several  manufactories;  2  or  3  newspapers  are 
published  here.  The  township  is  noted  for  the  excellent 
quality  of  its  butter.  Incorporated  iu  1809.  I'op.  of  the 
township.  3480. 

GOSH  EX,  a  post-village  of  Cape  May  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  the  court-house.  It  has  a  Methodist  church 
and  about  '20  dwellings. 

GOSHEN,  a  vill^e  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey,  23  miles 
S.E.  of  Trenton. 

GOSHEN,  a  former  township  of  Che.ster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
now  divided  into  East  and  West  Goshen. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  302 

GOSHEN,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  58 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Maryland. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Georgia,  96  miles 
N.E.  of  Milledgevilie. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Aliibama. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-(.ffice  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-office  of  Oldham  co.,  Kentucky. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  in  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  407. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  in  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2001. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1856. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.  part  of 
Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  Pop.  1832. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Hsirdin  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  894. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1453. 

GOSHEN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Elkhart  co., 
Indiana,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Elkhart  River,  111  miles  by  railroad  E.S.E.  of  Chicago  and 
146  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  an  active  trade,  and  is 
supplied  with  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  mills  for 

7£9 


GOS 

grinding  and  sawing.    It  contains  several  churches  and  a 
bauk      Pop.  in  1860,  2053.     First  settled  in  1831. 

GOS  HEX  CKEEK.  of  Duplin  cc,  N'orth  Carolina,  flows 
southward  into  Cape  Fear  Kiver. 

GOSHEN  in LL.postK)ffice. Union  district  South  Carolina. 

GOSHEN  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio. 

GO'SIIKXVILLE.a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GOSIER.  liE  or  GOZIEK.  LE.  leh  go'zeer',  or  Ifh  go\,e-&/.  a 
maritime  villageof  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  arrondissement, 
and  5  miles  S.E.  of   Point-^-Pitre.    Pop.  3242. 

GOSLAR,  gosOar,  a  town  of  Hanover.  27  miles  S.E.  of  Ilil- 
desheim.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ocker,  at  the  X.E.  foot  of  the 
Harz.  Pop.  7179,  mostly  employed  in  the  adjacent  mines  of 
the  Rammelsberg,  but  partly  in  manufactures  of  vitriol, 
shot,  hardwares,  carpets,  leather,  &c.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  with  houses  in  an  antiijue  style,  it  being  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  Germany.  It  was  formerly  a  frequent  seat 
of  the  German  diets  and  residence  of  the  emperor.  The  prin- 
cipal buildings  and  antiquities  are — portions  of  the  cathe- 
dral, demolished  in  1S20.  and  of  an  imperial  palace,  now  a 
corn  magazine:  with  some  churches  and  conventual  edi- 
fices, a  hospital,  a  college,  and  the  Zwinge,r,  an  old  tower, 
now  u*d  for  a  place  of  entertainment.  Goslar  is  the  seat 
of  the  mining  council  of  the  Harz,  and  of  the  corn  depot  for 
the  Hanoverian  portion  of  that  region. 

GOSPICH.  gos'piK.  a  market^town  of  Austria,  in  Croatia, 
■14  miles  E.  of  Carlopago.     Pop.  1000. 

GOS'PORT,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  separated  from  Portsmouth  by  the  mouth  of  Ports- 
mouth Harbor,  across  which  a  tiotiting  bridge  connects  the 
two  towns.  It  is  at  the  termination  of  a  branch  of  the 
South-western  Railway,  66  miles  S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1S51.  7414.  mostly  engaged  in  government  navy  works,  or 
In  retail  trade  and  the  supply  of  shipping.  Gosport  has  ex- 
tensive barracks,  the  Royal  Clarence  victualling  yard,  a 
powder  magazine,  iron  foundries,  and  a  county  house  of 
correction.  Outside  of  the  town,  on  the  S.,  is  Haslar  Hos- 
pital, the  largest  naval  infirmary  in  Britain. 

GOS'PORT,  a  township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire.   Pop.  127. 

GOSPORT,  Virginia.    See  PoRTSMorxH. 

GOSPORT.  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co..  Alabama,  on  the 
Alabama  River,  about  100  miles  above  Mobile,  has  a  steam- 
boat landing. 

GOSPORT.  the  principal  post-village  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  West  Fork  of  the  White  River,  and  on  the  Xew  .Al- 
bany and  Salem  Railroad.  44  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis,  has 
an  active  business  in  shipping  produce.  It  contains  2 
churches  and  3  warehouses.     Pop.  about  GOO. 

GOSSAU.  gos'sOw.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  6 
miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Gall.     Pup.  520. 

GOSSELIES.  gos^seh-lee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  4  miles  X.  of  Charleroi.     Pop.  4(586. 

GOSSNITZ,  (Gossnitz.)  goss'nits,  a  village  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  Saxe-.\ltenburg,  on  the  Pleisse,  31  miles  S.  of  Leip- 
sic.  on  the  railway  thence  to  Zwickau.     Pop.  152S. 

GOSTEXllDF.  gos'ten-hof.^  a  market-town  of  Bavaria.  1 
mile  S.W.of  Xurembei-g, onthe  Ludwig Canal  andtheFurth 
Railway.    Pop.  li«8. 

OOSTYX,  gos'tin.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  3S  miles 
S.E.  of  Posen.     Pop.  2320. 

GOSTYXX.V.  gos-t«-neen',  a  village  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
Ternment  and  65  miles  W.X.W.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  1300. 

GOTA,  (Giit.i.)  a  river  of  Sweeden.     See  Gotha. 

GOTA,  go/ti  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Sattarah  dominions, 
23  miles  S.W.  of  Bejapoor.  enclosed  by  a  well-built  stone  wall, 
and  having  a  respectable  appearance. 

GOTEBORG.  (tioteborg.)    See  Gothexbcrg. 

GOTH.\.  go/td.  a  town  of  Central  Germ.any,  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Saxe-Gotha,  on  the  Thuringian  Railway,  be- 
tween Kisenai'h  and  ILiUe,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Erfurt.  Pop. 
16,609.  It  stands  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  crowned  by  the 
palace  of  Friedenstein,  the  u'"nal  residence  of  the  sovereign 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha.  a  structure  resembling  Windsor 
Ca-stle  in  miniature,  and  containing  a  good  gallery  of  paint- 
ings, a  library  of  120.000  volumes  and  5iX)0  manuscripts,  one 
of  the  finest  cabinets  of  coins  in  Europe,  collections  of  Ja- 
panese and  Chinese  curiosities,  and  various  museums  of  arts 
and  science.  Gotha  is  one  of  the  best  built  towns  in  Ger- 
many, and  enclosed  by  handsome  boulevards,  which  replace 
its  ancient  fortifications.  It  con  tains  numerous  churches,  an 
arsenal,  a  gymnasium,  one  of  the  most  esteemed  in  Gei^ 
many,  a  new  ducal  high  school,  orphan  and  lunatic  asy- 
lum, a'  house  of  correction,  an  institution  for  neglected 
children,  the  Caroline  Establishment  for  Poor  Girls,  a  poly- 
technic and  a  normal  school,  school  of  trades,  society  of  arts. 
&  life  and  fire  assurance  society  f>r  all  Germany.  Ac.  Manu- 
fectures  comprise  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics,  carpets,  yarn, 
gail-clo^h.  leather,  tin.  and  lacquered  wares,  fire  engines,  p.v 
per  hanginzs.  and  musical  and  scientific  instrument*.  It 
has  many  dyeing  establi(:ments.  and  a  large  porcelain  fac- 
tory: and  Gotha  saus.ages  are  in  high  repute  in  all  parts  of 
Germany.  Near  it  are  the  ot>servatorv  of  the  Seeburg  and 
the  ducal  residence  of  Friederlchstal.  Since  17G4.  the  excel- 
lent "  Almaa>ich  de  Gotha"  has  been  published  here 
»70 


GOT 

GOTHA,  DrcHY  of,  forming  part  of  Saxe-Cobuig.  liei"  an 
the  X.  part  of  the  Thuringian  Forest,  and  has  a  population 
of  101.461. 

GOTHA.  (GStha,)  or  GOTA,  (Gota.)  go^tS,  (Sw.  Gota-elf,  yV- 
tA-§lf.)  a  river  of  Sweden,  forming  the  outlet  of  Lake  Wener 
faUs  into  the  Catteg.at  I^t.  57°  40'  X.,  Ion.  11°  5U'  E.  If  is 
navicable  throush  its  whole  extent. 

GOTHA  (go'tl  or  yyt^)  CAXAL.  of  Sweden,  unites  tho 
Lakes  of  Mener  and  Wetter,  and  the  B;iltic  Sea,  with  the 
Cattegat,  by  the  Goetaelf,  Tiolhretta  Canal,  Ac.  Length, 
nearly  25  miles:  breadth,  at  base,  40  feet;  depth,  9  feet. 
The  GStha  navigation  line,  which  is  open  to  ships  of  all 
nations,  was  completed  in  1832. 

GOT'HAM  or  GOTE/HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Nottingham. 

QOTHEXBURG  orGOTTEXBURG,  gofen-biirg,  (Sw.  GBfe- 
borg,  yiyti-boRg^.)  a  sea-port  citj"  of  Western  Sweden,  capital 
of  a  la;n  of  its  own  name,  and  at  the  head  of  a  fiord  on  the  Cat- 
tegat, which  receives  the  Gotha  River,  immediately  opposite 
the  X.  extremity  of  Denmark.  Pop  41,585.  It  consists  of  a 
lower  and  an  upper  town ;  the  former  in  a  marshy  plain, 
and  intersected  by  can.ils;  the  latter  picturesquely  scattered 
over  adjacent  rocky  heights.  It  is  well  built,  and  its  terrace- 
roofed  stone  houses,  with  .avenues  and  gardens  interspersed, 
remind  a  traveller  of  Southern  Europe.  Principal  edifices,  the 
Exchange,  .\rsenal,  East  India  House,  Town-hall,  a  cathedral 
and  sevenil  other  ehitrches.  (one  built  with  stone  from  Scot- 
land,) the  Theatre,  barracks,  and  some  hospitals.  It  has  a 
school  for  ICO  children  of  soldiers,  (founded  bj-  the  present 
King  of  Sweden.)  a  free  school  for  the  board  of  200.  and  edu- 
cation of  300  children,  and  two  orphan  asylums ;  with  a  college 
and  public  library,  a  society  of  arts  and  sciences,  a  chamber 
of  commerce,  ic.  The  hartx)r.  defended  by  three  forts,  has 
17  feet  of  water;  and  Gothenburg  is,  after  Stoc-kholm,  the 
mo.«t  important  trading  city  of  the  kingdom,  having  factories 
for  weaving,  spinning,  and  printing  cotton  goods,  manu- 
factures of  woollens  and  s.iil-cloth.  snuff,  glass,  and  paper, 
porter  breweries,  tanneries,  and  ship-building  docks,  Ac; 
the  products  of  which  establishments  form,  after  iron,  tim- 
ber, tar.  copper  and  other  metals,  oak-bark,  bones,  berries, 
and  rock-moss,  the  principal  exports.  The  imports  mostly 
comprise  colonial  products,  salt,  rice,  and  herrings,  which 
last  were  formerly  the  chief  article  of  export. 

GOTHENBURG,  a  \sen  or  province  of  Sweden,  having  W. 
the  Skagerrack  and  Cattegat.  Area,  1891  square  miles. 
Capital.  Gothenburg.     Pop.  187,583. 

GOTHIA.  an  old  division  of  Sweden.    See  Gothi.ant>. 

GOTHLAXD  (or  Gothland.)  gothland.  ("land  cf  the 
Goths:"  Sw.  Gotu-kiJid,  y&tA-Uud'';  Fr.  Gntlne,  go  tee*;  L. 
GiJtliia;)  a  former  division  of  Sweden,  comprising  all  the 
kingdom  S.  of  lat.  59°  20'  X.  It  was  divided  into  East, 
West  and  South  Gothland.  Xone  of  the.«e  appellation.s 
however,  are  recognised  in  the  recent  distiiimtion  of 
Sweden  into  provinces.  The  province  of  East  Gothland,  or 
Ostrogothia,  is  mostly  identical  with  the  lien  of  Liukoping; 
and  West  Gothland,  or  Westrogothi.1.  with  those  of  Marie- 
stad,  part  of  Wenersborg,  and  Gothenburg. 

GOTHLAXD.  an  island,  the  Baltic  Sea.    See  Gottuxd. 

GOTKEE.  got/kee^,  a  small  town  of  Sinde,  on  the  Indus, 
37  miles  N.E.  of  Shikarpoor. 

GOrrO.  GOT'TO.  GOTS  ISLANDS,  or  the  FIVE  ISLANDS, 
the  westernmost  group  of  Japan,  consisting  of  five  islands 
between  lat.  32°  40'  and  33°  30',  N.,  and  about  Ion.  129°  E. 
The  two  Largest  isUinds  are  each  nearly  25  miles  long. 

GOTTEXBURG.  a  city  of  Sweden.     See  Gothenbitig. 

GOTTERX,  got'tern,  (Old  and  Great,)  two  villages  of  Prus- 
sian Saxon V.  23  miles  N.W.  of  Erfurt.  Pop.  of  Old  Gottern, 
112S:  of  Great  Gottern.  1806. 

GOTTESBERG.  got/tf  s-b^RG',  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
46  miles  S.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  2350. 

GOTTESGAB.  gof  tes-gdb\  a  small  mining  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, circle,  and  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Elbogen.     Pop.  1222. 

GOTTESHAUS  BUND,  Switzerland.    See  Grisoxs. 

GOTTIXGEN,  (Gottingen.)  or  GCETTIXGKX.  gjt'ting-fn, 
(Ger.  pron.  giyting-en,  Fr.  GaMingw.  ghM^tAxg'.  L  Gottin'ga.) 
a  town  of  Hanover,  capital  of  the  principality  of  Got  tingen,  on 
the  Leine.  tiO  miles  S.  of  Hanover.  L;it.  51°  31'  47"  X.,  Ion. 
9°  56'  45"  E,  Pop.  12,452.  It  is  pleaaintly  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  Haimberg,  is  enclosed  by  walls,  en- 
tered by  four  gates,  and  consists  of  the  old  and  new  towns, 
and  the  quarter  of  Ma.sch.  The  streets  are  broad  and  well 
paved,  and  the  ramparts,  planted  with  trees,  form  a  plev 
sant  public  promenade.  Principal  edifices,  three  Lutheran 
churches,  a  Calvinist  church,  and  a  Roman  Catholii,"  chapel, 
the  University-hall,  finished  in  1837,  the  Court-house,  surgi- 
cal and  lying-in  hospitals,  an  astronomical  and  a  m:ignetical 
observatory,  theatre  of  anatomy,  museum,  and  a  large 
riding-school.  Its  University,  founded  by  George  II.  in 
1734,  and  rechartered  in  1836  as  the  Acadfmia  Georgia  Avr 
gmUi.  was,  down  to  1831,  the  chief  of  the  German  universi- 
ties, and  the  number  of  its  students  iu  1822  and  1826  ave- 
raged 1481  annually.  In  1845  it  had  only  6.33  students. 
Connected  with  the  establishment  is  a  library  of  330.000 
printed  volumes,  and  oOtM)  manuscripts,  a  noble  academical 
museum,  founded  in  1773,  and  a  botanic  gitrden  laid  out 


GOT 


GOV 


tmder  nailer's  superintendence  in  1739,  and  yarions  other 
Institutions,  including  the  Spruch  K'Jleffivm,  a  judicial  so- 
ciety, for  whose  decision  questions  are  brought  from  all 
parts  of  Germany.  Gross  annual  expenditure  of  the  Uni- 
versity, alxiut  50.(K)0/.  Connected  with  the  University  is  a 
royal  society  •f  sciences,  established  1751.  a  female  hi?h 
school,  (Iloher  Tochter-schule.)  and  a  house  of  correction. 
Giittinfren  was  formerly  one  of  the  llanse  town.s.  and  has 
manufiictures  of  woollen  and  linen  stuffs,  colored  paper, 
musical  and  .surgical  instruments,  iron  and  steel  wares, 
starch,  and  soap;  but  tho.se  of  tobacco-pipes  and  sau.saees. 
and  the  sale  of  books,  are  the  only  flourishing  branches  of 
trade,  and  the  town  has  hitherto  depended  for  support 
mainly  on  its  University.  Under  the  French,  from  ISO"  to 
1814.  it  was  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Leine. 

GOTTINGEN,  Pkikcipality  of.  a  political  and  .administra- 
tive division,  forming  the  southernmost  part  of  Hanover. 
Area,  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  mostly  covered  with 
mountains  belonging  to  the  Ilarz.  Pop.  (Protestants,) 
113.616. 

GOTTLAND  or  GOTHLAND,  gott/land,  (i.e.  "good  land,") 
an  island  of  the  lialtic.  belonging  to  Sweden,  of  which  it 
forms  the  la?n  of  Wishy,  between  lat.  56°  55'  and  58°  N.,  and 
Ion.  18°  10'  and  19°  10'  E.  Area.  1227  square  miles.  Pop. 
41,575.  Surface  generally  from  200  to  300  feet  above  the  sea; 
coasts  indented  by  numerous  bays.  Soil  pretty  fertile,  though 
ill  cultivated.  Corn  and  other  vegetable  products  are  raised 
in  quantities  sufficient  for  home  consumption,  and  live  stock 
are  plentiful ;  timber,  marble,  sandstone,  and  lime  are  ex- 
ported to  Stockholm.  Principal  town,  Wisby,  on  the  N.W. 
coast. 

GOTTLTEBEN,  gotlee'ben.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Thurgau,  2  miles  W.  of  Constance,  and  having  a 
ca-stle,  which  was  successive!}'  the  prison  of  the  reformers 
John  IIuss,  Jerome  of  Prague,  and  Malleolus. 

GOTTO.  got'to.  a  country  of  Africa,  between  Bambarra 
and  Timbuctoo.  formerly  divided  into  several  petty  states 
dependent  on  Bambarra,  but  now  an  independent  kingdom, 
of  which  Mossidoo  is  the  capital. 

GOTTO  ISLANDS,  of  Japan.    See  Goto. 

GOTTOLENGO.  got-to-ljn'go.  a  village  of  Lombardy,  dele- 
gation, and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Brescia.     Pop,  3300. 

GOTTOKF.  got/f»Rf,  or  GoTTOKP.  got/tonp.  an  amt  of 
Denmark,  with  a  castle  3  miles  S.W.  of  the  town  of  Sleswick. 

GOTTSCHEE,  got/chi.  or  HATSCHVIE.  hatch'vee.  a  town 
of  lUvria,  capitjjl-  of  the  duchy  of  Auersberg,  39  miles  S.E. 
of  Layliach.     Pop.  028. 

GuTT'l*  CROSS  ROADS,  post-oflflce,  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

GOTTSKA-SANDOE,  (Gottska-Sandoe.)  gott/ska-sdu'doVh, 
a  small  island  in  the  Bailie,  belonging  to  Sweden,  la'n,  and 
30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gottlaud.  Lat.  58°  25'  N.,  Ion.  29°  15'  E. 
Length.  5  miles :  breadth.  3  miles. 

GOUDA.  gOw'da,  (Dutch  pion.  nOw'dil.)  or  TERGOUW, 
ter-gSw'.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Hol- 
land, on  the  Y.ssel,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Rotterdam.  Pop.  15,077. 
It  is  neatly  built.  Principal  edifice,  the  large  church  of  St. 
John,  (Sl.Jansherk.)  remarkable  for  its  stained  gla.ss  windows. 
It  has  four  other  churches,  a  fiue  town-hall,  several  hospitals, 
a  Latin  school,  and  a  town  library  with  curious  manuscripts ; 
numerous  tobacco-pipe  factories,  employing  3WiO  hands, 
brick  kilns,  and  manufactures  of  woollens,  sail-cloth,  cordage, 
and  large  markets  for  cheese  and  other  rural  produce. 

GOUD'lIUKST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

GOUFFRE,  gooff'r,  a  river  of  Canada  East,  ri.ses  in  the 
Mont-des-Roches,  co.  of  Saguenay.  and  falls  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence opposite  the  island  of  Coudres;  lat.  47°  25'  N.,  Ion.  70° 
30'  W.  It  is  tortuous,  and  full  of  rtipids.  but  none  either 
violent  or  formidable.  The  estuary  of  this  river,  with  the 
exception  of  its  bed,  is  almost  drv  at  low  water. 

GOUGirS  (goff's)  ISLAND,  or  "DIEGO  ALA'AREZ.de-A'go 
ai-vd'rez.  an  Island  of  the  South  Atlantic;  lat.  40°  20'  S.. 
Ion.  9*44'  W. 

GOUK  EK A  or  GOUKCII.V,  LAKE  OF.    See  Gookek.k. 

GOULBURN,  gol'btirn,  a  town  of  New  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Argyle,  125  miles  S.W.  of  Sidney,  near  the  angle  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Mulwaree.  with  the  principal  branch 
of  the  river  WoUondilly.  aOled  Goulburn  Plains.   Pop.  1171. 

GOULBURN'S  ISLANDS,  two  small  islands  off  the  N. 
coast  of  Australia,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Coburg  Peninsula. 
Lat.  11°  30'  S..  Ion.  133°  26'  E. 

GOULD'S,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Stubenville  and  Indiana 
Railroad.  5  miles  from  Stubenville. 

GOULDSBOROUGH.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Han- 
cock CO..  Maine,  occupying  a  peninsula  extending  into  the 
Atlantic,  aliout  110  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Augusta.  It  possesses 
excellent  facilities  for  navigation  through  Prospect  Harbor. 
Considerable  shipping  is  owned  here,  and  ship-building  is 
extensively  carried  on.     Pop.  1717. 

GOULDS'BV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GOULJA.    See  Eelee. 

GOU.MISH-KHANEH.    See  Goomish-Khaneh. 

GOUMRI.  a  town  of  Armenia.     See  Goomree. 

G(  "UXABAD,  a  town  of  l^ersid.     See  Gooxabad. 

GOUNDl  AM.  a  village  of  West  Africa.     See  Goondiam. 

QOUNIAM-AMADOU     S^e  Goonlam-Am.adoo 


GOTINIAM-SISSE.    See  GooNiAM-Slsft!. 

GOUNIEH.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  GooKlEn 

GOUNONG-APL     See  Goonong-Apee. 

GOUK  or  GAUR,  pCwr,  (Hindoo.  Lalshmaiiavati ;  Bfofcani< 
medan,  Jcnnataft«rf.j^n'nf-td-bdd',  "alxide  of  parai!3e;"pe^ 
haps  the  Gangt  Krgia  of  Ptolemy.)  a  ruined  city  or  Hlndos- 
tan.  presidency,  and  province  of  Bengal,  (of  which  it  was  an- 
ciently the  capital.)  60  miles  N.W.  of  Moorshedabad.  Its  re- 
mains extend  along  a  dry  channel  of  the  Ganges,  being  scat- 
tered over  an  estimated  area  of  20  square  miles,  on  which 
only  a  few  straggling  villages  now  exist.  Extensive  embank- 
ments faced  with  brick,  bridges  and  roads  of  the  same  mate- 
rial, two  fine  gateways,  a  large  fort  containing  a  mausoleum 
and  traces  of  a  palace,  7  or  8  de.serted  mo.sques,  a  loftv  tower, 
and  a  multitude  of  large  tanks  and  reservoirs,  are  the  prin- 
cipal remaining  structures,  most  of  which  are  of  Moham- 
medan origin.  The  uities  of  Moorshedabad  and  Dacca,  with 
Malda,  Rajamahal,  Ac,  have  been  in  a  great  part  built  of  the 
materials  of  its  edifices,  and  some  of  its  fine  buildings  have 
been  destroyed  to  erect  the  cathedral  of  Calcutta. 

GOURDON,  gooRMAs"',  a  tfjWn  of  France,  department  of 
Lot.  capital  of  the  arrondissement,  21  miles  N.  of  Cahors. 
Pop.  in  1852.  5060.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  manufactures 
of  woollen  stuffs,  and  an  orphan  asylum. 

GOUR'DON,  a  small  seaport  and  fishing  village  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Kincardine.  1  mile  S.  of  Bervie.    Pop.  S90. 

GOURDTINE.  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  North  Caroli::s, 

GOUROAN,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  GooRC.vux. 

GOURIEL,  a'province  of  Asia.     See  Goorif.l. 

GOURIEV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Gooriev. 

GOURIN,  gooV&xo'  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan,  61  miles  N.W.  of  Vannes.    Pop.  in  1852,  4310. 

GOURNAY,  gooR'n,V,  or  GOURNAY-KN-BRAY,  gooK'n.V- 
SN'o-brA,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-lnferieure, 
on  the  Epte,  27  n.iles  E.  of  Rouen.     Pop.  in  1852.  3306. 

GOU'ROCK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew. 

GOURONCONDA-    See  Gookuxco.nda. 

GOURSOUF,  a  village  of  Russia.    See  Goorsoof. 

GOUS.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Goos. 

GOUSTA,  goos/ta,  or  GOUSTA-FJELD,  goos'ta-fy?ld,  a 
mountain  of  Norway,  lat.  00°  N.,  belonging  to,  and  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Langf  jeld  range.  Height,  6354  feet,  and  compara- 
ble, in  respect  of  the  magnificence  of  its  scenery,  to  some  of 
the  loftiest  summits  of  the  Alps. 

GOUVEA,  g6-vA'd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira. 
63  miles  E.N-E.  of  Coimbra.    Pop.  1700. 

GOUVERNEUR,  goov*er-noor',  often  pronounced  gtlv'^r- 
neer',  a  fiost-village  and  township  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York,  alraut  200  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  The  village  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Oswegatchie,  (here  about  SO  yards  in  width, 
with  a  fall  furnishing  an  abundant  hydraulic  power.)  and 
on  the  Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad,  34  miles  S.  of  Ogdens- 
liurg.  It  contiiins  3  churches,  a  town-hall,  a  bank,  an  acade- 
my, called  Gouvernenr  Wesleyan  Seminary,  \\ith  its  build- 
ing handsomely  located,  fronting  tlie  public  Square,  a  news- 
paiier  office,  and  manufactories  of  iron,  machinery,  thills, 
cabinet-ware,  wagons,  sleighs,  i)ot-ash,  pearl-ash,  &c.  Tliills 
of  an  excellent  quality  are  manufactured  from  liickory  ob- 
tained in  the  vicinity;  a  silver-mine  has  been  found  within 
a  mile  of  the  village.  Pop.  about  1400;  of  the  township, 
3201. 

G0UY-LE-PI£T0N.  goo'ee'-lfh-pe-i'tiNo'.  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Hainaut,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Charlerol. 
Pop.  3043 

GOUZEAUCOURT,  gooVo'kooR'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Nord,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  2354.. 

GO'VAN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos,  of  Lanark  and  Renfrew. 

GO/VANSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Mary- 
land. 5  miles  N.W.W.  of  Baltimore. 

GOVEN,  goVfi.No'.  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of  Hie- 
et-Vilaine,  26  miles  N.N -E.  of  Redon.     Pop.  2356. 

GOVERN  A  DOR,  go-v^R-nd-doii',  an  island  of  Brazil,  in  the 
bay.  and  8  miles  N.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  It  is  very  irregular 
in  shape,  its  coast  being  much  indented  by  creeks.  It  is 
about  8  miles  in  breadth,  and  28  miles  in  circuit.  In  some 
parts,  sugar-canes,  manioc,  millet,  and  haricots  are  grown. 
The  island  contains  a  church  and  a  primary  school,  and  a 
building  which,  though  little  deserving  it,  bears  the  name 
of  imperial  palace. 

GOA'ERNOLO.  go-v^R-noto.  a  town  of  Lombardv,  9  miles 
E.S.E.  of -Mantua,  on  the  Po-    Pop.  900. 

GOVERNOR'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Maryland. 

GOVERNOR'S  ISLAND,  is  situated  at  the  right  of  the  main 
entrance  to  Boston  Harbor.   F'ort  Warren  is  on  this  island. 

GOVERNOR'S  ISLAND,  New  York,  situated  in  New  York 
Harbor,  about  IJ  miles  S.  of  the  City  Hall.  It  belongs  to 
the  United  States,  and  is  strongly  fortified  by  Castle  Wil- 
liams, Fort  Columbus,  and  a  battei-y  commanding  the  en- 
trance through  Buttermilk  Channel. 

GOVERNOR'S  ISLAND,  a  postoffice  of  Macon  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

GOVIND,  a  river  and  town  of  Africa.     See  JlJBA. 

GOVONE.  go-vo'n.A,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province  of 
Alba,  near  the  Tanaro,  28  mUes  S.E.  of  Turin.    Pop.  2838. 

771 


GOW 

OOWAN'DA,  a  pest-Tillage  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York, 
about  250  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

OOWAM'S.  go-wA'nQs,  a  village  of  King's  co..  New  York, 
eltuat«»(l  on  Gowanus  Cove,  about  1  mile  S.  of  Brooklyn. 

GOWDKYSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Union  district.  South 
Carolina. 

GOW'ENSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Greenville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

Ot)WKR.  giiw'er.  or  GWER,  goolet,  a  peninsula  of  South 
Wales,  projecting  into  Bristol  Channel,  and  forming  the 
westernmost  part  of  the  co.  of  Glamoi-gan.  Length  from 
N.K.  (o  S.W..  about  15  miles;  average  breadth,  about  5 
miles.  Pop.  10,000.  It  has  bold,  rocky,  and  deeply  in- 
dented .<ihores,  several  interesting  ancient  remains,  and 
much  tjue  scenery.  A  colony  of  Flemings  have  occupied  the 
S.W  extremity  of  this  peninsula  since  the  reign  of  Henry 
I.  They  hare"  preserved  much  of  their  original  language, 
dross,  and  manners,  and  rarely  intermarry  with  the  Welsh. 

GOWER  (gOw'er)  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Solomon  group; 
lat.  7°  55'  S.,  Ion.  160°  55'  E.  Its  shape  resembles  an  arrow; 
It  is  low  and  covered  with  wood. 

GOW'KlfS  FEKKY.  a  post-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa. 

GOWHATI,  a  town  of  India.     See  Goahati. 

GOW'KAN,  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Kilkenny,  6|  miles  N.N.K.  of  Thom.istown.  Pop. 
1169.  In  the  vicinity  is  Gowran  Castle,  the  seat  of  Viscount 
Clifden. 

GOWRTE,  Scotland.    See  Carse  of  Gowbie. 

GOX'UILiy,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GOXIIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

GOYA,  go'yS,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Corrientes,  Ar- 
gentine Republic,  (La  Plata,)  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Varan&.     Pop.  1000. 

GOYANNA,  go-y3n'ni,  h  city  of  Brazil,  province  of  Per- 
nambuco.  on  the  Goyanna  River,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Olinda. 
Pop.  5000.  It  was  erected  into  a  city  in  1S40,  has  a  I<atin 
and  some  other  schools,  a  hospital,  a  convent,  5  churches, 
and  numerous  factories.  It  is  the  seat  of  civil  and  criminal 
courts,  and  has  an  active  trade. 

GOYAVE,  go-yiv'.  a  town  on  the  island  of  Guadeloupe, 
West  Indies,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
small  stream  called  the  Petit-Goyave. 

GOY'AZ,  go-ydz'.  a  city  of  Biazil,  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name,  formerly  called  Villa  IkMi.  It  is  situated 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  empire.  Lat.  16°  21'  S.,  Ion.  50° 
So'  W.  Chief  buildings,  the  governors  palace,  and  two 
bridges  .across  the  river  Vermelho,  which  divides  the  town 
into  two  parts.  It  has  7  churches,  a  Latin  school,  a  school  of 
philosoph}-,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  legislative  assembly  of  the 
province.    Pop. near  8000. 

GOYAZ,  the  central  province  of  Brazil,  extending  be- 
tween lat.  8°  and  20°  S.,  and  Ion.  46°  and  52°  AV.  Area  esti- 
mated at  274,7*0  square  miles.  Pop.  185,000.  Principal 
mountains,  -tlje  Sierra  of  JIatto  Gordo.  The  Cordillera 
Grande,  in  its  centre,  ri.ses  to  no  great  height.  Principal 
rivers,  the  Tocantins  in  the  centre,  the  Araguay,  forming 
its  \y.,  and  the  Rio  Grande,  its  S.  boundary.  The  soil  is 
tVrtile.  Aast  herds  of  horned  cattle  are  reared.  Gold  was 
formerly  plentiful ;  no  mines  appear  to  be  now  wrought,  and 
every  branch  of  industry  is  most  backward.  Principal 
town,  Goyaz, 

GOYCK,  go-Ik',  a  villase  of  Belsrium,  province  of  South 
Brabant.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Brussels."   Pop.  3043. 

GUY-KSILI.  a  village  of  Sardinia.     See  Guasha. 

GOYTREY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

GOYZUET.i.  go-e-thw.i'td,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Navarre,  27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pamplona.    Pop.  1460. 

GOZO  or  GOZZO.  got'zo,  (anc.  Oau/los.)  one  of  the  Maltese 
group  of  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Malta.  Length,  9  miles ;  breadth.  4^  miles.  Pop.  16.000. 
It  has  a  richer  soil,  and  is  better  cultivated  than  Malta;  its 
surface  is  agreeably  diversified,  and  has  many  fertile  valleys. 
Rabato.  its  chief  town,  is  situated  near  the  centre.  Fort 
Chambray  is  on  its  S.E.  coast.  The  chief  object  of  interest 
in  the  island  is  the  Giant's  Tower,  a  Cyclopean  building. 

GOZZAXO.  got-sd'no,  (L.  Gaudianum.)  an  ancient  town 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  22  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Novara,  in  a  plain.  It  has  some  good  modern  houses,  a 
large  and  handsome  parish  church,  and  the  remains  of  a 
strong  castle.     Pop.  1763. 

ORAAF-REIXET,  grif-rj'net,  or  REYNET,  a  division  of 
Cape  Colony,  in  South  Africa,  between  Ion.  23°  and  26° 
E..  and  extending  N.  from  lat.  33°  S.  Area.  8000  square 
miles.    Pop.  in  1845,  8878.    Capital,  Gi-aaf-Reinet.   Pop.  2500. 

GKAAF-UEINET,  the  capital  of  the  above  divi.sion,  is 
tjituated  on  Sunday  River.  108  miles  N.N.W.  of  Uitenhage. 
Pop.  aJjout  3000. 

GKAASTEEX,  a  village  of  Denmark.     See  Gfavt.xstkin. 

GK.\.\l;w,  Hrow,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Zea- 
lund,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Bergen-op-Zoom.    Pop.  812. 

GKABALL.  a  pnst-office  of  Jones  co.,  Georgia. 

GRAUALO.S.  grd-iiSflfHe,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
province,  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Ix)groHo.    Pop. 991. 

ORABEK,  gTifhfc.  or  GRABERN,  gri/b^rn,  a  t/)wn  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  of  Leitmeritz,  38  miles  N .  of  Prague.  Pod.  966. 
772  *^ 


GRA 

GRABOW,  gra/bov,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin.  on  the  Elde,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Schwerin  with  a 
station  on  the  railway  between  Hamburg  and  Berlin.  P.  5130. 

GRABOW.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussian  Poland,  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Schildberg.  on  the  Prosna.     Pop.  1490. 

GRABUSA.  grit-boo'si,  (anc.  Clmarus,?)  a«mall  island,  in 
the  Grecian  Archipelago,  off  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Crete. 

GRA^AY',  griVl'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cher,  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bourges.    Pop.  1105. 

GRACE'IUM.  a  post-village  in  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 
75  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

GRACl'yiIILL.  or  BAL^LYKEN'NEDY,  a  Moravian  setr 
tlement  in  Ireland,  L'lster,  co,  of  Antrim,  2  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Ballymena.     Pop.  300. 

GRACE'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Georgia,  C8 
miles  S.W.  of  Milledgevjlle. 

GRACIAS-A-DIOS,  gri'se-ds  i  dee'oce.  a  town  of  Central 
America,  state  Honduras.  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Coniayagua, 
in  a  fertile  plain,  and  peopled,  some  years  ago,  by  about  400 
fiimilies. 

GRACIAS-A-DIOS.  a  headland,  E.  of  Patagonia,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Gallegos  River. 

GRACIOSA,  gr3-se-o's3.  one  of  Azores  isLinds.  in  the  At- 
lantic. N.AV.  of  Terceira,  and  N.E.  of  Fayal.  Lat.  39°  5'  N^ 
Ion.  28°  4' W.  Length  20  miles:  breadth  6  miles.  Pop.  12,000. 
Principal  town.  Santa  Ciuz,  with  a  pop. of  3000. 

GHACIOSA  or  LA  GRACIOSA.  13  grj  se-o/sithe  most  N.E. 
of  the  Canary  Islands,  is  small  and  unimportant. 

GRADACHATZ.  gra'dd-kit3\  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Bosnia.  42  miles  N.W.  of  Zvornik.  said  to  be  enclosed  with 
walls,  and  to  have  an  active  trade  in  cattle  and  timber. 

GRADE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

GRADIFES,  grd-l>ee'fes,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and 
16   miles   E.  of   Leon,   in  a  plain  on  the  Esla.    Pop.  1935. 

GKADIGNAN.  gri'deen'y6N<^,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  1650. 

GRADISKA.  grd-dis'ka.  or  BERBIR.  Url^r.  a  fortified 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  on  the  Save,  23  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Banialuka.  Immediately  opposite  to  it  is  the 
Austrian  fortre.ss  of  Alt  (dlt,  -'Old'')  Gr.adi.ska,  Slavonia,  38 
miles  W.of  Brod.  with  a  cathedral,  a  Greek  church,  and  the 
head-ciuarters  of  a  staff  for  the  military  frontier.  Pop.  2299. — 
Neu  (noi.  '"new")  Gramska  is  a  market  town,  7  miles  N.E. 
Pop.  2000. 

GR.\DISTA.  grl-dis'ti.  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Albania,  12  miles  N.E,  of  A'alona,  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill, 
on  which  are  extensive  Cyclopean  antiquities, 

GR.\DLICZE,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Gkaslitz. 

GRADLITZ.  grddaits.  or  HRADISKO.  hrd-dis'ko,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bohemia,  circle,  and  15  miles  N.  of  Kbuiggratz. 
Pop.  1090. 

GRADO,  grS'do,  a  maritime  town  of  Illyria,  government 
of  Triest,  22  miles  S.S.W,  of  Goritz,  on  an  island  near  the 
head  of  the  Adriatic.    Pop.  2200. 

GRADWEIN,  grdd'wine,  a  village  of  Styria,  on  the  Mur, 
with  a  railway  station.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Gratz.    Pop.  579. 

GRA'DY'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Adair  co..  Kentucky. 

GR-ECIA.    See  Greece. 

GRAEG  or  GRAIG.  grAg,  a  hamlet  of  Engl.md,  co.  of 
Monmouth.  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Newport.     Pop.  589. 

GR^EMSAY,  grim'say,  an  islet  of  the  Orkneys,  IJ  miles 
S  of  Strom  ness.     Pop.  214. 
■     GRAEN.     See  Gran. 

GRAENA,  gra-i'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince, and  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Granad.a.  It  has  a  pari.sh 
church,  a  palace  belongins  to  the  Man|uis  of  PeilaHor  and  a 
court-house.  About  1  mile  E.  are  thermal  baths,  visited 
annually  by  about  800  persons;  temperature  of  water  from 
84°  to  104°."    Pop.  445. 

GR^SOE,  (Grwsoe.)  gri'so-eh,  or  GR.ESOEN.  gr-VsoVn, 
an  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  livn  Stock- 
holm, and  separated  from  the  main  land  bj-  a  narroit  strait. 
Lat.  60°  25'  N.,  Ion.  18°  20'  E.  Length  from  N.  to  S.  aj  miles ; 
average  breadth  3  miles. 

GRAETZ.  a  city  of  Austria.    See  Gr.atz. 

GR.\FEN.\U.  griPen-dw^  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Hz.  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Passau.     Pop.  703. 

GRAFENBKRG,  (Grafenberg,)  grA'fen-WRcA  a  town  of 
Bavaria,  24  miles  S,S,E.  of  Bamberg.     Pop.  1030. 

GRAFENBERG.  (GrSfenberg.")  a  village  of  Austri.an  Sile- 
sia, circle  of  Ti-oppau.  celebraifed  for  the  first  hydropathic 
establishment  instituted  by  Priessnitz  in  1831. 

GRAFEMIAUSKN.  grdf'en-liawV.en.  a  vill.-«ge  of  Biiden, 
circle  of  Lake.  9  miles  W.  of  Stuhlingen.    Pop.  1273. 

QRAFENIIAYNCHEN,  (Griitenhaynchen,)  grA'fen-hrt>^ 
Ken.  a  town  of  Prus.^ian  Saxony,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Bitterfefd. 
Pop.  2670. 

GRAFENORT,  grS'fen-oRt',  a  village  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Silesi.a,  government  of  Breslau,  It  has  an  elegant  castle 
belonging  to  the  Count  of  Herberstein,     Pop.  1210, 

G  RAF'EXSBURG.  a  post-office  of  Adams  CO.,  i'enn.'svlv.Hnia. 

GRAFENTHAL,  (GrSfei\fha!.>  grVfen-tSP.  a  town  <f  Ger- 
many, Saxe-Meningen.  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  S.n.ilfeld.   Pop  5422. 

GR.\FENTONN.\.  (Griifentonna.)  gr.Vfen-ton'nl,  a  town 
of  Germany,  Saxe-Cohurg,  10  miles  N.  of  (jotha.    Pop.  1480 


GRA 


GRA 


GRAFENWORTn.  (Grafenworth.)  jir3'ffn-«'6Rt\  or  GRA- 
PENWKRD,  grd'fgn-WRt\  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria, 
on  the  little  river  Kamp.  about  8  miles  from  Krems.  P.  878. 
0  aAFF'IIAM,  a  parish  of  Knjjiaiid,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
OI!.\KKIIAM,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Sussex. 
GRAFKATH,    (GiSMlh.)   gr.Vfrdt,    a    town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  14  miles  K.  of  Dusseldorf.    Pop.  1595. 

GItAFrrON  Rb'qis,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton, on  the  London  and  Birmingham  Railway.  4  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Towcester.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Fitz- 
roy  Cimily,  descendants  of  Charles  H.  by  the  Duchess  of 
Cleveland. 

GKAK'XON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  New 
Hampshire,  has  an  area  of  about  1463  scjuare  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Connecticut,  and  is  drained  by 
the  I'einigewasset,  the  principal  branch  of  the  Merrimack, 
LowerAninioiioosuck,and  the  head  waters  of  the  Saco  lUver. 
It  has  many  small  lakes  and  ponds,  the  principal  of  which 
are  .Squam  Lake  and  Newfound  Lake:  the  former,  a  large 
portion  of  which  lies  in  Carroll  county,  is  celebrated  for  its 
magniticcnt  scenery.  The  surface  of  Grafton  is  hilly  and 
mountainous.  In  18.")0  this  county  produced  244,177  bushels 
of  oats:  1.006,237  of  potatoes;  103,001  tons  of  hay,  and 
1.27S.9S4  pounds  of  butter.  The  quantity  of  oats,  h.ny,  and 
butter  was  each  the  greatest  produced  by  any  county  in  the 
state,  and  the  quantity  of  potatoes  the  greatest  produced  by 
any  county  in  the  United  States.  The  IJoston,  Concord, 
and  Montreal  Railroad,  a  branch  of  which  connects  with 
Biistol,  passes  through  the  county,  and  the  Northern  New 
Hampshire  Railroad  intersects  the  southern  part.  Capitals, 
Haverhill  and  Plymonth.     Pop.  42,2tX). 

GR.4FT0N,  a  postrtownship  of  Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  incorpo- 
rated. March  9th,  1S62.    Pop.  111. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-township  iu  Grafton  co..  Now  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Northern  Railroad,  44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Con- 
cord.   Pop.  1150. 

GRAFTON,  a  post^village  and  township  of  AVindham  co., 
Vermont,  90  miles  S.  by  E.  of  .^lontpelier.  .Soapstone  of  an 
excellent  quality  is  found  here  in  groat  abundance.  Cassi- 
meres  are  manufactured  to  some  extent.     I'op.  1154. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Ma.«sachusetts.  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.  The  S.  part  of 
the  township  is  traversed  by  the  Norwich  and  Worcester 
lUiilroad  and  lilackstone  River  and  the  N.  part  by  the  Itos- 
ton  and  Worcester  Railroad,  from  which  a  branch  roiid,  4 
miles  in  length,  diverges  to  Milbury.  The  latter  milpxad 
has  two  depots  in  the  township,  and  the  former,  one.  On  a 
branch  of  Bl.ackstone  River  is  situated  New  England  Village, 
with  valuable  water-power,  and  extensive  cotton  mills.  There 
is  a  iMKiutiful  village  in  the  centre  of  thefownship  with  about 
1400  inhabitants,  chiefly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
boots,  shoes,  and  leather.  In  this  business.  Grafton  ranks 
as  the  fourth  town  in  the  state.  The  village  contains  3 
churches,  an  academy,  4  stores,  and  the  Grafton  post-ofHce. 
About  5  a  mile  W.  on  the  same  strejim  with  New  England 
Village  is  Centre  Village,  the  seat  of  the  Kingsbury  Cotton 
Mills,  running  40  looms.  Here  is  also  a  grist  mill  with  two 
run  of  stones,  and  a  saw  mill.  In  the  S.W.  part  of  the  town- 
ship, on  the  Blackstone  is  the  thriving  manufacturing 
villiige  of  Saundersville,  the  seat  of  extensive  cotton  mills. 
On  another  portion  of  the  Blackstone  is  a  cotton  mill  with 
60  looms,  known  as  Fisher's  Mills ;  and  near  where  the  Black- 
stone receives  the  alwve-mentioned  stream,  there  is  a 
village,  known  as  Farnum's  Village.    Pop.  of  township,  4317. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-township  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New  York, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Albany.     Pop.  39:50. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-village  of  Taylor  co..  West  Virgini.a,  on 
the  Baltimore  and  Oliio  Railroad,  loO  miles  S.E.  of  Wheel- 
ing.   Free  jiop.  891.    See  Appendix. 

GRAFTON,  a  post>village  and  township  in  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railro.-id  from  Cleveland 
to  Columbus,  and  at  the  terminus  of  theCleveland  and  Toledo 
Railroad.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Cleveland.    Pop.  11C5. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-village  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  84  miles  S.W.  of  Springtield.  P.  1266. 

GRAFTON,  a  township  of  JlcIIenry  co.,  Illinois.  P.  1073. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-village  of  O/.aukee  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Milwaukee  River,  22  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee. 

GRAFTON,  a  township  of  Ozaukee  co.,Wisconsin.  P.  1782. 

GRAF'TON,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Northumlier- 
land,  on  the  post  road  from  Kingston  to  Toronto,  38  miles 
S.W.  of  Belleville,  and  about  7  miles  from  Cobourir  i*  "<"'- 
tains  S  saw  mills.  2  flour  miI1=  -...i  -  uoiei.   Pop.  about  .300. 

GR.IFTON  ri^siTnii.  a  post-village  of  Grafton  co.,  New 
tTampshire,  about  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord. 

GRAFTON  ISLAND,  tjie  most  N.  of  the  Bashee  Islands, 
Philippines,  East  Archipelago. 

G  R  AFTON,  T  EM  CLE,  a  p.irisb  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

GItAFTON  UNDERWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

GRAGLIA,  grdl'vS,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin, 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Ivrea.     I'op.  2S75. 

GRAGN.\NO.  grdn-yd'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Kapoli,  2  miles  E.  of  Castel-a-Mare.    Pop.  7200 


GRA1IAM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alamance  co.,  Nortl 
Carolina,  on  the  North  Carolina  Railroad,  about  oi  uiilet 
W.N.W.  of  Raleigh.    It  lias  7  stores. 
GRAHAM,  a  small  village  of  Guilford  co..  North  Carolina 
GR.\HAM,  a  small  vill.age  of  Orange  co.,  North  Cnmlina. 
GRAH.\M,  a  post-offlce  of  Independence  co..  .\rUansas. 
GRAIIA]M,  a  ptjst-township  of  Jefferson  co..ItKliana.P.1442 
GRAHAM,  a  post-office  of  Nodaway  co..  >lissoiiri. 
GRAH.\M  ISL.\ND.  Slediterranean.     See  Feriunandea. 
GRAHAM  LAND,  a  tract  of  elevated  land,  in  the  Antaro- 
tic  Ocean,  stretching  from  lat.  03°  to  68°  S.,  and  Ion.  61°  to 
68°  W.     Discovered  bv  Uiscoe  in  1832. 

GRAHAM'S  CREEK  or  GRAHAMS  FORK,  of  Indiana, 
rises  in  Ripley  county,  and  enters  the  Muscatjituck  at  the 
N.K.  extremity  of  Wasliinijton  co. 

GRA'HAMSTOWN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew, 
3  miles  S.E.  of  Paisley^ — Ghahamstown  is  the  name  also  of 
suburbs  of  Glasgow  and  Falkirk. 

GRAHAMS  TOWN,  a  town  in  the  E.  part  of  the  Cape 
Colony.  South  Africa,  capital  of  division  Alliany.  in  a  val- 
ley about  25  miles  from  the  ocean.  Ijat.  33°  19'  S.,  Ion.  26"^ 
31'  E.  Pop.  in  1845  estimated  at  6000.  In  point  of  import- 
ance it  is  the  second  town  in  the  colony.  It  has  spacious 
stores,  a  handsome  Roman  Catliolic  church,  Wesleyan  and 
other  chapels,  a  Protestant  church,  in  whidi  is  a  monument 
to  Colonel  Graham,  several  tanneries,  breweries,  barracks, 
and  3  wiiekly  newspapers.  A  military  road  extends  fiom  it 
to  the  Tarka  district  N.E.,  and  a  post  road  W.  to  Port  ICliza- 
beth,  Uitenhage.  George.  Zwellendam.  and  Cape  Town. 

GRAHAMS  TURNOUT,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district, 
South  Carolina. 

GRA'HAMSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
York,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

GRA'HAMTON,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  115  miles  W.N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

GRAHAMTON,  a  village  of  .Meade  co..  Kentucky,  at  the 

falls  of  the  Otter  Creek,  about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Louisville. 

It  has  I  or  2  churches,  and  a  manufactory  of  cotton  and 

woollen  goods. 

GRA'HAMVILLE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

GRAHAMVILLE  or  GRAHAM.SVILLE.  a  post-village  in 

Beaufort  district.  South  Carolina.  120  miles  S.  of  Columbiii. 

GRAIGUE.  gr.Ag.  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  Queen's 

county,  forming  a  suburb  of  Carlow,  witli  which  town  it 

communicates  by  a  bridge  across  the  Barrow.     Pop.  1675. 

GRAIGUE,  a  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkenny,  also  on 
the  Barrow.  5  miles  S.  of  Goresbridge.     Pop.  224S. 

GRAIN  COAST,  West  Africa,  is  that  portion  of  Guinea, 
W.  of  the  Ivory  caast.  and  extending  Vietween  lat.  4°  and  7° 
N..  and  Ion.  7°  and  11°  E.  It  comprises  most  part  of  the 
territory  of  Liberia  belonging  to  the  United  States.  Imt  no 
other  Christian  settlements  of  importance.    See  Guinea. 

GRAINE.  ISLE  OF.  an  isl.md  and  parish.of  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  formed    by   the   Thames,  Medway.  and    Yantlet 
Cri>ek,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  W.  of  .Sheppey,  and  li 
miles  W.  of  Sheerness.     Area.  3160  acres  of  mait-hy  p^tUre, 
protected  by  embankments.     Pop.  337. 
GRAINGER.     See  Graxoer.  a  co.  of  Tennessee. 
GR.\TNS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
GRAIN'TIIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
GRAITNEY,  a  villaiie  of  Scotland.    See  Gretna. 
GRAJAL  DE  CAMPOS,  grj-nil'  diV  kdm-poce',  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  I^on.     Pop.  1233. 

GRAJEHU,  grd-zh.Vhoo',  a  river  of  BraSiil,  province  of  Ma- 
ranhao.  after  a  course  of  240  miles,  joins  the  Miarim. 

GRAJEWO.  grl-y.'\-wo',asmall  town  of  Poland,  province, 
and  25  miles  S.W.  of  .\ugustowo.  on  the  Lyck.     Pop.  1206. 

GRAMAT.  grS^mi',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
27  miles  N.E.  of  Cahors.  on  the  AUon.     Pop.  in  1852.  3995. 
GRAMMICHELE,    grdm-me-kA'li,    or    GRANMICHELT, 
grdn-me-k.Vlee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Catania. 
Pop.  7900. 

GR AMMONT,  grJm'mAN"',(Flemi.Kh  Geeradsherfien.  nhlrMs' 
WRo'en.)  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on 
the  Dendei-,  21^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  7.3t54.  It  was 
founded  and  originally  fortified  in  1068:  it  has  a  college, 
manufactures  of  cotton  yarn,  lace,  linen  and  woollen  fabrics, 
paper,  and  snuff,  bleaching  and  dye-works. 

GR.\MPI.\.NS.  gram'pe-anz.  a  celebrated  mountain  chain 
in  Scotland,  forming  the  natural  rampart  which  .separates 
the  Iliihlands  from  the  Lowlands.  Their  limits  m.ay  bo 
said  to  stretch  from  the  W.  coast  of  Argylesbire  and  Dum- 
n,-irronshire  north-eastward  across  the  island,  terminating 
on  the_E.  and  N.E.  coast  of  the  counties  of  Aberdeen  and 
Banff,  in  two  br.anches,  running  on  each  side  of  the  river  Dee 
General  aspect  wild  and  ruirgeJ.  e^peclally  on  the  N.  side ; 
on  the  S.  acclivity  the  slopes  are  (rentier,  the  pasture  finer, 
and  the  numerous  defiles  which  indent  the  r»uge  often  prt* 
sent  scenes  of  the  most  romantic  be.-iaty.  The  .<ireams 
flowing  from  the  N.  siil»  »re  mostly  affluents  of  the  Find- 
horn,  Spey.  Don.  and  Dee ;  those  on  the  S.  join  the  Forth, 
Tay.  and  South  Esk.  The  loftiest  summits  are  Ben  Nevis, 
Ben  Macdhui.  Cairngorm.  Ciirntoul,  Schihallion.  Ben  Aven, 
Ben  Lawers.  Ben  More,  and  Ren  Lomond.  The  name  Gram- 
plans  is  not  used  by  the  natives  of  this  part  of  Britain     II 


GRA 

Is  derived  from  the  Uo/is  Orampius,  mentioned  by  Tacitus 
ill  his  "  Agricola." 

GKAMPIANS,  a  mountain  rangre  of  Australia,  in  Victo- 
ria, stretching  crescent^wise  X.  and  S..  lietween  lat.  36°  52' 
and  37°  38'  S.,  and  ion.  142°  25'  and  142°  47'  E.,  »x>unding 
eastward  the  '>asin  of  the  Gleneli  and  its  afHuents.  Height 
of  Mount  Wiiaara.  its  loftiest  peak,  4.500  feet. 

GKAM'PIOX  HILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Clearfield  CO.,  Penn- 
svlvani-o. 

'GRAM'P0U\D,  a  municipal  boroush  and  town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Coriwall.  parish  of  Creed  on  the  Fal,  here  crossed 
bv  a  fine  stone  bridge,  (whence  the  name  Grandpont,  i.  e. 
'•"great  bridge,")  14  miles  X.E.  of  Falmouth.  Pop.  GOT.  This 
obscure  place  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons 
until  disfranchised  for  gross  bribery  in  1S24. 

GRAN,  grdn,  (Hun.  Garam,  gOh'rdm';  Slav.  Hrnn,  ron.) 
a  navigable  river  of  North-western  Hungary,  joins  the  Dan- 
ube opposite  Gran,  after  a  winding  course  of  130  miles. 

GRAN,  grdn.  (Hun.  Eizteiyom,  ^s't^R'gom^;  anc.  Strigo- 
niumf)  a  royal  free  city  of  Hungary,  capital  of  tlie  county  of 
game  name,  with  a  steam-packet  station  on  the  Danube,  op- 
posit*  the  influx  of  the  Gran,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Buda.  Pop. 
about  12.000.  It  was  once  the  finest  city  of  Hungary,  and 
is  still  the  residence  of  its  prin<a?-primate.  The  chief  edi- 
fice is  a  superb  new  Cathedral  in  the  Italian  style,  begun  in 
1821.  and  though  unfinished,  the  most  magnificent  modern 
building  in  Hungary,  occupying,  with  the  Archbishop's  Pa- 
lace and  Chapter-house,  a  precipitous  height,  formerly  the 
site  of  a  fortress.  Gran  hfis2other  Roman  Catliolic  churches, 
a  Greek  church,  town  and  council  h.ills,  an  hospital  for  poor 
citizens,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  gymnasium.  Its  intiabitr 
ants  weave  and  dye  woollen  goods,  but  its  trade  is  chiefly 
in  wine. 

GRAN,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Gr.ixe. 

GRA5f.\,  gi-dn'yi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  10  miles 
N.E.  of  Corunna,  and  near  the  mouth  of  its  harbor,  on  the 
river  Ferrol.    I'op.  1580. 

GRANA,  gri'ni.  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Ales- 
sandria, province,  and  10  miles  S.  of  Casale.     Pop.  1363. 

GR.\NAD.\,  grl-nd'd.i,  (Sp.  pron.  grd-nl'Dd;  anc.  IHiberit; 
Ii.  Granata;  Fr.  Grendih,  greb-njd.')  a  city  of  Spain,  in 
And:tlusia,  capital  of  a  province,  and  formerly  of  a  kingdom 
of  its  own  name,  beautifully  situated  partly  on  two  spurs  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  partly  on  the  flat  between  them 
forming  the  extremity  of  the  rich  plain  of  Vega,  and  on  the 
Genii;  Lat.  37°  18'  N.,  Ion.  3°  50'  W.  Its  site  being  about 
2445  feet  above  the  sea,  and  snowy  mountains  forming 
the  back  ground,  the  city  possesses  an  air  of  delicious 
freshness  even  in  the  hottt>st  seasons:  the  sky  is  generally 
fcerene,  and  the  whole  district  alx)unds  in  scenery  of  great 
beauty  and  grandeur.  In  the  time  of  the  Moor.s,  Granada 
was  surrounded  by  lofty  walls,  flanked  by  1030  towers, 
and  was  entered  by  20  gates.  The  most  of  these  have  dis- 
appeared, with  the  exception  of  a  small  portion  of  the  N. 
enclosure,  still  in  tolerable  preservation,  and  consequently 
the  to\yn  is  now  open.  It  is  divided  into  four  quarters — 
Alhambra,  ai  celebrated  fortress  and  palace,  occupying 
one  of  the  hills;  Albaicin,  a  suburb  occupying  another: 
Ante^ueruela,  another  suburb,  the  residence  chiefly  of 
the  working  classes,  and  the  town  proper,  covering  the 
space  between  the  two  hills,  and  extending  into  the  plains. 
Fountains  and  gardens,  spacious  squares,  and  handsome 
mansions,  are  seen  in  many  quarters,  and  even  where  the 
houses  are  of  an  fnferior  desciiption,  their  antiquity  and 
orient;»l  structure  make  it  impo.ssible  to  view  them  without 
Interest,  but  the  far  greater  pjirt  of  the  streets  are  extremely 
narrow  and  tortuous.  The  most  remarkable  buildings  are 
the  Alhambra.  an  immense  Moorish  structure,  of  rather  for- 
bidding exterior,  but  within  gorgeous  almost  beyond  de- 
scription. p:«-tly  remaining  as  the  .Moors  left  it.' with  its 
splendid  Court  of  Lions,  so  called  from  the  beautiful  foun- 
tain in  its  centre,  supported  by  12  lions,  surrounded  bv  a 
gallery  resting  on  120  pillars  of  white  marble,  and  partly 
occupied  by  an  unfinished  pal.ice,  commenced  by  Charles 
v.;  the  Cathedral,  a  haavy  and  irregular  buUding,  pro- 
fu.sely  ornamented,  and  surmounted  by  a  dome  resting  on 
12  arches,  and  oontiining  in  the  ailjoining  royal  chapel, 
among  its  numerous  fine  monuments,  those  ofFerdinand 
and  iRjliella.  The  Church  of  Nuestra  Sciiora  de  las  Angus- 
tlas,  with  two  beautiful  towers,  and  splendid  high  allar; 
Church  of  San  Jose,  a  modern  edifice:  the  old  Carthusian 
tJonvent,  finely  situated  on  a  lielght  in  the  suburbs,  and 
idorned  with  fine  paintings  by  Cano.  Murillo,  ana  .Morale.-,, 
the  Monastery  of  St.  Gerouimo,  founded  by  the  great  Cap- 
tain Gonzalo  de  Cordoba,  whose  remains  lie  depositiid  in  a 
gplendid  mausoleum  coniaiuttd  In  Its  church :  theGeneralife, 
&  i)eautiful  Mixirlsh  palace,  surrounded  by  fountains  and 

rege,"*?.'  '•■oi'««pal  Palace,  the  General  Hospital,  Col- 

Bortant'"^,™"^""*."^  '^^  ""-^-^  ^Icloth.  once  very  im- 
poifant,  w»re  almost  extmgui.«hed  by  the  low  of  Sn.-»nish 

tZt::Vf'  l"""  »""'»>"""-•"  "f  the  SpanishXeU  IZlt 
wc!^  le  ,s  stm  ™  "Jl"  '^"^r"'"«  "f  "'>'i-=«-  i«  that  of  coars! 
wof,  ens.  Jtil  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  iu  the 
suburbs  of  Albaicin.    The  trade  is  insignificant.    Granada 


GRA 

is  the  .=ee  of  an  archbishop,  the  residence  of  a  captaln-goneral, 
and  of  civil  and  military  provincial  authorities,  and  tne  seat 
of  several  courts  of  law.  though  it  has  lately  lost  the  most 
important  of  all,  the  supreme  court  of  appeal,  by  its  remo- 
val to  Albacete.  It  was  first  founded  by  the  Moors  in  the 
tenth  century,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Vtih'ri,  and  be- 
longed to  the  kingdom  of  Cordova.  In  1235,  it  became  the 
capital  of  a  new  kingdom,  and  attained  to  almost  matchless 
splendor.  Its  population  at  this  period  has  )>een  estimated 
as  high  as  700.000.  In  1491.  it  remained  the  last  stronghold 
of  the  Moors  in  Spain,  and  mustered  60,000  men  to  defend 
it.self  against  Ferdinand  and  Is.ibell.a.  who  had  now  arrayed 
against  the  town,  the  flower  and  strength  of  their  united 
kingdoms,  and  took  passession  of  it  in  1492.  The  great  l)ody 
of  its  inhaljitants  still  were  Moors,  and  its  prosperity  con- 
tinued almost  without  diminution  till  1510.  when  the  decree 
was  issued  for  expelling  the  Moors  from  all  parts  of  Spain, 
upon  whii-h  it  sunk,  and  has  never  recovered.  Pop.  iOO,(i7S. 

GR.\NADA,  an  old  province,  and  formerly  a  kingdom  of 
Spain,  in  And.ilusia.  bounded  on  theS.  by  tlie  Mediterranean. 
Area.  4354  square  miles.  Pop.  427,250.  Capital.  Granada. 
The  kingdom  of  Granada,  the  last  possession  of  the  Moors  in 
Spain,  was  conquered  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  1492. 

GR.\NADA,  grd-ni'dl.  a  city  of  Central  .\merica,  state. 
and  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nicaragua,  on  the  N.W.  shore 
of  the  lake.  Pop.  10.000.  (?)  It  is  well  built,  having  hand- 
some streets  and  public  edifices:  the  latter  comprise  several 
fine  churches.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  trade  in  cocoa, 
indigo.  Nicaragua  wool,  and  hides,  which  are  exported  in 
flat-l)ottomed  bouts  by  the  lake  and  river  San  Juan,  to  the 
harbor  of  San  Juan  del  Norte,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

GRANADA.  NKW.     See  New  Granab.\. 

GR.\NADKLL.\,  grd-nd-n&l'yd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Lerida.  N.  of  the  Kbro.     Pop.  1714. 

GRANADILL.\.  gr3-nd-Deel'yd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province^ 
and  70  miles  N.  of  Caceres,  with  a  chateau  and  fine  gardens 
of  the  Duke  of  .\lva.     Pop.  434. 

GR.\NADILLA.  a  town  in  the  Spanish  colony  of  the  Ca- 
naries, on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  TenerifTe.     Pop.  2563. 

GRAN'ARD',a  market-town  and  p;iri.sh  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster,  CO.  of  Longfird.  59  miies  W.N.W.  of  DulOin.  Pop.  of 
town.  24<18.     It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Forbes  family. 

GR.\NATULA.  grd-nd-too'l.'i,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Pop.  1972.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  lialdomero  Espartero.  Resent  of  Spain. 

GRAN  BRETASa  or  GRAN  BRETTAGNA.  See  Great 
Britain. 

GRANOIY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Notts.  It  gives  the 
title  of  marquis  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Rutland. 

GRAN'BV,  a  posf-township  of  Essex  co.,  Vermont,  4o 
miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  132. 

GR.\NBV,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hampshire  CO., 
Ma-ssachusetts.  100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It  has  seve- 
ral factories  and  mills.     Pop.  «07. 

GR.\NBY,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut, 
on  the  New  H.aven  and  Northampton  Railroad.  16  miles 
N.N.W.of  Hartford.  This  township  contains  the  celebrated 
Sim.sbury  mines,  formerly  used  as  a  prison.  It  has  several 
factories  and  mills.     Pop.  1720. 

GR.VNBY.  a  township  of  Oswego  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Oswego  River.  24  miles  N.W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  4057. 

GRAN'BY,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  ShefFord, 
50  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Montreal,  and  48  miles  from  Sherbrooke.  It 
contains  .«evei-al  stores,  and  2  saw  and  grist  mills.    Pop.  1302. 

GR.A.NBY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York,  about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Svracuse. 

GRAN  CANAIUA.    See  Caxart  Island. 

GRAN  CH.\CO.  a  region  of  South  America.    SeeCtiACO. 

GB.\ND.  grSx".  a  marKet-town  of  France,  department  of 
Vasges.  9  miles  W.  of  Neufchateau.     Pop.  1314. 

GRAND,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  445. 

GRANDAS-DE-SALIMK.  grdn'dds  d.'l  .sS-lee'mA,  a  village 
of  Spain,  province,  and  54  miles  W  S.W.  of  Oviedo.    P.  1426. 

GRAND  BANK.     See  Newfouxduxd. 

GRAND  BLANC,  grand  blank,  (Fr.  pron.  grSx"  bldx".)  a 
post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co..  Michigan,  on  the 
Detroit  and  Saginaw  Road,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit. 
Pop.  1291. 

GRAND  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Texas. 

GRAND-BORNAND.  grfe^-boR'noxi^.  a  village  of  the  Sai^ 
dinian  States.  15  miles  li.N.E.  of  .\nnecv.     Pop.  214.3. 

GRAND'BOROL'tai.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co..  of  Bucks. 

o"  tNDBOUOUGH.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  M-rwick 

GRAND-BOUiiu,  H.-«.">  v-viR/.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Creuse.  arrondissement  ot  uur.^-k.    n^p  •>4(-4 

GR.4.ND-B0URG.  a  town  in  the  .\ntillfts.  See  Boi'RH,(iRAM- 

GRAND  CAILLOU.  (kJhVoo/,)  »  bayou  of  Terre  Bonne 
parish.  Louisian.i.  commences  near  llsuma,  and  flowing 
south-westward  through  I^ke  Caillou.  enters  the  Gulf  ..f 
Mexico.  It  is  navigable  for  small  boats.  The  lak..  is  10 
miles  long,  and  3  or  4  wide. 

GRAND  CANAL,  in  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  cos.  of  Dublin, 
Kildare.  and  King's.  pn>eeeds  from  Dutilin  westward,  snii 
joins  the  Shannon  near  Banagher.  Lengtli.  S-S  ml.es; 
breadth  at  surtace,  40  feet ;  deptli,  6  feet.    It  has  a  branch 


z=J 


GRA 


GRA 


27  miles  in  lenjrth,  to  A  ttiy,  where  it  joins  the  Barrow  River, 
and  othpr  branches  to  Ballinasloe,  Portarlington,  Mount- 
mcllick.  Ac.  Begun  in  1765.  and  completed  at  a  total  cost 
of  2.000,00(W.     Annual  amount  of  tolls.  40.0002. 

GRAXD  CANARY.    See  Canary  Island. 

GRAND  CAVK,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  Louisiana. 

GRAND-CIIAMP,  grSso-shSNO,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Mifbihau,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vaunes.     Pop.  5233. 

GRAND  COTEAU,  grixd  Ico'to',  a  post-village  of  St.  I^andry 
parish,  Louisiana. 

GRAND  COTK  PRATRIE,  grjNd  Kot  pr.Vree.  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Perry  co.,  Illinois,  65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vandalia. 

GRANDCOUR,  grSN^'kooR',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Vaud,  near  the  Lake  of  Neufchatel,  28  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Lausanne.  Its  old  castle  was  once  a  residence  of  the  Bur- 
gundian  kings. 

GRAND  DHTOUR,  (d:l-toor',)  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Ogle  CO.,  Illinois,  on  Rock  River,  166  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Spring- 
field. 

GRANDE,  or  GRANDE-ILIIA.    See  Ilha-Grande. 

GRANDE,  or  GRANDK-RIO.     See  Rio-Gka.nde. 

GRANDE-ANSE,  grd.vd-Sxs',  a  village  and  parish  of  Mar- 
tinique, on  its  N.  coast,  15  miles  N.  of  Port  Royal. 

GRANDE  BRET.\GNE.     See  Great  Britain. 
•     GRANDE-CHARTREUSE,  LE,  lyh  gr6.N°-8haRHruz',  a  fa- 
mous monastery  of  France,  department  of  Is^re,  in  the  Alps, 

14  miles  N.  of  Grenoble,  in  a  picturesque  situation,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  332.3  feet  above  the  .sea,  and  very 
difficult  of  access.  It  was  founded  in  10S4 ;  but  the  present 
building,  which  is  of  vast  extent,  was  erected  in  1076.  In  1826 
It  was  restored  to  its  original  destination :  and  a  few  years  ago 
it  was  inhabited  bv  33  Carthusian  monks,  and  18  servitors. 

GRANDK  CHUTE,  Wisconsin.     See  Appleton. 

GRANDE  CHUTE,  grand  shoot,  a  township  of  Outagamie 
CO.,AViscnnsin.     Pop.  772. 

GRAND  ECORE,  (4'k6r',)  a  postxfflce  of  Natchitoches 
parish.  Louisiana. 

GRANDE-ILHA.    See  ItnA-GRANDE. 

GRANDE-PAROISSE,  LA,  Id  grSNo-paRVdss',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-et-.Alarne,  3  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Montereau.     Pop.  1256. 

GRANDE-RIO.    See  Rio  Grande. 

GRANDES  VENTES,  LES,  li  grSN"  v5Nt,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-InfiJrieure,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Dieppe,  with  2013  inhabitants. 

GRANDE-TERRE,  West  Indies.     See  QnADELOOPE. 

GR.\ND  FALLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri. 

GRANDFATHER  MOUNTAIN,  of  North  Carolina,  is  an 
isolated  mass  of  land,  rising  N.N.E.  of  Mount  Mitchell,  to 
the  height  of  8788  feet  above  the  sea. 

GRAND-FONTAINE,  graxo^fiNo'tain/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Vosges,  arrondissement  of  St.  Die.    P.  1623. 

GRAND  GLAZE,  a  post-office  of  .lackson  co.,  Arkiinsas. 

GRAND  GULF,  a  post-village  of  Claiborne  CO.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  2  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Black 
Eiver,  and  60  miles  above  Natchez.  It  contains  a  town- 
hall,  2  or  3  churches,  a  market-house,  a  Masonic  lodge,  and 
eeveral  steam  mills.  A  considerable  quantity  of  cotton  is 
shipped  here.     Pop.  in  1860,  aiwut  800. 

GRAND  HA'VEN,  a  thriving  po.st-town,  capital  of  Ottowa 
CO.,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  Grand  River,  at 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  93  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Lans- 
ing. The  river,  which  is  here  350  yards  wide,  forms  the 
best  harbor  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  lake.    The  water  is  from 

15  to  30  feet  in  depth,  and  the  cap.acity  of  the  harbor  is  suf- 
ficient for  600  vessels.  A  light^liouse  has  been  erected  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbor.  St«aral)oats  from  Chicago  and 
otlier  ports  touch  here  dally.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the 
Detroit  and  Jlihvaulvce  Railroad. 

GRAND  HILL,  a  village  of  Orange  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

GRAND  ISIi.\ND,  situated  in  the  Niagara  River,  having 
its  lower  extremity  about  4  miles  above  Niagara  Falls. 
Length,  between  8  and  9  miles ;  greatest  breadtti,  6  miles. 

GRAND  ISLAND,  a  post^townsliipof  Erinco.,  New  York. 
.  GRAND  ISLE,  a  county  fonniug  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Vermont,  has  an  area  of  about  77  square  miles.  It  consists 
of  a  number  of  islands  in  the  nortliern  part  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  the  southern  part  of  a  peninsula  lying  between 
the  lake  (including  Missisque  Bay)  and  the  Richelieu  River. 
Tha  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  fertile.  This  county  is 
regarded  as  producing  the  finest  apples  in  the  state.  It  is 
traversed  in  the  N.  part  by  the  A'eruiont  Central  Railroad. 
Organized  in  1802.     Capital,  North  Hero.     Pop.  4276. 

GRAND  ISLE,  a  post-township  of  Grand  Lsle  co.,  Ver- 
mont, ,n  the  N.  part  of  the  island  of  South  Hero,  in  Lake 
OVamplain,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  would  appear 
that  South  Hero  being  the  largest  island  in  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  was  originally  called  Grande  Isle  (-'Great  Island")  by 
the  French,  whence  probublv  originated  the  name  of  the 
township  as  well  as  tlie  county  of  Grand  Lsle.    Pop.  708. 

<JR,:VND  ISLE,  Michigan,  in  Lake  Superior,  near  the  S. 
lUore.  Length,  about  15  miles;  greatest  breadth.  7  or  8 
miles.  Between  it  and  the  mainland,  on  the  S.E.,  is  Grand 
Isle  B.ay,  on  the  shore  of  which  are  the  Cimous  "Pictured 
Eockf  " 


GRAND  JUNCTION,  a  station  of  Massachiisetta.  at  the 
union  of  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad  with  t'le 
Norwich  and  AVorcester  Railroad,  1  mile  from  AVorcester. 

GR.\ND  L.\IvE,  on  the  E.  Ixjrder  of  Maine,  communi- 
cates with  the  St.  Croix  River.  Length,  about  15  miles 
greatest  breadth,  4  or  6  miles. 

GRAND  l,A.KE.  a  post-village  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkans,as,  on 
the  Mississippi,  about  24  miles  by  land  S.  of  Columbia.  Is 
has  a  landing  for  steam ijoats. 

GRAND  LEDGE,  a  postofBce  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan. 

GRAND-LIEU,  gr6N"-le-ih',  a  lake  of  France,  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure,  6  miles  S.AA'.  of  Nantes.  Length,  S  miles 
average  breadth,  4  miles.  It  receives  the  Boulougne  and 
Ognon  Rivers,  and  discharges  itself  into  the  Loire  by  the 
Achenau.  all  navigable. 

GRAND  LIGNE,  grand  leen  or  gr^Nd  leeN,  a  station  on 
the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  Canada  East, 
near  St.  John's. 

GRAND-LUCE,  gr5N°-lUW,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Sarthe,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Le  Mans.  Pop.  2316.  It  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1786,  but  has  been  rebuilt,  and  has  an  ac- 

GRAND  MANAN,  (man-an',)  or  MENAN.  (men-an'.)  an 
island  off  the  N.E.  part  of  Maine.  Length.  20  miles;  average 
breadth,  about  5  miles;  coast  deeply  indented,  affording 
numerous  fine  harbors.  In  1850,  there  were  at  the  various 
stations  in  the  island,  118  fishing  vessels  and  boats,  manned 
by  473  men. 

GRAND  MARSH,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Wiscon.»in. 

GRAND  MOUND,  a  post-offlce  of  Thurston  co.,  Utah  Ter- 
ritory. 

GRANDOLA,  grin-do'ld,  a  town  of  Portmral.  province  of 
Estremadura,  on  the  Davino,  49  miles  S.E.  of  Lisbon.  I'.  2185. 

GRANDOLLA,  erin-dol13.  a  town  and  pari.sh  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Alemtejo,  29  miles  S.8.E.  of  Setubal.    Pop.  2000. 

GRAND  PRAIRIE.  (prA/ree,)  a  post-township  in  the  N. 
part  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  488. 

GRAND  PRAiRIIi,  a  post-village  of  M.arion  co..  Ohio. 

GRAND  PRAIISIE.  a  post-offlce  of  Pula.ski  co..  Arkansas. 

GRAND  PRAIRIE,  a  post-ofSce  of  Marquetto  co.,  AVis- 
consin. 

GRAND-PRE,  grft.v-pr.^,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardenne.s.  on  the  Aire,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mezieres.    P.  1300, 

GRAND  RAP'IDS,  a  city,  capital  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  is 
finely  situated  on  the  rapids  of  Grand  River.  40  miles  from 
Its  mouth,  and  60  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Lansing.  It  is  handsomely 
Ijuilt  on  both  banks  of  the  river,  and  has  a  pleasant  and 
healtliy  situation,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and 
country.  The  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  R.R.  passes  through 
it.  Grand  Rapids  is  tlie  second  city  of  the  state  in  l)opuia- 
tion,  and  a  place  of  much  activity  in  trade  and  m.anufac-» 
tures.  Large  steamlioats  run  daily  from  this  place  to  Grand 
Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river,  where  they  connect  with 
the  Lake  steamers;  and  a  smaller  boat  ascends  from  the 
he.ad  of  the  rapids  to  Lyons,  which  is  about  50  miles  distant 
by  water.  Salt  and  gypsum  of  good  quality  are  found  here; 
limestone  and  pine  lumber,  anil  other  materials  for  build- 
ing, are  abundant  in  the  vicinity.  Nearly  CO  manufactories 
were  in  operation  here  in  1864.  The  river  at  this  place  is 
about  30O  yards  wide,  and  fails  18  feet  in  the  course  of  a 
mile,  producing  an  amount  of  hydraulic  power  that  is  not 
surpassed  by  any  in  the  state.  Grand  Rapids  contains  12 
churches,  2  banks,  and  several  seminaries.  Two  daily  and 
1  weekly  newspapers  are  issued  here.  Settled  in  1S33,  and 
incorporated  in  1850.     Pop.  8085. 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Wood  CO.,  AVlsconsin,  on  the  Wisconsin  River,  125  miles  N. 
by  AA'.  of  Madison.  The  village  has  2  ciuirches.  9  stores,  1 
newspaper  office,  and  4  saw-mills.  Many  of  the  inhabitants 
are  employed  in  the  lumber  business.    Total  pop.  1000. 

GRANDRIEU.  grftN«Mre-uh',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ijozftre.  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mende.     Pop.  1504. 

GRAND  RIA'ER,  of  Louisiana,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween St.  M.artin's  parish  on  the  AV..  and  Iberville.  Ascen- 
sion, and  Assumption  on  the  E.  It  communicates  with 
Atchafalaya  bayou  on  the  N.,  and  with  Lake  Chetimaches 
at  the  S.E.  extremitv  of  the  latter. 

GRAND  RIVER.'of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the 
state,  and  flows  into  Lake  Erie,  in  Lake  co.,  about  3  miles 
from  Painesville. 

GRAND  RIVER,  of  Michigan.  (Washtennnij  of  the  In- 
dians.) an  affluent  of  Lake  Michigan.  i.s  not  exceeded  in 
length  or  volume  by  any  river  which  traverses  the  penin- 
sula. Its  branches  rise  in  AVa.ohtenaw  and  Hillsdale  coun- 
ties, and  after  a  course  of  a  few  miles  unite  near  Jackson. 
The  river  then  flows  in  a  general  N.A\'.  direction,  with  many 
windings,  to  Lj'ons.  in  Iowa  county,  where  it  is  joined  by 
the  Maple  River.  From  this  point  it  pursues  a  general 
westerly  course,  and  enters  the 'lake  at  Grand  Haven.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  270  miles,  and  it  is  aliout  320  yards 
wide  near  its  mouth.  The  harbor  fprmed  by  its  mouth  is 
the  best  on  the  AV.  side  of  the  peninsula.  Large  steamboats 
n.avigate  the  river  daily,  from  the  lake  to  Grand  Rapids,  a 
distance  of  40  miles,  and  a  smaller  boat  ascends  about  60 
miles  farther.    The  "  Rapids"  are  <>aused  by  a  stratum  of 

776 


GRA 

limestone  rook,  wbioh  extends  about  IJ  miles  along  the 
diXLnel.  with  a  descent  of  18  feet,  aflfordiug  al)und;int  water- 
Dowtr.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Jackson,  Lansing, 
Mid  Grand  Kapids. 

GRAND  KIVKK,  of  Missouri,  an  affluent  of  the  Missouri 
River,  is  formed  by  two  small  branches,  the  East  and  ^Vest 
Forks,  which  unite  in  Gentry  county.  It  ttows  S.K.  through 
Daviess  and  Livingston  counties,  and  then  forms  the  bound- 
ary between  Carroll  and  Chariton,  until  it  enters  the  Mis- 
souri, 30  miles  above  Glasgow.  The  lower  part  of  the  chan- 
nel is  navigable  for  small  boats.  Branches. — The  East  and 
West  Forks  rise  near  the  N.  border  of  the  state,  and  pursue 
a  southerly  course.  The  Crooked  Fork,  which  is  properly 
an  affluent,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  and  flowing  south- 
ward, enters  Grand  Kiver  in  Livingston  county,  a  few  miles 
S.W.  ofChillicothe. 

GRAND  RIVER,  of  Mi.ssouri.  risea  near  the  W.  frontier 
of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.E.,  falls  into  the  Osage  in  Benton 
county,  a  few  miles  from  Warsaw. 

GRA.ND  RIVER,  a  branch  of  the  Colorado,  rises  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  near  Long's  I'eak,  and  flowing  nearly 
S.W..  joins  (ireen  River  after  a  course  of  about  300  miles. 

GRAND  RIVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Wayne  co.,  Iow.i. 

GRAND  SA'LINE,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  Nation,  Ar- 

GRAND-SERRE,  LE,  Ifh  grSxo-saiR,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Drome.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Valence.    Pop.  16S8. 

GRANDSON  or  GRANSON,  ^rh^'^^shs"' ,  (Ger.  Gramce, 
grin'si\)  a  small  decayed  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Vaud,  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Neufchatel,  id  miles 
N.  of  Lausanne.  Near  it,  March  3,  14V6.  the  Swiss  deteated 
the  Bnrgundians,  under  Charles  the  Hash,  with  great  loss. 
Pop.  S30. 

GRAND  SPRING,  a  small  village  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of 
Michigan,  bordering  on  Grand  Traverse  Bay  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan.   Pop.  in  18(50,  1286. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE,  a  post-\illage.  capital  of  Grand  Tra/- 
Terse  co.,  Michigan,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE  BAY,  Michigan,  near  the  N.  end  of 
the  Lower  Peninsula,  extends  S.E.  from  Lake  Michigan. 
Length,  n-ar  30  miles;  greatest  breadth,  7  or  8  miles. 

GRAND  VIEW,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Wa.shington  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River.   Pop.  1891. 

GRAND  VIEW,  a  post  office,  Spencer  co.  Indiana. 

GRAND  VIEW,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Edgar  co^ 
Illinois.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Paris.     Pop.  1513. 

GRAND  VIEW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Louisa  co., 
Iowa,  8  miles  N.  of  Wapello.    Population  in  1800,  1360. 

GRAND  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin. 

GUAND'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Michi- 
|;an,  on  the  S.  bank  of  Grand  River,  at  the  mouths  of  Buck 
and  Rush  Creeks,  8  miles  below  Grand  Rapids  City.  The 
river  is  navigable  by  steamboats  of  the  first  class  as  high  as 
this  place.  The  creeks  afford  water-power,  by  which  a  large 
quantity  of  lumber  is  manufactured  from  the  extensive 
*•  pineries''  in  the  vicinity.     Laid  out  in  1835. 

GR.A.NDVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Jiffingbam  co.,  Illinoi.«, 
on  the  National  Road,  i  miles  W.  of  Ewington. 

GRANDVILLIERS  or  GRANVILLIERS,  grSNo'vee'yi/,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  17  miles  N,N.VV^.  of 
Beauvais.    Pop.  1861. 

GRANE,  GRAN,  grin,  or  QUADE,  kwAd,  (Arab.  El 
Kueit.  el  kwAt,)  a  seaport  of  Arabia,  district  of  Lalisa,  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Persian 
Gulf,  in  Ijit.  29°  23'  N.,  Ion.  47°  57'  E.  It  is  inhabited  by  nu- 
merous rich  merchants,  who  trade  to  the  Red  Sea.  and  to 
Sinde,  Guzcrat.  and  other  parts  of  India.     Pop.  about  8000. 

GRANG.ERDK,  grdn-vAR/dJh.  a  village  of  Sweden,  lien, 
and  33  miles  S.W.  of  Falun,  with  extensive  iron-works. 

GR.\NtiE,  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  Grexchen. 

GR.\NGE,  pr^Nzh,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
f  osges,  12  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Die.     Pop.  1335. 

G_RANGh>,  gr.lnj,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  16  miles 
8.W.  of  Banff.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  the  "grange"  of  the 
abbots  of  Kiuloss. 

GRANGE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Armagh. 
Several  smaller  Irish  parishes  have  this  name. 

ORANGiy-MOUTII.  a  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stir- 
ling, on  the  Carron,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Stirling.  Pop.  1488. 
It  has  a  custom-house  and  bank,  extensive  quays  and  ware- 
houses, a  dry-dock,  a  good  harlior  for  ves-sels  drawing  12  feet 
of  water,  establishments  for  ship-building;  exports  of  corn, 
wool,  the  manufactures  of  Stirling,  and  the  products  of  the 
great  Carron  iron  foundry ;  and  imports  mostly  of  timber, 
hemp.  flax,  and  tallow  from  the  Baltic  Registered  shipping 
In  Uil,  7329  tons. 

GR.VNGKR,  grainO?r.  (often  improperly  written  GRAIN- 
GER,) a  county  in  the  N.K.  part  of  Tennessee,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  330  square  miles.  Clinch  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  N.W..  and  Uolston  River  on  the  S.E.  The 
eurface  is  elevated,  and  is  traversed  by  Clinch  Mountnin. 
SteamtKKtts  n:ivi'.nite  the  Ht.lstoii  on  the  border  of  this 
county.  The  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad  passes  about 
6  mile*  from  the  S.  border  of  this  county.  A  plank-road 
•  78 


GRA 

is  also  projected  through  it.  Clinch  Mountain  contains 
abundance  of  iron-ore  and  other  minerals.  Capital,  Rut- 
ledge.  Population,  10,902,  of  whom  y8y7  were  free,  and  1065 
slaves. 

GRANGER,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New 
York.  10  miles  N.  of  Angelica.  It  has  an  academy.  Pop.1257. 

GRANGER,  a  post-towuship  in  the  E.  part  of  Medina  co, 
Ohio.     Pop.  1025. 

GRANGER'VILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York,  35  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

GRANGERVILLE,  a  post-villace  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia, 
about  90  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

GRANI'CUS.  or  OSTROLA,  o.s-tro/li  a  small  but  famon* 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  enters  the  Sea  of  Mar- 
mora, after  a  N.E.  course  of  perhaps  tJO  miles.  On  its  banks 
Alexander  the  Great  gained  his  first  decisive  victory  over 
Darius,  B.  c.  334. 

GRAN'ITE,  a  village  of  Knox  ca,  Illinois,  50  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Peoria. 

ORAN'ITEVILLE,  a  thriving  po.st-vill.age  of  Edgefield  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  on  the  South  Caioliua  Railroad,  126 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Charleston,  and  11  miles  E.  of  Augusta. 
The  situation  is  remarkably  beautiful.  A  creek,  Bowing 
through  the  place,  furnishes  excellent  water-power,  which  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton. 

GRANJA  DE  TORRE-IIERMOSA,  LA,  ]h  grSn'R^  di  toK'- 
R.V^R-mo'-sd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  35  miles  S.  of 
Badajos.     Pop.  2500. 

GRANJA  L.\.    See   Sax  Ildefonso. 

GRAN  JIICIIELI.    See  Gbammkhele 

GRAN  NANA,  grJn-ni'uOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  about 
75  miles  E.S.E.  of  Presburg,  on  the  railway  from  Vienna  to 
Pesth. 

GRANNOCII,  LOCII,  loK  grSn'ttoK,  a  lake  of  Scotland, 
stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright.  Length,  about  3  miles ;  breadth, 
half  a  mile.  It  is  extremely  deep,  and  abounds  with  the 
finest  trout  and  char. 

GRANOLLERS  DE  VALLS,  gran-nol-yaiss/  d.A  vais,  or 
GRANOLLERS  DEL  VALLES,  grrlu-nol-yaias'dJl  vAl'y^s,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Barcelona. 
Pop.  3092.    It  h,^s  extensive  manufactures  of  sandals. 

GRaSoN,  gria-you',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
about  30  miles  from  liOgroSo.    Pop.  1077. 

GRANOZZO,  grJ-not/so.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
in  IMedmont,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  1300. 

GRANS,  grfiN".  a  villageof  France,  department  of  Bouches- 
du-HhOne,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Aix.     Pop.  1780. 

GRAN  SAS.SO  D'lTALlA.    See  CogNO,  Monte. 

GRANS'DON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

GRANSDON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

GRANSEE,  grln'si^,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 43  miles  N.N.E.  of  Potsd.am.  Pop.  2600.  It  has  a 
monument  to  Louisa,  late  Queen  of  Prussia. 

GRANSON,  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  GraNdsos. 

GRANSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

GRANT,  a  county  in  the  N.part  of  Kentucky,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Eagle  River, 
an  affluent  of  the  Iventucky.  The  surface  is  undulating; 
the  soil  is  good  and  well  timbered.  The  county  occupies  the 
Drj'  Ridge,  which  divides  the  waters  of  the  Licking  from 
those  of  the  Kentucky  River.  The  Trenton  limestone  un- 
derlies this  division  of  the  state.  Organized  in  1820,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Colonel  .John  Grant,  an  earlj'  settler  of 
Kentuckj'.  Capital,  Williamstowu.  Pop.  8366,  of  whom 
7660  were  free,  and  6'.)6  slaves. 

GRANT,  a  county  situated  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  In- 
diana, contains  420  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Mi»- 
sissinewa  River.  The  surface  Is  mostly  level,  and  was  occu- 
pied a  few  years  ago  by  dense  forests  of  large  timber.  The 
soil  is  extremely  fertile.  Organized  in  1831,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Samuel  and  Moses  Grant,  who  were  slain  in  battle 
by  the  Indians  in  1789.    Capital,  Marlon.    Pop.  15,797. 

GRANT,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Wiscon- 
sin, bordering  on  Illinois  and  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  12ii4 
square  miles.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  boundary  on  the 
S.AV.,  and  the  Wisconsin  on  the  N.IV.  It  is  drained  also  by 
the  l?latte.  Grant.  Blue,  and  Fevre  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands,  and  presents  a  suo- 
cession  of  ridges  and  valleys.  The  former  consist  of  lime- 
stone, and  are  traversed  by  fissures  which  contain  an 
abundance  of  lead  and  zinc.  The  soil  is  excellent.  The  S. 
part  of  the  county  is  represented  .is  one  vast  lead  mine, 
which  has  produced  more  than  six  million  pounds  of  lead 
in  a  year.  The  county  Is  liberally  supplied  with  water- 
power.  The  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  Du  Cbien  Railroad 
piisses  through  the  northern  part  of  this  county.  Organ- 
ized in  1836.    Capital,  Liincaster.    Pop.  31,189. 

GRANT,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

GRANTA,  a  river  of  England.    See  Cam. 

GRANT'CHE>TER,  aparish  of  England,  CO.  and  21^ milei 
S.S.W.  of  Cambridge.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  aucieut  CU/n- 
boritum,  the  original  seat  of  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

GRANTHAM,  graut'^m,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 


GRA 


GRA 


borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  23  miles 
S.S.W.  01  Lincoln.  Pup.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  in 
1851,  10,873.  It  consists  chieHy  of  four  nearly  parallel  and 
some  minor  sti'eets,  and  has  a  church,  a  fine  edifice  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  with  a  spire  273  feet  in  height,  and 
many  costly  monuments,  and  a  grammar  school  in  which 
Sir  Isa:ic  Newton  received  his  early  education.  Other  chief 
buildings  ■  are  several  dissenting  chapels,  the  Guildhall, 
Borough  Jail,  Union  Work-house,  and  a  neat  theatre.  The 
principal  trade  is  in  malting  and  export  of  corn,  and  import 
of  coal  by  a  canal  connecting  the  town  with  the  Trent.  It 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

GRAXTIIAM,  a  parish  of  Canada  West,  district  of  Nia- 
gara, on  the  S.  side  of  Lake  Ontario,  30  miles  S.  of  Toronto. 

GKANT'H  A.M,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hamp- 
Ehire,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.  It  contains  numerous 
ponds,  and  a  noted  mineral  spring.     Pop.  048. 

GllANT'LY  HARBOR,  an  inlet  of  Behring  Strait,  in  Rus- 
sian America,  immediately  E.  of  Port  Clarence,  is  10  miles 
In  length,  2^  miles  across,  generally  from  2i  to  3  fathoms  in 
depth,  and  supposed  to  communicate  with  a  large  inljtnd  lake. 

GRANTOWX,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  on 
the  Spey,  22  miles  S.  of  Forres. 

GRANT  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
flows  into  the  Mississippi. 

GRANT'S  BOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

GRANT'S  CREEK,  a  post-office,  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana. 

GRANT'S  LICK,  a  village  of  Campbell  co.,  Kentucky. 

GRANTS'VI  LLE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland. 

QRANTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgiii,  on 
the  Atlanta  and  Lagrange  Railroad,  52  miles  S.W.  of  Atlanta. 

GRANT'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massjichu- 
setts,  on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  13  miles  from 
the  former. 

GRAN'VILLE,  grSNo'veel',  (anc.  Chrannrmumf)  a  fortified 
seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Manehe,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Bosq.  at  the  fxjt  of  a  rocky  promontory,  projecting 
Into  the  English  Channel,  30  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Ld.  Lat.  of 
the  lijrht-house,  48°  50'  7"  N.,  Ion.  1°  35'  57"  W.  It  has  a 
strong  citadel,  a  custom-house,  a  fine  granite  mole  enclosing 
a  small  harbor,  a  Gothic  church,  hospital,  and  public  baths. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  commercial  tribunal,  and  a  sch(X)l  of  navi- 
gation, and  the  residence  of  a  commissary  of  marine.  Its  in- 
habitants are  mostly  engaged  in  cod,  oyster,  and  whale  fishe- 
ries, which  last  employs  800  hands.  It  has  also  some  tnide 
with  the  Kast  and  West  Indies,  and  the  Channel  Islands, 
and  exports  eggs,  Ac.  to  England.  It  was  burned  by  the 
British  in  1695,  and  besieged  by  the  Vendeans  in  1793.  Pop. 
in  1852, 10.035. 

GRAN'VILLE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  750  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Tar  River,  and  also  drained 
by  several  creeks  which  flow  S.  into  the  Neuse.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  or  hilly  ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  In  1860  tills 
county  yielded  3,420,884  pounds  of  tobacco,  the  greatest 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  Sandstone 
underlies  a  large  part  of  the  surface.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad.  Capital,  Oxford.  Formed 
in  1746,  and  named  from  the  title  of  the  proprietor,  the  Earl 
of  Granville.  Pop.  23,396,  of  whom  12,310  were  free,  and 
11,086  slaves. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont, 
on  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Montpelier.     Pop.  720. 

GRANVILLE,  a  town.ship  of  Hampden  co.,  Ma.ssachusetts, 
100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.  It  has  manulactures  of  pow- 
der, leather,  &c.    Pop.  1385. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Washington 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Albany  and  Rutland  Railroad,  68  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Albany.  The  village  has  3  or  4  churches,  about 
half  a  dozen  stores,  and  perhaps  100  dwellings.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  3474. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1369. 

GRANVILLE,  a  township  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1221. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monongalia  co.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Monongahebi  River,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

GRANVILLE,  a  postrvillage  in  Jackson  co.,  Tennes.see. 

GRANVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  in 
the  central  part  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Co- 
lumbus. The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Licking  River,  3  miles  N.  of  the  Central  Ohio  Rail- 
road. Granville  is  neatly  built,  and  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
lent educational  institutions.  It  contains  2  female  semi- 
naries, a  gciod  Union  school,  and  Granville  College,  founded 
by  the  Bapti.sts  in  1832 ;  also  6  churches,  a  city-hall,  a  bank, 
and  an  iron-foundry.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1282. 

GRANVILLE,  a  township  of  Mercer  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1035. 

GRANVILIjE,  a  post  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Mississiuewa  River,  65  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis,  hag  2 
churches. 

GRANVILLE,  apost-village  and  township  of  Putnam  CO., 
Illinois,  6  miles  from  Hennepin.    Pop.  1525. 


GRANVILLE,  a  village  of  Livingston  co.,  Missouri,  oi) 
Grand  River,  120  miles  N.W.  of  Jeflerson  City. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Milwaukee  co..  Wiscoi>- 
.sin.  about  TO  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milwaukee.     Pop.  2603. 

GRAN  VILLIERS.    See  Granbtilliers. 

GRAO,  VILLANUEVA  DEL,  veel'vl  noo-.Vv3  dJl  grl/o,  of 
GRAO  DE  VALENCIA,  grj'o  di  vd-lSn'tbe-d,  a  seaport  towu 
of  Spain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadalaviar,  4  miles  E.  ol 
Valencia,  of  which  it  is  the  port.     Pop.  2736. 

GRAPE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Ohio. 

GRAPE  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Pleasant  co..W.  Virginia 

GRAP'PEN  HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Che.ster. 

GRASH'OLM  or  GRESH'OLM.  an  island  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Pembi-oke,  in  lat.  51°  43'  54"  N .,  Ion.  5"  28'  45"  W.,  about 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  circumference. 

(JRASLITZ,  gris'lits,  GREKLIS,  grJklis,  orGRADLICZE, 
grSd-leefsA,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  19  miles  N.NJ).  of  Eger. 
Pop.  4790,  employed  in  cotton-spinning,  paper  mills,  and  in 
manufactures  of  musical  instruments,  looking-glapses.  ^c. 

ORAS/JIERE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  VVestmoreland. 
2\  miles  N.W.  of  Ambleside.  Its  village  stands  at  the  head 
of  Grasmere  Lake,  which  is  about  li  miles  In  length,  ane 
has  an  island  in  its  centre. 

GRAS.VIERE  HILL  or  GRASMERE  FELL,  a  mountain 
of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  E.  of  Crummock  Water. 
Elevation.  2756  feet. 

GRASO,  (OrSso,)  gr.Vs{5\  an  island  of  Sweden,  at  the  en 
trance  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  only  separated  from 
the  mainland,  on  which  the  town  of  Oregrund  stands,  by  a 
narrow  channel,  in  lat.  60°  25'  N.  It  consists  of  a  long,  nar 
row  tract,  stretching  S.S.E.  and  N.N.W.  Length,  about  IS 
miles;  average  breadth,  not  more  than  3  miles. 

GRASSANO,  grSs-sd'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  25  miles  E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  4U00. 

GRASSANO,  gris-sd'no,  or  GRAZZANO,  grSt-si'no.  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Ales- 
sandria, on  the  Rotaldo,  about  8  miles  from  Casale.   Pop.  13C0. 

GRASS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GRASSE,  gr^ss,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
capital  of  an  arrondissement,  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Draguignan. 
It  is  picturesquely  situated  on  a  declivity  facing  the  S., 
commanding  fine  views,  and  has  a  large  Gothic  church,  a 
communal  college,  3  hospitals,  a  town-hall,  an  exchange,  a 
theatre,  an  old  tower,  some  Roman  anti(iuities,  a  public 
library  of  5000  volumes,  and  a  gallery  of  paintings.  Lai-gb 
quantities  of  perfumery  are  made  at  Grasse.  It  has  also 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  stuffs,  silk  orgauzine,  linen 
thre;id,  leather,  liqueurs,  and  brandy,  and  an  active  trade 
in  fruits  and  oil.    Pop.  in  1832,  ll,8o2. 

GRASSE,  LA,  li  griss,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Carcassone.     Pop.  1320. 

GRASS  HILLS,  a  post-villasie  of  Carrol  co.,  Kentucky. 

GRAS'SINGTON,  a  small  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  West  Riding,  8J  miles  N.N.E.  of  Skipton.     Pop.  1056. 

GRASS  LAKE,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name, 
and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  65  miles  W.  of  Detroit.  It 
contains  flouring  mills,  for  which  the  outlet  of  the  lake 
affords  motive-power.    Pop.  about  500 ;  of  the  townshi|).  1708. 

GRASS  LAND,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

GRASS  RIVER  ri.ses  in  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Lawrence 
CO.,  New  Yor'ii,  and.  running  first  N.W.,  then  N.E.,  fiills  into 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Canton.  Its 
whole  length  is  about  120  miles. 

GRASS  VAl/LEY.  a. post-office  of  Nevada  co.,  California. 

GRAS/SY  COVE,  a  postoffice  of  Bledsoe  co.,  Tennessee. 

GRASSY  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  rises  in  Granville 
CO.,  and  flows  across  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state  into  Roa- 
noke River. 

GRASSY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Virgini.a. 

GRASSY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Yancey  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

GRASSY  CREEK,  a  po.st-officeof  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky. 

GRASSY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Missouri. 

GRASSY  POINT,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Rockland  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  about  100  miles  S.  of  Albany. 
It  has  a  steambofit  landing. 

GRASSY  POND,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

GRASSY  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana, 
9  miles  S.W.  of  Cory  don. 

GRASVILLE,  GRAVILLE,  griVeeV,  or  GRASVILLE-L'- 
HEURE,  (luR,)  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-In- 
fcrieure.  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Havre.  It  has  a  curious  church 
of  the  eleventh  century,  and  many  pleasant  country  resi- 
dences belonging  to  wealthy  inhabitants  of  Havre.  Pop.  in 
1852.  12.794. 

G  R  AT.\I»LOPS,  grd-t3l-yops',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cat.Hlonia, 
24  miles  from  Tarragona.    Pop.  1177. 

GRATCHEVSKA,gra-chiv'.ska,a  fort  and  villageofRus.sia, 
government,  and  125  miles  N.W.  of  Astrakhan,  on  the  A'olga. 

(iR.\TELEY.  grait/lee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hant& 

GRATIANOPOUS.    See  Gresoisle. 

777 


GRA 

ORATIOT,  ^rash'f-ot,  anew  connty  in  the  S.  central  pari 
of  Michigan,  has  an  area  of  about  650  squai-e  miles.  It  is 
Intersected  by  Pine  and  Maple  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by 
Bait  and  Beaverdiini  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  and 
well  wooded.  The  soil  is  sjiid  to  be  fertile.  Capital,  Ithaca. 
Pop.  4042. 

GKATIOT,  a  post-TillaRe  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Kational  Road,  42  miles  E.  of  Columbus.  It  contains  3 
churches  and  several  nulls. 

GKATIOT.  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  co., 'NVisconsin,  on 
the  I'ekatonica  River,  28  miles  K.N.E.  of  Galena.  Pop.  of 
Gratiot  township,  1006. 

GRA'TIS,  a  post-townshij)  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
PreMeco.,Ohio.    Pop.  21.36. 
GRATITUDE,  a  post-offlee  of  Sussex  co.,  New  Jersey. 
GRATSANITZA.  grat-sl-nit'.sA,  a  town  of  Turkey,  Bos- 
nia, 14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Zvornik. 

GRATSANITZA,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  37  miles 
W.S.\V.  of  Zvornik. 
GR  ATTAN.  a  posWownship  of  Kent  co.,Miclugan.'  P.1127. 
OKAT'WICII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
GRATZ,  (Gratz.)  or  GRAETZ,  grjts,  (Slavonian,  NimfUlH- 
GV'j(Wi,ne-mJts'ke-gri-dJts',)th«  capital  city  of  Styria.and  one 
of  the  most  important  in  the  Austrian  Empire,  picturesquely 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Mur,  in  lat.  47°  4'  13"  N.,  Ion. 
15°  26'  E.  Pop.  in  1867,  including  niilitai-y,  63,176.  With 
Its  suburbs,  it  is  about  7  miles  in  circumference,  and  pretty 
well  built  having  many  good  private  and  some  fine  public 
edifices.  The  city  proper,  small  and  irregularly  laid  out.  is 
enclo.«ed  by  ramparts  and  a  glacis,  which  serve  for  the  prin- 
cipal public  walks.  The  cathedral  has  some  fine  monuments. 
Near  it  is  a  chapel  with  the  tomb  of  Ferdinand  II.,  and 
here  are  about  20  other  churches.  The  ormvict,  the  largest 
public  building  in  Gratz,  formerly  a  Jesuits'  College,  now 
serves  for  a  school  of  the  university.  The  other  principal 
buildings  are  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Styrian  dukes,  now 
the  governor's  residence,  the  Citadel,  the  Observatory,  the 
new  council-house,  built  in  1807,  the  theatre,  and  laiidhaus. 
with  a  large  collection  of  ancient  armor.  The  Johanneum. 
•'the  pride  of  Gratz  and  of  Styria,"  was  founded  by  the 
Archduke  .lohn  in  1812,  for  the  encouragement  of  the  arts 
and  manutactures  of  Styria ;  it  has  rich  museums  of  zoology, 
botany,  mineralogy,  antiquities,  and  coins,  a  chemical  labora- 
tory, a  botanic  garden,  a  library  of  15,000  volumes,  and  700 
MSS..  consisting  of  the  best  European  works,  and  open  to 
the  public,  gratuitous  courses  of  lectures,  and  a  reading- 
room  supplied  with  all  the  chief  European  journals.  The 
university,  re-opeued  in  1827,  has  a  library  of  38.500  printed 
volumes  and  7500  MSS.,  and  in  1842  it  had  2S  professors  and 
942  student*.  Gratz  has  a  gj-mnasium,  an  episcopal  academy, 
military  and  numerous  other  schools.  6  hospitals,  and  many 
other  charitable  establishments,  military  magazines,  a  jail, 
work-house,  ic,  and  a  splendid  abbey  built  by  Frederick  II. 
for  the  Capuchins,  now  serves  for  a  lunatic  asylum.  GrStz 
is  the  residence  of  the  military  commandant  for  Styria. 
Illyria,  and  the  Tyrol,  and  of  the  Prince-bishop  of  Leckau : 
and  is  the  seat  of  various  courts.  It  has  manuCictures  of 
cotton,  silk,  and  woollen  fabrics,  leather,  iron  and  steel 
wares,  rosoglio,  &c. :  a  large  trade  in  timber,  iron,  and  seeds, 
«nd  transit  trade  between  Vienna  and  Triest,  two  large 
annual  fairs,  and  a  market  well  supplied  with  most  kinds 
of  produce.  It  communiciites  by  railways  N.  with  VieUTia 
and  S.  with  Cilly,  whence  a  line  is  in  progress  (completed  in 
1854  to  Laybach)  to  connect  it  with  Triest.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  Orientalist  Von  Hammer. 

GR.^.TZ  or  GRAETZ.  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  4  miles 
8.  of  Troppau,  on  the  Mora. 

GRATZ,  GRAETZ,  or  GREDZLACK,  grltsailk,  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Posen.     Pop.  3595. 

GRATZ,  (Gratz.)  grfts,  or  QRODZISKO.  grod-zis^ko,   a 
town  of  Prussia,  province,  and  22  miles  S.W.  of  Posen.     It 
has  a  Bernardine  monastery,  and  4  annual  fairs.    I'op.  3321. 
GRATZ,  grats.  or  GR  ATZn'OWN,  a  post-village  of  Dauphin 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.  48  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 
GRATZ.  a  post-offlee  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky. 
GRATZEX.  BOHMISCn,  (Bahmlsch,)  IjO/mish  grjts'gn,  a 
town  of  ISohemia.  19  miles  S.E.  of  Budweis.    Pop.  1272. 
GR.\UBU.\'DEN.  a  canton  of  Switzerland.    See  Grisojjs. 
GRAUDENZ.  grCw'dJnts,  a   fortified    town   of  Western 
Prussia,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mnrienwerder.  on  the  Vistula, 
here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  2700  feet  in  length.     Pop. 
In  184<i,  including  military,  6800.    It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  a  strong  fortress,  a  gymnasium,  a  high  school,  a 
Lutheran  and  a  Roman  Catholic  church. 

GRAUliHET,  grO'LV,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Lavaur,  on  the  Adour.     Pop.  4125. 

GRAUN,  grOwn,  a  village  and  parish  of  Austria.  In  Tvrol. 
80  miles  3.8.W.  of  Imst,  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,'and 
more  than  4500  f.vt  above  the  sea.     l»op.  736. 

GRAUPE.N,  grOw'pen,  or  KRAUPEN,  krOw/pfn.  a  mining 
town  of  B<jheniia,  drcl-j  of  LeltmoriU,  with  the  old  castle 
Of  Iloinrichsruhe.     Pop.  14aS. 

GRA  US.  grOwce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  37  miles 
B.  of  iluuRca,  on  the  Sera.    Pop.  2400. 
GRAVE.  grtUvgh,  or  OKAAF,  grjf,  a  fortified  town  of  the 
778 


GRA 

Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  on  the  Meuse,  20 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  2486. 

GRAVE  CREEK,,  a  post-village, capital  of  Marshall  co^ 
West  Virginia,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Ohio,  12  miles  below  'VN  heeling.  Big  and  Little  Grave 
Creeks  enter  the  river  here,  leaving  an  interval  of  a  mile  in 
width,  on  which  the  villiige  is  built.  It  is  divided  into  two 
distinct  villages,  of  nearly  equal  size,  namely,  Elizabethtown 
and  Moundsville,  the  former  of  which  is  the  seat  of  justice. 
The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Grave  Creek.  The  town  con- 
tains a  classical  academy,  2  steam  flouring  mill.<<.  and  about 
1200  inhabitants.  Moundsville  derives  its  name  from  the 
Mammoth  Mound,  in  the  vicinity,  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
United  States.     Free  pop.  of  both  lillngps.  11)86. 

GRAVEDONA,  gri-vA-do'nd,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy, 

and  on  the  W.  .shoreof  the  lake.  27  miles  N.N.E.  Como.  P.  3200, 

GItAVE,  LA,  Id  griv,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 

Ilautes-Alpes,  situated  on  a  projecting  rock,  backed  by  vast 

snowy  heights,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Briangon.    Pop.  1886. 

6RAA''EL  BANK,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  railroiid  from 
Sandusky  to  Dayton,  about  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sandusky. 
GRAVE'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
GRAVELEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
GRAVEL  HILL.  New  Jersey.     See  Blairstowx. 
GRAA'EL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Buckingham  CO.,  Virginia. 
GRAVEL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  McXairy  co..  Tennessee. 
GR-WELINES,   grdv'leen',  a  strongly   fortified    .seaport 
town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the  Aa,  near  its 
mouth  in  the  English  Channel.  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Calais. 
It  stands  in  a  marshy  plain,  protected  from  the  sea  by  dunes 
or  sand-hills,  and  which  may  be  laid  wholly  under  water. 
It  h,is  an  arsenal,  milit.ary  magazines,  and  a  military  hos- 
pital.    Its  port  is  small  but  convenient,  and  freiiuented  by 
fishing  vessels.     Here,  in  1520.  Henry  VIII.  met  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.,  on  returning  to  England  after  his  interview  with 
Francis  I.    Pop.  in  1852,  5678. 

GRAVELLOXA,  grS-v^l-lo'ni,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  11 
miles  S.E.  of  Novani.     Pop.  1914. 

GRAVELLY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co.,  North 
Carolina,  120  miles  S.  of  Rjjielgh. 
GRAVELLY  LANDING,  New  Jersey.    See  Port  Repubuc. 
GRAVELLY  SPRING,  a  post-offlee  of   Lauderdale  co, 
Alabama. 

GR.WEL  PIT,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi  Railroad.  17  miles  AV.  of  Cincinnati. 

GRAVEL  PIT,  a  station  on  the  railroad  from  Cleveland 
to  Sandusky,  about  28  miles  W.  of  Cleveland. 
GR.WEL  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Bradley  co.,  Arkansas. 
GRAVEL  RUN,  a  past-office  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 
GRAVEL  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co.,  Vii-ginia. 
•GRAVEL  SWITCH,  a  st.ition  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  2:i 
miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Lonis.  Missouri. 

6RAVELTH0RPE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

GRAVENDEEL.  grS'ven-d.'ll',  a  village  of  Holl.and,  pro- 
vince of  South  Holland,  3  miles  S.  of  Dort.     Pop.  928. 
GRAVEN HAGE,  "S,  Netherlands.     See  H.\r,L'E. 
GRA'VENIIURST,  LOWER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bedford. 

GRAVENIIURST,  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bedford. 

GRAVENSTEIN,  gri'ven-stine',  or  GRAASTEEN.  er^- 
steen,  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick,  with  a  castle,  11 
miles  N.E  of  Flensborg.  Pop.  .WO. 
GRA'VENY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
GRAVES,  graivz,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at  60<J  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  MayfiekVs  Creek,  and  the  W.  branch 
of  Clark's  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  roil 
fertile.  Formed  in  182:3.  and  named  in  honor  of  Major 
Benjamin  Graves,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  the  river  Raisin. 
Capital,  Mayfield.  Pop.  16,233,  of  whom  13,388  were  free, 
and  2845  slaves. 
GRAVES,  a  post-offlee  of  Caswell  co..  North  Carolina. 
GRAVES,  a  post-offlee  of  Hempstead  co..  Arkansas. 
GRAVES  CITY,  a  small  village  of  Ornes  co..  Iventncky. 
GRAVESEND,  graivz'Jnd'.  a  municipal  borough,  rivei- 
port,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ivent.  on  the  righi 
bank  of  the  Thames,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  London.  I'op.  of 
borough,  in  1861,18,776.  The  older  part  of  the  town,  near 
the  river,  ha.s  narrow  steeets ;  the  upper  town  is  more  open, 
and  has  many  tasteful  rows  of  houses  and  detached  villas. 
The  summit  of  the  hill,  on  which  it  is  built,  is  crowned  by 
prospect  towers,  commanding  views  of  the  Thames,  and  is  a 
favorite  place  of  holiday  resort,  t!  ravesend  has  a  free  school, 
some  handsome  endowed  alms-houses,  a  bi>ttery  on  Its  E. 
side,  town-hall,  union  work-house,  a  comnioitinus  market- 
house,  custom-house,  bank,  numerous  good  liaths.  and  libi-a- 
ries,  new  terraces,  and  two  piem  on  the  river,  foiming 
agreeable  promenades,  and  several  public  gardens.  For- 
merly the  trade  consisted  in  supplying  ships  with  stores,  ves- 
sels from  London  I>eing  obliged,  until  lately,  to  clear  out 
here.  Its  more  recent  tuid  still  rapidly  increasins  pios- 
perity  dates  from  the  establishment  o»  steamlxxats,  irhich 
run  to  London  in  two  hoars,  and  during  ««unraer,  especially 


GRA 


GRE 


on  Sundays,  bring  immense  crowds  of  visitors.  Many  also 
of  tlie  weiilthier  class  of  trades-people  reside  here.  A  rail- 
way, communicating  witli  the  London  and  Greenwich  line, 
unites  with  one  which  passes  through  a  tunnel,  upwards 
of  ^  miles  in  length,  and  connects  the  town  with  Rochester, 
distant  about  7  miles.  There  is  a  ferry  across  the  Thames 
to  Tilbury  Fort.  The  town  was  burnt  by  the  French  in  the 
time  ot  Richard  II.  On  its  W.  side  are  the  garden  and  sub- 
urb of  Rosherville. 

GRAVESKXD,  a  post-township  of  King's  co..  New  York, 
bordering  on  the  Atlantic,  9  miles  S.  of  New  York.  Coney 
Island,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  township,  is  a  famous 
place  of  resort  for  sea-bathing.    Pop.  1286. 

GRAVKS'  FERRY,  a  small  village  of  Ohio  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

GRAVES'  MILLS,  posfcofRce  of  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

GRAVES'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Ken- 
tuckv. 

GRAVES'  MOUNTAIN,  a  conical  peak  iu  Lincoln  co., 
Georgia. 

GR  AVESVILLE,  graivz'vil,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co.. 
New  York,  about  80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

GHAVKZANDE,  grd-vgb-z3n'deh,  (L.  ^re/wa  ChmlUist)  a 
village  of  Holland,  8  miles  S.W.  of  the  Hague,  on  the  sand- 
downs  on  the  .sea-coast.     Pop.  1346. 

6 1{  A  VINA,  gri-vee'ni,  an  episcopal  city  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince, and  35  miles  S.W.  of  Bari,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Gravina  Itiver.  Pop.  8000.  It  has  a  cathedral,  8  other 
churihes,  several  convents,  and  a  college. 

GR.WINA,  grd-vee/ui,  a  port  of  Russian  America.  Lat. 
60°  44'  N.,  Ion.  145°  46'  W. 

GR.^Y,  gri,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Saflne. 
on  the  Sa8ne.  here  bordered  by  a  fine  quay,  2'J  miles  S.W.  of 
Vesoul.  It  has  a  communal  college,  public  library,  an  old 
palace  of  the  Dukes  of  IJurguudy,  cavalry  barracks,  a  remark- 
able water-mill,  and  an  active  trade.     Pop.  in  1862,  7151. 

GR.\Y.  a  pos^township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  50  miles 
S.S.W.  of  A  ugusta.     Pop.  1767. 

GKAY  HAWK,  a  post-office  of  Owsley  co.,  Kentucky. 

GUAY'INGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GRAY  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Titus  co.,  Texas. 

GRAYS'RUKG.  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

GRAY'S  COCNTY,  a  former  co.  of  Washington  Territory, 
Ixmndod  W.  by  the  Pacific,  now  inchidod  in  Chehalis  co. 

GRAYS  GREEK,  a  postH)fflce  of  Cumberland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

Gl!.\  YS  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa, 

GR.\YS  FL.\T,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

GR.A.YS  HARliOR,  Wasliington  Territory,  receives  the 
\Jheliiili8  River  and  communicates  with  the  ocean. 

GH.VY'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Roane  co.,  Tennessee.' 

GRAY'S  LANDING,  a  village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois. 

GRAYSON,  grA'son,  a  county  In  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, bordering  on  North  Carolina,  contains  340  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Kanawha  River.  The  Iron 
Mountain  extends  along  the  N.W.  boi'der,  and  the  Blue 
Eidge  along  the  S.K.  It  contains  iron  ore.  Organized  in 
1793,  and  named  in  honor  of  a  member  of  the  Virginia  Con- 
VpnMnn  which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitution.  Capital. 
Independence.    Pop,  8252,  of  whom  7705  were  free,  and  547 

SlllV.S. 

GRAYSON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  bordering 
on  Red  River,  which  separates  it  from  the  Indian  Territory, 
area  910  square  miles.  The  East  Fork  of  the  Trinity  River 
rises  in  tlie  county.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  .soil 
Is  very  productive.  The  county  contains  extensive  prfiiries. 
Named  in  honor  of  Peter  W.  Grayson,  a  candidate  for  the 
prtf idency  of  Texas,  Capital,  Sherman.  Pop.  8184,  of  whom 
6892  wore  free. 

GRAYSON,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  700  square  miles.  Rough  Creek 
forms  the  N.  boundary,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Bear, 
Cliffy,  and  Caney  Creeks,  affluents  of  Greene  River.  The 
BurtiiL-e  is  level  and  undulating ;  the  soil  is  moderately  fer- 
tile. Stone  coal  and  carboniferous  limestone  underlie  part 
of  the  surface.  A  great  number  of  white  sulphur  springs 
are  found  near  Litchfield,  the  county  seat.  Formed  in  1810, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  William  Grayson,  United 
Statt-s  Senator  from  Kentucky.  Pop.  7982,  of  whom  7631 
were  free,  and  351  sl.aves. 

GR.\YSON,  a  post-offlce  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas. 

GK.\YSON,  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Carter  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Little  Sandy  River,  110  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Frankfort,  is 
Mtu8';i  in  a  hilly  region  which  aljounds  in  coal  and  iron  ore. 

G<.,AYSON  COURT-HOUSE,  of  Virginia.    See  Indepbn- 

IVFr.CE. 

GRAYSON  SPRINGS,  a  postKjfflce  of  Grayson  co,  Ken- 
tttV 

GRAYSON  SULPHUR  (sul'ftir)  SPRINGS,  of  Carroll  co., 
■Virginia,  on  the  bank  of  New  Itiver,  272  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Bichuion''  Thefe  springs  are  surrounded  by  a  hilly  country, 
ren\:irkooie  tor  us  sjilubrity.  Buildings  have  been  erected 
foi  lue  entertainment  of  vi.Mtors. 

ORAYSOUTHEN,  sjrA-suTU'fm,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumberland 


GRAYS'PORT,  a  small  post-village  of  Yallobujha  oc. 
Mississippi. 

GRAY'S  THUR/ROCK,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng. 
land,  CO.  of  Essex,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Thames,  3  milea 
N.W.  of  Gravesend.  Pop.  in  1851,  1713.  The  town  has  a 
wooden  pier  at  which  steamers  stop,  and  large  brick-work» 

GRAY'S  VAI/LEY,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn. 

GRAYS/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York. 

GRAYSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  loo  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

GRAYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Todd  CO.,  Kentucky,  194 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

GRAYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Monroe  oo.,  Ohio,  about 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Woodsfield. 

GRAYS/VILLK  or  GRAY'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  White 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Waba.sh  River,  150  miles  S.E.  of  Springs 
field.  It  has  an  active  trade,  and  is  improving  rapidly.  A 
plank-road.  10  miles  long,  connects  it  with  Albion.  The 
village  contains  3  churches,  and  3  steam  mills.     Pop.  794. 

GRAZALE.MA,  gri-thd-lA'mi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  48  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cadiz.  Pop.  5000.  It  stands  on  a 
steep  rock  in  the  Sierra  of  the  same  name. 

GRE.\N,  green,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

GREAS'BOROUGH,  a  ohapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

GREAS'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  7  miles  N.W 
of  Nottingham.  Here  are  ruins  of  the  ancient  castle  of  the 
Cantilnpes,  and  of  Beauvale  Priory,  founded  In  the  reign  of 
Edward  III. 

GREASY  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Floyd  co.,  Virginia. 

GREASY  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Tennessee. 

GRKAT  and  LITTLK  TOMBS,  two  sm.oll  islands  in  the 
Persian  Gulf,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Kishm,  the  larger  being 
4  or  5  miles  in  circumference.  Near  it,  Nearchus  is  sup- 
posed to  have  anchored  the  fleet  of  Alexander. 

GREATA,  a  river  of  England.     See  Gkkt.\. 

GREAT  AUOIinviCK  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters 
the  Juniata  River  in  Huntingdon  county. 

GRE.Vr  BARRIKR  ISLAND.     See  Otea. 

GREAT  BARRINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Housatonic  River  and 
Railroad,  about  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield.  The  village 
is  pleasantly  jiituated  in  the  midst  of  picturesque  scenery, 
and  contains  4  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  an  academy, 
and  a  bank.  There  are  also  1  blast-furnace,  1  paper-mill,  1 
woollen-factory,  and  a  cotton-warp-factory.  The  township 
contains  beds  of  iron-ore  and  quarries  of  variegated  marble. 
Great  Barrington  possesses  superior  natural  advantages, 
and  its  manufacturing  interests  are  very  prosperous.  Pop. 
of  the  township.  3871. 

GREAT  BASIN  or  FREMONT  BASIN,  a  remarkable  tract 
or  region  situated  in  the  W.  part  of  Utah  Territory,  between 
the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Wahsatch  Mountains.  It  is 
above  5U0  miles  in  extent  from  E.  to  W.,  and  350  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  is  bounded  on  every  side  by  high  hills  or  mountains. 
Only  a  part  of  it  has  been  thoroughly  explored ;  it  is,  how- 
ever, known  to  contain  a  number  of  lakes  and  rivers,  none 
of  whose  waters  ever  reach  the  ocean,  being  probably  taken 
up  by  evaporation,  or  lost  in  the  sjvnd  of  the  more  arid  dis- 
tricts. As  tar  as  known,  the  lakes  are  all  salt  except  Utah 
Lake.    See  Gke.\t  S.vlt  L.\ke. 

GREAT  BEAR  LAKE.    See  Be.\r  Lake,  Gre.\t. 

ORE.iT  BEND,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York, 
on  Black  River,  about  160  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  It  has  a 
bridge  over  the  river,  and  several  mills. 

GRE.\T  BEND,  a  prettily  situated  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylvania,  the  village  on  both 
sides  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  on  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad,  48  miles  N.  of  Scranton.  The  I>ackawanna 
and  Western  Railroad  connects  this  point  with  the  coal 
mines  of  Luzerne  county.  It  i.s  an  important  station  on  the 
railroad,  and  has  an  active  business.     Pop.  1096. 

GREAT  BEND,  a  postK)fflce  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

GREAT  BRIDGE,  a  postrvUlage  of  Norfolk  co.,  Virginia, 
80  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond. 

GREAT  BRITAIN,  brit/fn,  (Fr.  Grande.  Brelagne,  grSxcl 
breh-tdH';  It.  Gran  Brettagna,  grdn  br^t-tdn'ya;  Sp.  Gran 
Bretaiia,  grdn  bri-tdn'yd;  Ger.  Groxs  Britannien,  groce  bre- 
t3n'ne-en;  anc.  AVbion,  afterwards  Brikin/nia  or  Britanlnia 
Ma'jor — major,  i.  e.  "  greater,"  being  added  in  order  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Brittany,  which  was  also  sometimes  called 
Britajinia  or  Britannia  Minor,  i.  t.  "  Lesser  Britain,")  the 
largest  island  of  Europe,  containing  the  countries  of  Eng- 
land, Wales,  and  Scotland.  Lizard  Point,  its  southern  ex- 
tremity, is  in  lat.  49°  57'  30"  N.,  Dunnet  Head,  in  Caithness, 
the  most  N.  point,  in  lat.  58°  40'  24"  N.  The  most  E.  point 
is  Lowestoft,  on  the  coast  of  Norfolk,  1°  46'  E.  Ion.  The  most 
W.  Airdnamui'chan  Point,  in  the  N.  part  of  Argyleshire, 
Scotland,  is  in  6°  13'  W.  Ion.  The  distance  from  Lizard 
Point  to  Dunnet  Head  is  about  608  miles.  The  greatest 
breadth  of  the  island,  from  Land's  End  to  the  m<jst  eastern 
part  of  Kent,  is  about  311  miles.  Area,  87,903  square  miles. 
The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1851.  is  20.816,35L 
Great  Britain  contains,  la  ail,  84  counties,  of  which  40  belong 

779 


GRE 

to  Kngland,*  12  to  ■VTales.f  and  32  to  Scotland-J  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  form  together  what  is  termed  the 
United  Kingdom,  of  which  London  is  the  capital.  The  le- 
gislative power  is  vested  in  the  Parliament,  consisting  of  the 
King,  the  House  of  Lords,  and  the  House  of  Commons.     For 

further  particulars,  see  British  Empire. Adj.  Brit'ish; 

luhab.  Ukit'o.v. 

GKK.\T  BUTTE  DES  MORTS,  (tute-di-moR.)  a  lake  in 
Winnebago  co.,  Wiscon.sin,  an  expansion  of  the  Xeenah 
Kiver.  about  .3^  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  wide.  The 
name  i.<-  derived  from  mounds  in  the  vicinity,  cJiUed  bultrs 
d^s  mirrta,  or  ''hills  of  the  dead."  on  account  of  their  contain- 
ing, a.s  it  is  said,  the  bones  of  Indians  slain  in  battle. 

GRK.VT  C.\i»T.\IX'S  ISLANDS,  three  in  number,  are  in 
Long  Island  Sound,  S.  of  Greenwich,  Connecticut.  On  the 
westernmost  is  a  fixed  light. 

GUKAT  CROSS'IXGS.  a  postrvlllage  of  Scott  co..  Kentucky, 
on  North  Elkhorn  River,  13  miles  E.  of  .Frankfort,  has  1 
church,  and  over  100  inhabitants. 

GRKAT  EGG  HARBOR,  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  S.E. 
coast  of  New  Jersey,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name.    I^en jth.  5  miles ;  breadth,  from  i  to  4  miles. 

GREAT  EGG  HARBOR  RIVER,  of  New  Jersey,  rises  in 
Camden  county,  flows  S.E.  through  Atlantic  county,  and  en- 
ters Great  Egg"  Harbor  Riy.  The  whole  length  is  estimated 
at  about  60  miles.  It  drains  a  level  and  sandy  tract,  covered 
with  pinefurests.and  is  navigable  bv  sloops  to  May's  Landing. 

GRKAT  E'QUIXUNK'  CREEK,  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, tlows  into  the  Delaware  River. 

GREAT  FALLS,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Strafford  CO., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Salmon  River,  which  here  affords 
great  water-power,  34  miles  E.  of  Concord.  The  vilLige  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Great  Falls  and  Conway 
Railroad,  with  a  branch  3  miles  long  connecting  the  village 
with  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad.  It  contains 6  church- 
es. 2  banks,  a  savings  bank,  a  town-hall,  a  higli-scliool,  7 
cotton-mills,  and  about  40  stores.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Great 
Falls  Manufacturing  Company,  whose  mills  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cottons  of  various  kinds  are  said  to  be  the  most 
extencive  in  the  state.     Pop.  iibout  4.50<1. 

GREAT  FISH  BAY,  South-western  Africa,  Is  an  inlet  of 
the  Atlantic.    Lat.  lff>  30'  2"  S.,  Ion.  11°  47'  E. 

GREAT  FISH  RIVER,  a  considerable  river  of  Southern 
Africa,  Cape  Colony,  rises  in  the  Sneeuwbergen,  (Snowy 
Mountains,)  flows  tortuously  S.S.E.  through  the  districts  of 
Somerset,  Albany.  Ac,  and  enters  the  Indian  Ocean  near  lat. 
33°  25'  3.,  Ion.  '27°  E..  after  a  S.E.  course  estimated  at  2:50 
miles.  Its  affluents  are  the  Graak,  Tarka.  and  Little  Fish 
Rivers.  A  bar  at  its  mouth  renders  it  inaccessible  except 
by  boats. 

GREAT  FISH  RIVER,  or  THEW-EE-CHOH,  a  river  of 
British  North  America,  rises  in  Sussex  Lake,  on  the  N.E. 
side  of  the  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  after  a  tortuous  N.E. 
course,  enters  an  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  in  lat.  67°  7'  31" 
N..  Ion.  94°  39'  45"  W. 

GREAT'FORD,  or  GRET/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

GREAT'HAM,  a  parish  of  Engl.-md.  co.  of  Durham,  6^ 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Stockton-on-Tees,  on  the  railway  thence  to 
Hartford.  The  hospital  of ''God  in  Greatham."  founded  and 
endowed  with  the  manor  by  a  bishop  of  Durham,  in  1272. 
now  supports  a  master,  chaplain,  and  13  brethren.  It  has 
Terv  handsome  buildings  and  grounds  beautifully  laid  out. 

ORKATllAM.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

GRE.\T1IAM.  a  parish  of  En'.;land.  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

GRE.*T  HAM'LET.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

GRKAT  ISL.A.ND.  the  largest  of  the  Furneaux  Island.s,  in 
Bass'  Strait,  between  Australia  and  Van  Diemen's  Land.  Its 
Length,  fioni  N.to  S.,  40  miles;  bivadth,  12  miles. 

GRK.^T  ISLAND,  the  larirest  island  in  Cork  Harbor,  Ire- 
land. Length.  4J  miles :  breadth,  3  miles.  Pop.  10.681.  It 
has  a  fertile  soil,  beautiful  scenery,  and  many  handsome 
villas. 

GRE.A^T  ISLAND,  an  islet  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.,and 
3  miles  N.E.  of  Wexford,  on  the  N.  side  of  Wexford  Harbor. 

GRKAT  ISLAND,  at  the  entrance  of  Portsmouth  Harbor. 
New  Hampshire,  near  the  S.W.  side.  On  its  E.  point  is  a 
fixed  light.,  90  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  43°  3'  30" 
N.,  Ion.  70°  43' W. 


*  Bedford,  Berks,  Backs  (or  Buckinghamshire,)  Cambridge, 
Chester  (or  Cheshire.)  Cornwall,  Cumberland,  Dcrbv,  Devon, 
Dorset.  Durham,  Essex,  Gloucester,  Hunts  (or  llampshi're,)  Here- 
ford, Hertford,  Huntingdon,  Kent,  Lancaster,  (or  Lancashire.) 
Leicester,  Lincoln,  Middlesex,  Monmouth,  Norfolk,  Northamp- 
ton, Nortbumbcrhind,  Nottingham,  Oxford,  Rutland,  Salop  (or 
Shropshire.)  Somerset,  Stafford,  Suffolk,  Surrey,  Sussex,  War- 
wick, Westmoreland,  Wilts,  Worcester,  and  York. 

t  Anglesey.  Brecon  (or  Brecknockshire.)  Cardigan.  Caermnr- 
Ihen,  Caernarvon.  Denbigh.  Flint,  Ulamorgao,  Merioneth,  Mont- 
gomery, Pembroke,  and  Buduor. 

{  Aberdeen,  Argyle  (or  Argyll.)  Avr,  Banff,  Berwick,  Bute, 
Caithni-s.i.  Clackmannan.  I)umh.irton,  Dumfries.  Edinburgh,  El- 
fin (or  Mor.iy.)  Fife,  Forfar,  llnddington,  Inverness,  Kincardine, 
Kinroiis.  Kirkcudbright.  L.^nark.  Linlithgow,  Nairn,  Orkney, 
and  Shetland.  Peebles,  Perth,  Renfrew,  Ross  and  Cromarty  Box- 
borgh,  Bolkirk,  Stirliag,  SuthtrUod,  and  Wigtown. 
180 


GRE 

GREAT  KANAWHA,  (kj-naw'wa,)  (called  NEW  RIVER 
in  the  upper  part  of  its  course.)  a'river  of  North  Carolina 
and  Virginia,  has  its  sources  in  Ashe  county  of  the  for- 
mer stiite,  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Iron  .Moun- 
tain. Flowing  N.E.,  it  enters  Virginia,  and  breaks  through 
the  Iron  Mountain  on  the  N.  torder  of  Grayson  county. 
-■Vfter  crossing  Pulaski  county,  it  assumes  a  N.W.  course,  and 
traverses  several  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  chain,  known  by 
the  local  names  of  Walkei-'s.  Peter's,  and  Greenbrier  MouD 
tains.  Below  the  pjissage  of  the  latter  ridge,  the  river  tiowii 
through  Fayette  county  to  the  mouth  of  Gauley  River, 
which  enters  it  from  the  right.  The  Kanawha  here  attains 
a  width  of  500  yards,  and  takes  the  name  of  the  Gre.nt  Ka- 
nawha. The  fells,  which  occur  about  two  miles  l)elow  the 
junction,  are  somewhat  remarkable  for  picturesque  beauty, 
and  form  the  limit  of  navigation.  The  whole  stream  is  pre- 
cipitated over  a  ledge  of  rocks  22  feet  in  height.  Coritinu- 
ing  a  N.W.  course,  the  river  flows  through  a  hilly  region 
abounding  in  salt  springs  and  stone  coal,  pa.sses  by  Charles- 
ton, and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Point  Ple;isant.  Above  the 
mouth  of  Gauley  River,  it  bears  the  local  name  of  New 
River.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  400  miles,  and  the 
area  drained,  including  its  affluents,  according  to  Darby,  is 
10,800  square  miles.  It  is  navigated  by  st«aml)oats  iu  all 
stages  of  water,  from  its  mouth  to  the  tJsdls  at  Gauley  Bridge, 
a  distance  of  more  than  100  miles. 

GREAT  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  co.,  Marvland. 

GREAT  OGEECHEE  RIVER.     See  Oqeechke. 

GREAT  OHOOPEE  RIVER.     See  Ouoopee. 

GREAT  (or  SAN'DY)  POINT,  the  N.  extremity  of  Nan- 
tucket  Island,  Ma.ssachusetts.  It  contains  a  fixed  light  70 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  23'  20"  N.,  Ion. 
70°  3'  W. 

GRE.\T  POND,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co..  Maine. 

GREAT  SALT  LAKE,  Utah  Territory,  is  situated  on  the 
margin  of  the  Great  Ikisin,  more  than  500  miles  from  the 
Pacific;  being  Intersected  by  the  41st  parallel  of  N.  latitude, 
and  between  the  112th  and  113th  meridians  of  W.  lontritude. 
Length,  alxiut  70  miles :  breadth,  about  30  uiiles.  The  sui- 
fece  of  this  lake  is  4'200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Its 
waters  are  a  saturated  solution  of  common  salt.  Utah  Lake, 
di.'stant  SS  miles  in  a  S.E.  direction,  is  connected  with  the 
Great  Salt  Liike  by  the  Utah  or  Jordan  River.  The  waters 
of  this  lake  are  fresh. 

GREAT  SALT  LAKE,  city  and  county.    See  S.alt  L\kk. 

(iREAT  SLAVE  LAKE.  (Vr.  Luc  tie  LEsclui-e,  lak  deh  1^\. 
kliv',  "Lake  of  the  Slave.")  an  extensive  lake  of  British 
North  .\morica.  situated  between  lat.  60°  40'  and  (>i'  N.,  and 
Ion.  109°  30'  and  117°  30'  W.  The  shape  is  very  irregular, 
Length  from  E.  to  W.,  300  miles ;  greatest  breadth.  50  miles. 
The' shores,  ou  its  X.  side  especially,  aie  precipitous  and 
rugged,  and  it  contains  many  rooky  and  wooded  islands. 
It  receives  from  the  N.E.  the  surplus  waters  of  Aylmer  and 
Artillery  Liikes.  and  from  the  S.  those  of  Lake  Athal>a.sca 
by  the  Slave  River;  it  dischai-ges  its  own.  by  the  Mackenzie 
River  into  the  Arctic  Oce.iu.  It  is  wholly  frozen  over  foi 
six  months  of  the  vear. 

GREAT  SLAVE  RIVER,  of  British  North  America,  formed 
by  the  Peace  River,  after  it  is  joined  by  Stony  River  from 
Liike  Athabasca.  It  enters  Great,  Slave  Lsiko  on  its  S.  side, 
by  two  mouths,  ne.ar  Fort  Resolution.  Total  courjse.  300 
miles.  The  shores,  in  many  parts,  are  well  wooded.  In  ita 
upper  part  it  is  interruptt-d  by  rapids  aud  falls;  its  lower 
course  is  thromrh  an  alluvi.al  region. 

GREAT  SOUTH  BAY.  New  York,  on  the  S.  side  of  Long 
Island,  is  about  50  miles  long,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  5 
miles  wide.  It  is  partly  sepamted  from  the  ocean  by  Great 
.South  Beach,  which  is  between  30  and  40  miles  long,  having 
Fii'e  Island  Liirht-house  on  its  W.  end. 

GRE.\T  VALLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Catta- 
raugus CO.,  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  a  creek  of  the  .=ame 
name  with  the  Alleghany  River,  where  the  former  is  cros.sed 
by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  49  miles  S.  E.  of  Dun- 
kirk. "I'he  Indian  Reserve,  in  which  the  village  is  situated, 
is  about  30  miles  long  and  1  mile  wide,  lying  ou  lioth  sides 
of  the  Alleghany  River,  The  reserve  belongs  to  the  Seneca 
Indians,  of  whom  there  are  about  7(X).  The  nailroad  passe* 
through  it  for  about  12  miles.    Pop.  15'25. 

G  R  EAT  W A  LL.    See  Chl^a,  page  445,  Bistnry. 

GRE.\T  W  KSTKl'.N.  a  post-villaire  of  Armstrong  co..  Penn- 
sylvani.1,  on  the  Alleghany  River,  about  212  miles  W.N.W, 
of  Harrisburg,  is  the  sesit  of  extensive  iron-works.  The 
name  of  the  post-ofliee  is  Brady's  Bend. 

GREAT  WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  CO.,  M.-iioe, 
on  the  Penobscot  River,  about  SO  miles  E.  of  .\ugusta. 

G  UEAT'WORTH.  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.of  Northampton. 

GREBE,  grAeh.  or  GRIFT, grift, a  small  river  of  Holland, 
falling  into  the  lUiiiie  '1  miles  E.  of  lUienen. 

(iREBENSTEIN,  grilrt>?u-RtIne\  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Hi'sse-Cassel.  province  of  Nieder-Hes.=en,  on  the  railwa.N  from 
Eisenach  to  K.irlshafen.  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cassel.  Pop, 
■2455.    It  has  an  .active  linen  trade. 

G K ECI A  or  O K EC E.     See  G R tE<K. 

GREDING,  grA'ding,  a  bmall  town  of  Bavaria,  ol  mile« 
S.S.E.  of  Nuremberg.    Pop.  1075. 


GRE 


GRE 


GREECE,  gr&8,  (Or.  'EXXaj.  Hellas;  L.  Gra^cia  ;  Fr.  Grice, 
grAs  or  c:r5s;  Sp.  Oreci'd,  frri'the-3;  It.  Grecia,  griV'che-d; 
uer.  Cr?-jec7(C»Z(mt<,  gree'Ken-linr;  Arab,  and  Turk.  Noom.)a. 
kingdom  in  the  S.E.  of  Europe,  between  Lit.  3<j°  23'  and  S9° 
13'  X..  Ion.  20'^  45' and  20°  E..  separated  from  Turkey  on  the 
N.  by  an  irregular  line  whirh  stretehos  between  the  Gulf  of 
Art<i,  on  the  W..  and  the  Gulf  of  Volo  on  the  E.,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Mount  Othrys;  and  bounded  on  all  other  .xides  by 
the  .sea — the  Ionian  Sea  on  the  W..  the  Mediterranean  proper 
on  the  S..  and  the  /Egean  Sea  on  the  E.  It  consists  partly  of 
mainland,  and  partly  of  islands.  The  mainland  forms  two 
peninsulas,  united  only  by  the  naiTOW  Isthmus  of  Corinth, 
one  calltd  Northern  Greece  or  Liviidia;  and  the  other  the 
I'eloponuesus  or  Jlorea.  The  islands  are  chiefly  on  the  K. 
and  S.E.  15y  far  the  largest  is  EulxBa  or  Negropont,  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  of  Livadia  by  the  narrow  channel 
of  Euiipus.  The otherislands  form  three  principal  groups : — 
The  North  Sporades,  on  the  N.E.  of  Negropont,  including 
Skiatho  (Sciathus.)  Kilidromi  (Ilalonnesus.)  Skopelo  (Scope- 
los.)  andSkyros(Scyros:)  the  We.st  Sporades,  chiefly  in  the 
Gulf  of  ^Tilgina,  or  between  it  and  the  Gulf  of  N'auplia,  in- 
clyding  Hydra  (Hydrea,)  SpezzLa,  I'oros.  /Egina  or  Egiua, 
and  SalamisorKolourl ;  and  the  whole  of  the  Cyclades,  with 
the  exception  of  Scio,  Samos,  I^esbos.  and  some  i.slands  on 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  which  still  belong  to  Turkey.  The 
Cyclades  are  divided  into  three  groups — a  N.,  a  middle,  and 
a  W.  group.  The  N.  group  includes  Andro  (Andros.)  Tino 
(Tenos.)  Miconi  (Myeonus,)  Syi-a  (Syros.)  Thermia  (Cythnos.) 
Zea  (Ceos.)  and  Serpho  (Seriphos;)  the  middle — Naxia 
(Naxos.)  I'aro  (Pares,)  Nio  (los,)  Sikino  (Sicinos,)  I'olican- 
dro  (Pholegandrqp,)  Milo  (Melos,)  Argentiera  (Cimolos,)  and 
Siphanto  (Siphnos;)  and  the  S. — Amorgo,  Stampalia  {.\sty- 
palasa.)  Anaphi  (Anaphe,)  and  Santorini(Thera.)  Area  esti- 
mated at  1S,5(10  square  miles.     Pop.  in  1801,  1,096,810. 

Phrisical  FeMurrs. — On  looking  at  the  map  of  Greece,  the 
first  thing  which  strikes  the  eye  is  the  comparatively  vast 
extent  of  its  coast  line,  formed  by  numerous  gulfs,  which 
penetrate  into  it  in  all  directions,  and  give  it  a  remarkably 
broken  and  ragged  appearance.  Proceeding  round  the  coast, 
from  the  ^'.^V.  to  the  X.E.,  we  are  presented  in  succession 
■with  the  Gulfs  of  Arta,  Patras,  continued  inland  by  that  of 
Corinth,  Arcadia,  Koron,  Kolokythia  or  Marathon,  Xaupli.a, 
.35gina,  Zeitoun  or  Lamia,  and  the  channels  of  Talanti  and 
irich'.'ri.  Another  remarkable  feature  is  the  mountain- 
ous character  of  the  interior.  The  range  of  the  Pindus, 
which  in  the  N.  is  linked  to  the  Dinaric  Alps,  proceeds  S., 
and.  on  reaching  the  X.  frontiers  of  Greece,  divides  into  nu- 
meroi's  minor  chains,  which,  with  their  ramifiaitions,  ex- 
tend over  the  whole  length  and  breadth  of  the  country,  and 
cover  the  far  greater  part  of  its  surface,  leaving  little  inter- 
mediate space  for  valleys  and  plains.  The  principal  branch, 
Btretcliiug  E.  and  W.  along  the  X.  frontier,  attains,  in  Velu- 
chi,  near  the  sources  of  the  EUada,  and  in  Cheledonia,  near 
Karpenitza.  heights  varying  from  7000  to  8000  feet.  Farther 
E.,  in  the  chain  of  (Eta,  is  Mount  Guiona,  8240  feet,  the  cul- 
minating point  of  Greece.  Another  branch,  stretching  in 
an  E.S.E.  direction  towards  Attica,  forms  the  celebrated 
range  of  Parnassus,  which,  in  Liakhura.  its  loftiest  summit, 
exceeds  80U0  feet.  Other  summits,  continued  in  the  same 
direction,  though  more  distinguished  for  their  classic  cele- 
brity than  their  elevation,  attain,  in  Cithferon,  Parnes,  Pen- 
telicus,  and  llymettus,  the  respective  heights  of  4030.  4040, 
3640,  and  3oV0  feet.  Another  range,  to  the  N.  of  the  former, 
and  nearly  parallel  to  it,  sti-otehes  longitudinally  through 
the  island  of  Eubcea,  and  in  the  Delphi  Mountains,  not  far 
from  the  X.E.  coast  attains  the  height  of  5400  feet.  Several 
other  summits  of  this  range  exceed  300O  feet.  Quitting 
North  Greece,  a  branch  from  Mount  Cithieron  proceeds 
across  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth  into  the  Morea,and  stretches 
over  it  in  all  directions.  Many  of  the  summits  exceed  5000 
feet:  and  Taygetus,  W.  of  ancient  Sparta,  forming  part  of  the 
range  which  extends  S.  to  the  extremity  of  the  More:i.  at- 
tains in  its  culminating  point,  Makryno  or  St.  Elias,  7829 
feet. 

The  rock  most  largely  developed  in  the  mountains  of 
Greece  is  limestone,  where  it  often  assumes  the  form  of  the 
finest  marble,  and  has  been  extensively  used  both  for  build- 
ings and  statuary.  To  the  E.  of  Attica,  mica  slate  occurs  in 
connection  with  the  limestone :  and  is  also  seen  in  the  moun- 
tains, both  of  the  S.E.  and  X.W.  of  the  Morea.  Granite  and 
fneiss  are  found  only  in  the  N.,  in  the  E.  r.amifications  of 
he  Piudus.  Tertiary  formations  prevail  in  the  N.E.  of  the 
Morea:  and  in  the  N.W..  along  the  .shores  of  Elis,  are  con- 
siderable traits  of  alluvium.  Volcanic  rocks  are  not  seen  on 
the  mainland,  but  form  considerable  masses  in  some  of  tlie 
Islands;  one  of  which,  Santorini,  is  indeed  only  a  recently- 
v»xtinct  volcano.  In  addition  to  marble  and  limestone, 
already  mentioned,  the  minerals  include  traces  of  gold,  ar- 
gentiferous lead,  copper,  lignite,  sulphur,  saltpetre,  alum. 
asbestos,  millstones,  whetstones,  serpentine,  fullers'  and 
porcelain  earth. 

Hirers.  t£c. — Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  surface,  the  rivers 
are  more  remarkable  for  their  number  than  for  their  import- 
ai«e.  The  largest  is  the  Aspropotamo,  (anc.  Ac/teMus.) 
which,  rising  in  Albania,  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Pindus,  en- 


ters Greece  in  lat.  39°  9'  X..  and  falls  into  the  Ionian  Sea  oppo- 
site to  the  isle  of  Ithaca.  The  others  deserving  of  notice- 
not  so  much  on  account  of  their  importance  as  of  the  interest- 
ing as.sociations  connected  w  ith  them— are  the  Ilellada  or  Sper- 
chius,  the  Gavrioz  or  IJoeotian  Cephissus.  the  Cephissus  of 
Attica,  the  llissus,  all,  likewi.se.  in  North  Greece;  and  the 
Ronphia  or  Alpheus,  and  the  Eurotas,  in  the  Morea.  The 
principal  lakes  are.  in  North  Greece,  the  Topolias  or  Copais, 
Vrachori.  Ambrakia,  and  Ozeros;  and  in  the  Morea,  the 
lagoons  of  Agolinitza,  Kaiapha,  and  Muria,  fiimous  for  their 
tisheries. 

Climate. — This  Is  mild,  but  vari:ible.  In  general,  the  first 
snow  falls  in  October,  and  the  last  in  April.  In  the  lower 
grounds  it  often  becomes  six  inches  deep,  but  melts  quickly 
away;  and  winter,  properly  so  called,  cannot  be  considered 
as  lasting  beyond  two  months.  Summer  is  extremely  warm. 
The  thermometer  often  rises  above  100°;  and  tlie  heat  would 
become  .almost  insupportible,  were  it  not  greatly  modified  by 
breezes  from  the  sea.  The  air  is  then  reniaikably  clear, 
and  a  month  will  sometimes  pass  away  without  a  cloud 
being  seen.  Rains  become  frequent  and  cfjpious  towards  the 
end  of  harve.st:  and  the  streams,  which  had  l)een  diied  up, 
not  only  fill  their  ch.innels,  but  freiiuently  overflow  them, 
and  lay  considerable  tracts  under  water.  In  this  way,  .stag- 
nant pools  and  marshes  are  occasionally  formed  :  and.  as  the 
heat  increases,  the  va]X)rs  arising  from  them  become  almost 
pestilential,  and  intermittent  fevers  prevail.  Even  the 
plague  h;is  sometimes  made  its  appearance;  but.  on  the 
whole,  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  few  countries  in  the 
world 'can  boast  of  a  climate  better  adapted  for  the  vigorous 
development  both  of  animal  and  vegetable  life. 

Vegelatinn,  Agriculture.,  dv. — Beyond  the  height  of  5500 
feet,  vegetation  is  almost  confined  to  wild  alpine  plants. 
Below  this  height,  magnificent  forests,  principally  of  pine, 
with  a  considerable  mixture  of  hard  wood,  including  oak, 
clothe  the  sides  and  summits  of  the  mountains.  Still  lower 
down,  both  the  chestnut  and  walnut  are  fre<iuently  met 
with :  but  it  is  not  till  we  descend  to  a  height  not  exceed- 
ing 1500  feet,  that  the  full  force  of  vegetation  is  displayed. 
The  extensive  zone  reaching  fi-om  this  height  to  the  level 
of  the  sea  constitutes  the  proper  agricultural  range,  and  ex- 
hibits as  great  a  variety  of  valuable  cultivated  trees,  shrubs, 
and  plants  as  is  to  be  found  within  the  same  limits  on  aiiy 
other  portion  of  the  earth'.s  surface.  All  the  fruits  of  the 
latitude — fig.s,  almonds,  dates, oranges,  citrons,  melons,  &c. — 
are  grown  in  abundance,  and  of  excellent  quality.  The 
vine  al.so  grows  vigorously.  Another  article,  the  rearing  of 
which  attracts  considerable  attention  is  the  currant.  Both 
the  soil  and  the  climate  are  alike  favorable  to  the  culture 
of  the  olive;  and  amid  all  the  changes  to  which  the  country 
has  been  subjected,  the  favor  with  which  it  was  regarded  in 
the  earliest  times  has  never  been  withdrawn,  but  still  con- 
tinues unabated.  The  culture  of  the  mulberrj-.  for  the  pro- 
duction of  silk,  has  recently  been  greatly  extended,  and 
already  promises  important  results. 

Owing  to  the  mountainous  nature  of  the  counti-y.  the  ara- 
ble land  is  of  limited  extent,  and  much  of  the  .soil  is  of  a 
thin,  and  by  no  means  fertile  nature.  Even  under  a  proper 
system  of  agriculture,  the  produce,  in  such  circumstances, 
could  not  be  abundant;  and  hence  it  is  ea.sy  to  understand 
how,  under  a  system  so  antiquated,  that  the  plough  in  u.se 
differs  in  no  respect  from  that  which  Ilesiod  descrilied  .3000 
years  ago,  the  grain  raised  barely  suflices  for  two-thirds  of 
the  consumption.  The  principal  crops  are  wheat,  barley,  and 
maize.  The  domestic  animals  are  neither  numerous  nor  of 
good  breeds.  As.ses  are  almost  the  only  beasts  of  burden 
employed ;  and  the  only  animals  fi-om  which  d:iiiy  produce 
is  obtained  are  the  sheep  and  the  goat. 

M.mitfactures  and  Commerce. — Manufactures  are  extremely 
limited,  and  are  chiefly  confined  to  clothing  and  other  arti- 
cles of  domestic  use,  which  can  be  prepared  at  home  by  the 
females,  or  at  spare  hours  by  the  males.  In  some  of  the 
large  towns,  however,  the  weaving  of  woollen,  cotton,  and 
silk  tissues,  forms  the  regular  employment  of  mrtny  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  to  them  may  be  added  embroidery  in  gold, 
.silver,  silk,  and  cotton;  earthenware,  leather,  harness,  cut- 
lery, and  firearms.  But  unquestionably  the  most  in)portant 
branch  of  manufacturing  industry  is  shipbuilding,  which  is 
carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  on  various  points  of  the 
coast  and  on  many  of  the  islands.  Some  of  the  vessels  con- 
stru<:ted  are  from  600  to  700  tons  register,  a  much  larger 
number  between  300  and  400  tons,  but  the  great  majority 
are  mere  boat«  of  from  6  to  7  tons.  The  whole  have  been 
roughly  estimated  at  4000  vessels,  measuring  150,000  tons, 
and  employing  30.000  seamen. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  Greece  is  extensive,  having  ad- 
vanced with  wonderful  rapidity  since  the  independence  of 
the  country  was  established.  It  consists  of  three  principal 
branches — the  corn  trade  of  the  Black  Sea  and  Alexandria, 
carried  on  on  an  extensive  scale  wherever  open  markets  can 
be  found,  but  chiefly  with  Turkey,  Italy.  Spain.  France,  and 
England ;  the  export  trade  of  the  countries  bordering  the 
Levant,  principally  to  London,  Trie.st.  and  Marseilles;  and 
the  import  of  the  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures  of  En^ 
land  and  Germany,  into  Greece,  Turkey,  and  Persia.    In 

781 


GRE 


GRB 


egstA  to  the  Ust  branch,  the  peculiar  advantages  which  the 
rfreeks  possess,  in  their  knowledge  of  the  language,  and  ae- 
juaintance  with  the  habits  and  wants  of  the  people  of  these 
countrii'S,  have  given  them  almost  a  complete  monopoly. 
Even  the  English,  who  have  long  tried  to  compete  with 
them,  have  b^un  to  find  it  hopeless.  The  trade  with  the 
United  States  is  considerable,  and  increasing;  924  vessels 
sailed  for  that  country  In  1852.  In  1851,  534  Greek  vessels, 
(tons  112,438.)  having  as  cargoes  162.963  quarters  of  wheat, 
312,835  of  Indian  corn,  5232  of  Ijarley,  927  of  rapesced  17,616 
hundred-weights  of  tallow,  and  423,799  pieces  of  staves, 
miled  down  the  Danut*  from  the  two  ports  of  Oalatz  and 
Brahilov,  (Ibnihil.)  The  principal  exports  of  Greece  are 
^aloni.i,  oil,  emery  stone,  silk,  dried  figs,  currants,  raisins, 
honey,  wax,  madder,  Ac  The  imports,  cotton,  woollen,  and 
silk  goods;  colonial  produce,  indigo  and  other  dyes,  iron 
and  other  metals,  hardware,  earthenware,  corn,  &c. 

Government  and  P.nplf.. — The  government  is  a  hereditary 
monarchy,  established,  in  the  line  of  Prince  Otho  of  Bava- 
ria, under  the  express  condition  that  the  crown  can  never 
be  united  with  that  of  Bavaria,  or  with  any  other.  As  first 
drawn  up  by  the  allied  powers,  the  monarchy  was  nearly 
absolute;  but,  in  1844.  important  modifications  were  made, 
and  a  constitution  gr.auted.  By  it,  the  executive  power  be- 
longs solely  to  the  king ;  the  legislative  body  jointly  to  the 
king,  a  senate,  and  a  representative  chamlier.  The  Greek 
Church  alone  is  establi.shed.  and  is  governed  by  10  bishops, 
but  all  other  forms  of  religion  enjoy  toleration.  Justice  is 
administered,  on  the  basis  of  the  French  civil  code,  by  a 
supreme  court,  which  has  its  seat  at  Athens;  twd  royal 
courts,  one  at  Athens,  and  another  at  Nauplia ;  10  courts  of 
primaiy  resort,  one  in  e;»ch  of  the  principal  towns;  and  3 
courts  of  commerce,  one  each  at  Syra,  Patras,  and  Xauplia. 
The  public  revenue,  derived  chiefly  from  the  rent  of  national 
property,  the  produce  of  forest.s.  indirect  and  direct  taxation, 
was  estimated,  in  1850,  at  20,670,285  drachme,  ($3,342,880.) 
The  army  is  estimated  at  about  9ii00  men  ;  the  navy  consists 
of  a  few  armed  8.iiling  vessels.  Otho  h.-iving  been  deposed  in 
October,  1862,  the  people  offered  the  crown  to  a  son  of  the 
King  of  Denmark,  who  began  to  reign  in  1863,  with  the  title 
of  George  I.  The  population,  including  the  Ionian  islands, 
1,326,000,  contains  a  considerable  intermixture  of  foreign 
stocks,  among  which  the  Albanese  are  the  most  numerous; 
but  the  greiit  majority,  though  not  without  some  taint  in 
their  blood,  are  of  the  genuine  Greek  extraction,  and,  both 
in  physical  and  mental  features,  bear  a  marked  resemblance 
to  their  celebrated  forefathers. 

By  the  enactment  of  .June  'i2, 1838,  Greece  was  politically 
divided  into  24  departments  or  governments,  and  7  sub-de- 
partments or  governments;  but  in  the  end  of  1845  it  wag 
resolved  to  revert  to  the  arrangement  established  April  15, 
l&JS,  accoi-ding  to  which  the  country  is  divided  into  10 
Domes  or  noniarchies.  and  49  eparchies^r  diocesns: — 


Uvsdla,   or    Kortbern 
Greece 


Names. 


Actiea  aod  Roeotla. 

Phocis  and  Pluhiotes.. 
Acuruauia  and.£tolia.. 
Kuboea  or  Xegropont.. 
Argolis  and  Corinth  . . 
Arcadia 


Messenia 


Capitals. 

Athens. 

Suhna. 

Vrachorl. 

Chalcis. 

Nauplia. 

Tripoliiza, 

Sparta. 

Arcadia. 

Patraa. 

Hermopolis. 


Hiftnr}!. — The  early  history  of  Greece,  like  that  of  all  an- 
cient nations,  is  involved  in  great  uncertiiinty.  The  origi- 
nal inhabitant's,  consisting  of  various  tril.ies,  now  generally 
classed  under  the  common  name  of  Pelasgi,  were  gradually 
expelled  or  driven  into  inaccessible  fa.stuesses  by  the  Hel- 
lenes, apparently  a  people  from  the  Kast,  who  are  said  to 
have  first  arrived  in  the  year  B.C.  lo84.  Some  centuries 
later.  Greece  is  found  divided  into  a  number  of  independent 
states,  in  all  of  which,  with  the  important  exception  of 
Sparta,  a  republican  form  of  government  was  established. 
The  ambitious  aims  and  mutual  jealousies  of  these  states 
led  to  almost  incessant  warfare,  till  the  appearance  of  a 
foreign  oppressor,  in  the  person  of  the  King  of  Persia,  when 
they  were  obliged  to  bury  their  animosities,  aud  unite  in  one 
general  league,  as  the  only  means  of  saving  their  indepen- 
dence. The  first  great  little,  fought  at  Maratbjn,  B.  c.  490, 
was  only  the  commencement  of  a  series  of  glorious  victories, 
which  resulted  in  the  complete  discomfiture  of  the  I'ersian.s, 
and  left  them  no  inclination  to  renew  their  aisgrcssions.  The 
epoch  embraring  the  next  century  and  a  half,  ^480-;i36  B.  c) 
is  the  most  illustrious  in  Grecisin  annals.  During  this  period, 
all  its  greatest  writers,  orators,  sculptors,  and  architects  ap- 
peared; and  it  was  not  only  able  to  repel  attackjj  on  its  own 
lndep<'ndence.  but  to  assume  the  offensive,  and  enrich  its 
treasury  with  foreign  spoils.  As  usual,  wealth  iuti-oduced 
luxury:  and  the  progress  of  degeneracy,  once  begun,  ad- 
vanced with  fearful  rapidity.  The  jealousies  and  enmities 
of  the  different  states  revived,  and  while  the  Greeks  were 
wasting  their  energies  in  acts  of  mutual  oppression,  Alexan- 
der of  Macedou  made  himself  al>solute  master  of  the  desti- 
niev  of  their  country.  After  Alexander's  death,  «ad  the  disso- 
7ti2 


lution  of  his  empire,  the  power  of  the  Macedoni.an  sovereigns 
continued  permanent  in  Greece  tjll  the  Komau  conquest, 
B.  c.  146.  The  ejirly  spirit  of  independence  which  hail  ani- 
mated the  Greeks  appeared  to  be  now  completely  broken, 
and  they  were  ready  to  be  handed  over  from  master  to  mas- 
ter without  even  the  semblance  of  a  struggle.  The  crown- 
ing disaster  commenced  a.  d.  143S,  when  the  Turks  first 
obtained  a  footing.  A  long  series  of  exterminating  wars  en- 
sued, during  which  the  Venetians  and  Turks  contended  fbr 
the  mastery.  The  latter  ultiniiitely  prevailed.  A  period  of 
the  grossest  misrule  and  oppression  followed ;  but,  in  1821, 
when  degradation  seemed  to  have  reached  its  lowest  jxis-sible 
limit,  a  strong  i-eaction  commenced,  a  new  spirit  beiran  to 
I  appear,  and  the  Greeks,  as  if  throwing  off  their  lethargy, 
declared  their  determination  to  be  free.  A  protracted  strug- 
gle took  place,  but  the  issue  was  still  doubtful,  when 
foreign  powers  interfered,  and  compelled  the  Turks,  in  1S29, 

]  to  acknowledge  Greece  as  an  independent  state. Adj.  and 

j  Inhab.  Greek  and  Grecian,  gree'.shan.  (Fr.GRECorGr.EccjCE, 
'  grJk  or  graik;  It.  Greco,  gri'ko;  Sp.GRiEGO,  gre-i'go;  Ger. 
Urieche,  gree'Kgh.) 

GREECE,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  eo..  New  York,jnn 
Lake  Ontario,  6  miles  X.N.W.  of  Rochester.  It  is  bjunded 
on  the  E.  by  Genesee  River,  intersected  in  the  S.  by  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  on  the  Lake  side  are  three  inlets  setting  up  into 
it  called  respectively  Duck  Pond,  Long  Pond,  and  Braddock'g 
Bay.  The  village  of  Charlotte,  at  the  mouth  of  Geneser 
River,  is  the  shipping  port  for  the  collection  district  of  Gene- 
see, of  which  Itochester  is  the  port  of  entry.  The  township 
also  contains  the  villages  of  Hauford"s,  and  Adams"s  Basin. 
Pop.  4149. 

GREEJEE,  a  town  of  Dahomey.    See  Gregapojee. 

GREEK.    See  Greece. 

G  REE'LAXD  DEPOT,  a  postoflSce  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

GREEN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering 
on  Illinois,  has  an  area  of  about  (iOO  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Pekatonica  and  Sugar  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  much  broken  by  hills  of  moderate  height,  capable  of 
being  cultivated  to  their  summits.  The  S.  part  consists 
chieliy  of  prairie,  and  the  other  portions  are  rather  sparsely 
timbered.  The  soil  is  productive.  L«ad  mines  are  worked 
in  several  parts  of  the  county,  with  some  profit,  liimestone 
is  the  principal  rock.    Capital,  Monroe.    Pop.  19,808. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1645. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  251.3. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Summit  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1SS5. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Jay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  7.04. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Morgan  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1318. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Parke  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  113.5. 

GRI;EN,  a  township  in  St.  Josepli  co.,  Indiana.    Pop. 958. 

GREEN,  a  township  in  Wayne  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  1319. 

GRKEN,  a  township  in  Piatt  co.,  Missouri, 

GREEN  BANK,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  Mullica  River,  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mount  Holly.  It 
has  a  glass  factory,  and  is  a  place  of  resort  in  the  summer 
season. 

GREEN  BANK,  a  post-office  of  Pocahontas  co.,W.yirginia. 

GREEN  B.\Y,  a  large  arm  or  l)ay  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake 
Slichigan,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Wi.scon- 
sin  and  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan.  It  is  above  100 
miles  long,  and  from  15  to  35  broad.  The  appellation  Green 
has  been  given  to  it  in  consequence  of  its  great  depth, 
which  is  said  to  exceed  500  feet. 

GREEN  B.\Y,  a  post-office  of  Prince  Edward  co.,  Virginia. 

GREEN  B.\Y,  a  small  post-village  of  Des  Moines  co..  Iowa. 

GREEN  BAY,  a  post-village  in  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Mississippi  River,  80  miles  S.  by  E,  of  Iowa  City. 

GREEN  B.\Y,  a  flourishing  city,  the  capital  of  Brown 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Neeuah 
or  Fox  River,  at  its  mouth,  aud  exactly  at  the  head  of  Green 
Bay,  114  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee,  and  120  miles  N.E.  of  Madi- 
son. The  town  has  a  beautiful  situation,  aud  contains  many 
sp.acious  warehouses,  fine  churches,  and  elegant  residences. 
The  bay  and  river  afford  a  perfectly  secure  harbor,  and  the 
largest'steamers  of  the  great  lakes  stop  here,  making  this 
the  principal  entrepot  for  the  imports  and  exports  i>f  North 
Wisconsin.  The  improvement  of  the  river  by  dams,  which 
is  now  completed,  has  opened  uninterrupted  steam  naviga- 
tion from  Green  Bay  to  the  Missis>ipi)i  River.  The  sur- 
rounding region  contains  extensive  forests  of  pine,  from 
wliich  large  quantities  of  lumber  are  exported.  Greiii  Bay 
contains  10  churches.  2  banks,  1  newspaper  office,  and  sev- 
eral manufactories.  It  is  connected  with  Chicago  (242  miles 
distant)  by  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rjiilroad.  On 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river  stands  Fort  Howard,  a  tiiriving 
village.     Pop.  in  1860,  2275 ;  in  1865,  about  4000. 

GREEX'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co..  New 
York,  170  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albanv. 

GREEN  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Cabell  co.,  W.Virginia. 

GREEN  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co., Tennessee. 

GREEN'BRIER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  880  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Greenbrier  River,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  occupied  by  mountain  ridges  of  the  Alleghany 


GRB 


GRE 


system  and  the  interrening  valleys.  One  of  the  former  is 
called  Greenlji  ler  Mountain.  The  mean  height  of  the  arable 
land  is  estimated  at  1600  feet  above  the  sea.  The  White  Sul- 
phur Springs  of  this  county  is  the  most  celebrated  water- 
ing-place of  Virginia.  Formed  in  1777.  Capital,  Lewisburg. 
Pop.  12,211,  of  wliom  lOjbSu  were  free,  and  1525  slavos. 

GRKENBllIEK,  u  post-office  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

QREENBRTER  MOUNTAIN,  in  Greenbrier  and  Poca- 
hontas counties,  in  West  Virginia,  has  an  elevation  of  more 
than  2000  feet. 

GREENBRIER  RIVER,  of  Western  A'irglnia.  rises  at  the 
base  of  Greenbrier  Mountain,  in  the  N.  part  of  Pocahontas 
CO.,  flows  south-westward,  crosses  Greenbrier  co.,  and  enters 
the  Kanawha  or  New  River,  on  the  border  between  Monroe 
and  Mercer  counties.  The  whole  length  is  probably  150 
miles.  The  mean  elevation  of  its  valley  is  estimated  at 
1500  feet,  as  the  mouth  of  the  river  has  been  found  by  mea- 
surement to  lie  13.)3  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

GREENBRIER  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Doddridge  co.,  W. 
Virginia. 

GREEN'BURG.  a  township  of  Westchester  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  130  miles  S.  of  Albany.    Pop.  8929. 

GREEN 'BUSH,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Penobscot  River,  20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ban- 
gor.   Pop.  656. 

GREENBUSII,  a'post-village  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  opposite  Albany,  is  situated  at  the 
terminus  of  the  Western  Railroad,  the  Hudson  River  Rail- 
road, and  the  Troy  and  Gi  eenbush  Railroad.  Steam-ferries 
communicate  with  Albany.  Greenbush  township  has  been 
divided  into  N.  and  E.  Greenbush.     Pop.  1899. 

GREENBUSH,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Mississippi. 

GREENBUSH,  a  small  village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  about 
90  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

GREENBUSH,  a  post-office  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio. 

GREENBUSH,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Clinton 
CO..   Michigan.     Pop.  967. 

GREEN'isUSH,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

GREENBUSH.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, about  87  miles  N.W.  of  tjpringfield. 

GREENBUSH.  a  post-village  in  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  about  110 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

GREE.VBUSH,  a  post-village  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  railroad  leading  from  Fond  du  Lac  to  Lake  Michi" 
gan.  about  20  miles  from  each.  It  has  water-power  and 
several  mills.     Pop  about  300. 

GREEN  CAMP,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  748. 

GREEN-CASTLE,  green-kas'sel,  a  fort,  harbor,  coast- 
guard, and  fishing  station  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Done- 
gal, on  the  \V.  entrance  of  Lough  Foyle,  4  miles  N.E.  of 
Moville. 

GItEEN-CASTLE,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down,  in  a 
sheltered  cove,  on  the  N.  side  of  Carlingford  Bay,  IJ  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Crautield  Point.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle  of 
the  De  Burghs. 

GKEEN'CASTLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  railroad  from  Chambersburg  to  Ila- 
gerstown,  56  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg.  It  is  situated  in  a 
rich  and  highly  cultivated  country,  and  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable business.     Pop.  1399. 

GREENCASTLE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  CO.,  Ohio. 

GREJiNCASTLK.  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Put- 
nam CO.,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  the  great  line  of  railways 
which  ext«iid  through  the  centre  of  Indiana  E.  and  W.,  40 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis,  and  1  mile  E.  of  the  Eel 
River.  The  Louisvillo,  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad 
intersects  the  above  mentioned  road  at  this'point,  which  is 
200  miles  from  Chicago.  The  town  is  beautifully  situated 
on  high  table-land,  in  a  rich  farming  region.  It  is  distin- 
guished for  the  number  and  excellence  of  its  institutions  of 
learning.  It  contains  7  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  offi- 
ces, a  county  seminary,  a  female  academy,  and  other  high- 
Bchools.  and  is  the  sesit  of  Asbury  University.  Laid  out  in 
1822.    Pop.  in  1860,  2096. 

GREEN  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Sandusky  River  a 
few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

GREEN  CREEK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Cape  May  co..  New  Jersey. 

GREEN  CREEK,a  township  of  Sandusky  CO..  Ohio.  P.  1289. 

GREENE,  green,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E,  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  is  principally  drained  by  Cats- 
kill  Creek  and  Schoharie  River.  The  surface  is  rough 
and  broken,  the  Catskill  Mountains  passing  nearly  through 
the  centre.  The  valleys  in  some  parts  are  extensive  and 
rich,  but  on  the  uplands  and  more  elevated  portions  the  soil 
is  of  an  inferior  quality,  or  quite  sterile.  Named  (as  well  as 
those  which  follow)  in  honor  of  General  Nathaniel  Greene. 
Capital,  Catskill.    Pop.  31,930. 

GREENE,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  Virginia,  contains  600  square  miles. 
The  Monongahela  River  bounds  it  on  the  E.,  and  it  is  al.so 
drained  by  Wheeling.  Dunkard's,  and  Ten  Mile  Creeks. 
The  surfiice  is  hilly,  and  cut  into  deep  ravines  by  the 
water-courses.    The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  being  based  on 


alternating  strata  of  sandstone,  shale,  and  limestone.  Kfch 
mines  of  bituminous  coal  are  found  in  manv  parts  of  the 
county.  Formed  in  1790.  having  been  previously  included 
iu  Washington  county.   Capital,  Waynesburg.    Pop.  24,343. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  area  of  230  .square  miles.  The  Rapidan  River  forms  the 
boundary  on  the  N.E.  The  surfitce  is  diversified  by  high 
ridges  and  valleys,  a  part  of  the  county  lying  on  the  SIE. 
declivity  of  the  Blue  liidge.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fei^ 
tile.  Organized  In  1838.  Capital,  Stanardsville.  Pop.  5022, 
of  whom  3038  vero  free,  and  1984  slaves. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina ;  area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Contentny  Creek,  (navigable  for  flat-boats,)  an  affluent 
of  Neuse  River.  The  surfiice  is  level ;  the  soil  is  generally 
fertile.  Marl  is  found  in  .several  places.  Capital,  Snow 
Hill.  Formed  in  1791.  and  first  called  Glasgow  ;  the  pre- 
sent name  was  adopted  in  1799.  Pop.  7925,  of  whom  3978 
were  free,  and  3947  slaves. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  374  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to 
S.  by  the  Oconee  River,  which  afterwards  flows  along  its 
S.W.  border.  The  Appalachee  River  forms  the  boundary  on 
the  S.W.  until  it  enters  the  Oconee:  and  the  Ogeechee 
River  ri.ses  in  the  county.  The  surface  is  hilly;  the  soil 
was  originally  productive,  but  much  of  it  is  said  to  be  worn 
out.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Georgia  liailroad. 
Capital,  Greensborough.  Pop.  12,6i52,  of  whom  4254  were 
free,  and  8398  slaves. 

GREENE,  a  county  In  the  W.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an 
area  of  990  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Black 
Warrior  River,  and  Ixmnded  on  the  S.W.  by  the'Tombigbee. 
The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  mostly  occupied  by  plan- 
tations of  cotton  and  maize.  In  1850  this  county  pioduced 
1.. 336,144  bushels  of  Indi,an  corn,  the  greatest  quantity  rai.sed 
inanyonecountyof  thestate.  Several  Artesian  wells  furnish 
motive-power  for  mills.  Greene  county  is  one  of  the  most 
populous  in  the  state,  and  is  probably  not  surjiassed  by 
many  in  wealth.  Capital,  Eutaw.  Pop.  30,859,  of  whom 
7261  w^ere  free,  and  23,598  slaves. 

■  GREENE,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Mississippi, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  about  830  square 
miles.  It  is  watered  by  the  Chickasawha  and  Leaf  Rivers, 
which  unite  in  the  S.  part,  and  f  jrm  the  I'ascagoula.  The 
soil  is  rather  inferior.  It  is  int<>rsected  by  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  Railroad.  Capital,  Leakesville.  Pop.  2232,  of  whom 
1527  were  free. 

GREENE,  a  county  forming  the  N.N.E.  extremity  of  Ar- 
kansas, and  bordering  on  Missouri,  con  tains  about  900  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Cache,  and  on  the 
E.  by  St.  Francis  River.  Capital,  Gainesville.  Pop.  oS43 
of  whom  5654  were  free. 

GREENE,  a  county  iu  the  E.  p-art  of  Tennes.see.  bouder- 
ing  on  North  Carolina;  area  estimated  at  750  square  miles. 
The  French  Brosid  River  forms  its  S.W.  Imundary,  and  the 
Nolachucky  flows  through  the  county.  The  surface  is  diver- 
sified by  high  ridges  and  fertile  valleys.  Extensive  niiTies 
of  iron  ore  are  worked  in  the  county.  It  is  traver.=ed  bv  the 
East  Tennessee  Railroad.  Capital,  Greenville.  Pop.  19,004, 
of  whom  17,707  were  free. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  525  8i|uare  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Green  River,  (navigable  by  steamboats,)  and  also  drained 
by  Barren  Fork,  and  by  Russell's,  Robinson's,  Jleadow,  and 
Pitman's  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating  and 
hilly.  The  soil,  ba.sed  on  cavernous  limestone,  is  produc- 
tive. Salt  is  procured  from  springs  in  this  county.  Lime- 
stone of  good  quality  is  abundant.  Capital,  Greensburg. 
Pop.  8806,  of  whom  6434  were  free,  and  'Z'dl'J,  slaves. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  432  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Mad  and  Little 
Miami  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by  Caesar's  and  ilassey's 
Creeks.  The  soil  Ls  clayey,  and  very' productive.  Good 
limestone  is  abundant,  and  a  quarry  of  variegated  marble 
has  been  opened  near  Xenia.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Lit- 
tle Miami  Railroad,  and  two  other  railroads  terminate  at 
Xenia,  the  capital  of  the  county,  connecting  it  with  Cincin- 
nati, Columbus,  &c.     Pop.  26,197. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 540  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  the  West  Fork  of 
White  River.  The  surface  is  diver.sified  by  praiiies.  oak- 
openings,  and  forests.  Iron  ore  and  bituminous  coal  are 
abundant  and  easily  procured.  The  M'abash  and  Erie 
Canal  has  lately  been  completed  through  this  county.  The 
river  affords  extensive  water-power.  Capital,  Bloomfield. 
Pop.  16,041. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  500  square  miles.  The  Illinois  River,  navigable  by 
steamboats,  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  W.,  and 
M.acoupin  Creek  on  the  S. ;  it  is  drained  by  Apple  Creek. 
The  soilis  highly  productive  and  well  cultivated.  The  county 
contains  several  beautiful  upland  prairies  of  small  extent. 
Stone  coal  is  abundant.    Capital,  Carrollton.    Pop.  16,093. 

GREENE,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  con- 
tains about  725  square  miles.     The  Niaiigvia,  Pomnie  de 

7  So 


GRE 


GRE 


Terre,  and  Sac  Bivers.  affluents  of  the  Osatre.  rise  in  the 
Bounty,  and  flow  towards  the  X.  It  is  intersected  hy  James 
Blver  and  Finley  Creek,  which  flow  south-westward,  and 
unite  with  White  River  of  Arkansas.  Limestone  under- 
lies a  larjre  part  of  the  county,  and  lead  ore  i?  fnind  in  it. 
Capital.  Springfield-  Pop.  13,lSt>,  of  whom  11,518  were  free, 
and  1068  slaves. 

GREENE,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  000  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  hy  the 
Racoon  River,  an  atfluont  of  Des  Moines  River.  The  county 
is  mostlv  prairie.  It  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1860. 
Pop.  in  i860,  l:;74. 

GREENE,  a  ixist-township  of  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Androscoggin  river  41  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Portland. 
Pop.  1224. 

GREENE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chenango  co^ 
New  York,  on  the  Chenango  lliver,  and  on  the  cannl  of  that 
name.  alx)ut  5<i  miles  8.S.E.  of  Syracuse.  The  village  is  a 
thriving  ]ilace,  surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  region, 
and  contains  Presbyterian,Episcopal,  Baptist,  and  Metiiodist 
churches,  a  hank.  15  stores,  and  about  1200  inhaliitants. 
One  newspaper  is  published  here.  Population  of  the  tow^n- 
■hip.  3809. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey.  P.  1023. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.2017. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Erie  CO.,  Penns3ivania.  Pop.1437. 

GREENE,a township, FrankUnco., Pennsylvania.  P.3443. 

GREENE,a  townsliip  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.728. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Peimsylvania.  P.l  603. 

GREENE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Mercer  CO.,  Pennsvlvania.  P.  1188. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  691. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1629. 

GREENE,  atownshipof  Ashlanil  co.,  Oliio.     Pop.  1743. 

GREENE,atownshipof  Brown  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1172. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1386. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2360. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Favette  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  826. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1343. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  4426. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1577. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1440. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Monroe  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1400. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1990. 

G  REENE,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1266. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Trumbull  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  797. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  AVayne  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2.005. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1076. 

GREEN  E,  a  township  of  Madison  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  709. 

GREENE,  a  post-oflico  of  Capo  Girardeau  co.,  Missouri. 

GREENE,  a  post-office  of  Bollinger  CO..  Missouri. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Wapello  Co..  Iowa.    Pop.  1091. 
•GREENE  CORNER,  a  post-ottice  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

GREENES  STORE,  a  iwst-oflico  of  Lawrence  eo.,  Ohio. 

GREEN'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
25  Niles  N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  .359. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  ^92. 

GRKK.N'FIELD.  a  township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hamphshire.     I'op.  730. 

GREENFIELD,  a  bejiutiful  post-village  and  township,capi- 
tal  of  Franklin  co..  Massachusetts,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Connecticut,  and  on  the  Connecticut  River  Railmad.  at  the 
terminus  of  a  railroad  from  Boston  via  Fitchburg,  aliout 
100  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  A  railroad  is  also  in  course 
of  construction  to  communicate  with  the  railway  systems 
of  New  Yor.k  at  Albany  and  Troy.  The  Green  River  flows 
through  the  township,  affording  water-power.  The  village 
contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  6  churches,  a  town- 
house,  large  public  and  private  schools,  2  banks,  with  a 
capital  of  $500,000,  a  savings  institution,  an  insurance  com- 
pany, and  about  40  stores.  One  newspaper  is  published 
here.  On  Green  River  Is  an  extensive  cutlery  estalilish- 
ment,  employing  .300  operatives.  There  are  also  a  foundry, 
Bteam  saw  and  planing-mill,  the  Greenfield  Tool  Factory, 
in  which  are  made  a  great  variety  of  carpenter's  planes, 
and  the  Greenfield  Manufacturing  Oimpany,  in  whose  mills 
fine  doeskin  cassimeres  are  made.  Pop.  of"  the  township  in 
1860.  3198. 

GREENFIELD,  Connecticut.    See  Qreenfieib  Hul. 

GltEENFIELD.  a  township  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York,  9 
miles  N.  from  Ballston  Spa.     Pop.  2970. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-oflSce  of  Ulster  eo..  New  York. 

GREEN Fl ELD.a township.  BIairco..l'ennsvlvani«.  P.1099. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co'  Pennsylvania, 
18  miles  E.  of  Krie.     Pop.  872. 

GREENFIELD,  a  townshiD 
Pop.  935. 

GREENFIELD,  a  village  of  Pchuvlklll  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  E.  hy  N.  of  I'ottsville. 

GREENFIELD,  a" pogt-horousrh  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
^Ivania.  on  the  W.  lank  of  the  Monongahola  River,  about 

/^  Lf^x- /V      "*" '**  '«''*''"!rton,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  370. 

n     ,r  V,M  '■?;  ?  ?°**'^  "'*Se  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia,  90 
miles  W.N. V\.  of  Richmond. 
764 


I  township  of  Luzerne  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 


GREENFIELD,  a  post-oflSce  of  Barnwell  district,  Scntb 
Carolina. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  parish,  lyouisiana 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  220  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.    P.  2041. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  1023. 

GREENFIELD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Highland  CO., 
Ohio,  on  the  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  75  milea 
E.N.E.  from  Cincinnati.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  dis- 
trict, and  has  an  active  trade.  It  contains  an  academy  and 
several  churches.    Pop.  1500. 

GREENFIELD,  a  townshipof  Huron  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1223. 

GREENFI  ELD.  a  post-village,  and  capital  of  Hancock  CO., 
Indiana,  on  tlie  Central  Railroad,  and  on  tlie  National  Eoad, 
20  miles  E,  of  Indianapolis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  4 
churches,  a  county  seminary.  1  newspaper  office,  a  machine- 
shop,  and  a  steam  flonring-niill.  Pop,  in  18C0, 744;  in  1865, 
about  1200. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Orangeco.,  Indiana.  Popu- 
lation, 1002. 

GItKENFIELD,  a  thriving  post^yillage  and  township  of 
Greene  co.,  Illinois,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield.  Popula- 
tion, 1,599. 

G  REENFIELD.  a  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois.   P.  53L 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dade  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  West  Fork  of  Sac  River.  ' 

GREENFIELD,  a  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri,  near  Fa- 
bius  River.  10(1  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jefrirson  City. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  central 
part  of  Milwaukee  co.,  ANiscousin,  S  miles  S.W.  of  Milwau- 
kee City.     Pop.  2491. 

GREENFIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co., 
New  York,  36  miles  N.  by  W,  of  Albany. 

GREENFIELD  HILL,  or  GREENFIELD,  a  beautiful  post- 
village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Faii-field  township.  Fairfield  co., 
Connecticut  66  miles  N.E.  of  New  York.  It  is  the  scene  of 
Dr.  Dwight's  pnem  of  "Greenfield  Hill." 

GREENFIELD  MILLS,  a  post-ofiice  of  Frederick  co.,  Ma- 
ryland. 

GKEEN'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlessex. 

GREEN'FORD,  Mahoning  co-  Ohio.    See  Green  Village. 

GREEN  GARDEN,  a  post-oflice  of  Will  eo.,  Illinois. 

GREEN  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GREEN  GROVE,  a  po.st-office  of  Conway  co.,  Arkansas. 

GREENHALGH,  greeuOiall,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

GREEN'H.\M.  a  chapelry  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Berks. 

GREEN  HAVEN,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  YorTt. 

GREEN'HE.AD,  a  village  of  England,  co,  of  Northumber- 
land, 3i  miles  W.N.W,  of  Haltwhistle. 

GREEN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co..  New  York. 

GREEN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Virginia. 

GItF.EN  HILL^  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

GREEN  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Stewart  co..  Georgia. 

GREEN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  I«iuderdale  co..  Alabama. 

GREEN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co„  Tennessee. 

GREEN  HlLLi  a  p(.st<iffice  of  Columbiana  co..  Ohio. 

G15EEN  HILL,  a  villaire  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mis.souri. 

GliEEN'HITHE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.,  of  Kent,  on  the 
Thames,  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dartford.  It  consi.sts  pf  a  main 
street,  and  has  a  pier  on  the  Thames,  adjacent  to  which  is 
the  elecaut  mansion  of  Incress  Abbey. 

GREEN  HOLM,  one  of  the  Shetland  Isles,  10  miIesN.N.W. 
of  Ix^rwick. 

GREENUOLM,  two  islets  of  the  Orkneys,  IJ  miles  S.W. 
of  Eday. 

GREEN  ISLAND,  in  Hudson  Strait,  British  North  Ame- 
rica. 100  miles  N.W.  of  Cap<!  Chudleigh. 

GREEN-ISL.4ND,  in  Russian  America,  at  the  entrance 
of  Prince  William  Sound. 

GREEN-ISLAND,  in  .lamaica.  off  its  W.  coast,  In  Green- 
Island  Harbor.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Lucea. 

GREEN  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Philippines;  lat,  12°  3' N- 
lon.  119°  49'  E. 

GREEN  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  China  Sea;  lat. 43' 
N.,  in  a  direct  line  between  the  Tambelan  and  the  most  E. 
Saint  Esprit  Islands. 

GREEN  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Australia,  on  the  N.E.  const 
of  Trinity  Bay;  lat.  10°  40'  S..  Ion.  145°  66'  E. 

GREEN  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  North  America,  in 
the  St.  Lawrence.  115  miles  below  Quebec;  lat.  48°  3' 24" 
i  N.,  Ion,  69°  26'  W, 

I  GREEN  ISLANDS,  two  small  i.slands  in  the  China  Son, 
>  on  the  S.  coast  of  China,  called  by  the  Chinese.  Tsang-Chpw, 
I  at  the  entrance  to  Bias  Bay  ;  lat.  22°  22'  N.,  Ion.  114°  40'  E. 
j      GREEN  KAY.    See  Cato  Verde. 

I  GREEN  LAKE,Wiscon8in,nearthecentreof GreenLaVe 
CO.  Length.  alK)ut  8  miles;  bre^idth, 2  miles.  Its  waters 
are  deep  and  very  clesir.  . 

GREEN  LAKE,  a  post-village  and  township  m  the  IL 
'  part  of  Green  Lake  Co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1242. 
I     GREEN  LAND,  (Dan.  Greenland,  or  Grimland, gronlindj 


GRE 


GRE 


an  extensire  region  or  island  on  the  N.E.  of  North  America, 
beloiiijing  to  Denmark,  and  stretehinfj  from  Cape  Farewell. 
Its  S.  extreniitv.  in  lat.  59°  49'  N.,  northward  to  about  80° 
15'  N.,  and  extending  between  Ion.  20°  and  75'  W.,  haTini^ 
W.  Haffin's  li.iy  and  Davis  Strait,  N.  Peabody  Bay  and  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  K.  and  S.  the  Atlantic.  Pop.  in  1851, 9+00. 
all  Ksquimaux.  except  about  250  Europeans.  The  surface 
is  generally  hiuih.  rocky,  and  barren:  the  elevated  portions 
are  covered  with  eternal  snow  and  glaciers,  extending,  in 
many  parts,  to  the  seashores.  But  small  quantities  of  corn, 
potatoiis,  and  kitchen  herbs  are  raised  in  the  S. :  and  some 
edible  berries,  with  scattered  birch,  alder,  and  willow  trees, 
grasses,  and  lichens,  grow  wild;  July  is  the  only  month  in 
which  there  is  no  snow.  Extreme  summer  temperature, 
59-^  Fahrenheit,  winter,  minus  40°,  and  in  the  X.  the  mercury 
falls  from  00°  to  75°  below  zero;  mean  annual  temperature 
of  North  Greenland.  5°  2'  Fahrenheit,  the  lowest  ever  re- 
corded. The  natives,  or  Esquimaux,  are  a  peculiar  race, 
allied  to  the  Mongolian  fiimily,  of  short,  squat  st.iture  and 
dark  skin,  employed  chiefly  in  fi.shing  and  neal-hunting.  It 
Is  estira.ated  tliat  1 100  of  them  have  been  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity by  the  labors  of  mis.sionaries.  The  region  was  first 
discovered  by  a  Norwegian  in  981,  and  soon  after  colonized 
from  Iceland.  Davis  rediscovered  Greenland  in  1587,  and 
in  the  seventeenth  century  the  Danes  re-establi.shed  a  com- 
munication with  the  lost  colony.  In  1854,  the  United  States 
Expedition,  under  Dr.  Kane,  traced  the  W.  coast  of  Greenland 
to  its  nortViern  fece,  which  they  followed  toward  the  Atlan- 
tic till  their  progress  was  arrested  by  an  immense  glacier, 
Issuing  in  t)0°  W.  Ion.,  and  offering  an  impa.s.sal)le  barrier  to 
future  exploration.s.  This  stupendous  glacier  rises  ^00  feet 
in  perpendicular  face,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the  only  obsta- 
cle to  the  insularity  of  Greenland.  It  was  followed  along 
its  ba.se  in  a  direction  nearly  due  N.  for  80  miles,  and  found 
to  meiye  into  a  hitherto  unk'jown  region,  which  the  party 
named  Washington.  The  country  is  divided  into  N.  and  S. 
inspectorates,  separated  by  the  Longfiord,  in  about  lat.  70° 
N.  I«  1837,  it  comprised  38  European  settlements  and  2 
missionarj'  stations,  mostly  established  on  the  W.  coast. 
Principal  villages.  Frederick's  Harbor,  Julian's  Harbor, 
'Dp:'rnavik.  and  Good  Hope. 

GRKEN'LA.ND,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
n.impshire.  on  tlie  Portsmouth  and  Concord  Railroad,  43 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Cxincord.    Pop.  762. 

GREENLAND,  a  posf-ofHce  of  Covington  co.,  Alabama. 

GREENLAND  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co., 
Virginia. 

GREEN'L.^W,  a  town  and  parish  of  .Scotland,  capital  of 
the  CO.  of  Berwick,  18  miles  VV.S.W.  of  Berwick-on-Tweed. 

GIIEENI/KAF.  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  MissLssippi. 

GREEN  LEVEL,  a  post-ofRce,  Southampton  co.,  Virginia. 

GREEN  LEVEL,  a  post-village.  Wake  Co.,  North  Carolina. 

GREEN  LOG,  a  small  village  of  Pope  CO.,  Arkansas. 

GREEN  .MEADOW,  a  po.stoflice  of  Jack.son  CO.,  Ohio. 

GREKN  MiMJNT,  a  postroffice  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

G  KEEN  .AIOUNT,  a  pnst-ofSce  of  Rockingham  co.,Virginia. 

GREEN  MOUNTAIN,  Penn.sylvauia,  is  situated  near  the 
N.  extremity  of  Schuylkill  county. 

GREEN  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  extending  from  near  Now 
Haven,  in  Connecticut,  northward  through  Massachusetts 
and  Vermont  into  Canada.  It  attains  its  greatest  elevation 
in  Vermont,  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  (in  French  nwnti 
vert:,  or  verts  mnnts,  i.  e.  "  green  mountains.")  The  highest 
aijmmit.  Mansfield,  (North  Peak,)  rises  about  4360  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Connell'a  Peak,  Shrewsbury  Jlountain, 
Mansfield  South  Peak,  Killington  Peak,  and  several  others, 
have  an  elev.ation  of  near  4900  feet  above  the  sea. 

GREEN  0.\K,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Indi.ana. 

GREEN  OAIv,  a  township,  Living.ston  co.,  Michigan.  P.940. 

GREEN'OCK,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
seaport-town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  22^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Glasgow, 
with  which  it  is  connected  bv  railway.  Lat.  55°  56'  64"  N., 
Ion.  4°  45'  15"  W.  Pop.  of"  borough,  in  1S61,  42,100.  It 
stands  chiefly  on  a  level  strip  of  land,  but  partly  stretches 
up  an  abrupt  height  commanding  noble  views.  The  town 
is  abundantly  furnished  with  water  for  domestic  purposes, 
by  reservoirs  belonging  to  the  corporation  and  the  Shaws 
Water  Company.  The  latter,  for  the  use  of  public  works, 
has  also  a  large  supply,  by  an  aqueduct  6j  miles  in  length, 
extending  from  artificial  ponds  630  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Clyde,  and  occupying  368  acres.  There  are  two  lines  of  falls, 
the  descent  being  on  each  line  512  feet,  and  equal  to  184.3 
horses'  power — 1008  of  which  were  in  1849  occupied,  and  835 
Btitl  unli-t.  On  the  W.  are  many  new  streets  and  handsome 
residences.  The  principal  structures  are  a  fine  custom-house, 
the  Town-hall,  Jail,  Exchange.  Tontine,  As.sembly-hall, 
Theatre,  Infirmary,  and  several  handsome  churches,  Gselic 
and  many  other  chapels.  Greenock  has  a  flourishing  me- 
chanics' institute,  several  public  libraries,  one  of  which  pos- 
jesses  10,000  volumes,  and  in  its  hall  is  a  st.atue  by  Chantrey 
Df  Wiitt,  a  native  of  the  town ;  numerous  banks,  and  a  gram- 
in.ir  school.  One  newspaper  is  published  here.  Oreencck 
is  the  'seat  of  a  presbytery,  sheriff's  court,  and  a  burgh  of 
barony,  erected  ir>  1635.  Its  docks  are  among  the  largest  'n 
9Z 


Britain;  Tictoria  Harbor,  opened  in  1850.  has  31  feet  depth 
of  water,  and  an  area  of  0  acres.  Ship  and  steamboat  build- 
ing is  here  extensively  carried  on.  Sugar  refining  is  con- 
ducted to  a  greater  extent  than  elsewhere  in  Britain,  except 
in  London,  and  it  has  foundries  for  steam-engines  and  ma- 
chinery ;  rope,  sailcloth,  hat.  earthenware,  paper,  and  straw- 
plait  factories;  a  large  herring  fishery,  and  a  very  extensive 
export  trade  in  Scotch  manufactures  and  produce,  especially 
with  America  and  the  Indies.  Vessels  proceeding  to  and 
from  Gla.sgow  commonly  touch  at  Greenock.  The  following 
table  exhibits  the  increase  in  the  shipping  trade : — 


Total  Tonnagk. 

Total  Toubaoi. 

Ipward. 

Outward. 

Inward  and  Outward. 

18.% 

20)  ,711 
426,48S 

2:10.871 
424,318 

86U,W5 
99a,»42 

This  does  not  include  the  tonnage  of  steamers  or  other 
craft  trading  on  the  river  inside  of  the  Cumbraes. 

Increase  in  the  Import*  of  the  principal  Articles, 


Sugar,  tons 

Kolu^aes,  tons 

Ttraber,  loads, 

Deals  and  battens,  hundreds 


1840. 

i:i,741 
9,i:il 

47,048 
1,97:) 


1830. 

•24.898 
20,917 
61,141 
3,336 


Total  value  of  exports  in  1851, 491,913/,;  in  1852,  418,697?,; 
in  18-53,  437,522/.  Greenock  has  wholly  risen  into  import- 
ance since  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  It 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons, 

GREEN'OCK,  a  post-village  of  Crittenden  co..  Arkansas, 
on  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi  liiver,  135  miles  E.N.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

GREEN'ORE,  a  headland  and  fishing  station  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Louth.  2milesS.E.  ofCarlingfoid.   It  has  a  light-house. 

GREENORE,  a  headland  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford,  71 
miles  S.S.E.  of  the  entrance  intoAVexford  Harbor,  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  Greenore  Bay. 

GREEN  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

GREEN.  PL.^TNS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Arkansas. 

GREEN  POINT,  a  post-village  of  King's  co.,  New  Vork, 
on  Long  Island,  immediately  N.  of  Williamsburg.  It  hag 
been  built  up  within  a  few  years,  chiefly  by  persons  engaged 
during  the  day  in  New  York.  Gas  has  recently  been  intro- 
duced.    Pop.  above  8U00. 

GREEN  POND,  post-village,Union  district,  South  Carolina. 

GREEN'PORT,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  New  York, 
intersected  by  the  Hudson  River  Railroad.     Pop.  1431. 

GREEN'PORT,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Suffolk 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  N.E.  point  of  Long  Is- 
land, and  at  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Long  Island  Railroad, 
95  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  York.  It  contains  churches  of  4 
or  5  denominations,  ship-building  yard.s,  and  a  newspaper 
office.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  coast,  and  is  sel- 
dom obstructed  with  ice.  The  shipping  of  the  district,  June 
30,  1852.  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  3589  tons  registered, 
.and  5S06  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  During  the  year,  7 
vessels,  tons  687,  were  built.  In  1853,  2  whale  vessels  ar- 
rived, bringing  224  barrels  of  sperm  oil,  26S4  barrels  of  whale 
oil,  and  2S,300  pounds  of  whalebone.     Pop.  about  1200. 

GREEN  RIVER  rises  in  Windham  co.,  Vermont,  and 
flowing  in  a  S.S.E.  course,  falls  into  Deerfield  Kiver  in 
Franklin  county,  Massachusetts. 

GREEN  RIVER,  of  Kentucky,  rises  in  Lincoln  co.,  in  the 
E.  central  part  of  the  state.  It  flows  first  nearly  W.  for 
more  than  half  of  its  course,  during  which  it  traverses  the 
cavernous  limestone  formation,  and  passes  by  the  Mammoth 
Cave.  After  passing  the  mouth  of  Big  Barren  River,  which 
enters  it  from  the  left,  a  few  miles  S.E.  of  Morgantown,  it 
assumes  a  general  N.W.  direction,  and  enters  the  Ohio  in 
Henderson  county,  9  miles  al)ove  Evansville,  in  Indiana. 
The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  above  300  miles.  The 
lower  part  of  this  river  is  navigiible  by  steamboats  at  all 
seasons ;  and  by  means  of  dams  and  locks,  small  steamboats 
have  ascended  in  high  water  to  Greensburg.  more  than  200 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Kxtensive  beds  of  stone  coal  occupy 
the  lower  part  of  the  Green  River  A'alley. 

GREEN  RIVER,  Illinois,  empties  itself  into  Rock  River, 
near  20  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  latter 

GREEN  RIVER,  the  longest  branch  of  the  Colorado, 
rises  in  Oregon,  near  Fremont's  Peak,  and  flowing  in  its 
general  course  first  S.S.E.,  and  then  S.S.W.,  unites  with 
Grand  River  in  35°  39'  N.  lat..  112°  55'  W.  Ion. 

GREEN  RIVER,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Utah 
Territoi7,  intersected  by  Green  River,  from  which  its  name 
is  derived.    It  has  been  formed  since  18.50.      Pop.  141. 

GREEN  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont. 

GREEN  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  New  York 

GREEN  RIA'ER,  a  post-office  of  Hart  co.,  Kentucky. 

GREEN  RIVKK,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

1M 


GRE 


GRE 


OllEEN  ETYER.  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Green  River.  70  miles  X.W.  of  Peoria. 

GKEEN  RIVKK.  a  post-office  of  Green  River  CO..  Utah. 

GREEN'S  I5LCKF,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  Co..  Texas. 

GREEXtVBOltOUGII.  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  106."). 

GREENSl?'  tKOfGlt.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  Pennsyl- 
v.Tnia,  on  the  Monougahela  River,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Waynes- 
burg. 

GiJEENSBOROUGII,  a  flourishing  pos^vill,^ge,  capital  of 
Guilford  co.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  Central  Railroad.  S6 
miles  W.X.W.  of  R-ileigh.  The  situation  is  healthy,  and  the 
surrounding  country  is  fertile.  JIany  of  the  houses  are  of 
■wood,  and  others  are  built  of  brick.  It  is  a  place  of  consi- 
derable activity  hi  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of  excellent  institu- 
tions for  learning,  among  which  are  several  academies.  It 
also  contains  2  banks,  1  or  2  newspaper  offices,  and  a  num- 
ber of  manufactories. 

GREEXSBOROUGII,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Greene  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  40  miles  X.  of  Milledge- 
ville.  It  contains  several  elegant  buildings,  among  which 
are  a  new  court-hou.«e.  2  churches,  and  2  academies. 

GREEN-'BOilOUGII,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Greene 
co^  Alabama,  85  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jlontgomery,  and  18 
miles  E.  of  Eutaw.  It  is  the  largest  place  in  the  county, 
and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade.  Many  of  the  residents 
are  wealthy  planters,  who  have  plantations  of  cotton  in  the 
Ticinity.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and  flour- 
L-ihing  schools,  and  1  or  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  estimated 
at  2500. 

GREEXSBOROUGir,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Choctaw 
CO..  Mississippi,  on  one  of  the  head  streams  of  Big  Black 
Kiver.  110  milles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson.      Pop.  323. 

GREENSUOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Arkansas. 

GREENSBOROUGII,  a  post-vill.ige  and  township  of  Henry 
CO.,  Indian.i,  on  Blue  River,  36  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Indian- 
apolis.    Pop.  1318. 

GREENSBOROUGII,  a  post-village  of  Caroline  co.,  Mary- 
land. 59  miles  E.  of  Annapolis. 

GRKENS/BURG,  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Ilempfield 
township,  and  capital  of  AVestmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  trade,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country. 
It  contains  a  new  stone  court-house,120  by  70  feet,10  churches, 
1  bank,  3  newspaper  offices,  and  afine  public  school  house  of 
brick,  with  300  pupils.  It  has  also  gas-works.  The  Hemp- 
field  Railroad,  when  finished,  will  connect  it  with  Wheeling. 
Coal  of  good  quality  abounds  inall  parts  of  the  county.  Pop. 
in  1850.  1051 ;  in  18C0,  13S8. 

GREEXSBUl:G,  a  post-office  of  Preston  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

GREEXSBURO.  a  post-village,  capital  of  St,  Helena  pa- 
rish, Louisiana,  near  Tickfaw  River,  about  40  miles  X.E.  of 
Baton  Rouge. 

GREEXSBURO.  a  post-vilhige,  capital  of  Greene  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  right  bank  of  Green  River,  85  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Frankfort.  It  contains  a  courthouse,  5  churches,  a  branch 
of  the  Kentucky  bank,  and  12  stores.  The  river  has  l.itely 
been  improved,  so  that  it  is  navigable  for  steamboats  about 

3  months  in  the  year.     Pop,  536. 

GREENSBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  185 
miles  X.E.  of  Columbus. 

GREENSBUKG.  a  beautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Deca- 
tur CO.,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  Sand  Creek,  and  on  the  Mi- 
chigan Road.  4t>  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  place  was 
first  settled  in  1!-^21,  and  is  steadily  advancing  in  size  and 
importance.  It  is  connected  by  a  plank-road  with  Madison, 
on  the  Ohio,  and  is  on  the  line  of  the  Lawrenceburg  and 
Mississippi  Railroad  now  in  coui'se  of  eonsti'uction.  Greens- 
burg  contains  good  public  buildings,  a  flourishing  academy, 
and  a  newspaper  office.     Pop.  1850.  li202:  in  1853.  about  liJOO. 

GRKENSBURG  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Sandusky 
eo..  Ohio. 

GR  KEN'S  CORNERS,  a  village  and  station  of  Oneida  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Utica  Railraid,  19  miles  W. 
bv  N.  of  Utica. 

OREEN-S  FARMS,  a  village  of  Fairfield  township,  Fair^ 
field  CO.,  Connecticut,  54  miles  N.E.  of  New  York. 

GREEXS  FORK,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1778. 

GRKEN'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Wavne  co..  Indiana. 

GRBi:NSNO)i/TON',a  parish  of  England,  co.  Northampton. 

GRKKNSl'ONl),  an  island  and  maritime  village  of  Xoi'th 
America,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Newfoundland.  29  miles  N.W. 
ofBonavistji,    The  island  is  of  granite  formation.    It  is  about 

4  miles  .lerosR.    The  village  has  a  decent  church,  anif  some 
large  stores :  and  tlie  fishermen's  houses  are  neat  and  clean. 

GKEh;N.«^'i'0KT.apo8t-vill.Hgeof  St.Clairco.,  Alabama,  on 
the  Coosa  River,  120  miles  .\.  of  Montgomery. 

GREEN  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

GREEN  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  CO..  Ohio. 

CKEEN  SPRING  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Washington 
eo.,  Maryland. 

GREEN  SPRING  RUN,  a  postniffioe  of  Hampshire  co., 
Vhgiuia 

786 


GREEN  SPRINGS.apost-officeof  Tuolumne  CO.,  Cilifomja. 

GREEN'STEAD,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Esses. 

GREEXSTKAD  NEAR  ONGAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Essex.  Its  church,  with  oaken  walls,  is  supposed  to  be 
one  of  the  oldest  in  Britain. 

GREEXS'VILLE.  a  village  of  Grayson  co.,  A'lrginia,  on 
New  River.  276  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Itichmond,  was  formerly 
the  county  seat. 

GREENTOX,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  CO.,  Mi.ssouri. 

GREKNTOP,  a  postKiffice  of  Schuyler  co..  Missouri. 

GREEXTOWX  or  GREEXS'TOWX.  a  post-village  of  Stark 
CO..  Ohio.  10  miles  X.  of  Canton.    Pop.  about  300. 

GREEXTOWN,  a  post-office.  Currituck  co..  North  Carolina. 

GREKNTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Howard  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  56  miles  X.  bj-  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

GREEX  TREE,  a  village  of  Burlington  CO.,  Xew  Jersey, 
12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Camden. 

GREEN  TREE,  a  post-office,  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GREEX  TREE,  a  post-office  of  W'hite  co.,  Tennessee. 

GREE'XUP,  a  county  forming  the  X.E.  extremity  of  Ken* 
tucky.  bonier.-*  on  the  Ohio  River  which  separates  it  from 
the  State  of  Ohio.  Area,  estimated  at  375  square  miles.  The 
Ohio  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.E.  and  N.W.,  and 
it  is  intersected  by  Little  Sandy  River  and  Tygart's  Creek. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  partly  covered  with  timber.  The 
county  contains  large  and  productive  mines  of  iron  ore  and 
coal.  Formed  in  1803,  and  named  in  honor  of  Governor 
Christopher  Greenup.  Capital,  Greenupsbnrg.  Pop.  8760^ 
of  whom  8397  were  free. 

GREENUP,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Cum- 
berland CO.,  Illinois,  on  Embarras  River,  at  the  crossing  of 
the  National  Road,  111  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield.  It  con- 
tains a  bank.    Pop.  1400. 

GREl-yNUPSBURG,  or  GREENUP  COURT-HOUSE,  apogt- 
village,  capital  of  Greenup  co.,  Kentacky,  on  the  Ohio  River, 
132  miles  E.N.E.  of  Frankfort,  contains  a  brick  courtrhouse, 
1  church,  and  several  stores. 

GREEN'VALE,  a  post-village  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  22 
miles  N.W.  of  Freeport. 

GREENV.\LK.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Tenne5.";ee. 

GREKN  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Bath  o<i..  Virginia. 

GREEX  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cal! 
fornia. 

GREEN  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  railroad  from  Ilarrisburg  to  Chambers- 
burg.  40  miles  S.W.  of  the  former. 

GREEN  VIiyLAGE.  or  GREEX/FORD,  a  post-village  of 
Mahoning  co..  Ohio.  158  niiles  X.E.  of  Columbus,  is  situated 
in  a  rich  and  populous  district.     Pop.  estimated  at  4.50. 

GREEN'VILLK.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  bop- 
dering  on  North  Carolina,  contains  about  COO  sfjuare  miles. 
The  NottC)way  River  Vxiunds  it  on  the  X..  and  it  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Meherrin  River.  The  general  surface  is  level; 
the  soil  is  of  medium  quality.  The  railroad  from  Richmond 
to  Weldon.  Xorth  Carolina,  passes  throueh  the  county. 
Organized  in  1784.  Capital,  Hicksford.  Pop.  6374,  of  whom 
2207  were  free.  4167  slaves. 

GREENVILLE,  a  district  in  the  N.W,  part  of  South  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  060  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Ennoroa, 
Tiger,  and  Reedy  Rivers,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Saluda 
River.  The  Blue  Ridge  extends  along  the  N.W.  border  of 
the  district,  the  surface  of  which  is  beautifully  diversined 
by  mountains  and  hills.  The  Saluda  Mountain  ri.<es  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Court-house.  The  soil  is  generally  good  and 
well  watered.  Chalybeate  and  sulphur  springs  are  Jbund  10 
miles  N.  of  Greenville.  A  railroad  has  recently  bt-en  made 
from  the  Court-house  to  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the  state. 
Pop.  21.892.  of  whom  14,843  were  free,  and  7040  slaves. 

GREENVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Pisciitaquis  co.,  Maino, 
80  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  310. 

GREENVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Providence  co..  Rhode 
Island,  12  miles  X.W.  of  Providence,  contains  a  bank  and 
several  cotton  factories. 

GREENVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Preston  township.  New 
I/)ndon  CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinebaug  River,  about  'i 
miles  N.E.  of  Norwich  Landing,  contains  3  churches,  nume- 
rous cotton  mills,  and  a  manuiact*iry  of  railro.id  cars.  Pop. 
about  1000. 

GREENVILLE,  post-village  and  township  of  Green  CO, 
New  York,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2208. 

GREENVILLE,  a  thriving  vill.ige  of  Raritan  town.ship, 
Hunterdon  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  about  20  miles  X.  of  Trenton. 

GREENVILLE,  a  village  of  Sussex  co.,  New  .lersey,  7 
miles  S.W.  of  Newton. 

GREENVILLE,  a  village  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  8  miles  S.E.  of  Clarion. 

GREENVILLE,  now  PKNN  RUN,  a  village  of  Indiana  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Penn's  Run,  147  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

GREENVILLE,  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania.  See  WtST 
Greknville. 

GREKN VILLE.a small  villagpof  Mifllinco..Pennsylvania, 

GREEN  VI  l,LK.  a  townshiii  of  Somer.set  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
borileriiigon  Maryland.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Somerset.   ' 

GREENVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co., Virginia,  on 


GRE 


GRE 


the  Ponth  River,  near  its  source,  120  miles  W.X.'W.  of  Bich- 
mnnd.  It  contains  1  academy,  several  stores,  and  1  flouring 
mill.    Pop.  from  300  to  4U0. 

GKKEXVILLE,  a  post-villajre.  capital  of  Pitt  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Tar  Hiver,  aliout  100  miles 
£.  by  S.  of  Raleigh.  It  contains  a  court-house,  academy, 
and  several  stores.  Tar  and  turpentine  are  procured  from 
the  forests  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  828. 

OHEKNVlLLi;,orGRKENVILLE  COURT'IIOUSR.  a  flou- 
rishing post-village,  capital  of  Greenville  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina, on  Keedy  Kiver.  near  its  source,  110  miles  N.W.  of 
Columbia.  The  situation  is  elevated  and  healthy,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Saluda  Mountain,  which  renders  it  a  favorite  re- 
sort for  persons  who  reside  in  the  lower  country.  It  is  the 
N.  terminus  of  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Kailroad. 
Greenville  has  3  churches,  2  academies,  and  2  newspaper 
offices.     Pop.  1,'ilS. 

OKEENAILLE.  a  neat  post-villaie,  capital  of  Meriwether 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  a  iiigh  ridire  near  Walnut  Creek.  108  miles 
W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  is  situatKl  in  a  region  which  is  noted 
for  its  medicinal  springs.  The  Warm  Spi-ings.  10  miles  S.  of 
this  town,  have  a  temperature  of  91)°.  and  discharge  14<J0 
gallons  of  water  per  minute.  About  $75,000  worth  of  goods 
are  sold  in  Greenville  annually.  It  has  2  churches,  3  semi- 
naries, and  about  oOO  inhabitants. 

GKKENVILLE.  a  post-village.  Gapital  of  Hutler  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 40  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery,  and  150  miles  X.E.  of 
Mobile,  contains  a  court-house,  a  newspaper  office,  several 
stores,  and  fi-om  4CI0  to  500  inhabitants. 

GHKENVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Washington  co.. 
Mississippi,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  100  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Jackson. 

GREEXVIIjLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Hunt 
CO..  Texas,  is  situated  'near  tlie  source  of  the  Sabine  River, 
aV)Out  250  miles  X.N.E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  farming  region,  which  produces  cotton,  wheat,  and 
maize,  and  towards  which  an  active  immigration  is  directed. 
The  village  has  grown  up  since  1845. 

GRKKN  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  J'olk  co.,  Texas,  15  miles 
N.  of  Liviogston,  the  county  .'cat.  is  surrounded  by  a  com- 
munity of  thrifty  planters,  and  is  improving. 

GKKh^.N  VILLK.  a  small  village  of  Clarke  CO.,  Arkansas, 
about  no  miles  S.W.  of  hittle  Rock. 

GK  KEN  \'I  LLK.  a  fiourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Greene 
CO.,  Tennessee.  260  miles  E.  of  Xashville.  and  00  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Knoxville.  It  is  the  seat  of  Greenville  College  founded 
in  1794.     A  newspaper  is  published  here.     Pop.  about  800. 

GI;KKNV1I.,LE.  »  post-village.  capital  of  Muhlenburg  co.. 
Kentucky,  170  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  and  9  miles  S.  of 
Green  Kiver,  is  situated  in  a  region  which  .abounds  in  coal 
and  iron  ore.  It  has  2  or  3  eburches,  a  seminary,  6  stores, 
and  2  toliacc  o  factories. 

GRKEN'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township,  ca- 
pital of  Darke  CO..  Ohio,  on  the  Greenville  and  Miami  liail- 
road,  about  90  miles  W.  of  Columbus.  The  village  contains 
4  or  o  churclies  and  3  iiewsi)n]]ir  offices.  Poii.  of  township, 
2071.  In  1793,  General  Wayne  built  Fort  Greenville  on  the 
site  of  the  present  town,  and  here  the  treaty  of  Greenville 
was  concluded  between  Wayne  and  the  Indians. 

GREEJiVILLE,    Montcalm    co.,    Michigan.        See    Ap- 

PENHIX. 

GREENVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Floyd  co., 
Indiana.  15  miles  X.W.  of  New  .Albany.     Pop.  1693. 

GREENVILLE,  a  neat  and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Bond  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  East  Fork  of  Shoal  Creek,  on  the 
National  Road,  about  45  miles  E.  of  Alton,  and  20  miles 
AV.S.  W.  of  Vandalia.  It  has  a  field  of  timber  on  the  N.,  and 
on  the  S.  a  beautiful  expanse  of  prairie.  It  contains  3 
churches.     Po]).  1000. 

GREENVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri. 

GREENVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wayne  Co.,  Jlis- 
eouri,  on  St.  l-rancis  River,  150  miles  S.E.  of  JetTereon  City. 

G  I!  EE.N  MLLE,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa. 

GRKENVILLE,  a  post-township  in  Outagamie  county, 
AViscoiisiii.  N  miles  West  of  Appleton.     Pop.  1244. 

GIIKENWICII,  grinldge.  a  p.irliamentary  borough  and 
parisii  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Thames.  3J  miles  E.S.K.  of  London  Bridge,  the  W.  terminus 
of  the  Greenwich  Kailw.ay,  partly  on  an  acclivity,  but  chiefly 
on  low.  marshv  ground,  a  large  portion  of  which  is  below 
the  level  of  the"  Thames.  Lat.  of  the  Observatory.  51°  23' 38" 
\..  Ion.  0°  0'  0".  Mean  annual  temperature,  4S°  9';  winter, 
37°  7' ;  summer,  60°  3'  Fahr.  The  streets  are  in  general  nar- 
row and  inegular,  and  many  of  the  houses  mean  in  appear- 
ance, though  recently  numerous  handsome  new  houses  have 
been  built.  The  town  is  well  lighted  with  gas.  and  amply 
sxipplied  with  water.  It  contains  four  handsome  Episcopal 
churches:  also  places  of  worship  for  IJaptists,  Independents, 
VSesIeyan  Methodists,  Roman  C;itholics,  and  Scotch  Presby- 
terians. The  educational  institutions,  public,  private,  and 
charitable,  are  numerous,  as  are  aLso  tlie  benevolent  and 
t'haiitable  institutions:  among  the  latter  may  be  n.amed' 
Norfolk  College,  supporting  20  decayed  tradesmen.  But  the 
object  of  by  far  the  greatest  interest  in  Greenwich  is  its  mag- 
nificent Naval  Hospital,  for  the  maintenance  of  veteran, 


wounded,  or  unfortunate  seamen — the  noblest  establish- 
ment of  the  kind  in  Europe.  Its  building,  the  finest  slruo 
ture  in  England,  originally  a  paiace  of  Char'ts  II..  and 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  au.ient  "GreenwicQ  House," 
which,  so  far  back  as  the  year  1300,  had  been  a  favorite  ro- 
sidence  of  royalty — in  which  Henry  VIII.  and  his  queen- 
daughters,  Mary  and  Elizabeth,  were  born;  and  where,  too. 
Edward  VI.  breathed  his  last — was  converted  to  its  pre- 
sent use  in  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary,  although  not 
opened  for  the  reception  of  inmatt-s  until  17115.  when  42werf' 
admitted.  Commenced  at  the  Restoration  by  Webb,  son-in- 
law  of  Inigo  Jones,  it  was  carried  on  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  finished  after  hi3 
designs  by  his  successor.  Sir  John  A'anbrugh.  It  stands  on 
the  bank  of  the  river,  on  an  elevated  terrace,  is  865  feet  in 
length,  and  covers,  with  the  sch(X)ls,  civil  offices,  lawns,  .and 
burial-ground  attached,  a  space  of  40  .acres.  It  consists  of  4 
quadrangular  piles,  built  principally  of  Portland  stone,  each 
bearing  the  name  of  the  sovereign  in  whose  reign  it  was 
erected— namely.  King  Charles.  Queen  Anne,  King  William, 
and  Queen  Mary.  Two  of  the  wings  front  the  river,  and  two 
the  park.  In  the  N.W.  wing,  or  that  erected  by  Charles  II., 
are  the  governor's  residence  and  the  officers' and  pensioners' 
libraries.  The  N.E.,  or  Queen  Anne's,  is  appropriated  as  a 
residence  for  the  officers  and  men.  In  the  S.W.,  or  King 
William's,  is  the  Painted  Hall,  a  noble  apartment.  lOli  feet 
long  by  56  feet  broad,  and  50  feet  high,  painted  by  Sir  James 
Thornhiil,  and  containing  a  fine  collection  of  picture.*,  con- 
sisting of  portraits  of  n.aval  heroes  and  representations  of 
sea-fights.  The  fourth,  or  S.E.  wing,  commonly  called  Queen 
Mary's,  contains  the  chapel,  the  interior  of  which,  designed 
by  Athenian  Stuart,  is  richly  and  elaborately  ornamented. 
The  complement  of  in-pensioners.  or  those  who  reside  in 
the  hospital,  is  about  2710;  each  of  whom,  besides  clothing, 
food.  &c.,  receives  a  shillinjt  a  week  as  tobacco-money.  To  a 
.section  of  them,  averaging  abovit  450,an  allowance  of  money 
is  given  in  place  of  rations.  Though,  many  of  the  pensioners 
attain  a  great  age,  the  annual  mortality  among  them  is  12 
per  cent.  There  are.  besides,  numerous  out-pensioners,  who 
receive  each  about  12Z.  a  year.  The  whole  revenueof  the  hos- 
pital from  property,  freightage  charged  on  treasure  conveyed 
by  her  Majesty's  ships,  &c..  amounted,  in  1849,  to  148,7317., 
expenditure,  the  .same  year.  146.957/.  The  establishment  is 
managed  liy  a  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  two  chaplains, 
and  numerous  other  officers.  Connected  with  the  hospital 
is  the  Rojal  Hospital  School,  fur  the  children  of  de<'ayed 
non-commls.sioned  officers,  seamen,  and  marines,  and  for  tlie 
sons  of  commi.ssioned  and  ward-room  warrant  officei-s.  of 
which  last  there  must  always  be  100  in  the  school.  It  num- 
bers, in  its  two  sections  of  upper  and  lower,  800  pupils;  and 
is  one  of  the  first  nautical  seminaries  in  the  world.  Gieen- 
wich  Park,  between  the  ho!»pital  and  Blackheath,  first  en- 
closed by  Duke  Humphrey  of  Gloucester,  Protector,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.,  contains  .about  200  acres  of  undulating 
and  wooded  land,  has  numerous  herds  of  deer,  and  is  a  good 
deal  resorted  to  by  the  Londoners.  On  one  of  its  eminences, 
160  feet  aliove  the  river,  and  once  occupied  by  Greenwich 
Castle,  is  the  Royal  Oliservatory.  founded  by  Charles  II.  in 
11)74.  the  residence  of  the  astronomer  royal,  and  from  which 
the  longitudes  in  all  British  charts  are  reckoned.  Green- 
wich sends  2  memliers  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Pop.  of 
the  parliamentary  boroiigh  in  1861,  139,286. 

GREENWICH,  green'ich,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Hampshire  co.,  Mas.';aehusett.s,  on  the  W.  side  of  Swift 
River,  alwut  80  miles  W.  of  lioston.  In  the  township  are 
manufiictories  of  forks,  scythes,  and  woollen  goods.  Pop.  699. 

GREENWICH,  a  post-township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, bordering  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  intersected  by 
the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railraad.  31  miles  N.E.  of 
New  York  City.  The  village  of  Greenwich,  beautifully  situ- 
ated near  the  water,  iias  become  a  favorite  jilace  of  resi<lenco 
to  persons  doing  business  in  New  York.  '•Putnam  Hill," 
in  West  Greenwich,  near  Horse  Neck,  is  celebrated  as  the 
scene  of  General  Israel  Putnam's  daring  exploit  in  the  Hevo- 
lution.  This  forms  the  S.W.  extremity  of  New  England. 
I'op.  of  the  township,  6522. 

GREENWICH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  36  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Albany.  Battenkill  Creek  flows  along  its  S.  border,  and 
the  Champlain  Canal  here  crosses  the  Hudson.  The  inh.a- 
bitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  car- 
riages.   It  contains  a  bank.     Pop.  3941. 

GREENWICH,  a  po.«t-villaae  and  township  of  Cumber- 
land, co..  New  Jersey,  on  Delaware  Bay  and  on  Cobansey 
Creek,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bridgeton.  The  village  contains  2 
or  3  churches,  and  about  100  dwellings.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship. 12ti5. 

GREENWICH,  a  township  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey 
Pop.  2199. 

GRKENWICH,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey 
Pop.  2541. 

GRliENWICH,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsvlvania 
Pop.  2041. 

GREENWICH,  a  post  township  forming  the  S.S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Huron  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1118. 

787 


GRE 


GRE 


OREEXAVICn,  a  seaport  at  the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's 
Bav.  on  the  >".  cnaat  of  Prince  Edward  Island,  co.  of  Kings, 
In  iat.  40°  2S'  N..  Ion.  e.-2P  47'  W. 

GliKRXWlCd  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Huron  co..Ohio. 

G[;EKX\VICII  VIl.LACfE,a  post-village  of  Hampshire  CO., 
Ma.ssaoh\i.«etts.  73  mil"s  W.  of  Boston. 

tillKEN'WOOD,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine.  50 
milps  Vt'.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  878. 

GREEN  \VOOU,  a  i)ost-township  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York, 
27  miles  S.W.  of  Bath.     Pop.  1306. 

GKEEN  'WOOD,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1470. 

G  KEEN  WOOD,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  1729. 

GRE KN WOOD,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  635. 

GREENWOOD,  a  small  villageof  Mercer  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

GREKNWOOD,  a  township  of  PeiTy  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  957. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Doddridge  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

GREENWOOD,  a  postrviUage  in  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

GItEENWOOD,  a  postoffic*  of  .Jackson  co.,  *'lorida. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-ofRce  of  De  Kalb  co..  Alabama. 

GREENWOOD,  a  thrivin-j  post-villase  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis- 
si.esippi.  on  the  Yazoo  River,  230  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
95  miles  N.  of  .Tackson.  The  river  is  naviirable  for  steamboats 
luring  the  whole  year,  with  few  exceptions,  and  several 
thousand  Kiles  of  cotton  are  shipped  hereannually.  The  vil- 
lage h.is  also  a  large  business  in  groceries  and  heavy  goods. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-villase  in  Caddo  parish,  Louisiana, 
about  350  miles  N.W.  of  New  Orleaui*. 

GREEN  W(  MID,  a  post-office  of  Sebastian  co..  Arkansas. 

GREFINWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Sumner  co..  Tennessee. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-office  ofJ)arke  co..  Ohio. 

GREENWOOD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  .Tohnson  co..  In- 
diana, on  the  railroad  between  MadLsou  and  Indianapolis,  10 
milfs  S.S.E.  of  the  latter. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-vill.age  of  McIIenry  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  N'ippersink  Creek,  about  60  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-office  of  .Shelby  co.,  Missouri. 

GREENWOOD,  a  township  of  Vernon  Co.,  Wisconsin. 

GREEN^VOi^D,  a  po,st-t)ffice  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California. 

GREENWOOD  CEMETERY.     See  New  York. 

GREENWOOD  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  CO., 
Pennsylvania. 

3REENW00D  LAKE,  a  delightful  watering-place  of 
Orange  co..  New  York,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Chester,  which  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Newburg  and  Erie  Rail- 
roads. 

GREENWOOD  VALLEY,  a  post-office. Wavne  co.,  Missouri. 

GREERS^VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

GREET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

GREET'HA.M,  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GREETHANt.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

GREETLAND-wiTH-ELLAND.  En^'land.    See  Ell\nd. 

GREET'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GREGAPOJEE.  grA-g.ipo'.iee\  'or  QRKE'JEE\a  town  of 
Dahomey,  about  10  or  12  miles  N.W.  of  Whydah;  lat.  6°  12' 
N.,  Ion.  19  32'  E.,  on  a  rising  ground  overlooking  the  sre.at 
lagoon  which  runs  along  this  part  of  the  coast  of  the  Bight 
of  Benin.     Pop.  1200. 

GREGG,  a  post-township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Bellefonte.     Pop.  1556. 

GREGORV^S  (gr.Vo-r6z)  MILL,  a  postroffice  of  Granville 
CO..  North  Carolina. 

OREIFRNBERO.  grffgn-bjiin',  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Pomerania,  40  miles  N.E.  of  Stettin,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rega.     Pop.  4470. 

GREIFENBERO.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia. 
34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  on  the  Queiss.  Pop.  2720. 
Near  it  is  the  castle  of  Greifenstein. 

GREIFENBERO.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg. 45  miles  N.N.E.  of  Berlin,  on  the  Sarnitz.     Pop.  1300. 

(JREIFENBDRO.  pri'fgn-b«5RG\  a  town  of  lUyria,  32 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Villach.  near  the  Drave.     Pop.  700. 

GREIFENSTEIN,  gri'fen-sHne\  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
many, In  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  of  Coblentz,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Wetzlar. 

GREIFEX.STEIN,  a  village  of  Germany,  In  Lower  Aus- 
tria, on  the  Danube,  N.W.  of  Kloster-Neuburg. 

GREIFEN.STEIN,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Prussian 
Sajtonv,  government  of  Erfurt,  S.  of  Heili'enstadt. 

OREIFPENHAGRX.  grIf'fen-hJVhen,  atown  of  Prussia, 
rlHl^'""?'^."'"- ''-  "'"'"'  ^•^•'^^'-  °f  Stettin,  near  the  Oder.  Pop. 

,,A.,i-,,.?  ""^""factures  of  woollen  cloths  and  leather. 

GREUl  ENSEE,  grirffn-sV,  a  pettv  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  6  miles  E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  small  lake  of  Greif- 
'^'7,^'^.•,.T,'V'■^  '^  ^  '"■''"'  ''^"»-  "'"l  U  mnes  broad. 
ru^!^I.':^^^}:?\  Knf.<*JlMeh.  (formerly  written 
Vo  ..''•^  ;  .V'"V  "  *"""  "'  ^''•"'^''ia.  province  of  Pomerania, 
}  ^  "*....•  "'^  Stra'sund,  on  the  Rvck.  near  its  mouth. 
In  the  Baltic  Pop.  15,0'J1».  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
has  f.  harbor  fitted  for  sraall  vessels,  a  university,  founded 
in  1456,  with  a  library  of  20,000  volumes,  and  (in  1S44) 


225  students,  a  medico-chirurgical  school,  observatory,  bo 
tauie  garden,  museum.s,  and  a  gymnasium.  It  has  manu' 
factures  of  tobacco  and  soap,  oil-mills,  building  docks,  dis- 
tilleries, salt-refineries,  and  an  active  trade  both  by  sea  and 
land.  The  principal  arlides  of  export  are  grain,  which  in 
I?52  included  37.667  quarters  of  wheat,  22,500  of  barley, 
3450  of  rve.  11.741  of  oats,  and  .525  of  pease  and  be.ans. 

GRETFSWALD-(E.  grifes/wdld-o'eh,  an  islet  in  the  Baltic 
Sea,  9  miles  S.E,  of  lUigen. 

GREIG.  gr^g,  a  township.  T^ewis  CO..  New  York.     P.  1733. 

GREIGS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Genesee  Canal,  .about  28  miles  S.S.W,  of 
Rochester. 

GREIGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Preston  co.,  West  Vir- 
ginia,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

GREIN.  grine.  or  GREGNA,  grSg'n.1,  a  town  of  Lower 
Austri.i.  on  the  Danube.  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lintz,  about  ij 
miles  above  the  Strudel  Rapid,  and  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, crowned  by  the  castle  of  Greinburg.     Pop.  750. 

GREIN.  gr.'ln.  a  considerable  town  of  Arabia,  in  Hadra- 
maut.  on  the  Wady  Doan,  near  Makallah. 

GREINORD.  gree'nord,  a  bay  of  Scotland,  on  the  N.W. 
coast  of  Ross-shire.  S.W.  of  Loch  Brotmi.  4  miles  wide,  ex- 
tending inland  alxiut  the  same  distance,  and  with  an  island 
of  the  same  name  at  its  entrance. 

GKEINTON  or  GRENTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

GREITZ  or  GREIZ,  grits,  a  town  of  Central  Germany, 
capital  of  the  principality  of  Reuss-Greitz,  (m  the  right  bank 
of  the  AVhite  Elster,  49  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leipsic.  It  is  en- 
closed by  walls,  is  well  built,  and  is  the  residence  of  the 
sovereign  prince,  who  has  here  two  castles  and  a  summer 
palace,  with  fine  gardens.  It  has  a  .seminary,  a  I^atin 
school,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics, 
distilleries,  and  breweries.     Pop.  6215. 

GREKLIS.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Grasutz. 

GRENAAE,  preh-no'eh\  orGRINAAE,  gre-no'eh,  a  mari- 
time town  of  Denmark,  province,  and  near  the  E.  extremity 
of  .Jutland,  amt.  and  32  miles  E.  of  Randers.  Pop.  1000. 

GR  EN.AD.4.*  grpn-.Vda.  (Fr.  Grenade,  greh-nid'.  i  one  of  the 
British  West  India  Islands.  Lat.  (S.  poiiit)  11°  59'  N„  Ion 
61°  45'  W.  It  is  of  an  oblong  form,  24i  mUes  long  N.  and 
S.,  and  10  miles  broad.  Area,  80,000  acres.  There  are  seve- 
ral bays  and  creeks  on  both  sides  of  the  island,  afToixiing 
good  anchorage.  Grenada  is  one  of  the  most  Ijeautiful  of  the 
West  India  Islands,  rugged  and  picturesque  in  the  interior, 
being  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  an  irregular  mass  of  vol- 
canic mountains,  which  attain  elevations  of  3000  and  3200 
feet  above  sea-level.  In  the  centi-e  of  the  island,  about  1700 
feet  alx)ve  sea-level,  there  is  a  circular  lake,  2i  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, enclosed  by  lofty  mountains.  Rivers  and  rivu- 
lets are  extremely  numerous;  and  most  of  the  former  car 
pable  of  working  sugar-mills.  The  soil  is  variable;  but  con- 
sists principally  of  a  rich  black  or  reddish-colored  mould, 
well  adapted  to  every  tropical  production.  Cotton  was  for- 
merly the  chief  article  of  cultivation;  but  at  present  sugar, 
rum.  and  molasses,  stand  first  in  the  exports,  whii.'h  amount- 
ed in  1852  to  131.94(1i.,  and  the  imports  to  149.718?.  During 
the  same  year,  21.47H  tons  of  shipping  were  entered  inwards. 

The  isl.and  is  divided  into  six  districts,  and  h.as  a  lieu- 
tenant-governor and  a  local  legislature.  The  revenue  for 
1849  was  19.091/..  and  the  expenditure  12.777/.  The  Est.ab- 
lished  Church  has  10  churches  and  chapels,  the  Roman  Car 
tholics  8,  and  various  Dissenters  have  6  churches.  Number 
of  children  attending  school  in  the  island,  in  1852,  1828. 
Capital.  St.  George  Town.  Grenada  was  discovered  by  Colum- 
bus in  his  third  voyage,  in  149S.  at  which  time  it  was  inha- 
bited by  Caribs,  who  were  subsequently  exterminated  by 
the  French,  by  whom  the  island  was  colonized,  about  the 
middle  of  the  .seventeenth  century,  and  in  whose  possession 
it  remained  till  1762.  when  it  was  taken  by  the  British.  It 
was  recaptured  by  the  French  in  1779.  and  restored  to  Bri- 
tain in  1783.  Pop.  in  1851,  32,671.  of  whom  about  5000  are 
of  the  white  and  mixed  races,  the  remainder  blacks;  males, 
13.732:  females,  15.195. 

ORENA'D.\,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Y.^llobusha  co.. 
Mis.sissippi.  on  the  Yallotmsha  River,  113  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Jackson.  It  is  at  the  head  ot  steamlx)at  navigation,  and  has 
an  active  business.  It  contains  a  United  States  land-offlce, 
and  2  newspaper  offices. 

GRENADE.  greh-nJd'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Garonne.  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  in  1852,  4364. 

GRE.NADE.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Laudes, 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mont-de-Marsan.     Pop.  1442. 

GRENADINES,  grc^n-d-deenz/;  or  GRENADILLES.  grJn- 
3-deel'.  a  group  of  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  belonsring  to 
Great  Britain,  extending  from  lat.  12°  30'  to  13°  N.,  be- 
tween Grenada  and  St.  A'incent.  and  consisting  of  Bequia, 
Carriacou,  and  Union,  besides  some  smaller  islands. 


•  GrenaiJa,  the  name  of  one  of  the  British  We«t  India  Islandi 
onght  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Sphnish  name  Gntnnda 
(sometimes  Improperly  written  with  an  i  in  the  first  syl'aMe.) 
Worceater  pronounces  Grenad-t  gre-o'ya,  proNbly  roiorring  to 
this  mode  of  apbUiug  the  Spanish  u»m«. 


GRE 


GRI 


GRENAUQH,  gr5n'aw\  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
00.  of  Cork. 

GH  KXCIIEX,  p;r?n'Kfn.  (Fr.  Grange.  (rrSxzh.)  a  parish  and 
village  of  Switzerland,  with  mineral  sprlnp.s  and  bath.s,  can- 
ton, and  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Soleure.     Pop.  1000. 

GKKNPK.LIiRUCII,  gr^nMel-brOOK\  (Fr.  pron.  grSN'o'dSr- 
briik'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Khln,  10  miles 
N  N.W.  of  Schelestat.     Pop.  1575. 

(JKEN'DOX.  a  parish  of  Enjiland,  CO.  of  Northampton. 

G;!KM)0X-ltlSII'01".'i,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  Hereford. 

Gi:i;XUDX-UX/DUliWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks. 

GRKXDOX-wiTQ-'WIIIT'TIXGnAM,  a  parish  of  England, 
eo.  of  Warwick. 

GUKXEIiLE,  greh'nftU',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine,  arrondissement  of  Sceaux.  It  is  comprised  within 
the  new  fortifications  of  I'aris.  and  i.s  celebrated  for  the 
Artesian  well  of  Grenelle.  1794  feet  deep,  which  snpplies 
the  upper  part  of  I'aris  with  excellent  water.  Temperature 
at  bottom  of  well,  82°  Fah.    Pop.  in  1852,  7878. 

GHEXN.\..  gr^ii'nd.  a  small  town  of  Sweden,  lasn,  and  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Jonkdping,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Wetter. 
It  has  some  trade  in  cattle. 

GREX  X  K  or  GREXXAH,  a  town  of  Africa.     See  Ctrese. 

0REX015LK,  gren-ob'l'  or  greb-no'b'l,  (anc.  Oidlaro  or  Cra- 
tiannploli.<.)  a  fortified  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  I.«ere.  picturesquely  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Is^ru  river,  here  crossed  by  two  bridges,  and  bordered  by 
handsome  quays,  58  miles  S.E.  of  Lyons.  ,Lat.  45°  12'  N., 
Ion.  5°  44'  E.  A  railway  is  projected  to  communicate  with 
the  Hue  of  railway  in  progress  from  Paris  to  Marseilles.  The 
city  proper,  on  the  S.  l^ank  of  the  river,  is  enclosed  by  bas- 
tioned  ramparts,  and  has  a  citadel;  the fauOurg  St.  iMurent. 
the  original  quarter,  founded  by  the  Emperor  Gratian.  on 
the  oi>posite  bank,  has  no  strong  walls,  but  is  protected  by 
the  new  fort  of  La  Bastilo.  on  an  adjacent  height.  The  town 
is  irregularly  laid  out,  and  badly  paved,  but  has  many  good 
residences,  and  has  VK?en  latterly  much  improved.  I'rincipal 
edifices.  theCathedral.theCourt-liouse,  formerly  palace  of  the 
dauphins,  Xational  College,  with  a  museum  and  picture- 
gallery,  the  Episcopal  Palace,  Theatre,  Public  Library  of  CO.OUO 
volumes,  several  convents,  ho.spitals,  &c.  Here  is  a  good 
public  garden ;  and  in  a  principal  square  is  a  colossal  bronze 
statue  of  the  Chevalier  Itayard.  Grenoble  is  the  seat  of  a 
national  court,  an  Acwlimip.  Universitaire,  a  tribunal  of 
commerce,  chamber  of  manufactures,  board  of  customs,  and 
has  a  normal  and  numerous  other  schools.  From  4000  to 
5000  hands,  in  and  about  the  city,  are  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  kid  gloves;  besides  which,  it  has  tanneries, 
ni.'inufactures  of  liqueurs,  and  a  trade  in  hemp,  iron,  and 
marble,  the  produce  of  its  vicinity.  In  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans this  town  was  known  by  the  name  of  Cularo,  which 
was  afterwards,  in  the  fourth  century,  changed,  in  honor 
of  the  Emperor  Gratian,  to  Gratianopolis,  (i.e.  "city  of  Gra- 
tian,") of  which  the  modern  Grenoble  is  a  corruption. 
During  the  wars  of  Napoleon  it  was  twice  occupied  by  the 
allies.  Grenoble  was  the  first  place  which  openly  received 
the  emperor  after  his  return  from  Elba  in  ISlo.  Pop.  in 
1852,  31  340. 

GKEXTOX.  a  parl.sh  of  Vlnglahd.    See  Greinton. 

GREX'VILLE,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  on 
Canada  East  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  comprises  an  area  of  421 
square  miles.  This  county  is  traversed  by  a  railway  con- 
necting Bytown  with  Prescott,  the  capital.     Pop.  20,707. 

GREXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Two 
Mountains,  on  the  UtUiwa  River,  60  miles  W.  of  Montreal. 
Pop.  about  250. 

GRKWILLE  ISL.^XD,  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Botuma. 

GRKOULX  or  GR/:0UX,  grAVo'.  a  village  of  Fntnce,  de- 
partment of  Basses-Alpes.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Digne.  with 
mineral  b.°.ths  known  to  the  ancient  Romans.     I'op.  l.'!47. 

GRESn?ORD,  a  parish  of  Wales,  cos.  of  Flint  and  Denbigh, 
with  a  statirju  on  the  Shrewsbury  and  Chester  Kailway,  3 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Wrexh.am. 

GliKSIl'A.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GliKSlIOLM.  an  island  of  Wales.     See  Gr.\sholm. 

GKE.SIPVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

O  K  ESI  K.  a  town  of  Java.     See  Grisseh. 

GRESIVAUDAN,  gri^zeeHoMSN"'.  one  of  the  most  pio- 
turesiiue  and  productive  valleys  of  F'rance,  department  of 
IsAre,  traversed  by  the  Is6re.  to  its  confluence  with  the 
Drac.  and  formerly  a  district  of  Dauphiny. 

GRKSLEY,  England.     See  Church-GresIet. 

GRE.S'SEXH.A.LL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GI{ESSIC,  a  town  of  Java;    See  Grlsseh. 

GllESV,  gr.lV.ee',  (L.  Grrsriacum,)  a  town  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  on  the  Is^re,  16  miles  E.  of  Chambery.    P.  1486. 

GRESY-SUR-AIX.  gra*zee'-sUR-Ax,  a  village  of"  the  Sardi- 
niiUi  States,  division  of  Savoy,  11  miles  N.  of  Chambery. 
Pop.  1441. 

GRE'TA  or  GREA'TA.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
laud,  an  affluent  of  the  Derwent. 

GRE'T.\,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding,  flows  E.  and  N.  past  Brignall.  into  the  Tees.  Its 
lieauties  are  noticed  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  "llokeby." 


GRETA  BRIDGE,  a  hamlet  on  the  above  river,  E.  of  Bar 
nard  Castle. 

GRETFORD,  a  parish  of  Eniland.     See  Greatford. 

GRET'NA  or  GRAIT'XEY.'a  village  and  parish  of  .«cot- 
land,  CO.  of  Dumfrit;.s.  on  the  Sark.  with  a  station  on  the  Ca. 
lisle  and  Edinburgh  Railway.  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Carlisle 
Pop.  1761.  The  village  of  Gretna  Green,  situated  on  the 
boundary  line  between  Scotland  and  England,  has  long  lieen 
celebrated  as  the  resort  of  parties  bent  on  clandestine  mar 
riages.  to  avoid  the  Engli.«h  ni;nriage  law. 

ORET'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

GREUSSEN,  grois^sen.  a  town  of  Germany,  piincipallty 
of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  10  miles  S.SJi.  of  Sonders 
hausen      Pop.  21(55. 

GREVE,  gril/vA,  a  river  of  Tuscany,  joins  the  Arno,  3  miles 
below  Florence,  after  a  course  of  at«ut  24  miles. 

GREVE.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Florence, 
on  the  Greve.     Pop.  1057. 

GREVEN,  gr.Vven,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  22  miles  E.  of  .Miinster,  on  the  Ems.     Pop.  llliO. 

GREVENBICIIT.  grA'vfn-biKt\  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  Li  mburg.  12  miles  N.by  E.  of  Maestricht.  Pop.tt42. 

GREVEXBROICH,  gr.Vv?n-bVoiK\  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  13  miles  S.W.  of  Dus.seldorf.     Pop.  854. 

GREVENMACHER,  gr,Vven-maKVr,  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province,  and  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lu.xemburg, 
on  the  Moselle.     Pop.  22iH>. 

GREVIS.MUHLEX.  (Grevismiihlen.)  gr.Vvl.s-mirien,  a 
town  of  Northern  Germany,  in  Mecklenberg-Schwerin,  11 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Wismar.     Pop.  2fi60. 

GREVNO,  grjv'no,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Mace- 
donlii.  sanjak,  and  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Monastir. 

GRE'Wl'iLL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

GREY,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  on  Georgian 
Bay,  comprises  an  area  of  2321  square  miles.  Capital,  Dur- 
ham.    Pop.  13.217. 

GREY,  an  inland  county  of  West  Australia,  about  65 
miles  from  E.  to  W.  It  contains  a  large  and  beautiful  sheet 
of  water,  called  Lake  McDermott. 

GREY  AIVBEY^,  a  parish  of  Irel.and,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down, 
on  Lake  Strangford.  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Donaghadt^.  The 
ruins  of  an  abbey,  founded  by  the  De  Courceys  in  1192,  are 
in  this  pari.sh. 

GREY  ROCIC,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

GREY'STEAU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

GREY'.STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberiand, 
5  miles  W.  of  Penrith.  Saddleback  Mountain,  2787  feet  in 
height,  is  in  this  pari.ch. 

GREY''STOXES.  a  headland,  fi.shing  village,  and  coa.st- 
guard  station  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wicklow,  3 
miles  S.E.  of  Bray. 

GREYS/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  Indiana. 

GREY  TOWN,  or  SAN  JUAN  DE  NICARAGUA,  Ran 
ju'an  (or  sdn  iioo-Sn')  d.-l  ne-kd-r5'gwd.  a  seaport  town  of  Cen- 
tral America.  Mosquito  Territory,  on  the  river  San  Juan; 
lat.  10°  65'  n;.  Ion.  83°  43'  W;  destroyed  in  July.  1854.  by 
Capt»in  Hollins.  commander  of  the  Cyane,  acting  under 
instructions  from  the  United  States  government.  It  is 
said  to  have  had  a  considerable  trade  in  the  export  of  hides, 
indigo,  and  specie.  ]  ts  inhabitants  consisted  of  immigrants 
from  England,  the  United  States,  Germany,  France,  and 
Spain,  be.sides  the  native  Indians;  and  thousands  thronged 
tliither  on  their  w,ay  to  California  by  the  San  Juan  River  and 
the  Lake  of  Xicaragu,a.  Two  stejimers  from  New  York,  and 
two  from  New  Orleans,  arrived  monthly  with  passengers, 
while  a  Bremen  ship  occasionally  brought  a  load  of  Germans. 
The  harbor  is  one  of  the  finest  on  the  coast  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, and  was  declared  a  free  port  January  1,  1851.  The 
communication  with  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  through  a  healthy 
and  eminently  picturesque  country,  and,  by  aid  of  steamers 
on  the  rivers  and  on  Lake  Nicaragua,  the  transit  has  been 
accomplished  in  36  hours. 

GREZ,  grA,  or  GREZ-DOICEAU  gri-dwd'so'.  a  villjige  of 
Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Dyle,  18  miles  S,E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  21 50. 

GREZ.\NA,  grJd-zd'ni.  a  village  of  North  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Verona. 

GREZ-EN-BOUERE.  grAz-6N°-boo'aiR/,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Mayenne,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chateau- 
Gontier.     Pop.  i;538. 

GRIAZOVETZ  of  GRIASOWETZ.  gre-i-zo-vjts',  a  town 
of  Russiii,  government,  and  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Yolog-la. 
Pop.  i900. 

GRIECHENLAND.    See  Greece. 

GRIEFSWALD.     See  Greifswalbe. 

GRIEGES,  gre-aizh'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ain,  16  miles  W.  of  Bourg.     Pop.  1214. 

GRIES  (gree  or  grees)  MOUNT,  an  Alpine  summit,  be- 
tween Piedmont  and  the  Swi.ss  canton  of  Valais.  Lat. 46° 
27'  30"  N.,  Ion.  8°  23'  E.  It  is  crossed  by  a  pass  between  the 
Hasli  Valley  and  Domo  d'Ossola.  at  an  elevation  of  7821  feet. 
On  its  S.  side  the  Toce  forms  a  remarkable  cataract. 

GRIES,  gree,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin, 
arrondissement  of  Sti-asbourg.    Pop.  1398. 


GUI 

GMESl  *Cn.  greeslidK.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bava- 
i}a,  15  milt-s  S.W.  of  I'assau.     Pop.  7-W. 

GRIKSHACH,  a  villaRe  of  Bavaria,  9  miles  E.  of  Passau, 
near  the  Austrian  frontier.     Pop.  V60. 

GRIliSIIKiM.  gree.'^hime.  a  villajte  of  Germany,  in  Uesse- 
Darmstadt.  4  miles  \V.  of  Darmstadt.    Pop.  2859. 

GKIKSHKIJI,  a  Till!i<re  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  950. 

GRIE.SHKIM.  a  village  of  Gei-many,  circle  of  Sliddle 
Rhine.  N.  of  ()flenburg.     Pop.  83-1. 

GRIKSKIRCIIKX,  grees'kfeeRK'en,  a  small  town  of  Aus- 
tria, rirole  above  the  Ems.  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lintz.  Pop.  1300. 
GltlKTlI,   greet,  a  small  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on 
the  litine.  5  miles  E.  of  Cleves. 

GRIKTIIAL'SEN,  givet/hOw'zen.  a  gmall  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  on  the  Rhine,  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cleves. 

GRIK'FIX,  a  town,  capifcil  of  Spalding  co.,  Georgia,  on 
tlu'  Macon  and  Western  Railroad,  5S  miles  N.W.  of  Macon. 
This  railroad  is  a  link  in  the  chain  extending  from  Savan- 
nah to  Nai-hville.  The  situation  is  healthy,  and  the  water 
good.  Griflfin  is  noted  for  the  prevalence  of  its  good  order 
and  temperance,  for  the  excellence  of  its  .schools,  and  for  the 
activity  of  its  trade.  Kear  50.000  bales  of  cotton  are  re- 
ceived here  annually.  Many  of  the  stores  and  dwellings 
are  spacious  brick  buildings.  It  contains  3  or  4  chun-hes. 
and  5  large  wui'cbousos.  Laid  out  in  1S40.  Pop.  estimated 
ttt  3500. 

GRIFFIX  COVE,  a  small  village  of  fishermen  in  Canada 
East,  CO.  ofGaspfe,  with  a  harbor  6|  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cape 
Kazier:  lat.  4S°  55'  X.,  Ion.  (U'^  23'  W. 
GRIFFIN'S,  .a  postofKce  of  .Johnson  co.,  Arkansas. 
GRIF'FIXSBURG,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Culpepper  co.,   Yij> 
giuia,  103  miles  X.X.W.  of  Richmond. 

GRIFFINS  CORNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Delaware  co.,  New 

York. 

GRIFFIN'S  CREEK,  a  post-oflRce  of  Bentcn  co.,  Alabama. 

GRIFFIN'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co..  New  York, 

on  Cazenove  Creek,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.    It  has  1 

or  2  churches,  and  several  mills. 

GRI  FFIN'S  illLLS,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  CO.,  Georgia. 
GRIF'FITH'S.  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co..  Kentucky. 
jRIF'FlTIISVILLE.  a  post-office  of  CaK-U  co.,  Virginia. 
GRIFT,  DE,  dA  greeft,  a  river  of  Holland,  joining  the 
fssel.  2  miles  S.  of  ilattem. 

GRIGAN,  gre-gRu',  one  of  the  Ladrone  or  Marianne 
rsi.-ir.ds,  in  the  North  P.Hcific  Ocean;  lat.  1S°  4S'  N..  Ion.  145° 
40'  E.    It  is  about  8  miles  wide,  and  about  2300  feet  high. 

GRIGGS'TOWN.  a  post-vHlage  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,  9  miles  S.  of 
Somerville. 

GRIGGS'VILLE.  a  neat  and  thriving  post-village  of  Pike 
CO.,  Illinois,  62  miles  AV.  of  Springfield,  and  4  miles  W.  of  the 
Illinois  River.  It  contains  1  bank.  4  churches,  and  manu- 
factories of  plows  and  carriages.     Pop.  about  1800. 

GRIGXA.V,  green V^s*',  a  town  of  F'rance,  department  of 
Drome,  34  miles  S.  of  Valence.  The  chateau  of  Grignan,  in 
which  Madame  de  Sevigne  died,  in  1(06,  was  partly  de- 
stroyed in  the  revolution  of  1793.     Pop.  in  1852.  1948. 

GHIGNANO,  green-yil'no,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  go- 
Ternment  of  Venice.  3  miles  S.W.  of  Rovigo.     Pop.  1900. 

GltlGNWSCO,  green-yds'ko.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  pro- 
vince, and  21  miles  N.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  1765. 

GRIGNO  or  GRIN.10.  green'vo,  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Tyrol.  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Trent.  "Pop.  818. 

GlilGNOLS,  greenVol',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Dordogne.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Perigueux.    Pop.  1252. 

GKIGNOLS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gironde. 
40  miles  S.K.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1773. 

GRIGNOX,  green\vAs<^,  a  village  of  France,  departments 
of  Cote  d'Or  and  Rhone. 

GRIGNY,  green'yee',  a  village  of  France,  departments  of 
cote  d'Or  and  Rhone.  It  has  .some  trade  in  silk,  and  a 
station  on  the  railway  between  Lyons  and  St.  Etienne. 

GRIGORIOPOL,  gre-go-reKVpol,"  a  town  of  South  Russia, 
government  of  Kherson,  on  the  Dniester,  90  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton 
sluflfi,  and  is  of  commercial  import.ance. 
GR1GU.\S,  a  tribe  of  IIottentot.s.  See  Gkiqcas. 
GRIJO,  gre/zho.  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Douro.  14  miles  S.S.K.  of  Oporto.     Pop.  2111. 

G  RIJOTA  or  GlilXOTA.  gre-Ho'tl  a  marketrtown  of  Spain, 
province,  and  4  miles  N.W.  of  Palencia.  'Pop.  1100. 
G  R  IJi  )T.\,  a  river  of  Mexico.     See  TAnA.sco. 
GRIJP.VKKRK  or  GRYP.SKERK,  grIps'kSRk.  a  vilhige  of 
Ilulland.  9  niile.s  W.N.W.  of  Groningen.    Pop.  611. 

GRIMALDI.  gre-mJl'dee.  a  vilKHje  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  11  milra  S.S.W.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  2430. 

GRl.MAl'D,  gree'-miV.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
>  ar,  near  the  Gulf  of  Grimaud,  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Draguignan. 
Pop.  1321).  °    " 

GRIMAUD.  GULF  OF.  (anc.  Simhracftalnua  Sihiu*,)  an  in- 
let of  the  Me<lit*rranean.  on  the  S.  coast  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vur.  calleil  also  the  Gulf  of  St.  Tropez.     Here  Napo- 
leon enitiarked  for  Elba  in  ISU. 
GK1.MBKRGUEN,  grimOjiBrgbtin,  a  viUage  of  Belgium,  ' 


GRI 

province  of  South  Brabant.  6  miles  X.E.  of  Brussels.    Pop 
2701).     In  1825  it  was  submerged  by  the  bui-sting  of  a  dyk«». 
GRIMKS.  grimz.  a  county  in  tlie  E.  central  part  of  Texas, 
area  about  750  .s(iuare  miles.    It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
theXavasoto  ana  Brazos  Rivers,  and  drained  by  Lake  and 
Spring  Creeks.    The  surface  is  nearlv  level,  and  but  little 
elevated  above  the  sea      Named  in  honor  of  .7e«.se  ti rimes 
member  of  Congress  of  the  Republic  of  Texas.  Capital,  Ander- 
son.    Pop.  10,;;07,  ol  whom  -IrSn  were  free,  and  5468  slaves. 
GRIMKSVILLE.  giimz'vil.  a  post-office.  Grimes  co..  Texas. 
GRIM'LKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
GRI.MLI.\GII.\USKX,    griui'liiig-liCw'zgn,   a  villafe    of 
Rhenish  Prussia.  4  miles  S.  of  Dus-seldorf.     Pop.  830.  " 

GRI  MM  A.  grim'rnj.  a  walled  town  of  Saxony.  17  mile* 
S.E.  of  Leipsic,  on  the  Mulde.  here  crossed  bv  a  stone  bridge. 
Pop.  50:!4.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  manufactures  of  w(K)l- 
len  .stuff's,  stiinh,  and  mathematical  instruments. 

GRIMME.  grim'meh,  or  GRIMMEN,  grim'mfn.  a  town 
of  Prussia.  Pomerania,  15  miles  S.  of  Stralsund,  on  the  Tre- 
bel.     Pop.  2670. 

GRIM'.>LDBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
GRIMS'HY.  a  post-village  of  Canada  We.st,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
GRI.M.->'RV,  GRK.iT,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  Ix)- 
rough.  seaport-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Humber,  15  miles  S  E 
of  Hull.  Pop.  in  1861,  15,013.  It  has  several  good  streets^ 
a  tine  cruciform  church,  a  grammar  schwil.  founded  in  l.i4" 
a  harlx)r,  furnished  with  extensive  doek.s.  large  bonding 
warehouses,  e.^tablishments  tor  shipbuilding  and  hone- 
crushing,  and  manufactures  of  ropes  fmm  New  Zealand  tiax. 
The  imports  of  timber  from  the  Baltic  are  considerable, 
though  the  town  h.is  declined  in  commercial  importance 
since  the  rise  of  Hull;  but  the  improvements  in  its  harbor 
have  restored  some  of  its  prosperity.  It  is  also  a  terminus 
of  the  East  Lincolnshire  and  l>ancashire  R.-»ihvays:  and, 
with  the  exception  of  Hull,  is  the  only  good  port  on  the  E. 
of  England.  It  .sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons' 
GRIMSBY.  LITTLK,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
GRI.MSKL.  grim'sel,  a  mountain  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
Bernese  Alps,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Hasli  Valley,  crossed 
by  a  pa.ss  7126  feet  above  the  sea. 

GRI.MSTAD.  grim'stdd.  or  GROMSTAD,  grom'stad.  a  sea- 
port of  Norway,  on  the  Skaggerrack  Channel.  2S  miles  N.K. 
of  Christians;ind.     It  has  a  savings'  bank.     Froln  10  to  15 
of  the  larger  cla.ss  ve.sisels  are  built  here  annnallv:  about 
8000  tons  of  shipping  are  engaged  in  foreign  trade,  the  prin- 
cipal exports  consisting  of  iron  and  word.     Pop  71-> 
GRIMSTKAD.  EAST,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
GRl.M'STKAD.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
GRl.M.S^riIORPE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  4 
miles  E.S.  E.  of  Corby ;  near  which  is  Grimsthorpe  Castle,  an 
imposing  structure,  surrounded  by  tine  scenery. 
GRIMS'TON,  a  pari.sh  of  Enghind.  co.  of  Liecester. 
GRIMSTON,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 
Ea.st  Riding.  ' 

GRIM'.STOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
GRIM'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  lierks  co..  Pennsylvania. 
GRlXA.tE.  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  Grenaae. 
GRIX.\GER.  gre-nj'gher.  a  parish  and  village  of  Norway, 
33  miles  X.N.W.  of  ChrLstiahia.     I'op.  3000. 

GRINDELWALD.  griu'del-wilt',  a  vill.-ige  of  Switzeriand, 
canton,  .nnd  35  miles  S.K.  of  Bern,  at  the  foot  of  the  Si-hreck- 
horn.  in  the  Bernese  Oberland.  :i524  fet^t  above  the  sea. 
Near  it  are  the  glaciers  of  Upper  and  Lower  Grindelwald. 

GRIN'DLE  CREEK,  of  Pitt  co..  North  Carolina,  Hows 
into  the  Tar  River,  near  its  mouth. 

GRIX'DLKTON,  chapelrv,  England,  co. York.  West  Riding. 
GRIX'DJN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
0R1XD()X.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford 
GRIND'STOXE  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  enters  Grand  River 
from  the  right,  in  Daviess  county. 

GRIXDSTOXE  POIXT,  a  post-office  of  .MacDonough  co., 
Illinois. 
G  KIXG'LEY-o.\-THE-IlILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Notts. 
GRINJO.  a  village  of  Austria.     See  GR1G.^0. 
GRINNELL,  Iowa.     See  Appemux. 

GRI.NNELL  L.\ND,  in  the  .Arctic  Oce.nn.  discovered  Sep- 
tember 22,  1850.  by  the  United  States  Grinnell  Expe<iiti  m, 
in  search  of  Sir  John  F'ranklin.  while  in  lat.  7.'>°  24'  21"  X. 
A  large  mass  of  land  was  visible,  extending  from  N.W.  to 
N.E.,  with  mountains  in  the  distance  rising  above  >he  clou  la. 
This  land  was  visited  in  1854  by  the  United  Status  Expedi- 
tion under  Dr.  Kane,  and  its  .shores  to  the  W.  and  N.  chart> 
ed  as  high  as  82°  30'  N..  Ion.  70^  W.,  being  the  neaix-st 
land  to  the  pole  yet  di.scovered.  It  is  here  washed  by  an 
open  polar  sea.  presenting  a  surfiiee  of  3000  .square  miles  en- 
tirely free  from  ice,  and  abounding  in  animal  life.  A  north 
wind  of  52  hours  duration  failed  to  bring  any  drift-ice  into 
it.  A  belt  of  solid  ice,  125  miles  wide,  separates  this  sea  from 
the  nearest  southern  1,-ind. 

GRIXS'DALE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CumKrland. 
GRIX.S'IIILL,  a  p-irish  orF;ngljiud,  co.  of  Salop. 
GR1XST.":AD,   east.     See  E.^st  Gri.nstead. 
2."i?I^'^'*-^^'  ^^'•^Sr-  a  P-tr'sli  of  England,  co.  of  .Sikmx 
QKINTON,  a  parish  of  Euj^nd.  co.  York,  Noith  Riding. 


GRI 


GRO 


GIUOX.  eroe'Ax"'.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud. 
2800  feet  alwve  the  sea.  Ti  miles  K.S.E.  of  Lausanne.  In  the 
vicinity  is  a  remarkable  roclt.  bearing  a  con.'iderable  resem- 
blance to  the  human  form,  and  known  by  the  name  of  ••  La 
Pierre  du  Sauvage."  It  forms  the  subject  of  a  romance 
by  Uridel.  Pop.  430. 
GKI P  KSWOLD.    See  Greifswame. 

GI11QUA8.  [rrec'kwiz.  or  GKIGUAS.  gree'frwiz,  a  tribe  of 
Hottentots,  in  South  Africa,  dwellinj;  N.  of  Orange  Kiver, 
between  24°  and  isP  K.  Ion.  They  have  made  considerable 
progress  in  civilization,  which  they  owe  to  the  missionaries 
established  among  them. 

GRIQL'A  TOWN,  South  Africa.    See  Klaarwatkr. 

GKISIGX.^NA,  gre-seen-yd'nd.  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
In  Illvria,  2-t  miles  S.  of  Triest.     Pop.  1370. 

GRiSLEHAM  or  GRISLEIIAMN,  gris'Ieh-hdm,  a  sm.all 
seaport  town  of  Swedeii,  laen,  and  60  miles  X.  of  Stockholm, 
on  the  Baltic. 

GRlSOIiI.\,  gre-sole-i,  a  Till.age  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citr.%  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  f'aola.     Pop.  2iXK). 

GRISOLLKS,  gree'zolP,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  IG  miles  S.S.E.  of  Castel-Sarrasiii.     P.  1758. 

GRISONS,  gree^ziN"',  (Ger.  (?rat«6find<fn.  grOw'bilnt-tgn.) 
the  easternmost  and.  except  Hern,  the  largest  canton  of 
Switzerland.  .A.rea.  2975  square  miles.  Pop  in  IbtiO,  90,713. 
about  thne-fifths  Protestants.  It  comprises  the  Engadine, 
or  upper  valley  of  the  Inn,  with  the  sources  of  the  RhiTie 
and  tributaries  of  the  Po  and  Adda,  being  little  more  than 
a  mass  of  mountains  and  narrow  valleys.  The  scenery  is 
magnificent;  in  the  canton  there  are  240  glaciers.  The  agri- 
cultural products  are  insufficient  fir  home  consumption, 
and  cattle  form  the  principal  wealth  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  chiet  mineral  riches  are  ir.on,  lead,  and  zinc,  but  few 
mines  are  wrought.  This  canton  compii.se.s  a  great  number 
of  potty  republics,  united  into  three  high  jurisdictions — the 
"GottesUaus,"  (God"s  House.)  '"Grey,"  and  "Ten  Jurisdic- 
tion" Leagues:  and  these  again  unite  to  elect  an  annual  su- 
preme government.  Grisons  in  French  signifies  "gray," 
and  Grauhundkn  in  German,  the  "  gray  allies."  The  name 
originated  in  the  following  circumstance.  In  the  year  1424. 
the  chief  inhabitants  of  this  portion  of  the  country,  having 
become  weary  of  the  oppression  of  their  feudal  lords,  met 
under  a  large  maple,  in  a  forest  near  the  village  of  Tron.s, 
and  entered  into  a  solemn  compact  to  defend  each  other's 
property  and  persons,  and  to  oblige  their  loi-ds  to  respect  tlie 
same.  This  was  calle<l  the  Gray  League  (Gntitbund,  grdw'- 
bdSut.)  from  their  being  dressed  in  gray  frocks.  The  maple 
tree  of  Trons  remained  standing  till  near  the  close  of  tlie 
last  century:  it  was  felled  daring  the  French  Inva.sion. 
Capital,  Chur,  (Coire.) 

GItlSSKH,  gris'seh,  GRTSSfi,  gris's.i.  GRESSIC,  grJs/sik, 
GRKSIK.  gres'ik,  or  GRISSKE,  gris'.see,  a  maritime  town 
on  the  island  of  Java,  province  of  Soerabaya,  on  the  Strait 
of  Madura.  It  is  populous,  inhabited  chiefly  Dy  Javanese 
and  Chine.se.  the  latter  of  whom  have  an  elegant  temple. 
There  are  here  several  ship-building  yards,  in  which  are 
constructed  numerous  vessels,  both  for  war  and  commerce. 
Grisseh  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Java;  here  .Moham- 
medanism first  took  root,  and  in  its  vicinity  are  numerous 
graves  much  revered  by  the  Islamites. 

GRIS'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

GRIS'WOLD.  a  post-township  of  New  London  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, 45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Hartford.  The  Quinnebaug  River 
and  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad  pass  along  the  W. 
boundary.  The  river  affords  valuable  water-power,  which 
!s  employed  in  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  muslins, 
threads,  yarns.  &c.     Pop.  2217. 

GRISWOLD.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Illinois,  84  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Vandalia. 

GRTSWDLD  CITY,  a  Till.age  in  Franklin  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  ^Missouri  River,  55  miles  E.  by  N.  of  .Jefferson  City. 

GRISWOLD'S  MILLS,a  post-ofllce  of  Washington  co.,  New 
York. 

GRISWOLDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co.,  Georgia. 

GRISWOLDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Franldiu  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

GRIT.\.  L.A..  13  gree'ti.  a  town  or  vill.nge  of  Venezuela, 
department  of  Zulia.  province,  and  65  miles  S.W.  of  Merid.a. 

GRITTLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

GRIVKG  XEE,  greeV^n^y.i',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  1  mile  S.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  Ourthe.    Pop.  2200. 

GUTX0T.4.    See  Grijota. 

GRIZON.  gre-zon',  (Fr.  pron.gree'zAxo'.)one  of  the  Gren.a- 
dines.  West  Indies.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Grenada.  Lat.  12°  20'  N., 
Ion.  61°  37'  W. 

GROAI.\;orGR0.\TS.    See  Groix. 

GRO'l^Y  or  GROO'BY.  a  villau'e  of  England,  co.,  and  4 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Leice.ster.     Pop.  5.32. 

GROBZIG.  (Grobzig.)  grob'zio.  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy 
of  Anhalt-Dessau,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Dessau.     Pop.  12><3. 

GRGCHOW,  gro-Kov'.  a  village  of  Russian  Poland.  3  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Warsaw  It  w,<»s  the  scene  of  a  eomliat  between 
the  Poles  and  Russians.  February  19  and  21, 1831. 

GRODE.  (Grode.)  srB'deh.  an  islet  of  Denmark,  duchy,  and 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Sleswick,  10  miles  W.  of  Bredstedt. 


GRODEK.  gro'dfk,  or  GRUDEK,  groo'dfk,  a  town  of  An* 
trian  Oaliiia,  16  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Lembei'!.'      I'^p.  3W>i>, 
G  RODKK,  a  town  of  Poland,    nee  ukudeit. 

GRODKN,  (Groden.)  grci'dfn.  or  GARDENA.  gaR-dA'nl 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  valleys  of  the  Tyrol,  about  15 
miles  E.  of  Klausen. 

GROD'NO.  a  government  of  Russia,  mostly  between  lat. 
52°  and  54°  N.,  and  Ion.  24°  and  26°  E.  Area.'  14.817  square 
miles.  Pop.  795,604.  Surface  generally  level.  PrincipjU 
rivers  are,  the  Niemen.  Bug,  Narew,  and  Pripets.  Almut. 
6.825,000  hei'tols  of  rye  are  grown  annually,  of  which  one- 
third  is  exported.  The  forests  are  extens-ive;  that  of  Bia- 
loroja.  a  crown  domain,  covers  above  200,000  acres.  Mineral 
products  comprise  iron,  chalk,  nitre,  and  building-stone. 
The  agricultural  produce  is  sent  to  the  Baltic  pfirts.  both  by 
land  and  by  the  Niemen  Canal.  Grodno  is  subdivided  into 
8  circles.  Principal  towns,  Grodno,  Brzesc-Litewski,Slouim, 
and  Novogrodek. 

GRODNO,  grod'no,  a  town  of  Russi."(,  cipital  of  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name.  90  miles  S.S.W  of  Vilna.  Pop. 
16.000.  It  has  a  fine  castle,  founded  by  Augustus  III.  of 
Poland.  9  Roman  Catholic  and  2  Greelt  cliunh.-s.  a  syna- 
gogue, gymnasium,  school  of  medicine,  public  libr.iry.  sev(v 
rai  scientific  collections,  and  a  bo^nic  garden,  with  mauu- 
factuies  of  woollens. 

(iRODZISKO.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Gratz. 

GUOIODE.  groo'deh,  a  decaved  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  Zealand,  lo'  miles  S.S.Vv.  of  Middelburg.     Pop.  2408 

GROENEXDIJK.  groon'en-dik\  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  Zealand.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Goes.    Pop.  573. 

GROE.NLAND.    See  Grekxi.a.vd. 

GROENLO.  groonMo',  sometimes  written  GROL,  grol,  or 
GR0LLI5,  grol'leh.  (L.  GroHia,)  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  (Jeld'erland.  19  miles  E..S.E.  of  Zutpheii.     P.  2262. 

GROESREHK.  groos'b.ik',  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  ' 
Gelderland.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Nvrawegen.     Pop.  733. 

GROFF'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GRO'GANSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

GKOHNDE.  grSn'deh.  a  town  of  Hanover,  province  of  Ca- 
lenburg,  on  the  Weser,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hameln.  It  eon- 
tains  a  castle,  and  has  a  custom-house  and  building-dock. 
A  battle  was  fought  here  in  1421 ;  a  monument  marks  the 
spot.     Pop.  836. 

GROISY,  grwd'zee/.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Savoy.  7  miles  from  Annecy.     Pop.  1337. 

GROITZSCII,  groitch.  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Leipsic, 

I  mile  S.E.  of  Pegau.     Pop.  2001. 

GROIX,  grwd,  GROAIX.  gn^x'.  or  GROAIS.  gro-.V.  an 
island  off  the  W.  coast  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan, 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Port  Louis.  Length,  4i-  miles,  breadth,  2 
miles.     Pop.  3127. 

OROLorGROLLE.    See  Groenlo. 

(JROMITZ.  (Groniitz.)gro'mits.  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Holstein,  on  the  Gulf  of  Liibeck,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Kiel. 
Pop.  1000. 

GRO.MO,  gro/mo.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo.  It  contains  the  remains  of  two 
strong  castles,  which  figured  in  the  early  history  of  Italy. 
Pop.  769. 

GROMSTAD.  a  town  of  Norway.    See  Grimstad. 

GR()NAU.  gro'ndw,  a  town  of  Hanover,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Ilildesheim.  on  the  Leine.     Pop.  1919. 

GRON.VU,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  30  miles  N.W. 
of  MUnster.  on  the  Dinkel. 

GRi>NAU,  a  village  of  Hesse-Cassol,  province  and  circle 
of  llanau. 

GRO.NDINES.  grAn-deen',  (Fr.  pron.  grilN°Meen',)  a  post- 
village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Portneuf,  48  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Quebec.     It  contains  several  stores. 

GRONDSVELD.  a  village  of  Netherlands.     See  Gronsveld. 

GRON'E.  gron.  a  river  of  J'rance,  joins  the  S.ione  27  mileu 
N.  of  .Mftcon,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  42  miles. 

GRONE.  gnVneh.  a  town  of  Hanover,  province  of  Ililde- 
sheim. on  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name,  at  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  I^eine  near  Gottingen.     Pop.  986. 

GRONENBACH.  rGronenbach.)  gron'en-bdK'.  a  market- 
town  of  B.avaria,  circle  of  Swabia,  on  the  Aach,  46  miles  S.W, 
of  .\ussburg.     Pop.  1712. 

GRON/GAR  HILL,  of  Wales,  on  the  Towv.  co.,  and  about 

II  miles  E.N.E.  of  Carmarthen.     Its  beautiful  scenery  is  the 
subject  of  Dyer's  celebrated  poem. 

GRO.N'INGEN,  (Grciningen.)  griin'ing-en.  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony.  23  miles  S.W.  of  .Magdeburg.     Pop.  2390. 

GRONINGEN,  (Groningen.)  or  .MAIIKTGRONIXGEN, 
(Marktgroningen.")  maRkt-grou'ing-en,  a  town  of  Wiirtem- 
berg.  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  i674. 

GRONINGEN,  gron'ing-en.  (Dutch  pron.  iiro'ning-nen; 
Vv.Groningiie.  gro*niN«':  L.  Gronin'fja.)  a  fortified  town  ot  the 
Netherlands,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  .same  name.  92  miles 
N.E.of  Amsterdam.  Pop.in  l^tj3,  30.762.  Theprinc  ipal  build- 
ings are  the  Tovvn-houseand  theChurch  of  !?t.  Marl  in.  It  h;is» 
university,  founded  in  1614.  with  IS  professors  .niiii  (in  1S49) 
216  students;  a  museum  of  natural  history,  a  piililic  library 

791 


GRO 


GRO 


vti.  botanic  pardfin,  a  gymnasium,  school  for  deaf,  dumb, 
and  blind,  an  academy  of  the  fine  arts,  and  several  lejirned  so- 
cieties. Its  port  is  accessible  for  large  ves.«els  by  means  of  a 
canHl ;  it  has  ship-building  yards,  paper  mills,  and  an  exten- 
give  trade  in  cattle  and  butter.  It  communicates  by  canals 
with  Leeuwarden,  Wiuschoten,  and  Delfzyl. 

GKO.MXlJKX,  the  northernmost  proyince  in  the  Nether- 
lands, is  flat.  low.  and  partly  exposed  to  the  inundations  of 
the  sea.  It  is  rich  in  pasturage,  but  marshy  in  the  S.K., 
where  it  is  bounded  by  the  morass  of  Bonrtang.  The  cli- 
mate is  humid  and  unhealthy.  Area.  908  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1MJ3,  218.176.  It  is  divided  into  the  districts  of 
Appin!rh:im.  Oronin<;en,  and  Winschoten. 

CiRO.VI.NGUE.  Netherlands.     See  Gro.vingex. 

GRONLAND,  (Gronland.)     See  Gree.nland. 

GRON.SU.VD,  (Grousund.)  grijn'soond,  a  channel  of  Den- 
marlc,  separating  the  islands  of  Falster  and  Miien,  and  giv- 
ing a  communication  l^tween  the  Baltic  and  theGreat  Belt. 
Its  length  is  abaut  6  miles,  and  its  me<in  breadth  little  more 
than  1  mile. 

GRONSVKLD,prons'fJlt\or  GROXDSVELD,  gronds/fJlt', 
a  village  of  the  .Netherlands,  province  of  Limburg,  3  miles 
S.E.  of  Maestricht.     I'op.  1514. 

GROOB  Y.  a  village  of  England.    See  Groby. 

GROOM'S  CORNERS,  a  post-offico  of  Saratoga  co„  New 
York. 

GROOMS'PORT,  a  fishing  village  and  coast-guard  station 
of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  3  miles  N.*\'.  of  Donagha- 
dee.  Pop.  508.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  landing-place  of  the 
Duke  of  Schomberg's  armv  in  1690. 

GROOTEBROKIv.  gro'teh-brook\  a  village  of  the  Nethei^ 
lands,  in  North  Holland,  3  miles  W.  of  Enkhuvsen.  P.1200. 

GROOTE  EYLANDT,  gro'teh  I'ldnt.  (i.e.  "  Great  Island.") 
the  largest  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  in  North  Aus- 
tralia, off  its  W.  coast.  Lat.  14°  S.,  .Ion.  136°  40'  E,  Greatest 
length  and  breadth,  about  40  miles  each. 

GIIOOTEGAST.  gro'teh-gSstS  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince, and  12  miles  AV.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  785. 

GROOTE  (gro'tgh)  RIVER,  several  rivers  of  Cape  Colony. 
in  South  Africa;  one  of  which  joins  the  Doom,  after  a 
W.N.W.  course  of  84  miles. 

GROOTZUNDERT,  grot/zQnMJRt,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabiint,  on  the  Murk,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Breda.     Pop.  2800. 

GROO'VKRVILLE,  a  sm.all  post-vill.age  of  Thomas  co., 
Georgia,  218  miles  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

GROl'ELl/O,  gro-p6l'lo,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  of 
Novara.  province  of  Lomellina.     I'op.  2672. 

GROS  BLIDEKSTOFF.  gro  bleeMCR'toff/,  avUlagecf  France, 
department  of  Moselle.     Pop.  2124. 

GROSIi ).  gro'se-o.  a  vill.age  of  Northern  Italy,  province, 
and  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sondrio,  on  the  Adda.    Pop.  2127. 

GROS'.^IONT.  an  ancient  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.,  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Monmouth. 
Pop.  692.  > 

GROSOTTO,  a  village  of  Italy.    See  Grossotto. 

GiJO&S.  a  German  word  signifying  "great,"  prefixed  to 
numerous  names,  as  Gro.ss  Glooac,  "Great  Glogau,"  Ac. 

GROSSALMERODE.  groce-irmeh-ro'deh.  a  town  of  Gei^ 
many,  in  Hesse-Cassel.  province  of  Nieder-Hessen.    P.  2107. 

GROSS  ANDRA.  a  village  of  Hungary.     See  Exdred. 

GROSS  ASi'ERN.  a  village  of  Austiia.    See  Aspern. 

GROSS  AUPA.  groce  Ow'p.^.  a  mining  town  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Ko:iiggratz.     Pop.  2426. 

GROSS  BEEREN,  Prussi.a.    See  Beerex,  Gross. 

GROSS  BKT.SKEREK.    See  Becskerek,  N.agt. 

GROSS  BIEBERAN,  groce  bee'beh-rjn\  a  market-town  of 
Hesse-Darmst;idt.  province  of  Stirkenburg.     Pop.  1498. 

GROSS  BITESCH.  groce  be-tesh'.  a  fortified  town  of  Mo- 
ravia. 31  miles  N.  of  Znayra.     Pop.  2200. 

GROSSBOTTWAR.  groce-bott'*ilR.  a  town  ofWUrtemberg, 
6  miles  from  Marbach.  in  the  valley  of  the  Bottwar.  P.  2481. 

GROSS  BKITA.NXIEN.    See  Great  Britai.v. 

GROSSELFIXGEN,  grVsel-fing'en,  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
many, 3  miles  W.  of  Hechingen.     Pop.  800. 
_  GROSSENEHRIO.  grAs\sen-.Vrio,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
8chwarzburg-Sondershausen,at  the  conlluenceof  theBenne 
and  HeU)e.     Pop.  80&. 

GROSSENIIAIN,  prAs'sgn-hIne\  a  town  of  Saxony,  19 
iniles  N.N.W.  of  Dresilen.  on  the  Roder.  Its  dye-works  are 
in  high  repute.     Pop.  6394. 

OROSSEXLTNDE.V,  gnSs'sen-linMen,  a  town  of  Ilesse- 
D.armst)»dt,  in  01x>r-llessen,  4  miles  S.  of  Giessen.    Pop.  992. 

GKOSSENI-UDKR.  (Oros.senliider.)  grAs'sen-luMer.  a  town 
?;  "'^JfCas'^il,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Fulda,  on  the  Luder. 
I'op.  1»6(. 

OROSSKNSTETN.  gr<\s'.sen-stlne\  a  village  of  Saxe-Alten- 
burg.  2t  null's  N.  of  konnebunr.     Pop.  952  ' 

GRO.-<.SETETE.  groce'tAt/.  improperly  GROSSTETE,  a  post- 
nfflce  of  Ilwrville  pirish.  Louisiana 

GROSSKTETK  B.\YoU,  (biW.)  of  Ix,uisian.a,  commences 

mm  a L^rK:  •""■'",'';  l"'^  ""*"  ■^•'■-  ♦<>  I'laquemine  Bavou. 

ORO.^SK-Kro  or  GKOSSETO,  CTOss..\to,  a  fortified  town  of 
Tuscany,  capital  of  the  Maremiiia,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sienna 
fop.  2oOU.  It  has  a  line  cathedral,  and  extensive  salt-works. 
702 


GROSS  6ERATT,  groce  gA'rOw.  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse-Darmstadt.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Itirmstadt.     Pop.  1996. 

GROSS  GLOCKNER,  groce  glok'ner.  a  pyramid.il-shaped 
mountain  in  the  Noric  Alps,  on  the  borders  of  Sahburg,  the 
Tyrol,  and  Carinthia,  has  two  peaks,  the  highest  of  which  ii 
13.100  feet  in  elevation. 
GROSS  GLOGAU,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Glooau. 
GROSS  KEUL.4.  a  town  of  Germany.     See  KeuLa. 
GROSS  KREUTZ.  groce  kroits.  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince  of  Brandenburg,  10  miles  W.  of  Potsdam,  ou  the  rail- 
wav  between  Berlin  and  Magdeburg. 
GROSS  MAGKNDORF.  Hungary.    See  Magyar,  Nagy. 
GROSS  MESERITSCH.    See  .Meseritsch. 
GROSSOTTO.  gros-softo,  or  GROSOTTO.  gro-sot'to,  a  vil- 
lage  of  North  Italy,  on  the  Adda,  IS  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sondiio. 
Pop.  1300. 

GROSSROHRSDORF,  groce-roRs'doRf.  a  town  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  Dresden,  on  the  Roder.  Pop.  3150.  It  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  linen  cloths  and  tape. 

GROSS  SALZA.  groce  sjlt/sit.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
government  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  2300. 

GROSSWARDEIN.  groce-waR/dliie,  (Hun.  Karji/  Varad, 
nddj  vd'rSd\)  art  ancient  episcoixtl  city  of  llunsarv.  capital 
of  the  county  of  Bihar,  on  the  Koriis.  137  milesE.S.E.  of 
Buda.  Pop.  in  1845.  18.276,  mostly  Roman  Catholics.  It 
consistsof  a  fortress  and  8  suV)urbs."  Chief  edifices,  a  cathe- 
dral, and  several  other  churches.  It  has  a  royal  academy,  a 
gymnasium,  a  national,  and  a  Greek  school.  In  its  vicinity 
are  several  hot  mineral  springs. 

GRCTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GROrrON,  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co.,New  Hampshire, 
40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concoiii.     Poj).  778. 

GROTON,  a  post-to\vn.-^liip  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont,  15 
miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  939. 

GROTON,  gi-aw'ton,  a  pos^viilage  and  township  of  .Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  Mass.,  on  the  Nashua  and  Squannacook  Rivers, 
which  afford  water-power  about  35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Boston, 
and  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Worcester.  The  township  is  tra- 
versed by  four  railroads  which  intersect  atOroton  .Junction, 
viz.,  the  Worcester  and  Nashua,  the  Fitchburg.  the  Stony- 
brook,  and  the  Peterborough  and  Shirley.  The  availaHe 
water-power  is  occupied  by  paper,  saw.  and  grist  mills; 
paper  is  manufact  ured  to  a  considerable  extent.  Shoemaking 
is  about  being  introduced.  Asricultural  implements  are 
m.ade  at  Groton  Junction,  and  tanning  is  being  commenced. 
The  village  of  Groton  in  the  centre  contains  3  churches,  4 
stores,  and  the  Lawrence  Academy,  commenced  in  1793.  It 
has  recently  been  liberally  endowed  by  the  Lawrence  family, 
who  were  natives  of  Groton.  It  possesses  a  valuable  library, 
and  has  funds  on  interest  above  .*40.')00 ;  and  the  value  o( 
its  building  and  grounds  is  estimated  at  $18,000.  Pop.  of 
the  village  about  700.  There  are  also  two  other  villages  in 
the  township— one  on  Squannacook  River,  and  the  other  at 
Babbitasset  Falls,  on  the  Nashua,  with  a  depot  on  the  Wor- 
cester and  Nashua  Railroid.     Pop.  of  the  township.  3193. 

GROTON,  a  post-township  of  New  London  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  E.  side  of  Thames  River,  at  its  entr.ance  into 
Long  Island  Sound,  opposite  New  London,  and  on  the  rail- 
road which  connects  New  London  wiiii  Stoniiigtun.  The 
township  contains  several  villages,  and  h:is  niamil'actures 
of  brass  and  iron  castings.  Britannia  ware,  sash  and  blinds, 
c-otton  goods.  &c.  Some  commerce  is  also  carried  on.  It  is 
famous  as  being  the  scene  of  tiie  massacre  perpetrated  by 
British  troops  under  Arnold.  Old  Fort  Griswold.  com- 
manded by  the  brave  Ledyard.  who  was  barbarously  slain 
with  his  own  sword  after  he  had  surrendered,  is  still  stand- 
ing on  Groton  Heights;  and  a  granite  obelisk  has  been 
erected  to  commemorate  the  patriotism  of  those  who  pe- 
rished.    Pop.  4450. 

GROTON,  a  small  village  of  Delaware  co..  New  Y'ork,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Delhi. 

GROTON,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Tompkins  co., 
New  York,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Ithaca,  and  alxiut  160  miles  W.bj 
S.  of  Albany.  The  village  has  2  or  3  churches,  an  academy, 
and  a  few  mills.     Pop.  about  500;  of  the  township,  3544. 

GROTON.  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Erie  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  loao. 

GROTON  CENTRE,  a  village  of  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Thames  River,  opposite  New 
London. 

GROTON  CENTRE,  n  post-office  of  Erie  CO.,  Ohio. 

GROTON  CITY,  a  post-offlce  of  Tompkins  co..  New  York. 

GROTON  .lUNCTION.  a  thriving  pt>st-village  of  Middlesex 
CO..  Massachu.setts.  at  the  intersection  of  the  Worcester  and 
Nashua,  the  Fitchbursr.  the  Stonybrook.  and  the  Peterbo- 
rough and  Shirley  Railroads,  about  30  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Bos- 
ton. It  contains  2  stores  and  the  office  of  a  semi-monthly 
newspaper.  A  church  is  alxiut  l^eing  erected;  agricnlturiil 
implements  are  made  here,  and  tamiiug  is  beifig  commenced. 
The  population  is  increasing  rapidly. 

GR0TT.\GL1E.  grot-tdl'vA.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Taranto.     Pop.  5100. 

GliOTTAMARE.  grot-ti-ml'i-A.' a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Marches,  about  14  miles  S..S.E.  of  Kernio,  on  the  Adriatic. 
Pop.  4050.   A  lew  years  ago,  the  annual  produce  of  liquorice 


GRO 


GRU 


was  from  20,000  to  30,000  pounds,  and  of  refined  sugar  from 
2  to  3  millions  pounds. 

GKOTTA-.MIXAKUA,  grofta-me-naR'dJ,  a  village  of  Na- 
ples. Principato  Ultra,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ariano.     Pop.  2800. 

OROTTK,  grof  tA,  a  village  nf  Sicily,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Gir- 
genti,  on  the  .side  of  a  rocky  hill.     Pop.  4470. 

GROTTKUIA,  grot-tA-ree'i,  a  villajre  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  II..  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gerace.    Pop.  3000. 

GKOTTKAU,  grotfkdw,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Oppeln,  on  the  railway  from  Neisse  to  Brieg,  25 
miles  \V.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  3U83. 

OUOTTOLK,  grot/to-li,  a  village  of  Naples,  on  the  Basi- 
ento,  31  miles  K.S.K.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  2300. 

GROTZINGKN,  (Griitzingen,)  grol'sing-gn,  a  market-town 
of  Germany,  in  Baden,  4  miles  E.  of  Carlsruhe,  on  the  Pfinz. 
Pop.  2001.  It  has  a  metal-button  factory,  established  in  the 
old  palace  of  Augustenburg. 

GROTZIXGEX,  (Grcitzingen.)  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
In  Wiirtemberg,  10  miles  S.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1030. 

GROTZKA,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Krotzka. 

GROUSE,  grdwss,  a  post-village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  50 
miles  W.  of  Chicago. 

GROUT'S  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Branklin  co„  Ma.s- 
eaehusetts,  on  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Railroad,  at 
a  point  from  which  diverges  the  Brattleborough  Branch 
Railroad,  48  miles  W.  of  Fitchburg. 

GROUW,  grOwv,  formerly  GROWE,  gro/^gh,  a  village  ot 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Friesland,  on  the  Grouw,  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Sneek.     Pop.  1780. 

GROVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

GROVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

GROVE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  parish,  and  IJ 
miles  N.  of  Wantage. 

GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York. 
about  2ii0  mil«s  W.  by  S.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1139 

GROVE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  487. 

GROVE,  a  post-ollice  of  Chatham  co.,  North  Carolina. 

GROVE,  a  post-otlice  of  Elbort  co.,  Georgia. 

GROVE,  a  post-oflFii.e  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin. 

GROVE  CITY,  a  post-offlce  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

GROVE  CITY,  a  post-offlce  of  Utah  co.,  Utah  Territory. 

GROVE  CREEK,  a  pust-village  in  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  about 
60  miles  N.N.K.  of  Iowa  City. 

GROVE  F,\.RM,  a  postrvillage  of  UendersoQ  co.,  Illinois, 
75  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Peoria. 

GROVE  FER/RY.  England,  is  a  station  on  the  S.E.  rail- 
way, CO.  of  Kent,  6j  miles  N.E.  of  Canterbury. 

GROVE  IIII.L,,  a  post-office  of  Page  co.,  Virginia. 

GROVE  Illbli,  a  po.st-office  of  Warren  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

GROVE  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama. 

GROVK  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  parish,  Louisiana. 

GROVE'L.\ND,  a  post-township  in  Essex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  S.  side  of  Merrimack  River,  about  25  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Boston.    Incorporated  in  1850.    Pop.  1448. 

GROVKLAN'D,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  York,  fi  miles  S.  of  Geneseo.  Conesus  Lake 
touches  the  N.E.  border  of  the  township  which  is  intersected 
by  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Genesee  neiir  its  junction 
with  the  main  stream,  and  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  enters 
it  from  the  W.     Pop.  1565. 

GROVE  LAND,  a  postroBlce  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

GROVELAND,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oak- 
land co.,  Michii'in.     Pop.  1265. 

GROVKL.\ND,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana. 

GROVK  LAND,  a  post-village  in  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois,  near 
the  Illinois  River,  00  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

GROVULAND,  a  post-offlce  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  .*i(l  miles  N.  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

GROVELAND  CKNTRE.  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.. 
New  York,  about  230  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

GROVE  LEVEL,  a  postH)ffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia,  112 
miles  N.  of  Milledgoville. 

GROVE  MEETING  HOUSE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

GROVE  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

GROVENOR'S  (grov'ngrz)  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Scho- 
harie CO..  .New  York. 

GROVEP()RT,  grov'port,  a  post-village  in  Madison  town- 
ship, Franklin  co..  Ohio,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  turnpike.     Pop.  540. 

GROVES,  grovz.  a  post-office  of  Itush  co.,  Indiana. 

GROVETON,  grov'ton,  a  post-office  of  Prince  William  co., 
Virginia. 

GROVEVILLR.  grov'vil,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co..  New 
Jensey.  on  Crosswicks  Creek,  0  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton. 

GROWE.  a  village  of  Netherlands.    See  Grouw. 

GRUB,  groob.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  10 
miles  N.i;.  of  .A.ppeiizell.     Pop.  9o4. 

GRUB,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  St.  Gall,  above 
the  former,  the  two  parishes  forming  the  frontiers  of  the  two 
cantons.     I'op.  005. 

GRUBIVS  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Putnam  co..  Indiana. 

GRUBE,  groo'beh,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Hol- 
atein,  near  the  ISaltic  Sea,  37  miles  E.  of  Kiel.     Pop.  600. 

GllUBENHAQEN,  (groo'bgn-hd'ghgn,)  Pbincipauti  of, 


an  old  division  of  North  Germany,  now  comprised  in  the  lanii' 
grave  of  Hildesheim,  forming  the  S.E.  portion  of  Il^jnover. 

GKUBENVORST,  graWbgn-voRstN  a  village  of  Dutch  Lint 
burg,  on  tie  Mouse,  4  miles  N.  of  Venloii.  Pop.  12^6. 

GRUB  SPRINGS,  a  postrofflce  of  Monroe  co..  Mississippi. 

GI{UB'VILLE,a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Jlis.souri. 

GRUDEK,  groo'dfek,  or  GRODEK,  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  34  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Kamieniec.     Pop.  2700. 

GRUDEK,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Grodek. 

GRUDZIADZ.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Graubenz. 

GRUGLI.\SCO,  grool-yls'ko,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont, 
5  miles  W.  of  Turin.    Pop.  2074. 

GKUINA.RD,  grii'nard,  an  inlet  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the- 
isle  of  Islay.  co.  of  Argyle. 

•  GRUINARD.  LOCH,  loK  grii'nard,  a  bay  and  islet  of 
Scotland,  on  the  N.W^  coast  of  the  co.  of  Ross,  between 
Lochs  Broome  and  Ewe. 

GRUISSAN,  grtl-ees^sSxo',  a  seaport  village  of  France, 
department  of  Aude.  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Narbonne.     Pop.  2861. 

GRULICII,  groo'llK,  the  most  eastern  town  of  Bohemia, 
42  miles  E.S.E.  of  KiJuiggratz.     Pop.  2490. 

GRUMBACII,  grOSm'bdK,  a  village  of  Germany,  dominions 
of  Baden  and  Reu-^s. 

GRUMRERG,  grtXJm'bJRG,  a  village  of  Moravia,  37  miles 
N.W.  of  Olmutz. 

GRUMELLO,  groo-m?11o,  or  GRUMELLO  DEL  MONTE, 
groo-mJl'lo  djl  mon'td,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  9  miles  N.W. 
of  Cremona.    Pop.  1060. 

GRU.MELLO,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  11  miles  S.E.  of 
Bergamo.     Pop.  1440. 

GRUMO,  groo'mo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and  6  miles 
N.  of  Naples.     Pop.  2800. 

GRUMO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and  13  miles  S.W.  of 
Bari.    Pop.  3900. 

GRUNA,  (Griina.)  grU'nl,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  bailiwick  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  2240. 

(IRUN.YU,  groo'uOw,  a  village  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia,  25  miles 
S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1916. 

GRUNBACII,  grOOnljaK,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Schorndorf.     Pop.  1398. 

GRUNBERG,  (Grilnberg.)  griin'bJRO,  a  town  of  Germ.iny, 
in  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Ober-llessen,  14  miles  E. 
ofGie.ssen.    Pop.  24.39. 

GRUNBERG,  (GrUnberg.)  a  town  of  Prussian  Sile.=ia,  go- 
vernment  of  Liegnitz,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cros.sen.  Pop.  10.42u. 
It  is  enclo.sed  by  walls,  and  has  a  Lutheran  and  2  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  with  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and 
yarn,  printed  cottons,  leather,  and  straw  hats,  and  extensive 
cultivation  of  vine.s. 

GRUN'RY,  a  district  in  Lumpkin  co..  Georgia. 

GRUND,  grMnt,  a  small  mining  town  of  Hanover,  dis- 
trict, and  5  miles  N.W.  of  Clausthal,  in  the  llarz.  I'op.  1416. 

GRUN'DISBUROH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GRUN'DY,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Ten- 
nessee, has  an  area  estimated  at  300  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Collins  River.  The  surCice  is  mountainous,  the 
county  lying  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Cumberland  Mountain. 
Formed  about  1848,  out  of  parts  of  Marion.  Warren,  and 
Franklin.  Capital.  Aitamoute.  Pop.  3093,  of  whom  2*27 
were  free,  and  260  slaves. 

GRUNDY,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area,  of  430  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Illinois 
River,  which  is  formed  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  county  by  the 
union  of  the  Kankakee  and  Des  Plaines:  and  also  drained 
by  Ma.son's  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  Tevel,  and  the  soil 
good.  Beds  of  stone  coal  have  been  opened  in  several  places. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan 
Canal,  and  by  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad.  Capi- 
tal, Morris.  Named  in  honor  of  the  Hon.  Feli.K  Grundy,  for- 
merly senator  from  Tennessee,  and  Attorney-general  of  the 
United  States.     Pop.  10,379. 

GRUNDY,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  462  square  miles.  It  is  interi^ected  by  the  Crooked 
Fork  of  Grand  River,  Medicine,  Indian,  and  Muddy  Creeks, 
and  also  drained  by  Weldon  River.  The  county  consists 
mostly  of  open  plains  or  prairies,  the  soil  of  which  is  pro- 
ductive. Capital,  Trenton.  Pop.  7887,  of  whom  7tj02  were 
free,  and  2^5  slaves. 

GllUNDY,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
hasanareaof  about500squaremiles.  Itisdrained  by  Black 
Hawk  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Cedar  River.  This  county  is 
not  included  in  the  census  of  1850;    Pop.  in  18C0,  793. 

GRUNDY,  a  post-offlce  of  Pulaski  co.,  Kentucky. 

GRUNIIAIN,  (Griinhain.)  grUn'hine,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  Zwickau.  8  miles  W.  of  .\nnaberg.     Pop.  1:530. 

GRUNHAINICHEN,  (Grunhainichen.)  grUn'hI'niK-en,  a 
village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  on  uie  Flciha.     P.  1076. 

GRUNINGEN,  (Griiningen,)  griin'ing-en,  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, in  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  6  miles  S.  of  Giessen.    I'op.  506. 

GRUNINGEN,  (Griiningen.)  a  parish  and  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  12  miles  S.I"3.  of  Zurich.  Pop.  1600. 

GRUNSFELD.  (Grtinsfeld,)  griins/f^lt.  a  vill.-ige  of  Centra! 
Germany,  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wert- 
lieim.    Pop.  1165. 

793 


GRU 


GUA 


GRr:SSTAl  T,  (Grtlnstadt.)  prUn'stltt.  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Bavarb.  25  miles  X.N.  K.  of  Landau.     Pop.o.'^2-2. 

GHISBACII.  grOos'biK,  or  IIRUSOWANY,  h'roo'so-vS^- 
nee,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  16  miles  E.S.E. 
ofZna'P-i.     Pop.  1117. 

GKysr.4.,    a  territory  of  Russia.    See  Georgh. 

GRCTLI.  griiflee,  a  patch  of  meadow-land,  in  Switzer- 
land. Ginton  of  Uri.  on  the  AV.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Altorf,  traditionally  believed  to  be  the 
place  where  Stauffacher,  Arnold  of  Melchthal.  and  Walter 
I'ii'^t  met  in  1307,  and  planned  the  insurrection  against 
Austria,  which  resulted  in  the  independence  of  Switzerland. 

GKUYKHE  or  GKUYfellES.  RrU\vaiu/,  (Ger.  Grei/ers,  gri'- 
frs.1  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  15  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Freyburg.  Pop.  1000.  It  has  a  remarkable  ojistle, 
said  to  have  been  founded  in  the  fifth  century.  In  its  vi- 
cinity, about  40.000  cwt.  of  the  famous  Gruyfire  cheese, 
■worth  S:!(i0.000  are  made  annually. 

GRYlJdW.  gree'bov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galieia.  12  miles  K.N.K.  of  Sandec.     Pop.  1400. 

GRYFK.  grif,  a  rapid  streamlet  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ren- 
frew falling  into  the  Hiack  Cart  near  Paisley. 

GIJZEGOUZKW,  gzhi-goR'zJv,  a  small  town  of  Poland, 
government  of  Warsaw.  4  liiiles  E.  of  Kolo. 

GRZY>tALOW,  czhe-md'lov,  a  small  town  of  Galieia,  22 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Tarnopol. 

GSIIATSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Gzn.^TSK. 

GSTKIG,  g'stio.  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Bern,  bailiwick  of  Interlachen.    Pop.  5522. 

GUA.  Le.  leh  g4.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Infgrieure,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Marennes.     Pop.  2056. 

Gt'.iBl  ARE,  a  river  of  New  Granada,     See  Gu.wiare. 

GUAC.\LKUA.  gwi-kiWrL  a  small  town  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic.  (La  Plata.)  province,  and  95  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Salta,  near  the  riirht  bank  of  the  Jujuy. 

GUACARA.  gwS-ki4'ri,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Vene- 
suela.  on  Lake  Tacarigua.  6  miles  E.  of  A'alencia.     P.  4000. 

GU.-VCIIIN.\NGO,  gwd-che-nin'go.  a  town  of  Mexico,  state 
of  Puebl.^.  103  miles  N.E.  of  Mexico,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  a 
large  quantity  of  excellent  vanilla  is  raised.   Pop.about  6(K)0. 

GUACiriPE.  gwi-chee/pA.  or  (iUACIIIPAS.  gwj-chee'pds, 
Bconsidei-able  river  of  the  .\rgentine  Republic,  (La  I'lata.)  pro- 
vince of  Salta,  formed  by  several  rivers  rising  in  the  Andes. 
It  Hows  E.N.E.  for  190  miles,  and  about  33  miles  S.  of  Salta 
takes  the  name  Salado. 

GCACCBA.  gwj-koo'ba  or  LEON,  lA-5n'.  a  river  of  New 
Granada,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  about  150  miles,  foils  into 
Choco  Ray  in  the  Gulf  of  Darien. 

GCAU,  (from  the  Arab.  WarJy,  a  "river,")  a  prefix  of 
the  names  of  many  Spanish  rivers  and  towns,  as  Guadiana, 

GCADAI.ETE.  &C. 

GUADALA.TARA  or  GXJADALAXARA,  gwS-Daia-Ha'ra,* 
(anc.  Arriacnf)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Ilenares.  34  miles  E.N.E.  of  Madrid.  Pop. 
6170.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has  a  magnificent 
palace  of  the  Mendoza  family,  a  Franciscan  church,  and  some 
Moorish  edifices.  A  woollen  factory,  formerly  Iielonging  to 
the  government,  has  suffered  by  the  war  of  independence. 

GU.\1)ALA.T  AR.\.  a  state  of  Mexico.    See  Jalisco. 

GU.\t)ALA.IARA  orGUADALAXARA.gwa-Da-ld-Ha'ra.*a 
city  of  Mexico,  capital  of  the  state  of  Jalisco  or  Guadalajara, 
on'the  left  bank  of  the  Kio  de  Santiago,  275  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Mexico,  and  about  140  miles  from  the  Pacific,  lat.  21°  9'  N., 
Ion.  103°  2'  15'  W.  It  is  a  large  and  handsome  city,  the 
streets  spacious,  and  the  houses  excellent.  There  are  14 
squares.12  fountains.and  a  numl>er  of  convents  and  churches. 
In  the  Plaza  Mayor  is  the  Cathedral,  a  magnificent  structure, 
although  its  appearance  has  been  much  impaired  by  the  de- 
struction of  the  cupolas  of  both  its  towers  by  the  great  earth- 
quake of  1S18 :  on  the  right  side  of  the  same  square  is  the  Go- 
vernment House,  in  a  noble  and  severe  style,  and  with  a  fine 
facade:  the  arcades,  which  line  the  two  sides  of  the  square, 
are  very  handsome,  and  are  filled  with  elegant  and  well- 
stocked  shops,  in  which  almost  every  description  of  Europe.in 
and  Chinese  manufacture  may  be  obtained.  The  AhnnMtt  or 
public  walk  is  lieaulifally  laid  out  with  trees  and  flowers, 
with  a  fountain  in  the  centre,  and  a  stream  of  wjiter  all 
round.  Various  tracles  are  carried  on  here  with  success,  pat^ 
ticularly  those  of  blacksmithing.  carpentering,  and  silver- 
imithing.  There  are  also  manufactures  of  shawls,  striped 
calico,  paper,  and  of  a  particular  de.scription  of  earthenware: 
great  skill  is  displayed  in  leather  working.  In  1840.  $881,546 
were  coined  at  its  mint.  The  f  ireign  trade  of  the  town,  now 
Tery  trifling,  was  fonnerly  carried  on  through  the  port  of 
San  Bias,  on  the  Pacific,  but  is  now  removed  to  the  superior 
liiirlxiui-s  of  Mazatlan  and  Guaymas.  Guadalajara  was 
founded  in  1551.  and,  in  1570,  was  created  an  episcopjil  city. 
Pop.  estimated  at  70,000.  r       r         j 

GUADALAVIAK,  gwa-di-ia-ve-aR',  or  BLANCO,  bian^vo, 


•  It  mny  be  observed  that  in  all  namea  hepnninK  with  qua.  the 
Upaniarda  and  .Mexicans  »c.\rcely  sound  the  </  at  all ;  hence  Gua- 
dalajara IS  pronounced  alnioet  wah-dah-la-iiah'rah  Guana- 
xiiato  wah-nati-iiwah'to,  *c. ;  hence  gua  is  often  interchanged 
with  hua,  h  m  bpaniih  being  luuaUy  nearly  or  quite  silent 


(anc.  Tufria.')  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Alhar- 
racin,  and  after  a  S.E,  course  of  130  miles,  enters  the  Medi- 
terranean, 3  miles  E.  of  Valencia. 

GUADALCANAL,  gwaiiai-ka-nai'.  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  48  miles  N.N.W.  of  Seville.  Its  celebrated  silver 
mines,  which  have  been  under  water  for  150  years,  were  pur- 
chased and  drained  by  an  Euglish  company  in  1848.  Pop. 
3884. 

GUAD.\LETE,  gwa-Da-lA't.A,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  75  miles,  enters  the  Baj-  of  Cadiz  by 
two  branches. 

GUADALHORCE,  gwa-l>ai-OR'th,A.  a  river  of  Spain,  An- 
dalusia. It  rises  on  the  frontiers  of  the  province  of  G  ranada, 
and  fjills  into  the  Mediterranean  0  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Malaga. 

GU.\D.A.LIMAR,  gwa-Da-le-maR',  a  river  of  Spain,  rises 
near  A'illa  Verde,  and  joins  the  Guadalijuivir,  14  miles  N.  of 
Jaen,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  70  miles. 

GUAD.\L>IEZ.  gwa-Dai-mJth',  a  river  of  Spain,  joins  the 
Zuja  at  Ciudad-Real,  after  a  course  of  above  50  Diiles. 

GUAD.\LQUIVIK,  gaw\l;il-kwiv'er,  (Sp.  pron.  gwd-Ddl-ke- 
veeR':  Arab.  Wad-al-kebir.  wld-ai-ke-beeft',  ••  the  Great  River."' 
anc.  B(ft'i!!.)  an  important  river  of  Spjiin,  rises  in  the  Sierra 
Cazoila,  flows  generally  W.S.W.,  and  enters  the  .\tlantic  18 
miles  N.  of  Cadiz.  Length  2S0  miles.  Twelve  miles  below 
Seville,  it  separates  into  three  branches,  forming  the  is- 
lands of  I  sla  Mayor  and  Isla  Menor.  Chief  afHuents  on  the 
right,  the  Guadaliraar  and  the  Jandula:  ou  the  left,  the 
Guadiana  5Ienor,  Guad.ajoz,  and  Genii.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  vessels  to  Cordova  :  barges  of  lijO  tons  a-sceud  to  Seville, 

GUAD.\LUPE,  gwa-Da-loo'ptl,  a  mountain-range  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  commences  with  the  termination  of  the  Sierra 
de  Montanche,  and  stretches  in  an  easterly  direction  to  the 
source  of  the  Guadarranque.  where  it  is  succeeded  by  the 
mountains  of  Toledo.  Its  culminating  point  has  a  height 
of  5254  feet. 

GUADALUPE,  gwj-ca-loo'p.l  written  al.so  GUADALOPE, 
a  river  of  Spain,  Aragon,  joins  the  Ebro  14  miles  S.>V.  of 
Mequiuenza,  after  a  N.E.  cour.se  of  70  miles.  A  Moorish 
canal,  now  dry.  formerly  conne<-ted  it  with  the  Ebro. 

GU.\D.VLUPE.  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province, 
and  95  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo,  on  the  S.  slope  of  .Mount  Alta- 
mira.  has  a  fine  church  belonging  to  the  famous  monastery 
of  Geronimo.     Pop.  3834, 

GUAD.\LUPE,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  56  miles  E. 
of  Caceres,  near  the  Sierra  Guadalujie.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  a 
wretched  place,  grouped  around  a  famous  monastery,  for- 
merly the  "Loretto  of  Central  Spain;-'  which  although,  de- 
spoiled l)y  the  French,  still  contains  many  rich  works  of  art. 

GUAD.\LUPE,  (commonly  pronounced  gaw-da-loop';  Sp, 
pronunciation  gwa-da-Ioo'p.A.)  a  river  of  Texas,  rises  in  Bexar 
county,  and  flows  nearly  eastward  until  it  enters  the  allu- 
vial plain,  which  descends  toward  the  (iulf  of  Jlexico.  Be- 
low this,  its  general  direction  is  south-eastward,  and  after 
pas.sing  Gonzales  and  Victorisv.  it  falls  into  the  San  Antonia, 
about  twelve  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  length  is  estimated 
at  250  miles. 

GUADALUPE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  840  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Guadalupe  River,  from  which  the  name  is  derived,  bounded 
on  the  N.E.  by  San  Marcus,  and  on  the  S.W.  bv  the  Cibolo 
River.  Capital,  Seguin.  Pop.  6444,  of  whom  3C96  were  free, 
and  1748  slaves. 

GUADALUPE,  gwa-daioo'p.!  an  island  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  off  the  coast  of  Lower  California.  Lat.  2y°  N.,  Ion. 
118°  22'  W.    Length  15  miles. 

GUADALUPE,  a  sni.all  river  of  California,  falling  into  the 
S.  extremity  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 

GUADALUPE  orGUADALUPK  IlIDAIXJO.  gwa^aioyp* 
be-dSl'go.  often  called  gaw'd.;i-loop'  he-dai'go.  a  small  town 
3i  miles  N.  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  lt»contains  a  famous  col- 
legiate church,  which  is  much  resorted  to  in  pilgrimage. 
Here  a  treaty  of  pe.ace  was  concluded,  F'ebruary  2d.  1848, 
between  Mexico  and  the  United  Stales,  and  ratified  by  the 
Mexican  Congress,  May  19th.  1848.  By  it  the  territories  of 
Upper  California  and  New  Mexico  were  ceded  tQ  the  United 
States. 

GUADALUPE  VICTORIA,  a  town  of  Texas,  on  the  Gua- 
dalupe. 36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gonzales. 

GUADALUPE-Y-CALVO,  gwada-loo'p.Wkai'vo,  a  town  of 
Mexico,  state,  173  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chihuahua,  in  a  moun- 
tainous district.  It  derives  its  importance  from  the  silver 
mines  in  its  vicinity.     Pop.  lO.OiiO. 

GUADA1!RAM.\,  gwa-DaR-i:d'nid,  a  river  of  Spain,  joins 
the  Tagus  12  miles  below  Toledo,  after  a  course  of  70  miles. 

GUADARRANQUE.  gwa-Pan-Kan'kA.  a  river  of  Spain,  joins 
the  Guadiana  after  a  course  of  alx>ut  45  miles. 

GUADASUAU.  gwa-Da-swiR/.  a  market  t^-pwu  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Valenci.H,  on  a  canal      P.  1500. 

GUADKLOUPE,gawMa-loop'orga\leh-loop'.(Sp.(;M/»rf((7j/7)«, 
gwd-n.'i-loo'p.A.)  an  island  of  the  West  Indies,  Leeward  Group, 
one  of  the  jirincipal  French  colonies  in  the  .Atlantic,  lies  be* 
tween  lat.  15°  47'  and  10°  .30'  N.,  Ion.  61°  15'  and  M°  45'  W 
It  is  composed  of  two  portions  or  distinct  isl.inds.  st-parate<5 
by  an  arm  of  the  sea  called  Riviere  Sal6e  (salt  river,)  from 
30  to  100  yards  broad,  and  navigable  for  iniiall  vensels.    Ilia 


GUA 

W.  and  larger  portion  is  Guadeloupe  Proper,  divided  into 
Bassotin-re,  and  Oapesterre,  and  is  27  miles  long  by  about  15 
miles  liroad.  The  K.  portion,  called  Grande-terre,  is  nearly 
30  miles  long  by  10  to  12  miles  broad.  Guadeloupe  Proper 
Is  of  volcanic  formation,  and  is  traversed  N.  to  S.  by  a  ridjre 
of  hills,  having  a  medium  height  of  22a6  feet.  The  culmi- 
nating points  are  La  Souffriere,  an  active  volcano,  5108  feet 
high;  La  Grosse-Montagne,  Les  Deux  Mamelles,  and  Le  Pi- 
ton-de-l!ouillante,  extinct  volcanoes.  Grand-terre,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  generally  flat,  composed  of  madrepores,  and 
marine  detritus,  and  nowhere  rises  higher  than  115  feet  above 
the  sea.  Guadeloupe  is  watered  by  a  number  of  small  streams, 
runuiM;^  in  deeply  cut  beds,  but  becoming  dry  in  summer; 
the  principal  are  theGoyaves,  Lamentiu,  and  Lezarde,  wliich 
are  navigable  for  canoes.  The  climate  is  hot  and  unhealthy, 
the  mean  temperature  being  79^,  the  ordinary  extremes  71° 
and  U"-',  and  the  greatest  heat  130°,  accompiinied  with  a  re- 
markably humid  atmosphere.  Average  annual  fall  of  rain 
86  inches.  Ilurricanes  are  frequent  and  destructive.  The 
Boil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  covered  with  fine  tbrests  in 
the  mountainous,  untilled  parts,  and  with  mangroves  and 
manchineel  trees  on  the  marshy  coast  of  Basse-terro.  The 
Tahiti  sugar-cane  is  the  only  kind  cultivated,  for  which  there 
were,  in  1861,  560  mills.  The  chief  articles  of  export,  sent 
almost  all  to  France,  are  sugar,  coffee,  dye  and  cabinet  woods, 
rum.  taflfta,  cotton  wool,  annatto,  hides,  sweetmeats,  and 
preserves,  copper,  tobacco,  &c.  Imports,  cotton  manufactures, 
hides,  wheat-meal,  saHed  butter,  cod  tish,  olive  oil,  wax  can- 
dles, pottery,  glasswares,  salted  meat,  medicines,  &c.  The 
principal  anchorages  of  Guadeloupe  are  the  Kay  of  Mahault 
and  the  roads  of  Uasse-terre.  Grande-terre  possesses  two  an- 
chorages, that  of  Moule  Snd  Point-k-Pltre;  the  latt«rat  the 
S.  entrance  to  the  KiviJre  Salee,  is  e.iteemed  one  of  the  best 
in  the  Antilles,  and  on  it  was  situated  the  important  town 
of  St.  Louis  or  Point-i-Pltre,  destroyed  by  an  earthquake 
February  8,  1843. 

Guadeloupe  was  first  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493.  and 
was  thus  named  by  him  in  honor  of  Sainte  Marie  de  la  Gua- 
deloupe. It  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French,  in  1035, 
who  kept  it  till  1759,  when  it  was  tiiken  by  the  English.  It 
was  subsequently  captured  and  recaptured  several  times  by 
these  nations,  and  finally  ceded  to  the  French  at  the  general 
peace  in  1814.     Pop.  1841,  131,102:  1851,  129.050. 

GU.iDKLOUl'K.agovernmentof  the  French  West  Tndie.s, 
includes  the  Islands  of  Guadeloupe,  Mario  Galante,  Les 
Saintes,  Desirade  or  Deseada,  and  about  two-thirds  of  Mar- 
tinique. 

GUADT.A.XA,  gwi-do-i/nd  or  gw3-De-d'nd,  (anc.  A'nas,)  an 
important  river  of  .Spain  and  Portugal,  flowing  between  the 
Tagus  and  Guadahiuivir.  It  ri.ses  in  La  Mancha,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Villahermosa.  flows  at  first  W.  (and  tor  some  distance 
under  ground)  through  N.  Castile  and  .Spanish  Estremadura, 
then  S.  through  the  Portuguese  province  .^lemtcjo,  and  be- 
tween Algarve  and  -A^ndalusia,  enters  the  .Mediterranean  13 
miles  E.  of  Tavira,  after  a  course  of  380  miles,  for  the  last 
35  of  which  it  is  navigable.  Chief  affluents  on  the  right, 
the  Giguela and  Gu;idarranque.on  tlieleft,the  Jabalon.  Zuja. 
Ardilla,  and  Chanza.  Guawaxa  is  derived  from  the  Arabic 
Wadi/  and  Ana,  a  corruption  of  .4m(s,  the  ancient  name  of 
this  river. 

G  II.4DT  AX  A-M  ENOR,  gwil-De-d'n3  m.i-nSn',  a  river  of  Spain, 
AndalusLa,  joins  the  Guadalquivir  4  miles  E.S.E  of  Ubeda, 
after  a  tortuous  course  of  30  miles. 

GUADI ARO,  gwd-De-d'ro,  a  river  of  Spain,  enters  the  Medi- 
terranean 11  miles  N.E.  of  Gibraltar,  after  a  generally  S. 
course  of  40  miles. 

GUADI.'VTO.  gwd-ne-d'to,  a  river  of  Spain,  joins  the  Gu.v 
dalquivir  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cordova,  after  a  very  tortuous 
course  of  about  70  miles. 

GU.VDIELA,  gwd-ne-.Vld,  a  river  of  Spain,  joins  the  Tagus 
45  miles  R.  of  Madrid;  total  course  65  miles. 

GL-.\DIX,  gwd-Deen',  (Arab,  IRtdi-as7i,  wd'dee-dsh.  "River 
of  Life.")  a  city  of  Spain,  province,  and  42  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Granada,  on  the  Guadix.  I'op.  1051.  It  is  enclosed  by  old 
walls  and  mulberry  plantations.  It  contains  a  cathedral  and 
a  Mooiish  castle. 

GUADUAS,  gwd'Dwds',  a  town  of  South  America,  New 
Granada,  near  the  Magdalena.  45  miles  N.W.  Bogoti.  and 
8700  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  4000. 

GU.\Fi  >.  gwd'fo,  or  HU.\FO.  iiwd'fo,  an  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coast  of  Chili,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Chiloe. 

GU.\II.\LL,  gwa/hall,  one  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  off  Corn- 
wall. England. 

GUAUAN,  gwd-hdn',  SAN  JUAN,sdn  Hoo-dn'.  or  GUAM, 
gwdm,  the  most  southern  and  largest  of  the  Marianne  Is- 
la,ids  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  13°  27'  N.,  Ion.  145°  E.  It 
is  about  100  miles  in  circuit,  surrounded  by  coral  reefs,  and 
has  a  town  and  !l  roadstead,  defended  by  two  Spaniah  forts. 

GU.A.1ANEC0,  gwI-d-nA'ko,  an  island  group  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Patagonia,  lat.  47°  41'  S.,  Ion.  74°  55'  \V.,  com- 
prised of  two  principal  islands  and  many  smaller  islet.s — the 
westernmost  called  Byron  Island,  and  the  easternmost  Wa- 
ger Island,  separated  from  each  other  by  Kuiidle's  l'a.ssage. 

GU.A.1CUUI,  t  river  of  Brazil.    See  Velhas,  Rig  das. 

GUAXLiV.S,  u  province  of  l'«ru.    See  Huatlas. 


GUA 

GU.\INIA,  gwi'ne-d,  a  river  of  South  America,  Venezuela, 
joins  the  Cassiquiare,  to  form  the  Rio  Negro. 

GU.\ITECA.  a  gulf  of  Patagonia.     See  Guattecas. 

GUAJABA  or  GUAXABA.  gwd-Hd'bd,  a  suiall  island  off 
the  .\.  coast  of  Cuba.     Lat.  21°  50'  N..  Ion.  77°  2S'  W. 

GUALAN,  gwd-ldn',  a  town  of  Central  America,  state,  anj 
80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Guatemala,  near  the  Jlontagua.  Pop. 
2000  (?)  It  stands  on  a  rock  at  the  junction  of  two  rivers, 
and  encircled  by  a  belt  of  mountains. 

GUALATEIKI,  gwdld-t.i-e-ree',  a  mountain  peak  of  the 
Andes,  near  the  boundary  line  of  Peru  and  Bolivia.  Lat 
20°  13'  S..  Ion.  09°  17'  W.     Height  22,000  fwet. 

GUALDO.  gwdl'do,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the  province 
of  Perugia,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Perugia.     Pop.  2340. 

OUALILLAS,  gwd-leel'yd.s,  a  mountain  pass  in  the  Pft 
ruvian  Andes.  South  America,  25  miles  N.E.  from  Tacna,  in 
lat.  17°  50'  S.  ■  Height  14.750  feet. 

GUALIOR.  a  state  of  India.    See  Gwauor. 

GUALTIERI,  gwdl-te-!l'ree,  a  village  of  N.  Italy,  duchy  ot 
Modena,  16  miles  N.  of  Reggio,  on  tiie  Po.     Pop.  1500. 

GUAM,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Guahax. 

GUAMA,  gwd'md,  ariver  of  Brazil,  which  rises  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  the  province  of  Para,  and  falls  into  the  bay  of  Gua- 
jara.  near  the  town  of  Belem  or  Para. 

GUAMACIIUCO  and  GUAMANGA,  towns  of  Peru.    See 

IIUAMACHL'CO,  IIUAMAXGA. 

GUAMALIES.    See  Huamalies. 

GUAMOCO,  gwd-mo'ko,  a  decayed  town  of  South  America, 
New  Granada,  70  miles  N.E.  of  .\ntioquia. 

GUA.MOTE,  gwd-mo'tA,  a  village  of  Ecuador,  department, 
and  near  Guayaquil,  on  an  island  formed  by  two  rivers, 
and  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains.  In  1803  it  was  the 
scone  of  a  terrible  insurrection  of  the  Indians  against  the 
whites. 

GIJ.\NA,  gwd'nd,  several  Islands  of  the  West  Indies,  the 
principal  being  off  the  N.  coast  of  Abaco,  Baliamas.  It  is 
17  miles  in  length  by  2}  miles  in  breadth. 

GUANABACOA,  gwd-nd-bd-ko'd.  a  town  of  Cuba,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  harbor  of  Havana.     Pop.  of  town,  16.519. 

GUANACACIIE,  gwd-ndkd'chi,  a  lagoon  of  the  Plata 
Confederacy,  South  America.  Lat.  31°  40'  S.,  Ion.  68°  30'  W., 
between  the  departments  MendozaandSan  Juan.  Itforms 
a  series  of  lakes  and  marshes,  studded  with  numerous  small 
islands,  and  receiving  the  Uesaguadero  and  other  rivers. 

GUANACAS,  PARAMO  DE,  pd/rd-mo  dd  gwd-nd'kds,  a 
mountain  knot  of  South  America,  New  Granada,  in  the  An 
des,  where  they  separate  into  tliree  lateral  cordilleras,  at  the 
sources  of  the  Magdalena  and  Cauca  Rivers.  Lat.  2°  N.,  Ion. 
76°  W. 

GUANAIIANI  (Island,)  one  of  the  Bahamas.  See  San 
Salvador. 

GUANAJA,  in  island  in  the  Carribean  Sea.    See  Bonacca. 

GUAN  A.rUATO  or  GUANAXUATO.  gwd-nd-iiw.d'to,  a  state 
of  Mexico,  between  lat.  20°  30'  and  21°  44'  N.,  Ion.  99°  69'  and 
101°  47'  W;  bounded  N.  by  the  states  of  San  Luis  Potosi.  and 
Zacatecas;  W.  by  .lalisco,  S.  by  Michoacan,  and  E.  by  Quere- 
taro.  Area,  12,618  squjire  miles.  It  is  niountainou.s,  and 
traversed  from  S.E.  to  N.W.  by  the  Cordillera  of  Anahuac, 
whose  culminating  point  is  9711  feet  high.  The  only  im- 
portant river  is  the  Rio  Grande.  The  mines  of  this  state 
were  once  the  richest  in  the  world,  yielding  gold,  silver,  lead, 
tin,  iron,  antimony,  sulphur,  cobalt,  ochre,  salts,  crystals, 
marble,  &c.  From  1796  to  1833,  the  gold  and  silver  mines 
produced,  on  the  average,  73  pounds  of  gold,  and  29,269 
pounds  of  silver,  annually.  A  falling-off  took  place  after 
1810,  and  in  1821  the  produce  was  at  its  lowest.  They  sub- 
setjuently  increased  rapidly;  and  in  1833  the  amount  ob- 
tained was  SO  pounds  of  gold,  and  11.547  pounds  of  silver. 
The  precious  metals  and  spices  form  the  chief  exports  of  the 
state.  Guanajuato  is  the  best  peopled  state  in  the  con- 
federation.    Pop.  in  1854,  718.775. 

GUANAJUATO  or  GUANAXUATO,  a  city  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  capit.il  of  the  above  department,  in  lat.  21° 
N.,  Ion.  101°  W.,  100  miles  N.W.  of  Mexico,  singularly  situ- 
ated in  a  deep,  narrow,  mountain  defile,  6017  feet  atiove  the 
sea.  It  is  formed  of  a  number  of  villages,  placed  round  the 
mines;  and  being  built  on  extremely  uneven  ground,  the 
streets  are  very  steep,  and  so  tortuous,  that  uo  idea  can  be 
formed  of  the  extent  of  the  town  but  by  ascending  the 
heights  by  which  it  is  overlooked.  The  houses,  however, 
are  in  general  well  built  of  hewn  stone,  and  are  extremely 
hand,some,  particularly  those  belonging  to  the  proprietors 
of  the  neighboi-ing  mines.  A  practice  prevails  of  painting 
their  fronts  with  the  gayest  colors — light  green  being  the 
favorite.  The  town  contains  several  eleu'ant  churches,  nu- 
merous chapels,  and  other  religious  edifices.  The  Alhon- 
diga,  a  large  square  building  used  as  a  public  granary,  is  a 
remarkable  edifice. 

Guanajuato  owes  its  existence  and  importance  to  the  gold 
and  silver  mines  in  its  vicinity,  the  richest  in  Mexico.  (See 
the  preceding  article.)  The  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  the 
mint  of  Guanajuato,  in  1844,  amounted  to  §4.035.740,  heiag 
the  highest  of  all  the  mints  of  the  Mexican  Republic.  There 
are  in  the  town  some  manu&ctories  of  st)ap,  woollen  cloth, 
linen,  powder,  and  tobacco;  also  some  tanneries.    Guana- 


GUA 


GUA 


mate  was  founded  hy  the  Spaniards  In  1545,  constituted  a 
V>wa  in  1619.  and  invested  with  the  privileges  of  a  city  in 
1751.     Pen.  in  1S05.  70.600:  in  1854.  63.000. 

GUAXAP.'VRO,  gwi-ni-pi'ro.  a  river  of  South  America,  in 
yenezuelti.  department  of  Giracas.  province  of  Varinas.  after 
an  E.  course  of  about  230  miles  (including  Bocono)  joins  the 
Portujuesa,  30  miles  N'.W.  of  San  Fernando  de  Apure. 

OUAXARE,  gwi-ni'ri,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Vene- 
ruel.i,  department  of  Caracis, on  the  Guanare  lliver,  50  miles 
aE.  ofTrujillo.  Pop.  12.000.  It  is  regularly  and  well-built, 
and  ha.s  a  m.iirnificent  church.    It  has  trade  in  cattle. 

GUAX  AlilTO,  gw^-nd-ree'to  or  wd-nl-ree/to,  a  river  of  Ven- 
ejuela.  rises  in  the  Sierra  Kosas,  flows  S.  and  then  E.,  and 
joins  the  I'ortuguesa  151  miles  S.W.  of  Caracas. 

GUAX  AKITO,  a  small  town  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Guanare 
Kiver.  40  miles  E.  of  Guanare. 

GUANAXUATO.     See  Gwnajtjato. 

GUAXCAltAMBA,  gwinff-kd-bim'bi,  or  IIC.\yCABAMBA. 
wJnkd-b3m'l'i.  a  large  villaare  of  Kcuador.  department  of 
Asuay.    X>at.  5°  10'  S.,  Ion.  79°  30'  W.    Elevation,  6560  feet. 

GUAXCAHELICA.  Peru.    See  Huancavkmca. 

GU.\.XD.iCOL,  gwindi-kol'.  avalley  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. (I>a  Plat.a.)  department  of  Rioja.  between  the  Andes 
and  the  Pamatina  Mountains,  in  lat.29°  S.,  Ion.  69°  W.  It  is 
traversed  by  the  Beraiejo.  and  is  highly  productive  of  grain. 

GUAXDACDL.  a  vilUge  of  South  America,  in  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  (La  Plata.)  in  the  centre  of  the  v.illey. 

GUAXEKO.  gwi-n.Vro,  a  river  of  Venezuela,  joins  the 
Apure  after  a  S.  E.  course  of  alx)ut  100  miles. 

QU.\NO,  gwj'no.  a  town  of  Ecuador,  on  a  small  river  of 
the  same  name,  80  miles  X.E.  of  Guay.iquil. 

GU.tXO  ISL.\XDS.  numerous  small  islands  on  the  coast 
of  South  America,  Africa.  &c.,  remarkable  for  their  deposits 
of  Guano;  the  most  important  are  the  Se.u.  (or  Lobos) 
Islands  the  Chincha  Islands,  and  Iquique. 

GUAXT.4.  a  town  of  Peru.    See  Huaxta. 

GU.\XTA.J.\YA,  gwin-ti-Hi'i,  a  rich  mining  district  of 
Southern  Peru,  in  tlie  province  of  Tarapaea. 

GUAXTAXAMO.gwiln-ta-nd'mo.orCUMBERL.WD  HAR- 
BOR, a  spacious  hartor  on  the  S.  part  of  the  island  of  Cuba, 
45  miles  E.  of  Santiago.  Lat.  of  the  E.  head.  19°  53'  X.,  Ion. 
75°  15'  Vi'.  It  is  completely  sheltered  from  all  winds,  afford- 
ing safe  and  excellent  harbors,  and  has  within  it  numerous 
islands. 

GU.\XUCO.  a  town  of  Peru.    See  IIu.ANrco. 

GU.VXZ.\TE.  gwin-zi/tA,  a  well-built  village  of  Austrian 
Italv,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Como.    Pop.  1799. 

GUAPAl.  pwd-pi'.  also  written  GUAPEY,  a  riyer  of  Boli- 
via, triliutary  to  the  Maniore,  which  it  joins  after  a  winding 
coui"se  estimated  at  550  miles. 

GUAPI-MORIM.  gw3'pee-mo-ree.N«'.  a  village  of  Brazil,  pro- 
Tince  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  between  the  Bay  of  Nitherothi  and 
the  Serra  dos  Orgaos.     Pop.  2000. 

GUAPORE.  gwd-po'ri.a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Matto 
Gros.so,  unites  with  the  Mamore  to  form  the  JIadera,  after  a 
coui-se  of  400  miles. 

GUARAGUAX,  CaSo,  kdn'yo  gwa-rl-gwin',  a  mouth  of 
the  Orinoco  River,  South  America,  enters  the  Atlantic,  55 
miles  X.\V.  of  the  Xaviros.  or  great  S.  mouth. 

GU.4.U.A.MB.\RI.  gwd-rjm-bi-ree',  a  river  of  Paraguay,  in 
South  America,  joins  the  Paraguay,  25  N.W.  of  Concepcion, 
after  a  course  of  about  150  miles. 

GU.\R.\P.\RI.  gw4-ri-pd-ree',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
Cordillera  of  .^.imores.  takes  an  E.  direction,  forming  in  its 
course  a  number  of  lakes.  Its  mouth  is  narrow  but  deep, 
and  easily  entered  by  caasters.  Canoes  proceed  as  far  up  as 
the  Conlillera.  The  scenery  on  its  t>anks  is  remarkably 
beautiful. 

GU.A.K.\I».A.RI,  a  mountain  chain  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Espirito-Santo.  giving  origin  to  two  rivers  of  the  same  name. 

6l].\R.\P.\Rl,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Espirito- 
Banto,  situated  on  the  coast,  30  miles  S.W.of  Espirito-Santo. 

OX]AR.\PICiIE,  gwd-rd-pee'chsL  a  river  of  Venezuela,  de- 
p.artment  of  Orinoco,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Paria.  Atlantic.  36 
miles  \V.  of  the  N.  mouth  of  the  Orinoco,  after  a  tortuous 
course  of  about  100  miles,  the  lower  three-fifths  of  which  are 
■aid  to  l>e  navigable. 

G  U  .\  R  A  P  U  .^  V  A.,  gwd-ri-pwi/vd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
■nd  300  miles  S.W.  of  Sao-Panlo,  nesir  the  Igua^u. 

GUARATIBA,  gwl-rj-tee'bi,  a  seaport  village  of  BrazU, 
province,  and  .'?n  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rio  Janeiro.     Pop.  40{H3. 

OUARATINGDETA,  gwd-ri-teen-gVtd,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  120  miles  X.W.  of  Sao-Paulo,  on  theParahiha. 
Pop.  of  the  district,  7000. 

GUARATUBA,  Kwd-rd-tooO)!  a  river  of  Brazil,  province 
of  .Minas-(ieraea,  joins  the  Rio  Verde,  an  affluent  of  the  Sao 
Francisco. 

GUAItATUBA,  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao- 
Paulo,  flows  into  the  Atlantic,  after  a  course  of  60  miles, 
tint.  2.1°  4')'  S. 

Oi;.\l{  ATUBA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao-Paulo,  23 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Paranagua. 

GUARD  A.  swi\ML  {unc.  Lanlcia  Oppidnhm.)  a  fortified 

town  of  I'ortU'.'al.  province  of  Beira.  on  the  Serra  de  Estrella 

70  miles  K.N.E.  of  Coimbra.    Pop.  230a    It  has  a  cathedral. 

786  ' 


a  large  bishop's  palace,  and  an  old  castle,  whence  its  name 
The  French,  under  Massena,  abandoned  the  strong  heights 
neir  it.  JIarch  29.  ISll. 

GUARDAFUI,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Guardapui. 

GUARD.\M.4R.  gwdR-nd-maR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  province^ 
and  21  miles  S.W.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Seguro.     Pop.  3238. 

OU.A.RD.\MIGLI0,  gwaR-di-meol'yo,  a  village  of  Lorn  lardy, 
delesration  of  Lodi.  4  miles  X.  of  i'iacenza.     Pop.  1530. 

GUARD.*.V.\LLE.gwaR-dd-vdl'ld.  a  market-town  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II..  20  miles  S.  of  Squillace.  P.  2t00. 

GUARDA-VEXiyPA.  gwdR/dd-vA-n.Vtd,  a  village  of  Aus- 
trian Italy,  province  of  Polesine,  on  the  Po,  7  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Rovigo.     Pop.  1700. 

GU.\r>DIA,  gwdR'de-d,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Citra,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cetraro.  Pop.  1300.  It  wag 
founded  by  an  Albanian  colonj'  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor 
Frederick  II. 

GUARDIA-ALFIERA,  gwln/de-d-dl-fe-ji/rd,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Molise,  near  the  Biferno,  19  miles  X.E.  of 
Campobasso.    Pop.  ISOO.     It  is  a  bishop's  see. 

GUARDIA-GKELE.  gwaR'devd-srA'l-i,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra.  12  miles  S.  of  Oiieti.    Pop.  bl90. 

GU.\RDIA,  L.\,  Id  gwiu/de-d.  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  1448. 

GU.\RDI.\,  LA,  a  town  of  .Spain,  in  Biscay,  province  of 
Alava,  18 miles  S.S.E.  of  Vitoria,  with  a  castle  and  other  for- 
tifications.   Pop.  2374. 

GUARDIA.  LA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  28  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Toledo.  Pop.  3316.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  ridge, 
in  which  are  numerous  caverns,  and  has  old  fortifications, 
having  been  a  guard-station  or  outpost  against  the  Moors, 
whence  its  name. 

GUARDIA  LO.MBARDA.  gwia/de-d  lom-baB'dd.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Priucipato  Ultra,  on  the  Iximbarda,  3 
miles  X.E.  of  St.  Anaelo  dei  Iximbardi.     Pop.  3000. 

GUARDIA  PERXiCARI.  gwia'de-d  pjR-te-kd'ree.  a  fown 
of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Potenza. 
Pop.  1670. 

GUARDIA  REGIA.  gwdR'de-d  rA'jd,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Molise.  4^  miles  S.E.  of  Bojano.     Pop.  1400. 

GUARDISTALLO.  gwdu-dis-tdl'lo,  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
about  35  miles  S.  of  Pis;\.  It  was  much  injured  by  an  earth- 
quake in  1846.     Pop.  1385. 

GUARDO.  gwda'do.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  c/ 
Palencia.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Cervera. 

GUARESa.  gwd-r^n'yd.  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of 
Badajos,  16  miles  S.E.  of  .Merida.     Pop.  4020. 

GU.\RENE,  gwd-nl'nd.  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  ol 
Coni.  province,  and  3  miles  X.  of  Alba.     I'op.  2.36S. 

GUARICO.  gwd-ree'ko,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Vene- 
zuela, joins  a  branch  of  the  Apure  12  miles  E.  of  San  Fer- 
nando, after  a  S.  course  estimated  at  2<X1  miles. 

GUARICO,  gwd-ree'ko,  a  cape  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  near 
its  E.  extremity. 

GUARlCUR.i,  gwi-re-koo'rd,  an  island  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Para,  in  the  Amazon  River,  opposite  the  town  of  Pari 
Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  45  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  18 
miles. 

GUARIS.\MEY,  gwj-re-sd-md',  a  mining  town  of  the 
Me.xican  Confederation,  state,  and  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Du- 
rango. 

GUARMEY.  gwaR-mA',  a  maritime  village  of  Peru,  depart- 
ment, and  158  miles  N.N.W.  of- Lima,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Guarmey. 

GUARO.  gwd'ro,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  33  miles 
W.  of  Malatra.     l>op.  2119. 

GUAROCIIIRI.     See  IIuarochiri. 

GU.\RU.\PO,  gwd-roo-d'po,  two  rivers  of  South  America, 
in  Venezuel.a.  one  uniting  the  Apure  and  Portuguesa 
Rivers;  the  other  a  tributary  of  the  Orinoco. 

GU.\SCAM.\.(gwds-kd'md")  POI  XT.  a  headland  of  XewGrsr  • 
nada.  in  the  department  of  Cauca,  128  miles  W.  of  Popoyan, 
in  lat.  2°  30'  N.,  Ion.  78°  .30'  W. 

GUASCO,  a  seaport  of  Chili.     See  IIu.ASCO. 

GUASE,  an  island  in  the  PersUn  Gulf.    See  Kenx. 

GUASACUALCO.     See  llLASACUALro. 

GUASn.  a  river  of  England.    See  Wash. 

GUASILA.  gwd-seeOd.  or  GOY-ESILI,  go/ee  A-seelee.  a  vll- 
Inge  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division,  and  24  miles  X.  by 
W.  of  Cairliari.    Pop.  1807. 

GUASTALLA,  gwds-tdl'l4,a  walled  city  of  Northern  Italy, 
situated  on  the  Po,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Parm.a.  Pop.  V>554. 
Has  a  catliedral,  a  public  library  of  12,000  volumes,  a  castle^ 
manufactures  of  silk  fabrics  and  twist,  and  a  bronze  statue 
of  one  of  its  dukes.  In  1734  the  French  del'eiitetl  the  Impe- 
rialists under  its  walls. 

GUASTATOYA.  gwis-td-to/yd.  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  35  miles  E.X.E.  of  Guatemala. 

GUATAVITA.  gwd-td-vee'ti.  a  village  of  South  America,  in 
Xew  Qranadti.  department  of  Cundinamarca.  20  miU-s  X.E, 
of  lJogot.H.  and  of  great  importance  t>efore  the  Spani.sh  Con- 
quest The  Lake  of  Guatavita.  near  it,  is  about  9  miles  in 
length,  very  deep,  and  had  anciently  >n  its  banks  maiy 
highly  venerated  I'eruvian  temples. 

GUATEMALA,  gaw  te-mah'l^  or  gwi  tim^Ol.  or  QUATI 


GUA 


GUD 


MALA,  RwJ-te-ml/ll,  a  state  of  Central  America,  having  Yu-  [ 
eatuu,  British  Honduras,  and  the  l?ay  or  Gulf  of  Honduras 
N.,  the  I'acific  Ocean  S.,  Honduras  and  Salvador  K.,  and 
Mexico  W.  Lat.  13°  4a'  to  17°  45'  X.,  and  lou.  88°  10'  to  93° 
12'  W.  Greatest  length,  from  N.W.  to  S.K.,  about  350  miles ; 
greatest  breadth,  180  miles  ;  area,  44,500  square  miles.  Gua- 
temala is,  in  general,  e.\ceedingly  picturesque  and  beautiful ; 
and.  like  the  other  states  of  Central  America,  it  is  distin- 
guished by  a  luxuriant  and  varied  vegetation.  Each  state 
of  Central  America  is  entirely  of  a  different  geological  and 
physical  character  from  the  rest;  and  the  change  from  the 
green,  undulating  hills  of  Sau  Salvador  to  the  wild  and  pre- 
cipitous mountains  and  rocks  of  Guatemala  is  most  striking. 

The  country  is  wholly  mountainous,  the  main  chain  of 
the  continuation  of  the  Andes  travtfl'sing  it  from  S.E.  to 
N.W.,  at  no  great  distance  from  the  Pacific,  sending  off  nu- 
merous branches  towards  the  Atlantic,  and  forming  a  great 
many  valleys,  but  enclosing  few  plains.  -Along  the  main 
chain  are  a  considerable  number  of  volcanoes.  All  of  them 
are  near  the  I'acific;  and  none  of  them  are  found  in  the  in- 
terior. Si.K  are  said  to  be  active — namely,  Amilpas,  13,160 
feet;  Sapotitlan,  13.060  feet;  Atitlan,  12.500  feet;  Agua, 
■which  sends  f  )rth  torrents  of  water,  16,000  feet;  Fuego  and 
Pacaya.  The  state  is  well  watered  by  numerous  streams, 
of  which  the  Lacantun,  flowing  N.W..  and  forming  part  of 
the  Jlexican  boundary,  and  the  Motagua.  and  the  I'olochic 
continued  by  the  Dulce,  both  Uowing  N.K.  to  the  Bay  of 
Honduras,  and  their  tributaries,  are  the  largest;  but  besides 
the.se,  there  are  many  streams  of  comparatively  short  courses 
falling  into  the  I'acific.  There  are,  likewise,  sever.al  lakes, 
the  most  important  being  Dulce,  through  which  the  greater 
part  of  the  foreign  trade  is  carried  on;  Amatitlan  and  Atit- 
lan, and  I'eten.  about  30  miles  long,  by  9  miles  broad,  near 
the  frontiers  of  Yucjitan,  in  the  little-known  province  of 
Vera  Paz.  On  the  table-land,  of  which  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  state  is  formed,  the  climate  is  mild,  and  said 
greatly  to  resemble  that  of  Valencia,  in  Spain ;  but  in  more 
elevated  situations,  the  cold  is  quite  severe.  The  .soil,  gene- 
rally, is  of  great  fertility,  producing  maize  and  wheat  of 
Buperior  quality,  excellent  rice.  legumes,  vegetables  and  tro- 
pical fruits  in  great  variety.  The  most  im|)ort;int  article,  in 
a  commercial  point  of  view,  is  cochineal,  the  cultivation  of 
which  has  of  late  years  keen  rapidly  increasing.  The  total 
amount  of  this  article  produced  in  the  state  for  184(5,  was 
estimated  at  20,000  bales — a  quantity  greater  than  the  en- 
tire annual  consumption  at  that  date.  Cocoa,  totacco,  sugar, 
coffee,  vanilla,  and  cotton,  are  grown  to  a  greater  or  less  e.\- 
tent;  and  also  considerable  quantities  of  indigo;  the  silk- 
work  is  cultivated,  and  caoutchouc  is  obtained. 

In  the  altos  or  N.  parts  of  the  state,  considerable  flocks  of 
sheep  are  raised,  the  wool  of  which  is  manufactured  by  the 
natives  into  a  coarse  twilled  fabric  called  ffert/a,  whirh. 
again,  is  made  into  various  articles  of  clothing,  including 
large  plaids  called  pnnchos.  in  which  considerable  taste  is 
displayed.  It  is  divided  into  7  departments,  each  presided 
over  by  a,  corregidor — namely,  Guatemala,  Solola,  Quezalte- 
nango,  Sacatapeques,  Totonicapan.  Vera  Paz,  and  Chiqui- 
mula.  The  name  was  formerly  applied  to  the  whole  confede- 
ration. Cap.  Guatemala  or  Jiew  Guatemala,  Population  of 
the  state  has  been  estimated  at  about  1.000,000;  of  which 
800,000  are  Indians,  150.000  mestizoes,  and  between  7000  and 
8000  whites.    Other  estimates  make  the  total  dW.OOO. 

GU.Vf  EMALA,  New,  capital  of  the  aVjove  state,  is  situ- 
ated in  a  rich  and  spacious  plain,  at  an  elevation  of  49(il 
feet,  lot;  miles  W'.N.W.  of  San  Salvador.  Lat.  14°  37'  N..  Ion. 
*W°3oW.  Pop.  variously  estimated  from  35,000  to  50.000. 
It  is  very  hand.some,  being  stated  to  have  the  general  aspect 
of  the  best  cla.ss  of  Italian  cities,  is  well  supplied  with  water 
by  a  long  aqueduct  on  arches,  and  extends  over  a  large 
space;  the  prevalence  of  earthquakes  causing  the  houses  to 
be  built  fif  only  one  st<iry.  The  temperature  varies  tetween 
60°  and  80°  Eahrenheit,  and  rarely  exceeds  either  of  these 
points.  In  the  great  square  are  situated  the  old  vice-reg.il 
palace,  most  of  the  government  offices,  the  cathedral,  aii 
archi  isliop's  palace,  and  college  dits  infantf.s,  barracks,  and 
most  of  the  princip.il  shops;  in  its  centre  is  a  magnificent 
public  fountain.  Here  are  upwaitls  of  60  richly  ornamented 
churches,  a  new  fort,  a  good  cemetery  and  hospital,  a  bull- 
ring, theatre,  university,  and  various  schools.  The  con- 
ventual buildings  are  now  mostly  appropriated  to  lay-pur- 
poses. There  are  five  printing  offices,  in  which  two  weekly 
newspapers  are  issued.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  their 
aptitude  in  arts  and  manufactures;  they  produce  muslins, 
Qne  cotton  yarn,  silver  articles?,  artificial  flowers,  and  em- 
broidery of  high  excellence.  Guatemala  has  a  flourishing 
trade  with  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  &c.  in  sugar,  coffee,  cotton, 
dye-woods,  and  other  native  products.  The  follow  ing  table 
exhibits  the  state  of  the  imports: — 

1840 £200,2691  1843 £88.4fi3 

1841 212,421     1846 136,217 

1842 136,627  |  1847 173,598 

The  building  of  the  present  city  was  commenced  in  the 
/ear  1776,  three  years  after  the  earthquake  of  1773,  which 
Jioarlv  wholly  destroyed  old  Guatemala,  the  former  capital. 

GUATEMALA  LA  ANTIGUA,  gwd-tA-md/ld  Id  dn-te^'gwd. 


or  "Old  Qti.iTF.MALA,"  lies  24  miles  IV.S.W.  of  the  newef 
capital,  at  the  foot  of  the  Volcan  d'Agua.  by  an  eruption  of 
wliich  it  was  overwhelmed  in  1.541.  It  was  again  devastated 
by  an  earthquake  in  1773.  but  has  been  since  rebuilt,  and  ia 
stated  to  have  a  population  of  12.000  persons.  Many  of  lis 
old  public  buildings  remain  entire,  comprising  a  fine  cath» 
dral  .and  a  palace.  Around  it  are  many  sugar  establish- 
ments, and  in  1846  its  exports  of  cochineal  amounted  iu 
value  to  mOOl. 

GUATEYCAS.    See  Guattecas. 

GU.\.TULCO,  gwd-tool'ko,  a  port  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state,  and  105  miles  S.E.  of  Oajaca,  on  the  Pacific. 

GUAURA,  a  town  of  Peru.     See  Huaura. 

GUAVIAUE  or  GUABl  ARE,  gwd-ve-il/r.^,  a  river  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  joins  the  Orinoco  near  San  Fer- 
nando, in  lat.  4°  N.,  Ion.  67°  30'  W.,  after  an  E.  course  of  450 
miles. 

GUAXAB.A,  an  island  of  Cuba.    See  Gu.uaba. 

GUAXACA.     See  0.u.\CA. 

GUAYAMA,  gwi-d/ma,  a  seaport  town  of  Porto  Rico,  on  its 
S.  coast.  Pop.  5120.  It  has  an  extensive  conmierce.  its  im- 
ports amounting  to  about  $500,000,  and  exports  to  $800,000 
annually. 

GU.AYANA,  a  country  of  South  America.    See  Guiana. 

GUAY.iNILLA,  pwi-d-neel'yd,  a  seaport  town  of  the  3. 
coast  of  J'orto  Rico,  West  Indies.  Value  of  imports  in  1S38, 
$43,364;  of  exports,  $1-13.206. 

GUAY.\tiUlL,  gwi-d-keel'.  the  capital  of  a  department  of 
its  own  name,  and  the  principal  seat  of  trade  of  the  republic 
of  Ecuador,  is  situated  on  the  coast,  and  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Gu.ayaquil  River.  40  miles,  above  its  moulh.  in  the 
Gulf  of  Guayquil.  Lat.  '2°  20'  28"  S..  Ion.  79°  43'  \V.  Esti- 
mated population,  2il,000.  It  is  well  laid  out.  and  has  some 
good  public  edifices;  but  it  is  mostly  built  of  wo<:d.  and  on 
low  ground,  ill  supplied  with  water,  unhealthy,  and  infested 
with  vermin.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  tlie  best  on  the  Pacific, 
and  defended  by  3  forts;  and  it  has  some  convenient  build- 
ing-docks. The  tide  rises  here  sometimes  24  feet,  and  large 
ships  can  ascend  to  the  town.  The  exports  consist  of  cocoa, 
timber,  hides,  tobacco,  ceibo-wool,  and  cattle.  In  1844,  167 
vessels  (tons  14.718)  arrived,  wit  ln-argoes  valued  at  $1,001,958. 
The  exports  were  valued  at  $949,678.  The  country  inland  is 
hence  supplied  with  wine.s,  brandy,  Peruvian  and  Chilian 
sugar,  and  European  merchandise. 

GU.AYAQUIL,  a  department  of  the  republic  of  Ecuador, 
South  .\merica,  having  W.  the  Pacific,  and  landward  the 
departments  of  Quito  and  Assuay.  Estimated  area.  14.400 
squjiro  miles.  Pop.  75,000.  The  great  chain  of  the  Andes 
forms  its  E.  boundary.    Capital,  Guaya<iuil. 

GUAYAQUIL,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific,  mostly 
between  lat.  2°  and  4°  S.,  and  Ion.  80°  and  81°  W.  It  receives 
the  Guayaquil,  Daule,  and  Tumbez  Rivers,  and  contains  the 
islands  of  Puna  and  Santa  Clara. 

G UA YLAS,  a  province  of  Peru.     See  IIuatlas. 

GUAYMAS,  gwi'mds,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Sonora.  on  the  (julf  of  California,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  consider.ible  river.  Lat.  27°  55'  N.,  Ion.  110°  16' 
Vi.  It  is  neither  large  nor  well  built;  but  its  harbor  is  one 
of  the  Ijest  on  the  Vi.  coast  of  Mexico,  and  it  has  an  active 
and  increasing  trade.  The  shipping  inwards,  in  1852, 
amounted  to  4835  tons,  bringing  718  passengers.     Pop.  300. 

GU.\YR.\,  L.\,  a  town  of  Venezuela.     See  La  Gcu'liA. 

GUAYTARA,  gwi-td/rd,  a  river  in  the  N.  of  Ecuador,  an 
affluent  of  the  frontier  river  of  i'atia,  which  it  joins  after  a 
course  of  about  75  miles. 

GUAYTECAS,  gwI-tA'kds,  a  bay  and  group  of  Islands  of 
South  America,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  the  islands 
forming  the  N.  part  of  the  Chonos  Archipelago. 

GUBBIO.  gool/be-o,  or  GUBIO,  goo'be-o.  (anc.  Tguhium,)  a 
city  of  Central  Ifcily,  in  tiie  Marches,  27  miles  S.  of  Uibino, 
on  the  S.  declivity  of  the  Apyenniues.  Pop.  with  vicinity, 
21,772.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  veell  built.  The  chief 
edifices  are  the  cathedral,  a  tine  ducal  p;ilace  of  the  .sixteenth 
century,  and  numerous  churches  and  convents.  Near  it, 
among  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Jupiter  Apenninus,  in  1446, 
were  discovered  the  famous  Eugubian  tables — 9  plates  of 
bronze,  inscribed  with  Umbrian,  Etruscan,  and  primitive 
Latin  characters. 

GUBEN,  goo/ben,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Neisse,  and  on  the 
railway  between  Berlin  and  Breslau,  79  miles  S.E.  of  Berlin. 
Pop.16.235.  It  has  a  gymnasium  and  pul'lic  lil)rary,  manu- 
fiictures  of  woollen  and  linen  stuffs,  hosiei-y.  yarn,  and  to- 
bacco, a  copper  foundry,  building  docks,  and  trade  iu  cattle 
and  fi-uit. 
GUBIO.    See  Gcbbio. 

GUCIIILAQUE,  goo^he-ld/ki,  a  small  town  of  Mexico,  30 
miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  7000  feet  above  the  sea. 

GUDEN  or  GC0EN-AA,  goo'den-o.  the  principal  river  of 
Jutland,  in  Denmark,  joins  the  Cattegat,  alxmt  1 6  miles  N.K. 
of  Randers,  after  a  tortuous  N.E.  course  of  80  miles. 

GUDKNSBERG,  goo'dens-biRG\  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Ilesse-Cassel,  province  of  Nieder  llessen    11  miles  S.AV.  of 
Cassel.    Pop.  2097. 
GUUERA,  goo-dd/rd,  a  town  of  Western  Abyssinia,  capita] 

797 


GUD 

ot  a  thief^  Dip,  on  a  low  rocky  height,  near  lat.  10°  52'  N., 
loD  30°  57'  K. 

GUDOCK,  g«SMook',  a  pass  across  the  Elbrooz  (E'burz) 
mo'tntaiiis,  in  Northern  Persia,  between  the  proT.Tices  of 
Mazanderan  and  Irak-Ajemee,  85  miles  t.N.E.  of  Teheran, 
supposed  to  be  the  Pijlce  Caspice  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

GUEBWILLEH.  gh^b'veeriaiR',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  IIau^Khin.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Colmar,  on  the  Lauch, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Ballon  de  Guebwiller.    Pop.  in  1852,  3946. 

GUKGON,  ghfh-gAx»',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan.  7  miles  W.  of  Ploermel.    Pop.  2883. 

G  U  KG  U  ET AN.     See  G  ceoueti-ax. 

GUEGUETENANGO.  gA-gd-teh-nin'go,  a  town  of  Central 
America,  state  of  Guatemala,  'capital  of  a  department,  125 
miles  N.W.  of  Guatemala. 

GUEGtJETLAN,  gi-gA-tl3n'.  or  GUEGUETAN,  gA-gi-tdu', 
a  town  of  Central  America,  in  Guatemala,  department  of 
Soconus';o.  on  the  river  Gueguetlan. 

GUEGUETOCA.     See  IIdeuuetoca. 

GL'ELAGO,  gi-l^go,  a  Tillage  of  Spain,  proTince,  and  28 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Granada. 

GUKI.DEKLAND.    See  Gelderuxb. 

GUELDRES.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Geldern. 

GUELEA,  g.Vl:4'3,  a  town  of  Algerian  Sahara.  135  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Gardaia,  consisting  of  2li0  well-built  houses,  en- 
rjosed  by  a  wall,  and  supposed  to  be  constructed  of  stones 
hewn  fill-  a  Roman  city  th;it  occupied  the  same  site. 

GUELI,J5.  ghiPUi'.  a  village  of  West  Africa,  in  Foota-Dam- 
^i.  on  the  Sene,,'al.     Lat.  15°  IS'  N.,  Ion.  12°  45'  W. 

GCELl'lI.  gw^lf  a  thriving  town  of  Canada  West,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Waterloo,  on  the  river  Speed,  and  on  the  line 
of  a  pi  .'pos.iid  railway  connecting  Ljike  Erie  at  Toronto  with 
Goderich,  on  Lake  Huron,  87  miles  W.  by  S.  of  the  former. 
It  has  also  plank-road  communi-.-ition  with  Georgetown. 
The  town  is  built  on  a  number  of  hills,  which  give  it  a  very 
picturesque  appearance.  It  contains,  besides  the  county 
buildings,  churches  of  7  denominations,  2  branch  banks. 
Beven\l  assurance  agencies,  a  grammar  school,  a  library  and 
reading-room,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  about  25  stores.  The 
Speed  here  has  a  fall  of  alxiut  33  feet,  furnishing  an  altundant 
water-power,  employed  for  3  or  4  large  tlouring  mills,  saw 
mill,  carding  and  fulling  mill,  a  woollen  factory,  &c.  The 
town  has  also  an.  iron  foundry,  4  tanneries,  and  several 
breweries  and  distilleries.  The  court-house  and  many  of 
the  stores  are  built  of  limestone  quarried  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  about  20110. 

GD^fiMlOXfi.  g.VraVn.V.  a  village  of  Fi-ance,  department  of 
Loire-lnferieure,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
46;i0. 

GUEMENK,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan 

11  miles  W.  of  Pontivy.     Pop,  154.3, 

GUER,  gaiR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan, 

12  miles  E,  of  Ploeniiel.     Pop.  in  1852,  3509. 
GUERANDE,  gA\-6Nd',  a  walled  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire-InlSrieui-e,  near  the  sea,  23  miles  W,  of  Save- 
nay.     Pop,  in  1852,  8688,    It  has  an  old  castle,  some  manu- 
fectures  of  linen  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  11  annual  fiiirs. 

GUEi!AR.\.  g.^-rd'rd,  a  town  of  Algeria,  oasis  of  \Vady- 
Mzab,  42  miles  E,N,E,  of  Gardaia,  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
?ery  high  wall,  and  entered  by  three  gates.  All  the  tribes 
of  the  de.sert  frequent  this  place,  either  to  buy  or  sell  horses, 
asses,  sheep,  ivory,  gold  dust,  ostrich  feathers,  cotton,  silk, 
cutlery,  &c.,  brought  chiefly  from  Tunis  and  Algiers.  Pop,very 
considerable,  Siiid  to  be  little  inferior  to  that  of  Gardaia. 

GUE15ARD,  giVaRd'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne.  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jleaux.     Pop,  1922, 

GCERBAVILLE,  ghjR'blVeel',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seiue-Inferieure,  4  miles  S,S.E.  of  Caudebec, 
Pop,  2it4l. 

GUKRCIIE.  L.\,  13  gaiRsh,  a  small  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ile-et-Vilaine,  24  miles  S,E.  of  Kennes.    Pop.  1984. 
GUERCHE.  L.\..  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cher. 
28  miles  E.S,E,  of  Bourges.     Pop,  1935, 

GCEIiCHE,  LA,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre- 
et-L'  ire,  .35  miles  S,  of  Tours,  on  the  Creuse,  with  a  chateau, 
built  for  Agnes  Sorel  by  Charles  VII. 

GUEUCINO,  gw^R^^'hee'no,  a  village  of  the  Papal  States,  12 
miles  \,  of  Frnsinone,  on  the  Cosa.     Pop.  1100. 

GUERET,  giVfl/.  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  37  miles  N,E.  of  Limoges,  1 1  has  a  library, 
a  communal  college,  a  normal  school,  an  hospital,  and  a 
lunatic  asylum.     Pop,  in  1852,  5033. 

•  iUEKlGUY.  gA^ree'ghoe'.  a  villaee  of  France,  department 
of  Nifevre.  on  the  Xievre.     Pop.  1267. 

GUERNE.  gaiun,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan. 0  miles  S.W.  of  Pontivy.     Pop.  3327. 

GUEKMCA,  ghjR-nee'ki,  a  town  of  gp.ain,  province  of 
Biscay.  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bilbao.     Pop.  827. 

GUERNSEY,  ghem'!!.*,  (anc.  ,SS/r'm«.)  the  second  in  size 
of  the  Channel  Islands,  in  the  Bay  of  St.  Michael,  30  miles 
W,  of  the  coast  of  Normandy,  and  51  miles  S,  of  Poi-t- 
land,  English  coaft.  and  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jersey.  Area, 
lO.ftOO  acres.  Pjp.  in  1h52.  2J.767.  Its  form  is  triangular, 
ind  its  coast-Iuie,  of  alwut  30  miles  in  circumference,  is 
ttiwply  Inle  jV.d  ..ith  bays,  and  surrounded  by  sunken  rocks. 


GUI 

j  The  surface  is  gently  varied,  but  generally  sloping  fi  om  the 
S,— where  the  cliffs  are  lofty — to  the  N.  coast,  which  is  low. 
It  is  well  watered.  The  soil  rests  on  a  structure  almost  eveiy- 
where  granitic,  and  is,  with  the  aid  of  sea-weed  manure, 
rendered  very  fertile.  The  climate  is  moist,  but  healthy, 
and  so  mild  that  oranges,  melons,  figs,  myrtles,  and  the 
Guernsey  lily,  flourish  luxuriantly.  The  orehartls  furnish 
pasture  for  the  famous  breed  of  cows,  which  are  larger  and 
more  valued  than  even  those  of  Alderney,  and  yield,  on  an 
average,  one  pound  per  day,  throughout  the  yeai-,  of  the 
finest  butter.  Trade,  or  rather  smuggling,  has  greatly  de- 
clined since  1807,  when  the  exports  from  these  islands  were 
m.ide  subject  to  the  general  revenue  laws  of  Britain.  The 
shipping  is  mostly  employed  in  importing  Bnti.>ih  manufac- 
tures, and  in  exporting  cider,  potatoes,  cattle,  and  granite. 
Steamers  ply  between  Guernsey  and  London,  Southampton 
Plymouth,  and  Weymouth,  The  island  is  divided  into  10 
parishes,  forming  a  deanery  of  the  church  of  Eni;land,  in 
the  diocese  of  Winchester,  St,  Peters,  on  the  S,E.  coast,  is 
the  only  town  in  the  island,  which  Is  mostly  studded  with 
scatteriHl  houses  or  cottages,  embosomed  in  orchards.  The 
natives  of  the  lower  orders  speak  the  old  Norman  French ; 
they  have  long  been  remarkable  for  their  adherence  to 
Protestantism,  The  island  is  under  a  lieutenant-governor, 
who  represents  the  sovereign  in  the  assembly  of  the  states. 
The  royal  court  has  jurisdiction  over  all  the  Channel  Islands 
except  Jersey,  Guernsey  formed  a  part  of  the  duchy  granted 
by  Charles  the  Simple  to  the  Norman  Rollo,  to  whose  descend- 
ants it  has  now  belonged  for  nearly  lOi  lO  years.  The  French 
have  made  many  vain  attempts  to  capture  it.  It  is  defended 
by  strong  fortifications,  and  has  a  well-organized  militia. 

GUERNSEY,  ghern'zee,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio, 
has  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Wills, 
Seneca,  and  Leatherwood  Creeks,  afthients  of  the  Muskin- 
gum River,  The  surface  is  hilly,  the  soil  in  some  parts  is 
clayey,  and  is  generally  good.  The  county  contains  large 
quantities  of  stone  coal.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Central 
Ohio  Railroad.  Organized  in  1810.  and  named  from  the 
British  isle  of  Guernsey.    Capital,  Cambridge.    Pop.  24,474. 

GUERRERO.  gh&R-R.Vro.  a  recently  organized  State  of 
Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific,  and  enclosed  on  all  other 
sides  by  the  States  of  Valladolid,  Mexico,  and  La  Puebla; 
area,  32,002  square  miles.  Capital,  Tixtla.  Pop.  in  1850, 
270.000. 

GUEST'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

GUESTRICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk.  God 
win.  the  author  of  Caleb  Williams.  Ac.  was  born  here. 

GUEST  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Russel  co.,  Yirdnia. 

GUETARIA.  gA-td're-d,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gui- 
puzcoa,  10  miles  AV.  of  San  Sebastian,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
Pop.  1036. 

GUEUGNON,  gunVANo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  41  miles  W.N.W.  of  M&con,    Pop.  1659. 

GUGER.\T.  a  province  of  llindostan.     See  Guzerat. 

GUGGISBERG.  gOog'ghis-boiio*.  a  small  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  15  miles  S.<of  Bern.  Pop.  of  the  p.irish, 
6203. 

GUGLTELMO,  gool-yJl'mo,  a  mountain  of  Lombardy, 
near  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Iseo,  5  miles  N.  of  Gardone. 
Height.  6300  feet. 

GUGLINGEN.  (Giiglingen.)  giigfling-en,  a  town  of  Wiir- 
temburg,  3J  miles  S.W.  of  Brackenheim'.     Pop.  14,140. 

GUGLIONISI.  gool-yo-nee'see,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise,  8  miles  N.  of  Larino.     Pop.  3300. 

GUOUAN.  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Laproxes. 

GUIIRAU.  goo/rOw.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  circle,  44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  3400. 

GUI  A,  ghee'i,  a  town  of  Guinea,  in  Ashantee,  capital  of 
the  stato  of  Buroomy,  on  the  Volta.  in  lat.  7°  N.,  Ion.  0°. 

GUIA,  ghee'd.  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Parahiba.  on  the  Atlantic. 

GUIA,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of,  and  on  the  Rio 
Negro,  near  the  N.  frontier. 

GUIAGUILA.  ghee-.^-ghee'lJ.  a  village  of  Senegambia,  on 
the  Senegal.     I^t.  14°  15'  N..  Ion.  12°  20'  W. 

GUIA,  LA,  \k  ghee'^,  a  town  of  the  Canary  Islands,  on 
the  N,W.  coast  of  llreat  Canary,  ne.ir  Gaidar,     Pop,  4332, 

GUIA.  LA,  a  village  of  the  Canaries,  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Teneriffe,     Pop,  2-2:30. 

GUIANA.  GUYANA,  ght^^'nl  or  GUAY.ANA,  gwi-^'nl, 
a  large  territory  in  South  America,  extending  between  lat. 
8°  40'  N.  and  3'^  30'  S,,  and  Ion,  50°  and  08°  W, :  having  the 
Atlantic  and  E,  course  of  the  Orinoco,  N, :  the  rivers  .\>gro 
and  Am.azon  S.:  the  N,  course  of  the  Orinoco  and  the  n.v 
tural  canal  of  Cassiquiare,  AV, :  and  the  .Atlantic,  E.  This 
territory  was  divided  into  Brazilian  or  Portuguese  Guiana, 
A'enezuelan  British,  Dutch,  and  French  Guiana;  tut  the 
last  three  alone  are  now  recognised  under  this  name,  the 
other  two  beinir  absorbed  by  their  respective  countries, 

GUIANA,  BRITISH,  the" westernmost  of  the  three  por- 
tions of  the  above  teiritorj',  is  aliout  560  miles  long,  from 
S,E,  to  N,W,.  and  about  200  miles  broad,  having  E.  Dutch 
Guiana,  W,  Venezuela  and  Brazil,  N,  and  N.E,  the  Atlantic, 
and  S.  Brazil,  Neither  its  AV,  nor  its  S.  limits,  however 
have  been  defined.    It  lies  between  lat.  0°  40'  and  b-'  40'  N, 


GUI 


GUI 


and  Ion.  57°  and  61°  W.  Estimated  area,  76.000  square 
milee.  Its  coast  line  is  about  280  mile.s,  extending  from  the 
river  Coreiit3'n  to  the  I'unta  Harima,  about  Ion.  60°  W.  The 
whole  surface  of  the  coast  lands,  from  10  to  4<J  miles  inland, 
is  on  a  level  with  the  hijch-water  of  the  sea.  When  drained, 
banked,  and  cultivated,  they  consolidate  and  sink  fully  a 
foot  below  it,  in  consequence  of  whicli  it  becomes  necessary 
to  pay  unremitting  attention  to  the  dams  and  sluices,  to 
keep  out  the  sea,  otherwise  great  destruction  and  damage 
to  the  laud  ensues.  Shallows,  or  muddy  banks,  stretch 
along  the  whole  line  of  ccjast,  and  run  several  miles  into  the 
sea ;  they  are  in  some  parts  di  y,  in  others  covered  with  not 
more  than  from  3  to  4  feet  of  water.  The  entire  absence  of 
all  landmarks  on  these  tlat  and  monotonous  shore.s,  renders 
It  difficult  for  strange  ves.sels  to  ascertain  at  what  particular 
point  of  the  coast  they  are.  The  level  country  is  arrested 
by  a  range  of  sandhills,  of  low  elevation,  the  highest  not 
exceeding  200  feet.  IJehind  these  hills,  the  high  land 
stretclies  out  into  level  or  undulating  plains,  rising  here 
and  there  into  con.sjderable  eminences.  The  interior  is  tra- 
versed, in  various  directions,  by  chains  of  mountains:  few  of 
them,  however,  of  any  great  height.  Of  those,  the  I'acaraima 
range,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  country,  exhibits  the 
loftiest  elevations — the  culminating  point,  called  R<iraimaf 
by  the  Indians,  rising  to  a  height  of  7500  feet  above  se;i- 
level.  The  other  principal  ranges  are  the  Sierra  Imataca, 
In  the  N.  part  of  the  country,  running  also  X.W  and  S,l<;., 
parallel  to  the  coast,  at  an  average  distance  of  from  50  to  60 
miles  ;  the  Cannucu  or  Conocou.  .and  the  Sierra  Acarai — the 
last  occupying  the  extreme  S,iO.  corner  of  the  territory, 
forming  its  boundary  in  this  direction.  Thev  are  densely 
wooded,  but  do  not  reach  a  greater  elevation  than  4(i00  feet. 

Geology. — The  geological  composition  of  the  mountains  of 
British  (iuiana  is  various.  Some  of  them  consi.st  of  granite, 
gneiss,  and  trappean  rocks,  and  their  different  modifications ; 
others,  as  mentioned  alxive,  are  of  sandstone;  and  others 
again,  appe.ir  to  beof  white  quartz,  which,  from  the  quantity 
of  the  particles  of  miivi  they  contain,  shine  like  gold.  Gra- 
nite, however,  is  probably  the  prevailing  formation,  par- 
ticularly in  the  interior;  many  huge  mountjiins.  .several 
thousand  feet  high,  being  wholly  composed  of  this  sub- 
stance, frequently  traversed  by  the  veins  of  quartz,  and 
consequently  almost  destitute  of  vegetation.  Some  of  the 
detached  masses  of  granite  pre.sent  the  most  extraordinary 
forms;  they  are  crenerally  of  a  conoidal  figure,  and  often  of 
great  heiglit — others  partal;e  of  both  cone  and  pyramid. 
Among  the  more  remarkable  of  these  is  an  isolated  rock, 
called  .\taraipu,  rising  13)0  feet  above  the  sea.  Another 
natural  curiosity  of  this  kind  occurs  at  the  outskirts  of  the 
I'acaraima  Mountains,  about  lat. -t°N.;  being  a  column  of 
granite,  in  the  form  of  the  trunk  of  a  decayed  tree,  alxiut 
50  feet  high.  Rock  cryst.'ils  and  red  agate  are  met  with : 
and  very  pure  white  clay  is  found  in  tlie  Essef^uibo.  The 
KCtensive  Hats  along  the  shore  are  comp.osed  of  alluvial  soil 
and  clays,  resting  upon  granite.  The.se  alluvial  flats  are.  in 
many  instances,  covered  with  a  black  vegetable  matter,  the 
detritus  of  numerous  rivers. 

Jiivrs. — The  rivers  of  British  Guiana  have  all  nearly  a 
N.  course.  They  are.  proceeding  from  AV.  to  K.,  the  Ksse- 
quibo,  about  400  miles  long,  the  Demerara.  200  miles  long, 
the  Berbice,  and  the  Corentyn.  the  latter  forming  the  lO. 
boundary.  The  Essequil>o  is  from  15  to  20  miles  wide  at  its 
mouth,  and  studded  with  beautiful  low  wooded  islands.  The 
Demerara  is  IJ  miles  wide  at  its  entrance  into  the  ocean, 
and  navigable  for  large  vessels  100  miles.  The  Berbice  is  3 
miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  naviiralde  for  large  ves.sels  50 
miles,  and  for  smaller  craft  200  miles.  The  Corentyn  is  10 
miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  navigable  for  vessels  drawing 
10  feet  for  40  miles.  In  5°  15'  N.  lat.  it  has  a  width  of  1230 
yards,  and  an  average  rise  of  the  tide  of  6  feet.  The  pheno- 
mena of  the  bore  occurs  in  this  river,  rising  from  3  to  5 
feet.  The  upper  courses  of  the  three  great  rivers  of  British 
Guiana  are  much  obstructed  by  cataracts  and  rapids,  and 
are  believed  to  have  their  sources  near  each  otlier,  in  the 
same  great  range.  Sir  R.  H.  Shomburgk  remarks,  "  if  Bri- 
tish Guiana  was  not  blessed  with  such  abundant  fruitful- 
ness,  its  extensive  inland  navigation  alone  would  render  it 
of  vast  importance." 

Cariosities. — In  addition  to  the  pyramidal  rocks  described 
under  the  head  of  geology.  British  Guiana  abounds  in  nu- 
merous cascades,  among  which  is  one  from  300  to  400  feet 
high,  in  about  4°  N.  lat..  and  61°  W.  Ion.,  near  the  foot  of 
Mount  Mampang.  Of  the  Kamaiba.  the  largest  of  these  cata- 
racts. Schoml)urgk  says  :  "  I  can  ill  describe  the  magnificent 
appearance  of  tliese  mountains,  (the  Roraima.)  with  their 
thundering  cataracts,  precipitating  themselves  from  a  height 
of  from  1400  to  l.'iOO  feet,  which  are  especially  grand  when 
swollen  by  rains."  In  the  same  vicinity  is  an  urn-shaped  i-ock, 
4C6  teet  hi^^h.  and  in  its  widest  part  381  feet  broad,  standing 
on  a  base  3135  feet  alxive  the  neighboring  vill.age.  Near  Maura 
are  vast  granite  boulders,  said  to  be  from  300  to  400  feet  high. 
Purumame  Imeru  Falls,  on  the  Parima  Kiver,  descend  in 
two  perpendicular  pit<;he3  of  75  feet.  King  William  IV.  Cata- 
luct.  in  the  Es.sequibo,  though  not  very  high,  is  of  singular 
wilduess  and  btiauty.    The  cataract  of  Onoro  lias  a  fall  of 


100  feet;  that  of  TVamaru-Serllia,  of  45  feet;  Frederick 
William's  Cataract,  of  65  feet:  Smyth's,  of  30  feet;  Bar 
row"s.  of  42  feet;  and  in  4°  20'  N.  bit.  are  a  series  of  cas 
cades,  with  a  total  fall  of  100  feet.  Besides  these,  are  l!a 
leigirs,  Stanley's,  and  other  cataracts  and  rapids,  all  highly 
picturesque, and  accompanied  with  wild  and  rugged  scenery, 
and  varied  by  the  alternation  of  cataracts  and  rapids. 

Climate. — Guiana  has  two  dry  and  two  wet  seasons,  each 
continuing  for  three  months;  the  wet  embrace  the  months 
of  December,  January,  and  February — and  then  June,  J  uly, 
and  August;  the  dry  the  other  months.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  is  nearly  81°  2'.  A'iolent  thunder-storms  occur 
at  the  change  of  the  sea.wus;  but  hurricane.s.  so  destruo- 
five  in  the  West  Indies,  are  unknown.  In  the  dry  seasoni 
the  climate  is  agreeable,  and  in  the  interior  more  healthy 
than  in  many  parts  of  the  West  Indies. 

Soil.  Aciricidture,  Vegetable  Products,  dy;. — The  soil  is.  in 
general,  very  fertile;  and  that  of  Demerara,  in  particvilar, 
well  .adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-cane;  but.  in 
consequence  of  the  numerous  large  open  drains  with  which 
the  land  is  intersected,  and  which  have  been  rendered  ne- 
cessary by  its  being  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  the  plough 
cannot  be  used.  Vegetation,  however,  is  singularly  vigor- 
ous and  luxuriant;  its  forest  trees,  which  cover  about  one- 
half  its  surface,  are  of  the  most  magnificent  desciiption ; 
especially  the  niira-tree,  {Mimosa  exceha,)  described  as  at- 
taining the  height  of  from  130  to  150  feet,  and  as  apiK-aring, 
at  a  distance,  from  its  immense  size,  like  hillocks  clothed 
with  vegetation.  The  timber  of  this  tree  is  .said  to  be  equal 
to  the  teak  of  the  East  Indies.  Among  the  other  princip:il 
trees  are — the  green  heart,  (belonging  to  the  family  of  the 
Laurirute,)  the  sawary,  {Peken  tuherciOosa,)  the  bully-tree, 
(Ackras  balata.)  the  sirwabally,  cral)-wood.  (Ci.-riijm  Giiian- 
eitsis. )  and  purple-heart.  Among  the  indigenous  fruits  are — 
the  pine-apple,  guava,  the  marmalade  fruit,  the  anona,  the 
sapodilla,  and  the  Brazil  and  Suwarrow  nuts.  The  cabbage- 
tree  is  common,  and  there  are  several  varieties  of  palms. 
Medicinal  plants  also  alx)und  ;  including  quassia,  a  specie? 
of  ipecacuanha,  gentiivn,  and  many  others.  Cultivation  i? 
chietly  limited  to  sugar,  coffee,  yams,  cassava,  plantains, 
bananas,  sweet  potatoes,  maize.  &c.  There  are  many  fibrou* 
vegetables  which  afford  substitutes  for  hemp  and  flax :  and 
in  the  forests  dyeing  woods,  cochineal,  gum  copal,  and  a 
multitude  of  other  valuable  and  unknown  vegetable  pro- 
ductions abound.  The  tloni  is  rich  and  varied,  and  includes 
the  Victoria  Begia,  the  lamest  of  the  water-lilies,  who.se  im- 
mense briglit  green  leaves,  and  enormous  white  and  pink 
flowers,  are  to  be  seen  floating  on  the  rivers,  and  whith  now 
forms  one  of  the  chief  objects  of  interest  at  our  horticultuntl 
exhibitions. 

'/^I'Jiigij. — The  animals  are  those  of  tropica!  South  America 
generally — the  jaguar,  tai)ir.  armadillo,  agouti,  ant-bear, 
sloth,  deer,  a  great  variety  of  monkeys,  iguanas,  large  alli- 
gators, and  turtles;  several  kinds  of  jiarrots,  mackaws,  and 
humming-birds;  the  flamingo.  Muscovy  duck,  toucan,  and 
spoonbill.  In  the  forests  the  vampire  bat  abounds.  Snakes 
are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  poisonous;  and  trouble- 
.some  insects  are  intolerably  plentiful.  The  rivers  abound 
with  a  great  variety  of  fish,  including  the  siluru.s.  wliich 
often  measures  12  feet  in  length,  and  weighs  upwards  of 
two  hundred  weight.  The  domestic  animals  are — horses, 
mules,  hogs,  goats,  and  fiawls.  Black  cattle  and  horses  are 
reaied  on  the  savannas, 

lYoiiitcts.  Onmmerce.  <£c. — Sucrar.  rum.  coffee,  molasses, 
and  hardwood,  form  the  principal  articles  of  export.  The 
exports  for  1849  amounted  to  674.942/..  and  the  imports  to 
658,140/. ;  the  former  showing  a  considerable  decrease  on 
preceding  years.  In  1S62,  the  imports  amounted  to  ['78.000/., 
and  the  exports  to  965.000/.  Cotton  was  also  cultivated 
formerly  to  a  great  extent,  especially  in  Demerara.  but  is 
now  nearly  extinct,  in  consequence  of  the  paucity  of  labor. 
The  cultivation  of  coffee  has  likewise  shrunk  greatly  of  late 
year.s — the  exports  having  fallen  from  4.500.000  pounds  to 
100.000  pounds.  The  exports  of  suiiar  in  1850  comprised 
3735  hogsheads;  in  1851,  4:5.0.34  hog.shoads;  and  in  1852, 
55.700  hogsheads.  A  large  increase  in  the  tonnage  and  ship- 
ping of  the  colony,  and  in  the  internal  traffic,  has  taken 
place  since  1844,  including  a  brisk  trade  in  cattle  from  the 
Orinoco. 

Government. — British  Guiana  has  no  legislative  as.=embly 
or  executive  council,  but  a  court  of  policy,  consisting  of  five 
official  members — namely,  the  governor,  the  chief-justice, 
the  attorney-general,  the  collector  of  customs,  the  govern- 
ment secretary,  and  five  non-official  members.  The  expen- 
diture of  the  colony,  in  1852.  amounted  to  §782.000,  and  the 
revenue  to  S8()2,006. 

Churches. — In  1852  there  were  43  churches  in  British 
Guiana,  with  4866  communicants,  and  sittings  for  14.741. 
With  all  of  these  were  connected  day-schools  and  Sunday- 
schools.  The  total  number  of  day-schools  in  the  colony  was 
150:  total  number  of  children  between  the  ages  of  5  and  15, 
23.711 ;  number  attending  school,  10,577 ;  average  attend- 
ance, 7616. 

Inliahitmits. — The  population  of  British  Guiana  is  com- 
posed of  aboriginal  tribes,  and  of  foreign  settlers — Dutch, 

799 


GUI 

Bngltsh.  Europeans,  Africans,  and  their  descendants.  The 
principal  tribes  of  the  aborigines,  now  greatly  reduced  in 
numbers,  are — the  Arrawaks,  Accawai,  Carabisce,  Warrows 
or  ^Varraus,  Maeusies,  and  NVapisianas;  the  last  are  tall, 
fine-looking  men,  with  regular  features,  and  large  noses. 
The  Arrawaks,  living  within  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
plantations,  are  the  most  civilized  of  all  the  tribes.  The 
natives  of  Guiana,  according  to  the  missionary  Brett,  follow 
the  fate  of  the  Indian  generally,  when  in  contact  with 
civilization,  and  are  rapidly  diminishiug.  Many  tribes  are 
extinct,  others  number  less  than  100,  and  the  greatest  popu- 
lation civen  by  Brett  to  any  one  tribe  (the  Macusi)  is  3000. 
According  to  "the  same  authority,  iji  Georgetown  may  be 
seen  men,  women,  and  children  of  every  shade  of  color, 
from  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa, — the  English  planter,  the 
Portuguese  pedlar,  the  Hindoo  coolie,  the  freed  negro,  and 
the  native  redman.  The  population,  according  to  the  census 
of  1851,  was  127,(595,  of  which  the  greater  part  were  negi-oes, 
who  constitute  the  laboring  class.  There  were  also  sup- 
posed to  be  about  7000  aborigines  that  were  not  included 
in  the  census  returns.  These,  with  445  siiilors,  and  854 
troops  would  make  the  total  population  at  that  date  135,994. 
Since  then  there  has  been  a  considerable  increase  by  the  ar- 
rival of  immigrants  from  China,  India,  Africa,  and  the 
island  of  Madeira. 

Divisiims  and  Towns. — There  are  three  counties  in  British 
Guiana,  viz.  Demerara,  (with  more  than  three-fifths  of  the 
population.)  Essequibo.  and  Berbice.  The  principal  towns 
are  Georgetown,  pop.  25,508;  New  Amsterdam,  pop.  5000; 
Berbice.  and  Demerara. 

History. — Guiana  is  said  by  some  to  have  been  discovered 
by  Columbus,  on  his  third  voyage,  in  149.'S ;  others  attribute 
the  discovery  to  Vasco  Nunez,  in  1504.  The  first  settlement 
was  formed  by  the  Dutch,  in  15S0,  on  the  river  Pomeroon, 
and  called  New  Zealand,  whence  they  spread  E.  to  the  Es- 
sequHx)  and  Demerara.  In  1781,  the  colony  was  taken  by 
Sir  George  Rodney;  but  it  was  restored  to  the  Dutch  in 
1783.  In  179tj  it  surrendered  to  the  British,  and  was  again 
restored  to  the  Dutch,  by  the  peace  of  Amieng,  in  1801.  It 
was  again  taken  by  the  British,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  la  1803,  and  has  since  remained  in  their  possession. 
On  the  3d  of  August,  1834,  slavery  was  abolished  in  Guiana, 
but  the  apprenticeship  system  was  in  force  till  1838,  when 
the  litieration  of  the  negroes  became  complete. 

GUIANA,  DUTCH,  or  SURINAM,  soo-re-nJm'  or  soo-re- 
nSm',  a  Dutch  colony  in  South  America,  situated  between 
English  and  French  Guiana,  having  the  former  on  the  E., 
end  the  latter  on  the  W.;  between  lat.  1°  30'  and  6°  N.. 
and  Ion.  53°  30'  and  57°  30'  W.  Its  coast  line  extends 
from  the  river  Coreutyn  to  the  river  Maroni.  The  length 
of  the  territory,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  300  miles;  breadth,  at 
the  widest  part,  about  280  miles;  but  does  not,  gene- 
rally, exceed  225  or  230  miles.  Area,  about  60,000  square 
miles.  The  general  aspect  of  the  country  is  the  same 
with  that  of  British  Guiana  above  described — flat  and 
Bwampy  on  the  coast,  and  mountainous  in  the  interior; 
well  watered  by  numerous  streams,  flowing  generally  from 
S.  to  N.,  and  of  which  the  Surinam,  and  its  aflBuents.  the 
Saramacca  with  its  aflBuents,  and  the  Coppename,  are  the 
chief.  It  has  also  a  similarly  warm,  moist  climate,  is  very 
fertile,  and  well  cultivated,  resembling  an  extensive  gar- 
den, and  yields  similar  products.  The  principal  exports 
are  coffee,  cotton,  molasses,  sugar,  and  rum.  Sugar  was 
exported  in  1S49  to  the  value  of  2,764.872^.;  molasses  to 
87,292?:;  cotton  to  74,132;  coffee  to  61.3017.;  and  rum  to 
9,408.  The  imports  for  the  same  year  amounted  165.4187. 
The  imports  from  the  United  States  in  1853  amounted  to 
$108,389.  and  the  exports  to  the  same  country  to  $130,681. 

The  Dutch  government  have  recently  emancipated  their 
slaves  in  this  territory ;  but  instead  of  compensation  to  the 
proprietors,  the  slaves  remain  indentured  laborers  for  pe- 
riod of  12  years,  and  work  without  pay.  On  the  right  bank 
of  the  Surinam  River,  and  about  10  miles  from  its  mouth, 
is  situated  the  canital  of  the  settlement,  Paramaribo ;  a  little 
N.  from  which  is  the  fort  of  Zeelandia,  where  the  governor 
resides,  and  where,  also,  most  of  the  government  establish- 
ments are  situated.  The  population  amounts  to  upwards 
of  60,000,  of  which  between  6000  and  7000  are  whites,  and 
about  53,000  or  54,000  negroes.  The  government  is  vested 
in  a  governor-general  and  council. 

GUIANA,  FRENCH,  (Fr.  Guyane-Fravfaise,  ghee'dn/- 
frinV.^z/,)  a  French  colony  in  South  America,  the  most  E. 
division  of  Guiana,  its  coast  line  extending  from  the  river 
Marnni,  on  the  \V.,  to  the  river  Oy.apok  on  the  E.,  wljich 
separates  i  t  from  Brazil,  a  distance  in  a  straight  line  of  about 
2X)  miles :  between  lat.  2°  and  G°  N.,  and  Ion.  49° 38'  and  54° 
88'  AV.  The  greatest  length  of  the  colony,  from  N.  to  S.,  is 
about  2'iO  miles;  its  gre.atest  breadth  al»ut220  miles.  Area, 
27,u60  square  miles.  This  territory  also  resembles  that  of 
British  Guiana,  in  its  physical  features,  climate,  and  vege- 
table productions,  with  the  addition,  in  the  latter  case,  of 
pepper,  cloves,  cinnamon,  nutmeg.  Ac.  The  coast  is  low,  con- 
Iflsting  of  a  flat  alluvial  tract,  of  great  fertilitv,  in  some  places 
marsh}-,  and  covered  with  thick  forests  of  mangroves.  The 
highlauds,  in  the  interior— the  soil  consisting  of  clay,  mixed 


GUI 

with  granitic  sand,  are  al.so  fertile:  and  the  whole  country 
is  exceedingly  well  watered — the  principal  streams  being 
the  Mana.  Siunamari,  Ouya,  and  Apronaque. 

Commerce. — French  Guiana  exported  to  the  United  States 
in  1851-2,  products  valued  at  $32,422.  and  in  1852-.3,  $17,717. 
Imports  from  the  United  States  in  1851-2,  $04,747;  in 
1S52-3,  S64..335.  The  exports  to  France  in  1853  amounted 
alwut  $4,400,000,  and  the  imports  from  that  country  to 
about  $4,800,000. 

The  territory  comprises  the  island  of  Cayenne,  celebrated 
for  the  pepper  bearing  that  name.  On  this  island  is  situ- 
ated Cayenne,  the  capital  of  the  colony.  The  colony  is  di- 
vided into  two  districts,  Cayenne  and  Sinnamari,  and  14 
communes  or  townships.  The  government  is  vested  in  a 
jpovernor.  assisted  by  a  privy  council,  and  colonial  council 
of  16  members,  elected  by  the  colonists. 

The  French  first  settled  in  Cayenne  in  the  year  1604.  In 
1763,  the  French  government  with  the  view  of  improving 
and  otherwise  increasing  the  importance  of  the  c«lony,  sent 
out  12,000  emigrants;  but  no  arrangements  having  been 
made  for  their  reception,  or  subseqvient  disposal,  they  nearly 
all  perished  from  exposure  to  the  climate,  which  was  then 
extremely  insalubrious.  In  1809,  the  colony  was  captured 
by  the  united  forces  of  the  British  and  Portuguese,  and 
restored  to  France  at  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1814.  In  the 
early  part  of  1852,  a  large  number  of  political  olTenders 
were  transported  from  the  mother  country  to  French  Guiana. 
Pop.  in  1846,  19,795,  showing  a  considerable  decrease  since 
1836. 

GUIANECO  (ghe-a-nJ'ko)  ISLANDS,  a  group  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Patagonia,  immediately  N.  of  Wellington  Island, 
the  principal  being  Wager  and  Byron  Islands. 

GUIBARRA,  ghe-bor'ra,  a  small  river  of  Ireland,  flowing 
into  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  between  the  bays  of  Ko.smore 
and  Trawenagh,  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of  13  miles. 

GUICIIE,  gheesh,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Basse.s-Pyrenees,  on  the  Bidouze,  14  miles  E.  of  Bayonne 
Pop.  1700. 

GUICHE,  LA,  13  gheesh,  a  village  of  France,  in  Sa6ne-et 
Loire,  10  miles  N.E.  of  CharoUes.     Pop.  944. 

GUICIIEX.  ghee'shdN'^  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kenues.     Pop.  3696. 

GUICLAN.  ghee^kldN"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Finistfere,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Moriaix.  Pop.  3549.  It  has 
some  linen  manufactures,  and  6  annual  fairs. 

GUICOWAR'S.  gwik'owarz\  written  also  GYKWAR'S, 
ghik'warz  (?)  or  BABODA  DOMINION,  a  state  of  Hindostan, 
in  its  W.  portion,  subsidiary  to  the  British,  and  subordinate 
to  the  presidency  of  Bombay,  consisting  of  most  part  of  the 
peninsula  and  of  some  other  detached  portions  cf  the  pro- 
vince of  Guzerat;  the  whole  lying  between  lat.  2u°  40'  and 
24°  N.,  and  Ion.  69°  and  74°  E.  It  is  one  of  the  richest 
parts  of  India.  A  treaty  was  first  entered  into  between  the 
Pei.shwa  and  the  British  in  1780,  and  in  1817  the  Guico- 
wai"'s  dominions  were  enlarged  in  consequence  of  the  Peish- 
wa's  cession  of  his  previous  rights  to  Guzerat.  In  1829,  his 
tribute  to  the  British  was  fixed  at  eijiht  lacs  of  rupees 
(80,0007.)  annually.  Baroda  is  the  capital  and  the  seat  of 
the  British  resident,  who  conducts  all  the  foreign  relations 
of  the  state.    Pop.  325,526. 

GUIDAKAR.  ghe-dJkaK/,  a  -village  of  West  Africa,  in 
Wallo.  on  the  Senegal ;  lat.  10°  27'  N.,  Ion.  15°  43'  W. 

GUIDEL,  gheeM?!',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan.  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lorient.     Pop.  ."Sy5. 

GUIDIZZOLO.  gwee-dit/so-lo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
province,  and  15  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Mantua.     Pop.  2238. 

GUIENNE  or  GUYENNE,  ghee^Jnn'.  an  old  province  in 
the  S.W.  of  France,  lying  N.  of  Gascouy,  from  which  it  was 
partly  separated  by  the  Garonne.  It  is  now  distributed 
chiefly  among  the  departments  of  Gironde,  Dordogne,  Lot^ 
et-Garonne,  tat,  Aveyron,  and  Tarn-ot-Garonp.e.  After 
having  been  possessed  by  the  Englisi  during  three  cen- 
turies, this  country  was  united  to  Frar.ce  by  Charles  VII., 
in  1453.  Its  capital  was  Bordeuax.  Guiexxe  is  supposed  to 
be  a  corruption  of  Aquiiam'a,  the  name  given  to  this  coun- 
try in  the  time  of  the  ancient  Komans.  In  the  early  pe- 
riods of  the  French  monarchy  it  was  called  Aquilaiiie. 

GUIERS,  ghee'alK',  a  small  river,  foru.ing  part  of  the 
boundary  between  France  and  Sardinia,  joins  the  Rhone 
near  St.  Didier. 

GUIJAR  or  GUIXAR,  ghe-HaR/,  a  lake  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, in  San  Salvador.  It  receives  the  Mitian.  and  dis- 
charges its  surplus  water  by  the  Lempa  iiito  the  Pacific. 
It  is  alxjut  60  miles  in  circumference,  and  in  the  middle  is  a 
large  island,  abounding  in  game,  and  containing  the  ruins 
of  a  considerable  town. 

GUIL/DEN-MOR'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  ol  Cam- 
bridge. 

GUII/DEN-SUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester 

GUII/DERLAND,  a  post-township  of  Albany  co.,  New 
York,  9  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
route  of  the  Albany  and  Susquehanna  Railroad.   Pop.  324& 

OUILDERLAND  CENTRE,  a  postK)flice  of  Albany  ca, 
New  York. 

QUILDFOBD,  ghll'fyrd,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 


GUI 


GUI 


rough  and  marketrtown  of  England,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Sur- 
rey, on  the  navigable  river  AVey.  here  crossed  by  a  bridire  of 
five  i»rches,  and  on  tlie  South-western  I^ailway,  17  miles  S.W. 
of  London.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough,  in  1S61,  8032. 
Tt  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  steep  declivity,  in  a  break 
of  the  Surrey  downs,  consisting  chiefly  of  one  long  and 
handsome  street.  It  has  a  modern  jiud  2  ancient  parish 
churches,  a  royal  grammar  school,  chartered  by  Edward 
VI.,  a  blue-coat  school,  a  handsome  hospKal,  with  chapel. 
for  the  poor,  founded  in  the  reign  of  James  T.,  and  minor 
charities,  an  elegant  county-hall,  a  guildhall,  and  conspi- 
cuous remains  of  a  castje,  which  was  a  residence  of  several 
Saxcn  and  Norman  sovereigns.  Guildford  has  a  consider- 
able traffic  by  the  Wey  in  corn,  malt,  and  coals:  and  it  is 
the  emporium  of  an  extensive  rural  district.  It  sends  2 
members  to  the  Douse  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  North  family. 

GUILD'KOKD,  a  town  of  West  Australia,  on  the  Swan 
Kiver,  7  miles  N.E.  of  I'erth. 

GUILDI[.\Lh,  a  post-township,  capital  of  Essex  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  \V.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  which  is  here  cross- 
ed by  two  bridges,  about  60  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  several  churches,  and  a 
flourishiuLr  academv.     Top.  552. 

GUILB/H.\Lh  FAhLS.  a  village  in  Guildhall  township, 
Essex  CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  \V.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  about 
60  miles  X.E  of  Montpelier. 

GUIL'FOKD,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  North 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  about  fiOO  square  miles.  The  Deep 
Kiver,  a  branch  of  the  Cape  Fear,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  the 
county.  The  N.  part  is  drained  by  the  Keedy  Fork  of  Ilaw 
Kiver.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  diversified  with 
forests  of  fine  timber:  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  well 
watered,  and  extensively  cultivated.  In  1S50  this  county 
produced  884,28(i  biishels  of  corn,  and  21-1,682  of  oats,  each 
the  greiitest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state. 
The  Central  Railroad  of  North  Carolina  is  in  cour.se  of 
construction  through  the  county.  Guilford  is  the  most 
populous  county  in  the  state,  excepting  Wake.  Organized 
in  1770,  and  named  in  compliment  to  the  Earl  of  Guilford, 
an  ancient  British  statesman.  Capital,  Green .slx)rough. 
Pop.  20,050,  of  whom  16,431  were  free,  and  3625  slaves. 

G  UILF(JRD.  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  70 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Augusta,  on  the  N.  side  of  Piscataquis  Kiver. 
Pop.  8:;7. 

(iUILFOIiD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  l.>0  miles  S.  of  Montpelier,  possesses  good  mill 
privileges,  and  has  some  mannfiictures.     Pop.  1201. 

GUHjFOKD,  a  beautiful  post-borough  and  township  of 
New  Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and 
on  the  New  Haven  and  New  London  Railroad,  16  miles  E. 
by  S.  of  New  Haven.  In  the  centre  of  the  borough  is  a  fine 
square,  ornamented  with  shade-trees.  Fronting  it  are  the 
cliurches.  2  Congregational,  1  Episcopal.  1  Methodist,  and 
1  Baptist,  the  principal  stores,  and  a  hotel.  About  $40,000 
have  been  appropriated  towards  establi.shing  a  school  of  a 
high  character.  The  buikUng,  a  fine  stone  edifice,  has  been 
erected  the  present  sea.son,  1854.  Tlie  point,  about  a  mile 
S.  of  the  village,  is  much  resorted  to  in  the  summer  months 
as  a  waterinir-place,  Guilford  is  the  birthplace  and  present 
residence  of  Fi'z-Greene  Ilalleck,  one  of  our  most  eminent 
American  poets.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  about  1500 ;  of  the 
township.  2624. 

GUTLFORn.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chenango  co.. 
New  York,  about  100  miles  W.  by  ?.  of  Albany.  The  village 
coBtains  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of  the 
towijsliiii,  2743, 

GUILFORD,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  .3090. 

GtllLFOT'D,  a  post-ofRce  of  Accomac  co.,  Virginia. 

GUILFORD,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  70  miles 
S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

GUILFORD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Medina  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1822. 

GUILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.  It  is 
the  first  station  on  the  railroad  from  Lawrenceburg  to  In- 
dianapolis. 

GUILFORD,  a  township  in  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1687. 

GUILF01;D,  a  village  of  Calhoun  co..  Illinois,  on  the  W. 
hank  of  Illinois  River,  about  00  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield. 

GUILFOnn,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Winnebago  co,, 
Illinois.     Pep.  nil. 

GUILFORD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  120  mil(«  S.  of  Montpelier. 

GUILFORD  CENTRE,  a  post-vill.age  of  Chenango  CO.,  New 
York,  about  100  miles  W.  by  S.of  Albany. 

GUILLAC.  ghee\vdk'  or  gheePy^k',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Morbihan,  3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ploermel.  Pop. 
1520. 

GUILLAUMES.  ghee'ySm'  or  gheePyCm'.  a  town  of  North 
Italv,  province,  and  33  miles  N.W.  of  Nice,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Var.     Pop.  1.357. 

G  U I  LLF.STRE.  ghee'y^st'r',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilautes-Alpes,  on  the  Gull,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Embrun.    It 
WM  a  station  for  English  prisoners  during  the  last  war. 
»A 


GUILLOTIERE.  LA,  Id  ghee'yoHe-.aiR/.  a  town  ot  Franca 
on  the  Rhone,  opposite  Lyons.     Pop.  30.000.    See  Ltox. 

GUILMI.  gwil'mee  or  gweel'niee.  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Citra,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Vasto.     Pop.  2054 

OUILOOM,  ghee'loom',  a  river  of  Senegambia.  jtdns  the 
Senegal,  about  30  miles  below  Kaheide,  after  a  cours«  of 
betwei>n  SO  and  90  miles. 

GUILS'BOROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North 
ampton. 

G  UI  LS'FIELD.  a  parish  of  North  W.ales.  co.  of  Montgomery. 

GUIMAR,  ghe-maR/,  a  Spanish  town  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
TenerifTe.  Canary  Isl.ands.     Pop.  .3042. 

GUIMARAE.NS.  ghe-mri-rM-Ns,  written  also  GUIMA- 
R.\ES,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho,  12 
miles  S,E.  of  Braga.  Pop.  6000.  It  has  a  handsome  col- 
legiate church,  numerous  other  religious  buildings,  and 
hospitals,  manufactures  of  hardwares,  and  an  active  trade 
in  dried  plums. 

GU1M.\RAEN.S.  ghe-mS-r.l'jNs,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  45  miles  N.W.  of  Maranhao,  on  the  Bay  of  Cuma. 
Pop.  2000. 

GUIMARAENS,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Matto- 
Gros.so.  40  miles  N.E,  of  Cuyaba. 

GUIMARAS,  ghe-ma'rfc,  one  of  the  Philippine  I.-lands. 

GUINT^:,    See  (ioiNK.A.. 

GUINEA,  ghiu'nee,  (Fr.  f?«i7!&,  ghee'n.V;  Port.  Guinl, 
ghe-n.A ;  Sp.  Guinea.  ghe-nfUd.)  a  soographical  division  of  West 
Africa,  compri.sing  the  coast  of  the  .\tlantic  Ocean,  from  Cape 
Negro,  lat.  15°  46'  S.,  to  Ca))0  Verga,  lat.  10°  IS'  N.  It  is 
divided  into  Upper  or  North  Guinea,  and  Lower  or  South 
Guinea. 

North  Guinea  extending  from  l.at.  10°  18'  N.  to  lat.  1°  S., 
and  between  Ion.  14°  30'  AV.,  and  10°  E..  is  bounded  by 
Senegambia  and  Soodan  on  the  N.  and  N.E.,  the  Atlantic 
on  the  AY.  and  S.W.,  and  Southern  Guinea  on  the  S.E.  The 
coa.sts  are  in  general  low.  humid,  and  unhealthv.  but  very 
fertile.  The  Kong  Mountains,  of  which  but  little  is  khown, 
are  believed  to  extend  from  E.  to  AV.  along  the  N.  boundary. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Niger  or  Qunrra.  the  delta  of  whii-h  is 
on  the  Calabar  coast,  the  A'olta  and  Assinie.  The  S.  and  AV. 
coasts  are  watered  by  numerous  small  streams.  The  chief 
products  of  the  country  consist  in  gold  dust,  indigo,  pepper, 
cotton,  and  the  su.'ar  cane.  The  forests  contain  vast  num- 
bers of  elephants,  lions,  tigers,  rhinoceroses,  and  enormous 
sei-pents.  The  coasts  from  N,  to  S,  are  called  Lilieria,  (irain 
coast,  Ivory  coast.  Gold  coast.  Slave  coast,  and  the  Calabar 
coast.  The  interior  is  divided  into  numerous  native  states, 
the  chief  of  which  are  the  kingdoms  of  Ashantee.  Dahomey, 
and  Benin.  Fetishism  is  the  prevailing  superstition.  The 
principal  European  settlements  are  Accra.  Cape  Coast  Cas- 
tle, Dixcove.  Elmina,  and  Sierra  Lenne.  On  the  S.AA'.  coast 
is  the  American  settlement  of  Liberia. 

South  Guinea  extends  from  lat.  1°  to  lat.  15°  45'  S.,  and 
Ion.  8°  50'  to  18°  E.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  elevated 
mountains,  covered  with  forests.  The  chief  rivers  are  the 
Congo  and  Coanza.  The  mountains  are  said  to  contain  iron 
and  copper.  A'egetation  is  rich,  and  wild  animals  are  nu- 
merous. The  principal  states  of  South  Guinea  are  Loango, 
Congo,  Angola,  and  Benguela.  This  country  was  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1487,  and  they  have  retained  nominal 
pos.session  of  the  southern  districts.  Their  chief  foreign 
trade  is  in  the  supply  of  slaves  for  Brazil. 

GUINEA  CO.MPANY,  a  town  or  collection  of  villages,  in 
AVestern  Africa,  on  the  old  Calabar  River,  near  lat.  £°  30'  N., 
Ion,  8°  30'  E.     Pop.  5000. 

GUINEA  COMPANY,  Little,  a  town  5  miles  N.  of  the 

GUINEA,  NEW,  an  island  of  the  Pacific.    See  Papua. 

GUINEATOWJf,  ghin'ne-t*)wn,  a  village  of  Salem  CO., 
New  Jersev,  5  miles  E.  of  Salem. 

GUIN1^:E.    See  Guinea. 

GUINES,  gheen,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  in  a  marshy  plain,  57  miles  S.  of  Calais.  I'op.  4134. 
The  Canal  of  Guines  connects  the  village  with  Calais  at 
St.  Orme. 

GUINES,  (Giiines,)  gwee'n?!!,  almost  weeVufs,  a  thriving 
town  of  Cuba,  capital  of  a  jurisdiction  of  its  own  name,  a^ 
the  S.AV.  terminus  of  the  Havana  and  Giiines  Railroad,  it 
miles  from  Havana.     Pop.  in  1854.  4000. 

GUIN'EY'f?.  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co..  A'irginia. 

GUINGAAIP,  gheenV^N"'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  C5tes-du-Nord,  18  miles  AV,N.AV.  of  St  Brieuc.  It  has  a 
church,  with  two  high  towers,  a  communal  colleire.  and  manu- 
factures of  ginghams,  linen  fabrics,  and  threads.  Pop.,  in 
1852.  7156. 

GUINNEN,  gheerfuSN"'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
ment  of  lllt»-et-A'ilaine.  16  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Rennes.  Pop.  2730. 

GUIONA.  (ghe-o'nil)  MOUNT,  the  loftiest  mountain  of 
Greece,  near  its  N.  frontier.  Lat.  38°  38'  10"  N.,  Ion.  22°  18 
24"  E.  ■  Height  above  the  sea  8240  feet. 

GUI'ONSA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana. 

GUIPAVAS,  ghee'p<Vv2/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Finistdre,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Brest.     Pop.  in  1S52.  6047. 

GUIPEL,  ghee'pJP,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  111  e- 
etrVilalne,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kennes.    Pop.  1458. 

801 


GUI 


GUL 


GTTTPISY.  (jheo'prpe',  «  Tillapre  of  France,  department  of 
ni^^t-Vilaine.  17  miles  X.K.  of  Redon.     Pop.  3-272. 

GriPUZC'OA.  phe-poos'ko-il.  (Sp.  prrni.  srhe  poothlvO-J.)  or 
GUTPUSOIA.  the  smallest  prorince  of  Ppain.  situated  in  the 
N.E.,  liounded  N.  )iy  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  K.  hy  France. 
Area.  891  wjuare  miles.  Pop.  141.7o2.  Surface  traversed  hy 
offsets  of  the  Pyrenees.  The  chief  rirers  are  the  Deva.  Oria. 
and  Urumea.  The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy.^  The  chief 
source  of  revenue  is  extensive  iron  mines.  Capital.  Tolosa. 
As  a  border  province,  it  has  been  the  theatre  of  numerous 
wars,  and  from  time  immemorial  h.as  been  defended  by 
fortresses,  the  chief  of  which  are  San  Telmo  de  Iliiruer, 
Santa  Isabella  de  Pasages,  Sauta  Cruz  de  la  Mota,  Fuenter- 
rabia,  and  San  Sebjistian. 

GUIRI.4,  ghee're-i  a  maritime  villnge  of  South  .America, 
in  Venezuela,  department  of  Orinoco.  135  miles  E.  of  Cumana. 
on  the  Gulf  of  Paria.  In  the  yeai-s  1811-12.  4S0  ves.sels. 
aergreiratp  burden  3ol4  tons,  entered:  and  4^1  vessels,  bur- 
den, 3019  tons,  cleared  of  its  port.  Total  value  of  imports 
and  exports,  23.920?. 

GUISIJOKOUCH  or  GISBOROUGH.  ghiz'bar-reh.  a  mar- 
ket-town and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding, 
5  miles  from  the  North  Sea.  and  40  miles  X.  of  York.  Pop. 
of  town,  l"7ti.  It  lies  at  the  toot  of  the  Cleveland  Hills,  has 
a  town-hajl.  a  branch  bank,  the  ruins  of  a  priory  founded  in 
1129,  a  grammar  school,  and  a  poor's  hospital.  The  first 
alum-works  in  England  were  established  here  about  the 
year  1000. 

GUISCARD.  gbees'kaR',  a  village  of  France,  depiirtment 
of  Oise.  19  miles  X.X.E.  of  Compidgne,  with  a  remarkable 
castle.     Pop.  1650. 

GUISCRIFF.  ghees'kreef,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan.  27  miles  W.  of  Pontivy     Pop.  3570. 

GUISE,  gwi-ez  or  gheez.*  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne,  on  the  Oise.  13  miles  X.W.  of  Vervins.  Pop.  in  lS,i2. 
4060.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  thread 
and  wboUen  cloths. 

GUISELEY,  ghizlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork, 
West  Riding. 

GUISO.NA,  ghe-so'ni.  (anc.  Cisha?)  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia.  30  miles  X.E.  of  Lerida.    Pop.  1550. 

GUISSEXY,  L'heesVoh-nee'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finist^re,  17  liiiles  X.X.E.  of  Brest.     Pop.  3102. 

GDIST.  ghist,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

GUTTIVIS.  ghe-te-vees*,  or  SANTA  CRUZ  DE  M.\.YO, 
sin'rS  ki-oos  dA  mi'o.  a  seaport  of  the  Mexican  Confedenition. 
State  of  .Sonor.i.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mayo  in  the  GuU  or 
Caiifcrnia.  120  miles  S.E.  of  Guaymas. 

GOITRE,  gheet'r.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
ofGironde.  on  the  Isle.  10  miles  X.X.E.  of  Libourne.  P.  1270. 

GCIX.^R,  a  lake  of  Central  .\merica.     See  Guijah. 

GU.r,\N',  pU'zhSN"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde.  with  a  small  port,  28  miles  S.^V.  of  Bordeaux. 
Pop.  13SS. 

GUJER.\T,  a  province  of  Ilindostin.    See  GrzERAT. 

GU.TUNDERGHUR.  goo-janMer-giir',  a  hill-fort  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  district,  and  66  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Darwar. 

GU.TURU-WALLA,  goo-joo'roo-wina,  or  GURZERA- 
WALE,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  22  miles  S.  of  .\mritseer.  and 
the  original  residence  of  the  family  of  Runjeet  Sing,  whose 
parents  are  interred  here.  It  h.as  a  large  fort,  enclosing 
some  Sne  gardens  and  ornamental  buildings. 

GULAXE  (or  GOOLAXEVXESS,  goo-lAn-nJss/,  a  promon- 
tory of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Frith  of  Forth.  The  ancient  village  of  Gulane  has  273  in- 
habitants. 

GULDBR  AXDSDAL,  gooWbrinds-ddr,  a  valley  ofXorway. 
bailiwick  of  Christian.  It  commences  at  Lillehammer, 
where  the  Lougan  falls  into  the  Lake  of  Miosen.  and  con- 
tinues along  the  course  of  the  stream,  to  the  foot  of  the 
Dorretield  Mountains.     Its  length  is  about  168  miles. 

GUl/DEFORD.  a  parish  of  EngLind.  co.  of  Sussex. 

GULDSCII  A.  a  city  of  China.    See  Eelee. 

GULF.  J'or  all  gulfs  not  undermentioned  see  additional 
name. 

GULF  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
yania. 

GULF  OF  GEORGIA,  (jor^e-a.)  an  inlet  of  Korth-west 
America,  separating  Vancouver  Island  from  the  mainland. 
In  lat.  49°  X..  Ion.  124°  W.  Average  breadth.  20  miles.  It 
communicates  with  the  Pacific  on  the  X.by  Queen  Charlotte 
Sound,  and  on  the  S.W.  bv  the  Strait  of  .luan  de  Fuca. 

GULF  OF  GUIXKA.  a  gulf  formed  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
on  the  coasts  of  Xorth  Guine.i.  between  lat.  6°  20'  X.  and 
1°  S..  and  Ion.  7°  30'  \V.  and  10  E.  It  forms  on  the  X.  and 
E.  the  Bights  of  Benin  and  Biafra.  which  are  separated  by 
the  delta  of  the  Quorra  or  Niger.  The  principal  islands  in 
the  gulf  are  Fernando  Po,  Prince's  Island,  St  Thom-as.  and 
Annobon. 

GULF  OF  LYOXS,  li'9nz  or  lee'Ah-"',  (anc.  Ckiiniau  Si'ntu.) 


•  The  best  French  speakers  are  not  agreed  aa  to  the  correct 
moat  of  pronouncing  this  name,  but  the  highest  authoritiea  ap- 
pear to  iiicline  to  the  first  proaoaaciatioo. 
803 


a  wide  Kay  of  the  ifediterranean,  wa.shing  most  of  the  S. 
coast  of  France.  The  coast  is  very  much  diversified,  but 
along  some  parts  are  extensive  lagoons  and  low  islands.  It 
receives  the  Rhone.  Orbe.  Aude.  and  Tet  Rivers.  On  it  are 
the  towns  of  Marseilles,  Cette,  and  Port  Vendres. 

GULF  OF  MEXICO,  a  large  indentation  on  the  E.  coast  of 
X'orth  jVmerlca.  wasliing  the  .shores  of  Mexico  and  the  United 
States :  measuring  about  1000  miles  from  E.  to  M'..  and  800 
miles  from  X.  to  S. ;  estimated  area.  800.0(30  .square  miles.  It 
is  partly  formed  by  the  Peninsulas  of  Florida  and  Yucatan, 
nearly  in  a  line  lietween  which  lies  the  Island  of  Cuba,  leav- 
ing a  communication  on  its  X.  witlj  the  -Atlantic,  through 
the  Florida  Channel,  and  on  its  S.  with  the  Caribbean  ^ea, 
through  the  Channel  of  Yucatan.  It  receives  a  nurabor 
of  important  rivers,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Mi.ssis- 
sippi  and  the  Rio  Grande.  The  gulf  is  free  from  banks,  and 
contains  only  a  few  small  rocky  islands  on  the  co.<»sts  y* 
Yucatan,  with  the  Florida  Reef  near  its  E.  extremity.  The 
shores  are  low,  and  generally  lined  with  fl.at  sandy  islands, 
not  lar  from  the  land,  and  numerous  lagoons.  There  are  few 
harlx>ui-s:  and  the  rivers  which  fall  into  it  are  obstructed  by 
bars  at  their  mouth,  which  render  them  all.  except  the  Mis- 
sissippi, nearly  inaccessible  for  vessels  of  large  draught.  A 
current  of  water,  entering  the  gulf  from  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
is  soon  divided  into  two  portions,  the  one  running  !:"..  along 
the  coast  of  Cuba,  the  other  W..  in  a  curved  line,  through  the 
middle  of  the  gulf,  round  towards  the  Florida  Channel,  where 
it  meets  the  other  current  and  the  two  united  foi-m  the 
Gulf  Stream.  The  temperature  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is 
86°  in  summer,  or  (5°  higher  than  that  of  the  ocean  in 
the  same  parallel.  At  high  tide  the  Pacific  rises  several 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  gulf,  and  at  low  water  it  fiiUs  as 
fer  below  it. 

GULF  OF  OXEGA.  (o-n.A'ga.)  the  southernmost  portion  of 
the  Whit<?  Sea.  mostly  between  lat.  63='  50'  and  65°  X..  Ion. 
34°  30'  and  38°  E.  Length,  and  greatest  breadth,  about  90 
miles.     At  its  mouth  is  the  island  of  Solovetskol. 

GULF  OF  PAXA.MA.  (pa-nl-maO,  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  in  Xew  Granada,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Panama,  between  lat.  7°  and  9°  X.,  and  Ion.  78°  and  80°  25' 
W.  Length  and  breadth  at  the  entrance,  about  120  miles 
each.  Its  W.  p.art  is  called  the  Gulf  of  Parita;  on  its  E. 
side  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Miguel.  TheGulf  of  Panama  contains 
the  Pearl  Islands.  (Archipelago  de  las  Peilas.)  so  named 
from  an  important  pearl  fisherj-  formerly  carried  on  there, 
but  which  has  greatly  declined. 

GULF  OF  PARIA.  (-pi've-h.)  in  South  America.  Venezuela, 
is  an  inlet  of  the  Carilibe."in  Sea,  between  the  island  of  Trini- 
dad and  the  mainland,  and  lat.  10°  and  10°  40'  X.,  Ion.  62^ 
W.  Ijength.liXt  miles.  ItsS.  entrance,  called  the  "serpent's 
mouth."  is  9  miles  across;  its  X..  or  the  '•  drajx>n's  mouth," 
is  13  miles  in  width,  and  cont.iins  several  islands.  It  rooeives 
several  arms  of  the  Orinoco. 

GULF  OF  l'.\Tl'.AS,  (pd-trass'.)  an  inlet  of  the  Ionian  Sea, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  between  the  Morea  and  West  Hellas, 
Greece.  Length,  22  miles,  greate.-t  breadth.  13  miles.  It 
le.ads  into  the  Corinthian  (iulf  by  the  .Strait  of  Lepanto. 

GULF  OF  PESf  AS.  (pJn'y^s.)  on  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia. 
Lat.  47°  30'  S..  Ion.  75°  W.     In  it  are  the  Guaianeco  IsKinds. 

GULF  OF  PEREKOP.  (pjK'e-kop'.)  an  inlet  of  the  Sea  of 
.\zof,  on  the  X.W.  side  of  the  Crimea.  Its  shores  are  very 
much  indented.  Length,  70  miles.  The  Isthmus  of  I'ere- 
kop.  which  separates  it  from  the  Gulf  of  Sivash,  and  con- 
nects the  Crimea  with  the  mainland  of  South  Russia,  is  20 
miles  long,  and  15  miles  across. 

GULF  OF  RIG-A.,  ree'ga,  or  LIVOXIA.  le-vo'ne-3,  .an  ii^let 
of  the  Baltic  Sea,  in  Russia,  between  the  governments  of 
Livonia  and  Courland.  It  extends  from  lat.  57°  to  58°  30'  X ., 
and  from  Ion.  22°  to  24°  20'  E.  Length  from  X.  to  S..  100 
miles,  breadth.  80  miles.  The  island  of  Oesel  covers  almost 
all  its  entrance.  It  receives  the  DUna,  Aa,  and  Fennern 
Rivers. 

GULF  OF  SALOXICA,  sl-lo-neeOsl  (anc.  Therma'icus  or 
Thermo'his  l^huts.)  an  arm  of  the  .T,'.re;(n  Sea.  between  the 
coast  of  Thessaly  and  the  peninsulas  of  Chalcidice  and  Cas- 
sandra. Length.  70  miles,  breadth  at  its  entrance.  .30  miles. 
It  receives  the  Salambria.  (anc.  I\'ne'u.<.)  Indje-Kara-Soo,(ano. 
Hj.li('C>iiu>n,)  and  ^'ardar  (anc.  Axiiig.)  Rivers. 

GULF  OF  SAROS,  s^ros.  an  inlet  of  the  .y.gean  Sea,  In 
European  Turkey,  separated  from  the  Hellespont  by  the 
peninsula  of  Gallipoli.  Lengtli,  40  miles,  breadth,  20  mile& 
Xear  its  head  are  the  islets  of  Saros. 

GULF  OF  SID'RA.  (anc.  Si/rti.<!  ^f(l'Jnr.)  the  principal  inlet 
of  the  ilediterranean  on  its  African  side,  between  lat.  30° 
and  .33°  X.,  and  Ion,  16°  and  21°  E. 

GULF  OF  ST.  LAW'KEXCK,  a  large  inlet  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  in  Xorth  .\merica,  lietween  lat  46°  and  50°  X..  and 
ion.  58°  and  65  W.,  surrounded  b>  the  British  colonial 
territories.  Canada  East.  Xew  Brunswick,  Cape  Breton,  and 
Xewfoundland.  It  communicates  on  the  E.  with  the  ocean 
by  three  passages,  the  northernmost  b«>ing  the  Strait  of  Bel- 
leisle.  and  the  southernmost  the  l^ut  of  Canso  .Average 
length  and  breadth.  2S0  miles  each.  On  its  W.  side  are  the 
Bays  of  Chaleur  and  Mirnmicbl,  and  the  estuar.  ^f  the  St 
Lawrence  River.    It  contains  Auticosti,  Prince  Edward"^ 


GUL 


GUN 


the  Maptdalen    and  many  other  islands.    Its  fisheries  are 
highly  important. 

GULF  OF  TEirUANTEPEC,  tWln-tA-p?k',  a  bay  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  in  Central  America,  bounded  N.W.  and  N.K. 
by  the  Mexican  state  of  Oajnca.  I^t.  16°  N..  Ion.  from  94° 
to  95°  W.  It  receives  the  river  Tehuantepec  10  miles  S.  of 
the  town.  See  Tehu.\ntepec. 
GULF  I'RAIKIE,  a  post-office  of  Brazoria  co.,  Texas. 
GULF  STREAM,  a  remarkable  current  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  orif^inates  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  passes  through  the 
Strait  of  Florida,  (or  Bahama  Channel,)  runs  N.  along  the 
shores  of  that  territory  to  lat.  31°  N.,  then  In  a  N.E.  di- 
rection to  about  lat.  3(j°  X.,  when  it  crosses  the  Atlantic, 
passes  the  W.  of  the  Azores,  and  is  lost  in  the  ocean. 
Its  entire  length,  from  its  commencement  to  the  W.  of 
the  Azore  Islands,  is  about  3500  miles,  traversing  in  its 
m)urse  20  degrees  of  latitude,  or  from  2.3°  to  43°  of  N.  lat. 
Its  mean  brcjulth  is  alx)ut  350  miles;  its  broadest  part 
is  between  40°  and  C0°  \V.  Ion.,  where  it  is  upwaids  of 
400  miles  broad;  its  narrowest,  in  the  Strait  of  Florida 
and  along  the  Ameiican  coast  to  about  lat.  34°  N.,  where 
it  does  not  exceed  00  miles,  and  is  often  much  nar- 
rower. Its  comparative  mean  velocity  in  the  Atlantic  is  35 
miles  in  24  hours.  In  lat.  20°  and  27°  N.,  it  was  tound'  to 
have  a  velocity  of  80  miles  in  24  hours,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  Gulf  of  Florida,  in  the  parallel  of  Cape  Canaveral.  5 
miles  an  hour.  On  issuing  from  the  Strait  of  Florida,  it  is 
of  a  dark  indigo  blue  color,  and  is  distinguishable  from  the 
green  waters  of  the  Atlantic  for  many  hundred  miles.  The 
Gulf  Stream  opposite  to  the  Northern  Atlantic  Stitt«s  often 
has  a  temperature  far  above  that  of  the  waters  of  the  sur- 
rounding ocean,  being  .sometimes  between  70°  and  80° 
Fahrenheit,  even  in  winter.    See  Gui.F  of  Mexico. 

GULGULA,  gul-goo'ld.  a  ruined  city  of . North  Afghanistan, 
in  the  valley,  and  facing  the  gigantic  figures  and  excavations 
of  Hainian. 

GULLEGIIEM,  gQl'lfh-gh?m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  2  miles  W.  of  Courtrai.     Top.  3921. 

G  ULLETTSVl LLE.  Georgia.    See  Newmarket. 

OUL'LliY'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

GULL  ISLAND,  in  the  Race,  at  the  E.  entrance  to  Ix)ng 
Island  Sound.  The  light-house  on  this  island  may  be  con- 
sidered as  tlie  key  to  the  sound.  It  contains  a  fixed  light  50 
feet  atove  the  sea.     Lat.  41°  12'  18"  N..  Ion.  72°  0'  45"  W. 

GULLY,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district.  South  Carolina. 

GULJI.\R,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Chelindreh. 

0  U  IjMI.  gool'mee,  a  town  of  Nepaul,  capitil  of  a  rajahship 
138  miles  W.N.W.  of  Khatmandoo.     I'op.  2500. 

GULI'EN,  gul'pen,  (Fr.  Galnppi'.  gSUopp'.)  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Ijmburg.  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Maes- 
tricht.     I'op.  1916. 

GUMBINNEN.  gofim-bin'nen,  a  town  of  East  Prussia.  66 
miles  E.S.E  of  KonigsVjerg.  I'op.  6580.  mostly  I'rotestants. 
It  has  a  gymnasium,  two  hospitals,  a  public  library,  .schools  ot 
architecture,  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  and  distilleries. 

GUJllilNNE.N,  a  government  of  I'russia.  Area,  63C0 
square  miles.     Pop.  014.047. 

GUM'BO  ROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  Delaware. 

GUM  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

GUMBUT,  gtim'bay,  a  town  of  Sinde.  10  miles  E.  of  the 
Indus.     Lat.  27°  24'  N.,  Ion.  68°  23'  E.     Pop.  aljput  3000. 

GUM  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Dooly  co..  Georgia, 

GUM'FltKSTON,  a  piirish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

GUM  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Union  co,.  Kentucky. 

QUMIIA,  gtim'hR.  a  small  town  of  North-west  Hindostan. 
on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Himalayas,  in  lat,  31°  50'  N.,  Ion.  76° 
SS'  E.,  with  a  salt  mine,  yielding  an  annual  revenue  of  SOOi. 

GUM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Tipton  eo.,  Tennessee. 

OUMIEL  DE  IZAN,  goo-me-JP  dil  e-tlidn'.  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Burgos,  40  miles  S.  of  Burgos,  enclosed  by  ancient 
walls.     Pop.  1339. 

GUMIEL  DE  MERCADO,  goo-me-M'  dA  mJa-kS/DO.  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  of  Burgos,  6  miles  N.W,  of  Gumiel  de 
Izan.     Pop.  1198. 

GUMISH-KHANEH.    See  Goomish-Kiiant.h. 

GUM'LEV.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

GU:MMEHSBACH,   g50m'mers-b!(K\  a  town  of  Rhenish 
,  Prussia.  24  miles  E.  of  C<ilogne.     Pop.  104.5. 

GUMODIUEEN.V,  GUMUR.TTNA,  GHUMOURDJINA. 
^m  ooR-jee'nd.  written  also  GHUMURDJINA,  KOMULD- 
SI.VA,  or  ICEMOULD.TINA,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Koom-Elee.  near  the  iEgean  Sea,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Adrianople. 
Pop.  8000.(?) 

GUMPOLDSKIRCIIEN,  gC3m'polts-k66rvK*en,  a  market- 
town  of  I.iOwer  Austria,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vienna,  on  the 
railway  to  Griitz.     Pop.  1500, 

GUM  POND,  a  post-office  of  Baker  co.,  Georgia. 

GI;.^[RI.  a  town  of  Armenia.    See  Goomree. 

GUM  SPRING,  Virginia.     See  Arcola. 

GUM  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Texas. 

GUM  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Marion  district,  South 
arolina. 

GUM  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  eo.,  Georgi*. 


GUM  TREE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  PennsylvanJu. 

GUMUltJINA,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Gumoorjelna. 

GUNABAD,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Goonauad. 

GUN'BY,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

GUNDAMUCK.  guo'di-milk',  a  walled  village  of  Afghan- 
istan. 28  miles  W.  of  Jelalabad.  Here  the  la.st  surviving 
portion  of  the  British  force,  retreating  from  Cabool  in  184'i 
and  consisting  of  100  soldiers  and  300  camp-followers,  wna 
massacred,  one  man  only  making  his  escape. 

GUND.WA,  gftn-dd'va,  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  capital  ot 
the  province  of  (-utch-Gundava,  115  miles  S.E.  of  Kelat, 
and  the  u.sual  winter  residence  of  the  Khan  of  Kelnt. 

GUNDELFINGEN,  gOOn'di'l-fing'fn,  a  town  of  Bavariat 
circle  of  Swabia,  on  the  Brenz,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Augsburg 
Pop.  2726. 

GUNDELFINGEN,  a  village  of  Baden,  4  miles  N.N.E,  of 
Freiburg,     i'op.  612. 

GUNDERSIIAUSEN.  gCCn'ders-hCw'zfn,  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Starkenburg.   P.  782. 

GUNDUCK.  gOtiMuk',  (anc.  Erannohlnast or  CondochnHef.) 
a  river  of  Ilindostan,  tributary  to  the  Ganges,  which  it 
joins  opposite  I'atna,  after  a  S.E.  course,  as  is  supposed, 
of  at  least  360  miles.  Great  numbers  of  ammonites  are 
met  with  in  its  basin,  which,  under  tlie  name  of  sulyrams, 
are  greatlv  venerated  bj'  Hindoos. 

GUNDUCK,  LITTLE,  a  river  of  Ilindostan,  W.  of  the 
foresroing.  joins  the  Goirgra  after  a  S.  course  of  90  miles. 

GUNDWANAH  or  (iUNDWANA.  gfind-wj/nd,  a  province 
of  India,  comprising  the  N.E.  portion  of  the  Deccan  table- 
land, between  lat.  18°  and  25°  N.  and  Ion.  77°  30'  and  80°  E., 
divided  among  the  Nagpoor  dominion  and  the  S.W.  districts 
of  the  Bengal  presidency.    Chief  town,  Nagpoor. 

GUNGA.    See  Ganges. 

OUNGA  BAL.  gan'gi  hiX.  a  .small  lake  of  Cashmere,  on 
the  Haramuck  Mountain.  Lat,  34°  25'  N..  Ion.  74°  39'  E, 
The  Hindoos  perform  pilgrimages  to  its  banks,  and  tlirow 
into  its  waters  such  fragments  of  bone  as  remain  unde- 
stroyed  by  the  fires  in  which  bodies  are  consumed. 

GUNIEH,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  GooxiEU. 

GUN  KEY,  a  narrow  ridge  of  coral  on  the  western  edge 
of  the  Great  Bahama  Bank.  At  a  distance  of  250  yards 
IVom  its  southern  point  is  a  ligiit,  which  revolves  once  a 
minute,  55  feet  from  its  base,  and  80  feet  above  the  level  ot 
the  sea.    Lat.  25°  34'  30"  N.,  Ion.  79°  18'  24"  W. 

GUN  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Barry  co.,  Michig.an. 

GUN'NAL'LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

GUNNUM.  pfln'ntlni,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Persian  Gulf,  about  4  piiles  long  and  1  mile  broad. 

GUNONG-API,  an  island.    See  Goonong-Apee. 

GUNONG-BENKO,  goo'nong'b^n/ko,  a  mountain  of  Su- 
matra. 

GUNONG-DEMPO,  goo^nong'dJm'po,  a  mountain  of  Su- 
matra. 

GUNpNG-TELLA.  &  town  of  Celebes.    See  Goono\g-Tei,la. 

GUN  PLAINS,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1068. 

GUN'POWDER,  a  small  river  of  Maryland,  rises  near  the 
northern  border,  flows  south-eastward  through  Baltimore 
county,  and  falls  into  the  Chesapeake,  between  that  county 
and  Harford.  The  Little  Gunpowder  forms  the  boundary 
between  thtise  two  counties,  until  it  joins  the  main  stream 
a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

GUNl'OWDER  CREEK,  of  Caldwell  co.,  North  Carolina, 
flows  into  Catawba  River. 

GUNS,  (Giins.)  gUns,  (Hun.  Kofzer/h,  kos^sJg',)  a  royal 
free  town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  on  the  GUns 
River.  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lake  Neusiedl.  Pop.  in  1845.  KuOO. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  an  ancient  castle,  a  gymna- 
sium, a  Lutheran  and  2  Roman  Catholic  churches.  It  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  army  of  Solyman.  in  1532. 

GUN'S  ISLAND,  lies  off  the  E.  coast  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Down.  2}  miles  N.E.  of  Ardglass. 

GUNSTADT,  (GunstSdt.)  giin'stJtt,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Saxony.  6  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  1018. 

GUNTERSBERGE,  (Glintersbt'rge.)  giin'tfrs-b^R'Ghfh.  a 
town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Anhalt-Bernburg,  18  miles  S.W. 
of  Halborstadt.     Pop.  840. 

GUNTERSBLUM.  g«5n'ters-bloom\  a  market-town  of 
Germany,  in  Ilesse-Darmstiidt,  12  miles  N.  of  Worms, 
with  a  palace  and  park  of  the  Prince  of  Leiningen.  Pop. 
2592. 

GUNTERSDORF,  gfiSn'tfrs-doRr.  a  town  of  Austria,  24 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Korneuburg.     Pop.  1500. 

GUNTERSHAUSEN,  gadn'ters-hOw'zen,  a  village  of  Hessf^ 
Cassel.  at  the  junction  of  the  F'riederich-Wilhelm  Railroad 
with  the  Frankfort  and  Cassel  Railroad,  10  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Cassel. 

GUN/TERSVILLE,  formerly  GUNTER'S  LANDING,  a 
post-village  of  Marshall  eo.,  Alabama,  on  the  Tennessee 
River,  about  35  miles  S.E.  of  Huntsville.  It  is  the  N.  ter- 
minus of  the  Alabama  and  Tennessee  Railroad,  now  in  couise 
of  construction. 

GUNTHERSFELD,  gMn'tgrs-fJlt\  a  village  of  Germany, 
principality  of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  24  miles  S.E.  of 
Gotha. 

803 


GUN 

QirNTaORPF.  a  parish  of  EnpSand,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

GCXTOJi,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Norfolk. 

Q  UNTON .  1  pirisli  of  Knjjland.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

GUXT(.>OK  orUlNTUR,  K&n-toor'jdistriit  of  Hritish  India, 
presiiieucy  of  Maili;i.s,  bordering  upon  the  ocean,  and  river 
Kistnab.     Area,  4l)'J0  square  mile.s.     Pop.  519,318. 

U  UN  TOOK,  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  is  226  miles 
N.  of  Madris.  in  lat.  W^  21'  N.,  Ion.  80°  31'  K 

GUNTUAMSDOKF.  go6u'trdms-doKf\  a  market-town  of 
Ltiwer  Au.stria.  on  the  Schwachat,  and  on  the  Vienna  Kail- 
way.  IS  uiilss  S.  of  Aieuua.     Pop.  1150. 

GLN'VILLE-TAK/KANT,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  Dorset. 

GUNZBUUG.  (Giinzbur4,)gunt.«'l<iORG,a  town  of  Kavari;i, 
30  mile.s  M'.N.W.  of  Augsimrg.  on  the  Danube,  here  cros.<ed 
by  abridge,  and  joiued  by  the  Giiuz.  Pop.3103.  It  is  walled, 
and  has  a  fine  castle,  a  grammar-school,  and  an  English 
ladies'  seminary. 

GUNZBUKG,  (GUnzburg.)  Cber,  a  Tillage  of  Bavaria,  42 
miles  !>.S.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1334. 

GUNZENIIAL'SEN,  (GUnzeuhausen.)  gUnts'en-hdw^zen,  a 
town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  .\ltmiihl.  and  on  the  Koyal  Bava- 
rian Kailw.ay.  37  miles  S.S.W.of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  2G<)5. 

GUR.V,  goiVra,  a  town  of  .\friea.  in  Upper  Guinea,  on  the 
Gura  River,  75  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 

GL'RAGE  or  GUU.\GL'E.  goo-rS'gA,  written  also  GURA- 
GIE,  a  country  of  North-east  Africa,  in  Abyssinia,  S.  of 
Shoa,  to  which  it  Is  tributary,  in  lat.  about  &°  N.,  Ion.  39°  E. 
It  contains  the  large  lake  Zooai. 

GUKDAN  DK\V.\K.  gur-diu'  di-war,',  a  Tillage  of  Afghan- 
istan, near  the  source  of  the  llelmund,  in  lat.  33°  32'  N.,  Ion. 
69°  12'  E.     Elevation.  10.U7IJ  feet. 

GCKDAU,  gooR'dOw,  or  KURDAU,  kooR'dOw,  a  Tillage  of 
Moravia,  circle  of  Briinn.     Pop.  970. 

GUK*)ON  or  GAKUDUN.  Thibet.     See  Gaooo. 

GUKDSCHY,  goord'shee'  or  gurd'shee,  a  village  of  West 
Asia,  khauat.  and  ('5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Khiva,  near  the  Oxus. 
It  is  supposed  to  hiive  been  founded  in  the  la.st  century,  and 
is  now  iuhabited  by  Oozbek.s,  Uigurs,  and  Sarts. 

GUKEIN,  gix/rliie,  (Moravian,  Kurzin.  koor'zeen,)a  town 
of  Moravia,  circle,  and  9  miles  N.  of  Briinn.    Pop.  1003. 

GURG.4X.    See  Gooroaln. 

GURGDEA,  gooE-gd'd.  a  river  of  Brazil,  joins  the  Pama- 
hiba  after  a  course  of  about  190  miles,  during  which  it  Ibrms 
Lake  Pernagua. 

GUKHWAL,  GURWAL.  gilR'-wdl'.  or  GARHWAL.  pan'- 
wil',  a  province  of  North  Ilindostan.  tributary  to  the  British, 
between  lat.  3o°  and  32°  N..  and  Ion.  77°  and  80°  E.,  cou.sist- 
Ing  of  the  S.W.  slope  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  Esti- 
mated area,  9000  square  miles.    Chief  town,  Serinagor. 

GURIA  or  GURIEU     See  Gooriel. 

GURIEV,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  GooRlEV. 

GURK.  goork.  the  name  of  two  rivers  of  lllyria,  one  join- 
ing the  Drave  10  miles  E.  of  Klageufurth,afteracourseof  66 
miles ;  and  the  other  joining  the  Save  22  miles  N.E.  of  Neu- 
Etadtl,  after  a  course  of  50  miles. 

GURK,  a  village  of  lllyria,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
49  miles  N.  of  Laybach. 

GUKKFELD,  gooRk'f^t,  or  KERSKO.  kSa/sko,  (anc.  JV(mo- 
duwtmf)&  town  of  lllyria,  on  the  Save,  18  miles  NJi.  of 
Xeustadtl.    Pop.  800. 

GUKLAN.  g&r'lin'  or  gfiOr-ldn'.  'a  walled  town  of  West 
Asia,  khanat,  and  36  miles  N.N.E.  of  Khiva,  on  the  canal 
let  off  from  the  Oxus  (.\moo.)  It  is  surrounded  by  dilapi- 
dated walls. 

GUK'LEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tolland  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  a  tributary  of  the  Willimantic.  about  25  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  1  or  2  churches,  and  factories 
for  making  .se\ving  silk.     Pop.  about  400. 

GUR,  LOUGH,  lOH  g&r,  a  lake  of  I reland,  in  Munster,  co., 
and  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Limerick.  It  is  about  4  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  contains  on  its  shores  some  of  the  most 
striking  Druidical  remains  in  the  kingdom. 

GURNET  POINT,  at  the  X.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Ply- 
mouth Harbor,  Massachu.setts.  Near  its  extremity  are  two 
fixed  lights.  11 J  feet  apart,  and  86  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.     Lat.  42°  0'  6"  N..  Ion. 70°  30'  48"  W. 

GURNL'DY,  gtir-nad'ee,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  district,  and  65  miles  S.  of  Dacca,  on  the 
Ganges. 

GURKAII,  gtir'rj,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  on  the  Nerbudda  River.  IOC  miles  S.W.  of  Allahabad. 

GUKRAKOTA  or  GURRACOTTA,  gilr-ra-kot/ti.  a  town 
and  fort  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  So- 
nar. 115  miles  E.N.E.  of  BhopauL 

GUKROTE,  gftrVot/,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  dominions, 
and  6.i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kotah.    In  1820  it  had  500  houses. 

GURRU.MCOXDA.     See  Goorlxco.nda. 

GURSK,  gooRsk,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Norway,  in 
lat.  62°  25'  N.,  Ion.  6°  35'  E.  It  i*  about  12  miles  long,  by  9 
Biles  broad. 

GUKSUF,  or  OOURSOUF.    See  GooRSOor. 

GURUN,  GUI!lNi?)ortiIIURUX.  poo'roon/  or  goo'rfin'.  a 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  panhalic  of  Karamanw.  84  miles  E.X.K.  of 
Kaisarseyab.  It  is  picturesque  and  tlourishing;  its  mer- 
chants jrade  as  fiu-  as  Aleppo,  Marash,  and  Constantinople. 


GUT 

GURUPA,  goo-roo-p3',  a  town  of  Brazil,  proTince,  and  300 
miles  W.  of  Para,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Amazon. 

GURUPATUBA,  goo-roo-pd-too'lii.  a  river  ot  Bratil,  joina 
the  Amazon  at  the  town  of  JlonUdegre,  after  a  course  of 
about  240  miles. 

GURU  PI.  goo-roo-pee'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para, 
enters  the  Bay  of  Gurupi  (.Atlantic)  after  a  X.  course  esti- 
mated at  250  miles. 

GURUPI,  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Gurupi, 
near  its  mouth.  55  miles  E.  of  Braganza. 

GUKUTUB.\,  goo-roo-too'bj,  a  river  of  Brazil,  joins  the 
Rio  Verde,  an  affluent  of  the  Sao  Fr.incisco,  after  a  course  of 
140  miles. 

GURWAL,  a  province  of  India.    See  Gcrhwal. 

GUSPINI.  goos-pet/uee.  a  village  of  the  Island  of  Sardinia, 
34  miles  N.W.  of  Cagliari,  with  3800  inhabitants,  and  some 
argentiferous  leiid-miues. 

GUS'SAGE  ALL  SAINTS,  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset 

GUSSAGE  ST.  MICHAEL,  parish  of  Encland,  co.  Dcr.-iet. 

GUSSAGO,  goos-s4'go.  a  village  of  Lombardy,  delegation, 
and  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Brescia. 

GUSSBACH.  gOOs'bdK,a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Franconia.  X.  of  Bamberg.    Pop.  600. 

GUSSENSTADT.  gOos/sen-stiltt',  a  village  of  Wurtemberg, 
circle  of  Jaxt,  S.W.  of  lleidenheiin.     Pop.  9C0. 

GUSSIXG,  goos'siug\  or  NEMETII-UJVAR,  ni'nJt/-oo^ 
v3k'.  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenbepg.     Pop.  3000. 

GUSSXITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  HussiSEiz. 

GUSSOL.\,  gocs'so-U,  a  vill.ige  of  Xortheru  Italy,  province, 
and  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cremona.  It  once  stood  close  to  the 
Po,  but  the  collection  of  alluvium  caused  a  change  of  chan- 
nel in  1702.     Pop.  352:!. 

GUST.WIA.  goos-tl've-d,  the  capital  town  of  the  Swedish 
island  of  St.  Bartholomew,  West  Indies,  on  its  S.W.  coast, 
with  a  good  harbor,  SOO  houses,  and  10,000  inhabitants. 

GUSTA'VUS,  a  small  post-vilLige  of  Greene  co.,  Tenue.ssee. 

GUST.tVU'S.  a  post-township  near  the  XJi.  extremity  of 
Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  890. 

GUSTEN,  goos't^n,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  former 
duchy  of  Anhalt-Kiithen,  5  miles  W.  of  Bernburg.    P.  1665. 

GUSTINE.  a  post-oflice  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

GUSTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

GUSTROW,  (Giistrow.)  giis'troT,  a  town  of  North  Ger- 
many, capital  of  the  duohy  of  Meckleuberg-Schweiiu,  on 
the  Nebel,  and  on  a  branch  railway  communicating  w  ith  the 
Si'hwerin  and  Ro8tt>ck  Railway,  Similes  E.NJE.  of  Schweriu. 
Pop.  9100.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls.  The  principal  buildings 
are  a  cathedral,  an  ancient  castle,  now  a  work-house,  a 
house  of  correction,  and  the  governor's  house.  It  has  con- 
siderable commercial  importance,  and  from  50  to  EO  t'actirries 
of  various  kinds,  comprising  many  breweries  and  distilleries, 

GUTENBERG,  goo'ten-ljKo',  and  GUTENERUNN.  goo/- 
tfn-br(5<5un\  two  small  villages  of  Germany,  dominions  of 
Wurtemberg  and  Austria. 

GUTENIIOK.  goo'tfu-bof,  a  station  on  the  railway  in 
Lower  Austria,  betweeu  Vienna  and  Biuok. 

GUTENSTEIN*.  goo'tfn-stiue\  a  vilLige  of  Austria,  Carin- 
thia.  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Klagenfurtb   Pop.  1200. 

GUTENSTEIN.  goo'ten-stine\  a  village  of  Lower  Austria, 

32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Men'na.     Pop.  500. 

GUTr;NTAG,  goo't^n-t4G\  or  GUTIENTAG,  gMt'ten-tlo', 
a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  2300. ' 

GUTEKSLUHE  or  GUTERSLOH.  (,G iitersloh.)  gu'tfrs-16\ 
atown  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  35  miles  S.W.  ofilindea.  Pop. 
4000. 

GUTHRIE,  g&th'ree,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar, 
with  a  hamlet.  9  miles  X.N.W.  of  Arbroath.  The  ancient 
ca.stle  is  still  entire. 

G  UTHRIE.  g&th'ree,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  central  p-irt 
of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Middle  River,  or  Middle  Fork  of  the  Racoon  River.  The 
soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Guthrie  Centre.  Named  in.  honor 
of  Captain  J.  B.  Guthrie,  who  fell  on  his  way  from  Vera 
Cruz  to  Mexico.    Pop.  3058. 

GUTHRIE'S  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Jackson  co.,  and 
Hows  into  the  East  Fork  of  White  River,  near  Bedford. 

GUTII'RIESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  York  district.  South 
Canlina. 

G  UTH'RIEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Horseshoe  Turnpike,  (53  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harris- 
burg.    It  has.  perhiips,  30  houses. 

GUT  OF  CAN  SO  or  CAN  SEA U.     See  C.oso. 

GUTSTADT.  gOOt'stitt.  or  DOBRE  JIIASTO.  doVr.i  mo- 
is/to,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  51  miles  S.  of  Kijnigsburg.  on 
the  Alle.  Pop.  3U39.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manulictiireti 
of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

GUT'TiiXBERG.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clayton  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Ml«sis..;ippi  Hiver.  40  miles  above  Dubuque.  It 
has  a  good  landing  fur  steamboats.  Large  mines  of  lead  ar«) 
worked  in  the  viciuitv.     Pop.  1104. 

GUTTEN STEl N .  gMt/tf  n-stliie\  a  villageof  Lower  A  us+ria, 

33  miles  S.W.  of  Vienna,  with  a  castle,  and  500  inhabitants. 
GUTTENSTEIN,  a  village  of  Austria,  Carinthia,  govnrn. 

ment,  and  40  miles  X.X.E.  of  L.iyViach.    Pop.  12oo. 
GUrXKXTAG,  a  town  of  Prusnia     Pee  GimaTAS. 


GUT 


GYO 


QUTZKOW,  (Giitzkow,)  gUts'kov,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Po- 
meraiiia,  28  miles  S.E.  of  .Stralsund.     Pop.  1370. 

GCUTA,  a  villafre  of  Afri.-a.    See  Goota. 

GUVAN,  ghi-an',  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Gallia  co., 
Ohio.     I'op.  >06. 

GUYANA,  a  country  of  South  America.    See  Guiana. 

GUYANUOTTE,  ghiVn-^lott',  faniiliUirly  called  GUYAN 
or  GIIIAN,  glii-an',  a  fiver  in  the  S.W.  part  of  West  Vir- 
ginia rises  in  Wyoming  county,  and  flowing  in  a  general 
N.N.W.  course,  falls  into  the  Ohio  in  Cabell  county,  about 
10  miles  above  the  month  of  Sandy  River. 

G  U  YA.\  DOTTE.  a  post-village  of  Cabell  county,  West  A'ir- 
ginia,  on  the  Oliio  River,  at  the  moutli  of  the  Guyandotte, 
'2'2S  miles  below  Wheeling,  and  about  45  miles  W.  of  Charles- 
ton. It  is  an  importiint  point  of  steamboat  dfbarkatiou.  A 
railroad  is  projected  between  this  place  and  Covington,  to 
connect  witli  the  Central  Railroad.  Guyandotte  couUiins  1 
or  2  cluirohes.     Free  population  r)3S. 

GUYEXNE,  France.    See  Guiexnb. 

GUYSBOROUGII,  ghlz/bfir-rOh,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova 
Scotia,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Guysborough,  situ.ited  near  the 
head  of  Chedabuoto  Bay,  opposite  Manchester,  and  about  120 
miles  K.N.E.  of  Halifax.  It  is  a  place  of  some  im})ortance,  and 
is  protected  by  a  battery. 

GUYSBOROUGII,  a  county  occupying  the  E.  extremity 
of  Nova  Scotia.   Capital.  Ouysborouah.    Pop.  in  1861, 10.8:i8. 

GUY'S  CMFF,  England,  co.,  and  IJ  miles  N.  of  Warwick, 
is  a  secluded  locality  on  the  Avon,  much  visited  by  tourists, 
Rs  containing  the  hermitage  in  which  the  famous  Guy.  Earl 
of  Warwick,  passed  his  latter  days,  and  was  buried  with  his 
Countess  Felicia.  Here  is  al.^o  a  chapel,  built  by  Beauchamp, 
Earl  of  W'arwick,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  and  containing 
a  colossal  statue  of  Earl  Guy. 

GUY'.S  MlljIiS,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvani.a. 

GUYS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Hocking  Hiver,  82  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

GUYTING  (ghl'tiug)  POWER,  a  parish  of  EngUnd,  co. 
of  Gloucester. 

GUYXING  TEM'PLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

GUY'TOX.  a  post-office  of  Effingham  co.,  Georgia. 

GUZEIv-HISSAR.  a  city  of  Anatolia.     See  AiDix. 

GUZERAT,  gazVh-rilt/.  GUJEKAT  or  GUGERAT,  gtizh- 
er-^fC,  written  also  GOOJEKAT  or  GUJRAT,  one  of  the  old 
provinces  of  Hindostan,  mostly  between  lat.  21°  and  24° 
N.,  and  Ion.  69°  and  75°  E.,  its  W.  portion  consisting  of  the 
peninsula  between  the  Gulfs  ofCambay  and  Cutch.  Total 
area,  about  40,000  square  miles,  and  population  6.000,000. 
The  surface  is  greatly  diversified.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Nerbudda,  Taptee.  Mhye.  and  Subbermutty.  It  is  now 
mostly  subdivided  among  the  dominions  of  the  Gwicowar 
and  Gwalior,  and  the  N.  districts  of  the  Bombay  presidency. 

GUZZHII.  a  city  of  Palestine.    See  Gaza. 

G  VOSD.\NSKI,  g'vos-ddn'skee,  a  village  of  Austrian  Croa- 
tia, 13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Clina. 

GVOSDANSl^O,  a  village  of  Slavonia.  co.  of  Verocz. 

GVOSDEVI,  g'vos-di'vee,  a  group  of  islands  in  Behring's 
Strait,  between  Asia  aud  North  America.  Lat. 65° 40'  N.,  Ion. 
173°  50'  E.  The  largest,  Imaglin,  is  25  miles  in  length.  The 
surface  of  the  islands  is  low.  and  bare  of  wood. 

GWA,  gwi,  or  GO  A,  go'd,  an  island  of  Burmah,  on  the 
W.  coast,  in  lat.  H"^  33'  N.,  Ion.  94°  34'  E.,  in  the  S.  part  is 
the  entrance  of  the  small  river  of  the  same  name,  on  which 
Ig  Gwa-Town,  built  of  bamboos  and  masts. 

GWAENYSGOR,  gwa/nis-gor,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Flint. 

GWALIOR  or  GUALIOR,  gwri/le-or,  a  city  and  strong  fort- 
ress of  Hindostan,  capital  of  a  state  of  its  own  name,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Jumna.  66  miles  S.  of  Agra.  It  has  ext<^r- 
nally  a  fine  appearance  with  its  minarets,  interspersed  with 
trees.  Tlie  citadel,  on  a  high,  precipitous  rock  in  its  centre, 
<lbout  3  miles  in  circumference,  is  unquestionably  the  most 
magnificent  native  fortress  in  India.  The  town  itself  is 
unenclosed,  but  its  streets  m.ay  be  shut  by  numerous  gates, 
some  of  which  have  much  architectural  beauty.  Other 
principal  edifices  are  the  chief  mosque,  a  palace,  and  some 
buildings  in  the  most  ancient  Hindoo  style  within  the 
citadel,  and  E.  of  the  city  a  fine  Mohammedan  tomb.  In 
the  sidesYif  the  rock  forming  its  site,  are  numerous  caves, 
with  Hindoo  sculptures. 

GWALIOR  DOMINIONS,  a  state  of  Central  Hindostan, 
until  lately  independent,  but  now  subsidiary  to  the  British, 
extending,  very  Irregularly,  between  lat.  21°  and  27°  N..  .and 
Ion.  74°  and  79°  E..  enclosed  by  the  Rajpoor,  Baroda.  Indore, 
and  Bundelcund  dominions,  and  the  Bengal  and  Bomb.ay 
presidencies.  Area.  .33,119  square  miles.  Pop.  3.228,512. 
The  surface  is  level  in  the  N..  including  a  portion  of  the 
I  asin  of  the  Jumna:  in  the  central  hilly;  and  in  the  S.  it 
comprises  parts  of  the  Vindhyan  and  Sautpoora  mountain 
ranges.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Taptee.  Nerbudda.  Chum- 
bul.  Sinde,  Betwah,  and  Dussaun  Hivers.  The  principal 
cities  are  Gwalior,  Oo.iein,  and  Boorhanpoor.  After  the  de- 
cisive actions  at  Maharajpoor  and  J'unnair,  December  29. 
iS43,  this  state  was  placed  under  the  military  superintend- 
once  of  the  British. 


GWEEDORE  or  GUIDORE.  gwe-dor',  a  district  and  bayoD 
the  N.W.  coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal ;  the  latter  in  lat.  55^ 
3'  N.,  Ion.  8°  23'  W.  The  district  extends  for  some  miles  along 
the  coast,  abounding  in  scenery  of  the  wildest  description 

GWEEK.  a  seaport^village  of  England,  in  Coi'nwail,  in 
eluded  in  the  port  of  Falmouth. 

GWENDDWR,  gwJn'Tuoor,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Brecon. 

GWEN'NAP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  3  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Itedruth.  Here  are  the  most  productive  copper 
mines  in  Cornwall.  They  have  been  sunk  1800  feet  below 
the  surface,  employ  more  than  3000  miners,  and  produce 
near  200,000^.  worth  of  ore  annually. 

GWERNESNEY,  gwernz'nee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

GWEK'SYLT,  atownship  of  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

GWETTER,  g^vJt'ter.  a  village  of  Beloochistan.  on  the  Bay 
of  Gwotter,  Indian  Ocean;  lat.  25°  15'  N.,  Ion.  61°  30'  E. 

GWIN'NEAR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

GWINNETT',  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  550  sciuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
waters  of  the  Appalachee.  Y'ellow,  and  Ulcofauhachee  (or 
Alcovy)  Rivers,  and  bounded  on  the  X.W.  by  the  Chatta- 
hoochee. The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
Granite  of  fine  quality  is  abundant:  gold  is  found  on  the 
Chattahoochee,  and  iron  and  antimony  occur.  Formed  in 
1818,  and  named  in  honor  of  Button  Gwinnett,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Capital,  I.iaw- 
renceville.  Pop.  12,940,  of  whom  10,389  were  free,  and  2551 
slaves. 

GWITH1AN,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

GWNNWS,  gooh'noos,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
dimin. 

GWTHERIX,  gooth-lr'in,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Denbigh. 

GWYDDELWERN,  g^viTH-gPwern,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Merioneth. 

GWYDIR  (gwr'djr?)  RIVER,  (native  Kiendar.  ke-fn-dar', 
or  Karoula,  k3-rawOa.)  a  river  of  East  Australia,  joins  the 
Peel  River;  lat.  29°  30'  27"  S.,  Ion.  148°  13'  20"  E.  Among 
its  affluents  are  the  Mclntvre  and  Bambara. 

GWYFFYLLIOG.  gwif-fUMe-og.  a  parishof  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Denbivrh,  5  miles  W.  of  Ruthin. 

GWYNEDD,  (Welsh  pron.  gwin%n,)  a  river  of  North 
Wales,  risi!s  in  the  S.  side  of  Snowdon,  flows  S.  to  Cardigan 
Bay,  which  it  enters  by  a  wide  estuary  1  mile  S.  of  Tremadoc. 

GWYN'EDD,  a  post-town.ship  in  the  N.  part  of  Montj,o- 
mery  co.,  Pennsylvania*     Pop.  1976. 

GWYNFE,  gwjn'fS,  a  hamlet  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen, 
5  miles  S.W.  of  Llandovery.    Pop.  1109. 

GY,  zhee,  a  market-town  of  France.  dep.artment  of  Ilaute- 
Saone,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Vesoul.     Pop.  in  1852.  2534. 

GYALAR,  dyOMOa/.  a  market  and  mining  town  of  Transyl- 
vani.a,  co..  and  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hunyad.     Pop.  430. 

GYALU,  dydh'Ioo',  (almost  jdhMoo'.)  or  JU'LIA,  a  markets 
town  of  Transylvania,  10  miles  W.  of  Klausenburg,  on  the 
Szamos.     Pop.  1400. 

GYARMATH,  BALASSA.     See  B.\LASS.A-GT.\RM.\Tn. 

GYARMATH.  FUZES.    See  Fuzes  Gyapmath. 

GYAI!OS.j.-a/ros.  or  GIUOUKA.  phe-oo'rd,  an  isl.and  of 
the  Grecian  Archipelago.  10  miles  N.AV.  of  Syra.  Length  5 
miles,  Vireadth  3  miles.    It  is  mountainous  and  sterile. 

GYEDU.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Detta. 

GY'EKENYES,  dy.i'kSn'yesh',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Sumegh,  4  miles  from  Zakany.     Pop.  1377. 

GYEHGYO  (Gyergyo)  SZENT  MIKLOS,  dySn'dyo'  sfnt 
mee'  klosh',  a  market-town  of  Transylvania,  in  Szekler-land, 
95  miles  E.  of  Klausenburg.     Pop.,  with  district,  5071. 

GY'ERMEL,  dyjR^mJl',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ko- 
morn.  about  12  miles  from  Tata.     Pop.  1U98. 

GYFFIN,  ghif'fin.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

G  YIRES,  dyee'r^sh'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bahar,  on 
the  Ivoiiis.  about  8  miles  from  Grosswardein.     Pop.  900. 

GYK WAR'S  DOMINION.    See  Guicowar's  DoMi>aoN. 

GYLLINGE,  gUl'lin-gheh,  a  psirish  of  Denmark,  in  Jut- 
land. 17  miles  S.  of  Aarhuus.  on  the  Great  Belt. 

GYMMERGINE,  in  European  Turkey.    See  Guwoorjina. 

GYMNESI^i.    See  Balearic  Island.s. 

GYOMA,  dyo/mOh^  almost  jo'niOh\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Bekes,  in  a  plain  on  the  Koros. 

GYON,  dyon.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Pesth,  about  8 
miles  from  Inarcs.     Pop.  2040. 

GYONGYOS,  (Gyoncryos.)  dy«nMyosh',  a  market-town  of 
Central  Hungary,  co.  of  Heves,  44  miles  N.E.  of  I'esth.  Pr  p. 
14.649.  It  has  several  churches,  a  Franciscan  college,  a 
gvmna.sium,  a  colle.Hion  of  arciiives.  manufactures  of  lea- 
ther, hats,  and  woollen  cloth  distilleries,  and  considerable 
trade  in  corn,  fruit,  wine,  and  horses. 

GYOR-FALVA.  dyoR-fol'vohS  or  GERGESDORF,  ghJR/- 
ghes-doRfV  a  village  of  Transylvania,  6  miles  from  i\lausen 
burg,  on  the  Little  Szamos.     Pop.  900. 

GYORKONY,  dyoR^kofi'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Hither 
Danube,  co.  of  Tolna.  4  miles  fiom  Paks.     Pop.  1418. 

GYOROK.  dyo'rok'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  Thither 
Theiss,  12  miles  E.  of  Arad.    Pop.  1690. 

805 


GYP 

GYP'jt'M.  a  poi^t-ofBce  of  Ontario  eo..  Xew  York. 

OYPSU^t  CilEKK,  of  .Michigan,  enters  Grand  River  2  or 
3  miles  holow  Grand  Kapids. 

GYSWYfj,  ghis'wil,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Uuterwalifcn.  between  the  lakes  of  garnen  and  Lungern,  6 
miles  S.W.  of  Sarnen. 

GYTH1U5I.    i'ee  Kolokythia. 

GYULA.    See  Karlsbl'rg. 

GYULA,  dyoo')8h\  (almost  joo']5h\)  a  market-town  of  East 
Hungary,  co.  of  Uekes,  35  miles  >\X.W.  of  Arad,  divided  by 
the  M'hite  K8ro3  river  into  two  portions,  Magyar  and  i\e- 


IIAC 

mdh,  in  one  of  which  only  German,  and  in  the  other  only 
Hungarian  is  spoken.  lVp.13.S15.  1 1  has  several  cburchoe, 
a  castle,  oil  mills,  and  zoological  garden. 

GYULAFALYA,  dyooneh'fol'v6h\  or  GYULESTY,  (Gytt- 
lesty,)  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  of  Marmaro.s,  on  the  Mara, 
9  miles  from  Szigeth.     Pop.  1070. 

GYUL.\J,  dyoo'li',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szabolcz, 
3  miles  distant  from  Xyir-Bathor.     Pop.  1299. 

GZHATSK,  GSIIATSK  or  U.IAXSK,  gzhdtsk,  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  12S  miles  X.E.  of  Smole»isk,  on  the 
Gzhat,  (Gjat,)  an  affluent  of  the  Yolga. 


H 


HA  A.  haw,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  eo.  of  Sutherland, 
off  its  N.  coast,  3j  miles  K.  of  Far-out-head. 

HA.\G,  h|g,  the  name  of  numerous  villages  of  Germany, 
and  of  the  city  of  the  Hague,  in  Netherlands.     See  Hague. 

HAAKSBERGEX,  hftks/bJRoVn.  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  Overys.sel.  25  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Deventer.     Pop.  1408. 

HAAMSTEDE  or  HAEMSTEDE.  hSm'stAMeh,  a  village 
of  Holland,  in  the  island  of  Schouwen,^  miles  S.W.  of  Brou- 
wershoven.     Pop.  704. 

HA.AlX,  bin,  a  village  of  the  Prussian  States,  on  the  Dus- 
Beldorf  and  Elberfeld  Railway,  9  miles  E.  of  Dussoldcrf. 

H.A.AKBURG.  a  town  of  Hanover.     See  Harburq. 

H.4AREN,  hd'rgn,  a  village  of  Hanover,  6  miles  S.E.  of 
Meppen.     Pop.  2030.- 

HAAREN,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  22  miles  N.  of 
Aix-l;vChapelle.     Pop.  1071. 

HAAREN  or  HAEREN,  hd'rgn,  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
Tlnce  of  North  Brabant,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  P.  1492. 

HAARLEBEKE.  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  IIabrlebeke. 

HAARLE.M,  HAERLEil,  or  IIAIILEM,  hdR/lem,  a  city  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Hollandr  14 'miles  W.  of 
Amsterdam,  with  which  city,  and  with  Leyden,  it  commu- 
nicates by  canals  and  railways.  Pop.  in  1863,  29,098.  It 
has  remains  of  its  old  fortifications,  and  is  "very  well  built, 
very  clean,  and  very  dull."  The  cathedral  of  St.  Bavon 
contains  the  famous  Haarlem  organ,  one  of  the  largest  in 
the  world,  though  its  pipes  are  surpassed  in  size  by  some  in 
the  organs  of  York  and  Birmingham.  Other  principal  struc- 
tures are  the  Town-hall,  Flesh-market,  and  several  churches. 
Tlie  statue  of  L.  Coster,  the  reputed  inventor  of  movable 
printing  types,  and  a  native  of  this  city,  stands  in  the  mar- 
ket-place. Haarlem  has  numerous  public  schools,  learned 
societies,  and  collections  in  art  and  science,  the  principal  of 
the  latter  being  the  Teyler  Museum.  It  has  also  large  steam 
cotton  mills,  manufactures  of  velvet,  silk,  and  linen  fabrics, 
carpets,  lace,  ribands,  soap,  &c.,  and  a  celebrated  Greek  and 
Hebrew  type-foundry.  It  is  the  centre  of  the  important 
Dutch  trade  in  flowers  and  flower-seeds,  raised  in  the  Blne- 
men-Tuinen,  extensive  nursery  grounds  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
city.  Its  vicinity  is  well  cultivated ;  near  it  is  the  Pavilion, 
a  noble  seat,  formerly  the  palace  of  Louis  Bonaparte.  The 
painters  Wynants,  Ostade,  Wouvermans.  Berghem,  and 
Ruisdael,  also  A'anderhelst.  and  Schrevelius,  were  natives 
of  Haarlem.  In  1573,  it  capitulated,  after  a  .seven  months' 
siege,  to  the  Spaniards  under  Alva,  who  in  the  contest  lost 
10,000  men.  Contrary  to  the  terms  of  tiie  surrender,  Alva 
aaused  upwards  of  2000  persons,  including  the  Protestant 
ministers,  the  garrison,  and  many  of  the  ministers  to  be 
put  to  death. 

HAARLEM,  New  York.    See  Harlem. 

HAARLEM,  hifi'lem.  an  island  of  Palk's  Straits,  off  the 
N.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Ceylon. 

HAARLEM  (hdR/lem)  LAKE,  (Dutch  HderJemmer-Hfeer, 
hdR/Um-mer-mAR,)  formerly  an  inlet  of  the  Zuvder-Zee,  in 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Holland,  2  niiles  S.E.  of 
Hiuirlera,  about  33  miles  in  circumference,  communicating 
N.  with  the  Y  or  W'ye,  and  S.  with  the  Old  Rhine.  It  was 
formed  by  a  destructive  inundation  in  the  16th  century, 
and  in  1849  the  work  of  draining  the  lake  was  commenced 
by  14  large  English  steam  engines,  and  completed  in  1853. 
It  is  estimated  that  56,000  acres  of  land  have  thus  been 
gained. 

HAASE,  hd'zeh.  or  HASE,  hd's.-l  (anc.  Ilasa')  a  river  of 
Hanover,  joins  the  Ems  at  Meppen,  after  a  course  of  90 
miles. 

HAASTRECHT.  hds/trtet,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
yrovince  of  South  Holland,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Rotterdam. 
Pop.  13S5. 

HAAY.  hi  or  hoi,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  Hebrides, 
In  Sound  ot  Harris,  between  Harris  and  North  Uist. 

IIABA,  LA,  Id  hd'iid,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  51 
miles  K.  ot  Madrid.     I'op.  3020. 

HAB.VNA.  a  city  of  Cuba.    See  Havaxa. 

HAHAS,  hdH)d»',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
landes,  11  miles  S.8.E.  of  Wax.     Pop.  in  1852,  5805. 

JIABAY-LA-NEUVE,  hd'bd/ld-nuv.  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Luxembourg,  on  theRuUes,  10  miles  \V.  of  Arlon. 
I'op.  1596. 

806 


HABAY-LA-VIEILLE,  hd'bdy'-ld-ve-AP,  a  village  of  Bol- 
gium,  provinceof  Luxembourg,  near  the  preceding.  Pop.  1030. 

H,\B'BEKLHY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HABELSCHWERT,  hd'bel-shw6Rt\  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  on  the  Neisse.  10  miles  S.  of  Glatz.  Pop.  2760,  en- 
gaged in  woollen  and  linen-weaving. 

IIA'BERGHAM-EAVES,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

IIABERN,  hd'bern,  or  HABR,  hdb'r,  (L.  JUnns  Fugi.')  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Czaslau,  on  the  Little 
Sazawa.     Pop.  1956. 

HABERSHAM,  hab'gr-sham.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Georgia,  has  an  area  of  about  450  square  miles.  The  Tuga- 
loo  River  forms  part  of  the  N.E.  boundary,  and  separates 
it  from  South  Carolina.  The  Chattahoochee  rises  in  the 
county,  which  is  also  drained  by  the  Soquee,  Tallulah.  and 
Broad  Rivers.  The  surface  is  broken  by  low  mountains  con- 
nected with  the  Blue  Ridge,  among  which  Mount  Yonah  and 
Currabee  are  the  most  considerable.  The  latter  rises  in  the 
form  of  a  cone,  to  the  height  of  900  feet.  The  gold  mines  of 
this  county  are  considered  among  the  richest  in  the  state. 
In  1850,  3  mines  were  in  operation.  More  than  1.200.000 
worth  of  gold  has  been  procured  from  Nacoochee  Yalley. 
Iron  is  abundant;  rubies,  cornelians,  and  a  few  diamonds 
have  been  tbund.  (White's  Statistics  o^  Georgia.)  The  cele- 
brated Falls  of  Tallulali  are  in  this  county.  Organized  in 
1818,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Joseph  Habersham, 
Speaker  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia  in  1785.  Capital, 
Clarksville.  Pop.  5966,  ot  whom  5179  were  free,  and  787 
slaves. 

IIABESH,  HABESSINIA  or  HABESSINIEN.  See  Abys- 
sinia. 

HABLOCHIT'TO,  a  small  post-vilage  of  Hancock  CO.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

H.\15/R0U0H.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HABROW.i,  UNTER,  6(5n'ter  hd-bro'wd.  a  village  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  of  Koniggratz,  on  the  small  river  Kniezna. 
Pop.  1023. 

HABRZEH,  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Hohenstadt. 

HABSAL,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  1L\I'S.\L. 

HABSBURO  or  HAPSBURG.  haps'burg  or  hdpsajOiJRG,  a 
village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau  near  Brugg.  with 
ruins  of  a  castle,  the  original  seat  of  the  present  imperial 
family  of  Austria. 

H.^BSHKIM,  hdbs'hime,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haut-Rhin,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Altkirch.  on  the  Strasbourg 
Railway.  4g  miles  S.E. of  Miilhausen,  (Mulhouse.)  Pop.1690. 

HAC'CONRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ijincoln. 

H.\CCOURT,  hdk'kooR/,  a  village  of  lielgium,  province,  and 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  1212. 

IIACI-yBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HACH.\,  a  river  of  New  Granada.     See  Rio  Hacha. 

H.\CHA,  LA,  a  town  of  New  Granada.     See  Rio  Hacha. 

II.\CHENBU1!G,  hdK'gn-l.fl<5Ro\  a  town  of  West  Ger- 
many, and  24  miles  N.  of  .Nassau.     I'op.  1538. 

IIACH'ESTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

H.\CHNEAU.  a  town  of  France.     See  Haouenau. 

H.\CIIY,  hdVshee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lux- 
embourg. 7  miles  W.  of  .\rlon.     Pop.  1839. 

HACK'ENS.\CK,  a  river  rising  in  Rockland  CO.,  New 
York,  enters  Newark  Bay  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Newark  New 
Jersey.     Sloops  ascend  to  Hackensack,  about  15  miles. 

II.\CKEX8ACK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bergen 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Hudson  River,  about  10  miles  N.  «t 
New  York.     Pop.  54S8. 

HACKEXSACIv.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  New  Barbadoeg 
township,  capital  of  Bergen  eo..  New  Jersey,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  Hackensack  River  13  miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  York.  It 
extends  more  than  a  mile  along  two  principal  streets.  It 
contains  4  or  5  churches,  one  of  which  (the  Reformed  Dutch) 
is  a  handsome  stone  building,  2  academies,  a  bank,  and  more 
than  200  dwellings.  Small  vessels  ply  constantly  belween 
this  place  and  New  York. 

HACK'ETSTOWX.  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Cai'low,  on  the  Dereen,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Baltiuglass.  Pop. 
1021. 

HACKETTSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-boiough  of  Independ- 
ence township,  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  ?»  Wn  Muscouofc 


^ 


IIAO 


HAD 


cong  Creek,  near  the  ]\rorns  Canal,  about  50  miles  N.  of 
Trenton.  The  Morri.s  and  Essex  Hailroad  connects  it  with 
Newark.  It  contains  a  Presbyterian  and  a  Jlethodist  church, 
an  academy,  1  bank,  8  stores,  and,  2  flouring-niills.  It  is 
surroiuuled  by  a  fertile  coXintry,  of  limestone  formation. 
IncoriHirated  in  1852.     Poi).  1351. 

IIACK'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IIACKFORD  BY  KEEP'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  CO. 
of  Norfolk. 

HACK'ING,  PORT,  a  beautiful  harbor  of  New  South 
Wales.  18  miles  S.  of  Port  Jackson ;  lat.  31°  i'  S.,  Ion.  151° 
17' E.' 

11 ACK1NGT0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

lI.VCiv'Ni;SS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  North  Riding. 

II.^CK'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  form- 
lug  a  suburb  of  London,  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Paul's.  Pop. 
87,771,  mostly  employed  in  trades  and  manufactures  con- 
nected with  the  metropolis.  It  is  divided  into  3  districts, 
and  has  an  iron  bridge  across  the  Lea,  S  churches,  and  nu- 
merous chapels,  the  London  Orphan  Asylum,  Clapton,  the 
Independents'  Academy  at  Ilomerton,  a  savings  bank,  union 
work-house,  and  one  of  the  finest  nursery  gardens  in  Eng- 
land. Hackney  was  formerly  the  favorite  suburban  resi- 
dence of  the  London  citizens,  and  hackney  coaches  are  said 
to  have  been  named  from  it. 

IIACK'XEY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-ofHcff  of  Chatham 
CO.,  North  Carolina. 

HACK'TIIORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

H.\CK'\VKLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

IIACQUEVILLE,  hSkVeel',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  arrondissement  of  Andelys.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Sir  Mark  I.  Brunei,  engineer  of  the  Thames  Tunnel. 

IIADAMAR,  h^'dd-maR\a  walled  town  of  Germany,  duchy 
of  Nassau,  on  the  Elbe.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Limburg.     P.  2184. 

H.\D'DAM,  a  post-village  and  township,  semi-capital  of 
Middlesex  CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Con- 
necticut River,  20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  25  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Now  Haven.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged 
In  the  quarrying  of  granite,  which  Is  found  in  great  quan- 
tities in  the  vicinity,  and  exported  to  the  amount  of  about 
$100,000  annually.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings. S  churches,  the  County  Work-house,  and  an  academy. 
Pop.  2307. 

IIADDEBY.hidMeh-bii',  IIETHABY,  (Ilethaby.)  h.Vt.Vbii', 
or  HF;IDEB0,  hrd^h-bo\  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick, 
opposite  the  town  of  Sleswick.  Its  original  church  was  the 
earliest  ffiundod  in  Denmark,  the  Archbishop  Ansgarius, 
Burnamed  the  Apostle  of  the  North,  having  here  had  a  small 
chapel  in  the  beginning  of  tlie  ninth  century. 

IIAD'DKNIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HADDENHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HAD'DINGTON.  a  village  within  the  chartered  limits  of 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  5  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
the  State  House. 

HADDINGTON,  HADDINGTONSHIRE,  had'ding-ton- 
shir,  or  EAST  LOTllIAX,  lo'Tne-an,  a  county  of  Scotr 
lancl.  having  N.  the  Frith  of  Forth,  and  K.  the  North  Sea. 
Area  variously  estimated  at  from  224  to  280  square  miles, 
of  which  about  7000  acres  are  wood.  Pop.  in  I'^Sl,  3ii.3S0. 
Surface,  in  the  S.,  occupied  by  the  Lammermoor  Hills,  in  the 
centre  and  N.  a  beautiful  plain,  gradually  sloping  to  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  and  diversified  by  gentle  elevations.  Prin- 
cipal rivulet,  the  Tyne.  Soil  mostly  a  clayey  loam.  Agri- 
cultural improvements  commenced  in  1700,  are  now  in  a 
highly  advanced  state,  and  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  of 
any  other  British  county.  Coal  is  worked  in  the  W..  and 
limestone  abounds  everywhere.  A  railway  from  Edinburgh 
to  Berwick  traverses  the  county.  Haddington  comprises 
3  royal  burghs,  Haddington,  the  county  town.  Dunbar,  and 
North  Berwick.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 1  of  whom  is  for  the  county. 

H.VD'DINGTi)N.  a  parliament:iry  and  royal  burgh,  market- 
town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capit.ilofthe  above  county,  on  the 
Tyne.  here  crossed  by  a  four-arched  bridge,  and  on  the  North 
British  Railway,  18  miles  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  burgh. 
In  1S51.  3883.  The  town  has  handsome  county  buildings,  a 
town-house,  surmounted  by  a  spire  150  feet  in  height,  and 
a  noble  collegiate  and  parish  church,  originally  the  nave  of  an 
abbey  church,  erected  about  the  thirteenth  century.  Had- 
dington has  also  a  superior  grammar  school,  a  mechanics' 
institution,  an  agricultural  and  horticultural  society,  seve- 
ral public  libraries,  and  a  consideraUe  trade,  in  wool,  Ac. 
It  is  perhaps  the  largest  market  in  Scotland  for  corn  and 
other  agricultural  produce.  Haddington  unites  with  Dun- 
Var,  Jedburgh,  Lauder,  and  North  Berwick,  in  sending  1 
meraVjer  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  a  branch  of  the  Hamilton  family,  whose  seat  is  about 
8  miles  distant.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  is  Lethington, 
the  ancient  se.at  of  the  I^iuderd.iles ;  also  .some  remains  of  a 
convent,  founded  by  .Ada.  Countess  of  Northumberland,  in 
1178.  and  in  which  a  parliament  was  held  in  1648.  Had- 
dington is  a  very  ancient  royal  burgh,  and  holds  its  last 
charier  dated  1624.  King  Alexander  II.  was  born  here  in 
1 198,  and  the  famous  Reformer.  John  Knox,  is  generally  be- 
lieved to  have  been  a  native  of  the  town. 


II ADDXNGTONSIITRE,  a  co.  of  Scotland.  See  IIadbinotos. 

IIAD'DISCOE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  with  3 
station  on  the  Norfolk  Railway,  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Beccles. 

H.\D'DO,  a  small  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  11 
miles  N.E.  of  Inverury.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the 
Earl  of  Aberdeen. 

HAD'DON,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  2408, 

HAD'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HADDON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

II.\U'DONFIELU,  a  flourishing  post-villago  of  Haildon 
township,  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  Cooper's  Creek,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Camden,  and  on  the  Camden  and  Atlantic 
Railroad.  It  contains  5  places  of  worship,  a  good  public 
library,  2  hotels,  and  about  'ioO  dwellings.  Settled  in  1713, 
and  named  from  Elizabeth  Iladdon. 

HADDON  HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  2 
miles  S.W.  of  Chatsworth,  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  tho 
\Vye,  is  a  castellated  baronial  relic  of  the  Jliddle  Ages, 
erected  between  the  fourteenth  and  sixte.enth  centuries. 
It  was  the  family  seat  of  the  Vernons,  between  the  reigns 
of  Richard  I.  and  Elizabeth,  when  it  passed  by  marriage  to 
the  Manners  family,  with  whom  it  still  remains. 

II.\DDO.\.  WEST,  aparish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

HAD'DRELL'S,  a  post-office  of  Charlotte  district,  South 
Carolina. 

HADKESAII,  HADISAII.  hd-deo'sJ,  HADITII.  or  UA- 
DEETH.  hi-deeth',  written  also  HADISA  and  1IAD1TH.\, 
an  i.sland  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic.  and  ICO  miles  N.W.  of 
Bagdad,  in  the  Euphrates.  It  contains  a  town,  composed 
of  alx)ut  400  houses,  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  //a- 
dith.  The  river  is  here  about  300  yards  wide,  and  18  feet 
deep. 

IIADELN,  hd'deln,  a  district  of  North  Germany,  in  Ha- 
nover, extending  for  12  miles  along  the  Elbe,  with  an  area 
of  110  square  miles,  and  16,041  inhabitants. 

HA'DE.NS.  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Alab.ima. 

H.VDKXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Goochland  co.,  Virginia. 

HADENSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Todd  co..  Kentucky. 

HADERSLEBEX,  hI'ders-l.Vbf n,  (Dan.  Ifidenh-v.  hd'ders- 
lev\)  a  seaport  town  of  Denmaik,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Little 
Belt,  duchy,  and  48  miles  X.  of  Sleswick.  Pop.  6100.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  a  safe  harbor,  several  churches,  a  normal 
school,  and  breweries. 

IIAD'FIELD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  11 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Chapelle-Frith.  with  a  station  on  the  Man- 
chester and  Sheffield  Railway.     Pop.  1499 

HAD'IIA.M,  GREAT,  aparish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

HADIIAM,  LIT'TLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

HADJI-.A.l!B.\.ssi,  Asia  Minor.    See  H.uke-Abbasske. 

IIADJI-HA.M/A,a  town  of  Asia  Minor.  SeeH.UEK-IlAMZ.AH. 

HADJI-OGLOU-BAZARDJIK.     See    H.uee-Ogloo-Bazah. 

JEEK. 

HADJYPOOR  or  HAJEEPOOR,  hajVe-poor',  a  village  ol 
Punjab,  on  the  Chenaub,  and42  miles  W.  of  Mooltau.  Lat. 
29°  36'  N..  Ion.  71°  12'  E. 

HADJYPOOR  or  HAJEEPOOR.  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Thibet,  oil  the  Ganges, 
nearly  opposite  Patna.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  nitre,  pro 
duci'd  in  its  vicinity,  an  annual  horse  fair  and  horse  races. 

H.\D'LEIGH.  a  n)arket-town  and  parish  of  England,  co 
of  Suffolk.  94  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  in  Ihol.  3338. 
It  has  many  curious  ancient  houses,  and  a  fine  church.  It 
is  a  polling-place  for  the  W.  division  of  the  county. 

II.\DLE1GI1,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.»ex,<!J  miles 
N.W.  of  Leigh.  It  has  ruins  of  a  noble  castle,  built  by  De 
Burgh.  Earl  of  Kent,  iti  the  reign  of  Henry  II. 

HAD'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Middlesex,  1  mile 
N.N.E.  of  Barnet.  It  has  a  handsome  church  with  a  tower, 
on  which  is  a  fire-pan,  anciently  used  as  a  beacon,  avid  a 
column  commemorative  of  the  great  battle  of  Burnet 
in  1471. 

H.\D'LEY,  a  post-village  .and  township  of  Hampshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  oppo- 
site Northampton,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge 
about  1100  feet  long,  and  about  90  miles  W.  of  Boston.  It 
is  noted  for  its  manufactures,  particularly  of  brooms,  for 
which  there  are  upwards  of  20  establishments.  The  village 
has  2  or  3  churches  and  an  academy.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 2105. 

HADLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.  part  of 
Saratoga  co..  New  York,  on  the  Hudson,  about  54  miles  N. 
by  W,  of  Albany.    The  village  contains  a  bank.    Pop.  1017. 

II.A.DLEY,  a  post-township  in  tho  S.  part  of  Lapeer  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  1351. 

HADLEY,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  174  milea 
N.E.  of  Springfield,  and  28  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

HAD'LEY-MOX'KEN,  a  vill.^ge  of  England,  co. of  Middle- 
sex. 12  miles  X.X.W.  of  London.     Pop.  2108. 

HADLEY'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Chatham  co.,  North 
Carolina.  * 

HAD'LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

II.\D'LYME.  a  post-village  of  New  London  CO.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  30  miled 
S.S.E.  of  Hartford. 

HADMERSLEBEN,  hSd'mers-lA'ben,  a  town  of  Prussian 

807 


HAD 

gsxony,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Masrdeburg,  with  a  station  on  the 
railway  to  Halberstadt.    Pop.  IdOO. 

IIAD'XOTS.  a  poptK)fflce  of  Carteret  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

II.\DOL.  hJMol',  a  Tillageof  France,  department  of  Vosges, 
6  miles  S.  of  Epinal.    Pop.  2440. 

H.\DUA>IAUT  or  IIADItAMAOUT,  ha-dra-mowf,  pro- 
noun.ed  hv  the  Arabs  hd-dr3-nii-oot'.  a  country  of  Arabia,  ex- 
teudiu;: along  its  S.E. coast  from  Oman  to  Yemen,  with  which 
it  constituted  the  ancient  Arabia  Felix.  The  coast  is  lined  by 
mountains  5000  feet  high.  On  the  edge  of  the  Desert  of  Aklaj, 
a  plummet,  sunk  in  the  loo.se  sand,  found  uo  bottom  at  360 
feet.  (Johnston.)  The  inhabitants  (Iladarf  mi.  ha-dd-rJm'ee) 
i\iJl  retain  many  traies  of  their  ancient  civilization.  Hadra- 
maut  exports  to  India  frankiiicen.se,  myrrh,  aloes,  and  dra- 
gons'-blood:  to  Yemen. cirpets,  silk  .shawLs.  linen. and  girdle- 
knives.     Aliout  70  vessels  are  employed  in  the  India  trade. 

HADRES.  hd'drfe,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the 
Pulkan,  on  the  frontiers  of  Moravia.    Pop.  1500. 

HADRIA.     See  Adria, 

HADHIANOPOLIS.    See  Adrianople. 

HADKIATICUJl  (or  ADKIATICUM)  MARE.  See  Adri- 
atic Si:a. 

HAD'SOR.  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co,  of  Worcester. 

IIAD'STOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

IIAKGIIT.  h.^Kt.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  North 
Brabant.  16  miles  X.E.  of  Rrussels.     Top.  14C0. 

IIAELEN.  hii'len,  a  villaw  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
bourg.  11  miles" W.  of  Ilasselt.     Pop.  2016. 

HAELTKRT,  h.Jl'tJRt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders.  19~miles  E.  of  Audenarde.    Pop.  3252. 

H^MUS.  MOUNT,  of  Europeiin  Turkey.    See  Balkan. 

HAEKINGIIE,  hS'ring  gheh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  'West  Flanders,  12  niiles  N.W.  of  Y'nres.    Pop.  1936. 

IIAERLKBKKE  or  IIAAKLEBEKE,  haiiOeh-bA'kjh,  a 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  \Vest  Flandere,  on  the  Lys, 
and  on  the  railway  to  Ghent,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Courtrai. 
Pop.  4486.  It  was  formerly  an  important  fortress,  and  suf- 
fered many  vicissitudes  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries. 

IIAEKLEM,  a  city  of  Netherlands.    See  Haarlem. 

HAEULEMMER  MEER.    See  Haarlem  Lake. 

n.AESDO.NCK,  h|.s'donk,  a  villageof  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flander.s.  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2551. 

II  AFF.\R.  h.^rfaa'.  an  ancient  navigable  channel  in  Persia, 
connecting  the  Karoon  River,  in  its  lower  part,  with  the 
Shat-el-Ai-ab,  (Lower  Euphrates.)  Length,  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile:  breadth,  from  200  to  400  feet.  On  both 
sides  of  it  stands  the  town  of  Mohammerah. 

IIAFFEER  or  II AFFIR,  harfeer',a  vilLage  of  Nubia,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Nile,  40  miles  N.  of  New  Dougola.  It  has 
a  large  weekly  market,  and  a  government  factory  for  indigo. 

H  A  F  F-ST  KTT IX.    See  Stettiner-II aff. 

HAFN  ARFIORD,  haf'naii-fe-oRd',  (Dan.  Hamfjnrd,  hCwn'- 
fe-ORd\)  a  vill.ige  of  Iceland,  on  a  fiord  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  S.  of  the  i.'land,  S.S.E.  of  Reikiavik.  It  has  a  harbor, 
which,  though  small,  is  considered  one  of  the  best  in  Ice- 
land. 

HAFNERR.\CII.  hJf'ner-bSK'.  a  villageof  South  Germany, 
in  Lower  Austria,  W.  of  St.  Polten. 

IIAFNERZELL.  hdf'ner-tsjir,  or  OBERNZELL,  o'-bern- 
zJlP,  a  village  in  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,  8  miles  E.  of  Pas- 
sau. 

IIAFXIA.    See  Copenhagen. 

HAF'OD,  a  parish  of  South  ^Vales.  co.  of  Denbigh.  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Aberystwith.  The  superb  mansion  of  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle  stands  amid  grounds  which,  for  united  beauty 
and  grandeur,  have  been  deemed  unequalled  throughout 
Europe.  In  the  vicinity  is  •'  the  Devil's  Bridge,"  an  arch  of 
29  feet  span,  spanning  a  deep  wooded  chasm,  forming  the 
bed  of  the  river  Mynach. 

IIAFSLOK  (Ilafsloe)  hifslo^Jh,  a  village  of  Norway,  88 
miles  N.E.  of  Bergen.     Pop.  2100. 

HAG'BORXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

HAGE.    See  IIaque,  The. 

HAGE.  hi'ttheh.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  13 
miles  X.W.  of  Aurich. 

UAGELBilHG.  ha'^'hel-h?Ro\  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Prussia,  province  of  Bradenburg,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Potsdam, 
and  where  the  Allies  defeated  the  French.  August  27. 1813. 

H.\GEX.  ha'ghen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westplialia,  26  miles 
W,  of  Arenslierg,  on  the  Volme.  Pop.  4500,  who  manufac- 
ture iron  ware,  woollen  cloth,  paper,  and  leather.  Near  it  is 
the  spa  of  Kppenhausen. 

HAGKXliUiiG.  hd'ghgn-bodRO',  a  town  of  Oerm,iny,  in 
Lippe-8(haumburg,  near  the  S,  shore  of  Lake  Steinhude. 
Pop.  1143. 

H.\OKXOW,  h3'gheh-nov\  a  town  of  North  Germany, 

grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-.'^ohwerin,  on  the  llamliuig 

and  Berlin  Itailwav,  17  miles  S.\V.  of  Scliwerin.     Pop.  2667. 

HA'GKX"S  (iltoVK,  a  post-office  of  .«helbv  co.,  Miss<iuri. 

IIA'GKRMAN'S  .MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.. 

New  York.  :!H  miles  W.X.W.  of  Albanv. 

HA'GElt.«;Ti)\VN,  a  village  of  Salem  co..  New  Jersey,  4 
miles  S.  of  Siileni. 

U.^GERSTOWN,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Washington 
00,  Maryland,  near  the  W.  bank  of  Antietam  Creek,  9  miles 


HAG 

from  the  Potomac  River,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Frederick,and  88 
miles  W.  of  Baltimore.  It  is  the  southern  terminus  of  the 
Cumberland  Valley  R.R„  and  has  considerable  trade.  The 
town  is  well  built,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, a  number  of  churche.s,  arademies,  1  bank,  and  several 
newspaper  offices.     Pop.  in  1850,  3SS4. 

HAGER.*T0WN,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  abont 
12  miles  S.W.of  CarroUtown,  has  a  church,  an  academy,  and 
several  stores. 

IIAGERSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  103  miles 
W.  of  Columbus. 

IIAGERSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  In- 
diana, on  a  branch  of  Whitewater  River,  00  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Indianapolis,  and  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Whitewater  Canal.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business.  The 
Richmond  and  Newcastle  Raih-oad  pas.ses  through  it.  Pop 
in  1S,00,  606:  in  1Si;0,  t-^S. 

HA'GERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

IIAGP;TMAU,  hd'zh.vmo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lande.s,  7  miles  S.  of  St.  Sever.     Pop.  in  1S52,  S118. 

IIAG'GERSTONE.  a  hisrh  rocky  island  on  tiio  N.E.  coast 
of  Australia.  Lat.  12°  1'  40"  S..  Ion.  14.3°  12'  E.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  Sir  Everard  Home's  group  by  a  channel  3  miles 
wide. 

IIAGGLINGEN,  (IlSgglingen.)  h%'gling-en.  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  cantonofAargau.  about  5  miles' from  Bremgar- 
ten.  The  religious  war,  usually  called  the  Kapeller-kreig, 
was  terminated  by  a  peace  made  here  in  1531,     Pop.  1490, 

HAGIA,  hd'ghe-d,  {i.  e.  in  Greek,  ^^ Saint")  the  name  of 
several  small  villages  of  Greece. 

II.\(iIA.  hd'ghe-d,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thes- 
saly,  13  miles  E.  of  LarLssa.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  800 
faniilie.s. 

HAGIA  DEKA,  hd^ghe-J  dil'kS.  a  town  on  the  island  of 
Crete,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Gortynia,  20  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Candia. 

HAGIOSTRATI,  hd'gheos-tril'tee,  (anc.  Ne'a;}  an  Island 
in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  belonging  to  Turkey,  20  miles 
S.W.  of  Lemnos,  with  a  village  of  the  same  name  on  its  W. 
coast. 

HAG'LEY',  a  parish 'of  England,  co.  of  AVorcester, 

IIAG'LEY',  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Illinois, 

HAG'NABY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAGNABY-wiTH-UANNY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

HAGUE,  haig.  The,  (Butch,  'SGrdvenhaag.  s'gra/vpn- 
h;lG\  or' S Grarenhage.  s'grS'vfn-hS'Gheh,  den  Hann.  den- 
hJo;  Ger.  Haug.  hdc;  Fr.  La  Haye.  \l\k\  It.  A^a,  S'yl)  a 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  capita!  of  the  province  of  South 
Holland,  and  the  usual  residence  of  the  court  and  of  the 
Stales-General,  on  a  branch  of  the  Leyden  and  Rotterdam 
Canal,  4  miles  from  the  North  Sea.  14  liiiles  N.W.  of  Rottei^ 
d.im,  and  33  miles  S.W.  of  Amsterdam,  with  which  cities  it 
also  communicates  bv  railways.  Lat.  52°  4'  20"  N.,  Ion.  4° 
18'  40"  E.  Pop.  in  1844.  66,000 ;  in  1 S63.  84,615.  Mean  tem- 
perature of  the  year,  5'2°:  winter.  3S°'2:  summer,  65°-5  Fah- 
renheit. It  is  enclosed  by  a  moat,  crossed  by  drawbridges, 
and  many  streets  are  inter.sected  by  canals,  bordered  with 
rows  of  trees.  All  the  principal  edifices  are  in  the  Vy  verberg, 
or  great  square  of  its  X\  or  fashionable  quarter.  The  Na- 
tional Museum  comprises  collections  of  Cbinese  and  Japanese 
curiosities,  and  of  Dutch  national  r.  lies,  with  a  rich  gallery 
of  Dutch  paintings,  among  which  is  Paul  Potter's  celebrated 
'•bull."  The  palace  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  has  also  a  good 
collection  of  Dutch  paintings;  the  king's  pal;ice  is  a  plain 
edifice  of  Grecian  architecture.  The  Binnenhof  appro- 
priated to  the  States  Assembly  and  the  chief  government 
offices,  comprises  a  portion  of  the  residence  of  the  ancient 
Counts  of  Holland.  The  town  has  14  churches.  2  .synagogues, 
an  orphan  asylum,  prisons,  numerous  .schools,  and  a  theatre. 
The  Royal  Library  is  .said  to  contain  100.000  volumes;  and 
here  are  many  learned  associations  and  private  galleries  of 
art.  A  cannon-foundry  wasestabli.shed  in  1668.  Some  print- 
ing and  manufactures  are  carried  on.  A  fine  road,  called 
the  Voorhout,  leads  N.  to  the  Bosch,  a  wooded  park  with  a 
suburban  roy.il  seat;  and  \\  miles  S.K.  of  the  Ilagne  stood 
the  Castle  of  Ryswick.  memorable  for  the  treaty  signed  there 
in  1697.  A  bronze  statue  of  \>  illiam.  Prince  of  Orange,  was 
erected  in  1848. 

'.S  Gravfnhaag  signifies  literally  '•  the  count's  hedge,  grove, 
or  wood."  and  appears  to  have  owed  its  origin  to  a  hunting- 
seat  of  the  Counts  of  Holland,  situated  in  a  wood.  This, 
however,  became  a  palace  as  early  as  12.i0,  and  around  it 
many  other  houses  were  soon  erected.  But  it  has  lisen  into 
importance  chiefly  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  mainly  through  being  made  the  resi'l"nce  of  tho 
court  and  the  foreign  ministers,  and  the  .seat  of  the  Slates- 
(•eneral  and  the  government.  It  is  the  hi 'thplace  of 'Wil- 
liam II..  Prince  of  Orange,  and  AVillism  III.,  Prince  of 
Oranire  and  King  of  England:  of  Iluygrns,  the  mathe- 
matician: Boerh.iave,  the  physician:  Bilderiijk.  the  poetess; 
and  it  was  the  residence  of  Barneveldt  and  the  Di'  V\'itts. 

HAGUE,  haig,  a  post/village  and  township  of  Warren  co,, 
New  Y'ork,  on  Lake  George,  about  90  miles  >.  of  Alljaiiy 
Pop,  708. 


HAG 


HAJ 


HAGTJK,  a  post-Tillace  in  Westmoreland  CO.,  Virginia. 

HAGUE,  a  post-villase  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky,  about  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Kussellville, 

HAGUENAU.  hS^^'no' or  d^'no'.  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
department  of  Bas-lihiii,  on  the  Moder,  K)  miles  N.  of  Stras- 
bourj;.  Pop.  in  ISoJ,  ll.ool.  It  was  originally  fortified  by 
the  Kmperor  Frederick  Barbarossa  in  the  twelfth  century ; 
and  ha.s  a  church  of  that  period,  a  synagogue,  civil  and  mili- 
tary hospital.s.  a  female  penitentiary,  hemp  and  cotton  yarn, 
madder,  and  oil  mills,  manufactories  of  woollen  and  cotton 
fabrics,  earthenware,  and  soap,  breweries,  and  met;i]  foun- 
diies.  The  adjacent  forest  of  Ilaguenau  is  one  of  the 
largest  in  France. 

UAGWORTII/IXQIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

HAID,  IfAYD,  hid,  or  IIAYDE,  hl'dgh,  a  walled  town  of 
Bohemia,  circle,  and  25  miles  W.  of  I'il.ien.     Pop.  1530. 

IIAID,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle,  and  22  miles  S.  of  Bud- 
weis.     I'.ip.  679. 

IIAID,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Budweis. 
Pop.  639. 

IIAIDA,  IIEIDA,  hi'di  or  IIAIDE,  hi'dgh,  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, cii  cle  of  Leitmeritz.  Pop.  1432.  It  has  manufactures 
of  glass  and  crystal. 

IIAIDHAUSKN,  hid'hOw'zen,  a  village  of  Upper  Bava- 
ria, on  the  Isar,  immediately  opposite  Munich,  of  which  it 
forms  a  suburb.     Pop.  3700. 

IIAIDUCKEN,  IIAYDUCKEN  or  IIAJDUCKKN  (hi'd«5k- 
f n)  DISTKICT.  called  also  TuE  IIaiduck  (or  IIeyduke)  Towxs, 
a.  privileged  district  of  Hungary,  comprising  the  IIaiduck 
Towns,  and  consisting  of  tliree  detached  portions,  enclosed 
by  the  counties  of  Szabolcs  and  Bihar.  Area,  376  square 
miles.  It  cou.sists  of  a  plain,  almost  unbroken  by  a  single 
hill,  and  is  of  remarkable  fertility.  The  Ilaiducks,  of  whom 
five-si.\ths  are  Protestants,  used  to  enjoy  important  privi- 
leges, conferred  on  them  by  John  Corvinus,  as  a  reward  for 
military  services.     Pop.  61.032. 

IIAI-FOOXG  or  IIAI-FU.NG,  hpfoong',  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Shan-toong,  near  theconfinesof  Pe-chee-lee.  Lat. 
37°  50'  N.,  Ion.  1K°  41'  E.     It  is  thinly  inhabited. 

IIAI-FOONO  or  HAI-FUXG.  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
Quangtong,  82  miles  E.  of  Canton.  Lat.  23°  V  N.,  lou.  115° 
20'  E. 

IIAIGKll,  hi'gher,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy,  and  34 
miles  N.E.  of  Nassau,  on  the  Dille.     Pop.  1125. 

HAIGEULOCII.  hI'ghgr-loK\  a  village  of  Germany,  prin- 
cipality of  HohenzoUeru-Sigmaringeu,  8  miles  W.  of  Ilech- 
ingen.     Pop.  1300. 

HAIGII,  hay,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  3 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Wigau.  I'op.  1303.  Here  are  pits  of  the 
celebrated  Cannel  coal. 

HAIGIIAM,  hJ'ham,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAl-KEOO-SO  or  IIAI-KIIKOUSO,  hrke-oo"so,'  a  mari- 
time town  of  the  island  of  Hainan,  in  the  China  Sea,  on 
the  N.  coast  of  the  island,  and  the  chief  mart  of  its  trade, 
on  a  peninsula,  3  miles  N.  of  its  capital  city,  Kiong-choo. 

HAI-LAM,  an  island  of  China.    See  Hainan. 

HAILES,  hill?,,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  G loucester. 

HAILESBOROUGH.  hAlz'bar-ruh,  a  village  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO..  New  York,  on  the  Oswegatchie,  about  25  miles  S. 
of  Ogdensburg.  and  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ooverneur.  Within 
the  distance  of  half  a  mile,  the  river  here  descends  84  feet, 
and  about  a  mile  above  it  has  an  equal  descent,  affording 
an  abundant  and  never-tailing  water-power.  A  grist  mill, 
saw  mill,  clothing-works,  wagon  shop,  &c.  have  been  erected 
here,  and  a  mill  with  2  run  of  saws  has  recently  been  built 
at  the  upper  falls.  The  village  has  a  tavern,  store,  and 
about  20  fami'ies.  In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  quarries  of 
white  limestone. 

HAI'LEY'S  MILL,  a  postroflice  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri. 

IIAILSII.\M.  halz'ham.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Sussex.  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lewes.     Pop.  1586. 

HAIMBURG,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria.     See  Hainburg. 

H.ilN,  a  town  of  Saxony.     See  Grossenhain. 

HAINA.  hi'ni,  or  JAIN'.l.  Hi'ni,  a  river  and  bay  of 
Hayti;  the  river,  after  a  southward  course  of  38  miles,  en- 
ters the  bay  12  miles  S.W.  of  San  Domingo,  and  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  bay  is  a  village  of  the  same  name. 

H.\INA.  hi'nj,  a  village  of  Hesse-Cas.sel,  province  of 
Ober-IIessen,  with  a  lunatic  asylum  in  the  rich  abbey  of  Cis- 
tercians. 

HAINAN,  hrniin/.  (Chinese  Hai-Lam,  hnam',  " South  of 
the  Sea,")  a  large  island  belonging  to  China,  province  of 
Quang-tong.  between  lat.  18°  10'  and  20°  X.,  and  Ion.  108'' 
25'  and  111°  E.,  and  separating  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin  from 
the  China  Sea.  Estimated  ai'ea,  12,000  square  miles.  Pop. 
probably  comprises  1,000.000  Chinese,  exclusive  of  wild 
tribes  in  the  interior.  Some  of  the  mountains  in  its  centre 
rise  above  the  snow  line.  It  has  some  pretty  large  rivers; 
coasts  generally  rocky,  but  the  W.  is  low,  and  the  S.  has 
several  good  harlmrs.  Soil  not  very  fertile;  timber  is  a 
principal  product,  and  is  sent  to  Anam,  Siam,  and  Singa- 
jiore;  other  exports  are  rice,  sugar,  wax,  pearls,  coral, 
salt,  and  a  little  gold  and  silver.  It  is  subdivided  into 
13  districts.    Kiong-choo,  the  capital,  is  a  populous  city 


on  its  N.  coast ;  other  principal  towns  are  Hush-eon   an4 
Lok-hoi. 

HAINAU,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Hatnau. 

HAINAULT,  hA^no',  a  forest  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex,  Ij* 
ing  to  the  E.  of  Epping  forest,  and  X.W.  of  Romford. 

HAINAUT  or  HAINAULT,  hA'nO/,  (Dutch,  Hennegowm, 
hJn'neh-go'*en;  Ger.  Ileiinegau,  hJn'Djh-g5w\)  a  frontier 
province  of  Belgium,  bounded  W.  and  S.  by  France.  Area, 
14.30  square  miles.  Pop.  835,822.  Surface  generally  level; 
hilly  in  the  S.E.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Sanibre,  Si'heldt, 
Dender,  and  Haine  Rivers,  and  by  several  canals.  It  is  sub- 
divided into  3  arrondissements.  Principal  towns.  Mens, 
Tournay,  and  Charleroi. 

HAIXAUT  or  HAIXAULT,  hi'nO/,  an  ancient  province, 
now  forming  part  of  the  N.E.  of  France,  and  S.W.  of  Belgium. 
In  the  time  of  Ciesar,  it  was  inhaliitwd  by  the  Ne.rvii,  a  war- 
like people  of  German  origin;  and  did  not,  till  the  seventh 
century  take  the  name  of  Haiuaut,  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  the  small  river  Haine,  which  waters  it.  It  was  ceded 
to  the  French  by  the  treaties  of  the  Pyrenees  in  1659,  and 
of  N'^ymwegen  in  1678;  and  now  included  in  the  department 
of  Xord. 

HAINBURG,  hinnjCdRO,  or  IIAI.MBURG,  him'bCSRO,  a 
town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  27  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Vienna.  Pop.  3844.  It  has  an  important  tobacco  factory, 
the  largest  in  Austria,  and  the  ruins  of  a  noble  residence 
of  the  same  name.  The  Magyars  here  gained  a  great  victory 
over  the  Germans  in  907. 

HAI.NDORF,  hin'doRf,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  ol 
Buntzlau.  about  8  miles  from  Friedland,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Isergeliirge.     Pop.  1358. 

HAINE,  hAn,  a  river  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
after  a  W.  cour.se  of  40  miles,  joins  tlie  Scheldt  in  France, 
opposite  Coude.  whence  it  is  navigable  to  Mons.  From  it 
the  province  of  Hainaut  derived  its  name. 

IIAIXES,  hAnz,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1510. 

HAINE-SAIXT-PIERRE,  h.in-s^NO-pe-aii;',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Hainaut,12niile8VV. of  I  harleroi.  P.1148. 

HAIXESBUBG,  hrlnz'btirg.  a  village  of  Warren  CO.,  New 
Jersey,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Belvidere. 

HAINES  CREEK,  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey,  enters 
the  S.  branch  of  Rancocus  Creek,  above  Lumberton. 

HAINESVILLE,  hiuz'vill,  a  post-office  of  Su.ssex  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

HAINESVILLE,  a  post-offlee  of  Berkley  co.,  W.Virginia. 

HAIXE-SVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lake  co..  Hit 
nois,  15  miles  from  Waukegan,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  plank-road.    Pop.  in  I860,  about  350. 

HAINESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Missouri. 

HAINEWALDE,  hi'nish-ftiPdfh,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
near  the  Kibe.     Pop.  2571,  mostly  weavers. 

HAIXTORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HAINICHEN,  hl'niK-gn,  a  town  of  Saxony,  40  miles  S.E. 
of  Leipsic.  Pop.  5580,  employed  in  wooUen  and  cotton 
weaving.    Gelert  was  born  here  in  1715. 

HAIXSPUCH,  hin'spdOK,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle,  and 
37  miles  N.  of  Leitmeritz.     Pop.  2261. 

HAIX'TOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 

HAIX-ZUR-PREIEICH,  hine-tsooR-dri'iK.  or  DREIETCU- 
EXH.4IX,  drIiK'en-hIne\  a  walled  town  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, province  of  Starkenburg,  near  Olleubach;  it  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  author  Ewald.     Pop.  946. 

II  Al  It  UMBO,  a  country  of  India.     See  Caciwr. 

HAI-TAX,  hftin',  an  island  of  the  Strait  of  Formos.a,  in 
the  China  Sea.  lat.  25°  35'  X.,  Ion.  120°  E. 

HAITERBACH.  hi'tei^baK',  a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  circle 
of  Black  Forest,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1933. 

HAITI,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies.    See  Hayti. 

HAJDUCKEN-DISTKICT.    See  Haibi  cken. 

HA  J  All,  a  district  ot  Arabia.     See  Lahsa 

HAJEE-ABBASSEE  or  HADJI-ABBASSI,  hJd'jee-db- 
b^s'see,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Anatolia,  on  the 
Bartan.  (anc.  Parthe'niv^.)  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kastamoonee, 
and  around  which  are  some  remarkalile  caves. 

HAJEE-HAMZAH  or  HAD.TI-HA.MZA,  hdd'jee-hrini'zl  a 
neat  country  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Anatolia,  20 
miles  E.  of  Tosia.  near  which  the  Kizil  Irmak  is  crossed  by 
a  stone  bridge  of  15  arches. 

HAJE1>0GL0(>-BAZARJEEK  or  HADJI-OGLOU  BA- 
Z.iRDJIK,  had'jee-og'loo-b4  zdr-jeek',  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  22  miles  X.  of  A'arna. 

1I.\J1.\BAD.  hi-j3-bdd',  a  small  town  of  Persia,  province 
of  Kerman.  40  miles  W.  of  Gombroon,  near  the  centre  of 
the  Persian  Gulf     Pop.  from  600  to  700. 

IlAJl  ABAD,  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajeaee, 
near  Teheran. 

HAJILAR.  hJ-je-laR/,  HADJTLAR.avillageof  Asia  Minor, 
pashalic  of  Karamania.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Konieh.  Ne.ir  it 
was  the  town  of  Isaura,  founded  in  the  first  century,  and  of 
which  a  massive  wall,  with  lofty  hexagonal  towers,  and  a  fine 
arch  erected  to  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  are  the  chief  remains. 

HAJYGUXGE,  hj^je-glinj',  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  33  miles  W.S.W  of  Dacca,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Ganges. 

809 


HAJ 


HAL 


HA  JYPOOR.    See  Hadjtpoor. 

HAKARY,  HAKKAUI,  Mk-k^'reeN  or  HAKIARIA,  hi- 
keJrct/i,  a  mountain  district  of  Turkish  Koordistan,  of 
vhich  Joolamerk.  about  95  miles  S.  of  Van.  is  tlie  capital. 
Estimated  population  60,000  families,  Nestorian  Christians. 
HAK'KRSAl".  one  of  the  smallest  Hebrides,  Scotland, 
betw>j..n  Barra  and  South  Uist. 

HAKIM-KHAN.  hi^kim-Kdn.written  also  HAKIN-KHAN, 
a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  t35  miles  S.E.  of  See- 
yas.    Pop.  200. 

HAKKARI.    See  HAK.\Rr. 

UAL.  hil.  or  HALLE,  hllleh,  a  town  of  Bel^um,  pro- 
Tince  of  South  Brabant,  on  the  Senne,  Charleroi  Canal,  and 
Mons  Railway,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  6507. 

H.A.LABLI.'  a  village  of  Turkey.    See  Alablee. 

HALAI,  hl-li'.  a  Tillage  of  Abyssina,  state  of  Tigre,  120 
miles  N.  of  .\ntalo.  on  the  route  to  Arlieeko,  and  8625  feet 
above  the  sea.    It  is  a  miserable  place.    Pop.  400. 

HA'LA JI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

HALA  (hini)  MOUNTAINS,  an  extensiveiind  lofty  range, 
Beloochistan.  stretching  N.  to  S.,  and  terminating,  in  the 
latter  direction,  at  Cape  Monze,  in  the  .\rabian  Sea ;  lat.  24° 
48'  N. ;  Ion.  66°  50'  E.  One  ascertained  peak  rises  to  6000  feet. 
Two  main  passes  intersect  this  lofty  range  of  mountains — 
the  Bolan  and  Moola  passes;  each  the  channel  of  a  consi- 
derable torrent,  and  each  affording  a  tedious,  hut  not  very 
difficult  access,  from  the  plains  on  the  E.  to  the  W.  high- 
lands. The  Bolan  Pass  is  about  50  miles  long,  with  an 
ascent  of  5793  feet;  the  Moola  Pass,  100  miles  long;  ascent, 
4600  feet 

HAL.tS,  hOh'ldsli',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  and  75 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Pesth,  on  the  Lake  llalasto.    Pop.  10.330. 

HALAWA'K.\,  a  post-oftice  of  Chambers  co..  Alabama. 

HALAZESTAT.  a  town  of  Austria.    See  IIallstadt. 

HALBAU,  hil'bdw,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
government,  and  45  miles  N.W.  of  Liegnitz,  and  on  the  rail- 
Way  from  Berlin  to  Breslau.     Pop.  959. 

U  ALBERSTADT,  hll'ber-gtatt\  a  town  of  Prussian  S-nxony. 
government,  and  29  miles  S.W.  of  Magdeburg,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  railway.  Pop.  21.674.  It  is  built  in  an 
antique  (lOthic  style,  enclosed  by  walls,  outside  of  which  are 
several  suburbs,  and  has  a  cathedral  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
10  other  Protestant  and  2  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  syna- 
gogue, a  handsome  mansion-house,  formerly  a  royal  palace, 
a  theatre.  cWlege,  diocesan  and  normal  schools,  Gleim's  In- 
stitute, 2  large  public  libraries,  various  private  museun:s 
and  picture  galleries,  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  lea- 
ther, carpets,  linen  fabrics,  gloves,  straw  hats,  starch,  to- 
bacco, soap.  Ac.  with  large  oil  refineries,  many  breweries, 
and  an  active  trade  in  corn  and  wool. 

HAiyBERT.  a  town.ship  in  Martin  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  874. 

HAL'BKKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HALBTIIURN.  halb'tooRn\  a"^ village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Wiesi-lburg.  24  miles  N.E.  of  Oedenburg.     Pop.  1218. 

HAL'COTTSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  New 
York,  about  70  miles  S.W.  of  .\lbany. 

H.\L'CYON,  a  post-office,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

HALCYO.N  D.iLE.  a  post-office  of  Scriven  co..  Georgia. 

HALD.  h^ld,  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  5  miles 
E.S.W.  of  Viliorg.  on  a  small  l.ske  of  .same  name.  It  has  the 
extensive  ruins  of  a  strong  castle,  and  the  remains  of  the  works 
which  King  Walderaar  erected  when  besieging  it  in  1355. 

UAiyOEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HALDENSLEBEN,  (hai'dfns-lA'b^n,)  New,  a  town  of 
Prussian  Saxony,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Ohre. 
Pop.  4700. 

HALDENSLEBEN.  Old.  a  village  of  Germanv.  adjacent  to 
the  former.    Pop.  1749.    It  has  a  beet-root  sugar  manufactory. 

H.XL/DIM  AND.  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  on  Lake 
Erie.    Ai-ea,  459  square  miles.    Pop.  18,788.    Capital,  Cayuga. 

H.\L'DON,  a  vilLige  and  mansion  of  England,  co.  of  De- 
von, parish  of  Kenne.  4i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Exeter. 

HALDUBARY,  hil'doo-baVee.  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Purneah. 

HALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

HALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HALE,  a  parish  of  Englaad.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

HALE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster.  6|  miles 
8.  of  I're.scot.  .John  Middleton,  the  giant,  9  feet  3  inches  in 
height  was  bom  here  in  1578. 

HALE,  a  post  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Hardin  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1133. 

HALE,  a  post-office  of  Shiawa.ssee  co.,  Michigan. 

HALE,  a  post-office  of  Ogle  co..  Illinois. 

HALES.  hAlz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfollt, 

ii .  ,'1;?=  V^i'*""'"?  °^  '•■"gland.  CO.  of  Stafford. 

HALE  S  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Ohio  B 
Portsmouth. 

H.^LE'S  EDDY,  a  post^village  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 
OD  the  Coquago  River,  and  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  172  miles 
from  New  York. 

S'^l'So*,!'?"^'  *  PO"*^ffl<»of  I'ranklin  co.,  Virginia. 
U.  .  e:5,.«.tt'*'LiPT','°"'=*  o'^entress  co.,  Tennessee. 
UALb^DWtN,  MlaV^n,  a  marketrtowa  and  parish  of 


I  River,  near 


England,  co.  of  Worcester,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Birmingham. 
Pop.  of  town.  2412.  It  lies  in  a  l)eautiful  viilley,  has  a  hand- 
some main  street,  a  Norman  church,  with  a  remarkable  el* 
gant  spire,  in  the  cemetery  is  the  tomb  of  the  poet  Sheu- 
Btone;  a  chapel  partly  built  in  the  Saxon  era;  some  remains 
of  a  large  abbey,  founded  in  the  reign  of  John  ;  and  a  gram- 
mar school,  founded  in  1052.  In  the  vitinity  is  the  Lea- 
sowes,  the  paternal  estate  of  the  poet  Shenstone,  who  wan 
born  iiere  in  1714. 

HALE'S  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Andrew  co.,  Mi.ssouri. 

HALESWORTH.  h.ilz'worth,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  the  Blyth,  7  miles  S.  of  Ips- 
wich. Pop.  2625,  chiefly  employed  in  spinning  and  weav- 
ing yam  from  hemp,  which  is  largely  grown  in  the  vicinity. 

H-XLE-WES/TON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

H.iLE'AVOOD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  i 
miles  S.  of  Prescot     Pop.  1100. 

HA'LEYSBURG.  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co.,  TirMnia. 

HALFAY,  HALFAl,  hSXfV,  IlALFAIA,  or  HALFAYEH, 
h3l-fi-eh,  a  town  of  Nubia,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Nile,  15 
miles  N.  of  Khartoom. 

IIALFBREED  CREEK,  of  Lee  CO.,  Iowa,  flows  into  the 
Des  Moines  River.  aViout  7  miles  from  its  mouth 

H.\LFDAY',  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  28  miles 
N.  of  Chicago. 

H.^LF'MOON,  a  post-town  of  Saratoga  co..  New  Y"ork,  on 
the  Hudson  River,  12  miles  N.  of  Alljany.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Champlain  Canal,  and  by  the  Rensselaer  and  Sani- 
toga  Railroad,  and  contains  the  village  of  Mecuaxiosville, 
which  see.     Pop.  3130. 

H.\LF.MOON,  a  post-township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
18  miles  S.W.  of  Bellefonte.     Pop.  703. 

HALF  MOON  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the MalavArcIjipelago. 
Lat  9°  N.,  Ion.  115°  W  E. 

HALF  MOON  KEYS,  some  reefs  and  islands  immediately 
E.  of  Portland  Point,  tne  S.  extremity  of  Jamaica. 

H.\LF-.M01v/T0N.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Diunfries. 

HAL'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.ef  Warwick. 

H.\LFW.\Y,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri. 

HALFWAY  HOUSE,  a  post-oflice  of  York  co..  Virginia. 

HALFWAY  HOUSB,  a  post-office  of  Jay  co.,  Georgia. 

HALFWAY^  PR.\Ii\IE.  a  post-office  of  ."iionroe  co..  Iowa. 

HALFWEG,  hilpwj<j,  a  small  village  and  station  on  the 
railway  between  Amsterdam  and  Haailem. 

HALGAN.     See  Onea  Halcax. 

HALIBUT  (hOlVbQt)  or  SANNAGH  (sSn-nan'  or  sJn-nagO 
ISL.\ND,  in  the  North  Pacific.  ne;ir  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
the  Peninsula  of  Aliaska.  L.nt  54°  27' N.,  Ion.  162^50' W.  It 
is  23  or  24  miles  in  circuit,  low  and  Kirren.  Named  hj'  Cap- 
tain Cook,  from  the  number  of  halibut  found  in  the  vicinity. 

HALICZ.  hd'litch,  or  GALITCH.  ga/iitch,  a  town  of  Aus- 
trian Galicia,  on  the  Dniester,  63  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lemberg. 
Pop.  1830. 

H.\LIF.\X,  hal'f-fex,  a  parliamentary  borough,  large 
manufacturing  town,  and  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork, 
West  Riding,  on  the  navigable  Calder.  and  on  the  Manches- 
ter and  Leeds  Railway,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  of 
parliamentary  borough,  in  1861,  37.015.  It  is  picturesquely 
situated  on  a  declivity,  surrounded  by  lofty  heights,  and 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  ancient  streets,  is  mo.slly  built 
of  stone,  well  paved,  and  lighted.  Chief  buildings,  the 
Piece-hall,  a  vast  and  handsome  stone-built  quadraiigle, 
contnining  315  rooms  or  warehouses,  in  which  the  manu- 
facturers keep  their  cloths  f  .r  sale:  and  the  Parish  Church, 
a  fine  structure  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  to  which  about 
18  other  churches  -and  chapels,  scattered  throughout  the 
parish,  are  sulx)rdiiiate.  Here  are  also  numerous  Dissen- 
ters' meeting-houses  and  schools,  several  of  which,  in  the 
rural  parts  if  the  parish,  are  well  endowed;  a  blue-coat  hos- 
pital, founded  in  1642:  &  handsome  modern  infirmary;  a 
jail  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Leeds,  as  lord  of  the  manor;  a 
theatre,  assembly-rooms,  public  baths,  library,  literary  socie- 
ty's hall,  with  library  and  museum,  mechanics'  institute, 
and  several  banks.  The  woollen  manufacture  was  intro- 
duced here  early  in  the  fifteenth  century,  the  abundance  ol 
water-power  being  probably  the  great  attraction.  Since  the 
use  of  steam,  these  manufactures  have  immensely  increased, 
coal  also  being  plentiful  in  the  parish,  and  the  river  Calder 
forming  a  means  of  communication  with  Hull  on  the  one 
side  and  Liverpool  on  the  other.  The  principal  stiples  are 
shalloons,  camlets,  figured  vestings,  moreens*,  bomliazines, 
crapes,  russets,  serges,  baizes,  coatings,  bi-oad  and  narrow 
cloths,  kerseys,  cottons,  and  silks.  Jk)st  of  the  goods  are 
sold  in  an  unfinished  state.  Halifax  comprises  19  town- 
ships, and  is  governed  by  the  county  magistrates,  who  hold 
petty  sessions  weekly.  It  sent  two  members  to  the  House 
of  Commons  during  the  Commonwealth,  which  privilege 
was  restored  by  the  Reform  Act.  The  manor  was  remark- 
able in  the  Middle  .4ges  for  its  strict  laws  against  thieves, 
and  for  its  exercising  the  power  of  jurisdiction  in  capital 
cases  so  late  as  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Out- 
side of  the  town,  on  the  W..  is  Gibbet  Hill,  where  those  con 
victed  of  theft  to  the  amount  if  V.iiil.  were  executed  by  a 
machine,  which  was  the  prototype  of  the  French  guillotine. 
Archbishop  Tillotsou  was  born  iu  this  parish,  a.  d.  163") 


HAL 


HAL 


IFALIFAX.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  border- 
ing on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  900  square  miles.  The 
Staunton  or  IJoanoke  I!iver  forms  its  entire  boundary  on 
the  X.  and  E.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Dan  I{iver.  and  also 
drained,  by  tlie  Banister  and  Ilycootee  Itivers.  The  soil  is 
good.  Halifax  is  among  the  most  populous  and  wealthy 
counties  of  the  state.  By  the  census  of  1.S50,  it  produced 
6,485. '7  OJ  pounds  of  tobacco  and  .365.182  bushels  of  oats,  each 
beins;  more  thai)  was  raised  in  any  other  county  in  Vir- 
ginia; the  quantity  of  the  former  wag  not  exceeded  by  any 
county  in  the  Union,  excepting  Prince  George  of  Maryland. 
A  rich  mine  of  plumbago  has  recently  been  discovered.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Rail- 
roail.  Organized  in  1752.  Capital,  Banister.  Pop.  26,520, 
of  whom  11,623  were  free,  and  14.897  slaves. 

H.4.LIFA.X,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina. Area,  estimated  at  680  square  miles.  The  Roanoke 
River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  N.E.,  and  Fishing 
Creek  tiows  along  the  S.W.  border.  The  AVeldon  and  Wil- 
mington Railroad  pas.ses  through  the  county.  Granite  un- 
derlies a  portion  of  the  soil.  Formed  in  1758.  and  named 
in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Halifax,  then  first  Lord  of  the  Board 
of  trade.  Capital,  Halifax.  Pop.  19,442,  of  whom  9093  were 
free,  and  10,349  slaves. 

HALIFAX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  120  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  1126. 

HALIFAX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  I 'ly mouth  co., 
Massachusetts,  30  miles  S.S.E  of  Boston.     Pop.  760. 

HALIFAX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dauphin  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Susquehanna  River,  18 
miles  N.  of  Harrisburg.  The  village  contains  (1860)  473  in- 
habitiints.    Pop.  of  townsliip,  1880. 

HALIFAX,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Halifax  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina, is  baautifuUy  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Roanoke  River,  7  miles  below  the  Falls,  and  on  the  rail- 
road between  AVeldon  and  Wilmington,  87  miles  N.E.  of 
Raleigh.  It  has  considerable  trade,  for  which  the  river  af- 
fords facilities.  Steamboats  ascend  to  this  town,  and  a  ca- 
nal has  been  cut  around  the  F'alls.  by  which  boats  can 
asceiid  more  than  100  miles  farther.  Halifax  has  the  honor 
of  being  the  birthplace  of  the  constitution  of  North  Caro- 
lina. It  contains  several  churches,  and  1  or  2  newspaper 
offices. 

1I.\LTF.\X,  an  extensive  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  drained  by  the  Shubenacadie, 
Musquodolx)it.  and  other  rivers,  and  over  its  surface  are 
scattered  several  considerable  lakes.  The  indentations  of 
its  coast  furnish  as  many  as  6  or  7  harbors  capable  of  re- 
ceiving ships  of  the  line,  besides  numerous  others  visited 
by  merch.int  vessels:  its  shores  are  thickly  studded  with 
islands.  A  belt  of  high,  broken  land,  varying  from  20  to  60 
miles  in  breadth,  borders  on  the  Atlantic  throuu'hout  the 
entire  extent  of  the  county,  beyond  this  the  surface  is  mo- 
derately level.  Ores  of  lead  are  found  near  the  Shuben.i- 
cadie  liiver.  Slate  aI.)ounds  in  the  vicinity  of  Halifax.  The 
chief  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  directed  to  commerce, 
ship-building,  and  the  fisheries.  Halifax  is  the  most  popu- 
lous county  in  Nova  Scotia.  Capital,  Ilaliiax.  Pop.  in 
1851,  .39,112. 

HALIFAX,  a  city  and  seaport,  capital  of  the  colony  of 
Nova  Scotia,  on  the  S.  coast  of  that  peninsula,  nearly  equi- 
distant from  its  N.K.  and  S.W.  extremities,  in  lat.  (Dock- 
yard tablet)  44°  39'  42"  N.,  Ion.  63°  35'  30"  W.  It  is  situ- 
at^id  on  a  declivity  on  the  W.  side  of  a  deep  inlet  of  the  sea, 
called  Halifax  Harbor,  and,  including  its  suburbs,  is  2J 
miles  long,  and  nearly  1  mile  wide.  The  streets  are  spa- 
cious, and  cross  each  other  at  right  angles.  Many  of  the 
houses  are  of  wood,  plastered  and  stuccoed,  but  many.  also, 
are  handsomely  built  of  stone.  There  are  3  or  4  Episcopal 
churches,  a  large  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  and  places  of 
worship  for  various  bodies  of  Dissenters.  The  other  public 
edifices  are  substantial  structures,  the  principal  of  which  is 
Province  Building,  coutjuning  the  chief  government  offices, 
the  public  library,  &c. ;  it  is  built  of  freeetone.  and  is  a  re- 
marl<ably  fine  edifice.  The  others  are  Dalhousie  College,  a 
military  hospital,  work-house,  prison,  exchange,  assembly- 
rooms,  theatre,  and  several  public  scho<il8.  The  dock-yard, 
covering  14  acres,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  British  colonies. 
The  harbor  of  Halifax  is  one  of  the  I)est  in  the  world.  It 
extends  15  miles  inland  from  the  Atlantic,  and  is  rarely  ob- 
structed with  ii».  In  front  of  the  town,  where  ships  usu- 
ally anchor,  it  is  1  mile  broad  ;  farther  up,  the  inlet  expands 
into  a  wide  basin,  called  Bedford  Basin,  comprising  an  area 
of  10  square  miles,  and  capable  of  accommodating  the  whole 
British  navy.  Along  the  water's  edge,  in  front  of  the  town, 
Rie  numerous  wharves,  close  to  which  ships  can  I'd  for  the 
discharge  of  their  cargoes,  and  above  these  are  the  ware- 
houses. On  Sanibro  Island,  at  the  S.W.  side  of  tbo  entrance 
to  the  harbor,  is  a  light,  elevated  132  feet  alKive  the  sea.  and 
farther  up.  Sherbrook  Tower,  on  Manger's  Beach,  exhibits  a 
light  58  feet  above  the  le'-'il  of  the  sea.  Halifax  is  the  prin- 
cipal naval  station  tor  tne  North  American  colonies,  and  is 
defended  by  strong  forts  and  batteries.  It  has  extensive 
steam  communicjition  ^ith  various  parts  of  North  America 
and  the  West  Indie j;  and,  as  the  port  at  which  the  Cunard 


mail-steamers  touch  on  their  voyages  to  and  f.-om  Europe., 
and  as  the  terminus  of  the  great  railway  in  pro^'ess  'rom 
Quebec  to  the  Atlantic,  it  bids  fair  soon  to  become  a  place  of 
great  commercial  importance.  The  work  on  the  Ilalilas 
portion  of  the  road  was  commenced  on  the  8th  of  June,  1854, 
and  a  section  of  25  miles  to  form  a  common  trunk  lor  the 
lines  running  to  Amherst,  Wind.sor,  and  Picton,  is  under 
contract  to  be  opened  in  1855.  Halifax  has  telegraphic  com- 
munication with  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States 
and  the  British  Provinces,  excepting  Newfoundland,  to 
which  wires  areaijout  to  be  extended  from  I'rince  Edward's 
Island,  this  last  having  been  connected  with  the  continental 
line  in  November,  1852,  by  means  of  a  submarine  cable,  ex- 
tending from  Cape  Travers  to  Cape  Tormentina,  a  distance 
of  9  miles.  The  commerce  of  Halifax  in  1850  is  exhibited  in 
the  following  table:— 


Countries. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

$1,675,150 
44,785 
935.200 

48.275 

1,109.000 

267,990 

$72.7SO 
790,150 
124.7S0 
18,»45 
4K9,000 
187,960 

British  Colonles-.-J  British  America 

(  Other  Colonies 

Total 

84,080,400 

$1,663,615 

The  total  value  of  exports  in  1852-3,  amounted  to  $2.84fi,917. 
In  1851,  the  value  of  foreign  ijuports  amounted  to  $4,295,400. 
The  number  of  foreign  arrivals  in  1850  was  1081  sailing  ves- 
.sels,  (tons,  111,204.)  and  113  steamers,  (tons,  t;5,400;)  and 
the  clearances  for  foreign  ports,  952  sailing  vessels,  (tons, 
84.218.)  and  110  steamers,  (tons,  76.861.)  The  total  number 
of  foreign  arrivals  for  1861  was  llt)4  ve.ssels,  witli  an  aggre- 
gate burden  of  176,802  tons.  Among  the  exports  of  1851 
were  included — dried  fish,  191,802  quintals;  mackerel.  96.650 
barrels;  herrings,  43.559  barrels;  alewives,  4227  barrels; 
salmon,  340  tierces  and  6412  barrels;  preserved  fish,  238 
boxes;  smoked  herrings,  3234  boxes:  pickled  cod.  78  bar- 
rels; and  oil,  3493  casks  and  36,028  gallons.  The  following 
is  the  value  of  a  few  of  the  leading  imports  from  the  United 
States  in  18.50,  viz.:  wheat  flour.  $224,050;  wheat.  $23,935; 
rye  flour,  $77,440;  corn  meal.  S03.6li0 ;  corn.  $21,406;  beef 
and  pork,  S;?6,170;  bread  and  biscuit,  $25,505;  tobacco, 
$76,785;  cotton  manufacture.s,  $54,630;  cordage,  $17,085; 
and  hardware,  $30,420.  There  are  owned  here  alwut  100 
larire  square-rigged  ves.sels,  as  many  schooners,  and  a  host  of 
small  craft.  There  are  some  manufactures  of  snuff,  leather, 
paper,  and  soap ;  also  breweries,  distilleries.  Pop.  in  1844, 
22.000;  in  1840,  23,500;  and  in  18,52,  26,000. 

HALIF.A.X,  a  post-oftlce  of  Panola  co..  Mississippi. 

H.\LIFAX,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Tennessee. 

H.\LIF.\X,  a  post-villase  in  Wilson  co..  Tennessee. 

HALIFAX  B.\Y,  of  North-eiist  Australia,  in  lat.  19°  S., 
Ion.  147°  K.,  is  between  Rockingham  and  Cleveland  Bays, 
45  miles  in  width,  and  contains  I'alm  Islands. 

HALIFAX  COURT-HOUSE,  Virginia.    See  Banister. 

H.\iyKIN.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

HAl/KIRK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness. 

H.\LL,  hdll,  a  town  Germany,  in  WUrtemberg,  on  the 
the  Kocher,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.,  including 
suburbs,  6489.  It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city,  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  has  7  churches,  a  fine  town-liall,  a 
richly-endowed  college,  a  mint,  hospital,  two  public  libra- 
ries, and.  next  to  Ulm,  the  greatest  number  of  sugar  refi- 
neries in  the  kingdom.  It  has  also  some  soap  and  other 
factories,  and  a  large  trade  in  oxen.  hogs,  and  salt  from  the 
neighboring  springs,  which  yield  90,000  hundreds-weight  of 
salt  annually.  On  an  adjacent  liill  is  the  old  castle  of  Cone- 
burg,  now  used  as  an  invalid  hospital. 

H.\LL,  NiEDER,  nee'der  hSll,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  WUr- 
temberg, W.of  Ingelfingen.  on  the  Kocher,  with  salt  .springs. 

HALL,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Inn,  6 
miles  E.  of  Innspruck.  Pop.  4969,  chiefly  employed  in  salt- 
mines, whence  280,000  hundred.s-weight  of  salt  are  annually 
produced.  It  has  a  mint,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  ladies  semi- 
nary, with  cotton  and  linen  factories. 

H.\LL.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Austria,  19 
miles  S.  of  Lintz.  with  a  castle.    Pop.  849. 

H.\LL,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  540  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Chattahoochee 
River,  partly  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Chestatee  River, 
and  drained  by  the  head  .stre.ams  of  the  Oconee  River.  The 
county  is  remarkably  rich  in  minerals.  More  than  a  mil- 
lion dollars'  worth  of  gold  has  been  obtained  from  the 
mines  of  tliis  county.  Several  diamonds  have  been  found 
here,  one  of  which  was  sold  for  $200.  (White's  SfAttUtics.) 
Silver,  lead,  rubies,  emeralds,  and  amethysts  are  also 
found.  Organized  in  1818.  Capital,  Gainesville.  Pop 
9366,  of  whom  8105  were  free,  and  1261  slaves. 

HALL,  a  Dost-offlce  of  York  co.,  Penn.aylvania. 

H.ALL,  a  post-office  of  Appling  co.,  Georgia. 

H.4LL,  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co..  Kentucky. 

HALL,  a  township  in  Dubois  oe ,  Indiana.    Pop.  1703. 

UALL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Illinois. 

811 


J 


HAL 

RAUj,  a  post-offlce  of  Lawrence  eo.,  Missouri. 

HAL  LA.  hdl'll.  a  cousideiaWe  town  of  Sinde,  in  Hindos- 
hin,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Hyderabad,  with  extensive  manufac- 
tures of  caps  and  superior  earthenwares,  and  a  Mohamme-' 
dan  shrine,  greatly  frequented.  Pop.  variously  estimated 
from  2000  to  10.000. 

H.iL'L.ID.ALLK,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland, 
after  a  rapid  N.  course  of  about  20  miles,  falls  into  the  North 
Sea  at  the  Bay  of  the  Tor  of  Bii;house. 

II.\iyLAM.  KIKK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HALLA.M,  NKTH'I'Mt,  a  to wnship  of  England,  co.of  York, 
West  Kiding.    Pop.  7275. 

HAL'LA.MSIIIKE,  a  district  of  England,  co.of  York,  West 
Biding,  composed  of  the  two  extensive  parishes  of  Sheifield 
ajid  Ecclesfield.  Though  Sheffield  and  its  vicinity  are 
den.sely  populated,  much  of  this  district  preserves  its  an- 
cient forest  and  moorland  character,  and  affords  good 
grouse-shootins. 

HALLAM,  UP'PER.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding.     Pop.  1401. 

n.\LL.\M,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

IIALLAXDS-WAEDEKO,  hai'Idnds-ft-Vdeh-roo,  a  small 
island  of  Sweden,  iu  the  Cattegat,  opposite  the  town  of  To- 
reko.    Lat.  60°  W  X.,  Ion.  12°  30'  E. 

II.\L'LATON',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester.  7  miles  X.N.E.of  Market-IIarborough.  Pop.  700. 

IIALLAU.  hdl'Ww.  (Oder,  onyer,  and  Onter,  CCn'ter.)  two 
nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  8 
miles  W.  of  Schaffhausen.  Pop.  Ober-IIallau,  762 ;  Unter- 
Hallau.  2itil. 

nALLAW.A.KA,  Alabama.    See  Halawaka. 

II.4LLE,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Hal. 

HALLE,  hil'leh.  a  city  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Saale, 
and  at  the  junction  of  railways  to  Magdeburg,  Leipsic,  and 
Weimar,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Leipsic.  Pop.  41,607.  Mean  tem- 
perature of  year,  47°.7 ;  winter,  31°.o ;  summer,  63°.5  Fah- 
renheit. It  is  old,  ill  built,  enclosed  by  walls,  and  divided 
into  several  quarters,  each  with  its  own  magistracy.  The 
principal  buildings  are  the  Gothic  Church  of  St.  Mary;  the 
Church  of  Maurice,  an  edifice  of  the  twelfth  century ;  the  •'  Red 
Tower"  in  the  market'P'ace,  2.50  feet  in  height;  the  Univei^ 
sity  buildings;  and  outside  of  the  walls,  eastward,  a  monu- 
ment to  the  Germans  who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Leipsic.  Its 
University,  founded  in  lfi94,  and  long  famous  for  theology, 
had  united  to  it,  in  1815,  that  of  Wittenberg,  and  possesses 
a  library  of  64,000  volumes,  various  museums,  an  anatomi- 
cal theatre,  chemical  laboratory,  botanic  garden,  and  obser- 
vatory ;  it  had,  in  1844.  721  students.  Franke's  Institute, 
in  the  suburb  of  Glaucha,  is  another  educational  establish- 
ment of  repute:  and  here  are  many  private  schools,  three 
hospitals,  &c.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  castle  of  Mo- 
ritzburg  now  serves  for  a  Calvinistic  church.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  of  hardwares  and  starch,  but  woollen 
febrics,  gloves.  &c.  are  also  made  here;  and  near  the  city 
are  salt  springs,  yielding  from  225,000  to  800,000  hundreds- 
weight  of  salt  annually,  Halle  is  the  seat  of  the  mining 
board  for  the  provinces  between  the  Elbe  and  M'eser,  The 
workmen  eng.iged  in  the  salt-works  are  called  Hal-lS'rgn, 
(sing,  Hallor,)  and  are  a  peculiar  race,  distinguished  by 
their  physiognomy,  costume,  and  customs,  supposed  to  lie 
descended  from  the  alwriginal  inhabitants.  They  enjoy 
many  privileges  and  immunities.  Hoffmann.  Michaelis, 
and  Handel  were  born  here.  On  the  18th  of  October,  1806. 
the  French  gained  signal  advantages  here  over  the 
Prussians. 

HALLE,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  29  miles  S.W.  of 
Minden.    Pop.  1460. 

HALLEIN,  h2l'llne,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria.  9  miles 
S.S.K.  of  Salzburg,  on  the  Salza.  Pop.  in  1845,  5600,  chiefly 
employed  in  mines,  yielding  300,000  hundreds-weight  of  salt 
annually;  also  in  pin  making. 

H.ilJ>;M?ERO.  hdl1fn-bjR0\  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia. 32  miles  S.E.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  frontier  of  Ilesse- 
Cassel.    Pop.  15tiO. 

HALLENCOURT.  hSriSNo'kooR/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Somme,  9  miles  S.S,E.  of  Abbeville.    I»op.l739. 

HAL'LETT'S  COVE,  or  ASTO'RIA,  a  village  of  Queen's 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  East  River,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  New 
York.     It  has  several  churches. 

HArVLETTSVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  La  Vacca  co,. 
Texas,  on  the  left  hank  of  La  Vacca  River,  95  miles  S,E,  of 
Austin  City.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile,  cotton-planting  dis- 
trict. whi?h  is  well  supplied  with  water.  In  1862,  the  seat 
of  justi-e  was  removed  by  popular  vote  from  Petersburg  to 
this  town, 

H.\M,'OARTII,  atownship  of  England,  co,  of  Durham. 

HALLIO  EN.  hdlle-ghen.  The,  an  island  group  of  Den- 
mark, off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Sleswick,  The  chief  islands  are 
the  Hooge,  al)Out  3  miles  long,  and  2  miles  broad;  Umgenes 
fi'ad  Nordmarsch,  f  )rming  one  island  about  6  miles  long,  by 
1  mile  broad:  Griide,  about  2  miles  long,  but  very  narrow; 
and  Oland  or  (Eland,     Pop.  6.50. 

H.^ryLINO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

lIAyLLNODUKY,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 

KSMX. 

812 


UAL 

IIALLINGBURY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  oi 
Essex, 

HALLINGDAL.  hll'ling-dSr,  a  valley  of  Norway,  about 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Christiania.  In  its  upper  parts  it  is  formed, 
on  one  side,  by  the  Ilalling-skarven  and  Halling-jokalen 
Hills,  respectively  5900  feet  and  6017  feet  high. 

HAL'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo,  of  Lincoln. 

HAiyLlWELL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bolton.  In  the  vicinity  is  the  nncient 
mansion  of  Smithells. 

HAL'LOCA,  a  district  and  post-office  in  Muscogee  co^ 
Georgia. 

HAL'LOUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Notts, 

HAl/LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester, 

H.'VL'LOWELL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kennebec 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec  River,  and  on  the  Kennebec 
and  Portland  Railroad,  58  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Portland,  and  2 
miles  S.  of  Augusta.  The  village  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river,  on  an  acclivity,  commanding  a 
fine  prospect,  and  hsis  several  liandsome  streets.  It  contains 
a  city  hall,  7  churches,  3  banks,  1  newspaper  otlice,  about 
50  stores,  a  large  cotton  factory  propelled  by  steam,  and 
2  factories  for  making  oil-cloth  carpets,  besides  many  other 
estjiblishments.  Vessels  drawing  9  feet  of  water  come  to  its 
wharves.  It  has  considerable  shipping,  chiefly  engaged  in 
the  coast  trade,  and  shipbuilding  is  cari'ied  on  here.  A  fine 
quality  of  granite,  obtained  iu  the  vicinity,  is  exported  in 
large  (jnantities.     I'op.  of  the  village,  2435. 

HALLOWELL  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec 
CO..  Maine. 

H.'V.LL'SA'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Nodaway  co.,  Missouri. 

H.\LL'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Housttm  co.,  Texas. 

IIALLS'BOROUGH,  a  village  of  Chesterfield  co,,  Virginia, 
17  miles  S.W,  of  Richmond. 

IIALLS'BOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Powhattan  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

HALL'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Ontario 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Elniira  Railroad, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Canandaigua,  and  about  ISO  miles  W.  of 
Albany. 

HALL'S  CORNERS,  a  post-offlce  of  Allen  co,,  Indiana, 

HALL'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Harford  to..  Mar 
ryland. 

H  A  LL'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-offlce  of  Franklin  co,.  North 
Carolina. 

H.\LL'S  HILL,  a  po.st'Offlce  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee. 

HALL'S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Gilbert  group,  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  iu  lat.  0°  63'  N.,  Ion.  173°  E,,  about  9  miles 
long  from  N.E.  to  S,W,.  and  6  miles  broad. 

HALL'S  ISLANDS.  British  North  America,  are  at  the  W. 
entrance  of  Frobisher  Strait,  in  lat.  63°  N,,  Ion,  t;5  W. 

HALL'S  LAN'DING.  a  .small  village  of  Putnam  co,.  Hli- 
noi,s,  on  the  Illinois  River,  below  llennepin.  Grain  and 
other  articles  are  shipped  at  this  place,  to  the  amount  of 
about  $150,000  a  year. 

HALL'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Albany  co.,  New  York,  31 
miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

H.^LL'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Illinois. 

HALL'S  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co..  New  York. 

HALL'S  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Sussex  co..  Delaware. 

HALL'S  STREAM  forms  a  part  of  the  Imundary  between 
New  Hampshire  and  Canada,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut 
River. 

HALLSTADT.  HALLSTATT,  hill'stitt,  orllALAZESTAT, 
hd'lit-s.i-stdtt\  a  market-town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  W. 
shore  of  the  Lake  of  Hallstadt,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Radstadt 
Pop.  1030, 

HALLSTADT,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Main,  3  miles 
N.\V,of  Bainl>erg.     Pop.  1627. 

HALLSTADT  or  HALLSTATT.  hdll'stltt.  a  lake  of  Upper 
Austria,  is  about  6  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
less  than  2  miles,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  wild  and  gloomy 
character  of  its  scenery. 

HALL'S  VALLEY,  a  post-offlce  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

II.\LLS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  eo.,  New 
York,  about  CO  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

HALLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Duplin  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, on  Go.shen  Creek,  97  miles  S,E,  of  Raleigh. 

HALLSVILLE,  a  post-village  iu  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina. 

HALLSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  I'ike  co.,  Alabama. 

HALFiSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  12  nillefl 
N.E.  of  Chillicothe. 

HALLSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri. 

HALL'TOWN.  a  post-village  of  .Tefferson  co.,  VirgirJa. 

II.\IjIjUIN,  hiriU'^N'',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Noi-d,  on  the  risrht  bank  of  the  Lys,  10  miles  N,N,E,  of  Lilla 
Pop,  in  18.V2,  6408, 

HALLUM,  hdl'iam,  or  IIALLUN,  hdiniin,  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Frieslaud,  7  miles  N.  of  Leeuwap- 
den.     Pop,  2:!00. 

HALLWYL.  h.ill'«il,  or  HALLWEIL,  hail'*Ile,  LAKK 
OF,  in  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau.is  an  expansion  of  the 
river  Aa,  5  miles,  in  length,  by  1  mile  in  breadth.  The 
castle  and  village  of  Ilallwyl  are  near  its  N.  extremity 


HAL 


HAM 


HA1,.'LTST0NE,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Northumber- 
land. 6  miluR  W.N.W.  of  Kothbury.  According  to  Bede,  3000 
persons  were-  baptised  here  on  the  introduction  of  Chiis- 
tianity  iiitc  Northumberland. 

HALMAIIKKA,  an  island.     See  Gilolo. 

IIALMI.  hdl'uiee,  a  market-town  of  Kast  Hungary,  co.  of 
Ugocs,  lit  miles  S.  of  Nagy-Sz811os.     l>np.  11(50. 

IIALMST.\D,  hdlm'stdd:  a  maritime  Isen  of  Sweden,  having 
W.  the  Catte.;;at.     Area.  1900  square  miles.     Pop.  105,726. 

II.\LMST.\D,  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  laen, 
on  Laholm  Hay,  an  arm  of  C'attegat,  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Go- 
thenliurg.     Pop.  1S53. 

HALS,  hdls,  a  market-town  of  Denmark,  province  of 
Jutland,  15  miles  E.  of  Aalborg,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Lym- 
fiord.     Pop.  000,  mostly  fishers. 

IIAL'SALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

IIALSliHUCKE,  (Hal.sbrucke,)  haisOyriik.  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, in  Saxony,  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  1264. 

II.KL.SDOHF,  h3ls/doF.f,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Ilesse- 
Ca.ssel,  37  miles  S.VV.  of  Cassel.    Pop.  724. 

HALSK,  halts,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

IIAL'SELLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina. 

HAL'S EY,  a  district  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia.    Pop.  588. 

xIALSlOY  VAL'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York. 

lL\LSfIAM,  hilPsham,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  lli'ling. 

n.\L'STK.\D.  a  markeWown  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Esse.x.  on  the  Colne,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chelmsford.  It  has 
a  church,  containing  several  ancient  monuments;  a  hand- 
some grammiu-  scliool.  founded  by  Lady  Kamsay  in  1594; 
other  charities,  a  house  of  correction,  union  work-house, 
and  some  manufactures  of  silks,  velvets,  satins,  and  straw 
plait.     Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  5058. 

H.iLSTKAU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IIALSTKAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

IIALSTKKKN,  hils'tA-ren,  a  village  of  Holland.  North 
Brabant,  about  2  miles  N.  of  Bergen-op-Zoom.    Pop.  538. 

ir.\L'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

IIAL'.STOW,  a  parish  of  Englapd,  co.  of  Kent. 

KALSTdW.  LOW,  a  parish  of  l';ngland,  co.  of  Kent. 

IIALT'CIjIKFE,  a  township  of  England,  eo.  of  Cumberland, 
9J  miles  X.N'.K.  of  Keswick.     Pop.  507. 

H.\LTK.  hdl'teh,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ems,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leer,  with  a  cus- 
tom-house for  the  circle  of  Leer. 

IIALTKKN,  hJl'tgrn,  a  town  of  Prussia, Westphalia,  25 
miles  S.W.  of  MUnster,  on  the  Lippe.     I'op.  1940. 

H  ALT'HA.M-ON-BAIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HALTI.NGK.V,  hdPting-en,  a  village  of  Jiaden,  on  t.be 
confines  of  Switzerland,  important  as  the  S.  terminus  of  the 
Duke  of  liadeu's  Hallway;  distant  from  Baden,  96  miles. 

H.\LTON,  a  chapelry  and  small  market-town  of  England. 
co.ofChester.3  miles  N.N.E.ofFrodsham.  Pop.  1397.  It  has 
a  court-house,  and  ruins  of  a  castle,  erected  at  the  Conquest. 

HAirrON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

IIAL'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  en.  of  Uiiicaster. 

IIAL'TON,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Area.  302 .«<)uare  miles.  P.  18.322.  Capital,  Well^Bgton  Square. 

H.-VLTOX,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  liincoln. 

IIAl/l'ON'.  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HA  1/IOX  noLE'GATE.  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ivincoln. 

HALT'WIIISTLE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  .Northumberland,  with  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and 
Carlisle  Uailway,  34  miles  AV.  of  Newcastle.  In  the  vicinity 
i8  Feathersoneliaugh  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Wallace  family. 

HAiyVEUGATE,  a  pari.sh  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IIAL'WELL.  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HALYS.    Soe  KiziL-mMAK. 

HAM.  h^N",  (anc.  Hamumf)  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  in  a  marshy  plain,  near  the  left  bank  of 
the  Somme,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  P6ronne.  Its  old  fijrtress 
is  used  as  a  state  prison.  In  1830.  the  ministers  of  Charles 
X..  and  afterwards  Prince  Louis  Bonaparte,  were  confined  in 
its  citadel.     Pop.  in  1852.  2375. 

HAM.  hiim,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  7 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Charieroi.     Pop.  1883. 

HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HAM,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HAM,  Wkst,  a  parish  of  England,  on  the  Lea,  4j  mjles 
E.N.E.  of  London.  It  has  ruins  of  an  abbey,  founded 
In  1135. 

HAM.  High,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HAM  AD  AN,  hS-md-din',  {i\x\c.Ei:lxitlana.)a.  city  of  Persia, 
province  of  Irik-Ajemee,  capital  of  a  district,  165  miles  S.W. 
Teheran.  Lat.  34°  50'  N.,  Ion.  48°  32'  E.  Pop.  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  25,000  to  40.000.  It  occupies  a  large  surface 
on  sloping  ground,  and  is  interspersed  with  gardens,  but  is 
meanly  built,  and  partly  in  ruins.  Near  the  great  mosque 
is  an  edifice  containing  the  tomb  of  Avicenna,  resorted  to 
by  numerous  pilgrims,  besides  several  other  mosques,  ba- 
raars,  baths,  ciiravanserals,  an  Armenian  church,  and  a 
synagogue.  Some  carpet  and  silk  weaving  and  tanning  are 
liere  carried  On,  and  the  city  has  a  large  trade  in  leather, 


and  is  an  entrepot  for  the  commerce  between  Bagdad  and 
the  modern  capitals  of  I'ersia. 

HAM  All.  hii/md.  or  IIAMM  All,  hjm'mi(anc.  Kpiphani>a,_ 
and  the  llamatli  of  Scripture,  a  city  of  Syria,  pashilic  antj 
110  miles  N.E.  of  Damascus,  on  the  Orontos,  here  cnssed  by 
4  bridges.  Pop.  44,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  pretty  well 
built,  and  defended.  The  principal  structures  are  the  gover- 
nor's palace,  mosques,  baths,  liazaars,  and  some  curioua 
hydraulic  works.  It  has  manufactures  of  .silk,  cotton,  and 
woollen  fabrics,  gold  and  silver  thread,  in  which  it  has  an 
active  trade  with  Aleppo,  and  other  towns  on  the  great 
route  between  Asia  and  Africa. 

IIAM.\NLU,  hd-mjn-loo',  a  village  of  Asia  Jlinor,  Anato 
lia,  near  the  S.  shore  of  the  Lake  Aboolonia.  25  miles  W.S.W 
Muhalitch.  and  having  the  remains  of  an  unascertained  city 
of  antiquity. 

HA.MBACH.  hJm'bJK,  a  village  of  Khenish  Bavaria,  3 
miles  S.W.  of  Neustadt.  Pop.  20tj5.  Here  was  the  castle  ot 
Kastanienburg,  built  by  the  Emperor  Henry  II.,  but  de- 
stroyed in  the  •■  peasant's  war;"  on  its  .site  a  fruitless  revo- 
lutionary movement  was  made.  May  27,  1S3"2. 

HAMBACH,  a  village  of  Khenish  Bavaria,  circle  of  Uppei 
Palatinate,  on  the  Vils,  7  miles  N.  of  Amberg. 

n.4.MH.\CH.  a  village  of  Khenish  Bavaria.  Oldenburg,  dis- 
trict of  Birkenfeld,  with  some  mineral  springs. 

HAMBANTOTTE,  hdm-bdn-toftA,  a  \K\y  and  small  seaport 
town  on  the  S.  coast  of  Ceylon,  in  lat.  6°  8'  N.,  Ion.  Sl°  lo'  E. 
It  has  some  trade  in  bay  salt. 

IIAM15AT0.  AsiENTO  d'.    See  Ambato. 

HAMBAUGH'S.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Virginia. 

H.\MBERS,  hSM'baiR/,  a  village  of  France,  department, 
and  9  miles  S.  of  Mayenne.     Poj).  1837. 

HAMBIE  or  HA.MBYE.  hdii^bee',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Manehe,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Coutances.  Pop.  in 
1852.  3362. 

n.\M'BLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HAMBLEDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HAMBLKD'DN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants.  . 

H.\MBLEDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

HAM'BLETON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hutland. 

HA.MBLETON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  4J  miles  W.S.W.  of  Selby.    Pop.  607. 

I1.\M'BLIN'.  a  township  in  Brown  CO.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1627. 

HAMB0UR6.    See  Hamduro. 

HAM'BItOOK,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  9 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Bristol.    Pop.  607. 

HAMBURG,  ham'barg,  (Ger.  pron.  hdmliOORO;  Fr.  nam- 
hnurg,  hdsi'booR';  L.  Hambiir'giim,}  a  famous  city  of  Ger- 
many, capital  of  a  republic  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
greatest  commeicial  port  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  about  70  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Lat.  53°  32' 51"  N.,  Ion.  9°  58' 33"  E.  Pop.  in  1860, 
175,683.  Mean  temperature  of  year,  48<^,  winter,  3-;°7';  sum- 
mer, 63°-7  Fahrenheit.  It  is  about  4  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, enclosed  by  planted  walks  on  the  site  of  its  former  for- 
tifications, and  intersected  by  canals  and  branches  of  the 
Alster  River.  Most  of  its  old  streets  are  narrow,  dark,  and 
dirty,  and  the  houses  of  brick,  old-fashioned,  and  ill-built. 
The  banks  of  the  Inner  .\lster,  a  lake  within  the  city,  form 
the  favorite  place  of  resort  for  the  inhabitants,  and  at  cer- 
tain times  the  water  here  is  covered  with  ple;isure-boats. 
The  principal  edifices  are  the  churches  of  the  five  parishes, 
among  which,  especial  notice  is  due  to  that  of  St.  Michael, 
with  a  steeple  456  feet  in  height,  a  fine  altar-piece,  large  or- 
gan, crypt.  &c..  and  capable  of  holding  6<100  per.sons;  the  Ex- 
change. Town-hall, General  Infirmary,  for  between  4000  and 
5000  patients,  new  Orphan  Asylum.  Senate  House,  founded  in 
the  thirteenth  century.  Bank,  Eimbeck-house,  AVork-house, 
Prison,  Arsen.al,  and  two  theatres,  (one  of  the  latter  among 
the  largest  in  Germany.)  and  the  tJerman.  French,  and  Eng. 
lish  chapels.  The  institutions  include  the.Iohanneunl  and 
another  college,  a  public  city  library  with  180,000  volumes, 
numerous  other  libraries,  museums,  academies,  an  obser- 
vatoiy,  botanic  garden,  learned  and  other  societies,  &e. 
The  manufactories  comprise  100  sugar  refineries,  tar.  tobacco, 
and  sailcloth  factories,  breweries,  distilleries,  tanneries,  cot- 
ton printing  and  dyeing  works,  anchor  and  iron  forges,  and 
many  manufactures  of  less  magnitude. 

The  commerce  of  Hamburg  is  greatly  facilitiited  by 
extensive  means  of  communication  both  with  foreign  coun- 
tries and  with  the  interior.  By  the  Elbe,  vessels  drawing 
18  feet  can  ascend  at  high  w.ater,  and  eitlier  deliver  theif 
cargoes  directly  in  the  warehouses,  which  line  the  bank,  or 
send  them  by  lighters  into  the  very  heart  of  the  town.  By 
the  same  means,  also,  a  free  and  uninterrupted  communica- 
tion is  given  to  the  Interior,  and  greatly,  extended  by  meang 
of  canals,  which  branch  off  to  the  Baltic,  or  penetrate  into 
the  basin  of  the  Oder,  and  through  it  into  that  of  the  Vis- 
tula. Railways  connect  Hamburg  with  Rendsl>urg  and  Kiel, 
Schwerin  and  Rostock,  and  with  Berlin  and  all  East  and 
South  Germany.  A  great  drawback  to  the  trade  is  the  want 
of  a  sufficient  harbor,  or  rather  of  any  thing  that  can  be 
called  a  harbor,  the  vessels  being  obliged  to  lie  in  the  river., 
within  a  space  railed  off  from  the  fair-way,  and  protected 
from  the  current  by  means  of  piles.    The  commerce  em^ 

S13 


HAM 

itacex  every  article  bought  or  sold  in  Germany.  The  im- 
mirts  consist  of  sujar,  coffee,  tea,  rice,  tobacco,  cotton,  in- 
di-o,  dve-wooUs,  wine,  spirits,  spices,  hides,  fish,  coals,  Bn- 
tlsh  mitnufactured  goods,  Ac;  and  the  exports  of  grain, 
gjeds  butter,  wool,  salt  provisions,  cattle,  bark,  spelter,  rag.'S, 
German  manufactures  of  all  kinds,  and  Khenish  wines. 
The  annexed  table  shows  the  commerce  for  1852  and  1853: — 


tJnlled  Kingdom. 

BjH«rlia,fe  Ham- 
burg Railway.. 

AUoua 

R.irlturg 

t'l^pcr  aud  Lower 
Elbe 

Lubec 

SleswicIcaDd  Hol- 
stcin 

United  States.... 

West  Coast  of 
America. 

Brazil 

Other  countries.. 


Total. 


•21,271 .017 
14.8-'».B54 
9,813,797 

7,079,B21 

1,8-28,675 


92S.950 
4.061,491 

31,188,706 


30,889,211 
12,843,0:tl 
8,397,858 


3,928,414 
2„t5:).700 
33,407,524 


27,474,968 
15,247,568 
10,011.000 

8,542,1!)8 
2,612,809 

1,789,504 
3,067,446 

1,349,902 
5,310, 
81,053,593 


37,210,011  8131,197.312  $156,355,856  $lKi,974.119 


31.6.38,363 
16,063,145 
7,592,875 


8,964,247 

2,79!<.824 
39,826,696 


Hambun?  is  said  to  have  been  founded  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, by  Charlemagne;  early  in  the  thirteenth  century  it 
joined  Lubeck  in  the  formation  of  the  Hanse  League. 
Under  the  French,  from  1810  to  1814,  it  was  capital  of  the 
department  of  Bouches  de  I'Elbe.  The  Church  of  St.  Peter's, 
founded  in  the  14th  century,  and  many  of  the  other  pub- 
lic buildings,  were  destroyed  by  the  great  conflagration 
which  commenced  on  the  5th  of  May,  1842,  and  burned  61 
streets,  and. 120  passages  and  courts,  and  left  houseless 
19,995  of  the*  population.  Since  that  time,  a  great  portion 
of  the  town  ha.s  been  rebuilt  according  to  a  regular  plan. 

The  territory  of  Hamburg  has  an  area  of  about  161  square 
miles.  It  consists  of  several  detached  portions,  but  the 
more  important  and  central  part,  including,  that  on  which 
the  town  stands,  is  enclosed  by  Denmark  on  all  sides  except 
the  S.  and  S.W.,  where  its  boundary  is  the  Elbe;  it  compre- 
hends, likewise,  the  liailiwick  of  Bergedorf,  and  the  little 
territory  of  Yierlande,  16  miles  from  Hamburg,  the  sove- 
reignty of  both  of  which  it  enjoys,  in  common  with  Lubeck; 
several  islands,  a  small  space  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kibe, 
opposite  the  town ;  and.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  the  baili- 
wick of  ItitzeliUttel,  in  which  is  the  harbor  of  Cuxhaven. 
As  a  member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  it  has  a  full 
vote  in  the  plenum,  and  shares  a  vote,  in  the  minor  diet, 
with  the  other  free  towns,  Frankfort,  Lubeck.  and  Hremen. 
Its  constitution  is  a  curious,  and  not  very  intelligible  com- 
bination of  the  aristocratic  and  democratic  principles.  Very 
Imptirtant  modiiications  were  proposed  in  1S48,  and  appa- 
rently sanctioned,  but  do  not  seem  to  have  been  yet  carried 
into  full  effect.  The  fundamental  principle  of  the  constitu- 
tion is.  that  the  executive  power  is  lodged  in  a  senate  or 
Bath,  and  the  legislative  power,  with  a  general  control  of 
the  administi-ation  in  the  body  of  the  burghers,  represented 
bv  ttiiee  colleges.  The  debt  of  Hamburg,  in  1862,  waf 
$23.10.%104:  the  receipts,  $2,953,973;  and  the  expenditure. 
S2.U30,018.  Pop.  of  the  town  and  suburbs  in  1860,  175,683; 
of  the  wliole  territory.  229,941.     ' 

HA.M'liUKO,  a  post-village  of  New  London  co.,  Connecti- 
cut. 14  miles  W.  by  N.  of  New  London. 

II.\.MIiUKG,  a  post-township  of  Erie  CO.,  New  York,  on 
Lake  Erie,  8  miles  S.  of  Bulfalo.  intersected  by  the  Buffalo 
and  State  Line  Kailroad.  It  contains  sevei-al  villages.  Pop. 
in  1840.  2730:  in  1850,  5219.  in  18(0,  2991. 

ir.\MBUHG.  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Su.ssex  co., 
New  Jersey.  13  miles  X.E.  of  Newton.  It  has  1  church,  1 
academy.  3  stores,  I  tavern,  2  iron  furnaces,  and  2  grist-mills. 

n.A.MBUHO.  a  post-borough  of  Windsor  township.  Berks 
CO..  I'ennsjivania.  on  the  left  bank  of  Schuylkill  Kiver.  near 
the  foot  of  the  Blue  Mountain.  16  miles  abovp  Heading,  and 
on  the  Reading  Hailroad  and  Schuylkill  Canal.     Pop.  1334. 

HAMHUIltJ.  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co..  Pennsylvania,  on 
Bhenango  Creek,  10  miles  X.W.  of  Mercer. 

IIAMBUIfG,  a  small  village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

II.4MBUI{G,  a  post-oflRce  of  Shenandoah  co.,  Virginia. 

HAMBUHG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Edgefield  district, 
BouMi  Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Savannah  Uiver,  op- 
posite the  city  of  Augusta,  at  the  W.  terminus  of  the  South 
Carolina  liallroad,  136  miles  \V.  Ijy  N.  of  Charle.ston.  A 
bridge  coiniwts  it  with  Augusta.  It  contains  a  bank  and  a 
newsp.iper  office.     Free  pop.  404. 

IIAMHUIUJ.  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia.  80  miles 
B.«  .  of  Millegeville.  ' 

IIAMllUltG.  a  iX)st-offlce  of  Madison  co.,  Florida 
Tn"  n^'HHI'^'v^  post-viHage  of  IVrry  co.,  Alabama,  about 
'.?,?,..,•„/  ^-  °^  """tKomery,  has  al)Out  100  inhabitants. 

HAMBUKG,  a  postoftice  of  Franklin  co.,  Mississippi. 

HA.MUUKG.  a  postufflre  of  Calcasieu  parish.  Louisiana 

HAMBUKG.  a  post-ufflce  of  Van  Zandt  co.,  Texas 

JIAMBURG.  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee 


HAM 

IIAAIBURO,  a  post-office  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Living- 
ston CO.,  Michigan.     Pop,  953. 

HAMBUIiG,  a  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  about  8  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  New  Albany. 

HAMBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  Hiver,  88  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield.  It  has  a 
steamboat  landing  and  numerous  stores.  Population  in 
1860,  649. 

II.i^MBURG.  a  post-office  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri. 

HAMBUKG  ON  THE  LAKE,  a  post-vilkge  of  Erie  CO., 
New  York,  on  Lake  Erie,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Buffalo. 

HAMBYE.  a  town  of  France.     See  Hameie. 

HAM,  DEN,  d^n  hitm,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Overyssel,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Deventer.     Pop.  748. 

HAM'DEN,  a  post-township  in  New  Haven  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 6  miles  N.  of  New  Haven,  intersected  by  the  New  Haven 
and  Northampton  Canal  Kailroad.  It  has  manufactures  of 
carriages,  aistings,  cotton  goods,  &c.     Pop.  2725. 

HAMDEN,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Dela- 
ware CO.,  New  York,  4  or  5  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Delhi.  Pop.  1861. 

HAM,  EAST.    See  Ham. 

IIAJIELN,  hd'mein,  a  town  of  Hanover,  principality  of 
Kalenberg,  25  mile's  S.W.  of  Hanover,  on  the  Weser.  Pop. 
6191,  mostly  employed  in  navigation  and  the  .salmon  fishing. 
It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  is  still  defended  by  Fort 
George,  a  citadel  on  the  opposite  or  W.  bank  of  the  river. 
A  large  sluice  was  constructed  here  by  George  II.,  in  17.34, 
by  which  a  good  harbor  was  formed,  and  the  town  still  has 
an  active  trade. 

HAMELN,  a  village  of  Hanover,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Ilildes- 
heim.     Pop.  1030. 

IIA'MEK,  a  township  in  Highland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1012. 

HAMER,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Wisconsin. 

HAM'ERINGHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAMER'S  CORNERS,  a  village  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio,  8 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Fremont. 

HAM'ERSVILLE,  a  pcst-village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  33 
miles  in  a  direct  line  E.S.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

HAM'ERTON,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

HAM'EKVILLE,  a  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HAM  HIGH.    See  H.AM. 

HASH,  a  city  and  province  of  Toorkistan.    See  Khjmil. 

HAM'ILTON,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  liurgh, 
market-town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  on  the 
Clyde,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  of  5  arches,  and  on  the 
great  London  road  to  Glasgow,  lOJ  miles  S.E.  of  that  city. 
Pop.  of  town,  in  1861,  9551.  It  is  well  built,  has  2  churches, 
a  good  grammar  school,  2  poors'  hospitals,  a  subscription 
library,  mechanics'  institution,  trades'  hall,  3  liranch 
banks,  jail,  and  large  cavalry  barracks.  But  its  chief  object 
of  attraction  is  the  magnificent  Ducal  Palace  of  the  house 
of  Hamilton :  this  has  a  noble  Grecian  front,  264  feet  in 
length,  and  a  superb  interior,  contjiining  the  largest  and 
choicest  collection  of  paintings  and  marbles  in  Scotland. 
The  park  is  also  considered,  for  scenery  and  extent,  the 
fine.et  in  North  Britain.  Within  it  are  the  castle  of  Chatel- 
herault,  another  residence  of  the  Hamiltons,  named  after 
their  ancient  F'rench  ducal  title,  and  the  picturesque  ruina 
of  Cadzow  Castle,  their  original  fiiniily  seat.  It  stands  on  a 
lofty  rock,  washed  by  the  Avon,  and  surrounded  by  a  chase 
covered  with  some  of  the  largest  oaks  in  Britain,  among 
which  the  famous  aboriginal  breed  of  wild  cattle  still  feed. 
Hamilton  has  been  the  principal  seat  of  imitation  cambric 
weaving  since  the  introduction  of  cotton  manufactures  into 
Scotland.  About  1200  looms  are  employed,  and  the  finest 
thread  is  woven.  Manufactures  of  lace,  black  silk  veils, 
check  shirts,  aud  hempen  fabrics,  are  also  flourishing.  The 
burgh  unites  with  Airdrie,  Falkirk,  Lanark,  and  Linlith- 
gow, in  sending  1  member  to  the  Hou.se  of  Commons.  It 
gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  premier  peer  of  Scotland,  re- 
jiresentative  both  of  the  illustrious  house  of  Hamilton,  (ori- 
ginally Euglish,)  and  of  the  male  line  of  the  Douglas.  Owing 
moreover,  to  the  marriage  of  the  first  Lord  Hamilton  with 
the  daughter  of  James  II..  A.c.  1474,  in  case  of  the  failure 
of  the  present  line  of  Brunswick,  the  house  of  Hamilton  will 
succeed  to  the  Scottish  crown. 

HAMMLTON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  New  York,  hag 
an  area  of  about  1711  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
head  waters  of  Racket,  Hudson,  Sacond.aga,  and  Black 
Rivers.  A  large  portion  of  this  county  is  still  unsettled  and 
covered  with  wood.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and  in  some 
parts  mountaii5ous.  The  soil  is  generally  poor.  This  county 
abounds  in  iron  ore  of  excellent  ciuality.  Organized  in 
1838,  having  been  formed  from  a  part  of  Montgomery 
county,  and  named  (as  well  as  most  of  those  which  follow) 
in  honor  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  the  first  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.    Capital,  Lake  Pleasjint.    Pop.  .^024. 

HAMILTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  border- 
ing on  Georgia^  has  an  area  of  703  wjuare  mites.  It  is  iur 
tersected  by  the  Alapaha  River,  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S- 
by  the  Suwane<i.  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Witlilaroichef 
River.  Capital,  Jasper.  Pop.  4154,  of  whom  2757  wete  fre« 
and  1397  slaves. 

HAMILTON,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Tennessee 


HAM 

bordering  on  Georgia :  area  estimated  at  380  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Tennessee  liiver,  (niivigalile  by 
steamlioats.)  The  surface  is  diversified  by  high  ridges  con- 
nected with  the  Cumberland  Mountains.  The  soil  is  mostly 
fertile.  Stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are  aljundant.  The  Nash- 
ville and  Chattanooga  r.ailroad  terminates  in  this  county, 
and  cfiiinects  with  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Hailruad  of 
Georgia.  Capital,  Harrison.  Pop.  lo,2i)S,  of  whom  11,839 
were  free. 

HAMILTON,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Ohio,  bordering  on  In  'iana,  and  on  the  Ohio  Kiver.  which 
separates  it  from  Kentucky,  contains  390  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Great  and  Little  Sliami  It  Ivors,  and 
also  drained  by  Whitewater  Kiver  and  by  Mill  Creek.  The 
surface  is  generally  rolling.  The  soil  is  excellent,  and 
highly  cultivated.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  potatoes, 
and  butter  are  the  staples.  In  1.S50  this  county  produced 
the  greatest  quantity  of  potatoes  raised  in  any  county  in  the 
state.  The  grape  vine  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  vici- 
nity of  the  Ohio  liiver.  and  a  large  portion  of  the  county  is 
occiii)ied  by  gardens  and  orchards  tor  the  supply  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati markets.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Miami  Canal,  and 
by  numerous  railrcids.  for  a  particular  account  of  which, 
see  Cincinnati.  Hamilton  is  the  most  populous  county  in 
the  state.     Capital,  Cincinnati.     I'op.  216,410. 

HAMILTON,  a  county  iu  the  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  400  S(}uare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  White 
River,  and  by  Cicero,  Buck,  and  Eagle  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  partly  level  and  partly  undulating,  and  the  soil  is  uni- 
formly fertile.  The  railroad  from  Indianapolis  to  Peru 
passes  through  it.  Organized  in  1823.  Capital,  Noblesville. 
Pop.  17,31(1. 

HAMILTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  395  ajuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  SUillett  Fork 
of  Little  Wabash  River,  and  the  North  Fork  of  Saline  Creek. 
The  county  consists  partly  of  prairie  and  partly  of  timbered 
land.    Capital,  McLeansborough.     Pop.  9916. 

IIAMILT()N,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts, 
bordering  on  the  Ipswich  River,  and  intersected  by  the 
Eastern  Railroad,  22  miles  N.  by  K.  of  Boston.  Incorporated 
in  1793.     Pop.  789. 

HAMILTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Madison  co.,  i\ew  York,  about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Utica.  The 
village  contains  5  churches,  a  Union  school-house,  an  acade- 
my, a  bank,  1  newspaper  olfice,  about  20  stores,  and  is  the 
seat  of  Madison  University,  an  institution  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Baptists,  founded  in  1S20.  In  lSt53  it  had  9  pro- 
fessors, 80  students,  and  9u00  volumes  iu  its  library.  Con- 
nected with  it  is  a  grammar  school.  Population  of  the 
township  in  1860,  2296. 

HAMILTON',  a  township  in  Atlantic  co.,  New  Jersey,  in- 
tersected by  the  Great  Egg  Harbor  River,  and  containing 
May's  Landing,  the  county-seat,  and  a  village  on  Great  Egg 
Harbor  River,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  May"s  Lauding. 
Pop.  1945. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  3773. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1435. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1529. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  McKean  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  103. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HA.MILTO.N,  a  township  in  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2114. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia,  about 
157  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

HAMILTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Martin  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the  Roanoke  River,  about  100 
miles  E.  of  Raleigh,  and  at  the  head  of  navigation  for  large 
vessels.     It  has  an  active  trade  in  cypress  lumber. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harris  co.,  GeorgLi, 
22  miles  N.  of  Columbus.  It  is  situated  in  a  hilly  region. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  2  academies,  2  churches,  and 
about  500  inhabitjints. 

H.\MILTON,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Mississippi,  is 
situated  about  1  mile  E.  of  the  Tombigbee  River,  and  12 
miles  S.  of  Aberdeen. 

H.\MILTON.  a  post-office  of  Washita  parish.  Louisiana. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co..  Texas,  on  the 
Sabine  liiver,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Shelbyville.  Cotton  is 
shipped  here  in  steamboats. 

HAMILTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Ohio  River,  48  miles  below  Cincinnati,  con- 
tains about  300  inhabitants. 

HAMILTON,  a  city,  cjipital  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Miami  Canal,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Miami  River,  20  miles 
N.  of  Cincinnati,  and  90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus.  It  is 
connected  by  railroads  with  Cincinnati  and  Dayton,  and  is 
the  terminus  of  another  line,  extending  to  Richmond,  In 
Indiana.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  populous  district, 
and  has  many  elements  of  pro.sperity,  especially  as  a  manu- 
facturing town.  A  few  years  sinc«,  a  hydraulic  canal  was 
completed  here,  by  which  a  fall  of  28  feet  has  been  secured. 


HAM 

furnishing  a  water-power  equal  to  166  pair  of  "tones,  la 
18i>4,  there  were  in  operation  here  4  flonring-niills,  a  muuii- 
factory  of  reaping-machines,  1  woollen  factory,  3  papeiv 
mills,  2  iron  foundries,  and  1  i)laning-mill,  besides  other 
machinery.  The  city  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
11  churches,  1  national  bank,  and  1  other  bank.  Three  news- 
papers are  issued  here.  Previous  to  1853, when  the  city  charter 
was  granted,  Hamilton  included  only  that  portion  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Sliami,  that  on  the  W.  containing  a  population 
of  about  2500,  having  a  separate  organization  under  the 
name  of  Rossville.     Pop.  7223. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.  Ohio.  Pop.  1735. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  92.3. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  ^\■arren  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  2.338. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.part  of  Van  Buren 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  785. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
plank-road  from  Lafayette  to  Frankfort,  64  miles  N.W.  of 
Indianapolis. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Delaware  co.,  Indiana.  P.  851. 

II  AMI  LTON,  a  township  in  Jackson  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1455. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Fish  Creek,  about  36  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana.  P.  2089. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  in  Lee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  355. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  in  Mahaska  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Des  -Moines  liiver,  75  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

HA. MILTON",  a  small  village  of  Ozaukee  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

HAMILTON,  a  postrtown,  capital  of  Butte  co.,  in  the  N. 
part  of  California,  is  situated  on  Feather  River,  about  60 
miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Sacramento,  and  on  the 
road  from  Sacramento  City  to  Shasta,  140  miles  N.N.E.  of 
San  Francisco.    Pop.  699. 

H.A.MILTON,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Canada  West, 
capital  of  the  united  counties  of  Wentworth  and  Halton.  is 
situated  at  the  head  of  Burlington  Bay,  formed  by  the 
western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  Great 
Western  Railway,  228  miles  E.N.E.  of  Detroit,  alwut  375 
miles  (direct  distance)  W.S.W.  of  Jlontreal,  and  70  mile? 
N.W.  of  Buffalo.  It  is  built  on  an  acclivity  extending  back 
from  the  bay  to  the  base  of  a  mountain,  which  rises  in  the 
rear  of  the  town  to  a  considerable  eminence,  affording  from 
its  summit  a  beautiful  and  varied  prospect.  The  streets, 
for  the  most  part,  cross  each  other  at  rigVit  angles,  those  ex- 
tending back  from  the  bay  having  a  direction  nearly  N.  and 
S.  King  street,  the  principal  thoroughfare,  runs  E.  and  W. 
throughout  the  entire  breadth  of  the  town.  Near  the  centre 
of  the  street  is  a  large  open  space,  and  a  little  N.  is  Market 
Square,  on  which  stands  a  spacious  building,  occupied  in 
the  lower  part  as  a  market,  while  its  upper  stories  aie  ap- 
propriated to  the  various  purposes  of  the  city  government. 
Court  House  Square,  an  area  containing  the  county  build- 
ings, lies  between  King  street  and  the  mountain.  A  re- 
markable improvement  has  of  late  years  been  effected  in 
the  character  of  the  buildings  of  Hamilton,  much  of  the 
material  used  in  their  construction  being  freestone  and 
limestone  supplied  from  the  quarries  in  the  rear  of  the 
town,  supjHJsed  to  be  inexhaustible.  The  banks  and  many 
of  the  churches  and  stores  are  handsome  structures.  The 
Bank  of  British  North  America  is  particularly  admired.  A 
new  stone  building  has  recently  been  erected  for  the  post- 
office,  and  on  the  rising  ground  apprcaching  the  mountain 
are  many  elegant  residences,  most  of  them  faced  with  cut 
stone.  In  1851  the  city  contained  13  churches,  viz.  2  Epis- 
copal, 1  Church  of  Scotland,  1  Free  Church.  1  United  Pres- 
byterian, 1  Wesleyan  Methodist,  I  Canadian  We.sleyan,  1 
Episcopal  Methodist,  1  Primitive  Methodist,  1  New  Connec- 
tion Methodist,  1  Congregational,  1  Baptist,  1  Roman  Ca- 
tholic, and  a  church  for  colored  people;  2  banks,  3  branch 
banks.  2  savings  institutions,  5  life  assurance  companies  and 
agencies.  10  insurance  agencies,  a  mercantile  library  associa- 
tion, with  260  members,  and  860  volumes  'in  the  library,  a 
mechanics"  institute,  a  reading-room,  and  8  academies  and 
seminaries.  Hamilton  is  the  seat  of  the  Great  ^^■estern 
Railway  Company,  originally  chartered  in  1834.  Its  stock 
is  divided  into  '60,000  shares,  at  251.  each.  In  January,  1851, 
the  city  was  lighted  with  gas.  Five  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished here.  Hamilton  has  manufactures  of  various  kinds, 
the  machinery  for  which  is  all  moved  by  steam-power.  The 
princip.il  of  these,  in  1851.  were  4  foundries,  machine  shops, 
a  saw-mill  and  planing  machine,  an  organ  factory,  grist- 
mills and  broom  fjvctories.  Large  quantities  of  corn  brooms 
are  made  here  for  exportation;  the  material  used  is  chiefly 
obtained  from  Ohio.  Hamilton  pofisesses  superior  conmier- 
cial  advantages,  being  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  lake, 
and  in  the  centre  of  the  most  populous  and  best  cultivated  re- 
gions of  the  province.  Its  trade  was  greatly  facilitated  b^^' 
the  construction  of  the  Burlington  Bay  Canal  in  1S23-4 :  but 
the  crowning  triumph  to  the  commercial  prospeilty  of  the 
city,  was  the  completion  of  the  Great  Western  Railway, 
giving  Hamilton  ready  access  to  the  vast  and  fertile  region 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Lines  of  railway  are  also  in  pro- 
gress, which,  when  completed,  will  open  eommu  location 
with  Lake  Huron,  Montreal,  and  the  northern  interior  of 
the  orovince.    The  value  of  imports  in  1848  was  5341,380 

815 


HAM 

In  1849.  $1,123,024;  In  1850,  $1.5R3,132;  and  !n  1851, 
$2,198,300,  of  which  $1,525,620  was  from  the  United  States. 
Hamilton  is  an  electoral  district,  returning  1  member  to 
the  Provisional  I'arliament.  It  was  laid  out  in  1813.  In 
1836  the  populiition  was  2846;  in  1846,  6822;  in  1860,  10,248; 
In  1852.  14.112;  and  in  1861,  19.iKi6 

HAMILTON  BAN,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HAMILTON  COLLEGE.    See  CUNToy,  New  York. 

HAMILTON  CKOSS  KOADS,  a  post-office  of  McMlnn  CO., 
Tennessee. 

HAMILTON  LANDING,  post-office,  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

HAMILTON'S  CREKK.  post-office.  Davidson  CO.,  Tennessee. 

HAMILTON  SQUAIIE,  a  postK)flice  of  Mercer  co.,  New 

HAMILTON  VILLAGE,  Pennsylvania,  a  suburb  of  West 
Philadelphia,  1  mile  VV.  of  the  Market  street  Bridge. 

H AMI  LTUN VI LLE.    See  Newton  Hamilton. 

HAMINA,  a  town  of  Finland.    See  Frederikshamn. 
IIAMIN'IOG,  a  township  of  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan,  14 
miles  N.  of  I^impeter.     Pop.  886. 

HAM'LKT.  a  villaice  of  Woonsocket  township,  Providence 
CO..  Khode  Island.  15  miles  N.  of  Providence. 

HAM'LET,  Cliaiitanqua  co..  New  York.     See  Appendix. 

HAMLIN,  a  township  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1*0. 

HAMLIN,  a  post-office  of  Cabell  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

HAMLIN  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Audubon  co.,  Iowa. 

HAM'LINTON,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

H.\MM.  hdmm,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia.  22  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Anisljerg,  on  the  Lippe,  here  joined  by  the  Ahse. 
Pop.  in  1846,  0850.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  defended  by  a 
fort,  and  has  a  college,  and  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics 
and  leather,  bleaching-works,  and  an  active  trade  in  hams. 
It  communicates  by  railways  with  Paderborn  and  Cologne. 
It  was  formerly  one  of  the  Hanse  towns. 

H.\MM.  a  village  of  Germany,  territory,  and  2  miles  E.  of 
Hamburg. 

HAMMAII,  a  city  of  Syria.    See  Hamah. 

IIAMMAH  DE  CABKS,  EL,  Jl  hjm'mdh  di  ki'bJs.  (anc. 
AqucB  T'jctipitanie,)  a  town  of  North  Africa,  dominion  of  Tunis, 
18  miles  W.  of  Cabes.  and  famous  for  baths,  whence  its  name. 

HAMMAAf.  hdm-ra^m',  ("  a  bath,")  the  name  of  numerous 
places  in  Afnca  and  Turkey. 

HAMMAM-AIDA,  hdm-milm'-i'da,  a  village  of  Anatolia,  4 
miles  W.  of  Yerma. 

HAMMAMAT,  hha-ml-mW,  is  a  station  of  Egypt,  on  the 
route  between  Kosseir  and  Keneh,  with  well-buildings 
latelv  repaired  by  an  English  companv. 

II.\MMAM-EI^BERDAAH,  ham-mam'-JlbJr'dl/,  ("pack- 
saddle-bath;''  anc.  A<iuce  Tibilitancrf  a  village  of  Algeria, 
province,  .and  45  miles  E.N.E.  of  Constantine,  on  the  route 
from  Bona,  in  a  rocky  region,  with  baths  of  a  temperature 
of  from  84°  to  86°  Fahrenheit,  and  vestiges  of  Roman  build- 
ings, from  which  its  fort  has  been  constructed. 

HAMMAMtI^L-ELMA.  him-mim'-iUl'mi,  a  province  of 
Titteri.  63  miles  S.  of  .\lgiers. 

HAMMAM-EL-FAKAbUN.ham-mSm'-^l-fi-ra-oon'.  ("Pha- 
raoh's baths,")  a  seaport  town  of  Arabia  Petrea,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Suez.  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Suez. 

HAMMAMKT,  hdm'ma-mJt',  or  HAMAMET.  a  seaport 
town  of  North  Africa,  dominion,  and  42  miles  S.E.  of  Tunis, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Hanim.Hmet.  a  bay  of  the  Great  Syrtis.  Pop. 
800O.(?)  It  has  an  active  trade  with  Tunis  in  corn,  wool, 
and  oil.    Its  rf>adstoad  has  a  safe  anchorage. 

HAMMAM-LEF,  hitm-mSm'-l^f  (anc.  Arjiue  CctliVf^,)  a  town 
and  baths  of  the  dominion,  and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Tunis. 

HAMMAM-MESKUTIA,ham-mam'-mJs-koo'te-a.  ('-the  en- 
chanted baths,")  in  Algeria,  province,  and  38  miles  E.  of 
Constantine.  near  the  Sebus  Kiver,  the  hot  springs  here 
having  formed. some  curious  petrifactions,  whence  their 
name.    Traces  of  Roman  edifices  are  here  discoverable. 

HAM  ME,  hjm'mfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Scheldt.  19  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Ghent.  Pop.  8172,  employed  in  navigation,  rope-making, 
and  trading  in  hemp. 

HAMMELBUKO,  hlm'mel-bd«RG\  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  Saale,  23  miles  N.  of  WUrzburg.    Pop.  2630. 

HAMMER,  hSm'uifr,  a  village  of  Norway,  stiff,  and  7 
miles  N.E.  of  Bergen,  with  2780  inhabitants.  It  was  foi^ 
merly  a  bishop's  see.  but  was  ruined  by  the  Swedes  in  1561. 

HAMMER,  a  village  of  Denmarlt,  in  Jutland,  N.E.  of 
Aalborg. 

HAMMER,  hJm'mfr,  a  village  of  PiTissian  Silesia,  with  a 
■tation  on  the  railway  between  Kosel  and  Ratibor. 

IIAMMERFE.'<T,  hilm'mfr-fjst\  the  northernmost  town 
of  Europe,  in  Norway,  province  of  Finmark,  on  the  Qual-oe, 
r  whale  island.)  of  which  it  is  the  chief  port,  fO  miles  S.W,  of 
the  North  Cape.  lAt.  70°  40'  7"  N.,  Ion.  2:5°  35'  4.3"  E.  Pop. 
800.  The  houses  are  of  wood,  and  painted  externally ;  com- 
munication between  its  quarters  is  kept  up  by  boats;  its 
harbor  is  defended  by  a  lort.  In  summer  the  heat  is  some- 
times oppressive,  and  throughout  the  winter  tlni  tempera- 
ture is  miid  euough  for  the  fishery  to  be  carried  on.  The 
CKporls  comprise  stockfisb,  whale,  seal,  and  shark  oil,  skins. 
81«  ' 


HAM 

walrus  hides  and  teeth,  copper,  and  feathers.  Its  imdi  Is 
mostly  with  Russia  and  Great  Britain.  In  1842, 195  vessels, 
aggregate  burden  15.999  tons,  entered  the  port,  with  cargoes 
to  the  value  of  68.729?. ;  and  185  vessels,  burden  15,514  tons, 
denied,  with  cargoes  valued  at  72,4iiO?. 

IIAMMEROE,  (Ilammeriie.)  h3m'merK5'eh,  a  peninsular 
parish  of  Norway,  bailiwick  of  Nordlaud,  on  the  V>'est  Fiord. 
Lat.  68°  10'  N.     Pop.  1932. 

HAM'MERSMITH.  a  town  and  parish  of  Engl.-ind,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  on  the  Thames,  here  cro.«sed  by  a  magnificent 
suspension  bridge,  (erected  in  1827  at  a  cost  of  80,000?.,)  4 
miles  W.  of  London.  Pop.  13.453,  many  of  whom  are  em- 
ployed in  market  gardens.  It  is  irregularly  built,  but  is 
clean,  well  paved  and  lighted.  It  has  many  handsome 
houses,  a  church  built  in  1631,  a  school  endowed  by  Bishop 
Latimer,  annual  revenue  about  800?.,  and  a  royal  cathedral 
chapel,  with  ladie.s'  school  and  nunnery,  established  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  which  has  always  maintained  a 
hiirh  repute. 

HAMMERSTEIN,  ham'mer-stine\  a  town  of  We.st  Prussia, 
circle  of  Schlochau.     Pop,  1920. 

HAM'MERWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HAM'MOCK.  a  postK)ffice  of  Jackson  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

HA.MMOCK  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Georgia. 

IIAMVMONAS'SET  RIVER,  in  the  S.  part  of  Connecticut, 
after  forming  the  boundary  between  New  Haven  and  Middle- 
sex counties,  falls  into  I>ong  Island  Sound. 

IIAM'.MOND.  a  post-village  and  township  forming  the  S.W. 
extremity  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York,  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence River,  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Ogdensburg.  It  is  in- 
cluded within  the  collection  district  of  Oswegatchie.  and 
contains  the  villages  of  Hammond  Corners,  Uak  Point,  and 
Chippewa  Bay.  The  latter,  a  small  settlement  at  the  head 
of  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver, 
forms  an  important  port  for  the  export  of  iron  from  Rossie, 
and  lumber  and  produce  from  the  surrounding  district  A 
steam  saw  mill  was  erected  here  in  1844.  Oak  Point  (which 
see)  is  situated  on  the  river,  3  or  4  miles  N.  of  Chippewa 
Bav.     Pop.  1968. 

H.\M.MOND.  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1823. 

HAMMOND  COR.'<EKS,  a  village  near  the  centre  of  Ham- 
mond township,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York,  about  20  mile* 
S.W.  of  Ogdensburg. 

HAMMOND  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Solomon 
group,  are  in  lat.  8°  40'  S..  Ion.  157°  20'  E. 

HAil'MONDSHURG,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa. 

HAM'MONDSPORT,  a  post-village  of  Urbanna  township, 
Steuben  co.,  New  York,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Crooked  Lake, 
6  miles  N.t!.  of  Bath.  It  contains  .several  churches,  and  12 
or  15  stores  and  warehouses.  During  the  season  of  naviga- 
tion, a  steamboat  plies  daily  between  Hammonsport  ftnd 
Penn  Yan,  at  the  N,N.E.  extremity.    Pop.  estimated  at  800. 

HAMMOND'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Anson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

HAM'MONDSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

HAMMONDVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hart  co..  Kentucky. 

HAM'MONTON,  a  villaae  of  Atlantic  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Philadelphia. 

HAM'MOON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

H.\MONT,  h2'm6n«',  a  small  town  of  Belgian  Limbourg,  7 
miles  N,W.  of  Br6e,     Pop,  992, 

HAMOON,  hd^moon',  (anc.  Ahna  I\i1)t.i.)  a  large  mora.ss 
or  lake  of  East  Persia,  or  AVest  Afghanistan,  between  lat. 
30°50'and31°5t'N..  andlon.  61°8'and  62°  10' E.  Length 
from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  about  70  miles;  breadth,  from  15  to  20 
miles.  It  receives  the  Helmund,  Furr.ih-Kood.  and  other 
rivers;  and  while  the  Caspian,  Aral,  and  other  inland  seas 
of  Asia  are  decreasing  in  extent,  this  lake  is  said  to  be  on 
the  increase.  Its  E.  part  is  shallow,  and  covered  with  reeds. 
Here  is  an  island,  on  which  is  the  i'ort  Rustum.  or  Koh-i- 
Kwajeh.  The  water  is  salt,  and  the  banks  are  fringed  by 
forests  of  tamarisks.  Lake  Zurrah,  or  Zirreh,  to  the  S.E., 
is  now  nearly  dry. 

IHM'ORTON,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co..  Penn!sylv.>inia. 
HAMPDEN,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Jlassa- 
chu.sett.s,  has  an  area  of  about  670  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  is  drained  chiefly  by 
Westfield  and  Cliicopee  Rivers  and  their  tritiutaries,  which 
furnish  abundant  water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven,  anil 
in  some  parts  mountainous.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
The  Connecticut  River  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  to 
Springfield.  The  Canal  Railroad  from  Northampton  to 
Granby,  and  the  railro.ads  connecting  Boston  with  Albany, 
and  Hartford  with  Bellows  Falls,  traverse  this  county, 
which  is  also  partly  intersected  by  the  railroad  connecting 
New  London  and  P.ilmer.  Organized  in  1812,  having  pre- 
viously formed  part  of  Hampshire  county,  and  named  in 
honor  of  John  Hampden,  tlie  celebrated  English  patriot. 
Capital,  Springfield.     I'op.  57,360. 

IIA.MPDEN,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Bangor,  on  the  W.  side  of  Penobscot  Kiver. 
Pop.  3086. 

HAMPDEN,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvaniu. 
Pop.  12-i9. 

HAMPDEN,  a  post-office  of  Marengo  co.,  Alauama. 


IIAM 


IIAN 


HAMPDEN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Geauga  cc, 
Ohio.     Pop.  902. 

IIAMI'DEN  or  IIAMDEN,  a  post-village  of  Vinton  Co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  120  miles  E. 
of  Cincinnati.     It  has  several  hundred  inhabitants. 

IIA'.\IPDKN,  a  post'township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Columbia 
00.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  938. 

H  A^r  PDEN  COIIN  KH,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Slaine. 

HAMPDEN,  (ham'den.)GREAT,  aparLsh  of  England,  co. 
of  Bucks,  7  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cheaham.  The  ancient  manor 
hall  was  the  family  seat  and  birthplace  of  the  celebrated 
John  Hampden. 

HAMPDION.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Bucks. 

HAMPDEN  SIDNEY  COLLEGE,  a  seminary  and  post- 
office  of  Prince  Edward  co.,  Virginia,  about  08  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Richmond.  The  college  was  founded  in  1783,  and  has  6 
iustructor-s  25  .students,  and  8000  volumes  in  its  library. 

HAMl''NF,TT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HAMl'NETT.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HAM'PRESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HAMPSHIRE,  a  county  of  England.     See  II.\.nts. 

HAMP'SHIRE,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, lias  an  area  of  624  square  miles.  It  is  Inter- 
sected by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  is  drained  by  the 
head  branches  of  the  Ohickopee  and  Westfield  Rivers,  and 
other  smaller  streams,  which  afford  valuable  water-power. 
The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  W.  part  mountainou.s. 
The  soil  is  generally  good,  and  on  the  Connecticut  River 
very  fei'tile.  The  Connecticut  River  is  navigable  for  small 
boats  through  this  county.  The  railroad  connecting  Hart- 
ford and  Rellows  Falls  traver.ses  the  county,  which  is  also 
pirtly  intersected  by  the  New  Haven  and  Northampton 
Railroad.  Organiz.ed  in  1602,  and  named  from  Hampshire, 
a  loiiiity  of  England.     Ciqiitiil,  Northampton.     Pop.  37,823. 

HAMPSHIRE,  a  county  in  tlie  .\.  10.  of  West  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  Maryland,  contains  850  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Cacapou  River,  and  by  the  N.  and  S. 
branches  of  the  Potomac.  The  surface  is  occupied  by  the 
valleys  and  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  chain.  The  county 
contains  extensive  beds  of  coal  and  iron  ore.  which  are 
easily  accessible  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  The 
streams  afford  excellent  water-power.  Capital,  Romney. 
Pop.  l;i,9ly.  .if  whom  12,700  wore  iree,  and  1213  slaves. 

II.\MPSHIRE.  a  post-office  of  Maury  co.,  Tennessee. 

H.YMPSHIKE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kane  co., 
Hlinois,  on  the  road  from  Chicago  to  Galena,  58  miles 
W.N.W.  of  the  former.     Pop.  lOoO. 

HAMP'SON,  a  township  of  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio. 

HAMI'STEAD,  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  ■!  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ix)ndon.  The  village,  which 
contains  many  elegant  and  fashionable  mansions,  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  on  the  summit  of 
which  is  a  heath  of  about  280  acres,  commanding  very  fine 
views,  and  much  resorted  to  on  holidays  from  the  metro- 
polis. E.  of  the  town  is  a  mineral  spring,  in  high  repute 
during  the  last  and  preceding  centuries,  at  which  time 
Ilampstead  was  a  fashionable  watering-place. 

HAMI'STEAD,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  CO..  New 
Hampshire,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  930. 

HA.MPSTEAD,  a  post- village  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  50 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

HAMPSTEAD,  a  post-village  of  King  George  co.,  Virginia, 
near  the  Potomac  River,  56  miles  N.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

HAMPSTEAD,  EAST.    See  East  Hampstead. 

HAMPSTEAD  MARSHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Berks. 

HAMPSTEAD  NORRIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

HAMl'S'THWAITE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

HAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Jliddlesex,  on 
the  Thames,  about  15  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  London,  and  2J  miles 
W.  of  Kingston.  Pop.  4711.  Here  are  many  noble  man- 
sions, the  chief  of  which  is  Hampton  Court,  a  royal  palace 
on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Thames,  about  1  mile  from  the  vil- 
lage. It  was  founded  by  Cardinal  Wolsey,  and  two  of  the 
magnificent  quadrangles,  in  the  Tudor  style,  though  greatly 
altered,  still  remain,  containing  Wolsey's  great  hall,  the 
chapel,  and  three  large  quadrangles,  of  Grecian  architecture, 
erected  for  William  III.,  by  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  It  con- 
tains the  state-rooms,  in  which  are  some  rich  furniture  and 
tapestry ;  a  superb  collection  of  paintings,  chiefly  historical 
portraits,  by  Holbein,  Vandyke,  Lely,  Kneller,  West,  and 
vith  the  seven  celebrated  cartoons  of  Raffaelle.  The  palace 
*  built  of  brick,  with  stone  decorations;  its  celling  painted 
by  Verrio.  The  garden  is  laid  out  in  the  Dutch  taste;  it 
has  a  very  fine  terrace,  some  good  sculpture,  fountains,  vases, 
and  a  grape-house,  containing  a  vine  said  to  be  the  largest 
and  most  productive  in  Europe.  The  park,  5  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, is  well  stocked  with  deer.  This  palace  was  an 
occasional  royal  residence  between  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  George  II. 

H.iMP'TON,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Ea.stern  Railroad,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Con- 
cord.   This  township  is  a  favorite  summer  resort  for  its  fine 
Dathing  and  picturesque  scenery.    Pop.  1230, 
3B 


IIAIMPTON,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Connecticut 
on  the  route  of  the  New  York  and  Boston  Airline  Railroad, 
35  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  It  has  some  manufacture« 
of  carriages,  hardware,  woollen  goods,  &c.     Pop.  936. 

HAMPTON,  a  village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  about  110 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.     It  has  .about  500  inhabitants. 

H.\MI'TON,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  New 
York,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Sandy  Hill.    Pop.  876. 

HAMPTON,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  about 
30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Camden. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-vill.age  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania,  29 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

HAMPTON,  a  borough,  capital  of  Elizabeth  City  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  left  bank  of  James  River,  about  2  miles  from 
its  entrance  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  90  miles  S.E.  of 
Richmond.  The  part  of  the  estuary  of  James  liiver  situate! 
between  this  town  and  Norfolk  is  called  Hampton  Roads. 
Hampton  is  an  old  town  pos.sessing  much  historic  interest, 
and  has  been  the  birthplace  of  several  distiiiguishi-d  navai 
officers.  Its  present  importance  is  derived  principally  from 
its  proximity  to  Forts  Monroe  and  Calhoun.  The  former,  in 
addition  to  its  other  sources  of  expenditure,  has  lately  be- 
come one  of  the  most  fashionable  jilaces  of  resort  in  the 
South.  The  beach  in  the  vicinity  affords  excellent  bathing 
ground,  and  is  thronged  during  the  summer  months  with 
the  wealthy  and  fashionable,  and  by  some  invalids,  as- 
semliled  there  from  Virginia.  Maryland,  and  the  Southern 
States.  Fort  Monroe  is  2i  miles  from  Hampton.  The  town 
contains  4  churches,  several  hotels,  and  numerous  stores. 
Settled  in  1705.     Pop.  1848. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-office  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri. 
H.VMPTON,  a  post-village,  capital   of  Calhoun   co.,  Ar- 
kansas.    It  was  laid  out  about  1851. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Saginaw 
CO..  Michigan,  on  the  E.  side  of  Saginaw  River. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-office  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana,  14 
miles  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

H.\MPTON,  a  post-village  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  10  miles  above  Rock  Islaml. 

HAMPTON-IN-AR/DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick, having  a  station  on  the  Midland  Railway,  at  its  juno 
tion  with  the  Derby.  9i  miles  E..S.E.  of  Birmingham. 

HAMPrrONBISH'OPS, a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Here- 
ford. 

HAIIPTONBURG.  a  post-township  of  Orange  co..  New 
York.  3  miles  N.E.  of  Goshen.     Pop.  1295. 

HAMPTON  FALLS,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co.. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  on  the  Eastern 
Railroad.  5ii  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  621. 

HAMPTON  GAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
HAMI'TON,GREAT,aparishof  England,  CO.  of  Worcester. 
HAMPTON,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
HAMPTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex, 
on  the  English  Channel,  at  the  month  of  the  Avon.    It  has 
a  small  harbor,  and  is  much  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 

HAMPTON  LOV'ETT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wop. 
cester.  1  mile  N.N.W.  of  Droitwich,  within  the  parliamentary 
boundaries  of  which  it  is  enclosed. 

HAMPrrON-LU'CY,  or  BISHOP'S  HAMPTON,  a  parish  of 
Enstland.  co.  of  Warwick. 

HAMPrrON  MAI'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 
HAMPTON, NETHER,  a  parish  of  Emiland,  co.  of  Wilts. 
HAMPTON  POYLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
IIA.MPTON  ROADS,  a  branch  or  arm  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 
at  the  mouth  of  James  River,  between  Hampton  and  Nor- 
folk, having  a  depth  of  5,  6,  and  7  fathoms.    Fort  Monroe, 
on  Old  Point  Comfort,  and  Fort  Calhoun,  on  the  opposite 
side,  about  1  mile  distant,  lat.  17°  E.,  command  the  channel. 
Light-houses  have  been  erected  at  various  points  hi?re  to  as- 
sist vessels  in  entering  Hampton  Roads  and  Norfolk  Har- 
bor, and  a  light  vessel  is  stationed  off  Willoughby's  Bank, 
having  a  bell,  which  is  rung  in  foggv  weather. 

HAMPTON'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Laurens  co., 
Georgia. 

HAMP'TONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Yadkin  co.,  North 
Carolina.  130  miles  W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

HAMPTON  WELCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
HAMPTON  WICK,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Middle- 
sex, on  the  Thames,  i  mile  N.  of  Kingston.     Pop.  1614. 
IlAM'SEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
HAM'STALL-RID/WARE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of 
Stafford. 

HAM'STERLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
IIAM/TR.\.MC\  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan.    Pop. 
1638. 

HAMVA,  ham'v6h\  or  HANOWA,  hJ'no'v6h\  a  village  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Giimor,  on  the  Sajo.    Pop.  1390. 

HAM-wiTH-W.\TCH,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
on  the  Thames.  11  miles  W.S.W.of  St.  Pauls,  London.   Pop. 
1391.    Here  is  Ham  House,  erected  in  1610,  for  Henry,  Princa 
of  Wales,  and  many  other  elegant  seats. 
HAM.  WEST.    See  Ham. 

HAM/WORTHY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
HAN,  hin,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Namur,  in 

81T 


HAN 


HAN 


8oatb  R"X<u')fort,  atid  near  which  is  a  remarkable  carem, 
thiflugh  which  the  Lesse  flows. 

HAN.  a  market-town  of  Dalmatia.  circle  of  Spalatro,  on 
the  left  band  of  the  Cettina,  N.E.  of  Si?n. 

HAN'ANKR'S  STOKE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  CO.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

HAXAU,  hI'nCw,  a  town  of  Germjiny,  in  Hes.se^as8el, 
on  the  Kinzig,  near  it.i  junction  with  the  Slain,  86  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Cassel.  Pop.  including  suburbs,  15.2t')6.  It  con- 
fists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  the  latter  well  built,  and 
h.iving  a  good  market-place,  4  Calvinistic  parish  churches,  a 
Komaii  Catholic  church,  a  Ciistle,  now  the  seat  of  the  Wettera- 
Tian  Society  of  Natural  History,  a  large  hospital,  haudsome 
theatre,  council-house,  college,  academy  of  arts,  &c..  manu- 
fectures  of  silk  stuffs,  ribbons,  cotton  fabrics,  camlets,  car- 
pets, leather,  gloves,  hosiery,  gold  and  silver  articles,  porce- 
lain, carriages,  &c.,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  timlier, 
barrels,  and  wine.  Near  it  are  the  mineral  springs  of  Wil- 
helmstadt.  At  Hanuu,  the  French,  in  their  retreat  from 
Leipsic,  totally  defeated  the  Bavarians,  October  30,  1813. 

HANAU,  (Hanau.)  h.VnOw.  a  village  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  about  18  miles  from  St.  Gall,  on  the 
Thur.     l^p.  1953. 

HAN'BUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

H.ANBUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

HA.N'CHKTTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dane  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Madison. 

HAX'COCK,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Maine,  has  an 
area  of  about  1800  square  miles.  It  is  Iwunded  on  the  S. 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  Penobscot  Kiver  and  Bay 
form  part  of  its  W.  border.  It  contains  numerous  lakes, 
and  small  streams,  which  afford  motive-power  to  a  large 
number  of  gi'ist  and  sawmills.  Union  River  flows  nearly 
through  its  centre.  Hancock  county  comprises  a  great 
number  of  islands,  some  of  which  are  of  considerable  size, 
and  very  fertile.  It  has  a  sea  coast  of  above  60  miles,  af- 
fording many  excellent  harbors.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Named 
(as  well  as  those  following)  in  honor  of  John  Hancock,  one 
of  the  lathers  of  American  independence,  and  first  President 
of  the  American  Congress.  Capital,  Ellsworth.   Pop.  37,767. 

HANCOCK,  a  new  county,  forming  the  N.N.W.  extremity 
of  West  Virginia,  bordering  on  Pennsylvania  and  on  the 
Ohio  River,  contains  about  100  square  miles.  Tlje  Ohio 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.  and  W.,  separating  it  from 
the  State  of  Ohio.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Stone  coal  and  fire- 
clay are  among  the  most  valuable  minenils  of  the  county. 
Formed  a  few  years  ago  out  of  the  N.  part  of  Brooke  county. 
Capital,  New  Cumberland.  Pop.  4445,  of  whom  4443  were 
free. 

HANCOCK,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  440  square  miles.  The  Oconee  River  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  W.,  the  North  Fork  of  the  Ogeechee  on 
the  N.E..  and  it  is  al.so  driiined  by  Buffalo  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified,  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  primary 
and  tertiary  formations  passing  through  the  county.  The 
soil  in  the  N.  is  cl.ayey ;  in  the  S.  it  is  sandy,  and  covered 
with  a  growth  of  pine.  The  county  cflnfains  an  abundance 
of  granite,  and  a  great  variety  of  rare  minerals  and  precious 
stones,  including  gold,  agate,  chalcedony,  opal,  kaolin,  zir- 
con, and  galena.  (White's  SUitistics.)  Formed  in  1793.  Ca- 
pit.il,  Sjiarta.  Pop.  12,044,  of  whom  3907  were  Iree,  and 
8137  slaves. 

H  AN'COCK,  a  former  co.,  in  the  N.  W.  of  Alabama.  Ato!\, 
600  scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Sipsey  River,  and  by  Its 
affluents.  Jones's  and  Clifty  Creeks.  Pop.  1542.  of  whom 
1480  were  free,  and  62  slaves.  Since  the  census  of  1860, 
this  county  has  been  retroceded  to  the  counties  from  which 
it  was  originally  organized. 

HAXCtXIK.  a  county  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  Missis- 
sippi, is  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  Liike  Borgne,  and 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Pearl  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Louisiana.  Area.  alx)ut  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Wolf  Itiver.  The  soil  is  thin  and  sterile.  Capital.  Shields- 
borough.  Pop.  3139,  of  whom  2282  were  free,  and  857 
slaves. 

HANCOCK,  a  county  In  the  N.  part  of  East  Tennessee, 
bordering  on  Virginia.  Area,  estim.ated  at  4S0  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Clinch  River.  Tlie  surface  is  mountain- 
ous. Mng  traversed  by  Powell's  Mount.  Iron  ore  is  thought 
'o  be  abundant  in  the  highlands.  Formed  aliout  the  year 
1848.  Capital,  SueeUsville.  Pop.  7020,  of  whom  0774  were 
free,  and  246  slaves. 

HA.\C(M:k,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  lies 
on  the  Ohio  River,  which  forms  its  entire  N.  boundary,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Indiana.  Area,  estimated  at  500  sfiuare 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Blackford  and  Panther  Creeks 
The  river  t)ottoms  are  several  miles  wide,  and  very  rich  • 
the  uplands  are  undulating,  and  moderatelv  fertile.  Capi- 
tal, llawesville.  Pop.  ti213,  of  whom  6395  were  Iree,  liud 
818  t  la  vet).  ' 

HANCOCK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Ohio, 
rontains  alw.ut  6.56  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Blanchard  Fork  of  the  Auglaize  River,  and  also  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Portage  River,  and  by  l->gle  and  Ottowa 


tion.  Liraestono  is  the  most  valuable  mineral  of  the  county 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Fremont  Lima  and  Union  Railroad, 
Capital,  Findlay.    Pop.  22,886 

HANCOCK,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Indi.ana, 
contains  312  square  miles,  It  is  drained  by  Blue  River  and 
Sugar  Creek.  The  surface  is  generally  level :  the  soil  is  pi-o- 
ductive.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  bv  a 
plank-road.  Organized  in  1828.  Capital,  Greenfield.  Pop. 
12.S02. 

HANCOCK,  a  county  in  the  extreme  W.  part  of  Illinois, 
bordering  on  Missouri  and  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720  squara 
miles.  The  Missis.'iippi  River  forms  its  AV.  boundary.  It  is 
also  drained  by  Crooked  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Illinois. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  beautiful  prairies  and  tracts  of 
timber.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich,  and  much  improved. 
The  county  contains  large  quantities  of  stone  coal  and  lime- 
stone.   Capital,  Carthage.     Pop.  29,061. 

H.\NCOCK.  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  principally  drained  by 
Boone  River,  a  branch  of  the  Des  Moines.  Boone  Lake,  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  county,  is  the  source  of  the  river  of  same 
name.    Pop.  in  I860, 179. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Blaine,  at  the 
head  of  Frenchman's  Bay,  75  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  923. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hamp.shire.  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Concord.  It  is  the  seat  of  the 
Hancock  Literary  and  Scientific  Institution..  Pop.  844. 

HANCOCK,  a  post^township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  30 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  448. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  CO.,  Massachu- 
setts, bordering  on  New  York,  about  130  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Boston.  It  has  some  manutactures  of  woollens,  satinets, 
and  cotton  goods.    Pop.  816. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.  extremity  of 
Delaware  co..  New  York,  contains  the  beautiful  and  flour- 
ishing village  of  Hancock,  formerly  Chehocton.  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  East  and  West  Brjinches  of  the  Delaware 
River,  where  the  former  is  cros.sed  by  the  New  Y'ork  and 
Erie  Railroad,  164  miles  from  New  York  City.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  2862. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-villago  of  Washington  co.,  Maryland, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  River,  and  on  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  Canal.  124  miles  W.N.W.  of  Baltimore.  It 
cont.ains  several  churches. 

HANCOCK,  a  village  of  Union  co..  South  Carolina,  80 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

II.\NCOCK,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana. 

HANCOCK'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Salem  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  AIloway"s  Creek,  5  miles  S.  of  Salem,  has  about 
40  dwellings. 

IIAN'D.\,  an  island  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland,  parish 
of  Edrachilis.  separated  from  the  mainland  bj'  a  narrow  but 
navigable  sound.     Area,  about  1  s(iuare  mile. 

HANDAII,  hdn'ddh.  or  HANDAK,  hiin'Mk',  a  town  of 
Nubia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile.  40  miles  S.E.  of  New 
Dongola.    Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  large  fortress. 

HAND'BOKOUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Oxford. 

HAND'FORD.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HAND'KORTH.  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Chester, 
with  a  station  on  the  Manchester  Branch  of  the  London 
and  North-western  Raihviiy,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Stockport. 

H.WD'LEY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

IIANDLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HANDSOIIUIISHEI.M.  hant/shoos-hIme\  a  village  of  GeiN 
many,  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  circle  of  Ix>wer  Rhine,  on  tb« 
Main.  10  miles  S.  of  Slannheim.    Pop.  2143. 

HANDSOME  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Iowa. 

HANDS'WORTU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on 
the  Birmingham  and  Liverpool  Railway,  6  miles  S.E.  ol 
Wednesbury. 

HANDSWORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork.  West 
Riding. 

1IANT)Y,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Livingston 
CO.,  Michisran.    Pop.  931. 

HANDZAAME  or  HANDZAEME,  hind'zi'meh.  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  15s  miles  S.W.  of 
Bruges.     Pop.  2646. 

IIANERAU.  hi'neh-r6w\  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  Holstein.  on  the  Eider,  with  the  remains  of  an 
old  castle,  which,  in  the  twelfth  century,  was  the  strongest 
bulwark  of  Holstein  towards  the  Ditniarsclies.  Population 
2920. 

IIA'NEYVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penngyl- 
vania. 

IIAN'FORD'S  LANDING,  a  postoffice  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York. 

HANG-CHOW-FOO.  HANG-TCIIOW-FOO.  hangVhCw'foo/, 
or  HANG-TCHEOU-FOO,  hJngV'he-oo'-foo'.  an  important 
city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province  of  Chekiang.  on  the 
Tsien-tang-kiang.  20  miles  from  its  mouth  in  Ilang-chow-foo 
Bay,  at  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Grand  CanaV.  It  is  said  to 
be  very  populous,  well  bui't,  and  clean,  and  to  h.ive  a  large 
citadel  and  garrison,  extensive  manufactmes  of  silk,  and  a 


HAN 


IIAN 


very  active  general  trade.  In  the  late  war,  the  British 
troops  were  prevented  from  advancing  upon  Ilanj^-chowfoo 
by  thp  innavij:a>ile  rapidity  of  its  rivnr. 

IIANOKST,  h5N»'zh4',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sonime.  with  a  .station  on  the  railway  to  Boulogne,  7  miles 
miles  X.  of  .Montdidier.     Pop. about  1000. 

11.\NG1.\0  liOCK,  a  posl-village  of  Hampshire  CO.,  West 
Yir^iiiiia,  28  niilub  W.  of  AViiichcster.     It  has  2  churches. 

HANGING  KOCK,  a  post-office  of  Kershaw  district,  South 
Carolina. 

II.V.NGIXQ  ROCK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lawrence 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  Kiver,  140  miles  above  Cincinnati, 
and  110  miles  S.  by  K.  of  Columbus.  It  is  the  depot  for  the 
product  of  several  blast  furnaces,  and  has  a  rolling  mill  and 
otlier  manufacturing  establi.shments.  I'op.  about  1000. 
IIANGLEXOX.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Sussex. 
IIANGOO  or  IIANGU,  hjn-goo',  a  small  town  of  Afghan- 
istan, 15  miles  W.  of  Kohat.     I'op.  about  1500. 

IIANG-OUDDE,  IIANGO  CDUK,  hdng'go  ood'dfh,  or 
IIANGOUD.  h>^ng-go-ood\  a  promontory  on  the  N.  coast  of 
the  Gulf  of  Finland,  S.W.  of  Ekenas.  with  a  harbor  and  a 
custom-house.  (.>ff  this  the  Swedes  were  defeated  by  the 
Russians.  ,lulv  27,  1714. 

II  V.NtaVKl  JA',  hdug'wjnee,  a  village  of  Ceylon,  10  miles 
E.  of  Colombo, 
UA.N'llAM,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co,  of  Gloucester. 
II  AN'ING  FIELD,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Essex. 
II A  -N 1  .\G  FIELD,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  E.ssex. 
IIAN  I  NG  Fl  I;LD,  west,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
IIANK'KKTOX.  a  pai  ish  of  England,  co,  of  Wilts. 
IIAN-KEUO  or  IIA.NKEOU,  han^kS-oo',  ("  Mouth  of  Com- 
merce,") a  large  city  of  China,  on  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  at  the 
mouth  of  one  of  its  tributaries  neJir  Ilan-yang.     This  city 
forms,  with   Han-yang  and  Woo  chang,  (Ou-tchaiig  or  Oo- 
tchang,)  the  capital  of  Iloo-pe,  all  in  siglit  of  each  other  .and 
separatLil  only  by  the  river,  one  of  the  greatest  commercial 
centres  in  the  world,     M,  Hue  estimates  their  united  pop, at 
8,01)0,000,     Lat.  about  .S0°30'  N.,  Ion.  near  114°  E, 

HAN-K1.\NG,  h^n^kedng',  a  river  of  China,  provinces  of 
Shcn-see  and  Hoo-pe,  after  a  tortuous  E.  course,  estimated 
at  600  miles,  joins  the  Yang  tse-kiang  at  Ilan-yang. 

II.\.N-KIA.\G,  a  river  of  China,  in  Corea,  enters  the  sea 
on  its  S.  coast,  after  a  S.  course,  of  about  200  miles. 

IIAN  K'1N"S,  a.  station  in  Sullivan  co..  New  York,  on  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Kailioad,  153  miles  from  New  York  City, 
HANKI.V,  hjn'kin',  a  maritime  town  ofCorea,  in  Eastern 
Asia,  on  its  E.  coast.    Lat.  39°  35'  X.,  Ion.  127°  35'  E. 

HAN  L.\lt.  h.'in-IaK',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room- 
Elee.  sanjak  of  Gallipuli,  6  miles  S,E,  of  Ipsal.a. 

IIAX'LliY,a  township  of  England,  CO.  Stall'oid,  on  the  JIan- 

chesterand  liiruiingliam  Kailway,  near  Newcastle.  Pop.86o9. 

II.\NLEY  CASTLE,a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Worcester, 

near  Upton-on-Severn,   The  Malvern  Wellsare  in  this  parish, 

HAN'MEI!,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

HAX'XAirs  CKEEK.  of  Xorth  Carolina,  flows  into  the 

Neuse  Uiver.  near  the  S.  border  of  .Tohnson  county. 

HAX'X AHSTOWX  or  HAXXAHSliUKG,  a  post-vill.ige  of 
Butler  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Butler. 
HAX'XAS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 
HAXXA'S  CKEEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  White- 
water Kiver,  in  Union  county, 
HAXXA'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio. 
H.\XXATCH'iE,  a  post-office  of  Stewart  eo.,  Georgia. 
H.VN'.VEG.VX,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  Alabama, 
HAXXEG.VX,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co.,  Indiama. 
HAXXEG.iX',  a  small  village  of  Atchison  co.,  Missouri. 
HAXXEY,  EAST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
Pop.  ltJ5. 
HAX'XEY,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
HAXXIAII.     See  Laxcha.ng. 

HAX'XIBAL,  a  post-town.ship  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Oswego  CO..  New  York,  2>s  miles  N.W.  of  Syracuse.  P.  3246. 
IIAXXIB.VL.  a  flnnrisliing  city  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  153  miles  above  St.  Louis,  and  15 
miles  below  Quincy.  Illinois.  It  is  advantageously  situated 
for  commerce,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and 
business.  Large  quantities  of  hemp,  tobacco,  pork,  &c., 
wiiieh  are  raised  in  the  vicinity,  are  shipped  at  this  point. 
The  adjacent  county  is  verj-  productive,  and  rather  popu- 
lous. Coal  and  carboniferous  limestone,  an  excellent  ma- 
terial for  building,  are  abundant  hei-e.  A  railroad  has  been 
completed  which  extends  from  Hannibal  to  St.  Joseph,  on 
the  Missouri,  a  distance  of  above  2tX)  milts.  The  city 
contains  12  churches,  1  bank,  3  printing  offices,  from  which 
newspapers  are  issued,  about  25  stores  and  warehouses, 
and  several  extensive  tobacco  factories,  flouring-mills,  pack- 
ing and  other  establishments.  Pop.  in  1840  was  about  600 ; 
in  1850  it  amounted  to  2557  ;  in  1860,  to  6505 ;  in  1865,  about 
8000. 

IIAN'NIBAL.  three  islands  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia, lat.  11°  35'  S.,  Ion.  142°  51'  20''  E. 

HANNIBAL  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co,,  New 
York,  about  30  miles  N,W.  of  Syracuse, 

IIAN'.\IBALYILLE,  a  village  of  Oswego  co,,  New  York, 
»boui  60  miles  E.N,E,  of  Rochester 


IIAN/NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Northampton 

HAXXIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HAXXIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

IIAX'.NO.  a  township  in  Lee  eo.,  Illinois. 

HANXOYEK.     See  Hanovkr. 

HAXXUT,  hcin'nutor  hiln^iii',  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province,  and  21  miles  W.  of  Liege.  It  was  formerly  forti- 
fied.    Pop.  1075. 

H.\NOVEK,  han'o-Vfr.  (Ger.  Ilunnnrer,  hin-no'vgr;  Fr 
ILinmre,  hdViov'r';  L.  Hatwhera.)  a  city  of  Northern  Ger- 
many, capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Hanover,  on  the  Leine,  au 
affluent  of  the  Weser.  83  miles  S.W.  of  Hamburg.  Lat.  .')2<' 
22'  10"  N.,  Ion.  9°  44'  40"  E.  Pop.  in  1845,  2.s,055;  with 
suburbs,  in  1861,71,170.  It  is  buiit  in  a  sandy  plain,  en- 
closed by  planted  walks,  and  divided  by  the  river  (liere 
cros.sed  by  several  bridges)  into  an  old  and  a  new  town,  the 
former  ill-built  and  dirty,  the  latter  regularly  laid  out, 
lighted  with  gas.  and  comprising  a  fine  esplanade,  on  which 
stand  the  monumental  rotundaofLeibnitz,  and  a  column,  156 
feet  in  height,  erected  to  the  Hanoverians  who  fell  at  Watei^ 
loo.  The  principal  edifices  aie  the  royal  and  vice-regal  p.a- 
laces,  opera-house,  house  of  assembly,  mint,  arsenal,  school 
of  trades,  barracks,  royal  stables,  city-hall  and  record  office, 
with  a  rich  liljrary  of  printed  works,  and  valuable  manu- 
scripts, chiefly  presented  by  Leibnitz,and  the  Sehlos.s-Kirche, 
with  the  remains  of  Henry  the  Lion,  and  tombs  of  George  I. 
of  England,  and  his  mother;  a  Roman  Catholic,  4  Lutheran, 
and  3  Calvinistic  churches.  Its  institutions  comprise  the 
Qefirgianum.  founded  in  1776  for  40  young  nobles,  a  gym- 
nasium, normal  school,  and  various  asylums  and  hospitals. 
It  has  manufactures  of  oil-cloth,  gold  and  silver  articles, 
carpets,  lacquered  wares,  chiccory,  &c.  The  transit  trade 
with  Bremen,  &c.,  is  considerable;  and  here  is  an  exchange 
for  mining  produce.  About  half  a  mile  from  the  city  is 
-Mount  Brilliant,  a  royal  country  residence,  with  a  fine  pic- 
ture gallery;  and  1  mile  distant  is  the  old  palace  of  llerrn- 
hausen,  a  favorite  residence  of  Georges  I.  and  II.  Under  the 
French,  Hanover  was  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Aller. 
It  communicates  by  railway  with  Harburg,     Ilildesheim, 

Brunswick,  Berlin,  Cologne,  Bremen,  and  Emdea, Adj. 

and  inhab,  Haxoveria.n,  han-o-vee're-an. 

IIAXOYER,  or  HAXXOVEK,  Kixodo-M  op,  (Ger,  Koti;g- 
re.icli  Hanniiver,  kiVnio-rike^  hdn-no/ver;  Fr.  lloyaume  de 
Haiiavre,  roi'Om'  deh  hin^iov'r';)  a  kingdom  in  the  X.W 
of  Germany,  holding  tlie  fifth  rank  in  the  Germanic  Con- 
federation, and  bounded  X.  by  the  German  Ocean,  and  th« 
duiliies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Elbe;  X.E.  by  Mecklenburg-Schweilu ;  E.  by 
Prussia  and  Brunswick;  S.  by  I'rus.sian  Saxony,  Hesse- 
Cassel,  .ind  Rhenish  Prussia;  and  W.  by  Holland.  Ijat. 
63°  52'  to  57°  IS'  N„  Ion,  6°  40'  to  11°  35'  E.  It  is  of  very 
irregular  shape ;  and,  by  the  interjection  of  the  duchy  of 
Oldenburg,  in  the  N.,  and  of  a  long  irregular  belt  of  Bruns- 
wick, in  the  .S..  is  divided  into  three  distinct  portions — the 
first,  and  far  largest,  forming  Hanover  proper,  situated  on 
the  E.,  and  tolerably  compact:  the  second  on  the  ^V.,  and 
separated  from  the  former  by  Oldenbui-g  and  Rhenish  Prus- 
.sia,  except  at  one  spot,  where  the  continuity  is  maintained 
by  a  narrow  ti'act,  not  more  than  6  miles  v.ide;  and  the 
third  in  the  S.,  completely  isolated  from  the  other  two.  Be- 
sides these  three  principal,  there  are  three  minor  portions, 
all  in  the  S, ;  and  a  range  of  sandy  islands  lining  the  coast. 
The  total  area  comprises  14,811  .square  miles;  capital,  Han- 
over. Within  the  territory  are  included  part  of  Brunswick, 
and  the  free  town  of  Bremen.    It  is  divided  as  follows : — 


Landdrostei. 

Area  in  sq.  m. 

Pop.  in  1862. 

Chief  Towns. 

Hanover 

Hildestielra 

1--20 
«:i6 
2fi30 
2411 
1154 
244 

3tf).'.l53 

sfi-.Bsa 

3H8.7«4 

279.s;m 

'JS1.9K5 
1(4j,1J9 
Sa.T20 

Hannver. 

Hiidcsheiln. 

Lilneburg. 

St.ade. 

Osnaburg. 

Aurich. 

Clausthal. 

Osnabrick 

Auiich 

Mining  district 

Total 

14,811 

l,ftl9,253 

Pliyncal  Features. — The  surface  in  the  S.  is  covered  by 
the  Ilarz  Mountains,  some  of  whose  summits  hei-e  attain  a 
height  of  more  than  .3000  feet ;  but  all  the  rest  of  the  country 
belongs  to  the  W.  part  of  the  great  plain  which  stretches  E. 
across  Pru.ssia  and  Russia,  and  only  terminates  at  the  foot 
of  the  central  plateau  of  Asia.  In  Hanover,  this  plain,  after 
free  of  the  N.  slopes  of  the  Harz,  subsides  into  an  extensive, 
and  often  dreary,  monotonous  flat,  with  a  gentle  slope  to- 
wards the  North  Sea,  to  the  basin  of  which  it  wholly  belongs. 
The  only  exception  to  the  geiKiral  flatness  is  caused  by 
brandies  of  the  Ilarz,  of  moderate  height,  one  of  which 
stretches  in  a  N,N.W.  direction,  and  forms  the  water-shed  be- 
tween the  Ems  and  the  Weser.  In  addition  to  these  two  rivers 
— the  former  of  which  traverses  the  W.  portion  of  the  king- 
dom, from  S.  to  X,,  while  the  latter  traverses  the  W,  of  the 
E,  portion,  and  drains  the  greater  part  of  it,  either  directly 
or  by  its  combined  tributaries,  Leine  and  Aller ;  the  only 
other  river  of  consequence  is  the  Elbe,  rhich  skirts  tha 

819 


Han 


IIAN 


N.E..  and  Tjoiincls  a  considerable  portion  of  the  N.,  but  is 
not  ausrmented  within  it  by  any  importint  tributary.  The 
Harz  are  rich  in  minerals,  which  hare  long  been  worlied  to 
a  frroat  extent,  partly  in  common  with  lirunswick:  and 
ftill  form  one  of  the  chief  sources  both  of  wealth  and  em- 
ployment. Tliey  produce  a  little  trold,  a  considerable  amount 
of  silver,  some  zinc,  from  100  to  150  tons  of  copper,  and  about 
40.')0  tons  of  iron  annually.  A  branch  of  the  Harz,  between 
the  lA'ine  and  Wosor,  yields  both  coal  and  lignite :  and.  in 
several  quarters,  rock  salt  is  found  in  large  quantities.  The 
other  minerals  are  of  no  consequence. 

Plimiile. — Considering  the  N.  exposure  of  the  country,  the 
climate  is  remarkably  mild,  except  in  the  higher  districts 
of  the  8.  The  mean  annual  temperature  i.s  48°.  The  pcreatest 
cold  si>Idom  exci^eds  32°,  and  the  greatest  heat,  95°.  The 
prevailing  wind  is  the  W.:  the  air,  on  the  whole,  healthy; 
but  its  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  particularly  near 
the  coast,  are  trying  to  weak  constitutions ;  and  in  the  low 
flats,  when  the  rivers  become  sluggish,  and  numerous 
stagnant  pools  are  fnrmed.  dysentery,  ague,  and  other  in- 
termittent fevers,  often  prevail. 

AriHcnlhire. — In  the  low  alluvial  flats  the  soil  is  remark- 
ably rich ;  hut  usually  .so  overcharged  with  moisture,  that 
it  cannot  be  safely  brought  under  the  plough,  and  is  much 
more  profitably  employed  by  being  allowed  to  remain  in 
natural,  or  formed  into  artificial  meadows,  which  yield 
heavy  crops  of  hay,  or  feed  large  numbers  of  cattle.  When 
the  ground  attains  a  higher  elevation,  the  soii  often  con- 
sists, either  of  a  thin  vegetable  mould,  on  a  sub-itratum  of 
sand,  so  poor,  as  often  to  be  left  in  a  state  of  nature,  with 
its  covering  of  heath:  or  of  deep  beds  of  peat.  But.  after 
deducting  these  two  clas.ses  of  soil,  there  remain  extensive 
tracts  of  arable  land,  aniovtnting  to  one-fourth  of  the  whole 
surface,  of  good  medium  fertility,  and  so  industriously  cul- 
tivated, as  to  produce  more  corn  than  reijuired  for  home 
consumption.  Flax  also,  for  which  much  of  the  soil  is  ad- 
mirably adapted,  is  extensively  cultivated,  and  forms  an 
Important  article  of  export.  The  domestic  animals,  gene- 
rally of  superior  breeds,  have  been  estimated  at  250,000 
horses.  900,000  horned  cattle,  1.620,000  .sheep,  30,000  goats, 
and  700,000  swine.  Poultry  also,  particularly  geese,  are 
re!«red  in  vast  numbers  in  the  marshes:  and  the  rearing  of 
bees  is  so  generally  practised  among  the  moors,  as  to  form 
no  contemptible  branch  of  national  economy.  Forests  oc- 
cupy nearly  one-sixth  of  the  whole  surface.  They  consist 
of  hardwood  and  pine,  in  nearly  equal  quantities,  and  are 
extensively  used  in  smelting. 

Mjniifadures  and  Trade. — Mining  operations,  next  to 
agriculture,  unquestionably  form  the  most  important 
branches  of  national  industry.  Other  manufactures  are  of 
comparatively  limited  extent.  The  most  impoi-tant  are 
tissues  of  flax  and  hemp.  The  only  other  articles  deserving 
of  notice  are — hosiery,  ribbons,  leather,  chiccory,  tobacco, 
oil,  chemical  products,  beer,  and  brandy.  The  trade  has 
the  advantage  of  three  navigable  rivers,  and  a  considerable 
extent  of  sea  coast;  and  the  government  has  been  as  for- 
ward as  any  other  in  Germany  in  availing  itself  of  railways, 
which  already  communiciite,  both  E.  and  W.,  with  the  great 
continental  trunks,  and  are  in  course  of  being  still  farther 
extended.  Hanover,  however,  has  not  mucli  of  its  own 
produce  to  export,  and  is,  consequently,  very  much  restricted 
as  to  imports  on  its  own  account.  The  greater  part  of  its 
trade,  according!}',  is  transit;  which,  in  recent  times,  has 
made  considerable  progress.  It  possesses  several  ports, 
among  which  the  first  is  Emden. 

People,  Education,  tt-c. — Taken  as  a  whole,  Hanover  is  very 
thinly  peopled;  and.  in  proportion  to  its  extent  of  surface, 
has  fewer  towns  of  importance  than  any  other  country  in 
Germany.  The  inhabitants  are  generally  of  Saxon  origin, 
except  in  the  W..  where  they  have  a  common  origin  with 
the  Dutch,  and  are  of  Frisian  extraction.  The  educated 
classes  use  the  ordinary  written  language  of  the  country, 
but  the  lower  orders  generally  speak  Low  German,  Pub- 
lic instruction  is  under  the  direction  of  a  superior  council ; 
in  ISiS,  there  were  35C1  primary  schools,  numerous  indus- 
trial, secondary,  elementary,  and  polytechnic  schools.  IT 
gymnasia  and  13  progymnasia.  There  is  a  school  of  mines 
and  fiirestry  at  Clausthal :'  military  and  veterinary  schools, 
schools  of  midwifery,  and  5  normal  schools.  The  seat  of  na- 
tional learning  is  the  University  of  Giittingen.  The  great 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants,  of  the  Lutheran 
persuasion.  The  Roman  Catholics  do  not  exceed  one-eighth 
tf  the  whole,  and  ore  almo.st  entirely  confined  to  the  di.s- 
tricts  of  Hildeshelm  and  Osnabriick.  Pop.  in  1S61, 1,888,070. 
Goiviiiment.— This  is  a  hereditary  monarchy,  in  which 
the  Salic  law.  excluding  females  from  the  crown,  is  still  in 
force.  In  form,  the  monarchy  is  constitutional,  having 
UH>n  framed,  in  1819.  on  the  model  of  that  of  Kngland.  but 
«ith  very  consider.able  modifications.  An  important  infu- 
sion of  the  popular  principle  took  place  In  1^3-3.  during  the 
reiirn  of  William  IV.  of  Kngland;  but  the  late  Ernest  Au- 
gustus. wJio  had  protested  a-ainst  it  at  the  time,  immedi- 
ately on  his  succession  replaced  matters  on  the  footing  of 
lf<19:  but.  since  the  Kuropean  turmoils  of  184S-9.  more  of 
ILb  popular  element  has  been  introduced  into  the  govern- 


ment.  As  a  member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  Han- 
over has  four  votes  in  the  plenum,  and  one  full  v^te  in  tho 
minor  diet.  Its  contingent  of  troops  is  13,054.  Its  actual 
army  amounts  to  about  23.690  men.  Though  it  possesses  a 
considerable  extent  of  sea-coa.st.  it  has  no  navy.  Debt  ia 
1854.  $27,384,050;  public  income,  $0,429,870;  expenditure, 
$6,3S0.Ofi0. 

ITistor;/. — The  countries  of  which  the  kingdom  of  Ilanovei 
is  now  composed  were,  in  early  times,  the  theatre  of  pro- 
tiacted  contests  between  the  Saxons  and  the  Komans.  The 
N.  parts  were  inhabited  by  Longobardi  and  Chauci;  the 
centre  by  Fu.si  and  Cherusci ;  and  the  S.  by  Chatti,  who,  at 
a  later  period,  advanced  as  far  as  the  Aller.  After  the  Ho- 
mans  lost  their  footing  in  the  country,  and  the  Longobwrdl 
were  exjielled  from  it,  the  Saxons  became  .sole  possessors, 
and  divided  it  into  three  principal  parts — Ostphalen.  Engern, 
and  Westphalen.  The  first  great  steps  in  civilization  were 
taken  by  Charlemagne:  who.  having  subdued  the  Saxons, 
introduced  Christianity,  and  founded  several  bishoprics. 
AVittekind,  the  Saxon  leader,  by  becoming  a  Christian,  lost 
much  of  his  influence  with  the  great  body  of  his  country- 
men, who  still  continued  pagans,  but  was  allowed  to  pos- 
sess his  hereditary  states.  In  961.  the  chief  power  was  in 
the  hands  of  Herrmann  Jlillung,  from  whom  the  fourth  in 
succession  was  Jlapmus.  He  succeeded  in  1106.  On  the 
death  of  his  son,  Henry  the  Lion,  in  1195,  the  possessions 
left  to  him  were  shared  by  his  three  sons,  the  issue  of  his 
marriage  with  a  daughter  of  Henry  II.  of  England.  Through 
the  heirs  of  one  of  these  (William,  the  youngest)  the  lines 
of  Brun.swick-Wolfenbtlttel  and  of  Bruiiswick-Liliieburg 
were  ultimately  formed.  Ernest  Augustus,  one  of  the 
princes  of  the  latter  branch,  after  making  several  important 
additions  to  bis  ten-itories,  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
Elector  of  Hanover,  in  1692.  and  married  the  daughter  of 
the  lilector  Palatine,  grand-daughter  of  James  I.,  and  nieca 
of  Charles  I.  of  England.  He  was  succeeded,  in  1698,  by  his 
son,  George  Tjowis:  who.  in  accordance  with  the  revolution 
settlement  of  16SS,  became  sovereign  of  England,  under  the 
name  of  George  I.,  on  the  demise  of  Queen  Anne,  in  1714. 
The  connection  thus  formed  with  the  crown  of  England 
continued  during  four  succeeding  reigns.  In  1S14,  the 
Congress  of  Vienna  raised  Hanover  to  the  rank  of  a  king- 
dom. Two  indeptfndent  crowns  were  thus  worn  both  by 
George  IV.  and  William  IV.;  but  on  the  accession  of  queen 
Victoria,  to  the  crown  of  England,  the  S.alic  law,  placed  the 
other  crown  on  the  head  of  the  nearest  male  heir,  Ernest 
Augustus,  better  known  as  the  Duke  of  Cumberland.  He 
died  in  November,  1851,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 

George  V.,  who   is   hopelessly  blind. Adj.  and  inhab. 

H.\xovEHiAN,  han-o-vee're-an. 

HANOVER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  contains 
about  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  North  Anna 
and  South  Anna  Rivers,  which  unite  on  the  N.E.  border  of 
the  county,  and  form  the  Pamvmkey.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
and  pre.sents  much  diversity  of  soil.  The  dividing  lino  be- 
tween the  primitive  and  tertiary  formations  passes  through 
this  county.  It  is  intersected  by  flie  Central  Railroad,  and 
by  the  Richmond  and  Potomac  Railroad.  Organized  in 
1720.  Cajiital,  Hanover  Court-llouse,  Pop.  17,222,  of  whom 
7739  were  free,  and  94>^3  slaves. 

HANnVKR,a  pi  ist-townsliip  in  Oxford  co.,'Maine.  Pop.  257. 

HANOVER,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Grafton  eo., 
New  Hamp.*hire.  about  half  a  mile  E.  of  the  Connecticut 
River,  and  55  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.  It  has  a  fine  .situa- 
tion on  an  elevated  plain,  180  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
river.  In  the  centre  is  a  square  of  about  12  acres,  around 
which  stand  the  principal  dwellings,  and  the  buildings  of 
Dartmouth  College.  This  old  and  highly  respectable  insti- 
tution was  founded  in  1769,  and  received  its  name  from 
William,  Earl  of  Dartmouth.  Some  of  our  most  eminent 
statesmen  (among  whom  may  be  mentioned  Daniel  Wel>- 
ster)  here  received  their  education.  Connected  with  the 
college  is  a  flourishing  medical  school,  instituted  in  1797. 
The  village  contains  2  or  3  churches,  several  stores,  and  a 
newspaper  office.  It  h.as  some  manufactures  of  hardware, 
paper,  furniture,  &c.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2308. 

HANOVER,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mas.sachu- 
setts.  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of 
of  anchors,  boots  and  shoes,  Ac.     Pop.  1565. 

HANOVER,  a  manufiicturing  village  in  Meriden  town- 
.ship.  New  Haven  co..  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinepiac  River, 
15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  a  Congrega- 
tional church,  a  fine  school,  and  flouri.shing  manufactures 
of  cutlery  and  ivory  combs. 

HANOVER,  apost^ownship  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York,  bordering  on  Lake  Erie,  about 
.30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Buffalo.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Buffalo 
State  Line  Railroad,  and  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Kail- 
road.     Pop.  in  1840,  4000;  and  in  1860,  4055. 

HANOVER,  a  village  and  township  of  Burlington  co^  New 
Jersey,  about  24  miles  S.S.K.  of  Trentim.    Pop.  2529. 

H  .\  NOVER,  a  post-township  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Passaic  River,  5  miles  N.  of  Morristown.    Pop.  5476. 

HANOVER,  a  towuaUip  of  Beaver  co.,  Ptui^gylvanla 
Pop.  It)tj3. 


HAN 


HAP 


HANOVKR,  a  former  township  of  Dauphin  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  now  rlivided  ii\to  Ilast  and  West  Hanover. 

HANOVER,  a  township  of  Lehigli  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
8993. 

IIANOVKK,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  162.3. 

H  A  NO  VER,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,Pennsj'lvania. 
Pop.  517. 

HANOVER,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2090. 

HANOVER,  a  tliriving  post-borongh  of  Heiflelborg  town- 
ship, Yorlv  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  18  miles  S.W.  of  York,  and  So 
miles  S.  of  Hiirrisburg.  A  branch  railroad  has  been  con- 
structed, which  connects  this  town  with  York  and  other 
places  in  that  direction,  and  it  has  been  extended  westward 
to  Oettysburg.  Hanover  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile,  higlily 
cultivated,  .ind  populous  country,  and  is  a  place  of  active 
business.  It  contains  6  churches,  2  banks,  an  academy,  and 
3  newsjjapcr  offices.     Pop.  IfiSO. 

HANOVER,  a  post-oflice  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama. 

HAN0V1-:R,  a  township  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1812. 

HANOVER,  a  township  in  Butl('r  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1.564. 

HANOVER,atownsliipofGolunibianaco.,  Ohio.  Pop.  2445. 

HANOVER  or  HAXOVEKTON,  a  thriving  post-village 
of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Sandy  and  Reaver  Canal,  10 
miles  W.  of  New  Lisbon.  It  has  3  churches,  and  about  600 
inhabitants. 

HANOVER,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  75  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  .Mariettii. 

HANOVEJi,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Licking  co., 
Ohio,  intersected  by  Muskingum  River  and  the  Ohio  Canal. 
Pop.  1383. 

HANOVER,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  968. 

H.\NOVER,a  township  in. Jefferson  CO. .Indinna.  Pop.1042. 

HA  NOV KK, a  township  in  Slielby  co..  liidinn.n.   Pop.  l.'l-.'3. 

HANOVER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Illinois, 
on  Shoiil  Creeli,  about  45  miles  E.  of  St.  Louis.  Settled  by 
Gerniaas. 

HANOVER,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  926. 

H.'VNOVER,  a  post-village  of  Jo  Daviess  CO.,  Illinois,  on 
Apple  Creek.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Galena,  has  water-power  and 
mills.     Pop.  about  300. 

HANOVER,  a  small  village  of  Woodford  CO.,  Illinois. 

H.\N0V1CR,.  a  post-office  of  Rock  co.,  W  isconsin. 

IIANO  VKlt  CKNTR  K,  a  village  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 00  miles  W.  of  Concord. 

HANOVER  COURT-HOUSE,  capital  of  Hanover  CO.,  Vir- 
ginia, is  situated  1  mile  from  the  Pamunky  River,  and  20 
miles  N.  of  Riclimond.  The  railroad  from  Richmond  to  the 
Potomac  passes  near  it.  This  place  is  memorable  as  the 
scene  of  Patrick  Henry's  early  triumphs,  and  in  more  re- 
cent times  as  the  birthplace  of  Ilemy  Clay. 

HANOmiUAN.    See  Hanover. 

HAN'OVER  ISLAND,  in  South  America,  W.  of  Patago- 
nia, is  in  lat.  51°  S.,  Ion.  74°  30*  W.,  separated  from  the 
mainland  and  Chatham  Island  by  the  liast  channel. 

H.VNOVKR  NECK,  a  post-otlice  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey. 

HANOVERTON,  a  villa:i;e  of  Ohio.     See  H.t.NOVER. 

HANOVRE.     See  Hanover. 

HA.N'SUEKE,  hdns'bA-keh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  on  the  railway  between  Ostend  and  Ghent,  8 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2749. 

UANSDORK,(hans'doRf)  LOWER  and  UPPER,  twocontig- 
uous  villages  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a  station  on  the 
Berlin  and  Breslau  Railw.ay,  47  miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau. 
United  pop.  2565. 

HANSE  (hinss)  TOWNS,  called  also  the  IIANSA  (han'- 
sj)  and  HANSEATnC  LEAGUE,  a  celebrated  commercial 
confederacy,  which  derives  its  name  from  the  ancient  (ierman 
word  //a«se,(hdn'seh.)  signifying  an  '"association  for  mutual 
support."  In  the  Middle  Ages.  Hamburg,  Lubeck,  and  after- 
wards Brunswiok,  Dantzic,  Cologne,  Bremen,  and  a  great 
number  of  other  towns,  entered  into  an  alliance,  in  order 
to  defend  their  commerce  against  the  numerous  banditti  and 
pirates  who  then  infested  Germany  and  the  neighboring  seas. 
This  alliance  was  termed  the  Ilanseatic  League.  The  con- 
federated or  Hanse  Towns  were  e;ich  bound  to  contribute 
toward  maintaining  ships  and  soldiers  for  their  mutual  pro- 
tection, not  only  against  pirates  and  robbers,  but  also 
against  the  encroachments,  oppression,  or  rapacity  of  the 
neighboring  nobles  and  kings.  The  number  of  towns  com- 
posing the  league  fluctuated:  at  one  time  it  is  said  to  have 
amounted  to  85,  among  which  were  Bergen,  in  Norway,  Ber- 
lin, KSnigsberg,  and  Cracow.  This  powerful  confederacy 
formed  the  first  systematic  plan  of  commerce  known  in  the 
Middle  .\ges.  The  cities  enjoyed  in  England  the  privilege 
of  exporting  goods  duty  free,  and  in  Denmark,  of  importing 
them  duty  free.  Their  alliance  was  coveted,  and  their  hos- 
tility feared,  by  the  greatest  powers.  Sever.il  kings  were 
defeated,  and  one  (Magnus  of  Sweden)  was  deposed  by  them. 
Luheik  was  the  place  of  assemblage,  and  was  regarded  as 
the  capital  of  the  league,  and  issued  the  summons  for  the 
regular  assemblies  of  the  deputies  from  all  the  cities,  which 
were  held  on;<s  in  three  years;  and  also  for  the  extraor- 


dinary assemblies  generally  held  once  in  ten  years.  Tho 
epoch  of  the  dissolution  of  the  confederacy  may  be  stated 
at  1630.  However.  Hamburg.  I>ubeck,  and  Bremen  still  con 
stitute  an  association  of  a  similar  character,  and,  with  PranK- 
fort-on-the-Main,  are  called  the  free  Hanseatic  cities  of  tlie 
Germanic  Confederation. Adj.  Hanse  and  Haxseat'ic. 

HANSI,  hjn'see,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district,  and  87  miles  W.N.W.  of  Delhi,  on  the  Canal 
of  Firoze  Shah.  It  is  irregularly  built,  and  enclosed  by  a 
brick  wall.  Principal  edifice,  a  fort,  with  some  Moham- 
medan  bridges,  and  a  good  reservoir.  Ilansi  was  formerly 
of  importance,  and  toward  the  close  of  the  last  century,  an 
adventurer,  named  George  Thomas,  made  it  the  capital  of  a 
temporary  principality. 

HANS'LOPE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HAN'SON,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mnssachu- 
sett.s,  on  the  Old  Colony  Railroad,  25  miles  S.  by  E.  (jf  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes,  nails,  &a. 
Pop.  1245. 

HANSON,  a  post-oflice  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri. 

HANSON,  a  town.ship  in  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 

HAN'SON  VI IjLI;,  a  post-ofRce  of  Russell  CO.,  Virginia. 

HANSONVILLE,  a  post-oftice  of  Bracken  co.,  Kentucky. 

HAN'SOOT',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bora- 
bay,  district,  and  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Barouche.  Pop.  about 
4000. 

HAN-TCHONG,  h3n-ch6ng'.  an  inland  city  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Shen-see,  capital  of  the  department,  on  the  Hau-kiang 
River.     Lat.  32°  50'  N.,  Ion.  107°  11'  E. 

HANTS,  a  county  in  the  interior  of  Nova  Scotia,  border 
ing  on  Mines  and  Cobequid  Bays.  The  surface  is  much 
diversified  with  mountains  and  valleys.  The  underlying 
rock  is  the  Permean  sandstone  of  the  coal  measures,  and 
whole  hills  are  filled  with  gypsum.  Capital.Windsor.  P.  14,330. 

HANTS,  IIA.MP'SHIRE,  SOUTHA.MP'TON  or  SOUTH- 
AMP/TONSHIRE,  a  maritime  county  of  England,  having 
S.  the  English  Channel,  with  its  inlets  of  Spithead,  the  So- 
lent, &c.  Area,  including  the  Isle  of  Wight.  1025  S(juare 
miles,  or  1,040,000  acres,  of  which  900,000  are  estimated  to 
1)6  under  culture.  I'op.  in  1851,  405,370.  The  ranges  of  tiw 
North  and  South  Downs  traverse  the  county.  In  the  S. 
are  the  extensive  b.ays  of  Southampton-water,  and  the  har- 
bors of  Portsmouth  and  Langstou,  with  the  islets  of  Portsea 
and  Hayling.  In  the  N.,  N.E.,  and  S.W.,  are  extensive 
heaths.  South  Hants  is  paiticularly  noted  for  rural  .ind 
maritime  beauty.  Principal  rivers,  the  .\nfon,  Itchiii. 
Avon,  and  Stour.  The  manufactures,  except  those  con- 
nected with  the  dock-yards  and  sliipping  establishments  at 
Portsmouth,  are  of  little  importance.  Emsworfh,  on  tho 
border  of  Sussex,  has  some  famous  oyster-beds.  The  Basing- 
stoke Canal  is  In  the  N.E.,  and  the  county  is  intersected  by 
the  London  and  South-western  Railway,  and  by  the  South 
Coast  Railway,  terminating  at  Portsmouth.  The  county 
is  suMivided  into  39  hundreds:  besides  which,  it  contains 
the  parliament'iry  boroughs  of  Southampton,  Portsmouth, 
Christchnrch.  Lymington,  I'etersfield.  and  the  m.arket-towns 
of Gosport,  Alresford.  Alton, Basingstoke, Chiistchurch, Ford- 
ingbridge,  Lymington.  Komsey,  and  Ringwixjd.  The  county 
sends  4  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Winchester 
is  the  capital. 

HAN  USE  ALVA,  heh'noos'fdl'v6h\  or  HANZDORF.  hinisJ- 
doRf  a  market-town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Saros,  12  miles 
W.N.\V.  of  E])eries.     Pop.  1300. 

HANUSFALVA  or  HENSCIIAU,  h^n'shCw,  a  village  of 
11  ungary,  co.  of  Zips,  about  30  miles  fi-om  Leutschau.   P.  700. 

HANVEC,  h6N0\'Jk',  a  village  of  France,  department  o( 
Finist&re.  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brest.     Pop.  2763. 

HAN'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  hav- 
ing a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  7  miles  W.  of 
Paddington,  (London,)  Here  is  .situated  the  Count}-  Lunatic 
Asylum,  a  very  handsome  building,  very  extensive,  and  well 
conducted ;  average  number  of  inmates,  about  800.  Here 
are  also  a  noble  railway  viaduct,  and  an  Artesian  well; 
depth,  290  feet;  temperature,  55°  Fahrenheit. 

HANWEIjL.  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Oxford. 

HAN'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HAN'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

HAN  WORTH,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HAN  WORTH-COLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAN-YANQ  or  IIAN-YANG-FOO,  hdn-ydng-foo,  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Iloo-pe,  capital  of  a  department,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Han-kiang  and  Yaiig-tse-kiang  Rivers.  Lat. 
30°  34'  N.,  Ion.  113°  45'  E. 

HA N-Y'ANG-FOO,  the  capital  of  Corea.    See  King-ki-tao. 

HAOORAN,  HAOURAN  or  HAURAN.  hj-oo-rdn'  or  hOvv^ 
rini,  an  extensive  plain  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  E. 
of  the  Jordan  and  Mount  Gilead.  stretching  thence  to  the 
Syrian  desert,  and  inhabited  mostly  by  a  shifting  populat  ion. 

HAOUSA,  a  town  of  Central  Africa.     See  Houssa. 

HAPAI,  hd/pp,  HAPEE.  HAPAEE,  ha-pee,  or  GALVEZ. 
gdl'v^z,  an  island  group  of  the  South  Paciilc  Ocean,  in  the 
Tonga  Archipelago,  consisting  of  four  larger  and  numerous 
smaller  islands,  connected  by  coral  reets,  so  as  to  b*.  con- 
sidered by  the  inhabitants  only  one  island.  Lat.  2J°  3'  S_ 
Ion.  174°  41'  W. 

621 


HAP 

HAPAKAXv  .\.hi-pa-ran'aa,  formeily CIIAULES-JOIIN'S 
TOWN,  a  maniliud  town  of  SweUen,  Isen  of  I'itei,  on  the  N. 
shore  Df  the  Gulf  ol  Bothnia,  at  the  Vi'.  side  of  the  river,  and 
apposite  tLe  town  o.  TorueS. 

IIAPKE.  a  group  of  islands.     See  IIapai. 

IIAfl'ISUUKGH,  haiypis-btir'rah.  or  HAIS/BOROUGII,  a 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  North  Sea,  6i  miles 
K.  of  North  Malsham.  Ilei-e  are  two  iuiportiint  liiht-houses, 
1  mile  ^.E.  of  the  villflge,  in  lat.  52°  49'  N.,  Ion.  1°  32'  K.;  a 
red  lii-'ht.  Ijxed.  There  is  also  a  floatinft  light  at  the  N.  end 
i)f  HaisUirou^'h  Sand,  in  lat.  62°  58'  N.,  Ion.  1°  :;«'  E. 

1I.\1'1'Y  VAiyLEY,  a  pnst-ofTlce  of  Carter  CO..  Tennessee. 

HAl'SAL,  IIAPZAL.  hitp'-sai,  HABSAL,  hab'sSl,  or  GAl'- 
SAL.  gdp'sdl.  a  seaport  town  of  liussia.  government  of  Es- 
thouia.  5S  miles  S.W.  of  Jlevel.     Pop.  15U0. 

II.\l'sUlJKG,  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  HabsburQ. 

IIAf'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

1I.\1>X(JX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HAl'Z.\L,  a  town  of  P.ussia.     See  Hapsal. 

lIAIvA.  hd'ri.  or  KAKA.  a  lake  in  the  Chinese  Empire,  In 
the  Desert  of  Gobi.  60  miles  S.  of  the  Lop-nor.  Lat.  3U°  60' 
K.,  lon.93°E. 

II.^.1!A  or  KARA,  a  town  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  in  Mon- 
golia, near  the  Great  Wall.  15  miles  N.W.  of  So-phin. 

UAUAKAII.  hdVd'kd.  (anc.  Lihy.<.'<af)n  picturesque  town 
of  Asia  Jlinor,  in  Anatolia.  20  miles  W.  of  Ismeed  (Tsmid,)  on 
the  .\.  shore  of  its  gulf,  with  some  remains  of  antiquity. 

HAK'ALSON,  a  post-otiico  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia,  82  miles 
W.  ofMilledgeville. 

HAIIAMUK,  hdVd-mak',  or  IIAimOK',  a  mountain  of 
Central  A.sia,  in  the  Himalaya,  bounding  Cashmere  north- 
ward. Lat.  34°  26'  N.,  Ion.  74°  43'  E.  Elevation,  13,000 
feet. 

IIARAPA,  hd/rd'pd,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Ravee,  (anc.  llijdraoles,)  106  miles  S.W.  of  I^a- 
hore,  with  extensive  ruins,  and  conjectured  to  be  on  the 
site  of  the  Sangala  of  .\rrian. 

IIARASZTIIY.  a  small  village  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 

II.\R'AY,  two  i.slets  of  Scotland,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Shet- 
land mainland. 

'I.\R'BKKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HAU'BISON.  a  township  in  Dubois  co.,  Indiana. 

UAiyBLKDOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  1  mile 
W.  of  Canterbury.  Here  is  one  of  the  oldest  hospitals  in 
England,  fjundeil  for  lepers,  by  Archliishop  Lanfranc.  It  is 
now  used  as  an  .alms-house.  Attached  to  it  is  the  ancient 
church  of  St.  Nicholas,  in  which  Hooker  is  buried. 

IlAKBONNlfillES,  halOlion'ne-aiR',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
pai-tment  of  Somme,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montdidier.  Pop. 
in  1.S52,  2165. 

HAUBOll  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Lake  Erie,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Erie.     Pop.  202.3. 

H.\KBOR-OKACK,  a  market-town  of  Newfoundland,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Conception  Bay,  20  miles  N.W.  of  St.  John's, 
with  a  well-.sheltered  harbor. 

HA  KBiJK  ISLAND.  West  Indies.    See  Bahama  Islands. 

HAK/BOKNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HAIl/BOROUGII-.MAG'NA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 
■  HARBOROUGII.  MARKET.    See  Market-IIarborough. 

IIAK/BOTTLE.  a  small  marketrtown  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  the  Coquet.  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Aln- 
wick. Pop.  102.  Here  is  a  modern,  and  ruins  of  a  very 
strfing  ancient  castle. 

HAlt'llHIDGE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HAKBURG  or  HAAllLiURG.  haR/lj«6K0,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Hanover,  %i  miles  N.W.  of  LUneburg,  on  the  S. 
branch  of  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  Hanover  and  Brunswick 
Pi..way,  4i  miles  S.  of  Hamburg.  Pop.  1 2,243.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  citadel,  gunpowder  and  lione  milLs.  a 
sugar  refinery,  tjinneries,  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens, 
hosiery,  and  an  active  transit  trade. 

HARBUltG,  a  market^town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Wernitz, 
SO  miles  N.X.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1459. 

HAU'BUKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

HARBUTUWITZ.  haR'lxx)-to'wits,  a  village  of  Austri.in 
Silesia,  circle  of  Xeschen.  on  the  Vistula.     Pop.  2500. 

HAll'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

U.\i;CHIKS.  haa'shee'  or  hiiRK'yJs.  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Hainaut,  on  the  canal  of  Pommeroeul,  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1444. 

HAUCuURT,  haa'kooK',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure,  10  mil.is  N.E.  of  Bernay.    Pop.  1339. 

HAKCUUKT-THURY.  hairkooR'-tu'ree'.  a  town  of  France, 
In  Cavaldos.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Falaise.     Pop.  1008. 

UARDANOKH-FIORD,  haR'ddng'er-fe-oud'.  an  inlet  on 
the  \\  .  coast  of  Norway,  alwut  33  mii.'S  S.E.  of  Bergen.  It 
is  approached  through  channels  between  numerous  islands, 
extends  from  S.W.  to  N.E.  about  37  miles,  and  then  from 
N.  to  S.  about  .'54  miles. 

UAUDAN0K1^F.JELD,  haRManeVf«»-iM.  a  mountain 
ridge  of  Norway,  about  lat.  60°  lu'  N..  uniting  N.  with  the 
Laun-Field,  and  S.  with  tlie  Dovre-Field.  Its  highest  point 
Is  o9uS  f,-et,  ^ 

llARD'AWAY,  a  post  office  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama. 


IIAR 

IIARDECK,  haR'dJk,  a  town  of  Lower  .\uBcria,  tm  tht 
Thaya.  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Zuaym.     Pop.  600. 

HARDEGSK.N',  haR'd^g-sgn,  a  town  of  Hipover,  10  milea 
N.N.W.  of  Gottingen.  Pop.  1291.  It  has  manafactures  <rf 
linens  and  leather. 

HAK/DEMAN,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Tennessee 
bordering  on  the  Missi.ssippi.  Area  estimatej  at  550  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Hatchee  IJiver,  which  Hows 
into  the  Mississippi.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  easily  culti- 
vated. Ilatchee  River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  from  this 
county  to  its  mouth  in  high  water.  Capital.  Bolivar.  Pop. 
17,760,  of  whom  10,533  were  free,  and  7236  slaves. 

HARDENBERG,  haR'dgn-b^uo',  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Overyssel,  on  the  Vecht,  23  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Zwolle.     Pop.  910. 

HAR/DEN  HUlSil.  a  parish  of  En^iMd,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HARDKRWICK,  haii'dgr-wik',  HAHDiiRWYK  or  HAP.- 
DERWIJK,  haii'dgr-wlk\  a  seaport  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland,  on  the  Zuyt'.er-zee,  31  miles  E.  ol 
Amsterdam.  Pop.  5538.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  an  ex- 
tensive establishment  for  curing  herrings  and  other  fish.  It 
was  formerly  a  Haiiseatic  town. 

H-VRiyFORD,  a  town.«hipiu  Blackford  CO.,  Indiana. 

II.\1!D'H.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.«sex. 

H.\RD1IE1M,  haut'hime.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in 
Baden.  44  miles  E.N.E.  of -Mannheim.  Pop.  1891. 

HAK'DIN.  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama  and  Mississippi.  Area  estimated  at  650 
square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River  liows  thi-ough  the 
county,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  parts.  The  surface  \h 
formed  of  two  inclined  planes,  with  a  gradual  descent  to- 
ward the  river.  Iron  ore  is  atmndant  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
river.  The  latter  is  n.avigable  by  steamboats  through  the 
county.  Capital,  Savannah.  Pop.  11,214,  of  wlom  9591 
were  free,  and  1623  slaves. 

HAIJDIN,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  con- 
tains about  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E. 
by  the  S;ilt  River  and  its  Rolling  Fork,  and  drained  by 
Noliu  and  Rough  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  or 
hilly,  the  soil  fertile.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad.  Organized  in  1792.  Ca- 
))ital,  Elizabethtown.  Pop.  15,189,  of  whom  12,659  were 
free,  and  2530  slaves. 

HARDIN,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  con- 
tains 476  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Scioto,  and 
watered  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Miami  and  Blanchard's 
Fork.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  fertile.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.  Ca- 
pital, Kenton.     Pop.  ^3,.^70. 

IIAKUIN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Kentucky,  is  one  of  the  smallest  counties  in  the  state, 
having  an  area  of  260  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  forms 
the  S.  boundary.  The  soil  is  productive.  The  Cave-ia 
Rock,  well  known  to  the  navigators  of  the  Ohio,  is  situated 
in  this  county.  Formed  recently  out  of  part  of  Pope  county. 
Capital.  Elizabethtown.     Pop.  37.59. 

HARDIN,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Iowa 
liiver.  and  also  by  Tipton  Creek.  The  surfece  slopes  towards 
the  S.E.  This  county  is  not  hiduded  in  the  census  of  IS-JO. 
Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John  J.  Hardin,  of  Illinois,  who 
fell  at  Buena  Vistiu    Capital.  Eldora.     Poi>.  o4-iO. 

HARDIN,  a  villngo  of  .Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Bellefon- 
taino  Kallroad.  5  miles  W.  of  .>ii(!ney. 

HARDIN,  a  post-village,  capit.al  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Illinois  River,  85  miles  S.W.  ol 
Springfield.     Pop.  425. 

HAKDIN.  a  post-office  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

HAK'DINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HARDINGHEN,  haKMis"V6-^°'r  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  P;is-de-Calais,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Boulogne. 
Pop.  1334. 

HAll/DlNGSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

HAR/DINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HARDINGTON  MAN'DEVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  .Somerset. 

HAU'DINGVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Gloucester  co..  New 
Jersey. 

HAR'DINSBURG.  a  post-village,  «apit.Hl  of  Breckenridge 
CO.,  Kentucky.  120  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  has  a 
court-house,  a  seminary,  2  or  3  churches,  and  about  1000 
inhabitant.s. 

HARDINSBURG,  a  village  in  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana,  4 
miles  N.  of  Uiwrenceburg. 

H.\1!DINSBUHG,  a  post-village  in  Washington  co.,  In- 
diana, 32  miles  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

II AKDINSBUHG,  a  post-office  of  .Montgomery  co.,  Illinois. 

HARDIN'S  TAVERN,  a  pogtnjfflce  of  Albemarle  co.,  Vii^ 
ginia. 

II ARTONSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Shelby  CO.,  Ke,ntucky, 
on  the  tur^ipike  from  Louisville  to  Fi-auklort,  9  mi«ss  S.W. 
of  the  latter. 

HAKDINSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Crawford  CO.,  Ill.nois. 

UAKDIxNXVELD,  hou'diux-vSlt/,  a  vUIage  of  the  Nether 


HAR 

lands,  province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  Meuse  (Maas,)  4 
mik'.s  W.  of  Oorkum.    Pop.  3155. 

lIAlt'DlSTON,  a  township  in  Sussex  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1712. 

IIAUV  LABOR  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  is  an  affluent 
or  branch  of  .Stevens  Creek,  in  Edgefield  district. 
IIAUD'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
IIAKD/.MKAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
HARD  MOX'EY,  a  post-office  of  Stewart  co.,  Georgia. 
lIAItD'KES,  LOWER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
H  ARDRES,  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
HARD  SCRAB'BLE,   a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 
HARD  SCRAB'BLE,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Kentucky. 
IIAKDT,  haRt,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government 
at  Dusseldorf,  circle  of  Gladbach.     Pop.  730. 

IIARD'WARE  RIVER  rises  in  Albemarle  co.,  near  the 
centre  of  Virginia,  and  falls  into  the  James  River  in  Flu- 
vanna county. 

IIARD/\VICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge,  4 
miles  E.  of  Caxton.    It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Yorke 
family. 
1I.\RD\VTCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glouce.ster. 
ilAKDWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
IIAItDWlCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
IIAHDVVICK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Caledonia 
CO  ,  Vermont,  on  Lamoille  River,  20  miles  ^.N.E.  of  Mont- 
pelier.     Pop.  1309. 

IIARDWICK.  a  post-village  and  township  of  M'orcester 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  6  miles  W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1521. 

HARDWICK,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey 
Pop.  792. 

HARDWICK  CENTRE,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, 3  miles  X.E.  of  Blaiistown. 

IIARD'AVICKE,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Bucks. 
II.\1!DWICKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
UARDWICKE  BAY,  South  Australia,  is  an  inlet  of  Spen- 
cer Gulf 

HARDWICKE  HALL,  a  noble  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, in  England,  co.  of  Derby.  4^  miles  N.W.  of  Mansfield. 
It  was  built  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  by  the  Countess  of 
Shrewsbury,  daughter  of  J.  Ilardwick.  (owner  of  the  estate.) 
who  was  married  four  times,  and  became  the  founder  of  four 
dukedoms.  It  contains  a  curious  collection  of  antique  fur- 
niture, historical  portraits,  and  fcipestry  wrought  by  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots.  Adjoining  are  the  ruins  of  llardwicke 
Castle. 

HAIIDWICKE  ISLAND,  British  North  America,  in  Char- 
lotte Sound. 

IIARD'WICKE(or  NUND.UVAS  ntln-d.aw'was'?)  MOUN- 
TAINS, East  Australia,  are  in  lat.  30°  S.,  and  "ion.  150°  E., 
of  granite  formation.     Estimated  elevation,  3500  feet. 

HARDWICK,  PRIORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 
HARD'WICKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia. 
H  AR'DY,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  West  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  M.xrybnul:  area,  about  1400  sijuare  miles.  It  is 
Intersected  by  the  S.  branch  of  the  Potom.ic,  which,  in  its 
pfissage  through  the  county,  receives  two  affluents,  called 
the  North  and  South  Forks;  the  county  is  also  drained  by 
the  N.  branch  of  the  Potomac,  and  by  Caciipon  and  Lost 
Rivers.  Tlie  surface  is  very  mountainous  and  rocky.  The 
North  Mountain  forms  its  E.  boundary ;  the  main  Alleghany 
and  Blanch  Mountains  extends  across  it.  The  soil  of  the 
valleys  is  fertile.  The  county  has  valuable  mines  of  iron  ore. 
Named  in  honor  of  Samuel  Hardy,  a  member  of  Congress 
from  Virginia  in  1784.  Capitiil,  Moorefield.  Pop.  9Sft4,  of 
whom  8791  were  free,  and  1073  slaves. 

HARDY,  a  town.ship  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1543. 
HAR/DY  ISLANDS.  British  India,  off  the  coast  of  Aracan, 
E.  of  Cheduba,  in  lat.  18°  35'  N..  Ion.  94°  E. 

HAR/DY'S  ISLANDS,  (SIR  CHARLES.)  a  group  of  small 
islets  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia,  between  Temple  Bay 
and  Shelburne  Bay.  in  lat.  11°  54'  42"  S..  Ion.  14;3°  3UM5"  E. 
HARDY'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
S.S.E.  of  New  Ireland,  in  lat.  4°  30'  S.,  Ion.  164°  16'  E. 
II.iRE'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
IIARK'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 
IIAREID,  hd'rJd.  or  HAREIDLAND.  h3'rid-ldnt\  an  island 
of  Norway,  stiff  of  Trondhjem.  in  the  Atlantic;  lat.  62°  22' 
N.     Length,  from  N.  to  S..  11  miles:  breadth.  H  miles. 

HARE  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Camula  East,  in  the  St. 
Lawrence,  96  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec,  8  miles  long  by  half  a 
mile  broad. 

H.4REN,  h.i'ren.  aparish  and  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province,  and  3^  miles  S.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  2475. 
HAUES'COMBE,  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
HARE.S'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
HARES'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
HAKE'WaOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  on  tlya  Wh"yle,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  7 
miles  N.N.I..  of  Leeds.     The  village  contains  a  venerable 
church,  the  ruins  of  a  castle  built  about  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.,  an,i,  ni  u  noble  park,  the  superb  mansion  of  the  Earl  of 
Harewood. 


HAR 

HAREWOOD,  a  paristi  of  England,  co.  of  Henrford, 
HAREWOOD.  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland 
HARFLEUR,  haR'flUR',  (L.  Ilarjl-'vium  or  Jlaijio.'iciirn^ 
a  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-lnferieura 
on  the  Lezarde,  1  mile  from  its  mouth  in  the  Seine.  3  mile« 
E.N.E.  of  Havre,  and  105  miles  N.W.  of  Paris,  with  which  It 
is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  1611.  It  was  formerly  an 
important  fbrtres.s,  but  it  declined  with  the  rise  of  ILavre, 
and  its  harbor  is  now  nearly  choked  up.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  under  Henry  V.,  in  1415,  after  a  memorable 
siege  of  40  d.ays. 
HAR'FORD,  aparish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
HAR'FORD.  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  JInryland, 
bordering  on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  4^0  siiuare  miles. 
The  Su.si(uehanna  Hows  along  the  N.E.  boundary  to  the 
head  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  washes  its  S.E.  border. 
It  is  also  drained  by  Deer  Creek  and  Winter's  Run.  The  soil 
has  been  rendered  fertile  by  the  use  of  lime  and  gunno. 
Limestone,  granite,  and  other  primary  rocks  underlie  the 
upper  portion  of  the  county.  Iron  ore  is  also  found  in  it. 
The  Tidewater  Canal  terminates  at  Havre  de  Grace,  in  tliis 
county,  which  is  also  intersected  by  the  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore  Railrotid.  Organized  in  1773.  Cipital.  Del  Air. 
Pop.  23,415,  of  whom  21.615  were  free,  and  1800  slaves. 

HARFORD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S  W.  extremity 
of  Cortland  co.,  New  York,  about  140  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Al- 
bany.    I 'op.  '.146. 

II ARKORD,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 10  miles  S  E   of  Montrose.     lV)p.  1141. 

HARFORD,  a  village  of  Harford  co.,  Marylancl,  about  26 
miles  E.N.K.  of  Baltimore. 

HARG,  haRg,  a  village  of  Sweden,  60  miles   N.N.E.  of 
Stockholm,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  near  the  W.  entrance 
to  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 
HARG'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
H.\R'GR.AVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Northampton. 
HARGRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sufflk. 
HARGRAVE,  a  post-office  of  Copiah  co.,  Mitfsissippi. 
_  HAR'GROVE'S  TAVERN,  a  post-office  of  Nansemond  co., 
Virginia. 
IIAKIHARA,  a  town  of  India.     See  Hurkyhcr. 
HARINGHE,  hi'ring-Heh  or  hi'ri.vc',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Y'ser,  34  miles  S.W. 
of  Bruges.     Pop.  2106. 

HARINGVLIET,  hd'i ing-fleet\  a  mouth  of  the  Rhine  or 
Meijse,  province  of  South  Holland,  continuous  with  Hol- 
land.s-Diep.    Breadth,  2^  miles. 

HAR^IPOOR'.  a  .small  town  of  Punjab,  near  the  Rembeara, 
in  lat.  3.3°  37'  N.,  Ion.  74°  37'  E. 

HARIPOOR,  a  fort  and  small  town  of  Punjab,  among 
the  lower  offsets  of  the  Himalayas,  in  lat.  31°  54'  N.,  Ion. 
75°  53'  E. 

HARIPOOR.  a  town  of  Punjab,  on  the  Dor,  about  10 
miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Indus,  in  lat.  34°  4'  N.,  lou. 
72°63'E. 
HARK'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
IlAR/LAN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  Virginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  t:00  .square 
miles.    The  Cumberland  River  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
connty,  and  traverses  nearly  its  whole  length.    Cumberland 
Mountain  forms  its  S.E.  boundary.    The  surface  is  elevated 
and  rugged.    The  county  contains  extensive  beds  of  stone 
coal  and  iron  oi-e,  which  have  not  yet  been  worked.   A  large 
part  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  forests.     Formed  in  1>19, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Major  .Silas  Harlan,  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Blue  Licks.    Capital.  Mount  Pleasant  or  .'"purlock. 
Pop.  i>494.  of  whom  5.367  were  free,  and  127  slaves. 
HARL.\N,  a  post-office  of  .\llen  co.,  Indiana. 
HARLAN  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Harlan  co., 
Kentucky. 
HARL.VND.  a  township  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois. 
HAR'LANSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Slippery  Creek,  226  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ilarris- 
btirg. 

H  AR'LAW,  a  locality  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  memo- 
rable for  a  great  battle  fought  between  the  Highlanders 
under  the  Lord  of  the  Isles,  and  the  forces  under  the  Earl 
of  Mar.  in  1411. 
HAR'LAXTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
HARLEBEKE.  haR'leh-bA'keh.  or  HAHELBKKE.  h^'rgl- 
bA^keh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  AVest  Flanders,  on 
the  Lys,  and  on  the  railway  from  Ghent  to  Courfrai,  3  miles 
N.E.  of  Courtrai.  It  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  town  in  Flan- 
ders.    Pop.  4570. 

H.\RLECH.  haR'I^K,  an  ancient  decayed  municipal  bo- 
rough and  market-town  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  .Merioneth, 
on  the  Irish  Sea,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tremadoc.  It  is  famous 
for  its  fine  surrounding  mountain  scenery,  and  for  its  stately 
ruined  castle,  built  by  Edward  I.,  the  last  fortress  in  North 
Wales  which  held  out  f  jr  King  Charles. 

HAR'LEESVILLl':.  a  post-village  in  Marion  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Little  Pedee,  100  miles  E.N.E.  from  Colum 
bia. 

HARLE,  KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumbw 
land. 


HAR 


HAR 


flARLEM,  a  city  of  Netherlands.    See  Haarlem. 

ilAK'LEM  or  JIAKRLK.M,  har'lem,  a  lx>autiful  post-Til- 
lage, or  more  proferly  a  suburb  of  New  York  City,  in  one  of 
the  wards  of  whicli  it  is  included,  is  situ.ited  on  the  N.  part 
of  Manhattan  Island,  and  on  the  Harlem  Uiverand  Kailroad, 
7  miles  N.  by  K.  of  the  City  Ilall.  It  contains  several 
churches,  extensive  manufactories,  and  fine  country  seats. 
Pop.  above  5000. 

HAULKM,  a  small  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

H.AIU/KM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Delaware  oo., 
Ohio,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1289. 

II.ARLKM,  a  township  in  Carroll  co.,  Illinois. 

HARLEM,  a  township  of  Stephenson  co..  Illinois. 

HARLEM,  a  post-township  in  the  K.  part  of  Winnebago 
00,,  lUinoi.s.     I'op.  871. 

HARLEM  SPRING,  a  post-offlce  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

HAR'LEMVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  New  York. 

HARLKSTOX,  a  small  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Rungay.     Pop.  1509. 

HARLE;<T(>.\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

HARLESTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

H.Mi'LEY.  a  pari.'ih  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Salop. 

H.\I!'LEYVILLi<;,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
•ylvania. 

HARUNO.  East,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Norfolk,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Norwich.     Pop.  1062. 

HAULING,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HARLINGEN.  har/ling-gn,  a  fortified  maritime  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  West  i'rieslaud,  near  the  en- 
trance of  the  Zuyder-Zee,  16  miles  W.  of  Leeuwarden.  It  is 
well  built,  and  intersected  by  cjinals.  The  principal  edifices 
are  the  Admiralty,  a  large  parish  church,  and  the  Town-hall. 
The  manufactures  comprise  Siiilcloth,  salt,  hollands,  paper, 
and  bricks.  It  has  greatly  increased  in  inijjortance  since 
the  opening  of  the  ports  in  Britain.  Kuglish  stejimej-s  leave 
with  cargoes  of  cattle,  butter,  cheese,  wool,  flax,  fruit,  and 
vegetables.  The  number  of  ships  wliich  entered  and  left 
the  port  in  1843,  was  800;  in  1840,  upwards  of  11,000.  Pop. 
In  1850.  8,591. 

IIARI.1INGEN,  a  post-vill!ige  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jersey, 
9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Somerville. 

HAR'LINGTON,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

HARI..INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

HAR'LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Eastern  Counties  Itailway.f)^  miles  S.  of  Bishop's 
Stortford.  It  is  well  known  for  Harlo'w  Bush  Fair,  hold  on 
the  0th  of  September. 

HARLTON  or  HARLSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cambridge. 

HAR'M.\R,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Ohio,  is  finely  situated  on  the  Muskingum  River,  at  its 
mouth,  opposite  Marietta.  Steamboat  building  is  carried  on 
here.  It  contains  a  Union  school,  large  hotel,  an  iron  foun- 
dry, a  steam  mill,  &c.  Incorporated  iu  1837.  Pop.  in  1850, 
1010 :  in  1860.  1206. 

HAR'MARVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

lIARMELEN.haR'meh-lgn.  a  village  of  Holland,  province, 
and  7  miles  W.  of  Utrecht,  oil  the  Old  Rhine.     Pop.  668. 

HARMKRSRACH,  haR'mers-baK\  Oder  (o'bfr)  and  Ux- 
TER,  dfin'ter.  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Baden,  on  a 
stream  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Offenburg.  Pop. 
of  Ober  Ilarmershach.  28S:  Unter  Ilarmersbach.  1836. 

HARMEItSBACII,  a  populous  valley  of  Baden,  near  Zell, 
extending  about  17  miles  in  length. 

HARMOK.  a  lofty  mountain.    See  HarXmuk. 

HA R'.MONDS WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  5Iid- 
dlesex. 

lIAIVMONSBURG.a  postK)flfice. Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HAR'MONY',  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
about  45  miles  N   by  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  lOSl. 

H  ARMON  Y,a  post-township  oft  hautanqua  co.,  New  York, 
on  Chautiiuqua  Lake,  65  miles  S.S  E.  of  Buffalo.   Pop.  3606. 

II  ARM(J.\  Y.  a  village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey,  about 
14  miles  N.E.  of  Freehold. 

HARMONY,  a  post-township  of  AVarren  CO.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  7  miles  S.  of  Belvidere.     Pop.  13S2. 

HARMONY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
iylvania,  on  Conequenessing  Creek,  about  220  miles  W.  ])y 
N.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  was  settled  in  1804  by  a  community 
of  Germans,  who  afterwards  sold  this  property,  and  esta- 
blished themselves  Jit  Economy,  in  Beaver  ctmnty.     P.  441. 

HAKMO.NY,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    I'np.  1072. 

HARMONY,  a  post-office  in  Kent  co.,  Maryland. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  in  Halifax  co."  Virginia,  110 
miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  in  York  district,  South  Caro- 
Jina.  about  100  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

HAR.MON  V.  a  post-office  of  Ell)ert  CO.,  Georgia. 

HARMONY,  a  village  in  Weakly  co.,  Tennessee,  125  miles 
W.N.M.  of  Nashville. 


HARMONY,  a  iiost-offlceofOwen  co.,  Kentucky. 

HARMONY,  a  post  township.  Clarke  Co..  Ohio.    IV^ 

UAKMONY,  a  township  in  Morrow  co.,  Ohio.  '  Pop.  1007. 
8!U 


op. 1929. 


HARMONT,  a  post-office  of  Oay  co..  Indiana. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  of  Mclleury  co.,  Illlnol*,  55 
miles  N  W.  of  Chicago. 

HARMONY,  a  small  village  of  Bates  co.,  3Iisso\iri. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Missouri, 
80  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

HARMONY,  a  post-office  of  Jeffenson  co.,  Iowa. 

HARMONY,  a  township  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin.    P.  1128. 

HARMONY  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Sumt«r  district, 
South  Carolina. 

HARMONY  GROA'E,  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co.,  Virginia, 

HARMONY  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Georgia, 
99  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville.    It  has  3  or  4  stores. 

HARMONY  VALE,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  CO.,  New  Je^ 
sey,  80  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

HARMSI'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Lincoln. 

HAR/NADSVILLA,  a  post-ofKce  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HAR'NAGEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  co..  Georgia, 
13.'>  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

H.\RNES.  haRn,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pas- 
des-Calais.  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bethune.     Pop.  2150. 

H  ARN'HA.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

IIARN'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

IIARO,  d/ro,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  21  miles 
N.W.  of  Logroflo,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Ebro.  Pop.  6928, 
who  manufacture  hats,  brandy,  liqueurs,  and  leather, 

lI.iROE,  (llaroe,)  hd'riiVh.  a  small  island  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Norway,  province  of  Ti-ondhjem.  Lat.  62°  45'  N..  Ion. 
6°  30'  E. 

IIAR'OLD.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Arkansas. 

HAROLD'S  CROSS,  a  village  of  Ireland,  forming  a  suburb 
of  Dublin,  about  1  mile  S.  of  Dublin  Castle.     Pop.  2789. 

HARONE,  hdVo'na'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  15  miles  S.  of  Nancy.  Pop.  666.  It  lias  a  fine  chA- 
teau,  birthplace  of  Bassompierre. 

HARP.    See  Bow  Island. 

IIAR'PENDEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

HAR/PERIIAY,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  counties  of  Hu- 
ron, Perth,  and  Bruce,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Goderich,  and  13 
miles  from  ^TitcbiOl. 

HARPER'S  FERRY.apoBt-villageof  Jeff'erson  co.,W.Vip. 
ginia,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Shenandoah  vith 
the  Potomac  River,  where  the  united  stream  brejiks  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  160  miles  N.  of  Richmond,  and  53  miles 
N.W.  of  Washington  City.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  is 
in  the  highest  degree  beautiful  and  picturesque.  Thomas 
Jefferson  considered  the  ''  passiige  of  the  Potomac  through 
tlie  Blue  Ridge  one  of  the  most  stupendous  scenes  in  nature, 
and  well  worth  a  voj-age  across  the  Atlantic  to  witness." 
The  place  was  originally  called  Shenandoah  Falls.  Its  pre- 
sent name  is  derived  from  a  ferry  long  since  established 
across  the  Potomac,  which  is  also  spanned  by  a  fine  bridge, 
about  POO  feet  in  length.  The  vill.ige  is  compactly,  though 
irregularly,  built  around  the  base  of  a  hill,  and  is  the  centre 
of  considerable  trade.  It  contains  4  or  5  churches,  several 
manufactories  and  mills.  Here  was  a  United  States  armory, 
in  which  about  250  hands  were  employed,  producing,  among 
other  articles,  some  10,000  muskets  annually,  and  a  national 
arsenal.  The  arsenal  was  burned  by  the  military  in  the 
spring  of  1861,  just  before  the  place  was  captured  by  the 
rebels.  This  place  was  the  scene  of  the  exploit  which  ren- 
dered John  Brown  of  Ossawattomie  famous.  1 1  arper's  Ferry 
is  on  the  line  of  tlie  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  at 
the  N.  terminus  of  a  railroad  connecting  it  with  Winchester. 
The  Ohio  and  Chesapeake  Canal  also  passes  by  it.  Pop. 
1339. 

HARPER'S  FERRY,  a  postroffice  of  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

H  AR'PERSFIELD,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Delaware 
CO.,  New  York,  about  60  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .\lbany.  The  vil- 
lage contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  hundred  iuha' 
bitants.    Pop.  of  the  township.  14lJ8 

HARPERSFIELD.  a  post-village  .and  township  of  Ashta- 
bula CO.,  Ohio,  on  Grand  River,  about  45  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Cleveland.     Pop.  1140. 

HARPER'S  HOME,  a  post-offlee.  Brunswick  co.,  Virginia 

HARPER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office,  Pendleton  co.,  Virginia. 

HAR'PERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Broome  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Susqueh.inna,  16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Binghamton. 

HARPERSVILLE,  a  post-vilKage  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HARPERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama, 
80  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Montgomery. 

HAlt'PETH,  a  river  in  the  central  part  of  Tennessee,  rises 
near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Williamson  co..  and  flowing  N.W. 
througli  Davidson  and  Dickson  counties,  enters  Cumber- 
land RiTer  from  the  left  hand,  near  the  boundary  between 
the  latter  counties.  The  whole  length  is  estiniiited  at  100 
miles.  A  small  creek,  called  West  Ilarpeth,  fl(  ws  into  the 
river  about  6  miles  lielow  Franklin.  Another,  "ailed  Little 
Harpeth,  enters  it  on  the  right  bank.aliout  12  iriUs  S.W. of 
Nashville.     Harpeth  River  ifurnisbes  valuable  niotive-power. 

H.\R/PETH,  a  pnst-vill.ige  of  Williamson  co.,  TeonesM*, 
25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nashville. 


EAR 

HAKr'FORD,  a  parish  of  Ensjland,  co.  of  Devon. 

IIAUP'UAM,  a  parish  of  lingland,  co.  of  Yorlc,  East 
Ridin-r. 

IIAKP'LEY,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

II.A.I{'P()IiK.  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Northampton. 

HAKn>ONKI.'LY  or  KUHPOXIIULLY,  kar-pon-hfilloe,  a 
town  of  British  ludia,  presidency  of  Madras,  67  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Bellary. 

HAKl'S'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

IIAHPSTEDT.  haKp'stMt,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in 
Hanover.  2.5  miles  M'.N.W.  of  Iloy.i.     Pop.  986. 

HAKPS'^VELL.  a  parish  of  Enrfand,  co.,  of  Lincoln. 

IIAKPS'W'KIjri,  a  town.ship  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  N.  side  of  Casco  Bay,  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  1603. 

HAKPTREE,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer- 
set, 6J^  miles  X.  of  Wells.  Near  the  village  are  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  fortress,  and  a  remarkable  cavern. 

H  Alt  PTK  EE.  \V  K.<T.  a  parish  of  Enjrland,  co.  of  Somerset. 

H.\1!HA\,  hiii-Rln',  (anc.  Carh-m  or  CliaHrce.)  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  83  miles  S,W.  of  Diarbekir. 
Near  it  Crassus  was  defeiited  by  the  I'arthians,  B.  c.  53. 

HAK'RAK'  or  IIUUltUR,  hdrVftr',  a  town  of  East  Africa, 
dominions  of  Shoa.  (Abyssinia,)  lOO'railes  E.  of  Ankober.  and 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  East  Branch 
Of  the  Nile. 

HAK'RATON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

IIAK'lt ELLS'  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-offtce  of  Cherokee 
CO.,  Alabaiia. 

HAR/RELLSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Hertford  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  Wiacon  Creek,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Winton.  Corn, 
pease,  lumber,  &c.  are  exported  here  in  sloops. 

IIAR^KICAN'A  W.  a  river  of  British  Nortli  America,  which 
rises  in  a  small  lake  about  lat.  4'J°  55'  N.,  Ion.  77°  30'  W., 
»nd  after  a  N.W.  course  of  about  270  miles,  falls  into  James's 
Bay  at  Hannah  Tiay-hoase. 

IIAKMtTKTSIL\>l.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HAIt'lil  IVl'TSTOWN.  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  New 
York,  40  miles  S.  of  Malone.    Pop.  340. 

HAIi'RTETTSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Cumberland  co.. 
North  Carolina. 

IIAR'KINGTON,  a  small  seaport  and  parish  of  England, 
eo.  of  Cumberland,  5  miles  N.  of  Wlytehaven,  to  which  the 
port  is  subordinate.  Pop.  19.34.  The  hfvrbor  has  8  feet  water, 
»nd  a  liirht  at  the  pier-head.  visil>le  10  miles  distimt. 

IIAHRINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HARRINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Stanhope  family. 

HAR'RINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co., 
Maine.  1*20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1130. 

HARRINGTON,  a  township  of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  7  miles  N.NJ;.  of  Hackensack.  Pop. 
1602. 

HARRINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co..  North 
Carolina.  60  miles  S.  of  RaleiLrh. 

IIARMUNGTON-INLET,  in  East  Australia,  at  the  mouth 
of  Manning  River.  .34  miles  S.S.W.  of  Port  Macquarrie. 

HAR'RINGWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

HARMUORPOOR.'  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  120  miles  S.W.  of  Calcutta. 

IIAR'RIOTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about 
TOO  miles  K.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

HAR'iaS  or  IIER'RIES.  a  district  and  parish  of  the  He- 
brides, in  Scotland,  forming  a  peninsula,  comprising  the 
S.  part  of  the  island  of  Lewis,  and  small  surrounding  islands. 
Area,  alxiut  90.000  acres,  mostly  mountainous.  Pop.  4429. 
The  Sound  of  Harris  is  a  navigable  strait.  9  miles  in  length, 
and  from  8  to  12miles  in  breadth,  separating  this  peninsula 
from  North  Xlist,  and  studded  with  rocks  and  islets.  Seo 
Hebrides. 

HAR'RIS,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Georgi.a,  contains 
about  500  square  miles.  The  Chattahoochee  River  forms 
Its  W.  boundary,  and  separates  it  from  Alabama:  it  is  also 
drained  by  Flat  Phoivl.  Old  House,  Mount.iin,  and  Mulberry 
Creeks.  'The  E.  or  N.E.  parts  are  traversed  by  ridges  called 
the  Pine  Mountains  and  Oak  Mountains.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally productive.  The  rocks  which  underlie  the  county  are 
primitive.  Organized  in  1827,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Charles  Harris,  a  lawyer  of  some  eminence,  and  at  one  time 
Mayor  of  Savannah.  Capital,  Hamilton.  Pop.  13,736,  of 
whom  6000  were  free,  and  7736  slaves. 

HARRIS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  on 
Galveston  Bay.  contains  about  1600  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Buffalo  Bayou  and  San  Jacinto  River.  The  sur- 
6ce  is  an  alluvial  plain,  which  is  mostly  destitute  .if  forests, 
excepting  the  margins  of  the  streams.  The  soil  is  highly 
prodvictive.     A  railroad  is  in  progress  of  construction  from 

Harrisburg  to  the  Brazos  Fiver.     Named  in  honor  of 

Harris,  an  early  settler  of  the  county.  Capital,  Houston, 
fop.  9070,  of  whom  7017  were  free. 

HARRIS.a  township  of  Centre  co.,Pennsylvania.  Pop.1949. 

H.^RRIS,  a  post-<iffice  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia, 

HARRIS,  a  district  of  Muscogee  co.,  Georgia. 

HARRIS,  a  township  of  OtUwa  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1143. 


HAR 

HARRIS,  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  367. 

HAR'RlJ^BURG,  a  post-township  of  Lewis  co..  New  York, 
68  miles  N.N.W.  of  Utica.    Pop,  1388. 

HARRISBURG,  a  city,  cai)ital  of  Pennsylvania,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Dauphin  county,  is  delightfully  situated  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  108  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Philadelphia,  and  110  miles  N.  of  Washington.  Lat.  40° 
16'  N.,  Ion.  76°  50'  W.  The  Pennsylvania  Railroad  con- 
nects here  with  the  Lebanon  Valley  Branch  of  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Reading,  the  Nortliern  Central,  the  Cumber- 
land Valley,  and  the  Dauphin  and  Susquehanna  Railroads, 
with  a  brunch  road  to  Columbia.  These  facilities  for  travel 
!ind  freight,  together  with  the  canal  and  river,  and  the 
vicinity  of  this  city  to  large  beds  of  coal  and  iron  ore,  give  it 
an  almost  unequalled  position  for  business  enterprises  of 
every  kind.  Several  extensive  iron  furnaces,  rolling-mills, 
a  cotton  factory,  manufactory  of  railroad  cars,  and  other 
manufactories  liave  been  established.  The  public  buildings 
consisting  of  the  capitol  and  its  adjacent  state  offices  and 
arsenal  occupy  an  eminence  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  There 
is  a  large  and  valuable  library  in  the  capitol,  A  handsome 
and  commodious  court-house  has  been  recently  built.  It  liaa 
18  churches  and  1  synagogue,  2  banks  of  issue  and  2  deposit 
banks;  a  male  seminary,  a  female  seminary;  9  public  schools; 
a  market-house  and  county  prison,  both  built  of  stone;  1 
Masonic  Lodge,  3  Odd  Fellows  Lodges ;  2  Odd  Fellows  En- 
campments; 6  fire  companies,  two  of  them  having  steam- 
engines  ;  2  daily  and  4  weekly  newspapers.  The  city  is  sup- 
plied with  gas,  and  pure  river  water,  it  is  very  prosperous ; 
about  200  houses  were  erected  in  1864,  and  the  population  is 
rapidly  increa.sing,  and  it  promises  to  be  a  largo  inland  city. 
Harrisburg  was  founded  by  John  Harris  in  1785,  and  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  1860.  It  became  the  capital  of  the  State 
in  1812.  Pop.  in  1840,  5980;  in  1860,  7834;  in  1860,  13,400; 
in  1865.  about  20.000. 

llARRlSiiURG.  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  160  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

HARRISBURG,  a  postK){nce  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  in  the  N.E. 
part  of  Mississippi. 

HARRISBURG,  a  considerable  village  of  Ilairis  CO.,  Texas, 
on  Bufl'ak)  Bayou,  and  on  the  Houston  and  Texas  Central 
Railroad,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Houston.  Free  population  in  ISOO, 
196:}. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  eo.,  Ohio,  14 
miles  S.W.  of  Columbus,  has  about  150  inhabitants. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  of 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

HARRISBURG.  a  village  of  I^fayette  co.,  Missouri,  115 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  .lefferson  City. 

HARRISBURG,  a  village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa,  70  mile* 
S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

HAR'RISOX,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  A'irginia,  has 
an  area  of  440  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Wes» 
Fork  of  the  Monongahela  River.  The  surface  is  biokec 
with  many  high  hills,  and  extensively  covered  with  forests 
The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Stone  coal  is  abundant,  ana 
iron  ore  is  found.  It  is  intersected  by  the  railroad  which 
extends  from  Parkersburg  to  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  liali 
road.  Named  in  honor  of  Benjamin  Harris.  Governor  ot 
Virginia  in  1782.  Capital,  Clarksburg.  Pop.  13,790,  of  whom 
13,208  were  free,  and  582  slaves. 

HARRISON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Mississippi,  bor- 
dering on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  about  1150 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Biloxi  and  AVolf  Rivers. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  and  mostly  covered  with  pine  woods. 
Capital,  Mississippi  City.  Pop.  4819,  of  whom  3804  were 
free,  and  1015  slaves. 

HARRISON,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Texas,  bor- 
dering on  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  975  square  mile.s.  The 
Big  Cypress  Bayfiu  and  Caddo  Lake  form  its  boundary  on 
the  N.,  the  Sabine  River  tiows  along  its  S.  border,  and  it  is 
drained  by  the  Little  Cypress  Bayou.  The  surface  is  diver- 
sified with  prairies  and  forests ;  the  soil  is  productive.  In 
18,50  this  county  produced  more  Indian  corn  and  more 
sweet  potatoes  than  any  other  county  in  the  state,  and 
more  cotton  than  any  other  excepting  Colorado :  corn.  .376.600 
bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  126,763 bushels :  cotton, 4581  bales. 
Capital,  Marshall,  Pop.  15,001,  of  whom  6217  were  free,  and 
8784  slaves. 

HARRISON,  a  county  In  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  367  square  miles.  The  Licking 
River  washes  its  N.E.  border,  and  the  South  Branch  of  th.-it 
river  flows  through  the  middle  of  the  count}-;  about  half 
of  the  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  other  part  hilly: 
the  .soil  is  generally  good,  that  of  the  undulating  portion 
is  especially  rich.  The  rock  which  underlies  a  large  part  of 
the  surface  is  the  blue  limestone,  a  good  material  for  build- 
ing. Formed  in  1793,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Ben- 
jamin Harrison,  a  member  of  the  I^egi-slature  of  Kentucky. 
Capital,  Cynthiana.  Pop,  13,779,  of  whom  10,490  were  free, 
anil  3289  slaves. 

HARRISON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
1  of  400  squiil-e  miles.    It  is  drained  by  Stillwater,  Couotten, 

826 


IIAR 

<ml  Ortw  Creeks.  The  (.arface  is  diversified  by  hills,  which 
ore  -apslle  of  being  cultivated  to  the  summit.  The  soil  is 
partly  of  limestone  formation,  and  extremely  fertile.  This 
U)  cue  of  the  i^rentest  wool-growing  counties  of  the  state.  It 
oontaius  rl>  h  mines  of  bituminous  coal.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Pittsburg,  Columbus  aud  Cincinnati  Railroad.  Capi- 
tal. Cadi/.     Pop.  19,110. 

HARRISO.N,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Indiana,  border- 
lug  on  Kentucky,  contains  475  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Blue  River  and  the  Indian  Creek,  affluents  of  the 
Ohio  River,  which  washes  the  S.  border.  The  surface  is 
diversified  by  the  ■'  Knobs"  and  river  hills,  which  have  an 
altitude  of  400  or  500  feet,  and  presents  as  beautiful  scenery 
as  can  bo  found  in  the  state.  The  county  is  based  partly 
on  the  carboniferous  limestone,  in  which  extensive  caverns 
are  found.  Pitman's  Cave,  in  the  W.  part,  extends  more 
than  2  miles  under  the  ground,  and  contains  apartments 
of  vast  dimensions.  In  this  vicinity  is  a  remarkable  spring. 
It  is  60  feet  in  diameter,  and  several  hundred  feet  deep. 
When  General  Harrison  was  governor  of  Indiana,  he  erected 
a  mill  on  its  waters  which  are  sufficient  to  drive  4  pair  of 
stones.    Organized  in  1808.    Capital,  Corydon.    Pop.  18,521 

HARRISON,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Missouri, 
borderinc  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  750  square  miles.  The 
Crooked  Fork  of  Grand  River  traverses  the  N.E.  part ;  Big 
Creek,  an  affluent  of  Grand  River,  flows  through  the  mid- 
dle, from  N.  to  S.;  the  county  is  also  drained  by  Sugar,  Cy- 
press, and  Samson's  Creeks.  A  lar^e  portion  of  the  surface 
consists  of  prairies.  The  soil  on  the  margin  of  the  streams 
is  fertile.  Capital,  Bethany.  Pop.  10,626,  of  whom  10,601 
■were  free,  and  25  slaves. 

HARRISON,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  the  Mississippi  River,  has  an  area  of  aiout  480 
square  miles.  The  Mi.ssouri  River  forms  its  W.  boundary, 
and  it  is  intersected  by  the  Boyer  and  Soldier  Rivers.  It  is 
not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Capital,  Magnolia.  Pop. 
in  1860,  3621. 

HARRISON,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine, 
about  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Portland.  Crooked  River,  and  a 
stream  flowing  into  Long  Pond,  afford  water-power.  The 
township  contains  the  villages  of  Barton  Mills  and  Harri- 
son Flat.    Pop.  1251. 

HARRISON,  a  post-township  of  Westchester  co..  New 
York,  bordering  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  intersected  by 
the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  25  miles  N.E.  of 
New  York.     Pop.  1413. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Hudson  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2556. 

H.\RRISON,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  716. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1096. 

HARRISON,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama, 

HARRISON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  Tennessee  River,  140  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 
Iron  ore  and  stone  coal  are  abundant  in  the  vicinity.  The 
River  is  navigated  by  steamboats  above  and  Iwlow  this 
town.     Pop.  about  .500. 

HARRISON,  a  village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Kentucky,  15  miles 
W.  of  Somerset,  the  county  seat. 

HARRISON  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1033. 

HARRISON,a township ofCliampaignco.,Ohio.  Pop.lnTO. 

HARKISON,  a  township  of  Uarke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1813. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1 225. 

HARRISON,  a  post-village  of  Crosby  township,  Hamilton 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Whitewater  Canal,  and  on  the  W.  boundary 
of  the  state,  20  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cincinnati.    Pop.  1343. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  781. 

HARRISON',  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  777. 

H.ARRISON,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1391. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Log-.in  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  912. 

HARRISOX,atownsliipof Muskingum co.,Ohio.  Pop.1358. 

HA  liRISON,  a  township  of  Paulding  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  217. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Perry  co ,  Ohio.    Pop.  1050. 

IIARi;lSON,a  township  of  Pickaway  co.,Ohio.  Pop.  1236. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2217. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.    Pop,  1025. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1486. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1415. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  780. 

HARRI.SiJN,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  is 
connected  by  a  plank-road  with  Adrian.    Pop.  about  200. 

H.iRKISON,  a  post-township  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  546. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1120.  ' 

HARRI80N,atown8hipofBlackfordco., Indiana.  P.  1166. 

HAMRISON.  a  township  of  Cuss  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1011. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Cbiy  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1711. 

H  A  HRISON,  a  township  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  9.57. 

HARRIS!  IN,  a  township  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.  P.  107ii. 

HARRISON,  a  post-towuship  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1143. 

IIAI!RISON,atownshIpofEIkhartco.,Indiana.  Pop.1528. 

HARRISON,atowu«hipofFayelteco.,Indlana.  Pou.1889. 

82a  *^ 


HAR      , 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

HA  I!  RIS(  »N,  a  township  of  Hcnrj-  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1814. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  994. 

1 1 AR  i!lSON,a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,Indiana.  P.1325. 

HA  RRISON,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  847. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  I  udiana.  Pop.  430. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiiina.    Pop.  658. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Pulaski  Co..  Indiana.  Pop.  571. 

H  A  liRISON.  a  township  of  Sl)onccr  co.,Indiana.  Pop.  1678. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  816. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  contains 
Terre  Haute,  the  county-seat. 

HARRISON,  a  village  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal,  4  miles  N.  of  Terre  Haute. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co  ,  Indiana.  Pop.  644. 

H  ARRIi^ON,  a  township  of  Wells  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1548. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 

IIAKKISON,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  Winnebago 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  100  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  6S9. 

H.\RR]SON,  a  township  of  Scotland  co.,  Missouri. 

H.\RRISON.  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa. 

HARRISON' BAY,  In  Russian  America,  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  is  between  lat.  70°  20'  and  70°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  150° 
and  152°  30'  W.,  bounded  E.  and  W.  by  Point  Berens  and 
Cape  Halkett.  Not  far  inland  rise  the  Pelly  Mountains, 
but  the  shores  are  low. 

HAR'RISONBURG,  a  neat  and  thriving  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia.  125  miles  N.W.  of  Rich- 
mond. It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  and  beautiful  country, 
and  has  considerable  business.  There  are  3  churches  and 
2  printing  offices.  Laid  out  iu  1780.  Free  populiitiou  in  1860, 
1023. 

HARRISONBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Catahoula 
parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Washita  River,  107 
miles  by  water  N.N.W.  of  Baton  Rouge.  It  .stands  at  the 
foot  of  the  first  pine  hills  which  occur  in  a.scending  Ine 
river.  It  has  a  court-hou.se  and  jail  built  of  stone,  and  5 
stores.  The  block  furnished  by  Louisiana  for  the  Washirig- 
ton  Monument  was  obtained  from  the  sandstone  quarri..* 
near  this  place. 

HARRISON  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co. 
Pennsylvania.  24  miles  E.  by  S.  of  I'ittsbui-g. 

HARRISON  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co., 
North  Carolina. 

HARRISON  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine,  on  the  outlet  of  a  pond  which  affords  water-power 
about  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Portland.  It  contains  a  church^ 
and  2  or  3  stores.    Pop.  about  250. 

HARRISON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

HARRISON  SQUARE,  a  post-village  of  Dorchester  town- 
ship. Suffolk  CO.,  Massachu.setts,  on  the  Old  Colony  Railroad, 
4  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston. 

HARRISON  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HAR'RISONVILLE,  formerly  COLESTOWN,  a  village  of 
Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey,  about  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Camden. 

HARRISON VILLE,  a  village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
in  Nitt.iny  Valley,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Rellefonte. 

HARRISONVILLE,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Chambersburg  to  Bedford,  27  miles 
W.  of  the  former. 

HARRISONVILLE,  a  village  of  Troup  co..  Georgia. 

HARRISONVILLE,  formerly  CON'NERSVILLE,  a  post- 
village  of  Shelby  co.,  Kentucky,  46  miles  E.S.E.  of  Louis- 
ville. 

HARRISONVILLE,  a  village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  15  milea 
N.E.  of  Portsmouth.     Pop.  about  250. 

HARRISONVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Martin  co., 
Indiana,  is  situated  on  Indian  Creek.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Dover 
Hill.  There  are  sulphur  springs  in  the  immediate  vicinity, 
which  attract  a  large  number  of  visitors. 

HARRISONVILLE,  a  village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  12 
miles  S.  of  Knoxville. 

IIARRISONA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  28  miles  below  St.  Louis. 

HARRISONVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Cass 
CO.,  Missouri,  115  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 
It  has  some  trade  with  Utah  and  the  Indians  who  reside 
W.  of  Missouri.    Free  pop.  1)75. 

HARRIS'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co. 
North  Carolina. 

HARRIS'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

HARRIS'S  LOT,  a  post-office  of  Charles  co.,  Maryland. 

HAR'RISTOWN,  a  village,  and  formerly  a  parliamentary 
borough  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kildare,  2j  miles  NJB. 
of  Kilcullen  Bridiie. 

IIARRISTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.,  of 
liildare. 

IIARRISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  railroad  from  New  Albany  to  Siilem,  4  miles  E.  of  tbe 
latter. 

IIARRISVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cheshire  co..  New  Hami>- 
shire. 

HARRISVILLE,  a  village  In  Burrillville  township,  Provi- 


HAR 


HAR 


dence  en  ,  Rhode  Island,  about  15  miles  N.W.  of  Providence. 
It  coutiiius  a  cotton-mill  and  a  spindle-mill.   Pop.  about  400. 

H  A  UKISVILLE,a  post- village  of  Butler  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
24  miles  X.N.W.  of  Butler.     Pop.  35". 

HARKISVILL  K,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ritchie  co.,West 
Virginia,  on  or  near  the  Northwestern  Kaihoad,  37  miles  E. 
of  Parkersburg.     It  contains  2  churches. 

HARRIS\^LLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  cc,  North 
Carolina,  126  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

HARRIS VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  123 
miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

HARRISVILLE,  a  township  ot  Medina  cc,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1226. 

HARRISVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 

IIARRISVILLB,  a  post-office  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin. 

IIAK/RODSBURG,  a  flourishing  postrtown,  capital  of  Mer- 
cer CO.,  Kentucky,  is  situated  on  a  commanding  ominence, 

I  mile  from  Salt  River,  and  30  miles  S.  of  Frankfort.  It  is 
said  to  be  the  oldest  village  in  Iventucky,  the  first  cabin 
having  been  built  in  1774,  by  Captain  James  Ilarrod.  The 
town  is  beautiful,  and  well  built,  and  is  a  place  of  great 
resort  in  the  summer  on  account  of  its  mineral  wat«rs.  The 
Ilarrodsburg  Springs  are  among  the  most  celebrated  in  the 
stat<3,  and  perhaps  the  most  fashionable  in  the  Western 
States ;  $300,(X)0  have  been  expended  in  the  buildings  and 
other  improvements.  This  town  lias  lately  been  selected  as 
the  site  for  the  new  military  academy,  and  it  is  the  seat  of 
Bacon  College,  founded  in  1836.  In  18t)2  it  bad  >>  instruc- 
tors, 156  students,  and  16u0  volumes  in  its  library.  A  large 
quantity  of  fine  dry-goods  is  sold  in  this  place,  which  is  also 
an  important  market  for  cattle,  horses,  and  other  stock.  It 
contains  a  bank.  Turnpikes  extend  from  the  town  in  seven 
directions.  A  newspaper  is  published  here.  Pop.  in  1860, 
1668. 

IIARROBSBURG,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Clear  Creek,  12  miles  S.  of  Bloomington,  and  about  3  miles 
W.  of  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad.  It  is  a  depot 
for  produce  raised  in  the  vicinity. 

HARRODSHURG,  a  village  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri,  about 
90  miles  W.  of  .Tefferson  City. 

IIAR'ROGATE.  a  township,  and  one  of  the  principal 
watering-places  of  England,  co.,  and  27  miles  W.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  on  the  York  and  North  Midland  Railway.  Pop. 
in  1S51,  3678.  It  consists  of  two  villages,  High  and  Low 
Harriiwgate.  There  are  numerous  hotels,  and  excellent 
boarding-houses,  several  churches,  a  hospital,  branch  bank, 
theatres,  libraries,  promenade  and  as.sembly  rooms,  and  a 
race-course,  with  springs  of  chalybeate,  sulphur,  and  .sjiliiie 
■^attTS,  drawing  here  a  concourse  of  alK>ut  2000  visitors,  in- 
cluding a  large  circle  of  rank  and  fashion.  The  sulphur 
well  has  been  used  as  an  alterative  and  purgative  since  the 
end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  chietly  in  cases  of  scrofula 
and  cutaneous  eruptions. 

H.iR'ROLD.  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.,  and  8  miles  N.W.  of  Bedford. 

II AR ISOLD'S  CROSS,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co. 
3f  Dublin,  about  1  mile  S.  of  Dublin  Castle.     Pop.  27S9. 

HAR'ROLDSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

HARROLDSTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

HAK'KOWBY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  2 
miles  ^V'.  Grantham.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Ryder 
family. 

H  ARROWDEN,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

^  HARROWDEN,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

IIAR'ROW-ON-TnE-IIILL,a  parish  and  village  of  England, 
CO.  of  Jliddlesex.  finely  situated  on  the  summit  of  a  high 
hill,  10  miles  N.W.  of  London,  on  the  London  and  Birming- 
liam  Railway.  It  contains  many  good  houses,  ancient  and 
modern,  has  a  picturesnue  old  church,  and  a  celebrated 
grammar  school,  at  which  some  of  the  greatest  diameters 
of  this  century,  including  the  late  Lord  Byron  and  Sir  Ro- 
bert i'eel,  were  educated.  It  was  founded  by  John  Lyon,  a 
■wealthy  yeoman,  in  1571. 

HARS.WY.  haR^sSfi'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bihar, 
on  the  White  Koros.  9  miles  from  Grosswardein.   Pop.  IISO. 

HARSANY,  hOR'shdil',  Kis.  kish,  and  N\gy,  nCdj,  two 
nearly  contiguous  vilUiges  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Baranya,  about 
3  miles  from  Siklos.  Pop.  of  Kis-Harsany,  430;  of  Nagy- 
Harsany.  SOO. 

HARSEE.V  or  IIARSIN,  haii-seen',a  village  of  300  houses 
In  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee,  district,  and  about  25 
miles  S.K.  of  Kermanshah. 

HARSEFELD,  naa/seh-f Jlt\  a  market-town  of  Hanover, 

II  miles  S.  E.  of  Stade,  on  the  Aue.     Pop.  989/ 
IIARSEWINKKL.  haR/seh-wln'kel,  a  village  of  Prussia, 

province  of  Westphalia,  26  miles  E.  of  M  duster,  with  1042 
inhabitants. 

H.\RSH'MANSVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Montgomery  co., 
Ohio. 

HARSLEBEN,  hans'lA'ben,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Saxony,  S.E.  of  Halberstadt.    Pop.  1700. 


HAR/SON  ISLAND,  in  Canada  West,  is  at  the  eni ranee 
of  the  river  into  the  Lake  St.  Clair.  Lat.  42°  35'  N.,  lou.  82* 
25'  W.     Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  10  miles. 

II.\R'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HARS/WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Ease 
Biding. 

H.\RT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

HART,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Kentui'ky,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  425  sijuare  miles.  It  is  traversed  from 
E.  to  W.  by  Green  lUver,  navigable  by  steamboats,  and  also 
drained  by  Nolin  and  Bacon  Creeks.  Tliis  county  forms 
part  of  the  region  commonly  called  the  "  Barrens,"  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  diversified  by  conical  hills,  a  few  hundred 
feet  hivih,  and  sparsely  covered  with  small  timlx-r,  chiefly 
oak.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The  rock  which  under- 
lies the  county  is  cavernous  limestone,  suitable  for  building; 
numerous  caves  and  .sinkholes  are  found  in  it.  The  county 
is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  It  is  inter.sected  by 
the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad.  Formed  in  1819,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Captain  Nathaniel  Hart,  an  officer  in  the 
war  of  1812.  Capital.  Mnnfordsville.  Pop.  10,348,  of  whom 
8953  were  free,  and  1395  slaves. 

HART,  a  township  in  Warwick  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1576. 

HARTA  or  HARTIIA,  haR'tl,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle, 
and  31  miles  S.E.  of  Leipsic.    Pop.  1941. 

HARTA,  KIS,  kish  has/tdh,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and 
56  miles  S.  of  Pesth,  on  the  Danulje.     Pop.  2055. 

HART,  ALT,  dlt  haBt,  a  village  of  Moravia,  circle  of 
Znaim.     Pop.  951. 

UARTBKRG,  haRt/b^M,  a  town  of  Styria,  30  miles  N.E. 
of  Griitz.     Pop.  1500. 

HART'BURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

HARTENSTEIN,  haR/tfn-stIne\  a  town  of  Saxony,  near 
the  Mulde.    Pop.  1947. 

HAR/THST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

11  ART^FELL',  a  mountain  in  the  S.  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Pee- 
bles and  Dumfries.    Elevation,  26;i5  feet. 

H.\RT'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HART'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Chautauq/Uaco.,  New  Yorlc, 
about  a  mile  N.  of  Chautauqua  Lake. 

HART'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Eiist  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

HARTFORD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  with 
a  station  on  the  London  and  North-Western  Railway,  llj 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Crewe. 

HART'FORD,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Connec- 
ticut, has  an  area  of  about  807  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  drained  by  Farming- 
ton  River  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  afford  valuable 
water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  some  parts 
mountainous.  Talcott  Mountain  is  the  principal  elevation. 
The  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  Connecticut  River  is 
navigable  for  sloops  to  Hartford,  and  for  small  steamboats 
through  the  county.  The  railroads  extending  from  New 
Haven  to  Springfield,  and  from  New  Haven  to  Northamp- 
ton, and  that  from  Providence  to  Fishkill,  traverse  this 
county,  and  several  shorter  lines  of  railroad  partly  intei-sect 
it.    Organized  in  1066.     Capital,  Hartford.     Pop.  89,962. 

H.^RTFORD,  a  post-township  of  Windsor  CO.,  Vermont,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manu- 
factures  of  iron  castings,  machinery.  Ac.     I'op.  239'). 

H.^RTFORD,  a  city,  seat  of  justice  of  Hartford  co.,  and 
semi-capital  of  Connecticut,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Connecticut  River,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation,  50 
miles  from  Long  Island  Sound,  36  miles  by  railroad  N.N.E. 
of  New  Haven.  124  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston,  and  112  miles 
N.E.  of  New  York.  Lat.  41°  45' 59"  N.,  Ion.  72°  40' 45"  W.  It 
is  connected  with  East  Hartford,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river,  by  a  covered  bridge  1000  feet  long.  The  chartered 
limits  of  the  city  extend  along  the  W.  bank  of  the  river  some 
two  miles,  and  about  one  and  a  half  miles  back,  including 
an  areji  of  about  2000  acres.  The  site  is  considerably  ele- 
vated, and  the  surface  somewhat  broken.  There  are  up- 
wards of  70  streets  and  alleys,  some  of  which  run  parallel 
with  the  river,  and  are  intersected  at  right  angles  by  those 
passing  from  E.  to  W. ;  while  others  are  very  irregular. 
Main  street  reaches  from  the  N.  to  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
city,  dividing  it  into  two  neaily  equal  parts.  On  this  street, 
which  is  broad,  and  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  are  many 
of  the  public  buildings  and  churches,  and  also  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  retail  stores.  State  street  extends  from  Main 
street  to  the  river;  on  it  is  done  most  of  the  wholesale  busi- 
ness: near  its  junction  with  Main  street  it  divides  into  two 
parts,  enclosing  the  State-house  and  public  S(iuare.  A.sylum 
street  passes  westward  to  the  piincipal  railroad  station,  and 
is  the  seat  of  an  important  business,  consisting  chiefly  of  cot- 
ton and  woollen  goods  of  home  manufacture.  The  city  is, 
I  for  the  most  part,  compactly  built,  principally  of  brick  and 
1  freestone,  and  exhibits  much  taste  and  elegance.  Among 
1  the  public  building.s.  the  State-house,  erected  in  1792.  may 
I  be  mentioned  as  the  most  remarkable.  It  is  a  fine  struc- 
ture, of  the  Doric  order,  114  feet  by  76,  with  walls  54  feet 
i  high.    Besides  the  legislative  halls,  it  contains  apartmenta 

827 


HAR 

for  the  several  courts  of  the  state  and  county,  and  nume- 
roas  public  officeB.  The  edifice  is  adorned  with  two  porticos 
and  a  dome,  the  top  of  which  atTords  a  mairniticent  view  of 
the  city,  the  river,  and  the  surrounding  country.  The  letris- 
latuiemeets  alternately  here  and  at  New  Haven — the  odd 
years  at  Hartford.  The  City  Hall,  froiitinf;  on  Market  Square. 
Is  a  handsome  building  of  Grecian  architecture,  containini; 
the  police  court-nxim,  a  large  hall  for  public  purposes,  and 
the  city  market.  There  are  also  2  extensive  railroad  depots. 
In  1S(U,  the  city  contained  21  churches  of  the  various  deno- 
mination!!, many  of  them  large  and  elepaut  edifices. 

The  literary  and  educatianal  institutions  of  Hartford  are 
numerous,  and  of  a  hii;;hly  respectable  character.  Among 
the  first  in  importance  is  trinity  College,  situated  on  a  gen- 
tle acclivity  about  a  mile  W.  of  the  State-house.  •  It  was 
founded  in  1823,  and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  Church.  The  grounds,  comprising  about  li 
acres,  are  handsomely  laid  out  and  variously  ornamented. 
The  buildings  are  of  stone,  S  in  number,  named  Seabury, 
Jarvis.  and  Brownell  Halls.  The  Wadsworth  Athenasum.  a 
beautiful  granite  building  in  the  castellated  Gothic  style,  is 
devoted  to  the  promotion  of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts. 
The  southern  compartment  is  occupied  by  the  Connecticut 
Historical  Society,  and  contains,  besides  the  library,  com- 
prising some  5<i00  printed  volumes  and  a  great  number  of 
ancient  documents  and  manuscripts,  a  large  and  valuaMe 
collection  of  historical  relics.  The  northern  compartment  is 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  Young  Men's  Institute,  which 
maintiiins  an  able  course  of  lectures,  and  has  a  library  of 
about  10,000  volumes.  A  gallery  of  paintings  and  other 
rooms  devoted  to  the  fine  arts  occupy  the  central  portion 
of  the  building.  The  system  of  public  instruction  adopted 
by  the  city  is  probably  the  best  in  the  state.  The  schools 
are  free  to  all  resident  pupils,  the  expense  being  defrayed 
partly  by  the  income  from  the  publip  school  fund,  and  partly 
by  a  tax  on  property.  The  studies  pursued  in  the  high 
school  are  similar  to  those  usually  embraced  in  a  college 
course.  The  newspa])er  press  consists  of  7  publications,  of 
which  4  are  issued  daily. 

Hartford  has  long  been  distinguished  for  its  benevolent 
Institutions.  The  American  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
standing  just  without  the  city  limits,  was  the  first  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  ever  established  in  the  United  States.  The 
late  Kev.  T.  H.  Gallaudet,  LL.D.,  having  visited  Eui-ope  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  best  method  of  imparting 
Instruction  to  the  deaf  and  dumb,  brouirht  with  him.  on 
bis  return  in  1816,  M.  Lament  Clerc.  a  deaf  mute,  who  had 
been  many  years  a  succcessful  teacher  in  Paris,  under  the 
Abb6  Sieard.  The  American  Asylum  was  organized  in  1817, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Gallaudet  as  principal,  and  M. 
Laurent  Clerc  as  associate  teacher.  The  institution  rose 
rapidly  into  public  favor,  the  seven  deaf  mutes  with  which 
it  first  commenced  having  soon  increased  to  140.  The  ave- 
rage number  of  pupils  at  present  is  about  220.  The  main 
building  was  erected  in  1820,  and  is  1.30  feet  by  ."iO,  and  4 
stories  high.  The  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  founded  in  1822, 
is  situated  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  city,  on  a  gentle  eleva- 
tion, commanding  an  extensive,  varied,  and  most  beautiful 
prospect.  The  buildings  are  surrounded  with  .some  17  acres 
of  ground,  tastefully  ornamented  with  walks,  shade-trees, 
and  shrubbery.  The  number  of  patients  during  the  year 
ending  April"],  1S64,  was  374,  of  whom  72  had  been  dis- 
charged entirely  cured;  26  much  improved;  13  not  im- 
proved, and  21  had  died. 

Hartford  is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  manufac- 
tures, and  commerce.  It  is  in  the  great  line  of  railways 
connecting  the  New  England  with  the  Middle,  Southern. 
and  Western  States,  and  also  in  the  line  of  the  Providence 
Hartford  and  Fishkill  liailroad.  The  Connecticut  lUver, 
which  is  navigable  to  Hartford  for  sea  vessels  and  steam- 
boats of  1000  tons  burden,  admits  the  passage  of  small 
boats  as  far  as  Newbury  in  Vermont,  a  distance  of  220  mile.s. 
There  are  about  24  incorporated  companies  in  Hartford, 
having  upwards  of  $8,0u0,(i00  capital,  besides  many  that  are 
not  Incorporated,  engaged  in  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing enterprises.  The  value  of  the  city  manufiietures  for  the 
year  ending  June  1, 1860,  as  given  by  the  census  returns, 
amounted  to  $3,619.389 ;  and  at  the  present  time.  Au'zust. 
1854,  their  value  probably  exceeds  ^,5i>0,000.  The  more 
important  articles  of  manufacture  are  firearms  and  hard- 
ware of  tlje  various  kinds.  Book  publishing  has  always 
been  carried  on  here  to  a  great  extent.  There  are  12  banks 
In  Hartford,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  about  $8,000,000, 
6  savings  institutions,  capital  and  deposits  upwards  of 
$3,000,000,  and  17  fire  and  life  insurance  companies,  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  $14,400,000.  The  city  is  lighted 
with  giis,  and  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  Connecticut 
Eiver.  The  city  is  divided  into  6  wards.  The  nuinicipal 
government  is  ve8te<i  in  a  mayor,  elected  once  in  two  years, 
12  aldermen,  6  of  whom  are  chosen  annually,  and  the 
common  council,  composed  of  24  persous,  also  chosen  an- 
nually. 

Hartford  was  permanently  settled  in  1635  by  an  English 
colony  from  Massiichusetts.  Its  name  was  given  in  houor 
•f  one  of  the  leading  settlers,  Mr.  Stone,  who  was  born  in 


HAR 

Hartford,  England.  Previous  to  the  settlement  of  the  colony, 
the  Dutih  had  explored  the  Connecticnt,  and  erected  a  fort 
on  what  is  still  called  Dutch  I'oint,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the 
city.  The  old  "  Charter  0;ik,"  formerly  the  object  of  much 
interest  to  visitors,  is  dead.  (See  Connecticut.)  The  Indian 
name  of  Hartford  was  Sackiaug.  Incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1784.  Pop.  in  1820,4726;  in  1830,7076;  in  1840,9468;  in 
1860,  13.656 ;  and  In  1860,  29,152. 

HAKTKOUD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oxford  co., 
Maine,  on  the  head  waters  of  Twenty  Mile  River,  a  tilbu- 
tary  of  the  Androscoggin,  and  on  the  route  of  the  Buckfield 
Branch  Railroad,  about  30  miles  W.  of  Augusta.  The  vil- 
lage contains  2  stores,  a  grist  mill,  saw  mill,  and  clapboard 
mill.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1156. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington 
CO.,  New  York,  about  55  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany.  The  vil- 
lage h.os  2  or  3  churches,  several  stores,  and  a  bank.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  2046. 

HARTKOKD,  a  small  village  of  Evesham  township,  Bur- 
lington CO.,  New  .Jersey. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-borough  of  Crawford  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Erie  Extension  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Meadville.  the  county  seat.     Pop.  135. 

HARTFORD,  post-village  of  Forsyth  co.,  Georgia. 

HARTFORD,  a  village  of  Pulaski  co..  Georgia,  on  the  Oc- 
mulgee  River,  opposite  Hawkinsville,  is  nearly  deserted  on 
account  of  its  uuhealthiness. 

HARTFORD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chickasaw  co., 
Mississippi,  on  the  Loosascoona  Kiver,  at  the  head  of  keel- 
boat  navigation,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Houston.  It  has  a  dens* 
population  around  it.  and  contains  several  stores. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-village,  eipital  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Rough  Creek,  an  ailiuent  of  Green  River,  160  miles  S.W. 
of  Frankfort.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  2  churches.  It 
was  settled  in  1808.     Pop.  about  500. 

n.\RTFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Licking  co., 
Ohio,  about  25  miles  N.E.  of  Columlms.     Pop.  1183. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Trumbull 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1295. 

HAKTFOKD,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Jlichigan. 
Pop.  1073. 

HARTFORD,  a  towrnsliip  in  Adams  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  618. 

HARTFORD,  a  village,  capital  of  Blackford  co.,  Indiana, 
76  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  contains  a  brick  court- 
house, and  about  300  inhabitants.     Laid  out  in  1839. 

HARTFORD,  a  thriving-post-village  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Laughery  Creek,  5  miles  from  the  Ohio  .River,  and  90 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis,  was  first  settled  in  1814.  It  has 
1  or  2  churches. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Missouri,  about 
110  miles  N.  of  Booneville. 

HARTFdKD.  a  post-village  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  plank-road  from  Burlington  to  Fairfield,  about  12  miles 
W  by  N.  of  the  former. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co..  Iowa,  on  the 
river  Des  Moines,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Des  Moines,  the  county 
seat. 

HARTFORD,  a  th  riving  post-village  and  township  of  Wash- 
ington CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  a  branch  of  Rock  Kiver.  near  its 
source.  35  miles  by  railroad  N.W.  of  Milwaukie.  The  village 
has  5  churches,  12  stores,  and  4  mills.  Pop.  about  1600; 
of  the  township,  2510. 

HARTHA.  a  town  of  Saxony.    See  Harta. 

IIARTHAU,  haii'tOw.  a  village  of  Saxony,  4  miles  S.  of 
Chemnitz.     Pop.  1256. 

IIARTHAU.  GROSS,  groce  haR/tflw,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  Dresden,  N.E.  of  Stolpen. 

H.\II/TIIEG1G,  a  small  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HART'IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

HAHTHILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 


HAR/TING,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Sussex. 

HAR'TINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HAHT'L.A.ND.  a  marke^town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bideford.  Pop.  in  l.s61.  2183. 
It  has  a  large  church,  serving  as  a  landmark  for  mariners, 
and  a  quay,  about  2  miles  distant,  on  the  Bristol  Channel. 
The  town  was  made  a  port  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  it 
is  governed  by  a  portreeve.  Near  it  is  Hartland  Abbey, 
now  converted  into  a  modern  mansiion:  and  atmnt  2  miles 
to  the  N.W.  is  Hartland  Point,  (anc.  Ha-'cidis  yromontj/- 
rhivi.)  a  loftv  promontory,  forming  the  S.  entrance  of  the 
Bristol  Channel,  in  lat.  51'2  1'  N..  and  Ion.  4°  31'  W. 

H.\RT'L.^,ND.  a  post-town.ship  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
about  42  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  .\ugusta.  It  has  some  manu- 
fiictures  of  leather  and  edged  tools.     Pop.  1050. 

HARTL.\.NIX  a  post-township  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont 
on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  60  miles  S.  by  E  of  Jlont- 
pelier.     Pop.  1748. 

HARTI^A  XD,a  post-township  of  Hartford  co.,Connecticut, 
20  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford,  intersected  by  the  east  branch 
of  F.arniington  River.     Pop.  846. 

HAHTLAND,  a  post-township  of  Niagara  CO.,  New  ^ork. 
11  miles  N.E.  of  Lockport.    Pop.  3056. 


HAR 


HAR 


nAllTr>A\D,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Huron 
CO.,  Ohki.     Pop.  1112. 

n.iUTL.^ND,  a  po.st-Tilla<?e  and  township  of  Livinjrston 
CO.,  iliibijran,  on  Ore  Creek,  about  44  miles  E.  of  Lansing, 
ha.s  a  ftouiiii};  mill,  and  about  300  inhabitants.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  120.3. 

IIAHTL.\ND.  apost-villageofMcIIenry  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
200  miUs  .V.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

IIARTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  CO.,  'VVi.scon.sin, 
ah^ut  24  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Milwaukee,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  railroad.  It  luts  a  stores  and  1  llouring- 
mill. 

HAKTLEBURY,  har'tfl-bfr-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

HAKTIjEPOOL,  har'tfl-poor,  an  ancient  municipal  bo- 
tough,  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Durham,  with  which  city  and  with 
Stockton  it  is  connected  by  railways.  The  pari.sh  consists 
of  an  almo.st  insulated  promontory,  on  the  North  Sea.  curved 
so  as  to  form  a  natural  harbor,  and  presenting,  from  its 
lofty  and  singularly  excavated  elilfs,  magnificent  sea  and 
land  views.  Pop.  oif  .the  borough,  in  1861, 12,205.  The  town, 
on  the  S.  fide  of  this  peninsula,  has  many  handsome  modern 
houses,  built  for  the  use  of  the  numerous  sea-bathers  who 
now  resort  here;  some  fine  remains  of  the  feudal  fortifii-a- 
tions  which  once  defended  it,  a  large  and  curious  church  in 
the  early  English  style,  an  endowed  school,  and  other  chari- 
ties, a  town-hall,  several  branch  banks,  a  chalybeate  spring, 
and  a  harlxir  with  one  of  the  largest  docks  in  England,  with 
depth  of  water  of  from  20  to  25  feet,  and  defended  by  2  .-strong 
batteries.  The  trade  of  Hartlepool  has  of  late  revived,  owing 
to  the  formation  of  railways  eonnectetl  with  the  new  coal- 
mines of  Durham.  In  1835  only  3  sloops  belonged  to  the 
port.  The  registered  shipping  now  belonging  to  the  port  is 
170,  and  the  number  is  increasing;  the  tonnage  of  the  ships 
in  many  instances  is  700  or  800  tons.  In  1S50,  the  number 
of  ships  that  entered  was  9625,  tons  1.179,338.  These  .ships 
took  from  the  port  upwards  of  1,000,000  tons  of  coal  to  all 
parts  of  the  world.  The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
under  an  ancient  charter.  It  belunged  to  the  Norman 
family  of  IJrus  or  liruce  until  the  thirteenth  century, 
when,  by  their  accession  to  the  Scottish  throne,  they  for- 
feited their  English  possessions. 

UART'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HARTLEY,  a  small  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of  Xorth- 
umberLand,  on  the  North  Sea,  4i  miles  N.  of  North  Shields. 
Pop.  1911.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor  for  ves.sels  of  from 
200  to  300  ton*. 

H.\RT'LEY,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1530. 

HART'LEY  MAU'DIT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

UAUT'LEYTON,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
in  Buffalo  Valley,  70  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  The 
turnpike  from  Lewisburg  to  Centre  county  passes  through  it. 

HAKT'LEYVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

HART'LEY  VVEST'PALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

HART'LEY  WINT'NEY,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Hants. 

HART'LtP,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HART  LOT,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York. 

HAKTMANITZ,  haRfmi-nits\  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Bohemia  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Klattau.    Pop.  705. 

HARTMANNSDORF,  haRfmins-doKr,  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, in  .Saxony,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Leipsic.    Pop.  1583. 

HART'l'URY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

H  ARTS'ROROUGH.  a  post-v  illage  of  Warwick  co.,  1  ndiana. 

HARTS'GROVE,  a  post-village  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ashta- 
bula CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  768. 

HARTS'IIEAD,  a  district  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HARTS'HILL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  3i 
miles  N.W.  of  Nuneaton.     Pop.  1001. 

HARTS'IIORN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HARTS'HORN,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

HART'S  LOCA'TION,  a  post-office  of  Coos  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

HART'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

II  ARTS'TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co..  Penn.sylvania. 

HART'S  VILLAGE,  or  HARTSVILLE,  a  post-vill.age  of 
Dutchess  CO.,  New  York,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Poughkeepsie. 

H.iRTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 125  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

HARTSVILLE.  a  village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York,  130 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

HARTSVILLE,  a  township  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 
Pop.  1154. 

HARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
108  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisburg.  • 

HARTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district.  South 
Carolina. 

HARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 
45  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nashville,  has  a  church  and  several 
hundrt'd  inhabitants. 

H.\RTSV1LLE,  a  post-vlUage  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana, 
50  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 


HARTSVnXE,  a  village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  10  mlled 
S.W.  of  Greensburg. 

HARTSVILLE  or  HARTVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Wright  CO.,  Missouri,  on  a  fork  of  Gasconade  River,  106 
miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HART'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  IJ  miles 
S.W.  of  Aylesbury.  Louis  XVIII.  of  France  resided  here 
while  in  England. 

H.4RTWELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northamptcn. 

HART'WELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bennington  co, 
Vermont. 

HARTWELLVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  S.  part  of  Shlap 
\7assee  co..  Michigan. 

HARTAVICK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  centra 
of  Otsego  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  on 
Otsego  Creek,  about  35  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Utica.  The  village 
has  cliurehes  of  three  denominations,  and  probably  500  in- 
habitants.    Pop.  of  the  township,  2496. 

If  ARTWTCK.  a  post-cffice  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa. 

HART'WICK  SEM'INARY,  a  po.strvillage  of  Otsego  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  6  or  7  miles  below 
Cooperstown.  It  has  a  theological  seminary  of  that  name, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Lutheran  church. 

HART'WITH,  a  chapeli-y  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  81  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Kiiaresl)orough.  Here  are  the 
Brimhani  Crags,  a  stupendcjus  group  of  rocks,  piled  in  fan- 
tastic forms,  curiously  perforated,  among  which  are  rocking- 
stoiies  100  tons  in  weiirht. 

HAirmVOOD,  a  post-office  of  Stafford  co.,  A'irginia. 

H.\ItTAVO0D.  a  post-office  of  Autauca  co.,  Alabama. 

HAR'TY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HARTZ.  a  range  of  mountains.    See  Harz. 

H.\R'VARD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  CO., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad,  25 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Worcester.  It  has  several  paper  mills. 
Pop.  1.507. 

HARVARD,  a  post^ifflce  of  Delaware  co.,  New  York. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY.  See  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. 

II.\RVEY,  a  post  office  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

HARVEY  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  are  in  lat  19° 
17'  S..  Ion.  158°  30'  W. 

HARVEY'S,  a  small  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HAR'VEYSBURO,  a  village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio. 

H.4RVEY.*BURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  CO., 
Ohio.  41  miles  N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  an  academy, 
and  4  or  5  places  of  worship. 

HARVEY'S  FIVE  POINTS,  a  post-village  of  AVestmore- 
land  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  32  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

HARVEY'S  POINT,  a  village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  115  milea 
W.  of  Iowa  City. 

HARVEY'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia, 
108  miles  S.AV.  of  Richmond. 

H.\lt'VEYSA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 108  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

HAR'VINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

IIAR'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

H.VRAVICH,  hJr'rIdj.  a  parliamentary  and  mnnicip.il 
borough,  seaport,  and  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 
on  a  point  of  land  at  the  estuary  of  the  Stour.  10  miles  E. 
of  Manningtree.  Lat.  51°  56'  6""N.,  Ion.  1°  17'  5"  E.  Pop. 
of  borough,  in  1851,  4451.  The  town  has  3  main  streets. 
The  chief  buildings  are  the  town-hall,  jail,  customhouse, 
theatre,  assembly-rooms,  baths,  grammar  s<hool,  and  a  hand- 
some modern  church.  The  harbor  is  among  the  best  on  the 
E.  coast  of  England,  affording  shelter  for  the  largest  fleets, 
and  is  defended  by  a  strong  garrisoned  fort  and  battery;, 
but  the  entrance,  though  well  buoyed,  and  indicated  by  2 
light-'houses  with  fixed  lights,  is  dangerous  without  a  pilot. 
Some  ship-building  is  carried  on,  and  the  town  has  recently 
become  a  resort  for  sea-bathing.  The  regular  shipping  in 
1847  was  4015  tons.  A'e.ssels  entered,  43,8S2  tons:  cleared, 
38.514  tons.  The  number  of  vessels  belonging  to  the  port 
in  1850  was  139,  tonnage,  60.900;  total  vessels  inward,  054, 
tonnage,  49.402 :  outward.  658.  tonnage,  .33,06;5— more  than 
three-fourths  of  the  whole  being  coasters.  It  is  of  Saxon 
origin.  In  1318.  it  was  incorporated  by  Edward  II.:  and  in 
1347  it  supplied  14  ships  to  the  fleet  of  Edward  III.  Har- 
wich sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
name  Harwich  is  derived  from  two  Saxon  words: — here, 
signifying  "army,"  and  wic,  a  " fortification;"  whence  it  is 
inferred  that  it  was  once  the  station  of  a  Saxon  army. 

II.\R'AVICH,  a  post-township  of  Barnstable  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 90  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  In  1851,  48  vessels,  (tons, 
3231,)  owned  here,  and  manned  by  577  hands,  were  employed 
in  the  mackerel  fisheries.  During  the  year  9148  barrels  of 
mackerel  were  inspected.    Pop.  3423. 

HARAVICH  PORT,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

HAR'WINGTON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litch- 
field  CO..  Connecticut,  on  the  Naugatuck  River  and  Railroad, 
about  23  miles  AV.  of  Hartford.  The  village  has  grown  up 
within  a  few  years,  and  contains  a  cotton  mill.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1044. 

829 


HAR 

HA'R'WOOD.  a  township  of  En<:latid,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

TIARWOOD.  GRKAT,  a  chapelry  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lancaster. 

HAR'WORTir.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Notts. 

IIARZ  or  HARTZ.  haiits,  (anc.  Sijl'i'a  Herc]inHa.)  a  moun- 
tain system  of  North-west  Germany,  mostly  between  lat. 
61°  3.5'  and  51°  57'  N.,jjnd  Ion.  10°  10'  and  11°  30'  E.  With 
Its  ramifications  it  is  estimated  to  cover  1350  square  miles, 
between  the  Elbe  and  Weser.  Its  culminating  point  is  the 
Urocken.  in  lat.  51°  48'  11"  N.,  Ion.  10°  35'  30"  E..  3740  feet 
above  the  sea,  N.W.  of  which  are  several  other  heights  of 
little  less  elevation.  Its  geological  composition  is  granite, 
overlaid  by  greywacke  and  clay  slat«:  and  it  is  estimated  to 
yield  annually  30.000  hundredweights  of  lead,  besides  a 
large  amount  of  iron,  and  con.siderable  quantities  of  copper 
and  silver.    Pee  Brocket. 

IIARZBUKG,  haRts'WSCRQ.  a  village  of  Germany,  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Brunswick  and  Ilarzburg  Railway,  27  miles  S. 
of  Brunswick. 

HARZDORF,  hantsMoRf,  (Alt.  ait,  and  Neu.  noi.)  two 
nearly  contiguous  vill.iges  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau, 
about  3  miles  from  Rachenberg.     Pop.  2021. 

HARZGKRODK.  haRts'ghfh-roMeh,  a  town  of  Germany, 
18  miles  S.  of  Ilalberstadt.  Pop.  2517.  It  is  enclosed  with 
walls,  and  has  an  old  castle,  the  seat  of  the  ducal  mining- 
baird  for  the  Ilarz.  Near  it  are  the  Victor  Frederick  Silver- 
works,  some  vitriol-works,  the  JIagdesprung  Iron-mines, 
the  b.iths  of  Alexisbad,  and  the  ruined  castle  of  Ileinrichs- 
berg.  the  oridnal  .seat  of  thi^  Dukes  nf  Anhalt  Bernburg. 

HASAX-DAGII.  ha'sSn-dJ./.  or  IIASAX-TAG,  a  moun- 
tain of  .^sia  Minor,  68  miles  S.W.  of  Mount  Argjeus,  and  85 
miles  N.E.  of  Konieh.  It  is  8000  feet  in  elevation,  and  of 
volcanic  structure. 

HASANEE,  HASANT.  or  IIASSANEE,  (HASSANL)  hls'- 
3''nee\  I1ASS.\N.  h^s'sinV  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea.  near 
Its  E.  coast,  about  100  miles  N.W.  of  Yembo.  Lat.  25°  4  N., 
Ion.  37°  14'  E.  The  population  are  Bedouins,  who  reside 
during  a  part  of  the  year  in  a  straggling  villaw  on  its  S.  side. 

HASAN  KALEH  or  HASSAN  ICALEH,  has'sin'  kJlgh. 
a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Aras,  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Erzroom. 

IIAS'BROUCK,  a  pnst-ofiice  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

IIAS'COMB,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  3  miles 
S.E.  of  Oodalming.  An  enormous  tree,  known  as  the  Has- 
comb  Beech,  grows  here  on  the  site  of  a  Roman  camp. 

II.\SK.  a  river  of  Hanover.    See  IIaase. 

H.\SEK.  hiVsJk,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Arabia,  in  Iladra- 
maut,  on  its  S.P'.  coast,  opposite  the  Curia  Muria  Isles.  It 
exports  incense. 

H  AS'KLBKKni,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

irAS'EI.IUJRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

II.XSE'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

HASKLEY,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

H.A.SEL^IE1!E.  in  England,  co.  of  Surrey.    See  IIaslemere. 

IIAS'KLOR,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Warwick. 

IIASKLUXNE,  (IlaseUinne,)  hj'/eh-liin^nfh.  a  town  of 
Hanover,  on  the  Hase.  8  miles  E.  of  Meppen.     Pop.  1790. 

TI.\SENrOTII.  hJ'zen-pAtV  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Courland.  27  miles  N.E.  of  Libau.     Pop.  1020. 

II.VS'K1EI,D.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HAS'GUAKD.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

IIASII'MY'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  five  low  islands  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat,  5°  47'  N.,  Ion.  15.3°  6'  E.,  con- 
nected by  coral  reefs,  and  fomiinga  lagoon  inside.  They  are 
about  15  miles  in  circumference,  covered  with  cocoanut^trees. 

HASIKKK.  HASlKt.  ha'se(vkee\  or  HASKL  h^s^kee,  the 
westernmost  of  the  Curia  JIuria  Islands,  off  the  S.  coast  of 
Arabia,  in  lat.  17°  27'  16"  N.,  Ion.  55°  40'  49"  E.,  formerly 
covered  with  gu.ano. 

lL\,S/IvELL  FLATS,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New 
York. 

IIAS'KELLVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Ohio. 

HAS'KKXVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Steviben  co..  New  York. 

HAS/KKTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

II.VSIvI.  one  of  the  Curia  >Iuria  Islands.    See  Ha.sikee. 

HAS'KIXSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Kentucky. 

IIASKIXSVILr.K.  a  village  of  Noble  co..  Ohio. 

IIASLACII.  hJs'lJK,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  on  the  Kinzig,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Offenburg. 
Pop.  17-20. 

HASLACII.  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  Austria, 
on  the  MUhl.  22  miles  N.W.  of  Lintz. 

HASLACII,  a  river  of  Germany,  is  an  affluent  of  the  Ro- 
dach.  In  Franconia. 

IlASLACli.  hilsnas.  (IIoitEN.  ho'en;  Mittei,,  mit/tel,  and 
NiF.DER,  nee'di-r.)  are  continuous  villages,  WUrtemberg,  circle 
of  Nwkar.    Lnited  pop.  l:5ix>. 

IIAS'L.\xn.  a  township  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Derhy. 

HASLK.  hils'li^h.  a  maritime  town  of  Denmark,  on  theW. 
coast  of  the  Island  of  Bornholm.    Pop.  700. 

IIASLEHURY.  (h'l'zel-bgr-e,)  PLUCK'NETT,  a  parish 
of  hnirland.  CO.  of  Somerset. 

HAS/I.KMKRE,  hVzvl-meer,  a  decayed  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  8  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Oodalming.     Pop.  850. 


HAS 

HA'SLEWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

IIASLI,  hasnee,  OBER-HASLI,  d'her-hSs'lee,  or  IIASLL 
IM-WEISSLAXD.  h,^s'lee-im-<vlssiand.  a  bailiwick  in  Swit- 
zerland, canton  of  Bern,  comprehending  all  the  upper  part 
of  the  Aar  valley,  resting  on  the  Grimsel.  and  the  glacier  of 
the  Aar,  from  its  sources  to  the  Lake  of  Brienz.  Surrounded 
by  the  loftiest  masses  of  the  Bernese  Alps,  it  is  noted  for  ita 
natural  beauties ;  among  its  cascades  are  tho.se  of  the  lleieh- 
enbach.  Gentbach,  Handeckfall,  Gelmerbach,  &c.  The  people 
are  supposed  to  be  descendants  of  Scandinavian  ancestorfi 
who  came  hither  in  the  fifth  century.    Pop.  6700. 

lIASLINGDEN,h&s1ing-den,  a  maiket-town  and  chaj>elry 
of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  London  and  North- 
western Railway,  8  miles  N.  of  Bury.  Pop.  in  1851,  9".j0.  It 
stands  in  a  wild  alpine  district,  and  has  manufactures  of 
cotton,  employing  4000  hands. 

HAS'LIXG  FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HAS'LIXGTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on 
the  Manchester  and  Nantwich  Railway,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Beltey. 

IIASPARREN,  h^.s^aR^Rftx"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Pyr^nfies,  11  miles  S.  of  Bayonne.  Pop.  in 
1852.  5166. 

IIASPRES.  hSsp'r.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Valenciennes.     Pop.  in  1S52,  3059. 

HASSAN,  has'sdn\  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Mysore  do- 
minion, 60  miles  N.W.  of  Seriniiapatam. 

HASSAN  ABAD,  hjs'siln*  a-bdd',  ("abode  of  Hassan,") 
Russian  Transcaucasiii.  destroyed  by  the  Russians  in  1836; 
and  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee,  10  miles  S.E. 
ofKasbin. 

HASSAN  AGA,  has'sSn'  i'gj,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
Anatolia,  near  the  Lake  of  Aboolonia,  W.  of  Brusa. 

HASSAN  BATRIK,  has'sin'  batreek'.  in  Asia  Minor,  24 
miles  N.W.  of  Malateeyah,  Inhabited  by  about  50  Jlohammo- 
dan  families. 

HASSANI  or  IIASSANEE.    See  IIasasee. 

HASSAN  KALEH.  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Hasan  Kaieh. 

HASSAN  OGIILAN,  hds'san'  og-1.4n',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
Anatolia,  17  miles  E.  of  Angora. 

HASSAN  PASHA  PALANKA,  has'.sdn'  pl'shi'  -pUK-afkl, 
Turkish  Armenia,  in  Servia,  27  miles  S.  of  Semendria,  with 
some  mineral  baths. 

H  ASSELFELDE.  ha.s'sel-f^lMeh.  a  town  ofGermany.  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Blankenburg.    Pop.  1617. 

IIASSELT,  hSs'sJlt,  a  town  of  B-^lgium,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Limbourg,  on  the  Oomer.  and  the  terminus  of  the 
Landenand  Hasselt  Railway,  16  miles  W.N  .W.  of  .Maestricht. 
Pop.  8745.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  well  built,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  linen  fabrics,  lace,  and  tobacco,  with  extensive 
gin  distillerie.s.  and  a  large  salt  refinery. 

IIASSELT.  has'sJlt,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Overj'ssel.  capital  of  the  district,  on  the  Zwarte 
Water,  5J  miles  N.  of  Zwolle.  Pop.  1871.  Near  it  is  the 
strong  fort  of  Zwarte-Sluis. 

H.^SSKLT.  one  of  the  Loffoden  Islands  in  Norway. 

HASSFURT,  hass'foCRt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower 
Franconia,  on  the  Main,  and  on  the  Bambe-rg  and  Schwein- 
furt  Railway,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Bamberg.     Pop.  1880. 

HAS'SINGIIAM.  a  parish  of  Emrland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HASSLEBEN,  ha.ss'l!\-ben,  a  village  of  Saxe-Weimar,  17 
miles  N.W.  of  Weimar,  on  the  Gera.    I'op.  12ti6. 

IIASSLOCH,  hass'loK,  a  village  of  Rhenish  B.avaria,  on 
the  railway  from  Mannheim  to  Homburg,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Landau,  with  a  Roman  Catholic  and  2  Protestant  churches, 
coal-works,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  4772. 

HASSMERSHEIJI.  hass'mfrs-hlme\  a  village  of  Baden, 
on  the  Neckar,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  1661. 

HASTENBKCK,  has'ten-bjk',  a  village  of  Hanover,  3 
miles  S.E.  of  Hameln.  Pop.  400.  Here  the  French,  xtnder 
Marshal  d'Estrees,  obtained  an  advantage  over  the  troops 
of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland.  31st  July,  1757. 

HASTIXGLEIGH.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HASTIXGS,  his'tings,  a  parliamentary  and  municip.il 
borough  and  town  of  England,  and  one  of  its  Cinque  Ports, 
CO.  of  Suiisex.  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the  E.  termination 
of  the  South  Coast  Railway,  33  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brighton,  and 
also  connected  by  branches  of  the  South-eastern  Railway 
with  Dover,  Tunbridge,  &c.  Pop. of  parliamentary  borough, 
In  1861,  23,098.  The  town  lies  mostly  in  a  hollow,  surround- 
ed, except  on  the  S..  by  cliffs,  and  consists  of  two  principal 
streets;  many  of  the  squ.ares  and  terraces  are  remarkably 
elegant ;  Pelham  Cresent  and  the  marine  parade  deserve 
especial  attention.  Among  the  public  buildings  are  2 
ancient  parish  churches,  a  fine  modern  church,  a  grammar 
school,  founded  in  1019.  a  handsome  town-hall,  a  jail,  cus- 
tom-house, union  work-house,  assembly-rooms,  soiiie  excel- 
lent hotels,  baths,  and  libraries,  a  fort,  and  remains  of  a 
castle  in  which  William  the  Conqueror  lodged  previous  to 
the  battle  of  Hastings.  The  town  formerly  had  an  exten- 
sive trade,  but  its  harbor  having  been  ruined  by  a  storm  in 
the  time  of  Elizabeth,  its  commercial  importance  has  never 
been  restored,  and  it  is  now  chiefly  noted  as  a  favorite 
bathing-place.  Fisheries  and  boat-building  employ  many 
hands.    It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Coinmc'll& 


HAS 


llAU 


WilliiiTO  fhe  Conqueror  landed  here,  and  the  decisive  batile 
of  IIastii'.;;s  was  fought  in  lUtiC,  7  miles  N.W.  of  the  town. 
Bee  Battle. 

HASTINGS,  hAs'tingz,  a  post-township  of  Oswego  CO.,  New 
York,  20  miles  >.'.  by  I'J.  of  .Syracuse.     Pop.  3345. 

HASTI.\G.S  or  IIASTINGS-upox-HUDSON,  a  post-viUaj^e 
of  Westchester  co.,  jNew  York,  on  the  Hudson  Kiver,  and  on 
the  railroad  of  that  name.  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York.  It 
has  manuractuit'g  of  machinery,  frlass,  Ac,  .and  in  the  vi- 
cinity are  qiiarriis  of  marble  extensively  worked. 

IlA8TIN(i.S  a  small  post-villa{;e  of  Kichland  co.,  Ohio. 

HASTING.-J.  a  thiiviiiii;  post-village  and  township,  capital 
cf  I5arry  co..  Michij;an,  on  Thoruapple  Kiver,  and  on  the  K. 
road  from  Battle  Creek  to  Grand  Kapids,  42  miles  W.  of 
Lansing.  It  possesses  excellent  water-power,  with  several 
mills.     I'op.  554. 

HASTINGS,  Minnesota.     See  Api'ESDIx. 

HASTINGS,  hais'tingz,  a  co.  in  the  central  p.art  of  Canada 
West,  comprises  an  area  of  1324  square  miles,  and  is  in- 
terspersed with  numerous  small  lakes  and  rivulets.  Pop. 
31,977.     Chief  town.  Belleville. 

IIASTINGS,  h-is'tingz,  a  river  of  Australia,  New  Scnth 
Wales,  the  entrance  to  which  is  the  large  harlwr  of  Port 
Macquarrie,  li»2  miles  N.E.  of  Sidney;  lat.  31°  26'  45"  S.. 
Ion.  152°  53'  54"  E. 

HASTINGS'  CENTRE,  po.st-village.  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

nASTINGSV]l>LE,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

HAT,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HAT'BOJiOUGlI,  a  post-vill.ige  rf  Montgomery  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 16  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  2  churches,  3 
stores,  a  grist  mill,  an  academy,  a  public  library  of  about 
6000  volumes,  contained  in  a  handsome  and  spacious  build- 
ing erected  for  this  pui-pose.  and  from  40  to  50  dwellings. 

UATCII-BEAIJCUA.MP,  (be<ycham,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset. 

HATCII'KH'S,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

HATCU'IE.  IIATCII'EE,  or  UATCH'Y,  a  river  in  the 
S.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  rises  in  Tippah  co.,  Mis.sissippi,  and, 
passing  into  Tennessee,  enters  the  Mississippi  Kiver  near 
Kandolph.  It  is  stated  to  be  navigable  by  steamboats  to 
Bolivar,  about  150  miles  from  its  mouth. 

HATCH.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

IIATCII/Y  TUKN'PIKE,  a  postoffice  of  Tippah  co.,  Mis- 
•jssippi. 

HAT'CLIFFE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HATCUUL.  hit'kool',  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Bengal, 
on  the  Nepjiul  frontier,  78  miles  N.  of  Patna. 

HAT  CKEEK,  a  post-office  of  CampWl  co.,  Virginia. 

HAT'FIELI).  a  market-town  aud  parish  of  England,  co.. 
and  6i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hertford.  Pop.  in  ISiil,  0274.  It 
has  a  handsome  church,  the  burial-place  of  the  Salisbury 
family,  and  a  princely  quadrangular  uian.sion,  the  seat  of 
the  Marquis  of  .Salisbury,  erected  iu  the  Elizaliethan  style, 
early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  The  original  structure 
belonged  to  the  bishops  of  Ely.  and  was  obtained  from  them 
by  Queen  Elizabetli.  who  resided  in  it  while  princess.  It 
was  given  by  James  I.  to  the  Earl  of  Salisliury.  iu  e.xchange 
for  Theob<ilds.  In  18:15.  a  portion  of  this  palace  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  in  the  flames  of  which  the  Dowager  Mar- 
chioness of  Salisbury  peiished. 

HATFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HATFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Y'ork,  West  Riding, 
8i  miles  S. S.W.  of  Thome.  Pop.  1S51.  William,  second  son 
of  Edward  III.,  was  born  here.  Hatfield  Chace.  containing 
180,000  acres,  partly  mora.ss,  was  sold  by  Charles  I.,  and  it 
is  now  cultivated.     In  it  are  vestiges  of  a  Roman  camp. 

HAT'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  co.,  JIa,«s.a- 
chusetts,  on  the  Connecticut  Kiver  Railroad.  100  miles  W. 
of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  brooms.     Pop.  13-37. 

HATFIELD,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co..  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  .\lleghany  Kiver.  3  miles  N.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

HATFIELD,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1310. 

HATFIELD-BROAD-OAK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harlow.  In  the  ancient  church  is 
a  curious  effigy  of  Robert  de  Vere.  third  Earl  of  Oxford. 

HATFIELD-PEV'EKELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HAT'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

H  ATHAZ.  hOt'hdz'.  or  H  ADH  AZ.  h^d'haz'.  a  town  of  Hun- 
gar>',  CO.  of  Szalioli-s.  10  miles  N.  of  Debreczin.     Pop.  3700. 

HATH'ERLKKHI.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
00.  of  Devon,  on  a  branch  of  the  Torridge,  9i  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Torrington.     Pop.  1822. 

HATH'EKLEY  DOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

HATHEKLEY  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
eester. 

HATH'ERN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

HATU'EROP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HATH'ER-SAGE,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HATH'ERTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  2 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Wolverhampton.  Pop.  378.  It  gives  the 
title  of  baron  to  the  Littleton  family. 

UA-TIilN,  a  town  in  Anam.    See  C.\ncao, 


HAT'LBY,  a  post-office  of  Canada  East,  co.,  of  St.an stead. 

HAT'LEY,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HATLEY  ST.  GEORGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ol 
Cambridge. 

HATLOE,  hSt/lo'fli,  an  island  of  Norway,  stiff,  and  68 
miles  N.  of  Bergen.     Length  and  breadth  about  4  miles. 

HATO  VIEJO,  hMo  ve-.VHO.  a  town  of  New  Granada,  do- 
partment  of  Cundinamarca:  lat.  6°  22'  N.,  Ion.  75°  38'  W. ; 
lietween  4000  and  5000  feet  above  sea-level.     Pop.  UAH. 

IIATRAS,  hd'tris',  a  town  and  fort  of  Iliudostan.  pro- 
vince, and  90  mUes  S.W.  of  Delhi ;  lat.  27°  .37'  N_  Ion.  75°  58* 
E.  It  is  a  busy,  flourishing  place.  Its  fort  was  destroved 
in  1817,  by  the  British. 

HATRIA.     See  Adeia. 

HATSCII VI E,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Qottschee. 

HATTEM,  hSt'tfm.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Gelderland.  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Zwolle.     Pop.  2408. 

HAT'f  EN,  hdt^tdso/,  a  village  of  France,  de)  artment  ot 
BasKhin,  8  miles  S.  of  Wissemlxmrg.     Pop.  in  18.52.  2041. 

HATTEN.  a  village  of  Germany.     See  Kiuchhattex. 

HATTENHEl.M,  hdften-hiuie\  a  village  of  Nass.au,  on 
the  Rhine.  9  miles  M'.S.W.  of  Wiesi)aden.     Pop.  905. 

HATTERAS,  CAPE.    See  Cave  H.wteras. 

HATTERSHEIM,  hat'ts-rs-hlme*,  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
many, duchy  of  Nassau,  on  the  Khine,  2  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Eltville.  Pop.  9115.  It  has  a  station  on  the  Taunus  Kail- 
way,  between  Wiesbaden  and  Frankfort. 

H.\TT'ERSLKY.  a  town.sliip  of  iCngland.  co.  of  Chester. 

HATTIA,  hdt'tee'd.  an  island  of  British  India,  presidency 
and  province  of  Bengal,  district  of  Chittagong,  at  the  mouths 
of  the  Ganges  and  Megna,  15  miles  in  length,  aud  10  miles 
in  breadth.     Here  are  some  salt  works. 

HATTINGEN,  hat'ting-en.  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westph.ilia, 
38  miles  W.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Ruhr.     Pop.  3090. 

HAT'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HATTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  ar,d  3  miles  W.N.W 
of  Warwick.  The  celebrated  Dr.  Parr  held  the  living  here 
at  his  death  in  1825. 

HATTON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  2J  miles 
S.W.  of  Shiffnal.      Pop.  647. 

HATTORF,  hdftoRf.  a  village  of  Hanover,  in  Grubenha- 
gen,  N.  of  Harzburg.    Pop.  1375. 

HATT'S  SHOP,  a  village  of  Tallx)t  co.,  Georgia. 

HATVAN,  hOCvOn',  a  market-towu  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Heves.  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  3100. 

IIATZEG,  hOt'zJg',  or  HOTZING.  hot'zing'.  a  market-town 
of  Transylvania,  in  the  S.W..  lo  miles  S.  of  llunyad.   P.  1100 

HATZFELD,  hdts/f^lt,  a  town  of  Germany.  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, on  the  Eder,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Biedenkopf.     I'op.  950. 

llATZFELD,  (Hun.  Zfombi/h/,  zhom'bol',)  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Temesvar. 
Pop  4786. 

HAUBOURDIN,  ho'hooR\lSN»'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Lille,     i'op.  in  18.V2,  3210. 

HAL'GHAM,  haw'am,a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAUGHLEY,  haw'lee,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
The  Haughley  Koad  station  of  the  East  Union  Kailway,  is 
11  miles  >;.  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 

HAUGHTON,  haw'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HAUGUTON  LE  SKEKNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

HAUGHTON-wiTH-SELBY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  Notts. 

11.4UGSD0RF,  GROSS,  groce  hSwgs'doRf.  a  market-town 
of  Lower  Austriii,  on  the  Pulkau,  30  miles  N.N.^V.  of  Kor- 
neuburg.    Pop.  1935. 

HAUKIVESI,  hOw'ke-v.Vsee,  a  lake  of  Finland,  ln?ns 
of  Kuopio  and  Viborg,  22  miles  in  length  by  10  miles  in 
breadth,  having  the  town  of  Nyslott  at  itsS.  extremity. 

HAUKIVORI,  a  village  of  Finland,  57  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Kuopio. 

HAUKSnVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

HAULCHIN,  horshJso',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  on  the  old  Roman  Road,  called  the  Chausfee 
Brunehault,  10  miles  S.E.  of  .Mons.    Pop.  1063. 

HAUNSDORF.  hdwns'doRf,  OBEll,  o^bpr,  and  NIEDER, 
nee'der.  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Silesia,  government,  and  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau.  P.  2087. 

HAUNSTETTEN,  hOwn'stJtHen.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Swabia.  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  .\ugsburg.     Pop.  729. 

HAUPTWYL  or  HAUPTWEIL,  hOwpt'wil,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurgau,  H  miles  S.E.  of  Bischofs- 
zell.    Pop.  1250. 

HAUSACH,  hOw'z^K.  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Kinzig,  4 
miles  E.  of  Haslach.     Pop.  877. 

HAUSBERGEN,  h6ws'bii!G-en.  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia. 4  miles  S.  of  Minden.  on  the  Weser.     Pop.  850. 

HAUSBRUNN,  hCws/brOCn.  or  HASZPRUNKA,  a  village 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  and  26  miles  from  Presbura.     Pop.  1256. 

HAUSDORF,  OBER,  o/ber  lidws'doRf  a  village  of  Prus- 
sian Silesia,  government  of  Bre>lau.    Pop.  1079. 

HAUSKN,  hOw'MO,  (i.e.  '•  hou.xes,")  the  nan.e,  or  part  of 
the  name,  of  numerous  villages  in  Germany  and  Switzeiland. 

IIAUSEN,  OBER.  o'bfr  hCw'zen,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Bavaria,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Augsburg.    Pop.  1861. 

831 


HAU 


HAV 


HAUSEN,  a  Tillage  of  Baden,  22  miles  S.  of  Freiburg. 
Pop.  600. 

HAUSEX.  Ober.  and  TJxteh.  Bdn'tfr,  Tillages  of  Baden,  on 
the  Rhine,  W.  of  Ettenheim ;  the  former  with  ISOO,  and  the 
latter  with  1160  inhabUants. 

1IAU'.SEKT0WN,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana. 

IIAUSRUCK  chdwss'rddk)  MOUNTAINS,  in  Upper  Aus- 
tria, separate  the  basins  of  the  Inn  and  Ager. 

H.iUSSA,  a  town  of  Africa.    See  IIocssa. 

IIAUSSY.  hSs^see',  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  10  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Cambrai,  on  the  Selles.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2960. 

IIAUTB0YS,(h6'boiz)QREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

IIAUTEFORT.  hSt'foR/,  a  Tillage  of  France,  department 
of  Dordogne.  21  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Perigueu,x.     Pop.  1777. 

IIAUTE-GARONNE,  hot-giVonn',  ("Upper  Garonne,")  a 
department  of  the  South  of  France,  on  the  frontiers  of  Spain. 
Area  2529  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  484.081.  Surface  Tery 
elevated  in  the  S.,  where  it  borders  on  the  highest  part  of 
the  Pyrenees,  the  contreforts  of  which  cover  a  considerable 
part  of  the  department.  Chief  rivers,  the  Garonne  and  ita 
affluents.  The  Canal  du  Midi  traTerses  the  department  for 
26  miles,  and  a  second,  called  the  Lateral  Canal,  is  in  course 
of  construction.  The  principal  mines  are  of  lead,  copper, 
antimony,  iron,  and  zinc ;  excellent  marble  is  produced,  and 
there  are  numerous  mineral  .springs  and  salt  marshes.  Corn 
and  wine  are  raised  much  beyond  consumption,  and  form 
chief  articles  of  export.  Lint,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  oranges 
are  grown.  An  active  transit  trade  is  carried  on  with  Spain. 
Capital,  Toulouse.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  4  ar- 
rondissements  of  St.  Gaudens,  Muret,  Toulouse,  and  Ville- 
franche-de-Lauragais. 

HAUThMLE,  hot-eel,  or  HARE  ISLAND,  a  small  island 
of  British  America,  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  8  miles  S.W.  of 
Cape  Chignecto. 

HAUTE-LOIRE,  hOtrlwjR,  ("  Upper  Loire,")  a  department 
in  the  S.E.  part  of  France,  formed  of  a  portion  of  the  old 
province  of  Languedoc.  Area,  1900  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  305,.521.  Surface  elevated  and  mountainous,  traversed 
on  the  E.  by  the  Cevennes,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  moun- 
tains of  Margerides,  which  unite  the  Cfevennes  with  the 
mountains  of  Auvergne,  and  on  the  S.  bj-  the  Foi-ez  Moun- 
tains. Many  of  these  are  volcanic ;  culminating  point,  Mont 
Meziu.  in  the  Cevennes.  5794  feet.  The  department  is  en- 
tirely situated  in  the  basin  of  the  Loire,  by  which,  with  its 
affluents,  it  is  watered.  The  soil  is  poor,  and  agriculture  is 
in  a  Tery  backward  state.  Wine  is  raised  in  small  quantity, 
and  of  an  inferior  quality.  Cattle-rearing  is  an  important 
branch  of  industry.  Silk-worms  are  extensively  reared. 
Chief  mineral  products,  coal,  antimony,  gypsum,  building 
•  stone,  and  potter's  clay.  Capital,  Le  Puy.  The  department 
is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Brioude,  Le  Puy,  and 
Yssingeaux. 

HAUTK-LUCE,  hot-luss,  a  village  of  Savoy,  11  miles  N.E. 
of  Contians.     Pop.  15.S5. 

HAUTE-MARNE,  hot-maRn.  ('-Upper  Marxe,")  a  depart- 
ment of  Frarjce,  in  the  N.E.,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Champagne.  Area,  2i^S5  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  254,413.  Chief  river,  the  Marne,  which,  as  well  as 
the  Meuse  and  Aube,  rises  in  the  department.  It  is  tra- 
versed in  the  E.  and  S.  by  the  mountains  which  separate 
the  Meuse  and  Rhone,  united  by  the  plateau  of  Langres  in 
the  N.E.  The  department  has  some  of  the  most  important 
iron-mines  in  France.  Chief  industry,  mining  and  forging 
of  iron,  cutlery,  cotton-spinning,  and  weaving.  Capital, 
Chaumont.  It  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Chau- 
mont,  Langres,  and  Vassy. 

IIAUTEKIVE.  hot^reev',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Drome,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Valence.     Pop.  2380. 

IIAUT1>RIV0IRE.  hSt-reevViR',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Rh5ne,  21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  1126. 

IIAUTES-ALPES,  hOtz-ilp  or  hOt-aip.  ("Upper  Alps,") 
a  department  of  France,  forming  part  of  the  S.E.  of  Dauphine, 
and  a  small  part  of  Provence.  Area,  2114  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1S61, 125,100.  Like  the  department  of  the  Basses- 
Alpes,  it  is  covered  almost  throughout  by  enormous  masses 
of  mountains,  several  of  which  are  among  the  loftiest  of  the 
Alpine  range.  Mount  Pelvaux,  the  highest  mountain  in 
France,  is  in  this  department,  and  its  culminating  peak, 
called  the  Pointes  des  Arsines,  or  Des  Ecrines.  is  13.442  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Capital.  Gap.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Rrrondis.sements  of  Gap,  Brian5on,  and  Embrun. 

UAUTl^SAONE.  (IIaute-Sa6ne.)  hot-s6n.  ("Upper  SAfiXE.") 
a  department  in  the  N.E.  of  France,  formed  of  part  of  the 
oH  province  of  Franche-Comt6.  Area,  2028  square  miles. 
Pop  in  1861,317,183.  Surface  mountainous  in  the  X.E., 
where  it  is  covered  by  ramifications  of  the  Vosges  Moun- 
tains ;  it  Is  watered  by  the  Saone  and  its  numerous  affluents. 
The  soil  is  fertile;  one-third  of  the  department  is  covered 
with  forests,  which  supply  excellent  timber  for  the  marine. 
The  minerals  comprise  Iron  and  coal,  and  it  has  many 
mineral  springs;  those  of  Luxeuil  are  much  frequented. 
Chief  industry,  mining  and  manufectures  of  glass,  china, 
okiths,  straw  hats,  and  lilrcbenwauer.  Capital.  Vesout  Ttie 
843 


department  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Gray, 
Lure,  and  Vesoul. 

IIAUTES- PYRENEES,  hot-peeV.Vn.V,  ("Upper  Ptrd 
iTEEs.'")  a  frontier  department  of  France,  composed  of  part  of 
the  old  province  of  Gaseony.  Area,  17o0  square  miles.  Pop. 
in  1861,  240.179.  Surface  covered  by  the  ramifications  of 
the  Pyrenees,  enclosing  several  fine  valleys.  The  Adour 
and  its  affluents,  the  Aitos.  and  Gave-de-l'au,  rise  »n  the 
department.  The  mineral  springs  of  the  Bagueres,  Bar- 
rages, and  Cautertes  are  much  freiiuented.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile in  the  valleys,  but  the  grain  is  insufficient  for  the  wautg 
of  the  population.  The  chief  manufactures  are  those  of 
woollen  stulfs  called  Barreges.  Capital,  Tarbes.  The  de- 
partment is  divided  into  the  arronditeemeuts  of  Argelds, 
Bagnferes.  and  Tarbes. 

ilAUTE-VIENNE,  hot  Te-?nn',  ("Upper  Tienne,")  a  de- 
partment of  France,  in  the  N.W..  formed  of  parts  of  the  old 
province  of  Limousin.  Area,  2118  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861, 
319.595.  Surface  traversed  by  mountains,  the  principal 
chain  of  which  sepai-ates  the  basins  of  the  Loire  and  Ga- 
ronne; highest  point,  (Le  Puy  de  \ieux.)  3200  feet  in  ele- 
vation. The  soil  is  infertile.  Horse.s.  cattle,  and  sheep  are 
extensively  reared.  The  minerals  comprise  tin.  lead,  copper, 
coal,  and  porcelain-clay.  Chief  manufactures,  porcelain, 
cutlei-y,  and  paper.  Capital,  Limoges.  The  dep;irtment  is 
divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Limoges,  Bellac,  Ro-- 
chechouart.  and  St.  Yrieix. 

HAUTEVILLE,  hotVeel',  the  name  of  several  villages  of 
France,  the  principal  lieing  Ilaute-la-Guichard,  8  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Coutances.  and  the  original  residence  of  Tancred, 
the  founder  of  the  Norman  dynasty  in  South  Italy. 

IIAUTEVILLEltS,  hotVeerialR'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Marne.  12  miles  S.  of  Reims.     Pop.  1023. 

IIAUTRAGE.  ho'trizh',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Haiiiaut.  9  miles  W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  12S0. 

II.\UT-RI11N,  ho-r^jf*.  or  ("Upper  Rhine.")  a  frontier  de- 
partment of  France,  in  the  N.E..  formed  of  the  old  province 
of  Upper  Alsace,  lx)unded  on  the  E.  by  the  Rhine,  which 
separates  it  from  B;iden.  Area,  1548  Sijuare  miles.  I'op.  in 
1861.  51.\802.  One-third  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  fo- 
rests; it  has  rich  mines  of  iron,  lead,  silver,  asphaltum.  gra- 
nite, and  coal,  and  numerous  mineral  springs;  it  is  fertile 
in  grain,  and  produces  excellent  wine,  lieet-ruot,  tobacco, 
madder,  linseed,  and  hemp.  It  has  numerous  manufac- 
tures, among  which  printed  cottons  and  silks  of  Mulhausen 
aie  celebrated.  Capital,  Colmar.  It  is  divided  into  the 
ari-ondissments  of  Colmar,  Altkirch.  and  Belfort.  The  de- 
partment is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  the  111,  the  Canal  of 
the  Rhine  and  Rhone,  and  the  railway  from  Strasbourg  to 
Bale,  (Bast^l.) 

IIAUVILLE,  hoVeel'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pont-Audemer,     Pop.  1800. 

HAVANA,  ha-van'a.  or  THE  HAVAN/NAll.  (Sp.  La  Ha- 
bnna.  li  ^-sd/nd,  formerly  Oir»fna«.  ki-nVnis ;  Fr.  i«  Havane, 
id  hd'vSu';  It.  Arana,  d-vj/nd.)  an  important  city,  and  the 
greatest  commercial  port  of  the  \\'est  indies,  capital  of  the 
Spanish  island  of  Cuba,  is  situated  on  its  N.\V.  coast,  on  a 
fine  l)ay  setting  up  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  about  150  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Cape  Sable,  in  Florida,  and  650  miles  S..S.E.of  New 
Orleans.  Lat.  of  Jlorro  Castle.  23°  9'  24"  N..  Ion.  8-2°  22*  W. 
Its  harbor,  formed  by  this  bay,  which  nowhere  exceeds  IJ 
miles  in  width,  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  world,  being  deep 
enough  for  vessels  of  the  lai-gest  class,  sufficiently  capacious 
to  receive  1000  ships  of  w^ar.  and  so  safj  that  vessels  ride  se- 
curely without  cable  or  anchor.  The  entrance  is  by  a  chan- 
nel half  a  mile  in  length,  so  narrow  that  only  a  single 
vessel  can  pass  at  a  time,  and  fortified  thrcmghout  the  whole 
distance  with  military  works,  and  artillery.  Its  mouth, 
about  i  of  a  mile  wide,  is  defended  by  two  strong  castles^— 
the  Punta  on  the  AV.  side,  connected  with  a  castle  in  the 
town,'  and  Morro  Castle  on  the  E.  Upon  this  castle  is  a 
fixed  light.  144  feet  high.  There  are  four  other  forts, 
mounted  with  heavy  cannon,  and  garrisoned  for  the  defence 
of  the  harbor  and  town.  La  Cabai^.a.  situated  S.E.  of  Morro 
Ca.stle,  is  the  stronge.st  fortress  in  Havana.  The  walls  which 
formerly  encircled  the  city  have  been  removed.  It  is  built 
on  a  tongue  of  land  on  the  W.  side  of  the  harbor,  and  sepa- 
rated by  a  fosse  from  its  arsenal  and  the  suburbs  of  Colon, 
Guadalupe,  Ac,  immediately  in  the  rear:  and  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  bay  is  the  suburb  of  Regla.  AVhen  viewed 
from  the  sea,  Havana  has  a  very  picturesque  and  beautiful 
appearance,  with  its  numerous  spires  and  background  of 
bills:  but  on  a  nearer  approach,  it  is  found  to  possess  but 
few  attractions.  The  street.s.  though  regularly  laid  out.  are 
narrow,  ill  paved,  dirty,  and  lined  with  niassi\e  stone  struc- 
tures, closely  crowded  together,  and  geiieially  provided  with 
ponderous  folding-doors  and  barred  windows,  giving  the 
whole  town  a  heavy  and  even  gloomy  api)earance.  Consider- 
able improvement,  however,  has  of  late  years  I  ei^n  effected  in 
thecharacterof  thestreets,andin  some  of  the  buildings.  The 
handsomest  portion  of  the  city  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  grrat 
square,  or  Pluzu  de  Armas,  a  beautiful  enclosure,  intersected 
by  paved  walks,  and  adorned  with  a  statue,  foun  tain.s.  flowers, 
&c.;  in  the  evening  it  is  well  lighted.  Here  are  situated 
the  pfdaces  of  the  ({overnor  and  the  intendan'^  jind  the  r» 


HAV 

dtdences  of  many  of  the  nobility.  Opposite  the  governor's 
house  is  a  chapel,  erected  in  commemoration  of  the  tirst 
mass  which  was  celebrated  in  Havana  after  the  foundation 
of  the  city.  The  churches  in  Havana  are  numerous,  and 
are  .said  to  be  richly  ornamented  with  gold  and  silver 
lamps,  iniaiies.  &c.  The  cathedral  contains  the  ashes  of 
Columbus,  which  were  brought  hither  from  San  Domingo 
in  1790.  Near  the  altar,  abnre  an  opening  called  the  •'  tomb 
of  Columbus."  is  a  tablet  inlaid  in  the  w.all.  and  sculptured 
with  a  bust  of  the  discoverer  in  ba.s-relief.  The  other  public 
buildings  mo.st  deserving  of  notice  are  the  exchange,  an  ex- 
tensive structure  surmounted  by  a  tower,  the  custom-house, 
post-office,  royal  tobacco  manufactory,  opera-house,  and  two 
theatres,  one  of  them  said  to  be  larger  than  the  Scala  of 
Milan. 

Among  the  scientitic  and  educational  institutions  may  be 
mentioned  the  Uoyal  University,  including  a  medical  col- 
lege, law  school,  and  chairs  for  the  natural  sciences,  the 
whole  conducted  by  a  rector  and  a  corps  of  30  professors  ; 
the  Koyal  College,  for  which  a  large  building  is  now  (1854) 
in  course  of  erection  by  the  government,  a  theological  col- 
lege, a  museum  of  natural  history,  an  institution  called  the 
Royal  SncUdwl  Econnmicd.  also  several  otber  institutions, 
a  botanic  garden,  and  a  .school  of  painting.  The  beneTolent 
Institutions  comprise  the  Cuna.  or  Foundling  Hospital,  the 
San  Lazaro,  a  hospital  for  persons  affected  with  Icocuhea  or 
U'-zarino — a  kind  of  leprosy  peculiar  to  the  West  Indies,  and 
said  to  beincuralile;  a  large  hospit.al  occupying  the  Convent 
of  San  Juan  de  Dios.  the  Cam  lloal  de  Bemjicfnaa.  an  ex- 
tensive and  well-endowed  in.stitution,  combining  an  orphan 
hospital,  a  lunatic  asylum,  and  an  infirmary;  besides  nume- 
rous convents  and  other  charitable  establishments.  The 
prison  is  a  large  quadrangular  building,  so  situated  as  to 
secure  a  free  circulation  of  the  sea.  breeze.  Havana  is  the 
seat  of  a  bishop,  and  of  all  the  colonial  authorities  of  the 
island,  including  the  Supreme  Court,  (formerly  at  Puerto 
Principe.) called  La  Audifncia  Prelnrint de.la  Ilihana.  There 
are  3  daily  newspapers,  2  femimonthly  periodicals,  and  1 
monthly,  called  the  ■•  Anales."  published  in  the  city :  besides 
which,  some  few  literary  and  scientific  works  are  Issued. 

The  manufactures  of  Ilavana  are  confined  chiefly  to  cigars, 
which  are  produced  in  immense  quantities,  and  have  a 
world-wide  celebrity.  The  other  articles  manufactured  are 
chocolate,  woollen  fabrics,  and  straw  hats.  Havana  is  not 
a  manufacturing,  but  a  commercial  city.  It  is  to  commerce 
she  owes  her  rise  and  present  importance,  and  for  this,  it 
has  been  seen,  she  possesses  unrivalled  natural  advantages. 
Art,  too.  has  been  broughf  to  the  assistance  of  nature,  and 
a  network  of  railways,  having  a  general  terminus  in  Ha- 
vaTia,  now  almost  completely  envelops  the  island.  (See 
CuiiA,  Intertuil  Imprrivement^,  page  .524.)  The  total  vjUue  of 
exports  from  Cub.i,  in  1S51,  amounted  to  $-31,341,083,  about 
half  of  which  was  shipped  .at  Havana.  The  principal  articles 
of  export  are  sugar,  coffee,  molasses,  honej',  wax,  and  rum. 
which  for  the  years  1841, 184.5, 1S59, 1851,  and  1862  were  as 
follows : — 


Years. 

Sii^ar, 

Coffee, 

Molasses, 

Honcv, 

Wax, 

Rum, 

boxes. 

arrobas. 

hhds. 

tierces. 

Rrrobas, 

pipes. 

1841 

StH.SHl 

74.', 570 

42,n09 

1,'J74 

•28,S.->1 

8,752 

18+5 

VH7,.W5 

170,4fi6 

20,073 

847 

31,40<» 

2,7 -'7 

1850 

704,777 

I70,i)02 

28.615 

•2.1.56 

43.894 

7,o<n 

1851 

849,01* 

150,  .ai 

44.5.)» 

•2,108 

45,666 

5.792 

1852 

68S.747 

15,S,49G 

39,515 

2,114 

37.413 

5.846 

In  addition  to  the  exports  of  \^hi,  may  be  mentioned 
170,559  M.  of  cigars,  and  3,182,577  pounds  of  tobacco. 
The  principal  imports  are  linen  and  cotton  manufactures, 
graia  and  tlour.  liiiuor,  beef,  lard.  fish,  and  other  provi- 
sions, and  wooden  and  iron  manufactures.  The  countries, 
in  the  order  of  their  importance,  to  which  the  exports 
were  sent  in  ISuO.  were  the  United  States.  Great  Britain, 
Spain,  Germany,  France,  and  Spanish  America;  and  those 
from  whi,;h  tbe  imports  came,  Spain,  United  States,  Great 
Britain,  Germany.  France,  and  Spanish  America.  The  num- 
ber of  forcigii  arrivals  in  1852  was  1758  vessels,  of  which  661 
were  Spanish ;  and  the  number  of  clearances  1789,  including 
699.  Spanish  vessels. 

Havana  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  shiji-building.  and 
for  a  long  time  her  yards  supplied  Spain  with  the  chief  part 
of  her  fleet.  Between  the  years  1724  and  1796,  there  were 
constructed  for  the  mother  country,  at  these  yards,  51  ships 
of  the  line-  and  22  frigates,  besides  smaller  craft,  amounting 
in  all  to  no  vessels,  carn'ing  5068  guns — 6  having  100 
guns  e.ach.  This  important  branch  of  business  is  now  nearly 
extinct.  The  port  is  connected  by  daily  lines  of  steamers 
with  Matanzas,  Cardenas,  Jucano.  Ac,  and  it  has  also  steam 
communication  with  New  Orleans  and  the  other  principal 
ports  on  the  Americin  continent,  and  with  Europe. 

In  consequence  of  the  heat  of  the  clim.nte,  the  inhabitants 
of  Havana  remain  in-doors  during  the  day ;  but  in  the  evening 
the  delicious  promenades  {alamedas)  of  the  city  and  its  en- 
virons present  a  most  animated  spectacle, being  thronged  with 
the  gay  and  fashionatde  of  both  sexes.  The  elegant  attire, 
grace,  and  beauty  of  the  Havanese  ladies  displayed  on  these 
oocjifiions,  and  at  the  theatres,  seldom  fail  to  elicit  admira- 
3G 


HAV 

tion  The  people,  ethnologically  considered,  are  Caucasian, 
African,  and  Mongolian,  The  Caucasian  consist  chieHy  of 
the  natives  of  Spain,  their  descendants  constituting  aljout 
fifteen-sixteenths  of  the  white  population.  "  Nearly  all  ths 
shopkeepers  of  Havana,"  says  the  editor  of  the  '•  New  York 
Mirror,"  Hiram  Fuller,  Esq.,  who  spent  several  weeks  there 
in  1S5"2,  "are  native  Spaniards,  a  large  proportion  of  whom 
came  to  Cuba  as  adventurers,  and  l)egan  life  as  clerks  on 
small  salaries.  After  accumulating  $.500,  they  would  pur- 
chase a  share  in  a  joint-stock  sKave-trading  company,  and  in 
the  course  of  a  year  or  two  receive  a  profit  in  the  shape  of  a 
dividend  amounting  to  $10,OiiO,  which  sum.  reinvested  in 
the  s.'ime  business,  soon  made  them  millionaires.  These 
nabobs  then  generally  return  to  Spain  to  spend  their  ill- 
gotton  fortunes,  leaving  a  crop  of  clerks  to  follow  in  the 
footsteps  of  their  inhuman  predecessors."  (See  CuB.\,  Slave 
Tradi>,  page  5"24.)  The  Africans  constitute  about  one-third 
of  the  entire  population,  of  which  nearly  one-half  are  slaves. 
The  Mongormns  comprise  a  few  Chinese  recently  introduced 
into  the  island. 

In  1519,  a  pilot  having  discovered  that  the  channel  be- 
tween Cuba  and  the  continent  of  the  N.  was  the  most  con- 
venient passage  for  ships  from  Mexico  to  Europe.  IjH  Ha- 
vana, (  ba  Habana)  wiw  founded  .as  a  port  to  receive  them, 
the  name  La  Havana  having  previously  l>een  applied  to  the 
present  town  of  Batabano.  In  lo3S  it  was  surprised  and  burned 
by  a  French  privateer,  to  prevent  which  occurrence  the  Castillo 
d'ela  Puerza.  (kis-teel'yod.'lldfwjR'.s3.) still  standing,was built 
by  Hernando  de  Soto,  Governor  of  Culia.  In  1554,  the  French 
again  attacked  and  destroyed  Havana.  About  this  time,  a 
great  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  island  flocked  to 
Havana,  to  avoid  the  depredations  of  the  buccaneers.  The 
English  failed  in  an  assault  upon  it  in  1655.  About  1665 
the  walls  of  Havana  were  commenced.  Towards  the  clo.se  of 
the  17th  century,  the  two  fortres.ses  of  Morro  and  Punta  were 
erected.  In  1762.  the  town,  after  an  obstinate  resistance, 
was  taken  by  an  English  fleet  and  army  under  Lord  Albe- 
marle, the  fleet  numbering  200  vessels,  and  the  army  14,041 
men.  The  following  year  it  was  restored  to  Spain  under 
the  treaty  of  A'ersailles,  since  which  period  the  government 
has  been  almost  constantly  employed  in  incre.-ising  its 
strength,  and  developing  its  resources.  Pop.  in  1827,  94.023, 
of  which  37.980  were  within  the  walls,  and  54.043  in  the 
suburbs.  Of  these,  46.621  were  white;  23.5t!2  free  colored; 
and  23,840  slaves.  Add  to  these  the  18.000  sr^ldiers  com- 
prising the  garrison,  and  we  have  a  total  population  of 
112,023.  According  to  Don  Jose  M.  de  la  Torre,  member  of 
the  i?C((I  Sociedad  Kcrmomica  of  Havana-  the  population  of 
the  city  and  suburljs,  in  185.3,  was  134.'2]5,  and  of  the  juris- 
diction, having  an  asea  of  676  square  miles,  147.3f>0.  of  which 
87.916  were  white:  3'2,594  free  colored;  and  26.850  slaves. 
In  the  jurisdiction  is  included  the  island  of  Pines,  with  an 
area  of  about  600  square  miles,  and  1400  inhabitants.     See 

CCB.\. Adj.  and  inhab.  Hav.wese.  hav'an-eez'.   (Fr.  Ha- 

vAJfAis,  hd*v|*-n.A  ;  feminine,   Havanaise,  h^'vi'niz'.) 

H.W'ANA,  bd-vah'na,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Schuyler  co..  New  York,  on  the  northern  division  of  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  19  miles  N.  of  Elmira,  and  3  miles 
S.  of  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake,  with  which  it  is  joined  by  a 
canal.  It  ha.s  2  national  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  and 
some  manufactures. 

HAVANA,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama,  25  miles 
8.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

HAVANjV.  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Texas. 

HAVANA,  a  post-office  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio. 

H.\V.\NA.  a  thriving  pos^village,  capital  of  Mason  co., 
Illinois,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  E,  bank  of  the  Illinois 
Kiver,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Sjioon  I'.iver.  218  miles, 
by  water,  fi-om  Chicago.  The  site  is  elevated  about  50  feet, 
and  the  landing  is  convenient.  The  Illinois  River  Railroad 
passes  through  this  place.  Population  of  Havana  township, 
2076. 

HAVANNA.    See  Havana. 

HAV'.^NT.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  with  a  station  on  the  Portsmouth  and  Chichester 
Railway.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Portsmouth.     Pop.  2101. 

HAVE,  Le.  leh.  hiv,  a  harbor  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  its  S,E. 
coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Have  Itiver,  48  miles  S.W,  of  Halifax. 

HAVEEZA  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Hawkeza. 

HAVEL,  lid'vel,  a  river  of  North  Germany,  rises  in  the 
small  bake  of  Kabelick,  (Mecklenburg-Strelitz,)  and  joins 
the  Elbe  at  Ilavelberg,  Length,  180  miles,  navigable  for 
larae  vessels  from  Fiirstenberg.  It  is  connected  by  canals 
with  the  small  lakes  of  Mecklenburg,  and  with  the  Elde 
and  the  Oder. 

H.WlvLBERG,  hJVel-bSRo'.  a  town  of  Prussia,  provinc« 
of  Brandenburg,  on  an  island  in  the  H.ivel.     Pop  3100. 

II.A.'VENSP01<T.  a  thriving  viilaare  of  Fairfield  co..  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal.  24  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

H.\'VE.\"SVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

HAV'ERFOKD.  a  post-township  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, alxiut  10  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop.  1350. 
Haverford  School,  a  high  school,  (or  more  properly  college,) 
under  the  direction  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  is  situated  in 

833 


HAV 


HAW 


this  township,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  9  miles  W.  of 
Philadelphia.  The  grounds  are  fcistofully  laid  out  and  orna- 
mented with  trees  and  shrubbei-}'.  This  institution  is 
richly  endo^'.'ed;  it  possesses  an  excellent  philosopljical  and 
chemical  apparatus,  aud  a  well-selected  library  of  about 
2000  volumes. 

IIAV'I'IIIFOKD-WEST'  or  IIWLFOKDD.  hool'f  irxn.  a  par- 
liamentary and  municipal  bnrouirh,  river-poit,  market-town, 
and  county  of  itself,  of  South  Wales,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Pembrolce,  on  the  Cleddy,  8  miles  N.N.U.  of  Milibrd.  Pop. 
comprising  several  parishes,  5i)41.  It  is  picturesquely  situ- 
ated on  an  eminence;  a  bridge  across  the  Cleddy  commu- 
nicates with  Prendertrast.  It  has  3  parish  churches,  a  gram- 
mar school,  established  in  1614,  a  handsome  guildhall, 
county  jail,  custom-house,  hospital,  county  lunatic  asylum, 
union  work-house,  the  remains  of  a  castle,  built  by  Gilbert 
'  de  Clare,  first  liarl  of  Pembroke,  and  a  dock-yard,  with  quays 
admitting  vessels  of  100  tons  at  spring-tides.  Cattle,  butler, 
oats,  and  hard  coal  for  malting,  are  largely  exported.  Im- 
ports timber,  coal,  and  groceries.  The  borough  unites  with 
Fishguard  and  Narberth  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

HAVERHILL,  hav'or-il.  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  cos.  of  Kssex  and  Suffolk,  6^  miles  W.  of  Clare. 
Pop.  2451. 

HAVERHILL,  usually  pronounced  h.Vver-il,  a  post-to wn- 
ehip  of  Grafton  co..  New  Hampshire.  70  miles  N.X.W.  of  Con- 
cord. It  has  manufactures  of  furniture  and  paper.  It  con- 
tains Haverhill  Corner,  one  of  the  capitals  of  Essex  county. 
Pop.  2291. 

HAVERHILL,  hi'vgr-il,  (?)  a  flourishing  post-village  and 
township  of  Es.sex  co.,  Massachu.setts,  on  the  X.  bank  of  the 
Merrimack  Kiver,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about  15  miles 
from  the  ocean,  and  on  the  iloston  and  Maine  Railroad,  33 
miles  N.  of  lioston.  It  contains  19  cliurches,  3  newspaper 
offices,  4  banks,  a  savings  institution,  2  insurance  offices,  a 
gas-light  company,  with  a  cai)ital  of  SIOO.OOO,  and  a  very 
fine  new  town-house.  Among  the  churches  are  two  beautiful 
edifices,  one  a  Gothic-Aral)ic  structure — the  other  is  modelled 
from  an  Italian  temple.  The  schools  of  Haverhill  are  among 
the  best  in  Massachusetts.  The  village  contains  manufac- 
tories of  boots  and  shoes,  woollen  goods,  silver-ware,  hats 
and  caps,  lasts.  &c..  There  are  in  the  township  130  manu- 
factories of  boots  and  shoes.  The  annual  value  of  various 
manufactures  is  estimated  at  $.%000,ii00.  About  10,000,000 
bricks  are  made  here  yearly.  Settled  in  1640.  and  incor- 
porated in  1&45.  Pop.  of  the  township,  9995 ;  of  the  village, 
about  8000. 

HAVERHILL,  a  village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Jlver,  20  miles  ab6ve  Portsmouth. 

HAVERHILL  CKNTME,  a  post-village  in  Haverhill  town- 
ehip,  Grafton  co.,  New  Hampshire. 

HAVERHILL  COKNEIl.  a  post^village  and  semi-capital  of 
Grafton  co..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Con- 
necticut River,  ti5  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.  It  has  a  beauti- 
ful common  in  the  centre,  and  contains  the  county  build- 
ings and  a  newspaper  office. 

HAV'ERHOLME,  an  extra-parochial  district  of  England. 
CO.  of  Lincoln,  consisting  of  an  island  of  SOU  acres,  formed 
by  the  river  Slea.  3^  miles  N.E.  of  Sleaford. 

HAVKRI NG-ATT K-ROVVER.  parish  of  England,  co,  Essex. 

HAVERINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sutlblk,  oj 
miles  S.W.  of  Halesworth.  The  hail,  a  fine  seat  of  Lord 
Huntiugtield,  contains  a  valuable  collection  of  paintings. 

HAVERIXGLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HAVERSH  AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HAV'ERSTRAW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rockland 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  \V.  side  of  the  Hudson,  115  miles  S. 
of  Albany,  and  37  miles  X.  of  New  York  City.  The  village 
is  large,  and  pleasantly  situated  on  the  margin  of  the  river. 
During  the  season  of  navigation,  a  steamboat  plies  daily  be- 
tween it  and  New  Y'ork,  touching  at  Sing  Sing,  and  other' 
places  on  the  Hudson.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  was 
fought  the  famous  battle  of  Stony  Point.    Pop.  5400. 

HAV'ILAM)  HOLLOVV.post-offiee.  Putnam  CO.,  New  York. 

HAV'1L.\XDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, contains  a  cotton  factory, 

HAVIZA,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Haweeza. 

HAVRE.  hdSrV.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilai- 
naut.  5  miles  E.  of  .Mens.     Pop.  1960. 

HAVRE.  I,E.  leh  hivV,  formerly  LE  HAVRE  DE  GRACE. 
(Fr.  pron.  hi'v'r  df  h  grSss or  ^v'r  dph  griss/.;  L.  I'l/r'tus  Gra'- 
tia.  "  Haven  of  Grace;")  a  handsome  city  and  seaport  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure.  on  the  X.  side  of  the 
estuary  of  the  Seine,  at  Its  entrance  into  the  English  Chan- 
nel. 108  miles  X.W.  cf  Paris,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
railway.  I.jit.  49°  29'  16"  N..  Ion.  0°  6'  9"  E.  It  is  surrounded 
by  ramparts  and  lofty  walls,  crowned  by  a  parapet,  and 
adorned  by  a  finely  plant«<l  alley.  Its  citadel  is  enclosed 
by  a  triple  row  of  ramparts  and  lbs.«es,  with  water  from  the 
tea.  rendering  it  a  fortress  of  the  first  class;  the  harlxir  has 
five  vast  basins,  not  including  the  outer  ))ort.  The  most  re- 
markable buildings  are  the  Church  of  Notre-Dame,  the  New 
Hall  of  lixchange.  tlie  arsenal,  customhouse,  tobacco  factory, 
new  theatre,  barracks,  sea-baths,  aud  two  light-houses  on 
8a4 


Cap  de  la  Ilfeve.  Elegant  villas  cover  the  slopes  of  Ingotb 
ville,  which  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb  of  the  town 
The  principal  institutions  are  a  Roj-al  School  of  Navigation, 
a  school  of  Geometry  as  applied  to  the  Arts,  and  a  public  U. 
brary.  The  manufactures  consist  of  sulphuric  acid,  earthen 
and  stone  ware,  paper,  starch,  lace,  oil,  refined  sugar,  cables, 
and  other  marine  cordage.  There  are  al.so  breweries,  aud 
nvimerous  brick  and  tile  works.  A  government  tobacco  fao- 
tory  employs  300  workmen :  and  from  the  bvtilding-yards  a 
great  number,  both  of  sailing  vessels  and  steamers,  celo- 
brated  for  the  beauty  of  their  construction  and  their  .sailing 
properties,  are  annually  fitted  out.  The  harbor  of  Havre, 
one  of  the  most  accessible  in  Fiance,  is  entered  by  a  narrow 
channel,  formed  by  two  long  jetties  stretching  from  E.  to  W., 
from  which  the  current  in  a  great  measure  serves  to  remove 
obstructions,  though  dredging  is  occasionally  necessary. 
This  channel  leads  to  the  outer  harbor,  (ovant  port.)  an  ir- 
regular expanse,  which  is  left  dry  at  ebb  tide.  This  is  occu- 
pied by  great  numbers  of  coasters,  and  other  small  vessels. 
Within  the  avant  part,  lined  with  fine  quays  and  extensive 
warehouses,  are  five  capacious  wet-docks,  (one  not  yet  com- 
pleted.) capable  of  accommodating  500  large  vessels. 

Havre  is  the  port  of  Paris,  and  its  commerce  is  connected 
with  all  parts  of  the  woild,  but  especially  with  America  and 
the  north  of  Europe.  It  imports  vast  quantities  of  colonial 
and  other  produce,  among  which  cotton  holds  a  most  im- 
portant place;  the  amovmt  received  here  comprising  about 
three-fourths  of  all  that  is  imported  into  France.  Its  ex- 
ports consist  of  numerous  articles  of  French  manufactures, 
including  silks,  cottons,  ironware,  plate,  mirrors,  furniture, 
stained  paper,  bricks  and  tiles,  provisions,  tools,  philoso- 
phical instruments,  and  agricultural  implements ;  also,  wine, 
liqueurs,  flour,  &e.  In  the  extent  of  its  foreign  commerce, 
Havre  ranks  next  to  Marseilles ;  and  its  co.istwise  trade  is  ex- 
ceeded only  by  that  of  Marseilles  and  Bordeaux.  The  vessels 
employed  in  this  branch  of  commerce  iu  1^52,  made  1500 
trips,  "in  1846, 1908  vessels,  (tons  422,909.)  arrived  hei-e  fiom 
foreign  countries,  and  1970  vessels,  (tons  435,467,)  employed 
in  foreign  trade,  cleared  at  the  port  of  Havre,  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  court  of  primary  resort  and  of  commerce,  the  residence 
of  foreign  consuls,  and  possesses  a  chamber  of  commerce. 
ReguLar  lines  of  steamers  communicate  daily  with  Caen; 
twice  a  week  with  Cherbourg,  with  Dunkirk,  and  with  London 
during  the  summer;  and  with  London  every  five  d.iys  in  the 
winter;  every  .five  diiys  with  Hotterdam,  weekly  with  Ham- 
burg and  Liverpool,  and  in  time  of  peace,  twice  a  month 
with  St.  Petersburg.  Ocean  steamers  also  ply  between 
Havre  and  New  Y'ork.  Havre  wa^  founded  by  Louis  XII.  in 
1509.  It  was  held  by  the  English  iu  15G2.  and  bombarded 
by  them  in  1678  and  1759.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Ma- 
dame de  Lafayette.  Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre,  and  Casimir 
Delavigne.     Pop.  in  1861,  74,336. 

HAVRE  DE  GKACE,  hav'er  de  grass,  a  thriving  po.st-vil- 
lage  of  Harford  co..  Mainland,  on. the  W,  shore  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna Kiver,  and  at  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  36 
miles  X,E.  of  Baltimore,  It  is  an  old  town,  considerably 
enlarged  and  improved  since  the  construction  of  the  Tide- 
w.iter  Canal,  of  which  it  is  the  southern  terminus.  The 
Philadelphia  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad  passes 
through  it,  crossing  the  river  by  a  steam  ferry.  It  contains 
4  churches,  and  has  a  large  trade  in  coal.  During  the  severe 
frosts  of  the  winter  of  1851  and  1 852,  the  railway  cars  crossed 
the  river  on  the  ice  for  several  weeks.  Havre  de  Grace  was 
burned  by  the  British  in  the  war  of  1812.  A  bridge  is  in 
course  of  construction  across  the  river  at  this  place.  Pop. 
in  1850,  1336:  iu  1860.  about  1800. 

HAW,  a  township  in  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 

HAWAII.  hd-wT'ee,  or  OWHYHEE,  the  largest  and  most 
southerly  of  the  Sandwich  or  Hawaiian  I.«lands.  Lat.  of  S. 
point,  19°  5' N.,  Ion.  155°  49' W.  It  is  somewhiit  of  triangular 
shape,  100  miles  long  from  N.  to  S.,  the  X.E.  side  84  miles,  the 
S.E.  64  miles ;  area,  4040  scjuare  miles.  It  is  wholly  vol- 
canic, and  appears  to  be  less  an  upheaval  than  merely  de- 
posits from  the  numerous  volcanoes  of  which  it  tbrms  the 
base.  The  S.W.,  S.,  aud  S.E.  coasts  are  composed  ahno.st 
wholly  of  lava  or  volcanic  cinders,  frequently  exhibiting 
deep  caverns,  the  abode  of  iununieralile  birds,  and  perpen- 
dicular cliffs,  against  which  the  sea  da.shes  with  fury.  The 
X.E.  coast  is  likewise  geuerally  precipitous,  often  basaltic, 
and  cut  into  deep  gullies,  presenting  almost  innumerable 
cascades.  The  mountains  do  not  ascend  in  peaks,  but  rise 
gradually,  and  are  comparatively  unbroken.  The  principal 
summits  are  Mauna-Kea,  iu  the  N.E.,  13,953  feet,  topped 
with  nine  cones ;  it  consists  aloiost  wholly  of  scoriae,  and 
presents  no  apparent  crater.  Mauna-Loa,  in  the  S.,  13.760 
ieet.  a  smooth  dome,  crowned  by  an  immense  crater  called 
Moku-a-weo-weo,  upwards  of  2  miles  in  diameter,  and  Mau- 
na-Huahali  or  Iluarari,  in  the  W.,  7822  feet,  with  several  cra- 
ters. But  the  most  remarkable  of  the  volcanoes  is  tlittt  of 
Kilauea,  3970  feet  high,  E.S.E.  of  >Iauna-Loa,  on  an  elevated 
plain.  It  presents  a  huge  black  pit  of  irregular  shape,  with 
almost  perpendicular  sides,  3}  miles  long  by  2j  miles  broad, 
and  1000  feet  deep :  the  inside  bordered  by  a  black  ledge  of 
cooled  lava,  from  000  to  2000  feet  broad.  During  t)ie  day  the 
bottom  looks  like  aheap  of  smouldering  riiius;  but  at  nig  lit 


HAW 


HAW 


It  shows  two  Immense  pools  or  lakes  of  cherry-red  liquid,  in 
a  state  of  violent  ebullition,  whirh  illuminates  the  whole 
vast  expanse,  and  tiows  in  all  directions  like  water:  and 
there  are  nunieraus  conical  craters  continually  throwing 
out  stones,  ashes,  lava,  smoke,  and  tlame.  Earthquakes 
occur  very  frequently,  hut  are  not  often  disastrous,  be- 
tween the  three  principal  mountains  above  named  is  a  prreat 
central  valley,  almost  unknown  and  uninhabited.  Anion;i 
the  numerous  indentations  of  the  coast,  the  most  important 
are  the  Hay  of  Kealakeakua  or  Karakakora.  on  the  W..  and 
Byron's,  Ililo,  or  VV.aiaka  Bay,  on  the  K.  coast;  the  latter  is 
desciibeil  as  extensive,  well-protected,  and  affordinjr  good 
anchorage  and  excellent  facilities  for  watering.  The  climate 
is  in  general  mild  and  equable;  in  some  parts  rain  seldom 
falls  except  in  occasional  showers,  while,  in  others,  both  in 
in  the  interior  and  on  the  coast,  as  at  Byron's  Bay.  showi'is 
occur  daily.  The  island  is  well-wooded,  and  cultivation  is 
carried  on  in  many  places  which  wouM  he  deemed  almost 
impracticable  in  any  other  country,  arisin^r,  in  a  gieat  mea- 
sure, from  the  desire  of  the  natives  to  be  near  the  sea,  for 
the  sake  of  the  fish  which  abound  along  the  coasts.  In  ex- 
cavations among  the  lava  rocks,  sweet  potatoes,  melons,  and 
pine-apples  are  planted,  which,  with  upland  taro.  and  j-ams. 
constitute  tlie  staple  commodities.  The  latter  is  raised 
almost  entirely  for  sbip.s.  Sugar-cane,  bananas,  bread-fruit, 
and  cocoa-nuts  are  also  cultivated.  The  inhabitants  are 
almost  entirely  confineii  to  the  coasts,  along  which  they  live 
in  small  villages.  For  the  financial  years  of  1842  and  ls:4'l 
tl)e  revenues  of  the  kingdom  of  Hawaii  were  S-l^-''''t-, 
During  the  years  18£0  and  1851,  they  reached  $316,735. 
In  1853.  the  revenue  was  S3'2t3  CO.  During  the  year  1.S53, 119 
foreigners  were  naturalized.  53  being  Americans,  and  in  the 
same  period  12.011  .acres  of  public  lands  were  sold  for  $15,065. 
There  are  423  public  free  schools  taught  in  the  Hawaiian 
tongue  by  native  teachers'.  344  being  I'rotestanf  schools,  and 
79  Catholic.  In  these  schools  12.205  children  are  taught. 
The  natives  are  anxious  to  learn  the  English  language,  and 
those  who  do  not  will  soon  be  sti'angers  on  their  own  soil. 
14.6S9  gallons  of  liquor  were  drank  during  the  ye.ar,  and  the 
convictions  for  crime  were  317.>,  of  which  number  1059  were 
for  drunkenness:  1954  marriages  were  llcen.sed  during  the 
year.  The  statistics  of  the  births  and  deaths  for  the  last 
three  years  compare  thus : — 

Births.  Denth.i.         Decrease. 

1851 2.42+ 6,792 3,3(iS 

l»*o2 l.»M •i.tiTi !»72 

lSo3 1,513 8,0;6 6,513 

Top.  in  1823,  85,000;  in  1839.  39,364,  and  in  December,  1853, 
24.1S8.  of  which  259  were  foreigners.  The  remarkable  mor- 
tality since  1850  is  owing  to  the  prevalence  of  the  measles 
and  small-pox.  which  were  very  fatal :  but  there  are  other 
causes  producing  a  gradual  and  regular  falling  off  in  the 
population  of  the  whole  group,  estimated  at  about  8  per 
cent,  yearly.  In  Kealakeakufi  Bay,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ha- 
waii, Captain  Cook  was  killed  by  the  natives.  February  14, 

1779.    See  Saxdwicu  Inlands. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Hawaiian', 

h3-\vi'an. 

IIaVvAU'DEN.  or  IIAR'DEX.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh 
of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint.  12  miles  W.X.'W.  of  (^he.ster. 
It  has  a  grammar  school,  ruins  of  a  fine  castle,  with  large 
manufactures  of  earthenware,  and  iron  foundries. 

H.VWASA.  a  town  of  Africa..    See  Au.ssA. 

HA\V.\8H.  hd'wiish^  a  river  of  South  Abyssinia,  is  sup- 
posed to  rise  by  numerous  heads  near  lat.  9*^  N.,  Ion.  38°  E 
It  flows  E.,  and  afterwards  N.E.,  bounding  the  dominions 
of  Shoa  on  the  S.  and  E.,  and  enters  Lake  Aussa  near  lat.  11° 
30'  \.,  Ion.  41°  20'  E.,  after  a  total  course  of  from  460  to  500 
wiles. 

IL\AVAZ,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Ahwaz. 

IlAWCtJAT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HAW  CKEKK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  CO..  Mis.souri. 

HAW  CKEKIv.  a  post-office  of  Knox  co..  Illinois. 

HAW'DON.  LAKE.  South  Australia,  is  near  the  S.  coast, 
15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cape  Bernouilli. 

HAWEEZA  or  IIAWIZA.  hl-wee'za.  written  also  IIA- 
WISA,  HAVKEZA,  and  HAVIZA,  hl-vee'zl  a  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Khoozistan  on  the  Kerah,  (or  Ilaweeza) 
Kiver.  70  miles  S.W.of  Shooster.     Pop.  12.000. 

II.\W'EHBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAWES.  hawz.  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  lading.  '20  miles  W.  of  Middleham.  Pop.  1708.  It  has 
ii  grammar  school,  2  branch  banks,  and  an  excellent  library. 

H.\WESV1LLE,  hawz'vil,  a  po.st-village,  capital  of  Han- 
cock CO.,  Kentucky,  on  theOhio  Kiver,  124  miles  below  Louis- 
ville. There  are  iieds  of  coal  here,  which  supply  the  village 
and  steamboats  with  fuel.  It  contains  2  or  more  churches. 
Pop.  in  1860.  11 '28. 

HAWES-WATER,  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Westmore- 
land. 5  miles  N.  of  Kendal.     Length.  3  miles. 

HAW'FIKLD.  a  post-village  in  Orange  co..  North  Carolina, 
45  miles  W.  of  Italeigh. 

HAWICK,  hA'wik,  a  borough  of  barony,  manufacturing 
town,  .and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Teviot  and  Slitrig.  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Edin- 
burgh,with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  of  the  town, 


inl851,6fi83.  It  is  picturesquely  situated,  and  well  bulU  It 
contains  some  very  curious  ancient  hou.ses.  aiiinng  which  is 
the  principal  inn,  formerly  a  strong  border  fortress.  There 
are  2  bridges  across  the  Teviot,  and  2  over  (he  felitrig,  one 
of  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  iloman  structure;  an  elegant 
new  pro  i.'::h  church,  erected  by  the  Duke  ( f  Buccleuch,  it 
grarainar  school,  public  library,  3  branch  banks,  agricul- 
tural society,  and  school  of  ari.s.  It  bns  important  manu- 
factures of  v.oolien  stfickii'.gs.  tianne!.';,  pl.-iiiis  shawls,  blan- 
kets, carpets,  druggets,  and  also  of  leatUor.  In  its  vicinity, 
which  comprises  the  beavttif'ul  scenerj'  ctkbrated  in  the 
'•  Lay  of  the  Jjist  Minstrel,"  are  the  towers  if  Branksome, 
Harden,  and  Qoldielands,  ancient  seats  of  the  ditferent 
branchesof  the  family  of  .Scott.  Gavin  D<;uglass,  afterwards 
liishop  of  Dunkeld,  and  the  translator  of  the  Jineid,  wag 
rector  of  Hawick  in  1490,  and  Leydun  the  poet  was  born  ia 
its  vicinity. 

HAWIZA  or  IIAWISA.    See  Haweeza. 

HAWK'CHUKCH.  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Dor.set. 

HAWKE  (hawk)  iiAY,  New  Zealand,  is  on  the  coast  of 
North  Island,  between  lat.  39°  and  40°  S.,  and  Ion.  177°  and 
17S°  E. 

HAWKE  BAY,  Labrador,  on  the  E.  coast,  in  lat.  53°  N, 
Ion.  .n5°  35'  W. 

HAWKE  CAPE,  East  Australia.. in  New  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Gloucester,  43  miles  N.E.  of  Port  Stephens. 

HAWKEDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

H.AWKEK  VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Fr<ankli;i  CO.,  Tennessee. 

HAWKE.SBUKY,  hawks^bere.a  parish  of  tn-land.  co.  of 
Gloucester,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wicker.  It  gives  the  title  of 
baron  to  the  Earl  of  Liverpool. 

HAWKESBUKY,  hawksTjer-e.  a  post-village  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  Prescott,  on  the  OttawjwKiver,  C(l  miles  E.  of 
Monti'eal,  and  60  miles  from  Bytown.  It  contuius  several 
mills  and  hotels.     Pop.  about  7ou. 

HAWKESBUKY  ISLAM),  British  North  America,  In  New 
Caledonia,  is  formed  by  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat. 
53°  30' N..  Ion.  129°  W. 

HAWKESBUliY  KIVEK,  E.-.st  Australia,  in  New  South 
Wales,  is  formed  by  the  uuion  of  the  Nepean  and  Grose 
Rivers,  and  enters  the  Pacific  at  Rrokeu  Bay.  20  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Sidney,  after  a  course  of  CO  miles.  It  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  150  tons  to  Wini'jSor.  Another  river,  in  the  co.  of 
Bligh.  is  of  less  importance. 

HAWKESHEAD.  ha'.vks'hi'd.  fi  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  capital  of  the  district  of  Fur- 
ness,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Kirby-Kendal.  Pop.  23"J3,  partly  em- 
ployed in  iron  forges.  It  has  a  very  ancient  church,  a 
grammar  school,  founded  by  Archldshop  Sandys,  a  native  of 
this  ))lace. and  at  which  the  pwt  Wordsworth  was  educated. 

H.\WK  EY.''!.  a  small  po.st-village  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa. 

HAWK'HURST,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Kent  and 
Sussex. 

HAWKING E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HAWKINS,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tennessoe, 
bordering  on  A'irginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  t:'50  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Clinch  and  Ilolston  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  traversed  by  Clinch  .Mountain,  and  other  higii 
ridges;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Steamlxiats  navigate 
the  Ilolston  Itiver  through  this  county.  Limestone  under 
lies  part  of  the  surface.  Cajdtal,  Rogersville.  Pop.  16,162. 
of  whom  14,'2:!7  were  free,  and  1925  slaves. 

HAWKINS'S  LANDING,  post-oihce,  Ashley  co.,  Arkansas. 

HAWKINS'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

HAWKI.NSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co.,  New  Y'ork. 

HAWKINSVILLE.  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Pulaski 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Ocmulgee  River,  61  miles 
S.  of  Milledgeville,  contains  2  churches,  6  stores,  and  about 
300  inhabitant.s. 

H.\WK'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

II.\WK  POINT,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln  co..  Missouri. 

HAWK'KIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HAWK'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HAWKS'WORTH,  a  pari.sh.of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

HAWK'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HAWLBoWLINE,  an  island  of  Ireland,  in  Cork  Harbor, 
three-fourths  of  a. mile  S.  of  tlie  Cove,  and  formerly  the  place 
of  an  important  naval  dep6t. 

HAWLBOWLINE,  a  rock  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Down,  off  the  entrance  of  Carlingford  Harbor. 

HAAV/LEY,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Hanta 

IIAWLEY',  a  post-town.ship  of  Fianklin  co.,  5Iassachu- 
setts,  about  100  miles  W.by  N.  of  Boston,  and  about  20  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Gri^enfield.  It  has  3  post-othces,  but  no  con- 
siderable vilhage.     Pop.  671. 

H  AW  LEY. a  flonrishing  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,Penns}-l- 
vania,  on  tiie  railroad  of  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  Com)iany, 
about  8  miles  S  E,  of  llonesdale  The  village  hiis  grown  up 
since  1848.  and  owes  its  rapid  increase  to  tlie  joint  opera- 
tions of  the  Coal  Company  and  the  Delawara  and  Hudson 
Canal  Company.  It  contains  5  churches  and  1  newspaper 
office.  The  Ilawley  Branch  Railroad  connects  it  with  the 
Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  about  3000. 

IIAWLEY'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Sampson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

835 


HAW 

HAWLETSTTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Page  co.,  Iowa. 

II AWLKY  V1LI.E,  a  post-village  of  Faiifiolil  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  Ilousatonio  lliiilroad,  23  miles  N  .W.  of  Bridgeport. 

HAW'LIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

11  AW.\/BY.  a  pari.sli  of  Knsrland.  co.  of  York.  North  Kiding. 

IIAWXES.  hawnz,  or  HAYXES,  hAuz,  a  pari.sh  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Bedford. 

II AWOKTII,  hd'wQrth,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
AVest  P.idinir. 

II  AW'l'A'rCn,  a  post-Tillage  of  La  Grange  CO.,  Indiana,  160 
miles  N'.X.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

IIAW/IUDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

IIA\V  lUDGE,  a  pi'.'Jt-office  of  Dale  co..  Alabama. 

IIAW  RIVER,  of  Xorth  Carolina,  one  of  the  main  braTiches 
of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  rises  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kockjiig- 
ham  CO.,  and  flows  in  a  general  S.E.  course,  until  it  unites 
•with  Deep  River,  at  Haywood,  near  the  centre  of  the  state. 
It  passes  through  a  hilly  and  fertile  farming  region,  which 
contains  extensive  mines  of  stone  coal. 

IIAWS/RUIIG,  a  post-village  in  Rappahannock  co.,  A'ir- 
gjnia.  100  miles  N.X.W.  of  Richmond   • 

HAW'SKllTOWX,  a  post-office  of  Owen  CO.,  Indiana. 

II.\WS'KER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

IIAW.STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HAWTHORN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

HAW/THORXDEX,  a  glen  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh, 
parish  of  L:isswade,  on  the  North  Esk,  celebrated  for  having 
been  the  residence  of  the  poet  Drummoud,  the  friend  of 
Shakspeare  and  Ben  Jonson.  Beneath  the  ancient  mansion, 
which  stands  on  a  cliff,  are  several  remarkable  caves,  hol- 
lowed out  of  the  sandstone  rock,  reported  to  have  been  used 
as  hiding-places  during  the  border  wars. 

HANV'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotts. 

IIAX'BY',  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  York.  Xorth  Riding, 
4  miles  X.  of  York,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  thence  to 
Scarlx)rough. 

HAX'EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HAY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Briecon.  on  the  AYye,  here  cros.^ed  by  bridge,  15  miles  W.  of 
Hereford.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851, 123S.  It  has  some  remains 
of  a  castle  of  the  Bohuns.  Earls  of  Hereford.  It  has  a  union 
work-house,  and  2  branch  banks. 

HAY,  an  inland  county  of  West  Australia,  about  50  miles 
square.  It.  is  mountainous  in  the  S.  parts,  and  has  a  num- 
ber of  salt  lakes. 

HAYANGE,  hi\v6xzh'  or  hrSxzh'.  a  vill.age  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Thionville.  Pop.  in 
1S52,  2093.  employed  in  extensive  iron-works. 

HAY'COCK,  a  township,  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  1357. 

1I.\Y'C0CK  ISLAXD.  in  the  China  Sea.  off  the  W.  side  of 
Busvagon,  one  of  the  Philippines,  high  and  rocky ;  lat.  12° 
9' N.,  Ion.  119°  51' 15"  E. 

HAYCOCK  ISLAXD.  in  the  Celebes  Sea,  between  the 
islands  ofCelebes  and  Mindanao;  hit. 4°  18' N.,  Ion.  125° 23' E. 

HAYCOCK  ISLAXD,  a  small  rocky  islet  in  the  Jlergui 
Archipelago,  S.  of  St.  Matthew's  Island;  lat.  9°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
97°  50' E. 

HAYCOCK  ISLAXD,  in  the  China  Sea.  40  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Great  Xatunas ;  lat.  3°  19'  X.,  Ion.  107°  34'  E. 

HAYCOCK  ISLAXD,  in  the  China  Sea,  S.S.W.  of  South 
Katunas ;  lat.  2°  13'  N.,  Ion.  108°  57'  E. 

HAYCOCK  ISLAXD,  in  the  Flores  Sea,  in  Pantar  Strait, 
rises  .upwards  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  haycock;  lat.  8°  18'  S., 
Ion. 124°  E. 

HAYD  or  HAYDE,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Uaid. 

HAYD,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  H.\ID.\. 

HAYD,  Ober,  o'ber,  and  UxTEa.  oOn'ter.  two  contiguous 
villages  of  Germany,  22  miles  S.  of  Budweis,  on  the  raHway 
to  Lintz. 

HAY'DEXSVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Hampshire  CO.,  Mas- 
Bachusetts,  4  miles  X.W.  of  Xorthampton.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  gold  pens. 

HAYDEXSVILLE.  a  village  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky,  190 
miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

HAY'DEXTOWX,  a  villasfe  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
190  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 

H.\YDOCK,  a  township  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HAYDOCK'S  FERRY,  a  smaU  vUlage  of  Mai-shaU  co., 
Kentucky. 

HAY'DOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HAYDOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  l-:s3ex. 

HAYDON  BRIDGE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, having  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle 
Railway.  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hexham. 

HAY'D;)R,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Ijncoln. 

HA  YDUCKEX  DISTRICT,  of  Hungary.     See  IUibccken. 

HA  VE-DE.SCARTKS,  La,  li  hA  di'kauf ,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Indre-et-I^ire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Creuse,  29  miles  S.  of  Tours.  It  contains  the  house  in 
which  l)escart.es  was  born,  A..D.  1596.    Pop.  in  1852,  1800. 

HAYK  m  PUITS,  h.4  dU  pwee.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  .Manche.  17  miles  N.  of  Coutances.     Pop.  1207. 

HAYK,  LA.  Is  the  French  name  of  the  Hague.     See  H.\aCE. 

HAYK  MALHERBE,  hA  miralRb'.  a  village  of  France, 
departmen  t  of  Euro,  i  miies  W.N  .W.  of  Louviers.    Pop.  1102 
830  ' 


HAY 

HAYES,  h'^z,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HAY^ES.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

HAYES  RIVER,  or  HILL  RIVER,  in  British  North 
America,  rises  near  Lake  Winnipeg,  flows  X.E.  through 
Holy.  Knee,  and  Swampy  Lakes,  and,  after  a  course  esti- 
mated at  upwards  of  300  miles,  enters  James's  Bav  at  York. 
Lat.  56°  45'  X.,  Ion.  92°  30'  W.  Its  banks  are  steep,  and  in 
many  places  bordered  by  pine  woods.  Its  affluents  are  Fox 
Hiver  and  Shamatawa.  Oxfjrd  House  and  Rockhouse  are 
stations  on  the  river,  at  its  mouth  between  it  and  Xel.son 
River :  on  the  W.  side  is  Hayes  Island. 

HAYES'  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Gloucester  co.,  'N'irgiDia. 

HAYESVILLE,  hAz'vill.  a  post-village  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  67  miles  S.E.  of  Harrisbui'g. 

HAYESVILLE,  Ohio.    See  H.wsville. 

HAY'FIELD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

Il.WFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 5  miles  X.W.  of  Meadville.     Pop.  1867. 

HAY'IXGEX,  hi'ing-eu,  a  town  of  Wurtemburg,  10  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Miinsingen,  with  an  old  castle.     Pop.  655. 

IIAYLK,  hAl,  a  locality  in  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  at 
the  W.  termination  of  a  railway,  12  miles  in  length,  con- 
necting it  with  Redruth. 

II.\Y'LE\'SBURG,  a  post-office  of  Lunenberg  co.,  Virginia, 
95  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

HAY'LIXG.  an  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  in  Chichester  Harbor,  separated  by  a  narrow  strait 
from  thL>  island  of  Portsea,  and  c mnected  by  a  bridge  with 
the  parish  of  Havant,  about  1  mile  S.  of  that  town.  Area, 
3670  acres.  It  is  divided  into  the  two  parishes  of  Xorth  and 
South  Hayling.  Off  the  S.  coast  is  an  extensive  shoaU 
the  AVoolsner  Sandbank,  the  relic  of  a  tract  of  land  sub- 
merged in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

II.AY'  M.\RKET,  a  post-village  of  Prince  William  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia,  110  miles  X.  of  Richmond. 
.  H.AY  MEADOW,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  co.,  North  Carolina. 

IIAYX  or  H.^IN,  in  S.axony.     See  Grosse>'H.\ix. 

HAYXAU.  HAIXAUorllEIXAU,  hi'nSw,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sia, 9  miles  W.X.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Diechsee,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Berlin  and  Glogau  Railway.  Large  quantities 
of  fullers'-earth  are  obtained  in  its  vicinity.    Pop.  36u0. 

HAY''XERVILLE,  a  village  of  Brunswick  township.  Rens- 
selaer CO.,  Xew  Y'ork,  on  a  macadamized  roiid  leading  from 
Troy  to  Bennington,  about  8  miles  E.X.E.  of  Troy. 

IIAYX  ES,  hAnz,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Granger  co.,  Tenne.ssee. 

IIAYXESVILLE,  hAnz'vil,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook 
CO.,  Maine.     Pop.  169. 

II.\Y'NESV1LLE,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  CO.,  New  York. 

IIAYXESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Claiborne  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

HAYNEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  'York  district.  South 
Carolina,  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbia. 

HAYNEVILLE.  a  district  of  Houston  CO.,  Georgia. 

HAYNEVILLE  or  II AINESVILLE,  a  po.st-viliage  of  Hous- 
ton CO.,  Georgia,  9  or  10  miles  S.E.  of  Perry,  has  2  churches, 
1  academy,  and  3  stores. 

HAY'XEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lowndes  co., 
.\labama,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery.  It  contains,  be- 
sides the  county  buildings,  2  flourishing  chartered  ac.ide- 
mies.  one  for  each  sex,  and  1  manufactory  of  cotton-gins. 
Laid  out  in  1828.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  800. 

IIAY'NICIIEN,  a  town  of  Germany.     See  H.UNlcnEN. 

HAY'  RIVER,  of  West  .\ustralia,  flows  southward  into 
the  Mairet  Lagoon.  25  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

HAY  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  a  small  stream  which  enters 
Red  Cedar  River  from  the  right  in  Chippewa  county. 

HAY'S,  a  county  in  the  AV.  central  part  of  Texas,  h.is  an 
area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Pedernales  and  San  Marcos  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly  or 
undulating.  Named  in  honor  of  John  C.  Hays,  a  colonel 
in  the  Texan  service.  Capital,  San  .Marcos.  I'op.  2126,  of 
whom  1329  were  free. 

HAY'S  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

H.\Y'S'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi. 

HAY^S  PEAK,  a  densely  wooded,  conical  mountain  of 
East  Australia,  in  lat.  27°  30'  S..  and  Ion.  152°  S'  E. 

H.AYS'  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  .Teffersnu  co..  Kentucky. 

HAYS'  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  Ohio. 

H.W'STACK.apost-villaffe  of  Surrey  co..  North  Carolina, 

HAY'S/VILLE,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Ohio  River.  9  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  a  station 
on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

II.W'SVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln  CO..  Georgia. 

H.W'SVILLE.  a  post-village  of  5Iarion  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  road  from  Lexington  to  Nashville,  In  Tonnes.see. 

II.W'SVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Vermilion  town- 
ship. A.shland  co.  Ohio.  7S  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  has 
a  hiirh  school,  called  the  Haysville  Literary  Institute.  IVp. 
in  1860,  about  600. 

H.WS'VILLE,  a  post-villago  of  Dulxiis  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Patoka  Creek,  alwut  115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indian.apolis, 
has  about  200  inhabitants. 

HAYTEirS  GAP,  a  postK)ffice  of  Washington  co..Tiiv 
ginia 


HAY 

riAYTI  or  HAITI.  h.Vfoe.  (Haiti:  Vr.  prnn.  h.^Ve'tpo'  or 
a'eeteiV.)  or  SAX  nOMT.N'UO,  (in  Sp.  Santn  Domingo,  sdn'to 
do-meeng'go,  origmaUy  Espatiolo,  Js-pdn-yo'll;  h.Hi.ipaii- 
ir/la.)  a  lii'ti  and  bi-autiful  island,  tlie  second  in  8ize  of  the 
AVest  Indies,  Leewai-d  si'Oi'P-  S.E.of  Cuba,  and  separated  from 
it  I)y  tlie  Windward  Passage,  50  miles  broad.  It  extends  from 
Cape  Kn-aHo,  lat.  18°  35'  N..  Inn.  08°  20'  \V..  to  Cape  Tiburon, 
lat.  1S°  20'  N.,  ion.  74°  29' \V.;  and  from  Cape  Keata.  lat. 
17°  42'  t2"  N.,  Ion.  71°  20'  W.,  t«  Cape  Isaliella,  lat.  19°  59'  N., 
Ion.  71'-'  1' W..  extreme  length  from  K.  tf>  W.  about  400  miles, 
greatest  breadth,  150  miles.  Area,  including  the  islands  of 
ToVtuga.  Gonaive,  etc.,  aVmut  27.600  square  miles,  or  nearly 
as  large  as  Scotland.  The  K.  part  of  the  island  is  occupied 
by  the  Itepublic  of  San  Domingo,  and  the  W.  part  by  the 
Empire  of  Hayti. 

The  island  of  Hayti  is  of  irregular  form,  being  deeply  in- 
dimted  by  bays  and  inlets,  and  having  corresponding  pro- 
jections, the  greate.st  of  which  being  its  S.W.  portion, 
forming  a  he.adland  about  150  miles  long,  and  from  18 
miles  to  40  miles  broad.  It  is  intersected  from  W.  to  E.  by 
three  chains  of  mountains,  all  mutually  connected  by  off- 
sets, between  which  are  extensive  plains  and  savani^ahs. 
The  principal  central  chain,  containing  the  culminating 
peaks,  of  which  Cibao,  7200  feet  high,  is  the  loftiest,  com- 
mences W.  at  Cape  Nicholas,  takes  an  K.S.K.  direction,  and 
terminates  at  Cape  Kngaiiio.  Almost  parallel  with  this  chain, 
another,  commencing  W.  near  Jlonte  Christi,  nearly  skirts 
the  X.  coast,  till  it  terminates  E.  abruptly,  on  approaching 
the  peninsula  of  Samana;  it  is  followed  by  low.  marshy 
grounds,  interlaced  by  estuaries  and  channels,  which  sepa- 
rate Samana  from  the  mainland,  and  afford  communication 
from  the  bi;;ht  of  that  name  to  the  sea  on  the  X.  shore  of 
the.  island ;  the  heights,  however,  reappear  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  low  grounds,  and  tertninate  in  Cape  Samana. 
Between  these  two  mountain  ranges  extends  La  Vega  Heal, 
or  the  Koyal  Valley.  loO  miles  long,  watered  by  the  Yacki 
and  Yuma,  furnishing  extensive  pasture-lands.  The  third, 
and  S.  mountain  range  commences  W.  at  Cape  Tiburon.  ex- 
tends E.  along  the  whole  of  the  S.  headland,  and  terminates 
at  the  Kiver  Xeiva,  about  80  miles  W.  of  the  town  of  San 
Domingo.  Besides  La  A'ega  Heal,  there  are  other  extensive 
plains  and  valleys;  more  particularly,  on  the  coast  E.  of 
San  Domingo,  log  llanos,  "the  plains"  or  flats,  80  miles  long, 
— a  rich  pasture  district.  The  plain  of  C.ayes,  at  the  W.  end 
of  tlie  island,  has  been  greatly  increased  in  extent  by  the 
formation  of  a  kind  of  rock,  consisting  of  minute  fragments 
of  shells  and  coral,  incrusted  with  calcareous  ctmient,  re- 
sembling travertin.  Fragments  of  va.ses.  and  other  human 
works,  have  been  found  in  it  at  a  depth  of  20  feet.  This 
kind  of  rock  is  now  in  process  of  formation  throughout  the 
whole  of  the  West  Indie's.  All  the  streams  of  Hayti,  of  any 
importance,  originate  in  the  great  central  mountain  chiiin. 
and,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  general  direction  of  the 
mountains,  have  either  an  E.,  W.,  or  S.  course,  no  stream 
of  any  ci)nse<iuence  flowing  X.  The  principal  are  the  Arti- 
bonite.  flowing  W.,  and  Monte  Christi  or  Xorth  Yacki.  X.AV. ; 
the  Yuma,  flowing  S.E. ;  and  the  Xeiva  or  South  Y'acki.  the 
Nisao.  and  the  Ozama.  flowing  S.  They  are  all  encumbered 
at  their  mouth  with  sand-bars:  and  hence  few  of  them  are 
navigable.  The  Ozama,  however,  admits  vessels  drawing 
12  feet  or  12^  feet.  There  are  several  lakes,  mostly  in  the 
S.W.  of  the  island.  The  chief  are  the  salt  lakes  of  Enrliuillo 
and  .\zuey ;  the  fbrmer  in  the  valley  of  the  Xeiva.  about  20 
miles  long  by  8  miles  broad,  and  abounding  in  caymans; 
the  latter  10  miles  W.  of  Lake  Enri((uillo,  about  10  miles 
long  by  6  miles  broad.  S.  of  these  lies  the  fresh  lake  of 
Icotea  or  Limon,  aliout  the  size  of  Lake  Azuey.  Mineral 
springs  exist  in  various  parts.  The  most  noted  in  the  E. 
portion  of  the  island  are  those  of  Banica,  (temperature. 
112°  to  125°.)  Biahama,  Yaya.  and  Pargatal:  and  in  the  W. 
portion,  those  of  St.  Hose,  containing  iron,  vitriol,  and  alum ; 
the  saline  waters  of  Jaen  RaVjel,  and  those  of  Dalmarie, 
containing  sulphur,  potash,  &c.  The  mineral  products  are 
various  and  rich,  including  gold,  platina,  .silver,  quicksilver, 
copper,  iron,  (similar  to  that  of  Danemora,  in  Sweden,) 
magnetic  iron,  tin,  sulphur,  manganese,  antimony,  rock- 
salt,  bitumen,  jasper,  marble,  opal,  l.azulite,  chalcedony,  &c. 
The  gold-mines  are  aliandoned;  and  gold-washing  is  only 
carried  on  by  the  poorer  classes,  in  the  northern  rivers. 
Indeed,  all  of  the  minerals  are  neglected,  from  want  of 
capital. 

Tliere  are  two  seasons  in  Hayti — a  wet  season  and  a  dry 
season.  During  the  former  heavy  rains  are  frequent.  3  and 
even  5  inches  at  times  falling  in  24  hours:  and  in  the  latter, 
little  or  no  rain  falls,  and.  in  some  localities,  years  have 
pas.sed  over  without  a  single  heavy  sho^yer.  At  San  Domingo 
the  mean  temi>erature  is  78°  5',  and  the  extremes  00°  and 
95° ;  while  at  I'ort-au-1'rince  the  range  is  from  63°  5'  to  104°. 
The  minimum  occurs  in  December,  and  the  maximum  in 
August  and  September.  Land-breezes  moderate  the  .-summer 
beats.  Hurricanes  are  less  seldom  here  than  in  the  Wind- 
ward or  Caribbean  Islands.  Earthquakes,  though  not  fre- 
quent, have  been  very  disastrous:  the  most  notjtble  recorded 
are  those  of  1564.  1684.  1691.  1751,  1770.  and  1842.  By  that 
of  1751  Port-au-1'rince  was  destroyed,  and  60  miles  of  coast 


IIAY 

submerged;  and  by  that  of  1842  towns  were  overturned 
and  thousands  of  lives  lost.  Nowhere  is  tropical  vegetatioti 
seen  to  greater  advantage  than  in  Hayti:  contributing, 
with  the  lofty,  and.  at  times,  rugged  mountains  and  deep 
valleys,  to  render  the  scenery  oif  this  island  unsurpassed 
Majestic  pines,  noble  mahogany-trees,  fustic,  satin-wood, 
and  lignumvitie.  clothe  the  mountains,  and  form  the  prin- 
cipal exports  of  the  southern  provinces.  The  roble  or  oak, 
(Catalpa  lonpuaima,)  ^vhich  yields  hard,  durable  wood;  tlu 
wax-palm,  dividivi,  (Caivalpina  ciirkiria.)  numerous  fine  cab 
inet-woods,  and  the  richest  flowering  plants,  abound;  toge 
ther  with  the  usual  tropical  vegetables— plantains,  bananas 
yams,  and  batatas;  also  fruits,  including  oranges,  pine 
apples,  cherimoyas.  siipodillas.  with  melons  and  grapes.  Thfc 
staple  cultivated  products  are  coffee,  sugar,  indigo,  cotton, 
tobacco,  and  cocoa;  the  quantities  of  which  raised  have 
fallen  off.  in  consequence  of  the  un.settled  state  of  (he  is- 
land. The  W.  or  French  section  has  always  been  the  best 
cultivated.  The  native  quadrupeds  of  Hayti  ai-e  small — the 
largest  not  Toigger  than  a  rabbit ;  liut  the  animals  introduced 
from  Europe,  and  now  in  a  wild  state,  have  thriven  re- 
mark.ably;  large  numbers  of  cattle,  pigs,  and  dogs,  now 
roam  freely  in  the  savannahs  and  in  the  mountain  forests. 
Birds  are  neither  numerous  in  species  nor  beautiful  in 
appearance;  still,  great  numbers  of  pigeons  (Columha  Unm- 
ceplmla)  are  annually  taken  and  used  as  food;  and  ducks, 
in  large  quantities,  and  other  swimmers  and  waders,  fre- 
quent the  marshy  places.  The  l.-ikes  and  rivers  contain 
numbers  of  caymans  and  alligators :  and  in  the  surrounding 
seas  whales  are  common  in  spring,  and  green  and  hawks- 
bill  turtles,  lobsters,  and  cralis.  abound  on  the  coasts. 

Hayti  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  December  5th,  1492, 
in  his  first  voyage,  and  from  him  received  the  name  of  His- 
paflola  or  Espaiiola.  («.  e.,  "Little  Spain.")  It  was  called 
aft*irwards  San  Domingo,  from  the  town  of  this  name,  which 
was  one  of  the  first  settlements  made  on  the  isl.and.  The 
name  of  Hayti  was  given  to  it  by  Des.s:illnes,  after  he  had 
expelled  the  French  in  1803.  It  is  said  to  be  the  original 
Indian  name  of  the  island,  and  to  signify  "mountainous." 
-\t  Isabella,  on  the  X.  shore  of  the  island,  the  discoverer 
founded  the  first  Spanish  colony  in  the  Xew  Morld. 

The  Spaniard!?,  having  by  their  o])pression  exterminated 
the  aborigines,  (the  last  of  whom  died  out  towards  the  end 
of  the  last  centui-y.)  introduced  African  slaves  to  cultivate 
the  soil.  The  French  colonists,  driven  from  St.  Christo- 
pher's, established  themselves  on  the  W.  end  of  the  island  ia 
l(i.'30.  These  settlers  captured  the  pigs  and  horned  cattle, 
.sold  the  skins  to  traders  who  touched  on  the  coast,  and 
smoked  the  flesh,  both  for  food  and  for  sale,  on  a  grating  of 
wood,  called  bouaai ;  whence  was  given  them  the  name  of 
" Buccaneers."  Joining  arms  Mtli  fieebo<iters,  who,  in  1632, 
settled  in  Tortuga.  and  who  were  named  "Flibustiers,"  from 
the  small  fast  fly-boats  in  which  their  expeditions  were 
carried  on,  they  became  marauders  by  sea  and  land;  and 
their  successes  rendered  the  name  Buccaneer  terrible  over 
all  the  West  Indian  seas.  By  a  treaty  with  Spain,  in  1773, 
the  W.  part  of  the  island  was  guaranteed  to  France.  The 
Spanish  colony  declined,  and  the  French  prospered,  and  iu 
1789  was  in  its  most  flourishing  state.  In  1790  the  popul.a- 
tion  of  the  island  was  estimated  at  550,000,  consisting  of 
whites,  negroes,  (nearly  all  slaves,)  a'nd  people  of  color,  the 
offspring  of  the  intercourse  of  the  two  former  races.  Soon 
after  the  breaking  out  of  the  great  French  iievolution,  the 
French  government  gave  liberty  to  the  slaves,  in  order  to 
obtain  their  aid  in  defending  the  island  against  the  Eng- 
lish ;  under  the  First  Consul,  attempts  were  made  to  reduce 
them  again  to  slavery.  A  sanguinary  war  followed,  which 
resulted  in  the  complete  subjugation  of  the  whites.  In 
1821,  the  Spanish  portion  declared  itself  independent  of  the 
mother  country,  and  assumed  the  name  of  Spanish  Hayti; 
but  it  was  soon  subjugated  by  Boyer,  the  President  of  the 
Haytian  Republic,  or  French  Hayti.  In  1S42.  a  revolution 
broke  out.  and  President  Boyer  was  compelled  to  flee  to  Ja- 
maica; and  in  1844  the  inhabitants  of  the  Spanish  jwrtiou 
rose,  overpowered  their  Haytian  oppres.sors,  and  formed  them- 
selves into  a  republic,  under  the  name  of  Santo  Domingo. 
After  various  individuals  had.  for  a  short  period,  occupied 
the  presidential  chair  of  the  Haytian  Republic,  the  election 
fell  vtpon  General  Soulouque,  who.  in  1849,  made  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  subjugate  the  Dominican  Republic.  In 
the  latter  part  of  tht.  same  year,  however,  he  ascended  (he 
throne  of  the  Haytian  Republic,  under  the  title  of  Emperor 
Faustin  I.  The  independence  of  the  Dominican  Republic 
was  virtually  recognised  by  Great  Britain,  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  consul  to  it.  in  1849;  and  it  was  formally  recog- 
nised by  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce,  i-atified  September 
10,  1850.  It  has  also  been  recognised  by  France  and  Den- 
mark; but  the  Emperor  Faustin  I.  (Soulouque)  still  refuses 
to  recognise  its  independence.  Pop.  of  the  whole  island  esti- 
mated at  913,000. Adj.  and  inhab.  Haitian,  hi'te-an. 

HAYTI  or  HAITI,  Empire  (formerly  Repiislic)  of.'  an  in- 
dependent state  of  the  West  Indies,  occupying  the  W.  end 
of  the  island  of  Hayti  or  San  Domingo,  corresponding  with 
the  portion  of  the  island  formerly  belonging  to  the  French, 
and  including  the  adjacent  islainds  of  Tortuga,  Gonaive, 

837 


HAT 


HEA 


&c.  The  E.  bovndaiy,  towards  the  Dominican  Eepublic,  is 
formed  hj'  an  irregular  line,  drawn  from  S.  to  N,  from  the 
river  Aases-il-]'ltre  or  I'edernalt'S,  on  the  S.  coast,  about  Ion. 
71*-  60',  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  ilassacre,  wliich  Hows  into 
the  Bay  of  Mazanilla,  atiout  10  miles  S.W.  of  Cape  Uaytien. 
Area,  10,081  square  miles.  It  is  divided  into  six  depart- 
luente.  subdivided  into  arrondissemeuta  and  communes. 

Uy  the  constitution  of  1843,  the  sovereiiin  power  was 
rtJco^lEed  to  b«  in  the  people:  the  executive  power  was 
placed  in  the  hand)  of  a  president,  the  legi.-^lative  in  a 
chamber  of  commom  iind  a  senate,  and  the  judicial  in  a 
court  of  cassation,  bti  12  the  high  tribunal  of  appeal,  with 
various  SHU«idiary  acd  initiatory  courts.  The  laws  are 
hased  on  the  ode  civil  of  France.  Princes  of  the  blood, 
dukes,  counts,  barous.  and  two  orders  of  knighthood, — that 
of  St.  Faustin,  and  a  lejiion  of  honor. — were  created  by  the 
president,  Soulouque,  iu  1849.  to  adorn  the  court  of  this 
new  empire.  The  effective  force  of  the  army  is  stated  to  l)e 
40,000  men.  and  that  of  the  navy  lo  small  vessels,  and  1000 
men. 

The  people  are  almost  entirely  of  the  negro  race,  speak  the 
,  French  liingutige,  and  profess  the  Koman  Catholic  religion. 
Capital,  l'ort-au-1'rince.  Pop.  estimated  at  550,000.  (See 
preceding  article.) 

H.^VrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

I1.\YT0\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

II.WTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

liAY/WARD  s  HEATH,  a  locality  of  Eugliind,  co.  of 
Sussex,  having  a  station  on  the  London  and  Brighton  Kail- 
way,  at  the  divergence  of  the  branch  to  Lewes,  12  miles  N. 
of  Brighton. 

HAY'WtX)D,  a  county  in  the  W,  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Tennes.see.  Area  estimated  at  750  square 
miles,  it  is  intersected  by  the  Big  Pigeon  Kiver,  an  affluent 
of  the  French  Broad.  The  county  is  a  mountainous  tract, 
between  the  Blue  liidge  on  the  S.E.  and  the  Iron  Mountain 
on  the  X.AV.  The  soil  near  the  streams  is  fertile.  Capital, 
Waynesville.  Formed  in  ISOS,  and  named  in  honor  of  John 
Haywood,  State  Treasurer  of  North  Carolina.  Pop.oSOl,  of 
■whom  54SS  were  free,  and  313  slaves. 

H.\YWOOD,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee.  Area 
estimated  at  600  sqiuire  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
llatchee  and  the  South  Fork  of  the  Forked  Deer  Biver, 
affluents  of  the  Mississippi.  The, general  surface  is  level; 
the  .soil  is  very  productive,  and  much  cultiv.ated.  The 
Hatchee  Kiver  is  navigable  by  small  steamboats  through 
this  county  during  high  water,  i.e.,  in  winter.  Capital. 
Brownsville.  Pop.  19,j;32,  of  whom  8206  were  free,  and 
11,026  slaves. 

1I.\Y\V00D.  a  post-village  of  Chathain  co..  North  Carolina, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Haw  and  Deep  Rivers,  which  form 
the  Cape  Fear.  31  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kaleigh. 

II.\Z'.\KD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Perry  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  North  Fork  of  Kentucky  Kiver,  94  miles  in  a  direct 
line  S.E.  of  Lexinirton. 

HAZARD  FORGK,  a  post-oflRce  of  Hardv  co  ,  W.Virginia. 

II.A  Z'ARDVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co..  Connecti- 
cut, about  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hartford.  In  the  vicinity  are 
the  Hazard  Powder  Mills. 

n.\ZAREH,  a  country  of  Central  Asia.     See  Huz.^reh. 

H  AZARYBAUG  H.  hl'yl-reerhnv;>.  a  town  of  Briti.ih  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  214  miles  ^V.N.^V.  of  Calcutta.  It 
has  European  cantonments;  and  near  it  are  sulphur  and 
saline  springs. 

IIAZKBROUCK.  h3z'brook'  or  az'brook',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Nord.  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lille,  on  the 
Beurre.  Pop.  in  1N52,  79.53.  It  ha.s  a  church,  with  a  lofty 
spire,  a  communal  college,  and  public  library.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linen  yarn  and  cloth. 

HAZKIiERiH.  haiz/lee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

H.\'ZEI,TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HAZEKSWOUDK,  hd'zer.s-wOw'deh.  a  village  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, province  of  South  Holland,  13  miles  E.  of  the 
Hague.     Pop.  2739. 

HAZLE.  hd'zel.  a  township  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania, 
contains  the  well-known  Hazelton  coal-mines.    Pop."  3831. 

HAZLE  BOTTO.M.  a  post-office  of  Barry  co.,  Mi.ssouri. 

HAZLE  DELL,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois. 

HAZLK  GKEE.N",  a  villas  of  Madison  co.,  Alabama, 
almut  12  miles  N.  of  Huntsville. 

H.\ZLE  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  CO.,  Kentucky, 
liV>ut  100  miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort. 

HAZLE  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
18  Bituatcd  in  the  middle  of  a  large  and  fertile  prairie,  about 
12  miles  N.  of  Galena.  It  has  3  churches  and  about  10  stores. 
Pop.  about  lOOit;  of  the  township,  2543. 

HAZLK  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Arkan.sasi. 

H.\ZLK  ORGVE,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri, 
it  miles  W.N.W.  pf  Jefferson  City. 

HA'ZLEPATCH,  a  small  post-village  of  Laurel  co..  Ken- 
lucky. 

HA'ZLETON,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
iiboul  15  miles  W..N.\V.  of  Mauch  Chunk,  with  which  it  is 
ooniierted  by  a  railroad. 

UA'ZLEITVILLE,  a  postofllce  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware. 


IIA'ZLEWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Chester  district,  ,>outh  Ca- 
rolina. 

HAZLEWOOD.  a  post-ofliee  of  Ballard  co_  Kentucky. 

HAZLEWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Wright  co.,  Missouri,  110 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HE.\C'H.\.M.  hee'chani.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

HEADBOURNE,  hfd'bhrn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hants. 

HEAD'CORN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  South-eastern  r..iil\vay.  11  miles  W.  of  A.shford. 

HE.\DE.\.  hee'den.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

HEAD'FORD.  a  neatly  built  market-bjwn  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Galwav,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Tuam.     Pop.  1(547.  * 

HEAD'INGLY-wiTU-BUK'LEY,  a  chapelry  and  village  «f 
England,  co.  of  Y'ork.  West  Hiding.  2  miles  N.W.  of  Leeds. 
In  its  vicinity  are  the  Leeds  Zoologiail  and  Botanical  Gardens, 
and  numerous  elegant  mansions.  A  remarkable  oak-ti-ee, 
still  standing  here,  is  believed  to  have  been  the  .same  as  that 
under  which  the  Saxons  held  their  shire  meetings;  hence 
the  name  ski/rack:  or  sdiire-ack.  {■■  shire-oak,")  which  is  given 
to  the  whole  wapentake. 

HEAD'INGTO.N.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

HEAD/LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HK.\DLEY',  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

HE.^DLEY'S,  New  Jersey.     See  Millville. 

IIE.\DLKY'S  MILLS,  jxist-village.  Fountain  co.,  Indiana. 

HE.\D  OF  B.^RKEN.  post-office.  Claiborne  co..  Tennessee. 

HKAD  OF  CLINCH,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  CO..  Virginia. 

HEAD  OF  HAR/BOR.  a  village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York, 
on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  50  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  York. 

1IE.\D  OF  PAINT,  a  post-office  of  .Morgan  co..  Kentucky. 

HK.4.D  OF  SAS/S.\FRAS,  a  post-office.  Kent  co..  Marvland. 

HEAD  OF  TENWESSEE',  a  post-office  of  Rabun  co., 
Georgia. 

HEAD  QUAK'TERS.a  post-office  of. Nicholas  CO..  Kentucky. 

HEAD  WATERS,  a  pnst-oifice  of  Highland  co..  Virginiji. 

HE.\GE,  heej.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby.  P.  2305. 

1IE.\LAUGH,  heel'aw,  a  parish  of  England,  ca  "of  York. 

HEALING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HEALING  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Dtividson  co.,  North 
Carolina,  13«i  miles  from  Kaleigh. 

HEAN,  h.Van',  a  large  town  of  Tonquin.  on  the  Sangkoi 
River,  at  its  divergence,  31  miles  S.E.  of  Ketcho. 

HE.V.NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HEANT'ON.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Devon. 

HE.\I>'H.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HE,\RD.  herd,  a  county  iu  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  286  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  and  also  drained 
by  Whitewater  and  Sundalhatcbee  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
very  hilly.  The  soil  is  productive.  Gold.  iron,  and  lead 
have  been  found  in  the  county.  Organized  in  1830,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Stephen  Hearil,  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
the  Revolution.  Capital,  Franklin.  Pop.  7S05,  of  whom 
4994  were  free,  and  2811  slaves. 

HEARNVILLK.  hern'vil.  post-office,  Putnam  co.,  Georgia. 

HEART  PR.VIRIE.  a  post-village  of  Walworth  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

HKARTS  CONTENT.    See  Appendix. 

HEART'WELLVILLE.  a  post-vUlage  of  Bennington  co., 
Vermont,  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier. 

HEATH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HE.\TH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

HE.Vni.  a  chnpelry  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

HEATH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.66l. 

HEATH,  a  township  of  Forest  co..  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  203. 

HEATH'ER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

HE.\TH'F1ELD.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Soiner.set. 

HEATHFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HEATH'LAND.  a  post-office  of  lleury  co.,  Illinois. 

HEATirS  CREEK,  a  postofllce  of  Pettis  co..  .Mis.'jouri. 

HEATHS'VILLE,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of 
Northumberland  co.,  Virginia,  is  situated  on  the  Northern 
Neck,  92  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond,  and  1  mile  from  the 
head  of  Coan  River,  a  navigable  inlet  opening  into  the  Po 
tomac.    It  has  a  large  church,  an  academy,  and  a  mill. 

HEATHSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Halifax  c-o,,  North  Ca- 
rolina, 82  miles  N.E.  of  Kaleigh. 

HEATHY-LEE.  a  township  of  England  co..  of  Stafford, 
parish  of  Alstonetield.  2  miles  ^V■.N.W.  of  Longnor.  Pop.  633. 

H  EATON,  hee'toni  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HEATON,  a  towu.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Northumlierland, 
li  miles  from  Newcastle.  Here  are  ruins  called  King  John's 
Palace,  in  which  tliat  monarch  is  said  to  have  found  refuge. 

HEATON,  atownshipof  England,  CO.  ofYork,  West  Riding. 

HEATON,  GRE.\T,a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
4i  miles  N.  of  Manchester.  Heaton  Hou.se.  the  elegant  seat 
of  the  Earl  of  Wilton,  stands  in  a  fine  park  in  this  township. 

HEATON,  KIHK.     See  Kikk  Hewo.v. 

HEATON.  LITTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  Lancaster 

HEAaON-NOK'RlS.  a  chapelry  of  England.  •^.  oi  Lan- 
caster, on  the  Mersey,  which  separates  it  fwiii  .-'tockport. 
The  Manchester  and  Birmingham  Rijdway  is  here  carried 
across  the  Mersey  on  a  viaduct,  and  ha  i  a  statii  u  at  Heaton- 
N orris 


=J 


HEA 


IIED 


HBAV1TREE,  a  parish  of  Enjrland.  co.  of  Devon. 

nEB/BARDrf  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ilendersou  CO.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

HKBBAKDSVILLE,  a  postvillage  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio, 
about  7il  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

HEB'HURX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

lIEli'DKX  liRIDGK,  a  populous  village  of  Kngland.  co.  of 
York.  West  Riding,  in  a  romantic  valley,  8  miles  \V.  of  Hali- 
fax, with  a  st.ation  on  the  Leeds  and  Manchester  Railway. 

HIOBRIDES,  hJb'rid-ez.  or  WESTERN  ISLAND.S,  (anc. 
EhuJdi'S.)  a  series  of  islands,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween lat.  6.5°  35'  and  5S°  34'  N.,  and  Ion.  5°  and  8°  W.,  and 
consisting  of  two  principal  groups;  the  Outer  Hebrides — 
Lewis,  Harris.  North  and  South  Uist,  Benbecula,  Barra,  and 
numerous  smaller  islands  in  the  counties  of  Ross  and  In- 
verness; and  the  Inner  Hebrides — Skye,  Bum,  Eig,  Canna, 
Coll,  Tiree,  Mull,  lona.  Colonsay,  Jura,  Arran,  Bute,  &c., 
partjy  .separated  from  the  former  by  the  channel  termed  the 
Little  Minch,  and  lying  more  immediately  off  the  sliores 
of  Inverness  and  Argyle,  in  which  counties,  and  in  Bute- 
shire, they  are  included.  Total  number,  not  including  the 
smaller  islets,  1(J0,  70  of  which  are  permanently  inhaiiited. 
The  total  area  has  been  estimated  at  about  oOiJO  miuaro 
miles.  I'op.probalily  115.000.  Of  1,592,000  acres  of  surface, 
mountains,  moras.sos,  lakes,  and  unproductive  soil  have 
been  computed  to  occupy  600,000  acres,  p.astures  700,000 
acres,  and  arable  land  only  180,000.  Geologiailly,  the  He- 
brides are  divided  into  several  groups.  The  Gnei.ss  Islands 
comprehend  the  whole  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  Lewis,  Har- 
ri.s.  North  and  South  Uist,  Tiree,  Coll.  lona.  &c.  The  Trap 
Islands  are  Skye.  Rum,  Kig. "Canna,  Mull.  Ulva,  Staffa,  and 
St.  Kilda.  The  Slate  Islands  are  Islay,  Jura,  Oigha,  Colon- 
say,  ifcc.  The  Clyde  Islands,  consisling  of  trap,  sandstone, 
and  limestone,  .are  Bute,  Arran,  Cumbrays.  and  Ailsa.  Cli- 
mate moist  and  chill  in  Outer  Hebrides:  much  rain  in  win- 
ter, but  little  snow.  Soil  of  the  Gneiss  Islands  poor,  and 
often  peat  moss;  the  trap  and  .sandstone  islands  more  fer- 
tile, i'he  herring  fishery,  formerly  an  imiK)rtant  resource 
of  the  people,  hiis  greatly  declined,  as  has  the  manufacture 
of  kelp,  of  which,  during  the  war,  nearly  0000  tons  were  pro- 
duced. The  rearing  of  cattle  and  sheep  is  the  most  profitr 
able  branch  of  industry,  and  the  stock  of  each  is  estimated 
at  120,000.  Live  stock,  including  ponies,  kelp,  wool,  cod, 
ling,  herrings,  limestone,  and  slate,  are  the  chief  exports ; 
imports  are  iron,  groceries,  salt,  oatmeal,  and  in  some  of  the 
Islands  pea(>fuel.  A  few  years  ago  the  Hebrides  had  6  branch 
banks,  but  no  printing  press  or  newspaper,  and  '-the 
grejiter  number  of  the  islands  are  destitute  of  surgeons,  or 
even  of  inns."  They  are  divided  into  26  qunad  cirilia  pa- 
rishes. In  the  Outer  Hebrides,  especially,  most  of  the  inha- 
bitants are  Roman  Catholics.  The  principal  villages  are 
Stornoway.  in  Lewis;  Portree,  in  Skye;  Torosay,  iu  Mull; 
The  population  of  the  isUinds  is  for  the  most  part  Celtic. 
The  language  is  Gielic.  The  Hebrides,  in  remote  times, 
were  subject  to  the  Kings  of  Norway,  but,  in  1264.  were  an- 
nexed to  the  crown  of  Scotland.  They  were  now  held  by 
various  native  chieftains  in  vasiwlage  to  the  .Scottish  mon- 
arch; but  subsequently  all  fell  into  the  hands  of  one  pow- 
erful chief  who  thereupon,  in  1346.  assumed  the  title  of 
"Lord  of  the  Isles,"  and  began  to  affect  an  entire  indepen- 
dence of  his  sovereign.  The  abolition  of  hei-edit;iry  juris- 
dietions..in  1748,  secured  to  these  islands,  fjr  the  first  time, 
the  peace  and  safety  afforded  by  a  just  and  powerful  govern- 
ment.  .Vdj.  and  inhab.  Hebrid'ean. 

HE'BRON,  (anc.  Kii-ljath-Ar'ha;  Arab.  EJ  Khaled,  l\  kS- 
leel',)  a  town  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  16  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Jerusalem.  Lat.  31°  32'  30"  N.,  Ion.  35°  8'  20"  E. 
Elevation,  2835  feet.  Pop.  from  5000  to  10.000.  It  stands 
partly  on  the  slopes  of  two  hills,  and  in  the  deep,  narrow 
valley  of  Mamre.  Around  it  are  extensive  vineyards,  and 
on  its  N.  side  is  a  suburb,  separated  from  it  by  open  fields. 
It  is  unwalled,  but  has  several  gates,  some  reservoirs  of 
high  antiquity,  a  large  mo.eque.  reputed  to  cover  the  tombs 
of  Abraham  and  other  patriarchs,  a  citadel,  well-supplied 
bazaars,  manufactures  of  glass-ware.s,  leather,  and  other 
gocLi,  which  it  exports  to  Egypt,  and  a  considerable  retail 
trade  with  the  adjacent  country.  Hebron  is  one  of  the,  most 
ancient  existing  cities,  and  was  called  Kirjath-.\rba,  "  the 
city  of  the  Anakini."  It  was  the  early  residence  of  Abraham 
and  the  patriarchs,  as  also  of  D.avid. 

HE'BRON,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Bucktield  Branch  Railroad,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Portland.  In 
tile  centre  is  an  academy,  with  a  library  and  cabinet.  Pop.  895. 

HEBRON,  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co..  New  Uamp- 
Bhiro.  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  475. 

HEBRO.N',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland  co.,  Con- 
r<sct£cut.  on  the  New  York  and  Boston  Air-Line  Railroad, 
(ifjjected),  20  miles  S.t:.  of  Hartford.  It  has  4  churches,  5 
stores,  4  manufactories  of  cotton  goods,  and  1  of  sewing 
silk.  Hebron  has  furnished  4  governors  for  different  states, 
'i  members  of  Congress  for  Connecticut,  and  several  for  other 
states.     Pop.  1425. 

HEBRON,  a  post-villag-  »,A  township  on  the  E.  border 
of  Washington  co..  N»w  "i'orll,  about  54  miles  N.N.E.  of  Al- 
bany.   The  village  conuins  a  bank.    Pop.  2543. 


HEBRON,  a  post-township  of  Potter  co  ,  Pennsylvania,  6 
nilcs  N.  of  Coudcrsport.    Pop.  018. 

HIvBRO.V.  a  post-oflice  of  Tyler  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

II KBRON,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Georgia,  about 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

HKBRON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Licking  co..  Ohio,  oi\ 
the  National  Road,  where  it  cro.sses  the  Ohio  Canal,  27  milciH 
E.  of  Columbus. 

HEBRON,  a  post-office  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana. 

HKIMION,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  in  the  N.  part  of 
McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  60  miles  N.U.  of  (  liicago.    Pop.  900. 

HKBilON.atownship  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsin.  P.  1068. 

IIi:i!RUS.     SeeMARiTZA. 

IIKCHIXGEN,  kSK'ing-en,  a  town  of  South-we.st  Ger- 
many, capital  of  the  principality  of  IIohenz"llern-Hech- 
ingeu,  on  the  Starzel,  31  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stuttjiart.  Pop 
33S9,  of  whom  744  are  Jews.  It  is  agreeably  builf.  and  has 
a  new  palace,  with  fine  grounds,  a  collegiate  church,  high 
school,  a  bath  establishment,  .and  some  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths.  A  poplar  avenue,  2  miles  in  length,  le.adg 
hence  to  the  castle  of  ilohenzollern,  on  a  height  2020  feet 
in  elevation. 

H  ECHO,  i'cho,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  of  Ilues- 
ca,  in  a  valley  of  the  Pyrenees.  Pop.  1500.  In  its  vicinity 
are  iron,  copper,  and  argentiferous  lead  mines. 

HECHOSOA.  A-cho-so'd,  a  town  or  village  of  the  Mexican 
Confederacy,  state  of  Cinaloa.  on  the  Yaqui,  25  miles  from 
its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of  California. 

HKCIv'KR.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois. 

HKCK'KRT'S  MILLS,  a  post-oflice  of  Gilmer  co.,  A'irginia. 

HKCK'KIKLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HKCK/IX(U1A.M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk.  lOi 
miles  S.E.  of  Norwich.  Here  is  the  Loddon  Endowed  School 
of  Industry,  and  hospitit*.  containing  nearly  400  inmates. 

HKCK'l.NGTON.  a  parish  of  limrland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HECKOIOXDWIKi:.  a  village  and  townshi*)  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  7i  miles  W.X.W.  of  WaKekeld. 
It  has  a  branch  bank,  and  important  manufactures  of 
blankets  and  carpets. 

HiiCK'SHERVILLE.  a  post-vilLage  of  Schuylkill  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvama.  6  miles  W.  of  Pottsville. 

HECK'TOW.X,  a  post-village  of  North.ampton  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 55  miles  N.  of  Pbiladelpbi.a. 

IIKC'LA  or  HEK'LA,  MOUNT,  a  famous  volcano  of  Ice- 
land, near  its  S.W.  coast.  Lat.  63°  59'  X..  Ion.  19°  42'  W. 
Height  above  the  sea,  5110  feet,  it  being  surrounded  by 
many  much  higher  mountains.  It  has  three  peak.s,  little 
elevated  above  its  body,  and  along  its  sides  are  numerous 
craters,  the  seats  of  former  eruptions ;  the  crater  of  its  prin- 
cipal peak  does  not  much  exceed  100  feet  in  depth.  It  is 
composed  chiefly  of  basalt  and  lava,  but  slag-sand  and  loose 
ashes  cover  a  great  part  of  its  surf;u-e,  and  obsidian  is  among 
its  most  remarkable  products.  Since  .\.  D.  900.  43  of  its  erup- 
tions are  on  record,  of  which  5  have  been  simultaneous,  or 
nearly  so,  with  tho.se  of  Vesivius,  4  with  those  of  Etna,  and 
1  with  tho.se  of  both.  Its  l;i,st  eruption  commenced  Septem- 
ber 2,  1845,  and  lasted  till  April  6,  1840;  on  the  2:;d  of  Xo- 
vemljer,  the  torrent  of  lava,  2  miles  from  the  crater,  was  1 
mile  in  width,  and  from  40  to  50  feet  in  depth. 

HEC'L.\,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Tennes.see. 

HECL.\,  a  post-office  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana. 

HEOLA  (hikld)  COVE,  an  inlet  of  Spit/.tergen,  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  large  island,  iu  lat.  79°  55'  N.,  Ion.  16°  49'  E., 
named  from  the  Hecla,  under  Sir  John  Franklin,  having 
been  stationed  here  for  the  3  month.s.  June  to  August,  1827, 
during  wliich  period  the  mean  temperature  was  38°'15 
i'ahrenheit. 

HECLY  WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
105  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

HECTOR,  a  post-township  of  Schuyler  co..  New  York, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Seneca  Lake,  15  miles  W.  of  Ithaca.  It  is 
a  large  township,  containing  several  villages.     Pop.  5623. 

H  ECTOR,  a  lowushiii  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
707. 

IIED'DEXHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HEUDERXHEIM,  hMMern-hIme\  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
many, duchy  of  Nas.sau.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nidda,  6 
mile's  X.!-;.  of  Ilochst.     Pop.  1229. 

HEDDESDORF,  hM'des-doRf\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, 8  miles  X'.W.  of  Coblentz,  with  tanneries,  dyeing,  bleach- 
ing, anil  iron-works.     Pop.  1115. 

HED'DIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

H  ED'DOX-ox-THE-W.\LL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, on  the  site  of  the  Picts'  ^Vall,  8  miles  W.N.W. 
of  .N'l'Wcastle-on-Tyne. 

Hf;DK.  h.Vdil/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et- 
Vilaine.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rennes.     Pop.  824. 

HEDEL.  hVdel.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gelder- 
land.  on  the  Meu.^e.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Tiel.     Pop.  1395. 

HEUELFIXGEX.  bi'del-fing'en,  a  village  of  WLlrtemberg, 
circle  of  Xeckar.    Pop.  1236. 

HEDEM.\RKEN,  ha'de-maa'ken.  an  extensive  district 
of  Norway,  stift  of  Aggershuus,  of  which  it  fiirms  all  the 
N.E.  part,  having  E.  Sweden,  and  X.  the  Dovrefield  Moun- 
tains.   It  is  traversed  by  the  Glommen,  and  other  con- 

83i) 


IIED 

» 

dderable  rivers,  and  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  portions  of 
Norway.  A  n-a,  10.389  sciuare  miles.     Pop.  ^",118. 

U  KDKMOKA,  hi-d.i-mo'rd,  a  town  of  North  Sweden.  l»n, 
and  i3  miles  S.E.  of  Kalun,  on  the  Wester  l>al.     Pop.  1035. 

IIKDK.MU.VDEN.  (iledemUuden.)  hA'deh-miinMfn,  atown 
of  Germany,  in  Ilanorer,  Vi  miles  S.W.  of  tiottiagea,  on  the 
Werrfu     Pop.  919. 

HE'D  EN  or  IIEyDDN,  a  borough,  market-town,  and  pa- 
rl-^h  of  En;?land.  co.  of  York.  Kast  lUding,  6  miles  E.  of  Hull. 
Pop.  998.  It  formerly  sent  2  memtwrs  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  has  still  the  form  of  a  municipal  corporation. 

HEDK.NtVmS,  h.Vdjn-foRs\  a  village  of  Sweden,  Isen  of 
Pitea.  on  tho  Lule.-i. 

UEDtlXSTED.  h.Vdfn-stJ<r,  a  parish  of  Denmark,  in  Jut- 
land. S.W.  of  Horseus. 

Hfc;DEK.SL;-:HKN.  h-Vders-l-Vben,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Ualberstadt.     Pop.  i4_'0. 

HEDERSLKBEN.  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  regency 
of  Mersehurg.  E.  of  Eislebeu. 

HEDERVAR,  h i'deu'vaR',  a  market-town  of  Hungnry,  co., 
and  IS  miles  N.W.  of  Raab.  in  the  Kleine  Schiitt  Island, 
formed  by  the  Danube.     Pop.  1240.     It  has  a  castle. 

HEDIJ'EKLEY.  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HEDli'ESVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Steuben  Co..  New  York. 

HEDl>ESVIL,LE,  a  thriving  post-vill.Hire  of  Berkley  CO., 
Virginia,  1  mile  from  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  187 
miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Richmond.     Pop.  about  300. 

HEDG'.MANS  KIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  unites 
with  Thornton's  River  to  form  the  North  Kiver,  or  Kappa- 
hannock. 

IIEDIC  or  IICEDIC,  hi'deek'.  a  small  island  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Morbihan.  off  the  coast  of  Brittany,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  the  peninsula  of  Quiberon. 

HED'INiaiAM  CASTLE,  a  pari.=h  of  England,  CO.  of  Essex, 
19  miles  X.N.E.  of  Chelmsford.  Here  are  the  st;it<ily  ruins 
of  a'eistle,  built  b3'  Aubrey  de  Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford,  in  the 
eleventh  century.  In  the  church  is  a  splendid  monument 
of  the  earl  and  his  countess. 

IIEDINGUAM,  SIBLE,  siVfl,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Pssex. 

IIED.HZ.  EL,  a  region  of  Arabi.a.    See  Hejaz. 

HEDNESFOKD,  henz'fprd,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

IIEDSJ.AZ,  a  region  of  Arabi.i.    See  Hejaz. 

HEIVSOR.  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HEEA  or  HIA.  hee'4.  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Shan- 
see.  67  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Ping-Y'ang. 

HEE.A-KIA.VGor  HIA-KIANG,  hee'.i-ke-ilng'.  a  town  of 
China,  proviace  of  Kiang-see,  on  the  Kan-kiang,  78  miles 
S.S.VV.  of  Nan-Chang. 

HEEA-LODEE  or  itlA-LOUI,  hee'3-loo-ee'.  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Quangsee,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Hong-kiang,  60 
miles  N.  of  Taiping. 

UEEG.  haio,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Friesland, 
on  a  lake  of  the  same  name.  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sneek.    P.  795. 

HEEG  LAKE,  a  lake  of  Holland,  united  with  the  Fljue.s- 
«en,  extends  from  N'.E.  to  S.W.  alx)ut  9  miles,  with  a  breadth 
of  li  miles.  It  communicates  with  several  other  lakes,  and 
with  the  North  Sea. 

HEE-HD  or  HI-HO,  hee-ho.  a  river  of  Corea.  falls  into  the 
Yellow  Sea  in  lat.  3S°  45'  N..  after  a  course  of  about  75  miles. 

HEEMSTEDE.  haiin'stAMgh.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Holland,  3  miles  S.  of  Haarlem.  Pop. 
23.32.  It  has  an  old  castle,  many  country  residences,  and 
an  active  trade  in  flowei-s.  ro<its.  and  seeds. 

HEENK.  heen,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HEENVLIET,  haiu'tieet,  a  town  of  Holland,  province  of 
South  Holland,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Jleuse,  4  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Briel.        Pop.  5t>9. 

HE  EOW-E  E  or  H I AO- Y',  he-i'o-ee'^  town  of  China,  province 
of  Shan-sft!.  on  the  Fuen-ho,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fuen-choo. 

IIKEPKX,  hi'pen,  a  village  of  Prussia,  Westptiali;i,  23 
miles  S.W.  of  Minden.    Pop.  2150. 

HEER.  haia.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Limburg,  li  miles  E.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  1270. 

HEER  ARENDSKEKKE.  haip.  d'rJnds-kWkfb.  a  village 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  9  miles  E.  of  Mid- 
delburg.     I'op.  U.3:J. 

HBERDE.  haia'deh.  a  vill.age  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Gelderland.  30  miles  .N.E.  of  .\rnhem.  Pop.  12U0.  It  has 
an  extensive  manufactory  of  paper. 

HEERENHERG.  hA'ren-biRO\  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland.  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Arnheui,  on  the 
Prussian  frontier.  It  has  an  old  castle  and  a  diocesan  semi- 
nary.   Pop.  l(HK). 

HEERENVEEN.  hi'r?n-vain\  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
In  Mest  FriL'sland,  on  the  Ueeren-slot,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Leeuwarden.     Pop.  4000. 

HEERLKN.  hainHf  n.atown  ofthe  Netherlands,  provineeof 
Limburg.  13  mi'-s  E.N.E.of  Maestricht.  Pop.  3304.  employed 
in  needle-umking.  linen-blejiching.  and  trading  in  cattle. 

HEE.SCH.  haish,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Bnibant.  11  miles  E.N.E.of  Bc>isle-Duc.    Pop.  1759. 

HEESTERT.  hais't^st.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  5  miles  E.  of  Courtrai.    Pop.  289!>. 
840 


HEI 

HEEZE.  h.Vzeh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Brabant,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Eindhoven.     Pop.  1730. 

HEGENHEl.M,  ht'ghen-hime\  (Fr.  pvon.  hA'zh-u'Jm',)  a 
vlJlage  of  France,  depirtment  of  Haut-Khin.  near  the  Rhine, 
14  miles  E.  of  Altkirt-h.     Pop.  in  18.")2.  2i4i; 

HEG  Y A U  A.  hM^Ol'y Oh\  or  I lEG Y A  LL YA,  hedV511'y 6h\ 
a  chain  of  hills  in  North  Hungary,  forming  the  extremity 
of  an  offshoot  of  the  Carp.athians.  which  extend  S.  l)etween 
the  BndVog  and  the  Ileru.ad  Rivers,  and  between  lat.  4s° 
and  49°  N.  This  is  the  Cote  d'or  of  Hungary,  and  produces 
the  celebrated  wines  called  Tokay.  The  wine-growing  dis- 
trict extends  to  aljout  9U  S(}uare  miles.  Estimated  annual 
produce,  420.000  eimer.  Value,  1,420,000  gulden  c.  M.  or  florins, 
($716,320,000.)    See  Tokay. 

IIEGYES,  h5d\vfeh',  or  IGYUSCH.  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO..  and  30  miles  N.E.  of  BacR.     Pop.  3700. 

IIEIBUiv,  hA'litik',  a  thriving  village  of  Independent 
Toorkistan.  in  the  Khooloom  dominion,  on  the  i-oute  from 
Afghanistan  to  Balkh.  80  miles  N.W.  of  the  Hindoo  Koo.sh, 
and  4u00  feet  above  the  .sea,  in  a  fertile  tract,  and  having 
houses  of  earth  with  domed  roofs,  with  a  castle  of  sun-dried 
brick  on  an  adjiicent  height. 

HEIDE  or  HEYDE.  hi'dgh,  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Holstein,  near  the  North  Sea,  31  miles  N.N.W  Oif  Gltlck- 
stadt.     Pop.  54^10. 

HEIDECK.  hi'dJk,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Franconia,  23  miles  S,  of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  858. 

HEIDECK,  a  village  of  Switzerland.  Ciuiton,  and  13  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Lucerne,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Lake  of  15aldegg. 

HEIDEKRUG,  hi'dgh-krOOG^  is  the  name  of  several  vil- 
l^^:^»s  of  Pru-Ksia,  &c. 

HEIDELBERG,  hi'del-WRo\  a  city  of  West  Germany, 
grand  duchy  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  left 
bank  ofthe  Neckar.  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  750  feet 
in  length,  and  on  the  Baden  and  Main-Neckar  Railway, 
32  miles  X.N.E.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop.  16.289,  mostly  Pro- 
testants. It  is  picturesquely  situated,  surrounded  by 
wooded  hills  and  vineyards,  and  consists  of  a  long  main 
street,  into  which  many  narrow  and  gloomy  thoroughfares 
open,  and  some  good  houses.  Principiil  edifices,  the  Church 
of  the  Holy  Ghost,  with  a  lofty  stet-ple,  and  subdivided  to 
accommodiite  both  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants.  St, 
Peter's,  and  some  other  churches,  a  synagogue,  the  Univer- 
sity Buildings,  a  massive  prison,  tlie  KaHstlior.  and  the 
vast  Castle,  on  a  height,  now  a  ruin.  The  University, 
founded  iu  1386,  is,  next  to  that  of  Prague,  the  oldest  in 
Germany,  and  has  45  profe.ssors,  78  teachers,  a  library  of 
150.000  volumes  and  many  i-are  manuscripts,  and  an  income 
of  4ii00?.  a  year,  besides  fees.  It  is  at  tended  by  from  700  to  800 
students,  chietiy  in  law  and  mediiine.  Here  is  also  a  col- 
lege for  junior  students,  numerous  government  elementary 
schools,  three  btjtauic  gardens,  and  otlier  appli;inces  of  seats 
of  learning,  with  a  museum,  sprucli-aAlejjium,  and  diiiing- 
hall.  In  1022,  the  ferocious  Tilly,  after  bombarding  Heidel- 
berg, for  a  month,  took  it  by  storm,  and  gave  it  up  to  three 
days'  pillage.  In  1088,  a  French  general,  >1  elac  on  the  orders 
of  Louis  XIV.,  took  the  town  and  burnt  it, outrivalling  even 
'lilly  in  cruelty  and  brutality.  In  1693.  another  French  force 
repeated,  and  exceeded  all  former  atrocities. 

HEIDELBERG,  hi'dfl-berg,  a  township  of  BerliS  CO..  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  2089. 

H  KIliELBERG,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Po]!.  23J7. 

HEIDELBERG,  a  township  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
Pop.  1469. 

HEIDELBURG,  a  township  of  Y'ork  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  3388. 

HEIDELSHEIM.  hi'dels-hImo\  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine.  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  2272. 

HEIDENFELD.  hi'den-f.Mt\  a  village  of  Bavarii^  on  the 
.Main.  IS  miles  N.E.  of   WUrzburg.     Pop.  2o48. 

HEIDENIIEIM.  hi'den-hime\  atown  of  Germany,  Wlir- 
temberg.  on  the  Brenz.  immediately  E.  of  the  Hauhe  Alp, 
22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ulm.  Pop.  2465.  Near  it  is  the  moun- 
tain fortress  of  Hellenstein. 

HEIDENHEI.M,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavari.a.  circle  of 
Jliddle  Franconia.  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Anspach.     Pop.  1^29. 

IIIOIDEHSDORF,  hi'ders-doHf\  a  village  of  Prussia,  go- 
vernment of  Breslau.  circle  of  Nimpt.sch.    Pop.  1250. 

HKIDERSDORF.  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of 
Liegnitz,  circle  of  Lauban.     Pop.  2132. 

HEIDESHEIM,  hl'des-hime\  a  vilhage  of  Germany,  in 
D;»rmstadt.  province  of  Rhein-Hessen,  on  the  Rhine,  5  miles 
W.  ofMentz.  Pop.  1402.  Near  it  is  the  ca«tleof  Wintereck, 
with  some  remarkable  vaults. 

HEIDESHEI.M.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Rhenish  Ba- 
varia. 6i  miles  N.W.  of  Fi-j\nkenthal,  formerly  residence  of 
the  Counts  of  Leiningen-Heidesheim.     Pop.  436, 

HEIDINGSFELD.  hI'dings-fiMt\  a  town  of  iJavaria.  circle 
of  Lower  Franconia.  on  the  .Main.  2  miles  S.  of  Wiirzburg. 
i'op.  3121.    It  bat!  manufactures  of  woollen  yarn. 

HEl'DLERSBURG.  a  post-village  of  .Ad,^In3  co  ,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 26  miles  S.S.W.  of  llarrisliurg.     Pr)n.  atiout  l.W. 

HEI'GHAM-POT/TER,  a  paiish  of  Eaglaud,  co.  of  .Nor- 
folk. 


HEI 

HEIOIIINQTON,  hi'ing-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

IlKIOUTN'flTON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HKIGII'TON'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

IIKIKK.NSZAND.     See  IIeinkenzand. 

HEILUKOXN,  hll-bronn',  a  fortified  town  of  Wtlrtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Xeckar.  26  miles  N.  of  Stuttgart,  (with  which 
it  is  connected  by  railway.)  on  the  Nockar.  Pop.  14,333.  It 
Is  irregularly  laid  out;  principal  edifices,  the  fine  Church  of 
St.  Kilian.  town-hall,  with  many  ancient  record.s,  house  of 
the  Teutonic  knights,  now  a  barrack,  a  royal  re.iidence, 
formerly  an  orphan  a.sylum,  several  Roman  Catholic  and 
Protestant  churches,  a  richly  endowed  hospital,  house  of 
correction,  and  outside  of  the  walls  a  remarkable  square 
tower,  memorable  in  German  history.  It  has  a  gymnasium 
with  a  library  of  12  OuO  volumes,  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths,  silver  articles,  carpets,  tobacco,  white  lead,  and  other 
chemical  products,  paper,  &c.  The  name,  signifying  "foun- 
tain of  liealth,"  is  owing  to  the  spring  which  supplies  the 
town  with  water.    1  ts  waters  were  formerly  used  medicinally. 

IIKILIGENBEIL,  hi'le-ghgn-bne\  a  town  of  Prussia,  29 
miles  S.W.  nf  Konigsbers,  near  the  Frische-haff,     Pop.  2S,'S0. 

IIEILIGKNUEHfi.  hi1e-ghgn-b^K(}\  or  SWIENTA  SIER- 
RA, swe-^n'ta  se-^ii/ki,  (anc.  J>rm  Fktvimf)  a  market-town 
of  Raden,  circle  of  Lake.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Constance,  with 
a  castle  of  the  princes  of  Furstenberg.     Pop.  504. 

IIKILIOKNBLUT,  hi'le-ghen-bl6dt\  a  small  village  of 
Illyria,  in  Carinthia.  government  of  Laybach,  on  the  S.  de- 
clivity of  the  Gross  Glockner,  4672  feet  above  the  sea,  proba- 
bly the  highest  villa'j:e  in  the  .Austrian  Empire. 

IIEILIOKNIIAFKN,  hi'le-ghen-hd'fen,  a  seaport  town  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Ilolstein,  on  the  Baltic,  33  miles  E.  of 
Kiel.     Pop.  21)1)0. 

IIEILIGKN-KREUTZ,  hi'le-ghen-krolts,  ("Holy-cross,") 
(Hun.  Xnni't-Kcreszlur,  ni'mJt'  k,iVSss'tooR',)  a  town  of  Aus- 
tria in  West  Hungary,  co.,  and  6  miles  S.  of  Oedenhurg,  with 
2490  inhabitants,  a  castle,  and  mineral  springs. 

HEILIGE.V-KREUTZ.  (Hun.  &ent-Kere!iH.sint  kiVJssf,) 
a  town  of  Austria  in  Hungary,  co.,  and  28  miles  N.N.K. 
of  Bars,  on  the  Giuu,  with  a  castle  and  Roman  Catholic 
church. 

HEILIOKX-KREUTZ.  orSANTA  CROCE,  sin'tA  kro'chi,  a 
town  of  Austria,  in  Illyria,  government,  and  18  miles  N.N.E. 
ofTriest.     I'op.  1037. 

Hl'.ILIGEN-KRKUTZ,  a  village  in  Lower  Austria,  on  the 
Sattelbach,  having  a  fine  Cistercian  abbey,  with  a  library, 
museum,  ajid  monuments  of  the  Badenberg  family. 

HEILIGEN-KREUTZ,  a  village  iu  Lower  Austi-ia,  N  E.  of 
St.  Polten. 

HEILIGEXSTADT,  hlle-ghen-stilttN  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  4S  miles  N.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Leine.  Pop.  4770. 
It  is  walled,  and  has  a  castle,  several  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  high  school,  prison,  and  manufactures  of  woollen 
yarn.  Under  the  French,  it  was  the  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ilar/,. 

HEILIGKKEUZ.  hiaiG-kroits\  a  village  and  bath  esta- 
blishment of  Austria  in  Tyrol,  circle  of  Schwatz.  Birthplace 
of  Resch.  the  historian. 

IIt;iLSHEI!a.  hris/b^RO,  a  town  of  East  Prus.sia.  41  miles 
S.E.  of  Kiinigsberg,  on  the  Alle.  Pop.  4500,  who  trade  in 
woollen  and  linen  <'loths,  and  yarn.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  Bishop  of  Ermeland. 

HKILSBKOXN,  hlls^bronn',  a  market-town  of  Bavari.a. 
circle  of  Middle  Franconia.  on  the  Schwabach,  10  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Anspach.     Pop.  S24. 

HEILT8-LE-MAURUFT,  hflts-leh-moViipt/.  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Marne,  28  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Chalons.     Pop.  87S. 

HEI.MBACH.  him1>aK,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  18 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Aix-l.vChapelle,  with  manufactures  of  cotton 
yarn  and  wooden  wares,  and  a  lead  factory.     Pop.  1230. 

HKIMBACH.  a  viliageof  Rhenish  Prussia,  26  miles  S.S.E. 
tf  Coblentz.  on  the  Khine. 

HEIMEKLIXGEX.  hi'mer-ling^en,  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
Ircle  of  Swabia.  4  miles  X.X.W.  of  Memmingen. 

HEI.MEIiSDORF,  hI'mer.s-doRr,  is  the  name  of  villages  in 
Prussian  Silesia,  government  of  Oppeln,  and  in  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen. 

HKIMERSHEIM.  hl'mgrs-hrme\  a  town  of  RhenLsh  Prus- 
ciia.  13  mill'.-!  8.  of  Cologne.     Pop.  1075. 

HEIMKKSUEIM.  hi'mers-hTme\  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse  Darmstadt.  Rheinhessen.  circle  of  Alzey.  with  a  Ro- 
man Cathnlii'  and  a  Protestant  church.     Pop.  741. 

HEIMISWYL,  hi'mis-*il\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, .and  13  miles  X.E.  of  Bern. 

HEl.MSHK.IM.  hlms'hlme.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  circle 
of  Xeckar.  14  miles  VV.  of  Stuttcrart.  It  was  burned  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War,  and  by  the  French  in  1692  and  1693. 
L'op.  1223. 

HEIXAU,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.     See  H\T>rAtJ. 

HEIXEXOORD.  hi'neh-n6i(d\  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  South  Holland. 11  miles  W.  of  Dordrecht.    Pop.  599. 

HEI.XEKSD  )UF.  hi'ners-doRf\  a  market-village  of  Ger- 
many, in  Sax6->Ieiningeu,  4  miles  E.  of  Sonnenberg,  on  the 
Haeslach.    Pop.  841. 


HEL 

HEINERSDORF,  KLEIN,  kllne  hl'ner.s-donr,  a  village 
of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  circle  of  Grtlnberg.     Pop.  73>' 

HEIXERSDORF.  LANG.  Mng  hI'nfrs-doKf\  a  village  ol 
Pruf-sia,  province  of  Silesia,  circle  of  Sprottau.     Pep.  954. 

HEIXIXGEX,  hi'ning-gn,  a  market-town  of  WUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Danube,  3  miles  S.  of  Goppingen.     Pop.  1120. 

HEIXKENZAND,  hin^ken-zant*,  or  HEIKENZAXD,  hl'- 
ken-z3nt\  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Zealand,  island 
of  .South  Beveland,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Goes.     Pop.  1389. 

HEIXO,  hi'no,  a  vill.age  of  the  Netherlands,  province  o' 
Overyssel.  8  miles  S.  W.  of  Zwolle.    Pop.  1671. 

HEIXRICHS,  hin'riKs,  a  market-town  of  Pru.ssia» 
Saxony,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Schleusingen.     Pop.  1225. 

HEINRICHSBAD,  in  Switzerland.     See  IlERiSAtJ. 

HEINIUCHSGRUN,  (Heinriohsgriln,)  hIu'riKs-grtin\  oi 
HEYNESGRYN,  hi'n?s-grin\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Elboiren.     Pop.  1580. 

HEINRICHSWALDE,  hin'riKs-«ai'dfh,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Silesia,  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau,  Pop 
1615. 

HEINRICHSWALDE,  a  village  of  Pm.ssia,  province  of 
Ea.st  Prussia.  39  miles  N.W.  of  Gumbinnen.     Pop.  578. 

HEINSBERG,  hIn.s'bjRg,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus.sia, 
20  miles  W.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  the  AVorm.    Pop.  1 780. 

HEIS'KER  ISLAND,  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  7  miles  W. 
of  North  Uist,    Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  2  miles. 

HEI/STERSBUKG.  a  po.st-otllce.  Fayette  co..  Pennsylvania. 

HEITERSHEIAl,  hi'ters  hlme\  a  town  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Upper  Rhine.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Freiliurg.     Pop.  1394. 

HEJAZ  or  HED.IAZ,  EL,  el  hej-dz'.  al.so  written  IIEDS- 
JAZ,  (•'  the  land  of  pilgrimage,")  a  region  of  Arabia,  extend- 
ing along  the  Red  Sea,  by  some  considered  identical  with 
Arabia  Petraea.  It  is  almost  everywhere  a  sandy,  stony,  or 
otherwise  unproductive  country,  hut  comprises  the  sacred 
cities  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  with  the  seaports  of  Jidda  and 
Yembo.     It  now  forms  part  of  the  Egyptian  dominions. 

IlEKLA.    See  Hecla. 

IIELA,  h.inj,  a  small  maritime  town  of  AVest  Prussia,  at 
the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Hela,  in  the  Baltic,  19 
miles  N.E.  of  Dantzic.     Pop.  382. 

HELCHIN,  hel'Kin,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  30  miles  S.  of  Bruges.  Pop. 
1194. 

HELDBURG,  hJlt/WSORO,  a  walled  town  of  Germany,  in 
Sa.xe-Meiningen,  principality,  and  10  miles  S.  of  llildburg- 
hausen,  on  the  riirht  bank  of  the  Kreck.     Pop.  1076. 

IIELDER,  hJl'der,  (Dutch  J)en  Heldfr,  dSn  h^l'der.)  a  for- 
tified maritime  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North 
Holland,  capital  of  canton,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  that  pro- 
vince, 41  miles  N.W.  of  Amsterdam,  and  separated  by  the 
Mars-diep,  2  miles  across,  from  the  island  of  Texel.  Pop. 
in  1863,  16,669,  It  has  some  tra<Ie  with  Amsterdam,  witn 
which  it  communicates  by  the  Helder  Canal,  50  miles  long, 
125  feet  broad  at  surface,  and  21  feot  deej),  enabling  ships 
of  large  burden  to  avoid  the  navigation  of  the  Zuyder  Zee. 
Near  it  Admiral  Van  Tromp  was  killed  in  an  action  in 
1693.  The  British,  under  Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie  and  the 
Duke  of  York,  took  possession  of  the  Holder  in  1799,  but 
were  compelled  to  re-embark  a  few  weeks  therealt.er,  having 
fruitlessly  endeavored  to  excite  the  Dutch  to  throw  oflf  the 
French  ynke. 

HELDER,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Lim- 
burg,  9  miles  N.  of  Roermond,  with  distilleries  and  brewe- 
ries.    Pop.  2561. 

HEL'DERBERGS,  of  New  York,  are  a  range  of  hills  in 
Schoharie  and  Albany  counties,  connected  with  the  Catskill 
Mountains.     Ileiirht  between  400  and  500  feet. 

HELDERGHEM,  hJl'der-gh^m\  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders.     Pop.  1017. 

HELDEVAD,  hjl'deh-vild\  or  HELLTGVAD.  hJinig-vM\ 
a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Apen- 
rade. 

HELDRUNGEN,  h5ld'rC0ng-en.  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mer.seburg.     Pop.  1727. 

HEL/EN,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
494. 

HELE'NA.  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York, 
on  St.  Regis  River.  33  miles  N.E.  of  Canton. 

HELENA,  a  village,  capital  of  Phillips  co..  Arkansas,  on 
the  flississippi  River,  80  miles  below  Memphis,  It  con- 
tains a  court'-house,  jail,  a  lanil-office,  and  a  number  of 
stores.  In  the  summer  of  1852  this  village  was  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed  by  fire. 

HELENA,  a  post-office  of  Goliad  co.,  Texas. 

HELENA,  a  post-office  of  Travis  Co.,  Texas. 

HELENA,  a  post-village  of  Mason  co..  Kentucky,  11  milee 
S.E.  of  M.aysville.    It  has  al>out  150  inhabitants. 

HELENA,  a  post-office  of  Peoria  co..  Illinois. 

HELENA,  a  thriving  jiost-village  of  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  tlie  left  bank  of  the  Wisconsin  River.  36  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Madison.  The  route  of  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi 
Railroad  passes  through  this  village.  The  principal  busi- 
ness is  the  manufacture  of  shot.  Lead-mines  have  been 
opened  in  the  vicinity,  and  the  produce  of  these  is  shipped 
here  by  the  river. 

841 


HEL 


HEL 


HELENA      SeeEL?fE. 

]I>'LBySBURGH.  h^l'enz-btir'&h.  a  burgh  of  barony  and 
U'ateriug-iilaoe  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton,  on  the  Frith  of 
ClydP,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gareloch,  7  miles  X.W.  of  Dum- 
barton. Pop.  2900.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  and  neatly 
bui't;  "las  commodious  baths,  a  good  library,  a  branch 
bank,  and  excellent  accommodation  for  Tisitors  ;  numerous 
steamers  ply  to  Greenock  and  Glasgow. 

1IKI./ENVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  CO..  Wisconsin. 

IIEIiETTE,  heh-lJtt/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Basses-Pyrenees,  17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Maulfeon.  Pop.  1182. 
It  was  the  scene  of  combat  between  the  British  and  French 
on  the  14th  of  February.  1814. 

IIEL'FOKD.  a  small  port  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Hel,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Falmouth. 
Timljer  and  coals  are  imported  here  from  Wales. 

HELGE-A,  (Ilelge-A.)  hfl'ghe-o,  or  IIELGE-AN,  hjl'ghe- 
on,  a  river  in  the  S.  of  Sweden,  enters  the  Baltic  at  Ahus, 
12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Christianstad,  after  a  S.  course  of  80  miles. 
It  expands  into  several  lakes. 

IIELGOLA.ND.  hSl'go-ldnd,  or  HELIGOLAND,  hjl'e-go- 
iSnd,  (•'  holy  land :"  anc.  Her'thm  Sa'cra  In'suia,)  an  island  in 
the  North  Sea.  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  about  46  miles 
N.W.  of  the  mouths  of  the  Elbe  and  the  Weser.  Lilt.  54°  10' 
46"  N.,  Ion.  7°  53' 7"  E.  Ai-ea.  5i  square  miles.  Pop.  2300.  It 
consists  of  a  rock,  rising  to  about  200  feet  in  height,  and  on 
which  are  a  village  and  light-house.  It  is  continually  de- 
creasing by  encroachments  of  the  sea,  which  have  created 
sandbanks  all  around  it.  The  inhabitants,  of  Frisian  de- 
scent, are  mostly  occupied  as  pilots,  or  in  haddock  and  lobster 
fisheries,  which  yield  an  annual  revenue  of  aliout  5000^  It 
was  held  in  high  veneration  in  the  Middle  Ages,  is  of  some 
importance  as  a  post  in  war-time,  and  has  been  retained  by 
the  English  since  1807,  at  a  cost  of  ajjout  SbOl.  a  year.  It  has 
of  late  been  much  frequented  as  a  wat«ring-place. 

HELICON  (hM'e-kon)  MOUNT,  or  ZAGOUA.  zi-giVra,  a 
famous  mountain  of  Greece,  government  of  Ba>otia.  6  miles 
S.  of  Livadia.  Height,  4963  feet.  In  modern  times  it  has 
been  called  alternately  Paueovouni  and  Z.^goea,  but  it  has 
resumed  its  ancient  name. 

HELIGOLAND.    See  Helgoland. 

IIELIOPOLIS,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  M.waeeeteh. 

II  ELL  AD  A,  h«-iavia,  (anc.  Sper'chius.)  a  river  of  North 
Greece,  government  of  Phthiotes,  flows  E.,  and  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Zeitouu.  N.  of  Thermopylas,  after  a  course  of  50  miles. 

IIELLAH.    See  Hillah. 

HEl/LAil,  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Susquehanna.    Pop.  3002. 

HEiyL.WD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

HELLANEEYAH  or  HELLANIVAH.     See  Cukia-Muma. 

HELLAS,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Greece. 

HELLEBEK,  hM'l^b?k\  a  maritime  village  of  Denmark, 
on  the  island  of  Seeland,  at  the  N.  entrance  of  the  Sound,  4 
miles  N.W.  of  Elsinore.     Pop.  300. 

HELLEFORS,  hMleh-foRsV  a  village  of  Sweden,  l»n,  and 
45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Orebro,  beautifully  situated  on  the  Svart- 
elf,  which  here  forms  several  falls.  It  has  extensive  iron- 
works. 

IIEL'LEN,  a  post^village  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania,  170 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

IIELLENDi^ORN,  h^I'len-dORn\  a  village  and  parish  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Overyssel.  17  miles  S.E.  of 
Zwolle.     Pop.  3571. 

IIEiyLEN  FURNACE,  a  postofflce  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 

HEL'LENSVILLI?,  a  post-village  of  Jefterson  co..  M"iscon- 
sin,  f)  miles  E.  of  Jefferson,  contains  1  church  and  2  saw-mills. 

HEt/LER'S  CORNEltS,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co..  Indiana. 

HEI/LERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 96  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

HEL'LESDEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HELLESPONT.  (HELLESPONTUS.)     See  Dakdaneiles. 

HELLEVOETSLOIS.  a  town  of  Holland.  See  Helvoetsluis. 

HELL  GATE  or  HURL  GATE,  a  narrow  and  rocky  pass 
In  the  East  River,  7  miles  N.E.  of  New  York.  Formerly,  at 
particular  times  of  tide,  the  eddies  produced  in  this  strait 
rendered  navigation  difficult  and  dangerous.  The  rocks 
causing  the  obstruction  have  recently  been  removed  by  a  new 
method  of  blasting.  The  powder,  secured  from  the  action  of 
the  water,  is  sunk  and  simply  placed  upon  the  rock,  and  ex- 
ploded by  means  of  an  electric  spark.  The  superincumbent 
mass  of  water  operates  effectually  as  a  resisting  medium,  and 
the  rock  is  broken  without  the  necessity  of  Ijoring  into  its 
substance.  Hell  Gate  is  a  corruption  of  the  old  Dutch 
*"t'?ii  ."m"  '^"*'  *•  '•  "  whirl-passage," or  '•  whirlpool  strait.'' 

IJ,;!  ,  .X,   .■!''  "  P"""''  "*'  '■'hgland,  co.  of  Northampton. 

IIELLIN,  «.yeeu'  or  hjl-yeen'.  (anc.  Jlu'vum.')  a  town  of 
Bpain,  province,  and  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albacete.  Pop.  9814. 
It  has  remains  of  a  Roman  tbrtress,  and  various  manulac- 
tureg.     Near  it  are  the  mineral  baths  of  Azaraque. 

HEl/LINGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

tlEL'LOUOHTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HELLOVO.  hM-Wvo.  MOUNT,  (anc.  0'lhr>/s,)  a  mountain 
«aiige.  forming  a  part  of  the  N.  frontier  of  Greece,  separating 
East  Hellas  from  Tbessaly,  about  lat.  39°  N.,  Ion.  Irom  il° 
g42 


04'  to  22°  E.  It  is  connected  on  the  W.  with  the  chain  of 
Pindus.  of  which  it  is  a  spur.  Eastward  its  continu.ition 
is  called  Mount  Varibovo.  Its  princijial  peak.  Geraco  A'ouni, 
ri«is  to  5570  feet  in  height:  other  summits  vary  from  3000 
to  4400  feet  in  elevation.  The  river  HtUada  rises  on  its  S., 
and  the  Emicassosand  Fanari,  tributaries  of  the  Salembria, 
(anc.  Pcnelus.)  on  its  N.  side. 

HELL'S  SKER/RIES.  a  cluster  of  the  Hebridean  Isles, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  Rum.  The  current  which  runs  be- 
tween them  isi  extremely  rapid. 

HELLUM.  htM'lum.  a  village  of  Holland,  province,  and 
9  miles  E.N.E  of  Groningen.     Pop.  C39. 

HELLWiffSDORF,  LANGEN.  ling'sn  hJll/wiGs-dORf\  or 
LANGEN  HELMERSDORF.  ling'en  hei'mers-doRf\  a  village 
of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  in  the  government  of  Liegnitz 
Pop.  916. 

HELM.A.RSIIAUSEN,  hfl'maRs-hfiw'zen.  a  small  town  of 
Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel,  at  its  N.  extremity,  province 
of  Nieder-IIessen,  on  the  Diemel,  22  miles  N.  of  Cassel. 
Pop.  1932. 

IIELMBRECHTS,  hMm/brJKts,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  Franconia,  N.W.  of  Miinchberg.     Pop.  1200. 

HELM'DON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

HELME,  hJl-meh,  a  river  of  I'russian  Saxony,  joins  the 
Unstrut  3  miles  S.E.  of  Artern.  after  a  course  of  45  miles. 

HELMECZ-KIRALY,  hel'mi^ts'-kee'roi'.  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zemplin,  about  15  miles  from  Ujhely. 
Pop.  1231. 

HELMEND,  a  river  of  A.sia.    See  TIelmund. 

HELMERSHAUSEN,  hM'mers-hOw'zen,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Saxe-Weimar.  duchy  of  Eisenach,  on  the  Bavarian 
frontier.  9  miles  W.  of  Meiningen.  Pop.  694.  It  has  two 
castles  and  some  stone  quarries. 

HEL'MINGHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk.  8 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Woodbridge.  The  Hall,  a  moated  quad- 
rangular structure,  erected  by  the  Tollemache  family,  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  Vlll..  and  still  their  principal  residence, 
is  situated  in  a  beautiful  park,  containing  ,«ome  of  the  finest 
oaks  in  England,  and  has  a  valuable  collection  of  books, 
paintings,  and  armor.  Queen  Elizabeth  was  a  guest  here 
in  1561. 

IIEL/MINGSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
.  HELMOND,  hJl'mAnt.  (Fr.  pron.  hlVmhy^l  or  Jl'mAs"^,)  a 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Bral'ant,  capi- 
tal of  a  canton,  on  the  Aa,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc 
Pop.  1900. 

HELMSa)ALE,  a  large  villlage  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Suther- 
land, at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a 
great  herring-fishing  station. 

HELMS'LEY,  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York,  North  Riding,  on  the  Rye.  12  miles  E.N.E. 
ofThirsk.  Pop.  in  1851,3483.  The  town  is  one  of  the  neat- 
est and  most  picturesque  in  England.  It  has  2  branch 
banks,  an  elegant  church,  and  ruiiis  of  a  castle  dismantled 
by  Fairfax.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  beautiful  ruins  of  Rivals 
Abbey. 

HELMSLEY  GATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

HELMSLEY,  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

HELMSTADT.  hJlm'stitt.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Lower  Franconia,  10  miles  W.  of  Wiiizburg.     Pop.  1168. 

HELMSTADT.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine, 

9  miles  S.K.  of  Wertheim.    Pop.  1075. 

IIELMSTEDT,  or  HELMSTADT.  (Helnistadt.)  hJlm'stJtt, 
a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Brunswick.  21  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Brunswick.  Pop.  5300.  It  is  an  old-Cishioned  town,  en- 
tered by  4  gates,  and  its  fortifications  turned  into  planted 
walks.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  Lutheran  church. 
Town-hall,  Court-house,  formerly  the  place  of  its  university, 
several  hospitals,  &c.  Its  University,  founded  in  1576,  was 
suppressed  by  Jerome  Bonaparte  in  1809,  and  a  part  of 
its  library  was  transferred  to  GottiUgen.  It  has  now  a 
gymnasium  and  normal  school,  with  manufactures  of  soap 
and  tobacco-pipes,  alum  and  vitriol-works,  and  an  active 
general  trade;  and  in  its  vicinity  are  coal  mines  and  mine- 
ral baths. 

HELMUND,  hM'mtind'.  written  al.so  HELMEND,  (anc. 
Etyman'drus  or  Etymanlder.)  a  river  of  Afghanistan,  rises  35 
miles  W.  of  Cabool.  at  an  elevation  of  11.500  feet,  flows 
W.S.W.,  with  a  deep  Viend  to  the  S.,  through  the  Huzareh, 
Eimauk,  and  Doorannee  territories,  and  the  -if^hanistan 
De.sert,  and  near  lat.  31°  30'  N..  Ion.  62°  E..  enters  the  lakes 
of  Hamoon  and  Tuk-i-Teer  by  several  mouths,  after  a  total 
course  estim.ited  at  650  miles.  At  Girishk.  70  miles  W.of 
Candahar,  it  is,  in  spring,  lOiO  yards  across,  with  a  depth  of 

10  or  12  feet,  and  a  powerful  and  rapid  current,  but  in  the 
dry  season  two-thirds  less.  Its  banks  are  veiy  fertile,  and 
aliound  almost  everywhere  with  traces  of  former  cultiva- 
tion and  wealth,  but  at  a  little  distance,  the  country,  on 
either  side,  is  a  mere  arid  waste. 

HEI/PERBY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  o"  iTork,  North 
Bidinir. 

HEiyPERTUOBPE,  a  parish  of  England,  or  |f  Vork  lost 
Riding. 


HEL 

nEL'PT?TNGIIAM,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

nELl''ST(».\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton, 
with  a  statio!!  on  the  North  Midland  Railway,  ti^  miles 
N  \V.  of  I'eterlioroiigh. 

IlKLSA,  h?l's4,  a  village  of  Germany,  In  Ilesse-Cassel, 
provini-e  of  Nieder-llessen,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  1186. 

IIKLS'liY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

UKL.SKK,  hSi'ser,  a  village  of  Ilesse-Cassel,  in  Nieder 
Hesseu,  circle,  and  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  llStj. 

IIELSINtiHOHG,  h^l'sing-boRg\  an  ancient  fortiiied  se.i- 
port  town  of  South  Sweden,  laen,  and  33  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Malmo,  on  the  sound,  opposite  Elsinore.  Pod.  2854.  It  has 
a  good  harbor,  a  fine  council-house,  and  manufactures  of 
earthenwares  and  iron  goods. 

IIELSIXOFOKS,  htM'sing-foRs\  a  .seaport  town  of  Hussia, 
and  since  1819,  the  capital  of  Finland,  on  the  Gulf  of  Fin- 
land, 100  miles  E.S.E.  of  Abo.  Lat.  60°  11'  N.,  Ion.  24°  57' 
E.  Pop.  16,000.  It  has  a  fine  town-hall,  a  harbor,  suited 
for  liue-of-battle  ships,  and  defended  by  the  strong  citadel 
of  Sveaborg.  and  is  the  seat  of  a  university,  removed  from 
Abo  in  18'27.  with  a  library  of  40,000  volumes,  and  various 
museums.  It  it  is  the  see  of  the  Lutheran  Archbishop  of 
Finland,  and  has  an  active  trade  in  Baltic  produce.  It  was 
nearly  burnt  down  in  the  wars  with  the  Swedes,  but  since 
1815,  h:is  been  rebuilt  with  great  regularity. 

IIKLSINOLAND,  h4l'siiig-Unt\  a  former  division  of  Swe- 
den, now  composing  the  chief  part  of  the  Uen  of  Gefieborg. 

IIELSINGOH,  (Ilelsingor,)  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Eir 

8IN0RE. 

IIEI/STONE  or  II EIVSTON,  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
in  a  picturesque  locality  near  its  W.  extremity,  on  the  Looe, 
here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Falmouth. 
Pop.  of  municipal  borough,  in  1S51,  3355.  It  Is  neatly  built, 
and  watered  by  streams  running  through  its  streets.  It 
has  a  grammar  school,  banking  company,  and  an  export 
trade  in  tin,  coppi-r,  shoes,  from  port  Leven,  or  Looe-pool, 
about  3  miles  distant.  Iron,  coal,  and  timljer  are  exten- 
sively imported  for  the  use  of  the  surrounding  mining  dis- 
trict. It  sends  1  member  to  the  IIou.se  of  Commons.  The 
May  g.ames,  or  Floralia.  once  general  throughout  England, 
are  still  kept  up  here;  and  on  the  Sth  of  .May,  a  general  holi- 
day. Moral  processions,  and  dances  are  held. 

ilELT.  a  township  of  Vermilion  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  2.359. 

lIiaTAU,  hM'tdw,  or  NAGY  DIZXOD,  nOdj  diz'nod',  a 
village  of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  6  miles  S.  of  llermann- 
stadt.     Pop.  250.3. 

IIi;!/rON,  a  post-office  of  A.she  co..  North  Carolina. 

II K  lj'T(,1N'S\'lLLK,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana, 
about  8  miles  N.K.  of  Bedford. 

IIKLVKL'LYN,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumberland,  forming  part  of  the  mountain  chain  be- 
tween Keswick  and  Ambleside.  Elevation.  3313  feet.  It  is 
easy  of  ascent,  and  commands  a  magnificent  view  of  the 
lake  district. 

IIKLVETIA.    See  Switzerland. 

HKLV]';'TIA,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois,  about  SO 
miles  K.S.K.  of  Alton. 

HKLVKTIA,  N K\V.    See  Nuev.\  Helvetia. 

HELVETIC  CDXFEDERATION.    See  Switzeriant). 

HELVOETSLUIS.  or  IIELVOETSLOYS,  hirvfiOt-slois', 
written  also  HELLEVOKTSLUIS,  h^Pleh-voot-slois'.  a  forti- 
fied seaport  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  llol- 
l.ind.  on  the  Ilaringvliet,  the  largest  mouth  of  the  Khine, 
17  miles  S.VV.  of  Uotterdam.  Pop.  2843.  It  h.is  a  fine  har- 
bor, an  arsenal,  dock-yard,  and  a  naval  school:  and  until 
the  employment  of  steam  navigation,  mail-packets  sailed  be- 
tween it  and  Harwich  twice  a  week.  The  Prince  of  Orange 
embarked  here  for  England,  in  1688. 

IIELVOIKT,  h&rvoiRf,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  5  miles  S.VV.  of  Bois-le-Buc.  Pop. 
1401. 

HEM,  hS.N",  several  villages  of  France,  the  principal  in 
the  department  of  Xord,5  miles  E.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1852, 2289. 

IIE.M.\U.  li.VniOw.  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavari.a,  circle  of 
Upper  Palatinate.  15  miles  VV.X.VV.  of  Rati.sbon.     Pop.  1350. 

II  E:\I'ltLl  NGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HE.MHUUY.  a  parish  of  England.     See  Broadhf.mbiby. 

HI-;M'EI^1IEMI"STEAD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Herts.  Ij  miles  from  the  Broxmore  station 
of  the  London  and  Birmingham  Railway,  23  miles  .\.\V.  of 
London.  Pop.  7268.  The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  and 
neatly  built:  it  has  a  richly  ornamented  Norman  church, 
union  work-house.  West  Herts  Infirmary,  consideralile  ma- 
nufactures of  straw-plait,  and  some  of  the  most  perfect  paper 
Fiills  ill  the  kingdom. 

HEM'IXGBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  Engl.-ind,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

H  EM'I  NG  BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HEM'l  NGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

HEMINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HEMIXHEIM,  hA'mi.\-hIme\  or  HEMIXEM,  hA'meex^- 
Jm',  a  village  of  Belgium,  and  5  mi^es  S.  of  Antwerp,  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  Scheldt.  Pop.  1600.  It  contains  a 
church,  with  the  tomb  of  Antony  of  Brabant,  natural  sou 


HEN 

of  Philip  of  Burgundy,  and  the  ca.«tles  of  Calbeek  and  Ems- 
dael.  picturesquely  situated  in  magnificent  grounds,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Scheldt:  and  near  it,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Schelle-Vliet  with  the  Scheldt,  stands  the  old  Abbey  of  St 
Bernard,  now  occupied  as  a  central  house  of  correction,  and 
capable  of  receiving  2000  convicts. 

HEM'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

IIEM'LO,  a  post-office  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois. 

HEM'L(X)K,  a  post-office  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HEMLOCK,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Peun.sylvaaia. 
Pop.  1037. 

HEMLOCK  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

HEMLOCK  L.A.KE,  New  York,  between  Ontario  and  Liv^ 
ingston  counties,  is  7  miles  long,  and  near  1  mile  wide.  Tlio 
outlet  joins  Honeoye  Creek. 

HEMLOCK  L.\KE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co..  New 
York,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  about  26  miles  S.  of  Ko- 
Chester. 

HEM.MERDEN,  h^rn'mer-dgn,  a  market-town  of  Khenish 
Prussia,  11  miles  S.W.  of  iiisseldorf.     Pop.  1295. 

IIEMM ERICH,  hem'meh-riK,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. 16  miles  S.  of  Cologne. 

HEMMINGFORD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Beauharnois,  30  miles  S.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  7  saw 
mills,  several  stores,  and  2  hotels.     Pop.  about  700. 

HEM'MIXGFORD  AB'BOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

HEMMIXGFORD  GREY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

HEM'MIXGSTED\  a  village  of  Denmark*  in  Holstein, 
South  Ditmarsches.  on  a  height,  between  Heide  and  Meldorf, 
29  miles  X.N.'W.  of  GUickstadt.  It  is  memorable  for  the  battle 
fought  in  its  vicinity  in  1500,  when  a  small  number  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Ditmarshes  defeated  the  King  of  Den- 
maik  and  the  Duke  of  Holstein  at  the  head  of  from  20,000 
to  30,(100  men,  and  secured  their  ancient  freedoom  for  an- 
other half  century. 

HEMP'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvsi- 
nia,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

HKMPFIELD,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
nia,  contains  Greensburg,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  7074. 

HEMP'HILL'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
North  Carolina. 

HEMP'XALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HEMPSTEAD,  hJmp'stM,  a  parish  of  Engl;md.  co.  of 
Essex.  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Thaxted.  In  the  churchyard  is  the 
tomb  of  Dr.  Harvey,  the  celebrated  discoverer  of  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blix)d. 

HlOMP.'^TKAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HEMl'STEAD,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HEMP'.STEAD.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ark!in.sa8, 
contains  12()0  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by 
Little  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  S.W.  by  Red  River,  and 
drained  by  Bois  d'Arc  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified  by 
sandy  hills;  the  .soil  is  fertile.  Red  River  is  navigjited  by 
steamboats  on  the  border  of  this  county.  Capital.  Washing- 
ton.   Pop,  13,989,  of  whom  8591  were  free,  and  5398  slaves. 

HEMPSTEAD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Queen's  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  the  Long  Island 
Railroad.  21  miles  E.  of  New  York.  The  village  is  pleasantly 
situated  about  4  miles  from  the  ocean,  at  the  terminus  of  a 
branch  railroad  2j  miles  long,  communicating  with  the 
Long  Island  Railroad.  It  contains  churches  of  the  Pre.sby- 
terians,  Episcopalians,  and  Methodists,  several  seminaries, 
3  newspaper  offices,  and  numerous  stores.  Rockaway  Beach 
is  in  this  township.  Pop.  about  2000;  of  the  township, 
12.:i76. 

HEMPSTEAD  BAY,  of  Queen's  co..  New  York,  situated  on 
the  S.  side  of  Long  Island,  is  0  miles  long  by  2  miles  broad. 

HEMPSTEAD  BRANCH,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  20  miles  E.  of 
Brooklyn. 

HEMPSTEAD  HARBOR,  Queen's  co.,  New  York.    Seo 

EOSLYN. 

HEMPSTON,  BROAD     See  Broao  Hempston. 

HEMPSTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HE.MPTOX,  a  parish  of  Engl.-vnd.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HEMS,  a  town  of  Syria.     See  HoMS. 

HEMSB.\CH,  hJms'b^K,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Cower  Rhine,  on  theBergstjasse,  andon  the  Maiu-Neckar 
Railway.  3  miles  N.  of  Weinheim.     Pop.  1716. 

HEMS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HEMSOEX.  (llemsoen,)  hjm'so'en.  a  Swedish  island  in  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Heruosand.  Length  from 
N.  to  S.,  5  miles;  breadth,  4  miles. 

HEMS'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HEMS/WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  on  the  North  Midland  Railway,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Barnsley.  It  has  a  grammar  school,  and  hospital  founded 
in  1548. 

HEM'YOCK.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HEX-AND-CHICK'EXS,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  in  the  Strait  of  Macassar,  in  lat.  5°  28'  S.,  Ion. 
117°  54'  E. 

HENARES,  k-niftls,  a  river  ol   Spain,  in  New  Castile. 

84.3 


HEN 


IIEN 


JoluB  tne  Jarama.  an  affluent  of  the  Tagus,  10  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Msidiid,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  75  miles. 

IIEN'liUKY.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

IIEX'BY.  a  post-office  of  Mont^oiaery  co.,  Ohio. 

HE.VDKKSlJN,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, bordering  oa  South  Carolina,  has  an  area  estimated  at 
600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  French  Broad  Kiver. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  having  the  Blue  Kidge  on  its 
S.  border.  The  soil  is  particularly  adapted  to  grazing.  Or- 
ganized in  T838.  and  named  in  honor  of  Leonard  Ilendeiv 
son,  Lite  Chief  .Tustiee  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Caro- 
lina. Capital,  Hendersonville.  Pop.  10,448,  of  whom  9066 
were  free. 

IIEXDEUSON,a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Texas, 
contains  1200  square  miles.  The  Xeches  Kiver  bounds  it 
on  the  K.,  and  the  Trinity  on  the  S.W.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating, the  .soil  fertile.  Trinity  Kiver  is  navigable  for 
keel-boats  along  the  Ixirder  of  this  county.  Organized  dur- 
ing or  since  the  year  1846,  and  named  in  honor  of  J.  Pinck- 
ney  Henderson,  first  governor  of  the  state.  Capital,  Athens. 
Pop.  4-')0.!),  of  whom  »479  were  free. 

nKNDKItSON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee,  has 
an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  Beech  and  Big  Sandy 
Rivers  rise  in  the  county,  and  flow  into  Tennessee  River. 
The  surface  is  nearlv  level ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capitil,  Lex- 
ington. Pop.  U,491,ofwhom  11,20S  were  free.and  3283  slaves. 

UEXDKKSOX.  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  Indiana,  has  an  area  estimated  at  600  square 
miles.  The  Ohio  River  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  and  it  is  also 
drained  by  Gr$ea  River.  ThesurCice  is  uneven;  the  soil  is 
generally  productive.  Stone  coal  is  abundant.  A  railroad 
h  projected  from  Henderson  to  Nashville.  Organized  in 
1798.  Capital,  Henderson.  Pop.  14,262,  of  whom  !i495  were 
free,  and  ^'iil  .slaves. 

HENDERSON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  border- 
ing on  Iowa,  h.is  an  area  of  540  square  miles.  The  Missis- 
sippi River  forms  its  W.  boundary,  and  it  is  intersected  by 
Henderson  River,  and  by  Honey  and  Ellison  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  county  contains  beds  of  stone  coal  and  lime- 
stone. It  is  intersected  by  the  Peoria  and  Oquawka  Rail- 
road. Formed  in  1841.  out  of  part  of  Warreu  county.  Capi- 
tal Oqua  wka.     Pop.  9501 . 

HENDERSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  6  miles  S.W. 
of  Sacketfs  Harbor,  in  the  collection  district  of  which  it  is 
comprised.  It  has  a  landing  on  the  lake  for  imported  mer- 
chandise, and  for  the  shipment  of  the  produce  of  the  sur- 
rounding districts.     Pop.  2419. 

HENDERSON,  a  township  of  Huntingdoa  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.     Pop.  2464. 

HENDEHSON,  a  post-oflice  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HENDEUSOX.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Granville  co.. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  railroad  between  Raleigh  and  Gas- 
ton, 45  miles  X.  of  the  former.     Pop.  1961. 

HENDERSON,  a  district  in  Hou.ston  co.,  Georgia.  P.  1429. 

HENDERSON,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Georgia,  68 
miles  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

HENDERSON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Rusk  co.. 
Texas,  about  195  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  by  E.  of  Galves- 
ton. It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  contains  a 
court-house.  2  printing  offices,  and  several  seminaries. 

HEXDKRSOX,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Hender- 
son CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River,  about  200  miles  below 
Louisville,  and  170  miles  W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  situated  in 
a  fertile  country,  the  productions  of  which  are  received  here 
for  exportation.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  this  port 
and  Louisville.  It  has  6  churches,  a  bank,  5  large  tobacco 
fiictories.  and  12  stores.  Two  newspapers  are  published 
here.  .^  railroad  is  iu  progress  from  this  place  to  Nushville 
Pop.  in  1S50.  1765. 

HEXDKRSOX,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 52  miles  X.W.  of  I'eoria. 

HEXDKRSOX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sibley  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  left  bank  of  St.  Peters  River,  60  miles  S  W.  of 
St.  Paul.  It  hiis  9  stores  and  1  newspaper  oflice.  P.  about  500 

HEXDERSUX  HAUBOK.  a  village  of  Jefferson  co..  New 
York,  on  Hungry  Bay  of  Lake  Ontario,  about  60  miles  N. 
of  Syracuse.     See  IIexdersox.  Xew  York. 

HEXDERSON'S,  a  post-offlcp  of  Greene  oo.,  Missotiri.    • 
_   HENDKRSON'S(or  KLlZABETH)ISLAXD,PacificOcean, 
m  lat.  21°  2'  S..  Ion.  129°  18'  W..  5  miles  in  length,  by  1  mile 
In  breadth,  of  a  peculiar  coral  formation,  and  thickly  covered 
with  shrubs. 

HEXDERSOX'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

HEXa)ERSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer-co.,  Penn- 
«ylvanl:i.  aliout  12  miles  E.X.E.  of  Mercer. 

HENDKRSOXVILLE.  a  post-vill.tge,  capital  of  Henderson 
CO.,  North  Carohna.  on  the  Buncombe  Turnpike,  250  miles 
W.  by  .**.  of  Raleirh.    Pop.  1740. 

HEXDKRSDXVILLE,  a  post-vilUge  of  Sumner  Co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 16  miles  X.E.  of  Nashville. 

HENDERS  )XYILLE.  a  village  of  lien rv  Co.,  Kentucky, 
32  miles  X.W .  oJ  Frankfort,  contains  1  church  and  2  storMs 


HENVDON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

HEN'DRED,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

IIENDRED.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

IIENDREFIGILL,  hen-dre-fee/ghK/W,  a  township  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Flint. 

IIEN'DRICKS,  a  county  in  the  W,  central  part  of  In. 
diana.  containing  390  .scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Whitelick  and  Eel  Rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  K'Vel,  and 
the  soil  mostly  fertile.  The  Terre  Haute  and  Indiinapolis 
Railroad  passes  through  this  county.  Organized  in  1824. 
Capital.  Panville.     Pop.  16.953. 

HENDRICKS,  a  township  in  Shelbv  CO..  Indiana.    P.  1529 

HENDRICKSBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HENDRICKS  HE.^D,  a  point  of  knd  at  the  entrance  of 
Sheepscott  River,  Maine,  containing  a  fixed  light  30  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

HENDRICKS'S  STORE,  post-office,  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

HEX'DRICKSVILLE,  a  post-office,  De  K.ilb  co..  Alab.ima. ' 

HEX'DRYSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio 
about  100  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

HEN-EGLWYS,  hjn  ^gaoo-is,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  Ang- 
lesea. 

HENEGOUWEN.    See  Haixaut. 

HEN'ERY.  a  small  fortified  island  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency, and  15  miles  S.  of  Bombay.  Lat.  18°  41'  N.,  Ion.  72<' 
57'  E.  It  is  about  600  yards  in  circumference,  and  covered 
with  buildings.  Adjacent  to  it  is  another  islet,  also  forti- 
fied, and  named  Kenery. 

HEN'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

HENFYNYW,  hfen-fin'yoo,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Cardigan. 

HENG-CHOO-FOO,  hfngVhoo'foo',  or  IIENG-TCHEOU, 
hJng-chA'oo,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  ILxi-nan.  capital 
of  a  department,  on  the  Heng-kiang,  a  considerable  afflu- 
ent of  the  Y'ang-tse-kiang.  lilt.  20°  55'  N.,  Ion.  11-2°  18'  E. 
It  is  reported  to  have  a  large  manufactory  of  paper. 

HENGELO,  h^ng'Hgh-16',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Overy.ssel,  34  mUes  SJi.  of  Zwolle.  Pop.  with 
parish,  3561. 

HENGELO,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Guel« 
derland.  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Arnhem.   Pop.  with  parish.  2867. 

HENGERSBURG,  hJng'frs-b^EG\  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Bavaria,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  23  miles  N.W.  of 
Pas.sau.     Pop.  900. 

HENG-KIANG.  hJng^ke-ing',  a  river  of  China,  province 
of  Hoo-nan.  after  a  X.  course  of  nearly  300  miles  traversen 
Ii:ike  Tong-ting.  and  enters  the  Yang-tse-Kiang.  The  cities 
of  Heng-choo  and  Chang-sha  are  on  its  banks. 

HENGOED,  h^ng'o-ed  or  hSn'gwSd,  a  hamlet  of  Soutli 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

UEN'GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HEN'H.4M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ks.sex. 

HENIN-LIETARD,  hA'nJjio'-le-i'taR',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  16  miles  S.  of  Bethune.  Pop. 
iu  1852.  3142. 

HEN'LEY'.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

HEX'LEY-ix-AR/DEN,_^a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Arrow  and  Alue,  in  the 
district  tbrming  the  ancient  forest  of  .■Vrden,  8i  miles  W.  of 
Warwick.  Pop.  in  1^51,  1143.  It  contains  a  church  with  a 
beautiful  interior,  of  the  time  of  Edward  111.,  remains  of  an 
ancient  market-cross,  an  endowed  school,  and  a  branch  bank. 

HENLEY-COLD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HEX'LEY  HOUSE,  a  station  of  the  Hudsons  B."iy  Com- 
pany, 150  miles  S.W.  of  Albany  Fort,  on  the  Albany,  in  lat 
51°  N..  lou.S5°0'W. 

HEN'LHY'S  STORE,  a  postofflce  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia. 

HENLEY'-ON-THAMES,  a  municipal  torough,  and  mar- 
ket-town of  England,  co.  of  Oxford,  4i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Twy- 
ford,  on  a  branch  of  the  Great  \\estern  Railway.  Pop.  in  . 
1851,  3733.  The  town  is  beautifully  situated  at  'the  foot  of 
the  Chiltern  Hills,  which  are  here  richly  wooded.  It  has 
an  elegant  five-arched  stone  bridge  across  the  Thames,  a 
Gothic  church  with  a  lofty  spire,  said  to  have  been  built  by 
Cardinal  Wolsey,  two  united  grammar  schools,  founded  in 
the  reign  of  James  I.,  numerous  alms-houses,  and  c^mside^ 
able  trade  in  malt.  corn,  and  timber,  by  the  Thames,  with 
London  and  other  towns. 

HENLL.\.X,  hen'/Afan.  a  pjirish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

HENLL.\X,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

HEN-LLAN-A.MGOED,  hen-y//an-am'go-M(oraui'g\>M,)  a 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

HEX'LLYS,  a  piiri.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth 

HENLOl'EN,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Hexlopen. 

HEN'LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

HENNEBERU,  hto'neh-b^BG\  a  town  of  Germatr-,  duchy 
of  Saxe-Meiningen,  6  miles  S.M'.  of  Meiningen,  with  a  c.ts- 
tie  of  its  ancient  count.s,  and  504  inhabitants.  The  county 
of  Henueberg,  now  subdivided  among  Prussian  Saxony, 
Hesse-Cas.sel,  and  the  duchies  of  Saxe- Weimar,  Colinrg.  anj 
Meiningen,  contained  the  towns  of  Schmulkaldmi,  Mein- 
iuuen.  Kalten-Nordheini.  and  Schleu.singen. 

IIENNEBUN,  h^nn'b<!>.\<i',  a  town  of  Franco,  department 
of  Morbiliau,  on  the  letl  buik  of  the  Ulavet,  26  mile*  W.^'  .W 


HEN 


HEN 


of  Vannes.  This  was  a  fortress  famous  in  the  wars  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  having  been  successfully  defended  by 
the  Counless  de  Montfort  against  the  French,  in  1341.  Pop. 
in  1852.  4770. 

IIENXEG  AU,  a  province  of  Belgium.    See  II.usaut. 

HEN'NKPIN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Minnesota,  con- 
tains about  600  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  K.  by  the 
Mississippi,  on  the  N.W.  by  Crow  Kiver, and  on  the  S.E.  by 
the  Minnesota  or  St.  Peter's.  The  surface  is  undulating  or 
level,  and  partly  covered  with  forests.  Formed  since  1850. 
Capital,  .Minneapolis.  Named  in  honor  of  Louis  Hennepin, 
who  first  explored  this  territory.     Pop.  12,849. 

1IKNNEI>IN.  a  post-township  of  Putnam  Co.,  Illinois, 
contains  tlie  county-seat. 

IIENNKPIN',  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Putnam 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  left  banlt  of  the  Illinois  Kiver,  115  miles 
N.  of  Springfield.  Steamboats  navigate  the  river  between 
its  mouth  and  Hennepin  in  all  seasons  except  winter.  It 
has  an  active  business  in  shipping  produce.  Pop.  in  18C0, 
1132. 

HEXNERSDORF,  hSn'ners-donr,  or  UNTER  BRANNA, 
Mn'ter  brdn'ni.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow.  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Sowinetz  with  the  Kibe.     Pop.  1228. 

HEXNKKSDORF.  hJn'ners-doRP,  or  IIEXRICIISDORP, 
hJn'riKs-doKf\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau. 
Pop.  13!iri. 

HEXNER8D0RF,  Gross,  groce  hJn'ners-donf\  a  village 
of  Ciprmany,  in  .*axony,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Bautzen.  Pop.  1272. 
mostly  of  the  Moravian  (Herrnhut)  sect,  who  have  here  a 
seminary. 

IIEXXKR?DORF-IN-SETFE\,  hJn'ngrs-doRr-insi'ffn,  a 
town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  1  mile  N.W.  of  Gross  Hen- 
nersdorf     I'op.  5577,  engaged  in  weaving.  &c. 

HEX'XIKER,  a  post-township  of  Merrimack  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Merrimack  and  Connecticut  Rivers  R.iil- 
road.  and  on  the  Contoocook  Valley  Railroad.  10  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1500. 

HEN'.N'OCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HENX'KY'S-.M(MT.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

HEXXUVKIIES,  hJnViiVaiR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Ilainaut.  on  the  railway  from  Brussels  to  Braine-le- 
Compte.     I'op.  1541. 

HKX'XY,  (JKEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HEX'NY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Ent'land,  co.  of  Kssex. 

HENOX,  hfh-n(!>N°',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6tes-du-\ord,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Brieuc.     J'op.  3329. 

nEX'FlOCK,  a  post-office  of  Shannon  co.,  Missouri.   . 

HEXRI-CHAPELLE,  hSxxVee'-sha'pJll',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province,  and  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Liege,     i'op.  1.3:i0. 

IiE^'IUCHEMO^T.  hflNo'reesh'mAN'o'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Cher,  14  miles  W.  of  Sancerre.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3500. 

HENRICO,  hJn-ri'co,  a  county  towards  the  S.E.  part  of 
A'irgini.i.  has  an  area  of  280  square  miles.  The  James  River 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  Chirkahominy  on 
the  N.E.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  of  moderate 
height,  presenting  abrupt  precipices  along  the  banks  of  the 
rivers.  The  soil,  with  small  exceptions,  is  light  and  infe- 
rior. The  dividing  line  between  the  tertiary  and  primary 
formations  passes  through  the  county.  Large  quantities 
of  bituminous  coal  are  procured  in  the  western  part.  The 
falls  of  J.-imes  River,  at  Richmond,  afford  extensive  water- 
power.  The  James  River  and  Kanawha  Canal  has  its  K. 
terminus  in  this  county,  and  three  lines  of  railways  connect 
with  eacti  other  at  Richmond.  Henrico  is  the  most  popu- 
lous county  in  the  state.  Capital,  Richmond.  Named  in 
honor  of  Prince  Henry  of  England,  son  of  James  I.  Pop. 
61,616,  of  whom  41,575  were  free,  and  20.041  slaves. 

HEX'I'.iK'S  FOKIv,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co.,  Virginia. 

HENMII  ETTA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  .Monroe  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Genesee  River,  and  on  the  Rochester  and 
Genesee  Valley  Railroad,  7  miles  S.  of  Rochester.  The  vil- 
lage contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  of  the 
township.     Pop.  2249. 

H  KN  KI  ETTA,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee. 

HICNliliiTTA,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Lorain 
CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  1143. 

HEM'.IETTA,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Jack- 
son CO..  Mil  higan.     Pop.  897. 

HEN'IJY.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  AMrginia,  bordering 
on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  about  325  square-miles. 
Smith's  liiver,  an  affluent  of  the  Dan,  flows  through  the 
county.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Formed  in  177t),  and  named 
(as  well  as  those  which  follow,)  in  honor  of  the  celebrated 
orator,  Patrick  Henry.  Capital,  Martinsville.  Pop.  12,105, 
of  whom  7087  were  free,  and  5018  slaves. 

H  EXRY.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
las  an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  X.E.  by  South  River,  a  branch  of  the  Ocmulgee,  and 
tlso  drained  by  Cotton  River,  and  Towaliga,  Tussahaw, 
Sandy,  and  Indian  Creeks.  The  surface  is  partly  covered 
with  forests  ;  the  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  Gold,  iron,  and 
quartz  are  enumerated  among  the  mii:erals;  the  former, 
however,  is  found  only  in  small  quantities.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad.    Organized 


in  1821.    Capital,  IMcDonough.    Pop.  10,702,  of  whom  6187 
were  tree,  and  4515  slaves. 

H  EX  RY,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Alabama, 
bor  leringon  Georgia  and  Florida,  has  an  area  of  lOSO  square 
miles.  TheChatt.ahoochee  forms  the  E.  boundary.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  said  to  be  poor.  A  large  part  q1 
the  county  is  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  The  river  is  na 
vigable  by  steamboats  along  the  E.  border.  Capital,  Abbe- 
ville.    Pop.  19,133,  of  whom  13.603  were  free. 

HENRY,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  Kentucky:  area  estimated  at  550  .square  mllea 
The  E.  boundary  is  formed  by  the  Tennes.see  River,  and  its 
affluent,  the  Big  Sandy.  Two  forks  of  the  Obion  rise  in  the 
countv  and  flow  W.  The  .soil  is  productive.  Capital,  Paris. 
Pop.  14,91  S,  of  whom  1 0,485  were  free.  an<l  44.33  slaves. 

HENRY,  a  county  in  the  N.  p.art  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  220  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.E.  by  the  Kentucky  River,  navigable  by  steamlwiats,  and 
drained  by  Drennon's  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is 
generally  undulating,  and  adorned  with  forests  of  o.ik, 
beech,  and  sugar-maple.  The  soil  is  of  limestone  forma- 
mation.  and  remarkably  fertile.  The  county  contains  abun- 
dance of  fine  limestone.  Henry  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Ijouisville  and  Frankfort  Railroad,  and  by  the  route  of  the 
projected  Louisville  and  Covington  i'ailroad.  Organized  in 
1798.  Capital,  Newcastle.  Pop.  11,949,  of  whom  8638  were 
free,  and  3311  slaves. 

HEXRY,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  500  square  miles.  It  is  inter.«ccted  by  the 
Slaumee  Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Beaver  and  Turkey 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  ani  the  soil  fertile. 
The  county  is  traversed  by  the  ^Vabash  and  Erie  Canal,  and 
by  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad.  Capital,  Napoleon. 
I'op.  8001. 

HEXRY,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Indi.ana,  con- 
tains .385  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Blue  Kiver  and 
Fall  Creek.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating,  with  several 
tracts  of  level  land  :  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  is  intei^ 
sected  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  by  the  Richmond  and 
Newcastle  Railroad.  Organized  in  1821.  Capital,  Newcas- 
tle.   Pop.  20,119. 

HEXRY,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Illinois,  a  few  miles 
from  the  Mississippi  River,  has  an  area  of  !*.jO  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Rock  and  Green  Rivers  and  Edward's 
Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified  with  prairies  and  forests; 
the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  contains  extensive  beds  of 
stone  coal.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago  and  Rock 
Island  Railroad.  Organized  in  1837.  Capital,  Cambridge. 
Pop.  20.660. 

HENRY,  formerly  RIVES,  reevz,  a  county  in  the  W.  part 
of  M  issouri,  has  an  area  of  750  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Grand  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Osage,  and  also  drained 
by  Big,  Deepwater.  and  Tebo  (Thibaut)  Creeks.  The  Osage 
River  crosses  the  S.E.  corner  of  the  county.  The  surface  is 
moderately  diversified,  consisting  partly  of  prairies,  inter- 
spersed with  forests  of  the  oak,  walnut,  &c.  The  soil  is 
generally  fertile.  The  prairies  are  stored  with  large  bodies 
of  stono  coal.  Capital,  Clinton,  i'op.  9866,  of  whom  8621 
were  free. 

HENRY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area 
of  about  430  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Skunk 
Kiver,  an  affluent  of  the  Mississippi,  and  .also  drained  by 
Cedar  Creek.  The  soil  is  highly  productive,  and  easily  cul- 
tivated. The  greater  p.art  of  the  county  consists  of  prairies, 
among  which  tracts  of  woodland  are  interspersed.  Lime- 
stone underlies  a  part  of  the  county,  and  stone  coal  is 
thought  to  be  abundant.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Burlington  and  Jlissouri  River  Railroad.  Named  in  honor 
of  General  James  D.  Henry,  of  Illinois.  Capital,  Mount 
Pleasant.    Pop.  18,701. 

HENRY,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co.,  Virginia. 

HENRY,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  454. 

HEXRY,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana.     Poj).  1373. 

HE.NRY,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana.  Population, 
2421. 

HENRY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Marshall  co..  Illinois, 
is  situated  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  Illinois  River,  33  milew 
by  railroad  N.N.E.  of  Peoria.  A  large  quantity  of  grain  is 
bought  and  shipped  at  this  town.  Laid  out  about  1840. 
I'op.  of  the  township,  2238. 

HENRY  CLAY,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1077. 

HENRY  CLAY  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Newcastle  co., 
Delaware. 

HEXRY  CREEK,atownshipofAd!imsco.. Illinois.  P.891. 

HEN'RYSBURG,  asnianvilhtgeofRIairco..  I'ennsylvani.'u 

IIEX/RYSBURG,  a  village  of  Can.ada  East,  in  the  parish 
of  Lacolle.'32  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  75. 

HENRY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

HEX'RYSVILLE,  a  post-officeof  Monroe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

HEXRYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  Alabama. 

HEXRYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky. 

HEXRYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Tennesson 

HEN'RYVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lawrence  co, 

845 


HEN 

reiiii«gpee,  oii  Buff^^lo  River,  about  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nash- 
villt).  has  3  or  4  stores. 

IIENKYVILLE,  a  station  of  Indiana,  on  the  Jefferson- 
Tille  Railroad.  "29  miles  N.  of  Jeffensonvillo. 

HHNRYVILLK,  a  po.st-viUn-e  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Rou- 
ville.  37  miles  S.E.  of  Montie,%l.  It  contains  several  stores 
and  hotels.    Pop.  about  1200. 

HENSCIIAU,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Hanusfalva. 

HEN'SHAW,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

IIENSIES.  h  Jns'yfs  or  hSNO^see',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  llainaut,  11^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  2067. 

IIENSIXGIIAM,  a  townshipofEngland,  CO.  of  Cumberland. 

HENS'LEY,  a  township  of  Johnson  co..  Indiana.    P.  1413. 

HEN'SONVILLE.  a  po.st-office  of  Greene  co.,  New  York. 

HEX'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

nE.NST'KIDGE,  a  pari.-h  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  5i 
miles  S.  of  Wincanton.  In  a  house  here,  which  is  still  an 
inn.  tobacco  is  said  to  have  been  first  publicly  smoked  in 
England,  by  Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

HKNT'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

nEXZAD.^H.  hjn-zd'd3,  a  town  of  the  Burmese  aoniinions, 
province,  and  66  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Pegu,  on  the  Irrawaddy. 

H  KOXG-SII  AN,  hf-ong'-shdn',  a  commercial  town  of  China, 
province  of  Quang-tong,  on  a  branch  of  the  Canton  River, 
22  miles  N.W.  of  Macao. 

Hi;P'BUKN.  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  862. 

IIEPER.TES,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Eperies. 

IIEPPENHIilM,  hi^p'pe)!-hime\  a  walled  town  of  Ilesse- 
Darm.-;tadt,  on  the  Main-Neckar  Railway,  16  miles  S.  of 
Darmstadt.     Pop.  4170. 

IIi;PPENHi;iM  AN-PER-WXESE,  hfp'pen-hime'in-d?r- 
l^ee'zfh,  a  villaire  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  33  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Mentz,  on  the  Kisbach.     Pop.  1336. 

HKPTONSTALL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  liidins. 

nKl''\V(>liTir,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

IIEPWORXII,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kidin<r. 

H ER ACLE A  or  HER ACLEIA.    See  Ereglee 

HERACLEA  or  PERINTHUS.     See  Eregli. 

IIERAKLIA  or  Hi'iRACLIA,  hJr'd-klee'i,  (anc.  Dony'sa.) 
a  small  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  6  miles  S.  of 
Naxos.  4  miles  lomr.  and  3  wide. 

HERAT.  her4t'.  HERAUT.  he-r^t',  or  HERATH,  her-^fh, 
formerly  HiiRI,  hA'ree\  a  strongly  fortified  city  of  West 
Afghanistan,  capital  of  an  independent  ehiefship,  near  the 
Herri-Rood,  or  Uury  River,  360  miles  W.  of  Cabool,  and  200 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Meshed,  in  Khorassan.  Lat.  34°  50'  N.,  Ion. 
62°  30'  E.  Elevation,  2500  feet.  Pop.,  before  its  unsuccessful 
siege  by  the  Persians  in  1838,  was  estimated  at  45.000,  but 
now  probably  much  le.ss.  A  ditch,  mound,  and  bastioned 
wall  enclose  an  oWong  area,  1  mile  in  length,  er.tered  liy  5 
gates,  the  interior  di\  ided  by  four  arched  bazaars,  meeting 
in  a  domed  quadrangle  in  the  centre  of  the  city.  Herat  has 
been  stated  to  contain  4000  dwelling-houses,  1200  shops,  17 
caravanserais,  20  public  baths,  some  fine  reservoirs,  and 
numerous  mosques,  the  principal  of  which  is  a  large  struc- 
ture of  the  thirteenth  century.  On  the  N.  side  of  the  city  is 
a  strong  citadel,  and  without  the  walls  are  some  magnificent 
ruins  of  a  religious  edifice,  and  an  enormous  mound,  raised 
by  Nadir  Shah.  The  vicinity  is  very  beautiful,  and  irrigated 
by  numerous  canals,  and  highly  productive,  and  Herat  has 
been  visually  one  of  the  most  flourishing  places  in  the  Ivast, 
as  a  grand  central  mart  for  the  products  of  India.  China. 
Tartary,  Afghanistan,  and  Persia.  It  has  manufactures  of 
carpets,  sheep-skin,  caps  and  cloaks,  shoes.  &c.  Most  of  its 
wealthy  merchants  are  Hindoos.  It  was  a  long  time  capital 
of  the  empire  founded  by  Tamerl.ane.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Persians  by  the  Alghans  in  1715.  retaken  by  Nadir  Shah  in 
1731,  and  recovered  by  the  Afghans  in  1749.  Its  territory 
now  extends  N.  to  the  Moorghaub  Mountains,  and  E.  nearly 
to  Candahar;  and  it  is  still  a  post  of  great  militiiry  as  well 
as  cornmercial  importance. 

HEKAULT,  bi'rO'  or  iV6',  (anc.  Aranhh.)  a  river  of 
France,  rises  in  the  Cevennes,  department  of  Gard,  and  en- 
ters the  Mediterranean,  near  Agde,  department  of  H6rault. 
It  is  riaviL'able  for  7  miles.' 

HEliAULT,  a  maritime  department  of  the  S.  of  France, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  formed  of  a  portion  of  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc.  Area,  2.3S2  wiu.ai-e  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  409,391.  The  surface  is  traversed  by  offsets  of  the  Ce- 
vennes. interspersed  by  fine  valleys.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Hfirault.  Orb.  and  I.ez:  coasts  low.  formin:r  vast  etatigs, 
(marshy  lakes.)  Soil  fertile  in  grain,  fruits,  and  wines.  The 
mineral  products  comprise  coal.  iron.  lead,  copper,  fine  build- 
ing-stone, and  marble.  The  marshes  furnish  a  great  quantity 
of  sjilt.  C^ommerce  ia  facilitated  by  means  of  the  Canal  du 
Midi,  and  by  railways  from  Montpellier  to  Cett«  and  NImes. 
Capital.  Montpellier.  The  dep.artment  is  divided  into  the 
four  arroiidiseements  of  Montpellier,  Beziers,  Lodfeve,  and 
St.  Pons. 

nEKI$ER\..hJR/bfrn.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  16 
miles  S.  of  MUnster.    Pop.  1000. 
84t} 


HER 

HERTiERT,  a  post- village  of  Kemper  co..  5Iississippl. 

HERBERTJNGEN.  h^R'bgr-tingVn,  a  village  of  WurteiQ. 
berg.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Saulgen.     Pop.  1272. 

HERBERTSIIOFEN,  hJn/bfrts-hoYen,  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Sw.abia,  11  miles  N.  of  Augsburg. 

HERBESTHAL,  hJR'l)es-t^r,  a  station  on  the  Belgium 
Railway,  between  Aix-la-Chapelle  and  Verviers. 

HERBEUMONT.  h^R^buh^mAs"'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  in 
Luxembourg,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Neufbateau.     Pop.  9>.t2. 

HERBIERS.  Les,  lAz  teHie-.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vendee,  on  the  Maine  24  miles  N.E.  of  Bourbon- 
Vendee.     Pop.  1300. 

HERBIGNAC,  hJR^been'yJk',  a  town  of  France,  depait- 
ment  of  Loire-Inferieure,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Savenay.  Pop. 
in  1852,  3555. 

HERBITZHEIM,  h5R''iits-hIme\  (Fr.  pron.  h?R^beefsJm'.) 
a  villaoie  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  22  miles  N.W. 
of  Saverne.     Pop.  1900. 

IIERBLAY,  hte^blA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-etrOise,  on  the  Seine,  and  on  the  Railway  from  Paris 
to  Calais.  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Paris.     Pop.  1564. 

HERBOLZHEIM,  h6R/bolts-hInie\  a  town  of  Baden,  16 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  2057. 

HERBOKN,  hjR'boRn,  a  town  of  central  Germany,  duchy 
and  32  miles  N.E.  of  Nassau,  on  the  Dille.  Pop.  2207.  It  in 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  an  old  hill  fortress,  and  a  famous 
Calvinist  seminary,  established  in  1584. 

IIERBRAND'STON,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

HERBRECIITINGEN,  h^RHir5Kt'ing-en.  a  vilKage  of  Wiir- 
temberg,  on  the  Brenz,  10  miles  N.N.E.'of  Ulm.     Pop.  1524. 

HERBSLEBEN,  hjRbslAMjen.  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  Saxe-Gotha,  on  the  Unstrut,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Go- 
tha.     Pop.  1480. 

HERBSTEIN.  heRVstine.  a  town  of  IIes.se-Darmstadt,  14 
miles  W.  of  Fulda.     Pop.  1616. 

HERCK.  hJRk,  or  HERKE,  hSR'keh,  a  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Limbourg,  on  the  Ilerck,  9  miles  W.  of  Ilasselt. 
Pop.  1763. 

HERCULA'NEUMor  HERCULA'NUM,  (It.  Ermlano,  ?r- 
ko-li'no,)  an  ancient  and  buried  city  of  South  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Naples,  near  the  Bay  of  Naples 
and  at  the  W.  declivity  of  Mount  Ve.suvius,  during  the 
ei'uption  of  which,  a.  d.  79,  it  was  submerged  by  a  flood  of 
lava  and  showers  of  ashes.  Its  site  was  discovered  in  1713, 
and  although  extensive  excavations  have  been  made,  little 
more  than  a  pirt  of  the  ancient  theatre  remains  visible. 

IIERCUL.VNEUM,  a  post-village  of  Jeffenson  co.,  Mis- 
.souri,  on  the  Jlississippi  River,  30  miles  below  St.  Louis. 
It  was  formerly  the  county  seat,  and  a  great  mart  for  the 
lead  procured  from  the  mines  in  the  vicinity.  The  place 
was  almost  entirely  destroved  by  a  flood  in  1844. 

HERCY.N'IA  SYLVA.    See  Harz  and  Black  Forest. 

IIKKCYNIAN  FOREST,  Germany.    See  H.arz. 

HERCY.NII  MONTES.    See  Black  Forest. 

HKKDEKE,  h}RM.iMieh,  lIElirtEGGE,  or  HERDECKE, 
h'RMJk'keb,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  on  the  Ruhr, 
and  on  the  railway  between  Dortmund  and  Elberfeld,  16 
miles  S.  of  Dortmund.     Pop.  2'iOS. 

HEREFORD,  h?r/e-ford.  or  HEREFORDSHIRE,  her'e-ford- 
shir,  an  inland  county  of  England,  comprising  an  area  of 
552.320  acres,  of  which  470,400  are  in  grass  and  arable.  Pop. 
in  1851.  115.489.  Surface  beautifully  undulating,  .and  the 
soil  unusually  fertile.  Principal  hills,  the  Hatterel  i-ange 
of  the  Black  Mountains  in  the  S.W.,  and  the  Malvern  on 
the  E.  Chief  rivers,  the  Wye.  Lugg,  Arrow,  Frome,  and 
JIunnow.  Chief  agricultural  produce,  wheat  and  barley, 
apples,  pears,  and  hops,  all  of  superior  quality.  The  apple 
crop  is  the  largest  in  England,  and  estimated  to  yield  not 
less  than  20.000  hogsheads  of  cider,  mostly  of  superior  quality. 
About  13,000  acres  are  devoted  to  hops.  Oak-bark  is  also  an 
important  production.  Hereford  is  divided  into  11  hun- 
dreds. Chief  towns.  Hereford,  Leominster.  Weobley.  Ross, 
and  Bromyard.  It  sends  7  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, 3  of  which  are  for  the  county.  Hereford  forme<l  a 
part  of  the  ancient  British  Siluria.  and  was  one  of  the  last 
provinces  which  submitted  to  the  Saxons,  under  whom  it 
formed  a  part  of  Mercia.  Numerous  ruined  castles  testify 
its  former  military  importance  as  a  border  county. 

HEREFORD,  a  city,  episcopal  see,  and  parjianientary 
and  municipal  borough  of  England,  capital  of  the  above 
county,  on  the  Wye,  here  crossed  bv  a  bridge  of  6  aiohes,  19 
miles  N.  of  .Monmouth.  Pop.  of  the  city  in  1861,  15,625.  It 
stands  in  a  richly  cultivated  and  beautiful  valley.  'The 
streets  are  generally  broad :  houses  well-built,  though  in 
great  part  ancient.  Principal  edifices,  the  Catliedral.  built 
in  the  early  Norman  style,  in  1072;  li^ngth,  325  feet :  height 
of  central  tower.  ItO  ieet.  H  contains  many  fine  monu- 
ments, and  attached  to  it  is  a  chapter-house,  ladye-chapel, 
valuable  library,  cloisters,  Ac.  but  its  general  beauty  is 
much  impaired  by  the  incongruous  W.  front,  reVuiilt  in 
1786.  A  triennial  musical  festival  is  held  here.  The  Epis- 
copal Palace  is  ancient,  and  surrounded  by  large  gardens; 
the  College  is  a  venerable  pile,  forming  a  quadrangle.  Th« 
Grammar  School,  partly  supported  by  the  dean  and  cliaptor, 
has  20  exhibitions  to  the  University,  but  it  is  not  in  uiu.b 


HER 


HER 


reptite.  Amont;  ttie  charities,  for  the  ntimber  of  which 
HerefiT(t  is  fiimons.  are  11  ancient  hospitals,  or  alms-houses, 
yieldin.'  tnirether  about  ISO'/,  per  annum.  The  other  pub- 
lic stru"tnivs  are  the  handsome  County  Hall,  the  County 
Jail,  and  llmise  nf  Coi-rection.  ancient  Town-hall.  City  Jail, 
Theatre,  of  whi'h  the  Ivenilile  family  long  had  the  manage- 
ment, a  handsome  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  larfre  infirmary, 
supported  tiy  voluntary  contributions,  a  lunatic  hospital, 
union  work-house,  market-hou.se.  b.ink.  and  Nelson  monu- 
ment, ruins  of  a  monastery  of  lilack  Friars,  and  some  re- 
mains of  the  castle  and  city  walls.  Hereford  has  an  in- 
creasinj^  trade  in  cider,  hnps,  corn,  wool,  hark,  and  timber, 
Which  will  be  much  facilitated  by  the  Hereford  and  Glou- 
cester Canal,  the  navijration  of  the  rirer  beins  dependent 
on  season,  &c.  Coals  are  brought  from  Abergavenny  by 
railway ;  and  several  railways  connect  the  city  with  Shrews- 
bury, Worcester,  (Jlnucesfc-r.  Ac.  The  October  fair  is  the 
largest  in  Kngland  for  cattle  and  cheese.  The  city  is  a 
polling-place,  and  the  chief  place  of  election  for  the  county; 
it  has  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons  since  the 
time  of  Kd  ward  I.  The  diocese  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  in 
Kngl.-tnd.  being  of  Uritish  origin,  and  reestablished  by  the 
Sa.\ons  in  (iSO.  .\mong  the  celebrated  bishops  of  this  see 
were — Thomas  Cantilupe.  who  died  in  1285.  and  wa.s  canon- 
ized. Fox  the  Reformer.  Godwin,  and  Dr.  Ileadley.  Here- 
ford suffered  much  from  the  Welsh,  during  the  Saxon  era, 
from  the  liarons'  wars,  under  the  Plantagenets,  and  from 
those  of  the  seventeenth  centurj',  when  it  warmly  espoused 
the  side  of  the  king,  and  was  one  of  the  last  places  which 
held  out  against  the  parliament.  During  the  Middle  Ages 
it  gave  the  title  of  earl  to  the  great  house  of  IJohun,  and 
now  gives  th.'it  of  viscount  to  the  Devereux  family.  The 
city  is  celebrated  in  historic  records  as  having  been  the 
birthplace  of  Nell  flwynn  and  David  Garrick.  and  the  school 
in  which  the  genius  of  Clive,  Siddons,  and  Kemble  was  fos- 
tered and  developed. 

HER'KFURD.  a  post-township  forming  the  E.  extremity 
of  Berks  CO..  I'ennsylvania.     I'op.  1372. 

IIERI-:Fi>1!D.  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  JIaryland,  52 
miles  X.  bv  W.  of  .\nnapolis. 

11 KR  KF(  )1!  0.  LirrLK.  a  parish  of  RIngland,  co.of  Hereford. 

HERKFOIiD'S.  a  post-otlice  of  Mason  co.,  Virginia. 

HERHKOIiOSdlliF.  a  county  of  England.    SeellEREFORD. 

HER  KG  1 1.  hVraig'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  21  miles 
E.S.K.  of  Ki.morn.     Pop.  iy.')l. 

H1;RE.\CI.\,  A-r^n'the-3.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
36  miles  N.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.     l>op.  6400. 

IIERENT.  h.'i  rent'  or  h;i'rflN'o'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Sciuth  i?rabant.  2  miles  N.AV.  of  Louvain.    Pop.  2120. 

IIERKNTIIALS,  hA'ren-tals\  a  small  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Antwerp,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Turnhout.  Pop. 
3162. 

HERENTIIOUT.  h.A'ren-tOwt\  a  small  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  .\ntweip.  I.t  miles  .*.W.  of  Turnhout.     Pop.  2157. 

HEKFFKI.IXO  KN.  h^iif'n-h-lingVn,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Rrabant.  Vi  miles  .*<.W.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1746. 

HERFORD.  hcR'foRt.  or  HEHVORDEN.  hte'foR-den.  a 
town  of  Prussia.  Westphalia,'  on  the  Werra,  and  on  the 
Cologne  and  Minden  Raihvay,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Miuden. 
Pop.  6550.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  cloth  and  yarn, 
leather,  tob.acco,  and  linens:  a  large  prison,  ar.senal.  gymna- 
sium, six  churches,  and  the  central  museum  of  arts,  anti- 
quities, and  manufactures,  for  the  province. 

HERGMKS.  In^i.nVee'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  on  the  Scheldt.  7  miles  X.  of  Valenciennes.  Pop.  1600. 
H15rTC.  h:i'reek'.  a  villaire  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Iriferieure.  14  miles  X.X.W.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852.  4474. 

Hl^RICOURT.  hii'ree'kooR',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaute-Saone.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Lure.  Pop.  in  1852,  3770. 
It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  linen  yarn  and  cloth, 
calico,  printed  goOd.'J.  and  hosiery. 

HERIXGEX,  h;t'ring-en.  a  town  of  Prussi.an  Saxony,  50 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Merselmrg,  on  the  Ilelme.     Pop.  2120. 

HERIXGEX,  a  market-town  of  Hesse-Cassel.  province  of 
Fulda.  on  the  Werra.  14  miles  S.  E.  of  Rothenburg.     Pop.  1224. 

HERIXX  ES.hirrinn'or  h:\'reen'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  South  Braliant.  17  miUs  S.W.  of  Brussels.   P'.p.  3720. 

HERIXX  ES,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Iluinaut, 
on  the  Scheldt,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Tournay.     Pop.  1700. 

IIERIODR;  ht^rVoor',  a  town  of  India,  in  Mysore,  26 
miles  N.W.  of  Sera,  with  a  temple  and  granite  obelisk. 

HER'IOT.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kdinburgh. 

HERI-RODI).  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Herri-Rood. 

IIERIS.\II.  hi\'re-s(5w\  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
7  miles  N.W.  of  Appenzell,  situated  in  the  district  of  Outer 
Rhodes.     Pop.  2.'i0i). 

HKRISSDX.  hWeesVAxo'.  a  town  of  France,  19  miles 
N.N.E,  of  MontluQon.    Pop.  1407. 

nERISTAl>.  a  village  of  Belirium.    See  Herstai,. 

HERJEADALKX,  (,Herjeadalen,)  hjR'yfi-o-drien.  a  district 
of  Sweden,  forming  the  S.  part  of  the  l^n  of  Ostersund, 
and  named  from  the  IIerje-5n.  which  waters  it. 

HERJE-AX.  (Herje-Sn.)  hSR'yA-on\  a  river  of  Sweden, 
joins  the  Ijjusne  above  Sveg.  after  a  course  of  40  miles. 

HEKKEN  BOSCH,  h§R'kfu-bosK\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 


lands, province  of  Limburg.  5  miles   S.E.  of  Koenaord 
Pop.  1231. 

HER'KIMER,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  New 
Vork,  has  an  area  of  about  1300  square  miles.  It  is  partly 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  East  Canada  Creek,  and  is  intersected 
by  the  Mohawk  River,  being  drained  by  these  streams, 
together  with  West  Canada  Creek.  Black  liiver.  and  iiH 
tributaries.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly  and  sometimes 
mountainous.  The  .soil  along  the  valleys  of  its  streams  is 
of  a  superior  quality,  and  in  many  of  the  hilly  distri  ts  fer^ 
tile.  In  IS.'iO  this  county  produced  9.548,009  pounds  of  cheese, 
the  greatest  qu.antity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  United 
States.  Herkimer  county  abounds  in  iron  ore,  limestona, 
and  building-stone;  sonre  lead,  plumbago,  .and  gypsum,  are 
found.  Near  Little  Falls,  beautiful  specimens  of  qnarti 
crystal  are  abundant.  The  Utica  and  Syracu.''e  Railroad 
and  the  Erie  Canal  traverse  the  southern  part  of  this  county. 
Organized  in  1791.  and  named  and  enlarged  in  1817.  Capi- 
tal, Herkimer.     Pop.  40,561. 

HERKIMER,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Her- 
kimer CO.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  on  the  Erie 
Canal,  and  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  78  miles 
W.N.W.  of  .Albany.  The  village  has  a  conrt-lumse.a churches, 
a  bank,  an  academy,  a  newsi)aper  office,  a  paper-mill  and 
other  mills.     Pop.  about  1400;  of  the  township,  2Sol. 

HKRKINGEX,  h^R/king-Hen.  an  agricultural  villatre  of 
Holland,  province  of  South  Holland,  15  miles  S.  of  Briel, 
Pop.  600. 

HERLESHAUSEN,  hjRif.s-hdw'zen,  a  village  of  Hesse- 
Cassel.  circle  of  Eschwege,  with  the  handsome  palace  of 
Augustenau,  a  residence  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse-Philipps- 
thal.     Pop.  1042. 

H  ERM,  one  of  the  smaller  Channel  Islands,  2k  miles  from 
the  coast  of  Guernsey.     Pop.  38. 

IIERM.\X',  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

HERM.AN,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Dodge  co, 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  2008. 

HER.MANMIESTETZ,  hJR'mln-meesHi^ts.  HKKMAN- 
MIESTEC,  h^R/man-meesH^ts,  or  HKRMAXSTaDT,  h^R/ 
.m3n-stdt\  a  municipal  town  of  Bohemia,  5  miles  W.  of  Chru- 
dim.     Pop.  2665. 

HER'.M.A.NN,  (Ger.  pron.  h?R'm3nn.)  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Gasconade  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  ri'zht  bank  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  44  miles  E.  of  Jefferson  City,  was  settled  by 
Germans  in  1837.  It  is  on  the  Pacilic  Kailroad.  Pop.  in 
1850.944;  in  1860,  1103. 

HERMAXNSTADT  or  HERMANSTADT,  hf^R/man-stitt'. 
(linn.  Kcffy  &eben.  n6dj  sA'bJn^;  L.  Cihinium.)  a.  town  oi 
.\ustria.  in  Transylvania,  picturesquely  situated  on  the 
Zibin,  near  the  Wallachian  frontier.  73  miles  S.S.E.  of  Klau- 
senburg.  Pop.  21,500.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  the  upper 
town,  on  an  eminence,  communicating  with  a  lower  town  by 
flights  of  step.s.  It  has  several  suburbs,  and  is  pretty  well 
built  in  a  Gothic  style,  though  dull.  The  principal  edifices 
are  the  Bruckenthal  Palace,  with  an  extensive  library  and 
museum,  the  theatre,  numerous  churches,  the  liarr.-uk.s.  a 
military  hospital,  and  an  orphan  asylum.  It  is  a  Greek 
bishop's  see.  the  head-fjuarters  of  the  military  commandant 
of  Transylvania,  the  seat  of  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran 
prymnasia.  and  has  many  museums,  and  manufactures  of 
linen  and  woollen  faVjrics,  telt.  hats,  horn  combs,  earthen- 
wares, leather.  &c..  and  a  consideralile  trade. 

1IERM.\X0S.  hJr-md'noce.  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Malay  .\rchipelago,  E.  of  Mindoro. 

HERMANOS.  Los.  loce  h Jr-mA'noce.  ("  The  Brothers,")  a 
group  of  islands  in  the  Caribbean  .Sea.  50  miles  N.W.  of  the 
island  of  Margarita,  belong  to  Venezuela. 

HERMANOS,  TRES.  tr?s  h^r-md'noce,  ('■  Three  Brothers.") 
a  gTOup  of  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  between  lat.  3°  and 
4°S..  Ion.  77°  and  79°  E. 

HERMAX.^DORF,  Bohemia.     See  IIebmsdorp. 

HERMAXSEIFEN,  h^R'niSn-sffen.  HERZMAN7.EYF, 
hJKts'mant-sIf\  or  H  EKM AXSTIFT,  hjR'man-stift\  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle,  and  25  miles  N.E.  of  Bidschow.  Pop.lS04. 

nERM.\XST.\DT.  Transvlvania.     See  IIermannstadt. 

HERMAXSTADT,  Boheiiiia.     See  IIermanmif..stetz. 

HERMANSTIFT.  of  Bohemia.     See  Hermanseifen. 

HERMAUNSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Ar- 
kan.sas. 

HERME.  heR'mA'.  a  small  village  of  France.  68  miles  S.E. 
of  I'aris,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  from  Troyes  to  Mon- 
tereau. 

HERMENT,  hJR'mftN'^'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Puv-de-D6me.  24  miles  W.  of  t^ermont.     Pop.  533. 

IIERMESKEIL.  hjR'm6s-kIle\avill,'ige  of  Rhenish  Prusisia, 
government,  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Treves.     Pop.  965. 

IIEItMIES,  h^R'mee'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Arrm.     I>op.  2&37. 

HERMIGUA,  VALLE  DE.  viVyk  Ak  hjR-mee'gwa.  a  village 
of  the  Canaries,  in  the  island  of  Gomera,  beautifully  situated 
among  lofty  hills.     Pop.  1827. 

HER'.MITAGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HERMITAGE,  a  castle  In  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  an 
ancient  stronghold  of  the  Douglas. 

UER'MITAGE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co..  New  York. 

847 


HER 


HER 


HERMITAGE,  a  village  and  station  of  Sufftlk  co.,  .New 
Tork,  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  6  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Green- 
port. 

HERMITAGE,  a  small  post-Tillage  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania. 

HKUMITAGE,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 

HERJllTAGE.  a  pfist-village  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia,  about 
170  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

HEK'MITAGi:,  a  post-offlce  of  Washington  co.,  Mississippi. 

IIER^IITAGE,  apost-office,  I'ointCoupee parish.  Ix)uisiana. 

HERMITAGE,  a  pfjEtH>ffice  of  Decatur  co.,  Tennessee. 

HERMITAGE,  a  post-village  of  Coles  CO.,  Illinois,  70  miles 
E.  bv  S.  of  Springfield. 

HkliMlTAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hickory  co.,  Mis- 
souri, near  the  right  or  E.  bank  of  Pomme  de  Terre  River, 
80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HERMITAGE,  V,  Up.'mee'tizh',  a  famous  vineyard  of 
France,  department  of  Crome,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone, 
10  miles  N.  of  Valence,  where  the  '-Hermitage"  wine  is 
proilueed.     Area,  about  300  acres. 

HER'MIT  ISLAND,  a  remarkable  island  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Horn.  Lilt.  (W. 
cape)  55°  50'  S.,  Ion,  67°  55'  W.  It  is  of  irregular  form,  sur- 
mounted by  conical  peaks,  the  highest  of  which  is  1742  feet 
above  sealevel.     It  is  about  12  miles  long. 

HEK'MON,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine,  8 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  1433. 

HERMO.V,  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  CO.,  New  York, 
about  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Canton.    Pop.  ItiOO. 

HERMON,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois. 

IIERMO-V,  a  post-office  and  township  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
New  York,  alx)Ut  20  miles  S.E.  of  Ogdensburg.  The  village 
Is  a  thriving  place,  situated  near  the  line  of  the  Potsdam 
and  Watertowu  Railroad,  on  a  plank-road  communicating 
with  C)gdeu8bure,  Canton,  &c.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1690. 

HER'MOX,  MOUNT.  (Arab.  Jebd-esli-Slieah,  jiyil-i^b- 
shaik.)  a  mountain  of  Palestine,  forming  a  part  of  the  chain 
of  Anti-Libanus.  Its  height  is  stated  to  be  above  11,000 
feet,  and  its  summit  is  covered  with  snow  the  most  part 
of  the  vear, 

•  HERMON,  MOUNT,  (Little,)  is  a  much  lower  range,  25 
miles  S.E.  of  Acre,  bounding  the  Plain  of  EsdrjElon  on  the 
E..  and  to  which  the  name  of  Hermou  was  first  applied  in 
the  Middle  Ages. 

HEUMONT.  a  village  of  Eg\-pt,    See  Armejtt. 

HERMONTHIS.    See  Arment. 

HERMOXVILLE,  h^R^mteoVeel',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  JIarne.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Reims.    Pop,  1500. 

HERMOPOLIS  MAGNA.     See  Oshmoonetn. 

HKRM.SD  )RF,  h^Rms'doRf,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle,  and 
20  miles  S.  W.  of  Dresden.    Pop,  940. 

HEKMSDORF,  a  village  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  33  miles  S.W, 
of  Leipsic.     Pop.  1046. 

HERMSDORF,  or  HERMANSDORF,  hjR'mins-d<  Rr,  a 
Tillage  of  Bohemia,  36  miles  N,E,  of  Koniggriitz,  Near  it 
is  the  old  castle  of  Kienast,  one  of  the  finest  ruins  in  the 
Kie.sengebirge.     Pop.  1519. 

HERMSDORF-GltUSSANISCH,  (GrUssanisch,)  hJRms'- 
doRf-grus'sJn-ish*,  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Lieg- 
nitz,  circle  of  Landshut,    Pop,  1754. 

HERMSDORFSTADriSCn.(Stadtisch.)hjRmsMoRf-st?'it'- 
ish,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz, 
circle  of  Lindshat.     Pop.  1363, 

.  HERMSDORF-UNTERM-KNYAST,  hSRms'doRf-Mn't?Rm- 
knee/ist,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  30  miles  S.W.  of 
Liegnitz.    Pop.  1606. 

HERMUS.    See  S.vkabat. 

HERNAD,  hjR^nOd',  a  river  of  North  Hungary,  after  an 
E.  and  S,  course  of  120  miles,  joins  the  Theiss  18  miles  S,W, 
of  Tokay.  Its  principal  afiiuents  are  the  Tarcza  and  Sajo, 
In  its  lower  part  it  separates  into  two  arms,  which  enclose 
an  island  30  miles  in  length. 

HERNAKOVA-CZELLA,  Hungary.    See  Herntokova. 

IIERNAN'DX  a  post-office  of  Macon  co,,  Aliibama. 

HERNANDO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  De  Soto  co,,  Mis- 
Bissippi.  about  200  miles  N.  of  Jackson.  It  contains,  be- 
Eides  the  county  buildings,  4  large  seminaries,  and  2  news- 
paper oflices.    Pop.  about  600. 

HERN.\NI,  ^R-nd'nee,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gui- 
pozcoa,  8  miles  S.E,  of  St.  Sebastian,  on  the  Urumea  river. 
Pop.  2257, 

II ERNE,  h?m,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 

HERNE  BAY,  a  newly  erected  watering-place  in  the 
abovp  parish,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Thames,  about  8i  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Canterbury.  Pop.  1572.  li  h.as  a  pier  3000  feet  in 
length,  and  good  hotels  and  baths.  Steamers  communicate 
with  Ijondun  daily  during  the  summer. 

HERNE  HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Kent. 

HERNE  HILL,  in  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  about  4  miles 
trom  St,  Paul's,  London,  is  covered  with  elegant  villas. 

JIERNO,  (HernB,)  h*R'n(}\  an  island  of  Sweden,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  hen  of  HernSsand,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Angennann-elf, 

HERNUSAND,  (HernSsand,)  h^R'no-sind',  or  WESTER- 
NOURLAND,  wis't^r-noit/Uud,  a  laeu  or  province  of  North 


Sweden,  mostly  between  lat,  62°  and  64°  N.,  and  Ion.  15^^  and 
10°  E.,  having  E.  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Area.  9501  square 
miles.  Pop.  99,558.  It  comprises  the  old  district  of  Anger- 
manland.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Angerman  and  ludal ; 
the  principal  towns,  Hernosand  and  Sundsvall. 

HERNOSAND,  (Hernosand.)  or  HERNtESAND,  hjR'nB- 
s3ud\  a  maritime  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  l<-en  of 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  W,  side  of  the  island  of  HernS. 
immediately  off  the  mainland,  Lat.  62°  38'  N.,  Ion.  17° 
59'  E,  Pop,  2114.  It  is  a  bishops  see,  and  has  a  cathe- 
dral school  and  library,  public  baths,  a  printing  establish- 
ment with  I^flppish  type,  and  building-docks.  The  exports 
comprise  Baltic  produce  and  linen  fabrics;  the  imports, 
salt,  corn,  wine,  and  miinufactured  goods. 

HERNST.\DT,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Herrnstadt. 

HERNYOKOVA,  hSRnHo'ko'v6h\  or  HERNAKOVA- 
CZELLA,  hSR'ndh'ko'vSh-tsSl'10h\  a  village  of  Hungarj-,  ca 
of  Temesvar,  4  miles  from  Rekas.     Pop.  1078. 

HERON,  hA'rANo',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  21 
miles  W.S.W,  of  Liege,  on  the  Forseille.     Pop,  1047. 

HERON.  herVon',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
49  myes  E.S.E.  of  Ardabeel. 

HER'ON  ISLES,  a  small  group  of  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  S.  of  the  entrance  of  Mobile  Bay,  in  lat,  30°  12'  N., 
Ion,  88°  W, 

HERRENBAUMGARTEN,  h?R'Ren  bOwm'gaRHfn.  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Lower  Austria,  4  miles  from  Poysdorp,   P.  1590. 

HERRENBERG,  h^R'Ren-bJRG\  a  town  of  WUrtemberg, 
18  miles  S.W\  X)t  Stuttgart.     Pop.  2147. 

HERRENBREITUNGEN,  h^R'Rpn-bri'tCOng-en,  or  BURG- 
ER EITUNGEN,  b66rg'bri't6ong-gn,  a  niarket^town  of  Ger 
maiiv,  in  Hesse^Iassel,  5  miles  W,N.W.  of  Schmalkalden,  on 
the  Werra.     Pop.  939, 

HERRENGRUND,  hjR'Ren-gro6nt\  (Hun.  TTrrolgy,  00R^- 
viidj',)  a  village  of  North  Hungary,  co,  of  Sohl,  15  miles 
N.E,  of  Kremnitz.    Pop.  1550. 

HERRENKAIRO,  hjr/rgn-ki'ro,  a  considerable  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Beng.il,  19  miles  S-S-W.  of 
Hnsungabad, 

HERRENTHOUT,  Belgium.    See  IIerexthout. 

HERRERA.  hjR-RA'r^.  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  54 
miles  E.  of  Seville.     Pop.  2388. 

HERRERA-DE-ALCANTARA,  h?R-R.Vri-d;l-ai-k3n'ta-ra, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  60  miles  W.  of  Caceres 
Pop.  986. 

HERRERA-DEI>-DUQUE,  hJR-R.VradJl-dooni.'V,  (anc.iw- 
ciana  f)  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  70  miks  E.  by  N. 
of  Badajos.     Pop.  2499. 

HERRERA-DE-RIO-PISUERGA.  hlR-R.Vra-d.Wee'o-pe- 
swfR'gJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  on  a  height  above 
the  Pisuerga,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge  of  13  arches, 
31  miles  N.W,  of  Burgos.  Near  it  is  a  msignificent  ruin, 
suppcsed  to  be  of  Moorish  construction.     Pop.  744. 

HERRERA-DE-VALDECANAS,  h^R-Ri'ra-di-vai-d.i-kan'- 
y3s,  a  town  of  Spain.  Old  Castile,  province,  and  17  miles 
E.N,E,  of  Palencia,    Pop.  601. 

HER'RIARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Hants. 

HER'RICK,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 10  miles  E.  of  Towand;i,     Pop.  1050. 

H?:RRICK,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  904. 

HERRICK  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

HERRICKVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HERRIEDEN,  hJR'ReeMgn,  a  town  of  Bavari,a,  on  the  A^ 
miihl,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Anspach.     Pop.  1389, 

HERRIES,  a  district  of  the  Hebrides.    See  Harris, 

HERRINES,  h^R'neeu',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant.  18  miles  S.W,  of  Brussels,    Pop.  4248, 

HERRINES,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
on  the  Scheldt,  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jlons,    Pop.  2U98. 

HER/RING,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co..  Ohio. 

HERR'INGFLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HER'RINGTON.  a  post-office  of  Angelina  co..  Texas. 

HEIVRIOTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

"HERRI-ROOD,  HERIROOD,  hJr'reeVcod'.  or  HURT 
RIVER,  a  considerable  river  rises,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Afghanistan,  and  after  a  AV.N.W,  course  of  about  200  miles, 
is  supposed  to  be  lost  in  the  sand. 

HERRLEBERG,  hjRlfh-hfnG',  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the 
Lake  of  Zurich,     Pop.  10,')7, 

HERRLISHEIM,  hjRlis-hIme\  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bas-Rhin.  13  miles  N.E.  of  Strasbourg.    P.  2200. 

HERRLSHEIM,  hJRls'hinie,  (Fr.  pron.  h^Rrsfm',)  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Haut-Rhin,  with  a  station  on  the 
Strasbourg  and  Bale  (Basel)  Railway,  4^  miles  S.of  Colmar 
Pop,  1230. 

HERRNALS,  hJR'nils,  a  village  of  Au.stria.  and  one  of 
the  N.  suburbs  of  Vienna.  Pop.  3950.  It  has  an  imperial 
institution  for  the  daughters  o<"arm}'  officers. 

HERRNHUT  or  HERRNHVTH.  hfiRn'hoot.  a  small  town 
of  Saxony,  18  miles  S.E,  of  Bautzen,  en  the  railway  frt>ni 


HER 


HES 


Dresden  to  ZUtau.  inhabited  by  about  850  Moravians,  (a  reli- 
gious sect,  so  named  from  liaTing  been  founded  by  two  Mo- 
ravian cutlers  in  1722 :)  and  from  its  havint!  been  always  the 
head-quarters  of  that  sect,  the  latter  are  called  in  Germany, 
llernhutters. 

IIKKHXSIIEIM,  h^RnsTiTme,  a  villaee  of  Ilesse-Darm- 
stadt.  province  of  Ilhein-Ilessen.     Pop.  1335. 

IIKRKNSTADT  or  IIJiRNSTADT.  hjRn'stdtt,  a  town  of 
Prussian  Silesiiu  35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Breslau     Pop.  2331. 

UKRRY.  hSa^Ree'  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cher, 
9  miles  S.S.K.  of  Sancerre.     Pop.  in  1852.  2540. 

HERSBKDCK.  heKs'brMk,  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  17 
miles  K.N.K.  of  Xuremberg.     Pop.  2316. 

IIEKSE.\UX,  IiSkVo',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  i'landers,  on  the  Tournay  and  Courtrai  Railway,  30 
miles  S.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2179. 

IIKRSFKLD.  h^Rs'folt,  or  HIRSCHFKLD,  hgSBsh'felt,  a 
town  of  Iles.se-Cassel,  province  of  Kulda,  32  miles  S.S.JS.  of 
Cassel,  on  the  Fuldii.  Pop.  65C5.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  an  abbey  church,  Calvinist  gymnasium,  school  of 
manufactures,  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  and  transit 
trade  by  the  river. 

IlhiRSHKY'S  .MILL,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co..  Illinois. 

IIEliSSKLT,  h^Rs'silt,  a  village  of  Beli^ium,  ou  the  Great 
Nethe,  24  miles  K.S.K.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  414S. 

IIKRSTAl,,  hSRs/tlP,  or  IIERISTAL.  h^R'is-tai',  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province,  and  3j  miles  X.E.  of  Liege,  on  the 
Meuse.  Pop.  6032.  Here,  in  the  Jliddle  Ages,  stood  a  cita- 
del named  Herididium,  whence  Pepiu  d'lieristal,  great 
grandfather  of  Charlemagne,  had  his  title. 

IIERSTHXLE.  hi^Rs-t^l'lgh,  a  village  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia, 
39  miles  S.S.K.  of  Minden,  on  the  Weser.     Pop.  911. 

IIKRTE.N',  h^R'ten,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Pru.ssia,  govern- 
ment of  Milnster,  circle  of  Reclvlinghausen.     Pop^972. 

HERTFORD,  har'fprd,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough  and  market-town  of  England,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Herts,  on  the  n.avigable  Lea,  and  on  a  branch  of  the 
North-eastern  Railway,  20  miles  N.  of  London.  Pop.  of 
borough,  in  1861,  6769.  .It  has  2  Jiandsome  churches,  a 
small  grammar  school,  a  green-coat  schc)ol.  a  branch  school 
of  Christ's  Hospital,  London,  being  a  preparatory  school  for 
500  of  its  children;  a  castle,  used  by  the  East  India  Com- 
pany as  a  sch(X)l  preparatory  to  instruction  at  its  civil  c-ol- 
iege;  numerous  alms-houses  and  other  charities,  a  general 
infirmary,  county-hall,  town-hall,  and  market-house;  also 
considerable  trade  in  malt.  The  borough  sends  2  members 
to  the  Hfiuse  of  Commons.  The  castle  was  founded  in  909, 
and  some  portions  of  the  existing  edifice  are  very  ancient. 
It  was  tiiken  by  the  French  Daupliin  in  the  reign  of  John: 
in  that  of  Edward  III.,  the  Kings  of  Scotland  and  France 
were  prisoners  in  it. 

H  ERTFnKD.  hert'ford.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  contains  about  320  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
ou  the  E.  and  X.E.  by  Chowan  River,  and  watered  by  PoIIa- 
«asty  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  Sloops  ascend 
Chowan  River  from  its  mouth  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
county.  F'ormed  in  1759.  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Hertford,  an  English  statesman  of  liberal  principles. 
Capital,  Winton.  Pop.  9504,  of  whom  5059  were  Itee,  and 
4445  slaves. 

HERTFORD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Perquimans  co.. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  Perquimans  Itiver,  al)Out 
12  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Albemarle  Sound,  and  154 
miles  E.  of  Raleigh.  The  largest  boats  which  ply  on  the 
sound  can  ascend  the  river  to  this  place. 

HERTFORDSHIRE,  a  county  of  England.    See  Herts. 

HERTI.X.  h^R-teen',  or  RTINA,  R'tee/nd,  a  village  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  of  Koniggratz,  on  the  Rtinka.     Pop.  1558. 

HEIirriNGFORUBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

lIEltTOGENBOSCH,  Netherlands.     See  Bois-le-Duc. 

HERTS  or  HERTFORDSHIRE,  har'fprd-shir,  an  inland 
county  of  England,  N.  of  Middlesex.  Acres.  403.200.  of 
which  about  350,000  are  arable  and  in  grass.  Pop.  in  1851, 
167,298.  Surface  in  the  N.  hilly,  elsewhere  diversified  with 
gentle .  elevations.  Principal  rivers,  the  Lea  and  Colue. 
Principal  crops,  wheat  and  barley,  turnips,  hay  for  the  Lon- 
don market,  apple  and  cherry-orchards.  The  county  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Loudon  and  Birmingham  and  North-eastern 
Railw.ays.  and  the  Grand  Junction  Canal.  It  is  divided  into 
8  hundreds.  Principal  towns.  Hertford.  St.  Albans,  Barnet, 
Baldock,  Hitchin,  Hatfield,  and  Ware.  It  sends  7  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  3  of  whom  are  for  the  county. 

IIERTSEK.    See  Herzeqovina. 

HERTSMONCEAUX.     See  HuRSTMONrEAUX. 

HKRTWIGSDORF,  hJRt/*iGs-doRf\  (OaEB,  o^bgr.  Mittel, 
inlf  tel.  and  Xiedeb.  nee'der,)  three  contiguous  villages  of 
Prussia,  in  Silesia.  50  miles  X.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1320. 

HERTWIGSWALDAU,  hjRt/wir.s-«ard6w,  a  village  of 
Prussia,  in  Silesia,  government  of  Breslau.     Pop.  1263. 

HERTWIGSVVALD.4^U,  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of 
Prussia,  in  f^ilesia,  government  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1020. 

HERTZ0.(Hertz8.)  htet'so.  an  island  of  Sweden,  Lien  Pited, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnisi,  E.  of  LuleA.     Length,  about  10  miles. 

HERVAS,  jR'vis,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  63 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Caceres.    Pop.  2600. 
2D 


IIERTE,  h8R/vfh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and  10 
miles  E.  of  Liege.  Pop.  3408.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloths 
and  leather,  and  trade  in  cheese,  butter,  and  cattle. 

H1-;RVELD,  heR/vilt,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Gelderland.  6  miles  W.  of  Xymwegen.     Pup.  8U0. 

HER/VIvY,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

HER'VEY  BAY,  East  Australia,  is  between  la t.  24°  and 
25°  S..  and  Ion.  152°  and  153°  E.,  bounded  seaward  by  the 
island  terminating  in  Sandy  Capo. 

HIORVoRDEN.  a  town  of  Pru,«sia.     See  Herford. 

HERWIO.N,  hiit/wen.  or  HERWERD,  hen/w^Rd,  a  village 
of  Holland,  province  of  Gelderland,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Arnhem. 
Pop.  654. 

HERWYNEN  or  HERWIJNEN.  h^R-fti'ngn,  a  village  of 
the  N'ethe.rlands,  province  of  Gelderland,  on  the  ^Vaal,  5 
miles  W.  of  Bomniel.     Pop.  1834. 

HERXHEIM,  h^Rx'hime,  a  village  of  Rhenisli  Bavaria,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Landau.  Pop.  3557.  Here  an  action  took  place 
between  the  Austrians  and  French,  in  June,  1793. 

HERZBERG,  h^Rts'b^RO.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hanover, 
39  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hildesheim,  on  the  S.  declivity  of  the 
Harz,  and  with  the  chief  corn-magazine  for  that  district. 
Pop.  3706.  It  communicates  with  Brunswick  by  a  railway. 
Xear  it  is  a  castle,  the  former  seat  of  the  Princes  of  Gruben- 
hagen. 

ilERZBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussi.an  Saxony,  13 
miles  X.E.  of  Torgau,  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Black 
Elster,  and  on  the  railway  between  Berlin  and  Dresden,  62 
miles  S.  of  Berlin. — Ou)  (Alt.  3lt,)  Heuzuerg  is  a  village,  E. 
of  the  last-named,  with  200  inhabitants. 

HKRZEBURG,  a  town  of  Austriii.    See  HERZOOKNBUito. 

11 EKZEELE,  h^R-z.Vleh,  a  village  of  ISelgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  on  the  Molenbeek,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1928. 

HERZEGOVINA  or  HERZEGOWINA,  hjRfseh-go-vee'nJ, 
or  IIERTSEK.  hjBfsek\  the  westernmost  province  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  bounded  X.E.  by  Croatia  and  Bosnia.  S.  by 
Montenegro  and  Albania,  W.  by  Dalmatia  and  Cattaro. 
iVrea.  7000  square  miles.  Pop.  about  200,000.  It  is  di- 
vided into  13  departments.  Chief  towns,  Mostar.  the  capital, 
Stolatz,  Ti-ebigne,  Nikish,  and  Poscitel.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Xarenta,  Bregava,  and  Trebi.sat.  Surlace  mountainous. 
Velleg,  the  highest  mountain,  rises  above  the  snow-line. 

HERZHOllX,  h^Rts'hoRn,  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Hol- 
stein,  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gliickstadt,  on  the  railway  thence 
to  Elmshorn. 

HERZMAXZEYF.    See  Hermanseifen. 

HERZOOEXAURACH.  hSRfso'ghtn-Ow/raK\  a  town  of 
Bavaria,  12  miles  X.W.  of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  1827. 

IIERZ(KiEXBOSCH.  iu  the  Netherlands.  See  Bois-le-Duc. 

HERZi  )GEXBURG.  hjRt/so-ghfn-ljOOKo\  or  HERZEBURG, 
h  jRt'seh-b60uo\  ( L.Z'tt'cunt  /i«r'(/«»i,)a  market-tovvnof  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Trazen,  6  miles  X.X.E.  of  St  Polt«>n.    P.  12.S0. 

IIERZ(X1EXBUSCHSEE,  hSRt's6-ghen-b«>sli\A'.  a  parish 
and  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  21  milos;  N.E.  of 
Bern.     Pop.  €000. 

HERZOGENRATH.  hJRt/s6-ghen-r|t,'  a  frontier  village  of 
Rhenish  Pru.ssia.  7  miles  N.  of  Aix-lj^Chapelle.     Pop.  466. 

HERZOGSWALDAU,  hiRfsoGs-wilMow,  a  village  of 
Prussian  Silesia.  48  miles  X.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  848. 

HERZOGSWALDAU,  Nieder,  nee'der  h^RfsoGs-wdrddw 
a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Freystadt. 
Pop.  636. 

HERZOGSWALDE,  htefsofls-ftaiMeh,  is  the  name  of 
villages  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  S.W.  of  Dresden ;  and 
East  Prussia,  government  of  Konigsb^rg. 

HESARAB,  hA'sdVaiy,  HEZAR-ASP.  bA'zaR'-^sp',  written 
also  ASARYS.  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  dominions,  and  50 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Khiva,  on  the  Can.al  of  Hesarab,  near  the 
Oxus.     It  consists  of  alx)ut  600  houses. 

HESDIX.  hiM^No',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  on  the  Canche,  14  miles  S.E.  of  MontreuiL 
Pop.  in  18.52.  3380.  It  is  beautifully  .situated,  well  built  of 
brick,  and  has  a  good  town-hall,  manufactures  of  cotton 
thread  and  hosiery,  oil.  earthenware,  and  leather. 

HESH'BON',  a  village,  and  in  antiquity,  a  famous  town 
of  Syria.  pa.shalic,  and  118  miles  S.S.W.  of  Damascus. 

HES'KET,  Xeth'er  and  Up'per,  two  townships  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Cumberland. 

HES'KET,  Xew'market,  a  small  market-town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumberland,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Carlisle. 

HES'KET-IN-THE-FOR'EST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumlierlaud.  The  court  for  Inglewood  Forest  is  held  yearly 
on  BarnaVws  dav,  under  an  old  thorn-tree  in  this  parish. 

HES'LERTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  on  the  Yorlt 
and  Scarborough  Railway,  13  miles  E.X.E.  of  New-Malton. 

HESLERTOX.  MONK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

HES/LIXGTOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  ce.  of  York. 

HESX,  hJsn.  several  places  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  the  princi- 
pal, Hesx-Keifa,  ht'sn  k.Vfi.  is  a  fortified  town  on  the  Tigris, 
pashalic,  and  65  miles  S.E.  of  Diarbekir. 

HESSE.     SeellESSEN. 

HESSE-CASSEL.  (hfes-kas'sel.)  Electorate  op,  or  ELEC- 
TOR.\L  HESSE,  (Ger.  Kurhes'sen.  kooR'h^s'sen.  or  Hegten- 
Kassel,  h^s/s^n  kds/s;!,)  a  principality,  consisting  of  five  dis- 

849 


HES 


HEU 


tlnct  portiotis.  of  wblch  four,  forming  the  county  of  Sohaum- 
burg,  the  lordship  <  '  Schmalkalden  with  Bari-lifeld.  the  old 
district  of  Katzenberg.  and  the  bailiwick  of  Dorheira,  are  com- 
pletely isolated.  The  far  larger  portion,  forming  the  prin- 
cipality proper,  though  of  a  very  irregular  and  straggling 
?hape.  lies  contiguous,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Rhenish 
Prussia  and  Hanover.  Area,  including  the  detached  por- 
tions, 4439  square  miles.  The  greater  part  of  this  .princi- 
pality belongs  to  the  central  German  pl&teau,  and  has  a 
very  rugged  surface,  partly  covered  by  branches  of  the 
Iliirz;  culminating  point,  3000  feet.  The  far  greater  part 
of  the  drainage  is  carried  into  the  Werra :  but  a  small  por- 
tion, chiefly  in  the  S.,  is  carried  to  the  Uhine  by  the  Lahn, 
Ohm.  and  the  Main.  The  climate  is  severe:  in  the  higher 
districts  corn  ceases  to  ripen ;  but  on  the  Main,  some  wine 
of  indifferent  quality  is  grown.  Cultivation  is  chiefly  con- 
fined to  the  narrow  valleys  and  lower  hill  slopes:  amount- 
ing, however,  to  about  two-fifths  of  the  whole  surface.  The 
system  ^f  agriculture  is  very  imperfect,  and  the  soil  poor, 
with  the  exception  of  a  rich  tract  in  the  province  of  llauau ; 
but  still  the  amount  of  grain  raised  is  fully  equal  to  the 
home  consumption.  The  principal  crops  are  rye,  barley, 
oats,  and  potatoes.  Fruit  is  tolerably  abundant,  and  a 
great  part  of  the  loftier  districts  is  covered  with  extensive 
forest,s.  which  furnish  one  of  the  most  valuable  sources  of 
revenue.  The  minerals  include  gold,  silver,  in  connection 
with  copper,  lead,  iron,  cobalt,  salt,  alum,  porcelain-ejirth, 
common  coal,  and  lignite:  only  iron  yields  a  profitable  re- 
turn; coitl  is  very  partially  worked.  The  manufactures 
consist  chiefly  of  woollens,  cottons,  and  linens:  the  la.st  w.is 
long  famous,  but  English  competition  h.is  almost  driven  it 
from  the  foreign  market.  The  central  position  of  the  prin- 
cipality, and  its  navigable  rivers,  secure  it  a  considerable 
transit  trade.  To  these  have  recently  been  added  the  bene- 
fit of  railways;  lines  which  centre  at  Ciissel.  and  lead  X.  to 
Hanover,  W.  to  Cologne,  S.  to  Frankfort,  and  E.  to  Lelpsic, 
being  either  completed  or  in  course  of  construction.  Hesse- 
Cassel  ranks  as  the  eighth  state  of  the  Germanic  Confede- 
ration, and  has  three  votes  in  the  plenum.  Its  constitution 
is  monarchical,  suliject  to  certain  modifications.  Kevenue, 
$3,1.34.075;  debt,  $1,182,551.  The  principality  is  divided 
into  the  four  provinces  of  Niederhessen,  Oberhessen.  Fulda, 
and  Hanau,  subdivided  into  bailiwiclcs.  Capital,  Ca.ssel. 
About  four-fifths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Protestants.  Pop. 
in  1861,  738,476. 

ESS.SE-DAKMSTADT.  (h^s-s-daRm'stitt.) Grand-Ducftt  of, 
(Ger.  JSessen  or  Hesscn- Darmstadt,  hJs'sgn-daRm'stitt,)  an 
indej'rAident  state,  consisting  of  five  distinct  portions. 
Three  of  these,  forming  the  districts  of  V5hl.  Wimpfen.  and 
Kurnbach.  all  of  limited  extent,  are  wholly  isolated  and  en- 
closed by  other  states.  The  other  two  portions,  forming 
about  nine-tenths  of  the  whole,  are  separatt5d  from  each  other 
by  a  belt  of  land  stretching  from  E.  to  W..  and  including 
part  of  Hesse-Cassel,  and  the  whole  territory  of  Frankfort. 
The  more  S,  of  these  portions  forms  the  two  provinces  of 
Bheinhessen  and  Starkenburg.  and  is  bounded  S.  by  Biiden, 
and  E.  by  Lower  Bavaria,  Th«  N.  portion,  forming  the 
single  province  of  Oberhessen,  is  Iraunded  W,  by  Khenish 
Prussia  and  Nassau,  and  enclosed  on  its  other  three  sides 
by  Hesse-Cassel.  Area  of  the  whole  grand-duchy.  3761 
square  miles.  Oberhessen  is  generally  mountainous,  being 
covered  in  the  W.  by  the  Taunus,  which  in  Haustmrg  ri.ses 
to  1755  feet:  in  the  X.  by  the  Itodhaargebirge.  which  in 
Hatzfeld  attains  2730  feet:  and  in  the  E.  by  the  Vogelsberg. 
whose  culminating  point  here  is  3104  feet.  The  provinces 
of  Starkenburg  and  Kheinhessen  are  also  mountainous  to- 
wards their  frontier ;  hut  in  the  interior,  are  extensive 
plains  belonging  to  the  valleys  of  the  Main  and  the  Khine. 
The  minerals  include  iron,  co.h1.  lignite,  and  salt;  and' 
there  are  good  quarries  of  sandstone,  limestone,  whetstones, 
basalt,  and  roofing-slate.  The  climate  is  greatly  diversified, 
being  cold  and  bleak  in  the  mountainous  districts,  and  mild 
and  plea.saut  in  the  valleys;  the  only  unhealthy  di.^tricts 
are  found  among  the  extensive  marshes  formed  by  the 
Khine.  The  soil,  particularly  in  the  provinces  of  Starken- 
burg and  llheinhessen,  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  hiAly 
cultivated ;  corn  of  all  kinds  is  raised  in  quantities  suflicient 
to  leave  a  large  surplus  for  export,  Uenip.  flax,  potatoes. 
and  rapeseed.  are  also  extensively  grown:  and  in  particular 
districts,  tobacco  and  hops.  The  vine  forms  a  most  im- 
port.int  object  of  culture,  and  fruit  is  very  abundant.-  Tlie 
extent  of  ground  occupied  by  forest  is  nearlv  equal  to  the 
arable  land,  yet  very  little  timber  is  exported.  Horses, 
cattle,  sheep,  and  swine,  are  very  numerous.  Agriculture 
and  the  rearing  of  cattle  form  the  principal  employ- 
ments. In  some  districts  manufactures  have  made  considei^ 
able  progress;  the  most  important  article  is  linen.  The 
transit  trade  is  very  considerable,  and  has  lately  received 
the  benefit  of  a  railway,  which  traverses  the  grand-duchy 
iwntrally  from  S.  to  N.,  passing  through  Frankfort,  Hesse^ 
Darmstadt  ranks  .-us  the  ninth  state  of  the  Germanic  Con- 
federation, and  hii,s  one  full  vote  in  the  minor  diet,  and 
three  votes  In  the  plenum.  Its  constitution  is  a  hereditary 
monarchy,  modified  in  1820  by  the  introduction  of  two 
chainljers-au  upper,  compowjd  chiefly  of  nobility  and  citi- 

8dO 


Eens,  appointed  for  life  by  the  grand-duke;  and  a  lower, 
consisting  principally  of  deputies  from  the  chief  towns. 
Revenue.  $3,282.749 ;"  debt,  $7,009,290,  Capital,  Darmstadt 
Pop,  in  1861,  856,907,  about  two-thirds  of  whom  are  Protest, 
ants. 

HESSE-HOMBURG,  hjss-hom'bilrg,  (Ger,  Hessen-ITnfn- 
burg,  h^s'sen-hom'ljOORG,)  a  landgraviate  of  West  Germany, 
forming  a  memlHjr  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  and  in- 
sisting of  two  separate  territories  situated  at  a  considerable 
distance  from  each  other — Homburg  proper,  about  lu  mile6 
N.X.W.  of  Frankfort,  bounded  X.,  Vi.,  and  S.  by  Na.ssau, 
and  X,E.  and  E.  by  Ilesse- Darmstadt;  and  Meissenheim, 
about  30  miles  S.AV.  of  Meuz,  bounded  X.  by  liheuish 
Prussia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Xahe.  Total 
areji.  106  square  miles,  of  which  3222  square  miles  belong 
to  Iloraliurg,  and  73"8  square  miles  to  Meissenheim.  Both 
territories  are  mountainous — llomburg  lying  on  the  E. 
slope  of  the  Taunus.  and  Meissenheim  being  partly  covered 
by  hills  of  considerable  height.  Both  are  well  cultivated, 
and  the  agricultural  produce  exceeds  the  home  consumption. 
In  Meissenheim  the  vine  culture  is  extensively  carried  on. 
The  forests  alx)und  with  excellent  timber,  and  the  minerala 
include  both  iron  and  cojil.  Hesse-IIombuig,  as  a  member 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  shares  the  sixteenth  vote  in 
the  minor  diet  with  Liechteustt>in.  Waldeck,  Reuss.  i^both 
branches.)  Lippe-Schaumburg,  and  Lippe.  Its  constitution 
is  monarchical,  with  few  constitutional  checks.  Revenue, 
(a  considerable  portion  of  which  is  derived  from  the 
gaming-table,)  $.381,810 ;  debt,  $606,747.  Capital,  Uomburg. 
Pop.  in  1852,  24.it21. 

HESSELOE,  (IlesselBe,)  h^sfl-oVh,  a  small  island  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  Cattegat,  about  16  miles  X,  of  Seeland,  On  it 
is  a  light,  85  feet  above  sea-level, 

HESSKX,  h^s'sfn,  or  HESSK,  hJss,  (L.  Hrssia.  hes'she-a,) 
a  country  in  the  X.\V.  part  of  Germany,  originally  inhabited 
by  the  K.\ttejj,  (0.itti,)  a  powerful  and  warlike  German 
nation.  It  now  comprises  three  independent  .sovereiitnties, 
situated  contiguously,  and  in  some  measure  iuterminsled 
with  each  other,  between  lat.  49°  24'  and  51°  38'  X.,  and  ion. 
7°  53'  and  10°  11'  E.:*viz.  Hesse-Cassel.  IlESSE-D.vnMSTADl, 
and  HE8.sE-IIpMiiuR0. Aclj.and  inhab.i  Hessian,  hish'yan 

IIESSEX,  LOWER  or  XIEDIUJ.  .  See  Xieder-Hesse.\. 

HKSSEX,  RHEXISH.  Germany.     See  Rhein-Hessen. 

IIESSEX,  UPPER  or  OBER.    See  Oheu-Hessen. 

HES'SET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HESSIGHEIM,  hJs'sio-hime\  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Xeckar,  on  the  Xeckar.    Pop.  954. 

HESSLE,  hjs'sel,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  York,  East 
Riding,  having  a  station  on  the  I-eeds  and  Hull  Railway,  4 
miles  W.  of  Hull. 

HESS  RO.iD.  a  post-office  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 

HESS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Xew  Y'ork, 
about  50  miles  W.  bj'  S.  of  Albanj-. 

HE.STER,  a  post-oflice  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri. 

HESTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  near 
the  Southall  stition  of  the  Great  Western  Railway,  In 
this  parish  is  Osterley  Park  and  mansion,  the  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Jersey. 

HESTONVILLE,  a  village  of  Pennsylvania,  within  the 
chartered  limits  of  Philadelphia,  on  the"  Central  Railroad. 

HESUDRUS  or  HESYDRUS.     See  Sctlej. 

HETENY-HOSZU,  h.VtjH'  hos'soo',  written  also  IIOSS- 
ZUI1ETIX\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Baranya,  7  miles 
from  Fiinfkirchen.     Pop.  2091. 

HETEREX.  h.Vtfh-ren.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Gelderland.  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  2426. 

HETIUBY.  (IIethaby,)a  village  of  Denmark.  SeellADDEBT. 

HErHAU'RA,  a  village  of  North  Iliudostan,  in  Xepaul, 
18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Khatmandoo,  and  a  principal  mart  for 
the  commerce  between  the  Nepaulese  and  the  British  do- 
minions. 

HETH'EL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

HETH'ERSET.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

HETH'ERSGILL,  a  townsliip  of  England,  co.  Cumlierland. 

HET'RICKS,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  Penu.iyhania. 

HETTEXEM,  a  village  of  France.    See  Huttexheim. 

II ETTIXGEX,  hi't'ting-f  n,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Baden, 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,     Pop,  1058, 

H ETTIXGEX,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  HohenzoUem' 
Sigmaringen,  8  miles  X.  of  Sigmaringen.     Pop.  5  44. 

HET'TOX-LE-HOLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham. 5i  miles  E.X.E.  of  Durham,  with  which,  and  with 
Sunderland,  &c.,  it  is  connected  by  railway. 

HETTSTADT,  hfitfstitt,  a  town  of  Prus.'ji.Hn  Saxony,  30 
miles  X.W.  of  Merseburg,  on  the  Wipper.     Pop.  40iM.i. 

II EUBACII.  hoi'bdK,  a  town  of  South  Germany,  in  Will" 
temberg,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gmtlnd.    Pop.  11S9. 

HEUBACII.  GROSS,  groce  hoi'bdK,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Main,  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  WUrzburg,     Pop.  1S5C. 

HEUBACH,  KLEIX,  kline  hoiOiiK,  a  town  of  Bavaria. 
Pop.  1571. 

HECCHELHEIM,  hoi'Kfl-hime\  a  vill.ige  of  Ilessf^  Dana 
stadt,  in  Oberhessen,  circle  of  Giessen,    Pop.  1142. 

HEUDICOIIRT.  huhMee'kooR/,  a  village  of  Franco,  -lepart 
meut  of  Somme,  9  miles  M  K,  of  Porouue.    Pop.  I£l4 


IIEU 

BKUKELOM,  ha'kph-lom'.  or  nEUKELtnr,h3'keh-min\ 
a  email  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland, 
on  the  Lincre,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Gnrcum.    Pop.  600. 

IIKULK,  hul  or  ho'leli,  a  villaiie  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Courtrai,  on  the  Ileule. 
Pop.  3491. 

HKU.MEN',  ho'men.  a  vilLiEre  of  Holland,  province  of  Qel- 
derland,  6  miles  S.  of  .\ymwe':ren.      Pop.  COl. 

IIKURK-LE-UOMAIN,  huu-leh-ro'mllx"',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium. 7  miles  N.  of  Lie,c;e.     Pop.  1I0<J. 

IIKUSDK.X,  hu.s'(len  or  hos'den,  a  small  fortified  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brnbaiit,  on  the  Old 
Mnaa,  8  miles  N.W.  of  15ois-le-Duc.  with  a  strong  citadel. 
Pop.  1889. 

IIEUSDEN,  a  villaje  of  Belirium.  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, 4  miles  S.E.  of  Ghent,     I'op.  1700. 

IIKUSDEN,  a  vill.'tfte  of  Belgium,  province  of  Limhourg, 

8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hasselt. 

IIKUSTRKU,  hois'troi,  a  Tilla2;8  ot  Bavaria,  on  the  Saale, 
45  miles  N.N.E.  of  VViirzburg.     Pop.  9()0. 

HKU'VELTON,  a  thriving  post-village  In  Oswegatchie 
township,  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Oswegatchie  I'iver,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  5  or  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Ogdensburg,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
a  plank-road.  A  fall  in  the  river  at  this  place  affords  an 
aliuiidant  water-power,  used  for  various  purposes. 

IIKV/ENER'S  STOKK,  a  post-office,  Highland  CO.,  A'irginia. 

HE'VER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  Med- 
way.  7i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tunhridge.  The  castle,  built  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  is  defended  by  a  moat  and  port- 
cullis, and  has  an  inner  court.  It  was  purchased  from  the 
Uever  family  by  a  mercer  of  London,  the  great-grandfather 
of  Anne  Boleyn,  who  w.as  here  visited  by  Henry  VIII.  be- 
fore her  marriage.  The  estate  was  afterwards  given  to  Anne 
of  Cleves.  who  died  here  in  1557. 

HEVER.  hifver,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant, on  the  railway  from  Mechlin  to  Louvain,  and  on  the 
Dyle,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1520. 

IlKVERLl^,  h,iV?R-lA',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  on  the  Dvle,  12  miles  E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1814. 

HEV'ERLEYVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

H  E  V'KRSHAAI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

HKVES,  h.VvJsh',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  55  miles 
E.X.E.  ofl'esth.     Pop.  56'J9. 

IfEV'I.\(;iIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

II.KW'KLSFIELI),  a  |wrish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HEW'ISII.  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HE'\V')|;T1I,  a  chap.lry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

IIKX'HAM.  a  market-ti>wn  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Nnrthumlierland.  on  the  Tyne.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of 

9  arches,  and  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway,  201 
miles  W.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,4*101.  It  stands 
on  an  eminence,  in  a  vale  noted  for  beauty  and  richness; 
has  narrow  streets,  and  antique  houses;  a  parish  church, 
formerly  an  ahliey,  finished  in  1114,  a  handsome  Itomaii 
Catholic  chapel,  a  small  grammar  school,  an  ancient  town- 
hall  and  jail,  a  house  of  correction,  union  work-house, 
scientific  institution,  and  2  branch  banks.  The  town  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  Roman  station  on  the  w.all  of  Ha- 
drian. St,  Wilfrid  made  it  a  bishop's  see  in  673.  The  bishop- 
ric was  afterwards  annexed  to  York.  The  Yorkists  here 
defeated  the  Lancastrians:  and  it  was  in  flying  hence  that 
Queen  Margaret  threw  herself  on  the  protection  of  a  robber. 
The  cave  in  which  he  concealed  her  is  still  shown. 

HEX'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts,  5  miles 
W.N. W.  of  Hitchiu.  The  Saxons  defeated  the  Danes  here 
in  914.  Near  the  village  is  an  ancient  camp  called  Kavens- 
boroujrh  Castle. 

HEY'BllIDGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

HEYDE.  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Heide. 

HEY'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  NorMk. 

HE  YDi  >N,  a  town  of  England.     See  Heden. 

HEYDUKE  TOWNS,  of  Hungary.     See  Haiducken. 

HEY'B'DltD.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Northampton. 

H  EY'EOitD  I>UK'OELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

HEYFOUD  WARREN,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

HEYL.  hile,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
flowing  N.  into  the  Bay  of  St,  Ives. 

HEYNESGRYN.     See  Hei.nrichsobuv. 

HEYOP,  hVop.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  I?.Hdnor. 

HEYRIEUX,  hAVe-uh'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Is6re.  11  miles  N.E.  ol  Vienne.    Pop.  1424. 

HEYSH.iM,  ha/.'ham.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancas- 
ter, on  a  peninsula  between  the  Bay  of  .Moorecombe  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Loyne.  4J  miles  W.  of  Lancaster.  It  has  an 
ancient  church,  and  remains  of  an  Anglo-Norman  chf.pel, 
and  is  a  favorite  resort  for  seabathing. 

HEYSHOT.  ha'shot.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HE  VST,  hist,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders.  9  miles  N.  of  Bruges,  near  the  sea.     Pop  855. 

HKYST-OI'-DEN-BEKG.  hist-op-den-b^RO.  a  market-town 
of  Belgium,  province,  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the 
3reat  Nethe.     Pop.  6902. 

IIEYTESBUKY,  haits'bfr-e,  an  ancient  borough,  (formerly 


HIC 

parliamentary,)  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  51  m'ltw 
E.S.E.  of  Warminster.  Pop.  loll.  The  town  has  a  church 
formerly  collegiate,  and  an  hospital,  with  a  chapel,  foundeii 
about  1470.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  A'Court  Cimily, 
whose  mansion  is  in  the  viiinity. 

HEYTHORPE,  h.Vthorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford. 

IIEYTHUISEN,  hi'toiV.en,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Limburg,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Roermond.     Pop.  1279. 

IIEYWOOD,  h.Vwood,  a  village  and  chapi'lry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lancaster,  with  a  station  on  the  Manchester  and  Leads 
Railway,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  JIanchester. 

HEZAK-AS1>,  a  town  of  Asia.     See  IlES.iRAB. 

IIIA,  a  town  of  China,     See  Heea. 

IIIA-KIANG,  a  town  of  China.     See  IIeea-Kiano. 

IIIA-LOUI,  a  town  of  China.     See  Heea-Looee. 

HIANG-HO.  he-4ng'ho,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Pe» 
chee-lee.  30  miles  f;.S.E.  of  Peking,  on  the  Pei-ho. 

HIANG-IIO-A'OU  or  HIANG-HOVOO,  he-ang'hovoo/,  a 
city  of  China,  province  of  Quangsee,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tchin- 
Ngan. 

HIAO-Y,  a  town  of  China.     See  IIeeow-ee. 

HIAKNOE.  (HiarnBe.)  an  island,  Denmark.    See  HjarxSe. 

HIAWAS'SKE,  a  small  river  which  rises  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  Georgia.  Hows  through  a  small  part  of  North  Carolina 
into  Tennessee,  and  enters  the  Tennessee  Kiver  near  the 
S.W.  extremit"  of  Meigs  county. 

HIAWASSEE  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

Iin?'AL.STOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

IIIBAR.     SeelBAR. 

HIB'BARDSVILLE,  a  village  of  Henderson  co.,  Kentucky, 
14  miles  E.  of  Henderson. 

HIBBK.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Geib. 

HIBBIAPPABA,  of  Brazil.     See  Idiapab.a. 

HIBEUNIA.    See  Ireland. 

HIBER'NIA,  a  postoffice  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York. 

lUBERXIA,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HIBERNIA,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Ohio. 

HIRERNIA,  a  post'OPicoof  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

IIIBERXIA,  a  post-village  In  Callaway  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  opposite  .lefferson  City. 

HIBIAPPABA      See  Ibiapaha. 

HICARON,  islands  of  New  Granada.     See  QuiCARA. 

HICESIA.    SeePAXAUiA. 

HIC'KKKSON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Morgan 
CO.,  Kentucky. 

HIC  K'LETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  West  Riding. 

HICK'LIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HICK  LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

IIICK'MAN,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Tennes- 
see, has  an  area  estimated  at  840  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Duck  Itivtr,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  parts; 
and  also  drained  by  Cane  and  Piney  Creeks,  which  furnish 
extensive  motive-power.  The  surlace  is  hill}';  the  soil 
mostly  fertile.  The  hills  cont.ain  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore. 
A  company  has  been  formed  to  improve  Duck  River  bj'  dams 
and  locks.  Capital,  Centreville.  Pop.  9312,  of  whom  7559 
were  free,  and  17.53  sl.aves. 

HICKMAN,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Missouri,  has  an  area  estimated  at  240  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Bayou  de  Chien  and  other  small  streams.  Tlie 
surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  good.  Formed  in  1821.  and 
named  in  honor  of  C<ilonel  Paschal  Hickman,  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Kiver  Raisin.  C.ipital,  Clinton.  Pop.  7008,  of 
whom  ii7-'i9  were  free. 

HICKMAN,  formerly  MILLS  POINT,  a  thriving  po.st-vil- 
lage,  capital  of  Fulton  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Mississippi 
Kiver.  35  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and  320  miles 
W.S.W.  of  of  Frankfort.  It  has  an  active  business  in  ship- 
ping produce.  It  conUiius  5  ohuroheii,  a  tin  factory,  and  an 
iron  fonudrv.     Pop.  1006. 

HICKM.\N  CREEK,  of  Kentucky,  rises  in  Fayette  CO., 
and  flows  through  Jessamine  county  into  the  Kentucky 
River. 

HICKMAN'S  BEND,  a  post-vill.age  of  Mississippi  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  E.N.E.  extremity  of  the 
state. 

HICK'ORY,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Jlis- 
souri,  has  an  area  of  410  wjuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Pomme  de  Terre  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Osage,  and 
drained  by  Little  Niangua  River,  and  Lindley's  and  War- 
blow  Creeks.  The  surface  is  uneven.  Capital,  Hermitage. 
Pop.  4705,  of  whom  4510  were  free,  and  195  slaveg. 

HICKORY,  a  township,  Mercer  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  .3009. 

HICKORY,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HICKORY,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  120  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Coiiimbus. 

HICKORY,  a  township  in  Fulton  Co.,  Illinois. 

HICKORY,  a  post-village  in  Lake  Co.,  Illinois,  50  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

HICKORY,  a  township  in  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  598. 

HICK'ORY  BAR'REN,  a  post-village  of  Green  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 120  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

851 


HIC 


HIG 


ETCK.'ORy  COTVXERS,  a  post-office  of  Niagara  co.,  New 
York. 

HICKORY  CORNERS,  a  post-offlee  of  Rarrv  co.,  Michisan 

HICKORY  CREEK,  of  Gillespie  co,Te.x.i8,  Hows  N.E.  into 
the  Rio  lilano. 

HICKORY  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Warren  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

HICKORY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  co.,  Tennessee. 

HICKORY  CREEK,  a  post-villajre  of  Fayette  co,  lUinois, 
about  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Spriii.sfield. 

HICKORY  CREEK,  a  ptW-vilUge  of  Audrain  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 60  miles  N.E.  of  Jeltersim  City. 

HICKORY  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia, 
125  miles  X.W.  of  Milleiljreville. 

HICKORY  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Tippah  CO.,  Blississippi, 
about  200  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

HICKORY  FLAT.a  post-village  of  Simp.son  co.,  Kentucky. 

HICKORY  FOKK,  a  post-office  of  Gloucester  co.,  Virginia. 

HICKORY  GROU.VD,  a  post-office  of  Norfolk  co,  A'irginia. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  pjst-office  of  York  district.  South 
Carolina. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Georgia, 
37  miles  W.  of  Macon. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co,  Ala- 
bama. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Michi- 
gan, 96  miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  pos^office  of  Warren  co..  Missouri. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  post-village  in  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  70 
miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

HICKORY  HEAD,  a  postofflee  of  Lancaster  district.  South 
Carolina. 

HICKORY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HICKORY  HILL,  a  postrvillage  of  Beaufort  co.,  South 
Carolina. 

HICKORY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co..  Tex.v. 

HICKORY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  JIarion  co.,  Illinois,  44 
miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Vandalia. 

HICKORY  HILL,  a  post-vUlage  of  Cole  co.,  Missouri,  17 
miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

IIICKOHY  LEVKL.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Georgia, 
abiiut  150  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

HICKORY  PL.ilN,  a  post-village  of  Prairie  co.,  Arkansas. 

HICKORY  PLAINS,  a  postoffice  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

HICKORY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co..  Indiana. 

HICKORY  POINT,  a  village  of  McDouough  co.,  Illinois, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Macomb. 

HICKORY  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

IIICK'ORY  TAVERN,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

HICK'ORYTOWN,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.  3- miles  E.  of  Norrist«wn. 

IIICKORYTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  ,\llei;hany  River. 

HICKORY  WITHE,  a  postoffice  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennes.see. 

HICKS'BURG,  a  post-village  in  Doi-chester  co.,  Maryland. 

HICK'S  CORNERS,  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Grenville,  8  miles  S.  of  Keniptville. 

HIGJvS'FORD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Greenville  co..  Viiv 
ginia,  on  the  Meherrin  liiver.  and  on  the  great  Southern 
line  of  railraid,  02  miles  S.  of  Richmond.  The  Greenville 
and  Roanoke  Rrailroad  extends  from  this  point  to  Gaston. 

HICKS  MILLS,  a  pfjst-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

HICKS'  RUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HICKS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Queen"s  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  Long  Island  Railro.Hd,  20  miles  E.  of  Rrooklyn. 

HICKSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Rutherford  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

HICKSA'TLLE,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Defiance 
CO.,  Ohio.  172  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  910. 

HICKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  29 
miles  N.W.  of  Detroit. 

HTCO,  a  postmffice  of  Carroll  co..  Tennessee. 

HIDAS,  hee'dt5sh\  a  vill.ige  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Baranya, 
about  10  miles  fi-om  Szexard.     Pop.  1661. 

HIDDA,  hiiVdl.  a  village  of  Afghanistan,  5  miles  S.  of  Jela- 
labad.  It  contains  numerous  mounds,  caves,  and  topes — 
the  last  being  large  cylindriciil  structures  of  masonry,  some 
found  to  contain  sepulchral  relics,  vessels,  ornaments.  Sas- 
saiiian  and  Byzantine  coins,  and  supposed  to  liave  been  of 
Boodhic  origin,  constructed  between  the  fifth  and  eighth 
Centuries. 

T„'JV*,Px?ii?^'  "IOI>K>«'SO,  (Hiddenso.)  hidMensK)\  or 
UlDUl-.NSLL,  hid'di?n-sA\  an  island  of  Prussia.  Pomcrania, 
In  the  Baltic,  immediately  W.  of  RUgen.  Length  from  N.  to 
!>.,  9  miles:  greatest  bi-e.-ulth,  1  mile.  Pop.  600,  in  4  villaues. 
the  chief  of  which  is  Kloster.  «-        >  — »    > 

HIDEGKUT,  heeMtVkoot',  or  KALTENBRUNN,  kjl'ten- 
brOdnn  ,  a  village  of  Hungary,  4  miles  from  FUrstenfeld. 
Pop.  14(0,  chiefly  Gernmns. 

IIIDJELLEE,  hidjil'lee,  (native  nuijala,  hid-jd/li,)  a  mari- 


time town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Benpral,  district 
of  Iloogly,  at  the  mouth  of  Hoogly  River,  57  miles  S.S.W 
of  Calcutta. 

IIIDVEG,  hid'vjg',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co  of  Zemplin, 
on  the  Hemad.  about  8  from  Miskolcz.     Pop.  1,'?22. 

HIDVEG,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg, 
on  the  Ranb,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Steinamanger.     Pep.  970. 

HI  ELM,  heelm,  an  islet  of  Denmark,  off  the  E.  coast  of 
Jutland.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Ebeltoft. 

HI  ELilAR.  LAKK.  of  Sweden.    See  IIjelmar. 

HIKKAP'OLIS.  (Turk.  Pjmb<x>k  or  I\imbul-  Kalch.  pJmV 
book'kileh.  "cotton  castle.")  an  ancient  ruined .  city  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  situated  near  the  Lycus,  121  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Smyrna.  Its  interesting  ruins,  amoiig  which  are  those 
of  3  churches,  a  theatre,  gjmnagium,  and  many  sepulchral 
monunient.s.  attest  itsformermagniticeuco.  Near  it  are  seve- 
ral celebrated  hot  springs  of  mineral  water,  overhung  by 
cliffs  incrusted  by  their  deposits,  presenting  a  singularly 
beautiful  appearance.  The  pl.-ice  takes  its  modern  name, 
Pambook-Kaleh,  I'lom  the  white  appeiirance  of  the  cliffs 
which  support  the  terrace  on  which  its  ruins  stand. 

HIi;RL»i;N,  heefl'd^n,  an  agnv.'ult ural  villiige  of  Holland," 
province  of  Gelderland,  2  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Harderwyk. 
Pop.  ii57. 

Hl&UES  ISLANDS,  France.    .See  HviRES. 

HI  EROSOLYMA.    See  Jerusalem. 

HI  ERi;0.  one  of  the  Canary  Islands.     See  Ferro. 

IIIETZING.  heet/sing.  or  MARIA  HIETZING.  mS-ree'J 
heefsing,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Vienna. 
Pop.  2000,  (in  suuiiuer,  4*)0.)  It  is  finely  situated  tehind 
the  p;tlace  gardens  of  Schonbrunn,  and  contains  many  ele- 
gant summer  villas  of  the  Viennese. 

HIG'G.ANU.M,  a  post-village  in  Middlesex  co., Connecticut, 
on  Connecticut  River,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hartford. 

HIG'GINS,  n  iK)st-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois. 

HIGGINS.  a  station  of  Ohio,  on  the  raihxxid  from  Dayton 
to  Indianspolis.  I)  miles  fi-oin  Davtou. 

HIGGINS'  FERRY,  a  postoffice  of  Edgefield  district, 
South  Carolina. 

UIGGIN'S  POINT,  a  cape  of  Russian  America,  forming  the 
N.W.  point  of  the  N.  entrance  into  the  channel  of  Rerilla- 
Gi.'edo.  in  lat.  55°  27'  N.,  Ion.  131° 34'  W. 

illG'GINSPORT,  a  thriving  ))ost-village  of  Lewis  town- 
ship, Brown  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  47  miles  above 
Cincinnati.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  and  contains  3 
churches.     Pop.  507. 

HIQGINSPOHT.  a  post-office  of  Jackson  CO.,  Iowa. 

HUi'CiINSVlLLE,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  CO.,  New  York, 
110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albiiny. 

HIiailNSVILLE,  a  post-offlce,  HnnipshireccW. Virginia. 

HUitilNSVlLLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Vermilfon  co.,  Illinois. 

HIG1I.\M,  hi'.am,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
parish  of  Shirlaud.     Pop.  500. 

IIIGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HIGH.VM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

UIGH'AM  FER/R  EHS.a  borough,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.,  and  14^  miles  E.N.E.  of  Northampton,  with 
a  station  on  the  Peterborough  Branch  of  the  London  and 
Xorth-west  Railway,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Thrapston.  Pop.  1030. 
The  town  h.is  a  fiiie,  richly-ornamented  chui'ch.  with  chapel, 
&c..  which  are  the  remains  of  a  monastic  college  founded 
by  Archbishop  Chicheley.  in  the   reign  of  Henry  V. 

HIGll'AM-GO'BION.  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

UlGIIAM-ox-THE-HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 
cester. 

HIGH'B.^NKS,  a  village  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
White  River.  loO  miles  S.S.W.  of  ludi.anapulis,  is  situated 
on  a  bluff  about  100  feet  high. 

HIGII'HRAY.  a  parish  ofEngland.  co.  of  Devon. 

HIGH'BKIDGE,  a  locality  in  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
with  a  station  on  the  Bristol  and  Exeter  Railway,  7  miles 
N.  of  Bridgewater. 

HIGH'CLERE.  a  parish  ofEngland.  co.  of  Hants.  7}  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Whitchurch.  The  Earl  of  Carnarvon  has  a  flue 
seat  here. 

HIGH-CROSS,  in  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  at  the  meet- 
ing of  the  ancient  Roman  Foss-way  and  AVatling  street.  5^ 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Lutterworth.  It  is  one  of  many  localities 
s;iid  to  be  the  highest  in  EngUnd.  A  handsome  modern 
house  stands  here. 

HIGH  F.^LLS.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  on 
Rondout  Cri'ek,  and  on  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal, 
alx)ut  70  miles  S.W.  by  W.  ol  Albany.  It  has  several  fii>ur- 
ing  and  saw  mills. 

HIGH'G.VTE.  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  4i  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  It  stands 
on  a  fine  eminence.  al>out  450  feet  above  the  metropolis,  has 
a  handsome  church.  sp,HCious  cemetery,  grammar  school, 
founded  in  1505;  Hospital  of  the  Mercer's  Company,  and 
an  almshouse.  In  the  vicinity  aie  numerous  elegant 
villas,  including  Caen-wood,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  MauSi 
field. 

HIGH'GATE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Verinmit,  on  Missisque  Bay,  formed  by  I^ake  Chaniplain.  f>0 
miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.    A  railroad  is  prqjecl-id  to  pod 


IIIG 


IIIL 


nect  Ilighgate  with  the  Atlantic  and  St.  lifiwrcnce  Railroad 
at  Isl.ind  vond.     Pop.  2526. 

lIHilt  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  cc.  Kentucky. 

KKJU  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co..  Tennessee. 

Hlcill  HTLL,  a  post-office  of  Muskingum  CO.,  Ohio. 

IIKJII  HFLL,  a  postrvillage  of  .Montiromery  co.,  Missouri. 

IIKHI  Iv.VillJ.  Pennsylvania.     See  Pokoxo  Mocntain. 

IlKUl'l^.'VND.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  A'irginia, 
contains  about  4(J0  square  miles.  The  head  streams  of  the 
Potomac  and  .James  Rivers  rise  within  its  limits,  and  flow 
in  opposite  directions.  The  surface  is  diversified  with  valleys 
and  mountains,  having  the  main  Alleghany  on  the  N.W. 
bonier,  and  .lackson's  Itiver  Jlountain  in  the  middle.  The 
highlands  contain  iron  ore.  Formed  in  1848,  of  parts  of 
Bath  and  Pendleton  counties.  Capital,  Monterey.  Pop. 
4310,  of  whom  3917  were  free,  and  402  slaves. 

HIOHLAXD,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Ohio,  ha.s  an 
area  of  46()  square  miles.  Paint  River  forms  part  of  its 
eastern  boundary.  Rattlesnake  Creek  flows  through  the 
county,  which  is  also  drained  by  Brush  and  White  Oak 
Creeks,  aud  by  the  Rocky  Fork  of  Paint  River,  rising  within 
Its  limits.  This  county  occupies  a  table  land  between  the 
Scioto  and  Little  Miami  Rivers,  from  which  circumstance 
the  n.ame  is  derived.  The  soil  is  productive,  and  well  cul- 
tivated. The  Cincinnati  and  Marietta  Railroad  pai5se8 
through  the  county.  Capital,  Hillsborough.  Population 
27,773. 

IIIOHLAND,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn.«ylvania. 

inGHL.A.ND,  a  thriving  village  of  Filk  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  XVarren  and  Ridirway  Turnpike. 

lIKitlLAND.  a  post-office  of  Ritchie  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

IIliillLAND.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Alallama. 

IlKillLAXD,  a  post-office  of  .Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

Hh!IlL.\N'D,  a  post>office  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi. 

IIKi  HLA.ND,  a  township  of  Defiance  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  798. 

IlI(ilILA\D,  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  about 
60  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

IIKillLAND,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.  P.9.51. 

II1GIIL.\.ND,  a  post-township  in  the  \V.  part  of  Oakland 
CO..  Mi<-higan.     Pop.  1135. 

IlKillL.WD.  a  villaire  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Terre 
Haute  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Terre 
Haut*>. 

HIGIIL.\ND,  a  townsliip  in  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 

HIGHLAND,  a  township  in  Green  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
llo'.l. 

IIIftllLAND,  a  post-village  of  Vermilion  co.,  Indiana,  1 
mile  Vi'.  of  tlie  \Viib.ash,  and  70  miles  \V.  of  Indianapolis. 
Pop.  of  township,  loUS. 

HIGHLAND,  a  post-township  in  Madison  co.,  Indiana. 

HKHILAND,  a  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  382. 

IIIGHL.WD.  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  10  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Independence. 

HIGIIL.iND,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Towa  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  55  miles  W.  of  Madi.son.  The  villfige  has 
1  church,  6  stores.  2  smelting  furnaces,  and  about  400  inha- 
bitants.    Pop.  of  township.  2400. 

HIGHLAND  CRK1-;K.  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  forms 
the  boundary  Ijetween  Union  and  Henderson  counties,  and 
enters  the  Ohio. 

HIGHLAND  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district. 
South  Camlina. 

HIGHLAND  GROVK,  a  post-office  of  .Jones  co.,  Iowa. 

HIGHLAND  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  New 
York,  about  95  miles  S.W.  of  .\lbanv. 

HIGHLAND  PRATRTR.  a  postrvillage  of  McIIenry  CO., 
Illinois.  68  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

HIGIIL.\NDS,  hilandz.  (commonly  pronounced  in  Scot- 
land, hee/landz.)  a  natural  division  of  Scotland,  compre- 
hending the  country  to  the  N.  and  N.W.,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  the  Lowlands,  which  occupy  the  S.  and  S.E.  districts. 
Tlie  division  is  formed  by  ttie  Grampians,  which  extend 
across  the  island  from  Argyleshire  on  the  Atlantic,  to  Aber- 
deenshire or  the  German  Ocean.  The  appellation  of  High- 
lands extends  also  to  the  Hebrides  or  Western  Isles. In- 

hab.  HioH'LwnER.     See  Scoti.am). 

HIGHLANDS,  a  mountainous  region  of  New  York,  lying 
on  both  sides  of  the  Hudson,  and  included  principally 
within  the  counties  of  Orange,  Putnam,  and  Dutchess,  re- 
markable for  its  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.  The 
highest  summit.  New  Beacon,  has  an  elevation  of  1085  leet 
above  the  sea. 

HIGrtLAXDS  or  NEVERSINK  HILLS,  in  New  Jersey, 
ratend  N.W.  and  S.E.  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Raritan  Bay. 
Mount  Mitchell,  the  hirhest  elev.afion,  is  282  feet  above  the 
lovel  of  the  sea.  The  Highland  Lights  are  two  in  number, 
Bnd  about  100  feet  apart.  The  southern  one  revolves,  and 
is  24S  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  on  the  Fresnel 
plan,  and  without  doubt  the  best  on  the  coast  of  the  United 
States.     IM.  40°  23'  7"  N.,  Ion.  73°  59'  8"  W. 

HIGHLKY.  hlHee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HIGH  .M.\R'KKT.  a  )x>st-village  of  Lewis  co..  New  York, 
130  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

HIGH  PINE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co..  Alabama. 

HIGH  POINT,  a  postoffice  of  Mercer  co.,  lUinois. 


IITGH  POINT,  a  postvvillage  of  Cole  co..  Mirsgouri. 

HKill  RIIMJE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut 

HIGH  SCHOOL,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Mississippi. 

HUiH  SHOAL,  a  district  in  Clarke  co..  Georgia. 

HIGH  SHOALS,  a  pos^village  of  Rutherford  CO.,  Nortj 
Carolina. 

HKJH  SHOALS,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia,  or 
Appalachee  River,  (;0  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

HIGH  SHOALS,  a  village  of  Walton  co.,  Georgia. 

IIIGH'SPIRK,  a  village  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  on  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  (i  miles  S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

HIGHTAE,  hi'tA,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries.  2* 
miles  S.  of  Lochmaben.  Pop.,  with  3  other  small  contigu- 
ous villages.  Gt54.  The  whole  ai-e  called  Four  Towns,  the 
land  of  which  has  l«en  held  by  the  inliabitants  by  mere 
riglit  of  pos.^^ession.  since  the  days  of  Bruce,  who  is  said  to 
have  ori'-'inally  granted  it  to  his  domestic  retainers. 

HIGH'TOWER,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  co.,  Gi-oruia.  on 
the  Etowah  River,  at)out  120  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

HIGHTOWER.     See  Etowah. 

lUGH'ToWERS,  a  post-office.  Caswell  co..  North  Carolina. 

HKillTSTOWN,  hits/town,  a  pfist-village  of  East  Windsor 
township,  Mercer  co..  New  .Jersey,  on  the  Camden  and  Am- 
boy  Railroad,  14  miles  E.  by  N.  of  TrenU^n.  It  contains  3 
churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  and 
about  Inn  dwellings. 

IIIGII'VI  low,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co.,  Virginia. 

HKJH'Vl  LLK.  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsvlvanla. 

HIGH'WAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HIGH'WAY,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

HIGHWAY,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Arkansas. 

HIGH'WEEK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HIGH'WORTH.  a  borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Wills.  3^  miles  N.W.  of  the  Shrivenham' 
station  of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  4026. 
The  town,  on  an  eminence,  near  the  Vale  of  White  Horse,  is 
irregularly  built  of  stone,  and  has  an  ancient  church,  with 
2  ciu-ious  chapels  attached.  Blunsdon  Hill,  in  its  vicinity, 
is  a  circular  Roman  entrenchment. 

HIGUERA-DE-ARGONA.  e-g.VrS-dA-aR-go'na,  a  town  of 
Spain.  In  Andalusia.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  I>S5. 

HIGUERA-DE-BARGAS,  e-gA'ri-d.'\-bai!Vas,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  FOstremadura.  27  miles  S.  of  Bad.iios.     Pop.  I(i08. 

HIGUERA-DE-CALATRAVA,  e-g\'ri<\A-ki-U-tri'\L  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jaeu. 

Pop.  ms. 

H1GUGRA-DF:-LA-SERENA,  e-gii'ra-dA-ia-ssl-rA'nl  atowu 
of  Spain,  in  Estremadura.  SO  miles  from  Badajos.     Po]i.  9C'.;. 

HIGUERA,  ISL.\-DE-LA.  ees'M-d'i-ia  e-gA'rS,  or  ISLV- 
CRISTINA,  ees'ld-kris-tee'nj.  a  village  of  Spain,  provinn", 
and  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Huelva.  with  a  natural  harbor,  b* 
tween  the  rivers  Guadiana  and  Odiel,  on  the  Mediterraneaiv 
Pop.  1S19. 

HIGUERA  JUNTA  A'ARACENA.  e-gA'rd  hoon'tj  l-a-r5- 
thA'nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  49  miles  N.N.E.  of  Huelva,  in  the 
Sierra  Jlorena.  Pop.  1195. 

H1GUERA-L.\-REAL,  e-gA/rM-rA-^l',  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  41  miles  S.S.E.  of  Badajos.  Pop.  4992.  It  has 
a  ho.sjpital  aud  a  Jesuits'  college. 

III(iUERUEL.\.  e-gA-roo-.V12.  a  village  of  Spain,  province, 
and  2ti  miles. E.  of  Albacete.     Pop.  2372. 

HIGUEY.  hee'g-V-  a  village  of  the  island  of  Hayti,  78  milea 
E.  of  San  Domingo,  about  10  miles  inland. 

HIGUEY,  a  bay  of  the  island  of  Hayti,  protected  by  the 
island  of  Saona,  in  lat.  18°  20'  N..  Ion.  68°  40'  W'. 

HI-HO.  a  river  of  Corea.    See  Hee-IIo. 

HIJAR  or  HIX.4R.  e-naa/.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
62  miles  N.N.E.  of  Teruel.  on  the  Martin.     Pop.  3060. 

IIIKLAR,  hee'klar,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of 
Karamania,  district,  and  6  mile»N.  of  Kaisareeyeh. 

H1L.\,  heeflL  a  village  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  island 
of  .\mboyna.  peninsula  of  Hitoe.  with  a  governor's  house,  a 
Christian  church,  and  a  Mohammedan  temple.  Here  the 
Dutch  first  landed  on  the  island. 

HlLWBEE'orHIL'LABEE',  a  post-village,  Talladega  co, 
Alabama. 

HILABEE  CREEK,  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama,  flows  S. 
into  the  Tallapoosa  River. 

HIL'BOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HILCHENBACH,  hilK'en-baK\  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia, 9  miles  N.N. F;.  of  Siegen.     Pop.  1279. 

HILDBURGIIAUSEN,  hilt1j«SRG-hdwVen,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Saxe  Jleiningen,  on  the  Werra,  17  miles  S.E.  of 
Meiningen.  Pop.  4181.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  a  burgher 
and  a  Jews'  school,  orphan  and  lunatic  asjlums,  manu- 
factures of  cloth  and  papier  mache.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe  Ilildburghausen,  now  united 
to  Saxe  Meiningen.  In  the  neighboring  village  of  Veilsdorf 
Is  a  porcelain  factory. 

HILDER.  hil'der.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dusseldoi-f.     Pop.  920. 

HILDERS,  hil'dgrs.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Ulster,  57  miles  N.N.E.  of  Wtlrxburg.    Pop.  1006. 

8o3 


HIL 


HIL 


BIL'nER?[IAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridfte. 

UII.'DKKSTOX,  or  UlN'DOLVESTOX,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
/and.  CO  of  Norfolk. 

liIiyUEliSTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

IlILDESHEIM.  hil'des-hime\  a  town  of  Hanover,  cap. 
of  a  principnli  y  of  its  own  name,  on  the  railway  from 
Hanover  to  Harburg,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Hanover.  Pop.  17,134. 
of  whom  one-third  are  Roman  Catholics.  It  is  a  large,  old- 
fiLshioned  town,  enclosed  by  ramparts,  now  used  as  public 
vralU."!:  and  has  a  cathedral  of  the  ninth  century,  3  churches, 
a  consistory,  and  a  college,  belonging  to  the  Kouian  Catho- 
lics; a  Lutheran  college,  de.'if,  mute,  and  lunatic  asylums, 
uume;-ous  public  schools,  a  council-hall,  treasury,  consi- 
derable trade  in  coarse  linen  cloths  and  yarn,  and  the  largest 
cattle  fair.s  iu  the  kingdom. 

HTL'DESLEY,  a  tvthiiig  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HILfKATH,  hil'frdt.  a  village  of  Khenish  Prussia,  20 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  900. 

HILG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HIL'GAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HILC.EKSDOKF,  hil'ghers-doRr.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Ho'-h wald,  near  the  frbntiens^  of  Saxony.     Pop.  1936. 

HIL'HAM.  a  post-village  of  Overton  co.,  Teunessee,  90 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 

HILL,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Texas,  con- 
tains alMUt  900  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  boiunled  on  tlie  S.W. 
by  the  Brazos  Kiver,  and  drained  by  AguUa  and  Kichland 
Creeks.  The  surface  i,s  undulating.  It  is  uot  included  in 
the  ceu.sus  of  ISoO.     Pop.  in  1860,3653. 

HILL,  a  post-town.ship  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
25  miles  N.X.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  918. 

Ill  LLABKE.  a  village  of  .ilabuma.     See  Hilabee. 

HILLAII  or  inLL.V  hil'lah,  written  aLso  HICLLAH.  hel'- 
lah.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  60  miles  S.  of 
Bagdad,  the  modern  representative  of  Babylon,  and  near  the 
x;entre  of  its  i-uins,  on  both  sides  of  the  Euphrates,  here  450 
feet  in  width,  and  crossed  by  a  floating  bridge.  Lat.  32°  28' 
30"  N.,  loo.  44°  28'  E.  Pop.  about  10.000.  It  is  enclosed  by 
earth  ramparts,  and  a  dit.ch.  entered  by  4  gates,  and  has  a 
citadel,  a  mosque,  several  convents,  some  pretty  well-sup- 
plied bazaars,  and  manufactures  of  silks;  it  has  dye-houses, 
and  tanneries,  but  its  populaticjn  is  chiefly  agricultural. 

HILLAYA,  hil-ll'l  or  HILLIYA,  hil-lee/a,  a  small  town 
of  Sinde,  39  miles  S.  of  Hyderabad,  on  the  route  from  Tat- 
tah.     Supplies  of  forage  and  water  are  here  plentiful. 

HILL-DliV'EUILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HILLE.  hiVleh.  a  villase  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Mindeii.     Pop.  2486. 

HILLE,  hilli,  a  village  of  Sweden,  laen,  and  4  miJes  NJ5. 
of  Getle. 

IIIL'LEGASS/.  a  post-otfice,  Jlontgomery  co^  Pennsylvania. 

HILLEGU.M,  hil'leh-Hom\  and  HILLEGEKSBERG,  hil'- 
]eh-Ghers-b^RG\  two  villages  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
South  Holland,  on  the  Haarlem  Lake,  6  miles  S.\V.  of  Haar- 
lem.    Pop.  1538. 

HILLEGOM,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  capital  of  the 
district.  2i  miles  N,  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  1991. 

HIL'LERMAX,  a  small  village  of  Massac  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  Kiver. 

HILLEROD,  hil'leh-rod\  a  town  of  Denmark,  island  of 
Seeland.  20  miles  N.N  W.  of  Copenhagen.  Pop.  1800.  It 
has  a  Latin  school.  Near  it  is  a  royal  stud,  with  700  horses, 
and  the  rojal  castle  of  Fredericksborg. 

HIL'LERSDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buckingham. 

HILLERSDORF,  hil'ler.s-dont%  (Nieder,  nee'der,  and 
Ober,  f>'ber.)  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle  of  Troppau, 
on  the  Oppa.     Pop.  1500. 

HI  LLKSHEl  >I.  hil1es-hime\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
36  miles  X.  of  Treves.    Pop.  750. 

HILLESTED.  hil1es-tJd\  a  parish  of  Denmark,  island  of 
Laaland.  2  miles  S.W.  of  Jlarieboe.     Pop.  500. 

HILL-FAR'lUXCE.  a  pad.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HILL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pittsvlvania  co.,  Virginiii. 

HILL  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Greenville  and  Miami  Railroad,  near  the  former. 

UlLiyilOVSE,  a  postofficeof  Lake  co.,  Ohio,  11  miles  S.E. 
3f  Painesville. 

HILL1.\'R.\,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Columbus  and  Plqua 
Railroad.  10  miles  from  Columbus. 

HIKLIARD.S.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Texas. 

HIiyLIAHDSTOWX,  a  p<jst^viUage  of  Nash  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, 50  miles  from  Raleigh. 

HIl.'LIAKDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Alaliama. 

HILIJAR'S  (hll'y^rz;  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co., 
Alalnnia. 

Hll.'LIER,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1086. 

HUyLINGDOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
soniprising  the  town  of  Uxbridge. 

HIiyi^lNGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

lUL/LIXGTOX,  a  parUh  of  England,  oo.  of  Norfolk,  5| 
miles  S.E.  of  Norwich. 

HILLIOX,  heeryAs"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6tes-du-Xord,  4  miles  E.  of  St.  Etienne.     Pop.  2518. 

H1LL-.MART0N.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

UlLL-MOKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 
8M 


HILL  RIVER,  of  British  America.    See  Hayks  RrrsK. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  hilz'iar  Qh.  a  market-town  and  pa- 
rish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  3  miles,  S.S.W.  of 
Lisburn.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851.3551.  It  has  a  remark- 
ably fine  church,  with  3  towers,  erected  by  the  Earl  of 
Hillsborough,  in  1774.  ruins  of  a  castle,  the  seat  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Downshire.  and  a  hospital. 

IIILLS'BOROUGH.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, has  an  area  of  alxiut  960  .s<(uare  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Merrimack,  and  drained  by  the  Contoocook, 
Souhegan.  and  other  smaller  rivers,  which  alTord  valuable 
water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven,  with  a  few  mountain 
ridges.  Soil  generally  fertile.  The  county  is  traversed  by 
the  Boston.  Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad,  and  by  the  JIei> 
rimack  and  Connecticut  Rivers  Railroad.  By  means  of  ca- 
nals around  the  falls,  boats  are  enabled  to  navigate  the  Mer- 
rimack through  the  county.  Organized  in  1771.  Capital, 
Amherst.     Pop.  62,1-10. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  county  of  Florida,  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  peninsula,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  rivel 
of  its  own  n.ime,  and  penetrated  by  Tampa  Bay,  which  is 
near  40  miles  long.  The  surface  is  low,  and  in  some  parts 
marshy.  Capital,  Tamp^.  Pop.  2981,  of  whom  2417  were 
free,  and  5ti4  slnves.       • 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-town.ship  of  Hillsborough  co., 
New  Hampshire,  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Concord,  intersected  by 
the  Contoocook  River,  which  affords  excellent  water-privi- 
leges. It  has  an  insurance  office,  and  manufactures  of  bob- 
bins, furniture.  &c.    Pop.  1023. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post^)fflce  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  township  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jer- 
sey.   Pop.  3488. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-borough  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  National  Road,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Wash- 
ington, the  county  town. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Caroline  co.,  Maryland, 
59  miles  E.  of  Annapoli-s. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co..  Virginiii. 
165  miles  N.  of  Richmond,  It  contains  1  or  2  churches,  1 
academy,  and  2  flour-mills.     Pop.  alout  300. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  village  of  Tyler  co.,  W.  Virginia,  on 
Middle  Island  Creek,  6  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  h;is  about 
100  inhabitants. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Orange  co., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  Eno  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Nevise, 
44  miles  N.W.  of  Raleigh.  It  contains  a  new  court-house, 
and  2  or  3  newspaper  offices.  The  Central  Railroad  passes 
through  the  village. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  .lasper  co..  Georgia, 
26  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has  1  church  and  2 
academies. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ala- 
bama, about  120  miles  N.  of  Tuscaloo.sa. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 50  miles  X.E.  of  Jackson. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Union  CO.,  Arkanssas. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post>viIlage  of  Coffee  co.,  Tennessee, 
75  miles  S.E.  of  Na.shville. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Fleming  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 85  miles  E.  by  N.  from  Frankfort,  has  3  stores. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  flourishing  pos^village  of  Liberty 
township,  capital  of  Highland  co.,  Oliio,  60  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Cincinnati,  and  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  It  is  the 
east  terminus  of  a  brancli  railroad  21  miles  long,  wliicli  con- 
nects with  the  Cincinnati  and  Marietta  Riiilroad.  Hills- 
borough is  surroiinded  by  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country, 
and  is  a  place  of  active  and  increasing  business.  It  contains 
a  union  school,  a  female  seminary,  2  newspaper  otBces,  1 
national  bank,  and  7  churches  of  various  denominations. 
It  Wivs  first  settled  about  1802.  Population  in  1850, 1392 ;  in 
1860,  2171. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Fountain  co.,  Icdifina, 
on  Coal  Creek,  14  miles  E.  of  Covington. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Mont- 
gomery CO..  Illinois  on  a  fork  of  Shoal  Creek,  and  on  the 
route  of  the  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Railraad,  64  miles  S.  of 
Springfield.    Pop.  853. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson  co., 
Jlissouri,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis,  was  commenced  in 
1840. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa. 

inLI,SBOROU(iH.  apost/officeof  Washin<rtonco.,Pregon. 

IIILL.«'BOROUGH,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New 
Brunswick,  Albert  co..  iHjrderlng  on  the  Pfttico/iiac  River. 
It  contains  the  Albert  Coal-mines.  The  bea  is  includinl  in 
shales,  with  an  underlying  mass  of  soft  slate,  and  the  coal 
is  directly  overlaid  Viy  astratum  of  hijrhly  bitumii/  jus  shales, 
filled  with  the  embalmed  remains  of  beauti-ul  .species  of  the 
genus  f\iln'imisciis  fisht-s  of  the  ganoid  order. 

HILLS/BOROUGH,  the  principal  town  of  tho  islanl  of 
Carriacou.  one  of  the  Grenadines,  in  the  West  Inrtins. 

HlLLSBOltOUGH  BI!lD(iE.  a  po.st-vill.'»geof  Ilillsbor  -ugh 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Coutot  cook  Val- 
ley Railroad,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Concord. 


-J 


IIIL 


IIIN 


inLT.SBOROTIGIl  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Ilillsbo- 
rouuh  CO.,  New  Hampshire,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Concord. 

lilLL"S  COKNiiiiS,  a  postroffice  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

II[Lrs/D.A.LK,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Michi^ian,  bor- 
derintc  on  Indiana,  contains  57(3  square  miles.  The  hills 
and  valleys  of  this  county  give  rise  to  the  principal  rivers 
of  the  state,  viz.  the  Grand.  St.  Joseph's  of  Lake  ilichigan, 
the  St.  Joseph's  of  the  .Maumee,  and  the  Kalamazoo.  The 
gouthi-rn  half  of  the  county  is  heavily  timlxjred.  The  soil 
Is  a  rich,  black,  sandy  loom.  Quarries  of  fine  sandstone 
have  been  opened  iu  the  county.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Southern  Railroad,  and  by  a  plank-road  leading  to  Toledo. 
Capital,  Hillsdale.     Pop.  26,675. 

HIIjf/SDALK,  a  post-villase  and  township  on  the  E.  bor- 
der of  Columbia  co..  New  York,  and  on  the  Harlem  Rail- 
road. 11'2  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the  City  Hall,  and  about  45  miles 
S.S.K.  of  Albany.     Pop.2f).52. 

HIIJ.SDAIJ;,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 95  miles  from  lialei^h. 

HILLSDALE,  a  thiiving  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  St.  .Tosepli's  River,  a 
few  miles  from  its  source,  and  on  the  Southern  Railroad,  71 
miles  8.  of  Lansing,  and  69  miles  W.  of  Monroe.  The  vil- 
lage contains  a  stone  court-house48everal  churches,  2  news- 
paper oHices,  1  furnace,  and  3  steam  mills.  Laid  out  in 
IFay.  Pop.  in  1805,  about  1500;  of  the  township  in  1860, 
2177. 

IIILLSGROVE.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Loyalsock  Creek,  23  miles  W.  of  Laporte,  the 
county  seat. 

HI  LLSGROVE,  a  post-village  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois, 
J2  miles  S.W.  of  .Macomb. 

HILLSIDE,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the  Pennsylva- 
nia K.iilri'ad,  4'.»  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

HI  LLSIDE.  a  post-offlee  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York. 

HILLS  LANDING,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis.souri,  on 
the  Mi.ssouri  River,  92  miles  in  a  straight  line  N.W.  by  W. 
of  Jefferson  Citv. 

HILL'S  STOKE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

HILL'S  VALLEY,  a  post-ofBce  of  Williamson  co.,  Ten- 
noKS'je.' 

HILLS^VIEAV,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania. 

HILLS'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HILLSVILLE,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  245 
miles  W.N.V.  of  Harrisliurg. 

HILLSVII  LE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carroll  co.,  Vir- 
g'nia,  260  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  a  court- 
Jjjuse.  a  church,  and  an  academy.     Pop.  about  200. 

HILL'TOP,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  Pennsylvania. 

HlLI/rOWN.  a  post-town.ship  of  Bucks  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
6  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Doylestown.    Pop.  2726. 

IIIL'OCHEE\  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 

HILONGOS,  he-lon'goce,  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  island  of  I^evte,  with  Point  llilougos  N.W.,  in 
Jat.  10^  24'  N..  Ion.  124°  35'  E. 

IIIL/PERTON  or  HIL/PRINGTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Wilts. 

IIILPOLTSTEIN,  hil'poH>strne\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  19 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Nurenibej-g.     Pop.  1495. 

IIILSBACH,  hils'bdK.'a  town  of  Baden,  17  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  1306. 

HILSENHEIM.  hil'sen-hime\  (Fr.  pron.  heel'sJu'Sm',)  a 
villasre  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  6  miles  N.E.  of 
Schelestadt.     Pop.  1841. 

HIL'.STi)N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East  Riding. 

IIIL'l'ENFINGKN,  hil'ten-fing*en.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  17 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Augsburg.'    Pop.  089. 

HI  I^TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby.     Pop.  723. 

HILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

HILTON,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

IIIL/rON,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Kentucky. 

HILTON,  MIDDLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster.    Pop.  902. 

HILTON,  OVER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
2  miles  W.N.W.  of  Pec^l-Hilton.  Pop.  445.  The  park  has 
been  the  seat  of  the  Hilton  family  since  the  Concjuest. 

IIILT()N.  PEKL.  a  township  oif  England,  co.  of  Lanaister, 
5  miles  N.E.  of  Leigh.  Pop.  3052.  Here  is  the  ancient  seat 
of  the  Peel  family. 

HILTON'S,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

HILVARENBEKK.  hil'vi-ren-bAk',  a  village  of  Holland, 
provinceof  North  Brabant.  17  miles  E.S.K.  of  Breda.  P.  2494. 

HILVERSUM,  hil'ver-8fim\  a  market-town  of  North  Hol- 
land. 15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Amsterdam.     Pop.  5160. 

HILZINGE.V,  hilt'sing-gn.  a  village  of  Baden,  in  Lake 
circle.  8  miles  N.E.  of  SchafThausen.     Pop.  1009. 

HIMALAYA,  (bim-a-la'ya  or  him-i'la-va)  HIMMALEH 
(him-mil'la')  MOUNTAINS. '<>'  THE  HIMALAYAS,  ("the 
at)C(\e  of  snow."  the  fniaus  oi  the  ancients.)  a  chain  of 
snowy  mountains,   the    most  elevated  on  the  globe,  ex- 


tending along  the  N.  boundary  of  Ilindostan.  (separating 
it  from  Thibet,)  between  lat.  27°  and  35°  N.,  and  Ion. 
73°  and  98°  E.  The  Hindoo  Koosh  range  is  continuous 
with  the  Himal,Hyas  on  the  W.,  and  on  the  E.  they  extend 
into  Assam.  The  length  of  the  range  is  estimated  at  2000 
miles:  the  breadth,  as  far  as  ascertained,  varies  from  100  to 
350  miles,  averaging  about  180  miles.  Its  direction,  begin- 
ning at  the  Indus,  is  from  N.W.  to  S.E.  for  about  one-third 
of  its  whole  length ;  it  then  curves  gradually  to  the  E.,  which 
direction  it  retains  throughout  the  last  third  of  its  extent. 
The  range  lies  between  two  plains — a  low  alluvial  plain  on 
the  S.  drained  by  the  Ganges  and  the  Brahmapootra,  and 
the  elevated  table-laud  of  Thibet  on  the  N.  and  N.E.  The 
mountains  terminate  on  the  S.,  towards  the  plain  of  the 
Ganges,  in  a  wall-like  range,  flll»m  4U00  to  5000  feet  high, 
broken  up,  at  Intervals,  by  deep,  precipitous  chasms,  through 
which  the  springs  and  rivers,  formed  from  the  melted  snows 
in  the  interior,  flow  down  with  great  impetuosity.  Between 
the.se  and  the  higher  ranges  lie  the  fertile  and  well-culti- 
vated valleys  of  Nepaul,  Bootan.  and  As.sam.  To  the  N., 
the  enormous  masses  are  separated  from  one  another  by  the 
valleys  of  Cashmere,  the  Indu.s,  and  the  Sutlej.  The  mean 
elevation  of  the  range  is  about  double  that  of  the  Alps,  and 
has  been  estimated  at  from  16,000  to  2O.U0O  feet.  Fiaty  of 
the  peaks  have  an  elevation  exceeding  20.000  feet.  Several 
reach  a  height  of  25.000  feet,  and  Kunchainjunga  has  an 
elevation  of  28,178  feet,  Dhawalaghiri  about  28.000  feet.  Ju- 
wahir  25.670  feet,  Jumnootri  25.500  feet,  and  Shuuialari 
23,929  feet.  The  high  table-land  of  Thibet,  forming  the  N. 
portion  of  the  range,  has  a  more  gradual  and  extensive  sloije 
than  the  .steep*  and  abrupt  mountiiin  declivities  of  the  S. 
The  Ilim.ilayas  maintain  a  considerable  height  and  breadth 
along  the  N.  of  Assam,  but  lieyond  this  point  nothing  certain 
is  known  of  the  ramre.  The  passes  across  the  Himalayas  are 
at  great  elevations,  many  of  t  hem  exceeding  2ii,U00  feet.  The 
altitude  of  Mont  Blanc,  the  highe.st  point  in  Europe,  is  15,732 
feet :  Karakorum  Pass  is  18,6ij0  feet  high :  Parangla.  18,600  feet ; 
Kronbrung,  18,313  feet;  DooraOhaut,  17,750  feet;  Khoonawur 
20,000  feet.  The  difficulty  of  these  ascents  is  extreme,  espe- 
cially that  of  the  Niti  Pass,  which  leads  to  Mansa,  the  sacred 
lake  of  Thibet.  The  base  and  summits,  and  probably  the 
great  mass  of  this  range,  consists  oi  granite  and  crystalline- 
stratified  rocks.  A  zone  of  Silurian  strata  prevails  at  eleva- 
tions of  from  15.000  to  18.000  feet,  and  tertiary  strata,  soma 
of  very  modern  date,  with  many  organic  remains,  occur  at 
various  elevations  along  the  ridge.  Recent  investigations 
show  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow  in  the  middle  divisiun  of 
the  Himalayas  (Ion.  78°  E.)  to  be  at  the  height  of  about 
15.500  feet  on  the  S.  side,  and  18,500  feet  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  ridge;  but  towards  the  E.,  in  SikUim,  the  snow-line  de- 
scends on  the  S.  lace  of  the  S.  raugi^s  to  14.500  feet,  while 
farther  N.,  in  the  interior,  it  rises  to  a  level  of  19,li00  feet. 
Vegetation  also  extends  much  higher  on  the  N.  than  on  tlje 
S.  side.  This  arises  from  the  serenity  and  dryness  of  the  air 
and  the  radiated  heat  from  the  exten.sive  sloping  table-land 
towards  the  N.,  while  on  its  S.  there  are  more  frequent  gales 
and  moisture,  and  an  abrupt,  precipitous  termination  of  the 
mountains.  Some  of  the  |)eaks  in  the  interior  are  free  of 
snow,  and  the  contrast  of  this,  with  the  other  snow-covered 
summits,  and  the  deep  azure  of  the  sky,  renders  the  scenery 
most  nuignificent.  It  is  now  fully  estjiblished  that  gl.aciers 
of  smooth  ice,  the  existence  of  which,  in  the  Himalayas, 
was  long  doubted,  are  numerous,  and  descend  fnjm  the 
limits  of  perpetual  snow  to  a  height,  iu  some  places,  of 
about  11.500  feet.  In  Ion.  7S°  E.,  at  an  elevation  of  2000 
feet,  the  thermometer  varies  throughout  the  year  from  100° 
to  37°;  at  the  height  of  7000  feet  its  range  is  from  !-0°  to  26°, 
and  at  12.000  feet  the  nocturnal  temperature  begins,  in  Sep- 
temlier,  to  fall  below  zero.  The  base  of  the  mountains  to  the 
S.  is  covered  with  a  dense,  impenetrable  jungle,  .separating 
them  from  the  plains  of  India.  This  belt  diminishes  to  the 
W.  and  N.  of  the  Jumna.  Cultivation  is  carried  to  the  fuot 
of  the  mountains.  At  the  level  of  the  base  the  vegetation 
is  of  a  tropical  character;  at  an  elevation  of  5000  feet  Euro- 
pean plants  succeed.  Here  rice,  and  other  grains,  are  culti- 
vated ;  as  also  a  species  of  arum,  the  routs  of  which  form 
the  food  of  the  Hill-people,  and  wheat  grows  at  an  elevatiiui 
of  13.000  tiset.  The  cultivation  of  the  tea-plant  has  been  in- 
troduced successfully  in  the  Kumaon  and  Gurhwal  dis- 
tricts. .Mines  of  iron,  le.id,  and  copper  exist,  but  have  been 
little  wrought  or  explored, 

HIMBKKG,  him'ber.G,  n  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  8 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1319. 

HIM'liLKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

HIMKRA.     .SeeSALSO. 

HI.M'LEY'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HIMMELKliON,  him'mel-krOn\  a  market-town  of  Bava- 
ria, circle  of  Ujiper  Franconia.  with  a  royal  castle,  and  the 
tombs  of  .several  princes  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  682. 

HIM.MELPFORTEN,  him'mel-pfoR'tgn.  a  village  of  North- 
west Of  rmany.  in  Hanover,  8  miles  W.  of  Stade.     Pop.  610, 

HIM  RODS,  New  York,  a  station  on  the  Elmira  and  Can- 
andaigua  R;iilroad,  8  miles  S,E.  of  Peun  Yan. 

IIINCHE,  h^xsh,  a  town  of  Hayti,  46  miles  S.E.  of  Cape 
Haytian,  ou  the  Iliuche,  an  affluent  of  the  Artibonite. 

855 


HIN 


nm 


aiStVSTSRUOOK'E.  a  Tillage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Beau- 
barno:?.  ftO  ipUes  S.  ofMontreal. 

HIN'CK'LEY.  a  lx)rough,  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co..  and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Liecester.  Pop.  of  the 
town,  in  1851,  6111.  The  town,  situated  on  elevated  table- 
land, is  well  built,  though  old.  with  remains  of  .incient 
walls,  castle,  and  a  Roman  temple  and  baths,  a  fine  Gothic 
church,  an  ancient  town-hall,  endowed  free  schixjl.  2  branch 
banks,  and  the  largest  manufiicture  of  coarse  hosiery  in 
the  kingdom. 

HIN'CK'LEY,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extre- 
mity of  Medina  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1239. 

IIINDEL.\.\tT.  hinMeh-ldns\  a  market/-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  .Swatiiii.  15  mik*  S.  of  Kempten.     Pop.  1288. 

IILVDEfiOOPEN.  hin'd<fc-16'pen.  a  seaport  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  Zuyder  Zee.'  24  miles  S.W.  of  Leeuwar- 
den.     Pop.  1207.  employed  in  ship-building  and  navigation. 

IIIX'DKRCLAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

iriN'DEUWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Hiding. 

niXDI.\.  hin'de-d.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  on  the  Nei^ 
budda.  94  miles  S.K.  of  Oojein. 

lilNDl.\.\.  hin'de-4n.  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khoo- 
Llftan,  75  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Bu.shire.  Pop.  35li0.  mostly  Ambs. 

HIND'LEY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

KIND'LIP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

HIND'M.iUSII.  a  county  of  South  Australia,  comprising 
tlie  peninsula  of  which  Cape  Jervis  forms  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity. 

III.VDMARSII,  an  island  of  South  Australia,  in  the 
entrance  to  Lake  Alexandrina. 

III.NDMARSH,  a  village  of  South  Australia,  2  miles  from 
Adelaide. 

IirXD^lARSH.  a  lake  of  Victoria.  Australia,  30  miles  in 
circumference.     Lat.  30°  S..  Ion.  141°  30'  E. 

lilNDOliN,  (Ilindiien,)  hin'doVn,  the  largest  of  the  Loffo- 
den  Islands,  Norway,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  divided  between 
the  provinces  of  Nordlandand  Finmark.  Length,  45  miles; 
bre.idth,  40  miles. 

IlIXDOLVESTON.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.     See  IIilderstox. 

IIIX'DOX.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts.  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Warminster.  In  the  vicinity  are 
the  modern  ruins  of  Fonthill  Abbey,  and  some  vestiges  of  a 
British  town. 

IIXX'DOO-KOOSII.  (-COOSn,  or-KOO.)  or  GHOOR  MOUN- 
TAINS, (written  also  HIXDDO-KUSCH.  (or-KUSII.)  or  IX- 
DUX  CAUCASOS,  in'de-an  kaw'ka-gftf<,  (anc.  Pampamisus 
U<m,)  a  great  mauntiin  chain  of  Central  Asia,  between  lat. 
34°  and  36°  X.,  and  Ion.  68°  and  75°  E.,  extending  from  the 
Upper  Indus  westward  to  the  iSamian  Pass,  separatinsr  Af- 
ghanistan from  Toorkistan,  and  ccmected  E.  with  the  Hima- 
layas, W.  wnh  the  Iluzareh  Mountains,  and  X.  with  the 
table  land  of  Pameer.  It  rises  in  many  parts  to  upwards  of 
20.000  feet  in  elevation,  but  has.  especially,  one  vast  summit, 
the  Hindoo  Koh.  in  lat.  35°  40'  N..  Ion.  ftS"  50'  K..  80  miles 
N.  of  Cabool.  more  lofty  than  the  rest,  though  no  actual 
measurement  of  it  has  been  made.  This  chain  is  generally 
barren,  and  remarkably  destitute  of  timber:  in  most  other 
respects  it  resembles  the  Himalayas.  The  principal  passes 
over  the  Hindoo  Koosh  are  the  Khawak  Pass,  13,2(X)  feet 
high:  the  Akrobat  Pass,  10.200  feet:  the  Kara  Kotul,  10.500 
feet;  and  the  Dundun  Skikun.  9000  feet.  A'arious  large 
streams  have  their  sources  in  these  mountains;  the  princi- 
pal are  the  ()xusor  .lilioon.  and  the  Helmund. 

niN'D(X>X'  or  HIX'DOXE/.  a  town  of  Uindostan.  domi- 
nion, and  74  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jeypjor.  It  is  well  built,  and 
has  some  Hindoo  temples,  constructed  in  a  Mohammedan 
•tvle. 

HIXDOSTAN,  hinMo-stJn'  or  IX'DO.STAN'.  written  also 
HINDUSTAN,  HIXDOOSTAX,  and  IXDUSTHAN,  HIX- 
DUSTHAX,  (i.  e.  in  Persian,  •'  the  country  of  the  Hindoos,"  or 
"Negro-land.")  an  extensive  region,  comprising  the  great 
central  peninsula  of  Southern  Asia,  between  lat.  8°  6'  and 
35°  X.,  and  Ion.  (Cape  Moi.ze)  66° 37'  and  94°  30'  E. ;  bounded 
N.  by  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  W.  by  the  river  Indus  and 
Lukkee  Mountains  which  separate  it  from  Beloochistan  and 
Cabool.  and  W.S.W.  by  the  Aral)ian  Sea  and  Indian  Ocean, 
E.  and  S.E.  by  the  Brahmapootra,  the  Bav  of  Bengal.  Indian 
Ocean,  and  Palk's  Strait,  which,  with  tfcie  Gvilf  of  Manaar. 
separates  its  S.  part  from  the  Island  of  Ceylon.  Its  extreme 
length,  from  the  Himalayas  to  Cape  Comorin,  is  about  1870 
miles ;  greatest  breadth,  from  W.  to  E.,  1675  miles.  Its  area 
has  been  estimated  at  1.280,000  square  mile.s.  or  more  than 
one-third  of  the  entire  extent  of  Europe:  and  its  population 
has  been  supposed  to  amount  to  upwards  of  ISO.lKXI.tKM),  or 
considerably  more  than  half  of  the  number  occupying  the 
European  continent  and  islands. 

Ph;/gictil  ae<if/rnpl(t/.—1'he  great  mountain  svstems  of  Ilin- 
dostan are  the  Him.alayas.  the  l':ast  and  West  Ghauts,  and 
the  Vindhya  range.  The  Himalayas,  forming  the  X.  bound- 
ary, are  the  loftiest  and  most  stupendous  chain  of  mountains 
In  the  world.  Their  averasre  heiiiht  is  aliout  15.71X1  feet;  but 
their  loftiest  sumniits.  Dhawalaghiri  and  Kunchainjunga, 
attain  to  an  elevation  of  aliout  2M.iX)0  feet.  (Sto  Him.\- 
LATA.)  The  East  Ghauts  commence  in  the  south,  about  lat. 
866 


11°  20'  N..  and.  pursuing  a  N.E.  direction  across  the  country 
extend  to  the  hanks  of  the  Ki.stnah.  in  lat.  16°  N..  separating 
the  Carnatic  from  the  table-land  of  the  Deccan.  The  utmost 
height  of  this  range  does  not  exceed  30(X)  feet.  The  West 
Ghauts  reach  from  Cape  Comorin  to  the  river  Taptee,  about 
lat.  21°  N.,  extending  through  about  13  degrees  of  latitude, 
and  running  parallel  to  the  AV.  coast,  from  whi.-h  they  ar« 
seldom  more  than  70  miles,  and  generally  only  about  40 
miles,  distant.  Their  highest  elevations  vary  from  bODO  to 
6000  feet  above  sea-level :  but  an  offset  of  this  ranire.  stretch- 
ing N.E„  was  found  by  Colonel  Lambton  to  have  an  eleva- 
tion of  7364  feet.  The  Vindhya  Mountains  run  E.  and  W. 
across  the  central  part  of  India,  constituting  a  base  to  the 
triangle  of  which  the  East  and  West  Ghauts  form  the  other 
two  sides,  and  complete  the  boundary  of  what  is  called  the 
table-land  of  the  peninsula.  Their  greatest  height  is  not 
supposed  to  exceed  3000  feet.  The  surface  of  the  Deccan  is 
between  3000  and  4000  feet  above  the  sea.  and  is  a  collection 
of  plains,  interspersed  with  ridges  of  rock  and  insulated 
flat-topped  hills.  These  last  are  solitary  and  almost  inac- 
cessible height.*,  rising  abruptly  from  the  plains,  with  all 
but  perpendicular  sides,  which  can  only  be  scaled  by  steps 
cut  in  the  rock,  or  bj-  dangerous  and  winding  paths.  Many 
are  fortified,  and  have  b^en  stronghold.^  tV(  m  remote  anti- 
quity. S.  of  the  Deccan  is  the  table-land  of  ily.sore.  7(K)0 
feet  above  the  sea.  surrounded  l>y  the  Xeilgherry  or  Blue 
.Mountains,  and  their  branches,  which  ri.<e  to  about  10.000 
feet.  Thebaseof  thispl.ateau,  asof  all  the  Deccan.  is  granite; 
there  are  al.«o  many  sienitic  and  trap  rocks,  with  an  abun- 
dance of  primary  and  .secondary  fossiliferous  strat.a.  The 
sea-coasts  on  the  two  sides  of  this  part  of  the  peninsula  are 
essentially  different.  That  of  Malabar,  on  the  W.  side,  is 
rocky,  but  in  many  parts  well  cultivated :  and  its  mountains, 
covered  with  forests,  form  a  continuous  wall  of  very  simple 
structure,  510  miles  long,  and  rather  more  than  5000  feet 
high.  On  the  coast  of  Coromandel  the  mountains  are  bare, 
less  elevated,  and  frequently  interrupted,  and  the  wide 
maritime  plains  are.  for  the  most  p;irt.  parched.  The  Gan- 
getic  plain  comprehends  the  vast  tract  of  level  country 
drained  by  the  Ganges  and  its  affluents.  The  lower  por- 
tion (Bengal.  &c.1  is  annually  submer^red  for  several  months 
by  the  inundation  of  the  Ganges.  This  plain  is  tlie  most 
fertile,  best  cultivated,  and  most  thickly  inhabited  portion 
of  Ilindostan,  containing  more  than  one-half  of  its  entire 
population.  The  desert  of  the  Indus,  or  Great  Sandy  Desert, 
extends  from  the  S.E.  confines  of  the  Punjab  to  the  Itunn — 
a  distance  of  about  500  miles,  and  is  connected  on  the  X.E. 
with  the  high  country  which  separates  the  plain  of  the 
Ganges  from  that  of  the  Indus.  It  contains  several  large 
oases,  of  which  considerable  portions  are  under  »ultiv.ation. 
The  S.  part  embraces  ne;irly  the  whole  of  the  delta  of  the 
Indus.  Across  this  river  it  is  continuous  with  the  de.«ert  of 
Beloochistan,  and  with  that  wide  band  of  sandy  and  sterile 
region  stretching  from  Central  Africa  N.E.  over  the  whole 
centre  of  the  Asiatic  continent. 

Minerals. — The  Himalayan  Mountains  abound  in  iron, 
coi>per,  and  lead.  Graphite  has  been  found  in  the  province 
of  Kumaon,  and  traces  of  lignite  in  the  tertiary  formation, 
where  immense  deposits  of  fossil  bones  have  also  been  dis- 
covered. Coal  formations  stretch  across  India  from  E.  to 
W. ;  in  the  N.E.  deposits  extend  from  Assam  and  Sylhet 
into  Burdwan.  where  coal-mines  are  wrought  for  the  supply 
of  Calcutta :  de))osits  of  coal  exist  along  the  course  of  the 
Nerbudda.  as  well  as  in  the  W.  district  of  Cutch.  Ag.Hteg 
and  carnelians  alMund  throughout  Central  India,  and  at 
Sui-at  and  other  places  on  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula. 
Xitre  and  nitrate  of  soda  efflore.sce  in  great  quantities  on 
the  soil  in  different  parts  of  Ilindostan.  Gold  is  procured 
by  washing  the  sand  of  some  rivers,  and  iron  is  in  many 
parts  abundant.  Diamonds  are  found  in  Bundelcund  and 
in  the  Deccan.  A  species  of  carbonate  of  lime,  termed 
hauliar.  and  porcelain-clays,  are  plentiful,  as  are  niiirbles  of 
various  colors. 

Jiivers. — The  rivers  of  Ilindostan.  like  its  mountains,  are  on 
the  most  magnificent  scale.  The  principal  are  the  Indus.  Gan- 
ges, and  Brahmapootra.  The  Indus,  having  passed  the  Hima- 
layas, flows  in  a  S.W.  direction,  traverses  the  I'un.iab  and 
Sinde.  and.  after  a  course  of  aliout  1(  50  miles,  falls,  by  .several 
mouths,  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  about  lat.  24°  N..  Ion.  68° 
E.  Its  stream  is  foul  and  muddy,  and  so  full  of  shoals  and 
shifting  sands  that  it  can  only  l)e  navigated  with  safety  by 
fiat-bottomed  boats;  with  these  it  is  navigable  fur  about 
1200  miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  estir.\ated  to  discharge  80.000 
cubic  feet  per  second — not  quite  half  so  much  as  theCianges, 
which  averages  for  the  year  about  200.000  cubic  feet  per 
second.  (SeeGANGF-s.)  This  la.st  is  the  most  important  nf  the 
Indian  rivers,  both  from  the  fertility  it  diffu.«esarou..i  it.  and 
the  facilities  it  affords  forinternal  communication.  It  enters 
the  B,iy  of  Bengal  by  numerous  months,  after  a  S.E.  course  of 
about  1960  miles.  The  Brahmapootra  exceeds  the  Ganges  in 
size,  and  probably  in  length,  although  its  sfmives  are  very 
imperfectly  known.  It  fells  into  the  Bay  of  Beniral  in  about 
lat.  22°  50'  N..  Ion.  90° 45'  K..  in  conjunction  with  the  largest 
ItranchoftheGanges,  For  the  last  30  miles  ofifs  course  it  hasa 
breadth  of  from  4  to  5  miles,  increased  to  10  miles  at  it:^  mouth. 


HIN 


niN 


Among  the  other  rivers  of  note  In  Hindostan  are  the  Jumna, 
Chumlju),  Sone,  Gunduck,  Gogi^ra,  Teesta,  <fec.,  tributary  to 
the  Ganjres:  the  five  rivers  of  the  Punjab— the  Sutlej,  lieas, 
Ravee,Cheuaub,  and  Jhylum.  affluents  of  the  Indus;  and  in 
Peninsular  India  the  Nerbudda  and  Taptee,  flowing  westr 
ward,  and  the  Kistnah  (or  Krishna,)  Godavery,  and  Maha- 
nuddy,  enteriiiii  the  sea  on  its  E.  side. 

Lakes,  tC-c. — The  lakes  of  Hindostan  are  few  in  number, 
shallow,  and  comparatively  small  in  size.  Among  the  largest 
are  the  Chilka  and  Colair  Lakes,  both  on  the  K.  shore  of  the 
peninsula.  The  former,  is  a  salt-water  lake,  about  35  miles  in 
length,  and  8  miles  in  average  breadth.  IJut  to  make  up 
for  the  want  of  natural  reservoirs,  the  whole  surfiice  of  India 
is  more  or  less  interspersed  with  tanks,  or  artificial  collections 
of  water,  made  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation.  Jeels.  or  large 
ponds,  formed  by  some  of  the  great  rivers  during  their 
inundations,  are  also  numerous.  On  the  W.  side  of  the 
peninsula  is  a  remarkable  tract  of  morass,  called  the  Kunn, 
about  150  miles  in  length  and  60  in  greatest  breadth,  com- 
municating with  the  (iulf  of  Cutch.  The  coast-line  of  Hin- 
dostan has  an  extent  of  nearly  3100  miles.  It  is  particularly 
deficient  in  islands;  and  the  only  inlets  of  inuch  size  are 
the  Gulfs  of  f'utch  and  Cambay,  both  on  the  W.  .side.  On 
the  E.  coast,  from  Cape  Comorin  to  Bengal,  there  is  not  a 
single  good  harbor. 

dimaU. — Generally  speaking,  Hindostan  has  three  seasons : 
the  hot,  wet,  and  cold.  The  first  commences  about  the 
middle  of  March,  and  continues  for  three  months,  during 
which  the  thermometer  ranges,  in  the  sun,  from  100°  to 
110°,  and  even  rises  as  high  as  120°  Fahrenheit.  The  heat 
on  the  Coromandel  coast  is  often  so  excessive  as  to  destroy 
Tegetation.  The  wet  season  also  occurs,  in  most  parts  of  Hin- 
dostan. during  the  S.W.  monsoon;  thou;j:h,  in  the  country 
E.  of  the  Ghauts,  the  rains  take  place  when  the  wind  blows 
from  the  opposite  quarter.  They  are  ushered  in  with  a 
dreadful  commotion  of  the  elements — lifthtning,  thunder, 
and  tempest.  The  N.K.  monsoon  blows  during  the  wint+'r 
months,  and  the  S.W.  during  the  re.st  of  the  year;  but  both 
are  subject  to  various  modifications,  according  to  local  cir- 
cumstances. In  C.ilcutta,  the  thermometer  falls  as  low  as 
50°  in  December,  and  sometimes  in  the  N.  Provinces  to  the 
freezinjr  jioint.  From  November  to  March,  the  climate  N.  of 
lat.  27°  is  similar  to  that  of  Italy ;  and  in  the  low  plains,  as 
far  X.  as  lat.  18°.  winter  is  hardly  perceptible.  At  Bombay, 
the  mean  annual  temperature  is  stated  to  be  about  82°;  at 
Madras,  84°;  and  at  Calcutta,  79°,  Fahrenheit. 

AniniaU. — The  elephant,  tiger,  leopard,  panther,  hyena, 
wild  boar  and  ass.  deer,  bears,  jackals,  foxes,  marmots,  the 
ourang-outang.  and  numerous  other  kinds  of  apes,  are  natives 
of  Hindostan.  Lions  are  f  luud  in  the  N.,  but  they  are  not 
of  the  same  species  with  the  lion  of  Africa.  The  elephant, 
buffalo,  dromedary,  hor.se,  and  ass  have  been  domesticated ; 
the  first-named  has.  from  time  immemorial,  formed  an  im- 
portiint  appendage  to  the  retinue  of  Indian  princes.  Alli- 
gators and  gavials  are  abundant  in  the  tiinks  and  rivers : 
and  some  of  the  most  formidable  serpents  known  inhabit 
this  region. 

Vegetation. — The  forests  of  Hindostan  contain  an  im- 
mense variety  of  large  trees,  little  known  in  Kurope,  but 
capable  of  yielding  valuaVile  timber,  and  distinguished  by 
their  fragrance,  luxuriant  growth,  or  adaptation  for  manu- 
factures. Teak  of  the  first  quality  grows  on  the  West 
Ghauts.  Other  forest  trees  characteristic  of  Indian  scenery 
are  the  banian,  sappan.  saul,  {Shnrea  robusta,)  sissoo,  {Dalr 
bergia  sissoo,)  <fec. ;  with  which  are  seen  the  oak,  cypress, 
poplar,  &c.  Large  and  be.autiful  flowering  shrubs  are  in 
great  variety.  Forests  of  bamboo  are  numerous;  and  so 
rapidly  does  their  growth  proceed,  that  some  of  these  reeds 
have  l>een  reported  to  attain  a  height  of  60  feet  in  the  course 
of  five  months !  Extensive  tracts  of  the  country  are  covered 
with  dense  jungles,  the  resorts  of  formidable  wild  animals; 
mangroves  cover  the  swamps  at  the  mouths  of  the  rivers; 
and  the  whole  of  that  wide  tract,  termed  the  Sunderbunds, 
at  the  united  delta  of  the  Ganges  and  Brahmapootra,  is  a 
rank  fore.st.  inhabited  by  tigers,  deer,  and  elephants;  and 
the  rivers  traversing  it  are  in  many  parts  rendered  impass- 
able to  ships,  by  the  obstacles  to  which  its  thick  vegetation 
gives  rise. 

The  principal  vegetable  productions  of  Hindostan  are 
rice,  maize,  wheat,  barley,  cotton,  indijjo,  sugar-cane,  opium, 
tobacco,  cinjrer,  saffron,  eirdamoms,  pepper,  cocoa,  areca.  and 
other  palms  yielding  nuts,  which  are  extensively  consumed 
by  the  n.ative  population;  also  anise,  variousdyes.  flax,  hemp, 
&c.  The  principal  indigenous  fruits  are  the  mango,  the  finest 
of  all  the  Indian  fruits,  pisang  or  plantain,  pomeeranate.  cit- 
ron, date,  almond,  grape,  pine-apple,  and  tamarind.  In  theN. 
provinces,  apples,  pears,  plums,  apricots,  and  other  European 
fruits,  abound.  Oranges  and  lemons  are  also  to  be  met  with, 
butareof  an  inferior  quality.  Kiceformsan  important  article 
of  export:  but,  contrary  to  the  generally  received  notions 
both  in  Europe  and  America,  neither  this  grain  nor  wheat 
form  the  chief  nutriment  of  the  natives  of  Hindostan.  The 
former  Ik  raised  only  on  alluvial  soils,  and  is  often  twice  as 
dear  as  wheat.  Except  in  Bengal,  the  number  of  those  who 
seldom  taste  rice  &r  exceeds  those  who  subsist  upon  it ;  but 


the  hulk  of  the  food  of  from  70  to  80  millions  of  the  popti 
lation  consists  of  jowary.  or  common  millet,  {Holcuss'>rffltKm,y 
bajree  or  bajury,  {Jhlcus  spicatus,)  sesamum,  and  sever*; 
grains  peculiar  to  the  country.  Out  of  Bengal,  rice  i« 
chiefly  produced  on  the  plains  of  Tanjore,  South  Arcot,  itc. 
in  the  Sladras  presidency,  and  in  Concan  and  the  lower  part* 
of  Bombay.  In  the  delta  of  the  Ganges  it  yields  ♦wo  crops 
a  year.  Barley  is  extensively  cultivated  for  food,  and  maize 
is  grown  in  small  quantities. 

After  cereals,  the  five  great  staples  of  Indi.an  produce  ar* 
cotton.  Indigo,  opium,  sugar,  and  silk.  The  indiirenous 
cotton  ((Unssypium  herbaceuin)  of  Hindostan  succeeds  only 
on  what  is  called  the  •'  black  cotton  soil.'"  which  is  estimated 
to  extend  over  about  200.000  square  miles;  but.  in  addition, 
there  is  a  "red  cotton  soil."  formed  of  the  debris  of  silicious 
rocks,  comprising  from  200.000  to  300.000  square  miles,  on 
which  alone  the  cotton  of  America  succeeds.  In  Hindost^m 
nearly  every  article  of  clothing  is  made  of  cotton:  and  the 
yearly  consumption  has  been  variously  estimated  at  fi-om 
376.000.000  to  3.000.000,000  pounds.  Indigo  is  one  of  the 
most  profitable  of  Indian  crops.  By  far  the  greater  propor- 
tion of  this  article  consumed  in  Euro|)e  is  raised  in  Hin- 
dostan. Its  culture  extends  over  upwards  of  l.OOO.WO  acreg 
in  the  Gangetic  region;  and  it  is  also  grown  extensively  in 
other  parts  of  the  peninsula.  Opium,  it  is  said,  is  raised 
only  in  two  of  the  British  provinces,  Bahar  and  Benares; 
but  in  the  Indore  territories,  in  Central  India,  and  other 
regions,  it  is  also  grown,  and  is  purchased  or  sold  on  com- 
mission by  the  British  government,  for  exportation  to  China, 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  and  other  parts  of  South  east  Asiiu 
•In  1849,  the  sale  of  opium  raised  in  the  British  ferritorie* 
realized  to  the  Bombay  government  more  than  3.000.0001. 
The  cultivation  of  suirar-cane  in  Hindostan  has  of  late  years 
been  greatly  extended;  besides  its  manufacture  into  sugar, 
molasses,  Ac.  for  export,  it  is  consumed  in  large  quantities 
by  the  natives  as  food.  The  principal  seat  of  the  silk  cul- 
ture is  in  Bengal  and  As.sam;  but  the  mulberry  thrives 
well  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  peninsula. 

Jnhaldlants. — The  first  inhabitants  were  at  an  early  period 
dispossessed  by  the  Hindoos,  who,  entering  the  country  from 
the  N.W.,  first  occupied  that  portion  to  the  N.  of  the  Ner- 
budda. Subsequently  they  overran  the  entire  peninsula, 
giving  their  name  to  the  country.  The  native  tribes,  how- 
ever, were  by  no  means  exterminated  by  these  invaders,  but, 
under  the  various  denominations  of  Bheels.  Coolies.  Cattie.s, 
Coles,  Gonds,  Ac,  still  exist  in  Hindostan  to  the  number,  it 
is  computed,  of  from  two  to  three  millions.  They  are  mostly 
of  small,  active  frame,  dark-colored,  and  with  a  peculiarly 
quick  and  restless  eye.  Their  ordinary  food  consists  of  wild 
berries  and  game;  and  they  bury  their  dead,  instead  of 
burning  them. 

The  Hindoos,  although  commonly  darker  in  color  than 
the  rest  of  the  nations  composing  the  Caucasian  rare,  are 
nevertheless  held  to  belong  to  this  great  division  of  m.in- 
kind.  They  are  well  formed,  and,  in  some  parts  of  India, 
robust,  energetic,  and  hardy ;  but  their  chief  bodily  charac- 
teristic is  extreme  suppleness,  rendering  them  the  best 
runners,  climbers,  leapers.  and  wrestlers  in  Asia.  The 
fac«  of  the  Hindoo  is  oval ;  the  eyes  are  uniformly  of  a  dark 
brown,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow  in  the  white,  and'the  hair 
long,  black,  and  straight.  The  upper  clas.ses  in  the  N.AV. 
are  nearly  as  liiiht  in  color  as  the  natives  in  the  S.  of  Europe ; 
but  in  proportion  as  we  proceed  S.,  the  hue  of  the  skin  is 
observed  to  darken,  until,  in  the  lower  castes,  it  assumes 
almost  the  blackness  of  the  negro.  Subtlety  and  shrewd- 
ness are  the  most  conspicuous  mental  characteristics  of  the 
Hindoos;  and  they  have  been  properly  de.scribed  as  "the 
acutest  buyers  and  sellers  in  the  world."  But  with  a  few 
rare  exceptions,  they  have  evinced  no  grasp  of  intellect, 
enabling  them  to  become  versed,  beyond  a  very  limited 
extent,  in  the  higher  branches  of  learning.  In  arithmetic, 
algebra,  geometry,  and  astronomy,  they  have  made  some 
rudimentary  progress,  and  their  genius  is  somewhat  adapted 
to  metaphysical  speculations  and  the  intricacies  of  grammar 
and  jurisprudence;  but  their  geography,  medicine,  and  other 
practical  sciences  are  a  chaos,  and  their  agriculture  is  of  the 
rudest  kind.  The  state  of  education  among  them  is  exceed- 
ingly backward,  there  being  scarcely  one  man  in  a  hundred 
whio  can  read  a  common  letter.  The  females  are  in  general 
utterly  ignorant  of  both  reading  and  writing,  a  Brabminieal 
prejudice  existing  against  female  education.  The  languages 
spoken  by  the  Hindoos  are  dialects  of  the  Sanscrit. 

AHs,  <fc. — In  a  few  manufactures  the  Hindoos  have 
excelled.  Their  cotton,  muslin,  and  silk  fabrics,  their  carpets 
and  shawls,  have  a  de.served  celebrity.  In  the  production 
of  embroidered  shawls  the  province  of  Cashmere  is  without 
a  rival  in  the  world.  Numerous  mannt'actures.  calculated 
to  give  a  high  idea  of  Indian  ingenuity  and  taste,  apjieared 
at  the  Great  Exhibition  in  London  in  1851.  Among  these 
were  various  articles  in  agate  from  Bombay,  mirrors  from 
Lahore,  marble  chairs  from  Ajmeer,  kincobs  from  Benares, 
embroidered  silk  shawls  and  scarfs,  carpets  from  Bangalore, 
and  a  variety  of  articles  in  iron  inlaid  with  silver. 

India  abounds  with  stupendous  and  highly  elaborate 
architecture;  not,  indeed,  possessing  the  elegant  proportions 

857 


.  HIN 

of  the  edifices  of  andent  Greece,  but  rather  exhihitin.^  the 
ponder  lus  8uhtiraity  which  characterizes  those  still  extant 
In  Egjpt,  with  the  addition  of  a  irreat  deal  of  ornamental 
and  minute  s<"ulpture,  representations  of  the  deities  of  tlie 
Hindoo  pantheon  and  their  reputed  acts.  &c.  Among  the 
most  remarkable  are  the  excavated  temples  of  Elora.  Eie- 
phniita.  Carlee.  and  Bau^,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula: 
the  pyramids  of  Pooree  (.luegernaut)  in  the  E. ;  and  the 
temples  of  Tanjcire.  Trichiuopoly.  &c.  in  the  S.  Most  of 
these  are  Brahminical,  othei-s  of  Boodhist,  and  some  of 
Jain  origin ;  all  have  been  constructed  at  epochs  long 
passed,  and  some  are  of  a  hiirh  antiquity. 

Rdiginn.  Qistes.  ct-c. — The  Brahminical  religion  dates  from 
a  Tery  remote  epoch.  It  acknowledges  a  self-existent  Su- 
preme Being,  who.  however,  is  held  by  it  to  take  no  concern 
In  the  government  of  the  universe:  this  is  delegated  to  his 
triune  manifestations.  Brahma.  A'ishnu,  and  Siva,  who  are 
respectively  emblematical  of  the  creating,  preserving,  and 
destroying  powers.  Except  among  a  sect  termed  the  Jau- 
gams,  (here  is  but  one  temple  in  India  dedicated  to  Brahma. 
The  great  bulk  of  the  Hindoo  population  are  either  followers 
of  Vishnu  or  votaries  of  Siva ;  besides  which  divinities  a  v.a,st 
multitude  of  inferior  deities  are  woi-shipped. — their  nnml>er 
amounting,  according  to  the  Brahmins,  to  33.S.(H1O,00O. 
Figures  of  a  great  many  of  these  deities  and  their  attributes 
are  sculptured  in  the  temples,  and  retained  as  household 
g»ds  in  the  dwellings  of  the  people,  to  receive  daily  adora- 
tion. The  temples  and  worshippers  of  Siva,  the  destroyer, 
are  &.r  more  numerous  than  those  of  any  other  Hindoo 
Idol ;  and  his  worship  is,  at  certain  periods,  marked  by  acts 
and  sacrifices  of  the  most  brutal  and  revolting  kind.  The 
worship  of  Vishnu,  the  preserver,  and  that  of  Krishna,  the 
representative  of  the  sun.  are  unjxjlluted  by  any  such  Kir- 
barities.  The  supremacy  of  the  Brahmins,  and  the  doctrine 
of  the  transmigration  of  the  soul  after  death  into  the  bodies 
of  animals  or  human  beings,  for  a  long  series  of  ages,  .accord- 
ing to  the  purity  or  impurity  of  previous  life,  are  leading 
dogmas  of  the  Brahminical  faith.  Its  votaries  mostly  burn 
their  dead:  but  some,  like  the  aborisinal  tribes,  practise 
burial,  or  consign  the  bodies  of  their  dead  to  the  waters  of 
the  GangesJ  or  other  rivers.  Indian  theology,  professedly,  is 
founded  on  the  revelations  contained  in  the  books  of  the 
Veda.s.  four  in  number,  believed  by  the  Hindoos  to  have 
been  delivered  by  Brahma  himself:  but.  practically,  the 
Puranas  and  the  Institutes  of  Menu,  compositions  of  later 
dates,  which  insist  more  strongly  on  the  supremacy  of  the 
priesthood,  are  the  basis  of  the  existing  Brahniinicil  system. 
About  one-fifteenth  of  the  entire  population  are  Moham- 
medans of  Afghan,  Persian,  Toork.  Beloochee.  and  Arabic 
origin.  A  heretical  form  of  the  Brahminical  religion,  called 
the  Seik  or  Sikh  religion,  prevails  extensively  in  the  Punjab 
and  adjacent  territories.  Boodhism  had  its  origin  in  Hin- 
Jostan,  but  is  now  mostly  superseded  here  by  other  reli- 
jrions.  A  numerous  sect,  supposed  to  be  an  offset  of  the 
Boodhists.  called  the  .Tains,  inhiibit  the  N.  part  of  the  penin- 
Bula.  At  Bomliay,  Surat  &c..  Parsees  are  numerous;  and 
In  South  Hindostan  are  a  great  number  of  native  Christians, 
consisting  partly  of  Roman  Catholics,  and  partly  of  Nesto- 
rlans.  the  doctrines  of  whom  appear  to  have  been  introduced 
into  India  in  the  ejirlier  ages  of  Christianitv. 

pne  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  institutions  among  the 
Hindoos  is  the  distinction  of  caste*  The  Hindoo  writers  recog- 
nise four  pure  and  original  ca-stes.  viz.:  the  bfah'mins.  s!>- 
cerdotal  clasii  or  priests:  the  kshatriyas  (sh3t'ree-^s.)  sol- 
diers or  warriors,  including  the  princes  and  sovereigns:  the 
vaisyas  (vl'se-ds)  consisting  of  capitalists,  asrriculturists  and 
shepherds:  and  the  sudras  (scnydr^s.)  or  laborers,  artisans. 
4c.  Besides  these  four  oriirinal  classes,  there  are  a  great 
number  of  impure  races  which  have  sprung  from  the  mix- 
ture of  the  pure  ca.stes:  and  some  are  so  utterly  alominable 
that  a  Brahmin  Is  defiled  by  coming  within  their  shadow. 
One  of  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  pariahs  (pd/re-is.)  who 
form  a  very  numerous  class.  They  are  among  the  most  alv 
ject  of  all  the  people  of  Hindostan,  and  are  often  subjected 
to  the  most  cru^-l  and  degrading  servitude.  The  different 
races  are  kept  distinct  from  each  other  bv  the  most  ricrorous 
laws.  No  person,  whatever  be  his  merit  or  genius,  can,  in 
any  case,  rise  above  the  caste  in  which  he  is  bom.  though 
he  may  forfeit  his  birth  right  by  certain  misdemeanors  and 
crimes.  It  is  not.  however,  true,  as  has  been  frequently  as- 
serted, that  every  individual  is  obliged  to  marry  in  his  own 
caste.  A  man  is  allowed  to  choose  his  wife  out  of  anv  of  the 
castes  beneath  him.  but  not  from  those  above  him.'  Thus 
a  Brahmin  may  lawfully  marry  the  daughter  of  a  Sudra, 
thou-'h  the  offsprini  of  such  a  marriage  does  not  inherit  the 
fethers  rank,  but  belonirs  to  one  of  the  mixed  races.  But  a 
feudra  cannot  form  a  lei^al  marriaie  with  the  dauehter  of  a 
Brahmin:  and  children  sprung  from  such  a  union  are  con- 
sidered far  inferior  in  rank  to  those  of  a  Brahmin  and  a  Su- 
dra woman. 

Divirumn.  Pnpulatinn.  cf-e.— Hindostan  natnrallv  fells  into 
two  grand  divisions,  viz.:  Hindostan  Proper,  between  the 
Himalaya  and  the  Vindhyan  Mountains,  (including  also 


•  From  tha  Fortngnese,  caata,  a  "  race."' 
868 


HIN 

the  Punjab  and  Sinde.>  and  what  is  more  strictly  termed 
Peninsular  India,  iwunded  W.  and  E.  by  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  which  is  again  subdivided  into  the  Deccan.  (Dfiks^ldna, 
"the  south,")  and  India-south-of-the-Ivistnah.  extending 
from  that  river,  in  about  lat.  1C°  X.,  to  Cape  Comorin.  Ooa, 
Damauu.  and  Diu.  all  in  AVest  India,  belong  to  the  Portu- 
guese ;  Pondicherry,  Chandemagore.  and  a  few  smaller  .settle- 
ments on  the  Coromandel  coast,  to  the  French ;  and  Tran- 
quebar,  on  the  same  coast,  to  the  Danes:  but.  with  these 
exceptions,  and  Nepaul  and  Bootan,  still  independent,  the 
whole  of  India  is  substantially  under  British  dominion. 
The  inhabitants  ofHindostan  have  been  estimated  to  amount 
to  upwards  of  150,000,000,  by  tar  the  greater  number  of 
whom  are  Hindoos:  the  Mohammedan.s— of  Arab.  I'ersian, 
or  other  descent — being  vaguely  e.stimated  at  lO.OOO.OOO, 
and  the  Europeans  at  not  more  than  tJO.OOO.  .  Throughout 
the  most  part  of  India  a  peculiar  village-svstem  is'^  esta- 
blished. The  villages  are  so  many  little  republics,  each 
providing  for  its  own  wants,  and  independent,  in  general, 
of  any  relations  with  other  villages,  having  its  own  school- 
master, accountant,  washerman,  larber,  blacksmith,  and 
electing  its  own  potail  or  head-man.  who  a.sses.<es  the  vil- 
lagers for  the  land-tiix.  The  village  being  taxed  with  a 
certain  sum,  should  any  of  the  inhabitants  fall  in  ability  to 
pay  their  portion,  the  re.«t  make  up  the  sum  wanting. 
Under  this  system  the  land-revenue  is  collected,  not  only 
in  the  native  governments,  where  it  composes  more  than 
nine-tenths  of  the  totil  revenue,  but  also  thi-oughout  most 
parts  of  the  presidencies  of  Bombay  and  Agra.  In  Malabar, 
Travancore,  &c..  a  singular  prat'tice  is  in  force,  bv  which 
property  descends  in  the  female  and  not  in  the  male  line, 
(The  political  divisions,  government,  commerce,  Ac,  will  be 
found  described  under  I.voiA.  Britlsh.) 

Hisloiy.-^Vrom  the  earliest  rei-ords  of  history,  the  nations 
of  the  western  world  derived  their  merchandise  from  India. 
The  country  was  entered  and  partly  subdued  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  About  126  b.  c.  it  was  also  invaded  by  the 
Tartars,  or  Sci/tliiaTts  of  the  Greeks  and  Sdas  of  the  Hin- 
doos. From  the  tenth  to  the  twelfth  centuries  of  the 
Christian  era.  the  Mohammedans  overran  and  conquered 
considerable  portions  of  Hindostan;  and  sulisequently  the 
Mogul  Empire  was  established.  In  149S  the  I'ortuguese 
were  the  first  European  nation  who  invaded  and  established 
themselves  in  India  at  Goa,  and  alomr  the  Malabar  coast; 
and  in  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the 
Dutch  and  English  commenced  their  settlements.  Further 
information  will  be  found  under  India.  (British.')  Bengal, 

BoMBAT.  Calcitta,  and  Madras. ,\dj.  Hln-'doo.  and  HiN- 

bosTANEE.  hinMo-std'nee:  inhab.  Hindoo. 

HINDOSTANV.  an  almost  deserted  village  of  Martin  CO., 
Indiana,  on  the  East  Fork  of 'White  Kiver."  It  was  once  the 
county  seat. 

HIX'DRIXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HINDS,  hindz,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
Mississippi,  has  an  area  of  aliout  930  square  miles.  The 
Pearl  Kiver  forms  the  Iwundary  on  the  E.,  and  the  Big 
Black  Kiver  on  tlie  N.W.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the 
.soil  is  fertile.  In  1850  this  county  produced  79.001  bushels 
of  pease  and  beans,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any 
county  in  the  United  States.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Vicks- 
burg  and  Brandon  Railroad.  It  contains  Jackson,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  state.  Raymond  is  the  seat  of  jnstice.  Named 
in  honor  of  Colonel  Thomas  Hinds,  a  meml>er  of  Congress 
from  Mississippi.  Pop.  31,339,  of  whom  8976  were  free, 
and  22,363  slaves. 

HINDS,  a  post-village  of  Brazoria  co.,  Texas,  53  miles  'W, 
of  Galveston. 

HINDS'RURG.  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Erie  Canal,  about  2S  miles  W.  of  Rochester. 

HINDU-KUSCH  or  HINDU-KUSH.     See  Hindoo-Koosh. 

HINDUSTAN,  a  country  of  Asia.    See  Hindostan. 

HINESBUK6.  hinzOitlrg,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Chittenden  co..  Vermont.  25  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jlontpelier. 
It  has  an  academy,  and  manufactures  of  furniture,  iron 
castings,  machinery,  starch,  woollen  sroods.  &c.     Pop.  1702. 

HINES'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentuckv. 

HINESTON,  hlns't^n,  a  post-office  of  Rapides  district, 
Louisiana. 

HINESVILLE,  hinz'vill.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Liberty 
CO.,  Georgia,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Savannah.  It  has  a  court- 
house, an  academy,  a  church,  and  a  few  stores. 

HINGENE.  hing'Heh-neh.  (Fr.  pron.  hSNO^zhain'.)  a  vi'lage 
of  IMgiura.  province,  and  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Antwerp,  on 
the  Scheldt  near  the  confluence  of  the  Rupel  and  Vliet, 
protected  from  inundation  by  embankments.     Pop.  3709. 

HING'H.^M.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Norfolk.  5i  miles  'ff.N.W.  of  Wyniondham.  It  has  0 
large  church,  built  in  l.'?16.  and  a  grammar  school. 

HING'H.\M.  a  post-village  and  township  of  I'lymouth  co  , 
Massachusetts,  on  the  S.  side  of  Massnchusetts  Bay,  and  on 
the  South  Shore  Railroad.  17  miles  S.S.M'.of  Boston.  It  con- 
tains 7  churches,  a  bank,  a  8a\ing8  institution,  an  insuraice 
company,  and  a  newspuper  office.  It  is  a  favorite  siimi  ler 
resort.  The  township  is  noted  for  ita  woodenwai  »  .-nd 
fisheries.    la  1861, 10  Teasels  owned  here,  were  emj  V>yed 


HIN 


HIS 


In  the  mackorel  fisheries.  Ilingham  has  1  large  manufac- 
tory of  wo(_iilenwaro,  several  lesser  ones,  2  of  edge  tools,  2 
iron  foundries,  I  cordage  factory,  &c.  The  woodenware  made 
here  is  said  to  be  the  best  in  America.    Pop.  -tiSl. 

HINOtlAM,  a  popt-village  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin. 

HIN(jIIH;.\'GHAUT,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  Inxycotta. 

IIING-IIOA,  hing-ho'4,  a  maiitime  city  of  China,  proyince 
of  Fi>kien,  9U  miles  N.E.  of  Amoy. 

HIN'GLAJ,  hing'lij',  a  place  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  in  Be- 
loochistan,  on  the  Aghor,  20  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  with  a  miserable  pagoda,  dedicated  to  the  god- 
dess Kali. 

IIlNCr-ME,  hing^m.V,  a  town  of  China,  proyince  of  Quang- 
Fee,  50  mile."!  S.S.W.  of  Siu-Tchoo. 

IIING-XGIX,  hing^Ngin',  or  hing^Ngheen.  atown  of  China, 
province  of  Quangtong,  175  miles  N.E.  of  Canton. 

IIINGUNGUAUT,  Ilindostan.    See  Inxvcott.v. 

HINIKSTA,  INIESTA,  or  YNIESTA,  e-rie-5s'ta,  (anc. 
Segcsticaf)  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  48  miles  S.S.K.  of 
Cuenca.     Pop.  4116.    Mear  it  are  some  ja.sper  quarries. 

HINKLETON,  hink'el-ton,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Conestoga  Creek,  about  40  miles  U.S.E.  of 
Harrisburg. 

HINK'SEY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

HIXKSEY,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

HINLOPEN,  or  HINI.OOPE.V,  hin'lo'pgii,  the  strait  sepa- 
rating the  principal  island  of  Spitzber:j;en  from  East  Island. 

IIIN'MAXSVILlE.  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

HINOJARES  or  IIINXARES,  e-no-iii'r^s,  (anc.  Traxi- 
mum?)  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  3S  miles  S.E.  of  Jaen. 
Pop.  9:!5. 

IIINOJOS,  e-no-Hoce',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  30 
miles  K.S.E.  of  Iluelva.     Pop.  1061. 

UINO.rOSA  DE  UUERO,  e-no-Ho/sl  di  doo-i/ro,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Leon,  50  miles  W.  of  Salamanca.     Pop.  1626. 

HINO.IOSA  DEL  DUQUE,  e-no-H(Vsi  djl  doo'kA.a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  40  miles  N.W.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  in 
1845,  7748.  It  has  several  convents  and  hospitals,  and  ma- 
nufictures  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  and  counterpanes. 

HI.N'OJOSA  DE  SAN  VICENTE.  e-uo-Ho'sd  di  .sin  ve- 
thjn'ti,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  3S  miles  W.  by  N. 
of  Toledo.     Pop.  1154. 

HINOJOSOS,  LOS,  loce  e-no-no'soce,  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  tiO  miles  S.W.  of  Cuenca.  It  consists  of  the  two 
contiguous  places  of  HiNOjoso  DEL  Obden  and  Ulnojoso  del 
MAH^^UKSADO.     Pop.  2088. 

HINS'UALE,  a  post-township  of  Chesliire  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  60  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Concord,  intersected  by  Ashuelot  Itiver  and  Railroad.  It 
has  manufactures  of  paper,  castings,  bobbins,  sash  and 
blinds.  &c.    Pop.  1312. 

HIXSDALE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  143  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1511. 

HINSD.\LE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Catfciraugns 
CO.,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal,  at  the 
junction  of  Oil  and  Ischua  Creeks,  where  the  latter  is  crossed 
by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  390  miles  from  New 
York  City.  The  state  has  constructed  a  basin  at  Hinsdale, 
which  has  considerably  facilitated  the  business  of  the  place. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  1708. 

HINSDALE  DEPOT,  a  postrofflce  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

lUNS'DTLLVILLE,  a  manufacturing  vilLige  of  Benning- 
ton township,  Bennington  co.,  Vermont,  about  3  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Bennington  Centre. 

HIN'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HIN'TLESHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HIN'TON  A.\n>'NER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HINTON  BLEW'ETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HINTON  CHERRY.    See  Cherry  1Ii\tox. 

IIINTON-ON-iHE-GREEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

HlXTON-iN-THE-HED'QES,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

HINTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HINTON  MAR'TEL.  a  parish  of  Kudand.  co.  of  Dorset. 

HINTON'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 

HINTON  STAN'BRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dor- 
get.  The  manor-house  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  residence 
of  .John  of  Gaunt. 

HINTON  ST.  GEORGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

HINTON  ST.  MARY,  a  pari.'ih  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HINT(JN  ST.  WAI/ERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

HIN'TONSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Pasquotank  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

HINTON  TAR/RANT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

UINWEIL.  hin'wil«.  «  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zuncn.  Near  it  are  the  Qyren  baths. 
Pop.  2729. 

IIINX'HILL.  a  parisn  of  England,  co.  of  Kenc. 

HINX'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

HINX'WOKTH,  a  carish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 


HIORING,  (Hioring,)  a  town  of  Jutland.    See  HjaRn?-}. 

HIP'PA,  a  .small  island  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  W.  of 
Queen  Charlotte  Island,  British  North  America. 

HI l"l'EU HOLME,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  on  the  Leeds  and  Manchester  Railway,  2  miles 
E.  of  Halifa.x. 

HI  I'PONI  UM.    See  Bivona. 

HIPl'O  REGIUS.     See  Bo.\A. 

HIl'PO  ZARITUS,  (or  ZARYTUS.)    See  Bizerta. 

HI'RAM,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  60  milee 
S.^V.  of  Augusta.  It  has  an  academy,  and  a  manufactoiy 
of  edged  tools.     Pop.  1283. 

HIll.^M,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Portage  co, 
Ohio.     Pop.  1.306. 

HI'RAMSBURO,  a  small  post^viUage  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 

HIRCHOVA.    See  Hirschova. 

IIIREl'OLI,  he-rJp'o-le,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Adrianople. 

HIRIAL.  he-re-dl.  a  populous  village  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Bellary. 

HIRRLINGEN,  h66n'ling-fn,  a  village  of  Wurtemberg, 
15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Reutlingen.     Pop.  1517. 

HIRSCIIAID.  h66R/shIte,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  rail- 
way between  Nuremberg  and  Bamberg. 

IIIRSCHAU,  hS6R/show,  a  small  town  of  Bavaria,  8  miles 
N.E.  of  Arnberg.  Pop.  1406.  Here  Jerome  of  Prague  was 
arrested  in  1415. 

IIIRSCHAU,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Black 
Forest,  on  the  Nagold.  2  miles  N.W.  of  Calw. 

HIRSCHBERG,  hfifiRsh'bjRO.  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian 
Silesi.^.  27  miles  S.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Bober,  near  the 
Bohemian  frontier.  Pop.  7327.  It  has  a  Lutheran  and  4 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  Protestant  gymnasium,  and 
various  charitable  establishments,  and  is  a  considerable 
emporium  for  linen  fabrics  and  hosiery,  hfiving  also  bleach- 
ing and  cotton-printing  works,  paper  mills,  sugar  refineries, 
and  potteries.    Near  it  is  the  watering-place  of  Warnibrunn, 

HIRSCHBERG,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  principality 
of  Reuss,  on  the  Saale,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lobenstein,  with  a 
mountain  fortress.     Pop.  1700. 

HIRSCHBERG,  (Bohem.  Dokzi/,  dok'zee,)  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  of  Bunzlau,  36  miles  N.N.E.  of  Prague.  Pop. 
194«. 

IIIRSCHFELDAU,  h66Rsh'fel-d5w\  Mittel,  miftel,  Nib- 
DBR,  nee'dgr,  and  Ober,  o/ber.  three  nearly  contiguous  vil- 
lases  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  goveriuneut  of  Liegnitz. 
Pop.  1551. 

HIRSCHFELDE,  h66Rsh'fftl-dgh,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on 
the  Neis.se,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Zittau.     Pop.  1551. 

HIRSCHFELDE,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  Fran- 
con  ia,  on  the  Main.     Pop.  456. 

HIRSCHHORN.  hgfiRsh'hoRn,  or  HIRSCHORN,  a  village 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  Neckar,  32  miles  S.S.K  of  Darm- 
stadt.    Pop.  1694. 

HIRSCHOLM,  hSSRsh'olm,  or  HIRSHOLM,  hfeSR.s'holm,  a 
village  of  Denmark,  island  of  Seeland,  near  its  E.  coast,  14 
miles  N.  of  Copenhagen,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  3il0. 

HIRSCHOVA  or  HIRSOVA,  hk-sho'vl,  sometimes  written 
HIHCHOVA,  a  fortified  town  of  European  Turkey,  province 
of  Bulgaria,  on  the  Danube,  65  miles  N.E.  of  Silistria.  Pop. 
4000. 

HIRSHOLM,  a  village  of  Denmark.    See  IIirscholm. 

HIRSHOLMEN,  heSRs^hoPmen,  a  group  of  small  islands 
of  Denmark,  in  the  Cattegat,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Jutland, 
4  miles  N.E.  of  Fredericksbavn,  completely  covered  with 
large  boulders.  The  largest,  Ilirsholm,  has  a  lofty  light- 
house.   Pop.  200. 

HIRSINGUE,  heeB^s^No',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haut-Rhin,  2^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Altkirch.     Pop.  1261. 

IIIRSON,  heoB^sdiN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne,  on  the  Oise,  11  miles  N  Ji.  of  Vervins.    Pop.  3212. 

HIR.SOVA,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Hirscuova. 

IIIRZEL,  h66Rt/sgI,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zurich.  In  1443  a  bloody  battle  was 
fought  here  between  the  Confederates  and  the  Zurichers. 

HISAR  or  MISSAK,  his'sar',  a  Turkish  word,  signifying 
"  castle.''  forming  the  name  or  part  of  the  name  of  numerous 
towns  in  Western  Asia. 

HISAR  or  IIISSAR,  a  village  and  fort  of  Persia,  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tukhti-Suleiman.  Near 
it  are  the  caves  of  Kereftee.  de.scribed  by  Sir  R.  K.  Porter, 
and  anciently  devoted  to  Mithraic  worship. 

HISINGEN,  hee'zing-^n.  an  oval-shaped  island  of  Sweden, 
formed  by  the  two  arms  of  the  Got.i-Elt'.  on  the  S.AV.  coast 
of  thelsen  of  Gothenburg;  greatest  length  15  miles.  Gothen- 
burg was  originally  built  upon  it. 

lilS'NANT,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

HISPALIS.    See  Seville. 

HISPANIA.    See  Spai.n. 

HISI'ANIOLA.  or  SAN  DOMINGO.     See  IIatti. 

HISPELLUM.    See  SpELLO. 

HIS'SAR',  a  mountainous  region  of  Central  Asia,  included 
in  the  dominions  either  of  Khoondooz  or  Bokhara. 

IIISS.\R,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  country,  on  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Oius,  130  miles  N.E.  of  Balkh. 

859 


HIS 


noB 


iTTSSAR,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  KAFEEMHAtr. 
IIISTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co..  and  3i  miles  N.N.W. 
Of  Cambridge,  with  a  station  on  the  Huntingdon  Branch  of 
the  Kastern  Counties  Railway. 
HISTKIA.     See  Ist^a. 

HIT,  hit,  (anc.  7s  or  ^inpidis.)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pash.nlic  of  Baijdad.  on  the  Kuphrates,  140  miles  N.AV.  of 
Hillah.  Lat,  3;J°  53'  N..  Ion.  42°  40'  K.  It  consists  of  about 
1500  houses,  enclosed  by  a  high  mud  wall,  with  semicircu- 
lar towers.  A  graceful  minaret  and  some  handsome  tombs 
are  its  only  structures  worthy  of  notice.  The  celebrated 
canal,  Pallacopas,  extending  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  commenced  here.  The  Inhabitants  are  em- 
ployed in  preparing  wool,  boat-building,  lime-burning,  mar 
nu&cturing  salt,  and  exporting  bitumen  and  naphtha  from 
the  fiiraous  pits  here,  which  were  abuiidantly  productive  in 
the  earliest  ages  of  antiquity,  and  seem  to  be  "as  perma- 
nent as  a  source  of  water." 

HITA,  ee'ta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  12  miles 
from  Guadalajara.     Pop.  9S7. 

HITCH'AM,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HTTCIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HITCll'COCK'S, Connecticut,  a  station  on  the  New  Haven 
and  Northampton  Kail  road,  55  miles  N.  of  New  Haven. 

IIITCH'C(JCKVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Barkhamstead 
township,  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  AVest  Branch 
of  Farmington  Biver,  al)Out  25  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford.  It 
contains  print-works,  a  chair  factory,  and  a  scythe  factory. 

HITCH'ENDEX  or  HUGHENDON,  hu'en-dpn,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HITCH'IN.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and 
\ii  miles  N.W.  of  Hertford.  The  town  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated .it  the  foot  of  a  steep  hill.  It  is  well  built,  has  a  richly- 
ornamented  and  spacious  church,  erected  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI.,  containing  numerous  monuments,  and  a  fine 
altar-piece  by  Kubens ;  a  grammar  school  founded  in  1639.  a 
girls'  school,  a  union  work-house,  and  an  extensive  meal  and 
malt  trade.     Pop. 

HITESVILLE,  hits^vill,  a  township  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  909. 

UITESVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois,  100  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

HITHER  INDIA,  a  country  of  AsLa.     See  India. 

HITTEREN,  hit'ter-en,  an  island  of  Norway,  stift,  and  40 
miles  W.  of  Trondhjem,  in  the  Atlantic.  Length  from  W. 
to  E..  30  miles;  greatest  breadth.  10  miles.  Pop.,  including 
several  small  adjacent  islands.  3700. 

HITTEKOE,  hit/ter-oVh.  an  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  Nor- 
way, province  of  Christiansand,  nearly  opposite  Handal. 
Pop.  1158. 

HITTISLEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HITTORF,  hit/toRf,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1428. 

HITZKIRCH,  hits'kfegRK,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  12  miles  N.  of  Lucerne,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Lake 
Baldegg.     i'op.  565. 

HIVAOA,  e-vj-o'i,  an  island  in  the-  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
the  largest  of  the  S.W.  group  of  the  Marquesas.  Lat.  of  the 
N.  point,  9°  34'  S.,  Ion.  139°  4'  W.  It  is  22  miles  long ;  greatest 
breadth,  alwiut  10  miles.     Pop.  6500. 

HIWASSEE.    See  Hiawassee. 

IIIXAR.  a  town  of  Spain.     See  HlJAR. 

HIX'S  i-'HRRY,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Arkansas. 

HI'ZERVILLE.  a  pnst-villaL'e  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
about  110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

IIJARNOK,{Hjarn(Je,)orHIARXOE.hyaR/n8'eh.an  island 
of  Denjnark,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Jutland,  at  the'eutrance  of 
the  bay.  and  8  miles  E.  by  S.  of  the  town  of  Ilorsens.  Area, 
5  square  miles.    Pop.  170. 

H.TELMAR,  HIELMAR,  hyM'maR,  or  JELMAR,  yJl'maR, 
a  lake  of  Sweden,  bordering  on  the  three  liens  of  Orebro, 
Nykoping.  and  Westerns.  Greatest  length,  about  40  miles: 
extreme  breadth,  about  15  miles.  It  receives  the  Svart  at 
at  its  W.  extremity,  and  discharges  itself  by  the  Thorshalla 
into  Lake  Mselar. 

HJI'MtTING.  hyja'ting.  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland, 
on  the  E.  shore  oif  Hjerting-Reveer.     Pop.  400. 

H.IOKlXG,(IIjoring.)or  HIORIXG.  (Hioring.) he-o/rfng  or 
hyb'ring.  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  29  miles  N.  of  Aal- 
borg.     I'op.  1800. 

II.rORTOK.  (Hjortoe.)  hyoR/ta'eh,  a  small  island  of  Den- 
mark. S.  of  the  island  of  Funen.  " 

H'  L A  SS A.  the  capital  city  of  Thibet.     See  Lassa. 

HLIXSKO,  h'liu'sko,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  15  miles  S.  of 
Chrudim.  on  the  Chrudimka.    Pop.  3264. 

HLUK,  hlook,  a  market-town  of  Moravia.  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Hradisch.     Pop.  1980. 

HOAU'LAND,  Oliio,  a  station  on  the  Hillsborough  and 
Clncinnuti  Kailroud,  in  Highland  co.,  about  8  miles  W.  of 
milsborough. 

UOAG'LIN,  a  township  in  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
878. 

IIOAGS  CORNER,  a  post-ofBce  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
lork. 

liOAI-HO,  ho-rho',  a  river  of  China,  traver.ses  the  Lalte 

seo 


Hong-tse,  and  joins  the  Hoang-ho,  after  an  E.  course  of  400 
miU'S. 

II(.)AT-KHING,  ho-rKing',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Ho- 
nan.  c;ipital  of  a  department.  Lat.  35°  6'  N..  Ion.  113°  E 
IIOANG-CIIOO  or  IIOAXG-TCHOU,  ho-dngVhoo/,  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Hoo-pe,  capital  of  a  department,  on 
the  Yang-tse-kiang,  33  miles  E.  of  Han-yang.  Two  towns 
of  Corea  have  this  name. 

•  HOANG-HO,  (ho-ang'ho',  pronounced  almost  whaug'ho/,) 
(i.  e.  the  '•  Yellow  River,"  so  named  from  the  color  which 
the  yellow  clay  along  its  banks  gives  to  its  waters.)  one  of 
the  principal  rivers  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  appears  to  rise 
in  the  Koko-nor  territory,  in  Thibet,  near  lat.  34°  N..  and 
Ion.  98°  E.,  flows  northeastward  into  Mongolia,  to  about  lat. 
41°  N.,  Ion.  108°  E..  re-enters  China  proper!  and  after  abrupt 
bends  southward  and  eastward,  enters  the  Yellow  Sea.  in 
the  province  of  Ki.ang-soo.  lat.  34°  N.,  Ion.  120°  E.,  150  miles 
N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  after  a  total  course 
estimated  at  about  2000  miles.  Chief  affluents,  the  Iloai-ho 
and  Hoei-ho.  At  about  60  miles  from  the  sea  it  is  crossed 
by  the  Imperial  Canal;  and  on  its  banks  are  many  cities  of 
first  and  second  rank,  the  principal  being  Lan'-choo  and 
Kai-fung,  respectively  the  capitals  of  the  provinces  of  Kan- 
soo  and  Ho-nan. 

HOAXG-KIANG.  a  river  of  China.     See  HoNQ-KtiNG. 
HO.\TIIE.  horn  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
IIO'BART,  a  post-vill,\Gre  of  Delaware  CO.,  New  York,  on 
the  Delaware  River,  near  its   source,  65  miles  AV.S.W.  of 
Albany.    It  has  1  or  2  churches,  a  bank,  and  several  hun- 
dred inhabitants. 

HOBART,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lake  cc.  In- 
diana, 11  miles  N.E.  of  Crownpoint.    Pop.  679. 

HOBART  TOWN  or  IIOBARTON,  (usually  pronounced 
hob'er-t9n,)  capital  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  or  T.-ismani.i, 
on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  island,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Der- 
went.  Lat.  of  Fort  Mulgrave.  42°  53'  5"  S..  Ion.  147°  21'  5" 
E.  Average  temperature  of  the  year,  52°-3 ;  winter,  42°-l ; 
summer,  63°-l.  It  occupies  a  commanding  and  extremely 
picturesque  position  at  the  head  of  a  sheltered  bight,  called 
Sullivan's  Cove,  about  20  miles  from  the  sea,  and  covers 
from  1  to  li  square  miles  of  gently  rising  ground,  hacked 
by  an  amphitheatre  of  lofty  and  well-wooded  hills.  The 
streets  cross  eiich  other  at  right  angles,  aie  airy,  pretty 
wide,  and  some  of  them  macadamized.  The  more  modern 
buildings  are  chiefly  of  brick,  or  a  dark -colored  freestone; 
the  older  principally  of  wood.  The  public  edifices  are  nu- 
merous, and  some  of  them  handsome:  particularly  the  5 
churches  belonging  to  the  church  of  England:  "besides 
which,  there  are  Presbyterian  churches,  various  chapels  and 
meeting-houses  owned  by  different  denominations,  a  Roman 
Catholic  chapel,  and  a  Jewish  synagogue.  The  other  public 
buildings  are — the  government-house,  female  house  of  cor- 
rection, or  factory,  the  military  and  prisoners'  barracks, 
customhouse,  commissjiriat  stores,  police-office,  colonial  hos- 
pital, college,  &c.  The  manufactories  comprise  tanneries, 
foundries,  timber  mills,  flour  mills,and  ship-building:  the la.st 
has  now  become  an  extensive  occupation.  The  harbor  is  ex- 
cellent, but  the  tide  is  irregular,  rising  at  times  7  or  S  feet, 
but  usually  only  4  or  5  feet.  A  spacious  wliarf.  at  which 
ve.s.sels  of  the  largest  burdeii  may  lade  or  unlade,  has  l>een 
constructed  here.  On  either  bank  of  the  Derwent.  both 
aViove  and  below  the  town,  are  numerous  bejiutiful  villas. 
Hobart  Town  was  founded  in  1804.  Ste-imers  from  Mel- 
bourne touch  here.     Pop.  estimated  at  25.000. 

HOBART  FREE  COLLEGE,  (GENEVA  COLLEGE.)  See 
Gkneva. 

HOB'lUE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 
HOBBIE.  a  pnst-oflfice  of  Sumter  co..  Alabama. 
HOIi'UTEVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Indiana. 
HOBBYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district.  South 
Carolina. 

HOB'l'IY.  a  parish  of  Eneland.  co.  of  Leicester. 
IIOli/KIRK  or  II01»K.'KII!K.  a  p.arish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Roxburgh.  6  miles  K.S.E.  of  Hawick.    Elliott.  Lord  Ileath- 
fieW.  the  gallant  defender  of  Gibraltar,  w.as  born  here. 

HO'BO'KEN.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  3  mile* 
S.W.  of  Antwerp.    Pop.  2288. 

HOBOKEN,  lio'W)"ken,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Hudson 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Hudson  River,  opposite  New  York, 
and  aViout  2  miles  above  Jersey  City.  It  is  chiefly  remark- 
able as  a  place  of  resort  and  recreation  for  the  citizens  of 
New  York,  and  for  the  delightful  scenery  in  its  vicinity, 
called  the  "Elysian  Fields."  It  contains  11  churches,  3  batiks, 
2  newspaper  olfices,  20  hotels,  and  a  costly  club-house.  Eu- 
ropean steamers  (2  lines)  depart  from  this  pt)rt.  Several 
steam-ferries  connect  it  with  New  Y'ork.  Pop.  in  1S53, 
5527;  in  1860,  9662;  in  1865,  about  12,500. 

HOBOKKN,  a  town  of  Sacramento  co..  California,  is  situ 
ated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  American  River,  (which  is  navi 
gable  for  small  steamers.)  about  6  miles,  by  wa«er,  from 
Sacramento  City.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  Xh*?  rapidity 
of  its  early  growth.  Before  the  town  was  ten  days  old,  an 
election  took  place  for  mayor  and  harbor-master,  the  wholf 
number  of  votes  polled  being  1757. 
HOBUOE,  (UobrOe,)  ho'bitJ'fh,  almost  ho'br&^ytih,  a  tuwc 


HOC 


HOF 


£.f  Denmark,  province  of  Jutland,  at  the  head  of  the  Mari- 
ngor-fiord.  8  miles  W.  of  Mariapier.     Pop.  1000. 

HOClIIJERtr,  hoK'bSRQ,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  Lower 
Franconi.i.     Pop.  1148. 

noCIIDAIIfj,  hoK'dAl.  a  station  on  the  Dusseldorf  and 
ElherfeW  Railway,  7  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Dusseldorf. 

IIOC'IUOLUK,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  IIonENKLnE. 

HOC  [[KX. 411,  a  market-town  of  Austria.     See  lIoHENAn. 

HOCltFELDKN,  hosh^fJlMfiN"'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  lias-Rhln.  1.3  miles  N.N.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  2^i2i. 

HOCIIIIEIM,  ho'hune  or  hos'hime,  a  villaije  of  Nassau, 
near  the  Main,  with  a  station  on  the  Taunus  Railway,  7 
mile!!  8.K.  of  Wiesliaden.     Pop.  1971. 

IIOCIIKIRCII,  hoK'kiRK\  a  village  of  Saxony,  7  mile.s 
B.S.E  of  Bautzen.  Here  the  Prussians,  under  Frederick  the 
Great,  defeated  the  Austrians  under  Daun,  October,  1758. 

IIOCU KIRCH,  a  village  of  Prussian  Siloeia,  S.E.  of 
Glosrau. 

UOCIISPEYER  or  IIOCHSPEIER,  hoK'spfer,  a  vill.age  of 
Rhenish  Ravaria,  6i  miles  E.  of  Kaiserslautern.     Pop.  1332. 

lIiiCIIST,  (Hochst.)  hoKst,  a  town  of  West  Germany, 
duchv  of  Nassau,  on  the  Main,  and  on  the  Taunus  Railwav, 
6  miles  W.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1800. 

II0CII3T,  (Hochst,)  a  market-town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
province  of  Starkenburg.    Pop.  1320. 

HOCII.'^T,  (Hochst,)  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  in 
Oberhessen,  circle  of  Friedberg.  It  contains  a  library  of 
neiu-ly  50.000  volumes.    Pop.  539. 

HOCHSTADT,  hoK'stdtt,  or  WTSOWKA,  fte-sov'kd,  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  29  miles  N.E.  of  Buntzlau.  Pop.  1604. 

HOCHSTADT,  hoK'stitt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Swabia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  and  on  the  Nurem- 
berg and  Neumarkt  Railwav.  23  miles  N.W.  of  Augsburg. 
Pop.  24ti0.  The  battle  of  Blenheim.  (Bllndheim.)  fought  in 
its  immediate  neighborhood,  is  called  by  the  French  and 
Germaijs  the  battle  of  llochstadt. 

HOCHSTADT,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franco- 
nia.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bamberg,  on  the  Aisch.    Pop.  1713. 

HOOHSTETTIN,  GROSS,  groce  hoK/st^tHen,  a  parish  and 
Tillage  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  10  miles  S.E.  of  Bern. 
Pop.  4ie.:^. 

HOCH-WESELY,  h5K-*.Vzeh-le.  or  AVESELY,  a  market- 
town  of  Bohemia.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Bidschow.    Pop.  992. 

HOCK'ANUM,  a  post- village  of  Halt  turd  CO.,  Connecticut, 
about  3  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford. 

HOC  KAN  UM  RIVER,  rises  in  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut, 
and  enters  the  Connecticut  River,  3  miles  below  Hartford. 

HiJCKENDORF,  hok'gn-donr,  a  village  of  Saxony,  15  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Dre.sden.     Pop.  780. 

IIOCKENHEIM,  ho'Ken-hIme\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  2555. 

IIOCK'ERING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOCK'liRSVlLLE,  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HOCK'ERTON,  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

IIOCK'HAM,  a  parish  of  Ensiland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOCK'ING,  or  HOCIOHOCK'ING,  a  river  of  Ohio,  ri.ses 
i»i  the  S.E.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  Howing  in  a 
south-easterly  direction,  enters  the  Ohio  River  in  Athens 
count}',  25  miles  below  Marietta.  Some  portions  are  navi- 
gable by  boats.  A  canal  extends  along  the  Hocking  Valley, 
and  connects  with  the  Ohio  Cau.il. 

HOCKING,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  420  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Hock- 
hocking  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  Salt  and 
Racoon  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly.  Iron-mines 
have  been  opened  in  the  county,  which  are  thought  to  be 
very  extensive.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Hocking  Canal. 
Organized  in  1818.    Capital,  Logan.     Pop.  17,057. 

HOCKING,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Fair- 
field CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1842. 

HOCKINGPORT.  Ohio.    See  Troy. 

HOCIC'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HOCK'LIFFE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

HOCK'WOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOCK'WORTHY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HODCIIOD'KEE  CREEK,  of  Georgi.a,  rises  in  Stewart  co., 
«ud  flows  into  Patawla  Creek,  in  Randolph  county. 

HOD'DAM.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

HODl)ESDON,hodzMen,  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Herts.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Hertford.     Pop.  in  ISol,  1854. 

HODEN,  ho-d^n'.  or  WADAN,  wa-ddn',  a  town  and  oasis 
of  West  Africa,  situated  near  lat.  19°  30'  N.,  Ion.  13°  30'  W. 
The  Portuguese  formeily  had  a  factory  here. 

IIODKIDA,  ho-dii/dilor  ho-di'di,  written  also  IIODIDA,  a 
seaport  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  on  the  Red  Sea,  lOO  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Mocha.  Its  bazaars  are  supplied  with  Indian 
Bilks,  cloths,  and  grains,  besides  the  produce  of  Arabia. 

HODGUON,  hSj'don,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  CO., 
Maine,  on  the  boundary  line,  1(50  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  It 
contains  4  meeting-houses,  a  flouring-mill,  2  saw-mills,  2 
Bhingle  machines,  a  carding  machine,  Ac.     Pop.  963. 

HODG DON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  Maine. 

IIODGENSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  La  Rue  co.,  Kentucky. 

HODGE'S  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Fort  Bend  co»  Texas. 


HODGE'S  PBAIRIE,  a  post-offics  of  Sebastian  co.,  Ar 
kansas. 

HODGESTON,  hoj'fz-tgn,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

HDDGESVILLE,  hoj'fz-vill,  a  small  village  of  Itawamba 
CO.,  Mississippi. 

HDD'GINVILLE,  a  neat  postrvillage,  capital  of  La  Rue 
CO.,  Kentucky,  75  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  is  pleasantly 
situated  in  a  fertile  valley. 

HODIC  or  HOKDIC,  an  island  of  France.     See  Hewc. 

IIODIDA.  a  seaport  town  of  Arabia.     See  Hodkida. 
■  HODIMONT,   hoMee^m(\-\»',   a    village  of   Belgium,   pro- 
vince, and  13  miles  E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  2000. 

HOD'NET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HODONY,  ho''dnii',  a  village  of  Hungary^  co.  of  Temesvar, 
4  miles  from  Kis-Becskerek.     Pop.  1309. 

HODSAK,  hodVhdk',  or  ODSAK,  od'shak',  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  14  miles  from  Zombor.    Pop.  3110. 

HOE,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Hoo. 

IIi)EGAERDEN,  a  village  of  Belgium.     See  Hougaerde. 

HOEI-AN,  a  town  of  China.    See  Hoei-Noax. 

HOEI-CHOO,  ho-A^choo',  HOEl-CHEOO,  or  HOEI-TCHE- 
OU.  ho-il'-che-oo,  a  town  of  China,  capital  of  a  department 
of  its  own  name,  province  of  Quang-tong,  85  miles  E.  of 
Canton,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Canton  River. 

HOEI-HO,  ho-A'-ho.'  a  river  of  China,  the  chief  affluent  of 
the  Iloang-ho,  which  it  enters  in  lat.  34° 45'  N.,  Ion.  110°  SV 
E.    Total  estimated  course.  400  miles. 

HOEI-NGAN,  ho-A^-Ngdn',  or  HOEI-AN,  ho-AVin.'a  city  of 
the  Chinese  Empire,  province  of  Kiang-soo,  100  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Nankin,  on  the  Imperial  Canal,  and  near  the  lb  lang-ho. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  triple  wall,  and  is  a  place  of  great 
bustle  and  activitv. 

HOEI-NING-TCHINO,  ho-A'ningVhing',  (Mongol.  Bainda, 
bAn'dd.)  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkislan,  15  miles  N.E.  of 
Eelee.  and  having  a  Chinese  garrison. 

IIOEl  TONG,  ho-AMong',  a  city  of  the  Chinese  Empire, 
province  of  Quang-tong,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Hai- 
nan, 50  miles  S.  of  Kiong-choo.  The  walls  of  the  town 
are  high,  the  streets  paved  and  narrow,  and  the  houses 
built  of  red  brick.    Pop.  about  44.000. 

HOEl-YUAN-TCHING.     See  Eklee. 

HOEKSCHE-WAARD.  DE,  deh  hoOk'sKph-ft^nd',  an  island 
of  Holland,  province  of  South  Holland,  bounded  N.  by  the 
Old  Meuse,  E.  by  the  Dortsche-kil,  S.  by  the  Hollands<liep, 
and  W.  by  the  Spui.    Pop.  22,000. 

HOELLALIOE,  hooria-le-oo',  a  village  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Ceram.  Pop.  400,  all 
Christians. 

HOEN-HO.  ho-Jn'-ho',  a  river  of  China,  province  Pe-chee- 
lee.  joins  the  Pei-ho  at  Tien-sing,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Peking,  after 
a  S.E.  course  of  300  miles. 

IIOERDT,  hJRt  or  hiiRt,  a  village  of  France,  department 
ment  of  Bas-Rhin,  S  miles  N.  of  Strasbourg.     Pop.  1539. 

II(M':VL.\KEN,  hoov'ld'ken,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderland,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Itarderwyk.     Pop.  742. 

IIOEYLAERT,  ho-I'ldRt\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  2181. 

IIOEYTIiEINEN,  ho-fte-A/nen,  a  lake  of  Finland,  near 
the  centre  of  the  circle  of  Kuopio.  Greatest  length,  30 
miles ;  greatest  breadth,  12  miles.  It  communicates,  at  the 
S.W.,  point  with  Lake  Winijajrvi. 

HOF,  a  parish  of  Norway,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Christiania. 
Pop.  6000. 

HOF,  hof.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  circle  of  Man- 
hartsberg,  on  the  Leitha.    Pop.  1285. 

HOF  or  DWOREC,  dwVr^ts,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Mora- 
via. 30  miles  N.E.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  2457.  ' 

IIOF,  hof,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Saale,  and  on  the 
Saxon- Bavarian  Railway,  .30  miles  N.E  of  Bayreuth.  Pop, 
12,018.  Since  ravaged  by  fire  in  1823,  it  has  been  regularly 
built.  It  has  a  gj-mnasium  with  a  large  library,  and  exten- 
sive manufactufts  of  muslins,  yarns,  woollen  stulls,  leather, 
and  colors ;  and  iron-mines  and  marble  quarries  in  its 
vicinity. 

IIOF,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  8  miles  E.  of  Salzburg. 

IIOFFEMIEIM,  hof'fen-hime\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  21  miles  S,S,E.  of  Mannheim.     Pop.  1494. 

HOFFLEIN,  (Hofflein,)  hof'tline,  or  HOFFLKIN-BEI- 
BllUCK,  hof'liine-bi-brook',  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  oa 
the  Leitha.  near  Bruck.     Pop.  1110. 

1I0FF'MANN"S,  New  York,  a  station. on  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  26  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

HOFFMAN 'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Schenectady  co.,  New 
York. 

HOF-GASTEIN,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Oasteis. 

HOFGEISMAR,  hof'ghis'maR,  a  town  of  Hesse-Cassel,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Weser.  and  on  the  railway  from  llisenach 
to  Carlshafen.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Cassel-  Pop.3503.  It  is  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  an  avenue  conducts  from  it  to  some 
baths  and  an  electoral  palace  about  1  mile  distant. 

HOFHEIM,  hof'hime,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  36  miles  N.B. 
of    Wiirzburg.     Pop.  850. 

HOFHEIM,  a  walled  town  of  Bavhria,  duchy  of  Nassau,  9 
miles  E.  of  Wiesbaden.    Pop.  1471. 

861 


HOF 

HOVHEDf ,  a  THlage  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  19  miles  S-W. 
of  I>armstadt.     Pop.  1270. 

HOFLKIN,  (HoHeln.)  hofllne,  (Gross,  groce.  or  N.\gt, 
n5dj,)  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  10  miles  N.W.  of 
(Edenburg.     Pop.  1321. 

Hi  )FSTADK,  hof  stiMeh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ea?t  Flanders,  on  the  Dendre,  IS  miles  K.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
1910. 

HOFTEREX,  hof'tA-rfn,  an  island  of  Xorway.  off  the  coa.st 
of  South  Beri;enhuus,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bergen.  Length, 
12  miles;  breadth,  about  4  miles. 

HDFVA,  hof'vi.  a  Tillage  of  Sweden,  Isen  of  Skaraborg, 
18  miles  S.K.  of  Mariestad.  in  the  forest  of  Tived. 

IIOKWYL,  hof'wil,  or  HiJFWEIL,  hof'«Il,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  6  miles  N.  of  Bern,  with  a  cele- 
brated educational  and  agricultural  institution,  established 
by  M.  FeDenberg  in  1799,  having  a  model  and  experimental 
&rm.  a  uorm.il  school,  and  gratuitous  schools  for  the  poor. 
It  is  attended  by  pupils  from  all  parts  of  Kurope.  Fellen- 
berg,  its  founder,  died  in  IhH. 

HOUANAS,  (Hogauiis,)  ho'gd-n4s\  a  Tillage  of  Sweden, 
l»n  of  Malmobuus,  near  the  N.E.  entrance  of  the  Sound, 
37  miles  X.  of  Oopenha^ren.  It  depends  chieHy  on  the  coal- 
mines which  are  worked  in  its  vicinity. 

Uiy(ji.\NSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  St.  Itegis,  about  5  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  40  miles  X.E.  of  Ogdensburg.  The  river 
here  affords  water-power,  which  is  used  for  mills  of  various 
kinds.  The  village  is  accessible  by  steamers.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  400. 

HO'GAXSVILLE  or  HO/QANVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Troup  CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  La  Grange  Railroad,  13  miles 
N.E.  of  I>a  Grange,  the  county  seat. 

H0G.\XSV1LLE,  a  post-village  in  Duhuijue  co.,  Iowa,  15 
miles  AV.S.W.  of  Dubu(iue. 

HOG'BACK  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

HOG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 

HOGE,  ho'Qheh.  a  small  island  of  DeTimark,  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Sleswick,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bredstedt.     Pop.  480. 

IKKJELAXD,  ho/gheldnd.'*  HOGHLAND.  or  IKXiLAXD, 
hog'Ilnd,  a  small  island  of  Russia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
110  miles  W.  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  celebrated  f  >r  a  naval 
victory  gained  by  the  Russians  over  the  Swedes  in  1788, 
*nd  for  the  measure  of  an  arc  of  the  meridian  between  it 
and  Jakobstadt. 

HOGESTOWX,  ho^es-tOwn.  a  post-village  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  9  uiiies  S.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

IIOG'HK.\D,  Ireland,  a  promontory  on  the  Atlantic,  at 
the  point  forming  the  N.W.  entrance  of  Kenmare  River. 

UlKJHTO.N,  hS'ton,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, with  a  station  on  the  E;ist  Lancashire  Railway,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Preston. 

HlHi  ISL.\XD,  an  i.sland  of  the  Mal,^y  .\rchipelago,  off  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  Java,  iu  lat.  7°  5'  S.,  Ion.  114°  ob>  E.,  and 
ibqut  20  miles  in  circuit. 

HcKj  ISLAXD,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra:,  about  40  miles 
in  length,  by  3  miles  in  breadth. 

inxi  ISLAXD,  British  India,  an  islet  in  the  harbor  of 
Bombay. 

HOG  ISLAXD,  one  of  the  Bahama.s,  N.E.  of  New  Pro- 
vidence. 

HOG  ISLAXD,  an  island  in  the  Flores  Sea,  off  the  S. 
extremity  of  Celebes,  in  lat.  6°  10'  S.,  Ion.  120°  22'  E. 

HOG  ISLAXDS,  a  cluster  of  islets  off  the  coast  of  Ire- 
land, en.  of  Kerry,  near  the  month  of  Kenmape  liiver. 

HOijiLE'S  (bo'i'fXz)  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co., 
Mis.souri.  55  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HOG  MOUXTAIX,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia,  about 
96  miles  X.  of  Milledseville. 

HOG'XASTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derbv. 

HiXJOLEX  (ho'go-l^n)  or  HlXJOLTX  (ho/go-lin)  ISLAXDS, 
a  group  in  the  centre  of  the  Carolines,  PacfHc  Ocean,  in  lat. 
7°  X.,  Ion.  15-2°  E. 

Hog  HIVER,asmall  stream  of  Michigan,  enters  theCold- 
water  River  in  Branch  county. 

HOti'SllAW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

H OG.-yrilORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HiKl'STlES,  a  group  of  dangeroifs  rocky  islets  of  the  Ba- 
hamas. West  Indies.  38  miles  N.W.  of  the  Great  Inagua. 

irXJJJ/^roN,  a  pariah  of  En^'land.  co.  of  Bucks. 

HiXJUE,  LA.  France.     See  C.^pb  la  Hogoe. 

HOGYKSZ.  (Ho,.:ye«z,)  hod'y^ss',  a  town  of  Hungary,  co. 
Cf  Tolna,  32  miles  X.X.K.  of  Fiinfkirchen.     Pop.  3070. 

HOHKNAU,  ho'^sii-Ow,  or  IIOCHENAU,  hOKVh-n5w\  a 
villa-'e  of  Lower  Austria,  with  a  station  on  the  Emperor 
Ferdinands  Northern  Railway,  45  miles  N.E.  of  Aienna 
Pop.  1567. 

HOHKSBRUCK,  ho'fn-br66k>,  or  TRZEBOCHOWTCE, 
tihe-l)0-K0-*eet'R.4,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  7  miles  E.  of  Konig- 

(rriit«        IV»n    9*>fl1  ° 


gratz.     Pop.  22:31. 

HOIIEN"  KCK.  ho'?h-nJk\  a  Tillage  of  Germany,  in  Stvria, 
5  miles  X.  of  Cilly.     Xear  it  are  the  mineral  baths  of  I>oka. 

HOHKNECK,  a  viU.npe  of  Germany,  in  WUrtembere  cir- 
cle of  Xeckar,  N.K  of  Ludwlgsbcrg. 


HOK 

I  HOHEXELBE,  ho'?n-frbfh.  or  HOCHELBE,  hoK'^l-bjai, 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  ou  the  Elbe,'  16  miles  X.E.  of  Gftschin 
Pop.  3257. 

HOHEX-EMS,  ho*?  n-Jms\  a  market-town  of  the  Tvrol.  near 
I  the  Swiss  frontier,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Feldkirch.  Pop.  1900. 
I  HOHEXFELS,  ho'gn-f^ls^  a  market-town  of  Bavarw,  17 
I  miles  X.W.  of  RatLsbon.     Pop.  740. 

HOHEXFURT.  ho'gn-f»OKt\  or  WYSSEBROD,  •fil.s'sfh- 
I  brot\avillageof  Bohemia.  26miles  S.ofBudweis.  Pop.1042. 

HOUEXIIAMELN,  ho'en-hd^meln,  a  village  oi  Hanover, 
9  miles  X.X.E.  of  Hildesheim.     Pop.  1031. 

HOHEXUASLACH,  ho/fn-his'llK.  a  vill.igA  of  WUrtem- 
berg.  IS  miles  X.X.W.  of  Stuttgart.     I'op.  1348. 

HOHEXHEIM,  ho'en-hime\"a  hamlet  of  WUrtem>«rg.  4 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Stuttgart,  with  a  celebrated  school  of  agri- 
culture. 

HOHEXLECBEX,  ho'fn-loi'bgn,  a  market-town  of  Central 
Germany,  7  miles  X.W.  of  Greitz.     Pop.  2200. 

HOHENLIXDEX.  ho'pn-lind'en,  a  village  of  Upper  tinxa^ 
ria,  20  miles  E.  of  Munich,  celebrateti  for  the  victory  of  the 
French  and  Bav.irians  under  Moreau.  over  the  Austrians 
under  the  Archduke  John.  December  3,  1800. 

HOUEXLIX'DEX,  a  post-oiliceof  Chickasaw  co.,  Missouri. 

HOIIEXLOHE,  ho'en-lo^fh,  an  ancient  principality  of  Ger- 
many, in  Franconia.  now  mediatized,  and  mostly  comprised 
in  the  circle  of  Jaxt,  (Wiirtemberg,)  and  partly  in  Bavaria. 

HOIIEXMAUTH.  ho/^n-mowt".  or  WYSOKE-MEYTO,  «■©'. 
Bo'keh-mi'to.  a  town  of  liohemia.  16  miles  E.  of  Chrudim, 
with  a  station  on  the  North  States  Railway.  Pop.  with 
suburbs,  4623. 

IIOHEXSAX,  ho'en-e3x\  a  village  of  East  Switzerland, 
canton  of  St.  Gall,  5  miles  X.  of  Werdenbei^.    Pop.  1153. 

HOHEX  SOLMS.     See  Solms  Lich. 

HOIIEXSTADT.  ho/fn-stdtO.  (Moravian.  Hahrzfh.hlh'zhk.) 
a  town  of  Moravia,  circle,  and  25  miles  X.W.  of  Olnuitz.  on 
the  Sazawa.  and  on  the  North  States  Railway.     Pop.  1494 

HOHEXSTAUFEX,  ho'en-st6w*fen.  a  village  of  Wiirtem- 
berg, circle  of  Danube.  24  miles  N.X.W.  of  Llm.  Pop.  11U6, 
with  a  ruined  castle  of  the  house  of  Iloben.staufen. 

HOHEXSTEIX,  ho'j'n-stineN  orllOHNSTElN,  hAn'stlne. 
a  town  of  Germjiny,  in  Saxonj-,  12  miles  X.E.  of  Zwickau. 
Pop.  467C.  engaged  in  cotton,  woollen,  and  linen  weaving, 
and  the  manufacture  of  machinery. 

HOHEXSTEIX,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  17  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Dresden.  Pop.  994.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  llohen- 
stein. 

HOHEXSTEIX,  ho'en-stlne',  or  OLSTYXEB,  ol'ste-nJb\  • 
town  of  Prussia,  province  of  East  Flanders,  78  miles  S.S.AV. 
of  Konigsberg.  on  the  Amelang.     Pop.  1270. 

HOHEXTHIXGEX,  ho'en-tingVn,  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg.  circle  of  Danube,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Ulm.  In  1799  it  vhm 
more  than  once  tjikcn  bv  the  French,  and  burned.   Pop.  410. 

HOHEXWESTEDT.  ho'en-«fe^t^tt.  a  village  of  Denmark, 
in  Ilolstein.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  RenJsburg.     Pop.  llijO. 

IIOIIEXZOLLERX-HECHlXGEX.lioVn-tsol'lern-h,^K/ing- 
en.  a  principalit)-  of  Germany,  enclosed  between  Wiirtem- 
berg on  the  W..  X.,  and  E.,  and  the  two  portions  of  the 
principality  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen  on  the  S.  Area, 
117  square  miles.  Pop.  20.143.  Capital,  Heohingen.  It  has 
recently  been  purchased  by  the  King  of  Prussia. 

nOIIKXZOLLERX-.SIGMARIXGEX,  hoVitsollern-sig'- 
mi-ringVn,  a  principality  of  Germany,  consisting  of  two 
large,  and  several  smaller  portions,  surrounded  by  Wur^ 
temberg,  Hohenzollern-llechingen.  and  Baden.  Area.  335 
square  miles.  Pop.  45.*jl.  Capital.  Sigmaringen.  This 
principality  was  likewise  included  with  the  above  in  the 
purchase  of  the  King  of  Prussia. 

HOIIO/KUS.  a  manufacturing  village  and  township  of  Ber 
gen  CO..  New  Jersey,  on  Hohokus  Creek,  and  on  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  24  miles  X.N.W.  of  New  York.  I» 
has  several  cotton  manufactories,  and  2  or  S  for  making 
combs.     Pop.  2352. 

HOUR,  (IlOhr,)  hBa,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Nas- 
sau.   Pop.  1171. 

H0H5<:HE1D-Mrr-MERSHEID,  h6'shit^mit-m?R/shTte,  a 
to^vnship  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  17  miles  E.  of  Dusseldorf,  with 
extensive  lead-works.     Pop.  11.395. 

HOaWACHT.  ho'^^^Kta  village  of  Denmark,  on  the  N.B. 
coast  of  Holstein,  with  a  harlwr  and  fine  roadste.Hd;  the 
latter  liaving  from  15  feet  to^iO  feet  of  water. 

HOIEIt,  (Hijier.)  hiVyer,  origiimlly  IIOTHER.hS'ter.  a  vil- 
lage  of  Denmark,  in  Sieswick,  8  miles  W.X.W.  of  Tondern. 
Pop.  1000. 

HOJ  A-JAMOTF^K  A-GOTE.  hoOJ-ja-mofka-got/,  (?)  a  village 
or  encampment  of  Ik'l'xx-histan.  province  of  Loos,  near  which 
some  rich  ores  of  copjvr  liave  lately  l>een  discovered. 

HO'KAH  (or  ROOT)  RIVER,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Slinnesota 
falls  into  the  Mississippi  River  a  little  below  La  Cro.sse,  in 
Wisconsin.     Length,  about  130  miles 

HOKIAXGA,  ko-ke-iln'gi.  a  river  of  New  Zealand,  in  the 
North  Island,  enters  the  sea  on  its  W.  coast,  near  the  N. 
extremity,  in  lat.  35°  .'iO'  S..  lou.  173°  26'  E.  On  it  are  • 
British  settlement,  and  a  Weslevan  mission. 

HO-KIKN,  ho'ke-^n'.  or  HO-KIAN.  ho-kl^3n^  a  town  of 
China,  province  Pe-chee-lee,  capital  of  a  department  iu  • 


HOL 


IIOL 


plain  between  the  Tai-ho,  and  the  Hoo-toho,  100  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Pekin;?. 

IKJLABRUNX,  OBKR,  o^bgr  ho'ia-br65n\  or  HOLEILS- 
DOK  t\  ho'Iils-donf\  a  mjirket-ttiwn  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the 
Gottersbtch.     Pop.  2688. 

IIO'LAli,  (Dan.  ITdlitm.  ho'loom.)  a  village  of  Iceland,  on 
Its  N.  coa.'it,  having  a  cathedral,  printing  establishment,  and 
school.     It  became  a  bishop's  see  in  1106. 

nOL'lJKACII.  a  m.arket-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln,  7^  miles  Ji.N.E.  of  Spalding.  It  is  very  ancient, 
has  a  flue  Gothic  church,  a  free  school,  founded  about  1351. 
a  union  work-house,  and  2  branch  banks.  Dr.  Stukeley, 
the  antiquary,  was  born  here  in  1087.     Pop.  2245. 

IIOiyiilCCK.  a  township  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  ^est  Hiding. 

II0LI5KK  or  HOLBECK.  hol'bJk,  a  seaport  town  of  Den- 
mark, island  and  stift  of  Seeland,  on  an  arm  of  the  Ise-fiord, 
35  miles  \V.  of  Copenhagen.     Pop.  2300. 

IIOLMJERXS  PRE'CINCT,  a  small  village  of  Limestone 
CO..  Alabama. 

IIOL'BKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

IIOLMSROOK,  a  chapi'lrv  of  Engl.^nd.  co.  of  Derby. 

IIOLBROOK.  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HOUCOMB.  a  post-otlice  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

IIOL'COMBK,  a  parish  nf  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

IIOL/CO.MBJi-BUl{/XELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Uevon. 

IIDL'COtBE-RO'CfUS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HOLCOMBS  ROCK,  a  post^iffice  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

IIOL'CUTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

HOLCOTT,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Northampton. 

IIOLD'iCN,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  in- 
corporated April  13,  1S52. 

IIOLDKN',  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
Betts,  50  ffiiles  W.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
goods.     I'op.  1945. 

IIOLD'EXBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co..  and  5J  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Northampton.  It  has  ruins  of  a  princely  mansion,  built 
by  Sir  C.  Hatton,  lord-chancellor  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 
Charles  I.  was  for  a  short  time  kept  a  prisoner  in  it. 

IIOLD'EN'HUR.ST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HOLD'HRMAN'S  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Kendall  co.,  Il- 
linois. 

IIOLD'ERN  ESS,  a  district  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East 
Riding,  consisting  mostly  of  the  large  tongue  of  land  stretch- 
ing between  the  North  .Sea  and  the  estuary  of  the  rivei' 
Ilunilier.     Area,  160.470  acres.     Pop.  23,766. 

IIOLD'ERNESS,  a  pnst-township  of  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  Concord  iind  >IontreaI  Railroad. 
45  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord,  has  many  fine  mill  seats, 
and  manufactures  of  paper.     I'op.  1765. 

IIOLD'UATK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

IIOLK  IX  THE  WALL,  a  light-house  at  the  S.  extremity 
of  .\baeo  Island,  one  of  the  Little  Bahamas.  It  stands  one 
third  of  a  mile  X.  of  the  Hole  in  the  Wall,  and  shows  a  re- 
volving liiht,  SO  feet  from  its  base,  and  160  feet  al)ove  the 
level  of  the  sea.  in  lat.  26°  51'  30"  N..  Ion.  77°  10'  45"  W. 

HOLE.SCIDWITZ  or  HULLESOWICE,  hdl'leh-sho'wits,  a 
village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Rakonitz,  on  the  Moldau,  2 
miles  from  Prague.     Pop.  1001. 

IIOL'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

IIOLGUIX,  hol-gheen'  or  ol-gheen'.  a  town  of  Cuba,  63 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Santiago.     Pop.  In  1853,  3754. 

IIOLICS  or  FIOLITSCH,  ho1ich\  a  town  of  Hungary,  cir- 
cle of  Neutra,  46  miles  N.  of  Presburg,  near  the  March.  Pop. 
43-33.  It  has  an  imperial  castle  and  stud.  Roman  Catholic 
and  Lutheran  churches,  a  synagogue,  a  Capuchin  convent 
and  manufactures  of  pottery.  Ac. 

HOLITZ.  holits,  or  XEU"  HOLITZ,  noi  holits.  a  town  of 
Bohemia.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Chrudim.  A  battle  was  fijught 
here  in  1758,  between  the  Prussians  and  the  Imperialists. 
Pop.  .3424. 

IIOLKAR'S  DOMINIONS,  India.    See  Indore. 

HOLKER.  LOWKR,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, 2  miles  S.  of  Upptr  Holker. 

HOL'KER,  UPPER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

HOLKHAM.  hoincam.  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Norfolk, 
on  the  North  Sea.  2^  miles  W.  of  Wells.  The  church  is  a 
noted  sea-mark.  Holkham  House,  the  splendid  residence  of 
the  late  Earl  of  Leicesttir.  is  built  after  a  design  by  Palladjo. 
The  library,  statue  gallery,  and  picture-saloon,  at)ound  in  the 
rarest  works  of  literature  and  art. 

HOL'L.\COMBB.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HOLLAND,  (Dutch  pron.  hollint:  orirfnally  OJIant,  i.  e. 
"muddy"  or  "marshy  land;"'  Vr.  HoUande.  horid.Nd';  L. 
Batii'via  and  BfoU'in'iiia ;)  the  name  usually  given  to  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  though,  strictly  speaking,  is 
now  only  applied  to  the  provinces  of  North  and  South  Hol- 
land. This  name  was  associated  with  that  kinsdom  for  four 
vears.  (1806-1810.)  under  the  rule  of  Louis  Bonaparte.  The 
kingdom  of  Holland,  during  that  time,  included  nearly  all 
the  territories  comprising  the  present  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  together  with  p.art  of  Hanovei  and  the  duchy 
of  Oldenburg.    See  Netherlands. 


HOLLAND,  holland,  North  and  South,  two  'ontlgnowj 
provinces,  and  the  most  important  of  the  k'ngdom  of  th« 
.Netherlands,  composed  of  the  peninsulas  and  islands 
between  lat.  51°  40'  and  53°  30'  N..  and  Ion.  4°  and  5" 
20'  E.,  having  S.,  IIolland".s-Diep  and  a  mouth  of  the 
Rhine.  W.,  the  North  Sea,  and  on  other  sides  the  Zuyder- 
zee.  and  the  provinces  of  Utrecht,  Gelderland,  and  North 
Brabant.  Area  of  North  Holland,  966  square  miles 
Pop.  in  1S&3,  562,504.  Of  South  Holland.  1180  square  miles. 
Pop.  661,SS5.  Surface  unifoFmly  flat,  intersected  by  nume- 
rous canals,  and  much  of  it  below  the  Ittel  of  high  sea- 
tides,  but  protected  against  these  by  a  line  of  natural  downn 
all  along  the  W.  coast,  and  artificial  dykes  elsewhere. 
The  Leek  and  Meuse  travei-se  the  S.  province ;  a  large  ex- 
tent in  the  centre  is  occupied  by  the  Y  inlet,  Haarlem  Lake, 
and  extensive  marshes.  Cattle-rearing  is  the  chief  branch  of 
rural  industry.  Manufactures  of  every  description  are  very 
actively  carried  on.  Principal  cities.  Amsterdam.  Haarlem, 
Saardam.  Alkmaar,  and  Hoorn,  in  North  Holland,  and  the 
Hague,  Rotterdam,  Leyden,  and  Dort,  in  South  Holland. 

HOL'LAXD,  Preussich,  prois'.sish  hol'ldnt,  a  town  of  Ejist 
Prussia.  58  miles  S.W.  of  KBnigslierg.     Pop.  3360. 

HOI/LAND,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  55 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  748. 

HOLLAND,  a  station  on  the  railroad  from  Philadelphia 
to  Easton,  30  miles  S.  of  Easton. 

HOLLAND,  a  post-township  of  Hampden  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  449.     ■ 

HOLLAND,  a  po.st-village  and  township  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  Erie  co.,  Xew  Y'ork,  about  25  miles  S.E.  of  Buflalo. 
Pop.  1538. 

HOLLAND,  a  post-office  of  A'enango  co.,  Pennsylvani.a. 

HOLLAND,  a  thriving  post-villuge  and  township  in  the 
S.\V.  part  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Black 
River,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Kalamazoo.  Pep.  of  the  village, 
about  600:  of  the  township.  1991. 

HOLL.\^ND,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HOLLAND  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Canada  ^Vest, 
townships  of  East  and  West  Gwillimbury,  on  the  Ontario 
Simcoe  and  Huron  Kailroad.  35  miles  .\.  of  Toronto.  It 
contains  3  saw  mills,  several  stores,  and  a  foundry.  Pop. 
al)out  350. 

HOLLAND,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HOLLAND,  NEW..  See  Au8trau.\. 

HOLLAND,  PARTS  OF,  a  district  of  England,  forming  a 
division  of  the  county  of  Lincoln  on  the  S.E..  and  having  E. 
the  .North  Sea.  Area,  256,320  acres.  Pop.  72;o61.  Holland 
Fen,  in  this  district,  is  a  tract  now  enclosed  and  dnained, 
comprising  22,000  acres.     Pop.  upwards  of  10,000. 

HOL'LAXD  P.iT'EXT,  a  past-village  of  Oneida  co..  New 
York,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Utica,  has  2  churches  and  an  aca- 
demy.    Pop.  iibout  500. 

HOLLAN DS-DIEP, hollints-deep',  (Fr.  Difjipi',  de-Jpp.')  the 
principjtl  arm  of  the  Waal,  between  South  Holland  and  North 
Brabant,  Netherlands,  divides,  after  u  course  of  14  niUe-s, 
into  the  Haringvliet  and  Volke-rak,  the  two  largest  mouths 
of  the  Rhine,  and  which  encircle  the  island  of  Over-Hakke. 

HOLLAND,  UPPER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, on  the  Liverpool  and  Wigau  Railway,  4  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Wigan. 

IIOL'LENBACK,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  977. 

HOLLESCHAU  or  IIOLLESCHOW.  hoinph-sh6w\  a  town 
of  Moravia,  circle,  and  18  miles  N.  of  Hradisch,  on  the  Rus- 
sawa,  with  a  deanery  church,  a  fine  castle,  a  town-house, 
3  chapels,  and  a  synagogue.    Pop.  4589. 

HOI/LESLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HOULKY.  a  post-village  of  .Murray  township,  Orleans  co., 
New  Y'ork,  on  the  Roc^hester.  Lockport.  and  Niagara  Falls 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Erie  Canal,  22  miles  W.  of  Rochester. 
It  contains  6  churches,  2  stores,  and  1  academy.  Pop. 
about  1100. 

HOLLEY  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Edgecomb  co..  North 
Carolina. 

HOLLFELD,  hoU'fMt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Uppei 
Frauconia,  13  miles  W.  of  Baireutb  and  East  Bamberg, 
Pop.  1048.    It  has  large  markets  for  sheep. 

HOl/LIDAYSBURG,  a  flourishing  post-borough,  capital 
of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvatiia,  is  situated  on  the  Juniata  River 
and  Pennsylvania  Canal,  near  the  E.  base  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountain.  A  branch  railroad,  8  miles  long,  connects  with 
the  Central  Railroad  at  Altooua.  Distance  from  Harrisbiu-g 
by  turnpike,  120  miles  W.,  and  by  railroad,  137  miles.  Since 
the  construction  of  the  canal  and  railroad,  tliis  town  has 
improved  rapidly,  and  has  become  the  centre  of  trade  for 
an  extensive  country,  which  is  rich  in  agncultural  and 
mineral  resources.  The  business  of  the  town  is  estimated 
to  be  more  extensive  than  that  of  any  place  between  Pitts- 
burg and  Harrisburg.  Through  HoU'idaysburg,  the  iron  of 
the  celebrated  Juniata  region  seeks  a  market.  Stone  coal 
anil  grain  are  also  exported  in  large  quantities.  It  contains 
8  churches,  1  national  bank,  1  other  bank,  1  town-hali,  3 
large  school-houses,  2  foundries  with  machine-shops,  2  blast 
furnaces  for  sni  siting  iron,  2  rolling-mills,  1  shuck  factory, 
and  I  steam  grut-mill.    There  is  a  rich  deposit  of  iron  ore 


HOL 


HOL 


within  a  mile  of  this  place.  A  small  branch  of  the  Juniata 
separates  the  town  from  the  borough  of  Gaysport.  Holli- 
daysburg  was  incori>orated  in  1836,  and  became  tlie  county 
seat  in  1S46.  It  is  ligiited  with  gas.  Three  newspapers  are 
pul)lished  here.  Population  24t)9,  or,  including  Gaysport, 
8070. 

irOLLIDAYS  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  cc,  W. 
Virgini.a. 

IIOL'I.TDAYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dooly  co..  Georgia. 

nOLLIXG BOURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HOLLIXG.STEDT,  hol'ling-st6tt\  a  Tillage  of  Denmark, 
duchv,  and  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sleswick. 

IIOL'LIXGSWORTH,  a  post-office  of  Habersham  co., 
Georgia.  115  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

IIOL'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

IIOLaJNGWOOD.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca-^ter. 
1}  miles  W.8.W.  of  Oldham. 

tlOL'LINGWORTII.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

HOL'LIS,  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Maine,  60  miles 
S.AV.  of  .\ugusta.  The  inhabit;ints  are  extensively  engaged 
in  the  lumber  business.     Pop.  1683. 

II0LLI8,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad,  7  miles  S.  of 
Nashua,  and  35  miles  S.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1317. 

KOLLIS,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  11  miles 
N.^V.  of  Peoria. 

HOLLIS  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  Maine. 

HOL'LISTOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachu.«etts,  on  the  Mllford  Branch  Railroad,  alxiut  25  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Boston,  and  the  same  distance  E.  of  Worcester. 
The  innabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  man^factu^es, 
there  being  about  25  establishments  in  the  township  for  the 
production  of  boots,  shoes,  cotton  goods,  and  straw  hats  and 
bonnets,  employing  about  600  hands.  The  village  contains 
4  churches,  12  stores,  a  bank,  and  Mount  Uollis  Seminary, 
also  a  machine  shop,  a  steam  mill,  and  a  pump  factory. 
There  are  also  3  other  villages  in  the  township,  viz.,-  East 
HoUiston,  Braggville,  and  Metcalf  Station.  Pop.  in  1850, 
2428;  in  1860,3339. 

HOL'LOWAYVIELE.  a  post-office  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 

HOLLOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district, 
South  Carolina. 

HOLLOW  SQUARE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama. 

IIi)LLU  M,  hol'lum,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  fries- 
land,  on  the  S.W.  end  of  the  island  of  Ameland.     Pop.  1075. 

HOLLY,  a  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad.    See  Appendix. 

HOLLY  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Murray  co.,  Georgia, 
10  miles  S.  of  Spring  Place,  the  county-town. 

HOLLY  GROVE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Walker  co.,  Alabama. 

HOLLY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Charleston  district.  South 
Carolina. 

HOLLY  LEAF,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee. 

HOL'LYM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

HOLLY  JIILLS.  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co..  Michiiran. 

HOL'LYMOUNT.  a  petty  town  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
•  CO.  of  Mayo,  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ballinrobe.     Pop.  454. 

HOLLY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Drew  co..  Ark.ansas. 

HOLLY  RETREAT,  a  post-office  of  Wilkinson  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

HOLLY  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Braxton  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

HOLLY  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Wake  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

HOLLY  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  AVood  co..  Texas. 

HOLLY  SPRI.V6.  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Arkansas. 

HOLLY  SPRINGS,  a  flourishing  and  beautiful  post-vil- 
lage, capital  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi,  210  miles  N.  of 
Jackson.  The  situation  is  healthful  and  remarkably  beauti- 
ful. The  place  is  distinguished  for  the  excellence  of  its 
schools  and  the  intelligence  of  its  inhabitants.  It  contains 
4  educational  institutions,  which  arejustlv  celebr,<»ted :  the 
Chalmers'  Institute  and  St.  Thomas'  Hall  for  bovs;  and  the 
Holly  Springs  Female  Institute  and  the  Franislin  Female 
College.  The  whole  number  of  pupils  attending  them  is 
•bout  390.  The  village  contains  several  churches,  4  news- 
. paper  offices,  and  1  bank.  The  Mississippi  Central  Railroad, 
connects  it  with  Jaekson  and  New  Orleans.    Population 

HOL'LYWOOD,  a  village  and  partsh  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Down,  on  Belfast  Lough,  41  miles  N.E.  of  Beltast. 
Pop.  of  the  village,  1632.  In  its  vicinity,  which  is  very 
beautiful,  are  many  handsome  mansions  and  villas,  the 
residences  of  Bolfa.st  merchants,  whose  families  also  resort 
here  for  sea-bathing. 

tJ^F,t>'^^^**^'  *  P'"^"'*  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

iJ^K.,V.^\*^'^'''  *  P^"^^  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow. 

Hr>T  »,P^'  *  PostKifflce  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 

il  ^r«„'        '®'  *  P'"''''^!  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

tJJIr  vJ^'  *  *<^'''"«*>'P  "f  Kntrland,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

HOLME,  a  parish  of  Orkney,  in  Pomona,  on  Holme 
Sound,  a  fxvititiful  frith  on  the  S.  coast  of  Pomona.  Se- 
veral small  islets  of  the  Orknevs  bear  this  prefix 

wm  M  p  CUI^'TR  AM,  aparish  of  England,  co.  Cumberland. 

SRHJi',i':\''J'  »  P"'"''  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HOLME  HALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
So* 


HOLME  LA'CY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HOLME,  MOSS,  a  mountain  "bf  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
where  it  meets  the  counties  of  York  and  Chester.  Highest 
point,  1859  feet. 

HOLME-PIERREPONT,  (peer'pont.)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Nottingham. 

HOiyMER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HOLME-NEXT-RUNCTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

HOLMES.  hAmz,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  490  square  miles.  It 
is  intei'-sected  by  the  Choctawhatchee  River.  The  surface  is 
level  or  undulating.  Formed  recently  by  a  division  of 
Walton  and  Jackspn  counties.  Capital,  Cerro  Gordo.  Pop. 
13S6,  of  whom  1274  were  free. 

HOLMES,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  940  square  miles.  The  Yazoo 
River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  W.,  and  the  Big  Black 
River  on  the  S.E.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the 
soil  is  very  rich.  The  Yazoo  is  naviirable  for  steamboats  on 
the  border  of  the  county  through  the  whole  year.  Named 
in  honor  of  Governor  David  Holmes  of  Mississippi.  Capital, 
Lexington.  Pop.  17,791,  of  whom  5816  were  free,  and  11,975 
slaves. 

HOLMES,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  about  400  .square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N. 
to  S.  by  Kilbuck  Creek,  intersected  in  the  W.  part  by  the 
Walhonding  River,  an-d  also  drained  by  Doughty's  Fork 
of  the  first-named  stream.  The  surface  is  moderately  hilly, 
and  the  soil  generally  good.  Stone  coal  is  found  along  Kil- 
buck Creek.  Gas  springs  have  recently  been  discovered. 
A  railroad  has  been  completed  from  Cleveland  to  the  county- 
seat.  Formed  in  1824.  Capital,  Millersburg.  Population 
20,5S9. 

HOLMES,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1611. 

HOLMES.  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  a  station  on  the  Lafayette 
and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Lebanon. 

HOLMESBURG,  homznnu-g,'a  pleasant  post-village  in- 
cluded within  the  chartered  limits  of  Philadelphia,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, 10  miles  N.E.  of  the  State-house,  it  contains  4 
churches.  1  boarding-school,  and  1  spade  factory. 

HOLME-NEAR-THE-SEA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IIOLMKS'  (homz'ez)  HOLE,  a  post-village  in  Tisbury 
township.  Duke's  co.,  Massachusetts,  about  60  miles  S.E. 
of  Boston.  Is  has  a  fine  harbor,  much  frequented  by  vessels 
in  bad  weather.  At  the  entrance  to  the  harbor,  on  the 
West  Chop,  stands  Holmes'  Hole  Light-hou.se,  exhibiting  a 
fixed  light  60  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  29* 
N.,  Ion.  70°  36'  40"  W.  One  whaler  arrived  here  in  1S53, 
bringing  320  barrels  of  sperm-oil,  1720  of  whale-oil,  and  lOOC 
pounds  of  whalebone. 

HOLME-ON-SPALDING  (.spjl'ding)  MOOR,  a  parish  of 
Encland.  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 

HOLMESTRAND,  hol'meh-strlndS  a  seaport  town  of  Nor- 
way.  stift  of  Aggershuus,  on  the  Drammen  Fiord,  34  milea 
S.S.W.  of  Christiania.     Pop.  174(i. 

HOLMES'  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Flo- 
rida. 

HOLMESVILLE,  hdmz'vill.  a  po.st-village.  capital  of  Ap- 
pling CO.,  Georgia,  115  miles  S.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

HOLMESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pike  CO.,  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  Bogue  Chitto  River,  90  miles  S.  of  Jackson. 

HOLMESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Avoyelles  parish,  in 
Louisiana,  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Marksville. 

HOLMESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio,  near 
Killbuck  Creek,  So  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  Together  with 
the  contiguous  village  of  Lafayette,  it  has  about  250  in- 
habitants. 

HOLMESA'ILLE,  Laporte  co..  Indiana,  a  station  on  the 
Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  Indiana  Railroad.  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Laporte. 

HOLM  E-ox-THB-WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

HOLM/FIRTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

HOLMON,  hol'mon,  or  G0L5tA,  eoVma,  an  island  of 
Sweden,  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  20  miles  K.  (.>t  UmeS.  Lat. 
63°  40'  N.,  Ion.  21°  E.    It  belongs  to  the  Quarken  group. 

HOLMPrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

.  HOLMS,  h6ms,  two  islets  of  England  and  South  Wales 
in  the  estuary  of  the  river  Severn,  S.E.  of  Lavernock. 

HOLMS'FIELD.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HOLMSLAND.  holmsnind.  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  Jut- 
land, in  the  N.  of  the  Ringkiobing  fiord,  about  1  mile  N.N.W. 
of  the  town  of  Ringkiobing.     Pop.  1800. 

HOLNE,  hon,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  Si  miles 
W.  of  Ashimrton.  Holne  Park  is  a  be;iutiful  hunting-seat 
in  this  pari.sh. 

HOL/N  EST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

HOLOUAN.     See  Holwan. 

HOLSTEBROE,  ( HolstebrSe.)  hol'stfh-brbVh,  or  HOTr 
STEBRO,  hol'stfh-brB\  a  town  of  Denmark,  province  of  Jut- 
land, 24  miles  N.E.  of  Ringkiobing,  on  the  Stor^aa.  Pop 
1200,  mostly  agricultural. 


HOL 


HOL 


nOI^TEIN,  'hol'stine,  Ducht  of.  (L.  ITnlm'tia,)  a  de- 
pendent of  Denmark.  wMch,  till  1848,  formed  part  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  situated  S.  of  Sleswiok  in  Den- 
mark, and  N.  of  Hanover  and  Mecklenburg  in  Germany,  and 
between  lat.  54°  2t!'  10"  and  53°  29'  N.,  and  Ion.  9°  and  ll"^' 
E.,  bounded  K.  by  the  Baltic,  and  W.  by  the  North  Sea. 
Aiea,  3230  square  miles.  l>op.  in  1850,  4S2.304.  Surfiice 
mostly  level,  with  low  hills  in  the  E.;  in  the  S.  and  W.  the 
extensive  pasture  lands  are  secured  against  inundations  of 
the  sea  by  dykes.  It  contains  numerous  lakes,  the  chief 
of  which  is  the  PlSnsee,  and  is  watered  by  the  Eider,  Elbe, 
and  their  affluents.  It  is  celebrated  lor  its  cattle  and  horses, 
which  with  grain,  butter,  and  cheese,  form  the  chief  exports. 
Principal  towns.  Gliickstadt.  the  capital,  Altona,  the  chief 
port.  Kiel,  Rendsburg,  and  Elnishorn,  which  are  connected 
by  railways.  This  province  became  a  dependency  of  Den- 
mark in  1459.  It  is  held  by  the  King  of  Denmark  as  Duke 
of  Ilolstein.  under  certain  limitations.  In  1848,  Ilolstein, 
along  with  the  Duchy  of  Sleswick,  revolted  from  Denmark 
in  order  to  join  the  new  German  Empire;  the  population 
are  mostly  German  in  their  language  as  well  as  in  their 
predilections. 

IIOLSTEINTIIOR.  hol'stlne-ton/,  a  village  forming  a  su- 
burb of  Lubeck.     Pop.  1200. 

IIOLSTGN,  hol'ston.  a  river,  the  largest  branch  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  North  .and  South 
Forks,  which  rise  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  A'ir- 
plnia,  and  unite  at  Kingsport,  in  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 
Flowing  thence  S.W.,  and  passing  Knoxville,  it  unites  with 
the  Clinch  River  at  Kingston.  The  length  of  the  main 
strearo  is  estimated  at  200  miles.  Though  the  current  is 
rather  rapid,  it  has  no  considerable  falls.  It  is  navigable  by 
small  steamboats  to  Knoxville  at  all  seasons,  and  during  the 
winter  they  ciin  ascend  to  Kingsport.  Branches. — The  North 
Fork  rises  near  the  N.  border  of  Smyth  co.,  Virginia,  and  its 
general  course  Is  W.S.W.  The  South  Fork  rises  near  the 
opposite  side  of  that  county,  and  flows  nearly  parallel  with 
the  other  branch.  '  The  length  of  each  is  about  100  miles. 

IIOIvSTON,  a  post-ofRce  of  Washington  co.,  Airginia. 

irOLSTON  VAL'LEY,  a  post-office  of  SuUivau  co.,  Ten- 
hessee. 

iri)LS'WORTIIY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Devon,  on  the  Tamar,  7j  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stratton. 

ID)LT.  holt,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh,  on  the  Dee,  crossed  by 
a  stone  bridge  of  10  arches,  5J  miles  N.E.  of  Wrexham.  Pop. 
of  borough,  in  1851,  1029.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
unites  with  DenViigh,  Kuthin,  and  Wrexham  in  sending  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

HOLT,  a  market-town  and  parLsh  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 17  miles  N. N.E.  of  Dereham.  It  has  an  ancient  church, 
a  shire-hall,  a  work-house,  and  a  grammar  school,  founded 
by  Sir  J.  Gresham  in  1654,  an  excellent  library,  and  a  scho- 
lajsbip  and  fellowship  at  Sidney  College,  Cambridge. 

HOLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

HOLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

HOLT,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Dor.set. 

HOLT,  a  chapelry  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Wilts. 

HOLT,  holt,  or  YERMALOFF,  yJr'ma-lofr\  an  inland  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  Low  Archipelago.  Lat.  16°  20'  S., 
Ion.  143°  6'  W. 

HOLT,  a  new  county  near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Mis- 
souri, bordering  on  the  Ml.ssouri  River,  which  separates  it 
from  Kansas  and  Nebraska:  area  470  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Nodaway  River,  and  intersected 
by  Tarkeo  and  Little  Tarkeo  Rivers.  Capital,  Oregon.  Pop. 
6650,  of  whom  0241  were  free,  and  309  slaves.  Named  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Holt,  a  popular  member  of  the  Missouri  Legis- 
lature. 

HOLT'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

IIOLTEX,  hAl'ten,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Overyssel,  21  m'iles  S.S.E.  of  ZwoUe.    Pop.  2619. 

IIOLTEX.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  21  miles  N.  of  Dus- 
seldorf.     Pup.  840. 

HOLTEN.  a  village  of  Norway,  stift  of  Aggershuus,  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Tonsberg. 

HOI/TEX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HOLTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

HOLTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HOLTON'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

HOLTOX-LE-CLAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HOLTON  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HOLT'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Chatham  co., 
North  Carolina. 

HOLTS  SHOP,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia,  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Macon. 

HOLT'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

HOL/VERSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOL'W  AX,  HOLOU  AX  or  HOLUAN,  horwdn',  a  city  of  an- 
tiquity, the  Calah  of  Asshur,  (Gen.x.  11.)  and  the  Hallah  of 
the  Israelitish  captivity,  is  now  represented  by  the  village 
Sar-Puli.  in  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee,  district  of  Ker- 
manshah.  8  miles  S.  of  Zohab.  Here  are  some  sculptured 
tablets,  BU  excavated  royal  sepulchre,  various  Sassanian 
3U 


ruins,  and  numerous  mounds.  Lat.  34°  SO'  N.,  Ion.  4.'5°  US' 
E.  It  remained  large  and  populous  long  after  the  Arab  in- 
vasion of  Persia,  but  wa."!  finally  ruined  by  the  Huns  in 
1258.  The  Holwan  River,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  rises  2f 
miles  E.  of  Zohab.  and  after  a  tortuous  course  joins  the  Ghi 
Ian.  an  affluent  of  the  Diala.  In  the  plain  it  is  fordable  ii* 
autumn. 

HOL'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dedford. 

HOLWELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HOLWEKD,  hoFweiit.  a  villjige  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Friesland.  on  the  North  Sea.  oppo.site  Ameland,  and 
6  miles  N.W.  of  Dokkum.     Pop.  1700. 

HOL'W ICK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Rarnard  Castle.  The  fall  Of  the 
river  Tees  here  is  one  of  the  finest  cataracts  in  England. 

HO'LYROURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HOLY-CKOSS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  3J 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Stourbridge. 

IIO'LYCROSS/,  a  parish  and  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperary,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Thurles.  Heie  is  an 
abbey  founded  in  1182,  and  now  one  of  the  finest  monastic 
ruins  in  Ireland.  15- 

HOLVHEAD,  hoPe-hJd.  (Welsh,*br*'r  Gj/hi.  kd'erghib/ee.) 
an  island,  parliamentary  borough,  .seaport  town,  and  parish 
of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesea,  off  its  AV.  side,  and  con- 
nected with  that  Island  by  a  long  causeway  over  a  channel 
fordable  at  low  water,  23  miles  W.  of  IJangor.  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  railway.  The  island  is  mostly  a  barren  rock, 
and  ending  on  the  N.  in  a  huge  headland  of  serpentine 
rock,  hollowed  into  many  caves,  which  are  the  resort  of 
flocks  of  sea-fowl.  I'op.  of  borough,  in  1861,  6190.  The  town 
has  many  handsome  houses,  hotels,  assembly- rooms,  a  church 
formerly  collegiate,  and  a  good  market-place.  The  harbor  ig 
formed  by  a  pier  900  feet  in  length,  14  feet  water  at  low  tide, 
on  which  there  is  a  l|ght-house.  in  lat.  53°  20'  N.,  Ion.  4°  37' 
W.  Two  other  light-iiouses,  with  powerful  revolving liglits, 
visible  20  miles  distant,  stand  on  the  North  and  &5uth 
Stacks,  two  rocks  N.W.  of  the  Head :  lat.  53°  18'  N.,  Ion. 
4°  42'  W.  The  South  Stack  is  connected  with  Holyhead  by 
a  suspension  bridge.  Holyhead  owes  its  importance  to  its 
being  the  nearest  British  port  to  Dublin. 

HOLY  ISLAND,  formerly  LIX'DISFARNE'.  a  peninsula, 
insulated  at  high-water,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  lOngland,  adjoin 
ing  CO.  of  Northumberland,  but  belonging  to  the  co.  of  Dur- 
ham. 9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Berwiek-on-Tweed.  The  N.  part  of  the 
island  consists  ofjiand  hills,  forming  a  large  rabbit  warren; 
the  remainder  is  fertile.  Ithas  a  small  harboron  the  E..  de- 
fended by  a  battery  ;  a  village,  now  mueh  fre(|uented  for  sea- 
bathing, very  fine  ancient  castle,  and  remarkable  remains 
of  a  celebrated  Saxon  abbey,  founded  in  635  as  a  bishop's 
see,  over  which  the  famous  St.  Cuthbert  presided  as  bishop. 
It  wag  destroyed  by  the  Danes  in  900,  when  the  bishopric 
was  removed  to  Durham,  and  was  afterwards  rebuilt  as  a 
cell  to  the  priory  in  that  city.  Lindisfarue  is  described  in 
the  second  canto  of  Scott's  Marmlon. 

HOLY  LAND,  THE.    See  Palestine. 

HOLY  NECK,  apostotflee  of  Nansemond  co.,  Virginia. 

HOLYOKE,  pronounced  hOl'yOk,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Hampden  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  right  (W.)  bank 
of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  Connecticut  River  Rail- 
road, 8  miles  N.  of  Springfield,  and  lOH  miles  by  railroad  W. 
by  S.  of  Boston.  The  liadley  Falls  Company,  now  the  Holyoke 
Water-Power  Company,  chartered  in  1848,  with  a  cai)ital  of 
$4,000,000.  has  here  constructed  a  dam  across  the  Connecti- 
cut, 1018  feet  in  length  between  the  abutments,  and  30  feet 
in  height.  The  entire  fall  in  three-quarters  of  a  mile  is  60 
feet.  Such  is  the  n.ature  of  the  ground  and  the  greatness 
of  the  entire  fall,  that  the  water  admitted  to  the  canals 
can  be  used  more  than  once;  and  the  hydraulic  power 
thus  rendere<l  available  is  capable  of  being  employed  to  an 
almost  unlimited  extent.  Holyoke  contains  1  bank,  1  news- 
paper office,  5  churches,  2  hotels,  3  paijer-mills,  3  woollen- 
mills,  2  cotton-mills,  1  machine-shop.  1  thread-mill,  1  cotton- 
warp-mill.  1  gingham-mill,  2  wire-mills,  and  several  smaller 
manufacturing  establishments.  The  town,  for  the  most 
part,  is  laid  out  at  right  angles;  owing  to  its  immense 
water-power,  it  seems  destined  to  become  one  of  the  most 
important  manufacturing  towns  in  New  England.  The 
churches,  dwellings,  &(?.,  are  situated  on  a  fine  elevation 
west  of  the  canals.  It  is  amply  supplied  with  water  from 
the  Connecticut  River  by  fbrcing-punips,  operated  by  hy- 
draulic-power. Population  of  the  township  in  1850,  3245; 
in  1860,  4997 :  and  in  1865,  not  tar  from  7500. 

HO'LYTOWN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  county  of  Lanark, 
parish  of  BothwelL  Population  900,  chiefly  engaged  in 
mining. 

HOLYWELL,  hol'e-wfl,  a  parliamentary  borough,  market 
and  manufacturing  town,  and  parish,  in  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Flint,  on  the  line  of  the  Holyhead  and  Chester  Railway, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Chester.  Pop.  of  borough,  in  1851,  5740.  It 
lies  in  a  romantic  glen  near  the  estuary  of  tlie  Dee;  has  a 
chureh  partly  ancient,  a  beautiful  Gothic  chapel,  now  used 
as  a  school,  and  court-house  built  over  the  celebrated  well 
of  St.  Winifred  by  the  Countess  of  Richmond,  mother  of 
Henry  VII. ;  remains  of  an  abbey  and  of  a  British  fortifica- 

866 


HOL 


HON 


tioD.  thriving  manufactures  of  cottons,  galloons,  large 
8meltinu--houses  and  foundries,  and  in  its  close  vicinity  ex- 
tensive lead,  copper,  and  zinc  mines.  Holywell,  which  is  now 
the  largest  town  in  the  county,  unites  with  Flint,  ic.  in  send- 
ing 1  member  to  the  IIou.se  oi"  Common.s.  Its  ancient  well, 
the  most  copious  spring  in  Britain,  sends  up  21  tons  of  the 
purest  water  every  minute. 

HOLYWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

HOLYWELL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

HOLYWOOD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

H0LZ.\P1'EL,  h61t/sap'pel,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Nassau.  8  miles  W.  of  Limburg,  on  the  Lahn.  at  the  foot  of 
a  height,  crowned  by  the  remains  of  the  former  residence 
of  the  Nas.eau  princes.     Pop.  921. 

HOLZEMME,  hAlt/sJm'mjh,  a  river  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
joins  the  Bode,  a  little  below  Groningen,  after  a  course  of 
about  30  miles. 

HOLZEXOE.  (Holzenoe.)  hAlt'sgn-o'eh,  an  island  of  Nor- 
way; lat.  60°  34'  X.,  and  loa.  5°  10'  E..  8  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Bergen.    It  is  15  miles  long,  and  about  3  miles  wide. 

HOLZGERLIXGEX,  h6lts'ghei--lingVn,  a  viUage  of  WUr- 
temberg,  circle  of  Neckar,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop. 
1638. 

HOLZMIXDEX,  hAlts'min-den.  a  frontier  town  of  Ger- 
many, duchy  of  Brunswick,  capital  of  a  circle  on  the  We.ser, 
66  miles  S.W.  of  Brunswick.  Pop.  3409.  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  several  churches,  a  synagogue,  public  library,  and 
manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  wares,  files,  pins,  &c.  It  is 
also  an  entrepot  for  linen  fabrics. 

nOLZTHALLEBEX,  h6lts'tdl-lA'ben.  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, priuci}«ility  of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  12  miles 
\y.  of  Sondershaiisen.     Pop.  1147. 

HOMASAS'SA,  a  post-office  of  Benton  CO.,  Florida. 

HOMBEECK,  homa)Ak,  a  village  of  Belgium.  15  miles  S. 
of  Antwerp,  on  the  Senue,  and  on  the  railway  from  Mechlin 
to  Dendermoude.     Pop.  1825. 

HOMBEKG,  hom'bjRG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hes.se- 
Cassel,  province  of  Nieder-Uessen,  on  the  Kfze,  20  miles 
S.W.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  3815. 

HOMBKRG,  a  walled  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province 
of  Ober-Hessen,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Giessen.     Pop.  1692. 

HOMBEKG,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  16  miles 
N.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  lihine.     Pop.  921. 

HOMBEKG,  a  village  of  West  Prussia,  at  the  terminus 
of  a  railway  communicating  with  Aix-la-CJiapelle,  25  miles 
from  Gladbach. 

UOMBOURO,  hAM^booR/,  two  contiguous  villages  of 
France,  department  of  Moselle,  oh  the  Paris  and  Strasbourg 
Bailway.  27  miles  E.X.E.  of  .Metz.    United  pop.  3075. 

HOSIBOURG,  hAjt'booR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  19  miles 
£.N.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  Gulpe.     Pop.  1795. 

HOMBRECHTIKOX,  hom-br^K'te-kon,  a  village  of  Swit- 
zerland, cantou  of  Zurich,  district  of  .Meilen.     Pop.  2800. 

HOMBRESSEN,  hom'brJs-sgn,  a  village  of  Hesse-Cassel, 
N.W.  from  Cassel.     Pop.  1357. 

.  HOMBURG,  hom'bCoRG,  a  fortified  town  of  Central  Ger- 
many, in  Rhenish  Bavaria,  6  miles  N.  of  Deux-Ponts.  Pop. 
3107,  employed  in  manuiactures. 

HOMBURG.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  on 
the  Main,  13  miles  W.  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  700. 

HOMBURG.  a  royal  chateau  of  Central  Germany,  in 
Bhenish  Prussia,  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cologne. 

HOMBURG-^OR-DER-HOiiE.  (Vor-der-Hcihe.)  homOjdORQ  voR- 
djR-ho'eh.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  capital  of  the  land- 
graviate  of  Hesse-Hombu rg.  9  miles  N.X.W.  of  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main.  Pop.  4500.  It  has  a  castle,  built  in  1680,  and 
a  stocking  manufactory :  but  it  is  best  known  for  its  well- 
frequented  mineral  springs.  It  has  elegant  bath  establish- 
ments, and  is  one  of  the  most  noted  gambliug-places  in  Eu- 
rope. 

HOME,  a  parish  of  Scotland.    See  Hume. 

HOMK.  a  post-villaae  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
170  miles  W.X.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

HOME,  a  post-oftice  of  Walker  co.,  Texas. 

HO.ME,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
E.  by  X.  of  Madi.son. 

HOME,  a  village  of  Adair  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  North 
Fork  of  Salt  River,  120  miles  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HOME,  a  post-oiiice  of  Van  Buren  co..  Iowa. 

HOMK  BAY,  in  British  North  .\merica,  N.  of  Cumberland 
Island,  is  in  lat.  68°  30'  X..  Ion.  6S°  W. 

HOME  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  10  miles  below  Cincinnati,  was  laid  out  a  few 
years  ago  by  the  Ciucinn.iti  Building  A.s.sociation. 

H(yMER,  a  post-vilhwe  and  township  of  Cortland  CO.. 
New  York,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Svracuse  and  Bing- 
hamton  Railroad,  and  on  the  Tioughnioga  Creek,  34  miles 
8.  of  Syracuse.  The  village  contains  churches  for  the  Biip- 
tists.  Episcopalians.  Methodists,  and  Univers;ilists.  a  news- 
paper office,  an  academy,  and  about  a  dozen  stores;  also 
several  mills  and  tactories.  Pop.  of  the  iyownship,  4356;  of 
the  village  about  1800. 

HO.MEK,  a  postrtownship  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania,  6 
mUebS.  ofCoudorsport.    Pop.  210. 


HOMER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Claiborne  parish,  Louisi- 
ana, about  200  miles  X.W.  of  Baton  Rouge.  It  is  sltuateil 
in  a  fertile  cotton-growing  region.    Pop.  1451. 

HOMER,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  North 
Fork  of  Licking  River,  46  miles  N.E.  of  Columlus,  has  seve- 
nil  churches  and  mills.     Pop.  about  350. 

HOMER,  a  township  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  99.3. 

HOMER,  a  township  in  Morgan  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  200S. 

HOMER,  a  small  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

HOMER,  a  post-township,  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Calhoun  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1158. 

HOMER,  a  small  village  of  Jackson  CO.,  Indiana,  about 
56  miles  S.  of  Indi.inapolis. 

HOMER,  a  post-office  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois. 

HOMER,  a  township  in  Will  co.,Illinois.    Pop.  1208. 

HOMER,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central  Kail- 
road,  8  or  9  miles  N.  of  Lasalle. 

HOMER,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa. 

IIO'MERSFIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Suffolk. 

HOMERTOX,  a  village  of  England.    See  H.\ckney. 

HO'MERYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio. 

HOME  SPRIXG,  a  post-office  of  Holmes  co.,  Florida. 

HOME'STEAD,  a  post-office  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa. 

nOME/WARD.  a  post-office  of  Scott  CO..  Mississippi. 

HOM'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts.  3J  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Salisbury.  In  the  church  is  a  monument  to  G. 
Stanley,  gent.,  who  died  in  1719,  aged  151. 

HOMME,  hom'meh,  a  river  of  Belgium,  in  Luxemhourg, 
joins  the  Lesse.  after  a  course  of  25  miles. 

IIOM'MENY  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

HOMOCHITrrO,  a  small  river  of  Mississippi,  rises  in  Co- 
piah CO.,  and  flowing  south-westerly,  enters  the  Mississippi 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  Adams  county. 

HOMOCHITTO.  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Mississippi. 

HOMOLITZ,  ho'mo-lits\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  To- 
rontal,  on  the  Danube,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Paucsova.  Pop.  1740. 

IIOMOXNA,  ho'mon'nOh,  or  HUJIEXE,  hoo-mi'neh,  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zemplin,  30  miles  E.  of 
Eperies.     Pop.  2956. 

HOMOROD,  ho^mo^rod',  the  name  of  several  villages  of 
Transylvania,  in  Szekler-land,  the  principal  being  Homorod- 
Almas,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Udvarhely.  Near  it  is  the  grotto  of 
Almas,  (5rmo.«h')  or  Amas,  famous  in  local  history  as  a  place 
of  retreat  against  invaders  from  the  E.  and  S. 

HOMOROD,  GREAT,  a  river  of  Transylvania,  joins  the 
Ak.ota.  (Aluta.)  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of  30  miles. 

IIO'MOWACK',  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

HOMS.  hims.  HUMS.  hUms.  orllEMS.  hems,  (anc.  JPw'e.w,) 
a  town  of  Syria,  pashalic,  and  80  miles  X.X.E.  of  Damascus. 
Pop.  estimated  at  30.000.  It  is  built  of  dark  basalt,  and 
has  numerous  mosques,  some  churches,  a  large  khan,  well- 
supplied  bazaars,  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver  thread, 
cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  fabrics,  and  an  active  trade  with 
Hamah,  Aleppo,  and  Damascus.  Its  vicinity  is  irrigated 
by  canals  from  the  Orcntes,  which  river  traverses  the  Lake 
of  Iloms,  3  miles  southward,  and  about  13  miles  in  length, 
by  2  miles  in  breadth. 

IIO-NAN,  ho'nSn'.  an  inland  province  of  China,  mostly 
between  lat.  32°  and  37°  N.,  and  Ion.  110°  and  116°  E.  Pop. 
23.037.171.  Its  N.  part  is  intersected  by  the  Hoang-ho.  The 
soil  is  highly  fertile:  chief  city.  Kai-fuug. 

HO-NAN,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  a  department,  in  the 
a1x)ve  province,  on  an  affiuent  of  the  Hoang-ho,  in  lat.  34" 
40'  N.,  Ion.  112°  28'  E. 

HO-XAN,  a  famous  Boodhist  temple  of  China,  on  an 
island  near  Canton. 

HOX'CUT  CI5EEK,  a  small  stream  of  California,  forms 
part  of  the  toundary  between  Butte  and  Y'uba  counties  for 
its  whole  length,  and  fiills  into  Feather  River  about  10 
miles  above  Marysville. 

HOX'DA.  (Sp.  pron.  An'dl,)  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
New  Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarca,  on  the  Mag- 
dalena.  55  miles  X.W.  of  Bogota.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  regu- 
larly built,  and  has  some  religious  edifices,  a  college,  and 
two  bridges,  and  is  a  depSt  for  the  commercial  produce  of 
the  southern  provinces  of  New  Granada. 

HOND.\,  the  name  of  a  bay  on  the  N.  coast  of  New  Gra- 
nada, lat.  12°  20'  N.,  Ion.  71°  60'  W. 

HONDA,  a  bay  on  the  N.  coast  of  Cuba,  60  miles  W.  of 
Havana. 

HONDO,  hon'do,  or  on'do,  or  RIO  HONDO,  ree^o  onMo, 
(t.  e.  "  deep  river.")  called  also  RIO  GRANDE,  ree'o  griln'di, 
a  river  of  Y'ucatan  and  British  Honduras,  enters  a  b.iy  of 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Biicalar. 

HOX'DO  CREEK,  of  Texas,  flows  S.  through  Medina  co, 
and  enters  the  Rio  Frio  in  Bexar  county. 

HOXDSCHOOTE.  hAs^'shOt',  (Dutch  pron.  hont'.shiVtgh,) 
a  frontier  viUage  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Dunkerque.    Pop.  2250. 

HONDURAS,  hon-doo/ris,  a  republican  state  of  the  Con- 
federation of  Central  America,  extending  from  lat.  13°  to 
16°  X..  from  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios,  (Ion.  83°  W)  to  Ion.  88°  46* 
W.,  being  bouu<«ed  X.  by  the  Cnribbean  Sea  and  the  Bay  of 
Honduras,  S.£  «y  the  Mosquito  Territory  and  Nicaragua,  S. 


HON 


HON 


hy  San  Salvadorand  the  T!ay  of Coiicha<xua.  on  the  Paciflc,  and 
W.  by  IJuateinala.  Area  estimated  at  Si.OOO  siiuare  miles.  Its 
guifaoe  is  irrejrular.  beins;  traversed  by  numerous  mountain 
ranges  in  all  directions,  but  iienerally  of  moderate  elevation. 
The  valley*  betvieen  are  numerous  and  fertile,  and  there  is 
one  lake  about  1 8  miles  Innsr  by  10  miles  broad,  near  the  centre 
of  the  state.  Its  mineral  wealth  is  very  considerable,  but  was 
turned  to  much  better  account  formerly  than  now:  it  com- 
prises gold,  silver,  lead,  and  copper;  the  two  latter  found  in 
a  variety  of  combinations,  and  the  two  former  frequently 
combined  with  each  other;  also  opals,  emeralds,  asbestos, 
and  cinnabar.  There  are  some  considerable  rivers  in  the 
state,  the  largest  of  whiih  are  the  Chamelicon,  Ulua,  and 
Aguan.  all  flowing  to  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  the  Choluteca, 
^(hich  falls  into  the  Pacific.  There  are  .some  extensive 
f)rests,  abounding.in  fine  timber,  sucli  as  maho;rany,  cedar, 
mora,  (a  species  of  fustic.)  &.c.  The  principal  cultivated  pro- 
ductions are  maize,  beans,  some  wheat,  rice,  and  plantains; 
but  being  almost  exclusively  a  mining  district,  it  is  doubt- 
ful if  the  quantity  raised  is  sufficient  for  the  whole  popula- 
tion. Some  tobacco  also  is  grown.  The  country  aViounds  in 
cattle  of  a  fine  breed;  and  the  price  of  the  animals  slaugh- 
tered for  consumption  is  extremely  low.  The  state  is  divided 
into  the  7  departments  of  Comayagua,  Santa  Barbara,  Gra- 
cias,  Yoro,  Choluteca,  Segovia,  and  Tegucigalpa,  all  named 
after  their  principal  towns,  of  wliich  Comayagua  is  capital 
also  of  the  country.  Its  principal  ports  are  Tru.jino,  (Trux- 
illo.)  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  Port  San  Lorenzo,  in  the 
Bav  of  Conchagua.  in  the  I'acitic.     Pop.  about  3.50,000. 

HONDURAS,  (hon-doo'ras,)  BAY  OF,  a  wide  inlet  of  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  mostly  between  lat.  16°  and  "^0°  N,,  and  Ion. 
84°  and  88°  W,,  having  S,,  Jlosquito  and  the  State  of  Hon- 
duras, and  W.,  British  Honduras  and  Yucatan.  It  receives 
tlie  Belize,  Slotagua,  and  numerous  other  rivers,  and  con- 
tains the  islands  of  Kuatan,  TuretTe,  Bonacca,  &c.,  with  a 
multitude  of  islets  and  reefs,  termed  keys 

IIO.NDUKAS,  BRITISH,  Central  America.     See  Balize. 

H(.)XEOYK,  ho-ne-oy',  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co..  New 
York,  at  the  foot  of  Honeoye  Lake,  2b  miles  S.  of  Rochester. 

HONKOYK  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Mendon  township, 
Monroe  Co.,  New  York,  on  Honeoye  Cr<'ek,  and  on  the  Can- 
andaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  Kailroad,  about  16  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Rochester.  It  contains  churches  of  4  or  5  denomin- 
ations, and  manufactories  of  wool  and  of  axes.  Pop.  in 
1860,  estimated  at  1500. 

HONKOYK  LAKK,  New  York,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ontario 
CO..  is  about  5  miles  long,  and  near  1  mile  wide.  Its  outlet, 
Honeoye  Creek,  flows  into  Genesee  River. 

HONKS'DALB,  a  flourishing  post-iiorough.  capital  of 
Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  confluence  of  Dyberry 
Creek  with  the  Lackawaxen,  and  at  the  K.  terminus  of  the 
Delavfare  and  Hudson  Itailroad,  160  miles  N.E.  of  Harris- 
burg,  and  12  miles  E.  of  Carbondale,  It  is  a  place  of  much 
activity  in  business,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.  The  pro.s- 
peritj' of  tile  place  has  been  developed  by  manufactures  of 
various  kinds,  and  by  the  operations  of  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal  Company.  This  company  have  extensive 
coalmines  near  Carbondale,  from  which  about  900,000  tons 
are  taken  annually,  and  conveyed  by  railroad  to  Honesdale, 
andtlience  by  canal  to  the  Hudson  River.  A  plank-road 
has  been  constructed  from  thiii  town  to  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad,  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  wood,  and 
present  a  neat  appearance,  Honesdale  contains  6  churches 
1  or  2  national  banks,  and  2  new.spaper  offices.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1826,  incorporated  in  1831,  and  became  the  county- 
seat  in  1842.  The  town  lias  extended  itself  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  corporate  borough,  and  has  a  population  of 
about  30(10,  while  the  borough  projier  had  inlSOO,  only  2544, 

IKJNEYBROOK,  h&n'e-brook,  a  township  in  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1988. 

IIONEYCIIURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

H')NEV  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Sandusky  River 
in  Seneoa  county. 

HONKY  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  through  Vigo  county 
into  the  AV abash,  9  miles  below  Terre  Haute. 

HONEY  CREEK,  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin,  falls  into  the 
Wisconsin  River. 

HON  i;Y  creek,  a  township,  Clinton  co„  Indiana, 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  township,  Tiw  co,.  Indiana.  Pop.  1149. 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  McDonald  co..  Missouri. 

HONKY  CREEK,  a  villageand  township  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  Sauk  CO.,  Wisconsin.     I'op.  1050. 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin. 30  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee, 

IK  )N  EY  CUT,  a  small  post-village  of  Baldwin  co,,  Alabama. 

HONEY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Fannin  co..  Texas. 

HONEY  I'ATII.  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  34  miles 
from  Greenville. 

HONKY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  CO.,  Illinois. 

TiONEYVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Page  co.,  Virginia,  on 
■Ucney  Creek,  137  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  1 
church  and  several  mills. 

HONFLEUR,  hAK^'ttuR'  or  <\v°'auR'.  (L.  Sonjlorium.)  a  sea- 
pfirt  town  of  France,  departmeni:  of  Calvados,  on  the  S.  or  left 


hank  of  the  estuary  of  the  Pj'ine.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Ilavre.  It  is 
ill  built,  dirty,  and  dull,  having  de.'"v;-d  Tlth  th»,  .jse  of 
Ilavre.  On  a  wooded  height  above  :t  is  a  church,  a  goua  <ieai 
resorted  to  by  seafaring  devoteeti.  Its  poi't,  sheltered  by  a 
pier,  is  adapted  only  for  small  vessels:  but  2.320,000  francs 
were  some  years  ago  voted  by  the  French  Chambers  for  its 
improvement.  Honfleur  has  ship-building  docks  and  rope- 
walks;  exports  to  England  about  7000  dozen  eggs  weekly, 
with  butter,  fruits,  <tc,;  and  has  an  active  trade  with  Ame- 
rica, F'ine  melons,  and  a  good  deal  of  other  fruit,  are  grown 
in  its  vicinity.  This  was  the  last  town  in  Normandy  whiili 
submitted  to  Henry  IV.     Pop.  in  1852,  9301. 

HONGti.  (Hongg.)  hiing,  (almost  hJng,)  a  village  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  4  miles  N,W,  of  Zurich.     Pop,  1531. 

HONG-HAl.  hong'hi',  an  islet  in  the  China  Sea,  off  the 
coast  of  Quang-tong,  in  lat.  22°  45'  N..  Ion.  116°  12'  E. 

HONG-KIANG  or  HON-KIANG,  hong'-keilng'.  written 
also  IIOANG-KIANG,  a  navigable  river  in  the  S.  part  of 
China,  rises  in  the  province  of  Yunnan,  flows  E.  and  S.E., 
and.  after  receiving  the  PeKiang  from  the  N..  enters  the 
China  Sea  by  many  mouths,  near  Canton.  It  is  sometimes 
called  See-Kiano.  (Si-Kiang.)  .  The  arm  on  which  Canton  is 
situated  is  called  Canton  River  or  Choo-Kiang,  ('•  Pearl 
River,")  the  latter  name  (CnodKiANO)  is  sometimes  applied 
to  the  whole  stream.     Length,  estimated  at  800  miles. 

HONG-KONG,  ('•  Red  Harbor,")  or  IIIANG-KIANG.("  the 
Fragrant  or  Flowing  Streams.")  an  island  belonging  to  the 
Briti.sh,  oft'  the  S.E.  coast  of  China,  province  of  Quang-tong, 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  estuary  that  leads  to  Canton, 
from  which  it  is  distant  S.E.  75  miles.  Lat.  of  Victoria 
Church.  22°  16'  30"  N..  Ion.  114°  14'  45"  E.  It  is  about  10 
miles  in  extreme  length  from  N.W,  to  S,E„  and  7i  miles  in 
extreme  breadth,  separated  from  the  mainland  bj-  a  strait, 
which,  at  Lymoon  Pass,  is  only  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
wide.  The  general  appearance  of  the  island  is  exceedingly 
unprepos.sessing,  being  composed  mostly  of  lofty  barren  rocks 
that  rise  from  the  sea,  to  heights  of  from  lOlfo  to  2000  feet, 
and  so  abruptly  as  to  leave  hardly  any  sf>ace  to  build  upon. 
Some  rank  vegetation  here  and  there,  with  a  little  herbage 
and  brush-wood  growing  in  the  intervals  between  the  masses 
of  granite,  and  a  few  plants  on  the  margins  of  the  streams, 
form  almost  its  only  vegetable  productions.  Victoria,  the 
capital,  is  situated  on  a  magnificent  bay  of  the  same  name, 
setting  up  into  the  N.  side  of  the  island.  Excellent  anchor- 
age is  afforded  here  in  deep  water  close  in  shore,  and  the  bay 
is  usually  crowded  with  shipping  of  every  nation,  and  with 
dense  masses  of  Tanka  boats  and  other  Chinese  craft.  The 
total  number  of  vessels  that  arrived  at  IIong-Kong  in  1852 
was  1097,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  433,383  tons ;  an  in- 
crease of  56.299  tons  over  the  previous  year.  The  number  of 
Chinese  coasting  vessels  vLsiliug  the  island  was  492,  and  of 
salt  junks  310,  importing  173.000  piculs.  The  salt  imported 
in  1850  amounted  to  345.050  piculs.  During  the  year  above 
specified,  specie  to  the  amount  of  6,074.845  w^as  remitted  to 
Indi.1  by  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Steam  Navigation 
Company  alone.  This  was  chiefly  in  return  for  the  opium 
brought  thence,  and  sold  to  the  Chinese  along  the  coast.- 
In  1849,  the  total  nuniber  of  native  boats  fre<iuenting  the 
harbors  of  Hong-Kong,  was  1242,  including  200  fishing  .sam- 
pans, importing  sugar,  alum,  sulphur,  rice,  nut-oil.  dye- 
barks,  provisions,  <^c. ;  taking,  in  exchange,  opium,  manu- 
factured goods,  saltpetre,  and  stones,  which  are  quarried  in 
the  island.  A  promising  trade  in  Chinese  sugar  has  aiisen 
at  Victoria,  It  is  shipped  for  New  South  Wales,  England, 
India,  and  Shanghai,  An  extensive  and  increasing  trade 
is  carried  on  between  Hong-Kong  and  California.  Thirty 
thousand  Chinese  embarked  for  San  I'rancisco  in  1852. 

IIong-Kong  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain  by  the  treaty  of 
Canton,  in  1841,  and  again  by  the  treaty  of  Nanking,  in 
1842,  Since  then,  many  wealthy  Chinese  merchants  have 
estalilished  branch  houses  here,  and  have  begun  to  charter 
British  ships  to  carry  British  goods  to  the  N,  ports.  The 
government  of  .the  colony  is  vested  in  a  governor,  lieuten- 
ant-governor, (who  is  likewise  a  commandant.)  chief-justice, 
attorney-general,  legislative  council  of  five,  assisted  by  vari- 
ous subordinate  officers  and  secretaries.  The  governor  has 
also  the  office  of  superintendent  of  British  trade  at  the  five 
Chinese  ports,  and  exercises  a  gener.il  control  over  all  Bri- 
tish ships  and  subjects  resorting  to  China.  Picvenue  for 
1852.  21.33U.;  expenditures,  34.705i.  Pop.,  on  the  first  occu- 
pation of  the  island  by  the  British,  only  5000:  in  1852  it 
was  .37,058,  of  whom  526  were  Europeans  and  Americans. 

IIONGRIE,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Hungary. 

HON'ILY,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Warwick, 

HO/MNG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IION'INGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

H0N1NGT0N.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HONINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk.  The 
poet  Bloomfield  was  born  here  in  1766. 

HONINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

IIONITON,  hfin'e-ton,  a  parliamentary  boi'ough.  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Otter,  16i 
miles  E,N.E.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  3427,  It  is 
situated  in  a  vale  celebrated  for  beauty  and  fertility,  and 
consists  chiefly  of  one  long  spacious  street,  well  built,  paved, 


HON 

mtd  lighted ;  throw^tiout  its  whole  length  runs  a  fine  stream 
pf  water  It  has  an  ancient  diiirch,  containing  a  curious 
»-Teeii,  and  many  old  monuments,  and  a  superb  modern 
Gothic  church,  a  small  grammar  school,  a  union  work-house, 
and  a  hosjiital  iloniton  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
manufactures  of  serges  and  of  lace.  The  boi-ough  is  governed 
by  a  port-reeve,  elected  in  a  manor-court  of  its  ancient  lord.s, 
the  Courtenays,  Earls  of  Devon.  It  sends  2  members  to 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  is  also  a  polling-place  for  the 
county. 

HON'LEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

JlOXXECODRT.  honn'kooR',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
triment of  Nord,  on  the  Canal  of  St.  Quentin,  near  the 
Scheldt.  8  miles  S.  of  Cambrai.    Pop.  1417. 

tlON'XEF,  hon'nJf.  a  village  of  Khenish  Prussia,  gorern- 
inent  of  Cologne,  circle  of  Sieg.  on  the  Rhine.    Pop.  2750. 

HDNNIXGKN,  hon'ning-en,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  17  miles  X.W.  of  Co'bleutz,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rhine.     Pop.  1230. 

HOXXINCrEN.  a  vilLage  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  30  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Coblentz. 

IIONO.  (Ilonij,)  ho'no\  a  small  triangular  island  of  Sweden, 
in  the  Catte^at,  andW.  of  Gothenburg. 

IIOXOLULU,  honVlooloo.  written  also  IIOXORURC,  the 
principal  town  and  seaport  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  island  of  Oahu.  Lat.  of  the  fort,  21°  l.S'  12"  X.,  Ion. 
157°  55'  W.  It  is  about  half  a  mile  long,  and  about  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  broad,  and  consists  of  one  good  street,  with  a  number 
of  narrow,  irregular  alleys.  Most  of  the  hou.ses  are  built  in 
the  native  fa.«hion;  but  there  are  also  many  substantial 
wooden  edifices  in  the  Kuropean  style,  enclosed  with  small 
gardens  of  exotic  and  indigenous  ornamental  plants.  Sun- 
day is  ushered  in  with  great  decorum  and  quietness.  There 
are  several  congregations  of  natives,  some  of  which  consist 
of  2i)00  persons,  all  decently  clad  and  well  conducted.  There 
are  several  schools,  under  the  superintendence  of  the  mis- 
sionaries. The  mouth  of  the  harbor  is  formed  by  an  inlet 
through  a  coral  reef;  it  has  a  bar,  with  only  20  feet  water 
upon  it  at  ebb.  The  bar  is  about  50  fathoms  in  breadth, 
and  consists  of  smooth  coral  rock,  having  10  fathoms  close 
to  its  outer  edge,  and  7  fathoms  on  the  inner.  The  basin  or 
anchorage  inside,  which  is  of  a  semicircular  form,  is  capable 
of  containing  between  70  and  80  ships,  well  protected  in  all 
■we.athers.  During  the  first  quart^jr  of  1850,  the  arrivals  at 
the  port  of  Honolulu  were  90  ves.«eI.o,  aggregate  tonnage 
2-3,610;  and  on  the  24th  of  June,  in  the  same  year,  above  40 
vessels,  of  various  dimensions,  were  lying  in  the  harbor.  The 
total  number  of  merchant  vessels  that  visited  the  islands  in 
1853.  was  211,  of  which  154  entered  the  port  of  Honolulu. 
During  the  same  year,  there  are  arrived  538  whalers;  246 
were  entered  at  the  custom-house  of  Honolulu.  Of  the 
$155,640  duties  collected  in  the  kingdom,  $^46,964  were  re- 
ceived at  this  port.  The  total  value  of  imports  at  Honolulu 
for  the  years  1850, 1851,  and  1852,  was  $1,035,058,  $1,751,671, 
and  $715,295,  respectively,  and  the  exports  $46,529,  $82,273, 
and  $63,661.  The  extraordinary  excess  of  the  imports  over 
the  exports  is  owing  to  the  great  quantities  of  goods  fui-- 
nished  by  vessels  calling  here  for  supplies.  Pop.  6000.  Sec 
Sandwich  Islands. 

HOXOR  DK  COS,  t',  lo'noR'  dgh  kos,  a  village  of  France, 
dep.-u-tment  of  Tarn-et-6aronne,  on  the  right  Kank  of  the 
Aveyron,  7  miles  N.X.E.  of  Montauban.     Pop.  1535. 

HOXRUBI.A.,  on-roo'Be-3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Cuenca.    Pop.  1S20. 

HONTH,  hont,  a  county  of  Hungary,  in  Hither  Danube. 
Area,  975  square  miles.     Capital,  Ipoly-Sagh.     Pop.  103,326. 

HOXTH,  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  the  above  county,  4 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Ipoiy-Sagh,  on  the  Ipoly.    Pop.  683. 

HOXTUR,  on-tooR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  24  miles 
from  Alb.acete.     Pop.  1204. 

HOO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

H'>0,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HOO'BLY,  (formerly  Havili,  hd've-lee.)  a  town  of  BHti.sh 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Darwar. 
Population  is  estimated  at  15,000.  It  has  2  forts,  some  >Io- 
hammedan  edifices,  and  a  good  trade. 

HOO-CHOO.  HuU-TOHon.  hooVhoo.'  or  HOU-TCIIEOU- 
FOU,  boo'-chS<ioYoo.  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Che- 
klang,  capital  of  a  department,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Xingpo. 

HOOD  CHAX'XEL,  Nortli  America,  in  AVa.-<hinston  Ter- 
ritory, is  an  iidet  of  the  Georgian  Gulf.     See  Ai'fk.ndix. 

HUUUS  ISLiAXD,  one  of  the  Galapagos  group. 

HOOD'S  ISLAND,  (the  Fttfin>!,a  or  Fi-iniign  of  the  natives.) 
one  of  the  Marquesas  Islands,  in  lat.  9°  25'  S.,  Ion.  138°  67' 
«  .,  said  to  1)6  uninhabited. 

HOOD'S  IShASD.    See  Lord  Hood's  Ishnd. 

IIOODS  MILLS,  a  post-offlce of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 

H  )01)S  RIVKR.  British  North  America,  flows  Into  Coro- 
nation (iulr,  Arctic  Ocean. 

Hi  HtDS/VILLK.  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

HOOK,  hoo.  a  parish  of  En-jland,  co.  of  Sussex 

HOOK,  hOf.  a  village  of  H.sse^ass»"l.  in  X ieder-IIegsen, 
p'^ar  Ca.ssel.  The  working  of  a  lignitt-mine  here  employs 
the  greaterpart  of  the  inhabitants.    Pop.  909 


HOO 


)FDPLA  AT.  hof'piat'.  a  village  of  Holland,  in  Zealand, 
:  West  Scheldt.  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Flushing.    Pop.  1031. 


HOOFDPL. 

on  the  West  Scheldt.  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Flushing.    Pop.  103t 

HOOGE.  ho'iieh,  or  ho'r.heh.  a  village  of  the  Xetherlancte, 

province  of  North  Brabant.  7i  miles  X.  of  Breda.     Pop.  1314. 

HOOGE Vr.EN,  hMiheh-vaiii',  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 

province  of  Drent  he,  19  miles  S.  of  A.ssen.     I'op.  4000. 

HOOGEZAND,  ho'ttheh-zdnt',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province,  and  8  miles  X.E.  of  Groniniren.     Pop.  1680. 
HOOGHLY.  a  river  of  India.     See  IIoooLY. 
IIOOGKAKSl'KL.  hoG-kaR/spfl,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Xorth  Holland,  X.E.  of  Hoorn.     Pop.  974. 
HiK)GKEKK,  hog'ktek,  a  parish  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince, and  W.  of  Groningen. 

HOOGLEDE,  h5g'l!l-<leh.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  4033. 

IIOOGLY  orllOlXJHLY.  hooglee.  (River)  the  westernmost 
branch  of  the  Ganges,  at  its  de]t.a,  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  Cossinibazar  and  .Tellinsrhy  about  55  miles  N.  of  Calcutta. 
Total  length.  al)Out  200  miles;  its  mouth  is  nearly  10  miles 
.icross.  It  is  the  only  branch  of  the  Ganges  navigated  by 
large  vessels,  and  the  only  one  in  the  delta  which  is  cott- 
sidered  .sacred  bv  the  Hindoos. 

IIOOGLY  or  ilOOGHLY.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hoogly  River, 
25  miles  N.  of  Calcutta.  It  is  large,  prosperous,  and  pictu- 
resque, occupying  an  elevated  site,  its  buildings  being  inter- 
spersed with  trees  and  bamlKK)  plantations.  The  princip.il 
structures  are  a  hand.some  church,  various  Hindoo  temples 
and  ghauts,  (flights  of  stairs,)  and  a  government  college  for 
English,  Persian,  Arabic,  and  other  languages.  The  first 
serious  outbreak  between  the  Moguls  and  Europeans  took 
place  at  Iloogly.  in  1632 ;  the  first  factory  established  by  the 
East  India  Company  in  Bengal  was  erected  here  in  lt>44; 
and  here,  in  16S0,  occurred  the  first  engagement  between 
the  British  and  the  Moguls,  when  the  fleet  of  the  former  bom- 
iMirded  the  town. 

HOOGLY,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, has  an  areii  of  2260  square  miles.     Pop.  1.239,1.tO. 

HOOGSTRAETEN  or  HOOGSTKAATEN.  hog'stri'ten,  a 
small  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and  20  miles  N.E.  of  "Ant- 
werp.    Pop.  1550. 

IIOOGVLIET.  hOgVleet/,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  South  Holland,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Rotterdam,  on  the  Old 
Meu.se.     Pop.  702. 

HOOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
HOOK,  a  chiipelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 
HOOK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leiiister,  co.  of  Wexford, 
forming  the  S.  part  of  the  peninsula  which  screens  Water- 
ford  Harbor  on  the  E.     At  its  extremity  is  an  ancient  and 
very  curious  tower,  now  used  as  a  light-house. 
IIOOK'ER.  a  post-office  of  Hunt  co.,  Texas. 
HOOK'ERSVILLE,  a  small,  village  of  Cumberland  co, 
Pennsylvania. 

HOOK'ERTON.  or  IIOOK'ER STOAVN.  a  small  post-village 
of  Greene  co.,  North  Carolina,  on  Mocca.siu  River,  82  miles 
S.E.  of  Raleigh. 

IIOOK'ERY,  a  decayed  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of 
Bejapoor,  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Merritch,  in  lat.  10°  13'  N.,  Ion. 
74°  47'  E.  It  still  has  some  vestiges  of  its  foi-mer  prosperity. 
HOOK'SET.  a  post-township  of  Merrimack  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Merrimack  River,  and  on  the  Concord  Rail- 
road, 9  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Concord.  A  fall  in  the  Merrimack 
at  this  place  affords  abundant  water-power,  employed  in  ma- 
nuCicturing — chiefly  delaines.     Pop.  1257. 

HOOKSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
242  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg.    Pop.  296. 
HOOK.STOWN,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 
HOOLE,  hool.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
HOOLY-OXORE.  hoo1eeK>nor',  a  town  and  fort  of  Ilindos- 
tan. Mv.sore  dominions.  1.30  miles  X.AS".  of  Seringapatiun. 

HOO^XAN  or  HOU-XAN.  hoo'n.-ln'.  ("south  of  the  lake,") 
a  province  of  China,  between  lat.  25°  and  .30°  N..  and  Ion. 
109°  and  114°  E.,  bounded  southward  by  the  Quang  pro- 
vinces. Pop.  18,652.607.  Surface  elevated,  but  fertile:  all 
the  rivers  are  tributaries  to  the  Lake  Tong-ting,  on  its  N. 
border,  and  whence  its  name.    Chief  city.  Chang-sha. 

HOOPE  or  IIOU-PE.  hooY>V,(-' north  "of  the  lake.'")  a  pro- 
vince of  China,  between  lat.  29°  and  33°.  and  Ion.  10S°  and 
11 6°  E.,  and  in  the  centre  of  China  proper.  Pop.  37  370.098. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Yang-ts.^kiang.  Chief  citv  Woo-chang, 
HOOPEK.  a  pnsf-offlce  of  Bro<mie  co..  New  York. 
HOOP'ER'S  FEURY,  a  small  village  of  Lealie  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

HOOP'ER'S  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Sea  of  Corea.  off  the 
S.  coa.stofQuelp.aert  Island,  in  lat.  3.3°  10' N..  Ion.  126°  30' E. 
IIOO-QUANG,  HOU-QU.iNG,  HOL'-KOUANG  or  HUK- 
W.\XG,  hoo^kwang',  a  firmer  province  of  China,  now  firm- 
ing the  provinces  of  Iloo-nan  and  Hoo-pe,  and  having  in  its 
centre  the  large  lake  of  Tong-ting. 

HOORM.iH.'V.  hooR-md'rI.  a  seaport  town  of  Reloochi.sfan, 
province  of  Mekran.  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  25°2o'N., 
Ion.  65°  6'  E.     Pop.  about  20<X). 

IIOORX,  hORn,  a  fortifi(Hl  seaport  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Holland,  on  the  Zuyder-Zee.  20 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Amsterdam.    Pop.  8668     It  has  a  naval  co!- 


HOO 

teg-e,  and  an  active  trade  in  ship-building;  also  in  cheese, 
butter,  herrings,  cattle,  and  the  products  of  its  manufac- 
tures, which  comprise  carpets,  woollen  cloths.  Ac.  It  is  the 
birthplace  of  the  navigator  Schouten,  who  discovered  Cape 
Iloorn,  (Horn.)  and  named  it  after  his  native  town  ;  and  of 
Tasnian.  the  discoverer  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  &c. 

IKJOI'N,  hor.n.  a  villafje  of  the  Netherlands,  at  the  S.  end 
of  the  island  of  Texel.     Pop.  5(^9. 

IIOORX,  (generally  called  De  Uonrn.  d,l-h8rn,)a  villageof 
the  Netherlands  in  the  island  of  Schelling.     I'op.  12'2. 

HODKX,  an  island  of  the  Malay  .Archipelago,  in  the  Roads 
of  Halavi.i.  almut  2  miles  N.K.  of  Onrust. 

IlOOSHKOOSIl.A.X  or  HOU-CIIKOU-OIIAN,  hooVh.'l-oo'- 
ehia'.  a  mountain  of  Cliina.  province  of  Shan-See,  lat.  39°  20' 
N.,  Ion.  111°  54'  K..  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

UOO'.SIC,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Wisconsin. 

IIOO'SICK,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.K.  extremity 
of  Uensselaer  co.,  New  York.  20  miles  N.K.  of  Troy.  It  is 
intei-.sected  by  the  Troy  and  Boston  Railroad,  witli  which 
several  other  lines  here  firm  a  junction.  The  famous  IIoo- 
sick  tunnel  is  in  this  township.    Pop.  4-M6. 

IIOOSICK  FAM.S,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township, 
on  both  sides  of  Ilooslck  River,  o5  miles  N.K.  of  Albany.  It 
has  a  fine  water-power,  with  a  fall  of  40  feet.  Pop.  in  1860, 
estimated  at  700.    Here  is  Hall  Seminary. 

HODSICK  FALLS  JUNCTION.     See  IIoosiCK. 

IIOOSICK  (or  HOO'SACK)  RIVKR,  rises  in  Jlassachusetts, 
and  running  a  N.W.  course  through  Rensselaer  co..  New 
York,  turns  W.  in  Washington  county,  and  enters  the  Hud- 
son River  about  15  miles  N.  of  Troy. 

ni)OSIKR  (hoo'zher)  GROVE,  a  "post-village  of  Linn  oo., 
Iowa.  Ifi  miles  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

HOOSTKR  GROVK,  a  post-ofliee  of  Oreen  Co..  Wisconsin. 

lino  ST.  MARY'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

lIDii  ST.  WKK'IiUIJGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IKXyTKNSVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Up.sou  co.,  Georgia,  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Thoma.ston. 

HOO'TON  PAG'NELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

HOO'TON  ROB'ERTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  IMling. 

IliXVVKR  HILL,  apost-office,  Randolph  co.,  North  Carolina. 

II'OVKR  |>(JINT,  a  post-ollice  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois. 

1I01>AII'KA,  a  post-village  of  Leake  co.,  Mi.ssissippi,  65 
miles  N.K.  of  .lackson. 

IIOI>']JOTT.)M,  a  post-village  of  Su.squeh.anna  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Delaware  and  Lackawanna  Railroad,  7  miles 
from  Montrose. 

II'M'E,  or  E.\S'TYN,  a  small  parliamentary  borough  and 
parish  of  Nortli  Wales,  co.  of  Flint,  on  the  Alen,  here  crossed 
by  an  ancient  bridge.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Mole.  Pop.  429.  The 
town  has  an  ancient  church,  and  ruins  of  a  ca.stle  built  prior 
to  the  conquest  of  Wales  by  Edward  I.  It  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  joins  with  Flint,  &c.  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

HOI'I'l,  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby,  5  miles  N.N.K.  of  Tideswell.     Pop.  4434. 

HOPE,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Maine,  30  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1064. 

IIOPK.  a  pi>st-village  and  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  New 
York,  about  55  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  745. 

IIOPK,  a  neat  post-village  and  township  of  Warren  co.. 
New  .Ter.sey,  10  miles  N.E.  of  IJelvidere.  The  village  con- 
tains 3  stone  churches,  one  of  which  is  a  fine  Gothic  build- 
ing.    Pop.  about  350;  of  the  township,  1789. 

HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama,  50  miles 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Rapides  parish,  Louisiana. 

HOPE^  a  post-office  of  Stewart  Co.,  Tennessee. 

HOPE,  a  post-oftice  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

HOP  I'],  a  township  in  Barry  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  689. 

HOPE,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indi- 
ana, 12  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

IIOPU  ALL-SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

HOPE  BAO'OT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HOPE  BOW'DLEU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HOP K  C ENTR E.  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co..  New  York, 
60  miles  N.W.  of . Albany. 

HOPK  CHURCH,  a  'post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
eylvania. 

IIOPEDALE,orIIOPEDALE  COMMUNTTY,a  post-village 
in  Milford  township,  Worcester  co..  Massachu.setts,  about  li 
miles  W.  of  the  village  of  Milford.  and  35  miles  S.W.  of  Bos- 
ton. The  community  here  owns  about  600  acres  of  land,  and 
appears  to  be  in  a  very  prosperous  condition.  One  or  two 
newspapers  are  published  in  tlie  village.     Pop.  about  200. 

HOPE'DALE,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  124 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus,  contains  a  seminary  and  a 
team  flouring  mill. 

HOPEDALE.  a  post-offlce  of  Tazewell  co..  Illlno!'. 

HOPK-UNDER-BIN'MORE.  parish  of  England,  co.  Hereford. 
.  HOI'K  F.\LLS,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  CO.,  New  York, 
64  miles  N.W.  of  Albany,  has  1  bank. 

HOPE  FARM,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  9  miles  W. 
of  Wapello. 


HOP 

HOPE  FURNACE,  a  village  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania 
HOPE  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Mississippi. 
HOPE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee. 
HOPE  ISLAND,  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Spitzbergen.  In  thtf 
Arctic  Ocean,  in  laf.  76°  20'  N.,  Ion.  19°  54'  E.     It  is  mouti, 
tainous,  and  has  a  harbor  on  its  N.  side.    It  was  discovered 
in  1613. 

HOPE  ISLANDS,  a  group  off  the  B.  coa.st  of  Australia- 

HOPE  MAN'SELL,a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HOPE  MILL,  a  post-oftice  of  Maury  co.,  Tennes.see. 

HOPE  MlLLS,a  post-office  of  Page  co.,  A'irginia,  140  miles 
N.W.  of  Richmond. 

HOPE  NOSE,  England,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Devonshire, 
bounds  Torbay  on  the  N. 

HOPE  RH'ER,  .Jamaica,  co.  of  Stirrcy,  enters  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kingston.     Length,  10  miles. 

HOPE'S  ADVANCE  BAY,  on  the  N.  coast  of  L;ibrador, 
is  in  lat.  (0°  N.,  Ion.  70°  W. 

HOPK  SAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HOPE  SOL'LERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HOPE  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Lexington  district, 
South  Carolina,  with  a  station  on  the  Greenville  and  Co- 
lumbia Railroad,  29  miles  from  Columbia. 

IIOPiyroWN,  a  village  of  British  Guiana,  about  1  mile 
from  Fort  Wellington,  well  laid  out.     Pop.  about  2000. 

HOPK'TOWN,  JIa.s.sachusetts,  a  station  on  the  Amherst 
and  lielrhertown  Railroad,  14  miles  N.  of  Palmer. 

HOPK'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Iowa. 

IIOPE'AVELL,  a  post-vill.age  and  town.ship  of  Ontario  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Elmira  Railroad, 
12  miles  W.  of  Geneva.    Pop.  1950. 

HOPEWELL,  a  townsliip  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1757. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-townsliip  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Trenton. 
Pop.  3900. 

HOPEWELL,  townsliip,  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  995. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Bedford 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1011. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  1326. 

HOPEWELL,  a  townsliip  of  Washington  co.,  Penus,ylva- 
nia.     Pop.  2291. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township,  York  co.,  Penusylv.ania.  P.  3177. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina.  160  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-village  of  York  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina, about  90  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Georgia,  24 
miles  W.  of  Macon. 

IKJl'EAVELL,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-office  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-office  of  Upshur  co..  Texas. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Licking  co:,(ihio.  Pop.  1113. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Morccr  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  6-38. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  W.  part 
of  ;Mnskingum  co.,  Ohio,  46  miles  E.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  2027. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Perry  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1247. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1488. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-office  of  Jennings  co„  Indiana. 

HOPKWELL,  a  post-offlce  of  Macon  co..  Illinois. 

IDPEWELL,  a  postofflce  of  Mississippi  co.,  Missouri. 

1I(>PEWELL.  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-offlce  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa. 

HOPEAVELL,  a  town  of  New  Brunswick,  capital  of  Al- 
bert county. 

HOPEWELL  CENTRE,  a  postoffice  of  York  co..  Penn.syl- 
vania. 

HOPEWELL  CHURCH,  a  post-offlce  of  Wilkinson  co., 
Mississippi. 

HOPEWELL  COTTON  WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Chester 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

HOPEAVELL  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-offlce  of  Harford  co., 
Maryland. 

IlbPEAVELL  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  AVashington 
CO..  Alissouri. 

HOPITAL,  L'.    See  ALBERTVIT.LE 

HOP'KINS.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  960  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  AVhite  Oak 
Bayou,  and  by  Lake  Fork  of  Sabine  River.  The  surface  Is 
diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands.  Capital,  Tarrant. 
Pop.  7745,  of  whom  6755  were  free. 

HOPKINS,  a  county  in  the  AA'.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  750  square  miles.  Green  River  washes  its 
N.E.  V)order;  Pond  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the 
E.,  and  Tradewater  Creek  on  the  S.AA'.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified, and  in  some  parts  hilly ;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile. 
Stone  coal  is  abundant,  and  some  iron  ore  is  found  in  the 
hills  of  this  county.  Organized  in  1836,  and  named  in 
honor  of  General  Samuel  Hopkins,  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
the  Revolution.  Capital,  Madisonville.  Pop.  11,875,  of 
whom  9866  were  free,  and  "2009  slaves. 

HOPKINS'  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Des  Moines  River,  about  IS  miles  N.N.AA'.  of  Des  Moines. 

nOP'KINS'  TURN'OUT,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Rich- 

869 


HOP 

land  district.  South  Arolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Rail- 
r  jad,  12  iiiilfs  *'roni  Columbia. 

IIOP'KIXSViLLK.  a  bindsome  town,  capital  of  Christian 
CO.,  Kentucky,  i.s  finely  situated  on  Little  River,  on  the 
Henderson  and  NashTiUe  Railroad.  20-1  miles  S.W.  of  Frank- 
fort. The  town  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  many  of  the 
streets  are  paved  and  bordered  with  shade-trees.  The  prin- 
cipal public  buildings  are  a  court-hou.se.  a  bank.  6  Protest- 
ant churches,  and  the  Second  Kentucky  Lunatic  Asylum, 
an  elegant  structure,  presenting  a  front  of  StiS  feet,  and 
containing  300  rooms  for  patients.  The  court-house  and  a 
seminary  for  boy.s  were  burned  by  the  rebels,  who  also  rifled 
the  stores.  The' town  contains  2  seminaries  for  girls,  12  dry- 
goods  stores,  2  drug  stores,  3  tobacco  factories,  2  silver- 
smiths, and  -i  carriage  factories.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
town  was  a  fine  botanic  giU-den,  with  a  fountain,  which  has 
been  destroyed.  Hopkiusville  was  laid  out  in  1799,  and 
incorporated  in  1S06.     Pop.  22'>9. 

II01'RIX?VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  near 
the  Little  Miami  Riuh-oad.  85  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

IIOPKTXSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Gonzales  co.,  Texas. 

IIOP'KIXTOX,  a  post-township  of  Merrimack  co.,  Xew 
Hampshire,  on  the  Contoocook  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Concord.     Pop.  2178. 

HOPKIXTOX,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.,  MaK,sa- 
chusetts.  on  the  Baston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  25  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Boston.  This  township  contains  a  mineral  spring, 
which  is  a  fashionable  summer  resort.  The  inhabitants 
are  extensivelv  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and 
shoes.     Pop.  43i0. 

HOPKIXTOX.  a  post-township  of  WashiiTgton  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  intersected  by  Wood  River,  about  35  miles  S.W.  of 
Providence.  It  has  manufactures  of  m:  chinery,  printed 
calicoes.  &c.     Pop.  2738. 

HOPKIXTOX.  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO..  Xew  York,  on  the  East  Branch  of  St.  Regis  River, 
about  38  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg.  The  township  contains 
a  valuable  quarry  of  Potsdam  sandstone.     Pop.  1990. 

HOPKIXTOX,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa. 

HOPPER  ISLAXD.  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Apamama. 

IIOP'PER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Illinois. 

HOP  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut, 
falls  into  the  Willimantic  River. 

HOPT'OX,  a  liberty  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HOPTOX,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HOPTOX  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HOPTOX-lx-THE-HOLE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HOPTOX.  MOXKS.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Siilop. 

HOPTOX  WAFERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

JIOP'WOOD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HOR AZDIOWITZ.  ho-rSz-deo'wits.  or  HORAWITZ.  ho>r?i- 
ftits.  a  town  of  Bohemw.  63  miles  S.S.W.  of  Prague.  P.  1997. 

IIORB,  hoRb,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg.  circle  of  Black 
Forest,  on  the  Xeckar,  31  miles  S.AV.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop. 
^100.    It  has  a  castle  and  a  rich  hospital. 

HOR'BLING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HOU/BURY,  a  chajjelry  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Manchester  and  Leeds  Rail- 
way. 3  miles  S.W.  of  Wakefield. 

HORCAJADA,  or  HORCAXADA,  oR-ka-iii'Di.  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Cuenca.  50  miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  806. 

HORCAJO  DE  SAXTIAGO.  oR-kd/no  dA  s^n-te-a/go,  a 
town  of  Spain.  43  miles  S.W.  of  Cuenca.    Pop.  2^20. 

HORCASIT.iS.  oR-kd-see't.ls.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, department,  and  70  miles  S.  of  Xuevo  Santander. 

HORCAJADA.  a  town  of  Spain.     See  IIorcajaba. 

HORCERA.  oR-thi'ra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  60 
miles  from  Jaen,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Sierra  de  Peiiolta. 
Pop.  la39. 

HORCIIE.  hoR'ch.'i.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Castile,  about 
7  miles  from  Guadaliijara.     Pop.  1884. 

HORDE,  (Horde.  1  lioR'deh.  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westpha- 
lia, 2  miles  S.E.  of  Dortmund,  Xear  it  are  productive  coal 
mine."!. 

HORD'LEY.  a  parirh  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

HORDT,  (Hiirdt.)  hoRtt.  (almost  hJRt,)  a  village  of  Rhe- 
nish Bavaria,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1500. 

HORDTEX.  (Hbrdten,)  hoRVten,  a  vUlage  of  Baden,  12 
miles  .*,  of  Carlsruhe. 

HORD'WELL  or  HOR/DLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
H.ints. 

HORF>-AB'BEY.  a  p,irish  of  Ireland,  in  JIunster.  co.  of 
Tipperary,  adjoining  Ca.ehel.  Here  are  beautiful  and  well- 
preserved  remains  of  an  abbey,  foundet-l  in  1272,  by  an  arch- 
bishop of  Cashel. 

HORKB,  ho'rJb,  MOUXT.  a  famous  mountain  of  Arabia- 
Petra;a.  in  the  peninsula  of  Sinai,  forming  the  N.  end  of  the 
ridge.    See  Sixai. 

IKVREB.  a  ptist-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

IIORE'IIAM.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HO'REM.  a  village  of  Brown  co..  Ohio,  on  the  plank-road 
from  Batavia  to  Fincastle.  about  40  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati. 
U  has  an  active  business  in  lumber. 

HOIt'FIELD,  a  parish  of  Engliind,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

UORGEX,  hoR/ghen,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
870 


HOR 

Zurich,  on  the  W.  shore  of  its  lake,  8  miles- S.S.E.  of  Zurich, 
Pop.  of  parish.  3336.  It  has  manufactures  of  silks  and  cotl  jn 
stuffs,  and  a  har))or  on  the  lake. 

Ht)RlCE,  a  town  of  Bohemia,     See  Horitz. 

HOR'ICOX,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  X.  part  cf 
Warren  co.,  Xew  York,  on  Schroon  River,  about  18  mUea 
N.  of  Caldwell.     Pop.  1542. 

HORICON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hubbard  township. 
Dodge  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Kock  River,  and  on  the  Milw  aukee 
and  Ijv  Crosse  Railroad,  46  miles  N.E.  of  Madison.  It  has 
an  excellent  water-power.    See  Appendix. 

H(  IRICOX,  LAKE.    See  George,  Lake, 

HOKITZ  or  HORICE,  ho'ritsa  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles 
from  Biiischow.  on  the  Bistritz,    Pop.  3205. 

HORKESLEY,  (horks'lee,)  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex. 

HORKESLEY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex, 

HORK'STOW,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co,  of  Lincoln. 

HOU'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Oxford, 

HORLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Surrey,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway,  5^  miles  S,  of 
Ryegate,  It  h.-»s  a  fine  church,  and  some  traces  of  a  castle 
which  covered  nearly  2  acres.  At  the  station  on  the  Lon- 
don and  Brighton  Railway,  a  branch  here  diverges  to  Xor- 
sham, 

HOR'MEAD,  GREAT,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co,  of  Herts, 

IIORMEAD.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

HORMOOZ  or  HORMOUZ.     See  Ormls. 

HOR,  MOUXT.  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrwa,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Wady-Arakih.  nearly  intermediate  between  the 
Dead  Sea  and  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah,  and  forming 
pivrt  of  Mount  Seir,  or  Edom,  It  is  a  steep  and  irregular 
truncated  cone,  having  three  peaks  on  the  X.,  in  the  loftiest 
of  which  is  a  grotto,  the  reputed  tomb  of  Aaron. 

IIORX  or  HORX'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rut- 
land. 

HORX,  hoRn.  or  HORXE,  hoR/neh,  (Fr,  Homes:.  hoRn,)  a 
village  of  Holland,  province  of  Limburg,  2  miles  W,  by  N. 
of  Roermond,    Pop.  844. 

HORX'^,  hoRn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Austria,  46 
miles  X.W,  of  Vienna,  with  a  famous  brewen'.     Pop.  tJSO. 

IIORX.  a  town  of  Germany,  principality  of  Lippe-Detmold, 
lOmiles  S.  of  Lenigo.     Pop.  1607. 

IIORX,  hoRn.  a  village  of  Germany,  about  3  miles  £.  of 
Hamburg.     Pop.  950. 

HOIiXACHOS,  oR-n3'choce,  formeriy  HORXOS.  oR'noce,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  46  miles  S.E,  of  Badajos. 
Pop.  2«)00. 

HORXACHUELOS.  OR-nJ-chwAaoce,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Cordova,  on  the  Guadalquiver. 
Pop.  1040. 

HORX-AFVAX,  hoRn-df'v3n.an  extensivelake  in  Swedish 
Lappmark.  about  lat.  06°  X'..  and  lietween  Ion.  16°  and  1?-°  E. 
Length,  from  X.X.W.  to  S.S.E..  50  miles;  bre.Hdth.  10  miles. 
It  discharges  itself  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  by  the  river 
Skellefted 

HOPvXB.iCH,  hoRnniaK.  (Alt,  dlt,  and  Xeu.  noi.)  two  con- 
tiguous villages  of  Hhenish  Bavaria,  on  the  Hornbach  River, 
5  miles  S.  of  Deux  Ponts.     United  pop.  1905. 

HORXBERO.  hoRnlijRG.  a  town  of  West  Germany,  in  Ba- 
den, circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  in  the  Black  Forest,  23  miles 
N.E.  of  Freiburir.  with  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1156. 

HORX'BLOTTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HORX'BROOK.  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HORXBURG,  hoRn'booRG,  a  town  of  Prus,sian  Saxonv, 
45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Magdeburg,     Pop.  2454. 

HOIiX'BY,  a  small  town  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  on  the  Wenning.  at  its  junction  with  the  Lune, 
9  miles  K.X.E.  of  Lancaster.  Pop.  318.  It  is  i^^urrounded 
by  the  finest  scenery,  has  a  stone  bridge  across  the  Lune.  a 
Gothic  cbureh,  a  noble  castle,  erected  soon  after  the  Con- 
quest, and  now  converteti  into  a  modern  residence,  and  a 
cotton  factorj-.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  a  Saxon 
fortifieition  and  a  priory. 

HORXBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  Xorth  Riding. 

HORX'BY,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Steuben  co.,  Xew 
York.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Rath.     Pop.  1291. 

HORX'BY,  a  post-villiige  of  Canada  West,  co,  of  Halton, 
,30  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  -30  miles  from  Hamiltou.  It 
contains  2  saw  mill.*:.     Pop.  about  125. 

HORX.  (or  HOORX)  CAPE.    See  Cape  Horx. 

HORX'CASTLE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
co„  and  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lincoln.  Pop.  in  1851,  4921,  It 
is  on  the  river  Uane,  which  is  navigable  to  it.<S  junction  with 
the  Witham.  The  town  h.is  some  remains  of  Roman  fortifi- 
cations, a  church,  a  gnimmar  school,  founded  by  I»rd  Clin- 
ton in  1652,  a  library  and  literary  society,  a  union  work- 
house, branch  bank.  Ac.  with  extensive  tanneries,  aud  con- 
siderjible  trade  by  the  river  in  corn  and  wool.  The  August 
tair  lasts  ab.->ut  10  days,  and  is  one  ik'  the  i^igest  liorse 
fairs  in  the  kingdom. 

HORX'CHUHCH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HORX  C1{i;EK.  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  CO.,  Virginia. 

HOUXa)OX,  EAST,  a  pari.-ih  of  Engia  ^d,  oo.  of  Esses. 


IIOR 


IIOR 


HORNDON-ON-THE-IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sssex. 

IIOR NDON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
The  niiMe  seiit  of  Ilorndonhill  is  in  this  parish. 

HORN  E,  a  parish  of  hlngland.  co.  of  Surrey. 

IIOR-VEBCJKG,  h0R'neh;b6«R0\  a  village  of  North  Ger- 
many, in  Hanover,  S  miles  S.S.K.  of  Stade.     Pop.  13U0. 

HOR'.VELLSVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Steu- 
ben CO.,  New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  342 
mile.s  from  New  Y'ork  City.  The  village  is  situated  on  the 
Canisteo  River,  about  a  mile  W.  of  the  railroad  station. 
It  contains  a  national  bank  and  several  churches.  The 
Hornellsville  branch  of  the  Erie  Railroad  connects  it  with 
Bufl'alo,  90  miles  distant.  Pop.  of  the  township,  4230 ;  of 
the  village,  about  1500. 

IIOR'NERSTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey,  .about  Ifi  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton. 

HOK'NET'S  NEST,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

HORN  FIELD,  a  parish  of  England.     See  IIORX. 

IIOR\II.A.USEN,  honn'hOwVen.  a  vlU.ige  of  Prussian 
Saxony.  21  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  1757. 

HOKN'IIEAD,  a  bold,  rocky  promontory  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal,  between  Dunfanaghy  Il.irbour 
and  the  .\tlantic. 

H<  IRMIUIZEN',  hoRn'hoi'zen,  a  parish  of  the  Netherland.s, 
province,  and  14  miles  N.W.  of  Uroningen,  near  the  North  Sea. 

IIOR'NING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the 
Bure,  here  crossed  by  a  ferry,  3  miles  S.E.  of  North  Wal- 
shain.  Here  are  .some  remains  of  the  celebrated  Abbey  of 
St.  lienediot.  founded  by  Canute  In  1020,  and  so  strongly 
fortified  that  it  held  oui  against  the  attacks  of  William  the 
Conqueror,  till  lietr.iyed  by  one  of  the  monks.  At  the  Re- 
formation, the  abbey  was  annexed  to  the  bishopric  of  Nor- 
wich, and  its  liishops  have,  since  that  time,  been  the  only 
abbots  in  England. 

HOItN'IXOHDl.D,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Leiee.ster. 

HiH'N'INGSIOA.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HOIiN'IXGSHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HORX'INC.^JIEATH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HORN'lXUTi)FT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IIORX  LAKE,  a  postoffice  of  De  Soto  CO.,  Mississippi. 

HORNOS  (hoR'noce  or  oR'noce)  ISL.\ND3,  a  group  of  8 
small  islands  of  South  America,  in  the  lUo-de-la-Plata,  31 
miles  X'.E.  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

IIORXOY,  hna'nwd',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Somme.  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Amiens.     Pop.  1070. 

HORXS'BOROUGH,  a  postK)tfice  of  Chesterfield  district, 
South  Carolina. 

HORN'S E.\,  a  market^own  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  East  Riding,  on  the  North  .Sea.  about  14  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Hull.     The  town  is  much  frequented  as  a  watering-place. 

IIOHX'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  on  the 
New  River,  5^  miles  X.N.W.  of  St.  Paul's.  London.  The  Til- 
lage is  beautifully  situated,  and  has  many  handsome  man- 
sions, an  interesting  church,  built  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
and  a  grammar  school  at  Highgate. 

HORX'TON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

HORN'TOWX,  a  post-village  of  Accomac  co..  Virginia,  is 
on  a  nayigable  creek,  which  communicates  with  the  At- 
lantic, 26  miles  X.E.  of  Accomac  Court-House. 

HORXU.  hoR^nii'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilai- 
naut.  6  miles  W.  of  Mnns.  Pop.  3022,  forming  an  interest- 
ing colony  of  miners,  founded  in  1823. 

HOR'.VYO\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Trentschin. 

HORODLO,  ho-rod'lo,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of 
Lublin,  on  the  Bug.  38  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zamosz.     Pop.  1200. 

HOROTEX.    See  New  Zevlan-d. 

HOROWITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Horzowitz. 

IIORRA,  La.  Id  OR'nil,  a  town  of  Spain,  ia  Old  Castile,  45 
miles  S.  of  Burgos.     Pop.  825. 

IIORREA  CELIA.     See  Zamora. 

IIOR/IIELSTOWX.  a  village  of  .MilBln  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lewistown. 

IIOR  REM,  hoR/Rfim.  a  village  of  West  Prus.sia.  on  the  rail- 
way from  Ai.\-la-Chapelle  toC';!ogne.  25  miles  W.  of  the  latter. 

IIORR'S  RAXCH.  a  post-office  of  Tuolumne  co..  California. 

HORRSTEIN.  (Horrst<nn.)  or  HORSTEIN,  haii/stine.  a 
market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  I'ranconia,  8  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Asch-affenburg.     Pop.  1210. 

IIOURUES,  hoR^RU',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hal- 
naut.  U  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  2000. 

HORRY,  o-vee',  a  district  forming  theE.  extremity  of  South 
Carolina,  bordering  on  North  Carolina  and  on  the  Atlantic, 
has  an  area  of  about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Waccamaw  River,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Little  Pedee,  which  unites  with  the  Great  Pedee  on  the 
6.W.  border.  The  surface  is  partly  occupied  by  marshes. 
The  soil  is  generally  sandy,  and  not  very  fertile.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad.  Capi- 
tal, Conwayborough.  Pop.  7962,  of  whom  5003  were  free, 
and  235il  slaves. 

IIORSUIIITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  IIorzitz. 

IIOB'^B  The,  an  islet  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  in  the  Firth 
of  Clyde,  opposite  Ardroasau  Uai'bor. 


HORSE  CREEK,  of  Wiike  co..  North  Carclina,  flow*  into 
the  Xeuse  River. 

HORSE  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  through  Marengo 
county,  into  Tombigbee  River. 

HORSE  CREEK,  of  Cedar  co,  Mis.souri,  flows  N.E.  into 
Sac  River. 

HORSE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co..  North  Carolina 

HORSE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Tennessee. 

HORSE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

HORSE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Dade  co..  Missouri,  on 
a  stre.am  of  its  own  name,  150  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HORSE  GALL,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  district.  South 
Carolina. 

HORSI-ynEAD,  post-office.  Prince  George's  co.,  Maryland. 

IIORSEHEAD.  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia,  about 
45  miles  S.S.W.  of  JIacon. 

IIORSEHEAD,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  9  miles  W.  of  Clarksville. 

HORSEHEADS,  formeriy  FAIRPORT,  a  post-village  and 
township,  Chemung  CO.,  New  Y^ork,  on  the  Chemung  Canal, 
and  on  the  Northern  division  of  the  Erie  Railroad,  6  miles 
N.  of  Elmira.  Here  General  Sullivan,  in  his  expedition 
against  the  Indians,  killed  his  pack-horses,  the  heads  of 
which  were  piled  up;  hence  the  name.     Pop.  2-77. 

HORSE'IIEATH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

HORSE  ISLAND,  an  islet  of  Ireland,  in  .Munster,  co.  of 
Cork,  at  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  of  Castle-Townsend 
Haven,  with  a  landmark  tower. 

HORSE  ISLAND,  a  small  island,  but  the  largest  and 
most  fertile  in  Lake  Ooroomeeyah.  in  Persia. 

HOR'SEA  ISLAXD.  a  small  island  in  Port.smouth  Harbor, 
England,  1  mile  E.  of  Porchester.  and  composing  a  farm. 
•  HORSEL.  (Hiiriiel,)  hoR/sgl.  or  HERSEL.  hi^u/sel.  a  river 
of  Central  Germany,  rises  in  the  principality  of  Gotha.  and 
after  a  X.  and  W.  course  of  25  miles,  joins  the  AVerra.  4^milea 
S.  of  Kreutzburg.     Eisenach  is  the  only  town  on  its  banks. 

HOKSELBERG.  (Horselberg.)  hBR'sel-b^Ro',  a  mountain 
range  of  Central  Germany,  between  Eisenach  and  Kreuz- 
burg.     Height.  1540  feet. 

HOlt/SELLY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HORSE'.MOXDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IIOR'SEX  or  IIORSEX.S,  hoR'sfns.  an  ancient  seaport  town 
of  Denmark,  province  of  Jutland.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Aarhuus, 
on  the  Horsens-Fiord.  Pop.  In  1851,  5827.  It  is  well  built, 
and  has  several  churches,  2  market  places,  with  a  good  har- 
bor, and  an  export  trade  in  corn  and  tallow. 

HOR'SEXDOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

HORSE  PASTURE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Virginia. 

IIDRSE'PATH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

IlilRSE-SHOE,  a  post-village  of  Pickens  district.  South 
Carolinii. 

HORSE-SHOE  BEND,  a  small  post-village  of  Tallapoosa 
CO..  .\labama. 

Hi)RSE-.>5H0E  B0TT05I.  post-office,  Russell  co..  Kentucky. 

HORSE-TOWX.  a  post-office  of  Sh.istji  co.,  California. 

HORSK-WELL.  a  sm.ill  village  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

HOIl'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

HORSEY  ISL.\XD.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Essex,  formed  by  an 
inlet  of  the  sea,  4i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Harwich.  It  is  6  miles 
in  circumference,  and  abounds  in  game. 

IIOR'SEY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co., 
Delaware. 

HOR.^'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HORS'FORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

HOl!SH.\M,  hors'am.  a  parliamentary  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the  Adur,  26 
nnles  N.E.  of  Chichester,  37  miles  S.S.W.  of  London,  by  a 
branch  of  the  London  and  Brighton  Railway.  Pop.  in 
1851,  5947.  It  hits  a  venerable  parish  church,  in  the 
early  English  style,  a  grammar  school,  endowed  in  1632,  a 
handsome  castellated  town-hall  and  court-house,  a  large 
county  jail,  union  work-house,  market-house,  and  bank. 
The  borouirh  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

HORS'HAM.  or  HORS^IAMVILLE.  a  post-village  and 
township  of  Jlontgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania.  10  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Norristown.  and  16  miles  X'.  of  Philadelphia.  It  coa- 
tains  a  Friends'  meetinir-house.  and  2  stores.     I'op.  1323. 

HORSHAM  ST.  FAITH,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

IIORSH'ES.  of  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the  Columbia 
branch  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  12  miles  from  Co. 
lumbia. 

IIOKS'IIILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

HORS'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

IIORSIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

IIORS/LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

HORS'LEY,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

HORSLEY,  LONG,  parish  of  England,  co.  Xorthumberland 

HORS'LEY,  WEST,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

HORSSEX.  hoRs'sen.  a  villaire  of  Holland,  province  of 
Gelderland.  10  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Xymwegen.     Pop.  813. 

HORST.  hoRst.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Limburg.  18  miles  X.  of  Roermond.     Pop.  3100. 

HORST,  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Ilolstein.  8  miles  K.  of 
Gluckstadt,  with  a  station  on  the  Kiel  and  Altrina  Railway 

871 


HOR 

HOR'PTKAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOR'STKD.  a  parish  of  HnL'lnnd.  Co.  of  Sussex. 

nOK'SXKD  KKYXKS,  (kAnz.)  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of 
Sussex. 

IIOURTEI\,(TIorstein,)a  town  of  Rararia.  See  TTorrstein. 

IIORSTMAR,  hoRsf maR,  a  town  of  I'russia.  in  ^Vestphalia, 
16  miles  X.W.  of  Miinster.     Pop.  1100. 

IIORT,  hoRt,  a  villaie  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ileve.s,  2  miles 
from  Hatvan.     Pop.  l"9l). 

IIOUTA,  oR'td,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia.  50  miles 
S.W.  of  Tarragona,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Kbro.     Pop.  1747. 

IIOKTA,  OR'ti.  or  SA.\  GtXKS  DE  AC.UDELLS  DE 
HORTA,  s3n  nee/n^s  da  3-<roo-nMs  dA  OR'til.  a  village  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia.  4  miles  from  Barcelonii.     Pop.  1855. 

HORTA,  hoK'tS.  or  OR/td,  a  seaport  town  of  the  .A.zores, 
capital  of  the  Island  of  Fayal.  on  its  S.E.  coast.  Pop.  3600. 
It  is  pretty  well  built,  though  very  irregularly  Ijiid  out. 

HORTKN,  hoR'ten,  a  town  of  Norw.ay.  stiftof  Aggershuus. 
on  the  Gulf  of  Christiania.  opposite  Moss.  32  miles  S.  of 
Christiania.  It  is  the  chief  military  port  of  the  kingdom  and 
station  of  the  Heet,  and  has  an  arsenal  and  e.\teusive  build- 
ing-vards. 

IIOKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

IIORTOX,  a^arish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

IIORTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloui-estei. 

HORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton 

HORTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

HOHTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stiifford. 

IIOK'TON,  a  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Kings,  situated 
on  an  arm  of  Mines  Ray,  opposite  Cornwallis,  and  almut  45 
miles  X.X.W.  of  IIalifa.x.  It  is  rapidly  becoming  a  place  of 
commercial  importjince  in  consequence  of  the  mines  of  coal, 
plaster,  and  other  valuable  minerals,  found  in  its  vicinity. 

HORTO'XA.  a  township  in  Brown  co.,  AVi.sconsin. 

IIORTOX,  GREAT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.of  York,  Wehi, 
Biding,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Bradford.  It  has  a  mechanics'  insti- 
tution, and  a  free  school,  founded  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

IIORTOX  KIRBY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IIORTOX  MOXKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IIOR'TOX-IX-RIB'BLESDALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of 
York,  West  Riding. 

HORTON  RIVER,  in  East  Australia,  flows  N.  and  joins 
Gwydir  River,    L.at.  29°  45'  S„  Ion.  150°  50'  E. 

H0RT0NSV1I>LE,  a  post-nffice  of  Barnes  co„  Texas. 

HORTO.WILLE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Brown  Co..  Wisconsin, 

IIORVATII.  BAX,  llJn-hoR^■dt^  a  village  of  Hungary,  co, 
of  Borsod,  about  20  miles  from  >nsko]cz.     Pop,  770, 

HORVATIIl-KKDl),  hoRVd'tee'jK'do',  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, CO,  of  Ahaujvar.  6  miles  from  Tolesva.     Pop.  1448, 

IIORVATII  ORSZAG,    See  Croatia. 

IIOR'WICK.  n  chap.lry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  with 
8  station  on  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway,  6i  miles 
S.E,  of  Chorlev,     Pop.  3773, 

HOR'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon, 

HOR  WOOD,  GRKAT,  a  parish  of  EngUand.  co.  of  Bucks. 

HORWOOD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Buck.s. 

HORZITZ.  boR'zits.  HORSCIUTZ,  hoR/shits.  or  IIOR- 
ZICZE,  hoR-zee'cliA,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow, 
68  miles  E.X.E,  of  Praiue,     Pop.  2760, 

IIORZOWITZ.  hoR'zo-ftitz\  or  HOROWITZ,  ho'ro-ftits\  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Beraun,  Pop,  22(35,  en- 
gaged in  mines  of  iron,  coal,  silver,  and  mercury,  and  in 
manufactures.  Here  is  the  magnificent  seat  of  Count  Wrbna. 

HOSK  or  HOWES,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Leicester. 

HOSEINGAUAD  or  HdSHIXGABAD.    See  Hosuxoab.^d. 

HO'SKXSACK,  a  post-office  of  Lehi>;h  co,,  Pennsylvania. 

HOS'KIXSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  90 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

IIO.S'PIT.^L.  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO,  of  Limerick.  11  miles  W.  of  Tipperary, 

IIOSl'lTALET,  os-pi-ti-l^t'.  (formerly  SAXTA  EULALIA 
DE  PROVEXSANA.  .sin'ta  JMo-iaie-a"  dA  pro-v^n-saW. )  a 
townofSpain.  province,  and  4  miles  S.W,  of  Barcelona.  P.  2500. 

IIOSSZUIIKTIN,  Hungary.     See  Heteny-Hoszu. 

IIOST.\LRICII.  os-tSl-reek',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gerona.  Pop,  950.  It  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  was  formerly  an  important  fortress,  taken  by  the  French 
in  lti94  and  1809, 

HOSTAU,  ho.»'t6w,  or  IIOSTOW,  (U  Hnftm-mm.)  a  town 
of  Bohemia.  IS  iiflles  W.X.W,  of  Klattau.     Pop.  lir.6. 

IIOSTA  UN.  hos'tOwn,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Klattau, 
27  miles  S.W.  of  I'ilsen.     Pop.  13S1. 

HOSTK  (os't-V)  ISLAXD,  Terra  del  Fuego.  is  between  lat, 
55°  and  55°  40' S..  and  Ion,  68°  and  70°  W.,  90  miles  in 
length,  from  E.  to  W..  by  50  miles  in  greatest  breadth,  sepa- 
rated eastward  from  Xavarin  Island  liy  Ponsonbv  Sound. 

HOSTERLITZ.  hos'tfr-lits\  a  market-town  of  Moravia, 
circle  of  Znaym,  24  miles  S,M'.  of  Briinn,     Pop,  14'i0. 

IIOSTOMITZ.  hos'to-mits\  or  HOSTOXITZ.  hos/to-nits,'  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1700. 

IIOSUN(JAI!AD.  ho-sftn-ga-bid'.  HUSSIXG.UJAD,  htis- 
6in-gil-bM'.  or  HDSIH.NGABAD.  hosh-iii-gS-bad'.  a  consider- 
ablM  town  and  important  military  post  of  British  India,  pre- 
fcidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Xerbudda.  4.'$  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bho- 
pauL  Lat.  22^  40'  N.,  Ion.  77°  51'  E. 
872 


HOT 

IIOSZSZUMEZO,  hosVoo'mi'zo\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Marmaros,  7  miles  X.W.  of  Szigeth.     Pop.  ]6.i9. 

HOSZSZU-SZIiR,  hos'soo'salR/.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Abaujvar.  on  the  Ilernad,  3  miles  from  Kaschau.    P.  1222. 

HOTCH'KISSVILLE,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of 
Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut.  42  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Hartford 

HOTEL',  a  post-office  of  Bertie  co.,  Xorth  Carolina. 

HOTEL,  of  Maine,  a  station  on  the  .Vtlantic  and  St.  Law- 
rence Railroad,  29  miles  X.W.  of  Portl.and. 

HOTENSLEBEX,  (Ilotensleben,)  ho'tens-lA'ben,  a  village 
of  Prussia  Saxony,  26  miles  W.  of  Magdeburg.    Pop.  IISI. 

HOTH'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

HOTH A M PTON.  a  village  of  Enirland.     See  Coc.nor. 

HOTH'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HOT  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  (iilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

HOT  SPRING,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Ar- 
kansas. Area,  9C4  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Washita 
River  and  its  several  forks.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  moun- 
tainous. The  Washita  River  is  navigable  for  small  boats  ng 
far  up  as  Rockport.  The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with 
water-power  and  mineral  springs,  among  which  are  the 
famous  Hot  Springs,  fi  miles  from  the  Washita  River,  Mag- 
netic Iron  abounds  in  the  "  Magnet  Cove,"  a  valley  which 
occupies  an  area  of  2  square  miles,  enclosed  by  large  piue 
forests.  The  magnetic  influence  is  such  that  the  land  can- 
not be  surveyed  with  a  compass,  (De  Bow's  Review,  vol,  v,) 
Large  quarries  of  excellent  oilstone  have  been  opened  in 
the  county,  and  the  article  is  exported  to  all  parts  of  the 
Union,  Capital,  Rockport,  Pop.  ot)3o,  of  whom  5022  were 
free,  and  613  slaves, 

HOT  SPRIXGS,  a  post-village  of  Bath  co.,  Virginia,  175 
miles  W,.N,W,  of  Richmond.  This  place  is  situated  in  a 
narrow  valley,  and  surrounded  by*a  mountainous  region, 
which  is  remarkable  for  the  salulirity  of  its  climate,  and  for 
the  charming  character  of  its  scenery.  There  are  several 
springs  here,  which  vary  in  temperature  from  98°  to  106°, 
and  are  considered  efflaicious  in  the  cure  of  dyspepsia,  rheu- 
matism, affections  of  the  liver,  etc.  The  water  contains  the 
sulphates  of  lime  and  of  magnesia,  the  carbonates  of  lime 
and  of  magnesia,  and  sulphate  of  soda,  A  spring  of  ex- 
tremely cold  water  ri.se8  in  close  proximity  to  one  at  98°. 
Several  bathing-houses  and  other  buildings  have  been 
erected  here, 

HOT  SPRIXGS,  a  post-village  of  Hot  Springs  co.,  Ar- 
kan.sas,  6  miles  X.  of  the  Washita  River,  and  55  miles  S.AV. 
of  Little  Rock.  It  is  situated  in  a  valley  about  700  yards 
long,  and  70  j'ards  wide,  having  a  high  mountain  on  each 
side.  The  temperature  of  the  springs,  which  are  about  ,35 
in  number,  varies  from  135°  to  160°.  (See  Arkansas,  p.  107.) 
The  main  st.age-route  from  Little  Rock  passes  through  this 
place,  which  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  county.  Xovfv- 
Lulite,  or  oilstone,  of  fine  quality,  is  abundant  in  the  vi- 
cinity. 

UOTTBUS.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Cottbcs. 

lIOTrrEXTOTS,  a  peculiar  African  race,  the  aboriginal 
occupants  of  the  S.  end  of  that  continent,  at  and  near  tho 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Their  limits  may  be  said,  in  gener.al 
terms,  to  have  been  the  river  Orange,  on  the  N.  and  N.E., 
and  the  Kei,  on  the  E.;  but  the  E.  boundary  appears  to 
have  been  fluctuating,  and,  owing  to  their  mixture  with 
theKaffremce.not  definable.  On  the  N.W.  they  passed  the 
Orange,  and  advanced  X.  and  X.E.  far  into  the  interior. 
The  name  now  given  to  the  whole  race  was  that  of  the  tribe 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with 
which  tho  Dutch  settlers  first  became  acquainted.  The 
Hottentots  are  generally  tall  and  meagre,  of  a  pale  olive 
complexion ;  their  cheek-bones  project  much,  and  their 
chins  are  narrow  and  pointed.  They  have  thick  li|)s,  a  flat 
no.se  with  wide  nostril.s,  woolly  hair,  and  little  beard.  The 
women  are  often  elegantly  formed  in  early  life,  but  their 
bloom  is  transient:  they  are  marriageable  at  12  or  13,  and 
become  hideous  in  a  few  years.  Both  sexes  are  distinguished 
by  excessive  incurvation  of  the  spine.  When  the  Dutch 
first  settled  at  the  Cape,  the  Hottentots  were  a  nmnerous 
nation,  of  p.astoral  and  partially  nomadic  habits,  occupying 
a  territory  of  100,000  square  miles;  and  it  is  supposed  that 
the  seven  trllies,  into  which  tiny  were  dlvi(ied,  made  up 
together  a  population  of  at  least  200,000.  At  the  present 
day  this  race  is  nearly  extinct  within  tho  wide  territory 
which  formerly  belonged  to  it;  and  of  the  50.(100  Hottentots, 
as  they  are  called,  now  reckoned  in  the  population  of  the 
colony,  there  are  not  200,  exclusive  of  tiie  Xamaqnas,  added 
to  the  colony  by  a  recent  change  of  boundary,  who  under- 
stand the  Hottentot  language.  Tlie  langu.age  of  the  popula- 
tion at  present  inhabiting  the  country,  is  the  Capi-Dutch 
jargon.  Hottentot  lif-.  with  its  numerous  whimsiial  pecu- 
liarities, belongs  therefore  to  hi.story.  It  exists  no  longer  in 
what  m.ay  bo  properly  called  the  land  of  the  Hottentotv 

But,  connected  with  this  great,  utterly  decayed  trunk,  are 
a  number  of  offshoots  and  collateral  stems,  some  of  which 
retain  many  of  the  customs  of  their  suicestors,  while  others 
have  made  considerable  advances  towards  civilization, 
chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  mi.s.sionaries.  Ofthe.se.  a  large 
body,  recognised  In  tho  colony  as  the  Bastards,  a  few  3'.'ariS 
since,  assumed  the  name  of  the  Griauas,  an  ancieut  extinct 


HOT 


HOU 


tribe,  and  settled  down  in  a  carefully-organized  community 
at  Klaarwater,  on  the  river  Orange.  Tlie  Koras  or  Koran- 
nas,  (shoe-wearers.)  higher  up  the  river  Orange,  or  Gariep, 
as  they  call  it,  still  remain  a  favorable  specijnen  of  the  pure 
Hottentot  race.  On  the  K.  frontier  of  the  colony  are  some 
remnants  of  the  Gona  or  Gonaqua  tribe.  The  Xamaquas 
dwell  towards  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  Orange.  These  are 
much  attached  to  their  country;  and  their  huts  are  erected 
In  the  old  Hottentot  fashion.  The  Bushmen,  or,  in  colonial 
language,  lioschjesmanns,  are  also  of  Hott«ntot  race,  and 
call  themselves  i<aqua.  Their  proper  country  is  between  the 
Roggenveld  Mountains  and  the  liver  Orange;  but  they  are 
to  be  found  wherever  the  absence  of  a  stronger  population 
permits  their  increase.  Their  general  heiirht  is  about  4  feet 
6  inches  ;  they  are.  at  the  same  time,  slender,  but  well-made, 
and  very  active.  Their  oul^'  covering,  if  they  have  any,  is  a 
skin  round  the  loins.  Tliey  live  on  game,  principally  ante- 
lopes, which  they  kill  with  poisoned  arrows.  They  havegreat 
feasts,  particularly  after  violent  thunder-storms,  in  which 
many  antelopes  are  struck  by  lightning.  On  such  occi- 
eions,  these  little  men  eat  till  they  resemble  barrels.  Their 
life  is  always  fluctuating  lietween  a  feast  and  a  famine.  As 
to  the  number  of  these  singular  and  degraded  people,  it  is 
impossible  to  form  any  trustworthy  estimate.  There  are 
ftLso  numerous  other  tribes  scattered  over  the  country,  ge- 
nerally supposed  to  he  of  Hottentot  descent, 

HOTTING.  (Hotting.)  hot'ting,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  the 
Tyrol,  on  the  Inn,  near  Innspruck.     Pop.  2524. 

HOTZEXI'LDTZ,  hofsen-plots\  (Moravian,  Osoblaha,  o- 
8o-bli'hi,)a  small  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  26  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Troppau,  on  the  Prussian  frontier,  and  capital  of  the 
county  of  Hennersdorf.     Pop.  2579. 

HOTZING,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Hatzeo. 

HOUAT,  hoo'il',  a  small  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  France, 
department  of  Morbihan,  6  miles  S.E.  of  the  peninsula 
Quiberon,  lat.  47°  25'  X.,  Ion.  2°  56'  W.  It  has  a  fort,  a  smaU 
harbor,  and  250  inhabitants. 

HOUCIv  S  STOKK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Carroll  cc,  Maryland. 

HOUDAIN,  hooMSl.N"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Bethune.    l'op.9:J0. 

UOUDAN,  hooM6.No',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
8eine-et-0i.so,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mantes.     Pop.  2131. 

HOUDK.NG-AIMKKIES,  hooM6x»'-A'mfh-ree',  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  on  theTiriau,  10  miles  W.  of 
Mons.  It  has  several  forges  and  tanneries,  and  a  colliery 
which  employs  900  persons.     Pop.  2556. 

HOUDli.VG-GOKG.MIsS,  hooM<iN«'-ghJn'yee',  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  near  the  alwve.  The  inha- 
bitants are  chiefly  employed  as  miners,  or  in  connection 
with  coal-works  in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  2775. 

IIOUFFALIZIi,  hoorfS'leez',  a  town  of  Belgian  Luxem- 
bourg, on  the  <^urthe,  9  miles  N.K.  of  Bastogne,  with  a 
ruined  fortress,  and  9;)U  inhabitants. 

HOUGA.  Le,  Igh  hoo*gJ',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  (iers.  30  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Condom.     Pop.  1593. 

HOUGAFIUDK.  hooV'and',  or  HOKCMEKDEN,  hoo/gia'- 
dgn,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,"2i 
miles  S.W.  of  Tirlemont.  Pop.  3000,  with  extensive  breweries 
and  distilleries. 

HOUGHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HOUGH  (hQf )  FElUtY.  a  station  of  Wayne  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  6  miles  from  Winchester. 

HOUGH-ON-THE-HILL,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HOUGHTON,  ho't^n,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

HOUGHTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HOUGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOUGHTON,  ho'ton,  a  newly  formed  county  of  Michigan, 
in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  upper  peninsula,  bordering  on  Lake 
Superior.  Area,  estimated  at  1600  square  miles.  Its  out- 
line is  deeply  indented  t)y  Keweenaw  Bay.  anc}  it  is  drained 
by  Sturgeon  River.  The  surface  is  uneven.  The  county  is 
remarkably  rich  in  minerals,  including  copper,  silver,  and 
iron.  Mines  of  copper  are  worked  in  several  places.  Named 
in  honor  of  Professor  Douglas  Houghton,  formerly  State 
Geologist  of  Michigan.    Capital,  Houghton.     Pop.  9234. 

HOUGHTON,  Michigan.    See  Appendix. 

H0U(5HT0N  CON 'QUEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bedford. 

HOUGHTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

HOUGHTON-on-the-IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

HOUGHTON-in-theIIOLE,  a  pari.eh  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk,  IJ-  miles  S.W.  of  New  Walsingham.  Here  is  an  an- 
ient chapel,  formerly  attached  to  Walsingham  Abbey,  but 
no  IV  used  as  a  barn. 

HOUGUTON-LE-SPRING.  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.,  and  6  miles  N.E.  of  Durham,  on  the  Great 
North  of  England  Railway,  i'op.  in  1S51,  3224.  It  has  a 
Mrge  cruciform  church.  co«taining  the  monument  of  the 
pious  Bernard  Gilpin,  the  "Apostle  of  th..  North,"  a  gram- 
nar  school,  a  girls'  scliool,  and  other  charities,  a  mechanics' 
mstitute,  and  a  large  trade  in  coal  by  railways  connecting 
ffith  Sunderland  and  Hajtlepool. 


HOUGHTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North 
ampton. 

HOUGHTON,  LONG,  a  parish  .-f  England,  co.  of  Northum 
berland.     It  has  coal  and  lead  mines. 

HOUGHTON,  NEW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk 
6  miles  N.  of  Rougham.  Sir  K.  Walpole  died  here  in  1745. 
The  famous  collection  of  paintings  he  placed  here  are  nov 
in  the  imperial  pjilace  at  St.  Petersburg. 

HOUGHTON  RE'GIS,  a  imri.'^h  of  England,  co.of  Bedford 

HOUGHTONVILLE,  h&'ton-vil,  a  post->illageof  Windham 
CO..  A'ermont. 

HOUGHTON  WIN'TERBOURNE,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset. 

IIOUGUE.  a  headland  of  France.    See  Cape  La  IIougue. 

HOU-KOUANG,  a  province  of  China.     See  Hoo-Quano. 

HOUiyKA,  a  post-ofBce  of  Chickasaw  Co.,  Miss's.sippi. 

HOULME,  hoolm,  an  old  division  of  France,  in  Lower 
Normandy,  capitiil  of  Argentan,  now  comprised  in  the  de- 
partment of  Orne. 

IIOULME,  Le,  Ifh  hoolm,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-lnferieure,  5  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Rouen.     Pop.  ^O.Ti. 

HOULTON,  hOl'ton,  a  nourishing  post-village  and  toVm- 
ship,  capital  of  Aroostook  co.,  .Maine,  190  miles  NMil.  of  Au- 
gusta, and  12  miles  N.W.  of  AVoodstock,  in  Netv'  Brunswick. 
It  has  a  court-house,  jail,  3  chun-hes,  an  academy,  aliout  15 
stores,  an  iron  foundry  and  machine  shop,  a  grist  mill,  and 

2  saw  mills.    A  military  post  was  established  in  1829,.about 
a  mile  N.  of  the  village.    Pop.  cf  tlie  township,  2035. 

HOUMA,  hoo'mil,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  TeiTe 
Bonne  parish,  Louisiana,  on  Bayou  Terre  Bonne,  108  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Baton  Rouge.  The  bayou  is  navigable  for  small 
boats.  The  village  has  a  courtrhou.se,  jail,  5  stores,  2  churches, 
and  10  or  12  dwellings. 

IIOUN  AM,  hoo/nam,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh, 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kel.so.  The  Ilili  of  Hounam-Law,  iu  this 
parish,  is  1464  feet  iu  height. 

HOU-NAN,  a  province  of  China.    See  Hoo-Nan. 

HOUND,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.,  and  3J  miles  S.E.  of 
Southampton.  The  beautiful  remains  of  Netley  Abbey, 
founded  by  Henry  III.  in  1239,  sJand  on  the  slope  of  a  hill, 
near  Southampton  Water,  in  this  parish. 

HOUNDS'FIELD,  a  township  in  Jefl'erson  co..  New  York, 
lies  at  the  E.  end  of  L;ike  Ontario,  and  contains  Sacketfs 
Harbor.     Pop.  3330. 

HOUNSLOW.  hCunz'lo,  a  town  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Middlesex,  parishes  of  Heston  and  Islewortli.  2J  miles 
S.W.  of  Brentford.  Pop.  in  1851,  3514.  It  consists  of  one"  long, 
well-paved  street,  has  a  chapel  built  on  the  sit«  of  a  priory 
founded  by  the  Wind.sor  family,  and  a  great  number  of  inns, 
formerly  supported  by  the  traffic  of  the  Great  AVest  of  ICnglaud 
Road,  but  almost  deserted  since  the  opening  of  the  Great 
AVestern  Railway.  Ilounslow  Heath,  noted  in  ancient  times 
for  tournaments  and  military  encampments,  and  in  modern 
for  the  depredations  of  highwaymen,  is  now  iu  great  part 
enclosed.     Here  are  barracks  and  powder  mills. 

HOU-PE,  a  provice  of  China.     See  Hoo-l'E. 

HOUPLINES,  hoo'pleen',  a  village  of  France,  depai-tment 
of  Nord.  7  miles  N.  of  Lille.    Pop.  1015. 

HOU-QUANG.    See  Hoo-Quaxo. 

HOURN,  LOCH,  loKhoorn,  an  inlet  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Inverness,  stretching  inland  from  the  Sound  of  Skye  for  13 
miles.     At  its  mouth  it  is  5  miles  across. 

HOUROUR  or  HOURROUR,  Africa.    See  Hurrur. 

HOURTIN,  hooRUJ.N<^',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde.  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lesparre.     Pop.  1412. 

HOUSATONIC,  or  HOUSATONICA'ILLE,  a  post-village 
recently  sprung  up  in  Stockbridge  township,  in  Berk.shire 
CO.,  Massachusetts!,  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  about  120 
miles  W.  of  Boston. 

HOUSATONIC  (hoo'sa-ton'ik)  RIVER,  a  fine  stream  which 
has  its  sources  in  Berkshire  co..  Mas.saohusetts.  and  flowing 
S..  enters  the  state  of  Connecticut.  After  winding  through 
Litchfield  county,  and  forming  the  boundary  between  New 
Haven  and  Fairfield  counties,  it  meets  the  tide-water  at 
Derby,  about  14  miles  from  Ixjng  Island  Sound.  Tlie  sources 
of  this  stream  are  more  than  1000  feet  above  tlie  le\  el  of  the 
ocean,  and  in  its  course  of  150  miles,  it  affords  many  excel- 
lent mill-seats.  The  railroad  from  Bridgepf^rt  to  Albany 
follows  the  course  of  this  river  for  nearly  40  miles,  present- 
ing the  tiaveller  with  a  view  of  its  charming  scenery.  The 
cataract  at  Canaan,  in  Connecticut,  well  deserves  the  atten 
tion  of  the  lovers  of  the  picturesque. 

HOUSE,  one  of  the  Shetland  Island.'!,  parish  of  Bressa, 
connected  by  a  bridge  with  the  island  of  Barra.     Length, 

3  miles;  breadth,  about  half  a  mile. 

HOUSE  CREEK,  a  village  of  Polk  co..  North  Carolina. 

HOUSE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia. 

HOUSE  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 28  miles  S.AV.  of  St.  Louis. 

HOUSEA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co..  New  York, 
about  120  miles  N.AV.  of  Albany. 

HOUSEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Harris  co..  Texas. 

HOUSSA,  how'si.  written  al.so  HOAVSA.  HAUSSA  and 
HAOUSA.or  HAOU.SSAli,  an  independent  state  of  Central 
Africa,  between  lat  12° and  13° N.,  aud  ion.  5'''and  10° E.,  hav- 

873 


HOU 

Ing  N.  the  Desert,  E.,  Borneo,  and  elsewhere  countries  unex- 
plored iind  unknown  to  Europeans.  Denham  and  Clapper- 
ton  VK-ited  this  country,  and  to  their  work  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred fi.r  further  intormatiou.  The  cuuntry  is  pijrtly  moun- 
tainous, but  watered  apparently  by  affluents  of  the  Quorra. 
Cotton,  tJ^>bacco.  indii;o.  dates,  and  cattle  are  among  its  pro- 
ducts. Chief  towns,  Kano,  the  capital,  Saccatoo,  Kashna, 
and  Katagooui. 

HOUSTON,  hoo'ston,  (t. «.  "Hugh's  town,")  a  parish  of 
S  otland.  co.  of  Renfrew.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Paisley.  Among 
the  antiquities  of  this  parish  are  the  old  church  of  Killallan, 
tki  mansion  and  the  old  cross  of  Barochan,  and  remains  of 
tbo  e&stle  of  the  knlirhts  of  Houston. 

ilOUSTON,  hu'sto'n,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part 
of  Georgia,  contains  about  550  square  miles.  The  Ocmulgee 
River,  navigable  by  steamboats,  bounds  it  on  the  E.,  the 
Echaconnee  Creek  Hows  along  the  northern  border,  and  it 
Is  drained  by  Mossy,  Big  Indian,  Sandy  Run,  and  Lump- 
kin's Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  of  lime- 
st'me  formation,  very  fertile,  and  extensively  cultivated. 
The  South-western  Raihoad  passes  through  the  county, 
and  tlie  Muscogee  Railroad  has  its  eiistern  terminus  in  it. 
Named  in  hcjnor  of  Jolin  Houston,  Governor  of  Georgia  in 
1778.  Capital,  Perry.  Pop.  15,611,  of  whom  ^56  were  free, 
and  10,765  slave. 

HOUSTON',  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  contains 
about  1295  square  miles.  The  Tnnity  River  bounds  it  on 
the  W.,  and  the  N'eches  on  tl^e  N.E.  The  soil  is  highly  pro- 
ductive, especially  in  the  valley  of  Trinity  River,  which  is 
navigated  by  steamboats  as  far  up  as  this  county.  Elkhart 
Creek  affords  iine  water-power.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
Sam  Houston.  United  States  Senator  from  Texas.  Capital, 
Crockett.    Pop.  8058,  of  whom  5239  were  free. 

HOUSTON,  a  postHOflice  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Bee  Fafrview. 

HOUSTON,  a  township  in  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  422. 

HOUSTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Heard  co.,  Georgia, 
9  miles  S.W.  of  Franklin. 

HOUSTON',  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Alabama. 
IIOUSTO.N'.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Chickasaw 
CO.,  ilississippi.  is  situat<«i  near  a  branch  of  the  Oktibtieha 
Creek,  150  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
rich  cotton-planting  region,  and  has  an  active  trade.  Thi-ee 
newspapers  are  published  here. 

HOUSTON,  a  city,  capital  of  Harris  co.,  Texas,  situated  on 
Buffalo  Bayou,  45  miles  by  water  fiwm  its  entrance  into 
Galveston  Bay,  82  miles  N.W.  of  Galveston  City,  and  200 
miles  E.  S.E.  of  Austin  City.  Lat.  29°  45'  N.,  Ion.  95°  30'  W. 
This  flouri.shing  town,  the  second  of  the  state  in  commercial 
Importance,  is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation.  Several  steamboats  ply  re- 
gularly between  this  place  and  Galveston.  Houston  is  tlie 
principal  shipping  port  for  several  adjacent  counties,  in 
which  cotton,  sugar,  and  maize  are  produced,  and  towards 
which  a  copious  tide  of  emigration  is  flowing.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  county  is  occupied  by  savannas  or  treeless  plains, 
which  produce  excellent  pasturage,  and  large  numbers  of 
cattle  and  horses  are  kept  here  with  little  labor.  A  railroad 
has  been  commenced,  which  is  to  be  extended  westward  to 
the  Brazos  River,  and  probably  to  Austin.  Several  news- 
papers are  published  here.  It  contains  1  iron  foundry,  with 
a  machine-sliop,  and  1  liat  factory.  It  was  st^ttled  in  1836, 
and  was  at  one  time  tlie  capital  of  Texas.  Population  in  1800, 
4845. 

HOUSTON,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee,  110 
miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 
HOUSTi)N,  a  postrvillage  of  Bourbon  co..  Kentucky. 
H«JUSrO.\,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 
HOUSTO.V,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Brownstown,  confcuns  a  few  tradesmen's  shops. 
HOUSTON,  a  po.st-township  in  Adams  co,  Illinois.  P.  1008. 
HOUSTON,  a  village  of  Bind  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Terre 
Haute  and  Alton  Kailrcwd.  70  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 
IlOUSTON,  a  post-village  of  .Marlon  CO.,  Missouri. 
HOUSTON,  a  post-villasre.  capital  of  Texas  co..  Mi.«souri,  3 
miles  fmm  Piney  Hiver.  and  TOO  miles  S.  of  Jefferson  City. 
HOUSTON,  a  post-office  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota. 
HOUSTON,  the  former  name  of  a  town  in  Riley  co.,  Kansas, 
on  the  Kansas  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Blue,  about  20 
miles  below  Fort  Riley.     It  contains  6  churches,  2  flour- 
niills,  &c.    Pop.  about  750.    The  name  has  been  changed  to 
Miinbiittan.     See  Appfndix. 

HOUSTON  FACTORY,  a  post-offlce  of  Houston  co.,  Georgia. 
«  .V^?'''*^^^"^  ""'^''^-  tu'ston-vil.  a  post-village  of  Iredell  co.. 
North  Carolina,  ah.iut  145  miles  W.  of  I!alei"h, 


T^.!^y.I';I'?,\;;  .'"f.^''?"-  «  P^i-'sli  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
iJR.V.  J  J  "^^'^  parish,  England,  co.  York.  North  Riding 


HOWAKEL.  ho-wa'kJl',  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  off  the 
Ooast  of  Abyssinia.     Ijit.  1.5<=  9'  N..  Ion.  40°  19'  E. 
HUW'AifD,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Marv- 

874  r  J 


HOW 

land,  containing  about  280  square  miles.  It  Is  bounded  on 
the  N.E.  by  the  Patapsco,  and  ou  the  S.W.  by  the  Patuxent 
River.  The  surface  is  uneven  or  hilly.  The  county  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Baltimore  and  Washington  Railroad. 
Formed  since  1850,  out  of  the  N.W.  part  of  Auue  Arundel 
county.    Capital,  Ellicotts  Mills.    Pop.  13,.338. 

HOWARD,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  293  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Wildcat 
Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Wabash.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level,  and  the  soil  uniformly  fertile.  It  is  intersected  by 
railroads,  which  communicate  with  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Ohio  River.  Organized  in  1844,  and  named  in  honor  of  Ge- 
neral T.__A.  Howard,  member  of  Congress  from  Indiana. 
Capital.  rv.okomo.    Pop.  12,524. 

HOWARD,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  The  Mis.souri  River  forms 
part  of  its  western,  and  the  whole  of  its  southern  boundary. 
It  is  intersected  by  Bonne  Femme  and  Jloniteau  Creeks, 
affluents  of  the  Missouri  River.  The  general  surface  is  un- 
dulating; the  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  extensively 
cultivated.  In  1850  this  county  produced  5401  tons  of  hay, 
and  3,188,122  pounds  cf  tobacco — the  greatest  qujintities 
raised  in  any  county  of  the  state.  A'aluable  quarries  of 
limestone  and  sandstone  have  been  opened,  and  stone  coal 
is  abundant.  Capital,  Fayette.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
Benjamin  Howard,  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  15,916,  of  wlioin 
10,0t)()  were  free,  and  5886  slaves. 

UOW.A.RD,  a  new  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Iowa,  lior- 
dering  on  Slinnesota,  has  an  aroii  of  about  4;!0  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  head-streams  of  Turkey  River,  and  the 
northern  part  is  intersected  by  the  Ujiper  Iowa.  The  slope 
of  the  county  is  southeastward.  It  contains  extensive 
tracts  of  timber,  interspersed  with  prairies.  Capital,  New 
Oregon.  Tliis  county  is  not  included  in  tlie  census  of  1850. 
Pop.  in  1S60,  3168. 

HOWARD,  a  jiost-village  and  townsliip  of  Steuben  co., 
New  York,  about  60  miles  S.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  2746. 

HOW.\RD,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey. 

HOW.\RD,  a  post-township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1106. 

HOWARD,  of  Georgia,  a  station  on  the  Muscogee  Rail- 
road, 40  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

HOWARD,  a  post-office  of  Bell  CO..  Texas. 

HOWARD,  a  township  in  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  868. 

HOWARD,  a  township  in  Cass  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1139. 

HOWARD,  a  township  in  Howard  co.,  IniUana.  Pop.  1085. 

HOWARD,  a  post-village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  near  the 
Wabash  River,  13  miles  N.W.of  Rockville 

HOWARD,post-town3hip,Winnebagoco.,  Elinois.  P.  1541. 

HOWARD,  a  township  in  lirown  co.,  AVisconsin.  Pop.  591. 

HOWARD  COLLEGE.     See  Marion.  Alabama. 

HOWARD'S,  a  post-office  of  Waukesha  co..  Wisconsin. 

HOWARD'S.  Georgia,  a  station  on  the  Maeon'and  Western 
Railroad,  6  miles  from  Macon. 

HOWARD'S  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

HOWARD'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  c-o., 
Kentucky. 

HOWARD'S  POINT,  a  post  office  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois. 

HOW'ARDSA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  AlU^marle  co.,  Virginia. 

HOWARDSVILLE,  a  postrvill.age  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsyl- 
v,ania,  on  the  Bald  Eagle  Creek  and  Can.al,  11  miles  N.E.  of 
Bellefmte.     Near  this  are  the  Howard  Iron-works. 

HOWARDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Stephenson  co.,  lUt 
nois,  about  208  miles  N.  of  Springfield. 

HOWCAPLE,  how'kap^el.  parish  of  England,  co.  Hereford. 

HOW'DEN,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  East  Riding,  on  the  Ouse,  hei-e  crossed  by  a  ferry,  and 
with  a  station  on  the  Hull  and  Selliy  Railway,  22  miles  W. 
of  Hull.  Pop  of  town,  23.S2.  It  has  a  magnificent  church, 
and  extensive  remains  of  a  favorite  palace  of  the  Bishops  of 
Durham,  to  whom  the  site  still  belongs,  and  in  which  died 
the  celebrated  bishops,  Pudsey.  A.  r>.  1195.  and  Skirlaw, 
1405.  Howden  is  the  hesid  of  a  poor-law  union,  and  has  3 
branch  banks,  and  some  of  the  largest  horse-feirs  in 
England. 

HOW'DEN-PANS,  a  townsship  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland, on  the  Tyne,  2J  miles  W.S.W.  of  North  Shields. 
Pop.  1296.  Numerous  vessels  are  built,  and  much  coal  ia 
.shipped  here. 

HOWE,  hOw,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HOWE,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HOWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HOWELL,  a  township  in  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2574. 

HOWELL,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Liviugsttn 
CO.,  Michigan,  33  miles  JS.S.E.  of  Lansing.  A  plank-road  ex- 
tends from  Howell  to  Detroit.  X  new.spaper  is  published 
here.     Pop.  of  Howell  township,  1766. 

HOWELL  FURNACE,  a  post-village  of  Jlonmouth  co., 
New  Jersey.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Freehold.  It  has  a.  church, 
and  a  large  Iron  furnace. 

HOWELL'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postofgee  of  Cherokee  co, 
Alabama. 

HOWELL'S  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  New 


now 


HUA 


York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  71  miles  from 
New  York  City. 

HOWELL'S  PPRTXO.  a  post-Tillaffo  of  Hardin  co.,  Ken- 
tucKy.  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Louisville. 

HOWliLLSVlLLE,  a  post-office  of  Robeson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

HOWELL VILLK.  a  post-villaze  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 4  or  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Media. 

IIOWELLVILLE,  a  station  on  tho  Cheater  Yallcy  Rail- 
road. 2.T  miles  from  Philadolphia. 

HOWELL  WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jeniov. 

HOWES,  a  parish  of  England.    See  Hosn. 

HOWE'S  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Hardin  CO.,  Kentucky. 

HOWICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
on  the  Lea,  4i  miles  E.N.E.  of  Alnwick.  Earl  Grey,  to  whom 
the  village  gives  the  title  of  vi.scount.  has  a  seat  here. 

HOW'tCK,  an  inland  county  of  West  Australia,  of  a  tri- 
angular form,  about  52  miles  long,  and  46  miles  in  breadth. 

ilOWICK.  an  island  group  on  the  S.K.  coast  of  Australia. 
In  lat.  14°  30'  S.,  Ion.  14.5°  E..  nearly  midway  between  Cape 
Flattery  and  Cape  Melville,  about  lo  in  number,  all  low,  and 
coveri^d.  for  the  most  part,  with  mangroves. 

HMWICZY,  ho-vee'chee.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
about  40  miles  from  Weisskirchen.     Pop.  3407. 

H(»Wr-HOWE,  hOw'ee'hOw'ee,  a  considerable  town  of 
Cbin.i.  province  of  Quang-tong,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Hainan,  about  3  miles  from  Hush-Eon,  on  a  narrow 
peninsula,  with  a  deep  bay  to  the  N.E.  It  is  the  residence 
of  the  Viceroy  of  Hai-nan,  and  the  principal  commercial 
town  of  the  i.sland. 

Hi  >W'LAND.  a  township  in  Penobscot  co..  Maine,  inter- 
sected by  the  Piscataquis  River,  about  90  miles  N.E.  of  Au- 
gustn.     Pop.  174. 

HOWLAND,  a  post-township  in  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  870. 

HOWL.WD'S,  Massachusetts,  a  stAtlon  on  the  railroad 
from  Mansfield  to  New  Bedford,  about  10  miles  from  the 
latter. 

HOW'LET  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co.,New  York. 

HOWTH.  hfiwTn,  The  Hiix  op.  a  peninsula  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Dublin,  forming  the  N.E.  screen 
of  Dublin  Bay.  It  is  mostly  a  rocky  and  remarkably  pictu- 
resque ridge,  rising  603  feet  above  the  sea.  The  village  is  S 
mil<'S  by  railway  E.N. E.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  692.  It  has  a  large 
harbor  of  refuge,  with  extensive  piers,  light-house,  Ac,  con- 
strui'ted  by  Telford,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  500.000/..  .an  old  cas- 
tle. tliR  seat  of  the  St.  F^wronce  family  for  nearly  7  centu- 
ries, ruins  of  a  church  erected  in  122S,  and  in  the  centre  of 
the  town,  the  remains  of  an  abbey  said  to  have  l)een  founded 
by  the  Danes  in  103S.  The  romantic  beauty  of  the  peninsula 
attra^'ts  numerous  visitors.  On  a  lofty  rock,  at  its  extre- 
mity, is  a  handsome  light-house,  with  a  fixed  red  light. 
Howth  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  descendants  of  its  .\nglo- 
Norman  conqiierors.  and  still  its  chief  proprietors,  the  St. 
Lawrence  or  Tristram  family. 

H'lX'.VE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  3i  miles 
N.E.  of  Eye.  Edmund.  King  of  the  East  Angle.s,  was  killed 
here  bv  the  Danes.  A.  D.  870. 

IIOXTER.  (Iloxter.)  hiix'ter,  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia, 42  miles  E.S.E.  of  ^linden,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
West-r.  Pop.  .36.57.  Two  miles  distant  is  Corvey,  an  ancient 
Benedictine  abbey. 

HOX'TON,  a  parochial  district,  forming  a  suburb  of  Lon- 
don, 2  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Paul's.  Here  is  the  H.aberdashers' 
Almshouse,  founded  in  1692  by  R.  Aske,  with  a  revenue  of 
3550?. 

HOY.  an  island  and  parish  of  Orkney.  2i  miles  S.  of  Strom- 
ness.  Length.  14  miles :  extreme  breadth.  6  miles.  Pop.  of 
the  island,  14S6.  It  has  fine  cliff  scenery,  and  a  harbor  at 
Longhope.  Weekly  communication  by  steam  is  maintained 
with  Leith. 

IIOY.V,  hoi'd,  a  county  of  Hanover,  enclosed  by  the  Weser 
and  Ilunte  Rivers.  Area,  1145  squiire  miles.  Pop.223,000. 
Chii-f  town,  Nienburg. 

nOY.\.  a  market-town  in  the  above  county,  on  the  Weser, 
23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bremen.     Pop.  200. 

HOYA-OONZALO.  o'yi-gon-zjlo.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Mur- 
cia.  15  miles  from  Albacete..     Pop.  1125. 

HOYER.  hoi'er,  a  petty  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  diichy 
of  Sleswick,  with  a  harbor  on  the  North  Sea,  26  miles  S.W. 
of  liibe. 

Hi  >YERSWERDA.  hoy'ers-frjR'di  or  W.\JRREZY,  -fti'-vA- 
r.Vzee.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  84  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lieg- 
nitz.  on  the  Black  Kister.     Pop.  2050. 

HOY'LaXD,  high,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

HOYLAND,  NETH'ER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

HOYLAND  SWAIN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

nOYLE  (boil)  LAKE,  or  HOY'LAKE.  a  village  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Cliester,  on  the  Dee.  at  its  mouth.  11  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Great  Neston.  Pop.  444.  It  has  buildings  for  the  ac- 
commcdation  of  sea-bathers,  and  two  light-houses  with  fixed 


lights,  in  lat.  5.3°  24'  N..  Ion.  3=  U'  W.  'When  brought  to 
range  in  the  same  line,  these  lights,  one  of  which  is  iijgher 
than  the  other,  lead  into  Iloylake  Roads,  which  afford  satb 
anchorage. 

HOYM.  hoim,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchv  of  Anlj.ilt-Born- 
burg,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Halberstadt.  Pop.  2300,  with  a  castle, 
the  ori'jinal  seat  of  the  Dukes  of  Anhalt-Bernburg. 

HOYO  DE  PINARES,  ho'yo  dA  pe-nd'rJs.atown  of  Spaiu, ' 
in  Old  Ca.stile,  35  miles  W.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  917 

IIOYOS.  htyyoce.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  48 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2136. 

HOY.S'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia,  165 
miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

IIRADEK,  h'rd/dSk,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Pisek. 

IIR.\DEK.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Kiiniggratz,  near 
the  frontier  of  Prussian  Silesia. 

IIRADEK,  or  WUNSCIIELBERG,  (Wiinschelberg.)  *iin'- 
shel-b^Ro\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  Breslau,  11  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Gl.at!!.     Pop.  1150. 

HRADISCII.h'ra'dish,orHRADISCn-UNGARI.SCIl,hra'- 
dish-COng'gaR-ish,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  an  island  in  tha 
March.  42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Briinn.     Pop.  2100., 

HRADISCH,  a  famous  old  convent  of  Moravia,  near  01- 
mut7,.  now  used  for  a  military  ^hospital. 

HRADISKO,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Gr.adlitz. 

HHOCIIOW-TEINITZ.  b'ro/Ki  vti'nits.  a  village  of  East 
Bohemia.  5  miles  E.  of  Chrudim.     Pop.  9C4. 

HROZINKAU,  Alt,  Alt  h'ro'zin-kOw\  a  large  village  of 
Austria,  in  Moravia,  circle  of  Ilradisch.     Pop.  2240. 

HROZINKAU.  Neu,  noi  h'ro'zin-kdw\  a  large  village  of 
Austria,  in  Moravia,  on  the  Betschwa,  48  miles  from  Weiss- 
kirchen.    Pop.  3050. 

HRUBIESZOW,  h'roo^es-kofr.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland, 
64  miles  S.E.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  1700. 

IIRUSOWANY.  a  town  of  Anstri.a.    See  Grusbach. 

HUACHAPURE,  wJ-chS-poo/rA  or  hwd-chd-poo/ri,*  a  head- 
land of  Chili,  in  lat.  34°  58'  S..  Ion.  72°  17'  W. 

IIU.\CHO.  wd'eho  or  hwd'cho.*  a  small  bay  of  Peru,  63 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Callao,  with  good  anchorage  in  5  fathoms. 
About  1  mile  from  the  coast  is  a  small  town  of  the  same  name. 

HU.WO,  an  island  in  the  Pacific.     See  Ouafo. 

HUAHKINE  or  HUAHINE.  hoo-d-hee/nA.  one  of  the  So- 
ciety Islands,  Pacific,  N.W.  of  T;ihiti.  Estimated  population, 
2000.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  fertile:  on  it  Cook 
planted  the  only  shaddock-tree  existing  in  the  Lsland. 

HUAHINi;.     SeellUAHElNE. 

IIUAILAS,  a  province  of  Peru.     See  Hc.ATLas. 

IIUALLAGA,  wdl-yd'gd  or  hwdl-yd'gd.*  a  river  of  Peru, 
rises  in  the  .\ndes.  near  l.it.  11°  S..  and  at  1,3,200  feet  above 
the  sea,  flows  mostly  northward,  and  joins  the  .\mazon  near 
lat.  5°  S..  and  Ion.  75°  40'  W..  after  a  total  course  estimated 
at  500  miles.  The  town  of  Iluanca  and  station  of  Las  La- 
gunas  are  on  its  banks,  and  near  lat.  7°  S.  it  runs  through 
a  narrow  gorse.  forming  there  and  elsewhere  several  falls. 

HUAMACHUCO.wd-ma•choo'ko.*orGUAMACIIUCO.gwd^ 
md-choo'ko,*  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of  Trujillo,  capital 
of  a  province,  55  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trujillo.  Pop.  of  the  pro- 
vince in  1850.  60.854. 

HUA.MALIES,  wd-md-le-fs',  or  GUAMALIES,  gwd-md- 
\e-hs>.  a  piovince  of  Peru,  department  of  Junin.  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  central  ridge  of  the  Andes,  on  the  Tunguragua. 
Ijength.  129  miles;  breadth,  about  30  miles.  It  has  mer- 
cury and  silver  mines,  and  the  ruins  of  ancient  Peruvian 
fortresses,  temples,  and  palaces.     Pop.  in  1S50,  32.027. 

IIUAMANGA.  wd-mdng'gd.  orGUAMAXG  A,  gwd-mdng'gd, 
a  city  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  and  of 
the  department  of  Ayacucho,onanaffluentof  the  Apurimac, 
140  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cuzco,  on  the  route  thence  to  Lima, 
It  is  finely  situated,  handsomely  built,  and  has  a  cathedral, 
numerous  other  religious  edifices,  and  a  college  with  the  pri- 
vileges of  a  university.  It  was  founded  by  Piznrro  in  1539. 
Near  it  the  troops  of  Sucre  defeated  the  Spaniards,  and  ter- 
minated the  Spanish  dominion  in  South  America  in  1824. 
Pop.  20.0(X);  of  the  province,  in  1860,  29,617. 

HUAMANTLA,  wd-mdntld.  a  town  of  Mexico,  about  two 
days'  march  N.  by  E.  of  Puebla.  A  battle  was  fought  here, 
October  9th,  1847,  between  a  detachment  of  the  -American 
army  and  the  Mexicans  commanded  by  Santa  Anna,  result- 
ing in  the  defeat  of  the  latter.  The  former  had  13  killed, 
(including  Captain  Walker.)  and  11  wounded. 

HUAMBLIN,  wdm-bleen'.  or  SOCORRO.  so-koR'Ro,  an 
isl.and  on  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  in  lat.  44°  49'  S.,  Ion. 
75°15'W. 

HU.\NCANE,  wdn-kd'n.A.  a  province  of  Peru,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Puno.     Pop.  in  18.^0.  56.765. 

HUANCAVELICA,wdn-kd-vd-leenid,  or  GUANCABELICA, 


*The  names  of  places  in  Spain,  Mexico,  &c.,  beginning  with /m, 
likJ  those  beginning  witli  gu,  sonnd  very  nearly  as  if  they  com- 
menced with  an  English  if;  hence  llunmanicho  and  Gnama- 
cucho,  are  to  be  pronounced  nearly  alike,  almost  wah-mal.-koo'- 
cho.  It  may  be  observed  th.it  the  Mexicans  generally  sound  a 
and  z  preci.sely  alike,  although  a  triie  Spaniard  will  make  a 
marked  ditforence  in  their  pronouuciation. 

875 


HUA 


HUD 


gwin-ti-n^-lee'ki,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  and 
of  a  department  of  its  own  name,  in  the  Andes.  SO  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Guanianga.  Elevation,  11.000  feet.  Most  of  the 
Inhabitints  are  enii;a,<red  in  mining,  and  smeUini;  the  ores 
of  gold,  silver,  and  mercury  raised  in  its  viciiuty.  Pop. 
8000;  of  the  province  in  ISoO,  17,318;  and  of  the  depart- 
ment, 80.117. 

IIUA.NTA,  win'ta.  or  GUAXTA,  gwjnta,  called  also 
irCANCAYO.  w4n-ki'o,  a  town  of  I'eru.  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Juuin,  25  miles  S.E. 
of  Jauj;u     Pop.  of  the  province,  in  1S50,  2(i,35S. 

HUANUCO,  wl'noo-ko.  or  GUANUCO.  gwi'nooko,  a  town 
of  I'eru.  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  of  the  de- 
partment of  Juuin,  among  the  Andes,  180  miles  X.N.E.  of 
Lima.  It  was  formerly  important,  but  is  now  much  decayed. 
Pop.  of  the  province,  in  1850,  26,799. 

lIUAQUr.  a  river  of  Mexico.    See  Yaqct. 

HCTAKAZ.  -wSt-rSaJ,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ancach.  130  miles  S.E.  of  Trujillo.  Pop.  5000;  of 
the  department,  in  1850,  219,li5. 

HUARI,  wj-ree/,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name,  E.  of  the  Andes,  about  1(50  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Trujillo.     Pop.  of  the  province,  in  1850, 48.579. 

nUAROCUIRI,  wj-ro-che-ree',  or  GUAJ50CniRI,  gwj- 
ro-che-ree'.  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of  Lima,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  own  name,  afr  the  foot  of  the  .\nde8,  00  miles 
E.  of  Lima,     Pop.  of  the  province,  in  ISS*],  14.400. 

nU.\l{TE,  wiR'ti.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  in  Xavarre. 
province,  and  4  miles  E.X.E.  of  Pamplona,  near  the  left  bank 
of  the  Arga. 

IIUAKTE  SANTA  ARAQUIL,  wjR'tA  sSn'ti  i-ri-keeV,  a 
walled  market-town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  15  miles  W.  of 
Pamplona,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Araquil. 

UUASACUALCO  or  GUAZACUALCX),  gwis-a-kwaiOco,  a 
small  river  of  Mexico,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  states  of  Vera  Cruz  and  Tobasco.  At  its  mouth, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Me.xico,  there  is  a  tolerable  harbor. 

IIUASCO,  wis'ko.  or  GUASCO,  gwi^^ko,  a  town  of  South 
America,  in  Chili,  department,  and  110  miles  N.  of  Coquim- 
bo,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Iluasco,  in  which  it  has  a  small 
harbor. 

HUATTLCO,  a  free  port  of  Mexico.    See  GcAirLCO. 

HUAURA,  wow'rd,  or  GUAURA,  gwow'rl,  a  seaport  town 
of  Peru,  department  of  Lima,  province,  and  50  miles  N.W. 
of  Chaneay.  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Guanra.  with  some 
Bait-works  and  remains  of  ancient  X'eruvian  edifices. 

UUAYLAS.  IIUAILAS.  wi'ljs.  or  GUAILAS,  gwilis,  a 
province  of  Peru,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Andes,  .about  lat.  9° 
30'  S.  Length,  129  miles :  breadth,  36  miles.  It  is  watered 
by  the  Salta  and  other  rivers.  The  rich  gold  and  copper 
mines  are  wrought,  but  those  of  gold  and  silver  appear  to  be 
exhausted.    Pop.  in  1850,  84,676. 

IIURH,  htib.  a  river  of  Beloochistan,  after  a  total  course 
of  100  miles  falls  into  the  .Arabian  Sea  on  the  N.TV.  side  of 
Cape  Monze,  in  lat.  24°  50'  N..  Ion.  6C°36'E. 

IIUBB.a  small  stream  of  Beloochistan,  falls  into  the  Poo- 
rally  in  lat.  26°  40'  N.,  Ion.  66°  26'  E. 

UUB'B.VRD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1301. 

IIUIiB.\RD.  a  post-office  of  Clark  CO.,  Indiana. 

HUBBARD,  a  township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin.   P.  2810. 

HUBBARD'S  CORNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Madison  co-New 
York. 

nUBTJARDSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worces- 
ter CO.,  Massachusetts,  55  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
1621. 

HUB'BARDTON,  a  post-township  of  Rutland  eo^  Vermont, 
about  46  miles  S.S.W.  of  MOntpelier.     Pop.  600. 

HUBBAKDTON  KIVER.  a  fine  mill  stream  of  Addison 
CO.,  Vermont  falls  info  the  head  of  East  Bay. 

HUB'BERTSTOX.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

nUBERTSBURG,  hoo/ljjrts-b«5RG\  a,  village  and  royal 
caiitle  of  Saxony,  24  miles  E.  of  Leipsic.  In  the  castle  wtis 
signed  the  peace  of  1763,  which  terminated  the  Seven  Y'ears' 
War. 

HUB'LERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  Xittany  Valley,  88  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

HU'BY.  a  township,  Engl.ind.  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

HUCKESW.\GEN,  (HUckeswagen,)  hiik'ks's-wi'ghen.  a 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussu,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dusseidorfl 
Pop.  2ii:il. 

IICCK'ING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

UCCKLKCOT,  huk'el-kot,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.,  and 
3  miles  V..  of  Gloucester. 

HUCK'NALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  7  miles  N.W. 
of  Nottinghim.  The  church  contains  a  monument  to  the 
poet,  Byron,  who  was  interred  here  in  1824. 

UUCK'NALL-LNDER-llUTII'WAITE,a  hamlet  of  England, 
CO.  of  Nottingham. 

nUD'D  K  KS  Fl  KLD.a  parliamentary  lx)rough.  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  c-o.  of  York.  West  Riding,  on  the 
Colne.  and  on  the  Lanciister  and  Yorkshire  Railway,  14 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.of  borough,  34,874.  It  is  mostly 
built  of  Kfona,  ou  a  hill-slope,  and  has  an  elegant  modern 
pttrish  ch  urch,  several  handsome  subordinate  churches,  many 


dissenting  chapels,  including  one  belonging  to  the  Jlethod- 
ists.  said  to  be  the  lar>rest  in  England,  a  national  proprietary 
college,  a  church  collegiate  school,  several  endowed  free 
.schools,  and  otlier  charities,  a  large,  handsome  infirmary, 
a  mechanics'  institute  and  philosophical  liall.  subscription 
library,  news-room,  banking  company,  several  branch  banks, 
and  a  spacious  circular  piece-hall,  containing  warehou.se  room 
for  about  GOO  manufacturers,  who  expose  their  goods  here  for 
sale  on  market  days.  The  principal  manufactures  of  the 
town  and  vicinity,  are  broad  and  narrow  cloths,  kerseymeres, 
flushings,  serges,  cords,  and  espeiially  '•  fancy  goods."'  In 
1839.  there  were  106  mills  here,  employing  342S  hands,  but  it 
is  estimated  that  the  entire  manufacturing  population,  in- 
cluding weavers  at  present  more  than  doubles  this  number. 
The  trade  is  greatly  facilitated  by  theabund.anceof  cfial  in  the 
vicinity,  and  by  canals  connecting  with  both  the  Mersey  and 
Humljer;  that  connecting  with  the  former  is  cariied  at  the 
highest  canal  level  in  England,  through  the  chain  of  the 
'•English  .\pennines."  by  a  stupendous  tunnel  Sj  miles  in 
length.  The  Leeds  and  JIanchester  Railway  p.'jsses  within 
4  miles  of  the  town,  and  the.-?  is  another  railway  direct  to 
Manchester,  and  one  to  ShefReld.  Iluddersfield  sends  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  Roman  station, 
Oxnib'idiilnum,  is  said  to  have  been  in  this  parish. 

IIUD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

HUD'DLESTON,  a.  post-ofHce  of  Rapides  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

HUDDLESTON,  a  past-ofJice  of  Pike  co.,  Arkansas. 

11 UDD LESION'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  WUsob 
CO.,  Tennes.see. 

IIUDIKSVALL.  hoo/diks-vair,  orllUDDlKSVALL,  hood'- 
diks-vdir,  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  laen.  and  70  miles  N.of 
GeHe.  on  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lat  64°43'45"N, 
Ion.  17°  15' E.    Pop.  1877. 

lUDLlTZ,  hafidOits,  or  UUDLICE,  h(56d  leel'^i,  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  4  miles  from  Bcraun.     Pop.  1181. 

UUIfSON,  or  NORTH  RIVER,  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
important  in  the  United  States,  is  formed  by  two  small 
streams,  which  rise  in  the  Adirondack  Mount.tjns.  one  in 
Hamilton,  and  the  other  in  E.ssex  countj-,  New  York,  and 
unite  in  Warren  county,  about  -W  miles  from  the  source  of 
each.  To  Sandy  Hill  the  course  of  the  river  is  irregular, 
being  first  S.  by  E..  then  E.,  after  which  it  flows  almost  in  a 
straight  line,  nearly  due  S.,  entering  New  York  Bay  in  lat 
4u°  42'  N.,  Ion.  74°  1'  30"  W.  lU  entire  length  is  rather 
more  than  300  miles :  its  breadth  below  Albany  varies  from 
300  to  yOO  yards.  Between  Haver«traw  and  Pierniont.  how- 
ever, for  a  distance  of  10  or  12  miles,  it  expands  into  a  broad 
basin,  4  or  5  miles  wide.  It  has  but  few  tributaries :  the 
Mohawk,  flowing  into  it  near  Troy,  and  the  Walkill.  entei^ 
jng  it  at  Kingston,  are  the  principal.  The  scenery  of  the 
Hudson  is  in  the  highest  degree  picturesque,  and  in  some 
places  sublime.  The  banks  are  generally  elevated,  and  not 
unfrequently  rise  to  lofty  eminences,  many  of  which  are 
rocky  and  precipitous.  At  the  Pa.ssage  of  the  Highlands.  52 
miles  above  New  York,  the  view  is  eminently  grand  and  im- 
posing. A  chain  was  suspended  aerosii  the  river  at  this 
place  in  the  Revolution,  to  prevent  the  enemy's  vessels  as- 
cending. On  the  W.  shore,  about  30  miles  below,  com- 
mences what  is  called  the  "  Palisades."  f»  remarkable  range 
of  trap  rock,  which  ri-ses  perpendicularly  from  the  margin 
of  the  river,  nearly  500  feet,  and  extends  18  or  20  miles 
down  the  stream.  The  largest  ships  ascend  to  Hudson, 
about  117  miles,  and  sihooners  to  Troy,  at  the  head  of  tide- 
water, a  distance  of  160  miles.  As  a  commercial  channel, 
prolMjbly  no  river  in  the  United  States  of  equal  extent  is  .so 
important  as  the  Hudson.  Upwards  of  70  s;»i!-vessels.  all 
moving  at  the  same  time,  have  been  counted  from  a  single 
point  of  observation  on  its  h'lnks.  A  great  nnml>erof  steiun- 
i>oats,  many  of  them  of  immense  size,  jilso  ply  between  New 
Y'ork,  Albany,  and  the  intermediate  pla<v.s.  Some  of  these 
are  among  the  most  splendid  water-craft  in  the  world. 
Thirty-two  years  ago  there  were  only  22  sailing-vessels  n.ivi- 
gating  the  Hudson.  In  1852.  this  numl>er  had  increased  to 
569,  and  the  total  number  of  vessels  plying  on  its  waters 
was  807.  The  first  successful  attempt  at  propelling  vessels 
by  steam  was  made  upon  the  waters  of  this  river,  by  Roljert 
Fulton,  in  1808.  The  Hudson  Riveb  derived  its  n.-iuie  from 
Henry  Hudson,  who  ascended  it  in  1607.  It  was  at  first 
called  North  River,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Delaware, 
which  was  originally  called  by  the  Dutch  Solth,  (.Zuyd) 
River. 

HUDSON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  New  Jersey,  has 
an  area  of  about  180  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  the  Passaic  liiver.  Newark  Biiy.  and  the  Kills:  on 
the  E.  by  New  York  Bay  and  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  Passaic  River,  and  is  interse<'ted  by  the  Ilacken- 
sack  and  Saddle  Rivers.  The  surface  is  elevated  in  the  Ji, 
and  W.  portions,  while  the  valley  of  the  Ilackensack  li^-s  ia 
the  centre.  Slagnetic  iron  ore  and  limestone  are  found,  and 
there  are  extensive  deposits  of  copper  in  the  W.  part,  near 
the  I'assaic  River.  Tiie  county  is  intersected  by  tlie  New 
Jersey  Railroad,  by  the  Erie  Railroad,  and  by  the  MorrU 
Camil.  Niimed  from  the  river  which  form.s  its  E.  bounOarr 
Capital,  Jersey  City,  or  Hudson.    Pop.  62,717. 


HUD 


HUE 


HUDSON,  a  post-Tillage  and  township  of  Ilillsborouiih  oo., 
New  iranipshii-e,  on  the  Merrimack  Itivt^,  which  is  here 
cr(»<se<l  by  a  bridge,  about  36  miles  S.  by  K.  of  Concord. 
Pop.  1222. 

IIUOHOX,  a  city  and  seat  of  justice  of  Columbia  CO.,  New 
York,  is  situated  on  the  the  left  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  at 
the  head  of  ship  navigation,  and  on  tlie  Hudson  Kiver  Unil- 
road,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Hudson  and  Herkshire  Kailroad, 
110  milf-s  N.  of  New  York  City.  Lat.  42<=  U'N..  Ion.  73°  4«'  W. 
It  is  built  upon  an  elevation,  which  rises  in  th«  background 
to  a  heljrht  of  200  feet,  called  Prospect  Hill.  In  front,  the 
bank,  which  is  here  60  feet  hifih,  projects  into  the  river, 
termiiiatinft  in  a  bold  promontory,  on  the  brow  of  which  is 
a  delifihtful  promenade,  and  on  either  side  a  fine  bay, 
having  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  for  the  largest  ships. 
Along  the  margin  of  these  Imys,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  pro- 
montory, are  the  wharves,  which  are  carried  out  on  a  line 
with  the  base  of  the  hill.  The  city  is  for  the  most  part  regu- 
larly laid  out,  with  sti-eets  usually  intersecting  each  other 
at  rigHit  angles.  Near  the  river  are  extensive  warehouses, 
stores,  &c.  Warren  street  is  the  principal  thoroughfare  and 
seat  of  bu8ine.ss.  It  extends  in  a  S.K.  direction,  about  a 
mile,  terminating  near  a  fine  public  square.  The  principal 
public  buildings  are  the  Court-house,  a  handsome  edifice, 
constructed  of  marble  and  limestone,  and  surmounted  by  a 
dome,  and  8  or  10  churches.  The  city  conbtins,  1  national 
bank,  2  other  banks,  and  several  seminaries  of  learning. 
One  daily  and  three  weekly  newsi)apers  are  published  here. 
Hudson  is  both  a  commercial  and  n)an>ifacturing  city. 
Formerly  it  was  extensively  engaged  in  the  West  India  trade, 
but  of  late  this  business  has  mostly  given  place  to  the  river 
trade.  Great  quantities  of  produce  are  also  brought  to  its 
markets  from  the  interior.  It  enjoys  superior  advantages 
for  manufacturing,  as  the  streams  in  the  vicinity  afford  good 
water-power.  Here  are  2  extensive  iron  furnaces,  and  about 
70  manufactories  of  various  kinds.  Hudson  is  well  supplied 
with  pure  water  from  springs  at  the  foot  of  Becraft  iMoun- 
tain,  about  2  miles  distant.  Steamboats  plying  between 
New  York  and  Albany  touch  here,  and  a  steam  ferry  crosses 
to  Athens,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Settled  in  1784, 
and  incorporated  a  city  in  1785.  Pop.  in  1850, 6289;  in  1S60, 
7187  ;  in  1S65, 10,500. 

HUD.SON,  a  post-village  of  Hudson  co.,  New  Jersey,  about 
3  miles  W.  of  New  York.    Pop.  722!).    See  Appendix. 

HUDSON,  a  post-oftico  of  Caswell  co.,  North  Carolina. 

HUDSO.V,  a  post-villaire  of  Franklin  CO.,  Georgia,  about 
100  miles  N.  by  K.  of  Milledgeville. 

HUDSON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of  Sum- 
mit CO..  Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  at 
thejunction  ofthe  Clinton  Line  Kailroad,  in  progress.  24  miles 
S.K.  of  the  former,  and  123  miles  N.K.  of  Columbus.  The 
village  Is  handsomely  situated  and  neatly  built.  It  con- 
tains^ churches  of  3  denominations,  and  several  stores.  The 
Western  Reserve  College,  at  this  place,  was  founded  in  1826, 
and  is  a  flourishing  institution,  with  6  instriictors,  and  a 
library  of  10,000  volumes.  Population  of  township  in  1850, 
14,57:  in  1S60,  869. 

HUDSON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Lena- 
wee CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Michigan  .Southern  Kailroad,  and 
on  Tiffin's  Creek.  16  miles  W.  of  Adrian.  Pop.  about  600; 
of  the  township,  1489. 

HUDSON',  a  postvillage  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Huron  Kiver,  alx)ut  50  miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

HUDSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  La  Porte  Co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Michigan  Southern  Kailroad.     Pop.  504. 

HUDSON,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Mcljean  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Kailroad.  8  or  9  miles  N.  of  Bloomington. 

HUDSON,  a  village  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  20  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Iowa  City. 

HUDSON,  formerly  WILLOW  RIVER,  a  post-village  and 
capita!  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake 
St.  Croix,  at  the  mouth  of  Willow  Kiver.  18  miles  E.  of  St.Paul, 
Minnesota.  It  contains  6  churches,  2  banks,  1  newspaper 
office,  and  17  stores.   Pop.  in  1860,1560;  in  1S65, about  2000. 

HUDSON,  a  township  of  Walworth  co.,Wi8consin.  P.  1338. 

HUD'SON'S  BAY,  sometimes  called  HUDSON'S  SEA,  an 
Inland  sea  of  North  America,  between  lat.  51°  and  64°  N..  and 
Ion.  77°  and  95°  W..  enclosed  by  British  territory  on  all  sides, 
except  the  N.E.,  where  it  communicates  with  Davis's  Strait 
by  Hudson's  Strait.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  850  miles: 
breadth,  600  miles.  Its  S.  part  is  named  James's  Bay,  and 
receives  the  Albany,  Moose,  and  other  rivers.  Hudson's  Bay 
ftas  bold  shores,  numerous  islands,  reefs,  and  sandbanks, 
tnd  on  its  coasts  severjil  settlements  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company:  it  is  free  from  ice  and  navigable  for  only  a  few 
months  in  the  year.  The  htltiga.  or  white  whale,  is  occa- 
sionally found  in  Its  waters,  but  fish,  and  a.\ao  Crustacea,  are 
scarce. 

HUDSON'S  BAY  COMPANY.    See  next  article. 

HUDSON'S  BAY  TERRITORY;  or.  the  Territory  of  IIotv 
son's  Bat  Company,  a  vast  tract  of  country,  comprising 
nearly  the  whole  of  British  North  America,  w'ith  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Canadas,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  New- 
foundland, and  the  other  British  settlements  on  this  part 
Of  the  E.  joast,  which,  with  the  United  States  territory, 


form  its  limit  on  the  S. ;  the  Atlantle  bounding  it  on  the 
E.,  the  Pacific  on  the  'W.,  and  the  Ai-ctic  Ocean  on  tlie 
N.  In  this  space  is  comprehended  the  great  inland  sea 
known  as  Hudson's  B,ay,  and  an  immense  number  of  1.  ><;e 
lakes  and  rivers  W.  of  it,  many  of  the  former  upwards  ■  f 
100  miles  in  length.  It  also  comprises  a  portion  of  tl;a 
Kocky  Mountains,  and  several  islands  on  the  W.  coast,  iu 
eluding  that  of  Vancouver,  about  300  miles  long,  and  up- 
wards of  50  broad.  The  peninsula  of  I..iibrador  forms  its 
most  eastern  limit.  The  whole  country  is  divided  into  four 
large  departments  or  regions: — The  N.  department,  whict 
includes  all  the  establishments  in  the  far  N.  and  frozen  re 
gions,  comprising  the  valley  ofthe  Mackenzie  River,  and  the 
country  between  the  sterile  region  and  the  Rocky  Jloun- 
tains  N.  of  I^ake  Athabasca: — The  S.  department  extending 
on  both  shores  of  James's  Bay.  and  along  the  S.  shore* 
of  Hudson's  l!ay,  as  far  W.  as  Cape  Churchill,  and  inland  to 
the  ridge  which  forms  the  N.  boundary  of  Canada,  and  to 
the  Ijikes  Superior,  Winnipeg.  Deer,  and  Wollaston : — The 
Montreal  department,  including  the  country  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  .Montreal,  up  the  Ottiwa  lUver.  and  along  the 
N.  .shore  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  E.sijuimaux  Bay; 
and  the  Columbia  department.  whi<'h  comprehends  an  im- 
mense extent  of  country  to  the  W.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  cimntry  on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  forming  part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Ijibrador,  is  called  East  Main  ;  that  on 
the  S.W.,  New  South  Wale.s.  The  Hudson's  Bay  Territory 
is  in  possession  of  the  Hudson's  B.iy  Company,  wtio 'merely 
use  it  as  hunting  grounds,  from  which  to  obtain  supplies  of 
furs  for  the  markets  of  the  world.  These  are  i)robalily  up- 
wards of  20  different  kinds,  the  most  valuable  of  which  is 
that  of  the  black  fox.  The  other  articles  of  commerce  are 
oils,  dried  and  salted  fish,  fe.athens,  quills,  and  walrus  ivory. 
The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  was  chartered  by  Charles  II., 
in  1670.    See  British  America. 

HUDSON'S  .STRAIT,  In  British  North  America,  between 
lat.  00°  and  64°  N.,  and  Ion.  65°  and  77°  W.,  is  about  450 
miles  iu  length,  with  an  average  breadth  of  100  niilep, 
though  in  its  narrowest  part  but  about  CO  miles,  and  con- 
nects Hudson's  Bay  with  the  oce.an  and  Davis's  Strait. 

HUIVSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Jlissia 
sippi.  "200  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jack.son. 

HUDSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ken 
tucky.  about  r20  miles  AV.S.'W.  of  Frankfort. 

HUDSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Crawfi)rd  co..  Illinois,  on 
the ri;.;ht bank ofWabash River,  about 8  miles  N.of  P.ilestine 

llUl^,  hwA  or  hoo-A'.  a  river  of  Anam,  after  an  E.N.E 
course  of  about  100  miles,  falls  into  the  iiiad  of  Hue.  05 
miles  N.W.  of  Turon  Harlwr.  Lat.  16°  N.  It  is  hro.ad.  sbal 
low.  and  only  navigable  for  sm.all  craft;  the  road  forms  an 
excellent  harlior,  where  vessels  of  200  tons  can  ride  in  .safety 
during  the  S.W.  monsoon. 

HU£,  HU£-FO,  THUA-THIEN,  t'hwlHe-Jn'.  or  PIIUX- 
UAN,  fooxVin',  the  capital  city  of  the  empire  of  Anam,  in 
Cochin-China,  on  the  IIu6  River,  alwut  10  miles  from  Its 
mouth,  in  the  China  Sea.  Lat.  16°  30'  N.,  Ion.  107°  12'  E.  It 
has  probably  no  parallel  in  the  East,  having  been  early  in 
the  present  century  regularly  fortified  in  the  European  style. 
Its  walls,  mounting  numerous  cannon,  and  upwards  of  6 
miles  in  circumference,  enclose  an  inner  citadel,  with  the 
palace,  and  spacious  barracks,  large  public  granaries,  an 
arsenal,  and  various  magazines,  which,  with  other  public 
buildings,  are  supplied  with  water  by  a  broad  canal  from 
the  river,  faced  with  masonry,  and  cro?.sed  by  some  fine 
bridges;  a  large  garrison,  and  fleet  of  galleys,  are  usually 
stationed  here. 

IIUKBKO.  wAOaro,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalu.sia,  about 
20  miles  from  Almeria.     Pop.  1010. 

HUECIJA  or  HUECIXA.  w.Uhee/nl  a  village  of  Spain, 
in  .\ndalusia,  13  miles  N.  of  .\lmeria.    Pop.  10'27. 

HUEHUETOCA,  w.A-w.i-to'ka,  or  6UEGUET0CA,  gwi- 
gw.A-to'kd,  a  village  of  Mexico,  state,  and  30  miles  N.  of 
Jlexico. 

HUEJOCINGO  or  IIUEXOCINGO,  wA-Ho-seeng'go,  a  Til- 
lage of  Mexico.  18  miles  N.AV.  of  the  city  of  La  Puebla. 

HUELOOAT,  hwjl'go-^,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Finlstere,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Chateaulin.     Pop.  1170. 

HUELM.\,  wJl'md,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27 
miles  S.E.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  2973. 

HUELVA,  vfkVyi  or  hwjl'vl,  or  IIUELBA.  w^'bd;  fane. 
Onoba.)  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  the  province 
of  .same  name,  on  an  inlet  ofthe  Atlantic,  49  miles  W.S.W. 
of  .Seville.     Pop.  7173. 

HUELVA.  a  provinceof  Spain,  occupying  the  W.  extremity 
of  Andalusia.    Area.  33''7  square  miles.     Pop.  153,462. 

HUENEJA,  wA-nA/iii,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  37 
miles  E.  of  Granada.    Pop.  2350. 

HUERCAL.  wjR-kil',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  3 
miles  from  Almeria.     Pop.  1600. 

HUEKCAL-OVERA,  wja-kdl' o-T^/r^,  or  HUERCAL-OBE- 
RiV.  w^R-kdl'o-Ba'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  40  miles 
N.E.  Almeria,  near  the  Almanzor.  Pop.,  includimr  the  sur- 
rounding villages,  12,912.  Its  Inhaliltants.  with  those  ofthe 
vicinity,  are  employed  in  manufactures  of  lace,  table  linena, 
and  soap. 

877 


HUE 


HUL 


HTJERTA,  wjR'tJ.  numerous  yillapres  of  Spain,  the  most 
^  )rthy  of  notice  beinjj;  Huerta  de  A'aldecarabaBos.  province, 
aid  17  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  2000. 

UUKKTA-DEL-KEY.  w4R'td-<i6l-r4/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile.  4S  miles  S.S.E.  of  Burgos.     Pop.  oti3. 

IIUK^A,  wd'si,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  45  miles  S.of 
Sarajras.sa.     Pop.  636. 

IIUESCA.  wJstvi  or  hwjs'kl,  (anc.  Os>ca.)  a  city  of  Spain, 
in  Aragon,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  riurht  bank  of  the 
Isuela,  36  miles  N.E.  of  Saragossa.  Pop.  9200.  It  is  _"  a  fine 
specimen  of  an  old  Araironese  city,  being  solidly  built  and 
picturesque,"  but  decaying.  Principal  edifices,  the  fine  Go- 
thic Cathedral,  with  numerous  statues,  and  a  magnificent 
altar-piece,  about  15  convents,  a  foundling  hospital,  cavalry 
barracks,  and  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Kings  of  Aragon, 
memorable  for  the  "msssju-re  of  the  bell."  Its  university 
was  founded  in  1.354:  and  it  has  2  other  colleges,  and  some 
schools.  Near  it  are  two  remarkable  monasteries,  contain- 
ing striking  works  of  art.  Huesca  has  some  tanneiies, 
Unen  manufactures,  and  a  large  annual  lair. 

HUE.SCA.  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  France,  and  E.  bv  the  province  of  Lerida.  Area, 
6262  square  miles.     Pop.  247,105. 

HUESC.^K,  w^kaR  or  hwfe'kaR,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
Tince.  and  68  miles  N.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  5640. 

IIUICTE,  wi'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  34  miles 
N.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  2620.     It  has  a  fort. 

IIUETOU-SAXTII.,LAN,  w4-toR'-s3n-teel-yin',  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  813. 

HUETOK-TAJOK,  wA-toR'-ti-uoR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia. 26  miles  W.  of  Granada,  on  the  Genii.     Pop.  1317. 

HUKFTON,  a  po.st-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

HUFINGEN.  (HUfingen.)  hU'flng-?n.  a  town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Lake,  9  miles  S.  of  Villingen.    Pop.  1600. 

IIUGELIIEIM,  (Iliigelheim.)  hU'ghel-hime\  a  village  of 
Baden.  5^  miles  S.W.  of  Kastadt.     Pop.  766. 

HUG'G  ATE.  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

HUG'GLESCOTE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

IIUG'GINS'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  JIcNairy  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

HUGHESBURQ,  huz/bUrg,  a  postrofflce of  Harersham,  co., 
Georgia. 

HUGHES'  (hu'zfz)  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Union  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

HUGHES  RIVER,  of  Western  Virgini.i,  ri.ses  in  Lewis 
and  Doddridge  counties,  flows  W,  and  ent«rs  the  Little  Ka- 
nawha Kiver,  near  tlie  N,  border  of  Wirt  county. 

IIUGHESVILLE.  huz'vil,  a  flourishing  village  of  Warren 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  .Muscouetcong  Creek,  about  18  miles 
S.  bv  W,  of  Belvidere. 

HUG  H  ES  VI LLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Wolfe  town- 
ship. Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  19  miles  E.  of  Williams- 
port,  it  derives  its  support  chiefly  from  the  lumber  busi- 
ness.    Pop,  363. 

IIUGHESVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia, 
154  miles  X.  of  Kiihmond. 

IIUGHLEY.  hu'lee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop, 

HUGH'SONVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  S,W.  part  of 
Dutchess  CO,,  New  York,  about  60  miles  N.  of  New  York 
Citv. 

HU'GUENOT,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co„  New  York. 

HUIINEUWASSEll.  (Hiihnerwasser.)  HUNEHWASSER, 
hU'ner-wis'ser.  HUNN  EKWASSER.  orKUliZlWODY.  kooR'- 
jse-fto^dee.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  12  miles  N,W,of Buntzlau, 
on  a  height,  surrounded  by  forests.     Pop.  1102. 

IIUl.'^Il,  hwish.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HUISH  CAMP'FLUWER,  a  parish  of  EngUnd,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

IIUI.^H  EPIS/COPI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 

HUISH,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon. 

HUISH,  SOUTH,  a  p:irish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

IIUISNE,  ween  or  hween,  a  river  of  Fi-ance,  joins  the 
Sarthe  1  mile  below  Le  Mans,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  65  miles. 

HUISSEAU,  hwees'sC'.  several  villages  of  France:  the 
principal,  Hulsskau-sir-Maive.  hweesWstlR-niov.  in  the  de- 
partment of  Ix)iret.  9  miles  W.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  1.383. 

IIUIS.SEN.  hois'sen.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.  Gelderland, 
on  the  Old  Rhine,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  287. 

HUIZE.X.  hoi'zgn.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Holland.  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Amsterdiim.    Pop.  2342. 

HUIZU.M,  hni//,tim.  or  HUSUM.  hU'sQm.  a  vilhige  of  the 
Netherlnuds,  Frieshind,  1  mile  S.E.  of  Leeuwardeu.  Pop. 
WO.  ^ 

IIUJAMREE,  hoo'jim'ree,  a  mouth  of  the  Great  F-ast 
rhannel  of  the  Indus,  in  lat.  24°  10'  X..  Ion.  67°28'E,,  and 
170  yards  across  at  Vikkur,  20  miles  from  the  sea. 

HUKOXO,  hoo^koiig'.  or  PAYEX-DWEN.  pWnMwJn'.  a 
trnUe;  In  the  N.of  Burm,ah,  on  the  A.ssam  frontier,  bounded 
an  all  sides  by  hills  of  the  .^huedouuggvi  range.  The  prin- 
di>Hl  river  of  the  valley  is  the  Khven-dweni,  The  inhalit- 
fflti  are  chiefly  Singphofw,  and  their  Assamese  slaves, 

1IUKW.\XG,  an  old  province  of  China.     See  Hoo-QuANO. 

HUi/BURTON.  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co..  New  York, 
•>n  the  Erie  ("anal,  alnjut  25  miles  W.  of  Rochester. 

HUL'COTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
»78 


HULDENBERGTI,  htil'den-bJRG\  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Brahnnt.     Pop.  1520. 

HULEIN,  hooaiue.  or  HOULIX,  hoo'lin,  a  market-town 
of  Moravia,  on  the  railway  from  Aienna  to  Olmutz,  10  milee 
S.  of  Prerau.     Pop.  1968. 

HULL.  hQll.  or  KINGS'TON-UPOS-HULL,  a  large  river  port, 
municipal  and  parliamentary  borough  of  England.and  county 
of  itself,  CO.  of  York.  East  Riding,  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of 
the  estujiry  of  the  Humber,  where  it  is  joined  bv  the  Hull, 
about  20  miles  from  its  motith.  and  at  the  junction  rf  the 
Hull  and  Selby  and  the  Hull  and  Bridlington  Railwavs,  34 
miles  E,S,E,  of  York,  Lat,  (citiidel)  53°  44'  36"  N,,  Vm.  0° 
20'  W.  The  old  town,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in 
length,  stands  on  the  W,  side  of  the  river  Hull,  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  Humber,  and  is  enclosed  from  N.  to  W.  by 
three  noble  docks,  cros.sed  by  movable  bridges.  Beyond 
these  are  Myton  on  the  W.,  Sculcoates  on  the  N..  both  con- 
taining populous  quarters  of  the  modern  town ;  and  beyond 
the  Hull,  on  the  E.,  are  Sutton  and  Drypool,  with  a  large 
citadel  occupying  the  E,  angle,  formed  "by  the  Hull  and 
Humlier.  The  town  ha.s  a  respectable,  but  not  a  striking 
appearance:  it  is  generally  well  built,  pretty  well  drained, 
and  amply  supplied  with  water.  A  line  of  streets  runs 
from  the  Humber  northward  through  the  middle  of  the  old 
town,  and  is  crossed  by  several  others  leading  to  still  broader 
thoroughfares  beyond  the  docks,  all  which  present  good 
shops,  and  commonly  a  very  busy  scene  of  traffic.  In  Scul- 
coates are  many  broad  and  handsome  streets  of  priv.ate 
residences:  and  there  are  others  on  the  W.  part  of  the  town, 
though  here  the  streets  and  dwellings  are  generally  inferior. 
The  streets  are  generally  well  paved  and  well  lighted.  Ex- 
tensive warehouses,  backed  by  narrow  lanes.  Ixirder  the 
muddy  river  Hull,  along  which  the  town  and  suburbs  of 
Trippet  and  Sculcoates  extend  for  nearly  2  miles  from  the 
Humber.  In  the  centre  of  the  old  town  is  the  market- 
place, containing  the  fine  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  a 
good  market-house,  and  a  gilt  equestrian  statue  of  William 
III.  Holy  Trinity  Church  is  a  cruciform  building.  272  feet 
in  length,  and  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture in  England,  with  a  pinnacled  tower  140  feet  in 
height,  rich  internal  decorations,  and  numerous  monu- 
ments. There  are  11  other  churches,  two  of  them  quite 
new,  many  dissenting  chapels,  a  synagogue,  and  a  floating 
chapel  for  mariners.  Among  the  other  public  buildings  are 
the  Custom-IIouse,  Exchange,  pilot,  dock,  excise,  and  stamp 
offices,  the  Infirmary,  two  theatres,  concert-hall,  collegi-i, 
work-house,  jail,  mansion-house,  new  baths  and  wash- 
houses,  and  a  magnificent  hotel  at  the  terminus  of  the  HuJ'. 
and  Selby  Railway. 

Among  the  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  Trinity 
Guild,  founded  in  1.369.  for  superannuated  seamen  and  ths 
widowsof  seamen,  with  an  annual  revenue  of  about  13.0001.; 
it  has  an  elegant  edifice  in  the  Tuscan  order,  containing  a 
council-room  with  good  portraits,  a  museum,  a  school  tor 
boys  destined  for  the  merchant  service,  and  dwellings  for 
pensioners.  There  are  also  numerous  hospitals  and  other 
charities,  a  charter-house  founded  by  the  De  la  Poles  in  1380 
the  Hull  and  Kingston  Colleges,  wliich  give  instruction 
similar  to  King's  and  University  Colleges,  London,  a  medical 
school,  a  grammar  school  founded  in  i4-86,  having  two  exhf 
bitions  to  Cambridge,  the  Vicars  and  Cogan's  schools,  a  great 
number  of  charitable  schools,  refuges  for  the  insane  and  the 
destitute,  a  dispensary,  penitentiary,  and  lying-in  charity. 
A  public  subscription  library  posses.ses  25,000  volumes;  and 
in  the  town  are  a  mechanics'  institute,  lyceum,  and  athe- 
naeum, all  having  libraries,  and  a  sailors'  institute,  a  savings' 
bank,  and  masonic  lodges.  Outside  of  the  N.W,  suburb  is  a 
zoological  garden,  comprising  six  acres,  with  handsome  build- 
ings for  the  various  animals ;  and  alxmt  a  mile  from  the  town 
is  a  botanical  garden,  covering  ten  acres, 

Hull  now  ranks  as  the  third  p<irt  in  the  kingdom.  It  is 
connected  tiy  railways  with  ScarbDrough.  Whitl>y,  York,  and 
all  the  manufacturing  towns  of  the  West  Riding,  and  forms 
the  great  outlet  for  the  manufijctures  of  this  region.  It  hag 
lately  lieen  put  in  more  ready  conimunictition  with  London 
and  the  centre  of  England,  by  a  continuation  of  the  Eastern 
Counties  Railwaj-  to  New  Holland,  on  the  opposite  bank  of 
the  Humber,  2^  mi!es  distant.  The  Trent.  Ouse,  Don.  &c., 
tributaries  of  the  Humber.  and  navigable  canals,  connect  it 
also  with  a  large  inland  territory.  Its  docks,  constructed 
successively  since  1775,  on  the  site  previously  occupii'd  by 
fortifications,  have  an  aggregate  lencth  of  1087  3'ards,  breadth 
varying  from  250  to  400  feet,  and  a  total  area  of  24  acres, 
liesides  a  basin  between  two  of  the  piei-s  on  the  Hunil>er. 
They  are  surrounded  by  bi-oad  quays  and  large  wareliouseg, 
have  a  depth  varjing  at  high  tides  from  about  20  to  27  feet, 
and  are  crowded  with  shipping  of  all  nations.  At  the  head 
of  one  of  the  quays  is  a  fine  column  with  a  colossal  statue 
of  Wilberforce, 

The  principal  exports  are  cotton  and  woollen  stulTs  and 
yarn,  earthenwares,  hardwares,  metals,  rape-seed,  and  corn, 
the  latter  chiefly  imported  pivviously,  with  wor.l,  bones. 
timber,  hemp.  flax,  madder,  skins,  and  other  produce  fiom 
Germany,  Denmark,  and  the  Baltic,  with  which,  and  witli 
North  America,  its  foreign  trade  is  the  most  active,    lt« 


IL. 


HUL 


HUM 


coasting  trade  is  highly  important,  and  it  receives  large 
qnautitifs  of  coal.  Its  merchants  were  the  first  in  Knglaud 
who  emiiarked  in  the  northern  whale  fishery;  but  its  fish- 
eries have  greatly  declined.  It  communicates  by  steam- 
packets  with  London,  Yarmouth,  Leith,  Berwick,  Aberdeen, 
Hamburg,  Uotterdam,  and  Copenhiigen.  many  times  weekly, 
and  also  continually  with  t^elby,  Ooole.  Gainsl>orough,  York, 
and  flrimsby.  lu  1850,  the  total  value  of  Uritish  and  Irish 
produce  exported  from  Hull  amounted  to  10.336,610?.;  in 
1S61,  to  10,1^6,4:;i«.;  in  1852,  to  9,894,253/.;  and  in  1853  to 
10.790,253/.  The  number  and  tonnage  of  the  vessels  regis- 
tered at  the  port.  December  31st,  1850,  were — sailing  vessels, 
45.3,  tons.  62.472;  steamers,  34,  tons,  7143. 

Hull  has  not  been  renowned  as  a  manufacturing  town, 
but  of  late  years  a  joint-stock  company  has  been  established, 
which  possesses  three  large  cotton  and  fiax  mills,  employing 
In  all  3000  hands,  and  there  are  4  or  6  large  iron  foundries. 
Ship-building  and  its  auxiliary  manufactures,  including 
boilers  and  steam-engines,  are  extensively  carried  on.  There 
are  also  numerous  tanneries  and  potteries,  some  large 
breweiies,  sugar  refineries,  soap  and  gas  works,  and  various 
corn  and  oil  mills.  In  the  K.  suburbs  are  many  mills  im- 
pelled by  wind,  giving  a  Dutch  appearance  to  the  scenery 
along  the  Humber.  The  town  has  a  branch  of  the  Kank  of 
England,  many  other  banks,  and  several  weekly  newspapers. 
The  borough  is  divided  into  6  wards,  and  governed  by  a 
mayor,  13  aldermen,  and  42  councillors.  It  has  quarter- 
sessions  and  a  court  of  requests. 

This  town,  under  the  name  of  Myton-wyk,  appe.irs  to 
have  been  of  importance  in  the  time  of  Athelstan;  but  its 
consequence  as  a  port  dates  from  the  time  of  Edward  I., 
who  conferred  on  it  theroyal  designation  of  Kingston.  In 
the  civil  war  of  Charle.s  1.,  it  was  the  first  town  to  close  its 
gates  against  the  king;  and  It  successfully  sustained  two 
sieges  by  the  royal  troops,  in  1642  and  1643.  AVilliam 
^Vilberforce  and  Andrew  Marvel  were  born  here.  I'op.  in 
1841.  65,670;  in  1851,  82,520  ;  in  1861,  98,994. 

HULL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Plymouth  co,,  Mas- 
sachusetts, y  miles  by  water  S.E.  of  Boston.    Pop.  285. 

HULL,  a  post-village  of  Canada  Kast.  co.  of  Ottawa,  on 
the  Ottawa  Kiver.  The  village  is  opposite  Upper  Bytown, 
with  which  it  is  connected  bv  a  suspension  bridge. 

HULLAV'INGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

HULL,  BISHOP'S,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

IIUIiLELM,  hfldl'lime,  a  village  of  Austria,  on  the  railway 
from  Vienna  to  Olmutz,  23  miles  S.  of  the  latter. 

HULL  KIVER,  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 
rises  near  Great  Driffield,  flows  S..  passing  near  Beverley, 
with  which  it  conimunirates  by  a  short  canal,  and  after  a 
total  course  of  30  miles,  enters  the  Humber  on  the  E.  side 
of  Kingston-upon-IluU,  of  which  it  forms  the  harbor.  It 
separates  the  district  of  Holderness  on  the  E.  from  the 
Yorkshire  Wolds  on  the  W. 

HULL'S,  a  post-ofiice  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

HULL'S  COllNEKS,  a  post-oftice  of  Oswego  co..  New 
York. 

HULL'S  MILL,  a  post_-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

HULME,  hume  or  home,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
I«ancaster,  1^  miles  S.W.  of  Manchester.  Here  are  cavalry 
barracks,  and  the  Manchester  Botanic  Garden,  occupying  17 
acres. 

HULMESVILLE,  horn/Ail,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Neshaminy  Creek,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Phlla- 
deli)hia.     It  contains  several  stores. 

HULPJ].  h&l'peh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South 
Brabant,  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Waterloo.     Pop.  1040. 

HULS.  hoOls.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government, 
»nd  17  miles  N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  2144. 

HULST,  hillst,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Zealand,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Scheldt,  15  miles  W,N.W,  of 
Antwerp,  Pop.  2369.  It  was  firmerly  fortified,  and  an  im- 
portant military  post  in  the  wars  of  the  sixteenth,  seven- 
teenth, and  eighteenth  centuries. 

HULTON.  a  township  of  England.    See  Hilton. 

HUL'TON  AB'BEY,  a  lordship  of  England,  co.  of  Staf- 
ford, 2  miles  E.  of  Burslem.  A  farm-house,  surrounded 
by  a  dry  moat,  bears  the  name  of  the  abbey,  founded  here 
In  1223. 

HULTSCHIN,  h061t-sheen,r  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on 
the  Oppa.  13  miles  E.  of  Troppau.     Pop.  2538. 

HULWUD.  harwud',  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  In  Guicowar's 
dominion,  in  the  peninsula  of  Guzerat,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Mallia.     Lat.  22°  51'  N.,  Ion.  7 1°  16'  E. 

HU'MA.N'SVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri, 
about  110  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HU.MBKEK,  hQm'bilk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant.  9  miles  N.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2053. 

HUM'BEH.  an  estuary  of  the  E.  coast  of  England,  between 
Yorkshire  and  Lincolnshire,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Ouse  and  Trent  Rivers,  8  miles  E.  of  Goole,  whence  it  pro- 
ceeds for  about  IS  miles  eastward,  and  then  for  about  22 
miles  S.E.  to  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  53°  38'  N..  Ion.  0°  10'  E. 
Average  breadth,  between  2  and  3  miles;  but  near  its  mf>uth 
It  widens  to  6  or  7  miles.  It  receives  from  the  N.  the  Koul- 
ne8<>  aud  Hull,  and  from  the  S.  the  Ancholme  and  Ludd 


Rivers.  It  is  navigable  to  Hull  for  the  largest  ressoJ*,  and 
for  vessels  of  considerable  burden  in  all  the  rest  of  its  extent; 
and  it  is  connected  by  canals  with  all  the  other  principal 
rivers  of  England.  Its  tributarii'S  drain  nearly  the  wlioia 
of  Yorkshire,  Notts,  Leiceslersliiie,  and  parts  of  Lincoln- 
shire; in  all.  an  extent  of  about  10,000  square  miles,  or 
nearly  one-fifth  of  England. 

HUMBER,  a  river  of  Newfoundland,  enters  the  Gulf  of 
St.  I.awrence,  through  the  Bay  of  Islands,  after  a  S.  courao 
of  150  miles. 

HUMBER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HUM'BERSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicectar. 

MU.MBEKSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HUM'BIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Haddington  aud 
Edinburgh. 

HU.M'BLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East 
Riding. 

HUM'BOLDT,  a  new  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of 
Iow4i,  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  dr.iincd  by  the 
Des  Moines  River  and  by  its  two  branches,  the  East  Fork 
and  We.st  Fork,  which  unite  in  the  S.  part  of  the  county. 
It  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Named  in  honor 
of  tlie  celebrated  traveller  and  savant,  Baron  Von  Humboldt. 
Capital.  Dakota.    Pop.  332. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  California, 
bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  hius  an  area  of  about  2500 
square  miles.  Formed  since  1852,  from  tlie  W.  paj"t  of 
Trinity  county.    Capital,  Eureka.    See  Appkndix,    . 

HUMBOLDT,  a  post-village  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  Kiver,  5  miles  N.  of  .Milwaukee  City.  It 
has  a  fine  water-power,  contains  1  paper  mill  and  severM 
flouring  mills. 

HU.MBOLDT  BAY,  of  Humboldt  CO.,  California,  is  alx)U6 
270  miles  N.  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  16  miles  In  length, 
and  from  J  of  a  mile  to  4  or  5  miles  wide.  It  forms  one  of 
the  Ijest  harbors  on  the  coast,  and  has  21  feet  of  water  on 
the  bar.    The  entrance  is  scarcely  300  vards  wide. 

HUMBOLDT  CITY,  a  town  of  Humbo"idt  Co.,  in  the  N.N.W. 
part  of  California,  Is  situated  on  lluinlioUlt  Harbor.  It 
never  contained  more  than  3  or  4  hou.ses,  and  they  have 
been  removed  or  abandoned. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  distiict  of  Nevada.    See  AppRNmx. 

HUMBOLDT  LAKE,  of  Humboldt  co.,  in  the  W.  central 
part  of  Nevada,  near  40°  10'  N.  lat.,  and  118°  40'  W.  Ion. 
Length,  near  20  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  from  8  to  10  miles. 
It  receives  HnmboMt  River,  but  has  no  outlet. 

HUMBOLDT  RIVER,  or  MARY  S  RIVER,  in  the  N.E. 
part  of  Nevada,  rises  near  the  northeast  extremity  of  the 
state,  and  flowing  first  In  a  southerly  and  then  iji  a  west- 
ward course,  with  a  very  winding  channel,  again  turns 
towards  the  S.  and  falls  into  Humboldt  Lake.  Its  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  350  miles.  The  ordinary  route 
for  emigrants  from  the  Great  Salt  Lake  to  California 
passes  along  the  valley  of  this  stream  for  upwards  of  250 
miles. 

HUMBOLDT  RIVER  MOUNTAINS,  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  the  N.E.  part  of  Nt^vada,  which  run  in  a  nearly  N. 
aud  S.  direction,  crossing  Lander  county.  Humboldt  River 
risi  s  m  the  western  slope  of  this  range. 

HU.ME  or  HOME,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  2 
miles  N.  of  Stitchel.  to  which  it  is  now  united.  It  gives  the 
title  of  eai-1  to  the  once  powerful  baronial  family  of  Home, 
remains  of  whose  castle  still  exist  here. 

HUME,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New 
York.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Angelica.     Pop.  2142. 

HU.MEXE.  a  town  of  Hungaiy.     See  HoMONU.t. 

HU.ME  RIVER,  In  South-east  Au.stralia,  flows  N,W.  from 
the  Australian  Alps,  to  near  lat.  34°  45'  S.,  ion.  143°  E., 
where  it  joins  the  MurrumI  idgee. 

HU.M  JIE.  hfiOm'meh,  a  village  of  Germany,  on  the  railway 
from  Eisenach  to  Carleshafen. 

HU.MMELO,  htim*meh-lo,'  a  village  of  Holland,  pi-ovince  of 
Gelderland,  14  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  1293. 

HUM'MELSTOWN,  a  post-borougb  of  Dauphin  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  turnpike  from  Lebanon  to  Harrisburg,  9 
miles  E.  of  the  latter.     Pop.  807. 

HUMMiX-K  ISLAND.    See  Hui!7ter  Islands. 

HUJIPHREY,  a  post-township  of  Cattaraugus  CO..  New 
York.  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo.     F'op.  063. 

HUMPHREYS,  &m'frte,  a  county  In  the  N.W.  part  of 
Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at  450  square  miles.  Ihe 
Tennessee  River  forms  its  entire  \V'.  boundar.v,  and  Duck 
River  flows  through  the  county  into  the  former  stream. 
The  .surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  moderately  fertile.  Oa^ 
pital,  Waverly.    Pop.  9096,  of  whom  7633  wore  free,  and 

HU.MPh'rEYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  New  Haven  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Naugatuck  River, 
in  Seymour  township,  and  on  the  Naugatuck  Railroad, 
12  njiles  N.W.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches, 
and  several  stores.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  erigage<i 
in  manufactures,  including  bits,  augers,  paper,  printed 
goods,  Ac.     Pop.  1203. 

HU.MPHREYSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Holmes  co..  Ohio. 

HU.MP  ISLE,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  is  In  the  Great 


HUM 

Bay,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Papiia ;  lat.  1°  30'  N.,  Ion.  135° 
30'  E. 

nu:\rPOLETZ,  hSom'po-lJts',  a  town  of  Bohemia.  25  miles 
g.  ofCz:).slau.     Pop.  4139. 

IJU.M.?.  a  town  of  Syria.    See  Homs. 

HUN'DERSFIELD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

nUXmLEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

HUX'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

IIUN'DRED  AND  TWO,  a  river  of  Missouri,  which  rises 
near  the  N.  border  of  the  state,  and  flowing  southward,  falls 
Into  the  Platte  Hiver  in  Buchanan  county,  about  10  miles 
B.E.  ofSt.  Joseph. 

IIUXDSDOKF,  hOSnts/doRf,  or  IIUXSDORF,  hCdns'doJif, 
a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zipps,  near  Kesmark.  Pop. 
2148. 

IIUXDSFELD,  hWints'felt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  3 
miles  X.K.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  868. 

HUXDSIIDBEL,  (Hundshubel.)  hSnfshU-bgl,  a  village 
Of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau.    Pop.  1238. 

HUXDSUUCK.  (Ilundsruck,)  hOOnt«'rUk,  a  mountainous 
region  of  Germany,  covering  the  S.  part  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
between  the  rivers  Moselle  and  Xahe,  extending  also  S.  into 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  where  it  is  connected  with  the  Vosges 
ch.'iin.    It  rises  in  some  places  to  3000  feet  above  the  sea. 

IIUXERWASSKR.    See  IIuhnerw.^sser. 

IIUXFELD.  (IlUnfeld.)  hiiu'f^lt.  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
HeK.se-Cassel.  9  miles  X.X.E.  of  Fulda.     Pop.  2118. 

nUXG.-iKY,  hung'g.H-re,  (Ilun.  Magyar  Orszdg.  mOd'yOR' 
OE'sdg';  L.  Hungarvx  and  Ungria;  Ger.  Ungarn.  Mng'garn ; 
Dutch,  ITungariJe.  hfing'ul-rrgh,  Fr.  Hnngrie.  hixo'gree';  It. 
Ungheria.  oon-ga-ree'l;  Sp.  Hungriti  or  C»//ni(.oong-gree'3:) 
a  country  in  the  S.E.  of  Europe,  forming  a  large  portion  of  the 
.Austrian  Empire:  it  formerly  included  Transylvania  on  the 
E.,  and  the  Banat,  Slavonia,  and  Austrian  Croatia  on  its  S. 
and  S.W.  sides,  comprising  also  a  strip  of  coast  on  the  .Adriatic 
Sea,  termed  the  Hungarian  Littorale;  but  since  the  new  or- 
ganization of  the  kingdom  in  1849,  Hungary  proper  is  limited 
to  the  territory  between  lat.  45°  30'  and  49°  40'  X.,  and  Ion. 
10°  and  2.1°  E..  encircled  on  the  E.,  X.,  and  X.W.  by  the  Car- 
pathian Mountains,  which  separate  it  from  Bukowina,  Gali- 
da,  and  Moravia ;  W.  by  the  river  March,  and  some  offsets 
of  the  Xorie  Alps,  bounding  it  on  the  side  of  Austria  and 
Styria ;  S.W.  by  the  Drave,  which  divides  it  from  Croatia  and 
Slavonia;  S.  and  S.E.  by  the  Banat,  or  Xew  Servian  Way- 
wode  (VoivmHiia.)  and  by  Transylvania.  Estimated  area,  a.s 
formerly  constituted.  103,958  square  miles ;  according  to  the 
new  organization,  09,170  square  miles. 

Pti/sical  G  ofrraphy. — Hungary,  considered  as  a  whole,  is 
a  large  basin  surrounded  by  mountains  on  every  side,  ex- 
cept the  S. ;  but  even  here  the  natural  boundaries  are  com- 
pleted at  no  great  distance  from  the  frontier,  by  the  hi.'h 
lands  of  Croatia,  Bosnia,  and  Servia,  that  meet  those  of  Wal- 
lachia  and  Transylvania  at  the  "iron  gate," — a  pass  formed 
by  the  abrupt  divi.sion  of  the  mountains  for  the  passage 
of  the  Danube.  From  this  point  the  Carpathians  proceed 
at  first  E.,  but  afterwards  successively  X.W.  and  S.W.,  form- 
ingalmost  a  complete  semicircle,  and  receiving  in  their  course 
different  names  in  33  counties,  among  which  are  the  Cjierkat. 
Karpfeu,  Freistadt,  Tatra.  Neutra.  and  Jablunka  ranges. 
Many  of  their  summits  rise  to  between  SOOO  and  9(i0<.i  feet 
above  the  sea.  A  third  part  of  the  whole  extent  of  Hun- 
gary is  covered  with  their  ramifications:  among  these  are 
the  Matra  and  Hegyallya  ranges,  on  the  sides  of  which  lat- 
ter are  the  vineyards  yielding  the  far-famed  Tokay  wine. 
The  Carpathians  are  richly  wooded  in  many  parts;  their 
branches  are  interspersed  with  numerous  romantic  and 
fertile  valleys,  and  contain  many  productive  mines.  A 
rugged  and  precipitous  range  of  mountains,  separating 
Hungary  from  Tran.sylvania,  rises  in  some  places  to  36(X) 
feet  in  height,  and  is  traversed  by  rich  metallic  veins.  Mica 
and  quartz  appear  in  the cHffs constituting  the  "iron  gate.'" 
On  the  AV'.,  the  Leitha  Mountains,  a  spur  of  the  Alps  sepa- 
rating Hungary  from  Styria  and  Austria,  progressively  de- 
cline towards  the  Danube.  The  Bukonywald.  (Bakony  Fo- 
rest Mountain.)  another  Alpine  spur,  upw.ards  of  20(X)  feet 
In  height,  and  clothed  with  dense  forests  of  oak,  beech,  and 
other  trees,  intersect  the  S.W.  quarter  of  Hungary  in  a 
N.E.  direction,  to  near  Waitzen,  where  the  Danube  bends 
S„  and  with  the  Matra  Mountains,  bevond  that  river, 
divides  Central  Hungary  into  a  greateV  and  a  smaller 
pldjn  of  about  21,000  and  4000  square  miles  in  extent 
respectively. 

hiveri.  Lakes,  rfc.— The  Danube  and  Theiss  Rivers  tra- 
verse the  country,  and  through  the  S.  half  flow  in  nearly 
parallel  streams  about  60  miles  apart,  almost  due  S.  Near 
Eszek.  m  Slavonia,  the  Danube,  met  by  the  Drave,  turns 
suddenly  to  the  E.,  and  forms  all  the  rest  of  the  S,  frontier 
of  Hungary,  receiving,  in  this  part  of  its  course,  the  ITieiss, 
and  several  minor  affluents.  The  March,  Waag,  Neutra. 
Gran,  and  Ipoly,  in  Upper  Hungary,  flow  to  the  Danube 
f<X)m  the  N.;  the  B.xlrog,  Sajo.  Hernad.  and  Zagyva,  flow- 
ing from  the  same  direction,  unite  with  the  Theiss ;  and  the 
Siamos.  Kdros,  Marcs.  Ac.  join  that  river  from  the  E.  The 
Poprad,  in  the  X.,  a  tributary  to  the  Yistala,  flows  into  0»- 


HUN 

licia,  it  being  the  only  Hungarian  river  not  belonging  to 
the  basin  of  the  Danube.  The  Drave  forms  the  S.W.  frontier 
on  the  side  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  and  is  joined  in  Hun- 
gai-y  by  the  Mur  from  Styria.  The  two  princip.Hl  lakes  of 
Hungary  are  on  either  side  of  the  Bakony-wald — Balatony 
Lake,  in  the  great  plain,  .and  the  Xeusiedler-See,  (Hun. 
Faio  Tava,')  near  to  the  border  of  Austria,  and  on  the 
banks  of  which  are  the  palaces  and  chief  pos.'vssions  of  the 
Esterhazy  family.  The  former  is  nearly  50  miles  in  length, 
by  10  miles  in  breadth  :  the  Xeusiedler-See  is  equally  broitd, 
but  only  about  half  as  long.  There  are  several  smaller  lakea 
in  the  Carpathians,  between  4000  and  5000  feet  above  the 
sea.  Between  Presburg  and  Raab.  the  Danube  divides  into 
branches  enclosing  the  Great  and  Little  SchUtt.  two  islands 
of  considerable  size  and  high  fertility.  Xumerous  other 
islands  are  formed  by  it  and  by  the  Theiss,  in  the  great 
plain;  and  along  both  of  these  rivers,  in  the  lower  part  of 
their  course,  are  extensive  marshes  and  swamps.  The  total 
area  of  the  mora.sses  in  Ilungarj'  has  t>een  estimated  at 
1,500,000  arces,  or  upwards  of  2SU0  square  miles;  within  the 
present  century,  enough  marsh-land  has  been  drained  to 
furnish  subsistence  for  500.000  inhabitants.  Mineral  springs 
are  numerous;  the  most  celebrated  are  those  which  form 
the  baths  of  Jlehadia,  in  the  Banat. 

MinernU. — Hungary,  with  Transylvania,  (where  the  metal 
is  still  more  plentiful.)  yields  half  of  the  entire  qii.intity  of 
gold  produced  in  Europe:  of  silver,  nearly  one-third;  and, 
after  England,  it  is  the  richest  in  copper  of  any  European 
country.  Iron,  lead,  cobalt,  cinnabar,  and  other  ores  of  mer- 
cury ;  antimony,  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  alum.  are.  among  the 
other  minerals,  obtained  in  considerable  quantities.  The 
metallic  ores  exist  chiefly  in  the  trachyte  region  on  the  de- 
clivity of  the  Cai-pathians.  and  the  mines  are  das.sed  into  the 
four  districts  of  Schemnitz.  Schmolnitz,  Xatiy-Banya,  and 
the  Banat,  of  which  the  first-named  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant. As  many  as  20.000  miners  are  .sjiid  to  he  employed 
in  this  district.  Most  of  the  gold  and  silver  rai.sed  in  Hun- 
gary is  .sent  to  Kremnitz  to  be  coined :  and.  according  to  Mr, 
P.aget,  the  quantity  of  bullion  annually  converted  into  money 
there,  was.  a  few  years  since,  equal  to  about  $1,210,000;  bo- 
sides  which,  nearlj'  270  marks  of  gold,  and  18,000  marks  of 
silver,  find  their  way  j-early  to  Vienna  as  ingots.  At  Szla- 
tina  and  elsewhere,  in  the  county  of  Maimaros,  are  large 
mines  of  rock-salt.  Soda  lakes  are  scattered  in  great  num- 
ber over  both  of  the  Hungarian  plains.  Nitre  exists  in  vast 
qu.intitie8;  sulphate  of  soda  and  pota.sh  also  are  natives; 
caal  is  procurable,  in  the  sandstone  formation.s,  in  various 
places;  and  opal  of  the  finest  qualitj-  is  found  in  some 
famous  mines  in  the  Hegyallyii,  near  Eperies. 

Climate. — In  the  Carpathians,  the  winter  is  long  and  cold; 
snow  begins  to  fall  in  September,  and  remains  on  the  moun- 
tain summits  till  May  or  June.  At  Buda.  near  the  centre  of 
the  kingdom,  the  average  temperature  of  the  year  is  64°  30' 
Fahrenheit,  and  the  average  range,  23°;  in  the  great  plain, 
the  climate  resembles  that  of  Xorth  Italy.  The  rain  which 
falls  at  Buda  is  estimated  at  16  inches,  and  the  number  of 
rainy  days  at  112  annually.  The  marshy  tnu-ts  have  the 
reputation  of  insalubrity;  yet,  on  the  whole.  Hungary  is  a 
healthy  country;  and  among  its  natives  noted  for  longevity, 
one  is  cited  who  attained  the  age  of  145,  and  another  that 
of  172  years. 

AgricuUural  Prnductions. — Hungary  posse.sses.  in  a  fertile 
soil,  the  first  element  of  prosperity;  in  no  other  portion  of 
Europe  can  be  found  an  alluvium  superior  to  that  which 
covei-s  the  Banat.  Of  the  entire  surface  of  the  country,  Cro- 
atia and  Slavonia  include  about  55.300  .s(]ii.are  miles  esti- 
mated to  be  under  culture,  or  capable  of  cultivation;  33,800 
square  miles  mountainous ;  and  14,800  occupied  by  sandy 
deserts.  Of  the  productive  portion  of  the  iiurface,  about 
7,140.000  acres  are  arable;  932,900  acres  in  gardens;  1,330,400 
.acres  in  vineyards:  11.264.200  acres  in  meadow  and  pasture- 
land  ;  and  13.057 ,0(X)  .acres  in  forests.  Wheat  is  raised  in  large 
quantities  in  the  S.,  chiefly  in  the  rich  lands  of  the  Banat, 
and  the  contiguous  c-ounties  between  the  Theiss  and  the  Dan- 
ube, and  the  Miiroa  and  Kiiros  Rivers.  Barley  and  oats  are 
cultivated,  but  not  for  exportation:  and  the  maize  which  is 
grown  is  used  chiefly  for  feeding  cattle.  In  th;;  Upper  Car- 
pathians, rye,  oats,  and  buckwheat  are  almost  the  only 
grains  produced;  potatoes,  which  are  here  planted,  are 
eaten  by  the  Slovacks  and  the  German  colonists,  but  littie, 
if  at  all.  by  the  Slagyars.  Millet,  turnips,  rape,  cabbages, 
pulses,  hemp,  and  flax,  are  raised  in  different  parts.  To 
l«cco  is  an  important  product ;  the  annual  yieM  is  esti- 
mated at  400.000  Cfntners  or  hundredweights,  of  which 
somewhat  less  than  one-fourth  is  consumed  at  home.  Xext 
to  France.  Hungary  is  the  greatest  wine-producing  country 
in  Europe,  and  the  quality  of  several  of  its  vintages  is  unri- 
valled; about  96.000  gallons  of  wine  are  made  .annually ;  the 
most  famous  growth  is  that  of  Tokay,  raise<l  on  the  Kegy- 
allya  Mountains,  near  the  Upper  Theiss.  Wine  is  a  uni- 
versal beverage  among  rich  and  poor  in  most  parts  of  Hun- 
gary. The  fruits  of  the  country  are  of  various  descriptions, 
from  the  cherry,  apple,  and  pear  in  the  X.,  to  the  fig.  almond, 
and  olive  in  the  S.;  apricots,  walnuts,  and  chestnuts,  are 
very  generally  raised ;  but  the  most  abundant  orchard-tree 


HUN 


HUN 


is  the  damson,  from  the  fruit  of  which  'brandv,  and  the  na- 
tional liquor  divnvitza.  are  made.  In  thy  military  frontier 
are  a  great  many  mulberry  plantations,  introduced  in  the 
time  .of  >Iana  Theresa,  and  considerahle  (juantities  of  silk 
are  obtained.  Cotton  in  the  S.,  woad,  sumach,  and  other 
(Jye-plants.  are  other  articles  of  culture. 

Animals. — The  rearini;  of  sheep  has  been  greatly  extended 
of  late;  and,  in  the  census  of  1840.  their  number  is  given 
at  17,000.000,  exclusive  of  Transylvania.  They  have  he- 
come  much  improved  by  ci-ossinps  with  the  merino  breed, 
and  both  sheep  and  wool  are  largely  exported.  The  native 
horned  cjittle,  said  to  number  4.2(;0,000,  are  a  fine  and  large 
race  of  a  gray  color,  except  in  the  N.,  where  they  are  of  a 
Fmaller  breed,  and  black  or  brown.  At  Jlezohegyes,  in  the 
county  of  Csanad,  is  the  largest  stud  in  Kurope,  founded  by 
the  Emperor  .Joseph,  and  where  from  Snoo  to  10.000  horses 
are  kept,  including  many  of  the  best  stallions.  The  number 
of  hor.ses.  in  1846,  is  given  at  1,000.000.  Vast  numbers  of 
swine  feed  on  acorns  in  the  tbrests,  and  bread  and  bacon 
form  a  chief  part  of  the  laborer's  diet.  Bees  are  extensively 
reared,  and  honey  and  wax  form  important  articles  of 
export.  On  the  sandy  heaths  around  Debreczin,  millions  of 
geese  are  kept:  poultry  are  almost  everywhere  plentiful. 
The  wild  animals  Include  the  Carpathian  bear,  chamoi.s, 
and  marmot:  the  wolf,  lynx,  wild  Ixiar,  stag,  roebuck,  wild 
cat,  fox,  and  hare;  among  the  fowl  are  two  species  of  eagles, 
many  other  birds  of  prey,  with  black  grouse,  and  other 
kinds  of  game,  in  great  quantities.  Fi.sh  are  especially 
plentiful  in  the  rivers  and  lakes;  the  Theiss  is  said  to  be 
the  richest  in  fish  of  any  river  on  the  continent ;  the  insect 
tribes  are  also  more  numerous  in  Hungary  than  in  any 
other  part  of  Europe.  The  Hansag.  and  other  large  bogs, 
supply  leeches  in  great  abundance,  whii^h  are  a  valuable 
export  to  foreign  Ciiuiitries. 

M.'.mi/actiirfs. — Hungary  has  scarcely  any  manufactures 
but  su -h  as  are  domestic.  In  all  parts  the  rural  families 
weave  their  own  household  fabrics,  and  construct  most  of 
the  articles  necessary  for  the  pursuit  of  their  ordinary 
occupations :  even  at  Szegedin,  where  soap  is  made  to  some 
extent  in  about  20  fiictories,  the  manufacture  is  conducted 
at  home,  and  by  the  hands  of  the  women.  Linen  cloths  in 
the  N.,  and  woollens  in  the  S.,  are  indeed  made  for  sale,  but 
they  scarcely  pass  beyond  the  frontiers :  the  fine  woollens 
used  are  imported  from  Austria.  Bohemia,  and  West  Ger- 
many, and  for  all  articles  of  luxury,  Hungary  is  dependent 
on  foreign  countries.  Leather  is  one  of  the  most  important 
manufactures,  and  felt  hats,  earthenware,  iron  goods,  some 
glass,  rope,  paper  of  inferior  quality,  and  beat-root  sugar, 
are  .among  the  other  principal  articles  produced.  At  Pesth 
silks  are  manufactured,  and  a  few  cotton  factories  are  here 
and  there  established.  Karthen  jars  of  a  peculiar  kind, 
narrow-necked,  and  v.arnished  all  over,  are  made  in  all  parts 
of  Hungary.  About  300  breweries  exist,  chiefly  in  the  N. 
counties,  and  brandy  distilleries  are  pretty  numerous.  At 
Szesedin,  the  best  and  cheapest  boats  are  built. 

Commerce. — Hungary  formerly  possessed  a  strip  of  sea- 
coast  extending  123  miles  on  the  Adriatic,  but  by  the  new 
organization  this  h.as  been  annexed  to  Dalmatia,  so  that 
the  country  has  now  no  navigable  communication  with  the 
ocean  except  through  the  Danube.  But  as  this  river  flows 
through  several  hundnid  miles  of  foreign  territory,  the 
greater  part  of  Hungarian  commerce  is  necessarally  con- 
fined to  the  neighboring  countries  of  Austria,  Moravia,  and 
Galicia.  carried  up  the  Danube  and  down  the  Poprad.  The 
former  is  navigated  by  steamboats,  first  Introduced  in  1S30 ; 
but  goods  are  chiefly  conveyed  on  the  large  rivers  in  barges, 
some  of  which  are  from  100  to  150  feet  in  length,  and  are 
capable  of  carrying  fr-om  1500  to  2000  quarters  of  wheat. 
From  the  great  plain  merchandise  is  taken  into  Croatia,  Ac, 
up  the  Save  to  Sissek.  or  ly  the  Kulpa  to  Carlstadt,  and 
thence  sent  by  Land  to  Laybach  or  Triest  and  to  Fiurae,  on 
the  Adriatic.  The  exports  of  the  country  are  chiefly  con- 
fined to  its  natural  productions,  and  a  few  years  since 
amounted  in  value  to  S3.98S.000:  the  imports  being  esti- 
mated at  $4,564,000.  Thechief  seats  of  the  shipping  interests 
are  Szegedin  and  Comorn. 

Interned  Cbmm.unication. — The  Lotiisenstra.tse,  a  noble 
road  carried  over  the  Alps  by  the  spirited  contributions  of 
the  Hungarian  Magnates,  is  the  finest  work  of  its  kind 
throughout  Hungary  or  its  former  dependencies.  The  other 
roads  are  gener.ally  very  inferior,  except  in  Arva,  and  in 
parts  of  Banat.  The  Franzen  Canal,  between  the  Danube 
and  Theiss,  is  the  most  extensive  navigable  channel  in  Hun- 
gary formed  by  art.  There  are  also  other  canals,  among 
which  m.ay  bo  mentioned  the  Bega,  between  the  Fieset  and 
Becskerek.  But  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  of  the  public 
works  is  the  Adit  of  Joseph  II.,  a  stupendous  subterranean 

Eassage  connected  with  the  mines  of  Schemnitz.  Railways 
ave  been  carried  from  Vienna,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Danube, 
around  both  shores  of  the  Neusiedler-See  to  Raab,  and,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  river,  through  Presburg  to  Pesth;  thence 
to  Szolnok,  on  the  Theiss,  and  to  be  continued  to  Debreczin, 
4.rad,  Temesvar,  and  to  Herraannstadt,  in  Transylvania, 
with  a  branch  to  the  coal  district  of  Oravicza,  near  Weiss- 
kirchen,  in  the  Banat. 

3F 


Stihdivisinn  and  Thpiilah'nn. — Previous  to  the  lata  revolu- 
tionary war,  Hungary  was  divided  as  Ibllows : — 


Cities  and  Counties. 


I.  Hither  D.inubc.— "  On  this  siCe,"  (or  N 

of  the  Danube.) 

Count;  of  Pesth 

B.ics , 

"         Neograd 

"  Sohl 

"  Month 

"  Grau 

"  Bars 

"         Neu  tra 

"         Presburg 

"  Trenlschiu 

"         Thuiocz 

"  Ar\'a 

"         Liptau 


II.  Thither  Danube.— "On  the  farther  side," 

for  S.W.  of  the  Danube.) 
County  of  Wieselburg 

**  Oedeuburg 

"         Ha:ib 

Comorn 

"  Veszprfm 

"         Stuhlweissenburg 

"  Kiseuburg. , 

"  Szalad 

Somoghy,  or  Schumeg 


Tolii 
Baruuya. 


DI.'!tricts  :— 

Ja7.ygia JTV.  andN.  of  the 

Great  Cumaaia.,..  J     Theis.H 

Little  Cumania,  N.  of  the  Danube 

Haiducit  Towns,  S.  of  the  Theiss 

Hungarian  Littorals 


IIL  Hither  Theiss "  On  this  side,"   (or 

W,  and  N.  of  the  Theiss.) 
County  of  Zips } 

"  1«  Zips,  (German  towns) 5 

_**  Gomor 

■  ■<         Heres 

'*         Borsod 

"  Toms 

"         AbaUj  Var 

"         Sarov 

'*  Zcmplin 

Unghvar 

"         Beregh 


IV.  Thither  Theiss.— "  On  the  farther  side,' 
(or  E.  and  S.  of  the  Theiss.) 

County  of  Marmaros 

'*  Ugocs 

"     *     Szathniar , 

"  Szabolcs , 

"         Bihar 

"  Belles 

'*  Csongrad 

'*  Csanad 

"         Arad , 

'*  Krasso , 

"         Torontal 


Counties  Incorporated  from  Transylvania 
in  1836:- 

Middle  Szolnok 

Zarand 

Krast2na 

District  of  Koar 


Area,  In 
sq  miles. 

Po;rala.tion. 

4.049 

;,n,?.m 

8,6il 

4.'.8,6i2 

1,647 

181,841 

1,072 

95,928 

975 

10.'i,323 

40:t 
1,039 
2.586 
1,753 
l.SBl 

452 

890 


2,1:0 
2,42<J 

l,:i»8 

1,930 


1,410 
1,B15 


229 
1,117 
1,:<80 
2.300 
1.2(11 
1,431 


14,789 


8,795 
479 
2,258 
2,454 
4,246 
1,3S« 
1,335 
615 
2,297 
2,310 
2,470 


61,346 
122,748 
345.546 
269,1,53 
27.1.561 
45.715 
91,049 
7»,7J3, 


!,641,8i8 


61.032 
42,762 


i  152,723 
I  .33,223 
170,962 
272,5:)0 
183.184 
27.562 
166.193 
197,285 
277.4S4 
110,003 
119,151 


166.503 
48.170 
285,821 
208.281 
435.098 
153,018 
i;i0,051 
«»,I62 
226.408 
2!ft.6.'!2 

:wi,iS7 

322,246 


88,595 
34..'»0 
40,.')K3 
45,345 


Total  of  Hungary  proper 

"  Croatia  and  military  frontier.... 
**  Slavonia  and  military  frontier., 
"        Military  frontier  of  the  Banat... 

Grand  Total 


«,3S9,164 

582,735 
580,233 
250,485 

11,182,617 


The  Almanack  de  Gotha.  for  1849,  estimates  the  ai>ove  ter- 
ritory at  100,742  square  miles!,  and  the  population  in  1842 
at  11,5.j8,530  ;  of  which  there  belonged  to  Hungarv  proper, 
with  its  military  frontier,  84.305  square  miles,  and  approsi- 
matively,  9,900,000  inhabitants.  In  1849,  however,  by  an 
imperial  decree,  not  only  were  Croatia  and  Slavonia  officially 
disconnected  from  Hungary,  but  the  Banat — the  ooupties 
of  Temesvar,  Torontal,  Krasso,  and  part  of  Arad — together 
with  the  county  of  Bacs,  between  the  Danube  and  Theiss,  wsg 
severed  from  It,  and  erected  into  a  Servian  Waywodo,  (Voi- 
vodina  ;)  and  Hungary  proper,  divested  also  of  the  previously 
annexed  Transylvanian  counties  and  the  Littorale,  was 

881 


HUN 


BUN 


divided  into  *he  following  provinces,  the  former  subdirision 
of  circles  and  couuties  bein^  abolished: — 


Orgawization  op  1849. 


Provinces. 


1.  Icsth 

2.  Presburg 

j  3.  Kasobaa., 


5.  Oedenburg. 


Situation. 


Centre ;  chletiy  between 
the  Danube  and  Theiss- 
X.M'.,  embracing  most 
of  the  circle  "  on  this 
side,"  or  X.  of  the  Da- 
nube  

N.  and  N.K.,  embracing 
most  of  the  circle  "  on 
this  side,"  or  N.  of  the 

Theiss 

E. .  consisting  of  part  of 
the  cinile  '-on  tlie  far- 
ther side,"  or  S.  and 

E.  of  the  Theiss 

S.W.,  conterminous 
with  the  old  circle  "  on 
the  farther  side,"  or  S. 
and  W.  of  the  Danube. 


OfBoiftl  Languages. 


I  Magyar  and  German. 
Isiovaok. 


^Rnsnlak  and  German. 


I  Magyar. 


The  area  of  Hungary  Proper  hap  thus  been  reduced  from 
83,724  square  miles  to  69,170  square  miles,  haying,  accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1S57,  a  poimlation  of  0,'JOO,7S6. 

Hungary  is  peopled  by  a  great  number  of  distinct  races, 
speaking  different  languages.  Ffinyes.  a  statistician  of  the 
highest  authority,  estimates  the  relative  numbers  of  the 
races  inhabiting  Ilungary,  Transylvania,  Croatia,  and  Sla- 
vonia,  as  follows : — 


Magyars 4,812,759 

Slovacks  (Slowak' 1,687,256 

Germans 1,273,677 

Wallacks 2,20»..i42 

Croats 686.079 

Servians  (Raitzen) 8-'8,.W5 

lilvrians  (SchokU;en) . . .  429,868 

Wends 40,864 


Carried  forward 12,161,312 


Brought  forward. . .  .12,161,312 
Rusniuks  (Ruthen) 442,903 


Bulgarians. 

Freuch 

Greeks  and  Zinzars. 

Armenians ;... 

Montenegrins  &ClimeDtl 


12,000 
6,150 
5,680 
8,798 
4,430 


Jews 244,035 


Total 12,880,406 


The  Magyars,  the  dominant  race,  occupy,  for  the  most 
part,  the  centre  of  the  kingdom,  and  are  surrounded  on 
,  nearly  all  sides  by  the  Slavonian  tribes,  whose  ancestors 
they  dispossessed  at  their  irruption  into  Europe  in  the 
ninth  century;  on  the  W. they  come  into  contact  with  the 
German  race;  and  on  the  E.  with  the  Wallacks.  3"he 
Magyars  also  people  a  large  part  of  Transylvania;  many  are 
settled  in  .Moldavia:  about  7000  in  the  Bukowina;  and 
others  are  to  be  found  in  Bosnia,  and  in  scattered  localities 
in  the  l?ussian  dominions.  In  Hungary,  nearly  2.500,000 
Magj-ars  are  Roman  Catholics;  about  1.740,000  Protestants 
— chiefly  C.-tlvinists;  and  lO.i.OOQ  Catholics  of  the  Greek 
Church.  They  are  a  high-spirited  race,  brave,  and  warlike, 
generous  to  profusion,  and.  according  to  travellers,  more 
sincere  than  their  Servian  and  Wallack  neighbors;  impa- 
tience of  control,  pride,  indolence,  and  ignorance  are  their 
besetting  faults:  their  general  deportment  is  serious ;  and  in 
many  respects  they  resemble  the  Turks,  who  followed  them 
out  of  Asia,  and  belong  to  the  same  great  family  6f  man- 
kind. The  Slagyar  costume  is  remarkable  for  its  picturesque 
elegance.  The  Magyar  language  is  analogous  in  its  con- 
struction to  the  Turkish;  and  one  peculiarity  of  it  is,  th.tt 
it  has  no  separate  dialect.s — rich  and  poor  alike  use  the  same 
language.  Most  of  the  Hungarian  nobles  are  Magj'ars;  and 
it  is  by  this  section  of  the  population  that  the  constitutional 
form  of  government  and  municip-al  in.stitutions  have  been 
mainly,  if  not  wholly,  upheld.  The  Slovacks  inhabit  the 
N.W..  or  Upper  Hungary;  the  Rusniaks  the  .V.E.;  the  Ser- 
vians the  S. ;  and  the  Croats  and  Illyrians  the  S.AV.  parts 
of  the  country.  The  Slovacks  are  apparently  the  earliest 
people  settled  in  Hungary.  They  are  mostly  Roman  Ca- 
tholics; but  number  also  iipwards  of  600,000  "Protestants — 
chiefly  Lutherans.  The  AVallacks  appear  to  be  descendants 
of  Italian  colonists,  who  settled  here  in  the  time  of  the  Ro- 
mans. The  Germans,  who  for  eight  centuries  have  been 
spread  over  the  country,  have  in  many  places  lost  their  lan- 
guage and  nationality. 

The  greatest  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Hungary  are 
Roman  Catholics,  and  next  to  these  communicants  of  the 
Greek  Church.  Calvinists.  Lutherans,  and  Jews;  the  pro- 
portions for  Hungary  and  Transylvania  beinir.  according  to 
Ffiny^s,  in  1S42:— Roman  Catholics.  6,130,188:  Greek  Ca- 
tholics, l,:!2-2.344:  Protestants,  (Augsburg  Confession.) 
1.00f,.210;  Protestants,  (Helvetian  Confession.)  1.846.844; 
Unitarians,  47.2.S0;  Greek,  (not  united,)  2.283,505:  Jews, 
244,035.  The  chief  educational  establishments  are  the  Uni- 
versity at  Pesth.  a  lyceum  at  Erlau.  7  schools  of  philosophy, 
65  _'ymnasia,  66  Latin,  and  numerous  parish  schools. 
Education  is.  for  the  most  part,  in  a  very  Ijackward  state, 
although  the  higher  nobility  are  generally  persons  of  culti- 
•att^d  minds,  and  are  mostly  Cimiliar  with  foreign  lan- 
guages. 

Iluttry.  Government,  rfc— Iluncary,  S.  and  W.  of  the 
Danube,  and  S.  and  E.  of  the  TheLss,  was  included  in  the 
Roman  Empire;  the  former  region  being  termed  Pannonia. 
and  the  latter  known  as  a  part  of  Dacia ;  while  the  portions 


I  of  the  country  north  of  the  rivers  were  inhabited  by  the 
independent  Quadi,  J.^zyges,  Ac.  In  the  deolino  .tnd  fill  cf 
that  empire,  the  territory  was  successively  occupied  by  the 
Goths,  the  Huns  under  Attila,  and  the  Avars:  from  which 
last  two  tribes  its  present  name  is  supposed  to  have  boen 
derived.  Towards  the  end  of  the  9th  century,  the  Magyars, 
a  people  fi-om  the  steppes  of  Western  Asia,  under  their 
duke,  Arpad.  broke  into  the  country,  and  in  ten  years  had 
established  their  dominion  there,  having  shattered  the 
Slovack  kingdom  of  Moravia  at  the  battle  of  Presburg.  in 
907.  The  sovereignty  was  made  hereditary  in  the  family  of 
Arpad,  whose  grandson,  Geysa,  embraced  Christianity. 
Stephen  I.,  in  907,  assumed  the  title  of  king,  and  added 
Transylvania  to  his  realm;  Slavonia,  Croatia,  and  Dalni-itia 
were  afterwards  subdued,  and  the  sway  of  ilungary  subse- 
quently extended  also  over  Bosni.%,  Servia,  and  Galfcia.  In 
1301  the  line  of  Arp;id  became  extinct,  and  socn  afterwards 
Charles  of  Anjou  was  called  to  the  throne.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Louis  the  Great,  who,  becoming  king  of  Poland, 
ruled  from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Baltic.  Mathias  Coninus, 
unanimously  elected  king  in  14-58,  governed  an  empire  as 
extensive  as  that  of  Austria  in  the  present  day;  but  about 
this  time  the  Turks  began  to  trouble  Hungary,  and,  after 
the  total  defeat  and  death  of  Louis  II..  at  the  lattls  of 
Mohacs,  in  1526,  they  overran  the  greater  part  of  the  conn- 
try,  which  they  retained  for  the  next  160  years.  In  1526, 
Ferdinand,  Archduke  of  Austria,  was  elected  by  the  Diet 
king  of  Hungary,  and  the  sovereignty  has  ever  since  been 
vested  in  the  House  of  Ilapsburg;  but  the  despotism  of  the 
Austrian  sovereigns  became  so  intolerable  to  the  Hungarian 
nobles,  that,  after  repeated  insurrections,  in  1G8S,  they 
rose  under  Teleki,  called  the  Turks  to  their  aid.  and  besieged 
Vienna,  which  was  only  saved  by  the  timely  assistance  of 
Sobieski.  ICing  of  Poland.  The  Turks  were  soon  afterwards 
expelled  from  the  whole  of  their  Hungarian  possessions,  by 
the  troops  under  Prince  Eugene  and  Duke  Charles  of 
Lorraine. 

The  succession  to  the  crown  of  Hungary  was  declared 
hereditary  in  the  Austrian  line  by  the  Pragmatic  Sanc- 
tion, concluded  in  1687.  Although  the  two  countries  were 
thus  united  under  the  same  crown,  Ilungary  has  been  con- 
stitutionally as  integral  and  distinct  from  Austria  as  Ha- 
nover from  England;  and  its  separate  rights  were  re- 
peatedly guaranteed  by  dietal  enactments,  ratified  by  the 
sovereign.  One  of  the.se  expres.5ly  st;ites,  that,  "  Hungary, 
in  her  entire  system  of  legislation  and  government,  is  a  free 
and  independent  kingdom,  and  is,  therefore,  to  be  ruled 
and  governed  by  her  legally-crowned  hereditary  kings, 
according  to  her  national  laws  and  customs."  But  for  ages 
the  Austrian  government  has  endeavored  to  encroach  on 
the  constitutional  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Hunsari.ins, 
and  to  bring  their  country  under  the  same  centralizing 
system  pursued  with  regard  to  the  other  portions  of  the 
Austrian  Empire.  The  frequent  remonstrances  m.ide  by  the 
Diet,  and  the  reforms  which  it  continually  voted,  were  re- 
jected by  the  Austrian  court;  until,  in  the  session  of  184S, 
(after  the  French  Revolution.)  the  Diet  passed  acts  fur  the 
emancipation  of  the  Hungarian  peasantry  from  feudal  bur- 
dens, for  a  fair  representation  of  the  whole  people  in  the 
Diet,  for  the  abolition  of  all  exemptions  from  taxation,  for 
the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  for  tiial  by  jury.  The  emperor 
gave  his  assent  to  these  enactments,  April  11  th,  of  the  same 
year.  But  immediately  afterwards  the  Austii.in  govern- 
ment proceeded  to  excite  insurrections  among  the  Servians 
and  Wallacks,  who  were  in  open  revolt  early  in  June,  On 
the  9th  of  September,  Jellacliich.  who  had  taken  possession 
of  the  Littorale,  crossed  the  Drave  with  an  army  of  48.000 
men,  invested  with  full  authority  to  act  against  the  Diet, 
but  was  defeated  on  the  29th  in  a  pitched  battle,  near  Stuhl- 
weissenburg;  and,  taking  advantage  of  a  truce,  he  sud- 
denly withdrew,  with  a  part  of  his  forces,  to  Vienna,  A 
Hungarian  army  now  crossed  the  Austrian  frontier,  but 
soon  retreated  to  Presburg.  In  December,  Hungary  was 
again  invaded  by  the  Imperialists,  under  Prince  AVindisch- 
gratz,  fVom  whom  the  Hungarians  sa:^t.-iiiipd  sevei-il  re- 
verses. At  length,  after  the  successes  of  liadetzky  in  Italy, 
the  Austrian  govcrn."aent,  March  4,  1849.  promulgated  an 
edict,  by  which  Ilungary  and  its  dependencies  were  divided 
into  provinces  or  "  crown-lands"  of  the  Austrian  Empire, 
and  the  Hungarian  constitution  was  abrogated.  On  the  9fh 
of  March,  the  Diet  declared  these  measures  illegal ;  and.  on 
April  14th,  decreed  the  deposition  cf  -hhe  House  of  Hnpsbnrg 
from  the  sovereignty.  The  Hungarians  now  prosecuted 
the  war  with  great  "vigor  and  spirit.  Their  armies  were 
everywhere  succe.s.sful ;  and,  after  five  great  deie<its,  the 
Au.strians,  Croatians,  and  the  Rus.sian  allies  had  lo.':t  in 
April  nearly  every  military  position  they  had  gained.  Buda 
was  stormed  and  taken  by  the  Hungarians  on  May  21st; 
but  by  the  lOthof  June,  large  Ru^si.in  armies  were  collected 
on  the  frontiers,  and  in  .Tuly  they  simultaneor-sly  pivired 
into  Ilungary  from  the  N.and  E.,  while  the  Crual?.  under 
Jellachich,  advanced  from  the  S.,  and  the  Au?f.-i.i>ia  from 
the  W.  The  struggle  was  soon  terminated  Gorgey,  with 
an  army  of  between  30,000  and  40,tK'/0  men,  <!urr-nH'.f  red  to 
the  Russians  at  Vilagos,  August  loth,  two  lays  after  the 


IIUN 


HUN 


governorship  of  the  country  had  hefin  resigned  to  him  hy 
Kossufh.  I'eterwardein  next  capitulated  to  the  Austrlans; 
and  finally  Comorn.  on  September  27th,  which  event  put  an 
end  to  the  war.  The  forces  brou'rht  into  the  field  liy  the 
IIun<rarians  at  any  one  time  never  exceeded  135,000  men, 
with  400  oieces  of  artillery:  against  whom  were  opposed,  in 
the  last  canipaiu'n,  loO.OCiO  Russian,  and  110,000  Austrian 
troops,  besides  insurcent  Servians.  ^Vallacks.  &c..  m.iking  a 
total  of  upwards  of  300,000  men.  Many  of  the  chiefs  of  the  re- 
volution tl(^  into  Turkey ;  others  suffered  military  execution. 

The  Palatine  has  been  replaced  by  an  officer  named  the 
Statt/ialler,  viho  resides  in  I'esth :  the  old  Hungarian  code 
of  laws  is  substituted  by  a  new  legal  system,  closely  re- 
sembling that  of  the  other  Austrian  provinces  ;  every  mu- 
nicipal functionary  is  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Vienna; 
all  communications  with  the  Austrian  government  are  con- 
ducted in  the  German  language;  Hungary  is  to  bear  its 
proportionate  share  of  the  taxation  of  the  whole  empire; 
und  the  prohibition  duties  on  the  trade  between  it  and  the 

other  parts  of  the  monarchy  have  been  abandoned. Adj. 

and  inhab.  HuNGARlAy,  hQng-g,Vre-.in.  (Hun.M.voy.tR.  mdd'- 
j6n':  Kr.  IInNOROis.hte''Vr"'^;  Oer.UNQARiscH,00nfi'gS-rish.) 

IIUN'G'AKY,  of  Virginia,  a  station  on  the  Kichmond  Fre- 
derick and  Potomac  Railroad,  8  miles  N.  of  Kichmond. 

IIUXflK.X,  hfiong'en.  a  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  10  miles 
e.E.  of  Giessen,  on  the  Horloff.     Pop.  1033. 

HUNGKKFORD,  httng'gher-fprd,  a  market- town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  \Viits.  on  the  Keiinet,  and  on  the 
Kennet  .and  Avon  C.inal.  nt  the  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the 
Great  Western  Hallway,  2tii  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ueadiug.  Pop. 
2724.    It  has  a  branch  bank,  and  a  town-hall. 

nUNG'EI{T()N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

nUN'GKY  HILL,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Cork,  15  rtiles  W.X.W.  of  Bantry;  elevation,  2249  feet. 
From  a  lake  on  its  summit  descends  a  toirent  in  broken 
cascades,  one  of  which  is  700  feet  in  height. 

IIUN'INGHAM,  or  IIONVINGHAM,  a  parish  of  EngUnd, 
CO.  of  Warwick. 

IIUNINGUE,  hU'nSNo',  (Ger.  ITUningen.  hU'ningen.)  a 
small  frontier  town  of  France,  department  of  Haut-iihin, 
Dn  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  2  miles  N.W.  of  B&le,(I!a.sel.) 
Pop.  1422.  It  was  formerly  an  important  stronghold,  but 
Its  fortifications  were  demolished  in  isiti. 

HL'NKIX,  hoon-keen'?,  a  maritime  town  of  Corea,  on  its 
E.  coast.     Lat.  39°  63'  N..  Ion.  127°  30'  E. 

IIU.N'LEY'S  CUEKK.  of  Indiana,  flows  through  Dubois 
county,  into  the  Patoka  Kiver. 

HUN'LOCK'S  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Luzerne  cO.,  Ponn- 
fvlvania. 

'lIU.VMAXBY,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

HUNXEKWASSER.    Pee  IIuhnerwasser.      . 

II  I'NS'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

IIUXSE.  htin'seh.  (anc.  TTnsin'rps.)  a  river  of  the  Nether- 
lands, provinces  of  Drenthe  and  Groningen,  enters  the 
Lanwer-Zce  after  a  X.W.  course  of  50  miles. 

IIOX'SUICLF,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y^ork,  West 
Riding. 

IIUNSHOVEN,  (Hiinshoven,)  hilns'ho-ven,  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia.  15  miles  X.  of  .\ix-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  6.17. 

HU.N'rilXGORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Ridinu:. 

IIUX'SLET,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  connected  with  Leeds  by  bridges  across  the  Aire. 
Pup.  in  1S51.  19,466,  It  has  important  woollen  m.anufac- 
tures,  chemical  works,  potteries,  and  glass-works.  The  Leeds 
branch  of  the  Xorth  Midland  Railway  terminates  here. 

HUX'STAXTOX,  a  parish  of  Enuland.  co.  of  Xorfolk.  on 
the  Lee,  9  miles  W.  of  Burnham-Westgate.  Here  is  a  light- 
housp.  on  a  lofty  cliff,  in  lat.  62°  56'  54''  X.,  Ion.  0°  29'  30"  E. 

HL'NS'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

IlljNSTON,  a  parish  of  Eniiland,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HUXS'WORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

HUNT,  a  county  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area 
of  about  960  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
S.tbino  Kiver.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven.  The  county 
contains  fertile  prairies,  and  has  some  timlier.  Named  in 
honor  of  Memucan  Hunt,  minister  from  the  Republic  of 
Texas  to  the  United  States.  Capital,  Greenville.  Pop.6(»0, 
of  \vliiiin  till:"?,  were  free. 

HUXTK,  hiWn'teh,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Hanover  and 
Oldenburg,  rises  in  the  marshes  of  Osnabriick,  flows  tortu- 
ously northward,  and  after  a  course  of  90  miles,  joins  the 
Weser  at  Elsfleth,  17  miles  N.AV.  of  Bi-emen. '  Principal 
altiuent,  the  Aire, 

HUN'TER,  a  county  of  New  South  Wales.  Area,  2056 
Biiuare  miles.    Capital.  .Terry's  Town.     Pop.  1190. 

HUXTER,  a  post-township  of  Greene  CO..  New  York,  52 
ailes  S.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  169S, 

HUXTER,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  CO.,  Ohio. 

IlUNTEll,  a  post-office  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 

HITNTER.  a  post-village  of  Boone  CO.,  Illinois,  about  90 
mil  -s  X.W.  of  Chicago. 

HV:-;iEKPC:\  '  county  in  the  N.W.  centr,al  part  of  Xew 


.Jersey,  has  an  area  of  about  viO  square  miles.  It  Is  hoviniaa 
on  the  8.W.  b)*  the  Delaware,  N.W.  by  the  Musconetcong, 
and  jmrtiy  on  the  E.  by  Lamington  river,  and  is  drained  by 
Smith's  Branch  and  South  Branch  of  Raritan  Kiver,  and  by 
Stony  Brook,  The  surface  in  the  northern  and  southern 
parts  is  mountainous,  Tlie  soil  in  the  valleys  is  generally 
very  fertile.  Limestone  and  freestone  are  abundant.  The 
Xew  Jersey  Central  Railroad  traverses  the  county,  which  is 
also  partly  intersected  Ijy  the  canal  extending  from  Trenton 
to  Saxtonville.  Organized  in  1714,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Governor  Hunter.    Capital,  Flemington.     Pop.  3.3.654. 

HUXTER  ISLAXD,  an  island  of  the  P.acific  Ocean,  E.  ot 
New  Caledonia.     Lat.  22°  30'  S..  Ion.  171°  45'  E. 

IIUXTKR  ISLAXD,  one  of  the  Carolines,  Radick  group; 
lat.  6°  42'  N.,  Ion.  169°  0'  E. 

IIUXTKR  ISLAXDS,  a  group  in  Hunter  Channel,  con- 
necting the  Eastern  Ocean  with  Bass  Strait,  between  South 
Australia  and  Van  Diemens  Land,  comprising  Barren, 
Three  Hummocks,  Albatross,  and  some  smaller  islands. 

HUXTER  KIVKR,  in  Eastern  Australia,  New  South 
AVnles,  flows  tortuously  S.  and  K,,  and  enters  the  ocean  at 
Port  Hunter,    See  Port  Hunter. 

HUNTER'S  CAVE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HUNTER'S  ISLAND,  or  ONACUSA,  o-na-koo'si  an  is- 
land of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.W.  of  the  Feejee  group.  Liit. 
15°31'.S.,  Ion.  1760  11'  E, 

HUXTEirS  LAXI).  a  post-office,  Schoharie  co,.  New  York. 

HUNTER'S  POINT,  a  station  of  Kings  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Flushing  Railroad,  near  \\  illianisburg.  Long  Island, 

HUXT'EliSTOWX,  a' postrvillage  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 35  miles  S.S.W,  of  Harrisburg, 

IIUXT'ERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HUXTERSVILLE,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Poca- 
hontas CO.,  West  Virginia,  is  situated  near  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  about  It.O  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wlieeling. 

HUXTERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Hardm  co.,  Ohio,  82 
miles  X.W.  of  Columbus. 

HUXTERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  .Miami  River,  opposite  Piqua. 

HUNTERSVILLE,  a  township  in  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  513. 

HUXTINGBURG.  a  post-office  of  Du  Bois  co.,  Indian.i, 

HUNTING  CRKEK.  a  post-fifflce  of  Accomac  CO.,  Virginia. 

HUXT'IXGDDX  or  HUXTIXGDOXSHIRE,  htint/ingdou- 
shir,  a  small  inland  county  of  Lngland,  having  W,  and  N, 
the  count}'  of  .Northampton.  Area.  211,090  .acres,  of  which 
about  220.000  are  said  to  be  arable  and  gra.ss.  Pop.  in  1851, 
64,183.  Stirface  in  the  W.,  S.,  and  central  parts,  gently 
varied:  in  the  E.  and  N.E.,  flat,  forming  part  of  the  great 
level  of  the  Fens,  and  containing  3  meres,  or  lakes — Whit- 
tlesea.  Ramsey,  and  Ugg.  Chief  rivers,  the  Ou.se  and  Nene. 
Agriculture  in  the  Fens  Is  in  an  advanced  state.  Horses 
are  extensively  bred.  The  county  comprises  4  hundreds. 
Chief  towns,  Huntingdon,  Kimbolton,  St.  Ives,  and  St. 
Xeots.  The  county  returns  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  Huntingdonshire  formed  a  part  of  the  British 
kin'.;dom  of  the  Ic«ni,  and  of  the  Saxon  Mercia.  It  was 
entirely  under  forest  law  till  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  David, 
Prince  of  Scotland,  having  married  the  heiress  of  the 
Saxon  Earls  of  Huntingdon,  was  created  Earl  in  1108,  the 
title  continuing  till  1219  in  his  family,  one  of  whom  is  said 
to  have  been  the  famous  outlaw,  Robin  Hood.  Henry  VIII, 
gave  the  earldom  to  the  Hastings  family,  with  whom  it  still 
continues. 

HU.\TMXGDOX\  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
and  market-town  of  England,  capital  of  the  above  county, 
on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Ouse,  here  cnissed  by  3  bridges,  con- 
necting it  with  the  suburbs  of  Godmanchester,  17  miles  N.W. 
of  Cambridge,  on  the  Gre.at  Northern  Hallway.  Pop,  of  par- 
liamentary borough,  in  1S51,  6219,  The  town  has  2  ancient 
churches,  a  free  grammar  school,  at  which  Oliver  Cromwell 
was  partly  educated,  a  green-coat  school,  a  town-hall,  with 
assembly-room;  a  hospital,  county  jail,  small  theatre,  baths, 
some  traces  of  a  castle  built  by  Edward  the  Elder,  in  917 ; 
several  breweries,  and  considerable  trade  by  the  Ouse,  in 
corn,  wool,  coals,  and  timber.  It  sends  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  are  Brampton  Park  and 
Ilinchinbrooke  House,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  Crom- 
well family.  The  protector  Oliver  was  born  in  Huntingdon, 
April  25th,  1599. 

HUNTIXGDOX,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  p.art  of  Penn- 
sylvania, has  an  area  of  7.30  square  miles.  The  Little  Ju- 
niata and  the  Frankstone  Branch  unite  in  the  X.  p.art  of 
the  county,  which  is  also  drained  by  the  Raystown  Branch, 
and  by  the  Great  .\ughwick  and  Standingstone  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  mountainous  ranges  and  fertile 
valleys,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery. 
Rich  iron-mines  are  worked  in  the  highlands;  stone  eoal  ig 
abundant  on  Broadtop  Mountain ;  the  surface  rock  of  the 
valleys  is  blue  limestone.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Canal  and  Central  Railroad,  Organized  in 
1787,  and  n.amed  from  Huntingdon  county,  England,  Capt 
tal,  Huntingdon,    Pop.  28,100, 

883 


HUir 

IIUXTIXGDON.  a  townsh'p  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylrania, 
i-j  miles  N.i:.  of  Gettysburg.     I'op.  1833. 

HUNTINGDON,  a  pleasant-post-bOrou!.'h  in  Henderson 
township,  capital  of  Huntingdon  co.,  I'ennsylvania,  is  de- 
lislhtfuUy  situ.ited  on  the  left  bank  of  the  J uniata  Kiver, 
and  on  the  Central  Kaili-oad.  90  miles  by  turnpike,  or  96 
miles  by  railroad.  W.N.W.  of  Ilarrisbui-sr.  The  banks  of  the 
Junialn  are  distinguished  for  bold  and  beautiful  scenery. 
Jjiirse  quantities  of  srraiu,  iron,  &c.  are  shipped  at  this  point 
by  ihe  Penn.sylvania  Canal.  A  railroad  20  miles  long  ex- 
tends from  the  borough  to  the  coal-mines  of  Broadtop  Moun- 
tain. The  tow-n  has  3  bridges  across  the  Juniata,  and  con- 
tains S  churches,  1  aciidemy,  1  national  bank,  and  7  public 
schools.  Two  or  three  newspapers  are  published  here.  In- 
corporated in  1796.  Population  in  1S50,  1470;  in  1860, 
1S90. 

HUNTINGDON,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co..  PennP7lTanla 
Pop.  17S8. 

HUNTINGDON,  a  post-Tillage  of  Moreland  township, 
Montgomery  co..  Penn.sylvania,  on  Pennypack  Creek,  13 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Philadelphia. 

HUNTINGDON,  a  post-village,  aipital  of  Carroll  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 105  miles  AV.  of  Nashville.  It  has  2  academies,  sup- 
parted  by  a  revenue  from  public  lands,  and  9  stores.  Pop. 
about  .i!)0. 

HUNTINGDON,  a  county  of  Canada  East,  bordering  upon 
the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  N.W..  and  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Sorel  River,  and  on  the  S.  by  New  York.  It  comprises 
an  area  of  488  square  miles,  and  is  traversed  by  two  rail- 
ways, having  their  N.  terminus  at  Montreal.  Chief  town, 
Laprairie.    Pop.  40,645. 

HUNTINGDON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Beauharnois,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  several 
stores  and  hotels.     Pop.  about  650. 

HUNTINGDONSHIRE,  a  county  of  England.    See  Hunt- 

INGDOX. 

HUNTINGDON  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery 
CO..  Pennsvlvania. 

HUNT'INGFIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

HUNT'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  county  towards  the  N.E.  part  of  In- 
dianfi,  contains  3S4  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Wabash  and  Salamonie  lilvers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  deep  and  highly  productive.  Capital,  Huntington. 
Pop.  14,867. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chittenden 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Huntington  River,  about  20  miles  W. 
of  Montpelier.     Pop.  862. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  post4ownship  of  Fairfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  W.  side  of  the  Housatonic  River,  about  12 
miles  AV.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  1477. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Suffolk  co.. 
New  York,  about  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  New  York.  The  town- 
ship extends  across  Long  Island,  from  the  Sound  to  Great 
South  Bay.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Long  Lsland  Railroad.  The 
village  is  situated  on  Huntington  Bay,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
island.  It  has  churches  of  5  or  6  denominations,  an  aca- 
demy, and  3  newspaper  offices.     Pop.  8924. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  post^village  of  Laurens  district.  South 
Canillna,  82  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  2854. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  township  of  Gallia  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1648. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  township  of  Lorain  CO..  Ohio.  Pop.  1109. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2251. 

IIUNTIN(iTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Hunt- 
ington CO.,  Indiana,  on  Little  River,  on  the  Toledo  and  M'a- 
lash  Railroad,  and  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  100  miles 
N  E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  fertility  of  the  surrotmding  coun- 
ti-y  and  the  facilities  for  trade  render  this  a  place  of  active 
business.  It  has  a  fine  court-hotise,  7  churches,  1  national 
bank,  1  woollen-factory,  and  several  mills.  Two  news^ 
papers  are  published  here.  Population  in  1860,  1664;  in 
1865  about  2200. 

HUNTINGTON  B.A.Y.  a  small  arm  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
*bout  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  New  York  City. 
^  HUNTINGTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Calvert  co.,  Maryland, 
o4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Annapolis. 

HUNT'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

HUNTLEY'S  GROVE,  a  village  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  railroad  between  Chicago  and  Galena,  55  miles 
W.N.W.  of  the  former. 

HUNT'LY,  a  burgh  of  barony,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Bogle  and  Deveron.  co., 
and  34  miles  N.W.  of  Aberdeen.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851, 
3131.  It  has  2  bridges,  a  large  mai  ket-place,  several  churches, 
3  bran-.h  banks,  some  linen  bleat  h-works.  and  considerable 
exports  of  agricultural  produce.  Huntly  gives  title  to  the 
premier  Marquis  of  Scotland,  the  chief  of  the  Gordons,  now 
Duke  of  Itichmond. 

HUNI'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HUNXON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Biding. 

8M 


HUR 

IIUNTS'BURG.  a  post-vill.age  and  township  in  the.E.  part 
of  Geauira  co..  Ohio,  170  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  885. 

HUNT.S'FELL.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

HUNTS'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HUNT'SHAW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HUNT'S  HOLLOW,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co..  New 
Y'ork.  «bout  240  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

HUNT'S  JIILL,  of  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Sandusky, 
Mansfield,  and  New.ark  Railroad,  IS  miles  from  Newark. 

HUNTS'  STORE,  a  post-offtce  of  G  uilford  co..  North  Carolina. 

HUNTS/VILLE,  a  po.st-Tillage  of  Litchfield  co.,  CoU' 
necticut,  about  38  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Iliirttonl. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  115  miles  N.E.  of  llarrisburg. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  village  in  Surrey  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  Yadkin  River,  125  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kaleigh. 

HUNTSVILLE,  North  Carolina,  a  stjitiou  on  the  Raleigh 
and  Gaston  Railroad.  10  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

HUNTSVILLE.  a  po.st-offiee  of  Yadkin  co..  North  Carolina. 

HUNTSVILLE.  a  village  of  Laurens  district,  South  Caro- 
lina, 56  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

HUNTSVI LLE,  a  post-village  of  Paulding  co.,  Georgia,  11 
miles  E.  of  Van  Wert,  the  county  seat. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  beautiful  town,  capital  of  Madison  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  ilemphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  15C 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa,  and  116  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nash- 
ville. It  contains  many  handsome  brick  buildings,  among 
which  is  the  court-house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $45,CO0.  The 
bank,  a  stone  edifice,  with  an  Ionic  portico,  cost  about 
$80,000.  There  are  5  or  6  churches,  a  United  States  laud- 
ofiice,  3  newspaper  offices,  and  2  female  seminaries,  one  of 
which  is  estimated  to  cost  at  least  ^20,000.  Pojiulation  iu 
1860,  3634. 

HUNTSA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jlontgomerv  co.,  Texas. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Walker 
CO..  Texas,  on  the  road  from  Houston  to  Eastern  Texas.  20C 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  cot- 
ton-planting region,  and  has  an  active  business.  The  state 
penitentiarv  is  located  here.  Two  new.spapers  are  published. 
Pop.  in  1860.  939. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Madi.son  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 2  miles  W.  of  War  Eagle  River,  and  175  miles  N.W. 
of  Little  Rock.    Free  population,  251. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co..  Tennessee. 

HUNTSVILLE.  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  22  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Cincinnati. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Sandusky,  61  miles  N.AV.  of 
Columbus. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  7 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Anderson. 

HUNTSVILLE.  a  village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Winchester. 

HUNTSA'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Pchxiyler  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  stage-route  from  Springfiedd  to  AA'ai'saw,  80  miles  AA'.N.AY. 
of  the  foi-mer.  ' 

HUNTSA'ILLE,  a  p.3st-village.  capital  of  Randolph  CO., 
Missouri,  78  miles  N.  by  AA'.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HUN'AVORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

HUNYAD,  hoon'y^d',  ( Hun.  Hunyath, hoon^Sf.) a  county 
in  the  S.AA'.  part  of  Transylvania.  Area,  2446  square  miles. 
Pop.  96.800. 

HUON.  hoo/on,  a  river  of  Tasmania,  which  bounds  the 
district  of  Hobarton,  in  A'an  Diemen's  Land,  on  the  S.AA'.,  and 
joins  D'Entrecasteaux  Channel  bv  an  estuary  3  miles  across. 

HUON  ISLANDS,  Pacific  Ocean,  are  a  group  N.AV.of  New 
Caledonia. 

HURBE>f.  (Hiirben.)  hilR'bfn,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Swabia,  district  of  Krumbach.     Pop.  1171. 

IIUHDA.  hooR'di.  a  p<ipulr,us  fortified  town  of  Ilindostan, 
40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mysore,  with  a  temple  of  Sceva. 

IIURDS'FIELD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester, 
forming  a  suburb  of  Macclesfield. 

HURDTOAA'N,  a  post-office  of  MoiTis  co..  New  Jersey. 

HURDWAR,  hCrdVar',  (originally  Hari-dwar,  "  gate  of 
Vishnu."  or  Gaiigi-divar,  ••'  gate  of  the  Ganges,")  a  town  and 
famous  place  of  pilgrimage  of  North  Ilindostan,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  30  miles  E.  of 
Scharunpoor.  on  the  Gange.s,  where  it  issues  from  the  moun- 
tains. The  town  is  small,  but  at  the  spring  equinox  the 
largest  fair  In  India  is  held  heie.  attended  annually  by  from 
200,000  to  300,000  persons,  and  every  twelfth  year  by  from 
1,000,000  to  1,500.000,  and,  accoiding  to  some  authorities, 
even  2.000,000  pilgrims  and  dealers.  Large  numbers  of 
horses,  cattle,  and  camels,  with  Persian  dried  fruits,  drugs, 
and  shawls,  are  brought  hither  from  Nepaul,  the  Punjab, 
Afghanistan,  and  Bokhara, 

ilUREEKEE.  ho(>ree'kee\  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  on  the 
Sutlej,  just  below  the  influx  of  the  Beas,  33  miles  S.  of  Am- 
ritseer.  Though  small,  it  has  an  active  trade,  being  on  the 
route  of  nearly  the  whole  trafSc  between  the  Punjab  .lud 
the  rest  of  Uindostan. 

HURIEL,  hiPre-JP,  a  village  of  France,  department  O)  il 
Her,  7  miles  N.AV.  of  Montluson.    Pop.  in  1852,  2842. 


HUR 


HUS 


HVRIN.  hooreen'.  (?)  a  town  of  Persia,  proTinee  of  Irak- 
Ajemee,  difed-ict  of  tCermanshah,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Zohab. 
Here  aro  massive  romains  of  stono  buildings  of  very  high 
antiquity,  and  near  it  some  rock  sculptures. 

nUltr/BUUT'S  mills,  postoffice,  Clinton  co.,  New  York. 

IIUKL'ISURTVTLLi;,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  Co.,  New  York. 

IIUU'LICY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

IIUIt'LICY,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.  central 
part  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York,  about  65  miles  S.S.W  of  Al- 
bany.   Pop.  2364. 

HURLGATK.    See  Hell  Gate. 

nU'KON,  L.^KE,  formerly  pronounced  hu-ron',  the  third 
in  size  of  the  five  great  lakes  of  North  America,  communi- 
cating with  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver,  lies  between  43°  and 
40°  15'  N.  lat.,  and  between  80°  and  84°  40'  W.  Ion.,  btung 
bounded  on  the  S.S.W.  by  the  State  of  Michigan,  and  in 
all  other  directions  by  Canada  West,  except  where  it  re- 
ceives its  supplies  frnm  Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior,  by 
the  Straits  of  Mackinaw  and  Saut  St.  .Alarie,  and  at  its  out- 
let by  St.  Clair  River.  It  is  divided  into  two  unequal  por- 
tions liy  a  long  peninsula  named  Calmt's  Head,  and  the  Mani- 
touline  chain  of  island.s.  The  parts  to  the  N.  and  E.  are 
called  Manitou  (('. «.  the  Great  Spirit)  Biiy,  or  the  North 
Channel,  and  Manitouline  L:jke,  or  Georgian  Bay.  With 
the  exception  of  these  bodies  of  water  and  Saginaw  Bay,  the 
outline  of  Lake  Huron  approaches  in  f  )rm  very  nearly  to  a 
crescent.  Its  position,  lengthwise,  is  about  S.S.E.  and 
N.N.W.,  and  the  distiince  from  one  extremity  to  the  other, 
following  the  curve,  does  not  vary  much  from  280  miles. 
The  greatest  breadth,  exclusive  of  Georgian  Bay,  is  105 
miles;  average  breadth,  70  miles;  estimated  area,  20,400 
square  miles.  The  surface  of  the  water  Is  elevated  19  feet 
above  Lake  Erie,  352  feet  above  Ontario,  and  6iJ0  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  depth  of  Lake  Huron  is  greater 
than  that  of  any  other  in  the  chain,  averaging,  probably,  not 
less  than  1000  feet.  Off  Saginaw  Bay.  it  is  said  that'leads 
Lave  been  sunk  isno  feet,  or  1200  feet  below  the  level  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  without  reaching  bfittom.  The  waters  are 
remarkably  clear,  especially  towards  the  Straits  of  .Mackinaw, 
and  very  pure  and  sweet.  It  is  to  their  peculiar  trans- 
parency that  Dr.  Drake  attributes  the  fact,  which  he  ascer- 
tained by  actual  experiment,  that  the  temperature  of  the 
waters  at  the  surface  and  200  feet  below  the  Siime  spot 
was  precisely  the  same — r)6  degrees.  The  sun's  rays  pass 
through  them  as  thr(3ugh  a  cloudless  atmosphere,  without 
meeting  with  sufficient  solid  matter  in  suspension  to  elicit 
heat.  This  lake  is  said  to  contain  upwards  of  3000  con.sidor- 
able  islands.  It  is  the  reservoir  of  numerous  streams,  and 
Its  coast  affords  many  line  harbors.  Like  most  of  the  other 
lakes  in  the  chain,  it  is  subject  to  fearful  storms,  but  its 
navigation  is  not  generally  considered  dangerous. 

HURON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of 
464  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by  Huron  and 
Vermilion  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by  Pipe  and  other  creeks. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  ia  excellent,  and  highly 
cultivated.  The  county  is  intersected  by  three  railway  lines, 
viz.,  the  Sandusky,  Mau.slield  and  Newark,  the  Cleveland 
and  Coltiinbus,  anil  the  Cleveland  and  Toloiio.  It  was  formed 
in  1815.  and  nametl  from  Huron  River.  Capital,  Norwalk. 
Population,  20.616. 

HURON,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  bor- 
dering on  Lake  Huron,  contains  about  750  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Saginaw  Bay.  The  surface  has 
but  little  elevation,  and  is  mostly  covered  with  forests. 
Pop.  1038. 

HURON,  a  post-Tillage  and  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Nesv 
York,  on  Lake  Ontario  and  Sod  us  Bay  about  40  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  1966. 

HURON,  a  post-village,  lake-port,  and  township  of  Erie 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  Huron  River,  at  its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie, 
111  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus.  The  village,  about  10  miles 
E.  of  Sandusky,  contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  several  ware- 
bouses,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  important  trade.  The  ex- 
ports in  1851  amounted  in  value  to$581,676,  and  the  imports 
to  S'^77,155.  Huron  has  a  good  harbor,  except  that  in  some 
seasons  sand  accumulations  take  place  at  its  mouth,  which 
require  removal  in  order  to  i-ender  access  easy.  A  ship- 
canal  has  been  constructed  from  the  port  to  Milan,  a  dis- 
tance of  8  miles,  and  a  branch  railroad  connects  it  with  the 
Sandusky  and  Mansfield  Railroad.  Population  of  the  town- 
ship in  l"8.-0,  1397  ;  in  1860,  1744. 

HURON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Wayne  co., 
Michigan,  is  intersected  by  Huron  River.     Pop.  829. 

HURON,  a  village  in  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  55  miles  S.E.  of  Iowa  City.     Pop.  732. 

HURON,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  upon  Lake 
Huron,  comprises  an  area  of  1392  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
Goderich.     Pop.  19,198. 

HURON  RIVER,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state, 
and.  flowing  through  Huron  and  Erie  counties,  enters  Lake 
Erie  at  the  village  of  Huron.  A  ship-canal  has  been  opened 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  Milan.  8  miles  above. 

HURON  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  among  thesm.ill  lakes 
if  Oakland  and  Livingston  counties,  flows  .couth-westerly  to 
Vortage  Lake,  and,  turning  thence  towards  the  S.E.,  enters 


Lake  Erie,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Detroit.  It  is  about  PC  miles 
long.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  it  is  called  WoodruDf '9 
Creek. 

HUIOREEPORK',  a  town  of  Ilindostiin,  in  the  Punjab,  73 
miles  N.E.  of  .\mritseer,  in  lat.  31°  57'  N.,  Ion.  75°  55'  E., 
consisting  of  from  lOOO  to  1500  hou.ses. 

HURRIAL,  hur-re-dl'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal.  78  miles  N.W.  of  Dacca. 

HURRIANA,  hilr-re-Sn'd.  an  extensive  district  of  Nrth- 
west  Ilindostan,  mostly  comprised  in  the  British  presidency 
of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  but  is  partly  the  trilmtary  of 
Rajpoot  U-rritory.  Lat.  26°  40'  N.,  Ion.  76°  E.  It  derives  its 
name  from  hunja,  ("green,")  it  being  a  comparitively  fertile 
tract,  enclosed  by  a  desert. 

IIUR'RICANE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

HURRICANE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  parish,  Louisiana. 

HURRICANE,  a  post-office  of  Conway  co.,  Arkan.sas. 

IIURRIC.A.NE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee. 

HURRICANE,  a  township  in  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  3165. 

HURRICANE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois. 

HURRICANE  BRIDGE,a  post-office,  Putnam  co.,Virginia. 

HURRICANE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Saufllla 
River  in  Ware  county.  It  is  al.so  called  Tellfair  Creek.  Lit- 
tle Hurricane  Creek  enters  it  in  the  N.  part  of  the  same 
county. 

HURRICANE  CREEK,  of  Saline  co.,  Arkansa.s,  flows  into 
Saline  River. 

HURRICANE  CREEK,  in  the  AV.  central  part  of  Tennes- 
see, rises  in  Dickson  county,  and,  flowing  S.W.,  enters  Duck 
River  in  Humphrevs  countv. 

HUltRICANE  CREEK,a  post-office,  Choctaw  CO..  Alabama. 

HURRICANE  CREEK,a  post-office  of  Salineco.,  Arkansas. 

HURRICANE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  CO.,  Ten- 

iiuRRICANE  GROVE,  a  post^sfflce  of  Grant  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

HUICRIPAUL',  (originally  Haripala.)  a  town,  or  large 
collection  of  hamlets  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
district,  and  i53  miles  S.W.  of  Hoogly. 

HURRUR  or  HOUROUR,  hooh-ooR',  a  walled  town  of 
East  Africa,  capital  of  a  small  state  of  the  same  name,  in  lau 
9°  37'  N.,  lon.-41°35'  E.,  150  miles  S.S.W.  Zeyla,  in  a  verdant 
valley,  almost  encircled  by  hills.  It  carries  on  an  extensive 
trade  in  slaves,  c iffee.  ivory,  ghee,  ostrich-feathers,  gums,  <tc. 
The  people  are  rigid  Mohammedans;  their  language  bears 
an  affinity  to  the  Amharle.  and  they  use  the  Arabic  charac- 
ter.    No  Christians  are  admitted  within  the  walls. 

IIUIVRYHUR',  a  frontier  town  of  South  Ilindostan,  My- 
sore dominions,  on  the  Toombuddra,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Chit- 
teldroog.  in  lat.  14°  31'  N.,  Ion.  75°  59'  E. 

HURS'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HURST,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Berks  and  Wilts. 

HURST,  or  FAW'KENHURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent 

HURST'BOURNE  PRI/ORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

HURSTBOUUNE  TAU'RANT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

HURST  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  2J 
miles  S.E.  of  Milford,  on  a  remarkable  natural  causew.ay 
about  200  yards  in  breadth,  running  2  miles  into  the  sea, 
and  approaching  within  1  mile  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The 
castle,  built  by  Henry  VIII.,  became,  in  December,  1648.  the 
prison  of  Charles  I.  On  Hur.Kt  Beach  are  two  light-houses, 
ia  lat.  50°  42'  23"  N.,  Ion.  1°  32'  60"  W. 

HURST  MONCEAUX.  (monVsiV,)  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Sussex.  3  miles  E.  of  Hailsham.  Hurst  Monceaux  Castle, 
now  a  magnificent  ruin,  M'as  formerly  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  perfectly  castellated  mansions  in  the  kingdom. 

HURST,  OLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

HURST  PIER'PONT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

HURTS  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Maury  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

HURUP,  CESTER,  os'ter  hoo/roop.  a  fishing  village  of  Den- 
m.ark,  in  Jutland,  Cattegat,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Aalborg.  It 
has  12  feet  of  water  at  its  quaj',  and  the  roads  afford  the 
best  anchorage  on  the  whole  coast  between  the  Lymfiord 
and  Grenaae. 

HUR'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  on 
the  Tees,  3^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Darlington. 

HUSAVIK,  hoo'sA-vik,  a  vilkge  of  Iceland,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Skjalfandi  B;iy,  on  the  N.  coast,  which  is  here  lined 
by  bold  cliffs.    It  has  manufactures  of  sulphur. 

IIUSBY,  hoos'bU,  a  parish  of  Sweden,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Lake  Wener,  having  sulphurous  baths. 

IIUSBV,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswlck,  6^  miles 
S.E.  of  Flensburg. 

HUSCH,  hoosh,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  47  miles  S.E.of  Yassy. 
Hero  the  treaty  of  the  I'ruth,  between  the  Russians  arid 
Turks,  was  signed,  in  1711. 

HUSH-EON,  hfish-.i-on',  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
Q^uang-tong,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Hai-nan.  about  3 
miles  from  Howi-Howe.     It  is  surrounded  with  walls  of 


HUS 


HYD 


l.iick  unl  >tc  ne,  40  feet  hifrh  by  30  feet  thick,  witli  a  parapet 
4  it-et  ui'ib.     Po-    of  the  town  and  suhurls.  about  200,000. 

IIUS0W.4.  a  ti  wn  of  Moravia.     See  Dect«h-ii.\ise. 

HUJ«SE1XI'00I{,  hils-sin-poor',  a  town  of  British  Indi.-i, 
presidency  of  IJengal.  Upper  Provinces,  62  miles  E.  of  Delhi, 

HUSSIXETZ.  hoos'se-nks,  or  GUSSXITZ.  goos'nits.  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Prachin.  75  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Praiue.     Pop.  1173.    It  is  the  birthplace  of  John  IIuss. 

HUSSJNETZ,  a  villaire  of  Prussian  Silesia,  18  miles  N.E. 
of  P.eicb.)nbHch.     Pop.  998. 

nrSSlXGABAD,  British  India.     See  IIosraGAB.lB. 

IIUSTIIWAITE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Fading. 

IIU'STISFORD,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Dodge  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Rock  River,  alwut  50  miles  X.E. 
of  Madison.  The  village  has  2  stores,  and  2  mills.  Popu- 
lation of  the  towhship.  1519. 

IIU'S  rox,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,PeDnsylvania.  Pop.1214. 

lUISTOX.  a  township  of  Centre  co.,Pennsyivania.  Pop.633. 

IIU'STOXVILUE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lincoln  co., 
Kentucky,  on  Hanging  Fork  Creek.  53  miles  S.  of  Frankfort, 
It  contains  5  stores.  2  churches,  and  2  seminaries. 

HUSUM,  hoo'sMm,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  duchy, 
and  22  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Sleswick.  at  the  mouth  of  a  small 
stream.  It  contains  a  tine  modern  Gothic  church,  an  an- 
cient castle,  a  normal  school,  and  hospital,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  tobacco,  cotton  prints,  and  woiUen  stuffs.  It  is 
the  seat  of  considerable  trade,  though  the  harbor -admits 
vessels  drawing  only  7  feet  water.     Pop.  4000. 

nUSUM.  a  village  of  Holland.     See  IIuizuM. 

HUSZTII.  boost,  or  KUUSZT.  Koost,  a  village  of  East  Hun- 
gary, circle  of  Marmaros,  at  the  junction  of  the  Theiss  with 
the  Nagy-Ag.  28  miles  W.X.W.  of  Sziseth.     Pop.  459li. 

HUTISKO,  hoo-tis'ko,  a  village  of  Moravia,  40  miles  from 
Weisskirchen.     Pop.  940. 

IIUTXEE.  a  town  of  Hindost.in.     See  IIittaxt. 

HUTOFT,  or  HIGH-TOFT,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

IIUT'SOXVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Crawfoi-d  co..  Illinois,  on 
the  AVabash  River.  130  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

UUTTAXY,  h&t/ta-nee\  or  HUT'XEE,  a  town  of  Hindos- 
Utn.  province,  and  44  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bejapoor.  in  lat.  16° 
45'  X.,  Ion.  75°  7'  E.  It  carries  on  an  extensive  trade,  chiefly 
in  grain,  with  Bombav,  Surat,  and  other  emporiums. 

HUTTELDaRF.(HUtteldorf)hut'tel-doRf.orUTELDORF, 
oo'tel-doBr.  .a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Wien,  5  miles 
W.  of  Vienna.    Pop.  1 100. 

HUTTEXBERQ,  (Hi.ttenlierg.l  hiit'ten-bjKG\  a  market- 
town  of  Illvria.  in  Carinthia.  25  miles  X.X.K.  of  Klairenfurth. 

HUTTEXllEIM,  hiit/ten-hime\  (Fr.  pron.  hiit'tJn-to',) 
01  HETTEXEM,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Bas- 
Rhin.  arrondissement  of  Schflestadt.    Pop.  21S6. 

HUTTEXRODE.  (Hiittenrode.)  hut'teu-roMeh,  a  village  of 
Brunswick.  S.W.  of  Blarikenburg. 

HUTTEX-STEIX  ACH.  (Hiitten-Steinach.)  hut/tf  n-stl'niK, 
a  Tillage  of  Saxe-Meiningen.  with  iron-works. 

HUT'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

HUTTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset.  It  has  a 
beautiful  church  and  a  tine  old  manor  hall. 

HUTTOX,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

HUTTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  York,  Xorth  Riding. 

HUTTOX.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  on  the 
Tweed,  here  cros.sed  by  a  suspension  bridge,  7  miles  W.X'.AV. 
of  Berwick.  Hntton  Hall  is  an  intercepting  specimen  of  a 
border  fortress,  still  entire. 

HUTrrOX  BUSH'ELL,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

HUTTOX-wiTH-CORntlE.  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  Dumfries. 

HUT'TOX  CKAXS'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Y^ork.  East  Riding. 

HUTTOX-I.N-THB-FOREST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

HUTTOX  MAG'XA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

HUTI'OX'S-AM'BO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

HUT'TOXSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Randolph  CO.,  W.Vir- 
ginia, about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Beverly. 

HUTTWEIL.  HUTWEIL.  hoof  wile,  or  HUTTWYL.  h  oot- 
*il.  a  walled  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  22  miles  X.E. 
of  Bern.     Pop.  3092. 

HUX'HA.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

HUY,  hoi,  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and  17 
miles  S.W.  of  Liege,  with  which  it  communicates  by  rail- 
"vay,  and.  on  the  Meuse.  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge. 
Pop.  S211.  It  is  enclosed  by  heights,  and  has  a  citadel. 
coll(>ge.  numerous  iron-works  and  breweries,  with  tile,  paper, 
leather,  glue,  and  other  factories,  and  an  active  trade  in  corn. 

HUVLER.S,  New  York,  a  station  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  13 
miles  from  New  York. 

HUYSSE.  hois'seh.  a  vill.Hjre  of  Belcrium.  province  of  East 
Flanders.  11  miled  S.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  422S. 

HUYTON.  hi'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  lAncaster. 
on  the  Slanchester  and  Liverpool  Railway,  5i  miles  E.  of 
Livei-pool. 

H  U  Z  A  U  A ,  h&ss'-a-ra,  UUZRAH,  httz/rih,  or  HUZROO,  htlz'- 


roo,  a  commercial  town  of  the  Punjab,  28  miles  E.  '-f  Attock, 
on  the  route  from  Lahore.     Lat.  33°  50'  X..  Ion.  72°  45'  E. 

HUZAKEH.  hQz'a-reh.  and  EIMAUK  (.Vm.iwk'— also 
written  EIM.-VK.  A'*mJk',)  COUXTRY.  a  mountainous  region 
of  Central  Asia,  in  theX.partof  .\fi;hanistan.  mostly  between 
lat.  31°  30'  and  37°  X..  and  Ion.  62°  and  68°  E..  and  estimated 
to  comprise  SO.lXK)  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  from 
300.000  to  3.50,0tX).  Surface  wholly  mountainous,  and  in  some 
parts  14.000  feet  in  elevation.  The  Moorghaub.  Helmund, 
Urghundaub,  and  other  streams  rise  in  this  region.  The 
inhabitants  are  of  Mongol  descent,  very  poor,  and  subject 
to  their  more  powerful  neighlxirs.  They  receive  turban.1, 
cotton  cloths,  tobacco,  dyes,  and  carpets,  from  the  rest  of 
Afghanistan,  and  rice,  cotton,  and  salt,  from  Toorkistan,  in 
e:(change  for  slaves,  cattle,  sheep,  butter,  .strong  woollens, 
felt,  sacks,  gi'ain.  lead,  and  sulphur.  Silver  and  copper  ores 
are  met  with,  but  no  mines  are  wrought.  Principal  vil- 
lages. Ghore.  Siri  Pool,  and  Andkhoo. .\dj.  and  iuhab. 

EiMAUK.  A^mawk'.  or  Eimak.  A'niik',  and  Hus'.^reh. 

HVALOE,  hvgns'eh.  or  HVALOKX.  hv3noVn.  an  island 
of  Xorway.  stift  of  Xordlau'l,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  imme- 
di.itely  W.  of  Fromsoe.  Lat.  69°  35' X..  Ion.  18°  30' E.  Length, 
from  X.  to  S.,  27  miles;  breadth.  14  miles. 

HYALOEU  or  HVALOERXE,  hvd'ii-^R-nJh.  the  name  of  an 
island  group  in  the  Skagerrack,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Chris- 
tiania  Fiord. 

HVEX  or  HVEEX.  hvain.  a  Dani.sh  island,  in  the  Sound, 
8  milesS.ofElsinore.  and  long  the  residence  of  the  astronomer, 
Tycho  Bnihe.  the  reniainsof  whoseobserv.itorv  still  exist  here. 

HVIDDIXG.  hvid'ding,  or  HVITYXG,  hvee'tUng.  a  vil- 
lage of  Denmark.  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ribe.  It  is  memorable 
as  the  place  where,  in  1137.  King  Erick  Edmund  was  slain, 
while  holding;  a  judicial  meeting  or  thing  in  the  open  air. 

HVIDDIXGSOE.  bvid'dingSKiVh,  a  small  island  of  Xor- 
way, in  the  Bukkefiord.  13  miles  \.W.  of  Stavanger.  A 
light-house  has  been  erected  on  its  S.  extremity. 

HVITYXG.  a  villaje  of  Denmark.     See  Hviddino. 

HWLFORDD,  South  Wales.    See  Havekforp.  West. 

HY.\B.\RY,  a  river  of  South  America.     See  Jabart. 

HY.\X'XIS.  a  post-village,  and  an  important  seaport  of 
Barnstable  township.  Barn.st.able  co.,  Massachu.setts.  on 
Hyannis  Bay.  at  the  terminus  of  the  Cape  Cod  Railroad,  8 
miles  S.  of  Barnstable,  and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  A  break- 
water constructed  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  protects  it  from 
the  sea. 

HYAX'XIS  LIGHT,  on  Point  Gammon,  at  the  entrance 
of  Hyannis  Harbor.  S.  side  of  Cape  Cod.  JIass;uhusetts.  It 
is  a  fixed  light,  with  an  elevation  of  70  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.     Lat.  41°  aS'  20"  X..  Ion.  70°  15'  W. 

IIYAPUR.\,  a  river  of  South  .Americ.i.     See  .Iapir.\. 

HY'ATTSTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co..  Mary- 
land, on  Bennett's  Creek.  36  miles  X.W.  of  Washington. 

HY'ATTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jliami  co.,  Ohio,  7  miles 
S.  of  Trov,  is  in  or  near  the  village  of  Tippecanoe,  which  see. 

HYBLA  M.UOR.    See  P.\terso. 

HYBY.  a  town  of  Hungarv.     SeeGErn. 

IIYCATU.  a  town  of  Brazil.     See  Icatu. 

HYCK'HAM,  XORTH.  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Lincoln 

HYCKHA.M.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln 

HV'CO,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  co..  Virgini:i. 

IIYCO  FALLS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Halifax  co..  Virginia. 

HYCOOTEE,  a  small  river,  ri.ses  in  Caswell  co..  Xorth  Ca- 
rolina, and  enters  the  Dan  River  in  Halifax  co.,  Virginia. 

HYD.^SPES.     See  Juvlum. 

HYDE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

HYDE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Xorth  Carolina;  are.l, 
estimated  at  830  square  miles.  Pamlico  Sound  waslies  its 
E.  and  S.  lioi-ders.  and  it  is  intei-sected  by  Pango  River.  The 
surface  islevel  and  extensively  covered  by  lakes  and  swamps. 
This  county  w.as  one  of  the  origin.il  precincts  of  Xoith  Caro- 
lina, formed  about  1729.  and  named  in  honor  of  Edward 
Hyde,  governor  of-  the  colony.  Capital.  Swan  Quarter 
Pop.  7732,  of  whom  4941  were  free,  and  -2791  slaves. 

HYDE,  a  post-ofRce  of  M'arren  co..  New  York. 

IIYDE/PARK.  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  La- 
moille CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  road  from  Troy  to  'Waterbury, 
2S  miles  X.  of  Montpelier.  The  village  contains  a  court- 
house, a  jail.  1  church.  3  stores.  2  taverns,  1  .saw  mill,  and 
various  manufacturing  establishments.  Pop.  about  250;  of 
the  township.  1409. 

HYDKP.\KK.  Xew  York,  a  station  on  the  Long  Island 
Railroad.  17  miles  K.  of  Xew  York. 

HYDE'PAKK.  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Dutchess  CO..  Xew  York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson 
River,  and  on  the  Hud.son  River  Railroad.  6  miles  X.  of 
Poughkeepsie.  and  6ii  miles  S.  of  .\Ibany.  The  village  con- 
tains Episcopal,  Methodist,  .and  Dutch  Reformed  chuifhes, 
several  a(-adeniies  or  seminaries,  and  many  fine  country 
seats.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing.  Pop.  of  the  township.  2740. 

HYDF;PAP>K.a  thriving  post-village  of  Luzerne  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Lackawanna  River,  and  on  the  Ijckawanna 
and  Western  Railrojid.  1  mile  X.  of  Scranton.  and  126  miles 
X.E.  of  Harrigburg.  It  is  situated  about  half  a  mile  from 
the  river,  in  a  rich  farming  di.strict.  and  ha.s  extensive  mines 
of  coai  in  the  vicinity.    "Tbe  Pennsylvania  Coal  Comp-uiy's 


HYD 


IBE 


wilroad  extends  from  this  place  to  the  Lackawaxen  Canal. 
Many  persons  are  employed  here  lu  the  irou  business.  I'op. 
3358. 

IIYDKRABAD.    See  Nizam's  Dominions. 

1IVDERAI5AD,  hrder-^-bSd',  written  also  IIYDRABAD, 
a  fortified  city  of  India,  capital  of  the  Nizam's  dominions,  on 
the  ."ilu^ah  or  Mussey,  a  tributary  of  the  Kistnah,  here 
crossed  by  a  larjre  stone  bridge.  I^iit.  17"  20'  N.  Ion.  78°  33' 
E.  Pop.,  includini;  suburbs,  estimated  at  200,000,  compris- 
ing K'>hillas.  Arabs.  Afjihans,  I'atans,  and  mostly  Jloslems, 
this  having  long  been  the  stronghold  of  ilohauimedanism 
in  the  Deccan.  The  city,  about  i  miles  in  length  by  3  miles 
in  breadth,  is  enclosed  by  a  stone  wall,  and  irregularly  laid 
out.  The  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  and  ill-paved.  The 
houses  are  mostly  of  wood,  and  of  only  one  story,  but  there 
are  some  rich,  noble  residences,  containing  collections  of  \ 
pictures,  natural  curiositit^s,  and  European  porcelain,  and 
one  handsomely  fitted  up  in  tlie  European  fiishion.  The 
principal  public  buildings  are  the  Xizam'g  Palace,  the  "  Four 
Minarets."  and  numerous  other  mosques.  Outside  of  the 
city,  on  the  road  to  the  liritish  station  of  Secunderabad,  3  miles 
N.,  is  the  royal  cannon  foundry;  also  a  magnificont  resi- 
dence, formerly  that  of  the  British  representative,  and  some 
other  fine  country  seats.  Among  the  curiosities  of  Ilydera-  j 
bad.  is  the  Nizam's  regiment  of  women,  who  perform  all  | 
military  duties  the  .same  as  men.  The  territory,  of  which 
this  is  thecjipital,  will  be  de.scribed  under  Niz.\m's  Domi.vio.N'S. 

HYDERABAD  or  IIYDRABAD,  a  town  and  fortress  of 
ITindostan.  capit.il  of  t>iiide.  on  a  rocky  eminence  between  the 
Indu.s,  4  miles  VV.,  and  the  Fulailee  Branch,  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  to  the  E.  Lat.  25°  22'  N.,  Ion.  6S<^  22'  E.  Pop.  es- 
timated at  20.000.  The  fortress,  having  brick  walls  flanked 
by  large  round  towers,  comprises  the  Ameer's  Palace,  a  mas- 
sive keep,  some  mosques,  and  together  with  the  open  town, 
about  5U00  mud  houses.  On  the  N.  part  of  the  eminence  is 
a  large  cemetery,  in  which  is  tlie  fine  in.iusoleum  of  tjholam 
Shall.  The  maufacture  of  arms  of  superior  quality,  embroi- 
dered silk  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  leather,  is  stated  to  oc- 
cupy one-firth  of  its  inhabitants. 

HYDK.--'BURU,  a  post-village  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  90 
miles  N.K.  of  .Jefferson  City. 

IIYDlJ  SKT/TLKMENT,  a  po.st-village  of  Broome  co.,  New 
York,  about  130  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

IIYDK'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Rutland  co.,  Yermont.  on 
theSaratogaandWasbiuirtonKailroad.  5  miles  S. of  Rutland. 

HYDRA,  hee'drd.  or  IDRA,  ee'drd,  an  island  of  Greece,  off 
the  E.  coast  of  the  Moiea.  and  forming,  with  the  Island  of 
Poros,  a  government  comprising  56  square  miles,  and  al)Out 
23,000  inhabitants.  Area  of  tlie  island,  38  square  miles. 
Pop.  about  20.000.  It  is  a  mere  barren  rock,  but  on  its  N. 
side  is  a  handsome  and  clean  city,  with  a  population  of 
12,600  persons,  o  small  harbors,  and  anactiye  general  trade. 

HYDIiABAD.    See  Htdehadad. 

IIYDRAOTKS.    See  Raveb. 

IIYDRAU'LIG  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Albemarle  co., 
Virginia,  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

IIYDRON,  hee'dron.  an  island  between  Hydra  and  the 
mainland,  4  miles  in  length,  by  2  milea  across. 


IIYDRUNTUM.    See  Otranto. 

IIYERKS  or  IIIERES.  he-aia',  (.inc.  Jrcoef  ana  JTierosf)  a 
town  of  South  France,  depju'tment  of  Var,  capit.tl  of  a  can- 
ton, 10  miles  K.  of  Toulon.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a 
declivity  facing  the  Jlediterianoan,  and  has  many  good 
houses  and  hotels.  The  town-hall  has  a  column.  «^itli  a 
bust  of  .MasslUou,  a  native  of  Hy6re.s.  It  has  niaiiuiactures 
of  silk  twist,  essences,  and  oil,  an  active  trade  in  fruits  and 
salt,  and  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle.     Pop.  in  1852.  9'J9y. 

HYfcllBS,  ISLES  OF,  (anc.  Stce/charks  Mujnires,)  a.  group 
of  small,  arid,  and  uncultivated  islands  of  France,  depart 
mentof  Yar,  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  front  of  the  B.ay  of 
Ilyfires.  They  are  defended  by  several  forts.  The  chief  is- 
lands are  PorqueroUes,  (poRkVoll',)  PortCros,  Bagueau,  (bdn^ 
yo',)  and  Titan. 

HYKULZIK  or  IIYKULZYE,  hl-kfil-zee',  a  large  walled 
town  of  Afghanistan,  35  miles  N.  c*"  Shawl,  on  the  route  to 
Candahar.  Here,  on  April  "28,  1842,  the  troops  umler  Gene- 
ral England,  routed  the  Afghans,  and  forced  a  passage  to 
Candahar. 

IIY.METTUS,  (hl-m?t^tas.)  MOUNT,  a  famous  mountain 
of  Greece,  government  of  Atti<'a,  4i  miles  K.S.IO.  of  Athens. 
Height,  2080  feet.  The  honey  collected  here  lias  been  far 
mous  from  remote  antiquity  to  tlie  present  time. 

HYNDS'YILLK.  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York, 
44  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

HYON,  hee'oN'=' or  hi'pn,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Mons.    Pop.  1103. 

HYPANIS.    See  Bug. 

HYPHASIS.     SeeGu.tRA  and   Beas. 

HYP8AS  or  HYPSA,  a  river  of  Sicily.    See  Belici. 

HYRC.\NIA,  hjr-kA/ue-a,  an  ancient  country  or  province 
of  Central  Asia,  lying  S.E.  of  the  Caspian  Sea.     Here  the 

Parthian  kings  often  resided  iu  summer. Adj.  Hykcanian, 

hir-k.Vne-an. 

HYS/SINGTON.  a  parish  of  England  and  North  Wales, 
COS.  of  .*alop  and  Montgomery. 

HYTHK,  hiru,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
market-town  and  parish  of  England,  and  one  of  its  cinque 
ports,  CO.  of  Kent,  near  the  English  Channel,  and  having  a 
station  on  the  South-eastern  Railway,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Dover.  Pop.  2265.  The  town,  in  a  pleasant  valley,  near  the 
E.  end  of  Romney  Marsh,  about  J  mile  from  the  sea.  has 
many  curious  ancient  houses,  an  elegant  cruciform  church, 
a  hospital,  founded  in  1S36,  another  ancient  hospital,  a 
county-hall,  borough  jail,  a  theatre,  library,  and  branch 
bank;  on  the  beach,  which  is  higher  than  the  town,  a  line 
of  strong  martello  towers.  Ilythe  was  anciently  a  port  of 
great  importance,  but  its  harbor  has  been  entirely  destroyed 
by  the  immense  mass  of  shingle  here  thrown  up,  and  it  has 
now  only  one  open  beach,  from  whence,  however,  vessels 
often  Siiil  for  France,  tlie  passage  to  Boulogne  being  neaier 
than  from  Dover.  It  is  also  a  fashionable  resort  for  s€ar 
bathing.  The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of 
Commims. 

HYTHK.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

HY  URUIIA,  a  river  of  Brazil.     See  Jubua. 

UYUTAUY,  a  river  of  BraziL    See  Jutay. 


KS"  Names  in  Eastern  Europe  and  Asia,  beginning  with 
I,  followed  immediately  by  a  vowel,  will  generally  be  found 
under  Y,  thus,  for  Iakoutsk,  see  Yakootsk  ;  Ialpoukii,  see 
Yalpookh;  Iampol,  see  Yampol;  Iana,  see  Yasa,  &c.  &c 

IADKRA'orlADKR.     See  Zara. 
lA(iATII.     See  Tf.tu.\.\. 

lATINUM.     See  Meau.x. 

IBA.  ee'bd.  a  village  of  Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  Nieder 
Hessen,  circle  of  Rottenburg.     Pop.  1282. 

IBA,  ee'bd.a  town  of  the  I'hilippine  Islands,  in  Luzon,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Zanibales.SO  miles  N  .W.  of  Manila.  P.4130. 

IBABA,  e-bi'bd.  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  in  Anihara.  70  miles 
S.  by  ^V.  of  Gondar,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Dembea.  In 
extent  and  riches  it  nearlv  equals  Gondar. 

IBAGUK,  e-bd'gA.  or  IBAyUK.  e-bd'k.i.  a  town  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  department  ot  Cundiuamarca,  70 
miles  W.  of  Bogota.     Pop.  5000.  (?) 

IBAR.  ee'bar',  or  HTB.\R,  hee^bar'.  a  river  of  European 
Turkey,  falls  into  the  Morava.    Lat.  43°  25'  N.,  Ion.  20°  45'  E. 

IBARRA,  e-baR'Rd.  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador, 
50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Quito,  at  the  N.  foot  of  the  volcano  of 
Inibaburu.  It  is  in  a  fertile  region,  well  built,  and  many 
years  ago  was  estimati'd  to  have  12.000  inhabitants. 

IB.'iRR.V,  a  village»of  the  Mexican  Confederacy,  in  Jalisco, 
40  milts  N.  of  Airuas-Callentes. 

IBABltA  ZAiiGO,  e-baR/Rd  thdl'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
rince  of  AUva.     Pop.  796. 

IBEENBUREN.  (Ibbenhiiren.)  iVben-hiiVen.  a  town  of 
■>russi,i,  Westphalia,  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Miinster.     P.  2020. 

IB'BERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dor.set. 


I  BEIT.     See  Obeid. 

IBIOR.A  or  YBKRA,  e-bA'rd,  a  marshy  lake,  or  rather  series 
of  lakes,  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  (Iji  Plata.)  province  of 
Corrientes,  between  the  rivers  I'aranil  and  Uraguay,  ex- 
tendinir  from  near  lat.  29°  30'  to  near  30"  S.,  and  from  Ion. 
60°  30'  to  near  69°  W. 

1BKRI.\,  I-bee're-.a.  the  ancient  name  of  Spain. Adj. 

and  inhab. Ibei'.iax,  i-bee're-an. 

IBERIA,  a  country  of  .\sia.     See  Georoia. 

IBE'Rl.A,  a  post-village  of  Jlorrow  co..  Ohio.  48  miles  N. 
of  Columbu.s,  and  1  mile  from  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus 
Railroad. 

IBKRIA,  a  po.st-village  of  Miller  co.,  Mis.souri,  40  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  .Tefferson  Citv. 

IBK'RI.^N  MOUNTAINS,  a  general  appellatiim  sometimes 
applied  to  the  mountains  in  the  central  and  1).  parts  of  Spain. 

IBlOlilAN  PENINSULA,  the  S.W.  portion  of  Europe, 
compi'ising  Spain  and  Portugal. 

IBKRUS.     See  Euro. 

IHKR  VILLE.  I'ber-vil,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
lyouisiana.  contains  450  stinare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  .\tchafalaya  Biiyou.  and  the  MissLssipjii  washes  the 
S.K.  border.  The  surface  is  fiat,  and  subject  to  inundation. 
Cultivation  is  confined  to  the  banks  of  the  streams,  which 
are  the  highest  parts  of  the  parish.  In  185n  this  parish 
produced  23.208  hogsheads  of  sugar  and  1.310.750  gallons 
of  molas.ses.  The  quantity  of  molasses  was  greater  than 
was  produced  in  any  otiier  parish  or  county  of  the  United 
States,  and  that  of  sugar  greater  than  in  any  except  St. 
Mary's  parish,  Louisiana.  Capital,  Iberville.  Population, 
14,661,  of  whom  3981  were  free. 

,887 


IBE 

TBKHTILLE.  a  post-rillage.  capital  of  Iberville  parish, 
louisiaiia.  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  about 
to  miles  al)0ve  Nuwr  Orleans. 

IBl.  e^-Bee'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  23  miles  N.W. 
Of  A'.icH.ite.     Pop.  29S8. 

IBI  .\1'.\15A.  e-be-i-piT)!  IIIBBUPP-^B  A.  IIIBIAPPABA, 
hib-e-dp-p4'b5,  nr  BI.VPINA.  be-3-pee'ud,  a  mountain  chain 
of  braril.  .stretching  from  K.  to  W..  in  the  province  of  Ceara. 
It  is  diviied  into  the  mountains  of  Biapiua,  Boavista,  Bort 
tana,  Bfk-os,  &c. 

TBrcUI,  e-be-kwee',  a  river  of  South  .\merica,  rises  in  the 
8.W.  of  the  province  of  Sao-Pedro-do-Kio-tirande,  in  Brazil, 
enters  Uruj^uay.  and  joins  the  Uruguay  at  Yapeyu,  in  lat. 
29°  2<J'  8..  after  a  course  of  about  400  miles. 

IBITUKU.VA.  a  village  of  Bi-azil.     See  BOM-SUCCESSO. 

IBIZA.  one  of  the  Balearic  Islands.     See  IVI5A. 

IBO,  a  town  of  Guinea.     See  Aboh. 

IBO.  ee'bo,  one  of  the  Querimba  Islands,  in  Mozambique 
Channel.     Lat.  (N.W.  part)  1-2°  20'  S.,  Ion.  40°  38'  K. 

IBO.  a  town  on  the  above  island.     See  OlBO. 

IHOS,  ee^bos'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Hautes-I'yren^es,  4  miles  W.  of  Tarlies.     Pop.  in  ISol,  204^ 

1BR.\H.  ee'brd  or  Wri,  an  old  town  of  Arabi.a,  in  Oman, 
dominions  of.  and  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Muscat.  It  has  many 
good  houses,  which  ai-e  fortified  and  hiirhly  adorned. 

IBKAHKKM  or  IBKAHIM.  ibVd-heem'.  (anc.  AdoTnis.)  a 
rivulet  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Tripoli,  enters  the  Mediterranean 
abovt  midway  between  that  city  and  Beyroot.  It  is  con- 
nected in  ancient  mythology  with  the  death  of  Adonis,  or 
Thammuz. 

IBRAIIEEM  or  IBRAHIM,  a  river  of  Pensia,  province  of 
Herman,  enters  the  Persian  Gulf  at  its  mouth.  20  miles  E. 
of  Ormus  '^or  Drmua.)  after  a  N.  course  of  75  miles. 

IBRAIL,  IBRAILA  or  IBRAIIIL.    See  Bbauilov. 

IBRIM.  ibVeem',  (anc.  Premnisf)  a  decayed  town  of  NuMa, 
upon  a  rocky  heiirht.  on  the  Nile,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Derr. 

IBROS,  or  IBROS  DEL  REY,  ee.b)-oce  dM  rA.  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  3t)60, 

IBSrrZ.  ip'sits.  a  market-town  of  Lower  .\ustria.  near  the 
PrBlling.  which  here  forms  a  large  waterfall.  It  has  exten- 
sive manutactures  of  iron  and  steel,  and  a  marble  quarry. 
Pop.  30*1. 

IIV.SLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

IiysTilCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

IBORG,  ee'WSuRO,  a  market-town  of  Hanover,  8  miles  8. 
ofOsnabriick.    Pop.  976. 

\(^.\.  or  IZ.\,  ee'sS,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Lima,  168  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Lima,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Pop.  6000 ;(?)  of  the  province, 
In  1850,  41,500. 

IC.^.  o  tributary  of  the  Amazon.    See  PuTUltwo. 

ICARIA  or  ICARUS.    See  Nicaria. 

ICATU  or  HYCATU.  e-kd-too/,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  52  miles  S.E.  of  Maranhao.  on  the  Monim. 

ICCO.  a  town  of  Brazil.    See  Ico. 

ICCOMBE.  ik'kftm,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  WorceBter. 

ICELAND,  issl-and.  (called  Inland,  ees/llnd,  by  the  na- 
tives; Ger.  IdjmL  hl\hii:  Dutch,  IJal^.nd  or  Ydan'd,  LsOdnt; 
Sp.  Islandii.  ees-lin'di;  Fr.  Mande,  eesUisd';  L.  /rfan/t/ta,) 
an  island  belonging  to  Denmark,  situat-sd  between  the  North 
Atlantic  and  the  .\rctie  Oceans,  distant  130  mile.<!  fi-om  the 
S.E.  coa.st  of  Greenland,  and  about  850  irilos  W.  of  Norway, 
extending  between  lat.  63<^  24'  and  66^  So'  N..  and  Ion.  13° 
31'  and  24°  17'  W.  Greatest  length,  from  E.  to  W.  300 
miles:  centi-al  breadth.  alx>ut  20.>  miles;  area,  38,400  square 
miles.  Tile  coa.^tline.  for  a  considerable  extent  on  the  S.E., 
Is  almost  unbroken;  but  in  all  other  directions  it  presents 
a  continued  succession  of  deep  bays  or  fiords,  and  jutting 
proraontori.j^.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  latter  is 
a  lapge  peninsula  in  the  N.W..  which  stretches  out  between 
two  bays  "<0  miles  into  the  ocean,  expanding,  in  its  greatest 
breadth,  to  about  80  miles,  though  the  iathimus  connecting 
it  with  the  main  pjirt  of  the  i.«land  is  scarcely  five  miles 
wide.  The  water  along  the  coiist  is  generally  very  deep, 
and  the  h.iys  furnish  a  great  number  of  natural  harbors, 
^th  good  anchorage  and  complete  shelter;  but  the  naviga- 
tion is  rendered  dangerous  by  vast  numljers  of  rocky  islets 
which  lino  the  shores.  The  interior  of  the  island  has,  for 
the  most  part,  a  very  wild  and  do.solate  appearance,  being 
covered  by  lofly  mountain  masses,  of  volcanic  origin,  many 
of  them  crowned  with  pt>rpetual  snow  and  ice,  which,  stretch- 
ing down  their  sides  into  the  intervening  valley.s,  form  im- 
mense !.'l:tci(?n-.  These  icy  mountains,  which  take  thecommon 
name  of  .lokiiil  or  Jiikul,  have  their  culminating  point  in 
Oerafa.iBk nil.  near  the  S.E.  coast;  lat.  tU°  0'  4.S"  N..  Ion.  16° 
46'  31"  W  :  heiL'ht.  «U09  feet.  The  SnSfell,  near  the  W. 
coast,  is  6Wm  ffet  in  height:  and  Evjafjalla  Jaknll.  in  the 
8..  6'i79  fe.-t  in  heisrht.  Hecla.  (or  Hekla.)  the  noted  volcano. 
Is  5110  feet  in  elevation.  The  .«kaptar.)Okull  occupies  an  im- 
mense tract  In  the  S.E.  part  of  the  island.  The  glaciers  cover 
a  suriice  of  vpwards  of  4000  square  miles;  thev  exist  In  all 
the  mountains  above  4000  feet  in  elevation,  and  extend  down 
to  the  sea.  The  greatest  mass  of  ice  is  in  the  S.E.  of  the 
island;  and  this  re<jion  has  for  centuries  been  the  scene  of 
the  most  violent  volcanic  eruptions.    There  ar«  30  known 

mi 


ICH 

volcanoes  in  Iceland.  8  of  which  hare  been  active  within  a 
century.  The  most  destructive  volcanic  eruptions  on  record 
were  those  of  1294,  1341,  16:36.  1693,  1783.  and  the  eruption 
of  Ilecl.a.  from  September  2.  1845.  to  April  6,  1846.  on  which 
occasion  the  a.shes  reached  the  (irkney  Islands.  The  island 
also  contains  numerous  small  mud-volcanoes  and  intermit- 
tent thermal  springs,  in  therhief  of  which,  the  Great  Gevser 
(phi'z-r.)  the  water,  at  a  depth  of  72  feet,  is  .30°  above"  "the 
lx)iling  point.  Jets  of  water  and  stones  are  thrown  at  inter- 
vals from  this  Gt-yser  to  hei.'hts  varying  from  90  to  100  feet 
The  immense  reservoirs  of  snow  and  ice  furnish  inexhaustible 
supplies  to  numerous  lakes  and  rivers;  but  the  latter,  owin" 
to  the  rug.'ed  nature  of  the  surf  ice,  are  more  remarkable  for 
their  number  than  their  length.  The  most  de-erving  of 
notice  are  the  Hvita.  or  White  River,  the  Thiorsa."the 
Jokuls^.  and  the  .SkilCandafljot.  The  last  two  have  each  a 
course  of  aViout  100  miles.  The  Hvita  and  the  Thiorsil  are 
each  about  150  miles  in  length.  Both  these  rivers  are  as 
large  60  miles  from  the  sea  as  the  Hudson  at  Pousrhkeepsie. 
The  most  valuable  minenil  product  is  sulphur:  s mi iir brand' 
or  lignite,  is  also  worked  to  .some  extent.  The  other  niinernlg 
deserving  of  notice  are  chalcedonies,  rock-crvsfals.  and  the 
well-known  double  refracting  spar,  for  which  the  island  hag 
long  been  famous.  On  many  parts  of  the  coast,  particularly 
the  W..  basaltic  caves  occur;  that  of  Stappen  is  not  unworthy 
to  be  compai-ed  with  Fingal's  Cave,  in  Staffa. 

The  climate  is  very  variable;  storms  of  extreme  violence 
are  frequent;  the  summer  is  moist;  in  winter  the  sky  is 
dark  and  gloomy,  but  lighted  up  by  brilliant  displavs  of  the 
aurora  borealis.  The  temperature  is  more  elevated  than  in 
any  other  country  in  the  same  latitude:  mean  of  year  at 
Reikiavik.  40°  Fahrenheit;  of  the  summer.  56°.  and"  of  the 
winter.  29°-.30.  The  S.  coasts,  washed  by  a  prolongation  of 
the  Gulf  Stream,  are  much  milder  than  the  N..  and  L'enerally 
free  from  ice.  Forests  formerly  abounded,  but  the  island  is 
now  destitute  of  trees.  The  want  of  fuel  is  .severely  felt, 
although  theGuIf  Stream  and  the  polar  currents  occasionally 
float  drift-wood  to  its  shores,  and  a  fine  white  turf  is  used. 
Nograinof  any  kind  can  be  raised;  but  potatoes  and  garden 
vegetables  are  cultivated.  The  Mora  of  Iceland  is  nearly 
.lUied  to  that  of  Scandinavia,  comprising  mos.ses  and  a  few 
shrubs.  The  most  important  domestic  animal  is  the  sheep, 
which,  with  the  hoi-se.  ox.  pig,  and  dos.  was  introduced 
fp-om  Norway  during  the  la.st  centurv.  The  number  of  the 
first  is  estimated  at  606.000.  of  horses.  20.0(t0.  and  of  homed 
cattle,  24.0<X).  Reindeer,  introduced  in  1770.  now  exi.st  it 
large  herds,  but  are  not  domesticated.  The  polar  i>ear  it 
sometimes  cast  on  the  shores  from  the  northern  ice-llelds. 
Fish  are  very  abundant  on  all  the  coast.s.  and  form  the  chief 
support  of  the  inhabitants.  Birds  are  very  numerous,  the 
most  valuable  of  which  is  the  eider-duck.  No  reptiles  of  any 
kind  exist  in  the  island.  There  are  few  manufactures;  and 
the  only  commerce  consists  in  the  exchange  of  wool,  butter, 
skins,  fish.  oil.  sulphur,  and  Iceland  mos.s.  The  tr.ade  has 
hitherto  been  restricted  to  Icelandic  and  Danish  vessels; 
but.  by  a  law  of  1854.  the  ports  of  Reikiavik.  Stvkkisholmj 
Westman  Islands.  Akreyri.  Isafiord,  (Isafiorth,)  and  Seydis- 
fiord.  are  now  open  to  the  commerce  of  the  world. 

The  inhabitants  belong  to  the  .Scandinavian  race.  Their 
language  is  peculiar  to  the  island;  it  is  moi-e  nearly  allied 
to  the  old  Norse  than  any  other  now  spoken.  They  are 
strongly  attached  to  their  country,  and  ho.spitable  to 
strangei-s.  Iceland  College,  with  8  profe.=.5ors  and  al>out  80 
students,  is  the  only  educational  institution,  except  a  few 
schools;  but  domestic  education  is  universal,  and  the  people 
are  intelliirent.  Their  intellectual  capacity  is  of  a  superior 
order.  Many  of  the  most  valual)le  works  of  European 
literature  have  bt>en  translated  into  the  native  tongue; 
and  even  the  poems  of  Milfon  are  read  and  appreciated 
at  m.-\ny  of  the  cottage  firesides.  The  liefiirmation  was 
early  introduced  into  Iceland,  and  has  nowhere  produced 
nobler  fruits.  Almost  all  the  inhabitants  hold  its  doctrines 
in  their  primitive  purity  and  simplicity.  In  external  pi-o- 
fession  they  are  Lutherans,  the  whole  island  forming  a  singly 
bishopric.  The  civil  division  is  into  20  fi/ylur  or  counties. 
The  governor,  called  Stiftamtman.  is  appointed  by  the  king 
of  Denmark.  The  Althing,  or  legislative  body,  piimposixl  of 
26  members,  foiie  from  each  syslur.  and  six  appointed  by 
the  crown.)  meet  once  in  two'years  at  Reiki.HVik.  Ail  its 
acts  must  be  ratified  by  the  king. 

Iceland  was  first  discovere<i  by  a  Norwegian  pirate  in  870, 
but  was  not  permanently  settled  till  a  century  after.  Tlie 
settlement  continued  to  increa.se  rapidly  by  the  arrival  of 
new  settlers;  and  in  the  beffinning  of  the  tenth  century 
the  inhabitants  formed  themselves  into  a  republic,  which 
existed  for  nearly  400  years.  In  the  thirteenth  centuiv  it 
be<ame  subject  to  Norw"ay.  and.  through  it.  in  1:!.^0.  to  lien- 
mark,  with  which  it  stillremains.    Pop.  in  1703.  5'>.t44:  in 

1804.  46.349;  in  1843.57.180;  and  in  1851,  60,000. Adj. 

Icelan'dic;  inhab.  Icf.'la.vder.  « 

ICK'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  ^lononcalia  co..W.Virginia 

ICH'AWAY-NOCH'AWAY  CREEK,  a  fine  mill-stream  of 
Georgia,  enters  Flint  River  in  Baker  county. 

ICn.VWUR.  p-chaw'er.  a  town  of  Hindastan.  dominion, 
and  32  miles  S.W.  of  Bhopaul,  comprising  about  lOOo  houoes 


ICH 


IGL 


ICHKNIIAUSEN,  iK'en-hSw^zfn,  a  market-town  of  Ba- 
variii,  on  the  (iilnz.  6  miles  S.K.  of  GUn/.burg.     Pop.  2573. 

ICUENIIKIM,  lK'en-hime\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
MHUle  Uhine.  near  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1254. 

ICIlKPUCiv.KSAS'tiA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Ilillsborough  co., 
Florida. 

ICUTER01IR5I,  iK'tfr-GhJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  5659. 

ICIITERSIIAUSE\,iK'ters-hdwV?n,  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
many, duchy  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Qotha, 
on  the  Gei-a.    Pop.  789. 

ICH-IIJ.  a  pashallc  of  Asia  :Minor.    See  Itchelee. 

ICIILIM  A  N.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  iTcnuMAN. 

ICK'BOKaUlill,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ICK'ENIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

ICKESBUKG.  iks'burg,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Penn- 
gylvani.a.  40  miles  W.X.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

ICK'KOKD.  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Bucks  and  Oxford. 

ICK'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ICIvLEFOItD.  ik'el-fiird,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

ICKLESII.V.M,  ili'elii-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex. 

ICKLETOX.  ik'el-ton,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

ICK'LINGIIA-M',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ICK'WOKTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ICO  or  ICCO,  ee'ko.  a  town  of  Brazil,  the  most  mercantile 
and  populous  of  the  province  of  Ceara,  on  the  Salgado, 
near  its  junction  with  the  JaguarilHj.  32  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Crato.     Pop.,  including  the  district,  7000. 

ICOD,  ee-kod',  or  FED  DE  LOS  VINOS,  fJd  d.^  loce  veen'- 
yoce,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Xenerlffe,  in 
the  Canaries.     Pop.  5479. 

I-COli-M-KILL,  in  the  Hebrides,  Scotland.    See  Iona. 

ICOXIUM.    See  KoNiErr. 

ICO'N  I  CM.  apost-otlice  of  Appanoose  co.,  Indiana. 

ICULISJIA.    See  Anooulesme. 

I'CY  C.\PE,  Russian  .America,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  about 
midway  between  Capes  North  and  Lisburne.  and  the  north- 
erly point  reached  by  Cook,  in  1778.  Lat.  70°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
i«i°  4t)'  W. 

l'l)\.  a  new  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  about  400  sqtiare  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Inyan  Yankey,  or  Tjittle  Sinux  River,  an  affluent  of  the 
Missouri.     Poimlation  in  l^TO,  43. 

ID.4.,  a  post-tciwnsliip  of  Monroe  Co.,  Michigan. 

IDA.  (t'da)  .MOUNT,  (Turk.  Kaz-Tagh,  kdztdg,)  a  famous 
mountain  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  near  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Adraniyti,  and  30  miles  S.E.  of  the  plain  of  Troy. 
Lat.  36"  12'  N.,  Ion.  26°  54'  E. 

IDA.  MOUNT,  of  Crete.    See  Psilorah. 

IDA,  NAOY,  n5ilj-ee'<!fih\  a  market-town  of  North  Hun- 
gary. CO.  of  Aba-ujvar,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ka.shau.    Pop.  1732. 

I'DANH.\-N0V.\,  e-ddn'y3-no'vd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  IJeira,  13  miles  E.  of  C.astello-Braneo.     Pop.  2200. 

ID.\R.  ee'dar,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Oldenburg, 
near  Oberstein.     I'op.  1312. 

ID'BUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

IDDAIL  a  town  of  Guinea.    See  Attafi. 

ID'DESLEIGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

IDE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ID'EKi)I!D.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

IDEGE^I.  eeMe-ghSra\avil!ageof  Belgium,  East  Flanders, 
25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent,  on  the  Dender.     Pop.  1217. 

I'DHN,  a  parish'of  England,  co,  of  Su.ssex. 

IDIAZAB.^L,  e-De-d-tliJ-bil',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Guipuzcoa.  27  miles  S.  of  San  Sebastian.     Pop.  1087. 

IDI.VSK,  e-dinsk',  a  village  or  town  of  Siberia,  government, 
and  SO  miles  N.W.  of  Irkootsk.  on  the  Angara. 

IDJENG.  id-jJng'.  an  active  volcano  at  the  E.  end  of  the 
Island  of  .Tava,  province  of  Bezoeki,  10,170  feet  high.  A 
fearful  eruption  of  the  mountaintook  pl.ace  in  January,  1817. 

I'DLE,  a  river  of  Englaisd.  co.  of  Nottingham,  after  a 
N.E.  course,  joins  the  Trent  at  West  Stockwith. 

IDLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

IDLESTREE,  a  parish  of  England.     See  El^STiiEE. 

ID'LICOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

ID'MISTON,  a  parish  of  England.-  co.  of  Wilts. 

IDR.V.  an  island  of  Greece.    See  IItdra. 

IDRI.\.,  id're-a  or  ee'dre-d,  a  river  of  .\ustria,  in  Carnlola, 
joins  the  Isonzo  after  a  course  of  about  45  mile.s. 

IDltl.A..  a  mining  town  of  Illyrt.a.  in  Carniola.  in  an  Al- 
pine valley.  23  miU's  W.S.W.  of  Laybach.  Pop.  4439.  It  has 
2  large  churches  and  an  old  castle.  Its  celebrated  quiek- 
6llver-mine  employs  upwards  of  600  workmen,  and,  next 
to  those  of  Almaden,  in  Sp.ain,  it  is  the  richest  in  Europe. 
From  3200  to  3500  hundredweights  of  quicksilver  are  pro- 
.iuced  annually. 

IDRO,  ee'dro.  or  IDRO-ALTO,  ee'dro  dl'to,  (anc,  E'drum,)  a 
sc'hU  town  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and  IS  miles  N.N.E. 
of  b:  -^st'ia.  pleasantly  situated  on  a  declivity  on  the  S.E.  shore 
*f  the  lake  of  the  same  name.    Pop,  1811. 

IDR().  LAKE.  (anc.  Edri'niix  La'cuf,)  in  Northlt.aly,  17 
miles  N.  of  Brescia,  is  intermediate  between  the  lakes  of 
G.irda  and  Iseo.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  7  miles:  greatest 
breadth,  IJ  miles ;  depth,  about  400  feet.    It  is  traversed  by 


the  Chiese,  an  affluent  of  the  Po ;  and  ft  has  on  its  W.  side 
the  fortre.ss  of  Rocca  d'Anfo. 

ID-STEDT.  id'st^tt,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy,  and  5 
miles  N.N,W.  of  Sleswiek.  A  battle  was  fought  here  In 
1850,  between  the  Danes  and  Sleswiok-IIolsteiners. 

IDSTEI.X,  id'stine.  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau, 
15  miles  N.  of  Jlentz.     Pop.  1987. 

IDU.M/E-\,  id-u-mee'a.  or  IDUOIE,  an  ancient  coi->.try 
of  Western  Asia,  comprising  the  mountainous  tract  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  great  valleys  of  El-Ghor  and  El-Arabah,  ^nd 
AV.  and  S.W.  of  the  Dead  Sea,  with  a  portion  of  Arabia.  It 
is  divided  into  the  two  districts  of  Jebal  and  Esh-i^herah, 

both  occupied  by  various  tribes  of  Bedouin  Arabs. Adj. 

and  inhab.  Ibumjeax.  id-u-mee'an. 

IDUM.\NI.\,  a  river  of  England.    See  Black  Water. 

IDVOIi,  idVor',  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Banat,  on  the 
Temes,  51  miles  S.W.  of  Temesvar.    Pop.  2300. 

I  EDO.  a  city  of  .Tapan.    See  Yebdo. 

lEKATERINBURG,  in  Russia.     See  Yek.werinbooRQ. 

lEKATERINODAR.    See  Yekaterinodar. 

lEKATERINOGRAD.     See  Ykkateuinograd. 

lEKATERINOSLAV.  in  Russia.     See  YekaterinoslAV, 

lELETZ,  a  city  of  Itussia.     See  Yelet.s. 

lELISAVETGRAD.    See  Yeu.savetgrad. 

lELSI,  e-fl'see,  a  town  of  South  Italy,  in  Naples,  provin"* 
of  .Molise.  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2200. 

lENIDJE.    SeeYExrojE.         lENIKALI.    Se.' Yesikau. 

lERN'E.    See  Ireland.  lENlSEI.    See  Yenisei. 

lESI  or  JESI,  e-A/see,  (anc.  JE'H.'>.)  a  walled  town  of  Italy 
in  the  ^larches,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Ancona,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Esino.    Pop.  9000.    It  is  a  bishop's  see. 

I ESO.  See  Yesso.    I ETZE.  See  Jetze.    IE  VST.  See  Yetst. 

IF,  eef  an  islet  oft  the  S.  coast  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  opposite  Marseille  •,  and  wholly  occupied 
with  a  fortress.  It  owes  its  name  to  the  yews  (t/s)  with 
which  it  was  originally  covered. 

IFFENDIC,  eefYftxoMeek',  a  market  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ille-et-Vilaine.  4  miles  W.  of  Mnntfort.    P.  4464. 

IFFE7.IIEIM,  if'fjts-h:me\  or  IFFESHEIM,  ir'fe,s-hime\ 
a  vill.age  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Rhine,  the 
steamboats  on  which  have  a  station  here.    Pop.  1366. 

I'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

IFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IFL.\NEE  or  IFLA.NI,  e-flil'nee.  an  upland  region  of  Asia 
Minor,  In  .\natolia,  S.E.  of  Amaserah,  with  a  mean  elevation 
to  2500  feet,  and  in  which  are  the  two  villages  of  Iflanee  of 
Kastamoonee,  and  Tflanee  of  Zafaran  Boli. 

IF'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

IF'ORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

IF'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmoxith. 

IFTON-RHEY'N,  (ri'n.)  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

IGA,  ee'gi,  a  seaport  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon, 
capital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  on  the  W.  coast  of  th« 
Bay  of  Owari,  100  miles  E.S.E.  of  Miako. 

IG.\L.  ee'gfil'.  a  market-town  in  Huncarv,  co.  of  Sumegh, 

34  miles  N.N.W.  of  Fiinfkirchen.     Pop.  1560. 
IG.\TTMI,  e-gi-te-mee',   a  river  of  South  America,  joins 

the  right  bank  of  the  Parana,  in  lat.  24°  40'  S.,  after  » 
winding  course  of  about  200  miles.  Its  navigation  is  much 
obstructed  by  cataracts,  no  fewer  than  20  occurring  within 
a  space  of  20  miles. 

IGEA  or  IXEA,  e-nh'L  or-IQEA  DE  CORNAGO,e-H:\'.^d.i. 
koR-n3/..,-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Alhama,  province,  and 

35  miles  S.E.  of  Logrofio.     Pop.  1910. 

IGEL,  ee'ghel,  at  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government, 
and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Treves,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Moselle. 
Pop.  411. 

IGELHEIM,  ee'gel-hlme\  or  TGGELHEIM,ig/gbel-hime\ 
a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  7  miles  N.W^.  of  Speyer.  Pop. 
1156. 

IGHTERMURROCH,  InHgr-mllR'roH,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

IGHTFIELD.  ikt'feeld.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

IGHTHAM,  ikt/am  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  In 
the  vicinity  is  an  old  moated  mansion,  and  extensive  Roman 
fortifications. 

IGILIUM.    See  Giglio. 

IGLAU,  iglOw,  written  also  IGLAW  and  GIIIAWLA, 
ghe-hdv'ld,  (h.  Igldh'ia.)  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  thelglawa,  49 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Brtlnn.  Pop.  16,553.  It  has  three  sub- 
urbs, several  churches,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  high  school, 
with  extensive  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  paper,  vine- 
gar, colors,  potash,  and  glass-wares,  and  a  flourishing  com 
and  transit  trade.  Silver  and  lead  are  raised  from  neigh- 
boring mines. 

IGLAWA,  ig-ia'*a,  IGLAVA,  ig-li'vi  or  IGLA,  igld,  a 
river  of  Moravia,  joins  the  Schwarza,  19  miles  S.  of  Briinn; 
cour.se.  70  miles  south-eastwardly. 

IGLESI.\S,  e-glA'se-ds,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  division,  and 
32  miles  W^.N.W.  of  Cagliari.  near  the  W.  coast  of  the  island. 
Pop.  12.455.  It  is  enclo.sed  by  ruined  fortifications,  and  hag 
a  cathedral,  a  handsome  episcopal  palace,  several  convents, 
a  Jesuits' college,  and  a  trade  in  wine. 

IGLESUELA.  e-glA-sw.'^ni,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile, 
52  miles  W.N.W.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  748. 


IGL 

IGLESUELA-DKL-CTD,  e-gli-swi1il-aJl-theeD,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Arajion,  province  of  Terufl.    Pop.  Cy.S. 

I3L0,  ig'W,  (Gut.  Aeialorf,  noi'doKf.)  a  market-town  of 
North  H  uugary.  co.  of  Zips,  on  the  Ifernad,  7  miles  S.  of 
Leuts'-lu  a.  l*op.  5900.  It  lias  a  large  Roman  Catholic 
church,  ft  town-hall,  in  which  the  business  of  many  sur- 
rounding privileged  towns  i.s  conducted,  a  board  of  miues, 
smelting  works  for  copper  and  iron,  and  some  trade  in  flax 
and  liueu  fabrics. 

l(iLOCi'LIK\  a  small  island  of  British  Xorth  America,  in 
Fury  and  Ilecla  Strait,  lut.  69=^  21'  N..  Ion.  Sl°  53'  W.  It.s 
mean  annual  temperature  in  1S23  was,  by  8700  observa- 
tions, found  to  be  5°.71  Fahrenheit,  the  highest  tempera- 
ture in  J  uly,  1823.  being  59°.  and  the  lowest  in  January  of 
the  same  j'ear.  minus  45°  Fahrenheit. 

KIN  AGIO,  (ig-ni'seo,)  ISLAND,  a  group  in  the  Gulf  of 
California,  off  the  coast  of  the  Mexican  State  of  Cinaloa. 

ItiK.WDE,  a  town  of  France.     See  Yorande. 

lOUAPIUXA,  e-gri-pe-oo/ni,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  IJahia.  near  the  town  of  Sao  Jorge-dos-Ilheos.    Pop.  1000. 

IGUA^U,  IGUAZU,  e-gwj-soo',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  21  miles  A.W.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  a 
oon.sidenible  trade  by  the  river  Igua^  to  Kio  Janeiro. 

IGL'AgU,  IGUAZU  or  CUKIXIBA,  koo-re-tet^bi,  a  river 
of  Brazil,  forms  the  boundary  between  the  provinces  of  Sao 
Paulo  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  and  joins  the  Parana,  in  lat. 
26°  S.,  Ion.  64°  45'  W.,  after  a  W.  course  of  250  miles.  It  is 
navigable  only  by  canoes,  owing  to  its  numerous  falls.    See 

CURITIBA. 

IGUALADA,  e-gwi-Wni,  (anc.  Aquce  Lata  f)  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  33  miles  N.AV.  of  Barcelona,  on  the 
Koya.  Pop.  10,095.  It  stands  on  an  eminence,  and  has  a 
fine  new  suburb,  with  airy,  well-planted  walks.  Chief  pub- 
lic buildings,  the  parish  church,  college,  hospit.nl,  aud 
cavalry  liarracks.  It  has  manuCtctures  of  cotton  gooils, 
cotton  and  woollen  thread,  hats,  and  tire-arms,  with  brandy 
distilleries ;  and  in  its  neighl)orhood  are  sever.-jl  paper-mills. 

IGUALAP.A..  e-^wi-ld'pi.  a  small  town  of  Mexico,  depart- 
ment, and  180  miles  S.S.W.  of  La  Puebla.    Pop.  about  3000. 

IQUALEJA,  e-gwd-li/nl,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, aud  42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  1431. 

IGUAPE.  e-gwS'p.i,  a  river  of  Brazil,  outers  the  Atlantic 
about  85  miles  S.W.  of  Santos,  after  a  tortuous  E.  course 
of  150  miles,  in  much  of  which  extent  it  is  navigable. 

IGUAPK,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the 
S.  bank  of  Iguape  River,  near  its  mouth.  It  h.os  a  good  har- 
bor, and  exports  rice  and  timber.     Pop.  with  district.  8000. 

IGL'ARAgU.  e-gwi-rd-soo',  IGUAKASSU,  e-gwd-ris-soo', 
a  town  of  Brazil,  and  the  earliest  founded  in  the  province 
of  Peruambueo,  from  which  city  it  is  distant  20  miles  N.N'.W. 
It  stands  on  a  height,  besides  the  IguaraQU.  (Iguaiassu.) 
a  tribuUry  of  the  Upper  Parnabil)a.     Pop.  5000. 

IGli.MKX,  e-goo-men'.  a  town  of  Ru.ssia,  government,  and 
38  miks  E.S.E.  of  Minsk,  on  the  Beresiua.    Pop.  1100. 

IGUVIUM.    SeeGuBBio. 

IHA,  ee'i,  a  village  of  the  Malay  Archipelogo,  island  of 
Saparooaor  Iloni-moa. 

IIIAllOS-BEKKXy,  ee'hShVosh'-bi'rJS',  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sumegh,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Kopreiuitz. 
Pop.  1240. 

IHN.\,  ee'nj,  a  river  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pomerania. 
enter.s  theDammsche-see,  an  arm  of  the  Stettiner-IIalf,  9  mile." 
K.  uf  Stettin.    Length  55  miles. 

lUIU.NGEN'.  ee'ring-fn,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Khine,  bailiwick,  and  near  Breisach.    Pop.  220. 

IJ.  a  river  of  Holland.     See  Y. 

1J'.\MSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Slaryland, 
70  miles  N',VV.  of  Annapolis. 

IJIGHINSK,  a  river  or  gulf  of  Siberia.    See  JuiaiNSK. 

IJMA.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Izhma. 

IJO.  ee'yo.  a  small  river  of  Finland,  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia,  near  its  N.  extremity. 

IJSLA.VD.    Sea  Iceland. 

IK.  ik.  two  rivers  of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg. 
the  principal  of  which  joins  the  Kama.  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Menselinsk.  after  a  N.W.  course  of  about  200  miles. 

IKARMA,  e-kaWmd,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands,  Pacific 
Ocean. 

IKAZN'I.  e-k.^z'nee.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Minsk.  44  miles  W.X.W.  of  Disna.    Pop.  1200. 

IKE-AUAL-.\t)R.  ee-kA-aVil'-nor',  or  IKE-AR.\L-XOOR. 
a  lake  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  in  Mongolia,  Kbrilkas  Terri- 
tory, near  the  E.  frontier  of  SoongaHa.  between  lat.  47°  and 
48°  X..  and  intersected  by  the  meridian  of  90°  E.  longitude. 
Length.  40  miles:  average  breadth,  20  miles.  It  receives 
several  considerable  streams,  but  has  no  known  outlet. 

I'KKX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

IK  ERV.\K,  ee'k^iiVda'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co,  of 
Elsonburg,  73  mileg  S.S.E.  of  Vienna.  It  has  two  elegant 
castles,  with  an  extensive  park,  and  fine  gaixlens,  formerly 
belonging  to  Count  Rjitthyany.     Pop.  1000. 

IKLOD.A^.  ik'liAiah\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  23 
miles  S.  I :.  of  Tenii'svar.  on  the  Bogania.     Pop.  1782. 

IKoltKTS  or  IKORETZ,  e-ko-rks',  a  river  of  Ru-ssia,  joins 
the  left  bank  of  the  Don,  after  a  course  of  about  60  miles. 
890 


ILH 

IKUOPA,  e-kro'pi,  or  IKIOPA,  e-ke-o'pj,  a  river  of  Mada- 
gascar, rises  in  the  province  of  Ankova,  and  fells  into 
Bombetoc  Bay,  N.W.  coast  cf  Madagascar,  being  known 
during  the  latter  part  of  its  course  by  the  name  of  the 
Bombetoc.  It  is  navigable  to  Maro.a-be,  ab<iut  25  miles 
from  the  sea.     Entire  length,  alx)ut  270  miles. 

I'L.iM.  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Stafford,  9 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Cheadle. 

I'L.\XMORE\  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co. 
of  Inverness,  i  a  mile  X.  of  Coll.  and  abjut  1  mile  in  circuit. 
rL.\NKO.\.N,  rian-ron',  a  small  island  of  Hebrides,  in 
Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  S.  of  Oransay. 

ILANXERACH,  Man'ter-dK,  a  small  island  of  Hebrides, 
in  Scotl.and,  co.  of  Inverness,  E.  of  Oransay. 

ILAXZ.  ee'Unts.  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Grison.s.  and  the  capital  of  the  "Grev  League,"  on  the  Upper 
Rhine,  17  miles  W.S.W.of  Chur.     Pop.  57'4. 

ILBOXO.  il-lxyno.  a  village  of  Sardinia^  division,  and 
about  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1100. 

IiyCHESTER  or  IV/ELCilESTER.  (anc. /vc/iaZw.)  a  mar- 
ket-town and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the 
ancient  Foss-way  and  the  Ivel.  here  crossed  by  a  stone 
bridge,  4i  miles  S.S.E.  of  Somerton.  J'op.  in  1S.51,  889.  It 
was  a  Romau  station,  and  a  considerable  town  of  the  ancient 
Belgas.  Roger  Bacon  was  born  at  the  Friary,  in  the  year 
1214. 

IL/CHESTER  MILLS,  a  post-ofSce  of  Howard  co.,  Mary- 
land. 
IIXHI,  a  town  of  Toorkistan,    See  Khote\, 
IiyDEKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 
ILE  AUX  MOIXE,S,    See  Sept  Isles, 
ILE  DE  FEB,  Canary  Islands.     See  Ferro. 
ILE  DE  FRANCE,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean.    See 
Mauritius. 

ILE  DE  FRANCE,  eel  deh  frSxss,   ("Isle  of  France,")  an 
old  province  of  France,  of  which  the  capital  was  Paris,  now 
forming  the  five  department  of  Siineet-^  >ise.  Seine-et-Marne, 
Aiane,  Oise.  and  parts  of  Eure-et-Loir,  Loiret,  and  Y^onne, 
ILE  DES  FAISAXS,     See  Faisans. 

ILE  DES  ROCII ES,  eel  dA  rosh,  (i.  e. "  Isle  of  rocks,")  one 
of  the  Seychelles  Islands,  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 

ILE  D'YEU  or  ILE  DIEU,  a  fortified  island  of  France,  in 
the  Atlantic.    See  Isle  Dieu. 

ILEK,  e-Uk',  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Irkoot-sk,  flows  X.N.W.,  aud  after  a  course  of  about  200  miles 
joins  the  Angara. 

ILEKSKOI-GORODEK,  e-ljk-skoi' go-ro-dSk'.  or  ILETSKT, 
e-lAt'skee.  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  78 
miles  S.W.  of  Orenboorg,  at  the  conUuouce  of  the  llek  and 
Ural  Rivers.     Pop.  2000. 
ILERDA.     See  LemdA. 
.  ILES'BOROUGH.  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 

ILES  DINSXrrUT.  eel  dLN°'steeHii'.  a  group  of  islands 
off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia,  opposite  the  entrance  of 
Admiralty  Gulf,  respectively  named  after  the  distinguished 
French  authors,  Fenelon,  Moutesnuieu,  Pascal,  Descartes, 
Corneille,  and  Condillac. 

Il/FORD,  GREAT,  is  a  ward  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex,  in  the  parish  of  Barking,  with  a  village  on  the 
Roding.  and  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  7  miles  E.NE. 
of  London.  Pop.  3742.  It  has  a  modern  Gothic  chur<;h.  a 
hospital,  founded  in  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  and  house  of 
correction  for  the  S.  part  of  the  county  of  E.ssex. 
IiyFORD.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
ILFRACOMBE.  il'fra-koom,  a  seap)rt  town  and  p.arish  of 
England,  co,  of  Devon!  on  its  N.  coast,  9^  miles  N.X.H;.  of 
Barnstaple.  Pop.  of  town,  2855.  It  consists  mostly  of  a 
long  street,  and  a  good  terrace  facing  the  sea.  Its  harbor  is 
enclo.sed  by  a  bold,  rocky  coast  and  a  pier  850  feet  in  length ; 
it  affords  secure  anchorage  to  vessels  of  230  tons,  and  \f 
defended  by  a  battery,  adjacent  to  which  is  a  liiht-house 
The  town  has  an  active  fishery  and  co.asting  trade.  It  is 
also  frequented  as  a  t)athing-place.  Steam-packets  run  con- 
tinually between  it  aud  Bristol,  Swaniva.  and  Milford. 

ILtJELDI.  il-ghJl'dee,  a  village  of  West  Asia.  46  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Khiva.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  good  wall,  and  is 
Inhabited  by  Oozheks. 

ILGUUN  or  ILGUX,  eeVgoon'.  a  Large  .and  wretched  vil- 
lage of  A.sla  Minor,  pa.sh.alic  of  Karamania.  43  miles  X.W. 
of  Konieh.  lat.  38°  9'  X..  Ion.  .•52°  E..  with  some  Alohara- 
medan  edifices,  classic  remains,  and  two  lakes  in  its  vicinity. 
ILH  A,  eel'yj.  a  Portuguese  word,  signifying  "island," 
forming  a  part  of  many  names  in  Brazil.  &c. 

ILHA  DUGOVERXADOR.  eel'yj  do  gov-*R-n3-doR'.  ("Go- 
vernor's Island,")  an  island  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rto  de 
.Taneiro.  in  the  bay.  7  miles  N.of  Rio  .Janeiro.  Its  length  is 
6  miles;  breadth,  i  mile.  It  is  populous,  and  well  cult! 
vated. 

ILHA  GRANDE,  eel'yl  grin'd^,  ('Great  Island,")  an  i» 
land  of  Brazil,  province,  and  68  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rfci  de  Ja- 
neiro, in  the  Bay  of  .\ngra.  Length  from  E.  to  W.,  15  miles; 
greatest  breadth.  8  miles.  It  produces  sugaranl  coffee, and 
has  several  good  anchorages,  resorted  to  by  whale-ships ;  on 
its  W.  side  is  the  village  of  Santa  .\na.  Pop.  20  )0. 
ILHA  GRANDE,a  town  of  Brazil.    SeeANORA  bos  lUts 


ILII 


ILL 


IlillATO.  eel-y3/vo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  prcvince  of  Beira, 
4  miles  S.  of  Aveiro,  near  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  4000. 

ILIIKOS.  eel-yi'oce.  four  small  i.slauds  of  Brazil,  close  to 
the  coast  of  the  province  of  Babta,  formerly  calletj  the  Capi- 
tani:i  of  ,Tor};e-de-Fi-;ueire-do-Correa,  and  now  comprising  one 
of  the  comarcas  of  Bahia. 

ILL  a  town  of  Central  Asia.    See  Eelek. 

ILICI.    See  Ei,cue. 

ILIDJAII.    See  li.UAH. 

ILLTAII  or  ILIDJAIL  e-lid'ja.  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
(anc.  Eliyifa.)  pashalic,  and  8  miles  W.  of  Krzroom,  and  near 
whi'-h  Pompey  defeat^'d  Slithridates. 

ILIJAII  or  ILlDJAII.avilla^eof  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic, 
and  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Diarljekir,  on  the  Euphrates. 

ILIM,  e-lim'  or  e-leem',  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of 
Irkootsk,  tributary  to  the  Angara.  Total  course,  180  miles. 
On  it  is  Ilimsk,  a  fortified  post,  300  miles  N.  of  Irkootsk. 

ILINigA,  ILINIZA,  e-le-nee'sd,  or  ILIXISSA,  e-le-nis'sj, 
(improperly  written  ILINCA,)  a  mountain  peak  of  the 
Andes,  in  Kcuador.     Lat.  30°  S.     Height,  17,380  feet. 

IL'ION,  Herkimer  co..  New  York.     See  Appendix. 

ILISKII,  e-lis'eh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and 
53  miles  N.E.  of  Diurbekir,  with  750  Mohammedan,  and 
upwards  of  200  Armenian  families.  It  is  named  after  the 
adjacent  warm  springs. 

ILISSUS,  e-lis'sda,  a  little  rivulet  of  Greece,  in  Attica,  rises 
near  the  village  of  Aleti,  flows  S.W..  skirting  Athens  on  the 
S.,  and  enters  the  Porto  Phanari,  E.  of  the  Piraeus,  after  a 
total  course  of  10  miles.  It  is  said  to  have  been  once  a  much 
more  considerable  stream. 

ILITSI.  a  town  of  Toorkistan.    See  Khoten 

ILIVATS,  Uje  name  of  the  Nomad  tribes  of  Persia.  See 
Eels. 

lUKESTON,  a  market'town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby,  with  a  station  on  the  Erwash  Valley  Hallway,  8  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Derby.  The  town,  situated  on  a  lofty  hill,  is 
moderately  well  built  of  brick,  plentifully  supplied  with 
■water,  well  lighted  with  gas,  and  rapidly  increasing  in 
population.  The  church  is  a  fine  ancient  edifice,  having 
been  partly  built  in  the  time  of  Stephen,  with  a  lofty  tower, 
erected  in  1737;  and  there  are  several  Dissenting  chapels,  a 
mixed  British,  and  two  national  schools;  together  with  a 
mei-hanics'  institution  and  library.  The  principal  manu- 
factures carried  on  here  are  those  of  hosiery  in  all  its 
branches,  together  with  silk  edgings,  lace,  silk  mittens,  and 
a  very  superior  silk  fabric,  which  is  afterwards  dressed  in 
Yorkshire,  and  made  into  gloves  in  London.  A  considerable 
number  of  the  inhabitants  are  also  employed  in  mining 
co.il  atid  ironstone.  The  Erwash  and  Nutbrook  Canals 
intersect  the  town.    Pop.  in  1851,  (3122. 

ILK'LKY.  (anc.  OVcaimt)  a  parish  and  township  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York,  West  Biding. 

ILL,  eel,  a  river  of  France,  rises  near  Altkirch.  department 
of  Ilaut-Bhin,  flows  N.of  Strasbourg,  and  joins  the  Uhine 
on  the  left.     Length  100  miles.     Navigable  for  62  miles. 

ILL,  eel,  a  river  of  Austria,  falls  Into  the  Hhine  l-t  miles 
S.  of  Laks  Constance.    Total  course,  alwut  50  miles. 

ILLAH.\.SCO,  a  lake  of  Central  America.    See  CojutepeQue. 

ILLAN'A,  eel-yl/nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province 
of  (luadalajara,  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  1407. 

ILLANCSA,  iriOn'chOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  the 
Banat,  42  miles  S.W.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  3110. 

ILL  ANON,  ll-ld  nOu',  or  ILL  AN  A.  il-ld'na.  a  bay  of  the  Ma- 
lay Archipelago,  forming  a  wide  inlet  of  the  Celebes  Sea,  ex- 
tending into  the  Island  of  Mindanao,  on  its  S.W.  side. 
Length  and  breadth,  70  miles  each.    It  is  infested  by  pirates. 

ILLAIIY,  an  island  of  Scotland.     SeelLLERAT. 

ILLA3I,  11  ll'see,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  9  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Verona.     Pop.  1550. 

ILLATS,  ee^ySts',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gi- 
ronde,  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  1030. 

ILL  AU,  il'15w,  (Hun.  lUava,  il'Wh'vOh'.)  a  market-town  of 
North  Hungary,  co.,  and  10  miles  N.E.of  Trentschin,  on  the 
Waair.     Pop.  1223. 

IL'LAWAlfKA,  a  maritime  district  of  New  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Camden,  about  50  miles  from  Sydney.  Area,  about 
150,000  acres.    It  contains  a  fine  lake  of  the  same  name. 

ILLE,  eel,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6ii6es- 
Orientiiles,  on  the  Tet,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Prndes.    Pop.  32(52. 

ILLE,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  llle-et-Vilaine, 
rises  in  the  itang  Boulet,  flows  S.  18  miles,  and  joins  the 
Vilaine  at  Kennes,  It  communicates  with  the  Canal  of  the 
lUe  and  Uance. 

ILLE-ET-V^IL.\INE,  eel-i-veo'lJn',  a  maritime  depart- 
ment in  the  N.W.  of  France,  on  the  English  Channel,  form- 
tnL'  part  of  the  old  province  of  Normandy.  Area.  2554  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  584,930.  The  sui-face  is  flat,  and  covered 
on  the  N.  with  forests,  dunes,  and  marshes.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Vilaine.  Hie,  Couesnon,  and  Kanee.  A  portion  of  the 
department  is  traversed  by  the  Canal  of  Hie  and  Bance  on 
the  N.,  and  that  of  Nantes  and  Brest  on  the  S.  Corn,  to- 
bacco, hemp,  and  flax  are  important  crops,  and  cider  is 
extensively  made.  The  minerals  comprise  iron,  lead,  build- 
Btoues,  and  potters'-clay.  Manufactures  of  hempen  and 
Uneu  thread,  and  sailcloth    are    extensively  carried  on; 


the  other  branches  of  industry  are  iron  forging,  glas? 
making,  and  tanning.  Oysters  are  largely  exported  from 
Cancale.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrondisse- 
ments  of  Bennes — the  capital,  V'ougeres,  Montfort,  Ittaou 
St.  Malo,  and  Vitre. 

ILLEK.  il'lgr,  a  river  of  South  ciermany,  rises  in  the  Tyrol 
flows  mostly  northward  through  Bavaria,  and  along  tnc 
frontier  of  WUrtemberg,  and  joins  the  Danulje  about  2  mileg 
above  Ulm;  course,  85  miles.  The  principal  affluent  is  the 
Aurach;  on  it  are  the  towns  of  Imnierstadt  and  Kempten. 
Its  banks  were,  in  ISOO,  the  scene  of  many  engagements  b«v 
tween  the  French  and  Austrians. 

IL'LEHAY^  or  IL'LARY,on  the  Hebrides,  Scotlan d,  co.  of 
Inverness.     Length.  alx)ut  4  miles;  breadth,  IJ  miles.    P.  80. 

ILLEUTISSEN,  iller-tis^sfu,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Swabia,  on  the  lUer,  38  miles  W.S.W.  of  Augsburg. 
Pop.  1145. 

ILLESC.AS,  il-lJs'kiis,  (anc.  lllacuris.f)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Toledo,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  20UU 

ILLIBERIS.    See  Tech. 

ILLTCI  or  ILLICE.    See  Elche. 

ILLIEUS,  ee'yA'  or  eel\vi\',  a  town  of  France,  dep.  of  Eure- 
et-Loir,  on  the  Loir,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Chartres.     Pop.  3130. 

ILLIM.4NI,  eePyi-mi'ne,  one  of  the  loftiest  mountains  of 
the  Bolivian  Andes,  East  Cordillera,  about  25  miles  E.S.E. 
of  La  Paz.  from  which  its  appearance  is  singularly  maje.'^tio 
and  imposing.  It  is  a  serrated  ridge,  with  four  principiU 
peaks,  the  northernmost  of  which  is  in  lat.  16°  37' 50"  S., 
Ion.  67°  49' 39"  W.  Three  of  the  loftiest  summits  are  of  the 
following  elevations,  respectively — S.  peak,  21,149  feet  above 
sea-level,  middle  peak,  21.094  feet,  and  N.  peak,  21.000.  The 
snowy  part  of  the  East  Cordillera  begins  with  the  gi'.:antic 
mass  of  the  llliniani,  and  proceeds  in  a  continuous  line  of 
snow-clad  peaks  to  the  group  of  Vilcanota.  where  it  unites 
with  the  Cordillera  of  the  Coast.  It  dei'ives  its  name  from 
being  perpetu.^Uy  covered  with  snow.  On  its  N.  side  it  has 
glaciers  above  the  height  of  16,350  feet.  On  it  also  is  the 
Lake  of  Illimani,  15,950  feet  above  the  sea. 

ILLINCZE,  il-linfsA.  a  village  of  Austriii,  in  Slavoni.i,  39 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Peterwardein,  on  the  Bossut.     Pop.  1174. 

ILLINGEN,  il'ling-gn,  a  village  of  South  Germany,  in 
Wiirtemburg,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  1400. 

ILLINGEN,  a  village  of  South  Germany,  in  Baden,  near 
the  Rhine,  5  miles  N.  of  Bastadt.    Pop.  375. 

IL'LINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ILLINOIS,  iriin-oi';  the  largest  river  in  the  state  of  Illi- 
nois, is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  river  Des  Plaines  and 
the  Kankakee  River,  which  unite  at  Dresden,  in  (irundy 
county.  It  flows  in  a  general  south-westerly  direction 
nearly  through  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  falls  into  the 
Mississippi  about  20  miles  above  Alton.  It  is  navigable  in 
high  water  (and  is  being  improved  so  as  to  be  iiaviijaMe  at 
all  seasons)  for  steamboats  to  Ottjiwa,  at  the  nmuth  of  Fo< 
River,  about  286  miles  from  its  mouth.  Length,  exclusive 
of  branches,  about  320  miles.  Slore  than  5(J  steamboats  are 
plying  upon  this  river.  The  most  important  town  on  the 
bank  of  the  Illinois  Elver  is  Peoria,  situated  about  200 
miles  from  its  mouth. 

ILLINOIS,  irUn-oi',  one  of  the  Western  United  States,  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Wisconsin,  E.  by  Lake  Michigan  and 
Indiana,  from  the  last  of  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the 
Wabash  River,  S.  by  the  Oliio  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Kentucky,  and  S.W.  and  W.  by  Missouri  and  Iowa,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi  River.  It  lies  be- 
tween 37°  and  42°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  87°  30'  and  91°  40-' 
W.  Ion.,  being  a'xiut  380  miles  in  extreme  length  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  about  200  in  its  greatest,  and  140  miles  in  its  average 
breadth,  including  55,409  square  miles,  or  35,459.200  acres, 
of  which  only! 3,096,374 acres  were  improved  in  1S(J0,  show- 
ing an  immense  capacity  for  increase  ot  population  In  thi* 
exuberantly  fertile  state,  which  has  scarcely  any  soil  uncul- 
tivable. 

JFlicf,  of  the  Country. — Illinois  is  generally  a  table-land,  ele- 
vated from  350  to  800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  with  a  general  inclination  from  N.  to  S..  as  indicate 
by  the  course  of  the  rivers.  This  state,  generally  speaking, 
may  be  characterized  as  level,  though  there  are  elevated  bluffs 
on  the  Illinois  River,  and  still  higher  ones  on  the  Missis.sippl. 
There  is  a  small  tract  of  hilly  country  in  the  S.,  and  in  the 
N.W.  is  a  good  deal  of  broken  land.  Many  of  the  prairieg 
are  quite  small,  but  others  are  very  large  ;  among  the  latter 
is  Grand  Prairie,  extending  from  Jackson  county.  In  a  N.E. 
direction,  to  Iroquois  county,  and  varying  in  width  from  1 
to  more  than  12  miles.  This  is  probably  the  highest  land 
between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Wabash.  The  prairie  in 
everywhere  skirted  with  wood,  and  on  its  border  is  a  cir- 
cle of  settlements,  which  have  been  here  located  on  account 
j  of  the  timber.  The  prairies  are  intersper.sed  with  groups 
I  of  trees,  but  the  timber  is  generally  sparse  on  them,  which, 
I  however  seems  not  to  arise  from  any  thing  unfavoiable  in 
'  the  soil,  but  from  the  annual  burning  of  the  prairie  grass; 
for,  where  this  is  prevented,  a  forest  of  young  treys  speedily 
springs  up,  and  farmers  are  thus  enabled  to  proceed  inward 
j  with  settlements,  as  it  were,  tier  after  tier.  "The  prairies  are 
I  not  generally  flat,  but  gracefully  undulating,  and  profusely 
'  891 


ILL 


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decked  with  the  s^reatest  variety  of  beautiful  wild  flowers  ol 
every  hue.  which  ravish  the  bpholder  with  delljjht. 

Minerals. — Illinois  has  within  her  limits  a  larjre  portion 
of  the  crreat  li'ad  re^on.  which  she  shares  with  Iowa  and 
Wisconsin.  Galena,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  state,  is  almost 
wholly  supported  by  trade  in  this  mineral.  More  than 
13,000,000  pounds  (including  that  of  Wisconsin)  have  been 
smelted  In  one  year  Bituminous  coal  occurs  in  almost  every 
county,  and  may  be  often  obtained  without  excavation.  Vast 
beds  are  found  in  the  bluffs  adjacent  to  the  American  Bottom. 
A  bed  of  anthracite  coal  is  reported  to  have  been  discovered 
in  Jackson  county.  According  to  Taylor,  the  coiU-tields  of  Il- 
linois occupy  an  area  of  44.000  square  miles.  Copper  abounds 
In  the  N.  part,  on  Plum  Creek,  and  on  the  feckatonica 
River.  It  has  also  been  found  in  Jackson  and  Jlonroe  coun- 
ties. Iron  exists  in  the  S.  part,  and  is  said  to  be  abundant 
In  the  X.  Lime,  zinc,  some  silver,  (rrporkd  in  St.  Clair 
county.)  marble  of  a  tine  quality,  freestone,  gypsum,  and 
quartz  crystals  are  the  other  minerals.  There  are  .salt- 
springs  in  Gallatin,  Jackson,  .and  Vermilion  counties.  lea.«ed 
by  the  state.  Medicinal  springs,  chietly  sulphur  and  chaly- 
beate, are  found  in  various  parts,  and  one  especially.  In  Jef- 
ferson county,  is  much  resorted  to.  In  the  .southern  part 
of  the  state  is  one  strongly  impregnated  with  Kpsom  salts. 
Others  of  medicinal  properties  are  found  between  Ottawa 
and  Peru. 

Jiivers. — The  rivers  of  Illinois  have  generally  cut  chan- 
nels through  the  table-land  or  plain  which  they  drain,  pre- 
senting precipitous  bluffs,  sometimes  close  to  the  river's 
brink,  and  at  other  times  leaving  an  alluvion  bottom  be- 
tween the  river  and  the  bluffs.  The  Mis.sissippi  forms  the 
entire  western,  and  the  Ohio  River  the  entire  southern  boun- 
dary, giving  the  state  commercial  access  to  the  great  valleys 
bearing  the  names  of  their  re.spective  rivers.  The  Illinois 
Kivoris  formed  by  the  Kankakee  from  Indiana,  and  the  Des 
Plalnes  from  Wisconsin,  in  the  N.E.  of  the  stiite,  and  cross- 
ing the  middle  of  the  state,  after  a  course  of  500  miles  from 
Its  remotest  source,  empties  itself  into  the  Mississippi.  The 
Rock  Kiver  rises  in  Wisconsin,  and  the  Kaskaskia  in  the 
middle  of  Illinois;  both  fiow  S.W.  into  the  Mississippi.  The 
Sangamon  empties  itself  into  the  Illinois  SO  miles  above 
Its  mouth,  after  a  westerly  course  of  about  200  miles. 
Besides  the  Kankakee,  Des  Plaines,  and  Fox  Rivers,  which 
are  its  principal  sources,  the  Illinois  has  a  number  of 
smaller  tributaries.  The  Wjibash,  which  receives  the  waters 
that  drain  the  E.  part  of  the  state,  forms  the  E.  boundary 
for  more  than  100  miles.  Lake  Michigan  bounds  the  st;ite 
on  the  X.E.  for  (W  miles,  and  adds  greatly  to  its  commercial 
importance.  Lake  Peoria,  an  expansion  of  the  Illinois  River, 
near  the  middle  of  the  state,  and  Lake  Pishtaka,  in  the  N.E., 
are  the  only  other  lakes  of  any  importance.  The  Illinois 
has  a  sluggish  current,  and  in  time  of  freshets  the  waters 
of  the  Mississippi  back  up  into  it  for  70  miles.  It  is  n.^vi- 
gable  for  steamboats  286  miles,  and  at  high  water  boats  pro- 
ceed beyond  the  rapids  above  Vermilion  River.  Rock  River 
has  obstructions  near  its  mouth,  but,  notwithstanding,  both 
it  and  the  Kaskaski.i,  as  well  as  the  Sangamon  and  Spoon, 
are  navigable  for  a  considerable  distance  at  high  water  by 
steamboats,  and  still  higher  for  small  boats.  The  Wabash 
is  navigable  f>r  steamboats  beyond  the  point  where  it  first 
touches  the  Illinois  bound;iry.  The  rivers  tlowing  into  the 
Wabash  from  Illinois  are  the  A'ermilion,  Kmliarras,  and 
Little  Wabash,  having  courses  of  from  100  to  150  miles.  The 
Embarras  is  navigable  for  keel-boats. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Though  Illinois  presents 
but  few  bold  or  very  striking  features  to  the  view  of  the  tra- 
veller, she  is  not  without  her  objects  of  interest  to  the  lover 
of  nature.  Her  wide-spread  prairies,  decked  with  flowers  of 
every  hue  that  can  gratify  the  eye,  and  covered  with  waving 
grass,  convey,  besides  their  quiet  landscape  beauty,  a  feeling 
6f  sublimity  from  their  vastness,  similar  to  that  cre;ited  by 
viewing  the  ocean:  and  perhaps  no  natural  objects  in  our 
country  would  more  strike  the  European  than  our  prairies — 
especially  the  Grand  Prairie,  wlilch  has  already  been  re- 
ferred to.  The  river  bluffs  inspire  the  same  sense  of  rugged 
grandeur  as  mountains,  though  in  a  less  degree.  The  most 
remarkaMe  of  these  are  on  the  Mississippi,  and  are  from  100 
to  400  fe.it  high.  Fountain  Hiuff,  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
In  Jiwkson  county,  is  of  an  oval  shape,  C  miles  in  circuit, 
and  300  feet  high.  The  top  is  full  of  sink-holes.  Starved 
Rock  and  Lover's  Leap  are  each  eminences  on  Illinois  River. 
The  former  is  a  perpendicular  m.'iss  of  limestone  and  sand- 
stone, 8  miles  below  Ottawa,  and  150  feet  above  the  river. 
It  received  its  name  from  a  band  of  Illinois  Indians  having 
taken  refuge  here,  who,  being  s\irrounded  by  the  Pottawa- 
tomius,  all  died,  not  of  starvation,  but  of  thirst.  Lover's 
Leap  i.»  a  ledge  of  precipitous  ro<rks,  some  distance  above 
Starved  Hock.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  and  nearly 
opposite  to  the  Lover's  Leap,  is  RufTalo  Rock,  100  feet  high, 
precipitous  next  the  river,  but  sloping  inland.  Hither  the 
Indians  formerly  drove  the  VmlTalo,  and  frighteninj;  them 
by  shouts,  caused  them  to  crowd  each  other  over  the  pre- 
cipice. I'he  Cave  in  the  l{0(;k,  in  Hardin  county,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio,  presents,  as  you  approach  it,  the  aptjear- 
auce  of  a  v;uit  ui;ikii  of  riwks,  some  resembling  castellated 


ruins,  and  others  jutting  out  irregularly,  in  a  variety  pf 
forms.  The  entrance  of  the  cave,  which  is  tut  little  above 
the  bed  of  the  river,  is  a  semicircle,  80  feet  wide  and  25  feet 
high.  The  cave  ascends  gradually  from  its  entrance  to  the 
extreme  limit,  180  feet  back  from  the  mouth.  A  small  open- 
ing leads  into  the  second  cave,  whose  dimensions  are  not 
known.  This  cave  was,  in  1797,  the  abode  of  a  band  of  rob- 
bers, who  sallied  out  to  rob  the  unfortunate  boatmen  and 
emigrants.  It  has  since  been  the  abode  of  other  bands  of 
robbers.  The  miners,  in  sinking  their  shafts  in  the  lead  re- 
gion, often  come  upon  caverns  at  the  depth  of  40,  70,  and 
even  100  feet,  which  present  brilliant  specimens  of  stalac- 
tites, stalagmites,  and  other  varieties  of  calcareous  spar,  and 
resemblances  of  leaves,  birds,  animals.  &c.  In  some  caves, 
sulphate  of  lime,  in  different  crystalized  forms,  is  found. 
Near  Cahokia  is  a  mound  2000  feet  in  circumference,  and  W 
feet  high.  There  is  great  inducement  for  the  sportsman  to 
visit  Illinois,  to  shoot  the  prairie-hen,  a  species  of  pheasant 
or  grouse,  and  to  fish  for  trout  in  the  clear  streams  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state. 

Climate.  Soil,  and  Productim)s. — Hlinois,  extending  through 
more  than  5°  of  latitude,  has  considerable  variety  of  cli- 
mate. Though  somewhat  milder  than  the  Atlantic  States 
in  the  same  parallels,  there  is  great  irregularity  in  the  sea- 
sons. Generally,  there  will  not  fall  six  inches  of  snow  at 
one  time,  which  does  not  lie  more  than  a  few  days,  but  at 
distant  intervals  the  rivers  are  frozen  for  two  or  thi-ee 
months,  and  the  snow  lies  for  as  long  a  period.  The  sum- 
mers are  hot,  but  mitigated  by  the  fresh  breezes  from  the 
prairies.  During  16  years,  peach-trees  blos.sonied  from 
.March  25th  to  April  20th.  and  apple-trees  from  April  1st  to 
May  3d.  In  the  same  period,  the  earliest  frost  was  Septem- 
ber 17th,  but  sometimes  there  is  none  till  tiear  the  end  of 
October.  Cattle  often  are  unhoused  during  the  whole  winter. 
The  meteorological  table  kept  at  Muscatine,  Iowa,  (.see  Iowa,) 
will  perhaps  be  a  fair  average  representation  of  the  tem- 
perature of  Illinois. 

In  agricultural  capabilities  Illinois  is  unsurpassed,  if 
equalled,  by  any  state  in  the  American  Confederacy.  In 
some  of  her  river-bottoms  the  soil  is  25  feet  deep,  and  the 
upland  prairies  are  but  little  inferior  in  fertility.  The  Great 
American  Bottom,  lying  on  the  Mi.ssis.sippi,  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Kaskaskia  and  Missouri  liivers,  is  of  exceed- 
ing fertility,  and  has  been  cultivated  for  100  years  without 
apparent  deterioration.  This  bottom  is  about  SO  miles  in 
length,  covering  an  area  of  2S8,000  acres.  On  the  river  side 
is  a  strip  of  heavy  timber,  with  dense  underwood,  which 
extends  for  2  or  3  miles.  The  rest  is  mostly  prairie  to  tho 
E.  limit,  which  is  terminated  by  a  chain  of  sandy  or  rocky 
bluffs  from  50  to  '200  feet  high.  This  fine  region  is,  however, 
not  healthy,  though  probably  capable  of  being  made  .«o  by 
dr.ainage.  The  Rock  IMver  country  is  another  highly  fertile 
district,  on  the  Rock  River  and  its  branches.  Of  the  same  cha- 
racter are  the  regions  about  the  Sangamon,  Kaskaskia.  and 
other  rivers.  Other  regions  of  Illinois  are  fertile;  but  tho.sa 
mentioned  pre-eminently  so,  producing  not  unfrequently  40 
bushels  of  wheat  and  100  of  Indian  corn  to  the  acre.  This 
is  especially  true  of  the  narrow  river-bottoms  immediately 
adjacent  to  their  banks.  The  prairies  of  this  state  are  pecu- 
liarly favorable  to  the  raising  of  stock  and  the  productions 
of  tlie  dairy.  Illinois  stands  first  in  the  absolute  aniuunt 
of  Indian  corn  and  wheat,  raised  in  tlio  states  of  the  Union- 
according  to  the  census  of  1860.  The  other  agriculturid 
staples  of  Illinois  are  oats,  Irish  potatoes,  hay,  butter, 
and  cheese.  Besides  those,  large  quantities  of  rye,  wool, 
beans,  jjeiis,  barley,  buckwheat,  fruits,  garde.n  vegetables, 
and  some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine,  grass-seeds,  hops, 
hemp,  flax,  silk,  maple-sugar,  and  molasses,  beeswax  and 
honey,  and  the  castor-bean  are  i)roduced.  Of  indige- 
nous fruits,  there  are  a  variety  of  berries,  plums,  grapes, 
crab-apples,  wild  cherries,  persimmons,  and  the  paw-paw 
(a  sweet,  pulpy  fruit,  somewhat  like  the  banana).  Of 
orchard  fruits,  the  apple  and  peach  flourish  host,  but 
pears  and  quinces  are  cultivated  with  facility.  Of  nuts,  tho 
shellbiirk  or  hickory,  walnut,  butternut,  a  white  walnut 
and  pecan  abound.  According  to  the  census  reports  of 
1S60,  there  were  in  Illinois  13,096,374  acres  of  inqiroved 
land  (7,815,615  being  unimproved),  producing  23,837,023 
bushels  of  wheat.  961,-281  of  rye;  115,174,777  of  Indian 
corn ;  15.220,029  of  oats ;  108,028  of  peas  and  beans ;  5,540,390 
of  Irish  potatoes;  306,154  of  sweet  potatoes;  1,036,338  of 
barley;  324,117  of  buckwheat;  210,104  of  grass  seeds; 
806,5S9  gallons  of  sorghum  molasses ;  6,885,262  pounds  of 
toljacco;  1,989,567  of  wool;  28,052,551  of  butter;  1.848,557 
of  cheese;  66,730  of  beeswax ;  1,346,803  of  honey ;  1,774,554 
tons  of  hay;  live  stock,  valued  at  $72,501,'2'25;  or- 
cliard  products  at  $1,126,3*23,  and  slaughtered  animals,  at 
$15,032,4.'?3. 

F'lrcst  Trees. — Illlnoiscontainsabundanceoftimber,  which, 
however,  is  not  equally  diffused.  The  occupation  of  tlie  coun- 
try will,  however,  remedy  tliis  deficiency  (even  in  parts  w  here 
there  is  now  a  scarcity)  by  protecting  the  young  ti-ees  from 
tho  ravages  of  the  prairie  fires.  The  bottom  lanHs  have  a 
rich  growth  of  bl.ick  and  white  walnut,  ash,  hack  berry,  elm. 
sugat^maple,  honey-locust,  buckeye,  catalpa,  sycamore,  (of  a 


ILL 


ILL 


dze  unKnown  in  the  Atlantic  States.)  cottonwood.  pecan, 
hickory,  and  oak  of  various  species;  and  of  underwood, 
edbud.  papaw,  grape-vine,  eglantine,  dogwood,  spicebush, 
hazel,  greon-lirier,  &c.  On  the  uplund.s  are  po.st-OHk  (very 
▼aluable  for  fencing)  and  other  species  of  oak.  blackjacli, 
(useless  except  for  fuel,)  hickory,  black  and  white  walnut, 
linn  or  basswood.  cherry,  &c.  The  white  and  yellow  poplar 
are  found  in  the  .southern  part  of  the  state,  and  the  cypress 
on  the  Dhio  bottoms. 

ManufiKturts. — Illinois  is  not  largely  engaged  in  manu- 
fecturiug,  though  the  facilities  for  carrying  on  these  branches 
of  industry  are  not  wanting,  when  circumstances  sh.ill  aiTive 
to  make  it  pi'ofitable  or  neces.sary.  According  to  the  census 
of  18P0  there  were  in  the  state  426S  niannl'acturing  estab- 
lislnnents,  employing  2J,96S  person!?,  consuming  raw  mate- 
rial Worth  S.>'i,5.VS,7Ji2,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of 
$57,5S0.SS,7  annually;  total  capital  invested  S27 ,548,563.  Of 
these  2  uere  cotton  factories,  capital  invested  $3200.  value  of 
annual  (iroducts  $15,987;  21  wool  factories,  capital  invested 
$207,000.  annual  products  SlS7,613;  2fl  wool  carding  facto- 
ries, capital  invested  $56,750,  annual  products  $114,516;  550 
flour  and  meal  establishments,  capital  invested  $5,600,100, 
aniiu.-^l  products  $20,001,519;  27  provision  stores,  capital  in- 
vested i-l,880,0:!8,  annual  products  §3,942,915;  445  saw-mills, 
capital  invested  $1,371,338,  annual  products  $2,543,985;  73 
coal-yards,  capital  invested  $3,109,290,  annual  products 
$1,285,501;  value  of  home-made  manufactures  .f923,220. 

Internal  Imprnvements. — In  1836,  when  the  spirit  of  specu- 
lation was  rife  throughout  our  entirb  nation,  Illinois  pro- 
jected an  extravagant  system  of  railroads  and  canals,  which 
shortly  resulted  (^in  the  monetary  revulsions  between  1837 
and  1S40)  in  a  general  suspension,  \otwithstinding,  that 
spirit  of  enterprise  which  seems  to  grow  from  our  free  sys- 
tem, and  to  be  as  boundless  as  our  extended  territory,  has 
again,  with  more  rational  views,  stimulated  the  citizens  of 
this  state  to  eater  upon  a  still  more  magnificent  .scheme  of 
railroads  than  that  projected  in  1836.  Besides  these,  she 
has  completed  her  great  canal,  100  miles  long,  from  Chicago 
to  Peru,  uniting  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi Iliver. 

In  1860,  there  were  in  Illinois,  2867  miles  of  railroads 
completed  (more  than  any  other  state  of  the  Union,  except 
Ohioi.  Chicago  is  connected  by  direct  railroads  with 
hew  York,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati,  Haint  Louis,  Detroit, 
Milwaukee,  and  Green  Bay,  and  is  the  terminus  of  other 
gieat  liuts  extending  to  the  Mis.-.i.s.-iippi  Uiver  at  the  follow- 
ing points:  Fulton,  Davenjiort,  Burlington,  Quincj',  Alton, 
and  Cairo.  It  is  stated  that  140  trains  arrive  at  and  depart 
from  Chicago  daily.  The  main  line  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Kailroud,  e.\teu<ling  from  Cairo  to  Dunleitli,  is  about  450 
miles  long,  and  the  Chicago  branch  of  the  same  (which 
meets  the  main  line  at  Centralia),  is  253  miles  long.  The 
state  is  also  traversed  from  K.  to  W.  by  the  Galena  and 
Chicago,  the  Great  Western,  the  Terre  Haute  Alton  and 
Saint  Louis,  the  Ohio  and  ML^sissippi  Buihoad,  and  the 
Logansport  Peoria  and  Burlington  Kailroad.  The  Illinois 
Ki>  er  Itailroad  extends  from  Peoria  southward  to  Jackson- 
ville, and  northward  to  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Ishmd  Rail- 
road. Peoria  is  Ihe  eastern  terminus  of  a  railroad  which 
extends  to  Oquawka. 

Commerce.. — Illinois  Is  most  favorably  situated  for  inter- 
nal trade,  being  able  to  communicate  with  the  western, 
southern,  and  central  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  by 
means  of  the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Ohio  lUvers,  and 
with  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States  by  way  of  the  great 
lakes.  Chicago  is  a  greater  grain  market  than  any  inland 
city  in  the  United  States,  or  perhaps  in  the  world.  In  1862 
this  city  exported  grain  and  flour  equal  to  56,484,110  bushels 
The  tonnage  of  Chicago,  in  June,  1803,  was  126,684.  In  the 
same  year,  86  vetssels,  including  canal  boats,  were  built, 
whose  burden  wore  9845  tons.  Chicago  hiis  an  immense 
trade  in  lumber.  In  1864,  501,592,406  feet  of  lumber,  and 
t90.169,750  shingles  were  received  at  this  city.  The  tonnage 
nf  the  vessels  engaged  wholly  in  the  Chicago  trade,  in  IStU, 
hraounted  to  198.000  .tons.  Curing  the  same  year,  S939  ves- 
S'^ls  and  propellers  arrived,  and  8824  cleared.  The  foreign 
export.^  lor  tlie  year  ending  June  30,  1803,  were  3,544,085. 
The  number  of  hogs  packed  at  Chicago  in  1862-3  Wiis 
970,264,  and  in  1864-5  it  was  760,514.  The  number  of  hogs 
received  in  1864  was  1,410,320.  A  large  quantity  of  lead  is 
exported  from  Galemi. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Illinois,  18  colleges,with  2901  students,and  $97,412  income, 
of  which  $.37,424  was  frotn  endowments;  8489  public  schools, 
with  43;J,018  pupils,  $2,186,872  income,  of  which  $1,271,851 
■was  from  taxes,  $779,065  from  public  funds,  and  $53,888  by 
endowments;  211  academies  and  otlier  schools,  with  13,205 
pupils,  $233,262  income,  of  which  $107,761  was  endowments, 
and  $2114  from  public  funds.  There  are  also  854  libraries,  of 
which,  246  are  public,  243  school,  339  Sunday-school,  7  college, 
and  19  church  libraries,  with  a  total  of  244,394  volumes. 

The  i>ch(x>l  fund  In  1853,  derived  from  the  public  lands, 
the  surplus  revenue  of  the  United  States,  and  from  the 
county  and  township  funds,  yielded  an  income  of  $299,047. 
On  the  formation  of  the  stiite  constitution,  one  section  in 


each  township  was  appropriated  to  the  support  of  common 
schools,  and  afterwards  an  additional  income  of  3  per  cent, 
on  the  actual  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  the  public  land> 
within  the  state.  One-sixth  of  these  proceeds  is  appropri 
ated  to  colleges.  In  1850  there  were  41.283  adults  in  thii 
state  who  could  not  read  and  write,  of  whom  5947  were  OJ 
forelj'u  birth. 

lieligious  Dennminations. — Of  the  2424  churches  in  Illinota 
in  1800,  tile  Baptists  own  437  ;  Christian.-s,  148 ;  Congrega 
tionalists,  140;  Dutch  Reformefl,  13;  Episcopalians,  67 
Friends,  8  ;  Universalists,  30 ;  Unitarians,  11 ;  Unionists,  19, 
Lutherans,  115;  Methodists,  881;  Koman  Catholics,  156; 
Presbyterians,  272;  Cumberland  Presbyterians,  43;  Re- 
formed Presbyterians,  18;  and  minor  sects,  66;  giving  1 
church  to  706  persons.  A'alue  of  church  property,  $6,890,810. 

Periodicals.  —  There  were  published  in  Illinois,  in  1860, 
23  daily,  6  tri-weekly,  1  hi-weeklj',  and  238  weekly  news- 
papers, and  17  monthly  nagazines.  The  number  of  copies 
issued  annuallj'  was  27,464,764. 

Pulilic  Institutions. — Illinois  has  a  state  lunatic  asylum  at 
Jacksonville,  a  state  penitentiary  at  Joliet,  and  a  deaf  and 
dumb  asylum  at  Jacksonville,  w  hich  had  l(i9  pupils  in  1853, 
94  of  whom  belonged  to  the  state ;  expenses  $19,000  per 
annum.  According  to  the  census  of  18.'>ii.  there  were  33 
public  libraries  in  Illinois,  with  35,982  volumes ;  115  school.^ 
and  Sunday-schools,  with  18,704  volumes;  and  4  college 
libraries,  with  7800  volumes. 

P'pvtition. — The  original  settlers  of  Illinois  were  French, 
but  like  the  other  states  of  the  Union,  it  now  contains  a  mix- 
ture of  varions  nations.  Those  of  English  extraction  con- 
stitute the  greater  portion  of  the  pojiulalion.  No  state  in 
the  Union  h:is  increased  more  rapidly  than  Illinois.  There 
were  in  this  state  12,282  inhabitants 'in  IHIO,  .55,211  in  1820, 
157,445  in  1830,  476,183  in  1840,  !s51,470  in  18.50,  and  1,711,951 
in  1860,  of  whom  1,704,291  were  whites,  762S'  coloretl,  and  32 
Indians.  Pop.  to  the  square  mile  30,  representative  popu- 
lation 1,711,951:  of  the  population  706,925  were  born  in 
the  state,  680,383  in  other  states,  324,tU3  in  foreign  coun- 
tries, of  whom  41,745  were  born  in  England,  87,573  in  Ire- 
land, 10,.540  in  Scotland,  1528  in  Wales,  20,132  in  British 
America,  130,804  in  Germany.  94U:i  in  France,  301,815  in 
other  foreign  coinitries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading 
pursuits  153,646  were  farmers:  52,409  laborers:  47,216  farm 
laborers;  25,(346  servants:  6404  blacksmiths;  5776  clerks; 
5352  merchants:  4838  teachers:  3947  shoemakers;  3098 
wheelwrights ;  2856  jihysicians ;  2803  coopers,  Ac.  In  the 
year  ending  June  1st,  1860,.  there  occnrred  19,300  deaths, 
or  11 -4  in  evei^'  thousiind.  The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb 
was  743  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population 
of  the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  Ac),  blind  476,  insane 
683,  and  idiotic  588. 

Counlifs. — Illinois  has  102  counties,  viz.  Adams,  Alexan- 
der, Bond,  Boone,  Brown,  Bnrean,  Calhoun,  Carroll,  Cass, 
Champaign,  Christian,  Clarke,  Clay,  Clint.m.  Coles,  Cook, 
Crawford.  Cumberland.  De  Kalb,  De  Witt.  Douglas,  Du  Page, 
Edgar.  Edwards,  Effingham,  Fayette.  Kord.  Franklin,  Fulton, 
Gallatin,  tjrecne,  Grundy,  Hamilton,  Ilamock.  llanlin,  Hen- 
derson, Henry,  Iroquois,  .Tackson.  Jasi)er,Jeffer.*on,  Jersey, 
Jo  Daviess,  Johnson,  Kane.  Kankakee,  Kendall.  Knox,  Lake, 
La  S.ille,  Lawrence,  Lee,  Livingston.  Logan.  McDonouch, 
McHeniy,  McLean,  Macon,  Macoupin,  Madison.  Marion, 
Alarshall,  Massac,  Mason,  Menard,  fiercer.  Monroe.  Jlontgo- 
mery,  Morgan,  Moultrie.  Ogle.  Peoria.  Perry.  Piatt,  Pike, 
Pope,  Pulaski.  Putnam.  Randolph.  Richland.  Hock  Island, 
St.  Clair,  Saline,  Sangamon,  Schuyler.  Scott.  Shelby.  Stark, 
Stephenson,  Tazewell,  Union,  Vermilion,  Waljash.  Warren, 
Washington,  Wayne.  White,  AVhitesides.  Will.  AVilliamson, 
Winnebivgo,  and  Woodfird.    Capital,  Springfield. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Illinois  has  a  number  of  thriving 
towns,  and  so  rapidly  do  they  incre.%se,  that  the  census  of 
1860  will  be  in  some  cases  far  below  the  truth :  but,  for 
want  of  other  reliable  information  on  which  to  base  a  com- 
parison of  the  increase  of  all  the  towns,  it  will  be  best  to  ad- 
here to  the  ofticial  statistics.  Chicago  is  the  largest  town  in 
Illinois— population  in  1860, 109.260  (29,963  in  1850);  Peo- 
ria,  14,045  (estimated  at  5095  in  1850);  Quincy,  13,718; 
Springfield,  9320;  Galena,  8190;  Bellville,  7520;  Alton, 
7338;  Rockford,  6979;  Bloomington,  7075:  Ottawa,  6541; 
Aurora.  (5011 ;  Lincoln,  5700 ;  Rock  Island,  5130;  and  Gales- 
burg.  4953. 

Government. — The  executive  power  in  Illinois  is  lodged  in 
a  governor  and  lieutenant-governor,  elected  by  the  people 
for  4  years ;  the  former  receiving  $1500  per  annum,  and  the 
latter,  who  is  ex-ofBcio  president  of  the  senate.  $3  per  day 
during  the  session  of  the  legislature.  The  governor  is  ex- 
officio  fund  commissioner,  and  is  only  eligible  for  4  years 
out  of  any  8  years.  The  Senate  consists  of  25.  and  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  75  members,  both  elected  by  the 
people,  the  former  fir  4,  and  the  latter  for  2  years.  The 
judiciary  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  of  three  divisions, 
presided  over  by  as  many  judges,  receiving  each  $1200  per 
annum,  and  15  circuit  courts,  presided  over  by  as  many 
judges,  each  receiving  $1000  per  annum.  .All  white  male 
citizens,  of  21  years  of  age,  who  have  resided  in  the  stnta 
six  months  next  preceding  an  election,  are  qualified  votera 

Sd3 


ILL 


ILS 


Tllliiuig  is  entitled  to  14  memhers  in  the  national  Honse  of 
Representatives,  and  to  16  electoral  votes  for  President  of 
the  United  States.  The  public  debt  of  this  state,  on  the  1st 
of  December,  1862,  wiw  $12,337,381.  The  balance  in  the 
treaenry  at  the  same  date,  wjis  abont  J1,000.000.  The 
amount  expended  for  the  support  of  schools  in  18*'2,  was 
f2,(107.yi2,  and  the  total  school  fund  was  $4,9T3,S42.  The 
as8e.-«ed  value  of  real  and  personal  propertj-  in  1861,  was 
$ooO,.s23,4"9,  and  the  net  amount  of  tii.>ies  for  that  year 
f2,200,-t00. .  Illinois  has  a  free-banking  law,  which  requires 
that  no  company  shall  go  into  operation  until  it  has  depo- 
sited stocks  to  the  amount  of  $.50,000  with  the  auditor.  In 
Novenilur,  1SG;3,  there  were  25  banks,  with  §984,600  capital 
IKiid  in,  and  ^'^liSjHC  in  circulation. 

HisUyry. — Thou^^h  Illinois  did  not  become  a  member  of  the 
American  Confederacy  till  181S.  It  was  colonized  about  the 
same  period  as  Philadelphia.  Marquette,  a  French  traveller, 
Tisiteil  it  a.s  early  as  1673.  and  settlements  were  made  at 
Cahokia  and  K.iska.skia.  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
rentury.  These,  however,  like  other  French  colonies,  did 
not  increase  rapidly.  At  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  176.3,  Illinois 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  and  came,  with  all  the 
territory  E.  of  the  Missi<sippi.  into  the  possession  of  the  po- 
vernment  of  the  United  States,  at  the  Revolution,  in  1775. 
Soon  after  sonio  settlers  from  Virginia  located  themselves  in 
the  territory,  and  in  17S7  it  became  a  part  of  the  Xorth-west 
Territory,  then  createil,  a;id  which  included  all  the  country 
N.AV.  of  the  Ohio  Kiver.  In  1800  it  formed  part  of  a  .sepa- 
rate temtory,  under  the  name  of  Indiana,  in  conjunction 
with  the  state  now  bearirrj;  that  name.  A  second  division 
took  place  in  irOO.  when  the  present  state  was  organired  as 
the  Territory  of  Illinois,  and  in  1818  admitted  as  an  inde- 
pendent member  of  the  confederacy,  since  which  it  has 
gone  on  with  an  average  decennial  increase  of  more  than 
200  per  cent. 

ILLINOIS,  atown.ship,  Wasnington  co..  Arkansas. 

ILLINOIS,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co..  Illinois. 

ILLINOIS  BAYOU,  of  Pope  CO.,  Arkansas,  flows  south- 
westward  into  .Arkansas  Uiver. 

ILLINOIS  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Mississippi  River. 

ILLINOIS  CoLLEUB.    See  J.\cksoj[vili,e,  Illinois. 

ILLINOIS  FURNACE,  a  post-village  of  Ilardfn  co.,  Illinois, 
about  5  miles  N.  of  the  Oliio  Uiver. 

ILLINOIS'TOWN,  a  post-villaije  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois. 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  St  Louis.  A  railroad 
connects  this  place  with  Sandoval. 

ILLINOISTOWN,  a  post-ofilce  of  Placer  co ,  California. 

ILLISKR.\.  il'le-se-rl. (?)  a  sm.ill  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pa- 
Bh.aiic  of  Kararaania,  57  miles  S.E.  of  Konieh. 

ILLITUROIS.     See  AxDL'J.\R. 

ILL  KIRCH.  eel'keeRsh',  or  ELKIRCH.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Bas-Rhin.  on  the  111,  3  miles  S.  of  Strasl)ourg. 

ILLXAU,  ill'ntiw.  (U.nter,  Odn'ter.  and  OiiKR.  o'ber.)  two 
Dearlj-  contiguous  villages  of  Switzerland,  canton,"  an4  9 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Kempt.     Pop.  2766. 

ILIAJGAN,  a  parish  of  EngUnd,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

ILLOK.  iriok',  or  UJLAK'.  oo'ee-ldk',  a  town  of  Slavonia, 
CO.  of  Syrmia.  with  a  port  and  steam-packet  station  on  the 
Danube.  26  miles  W.  of  Peterwardein.     Pop.  3550. 

ILLMRA.  eel-yo'ri,  a  town  of  .Spain,  province,  and  22  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Granada,  on  the  Charcon.  Pop.  (including  6 
ad.iacent  hamlets)  6900. 

ILLORAI.  il-lo/rl,  or  LOR.\I.  lo'rT,  a  village  in  the  island 
of  Sanlinia.  42  miles  S.E.  of  Siissari.     Pop.  1000. 

ILLOVA.  il-lo'v.4,  a  river  of  Austria,  joins  the  Save  after 
a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

ILLUEC.X..  eel-voo-.A'kd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  42 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Saragos.sa.     I'op.  2559. 

ILLUXT.  il-lookstA  or  ILL{JUKST.  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Courland,  103  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mitau. 
Pop.  1000. 

ILLYE.  eel'yA\  a  m.irket-town  of  Transylvania,  on  the 
Maros.  17  miles  N.^V.  of  Vajda-llunrad.     Pop.  742. 

ILLYEFALVA,  iryA'fBl'vOh',  or  ELIENDORF,  i/le-?n- 
donr.  a  market-town  of  Transvlvanla.  on  the  Aluta  (Aloota.) 
14  niil.'s  N.E.  of  Kronstadt.     Pup.  1417. 

ILI.YKIA.  11-iir'i  >.  {trnc.  JUyr>icum  OT  IJlyrtia;  Ger.  7%- 
rir  J7.  il-lee're-en :  Fr. /Hyne.  eel'lee'i-ee';)  Kingdom  op.  a  ter- 
ritory or  kingdom  forming  the  S.W.  portion  of  the  Austrian 
df  minions,  and  bounded  N.  by  S;ilv!burg  and  Styria;  E.  by 
Styri.i  and  Croatia:  S.  by  the  Adriatic:  and  W.by  Venice  and 
the  Tyrol.  Area.  10,996  Knglish  square  miles.  The  king- 
dom was  formed  in  islo.  It  is  composed  of  the  ancient 
du -hies  of  Camiola  and  Carinthia.  the  margraviate  of  Istria, 
the  duchies  of  G8ritz  and  Oradi.ska,  and  the  town  and  terri- 
tory of  Triest— the  last  threes  Incorporated  in  1849:  prior  to 
which  they  composed  the  Littorale  or  c<Mist  lands.  It  is 
very  irre_'ul  o-  in  shape,  and  terminates  gharpiv  in  the  S.  In 
•  triangular  peninsula.  The  surface  is  very  mountainous. 
In  the  N.  a  branch  of  the  Noric  Alps,  commencing  at  the 
Gross-Glooki-.er.  stretches  E..  forming  the  boundary  between 
Tllyria  on  the  S..  .and  Si'.lzbnrg  and  Styria  on  the  N.  An- 
otiier  branch,  forming  the  t^arnic  or  Julian  .Mps.  stretches 
a4T06S  the  kingdom  in  a  S.\V.  diroctiou.  These  branches 
W4 


h.ave  also  numerous  ramifications.  Tlie  surface  Is  divMod 
into  two  great  basins — that  of  the  Danube,  on  the  .N..  the 
far  larger  of  the  two:  and  that  of  the  Adriatic,  on  the  S. 
The  former  basin  receives  its  waters  ch'eHy  by  the  Drave. 
which,  entering  the  kingdom  below  Lienz.  traverses  if  from 
yf.  to  E. ;  and  partly  also  by  the  Save,  which  rises  within 
and  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  it  and  Styria.  Tha 
basin  of  the  .\driatic  receives  its  waters  by  a  great  number 
of  small  streams,  of  which  the  most  important  ie  the  Isonzcx 
The  bays  into  which  the  streams  discharge  themselves  aro 
of  great  magnitude,  and  form  excellent  roadsteads.  Thi; 
climate  in  the  \.,  among  the  mountains,  is  bleak  and  coM; 
but  in  the  S..  particularly  in  the  valley  of  the  I.eonzo.  It  is 
warm  and  pleasant.  One  of  the  greatest  scourges  of  the 
country  is  the  hora,  which  often  blows  from  the  N.E.  and 
N.N.E.  with  the  furj'  of  a  tempest,  and  commits  great  ra- 
vages. In  harvest  the  sirocco  becomes  equally  tempestuous, 
and  is  not  unfi-equently  accompanied  with  deluges  of  rain. 
Notwithstanding  the  unfavorai)le  nature  of  the  surface,  a 
very  considerable  proportion  of  it  is  under  the  plough,  and, 
being  Industriously  cultivated,  yields  good  crops  of  rye  and 
oats,  but  more  sparingly  of  wheat.  Flax,  also,  is  extensively 
cultivated.  A  considerable  extent  of  ground  is  in  vine- 
yards. The  pastures  are  very  extensive,  and  rear  great 
numbers  of  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep.  Bears  and  wolves  are 
not  uncommon  in  the  forests,  which  cover  a  large  extent  of 
surface,  and  form  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  revenue.  In 
no  other  part  of  Europe,  with  the  exception  of  Almaden  in 
Spain,  is  quicksilver  found  in  such  abund.ance  as  in  the 
mines  of  Idri.o.  The  other  minerals  deserving  of  notice  are 
gold  and  silver,  still  obtained  in  small  quantities,  iron, 
alum.  zinc,  sulphur,  coal,  and  salt.  The  trade  is  important, 
hut  was  long  greatly  impeded  by  the  imperfect  means  of 
transit;  a  railway,  however,  now  leads  nearly  throuirh  the 
centre  of  the  kingdom,  from  Vienna  to  Triest.  the  lar_'est 
seiiport  in  the  Austrian  dominions.  For  administrative 
purposes,  Illyria  is  divided  into  the  governments  of  I/ty- 
bacli  and  Tiiest.  The  former,  subdivided  into  Carinthia 
(ICSmthen.)  and  Carniola  (Krain.)  contains  the  five  circles 
of  Laybach,  Adelsberg.  Neustadtl.  Villach.and  Klagenfurth; 
the  latter  contains  the  three  circles  of  Triest.  GOrz.  and 
Istria.  Pop.  in  1840.  1.284.947,  of  whom  about  three-fourths 
are  Slaves,  one-sixth  Germans,  and  one-twentieth  Italians, 
and  the  large  majority  Roman  Catholics. 

ILLYR'TA,  a  post-township  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  800. 

ILM.  ilm,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  rises  in  the 
Thuringian  Forest  flows  N.E.  past  Ilmenau.  Ilm.  Kr.an- 
nichfeld.  and  AVeimar.  and  joins  the  Saale,  13  miles  N.  of 
Jena.     Totil  course.  55  miles. 

ILM.  a  river  of  Germany,  in  B.avaria.  joins  the  Danube 
nair  Neustadt.   Pfaffen-hofen  is  the  chief  town  on  its  banks. 

ILM.  ILMSTADT.  ilm'statt  or  STADT-ILM.  statt-ilm.  a 
town  of  Germany,  duchv  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstidt.  on  the 
Ilm.  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rudulst.adt     Pop.  2000. 

ILMEN,  il-mjn'.  a  lake  of  Russia,  government  of  Nov- 
gorod. 30  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W..  by  24  miles  in 
greatest  breadth.  It  receives  the  Lovat.  Msta.  and  Cheson 
Rivers,  and  discharges  its  surplus  waters  by  the  Volkhov, 
northward  into  Uake  Ladoga. 

ILMENAU,  il'meh-nflw\  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Saxe- Weimar,  on  the  Ilm.  27  miles  S.W.  of  Weimar.  Pop. 
2364.  It  has  manufactures  of  metal  buttons,  woollens,  and 
porcelain:  iron  and  coal  mines,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  tiuilHT. 

ILMENAU,  a  small  river  of  Hanover,  joins  the  Elbe 
from  the  S..  15  miles  S.E.  of  H.amburg.     I^ength.  60  miles. 

IL'MINGTON,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

IL'.MINSTER,  a  market-town  and  parLsh  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset,  on  the  He.  lOi  miles  S.E.  of  Taunton.  Pop.  in 
1851.  3299.  It  has  a  well-endowed  grammar  school,  a  free 
school,  and  a  seminary  for  young  ladies.  It  has  1  w(Hillen 
factory,  and  many  of  the  females  are  employed  in  glove- 
making.  The  town  was  formerly  noted  for  its  mjinuCictures. 

IL'MIRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

ILOC<  >S.  e-Wkoce.  North  and  South,  two  provinces  on  the 
W.  side  of  Luzon,  extending  from  its  N.  extremity  S.  atxiut 
120  miles,  with  a  breadth  of  aliout  3:3  miles.  Capital  of  the 
former.  Vigan :  and  of  the  latter,  I.Kavag.     Pop.  358.783. 

ILOE.    SeeYi-OB. 

ILOILO,  e-lono.  the  largest  of  the  three  provinces  of 
Panay,  one  of  the  Philippines.  Capital,  Hollo.  Pop.  3S70 ; 
of  the  province.  259.7^0. 

ILONCZA,  e'lon'tsOh\  or  ILNITZA.  eePnifzah",  a  vill.age 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Beregh.     Pop.  1008. 

ILOVLA",  e-lo'via.  or  ILAVLA.  e-li'vH,  a  river  of  South 
Russia,  government  of  S:iratov  and  Don-Cossack  country, 
joins  the  Don  ac  Ilovlin.skaia,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  150 
miles.     A  canal  unites  if  with  the  Volsra  at  Kamislux. 

ILOVLIXSKAIA  or  ILOWLINSKAJA.  e-lo-vlin-ski'i.  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  in  the  Don-C«s.sack  coiijitry.  on  the 
Ilovla.  near  its  confluence  with  the  Don.  50  miles  N.W.  ol 
Tsaritsin.     Pop.  3948. 

ILPENDAM,  ip't"n-<lJm\  a  village  of  Holland,  on  th..-Noi-»b 
Holland  Canal.  6  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Am.sferiiam.    Pop.  .jlS. 

ILSENBERG.  il'sfn-b?Rr.\  a  market-town  of  Pni'siiip 
Saxony,  16  miles  W.  of  Halberstadt    Pop.  2112. 


ILS 


IND 


ILSFETiD.  iip'f(5lt  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Wiirtemberg, 
9  miles  S.  of  llt-ilbrmn.     Pop.  2000. 

IL'.SINGTOX.  a  parl-h  of  Kuftland,  co.  of  Devon. 

IL'SLKY,  KAST,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Berks.  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Keadinu.     Pop.  733. 

ILSTiKY,  WKS'l',  a  parish  of  Englandrco.  of  Berks. 

liySTOX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  eo.  of  (Jlaraorgan. 

IL/T(»N,  a  parish  of  Knglaud,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ILURO.    See  Oi.fiBON. 

ILVA.    See  Elka.. 

ILVESIIETJl,  ii'ves-hlme',  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the 
Neckar,  4  miles  E.  of  Mannheim.     Pop.  lOSl. 

I LZ  or  I  (/rz.  ilts.  a  small  river  of  Ix)wer  Bavaria,  joins  the 
Danube  at  llxsiadt.  a  suburb  of  Passau. 

ILZA,  il'zd.  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Sandomier,  on 
the  Ilza,  25  miles  N.N.W.  of  Opatow.     Pop.  2000. 

I.MALAGUAN.  e-m.a-ld-gwan'.  a  small  island  of  the  Phi- 
lippines, in  the  Sliudoro  Sea;  lat.  (S.  extremity)  10°  42'  N., 
Ion.  121°  13'  K. 

IMAM-Da(-)K,  i:MAM-DUR.or  IMAM-DOUR,  e-mimMooR', 
(anc.  Dura,)  a  large  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and 
70  miles  N.W.  of  Bagdad,  on  the  Tigris,  nearly  opposite 
Tekreet. 

IM.\NDKA.  e-mdn'drd.  a  lake  of  Russia,  government  of 
Archangel,  35  miles  S.  of  Kola.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  60 
miles. 

IMATACA,  e-mi-td'kil,  a  river  of  Venezuela;  aftera  course 
of  about  75  miles,  joins  the  right  bank  of  the  Orinoco,  about 
60  miles  alove  its  mouth. 

I.M.\US.    See  I1im.\lav.\  Mountains. 

I.M'BKU.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

I.MBERS.\.GO,  im-bjR-sj'go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
on  a  rugged  precipice  overlooking  the  course  of  the  Adda. 
Pop.  1500. 

IM'BROS  or  IJI'BRO,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archi- 
pelago, but  belonging  to  Turkey,  off  the  E.  enti-ance  of  the 
Hellespont:  its  highest  summit  in  l.at.  40°  10' N..  Ion.  25° 
61'  E.,  and  1959  feet  above  the  sea.  Length  from  E.  to  W., 
19  miles :  breadth,  10  mile.s.     Pop.  about  4(X)0. 

IMELY.  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Imol. 

IMERITIA.  e-mer-ish'e-a.  or  IMERETHT,  im-e-r.Vtee.  a 
province  of  Russia,  in  Transcaucasia,  forming  a  part  of  the 
ancient  Colchis,  having  N.  the  Caucasus  Mountains,  E., 
Georgia.  W..  Mingrelia  and  Gooriel,  and  S..  the  old  pashalic 
of  .\khalzikh.  Surface  mountainous,  well  wooded,  and 
wholly  comprised  in  the  basin  of  the  Rion,  (.anc.  IViasis.) 
The  climate  is  moist  ami  unhealthy ;  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 
The  products  conjjirise  wheat,  barley,  sorgho,  maize,  to- 
bacco, hemp,  madder,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits  common 
In  Europe,  which  articles,  with  wine,  cotton  stuffs,  taffetis, 
■wool  and  woolleu  hosiery,  honey,  wax,  and  skins,  constitute 
the  chief  exports.  The  imports  consist  in  .salt,  woollen,  silk, 
and  linen  fabrics,  copper  wares,  Turkish  s.abres,  coin,  jewelry, 
and  colonial  produce.  The  slave  trade,  formerly  consider- 
able, has  mostly  ceased  since  the  Russian  occupation  of  the 
country,  whi -h  dates  from  1804.  The  inhabitants  are  of 
Georgian  descent,  and  the  majority  are  of  the  Greek  Church. 
The  province  is  divided  into  4  districts.  Chief  towns.  Koo- 
tais.  (Kutais,!  the  cjipifal.  Bagdat,  Vartzik,  and  Vakb.Hni. 
Coal  was  discovered  in  184(5  N.E.  of  Kootals;  it  is  of  e.Kcel- 
lent  quality,  and  extensively  used  for  steam-ves.sels  on  the 
Black  Sea.     Pop.  Sl.OOO. 

IM'L.W.  a  township  in  Lapeer  CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  654. 

IM'LAVSTOW.V.  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey.  14  miles  E.S  E.  of  Trenton. 

I.MMENTIAUSEN,  im'nien-how'zen.  a  town  of  Germany, 
In  llesse-Cassel.  province  of  Xieder-Hessen,  9  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Cas.sel.     Pop.  1569. 

IM.^IiONSTADT,  im'mgn-stitt\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Swabia.  13  mil'<s  S.W.  of  Kempten.     Pop.  1200. 

IM'.MINGHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

IMOQEKLY,  im-o-jee'lee.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munstor, 
CO.  of  Cork,  comprising  a  part  of  the  town  of  Castlemartyr. 

IMtJfi.  ee'mol',  or  l.MELY.  ee^mM',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO..  and  10  miles  .V.  by  E.  of  Comoru.     Pop.  1079. 

IMOLA,  ee'mo-ld.  (an<;.  Fi' rum  Come'lii,)  &  town  of  Central 
Italy,  in  tlieState  of  iEmilia,  province,  and  25  miles  W.S.AV. 
of  Ravenna,  on  the  Santerno.  Pop.  10,916.  It  is  enclosed  by 
old  walls,  defended  by  a  castle,  and  well  built.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  several  other  churches  and  convents,  a  hospital, 
theatre,  college,  literary  academy,  and  small  public  library. 

IMOSCIII,  emos'Kee.  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Dalmatia.  72 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Sebeuico;  lat.  43°  30'  N.,  Ion.  17°  15'  E. 
Pop.  950. 

I.MPKRADOR.  VILLA  DO.  veellil  do  eem-pA-rJ-doR.  a  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Parahiba,  has  some  trade  in  provisions 
■nd  cotton. 

IMPKRATRIZ,  VILLA  D.^.  veellj  di  eera-pi  rS'trees',  a 
town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Ceara,  on  the  Serra  Uruburelama, 
W.  of  Fortaleza. 

IMPERIAL,  a  river  of  ChiH.     See  C.^ctev. 

IMPEI{I.\L,  eempi-re-Sl'.  a  town  of  Chili,  in  Araucanla, 
on  the  Cauten  or  Imperial  River,  82  miles  N,  of  Valdivia. 

IJII'lIAN  TOORAL.  or  I.MPAN  TURAL,  imp-h^n',  (or 
Imp-du',)  too-rdl',  or  MUTU'NEE.  the  principal  river  of  Cas- 


say,  in  Further  India;  after  a  generally  southward  course  of 
about  200  miles,  joins  the  Ningthee  or  Khyen-dwem  River, 
130  miles  N,W.  of  Ava.  Munnipoor  is  the  chief  town  on 
its  banks. 

IMPHY,  IjiYee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nidvre,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Loire.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Nevers. 
Pop.  1489.  occupied  in  large  iron  and  copper  mills. 

IMP/INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Cambridge. 

IMREGII.  ImVJg',  a  vill.age  of  Ilungai-y,  co.,  of  Zemplin, 
on  the  Bodrog.    Pop.  S04. 

IMST,  imst.  IMLIST,  imOist,  or  UMBIETA,  oom-be-;\'tl, 
a  market-town  of  the  Tyrol,  capital  of  the  circle  of  Upper 
Innthal,  on  the  Inn.  31  miles  W.  of  Innspruck.     Pop.  2194. 

INAB.\.  e-nd'bi,  (Chinese.  Yn-fun.)  a  coast  province  of 
Japan,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  island  of  Niphon.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, but  fertile,  and  produces  abundance  of  silk. 

INACCES^SIBLE  ISLAND,  the  westernmo.st  of  the  Trig- 
tan  da  Cunha  group,  in  the  .Atlantic:  lat.  37°  6'  S. 

INADA,  e-nj'd3,  or  AI.NADA.  fnd'dS.  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  Black  Sea,  75  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Adrianople. 

I'.NAGII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

INAGUA,  e-n^'gwd,  or  HENEAGUA,  Great,  one  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  the  largest  and  most  southerly  of  the 
croup.  .50  miles  in  length,  .and  25  miles  in  greatest  breadth. 
Lat.  of  N.E.  point.  21°  18'  N..  Ion.  73°  40'  W. 

INAGUA  or  HEXEAGUA,  Little,  one  of  the  Bsihama 
Islands,  12  miles  northward,  is  about  8  miles  in  length,  by 
6  miles  across. 

IXARIME.    SeelscHiA. 

INC.\,  ingOiS,  a  town  of  the  island  ofMajorea,  17  miles  N.E. 
of  Palma.     Pop.  3300. 

INCE,  inss,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

INCE,  BLUN'DELL,  a  township  of  Endand.  CO.  Lancaster. 

IXCE-IN-MA'KERFIELD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

IXC'hT.  Intch,  a  Celtic  word,  signifyir^  "island,"  forms 
the  name  or  a  part  of  the  name  of  numerous  places  and 
islands  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

INCH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigton,  2 miles  E.  of 
Stranraer.  Its  antii|uities  comprise  several  old  baronial 
castles.  About  2^  miles  N.W.  of  Stranraer,  on  Loch  Ryan, 
in  this  parish,  stood  the  ancient  l^eriijnniiim  ;  and  in  more 
modern  times,  the  town  and  castle  of  Invcrmessan. 

INCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  2i 
miles  N.  of  Down-Patrick.  Here  are  remains  of  an  abbey 
of  the  twelfth  century. 

INCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  ces.  of  Wicklow 
and  Wexford. 

INCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

INCH,  a  pari.^ih  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

INCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford. 

INCH-BKAYOCK,  intch-brA'ok,  or  ROS'SIE  ISLAND,  a 
low,  tiat  island  in  the  channel  of  the  South  Esk,  in  Scotl.'ind, 
CO.  of  Forfar,  between  Montrose  Basin  and  the  German 
Ocean.    Pop.  152. 

INCH-CAILLI  ACH.inch-kai-yiiK.("  island  of  old  women,") 
an  island  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling,  about  1  mile  long. 

INCIPCOLM,  an  i.sland  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  in  the 
Frith  of'Eorth,  2  miles  S.  of  Aberdour.  On  it  are  the  ruins 
of  a  monastery,  founded  by  Alex.ander  I.  in  1123. 

INCHKGEEL.AGH,  in-che-jeeliih.  or  EVELEA'RY,  a 
parish  of  Irel.and.  in  Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

IXCH-GAR'VIE,  a  rocky  islet  of  Scotland,  in  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  opposite  Queensferry. 

INCHICRONANE.in-che-kro-nain'.orlN'NISCRONANE/, 
a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Jlunster,  co.  of  Clare. 

INCHIX'NAN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew. 

IN'CIIIQUIN,  a  barony  and  i.sland  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Clare :  the  island  is  in  Lake  Corrib. 

INCIIKP;iTH,  inch-keeth',  a  small  rocky  island  of  Scot- 
Land,  in  the  Frith  of  Forth,  3  miles  S.  of  Kinghorn.  co.  of 
Fife,  opposite  Leith.  with  light-house  in  its  centre.  Light 
revolving.    Lat.  56°  2/  N.,  Ion.  3°  8'  W. 

INCH-KEN'NETH,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  off  the  W. 
coast  of  ■\Iull.     Length.  1  mile:  breadth,  half  a  mile. 

1NCII-:MARN0CII,  intch-mar'noK.  an  islet  of  Scotland,  in 
the  Frith  of  Clyde,  co.,  and  2  miles  W.  of  Bute. 

INCH-MUR'RIN.  an  islet  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Loch  Lomond,  li  miles  in  length,  by  nearly  h.alf  a  mile  across. 

INCH-TAVANACH,  intch-tavVn^K.  (-'monk's  island,") 
of  Scotland,  nearly  1  mile  long,  by  3  furlongs  broad,  of  a 
beautiful  pyiamidal  form,  mostly  covered  with  wood. 

INCllTURE  and  ROSSIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  Perth. 

INCHY-BEAUMONT.  iy'sheti'-Wmdyo',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  11  miles  E.S.E.  cf  Cambrai. 
Pop.  1580. 

INCllY'RA,  a  village  of  Scotland.  CO..  and  4J  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Perth,  with  a  port  on  the  Tay.  and  a  ferry  to  Fingask. 

INCINO.  in-cheo'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Como.  3  miles  from  Erba.    Pop.  1852. 

IXCIS.\.  in-cbee'zi  or  in-chee'sd.  a  town  ol  Piedmont,  14 
miles  S.W.  of  Alessandria,  on  the  Belbo.     Pop.  2000. 

INCORON ATA,  an  island  of  Dalmati.a.     See  Coronata. 

INDALS-ELF,  in/diU-5lf',  or  IN'DAL,  a  navigable  river 

89o 


IND 

of  Sweden,  l»ns  of  Ostersund  and  Ilernbsand,  formed  a 
»hort  distance  Mow  I'.aguuda.  flows  S.E.,  and  enters  the 
Ouif  of  Bothnia,  10  miles  .N.of  Sundsvall.   Leneth.  60  miles. 

IKDEN,  in'den,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Aix-la 
Ctiapelle.  circle" of  Jiilich.     Pop.  98.3. 

I.NDEXT'ED  IIKAD,  a  peninsula  of  Australia,  in  Vic- 
toria, bounding  the  entrance  to  Port  Philip  on  its  V.  side. 
Area,  about  100.000  acres,  watered  by  the  Barwurn  Kiver, 
and  consisting;  chietly  of  grassy  plains. 

IXDEPEX'DKXCE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Arkansas,  contains  about  lOOi)  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  \>hite  Uiver.  and  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Black 
River.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys.  The 
Boil  is  fertile.  In  1850  there  were  raised  388,395  bushels  of 
Indian  corn,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  in  any  one 
county  of  the  state,  except  Ashley.  Black  marble,  slightly 
Tariegated,  is  found  in  the  county.  An  active  emigration 
is  directed  to  this  part  of  the  state.  Capital,  Batesville. 
Population  14,3o7.  of  whom  12,970  were  free. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity uf  Alleghany  co.,  New  York,  about  56  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Elmini.     Population,  1199. 

IN  DEPENDENCE,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co.,  New- 
Jersey.  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Belvidere.     Pop.  1871. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  village  and  township  of  Beaver  co., 
Pennsylvania  10  miles  S.  of  Boaver.     Pop.  775. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, alout  200  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  1078. 
"  INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-villiige,  capital  of  Grayson  co, 
Virginia,  288  miles  W  S.W.  of  Richmond.     It  is  situated  in 
a  wild,  mountainous  region. 

"NDEPENDENCE,  a  village  of  Preston  co.,  W.  Virginia, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-office,Caswell  co.,  North  Carolina. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  po.st-village  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama, 
about  90  miles  S.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

IN  DEPE.VDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Texas, 
8S  miles  E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  the  seat  of  Baylor  I'niver- 
sitv,  a  flourisliini;  institution,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Baptists.     Pop.  liOO. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Dickson  co.,  Tennessee. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kenton  co., 
Kentucky,  11  miles  S.  of  Cincinnati,  was  incorporated  in 
1840.     It  contains  1  chuich  and  several  stores. 

INDEPENDK.VCE,  a  post-township  in  the  centra!  part  of 
Cuyahoga  co.,  (Ihio.  intersected  by  the  Ohio  Canal.   Pop.  1663. 

INDEl'ENDENCE.  a  village  of  Defianco  co.,  Ohio,  en  the 
Maumee  River  and  WalMish  and  Erie  Canal,  53  miles  above 
Toledo. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  township  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1644. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  co.. 
Indiana,  on  the  Wabash  Kiver,  9  miles  above  Williamsport. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  small  village  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co„  Illinois,  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Lewistown.    The  post-oilico  Is  called  Jackson 

GllOVE. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-oflRce  of  5IcT^an  co..  Illinois. 

INDEPENDENCE,  township,  Dunklin  CO..  Mi.ssourl. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  thriving  city,  capital  of  Jack.son  co., 
Missouri,  is  situated  4  miles  S.  of  .Missouri  River,  and  165 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jelfei-son  City.  It  is  important  as  one  of 
the  starting  points  in  the  trade  with  New  .Mexico  and  Utah, 
and  a  place  where  many  of  the  emigrants  to  Oregon  and 
California  procure  their  outfit.  It  is  the  centre  of  trade  for 
a  considerable  extent  of  the  surrounding  country,  wliich  is 
extremely  fertile.  The  prodigious  tide  of  emigration  which 
has  passed  through  this  place  lor  many  years,  lias  created 
a  demand  for  horses,  provisions,  and  merchandise,  at  high 
prices.  It  contains  6  churches,  3  hotels,  and  1  newspaper 
office.  The  Pacific  Railroad  of  Missouri  Is  opened  from  this 
point  to  Kansas  City.  This  city  has  been  much  injured  by 
the  war.     Pojuilation  in  1860,  3164. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Buchanan  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Wapsipiuiuon.  about  75  miles  N.N.W.  of  Iowa 
City.    Pop.l3',i,i. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon. 

INDEPENDENCE  lULL,  a  post-oflSce  of  Prince  William 
00..  Virginia. 

INDEPENDENCE  RIVER,  rises  in  Hamilton  co..  in  the 
N.E.  central  part  of  New  York,  and  fells  into  Black  River,  in 
Lewis  county. 

INDERABTA.in-de-ra'b^a,  or  HINDER  ABI.hin-de-ra/bee. 
(anc.  hiikundrf}!?)  an  island  in  the  Persijin  Gulf,  off  the  S. 
creist  of  Persia,  province  of  Laristan,  midway  between  the 
Islands  of  Busheab  and  Kenn,  5  miles  from  the  mainland. 
Length.  4  miles. 

INDERGHUR  or  INDEROURH,  InMer-gtir',  a  town  of 
India,  dominion,  and  85  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jeypoor.  Lat  26° 
45' N..  Ion.  "15°  18' E. 

INDEUGIIUIt.  a  town  of  India,  in  Bundelcund.  30  miles 
W.  by  \\  .  of  Ihansi.     Lat.  25°  53'  N.,  Ion.  78°  30'  E. 

INDERHAEL.  inMi^r-hawl',  a  town  of  India,  in  Nizam's 
dominions.  40  miles  N.W.  of  Beeder. 


IND 

INDERKUSH,  in-djr-koo.ih'.  a  village  of  North  PeniU, 
province  of  Azerbaijan,  S.  of  Lake  Ooroomee3'ah,  25  mUes  £■ 
of  Nakhodoh. 

IN'DESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Surry  co..  North  Carolina. 

]NDI.\,  in-de-a,  (Fr.  Itid.  J>d;  Ger.  and  Dutch,  Imlien. 
in'de-fn;  \,.Iulilia;  Gr.  \v6ia.)  often  called  IND  by  the 
poets;  an  extensive  country  or  region  of  Southern  .\sia,  com- 
prising in  its  largest  acceptation  not  only  Ilindortan  and 
the  whole  of  Farther  Indi.\.  (liidi.s  beyond  the  Ganges.)  but 
also  at  least  the  northernmost  islands  of  the  Indian  (Malaj-) 
Archipelajio.  thus  nearly  corresponding,  in  application,  to  the 
popular  but  vague  appellation  E.\ST  1>'dies.  In  this  exten- 
sive sense  it  was  employed  by  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans. The  name  is  now,  however,  more  commonly  restricted 
to  the  two  peninsulas  of  IIindost.^ji  and  Im>i.\  betoxd  thb 
G.tNGES,  which  will  be  found  noticed  under  their  respective 
heads, Adj.  Indian,  In'de-an.  and  I-vdia;  iiihab.  Indux. 

INDIA-betond-the-Ganqes;  FAUTIIEH  INDIA,  CHIN 
INDIA,  or  INDO-CIIINA,  a  region  of  South  .\sia,  con.sisting 
of  the  most  E.  of  its  three  great  peninsulas,  and  extending, 
exclusive  of  the  Mal.ay  Peninsula,  between  lat.  1°  20'  and  28° 
N.,  and  Ion.  90° and  109°  E.;  .-ind  bounded  N.  by  the  East 
Ilimalay.is.  separating  it  from  Bootan  and  Thibet,  also  by  the 
Chinese  provinces  of  Yunnan  and  Quangsee,  W.  by  Iliudos- 
tan,  from  which  it  is  properly  separted  by  the  river  Brahma 
pootra.  also  by  the  B.iy  of  Bengal  and  Indian  Ocean;  E.  by 
the  China  Sea;  and  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Siam  and  Straits  of 
Malacca.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  at  least  2000  miles :  greatest 
bre4«dth,  from  E.  to  M".,  about  1200  miles.  Four  great  pa- 
rallel mountain  chains  traverse  this  region  fiom  N.  to  S., 
boundingthegreatbasinsof  thelrrawaddy.  Jlenara.  the  Me- 
kong, and  Tonquin  Rivers,  respectively  compo.'^ing  the  cen- 
tral portions  of  the  dominions  of  Burmah,  .-):im,  the  East 
\jaoa.  and  Cambodia  and  Tonquin,  in  the  empire  of  Anam, 
which  last  comprises  the  E.  quarter  of  this  peninsula.  Be- 
sides the  alx)ve-mentloned  states,  India-lieyoiid-the-Ganges 
includes  As.sam,  .Tyntiah,  Cachar,  the  districts  of  Sylhet,  Ti- 
perah,  and  Chittagong,  Aracan,  and  the  Tenasserim  Pro- 
vinces, all  of  which  belong  to  the  British  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. (_.see  l.vmA.  BRlTisn,)  and  the  semi-independent  state  of 
Cassay  or  Munnipoor.  The  whole  region  abounds  with 
rich  valleys,  and  yields  many  of  the  most  valuable,  and 
some  unique  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  prf>ducts.  Ex- 
cept on  the  W.  frontiers — included  in  Bengal — the  inhaldt- 
ants  are  of  races  quite  dilferent  from  those  located  In  Ilin- 
dostan  or  India-withiu-the  Gauges,  and  they  resemble  much 
more  those  inhabiting  China  and  the  great  table-land  of 
East  Asia.  Their  architecture,  customs,  and  religion — 
which  last  is  Boodbism  in  various  and  somewhat  debased' 
forms — are  also  analogous  to  those  prevalent  throughout 
the  re.st  of  East  Asia;  and  excepting  Burmah,  Ca.ss.iy,  and 
the  British  territories  above  indicated,  all  the  states  of 
this  peninsula  acknowledge  themselves  more  or  less  tribu- 
tary to  the  Chinese  Kmpire.  See  Anam,  Burmah,  Laos, 
Sum,  i-c. 

INDI.i,  in'de-a.  BRiTisn,  an  extensive  empire,  consisting 
of  the  most  pjirt  of  the  great  central  peninsula  of  Southern 
Asia,  viz.  llindostan,  together  with  Ceylon,  various  dis- 
tricts of  the  Bengal  Presidency,  the  Tenasserim  Provinces, 
and  adjacent  islands  in  "  India-beyond-the-Ganges;"  and 
Singapore,  Penang,  -Malacca,  and  Province-Wellesley — col- 
lectively called  the  Straits-Settlement — in  or  contiguous  to 
the  Malay  Peninsula.  Ceylon,  however.  Is  a  colony  belong- 
ing to  the  British  crown,  and  unconnected  with  any  of  the 
Indian  presidencies.  F^xclusive  of  It  and  the  detached  ter- 
rito)ies  enumerated  alxive,  British  India  e.xtends  between 
lat.  8°  5'  and  35°  N.,  and  Ion.  66°  37'  and  97°  E.:  bounded 
N.  by  the  Himalayas,  which  separate  It  from  Thibet  and 
the  territories  of  the  Maharajah  Gholab  Sing,  also  by  the 
states  of  Nepaul  and  Bootan;  N.W.  by  the  Indus  and  the 
mountain  chains  (to  Cape  Monze.)  which  sep;irate  the  terri- 
tory watered  by  th.it  river  from  Afghanistan  and  Beloo- 
chistan;  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  Indian  Ocean,  which,  with 
the  Gulf  of  Manaar  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  bounds  it  also 
on  the  S.E. ;  and,  on  its  E.  frontier,  it  extends  in  Upper  .\8- 
sam  as  tar  as  East  Thibet,  and  is  elsewhere  separated  by 
mountiiin  ranges  from  the  Burmese  dominioijs.  The  Wide 
region  circumscribed  by  these  limlt.s,  stretching  through 
nearly  27°  of  lat.  and  more  than  30°  of  Ion.,  is  nearly  1900 
miles  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  and  1700  miles  In  Its  greatest 
breadth,  from  W.  to  E.  It  comprises  numerous  st.ites  be- 
sides the  territory  directly  subject  to  the  Brjti.-ih  rule;  but 
those  states  are  all  more  or  less  tributary ;  and,  since  the  au- 
nexation  of  the  Punjab,  in  1839 — if  we  except  .Nepaul.  Boo- 
tan, and  some  compjiratively  insignificant  Portuguese  and 
French  settlements — the  whole  of  India,  from  its  most  N. 
frontier  to  Cape  Comorin,  may  be  considered  as  substan- 
ttiilly  British  dominion. 

The  physical  geography  of  India,  its  productions,  and  the 
manners,  customs,  religions.  Ac,  of  its  various  races  of  in- 
habitants, have  l)een  already  treated  of  under  llindostan. 
See  UiNDOSTAN.  The  area  and  p<ipul:ition.  and  its  subsidiary 
states — exclusive  of  territories  under  the  Bengal  Presideu'^ 
In  the  peninsula  E.  of  the  Gauges  and  Bralmiapootra — »r» 
shown  In  the  annexed  table ; — 


IND 


IND 


Area  and  Population  of  British  India,  with  its  Dependent  States. 


Old  Mohammedan  Prorinoei,  Ae. 


Pfoaidcncy  of  Bengal 

Agra,  ("or  tho  North-west  Provincea,) 

Punjab 

E.  Straits  Settlements  in  Further  India  :— Sin-  f 
gapore,  Malacca,  Penang,  and  Province- Wei-  > 
lesley,  under  Bengal ) 

Cinder  Bengal 

Presidency  of  Madras 

"  Bombay,  with  Sinde  and  Sattara 

Total  under  direct  British  rule 


325,990 
85,571 
78,447 

1,575 


56.'i8.1.8ftl 
^3,S(I(I„549 
4,100,983 


491,245 
144,889 
1!I3,065 


22,301,697 
10,485,017 


Bengal,  Bahar,  Benares,  Orissa,  QuudwEDab.  Assam. 
Albihabad,  Oude,  Agra,  Delhi. 
Lahore,  Mooltan. 

Farther  India. 


(  Carnatic,  Circars,  Balaghant,  Malabar,  Canara,  Coimba- 
f      toor,  Salcni,  Sanjore. 
Concan,  Aurungabad,  Bejapoor,  Candeisb,  Ouzerat. 


756,199 


Dependent  States. 


I.  Subordinate  to  the  Bengal  Presidency : — 
Hyderabad  (the  Nizam) 

Oude 

Xagpoor  or  Berar 

Gwalior  (Sindia) 

Bundelcund  States,  and  Saugor  and  Ncrbudda 

chicfships 

ludore,  (Holkar,)   Burwaunee   Dhar,  Dewass, 

Jabooa,  &c j.... 

Bhopatil,  Rajghur,  &e 

Rajpoot  States — Joudpoor,  Jcypoor,  Odeypoor, 

Bhurtpoor,  Blkaneer,  Alwur,  &c 

Rnmpoor.  Delhi  Tributaries,  and  Hill  States, 

( Himalaya, ) 

Sikh  protected  States 

S.W.  frontier  States 

Sikkim 

Bhnwlpoor 

Cashmere,  (Gholab  Singh,) 

N.F,.  frontier  States 

Muunipoor '. 

Cuttack  Mehals 

Total  dependent  on  Bengal 

II.  Subordinate  to  the  .Madras  Presidency  : — 

Jf ysore 

Travaucore 

Cochin 

Jcypoor  and  Hill  Zemindars 

Total  dependent  on  Madras 

III.  Subordinate  to  the  Bombay  Presidency : — 

G uicowar's  Dominion- . ,. , 

Kalty  war  chiefships , 

Pahlun  poor  chiefships 

Cauihay,  Daung  rajahs,  &c , 

Kolapoor 

Sawunt  Warree  aud  Myhee,  &o 

Cutch 

Soutb  Mahratta  Jaghiredara,  &o , 

Total  dependent  on  Bombay , 

Total  of  dependent  States , 

Grand  total  of  British  India  and  dependent  States, 


23,738 
76,432 
33.119 
66,311 

15,680 

8,312 

119,859 

13,572 

6,746 
25,431 

2,.i04 
20.003 
25.123 

7,711 

7,584 
16,9J9 


10,666,080 
2,970,000 
4,650,000 
3,2-28,512 
6,871,112 

1,415,200 

815,360 

11,745,098 

1,211,407 
1,005.1. -.4 
1,245,(m5 
92,648 
600.000 
750,000 
231,605 
75,840 
761,805 


554,391 


44,.335.476 


30.886 
4,722 
1,988 

13,041 


3,000,000 

1,011,824 

288,176 

391, '230 


4,691,230 


5,'250 
3,308 
3,445 
9,5i9 
6,764 
3,775 


325.526 
1,468.000 
388,,ifl0 
244,791 
500,000 
765,946 
500..536 
419,025 


68,320 


4,612,325 


1,427,547 


■  Hyderabad,  Boeder,  Aurunga-  > 

bad,  Bejapoor J 

Oude 

Gundwanah,  Berar 

Malwab,  Agra 

Malwah,  Allahabad 

Malwab,  Candeista 

Malwab. 

Eajpootana,  Malwah 

Delhi,  Kumaon 

Delhi 

Malw.ah,  Allahabad,  Gundwanah, 

N.  frontier 

Mooltan 

Cashmere 

Assam,  &c 

Orissa 

Mysore 

Travancore 

Malabar 

Balaghaut,  Bejapoor 

Guierat 

Guzerat 

Bejapoor 

Cutch...."'.!!."!..*.!.'."!!!'.'.!!!. 

Bejapoor 


Mohammedan. 
Hindoo,  (Mahratta.) 

"        (R.ijpoot.) 

"        (Mahratta, £c.) 
Mohammedan. 
Hindoo,  (Rajpoot.) 

"       and  Sikh. 
Sikh. 
Hindoo. 
BoodhW. 
Hindoo. 
Sikh. 
Boodbist. 

Hindoo. 


(Mahratta.) 


The  above  "  dependent  stjites"  have  all  relinquished  po- 
litical relation.s  with  each  other,  or  with  any  hut  the  para- 
mount Briti-sh  state,  t<5  which  they  are  houod  by  alliances 
of  various  kind.s. 

Government. — By  an  act  of  Parliament,  pas.sed  in  1833, 
the  government  of  British  India  was  vested  in  the  East 
India  Company  as  trustees  for  the  crown,  subordinate  to  the 
Board  of  Control  established  in  1784,  by  Mr.  Pitfs  India  Bill. 
The  Supreme  Government,  which  has  generally  its  seat  in 
Bengal,  consists  of  the  Governor-General,  and  a  council 
of  five  members,  one  of  whom  is  the  commander-in-chief 
The  Governor-General  is  nomi»ated  by  the  Court  of  Di- 
rectors, his  appointment  being  sulyect  to  the  approval  of 
the  sovereign ;  salary,  24,000/.  The  Governor-General  has 
the  power  to  declare  war,  conclude  peace,  and  make  treaties 
of  commerce  and  alliance.  In  conjunction  with  his  council, 
he  makes  laws  and  regulations  which  have  fijrce  through- 
out the  whole  of  the  territories  of  British  India.  The  other 
members  of  the  Supreme  Council,  except  the  commander-in- 
chiBf,  are  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Directors,  and  must 
have  resided  in  India  for  ten  years  ;  salary,  9600/.  The  Su- 
preme Council  is  also  the  council  for  the  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. The  presidencies  of  Madras  and  Bombay  have  each 
their  governor  and  council  of  three  memters,  similarly  ap- 
pointed ;  the  governor  receiving  a  salary  of  12,000/.  annually. 
The  presidency  Agra  remained  distinct  from  that  of  Bengal 
for  a  short  period  only,  under  the  title  of  the  North-western 
Provinces ;  that  territoiy  has  been  again  united  to  the  Ben- 
gal Presidency,  and  is  administered  by  a  Lieutenant-Go- 
Ternor. 

The  Board  of  Control,  as  originally  founded,  consisted  of 
six  members ;  but  the  chief  authority  exercised  was  vested  in 
its  president,  who  is  a  cabinet  minister,  and,  under  another 
name.  Secretary  of  State  fjr  India.  The  Court  of  Directors 
of  the  East  India  Company  nominates  the  governors  and 
members  of  council  of  the  different  presidencies,  and  retains 
most  of  the  patronage  throughout  Biitish  India.    Members 

sa 


are  elected  to  it  by  a  certain  number  among  the  holders  of 
the  capital  stock  of  the  company,  which  con.sists  of  6.000,000/., 
shared,  in  different  proportions,  among  3600  individuals. 
Proprietors  of  1000/.  stock  have  each  one  vote;  of  3000/.,  two 
votes;  of  6000/.,  three  votes;  and  of  10,000/.,  or  upwards, 
four  votes  in  the  election  of  directors,  and  of  committees  to 
form  by-laws,  and  for  the  control  of  pensions  beyond  a  cer- 
tain amount,  and  the  bestowal  of  rewards.  Persons  holding 
less  than  1000/.  stock  have  no  vote,  although  they  may  take 
a  part  in  the  discussions  of  the  court.  The  court  consists 
of  twenty-four  directors,  who  must  be  born  or  naturalized 
subjects  of  Great  Britain,  and  possessed  of  at  least  2000/. 
stock.  From  this  court  proceed,  on  all  ordinary  occasions, 
instructions  relative  to  the  management  of  the  Indian  Em- 
pire ;  but  a  draft  of  every  despatch  sent  thither  must  be 
first  submitted  to  the  approval  of  the  Board  of  Control.  It 
is  bound  to  lay  annually  before  Parliament  an  account  of  its 
revenue  and  expenditure  for  the  preceding  year. 

Justice. — In  each  of  the  capital  cities  of  the  presidencies 
of  Bengal,  Madras,  and  Bombay,  is  a  superior,  civil,  and  cri- 
minal court,  over  which  neither  the  Court  of  Directors  nor 
the  Board  of  Control  hjive  any  authority,  the  judges  in  them 
being  appointed  directly  by  the  .sovereign.  Within  these 
cities,  English  law  is  held  to  be  equally  binding  upon  the 
European  and  native  inhabitants:  but  beyond  their  limits 
Europeans  only  are  subject  to  British  jurisprudence.  Zillah 
courts,  both  European  and  native,  are  established  through- 
out British  India,  in  each  district  or  coUectorate.  as  well  as 
in  the  cities  and  towns.  In  each  village  and  community  are 
also  native  police  courts,  the  head  officer  of  which  receives 
criminal  charges  and  holds  inquests;  and  in  the  N.W.  pro- 
vinces are  established  punchayets.  or  native  juries  of  five  per- 
sons, who  arbitrate  in  minor  causes.  In  all  the  superior 
courts,  trial  by  jury  takes  place  in  criminal  ca.ses;  and  na- 
tives are  eligible,  both  as  petty  and  grand  jurors.  The  pro- 
ceedings in  the  superior  courts  are  conducted  in  English, 
but  in  provincial  courts  always  in  the  vernacular  languages. 

897 


IND 


IND 


A  small-ca  ise  court,  on  the  plan  of  the  county  courts  in  I 
Englsnd.  was  instituted  at  Calcutta  in  1S50 :  and  it  is  ex- 
pected tljat  similar  courts  will  be  established  in  the  capitals 
of  the  othei  presidencies.  Except  at  these  c.ipitals,  the  Mo- 
hammedan laws  are  commonlj-  administered  to  the  Moham- 
medan, and  the  Hindoo  laws  to  the  Hindoo  population. 

Educaliftn,  iC-c. — A  few  years  ago  six  superior  colleges  ex- 
isted in  the  Bengal  presidency,  under  the  superintendence 
of  the  council  of  education  established  at  Calcutta.  There 
were  also  .51  district  and  other  schools,  attended  by  8203 
pupils,  of  whom  lil40  were  Hindoos,  and  1621  Mohamme- 
dans: and.  in  1S45,  arran<rements  had  been  made  for  the 
establishment  of  100  additional  schools.  In  the  Bombay 
presidency  there  were  120  schools,  attended  by  "V60  pupils. 
At  Madras  is  an  institution  termed  a  university:  but  for  a 
long  period  fewer  attempts  were  made  to  extend  education 
in  this  than  in  the  other  presidencies.  In  a  portion  of  the 
Lahore  teiritories,  with  a  population  of  2,470.000,  are  1835 
native  public  schools,  in  which  11,500  boys  receive  instruc- 
tion. Kelij^ious  bigotry  in  India  appears  to  be  giving  phice 
to  more  liberal  sentiments.  In  the  Jlohammedan  college  at 
Hoogly,  both  Christians  and  Hindoos  are  admitted;  in 
medical  studies  at  Calcutta  and  elsewhere,  Hindoo  students 
have  made  distinguished  progress,  and  at  Amritseer.  in  the 
Punjab,  a  public  seminary  has  lately  been  endowed  by  the 
government  to  the  amount  of  500Z.  annually.  Female  edu- 
cation is  generally  discouraged  by  the  Hindoos :  in  the  Sikh 
territories,  however,  at  the  city  of  Lahore,  are  16  schools  at 
which  female  children  are  instructed :  and  in  all  the  three 
presidencies  are  tlouri.shing  female  schools  under  the  super- 
intendence of  the  missionaries  of  various  denominations  of 
Christians.  In  1848,  there  were  published  in  Calcutta  five 
newspapers  in  the  Persian  or  Hindostanee  languages,  and 
nine  in  Bengali ;  besides  numerous  editions  of  Hindoo  and 
Mohammedan  works.  At  Delhi,  many  scientific  works  and 
translations  of  English  historical  works  were  publishetl,  and 
printing  was  actively  going  on  at  Barelly.  The  transactions 
of  the  learned  societies,  and  reviewsat  Calcutta  and  Bombay, 
are  periodiails  of  high  merit:  and  English  newspapers  are 
published  in  the  cipitals  of  all  the  presidencies,  (seven  in 
Calcutta.)  and  at  Delhi  and  Lahore.  Literary  works  pub- 
lished in  India  are  protected  by  a  copyright  act,  passed.in 
1847,  similar  to  that  in  force  in  Great  Britain. 

The  Ecclesuistical  Establisliment  in  India  is  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  Bishops  of  Calcutt.a,  Madi-as,  and 
Bombay,  who  are  appointed  by  the  sovereign,  and  are  paid 
by  the  East  India  Company.  There  is  also  an  archdeacon  in 
each  diocese.  Chaplains  at  the  different  stations  are  appointed 
by  the  court  of  directors,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  or  the  Bishop  of  London.  An 
allowance  is  made  by  the  company  to  a  certain  numl)er  of 
the  Koman  Catholic  clergymen,  and  clergymen  of  the  Scotch 
Established  Church.  Other  Christian  sects  in  India  sup- 
port their  own  ministers. 

A)-mfAi  three. — The  total  armed  force  of  the  East  India 
Company,  in  1845,  amounted  to  13,715  European,  and  235,684 
native  troops,  in  all  249.399,  officers  and  rank,  and  file.  Be- 
sides these,  there  were  963  officers,  and  27,149  rank  and  file 
belonging  to  her  Majesty's  service.  The  Punjab  military 
force  consisted,  in  1850,  of  five  corps  of  infantry,  five  of  ca- 
valry, and  three  batteries  of  artillery,  besides  four  local  regi- 
ments of  infantry  and  one  corps  of  cavalry,  rai.sed  in  that 
territory.  The  Indian  navy.  In  1848,  comprised  39  steam  ves- 
sels, with  an  aggregate  of  18,300  tons  burden,  and  5044  horse- 
power, and  14  sailing  vessels,  aggregate  burden,  2826  tons. 

Seitntte. — The  land  tax  is  the  principal  source  of  Indian 
revenue.  (See  Hindost.^n,  p.  858.)  It  is  collected,  in  the  first 
instance,  by  the  village  collector!*  teksiklan  or  accountants : 
from  them  it  is  sent  to  the  provincial  native  trea.surer.s.  who 
are  bound  in  heavy  securities  to  the  government,  and  act 
directly  under  the  European  collector  of  the  district  or  col- 
lectorate.  In  addition  to  the  laud  tax.  revenue  is  derived 
from  the  sales  of  opium,  salt,  and  tobacco :  and.  in  the  Bom- 
bay territories,  opium-pa.sses,  and  dock  dues:  mint,  stamp, 
and  excise  duties :  postofflce  collection.  s;»yer  and  abkarry, 
or  spirit,  and  other  licenses ;  marine  and  pilotage  receipts, 
gubsidies.  and  tribute  from  the  protected  states,  Ac.  The 
Indian  revenue,  for  some  years  prior  to  1850  presented  a  de- 
ficiency as  compared  with  the  expenditure,  in  consequence 
of  expensive  wars.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  reve- 
nues and  charges  of  the  several  presidencies  of  British  India, 
for  the  year  1848-9  :— 


Presidencies. 


Bengal . . . 

Agra 

Madras... 
Bumbaf .. 


£7..S08.7oO 

4,6tia,;ioo 

3,7*«,(iDO 
2,476.048 


£9,6J7..3.i4 

951, OiK) 

S,r>l.fi96 

2,i»-'9.7:«) 


£16,7:3,»70 


Add  to  this  last  the  3.012.000?.  disbursed  in  England,  and 
the  tcUl  expenditure  for  the  yesir  amounts  to  19.741,870i. 
The  public  debt  of  the  East  India  Company,  in  1849,  was 


Intfrnal  Chmmunication. — Previous  to  the  commencttment 
of  the  present  century,  the  public  ways  In  India  were  little 
else  than  mere  tracks;  but  since  then  great  pains  have  been 
taken  to  open  good  roads  between  important  points,  and  to 
provide  means  of  internal  communication.  Fur  this  purpose 
the  East  India  Conip;niy  alone  expended,  during  the  ten 
ye-.irs  preceding  1846.  no  less  than  1.446.400?.  Several  ex- 
tensive roads  have  been  opened  to  the  public  since  l.'oO.  In 
1856  there  were  being  construrted  oloOmiles  of  railway,  tc 
connect  Calcutta  with  Peshawurand  Bombay,  and  the  latter 
3ity  with  Agra:  4000  miles  of  teleirraph  were  also  in  operation. 
But  the  most  extensive  work  hitherto  undertaken  by  the 
British  government  in  India  is  the  Ganges  Canal,  now  ia 
course  of  construction.  It  commences  at  Ilui-dwar.  and  is 
to  extend  for  a  distance  of  180  miles  to  near  Alighur,  where 
it  will  diverge  into  two  channels — one,  170  miles  in  length, 
running  to  the  Ganges  at  Cawnpoor.  and  the  other,  165 
miles  long,  to  the  Jumna,  near  llumeerpoor,  40  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Suttehpoor.  Branches,  with  an  aggregate  extent 
of  250  miles,  are  to  communicate  with  the  latter  town  and 
with  Coel,  making  the  total  length  of  the  canal  750  miles. 
It  is  to  be  navigable  throughout,  and  is  intended  to  irrigate 
8400  square  miles  of  territory.  The  results  of  the  canal,  in 
preventing  the  recurrence  of  the  famines  that  have  inva- 
riably followed  the  fallui-e  of  the  monsoons  in  the  districts 
It  traverses,  and  in  creating  numerous  lines  of  easy  and 
economical  transit  connected  with  the  great  rivers  of  the 
Doab,  are  incalculable.  The  cost  of  the  work  is  estimated 
at  1.500,000^  of  which  634.000?.  had  been  expended  on  its 
construction  at  the  close  of  1850.  April  4.  1854.  the  main 
trunk  of  the  canal  was  openeii  with  ceremonies  peculiar  to 
the  country — English  clergymen  reading  a  form  of  prayers 
for  the  occasion.  Brahmins  throwing  flowers  into  the  stream, 
an  imposing  displ.ay  of  troops,  a  gener.il  distribution  of 
sweetmeats,  missionaries  preaching  to  the  crowd,  men  racing 
in  sacks,  &c.  Ac.  The  principal  engineering  work  is  an  aque- 
duct over  the  Solani  River,  having  a  water-way  of  750  feet, 
and  costing  300,000?.  A  canal  has  also  been  commenced  in 
the  Punjab,  the  cost  of  which,  when  completed,  is  estimated 
at  half  a  million  sterling. 

Cnmmerce. — The  great  staples  of  Indian  exports  are  in- 
digo, opium,  cotton,  sugar,  silk,  wool,  salt,  coffee,  pepper, 
saltpetre,  and  rice.  The  greater  part  of  the  indigo  consumed 
in  Europe  is  raised  in  India.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are 
upwards  of  470  indigo  factories  in  the  Bengal  and  .\gra  presi- 
dencies, conducted  by  English  capiialists.  The  total  exports 
of  indigo  in  1842  amounted  in  value  to  2.730,560?..  and  in  1849 
75.982  hundredweights  were  imported  into  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  Opium  is  a  government  monopoly.  In  1849,  the 
sale  of  opium  raised  in  the  British  territory  realized  to  the 
Bengal  government  the  sum  of  3.015.000?.,  exclusive  of  the 
receipts  from  the  sale  of  Malwah  opium  and  (ijv'um-passes 
in  Bombay,  araountin'.;  to  898,093?.  Cotton  is  considered  the 
most  important  Indian  product.  In  1845-6.  the  total  ex- 
ports comprised  14.3.252.9(0  pounds,  (value,  1.531.7.34?..)  sent 
chiefly  to  China  and  the  United  Kingdom.  In  1849.  the  im- 
port of  cotton  from  British  India  into  the  United  Kingdom 
.amounted  to  70,838.515  pounds,  being  rather  more  than 
one-tenth  of  the  entire  quantity  of  this  article  imported  for 
iipme  consumption.  In  1850.  the  total  import  into  the  same 
country  amounted  to  118.665,380  pounds.  The  whole  Im- 
port of  sugar  from  India  into  the  United  Kingdom,  in  1833, 
was  only  111,731  hundredweights;  in  1848  it  amounted  to 
1.360.417  hundredweights;  besides  which  there  were  .also  re- 
ceived 19,853  hundredweights  of  molasses,  and  908.876  gallons 
of  rum.  Of  raw  silk,  Great  Britain  receives  nearly  as  mnch 
from  India  as  from  China,  the  amount  for  1849  being  set 
down  at  1.804.327  pounds,  besides  upwards  of  ,500.000  pieces 
of  India  silk  manufactures.  The  import  of  wool  from  India 
into  the  United  Kingdom  had  increased  from  371  pounds  in 
183.3.  to  3.975.866  pounds  in*1845;  and  in  1849  it  amounted 
to  4.182,853  pounds.  Salt  is  a  government  monopnly,  and, 
in  1844-5.  3.405.288  hundredweights  were  disposed  of  at 
the  government  sales.  In  1848-9.  the  s.ale  of  this  article 
amounted  to  2.488.567?.  The  import  of  coffee  Into  the  United 
Kingdom  from  British  India,  in  1849,  amounted  to  3.845,357 
pounds;  of  pepper,  to  3.913.611  pounds  ;  of  saltpetre.  286.746 
hundredweights;  and  of  rice,  to  875.510  hundredweights. 
Among  the  other  articles  of  Indian  export  are  tobacco,  teak- 
timber,  cardamoms,  cocoa-nuts,  cbank  and  pearl  shells, 
drugs,  dyes,  gum-lac.  linseed,  sesamum.  safBower.  turmeric, 
ginger,  skins  and  hides,  bfirax.  ivory,  cassia  and  other  spices, 
and  diamonds.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  total  value  of 
Indian  exports  and  imports  during  four  succes.'^ive  years : — 
Date.  Exports.  Imports.  I   Date.  Exports.        Import). 

lS44-5...£16,59rt,-.ill... £10,754, 145  ll*»6-7....£15.3.i5,4;!6  ..£8.811,259 
1845-6...    17,286,720...     9,087,478 1  1847-8....    13.505,949..    8,408,100 

In  1842-3.  the  total  exports  of  the  three  presidencies  of 
Bengal.  Madras,  and  Bcnnbay  amounted  to  14.071.819?.,  and 
the  imports  to  8.784.90:}?.  Of  this  commerce.  6,30S.365i.  ex- 
ports, and  5.016.679?.  imports,  w.as  with  Gi-eut  Britain; 
4.102.878?.  exports,  and  536.590?.  imports,  with  China ;  764,2141. 
exports,  and  307.187?.  imports,  with  Penang  and  eastward; 
S1L805?.  exports,  and  410.(504?.  imports,  with  the  .\rabiaa 
and  Persian  Gulfs;  509,884?.  exporte,  and  iiZ,':21i.  import* 


IND 

vrirti  Franoe;  168,322L  exports,  and  54,975?.  imports,  with 
Mauritius ;  aud  141,120J.  exports,  and  72.074Z.  impoits,  with 
the  Uuitud  States.  The  total  exports  of  the  United  King- 
dom to  Uritisli  India,  including  Ceylon,  in  1849,  amounted 
to  t).803,2742.  The  commerce  of  the  United  States  with  In- 
lli,^.  in  1801!,  included  exports  to  the  value  of  l:i,13o/..  and  im- 
ports to  740,0262.  (i'or  a  notice  of  steam  communication,  see 
Calcutta.) 

Hkt/>rii. — The  famous  East  India  Companj',  under  the 
title  of  the  '-London  Company,"  headed  \>y  Georgje  Earl,  of 
Cumberland,  was  organized  in  16(J0 ;  in  the  following  year 
it  numbered  215  sliareholders.  Its  original  cajiital  was 
70,0002.  The  company  traded  successfully  at  Surat  and 
other  places  on  the  coast  of  India,  and  in  1612  increased  its 
capital  to  429,000J.  About  this  time  permission  was  granted 
to  the  British  to  erect  factories  at  Surat,  Ahmedabad,  Cam- 
bay,  and  Gogo.  The  company's  ships  first  sailed  up  the 
Ganges  to  trade  at  I'ipley,  in  Hengal.  in  1634.  In  163'J,  the 
British  procured  the  cession  of  a  strip  of  land  about  5  miles 
in  length  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  where  Madras  now 
stands  ;  this  was  their  first  territori.al  acquisition  on  the  In- 
dian mainland.  In  1644,  permis.sion  was  obtained  to  erect 
Cictories  at  Balasore  and  Iloogly.  in  Bengal;  In  1662,  the 
Island  of  Bombay  was  ceded  by  Portugal  to  Charles  II,  of 
England,  It  was  made  over  in  perpetuity  to  the  East  India 
Company,  in  1068;  and  in  1687,  it  Iwcame  the  capital  of  the 
British  settlements  in  the  East.  By  this  time  factories  had 
been  established  in  various  parts  of  Bengal.  Baliar,  and 
South  India.  The  first  grant  of  land  in  liengal,  a  small 
zemindary  on  the  Iloogly,  comprising  the  towns  of  Chut- 
tanuttee,  Oovindpore,  and  Kalleeghatta,  (see  Calcutta,  Ilis- 
tory,)  was  made  to  the  company  in  loy.").  From  tliis  small 
acquisition  have  sprung  the  vast  possessions  of  the  Bengal 
presidency,  forming  the  third,  and  by  far  the  most  import- 
ant of  the  three  great  presidencies  into  which  British  India 
Is  now  divided.  In  extending  their  sway  over  India,  the 
British  iiecame  involved  in  many  long  and  expensive  wars, 
both  with  the  native  princes  and  with  the  French,  who  had 
early  made  settlements  o*  the  Coromandel  coast,  A  war 
with  the  latter  broke  out  in  1756;  the  great  battle  of  Plas- 
sey,  fought  in  1757,  effectually  opejied  Bengal  to  the  British, 
and  checked  the  rising  power  of  the  I'rench  in  India,  which 
was  completely  overthrown  in  1703,  Among  the  wars 
carried  on  with  the  n.ative  princes,  m.ny  be  mentioned 
that  commenced  in  1775,  with  llyder-Ali,  King  of  Mysore, 
and  terminated  in  1799;  and  the  war  with  the  Maiiratta 
powers,  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  in  which 
the  Uuke  of  AVelliugtnn  first  distinguished  himself,  lirltish 
a"qnisiiions  in  tlie  peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges  commenced 
Avith  the  ces.sion  of  Aracan,  in  1824,  and  of  Assam  and  the 
Tenasserim  Provinces,  in  1826;  Malacca  was  purcliased  in 
]>:24-r).  Sinde  was  acquired  liy  conquest  in  1S43-4;  and  the 
Biinjab  in  1>49,  In  the  beginning  of  18.57  there  occurred 
among  the  Sepoys  a  formidable  and  wide-spread  nnitiny, 
wliioh  seemed  for  a  time  to  thro.aten  tlie  total  overthrow  of 
the  British  power  in  India,  At  length,  14th  of  September, 
Delhi  was  taken  bystorm.  Other  important  places.ns  lau'k- 
now,  &c.,  fell  successively  before  the  British  forces,  and  the 
mntinj' was  finally  quelled  in  thesunnnerof  1858.  By  an  act 
of  Parliament,  July  1858,  tlie  government  of  India  was  taken 
from  tlic  K:ist  India  Company  and  transferred  to  the  crown. 

INDIANA,  one  of  the  Western  States,  and  a  portion  of 
the  Great  .Mississippi  Valley,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lake 
Michigan  and  the  State  of  .Slichigan,  E,  liy  (Ihio,  S,  by  Ken- 
tucky, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Ohio  liiver,  and  W. 
by  Illinois,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Wabash 
River,  It  lies  between  37°  50'  and  41°  50'  N,  lat.,  being 
278  miles  In  its  greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about 
144  miles  in  width,  forming  nearly  a  parallelogram,  and 
including  33,809  square  miles,  or '21  637,760  acres,  only 
^,242,183,  of  which  are  improved,  leaving  a  large  part  of 
this  fertile  state  uncultivated.  When  we  take  into  con- 
sideration that  the  million  of  inhabitants  wlio  possess  the 
cultivated  portion  are  far  from  densely  settled,  we  arrive  at 
c<inclusions  foreshadowing  the  immense  population  that 
must  one  day  occupy  the  Great  Mississippi  Valley, 

jR(c«  ({f  the.  Oiiinlrii. — Indiana  has  no  mountains  or  great 
elevations;  but  portions  S.  of  the  White  Itiver  are  somewhat 
hilly  and  rugged,  A  low  ridge  from  Iventucky  extends  in 
a  X.W,  direction  across  the  (Jhio.  White,  and  Wabash  liivers, 
causing  rapids  in  each,  N,  of  the  White  and  Watiash  Bivers, 
(fcirming  much  tlie  larser  part  of  the  state.)  the  country  is 
generally  level,  or  slightly  undulating.  Most  of  the  rivers 
have  rich  alluvi.al  bottoms  of  a  few  miles  in  width.  A  range 
(if  hills  runs  along  the  Ohio,  sometimes  approaching,  and  at 
others  receding  from  the  river,  forming  in  the  'southern 
counties  a  broken  and  often  rocky  surface.  The  most  of 
'ne  nortnrrn  portion  of  the  state  is  level,  the  m<ist  western 
being  chiefly  prairie,  the  most  eastern  lieavily  timbered. 
In  the  northwestern  counties  are  several  thousand  acres 
of  "  Swamp  Lands  "  donated  by  Congress.  The  public 
lands  have  all  been  sold  except  a  few  inferior  tracts.  The 
most  of  the  streams  empty  into  the  Ohio,  showing  a  gen- 
eral inchnation  of  the  surface  in  that  direction. 

Minerals. — Indiana  has  beds  of  coal  within  her  limits 


IND 

estimated  to  be  capable  of  yielding  50,000,000  bushels  to 
the  square  mile.  The  great  "coal  tl^posit  lies  in  the  gonth- 
west  portion  of  the  stiite,  west  cr  a  line  connecting  Perry 
and  Fountain  counties,  embraciog  an  area  of  about  7,700 
miles,  and  including  22  counties.  Coal  is  (at  date,  186«) 
profitably  worked  in  several  of  these  counties,  among 
which  are  Perry,  Spencer,  Vanderburg,  Daviess,  Clay,  and 
Fountain.  Besides  coal,  Indiana  contains  iron,  zinc,  gvp- 
snm,  marble,  grindstimes;  also  lime- aud  sandstone  of  the 
best  quality  for  building  material. 

Hirers,  Lakes,  die. — i^ake  Michigan  borders  on  the  N.W. 
portior.  of  In<liana  for  about  40  miles,  and  opens  to  it  the 
trade  of  the  great  lakes.  There  are  a  number  of  small  lakes 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  state.  The  Ohio  forms  the  entire 
southern  boundary  of  Indiana,  and  gives  it  access  to  the 
commerce  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Valleys.  The  Wabsish 
is  tlio  largest  river  that  has  its  course  mainly  within  the 
state,  of  wliose  surface,  with  its  branches,  it  drains  three- 
fourths.  It  rises  in  the  W.  of  Ohio,  and  flowing  N.W.,  and 
then  S.W.  across  the  state,  meets  the  boundiuy  of  Illiiwiis, 
which  it  follows  for  more  than  100  miles,  till  it  discharges 
its  waters  into  the  Ohio,  after  a  total  couree  of  about  500 
iniies,  and  is  navigable  by  steamboats,  at  high  water,  as  far 
as  Covington,  Fountain  Conniy,  At  low  w.ater,  its  clianiiel 
is  obstructed  by  bars  and  ledges  of  rocks  just  above  the 
month  of  the  White  Biver,  its  principal  triliutary.  The 
latter  rises  in  two  branches  in  the  E,  part  of  the  state,  which 
flow  S,W,  .and  unite  aliont  30  miles  from  the  Wabash,  The 
length  of  the  largest  branch  (the  West  Fork)  is  about  200 
miles.  The  Maumee  is  formed  by  the  St.  Joseph's  and  St. 
Mary's,  in  the  N.E  part  of  Indiana,  and  passes  otf  into  the 
Ohio.  The  Kankakee,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Illinois, 
drains  the  N.W.  portion  of  the  state.  The  Upper  St.  Jo- 
seph's makes  a  bend  into  Indiana  from  Michigan,  to  which, 
after  a  course  of  about  30  miles,  it  returns.  The  Tippe- 
canoe, Mississinewa,  White  Water,  Flat  Kock,  and  Bine 
Jiivers  are  tlie  next  largest  streams  after  those  named 
above. 

Objects  nf  Tntf.rest  In  Tourists. — Chief  among  these  are  the 
Falls  of  Eel  River  in  Owen  County ;  Lost  River  in  Orange 
County,  a  stream  50  feet  in  width,  which  sinks  many  feet 
under  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  afterward  rises  at  a 
distance  of  about  11  miles;  and  Wyandot  Cave  in  Crawford 
County,  5  miles  from  Leavenworth,  the  county  seat.  "This 
cave,  near  Blue  River,  400  feet  above  the  water,  consists 
of  Old  and  New  Caves,  the  former  being  known  as  Epsom- 
Salts  Cave.  The  dimensions  of  this  cave,  so  far  as  explored 
at  ilate  (1866).  are,  length  22  miles,  greatest  width  300  feet, 
gieatest  height  215  feet.  The  thermometer  ranges  from  54° 
to  57°  Fahrenheit,  This  cave  rivals  in  magnificence  and 
beauty  the  great  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  presenting 
its  wonders  in  the  form  of  '-Bandits'  Hall,"  "JJluto's  Ra- 
vine," "Monument  Mountain,"  "Lucifer's  Gorge,"  and 
"  Calypso's  Island,"  —  ,all  fluted  and  sparred  with  pendent 
stalactites,  and  reflecting  an  ever  varying  brilliancy. 

CUmatt,  Sail,  and  Productions. — The  climate  of  Indiana 
partakes  of  the  general  character  of  the  Western  States  N. 
of  the  Ohio;  that  is  to  say,  somewhat  milder  than  on  the 
Atlantic  coasts,  but  subject  to  suilden  changes.  The  cold 
of  winter  is  severe,  but  of  comparatively  short  diu-ation; 
the  snow  does  not  generally  fall  to  a  great  depth,  or  lie  very 
long,  though  there  is  considerable  difference  in  this  respect 
between  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  state.  The 
earlier  fruits  blossom  in  March,  but  are  liable  to  be  injured 
by  frosts.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  aud  much  of  it  highly 
fertile.  The  richest  lands  are  found  in  the  river-bottoms, 
where  the  soil  is  very  deep.  This  is  especially  the  case  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Wabash  and  its  tributaries  above  lerre 
Haute,  and  in  parts  of  the  Ohio  Valley.  The  country  be- 
tween the  rivers  is  .somewhat  elevated,  and  not  so  luxu- 
riantly fertile  as  on  the  river-bottoms,  but  amply  repays  the 
labors  of  the  husbandman.  Indeed,  there  is  very  little  of 
this  state  uncultivable;  even  its  wet  and  marshy  lands  will, 
no  doubt,  at  some  future  day,  when  the  density  of  p.ipula- 
tion  and  cheapness  of  labor  may  warrant  it,  become  as  pro- 
ductive as  most  of  the  other  hands  in  the  state,  Indiana 
ranks  fourth  of  the  states  of  the  Union  in  the  absolute 
amount  of  Indian  corn  raised,  and  sixth  as  respects  popula- 
tion. It  also  produces  large  quantities  of  wheat,  oats,  with 
Irish  potatoes,  fruit,  butter,  and  live  stock,  besides  con- 
,siderable  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco, 
wool,  peas,  beans,  cheese,  grass-seeds,  flax,  hops,  maple- 
SH^ar,  molasses,  beeswax  and  honey,  and  some  wine,  henio, 
and  silk.  In  1800  there  were  in  Indiana  8,242,1^3  acres  of 
improved  land,  (8,146,109  being  unimproved,)  producing 
16,848,267  bushels  of  wheat,  463,495  of  rye,  71,588,919  of 
Indian  corn,  5,.'>17,631  of  oats,  3,866,647  of  Irish  potatoes, 
299,516  of  sweet  potatoes,  382,'245  of  barley,  396,989  of  buck- 
wheat, 34,914  of  grass  seeds,  119,420  of  flaxseed,  2,552,318 
pounds  of  wool,  7,993,-378  of  tobacco,  18,306,651  of  butter, 
605,795  of  cheese,  27,884  of  hops,  1,541,761  of  maple  sugar, 
34,525  of  beeswax,  1,224,489  of  honey,  292,908  gallons  of 
maple  molasses,  881,049  gallons  of  sorghum  molasses, 
102,895  gallons  of  wine,  622,426  tons  of  hay ;  total  value 
of  live  stock,  $41,855,539-  of  orchard  products,  §1,258,942; 

899 


IXD 

of  market    products,  $5i0,153;    of  slaughtered  animala, 
$9,824,204. 

Forest  Trees. — Indigenous  to  Indiana  are  various  species 
of  oaks,  poplar,  ash,  walnut,  hickory,  elm,  cherry,  sugar- 
maple,  buckeye,  bet-ch,  and  some  sassafras,  lime,  locust, 
sycamore,  Cottonwood,  hackberry,  and  mulberry  in  the 
bottom-lands.  The  fruits  common  to  the  latitude  sue  cul- 
tivated in  Indiana. 

Manufactures. — Though  not  yet  largely  engaged  in  manu- 
fecturing  Industry,  Indiana  has  every  facility,  in  the  abund- 
ance of  her  water-power  and  the  cheapness  of  her  coal,  to 
become  a  manufacturing  state  when  it  may  become  advan- 
tageous for  her  so  to  do.  According  to  tiie  census  of  1S60, 
there  were  in  the  state  5110  nianuf  icturing  establishments, 
employing  20,755  X'ersons,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$26,613,038,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $11,840,434 
annually,  total  amount  of  capital  invested  $17,881^586.  Of 
these,  1277  were  saw-mills,  capital  invested  $2,483,923, 
annual  products  $4,271,605;  719  flour  and  meal  establish- 
ments, capital  invested  $5,205,275,  annual  products 
$17,337,950;  378  hoot  and  shoe  manufactories,  capital  in- 
vested $368,730,  annual  products  $1,087,494;  328  black- 
smith shops,  capital  invested  $194,609.  annual  products 
$505,655 ;  236  cooper  shops,  capital  invested  $2^8,733,  annual 
products  $832,806 ;  183  carriage  factories,  capital  invested 
$416,285,  annual  products  $824,550 ;  202  saddlery  establish- 
ments, capital  invested  $232,391,  annual  products  $586,670 ; 
153  tin,  copper,  and  sheet-iron  works,  capital  invested 
$347,104,  annual  products  $560,903;  79  woollen  factoi'ies, 
capital  invested  $464,311,  annual  products  $6-19,771;  31  pro- 
vision, pork,  &c.  establisliKients,  cajiital  invested  $2,003,550, 
annual  products  $3,360,754;  value  of  home-made  manufac- 
tures $886,393. 

Internal  Imprmemmls.  —  Indiana  is  among  the  leading 
states  of  the  Ureat  Mississippi  Valley  in  works  of  internal 
improvement.  So  rapid  is  her  jjrogress  in  this  i-esjiect,  that 
any  correct  account  of  her  railroads  one  year  would  be  de- 
fective the  next.  Railways,  centering  in  Indianapolis,  branch 
off  in  all  directions,  uniting  the  capital,  more  or  less  directly, 
with  Chicago,  Cleveland,  JJetroit,  Columbus  (Ohio),  I'itts- 
burg,  and  Cincinnati,  beyond  the  state,  and  with  Madison, 
New  Albany,  Evansville,  Terre  Haute.  Lalayette,  Peru,  Mi- 
chigan City,  and  various  minor  points  within  tlie  state. 
The  Centi'al  Michigan  has  40,  and  the  Southern  Michigan 
and  North  Indiana  Railroad,  185  miles  of  tlieir  tracks  in 
this  state.  According  to  the  census  of  ISi'.O,  there  were  in 
this  state  2125  miles  of  railroad  completed,  tlie  construc- 
tion and  equipment  of  which  cost  $70,295,148.  Besides  the 
railroads  which  centre  at  Indianapolis,  tlie  state  is  traversed 
by  tlie  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  the  Pittsburg  I'ort  Wayne  and 
Chicago,  the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Cliicago,  and  the  To- 
ledo Wabash  and  Western  Railio.id.  According  to  tlie  Pre- 
liminary Report  on  the  Eighth  Census,  Indiana  had  453  miles 
of  canal  included  in  her  limits,  viz.:  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal,  connecting  Evansville  with  Toledo  (379  miles  of 
which  is  in  this  state),  and  the  Wliitew^ater  Canal,  74  miles 
long,  connecting  Cambridge  City  with  Lawrenceburg,  on 
the  Ohio.  There  is  scarcely  a  place  of  any  considerable  im- 
portance in  Indiana  that  is  not,  directly  or  indirectly,  con- 
nected with  the  large  cities  of  the  Eastern,  Middle,  and 
Western  States;  and  the  railroads  in  course  of  construction 
are  daily  shortening  these  distances,  and  making  them  more 
direct. 

Commerce.  —  Indiana  has  no  foreign  commerce,  but  an 
active  lake  and  river  trade  with  New  Orleans  and  the  various 
points  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  Valleys,  liy  the  rivers  of 
the  same  name,  and  with  New  York  by  tlie  lakes,  tliough  for 
the  most  part  in  vessels  owned  in  other  states.  A  want  of 
statistics  does  not  enable  us  to  do  justice  to  tlie  trade  of 
Indiana.  Tonnage  of  Evansville  in  1863,  2495 ;  vessels  built 
in  tne  state,  4,  of  287  tons  burden.  Tlie  great  objects  of  ex- 
port are  cattle,  hogs,  and  other  live  stoclv ;  pork,  lieef,  lard, 
Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  wool.  More  than  000,000  hogs  have 
been  packed  in  this  state  within  a  year. 

Education. — Indian^  has  (at  date,  1866)  a  school  fund  of 
$7,613,490.  Tills  fund  is  divided  into  the  three  following 
cliusses,  namely:  Common, $1,496,778;  Congressional, Town- 
sliip,  $2,263,406;  and  sinking,  $3,853,305.  The  first  two  of 
these  funds,  save  $135,179,  the  value  of  unsold  lands,  are 
bearing  7  per  cent,  interest,  hence  yielding  an  annual  reve- 
nue for  tuition  of  $Ja3,750.  The  third  item  of  this  fiinil  is 
still  unproductive,  but  by  statute  of  ]8l).>  becomes  produc- 
tive in  1^67.  In  1865,  $993,u00  were  expended  for  tuition, 
$551,397  of  which  were  derived  from  taxes,  the  remainder 
from  interest  on  fund,  from  liquor  license,  and  from  un- 
claimed fees.  The  rate  of  state  t.ix  for  schools  in  I860  was 
16  cents  on  the  $100.  In  1865,  the  scliools  were  kept  open 
Z]4  months.  The  number  of  children  in  the  state  between 
the  ages  of  6  and  21  years,  in  1865,  was  552.241;  number  of 
children  attending  the  public  schools  in  1864,  :j90,768.  Value 
of  public  school  property  in  1S04,$:3,472,612.  Ea<h  township 
in  the  state  (978  in  number)  Ims  a  public  scliool  lilifary. 
The  State  University,  organized  in  1828,  and  located  at 
Bloomingtcn,  Monroe  county,  is  a  part  of  the  state  system 
»f  education,  and  furnishes  tuition  free.  The  State  Normal 
»00 


IND 

Scliool  located  at  Terre  Haute  does  the  same,  $19,000  being 
annually  appropriated  for  its  support. 

Religious  Denominations. — Of  tlie  2933  churches  in  Indi- 
ana, in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  475;  Tunker  Baptists,  27 ; 
Christians.  347  ;  Congregationalists,  11 ;  Episcopalians,  29; 
Friends,  93;  German  Reformed,  9 ;  Lutherans,  150;  Metho- 
dists, 1256;  Presbyterians,  275;  Cumberland  Presbyterians, 
27  ;  Reformed  Presbyterians,  8  ;  United  Presliyterians,  18  ; 
Roman  Catholics,  127;  Unionists,  44;  Universalists,  28- 
minor  sects,  9 ;  giving  1  church  to  460  persons.  Value  of 
church  property,  $4,065,274. 

Periodicals. — In  1860  there  were  published  in  Indiana,  of 
Political  papers,  13  dailies,  6  bi-weeklies,  154  weeklies,  total 
172;  of  Religious  papers,  3  weeklies,  3  monthlies,  5  literary, 
and  1  educational.  Whole  number  of  copies  issued  within 
the  year,  10,190,310. 

Public  Instiliitions. — Indiana  stands  among  the  first  of  the 
Western  States  in  provision  for  the  unfortunate.  Tticre  are 
at  Indianapolis  asylums  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  and 
insane;  and  the  constitution  directs  the  erection  of  houses 
of  refuge  for  tlie  reformation  of  juvenile  criminals.  The 
number  of  pupils  in  the  asylum  for  the  blind,  in  November, 
1862,  was  95.  The  hospitnl  for  the  insane  received  200  pa- 
tients in  1862,  and  had  298  remaining  at  the  close  of  the 
year.  The  number  of  patients  who  recovered  during  ihe 
year  was  114.  Total  number  adiiiitted  since  the  institution 
was  opened  in  1848,  2388.  All  the  deiif  and  dumb  between 
the  ages  of  10  and  21,  and  all  blind  children  of  the  state 
between  8  and  21,  receive  a  gratuitous  education.  ,  The 
different  benevolent  institutions  received  from  the  state  in 
1862  and  1 863  appropriations  amounting  to  $175,070.  The 
State  Prison  at  Jeffersonville  confines  on  an  average  about 
275  convicts.  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Indiana  247  Sunday-school  libraries  containing  65,456 
volumes;  also  11  College  libraries  containing  28,745  vols. 
The  statute  provides  for  a  county  library  in  each  county. 

P(rpulntion. — There  were  in  Indiana,  4875  inhabitants  In 
1800;  24,520  in  1810;  147,178  in  1820;  343,031  in  1830; 
685,866  in  1840;  988,393  in  1850,  and  in  1860,  1,350,428,  of 
whom  1,338,710  were  whites,  11,428  colored,.and  290  Indians. 
Population  to  the  square  mile  40.  Representative  population 
1,350,428.  Of  the  population  774,721  were  born  in  the  state, 
455,719  in  other  states,  118,184  in  foreign  countries,  of 
whom  9304  were  born  in  England,  24,495  in  Ireland,  2093 
in  Scotland,  226  in  Whiles,  3166  in  Biitisli  America,  66,705 
in  Germany,  6176  in  Erance,  and  6019  in  other  foreign 
countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuita 
158,714  were  farmers,  40,827  farm  laborers,  33,928  laborers, 
14,394  servants,  10,584  carpenters,  4883  blacksmiths,  4570 
merchants,  3850  clerks,  3804  shoemakers,  3604  teachers, 
3536  coopers,  2524  physicians,  2367  seamstresses,  506  gar- 
deners and  nurserymen,  1419  cabinet  makers,  1211  law- 
yers, 1806  railroad  men,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st, 
1860,  there  occurred  15,325  deaths,  or  ll-a  in  every  thou- 
sand. The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  600,  (see  In- 
troduction to  the  volume  on  Population  of  the  Eighth 
Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.),  blind  530,  insane  1035,  and 
idiotic  907. 

Cbunties. — Indiana  Is  divided  into92countieR,  viz.  Adams, 
Allen.  Bartholomew,  Benton,  Blackford,  Boone,  Brown, 
Carroll.  Cass,  Clark,  Clay.  Clinton,  Crawford,  Daviess,  Dear- 
born. Decatur,  De  Kalb,  Delaware,  Du  Bois,  Elkhart, 
Fayette,  Flnyd.  Fountain,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Gibson,  Grant, 
Greene,  Hamilton,  Hancock,  Ilairisnn,  Hendricks,  Henry, 
Howard,  Huntington,  .lackson,  Jasper,  Jay,  Jefferson,  Jen- 
nings, Johnson.  Knox.  Kosciusco.  La  Grange,  Luke,  I^aporte, 
Lawrence.  Madison.  ■Marion,  Marshall,  Martin.  Miami.  Mon- 
roe, Montgoinery,  Morgan,  Newton,  Noble,  Ohio,  Orange, 
Owen,  Parlie,  Perry,  Pike,  Porter,  Posey,  Pulaski,  Putnam, 
Randolph,  Ripley,  Rush,  Scott,  Shelby,  Spencer,  Stark,Steu- 
bcn,  St.  Joseph,  Sullivan,  Switzerland,  Tippecanoe,  Tipton, 
Union,  Vandoiberg,  Vermilion,  Vigo,  Wabash,  Warren, 
Warrick,  Washington,  Wayne,  Wells,  White,  and  Whitely. 
Capital,  Iiidiaiiiipolis. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Indianapolis  is  the  largest  town  in 
Indiana,  population  in  1860,18,611;  New  Albany,  12,647; 
Evansville,  11,4S4;  Fort  Wayne,  10,388;  Lafayette,  9387; 
Terre  Haute,  8594;  Madison,  8130 ;  Richmond,  6603 ;  Laporte, 
6028;  Jefl'ersonville,  4020;  Logansport,  about  3000:  Craw- 
fordsville  (population  of  the  township),  4863;  Columbus, 
1840;  Aurora,  2990;  Newcastle,  about  1500;  Vincenues, 
3960;  South  Bend,  3S32:  Lawrenceburg,  3599;  Micliigan 
City,  3320;  W.ishiugton,  3183 ;  and  Charlestown,  population 
3161. 

Owemment. — The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  ara 
both  elected  by  the  people  for  4  years.  Tlie  former,  who 
receives  $3000  per  annum,  can  be  elected  only  onco  in  a 
period  of  eight  years.  The  latter  is  ex-officio  president  of 
the  Senate,  and  receives  $5  per  day  during  the  sessions  of  the 
legislature.  The  Senate  consists  of  50,  and  the  House  of  Re- 
presentatives of  100  members,  both  elected  by  the  jieople;  the 
former  for  four,  the  latti-r  for  two  years.  The  secret^iry  of 
state,  auditor,su|)erintendent  of  public  schooIs,and  treasurer, 
are  each  choseil  by  the  people  for  two  years.  The  judiciary 
consists  of  a  supreme  court,  composed  of  not  less  tiiau  thre" 


IND 

or  more  thau  Ave  judgw*,  elected  by  the  people  for  six  yoars : 
and  of  fil'tepn  cireuit  courts,  presided  over  by  judsjfs 
elected  by  the  people  of  each  district,  for  six  years.  The 
judires  of  the  supreme  court  receive  $3000  per  annum. 
Justices  of  the  peace  are  chosen  by  the  people  of  each  town- 
ship for  four  years.  Any  voter  of  good  moral  character  may 
practice  law,  and  any  white  male  of  21  years  of  apre,  born  in 
the  United  Stiites,  or  any.  forei;;ner,  resident  of  the  United 
States  one  year,  and  who  has  declared  his  intention,  accord- 
ing to  law.  of  becoming  a  citizen,  may  vote,  after  sit  months' 
residence  in  the  state.  Indiana  is  entitled  to  11  members 
in  the  national  house  of  representatives,  and  to  13  electoral 
Totes  for  president  of  the  United  .States. 

Banks.  Finances. — The  state  debt,  principal  and  interest, 
in  1847,  was  $14,374.610 ;  but  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  of 
that  year,  the  bondholders  took  the  state's  interest  In  the 
Wabash  and  Krie  Canal,  which  they  were  to  finish  for  half 
this  debt,  while  the  slate  should  issue  new  certificates  for 
the  other  half.  In  1853,  the  state  liabiUties  were  $6,805,435. 
The  pulilic  debt  of  Indiana,  in  181-2,  was  reported  to  be 
$8,755,453.  The  assessed  value  of  real  estate  tor  1865,  was 
$;jll,L';3,724,  and  that  of  personal  property  $197,067,333; 
total,  $508,201,057.  In  1850  it  was  only  $152,870,339, 
showing  an  increase  in  fifteen  years  of  more  than  four  to 
one.  The  Conunon  School  Fund  in  June,  1862,  amounted  to 
$1,991,202.  Ill  Sejitember,  1865.  there  were  in  this  state  68 
national  banks.  Total  school  fund  in  1866.  $7,613,490.36; 
total  revenue  for  tuition  for  ls65,  $993,254.13. 

nistary. — Indiana  was  settled  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century  by  the  French,  who  remained  here, 
without  much  accession  to  their  numbers,  till  lone;  after  the 
close  of  the  American  Uevolution.  Like  other  French  settle- 
ments, tliey  were  nearly  stationary,  as  far  as  resrarded  in- 
crease from  without,  until  the  arrival  of  the  Americans 
among  them;  enjoying  life  with  the  char.icteristic  cheerful- 
ness of  their  nation,  and  mingling  with  the  neighboring 
savages,  not  only  on  terms  of  amity,  but  sometimes  forming 
matrimonial  alliances  with  them.  In  1800,  Indiana  became, 
in  conjunction  with  Illinois,  a  territorial  government,  and 
in  lS](i.  au  independent  member  of  the  confederacy.  In 
1811,  tlie  .savages  of  the  Shawnee  tribe,  led  on  by  their 
prophet,  and  incited,  it  is  said,  by  the  British,  who  put 
arms  into  their  hands,  attiicked  the  American  settlements, 
and  committed  great  depredations.  Gener.il  Harrison  being 
sent  agiiinst  them,  routed  them  completely  at  Tippecanoe, 
but  with  the  loss  of  200  of  his  own  troops. 

INDIAN' .A,  in'de-an'.a  or  in-de-ah'n.a.  a  county  in  the  S.W. 
central  part  of  Pennsylvania,  h.as  an  area  of  about  770 
square  miles.  The  Conemaugh  liiver  forms  its  boundary  on 
the  S.  It  is  also  drained  by  Little  Mahoning.  Crooked, 
Black  Lick,  and  Two  Lick  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
The  soil,  where  not  too  rough  for  cultivation,  is  moderately 
fertile.  The  highlands  cont.ain  large  ([uantities  of  bitumin- 
ous coal  and  iron  ore:  and  valuable  .salt-springs  occur  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  county.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  and 
Central  Railroad  pass  along  the  S.  border.  Organized  in 
1803,  and  named  from  the  general  appellation  of  the  abori- 
ginal tribes.     Capital.  Indiana.     Pop. 33,687. 

INDIANA,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2505. 

I.NDI.WA,  a  thriving  post-borough,  capital  of  Indiana  co.. 
Pennsylvania,  is  handsomely  situated  50  miles  E.N.K.  of 
Pittsburg.  K  plank-road,  about  16  miles  long,  extends  .south- 
ward to  the  Central  liailroad.  The  village  contains  the  usual 
county  linildings,  5  or  6  churches,  and  an  acjidemy.  P.   1-331. 

IN'OIAN'.'l,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  llaldi- 
mand,  on  the  0  rand  Itiver,  28  miles  S.S.K.of  Brantford,  and 
22  miles  from  Dunnville.     Pop.  about  200. 

INDIANA  ASBUKY  UNIVERSITY.  See  Gre£NC.\stle, 
Indiana. 

INDIANA    CENTRAL  MEDICAL    COLLEGE.    See   Ix- 

DI.^N'APOIIS. 

INDIANA  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.     See  L.^porte.  Indiana. 

INDI.\N.\POLIS.  in  de-an-ap'o-li.s.  a  city,  capital  of  Indi- 
ana, and  seat  of  justice  of  Marion  county,  on  tlie  West  Fork 
of  White  River,  at  the  cros.sing  of  the  National  Road,  and 
■  Immediately  below  the  mouth  of  Fall  Creek,  109  miles  N.W. 
of  Cincinnati,  .and  86  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison.  Lat.  39°  46' 
N.,  Ion.  86°  5'  W.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  and  exten- 
sive plain,  very  nearly  equidistant  from  the  several  bound- 
aries of  the  state.  When  this  place  was  selected  for  the 
capital  of  Indiana,  in  1820,  the  whole  country  for  40  miU« 
In  every  direction  was  covered  with  a  dense  forest.  On  the 
loth  of  January,  1825,  the  public  offices  of  state  were  re- 
noved  from  Corydon,  and  the  seat  of  government  was  per- 
manently established  here.  The  streets  generally  cross  each 
Jther  at  right  angles,  excepting  4  di.igonal  streets,  wliicli 
converge  to  a  circular  area  in  the  centre  of  the  town.  The 
principal  businciss  houses  are  on  Washington  street,  which 
is  120  feet  wide.  Several  other  streets  are  90  feet  wide. 
The  State  House,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $60,000,  is  an  elegant 
building,  surmounted  by  a  dome,  and  liavinglO  Doric  col- 
umns on  each  front.  Its  dimensions  are  180  feet  long  by  80 
■wide.  Among  the  principal  buildings  are  Odd  Fellows  Hall, 
Metropolitau  Uall,  Masonic  Hall,  the  N.  W.  C.  University, 


IND 

Baptist  Female  College,  Indiana  Female  College,  soveral 
large  hotels  and  depot^-,  the  Union  Depot  being  400  feet  long 
and  80  wide.  Indianapolis  contains  33  churches,  4  national 
banks,  4  other  banks,  a  State  Asylum  for  the  Blind,  a  f^tiite 
Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  a  Mercantile  Liliniry 
As.sociation.  Four  daily  and  four  weekly  new.<papers  are 
issued  here.  The  tot.al  capital  of  the  banks  is  about  $3,000,- 
000.  A  State  Lunatic  Ilo.'spital  was  founded  here  in  1848,  and, 
in  1862,  h:>.d  298  patients.  Indi.anapolis  ha,s  an  extensive 
trade,which  is  greatly  facilitated  by  its  numerous  railroails. 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  education,  and  the  schools 
are  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  Tlie  city  contains  several 
iron  foundries,  3  large  paper-mills,  a  very  extensive  pork- 
house,  several  flonring-mills,  and  manufactories  of  stean>- 
eiiglnes,  window-sashes,  and  other  articles.  Indianapolis  is 
the  terminus  of  8  milroads,  viz..  tlie  Indian.apolis  and  Madi- 
son, the  Indianapolis  Peru  and  Cliicago,  the  Indiana  Central, 
the  Indiaiiapolis  and  Cincinnati,  the  Jeffersonville  Railroad, 
the  Bellefontaine  Line,  the  Tcrre  Haute  and  Richmond,  and 
the  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.  Pop.  in  1840, 
2692;  in  1850,  8090;  in  ISOO,  18.011,  and  in  1865,  estimated 
at  35,000. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  a  post-village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa, 
about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Osk.aloo.sa.  the  county  seat. 
INDIAN  ARCHIPELAGO.    See  M.4L.\Y  Archipel.^go. 
INDIANA  STATE  UNIVER.SITY.   See  Bi.oo.minoto.n, Tnd. 
INDIAN  (in'dtwjn)CREi':K,   Georgia,    flows   into    Little 
River,  in  Putnam  county,  about  8  miles  N.W.  of  Eatonton. 
I.N'DIAN  CREliK,  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi,  enters 
Tennessee  River  near  Eastport. 

IND1.\N  CliEKK,  a  small  stream  of  Yuba  co.,  towards 
the  N.  part  of  California,  fills  into  Dry  Creek  about  22  miles 
from  its  junction  with  Yuba  liiver.  Gold  is  found  along 
this  stream  in  considerable  quantities.  The  banks  are  well 
wooded  with  excellent  timlier. 

INDIAN  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Fk^d  co.,  and 
flowing  S.W.,  piisses  Corydon,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio.  The 
Little  Indiiin  Creek  enters  it  at  Corydon. 

INDIAN  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Monroe  co..  and 
enters  the  East  Fork  of  White  River,  at  the  Sulphur 
Springs,  in  Martin  county. 

INDIAN  CRKEK.  of  Morgan  co..  Indiana,  falls  into  the 
West  Fork  of  White  River,  a  few  miles  below  Martinsville. 
INDIAN  CREEK,  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indi.ana,  flows  into 
the  Ohio  near  Vevay. 

INDIAN  CREEI\,  of  Missouri,  enters  the  Maramec  from 
the  right,  in  Franklin  county. 

1 N  1)1  A  N  CRE  E  K.  a  post-village  in  Monroe  co.,W.  Virginia, 
190  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

INDIAN  CREEK,  a  post-oflSce  of  Newbury  district, South 
Carolina. 

I.NDI.VN  CREEK,  a  post-ofRce  of  .Taekson  co..  Oeorsia. 
INDIAN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 
INDI.iN  CREEK,  a  post-office.  Washington  co..  Tennessee. 
INDIAN  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 
INDIAN  CREEK,  a  township  of  L.awrenco  Co.,  Indiana. 
Population,  1167. 

IN  DIAN  CR  EEK,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana. 
Population,  1093. 

INDIAN   Ci;EEK,  a  township  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indian.a. 
Popiil.ation.  754. 
IND1.\.N  CREKK,  apost-tcTvn.shipof  Morgan  Co..  Illinois. 
INDI.\N  CREEK,  a  post-villa:;e  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri, 
80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 
INDI.^N  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Pike  CO.,  Missouri. 
INDIAN  DESERT.     See  Thutir.      " 

INDIAN  DIGGINGS,  a  po.stofiice.  El  Dorado ccCalifornia. 
INDIAN  FIELDS,  a  post-oflice  of  Albany  co..  New  York 
INDIAN  FIELDS,  a  post-oflRce  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiant 
INDIAN  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Gravson  co..  Texas. 
INDIAN  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 94  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 
IN  DIAN  illLL,  a  post-office.  Abbevilledi.strict,  S.  Carolina. 
INDIAN  HI  LL.  a  post-office  of  Klbert  co.,  Georgia. 
INDIAN  KENTUCKY  CRKEk,  of  Indiana,  ri.'^es  in  Rip- 
ley CO.,  and  flows  into  the  Ohio  8  miles  above  Madison  City, 
INDIAN  KKY.  a  post-villa'.:e  of  Dade  co..  Florida,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  small  island  of  coral  formation,  in  the  Atlantic, 
75  miles  E.N.E.  of  Key  We.st.    This  village  coiitJiins  ueaily 
the  whole  population  of  the  county,  which  in  18f0  was  only 
83.    It  is  a  desirable  winter  residence  for  invalids. 

INDIAN  LAKE,  New  York,  in  tiie  E.  part  of  Hamilton 
county,  is  8  or  9  miles  long,  and  near  2  miles  wide.  The 
outlet,  called  Indian  River,  falls  into  the  Hudson. 

IND1.A..N  MOU.ND,  a  po.st-office  of  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee. 
INDIAN  ocean;  (anc.  J/a're  InhUcum  or  Inldicuss  Oaf- 
anus;  Ger.  Indixches  Meer,  in'dish-fs  mala;  Fr.  Mer-dti- 
Indes,  maiR  <liz  S.Nd,  i.  e.  "  Sea  of  the  Indies,")  a  vas-t  sea, 
separated  from  the  Pacific  on  the  E.  by  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago and  Australia,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  a  line 
drawn  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Bass's  Strait,  divided 
from  the  Atlantic  by  .\fricaon  the  W.,  and  enclo.sed  hy  the 
countries  of  Asia  ou  the  N.,  extending  from  about  lat.  2b^ 
N.,  in  the  Gulf  of  .\rabia,a  little  beyond  the  Tropic  of  Can- 
cer, to  the  Antarctic  Circle;  and  from  Ion.  19^  56'  30"  E.,  to 

901 


IND 

\%<^  33'  E     lit,  Dxtent,  from  N.  to  S..  somewhat  exceeds  | 
3500  iiiilea  ,  and  Hs  breadth  varies  from  6000  miles,  between  | 
the  Cape  ot  Gonl  Hope,  and  Soutli  Cape  in  A'an  Diemen's  j 
Land,  to  4000  miles  tietween  the  coast  of  Arabia  and  that  of  | 
Malacca  and  Sumatra.     Its  X.  shores  are  rendered  sinjru-  | 
larly  irregular  by  the  projection  of  three  vast  peninsulas —  | 
Arabia.  Ilindostan.  and  Imiia-beyond-the-Ganges.  which  are 
respectively  separated  by  the  Per.^ian  Gulf,  Aral:)ian  Sea,  and  j 
Buy  of  Bengal.     It  communicates  with  the  China  Sea  by  the  j 
Strait  of  Malacca,  Sunda  Strait,  and  the  Strait  of  Flores.  i 
The  other  principal  inlets  are  the  Mozambiijue  Channel, 
Bed  Sea.  Gulfs  of  Cutch  aud  Cambay,  the  Gulf  of  Manaar, 
Palk's  Strait,  Bali,  Lombok,  and  Ombay.  the  Sea  of  Timor, 
and  Bass's  Strait. '  The  most  important  islands  are  Mada- 
gascar, Mauritius,  Bourbon,  the  Comoro  Islands,  the  Sey- 
chelles, and  Socotra,  belonging  to  Africa;  the  Laccadivea, 
Maldives.  Cevlon.  the  Andaman   and   Nicobar  Islands,   to 
Asia.    Its  principal  .affluents  are — in  Asia,  the  Salwin,  Irra- 
waddy,  Brahmapootra,Ganges.Godavery,  Kistnah.  Xerbudda, 
Indus,  aud  the  Shat-el-Arab,  termed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Tigris  aud  Euphrates;  and  in  Africa,  the  Zambeze.    The 
monsoons,  or  periodical  winds,  prevail  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
ocean,  blowing  from  the  S.\y.  between  April  and  October, 
and  S.E.  from  October  to  April.    Tempests  are  general  at 
the  periods  of  change;  and  between  lat.  5°  aud  40°  S.  vio- 
.  lent  hurricanes  frequently  occur. 

In  the  S.  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean  the  equatorial  current, 
connecting  the  Pacitic  and  Atlantic,  flows  from  E.  to  W.,  at 
a  rate  varying  with  the  seasons ;  but  N.  of  ^Madagascar, 
where  its  breadth  gre;itly  diminishes,  it  runs  from  45  miles 
to  60  miles  in  24  hours.  A  S.W.  current  also  flows  along 
the  African  coast,  towards  the  Mozambique  Channel;  its 
velocity  ranging  between  IS  miles  and  28  miles  a  day,  but 
attaining  more  than  double  that  rate  near  Delagoa  Bay  and 
Cape  Corrientes.  It  finally  joins  the  Cape  current  near 
Cape  Padron.  Op  the  S.W.  coast  of  Australia,  the  current 
divides  near  Cape  Leeuwin,  in  lat.  .34°  22'  S.,  into  two 
streams — one  of  which  flows  X.,  and  the  other  E.,  with  an 
average  spee<l  of  about  20  miles  each  day,  thus  embracing 
the  whole  coast  of  Australia.  The  maximum  heat  of  the 
water  occurs  in  the  Arabian  Sea.  in  lat.  9°  55'  N.,  and  Ion. 
59°  52'  E..  where  it  reaches  87°  40'  Fahrenheit. 

IXDIAXObA,  in-de-a-nola.  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co., 
Texas,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Matagorda  Bay,  about  35  miles 
W.S.W.  of  JIatagorda.  A  newspaper  is  published  here; 
steamboats  ply  between  this  place  and  Galveston,  l'op.1150. 

INDIANOL.\,  a  post-office  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois. 

IXDIAXOLA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa, 
about  18  miles  S.  of  Des  Moines.     See  Appendix. 

IXDIAXOLA,  a  town  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansa.s,on  the  Fort 
Riley  Koad,  where  it  crosses  Soldier  Creek,  about  70  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Leavenworth. 

INDIAX  ORCIIAHD,  post-office,  Wayne  co.,  Pennsj-lvania. 

INDIAN  PR.\IK1E,  a  post-ol5ice  of  Van  Buren  co..  Iowa. 

INDIAX  RIVER,  of  Xew  Hampshire.    See  Isman  Stream. 

IXDIAX  RIVER,  of  Xew  York,  passes  through  Black 
Lake,  and  enters  Oswegatcbie  River  in  St.  I^awrence  county. 

INDIAX  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Xew  York. 

INDI.A.N  RIVER,  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  flows  eastward 
into  the  Atlantic. 

INDIAX  RIVKR,  of  Florida,  on  the  K.  side  of  the  penin- 
sula, flows  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast.  Length,  about 
100  miles.  The  depth  varies  greatly  in  different  seasons. 
The  breadth  also  is  very  unequal;  in  some  parts  it  expands 
Into  extensive  lakes  or  lagoons. 

IXDIAX  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Maine. 

IXDIAX  RIVER,  a  hundred  of  Sussex  CO.,  Delaware.  Pop. 
1809. 

INDIAX  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lucie  co..  Florida. 

JNDIAN  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Rutts  co.,  Georgia.  50 
miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville;  is  a  fashionable  place  of  resort. 

IXDIAX  ST15EAM.  of  Coos  county,  in  the  X.  part  of 
New  Hampshire,  unites  with  the  E.  branch  to  form  the 
Connecticut. 

INDIAN  STRKA:\r.  a  township  of  Coos  CO.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, bordering  on  Canada  East. 

INDI.\N  TA  VEUN.  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Tennessee. 

IXDIAX  TKRRITORY.  a  tract  of  country  set  apart  by 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  as  a  permanent  home 
for  the  alioriginal  tribes  removed  thither  from  E.  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  as  well  as  tho.se  indigenous  to  the  terri- 
tory. It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  principally  by  Kansas,  S. 
'■•"" ■  "'- '■'■■'-''- ■"    ■"       •,) 


by  Texas,  (from  which  it  ispartly  separated  by"  Red  River,' 
E.  by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by  IVxas  and  Niw  Mexico.  IndiaE 
Territory  lies  between  3.3°  iiO'  and  37°  N.  lat.,  and  between 
94°  30'  and  103°  W.  Ion.,  being  ab<«it  450  miles  long,  and 
from  35  to  240  miles  in  width,  including  an  area  of  about 
71,000  Hq\iare  miles.  The  Ibrmer  territory  of  Kansas,  and 
a  portion  of  the  S.  of  Nebraska,  were  cou8tilut<'d  from  tlie 
territory  originally  included  within  the  so-called  Indian 
Territory. 

ffice  n/lhe  Onintry.— There  is  a  general  inclination  of  the 
country  from  the  liase  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the 
wfi<tem  border  of  Indian  Territorv.  towards  the  Mississippi 
River,  witli  a  slight  incliuation  to  the  S.E.    A  Tast  barren 


and  sandy  tract.,  generally  known  as  the  Gre.it  American 
Desert,  occupies  the  X.W.  portion  of  the  territory.  The 
rest  of  the  territory  spreads  out,  for  the  most  part,  into 
undulating  plains  of  great  extent,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Ozark  or  Washita  Mountains,  which  enter  the  E.  portion 
of  Indian  Territory  from  Arkansas.  This  territory,  how- 
ever, has  been  too  imperfectly  explored  to  enable  us  to  speak 
with  great  precision  of  its  surface. 

JUvers. — Indian  Territory  is  drained  by  the  Arkansas  and 
Red  Rivers,  with  their  tributaries:  these  all  have  their 
sources  among  or  near  the  Rocky  Jlountains.  and  flowing 
in  an  E.  or  S.E.  direction,  across  or  on  the  borders  of  the 
territory,  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Mississippi.  Xone 
of  these  rivers  have  their  course  within  the  territory.  The 
Red  River  forms  part  of  the  S.  ixiundary.  while  the  Ar- 
kansas pas.ses  through  Indian  Territory  into  the  state  of  the 
same  name.  The  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas  are  the 
CimaiTon.  Xeosha,  Verdigris,  and  the  Xorth  and  South 
Forks  of  the  Canadian;  those  of  the  Red  River  are  the 
Washitti,  False  Washita,  and  little  Red  River;  all  having 
nearly  an  E.  cour.se,  except  the  Neo.sha,  which  runs  S, 
These  rivers  have  generally  broad  and  shallow  channels, 
and  in  the  dry  season  are  little  more  than  a  series  of  sandy 
pools;  in  the  winter  and  spring  only  are  they  navigable  by 
flat-boats  and  canoes,  or  for  steamboats  (if  at  all)  near  their 
mouths.  The  Arkansas  and  Red  Rivers  arq  both  navigable 
for  steamboats,  but  to  wliat  distance  we  are  not  accurately 
informed.  The  Arkan.sas  has  a  course  of  about  2000.  and 
Red  River,  of  1200  miles. 

Climate. — Of  the  climate  we  have  little  definite  informa- 
tion, but  th.at  of  the  E.  portion  is  probably  similar  to  the 
climates  of  Arkan.sas  and  Slissouri.  on  which  it  borders. 
Tiie  summers  are  long  and  extremely  dry,  the  days  twing 
very  hot,  with  cool  nights. 

Snil  and  Prndnctimrs. — On  this  point  our  infopmation  is 
limited.  The  E.  portion,  occupied  by  the  partly-civil- 
ized Indians,  is  repre,sented  as  fertile  prairie  land,  inter- 
spersed "  with  mountain  and  flat  bills."  for  an  extent  of  200 
miles  westw.ird  from  the  boundary  of  Arkan.sas.  On  the 
borders  of  the  streams  are  strips  of  woodland,  mostly  cotton- 
wood  and  willows;  the  country  is,  however,  generally  des- 
titute of  timber.  The  Cross  "Timlx-rs.  thus  described  by 
Captain  Marcy,  are  partly  in  this  territory  ; — "  k  narrow 
strip  of  woodland,  called  the  Cross  Timbers,  from  5  to  .30 
miles  wide,  extending  from  the  Arkansas  River  sonie  500 
miles  in  a  S.W.  direction  to  tlie  Brazos,  divides  the  arable 
land  from  the  great  prairies,  for  the  most  part  arid  and 
sterile."  The  N.AV.  portion  of  the  teiritory  is  mostly  a 
barren,  dreary  waste  '-of  V)are  rocks,  gravel,  and  .sand."  des- 
titute of  all  vegetation,  except  perhaps  a  few  stunted  shrubs, 
'•yuccas,  cactuses,  grape-vines,  and  cucurbit.aceous  jilants." 
The  water  is  brackish,  and  the  surface  in  many  places- co- 
vered with  saline  efflorescences.  The  eastern  prairies  are 
well  adapted  to  gr.izing,  and  the  products  of  the  adjoining 
states  flourish  there. 

AnimaU. — Vast  herds  of  buffaloes  and  wild  hor.ses  roam 
over  its  prairies,  and  antelope,  deer,  prairie-dog.  and  some 
other  animals  are. found;  wild  turkeys,  grouse.  Ac  are 
among  the  birds.  Upon  the  other  points  generally  treated 
of  in  our  articles  on  the  states  and  territories,  we  have  too 
little  reliable  information  to  speak  in  a  work  meant  to  be 
one  of  facts,  and  not  of  conjectures.  Iiidian  Territory  forms 
a  part  of  the  great  Ijouisiana  tract  purchased  by  President 
Jefferson  from  France,  in  1803.  The  United  St;ites  govern- 
ment have  military  stations  at  Fort  Gibson,  on  the  Ar- 
kansas; Fort  Towson,  on  the  l!ed;  and  Fort  Wa.shifa.  on 
the  Washita.  The  territory  of  Kansas,  with  a  portion  of 
Nebraska,  was  formed  from  what  was  formerly  called  In- 
dian Territory,  in  1854. 

I'lijmlalion. — We  have  no  census  returns  of  the  popula- 
tion of  this  territorv,  but  the  K.  portion  is  mainly  in 
po.ssession  of  tribes  removed  thither  by  the  United  States 
government,  including,  among  otliers,  the  Choctaws.  Chi<'ka- 
saws.  Creeks,  Cherokees.  Senecas,  Shawnees.  and  Seminoles. 
The  central  and  AV.  portions  are  roamed  over  by  the 
Osages.  Camanches,  Kioways,  Pawnees.  Arrapahoes.  and 
some  other  nomad  tribes.  Some  of  the  removed  tribes  have 
made  considerable  advances  in  agriculture  and  the  indus- 
trial arts,  and  have  e.stabli.shed  .schools  and  churches,  while 
others  are  relapsing  into  indolence  and  vagrancy,  and.  fol- 
lowinir  the  common  fate  of  the  savage  when  in  contact  with 
the  civilized  man.  are  fast  diminishing  under  the  influence 
of  intemperance  and  vicious  connection  with  abandoned 
whites. 

INDIAX  TOWN,  a  small  village  of  Camden  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

IXDIAX  TOWX,  a  post-village  in  Currituck  co..  North 
Carolina.  165  miles  E.N.E.  of  Raleigh. 

INDIAN  TOW.N,  a  post-village  in  Williamsburg  district, 
South  Carolina.  85  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbia. 

INDIAN  TOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  bureau  w.,  lUI- 
nois. 

INDIAX  A-AT/T>EY.  a  post-office  of  Floi-»  co.,  Virginia. 

INDIAX  VIL/L-iGK,  a  post-village  of  Washita  parish 
Louisiana. 


TND 

INDIAN  WHKE'LTNG  CRKEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  through 
Belmont  county,  and  enters  the  Ohio  opposite  Wheeling. 
IXDICUS  OCEANUS  or  IXDICCJI  JIARE.    See  Indian 

OCBA.V. 

IXDIF;,  in'dee.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  SlaTonia,  near 
Vukovar.     Pop.  2130. 

IXDIKS,  EAST.    See  Ea.st  Indies,  and  I.ndia. 

INDIKS,  WBST.    See  West  Indies. 

INDIGIIIRKA  or  INDIGIRKA,  iiiMe-ghk/kS  or  InMe- 
ghir'ka.  or  ZAI'ADNAIA-KOLIMA,  z3-pad-nI'a-ko-lee'ma,  a 
river  of  East  Siljeria,  government  of  Yakootsk,  rises  in  tlie 
Yablonoi  Mountains,  and  after  a  N,  course  estimated  at  T.W 
miles,  enters  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  lat.  71°  N..  Ion.  150°  E.,  by 
an  estuary  containing  numei-ous  islands.  It  receives  many 
aflluents,  but  the  region  it  traverses  is  almost  wholly  a 
frozen  desert,  with  a  few  villages. 

IX'DIGO  HEAD,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  co.,  Alabama. 

INDIO,  een'de-o,  a  river  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  in  New 
Granada,  unites  with  the  Tacora  to  form  a  considerable 
Btreiim,  which  enters  the  Pacitic  E.  of  Panama.  Its  shores 
abound  with  fine  timber. 

IND.TE-KARA-SOO,  in'jee-kd/rd-soo,  (anc.  Ilalinc'mon,)  a 
river  of  European  Turkey,  in  Macedonia,  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Salonica.  18  miles  S.W.  of  Salonica.    Lenerth,  110  miles. 

IND.JIGmZ,  INGIGIIIZ,  or  INMIGIIIS,  in-je-ghiz'  or 
Inje-gheez',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  3.3 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Constantinople.  It  has  some  mineral  liaths,. 
and  remains  of  ancient  structures. 

INDOCHINA.    See  I.VDiA  beyond  the  Oances. 

INDOIIE,  inMor',  or  INDOOR,  in  Moor',  a  state  of  Central 
Ilindostan,  under  British  protection,  enclosed  by  the  Gwalior 
dominion,  and  territory  of  the  Itombay  presidency,  and 
Intersected.  E.  to  W.,  by  the  Nerbudda  River.  Area,  nearly 
42.50  s(iuare  miles.  Capital,  Indoor.  It  furnishes  to  the 
British  Indian  forces  3000  men. 

INDORE,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  the  capital  of  the  a1x)ve 
state,  is  situated  on  a  wooded  table-land;  elevation  nearly 
2000  feet,  and  .33  miles  S.  of  Oojein.  Lat.  22°  22'  N.,  Ion.  75° 
60'  E.  It  has  been  wholly  built  within  the  present  century, 
and  has  some  spacious  streets.  The  massive  granite  palace 
of  the  R.ijah  is  its  only  edifice  of  importance. 

INDO.STAN.     See  IIixdostan. 

IXDllAGIRI,  in-drd-ghJr'ree.  or  ANDRAGERY,  dn-drd- 
gh.Vree,  a  navigalile  river  of  Sumatra,  enters  the  ocean  on 
its  E.  coast,  in  lat.  0°  32'  S.,  Ion.  103°  E.  On  it  is  a  town  of 
the  same  name. 

INDHAGIRI,  or  ANDRAGERY,  a  native  sfata  in  the 
island  of  Sumatra,  S.E.  coast,  between  the  rivers  ICampar 
and  Jumbi,  which  enter  the  sea  respectively,  0°  30'  N.,  and 
1°  S.  It  is  traversed  by  the  river  Indragiri,  which  forms 
the  commercial  road  of  the  country;  and  is  in  general  flat, 
especially  towards  the  coast.  Indragiri  is  governed  by  a 
sultan,  but  is  under  the  supremacy  of  the  Dutch. 

INDItAMAYO  or  INDRAMAIJO,  een-dra-mi'o,  a  capo, 
river,  and  town  of  Java:  the  town  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  which  enters  the  sea  on  its  N.  coast,  near  the  cape,  90 
miles  E.  of  Batavia. 

IX'DRAPOOK'  or  INDRAPURA,  In-drJ-pooVa,  a  town, 
river,  state,  and  volcano  of  Sumatra ;  the  town  near  the  S.W. 
coast.  150  miles  N.W.  of  Bencooleu. 

IXDRAPOOll  or  INDRAPURA  POINT  is  in  lat.  2°  5'  S., 
Ion.  105°  27'  E. ;  and  X.  of  it  is  a  bay  in  which  are  the  In- 
drapoor  Islands. 

INDUE,  J.vd'r,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Indre 
and  Indre-et-Loire,  joins  the  Loire  18  miles  W'.S.W.  of  Tours, 
after  a  N.W.  course  of  115  miles.  It  is  navigable  from 
Loches  to  the  Loire,  15  miles. 

INDP.E,  a  department  of  North-west  France,  formed  of 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Herri.  Are.a.  262-1  S(iuare  miles. 
Pop.  in  1801,  270,054.  The  surface  is  uniformly  level.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Indre  and  Creu.«e.  More  corn  and 
wine  are  raised  than  are  reriuired  for  home  consumption, 
though  much  of  the  soil  is  barren  and  swampy.  The  cli- 
mate is  generally  mild  and  temperate.  This  department 
furnishes  the  best  lithographic  stones  in  France,  gun-Hints, 
iron  and  iron  goods,  earthenwares,  and  cutlery  at  Cli&teau- 
roux.  Woollen  and  cotton  cloths  and  yarn,  leather,  tiles, 
and  parchment,  are  among  the  chief  products.  Capital, 
Chateiiuroux.  Indre  is  divided  into  the  4  arrondissements 
of  Chateauroux,  Issoudun,  Ija  ChS,tre,  and  Le  Blanc. 

IXDI!,l-;.anisl.itvl  ofFrance.   See  Ixdret. 

INDKK-KTLOIRE,  ANdV-jV-lwia,  a  department  in  the 
N.W.  of  France,  formed  cliiefly  of  the  fild  province  of  Tou- 
raine,  comprising  a  region  on  both  sides  of  the  Loire.  Area, 
2332  square  miles.  Pop.  in  IStii,  323,572.  The  surface  is 
level,  and  near  the  Loire  very  fertile,  elsewhere  poor,  and 
often  mai-shy.  The  Cher.  Indre.  and  Vienne  Rivers  water 
Its  S.  poition.  Agriculture  has  latterly  improved,  and  the 
produce  in  corn  is  now  more  than  adequate  to  home  con- 
sumption. The  department  furnishes  excellent  lithographic 
stones,  pipe  and  potters'-clay,  and  contains  an  immense 
mound  of  petrified  shells,  which  are  used  as  manure.  Hemp, 
liquorice,  anniseed,  truffles,  fruits,  Ac,  are  raised  in  con- 
siderable quantities.  The  culture  of  silk  is  increasing,  as 
are  the  silk,  woollen,  and  leather  manufactures  of  Tours. 


IND 

The  other  principal  manufactures  are  files  and  raspd  at 
Amboiso.  iron  wares,  red  lead,  and  pottery;  and  near  >Iont 
bazon  is  a  national  gunpowder  factory  and  nitre  refinery. 
Capital.  Tours.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  3  arron- 
dissements of  Tours.   Chinon,  and  Loches. 

INDItKT  or  INDRE,  ix^MnV,  a  small  island  of  France, 
department  of  Loire-lnft-rieure,  formed  by  the  Loire,  5 
miles  W.  of  Nantes.  The  French  government  lately  founded 
an  extensive  estaljli.shment  here  for  the  manufacture  of  the 
m.achinery  of  steamboats,  &c. 

INDUXO,  in-doo'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  provinca 
of  Como,  near  Olona.  Near  it  is,  in  a  deep  gorge,  a  remark- 
able fountain.     Pop.  1801. 

INDUS,  in'dtis,  or  SINDII,  slnd.  (Sanscrit,  Sindhm  or 
Sindhu,  ''  the  sea;"  Persian  Alj-Si'nd.  ilb-slnd.)  a  great  river  of 
South  Asia,  forming  a  portion  of  the  W.lxjundary  of  Ilindos- 
tan, rises  in  Thibet,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Kailas.  (of  the  Hima- 
layas,) in  I.at.31°  20'  N.,  Ion.  81°  15'  E..  near  the  sources  of  the 
Sutlej.  It  flows  N.W.  for  about  120  miles,  where  it  is  joined  >iy 
the  Gartope.  The  conjoint  stream  now  breaks  throuirh  the 
Himalayas ;  and  thenceforth  has  a  S."W.  course,  separating  the 
Punjab  dominions  from  Afghanistan,  and  traversing  Sinde 
throughout  to  its  mouths  in  flio  Indian  Ocean,  between  lat. 
23°  and  25°  N.,  and  ion.  07°  30'  and  69°  E.  Tolal  course  esti- 
mated at  1050  miles.  Its  affluents,  thovigh  not  numerous,  are 
important.  N.of  the  Himalaj'as  it  receives  the  Gartope.  Sinh- 
kha-bab.  Z.anskar,  and  Shv-yok  Rivers.  S.  of  the  mountains 
the  Cabool  River  enters  if.  and  in  lat.  28°  55'  N.,  Ion  70°  28' 
E..  470  miles  from  the  ocean,  it  is  joined  from  the  N.E.  by 
the  Punjnud,  which  brings  to  it  the  united  streams  of  the 
Punjab,  or  '-five  rivers,"  the  Sutlej,  (anc.  Hfsn'tlriia.)  with 
the  Beas,  (anc.  //!/;)/i'a.<?>,)theChenaub,  (anc,  .4ce.<!'t">'.«.)  tlie 
Ravee,  fane.  Ili/dran'tes.)  and  the.Thylum,  (anc.  !f;/das>p'>s.) 
Below  this  it  has  no  tributary  of  much  size,  but  repeatedly 
subdivides,  giving  off  lateral  streams,  the  principal  being 
tlie  Fulailee  and  Xarra  branches;  and  at  Triecal.  lat.  25°  9' 
N..  Ion.  68°  21'  E.,  the  Delta  commences,  the  chief  arms  of 
which  are  the  Buggaur.  S.ata,  and  I'inyaree.  The  Indus 
enters  the  sea  by  a  great  number  of  motiths.  the  principal 
of  which  are  the  Pittee.  Hujareme,  Khediwaree.  Kubiw.aree, 
Sir,  and  Koree.  The  latter  is  7  miles  wide  and  20  feet  deep, 
and  is  properly  an  arm  of  the  sea.  The  Delta  extends  from 
the  ocean  to  Hyderabad,  and  from  Kurachee  to  Luckput- 
Bunder,  being  about  130  miles  in  extreme  length  and  breadth. 
On  the  b.anks  of  the  Indus  are  the  towns  of  Moor.  lA'h,  Is- 
kardo,  Attock,  Kala-Bagh.  Dera-Ismaeel-Khan.  Dera-Ghazee- 
Khan,  Bukkur,  Leia,  Mittun-Kote,  Roree-I$ukkur.  Sukkur, 
Sepwan,  Hyderabad,  Meanee.  Tattah,  Ghara,  Bundor-A'ik- 
kur,  and.  at  its  N.  entrance,  Kurachee.  Its  source  is  sup- 
posed to  he  18,000  feet  above  the  sea,  its  bed  at  Leh  10.000 
feet,  and  at  Attock,  940  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  1000  feet 
almve  tiie  ocean  level,  800  feet  across,  60  feet  in  depth,  and 
has  a  current  of  6  miles  an  hour.  Here  it  is  crossed  by  two 
i)ridges  of  boats.  Below  this  point  it  runs  with  great  ve- 
locity, mostly  between  higli  cliffs,  (in  one  place  700  feet  in 
elevation,)  as  far  as  Kala-Bagh.  after  which  its  course  is 
through  a  level  country,  with  a  breadth  u.sually  varying 
from  one-fourth  of  a  mile  to  upwards  of  1  mile,  and  an 
aveiage  velocity  of  from  2  to  3  miles  an  hour.  During  thft 
season  when  it  is  lowest,  tides  are  perceptible  upward  to 
about  25  miles  below  Tattah,  or  75  miles  from  tlie  ocean. 
The  mean  annual  discharge  of  water  is  supposed  to  be 
150.212.079.642  tons,  a  large  proportion  of  its  waters  being 
consumed  in  irri.ration  and  evaponition.  The  Indus  is 
navigable  from  the  sea  as  high  as  the  influx  of  the  Cabool 
River,  near  Attock.  942  miles,  and  its  tributaries  are  mostly 
navigable  to  the  footof  the  mountains;  but  the  channel  is  so 
encumbered  by  shifting  banks  as  to  be  only  adapted  for 
steamers  and  vessels  of  comparatively  small  draught.  The 
(laviid,  or  long-snouted  alligator,  is  numerous  in  the  river,  and 
the  common  alligator  is  found  in  its  lagoons.  'J'he  buliin.  a 
cetacean,  is  also  abundant.  Fi.sh.  especially  thepidla.  a  species 
of  carp,  are  very  abundant,  and  form  a  cliief  article  of  food  for 
the  natives.  The  country  immediately  adjacent  to  its  banks, 
in  its  Delta  especially,  is  of  high  fertility,  but.  at  no  great  dis- 
tance on  either  side,  this  region  is  flanked  by  a  bare  desert; 
and  wood  fuel  is  everywhere  so  scarce,  that  there  is  little 
immediate  prospect  of  making  the  Indus  a  high  route  for 
steam  navigation,  unless  the  coal  recently  discovered  near  it 
in  the  Punjab  and  Afghanistan  should  prove  to  be  suitable 
in  quality  and  in  adequate  quantity  for  the  undertaking. 

INDUSTAN  or  INDUSTHAN.     See  Hixdostan. 

IN'BUSTRY,  a  post^township  of  Franklin  co..  Maine,  on 
both  sides  of  Sandy  River,  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  A  ugusta. 

IXM)USrRV,  a  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,38  miles  below  Pittsburg. 
I'opubition.  702. 

INDUSTRY,  a  post-office  of  Austin  co.,  Texas. 

INDUSTRY,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  4  miles  below  Cincinnati,  contains  a  stove 
foundry. 

INDU.'^TIiY,  a  post-township  of  McDonough  Co.,  Illinois. 

INDUSTRY,  a  post-villaire  of  Canada  liast,  co.  of  Berthior, 
42  mill's  N.N.E.  of  MontreaL  It  contains  several  stores  and 
a  foundry. 

303 


INE 


INN 


ISEBOLI.ee'tifh-bonoe,  or  AIXABOL,  (ATnahol.)  I'liJ-bor, 

gtac.  f'^nop'iilis?)  a  lUiiritime  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on   the 
lacl<  Sea.  72  miles  W.S.'NV.  of  Sinope.   Pop.  from  20U0  to  3000. 

INFKKUM  MAIIE.     See  Tyrrhexe  Sea. 

lNFICI<1X.\DiJ,  een-fe-se-o-nd/do,  a  village  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vinee  of  MinasGeraes,  12  miles  X.  of  Mariana.      Pop.  4500. 

IXGATESTONK,  ing'gAt-stone,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of 
Essex,  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  6  miles  S.W.  of 
Chelmsford. 

INGELKINOEN,  ing'el-fing'en.  a  town  of  'Wiirtemburg, 
on  the  Kocher,  43  miles 'N.N.k!  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  1500. 

IXGELIIHIM,  ing'fMnme\  (Xieder,  nee'der,  and  O'uer,') 
two  contiguous  market-towns  of  Germany,  in  Ilesse-Darm- 
stadt.  province  of  Khein-Hessen.  on  the  Selz,  near  its  intiu.x 
into  the  Rhine,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mentz.  Pop.  of  the  former, 
2000:  of  the  latter.  2212. 

XXGELMUNSTER,  iug'Hel-mtinVtgr.  a  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  7  i  miles  X .  of  Courtrai.  Pop.  59()5. 

IXGEX,  ing'Hfn,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Qelder- 
land,  6  liiiles  X.  of  Tiel.     Pop.  1000. 

IXGENDOIIL,  ing'en-d61\  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  2  miles  S.W.  of  Schwytz,  on  the  Muotta. 
Pop.  1592. 

IXGEXIIEIM,  lng'en-hime\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  near 
Bergzabern.     I'op.  loal. 

IXGEXIO,  een-H;l'ne-o,  a  town  of  the  Canary  Island.i,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  island  of  Gran  Cannria,  at  the  junction  of 
two  small  streams  which  form  the  Guadadeque.     Pop.  2887. 

IXGEXOK,  iug'en-o'eh,  an  Island  of  Xorway,  province  of 
Finmark.  in  the  -\rctic  Ocean,  30  miles  S.W.  of  North  Cape. 

IXGERSIIEIM,  ing'ers-hime\  (Fr.  pron.  ^N'^^zhjR^zSm'.)  a 
market-town  of  France,  department  of  Uaut-Rhin,  3  miles 
N.AV.  ofColmar.     Pop.  2268. 

IXGERSOLL.  ing'gher-sol,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
of  Oxford,  15  miles  N.X.E.  of  LiOndon.  It  contains  several 
stores  and  hotels. 

IN'GESTRIE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

IXGESU,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Ixjeh-soo. 

IXG1I.A..M,  ing'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

IXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IXGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

INGII.\M,  ing'am,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Michi- 
gan, contains  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Grand 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Red  Cedar  and  Sycamore  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  heavily  timbered.  The  soil  is 
productive.  Mines  of  iron  and  coal  have  been  found  in  the 
county.  This  county  contains  Lansing,  the  capital  of  the 
State.  Named  in  honor  of  Samuel  D.  Ingham,  secretary  of 
the  treasury  under  President  Jackson.  Capital,  Masou. 
Population,  17,435. 

IXGHAM,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ingham  co., 
Michigan.     I'op.  lltil. 

ING'HAM  CEX'TRE,  a  post-village  of  Ingham  co.,  Michi- 
gan, in  the  above  township.     It  has  a  steam  saw  mill. 

IXGIIK-NOK,  in\'h^h-noR',  or  I.NGIIE-XOOH,  in'ghJh- 
noor',  a  lake  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  90  miles  W.N.W.  of  the 
Lake  of  Koko-Xor.  It  is  18  miles  long  by  10  miles  broad, 
and  flows  into  Lake  Koko-Xor  by  the  Poocapira,  (Poucapira.) 
•    INGIIILT1-;RRA,  IXGLATEJCRA.    See  England. 

IXGIGHIS  or  IXGIGHIZ.    See  Indjighiz. 

IXGLKBY  ARXCLIFFE,  ing'ghgl-be  arn'klifT,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

INGLEBY  GREEX'HOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 
Several  townships  of  England  are  named  Inoiebt. 

INGLES.  INGLESE.    See  England. 

INGLESHA.M,  ing'ghflz-am,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of 
■Wilts  and  Berks. 

IX'GLESIDE,  a  post-offlce  of  Hardin  co..  Tennessee. 

IXOLESIDE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Kentucky. 

IXGLETuX,  ing'ghfl-tfln,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York.  West  Riding.  9i  miles  X.W.  of  Settle,  on  the 
Leeds  and  East  Lancashire  Railway.  In  the  chapelry  are 
some  curious  caves,  and  Ingleton  (or  Ingleborough)  Hill, 
2361  feet  in  height. 

IXGODA,  in-go'd3,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Ir- 
kootsk,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  300  miles,  joins  the 
Onon  to  form  the  Shilka  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Amoor. 

IXGOLDKSTIIORPE,  ing'gglz-thorp,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Norfolk. 

IXGOLDMELLS.  ing'g9ld-mJlz,  a  maritime  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Lincoln. 

IXGOT^DSBY.ing'gplz-be,  a  parishof  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

INGOLSTADT,  ing'ol-T?t.att\  or  ing/g9l-8tatt\  a  fortified 
town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube.  35 
miles  S.>\  .  ol  Iliitisbon.  Pop.  19,398,  of  whom  about  2000  are 
military.  It  is  well  built,  and  stponglv  fortified  by  new  works, 
since  destroyed  by  the  French,  in  1800.  It  has"  7  churches, 
In  one  of  which  the  famous  General  Tillv  is  buHed :  a  roval 
palace,  several  hospitals,  and  manv  charitable  institutions 
Its  university,  founded  in  1472.  (and  at  which,  in  the  six- 
leentb  century,  the  celebrated  Urban  Regius  stu<lied,  under 
the  nmne  of  Faustus.)  was  transferred  in  ISOO  to  Landshut 
and  afterwanls  to  .Munich.  The  trade  of  Ingolstadt  has  de- 
cayed, and  it  has  now  only  a  few  manufactures  of  cloth, 
playlug-c.-irds.  and  leather.  I 

MM 


INGOOL.  IXOnUL,  or  IXGUL.  in-gool',  a  river  of  Russifl, 
government  of  Kherson,  rises  N.  of  Yelisavetgrad.  and  flows 
S.  into  the  Bug  near  Xikolaiev,  after  a  course  of  150  miles. 

IXGOOLETS.  INOOULETS,  or  IXGULETZ,  in-goo-lfts', 
a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Kherson,  rises  X.  of  Yelisa.- 
vetgrad,  and  fiows  S.,  into  the  Dnieper,  8  miles  N.E.  of 
Kherson,  length  220  miles. 

INGOOR,  IXGOUR,  or  IXGUR,  in  gooR/,  written  also 
IXGURI  and  INGOURI,  in-goo'fee.  a  riverof  Russia,  ri.ses  on 
the  S.  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  fiows  W.S.W.,  and  fall?  into  the 
Black  Sea.     Total  course,  70  miles. 

INGOUVILLE.  ftNo'gooVeel',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  1  mile  N.  of  Havre.  Pop. 
in  1852,  14,378.  It  stands  on  a  slope,  commanding  a  fine 
view  of  the  Seine,  and  has  numerous  villas  of  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Havre,  chemicjil  works  and  sutrar  refineries. 

IXGOYGE.M,  ing'iioi-iiJm\  or  IXGOYGHEM.  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  8  miles  E.  of  Courtrai. 
Pop.  2205. 

IXG'R  AIIAil,  a  postoffice  of  Columbia  co..  Pennsylvania. 

IXGRAHA.M  PRAIRIE,  a  posfcoffice  of  Clay  co.,  Tenr 
nessee. 

IN'GRAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

IN'GRAM'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Lauderdale 
CO.,  Alabama. 

INGRAMSDORF,  ing'rams-doRf\  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  with  a  station  on  the  Breslau  and  Freiburg  Rail- 
road, 22  miles  from  Breslau. 

INGRANDE,  ^N^^rfiNd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  Loire,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Angers. 
Pop.  1452. 

IX'GRAVE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex.    . 

IXGRf;,  jN^'gra',  a  village  of  F'rance,  department  of  Loiret, 
4  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  in  1852.  2265. 

JNGRIA,  in'gre-i.  {Ger.Ingermunntand,  ing'fr-m3nn-l3nt,') 
an  old  province  of  Russia,  now  forms  part  of  the  govern- 
ment of  St.  Pefersliurg. 

INGROWITZ.  in'gro-ftits',  a  markettown  of  Moravia,  32 
miles  N.E.  of  Iglau.     Pop.  1390. 

INGUINIEL,  SN°^ghee'ne-^l',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lorient.     Pop.  2204. 

INGUL,  and  IXGULETZ.    See  Ingool,  and  Ingoolets. 

INGUR  or  IXGURI.     See  Ingoor. 

IXGWILLER,  i.N«\een.aia'.  or  HEXGWILLER,  hSN"'- 
veeriaiR/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin.  on  the 
Moder.  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Saverne.     Pop.  2000. 

IXG'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

IXHAMBAXorlNHAMBANE,  een-dm-bdn'.  a  Portuguese 
maritime  town  of  East  Africa,  near  the  mouth  of  the  In- 
hamban  River,  N.  of  Cape  Corrientes,  and  200  miles  N.E. 
of  Delagoa  Bay.  It  has  a  harbor,  a  fort,  and  1000  liouses. 
Its  trade  is  mostly  in  ivory  and  beeswax.  The  Inhamban 
River  lias  a  S.E.  course  of  150  miles. 

INHAMBUPE,  een-ydm-boo'pA.  a  market-town  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  90  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bahia,  on  the  river  Inham- 
bupe.     Pop.  of  the  district,  300(1. 

INIIAUJI.\,  een-jdw'ml,  a  villaze  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro.     Pop.  2000. 

IXIA,  ee'ne-d,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Tomsk, 
rises  in  lat.  64°  X.,  Ion.  87°  E.,  and  joins  the  Obi  near  Kolyvan. 

INIESTA.    See  Hiniesta. 

INISHEERjINISIIMAIN,  and  INISUMORE.  SeeARRAN 
Islands. 

IXJEH-SOO,  IX.TEH-SU  or  IXGE-SU.  in/jeh-soo/,  a  town 
of  Asia  Minor,  pa.shalic  of  Karamani.i.  in  a  i-avine.  13  miles 
S.W.  of  Kaisareeyoh.  It  has  about  750  tireek  and  the  same 
number  of  Mohammedan  residences,  2  churches,  numerous 
grottoes,  and  a  handsome  khan.  It  is  governed  by  a  special 
officer  sent  from  Constantinople. 

IXJERAM,  in-jeh-r^m',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Rajahmundry,  on  the  N. 
branch  of  the  Godavery,  at  its  delta. 

IXKBER'HOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

IXKEKMAN.  ink-er-m3n',  (anc.  Diiros,'t)  a  village  and  sea- 
port of  South  Russia,  in  the  Crimea,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Sim- 
feropol. It  was  once  a  celebrated  city,  and  has  numerous 
caverns  cut  in  the  rock,  supposed  to  be  the  work  of  the 
monks  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Near  this  place.  November  5th, 
1854,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Inkerman.  between  the  allied 
English  and  French  forces  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Russians 
on  the  other.  The  former  amounting  to  26,000  or  30.000, 
the  latter  (as  is  estimated.)  to  above  60.000.  The  Russians 
began  the  attack  at  dawn  of  day,  upon  the  entrenched  lines 
of  the  English,  but  after  a  fierce  and  sanguinary  contest  of 
many  houi's,  inflicting  great  loss  on  both  sides,  they  wer« 
compelled  at  length  to  retire. 

INK'I'EX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

IX'LAND,  a  post-ofHce  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio. 

INLAND,  a  post-office  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa 

INLAND,  a  post-office  of  Greenwood  co,,  Kansas. 

IN'MANVILLE,  a  village  of  IVovidence  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
about  25  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  I'iovidenc»  It  contains  a, 
scythe  factory. 

INN,  inn,  (anc.  (E'nus.)  a  river  of  Central  Europe,  and 
one  of  the  principal  iiffluents  of  the  Danube,  rises  in  tho 


•INN 


INV 


Engadinft,  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Orisons,  flows 
moRtly  N.E.,  through  the  Tyrol  and  Havana,  and  joins  the 
Danube  at  Passau.  Totiil  course  estimated  at  250  miles.  In 
a  part  of  its  course  it  forms  the  W.  frontier  of  Upper  A  ustria. 
On  its  hanks  are  the  towns  of  Imst,  Innspruck,  Kut'st^in, 
VVasserhurg,  JlUhldorf,  and  Scharstein.  It  is  navigable 
from  Hall,  near  Innspruck. 

IXNACONDA,  in-na-kon'd.a,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  district,  and  .52  miles  S.W.  of  Guntoor. 

INNERBKllG,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Eisenerz. 

IX'N'ERKl)',  a  maritime  pari.sh  and  burgh  of  barony  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Kenfrew,  on  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  4?  miles 
S.W.  of  Greenock.  Pop.  of  burgh,  431.  Near  it  are  ruins  of 
Beveral  old  baronial  aistles;  and  at  Cloch  I'oint  stands  a 
light-house,  SO  feet  in  elevation. 

INNEKLElTlIEN.in'nfr-lee'THen.orlX'VERLEI'TIIEN, 
a  parish  and  watering-place  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  bi  miles. 
E.S.E.  of  Peebles.  Pop.  about  1000.  It  is  the  "  St.  Honan's 
Well"  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  Traquair  House,  the  seat  of  the 
noble  fiimily  of  Traquair,  stands  in  its  immediate  vicinity. 

INNERSTE,  in'n^^r-steh,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in  the 
Harz  Mountains,  in  Hanover,  and  joins  the  Leine  after  a 
course  of  nearly  60  miles. 

IN'NERAVICK  or  IN'VERWICK,  a  maritime  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington. 

INNICHKN.  in'niK-en,  (unc.  AgunHum,)  a  village  of  the 
Tyrol,  on  the  Drave,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Lientz.     Pop.  950. 

IN'NINGEN,  a  village  of  Germany,  near  Augsburg,  with 
a  station  on  the  railway  from  Augsburg  to  ICaufbeuren. 

IN^IS.  a  Celtic  word  signifying  '-island,"  forming  the 
part  of  many  names  in  Ireland. 

IN'NISUEG^,  numerous  small  islands  1)elonging  to  Ireland, 
near  Dunmore  Head  and  other  headlands. 

IN\\ISin;'GlL  or  IN'NIS151G'(}LE,  an  island  of  Achil 
Sound.  Irilaiid,  co.  of  Mayo,  about  Ij  miles  long. 

IX'NISl!v)l'''FIN,  or  BOF'FIX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Mayo,  comprising  the  island  of  the  same  name, 
3  miles  N.N.W.  of  Claggan  Point.  On  its  S.  coast  is  an 
excellent  harlwr. — Innisbuffin  is  the  name  of  several  islands 
of  Ireland,  cos.  of  Donegal  and  Longford. 

IN'XISCAI/riIRA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cos.  of  Clare  and 
Qalway.     Holy  Island  (in  Lough  Derg)  is  in  this  parish. 

IX'NISCAll'R A,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

IXXISCARRA,  a  small  island  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  1} 
miles  S.  of  Arran. 

INXISCATTKRY.  io-nis-kat/te-re  or  SCATTERY,  an  is- 
land of  Ireland,  in  the  estuary  of  the  Shannon,  co.  of  Clare, 
2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kilrush.  Area,  100  acres.  It  was  formerly 
a  stronghold  of  the  Danes,  during  their  descents  upon  Ire- 
land :  and  it  is  in  a  great  part  covered  with  the  ruins  of 
eccle.siastical  and  other  edifices. 

IX^XISFAl/LEN,  a  .small  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry, 
m  the  Lower  Lake  of  Killarney,  beautifully  wooded. 

IN^XISHAX'XOX,  a  decayed  inland  town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.,  and  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cork,  on 
the  Bandon,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  Pop.  of  the 
town,  625. 

IX'NISHAR'GIE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  la  Ulster,  co.  of 
iKjwn. 

IX^XISHARK'.  an  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Slayo,  imme- 
diately S.W.  of  Innisbnflin.     Circuit,  about  4  miles. 

IX^XtSHERE',  an  island  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Galway.  .soparatod  by  the  South  Sound  from 
the  county  of  Clare,  distant  6  miles. 

IX'XISilERK'lX.  or  SHER'KIX,  an  island  of  Ireland,  at 
the  entrance  of  Baltimore  Bay,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 
Pop.  102(i 

IXNISHGRIL.  in^nish-gheel',  an  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Oalway.  in  Lough  Corrib,  4  miles  S.  of  Cong. 

IXXISKEA.  in^iis-kil',  two  islands  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo,  Id  miles  X.X.E.  of  Achil  Head. 

IXWISKEEL'  or  IX'ISHKEEl/,  a  maritime  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulstor,  co.  of  Donegal. 

IXXISKKEL.  a  sm.all  island  of  Ireland,  in  the  above 
pari^ili.  in  (Juibarrv  Bay.  • 

IXWISMACSAIXT'  or  EX^XISMACSATXT',  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulster,  cos.  of  Fermanagh  and  Donegal. 

IX^XISMAGRATII',  a  parLsh  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co. 
of  Leitrim. 

IX'XIS.MUR'RAY.  a  small  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo, 
Hear  the  S.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Donegal  Bay,  about  13 
miles  X.W.  of  Sligo. 

IXXISTOGUK.  inMiis-t<5g',  a  disfranchised  parliamentary 
borough.  maiki!t>town.  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Kilkenny,  on  the  Xore.  here  crossed  by  a  handsome 
bridge  of  ten  arches,  8  miles  N.X.W.  of  New  Koss.  Pop.  of 
the  town.  956. 

IX'XISTURK'.  an  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo,  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  4^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Clare  Island,  and  6  miles 
W^.  of  the  mainland.  It  is  2  miles  long,  by  about  ly  broad. 
Pop.  500. 

IXXSPRUCK.  ins'prCfik,  or  IXXSBRUCK,  (InnsbrUck.) 
ami/priik,  (i.  e.  the  "  Bridge  of  the  Inr ,")  (anc.  jE'rtipiins.)  the 
•apital  city  of  the  Tyrol,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Sill,  into  the 
luii,  here  crossed  by  a  long  wooden  bridge,  84  miles  N.N.E. 


of  Trent.  Pop.  12,800.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  new  tow» 
and  five  suburbs,  the  latter  better  built  and  more  exten.=!iv« 
than  the  city  proper.  The  houses  are  mostly  4  or  5  storlet 
in  height,  and  in  the  Italian  style.  The  principal  edificea 
are  the  Franciscan  church,  containing  tombs  of  the  Em 
peror  Maximilian,  (who,  however,  was  not  buried  there.)  )f 
the  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  the  Tyrol,  and  his  wile,  of  Holer, 
&c. ;  several  other  fine  churches,  the  palace  with  public  gar- 
dens stretching  along  the  Inn,  and  an  old  palace,  now  used 
for  public  offices.  The  University,  founded  in  1672.  has  24 
professors,  and  about  400  students,  a  library  of  40.000  vo- 
lumes, various  museums,  a  botanic  garden,  a  gymnasium, 
and  normal  school;  the  Ferdinandeum.  a  museum  rich  in 
all  the  productions  of  art  and  nature  within  the  limits  of 
Tyrol,  a  seminary  for  noble  ladies,  provincial  house  of  cor- 
rection, council  chambers,  town-hall,  theatre,  and  a  hand- 
some ball-room.  A  statue  of  Joseph  II..  and  a  triumphal 
arch  raised  by  Maria  Theresa,  are  among  the  most  con- 
spicuous ornaments  of  the  city.  Innspruck  lias  manufactures 
of  silk,  woollen,  and  cotton  goods,  leather,  glass,  cutlery,  and 
sealing-wax,  and  a  considerable  trade  with  Italy,  and  coun- 
tries N.  of  the  Alps.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  state  assem- 
bly, and  other  superior  departments  of  the  public  service  for 
the  Tyrol  and  A'orarlberg.  I  n  1848.  the  Emperor  of  Austria 
took  refuge  here,  after  his  first  flight  from  Vienna. 

IX'XY,  a  river  of  Ireland,  ia  Lehister,  rises  in  Lough 
Sheeland,  flows  S.W.,  and  falls  into  Lough  I'ee. 

IXXYCOTTA,  in'ne-kofta,  HIXGHEXGHAUT  or  HIN- 
GUXGH.^UT,  hinVtin-gawt/,  a  laige  comimercial  town  of 
Central  India,  47  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xagpoor. 

IX-OGIII,  in-o'ghee.  a  large  villase  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Ana- 
tolia. 26  miles  X.  of  Kutaieh,   with  remarkable  caverns. 

IXOKA,  ee^no'k(5h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Heves,  12 
miles  from  Szolnok.     Pop.  1198. 

IXOWRAZLAW  or  IXOWRA'CLAW,  e-nov-ritsiav,  (Ger. 
Jung  Breslau,  yCOng  br^s'ldw.)  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Posen,  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bromberg.  Pop.  5660,  among 
whom  are  2000  Jews.  It  has  several  churches,  a  convent,  a 
synagogue,  a  hospital,  and  distilleries. 

INtJUISIVI,  een-ke-se-vee',  a  town  of  Bolivia,  province  of 
La  Paz.  on  a  plateau,  in  the  mountains  of  Cocasuyo. 

IXSAL.\II,  a  town  of  Algeria.     See  Ainsal.\H. 

INSARA,  in-sd'ra,  or  INSAR,  in-saR/,  a  town  of  Hussia, 
government,  and  57  miles  X.X.W.  of  Penza.     Pop.  4730. 

IXSCH,  inch,  a  pari.sh  and  burgh  of  barony  of  Scotland 
CO.,  and  26  miles  X.W.  of  .\berdeen.     Pop.  in  1851,  1519. 

IXSELX  DES  GRUNEN  VORGKBIRGES,  ("Islands  of 
the  Green  Promontory.")    See  Cape  Verb  Islands. 

IX'SKIP,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

IXSTER,  in'stgr.  a  river  of  East  Prussia,  unites  with  the 
Angerap  forming  the  Pregel  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

IXSTERBURG,  ins'ter-bdORG',  H  town  of  E.ast  Prussia,  18 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Gumbinnen,  at  the  confluence  of  the  An- 
gerap and  Inster,  which  here  receives  the  name  of  Pregel. 
Pop.  9700.  It  has  a  castle,  a  high  school,  Lutheran  and  Cal- 
vinist  churches,  a  normal  school,  and  several  breeding  studs, 
with  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  stockings, 
leather,  and  earthenwares. 

IN'STOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

IXSUA,  een'soo-S,  a  mountain  rauge  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Matto-G  rosso,  near  the  W.  bank  of  the  Paraguay.  A 
ravine  at  the  bottom  of  this  range  separates  it  from  the 
Serra  dos  Dourados.  and  furnishes  an  outlet  for  lakes  Man- 
diore.  Gahiba,  and  Uberaba. 

INTEMKLIUM  ALBIUM.    See  ViNTijhGLlA. 

IXTHRAMXA.     SeeTERNi. 

IX'TERCOURSE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 12  miles  E.  of  Lancaster  City. 

IXTERCOURSE,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

IXTERL.\CIIEX,  in'tfr-HKVn,  or  IXTERLAKEX,  a  vil- 
lage of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  Aar.  between  the 
lakes  Thun  and  Brienz,  (whence  its  name.)  The  village  Is 
a  collection  of  white-washed  lodging-houses,  but  is  much  re- 
sorted to  in  summer,  and  has  a  subscription  reading-room 
and  library.  The  rich  abbey  of  Int4?rlachen  was  suppressed 
in  the  sixteenth  century. 

IXTEKXUM  MARE.    See  Meoiterranean  Sea. 

IXTRA,  in'tri,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Novara, 
province,  and  1  j  miles  N.E.  of  Pallanza,  on  the  W.  side  of 
Lago  Maggiore.     Pop.  3743 

IXTRAGXA.,  in-tran'ya.(L./Mfra'nta.)  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  about  36  miles  N.  of  Xovara.     Pop.  1242. 

IXTROBBIO.  in-trobTje-o,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  20 
miles  X.F;.  of  Como.     Pop.  744. 

IXTRODACQUA,  in-tro-ddk'kwl.a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  4  mUes  S.S.W.  of  Sulmona 
Pop.  4000. 

IXT'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IX'VER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

IXVER,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mayo, 
55  miles  N.E.  of  Belmullet. 

INVERALLOCHY,  in-vfr-al-loK'ee.  a  village  of  Scotland 
CO.  of  Aberdeen,  S.W.  of  Fraserburgh.     Pop.  about  500. 

IXVERAR'ITY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

INVEKARY,  in-vgr-i'ree,  a  royal  parliamentary  and  muni- 

905 


""=11 


INV 

«iple  burgh  and  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  co. 
of  Acgyle.  on  a  bay  on  the  W.  shore  of  Loch  Fyne,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  in 
1851,  .064;  of  the  royal  burgh.  1164.  The  borough  unites 
with  Carapbelton,  Oban,  and  Irvine  in  sending  one  member 
to  th-3  House  of  Commons.  AV.  of  the  town  is  Inverary  Cas- 
tle, the  chief  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Argyle. 

i;\YERAVEN,  in'ver-i'ven,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of 
Bacff  and  Elgin,  2i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Knockando.  Here  are 
numerous  antiquities,  including  three  Druidical  temples, 
and  a  ca.stle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

IXVEKBEKA'IE,  a  town  of  Scotland.    See  BERvrE. 

INVERCHAOLAIN,  JuVgr-ka-olAn',  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Argvle. 

IX'VERESK',  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edin- 
burgh, comprising  the  village  of  Inveresk,  where  is  a  station 
of  the  North  British  Railway. 

IN^VERGOK'DON,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Cromarty,  12  miles  N.E. 
of  Dingwall.     Pop.  1000. 

INn'EROOW'RIE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  on 
the  Frith  of  Tay,  2^  miles  W.  of  Dundee. 

INVliRKEILOR,  inVer-keelor,  a  maritime  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

INVERKEITIIIN'G,  in-ver-kee'THing,  a  royal  parliamen- 
tary and  municipal  burgh,  and  seaport  town  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  10  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  burgh,  1852. 
It  has  a  tolerable  harbor,  adapted  for  vessels  of  200  tons, 
several  schools  and  public  libraries;  and  near  it  are  some 
foundries,  mills,  tanneries,  brickworks,  and  a  ship-building 
yard.  The  burgh  unites  with  South  Queensferry,  Dun- 
fermline, Culross,  and  Stirling  in  sending  one  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons.  One  mile  W.  is  the  ruined  castle  of 
Kosyth. 

INVERKEITHNIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff. 

INVERLOCHY,  a  castle  of  Scotland.     See  Maryborough. 

INVERNESS,  inVer-nJss',  (formerly  INNERNESS,)  a 
royal  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh,  seaport  town, 
and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  a  county,  and  of  the  North 
Highlands,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ness,  within  9  miles  of  its 
Influx  into  the  Moray  Frith,  and  here  crossed  by  two  bridges. 
82  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Aberdeen.  Pop.  of  parliamentary 
burgh,  in  1851,  12,793;  of  the  royal  burgh,  9969.  Mean 
annual  temperature,  46°;  summer,  67°;  winter,  35°  Fahren- 
heit. It  stands  in  a  beautiful  plain,  near  the  Caledonian 
Canal,  on  which  are  wharves  for  loading  and  unloading 
goods.  The  prieipal  edifices  are  the  High  Church,  county 
buildings  on  Castle  Hill,  the  "lins  of  a  citadel  built  by 
Cromwell  in  1652-7,  2  endowed  academies,  other  schools,  au 
Infirmary,  dispensary,  town-hall,  jail,  mechanics'  institute, 
various  libraries,  public  reading-rooms,  the  Custom-house, 
and  Exchange.  Three  newspapers  are  published  in  Inver- 
ness. It  has  manufactures  of  linens,  plaidings,  woollen 
stuffs,  and  hemp,  with  ship-building  docks,  breweries,  dis- 
tilleries, and  tanneries.  The  principal  exports  are  oats,  wool, 
and  sheep;  imports,  coal,  hemp,  tar,  and  miscellaneous 
goods.  Regular  traders  ply  to  Aberdeen,  Leith,  and  Lon- 
don, on  the  E.  coast;  and  on  the  W.  coast,  by  means  of  the 
canal,  to  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and  Ireland.  The  burgh 
unites  with  Forres,  Fortrose,  and  Nairn  in  sending  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Inverness  is  very  an- 
cient, and  was  the  capital  of  the  Picti.<!h  kingdom  in  the 
sixth  century.  Itisuffered  severely  from  an  inundation  of 
the  Ness,  in  1848. 

INn^ERNESS'  or  INVERNESS-SHIRE,  inVer-nJss'shir, 
a  large  maritime  and  Highland  county  of  Scotland,  extend- 
ing across  the  island  from  sea  to  sea.  having  N.Moray  Frith 
and  Ros.s-shire,  and  W.  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  comprises 
also  some  of  the  Western  Islands,  of  which  Skye  is  the  prin- 
cipal. Area,  4054  square  miles,  of  which  about  one-half  is 
susceptible  of  cultivation.  Pop.  in  1851,  96,600.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  rugged,  and  well  wooded.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Spey,  Ne.«s,  Beauly,  Lochy,  Garry,  and 
Glass.  Lakes  are  numerous.  In  some  parts  good  wheat,  and 
considerable  quantities  of  oats  are  raised ;  but  it  is  chiefly 
a  pastoral  county,  black  cattle,  sheep,  and  wool  being  its 
principal  exports.  The  county  is  traversed  the  whole  of  its 
length  from  S.AV.  to  N.E.  by  the  Caledonian  Canal.  The 
principal  town  is  Inverne.«s.  the  capital.  The  county  sends 
one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  Highland  char- 
acter and  the  Gaelic  language  predominate  in  the  county. 

INVERNESS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Livingston  co.,  New  York. 

INVKRNESS,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

INVERNESS,  a  village  of  Mackinac  co.,  Michigan,  on  She- 
boygan River,  18  miles  S.  of  Mackinac.  Large  quantities  of 
pine  lumber  are  sawn  here. 

INVERNKSS,  a  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  occupying  the 
W.N.W.  portion  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  Capital,  Port 
Hood.    Pop.  in  1851, 16,917. 

INVERNIA.    See  Ireland. 

INVERSNAID.  inVer-snild',  a  hamlet  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Stirling,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Loch  Lomond,  where  there  is  an 
inn,  ruins  of  a  fort,  and  a  picturesque  cascade. 
INVERUGIE,  inVyr-oo'ghee,  an  ancient  castle  of  Scotland, 
906 


ION 


cos.  of  Aberdeen  and  Banff,  parish  of  St.  Fergus,  2|  miles 
N.AV.  of  Peterhead. 

INVERUNO,  in-vA-roo'no,  or  INVRUNO,  in-vroo^no,  a 
village  of  Northern  Italy,  17  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Milan.  Pop. 
1761. 

I  WERU'RY  or  INVERURIE,  a  royal  pnriiamentarj'  and 
municipal  burgh  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  16"N.'Vr. 
of  Aberdeen,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dee  and  Ury,  here 
crossed  by  two  substantial  bridges.  Pop.  of  parliamentary 
burgh,  in  1851.  2264;  of  the  royal  burgh,  2084.  The 
burgh  unites  with  Banff,  Cullen.  Kintore,  and  Peterhead  in 
sending  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives 
the  title  of  baron  to  the  Earl  of  Kintore.  whose  seat,  Keith 
Hall,  stands  near  the  town.  The  Aberdeen  Canal  terminates 
at  Port  Fjiphinstone,  near  Inverury.  S.W.  of  the  town 
stands  a  handsome  building,  formerly  the  Roman  Catholic 
college  of  Aquhorties. 

INVES/TIGATOR  ISLANDS,  a  group  off  the  S.  coast  of 
Australia,  in  lat.33°  45'  S..  Ion.  134°  30'  E.,  comprising  Flin- 
ders Island,  and  several  islets. 

INVESTIGATOR  STRAIT,  of  South  Australia,  between 
Kangaroo  Island  and  York  Peninsula,  about  25  miles  across, 
connects  Spencer  Gulf  with  the  Indian  Ocean. 

INVORIO  INFERIORS,  in-vo're-o  in-tS-re-o'ri,  or  INVO- 
RIO  MAGGIORE.  (rndd-jo/rA.)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  about  3  miles  from  Arona.     Pop.  23.33. 

INVORIO  SUPERIORS,  (soo-p.'\-re-o'rd.)  or  MINORE,  (me- 
no'r.i.)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  about  3  miles  from 
Arona.     Pop.  543. 

INnVARDLEIGH.  a  parish  of  England.'  co.  of  Devon. 

INWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  F^ssex. 

INYAN  REAKAH.  in'ydn  reH'kL  ("River  of  the  Rock,") 
a  river  which  rises  in  the  Minnesota  Territory,  and  flowing 
through  the  N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  falls  into  the  Sioux  River. 

INYAN  YAN'KEY  RIVEH,  of  Iowa,  rises  towards  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.W..  enters  the  Mis- 
souri in  Harrison  county.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Littus 
Sioux. 

INZAGO,  in-z2'go,  (L.  ^n<i'ci'ae!«n.)  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  of  Milan,  about  4  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Qorgon- 
zola.     Pop.  3108. 

INZER,  in'zfr(?),  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Oren- 
boorg,  rises  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  after  a  course  of 
about  150  miles,  joins  the  Belaia  about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Oofa. 

INZERSDORF,  int/sers-dorvt\  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  4 
miles  S.  of  Vienna,  on  the  Liesingbach,  and  on  the  railway 
to  Gratz.     Pop.  1360. 

INZIXZAC,  iN'V.iNo'zSk',  a  villiige  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lorient.     Pop.  2400. 

INZLINGI;N.  ints1ing-gn,  a  village  of  Baden,  near  Lor- 
rach.    Pop. 1015. 

I'ON,  a  post-office  of  Morehouse  parish,  Louisiana. 

lONA,  e-o'na,  ICOLMKILL.  ik'om-kill'.  (i.  e.  I-mitmh-lill, 
"the  Isle  of  Columba's  retreat"  or  "  cell.")  a  small  but  fa- 
mous island  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
off  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Mull.  Area,  about 
2000  acres.  Pop.  1084.  The  surface  is  rocky,  much  less 
than  half  of  it  being  arable,  and  it  has  only  one  village. 
A  church  and  manse  h.ive  been  erected  by  government 
grant.  In  the  Middle  Ages,  it  was  highly  celebrated  as  the 
seat  of  an  abbey,  founded  by  St.  Columb.  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  sixth  century,  and  which  long  remained  the 
chief  seat  of  learning  in  the  N..  and  the  centre  of  missionary 
ent^'rprise  undertaken  by  the  Culdees.  Its  ruined  cathe- 
dral or  abbey,  on  its  E.  side,  is  160  feet  in  length  by  60  in 
its  greatest  breadth,  and  like  most  of  its  other  ediiices.  is  of 
a  date  long  subsequent  to  the  introduction  of  Romanism, 
though  some  scattered  relics  are  suppo.sed  to  be  of  a  previous 
era.  St.  Oran's  Chapel  is  in  the  Saxon  style ;  St.  Mary's  and 
other  parts  are  of  a  later  architecture. 

lO'NE,  a  post-office  of  Effingham  co..  Illinois. 

lO'NI,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co..  Texas. 

IONIA,  i-o'ne-a.  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  5Iichi- 
gan,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Grand 
and  Flat  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by  Maple  and  Look- 
ing-glass Rivers,  and  by  Prairie  Creek.  The  surface  is 
gently  undulating,  and  the  soil  uniformly  fertile.  More 
than  half  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  tinibered  openings, 
which  have  a  sparse  growth  of  oak  and  hickory ;  tiie  other 
portion  is  covered  with  dense  forests.  The  streams  furnish 
sufficient  water-power  for  mills.   Capital,  lunm.  Pop.  10.682. 

IONIA,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Ionia  oo., 
Michigan,  on  Grand  River,  about  90  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  38  miles  N.W.  of  Lansing.  The  river  is  navigivble  as 
high  as  tlie  village  In  all  stages  of  water,  and  a  small  steamer 
plies  regularly  between  it  and  thecity  of  Grand  ]{apids.  Tho 
Detroit  and  Mihvaukie  Railroad  pa8.se8  througli  this  place. 
Ionia  contains  6  churches,  1  national  bank,  and  1  ue  vspaper 
office.  The  water-i)ower  of  the  river  is  employed  n  mills 
of  various  kinds.     Population.  1926. 

IONIA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois. 

IONIA,  a  village  in  Morgan  co.,  Missouri,  40  niilijs  W.  by 
S.  of  Jefferson  City. 

IONIAN  (I-o'ne-an)  ISLANDS.  (Fr.  lies  loninines,  eel  e«^ 
o'ne-6nn';  Ger.  lotiisclte  Inseln,  e-cynish-ji  insjhi;  It.  l.-Ue 


ION 

/onte^e,  t.e'so-li  e-c/ne-ki.  Sp.  J.tos  J^wicas,  eeslJs  Ho'De-kSs;) 
an  insular  frroup  situated  in  the  Mediterranean,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Greece  and  Epirus,  a  former  republic  depen- 
dent on  Great  Britain,  tetween  lat.  36°  and  40°  N.,  and 
Ion.  li>°and  23°  E.,  and  consisting  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia, 
Zante,  Santa  Maura.  Ithaca,  Paxo,  and  Cerit;o,  with  Fano, 
Merlera,  Meganisi,  Kalamo,  Servi,  Cerigotto,  and  many 
gmaller  island!?.  United  area,  1092  square  miles.  Pop. 
229,190,  nearly  all  of  Greek  descent.  Tiie  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, and  generally  covered  with  heath ;  hut  in  some  of 
the  larger  islands  are  fertile  plains.  About  half  their  sur- 
face is  under  cultivation,  yielding  wheat,  barley,  and  other 
grains ;  wine,  chiefly  grown  in  the  four  largest  islands ;  olive- 
oil,  mostly  procured  from  Corfu  and  Zante ;  currants  in 
Zante  and  Cephalonia,  and  some  cotton,  flax,  and  pulse. 
The  manufactures  consist  of  wcx)llen  fabrics  for  home  con- 
sumption, soap  in  Corfu  and  Zante,  salt  in  Zante  and  Santa 
Maura,  silk  tabrics  in  Zante.  eartlienwares,  goats'-hair  car- 
pets, linens  and  sacking.  Ship-building  is  an  important 
branch  of  industry,  and  many  of  the  population  are  occu- 
pied in  maritime  trade  and  navigation.  The  exports,  consist- 
ing chiefiy  of  the  natural  produce  of  the  islands,  amounted 
In  value,  in  1S49,  to  $1,641,531;  the  imports  in  the  same 
year  comprised  corn,  live-stock  from  Greece  and  Albania, 
woven  fabrics,  cured  fish,  colonial  produce,  Ac.  to  the  value 
0f.S3,2.33.373. 

The  government  is  vested  in  a  lord  liigh  commissioner 
appointed  by  Great  Britain,  and  a  parliament  consisting 
of  a  senate  and  legislative  assembly.  The  assembly, 
elected  for  five  years,  is  composed  of  40  members,  7  elected 
by  each  of  the  three  larger  islands,  4  by  Santa  Maura,  and 
4  by  the  remaining  islands;  the  rest  being  nominated  by 
the  lord  high  commissioner.  The  senate,  consistifig  of  five 
members,  electi'd  by  the  legislative  liody,  with  a  president 
appointed  by  the  commissioner,  has  the  executive  power, 
and  the  press  is  under  the  immediate  control  of  it  and  the 
commissioner.  Each  island  is  governed  by  a  regent,  and  a 
council  of  from  2  to  10  members,  pai'tly  elected  by  the  inha- 
bitants, and  partly  nominated  by  the  commissioner  and 
Benate ;  and  in  these  are  21  judicial  courts,  subordinate  to  a 
supreme  court  in  Corfu,  in  which  city  is  the  seat  of  parlia- 
ment and  chief  authorities.  The  estjiblished  religion  is  that 
of  the  Greek  Church.  The  armed  force  consists  of  about 
3000  British  troops,  and  4  regiments  of  native  militia;  ma- 
rine, 1  frigate  and  1  steam-packet,  (English,)  stationed  at 
Corfu  ;  and  2  steamboat-s,  be;iring  tlie  Ionian  flag,  for  com- 
municating i)etween  the  seven  islands.  Kevenue  in  1849, 
$558,032 ;  expenditures,  $(504,600.  The  principal  towns  are 
Corfu,  Zant«,  Argostoli.  and  Vathl.  These  islands  are  often 
mentioned  in  ancient  history,  but  are  only  spoken  of  singly, 
not  collectively.  They  remained  subject  to  Venice  from  138C 
to  1797.  In  1814  they  were  placed  under  British  protection. 
They  were  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Greece  in  1863.  The 
lo.M.w  I.sL.\.\DS  are  supposed  to  derive  their  name  from 
the  lonians,  (descendants  of  Ion,)  who  planted  colonies 
in  Cephalonia,  (CepluiUenia,)  and  some  other  of  these 
islands. 

I0.\ IAN  REPUBLIC.    See  Ionian  Islands. 

IONIAN  SKA,  (Vr.  Afi-r  lonienne.  uiaiR  eeVne-?nn';  Sp. 
Har  Jonieo,  man  iio'ne-ko ;  anc.  Ma're  Ii/niuni,)  that  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  between  Greece  and  European  Turkey 
on  the  K..  and  Italy  and  Sicily  on  the  W.  The  principal 
inlets  are  the  Gulf  cf  Taranto.  Squillace,  Arta,  and  I'atra«. 
It  communicates  with  the  Adriatic  Sea  i)y  the  Strait  of 
Otranto.  and  contains  all  the  Ionian  Islands  except  Cerigo. 

roS'CO.  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  border- 
ing on  Lake  Huron,  contains  about  900  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Au  Sable  Kiver.  This  county  is  not 
named  in  tlie  census  of  1850.  It  liad,  in  1800,  only  175  in- 
habitants.   It  was  originally  called  Kanotin. 

IC-'CO,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Livingston  CO., 
Michiu'an.     Pop.  770. 

lOUG,  a  river  of  Russi!\.    See  Yooo. 

IOWA,  I'o-wa.  a  river  in  the  state  of  the  same  name,  rises 
In  Hancock  county,  and  flowing  in  a  general  S.E.  direction, 
passes  by  the  .seat  of  government,  and  enters  the  Mississippi 
35  miles  above  Burlington.  The  whole  length  is  estimated 
at  over  300  n\iles.  Small  steamboats  can  ascend  as  far  as 
Iowa  City,  about  80  miles,  for  three  months  in  the  year. 

IOW.\,  a  newly-formed  state  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America.  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  is  bounded  N.  by  Minnesota 
Territory.  E.  by  the  Mississippi,  which  separates  it  from  the 
states  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  S.  by  Missouri,  and  W.  by 
Indian  Territory  and  Minnesota,  from  the  former  of  which 
It  is  f 'iparated  by  the  Missouri,  and  from  the  latter  by  the 
Great  Sioux  Kiver.  It  lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small 
projection  in  tlie  S.K.,  between  the  Ues  Moines  nnd  the 
Jlississipp'  Kiveie,  between  40°  30'  and  43°  30'  N.  lat., 
arv"  lietwi-en  90°  and  97°  W.  Ion.,  being  about  300  miles 
ia  extreme  length  from  East  to  West,  and  about  208  miles 
in  breadth,  including  an  area  estimated  at  80,914  square 
miles,  or  3J,584,960  acres,  of  wliich  only  3,792,792  were  im- 
proved in  I860.. 

Face  of  the  Cnunlry. — The  surface  of  Iowa  is  generally 
composed  of  rolling  prairies,  having  nothing  within  its 


lOW 

limits  which  approaches  a  mountain  in  elevation.  Th« 
higiiest  ground  in  the  state  is  a  plateau  in  the  N.W..  called 
'•  Cbteau  des  Prairies,"  which  enters  the  state  from  Minne- 
sota. A  small  portion  in  the  N.E.,  on  the  Mississippi,  is 
rugged  and  rocky,  and  Table  Mound,  a  conical  elevation 
with  a  flat  summit,  3  or  4  miles  from  Dubuque,  is,  perhaps, 
500  fieet  high.  The  state,  however,  may  be  generally  de- 
scribed as  a  rolling  prairie,  crossed  by  rivers  whose  banks 
are  skirted  with  wood.  There  are  said  to  >)e  some  swamps 
in  the  N.W.  poi'tion  of  the  state.  The  prairies,  though  soiao- 
times  20  miles  across,  are  rarely  more  than  5  or  10. 

Geolnc/)/. — The  great  coal-field  of  Missouri  and  Iowa,  cccn 
pying  the  centre  and  S.  parts  of  the  latter  state,  and  extend- 
ing out  in  the  form  of  a  semicircle,  is  surrounded  on  every 
side  but  tlie  S.  by  a  belt  of  upper  carboniferous  limestone. 
The  Mississippi,  on  the  S.E.  of  the  state,  lias  its  channel 
in  a  bed  of  the  lower  carboniferous  limestone.  The  great 
drift  deposits  from  Minnesota  enter  the  N.  of  Iowa.  A  nar- 
row strip  of  the  lead-iiearing  magnesian  limestone  lies  on 
the  Mississippi  to  the  N.E.,  and  is  succeeded  on  the  S.W.  first 
by  a  broad  belt  of  upper  magnesian,  and  then  by  a  second 
of  limestone  of  the  Devonian  period.  The  co.hI  veins  of  Iowa 
are  not  nearly  so  thick  as  those  of  Illinois,  being  seldom 
more  than  four  or  five  feet.  The  prairies  of  this  state  are 
sprinkled  over  with  boulders,  some  of  them  of  immense 
size.  One  measured  by  Professor  Owen  was  600  feet  in  cir- 
cumference, 12  feet  high,  and  probably  as  many  beneath 
the  soil. 

Minerah. — Iowa  is  rich  in  mineral  resources,  and  but  one- 
tenth  of  the  great  lead  region  of  the  upper  Mississippi  lies 
in  this  state.  The  ore  is  abundant,  but  lies  deeper  than  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  river.  Lead-mines  have  been  opened  in 
Dubuque  and  Clayton  counties.  Zinc  and  copper  are  also 
found  in  the  same  localities,  and  in  connection  with  the 
lead.  In  185-3,  there  were  shipped  from  Dubuiiueand  Buena 
Vista  3.256,970  pounds  of  lead.  The  great  bituminous  co.il- 
field  of  Iowa  and  Mis.souri  has  an  extent  of  near  200  miles 
from  E.  to  W.,  and  140  from  N.  to  S.,  within  the  former 
state,  and  occupying  most  of  the  central  and  S.  portions. 
Copper  has  been  recently  discovered  in  Cedar  county  in  con- 
siderable quantities. 

h'irers. — The  rolling  prairies  of  Iowa  are  furrowed  by 
several  important  rivers,  which  cross  it  in  a  S.E.  direction, 
and  help  to  swell  the  volume  of  waters  in  the  groat  Missis- 
sippi, into  which  they  discharge  themselves.  The  Des 
Moines,  the  most  important  of  these,  has  its  sources  in  Min- 
nesota, and  traversing  the  entire  state,  forms  near  its 
mouth  a  small  portion  of  the  S.E.  boundary.  Its  length  is 
aViout  450  miles,  250  of  which  are  navigable  for  light  steam- 
boats at  high  water.  The  otlier  rivers  which  flow  into  the 
Mississippi,  proceeding  in  order  northward,  are  the  Skunk, 
Iowa,  (the  lied  Cedar,  a  branch  of  the  Iowa.)  Wapsipinicon, 
Makoqueta,  Turkey,  and  Upper  Iowa.  The  Skunk  is  about 
2iX),  the  Iowa  .300,  and  the  rivers  last  named  from  100  to  200 
miles  in  length.  The  Iowa  is  navigable  for  steamboats  110, 
and  the  Cedar  Kiver  60  miles.  The  Blakoqueta  and  the 
Wapsipinicon  have  rapid  currents,  and  furnish  abundant 
water-power.  The  Missouri,  and  its  tributary,  the  Great 
Sioux,  form  the  W.  Ijoundarv.  The  Little  Sioux,  the  next 
important  tributary  of  the  Mi.ssouri  from  Iowa,  has  a  course 
of  little  more  than  100  miles.  There  are  a  few  small  lakes 
in  the  N.  and  W.  parts  of  the  state. 

Ohjecln  nf  Inte.reM  to  Toui~'ii^  —The  principal  claim  of  this 
new,  and  as  yet  scarcely  ex^,.<>red  state,  on  the  attention  of 
travellers,  must  chiefly  rest  upon  the  beauty  of  its  undu- 
lating prairies  or  its  picture.sque  landscapes.  There  are, 
however,  a  few  objects  which  may  be  classed  among  natural 
curiosities,  of  which  the  following  are  the  most  prominent. 
Numerous  sinks,  or  circular  depressions  in  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  from  10  to  20  feet  across,  are  found  in  different 
places,  and  particularly  on  Turkey  River,  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  state.  Small  mounds,  from  3  to  6  feet  high,  and  some- 
times 10  or  12  in  a  row.  are  found  on  the  same  stream,  with- 
in 10  or  15  miles  of  its  mouth.  A  cave,  several  rods  in  ex- 
tent, exists  in  Jackson  county,  from  which  flows  a  stream 
large  enough  to  turn  a  mill.  The  upper  Iowa  and  Mako- 
queta Rivers  have  worn  their  channels  through  magnesian 
limestone  rocks,  leaving,  on  the  southern  banks,  clilfs,  worn 
by  the  rain,  frost,  and  winds  into  resemblances  of  castles, 
forts.  &c. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions. — According  to  meteorolo- 
gical tables  kept  at  Muscatine,  in  1861.  by  T.  S.  Parvin, 
Esq..  the  maximum  of  .January  was  40°.  the  minimum.  16^; 
for  February,  maximum  52°,  minimum  0°:  ilarch,  maximum 
78°.  minimum  12°;  April,  maximum  70°,  minimum  24°; 
May,  maximum  82°,  minimum  23°:  June,  nfnximum  85.  mini- 
mum 44°;  July,  maximum  92°,  minimum  44°;  August, 
maximum  85°,  minimum  52°;  September,  maximum  91°, 
minimum  30°;  October,  maximum  79°  minimum  18°;  No^ 
vember,  maximum  51°.  minimum  14°;  December,  maximum 
56°,  minimum  18°.  Greatest  heat.  July  27th,  92°;  greatest 
cold,  December  16th.  18°;  range,110°.  The  Mississippi  closed 
January  30th;  opened  February  21st.  Last  frost.  May 
24th ;  first  in  autumn,  September  28th.  Rainy  davs,  101 ;  58 
of  which  were  in  May,  June,  and  July;  SO  snowV  days,  55 

907 


IRA 


IRE 


inAK-VJEM  EE  or  IRAK-AJEMI,  eeV3k'-3j'6h-mee\  (anc. 
Q  reat  MJ  Ua  oi  ikdin  Proper.)  a  large  proTince.  ocoupving  the 
rentral  jKirtiou  of  Persia,  between  lat.  31°  50'  and  o7°  X..  and 
l.-ri.  4iP  and  53°  K.  Within  these  limits,  it  comprises  Persi.-in 
KvHJrdistan.  and  the  iminediate  provinces  of  Ardelan.  Ijir- 
istan,  Isiwhaii,  and  Kashau.  Surface  an  elevated  tahle- 
iand.  traverse<l  by  .several  mouutaiu  ranges.  I'rincipal 
rivers,  the  Ki/.ll  Oozen,  fiirmlng  a  part  of  its  N.  boundary, 
and  the  Kerah.  with  its  affluents  in  the  S.AV. :  besides  which, 
there  are  several  large  streams,  that  lose  themselves  in  the 
gjindy  de.=erts  which  occupy  a  large  proportion  of  the  pro- 
vince. The  watered  valleys  are  fertile.  Ispahan  is  the 
great  emporium  of  trade,  and  is  the  rendezvous  of  large 
caravans  from  Bagdad,  Herat,  and  even  Surat.  The  other 
prlncip.il  cities  are  Teheran,  Ilamadan,  Kasbin,  Senua,  Ker- 
mansliah.  and  Koom. 

IKAK-AUABKE  or  IKAK-AKABI,  eeVlk'-dr'a-bee',  (anc. 
Babylo>nia.)  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  is  mostly 
between  the  lower  cour.ses  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and 
comprises  the  city  of  Bagdad,  and  the  ruins  of  Babylon,  Se- 
leucia.  and  Ctesiphon. 

IR.\N',  the  Persian  name  of  Persia. 

I'RASllUHG,  a  post-village  and  semi-capital  of  Orleans 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  Black  River,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montpe- 
lier.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  several 
churches,  a  bank,  a  newspaper  office,  and  1  or  2  iron  foun- 
diies.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1131. 

lUASU.  e-rS-soo',  a  volcano  of  Central  America,  state  of 
Costa-Kica,  near  the  city  of  Cartago.     riei.!ht  11,478. 

IRAW.\DI.  a  river  of  Asia,     See  Irrawaddy. 

IREN.  e-rJn'.  or  e-rain.'  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the 
government  of  Perm,  flows  circultou.sly,  and  after  a  N.W. 
course  of  alx)ut  160  miles,  joins  the  Silva. 

IRBIT.  1r  bit/  or  6€R-l)eet'.  a  town  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Perm.  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Yekaterinboorg.  on  the  Neiva, 
und  on  a  route  from  Tobolsk  into  Europe.  It  is  enclosed  by 
a  palisade,  and  is  chietly  noted  for  a  large  annual  f;iir.  which 
lasts  for  a  month,  in  February  and  March,  and  is  attended 
by  a  great  concourse  of  European  and  Asiatic  merchants. 

IR'RY-ox-IIUM'liER,  a  pansh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

IRCV-IN-THE-MARSII.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

IR'CIIKSTKR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

IRKRY.  Ir'Viee.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Enirland,  co. 
of  Cunil.erland.  8  miles  W:S.W.  of  AVigton.     Pop.  472. 

IRIORY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

IR1:DKLI,.  ii-'dell.  a  county  toward  the  W.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  has  an  area  estimated  at  000  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W .  by  the  Great  Catawba,  and  intersected 
by  the  several  creeks  which  tiow  into  the  Yadkin.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly ;  the  soil  fertile.  Gold  has  been  found  near  the 
S.  boixler  of  the  county.  This  county  gave  birth  to  Judge 
Hugh  L.  White,  late  United  States  Senator  from  Tennessee. 
It  was  formed  in  17>^S.  and  named  in  honor  of  .7ami!S  Ire- 
dell, late  assoinate  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  Statesville.  Pop.  16,347,  of  whom 
11,170  were  free,  and  4177  slaves. 

IRKGH,  ee^'?g'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Tolna, 
24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Veszprim.     Pop.  2525.     It  has  a  castle. 

IREGH  or  UREGH,  ii'rSg',(?)  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
In  Slavonia,  co.  of  Syrmia,  12  miles  S.  of  Peterwardeln,  with 
1000  houses,  a  ca.stle.  and  a  breeding  stud. 

IREL.WD.  ir'land.  (Erse.  Erin.  A'rin,  usually  pronounced 
ee'rin:  Fr.  Trhiiide.  eeiiMSxd';  Sp. /r7«nd«,  eeit-lln'di;  Ger. 
Irlunil.  eS  'Idnt :  L.  Hihr'nia,  Inr'na,  or  Tnv/r'nia;  Gr. 
Itpc  I),  Terni. )  the  more  western  of  the  two  priiicipijl  islands  of 
winch  the  United  Kingdmi  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  is 
compo.sed.  between  lat.  51°  25'  and  55°  2:!'  N..  aird  Ion.  6°  20' 
and  10° 20'  W. :  separated  from  Great  Britain  on  the  E.  by  the 
Irish  Sea.  which,  near  its  centre,  has  a  width  of  130  miles,  but 
narrows  between  Holyhead  and  Howth  Heath  to  tX)  miles; 
and  between  the  Mull  of  Kintire,  in  Scotland,  and  the  oppo- 
site coast  at  Fairhead.  to  about  12  miles:  and  surrounded 
on  all  other  sides  by  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean.  Its  shape 
has  been  compared  to  a  rhomlxiid,  with  two  of  its  opposite 
Bides  nearly  due  N.  and  S..  and  the  other  two  slanting  be- 
tween W.S.W.  and  E.N.E.  Measured  diagonally,  the  greatest 
length  from  Jlizen  Head,  in  the  S.W.,  to  Faiihead.  in  the 
N.E..  is  300  miles;  and  the  greatest  breadth,  from  Carnsore 
Point  in  the  S.E..  to  Benwee  Head,  in  the  N.W..  is  212  miles; 
measured  on  a  meridian,  and  on  a  parallel  of  latitude,  the 
greatest  length  and  breadth,  respectively,  are  only  230 
miles,  and  ISO  miles:  the  central  breadth,  nearly  between 
the  Bays  r.f  Dublin  and  Galway.  is  110  miles;  area,  82,513 
square  miles,  or  20.808.271  acres. 

Gemriil  fiat)irt.''.—'r\\e  const,  forming  a  line  of  about  750 
miles,  is.  in  general,  very  bold  and  rugged.  The  most  con- 
tinuous portion  is  the  E..  where  the  only  remarkable  inden- 
tations are  the  Loughs  of  Belfast  and  "strangford.  and  the 
Bays  of  Dundrum.  Dundalk.  and  Dublin.  In  all  other  di- 
rections, but  more  especially  in  the  N.W.,  W..  and  S.AV..  the 
Indent.iti'ins  follow  each  other  in  almost  uninterrupted  suc- 
cession, giving  the  coast  a  very  bn^ken  and  ru'.'ged  appearance. 
The  piiiicipal  of  these  are  the  l^iughs  of  Fovle  and  Swilly, 
the  Bays  of  Donegal.  Kill.nla,  Clew,  and  Galwav:  Shannon 
Mouth,  the  Bays  of  Dingle,  Bautrj',  and  Duninanus;  and 
fllO 


the  harbors  of  Cork,  Thingannon,  and  Waterford.  In  point 
of  extent,  depth  of  water,  and  shelter,  piany  of  these  furnish 
natural  havens  which  cannot  be  surpassed.  The  rooky 
shores,  which  line  most  of  these  bays,  are  foi-med  by  th« 
abrupt  terminations  of  mountain  ridges,  which,  instead  of 
stretching  in  continuous  chains  across  the  interior,  rise 
rather  in  vast  isolated  masses,  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
coast,  and  usually  subside  rapidly  as  they  recede  from  it. 
Almost  the  only  inland  range  is  that  of  the  Devil's  Bit.  and 
the  Slielihbloom  Mountains,  which  stretch  in  an  irregular 
curve  of  about  30  miles  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  through  the 
N.E.  of  Munster,  and  W.  of  I-einster,  and.  in  the  Keeper, 
attain  the  height  of  2265  feet;  most  of  the  other  masses  at- 
t.'tin  their  greatest  elevation  towards  the  exterior  of  the 
island,  and  thus  give  the  interior  the  form  of  a  vast  plain, 
enclosed  on  all  sides  by  lofty  mountain  barriers.  The  most 
important  ofthe.se  in  proceeding  from  the  N..  westward,  are 
the  mountains  of  Donegal;  culminating  point.  Erigal.  2462 
feet ;  Sligo— culminating  point,  Truskmore,  2113  feel ;  Mayo- 
culminating  points,  Nephin,  2039  feet,  and  Jluilrea.  2733 
feet:  Galway — culminating  point,  Twelve  Pins.  2396  feet; 
Kerry — culuiin.ating  point.s,  Brandon,  3120  feet,  and  Cam 
Tuab  the  loftie.st  oi^  all  Ireland,  34tl4  feet;  Waterford— cul- 
minating point,  Mona  Vallagb,259S  feet:  Wicklow — culmi- 
nating point,  Lungaquilla.  3o39  feet;  Dublin — culminating 
point,  Kippare.  2473  feet;  Down — culminating  point,  Siiebli- 
donard,  2796  feet;  and  Antrim,  the  mountains  of  which 
are  less  remarkable  for  their  height  than  the  magnificence 
with  which  they  terminate  in  the  Uianfs  Causeway.  Though 
the  barrier  thus  formed  presents  numerous  openings,  and 
the  plain  enclosed  by  it  is  by  no  means  a  monotonous  flat, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  how  a  surface  so  formed  is 
ill-adapted  for  giving  a  fiee  course  to  the  water  whirh  col- 
lects upon  it,  and  accordingly  contains  extensive  tracts  of 
bog. 

Geology  and  ^finerah. — Granite,  flanked  by  Silurian  strata, 
forms  the  Wicklow  range  of  mountains  on  the  E.  coast.  The 
same  primary  strata  prevail  in  the  Mourne  Mountains,  and 
an  extensive  trap  form  in  Antrim  of  800  square  miles,  is 
succeed  by  clay  slate  on  the  W.  Granite  again  appears  in 
the  Galway  Mountains,  and  the  old  red  sandstone  prevails 
extensively  in  Slunster.  The  great  pKiin  in  the  centre  is 
formed  of  mountain  limestone,  and  contains  six  coal  dis- 
tricts, the  Leinster,  or  Castlecomer.  the  Sleeve  Arda  in  Tip- 
perary,  the  Munster,  Loch  .\Ilen.  Monaghan.  and  T\  rone, 
besides  a  small  coal-field  in  the  county  of  Antrim.  The  coal 
rai.sed  S.  of  Dublin  is  anthracite,  that  in  the  N.  is  bitumi- 
nous, but  the  whole  quantity  raised  does  not  exceed  55.000 
tons  annually.  Copper  and  lead  are  found  in  the  Silurian 
and  mountain  limestone.  The  ore  obtained  from  the  cop- 
per-mines is  mostly  sent  to  Wales  to  be  smelted.  In  1836 
the  output  exci-eded  in  value  150,000?. :  at  present  it  amounta 
to  scarcely  half  that  sum.  The  lower  chalk  and  greensand 
tiirmations  partially  prevail,  but  no  tertiary  beds.  Slarble 
of  an  excellent  quality  exists  in  vaiious  parts.  Among  the 
other  minerals  are  antimony,  manganese,  fullers'-earth, 
and  slate.  Peat  forms  the  principal  fuel,  and  is  of  great 
importance,  owing  to  the  general  deficiency  of  timber. 

7i'urr.«  and  LaJ.es. — Few  countries  of  the  same  extent  are 
so  liberally  supplied  with  rivers.  The  Shannon,  the  largest 
river  of  Irel.ind.  if  not  of  the  United  Kingdom,  is  navigalile 
to  its  source,  in  Lough  Allen.  214  miles.  The  other  i-ivera 
of  most  importance  are  the  Brandon.  Lee.  and  Blackwater, 
the  Suir.  and  the  Barron,  which  form  the  broad  e.<tu;iry  of 
Waterford  Harbor,  the  Slaney,  the  Liffey.  the  Boyne,  thu 
largest  river  which  discharges  itself  on  the  E.  coast,  and 
the  IJann  and  the  Foyle.  Ireland  possesses  a  vast  number 
of  inl.'ind  lakes,  which,  in  some  parts,  lie  so  near  each  other 
as  to  form  a  continued  series,  easily  available  for  purposes  of 
navigation.  Lough  Neagh.  a  vast  quadrangular  exi>anse, 
17  miles  long,  by  10  miles  broad,  chiefly  in  Antrim,  is  not 
only  the  largest  lake  in  the  United  Kingdom,  but  ranks 
high  among  the  secondary  lakes  of  Europe.  The  other  more 
important  lakes  are  Lough  Erne,  nearly  30  miles  in  lenirth; 
Ijough  Corrilp.  about  24  miles  long,  and  connected  with  it 
by  a  subterranean  channel;  Lough  Mask:  1/Ouglis  .Allen, 
Ree.  and  Derg.  the  latter  wide  expansions  of  the  Shannon; 
and  I-oughs  Conn  and  CuUen.  In  the  county  of  Mayo.  Be- 
sides these,  many  others,  of  smaller  dimensions,  are  distri- 
buted over  the  island.  The  lakes  of  Killarney  ai'e  pr-emi- 
nent,  and  attract  visitors  from  all  parts  of  Europe  by  the 
beauty  and  magnificence  of  their  scenery. 

Climate. — Owing  to  the  deep  indent;itions  on  its  coasts, 
no  portion, of  Ireland  is  more  than  5o  miles  from  the  sea.  a 
circumstance  that  conduces  to  the  general  mildness  cf  its 
climate.  Its  winter,  though  long,  is  seldom  aicfimpanied 
with  prolonged  frosts,  while  the  average  heat  of  its  summer 
falls  considerably  short  of  that  of  England.  Mean  viiiitei 
temperature.  39°  9;  mean  summer.  Co°-5;  mean  of  tbe  year, 
49°-6.  West  winds,  which  prevail  nine  months  in  the  year, 
charged  with  accumulated  vapors  from  the  ocean,  on  first 
reaching  the  Irish  coast,  precipitate  them  in  deludes  of  rain 
or  dense  fogs.  Annual  fall,  from  .30  to  40  inches.  Hence 
the  air  is  seldom  clear,  even  in  summer:  and  in  autumn 
the  supeifluity  of  moisture  becomes  a  serious  impediment 


IRE 


IRE 


to  the  operations  of  harvest.  But  ^he  verdure  of  the  pas- 
tures is  peculiarly  rich,  and  preserves  its  luxuriance  to  a 
lat«  period  of  the  year.  The  broad-leaved  myrtle  grows 
luxuriantly  in  some  S.  counties,  and  the  arbutus  uuedo, 
menziesia.  and  other  plants  of  South  Europe,  flourish; 
while  Alpine  plants,  of  the  extreme  N.  of  Europe,  are  also 
found  on  some  of  the  mountains. 

Aijriculliirc. — Of  the  'iiVlOO,! iOO  acres  of  land  in  Ireland,  it 
has  been  estimated  that  5.250,000  are  arable,  6.750,000  pastures 
and  marshes,  and  5,000,000  are  improvable,  and  the  remainder 
waste ;  .>50.000  acres  are  in  plantations.  Ireland  is  more  fitted 
for  cattle-reaiin^  than  an  agricultural  country ;  yet  it  has 
been  estimated  that  Piur-tifths  of  the  population  directly  de- 
pend for  subsistence  and  employment  on  the  soil.  Farms 
are  generally  very  siniill.  lew  extend  to  40  acres,  and  in  the 
N.  and  E.  they  mostly  vary  from  5  to  15  acres.  In  1841,  out 
of  SSO.OaT  holders  of  land,  124.487  holdings  were  le.ss  than  1 
acre.  In  1851,  the  total  number  of  holders  had  diminished 
to  G0S.060.  and  the  number  of  holdings  not  exceeding  an 
acre,  to  37,728.  A  few  estates  are  in  larger  farms,  and  these 
are  the  portions  of  country  in  which  there  is  the  least 
amount  of  national  pauperism.  Oats,  wheat,  and  bailey  are 
the  principal  crops,  next  to  potatoes,  which  have  long  formed 
the  sta  pie  crop  and  food  of  the  I  rish  peasantry,  till  the  fiiilures 
of  these  crops  in  1845-6-7.  when  a  government  grant  of 
10.3511,000?.  was  found  necessary  to  prevent  starvation.  The 
culture  of  flax  has  of  late  years  been  rapidly  extending, 
having  occupied  t!0,314  acres  in  1849,  91.040  "in  1S50,  aiid 
158.619  in  1851.  The  total  live-stock  in  1851  Avas  as  follows: 
—Tlor-iesandmules, 543.312:  asses,  136,981 ;  cattle,  2,907.461 ; 
sheep,  2.122.128:  pij;s.  1.084,867  :  goats,  235.313;  and  poultry, 
7,470,604:  total  value.  27,737.393/.  About  nine-tenths  of 
the  lands  of  Ireland  were  confiscated  ^y  the  government 
of  Cromwell  and  William  III.,  and  bestowed  on  Engli.sh 
proprietors,  by  whose  descendants  the  bulk  of  Irish  pro- 
perty is  still  possessed.  In  1845,  19.883  vessels,  manned  by 
93,673  persons,  were  employed  in  the  fisheries  around  the 
coasts,  where  herrings,  pilcliards,  cod,  ling,  and  hake  are 
among  the  more  plentiful  kinds  taken,  and  in  the  estuarie.s, 
where  salmon  and  eels  are  abundant:  but  the  salt  fish  con- 
sumed in  the  country  is  still  imported,  chiefly  from  Scot- 
land and  other  places. 

Manufactures. — The  most  important  m.anufoctureis  linen, 
the  chief  seat  of  which  is  Ulster;  in  this  province,  linens 
to  the  estimated  value  of  4.000.000/.  annually  are  made, 
chietiy  in  the  dwellings  of  the  rural  population,  and  dis- 
posed of  to  the  merchants  of  Belfast  and  other  large  towns. 
The  total  amount  of  linens  .annually  produced  in  Ireland  is 
estimated  at  70.000,000  yards.  The  mult  trade  and  distilling 
of  whiskey  are  extensively  carried  on.    In  1839,  10.815,709 

fallons  of  spirits  were  produced:  in  1842. 5.290,658  gallons;  in 
S47,  5.737.687  gallons,  ami  178.o6'.t  ([uarters  of  malt.  The 
wool  produced  in  Ireland  has  been  estimated  to  amount  in 
annual  value  to  300.0UO<.,  and  coarse  woollen  stuffs  are  made 
In  the  centre  of  the  country,  besides  mixed  stuffs  and  silks 
in  Dublin.  W.aterlbrd,  and  other  principal  cities.  In  1850, 
the  total  number  of  mills  in  Ireland  was  91.  of  which  11 
were  cotton.  U  woollen,  and  69  linen,  employing  24.725  per- 
sons. About  300,000  females  are  employed  in  working  pat- 
terns on  muslin  with  the  needle,  chiefly  for  Belfist  and 
Glasgow  houses.  The  value  of  g(X>ds  of  this  description  an- 
nually produced  is  estimated  at  1.400.000/.  I'aiwr,  glass, 
and  tobacco  are  largely  manufactured,  and  the  conversion 
of  grain  into  flour  and  meal  has  latterly  become  an  exten- 
sive bu.siness. 

Coinincrce. — The  princip.al  exports  from  Ireland  are  its  raw 
produce,  wheat,  oats,  flimr,  butter,  bacon,  beef,  eggs,  wixil, 
flax,  ore,  and  spirit.s,  chiefly  to  Great  Britain.  The  export 
trade  of  the  c<mhtry  is  rapidly  declining,  as  will  be  seen  by 
following  table: — 

Exports  of  Bfeachtnjfs  in  Great  Brifam. 


from  Liverpool,  Bristol,  'Glasgow,  and  some  other  British 
ports.  The  trade  with  foreign  countries  is  comparatively 
inconsiderable.  The  whole  exports  from  Ireland  to  foivign 
parts  in  1850  amounted  in  value  to  only  276,088/.;  and  the 
imports  to  6,031,569/.  The  total  revenue  collected  at  the 
various  custom-houses  in  1853,  amounted  to  4.()21.*6'.ti. 
The  annexed  table  exhibits  the  principal  ports  through  which 
the  foreign  commerce  of  Ireland  passed  in  1!-51  • — 


Years. 

Wheat. 
Qrs. 

Oats. 
Qrs. 

Barley. 

Qrs: 

Beans 

&  Pea.se 

Qrs. 

Oatraeal. 
C«t. 

Wheat 
Flour. 
Cwt. 

1«30... 

3:t7,S41 

l,:;2il,486 

189,715 

21,573 

612,265 

18:ij... 

.340, 5;« 

l,4f)',5Sl 

156,242 

27,682 

566,006 

1,124,343 

1840. . . 

9-'.!)!)0 

1,;W7,500 

9,5,954 

15,976 

989„500 

280,700 

1815... 

371,0011 

l,(i78,OO0 

92,000 

14,300 

1,038,000 

1,421,000 

1«47... 

l-r),7il'.) 

493,1X10 

47.,t00 

27,000 

330,.tOO 

211.000 

.    1848... 

14(),0(W 

1,0.M,000 

79.700 

14,700 

936,000 

561.000 

1849... 

91„'>00 

632,000 

43,500 

•24,600 

672,000 

393.500 

1850... 

76,0(10 

642,400 

51,000 

20,400 

786,000 

397,300 

1851... 

45,8«7 

72S,6,i6 

44,085 

28,774 

649,502 

172,372 

1852... 

•i0,700 

1,047,800 

108,900 

80,100 

971,000 

118,900 

1853... 

19.600 

1,000.000 

124.100 

24,100 

843,000 

192,400 

The  live-stock  exported  from  Ireland  in  1849,  amounted  in 
number  to  520.756;  in  1850,  to  475.193;  and  in  1851,  to 
474.203.  Among  the  articles  retained  in  Ireland  for  home 
consumption,  in  1853.  were  5S6.809  gallons  of  wine:  8,348.047 
gallons  of  spirits:  4.624.141  pounds  of  tobacco;  7.832.235 
pounds  of  tea;  880,516  pounds  of  coffee;  and  487,705  cwts. 
of  sugar. 

The  imports  comprise  coal  and  culm,  fish,  salt,  woollen 
and  cotton  yarn  and  fabrics,  with  colonial  produce,  mostly 


Ve.ssel8. 

Tons. 

Tonnage  entered 
and  cle;u-od. 

426 
422 
444 
101 
148 
190 
482 

74,770 
51,702 
39,353 
12,291 
9,568 
22,7,50 
51,0UO 

1,0SM.0!I6 
681,152 

1,3:!3„«22 
154.5'Jl 
171,2IJ8 
859,563 

l,146,.S8'i 

2213 

2,261,434 

4,996,378 

In  1850,  the  number  of  vessels  entered  from  all  parts  of 
the  world  was  20.186,  (2,691,786  tons;)  and  cK-ared.  10.471, 
(1.883,692  tons.)  The  number  of  ve.ssels  built  in  Ireland  in 
1850  was  25.  (1929  tons:)  and  registered.  2249,(201,4.32  tons.) 
During  the  last  few  years  there  has  arisen  an  extraordinary 
demand  for  shipping  to  transport  the  thousands  and  tens 
of  thousands  of  voluntary  exiles,  hastening  to  other  lands 
in  search  of  the  employment  they  have  failed  to  obtain  at 
home.  The  unexampled  extent  which  this  emigration  has 
reached,  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  more  than  half  of  the  cor- 
respondence carried  on  lietween  the  United  Kingdom  and 
America  is  connected  with  it. 

InUrnal  Cninmutncatioii. — Two  millions  sterling,  granted 
by  I'arliament  for  public  works  in  Ireland,  have  been  ex- 
pended, chiefly  in  the  construction  of  canals.  By  means  of 
the  Grand  and  Royal  Canals,  commtinication  has  been 
opened  across  the  very  centre  of  the  island,  between  the 
coast  of  Leinster  and  the  Shannon,  while  a  branch,  which 
connects  with  the  Barrow,  continues  Ihe  conimunication, 
without  interruption,  to  theS.  coast.  Similar  benefits  have 
been  conferred  on  the  province  of  Ulster,  by  the  Newry  Ca- 
nal, which  connects  Lough  Neagh  with  the  B.ay  of  Catling- 
ford;  the  Belfast  Canal  connecting  the  .same  lough  with  the 
Bay  of  Belfast,  and  the  Ulster  Canal,  recently  completed,  be- 
tween Loughs  Neagh  and  Krne.  This  last  canal,  though  only 
40  miles  long,  renders  available  a  continuous  navigation  of 
130  miles,  through  populous  and  fertifc  districts ;  which,  from 
the  want  of  proper  roads,  were  previously  obliged  to  convey 
their  produce  to  market  on  the  backs  of  hor.ses.  .The  rail- 
way system  has  not  yet  re<eived  much  development  in  Ire- 
land. Numerous  Acts  have  been  obtained,  which,  if  carried 
into  elTect.  would  give  a  network  of  railways  traversing  the 
country  in  all  directions,  for  about  1500  miles.  The  length 
.actually  completed  in  December,  1851,  was  614  miles;  and 
189  miles  were  then  in  course  of  construction. 

Goivrnmtiit. — Ireland  h.is.  since  1800,  been  represented 
in  the  British  House  of  Lords  by  28  temporal  peers,  elected 
for  life,  and  4  spiritual  peers,  who  take  oftice  in  rotation; 
and  since  the  Reform  Act.  in  the  House  of  Commons  by  105 
meml)ers,  2  elected  by  each  county.  2  by  each  of  the  cities 
Dublin,  Cork,  Limerick,  and  Waterford.  the  towns  of  Bel- 
fast and  Gsilway,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  and  1  by  each 
of  27  other  boroughs.  Total  regular  electors  in  1849.  72.216, 
viz.  .34,107  in  counties,  and  38.109  in  cities  and  boroughs. 
The  electoral  franchise  rests  with  much  the  same  clas.«es  as 
in  England  ;  in  boroughs,  both  the  parliamentary  and  mu- 
nicipal right  of  voting  is  in  10/.  householders,  resident 
within  7  miles.  The  local  government  is  vested  in  a  Lord- 
Lieutenant,  assisted  by  the  secretary  for  Ireland,  and  a 
privy  council  nominated  by  the  crown.  The  judicial  power 
is  with  the  Lord  Chancellor,  the  master  of  the  rolls,  and  12 
circuit  judges.  Each  county  has  a  Lord-Lieutenant,  aided 
by  an  indefinite  number  of  deput3--lieuteuaiits,  and  a  police 
force  appointed  by  the  crown. 

Ildigion,  Education,  d-c. — Of  every  100  inhabitants  in  Ire- 
land, it  is  estimated  that  about  81  are  Bom.an  Catholics.  11 
Episcopalian  Protestants,  and  8  Protestant  dissenters,  chiefly 
Presbyterians,  Methodists,  and  Friends.  The  I'rotestantg 
are  aimost  confined  to  Ulster,  and  parts  of  Leinster;  but 
the  Pi-ote.stant  church,  which  has  2  archbishoprii'S  (Ar- 
magh and  Dublin)  and  10  bishoprics,  absorbs  a  revenue  of 
at  least  1,000,000/.  annually.  The  Roman  Catholic  church 
(unendowed  by  law)  has  4  archbi.shoprics  and  23  bishoiirics. 
The  national  schools,  aided  by  annual  parliamentary  grants 
of  50.000/.,  amounted,  in  184^^,  to  3^25.  attended  by  402.632 
children.  There  is  a  university  in  Dublin,  and  colleges 
have  been  endowed  by  government  in  Cork.  Galwaj-.  and 
Belfast.  The  greater  part  of  th«  Irish  are  descendants  of 
the  aboriginal  Celts,  with  an  admi.\ture  towards  the  X.  of 
Saxons,  probably  the  Scoti  of  the  filth  century,  and  in  later 
times  of  English  and  Scottish  immigrants.  The  Jirse,  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Celtic,  is  still  the  prevailing  language.  Their 
dark  complexion,  and  smaller  and  more  slender  form  of 
body,  distinguish  the  Celtic  Irish  from  the  Saxon,  as  well  as 
their  more  volatilo  temperament,  their  improvidence,  theii 

911 


IRE 


IRK 


defldencyin  persona]  enterprise  and  perseverance,  and  their 
oonstijUi'nt  poverty.  Though  both  indolent  and  fickle,  they 
ore  w.-irm-hearted,  hospitable,  generous,  brave,  and  intel- 
lectual. ^Vhere  their  natural  feelings  have  not  been  poi- 
soned, deeds,  even  of  heroic  virtue,  are  as  common  among 
them  as  among  any  people  in  the  world ;  and  in  the  contest 
for  fame,  what  race  can  boast  of  having  produced  a  nobler 
band  of  militarj-  heroes,  statesmen,  orators,  and  poets  t 

According  to  the  annual  report  of  the  poor  law  com- 
m!.ssioners  for  the  years  1S52-3.  the  numl)er  of  persons  in 
Ireland  then  requiring  out-door  relief  did  not  exceed  4000 
weekly.  Formerly  this  class  of  the  Iri.«h  population  num- 
bered many  hundred  thousands.  The  number  of  able-bodied 
poor  iu  the  work-houses  had  decreased  from  60.759  in  Mav. 
1852,  to  43,626  in  April  25.  185.3.  and  the  total  number  of 
persons  in  the  work  houses  had  decreased  during  the  same 
time,  from  186.879  to  146.141,  or  almut  22  per  cent  The 
following  exhibits  the  total  number  of  persons  relieved  in- 
doors and  out-doors,  and  the  expenditures  for  the  same 
during  the  year  1851-2: — 


Expenditures. 

Number  Relikvkd. 

In-door, 

Out-door. 

Total. 

1851 

lS5-.> 

£l,I41.fi>7 
883.L67 

707,443 
50S.864 

47.914 
14,911 

755.357 
5i3,775 

Decrease. 

238,380 

1»8,579 

33,003 

231,582 

According  to  this  report,  1  person  for  every  12.4  of  the 
entire  population  of  Ireland  in  1852,  received  aid  from  the 
public  treasury.  The  chief  cause  of  the  depletion  of  tlie 
work  houses,  is  the  increasing  demand  for  labor,  consequent 
upon  the  enormous  emi2;ration  that  has  been  going  on,  for 
the  la,st  few  years,  to  .\merica,  England.  Scotland,  and  Aus- 
tralia. The  number  of  criminal  convictions  in  Ireland  in 
1S43  was  8620:  1846.  S639 ;  and  in  1849,  21.202. 

The  principal  division  of  IreUnd.  for  administrative  pur- 
pases,  is  into  the  four  provinces  of  Leinster,  Ulster.  Mun- 
ster,  and  Connaught.  comprehending  32  counties.  These, 
with  their  areas,  populations,  &c.,  are  given  In  the  follow- 
ing table : — 

Area,  Populatinn,  <6c.,  of  Ireland. 


Leikster  : — 

Oarlow 

Dublin.* 

Kildare 

Kilkenny 

Kings 

Longford 

Louth 

Meath 

Queen's 

Vestmeath 

Wexford 

Wicklon- 

MuNSTEB  : — 

Clare 

Cork 

Kerry 

Limerick 

Tipperary 

Walerford 

Ulster  :— 

Antrim 

Armagh 

Cavau 

Donegal 

Do 


Fermat\agh,.. 
Ijondouderry. 
Mona^han  ... 

Tyrone 

Conxacght: — 
Galway 

Leitrim 

Mayo 

Roscommon.. 
Sligo 


Area, 
sq.  m. 


781 

1,294 
2,8,'!5 
1,853 
l.Ofvt 

721 

1,164 
512 
746 


810 

500 

1,260 

2,447 
613 


No. of 
Baro- 
nies. 


Total 32,513      316     2,532!  6,553,163 


251  j 


68.075 
404.992 

95,7:;4 
158,746 
112,080 

82.:150 
107.657 
140.750 
111,623 
111.409 
179,790 

98,978 

212,428 
648,902 
238,^39 
262,136 
331,487 
164,051 

332.264 
196,085 
174,071 
255,160 
328,754 
116,007 
191,868 
141,758 
255,819 

322,212 
111,915 
274,S)0 
174,492 
128.510 


Carlow, 
Dublin. 
Naas. 
Kilkenny. 
Birr. 

"  Longford, 
Drogbeda. 
Navan. 

Maryborough. 
Mullingar. 
Wexford. 
Wicklow. 

Ennis. 

Cork, 

Tralee. 

Limerick. 

Tipi->erary. 

Waterford. 

Belfast. 

.Armagh. 

Cavan. 

Donegal. 

Dow  II  Patrick, 

KnniskilleD. 

Londonderry, 

Monagban. 

DungannoD, 

Gal  way. 
■  Carrick-on- 
Shannon. 
Castlebar. 
Roscommon. 
SUgo. 


The  population  of  Ireland  in  1784  was  estimated  at 
2,3.2,000;  in  1812  it  was  6,801.827;  in  1831,  7,767,401;  in 
Ib-tl,  8,170,124;  and  in  1861,  5,798,967.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants to  a  square  mile,  in  1841,  was  251.  and  in  1851, 200. 

History.— The  early  accounts  of  Ireland  do  not  cease  to  be 
febulous  till  the  fifth  century,  (432.)  when  Christiivnitv  is 
supposed  to  have  been  Introduced  by  St.  Patrick,  a  native 
of  Scotland,  From  the  eighth  to  the  twelfth  century, 
the  country  was  the  scene  of  perpetual  warfere  be- 
tween the  petty  kings  and  their  chiefs.  In  1174.  Henry 
11.  of  I-.ugland  conquered  the  country,  and  portioned 
It  out  among  his  Anglo-Xorman  followers.  In  the  reign 
?r  ,'."^  ''°^°'  "'8  division  into  counties  took  pliice.  and 
inglish  laws  and  customs  were  partially  introduced. 
But  the  powerful  barons  continued  to  resist  the  govern- 
ment of  Henry  VII.,  James  I.,  and  Elizabeth,  with  repeated 


outbreaks  and  rebellions.  The  most  memorable  of  tbese 
were  In  1641,  1689,  and  1798,  In  1800  the  union  of 
Ireland  with  England  took  place.  In  1829  the  Roman 
Catholic  Emancipation  Act  was  passed;  in  1832.  the  Irish 
Keform  Bill;  and  in  1838,  the  Poor  Law  Bill.  In  1844.  tbu 
Irish  Repeal  agitation  w.is  at  its  height;  in  1S47,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  failure  of  the  pobitoe  crop,  a  fearful  faming 
occurred  by  which  multitudes  perished ;  this  was  followetl 
in  1848,  by  .tn  insurrection  of  the  populace  which,  however, 

was  speedily  quelled. .\dj.  1'ri.-;h  and  II1BERNI.4.N,  hl-bfr'- 

ne-an :  inhab.  I'rishm.an  and  IIinERxiA.v. 

IRELAND,  ir^and,  a  post-office  of  Hampden  co.,  Massa- 
chu.setts. 

IRELAND,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia. 

IRELAND,  a  post-office  of  Du  Bois  co..  Iowa. 

IRELAND  CORNERS,  post-office  of  Alb.any  co..  New  York. 

IRELAND'S  EYE,  a  rocky  islet,  in  the  Irish  Sea,  1  mile 
N.  of  Howth  Harbor.  It  is  about  IJ  miles  in  circuit,  and 
contains  the  ruins  of  an  abbey,  a  martello-tower,  and  light- 
hou.se. 

I'RETON-KIRK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 

IRGHEEZ, IRGHIZ.  jR'gheez'.  orOOLOO (ULD)-IRGHIZ, 
ooMoo'lR'gheez',  a  river  of  Toorkistan.  risesin  Lake Chjilkar ; 
lat.  51°  20'  N.,  Ion.  61°  25'  E„  flows  S.  and  S.E.,  joins  the 
Kara-Targhai,  and  fiills  into  Lake  Aksakal  or  Aksukul, 
(white  water.)    Total  course,  about  300  miles. 

IRGIIEEZ  (or  IRGHlZ)-BOLCnoi.  iR-gheez'  borchoi'.  a 
river  of  Russia,  government  of  Saratov,  is  formed  bv  the 
junction  of  the  Karalyts,  (Karalitz.)  and  Kamelik,  andafter 
a  circuitous  course  of  alx>ut  130  miles,  joins  the  Volga. 

IRGHBEZ  (or  1RGHIZ)-.MAL0I.  iR-gheez'md'loy',  rises 
in  the  government  pf  Sar.atov.N.of  theIrgbeez-Bolchoi,and 
flowing  nearly  parallel  to  it.  joins  the  left  hank  of  the  Volga, 
between  the  towns  of  Kvalinsk  and  Volsk. 

IRIGNY,  ee'reen'yee'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  on  the  railway  to  St,  Etienne.    Pop.  1124. 

IRIS.    See  Yeshil  Irmak. 

I'RISBURG,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Virginia. 

IfUSHnnd  IBISHMAN.    See  Ireland. 

I'RISII  COR'NER,  a  village  of  Bennington  township.  Ben- 
nington CO..  A'ermont.  3  miles  AV.  of  Bennington  Centre, 

IRISH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  De  Witt  co.,  Texas. 

IRISH  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Atchison  co..  Missouri. 

IRISH  RIP'PLE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

I'RISII  SEA,  is  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  extend- 
ing  between  lat.  51°  40'  and  54°  .30'  N.,  and  Ion.  3°  and  e" 
\V.,  h.aving  W.  Ireland,  N.  Scotland.  E.  England,  and  S. 
Wales.  On  the  S.W.  it  is  continuous  with  St.  George's  Cha7> 
nel.  and  communicates  with  the  German  Ocean  N.  of  tho 
North  Channel.  It  contains  the  Isle  of  Man  and  Anglesey, 
with  Holyhead,  and  some  smaller  islands.  Principal  inlets, 
Carnarvon  and  Morecamt>e  Bays,  and  the  estuaries  of  the  Dee, 
Mersey,  and  Ribble.  on  the  side  of  England  ;  Solway  Frith, 
and  Wigtown  and  Luce  B.ays.  in  .Scotland  ;  and  Dundrum, 
Carlin.iiford.  Dundalk.  and  Dublin  Bavs  in  Irel.tnd. 

I'KISHTOWN.  a  vilLige  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin,  on 
Dublin  Bay.  J  mile  S.E.  of  Ringsend.     Pop.  1100. 

I'RISHTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
.  IRKI.  ir'kee  or  eer'kee.  a  town  of  North  Ilindostan,  In 
Gurhwal.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Belaspoor. 

I R FvOOT,  I RKOUT  or  IRKUT.  ir'koot/,  or  iR^kootA  a  river 
of  Siberia,  government  of  Irkootsk.  rises  near  the  frontiers 
of  China,  and  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  2*20  miles,  joins 
the  Angar.a  at  the  town  of  Irkootsk. 

IRKOOTSK,  IRKOUTSK,  or  IRKUTSK,  ir'kootsk',  01 
iR'kootsk',  a  city  of  Silieria.  capit-al  of  the  government  of 
Irkootsk,  and  residence  of  the  governor  of  East  Siberia,  on 
thg  Angara,  at  the  influx  of  the  Irkoot.  .30  miles  from  the 
N.W.  shore  of  Lake  Baikal.  Lat.  52°  17'  2"  N..  Ion.  104°  16' 
21"  E.  Pop.,  including  garrison,  120.000.  It  is  fortified; 
and  divided  into  two  nearly  e^iual  parts  by  the  Angara, 
here  cros.sed  by  a  long  wooden  bridge.  Viewed  from  the  E., 
it  has  a  fine  appearance  "  with  its  15  churches  and  their 
spires,  its  convents,  hospitals,"  Ac,  and  many  of  its  public' 
edifices  are  said  to  be  worthy  of  a  provincial  capital ;  but  of 
1900  private  dwellings,  only" 50  are  built  of  stone,  the  rest 
being  of  wood,  or  faced  with  painted  planks.  It  has  a 
citadel,  several  suburlw,  a  good  bazaar,  an  exchange,  tho 
Baikal  admiralty-house,  and  some  building  docks  on  the 
river,  a  dep6t  of  the  Ru.ssian-American  Oimpany :  governor'^ 
house,  theatre,  prison.  &c. ;  numerous  public  schools.  arnoL^ 
which  are  a  medical  college,  a  gymnasium,  with  a  library 
of  5000  volumes,  a  seminary,  a  high  school  of  naviga- 
tion, and  a  female  orphan  school :  an  imperial  woollen 
factory,  and  m.tnufactures  of  linens,  leather,  glass,  and 
.soap.  It  is  the  great  entrepot  for  the  commerce  of  North- 
east Asia,  and  sends  tea.  rhubarb,  fruits,  paper,  silks, 
porcelain,  and  other  Chinese  produce,  with  furs  and  ivory, 
to  Ru.ssia,  in  exch.ange  for  European  goods.  It  has  also 
some  trade  with  Khokan  and  Bokhara,  and  a  large  fair  in 
•Tune.  The  total  amount  of  its  trade  has  been  estimated  at 
4.000.000  paper  rouliles  (800,0007.;i  a  year.  Irkootsk  is  ths 
see  of  an  archbishop,  whose  authority  over  all  East  Siberia 
and  Russian-America  extends  throujjh  120°  (>f  longituda. 


IRK 


IRV 


IRKOOTSK.  GOVERNMENT  OF,  a  part  of  the  old  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name,  which,  previous  to  1S23,  comprised 
the  present  frovernrnent  and  the  provinces  of  Okliotsk,  Ya- 
kootsk,  Ivanitcliatka,  and  the  country  of  the  Tchooktchees 
(Tchuktchis.)  It  comprises  Lake  Baikal,  and  is  rich  in  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron.  Extensive  forests  cover  a 
great  portion  of  tlie  government.  Barley  and  rye  are  the 
chief  crops;  the  climate  is  too  cold  for  fruiNtrees.  Pop.  in 
1838,  507,31)0,  comprising  Russians,  exiles,  Cossacks,  and  dif- 
ferent tribes  of  Toongooses,  and  Mon^rolians. 

IRL.\ND,  IKLANDA,  or  IRLANDE.    See  Ireland. 

IR'MINGLAXD,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IKN'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I^incoln. 

IRN'SUM,  iRn'sum,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Friesland,  9  milos  S.  of  Leeuwarden.    Pop.  52.5. 

IRODOUKR,  eeVoMwaia',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  ari-ondissement  of  Montfort.    Pop.  1856. 

I'RON,  a  large  county  in  tho  S.  part  of  Utah  Territory, 
has  an  area  of  about  11,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  state  of  Colorado,  and  on  the  W.  by  Nevada, 
extending  entirely  across  the  territory,  and  is  drained  by 
Green  and  Grand  Rivers,  which  unite  near  its  S.  border  to 
form  the  Rio  Colorado,  and  by  several  smaller  streams. 
The  suriace  in  the  E.  and  central  parts  is  mountainous. 
Pop.  1010. 

I'RON-ACrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

IRON  CRKEIC.  a  post-oflfice  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michisan. 

IRON/DEQUOIT,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York,  on  Irondequoit  Ray.  and  on  L,ske  Ontario,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gene-we  River,  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Rochester.    P.  3547. 

IRONUEQUOIT  BAY,  New  York,  extends  S.  from  Lake 
Ontario  into  Monroe  county.  Length.  5  or  6  miles.  A  small 
ereek  of  the  same  name  flows  into  the  hay. 

IltON  FUR'NACE,  a  post-office  of  Scioto  CO.,  Ohio. 

IRON  III LL.  a  post-ofHce,  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

IRON  HILLS,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa. 

IRON,  LdUGH,  16H  I'ern.  a  lake  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster 
00.  of  Westmoath.  7  miles  N.W.  of  .Mullingar. 

IRON  MOUNTAIN,  in  the  S.^V.  part  of  Virginia,  between 
Grayson  and  Smyth  counties,  near  the  border  of  North  Ca- 
rolina. Its  highest  summit,  termed  Whitetop  Mountain,  is 
said  to  be  42il0  feet  alove  the  level  of  the  sea. 

IRON  MOU.V'TAIN,  a  post-office.  St.  Francis  co.,  Missouri. 

IRON  RinGE,  a  postrvillage  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin. 

IRON  SPRING,  a  small  village  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia. 

I'RONTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  I^wrence  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  145  miles  above  Cincinnati.  It  was  laid 
out  by  the  Ohio  Iron  and  Coal  Company,  in  June,  1849.  It 
is  handsomely  situated  on  the  river  bottom,  above  the  high- 
est floods,  with  high  hills  in  the  rear.  These  hills  contiiin 
stores  of  iron  and  stone  coal,  which  are  thought  to  be  inex- 
haustible. The  town  contains  many  large  brick  buildings, 
3  banks,  and  several  churches.  Liberal  donations  of  ground 
have  been  made  for  schools  and  churches.  It  has  2  large 
iron  foundries,  one  of  which  is  102  feet  in  length,  1  rolling 
mill,  1  machine  shop,  and  several  steam  mills,  and  1  or  2 
newspaper  offices.  The  Iron  Railroad,  which  terminates 
here,  is  to  be  extended  to  Jackson.     Pop.  3091. 

I'RONVILLE,  a  small  postrvillage  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

I'RONWOOD  BLUFF,  a  postoffice  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

IRON  WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia,  on 
Etowah  River,  142  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

IROQUOIS,  1r-o-quoy',  a  river  of  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
rises  in  Jasper  county,  of  the  former  stat«,  and  enters  the 
Kankakee  m  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.  Its  length  is  estimated 
at  100  miles.    It  is  sometimes  called  the  Pickamink. 

IROQUOIS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Indiana,  contains  about  1100  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Iroquois  River,  which  flows  nearly  northward. 
The  surface  is  principally  prairie ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The 
Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central  Railroad,  and  the  Toledo, 
Peoria  and  Warsaw  Railroad  pass  through  this  county. 
Capital,  Middleport.    Pop.  12,325. 

IROQUOIS,  a  post-village  in  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  Iro- 
quois River,  85  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  400. 

IROQUOIS,  or  SIX  NATIONS,  the  name  given  by  the 
French  to  the  Indian  confederacy  of  the  Mohawks,  Oneidas. 
Onondagas,  Cayugas,  and  Senecas,  afterwards  joined  by  the 
Tuscaroras,  on  the  latter  being  driven  from  thtir  hunting- 
grounds  in  North  Carolina.  This  once  formidable  confede- 
racy is  now  nearly  extinguished,  but  the  remains  of  it  are 
still  scattered  through  the  state  of  New  York,  subdued  in 
spirit,  and  debased  by  the  use  of  intoxicating  liquors. 

I R  PEN,  ir-pSn',  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government 
of  Kiev,  flows  E.,  then  N.,  and  after  a  course  of  100  miles, 
joins  the  Dnieper  20  miles  above  the  town  of  Kiev. 

IR'RAWAD'DY,  (written  also,  IRRAWADI  or  IRA- 
WADI,  origin.ally  Erivati.  the  "great  river,")  one  of  the 
freat  rivers  of  South-east  Asia,  is  supposed  to  rise  in  Thiliet, 
near  lat.  28°  N..  Ion.  97°  30'  E.,  flows  generally  S.,  traversing 
the  Burmese  Empire  throughout,  and  enters  the  Indian 
Ocean.  (Bay  of  Bengal,)  by  numerous  movith.s.  E.  of  Cape 
Negrais,  in  lat.  16°  1^  N.,  Ion.  94°  E.  Its  length  is  estimated 
3H 


at  1200  miles.  Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Khyen-Dweni 
Mogouny,  Bhamo,  and  Lung-tchuen  Rivers.  In  lat.  17°  N. 
it  sepaiates  into  numerous  arms,  which  cover  the  whole 
kingdom  of  Pegu  with  a  network  of  ramifications,  and  the 
Rangoon  and  Bassain  branches  form  the  E.and  W.  bounda- 
ries of  its  delta,  a  region  compii.^ing  upwards  of  10,000 
square  miles,  covered  with  teak-forests  and  grass-junglea, 
interspersed  with  some  rice  grounds.  The  main  stream, 
fioni  the  head  of  the  delta  to  Yedan  atove  Ava,  varies  from 
1  to  4  miles  in  breadth,  and  may  always  bo  ascended  to  Ava 
from  the  sea  by  vessels  of  200  tons,  which,  during  the  rains, 
can  reach  the  influx  of  the  Mogouny  River,  800  miles  from 
the  ocean. 

IRRLICH,  SSrIIk,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Coblentz.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wield  with  the 
Rhine.     Pop.  1216. 

IRSA,  86R/sSh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  eo.  of  Pesth,  9  milea 
from  Czegled.     Pop.  1875. 

IR'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

IRTHING,  ir'thing,  a  river  of  England,  joins  the  Eden 
near  Newby.  after  a  S.  course  of  26  miles. 

lit/THlNGBOROUGU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

IR^'HINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

IRTISH,  IR/TYSH  or  IRTISCH,  (Kus.  pron.  eeR-tisli/,)  a 
principal  river  of  North  Asia,  rises  in  the  Altai  Mountains, 
near  lat.  47°  N.,  Ion.  89°  J).,  and  flows  N.W.  through  Soongariii, 
(in  Chinese  Toorkistan,)  and  West  Sil)eria,  It  traverses  the 
Lake  Zai.san,  and  joins  the  Obi.  180  miles  N.  of  Tobolsk,  after 
a  total  course  estimated  at  upwards  of  1700  miles,  about 
two-fifths  of  which  are  in  theChine.se  dominions,  and  the 
rest  in  the  Rus.sian  governments  of  Tomsk  and  Tobolsk.  Its 
principal  affluents  are,  on  the  right,  the  Om.  Tara,  bhish, 
Tui,  and  Deniianka,  and  on  the  left  the  Tunduk,  Osha, 
Ishim,  Vagal,  Tolxil,  and  Konda  or  Mulina.  A  great  part  of 
its  course  is  through  low  plains  and  steppes,  and  its  navi;/ar 
tion  is  rendered  dangerous  by  shifting  sands.  The  country 
around  its  upper  portion  is  one  of  the  best  agricultural  dis- 
triits  in  Siberia. 

IRTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Cumberland. 

IRTYSH.     See  Irtish. 

IRUELA.  e-roo-,i1d,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu.sia,  pro- 
vince, and  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  1140. 

IRUN,  e-roon',  a  frontier  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gui- 
pU7.coa.  near  the  Bidass'>a  and  the  frontier  of  France,  10 
miles  E.  of  Saint  Selastain.     Pop.  2471. 

IKUPANA,  e-roo-p3'n3.  a  town  of  Bolivia,  department  of 
Iji  Paz,  capital  of  the  province  of  Vauyos.  In  its  vicinity 
are  extensive  gardens  of  fine  orange-trees. 

IRVILLAC.  eeR^veeVdk',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Finistdre,  13  miles  E.  of  Brest.     Pop.  2523. 

IR'VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  55  miles 
E.  Tiy  N.  of  Columbus. 

IR'YI.V,  a  township  in  Howard  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1478. 

IRVINE,  jr'vin.  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  rises  on 
the  borders  of  I^anarkshlre,  flows  W.,  and,  after  a  course  of 
20  miles,  joins  the  Frith  of  Clyde  by  an  estuary. 

IRVINE,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  sea- 
port town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  on  an  eminence 
near  the  Irvine,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge,  21  miles 
S.W.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough,  in  1851, 
75.34;  of  municipal  borough,  4790.  The  town  is  lighted 
with  gas,  and  well  supplied  with  water.  It  has  endowed 
and  various  other  schools,  several  libraries,  a  news-room,  3 
branch  banks,  and  the  custflm-house.  Its  harbor  is  pro- 
vided with  a  good  quay,  admitting  ves.sels  of  about  100  tons 
burden.  The  wciving  of  book-muslins,  jaconets,  and  checks, 
employ  many  hands;  and  here  are  rope-walks,  tanneries, 
anchor-foundries,  and  distilleries.  Coal  forms  the  principal 
article  of  export.  The  borough  unites  with  Ayr,  Ciimpbelton, 
Olian.  and  Inverary,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

IR/VINE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Alleghany  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Brokenstraw  Creek, 
212  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg.  It  has  a  woollen  factory  and 
a  foundry. 

IRVINE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Estill  co.,  Kentucky,  is 
handsomely  situated  on  the  rit;ht  bank  of  the  Kentucky 
River,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort.  Irvine  Village  has  a  brick 
coxirt-hou.se  and  a  seminary. 

IRVINE'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Weakly  co.,  Tennes- 
see, 114  miles  W.  of  Na.shville. 

IR/VINESTOWN,  or  LOW'THERSTOWN,  a  town  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  Fermanagh,  9  miles  N.  of  Knniskillen. 
Pop.  1.300. 

IRVINESVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co.,  Kentucky. 

IRVING,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York,  on 
Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Cattaraugus  Creek,  about  30 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Buffalo,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
road.    Pop.  510. 

IRVING,  a  village  of  Westchester  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Hudson  River,  26  miles  N.  of  New  York.  It  has  a  steamboat 
landing. 

IRVING,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Barry  co, 
Michigan.    Pop.  816. 

SI  3 


IRV 

IRVTN'J  «  jiost'Offlce  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana. 

IRVING  Crtl/LEGE,  a  post-office,  AVarren  CO.,  Tennessee. 

IIUVINGSVILLE.  a  village  in  Franklin  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston. 

IK'VIXGTON,  a  stiition  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad, 
26  miles  N.  of  New  York,  connecting  with  the  Erie  Railroad 
by  a  ferry. 

UVWELL.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  after  a 
▼ery  tortuous  S.  course  of  40  miles,  joins  the  Mersey  at 
Flixton.  1 1  affords  water-power  to  the  towns  of  Rochdale, 
Bury,  and  Manchester,  at  which  last  city  it  receives  the 
Irk  and  Medloch. 

IR'WIN.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  ol  Georgia,  contains 
Rliout  700  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  bj-  the 
Ocmulgee.  intersected  by  the  Alapaha.  and  also  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Little  and  Santilla  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
level,  and  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  The  soil  is  sandy, 
and  generally  poor.  Named  in  honor  of  General  .Tared  Irwin, 
Governor  of  Georgia  in  1807.  Capital,  Irwinville.  Pop. 
1699.  of  whom  1453  were  free,  and  246  slaves. 

IRWIN,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  12 
miles  ?.W.  of  Franklin.    Pop.  1563. 

IRAVIN,  a  small  village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

IRWIN'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO..  Georcria.  about  :30  miles  S.E.  of  Milledireville. 

IRWlis'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.. 
Pennsylvania. 

IR'WINTO.V,  a  pleasant  post-village,  capital  of  Wilkinson 
CO.,  Georgia.  20  miles  S.  of  Milledgeville,  and  3  miles  from 
the  Central  Railroad.  It  has  a  court-house,  2  churches,  and 
several  stores. 

IR'WIN  VI LLE  or  IRHVIXSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia,  112  miles  S.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has 
a  court-house,  tavern,  and  1  or  2  stores. 

IS.\,  ee'sd.  ItVSA,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  I'enza.  flows  N.W.  and  after  a  course  of  about  70 
miles  joins  the  Moksha,  9  miles  below  Troitsk. 

IS.4,  a  river  of  Russia,  issues  from  a  lake  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Vitebsk,  and  joins  the  Velikaia;  course,  65  miles. 

ISAB.\.  e-si'B^  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  province, 
and  29  miles  N.E.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  1000. 

IS.4.B.\L.  a  village  of  Central  America.    See  Izabal. 

IS'ABEiy.  a  township  in  Fulton  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  736. 

ISAB  ELLA.  e-sd-bJl'yd.  an  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  .Mexi- 
co; lat.  21°  45'  N.,  Ion.  106°  W.  It  is  of  moderate  height, 
and  nearly  barren. 

IS.^BELLA.  a  port  on  the  N.  coast  of  Il.ayti.  36  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Santiago.  Here  Columbus,  in  1493,  established 
the  first  European  settlement  in  the  New  World,  of  which 
the  traces  are  sjiid  to  be  still  visible. 

IS.\.BEL'L.\.  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  5Iichi- 
gan,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  int<!r- 
(lected  by  the  Cliippewa  Kiver.  and  also  drained  by  Pine  and 
Salt  Rivers.  tribuUiries  of  the  Tittiliawassee.    Pop.  1443. 

ISAC.  ee'siik'.  a  river  of  France,  is  formed  by  several  small 
streams  in  the  department  of  Loii-e-Inferieure.  flows  W..  and 
after  a  course  of  45  miles,  joins  the  Vilaine  opposite  llieux. 

ISACA.     See  ExE. 

IS.\K  LI.  e-sdk'lee.  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pasbalic  of  Kara- 
mania.  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Afioom-Kara-liissar. 

IS.iKTCUI.  e-sdk'chee,  a  frontier  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Uulgai-ia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  100 
miles  N.E.  of  Silistria. 

IS.^.LA.    See  Y.-SSEL. 

ISALCO,  a  village  and  volcano  of  .America.    See  Iz.^Lco. 

IS'ALL.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum>>erland. 

ISAMAL,  e-.sd-mdl',  or  IZ.OIAL.  a  town  of  Yucatan,  50 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Merida.  on  the  road  to  Valladolid. 

ISAXOTZKOI.  e-si-not/skoi.  one  of  the  straits  uniting 
Behrina's  Sea  and  the  Arctic  Ocean.  It  separates  the  island 
of  Oonimak  (Ounimak),  in  the  Aleutian  Arcbipehigo,  from 
the  peninsula  of  Aliaska,  lat.  55°  X..  and  is  about  24  miles 
lOng,  by  9  miles  broad. 

IS.VK.  ee'ziir.  or  ISER,  ee'zer.  (anc.  Isnra.)  a  river  of  Ger- 
many, rises  in  the  Tyrol,  N.of  Innspruck,  traverses  Bavaria 
N.W.,  and  joins  the  Danube  on  the  right,  opposite  Deggen- 
dorf.     Length,  165  miles. 

ISARA.     See  IsfiRE. 

IS.tU'R.A.  or  ISAU'RIA.  a  famous  ancient  city  of  A.sia 
Minor,  the  ruins  of  which  are  near  the  town  of  llajilar.  45 
miles  W.  of  Karaman.  and  consist  of  a  fine  massive  wall  with 
hex.igonal  bowers,  a  triumphal  arch,  and  tombs. 

ISB.A.11TA,  is-bar'ti,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia, 
64  miles  N.  of  Artalia. 

ISBOKSK.  is-boRsk',  a  small  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Pskov.  The  town,  founded  about 
862.  ha,s  several  churches,  and  a  ruined  castle. 

ISC.V.    See  Exeter. 

ISCA  SI  LURU.M.     See  Caeklbox. 

ISCiI.\LlS.     See  Ilchester. 

ISCHAX.  a  Tillage  of  Central  Ari.a.    See  ISH.IS. 

ISCHEL.  ish'fl.  or  ISCHL,  ish'l.  a  market-town  of  Upper 
Austria,  on  tlie  Traun.  over  which  there  is  a  suspension- 
bridge,  at  the  junction  of  the  IsehL  44  -miles  S.W.  of 
8ceyer.  Pop  1903.  It  bao  saline  spriugg,  with  elegant  bath 
914 


ISH 

establishments,  which,  with  the  beauty  of  its  situation, 
have,  within  a  few  years,  rendered  it  a  fashionable  water- 
ing-place. 

ISCIII.Y,  is'ke-J,  a  village  of  the  Papal  States,  21  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Viterbo.     Pop.  12.50. 

ISCIII A.  (anc.  Ar'ime. Inai-fime.  JEn^'ria. or  Piiheciiho.')  an 
island  in  the  Medit<?rranean,  belonging  to  .Vaples,  8  milee 
S.W.  of  Cape  Miseno.  from  which  it  is  sepaiuttjd  by  a  chan- 
nel 6  miles  across.  Lat.  (E.  point)  40°  43'  54"  N.,  Ion.  13°  57' 
45' E.  It  is  7  miles  long,  and  4  miles  broad.  Area,  26  square 
miles.  Near  its  centre  is  Mount  .San  Nicolo,  or  Epomeo.  an 
extinct  Volcano,  rising  about  2600  feet,  from  which  the  sur* 
face  gradually  slopes,  in  all  directions,  towards  the  sea. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile,  producing  great  quantities  of  supe- 
rior wine,  with  figs,  corn,  and  game.  Sulphur  is  abundant, 
and  the  mineral  springs  at  Casamaccia  are  annually  re- 
sorted to  by  summer  visitors.  Pop.  24,000.  Principal  town, 
Ischia.  on  its  N.E.  coast. 

ISCIIIM,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Ishim. 

ISCIIITELL.i.  is-ke-t&ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capifanata,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  San  Severo,  near  the  Ad- 
riatic, at  the  N.  foot  of  Mount  G.arg.ano.     Pop.  3500. 

ISCHL.  a  town  of  .\ustri.a.     See  Ischel. 

ISCIIUA  (is'chu-.a?)  CREEK,  of  Cattaraugus  co.,in  the  S.W. 
part  of  New  York,  falls  into  the  Alleghanv  River. 

ISCOYD',  a  chapelry  of  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

ISE-FlOiiD,  ee'sA-fe-oRd',  an  inlet  of  Denm.ark,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  island  of  Seeland.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  20 
miles;  breadth.  10  miles.  Roeskilde  and  Lamme  Fiords  are 
its  chief  branches,  and  it  contjiins  the  i.ilaud  of  (Eroe. 

ISEGIIEM,  ee'seh-GhJm\  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  on  the  railroad  from  Bruges  to  Y'pres,  24 
miles  from  Bruges.     Pop.  8868. 

ISENBURG,  (ee'zen-lifl<5RG\)  NEW,  a  vill.age  of  Germany, 
grand-duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  13  miles  N.  of  Darmstadt. 
Pop.  1S3S.    It  was  f  >unded  by  F'rench  colonists  in  1700. 

ISENBURG.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  8 
miles  N.  of  Coblentz.    Pop.  535. 

ISEO,  e-.sA'o,  or  SABINO,  sd-l)e©'no,  a  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  of  Bresci.a,  on  the  S.E.  extremitv  of  Lake 
Iseo.    Pop.  2002. 

ISEO,  L.A.KE,  (ancSevflnusLd'ciis,)  in  North  Italy,  between 
the  delegations  of  Brescia  and  Bergamo,  is  15  miles  E.  of 
Bergamo,  and  traversed  by  the  Oglio,  a  river  tributary  to 
the  Po.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  15  miles;  average  breadth, 
2^  miles;  greatest  depth,  984  feet. 

ISER,  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Isar. 

ISER,  ee'zer,  a  river  of  Austria,  ri.ses  in  the  N.  part  of 
Bohemia,  and  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of  nearly  60  miles,  joins 
the  Elbe  above  Braudeis. 

ISERD,  a  town  of  Asi.atic  Turkey.    See  Sert. 

ISERE.  eeV.aiR'.  (anc.  Lara.)  a  river  of  Sardinia  and  France, 
rises  in  Mount  Iseran,  (in  Savoy.)  flows  tortuuusly  W.  and 
S.W.  past  Grenoble  and  Romans?,  and  joins  the  Rhone  on  the 
left,  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Valence,  after  a  tot.il  course  of  150 
miles;  for  the  latter  90  miles  of  which,  fi-om  Montmeillan, 
(in  the  department  of  Is6re,)  it  is  navigable,  though  im- 
peded^ by  many  islands  and  shoals. 

I  SERE,  a  department  of  the  S.E.  of  France,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Savoy,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of 
Dauphine.  Area,  316;?  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  577.748. 
Tile  surface  is  mountainous.  Chief  rivers,  the  Rhone.  Is^re, 
Drac,  and  Romanche.  Agricultural  pursuits  form  the  chief 
branch  of  indu.stry.  The  minerals  comprise  lignite,  anthra- 
cite, lithographic-stones,  white  marble,  iron,  lead.  zinc,  cop- 
per, <tc.  The  gold-mine  of  La  Gai-dette,  disanered  in  1781, 
was  abandoned  at  the  first  revolution.  Grenoble  gloves, 
made  here,  are  in  high  repute;  and  the  cheese  of  Sassenaga 
is  celebrated.  Capital.  Grenoble.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  arrondissemeuts  of  Grenoble,  La-Tour-du-Pin,  St. 
Marcellin,  and  Vienne. 

ISERLOHN,  eeVer-lone',  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  in 
Westphalia,  6  miles  W.  of  Arnsberg.  Pop.  10.752.  It  has 
Calvinist.  Lutheran,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  Latin 
school;  important  manufactures  of  cutlery,  brass  wares, 
steam-engines,  and  other  machinery,  wire,  needles,  pins, 
buttons,  velvets,  silk,  woollen  stuffs,  and  leather,  and  a 
large  general  trade.  Near  it  is  much  picturesque  scenery, 
among  which  forges,  paper  mills,  bleaching-grounds,  &c. 
are  thickly  interspersed, 

ISERNIA,  e-s^R'nei.  (anc.  Jiser'nia.T)  a  town  of  Naplei, 
province  of  Molise,  23  miles  W.  of  C.ampobasso,  on  the  W. 
slope  of  the  Apennines.  Pop.  5200.  It  was  nearly  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  1805,  which  threw  down  its  cathedral 
and  several  convents. 

ISET,  e-sJt/,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  Lake  Isetskoe,  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  and  after  an  E.  course  of  more 
than  250  miles,  joins  the  Tobol  on  the  left.  Its  gold-wagh- 
iugs  are  very  productive. 

iSETSKOE,  a  lake  of  Siberia.    See  Iset. 

ISETSKOE.  a  village  of  Siberia,  on  the  Iset,  government 
of  Tobolsk. 

ISFAHAN,  a  city  of  Persia.    See  Ispaeax. 

IS'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ISIl/AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nv>i-thampton. 


ISII 


ISL 


TSIIAN  or  TSCITAN,  ee-sh3n',  a  village  of  Central  Asia,  24 
iciles  E.  of  Khiva. 

ISHI.M  or  ISCIIIM.  ish'im'  or  ish-eem'.  a  river  of  Siberia, 
government  of  Tobolsk,  rises  S.  of  lat.  50°  N.,  and  aft«r  a  tor- 
tuous N.  course  of  700  miles,  throuiih  a  sterile  tract,  termed 
the  Steppe  of  Ishim,  joins  the  Irtish  120  miles  S.K.  of  To- 
bolsk. On  its  banks  are  the  towns  of  Petropaulovsli  and 
Ishim,  the  latter  of  which  lielon<rs  to  a  chain  of  fortresses, 
termed  the  "line  of  Ishim,"  extending  from  Sianovoi  to 
Om.sk,  continuous,  westward,  with  the  Orenboorg  forts. 

1.SII1M  or  ISClllM,  a  town  of  Siberia,  government,  and 
ICO  miles  E.S.K.  of  Tobolsk,  on  the  above  river.     Pop.  1200. 

1  SlI  LAWKCOKD,  ish-lowr'kwSd\  a  hamlet  of  England,  co. 
of  Monmouth,  parish  of  lledwelty.    I'op.  2484. 

IS1.\.     See  HJSA. 

ISIGXY,  ee'seenVee^,  a  market-town  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Calvados,  on  .an  inlet  of  the  Knglish  Channel,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Vire,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ba3'eux. 
Pop.  22(8.     It  has  a  small  river  port. 

ISILI,  e-see'lee.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  37  miles 
N.  of  Casrliari.     Pop.  2195.     It  has  a  gunpowder  factory. 

I'SINGLASS  lUVEIl.  in  tl^.e  S.K.  part  of  New  IIamp.shire. 
fells  into  the  Cocheco  lUver. 

I'SIS.  a  river  of  England,  principal  branch  of  the  Thames, 
which  it  joins  at  Dorchester,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ISIUM,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  IztooM. 

ISKANDEREEYEII  or  ISKANDEKIYEII,  a  town  of 
Egvpt.    See  Alexandria. 

ISKANUEKOOX.  ISKAXDERUX  or  I.SCAXDEKOUN,  is- 
kdn-df-roon',  written  also  ISKENDERU.W  SCANDKROON', 
and  .\ LEXAN DKETTA,  or  "  Little  ALi^XANnniA,"  (anc.  Jhr- 
andreiki.)  a  seaport  town  of  N.  Syria,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
Bay  of  Iskanderoon,  23  miles  N.  of  Antiocli.  Lat.  30°  35' 
3"  N.,  Ion.  36°  E.  It  w.as  until  lately  unhealthy  and  depop- 
ulated, but  has  recently  improved  In  appearance,  and  also 
in  salubrity  by  the  drainage  of  an  adjacent  marsh.  It  is 
the  port  of  Aleppo,  and  has  the  best  harlwur  on  the  Syri.an 
coast,  with  an  import  trade  in  corn,  rice,  salt,  and  European 
goods,  and  exports  of  galls,  silk,  cotton,  and  syrup.  Iskan- 
deroon is  derived  from  Alexaxdbr  (in  Turkish  IskamUr) 
the  Great,  in  honor  of  whom  the  ancient  Alexandria  was 
named. 

ISKANDEROON,  BAY  OR  GULF  OF,  (anc.  Si'nua  7s',sn««.t,) 
extends  inland  for  45  miles  at  the  angle  between  Syria  and 
Asia  Minor,  and  on  its  shores  are  the  Amanian  gates  of  the 
ancients,  the  ruins  of  Baue and  A''ff{e,  and  the  plain  of  Issus, 
where  Darius  was  defeated  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

ISK.'VRDOII.  a  state  ot  Asia.    See  IJuLri, 

ISKARDDU,  is-kar-do/,  a  valley  of  Little  Thibet,  19  miles 
In  length,  7  miles  across,  traversed  by  the  Upper  Indus,  and 
T7ith  a  strong  castle,  the  residence  of  the  chief  of  Rultistan, 

ISKARDOII  or  ISKARDO,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  capital 
of  Bulti.  on  the  Upper  Indu«,  lat.  .35°  10'  N..  Ion.  75°  27'  E.. 
overlooked  by  a  large  irregular  fortress,  built  on  a  precipi- 
tous rock,  7100  feet  above  the  sea. 

ISKiaiH,  is'keh-leeb,  or  ESKILUP.  es'ke-lOp.  a  town  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  near  the  Kizll-Irmak,  2t>  miles 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Tchorum.  Estimated  pop.  9000.  It  has  an 
old  castle  and  several  Byzantine  remains. 

ISKEXDERIYAII  of  ISKENDEREEYAII,  Egypt.  See 
Alexandria. 

ISKEXDIORUN  or  ISKEXDKROON.    See  Iskanderoov. 

ISKER.  is'kfr.  sometimes  written  ES'KEU,  (anc.  (Es'cun.) 
a  river  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  rises  in  the  Bal- 
kan, flows  X.X.E..  and  joins  the  Danube,  22  miles  W.  of 
Nicopolis.    Total  course,  150  miles. 

ISKIL,  is'kil  or  is-keel',a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashali"  of 
Karamaniii,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Konieh,  and  comprising  about 
400  hfiuses. 

ISLA.  eesll,  a  Spanish  word  signifying  "island,"  and 
forming  a  part  of  many  names  as  Isla  del  Rey,  "King's 
Island."  Isla  de  Pinos.  -Isle  of  Pines."  <fee. 

ISL.\,  i'k.  or  1SL.\Y,  V\K.  a  river  of  ScotUnd,  cos.  of  For- 
far and  Perth,  enters  the  Tay  aftera  S.W.  course  of  41  miles. 

ISLA.  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  of  Bantl'shire,  near  Keith. 

ISLA-CRISTIXA.    Se"  IliorExA.Isi.A  de  la. 

ISLA  DK  LEOX,  ees'li  AS.  lA-Sn',  a  long,  narrow  island 
In  the  S.  of  Sp.ain,  province  of  Cadiz,  in  the  Atlantic,  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  by  the  channel  of  Santi  Petri. 
Length,  10  miles;  breadth,  about  2  miles.  On  it  are  the 
cities  of  Cadiz.  Isla  de  Leon,  and  Oorda. 

ISLA  DE  LEON,  or  SAX  FKRXAXDO.  a  city  of  Spain, 
province,  and  7  miles  S.K.  of  Cadiz,  on  the  E.  sidetif  the 
Isla  rle  Leon.  Pop.  (inclnditig  Puarto  Reiil)  9729.  It  is  very 
ancient,  is  strongly  fortified,  and  its  arsenal  is  noted  for  its 
great  extent.  It  has  two  hospitals,  several  convents,  and  an 
excellent  marine  observatory,  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in 
Spain.  The  town  served  as  an  asylum  for  refugees  during 
the  war  of  independence  in  1823. 

ISLA  DEL  REY.  ees'll  d4l  rA.  the  largest  of  the  Pearl 
Islands,  in  the  Gulf  of  Panama,  South  .\^merica.  Length, 
20  miles. 

ISLA  DE  NEGROS.  ees'lj  d.^  n.Vgroce.  one  of  the  Philip- 
pine lalandi^,  !z  *t.e  Malay  Archipelago,  between  Panay  and 
ZtfOU.     Estimated  area,  3780  square  miles.     Pop.  35,622. 


ISLA  DE  NEGROS,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near 
the  X.  coa.st  of  Admiralty  Island. 
ISLA  DE  PIXOS.    See  Isle  ou  Pines. 
ISL.-VDl,  is'ld'dee,  a  town  ot  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, sanjak,  and  40  miles  E.  of  Sophia,  on  the  Vid 

ISL.\MABAD.  i.s-l4m-,a-bid',  a  town  of  British  l.iuia,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  in  Ch'ittagong,  on  the  Chittagong  River, 
8  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Pop.  12,000  (?j 
of  whom  about  2000  are  of  Portugue.se  descent.  It  is  pretty 
well  built  in  the  Bengalese  style,  and  has  two  Portuguese 
churches,  an  English  school,  well-supplied  markets,  manu- 
fiictures  of  canvas  and  marine  fittings,  ship-building  yards, 
and  an  .active  maritime  and  inland  trade.  About  300  vessels 
are  owned  in  the  port,  wliich  is  frequented  by  many  Jlal 
dive  and  other  vessels,  bringing  cowries,  cocoa-nuts,  tor- 
toise-shell, and  coin,  which  they  exchange  for  rice,  salt,  and 
manufactured  goods. 

ISLAMABAD,  a  town  of  Cashmere,  oti  the  Jhylum,  here 
crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge.  27  miles  S.E.  of  Serlnagur  It 
has  considerable  manufactures  of  shawls,  chintzes,  coars<3 
cottons,  and  woollens. 

ISL.\  M.\YOR,  ee.s'ld  mT-onA  a  large  island  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Seville,  embraced  by  two  arms  of  the  Ouivdalqulvir, 
between  Seville  and  the  sea.     Length,  17  miles. 

ISLAMGUKil,  is-ldm-gar',  a  fort  of  West  Ilindostan,  do- 
minions, and  120  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bhawlpoor. 

ISLAMKOTE,  isldm-kOf,  a  fort  of  Hiudostan,  in  Sinde, 
near  the  Cutch  frontier. 

ISLAMXAGUR,  is-iam-nS'gar,  or  ISLAMXUGGUR.  i.s. 
lim-nfig'gtlr,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  on  the  Betwah.  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Jumna,  5  miles  N.  of  Bhopaul ;  lat.  23°  24'  X., 
Ion.  77°  30'  E. 

ISLAMPOOR.  is-l3m-poor',  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  in  Aj- 
meer.  105  miles  W.S.W.  of  Delhi :  lat.  28°  0'  X..  Ion.  75°  40'  E. 
1SL.\MI'0()R,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bahar,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ganges. 
ISLAXD,  TSLAXDA.  or  ISLAXDIA.     .See  Iceland. 
ISLAXDIJRIDGE,    Iland-brij'.  a   village  of   Ireland,   in 
Leinster,  co.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Liffey.  1|  miles  W.  of  Dublin 
Castle.     Pop.  700. 

ISLAND  COUNTY,  a  new  county  of  Washington  Terri- 
tory, comprising  Whiduy's  Island,  which  see. 

ISL.\XD  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Georgia, 
a  few  miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville,  has  a  church,  an  academy, 
.and  a  m.asonic  hall. 

ISL.\.XD  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Jeffer- 
son CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River.     Pop.  16.32. 

ISLAXD  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  155 
miles  E.  by  X.  of  Columbus. 
ISLAXDE.    See  Iceland. 

ISLAXD KADY.  fland-ee'de,  or  ISLANDINE,  !1,an-deen, 
a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Mavo. 

ISLAXD  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

ISLAXD  GROVE,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Great  Western 
Railroad,  19  miles  from  Springfield. 
ISL.\XD  MAGEE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 
ISIiAXD  No.  66,  a  post-office  of  Coahoma  co.,  Mississippi. 
ISI-AXD  .No.  10.  Is  situated  in  the  Mississippi  River, at  the 
W.  extremity  of  Kentucky,  and  on  the  border  of  Tennessee, 
about  40  miles  below  Columbus.   It  was  taken  by  the  Union 
army  in  April,  1862. 

ISLAXD  POND,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Essex  co..  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  149  miles 
N.W.  of  Portland,  and  143  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  The  road 
was  built,  and  is  owned  to  this  place,  16  miles  within  the 
States,  by  the  peojde  of  Canada.  Depots,  engine-houses, 
Ac.  of  both  portions  of  the  road,  Congregivtional  and  Method- 
ist churches,  and  several  steam  flouring  and  saw-mills  have 
been  built..  The  duties  on  produce  and  merchandise  passing 
from  Canada  to  the  United  States  are  collected  here,  and  in 
1854  amounted  to  $152,573.  The  total  value  of  exports  wa-s 
$2,219,576. 

ISLANDS,  (i1and.s.)  BAY  OF.  a  large  bay  of  British  Ame- 
rica, formed  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Newfoundland,  N.  of  St.  George's  Bay ;  lat.  49°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
58°  15'  VV.  It  receives  on  the  S.E.  the  Ilumber,  and  enclosos 
a  great  number  of  small  islands. 

ISL.\XDSHIRE,   i'l.and-shjr,  a  detached  portion  of  tha 
CO.  of  Durham,  in  England,  comprises  Holy  Island.     Area, 
26.820  acres.     Pop.  8830. 
ISL.\NDS  OF  THE  BLEST.    See  Canaries. 
ISLA  PLANA.     See  Taharca. 

I8L.\Y.  I'l.i,  or  ISLA,  i'la,  one  of  the  larger  islands  of  the 
Inner  Hebrides,  in  S-otland.  co.  of  Argyle,  immediately  S,W. 
of  the  island  of  Jura,  and  14  miles  W.  of  the  peninsula  of 
Kintyre;  25  miles  long,  and  17  miles  broad.  Pop.  in  1851, 
15,901.  Surface  mountainous  in  the  K.,  with  an  elevation 
of  1400  feet;  elsewhere  generally  level.  About  22,000  acres 
are  arable.  The  island  is  formed  of  quartz  rock,  clay  schi.'.ts, 
with  limestone,  marl,  bog-iron  ore,  and  lead  and  copper 
mines.  Principal  exports,  cattle,  limestone,  and  spirit."-,  of 
which  last  250,000  gallons  are  distilled  annually.  At  Loch- 
ind,'uil  is  a  harbor  for  ships, 
ISLAY,  eea-li,  a  maritime  town  of  Peru,  the  port  of  Ara- 

916 


ISL 


ISM 


(jnilia,  on  the  Pacific,  with  a  custom-house,  in  lat.  17°  S. 
If.n.  7 zo  10'  5"  W. 

ISLAY  SOUND,  between  the  island  of  Islay  and  Jura,  has 
juj  avei'age  breadtli  of  1  mile. 

ISLE,  eel,  (auc.  Iii'sula.  ?)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Vienne.  and  joins  the  Dordogne  at  Li- 
bi/urne,  aftor  a  S.W.  course  of  lUO  miles.  It  is  uavigable 
from  Perijfueux  to  the  Gironde. 

ISLE-(ne,)  AB'BOTS,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ISLE-ADAM,  L'.  leerd'ddm'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Oise,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Pontoise. 
Pop.  1015. 

ISLE  AU  BOIS,  eel  o  bwd,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co., 
Missouri. 

ISLE  AU  H.^UT.  eel  o  ho,  at  the  entrance  of  Penobscot 
Bay,  Maine,  is  composed  of  hiirh,  steep  cliffs,  aud  contains  a 
fi.xed  light.  40  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Liit.  -13°  59' 
N.,  Ion.  6S°  3-i'  W. 

ISLE-AUX-COUDRES,  eel-o-kood'r,  an  island  of  Canada 
Etist,  2  miles  from  the  N.  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
57  miles  X.E.  of  Quebec. 

ISLE-BAISE,  eel-bi'iz,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers,  N.  of  Mirande,  on  the  Baise.     Pop.  1000. 

ISLEBOROUGII,  ilOjar-ruh,  a  po.st-township  ot  Waldo 
CO.,  Maine,  comprising  a  long,  narrow  island  in  Penobscot 
Bay,  about  fiO  miles  E.S.E.  of  Augustii.  The  inhjibitants 
are  extensively  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade.     Pop.  1270. 

ISLE-BOUCHAKD.  eel-boo'shaR',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chinon,  on  an 
island  of  the  A'ieuDB.     Pop.  1716. 

ISLE-BOUIN.    SeeBoLix. 

ISLE-BR  EWER'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

ISLE-D'AIX,  L',  a  town  of  France.     See  Aix. 

ISLE-D'ALIJI,  L',  a  city  of  France.     See  Albi. 

ISLE  DE  FRANCE.     See  ILE  db  France. 

ISLE-DIEU,  ISLE-D'YEU  or  ILE-DYEU.  eel  de-oh',  a 
fortified  island  of  Fiani^e.  department  of  Vendee,  in  the 
Atlantic,  about  10  miles  from  the  coast,  and  28  miles  N.W. 
Of  Les  Stibles.     Pop.  in  18.52.  2640. 

ISLE-EN-DODOX,  L',  leel-SNO-doM6y<^.  a  town  of  France, 
depaitment  of  Ilaute-Garonne,  on  a  small  island  of  the  Save, 
20  miles  X.X.E.  of  St.  Gaudens.     Pop.  2075. 

ISLE-EX-JOURDAIX,  eel-SNO-zhooRMix"/,  a  town  of 
France,  dep.%rtment  of  Gers,  14  miles  X.N.E.  of  Lombez,  on 
the  Save.     Pop.  4921.     It  has  manufactures  of  leather. 

ISLEII.\.M,  ilam.  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Cambridge. 

ISLE-JOURD.\IX,  eel-zhooRMiN"',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Montmorillon  on  the 
Vienne.    Pop.  700. 

ISLE,  li',  leel.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  A'aucluse, 
12  miles  E.  of  Avignon,  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Sorgue, 
Pop.  in  1852.  6.303. 

ISLE  LA  .AIOTTE,  in  L.ake  Champlain.    See  La  5Iotte. 

ISLE  LA  MOTTE.  a  post-oflnce  of  Grand  Isle.  Vermont. 

ISLE  OF  FRANCE,  Indian  Ocean.     See  M.\URiiius. 

ISLE  OF  MAX.  England.    See  Man.  Isle  of. 

ISLE  OF  PIXES.  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  S.E.  of 
New  Caledonia.  Lat.  of  peak,  22=' 38' S.,  Ion.  167°  25' E.  It 
is  42  miles  in  circumference.  The  scenery  is  beautiful, 
and  vegetation  luxuriant.  It  is  resorted  to  for  catching 
turtle.    Pop.  2500. 

ISLE  OF  PIXES,  (Sp.  Ma  *  Finns,  eesld  dA  pee'noce.)  an 
Island  in  the  West  Indian  Archipelago.  50  miles  -S.  of  Cu  1  la.  to 
■which  it  belongs,  being  included  in  the  jurisdiction  of  Ila- 
van.o.  It  lies  between  21°  27'  and  21°  5S'  X.  lat..  and  l>etween 
76°  11'  and  76°  52'  W.  Ion.  Length  from  E.  to  W.,  abont  60 
miles  ;  greatest  breadth,  55  miles.  Area,  600  .square  miles. 
Its  coasts  are  indented  with  numerous  bays.  The  general 
aspect  of  the  island  is  exceedingly  picturesque,  presenting 
lofty  mountains,  extensive  plains,  multitudes  of  beautiful 
rivulets,  and  a  marsh,  extending  across  it  from  E.  to  W., 
dividing  it  into  two  unequal  parts.  The  most  remarkable 
lonuntains  are  the  Sierra  de  la  Cafiada.  rising  alx>ut  1600 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  with  precipices  150 
feet  in  height;  the  Daguilla,  elevated  1500  feet,  affording 
from  its  summit  a  beautiful  panoramic  view  of  the  whole 
i.sland;  the  Sierra  de  la  Cabellos,  1074  feet  in  height:  and 
Mount  Casas,  half  a  league  from  it,  are  composed  of  beau- 
tiful marble  of  all  qualities  and  colors ;  and  the  Cristales, 
though  of  little  height,  is  remarkable  for  the  green  rook- 
crystal  abounding  on  its  sides.  Several  of  the  rivers  have 
a  depth  of  from  5  to  10  feet,  and  are  navigaVjle  4  or  5 
miles.  The  climate  of  the  island  is  mild  and  remarkably 
salubrious.  The  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  principal  products 
are  cattle,  tobacco,  pine,  mahogany,  cedar,  and  other  woods. 
Bulphur,  spirits  of  turpentine,  pitch,  tar,  marble  of  all 
quantities  and  colors,  rock  crystals,  and  tortoi.se*heIls. 
There  are  also  mines  of  silver,  quicksilver,  and  iron.  The 
Isie  of  Pines  is  a  dependency  of  Havana,  and  is  governed 
by  a  politjeo-military  commandante.  It  was  discovered  by 
(Jolnmbus  in  1494.  Capital.  Nueva  Gerona.  For  many  years 
it  was  notorious  as  a  resort  of  pirates.  Pop.  in  1854^  about 
]  400.  of  whom  100  are  colored. 

LSLE  OF  SKiyPEXTS.  alofty  islet  in  the  Black  Sea,  23 
milos  E.  of  the  delta  of  the  Danube.  It  is  reputed  to  have 
916 


possessed  in  antiquity  a  temple  in  honor  of  Achilles,  (afl«r 
whom  the  island  was  also  named.)  but  of  which  no  traces 
remain. 

ISLES  OF  SHOALS.  '\  miles  S.S.E.  of  Portsmouth  Lit'ht- 
house,  Xew  Hampshire.  They  consist  of  8  small  islands 
which  are  inhabited  chiefly  by  fishermen.  On  White  Island, 
the  westernmost,  is  a  revolving  light.  87  feetatiove  the  level 
of  the  sea.    Lat.  42'^  58'  X.,  Ion.  70°  37'  20"  W. 

ISLE  OF  AVHIT'HORX,  a  marithne  vilUge  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Wigton,  at  the  head  of  a  small  bay,  3  miles  S.E.  of 
WhitJiorn.  with  a  .safe  hai'bor.     Pop.  COtl. 

ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  il  ov  wifc'.  (anc.  VecOvi,)  an  island  in 
the  Engli.sh  Channel,  off  the  S.  coast  of  England,  separated 
by  the  Solent  and  Spithead  from  the  mainland  of  Hamp- 
shire, in  which  county  it  is  included.  Length  from  E.  to 
W.,  22|  miles;  greatest  breadth  at  its  centre,  log  miles. 
Area,  136  square  miles,  or  86.810  acres.  Pop.  50,324.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  parts  of  the  kingdom,  presenting 
almost  every  variety  of  landscape  in  miniature.  It  rises  in 
elevation  towanls  the  centre,  where  a  range  of  chalk-hills 
traverses  it  from  E.  to  W. ;  the  highest  point  TSt  Catherine's 
Hill)  is  830  feet  above  the  sea;  and  the  S.  (espjcially  the 
S.K.)  coast,  popularly  termed  the  "back  of  the  island,''  ifl 
characterized  by  precipitous  cliffs,  ravines,  or  "chines."  and 
scenery  of  a  most  romantic  kind.  On  this  side  ara  the  Culver 
Cliff,  Dunnose  Point.  Shanklin,  Luccombe,  aud  ISlackgang 
Chines,  &c.  Off  its  W.  extremity  are  the  Needle  Rocks. 
The  Jledina  River  partly  separates  it  into  two  nearly  equal 
portions.  A  surplus  of  agricuUund  produce  over  home 
con.sumption  is  raised ;  this,  and  malt,  wool,  salt,  and  fine 
sand  for  the  manufacture  of  gla.ss,  form  the  chief  exports. 
In  the  W.  are  some  wide  downs,  and  about  40,000  fine- 
fleeced  sheep  are  reared  on  the  uplands.  Principal  towns, 
Newport,  the  capital,  Yarmouth.  Cowes,  Ryde,  and  Vent- 
nor;  the  three  last  are  greatly  fre<iuented  in  summer  as 
bathing-places;  and  near  Cowes  is  Osborne  House,  a  fa- 
vorite residence  of  the  pi-esent  sovereign.  Charles  I.  was 
impri.soned  in  the  castle  here  a  short  time  before  he  was  de- 
livered up  to  Cromwell.  The  i.sland  has  continual  commu- 
nication by  steamboats  with  Portsmouth  and  Southampton. 
Since  the  Reform  Act,  it  has,  exclu.sive  of  the  borough  of 
Xewport,  sent  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Regis- 
t«i-ed  electors  in  1839^0,  1167. 

ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
with  an  area  of  aix)ut  230  square  milef  it  the  mouth  of 
James  River,  which  washas  the  N.E.  border.  The  Black- 
water  River  forms  the  W.  boundary.  The  soil  is  generally 
thin  and  sandy.  A  portion  is  occupied  by  swamps  and  pine 
forests.  The  Isle  of  Wight  was  one  of  the  eight  origin.al 
shires  into  which  Virginia  was  divided  in  1634.  Capital, 
Smithfield.  Pop.  9977,  nl Whom  6407  were  free,  and  3570  slaves. 

ISLfMiOUSSE,  L',  leel-rooss,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cor- 
sica. 10  miles  E.  of  Calvi.  with  a  small  port.     Pop.  1756. ' 

ISLE  ROYALE,  il  roy'al,  (Fr.  pron.  eel  roVdl',)  an  island 
in  Lake  Superior,  forming  a  portion  of  Houghton  co..  Michi- 
gan, and  50  miles  N.W.  of  Keweenaw  Point.  The  island  is 
about  42  miles  long,  and  from  5  to  8  miles  wide.  The  soil  is 
s;ud  to  be  generally  good,  the  timber  abundant,  the  har- 
bors, of  which  there  are  several,  deep  and  secure.  Copper 
ore  abounds,  and  mining  operations  have  been  carried  on  to 
some  extent;  but  owing  to  the  long  and  severe  winters,  and 
the  uncertain  communication  with  the  settled  parts  of  the 
state,  ]>ermanent  settlements  have  not  yet  been  made. 

ISLES  DE  LOS.    See  Los,  Isles  de. 

ISLE-SUR-LE-DOUBS.  L',  leel-sUR-leh-doobz,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Doute,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Baumes-les- 
Dames.    Pop.  1000. 

ISLET,  ilet,  or  ISLE'TA,  capital  of  El  Paso  co.,  Texas,  on 
an  island  in  tlie  Rio  Grande.     Free  popnlaton,  709. 

ISLEWORTH,  Il'worth.  a  pari.sh  and  village  of  England, 
00.  of  Middlesex,  on  the  Thames,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Brentford. 
Between  it  and  Brentford  is  Sion  House,  the  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Northumberland. 

ISTJNGTOX.  a  pjirish  of  England,  oo.  of  Middlesex,  bo- 
rough of  Fiusbury,  and  one  of  the  X.  suburbs  of  the  mo- 
trnpolis.  Pop.  in  1851,  96,329.  It  is  the  seat  of  numerous 
schools  and  charity  foundations,  and  oontiuus  also  Highbury 
College  for  Independent  ministers,  a  Church  of  England 
missionary  institution,  a  new  literary  institution,  and  Sad- 
lers  WeUs  Theatre.  On  Lslington  Green,  the  parliamentary 
elections  for  the  borough  of  Finsbury  take  place. 

IS/LIP,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  oo.  of  Xorthampton. 

IS'LH",  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Oxford.  Here  are 
vestiges  of  a  palace  of  King  Ethelred. 

IS/IJP,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Suffolk  co.,  Xew 
Y'ork,  on  Great  South  Bay,  which  sets  up  into  the  S.  side  of 
Long  Island  from  the  Atlantic,  about  45  miles  X.E.  of  Xew 
York.     I'op,  3845. 

ISJIAELBAD,  is-mll-bdd'  a  town  of  Xorth-west  Hindo- 
stan.  20  miles  S.  of  Umballah. 

ISMAIL.  is-mi-c<el/.  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Be-s-sarabia.  on  the 
Kilia.  or  N.  arm  of  the  Danube,  at  its  deltji,  42  miles  E.  of 
Galatz,  and  120  milts  S.W.  of  Odessa.  It  is  strongly  forti- 
fied, and,  being  near  the  Turkish  frontier,  forms  an  import- 
ant military  station.    It  contains  a  magnificent  palace,  a 


ISM 


ISS 


Greek  and  Armenian  church,  ami  a  cloister.  Its  harbor  is 
good,  but  its  commerce  is  very  limited.  It  was  long  in 
possession  of  the  Turks.  The  Russians,  under  Suwarrow, 
tooli  it  liy  assault  in  1790,  gave  it  up  to  pillaf^e,  and  made  it 
a  heap  of  ashes.     It  has  never  recovered.     Pop.  '21,908. 

ISM  AILOVO,  is-mi-lo'vo,  a  village  of  Russia,  government, 
and  adjoinins  Moscow,  with  an  imperial  palace  and  park. 

ISM.\l,EKY.\H  or  I8M.\LIYAlI,is-mi-Iee'yia  small  town 
of  Persia,  province  of  Khoozistan,  on  the  Karoon,  '28  miles 
S.W.  of  Ahwaz. 

ISMKKD,  T8MID  or  TZMIl).  iz'meed',  written  also  IZMK- 
MID.  {nae.  Nicnme.'dia.)  a  market-town  of  .\sia  Minor,  in 
Anatolia,  capifalof  asanjak.attheheadof  theGulfoflsmeed, 
55  miles  I':.8.E.  of  Constantinople.  Lat.  40°  47'  40"  N.,  Ion. 
29°  6o'  :iO"  K.  It  is  finely  situated,  comprises  1000  houses,  is 
the  residence  of  a  i)aslia  and  of  Greek  and  Armenian  arch- 
liishops,  and  is  reported  to  have  a  considerable  trade.  It 
was  anciently  the  seat  of  the  King  of  Bithynia.  also  the 
the  liirthpla^'e  of  Anian.  and  residence  of  ILannibal,  the 
younger  Pliny,  and  Diocletian.  It  has  few  remaining 
ancient  buildinirs. 

ISMKICD  or  I'SMTD.  GULF  OF.  {&ne.  Astacmm  Simis,)  is 
an  inlet  forming  the  K.  extremity  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora, 
4.3  milfs  in  length,  and  21  miles  in  breadth  at  its  entrance. 

ISMIIj,  is-meel'.  a  large  village  of  Asia  Miaor,  pashalic  of 
Karamania.  :S2  miles  E.S.E.  of  Konleh. 

ISMIK.    See  Smyrna. 

IS\ALr/)Z.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  IrsAUOZ. 

ISX  KI.LO,  is-uM'lo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Cefalu. 
Pop.  16(10. 

IS'XKY,  a  post^ffice  of  Choctaw  co.,  Alabiima. 

IS.MK,  a  town  and  lake  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Izneek. 

ISNY  or  I.8SXY.  iss'nee.  a  town, of  WUrtemberg.  on  the 
D.inube,  48  miles  S.  of  Dim.  Pop.  18fi3.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  was  formerly  a  free  town  of  the  empire,  and  has  a 
castle  and  a  college. 

ISlJtiLOO  or  ISlXJLOU,  isVgloo',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, pashalic,  and  80  miles  N.W.  of  Diarbekir,  on  the  Ku- 
phrates. 

ISO  LA.  ee'so-li,  an  Italian  word  signifying  "  island,"  form- 
ing the  names  or  a  portion  of  the  names  of  many  places  in 
Italy.  Illyria,  &c. 

ISOIi.\,  ee'so-ld,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro.  5  miles  S.^V.  of  Sora,  on  an  island  formed  by  the 
river  Liri.    Pop.  4000. 

ISOLA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra,  8 
miles  S.  of  Cu#rone.  near  the  Mediterranean.    .Pop.  2000. 

ISOLA.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I., 
and  Hi  miles  S.  of  Teramo.     Pop.  1100. 

ISOLA,  ee'so-l3,  a  large  market-town  of  Illyria,  govern; 
uieut.  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Triest,  on  the  S.E.  shore  of  the 
Gulf  of  Triest.     Pop.  3430. 

ISOLA,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  25  miles  S.W.  of  AIes.san- 
dria. 

ISOL.A  BELLA,  North  Italy.    See  Borromean  Islands. 

]80L.\-DKIA>10L10.     See  GiGUO. 

ISOLA-DEL-GIGLIO,  ee'so-lj  del  gheel'yo,  a  town  of 
Tuscany,  situated  on   the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Gidio. 

ISOLA  DELLA  SCALA,  ee'sola  diVli  skS'la,  a  town  of 
North  Italy,  11  miles  S.  of  Verona,  on  the  Tartaro.  Pop. 
3400. 

IS  >L  \  DOVARESE.ee'so-ia-do-va-r.'i'sA,  h  village  of  North- 
ern Italv,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Canneto,  on  the  Oglio.  Pop.  212t). 

ISOLA  GROSSA,  ee/so-la  gros'sl.  or  LUNGA.  loon'gj,  (t.  e. 
"Great  or  Long  Island,")  (anc.  Scardo'na.)  an  island  in  tlie 
Adriatic  Sea,  olf  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Zara. 
Length  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  27  miles;  extreme  breadth,  about 
3  miles.     Pop.  12.000. 

LSOLA  MADRK,  Italy.    See  Borromean  Islands. 

ISOLA  SAN  GIOVANNI.    See  Boruomean  Lslands. 

ISOLA  SUl'ERIORE.    See  Borromean  Islands. 

I'SOM'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Maury  co.,  Tennessee. 

ISONZO,  e-son'zo,  or  LISONZO,  le-son'zo.  (anc.  .Sdiitiiia,)  a 
river  of  lilyiia,  forming  the  boundary  between  Nortli  Italy 
and  Illyria.  rises  in  Mount  Terglou,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ju- 
lian and  Carnic  Alps,  flows  tortuouslj'  southward,  and  under 
the  name  of  Sdobba,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Triest. 

ISOKELL.A,  e-so-rSlId,  a  village  ofNorthern  It.ily,  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Leno.     Pop.  1.322. 

ISI'AllAX.  is-pa-hdn',  written  also  ISFAHAN  or  SPA- 
II.\W\,  sp3-hawu',  ("ouimonly  pronounci<l  spd-hoon' by  the 
inhabitants.)  (.anc.  ^i75((rfana,)afamouscity.  formerly  the  me- 
tropolis of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee.  on  the  Zendarood, 
210  mikis  S.  of  Teh.>ran ;  lat.  32°  39'  34"  N.,  and  Ion.  51°  44' 
45"  E..  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  plain,  watered  by  a  broad 
river.  It  is  surrounded  by  groves  and  orchards,  and  was  for- 
merly enclosed  by  a  mud  wall  24  miles  in  circuit,  which 
was  entirely  destroyed  by  the  Afghans.  The  streets  are  for 
•he  most  part  narrow,  dirty,  and  extremely  dull.  There  are 
>xtensive  remains  of  magnificent  palaces,  large  private 
Douses,  spacious  caravanserais,  and  hand.sonie bazaars:  most 
of  which,  however,  are  in  a  state  of  melancholy  decay. 
Three  liandsome  bridges  communicate  with  the  suburbs  of 
4ulfa  and  Abb.as-abad:  that  of  Julfa  is  especially  remark- 
able.   It  has  33  arches ;  and  on  either  side,  instead  of  a 


parapet,  a  gallery  extends  from  end  to  end,  composed  of  70 
arcades,  between  which  is  the  pathway.  On  either  side  of 
the  river  is  a  spacious  park,  called  the  Chaliar-Bar/li  or 
'•  Four  Gardens."  a  superb  avenue  .3000  paces  long,  and  70 
paces  in  breadth,  planted  with  double  rows  of  the  lofty 
cliinars,  and  flanked  by  several  picturesque  gardens  and 
private  palaces.  The  chief  square  of  Ispahan  is  the  Maidiin 
Shah,  which  was  formerly  surrounded  by  busj'  shops,  and 
regarded  as  one  of  its  greatest  ornaments;  it  is  about  2fc;00 
feet  long,  and  700  feet  broad.  Of  the  seven  palaces  in  Ispa- 
han, that  of  the  CliChfJrSitaon  or  "I'alace  of  Forty  Pillars," 
built  by  Abbas  the  Great,  is  the  finest.  It  stands  in  a  very 
large  square,  which  is  intersected  hy  various  canals,  and 
copiously  planted  with  chinar-trees.  The  front  roof  is  sus- 
tained by  a  double  range  of  columns,  exceeding  40  feet  in 
height,  and  each  .shooting  up  frojn  the  united  back  of  four 
lions  of  white  marble.  In  the  time  of  Chardin,  Ispahan 
comprised  162  mosques  and  48  colleges,  most  of  which  are 
still  standing,  though  more  or  less  in  decay.  Of  these,  by 
far  the  largest  and  most  magnifirent  is  the  Mesjid  Sliah, 
situated  in  the  Maidan  Shah.  The  entrance  to  it  is  by  a 
lofty  portico,  flanked  on  each  side  by  a  tall  minaret,  crowned 
by  an  open  gallery  at  the  top:  the  body  of  the  edifice  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  vast  dome,  accounted  one  of  the  liest  speci- 
mens of  Persian  architecture,  the  whole  building  being  con- 
structed of  mas.sive  blocks  of  stone,  covei-ed  with  tiles  richly 
lackered!,  On  the  Chahar-Bagh  is  the  mosque  of  Sultan 
Hussein,  its  dome  .and  minarets  blending  Ijeautifully  with 
lofty  trees.  The  building  is  now  converted  into  a  medressa 
or  college;  the  most  remarkable  college  is  that  of  the  .3/«- 
dressa  Jeddah.  It  is  entered  by  a  lofty  portico,  enriched  with 
pillars  fantastically  twisted,  leading  through  a  pair  of  im- 
mense folding  gates,  of  solid  brass,  ridily  ornamented  with 
pure  silver;  these  open  into  a  vestibule  with  a  domed  roof, 
which  conducts  into  the  spacious  court  of  thecollege.  plant- 
ed with  flowers,  and  overshadowed  by  lofty  trees.  The  ba- 
zaars alone  still  show  some  signs  of  activity.  They  are 
allotted,  in  separate  divisions,  to  oljects  of  foreign  or  homo 
commerce,  with  a  large  space  for  the  products  of  Europe 
and  India,  cottons,  silks,  velvets,  glass,  pottery,  Ac.  The 
suburbs  of  Julfa,  already  referred  to,  situated  S.  of  the 
Zendarood.  were  originally  founded  for  some  Armenians 
whom  Shah  Abbas  transplantiKl  hither  from  Julf'a-on-the- 
Araxes.  and  endowed  with  numerous  commercial  privileges. 
It  is  at  present  the  principal  seat  of  the  manufacturing 
industry.  Theartisans  of  Ispahan  are  esteemed  the  best  in 
Persia;  and  its  manufacturescompri.se  all  kinds  of  woven 
fabrics,  gold  and  silver  wares,  paper  articles,  firearms, 
sword-blades,  glass,  earthenware,  articles  of  luxury,  which 
are  sent  by  caravans  to  Bagdad.  Herat,  India,  and  most 
parts  of  We.st  Asia.  Under  the  caliphs  of  Bagdad,  Ispahan 
became  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Irak.  It  soon  became 
a  place  of  great  popul.ation,  wealth,  and  trade.  In  loS7,  it 
was  taken  by  Timoor  Bee,  and  the  citizens  were  given  up  to 
indi.sciiminate  massacre;  70.000  are  said  to  have  perished. 
Shah  Abbas  made  it  the  seat  of  his  empire,  and  spared  no 
cost  in  emljellishing  it  with  the  most  splendid  edifices.  In 
1722.it  was  taken  by  the  Afghans;  but,  in  1729,  it  was 
retaken  by  Nadir  Shah,  since  wliich  it  has  not  been  a  roy.il 
residence.  Pop.  formerly  estimated  at  1.100.000.  Chardin, 
in  1686.  stated  it  at  600.000.  Morier  stated  it  in  1808,  from 
Persian  authorities,  at  400,000;  but,  in  his  second  journey, 

at  60,000.    Colonel  Chesney  states  it  at  about  150,000. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  IsrAHANEE.  is-pS-liS'nee. 

ISPINGLIOE,  is-pimr-iee'.  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  in  the 
Bolan  Pass.  65  miles  N.  of  Kelat.     Pop.  2000. 

ISPUNGLEE,  is-pfing  lee',  a  village  of  Beloochistan,  in  tho 
Bolan  Pass,  4  miles  W.  of  Quetta. 

IS'RAEL.  a  township  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1631. 

ISRAEL'S  RIVER,  of  Coos  co..  New  Hamphire,  rises 
near  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington,  and  falls  iuto  the  Con- 
necticut River. 

ISSA.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  TsA. 

ISSACH.AR,  i.s'sa-kar.  a  tribe  of  Israelites  settled  upon  a 
fertile  tract  of  country,  on  the  .Tordan  between  Zebulun  and 
Ephraim. 

IS'S.AQUE'NA.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  .Mississippi,  has 
an  area  of  about  1030  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  forms 
its  Vioundary  on  the  W..  the  Yazoo  River  (navigable  by 
steamboats)  washes  the  S.E.  border,  and  it  is  intersected  by 
tlie  Sunflower  River.  The  surface  is  partly  subject  to  in- 
undiition;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Formed  quite  recently  from 
the  S.  part  of  Washington  county.  Capital,  Taliula.  Pop. 
7831,  of  whom  5S7  were  free,  and  7244  slaves. 

LS'S.AY,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  Loch  Follart,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Skye,  12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Snizort. 

ISSE,  eess,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Inferieure,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Chateaubi'iant,  on  the  Don. 

ISSELBURG,  is'sel-bO(5Rg\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
government  of.  and  44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.    P.  958. 

ISSELHORST.  is'sel-hoR.st\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
government  of  Minden.     Pop.  1170. 

ISSIGEAC.  eesV'eV,h.ik'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne.  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bergerac.    Pop.  977. 

ISSINQEAUX,  a  town  of  France.    Sot-  Ysbingeaux. 

917 


ISS 

ISS /J  4  n  'n  imoi  WUrtemberg.    See  Istt. 

ISSOIiiE  e^f^wipy,  {nnc.  IsfimMrum  f)  a  town  of  France, 
department  OT  I'liy  deDome,  capital  of  the  arrondissement, 
on  the  CroilZB,  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  in  185J, 
58S9. 

ISSOUDUN,  ees'sooMti.vo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Indre.  capitil  of  an  arrondissement,  on  the  Theols,  here 
crossed  by  three  bridges,  and  on  the  railroad  from  A'ierzon 
to  Chateauroux.  17  miles  N.E.  of  Chateauroux.  Pop.  in 
1852,  13,346.  It  is  well  built,  and  cle;in :  it  has  a  communal 
college,  a  town-hall,  4  churches,  2  hospitals:  manufactures 
of  woollen  and  linen  cloths,  bleiiching-grounds,  paper  mills, 
and  tanneries:  a  brisk  trade  in  wool,  wine,  corn,  and  cattle. 

ISSUM,  is's66m,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  22  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Cleves.     Pop.  1000. 

ISSUS,  is'siis.a  river  .and  town  of  antiquity  in  North  Syria, 
the  former  supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  river  of  Baias, 
and  neiir  which  are  remain.*  of  an  ancient  city. 

ISSY,  ees^see'.  a  vill.ijre  of  Fnance,  department  of  Seine,  in 
a  plain  near  the  Seine,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4312.  It  comprises  many  handsome  villas,  and  the  seminary 
of  St.  Sulpice,  once  the  mansion  of  Margaret  of  Valois,  with 
several  chemical-works. 

ISSY  L'liTEQUE,  ees^see'lA'vik',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Sa3ne-et-I^ire,  on  the  Somme,  22  miles  S.W. 
of  Autun.    Pop.  19'>0. 

1STA150L.A.T.  is-t3-bo-lSy,  the  modem  name  of  a  ruined 
city  of  .\siatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  57  miles  X.W.  of  Bagdad, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Tigris. 

ISTACCIIIUATL.    See  IzTACCiHn.vTl. 

IST.\KII.\K,  i.s-ta-Kai-',  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of 
Fars.  on  a  part  of  the  site  of  Ftrsf.pc/h. 

ISTALIF,  i.s-ta-leeP,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  22  miles 
N.W.  of  Cabool.  Pop.,  before  its  partial  destruction  by  the 
British  in  1842.  15.000,  many  employed-  in  cotton-spinning, 
weaving,  and  dyeing. 

ISTAMBOUL,  ISTAMBOOL  or  STAMBOUL.    See  Co.v- 

STANTIXOl'LE. 

IST.W,  ees-t3n'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  32  miles  W.S.M'.  of  .Malaga.    Pop.  1221. 

ISTAXOS.  isi'til-nos\  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  20  miles  W.  of 
Angora,  with  about  800  houses. 

ISTAP.i.  ees-td/p.i.  a  small  town  of  Mexico,  near  the 
Pacific' Ocean.  85  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zacatula. 

TSTER.     See  Danuiie. 

fSTIIMUS,  a  department  of  Xew  Granada.    See  Istmo. 

ISTHMUS,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  11 
miles  E.  of  Madison. 

ISTHMUS  OF  PANWMA  OR  DARIAN.    See  Pan.uma. 

ISTHMUS  OF  SUEZ.    See  Scez. 

ISTHMUS  OF  TEIIUANTEPEC.    See  Tehuantepec. 

I.STIP,  is/tip\  or  ISTIB,  is'tib\  (anc.  SUiInf)  a  walled  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee.  sanjak,  and  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Ghiustendil.  on  theBagranitza.  Pop.  8000.  It  has 
the  remains  of  an  old  castle,  and  some  steel-works. 

ISTMO,  eest'mo.  (t.  e.  the  Isthmus,"')  a  department  of  New 
Granada,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  isthmus  uniting  South 
and  Central  America.  Area,  25,000  square  miles.  Estimated 
population,  144.000.  Chief  towns,  Panama,  Chagres,  Puerto 
Bello.  and  Yeragu.a. 

ISTRES,  eesfr.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bouches- 
du-Khone.  near  the  W.  side  of  the  Et.ang  de  Berre,  25  miles 
N.W.  of  Marseilles.'  Pop.  in  1852,3389.  It  is  enclosed  by 
ruined  ramparts,  and  hxs  narrow,  crooked  streets,  and  an  old 
castle. 

ISTRIA.  is'tre-a  or  is'tre-3,  (Ger.  Istrien.  is'tre-en ;  Fr.  Is- 
trie,  eesHree',)  a  peninsula  in  the  X.  of  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
forming  a  circle  of  the  Austrian  government  of  Triest,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Illyria.  between  lat.  40°  35'  and  45°  50'  N., 
and  Ion.  13°  23'  and  14°  40'  E.  Area,  1810  square  miles. 
Pop.  250,000.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  especially  in  the 
N.,  being  traversed  by  offsets  of  the  Julian  Alps.  The  highest 
point  is  Mount  M.iggiore.  on  the  E.  coast.  Principal  rivers, 
the  Dragogna,  Arsa.  Quieto.  and  Risano.  It  is  divided  into 
Austrian  and  Venetian  Istria;  the  former,  in  the  N.,  formed 
p.Hrt  of  the  Germanic  Confederation.  Venetian  Tstria,  com- 
prises the  S.W.  part  of  the  peninsula,  with  the  Islands  of 
Veglia,  Cherso,  and  Lo.ssini.  The  inhabitants  of  the  towns 
are  mostly  Italian :  those  of  the  ruril  districts  are  of  Sla- 
Tonic origin,  and  use  the  Illyrian  dialect ;  nearly  all  are  Ro- 
man Catholics.  The  population  of  th"  coasts  is  employed  in 
navigation,  fishing,  and  the  preparation  of  salt,  and  that  of 
the  interior  in  the  rearing  of  sheep,  and  the  cultivation  of 
the  olive  and  the  vine.  There  is  a  regular  steam  commu- 
nication between  Triest,  Istria,  and  Fiume. Adj.  and  in- 

hjib.  IsTKiAX.  is'tre-an. 

I.STUUO.\TEH,  i.kur-ga'tgh,  (?)  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  36 
miles  N.W.  of  Cabot-l. 

ISTV.\NDI.  ist'v.in'dee\  a  markeMown  of  Ilungary.  co.  of 
Sumegh.  16  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Fiinf  kirchen.     Pop.  1149. 

ISU.\TE,  e-swj't.'l.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  12 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  914. 

ISVORXIK.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Zvorxik. 

ISZEP,  is\sV,  or  ZII'OW,  ze-pov',  a  viilage  of  Hungary, 
00.  of  Buranya.    Pop.  1609. 
918 


ITA 

TTA,  ee't J,  (anc.  Casaida  f)  a  mjirket-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  11  miles  N.  of  Guadalajara.     Po|).  9';7. 

ITABAIANNA.  e-t4-bl-an'nd,  or  ITABAHIANXA.  e-t.<-bj. 
e-3n'n3,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  50  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Sergipe  del  Rey.  It  has  a  school  of  mutual  instruction. 
Pop.  2000. 

ITABAIANNA  or  ITABAIIIANX.A.,  SERRA.sJr/rI,  e-tl- 
bi-in'nd.  a  mountain  of  Brazil,  is  the  loftiest  and  most  ex- 
tensive in  the  province  of  Sergiptvdel-Rey.  and  is  supposed  to 
contain  mines  of  gold,  though  they  never  have  been  worked. 

IT.IBIRA.  e-ti-bee'ri  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas- 
Gei-aes,  on  the  Velhas,  18  miles  W.X.W.  of  Ouro  Preto.  Pop. 
4000.  Ten  miles  W.  of  the  town  is  the  high  conical  moun- 
tain of  ILibira.  which  coufciins  auriferous  soil. 

ITABIRA-D1>MAT.\.-DEXTR0,  e-a-bee'rl-d.-V  md't-id^n'- 
tro,  a  gold-mining  town  of  Brazil,  60  miles  X.E.  of  Ouro 
Preto.  established  in  1720. 

ITABORAUI,  e-ti-bo-ri-e©',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  26  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

ITACOLUMI,  e-tl-ko-loo-mee/,  (the  "  giant,")  a  mountain 
of  Brazil,  province,  and  50  miles  X.N.W.  of  JIaranhao.  Lat 
2°  8'  38"  S..  Ion.  44°  27'  W.  It  has  a  conical  and  very  con- 
spicuous summit,  and  near  it  is  a  light-house  erected  in 
1839.  which  is  a  principal  marti  in  making  the  port  of  Ma- 
ranhao. 

iTACOLUMI,  a  mountain  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minaa 
Geraes.  immediately  S.  of  Ouro  Preto,  alxiut  5800  feet  high. 

ITACOLUMI,  a  pe.-ik  of  BrazU,  in  the  Serra  dos  Orgaos, 
province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

ITAGUAHI.  e-td-gwd-eo',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  40 
miles  W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  connected  with  the  river  of  its 
own  name  by  a  canal  2  miles  long.     Pop.  of  district,  4000. 

IT.\IPU.  e-ti-poiy,  a  maritime  village  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Itio  de  Janeiro.     Pop.  2000. 

ITALIAX,  ITALIASO,  ITALIEN.  ITALIEyER,  ITA- 
LIEXrsrn.     See  Italy. 

ITALIAN  REPUBLIC.    See  Italy.  Kingdom  of. 

ITALY,  (anc.  Tlalia  or  Am<Jnia ;  It.,  Sp.  and  Port.  Italia, 
e-td'le-d;  Fr.  Italit,  ee'td^lee':  Ger.  Ilalien.  e-tdle-en.)  a  cele- 
brated country  in  the  S.  of  Europe,  subdivided  intoanumlier 
of  independent  kingdoms,  ducliivs,  and  dependencies,  but 
distinctly  marked  as  one  great  whole,  both  l>y  nattinil  boun- 
daries and  a  common  langu.age.  It  consists  partly  of  is- 
lands, viz.:  Sicily,  with  its  Lipari  and  Egades  groups; 
JIalta.  Gazzo,  Elba.  .Sardinia,  and  Corsica:  and  partly  of 
mainland.  Geographically  considered,  it  extends  from  the 
S.E.  extremity  of  Sicily,  lat.  36°  41'  30"  N.,  t^  the  llh,T?fian 
Alps,  lat,  47°  N.,  and  j'rom  the  W.  point  of  the  Cottian  Alps, 
Ion.  6°  35' E..  to  the  E.  extremity  of  Terra  di  Otninto.  Ion. 
1S°35^E.  Political  Italy  differs  from  geographical  Italy  in 
*hat  it  does  not  include  Corsica  and  Tyr-d.  It  is  bounded 
E.  by  the  Adriatic  and  the  Ionian  Seii,  S.  by  the  Mediteri-a- 
nean,  W.  by  France  and  the  Jlediterranean,  and  X.  by 
Switzerland  and  .\ustria.  Its  natural  confines  are  the  Alps 
and  the  sea.  the  W.  boundary  being  determined  by  the  river 
Varo.  and  the  E.  by  a  pass  in  the  Alp.s,  near  Buccari.  in  the 
Gulf  of  Qnarnero.*  Within  these  limits,  Italj-  comprises  13 
separate  divisions,  including  Italian  Switzerland:  the  can  ton 
of  Ticino.  and  part  of  the  GrLsons.  (Grigione.)  and  Valais; 
Austrian  Italy  ;  the  Italian  Tyrol,  the  kingdom  of  Lombardy 
and  A'enice,  Istria.  Triest,  itc. ;  French  Italy,  island  of  Cor- 
sica; and  English  Italy,  the  Maltese  Isl.ands :  the  entire  area 
of  which  is  estimated  at  118.356  square  miles,  and  the  popu- 
lation at  upw.ards  of  24,733,385. 

Pbysicnl  Pnitures. — The  continental  portion  of  Itily  is 
separated  from  the  rest  of  Europe  by  the  chain  of  the  Alp.s. 
In  its  general  contour  the  country  bears  a  striking  K-.-iem- 
blance  to  a  boot,  the  central  and  X.W.  portion  representing 
the  upper  part,  and  Calabria  in  the  extreme  S.,  the  foot; 
even  the  spur  of  the  boot  is  represented  by  the  projection 
occupied  chiefly  by  Mount  Angelo,  while  the  heel  is  .seen  in 
the  peninsula  interposed  between  the  Adriatic  and  the 
Gulf  of  Taranto.  Its  greatest  length,  measured  from  Cape 
Leuca,  in  a  X.W.  direction,  nearly  through  the  centre  of  the 
peninsula,  is  about  775  miles:  itsbreadth  in  theX..  where  it 
is  the  widest,  is  about  400  miles,  but  it  diminishes  r.npidly  in 
proceeding  S. ;  in  the  centre  of  the  peninsula  its  breadth  is 
only  ]50miles.  and,  at  its  narrowest  part  it  does  not  exceed 
15  miles.  The  coast  has  a  development  e.stimated  at  2174 
miles.  In  the  Adriatic  it  presents  a  comparatively  smooth 
and  continuous  line,  interrupted  only  by  the  spur  already 
referred  to.  which,  by  its  S.  side,  contribut^'s  to  form  the  Gulf 
of  Manfredonia.  The  deepest  inlet  is  the  Gulf  of  Taranto 
in  the  S.E.,  formed  by  the  Ionian  Sea.  The  W.  coast  though 
much  more  indented  than  the  E.,  is  more  remarkable  for  Iho 
number,  and  occasionally  for  the  beauty  of  its  bays,  than 


*  Scarcely  any  two  authorities  agree  as  to  the  Austrian  boun- 
dary of  Italy  on  the  E.  The  boundary  laid  down  on  the  m.-ips 
published  by  the  "  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  X'seful  Know- 
ledge." and  which  is  perhaps  the  one  more  penerally  recoj^ised 
is  an  imaginary  line  extending  from  the  N.  extremity  of  the 
Adriatic,  about  lat.  450  4>'  N.,  Ion.  13°  lo'  E.,  in  a  zigia(r  N. 
direction  (partly  determined  by  the  upper  portion  of  the  river 
Judri.)  to  a  point  in  the  CarnaCic'AipsN.W.of  Ponteba,  iu  about 
lat.  460  38/  N.,  Ion.  130  w. 


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for  their  ma^itude.  Among  the  most  important  are  Santa 
Eufemiit,  Pollcastro.  Salerno,  Naples,  Gaota,  and  Genoa. 
Skily  is  separated  from  Calabria,  the  S.  extremity  of  Conti- 
nental Italy,  by  the  Strait  of  Messina.  The  E.  shore  is 
generally  tlat  and  uninteresting;  presenting,  p.articularly 
alon^  its  N.  part,  a  long  .series  of  sandy  islands  and  l.Hgoons, 
■which  retard  the  progress  of  the  rivers,  dam  up  their 
mouths,  and,  depriving  them  of  a  proper  outlet,  occasion 
the  formation  of  pestilential  marshes.  On  the  W.  coast,  the 
game  thing  is  occasionally  seen,  but  occurs  on  a  large  scale 
only  in  the  Pontifical  States,  where  the  Pontine  Marslies.  not- 
withstanding the  proved  practicability  of  draining  them, 
are  permitted  to  spread  their  poisonous  malaria,  and  convert 
extensive  tracts,  of  great  natural  fertility,  into  almost  un- 
inhabitable deserts.  Hut.  with  this  very  prominent  excep- 
tion. theAV^.coast  is  considerably  elevated;  the  ramifications 
of  the  mountains  often  terminating  in  lofty  difls,  with  a 
magnifieent  background  of  alpine  heiirhts.  Few  countries 
can  boast  of  scenery  equal  to  that  exhibited  by  the  Gulfs  of 
Genoa  and  N.iples.  The  most  prominent  capes  are  I'iombino, 
Argentaro,  Circello,  and  Campanella  on  the  Mediterranean 
coast,  and  Spartivento,  and  Leuca,  forming  the  two  S.  points 
in  the  Ionian  Sea. 

The  great  mountain  ranges  of  Italy  are  the  Alps,  and 
.the  Apennines.  The  former  commences  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Var,  in  the  division  of  Nice,  and,  after  stretch- 
ing far  to  the  X.,  and  still  farther  to  the  E.,  terminate  near 
the  river  Arsa,  in  Istri.a,  forming  a  vast  semicircular  bar- 
rier to  Italy  on  the  side  of  France,  Switzerland,  and  (Jer- 
many.  The  Apennines  mjiy  be  con.sidered  a  continua- 
tion of  the  Soutiivvestern  or  Maritime  Alps,  and  although 
not  so  elevated  as  these,  are  entitled  to  rank  among  the 
great  mountain  chains  of  Europe,  lieginning  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Genoa,  they  first  extend  eastward  to  the  Adriatic, 
then  turn  S.,  and  traverse  the  peninsula  centrally,  through 
its  entire  length,  to  the  Straits  of  Messina;  while  numerous 
branches  are  thrown  off  laterally,  and  form  an  endless 
succession  either  of  loftier  hills,  clothed  with  forests,  or 
gentler  slopes,  covered  with  olives  and  vines.  In  tlie 
Bp.ices  between  the  mountains  and  hills  lie  valleys,  remark- 
able either  for  their  wild  romantic  beauties  or  the  extreme 
fertility' of  their  soil.  In  the  N.,  enclosed  Ijetween  the 
ranges  of  the  Alps  and  Apennines,  is  a  plain  of  v.ast  extent, 
stretching  from  the  W.  frontiers  of  I'iedmont,  across  Lom- 
bardy.  to  the  shores  of  the  Adri.atic.  This  plain,  though  not 
the  largest,  is  unquestiona))ly  the  most  fertile  in  Europe, 
and  is  capable  of  furnishing  subsistence  to  a  larger  population 
than  any  other  of  equal  extent  on  the  Continent.  Other 
plains,  of  great  fertility,  and  still  more  attractive  by  their 
beauty,  occur  in  various  parts  of  the  Italian  peninsula,  in 
the  duchies  of  Parma  and  Tuscany,  the  Poutifical  States, 
and  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 

Gc'ilnr/i/. — Except  in  the  ranges  of  the  Alps,  and  the  ter- 
minating branches  of  the  Apennines,  in  the  S.,  granite 
and  the  primitive  schists  occupy  a  very  limited  extent  of 
surface.  Volcanic  formations  occupy  considerable  tracts, 
particularly  on  the  AV.  coasts  of  Naples  and  of  the  Pontifi- 
cal States,  where,  by  their  decomposing  lavas,  soils  of  almost 
exhauhitless  fertility  have  been  formed.  At  the  bottom 
of  the  series  of  sedimentary  rocks  is  the  Jura  limestone, 
largely  developed  in  the  Apennines.  Commencing  on  the 
E  frontiers  of  Tuscany,  it  is  continued,  in  a  broad  zone, 
through  the  Pontifical  States,  far  S.  into  the  kingdom  of 
Naples :  where,  after  a  partial  interruption,  it  reappears 
in  the  S.W.,  chiefly  in  the  province  of  Principato-Citra.  It 
also  occupies  a  considerable  space  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Gaeta.  and  on  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Gargano.  It 
is  likewise  the  prevailing  rock  in  the  N.  of  Lombai-dy, 
stretching  from  the  E.  shore  of  Lago  Maggiore  to  the  king- 
dom of  Illyria.  Above  the  Jura  limestone,  and  occupying 
almost  an  equal  extent  of  surface,  is  the  chalk  formation. 
It  extends  E..  along  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  and  N.,  into  the 
duchy  of  Parma,  cros.ses  the  duchy  of  .Modena.  continues  S., 
through  Tuscany  and  the  Pontifical  States,  forms  a  long,  nar- 
row belt  along  the  E.  side  of  the  main  body  of  the  Jura  lime- 
Stone,  and,  tliough  partially  interrupted,  finally  reaches  the 
extremity  of  the  peniiisul.a,  where,  in  Cape  St.  JIaria  di 
Leuca,  its  white  cliifs  form  the  E.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Taraiito,  In  the  N.  of  Naples,  a  large  tract,  of  a  somewhat 
oval  form,  lies  completely  enclosed  by  the  .Jura  limestone. 
The  next  strata,  in  the  ascending  series,  belong  to  the  ter- 
tiary formation,  and  consist  of  sandstone,  travertin,  and 
marl.  This  formation  receives  its  chief  development  on  the 
E.  coast;  where,  without  attaining  much  width,  it  stretches 
without  iuterruption  from  the  neighborhood  of  Rimini  to 
the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  spur.  Here  the  main  l)Ody, 
spreading  out.  is  continued  S.S.E..  and  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Taranto.  Above  all  the 
strata  now  mentioned,  are  immen.se  diluvial  and  alluvial 
deposits.  Of  these,  partial  tracts  are  found  lioth  on  the 
coast  of  Tusciiny  and  the  Pontifical  States,  particularly  the 
Pontine  Marshes:  but  they  are  insignificant  in  comparison 
with  the  space  which  they  occupy  in  the  luxuiiant  plains 
of  Lijmbardy,  not  only  forming  extensive  flats  along  the 
N.  shores  of  the  Adi-iatic,  from  the  Gulf  of  Triest  to  the 


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Gulf  of  Venice,  but  filling  the  greater  part  ot  the  basin  of 
the  Po. 

Hirers  and  Lales. — The  rivers  ot  Italy  are  more  remark 
able  for  their  number  than  their  size.  By  far  tlie  largest  is 
the  I'o,  which  ri.ses  in  Mount  Pi.so,  on  the  confines  of  France 
in  its  course  to  the  Adriatic  receives  most  of  the  streams 
flowing  southward  from  the  Alps,  and  northward  from  the 
upper  portion  of  the  Apenniue  range.  Of  the  firmer  the 
principal  are  the  Dora  Baltea,  the  Ticino.  discharging  the 
waters  of  Liigo  Magsjiore.  tlie  Adda,  funning  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Como,  the  Oglio,  and  the  Mincio.  flowing  from  Lake 
Garda;  and  of  the  latter,  the  Strua,  Tanaro.  Trebbia,  Sec- 
chia,  and  the  Panaro.  The  Adige.  a  considerable  stream,  the 
Brenta,  Piave,  Tagliamento,  and  several  others,  flow  from 
the  Alps  into  the  Adriatic  almve  the  Po.  The  rivers  in  the 
S.  of  Italy  owing  to  the  narrowness  of  the  peniiisnla,  and 
its  peculiar  conformation,  it  being  divided  by  the  Apennines 
into  two  water-sheds,  are.  with  but  few  exceptions,  mere 
mount.iin  torrents,  often  rising  suddenly  in  their  beds  and 
as  suddenly  retiring.  The  Arno  and  the  Tiber,  however, 
which  flow  through  longitudinal  valleys,  have  each  a  course 
of  about  180  miles.  In  Naples  the  only  streams  which  de- 
serve the  name  of  rivers,  are  the  Volturno,  the  Oarigliano, 
(anc.  Liris.)  and  the  Ofanto,  formerly  the  Aufidus.  The 
Ivhone  forms  part  of  the  frontier  of  Savoy.  Italy  has 
.some  of  the  largest  mountain  lakes  in  Europe:  many  of 
these  are  celebrated  for  their  picturesque  beauty  ;  the  cliief 
are  the  Lake  of  Garda.  .Maggiore,  and  Lugano,  the  greater 
portions  of  which  belong  to  the  territory;  Como  and  Iseo, 
which  are  entirely  Italian.  The  Lake  of  Geneva,  on  its  N.AV. 
Ixirder.is  principally  included  in  Switzerland.  On  the  S.  slope 
of  tlie  .Apennines  are  the  small  lakes  of  Trasimene,  Bolseua, 
Bracciano,  Fucino,  and  Celano.  mostly  of  classic  interest. 

Climate,  d-c. — From  its  position,  form,  and.  configuration, 
Italy  enjoys  a  varied  and  excellent  climate,  which  permits  the 
productions  of  the  temperate  and  some  of  those  of  the  torrid 
zone  to  mingle  on  its  surface.  The  atmosphere  especially  is 
remarkable  for  its  clearness,  which  gives  to  every  object  a 
brightness  of  coloring  and  distinctness  of  outline,  unknown 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Northern  Europe.  Snow  lies  during 
the  year  only  in  the  Alps,  at  an  elevation  of  9500  feet;  the 
valley  of  the  Po  has  a  temperate  climate,  resembling  that 
of  the  centre  of  France;  its  lakes  and  portions  of  the  lagoons 
of  Venice  are  frozen  in  winter;  and  the  orange  and  lemon 
do  not  ripen  in  the  open  air.  In  the  region  Ix^tween  lat. 
38°  30'  and  40°  30'  N.,  snow  falls  only  on  the  slopes  of  the 
mountains,  and  the  olive,  orange,  and  citron  ripen  in  the 
open  air ;  between  lat.  39°  and  41°  30',  snow  is  very  rare,  and 
in  the  S.  of  Calabria.  Sicily,  and  the  neighboring  islands,  the 
climate  permits  of  the  cultivation  of  tropical  plants.  Mean 
annual  temperature: — Milan,  (lat.  bh°  28'.)  5o'^'2;  Venice, 
(lat.  45°  2.5'.)  55°-o  ;  Florence,  (lat.  43°  40',)  59°-2 ;  Home,  (lat. 
41°  54'.)  60°-4;  Naples,  (lat.  40°  50',)  59°-6;  Palermo,  (lat.  38° 
6',)  fi:5°l  Fahrenheit.  The  chief  exceptions  to  the  general 
salubrity  are  the  pestilental  marshes,  especially  the  Murein- 
ma  ill  Tuscany,  tlie  theatre  of  a  prolonged  struggle  between 
human  industry  and  the  malignity  of  the  cliiiiate.  but  is  now 
nearly  deserted.  The  prevailing  winds  of  Italy  are  Vi .  and 
S.W.,  during  which  the  air  is  pure  and  healthy,  but  the  S. 
portion  of  the  country  is  frequently  visited  by  the  pesti- 
lential winds  of  Africa.the  Sii-rnccnsa\A  Liheccin.  during  which 
vegetation  is  arrested,  and  the  human  frame  becomes  lan- 
guid and  feeble.  The  fauna  resemlilos  that  of  the  rest  of 
Europe  in  similar  latitudes,  except  that  it  embraces  the 
buffalo:  among  reptiles  and  insects  the  asp,  scorpion,  and 
tarantula  are  found. 

MineraU. — Italy  is  rich  in  mineral  products,  but  has  few 
met.als.  except  iron  and  lead.  The  Apennines  supply  the 
beautiful  marble  of  Carrara.  Sulphur,  bf)rax,  salt,  nitre, 
alum,  alabaster,  lava,  and  other  volcanic  productions  are 
.abundant.  There  is  one  active  volcano  (Vesuvius)  in  the 
peninsula,  and  4  in  the  islands,  (I';tna,  Stromboli.  Vulcano, 
and  Vulcanello;)  there  are  many  minerals  and  gaseous 
springs. 

Ver/datinn,  Agriculture,  d-c. — The  vegetable  productions 
of  Italy  are  extremely  varied;  the  Alps  afford  excellent 
pasture,  and  forests,  with  a  great  variety  of  timber.  The 
oak  flourishes  at  the  height  of  3500  fee't ;  and  the  walnut 
and  chestnut  at  that  of  2500  feet.  At  lower  elevations,  the 
hills  and  sunny  slopes  become  clothed  with  vineyards  and 
olive-yards;  while  the  mulberry,  growing  with  unwonted 
luxuriance,  furnishes  the  means  of  obtainirg  almost  un- 
limited supplies  of  the  finest  silk.  Fruits,  in  endless  variety, 
and  of  the  most  exquisite  quality,  are  abundant  in  every 
quarter;  and  even  the  sugar-cane  and  cotton-plant  are  culti- 
vated with  success.  Among  the  agricultural  crops  are  in- 
cluded all  the  ordinary  cereals.  Corn  is  extensively  culti- 
vated in  Sicily  and  in  the  plains  of  the  Po,  which  last  also 
possesses  the  only  extensive  rice-fields  in  Europe.  The  chest- 
nut forms  an  important  article  of  food  in  the  .\pennines. 
The  meadows  and  pastures,  more  especially  in  the  plain  of 
the  Po.have.  from  almost  time  immemorial,  tl-d  vast  herds 
of  cows,  from  whose  milk  a  cheese,  possessed  of  peculiar 
excellencies,  which  the  d;uries  of  other  countries  have  not 
yet  succeeded  in  equalling,  is  made,  and  exported  to  every 

919 


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qnarter  of  Europe.  The  horses  of  Piedmont  are  much 
esteemed,  and  in  the  S.  their  place  is  supplied  by  e.xcellent 
mules.  Fi.sh  are  abundant  in  the  rivers,  and  the  coasts  of 
Sicily  furni.'sh  sponges  and  corals. 

Manufactures:,  0)mmerce,  (C-c. — The  manufactures,  except 
in  the  S'.,  are  unimportant.  They  comprise  silk,  chiefiy  in 
Lombardy  and  Piedmont,  woollens,  gauze,  porcelain,  arti- 
ficial flowers,  hats,  paper,  parchment,  and  musical  instru- 
ments. The  principal  imports  are  colonical  poods,  linen, 
woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  jewelry,  and  dried  tish.  Chief 
exports,  silk,  wool.  oil.  honey,  straw  hats,  and  I'armesan 
cheese;  but  commerce  has  greatly  declined.  The  arts  and 
sciences  are  still  cultivated  with  considerable  success. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  Italy,  except  Savoy  and  Corsica. 
Italian,  in  very  different  dialects,  is  the  language  of  the 
country,  but  it  is  spoken  in  its  purity  only  iu  Tuscany. 
Italy  h.is  long  been  the  stronghold  of  Komanism;  no 
changes  elsewhere  have  been  able  to  shake  its  influence. 
There  are  a  few  Protestant  communities  in  Piedmont,  and 
Jews  are  .scattered  here,  as  in  every  other  part  of  the  world. 

Fknple. — The  great  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  Italy  are 
descendants  of  the  ancient  conquerors  of  the  world;  and 
speak  a  dialect  bearing,  in  most  respects,  a  closer  resemblance 
to  the  Latin  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  modern  tongue. 
This  common  language,  and  the  recollection  of  the  illustrious 
deedsof  their  ancostor.s,  form  the  groat  bond  of  union  among 
the  Italians.  Not  only  were  they  once  irresistible  in  arms, 
but  even  in  more  modern  times,  when  their  military  gre.at- 
ness  had  pas.sed  away,  the  revival  of  letters  commenced 
with  this  people,  who  long  continued  to  furnish  the  first 
names  in  literature,  science,  and  art.  It  is  impossible, 
therefore,  to  imagine  that  their  race  lalwrs  under  any  essen- 
tial defects,  in  regard  either  to  physii'al  or  mentjil  qualities. 
To  what  cause,  then,  .shall  be  attriliuted  the  degeneracy 
that  has  undermined  the  character  of  a  nation  once  so  illus- 
trious? Tor  degeneracy,  to  a  lamentable  extent,  has  certainly 
taken  place;  and  the  heroic  virtues  which  distinguished 
the  ancient  Romans  are  not  characteristic  of  the  modern 
Italians.  A  superficial  polish  toooften  supplies  the  place  of 
more  substantial  qualities;  and  the  magnanimity  which,  in 
ancient  times,  would  have  either  pa.ssed  over  a  fault  or 
resented  it  openly,  frequently  finds  a  miserable  substitute 
in  the  vindictive  spirit  which  scruples  not  to  effect  its  re- 
venge by  the  hand  of  a  hired  assa.ssin.  The  value  of  hu- 
man life  here  is  nearly  the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  European 
nations,  the  proportion  of  deaths  to  the  inhabitants  being. 
In  Italy  generally,  1  in  30 ;  in  Naples  1  in  '29;  while  in  Kng- 
hind  the  proportion  is  1  in  4.5,  and  in  Norway  1  in  50.  Not- 
withstanding the  immen.^e  natural  advantages  of  the  coun- 
try, the  general  population  is  in  a  state  of  the  most  abject 
poverty.  Unquestionably,  the  great  cause  which,  of  all 
others,  has  tended  most  to  produce  this  deplorable  result,  is 
misgovernraent — misgoverument  in  its  woi-stform,  from  the 
evils  of  which  no  civilized  people  of  modern  times  have  suf- 
fered so  much  as  the  Italians. 

Divisimm.  Pipidation.  (6c. — The  name,  area,  population, 
&c.  of  the  political  divisions  of  Italy  previous  to  the  war  of 
1859  are-exhibited  in  the  following  Table  : — 


Austrian   Italy  (or  Lom-  ) 
bardo- Venetian     king-  > 
dom) V 

Kingdom  of  Sardinia 

Kingdom  of    Naples  (in-  ) 
eluding  Sicily) J 

Area, 
sq.  m. 

Population, 

Capital  city. 

17,511 
28,229 
41,906 
IT.ilO 

8,586 

2,766 

•i.o-s 
it 

5S 

(1850-1)  5,007 ,47i 

(1852)  6,090,245 
(1851)    8,-M,472 
(1850)    3,006,771 

(1854)    1,815,686 

(1853)  507.881 
(1850)       586,45K 

•   7.600 
6,800 

Milan. 
Turin, 
Naplet 

Grand  Duchy  of  Tusciinyi 
(including*  hucca,   an-  t 
nexed  to  Tu.wany,  Oc-  ( 
tobei- 11,  18»"J J 

Florence. 

RepuWic  of  Shu  Marino. . . . 
Principality  of  Monaco 

San  Marino, 
.Monaco, 

Totiil 

118,,<!56 

24,73.-<,385 

. 

Under  the  Romans,  It.aly  was  divided  into  the  provinces  of 
Cisjilpine-Oaul.  and  Venetia  in  the  N.;  Italy  ppjper  in  the 
centre;  and  Magn.a-Grrocia  in  the  S. 

Histnr;/. — The  early  history  of  Italy  is  involved  in  the  ob- 
scurity of  fable.  Greek  colonies  were  first  estallished  in  the 
S,.  where  they  eventually  occupied  a  large  tract  of  country 
called  Magn.iGnecia.  Roman  annals  extend  back  752  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  but  little  is  authenticated  during  the 
first  two  centuries.  Of  the  tribes  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome, 
the  least  backward  were  the  Etrurians,  who  appear  to  have 
colonized  Sardinia,  Corsica,  and  several  districts  in  the 
interior  of  I taiy.  About  two  centuries  before  Christ,  the 
Romans  carried  their  arms  into  Sicily.  Italv  continued  sub- 
ject to  the  Roman  power  for  more  than  800  vears,  till  over- 
run by  the  Gotlis,  who  first  crossed  the  barrier  of  the  Alps 
towards  the  dcse  of  the  fitth  centnrv.  About  the  year 
570.  the  Lombards  entered  the  N.  of  Italy,  and  founded  a 
monarcliial  state,  which  continued  til!  overthrown  by  the 
formidable  power  of  Charlemagne,  After  the  death  of  this 
020 


sovereign,  the  history  of  Italy  presents  little  else  than  a 
succession  of  military  struggles  till  about  960,  when  tran- 
quillity was  for  a  time  restored  by  Otlio  tlie  Great.  During 
the  long  .series  of  tumults  that  ensued,  the  well-known 
names  of  Ouelph  and  Ghibeline  denote  the  parlies  attached 
respectively  to  the  pope  and  the  emperor.  The  contest  be- 
tween the  ecclesiastical  and  civil  powers  began  eaily.  but 
was  most  active  in  the  twelfth  century  ;  about  which  time 
also  Sicily  fell  into  the  hands  of  adventurers  from  Normandy, 
and  soon  after  Naples,  which  for  several  centuries  had  con- 
stituted a  small  republic,  became  incorporated  into  their  king- 
dom. About  the  year  1470,  the  Jledici  family  establishod 
their  sway  over  Florence,  and  in  150S  was  formed  the  cele- 
brated alliance  against  Venice,  called  the  Leiigue  of  Cam- 
bray.  About  this  period  the  N,  of  Italy  became  the  theatre 
of  the  great  military  contests  between  Charles  V.  and 
Francis  I,,  and,  the  former  having,  in  15.30,  overrun  the 
entire  country,  Italy  from  that  time  became  successively  a 
prey  to  the  rapacity  of  different  foreign  powers,  Austria 
obtained  possession  in  Lombardy,  early  in  the  18th  century. 
During  the  continuance  of  the  first  I'rench  Empire,  all 
Italy  was  brought  under  the  sway  of  Napoleon,  and  wag 
repeatedly  the  theatre  of  some  of  his  most  brilliant  military 
exploits.  Savoy  and  Piedmont  were  united  to  France 
in  1801;  the  duchy  of  Milan  formed  the  Cisalpine  Re- 
public, to  which,  in  1805,  the  duchy  of  Venice  and  its  con- 
tinental possessions  were  added,  forming  together  the  king- 
dom of  Italy,  Genoa  w.is  incorporated  with  France:  and 
Naples  was  first  given  to  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  afterwai-ds 
to  Murat,  The  papal  authority  was  overturned  in  1808, 
and  the  Ecclesiastical  States  were  subsequently  declared  a 
part  of  the  French  Empire,  After  the  dismemlierment  of 
the  French  Empire  in  1814,  the  states  were  restored  to  their 
f)rmer  rulers,  except  the  duchies  of  Milan  and  Venice, 
which  were  given  to  Austria,  and  formed  the  Lonibardo- 
A'enetian  kingdom.  The  revolution  of  IS.'iO-tM  resulted  in 
the  liberation  of  Lombardy,  Ac.  from  Austrian  rule,  and  th« 
union  of  all  Italy  (except  Venetia  and  part  of  the  Papal 
States)  into  one  kingdom.  See  Napli  s.  Pontifical  States, 
Sicily,  Tuscany,  &c. Adj.  and  inhab.,  Italian,  e-tal'yan. 

ITALY,  Ki.NGDOM  OF.  a  former  state,  created  by  Napo- 
leon in  1797,  out  of  various  provinces  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  wag 
first  known  by  the  name  of  Cisalpine  liepublic.  In'  1802, 
its  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Italian  Itepublic:  and  in 
1805,  it  was  erected  into  a  kingdom,  the  sovereign  being  Na- 
poleon, the  viceroy  his  step  son,  Eugene  Boauharnois,  This 
state  comprised  Lombardy,  the  duchy  of  Modena.  the  Vene- 
tian territory,  tlie  papal  legations  of  Ferrara.  BoUigna,  and 
Rom.agna:  the  districts  of  Chiaveniia.  Rorniio,  and  the  A'aJ 
telline;  also  the  E.  part  of  Piedmont  lying  between  the  Tt 
cino  and  the  Sesia.  Its  boundries  were,  on  the  N.  the  Alps; 
W.  the  river  Sesia  :  S.  the  Po.  and  part  of  the  Appenines;  and 
E.  Carniola  and  the  lily  rian  provinces.  Its  final  organization 
took  place  in  1813,  when  it  contained  a  population  of  0.4€0,000. 
The  capital  was  Milan,  in  which  Napoleon  was  crowned 
May  26,  1805.  The  kingdom  was  overthrown  in  1814,  and 
all  the  provinces  were  restored  to  their  former  masters,  with 
exception  of  the  Venetian  Republic,  and  the  Swiss  districts 
of  Bormio,  Chiavenna,  and  the  Valtelliue,  vihich  have  been 
annexed  to  Austria, 

IT'.\LY,  a  township  in  Yates  co,,  New  York.    Pop.  1005. 

ITALY,  AUSTR1.\.\.    See  Lowbardo-Venetian  Kingdom. 

IT.\LY  HILL,  a  post-oflice  of  Yates  co..  New  York, 

ITALY  HOLLOW,  a  post-oflice  of  Yates  co..  New  York. 

ITAMARACA,  ee-ta-ma-r.a-ka'.  wiitten  also  ITAMARCA, 
and  .simply  M.\RAC.\.  mar"d-kd',  an  island  of  Brazil,  in  the 
Atlantic,  province,  and  "20  miles  N.  of  Pernambuco,  sepa- 
rated from  the  continent  by  a  narrow  strait.  Length  from 
N.  to  S,,  9  miles;  greatest  breadth,  6  miles.  Pop.  8000.  It 
contains  the  town  of  Coneeigao,  and  several  villages, 

ITAMARANDIBA,  ee-t3-ma-riin-dee'bd,  a  river  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Mina.s-Geraes,  which  joins  the  right  bank  of  the 
Aracuahl,  '24  miles  W,  of  Minas-Novas, 

ITANHAEN,  ee-tan-yi'^.N",  formerly  CONCEigAO,  kon- 
S.A-SOWN"',  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  40  mileg 
S,  of  SiiO  Paulo,  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  1200. 

IT.\PACOROYA,  a  bav  and  hejidland  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Santa  Catharina;  lat."26°  47'  18"  S.,  Ion.  48°  20'  W. 

1T.\  PA  RICA,  ee-tS-p.'l-ree'kd,  an  island  of  Ih-azil,  belonging 
to  the  province  of.  and  in  the  Bay  of  Bahia.  immediately 
opposite  Bahia.  the  harlxjr  of  which  it  shelters.  Length,  18 
miles;  greatest  breadth.  6  miles. 

ITAPK.MIRIM.  ee-tS-p.l-me-reeN"',  a  vill.age  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  65  miles  S.\\'.  of  Espirito  Santo,  on  the  river  ol 
its  own  name,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Atlantic.    Pop.  2000. 

ITAPETENINGA.  ee-ta-p.-\-t.vneeng'gd.  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  120  miles  W.  of  Sao  Paulo,  in  a  fertile  valley. 
Near  it  great  numljers  of  cattle  are  reared,  whiih  are  ex- 
ported  to  Rio  Janeiro.      Pop.  of  the  district,  6u00. 

IT.\PEVA.  ee-td  p.Vv3,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  profinee, 
and  160  miles  W.  of  S.ao  Paulo.     Pop.  2200. 

ITAPICU.  ee-td-pe-koo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  after  a  course  of 
90  miles,  falls  into  the  sea,  between  Point  Itapat^oroyaand 
the  mouth  of  the  Aracari. 

ITAPICUKU,  ee-til-pe-koo-roo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  provli>3e 


ITA 


ITZ 


of  Bahia,  enters  the  Atlantic,  90  miles  NJ!.  of  Bahia,  after 
au  E.  course  of  ;!5(i  miles. 

ITAI>ICUi;U-DE-CIMA,  e-ta-pe-koo-roo/-d;\-see'ml.  a  town 
of  Eri/.il.  province,  and  110  miles  N.N.E.  of  Balxia,  near  tile 
river  Itapicuru. 

ITA  I'lC U  RU- 0 '!  A  ND K,  e  ti-pe-ltoo-roo'-grdnMA.  a  town  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Baliia,  on  tlie  Itapicuru.  about  45  miles 
from  its  mouth,  with  a  parish  church,  and  some  trade  in 
cotton  and  onttle. 

ITAI'ICUIIU-GRANDE,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
JIaranhao,  after  a  northward  cour.se  of  upwards  of  410 
miles,  joins  the  river  Silo  Joze,  S.  of  .Maranhao  Island. 

ITAPUA  or  YTAPUA,  ee-td-poo'l,  improperly  written  ITA- 
PtlllA,  a  town  of  l\arai;u.ay,  iu  South  America,  on  the  Pa- 
rana. 175  miles  E.N.h).  of  Corrientes. 

ITAQUEIllA,  ee-td-k.Ve-rd,  a  mountain  range  of  Brazil, 
In  the  S.E.  part  of  the  province  of  Matto-Qrosso,  stretches 
for  a  (Treat  distance  aloni;  the  riglit  bank  of  the  I'araua. 

ITAS'CA,  a  newly  formed  count}',  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Minnesota,  bordering  on  the  British  possessions,  contains 
abont  .^700  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Missis- 
8il)pi  River,  and  drained  by  the  Willow,  Swan,  Deer  and 
other  rivers.  'I'ho  surface  is  uneven,  and  diversified  by 
numerous  lakes.    Pop.  51. 

ITASCA,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi  Kiver,  about  20  miles  above  St,  Paul. 

ITASCA  LAKE,  into  which  flow  the  liead-waters  of  the 
Mississippi,  is  situated  near  the  summit  of  the  Hauteurs  de 
Terre,  (the  dividing  ridge  Vwtween  the  sources  of  the  Ked 
River  of  the  north,  and  the  streams  wliidi  flow  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.)  in  lat.  47°  10'  N..  Ion.  95°  51'  W..  and  at  an 
elevation  of  1575  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co. It  is  a  i)eantiful  sheet  of  water,  lying  among  the  hills, 
surrounded  with  pine.s.  The  outlet  is  10  or  12  feet  wide, 
and  from  12  to  IS  inches  deep.  Discovered  by  Schoolcraft, 
July  13,  1832. 

ITATA,  e-td'ta,  or  CIIILLAN,  cheel-yJn',  a  river  of  Chili, 
department  of  Concepcion,  enters  the  Pacific,  60  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Concepcion.  after  a  westward  course  estimated  at  150 
miles.  The  name  Chili,.\x,  is  more  properly  applied  to  the 
N.  and  principal  branch  of  the  Itata.  Tlie  small  town  of 
It.\t.\  is  near  the  river,  20  miles  S,E.  of  its  mouth. 

ITATI  or  ITATY,  e-tS-tee/,  a  market-town  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic  (I.,a  I'lat.i.)  in  South  America,  35  miles  N.E.  of 
Corrientes,  on  the  Parana. 

ITAU'AM'B.\,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Mississippi, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  alxiut  1000  sfjujire 
miles,  it  i.s  intersected  by  the  Tombigbee  Kirer,  and  by 
Oldtown  and  Bullmouth  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally 
a  level  plain,  almost  destitute  of  trees.  The  soil  is  a  lieavy 
loam,  of  a  very  dark  color,  strongly  impregnated  with  lime, 
and  highly  productive.  The  route  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio 
l!aili-oad  passi's  tlirou'.:h  the  county.  Named  from  the 
daughter  of  an  Indian  chief.  Capital,  Fulton.  Pop.  IT.'JOo, 
of  whom  14,167  were  free,  and  3528. 

ITCil'APOOK'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras. 25  miles  S.W.  of  Ganjam      Lat.  19° 4'  N.,  Ion.  84° 52'  E. 

ITCII-ELEE,  ITCH-TLI  or  ITSII-ILI,  itch'eeMee',  written 
also  ITCIIIL  or  ITSHTL.  a  pashalic  of  Asia  Minor,  com- 
piising  all  its  S.  coast  between  Anatolia  and  North  Syria, 
having  N.  Mount  Taurus,  and  watered  by  tlieOhiuk-sovyoo, 
and  some  smaller  rivers.    It  is  subdivided  into  five  sanjaks. 

ITCII'EN,  or  AINE,  a  river  of  England,  after  a  course  of 
22  miles,  enters  the  sea  at  Itchenferry,  1  mile  E.  of  South- 
ampton. 

ITCII'ENOll,  EAST,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ITCIIENOR.  WEST,  a  maritime  parish  and  villaire  of 
Emrland.  co.  of  Sussex,  with  a  quav  on  Chichester  Harbor, 
5  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Chichester.  Population  232.  It  was 
formerly  called  Ichenor  or  Ikeuor,  and  is  probably  the  old 
Keyenor. 

ITCII-TL  or  TTCIMLI.    See  Itch-ei-ee. 

ITCII'IN  AliliOTS.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

ITCH'I.VGKTELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ITCH'INGTON,  BISHOP'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

ITCIIINGTON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wa> 
wick. 

ITCHTN  STOICE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Il.ants. 

ITCUIJMAN  or  leilLI.MAN,  ieh-le-min',  a  town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  35  miles  ?,E,  of  Sophia, 

ITENEZ,  ariver  of  South  America.     See  GuA pore. 

ITEKI-CANNEDU,  e-ta'ree-kdu-nA-doo',  a  town  in  the 
IsLind  of  Sariiinia.  It  is  a  large  but  ill-built  place,  has 
several  cliurches.  a  monastery,  and  the  extensive  ruins  of 
iu  old  alibey.     Pop.  4446. 

irElil-FUSTIALBU,  e-tA'ree-foo.s-te-dl-boo'.  or  ITEUED- 
DU,  e t.i-r&ddofV,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  province  of  Oziei-i, 
yith  the  remains  of  an  old  ca.stle  picturesquely  .situated  on 
.in  almost  inaccepsil)le  heii;ht.     I'op,  1840. 

ITHACA,  ith'a-ka.  T1IEAK:I  or  THIAKT,  the-d'kee.  one 
of  the  Ionian  Itjlands,  among  which  it  holds  the  fifth  rank, 
to  the  Jlediterranean,  2  miles  E.  of  Cephalonia,  between  it 
md  Albania,  Length  from  N,  to  S.,  14  miles :  greatest 
breadth.  4  miiog.    Area,  44  square  miles.    Pop.  9744.    It  is 


nearly  divided  Into  two  halves  by  a  deep  bay  on  its  E.  side. 
Surface  wholly  mountainous.  Some  olive-oil,  currants,  supe 
rior  wine,  and  honey,  with  corn,  are  raised ;  but  the  soil  is 
poor,  and  the  population  live  chiefly  by  maritime  trade. 
Chief  town,  Vathi,  on  a  l)ay,  ia  whicli  are  some  good  har- 
bors.   On  this  island  are  some  Cyclopean  walls,  and  other 

remains  of  antiquity. Adj.  and  inhab.  Ith'ac.^n. 

ITH'AC.V,  a  post-to wn.ship  of  Tompkins  co..  New  York,  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  Cayuga  Lake.     Pop.  6909. 

ITHACA,  a  post-borough,  ca|)ital  of  Tompkins  CO.,  New 
York,  on  both  sides  of  Cayuga  Inlet,  a  mile  S.  of  the  head  of 
Cayuga  Lake,  and  162  miles  W  .  by  S.  of  Albany.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  a  plain,  and  on  the  lower  declivity  of  a  hill,  enclus- 
ing  it  on  the  E.,  S.,  and  W.,  rising  grailnally  500  feet,  and 
commanding  an  extensive  view  of  the  picturesque  scenery 
for  which  Cayuga  Lake  is  remarkable.  The  towu  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  and  handsomely  built.  It  contains  9  churches, 
3  banks,  and  an  academy.  Cornell  University,  endoweil  by 
Hon.  E.  Cornell  with  $500,000,  and  with  an  income  from  a 
million  acres  of  land,  is  incorporated,  and  will  be  ready  for 
opening  at  an  early  day.  Two  weekly  newspapers  are  pnl)- 
li.shed  here.  Steamboats  ply  daily  from  this  town  to  the 
foot  of  the  lake,  and  connect  witli  the  main  lines  of  travel 
and  tran.sportation.  The  Cayuga  and  Su.squehanna  Kailroaa 
connects  it  with  Owego.  Fall  Creek,  which  enters  the  lake, 
furnishes  abundant  water-power.  Among  the  manufactories 
of  Ithaca  are  1  woollen  factory,  5  flouring-mills,  1  oil-mill, 
1  saw  and  planing-mill,  3  tanneries,  3  tobacco  factories,  1 
paper-mill,  and  3  iron-foundries,  with  machine-shops.  Pop. 
of  the  township  in  1860,  6843. 

ITHACA,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about  100 
miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

ITII'ACA,  a  large  village  of  British  Guiana,  near  the  Bep- 
bice  River.     Pop.  2000. 

JTHO.ME,  e-tho'mee.  a  mountain  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 

government  of  Messenia,  25  miles  N.VV.  of  Kalaniata.  3865 

feel  iu  elevation,  at  its  S.  slope,  in  a  village  of  the  .same  name. 

ITH'O.V,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor,  after  a  S. 

course,  joins  the  Wye,  2  miles  N.N.W.  of  Builth. 

ITINIVINI,  e-te-ne-vee'nee,  a  branch  of  the  Cassiquiare 
River,  South  America,  in  Venezuela,  separates  from  that 
river  about  45  miles  l)elow  the  point  where  it  leaves  the 
Orinoco,  and  unites  with  the  Rio  Negro  40  miles  N.W.  of 
the  IrtHux'  of  the  Ca-ssUjuiare. 

ITIU.M  PROMONTOltlU.M.  See  C.\pe  Gris-Nez. 
ITON  or  YTO.N',  eeHA.N"',  a  river  of  I'rance,  rising  5  miles 
N.  of  Mortagne.  department  of  Orne,  joins  the  Eure  after  a 
X.  course  of  58  miles,  for  the  last  25  of  which  it  is  navigable 
for  rafts.  Above  Evreux  it  runs  nndiT  ground  lor  :>  miles. 
ITOOROOP,  ITOUROUP  or  ITURUP.  e-too-roop'.  ATOR. 
KOO  or  ATORKOU,  il-tor-koo',  GORTI'OO.  gort-poo',  or 
■^TAT'EN  ISLAND,  the  largest  of  the  Koorile  Islands,  in 
the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  belonging  to  Russia,  separated 
northward  by  Vries  Strait  from  the  island  of  Ooroop,  and 
southward  by  St.  .\nthony  Strait  from  the  Japane.se  i.sland 
of  Koonasheer.  Lat.  of  N.  peak.  45°  .38'  N.,  ion..  149°  15'  E. 
Length.  140  miles;  average  breadth,  20  miles.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, and  contains  an  active  volcano.  Principal  products, 
fish  and  timber,  with  furs. 

ITRABO,  ee-trd'BO,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince, and  30  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1903. 

ITRI,  ee'tree,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  La- 
voro,  7  miles  N.W,  of  Gaeta.     Pop.  4100. 

ITS.^TSOU,  eet'sdtVsoo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Basses-Pyrenees.  12  miles  S.  of  Bayonno,     Pop.  1550. 
ITSII-iLI  or  ITSH-IL.    See  Itcii-elee. 
ITSKHlNI-ITSK.\^Ll.it-skee'nee-it-ska/lee,("  horse  river.") 
a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  Transcaucasia,  tributary  to  the 
lUon,  (anc.  r/iaUis.)  which  it  joins  30  miles  E.  of  Poti. 

ITTER,  Neer,  naiR.  ifter,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Liml)urg.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Roermonde.     Pop.  700. 

ITTERINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  Englaml,  county  of 
Norfolk. 

ITTLINGEN,  lttning-?n,  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the  El- 
senz.  3  miles  S.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1821. 

ITTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Monmouth. 
ITU.  HITU.  or  YTU,  e-too'.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Siio  Paulo,  on  the  Tiete.     It  has 
numerous  religious  edifices,  a  hospital,  prison,  and  schools. 
Pop.  10.000. 

ITUCAMBIR.\^,  e-too-k3m-bee'rR,  a  river  of  Brazil,  jcins 
the  .Tequitinhonha  after  a  course  of  about  120  miles. 

ITUNAMA,  e-too-nd-mj',  or  TDNAMA.  too-nd-md',  a  rivet 
of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  province  of  Matto-Grosso,  and  joins 
Guapore  in  lat.  12°  20'  S.  It.-i  principal  atllnent  is  the  Machapo. 
ITUREA,  I-too're-3,  a  district  of  Palestine,  between  Lak« 
Tiberias  and  Damascus, 
ITURUP.    See  Itooroop. 
ITZ.\C,alakeof  Central  America.    See  Petex. 
ITZ  EHOE,  it'seh-ho'eh,  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  IIol- 
stein.  on  the  St6r.  .31  niiles  N.W.  of  Alton.a.     Pop.  I'iOOO.     It 
con.sists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  connected  by  a  lonjj 
bridge,  and  hiui  several  churches,  an  institution  for  noble 
ladies,  manufactures  of  tobacco,  chiccory.  and  pl.iy lug- cards, 
sugar-refineries,  and  a  flourishing  general  trade. 

921 


lua 


izz 


ItOAX  or  IUG.A.N  BOLCnOI.    SeeToooAN  Bolshoi. 

T\  .\HI,  e-vl-hee'.  or  UBAIII,  oo-bd-hee',  a  river  of  Brazil, 
pn  Tlnce  of  Sao  Paulo,  joins  tlie  Parana,  in  lat.  23°  20'  S., 
foD  •A'^  W.,  after  a  W.  course,  estimated  at  250  miles. 

IVAKI-SIMA,  ee-vi'kee-see'mi.  an  island  of  Japan,  in  the 
Sea  of  Japan,  21  miles  from  the  W.  coast  of  Niphon.  It  is 
15  miles  long,  by  6  miles  broad. 

lA'AXDA.  ee-vdn'd^  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal, 
about  10  miles  from  TemeSvar.     Pop.  1240. 

IVAX.O0R0D,  ee-vjn'-go-rod',  a  market-town  of  Rus.oia, 
fovernment,  and  52  miles  S.E.  oif  Tchernigov,  on  the  Oster. 
Pop.  1200. 

IVAX-GOROD.  a  market'town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  V8  miles  S.W.  of  St  Petersburg,  on  the  Narova,  opposite 
Narva.    Pop.  1000. 

I' VAN  HOE,  a  post>  village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on  Red  Cedar 
River,  18  miles  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

IVANICH-FESTUNG,  iv'^n-iK-f^s'tOdng.  a  town  of  Aus- 
trian Croatia,  in  an  island  formed  by  the  Lonya,  18  mUes 
E.S.E.  of  Acram.     Pop.  780. 

IVANICH-KIiOSTKR.  iv'Jn-iK-klos'ter.  a  town  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  about  3  miles  N.E.  of  Ivanich-Festung.     Pop.  750. 

IVANOVO  or  IWANOWNO.  ee-vd-no'vo.  a  market-town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  66  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vladimeer. 

IVANY,  eeVdn'.  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co.,  and 
2;<  miles  S.E.  of  Oedenburg.     Pop.  1449. 

I'VEL.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford,  joins  the  Ouse 
at  Teaipsfbrd.  after  a  north-eastward  course  of  20  miles. 

IV  KL,  or  YEO,  yo.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  haj? 
a  N.>V.  course  of  27  miles,  and  joins  the  Parret  at  Lang- 
port. 

I VELCHESTER.  a  town  of  England.    See  Tlchestek. 

I'VEK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

I'VEHSON.  a  post-office  of  Bienville  parish.  Louisi.ina. 

IVE'RUS.  or  IVEROS'SA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  iu  Mun- 
ster.  CO.  of  Limerick. 

IVES  (ivz)  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  90  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madison. 

IVES'  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Princess  Anne  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

IVIQA,  IVIZA.  e-vee'sl.  or  IBISA,  e-Bee'sS.  (anc.  Ehtisun.) 
the  smallest  and  westernmost  of  the  three  principal  Balearic 
Isl.inds,  b(>longing  to  Spain,  in  the  Mediterraneaij,  54  miles 
S.W.  of  Majorca.  Length,  22  miles;  average  breadth,  12 
miles.  Pop.  11,000.  The  coast  is  indented  by  numerous 
small  bays,  the  principal  being  those  of  San  Antonio  and 
Ivi^a.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  well  wooded.  The  valley 
is  fertile,  producing  olives,  corn,  fiax.  hemp,  figs,  and 
almonds.  Timber,  and  salt  from  large  salt-works  along  the 
coasts,  are  almost  the  sole  exports.  Principal  towns.  Iviga. 
the  capital,  on  the  S.E.  coast,  (pop.  5970.)  San  Antonio,  and 
San  Miguel.  The  two  islands  of  IviQa  and  Formentera 
were  anciently  called  Pityulsfp,  a  name  supposed  to  be  de- 
rived from   the  numlser  of  pine  trees  growing  on   them; 

irjri'i  (pitiis)  in  Greek  signifying  a  "pine." Adj.  and  in- 

hab.  IvigAN  or  Ivizan.  e-vee'Stan. 

IVIE.  eev'yi,  or  lA'^lJR,  ee've-ya\  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  government,  and  55  miles  S.E.  of  Vilna.  Pop. 
1440. 

IV1NGH0E,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks,  .3  miles  N.N.W.  of  the  Tring  station  of  the  London 
and  North-western  Railway.  I'op.  in  1851,  2024.  It  has  an 
ancient  Gothic  church,  in  which  are  monuments  of  the 
Buncombe  family,  and  the  tomb  of  Henrj*  of  Blois,  Bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  brother  of  King  Stephen. 

IVIZ.\.  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean.    See  Ivi^.^. 

lA'ORY  COAST,  a  region  of  Africa.    See  Guinea. 

IVOY  LE-PK£,  eeVwd'-leh-pri',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cher,  arrondissenient,  Sancerre.     Pop.  2770. 

IVREA,  e-vrA/d.  (anc.  Epiirt'dia.)  a  town  of  I'iedmont, 
division,  and  29  miles  N.N.K.  of  Turin,  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dora  Baltea.  a  little 
below  the  opening  of  the  Val  d'Aosta.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  en- 
closed by  old  walls,  commanded  by  a  citadel  and  a  neighbor- 
ing fort,  and  has  an  old  cathedral.  5  other  churches,  7  con- 
Vents,  a  seminary,  hospital,  and  manufiictures  of  silk  goods. 
Under  the  French  it  was  the  capital  of  the  department  of 
Doire. 

IVRY-LA-B  ATAILLE.  eeVree/  li-baHJl'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Kure,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Evreux.  Pop.  870.  It 
Is  celebrated  for  the  decisive  victory  gained  by  Henry  IV. 
OTer  Mayenne  in  1590. 

IVUY-SUR-SEINE,  eeVree/-sllR-sAn,  a  village  of  France, 
d<ipartment  of  Seine,  on  a  slope  near  the  Seine.  4j  miles 
8.S.E.  of  Paris.  Pop.  8549.  It  has  a  pretty  church,  a  fine 
country  mansion,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Dukes  of  Or- 
leans, some  agreeable  villas,  manufactures  of  steam  ma- 
chinery, glass,  earthenwares,  and  chemical  products,  with  a 
Bugar-refiuery,  and  stone  quarries. 

I^'Y,  a  post-offlee  of  Yancey  co..  North  Carolina. 

IVY.  a  post-office  of  Miami  CO..  Indiana. 

tVY  BKND.  a  post-office  of  .Madison  co..  North  Carolina. 

I  •  Y  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Alabama. 

I'V  Y  BKIDUE,  a  chapolry  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon,  on  the  Erme,  6  miles  E.  of  Plympton-EarL 
922 


IVY  CHTJRCn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IVY  CREEK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Wf 
glnia. 

IVY  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

IVY  LOG,  a  post-offlce  of  Union  co.,  GeorgLi. 

IVY  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
88  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 

I'WADE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

IWANOWNO.  a  town  of  Russia.     Pee  Ivanovo. 

I'WERNE  COURTENAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

IWERNE  MIN'STER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

IWUY.  eeVwee'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  in  1852.  3(J63. 

IXELLES,  eex'MV.  (Flemish.  Blm-.m,  el'seh-neh,)  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  1  mile  S.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  2720. 

IXONIA,  ix-o^ne-a,  a  post-township  in  Jefferson  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  1809. 

IXWORTH.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk,  6i  miles  N.E.  of  Bury-St.  Edmund's.'  It  Is  well 
built,  and  situated  on  the  banks  of  a  small  river. 

IXWORTH,  THORPE,  (thorp,)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ol 
Suffolk. 

IZA,  a  town  of  Peru.    See  Tc.i. 

IZA,  ee'zoh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  about  25  miles  from 
Szigeth.  on  the  Nagv-Ag.     Pop.  1240. 

IZABAL  or  ISABAL,  e-sS-Bai'.  a  village  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, state,  and  90  miles  N.E.  of  Guatemala,  on  the  S.E. 
shore  of  the  Golfo  Dulce.     Pop.  15(  0. 

IZALCO.  ISALCO  or  YSALCO.  eesjl'ko,  a  volcano  of  Cen- 
tral America,  state  of  San  Salvador,  10  miles  N.  of  Son- 
sonate. 

IZALCO,  ISALCO  or  YSALCO,  a  town  of  Central  America 
state,  and  40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  San  Salvador.    I'op.  4000. 

IZAMAL,  e-sd-m3l'.  a  city  of  Yucatan,  45  miles  E.  of  Me- 
rida.  with  a  convent  founded  in  1553. 

IZ'.^KD,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Arkansas,  has  an  area 
of  880  square  miles.  It  is  inter.sected  by  White  I'iver.  The 
surface  is  diversified ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Mount 
Olive.      Pop.  7215.  of  whom  <S^^  were  free,  and  3S2  slaves. 

IZE.  ee'zJ/.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  lUe-et- 
Vil.iine.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Vitre.     Pop.  2040  ? 

IZEAUX.  eeVo'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Is6re, 
14  miles  N.N.E.  of  St  Mai-cellin.     Pop.  lotiO. 

IZEL.  ee'zel,  a  villaireof  Belgium,  province  of  Luxembourg, 
on  the  Semois,  21  miles  W.  of  Arlon.     Pop.  1788. 

IZERNORE,  ee'zJn'noR'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ain.  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nantua.     Pop.  1114. 

IZIIMA  or  IJMA  Izh'mS.  a  river  of  North  Russia,  govern- 
ments of  Vologda  and  Arch.angel.  joins  the  Petchora.  after  a 
northward  course  of  190  miles  through  a  desert  region. 

IZIEUX,  ee^ze-Ch'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire,  on  the  Ban.  1  mile  E.N.E.  of  St.  Etienne.    Pop.  2798. 

IZIOOM.  IZIOUM.  IZIUM.  ISTUM.  iz-e-oom',  or  ISJUM, 
a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Kharkov, 
on  the  Donetz.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  enclosed  by  ramparts,  and 
has  a  citadel  on  an  adj.acent  height. 

IZMEN.  or  IZ5IENY,  iz^mffi'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Tolna.  about  10  miles  from  Szexard.     Pop.  1103. 

IZMIR  or  IZMYR.     See  Smyiixa. 

IZNAJAR  or  IZXAXAR,  eeth-ni-haR',  (anc.  AngeJla.^.)  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  of  Cordova,  near  the  Genii,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Lucena.     Pop.  -3808. 

IZN.AXLOZ  or  ISN  A  LLOZ.  eeth-nSl-yoth',  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  3082. 

IZNATORAF,  eeth-nJ-to-r3f',  (imc..  Anntnrffi.t.f)  a  walled 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  45  miles  N.E.  of  Jaen.  Pop. 
2101. 

IZNEEK.  IZNIK,  ISNIK.  iz'neek',  or  NICE,  neess.  (anc. 
N'iccB'a.)  a  village  and  ruined  city  on  the  E.  extremity  of 
Lake  Isneek,  32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ismeed.  and  40  miles  K.N.E.  of 
Brusa.  The  village  comprises  abont  150  houses  enclosed  by 
ancient  double  walls,  with  gates  and  towers  still  ne;irly  per- 
fect. The  first  general  ecclesiastical  council  met  at  Niciea, 
in  .325.  on  which  occasion  the  "  Nicene  creed"  was  framed ; 
another  council  was  held  here  in  787.  This  city  was  the 
first  conquest  of  the  Crusaders  in  the  East,  being  taken  in 
1097. 

IZNEEK,  IZNIK  or  ISNTK.  LAKE  OF.  (anc.  Axca'niia 
Laciis.)  a  beautiful  lake  of  .\sia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  17  miles 
E.  of  the  Gulf  of  Moodania.  into  which  it  discharges  itself 
by  a  small  river.    Length  from  E.  to  W.,  14  miles ;  breadth, 

4  miles. 

IZON,  ee^z^N"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 

5  miles  W.  Libourne.     Pop.  1470. 

IZS,\K,  is*s4k'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Hither  Danube, 
CO..  and  40  miles  from  Pesth.     Pop.  5069. 

IZTACCIHUATL  or  IST.^CCIHUATL.  ees-tiik-se-hwjt'l', 
a  volcano  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  department  and  30 
miles  W.N.W.  of  La  Puebla.     Elevation.  15.705  leet- 

IZVORNIK.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Zvornik. 

IZZAXO.  lt-s3'no.  or  ISjVNO.  ee-s3'no,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy.  4  miles  E.  of  Crema.    Pop.  1200. 


JAA 


JAO 


Ji^  Names  beginning  with  J,  in  Eastern  Europe  and 
Asia,  will,  in  this  work,  generally  be  found  under  Y,  thus  : 
fcr  Jablonoi,  see  Yaulonoi;  Jassy',  see  Yassy,  &c. 

JAAK,  ydk,  a  villafre  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  12 
miles  from  Steinamanner.     Pop.  1115. 
J.\AL().\8,  zhA'lAW,  a  villajre  of  France,  department  of 
Marne.  9  miles  N.K.  of  Chalons-sur-Marne.     Pop.  575. 

JA.\M,  yim,  a  villasre  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Krasna,  10  miles 
from  Oravitza,  on  the  Kra.sso.     Pop.  1142.      ■* 

JAAH,  ydR,or  GKKR,  (?)  iiaiR,  a  river  of  Belgium,  after  a 
N.E.  course  of  30  miles,  joins  the  Meuse  at  Maestricht. 

J.\AnSVELD,  yias'viMt,  a  village  of  Holland,  province, 
and  1  mile  S.W.  of  Utrecht.    Pop.  1079. 

JABADII  INSUr.A.    See  Sumatra. 

JABAHY,  XABAHY,  id-na-ree'.  YAVARY,  yj-vlree'.  or 
HYABAKY,  he-i'l>A-ree',  a  river  of  South  America,  forming 
a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and  Peru,  rises  in  lat. 
8°S..  Ion,  72°  W..  and.  after  a  N.E.  course  of  at  least  450  miles, 
joins  the  Marafiou  at  Tabatinga.     It  is  navigable  200  miles. 

JABBALI'OOK.  .iai>bal-poor',  or  JUBBULI'OOR.  jiib-biil- 
poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  48  miles 
N.W.  of  Mundlah.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  carpets,  and 
transit  trade  In  cotton  and  silk  fabrics,  iron.  salt,  and  sugar. 

J.^BBEKK.  yiVliA'kgh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders.  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bruges,  on  the  railway 
from  Ostend  to  Bruges.     Pop.  1260. 

J.\BBOK.  a  river  of  Syriji.     See  Jabok. 

•lA  BK.\  or  X.\BI*;A.  iid-n,Vd,  a  town  of  .''pain,  province,  and 
45  miles  X.E.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Mediterranean.    Pop.  3664. 

JA'BKSH  GliyKAI).  a  town  of  Palestine. 

JABKAN  DJABKA.  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Tchabkan. 

J  A  BLON  EV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yabloxev. 

JABLONKA,  yi-blon'kOh,  a  village  of  North  Hungary,  co. 
of  Arva,  near  the  Galiciaa  frontier,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Neu- 
sohl.     Pop.  3039. 

J  ABLOXOr  MOUNTAINS,  of  .Siberia.    See  Yablonoi. 

J.\]5L0X0W,  yi-blo'nov,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Po- 
land, iij  Oalici.a.  lO  miles  S.W.  of  Kolomea,  on  the  Ijuczka. 

J.A.BHJXIv.\U,  yd-bloon'kdw,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia, 
14  miles  S.S,E.  of  Teschen,  on  the  Olsa.  Pop,  2100.  Five 
miles  S.  of  the  town  is  the  Pass  of  Jabluuka,  leading  into 
Hungary,  and  defended  by  a  fort. 

J. \  BO  AH,  .jJ-bo'l  or  JABOiyAII.  a  town  of  Hindostan. 
presidency  of  Bengal,  province  of  Malwah,  2S0  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Oojein.  in  lat,  22°  46'  N„  Ion.  74°  39'  E. 

JA'BOK,  JABBOK  or  ZES'KA,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pashalic  of  Damascus,  rises  in  the  Ilaooran  Mountains,  Hows 
W.,  passing  N.  of  Mount  Gilead.  and  after  a  course  of  about 
45  miles,  falls  into  the  Jordan  about  30  miles  N.  of  the  Dead 
Sea.  It  is  mentioned  in  Scripture  as  the  lx)undary  which 
separated  the  kingdom  of  Sihon,  King  of  the  Amorites,  from 
that  of  (Jg.  King  of  Bashan. 

JABUGO  or  X:.\BUGO,  lia-boo'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  47  mijes  X.E.  of  Huelva.     Pop.  2101. 

JABUKA,  yi^boo'k6h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Banat, 
CO..  and  62  miles  S.  of  Temeayar,  on  the  Temes.     Pop.  2148. 

J.\BUKA.  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theiss,  co.  of  Te- 
mesvar,  4  miles  from  Yersecz.     Pop.  1235. 

.TACA,  JACCA,  or  XACA,  HiTvl  a  frontier  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  30  miles  X.N.W.  of  Iluesca.  Pop.  3012.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  strong  citadel,  a  cathedral,  a 
bishop's  palace,  and  b.arracks. 

.I.\C  All  Kill.  zhi-kd-rA-hee',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  Parahiba.     Pop.  7000. 

JACATRA,  Java.    See  Jak.atra. 

JACIX'TO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  TLshemingo  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 250  miles  N. N.E.  of  Jackson.  It  has  1  or  2  news- 
paper offices.  The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  will  here  inter- 
sect the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad. 

JACK'MAX'S  SOUXD,  a  harbor  in  Frobi.sher  Strait,  Arc- 
tic Ocean.  British  North  -America,  opposite  Susse.x  Island. 

J.iCKRKE,  jik'ree,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  Jhy- 
lum.  27  miles  S.W.  of  Pind-Dadun-Khan. 

JACKS/BOROUGILorJACKSOXBOROUGII,  a  small  post- 
Tillage,  capital  of  Campbell  co.,  Tenne.'see,  152  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Nashville.  It  stands  near  the  S.E.  base  of  Cumber- 
land Mountain. 

JACKSBOROUGII,  a  small  village  of  Warren  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

JACK  S  CREEK,  a  post-offtee  of  Yancey  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

JA  CK  S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

JACK'S  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  Te.xas  co„  Mis.souri. 

JACK'SOX,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  W.  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  the  state  of  Ohio,  contains  405  square  miles.  The 
Ohio  lUver  washes  its  W.  border,  and  it  is  drained  by  the 
Sandy  and  Big  Mill  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly;  the  soil 
Is  generally  adapted  to  grazing.  The  county  contains  lime- 
Btone  of  good  quality.  Capital,  Ripley.  Pop.  8306,  of  whom 
8251  ware  free,  and  55  glave? 


JACKSON,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  bordering  on  Teiv- 
nessee  and  South  Carolina,  lias  an  area  estimated  at  lOOlJ 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  TucUaseegee  River,  nn 
affluent  of  the  Tenne.ssee.  The  county  is  a  m.-untainous 
tract,  between  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  S.E..  and  the  Iron 
Mountain  on  the  N.W.  The  soil  produces  good  pasture,  and 
some  gi-ain.  The  county  was  formed  in  1850,  from  Haywood 
and  Macon  counties.     Pop.  in  I860,  5.515. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  37^!  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  tlie  prin- 
cipal branches  of  Oconee  River.  The  surface  is  uneven; 
much  of  the  soil  is  unproductive.  Granite  and  quartz  are 
abundant  in  the  county;  iron,  soapstone.  and  asbestos  are 
found.  Named  in  honor  of  General  James  Jackson.  United 
States  senator  from  Georgia.  Capital,  Jeft'erson.  Pop.  10,605, 
of  whom  7270  were  free,  and  3329  slaves. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Florida,  border- 
ing on  Alabama,  contains  1060  square  miles.  The  Chatta- 
hoochee and  Appalachicola  Rivers,  iiavigalile  by  steamboats, 
form  its  boundary  on  the  E.,  and  it  is  intersected  by  the 
Chipola  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  partly 
covered  with  pine  forests.  Capital,  Marianna.  Pop.  10,209, 
of  whom  :'306  were  free,  and  4903  slaves. 

JACKSON,  a  county  of  Mississippi,  bordering  on  Alabama, 
and  on  Pascagoula  Bay,  has  an  area  of  alx)ut  1230  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Pascagoula  River.  The  soil  is 
sandy  and  sterile,  mostly  covered  )>v  pine  wnotis.  Capital, 
Jacksonborough.  Pop.  4122,  of  whom  3035  were  free,  and 
1087  slaves. 

JACKSON,  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  Louisiana,  contains 
7F0  square  nnles.  It  is  drained  liy  small  affluents  of  the 
Washita  River.  The  surface  is  undulaHng.  the  soil  mostly 
fertile.  A  strong  current  of  emigration  from  the  older  ait- 
ton  states  has  recently  been  directed  to  this  section  of  Loui- 
siana. Capital.  Vernon.  Pop.  9465,  of  whom  5307  were  free, 
and  4098  slaves. 

.TACKSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  on 
Lavacca  Bay,  has  an  area  of  884  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Lavacca  River,  navigable  by  small  boat.s,  and  al.so 
drained  by  the  Navidad  River.  The  surface  consists  partly 
of  prairies :  the  soil  near  the  streams  is  fertile.  Capital, 
Te.xana.     Pop.  2612,  of  whom  1418  were  free. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Arkansa.s.  has  an 
area  of  about  1040  square  miles.  The  Black  and  White 
Rivers  form  the  W.  boundary.  It  is  also  dr.iined  by  the 
Cache  River.  The  surface  Is  level ;  the  soil  fertile.  The 
county  contains  large  fore.sts  of  cypress  and  a.sh,  which  sup- 
ply the  chief  article  of  export.  Capital,  Elizabeth.  Pop.  10,493, 
of  whom  7958  were  free. 

JACKSON,  a  county  of  Alabama,  bordering  on  Tennessee 
and  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  1150  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sAted  by  Tennessee  River  and  numerous  creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  traversed  by  mountain  ridges.  Capital,  Bellefonte. 
Pop.  18.283,  of  whoin  14,878  were  free,  and  :«05 

JACKSON,  a  county  of  Tennessee,  bordering  on  Ken- 
tucky, has  an  area  estimated  at  630  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
sected  by  Cumberland  Iliver.  •  The  surface  is  diversitiod 
by  hills  and  valleys.  Capital,  Gainesborough.  Pop.  11,722 
of  whom  10,513  were  free. 

J.\CKSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  about  378  g<iuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Little  Scioto 
River,  and  by  Salt  and  Symmes's  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
moderately  hilly,  and  the  soil  generally  fertile.  Stone  coal, 
iron,  marble,  and  salt  can  lie  procured  in  any  desii-ahle  quan- 
tity. The  county  is  intersect(^d  liy  the  Scioto  and  Hocking 
Valley  Railroad.  The  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad 
also  passes  along  its  N.  border.  Capital,  Jackson.  Popular 
tion,  17.941. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Michigan, 
contains  about  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  the  Grand,  Kalamazoo,  and  Raisin  River.s.  The 
.soil  is  a  rich,  sandy  loam.  Limestone  and  sandstone  are 
abundant,  and  stone  coal  and  iron  are  found  in  the  county. 
The  Central  Railroad  connects  the  county  with  Detroit  and 
Lake  Michigan.     Capital,  Jackson.     Pop.  26,671. 

J.\CK.SON.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
544  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Driftwood  Foik  of 
White  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating,  and  pre- 
sents a  variety  of  soils,  some  of  which  are  very  fertile.  It 
contains  beds  of  iron  ore,  the  extent  of  which  has  not  been 
explored.  The  railroad  from  JefTersonville  to  Columbus 
passes  through  the  county.  Organized  in  1815.  Capital, 
Brownstown.     Pop.  16,286. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  645  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  intei-sected 
by  Big  Muddy  River,  and  also  drained  by  Beancoup  and 
other  creeks.  An  eminence  called  Fountain  Bluff,  remai-k- 
able  for  its  ovoid  form,  rises  in  the  S.W,  part,  to  the  height 
of  about  300  feet.  Extensive  mines  of  stone  coal  have  been 
opened  ou  the  banks  of  Big  Muddy  River.    Salt  is  pro- 

923 


JAC 


JAG 


L 


cnred  from  sprinsrs  near  the  same  stream.  The  county  is 
traverspd  by  the  Central  Kaih-oad.  Capital,  Mnrpliysborough. 
Pop.  9oS0. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  theW.N.W.p.wt  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles. 
The  Mi.'souri  River  (navifrable  by  steamboats)  forms  its  N". 
boundary;  the  Kansas  Kiver  enters  the  Missouri  at  the 
\.W.  extremity  of  the  county;  it  is  also  drained  by  Bit; 
Blue  and  Little  Blue  Hirers,  and  by  Snylar  Creek.  The 
surface  is  uudulatiup;;  the  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  and 
well  vratered.  Limestone  is  the  principal  rock.  Capital.  In- 
liependence.  Pop.  22,913,  of  whom  18,969  were  free,  and  3944 
slaves. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa.  lx>rderinp  on 
Illinois,  has  an  area  of  636  square  miles.  The  .Mississippi 
River  washes  its  N.li.  border;  the  county  is  traversed  by  Ma- 
quoketa  liiver,  and  drained  also  by  Fall  Kiver,  and  by 
Beveral  creeks.  The  surface  is  uneven;  the  soil  is  fertile. 
The  county  contains  valuable  mines  of  iron,  and  lead.  Capi- 
tal, Bellevue  or  Andrew.     Pop.  1^,493. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waldo  co,, 
Maine,  about  44  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  827. 

JACKSON,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co.,New  Hampshire, 
on  the  head-waters  of  Ellis  River,  about  70  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Concord. 

JACKSON,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co^  New  York, 
40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1863. 

JACKSON,  New  Jersey,  a  station  on  the  Cimden  iind  At- 
lantic ilailroad,  19  miles  E.  of  Camden. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Cambria  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  854. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Coljjmbla  co^  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  5.'^9. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  112.3. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1018. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1742. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  3.335. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  690. 

JACKSON,  a  township  In  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  531. 

JACK  SON,  a  townsliip  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.812. 

JACICSON,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Perrj- CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1058. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  I'otter  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

JACKSON,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 13  miles  K.  of  Montrose,    Pop.  1121. 

JACKSON,  a  village  and  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1525. 

JACKSON,  a  village  and  township  of  Venango  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  SJti. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia,  37  miles 
N.W.  of  Richmond. 

JACK.^ON.  a  post-villaqre,  capital  of  Northampton  co.. 
North  Carolina.  95  miles  N.E.  of  Kalei'zh.  It  contains,  be- 
sides the  county  buildings,  2  churches,  3  stores,  and  2 
schools. 

JACKSON,  a  post-villa!:e,  capital  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia,  55 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in 
the  midst  of  a  fertile  country.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2 
churches,  and  2  academies. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  in  Clark  co..  Alabama,  near  Tom- 
bigbee  liiver.  125  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

JACKSON,  a  thriving  town  of  Hinds  county,  and  capit.il 
of  the  state  of  Mississippi,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Pearl  Hiver.  at  tlie  terminus  of  the  Vicksburg  and  Jackson 
Railroad,  and  on  the  .Southern  Mississippi  Uailroad.  45  miles 
E.  of  Vicksburg.  and  1010  miles  from  Washington.  Lat.  .32° 
23'  N.,  ion.  90°  8'  W.  The  site  of  the  town  is  level,  and  the 
plan  is  regular.  It  contains  a  handsome  state-house,  erected 
at  a  cost  of  over  half  a  million  of  dollars,  the  Kxecutivo  Man- 
sion, the  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  Penitentiary,  a  United 
States  land-office,  several  churches,  and  4  newspaper  offices. 
About  30.000  iMiles  of  cotton  are  annually  shipped  here. 
Jackson  is  one  of  the  principal  points  on  the  .New  Orleans, 
Jackson,  and  Northern  Railroad,  now  in  progress.  Pon.  in 
1860,  .3199. 

J.VCKSON.  a  thriving  pofit-villase  of  East  Feliciana  parish. 
I^ouisiana.  on  Thompson's  Creek.  20  miles  N.  of  Baton  Bouse. 
It  is  the  seat  of  tlie  state  asylum  for  the  insane,  founded  in 
1848.  The  buildings  are  spacious  and  comfortable.  The 
number  of  patients  in  1S51  was  81.  Centenarv  Colleee  of 
this  place  is  a  flourishing  institution,  under  tlie  direction 
of  the  .Methodists.  The  village  also  contains  several  female 
geminaries  of  respectable  character,  and  4  churches.  Pop. 
about  liHIO. 

JACKSON,  a  post  village  in  I^wrence  co.,  Arkansas,  near 
Spring  Itiver,  135  miles  N.N.F).  of  Little  Rock. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Monroe  co.,  Arkans.ig. 

JACKSON,  a  township  ia  Sevier  co~  Arkansas. 
924 


JACKSON,  a  township  in  Union  co.,  Arkansas. 

J.\CKSOX,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Madison  co^ 
Tennessee,  on  the  Forked  Deer  Kiver,  150  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Nashville.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  region,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade.  The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Uailroad 
is  to  pass  through  tliis  village.  It  contains  a  bank,  2  or  3 
cliurchps.  and  a  flourishing  college.     Pop.  2407, 

JACKSON,  a  pnst-vilbige,  capital  of  Breathitt  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Kentticky  River,  about  70  miles  in  a  straight 
line  S.E.  of  Lexington.  It  contains  2  churches  and  several 
stores. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Allen  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  16.32. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Ashland  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1485. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1081. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Champaign  co.,  Oliio.  Pop.  1771. 

J.A.CKSON,  a  township  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.     Pep.  1576. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1296. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  i  »hio.    Pop.  3290. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1346. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Franklin  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2W1. 

JAClvSON,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  959. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1272. 

JACKS  iN,  a  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  914. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  942. 

JACIV.SON,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  and  capital  of  Jackson  co.,Ohio, 
7?  miles  S.S.E.  of  Columbn.s.  The  Scioto  and  Hocking  Val- 
ley Railroad  connects  it  with  Portsmouth,  on  the  Ohio  River. 
It  contains  7  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  Union  school, 
and  2  iron  furnaces.     I'op.  in  1860, 1067. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  953. 

JACKSON  or  JACKSONTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Licking 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  National  Hoad,  31  miles  K.  of  Columbus. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  1018. 

JAClvSON,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Oliio.   P.  1813. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Noble  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1297. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co..  Ohio.    P.  1125. 

JACK -ON,  a  township  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  287. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Perry  Co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1592. 

JAi  KSON,  a  township  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio.   I'op.  1104. 

JAClvSON,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1395. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  IMS. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Putnam  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  495. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1025. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  1478. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  125S. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1204. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Starke  co.,  Ohio.     T'op.  I,=i59. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  720. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Vinton  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  122S. 

JACivSON,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  on  tlie  road  from 
Wooster  to  Cleveland,  96  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  has  about 
300  inhaliitants. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  144.' 

J.1CK80N,  a  township  of  Wyandot  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  603. 

J.\CKS0N,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan,  is  sitnated  on  Grand  Kiver,  near  its  source,  and 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  76  miles  W.  of  I>etroit,  and  38 
miles  S.  by  K.  of  Lansing.  A  branch  of  the  Michigan  South- 
ern Railroad  also  terminates  here.  The  river  affords  an  exten 
sive  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  factories  and  mills 
of  various  kinds.  Jackson  contains,  besides  the  county- 
buildings.  5  churches,  1  seminary  for  young  ladies,  2  print- 
ing offices,  and  the  state  penitentiary,  in  which  about  450 
convicts  are  employed  in  mechauical  labor.  Pop.  in  1860, 
479V1. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  640. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Blackford  co.,  Indiana.    P.  749. 

Jackson,  a  township  in  Brown  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1361. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliii)  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1183. 

JACKSON,  a  townshij)  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1262. 

JACKS  »N,  a  township  in  Clay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1280. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co..  Indiana.  Pop.  2582. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Dearborn  co..  Indiana.  P.  1491. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  940. 

J  ACKSON.a  post-township  of  Elkhart  co.,Indiana.  P.  13('0. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,   Pop.  960. 

JACICSON,  a  township  in  Fountain  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1254, 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Greene  CO.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1566, 

JACKS'lN,  a  township  of  Hamilton  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  2560. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Hancock  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1(580. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Howard  CO.,  Indiana.   Pop.  490. 

JACKSON,a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1162. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iiidiana. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  .lay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  730. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Ko.sciusko  co.,  ImUana.   P.  85.5. 

JACKS  iN,a  township  of  Madison  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1007. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  10C4. 
JACKSQN.atownshipof  Morgitn  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1434. 
J.\CKSON,  a  township  of  Orange  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  900. 
.1 ACKS  >N,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  775. 
JACKSON,  a  township  of  Parke  co.,  Indi.ana.  Poj).  1090. 
JACKSO.N,  a  township  of  Putnam  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1.3:*4 
JACKSON,  a  township  of  Randolph  CO.,  ludiana.  P.  1204. 


JAC 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Ripley  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1349. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Rush  co.,  Indjnna.    Pop.  8B0. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  in  Slielby  co.,  Indiiina.    Pop.  1265. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Stcnljen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  929. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co,  Indiana.     P.  1251. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  in  Switzerland  CO.,  Indi.ana,  100 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Tippecanoe  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  1195. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Washington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
813. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Wayne  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1722. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Wells  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  926. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  in  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois,  140 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  Will  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  983. 

JACKSON,  a  post-vilhige,  cajutal  of  Cape  Girardeau  co., 
Missouri,  2('0  miles  E.S.K.  of  Jefferson  City,  about  110  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  St.  Louis,  and  10  miles  from  the  Mississippi 
River.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  new.spaper  office,  and 
numerous  stores. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Washington  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  1891. 

."ACKSON,  a  post-town  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  is 
situated  in  the  N.  part  of  the  counlv,  about  3  miles  N.of 
the  Moquelumne  River.  It  is  principally  supported  by 
miners.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  1200. 

JACKSON,  a  Tillage  of  New  Lrunswiek.  county  of  Carle- 
ton,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  river  St.  John,  about  50 
miles  N.W.  of  Fredericton. 

JACK'SO.N  BOKUIJG II,  a  post-vill.igeof  Scriven  co.,  Georgia, 
on  Reaverdam  Creek.  55  miles  S.S.E.  of  Augusta,  was  for- 
meily  the  county  seat. 

JACKSON  BOROUGH,  Mississippi.     See  Jackson  Couet- 

IIOUSE. 

JACKSONROROUGir,  a  post-village  of  BuUer  co.,  Ohio, 
about  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

JACK'SON  BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

JACK'SOXBURG,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
York,  about  75  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

JACKSONBURG,  a  post-village  in  Wayne  CO.,  Indiana,  60 
miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

J.iCKSON  COLLKGE.    See  Columbu.  Tennes.see. 

JACKSON  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Dut<;hess  co..  New 
York. 

JACKSON  COURT-HOUSE.  W.  Virginia.    See  Ripi.et. 

JACKSON  COURT-HOUSi?!,  (formerly  JACKSONBO- 
ROUOH.)  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  Mississippi, 
ou  Pascagoula  River,  about  150  miles  S.E.  of  Jackson. 

JACK.SON  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  48 
miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

JACKSON  FURNACE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio, 
about  90  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

JACKSON  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 
See  Independence. 

JACKSON  HALL,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 5  miles  S.E.  of  Chauibersburg,  contains  near  100 
inhabitants. 

J  ACK'SONIIAM,  a  post-vill.age  in  Lancaster  district,  South 
Carolina,  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbia. 

JACKSON  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Davidson  co..  North 
Carolina.  132  miles  W.  of  It.oleigh. 

JACKSON  HILL,  a  post-otiice  of  Spartanburg  district. 
South  Carolina. 

JACKSON  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Ilolt  co.,  Missouri. 

JACKSON,  PORT,  Austnilia.    See  Port  Jackson. 

JACKSON  PORT,  it  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Arkansas, 
at  the  confluence  of  White  and  Black  Rivers. 

JACKSON'S  CAMP,  a  small  post-village  of  Tallapoosa  co., 
Alabama. 

JACKSON'S  CREEK,  a  postoffice  of  Fairfield  di-strict. 
South  Carolina. 

JACKSON'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Wythe  co.,  A'irginia. 

JACKSON'S  GLASS-WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Camden 
eo.,  New  Jersey,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Camden. 

JACKSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co..  New 
Jersey. 

JACKSON'S  RIVER,  of  Virginia,  the  principal  constituent 
of  James  River,  is  formed  by  two  branches,  the  North  and 
South  Forks,  which  rLse  in  Hi-rhland  county,  in  the  N.  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state,  and  tlowiug  S.W.,  unite  in  Bath 
county.  The  river  then  pursues  a  S.  course  to  the  mouth 
of  Potts'  Creek,  in  Alleghany  county,  where  it  turns  towards 
the  N.E.,  and  flowing  through  rugged  mountain  passes, 
unites  with  the  Cowpasture  River,  (the  other  branch  of  the 
■'ames  River.)  near  the  boundary  between  Alleghany  and 
Botetourt  counties,  about  15  miles  below  Covington.  The 
passage  of  this  river  through  Waite's  Mountain  is  remark- 
able for  its  sublime  scenery.  The  length  of  the  main  stream 
is  estimated  at  above  50  miles,  and  each  of  the  branches  has 
about  the  same  extent. 

JACKSONTOWN,  Ohio.    See  Jackson. 

JACKSON  VALLEY,  a  postoffice  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

JACK'SONVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Windham  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier. 


JAC 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
York,  8  or  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ithaca. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  po.'j^village  of  Burlington  co.,  Ne%9 
Jersey,  17  miles  S.  of  Trenton,  has  a  Methodist  church,  and 
2  stores. 

JACKSONVILLE,  (formerly  IMLA^Y'S  MILLS.)  a  small 
village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey,  about  10  miles  W.  ot 
Freehold. 

JACKSONA'ILLE.  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  New  Jersey 
at  the  head  of  Cheesequake  Creek,  contains  2  churches. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
in  Nittany  Valley.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Bellefonte.  The  nameoj 
the  post-office  is  Walker. 

JACKSONA'ILLE.  a  thriving  village  of  Greene  co..  Penn 
sylvanis,  16  miles  W.  of  AVaynesburg.  The  village  hAi 
several  hotels,  and  about  40  dwellings. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania^ 
40  miles  E.  of  I'ittsburg,  contains  1  or  2  churches,  an  acet 
demy,  .and  about  60  houses. 

J.'VCKSONVILLE,  a  post-vill.nge  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsj-1 
vania.  on  Maiden  Creek,  about  S2 miles  K..N.K.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

JACKSONVILLK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Floyd  co.,  Vir 
ginia,  230  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  the 
county  buildings,  a  church,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  372. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co..  Virginia. 

JACKSONA'ILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Telfair  co., 
Georgi.i.  is  1  mile  from  the  Ocmulgee  River,  and  l;j4  miles 
S.  of  .Milledgeville.  It  has  the  usual  county  buildings,  and 
4  stores. 

J.\CKSONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Duval  co., 
Florida,  on  the  left  bank  of  St.  John's  River,  252  miles  E. 
of  Tallahassee.  It  contains  a  court-house,  church,  several 
stores,  and  2118  inhabitants. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  flourishing  postrvillage,  capital  of 
Ciilhoun  CO.,  Alabama,  is  situated  oji  a  beautiful  eminence 
in  Tallasahatchee  Valley,  125  miles  N.by  E. of  Montgomery. 
The  situation  is  healthy,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  an 
adjacent  mountain  range.  A  newspaper  is  jml  lish -d  here. 
The  Alabama  and  Tennessee  River  Railroad  will  pass  tin-oiigh 
or  near  this  place.    Free  population,  703. 

JACK.SONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas. 

J.\CKSONVILLE.  a  village  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee,  about 
150  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon,  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 9  miles  N.W.  of  Paris. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  village  of  Ad.ams  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Sfaysville  and  Zanetiville  Turnpike,  about  100  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Columbus. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Darko  co.,  Ohio,  100 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  village  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana, 
about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Covington. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  co.,  In- 
dian.!. 100  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Morgan 
county,  Illinois,  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  32  miles 
W.  of  Springfield.  It  is  situated  on  iin  undulating  and 
fertile  prairie,  in  the  vicinity  of  a  small  affluent  of  the 
Illinois  River,  called  Movestar  Creek,  a  corruption  of 
'•  Mauvai.se  Terre."  This  town  is  distinguished  for  the  ele- 
gance of  its  pxiblic  buildings,  and  for  the  number  of  its 
educational  and  charitable  institutions,  among  which  are 
Illinois  College,  the  state  a.sylums  for  the  blind,  the  insane, 
and  the  deaf  and  dumb,  a  female  academy,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Methodists,  .and  2  other  academies.  The  asylums 
above  named  occupy  relatively  three  sides  of  a  quadrangle 
around  the  town,  each  about  a  mile  from  its  centre.  Illinois 
College  occupies  a  beautiful  and  commanding  position,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and  respectable  institutions 
in  the  state.  It  was  founded  in  1830,  and  has  a  library  of 
4000  volumes.  An  intelligent  traveller,  who  recently  visited 
this  place,  remarks,  "It  looks  like  a  village  made  to  order 
at  the  East,  with  neat  houses — some  wood,  some  brick;  with 
gardens  tilled  with  flowers  and  shrubbery,  with  v.ide  and 
cleanly  streets  adorned  with  shade-trees,  with  academies, 
churches,  and  a  college,  clustering  about  the  village  centre, 
while  well-tilled  farms  stretch  along  the  borders  on  every 
side."    It  has  a  national  bank.    Pop.  5528. 

J  ACKSON  VILLE,  Tuolumne  co.,Calitornia.  See  Appendix. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co  , 
Oregon.     Pop.  892. 

J.\CK'S  REEF,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York. 

JACKS'TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Iluutingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

JACKS^'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co..  Pennsylvania 

JACMEL  or  JACQUEMEL,  iM\CmiV,  a  town  of  Hayti, 
on  its  S.  coast,  30  miles  S.AV.  of  Port  au  Prince.  Lat.  of 
wharf,  18°  13'  N..  Ion.  72°  33'  W.    Pop.  6000.     . 

JACOBI  (jS-ko'bee)  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Sitka  Islands,  of 
George  III.  Archipelago,  Russian  America. 

JACOBINA,  zha-ko-bee'ni,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
210  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Bahia,  capital  of  a  comarca.  on  the  Itapi- 
curft.  here  joined  by  the  Oura.     Pop.  of  the  di.striet  10,000. 

JA'COBSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Peun- 
sylvania,  about  11  miles  N.W.  of  Easton. 

926 


JAC 

JACOBSBTTRO.  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  about 
10  miles  S.  of  St.  Clairsville. 

JACOB'S  CIIUllCII,  a  postoffiee  of  Shenandoah  co.,  Vir^ 
ginia. 

JACOB'S  CREEK,  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylrania, 
flaws  into  the  Youghiogheny. 

JACOB'S  FORK,  a  p-.st-office.  Catawba  CO..  North  Carolina. 

JACOHSHAGEX,  ya/kobs-hiVrhen,  a  town  of  Pnissia. 
Pomerania,  36  miles  E.S.  E.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  1635. 

JA'COHSPORT.  a  thriving  village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio, 
about  SO  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  300. 

JAC015STAD,  ydltob-staf,  or  JACOBSSTADT,  yil'kobs- 
stjtt\  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Courland,  on  the 
Diina,  78  miles  E.S.E.  of  .Vlitau.     Pop.  'XMS. 

JACOBSTAD,  yi'kob-stad\  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Finland, 
.•n  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vasa.     Pop.  1600. 

JA'COBSTOW.  a  parish  of  En-?land,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

JA'COBST.)WE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

JA'COBST()\VX,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jersey.  12  miles  IB.N.E.  of  Mount  Holly.  It  has  1  oi  2 
churches. 

JA'OJRSVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Carroll  co.,  TlHnois. 

JACOBSWALDE,  yd'kobs-^ilrdeh,  or  KOTLARNIA,  kot- 
laR'ne-d,  a  villaire  of  Prussia.  In  Silesia,  govei-nment,  and  31 
miles  S.E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  911. 

JACOT'TA,  a  maritime  town  of  South  India,  dominion, 
and  15  miles  N.  of  Cochin. 

JACOVA.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Yakova. 

JAOQUE.MEL,  a  town  of  ilavti.     See  Jacmel. 

JACQUES-CAKTIER,  zhdk-kaR'te-.V,  a  river  of  Canada 
East,  after  a  S.S.W.  coarse  of  50  miles  joins  the  St.  Law- 
rence on  the  left,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Quebec,  to  which  city 
and  its  environs  it  is  important  as  a  defensive  barrier.  It 
Is  so  rapid  as  to  be  whoUv  unnavig-able. 

JACQUINOT  (zhrkee-nOO  ISLAXD,  off  the  N.  coast  of 
Papua,  in  lat.  3°  24'  S.,  Ion.  144°  24'  E. 

JACUIIY,  zhi  koo-ee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  enters  the  Lake  of  Patos  (which  i.s 
rather  its  expansion)  at  itw  N.  extremity,  after  a  S.  and  E. 
course  of  upwards  of  250  miles. 

JAD'DEX,  a  post-offlce  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

JADERA.  or  JADER.     See  Zara,  Oi.d. 

JADRAtJUE  or  XADRAQUE,  nj-dra'ki.  a  market-town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Guadalajara.    Pop.  1428. 

JADRIX,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Zhabrin. 

JAEN  or  XAEN,  ni-Jn',  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  in  a  hilly  district,  about  2500  feet 
above  the  sea,  37  miles  N.  of  Granada.  Pop.  17,327.  It  is 
enclosed  by  turreted  walls,  and  commanded  by  a  fortress  on 
a  neighborin<r  hill.  It  has  two  cathedrals,  several  hospitals, 
public  fountains,  and  a  fine  promenade,  a  brisk  trade  in  the 
agricultural  produce  of  the  neighborhood,  and  manufactures 
of  coarse  woollens  and  linens:  but  the  extensive  manu&c- 
tures  of  silk  fabrics  which  existed  under  the  Moors  has 
wholly  disappeared.  It  was  an  important  city  under  the 
Romans.  Under  the  Moors  it  was  the  capital  of  the  small 
kingdom  of  Jaen,  and  was  taken  by  Ferdinand  II.,  King  of 
Castile,  in  1246. 

JAEN,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  the  v.alley  of  the  Guadal- 
quivir, about  80  miles  in  length,  by  about  70  in  breadth. 
Capital.  Jaen.    Pop.  246.039. 

JAEX  DE  BRACAMOROS,  ni-Sn'  di  brJ-ka-moAroce,  a 
town  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  department  of  Asuay, 
and  the  capit;vl  of  its  southernmost  province,  on  the  Chin- 
chipe.  near  its  junction  with  the  Amazon.     Pop.  about  2000. 

J  A  EN,  RIO  DE,  ree'o  dA  nd-^n',  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, joins  the  Guadalquivir  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

JAFFA,  jaffi  or  j-affd,  YAFA,  or  YAFFA,  ylffS,  (anc. 
Jnp'p'i,)  a  small  maritime  town  of  Palestine,  on  a  tongue  of 
land  projecting  into  the  Mediterranean,  45  miles  X.N.E.  of 
Gaza,  and  31  miles  N.W.  of  Jerus,alem.  I>at.  32°  3'  N.,  Ion. 
34°  45'  E.  It  is  built  on  a  declivity,  crowned  by  a  fortress. 
Its  harbor,  now  choked  with  sand,  is  protected  by  two  other 
forts.  It  has  several  mosques,  Roman  Catholic..\rmenian,  and 
Greek  churches,  some  convents,  and  trade  in  cotton,  corn, 
fruits,  and  coral,  the  produce  of  its  vicinity.  It  was  the  port 
of  .lerusalem,  and  the  luuding-place  of  the  cedars  with  which 
the  Temple  in  that  city  was  built.  In  1799  it  was  taken, 
after  a  sanguinary  siege,  by  Napoleon,  when  1200  Turkish 
prisoners,  who  (as  was  alleged)  had  broken  their  parole,  were 
put  to  death.     Pop,  5000, 

JAFFA,  YAFA.  or  YAFFA,  (anc,  JupJia ;  Script.  Japhia.) 
a  village  of  Palestine.  2  miles  S.W.  of  Nazareth,  with  about 
30  houses,  and  probalily  the  same  place  as  was  fortified  by 
Josepbus.  and  subsequently  taken  by  the  troops  of  Titus. 

JAFK.^TEEN  or  JAFFATINE  (jff-fi-teeu')  ISLANDS,  a 
group  in  the  Red  Sea,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez. 

JAFKERABAD.  jdrfyri-bM',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Dec- 
can,  Nizam's  dominion,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Godavery,  23 
iniles  N.E.  (if  Jaulnah. 

JAFFERABAD,  a  town  of  India,  In  Guzerat,  on  the  Gulf 
Ot  Oamb.ay,  37  miles  E.N,E.  of  Diu  Head. 

.TAFFIERGUNOE,  j,irfeer-g&nj',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Ganges,  32  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Dacca. 

926 


JAK 

JAFFNAPATAM,  jlrna-pj-tim',  or  JAFF'NA,  a  saip-irt 
town  of  Ceylon,  near  its  N.  extremity,  on  a  navigable  inlet 
Pop.  8000.  It  has  a  pretty  strong  fort,  and  some  trade  in 
tobacco,  palmyra  timber,  and  chank  shells,  it  being  the 
principal  commercial  port  in  Ceylon  after '  Colombo  and 
Point  de  Galle. 

JAF'FREY,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Cheshire  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  head-waters  of  Contoocook  River, 
about  44  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.  It  has  several  manufacto- 
ries of  wooden  ware.    Pop.  1453. 

J.\GAN,  jj-gin'.  a  small  town  and  fort  of  the  Punjab,  in 
its  N.  part.    Lat.  32°  43'  N.,  ion.  75°  5'  E. 

JAGARAGA,  a  town  of  Java.     See  Djagaraga. 

JAGEPOOR,  jd'gheh-poor',  a  town  or  large  village  of  Brit- 
ish India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  35  miles  N.N.E.  oi  Cuttack, 
on  the  Byturnee.  It  has  some  remarkable  Hindoo  temples, 
and  manufactures  of  cotton  cloth. 

JAGERNDORF,  (JSgerndorf)  y.i'ghern-donf\  or  KAR- 
NOW,  kaR/nov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia.  14  miles  N.W.  ot 
Troppau,  between  the  Great  and  Little  Oppa,  Pop.  4800.  It 
is  enclosed  by  high  walls,  and  has  a  handsome  church,  with 
a  spire  230  feet  high,  an  old  ducal  castle,  high  school,  hospital, 
and  theatre,  and  is  the  capital  of  a  principality  belonging  to 
Prince  Liechtenstein. 

JAGHATOO  or  JAGHATU,  jj-gd-too',  a  river  of  North 
Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  rises  in  Mount  Zagros,  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Tukhti-Suleiuian,  flows  northw.ard.  and 
enters  Lake  Oorofnneeyah  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Binab.  Total 
course,  probablv  130  miles. 

JAGODIN,  yd-goKleen',  or  JAGODINA.  yd-go-dee'nd.  a 
town  of  Servia.  near  the  Slorava,  63  miles  S.S.E.  of  Seniendria. 

J.\GOTIN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Y.vqotin. 

JAGU.\  or  X.A.GU.A,  nd'gwd,  a  river  of  Central  America, 
state  of  Honduras,  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea  40  miles  AV.S.W 
of  Trujillo,  after  a  N.  course  of  120  miles. 

JAGUA.  (or  XAGUA.)  BAIIIA  DE,  bd-ee'd  drl  nd'gwd,  a 
fine  bay  on  the  S,  coast  of  Cuba,  45  miles  N,W,  of  Trinidad, 
and  defended  by  a  strong  castle  on  Cape  de  los  Angelas, 

JAGUARI,  zhd-gwd-ree',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas-Geraes,  on  the  AY  slope  of  Serra  de  M.antiqueira,  and 
on  the  ro.ad  from  Rio  Janeiro  to  the  towns  of  Sao  Paulo 
and  Campanha. 

JAGUARIB+1,  zhd-gwd-ree'bi,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  la 
the  mountains  of  Boa  Vista,  province  of  Ceara,  and  falls 
into  the  Atlantic  about  lat,  4°  8'  S,,  Ion,  37°  50'  W.  Total 
length  about  460  miles. 

JAGUARIPE,  zhd-gwd-ree'pd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bahia,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name. 

JAIIDE,  yd'deh,  a  river  of  North  Germany,  in  Oldenburg, 
after  a  northward  course  of  13  miles,  enters  a  wide  estuary 
of  the  North  Sea,  20  miles  in  length  by  12  miles  in  greatest 
breadth,  immediately  W,  of  the  mouth  of  the  Weser, 

JAHICOS,  zhd-ee'koce,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Piauhi,  70  miles  E.S.E,  of  Oeiras,  near  the  Itahim.     Pop.  2000. 

JAHIL,  jd-heel',  a  town  of  Northwest  India,  58  miles 
N,W.  of  Ajmeer, 

JAH-JERM,  jd-j5rm,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Kho- 
rassan,  in  its  N,  part,  25  miles  N,  of  Abbasabad, 

JAIIJOU  or  JAHJOW,  jd-jOw',  a  town  of  Hindostan.  prp- 
sidency  of  Bengal,  province,  and  15  miles  S.W.  of  Agra. 
Here,  in  105S,  during  the  Mogul  dynasty,  Dara  Shecoh  w.i» 
defeated  by  his  brother,  Aurungzebe;  and  in  1707  Shah 
Allum  defeated  Azim  Ushaun. 

J.\HLORE,  a  town  of  Hindostan.    See  Jallore. 

JAHNEVI.  jd'n.'i-vee\  a  river  of  HiiKJostan,  presidency  ol 
Bengal,  province  of  Gurhwal,  one  of  the  early  affluents  of  the 
Ganges,  which  it  joins  near  Gangootri. 

JAHNSDORF.  ydns'doRf,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  ot 
Zwickau,  near  Chemnitz.     IMp.  14'I0. 

JAICZA.  yit'sd,  or  JAITZE,  or  JAICZE.  yit'sph.  a  fortified 
town  of  Turkish  Croatia,  on  the  Verbas,  30  miles  S.  of  Ba- 
nialuka.    Pop.  2000. 

JAIHAN.  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Jthoon. 

J  AIM  POOR,  jim-poor',  a  small  town  of  Aghanistan,  40 
miles  S,  ol  Dera  Ghazee  Khan. 
•  JAIN  A.  a  river  and  bay  of  Hayti.    See  HuxA. 

JAISPTTZ.  yls'pits.  or  ALT  JAISCHWITZ.  dlt  yIsh'«-itR, 
a  town  of  Moravia,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Znaym.     Pop.  1040. 

JAITPOOR,  jlt^poor'.  a  town  of  India,  Baroila  dominions, 
in  the  Guzerat  Peninsula.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Joonaghur. 

JAJAKCOTE.  jdjar-k5t',  a  town  of  India,  in  Oude,  c:<pital 
of  a  district,  135  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lucknow. 

JAKATRA  or  JACATRA,  ydkdt'rd.  a  former  kingdom  in 
the  island  of  Java,  now  divided  into  the  Dutch  provinces  of 
Batavia,  Buitenzorg.  Krawang,  and  Preanser. 

J.VKATR.V  or  JACATIiA.  a  former  town  in  the  island  of 
Jav.a.  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  Its  tite  is 
now  occupied  by  Batavia, 

JAKATRA  or  J.\C.\TR.\.  one  of  the  present  divisions  of 
Batavia.  in  the  island  of  .Tava. 

JAKATRA  or  JACATRA.  a  bay  on  the  N.  coast  of  .Tuva, 
into  which  falls  a  river  of  the  same  name,  also  called  TJlUfr 

WONG. 

J  AK  AU,  ft  town  of  Hindostan.    See  Jockow. 

JAKE'S  PRAIK'IE,  a  oost-office  of  Gasconade  co.  Missot  d 


JAK 


JAM 


JAKE'S  KUN,  a  postoffice  of  Monongalia  co..  Virginia. 

JAKO,  yd'ko\  a  villafre  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Veszprim,  11 
Diiles  S.K.  of  fa  pa.     Pop.  1342. 

JAKOUSIfAVN,  yi'kob.s-hdwn\  a  village  or  Danish  settle- 
ment in  Greenland,  opposite  Disco  Island,  with  a  seminary 
for  educating  native  catechists,  under  the  direction  of  the 
missionaries.     Pop.  of  thu  district,  300. 

JAK()H.\LMA.  ydh^WOl'moh',  a  village  of  Ilungt-vry,  on 
the  Tarn;v,  aliout  4  miles  from  Jasz-Bereny.     Pop.  1433. 

JAKUliJAX,  yi'kooVyin',  or  JAKOBSAU,  yaifob-sdwN 
a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Leut- 
Bchau.     Cop.  iiSOO. 

JAKUTSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Y.^kootsk. 

JALACIIO  or  XALACIIO.  ni-ld'cho,  a  village  of  Yucatan, 
on  the  main  road  between  Jlerida  and  Campeachy. 

JALAME  or  XAl.AMK,  Hi-Wm\,  a  town  of  Spain,  In 
Valencia,  province,  and  aliout  60  miles  from  Valencia,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  La  IIoz  with  the  Jucar.     Pop.  1237. 

JALAP.A  or  XAbAPA,  Hd-l3'pJ,  a  city  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state,  and  (iO  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vera  Cruz,  on 
the  route  to  Mexico.  Pop.  about  10,000.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  at  an  elevation  of  4340  feet,  he.althy.  and  well  built. 
The  principal  edifices  are  the  cathedral  and  several  other 
churches,  and  the  vast  convent  of  St.  Francisco.  Its  trade 
has  diminished,  but  it  is  a  good  deal  resorted  to  by  invalids 
from  Vera  Cruz.  The  drug  julap  grows  here  wild,  and  de- 
rives its  name  from  this  city. 

JAlj.il'A,  jalah'pa,  a  pust-oflice,  McMinn  co.,  Tennessee. 

JAL.A.PA,  a  new  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana,  80 
miles  N.  by  E.of  Indianapolis. 

JAL.\PA,  a  thriving  post^village  of  Greene  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Macoupin  Creek,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Carrollton.  The  water- 
power  of  the  creek  gives  motion  to  several  mills. 

.TALII.\Y,  zhd'lA',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  19 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Liege,  near  the  frontiers  of  Prussia.  Pop. 
2542. 

JALISCO  or  XALISCO.  nj-lees'ko  or  nJ-lis'ko,  or  GUADA- 
LAJAR.\.,  gwd-Dj-lJ  nj'rd.  a  maritime  state  of  M«xico,  bor- 
dering on  the  Pacitic,  between  lat.  18°  45'  and  24°  N.,  and 
Ion.  101°  15'  and  106°  15'  VV.  It  is  one  of  the  tinest  pro- 
vinces of  Mexico.  Tlio  E.  portion,  although  traver.sed  by 
the  Cordillera  of  Anahuac,  is  extremely  fertile,  and  the 
districts  near  the  coast  are  covered  with  luxuriant  forests; 
but  the  climate  is  unhealthy.  Jalisco  is  intersected  by  the 
Tolototlan  and  its  numerous  affluents,  and  on  its  S.  side  has 
the  large  lake  of  Chapala.  Capital,  Guadalajara.  Pop.  in 
1854, 

JALK,  jilk,  a  town  in  the  sandy  desert  of  North  Beloo- 
chistan.     Lat.  28°  20'  X.,  Ion.  60°  E. 

JALL.4I.S,  zhdlHi',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Ijoire,  5  miles  E.  of  Beaupreau.  Pop.  in  1S52, 
3420. 

JALLTEU.  zhdrie-uh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Is^re,  arrondissement  of  La  Tour-du-Pin.     Pop.  in  1852.  3153. 

JALLORE,  jill-lOr',  or  JAIILOKE,  jil-16r',  a  town  of  West 
Hindostan,  dominions,  and  65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Joodpoor. 
Pop.  15,000.  Its  fortress  is  the  strongest  in  this  part  of 
India. 

JALOMNITZA,  yj-lom-nit/si,  a  river  of  Wallachia,  flows 
generally  E.  past  Tergovist,  and  joins  the  Danul>e  on  the 
left,  opposite  llirscliova.     Length,  140  miles. 

JALON  or  X.iljON',  H3-lon',  a  river  of  Spain,  joins  th^ 
Ebro  13  miles  above  Saragossa,  after  a  course  of  120  miles. 

JALON  or  XALOX.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  pro- 
vince, and  aijout  45  miles  from  Alicante.     Pop.  2276. 

JAL'OOFS'  or  JAL'OFFS',  a  people  of  West  Africa,  dwelling 
between  the  Gambia  and  the  Senegal. 

JALOU.N,  ji-loon',  a  largo  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Bundel- 
cund,  capital  of  a  rajahship,  25  miles  W.  of  Kalpee.  It  was 
formerly  a  tltriving  mart  for  superior  cotton,  raised  in  its 
vicinity.  The  Jalouu  rajahship  has  an  area  of  1480  snuare 
miles.  Pop.  180.000.  In  1S32  it  maintained  2000  infiintry 
and  1500  cavalry.  It  is  now  under  the  immediate  rule  of 
the  British  agent  at  Bandah.  having  been  acquired  in  1841. 

JALOUTIIOVOSK.  a  town  of  .Siberia.    See  Yalootrovosk. 

JALOVK.i,  yi-lov'kj.  a  market^town  of  Russian  Poland, , 
government,  and  40  miles  S.  of  Grodno.     Pop.  1000. 

JALPUCII,  a  river  and  lake'of  Russia.     See  YaLPOOKH. 

J.\LPUS1IK.0V,  ydl-poosh-kov',  a  market-town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kamie- 
niec.     Pop.  1500. 

JALT.\.  a  town  of  Russi.a.    See  Yalta. 

J.^LUT  ROVO.sk.    See  Yalootrovosk. 

JAM.VIC.\.,  ja-mi'ka.  (Sp.  pron.  Hj-mi'k3;  Yr.  JamaKqut, 
zhi^mJiV'i'k'.)  one  of  the  Great  Antilles,  and  the  principal  of 
the  British  West  India  Islands,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  be- 
tween lat.  17°  40'  and  18°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  76°  15'  and  78°  25' 
W.,  about  90  miles  S.  of  Cuba,  The  general  appearance  is  ex- 
tremely beautiful.  On  the  N.  it  rises  into  hills  of  gentle  as- 
cent, covered  with  pimento  groves,  and  a  brilliant  verdure, 
and  intersected  by  vales,  which  exhibit  the  most  romantic 
scenery ;  while  on  the  S.  it  presents  abrupt  precipices  and 
inaccessible  cliffs,  the  general  effect  being  heightened  by  the 
prolusion  of  stream"-  whicii  pour  from  every  valley,  and 
frequently   precipitate   themselves^iVom  the   overhanging 


rocks  into  the  ocean.  The  coast-line  is  500  miles  long,  and 
is  indented  with  a  great  number  of  excellent  harbors,  of 
which  Port  Royal,  or  the  harbor  of  Kiiigston,  is  the  most 
considerable.  The  island  is  traversed  by  lofty  mountains 
in  all  directions;  the  principal  chain,  called  the  Blue  .Monn- 
tiiins,  occupying  the  centre,  and  stietching  from  E.  to  W., 
with  a  .sharp  crest  in  some  places  only  four  yards  across, 
varying  from  7000  to  8000  feet  in  elevation.  The  declivities 
are  covered  with  stately  forests.  The  valleys  are  all  very 
narrow,  not  more  than  a  twentieth  part  of  the  island  being 
level  ground.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Miuho,  Black 
River,  and  Cobre,  all  emptying  tbem.selves  on  the  S.  coast. 
The  mountains  are  of  Ciilcareous  formation.  The  N.  .side  of 
the  island  is  reputed  to  be  the  more  hi'althy,  though  all  in- 
salubrity ceases  at  an  elevation  of  1400  feet.  The  mean  an- 
nual temperature  at  Kingston  is  78°-S:  in  summer,  81°;  in 
winter,  76°'2,  The  rainy  seasons  are  from  May  to  August, 
and  from  October  to  November.  Earthquakes  are  frequent; 
hurricanes  less  so  than  in  the  other  West  India  Islands. 
The  soil  is  naturally  less  productive  than  in  many  of  the 
West  India  Islands;  but  most  of  the  staple  products  of  tro- 
pical climates  are  raised,  sugar  being  the  chief.  Indigo, 
cotton,  and  cocoa  were  formerly  more  important  staples  than 
at  present.  Maize,  GuineJl  corn,  and  rice  are  the  chief  grains 
raised.  T\)e  plantain,  banana,  sweet  potato,  &c.  compose  the 
principal  food  of  the  black.s.  Fine  fruits  are  plentiful.  Sun- 
flower-seeds are  raised  for  the  manufacture  of  oil.  The  other 
products  are  cinnamon,  fine  woods,  and  artificial  grasses. 
Live  stock  in  general  good,  as  well  as  numerous.  About 
seven-eighths  of  the  land  belongs  to  private  individuals: 
estates  seldom  exceed  1200  acres,  and  have  become  more  sulh 
divided  since  the  epoch  of  slave  emancipation. 

The  commerce  of  Jamaica  is  not  in  a  very  flourishing 
condition,  the  exports  having  iitllen  off  considerably  during 
the  last  few  years.  In  185.3  they  comprised  .'9,199  hog.s- 
heads  of  sugar,  10,484  puncheons  of  rum,  2966  pounds  of 
cotton,  5,017,689  of  coffee,  4,679.105  of  pimento,  578.415  of 
ginger,  (1,176.628  pounds  in  1851,)  146,718  of  arrow-root, 
3757  tons  of  logwood,  537  of  fustic,  3456  spars  of  lance- wood, 
1164  tons  of  m.ahogany  and  other  woods.  15  tons  of  lignum- 
vitie  and  ebony,  (in  1851,  285  tons,)  2727  gallons  of  honey, 
301  hundredweights  of  lieeswax,  and  287,275  cocoanuts. 
Tliere  has  been  a  slight  increase  in  the  quantities  of  coffee, 
pimento,  mahogany,  honey,  and  beeswa.x  exported  since 
1851 ;  but  in  most  of  the  other  articles  there  has  Ix-en  a 
marked  falling  off.  The  total  value  of  exports  in  1841  was 
1,912,815?.,  and  the  imports.  1..339.904Z.  In  1848,  the  former 
is  stated  at  1.296,259'.  The  imports  during  the  ye.ar  1853, 
according  to  the  government  report,  fell  off  25  per  cent.  The 
principal  ports  are  Kingston,  Montego  Bay.  and  Falmonth. 

Jamaica  is  divided  into  three  counties.  .Middlesex,  Surrey, 
and  Cornwall,  and  subdivided  into  21  parishes.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a  governor,  and  a  council  of  12  members, 
nominated  by  the  crown,  and  a  legislative  asssembly  of  45 
members,  two  elected  by  every  parish,  and  one  by  each  of 
the  chief  towns.  All  male  inliabitants  having  freeholds  of 
10/.  a  year  m.ay  vote  for  representatives,  which  latter  must 
have  an  estate  of  300/.  a  yejir,  or  personal  property  worth 
1000/.  A  supreme  court  in  Spanish  Town,  and  courts  of 
assize  in  each  county,  sit  three  times  yeai-ly.  The  island  is 
the  see  of  a  liishop,  whose  diocese  extends  over  the  Bahamas 
and  Honduras.  There  are  22  rectories  in  the  island,  and  50 
inland  curates;  8  stipendiary  curates,  and  10  curates  paid 
by  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  The 
Scotch  Presbyterian  Church  has4  clergymen ;  theAVesleyans, 
24  ministers;  the  Biiptists,  16.  and  the  Moravians,  8.  Edu- 
cation is  rapidly  extending,  there  being  8  free  schools  con- 
nected with  the  Estjiblished  Church.  82  public  schools.  9 
free,  46  Wesleyan  mission,  21  Moravian,  1  Itoman  Catholic, 
2  Jews,  and  33  miscellaneous.  So  far  as  returned,  the  at- 
tendance in  1853  was  as  follows : — Church  of  England,  6709 
pupils;  Moravians,  3054;  Wesleyans,  1874;  Hebrews.  53; 
free  schools  and  others,  1102:  total,  12.792.  The  military 
force  consists  usually  of  about  3000  reiular  ti'oops.  and  a 
militia  of  from  16,000  to  18,000  men.  The  revenue  in  1848 
was  187.892i. ;  the  expenditure,  206.86SJ. 

Besides  Spanish  Town,  the  capital,  and  Kingston,  the 
chief  port,  (between  which  a  railway  has  been  lately  com- 
pleted,) the  island  contains  the  town  of  Port  Royal,  on  its 
S.  side,  and  the  maritime  villages  of  Mount  Lucea.  Montego, 
Falmouth,  and  St.  .\nn's  on  its  N.  coast.  Jamaica  was  dis- 
covered by  Columbus  in  1494.  colonized  by  Spaniards  in 
1510,  and  taken  by  the  English  in  1655.  The  Maroons,  ori- 
ginally runaway  slaves,  obtained  a  tract  of  land  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  island  in  1738,  on  which  they  built  two  small 
towns,  and,  with  the  exception  of  a  rebellion  in  1795,  have 
remained  peaceable.     Pop.  377,4.33. 

JAMAICA,  j.>-m,Vka,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wind- 
ham CO..  Vermont,  on  West  River,  about  90  m'les  S.  of 
Montpelier.  It  has  considerable  manufactures  of  boots, 
shoes,  and  leather.     Pop.  1541. 

J.\MAIC.\,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Queen's 
CO..  New  York,  on  Jamaica  Bay.  and  on  the  Long  Island 
Railroad.  12  miles  E.  of  Brooklyn.  The  village  contains  5 
or  6  churches,  2  academies  or  seminaries,  2  newspaper  offices, 

«27 


JAM 


JAM 


and  Many  fine  residences,  some  of  which  are  occupied  hy 
persons  doini;  business  in  New  York  City.  Carriages  and 
other  artifles  are  manufactured  here  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tont.  In  the  W.  j.art  of  the  township  is  the  Union  Bace 
Course.     Pop.  651 5. 

JAMAICA,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  Virginia. 

JAMAICA  PLAIN,  a  post-villajre  in  West  Roxbury  town- 
■ghip,  Norfolk  co.,  Jiassachusetts,  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Dedham  Branch  Itailroad,  3i  miles  S.W,  of  Boston.  5Iany 
persons  doing  business  in  Boston  reside  here.  In  the 
Ticinitv  of  the  village  is  a  pond  from  which  Boston  was 
formerly  .supplied  with  water. 

JAMAIQUK.  an  island  of  the  West  Indies.    See  Jamaica. 

JAMAJA.  an  island  in  the  Eastern  Sea.     See  Djimaja. 

JAMARI.  zhS-mii're.  or  CANDEAS,  a  river  of  Brazil,  fiills 
Into  the  Madeira  about  lat.  8°  40'  S.,  Ion.  63°  20'  W.,  after  a 
N.W.  course  of  about  300  miles. 

JAMBK.  ySm'bf-h.  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  the  Meuse,  op- 
posite Xamur.     Pop.  1778. 

JAMB!  or  JAMBKK,  yjm'be,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  130 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Palembang.  extends  for  |  mile  on  both 
sides  of  the  Jamhi  River.  Pop.  3000.  It  exports  benzoin, 
dragon's-blood,  and  rattans  to  Singapore,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  opium  and  .salt.  In  and  around  it  many  Ilindoo 
sculptures  have  been  discovered.  • 

JAM  BO.     St-e  Yemro. 

JAIMBOLI  or  lAMBOLI.    See  Yamboli. 

JAMBdilTBE.  jam-boo'tee.  a  fortified  town  of  British  In- 
dia. presidt»ncy  of  Bombay,  in  the  district  of  Darwar. 

JAMBUUG.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yambooko. 

JAMKS/BUIIG,  a  post-oflfice  of  Ulster  CO.,  New  York. 

JAMESBURO,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, at  the  junction  of  the  Freehold  and  Jamesburg  .Agri- 
cultural Railroad  with  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad, 
47  miles  from  Camden.     It  has  a  national  bank. 

JAMES  CITY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  con- 
tains 184  square  miles.  The  Y'ork  River  bounds  it  on  the 
N.E..  the  James  River  on  the  S.,  and  the  Chickahominy  on 
the  W.  The  surface  is  undulating  This  is  one  of  eight 
original  shirks  into  which  Virtrinia  was  divided  in  IftU. 
Capital.  Will' imsburg.  Pop.  5798,  of  whom  3212  were  free, 
and  S.'Sfi  slaves. 

JAMES  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
gylvsnia,  about  KX)  miles  W.  of  ILarrisburg. 

JAMKS  CROSS-ROADS,  a  small  post-village  of  Wa.shing- 
ton  CO..  Tennessee. 

JAMES'  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Sebastian  co.,  Arkansas. 

JAMES.  FORT,  two  British  stations  in  West  Africa:  one 
on  an  island  in  the  Gambia  River,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Bathurst; 
the  other  on  the  Guinea  coast,  in  AccRA.(which  see.) 

JAMES  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Galapagos  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Oce!in.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Albemarle  Island,  50  miles 
in  length  by  20  miles  across,  mountainous,  and  having  the 
«nlet  of  James  Bay  at  its  W.  extremity. 

JAMES  ISLAND,  of  New  South  Shetland,  in  the  South 
Pacitic  Oce;in. 

JAMKS'  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois. 

JAMESON,  an  island  of  New  South  Shetland,  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean. 

JAMES/PORT.  a  po.st-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Long  Island  Railroad.  80  miles  E.  of  New  York  City. 

JAMES  RIVER,  the  largest  of  the  rivers  which  have 
their  course  wholly  within  the  state  of  Virginia,  is  formed 
by  the  Jackson  and  Cowpasture  Rivers,  which  unite  15 
miles  below  Covington,  on  the  border  between  Alleghany 
and  Botetourt  counties.  Flowing  first  S.E.  through  the 
mountains  of  Central  Virginia,  it  is  joined  by  the  Calfpas- 
ture  River  from  the  left  at  the  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
through  which  it  forces  a  pass.age  about  15  miles  N.E.  of 
the  Peaks  of  Otter.  It  then  flows  S.E..  passes  by  Lynch- 
burg, and  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Amherst  coujity  changes 
Its  course  to  the  N.E.  Below  Scottsville  its  general  direc- 
tion is  E.S.E.  After  passing  by  Richmond,  where  the  chan- 
nel is  divided  by  numeroiis  islands,  and  the  river  descends 
over  rocky  rapids  about  6  miles  in  extent,  it  gradually  ex- 
pands into  an  estuary  of  several  miles  in  width,  and  flows 
into  the  S.  extremity  of  Chesapeake  Bav.  between  Wil- 
loughby  Point  and  Old  Point  Comfirt.  The  whole  length, 
exclusive  of  the  branches,  is  about  460  miles.  The  tide  as- 
cends to  Richmond,  about  150  miles  from  the  sea.  It  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  130  tons  to  the  port  of  Richmond, 
from  which  point  the  James  River  and  Kanawha  Canal  has 
lieen  onstructed  along  the  upper  part  of  the  river.  This 
Canal  is  completed  to  Buchanan,  beyond  the  Blue  Ridge, 
and  is  to  be  extended  to  Covington,  on  Jackson's  River. 
Here  it  will  connect  with  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Covington 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  now  in  course  of  construction.  James 
River  passes  through  a  fertile  and  populous  country,  and 
Is  an  important  channel  of  trade.  The  chief  towns'on  its 
banks  are  Richmond,  Lynchburgh.  Scottsville.  Manchester, 
and  Buchanan.  That  part  of  the  estuary  which  lies  be- 
tween IL-impton  and  Xorfolk,  is  called  Hampton  Roads. 

J.IMES  RIVER.  ofMissouri.  flows  through  Green  county, 
and  enters  the  White  River  in  Taney  county. 

JAMES'S  (jAmz'gz,  always  pronounced  in  two  syllables,) 


BAY,  a  wide  gulf  on  the  S.  side  of  Hudson's  Bay.  in  British 
America,  between  lat.  51°  and  55°  N..  and  Ion.  79°  and  8?^ 
30'  W..  suiTOunded  by  the  Rupert,  Abbitibbe.  Moose,  and  .Al- 
bany districts,  and  receiving  the  rivers  of  the  same  tiames. 
I>en"gth,  from  N.  to  S..  280  miles ;  averaire  breadth.  150  miles. 
Agomisca  and  Charlton  are  the  principal  of  its  numerous 
islands. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  vill.age,  and  flirmerly  a  walled  town  of 
Ireland,  co.  of  I^icitrim,  on  the  Shannon,  here  crossed  by  a 
.seven-arched  bridge,  2^  miles  S.E.  of  Carrick.     Pop.  315. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  9 
miles  N.W.  of  T./angholm. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  small  town  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island 
of  Barbadoes. 

JAMES  TOWN,  the  capital  town  and  seaport  of  St.  He- 
lena, is  in  a  narrow  ravine  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island. 
It  has  a  well-protected  harbor,  and  is  enclosed  by  an  arched 
gateway,  within  which  is  a  spacious  parade,  lined  with  offi- 
ci.il  residences,  and  a  handrsome  church.  Several  streets 
branch  from  this  area,  and,  on  the  helght.s.  around  the 
town,  are  the  country-houses  of  the  principal  inhaliitants, 
among  which  is  Plantation  House,  occupied  by  the  governor. 
The  town  is  well  supplied  with  Euroijean  and  .Asiatic  pro- 
ducts ;  but  all  articles  boar  a  high  price.    See  St.  Helena. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-township  of  Newport  co.,  lihode 
Island,  consists  of  Canonicut,  a  beautiful  island  in  Narra- 
gansett  Buy,  opposite  Newjiort.     Pop.  400. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Ellicott  township,  Chau- 
tanijua  Co.,  New  York,  on  the  outlet  of  Chautauqua  Lake,  21 
miles  S.K.  of  Maysvillo,  and  on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  West- 
ern R.R.  It  contains  6  or  7  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank, 
and  2  newspaper  oflices.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  to  Mays- 
ville.  The  outlet  furnishes  water-power,  which  is  used'in 
the  manufacture  of  wool,  iron,  flour,  &c.    Pop.  3155. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Sangamon  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad,  7  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Mercer. 

J.\MESTOWN,  a  former  village  of  James  City  co..  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  N.  bank  of  J.ames  River.  50  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Richmond.  The  first  Engli.sh  settlement  in  the  United 
States  was  made  at  this  place  in  1608 :  nothing  now  remainf) 
but  a  few  ruins. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  CO.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  Deep  River,  94  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleich. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Rutherford  oo.,  North 
Carolina. 

J.AMESTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Mu.scosree  co.,  Georgia. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-villau'C  of  Sumter  co..  Alabama, 
near  Tombigbee  River,  130  miles  W.N.W.  of  >Iontcomery. 

JAJIESTOWN.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fentre.ss  co..  Ten- 
nessee. r20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Cumberland  Mountain. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Campbell  co..  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River.  2  miles  aliove  Cincinnati,  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated and  rapidly  improving.  It  has  several  steam  mills,  and 
a  steam  ferry  to  Cincinnati.  Laid  out  in  1847.  Pop.  in 
18b0,  al»ut  1000. 

JAilESTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Jfonroe  co.,  Kentxicky. 

J.AMESTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Russell  co.,  Ken- 
tucivv,  on  the  Cumberland  River,  80  miles  in  a  straight  line 
S.S.W.  of  Lexington.  It  contains  the  usuiil  public  build- 
ines.  6  stores,  and  about  200  inh.abitants. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  Ohio,  on  th« 
Xenia  and  Washington  Turnpike,  64  miles  W.S.W.  of  Co- 
lumbus.    It  contains  3  churches  and  sevei-al  mills.    P.  569. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  towoship  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  517. 

J.AMESTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.  29 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Indianapolis,  contains  about  *40  dwellings. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana,  12  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Goshen. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Illinois,  15 
miles  N.W.  ofCarlvle. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois,  115 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Andrew  co.,  SIi?.souri,  ISO 
miles  N.W.  of  .Tefferson  City. 

J.AMESTOWN,  a  po.^t-offioe  of  Jloniteau  co..  Missouri. 

J.AMESTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.  part 
of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Missjs.sippl 
River.  86  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1403. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  postK)ffice  of  Tuolumne  co..  California. 

JAMES'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  De  Witt  township.  Onon- 
daga CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Blughamton 
Railroad  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Syracuse. 

J.AMGHAUT,  jdmVawt/.  "in  Hindostan.  is  a  remarkable 
pass  across  the  Vindhyan  Mountains,  30  miles  S.  of  Indore, 
with  an  elevation  of  2.S2S  feet. 

JAMILEXA  or  XAMILENA.  nime-Wna.  atown  of  Spam, 
in  Andalusia,  7  miles  from  Jaen.     Pop.  1427. 

J. AM  NAY,  yam'ni.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  35  miles  from 
Leitomischel.     Pop.  1152. 

J.AMNITZ.  yam'nits.  a  town  of  Moravia,  with  silver  ind 
lead  mines,  25  miles  N.\V.  of  Znaym.    Pop.  1440. 


JAM 


JAP 


JAMOTGNT!,  zhl'mw3H,'  a  Tillage  of  Belgium,  on  the 
Semois,  18  miles  W.  of  Arlon.    Pop.  1217. 

JAMOO  or  JAMU,  jil-moo',  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Chenaub  Kiver,  65  miles  X.  of  Amritseer.  Pop. 
8000.    It  has  a  spacious  palace,  a  fort,  a  large  bazaar,  and 
pleasure-grounds  belonging  to  its  rajah. 
J  AMPUL  or  I  Ai\I  I'Oii.    See  Y  ami-ol. 
JAMROOD,  jSm'rood',  a  small  town  of  Afghanistan,  10 
miles  W.  of  Peshawur,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Khyber  Pass. 
J.\lIS-?3,  ySm'sA,  a  market-town  of  Finland,  ten,  and  04 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Tarastehuus.  Pop.  1000. 
JAMU.    See  Jamoo. 

JAMUSIILI,  jd-moosh1ee,(?)  a  Lirge  village  of  Turkish  Ar- 
menia, on  the  river  Kars. 

JANA,  LA,  or  XANA,  LA.  li  nS'nS,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  40  miles  from  Castellon-de-la-Plana.     Pop.  1244. 

JANAT.  a  town  of  West  Africa.     See  Ganat. 

JANATXS',  a  post-office  of  Sussex  eo.,  Tirsinia. 

JANEIRO,  RIO  DE,  a  city  of  Prazil.    See  Piio  de  Jat^eiro. 

JANE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Carolinas,  in  the  North  Pa- 
cific Ocean.    Lat.  7°  33'  N.,  Ion.  l,5o°  3'  E. 

JAN'ELEW,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia,  about 
280  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

JANESVILLE,  j.inz'vill,  a  city,  capital  of  Rock  co.,  Wis- 
consin, is  finely  situated  on  both  sides  of  Rock  River.  4.5 
miles  S.B.  of  Madison,  and  6.5  m.  W.S  W.of  Milwankie,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  It  is  built  principally 
on  a  level  space  about  200  yards  in  width,  between  tlie  river 
and  the  blufls,  whicli  rise  nearly  to  the  height  of  100  feet. 
The  court-house  occupies  a  conspicuous  position  on  the 
smnmit  of  the  bluff.  The  town  contains  9  chui'chos  of 
brick  or  stone,  2  national  banks,  a  high  school,  a  female 
seminary,  and  the  state  institution  for  the  blind,  which 
had  50  pupils  in  1862.  The  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
R.K.  passes  through  Janesvillo,  and  a  branch  of  tlie  Mil- 
waukie  and  Prairie  du  Chien  R.R.  extends  from  it  to  Mon- 
roe. Rock  River  affords  extensive  watei--power,  which  is 
employed  in  factories  and  mills  of  various  kinds.  Janesville 
is  the  centre  of  an  active  and  increasing  trade.  It  has  6 
flouring-mills,  2  woollen  factories,  several  macliine-shoiis, 
foundries.  Sec.  One  daily  and  one  weekly  newspaper  are 
published  here.  It  was  settled  about  18S6,  made  the 
county-seat  in  1839,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1853. 
Population,  in  1800,  7703. 

JANE/TOWN,  a  village  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross,  1  mile  S.W.  of  Lochcarron.    Pop.  573. 

JAXIKj  jd^neek'  or  jA^nik',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic 
of  Seevas,  on  the  Yeshil-Irmak. 

JANINA,  a  town -of  European  Turkey.    See  Yaxin.4. 

JANJEIIO,  jin-je-ro',  a  country  of  North-east  Africa,  S. 
of  Abysshiia.     Principal  town,  Janjero. 

JANJOWLA,  jin-jSw'ia,  or  UAN.JOOLY,  gdn-joolee,  a 
town  of  India,  in  the  Deccau,  57  miles  AV.  of  Reeder. 

JAX-.AIAYEN.  vdn-mi'en,  written  .also  JEAN-MAYKN.an 
island  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Lat.  70°  29'  N.,  Ion.  7°  31'  W. 
On  its  N.  extremity  is  the  Beerenberg  Mountain  ;  elevation 
6S7  feet,  and  the  Esk,  a  volcano  occasionally  active. 

JANOPOL,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Yanopol. 

JANOSDA,  y^noshM5h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bihar, 
6  miles  from  Szalonta.    Pop.  16(i0. 

JANOSIIAZA,  ya'nosh^hd'z8h\  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Eisenburg,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Sumegh.  Pop. 
2200. 

JANOV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yanov. 

JAXOW,  yd'nov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  on  a  lake, 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Lemberg.     Pop.  1000. 

JANOW,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Tarnopol,  on  an  island  in  the  Sered.    Pop.  1000. 

JANOWITZ,  y3'no-vits\  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Sile.sia, 
24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  on  the  Bober.    Pop.  1146. 
,  JANOWITZ,  ALT,  dlt  yi'no-<vits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  cir- 
cle, .and  7  miles  S.W.  of  Klattau.  on  the  Angel.    Pop.  1210. 

JAN-REBELLEN  (ydn  r.Vb^Plen)  ISLAND,  of  The 
WAARD,  w|Rd,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
North  Holland,  in  the  Y. 

JANSDOKF,  ydnsMoRf,  or  JOHNSDORF,  (.Tiihnsdorf.) 
yons'doRf,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  8  miles  from  Leitomischl. 
Pop.  1289. 

JAN'SEN'S  CREEK,  of  Columbia  co..  New  Y'ork,  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Columbia  and  Dutchess 
counties,  and  tails  into  the  Hudson  River  about  4  miles  S. 
ofCatskill. 

JANST.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  Jhansi. 

JANTRA  or  lANTRA,  ydn'trS,  a  river  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Bulgaria,  after  a  N.  course  of  75  miles  joins  the 
Danube.  13  miles  E.  of  Sistova. 

JANTSE-KIANG  or  JANG-TSE-KIANG.    See  Yakto-tse- 

KlANG. 

JANUARIA,  zhJ-noo-A're-3,  a  town  of  Brazil,  Minas  Ge- 
raes.  150  miles  N.  of  Minas  Novas.     Pop.  of  district.  600. 

JANUCHPOLor  JANUSCHPOL.    See  Y.\nooshpoi. 

JAN'VILLE,  zh6.\i^veel',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Enre-et-L"lr,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Chartres.     Pop.  955. 

JANZE.  zhSxo'z.V,  a  vill.age  of  France,  department  of  Ille- 
»^Vilainf.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Rennes.  Pop.  In  1852,  4722,  em- 
31 


ployed  chiefly  in  manufacturing  sail-cloth,  and  fattening 
poultry  for  the  Paris  markets. 

J.4IJA\,ja-pan'.calledMl'nON,nip'hon',bythe.TapaneS!= 
(Ti.Jiip'i'nia:  Fr.Jipon.  zhi^Ay.':  Sp.Ja7y*«,H4-pon';  Dutch, 
Japan,  yd-pdn':  Ger.  Jiipun.  yd'pSn,)  an  insular  empire  in 
the  Niirtli  Pa'ific.  composed  of  three  large  islands.  Niphou, 
Kiiio-Sioo.and  SikoUf  or  Sikoke.and  a  great  ninnber  of  smaller 
ones  of  very  various  dimensions.  With  its  dependencies, 
including  the  Loo-Choo  group,  it  extends  from  24°  16'  to 
near  50°  N.  lat.,  and  from  about  128°  to  151°  K.  Ion.  The 
Japanese  Archipelago  is  separated  fi-om  the  E.  ciiast  of  Asia 
by  the  Japan  Sea,  from  600  to  700  miles  wide  in  its  broadest 
part.  It  is  washed  on  the  E.  by  the  Great  Pacific,  which 
stretches  for  perhaps  7000  miles,  to  the  territories  of  the 
United  States,  to  whose  commerce  Japan  is  now  for  the  first 
time  about  opening  her  ports.  Kioo-Sioo.  the  most  W.  of  th(9 
Japjxn  Islands,  may  be  about  200  miles  long,  by  an  average 
breadth  of  SO  miles,  covering  an  area  of  near  16,000  square 
miles.  Sikokf  is  about  150  miles  long,  having  an  average 
breadth  of  70  miles,  and  an  area  of  about  lO.OoO  .square 
miles.  Niphon,  (meaning,  "fountain  or  source  of  light.")  mea- 
sured through  the  middle,  exceeds  900  miles  in  length:  it 
is  above  110  niile.s  in  average  breadth,  including  an  area  of 
more  than  100.000  square  miles.  The  dependent  countries 
are.  the  large  island  of  Y'esfio,  with  some  of  the  Koorile 
Islands,  and  the  S.  portion  of  Tarakai  or  Saghalien.  Y'esso 
is  very  irregular  in  form,  extending  about  250  miles  from 
S.W.  to  N.E.,  with  an  average  width  of  100  miles,  and  a 
surface  of  near  25,000  scjuare  miks.  The  whole  collection 
of  islands  includes  an  area  of  perhaps  160.000  squai'e  miles. 
The  above  estimates  are  from  MacFarlane's  recent  work  on 
Japan,  but  accordingto  the  Imperial  Gazetteer.  Japan  proper, 
with  its  adjacent  islands,  numbering  in  all  3511.  includes  an 
area  of  116.405  square  miles;  and  its  dependencies.  3.50  in  all, 
47,2  H  square  miles,  of  which  27,630  are  contained  in  Yes.so, 
and  15,8S5  in  Tarakai  or  Saghalien :  total  area,  163.646  scjuara 
miles.  The  most  important  of  the  smaller  isl.inds  belong- 
ing to  Japan  proper,  are  Sadda.  Tsoosinta,  Acoadsi,  Taue- 
gasima.  Y'ki,  Yaksima,  and  Oosima,  >vith  the  groups  of 
Okisima,  Ootusima.  and  Kosikisima.  Kioo-.Sioo  is  separated 
from  Sikokf  by  the  Bungo  Channel,  and  from  Niphon  by 
Suwo  Sound,  and  the  Strsiit  of  Simoimseki.  Sikokf,  in 
turn,  is  separated  from  Niphon  by  a  long,  narrow  channel, 
in  some  places  not  more  than  a  mile  wide,  but  swelling  out 
towards  the  N.  into  the  Bay  of  Osaka.  The  island  of 
Yesso  is  separated  from  Niphon  on  the  S.  by  the  Straits  of 
Sangar,  and  from  Saghalien  or  Tarakai,  on  the  N.,  by  Po- 
rouse  Straits.  These,  with  the  Straits  of  Corea.  betweeu 
Kioo-.Sioo  and  the  mainland  of  Corea,  are  the  principal  chan- 
nels opening  from  the  Japan  Sea  Into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Physiad  Fiatuns. — The  coasts  of  the  larger  islands  are 
extremely  irregular,  being  deeply  indented  with  bays,  gulfs, 
and  inlets.  The  surface  is  also  generally  uneven,  and,  in 
many  instances,  rises  into  mountains  of  great  elevation.  A 
regular  chain  traverses  Niphon  throughout  its  whole  lenglh, 
of  which,  Foosiyama,  the  highest  peak — a  dormant  vol- 
cano—is from  11,000  to  12,000  feet  high,  and  perpetually 
covered  with  snow;  the  general  elevation,  however,  is  such 
as  to  admit  of  cultivation  to  the  summits.  There  are 
pl.ains  of  considerable  extent.  Krempfer  mentions  one  be- 
tween Miako  and  0.saka,  70  miles  across ;  a  similar  one  W. 
of  Yeddo;  and  a  third  on  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Mia.  be- 
sides numerous  smaller  ones;  but.  In  general,  the  hills 
run  down  to  the  sea,  or  leave  but  a  narrow  strip  of  level 
ground  between  them  and  the  shore.  Nearly  all  the  coasts 
are  very  difficult  of  access,  being  surrounded  by  numerous 
rocks  and  a  very  shallow  sea;  which  contains,  be.sides,  some 
dangerous  whirlpools,  one  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Si- 
mabara,  and  another  S.  of  Niphon,  between  the  bays  of 
Osaka  and  Mia.  The  Japanese  islands  form  a  part  of  the 
line  of  volcanic  action  which  commences  with  the  Aleutian 
Islands  in  the  N.,  passes  through  the  Philippines.  Sumbawa, 
and  Java,  to  Sumatra,  and  thence  in  a  N.W.  direction  to  the 
Bay  of  Bengal.  The  volcanic  vents,  which  indicate  the 
direction  of  the  line,  are  numerous  in  Ye.s.so,  Niphon,  and 
Kioo-Sioo;  earthquakes  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  often 
causing  great  devastation.  In  Yesso  there  occurred,  in  1783, 
a  dreadful  eruption,  which  destroyed  23  villages.  Wunzendake 
or  Oonzewgada,  one  of  the  5  active  volcanoes  in  Kioo-Sioo.  is 
the  terror  of  the  natives.  An  eruption  of  this  mountain,  in 
1792,  destroyed  50.000  people.  In  285  B.  c,  Lake  Mitsoo  was 
formed  in  a  single  night  by  a  land-lapse,  and  at  the  same 
time  Foosivama,  was  thrown  up.  Violent  eruptions  of 
this  volcano"  took  place  in  800.  86;i,  864,  86",  and  1707.  In 
the  last,  the  ashes  fell  several  inches  thick  at  Yeddo,  being 
accompanied  with  violent  earthquakes  and  discharges  of  im- 
mense mas.ses  of  rock.  Two  remarkable  eruptions  took 
place  in  the  volcano  called  Sirayama  in  12.39  and  1554.  A.«a- 
ma,  near  the  centre  of  Niphon,  burning  from  midway  to  the 
crest,  throws  out  dense  smoke,  flames,  and  ashes. 

Minerals. — The  prevailing  formations  in  these  islands  are 
trachyte  and  basalt;  plastic  clay,  marl,  and  feldspar  occur 
in  various  localities;  and  there  are  whole  mountains  of  por- 
celain-earth. The  metallic  wealth  is  said  to  be  great,  in- 
cluding gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  lead,  and  iron.    Sado  is 

929 


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JAP 


Rfated  to  be  particularly  rich  in  f»ld.  Both  the  tin  and  cop- 
per of  Japan  are  considered  to  be  of  very  superior  quality. 
Sulphur  abounds,  and  naptha  is  among  the  exports.  Ther- 
mal and  mineral  springs  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  and 
amltergris  is  met  with  on  some  of  the  shores.  The  richest 
gold  ore  is  mined  in  tiiA  X.  portion  of  Niphon.  Silyer-mines 
are  said  to  be  as  numenius  and  as  abundant  in  supply  as 
thoseof gold.  Twoislar.d.^ K.of Japan arecalled,/xjrea;C'//eHC»', 
the  gold  and  silver  Islands.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  when  the  trade  was  open,  the  ex- 
port of  gold  and  silver  amounted  to  alx>ut  $1,200,000  per  an- 
num: and  in  one  year  we  find  the  Portuguese  exporting 
$2,930,000  of  silver  alone.  Both  lead  and  quicksilver  are 
abundant.  Coal  exists  in  various  places:  and  Jap.-in  will 
doubtless  become  an  important  coaling-station  for  Americ;vn 
steamers.  Pearls  are  fished  up  on  nejirly  all  parts  of  these 
coasts;  agates,  of  great  beauty,  cornelians,  jaspers,  and 
finely-variegated  marbles  are  among  the  mineral  treasures. 

Bat/s.  Jiivers.  &c. — The  streams  of  J.ipan  have  generally 
short  and  rapid  courses.  l)eing  rather  torrents  than  rivers. 
The  most  considerable  of  those  which  are  known  is  the  river 
Yedogawa.  in  Niphon,  which  rises  in  Lake  Oits,  a  sheet  of 
water  70  miles  long,  but  of  inconsiderable  width.  It  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  B.iy  of  Osaka,  and  is  navigable 
throughout  its  course  by  IjargeS.  Some  of  the  rivers  are  re- 
presented as  having  been  made  navigable  by  artificial  means. 
They  are  also  said  to  have  several  canals,  connecting  their 
lakes  and  rivers.  As  before  remarked,  Japan  is  much  in- 
dented with  bays,  the  principal  .of  which  are  Osaka,  Mia, 
and  Yeddo  Baj-  in  the  S.  and  S.E.  of  Niphon,  and  Simabara 
and  Omoora  in  the  AV.  of  Kioo-Sioo,  and  Kangosima  in  the 
S.  The  harbor  of  Yeddo  has  been  represented  as  so  shallow 
that  even  small  boats  could  not  approach  the  beach,  and  the 
harbor  of  Osaka  as  not  much  better:  the  United  States 
steam-frigate  Mississippi,  however,  found  no  difficulty,  in 
185:1.  in  ascending  within  3  'or  4  miles  of  Yeddo,  with  still 
sutlicient  depth  of  water  to  have  proceeded  nearer  the  ca- 
pital. The  harbor  of  Nagasaki,  in  the  Bay  of  Omoora,  is 
deep  and  capacious. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Japan,  though  extremely  various, 
being  intensely  Ciild  in  the  X,,  and  about  the  temperature 
of  Southern  France  in  the  S..  is,  on  the  whole,  much  milder 
than  its  latitude  would  indicate,  attributable  chiefly  to  the 
influence  of  the  surrounding  ocean.  In  rigorous  seasons, 
the  cold  is  much  more  severe  on  the  W.  than  on  the  E. 
shores,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  its  proximity  to  the  Asiatic  con- 
tinent, while  these  coasts  are  protected  by  the  lofty  central 
ridge  of  mountains.  In  Kioo-Sioo  and  the  S,  parts  of  Ni- 
phon. the  thermometer  ranges  between  29^ and  1(14°  of  Fahr- 
enheit: 80°  l)eing  the  average  in  midsummer,  and  35°  in 
niidwiufer.  In  lat.  32°  N.,  ice  is  fonned  of  several  inches  in 
thickness:  in  lat. 30°  the  lakes  are  covered  with  a  .'^heet  of 
ice.  and  in  3s°40',  it  becomes  so  thick  that  rivers  may  be 
crossed  upon  it :  while  in  Yesso,  near  Cape  Saga,  lat.  45°  21' 
N..  wheat  yields  but  a  poor  return,  and  winter  is  so  severe 
as  to  drive  the  savage  Ainos  to  the  protection  of  caverns. 
R:iin  is  very  frdiuent:  hurricanes  and  storms  also  occur, 
and  are  sometimes  extremely  violent.  Near  the  town  of  Jlats- 
mai.  in  42°  X,  lat.,  the  snow  lies  from  November  to  April ;  iu 
the  valleys  and  plains  the  summers  are  wet.  Taken  as  a 
whole,  the  climate  of  Japan  is  more  severe  than  in  the  fKime 
latitudes  in  Europe;  yet  the  products  Ixith  of  the  tropical 
and  temperate  climates,  are  produced  within  its  limits,  and 
it  is  a  very  healthy  country  to  live  in. 

Productions — Partaking  of  the  climate  of  both  the  torrid 
and  temperate  zones,  the  vegetatiou  is  exceedingly  various. 
The  palm,  biinana,  bamboo,  bignouia.  and  myrtle  flourish 
in  the  S.,  while  in  the  N.,  more  especially  iu  Yesso  and  Sa- 
ghalien.  oaks  and  pines  abound:  but  sweet  oranges,  pome- 
granates, pears,  cherries,  apricots,  peaches,  many  plants 
known  in  botany  asjaponiea,  and  above  50U  of  the  principal 
ornamenbil  and  useful  plants,  are  of  foreign  origin,  having 
probably  been  introduced  from  Corea  and  China."  Camphor 
and  varnish  trees  are  indigenous.  The  soil  of  Japan  is  not 
naturally  rich :  but  patient  industry,  favored  by  a  genial 
climate,  htis  covered  every  spot  capable  of  culture  with  ve- 
getatiou. In  the  S.,  the  sugai--caije  is  cultivated  with  suc- 
cess: rice  yields  two  harvest.s.  and  constitutes  the  chief  arti- 
cle of  food.  According  to  situation,  whejit  and  barley  are 
also  grown  to  a  limited  extent,  and  buckwhe.it.  soy.  pota- 
toes, melon.s,  pumpkins,  and  cucumbers  in  great  abundance. 
Ginger,  pepper,  cotton,  and  tobacco  are  also  cultivated  in 
consideraiile  quantities ;  and  there  are  extensive  plantations 
of  the  tea-plant,  yielding,  however,  a,protiuce  inferior  to  that 
of  China.  Besides  the  forest-trees  mentioned  above,  the  fir, 
cypress,  cedars,  (of  great  size,)  mulberry,  wtduut,  and  a 
nut-tree  called  the  Jcaja,  are  all  found  in  Japan. 

Zo<A«7i/.— Buffaloes  and  zebus  are  common,  but  being  for- 
bidden by  the  Japanese  religion  for  food,  are  use<l  for  agri- 
cultural purposes.  Horses  of  various  breeds— and.  though 
email,  said  to  be  excellent— are  numerous,  but  are  oiilv 
used  for  the  saddle,  and  tliat  by  the  nubility.  There  are 
neither  asses,  mules,  camels,  nor  elephants;  and  pigs  and 
sheep  are  few  Small  bears,  hyenas,  wild  boars,  deer,  hares. 
monkeys,  and  immeose  numbers  of  toxes,  are  among  the 


'  principal  wild  animals.  Bogs  are  common,  and  held  sacred. 
Though  cats  exist  in  thousands,  the  country  is  overrun  with 
rats  and  mice.  There  is  !i  great  variety  "of  birds,  among 
which  are  falcons — much  esteemed — pheasants,  woodcocks, 
te;il,  wild  ducks  and  geese  in  abundance,  storks,  wild 
pigeons,  ravens,  hawks,  larks,  pelicans,  cranes,  herons.  4e. 
Snakes  are  not  infrequent,  one  species  of  which,  the  ouror 
barni.  attains  an  enormous  size.  There  are  also  tortoises 
and  lizards:  scorpions,  centipedes,  and  the  inse<'t  tribes  are 
innumerable:  among  them  liees,  and  the  destructive  white 
ant  and  winged  grasshopper.  The  seas  abound  in  fish, 
which  are  taken  in  great  quantities,  and  form  the  chief  sub- 
sistence of  the  inhal>itants.  Salmon,  soles,  turbot,  cod, 
smelt,  and  other  delicious  sea-fish,  together  with  oysters, 
mu.scles,  lobsters,  shrimps,  crabs,  and  enormous  turtles. 
They  enumerate  six  varieties  of  whale,  all  parts  of  which 
they  use.  The  Japanese  are  great  fish-eaters,  and  all  parts 
of  their  coasts  are  dotted  with  fishermen's  villages. 

Mamif'ictures. — In  manufacturing  industry  and  ingenuity 
the  Japanese  are  at  least  equ.al  to  the  Chinese.  Their  works 
iu  iron,  copper,  and  steel  l)ear  a  high  character.  Telescopes, 
thermometers,  watches,  and  clocks  of  good  quality  are  fabri- 
cated at  Nagasaki.  Glass  is  made,  but  not  very  sticcessfully. 
Silk  and  cotton  cloths  are  manufactured ;  and  porcelain, 
said  to  be  superior  to  that  of  China.  The  art  of  japanning, 
as  it  is  called  with  us.  or  more  properly  lackering,  is  prac- 
tised with  great  success ;  and  specimens  are  produced  sur- 
passing in  splendor  any  ever  seen  in  Europe.  Good  paper 
is  made  from  the  bark  of  mulberry  and  other  trees,  and 
coixlage  from  the  fibres;  but  neither  shi])-buiiding  nor 
house-building  are  well  understood.  The  hou.<ses  are  almost 
univeisally  construct-ed  of  timber,  plastered  on  the  outside, 
and  consist  of  two  stories,  divided  into  rooms  by  slight 
paper  pjirtitions.  They  are  skilful  in  manufactures  of  steel, 
and  their  sabres  and  d.aggers  surpa.ss  all  others  except  those 
of  Damascus;  they  make  fine  metal  mirrors.  In  cotton 
fabrics  they  are  not  skilful:  but  with  Chinese  silk  they 
manufivcture  rich  and  beautiful  articles.  In  carving  and 
die-sinking  they  display  much  skill;  they  cast  metal  statues, 
manufacture  toljacco,  shoes,  hats,  Xc,  and  brew  and  distil. 

O/mmerce. — The  foreign  commerce  of  Japan  has  hitherto 
been  very  .exclusive,  and  her  poits  only  opt?ned  to  the  Chi- 
nese and  Dutch.  Even  the  trade  of  the  latter  was  limited 
to  two  ships  at  any  one  time  iu  the  port  of  Xaga.saki.  ex- 
porting only  $3.50,000  per  annum.  The  imports  of  the  Dutch 
consist  chiefly  of  wax,  spices,  ivory,  lead,  quiclisih  er.  gl.-iss 
wai'es,  cotton,  linen,  and  woollen  goods,  which  they  ex- 
change for  copper.  Japan  ware,  porcelain,  and  camphor.  The 
Chinese  import  chiefly  tea.  silk,  and  dried  fish:  exporting 
the  s;»me  articles  as  the  Dutch.  But  a  new  era  has  arrived 
in  Jap.tnese  commerce,  through  the  instrnmintaiity  of  the 
government  of  tiie  United  States,  which,  by  a  treaty  made 
in  1854.  secured  admission  into  two  ports  of  the  kingdom, 
viz.  Simoda,  in  Niphon,  near  Cape  Idz.a,  and  Ilakodadi,  on 
the  island  of  Yesso.  A  third  port  is  to  be  opened  a  year 
after  the  ratification  of  the  treaty;  this  has  not  yet  been 
selei'ted.  Two  ports  have  also  been  opened  in  the  depen- 
dencies, viz.  Napa,  on  the  Great  Loo  Choo  Island,  and  Lloyd's 
Ihirbor,  on  Bonin  Island.  Though  the  efforts  made  by  Com- 
modore Perry  to  extend  the  privilege  to  all  Christian  na- 
tions was  unsucces.sful.  the  entering-wedge  has  been  mad«f 
and.  .sooner  or  later,  will  doubtless  lead  to  a  general  inter- 
course with  all  commercial  nations.  Both  the  coasting  and 
the  internal  trade  of  the  empire  are  very  extensive. 

Population.  Manners,  and  Customs. — In  a  country  with 
which  the  civilized  world  has  had  so  little  intercourse  as 
with  Japtiu,  all  estimates  of  the  number  of  its  inhabitants 
must  be  exceedingl3-  vague  and  conjectural :  and  accordingly, 
we  find  the  estimates  varying  in  different  authorities  from 
15.000,000  to  50,000,000.  Alfaccounts,  however,  agree  that 
Japan  is  densely  peopled,  its  cities  being  ntimerous,  large, 
and  populous,  its  villages  frequent,  and  its  highways  crowds 
with  travellers.  The  Japanese  lielong  to  the  gre.at  Mongol 
Tartar  fiimily,  .and  have,  like  that  race,  broad  skulls,  high 
cheek-bones,  small  black  eyes,  obliquely  set,  long  black  hair, 
and  a  yellow  or  sallow  complexion.  Some  are  good-looking, 
and  many  are  well  made,  active,  and  nimble.  They  are 
divided  into  eight  clas.ses,  viz. :  princes,  nobles,  priests,  sol- 
diers, civil  officers,  merchants,  artisans,  and  laborers;  these 
are  kept  distinct  with  all  the  strictness  of  caste,  each  person 
always  following  the  profession  of  his  fathers.  The  Japanese 
exhibit  perseverance,  courage,  frankness,  good-humor,  polite- 
ness, and  courtesy.  The  latter  qualities  are  parti -ularly  ob- 
servable among  the  rural  population,  who  are,  besides,  tem- 
perate, industrious,  and  hospitalile.  The  Japanese  dress  con- 
sists of  loose  garments  of  silk  or  '•otton.  the  men  of  rank 
wefiriug  a  kind  of  petticoat-trowsers,  and  those  of  the  highest 
grade,  two  swords.  They  wear  no  hats,  except  in  rainy 
weather,  and  shave  the  front  and  crown  of  the  bead,  the 
rest  being  formed  into  a  ttjft  on  the  bald  skull.  The  women 
wear  their  hair  very  long,  with  numerous  costly  ornaments 
of  tortoise-shell.  They  destroy  their  natural  complexions 
with  paint,  color  their  lips  purpU\  and,  when  m.irrieil, 
blacken  their  teeth,  and  pluck  out  their  eyebrows.  Poly- 
gamy is  not  practised,  but  variou*  laxities  are  uidulged 


JAP 


JAR 


without  scanelal.  All  are  slaves  to  custom  and  ridiculous 
and  often  oppres-ilve  etiquette.  The  established  ivliginu  is 
that  of  Hoodha.  aithoucrh  an  older  form  exists,  palled  Sinto. 
or  Sin-siu.  (••  faif  h  in  irods."  or  "way  to  the  <:ods.")  The  priests 
of  this  sect  are  allowed  to  marry.  Their  alphabet  has  47  let- 
ters, which  are  written  in  four  forms,  oneof  which  is  used  ex- 
clusively by  the  men.  and  another  by  tlie  women.  The  Chi- 
nese and  Japanese  have  Imen  usually  compared,  but  with 
great  injustice,  to  the  latter.  According  to  the  celebrated  tra- 
veller, >Ir.  Bayard  Taylor,  who  accompanied  the  ex)>edilion  of 
Commodore  Perry,  they  are  a  very  intelli;rent  people,  exceed- 
inL'ly  inquisitive,  and  desirous  to  be  informed  of  ftreign  na- 
tions. In  personal  appearance  they  more  resemble  the  Por- 
tuguese than  the  Chinese.  Mucli  to  the  surprise  of  the 
gentlemen  of  Commodore  l'erry"s  expedition,  the  officers  who 
visited  the  ship  were  well  informed  on  the  leading  points  of 
contemporary  history  in  Europe  and  America,  which  they 
had  received  throuu'h  the  Dutch,  by  special  provision  in  the 
treaty  with  that  nation,  and  also  of  the  prominent  features 
of  the  seography  of  tliose  countries.  The  jealousy  of  foreign- 
ers appears  to  be  wholly  on  the  part  of  the  government,  and 
not  of  the  people,  whose  cviriosity  is  only  repressed  when 
overawed  liy  the  presence  of  the  agents  of  that  stern  despot- 
ism. As  far  as  the  exjierience  of  the  expedition  went,  it  con- 
firmed in  the  main  the  statementsof  Ka>mpfer  and  Sey)x)ld. 

Divif^wnx. — Japan  is  divided  into  eight  great  circles  or 
dno.  which  are  subdivided  into  68  provinces,  and  622  dis- 
tricts, governed  by  officers  appointed  by  the  Siogun. 

Cities. — The  principal  cities  are  Yeddo,  (the  capital.)  Miako 
or  Keeo.  and  Osaka  or  Ohosaka,  on  the  island  of  Niphon, 
and  Xag.isaki.  Sanga.  and  Kokoora.  On  Ki'XvSioo.  Simoda, 
reci'ntlv  opened  to  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,  is  a 
town  of  about  tiOOO  inhabitants,  situated  in  31°  39'  49"  N. 
lat..  and  1"8°  57'  .30"  E.  Ion.  Its  harlK>r  is  small  and  not 
well  prote -ted.  The  population  of  Yeddo  has  been  given  by 
an  old  Portuguese  writer  at  2.000.000;  while  some  of  the 
Dutch  writers  set  it  down  at  1.500,000.  That  of  Miako  was 
given  by  K.'empfi'r  at  .500.000.  by  a  census;  but  it  has  since 
declined.  ^lacFarlane  e.stimates  the  present  population  of 
Xa'jasaki  at  from  40,000  to  .50,000. 

Gfivn-vmcnl. — The  government  is  an  absolute  hereditary 
monarchy,  shared  by  two  sovereigns,  the  one  ecclesiastical, 
called  the  >Iikado  or  Dairi-8ania,  who  resides  at  Miako,  the 
other  milit.-iry,  called  the  Siogun  or  Kubo;  who  resides  at 
Yeddo.  The  latter  is  the  true  sovereign,  as 'regards  the 
civil  rule:  tiiough  the  former  has  the  entire  supeHntend- 
ence  of  religion  and  education,  and  is  ti-eated  with  almost 
divine  honors.  The  Piogun  is  assi.sted  by  a  council  of  five 
hereditary  princes,  and  by  a  senate,  which  forms  the  legis- 
lative body,  and  decides  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases. 
Tlie  laws  are  severe,  and  even  sanguinary;  torture,  and 
death  by  decapitation,  or  impaling  on  a  cross,  are  ordinary 
punishmejits.  The  public  revenues  are  derived  wholly  from 
faxes  on  land  and  houses.  The  army,  in  time  of  pe.ace,  is  rated 
at  1 00.000  ill  fan  try  and  20.000  cavalry.  Tliere  is  no  armed  navy. 
Pi< -ililine  and  the  art  of  fortification  are  little  understood. 

Ifistnri/. — Marco  Paulo  is  the  first  Europe.an  traveller  who 
speaks  of  Japan,  called  by  hira  Cipango  or  Zipangou.  In 
1542  it  was  reached  by  Mendez  Pinto;  and  shortly  after- 
wards the  Portuguese  obtained  permission  to  settle  Naga- 
saki, and  established  a  lucrative  trade.  In  1549,  Francis 
Xavier.  the  Jesuit  missionary,  arrivetl,  and.  with  his  fol- 
lowers, made  many  converts;  but  the  government,  becoming 
jealous  of  tlie  Portuguese,  and  irritated  at  the  success  of  the 
missionaries,  banished  botli  in  15S5,  and  compelled  the  con- 
verts to  return  to  their  ancient  faith.  In  1000.  the  Dutch 
with  difficulty  acquired  liberty  to  trade,  on  condition  of  not 
interfering  with  their  religion.  They  are  subjected,  how- 
ever, to  numerous  vexatious  regulations.  .\n  Englishman, 
named  William  Adams,  wrecked  on  the  coast  in  the  reign 
of  Elizalieth,  was  kept  prisoner  during  life:  but,  gaining 
favor  with  the  sovereign,  succeeded  in  opening  the  com- 
merce of  Japan  to  his  countrymen,  which  flourished  vigor- 
ously fir  some  years;  but  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  the 
privilege  of  trade  was  withdrawn.  In  1853,  an  American 
squadron,  under  Commodore  Perry,  entered  the  harbor  of 
Yeddo.  <-harged  by  his  government  to  endeavor  to  open  com- 
mercial negotiations  with  the  government  of  Japan.  01)- 
sfacles  were  ingeniously  raised  to  prevent  his  attaining  his 
purpose;  but.  by  firmness  and  address,  the  Commodore 
finally  succeeded  in  concluding  a  treaty  in  1S54,  which 
opened  the  ports  already  named  to  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States.  On  the  second  visit  of  the  Americans  to 
Simoda.  the  intercourse  with  the  inhalntants  was  very 
little  restrained,  and  they  roamed  about  the  neighboring 

country   unmolested. Adj.  and  inhab.  Jap.\Nese.  jap-a- 

lieez'.  ("Fr.  Japoxais.  zhd'po'nA'.) 

J.^PAN  or  DJ.\P.\N-.  jd-p3n',  a  populous  town  in  the 
island  of  .Tava.  about  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Soerabaya.  (Soora- 
baya.)  It  is  the  residence  of  the  provincial  governor  of  the 
Interior,  and  has  several  mosques.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of 
the  old  town  of  Medand  Kamalan. 

JAP.*.v  Sl'n.  Or.  if  *bat  portion  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
s«tr.nred  between  lat.  35°  and  .52°  N..  and  Ion.  128°  and  142° 
E.,  bounded  by  the  islands  of  Japan  on  the  E.,  the  countries 


of  Mantchooria  and  the  peninsula  of  Corea  on  the  W.  It 
communicates  with  the  Pacific  by  the  Straits  of  Perouse 
and  Snngar  on  the  K..  and  with  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  by  the 
Channel  of  Tartary,  on  the  X.  It  forms  the  Gulf  of  Corea, 
and  receives  the  river  Amoor. 

JAP.ARA  or  DJAPAH  A.  jd-p3'i\f,  a  Dutch  residency  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Java,  between  lat.  7°  and  7°  35'  X., 
and  Ion.  110°  35'  and  111°  10'  E.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Top. 
400.000.  Capital,  Japara,  a  fortified  town  on  the  W.  coast, 
30  miles  X.N.E.  of  Samarang. 

JAPIIA.     SeeS.\FED. 

JAPHO.     St>eJ.\FFA. 

JAPON  or  JAPONIA  and  JAPOXAIS.   See  Japan, 

JAPUltA,  ndpoo'rd,  or  YUPURA.  yoo-poc/ri,  written 
also  HYAPUHA.  (sometimes  called,  in  the  upper  part  of 
its  course,  the  C.\QUKT.\,  ki-kA'td,)  a  large  river  of  Houth 
America,  has  its  .sources  in  the  Andes  of  Ecuador,  about 
50  miles  X.E.of  Paste,  in  lat.  1°  20'  N.,  Ion.  70°  50'  \V.,  whence 
it  fiows  E.  by  S.,  and  then  S.E..  forming  the  boundary  lie- 
tween  Ecuador  and  Xew  dranada  fi-om  about  lat.  1°  5' X., 
Ion.  75°  15'  W.,  to  lat.  0°  35'  S..  Ion.  72°  20'  M'.,  when  it  be- 
comes the  line  of  demarcation  between  Ecuador  and  P.razil, 
finally  entering  the  latter  at  lat,  1°  20'  S.,  Ion.  72°  20'  W., 
from  which  its  course,  with  a  few  deviations,  is  nearly  due 
E..  to  lat.  1°  60'  S..  Ion.  (-.5°  15'  AV.,  when  it  suddenly  'takes 
a  S.  direction,  and  falls  into  the  Amazon  at  lat.  .3°  S.,  Ion. 
65°  W..  having  been,  for  upwards  of  ,350  miles  of  its  course, 
wholly  a  IJrazilian  river.  Its  entire  length  is  upwards  of 
1000  miles.  The  navigation  of  the  .Tapura  i:<  interrupted  by  a 
great  cataract,  which  occurs  in  lat.  1°  10'  S.,  Ion.  72°  20'  W. 

JAQUI-nnj..     See  Jacmki.. 

J.\QUESUiA.  a  river  of  California.     See  Yaquf.sila. 

JAI!AFUi;l.  or  XAKAFUEL.  nirS  fwjl'.  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  52  miles  S.W.  of  Valencia.     Pop.  2102. 

J.\K.\GUA.  zlui-r.^'gw.'i,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and 
comarca  of  Gnyaz.  situated  on  a  small  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  in  1731  yielded  rich  gold-washings.  It  was  erected 
into  a  town  in  1833.     Pop.  2500. 

J.\1!.\GUA,  oneof  the  i)est  frequented  seaports  in  thepro- 
Tince  of  Alagoas,  in  Brazil,  near  Mngayo. 

JAHATCKJO  or  XAKAICEJO,  nl-ri-thA/no.  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Estremiidura,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Caceres.     V.  1096. 

JAKAIZ  or  XAKAI7,  lii-rlth',  a  small  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince  of  Caceres,  10  mile^f  E.  of  I'lasencia. 

JAB  AM  A  or  X  ARAM  A,  iil-ri'ml.  a  river  of  Spain,  unites 
with  tlie  llenares  about  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madrid,  and  after- 
wards falls  into  the  Tagus  a  little  below  .\ranjuez. 

JAKANDILLA  or  XARAXDILLA.  na-ran-deel'y*.  a  small 
town  of  .<pain.  province  of  Caceres.  14  miles  E.  of  Plaseucia. 

JAKAXSK.a  town  of  Hussiii.     See  Yat(.\nsk. 

JAKCY.  JABSY,  zhjm'see',  or  JAKGY'.  zhasi'ahee'.  a  vil- 
lageofthe  Sardinian  States,  10 milts  from  Chambery.  P.  1215. 

J.\1!1)IXES.  iiaR-dee'n^s,  (•■the  gardens.")  two  groups  ol 
islets  and  rocks  off  the  X.  and  S.  coasts  of  Cuba. 

JAIiKNSK.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Y'arensk. 

J.\1U!I';.\C  zhaR^zho'.  (anc.  (7fnY/o5i7(Mni.')atown  of  France, 
department  of  I..oiret,  on  the  Loire,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  i 
10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  1452. 

J.\l!KOVACZ.  vap.Mio'v^ts',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  24o5. 

JAKLSBERCi-LAURWIO.yaRls'b^RO-lSwR'ftig.  an  amt  or 
bailiwick  of  Norway.  S.W.  of  Christiania.  Area,  896  square 
miles.     Pop.  63,070.  ' 

J.\I!MKLLO,  zhaR-mMlo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira.  18  miles  S.  of  Guarda.     Pop.  2750. 

J.\liMKN,  yaR'meu,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Pomerania,  61 
miles  X.W.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  998. 

J.\KNAC,  zhaR^nfc'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Charente.  7  miles  E.  of  Cognac,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Charente.  Pop.  in  18,52.  3358.  It  is  the  great  mart  for  the 
wine  and  brandy  of  the  district,  and  is  celebrated  for  the 
victory  of  the  Duke  of  Anjou  over  the  Prince  of  Coude,  who 
perished  in  the  battle.  1569. 

JARXAC  CHAMPAGNE.  zhaR'nRk'  shSM^pafS',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  6  miles  X.  of 
Jonzac.     Pop.  1140. 

JAKX.\GES,  zhaR'nJzh',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bou.ssac.     Pop.  8.50. 

JAKOCZYX  or  JAROTSCIIIX,y<^-rotseen'  or  ya-rotch'in, 
written  also  JAROCIX.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  40  milea 
S.E.  of  Po.sen.     I'op.  1.500. 

J.\RO-DSANOBO.  See  Y.\R0O  Dza>t,bo-Tsoo. 

JABOMIERZITZ.  yd'i-o-meeR'zits(?).  a  village  of  Austrian 
Moravia,  about  10  mileS  from  Goldenbrlinn.     Pop.  1K30. 

JAROM 1 RZ,  yA'ro-nieeRts\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Aupe  with  the  Elbe,  68  miles  E.X.E.  of  Prague. 
Pop.  .3490. 

JAROSLAV  or  JABOSTiAVL.     See  Y.\R0,snv. 

JAROSLAW.  yd/ix>sliv\  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galicia,  17  miles  X.X.W.  of  Przemysl.  Pop.  3380,  comprising 
many  Jews.  It  has  a  castle,  a  cathedral,  a  convent,  and  a 
normal  school. 

JAROSI.OAVICE.  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Joslowitz. 

JAR'RETT'S,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co..  Virginia,  on 
the  Petersburg  Railroad,  31  miles  S.  of  Petersburg. 

931 


JAB 


JAV 


JARKy.TTS  rORD,  a  post-office  of  Kanawha  co..  Vii-irinia. 

JAKKETl'SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  llarl'oicl  co..  Maryland. 

JAR'KOW,  a  parish  and  village  of  Knglaad,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham. E.  of  Chester-ward;  the  Tillage  on  the  Tvne.  2}  miles 
VV.S.W.  of  South  Shields.  Pop.  in  18.51,  4±448,  mostly  en- 
gaged in  collieries.  In  Jarrow  Church  is  an  oaken  chair, 
reputed  to  have  belonged  to  the  venerable  Bede,  who  was 
born  at  Moukton,  in  the  parish,  A.  D.  673,  and  buried  in  the 
church  in  Too. 

JAilUN,  jd'roon',  or  JAROM,  jS^rom',  a  walled  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Fars,  100  miles  S.S.K.  of  theeraz.  Pop. 
4000.  It  has  some  trade  in  white  and  printed  cottons, 
tobacco,  and  iron  from  neighboring  mines. 

JAR'VIS.  a  small  coral  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
in  lat.  0°  22'  33"  S.,  Ion.  159"^  54'  11"  W.    It  is  If  miles  long. 

JAR/VIS  ClIAN'NEL,  on  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  in 
Oregon  Territory.  British  North  Ameiiea. 

JARZ/;,  zhaK^za/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  6i  miles  W.  of  B&uge.  Pop.  in  1852,  3300. 
It  has  a  noble  chateau,  and  3  annual  cloth  fairs. 

JASCII,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Y.^SST. 

J  ASEXA,  y^-sa'nS,  or  J  ASSAU,  yds'sOw,  a  scattered  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Koniggratz.     Pop.  1062. 

JASK,  jdsk,  a  maritime  town  of  Persm.  province  of  Her- 
man, on  the  Arab  Sea,  N.  of  Cape  Jask,  in  lat.  25°  38'  N., 
Ion.  57°  48'  E. 

JASLISKA,  y2s-lis'k3,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galicia,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Sanok.     Pop.  2000. 

JASLO,  ySsHo,  a  royal  free  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galicia,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Tarnow.     Pop.  1950. 

JAS'PER,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  305  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Ocmulgee  River,  and  drained  by  Rix?ky.  Falling,  Murder, 
and  Cedar  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly; 
the  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  Gold,  iron,  granite,  jasper, 
and  garnet  are  among  the  minerals  of  the  county.  Orga- 
nized in  1807,  and  named  in  honor  of  Sergeant  Jasper,  who 
fell  at  the  siege  of  S;tvaiinah,  in  1779.  Capital.  Monticello. 
Pop.  10,743,  of  whom  3789  were  free,  and  C954  slaves. 

JASPER,  a  county'  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Slississippi, 
contains  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Tal- 
lahoma  River.  The  surf  ice  is  moderately  uneven.  Capital, 
Paulding.  Pop.  11,007,  of  whom  6458  were  free,  and  4549 
slaves. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  contains 
about  1000  square  miles.  The  Xeches  River  bounds  it  on 
the  ^^'..  and  it  is  drained  by  the  Angelina  River.  The  soil 
near  the  margin  of  tlie  stream  is  very  fertile.  Capital, 
Jasper.     Pop.  4037,  of  whom  2426  were  free. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  550  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Kankakee  and 
Iroquois  River.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  occui)ied  by 
the  Grand  Prairie  and  the  Kankakee  Marahes,  or  wet 
prairies,  among  which  small  groves,  or  oak-openings,  are 
dispersed.  The  soil  is  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than 
tillage.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Toledo,  Logansport  and  Bur- 
lington R.R.    Capital,  Rensselaer.     Pop.  4291. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  440  squiu-e  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Embarras 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  Wabash.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level,  and  consists  in  part  of  fertile  prairies.  Capital,  New- 
ton.    Pop.  8364. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Spring  River,  and  also  di-ained  by  Muddy, 
Centre,  Drywood,  and  Horse  Creeks.  'The  surface  is  some- 
what diversified;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Cai)ital,  Carthage. 
Pop.  6883,  of  whom  6548  were  free,  and  a3o  slaves. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Skunk  River 
and  its  North  Fork.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are  large; 
the  soil  is  productive.  Stone  coal  is  abundant.  Capital, 
Newton.     Pop.  9883. 

JASPER,  a  postrtownship  of  Steuben  co-  Xew  York,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Bath.    Pop.  1850. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hamilton  co..  Florida, 
about  100  miles  E.  of  Tallahassee.  It  has  several  stores, 
and  about  300  inh.abitants. 

JASPKR.  a"  post-village,  capital  of  Walker  CO.,  Alabama, 
aboutoO  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

JASi'ER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ja.sper  co..  Texas.  6 
miles  E.  of  the  Neches  River,  and  55  miles  S.  of  San  Augus- 
tine. Jasper  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  3  stores,  and 
about  200  inhabitj»nts. 

J.\SPKR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Xewton  co.,  Arkansas, 
125  miles  X.N.W.  of  Little  Rwk.    Its  origin  is  very  recent. 

J.\SPKR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  JIarion  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Sequatehy  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Tennessee,  about 
6  miles  from  the  latter,  and  114  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville 
Pop.  from  200  to  300. 

JA.SPER.  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto 
River  and  Ohio  Canal.  65  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

JASPKR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dubois  co..'lndiana,  on 
the  Patoka  Creek,  120  mUes  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis.    First 
settled  in  1830. 
932 


JASPER,  a  village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  165  miles  S.W. 
of  Jefferson  City. 

J.iSSY.  the  capital  town  of  Moldavia.    See  Yasst. 

JASTROW,  y^s'trov.  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  90  mileB 
M'.S.AV.  of  JIarienwerder.  Pop.  3750,  of  whom  many  are 
Jews.  It  has  a  Lvitheran  church,  a  synagogue,  and  manu- 
factures of  woollen  cloths  and  firearms. 

JASZ-Al'ATIII.  yass' oh"poh'tee\  a  market-town  of  Central 
Hungary,  in  Jazygia,  11  miles  E.  of  .Jasz-1'ereiiy.  Pop.  8S00, 
employed  in  agriculture  and  the  cultivation  of  the  vine. 

JASZ-BERENY,  ydss'  b;i-raifi'.  a  market-town  of  West 
Hungary,  in  Jazygia,  on  both  sides  of  the  Zagyva.  hert' 
crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  38  miles  E.  of  Pesth.  I'op.  17,582 
The  principal  edifices  are  a  large  and  hand.some  Roman 
Catholic  and  several  other  churches,  a  Franciscan  convent, 
a  Roman  Catholic  gj  mnasium,  a  liigh  school,  and  the  town- 
hall,  containing  the  archives  of  Jazygia  and  Cuniania,  on 
an  island.  In  the  centre  of  the  river  stands  a  marlile  olie 
lisk.  erected  in  1797,  in  honor  of  the  Archduke  Joseph ;  and 
in  the  middle  of  the  town  is  shown  the  reputed  tomb  of 
Attila.     Its  principjil  tr.ide  is  in  corn,  horses,  and  cattle. 

JASZENICZA,  yii.s'sAh'neet/sOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Arva.  24  miles  from  Kubin.    Pop.  1039. 

JASZENOVA,  y2s^s.-i'no/vdh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  about 
3  miles  from  Lagerdorf.    Pop.  1890. 

JASZEN0VACZ.yii.s'sA-no-v3ts'.  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  9  miles  X.X.E.  of  Dubitza,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Unna  with  the  Save.     Pop.  2653. 

JASZ-FKNSZARU.  yass-feiis\soh'roo',  a  village  of  Hun- 
gai-y,  CO.  of  Jazvgia.  on  the  river  Zjigyva,  18  miles  N.W.  of 
Jasz-Bereny.    Pop.  3489. 

JASZIvA,  y3ss'koh\  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Croatia, 
CO.,  and  20  niilas  S.W.  of  Agram.     Pop.  1212. 

JASZ-LADANY,  ySss' lOhMdB',  a  village  of  Hungary,  in 
Jazygia,  on  an  arm  of  the  Theiss,  9  miles  from  Jasz-Bereny. 
Pop".  3820. 

JASZLOWIEC,atown  of  Austrian  Poland.  See  Jazlowicb. 

JASZO.  yds'so'or  JOSZ,  yoss.a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Abavyvar,  in  a  beautiful  valley,  on  the  Bodva.  30  miles 
S.E.  of  Leutschau.  It  contains  a  magnificient  old  Pivmon- 
strateusian  abbey,  the  church  of  which  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  Hungarv.    There  is  also  an  excellent  library.    Pop.  1799. 

JATINUM.     SeeJlEAUX. 

JATI VA,  a  city  of  Spain.    See  San  Feupe  de  Jativa. 

JAUER.  yow'er,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sile.sia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Xeisse.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Liegnitz.  Pop.  6d00.  It 
i.-i  enclo.sed  by  double  walls  and  a  fosse,  and  has  a  Lutheran 
and  numerous  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  free  school.  2 
hospitals,  houses  of  correction  and  industry,  a  lunatic  .isy- 
lum,  nianuliictures  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  stockings, 
and  leather,  and  an  active  trade  in  corn  and  flax. 

JAUERXICIv.  y6w/er-nik\  or  JAUERMG.  yow'er-niG\  a 
town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  52  miles  X.W.  of  Troppau.  Pop. 
1900.  Above  the  town  is  the  castle  of  the  priuee-blshc.ps  of 
Johannisberg. 

JAUJA.  HOw'ud.  or  ATANJAUJA,  a-tan-ii6w'iia.  a  river 
of  Peru,  joins  the  .4purimac  145  miles  X.E.  of  Huancavelica, 
after  a  very  tortuous  S.E.  and  E.  course  of  at  least  400  miles. 
In  its  lower  part  it  is  called  the  Maxtaro. 

JAUJ.A,  or  ATAXJAUJA,  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of 
Judin,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  125  miles  E.  of 
Lima,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  above  river.  It  is  stated  to 
have  considerable  trade  in  rural  produce  and  cattle.  Silver 
mines  exist  in  the  province,  which  in  1850  had  a  population 
of  93.712. 

■  JAUJAC,  zho'zhdk',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardeche,  8  miles  X.  of  Argentiere,    Pop.  2510. 

JAULDA,  jawi'da,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  36  miles  S,k.  of  Ramghur, 

JAULXAH,  jawl'ui},  a  town  of  India,  in  Deccan,  Xizam's 
dominions,  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aurungabad.  It  has  a  fort,  and 
a  cantonment  for  British  troops. 

J.-VULXAY,  zhorui'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  arrondissement  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  15S0. 

JAUMXIER,  jawm-neer',  a  town  of  Hindostan.  Gwalior 
dominions,  on  the  Taptee,  40  miles  X.E.  of  Boorbanpoor. 

JAUItU,  zh(5w-roo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  serra  of 
its  own  name,  a  branch  of  the  Cordillera  of  Parecis,  in  thv 
province  of  Matto-Grosso.  ilows  S.E.,  and  joins  the  Paragua* 
after  a  course  of  about  220  miles.  Its  principal  affluents  ar« 
the  Aguapehi  and  Bahia. 

J.\UZIERS,  zhO'ze-.V,  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  o/ 
Basses- .\lpes.  5  miles  X.E.  of  Barcelonnette,     Pop.  1880. 

J.WA.  ji'vaor  jah'va,  (native,^«iou,rice;  It,  (rmi-ff.  j^'vj' 
Dutch  and  Ger.  Java,  yj'vl;  Fr.  pron.  zhi'vi':  Sp.  pron.  hS 
vd.)  an  island  in  the  Malaj-  Archipelago,  the  principal  seat  of 
the  Dutch  power  in  the  ICast.  and  after  Sumatra  and  Borneo, 
the  largest  in  the  Sumki  Group,  is  bounded  X.  by  the  .lavn 
Sea,  and  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean,  separated  W.  by  the  Strait 
of  Sunda  from  Sumatra,  and  E.  by  that  of  Bali  from  lit\V,; 
lat.  5°  52'  to  8°  51'  S.,  and  Ion,  105°  15'  to  114°  30'  E.  Its 
shape  somewhat  resembles  a  pjirallelogram,  the  greater  axil 
lying  E,  and  W.,  with  a  slight  inclination  X.  at  the  W.  wl. 
"The  island  is  630  miles  long,  by  35  to  120  miles  broad;  area. 
49,730  square  miles. 


JAV 


JAV 


Physical  Features. — ^The  S.  coast  of  Java  presents  a  con- 
tinuous'front  of  eracs  and  rocks.  forniin<;  the  outer  edjre  of 
an  extremely  mountainous  country  ;  the  X.  is  flat  and  low, 
and  covered  iu  many  places  with  manfrrove  swamps:  the 
tbrnier  is  generally  unsafe  for  shipijinir.while  the  latter  affords 
excellent  anchorage  at  almost  all  times  and  places.  The  prin- 
cipal capes,  bays,  and  harbors  formed  along  its  coast  are 
Java  Head,  a  cape  iit  the  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Sunda 
from  the  Indian  Ocean;  Cape  St.  Nicholas,  where  that  strait 
opens  into  the  Java  8eA;  Cape  Panita  at  the  W..  and  Cape 
Sendano  at  the  E.  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Madura;  Capes 
Kast  and  South,  at  the  S.K.  extremity  of  Java;  Wyncoop's. 
Welcome,  and  Pepper  Bays,  at  the  W.  end  of  the  island  ;  and 
along  the  S.  coast,  from  AV.  to  ?]..  Penanjong,  Pachitan.  I'an- 
pol,  Sambreng,  Segara-Wedi,  Danipar,  and  Giadjagan  Rays. 
The  chief  harbors  are  tliose  of  Hatavia  and  Soerabaya,  on 
the  N.;  and  that  of  Culi  Pujang,  formed  by  the  small  island 
of  Kembangan  on  the  S. 

The  island  is  traversed  throughout  its  whole  length  by 
two  chains  of  mountain,*,  which  in  some  places  unite  and 
again  separate,  forming  ramifications  sloping  gently  down 
to  the  shore.  lioth  chains  are  thickly  set  with  volcanot>s, 
active  and  extinct,  varying  from  (JOOO  to  9000  feet  in 
heijiht;  some  of  them,  rising  even  to  12.000  feet,  are  seen 
at  sea  from  a  great  distance,  and  form  landmarks  to  the 
navigator.  In  the  following  list,  the  active  volcanoes  are 
in  italics: — 


Provinces,  where  situated. 


Buitenzorg 

Preftiiger  Regencies , 

Ctieribon 

Tagnl 

Peivjilongan 

Kadoe 

"     aud  Bagclen 

Sncrakarta  and  Madiocn. . . 

Pnssoeroean 

**           and  Soerabaya 
Rezoeki .*, , 


Name  of  Volcano. 


Pangerango. .. 

Gedeh 

Papandaj/ang 

Tjermei 

Slamat 

Praauw 

Mcntpi 

Sindoro 

Soombing  .... 

Lauoo 

Seniiroo 

Artfjooiio 

Idje'ng 


These  mountains  are  intersected  by  large  and  beautiful 
valleys,  watered  by  rivers  and  torrents,  and  covered,  for 
the  most  part,  with  thick  forests.  Though  alluvium  is 
everywhere  finind,  yet  the  formation  of  the  island  is  essen- 
tially trachytic,  while  diorite,  limestone,  sandstone,  and 
other  stones  of  mixed  formation,  are  di^pereed  in  masses  of 
small  extent,  or  limited  to  certain  localities.  Porphyries, 
with  large  cry.stals,  are  met  with  in  the  limestone;  and  in 
the  rolled  river-stones,  jasper  and  quartz  of  various  kinds  ; 
the  shores  and  bottom  of  the  sea  are  sown  with  zoolites. 
Java  has  no  metallic  veins  fit  for  being  wrought ;  the  Han- 
tam  coid-mines  yield  only  lignite;  naphtha  and  asphalt 
abound  in  various  localities;  and  the  salines  of  Koewoe, 
S.K.  of  Samarang,  yield  a  tolerably  large  supply  of  salt. 
Warm  medicinal  waters  are  very  f  lentiful.  Tlie  volcanoes, 
when  in  an  a-tive  state,  are  remarlable  for  the  quantity  of 
sulphur  and  sulphurous  vapors  they  discharge.  The  crater 
of  Tascheni,  at  the  E.  end  of  the  island,  contains  a  lake 
about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  long,  strongly  impregnated  with 
sulphuric  acid,  from  which  there  issues  a  stream  of  acid 
water  so  destructive  to  life,  that  ev/.n  fish  cannot  live  in  the 
pe.i  near  its  mouth.  An  extinct  vJcano  near  liatar,  called 
Guevo  Upas,  or  the  Vale  of  Poison,  fkb<3ut  half  a  mile  round, 
is  held  in  horror  by  the  natives.  Eferv  living  creature  that 
enters  it  drops  down  dead,  and  the  soil  is  covered  with  the 
carcasses  of  deer,  birds,  and  even  the  bones  of  men,  killed 
by  the  carbonic  acid  gas  which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the 
valley.  "In  another  crater  in  this  land  of  wonders,"  says 
Sir  Charles  Lyell,  '•  the  sulpherous  exhalations  h:ive  killed 
tigers,  birds,  and  innumerable  in.sects:  and  the  soft  parts 
of  these  animals,  such  a.<-  the  fibres,  muscles,  hair.  &c.,  are 
very  well  preserved,  while  the  bones  are  corroded  and  en- 
tirely destroyed." 

Ji'ivers. — A  multitude  of  rivers  How  from  the  \.  and  S.  sides 
of  the  mountains  of  Java,  affording  supplies  to  innumerable 
aititicial  watercourses  used  in  irrigation.  These  streams 
are  generally  rapid,  shallow,  and  encumbered  with  sand- 
banks. The  only  rivers  navigable  for  vessels  to  any  distance 
Inland  are  the  Solo.  Kediri.  Tjimanoek,  and  Tjitiroem  :  the 
others  are  only  si.<it-ible  for  proas  or  canoes  of  the  lightest 
draught,  or  for  floating  down  timber  from  the  mountains. 

Climate. — Jsva  was  formerly  considered  very  unhealthy  ; 
but  it  is  now  ascertjiined  that,  with  the  exceplion  of  a  few 
marshy  districts  on  the  N.  coast,  and  some  parts  on  the  S., 
the  climate  is  as  salubrious  as  that  of  any  othej-  intertropi- 
cal country;  and  the  more  elevated  regions  are  even  remark- 
ably healthy.  In  the  plains,  the  temperature  during  the 
day  is  from  85°  to  94°  Fahrenheit,  and  during  the  night 
from  73°  to  SO''.  At  an  elevation  of  6000  feet,  the  thcrmo- 
mc^tsr  descends  to  60°,  while  the  tops  of  the  lofty  peaks  are 
often  covered  with  ice.  Earthquakes  and  thunder-storms 
ai'e  common,  but  hurri^ar^es  are  rare. 

ZoUogy. — Including  domestic  and  marine  animals,  100 


kinds  of  mammalia  inhabit  Java.  Though  so  close  to  Su- 
matra .ind  the  Malay  Peninsula,  neither  the  elephant  nor 
the  tapir  are  found  in  the  island;  but,  in  the  W .  part.  th« 
one-homed  rhinoceros  is  not  uncommon :  and  in  numerous 
districts,  the  royal  tiger,  panther,  and  tiger-cat  keep  the  in- 
habitants in  constant  alarm  by  their  depredations.  Th» 
lialiyrouss.T.  with  two  kinds  of  wild  bog.  [Siis  verrucosus  anf 
viltiitti.1.)  form  the  large  game.  Ifi/lnbute-t  Uucisain.  two  s|)e 
cies  of  SrmnopWtfCiis.  and  the  cosmopolite  Caxopithpcuf  cyno 
mnlgus,  are  the  only  representatives  of  the  ape  kind:  bnl 
they  people  the  forests  in  countless  numbers.  Two  kii  ds 
of  lemurs  (Stenups  Juraniciis  and  tardi firadiis)  inspire  the 
inhabitants  with  superstitious  tear  by  their  mysterious  noc- 
turnal h.abits:  and  this  island  may  be  esteemed  the  native 
seat  of  the  laigest  bats,  (I'trrnpiia  edulis  or  Juvanicua.)  some 
of  which  measure  5  feet  across  the  wings  ;  they  may  be  seeu 
suspended  from  the  branches  in  hundreds  during  the  day, 
and  at  night  they  devastate  the  orchards  and  gardens.  Two 
civets  (Vitrrra  nnisaiifiix  and  ra^e,)  are  common,  and  supply 
a  perfume  of  which  the  Javanese  are  passifmately  fond;  the 
wild  ox,  (/?.),«  snmiarcii.^.)  a  beautiful  and  graceful  animal, 
which  has  hitherto  been  found  untamable,  abounds  in  the 
woods:  and  the  buffalo.  (Iio.i  hulmlus:  ami.)  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  continental  A.sia  in  the  twelfth  century,  by 
the  same  prince  to  whom  tradition  assigns  the  introduction 
of  the  rice-plant,  is  the  only  animal  used  in  agricultural 
labor.  They  are  much  more  numerous  than  the  oxen  and 
horses  united.  Goats  are  common,  but  sheep  and  hogs  ara 
rare. 

The  ornithology  of  Java  is  rich  and  varied,  both  in  genera 
and  in  species ;  almost  all  the  known  generic  groups  of  rap>i- 
cious  birds  aie  found  here,  and  in  great  numlicrs.  The  j>ea- 
cock  (I'iivn  fpicif'r)  spreads  his  brilliant  plumage  in  the 
haunts  of  the  tiger,  of  which  it  forms  the  favorite  prey. 
'I'hrushes  of  vaiions  kinds  «e  common  ;  and  near  the  prin- 
cipal craters  may  be  seCn  a  kind  of  blackbird.  {Turdus  fu- 
midas.)  which  never  departs  from  the  localities  exposed  to 
eruptions  and  igneous  m.itters.  Gallinaceous  fowls  are 
plentiful.  The  'Uers  and  the  surrounding  seas  supply  a 
great  variety  'if  fish.  In.sects  cover  the  grounds  and  plants 
in  countless  numbers;  but  few  are  distinguished  for  bril- 
liancy or  variety  of  color,  or  are  remarkable  in  form. 

Vcgdalinii. — Java  possesses  a  soil  of  astoni.shing  fertility, 
and  a  vegetation  unrivalled  in  its  luxuriance,  ranging  from 
the  palms  of  the  tropics  to  the  mosses  of  the  temperate  zone. 
The  coast  is  fringed  with  cocoanut-trees :  behind  them  the 
ground  rises  gently  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  chain,  and 
is  completely  cultivated.  Javanese  villages  of  liamVujo 
houses,  surrounded  with  hedges  of  fruit-trees  of  sombre 
hues,  and  bamboo  tope.s,  contrast  agreeably  with  the  vast 
fields  of  rice,  artificially  watered,  distributed  amphitheatre- 
wise,  on  the  flanks  of  the  hills,  and  yielding  often  three  har- 
vests annually.  Higher  up  than  the  rice  field.s.  the  bases 
of  the  mountains  are  covered  with  vast  forests  of  different 
species  of  the  fig-tree,  remarkable  lor  tlieir  great  height  and 
vigorous  growth.  The  Ficua  li'le.rphi/lh'  is  met  with  at  very 
considerable  elevations.  At  the  same  height  grow  the  family 
of  the  MeliaeeiP,  with  Aglaias.  V.\ni-\\av\»e».  ArUiairpiis  ptipi- 
lora  and  eladica,  Sterculias,  Sapinduses,  Ac,  whose  trunks 
are  covered  with  Aralias,  Polyscias.  Uvarias.  Ac.  with  such 
climbers  and  parasites  as  pepper.  Pothos,  Loranthu.s.  Wistl&- 
toe,  Ac;  these  are  followed,  still  higher  up,  by  the  piano 
like  Liquidambars.  with  theirerict.«tems  covered  with  parar 
sites;  also  ratans  and  rubiaceas,  the  latter  of  numerous  spe- 
cies. About  .0(100  teet  above  the  sea  may  be  seen  Pixiocorpii* 
ciiprexsua.  with  its  lofty,  straight  stem,  a  tree  allied  to  tha 
vew,  and  furnishing  tlie  best  timber  in  Java;  the  Dammar 
pine,  Rhod<Hiendrons.  and  the  Dipteris  or  two-leaved  fern, 
which  exists  only  in  this  region.  Laurels  of  numerous  spe- 
cies, chestnuts,  oaks,  {Quercus  mnlucca  and  cnncentrica.)  me- 
lastomas,  eugenias,  magnolias,  myrtles,  numerous  orchises, 
Ac,  grow  still  higher  up  the  mountains.  At  an  elevation  of 
about  7000  f -et.  the  vegetation  changes  its  aspects,  and  mosseg 
appear,  which,  with  heaths,  more  especially  Vaccinieo',  are 
the  principal  plants  found  on  the  loftier  heights.  Some 
plants,  as  Vacciniiim.  varinrjrrfttUiim.  M;/rica  Javuin'ca.  Ac, 
grow  vigorously  on  the  biink  of  craters  emitting  sulphurous 
vapors;  and  ferns,  such  an  JUfclmum  pyrophilum  and  rteria 
aurita,  cover  with  their  fronds  the  edges  of  gulfs  filled  with 
boiling  mud,  as  is  the  case  on  Mount  Kiamis,  and  form  a 
border  to  sulpherous  marshes,  their  roots  growing  in  the 
.acid  waters.  Before  leaving  the  natural  vegetation,  the 
famed  poison-tree,  the  chettik  or  Upas,  {Antiaris  toxicaria.) 
may  be  named  as  a  noted  Javanese  plant.  The  vast  forests 
likewise  claim  notice ;  they  are  791  in  number,  and  cover  a 
very  extensive  surface  in  thirteen  of  the  provinces,  and  con- 
sist mainly  of  teak.  Java  is  said  to  be  the  only  island  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago  of  which  the  teak-tree  is  a  native. 

Jr/ricuUure. — Itice  forms  the  staple  food  of  the  natives, 
and  is  raised  in  a.stonishing  and  increasing  quantities. 
Coffee  raised  from  Mocha  seed  is  extensively  cultivated, 
and,  with  sugar,  forms  one  of  the  staples  of  the  island,  its 
export  in  recent  years  greatly  exceeding  even  that  of  rice. 
Cotton  of  two  kinds,  Burnhax  prntandrum  and  Gnsni/pium 
lierbaceum,  are  grown,  and  considerable  quantities  likewise 

933 


JAB 

JARKy.TTS  FORD,  a  post-offioe  of  Kanawha  co..  Tirpinia. 

JARKETI'SVILLK.  a  post-office  of  llarfoicl  co..  Maryl.-ind. 

JAR'KOW,  a  p.iri^ih  ami  villaire  of  England,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham. E.  of  Chester-ward;  the  village  on  the  Tvne.  if  miles 
W.S.W.  of  i^outh  Shields.  I'op.  in  18.51,  42,44S,  mostly  en- 
gaged in  collieries.  In  Jarrow  Church  is  an  oaken  chair, 
reputed  to  have  belonged  to  the  venerable  Bede,  who  was 
born  at  Monkton,  in  the  parish,  .».  D.  673,  and  buried  in  the 
church  in  735. 

JARUX,  jJ'roon',  or  JAROM,  jj'rom',  a  walled  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Fars,  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sheeraz.  Pop. 
4000.  It  has  some  trade  in  white  and  printed  cottons, 
tobacco,  and  ii-on  from  neighboring  mines. 

JAR'VIS.  a  small  coral  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
In  lat.  0°  2-J'  33"  S..  Ion.  159^  54'  11"  W.    It  is  If  miles  long. 

JAR'VIS  ClIAX'NEL,  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  in 
Oregon  Territory.  British  \orth  America. 

JARZ£,  zhaR^za/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire.  6|  miles  W.  of  Gauge.  Pop.  in  1852,  3300. 
It  has  a  noble  chateau,  and  3  annual  cloth  fairs. 

J  ASCII,  a  town  of  Euroix-an  Turkey.    See  Y.WST. 

J  ASEX  A,  y3-sVn3,  or  JASSAU,  yis'sSw.  a  scattered  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Koniggi-Stz.     Pop.  1062. 

JASK,  jdsk,  a  maritime  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Ker- 
man,  on  the  Arab  Sea,  X.  of  Cape  Jask,  in  lat.  25°  38'  X., 
Ion.  57°  48'  E. 

JASLISKA,  y3s-lis'k3,  a  town  of  AiLstrian  Poland,  in 
Galicia,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Sanok.    Pop.  2000. 

JASLO,  ySslo,  a  rojal  free  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galicia,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Tarnow.    Pop.  1950. 

JAS'PER,  a  county  in  the  X.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  365  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Ocmulgee  River,  and  drained  by  Rocky.  Falling,  JIurder, 
and  Cedar  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly ; 
the  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  Gold,  iron,  granite,  jasper, 
and  garnet  are  among  the  miner.ils  of  the  county.  Orga- 
nized in  1807,  and  named  in  honor  of  Se'rgeant  Jasper,  who 
fell  at  the  siege  of  Sjivannah,  in  1779.  Capital.  Monticello. 
Pop.  10,743,  of  whom  37S9  were  free,  and  6954  slavea. 

JASPER,  a  countj'  iu  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Jlississippi, 
contains  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  diained  by  the  Tal- 
lahoma  River.  The  surf  ice  is  moderately  uneven.  Capital, 
Paulding.  Pop.  11,007,  of  whom  6458  were  free,  and  4549 
slaves. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  contains 
about  1000  square  miles.  The  Xeches  River  Ixiunds  it  oh 
the  W..  and  it  is  drained  by  the  Angelina  River.  The  .soil 
near  the  margin  of  the  stream  is  very  fertile.  Capital, 
Jasper.     Pop.  4037,  of  whom  2426  were  free. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  X.W.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  550  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Kankakee  and 
Iroquois  River.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  occupied  by 
the  Grand  Prairie  and  the  Katikakee  Marshes,  or  wet 
prairies,  among  which  small  groves,  or  oak-openings,  are 
dispersed.  The  soil  is  better  adapted  to  pasturage  than 
tillage.  It  is  crossed  by  the  Toledo,  l-ogansport  and  Bur- 
lington B.R.    Capital,  Rensselaer.     Pop.  4291. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  on 
area  of  440  square  miles.  It  is  intci-sected  by  Enibarras 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  Wabash.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level,  and  consists  in  part  of  fertile  prairies.  Capital,  New- 
ton.    Pop.  8364. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  "W.S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Spring  River,  and  also  drained  by  Muddy, 
Centre,  Drywood,  and  Horse  Creeks.  Tlie  surface  is  some- 
what diversified;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Ciirthage. 
Pop.  68S3,  of  w  horn  654S  were  free,  and  3.35  slaves. 

J.\SPER,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Skunk  River 
and  its  Xorth  Fork.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are  large; 
the  soil  is  productive.  Stone  coal  is  abundant  Capital, 
Newton.     Pop.  9883, 

JASPER,  a  post-township  of  Steuben  co_  New  Tork,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Bath.    Pop.  1850. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hamilton  CO..  Florida, 
about  100  miles  E.  of  Tallahassee.  It  has  several  stores, 
and  alx.ut  300  inh.ibitants. 

JASPER,  a"  post-village,  capital  of  Walker  co.,  Alabama, 
about  50  miles  iu  a  direct  line  X.X.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ja.sper  co..  Texas.  6 
miles  E.  of  the  Neches  River,  and  65  miles  S.  of  San  Augus- 
tine. Jasper  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  3  stores,  and 
about  200  inhabitants. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Xewton  co.,  Arkan.-sas, 

T  I'S'i'*'?  ^'•^'•"^^'-  o''  *'»"!«  Kock.    Its  origin  is  very  recent. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marion  co.,  Tennes.see, 
on  the  Sequatchy  River,  an  afUuent  of  the  Tennessee,  about 
6  miles  from  the  latter,  and  114  miles  S.E.  of  Xashville 
Pop.  from  200  to  300. 

JASPER,  a  post-vill.-ige  of  Pike  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto 
Klver  and  Ohio  Canal,  05  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dubois  co„' Indiana,  on 
the  Patoka  Creek,  120  mUes  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis,    first 
settled  iu  1830. 
932 


JAY 

JASPER,  a  village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  165  miles  S.W. 
of  Jefferson  City. 

J.\SSY.  the  capital  town  of  Moldavia.     See  Tasst. 

JASTROAV.  yis'trov.  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  90  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Marienwerder.  Pop.  3750,  of  whom  many  are 
Jews.  It  has  a  Lutheian  church,  a  synagogue,  and  manu- 
factures of  woollen  cloths  and  firearms. 

JASZ-APATIII.  ydss'oh"j>Ch'tee\a  market-town  of  Central 
Hungary,  in  Jazygia,  11  miles  E.  of  Jasz-liereny.  Pop.  8S00. 
employed  in  agriculture  and  the  cultivation  of  the  vine. 

JA.SZ-BEREXY,  ydss^  ba -raia'.  a  market-town  of  M'est 
Ilungarv,  in  Jazygia,  on  both  sides  of  the  Zagyva.  her?' 
crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  38  miles  E.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  17.582 
The  principal  edifices  are  a  large  and  hand.some  Roman 
Catholic  and  several  other  churches,  a  Franciscan  convent, 
a  Itoman  Catholic  gymnasium,  a  high  school,  and  the  town- 
hall,  containing  the  archives  of  Jazygia  and  Cumania.  on 
an  island.  In  the  centre  of  the  river  stands  a  marlile  obe 
lisk.  erected  iu  1797.  in  honor  of  the  Archduke  .loseph :  and 
iu  the  middle  of  the  town  is  shown  the  reputed  tomb  of 
Attila.     Its  principal  trade  is  in  corn,  horses,  and  cattle. 

JASZEXICZA.  yds'sdh'neefsCh'.  a  village  of  Ilungiuy,  co. 
of  Arva.  24  miles  from  Kubin.    Pop.  1039. 

JASZEXOV.i,  yjs's.a^no'voh^,  a  village  of  Hungary,  about 
3  miles  from  Lagerdorf.    Pop.  1890. 

JASZEX  0  V  ACZ.yd.s'sA-no-vdts'.  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  9  miles  X.X.E.  of  Duliitza,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Unna  with  the  Save.     Pop.  2653. 

JAS7.-FEXSZARU,  yass-fens'soh'roo/,  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Jazvgia,  on  the  river  Zagyva,  18  miles  X.W.  of 
Ja.sz-Bereny.    Pop.  3489. 

JASZKA.  y3ss'koh\  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Croatia, 
CO..  and  20  miles  S.W.  of  Agram.    Pop.  1212. 

JASZ-LADAXY.  ydss'  lohMafS',  a  village  of  Hungary,  in 
Jazvgia.  ou  an  arm  of  the  Theiss,  9  miles  from  Jasz-Bereny. 
Pop",  3820. 

JASZLOWIEC,atown  of  Austrian  Poland.  See  Jazlowicb. 

JASZO,  yis'so'  or  JOSZ,  yoss,_a  markettowu  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Abaiyvar,  in  a  beautiful  valley,  on  the  Bodva.  30  miles 
S.E.  of  Leufschau.  It  contains  a  magnificient  old  Pivmon- 
strateusian  abliej',  the  church  of  whiih  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  Ilungarv.    There  is  also  au  excellent  library.    Pop.  1799. 

JATIXUM.     See  .AIE.4UX. 

JATIVA,  a  city  of  Spain,     See  Sax  Feupe  be  Jativa. 

J.\IIER,  yow'er,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Xeis.se.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Liegnitz.  Pop.  6AiKJ.  It 
is  enclosed  by  double  walls  and  a  fosse,  and  has  a  Lutheran 
and  numerous  Rowan  Catholic  chuixhes.  a  free  school,  2 
hospitals,  houses  of  correction  and  industry,  a  lunatic  asy- 
lum, manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  stockings, 
aud  leather,  and  an  active  trade  iu  corn  and  flax. 

JAUERXICK,  y6w'er-nik\  or  JAUERXIG,  yow'er-nJG',  a 
town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  52  miles  X.AV.  of  Tixipp.Vu.  Pop. 
1900.  Above  the  town  is  the  castle  of  the  prince-bishops  of 
Johannisberg. 

JAUJA.  hOw'hI  or  ATAXJAUJA.  S.-tin-H6v,'uL  a  river 
of  Peru,  joins  the  Apuriuiac  145  miles  X.E.  of  Huancivelica, 
after  a  very  tortuous  S.E.  and  E.  course  of  at  least  400  miles. 
In  its  lower  part  it  is  called  the  Mastaro. 

J.\L'J.\,  or  ATAXJAUJA,  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of 
Judin,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  125  miles  E,  of 
Lima,  on  the  E.  b.auk  of  the  above  river.  It  is  stated  to 
have  considerable  trade  in  rural  produce  and  cattle.  Silver- 
mines  exist  in  the  province,  which  in  1S50  had  a  population 
of  93,712. 

■  JAUJAC,  zho^hdk',  a  market -town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardeche,  8  miles  X,  of  Argentiere,     Pop,  2510, 

JAl}LD.\,  jawl'da.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  36  miles  S.E.  of  Ramghur. 

JAULX.\II,  jawl'n.-j,  a  town  of  India,  in  Deccan,  Xizam's 
dominions,  34  miles  E'.S.E.of  Aurungabad.  It  has  a  fort,  and 
a  cantonment  fur  British  troops. 

J.A.ULXAY,  zhorni/.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  arrondissement  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  1580. 

JAUMXIER.  jawm-neer',  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  Gwalior 
dominions,  on  the  Taptee.  40  miltjs  X.E.  of  Boorhanpoor. 

JAL'RU,  zhCw-roo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  .serra  of 
its  own  name,  a  branch  of  the  Cordillera  of  Parecis,  in  th» 
province  of  Matto-Grosso.  flows  S.E..  and  joins  the  Paragua* 
after  a  course  of  alout  220  miles.  Its  principal  affluents  ar« 
the  Aiuapehl  and  Bahia, 

J.\UZIERS,  zhd'ze-.V,  a  vilkage  of  France,  department  oJ 
Bas.se.s-Alpes,  5  miles  X.E.  of  Bareelonnette.     Pop.  1880. 

J.\VA.  jd'va or  jah'va.  (native. J(!U)u, rice:  It.  GiVn-a.  jd'vl' 
Dutch  and  Ger.  Juva.  yi'vS ;  Fr.  pron.  zhdVd':  Sp.  pron.  hS 
vd.)  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  the  principiU  seat  of 
the  Dutch  power  in  the  East,  and  after  Sumatra  and  Borneo, 
the  largest  in  the  Siuide  Group,  is  bounded  X.  by  the  Jav» 
Sea.  and  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean,  separated  W.  by  the  Strait 
of  Sunda  from  Sumatra,  and  E.  by  that  of  Bali  from  Bali; 
lat.  5°  52'  to  8°  51'  S..  and  Ion.  105°  16'  to  114°  SC  E.  IU 
shape  somewhat  resembles  a  parallelogram,  the  greater  axii 
lying  E.  and  W.,  with  a  slight  inclination  N.  at  the  W.  er>l. 
The  island  is  630  miles  long,  by  35  to  120  miles  broad ;  area. 
49,730  square  miles. 


JAV 


JAV 


Physical  Features. — The  S.  coast  of  Java  presents  a  con- 
tinuous front  of  crairs  and  rocks,  foruiin;;  the  outer  edjre  of 
an  extremely  mountainous  country  ;  the  X.  is  flat  and  low, 
and  covered  iu  many  places  with  man!.'rove  swamps:  the 
former  is  penerally  unsafe  for  shippintr.  while  the  latter  affords 
excellent  anchorage  at  almost  all  times  and  places.  The  prin- 
cipal capes,  hays,  and  harbors  formed  aloni;  its  coast  are 
Java  Head,  a  c&pe  at  the  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Sunda 
from  the  Indian  Ocean;  Cape  St.  Nir^hnlas,  where  that  strait 
opens  into  the  Java  Sea ;  Cape  I'anka  at  the  AV..  and  Cape 
Sendano  at  the  K.  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  .Madura;  Capes 
East  and  South,  at  the  S.K.  extremity  of  Java;  Wyncoop's, 
Welcome,  and  Pepper  Bays,  at  the  W.  end  of  the  island  ;  and 
along  the  S.  coast,  from  W.  to  K..  Penanjong.  Pachitan.  I'an- 
ftol,  Sambreng,  Segara-Wedi,  Danipar,  and  Gradjagan  Bays. 
The  chief  harbors  are  those  of  liatavia  and  Soerabaya,  on 
the  N.;  and  that  of  Culi  Pujang,  formed  by  the  small  island 
of  Kemhangan  on  the  S. 

The  island  is  traversed  throughout  its  whole  length  by 
two  chains  of  mountain.s.  which  in  some  places  unite  and 
again  separate,  forming  ramiticatinns  sloping  gently  down 
to  the  shore.  Both  chains  are  thickly  set  with  volcanws, 
active  and  extinct,  varying  from  (KiOO  to  8000  feet  in 
height;  some  of  them,  rising  even  to  12.000  feet,  are  .seen 
at  sea  from  a  great  distance,  and  form  landmarks  to  the 
navigator.  In  the  following  list,  the  active  volcanoes  are 
in  italics: — 


Provl 


s,  where  situated. 


Buitenzorg 

Prenuger  Uegcncies 

Clieribon 

T.agnl 

Pekiilongan 

Kartoc 

"     and  Bagelen 

Snerakarta  and  Madiocn. . . 

Passoeruean 

•*  and  Soerabava 


Name  of  Volcano. 


Pnni;erango. .. 

Gedeh 

Papaitdayang . 

Tjcrmei 

Slanuit 

Praauw , 

Merapi 

Sindorii 

SooDibing  ...., 

Lau-oo 

Semiroo 

Ardjoono 

Idjeng 


These  mountains  are  intersected  by  large  and  lieautiful 
valleys,  watered  tiy  rivers  and  torrents,  and  covered,  for 
the  most  part,  with  thick  forests.  Though  alluvium  is 
everywhere  fiund,  yet  the  formation  of  the  island  is  essen- 
tially trachytic,  while  diorite,  limestone,  sandstone,  and 
other  stones  of  mixed  formation,  are  dLspereed  in  masses  of 
small  extent,  or  limited  to  certain  localities.  Porphyries, 
with  large  crystals,  are  met  with  in  the  limestone;  and  in 
the  rolled  river-stones,  jasper  and  quartz  of  various  kinds; 
the  shores  and  bottom  of  the  sea  are  sown  with  zooliti'S. 
Java  has  no  metallic  veins  fit  for  being  wrought ;  the  Ban- 
tam coal-mines  yield  only  lignite;  naphtha  and  asphalt 
abound  iu  various  localities;  and  the  sjilines  of  Koewoe, 
S.E.  of  Samarang,  yield  a  tolerably  large  supply  of  salt. 
Warm  meilieinal  waters  are  very  f  lentiful.  The  volcanoes, 
wlien  in  an  a  -tive  state,  are  remarl:at>Ie  for  the  quantity  of 
sulphur  and  sulphurous  vapors  thty  discharge.  The  crater 
of  Taschem,  at  the  E.  end  of  the  island,  contains  a  lake 
about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  long,  strongly  impregnated  with 
sulphuric  acid,  fi-om  which  there  i.ssues  a  stream  of  mid 
water  so  destructive  to  life,  that  evrn  fish  cannot  live  in  the 
sea  near  its  mouth.  An  extinct  vvb-ano  near  Batar,  called 
Guevo  Upa.s,  or  the  Vale  of  Poison,  .tbout  half  a  mile  round. 
Is  held  in  horror  by  the  natives.  Erery  living  creature  that 
enters  it  drops  down  dead,  and  the  soil  is  covered  with  the 
carcasses  of  deer,  birds,  and  even  the  bones  of  men,  killed 
by  the  carbonic  acid  gas  which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the 
valley.  "  In  another  crater  in  this  land  of  wonders,"  says 
Sir  Charles  Lyell,  "the  sulphei-ous  exhalations  have  killed 
tigers,  birds,  and  innumetable  insects:  and  the  .soft  parts 
of  these  animals,  such  as  the  fibres,  muscles,  hair,  Ac,  are 
very  well  preserved,  while  the  bones  are  corroded  and  en- 
tirely destroyed." 

Rivers. — .K  multitu  Je  of  rivers  How  fmm  the  X.  and  S.  sides 
of  the  mountains  of  Java,  affording  supplies  to  innumerable 
artificial  watercourses  used  in  irrigation.  The.se  streams 
are  generally  rapid,  shallow,  and  encumbered  with  sand- 
banks. The  only  rivers  navigable  for  vessels  to  any  distance 
Inland  are  the  Solo.  Kediri,  Tjimanoek,  and  Tjitai-oem  :  the 
others  are  only  suitiible  for  proas  or  canoes  of  the  lightest 
draught,  or  for  floating  down  timber  from  the  mountains. 

Climate. — Java  was  formerly  considered  very  nnhcjilthy  ; 
but  it  is  now  ascertained  that,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
marshy  districts  on  the  N.  coast,  aud  some  parts  on  the  S., 
the  climate  is  as  salubrious  as  that  of  any  othar  intertropi- 
cal country ;  and  the  more  elevated  regions  are  even  remark- 
ably healthy.  In  the  plains,  the  temperature  during  the 
day  is  from  85°  to  94°  Fahrenheit,  and  during  the  night 
from  73°  to  80°.  At  an  elevation  of  6000  feet,  the  thermo- 
meter descends  to  60°,  while  the  tops  of  the  lofty  peaks  are 
often  covered  with  ice.  Earthquakes  and  thunder-storms 
are  common,  but  hurrioar.es  are  rare. 

ZooiM/jj. — Including  domestic  and  marine  animals,  100 


kinds  of  mammalia  inhabit  Java.  Though  so  close  to  Su- 
matra and  the  Malay  Peninsula,  neither  the  elephant  nor 
the  tapir  are  found  in  the  island;  but,  in  the  W.  part.  th«< 
one-hni-ned  rhinoceros  is  not  uncommon  :  and  in  numerous 
districts,  the  royal  tiger,  panther,  and  tiger-cat  keep  the  in- 
habitants in  constatit  alarm  by  their  depredation.s.  Thf 
Habyroussa.  with  two  kinds  of  wii,l  hog.  (Siis  vf.rrucoms  nn(- 
viltotus.)  form  the  large  game.  ITi/tributex  leitcisnis.  two  spe 
cies  of  Stmnf>piihecu.<.  and  the  cosmopolite  Cercojnihrcuf  cyiio 
mnlgus,  are  the  only  representatives  of  the  ape  kind:  bul 
they  people  the  forests  iu  countless  numbers.  Two  kii  ds 
of  lemurs  {Stenrrps  Jaraniciis  and  lardifiraihia)  inspire  the 
inhabitants  with  superstitious  tear  by  their  mysterious  noc- 
turnal habits:  and  this  island  may  Ije  esteemed  the  native 
seat  of  the  largest  bats,  (I'tfrnpii,':  uiulis  or  Juvaniviin.}  some 
of  which  measure  5  feet  across  the  wings  ;  they  may  be  seen 
sn.cpended  fiom  the  branches  in  hundreds  during  the  day, 
and  at  night  they  devastate  the  orchards  and  gardens.  Two 
civets  (Viirrra  musanpa  and  ra»e„)  are  common,  and  su|iply 
a  perfume  of  which  the  Javanese  are  passionately  fond:  the 
wild  o\.  (Bns  foixtaicus.)  a  leantiful  and  graceful  animal, 
which  has  hitherto  been  found  untamable,  abounds  in  the 
woods ;  and  the  buffalo.  (Bus  Uilmlun  ami.)  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  continental  A.sia  in  the  twelfth  century,  by 
the  same  prince  to  whom  tradition  assigns  the  introduction 
of  the  rice-plant,  is  the  only  animal  ivsed  in  agricultural 
labor.  They  are  much  more  numerous  than  the  oxen  and 
horses  united.  Goats  are  common,  but  sheep  and  hogs  are 
rare. 

The  ornithology  of  Java  is  rich  and  varied,  both  in  genera 
and  in  species :  almost  all  the  known  generic  groups  of  rapa- 
cious birds  are  found  here,  and  in  great  numbcis.  The  pe.i- 
coek  (Pavo  spicifr)  spreads  his  brilliant  plumage  in  the 
haunts  of  the  tiger,  of  which  it  forms  the  favorite  prey. 
Thrushes  of  various  kinds  ir.e  common  ;  and  near  the  prin- 
cipal craters  may  be  seen  a  kind  of  blackbird.  {Turdiis  fu- 
midii.'i.)  which  never  departs  fmm  the  localities  exposed  to 
eruptions  and  ign»K>us  matters.  Gallinaceous  fowls  are 
plentiful.  The  •'l»ers  and  the  surrounding  seas  supply  a 
great  variety  iit  fish.  Insects  cover  the  grotiuds  and  plants 
in  countless  numbers;  but  few  are  distinguished  for  bril- 
liancy or  variety  of  color,  or  are  remarkable  in  form. 

Vigdati'iii . — .fava  possesses  a  soil  of  astonishing  fertility, 
and  a  vegetation  unrivalled  in  its  luxuriance,  ranging  from 
the  palms  of  the  tropics  to  the  mosses  of  the  temperate  zone. 
The  coast  is  fringed  with  co(»anut-trees:  behind  them  the 
ground  rises  gently  to  the  foot  of  the  mountain  chain,  and 
is  completely  cultivated.  Javanese  villages  of  bainl>oo 
houses,  surrounded  with  hedges  of  fruit-trees  of  sombre 
hues,  and  bamboo  topes,  contrast  agreeably  with  the  vast 
fields  of  rice,  artificially  watered,  distribut«>d  amphitheatre- 
wise,  on  the  flanks  of  the  hills,  and  yielding  often  three  har- 
vesls  annually.  Higher  up  than  the  rice  fields,  the  bases 
of  the  mountains  are  covered  with  vast  forests  of  different 
species  of  the  fig-tree,  remarkable  for  their  great  height  and 
vigorous  growth.  The  PIcus  hfierpltylli'  is  met  with  at  very 
considerable  elevations.  At  the  same  height  grow  the  family 
of  the  Meliaceii3,  with  Aglaias.  Epicharise.s.  yirfr,a(»7«/.'!^)();>i- 
Ima  and  elastica.  Sterculias,  Sapinduses,  Ac,  whose  trunks 
are  covered  with  Aralias,  Polyscia.s.  Uvari.as,  &c.,  with  such 
climbers  and  parasites  as  pepper.  Pothos.  Loranthus.  mistle- 
toe, Ac. ;  these  are  followed,  still  higher  up,  by  the  plan& 
like  Liquidambars.  with  their  erect  stems  covered  with  parar 
sites;  also  ratans  and  rubiacea;,  the  latter  of  ninnerous  spe- 
cies. About  5000  ti'et  above  the  sea  may  be  seen  Piidoairpiia 
ciipresnu-f.  with  its  lofty,  straight  stem,  a  tree  allied  to  the 
yew,  and  furnishing  tlie  best  timber  in  Java  ;  the  Dammar 
pine.  Rhododendrons,  and  the  Dipteris  or  two-leaved  fern, 
which  exists  only  in  this  region.  Laurels  of  numerous  spe- 
cies, chestnuts,  oaks,  (Quercus  molucca  and  cnncentrica.)  me- 
lastomas,  engenias,  magnolias,  myrtles,  numerous  orchises, 
Ac,  grow  stiil  higher  up  the  mountains.  At  an  elevation  of 
about  7000  feet,  tile  vegetation  changes  its  aspects,  and  mosses 
appear,  which,  witli  heaths,  more  especially  Vacciniece,  are 
the  principal  plants  found  on  the  loftier  heights.  Some 
plants,  as  Vaccinium  varinocrfnlinm.  Miiricn  Javuvica.  Ac, 
grow  vigorously  on  the  brink  of  craters  emitting  sulplmroug 
vapors;  and  ferns,  such  a.f, Bhchnum  pi/ropii il inn  and  Pterin 
aurita,  cover  with  their  fronds  the  edges  of  gulfs  filled  with 
boiling  mud.  as  is  the  case  on  Mount  Kiamis,  and  form  a 
border  to  sulpherous  marshes,  their  roots  growing  in  the 
acid  waters.  Before  leaving  the  natural  vegetation,  the 
famed  poison-tree,  the  chettik  or  Upa.s,  (Antiaris  Uixiraria .) 
may  be  named  as  a  noted  Javanese  plant.  The  vast  forests 
likewise  claim  notice ;  they  are  791  in  number,  and  cover  » 
very  extensive  surface  in  thirteen  of  the  provinces,  and  con- 
sist mainly  of  teak.  Java  is  said  to  be  the  only  island  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago  of  which  the  teak-tree  is  a  native. 

Agriculture. — Uice  forms  the  staple  food  of  the  natives, 
and  is  raised  in  a.stonishing  and  increasing  quantities. 
Coffee  r.aised  from  Mocha  seed  is  extensively  cultivated, 
and,  with  sugar,  forms  one  of  the  staples  of  the  island,  its 
export  in  recent  years  greatly  exceeding  even  that  of  rice. 
Cotton  of  two  kinds,  Btmihax  pntandrum  and  Gfiss>/pium 
herhaceum,  are  grown,  and  considerable  quantities  likewise 

933 


JAV 


JAY 


exported;  and  the  cri.tivat\jn  of  indipo.  nutmegs,  cloves, 
dnnamon.  cochineal,  pepper,  pimento,  tobacco,  tea.  and  co- 
coannts  is  carried  on  more  or  Jess  Tiirorously,  and  with 
greater  or  less  success.  The  population  is  almost-  wholly 
agricultural;  beyond  a  few  large  towns,  it  is  distributed 
over  the  island  in  Tllla-ies.  each  soverned  by  a  native  chief 
of  its  own  election.  Each  familj'  has  its  own  portion  of 
land  varyino;  from  half  an  acre  to  six  acres.  About  a  third 
of  the  cultivated  ground  is  supiKwed  to  l>e  thus  occupied. 

Commerce. — The  great  bulk  of  the  foreign  trade  is  carried 
on  thiough  the  ports  of  Batavia.  Samarang,  and  Soeraliaya. 
and  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch  and  Chinese.  The 
following  table  exhibits  the  principal  articles,  with  their 
value,  exported  ftx>m  Java  and  Madura  in  184S  and  1849  : — 
Value  and  quantity  in  Picids,  nf  t/it  TYincipal  Exports  from, 
Java  and  Madura  in  1848  and  1849. 


Rice 

Coffee 

Sugar.... 
Nutmegs  . 

M.ace 

Cloves ... 

Tin 

ludigo  ... 
Cinnamon 
Cochineal. 
Pepper... 

Tea 

Tobacco.. 


1848. 


Piculs. 

716,031 

781,170 

l,42S,.=i97 

6,7.1S 

1,-.'81 

8.196 

86,768 

lbs,  3,ltt.^»i 

1346 

149.311 

18.161 

9,444 

17.476 


lbs. 


1848. 


Dollars. 

1,404.882 

5,015,777 

7,080,71-2 

460,L>94 

80.702 

67,»,i3 

2,166,978 

1,122,000 

70.010 

124.688 

69.560 

336.206 

281.170 


1849. 


Picula. 

680,067 

919,212 

1,663,217 

«,I58 

696 

9,46S 

63.673 

lbs.  2,337.165 

l.!t53 

193.017 

20.631 

6.419 

16.369 


lbs. 


1849. 


Dollars. 
1  288.074 
6,212,652 
8,731,389 

<1«.482 
41,315 

247,590 

2,128,  OKj 

1,115,840 

80.615 

149,6.87 


The  subjoined  table  exhibits  the  total  value  of  the  exports 
and  imports  for  the  years  specified : — 
Tears.     'Exports.  Imports.     I  Years,      Kxporti.  Imports. 

1846 S24.263.476 $14,568,675     1848.... $21, 402,664 S12,658,9OT 

18J7,...    24,315,652,...    11,872,278  |  1849....    24,682.664 12,913,758 

Of  the  commerce  in  1849.  $14.216.6.34  exports,  and  S.'i,.344,075 
imports,  was  with  the  Netherlands;  §515.648  export.?,  and 
$2,045,147  imports,  with  Great  Britain:  $454,529  exports, 
and  $143.43S  imports,  with  France;  $2,730,70)7  exports,  and 
$'2(t.456  imports,  with  .\ustralia;  and  $151,Sf4  exports,  and 
^.700.962  imports,  with  the  Mal.iy  .Archipelago.  The  trade 
with  the  United  States  in  1852  comprL^eil  imports  to  the 
value  of  $1,015,994.  and  exports  to  $.324,182. 

Public  Improvements  In  Java  have  lately  l>een  much  ex- 
tended. A  good  road  tr.nverses  the  island  in  its  entire 
length;  many  forts  have  been  constructed  iu  (he  intericir. 
and  commercial  stations  planted  in  the  S.  part  of  the  island. 
Itegnlar  steam  communication  is  kept  tip  with  Singapore. 
Perfect  religious  toleration  exists,  and  Europeans  are  not 
prevented  from  going  to  .Tava.  (as  formerly  to  British  India.) 
though  the  permission  of  the  governor-general  is  neces-sary 
to  their  settling  here. 

Government  and  RgriTitte. — A  governor-general  or  vice- 
roy is  supreme  ruler,  with  ommand  both  of  the  army  and 
navy  in  all  the  Dutch  provinces  in  the  Malay  .\rchipelago. 
^le  is  assisted  by  the  council  of  the  Intlies.  composed  of  a 
vice-president  and  four  members  named  by  the  king;  and  is 
in  correspondence  with  the  governors  of  the  different  de- 
pendencies of  Java,  namely.  Amboina.  Borneo.  Celelx'S.  and 
Sumatra,  all  of  whom  are  under  his  orders.  The  island  is 
divided  into  22  residences,  in  each  of  which  are  a  European 
governor  and  secretary,  and  various  sub-residents.  The 
provinces  are  subdivided  into  arrondis.soments  and  com- 
munes, each  having  a  justice  of  the  peace.  Three  superior 
tribun,als  and  courts-martial  are  seated  at  Batavia.  Sama- 
rang. and  Soerab.HV.1.  the  whole  .sul>ordinate  to  a  supreme 
court  at  Batavia.  Several  native  states  exist  in  the  interior, 
under  Dutch  protection,  the'principal  capitals  of  which  are 
Soerakarta  (Surnkarta.')  and  Djokjokarta  (Yugyakarta.1  In 
1845.  the  government  expenditure  amountinl  to  $30.449.3.59. 
■whifh  was  considerably  exceeded  by  the  revenue,  of  which 
about  $3,872,000  were  derived  fwm  the  monopoly  in  opium 
alone.  Java  remained  under  Hindoo  sovereignties  till  1478, 
when  it  was  conquered  by  the  .\i-abs.  and  its  possession  has 
since  been  chiefly  Mohammedan.  It  cont.tins  the  ruins  of 
several  considerable  cities  and  temples,  the  principal  being 
Mojopahit  and  Roro-Budor;  and  various  large  structures  of 
substantial  architecture  are  sc:tttered  over  Its  surface. 

Inlta'iiUints.  h'eligion,  <tc. — The  .Javanese  belong  to  the 
M>alay  family.  They  are  small  in  size,  of  a  yellow  hue;  supei^ 
stitious.  careless  of  the  future,  inclined  io  laziness,  solier. 
compassionate,  joyful,  without  being  boisterous;  patient, 
enduring,  and  easily  led  when  convinced  that  the  orders 
given  are  not  contrary  to  the  ancii-nt  laws  and  customs  of 
the  country,  which  are  held  in  reliiious  reverence.  They 
are  resiJectfulto  parents,  and  venerate  the  toml>s  of  their 
ancestors.  They  are.  however,  very  susceptible  of  affronts, 
which  they  are  not  slow  to  avenge  with  the  kris.  which  is 
invariibly  worn,  and  they  are  fi-e.|«ently  armed  with  the 
sabre  or  pike.  The  Javanese  are  good  "tanners,  and  have 
made  some  progress  in  metallunry.  in  carp'ntry.  and  cabi- 
net-making. They  weave  and  dye  well;  make  paper  from 
the  mulberry,  (Jfortu  papyr^fei-a,)  and  many  are  engaged 


with  poisoned  arrows  in  obtaining  fish,  which,  being  salted 
and  drieil.  constitute  a  great  dainty.  But  the  great  mass  of 
the  people,  as  before  observed,  are  devoted  to  agriculture. 
In  religion,  the  Japanese  are  Mohammedan,  a  faith  intro- 
duced in  the  fourteenth  century  by  the  Arabians,  and 
which  has  since  almost  entirely  displaced  both  Hindooism 
and  Boodhism,  of  both  of  which  numerous  imposing  relica 
are  to  be  met  with  in  various  parts  of  the  island.  The  mass 
of  the  Javanese  take  only  one  wife,  who  is  treated  with  re- 
spect and  consideration;  but  people  of  quality  and  wealth 
practise  polygamy.  Three  dialects  of  the  Malay  language 
are  spoken  by  the  Javanese,  who  have  also  an  ancient  sacred 
language,  cont.-iining  a  number  of  Sanscrit  words.  They 
have  a  national  literature,  and  translations  from  the  Arabic 
and  Sanscrit.  The  Javane.se  are  generally  considered  sup«. 
rior  in  civilization  to  other  natives  of  the  JIal.'iy  Archi- 
pelago. The  population  of  the  island  in  1845,  was  9.5t>0,3S0, 
comprising  9,401.712  natives;  106,033  Chinese ;  31,216  .4rabs 
Bughis.  Ac;  16,308  Europeans  and  their  descendants,  and 
5111  slaves. 

History. — Ancient  Jav.anese  history  is  written  in  the  ("still 
existing)  magnificent  remains  of  temples  and  other  public 
building.s,  which  are  plentifully  scattered  over  the  island. 
The  Portuguese  formed  a  settlement  on  it  in  1511,  and  the 
Dutch  in  1575.  The  Briti.sh  held  the  island  from  ISll 
to  1816. Adj.  and  inhab.  Jav\\nese'. 

J.\'V.\.  a  post-village  and  township  on  Seneca  Creek,  Wyo- 
ming CO.,  New  York,  about  28  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.  The 
village  has  1  or  2  churches,  and  several  mills.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  2358. 

JAVA,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio. 

JAVA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  iu  J.ava  township,  Wyo- 
ming CO..  New  York.  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Warsaw. 

JAVALI  (or  XAVALl)  NUEVO,  nd-va-lee' nw.-\'vo,  a  vil- 
lage  of  Spain,  about  4  miles  from  Slurcia,  on  the  Segura. 
Pop.  1563. 

JAVALQUINTO  or  XAVALQUINTO.  BJi-Tai-keen'to.  a 
town  of  Sp.ain,  in  Andalusia,  14  miles  N.  of  Jaen,  on  the 
Guadalimar.     Pop.  1081. 

J.\V.\N.\,  jd-vd'nd,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  .Java,  resi- 
dency, and  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Japai-a.     Pop.  10,000. 

J-\V.\1!Y.  a  river  of  South  America.     See  Jabart. 

J.\V.\.  SE.\  OF.  is  th.at  part  of  the  Pacific  Oi-ean  between 
lat.  3°and  7°  S..  and  Ion.  106°  and  116°  E..  having  E.  the 
Strait  of  Macassar  and  Sea  of  Flores.  S.  Java  and  Bali.  \. 
Borneo,  .ind  M'.  Sumatra.  It  communicates  southward  with 
the  Indian  Ocean  bv  the  Straits  of  Sunda.  Bali,  and  Lorn- 
bok,  and  on  the'N.fe.  with  the  China  Sea  by  the  Carimata 
Pas.sage  and  Strait  of  Gaspar,  E.  and  W.  of  I'illiton. 

J.\VA  VILL.\GE,  a  post-village  of  Wjoming  co.,  New 
York,  about  58  miles  S.W.  of  Itoche.sfer. 

JAYRON,  zh.'iSiViss',  a  village  of  France,  department, 
and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Mavenne.     Pop.  in  1.S52.  2682. 

JAWAHIU  or  DJAWAIIIR.  ja'wa-heer\  written  also 
.TOW.MIIR.  in  Ilindostan.  one  ot  the  highest  i>eaks  of  the 
llimiilava  Mountains,  is  situated  in  the  province  ot  Kumaon. 
Lat.  30°  -20'  N..  Ion.  80°  E.    Elevation.  25,670  feet. 

JAWANA.  DJAWANA.  ji-wa'nd.  or  J0.4NA.  jo-.Vna.  one 
of  the  I.HTgest  rivers  on  the  N.  cojist  of  Java,  rises  in  an  in- 
land lake,  whence  it  Hows  generally  N.E.  to  the  Javan  Sea. 
Its  mouth  is  encumbered  by  a  bank,  but  yet  prahoos  ("pra- 
husl  navigate  the  stream  to  its  sotirce  in  the  inland  lake. 

J.\WORNITZ,  yi-woR'nits,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  4  miles 
from  Reichenau.     Pop.  1C03. 

JAW0150W.  yd-\*o'i-ov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in 
Galicia.  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Prxemysl.  Pop.  3985.  Near  it 
are  the  largest  paper  mills  in  Galicia. 

J.\WUD.  j^-wtid'.  a  large  walled  town  of  Ilindostan.  in 
Rajpootana.  78  miles  E.  of  Odeypoor.  It  has  belonged  alter- 
natelv  to  variou.<  Indian  principalities. 

JAXARTK.S.  jax-ar'tez,  SIHON.  see'hon',  or  SIR  DARIA, 
slr(orseer)dd'te-3.  a  lai-ge  river  of  Independent  Toorkistan, 
rises  by  numen>tis  sources  on  the  borders  of  the  Pamere 
table-land,  and  in  the  Mooz.-tagh.  on  the  frontiei-s  of  Chinese 
Toorkistan,  fiows  through  the  Khokan  and  Kirgheez  dr>- 
minions,  parallel  to  the  Oxus.  but  much  mor«>  tortuously, 
■and  enters  the  Sea  of  Aral  by  two  principal  mouths,  in  Ion. 
61"  E..  lat.  between  45°  and  46°  N.  Total  course  estimate-J 
at  900  miles.  It  is  bro.ad  and  deep,  and  its  banks  are  usuall< 
overflowed  by  it  in  summer. 

J.\XT.  ydxt.  a  small  river  of  M'iirtemberg.  joins  th* 
Neckar  near  M'impfen,  after  a  course  of  about  80  miles.  II 
gives  the  name  to  a  circle  of  WUrteml>erg,  and  to  many  vil- 
lages. Jaxtberg.  Jaxtfield.  &c.,  the  principal  being  .Jaxt- 
hausen,  with  3  castles,  and  1107  inhabitants,  on  its  right 
bank,  IS  miles  N.K.  of  lleilbronn. 

.T.\XT.  one  of  the  four  circles  of  Wiirtem berg,  forming  the 
N.E.  pjirt  of  the  kingdom.  .\iva.  160<1  square  miles.  It  «,ti- 
fains  tHe  towns  of  Krailsheim,  Ellwangen,  GmUud,  i.'. 
Pop.  365.697. 

JAXTIIAUSEN.  vSxtTiaw'zen.  a  village  of  Wilrfeml^rg, 
on  the  Jaxt.  40  miles  N.v  E.  of  StuttL'art.     Pop.  1107. 

J.\Y,  a  munty  in  the  E.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering  on 
Ohio,  contains  370  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  he-td- 
waters  of  the  Salaiuonie  and  Wabash  Itivers.    The  »url>ce 


^ 


JAY 


JEF 


is  Rently  undulating,  and  presents  some  diversity  of  soil, 
Idirt  of  which  requires  draining.  Capital,  Portland.  Pop. 
11,399. 

JAY,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  on  the  An- 
droscnijgin  River,  about  28  miles  X.W.  of  Augusta.  Pop.  1680. 

JAY,  a  post'township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  bordering 
on  Canada,  about  66  miles  X.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  474. 

JAY.  a  post-villajfe  and  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Essex 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  E^Lst  Branch  of  Au  Sable  River,  about 
145  miles  N.  of  Albany.  The  village  has  2  or  3  churches, 
and  perhaps  .500  inhabitants.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2514. 

JA  Y,  a  township  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Riiiiway.     Pop.  392. 

JAY  RItlDGK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Maine. 

JAY  COUKT-IIOUSE.     See  Portla.vd.  Indiana. 

JAVGUUR  or  JAIGIIUR,  a  town  of  British  India.  Se« 
Ztgiu'R. 

JAYXESVILLE,  jainz'vill.  a  post-villa'^e  of  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  line  between  Carbon  and  Luzerne  counties,  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Maueh  Chunk. 

JAYXESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Covington  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

JAYPOOR.     SeeJETPOOR. 

JA YSULM KV.R  or  JAYSULMIR.    See  Jesshlmeer. 

JA/.bOWICK,  yas-Io-*eef«.i  or  JAEZLOWIEC,  yaz-lo- 
ve-its.  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Oalicla,  on  the  Strypa,  86  miles 
S.E.  of  Lemberg.     Pop.  2100. 

JAZ  V01A,yi-zee'ghe-dh,  a  district  ofllungary,  watered  by 
the  Krasna.  Zaijyva,  and  Tarna.  Area,  13S9,  geographical 
stjuaiv  miles.     Capital,  Jasz-Bereny.     Pop.  124,l'.i3. 

JEAX,  or  JEAN  B.A.B1';L,  zhdNO  bd'b^l',  a  maritime  town 
of  Hayti.  near  its  X.W.  extremity,  with  a  hartior,  X.E.  of 
Capi-  St.  Nicholas. 

J  K  A  \^  K II KTTS',  a  post-office  of  .St.Mary's  parish.I^uisiana. 

JEAN-MAYi'lN.  an  island,  Arctic  Ocean.   See  Jax-.Mavbx. 

JKANS'VILLK.  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

JKHA  or  tiH;U,\..  jA'bd,  a  river  of  W.  Africa,  SenegBUibia. 
S.  of  tlie  Gambia.  At  its  mouth,  (lat.  11°  40'  N.,  Ion.  15°  14' 
W.)  it  is  15  miles  across.  It  is  navigable  only  for  small 
vessels.    See  Kio  GRA^DE. 

JKBA,  ja'bi.  or  GKBA,  (Script.  Gibeah,)  a  village  of  Pa- 
lestine. 6  miles  N.X.E.  of  Jerusalem. 

JKBAIL,  je-hAl'  or  je-bil',  written  also  OEBAIL,*  or 
JUBKIL,  (anc.  BvW(«?)  a  maritime  town  of  Asiatic  Turkev, 
in  Syria,  20  miles  S.W. of  Tripoli;  lat,  34°  12'  X..  Ion.  35° 31'  E. 
It  is  enclosed  by  a  wall,  H  miles  in  circumference,  with 
square  towers  at  intervals,  apparently  of  the  times  of  the 
Crusades.  It  contains  a  castle,  and  numerous  relics  of 
anti'iuity. 

JKBEK,  JKBI  or  DJKBI,  jJb'ee,  a  sm-all  town  of  Arabia, 
in  Yemen,  55  miles  S.W.  of  Sana.  It  is  walled,  and  has  a 
citadel. 

JEP.EL,  jWel.  or  DJEBEL  or  DEJEBEL.  a  province  of 
Arabia,  in  Xedjed,  nearly  in  its  centre,  and  in  which  is  the 
lake  of  Ittra.  which  furnishes  salt  to  many  of  the  adjacent 
provinces.  Ostrich  feathers  form  its  other  principal  article 
of  traffic.    In  it  is  tlie  town  of  Jeb-el-Shammay. 

JEI.EL.  jjb'el.  or  OEBEL.*  is  the  Arabic  name  of  numer- 
ous mountiiins.  Ac.  in  the  Ejist.  some  of  the  principal  being — 

JEBEL-AIvIIDAR.  j^h/el-SkMar'.  a  mountain  of  Arabia, 
in  Oman,  dominion,  and  S.W.  of  Muscat.  Lat.  '23°  X.,  Ion. 
56°  .30'  E.  Elevation,  6000  feet.  Surface  generally  bare  and 
rocky,  but  interspersed  with  well-cultivated  valleys  of  high 
fertiiitv. 

JEBEL-AKRAB.  jib'el-Jk'rIb'.  a  mount.ain  of  Xorth  Sy- 
ria, immediately  S.W.  of  Antioch,  bounding  the  valley  of  the 
Orontes  on  the  S.E.     Elevation,  5318  feet. 

JEBKr.<-ARAB.  j^iyel-dVib',  a  moufttain  of  .\rabi,a.  near 
)ts  S.W.  extremity,  with  a  continued  range  of  peaks,  (the 
"Chimney  Peaks"  of  Ilorsburgh,)  extending  for  18  miles 
from  X.W.  to  S.E. 

JEBEf^EL-KAM.^R.    See  Mouvtains  of  the  Moox. 

JEBELEEVAH  or  JEBELIYAH.jJb'el-ee'yiih.  the  eastern- 
most of  the  Curia  .Muria  Islands,  off  the  S.E.  coastof  .\rabia. 
It  is  a  barren  granite  rock,  rising  in  the  centre  to  560  feet 
in  heiixht. 

JEBEL-IIABAitID,  jJb'el-hrbiVeed',  a  mountiiin  on  the 
S.E.  coast  of  .\rabia.  near  Ras  Hasek.     Elevation.  4000  feet. 

JEBKIv-KlIARAY.  jJl/el-KiVP.  a  mountain  in  the  S.E. 
of  Arabia,  its  S.  peak  in  lat.  12°  41'  N.,  Ion.  44°  76'  E.  Ele- 
vation. 2085  feet. 

JEBEL-MAXIIALT.jJWel-mSn'ha'lee.  a  mountain  in  the 
SW.  of  Arabia,  the  highest  peak  of  the  headland,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  He'l  SeA.     Elevation.  865  feet. 

JEBEli-MOKATTEB,  jJWel-mo-kAt/t^b.  a  mountain  of 
Arabia-Petr!i>a.  40  miles  X.W.  of  Mount  Sinai,  on  the  road 
to  Suez.  Here  are  some  ancient  sepulchres,  and  a  rock 
covered  with  hieroirlvphics. 

JEBEL-ilOK.VrTliM.jJVel-mo-kJt'tim.  a  hilly  range  in 
Egyvt.  extending  for  25  miles  eastward  from  the  Nile,  im- 
mediately S.E.  of  Cairo,  the  citadel  of  which  city  stands  on 
its  W.  extremity. 

JEBEL-XIMROOD  or  JEBEL-XIMRUD,  j^W?l-nimVood', 

•  See  Note  on  page  7^. 


(the  ancient  Nipha/ifn ?)  a  mountain  of  Turkish  Aniienia.  la 
a  prolongation  of  Mount  Taurus,  20  miles  S.  of  .Mu.sh,  Sepa 
rating  the  pashalic  of  Erzrootli  from  Koordistan. 

JEBEL-XOOR  or  JEBEL-XOUR,  jeyfl-noor,  a  mountain 
of  Arabia,  in  Ilejaz,  near  Mecca,  is  where  the  Moham- 
medans believe  the  Angel  Gabriel  to  have  delivered  to  their 
prophet  the  first  portions  of  the  Koran. 

JEBEL-SERBAL.  j^l/el-s^rHi^l',  a  mountain  of  Arabia- 
Petra>a,  near  Mount  Iloreb.    Elevation,  tJ760  fuel. 

JEBEL-SiXJlIAlR,  j^b'gl-so'ghlr',  an  i.sland  in  the  Red 
Sea,  35  miles  X.W.  of  .Mocha.  Jjit.  14°  X.,  Ion.  42°  SO'  £. 
Length  and  breadth,  alxiut  14  miles  each. 

JEBEI^SOOBH  or  JEBEL-SUBII.  jSb/yl-soobh.  a  moun- 
tain in  the  W.  of  Arabia,  between  Yeinbo  and  Jiddah.  It  is 
a  stronghold  of  a  warlike  tribe  of  Beuouins,  and  tanious  for 
producing  the  "balm  of  Mecca." 

JEBEL-T.VR,  jJl/fl-tar,  (sine.  Comhustn,)  a  volcanic  Lsland 
in  the  Red  Sea,  65  miles  ^V.S.W.  of  Loheia. 

JEBEL-TOOR  or  JEBEL-TUR,  jjb'el-toor,  a  village  of 
Palestine,  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  half  a  mile  E.  of  Jeru.sa- 
lem.    Here  is  the  Church  of  the  Ascension.    See  .Ieklsalem. 

JEBEL-TYH.  jSl/fl-tee.  a  long  mountain  chain  of  .\rabia- 
Petnea.  stretching  across  the  peninsula  of  Sinai,  from  the 
Gulf  of  Suez  to  that  of  Akabah,  lat.  20°  X.,  and  bounding 
southward  the  desert  of  El-Tvh,  or  "the  wandering." 

JEBEXIIAUSEX,  yA'bjn-hdw'zen,  a  village  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  circle  of  the  Danube,  S.  of  Goppingen.     Pop.  1153. 

JEBI.  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Jebee. 

JED,  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  the  Cheviots,  and  after 
a  course  of  17  miles,  joins  the  Teviot.  3  miles  X.  of  Jedburgh. 

JED'BURO,  a  post-office  of  Charleston  district,  South 
Carolina. 

JI'IDBIJRGII,  j6d'bar-rtih.  a  royal  parliamentary  and  mu- 
nicipal burgh,  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the 
CO.  of  Roxburgh,  on  the  Jed.  here  crossed  by  2  biidges,  near 
the  Cheviot  Hills,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  the 
parliamentary  burgh.  3277;  of  the  town.  2697.  Its  build- 
ings present  a  curious  mixture  of  the  modern  and  antifiue; 
and  in  the  qu.arter  toi-dering  the  river,  the  inhabitants  pre- 
serve many  local  peculiarities.  The  chief  editices  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  fine  abbey  of  the  twelftli  century,  the  castle, 
now  u.sed  as  a  bridewell  and  prison,  the  county  and  town- 
halls,  United  Presbyterian  churches,  a  handsome  Episcopal 
chapel,  and  Relief  Dissenters,  which  sect  had  its  origin  at 
Jedburgh.  .\t  its  grammar  school  Thomson,  the  poet,  was 
educated.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  biankets»  cai^ 
pets,  flannels,  and  other  woollens,  an  iron  foundry,  and  a 
manufactory  of  printing-presses.  Circuit  courts  for  the 
county  are  held  here  twice  yearly.  The  burgh  unites  with 
Xorth  Berwick.  Haddington,  I.Jiuder,  and  Uunliar.  in  .send- 
ing 1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title 
of  Iwiron  to  the  Man|uis  of  Lothian. 

J  EDI)0  or  JEDO.  a  city  of  Japan.     See  Yeddo. 

JKD'DO.  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co.,  New  York. 

JEDDi).  a  post-office  of  Jelferson  co.,  Ohio. 

JEDLERSEE.  ySd'lfr-.s.V,  a  village  of  Austria,  on  the 
railway  from  Vienna  to  Stockerau,  6?  miles  from  the  former. 

J  EEXD.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.     See  J  hee.nd. 

JEEND.\.N.\.    See  SaxhaltWood  Island. 

JEE'VU.N"'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  E.  of  Odevpoor. 

J  EF'EERSOX.  a  county  in  the  X.X.E.  part  of  Xew  York, 
has  an  aiva  of  about  1140  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  I^fike  Ontario,  and  on  the  X'.W.  by  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  is  drained  by  Black  and  Indian  Rivers,  and  other 
smaller  streams,  which  supply  motive-power  to  numerous 
mills.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  generally  hea\  ily  wooded. 
Tlie  soil  is  usually  a  rich  sandy  loam.  In  1850  this  county 
produced  131.949  tons  of  h.iy — the  greatest  quantity  raised 
in  any  county  of  the  state,  except  Oneida.  It  abounds  in 
iron  ore,  and  some  lead  and  copper  are  found.  The  rail- 
roa<l  connecting  Rome  with  Ogdensburg  )ntersi>(t.-i  the 
ctmnty.  Named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jetferson.  the  third 
President  of  the  United  States.  Capital,  Wutertown.  Pop. 
69,825. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, contains  aliont  500  square  miles.  It  is  trMversed 
from  E.  to  W.  by  Mahoning  and  Redbank  Creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly  and  broken;  the  soil  of  tbepreek  bottoms  is  ex- 
cellent, and  the  level  uplands  are  moderately  fertile.  The 
hills  contain  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  and  stone  coal. 
Capital.  Brookville.     Pop.  18,270. 

JEKFER.-'OX,  a  county  in  tlif^  X.E.  part  of  W.  Virginia, 
bordering  on  the  Potomac,  which  separates  it  from  Alary- 
land,  has  an  ai'ea  of  2'X)  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Shenandoah,  and  bounded  on  the  X.W.  by  Opefjuan 
Creek.  The  county  occupies  part  of  the  Gre;it  Valley  of  Vir- 
ginia, having  the  Blue  Rid^re  on  its  S.E.  border.  The  sur- 
face is  roUinir.  and  the  soil  remarkably  fertile.  The  rock 
which  underlies  the  county  is  fine  limestj>ne.  The  pa.ssage 
of  the  Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
.so  much  admired  for  its  picturesque  .scenery,  is  in  this 
county.  JelTei-son  county  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  by  the  Winchester  and  Potomac 
Railroad.  Organized  in  ISlil.  Capital.  Cbarlestown.  Po^). 
14,535,  of  whom  10,575  were  free,  and  3960  slaves. 

935 


JEF 


JEF 


JEFFKRSOyr.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  634  siia:ire  miles.  It  is  intersected  liv  the  (to^eechee 
River,  .ind  also  drained  hy  the  Itocky  Comfort.  Biir.  and 
Brier  Cieek.s.  The  freneral "surface  is  level :  a  larjre  portion 
of  the  soil  was  oriirinally  very  fei-tile.  Burrstone.  asate. 
chal(«dony.  and  carnelian  are  found.  The  Central  Railroad 
passe.s  throiiph  the  county.  Cai>ital.  Louisville.  Pop.  10,219, 
of  whom  417+  were  free,  and  604.5  slaves.  . 

JKFFKKSON,  acovmty  of  Florida,  borderinij  on  Geortria, 
and  on  Appalachee  Hay  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains 
abo-at  1000  square  mileri.  The  Ocilla  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  S.K.  Mic-osukee  Lake  lies  in  the  N.W. 
part.  Tlie  surface  is  rolling:  the  soil  is  productive.  In 
1850  this  county  produced  94fi8  bales  of  cotton— more  than 
any  other  countv  in  the  state,  exceptin-r  Leon.  Capital, 
Monticello.  Pop".  9876,  of  wUoui  obi)i  wero  free,  and  Hiili 
slaves. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  6f  Alabama, 
has  an  area  of  980  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Locust  Fork  of  Black  Warrior  IHver.  The  surface  is  diver- 
sified bv  hills,  and  by  fertile  valleys.  Four  coiil-mines  were 
worked'in  the  county  in  18&0.  Ironoreisa>iundant.  Capital, 
Elyton.  Pop  11.746,  of  whom  9007  were  free,  ami  2649  slaves. 
JEFFEK>ON,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  iiart  of  Mississippi, 
bordering  on  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  about  630  square 
miles.  The  Mississippi  forms  its  W.  boumlary.  The  soil  is 
fertile.  Cajtital.  Fayette.  Pop.  15,349,  of  wiiom  2953  were 
free,  and  12.:Wi  were  slaves. 

JEFFERSOX,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisiana, 
forms  p.art  of  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi,  and  extends  from 
that  river,  opposite  New  Orleans,  to  the  G  ulf  of  Mexico. 
Area,  384  square  miles.  Barafaria  Bay  wastes  its  S.E.  bor- 
der. The  surface  near  the  gulf  is  partly  occupied  by  exten- 
sive raarslios  or  lakes.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile.  Capi- 
tal, Lafayette.  Pop.  15,372,  of  whom  10,252  were  free,  and 
6120  slaves. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  of  Texas,  occupying  the  S.E.  cor- 
ner of  the  state,  bordering  on  Louisiana  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Area,  aliout  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  K.  by  tlie  .Neches  River  and  Sabine  Lake.  The  surface 
is  occupied  by  a  gi-assy  pl:iin  or  savanna,  containing  a 
sparse  population,  whose  princii)al  business  is  tlie  raising 
of  cattle  and  horses,  which  range  in  immense  herds  over 
these  natural  meadows.  Cai)ital,  Beaumont.  Pop.  1995, 
of  whom  16S6  were  free. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Arkan- 
sas, Contains  about  1290  square  miles.  It  is  intersecteil  by 
Arkansivs  River.  The  surface  is  nearlv  level.  Capital,  Pine 
Bluff.     l>op.  14,971,  of  whom  7825  were  free. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  R.  part  of  Tennessee.  Area 
estimated  at  600  square  miles.  The  Ilolston  liiver  forms 
its  N.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  intersected  by  the  French 
Broad  Kiver.  The  county  is  traversed  hy  hiirh  ridges  and 
fertile  valleys,  belonging  to  the  Alleghany  chain.  Iron  ore 
is  found  in  the  highlands.  The  East  Tennes.see  and  Vir- 
ginia Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capibil,  Dan- 
bridge.  Pop.  16,043,  of  whom  13,947  were  free,  and  2096 
slaves. 

JEFFERSON,  the  most  populous  county  of  Kentucky, 
situated  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  stat*!,  has  an  area  esti- 
mated at  ("lOO  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  forms  its  entire 
N.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Floyd's  Fork  of 
Salt  River,  and  l)y  Beargrass  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversi- 
fied from  the  level  river-lx)ttoms  to  the  rolling  uplands. 
The  soil  is  highly  produrtive,  and  extensively  cultivated. 
The  public  improvements  are  the  Louisville  and  Portland 
Canal,  the  Louisville  and  Frankfort  Railroad,  and  another 
railroad  extending  from  Louihville  to  Nashville  and  Mem- 
phis. Jefferson  was  one  of  tlio  original  counties  of  Ken- 
tucky. Formed  in  1780.  Cipital.  Louisville.  Pop.  89,404, 
of  whom  79,100  were  free,  and  10,304  slaves. 

J|;FFF:RS0N.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  tlie  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Virginia,  con- 
tains ab  mt  350  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  Yellow  and 
Cross  Creeks,  which  flow  into  the  Ohio.  The  surface  is 
pleas.intly  diversified  by  hills  of  moderate  height.  The  soil 
is  very  fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  Stone  coal  is  abundant. 
This  county  is  ii\terseeted  by  the  Pittslmrg,  Columbus  and 
Ciiicii.nati  Railroad.  Capital,  Steubenville.  Population. 
26,115.  ' 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  bor- 
dering on  Kentucky,  contains  about  362  square  miles.  The 
Ohio  Itiver  washes  its  southern  border.  The  surface  ne;ir 
the  river  is  diversified  bv  a  range  of  steep  hills,  which  are 
about  4<K)  feet  hiih.  The  northern  and  centi-al  portions 
are  neaily  level.  The  soil  of  the  rivei^bottoms  and  hills  is 
calearemis  and  very  fertile.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  .Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.  Capitol,  Madison. 
Pop.  25.0.?0. 

JEFFiCRSOy.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  5^.0  square  miles,  It  is  drained  bv  the  head-streams 
of  Dig  Mu,l<ly  River.  The  surface  is  partlv  coven-d  with 
forests,  and  contiins  a  considerable  proportion  of  prairie. 
The  soil  is  moderatel/  fortlle.  Capital,  Mount  Vernon. 
Top.  12,0ro    , 


JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  'Missouri,  tlO^ 
dering  on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Illinois,  has  an  area  of  i*54  square  niiies.  Big  River  flows 
through  the  county,  and  falls  into  the  Maramec,  which 
forms  part  of  the  northern  boundary.  The  county  is  also 
di-ained  by  Plattin.  Joachim,  and  Sandy  (Veeks.  The 
northern  and  eastern  parts  are  generally  level  and  fertile; 
the  western  portion  is  hilly  and  sterile.  The  liills  confciin 
rich  mines  of  lead;  copper  and  cobalt  aie  found  in  sir.s.ller 
quantities.  Capital.  Hillsborough.  Pop.  10,344,  of  wtoni 
9780  were  free,  and  564  slaves. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  4,32  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Big  Cedar 
Creek,  and  the  N.E.  part  is  drained  also  by  Skuuk  River 
and  by  Warrior  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  rolling 
prairies,  and  by  forests  of  oak,  hickory.  &c.  The  soil  is 
good,  weir  watered,  and  easily  cultiv.ated.  Stone  coal  is 
abundant.  The  Burlington  and  Mi.<souri  River  R.R.  passes 
through  this  county.'which  is  among  the  best  improved  in 
the  state.    Capital,  Fairfield.    Pop.  15,0U8. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  has 
an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Rock  River,  and  also  dnained  by  Crawfish  and  Bark  Rivera, 
affluents  of  the  former.  Koshkonong  Lake,  an  expansion 
of  Rock  River,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  tlie  county.  Is  about  8 
miles  long,  and  several  miles  wide.  The  surfaca  is  undu- 
lating. The  soil  is  generally  pood,  and  the  valley  of  Rock 
River  is  noted  for  fertility.  The  underlying  rock  is  blue- 
limestone.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Milwaukee 
and  Mississippi  Riiilroad.  Capital,  Jelferson.  Population 
30.43S. 

JEFFERSON,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  W.".shing- 
ton  Territory,  on  Admiralty  Bay.  This  is  one  of  the  best 
parts  of  the  territory.     County  town.  Port  Townsend. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  at 
the  head  of  Damariscotta  River,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Au- 
gusta.   Pop.  2121. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, situated  on  both  sides  of  Israel's  River,  about  90  miles 
N.  of  Concord.     Pojj.  700. 

JEFFERSON,  also  called  WAT'KINS,a  thriving  post-vil- 
lage in  Dix  township,  Schuyler  co..  New  York,  at  the  head 
of  Seneca  Lake,  and  on  the  Canandaigna  and  Elmira  Rail- 
road, 21  miles  N.of  I'Hmira.  It  contains  5  chxirchcs,  2  banks, 
and  2  ncwspaiier  olhces.  Steamboats  ply  between  this  place 
anil  Geneva.    See  Watkiss.  in  Appendix. 

JE  FFERSON,  a  post-township  of  Sclioliarie  co..  New  Yorlc, 
56  miles  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1716. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Morris  Co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1471. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
Pop.  1 9:5. 

JliFFERSON,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
Pop.  8(3. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1510. 
JEFFERSON,  a  small  village  of  Forest  CO.,  Penn.«ylvania. 
JEFFERSON,   a    post-township,    forming    the   N.E.   ex- 
tremity of  Greene  CO..  Pennsylvania,  8  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Waynesburg.     Pop.  1277. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Ton  Mile  Creek,  atiout  37  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Pittsburg. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Lucerne  co.,  Penu.svlvania. 
Pop.  726. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 
Pop.  779. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  of  York  co..  Pennsylvania,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  York.    Pop.  204. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-villase  of  Frederick  eo..  Maryland, 
83  miles  W.N.W,  of  Annapolis,  contains  several  stores,  and 
about  350  inhabitants. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village  of  Powhattan  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  S.  hank  of  James  River,  35  miles  aliove  Richmond.. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ashe  co..  North 
Carolina,  is  situateil  near  the  .source of  the  New  River,  be- 
tween the  Blue  Ri'lge  and  Stone  Mountain,  about  2o0  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Raleigh.  It  was  settled  about  ISOO,  and  bag 
about  100  inhabitant.'). 

JEFFERSON,  a  postoffice  of  Chestxjvfield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

JEFFERSON,  or  JEJFFERSONTON.  a  post-village.  capital 
of  Camden  co.  Georgia,  on  Santiila  River.  110  miles  S.W.  of 
Savannah.    It  contains  a  couit-hou.se  .and  3  stores. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jack.=on  CO., 
Georgia,  on  a  branch  of  the  Oconee  River.  90  miles  N.  of 
Millmlceville.  It  contains  a  brick  court-house,  a  church, 
an  academy,  and  6  stores. 

JEFFEltSON.a  post-village,  capital  of  Cherokee  co.,  Ala- 
bama, on  Coo.sa  River.  145  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montgomery. 

J  EFFERSO.V.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  ^larengo  co.,  Ala- 
bama, a  few  njiles  N.W.  of  Linden,  the  c<iunty  seat.     It  con- 
tains 1  or  2  churches,  and  several  ttauri.shini.'  seminaries 
JEFFEltSON.  a  post-office  of  Cari-riU  co..  Mississippi. 
JEFFERSON,  a  thriving  post-village,  <apjtal  of  Cass  co- 
Texas,  on  Big  Cypress  Bayou,  4  miles  atwve  its  oDtrause 


JEP 


JEK 


into  Soda  I^ake,  350  miles  N.K.  of  Austin  City.  Soda  lAke 
discharges  itself  into  Red  Kicer,  just  below  the  "Raft." 
Jefferson  is  at  the  head  of  naviuratiou  for  large  steamboats, 
and  is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  a  large  extent  of  fer- 
tile country.  Cotton,  wheat,  cattle,  and  horses  are  the 
chief  articles  of  export.  The  value  of  goods  sold  here  in 
1851,  was  estimated  at  $400,000.  It  was  first  settled  in 
1843.  In  1848  it  contained  250  inhabitants;  in  1800,  about 
1500. 

JI':FFERPO\,a  townshipofSevicrco.,  Arkansas. 

JKFFKR80N',  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Stone's  River,  20  miles  S.K.  of  Nashville,  was  the  county 
town  aljout  40  years  ago. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1845. 

JEFFERSON,  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  56  miles  E.  of  Cleveland.  The 
village  contains  3  churches,  1  academy,  and  about  500  in- 
habitants. Settled  in  1S05,  by  natives  of  New  England. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  S02. 

•  JKFFKRSdN,  a  township  of  Clinton  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1080 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.  V.  loro. 
Jl'.FKERSON.  a  township  of  Fayette  co..  Ohio.  Pop.  2229. 
JEKFERSi  'N,ii  township  of  Franklin  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1391. 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,Ohio.  Pop.  908. 
JEFFEi:SON.a  township  of  Jackson  co.,Ohio.  Pop.  2058. 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1458. 
JEFFERSON,  a  townsliii)  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1829. 
JEFFKRSON,a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.1432. 
JEFFERSON,  a  townshij)  of  Mercer  co.,  < Jluo.  Pop.1003. 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Montgomei-y  CO.,  Ohio.  P.1991. 
JEFFERSitN,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 
JEFFKRSON,  a  township  of  I'reblo  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1842. 
JEFFERSON,  a.township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  2388. 
JEFFERSON,  a  townsjiip  of  Russ  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  909. 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Scioto  Co.,  (Jhio.  Pop.  1227. 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Tu-scarawas  co,  Ohio.  P.  lOoG. 
JEFFEl'.Si  )N,  a  township  of  ^yiiliams  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1586. 
JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Cass  co..  Michigan.  Pop.  1071. 
JI'FFERSON,  a  townsliip  of  Adams  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  440. 
JEFFERSON,  a  townsliip  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  804. 
JEFFERSi  IN,  a  township  of  Cass  Co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  95.3. 
JEFFERSON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 

Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  46  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis.  The 
village  is  situated  in  a  level  and  fertile  track  at  the  termi- 
nus ofa  plank-road  extending  to  Lafayette.  Pop.  about  600. 

JEFFKi;<ON,  a  township  of  Elkhart  co.,Indiana.  Pop.1072. 

JEIFERS  tN,  a  township  olGrant  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.1207. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Greene  co..  Indiana.  Pop.Sl.3. 

JEFFERSON.a  township ofllenry  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1043. 

JEFFERSi  'N,  a  townsliip  of  Jay  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1216. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  CO..  Indiana.  P.508. 

JEFFERSON,  a  town-hip  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1317. 

JEFFERS'  iN,a  township  of  Morgan  co.,Iudiana.   Pop.  915. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  ofNoble  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1087. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1632. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1882, 

JEFFERSON,  a  townr.hip  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.    P.  936. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  19C9. 

J  i:FFEr.SON,  a  township  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1306. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Wayne  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1114. 

JEFFERSON,'a  townsliip  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1440. 

JEFFERSON,  a  i)ost-village  and  township  of  Cook  CO.,  Il- 
linois, on  the  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  Railroad,  9  miles  W. 
of  Chicago.    Pop.  1395. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  In  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  40  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Iowa  City. 

JEFFERSON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Jefferson  co..  Wisconsin,  on  Ro<:k  River,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Crawfish  River,  40  miles  E.  by  S.  of  .Madison.  The 
valley  of  Rock  River  has  a  high  reputation  for  fertility,  and 
the  l)anks  of  the  river  are  remarkable  for  picturesque 
beauty.  .Felferson  has  a  fine  water-power,  and  is  a  place  of 
active  Inisiness.  It  contains  6  churches,  20  stores,  4  mills, 
and  a  chair  factory  The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rail- 
road passes  through  this  village.  Pop.  of  the  township,  in 
1860.  --'006;  of  the  village,  1370. 

JEFFERSON  BAR'RACKS,  a  post-village  and  United 
States  military  statiim  in  St.  Louis  co.,  INIlsgouri,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  12  miles  S.  by.W.  of  St. 
Louis. 

JEFFERSON  CITY,  capital  of  the  state  of  Missouri,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Cole  co.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Miss(^uri 
River,  and  on  the  Pacific  R.iih'oad.  128  miles  by  land,  and 
155  miles  by  water  W.  of  St.  Louis,  and  9S0  miles  from 
Washington.  Lat.  38°  36'  N.,  Ion.  92°  8'  W.  The  situation 
Is  elevated  and  picturesque,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the 
river  and  of  the  cedar-crowned  cliffs  on  the  opposite  shore. 
It  contains  the  state  house,  the  governor's  residence,  a 
handsome  building,  and  the  state  penitentiary,  also  5 
churches,  1  newspaper  office,  and  a  state  armory.  Pop.  in 
1860.  3082 :  in  1S65.  about  3500. 

•  JEFFERSON  C  iLLKfiE.  SeeCANOxsncRG.Pennsvlvania. 
JEFFERSON  CORNERS,  a  post-offlce  of  Whitesides  co., 

llxinois. 


JEFFERSON  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  CO.. 
Pennsylvania. 

JEFFERSON  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.    See  Philadelphia. 

J  EFFERSON  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Coos  co.,  New  llamp 
shire. 

JEFFERSON  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Mis 
souri. 

JEFFERSON'S  RIVER,  the  most  westerly  of  the  thret 
branches  which  form  the  Missouri  River,  rises  in  the  RocKj 
Jlount^iins  in  about  44°  N.  lat.,  and  111°  30'  W.  loa.  It 
flows  alKiut  N.N.i;.  to  join  Gallatin's  River. 

JEF'FERSONTON,  a  post-village  of  Culpepper  co.,  Vir 
ginia,  on  the  Rappahannock  River,  109  miles  N.N.W.  ot 
Richmond.    It  contains  1  church.    Pop.  300. 

JEFFERSONTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Camden  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  SantUla  Kiver,  185  miles  S.SJil.  of  Milledge- 
villu. 

JEFFERSONTOWN,  a  post-village  In  JefTerson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 45  miles  W.  of  Frankfort.    Free  population.  315. 

JEFFERSON  A' ALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co. 
New  York. 

JEFFERSONVILLE,  a  post-offlce  in  Lamoille  co..  Ver- 
mont, 45  miles  N.  of  Moutpelier.  It  contains  several  starcb 
mills. 

JEFFERSONATiLLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York.  95  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

JEFFERSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  between  Norristown  and 
Reading.  3  miles  N.W.  of  the  former. 

JIvFFERSONA'ILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tazewell 
CO.,  Airgiuiii,  1  miles  S.  of  Clinch  River,  and  300  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Richmond.  It  is  situated  near  the  biise  of  Rich  Moun- 
tain, and  contains  a  Ivtnk  and  several  stores. 

JEFFERSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Twiggs  co..  Georgia^ 
22  miles  S.E.  of  Macon,  contains  2  churches,  a  high  school, 
and  150  inh.abitants. 

JEFFERSONVILLE,  a  village  of  Montgomery  oo.,  Ken- 
tucky, 8  miles  E.  of  Mount  Sterling. 

JEFFEl;SONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fayetta  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Sugar  Creek,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus.  It  has  Ichurch, 
and  about  300  inhabitants.     Liiidout  in  1831. 

JEFFERSONVILLE,  a  flourishing  town  of  Clarke  CO., 
Indiana,  is  situated. on  the  Ohio,  nearly  opposite  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  immediately  above  the  falls,  and  40  miles  Ix^low 
Madison.  The  situation  is  elevated,  and  presents  a  delight- 
ful view  of  the  city  of  Louisville,  of  the  broad  and  winding 
river  with  its  verdant  islands,  and  ofa  range  of  hills  a  few 
miles  distant.  The  Ohio  is  about  a  mile  wide  opposite  this 
town,  and  descends  22  feet  in  2  miles,  producing  a  riipid 
current.  Jelfersonville  is  the  S.  terminus  of  a  railroad 
whicli  connects  it  Avith  Indianapolis.  It  contains  8  churchea, 
1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  2  machine-Bhops.  a  largo  manu- 
factory of  hicomotives  and  cars,  several  mills.  3  U.S.  hos- 
pitals, and  the  state  prison  of  Indiana.     Po]>.  4020. 

JEF'FRESTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  oo.  of  Pembroke. 

JEF'FREY'S  CREEK,  of  South  Cirolina,  flows  into  Pedes 
River  from  the  right,  in  Marion. district. 

JEFFREY'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  district, 
South  Carolina. 

JEFFREY'S  STORE,  apost-offlceof  Nottoway  co.,  Virginia. 

JEF'FRIES.  a  post-office  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

JEFREMOV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yefbf.mov. 

Ji;(ilIEDERP0OR,  jjg'id-er-poor',  or  JAGIIEDERPOOR, 
jd'gh?d-ei--poor',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  presidency  of  BengaL 
247  miles  S.W.  of  Cuttack. 

J  Eti  1 SDOR  F,  yi'ghis-donr,  or  JEGISTORF,  y.Vghi.s-tonP, 
''n  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bern. 
Pop.  27-23. 

JKGOR JEVSIC,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yegortevsk. 

JEGUN.  zh.i*giix<  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Auch.    Pop,  in  1852,  2039. 

JEHANARAD,  jA-hSi-nlL-hW,  a  town  of  Riitish  India, 
presidency  of  Hengal,  province  of  Bahar,  38  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Patna.     Pop.  5000.  who  manufacture  superior  cotton  stuffs. 

JEIIO  or  JEIIOL,  a  townof  China.    See  Zhehol. 

JEIIOON.     SeeOxus. 

JEIIOS'HAPIIAT,  VALLEY  OF,  Palestine,  is  a  mountain 
gorge,  immediately  N.E.  of  the  city  of  Jerusalem,  its  lower 
part  forming  the  bed  of  the  brook  Kedron.  It  is  covered  with 
sepulchres,  some  groups  of  which  have  been  named  the 
'■tombs  of  the  Kings"  and  -'of  the  Judges."  lu  the  valley 
are  also  the  reputed  site  of  the  garden  of  Geth.semane.  the 
village  of  Silnam,  and  the  fountain  of  the  Virgin,  supposed 
to  be  the  ancient  pool  of  Bethesda. 

JEITPORE,  jit'pOr',  or  JEITPUR,  jlfpoor',  a  town  of 
Ilindostim,  in  Rundelcund,  22  miles  N.  of  Chatterpoor. 

JEJA  or  JAMA.  jA'ji.  writen  also  JAYA,  a  town  of  Af- 
ghanistan, 48  miles  N.N.W.  of  Furrah.  on  the  route  to  Herat, 
JEJUR'RY.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
37  miles  S.E.  of  Poonah. 

JP:JUY  or-  XEXUY,  nA-Hwe©',  a  river  of  Paragu.av,  flows 
W.  120  miles,  and  joins  the  Paraguay,  N.  of  A.suncion. 
JEKATERINBURG.  Russia.    See  Yek.ateri.nboorg. 
JEKATERINENSTADT    or   JEKATERINSTADT.      Sef 
Yekaterisstadt. 

837 


JEK 

JEKATERtNPKA.rA.       See    Yekaterhipkaia. 

JEKATERINIXSKOI.    Seo  Yekatebinixskoi. 

JKKATERIXODAll,  Russia.     See  Yekaterixobar. 

JEKATERIXOPOL.  Russia.     See  Yekatekinopol. 

JEKATERIXOSLAV,  Russia.     See  Yekaterinosl-AV. 

JEKELFALVA,  yi'kSrfai'TOh',  or  JAKLOWCZE,  ySk^W- 
veet'eA\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  on  the  Giillnitz, 
30  miles  from  Leutschau.     I'op.  982. 

JEKIL-IRMAK.  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.  See  YESHn/-lKMAK. 

JELABUGA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Yelabooga. 

JELALABAD,  j^l-d-ia-bM',  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  in  a 
fertile  plain,  near  the  Cabool  River,  78  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ca- 
bool,  on  the  route  to  Peshawer.  Stationary  population  pi-o- 
bably  3000;  but  the  number  is  greatly  augmented  in  winter. 
It  is  femous  for  the  heroic  and  successful  resistance  made 
here  by  the  British  troops,  under  Sir  R.  Sale,  in  1841-2. 

JELALAB.4D,  (formerly  J9oosftaA-,)acityof  Seistan,  South- 
west Afghanistan,  near  the  river  Helmund.  lat.  31°  20'  X., 
Ion.  61°  40'  E.  Estimated  pop.,  10,000.  It  is  neatly  built 
of  sun-dried  bricks,  and  has  around  it  extensive  ruins. 

Jelalabad  is  also  the  name  of  several  towns  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Agra,  districts  of  Bareilj-,  Etaweh,  and 
Seharunpoor. 

JELALAPOOR,je-ia-ia-poor',  or  JELALAPOOR,  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Betwah,  20 
miles  S.  of  Kalpee. 

JELHLl'OOR/  or  JELALAPOOR,  a  village  of  British  India, 
11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Juanpoor. 

JEL.A.LPOOB.  a  town  of  the  Punjab.    See  Julalpoor. 

JELAXIA,  yA-ia'ne-l  or  JELAXII  NOS.  yA-Mn'yee  noes,  a 
cape  of  European  Russia,  government  of  Archangel,  forming 
the  X.E.  <!Xtremity  of  Nova  Zembla. 

JELATO.M,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yelatom. 

JELENKA.  yA-lfin'kd(?)  a  market-town  of  Kus.sia,  govern- 
ment of  Tchernigov,  10  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Starodoob.     P.  1000. 

JELETZ  or  ELETZ,  a  city  of  Ru.a.^iia.     See  Yeletz. 

JELGAVA  or  JELGAWA.     See  Mitau. 

JELISABETGRAD.    See  Yelisavetgrad. 

JELL,  j  JU.  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  capital  of  the  Magghasis, 
and  70  miles  S.W.  of  Kelat.    Pop.  about  2000. 

JELLASORE,  jeWi-sor',  a  town  of  British  Indk,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal.  44  miles  S.  of  Midnapoor. 

JELLIXG,  yll'ling,  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  North  Jut- 
land, 5  miles  N.W.  of  Veile.  It  was  formerly  a  royal  resi- 
dence, and  remarkable  for  Runic  inscriptions,  and  Banish 
royal  tombs  of  the  tenth  century. 

JEL'LIXGIIY,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Bengal, 
district  of  Rajshahy,  30  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Moorshedabad,  on 
the  JellingUv.  a  branch  of  the  Ganges. 

JEL'LOWAY,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

JELJUR,  a  lake  of  Sweden.    See  IIjelm.ar. 

JELXIA,  a  town  of  Russi.a.     See  Yelxla. 

JKLOLO.  a  town  in  the  island  of  Gilolo.    Seo  Jitoio. 

JEliPESH,  jePpJsh',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
and  provmce  of  Bengal,  in  Rungpoor,  with  a  noted  temple 
of  Seeva,  60  miles  N.X.W.  of  Rungpoor. 

JELPIGORY,  jjl-pe-go'ree,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  65  miles  X.X.W.  of  Rungpoor. 

JELPY-AUMNAIR,  jM'pee-awm'nair',  a  town  of  India,  in 
the  Deccan,  35  miles  E.X.E.  of  Boorhanpoor. 

JHLST,  yM'see,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  10 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Campobasso. 

JELSUil,  yjl'siim,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Friesland. 

JELUM,  a  river  of  the  Punjab.    See  JnvxuM. 

JEM  or  JEMM,  a  town  of  Tunis.    See  El  Jemm 

JEMALABAD  or  JAMALLABAD,  jeh-mai-d-bM',  a  town 
of  Hindostan,  presidency  of  Madras,  110  miles  X.  by  W.  of 
Calicut.  Lat.  13°  3'  N.,  Ion.  75°  25'  E.,  with  an  almost  in- 
accessible fort,  built  by  Tippoo,  on  an  immense  rock. 

JEMARROO  or  JEMARRU,  j^m-mar-roo',  a  territory  of 
West  .\frica.  in  Senegambia,  S.  of  the  Gambia  River,  between 
lat.  13°  and  14°  30'  N. 

JEMEPPE,  zh.i-mjpp',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
9  miles  W.  of  Xaniur,  on  the  Sambro. 

JEMGUM,  yJm'gOCm.  a  market-town  and  river  port  of 
Hanover,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aurich.  on  the  Ems.   Pop.  1230. 

JEMILAII  or  DJEMILAII.  j4mWld\  an  ancient  city  of 
Algeria,  province,  and  50  miles  W.  of  Onstantine.  It  con- 
tains numerous  interesting  monuments  of  antiquity. 

JEMMAPES  or  GEMAPPE,  zh-Vmap/,  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Ilainaut.  on  the  Ilaine  River,  and  on  the 
canal  from  Mons  to  Conde,  3  miles  W.  of  Jlons.  I'op.  4070, 
engaged  in  brewing,  tunning,  and  raising  coal.  Here  the 
French,  under  Duraouriez,  defeated  the  Austrian  forces  in 
1792,  an  event  which  mainly  led  to  the  anne.xation  of  Bel- 
gium to  the  French  Empire,  during  which  Jeniappes  gave 
name  to  a  department  nearly  coextensive  with  the  pi-oviuce 
of  liainaut. 

JE.MMEPES,  zhJm'mJpp',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Liege,  on  the  Meuse,  and  on  the  railway  from  Brussels  to 
Paris.  4i  miles  S.W.  of  Liege.    Pop.  1700. 

JEMTLAXD,  ySmflint,  a  former  political  division  of 
Sweden,  which  now,  with  Herjeadalen,  the  most  barren 
portion  of  the  kingdom,  forms  the  county  or  ten  of  Ostersund. 
938 


JEN 

JENA,  jJn'a,  (Ger.  pron.  yA'nS.)  a  town  of  Central  Gei^ 
many,  duchy  of  Saxe- Weimar,  on  the  Saale,  here  crossed  by 
a  handsome  stone  bridge,  12  miles  E.S.E,  of  Weimar.  Pop. 
6267.  It  stands  in  a  fine  valley,  500  feet  above  the  sea.  and 
is  enclosed  by  walls,  beyond  which  are  several  gool  sub- 
urbs. It  is  regularly  laid  out.  and  well  built.  The  princi- 
pal edifices  are  the  ducal  palace,  Roman  Catholic  and  3 
Lutheran  churches,  several  hospitals,  a  lunatic  asylum,  and 
the  university  buildings.  The  university,  opened  in  1558,  has 
60  professors  and  teachers,  a  library  of  100,000  volumes,  a 
botanic  garden,  and  ob.servatory ;  and  it  had,  in  the  last 
century,  a  high  reputation,  and  was  attended  by  upwards 
of  1000  students,  among  whom  were  Schiller,  Humboldt, 
and  Fichte ;  in  1847,  the  number  was  only  425,  Jena  has 
numerous  scientific  associations,  manufactures  of  coarse 
lineus,  hats,  tobacco,  &c.,  and  three  large  annual  fairs.  It 
is  the  seat  of  tbe  high  court  of  appeal  for  the  Saxon  duchies 
and  Reuss  principalities.  Here,  on  October  14.  1806,  the 
grand  French  army  under  Napoleon  totally  defeated  the 
Prussians  under  their  king  and  the  Duke  of  Brunswick. 
The  latter  fell  in  the  action. 

JE'XA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Alabama. 

JEX'ATZ,  y.i-n;\ts',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Orisons,  on  the  Lanquart,  12  miles  S,E.  of  Mayenfeld.  It 
has  some  sulphur  baths,  and  two  !ar.ie  .annual  fairs. 

JENCKS'VILLE,  a  vill.ige  of  Smithfield  town.ship,  Provi- 
dence CO.,  Rhode  Island,  about  15  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Provi- 
dence. 

JEXDIALEH  or  JINDIALEII.  jSn-de-llfh,  a  town  of  the 
Punjab,  11  miles  S,E.  of  Amritseer. 

JEXDOUL,  jjn-dool',  a  town  of  Afgh.anistan,  near  its  N.E. 
fmntier.  20  miles  N'.E.  of  Bajour. 

JEXDOVICHTSKA.a  town  of  Russia.  See  Yexdovicht.ska. 

JEXEEX.  JEXIX  or  JEXXIX.  j^n-neen'.  (anc.  Ginw'a,)  a 
town  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  17  miles  X.X,E. 
of  Xabloos,  on  the  route  from  Jerusalem  to  Xazareth.  Pop. 
about  2000. 

JEXIDGE-KARASU.     See  Yenidje  K,ara-soo. 

JENIDGE-KIZILAGADJ.    See  Yemdje-Kizilagadj. 

JEXIDGE-VARDAR.     See  Yenidje-Vardar. 

JEXTKAU,  yJn'ne-kOw\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  8 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Czaslau.  Here  the  Swedes  gained  a  victory 
over  tlw  Imperialists,  in  1643. 

JEXIL,  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Genu, 

JEXIX  or  JEXXIX.    See  Jeneen. 

J  EXISEI,  a  river  of  Siberia.     See  Yexlsei. 

JEX'KIXS'  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 95  miles  S.W.  bv  AV.  of  Jefferson  City. 

JEXKIXS'  STORE."a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, about  150  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

JEXK1XT0WX,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  from  Philadelphia  to 
Doylestown,  10  miles  N,  from  the  former.  It  contains  from 
40  to  50  stone  houses. 

JENKS,  a  township  of  Forest  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  149. 

JEX'XE  or  JEXXEH,  jen'nJh\  written  also  JIX'XE,  a 
walled  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Soodan.onan  island  of  its  own 
name,  formed  by  the  Joliba  or  Nicer.  285  miles  S.  bv  W.  of 
Timbuctoo.  I^t.  13°  22'  N.,  Ion.  3°  10'  M".  It  is  a  place  of 
great  commercial  activity,  and  is  resorted  to  for  trade  by 
the  people  of  the  surrounding  country.  The  inhabitants 
are  all  Mohammedans,  and  do  not  permit  infidels  to  enter 
the  town.     Pop.  9000. 

JEX'XER.  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
12  miles  X.  of  Somerset.    Pop.  1762. 

JEX'XERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 69  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

JEX'XERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  turnpike  from  Pittsburg  to  Bedford,  62 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  the  former.    The  post-ojfice  is  named  Jes- 

ner's  CR0SS-Ro.U)S. 

JEX'XIXGS,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains .375  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  A'ernon  Fork 
and  Graham's  Fork  of  Muscatatuck  River,  and  by  Sand 
Creek.  A  portion  of  the  surface  is  hilly.  The  soil  is  mode- 
rately fertile.  It  is  intersected  by  the  .Madison  and  Indian- 
apolis Railroad.  A  quarry  of  millstones  bat  twen  opened  in 
the  county.  Organized  in  1817,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Jonathan  Jennings,  the  first  governor  of  tLo  state.  Capi- 
tal, Vernon.     Pop.  14,749. 

JENNINGS,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co,  llorida. 

JENNING.*,  a  town.-iliip  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio.     Pj)>.  815. 

JENNINGS,  a  townsbiji  of  Van  Wert  co.,'Ohio.   Vo\\  609. 

JEXNIXGS,  a  township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Indiana.    P.  14.31. 

JENNINGS,  a  tovvnsliip  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  '90. 

JENNINGS,  a  jiost-oftice  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 

JENNINGS,  a  township  of  Scott  Co.,  Indiana     Pop.  2584. 

JENX'INGS,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  812. 

JENNIXOS'  CREEK,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

JEXXIXGS"  GAP,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co  ,  Virginia, 
133  miles  W,X,W,  of  Itichmoud.  There  is  a  pas?  through 
North  Mountain  at  this  place, 

JEX'NINGS'OR'DlNARY.apost-villageof  XoUoway  «o,, 
Virginia,  on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railnovli  50uj)l*>s 
W.  of  Richmond. 


JEN 


JER 


JEXXY  LTN'D.  a  post-Tillas;*  of  Sebastian  co„  Arkansas. 

JKXNVtiPOLlS,  R  post-offlcrf  of  Benton  co.,  Oeion. 

JKN'O,  (Jeno,;  ykfnb,  BOROZ,  bo'ioz'  or  KIS,  kish,  a 
fortified  market-town  of  South-east  Hunijary,  co.  of  Arad, 
on  the  Wtiite  Ivorcis,  2S  miles  N.E.  of  Aran.     I'op.  1739. 

JF.SO  (Jeno)  DIOS,  yA'nS'  deeVsh',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Neojrad.     I'op.  1336. 

JKXO  (Jeiiij)  KI.S,  a  town  of  Hunftary.     See  JenS  Boros. 

JKl'EK,  yVpee.  or  SHKBSIIE,  shjh'sheh,a  town  of  Kuro- 
pean  Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  on  the  Bosna,  37  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Bosna-Ser.ii. 

J  Kt'l  FAN'  or  .TKPITAX.     See  Yepifax. 

JKQUITINIIONIIA.  zhi-kee-teen-you'yl,  or  RIO-GRAX- 
DKD>BEIjMON'TE,  ree'ogriln'di-do-b^l-mon'tjl.  a  river  of 
Brazil, rises  in  the  serra  I'edra  Kedonda.  flows,  first  N.  through 
the  province  of  Minas-Geraes,  then  N.E..  enters  the  province 
of  llahia,  and  shortly  after,  passinj;  the  town  of  Helmonte, 
falls  into  the  Atlantic.  Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Ara- 
cuahi  on  the  right,  and  the  Vacaria  on  the  left.  It  was  for- 
merly celebrated  for  the  diamonds  found  in  its  bed.  In  1843 
the  Brazilian  Government  voted  a  considerable  sum  for  the 
improvement  of  the  navi^^ation. 

JERAIIT,  ji-rd'hee\  (ani;.  Jf'di/phon ?,)  a  river  of  Persia, 
province  of  l^hoozistan.  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the 
Kam  Ilormooz  and  Koordistan  Rivei'S,  and  after  a  \V.  course, 
joins  the  Karoon  River,  (anc.  I'am'ti'i/iis,)  near  Moiiiimmerah. 
The  town  of  Fellaueeyah.  and  numerous  remains  of  Sassa- 
niau  edifices  are  on  its  banks. 

■lERA.SH,  a  city  of  Svria.     See  Oeras\. 

JERBA  orGERBA,  j'Jr/ba,  an  island  of  North  Africa,  be- 
lon:;in<;  to  Tunis,  in  the  Gulf  of  Cabes,  15  miles  N.W.of  Zar- 
7.iss.  Length  from  E.  to  W.,  22  miles;  breadth.  14  miles. 
Surface,  level  and  fertile.  On  this  island  isatriumphal  arch 
in  honor  of  Antoninus  and  Verus ;  also  a  pyramid,  from  25  to 
30  feet  in  heiirht,  composed  of  the  skulls  of  the  Spanisli  sol- 
diers who.  under  tha  conduct  of  .Medinac<li  and  .4ndre 
Doria.  perished  here  in  an  .action  against  the  Turks,  in  1558. 

.TEKEMIE.  zh,i^-4^mee'  or  zh^r'^h-mee',  a  seaport  town  of 
Hayti,  on  its  S.W.  peninsula,  125  miles  W.  of  Port-au-Prince. 
Pop.  500O.(?) 

.TEREZ  DE  L\  Frontera,  HiV-rfth'd.4  l.i  fron-t^'rj.  or  simply 
JEREZ  or  XEREZ.  H.i-r^th',  (Port.  Aeren,  shA-r^s'.)  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  16  miles  N.X.E.  of  Cadiz.  It  con- 
sists ofenerally  of  well-built  houses  of  two  or  three  stories, 
nrran^ed  in  retrular  squares,  or  in  spacious,  paved,  clean, 
and  well-lifchted  streets.  The  principal  buildines  are,  the 
Collegiate  church,  (Iglesia  Colegial.)  a  large  structure,  but 
heavy  and  tasteless,  consisting  of  three  naves,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  large  dome;  the  church  of  San  Miguel,  with 
some  fine  sculptures  and  reliefs,  several  otlier  churches,  not 
much  deserving  of  notice;  7  nunneries  and  12  suppressed 
Jionasteries;  the  Alcazar,  an  old  .Moorish  castle,  in  ruins; 
the  town-house,  an  ancient  and  elegant  structure,  with  a  fa- 
cade of  Corinthian  pillars;  a  college  or  gymnasium,  and 
several  public  schools;  a  general  hospital,  a  foundling  hos- 
pital, besides  two  other  hospitals.  The  quantity  of  corn  an- 
nually exported,  averages  16,000  quarters.  The  annual 
e.Kport  of  wine,  well-known  under  the  name  of  sherry,  was, 
on  an  average  of  the  ten  years  ending  1846, 1,982,388  gallons. 
Pop.  33.104. 

JEliEZ,  a  town  of  Central  America.     See  Xeres. 

JEREZ.  XIORES.  Hi-rJth',or  JEREZ  DEL  MARQUESADO, 
H.-1-r^th'  d^l  maR-k.i-sJ'Do,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
province  of.  and  35  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1726. 

JEREZ-(or  XEREZ)-DE-L(>S-CABALLEROS,  h.i-rJth'-dA- 
loce-kd-udl-li'roce,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  40  miles 
S.  of  Badajos,  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  crowned  by  a  castle,  near 
the  Ardilla.  It  is  partly  surrounded  by  an  old  Arab  wall, 
entered  by  six  gates.  It  has  wide  and  well-paved  streets, 
8  squares,  4  parish  churches,  9  chapels,  4  convents ;  a  col- 
lege, several  schools,  2  hospitals,  a  theatre,  storehouse,  and 
cavalrv  barrack.     Pop.  6120. 

JElilCA  or  XERICA,  ni-ree'ki,  a  town  of  Sp.ain.  in  Valen- 
cia. 27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Castellon-de-la-Plana,  on  the  I'alancia. 
It  is  au  ancient  town,  and  pos.sessed  consiilerable  importance 
both  in  Roman  and  Saracen  times.     I'op.  2979. 

JERICIIG.  jJr'eko.  an  ancient  city  of  Palestine,  famed  in 
Scripture  history,  but  now  represented  by  the  miserable 
village  of  Euiha,  (.■4-ree'hS.)  or  Riha,  (ree'lii.)  near  the  N. 
extremity  of  the  Dead  Sea,  18  miles  E.N. E.  of  Jerusalem. 
Some  few  remains  of  antiquity  exist  in  and  around  it,  but 
none  that  can  be  identified  with  buildings  of  any  special 
era.  except  a  few  traces  of  a  Roman  road. 

JERICHO,  j?r'e-ko,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chitten- 
den CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  right  bank  of  Onion  River,  about 
30  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  several  starch  mills, 
and  other  establishments.     Pop.  1669. 

JERICIIl),  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co.,  New  York,  on 
Lcv.g  Island,  about  30  miles  E.  of  New  York  City. 

JERICHO,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  North  Carolina, 
71  miles  E.S.B  of  Raleigh. 

JERICIIG.  a  small  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Alabama,  on 
the  Cahawba  River,  13  miles  N.  of  Marion,  the  county 
town. 

JERICUO,  a  post-cffl"«  of  Henry  co.,  Kentucky. 


JERICHO,  a  postroffice  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

JERICHO,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois 

JEHICHO,  a  small  village  in  Shelby  co.,  Illinois. 

JERICHO  CENTRE,  a  post^village  of  Chittenden  CO., 
Vermont.  32  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier. 

JERTCHOW,  y,Vre-Kov\  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  80 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Elbe.    Pop.  1020. 

JERIM,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Ykrim. 

JERM  or  DJERM.  j^rm,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  in  Bn- 
dukhshan,  on  the  Koksha,  lat.  36°  50'  N.,  Ion.  70°  47'  E.  Pop. 
about  1.500. 

JERMILLO,  zh^R-meello.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Beira-.\lta,  near  the  Serra  de  Estrella,  8  miles  from  G  uarda. 
Pop.  1086. 

JER/.NIGAN,  a  post-ofilce  of  Orange  co.,  Florida. 

JERNIGAN,  a  post-oflice  of  Barbour  co.,  Alabama. 

JERNOT.  a  village  of  Austria.     See  Radnoth. 

JEROME,  je-rom',  a  postrtownship  forming  the  S.E.  ex 
tremity  of  Union  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1426. 

.IER()ME,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wildcat  River.  55  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

J E ROM  EVILLE,  je-r6m'vil,  or  J  ERO.MES/ VILLE,  a  thriv- 
ing post-village  of  Mohiccan  township,  Ashland  co.,  Ohio, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Mohiccan  River,  85  miles  N.N.E. of  Colum- 
bus. There  are  several  large  flouring  mills  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  about  500. 

JERSCHMANITZ,  yjRsh'ma-nits\  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Buntzlau,  aliout  7  miles  from  Aicha.     Pop.  11540. 

JERSEY,  jer'zee,  (anc.  Cke-iarefa.)  the  largest  and  most  S.E. 
of  the  islands  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  English  Channel,  13  miles  W.  of  the  coast  of  France.  (Co- 
tentin.)  and  35  miles  S.  of  Portland  Isle.  Ijit.  of  St.  Helier's, 
49°  11'  3"  N.,  Ion.  2°  7'  W.  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  12  miles; 
average  breadth,  5  miles.  Area,  39,000  acres.  Pop.  in  1851, 
57.155.  The  coasts  are  rocky  and  abrupt ;  the  only  consider- 
able inlet  is  St.  Aubin's  Bay,  on  the  E.  side,  skirted  by  a 
sandy  shore.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  hill  ranges, 
consisting  of  granite  and  schist,  run  mostly  N.  and  S.,  en- 
closing several  fertile  valleys.  The  climate  is  very  mild. 
Mean  annual  temperature,  51°9;  mean  summer,  62°2:  me.an 
winter,  42°6.  Property  is  gre.atly  subdivided,  and  little  corn 
is  raised,  the  chief  produce  Iteing  apples;  the  whole  island 
appears  like  a  continuous  orchard,  dotted  with  picturesque 
vill.iges.  About  2000  hogshe.'ids  of  cider  are  exported. 
Cows  of  a  small  and  good  breed  are  numerous,  and  butter  is 
exported  to  England.  Off  the  S.E.  coast  are  extensive 
oyster-l)eds,  resorted  to  by  a  large  fishing  fleet  belonging 
to  the  island.  The  trade  is  active  and  increasing,  owing  to 
the  absence  of  import  duties,  and  the  privilege  that  the 
Channel  Islands  possess  of  exporting  their  own  produce  to 
England,  subject  only  to  the  same  duties  imposed  on  the 
produce  of  Great  Britain,  In  1845,  .lersey  had  oil  re'.;istere'l 
vessels,  of  27,651  t<ms  burden;  in  1852  the  number  h.ad 
increased  to  370  ve8.sels.  of  34.000  tons ;  exclusive  of  a  con- 
siderable number  of  large  bf«ts.  mostly  engaged  in  the 
oyster-flshery.  Great  numbers  of  vessels  are  annually 
built  in  Jersey.  In  1851,  31  new  vessels,  measuring  2500 
tons,  were  added  to  the  shipping  of  the  island.  Besides 
these,  several  large  vessels  were  built  for  merchants  in  Li- 
verpool. Steamers  commilnicate  frequently  with  South- 
ampton, Weymouth.  St.  Malo.  and  Granville;  the  island  is 
the  residence  of  numerous  English  families  of  limit-jd  in- 
come. Jersey  has  its  own  legislature,  the  ''  states"  rr  in 
sular  parliament  consisting  of  3<i  members,  chosen  by  the  . 
inhabitants,  their  acts  being'confirmed  or  annulled,  in  spe- 
cial  c.ises,  by  the  Viscount  or  English  governor.  From  the 
decisions  of  its  royal  court.  ap|X'al  lies  only  to  the  sovereiirn 
in  council.  The  military  governor  has  under  him  usually 
about  BOO  regular  troops,  besides  which  Jersey  has  a  militia 
of  2.500  men.  with  an  artillery  battalion.  The  island  is  di- 
vided into  12  parishes  in  the  diocese  of  Winchester.  Its 
native  inhabitants  speak  a  French  patms,  and  preserve 
many  Norman  feudal  customs,  the  Channel  Island.?  having 
formed  a  part  of  the  Norman  dominion,  and  remained  at- 
tached to  England  since  tlie  Conquest.  Principal  towns, 
St.  Helier.  the  capitfil,  and  St.  Aubin. 

JEi{'SEY,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Illinois,  border- 
ing on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  al)out  ,350  .square  miles.  It 
is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Illinois  and  Mis.sissippi 
Rivers,  the  former  of  which  firms  the  boundary  on  the  Sv., 
and  tije  latter  on  the  S. ;  Macoupin  Creek  washes  the  N. 
border.  The  county  consists  partly  of  prairie  and  partly  of 
woodland;  the  soil  is  good.    Capital.  Jerseyville.  P.  12,051. 

JERSEY,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  township,  Steuben 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Mud  Creek,  about  12  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Bath.     It  has  several  mills. 

JERSEY,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Licking  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1371. 

JERSEY,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  5Iichigan. 

JERSEY  CITY,  capital  of  Hudson  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the 
right  or  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  its  entrance  into 
New  York  Bay,  and  opposite  New  York  City,  ii-om  which  it 
is  1  mile  distant.  It  is  the  ¥..  terminus  of  the  New  Jersey 
Railroad  leading  to  Philadelphia,  and  the  S.  terminus  of 
the  Hudson  and  Paterson  Railroad.     The  Morris  CaniU  con- 

939 


JER 


JER 


aocts  It  with  Easton,  in  Pennsylvania.  Five  large  ferry- 
boate  ply  continually  between  New  York  and  this  city,  and 
the  Cuuard  line  of  ocean  steamships  run  fi-om  this  port. 
Jersey  City  is  probably  the  greatest  thoroufrhfaie  in  the 
Uiiit<j<l  States;  it  is  well  built,  with  wide  stivets,  crossing 
each  other  at  right  anales,  and  lighted  with  gas.  There  are 
churches  for  Methodists,  Reformed  Dutch,  Presbyterian.s, 
baptists,  Kpiscopaliaus,  and  Catholics.  The  city  contains  2 
baulvs.  a  large  manufactory  of  glass,  1  of  black-lead,  1  of 
porcelain  or  delft/ware,  several  iron  foundries,  and  2  new.s- 
paper  offices.  It  has  several  seminaries  and  a  high  school, 
which  enjoys  a  distinguished  reputation.  Arrangements 
have  recently  been  made  to  supply  this  city  with  water 
from  the  I'as.saic  Kiver.  7  or  8  miles  distant.  The  reservoir 
is  on  Kergen  Hill.  2  miles  W.  of  the  town.  The  cost  of  the 
water-works  is  estimated  at  $600,000.  Steamers  can  alwiiys 
leave  Jersey  City  for  Europe,  without  obstruction  from  ice, 
which  they  cannot  do  from  New  York.  Pop.  iu  ISoO,  11,437 ; 
in  1853.  1H.45G :  and  in  1860,  29,226. 

JKK'SEY  LAN'DING,  a  post-village  of  Jersey  co..  Illinois. 

JEKSEY  I'RAIHIE,  (prA'ree.)  a  postrvillage  of  Cass  co., 
lUiuois,  45  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

JEll/SEY  SET/TLEMENX,  a  postrofflce  of  Daridson  co., 
Nortli  Carolina. 

JERSEY  SHORE,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Lycoming 
CO.,  Pennsylvani;i,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  West  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  105  miles  N.N.W.of  HaiTisburg. 
A  bridge  crosses  the  river  at  this  place.  It  contains  3 
churche-s,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices  and  1  iron  foundry.  It 
is  a  dc'ii'it  for  flour,  pine  lumber  and  tobacco.    Pop.  1365. 

JEIi/SEYTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Slontour  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  75  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

JKR'SEYVILLE,  a  post>village  and  township,  capital  of 
Jersey  CO.,  Illinois,  is  situated  on  a  prairie,  71  miles  S.AV. 
of  Springfield,  and  about  12  miles  from  the  Mississippi 
River.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  and  a  newspaper 
office.    Pop.  2610. 

JE1{TK  or  XERTE,  nJn/tA,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  rises  on  the  frontiers  of  Old  Castile;  flows  S^  and 
Joins  the  Alagon,  after  a  course  of  alcut  50  miles. 

JERTE,  or  XERTE,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Kstremodura, 
province,  and  66  miles  N.N.E.  of  Caceres.    Pop.  1096. 

JEIIUMENIIA,  zhi-roo-mju'yd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  I'iauhi,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Gurguea.  a  tj-ibutary  of 
the  Paruabiba,  95  miles  ^V.  of  Oeiras.     Pop.  3000. 

JEUUS.\IiEM,je-ru'.s.j-lJm,  {also KadusJiah  in  Hebrew;  Or. 
KaSvTti.  KadiUis.  and  '  lepoaoXv/ia.  Hierd-^dluma  ;  L.  Cadtjl- 
tis  and  H!erns(ilyma;  Arab.  i7-A'a<fc,  ^l-kdds,  "thellolv:" 
It.  Cf-/"w.sa/<mHie,  ji-roo-si-lJm'mi;  Fr.  Jiriisalem,  zhS'rii'sil'- 
lim';  Ger.  Jerusalem,  yh-roo'sli-lim^ ;)  a  fiimous  city  of  Pa- 
lestine, interesting  as  the  seat  of  the  most  important  events 
described  in  Holy  Writ,  is  now  comprised  in  the  Turkish 
pasbalic  of  Damascus,  and  near  the  centre  of  the  mountain 
region,  between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Dead  Sea,  33 
miles  S.E.  of  its  port,  JafEi,  and  26150  feet  above  the  sea. 
Lat.  31°  46'  43"  N.,  and  Ion.  35°  13'  E.  Mean  annual  tem- 
perature, 6-2°- 6:  summer,  73°-S ;  winter,  19°-6.  Stationary 
population  variously  estimated  from  10,000  to  20,000,  but 
about  Easter  the  numl)er  is  annually  augmented  by  a  great 
crowd  of  Christian,  Jlohammedau,  and  Jewish  pilgrims. 
The  modern  city  is  situated  on  a  tongue  of  land,  between 
the  valley  of  the  Kedron  (valley  of  Jchoshaphat)  on  the  N. 
and  E.,  and  that  of  Gfhon,  (valley  of  Ilinuom.)  whi<'h  joins 
the  former  immediately  on  the  S.E.,  and  occupies  the  four 
hills  of  Zion  and  Acra  on  the  W.,  and  Moriah  and  Bezetha 
on  the  E.;  these  hills  being  separated  by  a  deep  longitudinal 
valley,  extending  from  N.  to  S.,  and  the  two  former  again 
by  a  transverse  valley,  the  ancient  Ti/ropaon.  The  hills 
arc  of  limestone,  and  the  surrounding  country  is  not  very 
fertile.  The  city  is  about  2i  miles  in  circumference,  sur- 
rounded by  stately  walls  of  hewn  stone,  built  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  and  probalily  enclosing  the  same  area  that 
Jerusalem  has  had  since  the  days  of  Hadrian ;  but  the  city, 
previous  to  its  destruction  by  'Titus,  is  conjectured  to  have 
been  nearly  twice  as  extensive,  and  a  part  even  of  Mount 
Zion,  the  site  of  the  citadel  of  David,  is_  not  comprised 
within  the  modern  walls. 

Jerusalem  is  at  present  entered  by  four  gates  facing  to- 
wards the  cardinal  points.  The  public  ways  are  narrow,  ill- 
paved,  and  dull;  but  the  houses  are  in  general  l>etter  built, 
and  the  streets  cleaner  than  those  of  Alexandria,  Smyrna, 
or  even  Constantinople.  The  dwellings  are  of  hewn  stone, 
many  of  them  large,  and  furnished  with  small  domes,  which 
are  apparently  peculiar  to  the  towns  of  Judea.  All  the  edi- 
fices possessing  any  interest  are  of  a  religious  character.  On 
Blount  .Mori.ih.  is  an  oblong  area,  510  yards  in  length  from 
N.  to  S.,  with  a  breailth  varviug  from  318  to  350  yards, 
which  anciently  fni-med  the  site  of  the  famous  temple,  and 
probalily.  also,  of  the  fortre.ss  of  Antonia.  This  area  is  still 
enclosed  by  walls,  which  on  the  E.  side  form  a  part  of  the 
outer  wall  of  the  city,  and  both  here,  and  at  the  S.W.  cor- 
ner, are  portions  composed  of  stones  of  va.st  size,  considered 
to  have  formed  parts  of  the  identical  walls  raised  by  Solo- 
mon or  his  successors.  Dr.  Robinson  confidently  supposes 
that  he  dijtcoversd  the  traces  of  an  ancient  brid;ie  connecting 


the  temple  with  Mount  Zion,  acro-ss  the  valley  of  the  Tyro- 
poeon,  and  mentioned  by  Josephus  in  his  account  of  the 
capture  of  the  city  by  Titus.  The  tower  of  Ilippicus.  on  the 
W  side  of  the  city,  (mentioned  by  ancient  authorities  as  the 
stai  ting  point  of  the  three  lines  of  walls  which  at  different 
periods  enclosed  it,)  is  still  to  be  identified,  as  are  the  pools 
of  Hezekiah,  Gihon.  and  .Siloani,  the  vaults  and  cisterns  of 
the  temple,  and  some  of  the  ancient  gates  now  walled  up; 
but  few  other  sites  of  antiquity  are  now  trace.able.  and  the 
localities  pointed  out  by  the  Monks  as  those  of  the  actual 
Via  Dolorosa,  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  &c.,  have,  at  best,  but 
an  apocryphal  claim  to  their  titles. 

Among  the  most  conspicuous  modem  buildings,  are  the 
mosque  of  Omar,  (KuhM'^.s-Sukkra,  "  dome  of  the  rock,"')  an 
elegant  octagonal  edifice  erected  between  A.  D.  080  and  693, 
in  the  centre  of  the  temple  area ;  the  mosque  of  El  .\kpa.  afc 
tlie  i^.W.  extremity  of  the  same  area ;  the  gorgeous  church 
of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  a  Byzantine  edifice,  erected  by 
Helena,  the  mother  of  Cousfantine  the  Great,  on  Mount 
Acra,  over  the  reputed  site  of  the  .sepulchre  of  the  Saviour; 
the  Greek,  Coptic,  and  Latin  convents,  and  the  ruined  palace 
of  the  Hospitallers,  on  the  same  mount:  the  Armenian  and 
Syrian  convents,  and  the  church  of  St.  James  on  Mount 
Zion;  the  church  of  St,  Anna,  and  the  reputed  birthplace 
of  the  A'irgiu  on  Mount  Bezetha:  and  the  modern  citadel 
close  to  the  Jaffa  gate.  Between  Mounts  Moriah  and  Be- 
zetha is  a  deep  reservoir,  which  the  monks  have  named 
Bethesda;  Robinson,  however,  conjectures  that  the  true 
Pool  of  Bethesda  was  what  is  now  called  the  Fountain  of 
the  Yirgin,  in  the  valley  of  Jehosbaphat,  without  the  walls, 
and  which  communicates  with  the  Pool  of  Siloam  by  an 
artificial  subteiTaneous  conduit  beneath  Jtount  Ophel. 
Outside  of  the  walls  are  also  the  (so-called)  House  of  Caia- 
phas.  now  an  Armenian  convent,  the  Moslem  tomi).  and 
mosque  of  David,  the  Armenian,  Greek,  and  I>atin  cemeteries, 
all  on  Mount  Zion;  the  Pools  of  Gihon,  and  the  remains  of 
an  ancient  aqueduct;  on  the  N.,  the  Jlohammedan  cemete- 
ries, the  edifices  designated  the  tombs  ''of  the  kings  and  of 
the  judges."  On  the  E.,  in  the  Valley  of  Jehosaphaf,  are 
numerous  other  tombs  and  the  garden  of  Gefh-semane.  lie- 
yond  which  rises  the  Mount  of  Olives,  having  on  its  S.  and 
S  W.  the  Mount  of  Offence  and  village  of  Siloam.  On  the  S. 
the  Valley  of  Ilinnom  (Gihon)  is  bounded  by  the  Hill  of 
Evil  Counsel. 

Jeru.salem  has  some  manufactures  of  soap,  but  its  j)rin- 
cipal  trade  is  in  rosaries  and  similar  products  made  iu  the 
city;  in  the  Middle  .\ges  vast  quantities  of  earth  were  re- 
moved from  holy  localities  within  the  walls,  and  shipped  to 
form  the  famous  eampn  santn  at  Pisa. 

Tlie  city  was  originally  taken  from  the  Jebusites  by  the 
Hebrews  under  Joshua  about  b.  c.  1400 ;  was  taken  and  de- 
stroyed by  Nebuchadnezzar,  B.  C.  598 ;  rebuilt  by  comnmnd 
of  Cyrus,  B.C.  586;  again  taken  by  Ptoknny  Soter.  B.C.  324, 
and  subjugated  to  Egypt;  afterwards  held  by  the  Jlacca- 
bees;  taken  by  Pompey,  B.C.  6«;  and  held  as  a  Roman  city 
under  Herod,  (who  rebuilt  the  temple,)  until  its  almost  total 
destruction  by  the  troops  of  Titus.  A.  D.  70.  At  this  period, 
in  the  words  of  Pliny,  it  was  the  most  famous  city,  not  I'uly 
of  Palestine,  but  of  the  whole  East.  In  a.  d.  135,  the  .lewg 
were  finally  dis|)ersed,  and  the  city  was  again  rebuilt  by 
Adrian.  It  wjis  captured  by  the  Persians  in  614.  by  the 
Saracens  under  Omar  in  637,  in  1099  by  the  Crusaders, 
under  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  and  held  by  the  Christians  for 
88  years,  when  it  was  again  captured  by  the  forces  of  Sala- 
din,  in  1187  ;  it  has  remained  under  Turkish  government 
ever  since,  except  for  a  short  interval  during  1S32,  when  it 
was  taken  by  the  Egyptians  under  Ibrahim  Pasha.  It  h.is 
since  become  the  see  of  a  I'rotestant  liishop,  appointed  alter- 
nately by  the  governments  of  Great  Britain  and  Prussi.i. 
The  population,  consistiug  of  Mohammedans,  Jews,  aud 
Christians,  are  genei-ally  very  poor.  The  language  spoken 
is  the  Arabic. 

JEKUSALEM,  y.A-roo'sJ-lJm,  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment, and  38  miles  E.S.E.  of  Warsaw.  Some  villages  of  the 
same  name  are  in  East  Prussia  and  Styria. 

JliliU'SALEM,  a  po,st-village  and  town.ship  of  Yates  co., 
New  York,  on  Crooked  Lake,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Geneva.  Pop. 
2873. 

JERUSALEM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Southamptoi.  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  Nottoway  River,  75  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

JEHUSALEM,  a  post-office  of  Davie  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

JERUSALEM,  a  ])ost-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

JERUSALEM  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

JERUSALEM  SOUTH,  a  posl^village  of  Queen's  co..  New 
York.  176  miles  S.S.K.  of  Allwny. 

JERVIS,  a  small  island  in  Torres  Strait;  lat.  9°  65  S., 
Ion.  142°  10'  E. 

JEU'VIS  BAY,  New  South  Wales,  85  miles  .S.S.W.  of 
Sydney.  9  miles  in  length  and  breadth,  aud  affords  good 
anchorage. 

JERVIS  CAPE,  South  Australia,  bounds  Spencer  Glili  on 
the  W.  side  of  its  entrance. 

JERVIS  (or  BUNK'ER'S)  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  is  ia 


JES 


JIIY 


lat.  O'^  23'  S,  Ion.  169°  52'  W.,  5  miles  in  circumference,  and 
covered  with  low  shrubs. 

JESALMIll.     See  Jessulmeer. 

JESAN,  a  port  of  Arabia.     St^e  Ghees.vs. 

J  K?Ii  KI!0,  yes'b^Rr,.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Ile.sse-Cassel, 
province  of  Xieder-llessen,  26  miles  S.W. of  Cas.sel.     V.  1280. 

JKSr.  a  town  of  Italy.     See  Iksi. 

JKS'.MON'l).  a  township  of  Entrland,  co.  Northumberland. 

Ji:SROD,j^.s'r(Hl' JE.SK()UT..)4sVoof,  or  JUSIlOUTAjas- 
roo'td.  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  (i"  miles  N'.  of  Amritseer. 

JK.S'SAMINE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  250  square  miles.  It  is  Ixjunded 
on  the  S.  and  S.E.  by  tlie  Kentucky  Kiver,  and  drained  by 
HicUiiian  and  Jessamine  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulatinj; ; 
the  S'jil  is  remarkably  fertile.  The  Lexington  and  Danville 
Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  Nicholasville. 
Pop.  'jitO;'),  of  whom  6767  were  free,  and  3698  slaves. 

JES.».\!MINE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Jessamine  co.,  Kentucky. 

JKS.SAMIXE  CKKEK,  of  Jessamine  co.,  Kentucky,  flows 
S.W.  into  the  Kentucky  Kiver. 

J  KSS  AV  A.  yjs-sd'vi,  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  in  Servia, 
joins  the  Danube  at  Semendria.     Length,  80  miles. 

J1>.-^ELMEKE.    See  Jessulmeer. 

Jhl^.SEN,  ySs'sen  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  .50  miles 
N.E.  (.f  Mersebur'g,  on  the  Black  Elster.     Pop.  2425. 

JE>.SEN.  a  village  of  Siixony,  N.W.  of  Dresden. 

JE.S'SE"S  ST01!E.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  Co.,  Kentucky. 

JESSNITZ,  yjss'nits,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Anhalt- 
Dessau.  on  the  JIulde,  10  miles  S.  of  Dessau.    Pop.  2200. 

JKS80,  an  island  of  Japan.    See  Yesso. 

JE.SSOOL,  .)4.s'sool',  or  JESVK)!/,  a  town  of  the  Punjab, 
near  the  Indus.  10  miles  S.  of  Leia.  on  the  route  to  IMooltan. 

JESSOllE,  jJs'sOr',  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency, 
and  province  of  Bengal,  occupying  the  centre  of  the  Ganges 
delt:i.     Area,  51S0  square  miles.     I'op.  903,0<K). 

JE.SSOIIE.  a  town  of  British  India.     See  Moorlet. 

JESSULMEER.  JESSELMEKE,  JESALMIU,jiVsel-meer', 
written  also  JAVSULMEER  or  JAYSULMIR,  jii-sdl-meer', 
one  of  the  live  principal  Rajpoot  stat<?s  of  West  Ilindostan, 
comprising  a  large  part  of  the  Indian  Desert,  between  lat. 
26°  and  28°  N..  and  Ion.  69°  and  72°  E.  Area,  9779  square 
miles.     Pop.  ;i00.0J0.(?) 

JKSSULMEER  or  JESSELMERE,  a  town  of  Ilindostan, 
capital  of  the  above  state,  138  miles  W.X.W.  of  Joodpoor. 
•Lat.  26°  55'  N'.,  Ion.  71°  28'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  20.000.  It 
is  about  2  miles  in  circumference,  enclosed  by  a  loose  stone 
rampart,  and  has  a  strong  fort  on  a  scarped  rock.  The  town 
IS  regularly  laid  out,  well  built,  and  the  residence  of  many 
opulent  merchants,  l)eing  on  the  high  commercial  route  bo- 
tween  Malwah  and  the  port  of  liurrachee. 

JKS'SUP,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop,  867. 

JESSUP'S  LANDING,  a  village  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Ilud.son  River,  about  42  miles  N,  of  Albany, 

JESSUP'S  RIVER,  rises  in  the  E.N,E.partof  Hamilton  CO., 
New  Y(rrk,  and  enters  the  Hudson  River  in  Essex  countv, 

JESTETXKN,  yiVtJften,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  "of 
Upper  Ithine,  on  the  Swiss  frontiers.    Pop.  890. 

JESL'ICO.     See  Port  IIooD. 

JE'SUS  ISLAND,  Canada  East,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Mon- 
treal, is  bounded  by  the  St.  John  and  Prairie  Rivers,  the 
branches  of  the  Ottawa,  liefore  it  joins  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Length.  23  miles:  greatest  breadth,  6  miles. 

Ji:'srs  MARl'A,  an  island  of  the  South  Pacific,  E.  of 
Adniir.ilty  Island. 

JESU.S  MARIA,  CAPE,  in  Uruguay,  N.  of  the  estuary 
of  the  I'lata,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Montevideo. 

JET'KRSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia,  54 
miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

JETIIOU,  zhA^too',  one  of  the  smaller  Channel  Islands, 
belou;;ing  to  Great  Britain,  2i  miles  E.  of  Guernsey. 

JETTING K\,  yjfting-eu,  a  village  of  Bavai-ia,  circle  of 
Swabia.  on  the  Mindel,  21  miles  W.  of  Augsburg.  Pop.  1631. 

JETZE,  y^t'seh,  or  JEETZE,  yAt/s^h,  a  small  river  of 
North  Germany,  falls  into  the  Elbe  at  Ilitsacker,  near  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  the  Hanover. 

JEV,  ji5v,  or  GIIEVE,  gi'veh,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Esthonia.  on  the  road  from  Revel  to  St.  Peters- 
burg. 27  miles  W.  of  Narva.     Pop.  1500. 

JEVE.  jd/vfh.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Viina. 

JEVER,  yi'ver,  a  walled  town  of  North  Germany,  grand 
duchv,  and  33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Oldenburg,  on  the  Sieltief 
Canal.     Pop.  3361. 

JEA''INGTON,  a  p,<irish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

JE\\'.\LA-MUKI,  je-wi'ld-moo/kee,  ("  mouth  of  flame,")  a 
town  and  famous  place  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  in  the  Punjab, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Nadaun.  Pop.  atxmt  3000.  It  has  several 
temples,  a  large  bazaar,  and  mineral  springs. 

JEW'l'iLL  HILL,  a  post-ofRce,  Madison  co.,  North  Carolina. 

JEA\''ETT,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co.,  New  York,  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1145. 

JEWI;tT  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  New 
Yoi-k.  in  the  above  township. 

JEWETX  CITY,  J,  post-nllage  of  Griswold  township,  New 


London  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Norwich  and  Worcestfir 
Railroad,  where  it  crosses  the  IJuinebaug  IJiver,  9  miles 
N.E.  bj'  N.  of  Norwich.  It  contains  several  churches,  a  cct- 
ton  factory,  and  a  bank. 

JEYPOOR,  JYEPOOR,  or  JYPOOR,  jl-poor'.  one  of  the 
live  principal  Rajpoot  states  of  Ilindostan,  tril)utary  to  the 
British,  contains  some  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Ilindos- 
tan, and  numerous  Jain  temples.    Capital,  Jevpoor. 

JEYPOOR,  JYEPOOR,  or  J  YPOOR,  a  city  and  capit.al  of  the 
above  state,  in  a  barren  valley,  148  miles  S.W.  of  Delhi. 
Estimated  pop.  6O.O1X).  It  is,  altogether,  the  hand.sfjmest  and 
most  regularly  built  city  in  Ilindostan.  It  is  enclosed  by 
a  battlemented  stone  wall,  flanked  by  towers,  commanded 
by  a  cit.adel  and  a  line  of  forts  on  adjacent  heights,  and  has 
some  spacious  market-places,  good  S(iuares  of  hcuses  of  many 
stories  in  height,  nnmerovis  temples  in  the  purest  Hindoo 
style,  and  a  magnificent  palace,  constructed  iiy  an  Italian 
architect  in  the  fifteenth  century,  for  a  riijah,  luider  whom 
Jeypoor  was  a  chief  seat  of  Hindoo  learning. 

Jl':\'i'OOR-GHAUT,  4  miles  W.  of  the  alwve,  is  a  dreary 
defile,  in  which  various  palaces,  pavilions,  and  temples  were 
built  by  a  former  rajah. 

JEZ'AR-ERKENE,  (^r/kA-nSh\)  or  DJES'R-ERKENEH, 
a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  JIaritza, 
at  its  confluence  with  the  Erkene,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Adrianople. 
Pop.  2000. 

J  EZD.  a  city  of  Persia.    See  Y'ezp. 

JEZEEJl,  JKZIIL  jez-eer',  or  JEZEERET,  (JEZTRET,) 
jiz-ee'ret,  an  Arabian  woi'd,  signifying  island,  forming  a  part 
of  various  name.s, 

JEZEEREII-(or  JRZ1REII)-IBN-0MAR,  jfe'ee'rjh-lb'n-o^ 
mar',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa.'«halic,  .and  130  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Diarbekir,  on  an  island  in  the  Tigris,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge,  which,  like  the  castle  and  the  rest  of  the  town,  ig 
now  mostly  in  ruins. 

JEZEEUET,  JEZIRET,  IIELLANIYAH  or  HULLA- 
NIYAH.    See  Curia  Muri.\. 

JEZEERET  or  JEZIRET-FAROON,  j?z-ee'ret-faVoon',  a 
small  island  of  Arabia-Petrrea,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Akabah,  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Akabah.  Some  ex- 
tensive remains  of  antiquity  here  have  given  rise  to  the 
supposition  that  thi.s  was  tire  ancient  Math. 

J EZ K KRET-f.l  I ;Z1  RET)-H A.SSAN,  jfe-ee/ret-has/sSnN  and 
JEZKKRET-KS-SABA.  (^s-s^'bd,)  (i.e.  "the  brothers,")  are 
rocks  in  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Maudeb. 

JEZIHET.    See  Jezeer. 

JEZOW  or  JEZOV,  y.i'zov,  a  town  of  Poland,  government, 
and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Warsaw.  Pop.  3036,  chiefly  employed  In 
manufacturing  woollen  cloths.  Its  fortifications,  once  for- 
midable, have  been  destroyed. 

JEZ/REEL,  a  village  of  Palestine,  identified  with  the 
modern  Zereen.    See  Zekeen. 

JIIALAWAN,  jd-ld-wdn',  a  province  of  East  Beloochistan, 
between  lat.  26°  and  2<t°  N.,  and  Ion.  65°  and  67°  30' E. 
Area,  20,000  square  miles.  Pop.  30,000.  It  has  only  a  few 
productive  tracts. 

JHALLCJDE,  jJriSd',  a  town  of  India,  dominions,  and 
79  miles  N.N.E.  of  Barotla. 

JH.\LI^;)RE,  jiil'IOr',  a  town  of  India,  dominions,  and  75 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Joodpoor. 

JHANSIor  JANSI,  jSn'see.  a  town  and  fort  of  Ilindostan, 
in  Bundelcund,  capital  of  a  r-aj-nhsbip.  63  miles  S.W.  of  Gwa- 
lior.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  arms  and  carpets,  and  a 
considerable  share  of  the  trade  between  the  Deccan  and  the 
Bengal  Upper  Provinces.  Its  rajahship  has  an  area  of  2922 
square  miles.     Pop.  2S9,tX)0, 

JHAN.S0OJEAX0  or  JHANSU-JEANG,  jan-soo'-j.'\-ang./ 
a  fortified  rock,  in  Thibet,  37  miles  S.E.  of  Teshoo-Lombo, 

JH.\RRAII,  jdr/rd,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  iu  Cutch,  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Luckput-Bunder. 

JHEEND  or  JEEND.  jeend,  a  walled  town  of  North-west 
Ilindostan,  75  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi,  capital  of  a  rajahship. 

JHONKUK,  jfmg^kfir',  a  town  of  India,  in  tlie  Gwalior 
dominions.  34  miles  E.  of  Oojein. 

JIIOONJOON.'V.  joon-joo'nd,  a  town  of  India,  in  Rajpoo- 
tana,  24  miles  S,E,  of  Chooroo,  in  an  aa.sisof  the  desert,  and 
handsomely  built. 

JHOONJOONA.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  in  Ajmeer,  125 
miles  S.W.  of  Delhi.    Lat.  28°  2'  N.,  ion.  75°  22'  E. 

J  HOW,  j(5w,  a  town  of  Beioochistiin,  province  of  Mekran, 
40  miles  N.W.  of  Bela.  Around  it  many  remains  of  anti- 
quitv  have  been  discovered. 

JIIYLUM,  JA1LUM,JYLUM.  JILUM,  jilUm.  written  also 
JELUM  or  BEIIUT,  be-hut/,  (unc.  Hi/elan'pes.)  the  western- 
most of  the  "  five  rivers''  of  the  Punjab,  rises  in  Cashmere,  the 
whole  of  which  valley  It  drains,  and  after  a  S.W.  course  esti- 
mated at  350  miles,  joins  the  Chenaulj,  80  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Mooltan,  from  which  junction  it  is  navigable  upwards  nearly 
to  its  emergence  from  the  mountains.  It  is  also  navigable 
for  70  miles  in  Cashmere.  Chief  affluents,  the  Kishengunga. 
and  Pir-Panjal.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Islamabad,  Shaha- 
bad.  Serinagur,  Jhvlum.  Julalpoor,  and  Pind  Daduu  Khan. 

JHYLUMor  J.AILUM.  ji'lQm,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  above  river,  Is  in  lat.  33°  2'  N.,  Ion.  75" 
36'  E.    It  is  large  and  clean,  though  its  streets  are  narrow 

941 


JIA 


JOH 


and  Intricate.    The  river  is  here  q:enerally  fordable,  and,  on 
that  account.  Sir  A.  Burnes  considered  Jhylum  to  have  i)een 
the  place  of  contlict  between  Alexander  the  Orejit  and  Torus. 
Jl  AHAK,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Giap.ar. 

JIDDAII.  JIDDA  or  DJIDD.VH.  jid'dil,  a  seaport  town,  and 
one  of  the  principal  trading  entrepots  of  Arabia,  in  Htigaz,  66 
miles  W.  of  ilecca,  of  which  it  is  the  port,  Lat.  21°  28'  3" 
v..  ion.  .39°  13'  E.  Stationary  population  estimated  by  KUiv 
pell  at  22,000  (?)  The  town  proper  is  built  of  madrepore  and 
stone,  and  is  cleaner  thiin  most  places  in  the  Kast ;  the  sub- 
urbs are  mean.  The  public  buildings  comprise  numerous 
lihans,  several  mosques,  the  goveruor"fS  residence,  custom- 
house, small  castle,  and  the  reputed  tomb  of  Kve!  The 
vicinity  is  a  bare  desert.  Itain-water  lias  to  be  carefully 
preserved  in  cisterns,  and  provisions  to  be  brought  from  a 
long  distance;  yet  .Tiddah  has  a  large  transit  trade  with 
all  the  surrounding  countries.  Imports  from  Abyssinia  and 
Egypt  consist  of  provisions,  tobacco,  clothing,  musk,  civet, 
and  incense;  muslins  and  other  fabrics,  teak,  cocoa-nuts, 
epices.  and  shawls  are  received  from  India;  spice  and  slaves 
from  the  Malay  Archipelago;  and  slaves  also  from  Jlozam- 
bique.  Exports  to  Abyssinia  consist  of  coral,  Egyptian  cot-- 
ton  goods,  sword-blades,  matchlocks,  cutlery,  hardwares, 
mirrors,  and  leather;  and  goods  of  all  thealjove  kinds,  with 
dates,  coffee,  and  Mecca  balm,  are  sent  by  sea.  to  Suez, 
nhenee  they  are  distributed  over  the  whole  Levant.  In 
ISo'.l.  the  value  of  imports  from  India  and  China  was  esti- 
mated at  $1,006,140,  and  of  the  total  imports  at  $2,334,144, 
whi  'h  sum  vnia  nearly  balanced  by  the  exports.  In  1843, 
the  imports  amounted  to  $2,395,800.  Many  thousand  pil- 
grims arrive  here  annually  on  the  route  to  Jlecca.  'The 
sheriff  of  th.at  city  has  ruled  in  Jiddah  from  the  time  of 
Mohammed  to  the  present  century,  during  which  period  the 
town  has  substantially  formed  a  part  of  the  dominions  of 
the  Egyptian  pasha. 

JIGA-rtOU-NGGAR,  jee'gd^ong^gar'  (?)  a  town  of  Thibet, 
45milesS.W.of  Lassa.  Lsit.  29°  58' N.,  Ion.  91°  28' E.  Popu- 
lation said  to  comprise  20.000  families. 

JIGAN'SK  orGIGAN'SK,je-gdnsk,  a  town  of  Siberia,  on 
the  Lena.     Lat.  66°  30'  N.,  Ion.  125°  E. 

JIHOOX,  a  riverof  Asia.     See  Oxus. 

JIJKLI,  GIGELLI.  or  DJIGELLI,  je-jJllee.  a  fortified 
m.^ritime  town  of  Algeria,  province,  and  54  miles  N.W.  of 
Constantine.  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Bougiah.  Pop. 
106:1  It  has  communication  by  French  steamers  with  Algiers. 

.TI.TIGIXSK.  GI.IIGIIINSK  or  GIJIGIXSK,  je-je-ghinsk', 
written  also  IJIGIIINSK,  a  fortified  town  of  East  Siberia, 
provinceof  Okhotsk,  at  the  head  of  its  gulf,  70  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Penjinsk. 

JIJIGINSK  or  IJIGIIINSK,  GULF  OF,  an  arm  of  the 
Gulf  of  Penjinsk.  from  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  between  lat.  60° 
and  60°  30'  X..  and  Ion.  155°  and  160°  E. 

JI.IOXA  or  XIXOXA.  He-Ho'ni.  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  18  miles  X.W.  of  Alicante.  Pop.  4796.  Chief  industry, 
linen-weaving  and  manufacture  of  .shoes, 

JIKADZE,  je-kdd'z't,  JIKADAZK,  jekil'da-zA,  or  SIII- 
K.A.TZE,  she-kJt'si,  a  town  of  Thibet,  near  the  Yaroo  Dzangbo 
160  miles  W.S.AV.  of  I^ssa.     Pop.  estimated  at  100,0UO. 

JILLIFKEY,  jil'le-frA',  a  town  of  West  Africa,  on  the  N. 
shore  of  the  river  Gambia,  opposite  Fort  James. 

J 1  LOCO  or  XI  LOCO,  ne-lo'ko,  and  JILOX  or  XILOX,  He- 
Ion',  two  rivers  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  unite  at  Calatiiyud  to 
form  a  tributary  of  the  Ebro,  which  it  jpins,  12  miles  X.W. 
of  Saragossa,  after  a  X.E.  course  of  alwut  lOi)  miles. 

JILOX.    See-JiLoco. 

JI LUM.  a  river  of  the  Punjab.    See  JnnxM. 

J1MAMAIL.\X,  ne-md-mi-lin'  or  jee-mi-ml-ljn'.  a  town 
of  the  Pliilippines,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island  of  Xegros, 
near  the  conlluence  of  the  river  Talaban  and  Vignit.  Pop.  1685. 

JIMEN'.V  or  XIMEN.\,  ue-mA'ui,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, 14  miles  from  Jaen,    Pop.  1507, 

JIMEXA  (or  XIMEXA)  DE  LA  FKOXTERA,  ne-m.'\'nJl 
d.-V  \i  fron-tVri,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  46  miles  E. 
of  Ca<liz,  on  the  E.  declivity  of  the  Siorrsi  de  Gazules, 
crowned  by  an  old  Roman  fort.    Pop.  5878. 

JIMERA  (or  XIMERA)  DE  LIVAR,  He-mri/r.*  dA  le-vaR', 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  45  miles  'W.S.W.  of  Malaga. 
Pop.  1068. 

JIXDI.\LEII,  a  town  of  the  Punjab.    See  Jenduleh. 

JIRGEU,  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  Giroeh. 

JITOMIll,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Ziutomeer. 

JIZEII.     See  Ghekzeh. 

JOA.  jo'i.  a  moutli  of  the  Indus  during  Inundations,  but 
In  the  dry  season  merely  a  salt-water  creek.  Lat,  25°  15'  N., 
Ion.  67°  19'  E. 

JOA,  a  large,  flourishing  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  Salt 
Range,  about  110  miles  N.W.  of  Lahore. 

JOACHIM  (jo'a-kim)  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  enters  the 
Mississippi  .at  Uerculaneum. 

JOAClllMSTIlAL,  yo'd-KimsHil,  a  free  mining-town  of 
Bohemia.  14  miles  N. X.E.    ofEltjogen.     Pop.  4386. 

JOACniM.STIIAL,  a  town  of  Prussia,  provinceof  Bran- 
denburg. .35  miles  X.E.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  1660. 

JOAO,  jo-ig',  a  walled  town  of  West  Afriai,  in  Senegambia; 
Ut.U°30'N,,lon  10P50'.  Pop,  2000, 
M2 


JOAXKO,  jo-Jn'ko,  a  lake  of  Siberia,  In  the  Arctic  Circle, 
in  lat,  175°  i;.,  in  the  territory  of  the  Tchooktchees.  It  iB 
about  24  miles  long,  by  12  miles  broad,  and  dischargriS 
itself  through  the  Anadeer,  (.4midir,)  which  issues  from  ita 
W.  extremity. 

JOAXXA  i'URXACE.apost-office,Berksco.,  Pennsylvania. 

JOAXXES.  a  large  island  of  Brazil.     See  Marajo. 

JO.\XXIXA,  a  town  of  Turkey."  See  Yaxina. 

JO.iZEIRAS,  zho-d-zi'rSs,  a  small  town  of  Biazil.  pro- 
vince of  Bahia,  on  the  San  Francisco,  65  miles  X,X.W,  ot 
Jacobin.a. 

JOB,  zhob,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Dome,  4  miles  X.  of  .\mbert.     Pop.  3120. 

Jt)BE.  job.  a  post-office  of  Oregon  co.,  Mis-souri. 

JOBIE,  jo'bee,  an  island  in  the  Mal.iy  Archipelago,  adja- 
cent to  Papua,  on  the  X.  side  of  its  irreat  l«y.  Lat.  1°  ;ib> 
S..  Ion.  between  135°  30'  and  137°  -SO'  E.  Length,  from  W. 
to  E.,  100  miles;  greatest  breadth,  25  miles.  The  Strait  of 
Jobie  separates  it  on  the  X.  from  the  island  of  5Ivsory. 

JOBLA  or  DJOBLA,  jobld,  a  considerable  town  of  Ar* 
bia,  in  Yemen,  on  a  river,  103  miles  S.S.W.  of  Siina. 

JOBSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  eo.,  New  Jersey, 
6  miles  E.X.E.  of  Jlount  Holly. 

JOBS'VILLE.  a  village  of  Gloucester  co,.  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Delaware  River.  3  or  4  miles  W.  of  Woodbury. 

JOCJOOARTA.  Java,     See  D.;okjokaria. 

JiXlKMOCK.  )ok'mok,  a  market-town  of  North  Sweden, 
leen.  and  95  miles  N.W.  of  PiteS.     Pop.  1400. 

JOD.^R  or  XODAR,  no-daR/,  a  town  of  Spain,  26  miles 
E.  of  ,Taen,  near  the  Guadalquivir.     Pop.  3614. 

JO  D.VVIESS,  jo  dA'viss.  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Illinois,  bordering  on  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  has 
an  area  of  650  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  River  forni.i 
its  S.W,  boundary.  The  Fevre  and  Apple  Rivers  How 
through  the  county.  It  is  also  drained  by  Plum  River  and 
Rush  Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  generally 
good.  The  county  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  rich  mines 
of  lead  and  copper,  which  are  exten.slvely  worked.  It  is  in- 
tersected liy  the  Central  Railroad  (main  line).  Named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  Joseph  Hamilton  Daviess,  who  fell  in  the 
buttle  of 'I'ippecanoe.    Capital,  Galena,    Pop.  27,325, 

.TODOIO.N'E,  zho^dwaB',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
South  Brabant.  6  miles  S.S.W  of  Tirlemont.     Pop.  .3328. 

JOE  BAYOU,  j8  bi'oo,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  parish, 
Louisiana. 

JOEL.STOR  or  JOLSTOR.  (Jolstor.)  j-ol'stor,  a  parish  of 
X'orway,  stiff,  and  80  miles  X.X.E.  of  Bergen.     Pop.  1811. 

JOE"S  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co..  Kentucky. 

JOHAX'XA.  called  also  AXJOUAX.  an'zhoo-dn'.  or  AN- 
ZOOAX  (AXZUAX.)iln'zoo-an'.  and  IIIXZUAX,  hin^zoo-ln', 
the  central  and  most  frequented,  though  not  largest  of  the 
Comoro  Islands,  in  Mozambi((ue  Channel.  It  is  26  miles  in 
lenirth,  by  IS  miles  in  breadth,  and  has  a  central  peak  3S0C 
fe.'f  above  the  sea.  in  Int.  12°  13"  S..  Ion.  44° 29'  E.  P. 20.000 (?). 
It  is  well  Avoodi'd.  well  watered,  fertile,  and  picturesque. 

JOHAXNESBKRG,  yo-hin'oes-bfinr.',  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
on  the  Neisse.  9  miles  from  Reichenherg.     Pop.  1162. 

JOIIAXXI'.STIIAL,  yo-baii'nes-tar.  a  town  of  Austria,  In 
Silesia.  29  miles  X.W.  of  Troppau.     Pop  2000. 

JOIIAXX-GEOKGEXSTADT.  yo-h^nn'g.A-oR'ghfn-.statt'.  a 
frontier  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Schw.arzwasser,  29  miles 
.S.^V.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  3895.  mostly  employed  in  iron-mines, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  lace.  "The  town  was  founded  ia 
1654,  by  Protestant  refugees  from  l?ohemia. 

JOII.^NXISBERG.  jo-han'nis-berg,  (Ger.  pron,  yo-hln'nis- 
hjRu\)  a  village  of  \Vest  Germany,  duchy  of  Xa.ssau.  on  a  hill 
near  the  Rhine,  13  miles  W.  of  Mentz  with  a  castle,  which 
was  given  to  Prince  Metternich  by  the  allies,  in  1816,  and 
famous  fur  its  vinevard.  yielding  the  finest  li/xik  wine. 

JOlIAXXISBUliG,  yo^han'nis-b«>Rn\  a  town  of  East  Prus- 
sia. 70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gumbinnen.     Pop.  2100. 

JOIIX  O'GROAT'S  (o-grawts)  HOUSE,  Scotland,  co.  of 
Caithness,  1^  miles  W.  of  Duncansbsiy  Ile^d,  is  the  name 
of  a  site  once  occupied  by  a  cottage,  .ind  is  nearly  the  most 
X,  point  of  Britain. 

JOIIX  QUIXCY  ADAMS,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  In- 
diana.   Pop.  856. 

JOHN  RIVER,  a  sm.all  stream  of  Coos  co..  New  Hnmi^ 
shire,  falls  into  the  Connecticut  in  the  X.  part  of  the  state. 

JOHNS,  a  post-office  of  Liberty  co..  Texas. 

J0HXS'BUR(5,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  at  the  N.AV. 
extremity  of  Warren  co..  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River, 
about  85  miles  X.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2188. 

JOHN'S  IIA'VEN,  a  se.-iport  village  of  Scotland.  CO.  of 
Kincardine,  on  the  Xorth  Sea,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bervle. 
Pop.  1172. 

JOIIN'SOX,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Ca- 
rolina; area,  estimated  at  670  square  miles.  It  if  inter- 
secti-d  by  Neuse  and  Little  Rivers.  The  sur&ce  is  uneven. 
The  dividing  line  Iwtween  the  tertiary  and  the  primary 
formations  passes  through  the  county.  Granite  and  iron- 
ore  are  found.  Formed  in  1746,  from  Craven  county,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Gabriel  Johnson,  then  governor  of  Jie 
colony.  Caiiital,  Smitlifield.  Pop.  1.5,666,  of  \yhoni  10,740 
were  free,  and  4916  slaves. 


JOII 

JOHNSON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Ar- 
kansas, contains  870  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Arkansas  lUver,  navigable  by  steamboats.  The  surface  is 
geoerally  umlulating ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Ca- 
pital. Cliirksville.  I'op.  7012,  of  whom  t)639  were  free,  and 
973  slaves. 

JOU.N'SO.V,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Ten- 
nessee, bordering  on  Virginia  and  North  Carolina;  area, 
estimated  at  210  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  an  affluent 
of  Watauga  Kiver.  The  surface  is  m<>untainou.s,  and  co- 
vered with  vast  forests.  Iron-ore  is  abundant.  Capital. 
Taylorsville.  Pop.  5018,  of  whom  47S0  were  tree,  and  233 
alaves. 

JOIIXSON,  a  county  situated  in  the  E.  part  of  Kcntucicy 
has  an  area  estimated  at  300  scjuare  miles.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  West  Fork  of  the  Big  .Sandy  Kiver,  and  drained  by 
Paint  Creek.  The  surface  is  diver»iti(«l  by  hills  and  fertile 
valleys.  Kxtensive  mines  of  stone  coal  are  found  in  many 
parts  of  the  county.  Formed  in  1842,  an<l  named  in  honor 
of  the  late  Riiliard  M.  Johnson,  foi-merly  Vice-President  of 
the  United  Stiites.  Capital,  Paiutville.  Poj).  6300,  of  whom 
5279  were  free,  and  27  slaves. 

JOUXSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  320  square  miles.  It  is  draine<l  by  the  White 
Kiver  and  Sugar  Creek.  The  surfiwe  is  .undulating;  the 
soil  is  mostly  a  rich  blaok  loam,  mi.\ed  with  sand.  The 
Madison  and  luditnapolis  Railroad  passes  through  the 
county;  another  nrilroad  extends  from  the  county  seiit  W. 
to  AVhite  Kiver.  Organized  in  1823,  and  named  iiihonor  of 
John  Johnson,  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana. 
Capital.  Kr.tnklia.     Pop.  14.854. 

JOII-VSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Cash  lUver, 
and  by  Big  Hay  Creek.  The  general  surface  is  level ;  the 
soil  is  modenitely  fertile.     Capital,  Vienna.     Pop.  9342. 

J01IX.S(jX,  a  county  in  the  W.  p.art  of  Mi.ssouri,  has  an 
area  of  790  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head-streams 
of  lilaekwater  River,  an  affluent  of  the  I.flmine,  and  by  the 
Postoak  Fork  and  Clear  Fork  of  the  first-named  river.  liig 
Creek  also  flows  through  the  S.W.  part  of  the  county.  The 
gurftice  consists  of  prairies  and  woodlands.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally good.  Extensive  beds  of  stone  coal  are  found  in  the 
count}'.  The  streams  furnish  motive-power  for  numerous 
mills.  Capital,  Warreusburg.  Pop.  14,644,  of  whom  12,748 
were  free. 

JOHXSOX,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  low.a.  has  an 
area  of  616  square  miles.  It  is  intersect«d  by  the  Iowa 
Kiver,  which  divides  it  into  nearly  equal  portions;  Cedar 
Kiver  flows  through  the  N.E.  part;  it  is  also  drained  by 
Oldman's  and  Clear  Forks.  The  surface  is  diversified,  and 
the  Hoi!  is  said  to  be  unsurpassed  in  fertility.  A  consider- 
alile  portion  of  the  county  consists  of  prairies.  Quarries  of 
gof)d  building-stone  have  been  opened  near  the  Iowa  Kiver. 
The  cflunty  is  intersected  by  the  Mississippi  and  Mipsonri 
River  Railrojul,  which  connects  it  with  Daveniwirt.  Iowa 
City  is  the  seat  of  justice.  Formed  alwut  1839.  Pop.  in 
ISeib,  17,573. 

j!)IIXSi)X,  a  post'Village  of  Lamoille  co..  Vermont,  on  the 
rittht  bank  of  the  Lamoille  Kiver,  about  32  miles  X.  by  W. 
of  Montp.'lier.  contains  2  churches,  a  town-house,  1  woollen 
fiictory,  1  grist  .and  saw  mill,  and  various  other  manufac- 
turing establishments.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1520. 

JOHNSON,  a  post-village  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
West ■■'Ti  .itid  .^tlanti^;  Railroad,  18  miles  from  Chattanooga. 

JOII  X  SOX,  a  township  olChampaigu  co.,  Ohio.    I'op.  2021. 

JOIIXS  iX.  a  town^liip  of  Brown  co.,  Indiana.    Pup.  555. 

JOllXSO.N,  ii  lown.ship  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana.  Top.  1521. 

JoilNSnX.  a  towiishiii  of  Gibson  co.,  Imliana.    Pop.  2215. 

JOHN -OX.  a  township  of  La  Grange  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  1141. 

JOHXSthV.  a  towiisliip  of  Porter  co,,  Indiana. 

JOHNSON,  a  township  of  Kipley  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  2275. 

JOII.^SUN,  a  village  of  Carroll  Co.,  Illinois,  abo\it  38 
miles  S.E.  ol  ilalcna, 

JOUNSOX,  a  township  of  Clarke  co,,  Illinois,    Pop.  820. 

JOHXSOX.  a  post-office  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois. 

Ji)HNSOX.  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Missouri. 

JOHX.SiiN.  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  co„  Iowa. 

JOIIN'SONBURG  or  JOIIX'SOXSBUIiO.  a  post-village  of 
Wyomin<i  co„  New  York,  about  260  miles  W,  of  .\lbany, 

JOHXSOX  BURG,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Xew  Jer- 
sey, 05  miies  N.  of  Trenton.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  mill, 
and  several  stores. 

JOIIX'SOX'S.  a  village  of  Essex  CO.,  New  York,  20  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Elizabethtown, 

JOHNSOX'S,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee. 

Jo  1 1 N  S'  )X'S  CORN  ERS,  a  post-village  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio. 

JolIXS;^X'S  CltEEK.  of  Orleans  co..  Xew  York,  falls  into 
Lake  Ontaiio.  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  the  state. 

JOHNSON'S  CRKKK,  a  post-village  of  Niagara  co.,  New 
York,  about  T'.o  miles  N,N,E,  of  Buffalo, 

JOHNSON'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wis- 
consin. . 

JOHNSON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co., 
W.  Virginia. 


JOH 

JOHNSON'S  FERRY,  a  village  of  St.  Charles  co ,  Ml» 
souri,  .34  miles  W.  of  St,  Louis, 

JOHNSON'S  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  Morgjin  co.,  Kentu,-ky. 

JOHNSON'S  GROVE,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  co,,  Illinois,  08 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chicago. 

JOHNSON'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Calhoun  co., 
Illinois. 

JOHNSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Pitt  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

JOHNSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  lllinoig, 
on  the  North  Fork  of  Embarras  River,  115  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Springfield, 

JOHNSON'S  RANCH,  a  post-office  of  Sutter  co.,  California, 

JOHNSON'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Goochland  co,, 
Viririnia,  28  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

JOHNSON'S  ST.\TION.  a  post-office  of  Tarrant  co..  Texas. 

JOHX'SOXTOWN,  a  post-office, Northampton  co.,  Virsrinia. 

JOHN'.SONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co..  New: 
York,  on  the  Boston  and  Trov  Railroad,  16  miles  from  Troyi 

JOHNSONVILLE,  a  post-v'ill.age  of  Cumberland  co..  North 
Carolina,  05  miles  S.  of  Raleigh. 

JOHNSONVILLE,  a  post-ofllce  of  Williamsburg  district. 
South  Carolina. 

JOHNSONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

JOHN'S  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of 
Buike  county,  and  flowing  S.,  falls  into  the  Catawba  near 
the  centre  of  the  county. 

JOHNSTON,  jon.s't^n,  a  large  m,anufacturing  village  of 
Scotland,  co,  of  Renfrew,  3  miles  S,S,W.  of  Paisley,  It  has 
wholly  ri.sen  since  1780,  is  built  on  a  reguKar  plan,  has  seve- 
ral squares,  a  church,  various  chapels,  schools,  public  libra- 
ries, printing-presses,  and  .a.ssembly  rooms.  It  is  governed 
by  a  committee  elected  annually  by  the  inhabitants.  It 
has  15  cotton  mills,  employing  tojether  upwards  of  1400 
hands,  besides  brass  and  iron  foundries,  and  machine  facto- 
ries. It  communicates  with  Glasgow  by  a  canal,  and  al.so 
with  it  and  with  Paisley,  Greenock,  and  Ayr,  by  the  Qla.s- 
gow  and  Ayr  railway.  Near  it  are  several  thriving  collieries. 
l'0|).  in  1S51,  5872, 

.JOHNSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co,  of  Pembroke, 

JOIIN.-^TON  (or  CORNWALLIS)  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the 
Noith  I'acific  Ocean,  Lat,  10°  53'  20"  N.,  Ion,.  169°  31'  .30"  W. 
They  form  a  lagoon,  surrounded  by  a  reef,  stretching  N.E. 
and  S.W.  10  miles,  and  5  miles  broad, 

JOHN.Sn."O.X.  a  town.ship  of  Providence  co,,  Rhode  Island, 
5  miles  W,  of  Providence.  It  contains  5  or  6  print-works, 
besides  other  establishments.     Pop.  3440. 

JOHNSTON,  a  township  of  Trumbull  co,,  Ohio.    Pop,  1009. 

.lOIIXSTOX.  a  postK)fflce  of  Poinsett  co.,  Arkansas. 

.lolIN'STONE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  12  miles  N,E. 
of  Dumfries,  in  .\n»andale.  Here  are  the  remains  of  Loch- 
woml  <'astle.  built  ia  the  fourteenth  century, 

JOIINSTOX  ISLKS.  a  rocky  group,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
S.W.  "f  the  Sjtndwii/h  Islands. 

JOH.X'STON  .STRAIT,  of  British  North  America,  in  the 
North  I'acific.  .separates  Vancouver's  Island  from  the  main- 
land on  its  N,  side, 

JOHX'STONVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  oo.,  Georgi-a, 
aliout  'X)  miles  W.  of  Mille<lgeville. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Fulton  CO.,  New  York,  46  miles  W,N,W.  of  Albany,  and  4 
miles  N.  of  the  Erie  Canal.  The  villaj'e  contains,  besides 
the  coiinty  bnildhigs,  a  bank,  an  academy,  3  newsjiaper 
offices.  8  ciiurclies,and  about  25  stores.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 8S11 :  of  the  village  about  2500. 

JOIINSTOAVN,  a  post-town,  the  largest  of  Cambria  co., 
Pennsylvania,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  Concmangh 
River  with  Stony  Creek,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  85 
miles  E,  of  Pittsburg.  The  Western  Division  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  extends  from  this  town  to  Pittsburg.  .Tohns- 
town  has  an  active  business  in  shipping  produce.  It  con- 
tains a  national  bank  and  sevei-al  newspaper  offices.  Pop. 
4185. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  village  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania,  65 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg,  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Mifflintown. 

JOII.XSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio, 
about  21  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  contains  2  or  3 
churches. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Barry 
CO.,  Michigan,    Pop.  931. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Rock  Co.,  Wisconsin,  53 
miles  S.\V.  of  Slilwaukie,  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  of 
Johnstown  township,  1402. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  district  of  Canada  West,  having  S.E. 
the  I'iver  St.  Lawrence,  and  traversed  by  the  Rideati  River 
and  Canal. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  vilLage  of  the  above  district,  in  the  S.E., 
on  the  St.  Lawrence. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kil- 
kenny, Ij  miles  N,E,  of  Urlingford.     Pop,  949. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Derry  and  Slaney  Rivers,  j  mile  S,  of 
Clonegall.    Pop,  311, 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  villfige  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kildare,  2  miles 
N.  E.ofNaas.    Pop.  192. 

913 


JOH 


JON 


JOIINSrrO\VN  centre,  a  post-vilUpre  of  Kock  co.  ■Wis- 
consin. 10  miles  E.  of  Janesville,  contains  40  dwellings,  and 
aliout  200  iiihiiWtants. 

JOHNSTOAVN-AyB-CREGGAN,  a  bog  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Koscommon.     Area,  10,181  acres. 

JOHNS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York. 

JOIIN'SVILLK,  a  village  of  Somerset  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  on 
the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Oanal. 

JOIINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 
74  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

JOIINSVILIiE,  a  village  of  Dyer  Co.,  Tennessee,  on  Obion 
Eiver.  150  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

JOIIXSVI LLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

JOHNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

J01IX8VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co..  Iowa. 

JOlIOREorDJOIlOR,  jo'hor',  a  state  occupying  the  S. 
part  of  tlie  Malay  peninsiJla,  formerly  flourishing,  but  now 
of  little  importance.  The  town  of  Johore,  on  the  river  of 
the  same  name,  is  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Point  Romania. 

JOUST ADT,  ycystatt,  or  JOSEPIISTADT.  yo's^f-stdttN  a 
frontier  town  of  Saxony,  45  miles  S.W.  of  Dresden.  Pop. 
1942.  chiefly  employed  in  mining. 

JOTGNY,  zliwin'yee',  (anc.  Jovtniacum?)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Yonne.  here  crossed  bj*  a  good  stone  bridge, 
and  on  the  Paris  and  Lyons  ]?ailway.  15  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Auxerre.  Pop.  in  1852,  6455.  It  is  enclosed  l^y  an  old  w.all, 
entered  by  six  gates,  and  has  narrow,  crooked,  and  steep 
streets,  with  two  suburbs,  a  handsome  castle,  a  cathedial  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  two  hospitals,  a  communal  college. 
barracks,  a  large  market-place,  and  manufiicturei«  of  brandy 
and  leather,  and  an  active  trade. 

JOINVII/LK,  zhwi\<=Veel'.  a  town  of  France,  dopahiment 
of  Ilaute-Marne,  on  tlie  Marne.  23  miles  X.  of  Cliaumont. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  3.505.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  castle- 
crowned  height,  and  h.as  a  communal  college.  It  gave  the 
title  r,f  prince  to  the  son  of  the  ex-king  Louis  Philippe. 

JOIXVILLE  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  (Dangerous 
Archipelago.)  are  in  lat.  15°  48'  S.,  Ion.  130°  40'  W. 

JOIXViLLI>LE-POXT,  zhw^No'veel'  leh  p6.N0,  a  village 
of  Franco,  department  of  Seine,  6  miles  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  Old. 

JOLIBA  or  DJOLIIJA,  jol'e-ba.  a  large  river  of  West 
Africa,  considered  identical  with  the  Niger  in  the  upper  part 
of  its  cour.se.  is  supposed  to  rise  in  Senegambia,  near  lat.  'J° 
N.,  Ion.  9°  W.,  at  from  15,000  to  16,000  feet  al>ove  the  sea. 
It  thence  has  generally  a  N.E.  course,  through  Soodan  to 
Kabra,  the  port  of  Timbuctoo.  after  which  it  Hows  mostly 
E.S.E.,  till  it  receives  the  name  of  the  QuoiTa.  (See  Xiuer.) 
Besides  Kabra,  the  towns  of  Rammakoo,  Yamina,  Sego,  and 
Jenne  are  on  its  banks. 

JOLIET,  jo^e-et,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Will  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  both  sides  of  the  Des  Plaines  IJiver,  on  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Canal,  and  on  the  Cliicago  and  Rock  Island 
Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  St.  Lonis,  Alton  and 
Chicago  R.R.,  37  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.  The  town  is  haud- 
Bomely  built,  and  contains,  besides  tlie  county  buildings,  9 
chnrclies,  2  banlcs,  and  2  newspaper  oilices.  The  canal  and 
river  afford  motive-power  for  mills.  Joliet  is  surrounded  by 
fertile  and  cultivated  prairies,  the  produce  of  which  is  shipped 
here  by  tlie  canal.  The  state  penitentiai-y  located  here  is  a 
magnificent  edifice,  built  of  a  fine  gray  limestone,  qnarried 
in  the  vicinity.  It  is  stated  that  it  costmore  than  §1,000,000. 
Joliet  has  also  a  largo  manufactory  of  reapei-s  and  2  floiiring- 
mills.    Pop.  in  1850,  2659;  in  1860,  7104. 

JOL'LYTOWN,  a  post-offlce  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

JOLSTOR,  (Jolstor.)  a  parish  of  Norway.    See  Joeustor. 

JOLSVA.  yolsii'v6h\  ALNOVIA,0rno've-6h\  or  ELTSCII, 
Jltch.  a  market-town  of  Ilungarv.  co.  of  Gomor.  in  the  v.alley 
of  the  Eltsch,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rosenau.     Pop.  4045. 

JOMALIC,  Ho-mi-leek',  and  JOMONJOL,  Ho-mon-uOl',  two 
Islets  of  the  Philippines.  E.  of  Luzon. 

JOMANES.    See  Jumn'a. 

JO'XAS,  an  island  in  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  In  liit.  56°  25' 
30"  X..  Ion.  143°  16'  E.,  about  2  miles  in  circumference,  and 
1200  feet  high.  A  crowd  of  detached  rocks  lie  off  its  W.  side, 
on  wliich  the  waves  beat  with  great  violence. 

JOX'ATIIAX'S  CREEK,  Ohio,  rises  in  Licking  co.,  and 
flows  into  the  Muskingum  River  a  few  miles  below  Zanes- 
Tille. 

JOX  ATIIAN'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Haywood  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

JOXEN,  yo^ngn,  a  village  and  p.arish  of  Switzerl.ind.  can- 
ton of  St.  Gall,  about  1  mile  from  Rapp^rschwyl.    Pop.  21 11. 

JOXES,  j6nz,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Xorth  Carolina, 
lordering  on  Xeuse  River,  has  an  area  estimated  at  4><0 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Trent  lUver.  The 
surface  is  level,  and  mostly  covered  by  mar.shes  and  forests 
of  pitth-pine  and  cypress.  OTie  soil  is  generally  sandy.  The 
S.E.  part  is  occupied  by  Catfish  Swamp.  Formed  in  1779, 
and  named  in  honor  of  'Willie  Jones,  of  Xorth  Carolina. 
Capita,  Trenton.  Pop.  5730,  of  whom  2317  were  free,  and 
3413  slaves. 

JOXKS.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 

area  of  .378  R<iuare  miles.    The  Ocmulgee  lUver  forms  its 

entire  boundary  on  the  S.W.:  it  is  also  drained  by  Falling. 

Cedar,  AValnut,  and  Commissioner's  Creeks.    The  surface  is 

944 


generally  hilly  and  broken ;  the  soil  has  been  much  worn, 
but  is  still  productive.  Iron,  granite,  and  quartz  are  found. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad.  Orga- 
nized in  1807,  and  named  in  honor  of  James  Jones,  formerly 
member  of  Conjrres.s  from  Gi'ordi.  Capital.  Clinton.  Pop 
9107,  of  whom  3118  were  free,  and  5989  .slaves. 

JONliS,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Jli.isissippi.  has  an 
area  of  about  t)00  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Leaf  and  T.allahoma  Rivers.  The  surface  is  moderately  un- 
even; the  soil  is  sandy,  and  not  uniformly  fertile.  Named 
in  honor  of  Commodore  Paul  Jones.  Capital,  Ellisville. 
Pop.  3323,  of  whom  2916  were  free,  and  407  slaves. 

JONES,  a  county  in  the  E.  pari  of  Iowa,  bas  an  area  of 
576  sqiiare  miles.  The  Wapsipinicon  and  Mako,-;ueta  Rivers, 
affluents  of  the  Mi.<i.sissippi  I!iver.  How  through  the  county 
in  a  S.E.  direction;  it  is  also  drained  by  Fall  liiver  and  Rear 
Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  wootllacds; 
the  soil  is  higiily  productive.  Limestone  is  one  cT  the  prin- 
cipal rocks  of  the  count}-.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Duliuqne 
Southwestern  Railroad.  Named  in  lioiior  of  George  W. 
Jones,  United  States  senator  from  Iowa.  Capital,  Anamosa. 
Population,  13,80^. 

JONES,  a  township  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  383. 

JOXES,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

JOX'ES.  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Sangamon 
and  Morgan  Railroad,  40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

JONES'  RLUFF.  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co..  Alabama. 

J0NESI!0ROUGIF,.ionz'!.ilr-uh,  a  post-township  of  Wash- 
ington CO..  Maine,  at  the  head  of  Englishman's  Ray,  about 
128  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  518. 

JOXESBOROUGIL  a  post-village  of  Brunswick  CO.,  Tir- 
cinia,  about  90  miles  S.  bv  \V.  of  l^ichmond. 
"  JOXESItOROUGIL  a  thriving  post-village  of  Fayette  CO., 
Georgia,  on  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad,  79  miles  N.W. 
of  Macon.     It  is  a  denot  for  cotton. 

JOXESBOROUGIL  a  iwst-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ala- 
bama, 30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Tuscaloo.^a,  contains  a  male  and 
female  semin.irv. 

JllXESBOROUGII,  a  post-offlce  of  Tippah  co..  Mississippi. 

JOXESBOKOUGII,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
W.Tshington  co.,  Tennes.see,  is  ple.asantly  situated  on  th» 
East  Tennessi^  and  Virginia  Railroad.  80  miles  E.  of  Nash- 
ville. It  is  situated  in  a  highly  productive  and  beautiful 
valley,  which  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water-power.  It 
contains  2  or  3  churches,  2  academies  and  a  good  court- 
house. 

JONESBOROUGH,  a  thriving  post->illage  of  Gr.int  co., 
Indianii.  on  the  Mississinewa  River.  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Marion. 
A  plank-road  passes  through  this  village  from  Lagro  to 
Andei-son.     Pop.  in  185.3,  aliout  500. 

.TONESBOROUG II,  a  thriving  vilUgeofGreeneco.,  Indiana, 
about  85  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

.TOXESBOROUGII,  a  post.vill.<ige,  capital  of  Union  co., 
Illinois,  on  tlie  Central  Railroad.  150  miles  8.  of  Springfield, 
and  10  miles  from  the  Jlississippi,  contains  several  churclien 
and  stores.  The  county  has  extensive  l)eds  of  coal,  iron  ore, 
lead,  and  porcelain-clay.    Pop.  842. 

JONESBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co..  Missouri, 
on  the  Salt  Fork  of  Lamine  River,  about  80  miles  N.W.  of 
Jefferson  City. 

JONES/BURG,  a  village  of  Camden  co..  North  Carolina, 
155  miles  E.X.E.  of  Raleigh. 

JOXES'  (jOnz'ez)  CREEK,  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  passes 
by  Dover,  and  falls  into  Delaware  Bav. 

JONES'  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into  Yadkin 
River  at  the  E.  border  of  Anson  county. 

JOXES'  CREEK,  of  Walker  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into  Sipsey 
River. 

JOXES'  CREEK,  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
flows  into  Harpeth  River,  in  Dickson  county. 

JONES'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  ,\nson  co..  North  Carolina. 

JONES'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Libertv  co..  Georgia. 

JOXE.S'  CREEIC,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois. 

JONES'  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Morehouse  parish,  Loni 
siana. 

JONES'  HILL,  a  postoflfice  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Alabama. 

JONES'  MILL,  a  small  town  of  Oconto  county,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  tlie  Oconto  River,  8  or  10  miles  from  its  entrance  into 
Green  Bay. 

JONES'  MILLS,  a  post^fflce  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

JONES'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Virginia. 

JOXES'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Meriwether  co..  Georgia. 

JONES'  MI  I.iLS.  a  post-office  of  Yallobusha  co..  Mississippi. 

JONES'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  McXairy  co..  Tennes.'-ee. 

JONES'  MINES,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

JOXES'  NURSERY,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Kentucky. 

JONES/PORT,  a  township  of  W.asliington  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast.  127  miles  E.by  N.  of  Augu.sta.  Pop.  1148. 

JOXES'  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Berkeley  co.,  W.Virgini.u 

JONES'  TAXYARD,  a  po.st-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 35  miles  N.E.  of  .Tefferson  Citv. 

JONESTON,  a  township  of  Unioii  co.,  Hlinois. 

JONES'TOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Swatara  tovru- 


--■i 


JON 


JOR 


ship,  Lebanon  eo.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Swatara  Creek,  29 

miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg.    It  is  one  of  the  largest  places  in 

the  county,  and  contains  3  churclies  and  several  stores. 

JOXKS  VALLl'iY,  a  post-office  of  Calaveras  co.,  California. 

JOXES'VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Chittenden  co.,  Vermont. 

JONKSVILLK,  a  post-vilLifre  of  Saratofra  Co.,  New  York, 

21  miles  N.  of  Albany.    It  contains  an  academy. 

JOXKSVILLK,  a  village  of'JIercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  5 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Mercer. 

■JONESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ijee  CO.,  Virginia, 
on  Powell's  lliver,  392  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond.  It  is 
situated  on  a  beautiful  eminence  near  the  foot  of  Cumber- 
laud  .Mountain.     Pop.  about  301). 

JOXKSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Yadkin  eo..  North  Caro- 
lina, on  Y'adkin  River,  145  miles  W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

JONESA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  district,  South 
Oarolina,  SO  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

TO.VE.SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  CO.,  Alabama. 
JONE-SVlLbE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Texiis. 
JONESVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  40  miles 
N.E.  of  Marietta. 

JONESVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Fayette  township,  Hills- 
dale county,  Michigan,  on  St.  Joseph's  River,  and  on  the 
Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  74  miles  W.  of  Monroe.  The 
village  contains  4  churches,  and  a  large  brick  Union  school- 
house,  in  which  about  250  pupils  receive  instruction.  Tliis 
school  is  considered  one  of  the  best  of  its  class  in  the  state. 
Jonesville  has  10  stores,  1  woollen  factory,  I  foundry,  and  2 
newspaitr  office.  Settled  about  1S30.  It  is  the  oldest  vil- 
lage of  tlie  county,  and  was  the  first  seat  of  justice.  Popu- 
lation. 1008. 

JONESVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Bartholomew  county, 
Indiana. 

JONKOPING,  (Jonkoping,)  or  JONKJOPING,  (Jonkjtt- 
ping.)  yon'chij-ping,  (almost  yon'chSp-ing,)  a  la!n  of  South 
Sweden.  Area,  4202  square  miles.  Pop.  163,426.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Jonkoping,  Grenna,  and  Eskejo. 

JOXIvOPING,  (J5nkoping,)  atown  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the 
Isen  of  the  same  name,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Lake  Wetter, 
SO  miles  E.  of  Gothenburg.  Pop.  8658.  It  has  an  arsenal, 
and  is  separated  from  its  suburbs  by  a  trench.  It  has 
manufictures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  and  leather, 
whicli  are  exported  by  its  harbor  on  the  lake. 

Ji)\QUlfil{KS,  zhANo'ke-aiR/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse.  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Uuv6zb.  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  eight  arches,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Avignon.     Pop.  1140.     It  has  manufactures  of  silk  fabrics. 

JOX.SWEIL,  yons'wlle,  or  .JONSCIIWEIL,  yonsh'wile.  a 
villace  Hii'.l  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  about  20  miles 
from  St.  Gall.     Pop.  1024. 

JO-WKLLE,  zhON-oHSll',  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-Saoiie.  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vesoul.     Pop.  900. 
JOXZAC,  zh^No^zJk',  a  tx)wn  of  France,  dephrtment  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  capital  of  an  arroudissemeut,  on  the 
Seugne.  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Saintes.    Pop.  in  1852,  2718. 

JUOliUL,  joo^bO.1',  a  small  town  and  rajahship  of  North- 
west Ilitidostan,  between  the  rivers  Sutlej  and  Jumna, 
the  rajalishjp  comprising  3.30  smiare  miles.    Pop.  15,000. 

JOOBUL-KIIAltIB,  j<x/bal-Ka'rib,a  bay  of  East  Africa,  in 
the  Danakil  country,  at  the  head  of  the  Ray  of  Tajoorah, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  two  nari-ow  channels.  Lat. 
11°  29'  N.,  Ion.  42°  64'  E.,  about  85  miles  W.S.W.  of  the 
Straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 

JOODIIUX,  jood'htin',  a  strong  military  fort  of  British 
India,  presidency,  and  62  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bomliay,  district 
of  Poon:th.    It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1818. 

JOODPOOR,  JOUDPOUR,■jood'poor^  or  MARWAR,  mar'- 
war\  a  .state  of  X^orthwest  Iliudostan,  subsidiary  to  the 
British,  and  the  most  extensive  and  powerful  in  Rajpootana, 
between  lat.  24°  and  28°  N.,  and  Ion.  70°  and  75°  K.  Area 
estimated  at  34,132  square  miles.  The  government  is  a 
feiiid  of  feudal  monarchy,  the  chiefs  holding  their  lands  on 
the  tenure  of  military  service ;  and  it  is  said  that  the  ngah 
can  bring  into  the  field  60,000  men.  Within  the  limits  of 
Marwar  there  are  said  to  be  no  less  than  5000  towns  and 
villages,  the  chief  being  Joodpoor  and  Pallee. 

JOODPOOR  or  JOUDPOUR,  the  capital  of  the  above  state, 
is  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ajmeer.  Pop.  60.000.(?)  The  prin- 
cipal edifice  is  a  large  and  magnificent  citadel. 

JOODPOOR  or  JOUDPOUR,  a  small  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bens:al,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Lohargong. 

JOO'DY,  (or  JU'Dl.)  MOUNT,  in  Turkish  Koordlstan,  is 
between  the  'Tigris  and  its  tributary  the  Khabooi-,  immedi- 
ately E.  of  .lezeerehibn-Omar.  By  the  Mohammedans,  it,  and 
not  the  Armenian  Mount  Ararat,  is  considered  to  be  the 
mounbiin  on  which  the  ark  of  X'oah  rested  after  the  Deluire. 
JOOGDANPOOR,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  the  Bengal  pre- 
•idency,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Kishenghur. 

JOOGDE'A,  (Ilind.  Yugadeva,  yoo-gd-dA'va.)  a  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Tiperah.  83  miles 
8.E.  of  Dacca.   It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  fabrics  and  salt. 
JOO'GOOGOO',  a  town  of  Bootan,  40  miles  N.  of  Cooch- 
Bahar. 

JOOLAMERK  or  JULAMERK,  joo-ld-mJrk',  written  also 
GIULAMEKK,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  95 
3K 


miles  S.  of  Van,  near  the  Greater  Zab.  It  stands  in  a  ravine 
enclosed  by  rocky  mountains,  and  consists  of  about  200  mvid 
huts  around  a  massive  citadel. 

JOOLFA,  JOULFA,  or  JULFA,  jool'fi  (written  also 
DJilULFA,)  a  town  of  Russian  Transcaucasia,  province, 
and  21  miles  S.E.  of  Nakhchivan,  on  the  Aras. 

JOOXAGIIUR,  JUNAGHUR.  joo'na-gtji',  written  also  JU- 
NAG.\RII.  a  town  of  West  Hindostan,  in  tlie  Baroda  domi- 
nions, peninsula  of  Guzer.at,  58  miles  N.X.W.  of  Diu  Head. 

JOOXE.\GIIUR,  joo^ne-a-gQr',  a  fortified  post  in  North 
Hindostan.  36  miles  X.W.  of  Almora. 

JOOWEElt'.  or  SOO'NUlt/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency  of  Bombay,  district,  and  52  miles  -N.X.E.  of  I'oon.ih. 
Its  fort,  on  a  scarped  rock,  contains  fine  Mohammedan  and 
other  structures;  and  about  1  mile  S.  are  numerous  exca^ 
vated  Jain  temples. 

JOORHATII,  joor'hifh',  atown  of  British  India,  province, 
and  formerly  capital  of  Assam,  now  capital  of  its  upper 
division,  on  the  Dikho,  an  affluent  of  the  Brahmapootra. 

JOO'JtIA.  a  seaport  town  of  West  Hindostan,  in  the  B.v 
roda  dominions,  on  the  Guzerat  peninsula,  beside  the  Gulf 
of  Cutch,  78  miles  N.W.  of  .Toonaghur.  It  has  a  brisk 
traffic  by  sea  with  Mandavie  and  Bombay. 
JOPPA.  a  town  of  Palestine.  See  Jaffa. 
JORAIRATAR  or  JORAYRATAR,  Ho-rl-ra-taR',  a  village 
of  SiiaiTi,  in  Andalusia,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Granada,  on  the 
side  of  a  hill  crowned  by  the  ruins  of  a  Moorish  castle. 
Pop.  1372. 

Jurat,  zhoVd'  or  zho^-Sf,  or  JURTEN,  yooR/ten.  a  chain 
of  low  mountains  in  Switzerland,  forming  the  watershed  be- 
tween the  Lakes  of  Xeufchatel  and  Geneva,  and  couuectiug 
the  Berne.se  Alps  with  Mount  Jxira. 

JOR'DAX,  (Arab.  Shereeiih-tl-Kehfir  or  SJieriah-el-Kehir, 
sha-ree'i-el-ke-beer',  "the  great  watering-place,")  a  famous 
river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  forming  the  E.  boundary  of  Pales- 
tine, rises  in  Anti-Libanu.s,  and  by  two  sources  on  the  E., 
near  Banias,  and  W.  near  Laish,  or  Dan.  flows  S.  through 
the  Lakes  of  Ei-Hu!eh,  (anc.  Me/rom.)  Tiberias,  or  Taba- 
reeyah.  (anc.  Gimesiarclh.)  and  enters  the  Dead  Sea  at  its  N. 
extremity,  after  a  total  course  of  120  miles.  Its  breadth 
and  depth  vary  greatly ;  in  spring,  wlien  highest,  it  has  been 
Ibuiid  at  Beisan,  140  feet  across,  wholly  unfordable,  and  very 
rapid,  with  many  cataracts,  (Lynch  enumerates  25.)  Its 
valley  is  about  6  miles  wide,  hemmed  in  by  precipices;  the 
.soil  is  sandy  and  barren,  though  the  banks  of  the  river  are 
covered  by  a  dense  vegetation.  Its  principal  affluents  are 
the  Zurka  .and  Shereeah-el-JIandoor. 

J(JR'DAX,  a  post-village  of  ElbriJge  township,  Onondaga 
CO..  Xew  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Syracuse  and 
Rochester  Railroad,  about  150  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  It 
contains  5  cluuches,  an  academy,  1  bank,  1  newspaper 
office,  20  stores,  1  paper-mill,  several  flounng-mills,»and  a 
manufactory  of  skates. 

JORDAN,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Population,  581. 
.JORDAN,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co.,Wisconsin.  P.  869. 
JORD.\N,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Lincoln,  27 
miles  S.E.  of  Hamilton. 

JORDAN  CREEK,  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania,  tails  into 
the  Lehi'jh  River  near  Allentown. 

J(JUDAN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Orangeburg  district. 
South  Carolina. 

JORDAN'S  SALINE,  a  post-village,  capifctl  of  Van  Zandt 

CO.,  Texas,  on  the  right  bank  of  Sabine  River,  about  260 

miles  N.E.  of  Austin. 

JORDAN'S  STORE,  post-offlce,  Williamson  CO..  Tennessee. 

JORD'ANSTOX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pemlfroke. 

JORDAN'S  VALLEY,  post-office,  Rutherford  co.,Tennessee. 

.TORDANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co.,  Xew  Y'orlc. 

JORDOX'S   SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 

Tennessee. 

JORHAUT,  jor^hawt/,  a  town  of  Upper  As.sam,  on  both 

sides  of  the  Dikho,  an  affluent  of  the  Brahmapootra,  in  lat. 

26°  48'  N.,  lon.94°  6'  E.    Itwasoncethecapitalof  aprovince. 

JOltJAN,  a  town  of  North-east  Persia.     See  Goorqaun. 

JORKAU,  (J8rkau,)  y8R/k6w,  orGORKAU.  (GSrkau,)  goaf- 

k6w,  a  small  town  of  Bohemia.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Saatz. 

JORQUERA  or  XORQUERA,  HOR-kA'ra,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Albacete,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Chinchilla,  on  a  steep 
acclivity,  near  the  river  Jucar.  Pop.  2876. 
JORUK,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  See  Tchoruk. 
JORULLO,  XURULLO,  or  XORULLO,  no-rool/yo.  <often 
pronounced  ao-roofyo.)  sometimes  written  J  UltUYO,  a  vol- 
cano of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  75  miles  S.S.W.  of  A'al- 
ladolid,  80  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  19°  10'  N., 
ion.  101°  1'  45"  W.,  and  which  has  presented  the  most  re- 
markable phenomenon  in  the  memory  of  man,  it  having 
been  wholly  thrown  up  from  a  fertile  plain,  having  an  elev.a- 
tion  of  2890  feet,  to  the  height  of  4265  feet  above  the  se.a,  by 
a  violent  eruption,  September  2Sth  and  29th.  1759.  The  up 
heaved  tract  is  bounded,  at  a  distance  of  from  1  j  to  2  miles 
from  the  chief  crater,  by  a  precipitous  wall  of  basalt,  e.spe- 
eially  abrupt  on  the  W.  side,  and  accessible  at  only  a  few 
places.  Since  its  great  eruption,  many  of  the  subordinate 
cones  have  disappeared,  others  have  changed  their  form,  and 

945 


J 


JOS 


JUD 


few  now  continue  to  evolve  vapor.  The  temperature  of  the 
soil  has  materially  declined,  and  much  of  the  volcano  is  par- 
tially covered  with  forest-trees. 

JOSEPillNE.  jo^zeh-feeu',  a  post-village  of  Woodford  co., 
Illinois.  8-1  miles  N.X.E.  of  Springfield. 

JOSEPIISDOHF,  yo'z&fs-doRf\  (formerly  SCIIABLIA, 
sh^b'le-d,)  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  11  miles  S.E.  of 
Peterwardein.     Pop.  3042. 

JOSEf  IISTADT.  yo'zJfs-st^tf,  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia, 
11  miles  N.  of  Kiiniggratz,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Elbe. 
Pop.  1800,  besides  military.  It  wa.s  founded  in  1780,  is  well 
built,  and  has  an  establishment  for  the  children  of  soldiers, 
and  manufactures  of  needles  and  cotton  iiibrics. 

J0SEP1IST.\DT,  a  town  of  Saxony.    See  JonsT.t^DT. 

JOSEPHSTADT,  a  town  of  Galicia.     See  Podoorze. 

JOSEPlISTnAL,yo'zJfs-tai\a  village  of  Austria,  in  Croatia, 
24  miles  S.W.  of  Carlstadt.  "Pop.  1102. 

JOSII'U.A,  a  township  of  J?ulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1170. 

.TOSI.VIATH,  jo'se-mlfh'.  a  village  of  North  Hiudostan, 
among  the  sources  of  the  Ganges.  Lat.  .30°  33'  N.,  Ion.  79° 
40'  E.  It  consists  of  houses  of  gray  stone,  with  several 
temples  interspersed,  one  of  which  is  connected  with  the 
famous  shrine  of  Bhadrinath. 

JOSLOWITZ,  yos'lo-*its\  or  JAROSLOWICE,  yd-ros-lo- 
■freefsA.  a  marketrtown  of  Moravia,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Znaym. 
Pop.  16S8. 

JOSS  KLIN,  zhosVseh-la.vo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vannes.  It  has  a  com- 
munal college.     Pop.  in  1852,  2808. 

JOSSE-TEN-NOODE,  yoss-tSn-no'deh,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
Jrovinee  of  South  Brabant,  immediately  E.  of  Brussels. 

JOUARRE,  zhoo^aRR/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seiue-et-Marne.  12  miles  E.  of  Jleaux.     Pop.  1343. 

.TOUARUE  PONTCIIAKTRAIN,  zhoo'aRii/  pA.S'o'shaR^- 
tr^No',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  11 
miles  N.X.E.  of  Rambouillet.    Pop.  1450. 

JOUDOMA,  a  river  of  Sib(»i-ia.    See  YooDOM.i. 

JOUDFOUR,  Hindostan.     See  Joodpoor. 

J0U6.  zhoo^i',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre- 
et>Loire.'  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tours.    Pop.  1770. 

JOUfi.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure, 
on  the  Krdre,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Anoenis.     Pop.  in  1852,  2580. 

JOUfi  DU  BOIS,  zhooW  dil  bwi,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Orne,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Alengon.    Pop.  1540. 

JOUfi,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Yoog. 

JOUGNE.  zhooH,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Doubs,  9  miles  S.  of  Pontarlier.    Pop.  1114. 

JOU[j.\.MERK,  a  town  of  .Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Joolamerk. 

JOULFA,  a  town  of  Russian  Transcaucasia.     See  Joolfa. 

JOUN.A,  j'X)'n?i.  (written  also  KVIGII-P.AK,)  a  large  river 
of  Russian  Amerie.%  supposed  to  rise  about  lat.  65°  15'  N., 
Ion.  1«0°  W.  It  flows  S.S.W.  as  far  as  lat.  61°  40'  N., 
whence,  taking  a  N.W.  course,  it  enters  Behrings'  Sea  by 
two  channels,  after  receiving  numerous  affluents.  It  is  per- 
fectly navigable  to  Noulato,  about  300  miles  from  its  mouth. 
On  both  banks  are  several  villages,  whose  inhabitants  are 
chietiy  employed  in  trapping  animals  for  their  fur,  in  fish- 
ing, and  in  trading. 

JOU'NK-A-KA,  a  river  of  Russi.an  America,  an  affluent 
of  the  Jouna,  which  it  joins  in  lat.  64°  50'  N. 

JUU-NING,  a  city  of  China.    See  Yu-Nhwo. 

Ji>UQUES,  zhook.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-duRhoue,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Aix.     Pop.  1830. 

JOURBOURG.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.    See  Yoorbooug. 

JOURE,  zhooR,  a  market-town  of  Holland,  province  of 
Friesland.  6  miles  N.W.  of  Ileerenveen.     Pop.  2454. 

JOC/RIEV  POLSKl,  a  town,  Russia.  See  YooRiEV POLSKOi. 

JUUX,  zhoo,  a  lake  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  near 
the  Jura  and  the  French  frontier.  Length,  7  miles:  breadth, 
1  mile.  It  is  350  feet  above  the  sea.  The  valley  is  remark- 
able for  its  three  lakes,  for  the  famorfs  '•  perte  de  I'Orbe," 
for  its  romantic  scenery,  and  for  the  industry  of  its  inha- 
bitants. 

JOUX,  CIIaTEAXJ  de,  shilHo'  deh  zhoo,  in  France,  de- 
partment of  Doubs.  is  a  fortress  on  a  precipice,  commanding 
the  route  to  Xeufchfttel ;  it  was  the  prison  of  Fouquet,  Mira- 
beau.  aud  Toussaint  L'Ouverture. 

JOUY,  zhwee,  a  village  of  France,  on  the  railway  from 
Paris  to  Chartres,  6  miles  from  the  latter. 

JOUY-SUR-MORIN,  zhwee"-siiR-mo'rSN:«',  a  village  of 
Franc*,  department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  arrondissement  of 
Coulommiors.  on  the  Morin.  Pop.  1680.  Jour  (zhoo^ee')  is 
the  name  of  many  communes  in  the  departments  of  Eure- 
et-l/iir,  iloselle,  &c. 

JOVNTN,  zhov-neen'(?)  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
83  milos  W.  of  Poltava.     Pop.  1000. 

J^J^VAII[R,  a  mountain  of  Hindostan.    See  Jawahir. 

JOW.AUR.  jo\vir'.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  44  miles  S.E. 
of  Damauii,  in  lat.  19°  55'  N.,  Ion.  73°  23'  E. 

JOWAUR,  a  maritime  district  of  Hindostan,  bounded  W. 
by  the  sea.  and  E.  by  the  West  Ghauts,  from  which  latter 
numerous  sti'Citms  flow  to  the  ocean. 

JOWRAII,  jOw'ra.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. 50  miles  X.W  of  Oojeiu,  in  lat.  23°  38'  N.,  Ion.  75°  11'  E. 
Pop.  3-351. 

946 


JOY,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  New  York. 

JOYEUSE,  zhwd'oz',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ap- 
ddche.  on  the  liaume,  at  the  foot  of  the  Covennes,  7  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Largentiere.    Pop.  in  1852,  2688. 

JOYN'ERS  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Edgecombe  CO..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  ^Veldon  Railroad,  32  milee 
X.  of  Goldsborough. 

JOY'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

JOZEFOW  or  JOZEFOV,  yo'zeh-iliv',  a  town  of  Poland, 
sovernment  of  Lublin,  on  the  Vistula,  32  miles  S.W.  of 
Lublin.     Pop.  1240. 

JOZEFOW  or  JOZEFOV,  a  town  of  Poland,  government 
of  Lublin,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Zamosc.    Pop.  1100. 

JUAX,  Hoo-dn' or  Hwdn,  a  town  of  Spain,  island  of  Majorca. 
Pop.  1575. 

JU'.AN,  a  small  village  of  Potawatamie  co.,  Iowa. 

JUAX  DE  ALICAXTE,  hoo-W  dA  d-le-kdn'ti,  a  village  of 
Spain,  in  Valencia,  province,  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Alicante, 
in  a  plain,  near  the  Castella  or  Jlonnegre.    Pop.  3773. 

JU  AX  DE  LA  XAVA,  Hoo-du'  d.-i  Id  nd'vd,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Old  Castile,  province,  and  16  miles  from  Avila.     Pop.  692. 

JUAXES,  Hwd-n&s',  a  river  of  Spain,  flows  S.E.,  and  joins 
the  Jucar  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

JUAX  FERXAXDEZ,  ju'an  fer-nan'diSz,  (Sp.  pron.  nco-dn'- 
fjR-ndn'dJth,)  or  MAS-A-TIeRRA,  nids-d-te-jR'Hi,  a  rocky 
island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  about  400  miles  off  the  coast  of 
Chili,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  Lat.  33°  37'  S..  lon.78'^ 
53'  W.  It  is  18  miles  long,  and  6  miles  broad,  rises  to  3000 
feet  above  the  ocean,  has  steep  shores,  and  a  desolate  appear- 
ance from  the  sea;  but  in  its  N.  half,  in  which  is  Cumber- 
land Bay,  are  some  fertile  valleys,  producing  figs,  giapes, 
sandal-w  jod,  cork,  and  other  timber-trees.  It  is  leased  from 
the  Chilian  government  by  settlers  from  the  United  States 
and  Tahiti.  The  solitary  residence  here  for  four  years, 
of  a  Scotchman,  named  Alexander  Selkirk,  is  supposed  to 
have  formed  the  basis  of  De  Foe's  well-known  tale  of  "  Robin- 
son Crusoe."  M.vs-.v-ru£R.i  is  anotlier  rocky  and  precipitous 
island,  lying  to  the  W.     Liit.  33°  49'  S.,  Ion.  80°  27'  AV. 

JU'AXPOOR'  or  JU'AXPORE',  a  district  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.  Area,  1820  square  miles.  Capital, 
Juanpoor. 

JUAXPOOR,  a  town  of  British  India,  capital  of  the  abovo 
district,  on  the  Goomty,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  at  the 
convergence  of  several  roads,  40  miles  X.W.  of  Benares.  It 
has  several  good  public  buildings,  and  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  an  independent  sovereignty. 

JU.\N  REJO.V,  Hoo-dn'  ri-Hon',  an  islet  of  the  Canaries. 
It  is  ona  of  the  four  islands  which  form  the  port  of  Arecife. 

JUAN,  SAX.    See  San  Juan. 

JUBA.  zhoo'bd.  or  GOVIXD,  go-vind',  (called  also  FUMBO, 
foom'bo,  and  ROGUE'S  RIVER.)  a  river  of  Ivist  Africa,  after 
a  S.K.  course,  imperfectly  known,  falls  into  the  Indian  Ocean 
in  lat.  0°  14'  S.,  Ion,  42°  39'  E.    It  is  said  to  rise  in  .-Vbyssinia 

JUBA  or  GOVIXD,  a  walled  town  of  East  Africa,  situated 
on  the  summit  of  a  lofty  hill,  1  mile  from  the  mouth  .of  the 
river  Juba. 

JUBBULPOOR,  a  town  of  India.    See  Jacbalpook. 

JUBERA  or  XUBERA,  Hoo-bi'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Logrofio,  on  the  Jubera.    P.  1301. 

JUBER.AUA,  joo-be-rd/rd,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Ben- 
gal. Upper  Provinces.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Saharunpoor. 

JUBLAIXS,  zhu'Wiso',  (anc.  N(vx/diJnumf)  a  village  of 
France,  department,  and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Mayenne,  remark- 
able for  its  interesting  Roman  remains.    Pop.  1840. 

JUBRIQUE  (or  XUBKIQUE)  LA  XUEVA,  noo-breeTiA  ll 
nwa'vd.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  55  miles 
from  Malaga.     Pop.  2030. 

JUCAR  or  XUCAR,  Hoo'kaR,  (anc.  Siihro.)  a  river  of  Spain, 
in  New  Castile  and  Valencia,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Albarracin, 
flows  successively  W.,  S.,  and  E.,  and  enters  the  Mediter- 
ranean at  Cullera,  26  miles  S.  of  Valencia,  after  a  total 
conr.se  of  about  200  miles. 

JUCIIITAX  or  XUCIIITAN,  noo-che-tdn',  a  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Oajaca,  on  the  river  Juchi- 
tan.  20  miles  X.E.  of  Tehuantepec.     Pop.  4600. 

JUCIIXOV  or  JUCHXOW.    See  Yookunov. 

JUCHXOVK  or  JUCHXOWKA.    See  Yookhnovka. 

JUCKOW  or  JUCIIOW,  joo'kow,  sometimes  written  JA- 
KAU.  jd'kow.  a  seaport  town  of  some  iuiportaiice  in  Indl.a, 
Cutch.  60  miles  X.W.  of  Mandavee,  and  near  the  Korea 
mouth  of  the  Indus. 

JU'DA,  Greene  co.,  Wisconsin.    See  Appen-dix. 

JUD.I'^A  or  JUDE.\.  ju-dee'a,  the  ancient  country  or  king- 
dom of  Judah,  forming  the  S.'part  of  Palestine  r  the  Holy 
Land,  having  N.  Samaria,  W.  the  country  of  the  Philistines, 
(Phoenicians,)  S.  Arabia,  and  E.  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  i-lver 
Jordan.  It  now  compo.ses  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  Syrian 
pashalic  of  Damascus,  and  Is  mostly  comprised  between  lat. 
31°  aud  32°  N.,  and  Ion.  34°  30'  and  35°  30'  E.  In  it  are  the 
towns  of  Jerusalem,  Hebron.  Bethlehem,  and  Jericho.    (See 

P.ALESTINE.) 

JUDENBURG,  yoo'den-b85RG\  (anc.  Idnrimf)  a  town  of 
Styi-ia.  on  the  Mur.  40  'miles  AV  N.W.  of  GrJitz.  to  which  city 
it  was  next  in  provincial  importance  previous  to  its  de- 
struction by  fire,  in  1807.    Pop.  20S8.   It  has  been  rebuilt  In  a 


JUD 


JUN 


modern  style,  and  ha?  sereral  churches,  an  old  .Tesnit  college 
and  castle — both  now  wsed  for  barracks,  a  new  ttymnasium, 
transferred  from  Admont  in  1820.  and  a  printing  establish- 
ment. Near  it  is  the  new  castle  of  Liechtenstein.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  it  carried  on  aa  important  trade  with  the 
Levant.  An  armistice  with  Napoleon  was  signed  here  in 
1797. 

JUDOE-ANn-His-CLKHK,  two  islets  of  the  JIacquarrie 
group,  in  the  South  I'acific,  S.W.  of  New  Zealand. 

.TU'DY'S  (or  JU'BAHS)  GAP,  a  Tillage  of  Hickory  CO., 
Missouri,  90  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

JIIO,  a  river  of  Hussia.     See  Yooo. 

JU'GADKKK',  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Bengal,  Upper 
Provinces.  18  miles  N.W.  of  Saharunpoor. 

JUG^UISl'OOK',  a  town  of  Iliudostan,  in  Oude,  53  miles 
S.K.  of  Luoknow. 

JUODULUK,  jtig\m-lQk'.(?)  a  village  of  Afgh.anistan,  in 
the  defiles  between  Jelalabad  and  Oabool,  was  the  scene  of 
the  principal  massacre  of  the  British  troops  on  their  retreat 
from  Cabool  in  1842.  and  of  the  total  defeat  of  the  Afghans 
by  the  British  in  1843. 

JlIG(}KRNAUT,JUaaKRNAUTir.,iligVher-nawt/.orPOO'- 
'REE>.(ime.  J<if/ganmil!ia.  jig-gjlnd'thd,  "lord  of  the  world," 
one  of  the  names  of  the  Vishnu,)  a  town  and  famous  temple 
of  fndi.a.  presidency  of  Bengal,  district,  and  42  miles  S.  of  Cut- 
tick,  on  the  coast  of  the  Bay  of  lieng-al.  Pop.  of  the  town, 
30  000:  but  at  the  great  annual  festival  in  March,  the  popu- 
lation is  increased  by  many  thousands  from  all  parts  of  India. 
The  main  street  is  wholly  compo.sed  of  religious  edifices,  at 
the  S.  eKtremity  of  which  is  the  great  temple,  a  vast  struc- 
ture within  an  "area  of  about  670  fret  square,  and  completed 
in  the  twelfth  century  at  a  cost  of  from  400.000/.  to  500.000/. 
Twelve  festivals  are  held  here  annually;  and  all  the  land 
■williiu  20  miles  from  the  temple  is  stated  to  be  held  rent  free, 
on  condition  of  the  tenants  performing  certain  services  in 
and  abcmt  the  shrine. 

JOGGiVrKK,  jtig'go-tee'.  a  town  of  India,  Gwalior  domi- 
nions. 13  miles  S.K.  of  Maheidpoor. 

JUGON,  zhuVi\xo/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  C6tes- 
du-Nord,  on  the  Arguenon,  13  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Dinan.  P.  508. 

.TIJG'Ti)\VN.  a  village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Klemington. 

JUT  or  JUlII,joo'ee,  a  walled  town  of  Sinde,  15  miles  N.AV. 
of  Lake  Slanchar.     Pop.  about  1000. 

JUILL.VC.  TihweeVik',  a  market-tnwn  of  Francs,  depart^ 
ment  of  Correne.  14  miles  N.W. of  Brives-la-Gaillarde.   P.  2637. 

JUILLAN,  zhwee^ydx"',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilautes-Pyronees.  arroudissement  of  Tarbes.     Pop.  I(i90. 

JUJUUIKU.X,  zhiiV,hii*re-uU.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Nantua.     Pop.  K'OO. 

JUJUY.  Hoo-llwee'.  a  town  of  the  .\rgentine  Republic.  (La 
Plata.)  province,  and  40  miles  E.N.K.  of  Salta.  on  the  river 
Jujuy.  on  the  main  route  from  Salta  across  the  mountains 
into  Bolivia.     Pop.  about  4000. 

JUJUY  or  RIO  GRANDK  DE  JUJUY,  ree/o  grdn'di  d;l 
Hoo-iiwee'.  a  river  of  the  .\rgentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,) 
rises  on  the  frontiers  of  Bolivia,  and  after  a  course  of  about 
300  miles,  first  S.  and  then  H..  joins  the  Vermejo.  L;it.  23° 
6'S..  Ion.fi2°40' W. 

JUI/ALPODIV  or  JEI/ALPOOR'.  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Jhylum,  90  miles  N.AV.  of  Lahore.  It 
has  been  generally  supposed  that  here  was  the  field  of  the 
batUe  between  Alexander  the  (jireat  and  Porus.  but  Burney 
considers  the  contest  to  have  fciken  place  at  Jhylum,  25  miles 
higher  up  the  river. 

JUL.\JII';rK,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Joolameuk. 

JULF.\.  a  town  of  Russian  Transcaucasia.     See  JOOLF.V. 

J  U  LF.\.  jool'Ci.  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee, 
immediately  S.  of  Ispahan. 

JULI.  noo'lee,  a  town  of  South  Peru,  department,  and  46 
miles  S.K.  of  Puno,  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  Lake  Titioaca  Ele- 
vation, 13,100  feet. 

JULIA,  a  town  of  Transylvania.    See  Gvalu. 

JU'LI.\N,  a  village  of  Moultrie  co.,  Illinois,  06  miles  E.  by 
S.  of  Springfield. 

JU'LIA.N  FURNACE,  a  post--fillage  of  Centre  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  Bald  Jlagle  Valley,  about  95  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Ilarrisburg. 

JULI.V.V'S  0.\P,  a  post-oflRce  of  Hamilton  co..  Tennessee. 

JUL1.\NSIIA.\B.  yfK)'le^.'lnshdb'.  a  maritime  station  in 
Greenland,  on  its  W.  coast,  110  miles  X.W.  of  Cape  Farewell, 
and  the  principal  place  of  an  extensive  district. 

JULICH,  fJiilich.)  yii'llK.  (Fr..7'«/iVra,zhu'le-i'.)a  fortified 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Aix-!a-Chapelle, 
on  the  Ruhr.  Pop.  4201.  It  has  a  strong  citadel,  and  was 
the  capital  of  the  department  of  Koer  (Ruhr)  under  the 
French  Umpire. 

JULIKR.  COL  DU,  kol  dii  zhii'le-,V,  one  of  the  principal 
passes  in  the  chain  of  the  Swiss  Alps,  canton  of  Grisons, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Tnn.  7558  feet  alxive  the  level  of  the 
sea.  It  was  known  to  the  Romans,  and  was  long  the  chief 
route  l)etween  Venice.  Switzerland.  Germany,  and  France. 

.TUMKI!!;,  a  town  of  ithenish  Pru.ssia.     See  Julich. 

.TU'LIKT,  a  new  village  of  Lawrence  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
New  Albany  and  Salem  Rajh'oad,  5  or  6  miles  S.  of  Bedford. 


JULTET,  Illinois.    See  Joltei. 

JULII  FORUM.     See  Frkjus. 

JULIOBONA.    See  Lili.ebonxe. 

JULIOMAGUS.    See  Angers. 

JULTUSBURG,  yoo/le-C(5s-bf)oRr,\  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  977. 

JU'LIUSTOVVN,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jer. 
sey,  6  or  7  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Mount  Holly.  It  has  a  church, 
and  about  .30  dwellings. 

JULL,  jtill,  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  province  of  Cutch- 
Gundava,  20  miles  S.  of  Guiidava. 

J  ULLALKOTE,  jai-la-kot',  a  small  town  of  Siude,  35  miles 
S.AV.  of  TatUi. 

JULLAND,  (Jillland.)    See  Jutiaxd. 

JULLINBKR,  jUl'lin-der,  a  large  town  of  the  Punjab,  in 
the  Doab.  or  tract  between  the  Sutlej  and  Beas,  75  miles  K. 
of  Lahore.  Estimated  population,  40.000.  It  is  in  a  fertile 
tract,  surrounded  by  handsome  mausoleums,  and  other 
edifices;  and  it  was  formerly  the  residence  ef  an  Afghan 
dynasty.  The  Juli.inder  Doah  was  ceded  to  the  British  at 
the  termination  of  the  late  war  in  the  Punjab. 

JULItAlZ,  jtil-riz'  (?)  a  town  of  Alghani<tan.  on  the  Cabool 
River,  with  numerous  forts,  35  miles  E.  of  Cabool. 

JUMBOSEER.  jam^bo-.seer',  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bomb.ay.  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Baroach,  near  an 
extensive  lake,  on  the  banks  of  which  are  many  Hindoo 
temples.     Pop.  10.400. 

JUMEAUX.  zhii^mo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Puv-de-I)ome,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Issoire.     Pop.  in  1852,  1820. 

JUMELLES,  zhu'mMl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Jlaine-et-Loire.  8  miles  S.  of  Bauge.     Pop.  lt'93. 

JUMELLlfcRE.  LA,  Id  zhu'm(^ine-aiR',a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Beaupreau 
Pop.  1222. 

JUMET  or  JUMETZ,  zhirm?f,  a  town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  llainaut,  3  miles  N.  of  Charleroi.  It  has  glass- 
works, distilleries,  and  extensive  coal-mines.     Pop.  8027. 

JU.MIEU/OS.  zbU^me-.izh',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-Inferieure,  on  the  Seine.  12  miles  W.  of  Rouen.  Pop. 
in  1S52.  I'i70.     It  has  remains  of  a  Benedictine  abliey. 

JUMILLA  or  XUMILL.V,  Hoo-raeel'yd.  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  37  miles  N.N.W\  of  Murcia,  at  the  foot  of  a 
hill  crowned  by  an  old  fortress.  Pop.  7362.  It  is  pretty  well 
built,  is  a  bishop's  see.  and  has  a  public  granary,  manufac- 
tures of  fire-arms,  tiles,  earthenware,  and  refined  salt. 

JUMILLAC,  zhii'meeVdk',  or  JUMILLAC-LE-GRAND, 
zhii*inee\vdU'-leh-gr6N"'',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Isle  River,  29 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Perigueux.     Pop.  in  1852.  3277. 

JUMNA,  juin'nd.  (anc.  yumuna,  yd-moo'nd.  the  Jmnancs 
of  Pliny.)  a  river  of  India,  rises  among^  the  loftiest  peaks  of 
the  Himalayas,about  an  elevation  of  11.000  feet,  flows  mostly 
S.,  and  afterw.ards  S.E..  and  joins  the  Ganges  at  Allahabad, 
after  having  enclosed  with  that  river  the  territory  called  the 
Doab.  Total  course,  estimated  at  080  miles;  its  breadth  varies 
at  dilTereut  seasons  from  100  to  1000  yards.  It  is  generally 
shallow,  and  unfit  for  navigation.  Its  affluents  are  the 
Touse.  Chumbul.  Sind  Betwah,  Cane,  and  Rinde.  On  it  are 
the  cities  of  Delhi  and  .\gra.  Soon  after  leaving  the  moun- 
tains it  supplies  water  W.  to  All  .Merdan's  Canal,  and  E.  to 
Zalieta  Khan's  or  the  Dnab  Canal. 

JU.MNOOTRI.  JU.MNOUTKI,  jfim-noo'tree,  written  also 
JUMXOTRI,  a  peak  of  the  Himalayas,  in  Ilindostan.  Lat. 
about  30°  N..  lon.7S°20'E.  Height.  25.500  feet. 

JUMNOOTRI  or  JU.MNOUTlil,  jftm-noo'tree.  (Hind.  la- 
muniivatari.  yd-moo-nd-vd-td'ree.)  a  famous  place  of  Hindoo 
pilgrimage  in  North  India,  near  the  source  of  the  Jumna. 
Lat.  30°  52'  N..  Ion.  78°  20'  E..  and  10,819  f  ^et  above  the  sea. 

JUMOO.  a  town  of  the  Punjab.     See  J  AMU. 

JUMP'INt}  BRANCH,  a  post-oflice  of  Mercer  co.,  Virginia. 

JU.MUD.  joo-mtid',  a  walled  town  of  Central  Asia,  70  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Khiva.  Its  inhabitants  are  Toorkomans,  who  have 
about  350  houses. 

JUNAGHUIl  or  JUNAGARH.    See  Joo>f,vGnuu. 

JU.N'CTION,  Connecticut,  a  station  at  the  junction  of 
the  Naugatuck  with  the  New  Yoik  and  New  Haven  Rail- 
road. 9  mile*E.  by  N.  of  Bridgeport. 

JUNCTION,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York. 

JUNCTION,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co..  Virginia. 

JUNCTION,  a  post-village  of  Paulding  co..\)hio,  at  the 
union  of  the  Miami  Canal  with  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Ca- 
nal. 5  miles  N.  of  Charloe. 

JUNCTION,  a  post-village  of  Du  Page  co.,  lUinois.  on  the 
Galena  and  Chicago  Union  Railroad,  at  its  junction  with 
railroads  extending  to  Fulton  and  Quincy,  30  miles  W.  of 
Chicago. 

JUNCTION,  a  postK)ffice  of  Yuba  co..  California. 

JUNCTION  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Botetfjurt  CO..  Virginia. 

JUNDIAHI,  zhoon-de-4'ee,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
23  miles  N.W.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  Jundiahi.     Pop.  5000. 

JUNEAU,  joohio'.  formerly  DODGE  CENTRE,  a  post-vil- 
lage, capita!  of  Dodge  co..  Wisconsin,  is  pleasantly  situated 
in  the  centre  of  the  the  county,  on  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railroad,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  MadLson.  It  was  laid 
out  and  selected  as  the  county-seat  about  the  year  lS50,aud 

947 


JUN 


JUS 


named  in  memory  of  the  first  white  settler  of  Wisconsin. 
The  surrounding  country  is  fertile,  and  rapidly  improving. 
A  newsjiaper  is  published  here.  It  has  4  stores  and  2  hotels. 
Pojuilatiou  in  1865,  about  700. 

JUiNKDA  or  XUXEDA.  Hoo-nA'oJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  province,  and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Lerida,  at  a  hill- 
foot.  Pop.  1600. 
.Taxa-BUXZLATJ,  Bohemia.  See  Buntzl\u. 
JUX(iEYPOOR,  jangVhi-poor',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  province  of  Bentral,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Moor- 
shedabad,  and  formerly  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  silk  manu- 
facture. 

.TUXGFR  AU,  yCOng'frflw.*  (the  "  Maiden,"  or  the  "  Virgin 
Mountain."t)  a  mountain  of  the  Swiss  .A.lps.  on  the  bound- 
arv  line  between  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Valais,  7  miles  W. 
of'  the  "Finster-aar-horn.  Ilei'jht,  13.071  feet.  It  is  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  roclis  and  precipices,  and  capped 
with  perpetual  snow ;  but  its  summit  was  attained,  in  1S12, 
by  the  brothers  Meyer  of  Aarau,  and  in  1841  by  Agassiz  and 
l'rofes,sor  Forbes. 

JUNGLEBARRY,  jtlngVhel-bar'ree,  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Bengal,  58  miles  N.K.  of  D.acca. 

JUXGN.-VU,  yOOng'now.  a  village  of  South  Germany,  prin- 
cipality of  Ilohenzollern-Sigraaringen,  3  miles  N.  of  Sigma- 
rincren.     Pop.  703. 

JUXG-WOZICZ,  y6ang-«-ot/sitch  (?)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  12 
miles  from  Tabor.     Pop.  1812. 

JUNIATA,  joo-ne-ah'ta.  a  river  of  Pennsylvania,  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Little  Juniat.a  and  Frankstown  Branch, 
commences  in  the  S.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  in 
a  gener.al  E.  direction,  falls  into  the  Susrinohanna  14  miles 
above  Harrisburg.  The  region  through  whi.h  it  passesis  di- 
versified by  fertile  limestone  valleys  and  mountain  ridges,  in 
which  iron  ore  is  abundant.  The  .scenery  along  the  banks 
of  this  river  is  in  the  highest  degree  beautiful  and  pictn- 
r-'.sijue.  The  whole  length  of  the  .luniata  (including  the 
Frankstown  Branch)  is  estimated  at  near  150  miles.  It  is 
not  navigable,  but  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  passes  along  it 
to  Ilollidaysburg.  Branches. — The  Little  Juniata,  a  very 
small  stream,  rises  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Blair  county,  and 
after  a  course  of  perhaps  not  more  than  30  miles,  joins  the 
Frankstown  Branch.  The  latter  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Bed- 
ford county,  and  passes  by  Frankstown,  from  which  it  de- 
rives its  name.  The  Raygtown  Branch,  more  properly  an 
affluent  of  the  Juniata,  is  the  principal  tributary  of  that 
river.  It  has  its  sources  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Bedford  county, 
and  joins  the  Juni.ata  near  Huntingdon. 

JUNIATA,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the  S.E.  central 
part  of  the  state,  contains  350  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sect-ed  by  the  .luniata  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Tusc.a- 
rora  and  Lost  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mostly  occupied  with 
valleys  and  mountains,  which  abound  in  beautiful  and 
romantic  scenery.  The  valleys  are  fertile  and  well  culti- 
vated. Limestone,  sandstone,  and  slate  are  the  principal 
rocks.  The  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  Central  Railroad  pass 
throush  it.     Capibil,  Mifflintown.     Pop.  16,986. 

JUNIATA,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

.IUNI.\TA.  a  post-township  of  I'ei-ry  co..  Pennsylv.ania.  on 
the  Juniata  River,  25  miles  N.W.  of  TLarrisburi.    Pop.  Iul7. 

JUNIATA  CROSS/INGS,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
Bvlvania. 

"  JUNIN  or  XUNIN,  Hoo-neen'.  or  REYES.  r.Vy?s,  a  town  of 
Peru,  department  of  Junin,  108  miles  K.N.E.  of  Lima,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Lake  Chinchacoeha.  Near  it  is  the  Pampa  of  .lunin, 
where,  on  August  24.  1824,  the  Spanish  troops  under  Gene- 
ral Canterao  were  lieaten  by  Bolivar. 

JUNIN,  XUNIN.  or  REYES,  formerly  TARMA.  taR'mlii 
department  of  Peru,  stretches  quite  across  the  Andes,  and 
includes  the  vallevs  of  Jau.ia  and  Huanuco.  Capital,  Ilua- 
nuco.    Pop.  in  18"50,  247,748. 

JUNIOR,  a  post-oflRce  of  Scioto  co..  Ohio. 

JU'XIPEU.  Georgia,  a  station  on  the  Muscogee  R.ailroad, 
between  Cnlumbus  and  Macon.  26  miles  from  the  former. 

JU'XIPER  CRKKli,  of  Chesterfield  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, flows  into  Thompson's  Creek,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

JU'XIUS.  a  post-township  forming  the  X.W.  extremity  of 
Seneca  Co..  New  York,  8  miles  N.  of  Waterbio."  I'op.  1316. 

JUXIVILLK,  zhu'neeVeeV.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mezi6res.  Pop.  in 
1S52. 1460. 

JUX  K-CEYLON.  or  .lUNKSEYLON.  j&nk-seelon  or  jftnk'- 
se-15n'.  or  S.\LANO,  s3-ling',  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
beloninng  to  Siam.  off  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula.  Lat,  7°  46'  N.,  Ion.  98°  IS'  K.  Length,  20  miles': 
average  breadth,  10  miles.  The  surface  is  level  and  wooded. 
It  contains  extensive  tin-mines,  the  produce  of  which,  with 
edible  birds'-nests,  ivory,  and  Japan-wood,  are  exported 
chiefly  to  the  British  settlements  In  the  Strait  of  Malacca. 

JU'XO,  a  post-office  of  Lumpkin  co..  Georgia. 

JUXO,  a  post'Office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennesse. 

*  "  But  I  have  seen  the  soaring  Ju-vofrau  rear 

Her  never-trodden  snow."— CAt/tfe  Harold,  Canto  iv. 

♦  "The  Virgin  Mor.vTAi.v  wearing  like  aqneen 

A  hrilliiiut  orown  of  everlasting  snow."— Wordsworth. 
948 


JTINONIS  PROMONTORIUM.    See  Trafalgar. 

JUNQUERA.(orXUNQUERA.)LA,ianoon-kA'riat«wnof 
Spain,  province,  and  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gerona.  in  a  gorge  ot 
the  Pvrenees.    Pop.  1098.  emploved  in  manufacturing  corks. 

JUi'AXOWA-SOPKA.  yoo-pS-no'va-sop'ka  (?)  a  volcanic 
mountain  of  Kamtchatka,  in  l.at.  b'i°  55'  N.,  Ion.  156°  SO'  K. 

JUI'lLLE.  zhti^peel',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  3 
miles  E.  of  Lieie,  on  the  Meuse.  Pop.  1900.  It  was  the 
ancient  Jobii  Villa,  a  residence  of  Pepin  I'lIeristiU,  and  the 
place  of  his  decease. 

JUl'ILLES.  zhU'peel'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  W.S.W.  of  St.  Calai.s. 

JURA,  yoo'r^.  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Wilna, 
joins  the  Niemen  or  Memel  above  Tilsit,  after  a  course  of 
about  75  miles. 

JU'R.\,  (anc.  Diuraf)  an  island,  one  of  the  Inner  He- 
brides, in  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle.  immediately  N.E.  of  Islay. 
Length  from  N.E.  to  S.AV.  24"  miles:  breadth  varies  from'2 
to  8  miles.  Estimated  area,  .alxmt  84  square  miles,  or  58.400 
Scotch  acres,  only  500  of  which  are  arable.  It  is  the  most 
rugged  of  the  Hebrides;  near  its  S.  extremity  are  3  lofty 
peaks,  te.-med  the  "  Paps  of  Jura."  On  the  E.  and  most 
populous  caa.st  is  the  harbor  of  Small  Islands;  on  the  W.  is 
the  deep  inlet.  Loch  Tarbet.  Slate,  and  iron  ore  are  found. 
Principal  village.  Jura,  on  the  E.  coast. 

JUR.4.  joo'ra.  (Fr.  pron.  zhiiVJ'.)  a  department  of  France, 
formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Francho-Comtfi.  bounded 
E.  and  S.  by  Switzerland.  Area.  1894  squ.are  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861.  298,053.  Situated  almost  entirely  in  the  basin  of  the 
Rhone.  Surface  mostly  covered  with  ramifications  of  the 
Jura  Mountains.  Principal  rivers,  the  Oignon.  Poubs,  Seisse, 
andAin.  Soil  rich  and  fertile  in  the  valleys.  Suflfici."nt  corn 
(chiefly  maize)  is  raised  for  home  consumption :  and  potatoes 
are  a  large  and  important  crop.  Annual  produce  of  wine  is 
commonly  upwards  of  400.000  hectolitres,  some  of  very  good 
quality.  Butter,  cheese,  &c..  are  principal  products.  Chief 
niinenil  products,  iron,  marble,  and  gypsum.  Jura  is  di- 
vided into  the  4  arrondissements  of  Lons-le-Sauluier,  Dole, 
Poliirny,  and  St.  Claude. 

JUR.AjjcHyra,  (called  also  Z«6cr&CT7,l.i'b?r-bjRo\in  German? 
Fr.  pron.  zhii^rd';  &nc.  Ju!ra;  It.  Giura.  joo'rl.)  a  chain  of 
mountains,  which  separate  France  from  Switzerland,  extend- 
ing in  France  from  the  department  of  Ain  to  that  of  Ilaut- 
Rhin.  and  in  Switzerland,  along  the  cantons  of  Vaud.  Neuf 
chatel,  and  Bern.  It  is  composed  of  a  series  of  parallel  ranges, 
extending  for  ISO  miles  in  the  form  of  a  curve,  from  S.  to  N.E.,' 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  .30  miles ;  these  are  separated  by  long 
valle.vs,  which  are  traversed  by  streams  flowing  N.  and  8.  The 
culminating  points,  situated  mostly  in  the  S.  part  of  the  chain, 
are  Mount  Molesson.  6588  feet;  Reculet-de-Toiry,  5643  feet; 
Mont  Tendre,  5538  feet;  D5Ie,  5-509  feet;  Cha'sserfin.  5280 
feet ;  and  Chasseral,  5280  feet.  The  chief  geolo.irical  feature 
is  a  peculiar  form.ation  called  Jura  limestone  and  cretaceous 
gypsums,  alabaster,  beds  of  asphalt  and  oolite:",  coral, 
marble,  abundance  of  iron,  and  mineral  springs.  There  ara 
numerous  cascades  and  stalactite  grottos  in  the  mountains, 
and  their  summits  are  covered  with  fine  forests.  Wolves 
are  plenty,  and  the  brown  bear  is  occasionally  met  with. 
The  vine  is  cultivated  in  the  valle.vs;  cattle  are  extensively 
reared;  and  cheese,  called  GruySre,  is  manufactured  foi 
exportation. 

JUR.\N50N.  zhiiVi^No'sis'''.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
meat  of  Basses-Pyrenees,  1}  miles  W.  of  Pau.     Pop.  1329. 

JURBISE.  zhUR'beez',  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  Hainaut,  on 
the  raihv.'iy  from  Brussels  to  I'aris,  30  miles  from  the  former. 
JUKBUKG,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yoordoorq. 
J U l{ I K  VETZ-PO VOLSKOI  or  JUR JE VETZ-POWOLSKOL 
See  Yoorievets-Povolskoi. 
JURJEV-POLSKIJ  or  JURIEV-POLSKOI.    See  Yooriev- 

I'OUSKOI. 

.IUH.IUR.\,  jftr^oo-rJ,  (anc.  fkrraHus.  Sfons.)  a  mountain 
chain  of  Algeria,  forming  a  division  of  the  Little  Atlas,  50 
miles  S.E.  of  Algiers,  in  which  is  the  Biban  or  iron  .irate. 

JURRUK.  jfirVftk',  a  town  cf  Sinde,  on  the  main  branch 
of  the  Indus,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hyderabad.  Pop.  from  1500 
to  2000. 

JUiiUA,  JURUHA,  Hoo-roo'l,  (Port.  pron.  zhoo-rix>'i.) 
or  HYURUH.\,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises' in  the  mountains 
of  Peru,  flows  N.N.E..  and  joins  the  Amazon  on  the  S.,  be- 
tween the  confluent  of  the  Teffe  and  Jutay. 

JUHUEXA,  zhoo-roo-;Vn3.  a  large  river  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Matto  Grosso,  rises  50  miles  N.E.of  Matto-Grosso,  and  flows 
N.  to  the  Tapajos,  of  which  it  is  a  source. 

JURUHA.    SeeJuRUA. 

JURUMENHA,  zhoo-roo-m?n'yd,  a  small  fortifi'xj  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo.  on  a  steep  height,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Guadiana,  31  miles  E.N.E.  of  Evora.  Pop. 
630. 

JURZEN.  yooR-zJn'  C?)  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Oot» 
aft<>r  a  N.W.  course  of  about  140  miles. 

JUSHl'OOR.  jtish-poor'  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency  of  Bengal,  S.W. Territory,  73  miles  E.N.E.  of  SumbhnI 
poor. 

JUSS.AC.  zhiis'sJk',  a  village  of  France,  department  ?* 
Cantal,  3  miles  S.  of  Aurillac.    Pop.  15.50 


JUS 


KAF 


JtrSSEY,  ihiis'sJ/,  a  town  of  France,  deparfntient  of 
IIaute-Sa6ne,  20  miles  X.W.  of  Vesoul.    Pop.  in  1852,  2V73. 

JUS'TUS'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Hempstead  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

JUT  AY.  or  XUTAY,  iioo-ti'.  (Port.  pron.  zhoo-tl'.)  written 
also,  JIITAIII  or  IIYUTAIIY.  a  river  of  South  America, 
has  its  sources  in  tlie  N.M.  of  Peru.  alx)ut  lat.  11°  40'  8.,  Ion. 
68='  lo'  W..  and  falls  into  the  Amazon  at  lat.  2°  40'  S.,  Ion.  66° 
40'  W.,  after  a  course  of  nearly  700  miles. 

JUTlCKBOr.K.  (JiiterbO'.'k.)  yu'ter-bok\  a  walled  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg.  27  miles  S.  of  Potsdam, 
with  a  station  on  the  Berlin  and  Anhalt  Railway.  Pop.  5200, 
who  carry  on  a  bi-isk  trade  in  woollen  cloths,  linens,  and  fiax. 
Near  it.  in  181;!.  was  fouiiht  the  battle  of  Baunewitz,  in 
which  the  Prussians  defeited  the  French. 

JUTLAND,  jafliind.  (D:in.  Ji/lland,  yiilland;  Ger.  Jut- 
land, yiit'ldnt,  h.Jutlan'dia;  anc.  CItersfmffsiis  Cim/brica.)  a 
low,  flat  peninsula  of  Denmark,  comprised  between  the 
North  Sea.  the  Skasjer-Kack.  the  Cattegat,  the  Little  Belt, 
and  the  Baltic.  Lat.  52°  45' to  57°  43' N.,  and  Ion.  8°  5' to 
10°  57'  E.  On  the  S.  it  is  attached  to  Germany :  on  the  N.K. 
it  terminates  in  Cape  Skagen  or  The  Skaw.  Its  coasts  are 
indented  by  numerous  gulfs,  the  chief  of  which  is  the 
Lymfiord  on  the  N..  and  numerous  lakes.  The  peninsula 
is  divided  into  North  Jutland,  or  Jutland-proper,  and  .*outli 
Jutland  or  Sleswick.  See  Sleswick.  The  name  of  Jutland 
is  derived  from  the  Jutes,  a  nation  who  anciently  inhabited 

this  country. Adj.  Jutlandish,  jut/land-ish;  inhab.  JuT- 

LAXDER,  jQt'land-er. 

Jutland!  (Jylland,)  north,  the  largest  and  most  im- 
portant province  of  Denmark,  forming  the  N.  portion  of  the 
peninsula  of  the  same  name,  separated  from  Sleswick  by  the 
Kolding  River  on  the  K.,  and  the  Kongo  on  the  VV..  lat.  .55° 
2:"  N.  Area.  9607  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1850,  604,525.  The 
E.  coast  has  numerous  fine  harbors;  on  the  W.  it  is  shallow. 
Surface  quite  level,  except  on  the  E.,  where  it  is  traversed 
by  a  range  of  low  hills;  highest  point,  the  lliuimelbjerg,  550 


fact.  Principal  river,  is  the  Guden,  which  is  navigahle  fo: 
50  miles,  and  joined  by  the  Silkeborg  Canal.  It  is  dividet 
into  10  cantons. 

JUTPIIAAS,  yat'f|s,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro 
vince,  and  3  miles  S.W.  of  Utrecht.     Pop.  1464. 

JUTKOSZYX  or  JUTROSCIIIN,  y60f-ro-sheen',  a  town 
of  Prussia.  54  miles  S.S.E.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1726. 

JUTTEEt/  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain  range  in  Rindo. 
stretching  about  70  miles,  from  lat.  25°  2ry  to  20°  20'  X..  Ion! 
67°  45'  to  67°  55'  E.  They  are  steep,  and  above  2000  feet 
high. 

JUVAVUM,  or  JUVAVIA.    See  S\tznuRa. 

JUVIGNE,  zhUVeeB'  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Mavenne,  16  miles  N.W.  of  L.aval.     Pop.  2S30. 

JUVIGNY-SOUS-ANDAINE,  zhU'veen>ee'-sooz-ft.N''M,'\n', 
a  marketrtown  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  7  miles  E.S.E, 
of  Domfront.     Pop.  1612. 

JUV'ISY,  zhiiVee^zee',  a  villjise  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  with  stations  on  the  Orleans  and  Corbeil  Rail- 
ways. 12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Paris.     Pop. 400. 

JYKl'OOK.  a  town  and  sfcite  of  Uindostan.    See  Jeypoor. 

JYHOON,  ji-hoon'.  or  J  AIU.VN.  ji-hiln'.  (anc.  ZVi-'a/juM.)  a 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  rises  in  Mount  Taurus,  and  after  a  S. 
course  of  about  160  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Iskanderoon  on 
its  \V.  side.     Ain-Zarba  is  the  chis-f  town  on  its  banks. 

JYIIOON,  a  river  of  Asia.     See  O-XUS. 

JYLL.^ND,  a  peninsula  of  Denmark.    See  Jutland. 

JYNTIAII  or  JYNT1':AIL  jin't.-e'a,  a  district  of  British 
India,  beyond  the  Brahmapootra,  between  lat.  25°  and  26° 
N.,  Ion.  92°  E.,  having  N.  Assam.  It  was  taken  under 
British  protection  during  the  war  with  the  Burmese,  and 
has  been  since  incorporated  with  the  district  of  .Sylhet. 

JYNTIAII  POOR,  jin-te-d-poor',  or  JYNTKAIIPORE,  jin- 
te-3-por',  the  capit;»l  of  the  above  district,  10  miles  N.  of 
Sylhet.  is  a  pretty  town,  built  of  mats  and  mud,  with  a  few 
mosques,  many  of  its  population  being  Mohammedans. 

JYPOOR,  a  town  and  state  of  Kiudostan.    See  Jeypoor. 


K 


KAADEN,  ka/dfu,  or  KADANIE,  kl-din'yiN  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  T3  miles  N.W.  of  Saaz,  on  the  Eger.   Pop.  3229. 

K.A.AFIORD,  ko'fe-ORd\  a  village  of  Norway,  stift  of  Fin- 
mark,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  on  the  Gulf  of  Alten, 
near  lat.  '(P  N.    It  ha«  a  rich  copper-mine. 

KAAGOE,  (Kaagoe,)  ko'goV.!h.  an  island  of  Norway,  be- 
longing to  Finmark,  in  the'  Arctic  Ocean.  Lat.  70°  N. 
Length,  11  miles;  breadth,  7  miles. 

KAAL.  kdl.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ileyes,  on  the 
Tama,  12  miles  from  Erlau.     Pop.  2221. 

KAARTA,  kdr'ta,  a  kingdom  of  West  Africa,  in  the  N.E.  of 
Senegambia.  Surface  mountainous,  and  said  to  be  populous 
and  well  cultivated. 

KAAT'I'^RSICILL,  New  York,  a  small  strejim  rising  in  the 
Catskill  .Mountains,  and  falling  into  Catskill  Creek,  near  its 
mouth.  About  2  miles  from  the  Mountain  House,  it  has  a 
perpendicular  fall  of  175  feet. 

K A ATSB i;RG.     See  Catskili  Mol'N'Tains. 

KAAT8IIEUVEL,  DE,  d.i  kats'hoVfl,  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Herto'j:enbosch.(Bois  le  Due.)   Pop.  358. 

IvABAII.  kd/bd^  a  ruined  city  of  Yucatan,  about  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Uxm.al. 

K.\BA-NAGY,  koh1)5h'-n5dj,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Bihar,  6  miles  fiom  S/.oboszIo.     Pop.  6179. 

KABAN  MAADEN,of  Asiatic  Turkey.  See  ICenvN  Mabex. 

KABARDAH,  kd-baa/dd.  a  district  of  Russia,  in  Europe, 
In  the  N.  of  Circiissia,  sepiirated  N.  by  the  Terek  from  the 
government  of  Caucasus. 

KABENDA,  W.  coast  of  Africa.     See  Cabenda. 

KABES.  a  town  of  Tunis.     See  Cabes. 

KABLETOWN,  a  post-office  of  .Jefferson  CO.,  Yirgiuia. 

KABDELOESOE.    See  Kauooloosoo. 

KABOK,  kd'bok',  a  Mandingo  state  of  West  Africa,  in 
Senegambia,  between  the  Geba  and  the  upper  course  of  the 
Gambia.    Interior  almost  unknown. 

KABOO.  KABOU  or  IvABU,  kd'boo',  a  country  of  Africa, 
Id  Upper  Guinea,  between  the  Gambia  and  Cacheo  rivers. 

K  \BOOL,  a  river  and  city  of  Afghanistan.     See  Cabool. 

KABOOLOOSOO,  KABOULOUSOU  or  KABOELOESOE, 
kd-booMoo-soo',  an  uninhabited  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Sangir. 

KABOUL,  a  citv  of  Aftrhanistin.     See  Caiioou 

KABRA  or  CAIJIIA.  kd^brd,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  do- 
minion, and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Timbuctoo,  on  the  left  bank 
ot  the  Ni'jrer  or  .Joliba. 

KABRERA,  or  CABRERA,  kd-br.Vrd.  one  of  the  Ionian 
Islands,  dependant  on  Zante,  off  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Morea,  7  miles  W.  of  Cape  Gallo,  with  a  good  harbor.  Lat. 
S6°  40'  N.,  Ion.  21°  47'  E. 

KABR  IBRAIIEEM,  (or  IBRAHIM),  kdb'r  ibVd-heem',  a 
town  of  Palestine,  the  modem  name  of  Hebrox. 


KABROOANO,  KABROUANQ,  or  KABRUAN6,  kd-broo- 
dng',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  between  the 
Pliilip|)ines  and  Gilolo,  20  miles  in  circumference.  Lat,  3° 
47' N..  Ion.  127°  E. 

K.\BSiI.'VRY,  kdb'sh.l'ree,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in 
Bornoo,  on  the  Yeoo,  90  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kooka.  Lat.  13° 
N.,  Ion.  13°  10'  E. 

ivABU,  a  country  of  We.st  Africa.    See  Kaboo. 

KABUL,  a  city  of  Afghanistan.     See  Cabool. 

KACIIAO,  a  city  of  Anam.    See  Ketcho. 

K  ACHAR,  a  district  of  Uindostan.     See  Cachar. 

K.\CIIEE,  k.'lVhee',  a  town  of  Siude,  on  a  large  branch 
of  the  Indus,  30  miles  N.  of  Hyderabad. 

KACHG.\R.  a  city  of  Central  Asia.    See  Kashoar. 

KACHNAI-SERAI,  kdch'ni'-.sj-ri',  or  KUCHNAI-SERAT, 
ktitch'ni'-se-ri',  a  considerable  town  of  Hiudostan,  domi- 
nions, and  130  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gwalior. 

K.A.C1II»0UR,  a  town  of  Russi.a.    See  K.vshpoor. 

KACUNDA,  or  BUDDUA,  a  town  of  Africa.  See  Kakuxdy. 

KADANIE,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Kaadex. 

KADAPHA,  kdVld'fd.  a  village  of  A.siatic  Turkey,  pashalic 
of  Trebizond.  on  the  Tchoruk  River,  S.  of  Batoom. 

K  ADDO.  kdd'do,  one  of  the  Dhalak  islands  of  the  Red  Sea, 
about  2  miles  long,  with  a  rocky  islet  off  its  W.  end. 

KADEEN  or  KADIN,  kd-deen',  or  KADINO,  kd-dee/no,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Moheelev,  19  miles  N.W.  of 
M.stislavl. 

K  ADERO,  k.dMJhVo',  a  village  of  Nubia,  on  the  Blue  Nile, 
3  miles  S.  of  Sennaar.  with  a  mosque  and  remains  of  a  palace. 

KADIAK,  one  of  the  Aleutian  Island.s.     See  Kodiak. 

K.\.D1N  or  KADINO  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Kadeex. 

KADIRGUNGE,  kd-dir-ganj',  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Ganges.  36  miles  N.W.  of  Furruckabad. 

KADJANG,  kdd-jdng',  a  sm.all  native  st.ate,  island  of 
Celebes,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  gulf  of  that  name. 

KADJ.iNG,  is  the  capittil  of  the  above  state,  on  the  small 
river  Kadjang.  in  about  lat.  5°  20'  S. 

KADNIKOV  or  KADNIKOW,  kdd-ne-kov',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vologda.  Lat. 
59°  24'  N.,  Ion.  40°  .50'  E.     It  has  1000  inhabitants. 

KADOE,  KADOU,  kdMoo/,  or  KEDOE.  ki-doo',  a  central 
province  in  the  island  ot  .Tava.     Pop.  323.119. 

KADOLZBURG.  kd/dolts-lMBGN  a  market-town  of  Bavar 
ria.  9  miles  W.  of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  1350. 

KADOM,  kd-dom,'  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  128 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Tambov,  on  the  Moksha.  with  C.OOO  inh* 
bitants.  and  a  brisk  trade,  especially  in  annual  fairs. 

KAFERNIHAU,  k.d-fi^r-ne-haw',  or  HIS'SAR,  a  river  of 
Central  Asia,  in  Toorkistan.  rises  about  lat  ri9°30'  N.,  Ion.  70° 
20'  E.,  flows  S.,  and  falls  into  the  Oxus,  6U  miles  N.E.  of 
Balkh,  after  a  course  of  about  210  miles 

919 


KAF 


KAF 


K  APEKTHAL,  (Rflferthal.)  kd'fer-tar,  a  Tilla<re  of  Baden, 
di-cle  of  Ldwer  Rhine,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Mannheim.     P.  1543. 

KAFFA,  CAFFA,  HPfH,  or  FKODOSIA,  fa-o-di^/se-i  (anc. 
Thcmlr-Jsia,)  a  town  of  I'ussia.  at  the  W.  ansle  of  a  magnifi- 
cent bay  in  the  S.l-:.  of  the  Crimea;  lat.  45°  6'  N.,  Ion.  35° 
20'  E.  It  is  wal'.ed  and  well  fortified,  and  contains  3  churches 
— Greek,  ilorain  Catholic,  and  Armenian;  2  mo.sques,  a  spa- 
cious and  commodious  quarantine,  a  college,  founded  by 
the  Emperor  Alexander,  chiefly  for  gratuitous  instruction 
in  the  modern  languages,  a  botanical  garden,  and  a  museum. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  having  l)een  founded  l>y  a 
colony  of  Greeks  from  Ionia.  It  received  its  name  of  Theo- 
dosiafrom  the  wife  of  Leucon,  King  of  the  Bosporus,  who 
took  it  after  a  long  siege,  and  soon  made  it  a  place  of  great 
importance.  In  the  iliddle  Ages  it  passed  into  the  hands 
of  the  Genoese,  by  purchase  from  the  Khans  of  the  Crimea, 
and  became  the  seat  of  an  extensive  commerce  with  the 
East,  by  the  way  of  the  Caspian  and  Astrakhan.  At  this 
time  it  is  said  to  have  had  a  population  of  80,000;  but, 
having  been  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1474,  its  prosperity  ra- 
pidly declined.  Mui'h  has  been  done  for  it  since  it  came 
into  the  possession  of  Russia,  and  it  is  still  one  of  the  most 
important  towns  in  the  Crimea.     Pop.  7250. 

KAFFA,  a  country  of  East  Africa,  S.  of  Abys.sinia,  be- 
tween two  heads  of  the  Gojeb  Kiver,  near  lat.  7°  X.,  Ion.  .36° 
30'  E.  It  has  beeu  hitlierto  erroneously  described  as  a 
country  of  lofty  mountains ;  it  proves  to  be  an  elevated 
plain,  bearing  palms,  and  ch.aracterized  by  the  production, 
nut  of  cereal  grains,  but  of  the  ensrte,  a  plant  resemhling 
the  musa  or  banana.  The  appellation  of  "grain-eater"  is 
used  by  the  inhaVatants  as  a  term  of  contempt;  the  ensete 
furnishing  the  principal  article  of  food.  Kaffa  is  the  native 
country  of  the  coffee-plant,  (the  kalivah  of  the  Arabs;)'  and 
a  very  large  propmtion  of  the  coffee  now  exported  from 
Mocha,  arrives  in  that  market  from  the  N.  frontierof  Kaffa, 
and  the  S.  part  of  Enarea.  The  people  are  of  the  Abyssinian 
type ;  their  language  belongs  to  what  M.  D"Abbadie  calls  the 
Ilamitic  group,  and  is  related  to  that  of  the  Oongas,  who 
dwell  on  the  Abbai*  or  Blue  Nile,  at  its  S.W.  bend.  The 
king  or  tata,  as  lie  is  called,  rules  by  absolute  authority, 
and  has  at  his  command  10,000  horsemen.    Capital.  Bonga. 

KAFFIiAKIA,  CAFFKAKIA,  kdf-ni're-a.  or  KAFIR- 
LAND,  kd'fir-ldnd,  a  populous  and  fertile  region  of  South- 
east Africa,  Ordering  on  Cape  Colony  and  the  Indian  Ocean, 
and  represented  in  old  maps  as  extending  N.  to  Abyssinia. 
The  native  inhabitants,  called  Kaffres  or  Caffres,  in  17)>5, 
extended  their  dominion  to  Great  Fish  River,  in  lat.  (mouth) 
33°  27'  S..  Ion.  27°  E. ;  seizing  upon  the  territory  which  had 
belonged  to  the  Gonaque  Hottentots,  who  appear  to  have  be- 
come mingled  with  their  conquerors.  But,  .soon  ufter,  they 
came  into  collision  with  the  Dutch  Boers,  who,  having  ad- 
vanced liOO  miles  E.from  Cape  Town,  were  indignant  at  find- 
ing that  the  Kaffres  had  advanced  40  miles  in  the  opposite 
direction.  The  Latter  were  repulsed,  and  driven,  for  the 
most  part,  beyond  the  Keiskamma :  but  the  Kaffres  never  re- 
nounced their  claim  to,  nor  wholly  withdrew  their  cattle 
fi'om  the  country  between  the  rivers,  which  bore  the  title 
of  the  Neutral  Territory,  till  1836,  when  the  Keiskamma 
and  Kat  Rivers  were  fixed  definitively  as  their  W.  boundary. 
From  the  Keiskaniuia  to  the  Uinzimkdln,  (or  Gmzimkolo,) 
(lat.  30°  26' S..)  the  N.E.  boundary  of  Kaffraria,  is  a  dis- 
tance of  250  miles.  The  breadth  of  the  territory,  from  the 
mountains  to  the  sea.  is  from  80  to  90  miles.  Within  the 
limits  thus  described,  Kaffraria  has  an  area  of  about  20,000 
square  miles. 

The  mountains  which  run  parallel  to  the  sea-coast,  bound- 
ing Kaffraria  on  the  N.AV.  rarely  exceed  the  height  of  3000 
feet.  Their  most  elevated  summits  are  composed  of  trap- 
rocks  ;  clay-slate  and  sandstone  appear  lower  down,  and 
limestone  has  been  found  in  small  quantity  near  the  coast. 
Valuable  minerals  are  rare.  The  level  plains  terminate 
about  20  miles  from  the  sea;  then  follows  a  land  of  hill  and 
dale,  extremely  varied  STid  picturesque.  Numerous  rivers 
cross  this  country  to  the  sea.  On  its  W.  side,  indeed,  or  be- 
tween the  Keiskamma  and  the  Great  Kei,  though  the  brooks 
are  numen)us  in  the  hills,  the  lower  tracts  still  resemble 
the  colonial  districts  in  deficiency  of  water;  but  this  defect 
rapidly  disappears  as  we  advance  to  the  N.E.,  where  the 
country  grows  at  every  step  more  fresh  and  irrizuous.  The 
:hief  rivers  beyond  the  lieiare,tbeBfisbep,Umt4ta,  Urazim- 
ydbu,  Unitavtima.  and  Umziuikdlu.  'rhe.<o  rivers  all  run 
in  deep  beds,  with  steep  banks,  and,  in  the  rainy  season, 
swelled  by  the  countless  mountain-streams  that  join  them, 
they  become  immense  torrents.  None  of  the  rivers  of 
Kaffaria  are  accessible  even  by  small  ves.sels,  except,  per- 
haps, the  Buffalo,  between  the  Keiskamma  and  the  Kei. 
The  river  banks  are  shaded  by  large  trees;  in  the  small 
thickets,  scattered  over  the  elevated  grounds,  the  aloe  and 
euphorbia  are  conspicuous.  The  grasses  of  the  country  are 
all  very  rank  and  tough,  and  grateful  to  cattle  only  when 
throwing  out  new  shoots,  after  the  old  crop  has  been  de- 
stroyed with  fire.  The  chief  vegetable  products  are  maize, 
millet,  and  water-melons.  The  dimat*  of  Kaffaria  differs 
widely  from  that  of  the  Cape  Colony.  In  the  former  country 
wlnwr  is  the  dry  season.  From  May  to  August  it  seldom 
dfto 


rains.  In  summer  the  rainy  season  sets  in  with  terrific 
thunder-stoi-ms.  In  .spring  the  temperature  of  the  pkains 
seldom^ xceeds  50°  Fahrenheit ;  in  summer  it  is  between  70° 
and  90°.  and  before  storms  it  frequently  rises  to  upwards 
of  100°  Fahrenheit. 

The  inhabitants  are  composed  of  thri>e  nations,  namely : — 
the  Amak&sa.  or  Amaxosa:  the  Amat6mbu,  called  by  the 
Boers.  Tambooger  or  Tambookies;  and  the  Amapcnda  or 
JIambookies.  The  .■\mak5sa  (plural  of  M'J.osa)  occupy  the 
country  from  the  Keiskamma ti>tlieBa.«hce,(about90miles,) 
and  from  the  foot  of  the  mountains  to  the  sea.  The  Ama- 
ponda  extend  along  the  coast,  from  the  Bashi  towards  the 
Umzimkfllu.  The  Amatembu  possess  the  elevated  land  at 
the  sources  of  the  rivers,  and  the  valleys  between  the 
mountains  N.  of  the  Amak6sa.  and  nowhere  approach  the 
sea-side.  The  common  ancestor  of  these  three  nations  was 
Zwide,  who  lived  fourteen  generations  (at  least  300  years) 
anterior  to  Ilintza,  who  fell  in  the  Kaffre  warof  1835.  K6sa 
or  Xo.sa,  the  great  warrior  who  gave  his  own  name  to  hit 
tribe,  (the  Amak6sa.)  lived  five  generations  Liter  than  Zwide. 
The  original  affinity  of  the.se  three  nations  is  still  kept  in 
view  by  some  remarkable  customs. 

The  Kaffres  are  tall  and  beautifully  formed,  with  fine  eyes 
and  an  open  countenance;  their  every  movement,  look,  and 
carriage  show  vigor  and  animation.  Their  color  is  a  dark 
iron-gray:  except  thick  lips,  they  have  no  Negro  feature; 
their  heads  are  well  formed;  their  hair  is  woollj-,  and  in 
little  tufts.  The  men.  the  chiefs  particularly,  exceed  the 
sfciture  of  Europeans:  the  women,  on  the  other  hand,  are 
small,  but  elegantly  formed.  Vivacity  and  good  temper 
characterize  both  sexes.  They  are  hospitable,  intelligent, 
and  brave,  but  dishonest  and  superstitious.  They 
practise  the  rite  of  circumcision.  They  have  no  writ- 
ten characters;  but  their  language  is  sonorous,  resem- 
bling the  Italian.  The  men  take  as  many  wives  as 
they  can  buy.  The  wife  provides  fir  herself  a  cottage  and 
cows.  The  former  is  a  spherical  hut,  framed  of  branches 
of  trees,  plastered  with  mud.  and  covered  with  rushes  or 
palm-leaves.  Besides  attending  to  household  duties,  tlie 
women  do  the  work  in  the  fields,  and  also  prepai-e  the  skins 
used  for  clothing.  The  men  are  occupied  with  war  and 
their  cattle.  These  last  constitute  the  Kaffre's  wealth ;  they 
are  the  constant  object  of  his  thoughts  and  admiration  :  he 
is  always  happy  when  Io<iking  on  his  cows.  He  teaches  the 
bullocks  to  race,  and  constantly  rides  them.  Instances  are 
not  wanting  of  great  chiefs  who  classed  their  horned  cattle 
in  regiments,  according  to  color,  and  trained  them  to  join 
in  the  dance.  Milk  is  the  Kaffre's  chief  sustenance,  and 
always  in  the  curdled  state.  It  is  kept  in  baskets  made  of 
rushes,  and  so  closely  plaited  as  to  be  water-tight.  These, 
when  frequently  used,  imbibe  the  lactic  acid,  so  that  the 
new  milk  poured  into  them  very  soon  curdles.  Venison, 
beef,  miumalade  of  the  water-melon,  and  various  fruits, 
season  the  l\affre's  repast,  but  in  small  (luantity.  He  may 
be  said  to  live  on  milk  and  a  little  millet  or  Kaffre  corn. 
He  will  not  taste  .small  game:  and  fish,  with  which  the  rivers 
abounds,  he  holds  in  abhorrence.  Both  sexes  are  passion- 
ately fond  of  smoking.  The  Kaffre's  dre.ss  is  simple;  the 
men  are  always  bareheaded,  and  wear  a  cloak  (hn-nss)  of 
skin,  which  they  wrap  close  round  them  in  winter,  with 
the  hair  inside;  the  exposed  side  being  reddened  with 
ochre.  They  are  often  tattooed  on  the  shoulders,  and  wear 
copper,  iron,  or  ivory  rings  and  strung  shells  on  their  arms 
and  legs.  The  kaross  of  the  chief  is  generally  of  leopard's 
skin.  The  chief  distinction  of  the  female  dress  is  the  c.ip 
of  lynx  skin,  which  is  made  of  a  conical  shape,  hut  the  cone 
laps  forward,  and,  being  fringed  with  beadw.  rings,  or  shells, 
hangs  over  the  brows.  The  Kaffres  are  di  I'ided  into  hordes, 
and  governed  by  hereditary  chiefs,  who  exercise  absolute 
rule. 

The  Amak8sa  at  present  (1852)  obey  ueveral  chiefs,  three 
of  whom  are  nearly  e<iual  in  power:  naniAly,  Sandili,  Kreili, 
and  Tslambie;  whose  followers  probablv  amount  respec- 
tively to  50,000,  45.000,  and  40.000.  The  interior  chiefs 
could  add,  perhaps,  another  40,0iX).  The  Amatemba,  under 
one  chief,  probalily  do  not  exceed  70.000.  The  Amaponda 
may  be  taken  nt  100.000.  making  the  totid  population  345.000. 

British  Kaffraria  is  divided  into  the  counties  of  Xorthum- 
IxM-land.  York,  Sussex,  Middlesex.  Cambridge,  hincolii.  and 
Bedford.  Capital,  King  William  Town,  on  the  Buffalo,  co. 
of  Middlesex.  The  principal  forts  are  Wellington  and  Cox. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Kaffre  or  Caffre.  kiffer  or  k^f'fer. 

KAFIRISTAN.  kdYe-ris-tdn',  CAFFRLSTAN,  CAUFI- 
RISTAN,  or  KAUFIRISTAN.  kaw^fe-ris  t^n',  ("land  of  the 
Kafirs."  Infidels.)  a  country  of  Central  Asia,  between  lat.  So* 
and  3i;°  N.,  and  Ion.  09°  20'  .Hnd  71°  20'  E.,  enclosed  by  Af- 
ghanistan, Khoondooz,  Budukhshan.  and  Chitrxl.  Esti- 
mated area,  7000  square  miles,  it  crnnprises  a  part  of  the  S. 
declivity  of  tlie  Hindoo  Koosh,  and  is  traversed  by  afllueufs 
of  the  Cabool  Kiver.  Its  narrow  but  fertile  valleys  prodjice 
an  abundance  of  fruits,  with  some  wheat  and  millet.  ai:d  fwd 
large  lierds  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  't'he  inhabitants, 
called  Stall  Posli,  or  Kafirs,  ("infidels.")  by  their  r.i^i^htiors, 
are  a  remarkable  race,  resembling  Europeans  in  their  per- 
sons and  many  of  their  habits ;  they  live  in  a  very  rude 


KAP 


KAL 


and  priinitire  state,  and  exhiliit  perpetual  enmity  towards 
Mohammedans,  by  whom  their  country  has  been  repeatedly 
Invaded,  but  never  conquered.  They  are  very  skilful  as 
workers  in  metals  and  wood,  and  are  distinguished  from 
surroundinsc  tribes  bv  drinking  wine,  sitting  on  raised 
seats,  exposing  their  dead  without  burial,  and  by  using  a 
language  wholly  unlike  the  dialects  of  the  Afghan.  Hindoo, 
or  other  adjacent  Asiatic  nations.  They  have  Caucasian 
features  and  complexion,  and  claim  to  be  brothers  of  the 
Feringi.  (Europeans.)  Principal  village  is  stated  to  be 
Caundaish.  with  about  600  houses. 

KAFR-KOT,  kdfr  kot.  (the  '•  Infidel's  fort.")  an  extensive 
ruin  in  the  Punjab,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Indus.  Lat.  32° 
80' N.,  Ion.  71°  21' K. 

KAGALNIK,  k3-gil-nik'  or  k3-gjl-neek',  a  river  of  Russia, 
in  Bessarabia,  enters  the  Black  Sea.  a  little  N.  of  the  Danube, 
after  a  S.E.  course  of  100  miles:  On  its  banks,  many  Ger- 
man and  other  colonies  have  been  established. 

KAGIIUZVVARA,  H-^x-wH'iL  a  large  vi.iage  of  India, 
in  the  Deccan,  .ibout  10  miles  N.AV.  of  Aurungabad.  It  was 
formerly  noted  for  a  manufactory  of  paper. 

KA(rOOL,  KAGOUL,  or  KAGUL,  kS-gool/,  a  lake  of  Kus- 
sia,  i^AV.  of  the  province  of  Bessarabia.  Oieatest  length,  24 
miles:  breadth,  about  9  miles. 

K.VHAN,kS-hdn',  a  village  of  Farther  India,  on  the  Tenas- 
serim  coast,  province  of,  and  near  Jlergui,  on  the  Tenasserim 
River,  close  to  it  are  some  tin-mines. 

KAIlElvEE,  kS'h:i-ree\  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  in  Dn- 
maun,  321  miles  S.  of  Dera-Ismaeel-Khan,  lat.  31°  25'  N.,  Ion. 
70°  57'  E.  It  has  a  principal  ferry  across  the  Indus,  here 
1000  vnrds  wide. 

K.\mUA  or  KL  KAHTRA,  a  city  of  Egypt.    See  Cairo. 

K.'VlILA,kd'ld,  a  walled  town  of  Central  Germany,  duchy  of 
Saxe-Altenburg,  on  the  Saale.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Weimar.  Pop. 
2463.  .\bove  it  is  a  fortress,  and  the  ruined  castle  of  Dolerstein. 

KAIILE.NBERG,  kd'lgn-bSRG^  a  hill  in  Austria,  on  the 
Danulie,  a  little  N.W.  of  Vienna,  with  many  handsome 
subvirban  villas.  On  its  side  the  army  of  Sobieski  arrived 
to  the  rescue  of  Vienna,  when  besieged  by  the  Turks,  in 
1683. — The  Kahlexgeiurge,  kdli^n^g.a-beSR'oa.  are  the  moun- 
tains occupied  by  the  Wienerwald,  wee'ngr-^Slt\  or  Vienna- 
forest. 

KAirOOLAWE,  kd-hoo-M'wee.  or  TAIIOU-RAWE,  one  of 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  olf  the  S.W.  point  of  Jtaui.  14  miles 
long,  and  5  miles  wide.    It  is  used  as  a  place  of  exile. 

K.\IIUN,  kd^hoon',  a  fortified  town  of  Afghanistan,  near 
the  Xuffoosk  Pass;  lat.  29°  20'  N.,  Ion.  09°  25'  E.  A  garri- 
fcon  was  placed  in  it  by  the  British  in  May,  and  evacuated 
in  September,  1840. 

K.\I.  kl.  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Se-chuen,  65  miles 
'W.X.\V.  of  Kweitchoo. 

K-VT.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  140  miles  N.E. 
ofViatka. 

KA I AXA,  a  town  of  Finland.    See  Kajaxa. 

KAI-CIIOO  or  KAI-TCIIOU,  kfchoo'.  a  city  of  China,  in 
Mantchooria,  8  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Leaotong.  Lat.  40° 
35'  N.,  Ion.  121°  47'  E. 

KAIFFA  or  CATFPA,  klffd.  {s.nc.  Hppliaf)  a  small  sea- 
port town  of  Palestine,  pashalic,  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Acre, 
on  its  bay,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Carmel ;  lat.  32°  50'  N.,  Ion. 
34°  5S'  E. 

KAI-FONG,  CAI-F0N6.  kffong',  or  KAI-FUNG,  Ufffing', 
a  city  of  China,  capital  of  Ilonan.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Iloang-ho;  lat.  39°  55'  N.,  Ion.  114°  20'  E. 

K.ULAS  or  CATLAS,  kflds',  ("paradise,")  the  Olympus 
of  the  Hindoos,  a  mountain  region  of  Thibet,  about  hit.  31° 
N.,  Ion.  S0°  E..  and  com  prising  the  lakes  of  Manasarowar  and 
Kavaria-Hrada. 

KAIN,  KAYN,  or  KHAIN.  a  town  of  Por.sia.    See  Grayx. 

KAIN,  kin,  a  villaL'-e  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut,  on 
the  Scheldt,  28  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  2062. 

KAIXOORA-JIKOOL  or  KAIXOURA-DJIKOUL.  kl-noo'- 
rS-jee-kool',  a  small  village  of  West  Africa,  on  the  Faleme; 
lat.  14°  22'  X.,  Ion.  12°  19'  W. 

K.A.IXSK,  kinsk,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
government  of  Tomsk,  capital  of  the  district,  on  the  Cm, 
260  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tomsk,  and  on  the  great  route  thence 
to  Omsk  and  Tobolsk.  Lat.  about  55°  .30'  X.,  and  Ion.  78° 
40' E.     Pop.  3400.     It  has  a  tr.ade  in  furs  and  skins. 

KAIPARA.  ki-pi'ra.  a  fine  harbor  of  Xew  Zealand.  X".  of 
the  island,  on  its  W.  coast,  in  lat  36°  30'  S.,  Ion.  174°  75'  E. 
iverage  breadth,  from  5  to  6  miles.  It  receives  several 
considerable  rivers,  including  the  Wairoa  at  the  N.,  and  the 
Kaipara  at  the  S.  extremity. 

K.A.IRA,  kl'rl,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  110  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Surat.  Lat.  22°  47'  X.,  Ion. 
72°  48'  E.  It  is  large,  neat,  enclosed  by  a  >)astioned  wall, 
and  has  a  handsome  court-house,  a  large  prison,  a  church, 
an  English  school,  and  a  .Jain  temple.  The  British  can- 
tonments, li  miles  distant,  are  commodious,  but  the  site  is 
unheal  th  v. 

KAIKWAX  or  CAIRWAX,  kirSvdn',  a  city  of  Xorth 
Africa,  dominions,  and  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tunis.  Lat.  3-5°  37' 
N.,  Ion.  10°  15'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  50,000.  It  stands  on  a 
Baudy  plain,  and  ha.s  a  large  citadel,  magnificent  mosques, 


numerous  remains  of  antiquity,  and  manufactures  of  mo- 
rocco, leather  boots  and  slippers.  In  the  8th  and  9th  cen- 
turies it  was  the  capital  of  the  Arab  dominions  in  .'Vfiii-a. 

KAISAREEYEH,  KAISARIYEH,  or  IvAlSEKlYAH,  kl- 
zar-ee'eh,  (anc.  CcemreJa  or  Mazaca,)  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant cities  of  Asia  Minor,  in  its  E.  portion,  at  the  X.  foot 
of  Mount  Argseus  or  Erjish,  160  miles  E.X.E.  of  Konieh. 
Lat.  38°  42'  X.,  Ion.  .35°  20'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  dilapi- 
dated wall;  comprises  about  50lX)  Turkish.  2500  Armenian, 
and  500  Greek  houses;  has  a  castle,  several  mosques, 
churches,  extensive  and  well-supplied  bazaars;  and  near  it 
are  remains  of  both  the  ancient  and  a  subsequent  Moham- 
medan city.  Thovigh  its  trade  has  been  latterly  declining, 
its  inhabitants  are  still  noted  for  commercial  enterprise, 
and  it  is  the  entrepot  for  a  large  extent  of  country.  It  im- 
ports many  articles  of  British  and  colonial  produce,  Swiss 
fabrics.  Gei-man  steel  and  hardwares.  Italian  paptr.  Russian 
bar-iron,  French  and  Belgian  woollens  and  silks,  indiuo,  and 
dye-woods,  stuffs  from  Diarbekir,  Mosul,  Aleppo,  and  Damas- 
cus; which  goods  it  re-exports  to  the  principal  cities  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  with  yellow-berries,  wool.  goats"-bair,  furs, 
skins,  raw  cotton,  madder,  gums,  gall-nuts,  leeches,  nitre, 
fruit,  and  wine,  the  produce  of  its  own  territory. 

K  AIS AREEYEII,  of  Palestine.    See  Cjisarea. 

KAISER^W/.^T,  a  German  word  sisrnifying  "emperor," 
derived  from  the  Latin  Cwsar,  (Gr.  Kai<rap,  Koisu7\)  and 
forming  a  part  of  a  number  of  names  In  Germany.  Switzer- 
land. Ac,  as  Kaiskrsbero,  "emperor's  hill,  (or  hill  fortress.") 

KAISERBERG,  kT'zer-b«RG\  or  KAYSERSBEKG.  ki'zers- 
b?RG\  (L.  (irrJsaris  Mon.i.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haut-Khin.  on  the  Wei.ss.  8  miles  W.X.W.  of  Colm.ir.  Pop 
in  1852,  346.5,  mostly  engaged  in  cotton  manufactures.  It 
was  formerly  a  fortified  imperial  city,  taken  by  lloJulph  of 
Hapslmrgin  1632. 

KAISERIYAH.     See  Kaisaref.yeii. 

KAISERSLAUTERX,  ki'zer.s-lOw'tern,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  on  the  Lauter,  and  on  the  railway  from  I'orlinch  to 
Mentz,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Landau.  Pop.  12,029.  It  was  for- 
merly a  strong  military  post;  and  has  iron  forges  and  ma- 
nufactures of  cotton  stuffs.  Its  castle,  built  by  Frederick 
Barbarossa,  was  destroyed  by  the  French  duiing  the  war 
of  sucession. 

KAISERSMARKT.  a  town  of  Ilungarv.     See  Kesmvrk. 

KAISERSTUIIL,  ki'zer-stool\  a  small  town  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Aargau,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  20 
miles  X.E.  of  .\argau.  The  name  KAlsERSTunL,  ("  C;T?sar's  seat 
or  throne,")  probably,  has  reference  to  the  supposed  ancient 
name  Purum  Tiberii,  (i.  e.  "  the  court  or  judgment-seat  of 
Tiberius.") 

KAISERSWALD,  krzers-'fi-ait\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  35 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Tx>itmeritz.     Pop.  1707. 

KAISERWERTH.  ki'zer-«'4Rt\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
6  miles  X.N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  right  liank  of  the 
Rhine.     Pop  1740.     It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  silk. 

K.-ilSTEX,  kis'ten,  (Orer,  o/ber.  and  Unter,  oon'ter.)  two 
contiguous  villages  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  about 
2  miles  from  Ijaufenburg.     Pop.  1126. 

KAITA,  ki't.i,  or  KEEI'All,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency  of  Bensal.  in  Bundelcuud.  50  miles  AV.  of  Banda. 

KjVl-TCII0U,a  city  of  China.    See  Kai-Ciioo. 

KAITS.  kits,  a  seaport  and  village  at  the  X.  end  of  the 
island  of  Ceylon.  Its  harbor  affords  safe  anchorage  at  .all 
seasons,  and  is  much  frefiuented. 

KAJAXA,  kd-yd/na,  or  KAIANA.  kl-^'nl.  a  town  of  Fin- 
land, 1,'en,  atid  75  miles  S.W.  of  UleAborg.     Pop.  700. 

K.\lvABIK'IC.4,  a  remarkable  cat.aract  of  British  North 
America,  in  the  course  of  the  Kamanatekwoya,  a  river, 
which  before  entering  Lake  Superior  at  its  W.  end,  falls 
over  a  mica-slate  rock.  130  feet  high. 

KAKAVA.  kd-ka'vd,  a  sm.all  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  Asia 
Minor.  12  miles  S.W.  of  .Myr.a,  lat.  30°  9'  X..  Ion.  29°  o'  E., 
with  a  small  port  and  roadstead,  and  remains  of  the  an- 
cient Ci/dna. 

KAKISSA  or  KAKISTA.  atown  of  Turkev.    See  Karkissa. 

KAKUXDY,  kd-knn'dee,  or  KACUX'DA,  written  also 
BUDDUA,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  on  the 
Nunez,  or  Kakundv,  100  miles  N.E.  of  its  mouth. 

KAL.\-BAGII.  atown  of  the  Punjab.     See  Cailabagh. 

K.\L.\BRYTA.  a  town  of  (ireoce.     See  Kalavrita. 

KALABSHEH  or  KALABSIIE,  EL.  el  kS-ldb'shSh.  (una. 
TdVinh.)  a  villaae  of  Xubia.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile.  40 
miles  S.  of  Asswan:  lat.  23°  30'  N..  Ion.  32°  55'  E.  It  had 
a  temple,  considered  by  Burckhardt  the  finest  remnant  of 
antiquity  in  Xubia. 

KAL.\FAT.  kdMd-fdt/.  a  walled  town  of  European  Turkey, 
on  the  Danube,  nearly  opposite  Widin.  It  has  a  quarantine,  a 
town-ha1l.  a  custom-house.  3  churches,  and  cavalry  barrack  s. 
It  is  the  chief  place  of  a  sub-administrator's  district.  The 
redoubts  are  of  great  extent  and  very  strong.  They  are  par- 
tially raised  on  two  high  hills  on  the  plain  of  Kalafat,  about 
a  mile  distant  from  each  other.  All  the  neighboring  coun- 
try is  commanded  by  these  hills  in  such  a  way,  that  no  ap- 
.proach  to  the  Danube  can  be  made.  In  1828  the.se  hills 
were  occupied  and  fortified  by  the  Russians.  The  town 
contains  about  2000  Louses. 

951 


KAL 


KAL 


RAZAH,  ki/li,  C'a  castle,")  a  prefix  of  numerous  ril- 
lag»',  fortresses,  &c.  in  West  Asia,  the  principal  beins; — 

KALAII-JIK,  ki'ia-jik  or  kS'ld-jeek,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
In  A  natolia.  35  miles  X.E.  of  Angora,  at  the  hase  of  a  conical 
bill  crowned  by  a  castle,  and  stated  to  have  SOO  Mohammedan 
and  00  Armenian  houses,  14  mosques,  a  khan,  and  a  public 
bath.  It  was  taken  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  his  invasion  of  Asia 
Minor,  and  subsequently  sacked  by  the  Turkish  troops. 

KALAII-SEFKKD  or  KALAH-SEFID.  ka'iaseeYeed',afor- 
tified  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  55  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Sheeraz. 

KALAII-SIIERKAT,  kJld-sh^r^kat',  an  ancient  ruined 
tcwn  of  Turkish  Koordistau,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris, 
30  miles  £.  of  Al-Hadhr. 

KALAICIII,  ki-li'chee,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  near  the 
Indus,  30  miles  S.  of  Dera  Ismaeel  Khan. 

KALAMAKI.  kS-U-md'kee,  a  bay  of  Asia  Minor,  lat.  36° 
10'  N.,  Ion.  29°  28'  E.,  near  the  head  of  which  are  the  ruins 
of  the  aqueduct  of  ancient  Patara. 

KALAMATA  or  CALAM.A.TA,  kaij-mi'ti.  a  seaport  town 
of  Greece,  capital  of  the  government  of  Messenia.  near  the 
head  of  the  Gulf  of  Koron.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  brisk  trade 
in  oil,  silk,  and  figs,  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

K.A.L\\5I.4Z()0',  a  river  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Hill.sdale  oo., 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  in  a  W.N  W.  direc- 
tion, enters  Lake  Michigan  in  Allegan  co.,  29  miles  S.  of 
Grand  River.  The  whole  length  is  nearly  200  miles,  and 
the  width  near  its  mouth  is  between  300  and  400  feet.  It 
is  navigable  for  boats  of  50  tons,  in  all  stages,  to  Allegan,  a 
distance  of  38  miles.  The  region  through  which  it  flows  is 
nearly  level,  and  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 

K.\LAM.\ZOO,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Michigan, 
contains  5Tti  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Kala- 
mazoo, and  drained  by  the  Portage  Itjver  of  the  Kalamazoo, 
and  the  Portage  Kiver  of  the  St.  Joseph,  and  by  Bear  and 
Gull  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies.  tr.acts 
of  heavy  timber,  and  plains,  which  are  covered  with  scat- 
tered oak-trees.  The  soil  is  extremely  fertile.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Qentral  Railroad.  Organized  in  1830. 
Capital,  Kalamazoo.     Pop.  24.646. 

KAL.\M.\ZOO,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Kaliimazoo  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  of  its  own  name, 
and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  140  miles  W.  of  Detroit,  and 
140  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chicago.  It  contains  a  United  States 
land-office, 9  churches, Shanks,  1  or  more  newspaper  offices, 
and  27  stores.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Kalamazoo  College, 
(IJiiptist,)  which  had,  in  1^63,  12  instructors,  and  204 
students.  Manufactories  of  various  kinds  have  recently 
been  established ;  plank-roads  have  been  made,  and  every 
element  of  prosperity  which  nature  has  given,  has  been 
developed  with  surprising  rapidity.  The  suri-ounding  coun- 
try is  well  timbered,  and  the  soil  is  uniformly  productive. 
The  Michigan  Asylum  for  the  Insane  is  located  here.  Pop. 
of  the  township  in  1800,  GOTO. 

K  ALAMO,  an  island  of  Greece.    See  Kalimn'O. 

KAL'AMO,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Eaton  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  1018. 

KALANI,  kl-li'nee,  or  KALLANIA,  kai-H'ne-.i,  a  village 
of  the  island  of  Ceylon,  situated  on  the  banks  of  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Colombo. 

KjVL.4lNN.\,  kd-ldu'nd,  a  town  of  Soodan,  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  its  own  name,  about  250  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tim- 
buctoo. 

KALANTAN  or  CALANTAX,  ki-l.fe-tln',  a  state  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  extending  along  its  E.  coast,  having  N., 
Siam,  to  which  it  is  now  partially  tributary.  Estimated 
pop.  50,000.  The  produce  comprises  3000  piculs  of  tin,  and 
12,000  piculs  of  pepper,  with  some  gold  and  lead.  Principal 
town.  Kalantan. 

KALAXY-GUNGA,  ki-li'nee-glin'ga,  a  river  of  Ceylon, 
enters  the  ocean,  3  miles  N.  of  Colombo,  after  a  W.  course  of 
60  miles,  for  three-fourths  of  which  it  is  navigable  for  boats. 

K.\LA-SKFID,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Kalah-Sefeed. 

KAL.\SIN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Kou.izix. 

K.\L.\T,  a  town  of  Beloochist.in.     See  Kelat. 

KALAT-EL-MDDIK,  ki-ldt'-^l-miid-ik'.  written  also  KU- 
LAT-EL-Mli;DYK,  a  town  of  North  Syria,  70  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Aleppo,  near  the  ancient  Apamea,  with  an  old  castle  and 
other  ruins. 

K.\LATOA,  kS-lJ-to'J,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
In  the  Sea  of  Flores,  between  Floies  and  Celebes;  lat.  7°  12' 
S.,  Ion.  121°  4.3'  E. 

K.\LAU  or  CAL.\U.  knOw.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg.  55  miles  8.5.W.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  2177. 
Near  it  is  the  village  of  Ivabel.  with  minei-al  baths. 

KALAVRITA  or  KALABRYTA,  kd-U-vree'td,  (anc.  Cyncgl- 
(ha.)  a  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Kyllenia.  near  the  foot  of -Mount  Khelmos,  28  miles 
S.E.  of  Patras.     Pop.  21C0. 

KALBE.  kdVbeh,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  In  Magde- 
burg, on  the  Saale,  18  miles  S.  of  Magdeburg. '  Pop.  5573. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  royal  fortress. 

KALBE,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  Magdebur".  17 
Wiles  S..S.E.  of  Salzwedel.     Pop.  1400. 

KALCAS'C.\,  a  new  aud  unorganized  county  towards  the 
952 


N.  part  of  Michigan,  drained  by  the  Manistee  River.  Area, 
576  square  miles. 

K.4LEFAT,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Kalafat. 

KALDENKIRCIIEX,  kdl'den-keguKVn,  a  village  of  Rhen- 
ish Prussia.  10  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Kempen.     Pop.  1700. 

KALE.NBERG  or  CALENBERG,  k5len-bjKG\  a  princi- 
pality of  Ifanover.  comprising  the  capitiil  of  the  kingdom 
Area.  1050  square  miles.  Pop.  192,526.  It  owes  its  name  to 
a  village  and  ruined  cistle  on  the  Leine,  12  mUeii  S.S.E.  of 
Hanover. 

K.\LESURA,  kd-li-soo'ra,  a  village  and  caravanserai  of 
Ilindostan,  in  the  Punjab,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Attock.  Lat.  38" 
44'  X..  Ion.  72°  49'  E. 

K.\LGAN'.  kJPgdn',  (""a  gate,")  a  town  of  China.  pi-ovinc« 
of  Pe-chee-lee,  125  miles  N.  AV.  of  Peking,  lat.  40°  50'  N.,  Ion. 
115°  3'  E..  and  iieai-  the  Great  Wall  of  China,  on  the  route 
from  Peking  to  Kiakhta.  It  Ls  very  populous,  and  is  divided 
by  a  river  into  a  Mongol  and  a  Chinese  town,  both  of  which 
are  fortified.  The  streets  are  narrow  and  ill  paved,  but  the 
shops  are  well  supplied,  the  town  being  an  important  depot 
of  the  overland  trade  between  China  and  Russia. 

KAF/JUEV,  KALGOUEV.  kdl-goo-Sv' or  kdl-gwSv',  KOL- 
GUEV,  kol-goo-ev',  written  also  KALGUJEW,  an  island  of 
Russia,  government  of  Archangel,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
Length  and  breadth.  45  miles  each.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous or  marshy,  clothed  with  moss,  and  peopled  only  by 
a  few  Sanioied  families;  but  resorted  to  by  traders  from 
the  mainland,  who  here  procure  large  quantities  of  skins, 
eggs,  and  feathers. 

K.\LII.\T,  kdl-hdtA  a  seaport  town  of  Arabia,  dominions, 
and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Muscat,  on  tlie  Sea  of  Bab-el-Maudeb. 

KALI,  a  river  of  Ilindostan.    See  Sind. 

K.\L1'D.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Putnam  co.,  Oliio,  on 
the  Ottawa  River.  112  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.  Laid  out 
in  1834.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  or  3  chiuxhes,  and 
several  stores. 

KALIMNO,  KALYMNO,  kd-lim'no,  CALAMO,  k.dia'mo, 
or  CALYNDA,  kd-lfn'da.  an  island  off  the  S.AV.  coa.st  of  Asia 
Minor.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Stanchio,  (anc.  Cog.)  Lat.  37°  N., 
Ion.  27°  E.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and  bare:  it  wag 
anciently  famous  for  its  honey,  which  is  still  one  of  its  prin- 
cipal products.  Kalimno,  or  Calamo,  its  chief  town,  is  on 
its  W.  coast. 

KALISZ,  KALISn,  or  KALISCH,  kllish,  written  also 
K.\L1CE,  a  city  of  Poland,  and  the  westernmost  in  the 
Ru.ssian  dominions,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  on  an  island  in  the  Prosna,  130  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wai- 
saw.  Pop.  12,585,  comprising  2500  Jews.  It  is  enclosed  by 
old  bastioned  walls,  entered  by  5  gates,  and  is  one  of  the 
best  built  cities  in  the  kingdom.  Chief  edifices,  the  citadel, 
the  farmer  palace  of  the  Waywode  (vamjde.)  now  occupied  by 
the  judicial  courts,  the  cathedral,  many  other  chui-ches,  a 
synagogue,  theatre,  and  Several  hospitals.  It  has  superior 
schools;  and  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  leather,  ke.  are 
made  in  the  city  and  vicinity.  Near  it,  in  1700,  the  Poles 
defeated  the  Swedes;  and  in  September,  1835,  a  grand  mili- 
tary muster  took  place  here,  attended  by  the  Emperore  of 
Russia  and  Austria,  the  King  of  Prussia,  aud  othei 
potentates. 

KALKAS,  a  country  of  Mongolia.    See  Khalkas. 

KALKOON,  kdl-koon',  or  TUR/KEY  ISLES,  a  group  of 
islets  in  the  Java  Sea,  N.E.  of  Kangelung ;  lat.  6°  31'  S., 
Ion.  115°  29'  E. 

K.\LL.\BAGn.  a  town  of  the  Punjab.    See  Caulaeagh. 

KALLAKANDI,  kdl-ld-kdu'dee,  a  town  of  West  Africa 
N.  of  Dahomey,  about  70  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Adafoodia;  lat. 
12°  2'  N.,  Ion.  1°  1.8'  E. 

KALLANIA,  a  village  of  Ceylon.    See  Kalanl 

KALLAVESI,  kil-ld-vA'see,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  Finland, 
circle  of  Kuopio.  Greatest  length  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  about 
24  n\iles :  mean  breadth,  about  0  miles. 

KALLTNGER,  a  town  of  British  India.     See  Caluncer. 

KALLMUNZ.  (Kallmunz.)  kdU'miints  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ratis- 
bon.     Pop.  1128. 

KALLO,  KIS,  kish  kdrW,  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Debreczin. 

KALLO,  NAGY,nOdjkdrio'.(t.«.GRE.\TKALLO.)a market- 
town  of  East  Hungary,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Szabolcs,  23  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Dobreczin.  Pop.  5342,  mostly  Protestants.  It  has 
Greek  and  Protestant  churches,  and  a  factory  of  saltfietre. 

KALLSIOEN,  (Kallsibcn.)  kdll'.se-oVn,  a  lake  of  Sweden, 
in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  Iron  of  O.stersund,  about  15  raileg 
long,  by  aliout  9  miles  broad.  It  is  enclosed  by  lofty  moun- 
t;iins.  one  of  which  is  4800  feet  high.  It  communicates  by 
the  Ilelgesund  with  Lake  Storsiiin  on  the  S.E. 

KALLUNDBORG  or  CALLUNDBORG,  kdl1oond-boi;r.\  a 
maritime  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Seeland.  58  miles  W.  of  Copenhagen,  with  a  good  harbor, 
and  an  active  trade  in  corn  and  cattle.     Pop.  2400. 

K .\ LM ACS,  a  tribe  of  .Asia.     See  Calmucks. 

KALMAK.  kdi'mar,  a  la^n  of  Sweden,  extending  .ilonft 
the  coa.st  of  the  Baltic,  between  lat.  50°  20'  and  ob°  20'  N« 
and  Ion.  1.5°  30'  and  17°  E.  Area,  including  the  island  of 
Oland,  4258  squai-e  miles.    Capital,  Kalmar.    I'op.  202,178. 


KAL 


KAM 


KALMAR  or  CALMAU,  a  fortified  seaport  dty  of  East 
Sweden,  capital  of  the  above  laen,  on  Kalmar  Sound,  oppo- 
site the  ishmd  of  Oland.  190  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stockholm. 
Pop.  8634.  It  stands  on  the  island  of  Quarnholm,  and  com- 
municates with  a  suburb  on  the  mainland  by  a  bridge  of 
boats.  It  has  a  fine  ciitheiiral,  a  town-hall,  a  prefecture,  a 
strong  castle,  now  a  house  of  correction,  an  academy,  a  dock- 
yard, a  small  but  seture  harbor,  and  manufactures  of  wool- 
len stulfs,  tobacco,  and  potash.  Much  of  its  commerce  has 
latterly  been  transferred  to  Stockholm.  The  treaty  of  Kal- 
mar, by  which  the  kinirdoms  of  Denmark,  Norway,  and 
Sweden  were  united,  was  signed  here  in  1397. 

KALMAi;  SOUND,  a  strait  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  separating 
the  island  of  Oland  from  the  mainland. 

K.\1,MINA,  a  town  of  West  Africa.    See  Calmina. 

K.iliMIUS,  kdl-me-oos' (?)  a  river  of  Russia,  government 
Yekaterinoslav.  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of  nearly  90  miles, 
falls  into  the  .Sea  of  .\zof  at  Mariopol. 

KALMUCKS,  a  tribe  of  Asia.     See  Calmucks. 

KALXA,  kdl'n^.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Bidschow.     Pop.  1489. 

KALOCSA,  k8h'loch'6h\  or  COLOCZA,  konot/sah\  a  town 
of  West  Hungary,  co..  and  tiS  miles  S.  of  Pesth,  with  a  steam- 

facket  station  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube.  Pop.  6000. 
t  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  has  a  cathedral,  a  Piarist 
college,  and  Roman  Catholic  gymnasium.  It  was  formerly 
a  fortified  t<iwn,  of  much  more  importance,  and  had  a  cele- 
brateil  printing  estabii.shment. 

KALOCSA,  a  village  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Marmaros. 
Pop.  2323. 

KALO-GU.VGA.    See  Kalany-Gdnoa. 

KALOLI.MNO,  ki-lo-lim'no.  a  small  island  in  the  Sea  of 
Marmora,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Constantinople. 

KAL')OaA,  KAL'tUtiA  or  KALUGA,  kd-loo'ga,  a  govern- 
ment of  European  Russia,  near  its  centre,  forming  the  west- 
ernmost of  tiie  great  mauutacturing  provinces,  bounded  S.  by 
Toola,  W.  by  SnK>lonsk,  and  N.  by  Moscow.  Area,  12.176 
Sfiuare  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  941,402.  The  surface  is  flat. 
The  chief  crops  are  rve,  oats,  wheat,  barley,  lint,  and  hemp. 
The  horses  are  excellent.  The  manufactures  comprise  me- 
tallic goods  and  cutlery,  cloth,  cotton,  leather,  beet-root  sugar, 
and  .soap.  Distilling  is  carried  on  to  a  vast  extent.  The 
commerce  is  principally  with  Archangel.  Exports  oil  and 
spirits. 

KALOOGA,  KALOUGA  or  KALUGA,  a  town  of  Russia, 
capital  of  the  government  and  district  of  the  same  name, 
95  miles  S.AV.  of  .Moscow,  on  the  Oka.  Pop.  32,.335.  It  is  the 
see  of  the  Bishop  of  Kalooga  and  Borovsk,  and  has  above  20 
churches,  a  gymnasium,  a  seminary  for  the  children  of  poor 
nobles,  a  foundling  hos|iital.  and  house  of  correction.  Ka- 
looga  is  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  towns  of 
the  empire.  The  principal  articles  produced  are  muskets, 
sail-cloth  for  the  navy.  oil.  paper,  cotton,  pottery,  soap,  and 
vitriol.  It  has  numc^rous  tanneries  and  sugar-refineries, 
and  a  commerce  in  sheep-skins,  Russia  leather,  and  wax. 

KALOO  (k.i'loo')  PASS,  in  Central  Asia,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Bamian.  on  the  route  from  Cabool.     Elevation,  12,480  feet. 

K.\L0YK1!I,  kd-lo-yiVree.  a  small  desert  island  in  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  midway  between  Andros  and  Scio. 

KALl'KE  or  CALIr'EE,  kdl'pee,  a  large  and  populous 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Pro- 
vinces, district,  and  45  miles  S.W.  of  Cawnpoor,  on  the 
Jumna,  the  navigation  of  which  is  commanded  by  its  fort. 
It  is  an  entrepot  for  cotton  from  the  S.W.  of  India,  and  has 
manufactures  of  paper  and  sugar-candy. 

K.\L1'KN1,  kdl-p<Vuee.  two  of  the  Laccadive  Islands,  in 
the  Indian  Ocean,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Hindostan,  joined  to- 
gether by  a  reef  above  water.  Lat.  (S.  point)  10°  3'  N.,  Ion. 
73°  35'  E. 

KALSCIIBUREX,  kSl'shoi'ren,  a  village  of  Prussia,  on 
the  railway  from  Cologne  to  Bonn,  4  miles  from  the  former. 

KALSEE,  kdl'see.  a  town  of  North  Hindostan,  in  Gurh- 
wal.  on  the  Upper  .lunina.  43  miles  N.W.  of  Ilurdwar,  lat. 
30°  32'  N.,  Ion.  77°  50'  E.  It  is  a  principal  mart  for  the  coun- 
trv  between  the  Sutlej  and  Touse  Rivers.  v 

KALTBRUNXEN.  kdlt/brofin'nen,  (•'  Cold  Springs,")  a  vil- 
lage and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  23  miles  S.W.  of 
fit.  Gall.     Pop.  14.5.3. 

KALTEXBi<UN'\.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Hidegkut. 

KALTKN-XORDIIKIM,  kdl'ten-noRd'hime,  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  S;ixe- Weimar,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Eisenach. 
Pop.  1606. 

KALTEX-SUXDIIEIM,  kSl'ten-sWlnfhime,  a  village  of 
Germany,  in  Saxe-Weimar.  3  miies  S.  of  the  above.   Pop.  798. 

KALTEXWESTKX.  kJl'ten-VvfeHen.  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
herg.  19  miles  N.  of  Stuttaart.     Pop.  1371. 

KALTERIIKRBERO.  kjl'ter-hfe^bjun,  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  IS  miles  S.S.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.    Pop.  1372. 

K.VLTERX,  a  town  of -Austria.     See  Caldaro. 

K.\LUGA,  government  and  town.  Russia.     See  Kaloooa. 

KAI>UMULLf;,  kiloo-mul'li,  a  small  town  of  Ceylon, 
about  4  miles  S.  of  Caltura.     Pop.  about  1000. 

KALU.SZ,  kd'loosh.  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  28  miles 
B.E.  of  Str".    Pop.  2000. 

KALVOiiDE,  (Kalvorde.)  kil'vBKMgh,  a  viUage  of  Ger- 


many, capital  of  a  detached  territory,  34  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Brunswick.     Pop.  1400. 

KALWARIA.  kai-ftd're-d,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  8 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Wadowice,  with  a  convent  of  Benedictine* 
much  fi-equented  in  pilgrimage. 

KALWARYA,  kll-^i're-a,  or  KALWARY.  \iS.\-f)i/ree,  S 
town  of  Poland,  province  of  Augustowo,  24niile8X.E.  of  SU' 
walki.  Pop.  6000,  comprising  many  Jews.  lthasmanu&<» 
tures  of  leather. 

KALYBEA,  a  village  of  Greece.    See  Kaitvia. 

KALYAI.XO,  an  island  of  .\sia  Minor.     See  Kalimno. 

KALYVIA  or  KALYBEA,  kd-le-vee'^,  a  village  of  Greece, 
in  Hellas,  government  of  Boeotia,  4  miles  X.W.  of  Arachova. 

K.\MA,  kii/mi.  a  river  ef  European  Russia,  rises  in  tha 
government  of  Viatka,  N.E.  of  Glazov,  flows  through  tha 
government  of  Perm,  and  S.W.  between  Viatka  and  Oren- 
boorg,  joining  the  Volga  40  miles  S.  of  Kasan,  after  a  course 
estimated  at  1400  miles.  All  the  rivers  of  the  governments 
of  Viatka,  Perm,  and  North  Orenboorg,  are  its  tributaries; 
and  at  its  junction  with  the  Volga  it  is  nearly  as  broad  as 
that  river.  One  of  its  affluents  is  connected  with  an  afH  uent 
of  the  Dwina  by  the  Canal  of  Catherine  II.,  12  miles  in 
length;  and  it  forms  an  important  line  of  traffic  between 
the  countries  of  the  South  Volga  and  tho.se  around  the 
White  Sea.  It  is  now  navigated  by  steam-vessels.  It  is 
navigable  for  ordinary  barges  from  the- Volga  to  Perm,  and 
for  flat-bottomed  boats  to  a  much  greater  distance. 

KA'MA,  or  KOO'XER,  a  river  of  Central  AsLi.  joins  the 
Cabool  River,  in  Afghanistan,  10  miles  E.  of  Jelalabad,  after 
a  S.^V.  course  of  220  miles  through  Chitral  and  Kafiristan. 

KAMAK,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Kf.makh. 

KAMAKOORA,  KAMAKOURA,or  KAMAKURA.  kd-ma- 
koo'rd,  a  small  island  of  Japan,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Xiphon.  used  as  a  place  of  banishment  for  grandee* 
who  have  fallen  into  disgrace. 

KAMAL,  kdmdl',  a  town  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Madura,  with  a  good  haven. 

KAMALIA,  kd-mdiee'a.  a  small  town  and  fort  of  the  Pun- 
jab, near  the  Ravee,  115  miles  S.W.  of  Lahore.  Lat.  30°  44" 
N.,  Ion.  72°  38'  E.  It  is  built  of  brick,  and  has  an  appear- 
ance of  antiquity. 

KAMALIA,  kd-mdiee'd,  a  town  of  Senegambia,  in  the 
Mandingo  country.     Lat.  12°  47'  N. 

KAMARAN  or  CAMARAN,  kd-md-rdn',  an  i.sland  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Arabia,  20  tniles  S.  of  Loheia,  in  a  bay  of  the 
Red  Sea.    Length,  13  miles.    It  is  fertile,  and  has  a  harbor. 

KAM.\R.  EL,  Mountains  of  the  Moon.     See  Africa. 

K.4.MB.\XGAN.  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Kembaxgax. 

KAMBARA,  kdm'bd/rd,  one  of  the  Fet>jee  Islands,  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean.     Lat.  (S.  point)  18°  60'  S.,  Ion.  178° 62'  W. 

K.A.MBERG.  kdm'bSno.  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy,  .and 
22  miles  E.  of  Nassau,  with  a  castle,  and  1260  inhabitants. 

KAMBERG,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Tabor. 

KAMBIXG  or  KAMBOXQ.    See  Cammno. 

K  AMBURG  or  CAMBURG.  kdm'bSORO,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Saxe-Meiningen,  on  the  Saale,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Weimar. 
Pop.  1650. 

KAMBURI,  a  town  of  Siam.    See  Camboorie. 

KAMEl'R.  KAMIR,  kd'meer',  CAM^MEEK  or  KIIAMTR, 
a  town  of  Persia,  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  opposite  the  island  of 
Kishm.     Lat.  27°  0'  N.,  Ion.  55°  40'  E. 

K  AMEL.  kd-mJl',  a  village  of  West  .Africa,  in  Foota-Dam'.ra, 
on  the  left  I  ank  of  the  Senegal.  Lat.  15°  .'J2'  N.,  Ion.  12°  55'  W. 

KAM  EX  h  TZ  or  KAM  EXEZ.     See  Kamienieo. 

KAMEXITZ.  kd'mJn-its\  orKAMEXICZE,  kd'mineet'sA, 
a  town  of  B(  hernia,  20  miles  E.S.  K.  of  Tator.     Pop.  2281. 

KA.MEXPrZ  or  KAMEXICZE,  a  tDwn  of  Austria,  in 
Bohemi.i,  12  miles  S.  of  Chrudim. 

K.4..MEN1TZ  or  KAMENICZE,  a  town  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia.  11  miles  E.  of  Iglau.     Pop.  1569. 

KAMENITZ  or  KAMEXICZE,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Sla- 
vonia,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Peterwardein.     Pop.  1844. 

KAMENITZA,  ka-m.4-nit/sd.  a  village  of  Greece,  in  the 
Morea.  government  of  Achaia,  on  the  Kamenitza  River,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  I  <ftras. 

KAMEXOI-OSTROV,  kd-mi-noi'-os-trov',  an  island  of  Rus- 
sia, at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva,  in  the  Guif  of  Finland,  with 
an  imperial  summer  palace. 

KAMEXOI-OSTROV,  an  island  of  Russia,  in  the  Caspian 
Sea.  nearGooriev,  in  the  government  of  Orenboorg. 

KAMEXSKOE.  kd-mJn'sko-d\  a  village  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
province  of  Okhotsk,  near  the  Kamtchatka  frontier,  with 
an  important  market 

KA.MEXSKOI.  kd-mJn-skoi',  a  village  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
government  of  Perm,  40  miles  S.  of  KamisUlov,  with  im- 
perial iron-works  and  a  cannon  foundry. 

KjVMEXZ.  a  town  of  Saxony.     See  Camenz. 

KAMIEXIEC.  kdm-v*n'ygts\  written  also  KAMINIETZ. 
KAMEXETZ  and  KAMENEZ.  a  town  of  Rus.sian  Poland, 
near  its  S.W.  frontier,  capital  of  the  government  of  Podolia, 
on  the  Smotrisch.  235  miles  X.W.  of  Odessa.  Pop.  15,600. 
It  is  the  capital  of  the  Greek  eparchy  of  Podolia,  and  of  Ro 
man  Catholic  bishops,  and  has  a  Russian  theological  semi- 
nary, a  gymnasium,  and  2  public  schools.    The  chief  edifice 

953 


KAN 


KAN 


^i^ers. — These,  following  the  declination  of  the  country, 
•U  have  an  E.  or  S.K.  coui-se,  with  the  exception  of  some  of 
the  smaller  tributaries.  The  MissOTiri  runs  along  the  north- 
ern half  of  the  eastern  boundary  through  nearly  a  degree  of 
latitude,  with  but  little  variation  in  its  gi-neral  course  to  the 
W.,  though  with  many  windings.  Tlie  Kaw  or  Kansas,  the 
largest  stream  running  through  the  state,.ioins  the  Missouri 
at  Its  great  bend,  where  it  turns  E.  to  go  through  the  State 
of  Missouri.  Including  its  main  branches,  the  Hepubliciin 
and  Smoky  Hill  Forks,  it  has  a  course  of  trom  800  to  lOnO 
miles.  The  latter,  rising  in  Colorado  Territory,  runs  nearly 
E.  through  the  middle  of  the  state  to  Fort  Ililey,  wl>ere  it 
unites  with  the  Republican  and  forms  the  Kansas.  Tlie  Re- 
publican also  rises  in  Colorado,  but  passes  into  Nebraska, 
which  it  traverses  for  from  200  to  300  miles,  then  runs  iii  a 
southeasterly  course  to  its  junction  with  the  Smoky  Hill 
Fork.  The  principal  tributaries  of  the  Kansas  below  the 
junction  are  from  the  N.,  the  Big  Blue,  rising  in  Nebraska, 
and  by  far  the  largest.  Soldier's  Creek,  the  Grasshopper,  and 
Stranger's,  and  from  the  S.  the  Waukarusa.  'i'he  chief  afflu- 
ents of  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  are  the  Great  Saline  and  Solo- 
mon's Forks,  both  from  the  N.  The  Osage  rises  near  97°  W. 
Ion.  from  Greenwich,  S.  of  the  Kansas,  and  jiasses  E.  into 
Missouri.  The  Arkansas  passes  through  the  S.W.  portion  of 
the  state  for  a  short  distance.  Tlie  Walnut,  Neosho,Terdigris 
and  Little  Arkansas  are  its  principal  tributaries  from  Kansas. 
The  Little  Osage  and  Marmaton  have  their  sources  in  this 
state,  8.  of  the  Kansas,  and  run  E.  into  Missouri. 

Minerals. — White  and  blue  limestone  abound,  also  a  cream- 
colored  sandstone,  a  very  beautiful  building  material.  Lead 
is  fovmd  in  small  quantities  in  the  S.I<;.  portion  of  the  state. 
Coal  and  salt  exist  in  great  abundance  throughout  the  state. 
It  is  thought  petroleum  will  also  be  found. 

Forest  Trcsi. — Tire  principal  trees  of  Kansas  are  cotton- 
wood,  several  varieties  of  oak,  ash,  sycamore,  hickory,  wal- 
nut, hackberry,  sugar  maple,  sumiu-h,  and  willow.  The 
timber  is  getierally  found  skirting  the  rivers  and  creeks, 
and  is  amply  sufficient  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Zoning  I/.  —  The  buffalo,  elk,  deer,  antelope,  prairie  dog, 
Kiota  wolf,  rabbit  and  squirrel  are  among  the  quadrupeds; 
and  of  the  feathered  tribes  there  are  the  wild  turkey  and 
goose,  prairie-hen,  partridge,  golden  oriole,  blue-jay,  red- 
bird,  crow,  and  a  great  variety  of  smaller  birds.  Among  the 
reptiles  is  the  horned  frog. 

Climate,  Soil  and  Pradtictir^ns. — The  climate  is  mild.  The 
winters  are  short, with  but  little  snow.  Stock  pasture  is  found 
through  the  entire  winter  on  the  river-bottoms.  Tlie  sum- 
mers, though  warm,  are  not  oppressive,  for  the  nights  are 
always  cool  and  pleasant.  The  hottest  day  will  always  be 
succeeded  by  a  cool  evening.  The  soil  is  not  surpassed,  if 
equalled  in  fertility  by  any  on  the  continent ;  that  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Missouri  and  Kaw  is  especially  rich.  The 
principal  productions  are  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  tobacco, 
potatoes,  buckwheat,  hemp  and  cotton.  A  good  deal  of  at- 
tention has  been  paid  lately  to  the  raising  of  cotton,  and 
with  uniform  success.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  grazing  states 
in  the  West,  and  immense  amounts  of  stock  are  being  gath- 
ered on  its  farms.  The  value  of  the  live  stock,  in  1800,  was 
$3,205,522. 

Population. — This,  in  1860,  was,  whites,  106,579;  colored, 
6'27;  total,  107,206.  This  population  is  principally  within 
the  eastern  third  of  the  state.  The  present  population 
is  estinuited  at  lo.'ijOOO  whites,  15,000  colored.  The  great 
increase  in  the  colored  population  is  due  to  the  emigration 
from  Missouri,  owing  to  the  rebellion.  Besides  these,  there 
were,  in  ISilO,  8189  Indians,  still  retaining  thetr  tribal  char- 
acter. There  are  two  classes  of  these,  one  partly  domesti- 
cated and  civilized,  having  settled  habitations,  and  the  other 
wandering  tribes;  the  former  have  definite  portions  of  ter- 
ritory assigned  to  them  by  government,  called  Pexprves. 
Some  of  these  reserves  are  in  the  settled  portions  of  the 
state,  and  embrace  its  finest  lands.  Among  the  tribes  thus 
holding  resri-ves  are  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  Potta- 
wattomies,  Delawares,  Shawnees,  Kaws  or  Kansas,  Ottawas 
and  Osages ;  most  of  these  were  removed  from  E.  of  the 
Mississippi  to  their  present  homes.  These  reserves  are  one 
by  one  |>assing,  by  treaty  with  their  Indian  owners,  into  the 
hands  of  the  whites,  and  the  tribes  removed  further  west,  or 
Incorporated  among  the  whites.  The  principal  nomad 
tribes  in  Kansas  are  the  Kiowas  and  Pawnees;  their  num- 
bers are  rapidly  diminishing. 

Oinntiex. — There  are  45  counties,  to  wit,  Allen,  Anderson, 
Atchison,  Bourbon,  Brown,  Butler,  Chiise,  Cherokee,  Clay, 
Cfjft'ee,  Davis,  Dickinson,  Doniphan,  Douglas,  Franklin, 
Greenwood,  Irving,  .lackson,  .Teffeison,  .Tohnson,  Leaven- 
worth, Linn,  Lyon,  Marion,  Marshall,  Miami,  Morris,  Ne- 
maha, Neosho,  Osage, Ottawa,  Otoe,  Peketon,  I'ottawattoniie, 
lU'public,  Riley,  Saline,  Shawnee,  Shirley,  Seward,  A\abaun- 
see,  Washington,  Wilson,  Woodson,  \\'yandot. 

Cilii-s,  Mirti,  and  Stittions.—'rUc  chief  places  are  Leaven- 
worth, situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  30  miles  above 
the  junction  of  the  Kaw,  with  17,00. i  inhabitants:  Atchison. 
25  miles  further  up  the  Mis^ouri,  with  3500  inhabitants; 
Lawrence,  on  the  Kaw,  30  miles  from  its  junction  with  the 
Missouri,  with  3500  inhabitants ;  Topeka,  the  capital,  30  miles 
95S 


further  up  the  Kaw;  Manhattan,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Big  Blue  and  Kan.sas  Rivers;  Wyandot,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Kaw ;  Fort  Scott,  in  the  S.E.,  and  Emporia,  in  the  S.W.  of 
the  state.  Among  the  forts  is  Fort  Leaven\vorth,  on  the 
Mi>souri,  adjacent  to  Leavenworth,  and  the  most  inii>ortant 
of  ail  the  government  stations  in  the  West ;  from  this  point 
all  supplies,  <tc.,  are  forwarded  to  the  forts  and  stations  in 
the  Indian  'I'erritory,  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Utah,  Nebraska 
and  Idaho;  Fort  Riley  is  situated  <m  the  Smoky  Hill, about  15 
miles  W.  of  Manhattan;  Fort  Scott  adjoins  the  city  of  that 
name ;  Fort  Lamed  is  on  the  Arkansas,  at  the  mouth  of  Wal- 
nut Creek.  Among  the  Indian  tril)es  are  several  missionarj 
stations,  under  the  charge  of  the  difterent  religious  denomi- 
nations. 

Govrrnvte.nt. — During  the  territorial  organization  the  gov- 
ernment was  similar  to  that  of  the  other  territories  (see  Nb- 
BRAsK\).  The  state  officers  are  a  governor,  lieutenant  gov- 
ernor, secretary  of  state,  auditor,  trea.<urer,  attorney-general 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  liolding  oftice  two 
years,  a  senate  of  25  members,  holding  fur  the  same  term,  a 
house  of  representatives,  of  75  members,  holding  one  year, 
a  supreme  court,  of  three  judges,  holding  six  years,  and  five 
district  courts,  with  a  single  judge  each,  holding  four  years; 
all  officers  are  elected  by  the  people.  Kansas  has  one  repre- 
sentative in  the  federal  house  of  representatives,  and  three 
votes  in  the  electoral  college.  The  legislature  holds  annual 
sessions,  and  by  the  constitution  can  receive  pay  for  only  50 
days'  sessions.  The  salaries  of  judicial  officers  cannot  be  in- 
creased during  their  term  of  office.  The  capital  is  I'opeka, 
a  place  of  2500  inhabitants,  on  the  banks  of  the  Kansas,  60 
miles  fiom  its  mouth;  it  is  memorable  as  being  the  place 
where  the  first  free-state  constitution  was  framed. 

Banks. — The  banking  capital  has  hitherto  bex-n  held  ex- 
clusively by  private  bankers,  though  since  thep.xssageofthe 
national  bank  act  two  national  banks  have  been  organized 
and  are  now  in  operation. 

i>f6<.— The  state  debt  of  Kansas  amounts  to  $150,875.24^ 
December  31st,  1864,  nearly  all  of  which  is  funded  at  7  per 
cent,  interest;  for  a  portiop  of  this  debt  the  state  exjjectg 
reimbursement  from  the  United  States.' 

Internal  Imprnvemenls. — A  railroad  is  in  oi>eration  from 
Wyandot  to  Lawrence,and  is  being  rapidly  pushed  forward  up 
the  Kaw  Valley  to  Manhattan;  another  is  being  constructed 
from  Wyandot  to  Leavenworth;  one  from  Leavenworth  to 
Lawrence,  and  one  from  Atchison  directly  west.  Besides 
this,  amjjle  donations  of  land  have  Irccn  made  by  Congress 
for  a  complete  system  of  railroad,  extending  in  every  direo- 
tion  through  the  state. 

Public  Institutions. — Five  miles  from  Leavenworth  a  state 
penitentiary  is  being  built,  when  completed  it  will  be  one 
of  the  finest  structures  of  the  kind  in  the  West.  A  deaf  and 
dumb  asylum  is  in  successful  operation,  tliough,  as  yet.  its 
accommodations  are  limited.  An  asylum  for  the  insane  haa 
been  located  at  Ossawattomie. 

Manufactures. — But  little  attention  has  hitherto  been  paid 
to  manufactures  in  Kansas,  though  the  8th  census  return.? 
82,800,000,  as  the  value  of  the  manufactured  prodiicts  of  the 
state  for  1860.    That  amount  hiis  been  greatly  increiised  since. 

Religious  Denomination!:. — The  principal  are  the  Catholic, 
Methodist,  Congregational,  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  and  Ejiis- 
copal.  The  first  has  1  bishop,  18  priests,  and  embraces  from 
10,000  to  15,000  of  the  population ;  the  Methodists  have  68 
ministers,  4184  members,  33  churches,  costing  $40,775, 100 
Sabbath-schools,  witlf  3(174  scholars;  the  Congregationali.sts 
have  32  societies,  25  ministers,  800  members,  15  churches, 
worth547,000;  the  Baptists  have 48  churches  and  1231  mem- 
bers; the  Presbyterians,  14  churches  and  (iOO  members;  the 
Episcopalians,  7  churches  and  200  members. 

[For  continuaticm  of  Kaxs.^s,  see  Ai'Pfxwx.] 

KANSAS  or  KANSAS  CITY,  a  city  of  Jackson  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situat(!d  on  the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Missouri  River, 
just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas,  about  160  miles  W.  liy 
N.  of  JelTerson  City.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  Railroad ;  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Union  Pacific  Kail- 
road,  and  the  S.  terminus  of  tlie  Platte  County  Railroad,  all 
in  operation.  A  few  miles  of  the  first  named  road  are  lack- 
ing to  complete  the  whole  route  to  St.  Louis.  It  contains 
a  court-house.  7  churches,  3  banks.  3  newspaper  offices,  4 
hotels,  2  iron-foundries,  3  wagon-factories,  and  several  map 
chine-shops  of  the  railroad  companies.  Tlie  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  was  opened  from  Kansas  to  Lawrence  in  December, 
IStU.  Pop.  in  1855.  about  600;  in  1860.4418:  in  May,18<  4, 5433. 

KANSAS.  KANZAS  or  KONZAS  INDI.\NS,  a  tribe  of 
Kansas,  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of  Kansas  River. 

KAN.sK,  kdiisk,  a  fortified  town  of  Asiatic  Ru.ssia.proviuce 
of  Yeniseisk,  on  the  Kana,  120  miles  E.  of  Krasnoyarsk. 

KAN-SOO,  KAN-SuU,  KAN-SU,  or  KANSUII,  kinVio', 
the  most  N.'W.  province  of  China,  between  lat.  32°  30'  and 
40°  N..  and  Ion.  98°  and  10>°,  having  E.  the  pixivinces  of 
Shen-see  and  Se-cliuen,and  other  sides  Mongolia,  into  whii  h 
a  long  tongue  of  it  stretches  between  the  territory  of  the 
Koko-Nor  and  the  desert  of  Gobi.  Pop.  in  1812,  l.\193  12.i. 
Surface  mountainous.  Principal  river,  the  Iloang-ho.  T)  e 
products  comjirise  dyes,  gold,  mercury,  silks,  musk,  and  to- 
bacco, which  last  is  of  a  very  superior  quality.    K.au-Cho'> 


KAN 

is  the  capital,  besides  which  tliere  are  6  cities  of  tlie  firs( 
rank. 

KANTA  kdn'ti,  or  KANT,  kliit,  a  yillage  of  Austria,  in 
Transylvania,  co.  of  Ober-Weisseiiburg,  about  44  miles  from 
Kroiistadt.     Pop.  1109. 

KANTALICOONDA.  idn-ta-le-koon'da,  a  village  of  West 
Africa,  on  the  Gambia.     Lat.  13°  32'  N.,  Lon.  13°  51'  W. 

KANT.WU,  an  island  of  the  Feejees.     See  K.a>'D.\boo. 

KANrTCIIKOU,  a  town  of  Cliina.    See  K.a.n-Chow. 

KAN-TritEOU-FOU.  a  city  of  Cliina.    Hea  K.VN-Cuoo. 

KAX-TCIIOU,  a  city  of  China.    See  Kan-Choo. 

KANTII,  kdnt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  on  the  Wei.s- 
tritz,  and  on  the  railway  from  Breslan  to  Waldenburg,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Urcslau.  Pop.  1710.  A  sanjininary  action 
between  the  French  and  Prussians  took  place  near  it  in 
1813. 

K  ANTURK',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Cork.  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Buttevant.  Pop.  4388.  It  has  a 
cajitellatcd  Elizabethan  mansicm,  a  fever  hospital,  di.strict 
bridewell,  market-hou.se,  branch  bank,  and  manufactures 
of  serges.  It  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Earl  of  Eg- 
mont,  whose  residence  is  in  tlie  vicinity. 

KANUM,  kS-noom',  (?)  a  large  city  of  Little  Thibet,  on 
the  Upper  Sntlej.  Lat.  31°37'  N.,  Lon.  7^°  Uh'  E  ,  on  a  table- 
land, nearly  9000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  was  long  the  re«- 
idence  of  the  traveller,  Cosma  do  Koros. 

KAO,  kl'o,  one  of  the  Tonga  Islands — a  vast  oonioal  rock. 
N.E.  of  Tofona,  500  feet  high.  Lat.  19°  42'  S.,  lon.  17.5°  W.— 
Kao  is  also  the  name  of  numerous  cities  and  towns  in  China. 

KAO-CIIINQ  or  KAO-TCHl.XG.  kaV-ohing',  a  town  of 
China,  province  of  Ilonan.     Ljit.  34°  42'  N..  lon.  11.5°  R. 

KA(VCIIO(>  or  KAD-TCIIOU.  k.^Vchoo/.  ^almost  k^w^■ 
chno/.)  or  KAO-CIIKOO-FOO,  (KAO-TCIIE(IU-FOU.)  k^VchS- 
oo'fiX)'.  a  walled  city  of  China,  168  miles  i^.Vi'.  of  Canton,  in 
Iflt.  21°  48'  \..  lon.  111°  8'  E.  It  has  manufaeturesof  nankeens. 

KAO-NIXG.  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Quaug-tong,  40 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Canton. 

KAOOCIIAM,  KAOUCIIANY  or  KAUCIIAXY.  kr)W-shl^. 
nee,  written  also  KAAVSCIIANI.  a  decayed  town  of  Hussla, 
province  of  Bessarabia,  about  12  miles  S.  of  Bender.  It  was 
once  a  large  and  flourishing  town. 

KAO-TCHOU.  a  city  of  China.     See  K.\o-Cnoo. 

li  AOr(  IIAXY.  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.     See  I^aoochaxi. 

KAii-YWW)  or  K.'VO-YEOU.  kil'o  yS-oo/.  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Kiiing-soo,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Imperial 
Canal.  So  miles  N.E.  of  N-anking. 

IvAl'ELLA,  kd-pJl'l3,  a  mountain  range  of  Austria,  in 
Croatia,  consists  of  two  distinct  parts,  the  Great  and  Little 
Kapella.  having  a  general  direction  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  nearly 
parallel  to  the  Wellebitsch  Mountains,  which  skirt  the 
Adriatic 

KAPKLLR,  ki-pSlleh.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Zealand,  in  the  island  of  South  Bcveland,  4  miles 
E.  of  Goes.     Pop.  1342. 

KAI'ELLE,  WEST,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Zealand,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  IMiddelburg.     Pop.  1 892. 

KAHELNA,  ki-pM'nS.  a  vill.age  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia, 
about  24  miles  from  Siklos.     Pop.  920. 

KAl'FENBEKG,  kap'fgn-bSRG\  a  market-town  of  Styria, 
3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Briick.  and  having  a  station  on  the  rail- 
way hetween  Murzzuschlag  and  Gi-Ht-K.     Pop.  (500. 

K.VI'IM,  an  island,  s^outh  Pacific.     See  Clap's  Lsland. 

K.VI'TTI.  an  island  of  New  Zeal.and.    See  Entry  Island. 

KAI'LITZ.  kd'plits.  GAI'PLITZ.  gVpl'ts.  or  WOLANKA, 
*o-ldn'kd.  a  market-town  of  Bohemia;  17  miles  S.  of  Bud- 
weis.  on  the  Mulsche.     Pop.  1892. 

K.^PXIK-B.^NYA,  k3p"neek'-b3n'y6h.  a  mining  and  mar- 
ket-town of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szathmar,  8  miles  E.  of  Nagy- 
Banya.     Pop.  .3000. 

KAPNINO,  kdp-nee'no,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Vladiineer,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Peresl.avl-Zalieski. 

KAPO.SI.\.  a  post-oflice  of  Da  Kota  co.,  Minnesota. 

KAPOSVAR,  kiip'osaVJit',  ato.vn  of  central  Hungary,  co.of 
Sziiraech,  on  the  Kapos,  97  miles  south-west  of  Pesth. 
Population,  3900. 

KAPPA,  Illiuoi.s,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Centrail  Rail- 
road, in  \Voodtbrd  co.,  46  miles  S.  of  La  Salle. 

K.^PPA.  a  post-office  of  Woodford  co..  Illinois. 

KAPPEL,  kSp'pel.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  duchy  of 
Carinthia.  16  miles  S.E.  of  Klaarenfurth.    Pop.  988. 

KAPPELN,  kdp'peln,  or  KAPPELLENORT.  k;lp-pMlen- 
ORt\  a  maritime  town  of  Denmark,  duchy,  and  15  miles  N.E. 
of.Sleswick.    Pop.  2100. 

KAIM'KI^RODECK,  kfip'pel-nydJk,  a  vill.age  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Ithine.  bailiwick  of  Aehern.     Pop.  1876. 

KAPPEI^WINDECK.  k-Vpel-*in'dAk.  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Buhl.     Pop.  1278. 

KAPRONCZA,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Koprhmtz. 

K.VPSALI,  a  town  of  the  Ionian  Islands.     See  Capsali. 

K  APTOL  or  CAPTOL.  k.ip'tol.  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
tn  Slavonia.  co..  and  6  miles  from  Posega.     Pop.  990. 

IvA  PUN'DA.  a  village  of  Australia,  45  miles  N.  of  Adelaide. 
close  to  some  copper-mines,  whence  480  tons  of  ore  were 
;ent  to  Great  Britain  in  1847. 

KAPU  VAR,  kOh^pooVlR/,  a  m-arket-town  of  West  Hun- 


KAR 

gary.  co.  of  Oedenhiirg.  40  miles  S.  of  Preshurg,  with  317S 
Inhabitants,  and  a  residence  of  the  Esterhazy  family. 

KARA,  kd'rd.  a  river  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Europe.an  and  Asiatic  Hussia.  rises  in  the  I'ral 
Mountains.  Hows  N.  and  enters  the  Sea  of  Kara  after  a 
cour.se  of  125  miles. 

KARA,  kd'rd'.  a  Turkish  word  .eignifying  "black."  form- 
ing prefix  to  the  names  of  numi-mus  places  in  the  East,  ol 
which  the  principal  are  the  following: — 

KAUA.  a  town  of  China.     See  IIara. 

K.\l!  A.  kdVd',  a  gulf  or  bay  on  the  N.W.  coa.st  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Tobolsk,  formed  by  the  sea  of  the  same  name. 

KARA-AGIIADJ.  kaVd'-l-gadj'  a  bay  of  Asia  Minor,  in  lat. 
36°  41'  50"  N..  lon.  28°  30'  E. 

KARA-AGIIAD.!,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia. 40  miles  S.E.  of  Silistria. 

KAll.\B.\GII.  kdN-d'bSg,  ("black  garden,")  a  province  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  in  Transcaucasia,  between  the  Koor  and 
Arras  Rivers.  Its  central  part  consists  of  a  hare  tible-land, 
interspersed  with  fertile  valleys.    Chief  town.  Shoosha. 

KARA-BAGH  kdV^^bjIg,  a  "town  and  large  fort  of  Afirhan- 
istan.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Ghuznee,  and  7426  feet  above  the  sta, 
in  lat.  33°  10'  N..  lon.  67°  59'  E. 

K.\1{A-B.\GII,  a  town  of  Punjab.    See  CAO-AnAon. 

KAHA-BOOXAR,  (BOUNAR,  or  BUNAR.)  kd'id'-boo'nar', 
(anc.  Bariitef  or  Bandhrat)  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic 
of  KaramanLa.  68  miles  E.S.E.  of  Konieh.  It  has  a  good 
khan,  a  mosque,  and  some  nitre  works. 

KAK.\C1IEE.  a  seaport  of  Sinde.    See  Kurrachee. 

KAKA-CHUDSCIIA.  kd-rd-chtid'shii.  a  town  of  Centr.al 
Asia,  khanat.  and  120  miles  N.N.E.  of  Khiva. 

KAK.AD.  kOhVdd'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sumegh 
46  miles  N.W.  of  FUnfkirchen.     Pop.  2440. 

K  AHA  DAG  II.  kd^ra'ddg,  or  KARA  TAOII,  kiVd' tSg.  seve- 
ral mountains  of  .\sia  Minor,  and  a  chain  in  Persia,  between 
Khoozistan  and  Larist.an. 

KAKA  DAGII  or  KARA  TAGII,  a  mountain  r.ange  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Uoom-Elee,  near  Philippopolis. 

KAI'.\DAGH.  kdVd'ddg',  an  adjacent  district  of  the  Per- 
sian province  of  Azerbaijan. 

K.\KAD.\G1I.  a  country  of  Turkey.    See  Monteneoro. 

KAUADI VE.  kS-rd-deev'.  an  i.«land  on  the  coast  of  Ceylon, 
in  theGnlfof.Manaar,  12 miles  N.W. of  Calpeutyn.  Length, 
about  9  miles. 

KARADIVE.  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Ceylon,  in  lat.  9° 
61' N..  lon.  80°  r  E.     I^nrtth.  5  miles.     Pop.  5222. 

KAI!A(iIIINSKY,  kd-r.tghin'skee,  an  island  about  20 
miles  off  the  E.  coast  of  Kamtcbatka.  Lat.  of  the  N.  point, 
59°  13'  N.,  lon.  ir4°35'  E.     It  is  55  miles  long. 

KARAGHINSKY,  a  bay  on  the  S.  side  of  the  above  i.sland, 
penetrates  9  miles  inland,  with  a  breadth  of  from  4  to  8  miles. 
It  i-eceives  the  river  Karaga,  the  mouth  of  which  is  in  lat. 
59°  8' N..  lon.  126°  59' E. 

KAUA  HISSAK,  kd'rd  his-sar'.  (Turk.  "Black  Caslk,")  a 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Karamania.  30  miles  S.W 
of  KairvHiveyeh.  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  crowned  by  a  ruined 
castle,  and  supposed  to  be  the  sit«  of  the  ancient  Ci/lirdra. 

K.\RA  IIISS.\R,a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Adana, 
25  miles  W.  of  Tarsoos. 

KAK.\.I.\  TAGH.kd-rd'jdtdg,  (anc.  Mons  Ma'sin.t,)  a  moun- 
tain of  .\siatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Diarbekir,  separates  the 
ha.sins  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris. 

K.\U.4-.nLEK.  kd'rd-jeeler.  a  large  village  of  Asia  Minor, 
in  Anatolia,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Angora,  near  the  Kizil  Irmak, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  a  remarkable  bridge. 

KARAK.  kd'rdW,  KIIAREK,  kdVJk',  CHARED.!,  KA- 
RED.I.  kdVJj'.  or  KAICEDSK',  an  island  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  in  lat.  29°  12' N..  lon.  50°  13' E.  It  is  about  15  miles  in 
circumference,  of  coral  formation,  and  has  on  its  N.  side  an 
old  Dutch  fort,  with  a  village  inhabited  by  about  1000  Arabs. 
Ships  bear  up  hither  from  Bushire  during  strong  S.W.  winds 
in  the  gulf,  and  anchor  near  it  in  safety. 

KAR.\K.\KOO.\.  a  bay  of  Hawaii.    See  Kealakeakua. 

KARAKAL,  kd-rd-kdl'.  ft  town  of  Wallachia,  capital  of  a 
district.  30  miles  S.  E.  of  Krajova. 

KARAKALPAK,  kd-rd-kdl'pdk,  a  tribe  of  Toorkomans  in- 
habiting  a  steppe  along  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Aral,  and  along 
the  Syr-Daria.  They  are  divided  into  two  sections,  and  are 
said  to  number  25.000  warriors. 

KAliAKASH,  kd-rd-kd.sh',  a  city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Khoton  River,  240  miles  E.S.E.  of  Yark- 
and.  reported  to  comprise  3000  bouses.  It  is  governed  by 
two  oflicers  sent  from  China. 

KAR.\KIT.\.  a  group  of  islands.    See  Passage  Islands. 

KAP.AKOOL  or  KARAKOUL,  kd-rd-kool'.  a  town  of  Bok- 
hara, on  the  Zer-Afshan,  38  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bokhara,  in  lat. 
29°  30'  N ..  lon.  63°  45'  E._    Pop.  30,000. 

KAR.\KOHUM,  kd'ra-ko'rQm,  a  mountain  p.ass  of  the 
Chinese  Empire,  separating  Chinese  Toorkistan  from  Little 
Thibet,  near  the  valley  of  Shayook.  Elevation,  18,600  feet. 

KARAKORUM,  or  HOLIN,  ho-leen',  a  ruined  city  of 
Mongolia,  which  was  the  capital  of  Jenghis  Khan.  Its  posi- 
tion is  uncertain. 

KARAKOUL.  a  town  of  Bokhara.    See  Karakool. 

KARAMAKOTAN  or  KARAMACOTAN,  kd-rd-md-ko-tiin', 

957 


KAR 


KAR 


OHO  of  the  Koorile  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  sub- 
ject to  lliissia.  and  separated  from  the  island  of  Onekotan 
by  a  channel  S  miles  wide.     Lat.  49°  N.,  Ion.  154°  39'  E. 

"KAKAMAX,  kd-rl-mdn',  (anc.  Laranda,)  a  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  near  the  N.  foot  of  Mount  Taurus,  63  miles  S.S.K.  of 
Koiiifh.  Pop.  estiuiat<.'d  at  12,000.  It  hasJvseveral  mosiiues, 
rulus  of  a  castle,  manufactures  of  coarse  cotton  and  woollen 
BtulTs,  and  trade  with  Smyrna,  &c.  From  alx)Ut  the  year 
laOiJ  to  1486  it  was  the  capital  of  a  flourishing  kingdom. 

KAKAMAXIA,  CAKA.MAXIA,  ka-rd-md'ne-a,  or  KARA- 
MAX-IvIIAKlDJ,  ka-rd-mdnZ-Kd^-ij',  a  pashalic of  A.sia. Minor, 
comprising  most  of  the  E.  portion  of  its  central  table-land, 
between  lat.  37°  and  40°  N.,  and  Ion.  31°  and  37°  K..  having 
S.  M'lunt  Taurus,  The  principal  riTers  are  the  Kizil-Irmak 
(ir.di/s)  and  the  Sihou ;  in  the  AV.  part  are  numerous  small 
lakes.  The  principal  towns  are  Konieh,  Kaisareeyeh,  Ak- 
shehr.  Heg-shehr,  Nigdeh,  and  Karaman. 

KAU.\.MASY.  kd-rl-mi/aee,  a  walled  town  of  Central  Asia, 
20  miles  E.  of  Khiva. 

K.A.KAMYCII,  kd-r3-mich',  a  river  of  Russi.a.  pursues  a 
Tery  circuitous  courge  of  al)out  70  mile.s,  and  joins  the  left 
bank  of  the  Medvieditsa.  at  the  village  of  Karamych. 

Iv.A.U.\NKKZ  or  K.^RAXIZ,  ki-rl-neez',  a  considerable 
village  of  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  near  Tukhti  Sulei- 
mau,  on  the  Sanik  River,  in  which,  near  the  village,  is  a 
curious  floating  island. 

KAUAX(J-.\SS.\M,kJ-rSng'-d.s-slm',a native  state  of  the 
Malay  .\rchipelago.  on  the  Ji.E.  coast  of  the  i.sland  of  Bali. 
Pop.  2.JO.OO0.  Capital,  Karang-Asam.  Lat.  S°23' N.,lon.ll5° 
34'  K.  It  is  the  mo.st  important  town  on  the  island,  and  has 
a  good  haven. 

KAIIAXG  150LLOXG,  kS-ring'  bol-long'.  a  district  of  Java, 
near  its  centre,  on  the  S.  coast.  The  population  export  great 
numbers  of  birds'-nests  to  China. 

KAK.WIZ,  a  village  of  Persia.    See  K.\raneez. 

K.\RAXSEBKS.kd!Vriu^shA^bSsh',  a  market-town  of  South 
Hungary,  on  the  Teraes,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Temesvar.     P.  3400. 

KAKAXTS,  kOh^rlntch',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ba- 
ranya,  46  miles  S.E.  of  Filnf  kirchen.     Pop.  2501. 

k.\RA,  SKA  OF,  a  portion  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  between 
the  Russian  governments  of  Archangel  and  Tobolsk  on  the 
S.,  and  the  island  of  Nova-Zembla  on  the  N.,  and  extend- 
ing between  lat.  70°  and  73°  N.,  and  Ion.  57°  and  68°  E. 
On  its  S.W.  side  it  is  entered  by  the  Strait  of  Kar.i.  between 
the  islands  of  Vaigatz  and  Xova-Zembla.  and  30  miles  across. 
On  the  S.E.  side  is  the  Gulf  of  Kara,  and  on  the  S.  it  is  en- 
tered by  the  river  Kara. 

KARA  SIIEBBKIIAXEII,  k^'r^  shJb kiZneh,  a  town  of 
Asia  Minor,  pashalic,  and  110  miles  E.X.E.  of  Seevas,  on  the 
route  to  Erzroom.  It  stands  on  a  high  hill  crowned  by  a 
ruined  fortress,  and  comprises  2500  mud-built  houses,  with 
well-stocked  bazatirs.     Xear  it  are  extensive  alum  work.s. 

K  \  K  .\  SIOZ.\.  kOVrroh'sheetAsoh\  a  river  of  II  ungary.  joins 
the  Danube  on  the  right,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  M.irgitta,  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

KAKASlCZ.i,  a  river  of  Slavonia,  joins  the  Drave  on  the 
right  it  miles  W.  of  Eszek,  after  a  course  of  about  55  miles. 

KARA  SOO.  KARA  SOU,  or  KARA.SU,  \ii\-&'  soo.  (•'  Black 
River.")  called  alsoKUREMAS,orTOKMAU.the  W.  branch 
of  the  Huphrates,  joins  the  Kenmer  Soo  14  miles  S.W.  of  Er- 
zengan. 

KARA  SOO,  KARA  SOU,  or  KARA  SU.  a  river  of  Asia 
Minor,  tributary  to  the  Kizil-Irmak,  near  Kaisareeyeh.  It 
Is  the  Melas  of  Strabo. 

KARA  SOO,  KARA  SOU,  or  KARA  SU,  a  river  of  Persia, 
joins  the  Aras  S.E.  of  .Mount  Ararat. 

KARA  SOO,  KARA  SOU,  or  KARA  SU,  a  river  of  Asi.itic 
Turkey,  pashalic  of  Aleppo,  falls  into  the  X.  shoi'e  of  Lake 
Dengis. 

KARA  SOO,  KARA  SOU,  or  KARA  SU,  a  river  of  Asi.itic 
Turkey,  pashalic  of  Itcheleo,  sanjak  of  Tarsus,  falls  into  the 
Mediterranean. 

KAItASOO,  KARA  SOU,  or  K.A-RA  8V,  (&nc.  Nes'tm,) a 
river  of  European  Turkey,  bet^reen  Room-Klee  and  Jlace- 
donia,  enters  the  ^Egean  Sea,  opposite  Thasos,  after  a  S. 
course  of  130  miles. 

KARA  SOO,  KARA  SOU,  KARA  SU,  or  STRUJIA,  stru'- 
icd.  (aric.  atry'iaim.)  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room- 
Elee.  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Contessa,  in  the  -Archipelago, 
near  Orphano. 

KARA  SOO,  KARA  SOU,  or  KARA  SU,  a  river  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  rises  on  the  E.  frontier  of  Allwnia,  flows 
S.S.K..  and  joins  the  Tzerna,  an  affluent  of  the  Vardar. 

KARA-SJO-BAZARor  KARA-SOO-BASAH.  kd'ril'-soo-ba- 
zaR',  a  Tartar  town  of  South  Russia,  government  of  Taurida. 
in  the  Crimea.  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Simferopol.  Pop.  15.000. 
comprising  Tartars,  Greeks,  Russians,  Jews,  and  Armenians. 
It  has  24  minarets,  a  Greek  church,  and  2  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  synagogue,  and  a  remarkable  fortified  khan  near 
Its  centre.  It  is  the  great  mart  of  the  Crimea,  and  has  a 
weekly  market,  and  a  large  annual  fair.  Its  inhabitants 
manufacture  superior  morocco  leather,  candles,  soap,  pot- 
tery, and  tiles. 

KARA  SU.    See  Kara  Soo. 

K  ARASZX A,  a  town  of  Transvlvania.    See  Kbaszxa. 
958 


KARA  TAGn.  a  mountain  of  Turkey.    See  Kajia  Daoh. 

KAltATAL,  kH-Ti-tAV.  a  village  of  Central  Asia,  khanat. 
and  66  miles  N.E.  of  Khiva,  ou  the  left  bank  of  the  Ox  us. 
(Amoo-Daria.) 

KARATCHEV  or  KAR.ATSCIIEW,  U-ritfhh-r.  a  walled 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  47  miles  W.X.W.  of  iVel, 
in  lat.  53°  8'  N.,  Ion.  34°  60'  E.  It  is  mentioned  in  records  as 
early  as  the  twelfth  centurv. 

KARATEGIIEEN  or  KARATEGIIIX  or  KARATKGIN, 
k3-ri-tA-gheen',  a  river  of  Central  Asia,  an  affluent  of  the 
Upper  Oxus.  in  the  Pameer  t.able-land. 

K  AR  AT  EG  IlEEX  or  K  A  R  AT  KG  1 X ,  a  town  of  Central  A  sia, 
on  the  banks  of  the  above  river,  90  miles  X.E.  of  lUssar, 
in  lat.  37°  40'  X.,  Ion.  68°  55'  E. 

KARATOVA  or  CARATOYA,  ki-ri-to/va.  a  market-town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  Brauni.sta.  22 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghiu.stendil.     Pop.  4000. 

KAR.A.TSCUEW,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  KAR.ATcnF.v. 

KAR-AULA.  a  river  of  Australia.     See  Gwtdih  R[vkr. 

KARAVARIA  or  KARAVEUIA,  European  Turkey.  See 
Yebia. 

K.\i:.\ZORAXE,  ka-ra-zo-rJ/nA,  an  island  or  peninsula  of 
Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  on  its  S.AV.  coast.  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Makree,  and  covered  with  remnants  of  buildings  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages. 

K.'VRn.\CII,  kaR/biK,  a  vilLage  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower 
Franconia,  near  Rothenfels.     Pop.  1190. 

KARBITZ,  kaR/bits,  or  KARWICZE.  kaR-fteet'sA,  a  town 
of  Bohemia.  12  miles  X.W.  of  Leitmeritz.     Pop.  1343. 

KARDASCII-RZKTSCHITZ,  kaR-ddsh'-zhgtch'its,  a  tcwn 
of  Bohemia,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tabor,  on  Lake  Kardasch. 
Pop.  20.35. 

KARDZ.4^0,  KARDSZAO.  kdRd'sSg',  or  KARBZAGUJ- 
SZ.4.LLAS,  kflRd'z6g'-oo-ee-s4l'lish',  a  market-town  of  JCast 
Hungary,  capital  of  the  distiict  of  Great  Cumania,  35  miles 
S.AV.  of  Debreczin.  Pop.  11.424.  It  covers  a  wide  surface, 
and  has  Roman  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  Calvinistic  churches. 

KAREDJ.  an  i.sl.and  of  the  Persian  Gulf.     SeelvARAK. 

KAREN'S,  ka'rjnz\  a  race  inhabiting  the  mountain  re- 
gions of  the  S.  and  E.  portions  of  ISurmah  proper,  parts  ot 
the  Tenasserim  provinces,  and  extending  into  the  \Y.  por- 
tions of  Siam.    Their  number  is  estimated  at  33,000. 

KARGE.  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Uxruhstadt. 

KARGOPOL,  kaR-goZpol.  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  185  miles  E.X.E.  of  Olonets,  on  the  Onega.     Pop.  2040. 

K.\I!IK.\L,  kd-re-kSl',  a  maritime  town  of  India,  ceded  to 
the  French  by  the  rajah  of  Tanjore.  in  1759,  on  the  Coronian 
del  coast,  8  miles  S.  of  Ti-anquebar.  Pop.  15.000.  Its  district 
has  an  area  of  23  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  44,386 
persons.     Its  exports  rice,  betel,  indigo,  saffron,  and  toliacco. 

KARIXJ.\n.  kdrin'ja.  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan, 
Xiz.am's  dominions,  60  miles  S.  of  Ellichpoor. 

K.\RIS.S[JI.  a  country  of  Central  Asia.     See  KnARASM. 

KAIUTEXA,  kd-re-t,i'na.  a  villa'.'e  of  Greece,  capital  of 
the  government  of  Gortynia,  near  the  centre  of  the  Morea, 
17  miles  W.of  Tripolitza.  Pop.  1000.  It  has  a  strong  castle, 
long  the  residence  of  the  chief  Colcotroni. 

KARKEL.\XG,  kar'keh-ldng'.  an  island  in  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago. Lat.  of  the  X.  point.  4°  22' X..  Ion.  127°  E.  P.  2970. 

KARKEXAH  ISLAXDS,  Medit^-rranean.     See  Kerkixi. 

KARKISS.4^,  kar-kis'si.  KAKISSA,  KAKIS'IA,  orKKR- 
KISZYAH,  (anc.  CirceHum.)  a  town  cf  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa- 
shalic of  Bagdad,  capitiil  of  a  s.anjak.  on  the  Euphrates,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Khaboor.  in  lat.  35°  8'  N.,  Ion.  40°  30*  K. 
Under  Diocletian  it  was  a  strongly-fortified  frontier  town  of 
the  Roman  dominions. 

KARLBURG.  kaRl'bOSRG,  a  market-town  of  West  Hun- 
gary, near  the  Danube.  10  miles  S.  of  Presburg.     Pop.  20i).'t. 

K  .VULEBY.  Oi.i)  and  Xkw.  a  town  of  Finland.    See  Gamla 

KARLE.\B.\.C1I,  k.aR'l(m-bdK\  (Gros.s,  groce,  and  Klei.n 
kllne.)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  the  Bavarian  Palati 
nate.  canton  of  Griinstadt.     Pop.  1680. 

KARLO  or  CARLO,  kaa'lo,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia. Lat.  of  the  W.  point,  65°  2'  X.,  Ion.  24°  33'  E.  Length, 
11  miles. 

KAR].iOVISICH,  kaRlo-vee'sis.  a  village  of  Austrian  Sla- 
vonia. about  9  miles  from  Golhimbincze    Pop.  9S4. 

K.VRLOYITZ,  UJ,  rKVee  kaR'lo-vits\  a  village  of  Austilan 
Slavonia,  about  5  miles  from  Becska.     Pop.  1200. 

KARLOWITZ,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Cari.owitz. 

KARLOWITZ.  kaR'lo-<»its\  a  town  of  Austrian  Moravia, 
37  miles  E.S.E.  of  Prerau.     Pop.  3437. 

KA1<LSB.\D,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  CARl.snAli. 

KARLSBRUX'X,kaRls'brd<in,  a  village  and  well-frequented 
watering-place  of  Austrian  .Silesia,  circle  of  Troppau. 

KARLSBKUXX,  a  watering-place  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Chrudim,  near  Zwittau. 

KARLSBURG  or  CARLSBURO,  kaRls'baoRn,  (Hun.  Ka- 
rolt/'Fcjervur.  kOh^rol'-fil^yfeaVaR',)  a  fortified  town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, capital  of  a  county,  on  the  Maros,  48  miles  S.  of 
Klausenburg.  Pop.  12.300,  comprising  many  Jews,  who 
here  enjoy  peculiar  rights,  under  protection  of  the  bishops 
Its  consists  of  a  citadel  on  a  height,  and  a  lower  tow^.  The 
principal  edifices  are  a  fine  Roman  Catholic  catheilral.  with 
the  tombs  of  Joiin  Uuniades,  &c.,  the  Bathory  church,  thn 


KAR 


KAS 


pa!»re  of  the  Wshops  of  Transylvania,  a  Koman  Catholic 
jrymnapium,  with  the  provincial  arrhives.  a  mint,  observu- 
torv,  and  arsenal,  banacks.  hospitals,  public  libraries,  &c. 

KAi!LSII.\FE\,  CAULSIIAFKN,  or  KAKL8IIAVEN, 
kaRls'bdYen.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel,  on 
the  AVeser,  21  miles  N.  of  Cassel.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a 
railway  connecting;  it  with  Kisenach.     Pop.  1703. 

K.VIiLjiKlvOX.V,  a  town  of  Sweden.     See  C.tnLSCRONA. 

KAKLSMAl'.KT,  l^auls'maRltt.  a  villaaie  of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, 34  miles  .*.  E.  of  IJreslau.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Stober. 

k.\l{LSIiUIIE.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Carlsruhe. 

KARhSTADT  or  CAIUjSTADT,  kanl'stdtt,  a  royal  free 
town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  capital  of  a  county  between  Kulpa 
and  Corona,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Agram.  Pop.  in  1845,  44iS4. 
It  consists  of  a  fortress,  outer  town,,  and  suburb.  It  is  the 
see  of  a  Greek  bishop,  and  has  an  active  transit  trade. 

KAIILSTADT.  kaRl'stdtt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  -Main, 
14  miles  N.W.  of  Wurzburg.  Pop.  2160.  It  haa  a  trade  in 
wine. 

K.AULSTAD,  a    town  of  Sweden.    See  Ciristad. 

KAKLSTHAL,  kar.ls't.^l.  a  village  of  Austrian  Siliesia, 
about  32  miles  N.W.  of  Troppau.    Pop.  1144. 

KAK.MKL,  kar'mel'.  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  fi  miles  N.W. 
of  Kamnu;j:gur,  in  lat.  32°  2ti'  N.,  Ion.  73°  34'  K.,  on  the 
Chenaub. 

KAIl.N'AC  RUINS.    See  Thebes,  (Egypt.) 

K.\HXTIIKX.  (KSmthen.)  Austria.    See  Carinthia. 

KAliOLY.  Naqv,  Hungary.     See  Nagy-Karoiv. 

KAROON.  KAROUN  or  KARUN,  kd-roon',  (mo.  Eula-'us. 
the  (/lai  of  the  Scriptures,')  a  river  of  Persia,  having  its 
sources  in  the  mountains  of  Ahwaz.  in  lat.  32°  15'  N..  Ion. 
50°40'E.,  falls,  by  two  outlets,  into  the  I'ersian  Gulf,  ahout 
lat.  29°  55'  .\.  It  is  navigalile  at  all  seasons  for  vessels  draw- 
ing 4  feet  water,  and  well  adaptetl  to  steam  communication 
to  witliin  6  miles  of  Shooster.  150  miles  from  the  sea. 

K.\liOTCIIA.  a  town  of  Russia,    See  Korotcua. 

KARPATilEX.    .See  Carpathians. 

KARPFEX,  kaBp'fen,  a  free  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sohl, 
60  miles  N.  of  Pesth.'   Pop.  3800. 

KARPOOT  or  KIIARPUT.  kar-poof.  a  town  of  Turkish 
Armenia,  pashalic,  and  00  miles  M'.N.W.  of  Diarliekir.  and 
stands  dn  an  eminence  in  a  fertile  plain.  It  is  said  to  have 
1400  Turkish  and  300  Armenian  families. 

KARQUEXAS  or  CARQUlXlOZ.kar-kee'nes.of  California, 
the  .strait  joining  San  Pablo  and  Suisun  Rays. 

KARROOS,  kiirVoos',  extensive  plains  of  South  Africa, 
Capo  Colony,  occupying  most  part  of  the  terraces  between 
the  mountain  ranges.  They  are  annually  covered  widi  a 
ricli  vegetation,  and  pastured  by  numerous  herds;  but 
when  the  dry  season  sets  in  they  l!)ecome  arid  deserts. 

K.\RS  or  KHARS,  k.ars,  (anc.  Chr/rlm.)  a  city  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  capital  of  a  pashalic,  on  the  Arpa  chain,  105  miles 
N.E.  jof  Er7a-(X)m.  Pop.  12.000.  It  is  partly  walled,  and 
has  a  ruined  citadel.  8  mosiiues.  minarets,  several  small  Ar- 
menian churches  and  convents,  many  in  ruins. 

K.^^ltSOOX  or  KAI!SU.\,kaR-.soon',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  Simbeersk  (Simbirsk.) 
Pop.  4403.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  a  cathedral, 
and  leather  factories. 

K.\RTAL,  kaR-til',  a  maritime  village  of  .\siatic  Turkey, 
in  Anatolia,  ou  the  Gulf  of  Xicomedia,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

KAKTALINIA,  kaR-tJ-lin^e^a,  or  KARTIILT,  kaRt'lee.  a 
region  comprising  the  N.  part  of  Georgia,  in  Asiatic  Rus- 
sia, watered  by  the  Koor  and  its  affluents,  contjilns  the 
towns  of  Gori,  Ananoor.  and  Sooram. 

K.\RTAS.iX.\,  kaa-tdsJ'nd,  a  market-town  of  the  island 
of  Java,  province  of  Kediri,  on  the  Kediri,  40  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Soerabaya.     Pop.  4000. 

K.-VRTIIAUS.  kaRfhdws,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
East  Prus.sia.  government  of  Dantzic.     Pop.  510. 

K.\RT/II.VUS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clearfield 
30..  Pininsvlvania.  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna, 
20  miles  lO.X.i:.  of  Clearfield.     Pop.  of  the  township.  440. 

K.VRTIIM.  a  town  of  .Asiatic  Russia.     See  Kartalima. 

KAIITOOM  orKARTUM,atownof  Xubia.   See Kh.artoom. 

K.\^RUX.  a  river  of  Persia.    See  Karoon. 

K.\RWICZG.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Karbitz. 

KAKYES  or  CIIARIES.  ki're-^s'  or  kar'yfe\  a  small  town 
of  European  Turkey,  iu  JIacfdonia,  in  the  centre  of  the  pe- 
ninsula of  .Mount  Athos.  Pop.  200.  It  is  the  residence  of 
a  Turkish  aga. 

KARYSTO,  kd-ris'to,  or  CASTEL  ROSSO.  kSs'tel  ros'so.  a 
seaport  town  of  Greece,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Eubaea.     Pop.  3000.  * 

K.4S.\AB.  a  bav  of  Arabia.    See  Khasad. 
KASABAII  or'KASSABA,  kSs-sd'hi.  a  stone-built  town 
of  Asia  Minor,  in  Karauiania,  54  miles  S.E.  of  Konieh. 
KAS.iX.  a  citv  and  government  of  Russia.     See  Kazvn. 
KASAXLIK.  "kdz'dn-lik'  or  kdz-dn-leek',  or  KEZAXLIK. 
kez'In-leek',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee.  88 
miles  N.W.  of  .'Vdi-ianople.     Pop.  10,000.(?)     It  has  an  exten- 
sive manufacture  of  attar  of  roses. 

KASAXSK.  ki-zinsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  Don  Cossack 
country,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Don,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bo- 


gutshar,  in  the  government  of  Voronezh.    Tt  has  an  activ* 
trade. 

KASAWAT.  kd-sd-wdf,  a  town  of  Asia,  khanat,  and  2'.i 
miles  N.  of  Khiv.*. 

K.^SBEK,  kds-bt'k',  a  village  of  Russia,  in  the  Caucasus 
Jlountains,  on  both  sides  of  the  Terek,  in  lat.  42°  X., 
Ion.  40°  E. 

KASBIX.  or  CASBIN,  kdz'bin  or  kds-been'.  written  also 
CASBEEN  and  KAZBIX,  a  large  fortified  town  of  Persia, 
province  of  Irak-.\jemee,  90  miles  X.W.  of  Teheran.  It  la 
enclosed  b^  brick  walls.  Principal  edifices,  a  royal  palace, 
a  fine  mosque,  schools,  bazaars,  and  baths.  It  is  a  dep9t 
for  the  silks  of  Ghilan  and  Shirvan.  destined  for  Bagdad 
and  India,  and  rice  from  the  (Caspian  provinces.  It  pro- 
duces fine  melons  and  wnie. 

KASCIIAU,  kd'shiiw,  or  KOSITZE.ko-sit'si.  rilun.  AV/.wa, 
kOsh'shfih^ ;  L.  Kns.vi'ida.)  a  royal  free  city  of  Hungary,  ciipjtal 
of  the  CO.  of  Aba-Ujvi»r.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hernad, 
finely  situated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  vine-dad  hills,  1.30 
milesX.E.  of  Pesth.  Pop  i5,t500.  Initsgreat  square  an  affluent 
of  the  river  forms  an  island,  which  is  decorated  by  a  statue 
of  .John  Xepomak.  It  has  a  Gothic  cathedral  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  numerous  other  churches  and  convents,  a 
fine  episcopal  palace,  barrack.s,  an  arsenal,  a  theatre,  a 
royal  academy,  with  a  library  of  10,000  volumes,  and  a  fine 
collection  of  natural  history,  a  collegiate  episcopal  ?emi- 
nai-y.  school  f)r  nobles,  and  a  military  asylum.  It  forms  a 
kind  of  provincial  capital,  resorted  to  by  the  upper  classes 
in  winter,  when  it  is  said  to  be  as  bustling  as  Pesth  itself. 
KA.SCHEMIR  or  KASCIIMIR.  .^ee  CAsriMKRE. 
K.\'SEYS.  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 
KASHAX.  or  CASIIAX.  kd'shdn',  a  town  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Irak-.'Vjemee,  capital  of  a  district,  92  miles  X.  of  Is- 
pahan, on  the  route  to  Teheran.  Lat.  34°  X\,  Ion.  51°  30'  E. 
I'op.  30.000.  It  is  large,  and  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing towns  in  the  kingdom.  It  has  a  roy.al  palace,  nnmer 
ous  mosques,  colleges,  bazaar.s,  and  baths,  and  manufactures 
of  shawls,  brocade,  silk  stuffs,  cottons,  and  gold  and  silvei 
articles,  with  an  active  trade  in  agricultural  produce. 
KASHEliN.     SeeK.ASHiy. 

K.^SHIN,  kii'shin,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
73  miles  N.E.  of  Tver,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Volga.  Lat. 
57°  25'  N.,  Ion.  37°  25'  E,     Pop.  3400. 

KASIIGAR,  KACIKJAR  or  CASIIGAR.  kdshVar',  a  con- 
siderable city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  140  miles  X.'NV.  of  Y'ar- 
kand.  Lat.  39°  25'  X.,  Ion.  73°  57' E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
Ki.OOO,  exclusive  of  a  large  Chinese  garrison,  who.  with  the 
governor,  occupy  the  citadel.  It  is  enclosed  by  an  t»irthen 
rampart,  entered  by  four  gates,  and  divided  into  Mohamme- 
dan, or  Turkish,  and  Chinese  towns.  It  is  the  residence  of 
an  Oozbek  chief,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton  g<x>ds.  and 
articles  of  gold  and  jasper.  It  exports  brick,  tea.  Chinese 
raw  and  manufactured  silks,  porcelain,  and  rhubarb  to 
liokhara.  whence  it  receives  Russian.  Indian,  and  other 
prcKluce.  Its  district  comprises  8  other  tnwns.  and  furniyhes 
yearly  tribute,  which  is  .sent  to  the  Chinese  governor  at 
Eelee.  Kashgar  was  a  commercial  city  of  importance  before 
the  Christian  era.  It  has  belonged  to  the  Chinese  for  nearly 
a  century;  and  was  the  capital  of  Toorki.stan,  until  a  rebel- 
lion there  atiout  15  years  ago.  since  which  time  that  di.stino- 
tion  has  been  transferred  to  Y^arkand. 

KASHIRA  or  KACIIIRA.  kd-shee'rl.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  40  miles  X.X.E.of  Toola,  on  the  Oka.  P.  2500. 
KASH.MIR,  a  country  of  Asia.    S<>e  Cashmere. 
KASIIPOOR  or  KACIIPOUR.  kdsh-poor',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Simbeersk,  6  miles  S.  of  Syzran,  ou  the 
right  bank  of  the  Volga.     Pop.  1 200. 

K.ISIMIERZ.  kd-seem'e-ain«h\  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment, and  2S  miles  W.X.W,  of  Lublin,  on  the  Vistula.  Pop. 
2509.  mostly  .Tews.  An  action  between  the  Poles  and  Rus- 
sians took  place  here.  April  10,  1831. 

K.'VSIMOV,  K.'V.SIMOW.  kd-se  mov'.  or  KASIXOV,  kd-se- 
nov'.  a  town  of  Russia,  goverunieut,  and  67  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Riazan.  at  the  junction  oft^ie  rivers  Babinka  and  Oka.  Pop. 
7333.  chiefly  employed  in  the  fur  trade.  It  is  mostly  built 
of  wood;  and  has  many  Tartar  antiquities. 

KASKAS'Kl  A.  a  river  which  rises  in  Champaign  county, 
in  the  E. central  partof  lllinoi.s,  and  flowing  south-westerly, 
passes  Shelbyville,  Vandalm,  Carlyle.  and  the  town  of 
Ka.skaskia,  falling  into  the  JIi.ssi.ssippi  7  or  8  miles  below 
the  last-mentioned  place.  Length  estimated  at  near  3t0  miles. 
The  Kaskaskia  River  is  a  fine  navigable  stream. 

K.'S.SKASKIA,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Randolph  co., 
Illinois,  is  finely  situated  oa  the  ri;;ht  or  W.  bank  of  the 
above  river,  about  2  miles  E.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and 
142  mile-s  S.  of  Springfield.  It  has  the  distinction  of  being 
the  oldest  town  in  Illinois,  or  perhaps  in  the  whole  Mestei  n 
States,  having  been  settled  by  the  French  about  the  j-ear 
1673.  It  was  the  first  capital  of  the  territory,  and  ri^tair.ed 
that  rank  until  1818.  The  village  contains  a  United  States 
land-office  and  a  Catholic  chapel. 

K.\SM.\RK,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Kesmark. 
K.\.S\iAG',  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co..  Xew  York,  on  the 
Watertown  and  Rome  Railroad,  31  miles  from  Rf.me.  and 
about  100  miles  W.X.W.  of  Albany. 

959 


KAS 


KAU 


KASO'TA,  a  post-office  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota. 

KASOWITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Kassegowitz. 

KASPLIA.  kJs'ple-d.  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Dwina 
on  the  left,  after  a  W.X.W.  course  of  about  SO  miles,  the  greater 
part  of  which  is  navigable. 

KAS.SABA,  a  townof  Asia  Minor.    See  Kasvbah. 

KASSAHA,  kds-si'bd,  a  walled  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pashalic  of  Karamania,  20  miles  N.  of  Konieh. 

KASSACA,  kds-sd'ka,  and  KAXAYAWA.  ka-ni-J/wa,  two 
Japanese  cities,  visited  by  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Bittens^er,  chap- 
Iain  of  one  of  Perry's  ships,  during  the  sojourn  of  the 
Americans  there.  Kanayawa  is  said  to  contain  200,000  in- 
habitants. Mr.  Bittenger  describes  the  hou.ses  as  primitive 
In  furniture  and  arrangements,  but  neat,  clean,  and  com- 
fortable, some  containing  Japanese  clocks.  Kach  of  these 
cities  is  six  miles  long,  with  wide,  well-formed  streets. 

KASSATOTCIIY,  kds-sa-to.  h'ee,  one  of  the  Aleutian  Is- 
lands, is  a  mountain  ri.iinir  at  once  out  of  the  sea;  on  its 
summit  is  a  crater,  said  to  be  full  of  water. 

KASSEGOWITZ.  kas'sA-go'*its,  or  KASOWITZ,  kl'so- 
*its\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Pisek. 
Pop.  12.51. 

KASSEL,  kis'sel.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  Lower  Franconia, 
distj-ict  of  Orb.     l''op.  1036. 

K  ASSKL.  a  fortified  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.    See  Cassel. 

KASSIMOV.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Kasimov. 

KASSOX,  kas-son/,  a  state  of  West  Africa,  N.E.  of  Sene- 
gambi.a.  spjjarated  from  Bambook  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the 
Seneuial  liiver.    The  French  have  a  station  here  at  Medira. 

KASSOVO.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Kossovo. 

KASSYE-GOPANG,  kas'sigo-pSng',a  town  of  Sinde,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Indus.  28  miles  N.  of  Hyderabad. 

KASTAMOOXEE,  KASTAMOUNI  or  KASTAMUNI, 
kas'ta-moo'nee\  written  also  CASTAMBOOL,  CASTAMBUL, 
and  COST .^M BONE,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia, 
on  the  Kara-soo,  114  miles  N.X.E.  of  Angora,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  2350  feet.  Pop.  estimated  by  Ainswnrth  at  48.000. 
It  has  upwards  of  .30  mosques,  24  public  baths,  with  some 
copper-forges,  cotton  printing-works,  and  trade  in  wool. 

KASTELL.\UX,  k3s'teM0wn\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
21  mile?  S.W.  of  Coblentz.    Pop.  1220. 

KASTELORIZO,  kas-td-lo-ree'zo,  a  large  and  lofty  island 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  Mediterranean,  S.  coast,  pa.shalic 
of  Anatolia;  lat.  36°  8'  N.,  Ion.  29°  45'  E.  On  the  N.E  side  it 
has  a  harbor  and  town  of  the  same  name,  the  former  a 
fevorite  resort  of  trading  vessels,  both  going  to  and  return- 
ing from  Syria  and  Cyprus. 

K.VSTELRUTT.  a  town  of  Tyrol.    See  Casteirotto. 

KASTEIl,  kSs'ter,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  N.W.  of  Cologne.    Pop.  470. 

KASTORIA,  KASTOREA,  kas-to-ree'a,  or  KESRIE,  kSs'- 
ree,  (anc.  Cddhrum  or  Cdetrum,)  a  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Macedonia,  2.5  miles  S.  of  Monastir,  on  a  peninsula 
in  the  lake  of  Kastoria.     Pop.  1800. 

KASTORIA  or  KASTOREA.  LAKE  OF,  a  lake  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  Macedonia,  about  6  miles  in  length  and 
breadth.     Lat.  38°  N.,  loni  21°  25'  E. 

KASTRI.  a  village  of  Greece.     See  Castri. 

KASTRIKUM  or  CASTRICUM,  kas'tre-kiim\  a  village 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Holland,  16  miles 
S.W.  of  Amsterdam.  Near  this  village  the  British  and 
Russians  were  defeated  by  the  Dutch  and  French  troops, 
October  6,  1799. 

KATABA,  kd-ta'ba,  a  walled  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen, 
60  miles  N,N.W.  of  Aden. 

KATACOLO,  ki-ta-kolo,  a  cape  and  bay  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  Elis,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Morea,  15  miles  S.  of 
Gastouni. 

KATAFAXGA,  ka-ta-fang'gj,  one  of  the  smaller  Feejee  Is- 
lands.   Lat.  17°  30'  S„  Ion.  179°  2'  W. 

KATAGOOM  or  KATAGUM,  ka-td-goom',  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Africa,  Soodan,  in  Houssa,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Yeoo, 
135  miles  E,N.E.  of  Kano.  It  is  said  to  be  strongly  fortified. 
Pop.  SOOO. 

KATAH/DIN,  sometimes  written  KATAIIDEX  and  KA- 
TADX,  a  mountain  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  about  130  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Augusta.  It  is  the  most  elevated  land  in  the 
Btate.  being  5385  feet  in  heiiht. 

KATAIIDIX  (or  K.A.TAHDEN)  IRON-WORKS,  a  post- 
township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  about  135  miles  N.X.E. 
of  Augusta.    Pop.  168. 

K.Vta,  NAGY',  nOdj  kSh'tOh^,  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO..  and  31  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2510. 

KATANSKA,  a  river  of  Siberia.     See  Khatanga. 

K.ATCH.\,  ka/cha,  a  river  of  Russia,  aftera  N.X.W.  course 
of  about  45  miles,  falls  into  the  Black  Sea,  18  miles  N.  of 
Sevastopol. 

KATCH.\LL,  katcVail',  or  KATSCHULL,  katch'iill',  one 
of  the  Nicobar  Islands,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Lat.  (N. 
point)  8°  1'  N.,  Ion.  93°  26/  E.  l!  is  about  12  miles  long  and 
9  miles  in  the  greatest  breadth. 

KATCHOOGA,  KATCHOUGA,  or  KATSCHUGA,  kd- 
choo/gd,  a  thriving  entrepQt  of  trade  in  Siberia,  government 
of  Irkootsk,  N.W.  of  Irkootsk. 

KATERDORF,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  See  Kath.uiin.ibebg. 
»S0 


KATESVILLE.  kAts/vill,  a  small  post-village  of  Canada 
West.  eo.  of  Middlesex,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  London. 

KATHARINARERG,  ka-ta-ree'na-bSRff\  a  village  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  of  Buntzlau,  at  the  foot  of  the  Drachenberg. 
Pop.  620. 

K.\THARTXABERG  or  KATERDORF.  ka'ter-doBr.  a  mi- 
ning town  of  Bohemia,  16  miles  W.  of  Toplitz!     Pop.  1250. 

KATHEE.  a  country  of  Further  India.     See  Cass.at. 

KATHERIX,  a  lake  of  Scfitland.    See  Katrine  Loch. 

KATIILAMB.\.  mountains  nf  Africa.     SeeQuATHL.<.MBA. 

K.4TIIU,  kd't'hoo^  a  town  of  Burmah,  on  the  Irrawaddy 
1.54  miles  N.  of  Ava. 

KATIF.  KATYF.  or  KATIFF.  EL.  Jl  ka-teef/,  a  fortified 
maiitime  town  of  Arabia,  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  Lat.  20°  25' 
X.,  Ion.  .50°  E.  It  is  stated  to  have  an  active  trade,  especially 
in  pearls  from  the  adjacent  fishery. 

K.ATL.'VBUGA,  kat-ia-IxMyga.  a  lake  of  Russia,  province  of 
Bes.sarabi.a.  12  miles  E.N. E.  of  Ismail;  greate.st  length,  18 
miles:  gieatest  breadth.  6  miles. 

KATMAXDOO  or  KATMAXDIITJ.    See  Khatmanboo. 

KATtyXAH.  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Xew  Y'ork  and  Harlem  Railro.ad.  44  miles  above  Xew 
York  City.  In  1S47  there  was  not  a  single  building  here. 
The  village  now contaims  3  stores, an  Episcopal  ctnuch,  and 
several  hundred  inhabitants.  Named  from  an  Indian  chief 
\vho  once  owned  the  land  in  the  vicinity. 

K.\T0R.  kd-tor'.  a  town  of  Sinde.  on  the  Narra  branch  of 
the  Indus;  108  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hyderabad. 

KATI5AGAM,  ka^tra-gam'.  or  KADDIRKA^MAM,  kadMir- 
ka-mani',  a  celebrated  place  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage  in  Ceylon, 
lis  miles  E.S.E.  of  Colombo. 

KATRINE,  k.Vtrin  or  kafnn.  written  also  CATERAN, 
KATIIEKIX,  or  KETURIX.  LOCH,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in 
the  S.W.  part  of  the  county  of  Perth,  9^  miles  W.  of  Callander, 
and  5  miles  E.  of  Loch  Lomond.  Length,  10  miles;  breadth, 
2  miles.  It  is  of  a  serpentine  form,  and  very  deep:  sur- 
rounded by  lofty  mountains,  and  rocky,  wooded  ravines. 
Its  waters,  fed  by  nvimerous  mountain  torrents,  are  dis- 
charged at  its  E.  end  (where  is  the  celebrated  pass  of  theTi-os- 
sachs)  by  a  stream  which  fioxrs  into  Loch  Achray.  The 
glowing  descriptions  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  The  Lady  nf  the 
ImIc,  first  drew  public  attention  to  this  romantic  i-ecion. 

KAT.SCHALINSK,  kat-.sha-linsk/,  a  town  of  Ru.^sia,  go- 
vernment of  Don  Cossacks,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Don,  3fc 
miles  N.W.  of  Tsaritsin.     Lat.  49°  5'  X.,  Ion,  40°  E. 

KAT,SCnER,  katch'er,  or  KETRZ,  a  frontier  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  42  miies  S,S.E.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  2640. 

KATSCHUGA.     See  Katchooga. 

KATSCHULL,  one  of  the  Nicobar  Islands.     See  Katchall. 

K.\TT,  k?tt,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  27  miles  N,  of  Khiva, 
on  the  canal  of  Jarmysch. 

KATTEGAT,  a  strait  of  North  Europe.    See  Catteoat. 

K.\T'TELA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Broome  co.,  New  York, 
135  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

KATTYMAR,  kaf  tee'maR/,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and 
45  miles  N.  of  Bacs.     Pop.  .3440. 

KATTYWAR,  kat-te-wtlr/,  a  district  of  West  Hindo.st.an, 
comprising  a  portion  of  Guzerat. 

K.iTUXGA.  ka-tGng'ga,  or  EYEO.  t'y5.  a  town  of  Centi-al 
Africa,  the  capital  of  Yarriba,  81  miles  S.  of  Boosa.  Lat 
8°  59'  X.,  Ion.  4°  25'  E, 

KATUXGWA,  ka-ttiug'wil,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in 
Houssa.  on  the  route  between  Kano  and  Katasroom. 

KATWYK-AAX-DEX-RYN.  katAvIk-in-dftn-rin,  a  village 
of  the  Xetherlands,  4  miles  X.W,  of  Levden.    Pop,  1005. 

KATWYK-AAN-ZEE,  kat'wik-dn-zA.  a  village  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, 8  miles  N.W.  of  Levden,  on  the  sea-coast  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rhine.     Pop.  3254. 

KATYF.  a  town  of  Arabia.     SeeKATip. 

K.\TZB.iCH,  kats/baK,  a  river  of  Prussian  Silesia,  joins 
the  Oder  on  the  left,  29  miles  N.W.  of  Breslau.  after  a  total 
course  oi  35  miles.  On  its  hanks  the  Prussians  gained  a 
victory  over  the  French  in  ISlo. 

KATZEXBUCKEL,  kats^en-bMlOkel.  in  Baden,  is  the 
hiirhest  point  of  the  Odenwald.     Heiu'ht.  2300  feet. 

KATZENELLENBOGEX,  kafBeu-Jl'len-boVhen,  (''  Cat's 
elbow,")  a  village  of  West  Germany.  9  miles  E.S.K.  of  Na.ssau, 
with  a  ruined  castle,  the  .seat  of  its  former  counts.     Pop.  902. 

KATZHUTTE.  (Katzhiitte.)  kats'hiUHeh.  a  village  of 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  on  the  Schwartz,  S.  of  Kbnigsee. 
Pop.  1188. 

K.\UAT.  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.    See  Atac.U. 

KAUCHANY,  a  town  of  Rus.=ia.     See  K aoochani. 

KAUEX,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.     See  Kovxo. 

K.\UFBEUREX,  kawfljoiVen.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Swabia.  on  the  Wertach,  and  on  the  railway  from  Augs- 
burg to  Lindau,  36  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  4050. 

K  AUFIRISTAX,  a  cou7itry  of  Asi.a.    .St«  Kafiristax. 

K.4UFMAX,  kawf'm.an.  a  county  of  Texas,  situ.ated  in 
the  N.E.  central  part  of  the  state,  contains  1030  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Trinity  River  and  its  affluents, 
and  contains  extensive  prairies.  The  population  is  in- 
crea.sing  rapidly.  Named  in  honor  of  David  S.  Kaufni.in, 
former  representative  of  Texas.  Capital,  Kaiifmarr.  PopL 
3936,  of  whom  3403  were  free. 


KAU 


KED 


KAUFMAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kaufman  co.,  Texas, 
210  miles  N.N.E.  of  Austin. 

KAUI<'U.\GKX,  Obkr,  o'bgr  kdw'fiMng'en,  a  town  of  Ilesse- 
Cassel.  in  Meder  Unssen   •>  miles  E.  of  Cassel.    Pop.  2300. 

KAUKAUNA,  kaw-kaw'na,  a  post-vilUiKe  an<i  township 
of  Outagamie  Co..  AVisconsin,  on  the  Neenah  or  Kox  River, 
and  on  the  Chicago  and  North  AVestern  Kailroad,  21  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Green  Bay.  The  rapids  in  the  river  hero  afford 
abundant  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  sawing  pine 
lumber,  &c.  It  contains  2  churches  and  several  stores. 
Population,  1001. 

KAUNITZ,  kOw'nits,  or  KONICZ,  ko'nit.s\  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  S  miles  N.W.  of  Kaurzira.    Pop.  1148. 

KAUKZIM,  kOwR'zim,  a  tovn  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Prague,     fop.  2170. 

KAUTII.  kOwt,  GAUTII,  gowt,  or  KAUTY,  k«w/tee,  a  vil- 
lage of  Bohemia,  20  miles  W.  of  Klattau.     Pop.  1083. 

KAUTi  >lvElNO,  k6w'to-ki'uo,  a  village  of  Norway,  in  Fin- 
mark,  on  the  Alten,  about  130  miles  S.S.W.  of  llammerfest. 
KAUTY,  a  village  of  Bohemia.    See  K.MTn. 
KAVALA,  kd-va/ll   or  CAVALLO,  kd-vdno,  a  seaport 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Macedonia,  on  the  .lEgean 
Sea,  opposite  the  island  of  Thasos.    Pop.  4000.    It  is  walled, 
has  a  citadel,  and  an  export  trade  in  cotton  and  toljacco.     It 
was  the  birthplace  of  the  late  Mohammed  Alee,  (.Mehemet 
Ali.)  pasha  of  Kgypt.    Nine  miles  S.W.  is  Eskee  (or  Old) 
K.vVALA.  (anc.  NuapoUs,)  where  St.  Paul  landed  from  Troas. 
KAVAYA,  KAVA.JA,  kd-vl'd.  or  KOVA.JA.  ko-v.i'yd,  a 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania,  sanjak  of  El-Bassan, 
on  a  river  about  3  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  -Adriatic, 
where  it  has  a  port,  S  miles  S.S.W.  of  Durazzo.    Pop.  10,OOU,(?) 
mostly  Mohammedans. 
KAVKX  or  KAWKN  ISLANDS.    See  Caivert  Islands. 
K.\WAN,  kd-wdn/,  a  rocky  island  of  New  Zealand,  in  the 
Gulf  of  llouraki.  about  30  miles  from  .Auckland,  25  miles  iu 
circumfi-rence.  and  yielding  a  rich  copper  ore. 

K.\WSCU.\NI,  a  town  of  Kussia.     See  Kaoochani. 
KAYADKItOS'SERAS  MOUNTAINS,  in  the  E.  part  of 
New  Yoik,  are  situated  in  Warren  county,  between  Lake 
George  and  Schroon  River. 

Iv.AYKS.  kaiz.  an  island  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Rus- 
sian America,  in  lat.  59°  48'  N.,  Ion.  144°  28'  W. 
KAYIvSIKANG  RIVER,  Wisconsin.    See  Shell  River. 
KA  YOU.  a  st;ite  of  Africa.     See  CaXOR. 
K.\YSHi;SBEl!G,  a  town  of  France.  See  Kaiserbero. 
K.AYSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Davis  co..  Utah  Territory. 
K.AYTS.  kits,  a  village  and  seaport  in  the  island  of  .Man- 
detivoe  or  Leydt>u,  off  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Ceylon, 
iu  Palk's  Strait. 

IC.A.Y  V.V.  kl'vi,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  near  the  S.W. 
frontiers  of  the  government  of  Orenboorg.     Pop.  18C0. 

KAZ.A,  koh'/.Oh,  or  SA.JO,  sOh'yo.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Borsod.  about  30  miles  from  Miskolcz,  on  the  Sajo.  1'.  4652. 
KAZAMIOKX  or  KAZAMIN,  kd-zi-meon',  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  8  miles  N.W.  of  Bagdad,  on 
the  Tigris.  Pop.  mostly  Persians,  who  have  here  a  famous 
mosque. 

KAZAN.  KASAN  or  CASAN,  kd-zin',  a  government  in 
the  E.  part  of  European  Russia,  bounded  E.  by  Orenboorg.  S. 
by  Simbeersk,  (.Simbirsk.)  AV.  by  Novgorod,  and  N.by  Vlatka. 
Ar;a,  23,970  square  miles.  I'op.  in  1S51  ,1,347,352,  nearly 
all  of  the  Greek  Church,  or  Mohammedans.  The  surface  is 
flat,  traversed  by  the  Volga  and  Kama,  which  here  unite. 
A  great  portion  is  covered  with  forests.  The  minerals  com- 
prise copper,  gypsum,  potters'-clay,  and  lime.  The  chief 
crops  are  rye.  wheat,  lint,  and  hemp. 

KAZ.A.N  or  IC.AS.AN,  a  fortified  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
above  government,  and  formerly  of  the  kingdom  of  Ka/.an, 
near  its  centre,  on  the  K,azauska,  4  miles  from  its  mouth  in 
the  Volga.  430  miles  E.  of  Moscow.  Pop.  58,129.  It  is  com- 
posed of  three  parts — the  citadel,  the  town,  and  suburbs.  It 
Is  the  capital  of  a  Greek  eparchy,  and  see  of  a  bishop,  and 
has  a  magnetic  observatory,  an  arsenal,  and  an  Imperial 
powder  magazine.  Kazan  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
educational  establishments.  Its  university,  founded  in  1804, 
had.  in  lSt6,  96  professors  and  418  students,  with  a  library 
of  29.000  volumes,  an  observatory,  botanic  garden,  and 
several  museums,  2  gymnasia,  in  one  of  which  the  Eastern 
languages  are  taught,  a  primary  normal  school,  a  Greek 
theological  seminary,  with  a  library  of  4000  volumes,  a  mili- 
tary school,  and  14  public  schools.  It  has  extensive  manu- 
factures of  cloths,  cottons,  cutlery,  jewelry,  with  soap,  and 
morocco  leather,  tanneries,  and  distilleries.  It  is  the  entre- 
p3t  of  the  commerce  between  Siberia,  Bokhara,  and  European 
Russia!  and  has  extensive  trade  on  the  Volga.  Kazan  was 
three  times  nearly  ruined  by  fire — 1st,  in  1774;  2d.  in  1815, 
by  the  ex]ilosiou  of  its  powder  magazine;  and,  3d,  on  the 
5th  of  September.  1842,  on  which  last  occasion  more  than 
half  the  city  was  destroyed. 

The  kingilom  of  Kazan  or  Casan  comprehended  the  Rus- 
sian governments  of  Kazan  proper.  Viatka,  Perm,  Simbeersk, 
(Simbirsk.)  and  Penza.  It  was  originally  peopled  by  Finns, 
who  were  vanquished  and  driven  out  by  the  Tartars.  In 
1552.  Ivan  Vassilievitch  II.,  by  the  taking  of  Kazan,  de- 
Uroyed  the  Tartar  power,  and  annexed  the  territory  to 
3L 


Russia  as  a  kingdom.  Subsequently,  Peter  the  Great  divided 
the  kingdom  into  the  five  governments  mentioned  above. 

K.AZANSK.AI.\.  kd-zdn-sUi'd.  a  town  of  Kussia.  govern 
ment  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Don,  15t 
miles  S.S.H.  of  Voronezh. 

K.AZBEK,  a  mountain  of  Asia.    See  Caucasus. 

K.AZBIN.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  KAsnix. 

K.AZ-DAGII,  a  mountain  of  Asia  Elinor.     See  Garo.aKu.S. 

K.VZKMBB.  a  cnuntrv  of  .Africa.     See  Cazkmiie. 

KAZEHOON,  KAZEROUN  or  KAZEHUN,  kd-z:\-roon',  a 
deca}'ed  town  of  I'ersia.  province  of  Fars.  in  a  fine  valley,  55 
miles  W.  of  Sheeraz.  It  is  said  to  have  several  thousand 
inhabitants,  with  cotton  manufactures  and  some  trade. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Sbahpoor. 

KAZIMIERZ  or  KAZIMIKZ.  kJ-zhe-meeRzh',  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  province  of  Kalisz,  37  miles  n!  of  Konin. 
Pop.  1126. 

KAZIMIERZ  or  KAZTMIRZ,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland, 
25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lublin,  between  rocky  heights,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  Vistula.  It  was  the  scene  of  an  action 
between  the  Poles  and  Russians.  -April  10,  1831.     Pop.  2189. 

K.AZVIN,  a  town  of  Per.sia.     See  Kasbi\. 

KEADY,  ka'dee  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.,  and  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Armagh.  I'op.  of  the  vilhage,  1120. 
It  has  flourishing  manufiictuns  of  linen. 

KKALAKEiVKUA.  kd-ld-kd-d-koo'd,  or  KARAKAKOOA, 
kd-rdkd-koo'd.  ("  path  of  the  gods.")  a  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Hawaii,  in  which  the  famous  circumnavigator 
Captain  Cook  was  killed.  It  is  about  2  miles  broad,  pene- 
trates 1  mile  inland,  and  the  shore  all  round  is  covered  with 
black  coral  rock,  rendering  landing  very  dangerous  in  iiiugh 
weather,  except  at  the  village  of  Kakooa,  where  there  is  a 
fine  sandy  beach. 

KE.AL,  (keel,)  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KEAL,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KE-ANG-YIN,  kd-dng-yeen',  a  con.siderable  town  of  China, 
province  of  Kiang-soo,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yang-tse^ 
kiang,  86  miles  E.  of  Nanking,  and  with  a  remarkable 
pagoda. 

KEARNEYSVILLE,  kar'nAz-vil,  a  post-village  of  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Ru.hoad,  11  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Harper's  Ferry. 

KEAKSARGE  (keer'.«arj)  MOUNTAIN,  in  Merrimack  co., 
New  Hampshire,  rises  2408  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Its  summits  consist  of  bare  granite. 

KI''.A1{S'LEY,  a  township  of  En^rland.  co.  of  Lancaster. 

KEAKS'LEY.  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co..  Michigan. 

KEARSLEY  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  fells  into  Flint  River, 
in  Genesee  county. 

KEAS  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Chicka.saw  co.,  Mississippi.. 

KE.ASBUKG,  kees^btirg,  a  village  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky, 
196  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  contains  1  or  2  churches  and  4 
stores. 

KEATCniE,  keech'ee,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  Ixjui- 
siana. 

KEATING,  kee'ting,  a  township  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Population,  1374. 

KEATING,  a  township  of  Clinton  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Poimlution,  271. 

K  EATON'S  LANDING,  or  VINrrON,  a  small  village  of 
Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi. 

KEBAN-MADEN,  kd-bdn'm.d'den.  KEBBAN-MADEN, 
kJb'bdn'-md'dfn,  or  KABAN-MA-ADEN,  kd^han-ma'dgn.  a 
mining  town  of  Turki.sh  -Armenia,  pashalic.  and  88  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Diarbekir,  on  the  Moorad-Chai,  (Upper  Euphrates,) 
with  from  4o0  to500fauiilies.  mostly  Greeks  and  Armenijins. 

K  ECU  AN,  kjch'dn',  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Room-Elee,  N.  of  Gallipoli.     Pop.  1000. 

KECHO,  a  city  of  Tonquin.     See  Ketcho. 

KECK'S  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana. 

KECKS' VI LLE,  a  village  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana,  9  miles 
N.W.  of  Dover  Hill. 

KECSKEMET  or  KETSKEMF^T,  k?ch'k5m'aif.  written 
also  KECZKEMET,  the' largest  market-town  of  Hungary,  be- 
tween the  Danute  and  Theiss.  co.,  and  50  miles  S.E.  of 
Pesth.  Pop.  39,434,  mostly  employed  in  breeding  live-stock, 
tanning,  goap-making,  and  growing  wine.  It  has  various 
churches,  a  Piarist  and  2  Reformed  gymnasia,  a  normal 
school,  school  of  design,  orphan  asylum,  and  military  hos- 
pital. It  has  5  yearly  markets ;  that  for  cattle  is  the  largest 
in  Hungary. 

KECZEL,  kJts'jr,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  35  miles 
W.  of  Pesth,  with  a  church,  and  a  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and 
cattle.     Pop.  3039. 

KECZKE.MET.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Kecskemet. 
KEDDA  or  KEDAH,    Mal.iy  PeuinsuKi.    See  Queda. 
KED'DINGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
KEDDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Suffolk 
and  Essex. 

KEDEL,  kd'dM'.  a  village  of  West  Africa,  in  Foota-Damga, 

on  the  left  bank  of  the  Senegal.     Lat.l5°46'N.,lon.l3°2'W. 

K  EDESH  (kee'desh)  OF  N  A  PHT  A  LI,  written  also  KEDES, 

a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  9  miles  S.W. 

of  Bauias. 

KED'GEREE^  or  KIJARI,  kij'd-ree\  a  village  of  British 

961 


KED 


KEI 


India,  presidency  and  province  of  Bencal,  on  the  Hooprly 
Kiver,  near  its  mouth.  It  has  »  harljor  adapted  for  large 
ships,  a  li:iht-hnuse.  and  a  pilot-station. 

KEDIRI,  lcA-dee'ree\  a  province  in  the  island  of  Java,  on 
its  ?.  coast.     Pop.  460.000. 

KEDIRI,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Java,  capital  of  the 
above  province,  (iO  miles  S.W.  of  Soerabaya.  on  the  Kediri, 
heie  crossed  by  one  of  the  most  beautiful  bridges  in  Java.  It 
is  t  he  residence  of  the  governor,  has  a  small  bazaar,  and  a 
mnsque  built  from  the  ruins  of  a  temple.     Pop.  6000. 

KEDIRI,  or  RR.-VXTAS.  bran'tas\  a  river  of  Java,  formed 
of  two  streams  about20  miles  S.  of  Kediri,  flows  N.and  N.K., 
and  falls  into  the  Strait  of  Madura:  one  arm  at  Soerabaya, 
the  other  25  miles  further  S.,  at  Banjil.  Total  course,  about 
100  miles. 

KEDJE,  k?d'jeh  or  kfj,  (ane.  Ohnhda  or  Chnclda  f)  a.  town 
of  Beloochistan.  capital  of  the  province  of  Mekran.  on  the 
Doostee  River,  in  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  Ion.  62°  30'  E.  It  stands 
at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  crowned  by  a  strong  fort,  and  had  for- 
merly 3000  houses,  and  extensive  trade,  but  has  fellen  into 
decay. 

KEDLESTON,  kM'gl-ston,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Derby. 

KKDOE.  a  province  of  Java.     See  Kaixie. 

KEDRON.  kee/drpn,  or  KIDRON,  kid'ron,  a  brook  of 
Palestine,  proceeds  throucrh  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat, 
N.W.  of  Jerusalem,  pjist  which  city  it  continues  on  the  E., 
separating  it  from  the  Mount  of  Olives,  and  thence  20  miles 
E.S.E.  to  the  Dead  Sea.  It  is  a  mere  torrent,  flowing  only 
during  and  after  rains. 

KEDYVVAREE,  kM-e-w^/ree,  an  offset  from  the  W.  side 
of  the  Sata.  the  great  eastern  mouth  of  the  Indus,  in  lat. 
24°  7'  N.,  Ion.  67°  28'  E.  Excepting  the  Hujamree  branch, 
it  is  the  only  navi;rable  channel  by  which  access  can  be 
gained  to  the  main  stream. 

KEEA-IIING-FOO,  kA'd-hing-foo.awalled  and  fortified  city 
of  China,  province  of  Chekiang,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Xingpo, 
on  the  Imperial  Canal.  Pop.  about  270.0!X).  Its  walls  and 
ramparts  are  in  a  very  dilapidated  condition. 

KEECIII.  kee'chee,  or  UPPER  KEECIII  CREEK,  of  Texas, 
rises  in  Freestone  county,  and  flows  south-eastward  through 
Leon  county  into  Trinity  River.  Lower  Keechi  enters  the 
river  in  the  S.  part  of  the  same  county. 

KEE'CUIL.  a  post-office  of  Freestone  co..  Texas. 

KEE'DYSVILljE.  a  post-office.  AVashington  co.,  Maryland. 

KEE'FERS  COIVNERS,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co..  New 
York. 

KEEPER'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

KKELAXO.  an  island.  Malay  Archipelago.  See  Kehnq. 
■     KEEL'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincola. 

KEELE,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Stafford. 

KEEL'ER.  a  tnwn.shipof  Van  Rurenco.,  Michigan.    P.  485. 

KEEl/ERSliUltG.  postroflice.  Wyoming  co..  Pennsylvania. 

KEEI/ERSVILLR,  a  post-village  of  Van  liuren  co",  Michi- 
gan. 180  miles  \V.  of  Detroit. 

KEEL'ING  (or  CO'COS)  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  in  lat.  12°  6'  S.,  Ion.  96°  53'  E.,  consisting  of  llors- 
burg  and  Keeling,  with  some  smaller  islands,  on  which  a 
few  English  inhabitants  and  Malays  are  settled.  These  is- 
lands abound  with  cocoa-palms,  and  have  good  water.  It 
was  discovered  by  Keeling  in  1609. 

KEELS,  a  seaport  and  tishing  station  of  Newfoundland, 
on  Bonavista  Bay.  in  the  E.  part  of  the  island,  in  lat.  48° 
as'  N..  Ion.  58°  26'  W. 

KEELWA  or  KILWAII.  in  East  Africa.    See  Quit.oa, 

KEEXE,  keen,  a  beautiful  post-village,  township,  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Cheshire  co..  New  Hampshire,  is  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ashuelot  River,  and  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ashuelot  Railroad  with  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  92 
miles  N.W.  of  Boston.  The  village  is  remarkable  for  the 
extent,  widtli,  and  uniform  level  of  its  streets.  .Main  street, 
extending  a  mile  in  a  straight  line,  is  almost  a  perfect  level, 
and  handsomely  ornamented  with  shade-trees.  Besides  the 
county  buildings  the  village  contains  6  churches,  3  banks 
of  issue,  several  fine  scliools,  and  a  town-hall.  Two  news- 
papers are  i.ssued  here.  The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  their  en- 
terprise, and  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  various  branches 
of  trade  and  manufactures.  I'op.  of  the  township  in  1840, 
2610;  in  ISoO,  3392;  in  1860,  4320. 

KEENE,  a  post-township  in  the  W. part  of  Dssex  co.,  New 
York.     Population,  784. 

KEENE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Jessamine  co.,  JCen- 
tucky,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Lexington.  It  is  surrounded  bv  a 
rich  farming  district,  and  has  5  or  6  drj--goods  stores.  Popu- 
lation. 2.32.  *^ 

KEENE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Coshocton  co., 
Ohio,  R2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  901. 

KRENWVILLE,  a  postK)fflce  of  Wayne  co.,  Illinois. 

KEE'XEY'S  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  Cortland  CO., 
New  York. 

KRENS'VILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

KEEP  TRISTE.  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Marvland. 

KEEK,  0.  o  kaiu,  or  ALT-KEER,  dlt-kaiR,  a  village  of 
llungarv.  co.  of  Bacs.    Pop.  3447 
'962 


KEERBERGEN,  kaiR'bSR'ohen,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  on  the  Dyle,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  2087. 

KEER'NOOR',  considerable  village  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras.  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Triohinopnly. 

KEEirPOY'  or  KUH'POY',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  52  miles  W.  of  Calcutta.     Pop.  10,000. 

KEESEVILLE.  keez'vill,  a  post-Vill.age  of  New  York,  on 
both  sides  of  Au  Sable  Kiver,  and  on  the  line  between  Clin- 
ton and  Essex  counties,  4  miles  from  Lake  Champlain,  and 
150  miles  N.  of  Albany  It  contiiiiis  6  churches,  an  acade- 
my, 1  newspaper  office,  a  bakery  and  a  large  manufactories 
of  iron  and  nails,  in  which  water-power  is  employed.  Pop. 
in  1865,  estimated  at  2500. 

KEETAII.  a  town  of  India.     See  K.uta. 

KEE'VIL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

KEEZLETOWN,  kee'z.el-t8wn,  a  post-office  of  Rocking- 
ham CO.,  Virginia. 

KEFFING.  (kJPflng\)  or  KESSING,  (k?s'sing\)  GREAT 
and  LITTLE,  two  islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the 
Moluccas.  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Ceram.  Lat.  (E.  point 
of  Great  Keffing)  3°  50'  S.,  Ion.  130^^  40'  E.  Great  Keffing  is 
united  to  Ceram  by  a  coral  reef     Both  are  well  peojiled. 

KEFIL,  kA-feel',  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of 
Bagdad,  on  a  canal  of  the  Euphrater,  a  little  S.  of  the  i-uins 
of  Babylon,  with  a  tomb  reputed  to  be  that  of  Ezekiel,  and 
frequented  by  numerous  pilgrims, 

KEG  CREEK,  of  Iowa,  flows  into  Missouri  River,  in  Fre- 
mont county. 

KEGIIAM-SEA,    See  Goktscue-Denohis, 

KEG'WORTH,  a  parish  and  large  village  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester,  on  the  Soar,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Midland 
Railway,  5^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Loughborough.  Pop.  in  1851, 
1854. 

KEIIL,  kail,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Sliddle  Rhine,  on 
the  Rhine,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  near  the  moufh 
of  the  Kinzig,  and  immediately  opposite  Strasbourg.  Pop. 
1304.  It  was  fortified  by  Vanban,  and  was  formerly  a  bul- 
wark of  Germany,  on  the  side  of  France,  but  its  fortifica- 
tions are  now  dismantled.  It  communicates,  by  a  short 
branch  railway,  with  the  BSle  (Basel)  and  Baden  Railway. 

KEIILEN,  kA'lfn,  a  village  of  the  Netherland.s,  province, 
and  6  miles  N,W,  of  Luxemburg.     Pop.  2400. 

KEIDANI,  kl-d^'nee,  or  KEID.\UX,  kl-dCwn',  a  m.irket- 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  70  miles  N.W.  of  Vilna. 
It  has  a  college  of  nobles. 

KEIGII,  keeth,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

KEIGHLEY  keeth'lee,  or  KEITIILEY,  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding,  on  the 
Aire,  and  on  the  Nortli  Jlidland  Railway,  9  miles  N.W.  of 
Bradford.  I'op.  in  1851, 13,050.  The  town  is  situated  in  a  val- 
ley beside  Blakstone  Edge,  is  neat,  and  Imilt  almost  wholly 
of  stone,  with  its  streets  well  paved,  and  lighted  with  gas. 
In  its  church  is  a  curious  clock,  and  a  monument  Iwaring 
the  date  of  1023.  Keighley  contains  a  grammar  school,  a 
court-house,  mechanics'  institution,  and  thriving  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  and  worsted  good.s,  with  cotton.s.  which  are 
mostly  sold  in  the  cloth-halls  of  Bradford  and  Halifax.  A 
few  years  since,  38  worsted,  and  5  cotton  mills,  here  em- 
ployed upwards  of  2300  hands;  and  there  were  estimated  to 
be  in  Keighley  and  Hainworth.  1800  hand-looms.  Keighley 
is  head  of  a  poor-law  union,  and  polling-place  for  the  West 
Riding.  The  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  conveys  goods  from 
it  to  Hull  and  Liverpool. 

KEIXTOX  (keen'ton)  MANSTIELD,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset. 

KEIR.  keer.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

KEISH.  an  island  of  the  Persian  Gulf.     See  Kexs.     . 

KKISKAMMA,  kis-kam'ml.  a  river  of  South  Africa,  in 
Cape  Colony,  enters  the  ocean  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  the  Great 
Fish  River,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  80  miles. 

KEITH,  keeth.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland. 
COS.  of  Banff  and  Elgin,  on  the  Isla,  20  miles  W.S.W,  of 
Banff.  Pop.  in  1851.  4986.  It  is  surrounded  by  hills,  and  con- 
tiiins  a  parish  church,  an  Episcopal  chapel,  a  Roman  Catholic 
chapel,  a  court-house,  a  subscription  library,  several  schools. 
3  branch  banks,  a  tobacco  and  snufT  mill,  and  coiisiderablo 
linen  manufactures.  In  this  parish,  the  celebrated  natural 
philosopher.  James  Ferguson,  was  boru  in  1710. 

KEITH,  FIFE,  a  handsomely  built  town  of  .Scotland; 
cos.  of  B;»nff  and  Elgin,  on  the' Isla,  opposite  Kt-ith.  The 
'•  Summer  Eve  Fair,"  held  here  in  September,  is  the  largest 
in  the  N.  of  Scotland,  for  cattle  aud  horses. 

KEITH  HALL-AND-KINKELL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  ». 
of  Aberdeen. 

KEITH'S,  keeths,  a  district  in  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgi*.  Pop. 
369. 

KEITH'S,  a  post-office  of  Slorgan  co..  Ohio. 

KEITHS'BXJRG,  a  post-village,  and  former  capit.il  of  Mer- 
cer CO.,  Illinois,  on  tlie  Missi8sii)pi,  150  miles  N.W.  of  Sjmng- 
field.  A  large  quantity  of  produce  is  bought  and  shipped 
at  this  village,  which  has  a  good  landing.     Pop.  1017. 

KEITH'S  FURN.\CE.  a  niilroad  station  in  Bridgew.ater 
township,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass».,'husetts,  4  miles  N  -if  Bridge- 
water,  aud  24  miles  S.S.E.  ot'l>i/StoD. 


KEL 


KEM 


KETiANG  or  KEELANG,  kA'Iaticr',  an  island  of  the  Malay 
Archipelajio,  off  the  W.  extremity  of  Cerain.  Lat.  (W.  point) 
i°  12'  S .  Ion.  127°  40'  K. ;  20  miles  in  cirrumferenee. 

KKLAT  or  KIIELAT,  ke-IJit',  KALAT/ a  walled  town, 
capital  of  Beloochistan.  province  of  Kelat.  on  a  hill  I'OOO  feet 
iilwve  the  sea,  in  lat.  28°  52' N.,  Ion.  66°  33' E.  Pop.  with 
suburbs.  12.000.  It  is  fortified,  and  commanded  by  a  large 
citadel.  It  is  ill  built,  but  is  well  supplied  Avith  provisions 
and  water,  and  has  some  ti-ansit  trade,  with  a  few  manu- 
factories of  arms.  In  March.  1839,  it  wa.s  stormed  and 
taken  by  the  troops  under  Major-General  Willshire.  and  re- 
taken in  1840  by  those  of  General  Nott.  The  British  linally 
withdrew  from  its  occupation  in  1841. 

KKLAT-I-GIIILZIK.  kel-dt^-e-ghil'z  e,(<'Fortof  the  Ghil- 
jies,")  a  hill-fort  of  Affrhanistan,  S4  miles  N.W.  of  Candahar, 
on  the  route  to  Ghuznee.  6773  feet  in  elevation,  and  suc- 
cessfully retained  by  the  British  till  their  evacuation  of  the 
country  in  1842. 

KKLAT-KADIKI.  kel-it'-kd-dee'ree.  a  fortress  of  Persia. 
In  Khorassan,  58  miles  N.E.  of  Jleshed,  and  the  principal 
strontrhold  of  Nadir  Shah. 

KKWUIA,  kM'brd,  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Saxony,  govern- 
ment of  Merseburg,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Xordhausen.     P.  lOSU. 

KELCZE,  a  town  of  Austri.a.     See  Keltsch. 

KEL'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts,  on  the 
Trent.'  2  miles  N.W.  of  Newark.  Kelham  Ilall.  the  seat  of 
the  Sutton  family,  was  the  first  prison  of  Charles  I. 

KKLIIEIM.  kjl'hime.  (ane.  Oleii)fumf)  a  fortified  town 
of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Palatinate^  at  the  junction  of 
the  Ludwig  Canal  with  the  Danube,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Ka- 
tisbon,  having  potiish  factories.     Pop.  2029. 

KKLIOOB  or  KELIOUB,  ki-le-oob/.  a  town  of  Lower 
Egypt,  capital  of  the  province,  in  the  Delta  of  the  Nile,  9 
miles  N.  of  Cairo,  with  a  large  government  cotton  factory 
and  iron  foundry. 

KKLKOil,  kjrkom',  a  village  of  \yest  Africa,  in  Sene- 
gauibia.  10  miles  E.  by  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

KEL'[>.\N,  a  parish  of  South  AVales.  co.  of  Cardigan. 

KEL'LAWAYS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

KKLL'BACK.  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York. 

KiOLiyKRSA'ILLE,  a  post-office,  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

KKLl/ERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Wilkinson  co.,  Missis- 
Bippi.  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jackson. 

KKLiyi;T,  Upper  and  Nethek,  two  adjoining  townships 
of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

KELL'EY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio. 

KELL'INO.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  '1\  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Holt.  The  village  is  situated  in  a  ravine  about  2 
miles  from  the  sea. 

KELLINGIIAUSEN,  kMling-hCwVi.  a  village  of  Den- 
mark, duchy  of  Ilolstein,  24  miles  S.  of  Kendsburg.  on  the 
Stor.     Pop.  1500. 

KIOLL'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kiding. 

KEL/LOE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

KELL'OGSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  CO.,  New 
York,  about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Auburn.  It  contains  2 
churches.  2  stores,  a  tavern,  and  about  100  inhabitants. 

KELLOGSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio, 
220  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

KELLS,  kJlz,  a  municipal  borough,  m.irket-town,  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Meath.  on  the  Black- 
water,  and  on  the  projected  Dublin  and  Enniskillen  Hail- 
way,  36  miles  N.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851, 
89'.t7.  It  is  pleasantly  .situated,  and  has  a  substantial  pa- 
rish church,  a  handsome  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  session.s- 
house,  a  district  bridewell,  a  union  work-house,  a  fever  hos- 
pital, an  ancient  round-tower,  a  richly  carved  ancient  cross, 
a  small  antique  chapel,  and  some  nniuufaotories  of  lace. 

KELLS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co..  and  8  miles 
S.  of  Kilkenny.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  an  abbey,  founded 
In  1193  by  Fltz-Robert  de  Marisco. 

K  ELLS,  a  coast-guard  and  fishing  station  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Kerry,  on  Dingle  Bay. 

KELLS,  kjlz,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirkcud- 
bright. 

KEL'LY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KEL'LY,  a  village  and  township  of  Union  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  immediately  above 
Lewishurg. 

KELLY,  a  township  of  Ottawa  CO..  Ohio.  It  comprises 
Cunningham's  or  Kelly's  Island,  in  Lake  Erie,  12  miles  N. 
of  Sandusky  City.  It  contains  quarries  of  fine  limestone, 
«nd  has  a  good  harbor,  which  is  much  resorted  to  by 
steamers  for  wood  and  water.    See  CnNNi;NOHAM's  Island. 

KEL'LYSBURG,  a  village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
54  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.N.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

KELLY'S  CUEEK,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co..  Alabama. 

KELLY'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Meiirs  co..  Tennessee. 

KELLY'S  LAND'ING,  a  post-office  of  Oldham  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

KELLY'S  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

KEL'LYSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Delaw.are  co., 
'ennsylvania.  on  Darby  Creek  and  the  West  Chester  Rail- 
rcid,  6  or  7  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia.  The  inhabitants 


are  mostly  employed  in  manufactures,  for  which  the  creob 
furnishes  motive-power.     Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

KELLYSVTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Culpepper  co  ,  Yirtrinia. 

KEL':\IA1!SII.  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Northamnton. 

K  EiySALE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk.  • 

KEL'SALL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

KEI/SEY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KELSEY,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  Eneland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KEl^SHALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

KEL'SO,  a  burgh  of  barony,  market-town,  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  on  the  Tweed,  neir  its  confluence 
with  the  Teviot.  23  miles  S.W.  of  Berwick,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  railway,  and  i\  miles  from  the  English 
border.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,  4783.  It  is  beautifully 
situated,  with  a  fine  bridge  of  5  arches  across  the  Tweed, 
a  town-hall,  several  churches,  chapels,  schools,  and  libra- 
ries, 2  newspapers.  4  branch  banks,  an  antiquarian  .society's 
museum,  and  noble  remains  of  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
Scottish  abbeys,  built  in  the  early  Norman  style,  by  DaA  id 
I.,  about  A.  D.  1128,  and  reduced  to  its  pre.sent  ruinous  state 
by  the  English  in  1545.  The  town  carries  on  a  brisk  retail 
trade,  being  the  residence  of  many  opulent  families.  Its 
cattle  market,  on  the  5th  of  August,  is  the  largest  in  the  S. 
of  Scotland.  Kelso  in  ancient  times  suffered  much  in  the 
wars  with  England.  In  its  vicinity  are  Fleurs  Castle,  the 
ruins  of  Roxburgh  and  of  Holme  Castles,  and  the  Eildou 
Hills. 

KELSO,  a  town  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  on 
the  river  Macquarrie,  near  Bathurst.    Pop.  464. 

KEL'SO.  Dearborn  co  .  Indiana.     See  Appenwx. 

KEI/SOES,  a  small  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Tennessee. 

KEL.STERBACH,  kiM'ster-bSK',  a  village  of  Germany, 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  left  biink  of  the  Main,  8  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  962. 

KEL'STERNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KEiySTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

KELTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland.  Kirkcudbrightshire. 

KELT.SCII,  kflch,  or  KELCZE,  kJl'chA.  a  town  of  Jlora- 
via,  circle,  and  18  miles  E.  of  Prerau.  with  an  old  castle. 
Pop.  2176. 

KEL'A'EDON.  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Es- 
sex, with  a  station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  12i 
miles  N.E.  of  Chelmsford. 

KELVEDON  HATCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

KEiyviN,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  enters  the  Clyde 
2  miles  Iwlow  Glasgow. 

KELVIN  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Wake  co.,  Xorth 
Carolina. 

KEM.  kfm.  or  KEMI,  kfm'ee,  a  river  of  Russia,  formed  by 
the  outlets  of  Lakes  Kootno,  (Kutno.)  Niook,  and  others,  in 
the  W.  part  of  the  government  of  Archangel.  fl(jws  E.,  and 
falls  into  the  White  Sea,  at  the  above  town,  after  a  course  of 
about  100  miles.  Immediately  opposite  to  its  mouth  is  a 
group  of  Islands,  thechief  of  which  is  Kemskoe-Ostrov. 

KEM  or  KKMI.  a  town  of  Ru.'jsia,  government,  and  180 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Archangel,  at  the  entrance  of  a  river  of  its 
own  name  into  the  White  Sea. 

KEMAKH.  keh-mak'.  or  KAMAK.  kJ-mJk'.a  small  town 
of  .\siatie  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  86  miles  S.W.  of  Erzroom, 
on  the  Upper  Euphrates,  partly  enclosed  by  a  very  ancient 
wall,  emlwsomed  in  gardens,  and  inhabited  by  about  400 
Turks,  and  30  Armenian  familie.s. 

KEM.\ON.  a  province  of  British  India.     See  KuMAoy. 

KEM  BACH.  kSm'bdK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

KEMBANGAN,  k^m-bdn-gan',  or  NOESSA  KAMBAN- 
GAN,  noos'sd  kdm-bin-gSn',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, off  the  S.  coast  of  Java,  Ion.  109°  E,  about  15  milea 
long,  by  7  miles  broad. 

KEMBERG,  kJm'b^KO,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  go- 
vernment. 40  miles  N.E.  of  Merseburg.    Pop.  2940. 

K  EM'BERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

KEM'BliE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

KE.M'BLESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

KEM'ERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

KEM'EYS  COMilAN'DEK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

K  E:\1  EY'S  INFfVRTOR,  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  Monmouth. 

KEMI,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  K em. 

KEMIJOKI,  k.Vme-yo'kee,  KEMI.k.Vmee,  or  KIMI,  kee*- 
mee,  a  river  of  l?us.«ia.  in  Lapland,  rises  in  lat.  68°  N.,  flows 
first  S.,  forming  several  lakes,  then  N.N.W.,  afterwards  S.W., 
falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  about  11  miles  E.  of  Tor- 
neS,  after  a  course  of  nearly  300  miles. 

KEMMEL,  kJm'mel,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ypres,  on  the  Kemmel- 
beke.     Pop.  1537. 

KEMNATH,  kfm'n|t,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Franconia.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Baireuth.    Pop.  1593. 

KEM'NAY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

KEMNITZ,  kJm'nits,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  (f  Baut- 
zen, bailiwick  of  Labau.     Pop.  1096. 

KEMNITZ,  ALT,  &U  kfm'nits,  (•'  Old  Kemnitz,")  a  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Licgnitz.    Pop  1193. 

9C3 


KEM 

KEMOCLDJINA,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Gumookjeena. 

KEMP,  a  post-oflice  of  Kaufman  co..  Texas. 

KEMPEN.or  KEMPEX  LAND,  Netherlands.  See  Campi.ve. 

If  EMPEN,  kJmp'en.  a  town  of  Pru.s.siau  Poltind,  33  miles 
S.  oi'  Kalisz.     Pop.  6200,  more  than  half  Jews. 

KEMPEX,  a  town  of  Kheui.sh  Prussia,  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Dusseldorf,  with  a  citadel,  and  manufactures  of  woollens 
and  linens.  Pop.  3970.  Thomas-a-Kempis  (Ilamraerken) 
was  born  here  in  1380. 

KEMP'ER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Mi.ssissippi,  border- 
ing on  Aliibama,  has  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Tugaloo  or  Suckernochee  Creek.  The 
soil  is  productive.  The  route  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Kail- 
road  passes  along  or  near  the  W.  border  of  the  county.  Ca- 
pital, De  Kalb.  Pop.  11,682,  of  whom  5941  were  free,  and 
57-H  slaves. 

KEMPER,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co.,  North  Carolina. 

KEMPER  SPRINGS,  a  post-oifice  of  Kemper  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

KEMP'LEY,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.,  of  Gloucester. 

KEMP'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 

KE.XIP'SEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

KEMPS'FOKD,  a  jSirish  of  Ensjland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

K::MP'ST0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

KEMPSTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KEMPS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Princess  Anne  CO.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  East  Branch  of  Elizabeth  River,  at  the  head 
of  tide-water,  124  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond. 

KEMl'TEN,  kfmp'ten.  (anc.  Camhodunum, t  or  Campodu- 
num?)  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swabia,  on  the  Tiler, 
where  it  becomes  navigable,  and  on  the  railway  from  Augs- 
burg to  Linihui,  51  miles  S.S.W.  of  Augsburg.  Poj).  10,370. 
It  consists  of  an  old  town,  walled,  and  nearly  encircled  by 
the  new  town,  and  has  a  fine  collegiate  church,  a  public 
library,  a  gymnasium,  ii  Latin  school,  and  an  ancient  abbey, 
where  the  independent  abbot  formerly  held  the  court  of 
his  territory.  Mear  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  fortress,  supposed 
to  be  Roman,  and  the  Spa  of  Aich. 

KEMPTEN.  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Khein-llesscm,  E.  of  Bingen. 

KEMPTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co..  Maryland. 

KE.MPTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  oo.  of 
Greenville,  on  a  branch  of  the  Rideau  Canal,  about  72 
miles  N.E.  of  Kingston.  It  contains  5  churches,  .-ilxjut  15 
stores,  2  grist  mills,  3  saw  mills,  2  carding  and  fulling  mills, 
a  third  fulling  mill,  a  foundry,  tannery,  pearl-iish  liictory, 
and  2  distilleries.     Pop.  about  121X1. 

KEMPTVILLE,  a  village  of  Can.ada  West,  on  the  Bytown 
and  Prescott  Railroad. 

KEJISCKE,  kSms'keh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  on  the  Canal  of  Stekene,  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Ghent.     Pop.  1552. 

KKM'SING,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Kent. 

KEN,  a  river  of  Ilindo.stan.    See  Cane. 

KEN,  or  KENT,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland, 
rises  in  the  mountains,  near  the  Brow,  and  flows  S.  through 
the  small  lake  of  Kentmere,  and  past  Kendal  into  Jlore- 
conibe  Bay. 

KEN,  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  on  the  borders  of  the  co. 
of  -Ayr,  flows  S.,  and  joins  the  Dee,  above  its  confluence  with 
which  it  expands  into  the  beautiful  Loch  Ken,  haviug  at 
its  head  Kenmore  Castle. 

KEN'ANSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Duplin  co., 
North  Carolina,  about  5  miles  E.  of  the  Wilmington  and 
Weldon  Railroad,  and  86  miles  S.E.  of  Raleigh. 

KEN'ARDINGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

K EN AWIIA  or  K EN HAWA.    See  Kanawha. 

KEN'CIIKSTER.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  Co..  and  5i  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Hereford.  Here  w.as  the  site  of  a  Roman  station, 
supposed  to  be  the  Magna  Cadra.  The  remains  of  a  temple 
and  an  aqueduct  have  been  discovered. 

KEN'CHURCH,  or  KENT-CHURCH,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Hereford. 

KEN'COTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

KEN'D.\L,(Kia'BT.)  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, market-town,  and  pari.*h  of  England,  co.  of  West- 
moreland, on  n  branch  of  the  Preston  and  Carlisle  Railway, 
3S  miles  S.S.E.  of  Carlisle.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  10.377. 
It  stands  among  lofty  hills  in  the  vale  of  the  Ken  ;  the  river 
is  here  crossed  by  3  bridges.  The  houses  are  built  of  whitened 
stone,  and  intersper.sed  with  numerous  poplai^trees.  Chief 
building.s.  a  large  ancient  and  a  handsome  modern  church, 
a  fine  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  grammar  school,  with  three 
exhibitions  .it  Oxford,  a  blue-coat  school,  and  several  smaller 
endowed  schools,  a  town-hall,  a  court-house,  a  house  of  cor- 
rection, a  union  work-house,  a  theatre,  assembly  and  news- 
rooms, libraries,  a  natural  history  society,  and  excellent  mu- 
seum, trades'-halls,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river 
picturesque  ruins  of  a  Ciistle,  in  which  Queen  Catharine  Parr 
was  liorn.  Kendal  is  one  of  the  oldest  manufacturing  towns 
In  the  kingdom,  some  Flemish  woollen  weavers  having  set- 
tled here  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  A  few  years  since,  12 
mills  employed  aljout  3000  we.avers  and  other  operatives. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  fancy  waistcoatings,  coarse 
kerseys,  linens,  baizes,  serges,  carpets,  knit-worsted  caps, 
964 


KEN 

jackets,  stockings,  and  leather,  with  dye,  marble,  and  pa]X!r- 
works.'  A  canal  to  Lancaster  provides  it  with  water  convey- 
ance to  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  borough  sends  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.  Jlore  rain  falls  here  than 
perhaps  in  any  other  p.art  of  England,  (mean  annual  fall,  01 
inches.),)-et  Kendal  is  reputed  to  be  remarkably  healthy. 

KEN'DALL,  a  county  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  a.n 
area  of  325  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Fox  Rivet, 
and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  .Au  Sable  River.  Tho 
surface  is  undulating  prairie,  diversified  with  fine  groves  of 
timber.  The  soil  is  highly  productive.  The  county  is  ii>- 
tersected  by  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Qniucy  Railroad. 
Capital.  Oswego  or  Vorkville.     Pop.  13,074. 

KEND.ALL,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Orleans  co..  New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.  Pop.  in  1840 
17«i);  in  1800, 1920. 

KENDALL,  a  small  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

KENDALL,  a  post- township  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1435. 

KENDALL,  a  vilbige  of  Clay  co.,  Missouri,  25  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Independence. 

KEND.ALL,  a  township  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  1131. 

KEND.ALL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  McKean  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

KEND.ALL  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co.,  New  York. 

KENDALL'S  MILLS,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Fair- 
field township,  Somerset  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec  River, 
and  on  thePortlamland  Kennebec  Railroad, 21  miles  N.N.K. 
of  An.'ustii.     It  has  numerous  Siiw-milfe. 

KENDALL'S  STORE,  a  postHjfflce  of  Stanley  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

KEN'DALVILLE  or  KENDALLSTILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Noble  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Elkhart  River,  and  on  the 
railroad  connecting  Chicago  with  Toledo,  91  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Toledo.     It  has  a  bank. 

KEN'DERCHUKCH'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KENDERES,  kftn'dA'rfsh',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of, 
and  10  miles  from  TSriik-S/.ent-iliklos.    Pop.  4711. 

KEN'DBICK'S  SPUR,  a  post-office.  Patrick  co.,  Virginia. 

KENDUSKEAO,  kJnMQs-kig',  a  fine  mill-stream  of  Pe- 
nobscot CO.,  near  the  centre  of  JIaine,  falls  into  the  Penob- 
scot River  at  Ban'gor. 

KENDUSKE.AO,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Penobscot  co..  Maine,  on  the  KenduskeJig  River,  10 
or  12  miles  above  it.s  junction  with  the  Penobscot  at  Bangor. 
The  village  contains  4  churches,  about  20  stores,  flouring 
and  saw  mills,  a  carding  machine,  and  mechanics'  shops  of 
various  kinds.  The  township  was  incorpor.ited  from  Levant 
in  1851.    Pop.  816. 

KENEII  or  KENE.k?n'Jh\  written  also  QENE.  GITENEII 
or  GHENNEII,  (anc.  Cirni-p'olis*  or  Xrap'olis.)  a  city  of  Upper 
Egypt,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile, 
34  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  ruins  of  Thebes.  It  is  an  important 
m.art  for  agricultural  produce,  and  for  the  trade  with  .\rabia 
and  Central  Africa.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
earthen-wai  es,  a  government  cotton  factory,  and  a  superior 
government  school. 

KEN'ES.AW',  a  post-office  of  Cobb  co.,  Gcorg'ia. 

KEN'FIG.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

KENIEB.A,  kA-ne-.Vbd.  a  village  of  Bambook,  in  West 
Africa,  not  far  from  the  gold-mines  of  Dambagnagney.  T>at. 
13°  56'  N.,  Ion.  1'2°  6'  W.  It  is  inhabited  by  Fo<ilahs,  who 
are  miserably  poor,  and  subject  to  a  frightful  leprosy. 

KEX'ILWbRTH,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.,  and  4J  miles  N.  of  Warwick.  Pop.  in  1851,  3532.  part'y 
engaged  in  manufactures  of  ribbons,  gauzes,  horn-coml'S.  and 
chemiral  products.  The  town,  beautifully  situated,  has 
an  ancient  church,  a  grammar  school,  and  some  remains  of 
an  abbey  founded  about  1122,  and  the  massive  keep  and 
some  other  portions  of  a  castle,  which  has  obtained  Eui-o- 
pean  celebrity  since  Sir  Walter  Scott  made  it  the  scene  of  one 
of  his  most  striking  fictions.  The  ca.stle  remained  entire 
until  sacked  by  the  soldiers  of  Cromwell.  Kenilworth  Cas- 
tle, now  a  magnificent  ivy-covered  ruin,  was  founded  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  I.,  and  in  1286  was  the  scene  of  a  grand  chi- 
vairic  meeting,  at  which,  it  is  alleged,  silks  were  worn  for 
the  first  time  in  England.  The  gorgeous  entertainment  given 
here,  in  1575,  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  by  the  Earl  of  Leicester, 
is  familiar  to  all,  from  Scott's  romance  of  Ki-nilwrnrth.  Ken- 
ilworth is  said  to  have  been  named  after  the  Mercian  king 
Kenulph. 

KENMUA  or  KIN'ZUA,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  391. 

KENJUA  or  KINZU.A,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Alleghany  River,  nefir  the  mouth  of 
kenjua  Creek.  ai)out  12  miles  above  Warren. 

KENJUA  CREEK,  in  the  X.N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
rises  in  McKean  county,  flows  N.W.,  and  enters  the  Alle- 
ghany River  in  Warreu  county. 

*  Or.  KaiyiyoXi;  This,  as  well  as  NeapolU.  signifies  "new 
city."  Keneh  appears  to  be  ft  -«r-aptloa  of  Kuivn.  Kid*? 
"  new". 


KEN 


KEN 


KEN^KA,  a  post-offlce  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York. 

KENKRIS,  KKXKKTES  or  KENKKES.  k^n'kiees.  (anc. 
Ctnldire/e.)  a  village  of  Greece,  government,  and  7  miles 
E.8.E.  of  Corinth,  on  the  isthmus  and  shore  of  the  Gulf  of 
^jrina. 

KEN'LEV,  a  parish  of  Enpjland.  co.  of  Salop. 

KENM.\KE,  kM'mair',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  ini  S[un- 
gter,  CO.  of  Kerry,  on  the  road  from  Cork  to  Cahirciveen,  13 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Killarney.  Pop.  of  town,  1300.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  picturesque  mountain  scenery,  which  attracts 
many  visitors.  It  has  an  ele;jcant  suspension  hridj;e  across 
the  estuary  of  the  Hou'rhty.  and  a  convenient  harbor  pier, 
approached  by  vessels  of  large  burden.  It  gives  the  title 
of  earl  to  the  lirowne  family,  but  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne 
is  chief  proprietor  of  the  district. 

KKNMAKK,  KIVER  or  BAY  is  a  deep  inlet  of  the  At- 
lantic, between  the  counties  of  Cork  and  Kerry,  N.W.  of 
Bantry  Bay.  Breadth  of  entrance,  5  miles.  It  is  easily  na- 
vigated, and  screened  by  lofty  heights.  On  its  N.W.  side  it 
is  studded  with  numerous  islets. 

KKNMORE.  kJn-mor',  a  pai'ish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
at  the  head  of  Loch  Tay.  6  uiiles  W.S.W.  of  Aberfeldy.  The 
village,  which  has  a  bridge  across  the  Tay.  is  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  in  Scotland,  and  in  its  vicinity  is  Taymouth  Cas- 
tle, the  seat  of  the  JIarquis  of  Breadalbane,  who  owns  the 
pari.sh.  Here  Queen  Victoria  was  enlertained  in  great  mag- 
nificence in  18i'2.  In  the  park,  besides  the  nsu.al  species  of 
deer,  moose  and  liufTaloes  are  kept.  In  a  large  islet  here 
are  the  ruins  of  a  priory,  where  Sibillii.  daughter  of  Henry  I., 
and  queen  of  Alexander  T.  of  Scotland,  is  buried.  The  moun- 
tain of  Ben  Lawers  is  also  ill  this  parish. 

KENN,kJnn  or  KElSll,  kAsh,  written  GUASE.  an  island 
of  Persi.i,  in  the  Persian  Gulf  province  of  Laristan,  85  miles 
W.  of  Kishm.  It  is  low,  surrounded  by  coral  reefs,  and  has 
a  village  and  harbor. 

KENN,  an  Island  of  Persia,  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  70  miles 
W.  of  Cape  Kenn,  province  of  Fars. 

KENN,  a  reef  in  the  Pacific,  off  North-east  Australia. 

KKN.V.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KENN,  a  priiish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KHN'N  AltTII,  a  parish  of  .<outh  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

KKN'XEBKC  or  KEN'NEBKCK',  an  important  river  of 
New  England,  has  its  principal  source  in  Moos(*head  Lake,  So- 
merset county,  Maine,  and  flowing  in  a  general  southerly 
course,  unitoti  its  waters  with  the  Atlantic  in  Sngadahoc  co. 
Its  whole  descent  is  more  than  1000  feet  m  a  length  of  about 
150  miles,  affording  an  immense  and  very  valuable  water- 
power.  It  U  navigable  for  large  ships  12  miles,  to  Bath,  and 
for  sloops  of  150  tons  to  IIallowell,40  mile.s.  The  mean  time 
of  the  closing  of  the  river  by  ice  for  4ri  successive  years  has 
been  December  12th.  and  of  the  opening,  April  3d :  and  since 
the  ye.'ir  1786  the  river  has  not  been  closed  by  ice  later  than 
the  20th  of  April.  The  principal  towns  upon  the  banks  of 
this  stream  a^e  Bath,  Uallowell,  Augusta,  Waterville,  and 
Norrid'jfewock. 

KENNEBEC  or  KENNEBECK,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  cen- 
tral part  of  Maine;  area  estimated  at  900  square  miles.  It 
eontjiins  numerous  small  lakes  and  ponds.  The  Kennebec 
Kiver  traverses  the  county  from  N.  to  S.,  dividing  it  into  two 
nearly  equal  portions.  The  Andiosco-gin  ipmssps  nenr  the 
W.  l>oundary.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  very 
fertile.  In  1S50  this  county  yielded  a  greater  quantity  of 
Indian  corn,  hay,  and  butter,  and  a  greater  value  of  oi chard 
fruits,  than  any  one  county  of  the  state:  the  products  were 
296.108  bushels  of  corn;  97,496  tons  of  hay:  and  1.124.721 
pounds  of  butter.  This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Maine 
Central  Riiilroad,  connecting  Portland  and  iiangor.  and  by 
the  Portland  and  Kennebec  Kailroad.  Its  area  was  con- 
sidenibly  reduced  in  1854  by  the  organization  of  Andros- 
coggin CO.    Ca]>ital,  Augusta.     Pop.  5o,665. 

KKNNEBilC,  a  mining  settlement  ot^  Yuba  co.,  California, 
is  situated  on  the  Yuba  River.  15  miles  from  its  junction 
with  Feather  Kiver,  and  about  110  miles  N.N.E.  of  Benicia. 
Miners'  wages.  5  dollars  per  day. 

KENNEBEC,  a  township  of  Kennebec  co.j  Maine.  In- 
corporated August  12.  1850. 

KKN^NEBUNK'.  a  small  river  of  York  co.,  Maine,  flows 
into  the  Atlantic  at  Kennebunk. 

KENXEBUNK,  a  post-village  and  township,  and  port  of 
entry  of  York  co.,  Maine.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Portland.  The 
principal  village  is  situated  3  miles  from  the  ocean,  on  the 
right  liank  of  the  Kennebunk,  and  on  both  sides  of  tlie  Mon- 
sam  River,  navigable  for  fishing-vessels.  It  contains  4 
churclies,  a  bank,  an  iron-foundry,  and  a  machine-shop; 
there  are  several  shii>yards  on  Kennebunk  River.  The  ship- 
ping of  the  district,  December  30, 1864,  amounted  to  an  ag- 
gregate of  8565  tons  registered,  and  4146  enrolled  and 
licensed.  Of  the  latter,  1349  tons  were  employed  in  the  cod 
fisheries.  During  the  year,  14  vessels,  with  an  aggregate 
burden  of  5929  tons,  were  built  in  the  district.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  2679. 

KENNEBUNK  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  York  co..  Maine, 
on  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  25  miles  S.W.  of  I'ortland. 

KENNEBUNK  PORT,  a  post-village,  seaport,  and  town- 
ship of  York  CO.,  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of  Kennebunk  River, 


which  here  fornin  a  good  harbor,  about  75  miles  S.S  W  ot 
.\ugusta.  The  inh.ibitants  are  largely  engaged  in  n-tviga 
tion.  and  in  ship  building.     Pop,  of  the  township,  2r>(W. 

KE.N'XEDY'S,  a  small  village  of  Greenwich  township 
Warren  co..  New  Jersey. 

KENNEDY'S,  a  post-offiee  of  Brilnswick  CO.,  Virginia,  66 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

KEN'NEDYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Corning  Railroad,  about  220  aWtv 
W.  by  S.  of  Albany.  It  has  2  or  3  churches,  and  seveiiil 
stores. 

KEN'NEMER.  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  Alabama. 

KEN'XF;RLEY.  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Devon. 

KEX'NERY  CAVK  TKMPLES.British  India,  presidency 
and  a  little  N.  of  Bombay,  on  Sal.sette  Island,  are  among 
the  remarkable  Boodhic  excavations  of  AVest  India.  They 
are  situated  in  the  sides  of  a  hill  range,  a  id  contain  numer- 
ous sculptured  figures. 

KEN'NET.  a  river  of  England,  co  of  Berks,  rises  near 
East  Kennet,  flows  mostly  E.,  and  joins  the  Thames  at 
ReadiniT.  It  is  navigatile  from  the  Thames  to  Newbury, 
from  which  town  the  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal  acconiiiauies 
it  upward  to  Ilungerford,  thence  crossing  the  county  of 
Wilts,  and  joining  the  Avon  near  Trowbridge. 

KEN'NET,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

KENNET,  a  township  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1905. 

KENNET,  formerly  BUTTjER,  a  small  post-village,  capital 
of  Dunklin  co..  Missouri,  .3:30  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

KENNET.  EAST,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

KENWETIIMONT'-AND-CIIRIST-KIKK,  a  parish  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Aberdeen. 

KEN'NET  SQUARE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kennet 
township,  Chester  co.,  Pennsvlvania,  is  pleasantly  situated 
about  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Philadelphia.  The  "village  is 
neatly  built,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  houses  are  of  brick. 
It  has  a  large  boarding-school.     Pop.  about  550. 

KEN'NEY'S.  a  poHt-olIice  of  Shiawas.see  co..  Michigan. 

KEN'NINGIIALfy.  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of 
Emrland,  co.  of  Norfolk,  2j  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarling.  Pop. 
in  1851.  164S. 

KEN'NIXGTON,  an  extensive  southern  suburb  of  London, 
CO.  of  Surrey,  parish  of  Lambeth,  li  miles  S.S.W.  of  St. 
Paul's.  Pop.  in  1851,4.'j,109.  It  is  mostly  laid  out  in  street.^, 
with  the  exception  of  an  open  common,  on  which  public 
meetings  have  lieen  often  held. 

KENNINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

KEX'XON.  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

KEN'NONSBURG.  a  .small  post-village  of  Noble  co..  Ohio. 

KEN'NONSVILLE,  a  village  of  Lewis  co.,  Missouri,  110 
miles  N.N.E.  of  .Tefferson  City. 

KEN'NOWAY,  a  parish  of  .«cotland.  co.  of  Fife. 

KENO'SII.\,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Wis- 
consin, bordering  on  Lake  Michigan  and  Illinois,  contains 
276  .square  miles.  It  i.«  drained  by  the  Pishtaka  and  Des 
♦I'laines  Rivers.  The  soil  is  calcareous  and  fertile.  The  un- 
derlying rock  is  limestone.  A  railroad  extends  through 
the  county  from  the  lake  to  Pishtaka  River.  Formed  in 
1S50.  from  the  S.  part  of  Racine.  Capital,  Kenosha.  Pep 
13,900. 

KENOSHA,  formeriy  SOUTHPORT,  a  flcrarisbing  to-rni 
and  the  capital  of  Kemslia  county,  AVisconsin.  situated 
on  a  bluff  on  the  Western  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  55 
miles  N.  of  Chicago,  and  .35  miles  S.  of  Milwaukee.  It  is  the 
most  S.  lake  port  in  Wisconsin,  and  has  a  good  har1)or,  with 
piers  extending  into  Lake  Michiiran.  The  town  was  com- 
menced in  18.'?6;  in  1840  it  had  337  inhabitants;  since  which 
date  it  has  increased  very  rapidly.  The  adjacent  counti-y 
is  a  beautiful,  fertile  prairie,  in  which  extensive  improve- 
ments have  been  made.  The  Chicago  and  Mihvankie  Rail- 
road passes  through  Kenosha,  which  is  also  the  terminus 
of  the  Kenosha,  Rbckford  and  Rock  Island  Railroad.  The 
chief  articles  of  export  are  wheat,  flour,  oats,  pork,  and 
wool.  Among  the  exports  of  lSiJ3  were  122,470  bushels  of 
wheat,  and  13,790  of  barley.  The  town  contains  1  bink, 
several  churches  and  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  in  1850,  3455; 
in  1860,  .3990. 

KEN'SICO.  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  New  York  and  Harlem  Railroad,  29  miles  N.  of  New 
York  City. 

KEN'SINGTON,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  forming  a  western  suburb  of  the  metropolis.  4 
miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul's.  Pop.  in  1851.  44.053.  I'  has 
numerous  places  of  worship  and  schools,  including  2  pro- 
prietary schools,  (one  of  which  is  in  connection  with  King's 
College,  London.)  and  a  nation.al  endowed  school,  an  obsi-r- 
vatoiy,  established  by  Sir  J.  South,  and  containing  a  tele- 
scope of  extraordinary  power,  a  cemetery,  occupying  nearly 
50  acres,  at  Kensal  Green,  and  many  elegant  detached  man- 
sions of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  including  Holland  House. 
The  parish  comprises  Netting  Hill,  and  mo.st  part  of  Bronip- 
ton.  The  Royal  Palace  of  Kensington  adjoins  the  town,  but 
is  in  the  parish  of  St.  Slargaret's.  Westminster. 

KEN'SINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Rockingh'im  co..  New 
Hampshire,  about  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Concor-J.    Pop,  6V2. 

906 


KEN 

K  KXSIN'GTON,  a  post-villnse  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut, 
about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford. 

KKNSINGTON,  formerly  a  district  of  Philadelphia  co., 
renu.>i.vlvania,  bordering  on  the  Delaware  Kiver,  but  now  in- 
clud'sii  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the  consolidated  city 
of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a  widow's  asylum,  water- 
works, numerous  ship-yards,  and  manufactories  of  glass, 
iron,  cotton,  wool,  and  other  materials.  Population  in  1850, 
40,77^:.    See  Philadelphia. 

KKNSIXGTON.  a  post-villasie  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Woodruff  Creek,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  Lansing  Plank- 
road,  36  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.    It  has  several  mills. 

KEX'SIXGTON  FUKN  ACE,  a  small  village  of  Butler  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

KKNS'WOKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

KENT,  kJnt.  a  maritime  county  of  England,  forming  the 
S.E.  extremity  of  Great  Britain,  nearer  to  the  Continent 
than  any  other  part  of  the  island,  and  having  N.  the  Thames 
and  North  Sea,  S.E.  the  Straits  of  Dover,  S.  Sussex  and  the 
English  Channel.  Area,  1627  square  miles,  or  1,041,200  acres, 
of  which  above  900,000  are  said  to  be  meadow  and  arable 
)and.  Pop.  in  ISol,  615,766.  Two  principal  ranges  of  hills, 
contiguous  with  the  North  Downs  of  Surrey  and  Hants,  ex- 
tend through  the  county  from  W.  to  E.,  which  is  elsewhere 
diver.iitied  with  many  minor  ranges.  In  the  S.  are  Romney 
Marshes,  and  the  tract  termed  the  "AVeald,"  formerly  a 
part  of  extensive  forest,  and  still  interspersed  with  nume- 
rous oak  woods.  In  the  N.  are  the  islands  of  Sheppey  and 
Thanet,  and  the  mouths  of  the  Medway,  Stour,  and  Darent 
Kivers.  The  products  are  more  varied  than  in  any  other 
"ounty,  and,  owing  to  the  dryer  climate,  generally  superior 
In  quality.  'Wheat,  barley,  and  other  grains,  turnips,  clo- 
ver, &c.,  are  of  the  finest  growth.  Upwards  of  20,000  acres 
are  appropriated  to  hops,  supplying  about  one-fourth  of  the 
whole  crop  of  England,  Cherrj',  plum,  and  filbert  orchards 
are  extensive,  and  much  cider  is  made.  Garden-seeds  are 
important  products.  Stock  of  sheep  large;  and  the  Romney 
breed  is  noted  for  its  long  wool.  Agriculture  is  in  an  ad- 
vanced state.  Estates  small,  owing  to  the  Saxon  custom 
of  gavel-kind,  here  still  maintained,  by  which  the  lands  of  a 
fether,  dying  intestate,  are  divided  among  all  the  sons 
alike.  Paper-making  and  ship-building  are  important.  The 
South-east  Railway  and  its  branches  traverse  the  county. 
Kent  is  divided  into  5  lathes  and  63  hundreds ;  besides 
which  it  contains  Maidstone,  (the  county  town,)  Dover,  Deal, 
Greenwich,  Chatham,  Woolwich,  Sandwich,  Ramsgate,  Mar- 
g."ite,  and  Graveseud.  It  sends  18  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  2  of  whom  ane  for  the  E.,  and  2  for  the  W.  divi- 
sions of  the  county.  Kent  was  the  country  of  the  Cantii,  and 
was  the  first  established  kingdom  of  the  Saxon  Heptarchy. 
Julius Cresar  first  landed  here  to  commence  the  subjugation 
of  the  i.sland,  as  did  also  St.  Augustine  to  introduce  Chris- 
tianity. 

KENT,  kjnt.  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Rhode 
Island,  has  an  areaof  about  ISO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Narraganset  Bay,  and  partly  by  the  Pawtuxet' 
Kiver  on  the  N.  It  is  principally  drained  by  Flat  Kiver,  and 
by  the  head-waters  of  Moo.sup  and  Wood  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  and  in  the  W.  part  hilly;  soil  generally  fertile. 
The  railroad  connecting  Providence  and  Stonington  tra- 
verses this  county.  Named  from  Kent,  a  county  in  Eng- 
land.   Capital,  East  Greenwich.     Pop.  17,303. 

KENT,  tlie  middle  county  of  Delaware,  extends  from  the 
Delaware  Bay  on  the  E.,  to  Maryland  on  the  W.,  and  con- 
tains about  240  square  miles.  Duck  Creek  flows  along  its 
N.  border,  .ind  Mispillion  Creek  along  its  S.E.  It  is  also 
drained  by  the  Boui-ces  of  Choptank  and  Marshy  Hope 
Kivers,  and  by  Jones  and  Motherkill  Creeks.  Soil  mode- 
rately fertile.  Dover  is  the  county  seat,  and  capital  of 
the  state.  Pop.  27,804,  of  whom  27,601  were  free,  and  203 
slaves. 

KENT,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Maryland,  bordering 
on  tlie  State  of  Delaware,  and  Che.siipeake  Bay,  has  an  area  of 
about  240  square  miles.  The  Sassafras  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  N.,  and  Chester  Kiver  on  the  S.E.  The 
surface  is  rolling ;  the  soil  is  of  medium  quality.  Organized 
in  1650.  Capital,  Chestertowii.  Population  13,267,  of  whom 
10,758  were  free,  and  2503  slaves. 

KENT,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Michigan,  con- 
tains 760  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Grand 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Rouge  and  Thornapple  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  rolling  or  hilly,  and  the  soil  is  a  rich  vege- 
table loam,  with  a  substratum  of  clay.  The  county  contains 
eood  limestone,  gypsum,  and  salt.  Capital,  Grand  Rapids. 
Pop.  30.716. 

KENT,  a  post-township  in  theW.  part  of  Litchfield  co., 
Connecticut,  intei-sected  by  the  Housatonic  River,  and  by 
the  II<jusatonic  Railroad,  about  45  miles  W.  of  Hartford. 
It  contains  3  blast  furnaces.    Pop.  1853. 

KENT,  a  post-township  of  Putnam  co..  New  York,  16 
miles  E.  of  Newlmrg.     Pop.  1479. 

K  ENT,  a  post-ofRce  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KENT,  \  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

KENT.  ^  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana.  10  miles 
vV'.  of  .Madison,  has  about  200  inh.ibitants. 


KEN 

KENT,  a  post-office  of  Stephenson  co.,  TlUnols. 

KENT,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Jlissouri. 

KENT,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  upon  Lakes 
St.  Clair  and  Erie,  comprises  an  area  of  870  .square  miles 
Capital,  Chatham.  Pop.  17.469.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Thames  Kiver  and  the  Great  Western  Railway. 

KENT,  a  maritime  county  of  New  Brunswick,  bordering 
on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Northumberland  Strait. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Richibucto,  Cocigne  or  Cocayne,  and 
other  navigable  streams.  On  its  coasts  are  Coeagne,  Buo- 
touche.  and  Richibucto  harbors,  which  afford  excellent  fa- 
cilities for  ship-building,  and  from  which  much  timber  and 
deals  are  annually  shipped  to  England.  Capital,  Liverpool. 
Pop.  in  1851,  11.410. 

KENT,  a  maritime  county  of  West  Australia,  mostly  be- 
tween lat.  34'^  and  35°  S.,  and  Ion.  118°  and  119°  W 

KENT,  a  county  of  Van  Diemen's  Land.  S.W.  of  the  river 
Huon,  and  having  S.E.  and  S.  D'Entrecasteaux  Channel  and 
the  ocean.     County  town,  Ramsgate,  on  Recherche  Bay. 

KENT'EOKD,  a  pari,»h  of  Endand,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KENT'ISBERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KENT'ISBURY.  a  parish  of  En-rland,  co.  of  Devon. 

KENT'ISH-TOWN.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Middle- 
.sex,  forming  a  X.  suburb  of  the  metropolis.  2  miles  N.N.W. 
of  St.  Paul's.  It  contains  many  well-built  streets  and 
handsome  villas,  a  college  of  civil  engineers,  and  many 
public  schools. 

KENT  ISLANDS,  a  group  at  the  E.  end  of  Bass's  Strait, 
between  Van  Diemen's  Land  and  the  colony  of  Victoria. 

KEN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KENTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KENTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

KEN'TON.  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Keiitucky.  border- 
ing on  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  Cincinnati,  has  an  area  esti- 
mated at  1.50  square  miles.  Licking  River  forms  its  entire 
E.  boundary.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly:  the  Soil 
is  very  productive.  The  surface  rock  is  the  blue  limestone. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Covington  and  Lexington 
Railroad.  Formed  in  1840.  and  named  in  honor  of  General 
Simon  Kenton,  a  distinguished  pioneer  of  Kentucky.  Capi- 
tal, Independence.  Pop.  25,467,  of  whom  24,900  were  free, 
and  567  slaves. 

KENTON,  a  post^village.  capital  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Scioto  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Mad  River  and 
Lake  Erie  Railroad,  71  miles  N.AV.  of  Columbus.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  level  and  productive.  Since  the  com- 
pletion of  the  railroad,  Kenton  has  improved  rapidly.  It 
has  7  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  tine  school- 
house,  1  woollen-factory,  2  mills,  and  1  foundry.    Pnn.  1'i1.2. 

KENTON,  a  township  in  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  308. 

KENTONTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Harrison  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Frankfort. 

KENT  PL.\INS,  a  beautiful  and  growing  po.st-village  of 
Litchfield  co,,  Connecticut,  on  the  Housatonic  Raili-oad, 
about  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  a  blast- 
furnace. 

KENT'S  HILL,  a  post-village  in  Readfield  township,  Ken- 
nebec CO.,  Maine,  about  14  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  flourishing  academy,  called  the  Maine 
Wesleyan  Seminary.  It  is  proposed  to  change  the  name  of 
the  institution  to  the  Female  Collegiate  Institute. 

KENT  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Newton  CO.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Toledo  and  Peoria  Railroad,  116  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 

KENTUCKY,  kfn-tilk'ee,  a  beautiful  river  of  Kentucky, 
formed  by  the  North.  Middle,  and  South  Forks,  which  unite 
at  Proctor,  in  Owsley  county.  It  flows  N.W.,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Fayette,  .Tes.samine.  and  Woodlbrd  coun- 
ties, on  the  right,  and  Madison.  Garrard.  Mercer,  and  .An- 
derson, on  the  left.  Then  passing  through  Franklin  county 
and  Frankfort  City,  and  separating  Owen  from  Henry  county, 
it  falls  into  the  Ohio  at  Carrollton.  The  length  of  the  main 
stream  is  about  200  miles.  By  means  of  dams  and  locks, 
steamboats  ascend  to  Frankfort  at  all  times:  and  flat-boats 
ascend  90  or  100  miles  farther.  In  many  parts  of  its  course 
it  flows  through  a  deep  channel  formed  by  perpendii'ular 
walls  of  limestone,  and  is  remarkable  for  picture.sque 
scenery.  Branchfs. — The  North  Fork  I'ises  in  Letcher 
county,  among  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  and  flows  N,W. 
The  Middle  Fork  rises  in  Perry  county,  and  flows  in  a  N.N.W. 
direction.  The  South  Fork  rises  in  Clay  county,  and  flows 
nearly  N.  Large  beds  of  stone  coal  and  iron-ore  are  found 
on  these  branches. 

KENTUCKY,  one  of  the  Western  States,  and  the  second 
admitted  into  the  confederacy  after  the  Revolution,  is 
bounded  on  the  N.W  and  N.  by  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio, 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Ohio  Kiver.)  E.  by  th» 
Big  Sandy  River  and  Cumberland  Mountains,  which  dividn 
it  from  Virginia;  S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  the  Missis- 
sippi Hiver,  which  runs  between  it  and  Missouri.  Kentucky 
lies  Iietween  36°  30'  and  39°  10'  N.  lat..  and  between  81°  50' 
and  89°  26'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  .300  miles  in  length,  from 
E.  to  W.,  about  ISO  in  its  greatest,  and  150  in  average 
width,  and  including  an  area  of  nearly  37.680  square  miles, 
or  24,115,200  acres,  of  which  7,644,20ij  wre  iiuprovud  in 
1860. 


:=^=>* 


KEN 


KEN 


Facf  of  tJic  Cbuntr;/. — The  Cumberland  Mountains  form 
the  S.E.  boundary  of  the  state,  and  several  outlying  ridg;e.s 
traverse  the  S.E.  counties,  hut  no-je  of  them  are  of  great 
elevation,  being  prohnbly  under  2000  feet.  I'assins  ^y..  the 
central  and  Is',  counties  .ire  hilly,  or  undulating,  but  those 
W.  of  the  Cumberland  River  are  mostly  level.  A  range  of 
hills  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  Ohio  River,  with  ]nt«T- 
vals  of  bottom-land  between  it  and  the  river,  sometimes 
havin;;  a  lireadth  of  10  or  even  20  miles. 

Gi'iilos)/. — This  .otato  partakes  of  the  carboniferous  rocks 
characteristic  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The  strata,  which 
are  composed  of  sedimentary  rocks,  lie  all  nearly  horizontal, 
or  with  very  little  dip,  veraring  from  Cincinnati  as  a  centre. 
The  blue  limestone  is  the  lowest  rock  in  Kentucky  exposed 
to  the  surface,  mostly  mixed  with  clay  and  magnesia;  the 
latter  is  found  sometimes  in  large  quantities.  It  forms  the 
surface  rock  in  a  large  part  of  Kentucky  adjacent  to  the 
state  cf  Ohio,  extending  S.P^  from  Dayton  to  Danville,  and 
U.  from  Madison  to  3iaysville.  These  strata  extend  to  a 
probable  depth  of  1000  feet,  and,  where  the  rivers  have  cut 
down  through  them,  present  perpendicular  clifTs,  which,  in 
the  Kentvicky  River  near  Frankfort,  are  about  .500  feet  high. 
These  yield  an  inferior  marlile.  suitable  for  building;  but, 
thou'.'li  capable  of  a  hi'jfh  polish,  it  is  liable  to  fracture.  The 
clifT  limi'Stone  overlii>s  the  blue  limestone  in  a  belt  of  from 
20  to  ."0  miles  in  width,  between  Louisville  (where  it  forms 
the  rapids  in  the  Ohio)  and  Madison,  extending  N.E.  by  N. 
to  Niagara  Falls,  and  N.W.  into  Illinois  and  Iowa.  The 
slate  rests  upon  the  cliff  limestone,  and  passes  in  a  semicir- 
cular direction,  (as  a  surface  rock.)  in  a  belt  of  only  about 
20  niilis  in  width,  just  outside  the  cliff  limestone  .above  de- 
scribed, forming  part  of  a  large  curve  extending  from  the 
N.E.  of  Illinois  to  the  centre  of  New  York;  and  abounding 
in  pyrites,  iron-ores,  and  mineral  springs.  Overlying  the 
elate,  but  outside  of  the  lielt  mentioned,  is  the  sand  or  free- 
stone, which  forms  a  line  of  hills  from  Louisville  round  by 
Danville,  and  back  to  the  Ohio,  near  Portsmouth,  where  it  is 
about  3-50  feet  thick.  One  striking  feature  of  this  state  is 
Its  limestone  caverns,  of  which  the  celebrated  Mammoth 
Cave  is  an  example :  but  Ix^sides  which  there  are  numberless 
smaller  ones.  This  formation,  occupying  about  a  fourth 
of  the  state,  is  located  S.W.  from  the  centre,  and  thence  to 
the  S.  lorder  between  Monroe  county  and  Cumberland 
River,  and  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Rolling  Fork  of 
Salt  River.  This  limestone  furni.shes  a  valuable  building 
materiiil.  which  is  sent  down  the  Mississippi  in  considersible 
quantities.  Throughout  this  region  occur  "sinks,"  where 
the  streams  sink  below  the  surface,  and  run.  for  great  dis- 
tances, in  subterraneous  channels.  In  parts  of  this  lime- 
stone region  there  is  a  scarcity  of  spring-water,  resulting 
from  tile  cavernous  nature  of  the  ground.  Resting  on  the 
cavernous  limestone  is  the  conglomerate,  or  pudding-stone, 
which  underlies  the  coal  .series,  and  occupies  two  regions  in 
Kentucl<y.  the  one  in  the  E.  and  S.E.  of  the  stat<f,  ,and  the 
other  in  the  Green  River  counties,  extending  to  the  Ohio 
and  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  Green  River.  Roth  districts 
may  cover  10.000  or  12.000  square  mile.s.  Great  quantities 
of  organic  remains  are  found  in  all  the  strata  of  Kentucky. 

MiniraU. — Kentucky  abounds  In  bituminous co.al.  which, 
though  not  yet  extensively  mined,  crops  out  of  the  river 
banks  and  hill-sides,  indicating  its  localities,  when  the 
scarcity  of  wood  or  the  increase  of  manufactures  may  call 
for  its  use.  The  Breckenridge  Cannel  Coal  Company  has 
about  7.300  acres  of  coal-lands  on  the  Ohio,  within  55  miles 
of  Louisville,  by  the  Memphis  Air-Line  Railro.ad.  or  within 
110  miles  by  the  river.  The  amount  of  iron  manufactured 
in  ISoO  was  about  .3.J.001  tons,  a  small  quantity,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  abundiince  of  tVie  raw  material  which  exists  in 
the  state.  Lead,  iron-pyrites,  marble,  (on  the  clifTs  of  the 
Kentuiky  River,)  freestone,  gypsum,  conglomerate,  and 
clilT  limestone  are  the  other  minerals.  Salt  and  medicinal 
springs  are  particularly  numerous  in  this  st.ate.  The  salt 
licks,  so  famous  in  the  hunter's  vocabulary,  are  names 
given  to  the  vicinity  of  the  s.-ilt  springs,  where  the  buffalo 
and  other  wild  animals  have  licked  the  ground,  and  almost 
eaten  it,  so  as  to  present  a  bare  space  for  some  distance 
around. — See  OJijects  of  Interest  tn  Touridf.  Salt  is  extent- 
sivoly  manuf^ictured  from  these  springs,  and  large  quanti- 
ties of  saltpetre  were  procured  from  the  Mammoth  Cave 
during  the  war  of  1812. 

liiivrs. — Kentucky  is  washed  along  the  entire  extent  of 
her  N.  boundary  by  the  Ohio  River,  which  gives  her  a 
steamboat  naviu'ation  of  more  than  600  miles,  and  opens  to 
her  the  inland  commerce  of  the  Ohio  Valley.  The  great 
Mississippi  in  like  manner  coasts  her  AV.  limits,  and  gives 
Kentucky  access  to  the  trade  of  the  immense  valley  which 
bears  its  name.  The  Cumberland  River  rises  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  the  .^tate,  makes  a  bend  into  Tennessee,  and.  return- 
ing, crosses  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  and  Hows  into  the 
Ohio.  It  is  about  6O0  miles  long,  and  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats to  Nashvillt,  and  sometimes  to  Carth.isie.  while  keel- 
boi"*"  ■^"""nii  still  hi'.:h?r.  The  Tennessee  has  its  mouth 
ana  about  70  miles  of  its  course  in  that  part  of  the  state  W. 
of  the  Cumberland  Rivwr.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats 
&t  beyond  the  limitis  of  Kentucky.    The  other  rivers,  com- 


mencing at  the  K.,  are  the  Licking,  Kentucky.  Salt,  and 
Green  Rivers.  These  have  N.W.  courses,  varying  from  1(X) 
to  350  miles,  and  in  the  order  they  are  name<l,  (except  the 
Licking.)  are  respectively  navigable  for  steamboats  02,  35, 
and  200  miles,  wliile  keel-boats  may  ascend  them  to  a  stiU 
greater  distance.  The  Big  Sandy,  a  tributary  of  the  Oliio, 
(as  are  all  the  important  stre.ams  of  Kentucky.)  forms  the 
E.  boundary  for  about  100  miles,  of  which  .50  are  riavigablo- 
Ohjeds  of  Interest  to  Tourids. — No  Western  State  probably 
presents  so  great  a  variety  of  objects  to  interest  the  lover-of 
nature,  as  Kentucky:  whether  we  regard  mere  picturesque- 
ness,  or  the  wild  and  more  striking  deviiitions  from  the 
ordinary  course  of  creation.  Prominent  among  the.ae,  and 
perhaps  first  among  the  subterranean  carerns  of  the  globe, 
stands  the  JIammoth  Cave,  in  Edmondsf  n  county,  S.  of  the 
midille  of  the  state.  In  the  extent  and  number  of  its 
chambers,  in  the  length  of  its  gallerie.s.  and  its  variety  of 
interesting  objects,  such  as  streams,  mounds,  stalactites, 
stalagmites,  Ac,  it  has  no  equal.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
explored  for  te.n  miles  (part  of  that  distance  in  a  boat,  on  a 
deep  river,  inhabited  by  white,  eyeless  fish)  without  giving 
any  indications  of  coming  to  a  tot-mination.  If  its  lateral 
branches  are  included,  you  have  an  extent  of  probably  40 
miles  of  cavernous  windings.  Stalactites  of  ponderous  size 
hang  from  the  vaults,  formed  by  the  droppinss  from  the 
limestone  roofs,  .and  gigantic  stalagmites  bristle  the  floors 
of  these  immense  chamtiers;  one  of  which,  called  the  Tem- 
ple, is  statwl  to  occupy  an  area  of  2  .icres.  and  to  be  covered 
by  a  single  dome  of  solid  rock,  120  fiset  high.  There  are  a 
number  of  other  caves  th.at  would  attract  attention  in  any 
other  vicinity.  These  caves  occur  in  the  limestone  forma- 
tions, in  a  rough  but  not  mountainous  district.  Goodrich 
thus  describes  the  sinks: — "In  this  state  are  also  many 
singular  cavities  or  depressions  in  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
called  sink-holes.  They  are  commonly  in  the  shape  of  in- 
verted cones.  60  or  70  feet  in  depth,  and  from  00  to  300  feet 
in  circuit  at  the  top.  The  ear  can  often  distinguish  the 
sound  of  waters  flowing  under  them,  and  sometimes  the 
ground  has  been  opened,  and  disclosed  a  subterraneous 
stream  of  water.  Considerable  stre.inis  di.sappe:ir  in  several 
places,  and  afterwards  rise  again  to  the  surface,  at  some 
distance  below."  The  most  remarkiible  cf  these  is  Sinking 
Creek,  in  Breckenridge  county,  where  a  stream,  a  few  mih^s 
from  its  .source,  sinks  beneath  the  earth,  and  doi's  not  reap- 
pear for  5  or  6  miles.  We  condense  from  Collins"  Kentucky, 
the  f!)llowing  description  : — N^ar  Muntbrdsville,  in  Hart 
county,  is  a  remarkable  spring,  which  is  connected  with  a 
mill-pond,  the  waters  of  which,  at  about  12  o'clock  each  day, 
rise  12  or  15  inches,  overflow  the  dam!  and  recede  to  their 
ordinary  level,  with  all  the  regularity  of  the  (ides.  Six 
miles  E.of  the  same  village  is  a  hole,  shaped  like  an  invert- 
ed cone,  70  feet  in  diameter  at  the  top.  liut  diminished  to 
10  or  12  at  the  depth  of  25  or  30  fe(^t.  A  stone  thrown  into 
this  rumbles  down  the  sides  without  returning  any  sound 
indicating  its  having  touched  the  bottom.  In  the  same 
vicinity,  near  the  top  of  an  elevation  called  Frenchman's 
Knob,  commences  a  hole  or  sink,  which  has  been  descended 
275  feet  by  me.ans  of  a  rope,  without  finding  bottom.  The 
Devil's  Pulpit,  in  Jessamine  cnuntv.  on  the  Kentucky 
River,  is  a  rocky  eminence.  300  feet  high.  A  natural  bridge, 
30  feet  high,  and  60  feet  in  span,  in  Christian  county,  is 
located  in  the  midst  of  romantic  scenery.  Dismal  Rock,  in 
Edmon.son  county,  on  Dismal  Creek,  has  a  perpendicular 
elevation  of  lft3  feet.  Cumberland  Gap,  in  Knox  county, 
is  the  passage  of  the  river  of  (hat  name,  between  clifTs  of 
1300  feet  elevation,  through  the  Cumberland  Mountains. 
There  are  also  in  Kentucky  a  variety  of  mineral  and  medi- 
cinal springs.  Of  the  latter,  Ilarrodsburg  .'Springs,  in  Mer- 
cer county.  .35  miles  S.  of  Frankfort,  is  the  most  fashionable 
watering-place  in  the  West.  The  Blue  Lick  Springs,  scarcely 
inferior  to  these  in  reput.'ition.  are  situated  in  Nicholas 
county,  70  miles  N.E.  from  the  capital.  There  are  other 
sprinss  in  Floyd.  Grayson,  Hancock,  and  Union  countie.s. 
In  Clinton  county,  on  the  top  of  Poplar  Mountain,  whose 
elevation  i.^  from  1000  to  1500  feet  above  the  valleys,  are 
three  chalylieate  springs.  A  fine  waterfall  of  00  feet  per 
pendicular  pitch,  on  Indian  Creek,  is  in  this  neirhl)orliood. 
Our  limits  will  permit  us  merely  to  name  the  falls  of  Ken- 
tick's  Creek,  and  Rock  House,  in  Cumberland  county:  Pilot 
Rock,  in  Christi.^n  county:  Indian  Rock,  in  Edmonson 
county:  Flat  Itock  and  Anvil  Rock,  in  Union  county;  an  J 
the  cJifTs  of  the  Kentucky  and  Dick  Rivers,  in  Mercer 
couniy.  Both  the  antiquarian  .and  ceolosrist  may  gratify 
their  taste  within  the  domains  of  Kentucky.  For  the 
former  are  numerous  mounds  and  fortifications,  erected,  it 
is  supposed,  at  a  period  an(<'cedent  to  the  race  who  pos- 
sessed the  country  before  the  Europeans  arrived.  The  most 
remarkalile  of  these  is  a  fortification  in  Allen  county,  17 
miles  from  Bowling  Green,  where  a  w.tll  of  solid  limestone, 
200  yards  in  length.  40  feet  high,  30  feet  thick  at  the  base, 
and  fi  feet  wide  at  the  top.  crosses  a  neck  formed  by  a  bend 
in  Drake's  Creek,  and  encloses  a  peninsula  of  200  acres,  ele- 
vated 100  feet  above  the  river.  On  the  top  of  this  natural 
mound  is  an  area  of  3  acres,  enclosed  by  a  wall  and  a  ditch, 
forming  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  the  world.  Similai 

967 


=Ji 


KEN 


KEN 


works,  vflfh  mounds  of  different  sizes  within  and  around 
Ibem,  are  found  in  Barren.  Bourbon,  La  Hue.  Montgomery, 
Spencer,  Boone,  and  Warren  countie-s.  For  the  geologist, 
liesides  the  examinations  of  its  different  strata  of  roclcs, 
there  are  at  Bigbone  Licl<s,  in  Boone  county,  deposits  of  im- 
mense bones  of  extinct  mastodons,  some  of  which  hare 
found  their  way  into  tlie  cabinets  of  the  savans  of  this 
country  and  Kurope.  Other  fossil  remains  are  found  in 
Bourbon  county ;  and  in  Union  county  are  impressions  of 
the  feet  of  human  beings  and  dogs,  imbedded  in  a  rock 
near  Morganfield.  Human  bones  have  been  found  in  caves 
in  many  parts  of  the  state. 

dimatc. — Kentucky  enjoys  in  her  climate  a  happy  me- 
dium between  the  severity  of  the  Northern  States  and  the 
enervating  heats  of  the  South,  having  but  two  or  three 
months'  winter,  with  mild  springs  and  .autumns.  It  is 
milder  than  the  same  latitude  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the 
AUeghanies.  but  subject  to  sudden  changes. 

Syil  and  Productions. — In  the  fertility  of  its  soil.  Ken- 
tucky rivals  the  mo.st  favored  parts  of  the  great  Mississippi 
Valley.  Perhaps  no  district  in  the  United  States  surpasses 
that  around  Lexington,  both  for  the  richness  of  the  soil  and 
the  pietui-esqueness  of  "  its  la3',"  if  we  may  be  allowed  the 
use  of  the  term.  "  View  the  country,"  says  Tilson,  "  round 
from  the  heads  of  the  Licking,  the  Ohio,  the  Kentucky, 
Dicks,  and  down  the  Green  River,  and  you  have  100  miles 
Rc^uare  of  the  most  extraordinary  country  on  which  the  sun 
has  ever  shone."  The  soil  is  mostly  a  black  mould,  without 
sand,  and  often  two  or  three  feet  deep.  Kentucky  is  gen- 
erally well  timbered,  and  in  parts  the  cane  grows  to  a  height 
of  12  feet,  firming  extensive  canebrakes,  so  dense  that  it  is 
often  difficult  to  pass  through  them.  In  short,  there  is  but 
little  of  this  st.ate  that  is  not  capable  of  cultivation.  The 
Barrens,  .so  called,  in  the  S.  part  of  the  state,  and  .about  the 
head-waters  of  the  Green  Itivcr.  are  very  unjustly  named, 
as,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  sterile  elevations,  they  are, 
when  in  a  state  of  nature,  covered  with  pa.sture.  But  for 
an  injudicious  system  of  culture,  Kentucky  must  have 
been,  in  proportion  to  its  area,  one  of  the  leading  agricul- 
tural states  of  the  Union,  Its  staple  products  are  Indi.an 
corn,  tobacco,  flax,  and  hemp,  besides  which  large  quanti- 
ties of  wheat,  rj'e,  oats,  wool,  pease,  beans,  Irish  and  sweet 
potatoes,  barley,  fruits,  market  products,  butter,  cheese, hay, 
grass-seeds,  maple-sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey,  and  some 
buckwheat,  rice,  wine,  hops,  cotton,  silk,  and  sugar-cane  are 
prodiiced.  Of  these  articles,  Kentucky  raised  in  IStJO  more 
hemp  than  any  other  state;  is  second  only  to  Virginia  in 
the  amount  of  tobacco  produced;  and,  if  we  legiud  i)opii- 
lation  and  area,  relatively,  greater  even  than  that  state.  It 
is  the  filth  in  the  yield  of  Indian  corn,  Illinois  being  first. 

According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Kentucky 
7,644,208  acres  of  improved  land  (11,519,053  being  unim- 
proved). There  were  produced  7,394,809  bushels  of  wheat; 
l,055,2t;0  of  rye;  64,043,633  of  Indian  corn;  4,617,029  of 
cats;  288  346  of  peas  and  beans;  1,756,531  of  Irish  pota- 
toes; 1,057.557  of  sweet  potatoes;  270,685  of  barley;  18,928 
of  buckwheat;  64,K69  of  grass  seeds;  28.875  of  flaxseed; 
108,126,840  pounds  of  tobacco ;  2,329,105  of  wool ;  11,716,609 
of  butter;  190,400  of  cheese;  728,234  of  flax;  68,339  of 
beeswax;  1,768,692  of  honey;  380,941  of  maiile  sugar; 
158,476  tons  of  hay;  39,409  of  hemp;  179,948  gallons  of 
■wine ;  356,705  of  sorghum  molasses ;  140,076  of  maple  mo- 
lasses; live  stock  valued  at  $el,S6'<,237 ;  orchard  products 
at  S004,849 :  market  products  at  $458,245  ;  and  slaughtered 
animals  at  $11,640  738. 

PDreat  Trees. — Kentucky,  at  its  first  settlement,  was  one 
of  the  best  wooded  of  the  Western  States.  The  natural 
growth  of  the  state  includes  the  black  walnut,  oak.  chestnut, 
buckeye,  sugar-tree,  elm.  papaw,  honey-locust,  mullierry, 
ash,  yellow  poplar.  cofTe<!-tree,  cottonwood.  and  whitethorn. 
The  fruit-trees  are  the  apple,  pear,  plum,  and  peach.  White 
grapes  are  abundant. 

Manufactures. — Kentucky  is  not  yet  largely  engaged  in 
manufactures,  though  the  amount  of  capital  invested  in  this 
branch  of  industry  is  considerable.  In  18G0,  there  were  in 
this  state  3450  manufacturing  e.stablishment8,  employing 
21,258  persons,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $22,295,759, 
producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $37,931,240  annually;  total 
amount  of  capital  invested,  $20,256,579.  Of  these,  475  were 
|a^-"»'lls,  capital  invested  $1,.390,235,  annual  products, 
$:.,463,0S5;  4;{o  flour  and  meal  establishments,  capital  in- 
vested $1,984,150.  annual  products  $6,791,164;  353  black.smith 
shops,  capital  invested  $228,055,  annual  products  $515,326 ; 
It  1  boot  and  shoe  manufactories,  capital  invested  $198,085. 
annual  products  $6a3,657  ;  216  distilleries,  (liquor,)  capital 
invested  .$6Sv9,212,  annual  product8$l,583,-il9;  182  saddlery 
and  harness  manufactories,  capital  invested  .$264,9f:o,  annual 
products  St., 03,1 01;  172  tanneries,  capital  invested  $798,264, 
annual  products  $1,175,491;  81  wool-carding  establish- 
menfa,  capital  myested  $104,095,  annual  proauc-ts  $319,535  ; 
dnctr^!'^?>«  ofl?"''"'  invested  .$408,500,  annual  pro- 
ftiuv,!^-  '  '^^  ^}  ^"^T"''  '"'inufactories,  capital  invested 
fl,9oi,46,,  annual  products  $2,979,234;  80  tin,  copper  and 

H^rtI''IiT«s-^''''-i'';'PA*:''  '"^''«*<"'  $181,875,  annual  pro- 
ducts $^lfi|o5 ;  1 9  clothing  establishments,  capital  invested 


$595,490,  annual  products  $1,093,975;  78  furniture,  cabinet, 
&c..  manufactories,  capital  invested  S20:!,itlo,  annual  pro- 
ducts $431,086;  value  of  home  manufactures  $2,095,578, 

Internal  Jmprwemertts. — .\lthough  Kentucky  has  not  kept 
pace  with  her  sister  .states  N.  of  the  Ohio  liiver  in  construct- 
ing works  of  intercommunication,  yet  she  has  not  been 
inattentive  to  the  imp<irtance  of  cheap  and  expeditious 
means  of  transport  for  her  valuable  products  Accuivling 
to  the  census  of  1860  there  were  in  this  state  570  miles  of 
railroad  completed,  the  construction  and  equipment  of  which 
cost  $19,068,477.  The  most  extensive  lines  are  the  Louis- 
ville and  Nashville,  253  miles  long  (including  branches); 
the  Covington  and  Lexington,  80  miles  long,  and  the  Louis- 
ville and  Frankfort,  65  miles  long.  By  the^-e  and  other 
railroads  Lexington  is  connected  with  Louisville,  Cincinnati 
and  Frankfort,  and  Louisville  with  Nashville,  Memphis,  kc. 
The  western  part  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  Railroad  (Northern  Division).  A  railroad  is  in  progress 
which,  when  finished,  will  connect  Henderson  on  the  Oliio 
River  with  Nashville  via  Hopkinsville.  A  railroad  is  pro- 
jected or  in  course  of  construction  from  Lexington  to  the 
Ohio  River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sandy,  and  another 
from  Danville  to  Knoxville,  Tennes.see.  According  to  the 
census  of  1860,  Kentucky  had  7ti6  miles  of  slackwater  n.avi- 
gation,  viz.:  260  on  the  Kentucky  River,  231  on  the  Lick- 
ing River,  175  on  the  Green  River,  and  100  on  the  Barren 
River.  The  United  States  goverinnent  has  constiucted  a 
canal  round  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio  at  Louisville,  through 
which  small  boats  pass  at  low  water.  Though  only  a 
mile  and  a  half  long,  its  construction  cost  $750,000.  It  is 
200  feet  wide  at  the  top,  50  at  the  bottom,  and  has  22 
feet  of  lockage.  This  canal  is  now  being  enlarged  so 
as  to  admit  the  mammoth  steamers  that  \Ay  on  the  Mis- 
si.ssippi  River. 

O/mmerce. — Kentucky  carries  on  an  active  trade  with  New 
Orleans  and  other  towns  on  the  Mississippi  and  Ohi,>  Rivers. 
Most  of  her  rivers  are  navigable  to  a  considerable  distance 
for  steamboats,  and  still  farther  for  flatboats.  The  exports 
are  hemp,  s.alt  beef.  pork,  bacon,  butter,  cheese,  hogs,  horses, 
and  mules.  Large  numbers  of  the  last  two  are  annually 
driven  E.  to  the  Atlantic  States  for  sale.  Cotton  bagging 
and  hemp  cordage  are  also  extensive  articles  of  export. 
Number  of  hogs  packed  in  1853-4,  595,225.  The  building 
of  steamboats.  &c.,  appears  to  have  been  altogether  suspend- 
ed in  this  state  during  the  civil  war.  The  tonnage  owned 
in  the  state  in  1853,  w.as  12,166,  and  the  foreign  imports 
amounted  to  $175,358.  There  were  sold  in  the  years  1852-3 
and  4,  respectively,  23,185, 16,543,  and  10,200  hogsheads  of 
tob.acco,  showing  a  great  decline,  but  owing  only  to  a  failure 
in  the  crop, 

Education.  —  In  December,  1854,  the  state  school-fund 
amounted  to  $1,400,270,  yielding  an  annual  income  of  about 
$76,000.  According  to  the  census  of  1860.  there  were  in 
Kentucky,  20  colleges,  with  2486  students.  $138,244  income, 
of  which  $28,350  was  endowments;  4507  public  schools, 
with  156,158  pupils.  $499,644  income,  of  which  $205,900  was 
from  public  fiinds,  $167,218  from  taxes,  and  $3956  from  en 
dowments;  223  academies  and  other  schools,  with  17,597 
pupils,  $442,912  income,  of  which  $34,265  was  endowments, 
$32,S54  from  public  funds,  and  $2172  from  taxation ;  there 
are  also  196  libraries,  of  which  95  are  ]iublic,  4  school,  91 
Sunday-school,  4  college,  and  2  church  libritries,  with  a  total 
of  148,012  volumes.  The  National  Almanac  for  1864  re- 
ports 8  colleges,  1  of  which  wa.s  closed  on  account  of  the 
war,  3  theological  seminaries  with  70  students,  and  2  med- 
ical colleges.  The  following  statistics  relating  to  the  state 
of  education  some  years  previous  to  tlie  war,  may  not  be 
without  interest :  The  number  of  children  rei)orted,  in  1852, 
was  194,963;  but  the  average  attendance  at  school  is  only 
69,825.  In  1853,  the  number  of  children  in  the  state  be- 
tween 6  and  18  years,  was  219.239 ;  and  the  total  amount 
raised  for  schools  by  tax  and  state  appropriations,  was 
$111,868. 

Religious  Denominations.  —  Of  the  2179  churches  in 
Kentucky,  in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  788 ;  Christians, 
304;  Episcopalians,  25;  Lutherans,  10;  Methodists,  606; 
I^resbyteiians,  164 ;  Cumberland  Presbyterians,  84 ;  Roman 
Catholics,  83 ;  Unionists,  47  ;  minor  sects,  8;  this  will  give 
1  church  to  every  530  persons.  Total  value  of  church  pro- 
perty, $3,928,620. 

Periodicals. — In  18f:0,  there  were  published  in  Kentucky, 
4  daily,  3  tri-weekly,  1  bi-weekly,  64  weekly,  and  5  monthly 
periodicals,  of  which  65  were  political,  5  religious,  and  4 
literary.  The  number  of  copies  issued  annually  was 
13.504,044. 

Public  Institutions. — There  are  2  lunatic  asylums  in  the 
state,  the  Eastern,  at  Lexington,  and  the  Western,  at  Hop- 
kinsville. The  former  had  in  October,  1862.  231  inmates. 
I'he  Western  Asylum  had  135  patients  in  1863,  and  had 
accommodations  for  325.  At  Danville  is  an  asylum  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  supported  by  the  state.  The  State  Peni- 
tentiary at  Frankford  confined  166  prisoners  in  1852.  This 
is  conducted  on  a  plan  somewhat  peculiar,  being  farmed 
out  to  keepers,  who  pay  to  the  state  two-thinls  of  the 
profits,  guaranteeing  that  they  shall  not  fall  short  of  $6000 


KEN 

annually.  Each  prisoner  is  fuv-nished  with  a  suit  of  clothes 
and  $5  at  his  dismissal.  There  were  in  1850,  in  the  state, 
47  put.lic  lihraries  with  40,424  volumes;  18  Sunday  school, 
with  4017  volumes :  11  cnllefre,  with  33.225  volumes,  and  4 
church  IiV)rarieSj,with  1200  volumes. 

P-jpulidinn. — The  population  of  Kentucky  was  originally 
derived  from  A'ilKinia  and  North  Carolina,  and  has  always 
heen  noted  .for  its  stalwart  forms,  frank  and  manly  hearing, 
for  gallantry  in  the  tield,  and  fondness  for  humor.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  in  1790  was  73,077  ;  220,955  in  1800 ; 
40fi.511  in  1810;  5(U,317  in  1820;  687,917  in  1830:  779,828 
in  1840;  in  1850,  982,405;  and  in  1860,  l,l.'i5,684— of  whom 
919,484  were  whites,  10,684  free  colored,  225,483  slaves,  and 
33  Indians.  Population  to  the  square  mile,  30;  Representa- 
tive population,  1,(I65,490.  ,  Of  the  free  population,  721,570 
were  bwn  in  the  state,  148.832  in  other  states  of  the  Union, 
and  59,799  in  foreign  countries ;  of  whom  4503  were  born  in 
England,  22,249  in  Ireland,  1111  in  Scotland,  420  in  Wales, 
61S  in  liritish  America,  2T,227  in  Germany,  2096  in  France, 
and  1;>75  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in 
the  leading  pursuits,  110,937  were  farmers,  36,627  farm  la- 
borers, 26,770  laborei-s,  5858  carpenters,  4489  servants,  4234 
clerks,  4095  seamstresses,  3758  merchants,  3369  blacksmiths, 
2617  teachers,  2380  shoemakers,  2195  physicians,  1782  do- 
mestics, 1615  housekeepers,  1557  tailors,  1411  students, 
1327  grocers,  1190  lawj'ers,  1150  clergymen,  1148  coopers, 
Ac. 

In  the  year  ending  June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  16,467 
deaths,  or  14-5  in  every  thousand.  The  number  of  deaf 
and  dumb  for  the  same  year  was  652,  of  whom  75  were 
slaves  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population  of 
theEiL'hth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.);  of  674  blind,  144 
were  slaves;  of  625  insane,  33  were  slaves;  and  of  1058 
idiotic,  155  were  slaves. 

Counties. — Kentucky  is  divided  into  109  counties,  viz., 
Adair.  Allen,  Anderson,  Hallard,  Barren,  liath,  lioone,  Bour- 
bon, Boyd,  Boyle,  Bracken,  Breathitt.  Breckenridge,  Bullitt, 
Butler,  Caldwell,  Calloway,  Campbell,  Carroll,  Carter, 
Casey.  Christian,  Clark,  Clay,  Clinton,  Crittenden,  Cumber- 
land, Daviess,  Edniontlson,  Estill,  Fayette,  Fleming,  Floyd, 
Franklin,  Fulton,  Gallatin,  (iarrard.  Grant,  Graves.Grayson, 
Green,  Greenup,  Hancock,  Hardin,  Harlan,  Harrison,  Hart, 
Henderson,  Henry,  Hickman,  Hojikins,  Jackson,  Jefferson, 
Jessamine.  Johnson, Ken  ton.  Knox,  La  Rue,Laurel,Lawrcnce, 
Letcher,  Lewis,  Lincoln,  Livingston,  Logan.  Lyon,  Madison, 
Magoffin,  Marion,  Marshall,  Mason.  McCracken,  .McLean. 
Meade,  Mercer,  Metcalfe,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan, 
Muhlenbnrg.  Nelson,  Nicholas,  Ohio,  Oldliam, Owen,  Owsley, 
Pendleton,  I'erry,  Pike,  Powell,  Pulaski,  Kock  Castle,Rowuii, 
Rus.'is.-ll,  Scott,  Shelby,  Simpson,  Spencer.  Ta.ylor,  Todd. 
Trigg,  Trimble,  Union,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  Web- 
ster, Whitely,  Woodford.     Capital  Frankfort. 

Cities  and  jT'imdis.— Louisville  is  the  largest  and  most 
commercial  town  in  Kentucky,  population  in  1860,  68,033, 
(in  1850, 43,194.)  The  other  most  imjiortant  towns  are  Cov- 
ington, population  10,471,  Newport  10,04H,  Lexington  9521, 
Danville  4962,  Padncali  4590.  Maysville  4106.  Frankfort  3702 
Owensboro"  230S,  Hopkinsville  2289,  Dalliisbuiv  2217.  ' 

Giivernment,  FiiKinces,  die. — The  Governor  of  Kentucky  is 
elected  by  the  people  for  four  years,  and  receives  ,'|2500  per 
annum.  The  Senate  consists  of  38  members,  elected  for  4. 
and  the  House  of  Representatives  of  100  members,  elected 
for  2  years.  The  legislature  meets  on  the  fji-st  Monday  in 
December.  The  juiiiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  court  of  appeals, 
composed  of  one  chief  and  3  associate  judges.  2.  Of  a  court 
of  chancery,  presided  over  by  a  single  chancellor;  and,  3. 
Of  12  circuit  courts.  Tlie  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals 
and  the  chancellor  each  receive  $1500  per  annum,  and  the 
circuit  judges,  $1400.  All  these  ofticers  are  elected  by  the 
people.  The  judges  of  appeals  for  8  years,  (one  every  second 
year,)  and  .of  the  circuit  courts,  for  6  years.  Kentucky  is 
entitled  to  9  members  in  the  National  House  of  Representa- 
tives, and  to  11  eleor.a-al  votes  for  Pn-.'^idcnt  of  the  U?iited 
States.  The  assessed  value  of  real  estate  in  1860,  was  $277,- 
925.054,  and  that  of  personal  estate,  $-50,2S7,KJ9.  The  pub- 
lic debt  in  October,  1862,  was  $6,205,234.  The  state  holds 
stock  in  various  road  and  navigation  improvements,  to  the 
amount  of  $t,>30,475.  In  1862-3  the  receipts  Irom  taxes 
were  $1,133,753,  on  account  of  school  fund  $J20,578.  and  on 
account  of  sinking  fund  $806,433.  Balance  iu  the  tieasury, 
October  10,  1863,  |S08,3»7.  There  were  in  this  state,  in  1S60, 
26  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $7,536,927 ;  a  circu- 
lation of  17,643,075,  and  $2,794,351  in  specie. 

Histnnj. — The  name  of  Kentucky  ("  the  dark  and  bloody 
eround")  is  an  epitome  of  her  e.trly  history,  of  her  dark  and 
Woody  conflicts  with  the  wily  and  savage  foe.  This  state 
was  formerly  included  in  thi,  territory  of  Virginia,  to  which 
it  belonged  till  1792.  It  wai  originally  explored  by  the  flir- 
famed  Daniel  Boone  (of  many  of  who.se  daring  exploits  it 
was  the  scene)  and  his  CJimpeers,  about  the  year  1769,  at  or 
near  wliich  date  Boonsburough  was  settled.  Ilarrodsburg 
was  fiunded  in  1774.  and  Lexington  a  year  or  two  after, 
probably  while  the  news  of  the  battle  of  that  name  was 
fresh  in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  its  founders.  The  first 
court  was  held  at  Ilarrodsburg  in  1777.    The  first  settlers 


KEO 

were  much  annoyed  by  the  incursions  and  attacks  of  the  In 
di.tns.  The  state  owes  its  name  not  merely  to  the  Indiar 
forays  upon  the  whites,  but  to  its  being  the  grand  battle 
ground  between  the  northern  and  southern  Indians.  There 
was  a  period  of  discontent  subsequent  to  the  Kevolution, 
and  previous  to  the  admission  of  Kentvicky  into  the  federal 
union  in  1792,  caused  partly  by  the  inefficiency  of  the  pro- 
tection afforded  by  Virginia  and  the  old  fedeial  Congress 
against  the  inroads  of  the  sa%'ages,  and  partly  by  a  distru.sf; 
lest  the  central  government  should  surrender  the  right  to 
navigate  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth.  The  most  important 
battle  ever  fought  on  the  soil  of  Kentucky  since  it  has  been 
in  the  possession  of  the  white  race,  was  that  fought  between 
the  Indians  and  the  Kentuckian.s,  on  the  19tli  of  August, 
1782,  near  the  Blue  Lick  Springs.  The  celebrated  Colonel 
Boone  bore  a  prominent  part  in  this  eng.agement.  in  which 
he  lost  a  son.  The  whites  numbered  only  182,  while  the 
savages  were  twice  or  thrice  that  number.  The  coml)at  re- 
sulted in  the  rout  of  the  Kentuckians,  and  a  loss  of  60  killed 
and  wounded.  Thus  ended  the  most  disastrous  conflict  in 
which  the  whites  had  lieen  engaged  with  the  aboiigines 
since  the  defeat  of  Braddock.  Kentucky  was  the  central 
scene  of  the  imputed  intrigues  of  Aaron  Burr  and  his 
coadjutors  to  form  a  western  republic.  The  Kentuckians, 
however,  frank  and  brave  in  character,  were  not  the  ma- 
terial from  which  to  manufacture  rebels  ;  nor  the  state  that 
gave  Henry  Clay  to  the  national  councils.  One  to  foster  dis- 
unionists.  Kentucky  was  largely  and  effectively  represented 
in  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1812,  and  in  the  more  recent 

conflicts  with  Mexico  In  1846  and  1847. Inhab.  Ken- 

TUCKi.\N,  k(^n-ttik'e-an. 

KENTUCK'YVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Pennsylvania,  174  miles  N.N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

KENT'VJLLE,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  capital  of  King's 
coiinty. 

KENTY,  kJn'tee,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  circle  of 
Wadowice,  on  the  Sola.  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cracow.    P.  3621. 

KEN'WOOU,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co..  New  York. 

KEN'WYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

KEN'YON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  with  a 
station  on  the  Warrington  and  Manchester  Railway,  2 
miles  E.  of  Newton-in-Makerfield. 

KEN'YON,  a  small  po.st-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Arkansas, 

KENYON  COLLEGE,  in  Ohio.    See  G.\miiier. 

KliNZINGEN.  kJnt/siug-gn,  a  walled  town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Eltz,  and  on  the  railway  from 
Mannheim  to  Freiburg,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Freiburg.  Pop. 
2515.     Near  it  are  the  baths  of  Kirnhalden. 

KEOCLOCH,  kee'o-kloK,  a  mountiiin  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  between  the  inlets  of  Loch  Gruinard 
and  Little  Loch  Broom. 

KE'OKUK\  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Skunk  River, 
and  its  North  and  South  Forks;  the  South  Fork  of  Engli.sh 
River  also  intersects  the  N.  part.  The  county  contains 
numerous  prairies,  alternating  with  groves  of  hai-d  timber. 
The  soil  is  productive.  A  railroad  is  nearly  completed 
through  the  county  from  Muscatine  to  Oskaloosa.  Settled 
about  1843.  Named  in  memory  of  a  noted  Indian  chief. 
Capital.  Sigoufney.     Pop.  13,271. 

KEOKUK,  a  flourishing  town  of  Iowa,  and  semi-capital 
of  Leo  county,  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  "  Lowei'  Rapids" 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  205  miles  aliove  St,  Louis,  and  lo6 
miles  below  Davenport.  It  is  at  tlie  head  of  navigation  for 
the  larger  class  of  steamers,  and  the  natural  outlet  of  the 
fertile  valley  of  the  Des  Moines,  which  is  the  most  populous 
part  of  the  state.  Two  lines  of  splendid  steam-i)ackets  com- 
municate daily  between  Keokuk  and  St.  Louis.  Th«  number 
of  steamboat  arrivals  in  1852  was  stated  to  he  795.  The 
Lower  Ra])ids  are  11  miles  in  extent,  in  the  course  of  which 
tlie  river  lias  a  fall  of  24  feet.  The  cargoes  of  vessels  navi- 
gating the  river  are  transiiipped  over  the  rapida  by  a  rail- 
way, and  then  reshipped  on  board  of  steamboats  for  their 
destination.  Keokuk  stands  on  a  basis  of  fine  limestone, 
affording  an  excellent  material  for  building.  It  contains 
the  mecUcal  department  of  the  State  University,  10  churches, 
3  academies,  a  graded  system  of  public  schools,  4  banks,  and 
a  hospital.  Two  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  pub- 
lislied  here.  The  town  contains  also  between  80  and  90 
stores,  2  steam-flouring-mills,  and  2  iron-foundries.  The  re- 
ported number  of  hogs  pticked  here,  in  1863,  was  112,000. 
Keokuk  is  tlie  S  E.  terminus  of  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Rail- 
road, which  extends  to  Des  Moines  City.  It  is  thought  to  be 
one  of  the  most  eligible  points  for  bridging  the  M issis.sippi, 
which  is  here  about  1  mile  wide.  The  river  flows  over  a 
bed  of  limestone,  and  is  bordered  by  bluffs  which  rise  ab- 
ruptly nearly  150  feet  high.  Between  these  bluffs  is  an  is- 
land 1700  feet  wide.  Population  in  1845,  460;  in  1852  it 
amounted  to  3963;  in  1860,  to  8130;  iu  Ls64, 10,735. 

KEOSAUQUA.  kee'o-saw^kwa,  a  flourishing  post-village, 
capital  of  Van  Buren  co  ,  Iowa,  on  the  loft  bank  of  the  Des 
Moines  River,  4  miles  from  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad, 
and  48  miles  N.W.  of  Keokuk.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich 
farming  district,  and  has  an  active  trade.  A  dam  has  been 
built  across  the  river,  which  is  here  about  800  feet  wide. 

969 


KEP 

'Jeosawrjna  has  3  churches,  and  mills  of  various  kinds, 
noved  by  water  and  by  steam-power.  Two  newspapers  are 
mblished  liere.     Pop.  about  lUOO. 

KEP'NKR'S,  a  postofflce  of  Schuylkill  eo..  Pennsylvania. 

KEPPRLX,  k^p'peln,  a  villaffe  of  Khenish  Prussia,  go- 
Ternment  of  Diisseldorf.  circle  of  Cleves.    Pon.  1459. 

KKP'PEL'S  ISLE,  Australia,  6  miles  off  the  N.E.  coast, 
at  the  entrance  to  Keppel  Bay.   Lat.  2VP  11'  S.,  Ion.  151°  8'  E. 

KEKAII,  kii'rd.  KHKKKIIAII,  kSrHid,  KARA  SOO,  kS'rd 
800  or  HAWEE'ZA,  (anc.  C/ina.t'pes.)  a  river  of  Persia,  rises 
in  hit.  35°  38'  N.,  Ion.  46°  40'  E.;  35  miles  below  Kerman- 
«hah  it  is  joined  by  two  large  branches — the  Mori  and 
GomasSi,  where  it  is  known  as  the  Kerah.  It  falls  into  the 
Shat-el-Arab,  at  lat.  31°  N..  after  a  course  of  about  350  miles. 

KEKASUV.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Keresoox. 

KERASUNT,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Keresoon. 

KERBELA,  k4r-bii'll\  or  JIESHED-IIOSSEIN,  mesh'ed'- 
hos'sin',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  28 
miles  N.W.  of  the  ruins  of  Babylon,  on  an  ancient  canal 
fi-om  the  Euphrates.  It  is  large,  and  appears  to  be  flourish- 
ing; principal  buildings,  the  mosque  ami  tomb  of  Hossein, 
a  son  of  Ali.  which  is  much  venerated  by  the  Persians. 

KERCKIIOVE,  kSRk'ho-vfh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  28  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Bruges.     Pop.  1454. 

KER'DISTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KEREK.'kAVSk'.  a  town  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Damascus, 
E.  of  the  Dead  Sea.  and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Jerusalem. 

KERENSK.  kA-r?nsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
91  miles  W.N.W.  of  Penza,  on  the  Vad.    Pop.  6fi84. 

KEREXZEN,  k.^Vlnt'sen.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Glarus.    Pop.  1535. 

KERE'll.\,  an  island  of  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
'Argyle.  in  the  Sound  of  Mull,  forming  the  W.  screen  of  the 
beautiful  bay  of  Oban,  about  7  miles  E.  of  the  island  of 
Mull,  to  which  there  is  a  ferry.  Length,  5  miles;  breadth, 
2  miles.  .Alexander  II.  died  here  in  1249,  when  on  his  ex- 
pedition for  the  invasion  of  the  Western  Isles,  then  under 
the  dominion  of  Norway;  and  a  few  years  later,  Haco  of 
Norway  was  met  here  by  the  island  chiefs,  who  crowded  to 
assist  him  in  his  descent  on  the  coasts  of  Scotland. 

KERESljEY,  keerz'lee,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick, 2^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Coventry.     Pop.  450. 

KERBS' WN.KERESOUX.  KERASUN,KUER.ASOON,ki- 
ra-sixin',  or  KERASUNT,  ki-rd-soonf,  (anc.  Oirlasnis.)  a  sea- 
port town  of  .\siatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  70  miles  W.  of  Tre- 
bi/.ond.  on  the  Black  Sea.  Lat.  40°  67'  10"  N.,  Ion.  3S°  22'  E. 
Pop.  3000.  (?)  It  stands  on  a  rocky  promontory,  with  a  spa- 
cious bay  on  its  E.  side.  It  h.as  a  little  ship-building,  and 
some  trade  in  corn.  Near  it  are  extensive  mines  of  rock- 
alum. 

K  ERESZTUR,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Bodrooh-Ke- 

RES7.TUR. 

KERESZTUT,  kiVVJs'toot',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
SzabolcR.  46  miles  N.  of  Debreczin. 

KERET,  k;i-r^t/.  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  W.  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  Lat.  66°  N.,  Ion.  32°  30'  E.  It  is  about 
20  miles  long  by  about  9  miles  broad,  and  contains  a  large 
island. 

KERGUELEN(kerg'e-len;  Fr.  pron.  k^RVa-I^No',)  LAND, 
or  ISLAND  OP  Dli.SOLATION,  an  island  "of  the  Indi.in 
Ocean,  its  S.  point,  Cape  St.  George,  being  in  lat.  49°  54'  S.. 
Ion.  70°  10'  K.  Length,  about  100  miles ;  greatest  breadth. 
50  miles.  It  is  of  primary  formation,  sterile,  or  covered 
with  moss,  and  inhabited  only  by  seals  and  numerous  wild 
fowl.  Discovered  by  Kerguelen,  a  French  navigator,  about 
the  year  1772. 

KEKIIONK'SON,  a  post-village  of  Ul.ster  co..  New  York. 

KERlS'or  KIRIS/,a  village  of  Bulti,  or  Little  Thibet,  just 
above  the  junction  of  the  Shayook  and  Indus,  89  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Serinau'ur. 

KEKKA,  kjR'ka,  TIZIO,  teed'ze-o,  (anc,  Titiw?)  a  river  of 
Dalmjitia,  enters  the  Adriatic,  a  little  below  Sebenico,  after 
a  S,  course  of  60  miles.  Below  its  foils,  it  is  navigable  for 
large  coasting  vessels. 

KERKESIAII.  kJr-ke-see'ah,  or  KALNEII,  kSl'neh.  an 
ancient  town  of  Mesopotamia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Kha- 
boor  with  the  Euphrates,  lat,  35°  25'  N, 

KERKllAII,  a  river  of  i'ersia.     See  Kerah. 

KEli'KINIirKAIl'KENAH.(anc.ttrCTna,)  an  island  group 
of  the  Mediterranean,  belonging'to  Tunis,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Cabes,  the  principal  island  being  150  miles  S  S.E.  of  Tunis. 
Though  rocky  and  sterile,  some  are  inhabited,  and  on  the 
largest  are  several  villages,  and  a  castle. 

KERKIMT,  ker-ke-nit/,  or  KEKKINET  (kJr-ke-nJf,) 
■9ULF  OF,  (anc.  Onrcinetis  Sinusf)  an  inlet  of  the  Black 
Sea,  on  the  N.W.  side  of  the  Crimea, 

KI-MtKlT-Cnil-TLlK.  ki^r^keef-chift'Ieek',  a  market-town 
of  Turkhh  Armenia  p-(sh,ili'-.  and  S6  miles  W.  of  Erzroom, 

KERKODK.  KKKKUK  kSr'kook',or  KIR'KOOK',  a  town 
of  Turkish  Koordistan.  pashalic,  and  155  miles  N.  of  Bagdad. 

KKKKRADE.  ki^uk'rj-deh.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  himburg.  16  miles  E.of  Mjvastricht.     Pop.  560, 

KEKK.XKEN.  kjuks'kgn,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  1327. 
870 


KER 

KERLOTT.AN,  kSR'loo-S.N"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Finistdre,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Brest.     Pop.  3362. 

KEUMADLe'ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  consist  of 
Macaiilay  Island,  (lat,  36°  16'  S.,  Ion.  178°  32'  W.,)  Curtis 
Island,  and  some  rocks.  * 

KERMAN  or  KIRM.^N,  kir-min',  (.inc.  Otramahiia  or 
Karama'nia,)  a  province  of  Persi.^,  mostly  between  lat.  26° 
and  31°  N.,  and  Ion.  55°  and  m°  E..  having  S.  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  landward  the  provinces  of  Laristan,  Ears,  and  Yezd, 
with  M'est  Afghanistan  and  Beloochistan .  Estimated  area, 
about  65,000  square  miles.  Pop.  stated  to  lie  under  600.000. 
Surface  mostly  mountainous  and  barren,  the  irrigation  beinz 
almost  wholly  artificial;  climate  unhealthy.  The  E.  coast 
line,  called  Moghistan,  or  Maghistan,  lielongs  to  the  Muscat 
dominion,  and  comprises  the  ttiwns  Gombroon  atvi  Jask, 
elsewhere  the  principal  towns  are  Kerman,  Krook,  and 
Nuheemabad, 

KERMAN,  GHIRD.TAN  or  SER.TAN,  (anc,  Cmnava.)  a 
fortified  city,  cipital  of  the  province  of  Kerman,  lat.  2i»°  48' N., 
Ion,  56°  30' E,  Pop.  estimated  at  30.000.  It  stands  in  a 
plain,  commanded  by  two  hill-forts,  and  has  a  citadel,  and 
various  fine  buildings.  It  was  formerly  very  flourishing, 
and  its  inhabitants  still  manufacture  a  good  many  common 
shawls,  carpets,  and  matchlocks. 

KERM.4NIA,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkev.    See  Marash. 

KERMANSHAH,  KIRMANSIIAII  ke"r'min'sha',orKER- 
JIISIN,  kSr'me^een',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak- 
Ajemee,  occupying  two  or  three  small  hills  at  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  a  broad  plain,  near  the  right  l)ank  of  the  Kerah, 
280  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Teheran.  Lat."  34°  30'  N.,  Ion,  46°  37' 
E,  It  is  surrounded  by  an  earthen  wall  nearly  3  miles  in 
circumference,  and  has  five  gates.  The  routes  from  Bag- 
dad. Shooster  in  the  de.sert,  Ispahan,  by  w.ay  of  Ilamadan, 
and  Sulelmaneeyeh,  all  meeting  here,  make  it  the  entrepot 
of  considerable  traflRc.  Numerous  funerals,  consisting  of 
the  fiiends  bearing  the  embalmed  bodies  of  relatives  to  be 
entombed  In  the  sacred  district  of  Kerbela,  pass  through  the 
town.     Pop.  In  1834,  35,000, 

KER'NERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  co.,  North 
Ctirolina,  110  miles  W,N.W,  of  Raleigh. 

KER'NEYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  .Jefferson  co.  Virginia. 

KERN  LAKE,  (sometimes  called  UPPER  TULE  LAKE,) 
of  Tvilare  CO.,  California,  is  situated  in  about  35°  10'  N,  lat,, 
and  119°  20'  W.  Ion,  Its  length  is  said  to  be  about  15  miles, 
by  8  miles  wide.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Kern  River,  and 
its  outlet  communicates  with  Tule  Lake. 

KERN  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Jtulare  co..  California,  \,v\ 
rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  flowing  in  a  S.W,  course, 
falls  into  Kern  Lake. 

KERNS,  ktans,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Unterwalden,  1  mile  N.E.  of   Sarnen.     Pop.  2292. 

KERNS'PORT,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co„  Pennsylvania, 
68  miles  N.N,W.  of  Philadelphia.  Slate-quarries  have  been 
opened  in  this  vicinity.     Pop.  about  200. 

KERNS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 105  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ilarrislmrg. 

KERNUK,  kte''nook'(?)  a  town  of  Centr.al  Africa,  capital 
of  the  territory  of  Loggun,  on  the  S.  side  of  Lake  Tchad. 
Pop.,  according  to  Clapperton,  15.000. 

KEROON  or  KEROUN.    See  MffiRis.  Lake, 

KERPEN,  k^R'pen,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  13  miles 
S.W.  of  Cologne.     Pop.  2540. 

KERR'S  CREEK,a  pos^office  of  Rockbridge  co..  A'irginia. 

KERR'S  STORE,  a  post-otiice  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KER'RY,  a  maritime  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ireland, 
in  Munster,  having  N.  the  estuary  of  the  Sh.annon,  Area, 
1,186.126  acres,  of  which  upwards  of  400,000  are  arable, 
13,000  wood,  and  700.000  uncultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  238,239, 
a  large  proportion  of  whom  speak  only  the  Irish  tongue.  Sur- 
face extremely  wild,  rugged,  and  mountainous.  Macgilli- 
cuddy  Reeks,  the  loftiest  mountains  in  Ireland,  are  in  this 
county.  Co!v.«t  line  deeply  indented  with  bays,  of  which  Tra- 
lee,  Diniile.  and  Kenmare  are  the  chief.  Dunmore  Head,  be- 
tween the  two  former,  is  the  most  westerly  land  in  Ireland. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Feale,  Maine,  Laune  or  Lane,  and 
Roughty,  Lakes  comprise  tho.se  of  Killarney.  Carra.  and 
Currane.  Soil  mostly  inferior,  except  in  the  central  low- 
lands, where  it  is  a  rich  loam,  resting  on  limestone.  The 
arbutus  and  other  plants,  commonly  considered  exotic,  are 
here  indigenous,  .\griculture  is  very  backward.  Chief 
crops,  potatoes,  wheat,  and  barley,  the  former  of  which  is 
alone  consumed  by  the  producers,  who  are  in  general  mise- 
rably poor  and  wretchedly  hou.-*ed.  Numerous  gosts  and 
small  Irish  cattle  are  pastured  in  the  uiountaini,  and  a 
larger  English  cross-breed  in  tlie  v.ales.  Kerry  is  divided 
into  8  baronies,  and  83  parishes,  in  the  diocese  of  Ardfert. 
Chief  towns,  Tralee,  (the  capital.)  Killarney,  Dingle,  hnd 
Kenmare.  The  county  sends  2  memlnMS  to  the  Iloust  of 
Commons,  and  the  borough  of  Tralee.  1  member,  it  was 
made  a  shire  by  King  .John,  in  1210,  and  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  Mai-quis  of  Lansdown,  one  of  its  principal 
land-owners, 

KER'UY  or  CERI,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Sfont 
gomery,  2i  miles  E.S.E.  of  Newton.  Pop.  2104.  The  v>  LljU 
is  situated  in  the  beautiful  Tale  of  Kerry. 


^ 


KER 


KEY 


KEIVRT-UEAD,  a  lofty  promontory  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster,  "O.  of  Kerry,  S.  of  the  entrance  to  the  Shannon. 

KERS  A II,  a  Tillage  of  Arabia.     See  Fartash. 

KER/SEY,  a  p.-vrish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
KEK'SEY'S.  a  post-office  of  Elk  co.,  I'ennsylTania,  165 
miles  X.VV.  of  llarrisburg. 

KKU'SIIAW,  a  district  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  South 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  7oG  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Wateree  River,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Lynche's 
Creek,  and  also  drained  by  Little  Lynche's,  Rice,  and  Pine- 
tree  Creeks.  The  surface  is  moderately  hilly:  the  soil  in 
some  parts  productive.  A  railmad  has  lately  been  opened 
from  Camden  to  the  Columbia  Hranch  Railroiid.  Named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  Joseph  Kershaw,  of  South  Carolina.  Capi- 
tiil,  Camden.  Pop.  l3,0Sb,  of  whom  524d  were  free,  and 
7841  slaves. 
KERSKO,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Gubkfeid. 

KERS/WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KKRTCII,  k^Rch.  (anc.  Panticapm'um.)  a  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  Crimea,  on  a  tonsjUB  of  land  forming  a  peninsula  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  Strait  of  Yenikale,  connecting  the  Sea 
of  .\znf  with  the  lilack  Sea,  130  miles  E.N.E.  of  Simferopol. 
L:it.  45°  20'  N.,  Ion.  30°  28'  E.  In  1827,  it  was  declared  a  free 
port,  and  an  extensive  lazaretto  w.as  built,  at  which  all  ves- 
sels coming  by  the  Rlack  Sea,  perform  quarantine.  The 
number  of  vessels  which  touch  at  it  in  passing  out  of  the 
Sea  of  Azo£  averages  800  annually;  and  the  number  of 
coasting  vessels  is  from  500  to  tiOO.  Its  site  is  that  of  the 
ancient  Panticapseum,  the  residence  and  burial-place  of 
Mithridates.  The  modern  town  is  of  very  recent  existence, 
and  has  risen  up  as  if  by  magic.  I'op.  in  1834,  3000 ;  in 
1853,  about  10,000. 

KERVEN.  kSn/ven.  a  vill.age  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Cologne,  circle  of  Bergheim.     Pop.  1920. 

KEKVENIIKIiM,  k^i!/ven-hlme\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Niers,  about  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cleves.     Pop.  (iOO. 

KKKVKiXAC,  kJR*veen*ySk',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  '\Iorbihan,  IS  miles  E.  of  L'Orieut.    Pop.  2564. 

K K I! ZEII.     See  G iierzrh. 

KKRZERS.  kftRt/sers.  (Fr.  CliMren.  shee-AtV.)  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  11  miles  N.  of  Freyburg.  It  is  a 
very  anciont  place,  and  is  supposed  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  the  Latin  word  Caroriis,  (" pri-sons.")     Pop.  1003. 

KES.\KIAII.  a  city  of  AsiJi  Minor.     See  Kaisareeteh. 

KHS'GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KESHAN.  k.Vshan'.  KISIIAN.  kish'^n'.  or  RUSKOI,  rftsV 
Koi'.  a  walled  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Eleo,  26 
miles  N.  of  Gallipoli,  has  about  000  houses,  and  a  thriving 
trade. 

KESIIIN,  kJsh'een',  or  KESIIEIN,  keh'shin',  a  maritime 
Tillage  of  Arabia,  on  its  S.K.  coast,  35  miles  S.W.of  Cape  Far- 
tak.  Though  the  eipital  of  tho  Mahrah  chief,  it  is  a  mise- 
rable place,  with  only  a  few  stone  houses.    Pop.  400. 

K-'-^SlIO.  a  city  of  Tonquin.    See  Ketcho. 

KESJIARK  or  KASMARK,  (KSsmark,)  k^^maRk,  (Ger. 
Kaisersniarht,  kI'zers-maBkt\)  a  free  town  of  North  Hungary, 
circle  of  Zips,  on  the  Poprad,  125  miles  N.H  of  Pesth.  Pop. 
42oi>.  of  whom  2600  are  Protestants.  It  is  enclosed  by  old 
walls,  entered  by  three  gates,  and  has  a  large  tower,  built  by 
the  Emperor  Sigismund  in  14:J3;  a  town-hall,  a  Roman  Ca- 
tholic church,  and  high  school,  Protestant  gymnasium,  and 
a  ruined  castle. 

KKSSEL,  kjs'sel,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Liniburg.  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Roermonde.  Pop.  1091. 

Ki:SSKL-BASlII-XOR,  kfe'sel-bi(/shee-nor.  a  lake  of  Chi- 
nese Toorkistan,  near  the  sources  of  the  Irtish  Kiver,  in  lat. 
40°  30'  N.,  Ion.  87°  E.  Length,  nearly  80  miles :  greatest 
breadth,  25  miles.  It  receives  a  considerable  river,  but 
has  no  efflux  for  its  watei-s. 

KKSSKL-LOO,  kJs'sel  16.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,. on  an  affluent  of  the  Dyle,  15  miles  E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1801. 

KESSELSDORF,  kJs'sels-donr,  (Oder,  onser,  and  Nieder, 
nee'der.)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussi.t,  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz.  Here  the  Prussians  conquered  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1745.     Pop.  832. 

KESSELSTADT.  kfe'sel-8tiltt\  a  vill.aae  of  Ilesse-Cassel.  1 
mile  W.  of  llanau,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Main.   Pop.  615. 

KESSKNICH,  k^s'seh-nlK*.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
Tince  of  Limbourg,  on  the  Meuse,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Ilasselt. 
Pop.  1057. 

KESSIXG,  Maliiy  Archipel.ago.    SeeKEPFiNO. 

KES'.SINGLAXI),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KESS'LER'S,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vanii. 

Ki:.«TEREX,  kJs'tA-ren,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
Tince  of  Gelderland,  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nymwegen.     P.  552. 

KESTEVEX.  Parts  of.  a  sulnlivision.of  the  English  co. 
ot  Lincoln,  forming  its  S.W.  part.  Area,  445,560  acres.  Pop. 
02.359. 

KKSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  4i  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Bromley.  Holwood  Hill,  the  seat  of  the  late  Mr.  Pitt, 
occuiiies  the  site  of  a  strong  Roman  station,  supposed  to 
havt'  been  JViviomagus. 

KESWICK,  ksz/wik  or  kiz/ik,  a  market-town  of  Eugland, 


CO.  of  Cumberland,  on  the  Greta,  between  the  foot  of  Pkiddaw 
Mountain  and  the  N.  end  of  Lake  Derwentwater.  24  miles 
S.SAV.  of  Carlisle.  Pop.  in  1S51,  2618.  It  is  well  built  of 
stone,  has  an  elegant  modern  church,  a  town-hall.^ree  school 
work-house,  2  museums,  chieHy  of  minerals,  several  good 
hotels,  manufactures  of  linsoy-woolseys.  and  black-lead  pen- 
cils. The  potting  of  char,  taken  in  the  lakes,  is  also  a  con 
siderable  business;  but  the  chief  dependence  of  this  capital 
of  the  lake  district  is  on  the  crowd  of  tourists  who  make  it 
their  head-quarters.  The  scenery  around  is  scarcely  equalled 
elsewhere  in  England. 

KESWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KESWICK,  EAST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
AVest  Riding. 

KESZXITZ,  kSss'nits.  or  KESZINTZ.  k?ss'ints',  a  village 
of  Hungary,  in  Banat,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Temesvar.     P.  2875. 

KESZTliELY,  kfefhSI',  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Szalad,  near  the  W.  extremity  of  I..ake  Balatony,  96 
miles  S.  of  Presburg.  Pop.  7410.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths,  fisherie.s.  a  trade  in  wine,  and  a  noble  resi- 
dence Iwlonging  to  Count  George  Festetics.  who  has  founded 
here  an  extensive  school  of  agriculture  and  domestic  hus- 
bandry, termed  the  Genrgiccm,  with  a  gymnasium. 

KET,  kSt,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yeniseisk,  about  lat.  58°  N..  flows  W.N. W.,  and  joins 
the  right  bank  of  the  Obi  about  18  miles  above  Narym.  after 
a  course  of  above  500  miles. 

K  ETA,  k.i't3,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yeniseisk,  in  lat.  68°  N.,  and  Ion.  95°  E.,  flows 
N.X.E.,  and  joins  the  left  bank  of  the  Khatanga  after  a 
course  of  nearly  300  miles. 

KETCH'AM'S  CORNERS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Saratoga  co., 
New  York. 

KETCHO.  kfch'5\  KESHW  or  CACHAO,  katch^^'o,  writ- 
ten also  KECHO,  CACIIEO,  and  BAKTHIAX,  lidk-te-dn', 
the  largest  city  of  Anam.  in  South-east  Asia,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Tonquin,  on  the  Tonquin  River,  about  95  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Pop.  100,000.  (?)  It  isof  great  extent,  defend- 
ed by  a  bamboo  stockade.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  paved; 
the  hou.ses  mostly  of  mud  and  timber.  The  public  edifices 
comprise  one  royal  palace,  and  the  ruins  of  another,  which 
appears  to  have  been  of  vast  extent.  Though  its  river  is  navi- 
gable only  for  small  vessels,  it  has  a  considerable  trade.  The 
chief  exports  are  bullion,  fine  silks,  and  lacquered  wares; 
the  imports,  long-cloths,  chintzes,  pepper,  arms,  and  Indian 
and  European  manufactures.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of 
Engli.sh  and  Dutch  factories. 

K  ETCH'UM,  of  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Great  Western 
Railroad.  13  miles  from  Springfield. 

KETCIl'UJIVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania. 

KETEGYHAZA,  k.VtJj'hS'zflV,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co 
of  Bekes,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Csaba.     Pop.  3163. 

KETEMBER,  one  of  the  Key  Isl.\nds. 

KETIIELY,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Mannersdorp. 

KKT'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

KETOY,  kil-toy'.  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands.  Lat.  of  the 
S.  extremity,  47°  17'  30"  N.,  Ion.  152°  24'  E.  It  is  mountain- 
ous, and  about  8  miles  in  circumference. 

KETRZ,  a  tflwn  of  Russia.    See  Katscher. 

KETS.\,  kJfshOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Banat,  co.  of 
Torontal.  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  2482. 

KETSKEMET,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Kecskemet. 

KKT'TERIXG,  a  market^own  and  p.arish  of  Ensrland,  co., 
and  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Northampton.  Pop.  in  1851,  5198, 
employed  in  weaving  silk,  plush,  and  wool  combing. 

KET'TEKIXGHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KET'TIXS.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

KET'TLE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

KETTLEBAS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KETTLEBURGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KETTLE  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  West 
Bmnch  of  the  Susquehanita  in  Clinton  county. 

KETTLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

KETTLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ware  co.,  Georgi.i. 

KETTLESTON.  a  parish  of  Engl.-md.  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

KETTLETHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KE'TTLEWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

KET/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

KETTWIG.  kStt/#io,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  2700. 

KKTURIN  LOCH,  a  lake  of  Scotland.    See  Katrixe  Loch. 

KETZELSDORF.  kJts'els-donr,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  30 
miles  S.E.  of  Chrudim.     Pop.  1521. 

KETZELSDORF.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  27  miles  N.  of 
Kiiniggratz.     Pop.  1236. 

KEULA.  koild.  or  GROSS  KEULA.  groce  koill.  a  market- 
town  of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  about  18  miles  E.  of 
Heiligenstadt.     Pop.  910. 

KEVASHIXSK',  a  village  of  Siberia,  government,  and 
about  220  miles  N.  of  Tobolsk,  on  the  E.  side  of  a  large 
island  firmed  by  the  Obi.  It  is  inhabited  by  Ostiaks,  who 
live  by  fishing  and  the  chase. 

KEVELAER  or  KE VELAR,  (Keveliir,)  ki/veh-MR\  a  town 

971 


KEV 


KHA 


irf'  Kheiiish  Prussia,  31  miles  N.W.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  tlie 
Niers.     Pop.  1320. 

KKVEXI,LEECE  or  CEFYNLLYS,  kh-huUhleece,  a.  parisli 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Kadnor. 

KEW.  ku.  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co  of  Surrey, 
on  the  Thames,  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge  connecting  it 
with  Brentford,  7  miles  W.of  London.  Thp  village  is  mostly 
built  around  a  green,  and  has  many  handsome  mansions, 
including  a  royal  palace,  once  the  favorite  residence  of 
George  III.,  and  moie  recently  of  the  King  of  Hanover.  It 
is  surrounded  by  ornamental  grounds,  covering  120  acres, 
and  containing  a  pagoda  16.3  feet  in  height.  The  botanical 
garden.  pos.sesBing  one  of  the  most  celebrated  collections  of 
plants  in  Europe,  is  kept  up  at.  the  national  cost,  and  is 
open  to  the  public.  The  palm-house  is  unrivalled,  being  300 
feet  by  90. 

KEWAUXA,  ke-WiVna,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  CO.,  Indiana. 

KEWAU.VEE,  ke-w4'nee,  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows 
through  Kewaunee  co.  into  Lake  Michigan. 

KEWAUNEE,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
bordering  on  Lake  Michigan,  contains  atiout  4(30  siiuare 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Kewaunee  and  lied  Rivers,  and  by 
Benton's  Creek  Vormed  in  1852,  out  of  the  S.  part  of  Door 
county.    Ciipit:il.  Kewannee.     Pop.  55^0. 

KKWAU.NEE.  Wisconsin.    See  Appendix. 

KEWEKXAW  (ke-wee/n.aw)  BAY,  Lake  Superior,  is  situ- 
ated S.E.  of  ICeweenaw  Point.  Length,  about  30  miles;  great- 
est breadth,  10  or  12  miles. 

KEWEENAW  BAY,  a  postK)ffice,  Houghton  co.,  Michigan. 

KKWEENAW  POINT,  a  peninsula  in  the  N.  part  of  .Michi- 
gan, intersected  by  the  4:7th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  and  the 
meridian  of  88°  30' W.  longitude.  Length,  near  70  miles; 
breadth,  varying  from  5  to  30  miles.  .\rea.  estimated  at  1000 
square  miles.  This  peninsula  is  well  w.itered,  and  is  gene- 
rally very  fertile.  It  abounds  in  copper,  iron,  and  other 
minerals.  The  copper  is  mostly  found  native,  and  some- 
times in  masses  weighing  several  hundred  pounds. 

KEW'STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on 
the  Bristol  Channel,  8  miles  N.W.  of  .\xbridge.  It  has 
the  remains  of  a  priorv,  founded  by  William  de  Courtenay 
in  1210. 

KEX'BOROUGII,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork, 
West  Riding. 

KEXIIOLM,  kSx'holm,  a  town  of  Finland,  Isen,  and  50 
miles  N.E.  of  Viborg,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Ladoga. 
Pop.  2000. 

KEY  or  KI,  ki,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, about  50  miles  W.  of  the  Arroo  Islands,  in  lat.  5°  30' 
S.,  Ion.  128°  E.  Great  Key  is  covered  with  mountains,  which 
attain  the  height  of  3000  feet.  Little  Key  is  comparatively 
low,  and  surrounded  by  extensive  shoals.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  former  profess  Mohammedanism ;  those  of  the  latter 
are  composed  of  a  mixture  of  races — emigrants  from  Ceram, 
fU'-'itives  from  Banda.  JIalay.s,  &e. 

KKY.  a  river  of  S.  Africa, enters  the  sea,  near  28°  E.  Ion. 

KEYINOIIAM  or  KAYINGIIAM,  kd/ing-am,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  York.  East  liiding. 

KEYKRA.  kl'kra,  a  town  of  North-west  Ilindostan,  Bri- 
tish dnminions.  district,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Ajmeer. 

KEYMKR,  ki'mer.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.«sex.  2J 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilurst-Pier-point.  The  branch  of  the  South 
Coast  Railway  to  Lewes,  here  leaves  the  London  and  Brighton 
line. 

KEYNSII.\M,  kin'sham,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  15  arches,  and  on  the  Great  Wentern  Railway, 
where  it  emerges  from  a  tunnel  101 2  yards  in  length,  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Bristol.     Pop.  in  1851.  2318. 

KEYNSn'ON-TAR/RANT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset. 

KEY'PORT,  a  flourishing  post>village  of  Monmouth  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  Raritan  Bay,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  New  York. 
It  has  2  i-hii)-yards.  and  carries  on  an  active  freighting  trade 
with  New  York.  It  contains)  5  cliurches,  and  an  academy, 
and  is  largely  engagtHl  in  the  ovster  business. 

KEYS,  (keez.)  or  CAYS.  The, "(from  the  Spanish  Cayo.  ki'o, 
a  "  rocky  islet,")  are  the  islets  and  reefs  along  the  shores  of 
Honduras.  Central  America,  and  in  otlier  parts  of  the  West 
Indies ;  the  principal  being  the  Great  Kfey.  Bahama,  in  lat. 
•  21° 45'  N.,  Ion.  71° 40'  W.  See  ICe?  We.st,  Florida  Reefs,  and 
the  several  names  with  the  prefix  Cays. 

KEYS'BUKG.  a  post-village  in  Logan  co.,  Kentucky,  1(50 
miles  .\.W.  of  Frankfort. 

Ki-;YSBURG,  a  post-village  in  Pike  co.,  Illinois.  77  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Springtield. 

KEY'SOE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

ICEYS'PORT,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Kaskaskia  River,  12  miles  above  Carlyle. 

K  KY.S'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

KEYi^TONK.  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  I'ennsvlvania. 

KEY.STONK  FUKXACK.  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Scioto  and 
Hocking  Valley  Railroad,  5  miles  from  .Jackson, 

K  i: Y.-'V I LLE,  of  Virginiii.  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and 
Danville  Railroad.  75  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

K  K  YS7.D  or  K  Kl'^ZD,  kissd,  a  market-town  in  Transylva- 
nia, J  7  m  lies  \ .  W .  of  K  ronstadt.    Pop.  4900 
»72 


KEYTESVILLE,  keets'vill,  a  post-village  and  township 
capital  of  Chariton  co.,  Missouri,  on  Wolf  Creek,  a  few  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Chariton  River.  91  miles  N.W.  of  Jef- 
fer.son  City.  It  has  a  court-house  and  several  stores.  Total 
population,  1752. 

KEYTON,  kfton',  a  town  of  North-west  Hiudostan,  do- 
minions, and  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kotah. 

KEY  WEST,  the  most  western  of  the  Pine  Islands,  about 
60  miles  S.W.  of  Cape  Sable.  Florida.  It  is  4  miles  long,  by 
1  mile  wide,  and  elevated  not  more  than  20  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  of  coral  formation,  with  little  avail- 
able soil.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  •'  Cayo  Hucso,''  (kl'o 
■wi'so.)  or  "  Bone  Key,"  and  has  no  relation  to  the  position 
of  the  island,  which  is  not  the  most  western  of  the  reef.  On 
W'hitehead's  Point,  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  island,  is  a 
fixed  light,  83i  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  24°  32' 
6S".\..  Ion.  81°4S'7'W. 

KEY  WEST  CITY,  a  port  of  entry  and  capital  of  Moni-oe 
CO.,  Florida,  on  the  above  island,  in  lat.  24°33'N.  Ion.,  81° 40' 
W.  It  Is  the  most  populous  town  of  the  state,  and  occu- 
pies an  important  position  as  the  key  to  the  Florida  I'ass  .and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  town  is  laid  out  with  streets  50 
feet  wide,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  It  contains 
Episcopal,  Jlelhodist.  Baptist,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches, 
5  schools,  26  stores,  and  10  warehouses  The  marine  hr.spital 
is  a  fine  building.  100  feet  long  by  45  feet  wide.  The  princi- 
pal business  of  Key  West  is  derivtd  from  the  salvages  and 
other  perquisites  of  wrecked  vessels,  which  amount  to  about 
S200.000  annually.  This  business  is  not,  as  some  suppose,  a 
species  of  piracy,  but  is  conducted  under  equitalile  rules,  for 
the  mutual  benefit  of  the  parties.  From  .30  to  60  vessels  are 
usually  wrecked  every  ye.ar  in  this  vicinity.  The  harbor  is 
capacious,  safe,  and  easily  accessible  for  ships  of  22  feet 
draught.  Its  entrance  is  defended  by  Fort  Taylor,  a  large 
and  very  costly  structure.  Key  West  is  a  military  station 
of  the  United  States.  The  shipping  of  the  port,  .Tune  30, 
1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  4081  tons  registered,  and 
2157  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  The  foreign  arrivals  for 
the  year  were  lol,  (tons,  25.617,)  of  which  81  (tons,  24,171) 
were  by  American  vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports 
were  80.  (tons,  7361.)  of  which  6884  were  in  American  bot- 
toms. The  Charleston  and  Havana  steamer  touches  at  this 
port  once  a  week,  which  is  the  only  regular  communication 
with  the  mainland.  About  .30,000  bushels  of  salt  are  made 
annually  in  the  island  by  solar  evaporation,  and  sponges  are 
procured  and  exported  in  large  qu.intities.  First  settled  in 
1822.  It  has  650  houses.  Pop.  2832. 
KEY'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 
KEZ.\NLlk,  a  town  of  Turkey.  See  Ivasaxlik. 
KE'ZAR'S  FALLS,  a  post-offlce  of  York  co..  Maine. 
KEZDI-VASARHELY,  k^z'deeV^-shaR'hSI'.  a  market- 
town  of  Tran.sylvania,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Kronstadt.  P.  2739. 
KEZD-SZA.\Z,  k^zd-slz.  a  market-town  of  Transylvania, 
4  miles  S.E.  of  Segesvar."  Pop.  4900. 

KHABOOH.KHABOUR.  KHABURorCHABUR.K.^'boor', 
(anc.  GliaWras  and  Almr'rlias.)  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
flows  S.  througlj  Mesopotamia,  and  joins  the  IJuphrates  at 
Kerkesiah.  after  a  course  estimated  at  190  miles. 

KHABOrni,  KUABOUR  or  KHAKUR,  a  river  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  flows  S..  and  joins  the  Tigris  65  miles  N.W.  of  .Mo- 
sul.   Length.  50  miles. 

KH.\BS.  a  town.of  Tunis.  See  Cahes. 
KHADARAH  or  lUIADRAH.  Kt,  U  Kad'a  r^  or  KSd/rJ,  a 
town  of  .\lgiers.  near  the  river  Shelliff.  96  miles  E.  of  Gran. 
KHAFALOON.  IvHAFALOUN.  kd-fd-loon'.  or  KHAPALU, 
kipS-loo',  a  town  of  West  Thibet,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Shayook  and  I^eh  liivers.  90  miles  N.W.  of  lieh.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  rajah.ship,  having  about  12.000  inhabitants,  be- 
tween the  uominions  of  Ladakh  and  Little  Thiliet. 

KH.\IBAR,  krbaR/.  a  town  of  Arabia,  province  of  Hejaz, 
100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Medina,  and  capital  of  an  independent 
.Tewish  territory.  It  was  captured  in  628  by  Mohammed, 
who  here,  it  is  said,  received  from  a  Jewess  the  poisoned  egg 
which  ultimatt'lv  cost  him  his  life. 
KHAI-FUNG,  a  citv  of  China.  See  Kai-funo. 
KHAI-HOA  or  CAI-HOA.  kl-ho'S,  a  city  of  Chin.a.  province 
of  Yun-nan,  capital  of  a  dep-irtment,  near  the  Tonquin  fron- 
tier, in  lat.  23°  24'  30"  N..  Ion.  104°  21'  E. 

KlIAIRABAD,  krri-bjd'.  a  village  of  the  Punj.ab,  on  the 
Indus,  opposite  Attock,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
bridge  of  lx)ats,  35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Peshawer.  It  has  a  mud 
fort,  and  an  aqueduct  for  irrigation. 

KIlALETSE.'a  villace  of  Central  Asia.  See  Kui.iiTzi. 
KlIALKAS  or  KALK  AS,  (kirkd-s/)  COUNTRY,  the  N.  part 
of  Mongolia,  Chinese  Empire,  extending  from  the  .\ltai.  in 
Ion. 90°  to  112°  E..  and  between  lat.  47°  and  53°  N.,  h.iving  N. 
Siberia,  and  W.  Chine.se  Toorkistan.  The  surface  is  in  jireat 
part  mountainous :  elsewhere  consisting  of  vast  plains  and 
steppes,  over  which  the  Tartar  tribes  wander  with  their 
herds;  in  the  S.  it  comprises  a  part  of  the  great  de.se rt  ot 
Gobi.  The  Yenisei.  Selenga.  Orkhon,  and  other  large  tlvers 
rise  in  this  region,  which  also  contains  many  large  lakes,  the 
principal  lieing  theOolisa  Nor.  It  is  divided  into  4  khana*.s, 
governed  by  native  chiefs,  tributary  to  the  Chinese  since 
the  eighteenth  century,  when  the  aid  of  the  latter  was  called 


KHA 


KHE 


In  to  repel  the  invasions  of  the  Eleuthl.  Capital  city,  Oorja. 
The  inhabitants  are  Mongol  Tartars,  and  ot  the  Boodhic 
faith.     This  was  the  native  country  of  Jen^rhis  Klian. 

KH.VLKI,  kil'kee.  or  COi''PKIl  ISLAND,  one  of  the 
Princes  Islands  in  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Con- 
stantinople, with  an  ancient  copper-mine  and  a  Greek 
colU'^'e.  It  is  resorted  to  by  visitors  from  the  adjacent 
coasts. 

KIIAMIL  or  CIIAMIL,  Ki'meeU,  written  also  IIAMI,  h.^'- 
mee',  a  city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  lat.  42"  30'  N.,  Ion.  93° 
40' E..  ill  a  fertile  and  well-cultivated  ret;i(m,  with  a  garrison 
of  1(1110  men.    It  is  the  centre  of  a  large  trade. 

KlIAMlIt,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Kameeb. 

K11ANA-1-I!AD,  kd^nd-ee-bSd',  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  12 
miles  S.IO.  of  Khoondooz.     Lat.  3«°  20'  N.,  Ion.  69°  38'  E. 

KICANDKISII.  a  province  of  Ilindostan.     See  Candeisfi. 

KUAXDUTCIIA,  kdn.-doo'cha,  or  KA.N'DUGA  (?)  a  river 
of  Asiatic  llussia,  government  of  Okhotsk,  joins  the  Aldau 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  above  100  miles. 

KIIAXGUIt,  kin-gdr',  two  villages  of  the  Punjab,  between 
the  Chenaub  and  Indus  Rivers,  respectively  20  and  70  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Mooltan. 

KH.AXGURII,  kiln-gilr',  a  village  in  the  Indian  Desert, 
dominion,  and  <)6  miles  S.  of  liha wl poor. 

KIIANIIAIIjA,  kdn-hi'li,  a  considerable  town  of  North- 
west lliiulostan,  dominion,  and  55  miles  S.W.  of  Bhawlpoor. 

KII.VN  1  A,  Kd-nee'a.  or  CANE'A.  (anc.  C//t/</«ta,  .sometimes 
Ciidofnu.)  a  fortified  seaport,  and  the  principal  commercial 
town  of  Crete,  cipital  of  a  province,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the 
island.  64  miles  W.N.W.  of  Candia.  Pop.  8000,  of  whom 
about  oOut)  are  Mohammedans,  and  1000  fireign  Greeks.  Its 
fortifications,  built  by  the  Venetians,  are  inferior  to  tho.»e 
of  C'aiidi.u  but  its  port  is  the  best  in  Crete,  and  capable  of 
holding  many  vessels  of  300  tons;  it  is  formed  by  a  mole  1200 
feet  long,  with  a  light-house  at  its  extremity, opposite  a  fort 
defending  the  harlx)r.  It  has  an  arsenal,  docks,  Venetian 
galley-vaults,  a  small  lazaretto,  and  soap  factories.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  ])rovincial  council  and  governor,  a  Greek  bishop's 
see.  HuJ  the  residence  of  several  European  consuls. 

KlIAMvA,  kdn'kd,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  in  Indepen- 
dent Toorkistan,  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Khiva,  on  the  Jyhoon. 
It  consists  of  about  350  houses,  enclosed  within  a  poor 
wall. 

KIIANOS.  ki'nos\  or  KIIINIS,  kin'iss\  an  ancient  town 
ol  Turki'V  in  Asia,  pashalic,  and  65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Erz- 
room.  5686  feet  alx)ve  the  sea.     Pop.  atxiut  100:). 

KUAN  POOH,  Kdn'poor',  or  KUAUN'POOlt/,  a  town  of 
North-west  Ilindostan,  dominion,  and  78  miles  S.W.  of 
Bhawlpoor.  Pop.  20,000.  It  was  formerly  of  more  import- 
ance, but  it  Is  still  a  flourishing  commercial  town,  with  a 
good  liazaar,  and  a  navigable  canal  from  the  Indus. 

KlI  A  \  POOH  or  KII AUNPOOK,  a  town  of  North-west  Ilin- 
dost.'in.  in  the  Punjab,  near  the  Chenaub,  about  100  miles 
AV.  bv  S.  of  Lahore. 

KliAN  POOU  or  KIIAUNPOOR.  a  town  of  North-west  Ilin- 
dostan. in  the  Punjab,  40  miles  E.  of  .\ttock. 

KH.\NSA,  kdn'sa,  a  town  of  Nepaul,  on  ^he  tributary  of 
the  Ganges.  56  miles  E.N.E.  of  Khatmandoo. 

KHAPALU,  a  town  of  Thibet.    See  Khafaloov. 

KH.AKAMOUKOTAN,  an  island.     See  Karamakotas 

KIIAUAN.  kd'rdn',  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  40  miles  S.W. 
of  Sara  wan,  in  the  midst  of  a  desert  region. 

KIIAKASM,  kd'rilzm',  or  KAKIS'SDI.  (anc.  Chnras'min.) 
a  country  of  Independent  Tartary.  In  the  twelfth  century 
it  was  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire;  but  it  is  now  greatly 
redui?eil.  Its  present  limits  appear  to  be  the  same  as  those 
of  Khiva. 

KHAREK.  an  island  of  the  Persian  Gulf.    See  Karak. 

KH.\IU}l';iI,  EL.  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt.  See  El  Kharoeh. 

KIIAKIJ.^.11,  kd'ree'jd,  an  inland  town  of  Arabia.  W.  of 
Makallah.  and  reputed  to  have  3000  inhabitants,  who  trade 
in  irliee  and  cattle. 

KIIAKKOV,  KIL-V^RKOW,  CHARKOV.  CHARKOW,KaR- 
kov'.  UKRAINE,  or  SLOBODISCII  UKKAINE,  slo/bo-dLsh 
u'krAn,  a  government  in  the  S.  part  of  liuropean  Russia. 
Lat.  48°  30'  to  51°  12'  N.,  Ion.  34°  20'  to  38°  20'  E.,  bounded 
E.  by  Voronezh,  S.  by  Yekaterinoslav,  W.  by  Poltava,  N.  by 
Koorsk.  Area,  20,931  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1,366,188, 
ehiefly  Russians  and  Cossacks.  It  is  watered  by  the  Donets 
and  the  Oskol.  Surf.ice  fiat  and  little  wooded.  Soil  fertile, 
entirely  agricultural,  producing  grain  of  all  sorts,  and  wine 
in  great  abundance.  It  has  numerous  distilleries,  tanneries, 
and  tallow  and  .salt-petre  factories.     (See  Ukuain'E.) 

KH  AUKOV  orClIARKOW,  written  also  KIIARKOW  and 
KII.\ltIvOF,  a  city  of  European  Rusiisia,  capital  of  the  go- 
yerunient  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Kharkova,  affluent  of  the 
Don.  420  miles  S.S.W.  of  Moscow.  Pop.  45,156.  It  is  the 
lapital  of  a  Greek  eparchy,  and  see  of  the  bishops  of  the 
Ukraine  and  Kharkov.  It  has  a  university,  founded  in 
1803,  with  83  professors,  and  486  students  in  1846,  a  library 
of  25,000  volumes,  a  theological  seminary,  a  gymnasium, 
an  1  a  female  academy,  with  25  profes.sois.  Its  manufactures 
eomprise  leather  and  fine  carpets,  and  its  trade  is  extensive. 
Its  fairs  for  cattle  and  wool,  are  among  the  most  important 
in  South  Russia. 


KHARKOVA  or  KHARKOWA,  kaR-ko'v3,  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Kharkov,  flows  S.S.W.,  and  aftei  a  course 
of  about  50  miles,  joins  the  left  bank  of  the  Udj. 

KH.\RPUT,  a  town  of  Turkish  Armenia.     See  Karpoot. 

K1I.\KS.  a  city  of  Turkey.     See  liARS. 

KlIARTOOM,  KIIAUTOUM,  KARTOOM  or  KHARTUM, 
Kar^toom',  a  modern  capital  town  of  Nubia,  at  the  inuctiou 
of  the  Rlup  and  White  Nile,  95  miles  S.W.  of  Shend'y  1'<'P. 
20.000,  including  garrison.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  very 
flourishing.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  the  great 
depot  of  slaves  sent  from  Soodan  and  Abyssinia  into  Egypt. 

KIIASAB  or  KASA.\I5,  kd'sdb',  a  bay  of  Arabia,  province 
of  Oman,  at  tlie  entrance  to  the  i'er.sian  Gulf  On  it  is  a 
large  and  strongly  built  fort.     Lat.  2ti°  13'  N..  Ion.  66°  20'  E. 

KII.i.SGUNGE,  kds-gilnj'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  in  the  Doab,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Agra. 

KlIASII,  kdsh,  or  KIIAUSII,  kawsh.  a  town  and  fort 
of  West  Afghanistan,  on  the  Khash-rood.  Lat.  31°  36'  N., 
Ion.  62°  45'  K.     Pop.  about  2000. 

KUASII-ROOD.  KIIASII-UUD,  or  KACII-ROUD,  kdsh- 
rood',  a  river  of  West  Afghanistan,  enters  the  llamoon  Lake, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  180  miles  through  a  barren  country. 
It  partly  separates  the  Candahar  and  l£^;rat  dominions. 

KHATANGA,  Kd-tdng'ga,  or  KATANSKA,  kil-tan'.ska.  a 
river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  issues  from  a  lake  in  thegovernniont 
of  Yeniseisk,  near  lat.  68°  N.,  and  Ion.  96°  E..  flows  X.N.E. 
and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Khantangskee,  or  Katangskii  in 
the  .\rctic  Ocean,  after  a  course  of  nearly  700  miles.  Its  chief 
affluents  are  the  .Moniaga,  Popigai,  and  the  Keta. 

K1I.\TKL,  a  town  of  Palestine.     See  Kabr-Ibrahim 

KHATMANDOO.  CAT.MANDOO.  kithndnMoo'.  or  KATH- 
MA150,  kifh'mdYiy.  the  capital  town  of  Nepaul,  in  a  moun- 
tainous i-egion.  about  145  miles  N.N.W.  of  Patna.  J.,at.  27° 
42' N.,  Ion.  85°  15' E.  Estimated  pf)p.  20,000.  It  extends  for 
aliout  1  mile  along  a  river,  is  built  mostly  of  brick,  and  has 
many  Boodhic  temples,  with  a  palace  of  the  Nepaul  rajah. 

KIIAUSII.  a  town  of  Afghanistan.    See  Khash. 

KIIAUNPOOU,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.     See  Khanpoor. 

KH.WA,  kd'vd,  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  left  bank  of 
the  Oosman.  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Voronezh,  after  a  course 
of  nearly  45  miles. 

KH.\WAK.  kd-wdk'.  the  most  E.  pass  across  the  Hindoo 
Koosh,  in  Kafiristan,  100  miles  N.E.  of  Cabool.  Lat.  35°  38' 
N.,  Ion.  70°  E.  Elevation  of  summit,  13,200  feet.  By  it 
Timur  (Tamerlane)  entered  Ilindostan.  E.  by  S.  from  the 
top  of  the  jja.ss  is  the  fort  Khawak,  9300  feet  above  the  sea. 
Lat.  36°  37' 36"  N. 

KHEDIW.'VRI,  kJd-e-w3/ree.  one  of  the  navig.abie  mouths 
of  the  Indus,  at  its  delta,  entering  the  sea  in  lat.  24°  9'  N., 
Ion.  67°  29'  E.,  where  it  is  650  yards  across. 

KHEIBER  or  KHKIUERS.     See  Khvber. 

KHKIH.  kir,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, district  of  South  Concan,  93  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bombay. 

KHEIR,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay^ 
district  of  Candeish,  104  miles  E.S.E.  of  Surat. 

KHhlLlDONIA,  kjl-e-divnee'a,  a  cape  and  group  of  inlets 
(anc.  <'heUd(i>nia:)  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  on  its  S.  coast, 

KHELMOS.  kJl'mos,amonntainof  Greece,  iutheMorea,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Kalavrita.     Elevation  76.54  feet. 

KHKMLAS8A,  k§ni-lds'sa,  a  considerable  walled  town  of 
India,  dominion,  and  140  miles  S.  of  Gwalior. 

KHEN6UNP00R,  kfen-gun-poor',  a  village  of  the  Punj.ab, 
near  the  Ghara.  32  miles  S.W.  of  Ferozepoor. 

KUKOKAH,  ke-o'-rd,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  26  miles 
N.W.  of  Julalpoor. 

KlIERASOON  or  K HER ASOUN, Turkey.    See  Keresoo.n 

KHKRKIIAH.  a  river  of  Persia.     See  Kerah. 

K  H  ERSON  or  CHERSON,  kSr-sou',  a  government  of  South 
Russia,  mostly  between  lat.  46°  and  49'  N..  and  Ion.  29°  and 
34°  E..  having  S.  the  Black  Sea.  Area,  28.502  .square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1851,  889,205.  Surface  in  the  N.  undulating,  and 
covered  with  forests;  elsewhere  a  wide  steppe  or  prairie. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Dnieper,  on  the  N.  and  S.E.;  the 
Dniester,  forming  the  W.  frontier;  and  the  Bug,  traversing 
its  centre.  Its  W.  half  is  very  fertile;  cattle  and  Sueep- 
breeding  is,  however,  the  chief  branch  of  industry.  Pro- 
ducts comprise  oak  hark,  tobacco,  mustard,  saffron,  and 
liquorice,  besides  corn,  hemp,  flax,  nitre,  salt,  and  sand- 
stone. Some  manufactures  of  cloth,  tallow,  leather,  butter,  . 
cheese,  and  caviar,  are  ciirried  on,  partly  by  Swedish.  Ger- 
man, and  other  colonists,  the  population  consisting  of  a 
great  intermixture  of  races.  Principal  towns,  Kherson, 
Nikolaev.  Yelizabetgrad,  and  Odessa. 

KHERSON  or  CHERSON,  a  fortified  town  of  South  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  government  of  Kherson,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Dnieper,  92  miles  E.N.E.  of  Odessa.  Pop.  40,402.  It  . 
was  founded  by  Potemkin  in  1778,  is  well  built,  and  divided 
into  four  quarters,  the  citadel,  in  which  are  the  arsenal,  bar- 
racks, other  government  buildings,  and  the  cathedral  in 
whicii  Potemkin,  its  founder,  is  buried;  the  admiralty  quar- 
ter, with  excavated  docks  for  the  construction  of  ships  of 
war,  is  now  disused.  It  hiis  various  schools,  and  3  miles 
distant  are  the  tomb  and  cenotaph  of  Howard  the  philan- 
thropist, who  died  at  Kherson,  January  20, 1790. 

KUESTERNIA,  kes-tSB^ne-^  a  town  of  Russia,  govem- 

978 


KEY 


KHA 


01'  'Khfeiiish  Prussia,  31  miles  N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  the 
Xiers.     Pop.  1320. 

KEVEXI.LEKCE  or  CEFYNLLYS,k5v-SnWi?eece,a  parish 
01  .South  Wales,  co.  of  Kadnor. 

KEW.  ku.  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co  of  Surrey, 
on  the  Thames,  here  crosseid  by  a  stone  hridire  connecting  it 
with  Brentford.  7  miles  W.of  London.  The  Tillage  is  mostly 
built  around  a  green,  and  has  many  handsome  mansions. 
Includinii  a  royal  palace,  once  the  favorite  residence  of 
George  III.,  and  moie  recently  of  the  King  of  Hanover.  It 
is  surrounded  by  ornamental  grounds,  covering  120  acres, 
and  containing  a  pagoda  16.3  feet  iu  height.  The  botanical 
garden,  possessing  one  of  the  most  celebrated  collections  of 
plants  in  Europe,  is  kept  up  at  the  nafioniil  cost,  and  Is 
open  to  the  public.  The  palm-house  is  unrivalled,  being  300 
feet  by  90. 

KEWAUNA,  ke-w:l'na,  a  post'Office  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana. 

KEWAU.V'KE,  ke-wi'iiee,  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows 
throufxh  Kewaunee  co.  into  Lake  Michijjan. 

KEWAUNEE,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  p.irt  of  Wi.sconsin, 
bordering  on  Lake  Michigan,  contains  alout  4C0  si(uare 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Kewaunee  and  Ked  Rivers,  and  by 
Benton's  Creelf  Formed  in  1852,  out  of  the  S.  part  of  Door 
county.     Capitnl,  Kewaunee.     Pop.  5530. 

KEWAUNEE.  Wisconsin.    See  Appendix. 

KEWEENAW  (ke-wee'naw)  BAY.  Lake  Superior,  is  situ- 
ated S.E.  of  ICeweenaw  Point  Length,  about  30  miles;  great- 
est breadth.  10  or  12  miles. 

KEAVEENAW  BAY.  a  post-oiBce,  Houghton  co.,  Michigan. 

KEWEENAW  POINT.a  peninsula  in  the  X.  part  of  Michi- 
gan, intersected  by  the  47th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  and  the 
meridian  of  88°  30' VY.  longitude.  Length,  near  70  miles; 
breadth,  varying  from  5  to  30  miles.  Area,  estimated  at  1000 
square  miles.  This  peninsula  is  well  watered,  and  is  gene- 
rail}'  very  fertile.  It  abounds  in  copper,  iran,  and  other 
minerals.  The  copper  i«  mostly  found  native,  and  some- 
times in  masses  weighing  several  hundred  pounds. 

KEW'STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on 
the  Bristol  Channel,  8  miles  N.W.  of  .A.xbridge.  It  has 
the  remains  of  a  priorv,  founded  by  William  de  Courteuay 
in  1210. 

KEX'nOKOUGH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Hiding. 

KKXIIiJLM,  kfx'holm,  a  town  of  Finland,  lasn,  and  50 
miles  N.E.  of  Viborg,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Ladoga. 
Pop.  2000. 

KEY  or  KI,  ki,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, about  50  miles  W.  of  the  Arroo  Islands,  in  lat.  5°  30' 
8..  Ion.  128°  E.  Gre;it  Key  is  covered  with  mountains,  which 
attain  the  height  of  3000  feet.  Little  Key  is  comparatively 
low,  and  surrounded  by  extensive  shoals.  The  inhabitintis 
of  the  former  profess  Mohammedanism;  those  of  the  latter 
are  composed  of  a  mixture  of  races — emigrants  from  Ceram, 
fUL'itives  from  B:tnda.  Malays.  Ac. 

K KY.  a  river  "f  S.  Africa,  enters  the  sea,  near  28°  E.  Ion. 

KEYINGHAM  or  KAY'INGHAM,  ki/ing-am,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  York,  Ejist  Biding. 

KEYKRA.  kl'kra.  a  town  of  North-west  Ilindostan,  Bri- 
tish dominions,  district,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Ajmeer, 

KEYMER,  ki'mer.  a  p.^rish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex.  25 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Hurst-l'ier-point.  The  branch  of  the  South 
Const  Railway  to  Lewes,  here  leaves  the  London  and  Brighton 
line. 

KEYNSII.AM,  kin'sham,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  15  arches,  and  on  the  Great  Western  Railway, 
where  it  emerges  from  a  tunnel  1012  yards  in  length.  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Bristol.     I'op.  in  1851.  2318. 

KEYNSTON-TAR/RANT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset 

KEY'PORT,  a  flourishing  postrvillage  of  Monmouth  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  Raritan  Bay,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  New  York. 
It  has  2  f-hli)-yiir(ls.  and  carries  on  an  active  freighting  trade 
with  New  Y'ork.  It  contains  5  churches,  and  an  academy, 
and  is  largely  engajjoi  in  the  ovster  business. 

KEYS,  (keez.)  or  CAYS.  THE,\from  the  .Spanish  Cai/o.  ki'o. 
a  "rocky  islet.")  are  the  islets  and  reefs  along  the  siiores  of 
Honduras.  Central  America,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  West 
Indies;  the  principal  heins  the  Great  Kfev.  B:ihama.  in  lat. 
•  21° 45'  N..  Ion.  71°40'  W.  See  IfEr  West,  Florida  ItEEFS,  and 
the  several  names  with  tlie  prefix  Cavs. 

KEYS'BUKt}.  a  posOvillage  iu  Logan  co.,  Kentucky,  160 
miles  N.W.  of  Frankfort. 

KEYSBURG,  a  pos^viUage  in  Pike  co.,  Illinois.  77  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

KEY'SOE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

KEYS'PORT.  a  p<jst-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Kaskaskia  River,  12  miles  alxiveCarlyle. 

KEY.S'T(>N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

KEY.--TONE.  a  post-olfice  of  Perry  co..  I'enuBvlvania. 

KEY.ST()NE  KUKNACK,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Scioto  and 
Hocking  Valley  Railroad,  5  miles  from  .Jackson. 

Iv  I:Y.<VI  LLE,  of  Virginiii.  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and 
Danville  Railroad.  75  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

KEVSZD  or  KEISZD.  kis.sd.  a  marketrtown  in  Transylva- 
nia, •<7  milws  \.W.  of  Kronstadt.    Pop.  4900 
972 


KEYTESVTLLE.  keets'vill,  a  post-village  and  township 
capital  of  Chariton  co..  Missouri,  on  Wolf  Creek,  a  few  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  Chariton  River.  91  miles  N.W.  of  Jef- 
ferson Cit}-.  It  has  a  court-house  and  several  stores.  Total 
population,  1752. 

KEYTON.  krton'.  a  town  of  North-west  Hiudo.stau,  do- 
minions, and  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kof»h. 

KEY  WEST,  the  most  western  of  the  Pine  Isl.inds.  about 
60  miles  S.W.  of  Cape  Sable.  Florida.  It  is  4  miles  long,  by 
1  mile  wide,  and  elevated  not  more  than  20  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  of  coral  formation,  with  little  avail- 
able soil.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  "  Cai/o  IJuef.o.'"  (ki'o 
wi'so.)  or  '•  Bone  Key,"  and  has  no  relation  to  the  position 
of  the  island,  which  is  not  the  most  western  of  the  reef.  On 
Whitehead's  Point  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  island,  is  a 
fixed  linht,  83i  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  24°  32' 
58"  N..  Ion.  81°  48' 7' W. 

KEY  WEST  CITY,  a  port  of  entry  and  capital  of  Moni-oe 
CO.,  Florida,  on  the  above  island,  iu  lat.  24°33'iN.  Ion.,  81°  40' 
W.  It  is  the  most  populous  town  of  the  state,  and  occu- 
pies an  important  position  as  the  kej'  to  the  Florida  Pass  .and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  town  is  laid  out  with  streets  60 
feet  wide,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  It  contains 
Episcopal,  Methodist.  Baptist,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches, 
5  schools.  26  stores,  and  10  warehouses  The  marine  hospital 
is  a  fine  building,  100  feet  long  by  45  feet  wide.  The  princi- 
pal business  of  Key  West  is  derived  from  the  salvages  and 
other  perquisites  of  wrecked  vessels,  which  amount  to  about 
S'200.000  annually.  This  business  is  not  as  some  suppose,  a 
species  of  piracy,  but  is  conducted  under  equitable  rules,  for 
the  mutual  benefit  of  the  parties.  From  .30  to  50  ve.ssels  are 
usually  wrecked  every  year  in  this  vicinity.  The  harbor  is 
rapacious,  safe,  and  easily  accessible  for  ships  of  22  feet 
draught.  Its  entrance  is  defended  by  Fort  Taylor,  a  large 
and  very  costly  structure.  Key  West  is  a  military  station 
of  the  United  States.  The  shipping  of  the  port.  June  30, 
1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  4081  tons  registered,  and 
2157  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  The  foreign  arrivals  for 
the  year  were  101,  (tons.  25.617,)  of  which  81  (tons.  "24,171) 
were  by  American  vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports 
were  80.  (tons,  7361.)  of  which  6884  were  in  American  bot- 
toms. The  Charleston  and  Havana  steamer  touches  at  this 
port  once  a  week,  which  is  the  only  regular  communication 
with  the  mainland.  About  30,000  bushels  of  salt  are  made 
annually  in  the  island  by  solar  evaporation,  and  sponge?  are 
procured  and  exported  in  large  quantities.  First  settled  in 
1822.  It  has  650  houses.  Pop.  2832. 
KEY'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 
KEZ.W'LIK,  a  town  of  Turkey.  See  Kasaxlik. 
KE/ZAR'S  FALLS,  a  post-offlce  of  York  co..  Maine. 
KEZDI-VASARHELY,  k^z/deeV^-shAn^hM',  a  marketr 
town  of  Transylvania.  35  miles  N.E.  of  Kronstadt  P.  2736. 
KEZD-SZAAZ.  k^zd-siz.  a  market-town  of  Transylvanhi, 
4  miles  S.E.  of  Seiiesvar."  Pop.  4900. 

KHA  BOOR.  KHABOUR.  KHABURor  CHABUR.  ^l-hoorl, 
(anc.  CliaMras  and  Al/rir>r!ias.)  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
flows  S.  througlj  Mesopotamia,  and  joins  the  Euphrates  at 
Kerkesiah.  after  a  course  estimated  at  190  miles. 

KHABOIR,  KHABOUR  or  KHABUR,  a  river  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  flows  S..  and  joins  the  Tigris  65  miles  N.W.  of  Mo- 
sul.    Length.  50  miles. 
KH.VBS.  a  town  of  Tunis.    See  Cades. 
KHADARAH  or  ICHADRAH.  El,  il  Kad'a  fi  or  K^d'rl,  a 
town  of  .\lffiers.  near  the  river  Shellilf.  96  miles  E.  of  Gran. 
KHAFALOON.  KHAFALOUN.  kd-fd-loon'.  or  KIIAPALU, 
kS-p3-loo',  a  town  of  West  Thibet,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Shayook  and  Ix^h  Rivers.  90  miles  N.W.  of  Ijeh.     It  is  the 
capital  of  a  rajahship,  having  about  12.000  inhabitants,  be- 
tween the  uominions  of  Ladakh  and  Little  Thiliet 

KIIAIBAR,  krbaR'.  a  town  of  Arabia,  province  of  Ilejaz, 
100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Medina,  and  capital  of  an  independent 
.Jewish  territory.  It  Wits  captured  in  628  by  Mohammed, 
who  here,  it  is  said,  received  from  a  Jewess  the  poisoned  egg 
which  ultimately  cost  him  his  life. 

KIIAI-FUNG,'  a  citv  of  Chin.i.     See  Km-fi'NO. 
KH  AI-HOA  or  C  AI-IIOA.  kl-ho'^.  a  city  of  China,  province 
of  \'un-nan.  capital  of  a  depjirtment.  near  the  Tonquin  fron- 
tier, in  lat.  '23°  24'  30"  N..  Ion.  104°  21'  E. 

KHAIRABAD.  kfra-bgd'.  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  on  the 
Indus,  opposit*  Attook,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
bridge  of  boats.  35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Peshawer.  It  has  a  mud 
fort,  and  an  aqueduct  for  irrigation. 
KllALETSE.'a  villacre  of  Central  Asia.  See  Ktn.uTzi. 
KHALKASorKALKAS.(karka.V) COUNTRY,  the  N.part 
of  Mongolia.  Chinese  Empire,  extending  from  the  Altai,  in 
Ion. 90°  to  112°  E..  and  between  lat  47°and  53°  N.,  having  .V. 
Siberia,  and  W.  Chinese  Toorkist;in.  The  surface  is  in  great 
part  mountainous :  elsewhere  consisting  of  vast  plains  and 
steppes,  over  which  the  Tartar  tribes  wander  with  their 
herds;  in  the  S.  it  comprises  apart  of  the  great  de.sert  ot 
Gobi.  The  Yenisei.  Seleng.i.  Orkhon,  and  other  large  rivers 
rise  in  this  reiiion.  which  also  contains  many  lar;;e  lakes,  the 
principal  Iieing  the  Oobsa  Nor.  It  is  divided  into  4  kbana's, 
governed  by  native  chiefs,  tributary  to  the  Chinestj  since 
the  eighteenth  century,  when  the  aid  of  the  latter  was  called 


KHA 


KIIE 


Ja  to  repel  the  Invasions  of  the  Eleuthi.  Capital  city,  Oorsra. 
The  inhaliitants  are  Monj^ol  Tartars,  and  of  the  Boodhic 
faith.     This  was  the  native  country  of  Jenphis  Khan. 

KilALIvr,  liil'kee.  or  COP'l'Kli  IgI..\.\D,  one  of  the 
Princes  Islands  in  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Con- 
stantinople, with  an  ancient  copper-mine  and  a  Greek 
colle^re.  It  is  resorted  to  by  visitors  fi-om  the  adjacent 
coasts. 

KII.A^MTT,  or  CIIAMIL,  Ki'meel',  written  al.so  HAMI,  hi^ 
mee',  a  city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  lat.  42"  30'  N.,  Ion.  93° 
40' ]•!..  in  a  fertile  and  well-cultivated  ref;ion,  with  a  garrison 
of  ludO  men.     It  is  the  centre  of  a  larj^e  trade. 

K  HAM  III,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Kameeu. 

KlIANA-I-liAD,  kd'na-ee-bdd'.  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  12 
miles  .S.l'I.  of  Khoondooz.     Lat.  3tj°  20'  N.,  Ion.  69°  38'  K. 

KHANDKISU.  a  province  of  Ilindo.stan.     See  Candeish. 

KHAXDUTCIIA,  kda-doo'chd,  or  KA.N'DUtJA  (?)  a  river 
of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Okhotsk,  joins  the  Aldan 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  above  100  miles. 

KH.WOUK,  kdn-gilr',  two  villattes  of  the  Punjab,  between 
the  Clieiiaub  and  Indus  Rivers,  respectively  2(5  and  76  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Mooltan. 

Kll.WtiUlUI,  kdn-gilr/,  a  village  in  the  Indian  Desert, 
domiiiicjn.  and  66  miles  S.  of  Bhawlpoor. 

KllAXllAILA,  kdn-hl'li,  a  considerable  town  of  North- 
west Iliiidostan,  dominion,  and  65  miles  S.W.  of  Bhawlpoor. 

KUAN  I  A,  Kd-nee'a.  or  CANE'A.  (buc.  Cydi/nta,  .sometiuies 
0;/do'nis.)  a  fortified  seaport,  and  the  principal  commercial 
town  of  Crete,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the 
island.  64  miles  W.N.W.  of  Candia.  Pop.  8000,  of  whom 
about  5000  are  Mohammedans,  and  lOOO  f)reign  Greeks.  Its 
fortifications,  built  by  the  Venetians,  are  interior  to  those 
of  Caiuli.i.  but  its  port  is  the  best  in  Crete,  and  cap.able  of 
holditii;  many  vessels  of  300  tons ;  it  is  formed  by  a  mole  1200 
feet  lon?r.  with  a  light-house  at  its  extremity,  opposite  a  fort 
defending  the  harlwr.  It  has  an  arsenal,  docks,  Venetian 
galley-vaults,  a  small  lazaretto,  and  soap  factories.  It  is  the 
6e.it  of  a  provincial  council  and  governor,  a  Oieek  bishop's 
see.  KuJ  the  residence  of  several  European  consuls. 

KII.\N'K.\,  kin'kd,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  in  Indepen- 
dent Toorkistan,  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Khiva,  on  the  Jyhoon. 
It  consists  of  about  350  houses,  enclosed  within  a  poor 
wall. 

KlIANOS.  k3/nos\  orKHINIS.  kin'iss\  an  ancient  town 
ot  Turlicy  in  Asia,  pashalic,  and  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Erz- 
room.  5686  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  about  lOOU. 

KlIAM'OOH,  Kdn'poor',  or  KHAUN'POOlt/,  a  town  of 
North-west  Ilindostan,  dominion,  and  78  miles  S.W.  ot 
Bhanlpnor.  Pop.  20,000.  It  was  formerly  of  more  import- 
ance, but  it  is  still  a  flourishing  commercial  town,  with  a 
good  liazaar,  and  a  navigable  canal  from  the  Indus. 

KUAN  POOR  or  KIIAUXPOOIl,  a  town  of  North-west  Ilin- 
dostan. in  the  Punjab,  near  the  Chenaub,  about  100  miles 
A\'.  hv  S.  of  Lahore. 

Kit  AN  POOH  or  KIIAUXPOOR,  a  town  of  North-west  Ilin- 
dostiin.  i:i  the  Punjab,  40  miles  E.  of  Attock. 

KIIANS.4,  kin'sa.  a  town  of  Nepaul,  on  ^he  tributary  of 
the  (Ganges,  56  miles  E.N.E.  of  Khatmandoo. 

KiI.\PALU,  a  town  of  Thibet.    See  Khafaloos. 

KII.A.KAMOUKOTAN,  an  island.     See  KaramaKOTax 

KIIAltAN,  kdVin',  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  40  miles  S.W. 
of  Sarawan,  in  the  midst  of  a  desert  region. 

KIIAHASM,  kdViizm',  or  KARIS'SDI.  (anc.  Chnrashnia.) 
a  country  of  Independent  Tartary.  In  the  twelfth  century 
it  was  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire;  but  it  is  now  greatly 
reduced.  Its  present  limits  appear  to  be  the  same  as  those 
of  Khiva. 

KHAH  EK.  an  island  of  the  Persian  Gulf.    See  Karak. 

KH.^IIOKII,  EL.  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt.  See  El,  Kharoeh. 

KUAKIJAII,  ki'ree'jJ,  an  inland  town  of  .Arabia.  \f.  of 
Makaliah.  and  reputed  to  have  3000  inhabitants,  who  trade 
in  irliee  and  cattle. 

KUAKKOV,  KII.\.RKOW,  CHARKOV.  CIIARKOW,  KaR- 
kov'.  UKRAINE,  or  SLOBODISCII  UKRAINE,  slo'bo-dish 
u'krAn.  a  government  in  the  S.  part  of  Kuropean  Russia. 
Lat.  4S°  30'  to  51°  12'  N.,  Ion.  34°  20'  to  3S°  20'  E.,  bounded 
E.  by  Voronezh.  S.  by  Yekaterinoslav,  W.  by  Poltava,  N.  by 
Koorsk.  Area,  20,931  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1,366,188, 
ehiefly  I'ussians  and  Cossacks.  It  is  watered  by  the  Donets 
and  tiie  Oskol.  Surf.ice  flat  and  little  wooded.  Soil  fertile, 
entirely  agricultural,  producing  grain  of  all  sorts,  and  wine 
in  great  abundance.  It  has  numerous  distilleries,  tanneries, 
and  tnUow  and  salt-petre  factories.     (See  Ukuaixe.) 

KHARKOV  orCHARKOW,  written  also  KIIAKKOW  and 
KlIAKIvOF.  a  city  of  European  Ru.s.sia.  capital  of  the  go- 
rernment  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Kharkova,  affluent  of  the 
Oon.  420  miles  S.S.W.  of  Moscow.  Pop.  45,156.  It  is  the 
lapitiil  of  a  Greek  eparchy,  and  see  of  the  bishops  of  the 
Ukraine  and  Kharkov.  It  has  a  university,  founded  in 
1803.  with  83  professors,  and  486  students  in  1846,  a  library 
of  25,0110  volumes,  a  theological  seminary,  a  gymnasium, 
an  1  a  female  academy,  with  25  profes.sors.  Its  manufactures 
eompiise  leather  and  fine  carpets,  and  its  trade  is  extensive. 
Its  fairs  for  cattle  and  wool,  are  among  the  most  important 
in  South  Russia. 


KIIARKOTA  or  KHAHKOWA,  kaR-ko'vJ,  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Kharkov,  flows  S.S.W..  and  aftej  ri  course 
of  about  50  miles,  joins  the  left  bank  of  the  Udj. 

KIIARPUT,  a  town  of  Turkish  Armenia.     See  Kahpoot. 

KII.\R.S.  a  city  of  Turkey.     See  Kars. 

KUARTOOM,  KHARTOUM,  KARTOOM  or  KHARTUM, 
Kar'toom',  a  modern  capital  town  of  Nubia,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Blue  and  White  Nile,  95  miles  S.W.  of  Shend'y.  Pop. 
20.000,  including  garrison.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  very 
flourishing.  It  has  considerable  trade,  and  is  the  great 
depot  of  slaves  sent  from  Soodan  and  Abyssinia  into  Egypt. 

KlIASAB  or  K.VSA.\B,  ki'sdb',  a  bay  of  Arabia,  province 
of  Oman,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Persian  Gulf  On  it  is  a 
large  and  strongly  built  fort.     Lat.  26°  13'  N..  Ion.  56°  20'  E. 

KII.\.SGUNGE,  kds-gilnj'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  in  the  Doab,  t>0  miles  N.E.  of  Agra. 

KlIASIi,  kash,  or  KHAUSII,  kawsh.  a  town  and  fort 
of  West  Afghanistan,  on  the  Khash-rood.  Lat.  31°  36'  N., 
Ion.  62°  45'  E.     Pop.  about  2000. 

KlIASII-ROOD.  KIIASII-RUD,  or  KACII-ROUD.  kSsh- 
rood',  a  river  of  West  Afghanistan,  enters  the  Hamoon  Lake, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  180  miles  through  a  barren  country. 
It  partly  separates  the  Candahar  and  Herat  dominions. 

KHATANGA,  Kd-tdng'gd,  or  KATANSKA,  kd-tan'ski  a 
river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  issues  from  a  lake  in  the  government 
of  Yeniseisk,  near  lat.  68°  N.,  and  Ion.  96°  E..  flows  N.N.E. 
and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Khantangskee,  or  Katangskii  in 
the  .\rctic  Ocean,  after  a  eoui'se  of  nearly  700  miles.  Its  chief 
affluents  are  the  .Moniaga,  Popigai,  and  the  Keta. 

KH.^THL,  a  town  of  Palestine.     See  Kahr-Ibrahim 

KH.\.TMAND()0.  CAT.MAXDOO.  kdemanMoo'.  or  KATII- 
MARO,  kdt'Vmd'rO'.  the  capital  town  of  Nepaul,  in  a  moun- 
tainous region,  about  145  miles  N.N.W.  of  Patuii.  Lat.  27° 
42'  N.,  Ion.  85°  15'  E.  Estimated  pop.  20,000.  It  extends  for 
about  1  mile  along  a  river,  is  built  mostly  of  brick,  and  has 
many  Boodhic  temples,  with  a  palace  of  the  Nepaul  rajah. 

KII.^USH.  a  town  of  Afghanistan.    See  KiiASn. 

KHAUNPOOR,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.     See  Khaxpoor. 

KII.\\'.\,  kd'vd,  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  left  bank  of 
the  Oosman,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Voronezh,  after  a  course 
of  nearly  45  miles. 

K1I.\W.\K,  kd-wdk'.  the  most  E.  pass  across  the  Hindoo 
Koosh.  in  Kaflristan,  100  miles  N.E.  of  Cabool.  Lat.  35°  38' 
N.,  Ion.  70°  E.  Elevation  of  summit,  13,200  feet.  By  it 
Timur  (Tamerlane)  entered  Ilindostan.  E.  by  S.  from  the 
top  of  the  piiss  is  the  fort  Khawnk,  9300  feet  above  the  sea. 
Lat.  35°  37' 36"  N. 

KHKDIWARl,  kJd-e-wd/ree,  one  of  the  navigabie  mouths 
of  tlie  Indus,  at  its  delta,  entering  the  sea  in  lat.  24°  9'  N., 
Ion.  67°  29'  E.,  where  it  is  650  yards  across. 

KIIEIBER  or  KHKIBERS.     See  Khyber. 

KHEIR.  kir,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bora- 
bay,  district  of  South  Concan,  93  miles  S..S.E.  of  Bombay. 

KIIKIR,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
district  of  Candeish,  104  miles  E.S.E.  of  Surat. 

KIIKLIDONIA,  k6!-e-divnee'.a,  a  cape  and  group  of  inlets 
(anc.  ('/ididfMiir.)  of  Asi.a  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  on  its  S.  coa.st. 

KHELMOS.  kJl'mos.amonntainof  Greece,  intheMorea,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Kalavrita.     Elevation  76.54  feet. 

KIIE.MLASSA,  kJm-lds'sa,  a  considerable  walled  town  of 
India,  dominion,  and  140  miles  S.  of  Gw.alior. 

KHKNGUXPOOR,  kfen-gan-poor',  a  village  of  the  Punj.ab, 
near  the  Ghara,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Ferozepoor. 

KHE(JRAII.  ke-o'-rd,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  26  miles 
N.W.  of  Julalpoor. 

KIIERASOON  or  KIIERASOUN, Turkey.    See  Keresoos 

KHKRKIIAH.  a  river  of  Persia.     See  Kerah. 

K  H  KRSON  or  CIIERSON,  kJr-sou',  a  government  of  South 
Russia,  mostly  between  lat.  46° and  49'  N..  and  Ion.  29°  and 
34°  E..  having  S.  the  Black  Sea.  Area,  28,502  .squ.are  miles. 
Pop.  in  1851,  889,205.  Surface  in  the  N.  undulating,  and 
covered  with  forests;  elsewhere  a  wide  steppe  or  prairie. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Dnieper,  on  the  N.  and  S.E.;  the 
Dniester,  forming  the  W.  frontier;  and  the  Bug,  traversing 
its  centre.  Its  W.  half  is  very  fertile ;  cattle  and  Sneep- 
breeding  is,  however,  the  chief  branch  of  industry.  Pro- 
ducts comprise  oak  bark,  tobacco,  mustard,  saffron,  and 
liquorice,  besides  corn,  hemp,  flax,  nitre,  salt,  and  sand- 
stone. Some  manufactures  of  cloth,  tallow,  leather,  butter, 
cheese,  and  caviar,  are  carried  on,  partly  by  Swedish,  Ger- 
man, and  other  colonists,  the  population  consisting  of  a 
great  intermixture  of  races.  Principal  towns,  Kherson, 
Nikolaev.  Yelizabetgrad.  and  Odessa. 

KHERSON  or  CIIERSON,  a  fortified  town  of  South  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  government  of  Kherson,  on  the  riiht  bank 
of  the  Dnieper,  92  miles  E.N.E.  of  Odessa.  Pop.  40,402.  It  . 
was  founded  by  Potemkin  in  1778,  is  well  built,  and  divided 
into  four  quarters,  the  citadel,  in  which  are  the  arsenal,  bar- 
racks, other  government  buildings,  and  the  cathedral  in 
whicii  Potemkin,  its  founder,  is  buried;  the  admiralty  quar- 
ter, with  excavated  docks  for  the  construction  of  ships  of 
war,  is  now  disused.  It  h.as  various  schools,  and  3  miles 
distant  are  the  tomb  and  cenotaph  of  Howard  the  philan- 
thropist, who  died  at  Kherson,  January  20,  1790. 

KUESTERNIA,  kes-t^ue-a,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 

97S 


KHE 


KHO 


meiit,  and  70  miles  N.E.  of  Kherson,  on  the  Ingoolets,  (In- 
guletz.)     Pop.  1200. 

KHKYHKK  and  KHEYBKRS.  SeeKnTBER. 

KUKYR-AHAD,  a  town  of  Ilindost.in.     See  Khtrabad. 

KUILOK.  Ke-Iok',  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  rises  in  the 
povernment  of  Irkootsk.  and  after  a  course  of  about  430 
miles,  joins  the  right  bank  of  the  Selengii,  about  20  miles 
below  Selenghinsk. 

KHlMitU.  an  island  of  Greece.    See  Aroestiera. 

KHIX-GAX  (kin-gAn)  MOUNTAINS,  is  a  n.ame  applied  to 
two  extensive  mountain  chains  of  East  Asia,  one  lietween 
the  Russian  and  Chinese  dominions,  the  other  separating 
.Mantchooria  and  Mongoliii.  (see  next  article.) 

KUING-OAX-OOLA  or  KIIING-GAN-OULA,  King>gdn- 
oo/li.  is  a  portion  of  the  great  mountain  chain  of  Asia. 
s<;parating  the  Russian  and  Chinese  Empires,  about  160 
Biles  E.^.E.  of  Kiakhta. 

KHIXG-Y  ANG,  KH IX-YAXG.  or  KIN-YANG,  kingV^ng', 
ft  city  of  China,  capital  of  a  department  in  the  province  of 
Kansoo,  near  Lit.  36°  N.,  Ion.  107°  30'  E^  and  elaborately 
Ibrtified. 

KlIIXG-YUAN,  kingVoo'dn',  KlIIN-YCAN,  or  KIN- 
YUEX.  kin\voo- Jn',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-see, 
SUO  miles  W.'X.W. of  Canton,  and  having  a  large  drug  trade. 

KlIIXI.  Kee'nee.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and 
43  miles  X.E.  of  Diarbekir.  with  300  Mohammedan  and 
150  Armenian  femilies,  the  latter  engaged  ina  tradeof  fruit, 
and  in  spinning  and  weaving  cotton  cloths,  30.000  pieces  of 
which  are  said  to  be  produced  annually  from  120  looms. 

KIIINIS.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  K'hanos. 

Kino  or  KIIIOS,  an  island  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Sao. 

KIIIONG-TCHOU.  a  city  of  China.    See  KloxG-CHon. 

KIIIOO-CHOO  or  KIIIU-TCHOU,  ke-ooVhoo',  a  city  of 
Cliina.  province  of  Che-kiang,  capital  of  a  department,  100 
miles  S.^V.  of  Ilang-i-how-foo. 

KIIITAI.    See  China. 

KIIIVA.KIIIKWA.  KHEEVA.Kee'TlorKHARESM.ka- 
rJsm',  (anc.  CImraahnia.)  a  country  of  Independent  Toorkis- 
tan,  mostly  between  lat.  30°  and  44°  N..  and  Ion.  52°  and  64° 
E..  having  X.  the  Kirgheez  steppe  and  the  .Sea  of  Aral,  E.  tlie 
Bokhara  and  tlie  Kara-kalpack  t<^rritory,  S.  Khorassan  (in  the 
Persi.in  dominions.)  and  \V.  theCaspian  Sea.  Estimated  pop. 
200.000.  mostly  wandering  triljes.  Surface  almost  wholly  a 
s.andy  desert,  with  some  scattered  hill-ranges  in  the  N.  and 
W..  the  Oxus  flows  thi-ough  its  E.part:  and  along  its  banks, 
and  the  canals  connected  with  it,  there  are  many  fertile 
tracts.  In  tlie.se  places,  wheat,  millet,  barley,  fruits,  lin- 
seed, cotton,  tiax,  and  some  rice,  are  grown.  The  vine  also 
thrives.  Sliet'p  and  goats,  and  a  good  breed  of  horses,  are 
pretty  numerous.  Camels  are  the  ordinary  beasts  of  burden. 
Some  cotton  and  silk  stuffs  and  shawls  are  made  by  the 
females,  and  exportci:  agriculture  is,  however,  the  princi- 
pal occupation  of  the  settlitl  population.  About  2000  camels 
go  annually  to  Orenbonrg.  .\strakhan,  and  Cabool,  with 
agricultural  produce,  silk,  and  cotton  fabrics  and  yarn,  to 
be  exchanged  for  the  products  of  Ru.ssia  and  the  West, 
which  are  also  brought  in  boats  across  the  Caspian.  The 
population  is  very  mixed,  the  dominant  race  being  Oozbeks, 
as  in  Itokhara. .\dj.  and  inhab.  KmvAN.  Kee'van. 

Kill  V  A.  the  capital  of  the  above  country,  is  in  an  irrigat- 
ed plain  near  the  Oxus.  I..Ht.41°40'X.,  lon.59°13'E.  Pop. 
10.0011.  llelmerson  reports  that  it  comprises  1500  houses, 
which,  like  the  palace  of  the  khan,  are  built  of  earth,  the 
only  stone  buildings  being  three  mosques,  a  school,  and  a 
caravanserai.  It  is  surrounded  by  numerous  gardens,  and 
ia  the  chief  seat  of  trade. 

KIIMIKLXIK.  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Chmiixxik. 

KIIODAB.iD.  ko-di-h3d'.  a  ruined  town  of  Sinde.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Indus.  25  miles  X.  of  Hyderabad.  Ijit.  25° 
4S'  X..  Ion.  6S°  ,32'  E.     Its  remains  cover  2  srjuare  miles. 

KllO-DAIIMAX.  Afghanist.in.    See  K0Hl-DAMAU>t. 

KlIOrUJiXD.  a  town  of  Central  Asia.     See  Khojend. 

KU  IDJRKDV  or  KUOU  >RKO\V,  Ko-doR-kov'.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiev,  on  the 
Irpen.     Pop.  2800. 

K  HOT.  Koy.  a  town  of  X'orth  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
on  a  tiiiiutary  of  the  Koor.  20  miles  N.  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah. 
Pop.  30.0(X),  It  is  well  built,  the  streets  are  shaded  by  ave- 
nues of  trees,  and  it  has  a  g.)od  bazaar.  In  its  plain.  Shah 
Isniai'l  totally  defeated  the  Turks  under  Selim  I,  in  1514, 
L.Ht.  3S°  37'  X„  Ion.  45°  15'  E. 

KIIO.TEXD  or  KOD.TEXD.  Ko'jend',  a  populous  town  of 
Central  Asia,  in  Independent  Toorkistan,  50  miles  W.  of 
Khokan.  on  the  Jaxartes.  Lat.  41°  23'  N.,  Ion.  68°  42'  E.  It 
titandson  rising  ground,  enclosed  by  decayed  walls,  and  wet 
.ditches,  and  intersected  by  canals.  •  It  has  manufactures  of 
(xwrse  cotton  fabrics,  in  which,  and  in  Russian  goods,  it  has 
u  large  trade,  and  it  is  the  station  at  which  toll  is  paid  for  all 
merchandise  entering  the  khanat  from  Bokhara. 

KHOJUOIJAN.  ko-joo-o-bdn'.  an  ancient  city  now  in  ruins, 
25  miles  X.W.  of  Bokhara,  on  the  verge  of  the  desert. 

KIIOKAX.    KOIvAN.  Ko'kdn'.  KHOKAXD.  Ko'kind',  or 
FEltGlIANA,  fJi^gi'na.  a  khanat  of  Central  Asia,  in  Inde- 
pendent Toorkistan.  between  lat. 40° and  45°  N,.  and  Ion,  67° 
and  75°  E..  having  K.  Chiuese  Toorkistan,  and  S.  Bokhara 
974 


and  the  table-land  of  Pameer.  It  comprises  a  part  of  the 
lofty  region  AV.  of  the  great  plateau  of  East  Asia.  The  Jax- 
artes has  its  upper  course  in  this  region.  The  products  com- 
prise corn,  cotton,  silk,  and  fine  fruits,  with  coal,  copper, 
iron,  and  lapis-lazuli.  Pasturage  plentiful,  live  stock  nu- 
merous, and  wool  is  an  important  article  of  export.  The 
khan  maintains  an  army  of  about  10.000  men.  The  piiuci- 
pal  towns  are  Khokan.  Khojend,  and  Tashkend. 

KIlt*K.\.N,  capital  of  the  above  khanat,  on  the  Jaxarfes, 
about  280  miles  X.W.  of  Kashgar.  and  N.E.  of  Samarcand. 
It  is  reported  to  be  of  about  half  the  size  of  Bokhara.  Prin- 
cipal buildings,  the  khan's  residence,  some  stone  bazaars, 
many  mosques  and  public  schools,  and  several  caravan- 
serais. 

KIIOLM,  Kolm.  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  PskoT, 
on  the  Lovat,  110  miles  S.E.  of  Pskov.     Pop.  2000. 

KIIOLM.  a  village  of  Russia,  go.vernment  of  Smolensk, 
N.W.  of  A'iazma. 

KIIOLMITCH  or  KHOLMICZ,  Kol'mitch.  or  kol-niitch',  a 
market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Minsk,  on 
the  Dnieper.  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rezhitsa, 

KlIOLMOGORY,  Kol-mo-go'ree.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  32  miles  S.E.  of  Archangel,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  s;»me  name,  on  an  island  in  the  Dwina.     Pop.  1600. 

KIIONI.  Ko'nee.  a  town  of  Kus.si.a,  beyond  the  Caucasus, 
15  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Kootais.     Pop.  1200. 

KIIOXS.\R.  Kon'sar',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak- 
Ajemee.  83  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Ispahan,  on  the  route  to  Hamao 
dan.  Pop.  from  12.000  to  13.000,  engaged  in  raising  and  dry- 
ing fruits,  and  weaving  chintz. 

KIIOOCHAX,  a  town  of  Persia,    See  Koochax, 

KlIOOLOOM,  KHOULLOUM,  Koo'loom',  KIICLM, 
KIIOULM.  koolm,  GHOLAM,  go-lJm'.  or  TASHKCKGAN, 
t<ish-koorVjn'(?)  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  near  the  borders 
of  Bokhara,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  Khooloom.  40  miles 
W.  of  Balkh:lat.  36°40'X.,  ion.  68°o' E.  It  is  surroundet. 
by  hills  on  three  sides,  and  defended  by  two  castles.  Pop. 
10.000. 

KHOONAWUR,  (koo-ni-w&r',  or  KOONAWAR)  PASS, 
one  of  the  loftiest  across  the  llimalavas.  Lat,  31°  40'  N,,  lou 
18°  30'  E.     Elevation  20.000  feet. 

KIIOOXDCXIZ,  KOUXDOUZ,  or  KUNDUZ.  koon-dooz',  a 
khanat  of  Independent  Tartary:  lat.  35''  to  38°  X.,  and  Ion, 
6S°  to  72°  E.,  having  S.  Afghanistan,  W.  Bokhara,  and  E 
the  Bolor  Mountains.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  i« 
mountainous,  but  there  are  many  fertile  tracts  which  yield 
abundant  crops  of  grain,  principally  wheat  and  barley :  while 
the  marshy  grounds,  which  are  very  extensive,  produce 
good  crops  of  rice. 

K1I00XD(X)Z  or  KOUXDOUZ,  a  town  of  Independent 
Tartary,  capital  of  the  alx>ve  khanat,  near  the  junction  of 
the  Bunghee  with  the  Goree.  which  here  unite  to  form  the 
Oxus.     Lat.  36°  4S'  X.,  Ion,  69°  21'  E.     Pop.  aljout  15ilO   . 

KllOOXnS.  a  trilw  of  Indians.     See  Goaxds. 

KHOOZISTAX,  KHOUZISTAN.  or  KIIUZI.STAN.  Koo- 
zis-tin',  originally  KIIORISTAN,  K0*ris-tdn.  the  '-country  of 
estuaries,  (or  K/iors.)"  (anc.  Suxia'na.)  a  province  of  I'ersia, 
mostly  between  lat.  30°  and  a3°  X.,  and  Ion.  46°  and  51°  E., 
having  X'.  the  Bakhtiyari  .Mountains,  separating  it  from  Irak- 
.\jemee,  E.  Ears,  W.  the  p<ashalic  of  Bagdad,  (in  Asiatic  Tur- 
key,) and  S.  the  Persian  Gulf.  The  surftce  is  mostly  moun- 
tainous; but  in  the  S.  are  some  plains.  Tho  Tigris  and 
Euphrates  (Shat-el-Arab)  form  a  part  of  its  W.  Ixmndary. 
In  that  part  which  borders  on  the  I'ersian  Gulf,  there  are 
numerous  river  mouths,  or  estuaries. whence  the  province  de- 
rives its  name.  The  products  are  rice,  maize,  iarley.  cotton, 
sugar-cane,  dates,  indigo,  .and  silk.  Tlie  pasturages  are  ex- 
tensive, and  live  stock  numerous.  The  trade  is  mostly  wKh 
Bassorah  and  Bagdad.  The  principal  towns  are  Shooster, 
Dezfool,  Bebhak.  and  Mohammerah. 

KHOPER,  ko'per.  a  river  of  Russia,  ri.ses  in  the  eovem- 
ment  of  Penza,  flows  tortuously  S.S.W..  and  joins  the  Don 
after  a  course  of  250  miles,  for  the  last  100  of  which  it  is 
navisable. 

KHOPERSK  or  CIIOPERSK,  NOVO,  no'vo  Ko-painsk'  (?) 
a  small  fortified  town  of  Russiti.  government,  and  H~i  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Voronezh,  on  the  Khoper. 

KlfOIi  or  KHOKE,  Kor,  (a  "month"  or  "estuary.")  is 
the  prefixed  name  of  various  lays  in  the  Ea.»t.  the  principal 
being  Khore  .Ahdailah.  (kor  3twldl'l3.>  on  the  Persian  Gulf, 
W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Euphrates.     See  Khoozistan. 

KHORASSAX  or  KH0RA8AX.  Ko'rds-sdn'.  (••  t. ..  region 
of  the  sun,"*)  »  province  of  Persia,  between  lat.  34°  and  38° 
N..  and  Ion.  53°  and  61°  H;  its  limits*,  however,  have  often 
varied  considerably.  It  has  X.  Khiva,  and  E.  Af.'hanistao. 
Its  S.  part  is  a  sandy  waste,  the  rest  of  its  surface  consists 
of  mountain  ranges  and  fertile  valleys.  Wheat,  rice,  tob;\cco, 
cotton,  hemp,  and  assafietida  are  grown.  Goats'-hair  and 
turquoises  are  important  articles  of  produce.  Principal 
towns.  Meshed  and  Xishapoor, 


*  The  origin  of  the  name  is  prettily  sngsested  by  MooKl,  itt 
the  commencement  of  the  first  poem  of  Lnlla  Rookh— 
"  In  the  deliRhtfiil  province  of  the  sun, 
Xh«  first  of  Persian- lands  be  sliiaes  upon." 


KHO 


KIA 


KHORTSTA'JT,  a  proTinoe  of  Persia.    See  Khoozistan. 

KfiOROf,,  Ko-ri'l'.  a  river  of  Kussia.  rises  in  the  jtovem- 
in«nt  of  KbirkoT,  and  after  a  southward  course  of  about  140 
milfs  joins  the  Ps-iol. 

KllOltOli.  1  town  of  Russia,  povernment,  and  60  miles 
W.N'.W.  of  i'r.ltara.  on  tiie  Khoml. 

Krii)nRAMABAD,  kor-ram4-bad'.  or  KHORUM-ABAD, 
Ico-rQm-rl-bJd'.  a  town  and  fiirt  of  Persia,  province  of  Irali- 
Ajemce,  district  of  l^ooristan.  on  the  left  banlv  of  the  Koon, 
98  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Ilamadan.  It  consists  of  about  1000 
houses,  and  h.as  many  curious  antiquities,  comprisinc;  a 
remarkable  inscribed  pillar.  The  Fort,  which  overlooks 
the  town,  occupies  a  steep  rock  about  1000  yards  in  circum- 
ference, and  is  surrounded  by  a  double  wall  at  the  base.  A 
masnificent  resnrvoir  has  been  formed  within  it. 

(CHORSABAU,  KOR'sd  bid',  KOHSABAD,  (probably  a  cor- 
ruption of  Ar/(o.s?-oo-a/>nrf.  the  '-alKJde  of  Khosroes  or  Chos- 
roes."  a  ftmous  Persian  king.)  or  KIIOKTABAD,  kor't3-l)dd', 
a  villa<?e  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  pashalic,  and  about  l^i  miles  in 
a  direct  line  ^.K.  of  Mosul.  Here,  Botta,  in  18-4:3.  discovered 
the  ruins  of  a  larjre  buildins  containing  Assyrian  sculp- 
tures and  inscriptions,  liut  nearly  buried  up.  This  was  the 
first  discovery  of  the  antiquities  of  Nineveh,  to  which  the 
labours  of  Layard  and  others  have  lately  given  so  much 
Interest. 

KIMSKOO-STIAH.KosVoo'sha.  written  also  KHOSRAU- 
SII  AH.  a  viila'je  and  valley  of  I'ersia.  province  of  Azerbaijan, 
the  former'S.W.  of  TabreeiS.  and  formerly  of  importance.  The 
valley  is  a  tract  of  groves  and  gardens,  and  one  of  the 
"  paradises''  celebrated  in  old  I'ersian  poetrj',  (the  others 
being  at  Samarcand.  at  Ilamadan,  the  plain  of  Damascus, 
and  Kaleh  Sofid,  in  the  province  of  Fars.) 

KIIOTKX,  Ko'tSn',  I^HaTAX,  koHdn',  EELCIIEE.  EEL- 
CIII  or  II.CIII,  eel-chee',  written  also  ELECIIEE.  and 
ILITSI,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  on  the  route  between 
Yarkaiid  .and  Lapa.  Lat.  37°  N.,  Ion.  80°  .'50'  E.  It  is  en- 
closed by  earthen  ramp:»rts.  and  is  the  station  of  a  Chinese 
governor  and  garrison,  but  mostly  peopled  by  Oozbeks.  who 
manufacture  leather,  silk  fabrics,  and  paper,  and  have  a 
brisk  trade  in  these  goods,  and  in  jasper  and  other  natural 
produce. 

KlIOTTN  or  KIIOTTNE.  in  Bessarabia.     See  CuoTvy. 

KIIOTM  Y.ISK.  kot-mee.sk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  To  mil  'S  S.S.W.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Vorskla.     Pop.  2100. 

KIIOTMYN.sk,  kot-minsk',  a  walled  town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Kharkov.     I'op.  1678. 

KII!)-TSI.\-SIIAN  or  KIIO-TSTX-CIIA\,  KoHseen'shdu', 
a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Shan-see,  in  lat.  40°  7'  N., 
Ion.  ll-!°  20'  Vj.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

KIIOUM.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  KooM. 

KIIOUZISTAX.  a  province  of  I'ersia.     See  Khoozistan. 

KIIOZDAR,  kozMar',  a  decayed  town  of  Belooihistan. 
capital  of  the  province  of  .Ihalawan,  in  a  fertile  valley,  80 
miles  S.S.W.  of  K.'lat.    Lat.  27°  50'  .\.,  Ion.  6«°  23'  E. 

KlIULKAL.  KQl-k^l'.  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Azer- 
baijan. 45  miles  S.S.K.  of  .\rdabeel. 

KHCLM.  a  town  of  Central  Asia.    See  Khooloom. 

KIIUM.\ULE.\.,  koo-maw-li'a,  a  populous  town  of  llin- 
dostan.  Guicowar's  dominion,  in  Guzerat,  75  miles  X.W.  of 
Joonaijhur. 

KTIUNGTAGIIAUT.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.     See  Bi,t\ee. 

KHUItD-KABOOL.  Koord-ka-bool',  or  LITTLE  CABOOL, 
B  village  of  Afghanistan.  16  miles  S.E.  of  Cabool.  Eleva- 
tion, 7466  feet.  Here  the  British  troops,  retreating  to  Ca- 
bool from  Jelalabad,  were  butchered  by  the  Afghans,  in 
1841. 

KHURRUMABAD,  Koor-roo-mJ-i)ad',  or  KOOMABAD, 
koom^d-bdd',  a  large  village  of  North  Persia,  province  of 
Miizanderan.  near  the  Caspian  'Sea.  SO  miles  W.  of  Amol. 

KilUSltEV  PASHA.  Koos-r^v'  pi>»hli\ov  VEZIR  KHAN, 
v.A-zeer'  kin,  ii  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa.shalic  of  Anatolia, 
52  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Kutaieh,  at  the  summit  of  a  beautiful 
mountain  pass.     Pop.  about  700. 

KHUTTLR,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  near  musjid.   Ali, 

KIU'ZISTAN,  a  province  of  Persia,     See  Khiwzistav. 

KHVALYNSK  or  KHVALINSK,  K'vi-leensk',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  115  miles  N.E.  of  Saratov,  on  the 
ri'.'lit  Knnk  of  the  Volira.     Pop.  3000. 

KHYliKR  or  KHKYBER  (ki'bgr)  PASS,  in  Afghanistan, 
is  the  principal  N.  pass  into  that  country  from  Hindostan, 
corampniMng  about  10  miles  W.  of  Peshawer,  and  extending 
for  .30  miles  X.W.  to  the  plain  of  Jelalabad.  It  lies  through 
cliffs  of  slate,  rising  from  6iX)  to  1000  feet  on  eUher  side,  and, 
thouirh  narrow  and  dangerous,  is  the  only  route  forartillery 
across  the  Khyber  Mountains.  It  was  forced  by  the  British 
troops  on  the  iirst  occupation  of  Cabool.  and  in  1842.  The 
Khybers  are  a  formidable  tribe  of  robbers  occupying  the 
adjacent  territory.  (Balbi.) 

KHYEN  (kl-Jn/)  COUNTRY,  a  region  of  Farther  India, 
between  lat.  19°  and  24°  N..  and  Ion.  93°  and  95°  E.,  having 
\V.  the  British  provinces  of  Aracan  and  Chittagong. 

KHYEN-DWtlM  or  KYEN-DWEM,  ki.^nMwSm'.  or  NING- 
THEE.  ningHhee'.  a  liver  of  Fartlier  India,  rises  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Pong,  in  lat.  27°  N.,  and  Ion,  96°  30'  E.,  flows  mostly 
£.  between  the  Cassay  and  Burmese  domiuions,  and  joins 


the  Irrawaddy  opposite  Yandabo  in  Bunnah,  after  a  conr«e 
loosely  estimated  at  4O0  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  tbb  largest 
boats  to  King-nao.  in  lat.  23°  45'  N.  All  its  afiiuents  from 
the  K.  are  said  to  be  auriferous. 

KHYERPOOR,  krer-poor'.  or  KIIYRPOOR.  kir'poor',  a 
town  of  Sinde,  15  miles  E.  of  the  Indus.  Lat.  27''  31'  N.,  Ion. 
6S°45'E.  Pop.  15,000,  Thouirh  the  residence  of  the  ametfr? 
of  North  Sinde,  it  is  a  mere  collection  of  mud  hovels,  witlx 
a  fiirt.  a  mosque,  and  some  bazaars. 

KHYRABAD  or  KHEYll-ABAD.  klr-J-bM'.  several  towns 
of  India  and  Afghanistan,  the  principal  iieing  in  the  domi- 
nions, and  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Oude.  Lat.  27°  3'  N.,  Ion. 
80°  40'  E. 

KIIYR6.4.0N.  kIr-gS-on',  a  town  of  Sinde.  on  an  arm  of 
the  Indus,  in  lat.  20°  55'  N.,  Ion.  67°  50'  E.  Pop.  between 
2000  and  3000. 

KIIYRPOOR,  a  town  of  Sinde.    See  Khterpoor. 

KHYRPOOR-DAHR,  klr'poorMaR',  a  considerable  town 
of  Sinde,  50  miles  N.E.  of  Roree,  in  a  tract  well  irrigated  by 
canals  from  the  Indu.s. 

KHYTUL,  ki-tHP.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  capital  of  an 
indeiiendent  Sikh  chiefship,  97  miles  N.W.  of  Dellii. 

KI,  islands  of  the  Malay  Arciiipelago.     See  Ket. 

KIAKHTA  or  KIACHTA,  ke-dK'ta.  a  town  of  Siberia, 
government,  and  180  miles  S.E.  of  Irkootsk.  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Selenga.  close  to  the  Chinese  frontier,  and  the  great 
emporium  of  the  trade  between  Russia  and  China.  Lat, 
50°  20'  N.,  Ion.  106°  .35'  E.  Pop.  about  5000.  It  consists  of 
an  upper  fortified  town,  with  a  stone  cliurch,  and  some 
brick  government  offices,  &c..  but  otherwise  built  of  wood; 
and  the  lower  town,  opposite  the  Chinese  village  of  Jlaimai- 
tchin.  is  inhabited  by  merchants.  The  Russians  here  ex- 
change lamli-skins,  furs,  fcroadcloths.  coarse  linens,  cattle, 
and  bullion,  for  tea.  raw  and  manufactured  silks,  nankeens, 
porcelain,  rhubarb,  and  other  Chinese  produce,  especially  at 
a  large  fair  in  December.  A  gi-eat  temporary  increase  of  its 
trade  took  place  during  the  late  British  war  with  China; 
and  in  1843,  as  many  as  102.7(10  chests  of  superfine  tea  are 
stated  to  have  been  received  here  by  tlie  Russians,  tlie  re- 
turns to  China  comprising  660,090  yards  of  Russian  broad- 
cloth, worth  228,000/.,  other  Russian  woollens  to  107.400/., 
cotton  goods  to  26,000/.,  leather  to  45,000/..  and  furs  to 
21O.S80/.  in  value. 

KIAMA,  ke-i/mJ,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  state  of  Borgoo,  70  miles  S.W.  of 
Boossa. 

KIAMITIA,  ki-a-mish'e-a,  a  post-village  of  Red  River 
CO.,  Texas,  on  Red  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Kianiitia 
Hiver,about35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Clarksville.  Cotton  is  shipped 
here  in  the  steamboats. 

KIA\-CH.\XG,  a  city  of  China     See  Kikn-chvn''.-foo. 

KJANG.  ke-dng'  or  ke-Ang'.  a  Chinese  word  signilying 
"river."  forming  a  Tiart  of  numerous  names:  as  Mix-Kiano, 
the  "Min  River;"  Ta-Kiang,  the  'Great  River,"  (one  of  the 
names  of  the  Yang-tse-kiang.)  kc. 

KIANG-HUNG,  ke-Jng'  hoong(?)  an  important  town  of 
Laos,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Me-kong  or  Cambodia  River, 
about  lat.  21°  58'  N..  Ion.  100°  39'  E.  It  is  the  capital  of  a 
large  province  extending  along  both  ban^s  of  the  river.  It 
has  about  500  houses. 

KIAXG-KU.  a  river  of  China.     See  Yaxo-tse-kiano. 

KIANG-XING  or  KI AXG-X ING-FOO.    See  Nanking. 

KIAXG-SEE  or  KIANG-SI.  ke-ingVee'.  a  province  of 
China,  between  lat.  24°  and  30°  N.,  and  Ion.  11.3°  20'  and 
118°  30'  ¥..,  enclosed  by  the  provinces  of  Hoo-nan,  Iloo-pe, 
Xgan-hoei,  Che-kiang,  Fo-kien.  and  Quang-tong.  Pop. 
30,426,299.  The  surface  is  mostly  mountainous:  but  its 
centre  is  traversed  by  the  Kau-kiang.  The  products  com- 
prise gold,  iron,  tin.  lead,  excellent  hemp,  grass-cloths  of  the 
best  kind,  and  the  finest  porcelain.    Capital,  Nan-chang, 

KIAXGSOO,  KIANG-SOU  or  KIAXG-SU,  ke'Sng'soo,  a 
maritime  province  of  China,  between  lat.  31°  and  35°  N., 
and  Ion.  116°  and  122°  E.,  having  E.  the  Yellow  Sea.  and 
landward  the  provinces  of  Shan-tung,  Ilo-nan,  Ngan-hoei, 
and  Che-kiang.  Pop.  37,843.501.  The  surface  is  mostly 
level,  except  in  the  S.,  and  this  is  one  of  the  most  fertile 
and  valuable  provinces  of  the  empire,  exporting  more 
silk  than  any  other  part  of  China.  The  great  rivers  Iloang- 
ho  and  Yang-tse-kiang  here  enter  the  sea.  Principal  city, 
Nankins. 

KIAXO-TUNG,  ke-lnirHoong'  or  ke-dng'tting'  a  walled 
town  of  Laos,  about  5  miles  from  the  rijrht  bank  ef  the  Xam 
Lue,  an  affluent  of  the  Me-kong.  Lat.  21°  47'  N.,  Ion.  alioul 
99°  39'  E.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  towns  in  Laos,  capital 
of  a  petty  state  of  the  same  name,  and  exercises  rule  over 
several  neighboring  petty  states. 

KIANKARY.  a  town  of  .\,sia  Minor.    See  Kankaree. 

KIAN-KOO-SHAN  or  KIAN-KOU-CHAX,  ke-Su'-koo'- 
sh3n',  a  mountain  of  China,  province  Of  Iloo-pe,  in  lat. 
31°  40'  N.  Ion.  110°  27'  E.  It  is  covered  with  perpetual 
snow. 

KIAN-NING,  ke-Jn'ning'.  a  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Fo-kien.  95  miles  N  W.  of  Foo-choo. 

KI  AN-TCH  ANG,  a  city  of  China.    See  KiEX-cnAXG-yoo. 

KIATKUTA,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Kukuta. 

975 


KIB 


KIE 


KIBAU.  kee'lhan/.  a  Tillajce  of  West  Thibet,  13,800  feet  above 
tbe  Fe:\.  in  a  narrow  valley  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  lofty 
mountains.     Lat.  32°  25'  N..  Ion.  78°  E. 

KIIJBLKSTOXE,  kiMiels-ton,  a  liberty  of  Encland,  co.  of 
Stafford.  2  miles  N.  of  Stowe.  Earl  St.  Vincent  was  born 
here.  a.d.  1734. 

KIB'WdKTH.  a  parish  of  Enjrland.  co.  of  Leicester. 

KICIIENEV  or  KICHINEV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Kishe- 

NEV. 

KICK. \ POO,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Texa.s. 
KICIvAPOO,  a  post-township  of  Peoria  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Peoria  and  Oqnawl<a  Kailroud,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Peoria. 
Population  1265. 

KICK'A  POC  CKEEK,  of  Henderson  co.,  Texas,  flows  into 
Keches  River,  near  its  source. 

IvlClvAI'OO  CREEK,  in  the  central  part  of  Illinois,  is  an 
affluent  of  Salt  Creek. 

KICK'APOO'  INDIANS,  a  tribe  in  Kansas,  for  whom  a 
mission  has  been  esfciblished  at  Kickapoo  Village.  They 
have  msule  considerable  progress  in  agriculture ;  many  of 
them  have  comfortable  bouses,  around  •which  may  be  seen 
gardens,  domestic  animals,  &e.  These,  with  other  indica- 
tions of  civilization,  form  a  pleasing  contrast  with  the  con- 
dition of  the  other  triljes  within  the  Great  Nemahaw  Agency. 
KICKAPOO  RIVhMJ,  of  Wisconsin,  flows  into  the  Wis- 
consin Kiver.  about  IS  miles  from  its  mouth. 

KICKAPOO,  a  post-village  of  Leavenworth  co.,  Kansas, 
«ituated  on  the  Missouri  River,  5  or  6  miles  above  Leaven- 
worth. The  convention  which  made  the  arrangements  for  the 
election  of  a  delegate  to  Washington  to  ur^e  upon  Congress 
the  organization  of  the  new  territories  of  Nebraska  and 
Kansas  was  held  here,  September  20, 1853.  In  contains  2 
churches,  and  about  100  dwellings.  It  has  an  active  trade 
in  lunil'er. 

KICKIONERRI,  kik'ke-o-nJr'ree.  writt«n  also  KTKT- 
WIIIUKI  and  KIKIWIIARY,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  the  Ash- 
•intee  country,  in  lat.  6°  2'  N..  Ion.  1°  29'  W.  Pop.  12.000. 
K  IP'D  KR.  a  township  of  Carbon  co..  Pennsylvania.  P.  1249. 
KIDDKRMI.VSTER,  kld'der-min^ster,  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  manuficturing  town,  and  parish  ol  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Worcester,  on  both  sides  of  the  Stour,  near  its 
confluence  with  the  Severn,  15  miles  N.  of  Worcester.  Pop. 
in  1851,  23.S45.  It  is  principally  constructed  of  small, 
humble  dwellings,  is  paved,  lighted  with  gas.  and  has  an 
ample  supply  of  good  water.  It  has  a  town-hall  and  a  prison, 
three  churches,  numerous  Dissenting  places  of  worship,  a 
Unitarian  and  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  free  grammar  and 
other  schools,  bank,  union  work-house,  and,  adjoining  the 
town,  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle  of  the  Cokeseys. 
Kidderminster  was  noted  for  its  woollen  manufactures  "in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  The  fabrics  now  made  are  carpets 
and  finger  rugs,  with  some  bombazines,  button-coverings, 
and  waistcoat-pieces.  The  carpets  are  unrivalled  for  excel- 
lence of  workmanship.  A  few  years  since,  upwards  of  2000 
looms  and  4000  hands  were  employed  in  this  manufacture. 
The  Stafford  and  ^Vorcester  Canal  passes  the  town,  and 
opens  a  communication  with  Liverpool,  Hull,  and  Hristol. 
The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
KIDDKR'S  KKIUtY.  a  post-offlce  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 
KID'DINGTON,  NETII'ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

ivIDD'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co..  Kentucky,  So 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort,  has  about  150  inhabitants. 

KIDIHA-TATA,  ke-dee/rd-tMi,  a  village  of  AVest  Africa, 
in  Bondoo.  on  the  Faleme.  L:tt.  14°  27'  N.,  Ion.  12°  16'  W. 
It  is  the  supposed  site  of  the  old  French  fort  of  St.  Pierre. 

KIDIKA-TIOOBALO0orKIDIRA-TI0UBALOU,ke-dee'ra- 
te-oo'bd'loo',  a  village  of  West  Africa,  in  Bondoo.  on   the 
Faleme.     I^at.  14°  28'  N.,  Ion.  12°  16'  W.    Pop.  about  1000. 
KID'fJNOTOM.  a  parish  of  Enzland.  co.  of  Oxford. 
KrD,)NIi:il,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  S.  of  Adramyti. 
KIDltON.  a  stream  of  Palestine.    See  Kedrox. 
KID'RijN.  a  post-village  of  Coweta  Co.,  Georgli,  about  110 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

KIDROX,  a  post-village  and  missionary  station  in  the 
Cherokee  Nation,  in  the  Indian  Territory. 


KlDWEiVLY  or  CYDWELI,  kid-wSl'ee,  a  municipal  bo- 
rough, small  port,  market-town,  and  parish  of  Wales,  co.,  and 
9  miles  S.  of  Carmarthen,  on  both  sides  of  the  Gwendraeth, 
near  its  mouth  in  Carmarthen  Bay.  Pop.  in  1851, 1648.  It 
has  some  iron  and  tin-smelting  works,  the  products  of  which, 
W'.th  coal,  f  >rm  the  chief  exports. 

KIKBLIXGSWALDK.  kee'blings-^irdeh,  a  village  of 
1  rustia.  province  of  Silesia,  government  of  Breslau.     P.  957. 

KIKCni-IXGSIJKRGKN,  keeKlings-bSRoVn.  a  village  of 
Baden,  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  near  Breisach.     Pop.  931. 

KIEDRICH.  kee/driK,  a  village  of  Germany  in  Nassau,  3 
miles  A\  .  of  KltviUe.     Pop.  1375. 

KIEF,  a  government  and  citv  of  Russia.    Pee  Kiev 
vT'^l!'ii',?,'3;t^^'^'^'''  (KleferstSdtl.)  kee/ffrs-tJttT,  or  COS- 
MCZO\\  ICL,  kos-necyso-*eet's.\.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  SUesla,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  827. 


970 


KIEL,  keel,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein,  on  a  fine  bay  of  the  Baltic,  53  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ham 
burg,  at  the  terminus  of  the  railway  from  Altona.  Popu- 
lation in  ISOO,  including  its  suburb  Brunsw  ick,  17^541.  It 
is  well  built  and  thriving.  The  principal  edifices  are  the 
Church  of  St.  Nicholas,  the  royal  palace,  and  the  public 
baths.  Its  university,  founded  in  1665,  liad.  in  1840.  191 
students.  Attached  to  it  is  an  observatory ;  also  a  botania 
garden,  a  lying-in  hospital,  and  a  public  library  with  100.000 
volumes.  It  contains  also  a  seminary  for  teachers.  Kiel 
has  manufactures  of  iron  goods  and  machines,  tobacco, 
starch,  and  refined  sugar;  a  good  harbor,  with  16  feet  of 
waber.  considerable  ship-building,  and  an  annual  fair  in 
January,  at  which  extensive  exchanges  are  transacted. 
Upwards  of  2000  vessels,  with  a  burden  of  250,000  tons, 
arrive  and  depart  annually,  and  its  commerce  is  rapidly 
increasing.  The  Ilolstein  Canal  joins  the  Baltic  2  miles  N. 
of  the  town.  Steam  and  other  packet-boats  place  it  in  con- 
stant communication  with  Copenhagen,  and  also  with  Aal- 
borg,  R.^nders,  and  Kolding, 

KIELCE,  ke-^lf sA  or  kyflt's-i,  a  city  of  Poland,  (U  miles 
N,N.E.  of  Cracow.  Pop.  5100.  It  is  a  bishops  see.  and  has 
numerous  religious  edifices,  with  a  gymnasium  and  diocesan 
school.    There  are  copper  and  lead  mines  in  its  vicinity. 

KIP:LDRECHT,  keel'drJKt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders.  18  miles  N.  of  Dendermonde.     Pop.  2532. 
KIKN-CIIANG-FOO,  KIEN-TCHA.\G-FOU,  ke-Jn'-chang- 
foo.  KIAN-CHANG  or  KIAN-TCIIAXG,  ke'3n'-chang,  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Kiang-see.    Lat.  27°  35'  N.,  Ion.  116° 
27'  E. 
KIENDAR.  a  river  of  Australia.    See  Qwtdir  River. 
KIEX-LUNG.  ke-Jn'-lting,  or  ClIIN-LUXG.  a  town  of 
Thibet,  on  the  Upper  Sutlej,  42  miles  S.  of  Gardoo,  with  hot 
sulphm-  sprinss. 

KIEOO-KIANG  or  KIEOU-KIANG,  kee\voo'  ke-Sng',  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Kiang-see.  with  a  fort  on  the  Yang-tse- 
ki.<ing,  in  lat.  29°  54'  N.,  Ion.  116°  8'  E. 

KIEOU-TING-SHAN  (or  CHAN,)  a  mountain  of  China. 
See  Min-Shan. 

KI1;RTEMIXDE.  keeR'tfh-minMeh,  a  seaport  town  of 
Denmark.  isLand  of  Funen.  on  its  E.  coast,  at  the  entrance 
of  an  inlet  of  the  Great  Belt.     Pop.  ISOO. 

KI E V.  KI EW.  ke4v',  or  KIEF,  ke-?f',  a  government  in  the 
S.W.  of  European  Russia,  bounded  E.  bv  the  Dnieper,  from 
lat.  48°  20' to  51°  .30' N..  and  from  Inn.  28°' 25' to  33°  E.  Area, 
1942  square  miles.  Pop.  in  18.51, 1,636.339.  The  surface  is 
flat  and  undulating,  watered  liy  the  Dnieper  and  by  the 
Teterev.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  entirely  occupied  in 
agriculture,  except  a  small  portion  in  the  N.,  which  is 
covered  with  excellent  timber.  The  chief  crops  are  wheat, 
reputed  the  best  in  Europe,  rye,  oats,  maize,  lint,  hemp, 
tobacco,  hops,  and  vines.  Cattle  are  extensively  reared. 
The  manufactures  are  limited  to  candles  and  soap. 

KIEV,  KIEW.  or  KIEF,  a  fortified  city  of  European  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  the  government  of  Kiev,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Dnieper,  (over  which  a  suspension  bridge  half  a  mile  long 
has  recently  been  erected.)  670  miles  S.  of  St.  Petersburg, 
and  490  miles  S.W.  of  Moscow.  Lat.  (of  the  palace)  50°  26* 
5.3"  N.,  Ion.  30°  33'  44"  E.  It  is  picturesquely  situated,  crown- 
ing .several  heights  of  undulating  ground,  and  con.sists  pro- 
perly of  three  towns,  each  of  which  has  its  separate  fortifi- 
cations and  suburbs.  The  first  is  Petchersk.  or,  as  it  is 
called,  the  New  Fort,  crowning  a  rugged  steep  to  the  S., 
and  is  a  place  of  strength,  it  has  a  rampart  with  nine 
bastions,  and  regular  outworks.  Besides  the  barrack.s, 
magazines,  and  official  residences  connected  with  the  gar- 
rison, it  contains  several  churches,  of  which  the  most  re- 
markable is  that  of  St.  Nicholas  Thaumaturgus.  which  stands 
near  the  tomb  of  Oskold,  a  celebrated  prince  and  saint.  In 
tbe  same  neighborhood  stands  the  famous  monastery  of 
Petchtrskoi.  (so  called  from  the  Russian  word  petcliera,  "a 
cavern,")  surrounded  by  a  wall  1100  yards  long.  "This 
cavern,  said  to  have  been  hollowed  out  by  St.  Antony,  con- 
fciins  a  number  of  catacombs,  forming  a  kind  of  labyrinth, 
filled  with  the  bodies  of  .saints  and  martyrs.  The  second 
town,  Kiev  proper,  occupies  a  height  towards  the  N.,  less 
elevated  than  that  on  which  Petchersk  stands,  and  lesS 
regularly  fortified.  It  contains  the  venerable  Cathedral  of 
St.  Sophia,  founded  in  10.37  by  the  Grand  Duke  .Taroslaw 
Vladimirovitch  to  commemorate  a  victory.  The  chief  obje<t 
of  interest  in  it  is  a  marble  tomb  of  its  founder.  Most  of 
the  houses  in  Kiev  Proper  Mong  to  this  church  and  the 
Convent  of  St.  Michael,  The  thirtl  town,  called  Podol, 
occupies  the  lower  ground,  and  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  th« 
middle  and  lower  class.  Kiev  has  in  all  .30  churches:  it 
contains  an  archbishop's  palace,  prison,  and  a  town  and 
military  hospital.  Its  university,  founded  in  ■'?o4,  is  en- 
dowed with  a  million  rubles;  it  has  a  library  of  35,000  vo- 
lumes, cabinets  of  medals,  mineralogy,  zoology,  and  botanv, 
and  most  of  the  collections  transfem>d  from  the  old  Univf  i^ 
sity  of  Vilna.  In  1846  it  had  85  professors  and  1549  students. 
Connected  with  it  is  a  Russian  theoloirical  seminary,  with  s 
large  library,  2  gymnasia,  and  an  establishment  for  the  edu- 
cation of  the  "laughters  of  noliles.  Kiev  is  the  residence 
of  the  governor-general  of  Little  Russia,  capital  of  a  Qreek 


J 


KIE 


KIL 


ejiarchy,  and  has  a  criminal  and  civil  court.  It  has  a  bell- 
founilry,  some  manufactories  of  leather  and  pottery,  and  is 
celebrated  for  its  confectionary.  Its  trade,  since  tlie  rise  of 
Odessa,  has  become  extensive;  and  it  has  a  lartje  annual 
fair  in  .January.  The  town  is  very  ancient,  and  possesses 
fCreat  historical  interest  as  the  spot  on  which  Christianity 
was  first  planted  araonK  the  barbarous  hordes  of  the  steppes 
of  I?ussia.  and  as  having  been,  for  a  long  time,  the  recog- 
nised capital  of  all  Russia.     Pop.  in  1858,  60,682. 

RIEVO.  kei'vo,  a  village  of  Dalmatia,  circle  of  Zara,  14 
miles  from  Knin.     Pop.  IHO. 

KIF'FICK.  a  parish  of  South  M'ales.  co.  of  Carmarthen- 

KIFFM,  kee'free,  a  town  or  villafre  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  108 
miles  N.K.  of  Bafrdad,  on  the  Koordistan  frontier. 

KlGirT-^GIIOdlC  qr  KIGIIT.VGIIOUK,  kik-td-gook',  a  vil- 
lage of  Russian  .\meriea.  on  the  Oonalaklik,  (Ounalaklik.) 
having  direct  communication  by  two  small  streams  with  the 
river  Joona.  (.Touna.)  It  has  become  the  centre  of  the  local 
commerce. 

KII  (ki?)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islands  situated  N.  of  Port 
Essinirton.  in  North  .\nstralia. 

ICI.TorKlDGK.  atowaofPersia.  See  Kedge. 

RIKEU.  ke-kew'.  a  town  of  Anam,  province  of  Tonquin, 
on  a  river,  SO  miles  E.  of  Kotcho.  It  is  fortitied  in  the 
European  style,  regularly  built,  intersected  by  canals,  and 
has  a  palace  and  larire  rice  magazines. 

KTlvIAY;ke-ke-i'.  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  .Japan  and  N.  of  the  Loo-choo  Islands. 

KIKTNDA,  NAGY.  nOJj  kee'kin'dOh,  a  maiket-town  of 
East  Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal,  31)  miles  W.N.W.  of  Temes- 
var.    Pop.  with  10  villages,  12,.'?44. 

KTKINEIS,  ke-ke-nice',  a  large  Tartar  vilhage  of  Russia, 
government  of  Taurida.  near  the  Black  Sea.     Pop.  1000.  (?) 

KTK1WII.\RV,  a  town  of  Ashantee.     See  Kickionf.iiui. 

KIL  iind  KTLL.  (]<;rse.  '-a  church,")  prefixes  to  numerous 
parishes  and  towns  of  Ireland. 

KIL.\  and  KIIJi.\,  kil'hi,  the  names  of  many  forts  and 
villages  of  Af^rhanistan.  The  principal  was  KliXA  Muroha, 
or  NOWA  MuRGitA.  a  fort  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghuznee,  and 
destroyed  by  the  Rritish  in  1839. 

KltiBAIIA,  kil'bS-hii',  a  fishing  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Clare,  on  a  small  baj'  of  the  .same  name.     Pop.  5-31. 

KirjR.VL'LYIIONE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Clare. 

KIIiBARCIIAN,  kil-bar'Kan,  a  town  and  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Renfrew.  5^  miles  W.N.^V.  of  Paisley.  Pop.  in 
1S51.  5474,  mostly  silk  and  cotton  weavers.  The  town  has  2 
public  libraries,  an  agricultural  ajid  various  other  societies. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Klliston  Tower,  and  of  Ranfurly  Cas- 
tle, a  seat  of  the  Knox  family,  of  which  the  reformer,  John 
Knox,  was  a  member. 

KILBAR'RO.N,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Do- 
negal. 

KILBE.iGII,  kil-bi',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  inConnaught,  co. 
of  Mayo. 

KTLBEO'GAN,  a  parish  and  market-town  erf  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  co.  of  Westmeath,  on  the  Upper  Bi-osna,  and  on  a 
branch  of  the  Grand  Canal,  6^  miles  N.  of  TuUamore.  Pop. 
1900.  It  has  a  parish  church,  once  the  chapel  of  a  monas- 
tei-y,  founded  by  the  Anglo-Normans  in  1200,  and  a  large 
Roman  Catholic  chapel. 

KILBEG'NOT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of 
Galwav. 

KII/BEIIEN'NY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

KILBIR'NIE  or  KILBUR'NIE.  a  village  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  17  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Glasgow.  The  vil- 
lage is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Garnock,  and  on  the  Glas- 
gow and  Ayr  Railway.  It  is  well  built  of  freestone,  and  has 
an  Established,  a  Free,  and  a  Reformed  church,  4  schools, 
and  several  benevolent  societies.     I'op.  in  1851,  3399. 

KILBOL.A.NE,  kirbo-lain',  a  piirish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Cork. 

KIL'BOURXE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

KILBRAN'DON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argvle. 

KILBRAVXAN  SOUND,  a  strait  of  Scotland,  estuary  of 
the  Clyde,  between  the  N.W.  part  of  the  island  of  Arran  and 
the  coast  of  Kintyre.  It  is  about  14  miles  long,  by  4  miles 
broad. 

KIL'BRIDE',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster  and  Leinster, 
oos.  of  Cavan  and  Meath. 

KILBR1D1\  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

KILBRIDE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  co. 
In  it  are  the  ruins  of  six  castles. 

KILBRIDE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Bute. 

KILBRIDE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  united  with  Kilmore. 

KILBRIDE.  EAST,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  the  famous  Doctors  John  and  William 
riunter. 

KILBRIDE.  WEST,  a  parish  of  Scotl.and,  co.  of  Ayr. 

KIL'BRIN',  a  pai-ish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

KILBRO'GAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

KIVBURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

KIL'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

KII.'CALMON/ELL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
;i  M 


forming  the  X.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Kintyre.  It 
has  several  sm.ill  fishing  villages  and  ancient  forts,  and  Tar- 
bert  Castle. 

KT  r/C.\R'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

KILC.A,S'K1N,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  cos.  of 
Cork  and  Kerry. 

KlFiCAT'ERN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

KILCI[BI*;RG,  kilKlii^RO,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Emmeu 
Pop.  44S9. 

KILCIIBERG,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  cantov, 
and  3  miles  S.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  958. 

KILCIIOMAN,  kil-Ko'man,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  oT 
Argyle. 

KILCIIRENAN,  kil-KrSn'an,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  o 
Argyle. 

K I LCI>00'NEY,  a  p,arish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Armagh. 

KlI/COCK'.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  or 
Kildare.  on  the  Grand  Canal,  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Maynooth, 
and  having  a  station  on  the  Midland  Great  Western  Rail- 
way, 17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dublin. 

Ivtl/COL'M.iX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Kerry,  including  the  town  of  Milltown.  In  tins  parish  are 
Kilcolman  Abbey,  and  the  fine  ruins  of  Killagh  Abbey, 
founded  by  Geoffrey  de  Mariscls  in  the  reign  of  llenry  III., 
and  rebuilt  of  dark  marble  at  a  later  period. 

KILCOLM.iN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of 
Slayo. 

KILCOLMAN,  a  mined  castle  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.  of  Cork,  2  miles  N.  of  Doneraile,  was  tho  domain  of  the 
poet  Spenser,  and  the  place  where  he  composed  a  great  part 
of  the  "  Faery  Queen." 

KILCOMMON.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught.  co.  of 
Mayo,  forming  the  principal  part  of  the  wild  mountain  dis- 
trict of  Erris. 

KILCOM'MON.  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

KlI/CONDUFF',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

KILCON'NK.L.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galw.ay. 

KILCONQUIIAR,  kil-konk'fr,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Fife. 

KII/COO',  a  p<arish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

KILCOO'LEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster  and  Lein- 
ster, COS.  of  Tipperary  and  Kilkenny.  Otiiers  of  the  same 
name  are  in  tlie  counties  of  Jleath.  Roscommon,  and  Galwiiy. 

KIL*CREG'G.\N.  a  watering-place  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ar- 
gyle, 24  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Glasgow,  situated  along  the  N. 
bank  of  the  estuary  of  the  Clyde,  on  the  peninsula  formed 
between  Loch  Long  and  Loch  Gare. 

KILTRiyilANE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry. 

KILCROIIANK,  a  ixirish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

K JI/CRON A'GII AN.  a  parish  of  Irel.and.  co.  Londonderry. 

KILH!)UL'LEN,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.,  and  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Kildare.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a  monastery 
founded  in  the  fifth  century,  some  curiously-sculptui-ed 
stones,  and  the  ruins  of  a  round-tower.     Pop.  1050. 

KILCULLEN  BltlDGE,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
above  parish,  on  the  Lifley,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Naas. 

KTLCUM'MIN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 

KILCU.MMIN,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry. 

KIT/DALE,  a  parish  of  Englsind.  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

KILDAL'LON,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavan. 

KILDALTON,  kil-dai't9n,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Argvle. 

KILD.iRE,  kil-dair'.  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  h.aving  E.  the  counties  of  Dublin  and  Wlcklow. 
Area,  654  square  miles,  or  419,076  acres,  of  which  about 
50,000  are  comprised  in  the  Bog  of  Allen.  Pop.  in  1S51, 
95,724.  The  surface  is  mostly  flat.  The  chief  rivers  are 
the  Boyne,  Barrow,  and  Lifley.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  deep 
and  fertile  loam;  and  the  Currngh  of  Kildare.  a  tract  in 
its  centre,  is  scarcely  to  be  matched  for  the  excellence  of 
its  turf  and  rich  verdure.  The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  oats, 
and  barley.  The  best  English  breeds  of  cattle  have  been 
introduced.  The  principal  trade  is  in  corn  and  flour,  the 
export  of  which  is  facilitated  by  the  river  Barrow,  and  Royal 
and  Grand  Canals  and  their  br.anches,  which  connect  the 
county  with  Dublin,  Waterford,  and  the  Sh.mnon.  A  good 
de.al  of  peat  is  sent  from  the  county  to  Dublin.  The  Great 
South  and  West  Railway  intersects  the  county  of  Kildare. 
The  principal  towns  are  Athy,  Kildare,  and  Naa.s.  It  sends 
2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Kildare  has.  since 
1316.  given  title  to  the  Fitzgeralds,  now  Dukes  of  Leinster. 

KTLD.4RE,  a  market-town,  episcopal  see.  and  parish  In 
the  above  county,  on  the  Great  South  and  West  Railway,  30 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  parish,  2C54;  of  the  town, 
1629.  It  stands  on  an  elevated  plain,  and  consists  mostly 
of  cabins,  intermixed  with  ancient  edifices.  It  has  a  very 
ancient  cathedral,  containing  the  burial-vault  of  the  Fitz- 
geralds,  a  part  of  a  chapel  reputed  to  date  from  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, a  round-tower  132  feet  in  height,  remains  of  an  abbey 
and  of  a  castle,  a  county  infirmary,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
nunnery,  friary,  jockey-club,  and  numerous  inns,  greatly 
frequented  during  the  celebrated  Curragh  races  in  April, 
June,  September,  and  October.    It  is  the  see  of  a  Roman 

977 


KIL 

Catliolii;  tishop.  The  bishopric,  now  united  ■with  that  of 
Puplib,  tvmptisies  81  parishes,  in  King's,  Queeu"s,  and 
Ki'd.ire  counties. 

KILDiyXAN,  a  purish  of  Scotland,  CO.  of  Sutherland,  abont 
20  mill's  X.N  W.  of  Oornoch.  It  contain,*  several  Pictish  towers. 
KILDOWiOKY,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  cc,  and  25 
miles  .\.  of  Cork.     Pop.  1994. 

KIL'DHK.*.S',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

KILDKUM'FEKTON,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Cavan, 

KILDKUM'.MIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Aberdeen,  on 
the  Don,  15  miles  S,S,W,  of  Iluntly,  It  contains  the  re- 
mains of  Kildrummie  Castle,  famous' for  its  siege  by  Edward 
I.  in  1306, 

KILD'WTCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  York,  West  Riding, 

KILDY'SEKT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co,  of  Clare, 
12  miles  S,S.\V,  of  Ennis,  consisting  p,artly  of  islands  iu  the 
estuary  of  the  Fergus  and  Shannon. 

KIL'FAHBOY',  k  parish  of  Ireland,  co,of  Clare. 

KIL'FEDANE',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

KIL'FKNO'RA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Clare, 

KlL'FER'fiUS.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Limerick. 

Kir.FlEUAGII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

KILFIN'.W,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  eo,of  Argyle, 

KIL'FIXAXE'.  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster, CO,  of  Limerick,  5  miles  S,E,  of  Kilmallock,  Pop.  of  vil- 
lage, 1782,  Xear  it  are  the  remains  of  Castle  Oliver,  an  an- 
cient se.at  of  the  Oliver  family, 

KTI,F1  X ICII  i;X,  kilfin'iK-en,  and  KILVICK'EOX',  a  parish 
of  Scotland,  co,  of  Argyle,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Mull. 

KIL'FHFIE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Sligo. 

KILFY'.VX.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.of  JKiyo. 

KIL(i.\UKIFFE,  kil-gar'riff,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  iu  JIuu- 
ster.  CO.  of  Cork. 

KILGAK'KOW  or  KILOER'RAW,  a  town  and  pari.sh  of 
South  Wales,  co,  of  Pembroke,  on  the  Teifj',  i  miles  S.E,  of 
Cardigan.     Pop, 

KILG.\1{'VAX^,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Kerry. 

KILGAIJ'VEY,  a  parisli  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Mayo. 

KILGEE'VER,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo, 

KILXiL.VSS',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  KoscommoA. 

KILGL.\SS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Sligo. 

KILGL.-VS.S.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Longford. 

KIIXT01<p;,a  post-oflfice  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

KlIArWlUtWG,  kil-goor'roog,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth, 

KIl/lIAM,  a  Tillase  and  parish  of  Enzland,  co,  of  York, 
East  Hiding.  5^  miles  X,X.E.  of  Great  Driffield, 

KILI  or  KILIA,  a  fortress  on  a  bay  of  the  Black  Sea,  in 
Anatoli.a.  34  miles  N,E,  of  Constantinople. 

KILIA.  kee'le-d  or  kil'e-a,  the  name  of  the  north  arm  of 
the  Danulje, 

KILIA.  kee'le-i,  or  KILTANOVA,  keele-a-noVJ.  a  fortified 
<«\vn  of  the  Hussiau  dominions,  government  of  Bessarabia, 
on  the  Kilia.  or  north  arm  of  the  Danube,  at  its  delta,  12 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  ill  built,  and  Its 
harbor  is  shallow :  it  has,  however,  some  trade,  and  several 
churches  and  mosques, .\dj,  KiLUX,  kil'e-an, 

K1LIAX8TEDTKX,  keele-in-stdtHen,  a  village  of  Ilesse- 
Catsel.  province,  and  near  Ilanau.     Pop,  951, 

KILIM.^XD.I.MJO,  kilVmdn^jd-r5',  a  suowy  mountain  of 
East  Africa,  discovered  in  1847,  supposed  to  be  one  of  the 
"  .Mountains  of  the  Moon,"  in  lat.  3°  40'  S.,  Ion.  36°  E.  Ele- 
vation, 2iJ.iX)0  feet.  (?) 

KILISEII-KOI,  kille-seh-koy,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  in 
Anatolia,  on  a  lake,  68  miles  S.  of  Bru.sji.  and  with  many  re- 
mains, supposed  to  he  those  of  the  ancient  Anct/ra. 

KTL'KEE',  a  sniall  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare,  on  the 
beautiful  bay  of  the  same  name.  8  miles  W.X'.W.  of  Kilrush. 

KILKEE'DY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  .Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

KILKEEDY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

KIL'KEEiy.  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Down,  on  the  Kilkeel,  I  mile  above  its  mouth  in  the  Irish 
Sea,  and  '\  miles  E,S,E,  of  Rostrevor,     Pop,  of  town,  1146. 

KIL'KEryVEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co,  of 
Roscommon, 

KILKKX'XY,  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
having  S,  and  S.W.  Waterford.  and  W,  Tippei-ary.  Area, 
about  796  square  miles,  or  509.440  acres,  of  which  about 
21.000  are  uncultivated  and  18.000  in  woods.  Pop.  in  1S51, 
168,746,  nearly  all  Koman  Catholics.  The  surface  is 
ullghtly  undulating;  several  summits,  however,  rise  to 
upwards  of  1(KH)  feet  in  elevation.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Nore.  Harrow,  and  Suir.  The  soils  are  for  the 
most  part  light,  fertile  ?oams.  resting  on  limestone,  gravel. 
Ac,  and  presenting  a  much  less  proportion  of  bog  than  in 
roost  parts  of  Ireland,  The  usual  corn  crops  form  the  chief 
Chji-ci  of  the  fanner,  but  dairy  and  sheep  farms  are  al.so  nu- 
merous. .\nthracite  coal  abounds:  fine  black  marble  is  also 
(bund.  The  manufivetures  of  woollens  and  linens,  which 
long  flourished  here,  have  now  materially  declined.  The 
principal  export  is  grain.  Two  crossing  lines  of  railway  in- 
tersect this  county:  and  navigable  rivers  and  the  Grand 
C*nal  furnish  facilities  for  transport  to  all  parts  of  Ireland. 
It  seudii  3  members  to  the  Uouse  of  Commons — 2  for  the 
9TS 


KIL 

county,  and  1  for  its  chief  town.    It  gives  the  title  of  e.irl 
to  the  Butler  famil3-. 

KILKENNY,  a  city  and  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  capit.il  of  the  aliove  county,  and  a  county,  of  itself, 
on  the  N'ore.  here  crossed  by  two  handsome  bridges,  and  on 
the  Irish  South-east  Kailway,  62  miles  S,E,  of  Dublin,  It  also 
communicates  by  a  branch  with  the  Great  South  and  ^\■est 
Railway,  Pop,  of  the  city,  in  1*61, 14,081 ;  of  the  county, 
about  24.000,  It  is  divitied  by  the  river  into  the  Iri.sh  and 
English  towns,  and  is,  with  the  exception  of  suburbs,  well 
built  of  stone:  the  streets  are  paved  with  black  marble 
quarried  in  the  vicinity.  The  principal  thoroughfares  run 
parallel  to  the  river  along  which,  and  a  canal,  is  a  public 
walk  termed  the  Mall.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  cathe- 
dral of  St.  Canice  or  ICenny.  and  of  the  diocese  of  Ossory,  a 
cruciform  structure  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the  bishop's 
palace,  chapter-house,  deanery,  a  fine  round  tower,  the 
churches  of  St.  John  and  St.  Mary,  sevei-al  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  one  of  which  is  the  cathedral  of  a  Roman  Catholic 
bishop,  fine  ruins  of  a  Franciscan  friary,  county  court-house, 
county  and  city  prisons,  infirmary,  fever  hospital,  union 
work-house,  barracks,  and  a  Ciistle  built  by  Strongbow,  and 
now  the  residence  of  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde.  There  are 
several  schools,  the  most  important  of  which  are  Kilkenny 
College,  a  grammar  school,  in  which  Swift.  Congreve,  Far- 
quhar,  Bi.shop  Berkeley,  and  other  distinguished  characters, 
received  the  early  part  of  their  education  ;  the  college  of  St. 
Kyran,  a  Roman  Catholic  seminary,  for  the  education  of 
young  men  intended  for  the  priesthood,  and  numerous 
other  public  and  private  sch(X)ls.  The  literary  and  scientific 
institutions  comprise  an  archaelngical  society,  and  the  Kil- 
kenny literary  society.  There  is  also  a  diocesan  liljrary 
adjoining  the  cathedral,  and  containing  alwut  4000  volumes. 
The  woollen  mauufii'tnre,  early  introduced  by  the  Butler 
family,  is  very  mui'h  depressed,  and  the  condition  of  the 
lower  classes  is  wretched,  though  the  city  is  the  residence 
of  many  of  the  provincial  gentrj*.  It  has  some  distilleries, 
tanneries,  breweries,  and  flour  mills,  but  the  princ'ipal  de- 
pendence is  on  the  retail  trade.  Kilkenny  sends  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  town  figures  conspicuously 
in  Irish  history  as  the  seat  of  parliaments,  and  the  scene  of 
many  stirring  events. 

KILKEX'.X  Y,  a  sterile  and  mountiiinous  township  of  Coos 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  about  98  miles  N.  of  Concord. 

KILKER/RAN  BAY,  a  large  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway,  district 
of  Connemara.  Its  coast  line  N.W.  of  Galway  Bay,  is  intri- 
cately varied  with  small  baj'S  and  headlands,  and  the  bay 
is  studded  with  islands,  mostly  inhabited  by  fishermen. 

KIIjKIIAMI'/TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
Z\  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stratton.  The  church,  built  by  the  Gren- 
villes  soon  after  the  Conquest,  and  remarkable  for  the  rich- 
ness of  ils  architecture,  contains  several  monuments  to  that 
family.  The  churchyard  was  the  scene  of  Harvey's  '•  Jledi- 
tations  among  the  Tombs."' 

KlLKI.'^II'j'iN.  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare.  4j  miles 
N.  of  Si.K-mile  Bridge.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  Kilkishen 
Castle.    Pop.  500. 

KILKYRE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  ileath. 

KILLACONNEAGII,  kirii-kon-n.^',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

KILLAGHTEE,  kil-lin'tee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Doneiral. 

KILLAGHY,  killi-Hee,  a  fiarish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
King's  countv. 

KILLA-I-IiUKSIIEE,  kil'ia-e-bak'shee,  a  collection,  of 
walled  villages  in  .\fghanistan,  about  36  miles  S.W.  of  Ghui- 
nee,  in  a  large  and  fertile  ViUley,  bounded  by  lofty  moun- 
tains on  the  N. 

KILL.\LA,  or  KTLLALL.\,  kiPla-li',  a  small  seaport  town 
and  bishop's  see  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co,  of  M:i.vo,  on  •* 
large  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  bearing  the  same  name,  '\  miles 
N,N,W.  of  B.illina.  Pop.  1450.  It  has  a  small,  plain,  but 
venerable  cathedral,  a  round-tower,  and  a  harbor,  whence 
corn  and  provisions  are  exported.  The  ancient  bishopric  \t 
now  united  to  Tuam,  In  179S,  a  French  force  landed  at 
Killalla  Bay.  and  took  the  town. 

KILL,4L0E,  kiri.'j-loo',  a  thriving  market-town  and  episco- 
pal see  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co,  of  Clare,  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  the  Shannon,  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  19  ai-ches,  11 
miles  X.N.E,  of  Limerick,  Pop.  2783,  including  the  suburb 
of  Ballina.  It  has  a  plain,  massive  cathedral,  in  a  very  eiuiy 
style  of  architecture.  2  very  old  stone-roofed  churches,  the  re- 
mains of  2  forts,  which  formed  the  ancient  defences  of  the 
only  ford  on  the  Shannon  below  Athlone,  a  barrack,  large 
slate  and  marlile  works,  valuable  salmon  fi.sheries,  a  consider- 
able wool  market,  with  quays,  docks,  and  warehou,«es  of  the 
Irish  Steam  Navigation  Company,  whose  boats,  by  aid  of 
canals,  ply  to  Limerick,  and  also  up  the  river  to  Dublin,  The 
episcopal  palace  of  Killaloe  is  in  the  vicinity.  The  diocese, 
which  was  founded  very  early,  extends  over  109  parishes  in 
Clare  and  5  adjoining  counties.  Killaloe  is  also  a  Koman 
Catholic  bishopric,  Al'out  1  mile  >'.N.W,  is  KlXKO'n.t,  fa- 
mous for  the  residence  of  the  celebrated  Brian  Borouih,  the 
only  remuaut  of  which  is  a  large  earthen  fort. 


KIL 


KIL 


KIVLAMARSn'.  a  parish  of  Enpland.  co.  of  Derlw. 

KILLANEY,  kil-13/uee,  a  small  bay  and  fishing  villafje  of 
Ireland,  in  Connau;;ht,  co.  of  Galway,  near  the  E.  end  of  the 
island  oT  Arraninoie.  Pop.  of  the  village,  600.  It  has  a  har- 
bor and  coast-Kuard  station. 

KfLLANEY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  eo.  of  Louth. 

KlLLAK'>'i;Y,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Minister,  co.  of  Kerry,  44  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cork.  Pop.  of  the 
town,  6i)(J0.  The  parish  includes  only  a  part  of  the  far-famed 
lake  scenery.  Killarney  has  two  or  three  pood  streets,  and 
many  miserable  alleys,  a  parish  church,  with  a  family  vault 
of  the  Earl  of  Kenmare,  a  Koman  Catholic  cathedral  for  the 
diocese  of  Kerry,  a  nunnery  with  female  scho<jl  attached,  a 
court-house,  an  assembly-room,  a  union  work-house,  a  hos- 
pital, and  readinir-rooms.  There  are  several  good  hotels, 
and  the  town  is  mainly  supported  by  touiists. 

KILEAItNEY,  LAKES  Ui',  three  connected  lakes  in  the 
S.W.  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry,  the  lowest  or  southernmost  of 
which  approaches  within  H  miles  W.  of  the  above  town. 
It  is  :ii  miles  in  lenjrth.  by  2  miles  in  breadth,  and  is  di- 
vided from  the  middle  lake  by  a  projecting  peninsula,  on 
which  stand  the  picturesque  remains  of  Muckruss  Abbey. 
On  the  W..  S.,  and  S.E.  sides  of  these  lakes  rise  the  loftiest 
mountains,  (still  haunted  by  red  deer,)  the  wildest  ravines, 
the  finest  woods,  and  some  of  the  boldest  cascades  lu 
Ireland. 

KILLAR'UOW.  or  BOAVMORE',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  eo. 
of  Arurvle.  Isleof  Islay. 

Kl  I/LA:?lIA.\a)li  A  or  Kir/LESIIAN'BRA.a  market-town 
of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cavan,  9  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Cavan,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  succession  of  romantic  lakes.     Pop.  lOOO. 

KIb'l,A^IIEE\  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of 
Loni^ford,  containing  the  villages  of  Killashee  and  Cloon- 
dai-.i.  the  former  on  the  Royal  Canal,  4^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tar- 
mo  n  bar  ry. 

K1I,lA.<\'ET',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Leitrim. 

KIbbAS'SEK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

KIL'l>.\\\'<Ki\  a  post-oflice  of  Rroome  co..  New  Y'ork. 

KILL'lSiiUliX.  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

KIL1/1!L('K,  a  po.stroftice  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York. 

KlLLIiUCK.  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Holmes  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  1226. 

KTLLIiUCK.  a  post-village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  85  miles 
W.N.U.  ofChica,go. 

KILl.nCCK  CliEEK.  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Medina  co..  and 
falls  into  the  Walholding  River,  about  6  miles  N.W.  of 
Coshncton. 

_  KILbHUCK  CREEK,  of  Tndian.t,   flows  into  the  West 
Fork  of  \\  hite  Iliver.  near  Anderson. 

KILLE.W,  kil-lain'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 

KIJ>LEAKN,  kilbiirn',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  aiid  18 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Stirling.  Here  are  the  remains  of  tlie  re- 
sidence of  Napier,  the  celebrated  inventor  of  logarithms, 
and  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  George  Ruchanan,  born 
in  this  |>aii-.li  in  loOti.    The  scenery  is  highly  picturesque. 

Kllibi;.\l!'NAN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross. 

KIE'LKSRY,  or  KIES'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton.  64  miles^'.N.W.  of  Daventry.  The  London 
and  liiiiningham  Railway  here  passes  through  a  tunnel  H 
miles  long. 

KILLESIIANDRA.    See  Killashaxdra. 

KlbLl'ANS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  North 
Carolina. 

KILMJECRAN'KIE.  a  famous  pass  through  the  Gram- 
pian Mountains,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  15  miles  N.W.  of 
Dunkeld.  The  river  Garry  here  flows  for  about  2  miles 
through  a  narrow,  rocky,  and  thickly-wooded  ravine  •of 
;;reat  depth,  along  the  side  of  which  the  road  has  been  cut. 
overhanging  a  terrific  precipice.  At  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
the  pass,  the  battle  was  fought.  Iii89,  in  which  John  C. 
Graham  of  Claverhouse.  Vi.seount  Dundee,  fell. 

KI  li'LIN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  between  Loch 
Tay  and  the  co.  of  Argyle,  about  10  miles  .N.N.W.  of  Callan- 
der.    It  contains  some  of  the  grandest  scenery  in  Scotland. 

KILLIN'EY,  kil-le-ni',  a  maritime  parish  "and  village  of 
Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Dublin,  on  Killinev  Bay,  between 
Dalkey  and  Bray  Head.  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kingston.  A 
royal  residence  was  in  course  of  construction  here  in  1S49. 

KlLM-INGUALiy,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Hiding. 

KILLINGIIOLME,  killing-holm,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

KIL'LINGLY,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co..  Connec- 
ticut, bordering  on  Rhode  Island,  and  intersected  by  the 
railroad  connecting  Norwich  and  Worcester,  about  46  miles 
E.  of  Hartford.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged 
In  manufi'.ctnrcs.     (See  AVest  Killinoly.)     Pop.  4926. 

Kl  LTJXGAVORTH.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, on  the  Great  North  of  England  Railway,  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Newcastle. 

K 1  b'L!  NG  WORTH,  a  po.st-Tillage  and  township  of  Middle- 
sex CO..  Connecticut,  22  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Haven.  This 
township  is  situated  on  the  Hammonasset  River.    Pop.  1126. 

KILLIS.  kirieece',  or  KILIS.  ke-leece/,  (anc.  (Vt><(.) a  town 
of  Syria,  pashalic.  and  38  miles  N.  of  Aleppo.   Pop.  about  2000. 


KnXOUGII.  kiWoh,  or  ST.  ANN'S  PORT,  a  small  seaport 
town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  on  a  bsiy  of  the  samei 
name,  forming  a  good  harbor,  li  miles  AV.S.AA'.  of  Ardglass. 
Pop.  1100.  Lat.  54"  15"  N.,  Ion.  5°  37'  30"  AV.  It  exports 
corn  and  salt,  imports  coal,  and  has  considerable  fisheries 

KILLUCAN,  kil  loo'kan,  a  large  parish  or  Ireland,  m 
Leinster.  co.  of  Westme.ith,  84  miles  E.  of  Mullingar,  and 
near  the  Middle  Great  AVestern  Railway.  The  village  is 
neatly  built,  and  is  the  rendezvous  of  one  of  the  oldest  fox- 
hunts in  Ireland. 

KILLYAR/ON,  a  parish  of  South  ATales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

K1L'LY15EGS\  a  small  seaport  town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  on  a  narrow  inlet  of  the 
Atlantic,  forming  an  excellent  harbor,  14  miles  AA'.  of  Done- 
gal.     Pop.  of  the  town.  700. 

KILLA'LE.4GH,  kirie-la',"a  seaport  town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  on  Lough  Strangford,  16 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  the  town.  1000.  It  has  a 
fine  castle,  built  in  1666.  and  barracks.  Haus  Sloane,  the 
celebrated  naturalist,  was  born  here  in  1660. 

KIL^LYMAN',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cos.  of  Tyrone  and 
Armagh. 

KII/LYMARD/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal. 

KILMACABE.i,  kiPma-ka-bi/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  CO.  of  Cork. 

KIL.MACALLANE,  kiPma-kal'lan,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Connaught,  CO.  of  Sligo. 

KILMACDUAGH.kil-mak-doo'.a.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Connaught.  co.  of  Galwaj-',  3  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Gort.  It 
has  the  ruins  of  a  cathedral  and  abbi^y,  and  of  a  round- 
tower,  which  leans  even  more  than  the  tower  of  Pisa.  Its 
ancient  episcopal  see  is  now  united  with  that  of  Killaloe. 

KIL'.AIACDUANE/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

KILAIACOMOGUE,  kirma-ko-mOg',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

KILMACREHY.  kiPm.vkra-hee',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  CO.  of  Clare. 

KIL'MACUEN'AN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal. 

KILMACTEIGUE,  kiPmak-taig'  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co- 
of  Sligo. 

KILMACTUOAIAS,  kiPmak-tom'as.  a  town  of  Ireland,  In 
Munster,  co..  and  12  miles  W.S.AV.  of  AA'aterford.   Pop.  1100. 

KILMACTHA'NEY.  kiPmak-tra/nee,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Connaught,  co.  of  Sligo. 

KILMAD'AN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  .\rgyle. 

KILMAD'OCK.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

KILM.\IN.AI(JHE,  kiPmAn-mCr,'  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Coniumu'ht,  co.  of  Mayo. 

KlLMAiycOEM.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  on 
the  Clyde,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Port  Gla.sgow.  The  ruined  castle 
of  Duchal.  and  Einlayston  House,  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  Glencairn  family,  are  in  this  parish. 

KI  LAI  A  LIE,  kil-niA'lee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ar- 
gyle and  Inverness,  about  28  miles  S.AA'.  of  Fort  Augustus. 
.\rea  estimated  at  upwards  of  400,000  acres.  It  comprises 
Ben  Nevi.s,  has  several  veins  of  argentiferous  lead  ore,  quar- 
ries of  beautiful  marble,  and  ruins  of  an  ancient  fort.  Fort 
AViUiam  is  in  this  parish. 

KILAIALLOCH  or  KILLMALLOCII,  kil  malloK,  a  muni- 
cipal borough  and  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co., 
and  19  miles  S.  of  Limerick.  Pop.  1400.  It  has  fine  remains  of 
ancient  walls,  towers,  and  gateways,  and  ruins  of  two  ancient 
abbeys,  and  a  street  consisting  of  antique  stone-built 
hou.sos.  mostly  of  the  date  of  .James  I. 

KIL'MA'LY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

KIL\MANAHEEN',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

KIL^MANIV.ATG',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness, 
on  the  I/^cby.  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Fort  AViUiam.  It  contains 
Inverlcchy  Castle. 

Kll/MAN'NAN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Queen's  county. 

KILAIA'NY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

KILAIAR'NOCK,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh, 
manufacturing  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  12 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ayr,  (with  which  town,  and  with  Glasgow, 
it  is  connected  by  railways.)  and  on  the  Irvine,  at  the  In- 
flux of  the  Kilmarnock  A\ater,  both  here  crossed  by  several 
bridges.  Pop.  of  the  burgh,  in  1851,  21.447.  It  is  long  and 
straggling,  but  well  built.  The  principal  edifices  aie  a 
collegiate  and  two  other  churches,  a  neat  town-hall,  the  Ex- 
change, a  spacious  inn,  erected  by  the  merchants'  society, 
the  Ayrshiie  Bank,  an  academy,  a  free  school,  a  work-house, 
&c.  Near  the  cro.ss  is  a  line  marble  statue  of  Sir  James 
Shaw.  In  the  parish  are  numerous  schools,  benevolent, 
scientific,  and  literary  associations,  several  public  libraries, 
and  Kilmarnock  House,  the  seat  of  the  former  Earls  of  Kil- 
marnock. Is  has  important  manufactures  of  carpets  of  su- 
perior quality,  shawls,  boots  and  shoes,  woollen  yarn,  Scotch 
bonnets,  and  leather,  with  others  of  linen  and  cotton  goods, 
silks,  hose,  telescopes,  machinery,  saddlery,  hats,  and  to- 
bacco, the  annual  produce  of  which  is  estimated  at  above 
CoO.OdO/.,  employing  about  1500  hands.  The  value  of  the 
shawls  made  is  estimated  at  near  300.000?.,  and  of  carpets, 
at  above  150,000/.  These,  and  other  goods,  are  extensively 
exported  at  Ti-oon,  which  is  connected  with  the  town  by  a 
railway  94  miles  in  length.     Kilmarnock,  in  conjunction 

979 


KIL 

•with  Renfrew.  Port  Glasgow.  Dumbarton,  and  Rutherglen, 
sends  1  raember  to  (he  ITouse  of  Commons. 

K1I.M.\RN0CK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton. 

KILMAR'XOCK,  a  post-township  of  Pi.scataquis  CO., 
Maine,  on  the  Piscataquis  River,  about  90  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Auijusta. 

KILMARNOCK,  a  poi^t-Tillase  of  L.incaster  CO.,  \innnia, 
on  a  small  creek  of  Chesjipeake  Bay.  aliout  90  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Richmond.     It  contains  4  churches  and  several  stores. 

KILMAR'TIX,  a  villai,'e  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ar- 
gyle.  between  its  W.  coast  and  Loch  Awe.  The  village  stands 
iu  one  of  the  most  pictnresque  of  the  Highland  glens. 

KIL'MAURS',  a  burgh  of  barony,  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Ayr,  2  miles  X.X.W.  of  Kilmarnock.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3144:  of  burgh,  10S3. 

KILMEET)!'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

KIL'MEEN'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Cork. 

KILMEEN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork,  5  miles  AV.X.W. 
of  Olonakilty.     Here  are  the  ruins  of  Bally  ward  Castle. 

KILMKEX.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 

KIL\MEG'.\X,  a  parish  of  Ireland  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

KILMEN'Y,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  on  the 
I.>;laud  and  Sound  of  Islay. 

KIL'.MKRSDON,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Somerset, 

KIL/MESTOX,  a  parish  of  Endaud,  co.  of  Hants. 

KILMIClIAEL,kJl-mi'kel,a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

KILMICHAEL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

KILMI'CHAEL,  a  post-oUlce  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

KILMIX  A,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught.  co.  of  Mayo. 

KIL'MIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KILMIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

KILMOE.  kirmo',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

KILMOI'LY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry. 

KlLMcyilACK.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  in- 
cluding the  village  of  Beauly.  Here  are  the  falls  of  the  river 
Beauly,  and  a  picturesque  island,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
Lovats. 

KILMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.,  and  2i 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Cavan.  It  is  an  episcopal  see.  and  has  an 
ancient  cathedral,  a  church,  and  a  modern  episcop.il  man- 
sion. The  diocese,  comprising  39  parishes,  chiefly  in  the 
province  of  Ulster,  was  founded  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  is  now  united  to  that  of  Elphin. 

KILMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Armagh, 
containing  the  town  of  Richhill.  A  desperate  affray  which 
took  place  here  between  the  Roman  Catholics  and  Pro- 
testants, in  1795,  is  said  to  hare  given  rise  to  the  "  Orange" 
institutions. 

KIL:*I0RE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

KILMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Monaghan. 

KILMORE,  a  pari.«h  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

KILMORE,  a  prirish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Tippe- 
rary,  4  miles  S.  of  Nenagh.  It  has  several  ruined  churches 
and  castles. 

KILMORE,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co..  Georgia. 

KILMORE,  ER/RIS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Mayo.     Several  smaller  pari.shes  have  this  name. 

KIL^MORE'-WITH-KIL'BRIDE',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Argyle. 

KIL'MOREMOY',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo. 

KILMOOIY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Bute,  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Arran. 

KIL^MOA'EE',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

KILMUIR,  kirniur'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inver- 
ness, at  the  X.  end  of  the  Isle  of  Skye.  Here  is  a  singularly 
secluded  valley,  conttining  lem.ains  of  Duntulm  Castle,  a 
residence  of  the  MacDouald.s.  The  heroic  Flora  MacBonald 
is  buried  in  the  churchyard. 

KILMUIR  EASTER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ross  and 
Cromarty. 

KILMUIR  WESTER  and  SUD/DY,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Ross. 

KILMUX,  kirmftn',  a  sea-bathing  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Argyle,  at  the  head  of  Holy  Lochj  an  inlet  of  the  Frith  of 
Clyde,  8  miles  X.\V.  of  Gi-eenock.  It  has  ruins  of  a  col- 
legiate church,  founded  by  one  of  the  Dukes  of  Argyle, 
whose  burialplace  is  here. 

KILMUR/RY',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Clare,  on  Clonderalaw  Bay. 

KILMUR/RY,  IB^RICKAXE/,  a  p.%rish  of  Ireland,  in  Ul- 
ster, CO.  of  Clare.  There  are  other  parishes  of  the  same 
name  in  the  cos.  of  Cork.  Limerick,  Tipperary,  &c. 

KILNAMAXAGII,  kirna-man'ih,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

KILXAUGHTEX,  kil-naw'tfsn,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Maa«^er,  co.  of  Kerry. 

KILXCOTE.  a  parish  of  England.    See  Kimcote. 

KIL'XEBOY'.  or  KIL'LIXABOY'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Clare.  It  has  the  ruins  of  three  churches, 
three  or  four  castles,  a  round-tower,  and  several  Celtic 
antiquities. 

KlIiXIXIAX-AXD-KIVMORE',  aparlsh  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Argyle. 


Kl  LX  IN'VER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 
KILXSEA,  kil'see,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 


East 


KIL 

Riding,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Hull.  In  this  parish  h  the  pro- 
montory  of  Spurn  Head.  The  port  of  Ravenspur  formerly 
stood  here,  but  has,  with  other  towns  on  the  same  coast,  been 
engulfed  by  the  sea. 

KILXWICK,  kil'wik,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Kidins. 

KILXWICK  PERCY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Ridin-jc. 

KIL'PAT'RICK,  NEW,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos  of  Dum- 
barton and  Stirling.  SJ  miles  X.X.W.  of  Glasgow.  Portions 
of  Antoninus'  wall  intersect  this  parish. 

KILPATRICK,  OLD.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbar- 
ton, on  the  Clyde,  adjoining  the  above  parish  on  the  W. 
Pop.  7020.  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures,  <tc. 

KIiyPECK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KILRE.\,  kil-rA'.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Londonderry,  on  the  Baun,  13  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Ballymena.     Pop.  of  the  town.  1100. 

KlLRfc;.\.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Kil- 
kenny, 3  miles  X.W.  of  Knocktopher.  Here  is  one  of  the 
finest  round-towers  in  Ireland,  and  a  ruined  abbey,  founded 
in  1170,  by  De  Marisco.  brother-in-law  of  Earl  Strongbow. 

KILREX'NY,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh,  sea- 
port, and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife  on  the  N.E.  shore  of 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  85  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Andrew's.  Pop.  in 
1S51,  2194.  It  has  a  small  harbor,  and  unites  with  Cupar, 
St.  Andrew's,  Crail.  Anstruther,  and  Pittenweem,  in  send- 
iu2  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

KltrRHEDDYN,  kil-R^Tu'ln,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  cos. 
of  Carmarthen  and  Pembroke. 

KILRO'XAX,  a  parish  of  IreLand,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

KILROXAN,  two  p-irishes  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford. 

KIL'ROY',  a  village  of  Ckiyton  co..  Iowa,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Mis.sissippi,  95  miles  X.X.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

KILUIUSH',  a  seaport,  market-town,  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Munster,  co.  of  Clan;,  on  an  inlet  in  the  e-stuary  of 
the  Shannon,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Enuis.  Pop.  of  the  town, 
in  1S51,  4471.  It  is  finely  situated,  and  mostly  well  built. 
It  has  manufactures  of  flannel,  frieze,  linen  sheetings,  ic. 
It  exports  turf  to  Limerick,  and  has  a  considerable  corn 
ti-ade,  and  herring  fisheries. 

KILSl^lILY.  kil-see'lee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

KILSHAX'IG,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

KILSKEE'RY,  a  parish  of  Ireljvnd,  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

KTLSPIX'DIE.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

KILSYTH.  kirslTH'.  a  burgh  of  barony,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling.  12^  miles  N.E.  of  Glas- 
gow. Pop.  of  the  town  in  ISol.  3949,  employed  in  cotton 
TTeaving,  and  in  coal  and  iron-mines.  The  liurgh,  in  a  val- 
ley on  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal,  is  singularly  built,  and 
has  a  ^locaiy  aspect.  In  the  parish  are  several  Pictish  and 
Roman  .antiquities,  and  ruins  of  Ivilsyth  Castle.  Montr'^se 
gained  n  victory  here  over  the  Covenanters. 

KIL"f  AR'LITY,  a  large  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inver- 
ness. 

KILTEARN.  kirtaim',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Boss, 
on  the  Frith  of  Cromarty,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dingwall.  Ben- 
Wyvis  and  Loch  Glass  are  iu  this  parish. 

KII/TEE.U,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kild.ire. 

KlLTEE'VOCIv,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.of  Doneg.il. 

KILTOGHAUT,  kil-tfta'art,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught. CO.  of  I^itrim. 

KILTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KILTOXAXLE.i,  kil-to'nan-lee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

KII/TOOM.  a  p.arish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

KILTU'BRID,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Leitrim. 

KILTUL'LAGH.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

KILVE,  a  pari.;h  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KIL^VEM'XOX,  a  p.irish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

KliyVERSTOXE.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KIl/VlXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

KILVIXGTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I'orki 
North  Riding. 

KILVOL.VXE,  kil'vo-lain',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster. CO.  of  Tipperary.  containing  the  town  of  Newport-Tip. 

KILWAII  or  KEELWA.  East  Africa.     See  Quii.o\. 

KILWIN'NING.  a  burgti  of  barony,  market-town,  and  p-v 
rish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr.  ou  the  Glasgow. and  Ayr  Rail- 
way, 3  miles  X.X.W.  of  Irvine.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  ihbl, 
32i55.  The  town  has  a  branch  bank,  remains  of  a  rich  and 
celebrated  abbey,  founded  in  1140:  an  ancient  fountain, 
dedicated  to  St.  Winning;  a  masonic  lodge,  the  oldest  in 
Scotland:  an  archery  society,  which  existed  before  14SS; 
and  numerous  looms,  employed  in  the  cotton  and  silk  ma- 
nufactories of  Paisley  and  Glasgow.  The  noble  domain  of 
Eglinton  Castle  is  in  this  pari.«h. 

KIL'WORTU'.  a  market^town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  CJ 
of  Cork,  on  the  Funcheon,  here  cros.«ed  by  a  bridge  of  six 
arches.  2}  miles  N.X.K.  of  Fermoy.  Pop.  1772.  It  has  Moore 
Park,  and  ruins  of  Cloughleash  Castle. 

KILWORTH,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Mid- 
dlesex, 144  miles  S.  of  Toronto,  and  8  miles  from  London. 
It  contains  a  ffrist.  a  saw.  and  2  fulling  mills.  Pop.  alviut  200, 

KIL/WOUTH,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  00.  lieicest^r. 


KIL 


KIN 


KILWORTIT.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  Leicester. 

KTL-Y-BEinLr.,  kil-e-bjb'itt«,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  filiimoriran. 

KTM'HKUr.KY,  a  parish  of  Enfrland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KIMUERLKY.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Notts,  6  miles 
W.X.AV.  of  NottinKham.     Pop.  1800. 

KIM'BEULIX,a  post-offiie  of  Giles  co.,  Viridnia. 

KTM'BERTOX.  a  post-villacre  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, near  French  Creek.  75  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

KIM'BKKWOimi,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  liMinK. 

KIM'IUJ:,  GRE.\T.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rucks. 

KIMRLK.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Enurland,  co.  of  Bucks. 

KIM'HOLTON.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Emrland.  co., 
and  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ifuntingdon.  Pop.  in  fS51,  lfi.53. 
The  churf'h  contains  monuments  of  the  Manchester  family. 
Kimbolton  Castle,  the  noble  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Manchester, 
is  in  a  spacious  park.  Here  Queen  Catharine,  of  Aragon, 
lived  after  her  divorce  from  Henry  VIII.  The  remaius  of 
Stonelv  Priory  are  in  the  vicinity. 

KTM  BOLTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KI.M'BOLTON,  a  post-village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  88 
miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

KIM'COTE  or  KILN'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leii'ester. 

KIM'ERIDGE  or  KOM'EUIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorr^et. 

KIMT,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Kemijoki. 

KIMITO,  ke-mee'to,  a  village  of  Finland,  Iren,  and  26 
miles  .'i.S.E.  of  Alio,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name.  The 
Island  is  '2.')  miles  long  and  18  miles  broad. 

KIM OLOS.    See  Arc. f.mier a. 

KIMPI.\.\,  kim-pee'nrl,  a  town  of  'W.all.achia.  47  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Bucharest,  with  several  churches,  and  a  custom- 
house.    It  has  commerce  in  salt  from  adj.icent  mine.s. 

KIMPOLUXG.  kim'po-loong\  or  KI.MPELUNG,  kim'peh- 
loong\  a  town  of  Wallachia,  near  a  pass  into  Transylvania, 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Bucharest.  Pop.  4000.  It  covers  a  large 
surface,  has  several  Greek  churches  and  convents,  with  some 
Roman  Catholic  convents,  and  a  considerable  trade. 

KIMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

KIMl'TON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

Ki:»I'SEY'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co..  Tennessee. 

KIMUL'GA.  a  post.-offlce  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

KIX.  a  small  island  of  Russia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Livonia.  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Pernau.  Kin  is  also  the  name  of  several  towns 
of  China. 

KIXAMEE  or  KIN A:\il,  kin^J-mee',  a  village  of  West 
Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Niger.  2o  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Egga.     Lat.  8°  2.5'  X..  Ion.  6°  22'  E.     Pop.  1000. 

KTN'.\RD"S,  South  Carolina,  a  station  on  the  Newberry 
and  Laurens  Railroad,  l.'i  miles  from  Newberry. 

KINBOORN,  KINBOUItN  or  KTXP.URX,  kin'boorn/,  a 
fortress  of  Russia,  government  ofTaurida.  on  a  narrow  tongue 
of  land  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ihiieper.  It  has  a  picturesque 
situation,  with  excellent  natural  defences,  being  surrounded 
on  three  sides  by  the  waters  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  estuary 
of  the  Dnieper.  In  the  vicinity,  in  1787.  the  Turks  were 
signallv  defeated  bv  the  Russians  under  Suwarrow. 

KINCAX'NOX'SFERRY.apost-oflioe.  Meigs  CO.,  Tennessee. 

KIXCARDIXE  or  KIXCARDINKSHIRK.  king-kar'diu- 
shir,  or  The  MKARNS.  (mairnz.)  a  maritime  county  of 
Scotland,  having  N.  the  county  of  Aberdeen,  and  E.  the 
Nortli  Sea.  Area.  3M  square  mili>s.  or  243.444  acres,  of  which 
about  120.000  are  prodnitive.  Pop.  in  1851,  34,598.  A  great 
part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  the  Grampian  Mountains, 
of  which  Mount  IJattock  rises  to  nearly  .3500  feet,  but  along 
their  foot,  in  the  S.  and  E..  lies  the  rich,  low,  arable 'tract 
called  the  "How  of  the  Mearns,"  comprising  about  50.000 
acres.  Principal  Rivers,  the  Dee.  North  Esk,  and  Bervie. 
Cattle,  chiefly  of  the  short-horned  breed,  are  fed  on  most 
farms,  and  the  mountains  yield  extensive  pasture  for  sheep. 
Principal  mineral  products,  granite  and  .sandstone.  Kincar- 
dine compri.«es  18  parishes,  and  parts  of  3  others.  Chief 
towns.  Stonehaven,  (the  capital.)  and  Inverbervie.  The 
county  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

KTXC.\RDIXE.  king-kar'din.  a  burgh  of  barony,  and  sea- 
port town  of  Scotland,  co..  and  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Perth,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth.  Pop.  in  1851,  2697.  It  has  a  good  pier, 
a  convenient  roadstead  for  large  ves.^els.  a  steam  ferry,  two 
branch  banks,  rope  and  sail-works,  yards  for  ship-biiilding, 
large  exports  of  coal,  and  considerable  imports  of  Baltic 
produce. 

KIXCARDTNE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ross  and  Co- 
marty.  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tain.  The  Marquis  of  Montrose 
was  defeated  in  this  parish,  in  his  last  battle.  A.  i).  1650. 

KINCARDINE,  a  parish  of  .Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

KIXCARDINE  O'NEIL,  king-kar'din  o-neel',  a  parish  of 
Siotland.  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

KIXCARDINESHIRE.  Scotland.    See  Kincardine. 

KIXCHAFOVNA  CREFK,  of  Georgia,  rises  near  the  N. 
line  of  Stewart  county,  and  flowing  S.E.,  empties  itself  into 
Flint  River,  at  .\lbanv,  after  a  course  of  about  80  miles. 

KTX-CHA-KIANG.  SeeKiN-suA-KiA>GandYANG-TSE-Kl.ANO. 

KIN-CHAN,  an  island  of  China.    See  Kix-jhan. 


KTN-CHOO,  a  city  of  China.  See  King-Choo-Foo. 
KIN-CHOO,  KIX-TCHOO.  or  KIN-TCHOU,  kin-choo/.  a 
town  of  Mautchooriii,  near  the  frontiers  of  China  and  Corea, 
nearlv  8  miles  from  the  N.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Leao-tong. 
Lat.  40°  10'  N..  Ion.  121°  10'  E.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade  in  the  produce  of  the  adjacent  territory. 

KINCLAVEN,  king-kl.\'ven,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  an-i 
10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Perth,  with  a  ruined  castle  on  the  Tay. 

KINDBERG,  kInt'bAuG.  or  KIMBKRG.  kim'bjna,  a  m.ir- 
ket-town  of  Au.stri.a,  in  Styria,  on  the  Miirz,  11  miles  N.E. 
■of  Briick.     Pop.  710. 

KIXDELBRUCK.  (KindclbrUck.)  kin'del-bruk\  a  town 
of  Prussia,  in  Sji.xony,  government,  and  20  miles  N.  of  Er- 
fiirt,  on  the  Wipper.  Pop.  2020,  who  manufacture  leather 
and  paper. 

KIX'DER,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 
KIX'DERIIOOK'.  a  post  village  and  township  of  Columbia 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Western  Railroad.  16  miles  S.  liy  E. 
of  Albany.  The  village  is  5  miles  E.  of  the  Hudson  Kiver. 
It  contains  4  churches,  an  academy,  2  banks,  a  newspaper 
office,  and  a  manufactory  of  cotton  moved  by  steam-power. 
Two  miles  S.  is  the  residence  ot  Ex-president  Miutin  Vau 
Buren.    Pop.  4-331. 

KINDERHOOK,  a  post-office  of  W.ashington  co.,  Virginia. 
KINDERHOOK,  a  small  post-viIl.-vge  of  Vau  Buren  co., 
Arkan.sas. 
KINDKRHOOK,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 
KINDERHOOK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Branch 
CO..  Michigjin.     Pop.  652. 

KIXDERHOOK.  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Indi.an.i. 
KIXDERHOOK  or  WEST  KIXDKIillOOK,  a  post-village 
of  Tipton  CO..  Indiana,  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

KINDKRHOOK.  a  post-village  of  Pike  CO.,  llUnoi.s,  GO 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

KINDERHOOK  CREEK,  of  Columbia  co..  New  York, 
flows  S.W.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  Kiver  about  5  miles 
above  Hud.son. 

KIN'DERTON-wiTH-HULME,  (hume.)  a  township  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Chester. 

KINDXIQ,  kinfnio,  a  market>town  of  Bavaria,  near  Kip- 
fenberg.     Pop.  729. 

KIX  EL,  ke-nM',  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Samara  after 
a  W.  course  of  nearly  170  miles. 

KIXKiyL.\R.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 
KIXESHMA,  KIXISCH.MA,  or  KIXESCHM.l,  ke-nf.sh'- 
md.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  55  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Kostroma,  on  the  Volga.    Pop.  2000. 

KIXETOX.  kin'e-t^n.  or  KINGI'ON.  a  market-town  and 
pari.sh  of  England,  co.,  and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Warwick.  Pop. 
in  1851.  1270.  The  fimous  battle  of  Edgehill  was  fought  in 
the  vicinity  A.  D.  1C42. 

KIX'FARE.  or  KIX'VER.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of 
Stafford,  4i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kidderminster.  J'op.  2207.  The 
village  was  formerly  a  tiorough  and  market-town. 

KIX^F.\UNS'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  IJ  miles  E.  of 
Perth.  Its  fine  ca.stle,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Gray,  is  beau- 
tifully situated  on  the  Tay. 

■  KING,  a  county  of  New  South  Wale«.    Capital,  Gunning. 
KI.XG,  sever.al  towns  of  China:  one  in  the  province  of 
Pivchee-leo.  150   miles   S.  of  Peking,  is  stated   to  have  3 
triumplial  arches,  and  a  tower  11  stories  in  height. 

KING,  a  county  of  Washington  Territory,  bounded  W.  by 
Puget  Sound.  Area.-iliont  l-'ioOfsquarc miles.  Capital,  Seattle. 
KING,  a  village  of  Can.ada  West,  on  the  Ontario  Simcoe 
and  Huron  Railroad,  24  miles  from  Toronto. 

KINGAN-FOO.  or  KINGAN-FOU.  king'giln^foo'.  a  con- 
siderable city  of  China,  province  of  Kiang-see.  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Kan-Kiang.     Lat.  27°  7'  N..  Ion.  115°  E. 

KINGARTH.  king-garih'.  a  parishof  Scotland,  co.  of  Bute, 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  i.sland. 

KINGAVAR.  king-gd-var',  or  KUNGAVAR.  kilng\giji-var', 
a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee.  32  miles  S.W.  of 
Ilamadan.  In  its  vicinity  are  ruins  supposed  to  be  those 
of  an  ancient  temple  of  Diana.     Pop.  alxuit  1200. 

KING  B.\Y.  a  beautiful  bay  in  Van  Diemen's  I>and.  at 
the  N.  end  of  Oyster  Bav.  The  Great  Swan  Port  Kiver 
flows  into  it.     Lat.  42°  10'"S.,  Ion.  148°  T  E. 

KING  CHARLES'  SOUTH  LAND,  a  name  of  the  largest 
island  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  Surface  mostly  low  and  level, 
but  mountainous  in  the  S.,  where  Mount  Sarmiento  rises 
to  7000  feet. 

KING'CHOO'-FOO'  or  KTNG'-CHOW^-FOO'.  written  also 
KING-TCHEOU-FOU,  (chlnxMool.)  and  KIN-TCHOU-FOUor 
KIN-CHOO.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Hoo-pe.  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang.  Lat.  30°  28'  N..  Ion.  111°  37'  E. 
It  is  large  and  populous,  and  well  fortified  with  a  numerous 
Tartar  garrison,  and  is  considered,  from  its  situation,  one  of 
the  kevs  of  the  empire. 

KIXG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district.  South 
Carolina. 

KING-EDWARD  or  KEN-ED'AR,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Alierdeen.  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Banff.  It  has  2  ruined  castles. 
KIXG'ERBY.  a  pari.sh  of  Endand,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
KINCFIELD.  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine, 
about  52  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  670. 

981 


KIN 

KIXG  GEORGE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Tirginia,  eon- 
tiina  ITtisijUiue  miles.  The  I'otomac  bounds  it  on  the  X. 
and  E.,  and  tlio  Kappabannock  ou  the  S.  The  sui  face  is 
hily  ar  i  the  soil  diversified.  Capital,  Kiiic  Georjte  Court- 
lit  use.     Pop.  6o71,  of  whom  2898  were  free,  and  3673  slaves. 

KING  GKORGE  (or  SITKA)  AltClIIl'ELAGO.  in  Russian 
America,  is  mostlj-  between  latitude  56°  and  5S°  N.,  and 
about  loD.  135"  \V.     Principal  islands.  Sitka  and  Baranov. 

KIXG  GKOKGE  COUUT-liaUSE,  a  postvilhvj^e,  ciipital 
of  the  above  coujity.  70  miles  X.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

KING  GKOIUJE  ISLA.ND.S,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat. 
15<=  S..  Ion.  14i°  40'  W.  They  were  discovered  by  Byron, 
In  176.5. 

KING  GEORGE  RIVER,  of  East  Africa.     See  Manice. 

KING  GEORGE  SOUND,  of  West  Australia.  Lat.  of  its 
entiance,  35°  0'  20"  S.,  Ion.  11S°  1'  E.  It  is  a  fine  road- 
stead, and  contains  Princess  Royal  and  Oyster  Harbors,  the 
latter  of  which  receives  the  Kalagan  and  King  Rivers;  and 
on  the  former  is  the  town  of  Albany. 

KINGII.m,  king'am,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

KING'HORN'.aroyalparliamentiiryandmunicipaHiurgh, 
seaport,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  the  Erith  of 
Forth,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kirkcaldy.  Pop.  of  the  ixirliamen- 
tary  bur!,'h,  in  1851,  1568.  It  has  an  active  linen  manufac- 
ture, and  an  indifferent  harbor.  It  unites  with  Kirkcaldy, 
Dysart,  and  Burntisland  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

KING  ISLAND,  a  lofty  and  rugged  islet  of  the  North 
Pacific,  near  the  Andreanov  Group. 

KING  ISLAND,  in  the  Mergui  Archipelago.  18  miles  off 
the  Tenasserim  coast.  Lat.  (S.  end)  12°  15'  N.,  Ion.  98°  26'  E. 
It  is  23  miles  long,  by  10  miles  broad. 

KlNG-KI-TAi),'  king-ke-ta/o,  IIAN-TCIIING,  hdn'-ching', 
or  IIAN-YANG,  hdn^-ySnc',  the  capitjtl  city  of  Corea.  about 
the  middle  of  which  it  is  situated.  Lat.  37°  40'  N.,  Ion.  127° 
20'  E.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  sovereign,  but  is  very  little 
known  to  Europeans. 

KINGLAS'SIE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

KING  OF  PRUS.SIA,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  with  a  station  on  the  Philadelphia  German- 
town  and  Norristown  Railroad,  3  miles  from  Norristown. 

KING'OLDRDM,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

KING-AM>-QUEEN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  o30  .sijuare  miles.  The  .Mattapony  and 
York  rtivers  form  its  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  Pian- 
Katank  on  the  N.E.  The  surfiice  is  undulating.  The  county 
contains  large  beds  of  marl,  which  is  used  in  fertilizing  the 
soil.  Capital,  King-and-Queen  Conrt-Houso.  I'op.  10,328, 
of  whom  4189  were  free,  and  0139  slaves. 

KING-andQUEEN  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  the  above  county,  on  the  Mattapony  River,  49  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

KING  ROAD,  in  the  British  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  .4.  von.  Vessels  too  large  to  proceed  up  the  Avon  to  Bris- 
tol, lie  at  anchor  hei'e, 

KIX^GS. — For  English  parishes  with  this  pi-efix,  not  un- 
der-mentioned, refer  to  their  additional  names. 

KINGS,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  York,  forming 
the  W.  extremity  of  Long  Island,  has  an  area  of  about  70 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Hudson  and 
East  Rivers,  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  surface  is 
level,  with  the  exception  of  a  range  of  hills  running  nearly 
through  the  centre.  The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile.  It 
is  intersected  bv  the  Long  Island  Railroad.  Organized  in 
1683.    Capital,  Brooklyn.     Pop.  279,122. 

KING'S,  a  post-office  of  Barbour  co.,  Alabama, 

KINGS,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, intersected  by  the  river  St.  John.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
and  considei-able  advance  has  been  made  in  agi'iculture; 
the  surface,  however,  is  mostly  occupied  by  dense  forests. 
Capital,  Kingston.     Pop.  in  1851,  18.842, 

KINGS,  a  county  occupying  the  E,  p.art  of  Prince  Edward 
Island,    Capital,  Georgetown.     Pop,  in  1848.  15,425. 

KINGS,  a  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  bordering  on  the  Bay 
of  Fundy  and  on  Mines  Basin.  It  is  watered  by  Annapolis 
River.  The  coasts  are  remarkably  pictures(iue,  being  IxJi-- 
dered  with  a  ridge  of  mural  precipices,  covered,  on  the  land 
side,  with  forests  of  fir  and  spruce.  The  county  contains 
quarries  of  slate,  and  rich  deposits  of  iron  ore;  copper  and 
silver  are  also  found.  Capital,  Kentville.  Pop,  in  1851, 
16,3.15, 

KINGS'BARXS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Fife, 

Kf  NGSBOROUGH,  a  post-vill,age  of  Fulton  co..  New  York, 
M  tjiilm  N,W.  of  Albany.     It  has  an  academy. 

KINGSBOROUGH,  a  thriving  post-villag(^  of  Kaufman 
county,  Texas.  13  miles  E.  of  the  Trinity  River,  and  225  miles 
N.N.L.  of  Austin  City.    Laid  out  in  1851. 

KING.S'HKIDGE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Devon,  on  an  inlet  of  the  English  Channel,  -navigable 
for  vessels  of  70  tons,  :«  miles  S.S.W.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in 
1851,  1679.  It  has  a  grammar  school,  a  union  work-house, 
3  brancli  banks,  and  some  trade  in  malt  and  leather. 

KING'S  BItlDGE,  a  post-village  of  New  York  co..  New 
York,  near  the  N.  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  13  miles  N.  of 
the  City  H.nll, 
983 


KIN 

KINOS'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  8 J 
miles  W.N.W.  of  London,  has  the  Sudbury  station  of  the 
Loiidon  and  Birmingh.am  Railway, 

KING.-^BUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Warwick. 

KINGS'BURY,  a  post-tnwnship  of  Piscataq\ns  CO.,  Maine, 
about  60  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  191. 

KINGSBUIlY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  W.  part  of 
Washington  co..  New  York,  about  65  miles  N.  of  Albany. 
It  has  manufactures  of  various  kinds,  the  most  important 
of  which  are  carriages  and  iron.     Pop.  3471. 

KI NGSBU RY.  a  post-office.Cumberland  co., North  Carolina. 

KINGSBURY,  a  pos^vill.age  of  La  Porte  co..  Indiana,  17 
miles  from  Lake  Michigan,  and  5  miles  S.  of  La  Porte,  the 
county  town. 

KINGSBURY,  a  post-office  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois. 

KINGSBURY,  EA.ST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KING'S  GAPLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herefird 

KINGS'CLERE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.,  and  31  miles  N.N.E.  of  Southampton.  Pop.  2885.  The 
Saxon  kings  had  a  palace  here,  and  at  Freemantle  Park 
there  was  a  roval  abode  in  the  time  of  King  John. 

KING'S  CLIFFE.  a  parish  of  England.    See  Cuffb  P.egis. 

KING'S  CORNERS.  Ohio.     See  New  Loxi>o>'. 

KINGS/COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  G loucester. 

KING'S  COUNTY,  Ireland,  province  of  Lein.ster  has  N. 
the  county  of  Westmeath.  Ai'ea,  772  square  miles,  or  493,984 
acres,  of  which  about  330,000  are  cultivated,  11,000  wood- 
land, and  145,000  uncultivated,  a  large  portion  of  which  in 
the  N,  forms  a  part  of  the  Bog  of  Allen.  Pop. in  1841.146,857; 
in  1851,  112,080.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Shannon, 
Brosna.  Barrow,  and  Boyne.  The  (xrand  Canal  also  inter- 
sects the  county.  The  soil  is  of  average  fertility.  Agricul- 
ture and  crops  are  much  the  same  as  in  the  county  of  Kil- 
dare.  The  small  ten.ants  and  laborers  are  in  a  wretched 
condition.  The  county  is  divided  into  11  baronies  and  -52 
I)arishes.  in  five  different  dioceses.  The  prin.'ipal  towns  are 
Birr  and  TuIIamore.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

KIXGS'COURT,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Cavan.  5  miles  S.VV.  of  Carrickmacross.  Pop.  1614.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  fine  demesne  of  Cabra  Cictle. 

KING'S'CREEK.  of  South  Carolina,  flOnS  S.W.  through 
York  district  into  Broad  River. 

KING'S  CREEK,  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  is  an  affluent 
of  Mad  River. 

KING'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

KINGS'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KINGS/DOWN,  two  pari.«hes  of  Englanl.  co.  of  Kent. 

KING^SES'SING.  formerly  a  post-townsbip  of  Philadelphia 
00..  Pennsylvania,  but  is  now  included  within  the  city  limits 
of  Philadelphia,  being  on  the  Delaware  River,  5  miles  S.W. 
of  the  State  House. 

KING'SEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

KING'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Cayuga  co..  New  Y'ork,  20 
miles  S.  of  Auburn,  and  2  miles  E,  of  Cayuga  Lake,  Here 
is  a  village  named  Northville, 

KING'S  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Harris  co.,  Georgia,  32  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus. 

KING'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Alabama, 

KING'S  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Austr.alasi&,  Bass's  Strait, 
between  Australia  Felix  and  Tasmania,  (Van  Diemen's 
Land,)  in  lat.  35°  50'  S.,  Ion.  144°  E.,  60  mifes  S.  of  Caiw  Ofc- 
way.  Length,  35  miles;  breadth,  about  15  mile.s.  It  is 
uninhabited,  and  very  dangerous  to  shipping.  Here,  from 
1835  to  1845,  the  Neva,  Isabella,  Rebecca,  and  Cataraqui 
were  wrecked  and  lost. 

KING'S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Maldive  Islands,  In  lat.  4" 
10'  N..  Ion.  73°  40'  E. 

KING'S  ISLAND,  an  island  N.AV.  of  America,  in  the  P.v 
cific  Ocean,  in  lat.  52<il0'  N.,  Ion.  128°  W. 

KING'S  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Raraka,  in  lat.  15°  4'  25"  S.,  loti.  144°  36'  4.)"  W. 

KINGS^LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herefml,  3i 
miles  W.N,W,  of  Leomin.ster,  On  Kingsland  field  was 
fought,  in  1461,  the  battle  of  Mortimer's  Cross,  which  esta- 
blished Edward  IV.  on  the  English  throne. 

KINGSLAND,  a  hamlet  of  England,  2i  miles  N.N.E.  of 
St.  Paul's,  London.     It  has  extensive  nurserv  gardtns. 

KING'S  LANG'LEY.  or  LANGLEY  KING'S,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Herts,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and 
Birmingham  Railway,  4 J  miles  N.W.  of  Watford.  Here 
was  a  palace,  In  which  Henry  III.  resiiied.  and  a  celebrated 
priory,  in  which  Piers  Gaveston,  a  favorite  of  Edward  II„ 
was  buried.  In  the  church,  the  bodies  of  Richard  II.  and 
Edmund  of  Langley.  fifth  son  of  Edward  III.,  were  interred. 

KINGS/LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester 

KINGLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Hants, 

KlNfJSLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

^vINGS'LEY'S,  a  post-ofSce  of  Cr.awford  co..  Pennsylvania. 

KING'SJA'NN,  a  town  of  England.     .See  Lynx-Rec.is. 

KING'S  MILLS,  a  posfc-otlice  of  Kane  co..  Illinois. 

KING'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Missouri. 

KING'S  MOUN'TAIN.  a  post-village  of  Gaston  co..  North 
Casolina,  200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh.    In  the  vicinity  ia 


KIN 


KIN 


King's  Mountain,  the  scene  of  an  important  victory  won  by 
American  militia  over  tiie  Urilish  troops.  Octoiier,  1780. 

KING'S  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

KING'S  NOK'TON  or  NOItTON  KING'S,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Kniriand,  co.  of  Worcester,  on  tlie  Birminpchani 
and  Gloucester  liaiiway,  4^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Birmingliam. 
Pop.  in  lS.il,  77.59.  The  Birmingham  and  Worcester  Canal 
here  passes  through  a  funnel  nearly  2  miles  in  length. 

KING'S  POINT,  a  small  post-village  of  Dade  co.,  Missouri. 

KING.S'POKT.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  Tennessee, 
near  Ilolston  I'>iver,  "270  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 

KING'S  PY'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KING'S  RIVEK,  Ireland,  is  an  aftiuent  of  the  Nore. 

KING'S  KIVEll,  flows  N.  into  White  River  in  Barry  co., 
Missouri. 

KING'S  RIVER,  Californi.%  falls  into  Tule  Lake. 

KING'S  RIVKR.  a  post-office  of  Carrol  co..  Arkansas. 

KIN(;'S  SKT'TtKMKNT,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co., 
New  York. 

KING'S  SOM'BOURN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

KINGSTEIGNTON,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KINdS' rilOKPE.a  parish  of  England. co.of  Northampton. 

KINGS'TON,  a  parish  of  lOngland.  co.  of  Cambridge. 

KINGS  TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

KINGSTON,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

KINiiSrON.  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KINGSTON,  a  parish  of  En-.'Iand.  Isle  of  Wight. 

KINtJS't'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

KIN(;STO\',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

KIN<;STO.\,  a  parish  of  En'j:Iand.  co.  of  Hereford. 

KINGSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-fownship  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  about  3-5  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1216. 

KINGSTO.V,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Plymouth  co.. 
Mass.ichusotts,  on  Jones's  River,  and  on  the  Old  Colony 
Railroad,  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures 
of  hardware,  edged  tools,  &e.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1655. 

KINGSTON,  a  post^village  and  seat  of  justice  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  l^.hode  Island,  on  the  Stonington  and  Providence 
Rajlroad.  27  miles  S.  by  W.  of  I'rovidence. 

KI.N'GSTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  on  the  riiht  bank  of  the  Ilud.son 
River.  90  miles  N.  of  .New  York  City,  and  55  miles  S.  of  .\ll)any. 
The  township  is  the  terminus  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware 
Canal;  it  is  also  intersected  by  Esopus  Creek,  across  which  is 
a  ferry.  There  is  a  dally  line  of  steamlx)ats  to  New  Y'ork, 
and  one  every  other  day  to  Albany.  A  steam  ferry  also 
connects  it  with  the  Hud,son  River  Railroad  at  Rhinebeck. 
The  commerce  of  Kingston  is  more  extensive  than  that  of 
an}'  other  place  on  the  river  between  New  York  and  Albany, 
emf  bying  10  or  12  steamers  permanently,  and  at  least  KiO 
sail-ves.iels.  1  ts expoi-ts  compri.se agricultural  produce,  water 
cement  of  the  finest  fiuiility.  extensively  manufactured  here, 
and  large  quantities  of  very  superior  flagging-stone,  quarried 
in  the  vicinity,  and  much  of  it  near  navigable  water.  Kings- 
ton village  is  situated  on  an  elevated  sandy  plain,  near 
Esopus  Creek,  and  ."?  miles  W.  of  the  Hudson.  A  plank- 
road  connects  it  with  Itondout,  (in  the  same  township.) 
from  which  nearly  all  tlie  vessels  and  steamboats  sail.  It 
contains,  besides  tlie  cotinty  buildings,  7  churches,  an  acar 
demy — one  of  the  oldest  and  most  prominent  in  tlie  state 
— i  banks,  and  four  printing  ofllces.  from  whioii  weekly 
newspapers  are  issued.  It  enjoys  a  valuable  trade  with 
Delaware  co.,  on  the  AV.,  with  whidi  it  is  connected  by  a 
plank-road.  It  has  flourishing  manufactures  of  various 
kinds,  including  carriages.  ste.im  boilers,  leather,  castings,  &c, 
Kingston  was  settled  by  tlie  Dutch  shortly  after  Settleinents 
were  made  at  New  Y'ork  and  .\lbany.  In  1777,  it  was  burned 
by  the  British.  The  house  is  still  standing  in  Kingston  vil- 
lage in  which  the  first  constitutiim  of  New  Y^ork  was  framed 
and  adopted.  Population  of  the  township  in  1840,  5824; 
in  1850,  10,232 ;  in  1860,  16,640 ;  of  the  village,  from  5000  to 
7000. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-village  of  New  Jersey,  on  the  line  be- 
tween Sonierset  and  Middlesex  counties,  on  the  Millstone 
River,  and  on  the  New  York  and  I'liil.adelphia  Railroad,  13 
miles  N.E.  of  Trenton.     It  contains  an  a^'ademy. 

KINGSTON,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Carlisle. 

KINGSTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Lu- 
lerne  co.,  i'ennsylvania,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, opposite  Wilkesbarre,  and  on  the  Lackawanna  and 
Bloomsburg  Railroad.    Pop.  27"20. 

KINGSTi  »N,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Maryland,  near 
Pocomoke  Bav,  and  118  miles  S.S.E.  of  Annapoli.s. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-office.  Cumberland  co..  North  Carolina. 
KINGSTON,  North  Carolina.     See  Kin.ston. 
KINGSTON,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia,  is  situated 
on  the  Western  and  .Atlantic  Railroad,  at  its  junction  with 
the  Rome  Brancli  Railrood.  i  2  miles  N.W.  of  Atlanta. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Autauga  co.,  Ala- 
bama, on  Autauga  Creek,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Montgomery. 
Pop,  1960. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-village  of  .\dams  co..  Mls.sissippi,  near 
Homochitto  River,  100  miles  S.W.  of  Jackson. 


KINGSTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Roane  co..  TennesseA. 
at  the  junction  of  tlie  Ilolston  and  Clinch  Iiiver.s,  145  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Nasliville.  It  is  a  shipping-point  for  the  produce 
of  the  county. 

KINGSTON,  a  sm.all  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky, 

KINGSTON,  a  townsliip  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  675. 

KINGSTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Chillicotho.  It  has  a  brick  church,  and  several 
stores. 

KINGSTON,  a  postroffice  of  Decatur  co,,  Indiana. 

KING.'^TON,  a  small  village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  De  Kaib  co., 
Illinois,  on  Syracuse  River,  200  miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield 
Po)).  1053'. 

IvINGSTON,  a  thriving  village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Illinois  River.  20  miles  iiejow  Peorja  City. 
Large  quantities  of  stone  coal  are  procured  in  the  vicinity 
The  post-office  is  called  Kingston  Mines. 

Kl  NGSTON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caldwell  co..5Iissouri, 
near  Shoal  Creek,  120  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.W.  of  Jefferson 
City. 

KING  STON,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Green  Lake  co., 
Wisconsin.on  Grand  River.  It  has 4  stores,  and  2  mills.  P.  813. 

KINtiSTON,  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,Wisconsin.    Pop.  953. 

KINGSTON,  a  city  of  Canada  West,  capit.il  of  the  united 
counties  of  Fronfenac.  Lennox,  and  Addington,  and  for 
merly  capital  of  Canada,  is  situated  in  the  county  of  Fron 
tenac,  on  the  St.  I^awrence  River,  at  the  head  of  Lake  On 
tario.  about  200  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.  Lat.  44°  12'  N. 
ion.  75°  41' W.  The  city  occupies  the  site  of  old  Fort  Fron- 
tenac,  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the  river,  opposite  Wolfe  Island, 
having  tlie  harbor  and  shipping  in  front.  The  harbor  is 
formecl  at  the  mouth  of  Cataraqui  River,  whicli  here  enters 
the  lake.  The  W.  shore  is  bold,  and  shipping  of  any  size 
may  lie  here  in  perfect  safety.  E.  of  the  bay  the  land  pro- 
jects southward,  terminating  in  Point  Frederick  or  Navy 
Point,  beyond  whicli  is  Haldimand  Cove,  a  deep  ba.sin  of 
water,  protected  by  this  point  on  the  W.  and  Point  Ilenry  on 
the  E.,  and  guarded  fnmi  S.  winds  by  Wolfe  Island  in  front. 
In  this  cove  are  tlie  royal  dock-yard,  naval  sliipping.'  &c. 
Kingston  is  the  military  and  naval  headquarters  of  the 
province,  and.  after  Queliec  and  Halifax,  is  the  strongest 
post  ill  British  America.  There  is  a  fort  on  Mes.sessaga 
I'oiiit,  and  all  other  accessilile  points  are  secured  by  bat- 
teries. There  are  extensive  military  works  on  Navy  Point, 
and  on  I'oint  Henry  is  a  fortress  which  completely  com- 
mands the  harlxir  and  town.  A  long  Ijridge  has  been  con- 
structed across  Cataraqui  Bay,  connecting  Kingston  with 
Pitfsiiurg,  liesides  which  there  are  tlie  suburbs  of  Barrie- 
tield.  French  A'illage,  and  Williamsville.  The  city  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  with  stret^ts  crossing  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles. It  is  diietiy  built  of  blue  limestone,  which  under- 
lies the  town.  'The  streets  are  lighted  with  gas,  and  the 
houses  are  partly  supplied  with  water  from  the  bay.  and 
partly  from  wells.  Wells  of  mineral  water,  composed  chiefly 
of  chloride  of  sodium  and  calcium,  have  been  obtained  in 
three  instances  by  boring  to  the  depth  of  145,  85,  .and  75 
fet>t,  respectively.  Among  the  public  buildings  may  be 
named  the  City  Hail  and  Market  Builiiings,  said  to  be  the 
most  mas.sive  structure  in  Canada  West.  It  is  built  of 
hewn  stone,  and  contains  the  market,  city  offices,  p^st-offico, 
news  and  reading-rooms,  council-room.  &c.  The  other  prin- 
cipal public  edifices  are  the  court-house  and  jail,  the  build- 
ings occupied  liy  the  several  literary  and  benevolent  insti- 
tutions, and  the  churches,  of  which  there  were,  in  1851,  3 
or  4  f(>r  the  Episcopalians,  2  for  the  i'reshyferians.  2  for  the 
Methodists.  2  for  the  Roman  Catholics,  including  the  Cathe- 
dral, 1  Established  Churcli  of  Scotland,  1  Congregational 
church,  1  Baptist,  and  1  Apostolic.  Among  the  institutions 
may  be  mentioned  Queen's  College,  (Presliyterian.)  and  Re- 
giopolis  College,  (Roman  Catholic.)  each  of  which  receives  a 
government  allowance  of  5002.  annually ;  Queen's  College 
schc^i.  Mechanics'  Institute,  the  Hotel  Dieii.  comprising  a 
nunnery  and  hospital,  the  Kingston  General  Hospital,  the 
House  of  Industry,  and  the  Provincial  Penitentiary;  the 
latter  is  situated  about  Ij  miles  W,  of  the  niaiket.  Its  cur- 
rent expenses  for  the  year  1849  amounted  to  l.S.S-iO?.  Four 
new.spapers  are  pulilished  in  the  city.  Kingston  is  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Commercial  Biiiik  of  the  Jlidland  District, 
and  of  the  Marine  and  Fire  Insurance  Company,  It  has  also 
3  branch  banks,  7  assurance  agencies,  and  the  agencies  of  9 
insurance  companies.  The  principal  manufacturing  esta- 
blishments in  1^51  were  5  foundries.  3  tanneries,  4  breweries 
and  distilleries,  5  soap  and  candle  factories,  and  a  broom  fac- 
tory. The  government  establishments,  naval  and  military, 
together  with  the  shipping  interests  of  Kingston,  are  its  prin- 
cipal supports.  The  construction  of  the  Rideau  Canal,  con- 
necting this  port  with  the  Ottawa  River,  added  considerably 
to  its  commercial  prosperity,  but  it  was  generally  thought 
that  the  opening  of  the  St,  Lawrence  Canals  would  greatly 
impair  it.  The  registered  tonnage  of  the  port,  Iiowever, 
appears  to  be  sliihtlv  on  the  increase,  it  being  6621  tons  in 
1845.  and  6910  tons  in  1851.  The  total  value  of  imports  in 
1848  amounted  to  :3:.W3.788;  in  1849.  toS3'<4,044:  in  18.50,  to 
$499,040-  ind  in  1851,  to  $1,025,492,  of  which  $915,912  was 

9S3 


the  ralu?  of  goods  imported  from  the  United  States.  The 
total  value  of  exports  ia  ISol  was  $421,016.  all  of  which 
weut  to  the  United  Stites.  The  commercial  affairs  nf  Kings- 
ton are  regulated  by  a  board  of  trade.  Ship-building  is  an 
Important  interest  here,  and  a  marine  railway  has  been 
constructed,  on  which  to  haul  out  vessels  that  are  to  be  re- 
paired. A  railway  is  projected  from  Montrejil.  throufrh 
Kingston  and  alon.;  the  \.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  to  Toronto 
and  Hamilton,  forming  a  part  of  the  Great  Western  Grand 
Trunk  llailway.  The  Indian  name  of  the  site  on  which 
Kort  Frontenac  was  built,  was  GiUiramii.  The  name  King.s- 
ton  was  given  it  by  the  English,  who  first  settled  here  in 
1783.  It  was  incorporated  a  city  in  18;JS.  In  1841.  Kings- 
ton became  the  capital  of  the  province,  and  so  continued  till 
about  the  year  1845,  when  the  seat  of  government  w;is  re- 
moved to  Miintre,al.  The  city  is  divided  into  7  ward.s,  and 
governed  by  a  mayor,  board  of  aldermen,  and  common  coun- 
cil. It  returns  1  member  to  the  Provincial  Parliament. 
Pop.  in  1844,  (5840;  in  1852,  11,585;  and  in  1861,  iy,74a,  in- 
cluding the  suburbs. 

KIXG'STON,  the  principal  commercial  city  and  seaport 
of  Jamaica,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  its  S.  coast,  on  the  N  side  of  a 
fine  harbor.  10  miles  \V.  of  Spanish  Town,  with  which  it  is 
connected  bv  a  railroad,  opened  in  1846.  Lat.  17°  5S'  N., 
Ion.  76°  47'  30"  W.  Pop.  estimated  at  35.000.  It  stands  on  a 
gentle  slope,  and  is  regularly  laid  out.  its  houses  being  mostly 
of  two  stories,  and  furnished  with  verandahs.  The  principal 
buildings  are  the  English  and  Scotch  churches,  several  cha- 
pels. 2  synagogues,  ii  hospital,  and  various  other  charitable 
institutions,  a  free  school,  endowed  with  1500J.  a  year,  tlie 
work-house,  new  penitentiary,  commei-cial  subscription 
rooms,  and  theatre;  here  are  also  an  athenaeum,  a  society 
of  arts,  and  a  sjivings'  bank.  Kingston  harbor,  a  land- 
locked basin,  available  for  the  largest  ships,  is  enclosed  on  the 
S.  by  a  long  tongue  of  land,  at  the  extremity  of  which  is  Port 
Koy'al.  The  annual  value  of  imports  is  .about  §2,000,000, 
and  of  exports  !ilx)ut  .53.-500.000.  The  entrance  to  the  har- 
bor, and  the  harbor  itself,  is  defended  by  sevei-al  f  )rmidable 
forts.  The  ini-lined  plain  on  which  Kingston  stands  is  en- 
closed on  the  X.  by  the  loftiest  ridge  of  the  Blue  Mountain 
chain,  and  the  intermediate  space  agreeably  diversified  with 
country  residences,  and,  neiir  the  mountains,  with  sugar 
estates.  Upper  Park  Camp,  with  the  barracks,  &c.  is  about 
x\  miles  N.  of  the  city.     See  J.\M.\ic.\. 

KING.STO\  or  KINGSTOWN,  a  town  of  the  British  West 
Indies,  capital  of  the  island  of  .St.  A'incent.  on  its  S.W.  coast. 
Pop.  4769.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  has  several  substan- 
tial public  edifices,  comprising  a  larire  church,  Wesleyan, 
Presbyterian,  and  Roman  Catholic  ch.apels,  an  old  govern- 
ment house,  new  government  house  in  the  botanic  garden, 
and  the  court-house,  the  last  being  constructed  of  stone, 
the  rest  mostly  of  brick. 

KINGSTON,  a  town  of  New  Brunswick,  capital  of  King's 
county,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  John's  Itiver,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Belleisle.  about  25  miles  X.  of  St.  John's. 
KINGSTON  B.\G'PUZii.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
KINGSTON  CENTltE  a  pnst-office  of  Delaware  co..  Ohio. 
KING'STON  DEV'ERIIJ.,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Wilts. 
KINGSTON-upON-IIULli.  a  town  of  England.    See  Hull. 
KINGS'TOX-BT-LEW'ES,    a  parish  of   England,   co.   of 
Sussex. 
KINGSTON  MINES.    See  KiNOSTO^f,  Illinois. 
KING.STON.   NEW.   or  KTXGSTO.X-ON-IIAILWAY,   is  a 
hamlet  which  has  within  a  few  years  sprung  up  around  the 
station  on  the  South-western  Railway:  and  it  has  now  many 
handsome  terraces,  detached  villas,  with  a  good  inn,  and 
public  libraries. 

KIXG.STi)N-i)T-SEA.  a  parish  of  Encrland.  co.  of  Sussex. 
KING'STOX  SKY'.MOUK,  a  ptirish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

KINGSTON-Upox-SOAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

KINGSTON-upax-TIIAME.S.  a  municipal  borough,  town, 
and  parish  of  iCngiand.  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Thames,  at  the  influx  of  the  Ewell.  and  10  miles  W.S.W.  of 
London.  Pop.  of  borou^A  in  1851.  12.144.  The  town,  ex- 
elusive  of  suburbs,  extends  about  half  a  mile  along  the 
river,  here  cros.sed  by  an  eleirant  stone  bridge  of  5  arches. 
It  is  irregulirly  built,  and  has  a  spacious  church,  a  hand 
some  new  tnwn-hali.  a  market-house,  a  house  of  correction, 
ft  jail  and  union  work-hou.se.  a  grammar  school,  several 
other  well-endowed  schools,  and  almshouses.  It  has  some 
flax  and  oil  mills,  a  brisk  malting-trade,  and  a  large  corn- 
market.  The  I>ent  county  assizes  are  held  here,  and  it  has 
petty  and  quarter  sessions.  A  Roman  town  or  station  ex- 
isted here,  ami  numerous  coins  and  other  Uom.m  antiqui- 
ties have  been  from  time  to  time  discovered.  Egbert  held  a 
gener.il  ecclesiastical  council  hero  in  838 ;  and  most  of  the 
Saxon  raonarchs.  from  I'M  ward  the  Elder  to  Ethelred  the 
Unready,  were  crowned  at  Kingston.  The  first  armed  force 
In  the  l>arliamentary  War  assembled  in  the  town,  and  the 
last  effort  in  fivor  of  Charles  I.  was  m.'tde  here. 

KiNG.-^'TOWN.  (f)rmeriy  DUXLEAKY.)  a  se.iport  town 
and  wnteri;!gplace  of  Ireland,  co..  and  on  the  Bav  of  Dublin, 
ou  the  railway,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1851,  10,453. 
S84 


KIN 

It  is  finely  situated,  and  has  a  short  atmo.spheric  railway  to 
Dalkey.  said  to  be  the  first  ever  laid  down;  an  obelisk,  com 
memorating  the  visit  of  George  IV.  in  1821;  and  a  fine 
granite  pier,  enclosing  a  harbor  of  251  acres,  finished  at  a 
cost  of  about  75O.000i.,  and  at  the  head  of  which  is  a  re- 
volving light,  in  lat.  53°  IS'  N..  Ion.  6°  8'  W.  Upwards  of 
2000  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  of  more  than  200,000  tons 
burden,  enter  and  leave  tlie  harbor  annually.  It  is  the 
mail  packet  station  for  communication  with  Liverpool  and 
Ilolyliead,  and  a  favorite  resort  of  the  Dublin  citizens. 
KIXGSTOWX,  a  town  of  the  West  Indies.  See  Kingston. 
KIXOSTREE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Williamsburg  dis- 
tri 't.  South  Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  Black  River,  76 
miles  in  a  direct  line,  or  about  100  miles  by  post-i-oute,  E.S.E. 
of  Columbia. 

KI.N'GS'VILLE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Clarion  co..  Pennsvlv.inia. 
KIXGSA'lIiLK.  a  vill.age  of  Baltimore  Co.,  Maryland,  IC 
miles  N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

KINGSVILLE.  a  village  of  South  Carolina,  on  the  South 
Carolina  Railraad.  at  the  junction  of  the  Columbia  branch, 
25  miles  from  Columbia. 

KINGSVILLE,  a  postrtownship  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ash- 
tabula CO..  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  aud  Erie  Rail- 
road.   Pop.  1730. 

KINGSVILLE,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Ashtabula  co., 
Ohio,  on  Conneaut  Creek,  and  on  theCleveland  and  Erie 
liailroad,  about  60  miles  X.E.  of  Cleveland.     It  contains  3 
churches,  a  flourishing  academy,  and  several  mills. 
KIXGSVILLK.  a  post  office  of  Talladega  co..  Alabama. 
KIXGS-WAiyOEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
KINa.S'WE.\R,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
KIXGSWIX'FORD.a  parish  of  England.  See  Winterbodrn. 
KIXGS'WOOD.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
KIXGSWOOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
KIXGSWOHTIIY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  on 
the  South-western  Railway,  2  miles  N.X.E.  of  Winchester. 

KING-TCIIOU.  KIN-CliOO,  or  KIXG-TCUOU-FOU,  a  city 
of  China.    See  Kixo-Choo-Foo. 

KIXG-T1'>TC1IIAXG,  king-ti-che-lng',  or  KTNG-TE- 
CIIING,  kingHA-ching',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Kiang- 
see.  95  miles  N.E.  of  Xan-chang.  It  is  the  principal  feat 
of  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  in  China,  for  which  it  is 
said  500  furnaces  are  employed.  Lat.  29°  15'  N.,  Ion.  116*^ 
52'  E.     Pop.  1,000.000. 

KINGTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  18  miles  N.^V.  of  Hereford.  Pop.  3131.  It  h.as  a  church 
erected  about  the  twelfth  century,  a  free  schixjl.  a  union 
work-house,  2  or  3  branch  banks,  and  manufactures  of  glove* 
and  nails. 

KINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 
KINGTON,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
KINGTON,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
KING-TONG,  king'tong',  a  city  of  China,  province,  and 
125  miles  S.W.  of  Yun-nan,  cjipital  of  a  department,  in  a 
mountainous  country,  near  a  source  of  the  Ton(iuin  River. 
KING-TONG.  an  island  of  China.     See  Kin-Ta.no. 
KIXGTOX  MAG'NA.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
KIXGTOX  ST.  MICIIAEL,aparishof  Kngland.  co.ofWUtg. 
KIXGTON.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
KIXGUS'SIE,  king-gtts'.see.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Inverness,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Fort  Augustus.    It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Macpherson,  the  translator  of  Ossian's  poems. 
KIXG'WESTOX,  a  mrish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  3 
miles  N.E.  of  .Somerton.    In  the  church  is  an  oak  chair 
bearing  the  initials  of  the  last  ab'oot,  who  was  hanged  by 
Henry  VIII. 

KIXG  WII/LTA5I.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  260  square  miles.  Its  N.E.  and  S.W.  borders 
are  respectively  washed  by  the  Mattapony  and  Pamunkey 
Itivers,  which  unite  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  county, 
and  form  the  York  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the 
soil  of  the  river-bottoms  is  fertile.  Formed  in  1701,  and 
named  in  honor  of  William  III..  King  of  England.  Capital, 
King  William  Court-IIouse.  Pop.  8530,  of  whom  3005  were 
free,  and  5525  slaves. 

KING  WILLIAM  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  the  above  county,  is  situated  between  the  Matt.i|>ony  and 
Pamunkey  Rivers,  2  miles  from  the  former,  and  27  miles 
X'.K.  of  Richmond. 

KING  WILLIAM'S  CAT'ARACT,  a  fine  fall  of  the  Esse- 
quibo  River,  in  Briti.sh  Guiana,  in  lat.  3°  14'  Hr,"  N..  Ion. 
57°  44'  W.  It  was  reached  and  named  by  Sir  R.  Schom- 
burgh,  in  1836. 

KING  WILLIAM'S  ISLAND  is  in  Dampier  Strait,  in  tte 
Eastern  .\rchipelago.  S.  of  \Vaigeao. 

KING  WILLIAM'S  TOWN,  a  town  of  Cape  Colony,  in 
British  Kaffraiia.  62  miles  N.X.E.  of  Graham's  Town.  lAt. 
33°  10'  S.,  Ion.  27°  '20'  E. 

KING'WOOD,  a  post-township  of  Hunterdon  .«/,  New 
Jersey,  7  miles  W.  of  Flemington     Pop.  2148. 

KIXGWOOD,  a  po.st-village,  capital  of  Preston  co.,W.  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Client  River,  about  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wheel- 
ing.    The  river  affords  excellent  water-joower. 

KIN-HOA,  kin-lio'3.  a  city  of  Cliina,  province  of  Che-kiacg. 
72  miles  S.S.W.  of  Haug-chow-foo. 


KIN 


KIO 


KINTBALOO,  a  mountain  and  lake  of  nonNEO,  (which  see.) 

KIN'ISAW.  a  post^otfice  of  Tama  Co.,  Iowa. 

KINJOKK,  kin-jor'.  a  lake  or  dund  of  Uritish  India,  in 
Sinde.  Lat.  24°  51'  N..  Ion.  68°  8'  K.  It  consists  of  an  ex- 
tensive expanse  of  stagnant  water,  covered  by  the  Indus 
durin;;  the  wet  season. 

KIX'KERSVILLK.  a  po-st-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  National  Iload.    See  Kikkersville. 

KINK'1IK.\D,  a  small  post-village  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

KIN-KUI-.TIN,  a  seaport  town  on  the  W.  side  of  Great 
Loo-Choo  I.-<land. 

KTN'LKT.  a  parish  of  Enfrl.and.  co.  of  Salop. 

KIXLOCII.  kiuMoK',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  now 
united  to  Lkthendt. 

KIX'IjOCK.  a  post-ofRce  of  Lawrence  co.,  Alabama. 

KIN  LOCK,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Texa.s. 

KIN'IvOSS.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Moray,  including 
the  town  of  Fiiidhorn.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a  celebrated 
abbey,  founded  by  David  I.  in  1150. 

KIN\N'AI!!D'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

KINNAIKD'S  IIEAO,  a  promontory  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen,  projecting  into  the  North  Sea,  about  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  N.  of  Fraserburgh.  On  its  summit  is  a  castle,  now 
used  as  a  li:,'ht-house.     Lat.  .57°  .12'  N.,  Ion.  2°  AV. 

KIN^XAKD',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry. 

KIXVNEKKMviTn-KAT'ERLIXE,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Kincardine.  6  miles  S.  of  Stonehaven.  The  Regalia  of 
Scotland  was.  during  the  invasion  of  Cromwell,  long  safely 
concealed  under  the  pulpit  in  the  church  of  Kinneff. 

KIN'NEGAD'.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  co.  of  VVi'stmeath,  near  the  Slidland  Great  Western 
Railway.  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  MuUingar.   Pop.  of  the  town.  "00. 

KIX'.\l<]l(jiI,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

KIX/M:LL.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

KIN'XKI.TY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  co. 

KIX'XKItLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

KIX/\KI!SLKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KIXXEKSI.KV.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

KIXWKSS'WOOD,  a  vill.age  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  5  miles 
E.  of  Kinross.     Pop.  479. 

KINXETIIMONT.  in  Scotland.    See  Kex:jethmont. 

KIXXETTLES,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

KIX'XEY.  a  new  cmnty  in  the  S.W.  p.art  of  Texa.s,  bor- 
dering on  the  Rio  Grande  liiver,  which  separates  it  from 
Mexico.  Area,  ai)out  1500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Las  Moras  and  other  creeks.  The  county  contains  exten- 
eive  prairies,  which  produce  pasture.  Formed  since  the 
census  of  1850,  and  named  in  honor  of  II.  L.  Kinney,  mem- 
ber of  Congi-ess  of  the  republic  of  Texas.     Pop.  61. 

KTX'XEYS  FOUR  COll/XERS,  a  post-village  of  Oswego 
CO.,  Now  York,  6  or  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Oswego. 

KINXICO'XICK.  a  post-office  of  Louis  co.,  Kentucky. 

KIN'XIE'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

KIXNIT'TY,  a  town  of  Ireland,  King's  co.,  13  miles  S.W. 
of  Tullamore.     Pop.  2000. 

KIXNOUL.  kin-nool'.  a  parish  of  Scotl.ind.  co.,  and  oppo- 
site the  town  of  Perth,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tay,  here 
crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge.  It  has  e.xtensive  nursery 
grounds,  numerous  elegant  villas,  an  ancient  church,  the 
ruins  of  a  castle  «f  the  Knights  Templars,  and  a  hill  from 
whence  is  obtained  one  of  the  finest  views  in  Rritaia.  It 
gives  the  title  of  eail  to  a  branch  of  the  Hay  family. 

KIXOUl/TDN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xottingham. 

KIXM508S'.  or  KINKOSS-SIIIRE,  kin-ro.s.sZ-shir,  the  small- 
est CO.  of  Scotland,  having  E.  and  S.  the  county  of  Fife,  and 
W.  and  N.  the  county  of  Perth.  Area,  alx)ut  72  sqaare 
miles,  or  45.000  acres,  of  which  about  30,000  are  arable,  3000 
wood,  and  4500  water,  consisting  principally  of  Loch  Leven. 
Pop.  in  1851,  8924.  The  surface  is  varied  and  well  culti- 
vated. Chief  town,  Kinross.  The  county  unites  with  Clack- 
mannan and  portions  of  Perth  county  iu  sending  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

KI^'RO.•^S,  a  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Kinross,  on  Loch  Leven,  at  its  W.  end,  14  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Perth.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  2590.  It  has  a 
fine  county  liall  and  jail,  a  town-hall,  an  elegant  parish 
church,  2  libraries,  a  branch  bank,  and  manufactures  of 
cottons,  tartan  shawls,  and  damasks. 

KINROSS-SHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.    See  Kixboss. 

KINSALE,  kin\sail',  a  parliamentary  and  niunicip.'il  bo- 
rough and  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co..  and  13 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Cork,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Bandon  River. 
Iiere  about  800  yards  in  breadth,  2  miles  from  the  Atlantic. 
Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  in  1851,  5.i06.  It  is  built 
at  the  base  and  on  the  sides  of  acclivities  almost  rising  from 
the  water.  The  srreets  are  steep  and  narrow,  the  houses  an- 
tique. The  chief  buildings  are  a  parish  church  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  a  larire  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  convent, 
town-hall.  jail,  assembly-rooms,  baths,  a  fever  hospital,  union 
work-house,  fort,  and  barraclcs.  The  harbor,  which  was 
formerly  a  naval  depot,  is  e.xcellent;  but  the  trade  is  now 
mostly  transf  Tred  to  Cork.  Extensive  and  valuable  fisher- 
«es  form  the  chief  resources  of  the  people.    In  summer  many 


visitors  resort  here  for  sea-bathing.  Kinsale  sends  1  monihei 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  premier 
baron  of  Ireland  to  the  De  Courcey  family,  descendants  of 
the  Dukes  of  Normandy,  and  whose  representative  has  the 
singular  privilege  of  wearing  his  hat  in  the  royal  presence 
In  1601.  Kinsale  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards.  In  lOSy, 
James  II.  landed  here. 

KINSALE.  The  Old  Head  of,  England,  a  promontory  pro- 
jecting about  3  miles  into  the  Atlantic.  4^  miles  S.S.W.  cf  the 
entrance  of  Kinsale  Harbor.  On  it  is  a  lixod  light,  in  lat. 
51°  36'  46"  N..  Ion.  8°  32'  16"  W.,  at  an  elevation  of  241  feet. 

KINSALE,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  A'irginia. 

KIX'SEY'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Tennessee. 

KIX'SEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Salem  co.,  New  .ler.sey, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  58  miles  S.W.  of  Trenton.  Here  is  a 
ferrv  leading  to  Newcastle,  in  Delaware. 

KIN-SHA-KIANG.     See  Yano-tse-kianu. 

KIN'SHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KIN-SHAN.  KIX-SCHAN  or  KTN-THAN.  kin-phSn.  (lite- 
rally the  "Golden  Jlountain,")  an  island  of  China,  province 
of  Kiang-soo,  in  the  Yang-tse-kiang  River,  nearly  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Grand  Canal,  and  covered  with  pagodas, 
temples,  pavilions,  and  gardens,  now  mostly  in  decay. 

KINS/MAN,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio.    Pop  976. 

KIN'STON,  (improperly  KINGSTON,)  a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Lenoir  co..  North  Carolina,  80  m.  S.E  of  Raleigh.  P.1333. 

KIN'TAIL',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kos.s. 

KIXTANG.  kin-t.^ng'.  orKTXGTOXG,  (»>.'•  .^ilverT.sland,") 
an  island  of  China,  near  Cbu.san.  about  lat.  30°  N.,  and  Ion. 
121°  40'  E.    Greatest  leUL'th.  7  miles. 

KINT'RUR  Y.  (KENT'P.Ul!  Y.)  a  parish.  Endand.  co.  Berks. 

KIX-TCHOO  or  KIN-TCHOU.     See  K iNO-ciioo-FOO. 

KIXTORE.  kin-t5r'.  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  12  miles  W.X.W.  of  Aberdeen, 
on  the  Aberdeen  Canal.  Pop.  in  1851,  1.342.  It  claims  to 
be  the  most  ancient  royal  burgh  in  Scotland.  It  unites 
with  RanfT.  Elgin.  CuUen.  and  Invernry  in  sending  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  Of 
earl  to  a  brancli  of  the  Keith  family. 

KINTYRE.  kin-tir'.  CANTYRE  or  CANTIRR.  kan-tTr'.  a 
peninsula  of  Scotland,  between  the  I'rith  of  Clyde  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  forming  the  S.  end  of  the  county  of  Argylo. 
Length.  40  miles:  average  breadth.  6J  miles.     Pop.  19.318. 

KINTYRE,  The  Mull  of,  the  S.W.  point  of  the  above  pe- 
ninsula, has  a  light-house,  with  fixed  lights  297  feet  above 
high  water,  in  lat.  55°  19'  N.,  Ion.  5°  49'  W. 

KINVAIt'RA.  a  small  seaport  town  of  Irel.and.  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Galway,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  O.ahvay.  Pop.  959. 
It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  cjithedral  and  bishop's  residence. 

KINWAR'TON,  a  parish  of  En-land,  co.  of  Warwick. 

KIN-YANG,  kin^y.ing'.  acity  of  China,  province  of  Kan-soo, 
capital  of  a  department,  in  lat.  36°  42'  N..  Ion.  10,5°  42'  E. 

K1N-YU?;N,  kin'-yoo-Jn',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Quang-see,  capital  of  a  department,  in  lat.  24°  26'  N.,  Ion.  105° 
50'  E. 

KIN'ZER'S,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Raih-oad, 
14  miles  from  Lancaster. 

KINZTG,  kint'sio,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  WUrtemberg 
and  Baden,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  45  miles,  joins  the  Rhine 
by  several  branches  at  Kehl. 

KINZIO,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Ilesse-Cassel,  joins  the 
Main  near  Hanau. 

KINZIGTHAL.  kint/siG-t3l\  a  villace  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine,  bailiwick  of,  and  near  AVolfach.    Pop.  1307 

KINZUA,  Pennsylvania.     See  Kenjua. 

KIO.  a  town  of  .Japan.    See  Miako. 

KIOGE,  (KiBge,)  a  town  of  Denmark.  '  See  Kj8ge. 

KTOKEE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia. 

KIO'IvEE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  into  Savannah  River, 
about  9  miles  N.E.  of  Appling. 

KIOLEN.  K.JOLEN,  (Kjiilen,)  kyMen  or  chSlen,  KIOEL, 
(KiSel.)  or  KOELEN.  a  mountain  chain  of  Scandinavia,  ex- 
tends from  about  lat.  63°  northward,  between  Sweden  and 
Russian  Lapl.aud  on  the  E.  and  S..  and  Norway  and  Finniark 
on  the  W.  and  N.  Mount  Sulitelma,  its  highest  point,  in 
lat.  67°  5'  N..  ion.  16"  20'  E..  is  5956  feet  in  elevation. 

KTOMITIA,  a  village  of  Texas.     See  Kiamitia. 

KIOXG-CHOOor  KiONG-TCHOU.ke  onaVhoo'.or  KTONG- 
TCIIOO-FOO,  written  also  KIANG-CHAU-FU.  KHIONG- 
TCHOU  and  KIUNG-CHU-FU.  a  maritime  city  of  China, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Ilai-nan.  on  its  N.  coast.  Lat.  20° 
N..  Ion.  110°  22'  E.  Estimated  pop.  above  100.000.  It  is 
enclosed  bv  strong  walls,  is  well  built,  and  has  two  colleges, 
a  large  public  library,  and  an  extensive  trade  with  Macao, 
Assam.  Slam,  and  Sing.apore. 

KIOO-SIOO,  KTOU-SIOU  or  KIU-SIU,  ki^ooZ-sf^oo'.  or 
XIMO.  zee'mo.  the  southernmost  of  the  three  principal  is- 
lands of  .Japan,  in  the  I'acific  Ocean,  separated  from  Corea 
bv  the  Strait  of  Corea.  and  from  Niphon  Island  by  the 
Strait  of  .«ikokf  Lat.  from  31°  to  34°  T  N.,  Ion.  from  129° 
30'  to  132°  E.  The  surface  is  mountainou.s.  and  here  are 
several  volcanoes,  that  of  Illiirigama  having  been  the  seat 
of  a  most  destructive  eruption  on  the  1st  of  April,  182ft 

9S6 


KIO 

Naga^api,  the  principal  commercial  port  of  Japan,  is  on  this 
ifilaiul. 

KIOTSIXG.  lieoMsing',  or  KU-TSIXG,  kyoo^-tsing',  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Yun-nan,  capital  of  a  department.  70 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Yun-nan.     Lat.  25°  34'  N..  Ion.  103°  55'  E. 

KIO[T-SIOU,  an  i.-^land  of  Japan.    See  Kioo-Sioo. 

KI()WI':E  RIVEK,  South  Carolina.     See  Savan\ah. 

KIl'FENBF.KG,  liip'fen-bJuG\  a  niarliet-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Jliddle  Franco'nia,  30  miles  W.  of  Ratisbon,  on  the 
right  banli  of  the  Altmiihl.     Pop.  729. 

KIP'PAX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

KIP'i'EN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Perth  and  Stirling. 

KlPPEXilElM.  kip'pen-h)me\  a  market-town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zell.     Pop.  1917. 

KIP'l'URE,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  11  miles 
B.S.W.  of  Dublin.     Elevation,  2473  feet. 

K1PTCII.\K  or  KIPCII.iK,  kipVhSk',  a  town  of  Inde- 
pendent Tartury,  khanat,  and  68  miles  N-N.^V.  of  Khiva, 
near  the  Oxus. 

KIU'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

KIR'BY,  a  township  of  Caledonia  CO.,  Vermont,  about  38 
miles  N.E.  of  :Montpelier.     Pop.  473. 

KIRBY.  a  small  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KIRBY-BE'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KIKBY-CANE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KTUBY,COl.D.aparishofEngland,co.York.  North  Riding. 

KIRBY-i'XBER-D.VLE,  a  parish  of  J^ngland,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding.    For  other  places  in  England,  sometimes  spelt 

KiRBY.  see  KiRKBY. 

KIRBY-GRIX'DALYTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  E.nst  Riding. 

KIRBY  KENDALL.    See  Kendall. 

KIRIiY-KNOWLE,  (nol,)  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

KlRliY-MOXKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

KlliCff.  k66p.K,  a  German  word,  signifying  "church," 
forming  a  part  of  various  names  in  contr."il  Europe,  as  Kirch- 
DORF,  '•  church  village :"  Fuxfkirohen.  the  "  five  churehes." 

KIRC1I.4lRT,  k66R'KaBt,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Khine,  near  Sinsheim.     Pop.  1123. 

KIRCIIBEliG,  k66BK'bJRa,a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony, 
circle  of  Zwickau,  23  miles  S.AV.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  4149. 
It  ha-s  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and  paper. 

KIRCHBERG.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Kbenish  Prussia, 
SO  miles  S.S.W.  of  Coblentz.     Pop.  1523. 

KlItCIIBERG-AM-WAGRA.M,  k6«RK'b5RG-am--»aG/ram,  a 
market-town  of  Lower  Austria.      Pop.  CC9. 

KIRCIIRIIOMBACII.  kggRK'bromMjaK,  a  market-town  of 
llesse-Darmstadt.  province  of  Starkenlmrg.     Pop.  069. 

KlItCIIBOIIEL.  (Kirchbuhel.)  k66nK'bU-Jr  a  village  of 
Austria,  in  Tyrol,  near  Kufstein.     Pop.  1071. 

KIKCHDOilF,  ke§UKMoRf,  or  KIRCIIDRAUF,  kSgRK'- 
dr(5wf\  (II  un.  Se.pes  VaraJh/a,  shi'pJsh' v6hV01'y0h\)  a  town 
of  Xorth  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  23  miles  W.  of  Epories. 
Pop.  3500. 

KIUCHDORF,  kgfiRK'doRf,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bern,  near  Gergen  Lake.    Pop.  1922. 

KIRCHDORF,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Ai^au, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  its  own  name,  beautifully  situated  on 
the  Limmat.  E.X.E.  of  Aarau.     Pop.  1900. 

KIRCIIDRAUF.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Kirchdobf. 

KIRCH  KH.  a  village  of  Nubia.     See  Ghyrch£. 

KIltCIIKN,  kfefiuK'^n.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  near  I>orrach,     Pop.  903. 

KIRCHEN-KIRN  BERG,  k66RK'en-k66Rna)SRa.  a  village  of 
WiirtemburL'.  circle  of  Jaxt,  near  Welzheim.     Pop.  1051. 

KIRCHK.NLAMITZ,  k66RK'en-ia'mits,  a  m.arket-town  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  L-imitz.  24  miles  X.E.  of  Baireuth.    Pop.  1400. 

KI  RCIl  KNT  ELLIXGSFURT.  kegRK^n-tJining-fOont".  a  vil- 
lage of  \V'iirtemberg,  circle  of  Schwarzwald.     Pop.  1447. 

KIltCHKNTHUMBACII.  k6eRK'fn-toom>baK.  a  market- 
town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Thumbach,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Bai- 
reuth.   Pop.  739. 

KiaCHKT,  kSgRK'Jt,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  near  Meiriniren. 

KIRCHHATTEX,  keeRK'hJt'ten,  or  IIAITEX,  hSften,  a 
Tillage  of  Germany,  Oldenburg,  near  the  town  of  Oldenburg. 
Pop.  814. 

KIRCHHAYX  or  KTRCHIIAIX,  kSSRsOiIne,  a  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  railroad  from 
Frankfort  to  Cassel,  66  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder. 
Pop.  2135. 

K1!!(:;HH.A.YX,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel,  on  the 
Ohm.  8  miles  E.  of  Marburg.     Pop."l819. 

KIltCHHKni.  k66HK'hime,  a  town  of  South  Germany, 
In  \\  Urtemberg,  circle  of  Danube.  Ifi  miles  S.E.  of  Stutt- 
gart. Pop.  5256.  It  is  enclosed  by  planted  walks,  and  has 
a  royal  jwilace,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen 
goods,  ami  toys. 

KIKCII  If  KIM.avillageofBaden.near  Heidelberg.  P.I311. 

KliiCIIHKIM.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Flogsach,  62 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Munich.     Pop.  792. 

KlRCHHiOIM-AM-NliCKAK.    kWRK'hIm-ilm-nJk'kar,    a 
village  of  WUrtemberg,  ou    the  Xeckar,  8  miles  S.W.  of 
Heilbronn.    Pop.  1614. 
fiS6 


KIR 

KTRCIIHEIM-AX  DER-ECK.  kg6RKlum-an-dk  ?k,  a  vil- 
lage of  Bavaria,  district  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  1(141. 

KIRCHHKIM-AX-DER-EGER,  kfgRK'hrm-dn-d^R-.Vghgr, 
a  village  of  WUrtemberg.  cii'cle  of  Kocher,  on  the  Eger. 
Pop.  1011. 

KIRCHHEIM-BOLAXDEX,  k6eRK'hIm-l)onanMen,  a  town 
of  South  Germany,  in  Rhenisli  Bavaria,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Donnersberg.  IS  miles  X.X.E.  of  Kaiserslautern.  Pop.  3120. 
It  has  a  castle  and  a  church,  witli  the  family  vault  of  the 
Dukes  of  Nassau  ;  and  in  its  vicinity  are  mines  of  iron,  cop- 
per, and  mercury. 

KIRCHSCHLAG,  kegRK'shiao.  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria.  47  miles  S.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1059. 

KIRCHSPIELWALDXIEL,  kSeRK'speel^ilt/neel.  a  vil- 
lage  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  of  Dusseldorf.  P.  1497. 

KIRCH-STEIXBECK,  k66RK-stin'bJk,  a  village  of  Den- 
mark, duchy  of  Ilolstein,  aliout  4  miles  S.E.  of  Hamburg. 

KIRCHWARDER,  (Kirchwarder.)  keer.K'wiR-dsT,  a  vil- 
lage of  Hamburg,  on  tlie  South  branch  of  the  Elbe,  9  miles 
S.E.  of  Hamburg.     Pop.  3029. 

KIRCHWORBIS.  k66RK'woR'bis.  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony,  government  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  895. 

KIRCirZELL,  kSgRKHs^ll'.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  in 
Lower  Franconia,  district  of  Amorbiich.     Pop.  890. 

KUiD'FORD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

KIREXGHA,  ke-rjn'g4,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Irkootsk,  flows  X.,  and  joins  the  right  bank 
of  the  Lena,  a  little  below  Kirensk,  after  a  course  of  nearly 
300  miles. 

KIREXSK,  ke-r?nsk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  government,  and 
410  miles  N.N.E.  of  Irkootsk,  on  the  Lena,  at  the  influx  of 
the  Kireiigha,  and  780  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  lAOO. 

KIltGIIEEZ,  KIP.GHIZ.  KIRGUIS  or  KIRGUIZ.  k!r* 
gheez',  a  people  of  Central  Asia,  occupying  a  territory  in  the 
X.  part  of  Toorkistan,  between  lat.  44°  and  55°  X..  and  Ion. 
5.3°  and  82°  E..  partly  independent,  and  partly  under  the  Rus- 
sian governments  of  Orenboorg  and  Tomsk,  liaving  E.  tho 
Chinese  Empire.  W.  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  S.  the  kbanats  of 
Khokand,  a  country  X.  of  Bokhara,  and  Khiva.  Estimated 
area,  300.000  square  miles.  Pop.  2,260.000.  The  surface  is  ' 
traversed  by  many  mountain  chains,  but  it  chiefly  consists 
of  barren  plains,  abounding  in  salt  lakes,  some  of  wliich 
are  above  100  miles  long.  Tlie  climate  is  remarkable  for  va- 
riability, and  destructive  hurricanes  are  frequent.  The 
population  is  almost  wholly  nomadic,  and  rude  in  the  ex- 
treme, their  principal  occupation  being  the  rearing  of  sheep, 
goats,  horses,  and  camels.  Some  land  on  river-lxinks,  how- 
ever, is  roughly  tilled,  for  millet,  rye,  and  barley ;  and  seals, 
sturgeons,  &c.,  are  taken  in  the  Lakes.  Some  domestic 
weaving,  and  manufactures  of  hiiir-cordage,  soap,  leather, 
and  iron  wares  are  carried  on ;  but  this  region  may  be 
considered  as  pre-eminently  the  head-quarters  of  barbarism 
in  Asia,  nearly  all  manufactured  goods  and  necessaries 
being  derived  from  the  adjacent  countries  in  exchange  for 
cattle,  hides,  horns,  and  wool.  The  Kirgheez  are  of  the 
Jlongol  race,  and  .separated  into  the  so-named  Great,  Little, 
and  Middle  hordes,  who  are  again  sulidiyided  into  numerous 
tribes,  each  having  its  own  khan  or  chief.  They  are  in  gene- 
ral below  the  standard  of  European  stature.  In  filatures, 
they  hold  a  middle  ])lace  between  the  Turkish  and  Mongo- 
lian races.  Tliey  have  the  prominent  cheek-tones,  and  small 
obli<jue  eyes  of  the  latter,  without,  however,  being  so  broad 
or  so  flat  in  the  face  as  the  Kalniuks.  They  are  obviously 
a  mixed  race;  the  progeny  of  outcasts  from  all  the  surround- 
ing countries.  They  are  remarkably  healthy  and  vigorous, 
the  result  of  a  life  without  care,  in  the  open  air.  and  on  horse- 
back. The  Kirgheez  knows  nothing  of  bread.  His  food  is 
chiefly  mutton  and  horse-flesh.  wRh  I.umys.  or  sour  mare's- 
milk.  From  the  ktimys  he  al.so  extracts  an  intoxicating 
spirit.  The  use  of  tea  is  extended  among  the  hordes.  The 
dress  of  the  Kirgheez  consists  of  one  or  more  loose  frocks, 
called  chapan,  wide  pantaloons,  girdle,  a  white-felt  conical 
hat  in  summer,  a  furred  cap  in  winter,  and  pointed  boots. 
The  female  costume  differs  little  from  that  of  the  male. 
The  Kirgheez  are  extremely  indolent  and  pusillanimous. 
Their  hospitality  often  ends  in  treachery;  and  they  are, 
moreover,  frightfully  vindictive.  To  all  the  labors  of  the 
house,  the  women  add  at  least  half  of  the  out-door  toil. 
To  them,  therefore,  belong  three-fourths  of  all  the  industry 
of  the  nation,  while  the  men  give  themselves  up  in  the  same 
proportion  to  sensual  enjoyment  and  fierce  I>rntality.  Their 
religion  is  a  compound  of  Islamism  and  idolatry.  Xo  towns 
exi.st  in  their  territory,  and  the  appaient  remains  of  any 
such,  or  of  temples,  are  certainly  the  vestiges  of  a  previous 
race  of  inhabitants,  much  more  advanced  in  civilization 
than  the  present  occupants. 

The  sulijection  of  the  Kirgheez-Kazaks  (Cossacks)  to  the 
empire  of  Ru;*sia,  as  far  as  roving  ban  iits  in  the  desert  can 
be  said  to  lie  subjected,  has  been  effected  within  little  more 
th.an  a  century.  The  title  of  Khan  of  the  Little  Horde 
ceased,  in  1812.  to  be  connected  with  political  power;  that 
of  Khan  of  the  Middle  Horde  became  extinct  in  1816. 

KIKIA.  KIRREA.  klr'ree'i  or  KKR'RIiU,  a  town  of  Chi- 
nese Toorkistan,  130  miles  E,S.E.  of  Khoten.  Lat.  37=^  N., 
82°  50'  E.    It  has  an  actire  trade  with  Yaikand,  to  which  it 


KIR 


KIR 


Bends  silk.  goM-dust.  and. raisins;  and  caravans  from  the 
Kui-«i:iii  frontier  bring  to  it  broad-cloths,  brocades,  steel, 
and  furs,  in  eXLhange  for  tea,  rhubarb,  and  sal-ammoniac. 
Near  it  are  gold-mines  wrought  by  the  Chinese  government. 

KIKILOV  or  KIKILOW,  ke-re-lov',  a  town  of  Kussia.  go- 
vernment, and  21)5  miles  E.X.E.  of  Novgorod.  Pop.  2l(i3.  It 
is  surrounded  by  lakes,  and  owes  Its  name  to  a  remarkable 
convent  founded  by  St.  Kiril  in  1.398 ;  it  h.as  a  cjithedral, 
several  cliurchefi.  and  a  valuable  library.  A  canal  recently 
cut  near  it  unites  the  basins  of  the  Volga  and  North  Dwina, 
through  the  t'heksna  and  Sfxikhona  Kivers. 

KlitlLOVSK  or  KIXLOWSK,  ke-re-lovsk',  a  town  of 
Russiii,  capital  of  circle,  government,  and  W.  of  Yekateri- 
noslav. 

KIIUX-OOL.A.  or  KIKIN-OULA.  klr/in-oo'l^  or  ke-reenfocy- 
li,  a  town  of  Mantchooria.  capital  of  its  S.  divi.sion  on  the 
Soongaree.  It  is  enclosed  by  an  earth  rampart,  and  is  the 
residence  of  a  MantcUoo  viceroy.  Its  inhabitants  are  stated 
to  be  chiefly  exiles. 

KTI!.I.\TC!H,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  KrazHATCH. 

KIKK,  (i.  fi.  "  church ;"  see  Kirch.)  a  prefix  of  the  names 
of  nximerous  towns  and  parishes  in  Great  Bi'itain.  For 
those  not  under-mentioned,  see  additional  names. 

KTRKAGATCH.  keer-kd-gatch',  or  KIKK-AGIIADJ,  keer- 
kd-gA.j,'  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  52  miles  N.K.  of 
Smyrna.  It  is  large,  populous,  and  stated  to  have  some 
trade  in  cotton. 

KIKK-AN'DREWS-o.vE/DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

KII!K-A.\'DREWS-ON-ESK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

KIKK-AK'BORG,  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  *>Ian, 

KII{K'UE.\N,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirkcud- 
bright, on  Solway  B'rith,  12  miles  S.  of  Dumfiies.  It  has 
the  remains  of  two  castles,  and  comprises  Mount  Criffel, 
18it5  feet  above  the  sea.  Paul  Jones  was  born  here,  about 
1745. 

KIRK'BRIDE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

KIHK-BURN,  a  pari-^h  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

KIKK-nUUTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  5  miles  S.E.  of  lluddersfield.  Pop.  in  1851,  2K.371, 
extensively  engaged  in  woollen  manufactures,  for  which 
there  are  about  17  mills  in  operation.  The  church  was 
built  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 

KTKKHY,  kir'hee.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

KI  I!  K  I!  Y-IN-ASH'FIELU,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Notts. 

KlHf\l?Y-0N-UAIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KIliKHV-HKL'LAKS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Leicester. 

KIltKHY  w-CLEVELAND,  (kleev'land,)  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York,  North  Hiding. 

KIKKHY-EAST,  a  p,arish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

Kl  KlvUY-FLEETIIA.M,  (fleet/am,)  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Yrirk.  North  Hiding. 

KIliKBY-GHEEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

K1KKI5Y-IRELETII,  (ir'ljth),  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

KIRKBY-KEN'DAL.    See  KE}n)Ai-. 

KIKKBY  LK  THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  o'  Lin- 
coln. 

KIRK'BY-LONS'DALE,  a  maiket-town  and  parish  of 
EnKlan<l.  co.  of  Westmoreland,  on  the  Lune,  here  crossed 
by  an  ancient  and  beautiful  stone  bridge,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Kendal.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  1300.  It  stands  in  a 
picturesque  valley,  and  has  a  fine  old  church,  a  grammar 
Bcliool  founded  in  1591,  a  curious  antique  marketKii-oss, 
witli  some  manufactures  of  carpets,  blankets,  &c.  It  gives 
the  title  of  earl  to  the  Lowther  family. 

KIKKBY-IN-MAL'IIAM-DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  West  Riding. 

KIRKBY-.MAiyLOHY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 

KIRKBY  MALZEARD,  (mAl'zerd,')  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West  Riding,  ti  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Ripon.     In  this  parish  is  the  ruin  of  Fountains-Abbey. 

KlRKBY  MIS'PERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

KIRKBY-oN-THE-MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

KIRKBY-.MOOR'STDE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York.  North  Riding,  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  York. 
Pop.  in  1S51,  2611.  In  an  old  house,  in  the  market-place, 
the  profligate  Duke  of  Buckingham  died  in  misery  and 
poverty,  in  1687.  Malting  is  actively  carried  on;  and  in 
the  vicinity  are  stone-quarries  and  coal-mines. 

KIRK'BY-O'VERBLOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

KniKBY-RAr\^ENSWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  North  Riding. 

KlRKBY.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Hiding. 

K I RKBY-STEPIIEN,  kir'bee-stee'ven.  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland.  22  miles  S.K.  of 
Penrith.  Pop.  in  1851. 27 ^3.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Eden,  and  has  a  spacious  old  church,  a  grammar  school, 


Bevenal  other  endowed  schools,  with  woollen  and  silk  manu- 
iactures.  stocking-knitting,  and  lead  and  coal-mini-x 

Kli'.KBY'-TIlORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmott,- 
land. 

KIRKBY-UX'DERWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

KIRKBY-M'HARFE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Hiding. 

KIRKBY-WISK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

KIRKCALDY,  kirk-kawl'dee  or  kirk-kaw'dee,  a  royal 
parliamentary  burgh,  seaport,  manufacturing  town,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  the  X.  shore  of  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  and  on  the  Edinburgh,  Dundee,  and  Perth  liailway, 
fi  miles  X.E.  of  Burntisl.and.  and  11  miles  X.  of  Kdinburg 
Pop.  of  parliamentary  burgh,  in  1851.  10.475.  The  town  con- 
sists principally  of  one  irregularly-bpilt  street  of  nearly  2 
miles,  or  as  continued  through  the  suburbs,  about  8  miles 
in  length:  hence  Kirkcaldy  is  called  the  '-liang  town."  It 
is  well  lighted,  and  has  many  elegant  shops,  a  handsome 
town-hall  and  jail,  several  places  of  worship.  2  well-endowed 
schools,  a  library,  a  shipping  company,  chamber  of  com- 
merce, custom-house,  and  4  branch  banks.  In  Kirkcaldy, 
and  the  district  around  it,  there  are  13  tiax-spinning  mills 
Bed-ticking,  canvas,  and  other  linen  fabrics  are  the  staple 
manufacture  of  the  place,  amounting  to  the  annual  value 
of  about  200,000?.  There  are  7  bleachfields.  connected  with 
the  linen  manufacture;  and  there  are  flour  mills,  breweries, 
vitriol-works,  a  distillery,  and  m.icliine-lactory.  The  trade 
of  the  port  is  extensive.  The  harbor  is  foimed  of  stone 
piers,  and  has  a  light-house;  it  is  completely  dry  at  low 
water,  but,  at  full  tide,  is  capable  of  admitting  vessels  of 
very  considerable  burden.  The  imports  are  principally  from 
the  Baltic,  Germany,  and  Egypt:  and  consist  of  flax,  timber, 
corn,  and  other  articles:  the  exports  are  linen,  yarn,  cured 
herrings,  and  coal,  to  the  annual  amount  of  about  50,000 
tons.  The  North  whale  fishery  is  also  carried  on  to  some  ex- 
tent. The  number  of  ships  belonging  to  Kirkcaldy,  on  De- 
cember 31,  1849,  was  74;  tonnage,  9976.  The  borough  joins 
with  Dysart.  Kinghom,  and  Burntisland  in  sending  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.  Adam  Smith,  author  of  the 
'•Wealth  of  Nations,"  was  born  here  in  1723. 

KIRK-CIIHIST.  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

KIHK'COLM,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Wigton. 

KIRKCOX'NEL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

KIRKCOW'AN  or  KIRKOW'AN,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Wi-ton. 

KIRKCUDBRIGHT.  kir-ko</bree.  KIRKCUDBRIGHT 
SHIRK,  kir-koo'bre-shir.  or  the  STEWARTRY  OF  KIRK- 
CUDBRIGHT, a  maritime  county  in  the  S.W.  of  Scotland, 
forming  the  E.  half  of  the  district  of  Galloway.  Solway 
Frith  separates  it  from  Cumberland.  Area  estimated  at 
821  square  miles,  or  547,200  acres,  of  which  nearly  one-third 
is  arable.  Pop.  in  1851,  43.121.  The  surface  is  generally 
hilly,  and  in  the  N.W.  mountainous.  The  chief  mountains 
are  Blacklarg,  in  the  N.,  2890  feet ;  CrifTel.  in  the  S.E.,  1895 
feet;  and  Cairnsmoor,  on  Wigton  Bay,  2329  feet  in  elevation. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Dee,  Fleet,  Ken.  and  Urr.  Lakes 
are  numerous.  The  soil,  where  manured,  is  often  very  pro- 
ductive. Cattle  of  the  polled  Galloway  breed  are  exten- 
sively reared  and  fattened  for  export.  Southdown  and 
Cheviot  sheep  are  numerous  in  the  mountains.  Some  re- 
mains of  the  pure  and  much-esteemed  Galloway  breed  of 
horses  still  exist.  The  county  is  noted  for  its  superior 
honey.  Chief  towns,  Kirkcudbright,  New  Galloway,  and 
Castle  Douglas.  It  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

KIRKCUDBRIGHT,  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh, 
seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  county 
of  its  own  name,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Dee.  6  miles  above 
its  junction  with  the  Solway  Frith,  .and  28  miles  S.W.  of 
Dumfries.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  burgh  in  1861.  2C87.  It  is 
finely  situated;  has  a  large  parish  church,  a  county-hall,  a 
jail,  ancient  market-cross,  handsome  academy-  library,  a 
custom  house,  some  vestiges  of  a  castle  in  which  Henry  VI. 
of  Engl.and  found  refuge  after  the  battle  of  Towton.  and 
imposing  ruins  of  another,  built  in  1582  by  the  MacLellans, 
whose  title  of  Baron  Kirkcudbright  recently  became  extinct. 
The  harbor  is  the  best  in  the  S.  of  Scotland,  yet  the  town 
has  but  little  business  beyond  the  employment  of  a  few  cot- 
ton-looms, some  ship-building,  small  export  of  agricultural 
produce,  and  imports  of  coals,  Ac.  A  steamer  communicates 
with  Liverpool.  It  unites  with  Dumfries,  Annan.  Loch- 
maben,  and  Sanquhar,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE.    See  KiRKCunBRionT. 

KIHK'D.A^LE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

KIRKD-iLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North 
Riding,  Ij  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kirkby-Moorside.  A  cave  was 
discovered  here  in  1820,  containing  an  extraordinary  assem- 
blage of  the  bones  of  hyenas,  tigers,  elephants,  &c.,  with 
those  of  animals  still  natives  of  the  climate. 

KIRK-DELEEM  or  KIHK-DELIM,  kIrk'-dA-leem',  a 
mountain  range  of  Asia  Minor,  about  lat.  41°  30'  N.,  and 
Ion.  35°  E.,  extending  S.E.  from  the  KizU-lrmak. 

987 


KIR 


KIR 


KTRK'DEX.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  5  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Forfar.  Here  is  Gardyne  Castle,  built  in  1668,  and  a  very 
ancieiit  and  ourinusly-carved  obelisk. 

KIR'KK'ISVII.LE.  a  pnst-villa^e  of  Lifkins:  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Central  dhio  Railroad.  22  miles  E.  by  N.of  Colnmbus. 

KIl!K-(i  KK'-M.\X.  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

KIRKGUN'ZEON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbrifrht. 

KIHK'I!  AM,  a  parliamentary  borough  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  toncaster.  on  the  Preston  and  Wyre  Hallway, 
Si  mfles  W.X.W.  of  Preston.  Pop.  of  borough,  2777.  It  is 
handsomely  built,  and  has  a  large  modern  church,  with  an 
ancient  tower,  a  chapel  for  Roman  Catholics,  a  grammar 
school,  endowed  in  1670,  a  richly-endowed  establishment  at 
Goosnaigh  for  decayed  persons  of  the  higher  orders  of  so- 
ciety, several  other  well-endowed  charities  and  schools.  Im- 
ports of  Baltic  produce,  via  Fleetwood,  are  extensive. 

KIRKIIAM.  an  extra-parochial  liberty  of  England,  eo.  of 
York,  East  Riding,  on  the  York  and  Xorth  Midland  Rail- 
way. 1,'ii  miles  N.E.  of  York.    . 

KIRKIIAJI'MERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

KIRK'UaUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

KIRK-HEATON,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kiding. 

KIRK'IITLL.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness. 

KIRKIIILL.a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

KIR/KIBOST,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  belonging  to 
the  Hebrides,  ind  about  1  mile  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  North 
Cist. 

KIRKIN'NER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigton. 

KIRKINRIOLA,  kirk-in-re-o'ld,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Antrim. 

KIRKINTILLOCn.  kirkMn-tilloK.  a  hurgh  of  barony, 
market-town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbartonshire,  on 
the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal,  and  the  Edinburgh  and  Gla.sgow 
Railway.  6^  miles  N.N.E.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  of  the  town  in 
1851,  6342.  It  is  very  irregularly  built ;  has  a  court>house 
and  jail,  a  library,  manufactures  of  hats.  Iron-foundry,  gas- 
works, distilleries,  and  about  2000  cotton-looms.  The  parish, 
among  other  antiquities,  contains  vestiges  of  the  wall  of 
Antoninus. 

KIRK-KILISSEir,  k6SRk-ke-lis'seh,  KIRKLISEII,  kfiSrk- 
lis'eh,  written  also  KIRK-KILISSIA.  a  large  and  ruinous 
town  of  Kuropean  Tunkey,  in  Room-Elee,  on  the  route  from 
Constantinople  to  Shoomla,  32  miles  E.N.E.  of  Adrianople. 
Pop.  variously  estimated  at  from  16,000  to  2S,000.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  many  mosques  and  baths. 

KIRK'L.WD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

KIRKLAN'D,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

KIRKLAND,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife.  1  mile  W. 
of  Leven.    Pop.  534.  eniplnyed  in  a  large  fl.ax  spinninir-mill. 

KIRKLAND  or  KIRK'FIELD,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Lanark,  on  the  Clyde,  1  mile  W.  of  Lanark.  Pop.  1023, 
chietly  weavers. 

KIRK'LAND,  a  post  township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
about  70  miles  N.E.  of  Augu.sta. 

KlllKLAND,  a  post-township  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
intersected  by  the  Chenango  Canal,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Utica.    Pop.  4185. 

KIRKL.\ND,  a  post-village  of  Cabarras  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, 147  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

KIliKLEATHAM,  kirk-lee'than.  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  North  Riding.  4i  miles  N.N.AV.of  Guisborou:.rh.  It 
has  a  free  grammar  school,  and  a  hospital  founded  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  by  Sir  W.  Turner,  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  who  is  buried  in  its  chapel. 

KIRK-LKKS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding,  on  the  JIanchester  and  Leeds  Railway,  4  miles  W. 
of  Dewsbury.  In  Kirklees  Park,  the  beautiful  domain  of 
the  Armitage  family,  is  a  tombstone,  supposed  to  mark  the 
grave  of  Robin  Ilootl.     Pop.  1779. 

KII'.KLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

KIRK'LIX,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana. 

KIRK  LIN,  a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Mi- 
chigan plank-road.  31  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

KIltK'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

KIRKLINOrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

KIRK-LIN'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

KIRKLISKII.  European  Turkey.  See  Kirkkilisseh. 
'KIKK'LISTOX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Linlithgow 
and  Edinburgh,  9  miles  W.  of  Edinburgh.  It  has  a  very 
ancient  church,  formerlv  beloniring  to  the  Knights-Tem- 
plars, fine  remains  of  Niddry  and  Elision  Castles,  and  the 
mansiou-hnuso  of  Newliston.  The  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh 
Railway  is  here  carried  across  the  vale  of  the  Almond  on  a 
?iadurt  of  .".0  arches. 

KIISK'MABHECK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of 
Klrkcudbiiglit. 

IvlRKMAII(JE,  klrk'ma-hO',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries. 

KIRKMAID'EN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigton, 
forming  a  peninsula  ending  in  the  Mull  of  Galloway.    It 


has  several  ruined  castles,  bays,  hamlets,  and  a  light-house 
on  the  Mull,  in  lat.  54°  38'1"N..  lon.4"r)l'2"  W. 

KIKirMALEW/.  a  p.arish  of  England  in  the  Isle  of  Man 

KIl'vKMlCIIAKL,  kirk-mntel,  a  purUh  of  Scotland 
county,  and  8  miles  S.  of  Ayr,  with  the  villages  of  Kirk- 
inichael.  on  theGirvan,  and  Crossbill.  Here,  among  other 
fine  mansions,  are  Cloncaird  and  Ca.ssillis'  Castles,  the  latter 
picturesquely  situated  on  the  Doon. 

KIRKMICHAKL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

K1RK:MTCIIAEL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

KIRKMTCHAEL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.of  Ranff. 

KlRIvMICHAEL,  or  RKSO'LIS.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos. 
of  Ross  and  Cromarty,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Cromarty  Frith. 
It  has  several  old  castles,  and  numerous  traces  of  Danish 
camps. 

lilRKMICHAEL.  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of 
JIan,  on  the  Irish  Sea,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Peel-town.  The  vil- 
l.ige.  pleasantly  situated,  has  a  new  church,  and  an  ancient 
Runic  pillar,  curiou.»ly  inscribed.  In  its  vicinity  i.s  Bi- 
shop's Court,  the  palace  of  the  Bishops  of  Sodor  and  Man,  a 
Gothic  edifice,  surrounded  by  fine  grounds. 

KIRKNEWTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

KIRKNEWTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

KIRKOOK.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Kerkook. 

KIRK-OS/WALD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumberland,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Penrith.  Pop.  in,1851, 
925.  The  town,  in  the  Vale  of  the  Eden,  is  mostly  built  of 
stone,  and  has  an  old  church,  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  paper 
and  corn-mills.  Three  miles  distant  is  the  famous  Druidi- 
cal  circle  called  "  Long  Meg  and  her  daughters." 

KIliKOSnVALD.  a  parish  of  Scotland,"  co.  of  Ayr,  on  the 
Frith  of  Clyde,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Slaybole.  Colzean  Castle, 
with  ruins  of  Bruee's  Castle,  Turnbury.  and  of  Crossraguel 
Abbey,  founded  in  1244,  are  in  this  parish. 

KIRKOW.\N.  a  pari.sh  of  England.     See  Kirkcowax. 

KIRKPATRICK.  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  T.sle  of  Mao. 

KIRKPAT'RICK-DUR'UAM,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stew- 
artry of  Kirkcudbriaht. 

KIRKPAT'RICK^FLEMING,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries. 

KIRKPATRICK-IRONGRAY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stew- 
artrv  of  Kirkcudbright. 

KTRICPAT'RICK-JUXTA,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and 
16  miles  N.N.I>.  of  Dumfries.  Queensberry  Mountain  rises 
to  2140  feet  afcjove  the  sea ;  and  hei-e  also  is  Auchincasa 
Castle. 

KIRK'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-oiflce  of  Clinton  co.,  In- 
diana. 

KIRK'SEY'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Edgefield  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

KIRK'S  FERRY,  a  postoflRce  of  Tensas  parish,  Louisiana. 

KIRK'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

KIRK'STALL,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  on  the  Aire,  2}  miles  W.  of  Ijeeds. 

KIliK  ST.  ANNE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

KIRK'.STKAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KIRKS/VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Butler  co.,  Alabama,  140 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Tuscaloo.sji. 

KIRKSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Adair  co..  Mia- 
soini.  about  120  miles  N.  by  W.  of  JefTerson  City.    P.  O.'JS. 

ICIRK'TON  or  KIR'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

KIRKTORF,  keSRk'toRf.  a  town  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  in 
Ober-IIes.sen.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Gies.sen.     Pop.  1270. 

KIRIv'TOU.N,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

KlitK'URD.  a  parish  of  .Scotland,  co.  of  Peeble.s. 

KIRK'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Erie  Canal  and  Central  Railroad,  13  miles  E.  of 
Syracuse. 

"KIRKVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

KIRKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wapello  co..  Iowa. 

KIRKWALL,  kirk-wawl',  a  royal  and  parliamentary 
burgh,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  caintal  of  the 
CO.  of  Orkney,  on  a  bay  on  the  N.E.  side  of  Mainland,  26 
miles  N.N.E.  of  John  o'  Groat's.  Lat,  58°  59'  2"  N..  Ion.  2= 
57'  2"  W.  I'op.  of  the  burgh,  in  1851,  3451.  Its  houses  sre 
antique,  and  built  of  stone.  The  most  conspicuous  edifice 
is  the  cathedral  of  St.  JIagnuS,  a  fine  Gothic  pile,  founded 
in  the  twelfth  century,  with  a  modern  t(jwer  and  spire  140 
feet  in  height.  Its  choir  is  used  as  the  j'arish  church,  and 
cont-ains  many  monuments  of  Scandinavian  worthies.  On 
either  side  of  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  castle  of  the  Ijirls  of 
Orkney,  and  of  l»he  bishop's  palace,  in  which  latter  Ilnco, 
King  of  Norway,  died  in  12fi-3 ;  and  opposite  it  are  the  re- 
mains of  the  king's  e.i.stle.  The  principal  modern  buildingg 
are  the  town-hall,  jail,  and  assembly-rormj;  and  the  town 
has  a  museum,  grammar  school,  libraries,  and  a  custom- 
bou.se.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  lini^n  and  straw-plait, 
and  a  consiilerable  export  trade.  Regi.-stered  .shipping  in 
1847,  13,336  tons.  It  communicates  by  stea\ners  with  I*ith, 
Aberdeen,  Wick,  and  Lerwick.  At  the  tair  in  Augu.st,  the 
principal  mercantile  business  of  Orkney  is  trausaited  It 
isthe  seat  of  the  superior  courts  of  law  lor  Orkney,  and  its 


KIR 


KIT 


iociety  equals  that  of  the  best  provincial  towns  in  Pcotland. 
Kirkwall  joins  Cromarty,  Wick,  Dinf!\TalI.  Dornoch,  and 
Tain,  in  sevding  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

KIRK-\VUI<:r/PINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumlierland. 

KTIUC'WOOD,  a  po.st-villasre  of  Broome  co.,  New  York, 
on  (he  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  21()  miles  from  New 
y^ork  City.  Tb-^  house  in  which  Joseph  Smitli.  the  founder 
of  the  sect  of  Mormons,  was  bora,  is  still  standing  in  this 
place. 

KinKWOOD,  a  township  of  Belmont  co..  Ohio.   Pop.  2002. 

KIHICWOOU,  Missouri,  a  station  on  the  Pacific  Kailroad, 
13  mili-s  t'lom  St.  Louis. 

KIRK-YKTHOLM.  a  village  of  Scotland.    See  Yetholji. 

Kl  UMAX,  a  province  and  citv  of  Persia.     See  Kerman. 

KIRM.VNSIIAH  or  KIRMAXSHAW.     See  Kermansuah. 

KIR'MINGTO.N.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KIR'MOND-LI«IIRE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KIRN.  kJrn,  a  beautiful  waterinir-place  of  Scotland,  in 
ArijYleshire.  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  '2b  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  Glasgow. 

KIRN^,  kMini,  a  town  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia,  40  miles  S.  of 
Coblentz.  on  the  N.ahe.     Pop.  1712. 

KIRPELKE  or  KlItPILI,  kesa'pe-lee,  written  also  KIR- 
PELEI,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  Cau- 
ca.sns.  flows  W.X.W..  and  loses  itself  in  a  marshy  lake,  on  the 
bordei-s  of  the  Sea  of  Azof.    Total  course,  about  120  miles. 

KIRRDORK,  k6SR/d0Bf.  a  village  of  Ilesse-IIomburg,  lord- 
ahi])  of  IIomburg-vor-der-Hohe.     Pop.  1244. 

KIRRIEMaiR,  kir're-miir,  or  KILLAMUIR.  kilO.-i-mlir, 
a  burgh  of  barony,  town,  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  Co..  and  5 
miles  X.W.  of  Forfar.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851.  .S.^IS.  The 
town,  finely  situated  between  the  Grampians  and  the  Vale  of 
Strathmore.  has  a  handsome  church  and  Episcopal  chapel, 
a  trades"-haU.  numerous  schools,  2  libraries,  a  branch  hank, 
and  about  2U00  looms  employed  in  weaving  linen,  sheeting, 
and  dowlas,  chiefly  for  export.  In  the  vicinity  is  Inver- 
quharity  Castle. 

KIRPvLaCII,  kfigR/liK.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Philipsburg.     Pop.  1500. 

KlRKWi:iLKR,  keea'wrigr.  a  villiige  of  Ravaria,  in  the 
Palatinate.  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Speyer.     Pop.  1509. 

KIRSAXOV  or  KIRSANOW,  kefiR-sd-nov',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government,  and  44  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tambov.     P.  3000. 

KIR-SFIEIIR.  keer-shJh'hV,  (anc.  Andrapn.')  a  town  of 
Asia  Jlinor.  near  its  centre,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Kizil- 
Irmak.  60  miles  N.W.  of  Kaisareeveh.  Pop.  from  .35(X)  to  4000. 

KIR'STKAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Norf  ilk. 

KIR'TARPCXIR'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  in  the  Punjab,  E. 
of  the  Be.-is  River,  near  the  Himalaya  Mountains. 

KIIOTHIPOOR',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  in  Nepaul,  C  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Khatmandoo. 

KIRT'L.\ND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lake  co., 
Ohio,  on  a  branch  of  Chagrin  River,  1€0  miles  N.E.  of  Co- 
lumbus. The  Western  Reserve  Teacher.s'  Seminary  here 
has  120  pupils.  The  village  was  formerly  the  head-<niarters 
of  the  Mormons,  and  contained  at  one  time  near  .'lOOO  per- 
sons. Since  their  removal,  many  of  the  houses  have  gone 
to  decay.  The  temple  which  they  built  here  in  1835  is  said 
to  have  cost  $40,000.     Pop.  1229. 

KIRT'LIN'G.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

KIRT'LIXGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Oxford. 

Kllin'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KIRTOX,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

KIRTOX-ix-LIND'SEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO..  and  17  miles  N.  of  Lincoln.     Pop.  in  18.51.  1948. 

KTRTOKl-'?  kg6R'toRf,  a  small  town  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt, 
province  of  Oi)er-Hessen.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Giessen.   Pop.  1276. 

KTRZIIATCH,  KIR.JATCII,  kgen-zhatch',  or  KIR- 
SCIIATSCII.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  60  miles 
W.  of  Vladimeer,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows 
S.,  and  joins  the  Kliasraa,  after  a  course  of  nearly  CO  miles. 
Pop.  800. 

KIS.  kish,  a  Hungarian  word  signifying  "little,"  joined 
to  various  names;  as  Kis-Kaxisa.  Kis  .Teno,  &e.,  whicli 
will  be  found  noticed  under  the  additional  name,  as  Kani- 
8A,  Kis:  .IenO,  Kis.  &c. 

KISA:M:)5!,  kis'a-mos\  a  b.av  on  tho  N.W.  coast  of  the 
Island  of  Crete,  lat.  35>' 38'  N.,"lon.  23°  .38'  E.,  having  Cape 
Spada  on  tho  E..  and  Cape  Buso  on  the  W. 

KISA^IOS.  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  Crete,  on  its  N. 
coast,  on  the  Bay  of  Kisamos,  18  miles  W.  of  Khania.  E.  of 
it  are  the  ruins  of  ancieut  Ct/sarmis. 

KISAI;1.\H,  a  town  of  Palestine.     See  Cssare.a. 

KIS-BER,  kish-balR,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and 
22  miles  S.E.  of  Komorn.     Pop.  2200. 

KISCHXEW,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Kishenev. 

KIS-G  Y(  )R,  kish-dyoR,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Borsod, 
1  miles  from  Harsanv.    Pop.  1615. 

KISHEXAGUR.  kishVna-giir',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidencv  of  Bengal,  57  miles  N.N.E.  of  Calcutta.  It  has 
a  new  i^ndish  college.     Lat.  23°  26'  N..  Ion.  88°  35'  E. 

KISIIKXEV,  KICHENEV,  KISCHENEW,  kishVnIv',  or 
KICHIXEF,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of 
Bessarabia,  on  the  Bulk,  85  miles  N.W.  of  Odessa.  Pop.  85,547. 


It  stands  on  three  hills,  has  14  churches,  a  gyr!;iasinm 
founded  in  1831,  10  other  public  school.s.  a  gov.rmneut 
library,  and  extensive  woollen  cloth  and  other  factories. 

KISHEXGHUR,  kish'en-gfir'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  in 
Bundelcund.  100  miles  S.E.  of  Jh.nnsi. 

KISHEXGHUR,  a  town  of  Ilimlostan,  in  Kajpootjina, 
capital  of  a  dominion  of  about  724  square  miles,  60  miles 
S.W.  of  .Teypoor.  and  enclosed  by  substantial  walls. 

K1SHEXGUXG.4,  ki.sh-Jn-gim'ga,  a  river  of  Asia,  rises 
near  lat.  34°  20'  N.,  and  Ion.  76°  E..  Hows  S.W.,  and  joins 
the  Jhvlum  after  a  course  of  about  120  miles. 

KlSiriCt>QUIiyLAS.  post-office.  Mifflin  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

KISHICOQUILLAS  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
the  Juniatii  River  near  Lewistown. 

KISHM.  kishm,  or  KISH'MA,  (anc.  Oarnc'ta.)  the  Largest 
island  in  the  Persian  Gulf  near  its  entrance.  15  miles  S.W, 
of  C>rmus,  and  surrounded  by  many  smaller  islands. 
Length.  70  miles;  average  breadth.  12  miles.  Estimated 
pop.  5000,  chiefly  Arabs;  the  island  belongs  to  the  Imam  of 
Muscat. 

KISHM  or  KTSHMA,  the  capital  of  the  above  island,  on 
its  E.  side,  is  rudely  fortified,  and  the  residence  of  a  sheikh ; 
its  markets  are  well  supplied,  and  it  has  some  shijhbuiUiing, 
and  a  brisk  coasting  trade. 

KISH'ON,  a  river  of  Pfilestine.  pashalic  of  .\cre,  rises  in 
Anti-Libanus.  flows  X'.AV.  through  the  plain  of  Esdradon, 
and  enters  the  Mediterranean.  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Acre. 

KISirr.VWAR'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  in  the  Punjab,  near 
the  Chenaub ;  lat.  33°  15'  N..  Ion.  75°  40'  E. 

KISllWAU'KEE,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois, 
on  Rock  River,  90  miles  W.X.W.  of  Chicago. 

KISKA.  kis'k^.  an  island  of  the  Aleutian  Archipelaso: 
lat.  5-2°  22'  N.,  Ion.  177°  50'  W.  Length  from  N.  to  S..  25  miles 

KISKATUM,  apost-offlceof  Greene  co..  New  York. 

KIS'KIMIX'ETAS,  a  river,  rises  in  the  W.  central  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  falls  into  the  Alleghany  River,  30  milt>3 
above  Pittsburg.    See  CoNr.MAl'GH  River. 

K1SKIMINET.\S,  a  post-township  of  .4rm.strong  CO., Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  river  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  2080. 

KISLIAR.  a  town  o'f  .Asiatic  Russia.    See  Kizliar. 

KIS'LIXGBURY,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Northampton 

KISLOVODOSK,  Kl.sLdWODOSK.  kis-lo-vo-dosk'.  or  KIS- 
LOA'ODSK.  ki.s-lo-vodsk',  a  celebrated  Russian  watering-place, 
in  the  N.  of  the  government  of  Caucasus,  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Kooma.  .30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Georgievsk. 

K1SM.A.RT0NY,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Eise\st.\t>t. 

KISMAYOO,  kis'md-yoo'.  an  island  of  East  Africa,  off  the 
coast  of  Zanzibar,  lat.  0°  44'  S.,  with  a  village  on  its  N.X.W. 
side. 

K  tSSfIR  or  KISS  A.    See  Gisser. 

KIS'SIXEE',  a  river  of  Florida,  issues  from  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  flows  through  St.  Lucie  co.,  and  enters  Lake 
Okechobee.    Its  general  course  is  S.  by  E. 

KISSINGEN,  kls'sing-en,  a  town  and  watering-place  of 
Bavari.a,  on  the  Saale,  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Wlirzbnrg.  Pop. 
1600.  It  has  three  principal  springs  of  saline-chalybeate 
water,  of  which  500,000  bottles  are  annually  e.xported:  ad- 
jacent to  these  are  a  pump-room,  baths,  and  a  colonnade. 
Near  it  are  salt-mines,  from  which  30,000  centners  or  hun- 
dredweights of  salt  are  rai.sed  yearly. 

KISTXA.  a  liver  of  India.    See  Kistxah. 

KISrXAGIIER/RY,  a  town  and  formerly  a  strong  fort  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Madra.s.  GO  miles  N.  of  Salem. 

Kl.ST'NAH,  KIST'NA.  or  KRISH'XA,  a  river  of  India,  in 
the  Deccan.  rises  in  the  W.  Ghauts,  near  lat.  18°  N..  Ion.  74°  E., 
flows  E.  through  the  territories  of  Sattarih,  the  Nizam,  and 
the  British  presidencies  of  Bomb.ay  and  Madras,  and  enters 
the  ocean  by  several  mouths,  in  lat.  15°  50'  X..  Ion.  81°  E. 
Length.  600  miles.  It  receives  some  large  tributaries,  as 
the  Beemah,  Toombuddry.  and  Mussy;  but  as  it  traverses 
mostly  a  mountainous  region,  it  is  ill  adapted  to  navigation. 

KISZUCZ  A.  kisVoot's5h\  a  river  of  Hungary,  after  a  course 
of  about  40  miles,  joins  the  Waag  nearly  opposite  Zolna. 

KIT  AT.  keeHI',  a  town  of  Independent  Tartary,  khanat, 
and  46  miles  N.  of  Khiva,  on  a  canal. 

KITCH'ING'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Orangeburg  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

KITRELL'S.  North  Carolina,  a  station  on  the  Raleigh 
and  Gaston  Railroad.  37  miles  from  Raleigh. 

KIT'S-COTY-HOUSE,  England.    See  Aylesfori). 

KITSEE  or  KITTSEE,  kit/s.V.  a  frontier  market-towB  of 
West  Hungary,  in  Wieselburg,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Presburg. 
Pop.  3100. 

KITT.AN'XING.  a  post-township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Alleghany  River. 

KITTANNING.  a  thriving  post-borough  in  the  above 
township,  and  capital  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Alleghany  River,  45  miles  above  Pitts- 
burg, with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  It  is  about 
200  miles  West  by  North  from  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  plear 
santly  situated  on  the  river-flats,  with  high  hills  in  the 
roar,  and  occupies  the  site  of  an  Indian  town  of  the  same 
name.  The  vicinity  abounds  in  coal  and  iron  ore.  Here 
are  2  manufactories  of  woollen  goods,  and  some  iron-works. 
Kittanning  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  academy,  7  churches, 


KIT 

2  banc's,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Incorported  in  1821.  Pop. 
in  18o(',  1561 ;  in  1800,  1696. 

Kirr .vn.\'.\  V.  or  blue  mountains,  a  chain  which, 
eommeucing  in  Shawangunk,  in  Ulster  co.,  Xew  York, 
pa-sses  throuiih  the  X.W.  part  of  New  Jersey,  and  crossing 
the  Delaware  at  the  M"attr  Gap,  becomes,  through  the 
greater  part  of  Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  principal  mountain 
ridges  in  tliat  state.  "Although  its  course,  as  it  approaches 
the  Potomac,  is  less  clearly  marked,  it  may  be  traced 
through  Vit^iuia,  Xorth  Carolina,  and  Tenne.ssee,  into 
Alabama.  The  areraste  elevation  and  bulk  of  this  range  is 
greater  than  of  the  Blue  Kidge;  yet  the  latter,  on  account 
of  its  having  a  narrow  base,  and  being  better  defined,  as  well 
BR  on  account  of  its  loftier  mountain  summits,  occupies  a 
more  conspicuous  pl.^ce  on  all  our  maps  of  the  United  States. 
As  a  distinct  and  nearly  continuous  range,  the  Kittatinny 
extends  more  than  800  miles.  Its  elevation  above  the  sea 
varies  from  about  800  to  2500  feet. 

KITTERY,  a  post-township  of  York  CO.,  Maine,  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  PiseafctqualUver  opposite  Ports- 
mouth, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge,  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Portland.  The  I'ortland  Saco  and  I'ortsmouth  Kail- 
road  passes  through  it.  The  l>ortsniouth  United  States 
Navv-vard  is  situated  in  this  towu.ship.    Pop.  2974. 

KITTKSFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

KITTOCTA.V  CKEKK,  in  the  X.K  part  of  Virginia,  flows 
through  Loudon  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Pot^imac  above  the 
Point  of  Uocks.  after  a  course  of  about  30  miles. 

KITTiJOIl/.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay. 22  miles  N.W.  of  Danvar. 

kiTT'S.  ST..  a  West  India  island.    See  St.  Christopher. 

KITUL.  ke-tal',  a  town  of  Uindostan,  province,  and  about 
45  miles  X.W.  of  Delhi. 

KITZBUHBL,  (Kitzbuhel.)  kitsO)!!'?!,  or  KITZBJIIEL, 
kits'bee^l,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Grossach, 
47  miles'E.X.E.  of  Innspruck.     Pop.  1730. 

KITZINGEX,  kit'sing^gn,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Main, 
11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wiirzburg.  Pop.  5170.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  vinegar,  colors,  gunpowder,  leather,  and  printers'-ink. 

KIUXG-CUU-FU,  a  town  of  China."  See  Kioxg-Choo. 

KIU-SIU,  an  island  of  Japan.     See  Kioo-Sioo 

KIUTAJA,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Kirr.uEH. 

KIV  VZA.  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Geuseh. 

KIZ-UISSAR,  kiz-(or  keez-)  his'sar',  KII.IS-HISSAR,  ke- 
lees'-hisVu^or  KlLIS.\-inSSAK.  ki^le<ysS-his's:ir',(,anc.  Ty'- 
ana,)  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Kai-amania,  38  miles  X.E.  of 
Ereglee.  It  has  the  ruins  of  an  aqueduct,  and  ma&sive  Ro- 
man foundations.  Great  quantities  of  nitre  are  manufac- 
tured here ;  and  2  miles  distant  is  a  .small  sulphureous  lake, 
supposed  to  answer  to  the  ancient  .4sm((/)ce!M.s.icred  to  .lupiter. 

KIZII^AGHAJ,  kiz'ira-g^',  a  village  of  Turkish  Arme- 
nia, pashalic.  and  10  miles  W.  of  Moosh, 

KIZII^AGHAJ,  a  maritime  village  of  A.siatic  Russia,  on 
a  bay  of  the  W.  coast  of  the  Caspian.  30  miles  N.  of  Ijankeran. 

KiZII^IKMAK,kiz'il-ir'mdk.|Turk.pron.kiz'ir^6iOmik'; 
«nc.  Ha'li/.t.)  or  the  '•  Red  Kivkr  ;"'  tUe  principal  river  of  Asia 
3Iinor,  rises  by  many  heads  in  the  centre  of  that  peninsula, 
flows  X.,  and  enters  the  Black  Sea,  S.E.  of  Sinope.  length, 
520  miles.  In  antiquity  it  separated  the  Lydian  and  Persian 
dominions;  it  now  separates  the  Turkish  pashalics  of  Ana- 
tolia and  Seeva.s.  Principal  affluent,  the  Kara-soo  or  Kasta- 
moonee  River. 

KIZIL-KOOM,  KIZIL-KOUM  or  KIZIL-KUM,  kiz'il- 
koom,  an  extensive  sandy  desert  of  Asia.  K.  of  Lake  Aral, 
occupving  nearly  the  centre  of  Independent  Tartary.  be- 
tween lat.  41°  knd  44°  N..  and  Ion.  61°  and  67°  E. 

KIZIL-OOZEX,  KIZILrOUZKN  or  KIZIL-UZEN,  kiz'il'- 
oo*z^n'.  (Rnc.  Aniai-'dux  or  ilur'dus,)  a  river  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Irak-Ajeeraee.  after  a  N.E.  course  of  300  miles,  enters 
the  Caspian  Sea.  35  miles  E.  of  Reshd.  In  its  latter  part  it 
is  called  the  Sefeed-rood. 

KIZLIAR  or  K1ZL.JAR,  kizHe-ar',  written  also  KISLTAR. 
a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Caucasus,  capital  of 
the  district,  on  the  Terek,  50  miles  W.  of  its  mouth,  in 
the  Caspian.  Pop.  12,0  JO.  It  has  m.anufactures  of  silk  and 
cotton  fabrics,  and  an  active  trade  in  wine  raised  in  its  vi- 
cinity. 

KJERTEMIXDE,  ke-^RHeh-min'd?h  or  kyeR'tfh-min'dgh, 
a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  on  a  small  and  shallow  bay.  on 
the  .\.E.  side  of  the  island  of  Funen.  12  mile.s  E,X."E.  of 
Odense.     I'op.  1800. 

.KJUBENII.WN,  a  city  of  Denmark.    See  Copenhages. 

liJOtiE.  (Kjoge,)  or  KIOGE.  (Kioge.)  ke-o'gheh.  a  seaport 
town  of  Denmark,  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  island  of  Seeland. 
at  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream,  20  miles  SJ-;.  of  Copenhagen. 
The  bay  of  Kjiige  has  good  anchorage,  and  is  sometimes 
u.«ed  as  a  station  by  ship.9  of  war.  Within  it,  in  1677,  a 
Signal  victory  was  gained  by  the  Danish  over  the  Swedish 
fleet.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town,  in  1S07,  some  Danish 
militia  were  defeated  by  a  Ixidy  of  English,  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  then  Sir  .\rthur  Welleslev. 
P.)p.  2;iO0. 

KI.AARWAAL.  kMr'ft.Jl,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 

province  of  .South  Holland,  11  milea  S.  of  Rotterdam.  P.  651. 

ICLAAItWATER,    klar'wi't^,   or   OKIQUA    (greeOtwi) 


KLA 

I  TOWN,  the  chief  town  of  the  Griqua  tribes,  in  Soutn  .\frica. 
I  600  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Town. 

!  KLABAT.  kli-bdf,  an  active  volcano,  4000  feet  high,  in 
the  island  of  Celebes,  near  Menado.  Near  it  is  a  village  of 
the  same  n.ame. 

I      KLADEK,  kli'dJk.  or  ROM.  rom.  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
'  Moravia.  24  miles  X.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  818. 
I      KL.ADNO,  kldd'no,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Kakoniti, 
;  15  miles  W.X.W.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1395. 

KLADR.^^U,  kld'di-ow,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle,  and  Vl 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Pilsen.    Pop.  1248. 

KLAOENFUUTII  or  CLAGENFURTH,  kl^'ghen-fooEt', 
sometimes  called  ZEL.\NZ.  ts.Vldnts.  a  town  of  lUyria,  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Carinthia.  and  of  acin'le  on  the  Glan.  41  miles 
X.of  Laybach.  Pop.  14.200.  It  is  well  built,  and  its  fortifica- 
tions, destroyed  by  the  French  in  1809.  have  been  replaced 
by  a  handsome  promenade.  Principal  edifices,  a  fine  resi- 
dence of  the  I'rince-bishop  of  Gurk,  with  rich  galleries  of 
art,  a  cathedral  and  other  churches,  an  old  ca.stle.  the  hall 
of  the  Carinthian  a,ssemhly,  an  edifice  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, a  new  market-place,  and  numerous  charitable  in.stitu- 
tlons.  In  one  of  its  squares  is  a  leaden  statue  of  Maria 
Theresa.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  court  of  appeal  for  the  govern- 
ment, and  has  a  gymnasium  and  a  normal  scliool.  several 
extensive  woollen  cloth  and  white-lead  factories,  manufao 
tures  of  silk  fabrics,  and  a  large  transit  trade. 

KLAMATH,  kldm^at  or  kli'mafh,  written  also  TLA'- 
MATII,  a  river  which  has  its  source  in  Klamath  Lake, 
in  the  S.W.  p.irt  of  the  state  of  Oregon.  It  flows  in  a 
general  southerly  course,  (crossing  the  boundary  line 
between  Oregon  and  California.)  till  it  receives  the  waters 
of  Rhett  Lake;  it  then  runs  north-westward  into  Oregon; 
and  turning  again,  takes  a  S.W.  direction  to  its  junction 
with  Trinity  River;  and  reassuming.  lastly,  a  X.W. 
course,  falls  into  the  Pacific  in  alxtut  41°  30'  X'.  lat.  Its 
whole  length  is  estimated  at  250  miles.  There  is  a  l:ar  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Klamath,  which  at  high  water  will  ailmit 
a  ship  of  the  line,  but  more  fre<jueutly  nothing  larger  than 
a  whale-boat.  It  niisht  be  navigated  by  a  small  .ste.'tmhoat 
40  miles  beyond  this  point.  Its  waters  abound  in  fish, 
particularly  .salmon.  Gold  is  found  in  abundance  on  thL" 
river,  miners  averaging  $7  per  day. 

KLAMATH,  a  county  near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Cali- 
fornia, has  an  area  of  about  2200  square  miles.  It  U  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  N.  by  Del  Xorte 
county,  and  partly  K.  by  the  county  of  Siskiyou.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Klamath,  and  also  dr&ined  by  Trinity 
and  Salmon  Rivers.  The  surfece  is  uneven  and  mountain- 
ous, and  often  lieavily  wooded.  The  redwood  in  some  case? 
measures  21  feet  in  diameter.  Salmon  Mountain,  between 
Salmon  and  Klamath  Rivers,  is  covered  with  snow  nine 
months  in  the  year:  and  Mount  Prospect,  on  Klamath 
River,  5000  feet  at)Ove  the  level  of  the  sea.  is  covered  wifli 
snow  eight  months  in  the  year.  The  soil  of  a  strip  of  land 
on  the  coast,  about  20  miles  long  and  5  miles  wide,  is  un- 
surpassed for  agricultural  purposes,  and  is  finely  watei-ed. 
In  the  valley  of  Trinity  River,  a  portion  of  whicli  has  been 
set  apart  as  an  Indian  reservation,  it  is  also  of  excellent 
quality.  A  large  portion  of  tlie  inhaMtants  are  engaged  in 
(inartz  and  placer-mining.  Klamath.  Trinity,  .and  Salmon 
Rivers,  all  abound  in  gold.    Capital,  Orleans  Bar.    Pop.  1803. 

KT.AM.^TH.a  town  of  Klamath  co..  in  the  X.X.W.part  of 
California,  is  situated  on  the  Klamath  River,  about  10  miles 
from  its  mnuth,  and  .300  miles  X.X.W.  of  San  Francisco. 

KLAR.  klaa.  a  river  of  Norway,  rises  in  the  province  of 
South  Trondhjem.  forms  Lake  Fwmund.  flows  S.S.E.  through 
the  lien  Hedemark.  under  the  name  of  TtrsiiS).  enters  the 
lien  Carlstad,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  Klar.  and  falls  by 
three  mouths  into  the  X.  part  of  Lake  Wener,  after  a  course 
of  about  200  miles. 

KLARENTZA.  kli-rhntfsL  CHIAREXTZA,  ke-a-rJnt'sJ, 
or  CHI.^REN'Z.^,  (anc.  Cyttefne.)  a  seaport,  village,  and 
mountain  forti-ess  of  fireece,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  i\iii 
Morea.  near  Cape  Klarentza,  17  miles  X.E.  of  Zante.  In 
the  Middle  Ages  it  formed  a  principality,  which  mtis  inhe- 
rited by  a  son  of  Edward  III.,  and  from  this,  junior  branches 
of  the  royal  (;imily  of  England  have  since  repeatedly  borne 
the  title  of  Duke  of  Clarence. 

KLASTERETZ.  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  Klostet.le. 

KL.\TT.\U,  kldt'tOw.  a  town  of  Ik  hernia,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Beraun,  68  miles  S.W.  of  Prague.  Pop.  6564.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  stockings,  a  gymna.<;ium, 
a  high  school,  and  2  hospitiils. 

KI^.\rSEX,  klflw'zen.  a  small  town  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the 
Eisach  1712  feet  above  the  sea,  7  miles  S,W.  of  Brixen. 

KI>AUSENBURG,  klow'zen-1  6Ckg\  or  KOLOSVAR,  ko^ 
losh^dn'.  one  of  the  two  royal  free  capital  cities  of  Transyl- 
vania, on  the  Szamos.  in  a  romantic  valiey.  72  miles  N.N.W 
of  Ilermannstadt.  Pop.  25.5IX).  It  consists  of  the  old  and 
new  towns,  surrounded  by  walls,  and  entered  by  6  gates 
It  has  a  citadel  and  several  suburbs,  a  cathedial.  Roman 
Catholic,  Calvini.st,  Unitarian,  .and  Lutheran  churches,  the 
town-hall,  military  and  other  hospitals,  and  some  pri- 
vate palaces.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Transylvania  Di-'t*-..  of 
the  Unitarian  Superintendence  for  lYansylv-ania,  and  of  a 


KLA 

Protesfant  consistory;  and  has  Roman  Catholic.  Reformed, 
and  Unitarian  college.s.  l^iarist  and  other  monasteries,  an 
institute  for  nobles,  unimportant  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths,  cliina-ware,  and  paper.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
Cimous  Ivitij  of  Transylvania,  Mathias  Corvinus. 

Kf-AUSi'IIAL,  a  town  of  Hanover.     See  Clausthal. 

KLKCIv'NERVILLK,  a  thrivins  post-village  of  Crawford 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  French  Creek,  9  miles  N.  of  Meadville, 
the  county  seat,  has  an  active  trade,  aud  about  300  inha- 
bitants. 

KbKCKXERVTI,r,K,  a  post-vill.aire  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania.  03  miles  N.  of  Pliiladelphia. 

KliKCIvO,  IclJk'ko.  or  KLOSK.  kiosk,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province,  and  20  miles  N'.E.  of  Posen,  between  two  lakes. 
Pop.  1079. 

KLKCZEVVO,  kl.i-ch.i'vo,  a  walled  town  of  Russian  Po- 
land, government  of  Kalis?,,  3S  miles  N.V7.  of  Kolo.     P.  221)0. 

KLKIN-ROTTW.\R,  kUne-Ijott/war\  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Neckar.     Pop.  951. 

KLKIXhlN,  kll'nen.  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  railro.ad 
from  Si'hwerin  to  Itostork.  11  miles  from  Schwerin. 

KLKIN  F.NHKIiG,  kli'nen-bt^RQ\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, government,  and  -10  miles  S.  of  Minden.     I'op.  102S. 

KLEINK.\i:)ORJ'.  kli'nen-doRr,  a  vill.ige  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, government  of  Minden.      Pop.  1243. 

KLKIXd.-VRTACII,  kliiie-gaR'taK,  a  town  of  WUrtemherg. 
circle  of  Neckar.  near  Bracki^nheim.  on  the  Leinbach.  P.  900. 

KLFUNIT/.  kll'nits.  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  56  miles 
N.  bv  "W.  of  l.icgnitz.     !'op.  1412. 

KLEXTSCII  or  KLENCZ.  kl^ntch.  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle,  and  21  miles  W.  of  Klattau.     Pop.  1123. 

KLK.SZEFj.  klJsh'el.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  province, 
and  42  miles  S.  of  I'.ialystok.     Pop.  1088. 

KLEV'AX,  klA-vda'.  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Orel, 
joins  the  Sem.  aft«r  a  S.W.  coui-se  of  about  90  miles. 

KLEVE.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.     See  Cleves. 

KLIASMA  or  KLIAZMA.  Ue-ii'mA.  a  river  of  Russia, 
governments  of  Mosc  iw  and  Vladimeer.  rises  near  Kliu,  flows 
£.  .3.50  miles,  and  joins  the  Oka  at  florbatov. 

KLIMDVlTCm  or  KLIMOWITSCIII,  kle-mo-vitch'ee,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and 70  miles  E.S.E.of  Moheelev, 
on  the  Ostra.     Pop.  955. 

KLIN,  Uleen,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  40  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Moscow,  on  the  Sestra,  with  a  palace.     Pop.  2400. 

KLIXH8V1LLE,  klluz'vill,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon 
CO.,  New  .Tersey. 

KLIXESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KLINESVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

KLINGENBERG,  kling'fn-b?RG\  a  town  of  Bar.aria,  on 
the  Main.  15  miles  S.  of  A'^schalTenburg.     Pop.  1007. 

KLIXGEXTIIAL,  kling'en-t^r,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Uiis-Khin.  15  miles  X.N.W.  of  Schelestadt. 

KlilNGENTIIAlj.  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau, 
13  miles  E.S.  E.  of  I'lauen.     I'op.  1691. 

KLIXG'ERSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  SchuylkiU  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

KLINONAU,  kling'nSw.  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
Aargau.  on  the  .\ar.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Aarau.     Pop.  1.300. 

KLINTSY  or  KIJXTZY,  klint'see.  a  market-town  of  Ru.s- 
sta.  government  of  Tchernigov,  17  milesS.of  So  razh.  Pop. 
8300. 

KLL'SURA  klis-soo'ri,  or  KLEISSOURA.  a  town  of  Tur- 
key, Alliania.  on  the  Voyussa,  40  miles  E.  of  Avloua,  with  a 
mountain  f  irt.     Pop.  1500. 

KLIUTCH  or  KIJUCII.  kle-ooch',  a  town  of  Turkish 
Croatia,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Banialuka.  Population  mostly 
Turks.     It  has  a  strong  fortress,  and  a  mart  for  horses. 

KI.OBAUK,  klo'Wwk,  a  town  of  Moravia,  21  miles  E.N.E. 
of  llradisch.     Pop.  2*!90. 

KLOBUCKO,  klo'book'ko,  a  small  t<iwn  of  Poland,  pro- 
vince, and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Kalisz,  with  1800  inhabitants, 
and  a  tine  palace  and  park. 

KLODAVA  or  KI.01)AH"A.  klo-d5'vl  a  town  of  Poland, 
province,  and  90  miles  \V.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  2300. 

KliODZKO.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Glatz. 

KLOETIXGE,  kloo'ting-Heh.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Zealand,  in  Soutli  Beveland.  S.E.  of  Goes.  P.  096. 

KLOEVEX  or  KI.UVEX,  kloo'ven.  a  village  of  Xorway. 
province  of  Xordland.  in  thi^  island  of  Senjen.     P.  about300. 

KLOOSTERBUKEX.  klos'ter-hiiVen,  a  village  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, in  Groningen,  21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Appingedam. 
Pop.  974. 

KLOPPEXBURG,  klop'pen-b55Ro\  a  town  of  North  Ger 
many,  duchv.  and  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Oldenburg.     Pop.  883. 

KLOSTEli-BRUCK.  klos'ter-broOk.  a  village  of  Moravia.  1 
mil>^  E.S.E.  of  Znaym,  on  the  Taja,  with  a  fine  castle,  for- 
merly an  abbev. 

KLOSTERLE.  (Kliisterle.)  klo^'ter-leh.  a  .small  town  of 
Bohemia.  lOmiles  W.N.W.  of  Saatz.'on"  the  Eger.    Pop.  1600. 
KLOSTERLE.  klos'ter-Ieh.  or  KLASTERETZ.  kias'ter-Jts\ 
a  village  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Wild  Adler.     Pop  '793. 

KlidSTERXEllRURG.  klos'ter-noiHiiWiio.  a  town  of  Lowei 
Austria,  on  the  Danube.  8  miles  N.AV.  of  Vienna.  I'op.  3S00. 
It  i ;  remarkable  for  a  large  Augustine  monastery,  one  of 


KNI 

the  oldest  and  richest  in  Austria,  with  a  library  of  30.000 
volumes. 

KLOSTERS,  klos'tfrs,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland 
canton  of  Grisons,  on  the  Landquavt.  16  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Chur,  fColre.)     Pop.  1286. 

KIjOTEN,  klo'ten.  a  vill.age  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  1400. 

KLUXDERT,  klfin'dert,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabaut,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Breda. 
Pop.  2444. 

KLUS,  kloos,  (Inner,  in'ner,  and  Aeusser,  ois's^r,)  a 
market-town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  10  miles  E.  of 
Soleure,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  celebrated  defile  of  the 
same  name,  with  ruins  of  a  castle. 

KLUVEN,  a  villaire  of  Norway.    See  Kloeven. 

KLYTSCII-NIAS-BAI.klitch'ne'asHii',  or  KIA'TSCII-BAI, 
klitch'bi'.  a  town  of  Independent  Tart.ary,  khanat,  and  50 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Khiva.  It  contains  a  castle  of  the  khan 
and  3  mosques. 

KMIELXIK.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Chmielntk. 

KXAITII.  ndth.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

KX  AI'OALE.  nap/dale,  NOliTII  and  SOUTH,  two  cnntigu- 
ous  parishes  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle.  between  Lock  Fyne 
and  th(t  Sound  of  Jura,  aud  connected  S.  with  the  penin- 
sula ofCantire. 

KNAl'-OF-REEDS,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

KXAPS.  a  post-office  of  Cart<>r  co.,  Kentucky. 

KX  APTOFT,  nap'toft,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

KXAPTON,  nap'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

KNAPTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork. 

KNAPTt^X,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Yoi'k,  on  the 
York  and  North  Midland  Railway  15^^  miles  N.E.  of  York. 

KX.\PWELL,  nap/well,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

KXARESBOROUGII,  nairsliGr-rtih,  a  parliamentai-y  bo- 
rough, market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding.  3  miles  E.  of  Ilnrrogate.  and  16  miles  W.N.W. 
of  York.  Pop.  in  1S51,  10.170:  of  parliamentary  borough, 
5526.  It  is  picturesquely  situated  in  the  n.arn  <v  valley  ot 
Nidd.  here  crossed  by  2  stone  bridges.  It  has  a:x  anciant 
parish  church,  and  numerous  other  places  of  worship,  a 
small  grammar  school,  another  endowed  school,  and  massive 
remains  of  a  castle  erected  soon  after  the  Conquest.  It 
afforded  shelter  to  the  murderers  of  Thomas  i-Uecket,  and 
formed  a  temporary  prison  for  Richard  I.  A  part  of  it  is 
now  used  as  a  prison  for  the  forest  of  Knaresborough.  The 
town  has  also  a  court-hovise  in  the  castle  area,  a  market- 
house,  public  library,  banking  company,  and  long-esta- 
lilished  manufictures  of  linens,  wliich  have,  however, 
greatly  declined.  Along  the  river  is  a  jileasant  promenade, 
on  which  is  the  famous  •'  dropping  well."  of  strongly  petri- 
fying quality.  Not  far  from  the  town  are  the  remains  of  a 
priory  of  the  thirteenth  (Century,  and  ancient  chapels,  hewn 
out  of  solid  rock,  and  now  tenanted  as  dwellings,  with  St. 
Robert's  Cave,  the  scene  of  the  murder  committed  in  1745 
by  Eugene  .4.ram.  The  borough  sends  2  members  to  the 
liouse  of  Commons. 

KXARESBOROUGII  FOREST,  a  district  of  England,  ex- 
tending W.  of  the  al>ove  town  for  20  miles,  and  in  .some 
places  8  miles  in  breadth.  It  lias  belonged  to  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster  since  the  time  of  Edward  III. 

KXARESDALE,  nairs'ddl.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Xorthumberland,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hexham.  The  an- 
cient forest  of  Knaresdale  formerly  abounded  with  red-deer, 
a  few  of  which  still  remain. 

KXEBWORTH,  njb/w9rth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hertford. 

KXEESALL,  nee'zal,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

KNEETOX,  a  parish  of  England.     See  Knevetox. 

KXEISLEY,  neezMee,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Ohio 

KXELSTON.  nJls'tgn.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  Glamorgan. 

KNESSELAERE,knJs's^'h-lJ'reh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flandeis.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  4157. 

KXETTISIIALL,  n^ftishall,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
SutTolk. 

KXETZGAU,  knJts'gdw,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  Lower 
Franconia.  on  the  Main.     Pop.  1363. 

KNEVETON,  nev'e-ton,  or  KXEETON,  nee'tgn,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

KXTAGIXIX  or  KXIAGIIIXIN.  kne-i-ghe-neen',  a  town 
of  Russix  government,  and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Nizhnee  Novgo- 
ro'l      I'op.  1600. 

KNI.\Z.  kne-iz',  sometimes  written  ZID,  zid.  a  lake  of 
Russia,  government,  and  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  Minsk.  Length 
16  miles:  breadth,  about  4  miles. 

KXIELINGEN,  k'neel'ing-en  or  kneel'ing-en.  a  village  of 
Baden,  on  the  Rhine,  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Carlsruhe.  There 
is  a  gold  washery  here.     Pop.  ];'  25. 

KXIESEN,  k'nee'zen  or  knee'zen.  (Ilnn.  Gneziln.  gnJz'- 
dSk^ )  <i  town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  15  miles  N.E.of 
Kesma/K.    Pop.  1480. 

KXIGIIT,  a  township  of  Vanderburi  co..  Indiana. 
KXIGHTOX,  nl'ton,  or  TREF-Y-CLAWDD,  trov-i-klCwTH 
(i.  e.  "  Town  on  the  Dyke,")  a  parliamentary  boronnh,  town, 

991 


KXl 


KNO 


And  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor,  on  the  Teme.  10 
miles  N.N.E.  of  New  Radnor.  Pop.  1404.  The  borough  is 
governed  by  a  bailiff,  under  the  queen,  lady  of  the  manor, 
and  unites  with  Radnor,  ic,  in  sending  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  great  dyke  thrown  up  by  OfTa  in 
the  eifihth  century,  as  a  defence  against  the  Britons,  passes 
through  the  town. 

KMOHTON'ox-TEAME,  (teem,)  a  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  'Worcester. 

KXIGHTOX,  WEST,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

KNIGIITSBRTDG  E,  nits'brij.  a  W.  suburb  of  the  English 
metropolis!,  co.  of  Middlesex,  continuous  with  Piccadilly,  3i 
miles  W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  A  beautiful  new  church, 
the  Albert  Gat«,  at  the  entrance  to  Hyde  Park,  cavalry  bar- 
racks, and  many  superior  residences,  here  adjoin  or  ap- 
proach the  line  of  one  of  the  great  W.  roads  from  London. 

KNIGHT'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

KNIGHT'S  ISL.iND.  an  i.«land  of  Russian  America,  in 
Prince  William's  Sound,  about  lat.  60°  13'  N.,  Ion.  148°  E. 
It  is  alxiut  00  miles  long. 

KNIGHT'S  ISL-WD,  in  British  America,  near  the  W. 
coast  of  Hudson's  Bay. 

KNIGHT'S  ISL.\.ND.  one  of  the  Snares  Islands,  Si  of  New 
Zealand.     Lat.  62°  N.,  Ion.  93°  W. 

KNIGHTS'TOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Henry  co., 
Indiana,  on  Blue  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  National 
Koad  and  Central  Railroad,  32  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis,  and 
35  miles  W.  of  Riclimond.  It  contains  2  churches,  1  bank, 
an  academy  and  2  machine-shops.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  firtiie  and  much  improved,  and  the  town  is  a  place 
of  active  business  The  Blue  River  is  an  excellent  niill- 
streani.     Pop.  in  IRCO.  aliout  1600. 

KNIGHTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Providence  eo.,  Rhode 
Island.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Providence. 

KNItiHT'WICK.  a  parish  of  En'jtland,  co.  of  Worcester. 

KNIJl'E,  (or  K.VYPE.)  DE.  dA  kni'peh.  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Friesland,  2  miles  E.  of  Heeren- 
veen.     Pop.  1214. 

KNILL,  nill.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Hereford. 

KNIN,  k'ueeii'.  a  small  town  and  fort  of  D.ilmatia.  circle 
of  Zara,  on  an  iiffluent  of  the  Kerk,"i,  900  feet  above  the  se.-*, 
35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Spalato. 

KNII'H.^USEN,  knip'hfiw'zen,  a  lordship  and  castle  of 
Gei-uuny.  at  the  mouth  of  the  .T,'\hde,  30  miles  N.  of  Olden- 
burg, with  uhich  it  is  incorporated.     Pop.  3000. 

KXIP'rON,  a  narish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

KNITTELFELD.  knif  tel-f  Jlt\  a  town  of  Styria,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Mur,  32' miles  N,W.  of  Gritz.  Pop.  2000. 
It  has  important  iron-works. 

KNITTUNG  EN,  knitt/ling-en,  a  frontier  town  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  2.3'J2. 

KNIVETON.  niv'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

KNOB,  nob,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co.,  Virginia. 

KN'Oli  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Indiana. 

KNOB  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Wetzel  co.,  Viririnia. 

KNOB  MOUX'TAIN,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of 
Columbia  co..  extends  a  short  distance  into  Luzerne. 

KNOB'NOSTER,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Piicific  Railroad,  '.'OS  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

KNOCK,  nok,  a  mount.iin  of  Scotland,  co..  and  11  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Banff.  Height,  2500  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  a 
noted  landmark  in  navigating  Morav  Frith. 

KNOCK  AN'DO,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Moray. 

KNOCKANE,  nok'kain',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster. 
CO.  of  Kerry.  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Killarney,  comprising  part 
of  the  magnificent  scenery  of  Killarney. 

KN{X;iC.iNURE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Kerry. 

KNOCK'S  AIN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross. 

KNOCK'QRErDA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Down. 

KNOCK'BRIDE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Cavnn. 

KNOCK'GRALTON,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Tipperary. 

KNOCKIN,  nok'in,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

KNOCK'LADE,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Lister,  co.  of 
Antrim.  2|  miles  S.  of  Ballycastle.     Height.  1695  foei. 

KNlX-K'M.VHON.  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.of 
Waterford,  near  the  Atlantic.  Ij  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bonmahon. 
Pop.  200.  It  has  copper-mines,  which,  a  few  years  since, 
employed  upwards  of  1000  persons,  and  yielded  nearly  4000 
tons  of  ore  annually. 

KXOCK'MliL'EDOWN  MOUNTAINS.  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster, are  between  the  counties  of  Waterford  and  Tipperary. 
and  extend  E.  and  W.  for  about  18  miles.  Their  highest 
point,  Knockmeledown,  is  4i  miles  N.X.W.  of  Lismore,  and 
2Ci)0  feet  in  elevation. 

KXOCK'TtVPHER,  a  small  marketrtown  of  Ireland,  eo.  of 
of  Kilkenny.  2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newmarket.     Pop.  450. 

K.\0D'1,SH.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

KXOf)K.  nook,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

KXOSSIXQTON,  nos'sing-tf  n,  a  parish  of  EugUnd,  oo.  of 
Leicester. 

992 


KNOTTING,  not/ting,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

KNOTTINGLEY,  not'tingle,  a  village  of  Eu'iland.  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding,  on  a  .slight  declivity,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Aire,  at  its  junction  with  the  Knottingley  and  Goole 
Ciinal.  3J  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pontefract.  on  the  railway  to  Goole. 
It  has  two  est.aWi3hed  churches,  various  dissenting  chapels, 
a  national.  British,  and  several  private  schools,  and  a  me- 
chanics' institute.  The  manufacture  of  lime,  for  which 
Knnttingley  has  been  long  famed,  is  carried  on  to  a  great  ex- 
tent. A  good  many  river  and  small  coasting  vessels  art 
built  here,  and  the  trade  on  the  river  and  canal  is  vt ry  con- 
siderable. The  king's  mill.',  erected  here  shortly  after  the 
Conquest,  are  still  in  existence,  although  deprived  of  their 
former  privileges.     Pop.  in  1851.  4540. 

KNOTTS^AILLE.  a  post-village  of  Daviess  co.,  Kentucky 

KXOW'ERSVILLE,  a  post-viUage  of  Albany  co.,  New 
York.  19  miles  W.  of  .Albany. 

KNOWLE.  nOI.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

KNOWLE  PARK,  England,  co.  of  Kent,  is  the  fine  resi- 
dence of  the  Countess  of  Plvmouth. 

KNOWLE  ST.  GILES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

KXOWLESTILLE,  nSlz'vil.  a  post-village  of  Ridgeway 
township,  Orleans  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on 
the  Rcxhester  and  Xiagara  Falls  Railroad,  about  40  miles 
N.E.  by  N.  of  BufTalo.  It  contains  2  churches  and  3  stores. 
Pop.  about  600. 

KXOWLTON,  nolton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

KXOWI/TON,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1557. 

KNOWLTON  5IILLS.  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, on  PauIinskiU  Creek,  10  miles  N.  of  Belvidere. 

KNOWIyTONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East  co.of 
ShefTord.  2S  miles  S.E.  of  ptaustead,  and  60  miles  from  Mon- 
tre-il.     The  post-office  is  called  Knowlton. 

KNOWSLEY,  nozlee,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, 3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Prescot.  Here  is  the  magnificent 
seat  of  the  Earl  of  Derby,  in  a  fine  old  park  enclosing  a 
large  sheet  of  water. 

KNOW'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Devon. 

KNOX,  nox,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  East  Tennes- 
see: area  estimated  at^lO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Ilolston  River,  nounded  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Clinch, 
and  al.so  drained  by  the  Fi-ench  Broad  River.  The  surface 
is  traversed  by  several  high  ridges  between  the  Cumber- 
land Mountains  and  the  main  Alleghany  chain.  These  are 
locally  denominated  Copper  Ridge,  Chestnut  Ridge,  and 
Bay's  Mountain.  The  valleys  and  river-bottoms  are  fertile 
and  well  watered  with  excellent  springs.  The  county  con- 
tains extensive  beds  of  limestone,  fine  marble,  and  iron  ore. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Great  Railroad  of  Ea.st  Tennessee. 
Organized  in  1794,  and  n.imed  in  honor  of  General  Henry 
Knox,  then  secretary  of  war  of  the  United  States.  Capital, 
Knoxville.  Pop.  22,813,  of  whom  20,443  were  free,  and  2370 
sl.ives. 

KNOX,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Tennessee,  contains  an  area  estimated  at  'iOO  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cumberland  River.  The 
surface  is  occupied  by  valleys  and  mountains.  Iron  ore, 
stone  coal,  and  limestone  are  abundant.  Knox  county  was 
formed  in  1799.  Capital,  Barboursville.  Pop.  7707,  of  whom 
7218  were  free,  and  489  slaves. 

KNOX,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has  an 
area  of  52S  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Vernon 
and  W.ilhonding  Rivers,  and  also  di-iiine<l  by  the  North 
Fork  of  the  Licking.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  in 
some  parts  hilly.  The  soil  is  renarkably  fertile.  The 
county  is  inter.sected  by  the  line  of  railroads  which  connect 
Sandiisky  City  with  Newark.  Organized  in  1808.  Capital, 
Mount  Vernon.     Pop.  27,735. 

KNOX,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering 
on  Illinois,  contains  516  square  miles.  The  Walia.oh  bonnffa 
it  on  the  W..  the  White  River  on  the  S..  and  the  West  Fork 
of  White  River  on  the  E.  The  surface  is  mostly  level  or 
rolling.  There  are  .several  prairies  near  the  Waba.sh.  very 
fertile.  Coal  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  county.  Or- 
ganized in  1802.  The  first  settlement  of  the  .-itate  was  made 
in  this  vicinity,  by  tlio  French  in  1750.  The  Ohio  and  Mi.'j- 
sissippi  Railroad  jiasses  through  tliis  county.  Capital,  Viu- 
cennes.    Pop.  lt>,()56. 

KNOX,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  i  art  of  Illinois,  has  aa 
area  of  840  square  miles.  It  is  inteisected  by  Spoon  River, 
and  also  drained  by  Pope  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  very  productive.  A  large  portion 
of  the  surface  consists  of  prairies,  alternating  with  timber 
The  county  contains  extensive  beds  of  stone  coal.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Peoria  and  Oquawka  R.K.  and  by  that  which 
connects  Chicago  with  Quincy.  Capital,  Knoxville.  P.28,6«>. 

KXOX,  a  county  in  the  "X.E.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  504  square  miles.  It  is  Intfrsected  by  the  Xortb, 
South,  and  Middle  Fabius,  and  by  the  North  Fork  of  Salt 
River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  und  :y>nsists  partly  ot 
prairies  and  partly  of  forests.  The  soil  is  very  productive 
Capital,  Edina.  Pop.  8727,  of  whom  84 1 '.  were  tree,  and  284 
slaves. 


J 


KNO 

KXOX,  a  township  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  aTxiut  35  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1074. 

KNOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Albany  co.,  New 
York,  22  miles  W.  of  Albany.     I'op.  2025. 

KNOX,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2180. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  793. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1168. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  liST. 

KNOX,  a  post-ofRee  of  Knox  co..  Ohio. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana. 

KNOX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana,  on  Yel- 
low River,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  100  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Indi.inapolis. 

KNOX  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  about 
35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Augusta. 

KNOX  COLLEGE.    See  GALEsnuRO,  Illinois. 

KNOX  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York. 

KNOX  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Walton  co.,  Georgia. 

KNOX'VTLLE,  a  post-village,  Steuben  co.,  NewYork. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Cowanesrjue  Creek,  16.5  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Crawford  co., 
Georgia,  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Macon.  Incorporated  in  1S25. 
It  has  a  court-house,  2  hotels,  2  churches,  14  stores,  and  1 
academy.     !'■■]).  1811. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post'Office  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Mississippi. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Knox  co., 
Tennessee,  and  formerly  the  seat  of  the  state  government. 
Is  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  b.ink  of  the  Ilolston 
Kiver,  4  miles  below  its  confluence  with  the  French  Broad 
River,  185  miles  E.  of  Nashville,  and  204  miles  S.E.  of  Lex- 
ington, Kentucky.  The  situation  is  elevated  and  healthy, 
comm.anding  a  beautiful  view  of  the  river,  aud  the  Blue 
Mountains  of  Chilhowee,  some  30  miles  distant.  The  river 
is  navigable  for  steamboats  at  all  seasons  from  this  point 
downward ;  and  during  winter  and  spring  they  extend  their 
trips  up  the  river  as  far  as  Kingsport.  The  region,  how- 
ever, in  future  will  not  be  dependent  on  the  river  for  the 
means  of  transportation.  The  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia 
Raihoa<l,  whiih  extends  from  Knoxville  to  Dalton,  in  Georgia, 
connecting  with  the  railways  in  that  state,  was  opened  in 
1852,  and  has  given  a  new  impetus  to  every  department  of 
business.  Another  railroad  has  been  completed,  which 
extends  from  Knoxville  to  the  Virginia  line,  and  connects 
with  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Ballroad.  East  Tennessee 
is  thus  intersected  by  a  chain  of  railways  extending  from 
Boston  to  Memphis,  forming  the  great  thoroughfare  of  the 
Union,  and  traversing  a  country  remarkable  for  the  fertility 
of  its  soil  and  the  salubrity  of  its  climate.  This  will  be 
the  most  central  and  direct  line  from  New  Yoi-k  to  New  Or- 
leans. Knoxville,  from  its  midway  position,  may  be  ex- 
pected to  derive  much  benefit  from  the  immense  amount 
of  trade  and  travel  which  must  pass  along  this  route.  The 
completion  of  the  railroad  from  Dalton  to  Knoxville  appears 
to  have  produced  a  greiit  sensation  among  the  inhabitants 
of  E.ast  Tennessee,  a  region  heretofore  almost  isolated  from 
the  busy  worM.  In  the  poetical  language  of  a  gentleman 
residing  in  that  region,  to  whom  the  editors  are  indebted 
for  much  valuable  information,  "  the  neigh  of  the  iron 
horse  mingles  with  the  roar  of  her  innumerable  water-falls, 
and  awakens  the  echoes  of  her  vast  and  silent  forests."  The 
city  already  exhiVjits  an  aspect  of  incre.ased  prosperity,  and 
manufactures  of  various  kinds  are  springing  up  in  its  vi- 
cinity. The  manufactory  of  window-glass  in  this  place  is 
said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  Southern  States.  Knoxville 
contains  the  .state  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  is 
the  Seat  of  the  University  of  East  Tennessee,  founded  in 
1807.  It  has  5  churches,  3  banks,  several  academies,  and 
printing  otlices  issuing  several  newspapers.  It  was  laid  out 
in  1794,  in  which  j'ear  it  became  the  capital  of  the  state, 
and  so  continued  until  1817.  Pop.  in  1850,  3690;  in  1860, 
about  COOrt. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  village  of  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  road  from  Warsaw  to  Falmouth,  the  county  se.at. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  141 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  neat  and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Knox  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Peoria  and  Burlington  Railroad, 
41  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Peoria.  It  has  a  high  and  beautiful 
situation  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  prairie.  Knoxville 
has  6  churches,  1  bank,  and  1  newspaper  office.  Pop.  in 
1860,  1567;  in  1865,  about  2400. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri,  140 
miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Marion 
CO.,  Towa,  about  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dea  Moines.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  and  7  churches.  One  newspaper  is  issued 
here.    Pop.  in  1860,  2371. 

KNOYLE,  (noil.)  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
2i  miles  S.W.  of  Ilindon.  The  famous  architect.  Sir  Chris- 
topher Wren,  was  born  here  in  1632. 

KNOYLE.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

KNUTSFORD,  nuts'ford,  {Cnui's  Ibrd,  Canute's  Ford,) 
3N 


KOB 

a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  24  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Chester.  Pop.  in  1851.  4.375.  The  Birkin  Rivula 
divides  It  into  the  townships  of  Over  and  Nether  Knutsford 
The  town  has  a  handsome  parish  church,  free  school,  and 
active  manufactures  of  cotton  velvets  and  yarn,  worsted  and 
leather. 

KNUTWEIL,  knoot'-sn.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  9  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne.     Pop.  1302. 

KNYPE.  DE,  avillage  of  the  Netherlands.  SeeKNlJPE,DB. 

KO.A.UOMA.  a  county  of  .Mississippi.    See  Coahoma. 

KOANG-SIN  or  KOUANG-SIN-FOU,  kwang-sin-foo,  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Kiang-see,  capital  of  a  government,  130 
miles  E.  of  Nan-Chang. 

K<:)B.\SS.  ko^bSss.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia,  on 
the  Save,  about  9  miles  from  Oriovacz.     Pop.  1760. 

KOBBE  or  COBBE,  koVbee.  sometimes  written  KOBBI,  a 
town  of  Central  Africa,  capital  of  Darfoor.  about  lat.  14°  ll' 
N.,  Ion.  28°  8'  E.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  mer- 
chants and  strangers. 

KORDO,  a  city  and  territory  of  Mongolia.     See  Cobdo. 

KOBEN,  (Ktiben,)  ko'ben.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  38 
miles  N.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Oder.  Pop. 
12i;l. 

KOBT,  koTjee,  a  Russian  fort  and  village,  government  of 
Georgia,  among  tho  mount,iins  of  the  Caucasus,  in  lat.  42° 
32'  N..  Ion.  44°  35'  E. 

KOBILJ.\KI,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  KonTJ,iAKl. 

KOBLENZ,  a  city  of  Rhenish  Prussia.     See  Coblextz. 

KOBRIN  or  KOBRYN,  ko'brin,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland, 
100  miles  S.E.  of  Grodno,  with  a  Greek  monastery.  It  waa 
almost  wholly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1812.     Pop.  4300. 

KOBURG.  a  town  and  duchy  of  Germany.     See  ContiRO. 

KOBYLANKA,  ko-be-lin'ka.  a  village  of  Galicia,  circle  of 
Jaslo,  on  the  Rappa.  It  has  a  castle,  and  in  its  vicinity  a 
chapel,  annually  visited  by  50,000  pilgrims  from  Galicia, 
Hungary,  and  Poland. 

KOBYLIAKI,  KOBIL-IAKI.  ko-beel-y^'kee,  or  KOBUI/- 
JAKI,  ko-btil-yiOcee,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  37 
miles  S.AV.  of  Poltava.    Pop.  7000. 

KOBYLIN,  ko-he-leen',  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  50 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Posen,  on  the  Orla.     Pop.  2270. 

KO-CHANG,  ko'chang',  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam, 
about  2  miles  S.  of  Koh-Kud.  6  miles  long  by  2  miles  broad. 

KOCHE.^I,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Cochem. 

KOCHER.  ko'Ker,  a  river  of  Wtirtemberg,  joins  the  Neckar, 
6  miles  N.  of  Ileiibronn.     Length,  70  miles. 

KOCH-HISSAR,  koK-his/sar',  a  town  of  Asia  SliBor,  in  Ka- 
ramania.  on  the  E.  bank  of  a  large  salt  lake,  the  ancient 
Tattfea  Piihix.  in  lat.  38°  50'  N.,  ion.  33°  29'  E. 

KOCHSTEDT,  koK'stStt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Saxony,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  1537. 

KOCK,  kok,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  about  40  miles  3. 
of  Siedlec.  on  the  AVisprz.     Pop.  1.300. 

KODA.  ko'da,  a  town  of  Sinde,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Khyerpoor, 
in  lat.  27°  55'  N.,  Ion.  68°  52'  E.    Pop.  2200. 

KODEN.  ko'den.  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Siedlec,  on 
the  Bug,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Biala.     Pop.  2506. 

KODIAK,  kcVde-dk,  written  also  KADIAK,  an  island  of 
Russian  America,  S.E.  of  the  peninsula  of  Allaska.  Its 
shape  is  very  irregular.  Length,  75  miles:  breadth.  50  miles. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  On  its  N.  side  is  the  harbor 
and  station  of  St.  Paul. 

KODJ-HISSAR,  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  KocH-IIrssAR. 

KOEDANG,  kooMdng',  a  prefix  to  several  rivers  of  Java, 
province  of  Passoeroean.  They  are,  Koedang  Galos,  Koedanq 
Jbwah,  Koedano  Rowo,  Koedang  Segero-Aloen,  and  Kob. 
DANG  Segero-Soerang,  all  flowing  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 

KOEDJIK  or  KOEDYK,  koo/dik,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 3  miles  N.  of  Alkmaar,  on  the  Great  North  Holland 
Canal.    Pop.  631. 

KOEI-CHOO,  QUEI-CHOO,  KOUEI-TCIIOU,  kwA-choo/,  of 
KAVI-CHOO,  kwl  choo/,  a  province  in  the  S.W.  of  China.  Lat 
24°  30*  to  29'  N.,  Ion.  104°  to  110°  E.  Pop.  5.288,219.  Sur- 
face  mountainous.  It  has  mines  of  gold,  silver,  vermilion, 
and  iron.    Chief  city,  Koei-yang. 

KOEI-IIO,  a  river  in  the  N.W.  of  China  joins  the  Hoang-IIo. 

KOEI-LING.  a  city  of  China.    See  KwEi-ujt. 

KOEI-TE,  acity  of  China.     See  Kwei-te. 

KOEI-YANG,  KWEI-YANG  or  K0UEI-YAN6,kwi>lng', 
a  town  of  China,  capital  of  the  province  of  Koei-choo.  Lat, 
about  22°  N.,  Ion.  107°  E. 

KOEKELBERG,  kofVkel-bjRa^  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro 
vince  of  Brabant,  about  2  miles  N.W.  of  Brussels.   Pop.  2282. 

KOELEN,  a  mountain  of  Scandinavia.    See  Kiolen. 

KOENIGINORAETZ.    See  K5.mgingr.atz. 

KOENIGSBERG,  Prussia.    See  Konigsbero. 

KOEPANG,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Timor.     See  CoEPANa. 

KOERMOEND,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Kormonh. 

KOESFELD,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  KBsfeld. 

KOESLIN.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  CSSLIN. 

KOEVORDE  or  KOEVORDEN.     See  Coevorden. 

KOEWACHT,  koo'wdKt.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Zealand,  6  miles  S.  of  Axel.     Pop.  1342. 

KOEWALA-D.\Y,  koo-wiOj-dA,  a  populous  town  of  the 
Mal.ay  Archipelago,  ou  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Lingen, 

993 


KOG 

about  6  miles  Trom  the  mouth  of  a  consideraTile  river.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  island,  and  the  residence  of  a  sultan. 

KOGENHEIM.  ko'!rhen-hime\  (Fr.  pron.  ko'gh^nVm',)  a 
villase  of  F.-ance,  department  of  Bas-Rhin.  on  the  Stras- 
bourg and  Rfile  (Ba.sel)  Railway,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Schelo- 
itadt.     Pop.  1324. 

KOUA I/OM.  ( Kohalom,)  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Reps. 

KOIIAT.  ko'hSt'.  a  town  of  Afjihanistan,  25  miles  S.  of 
Peshawer.  lat.  33°  31'  N..  Ion.  69"  40'  E.  It  has  a  fine  masque. 
Near  it  are  sprinirs  of  naphtha,  and  beds  of  sulphur. 

KOH-CII  AM-N'UNG.  koVhim^nting',  an  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  Siam.  about  1  mile  S.K.  of  Koh-Kong. 

KOH-IITSSAR.  KOIMirSAR,  ko'hisVar',  or  KOH-RASAR, 
koVi'sar'.  (the  "  hill  castle.")  a  ruined  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
pa.shalicof  Diarbekir.  12  miles  S.W.  of.Mardeen,  with  remains 
of  walls,  arches,  and  tombs. 

KOII-I-RABA.  ko-e-bin)i  a  mountain  ranse  of  Afghanis- 
tan, off  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  between 
which  mountains  is  the  principal  pass  intoToorkistan.  Lat. 
34°  30'  N.,  Ion.  67°  30'  to  68°  30'  E.     Height,  1 7,640  feet. 

KOn-l-DAMAUN,  koVda-raawn'.  or  KOIM-DAHMAN. 
ko'e-di-mdn'.  (the  "  mountain  skirt.")  a  district  of  Afgha- 
nistan, N.of  Cabool,  comprising  a  portion  of  the  S.  declivity 
of  the  Hindoo  Koosh. 

KOHIST.A.X,  ko'his-tjn',  (the  "land  of  mountains,")  is  a 
name  applied  to  the  N.  part  of  Afghanistan,  and  to  several 
portions  of  Beloochistan  and  Persia. 

KOH-KAI-TAI,  ko'krti'.  a  group  of  small  islets  in  the 
Gulf  of  Siam.  in  lat.  11°  57'  N.,  Ion. 99°  38'  E. 

KOH-KAUIXJ.  ko'kSVinj',  a  lofty  summit  of  the  Hindoo 
Koosh.  in  Afghanistan,  atx>ut  20  miles  N.X.W.  of  Jelalabad, 
about  iat.  .34°  45'  N..  Ion.  99°  3S'  E. 

Ki)H-KOHG.  kn*kog',  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  30 
miles  S.E.  of  Koh-Kud,  having  a  number  of  small  islets  on 
the  X.E.  and  S.E.  sides. 

KOH-KONG,  ko'konL''.  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  in 
lat.  9°  30'  X..  Ion.  104°  30'  E. 

KOH-KUAH.  ko'krJ',  or  CARA.  kS-rd',  an  island  in  the 
Gulf  of  Siam.  in  lat.  8°  30'  N.,  Ion.  101°  E. 

KOH-KRAM,  ko'krim',  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  16 
miles  S.E.  of  Koh-Xok.   It  is  about  5  miles  long,  and  2  broad. 

KOH-KUD,  ko'kQd',  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  in  lat. 
11°  3.5'  X.,  Ion.  102°  37'  E. 

KOHLEX-.TAXOWITZ.  kolfn-y^'no-^its',  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, circle  of  Kaurzim,  33  miles  S.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1450. 

KOHLFOKT,  a  village  of  Prussia,  on  the  railway  from 
Berlin  to  Breslau,  87  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort-on-the-6der. 

KOH-XOK, ko^nok',an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  15  miles 
S.W.  of  the  Koh-See<'hang  (Koh-Si-Chang.) 

KOH-PHAI.  ko^fl'.  three  small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
Siam.  about  2  miles  S.W.  of  Koh-Kram. 

KOH-PHAI,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
Siam.  grouped  around  Cape  Liant,  tiie  larger  of  which  are 
called  Koh-San,  Koh-S.\m-me-San,  and  Koh-K\h. 

KOH-PIfAXG.  ko-Yang'.  or  SAXCORI,  sJng'ko-reeS  an 
island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Knh-Sama. 

KOHRKX.  ko'ren,  a  town  of  Saxony,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Leipsic,  on  the  Sprottau.    Pop.  10.33. 

KOH-SAMA.  koh'sa/md,  or  CARXAM,  kar'ndm',  an  island 
in  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  in  lat.  9°  55'  X..  Ion.  100°  E. 

KOH-S.AilET,  ko's^'mef.  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam. 
in  lat.  12°  :W  X.,  Ion.  101°  37'  E.,  surrounded  by  a  number  of 
emaller  islands. 

KOH-SEE-CHAXG  or  KOH  SI-OTIAXG,  koVeeVhSng',  a 
large  and  lesser  island,  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam. 
Laf.  of  the  largest,  1.3°  10'  N.,  Ion.  100°  59'  E.  It  is  7  miles 
Ions,  and  3  miles  broad. 

KOH-SEE-CHAXG.  a  harbor  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  formed 
by  an  island  of  the  same  name. 

KOISDO  or  K<iISOU.  koi-soo/,  a  river  of  RussLo.  rise?  on 
the  X.  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  and  forms  two  branches,  which 
foil  into  the  Caspian ;  the  more  northern  under  its  own 
mime,  and  the  other  under  that  of  Soolak  (Sulak.)  Total 
course,  a1x>ut  12iX)  miles.  , 

KOJETEIX,  ko'vi4-tine\  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Preriiu.    Pop.  2S36. 

KO.TUK  (ko'jukO  PASS,  Afghanistan,  traverses  the  Am- 
ran  Mountains,  between  the  valley  of  I'isheen  and  Candahar. 
The  British  troops  pas.sed  it  in  1S39.  and  forced  it  in  1842. 

KOKA,  ko'kOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  23  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Pesth.    Pop.  2109. 

KOKABOXI.  ko'ki-bo'nee,  or  KUKABOXEE.  kfik'S-bo/- 
nee.  a  town  of  Borneo,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Yeoo,  in  lat 
12°  52'  X ..  Ion.  13°  E.     Pop.  5000. 

KOKAX  or  KOKAXD.  Central  Asia.     See  Khokan. 

KOKCHAOA.  BOLCHAIA.  bol-chl/a  kok-ch^'gd.  a  river 
of  Russia.  ris<^s  in  the  government  of  Viatka,  and  joins  the 
left  bank  of  the  Volga.     Leneth.  100  miles. 

KOKCHAOA,  MALAIA.  mj-ll'a'  kok-chj/ga,  a  river  of  Rus- 
»ia.  rises  in  the  government  of  Viatka.  and  joins  the  left  bank 
of  the  Volga.     Length,  abont  90  miles. 

KOKEL,  koOifl.  or  koTc^P,  Great  and  Little,  two  rivers 
of  Transylvania,  which,  after  a  W.  course  of  upwards  of  100 
niile«  each,  unite  at  Balasfalva.  and  the  united  stream  joins 
the  Maros  10  miles  N.  of  Karlsburg.    The  rivers  give  name 


KOM 

to  a  county,  the  capital  of  which  is  Kokelburg  or  Ktiktll- 
lovar.  on  the  Little  Kokel.  14  miles  E.X.E.  of  Balasfalva. 

KOKEL.W,  ko-keh-li'.  a  maritime  town  of  Ceylon,  on  Itg 
E.  coast.  35  X.X.W.  of  Trincomalee. 

KOKENO.  ko-k.Vno.  a  hamlet  of  Japan,  island  of  Kioo- 
Sioo.  province  of  Fizen. 

Kl>KIX(J,  ko'king',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Yun-nan, 
capital  of  the  department,  on  the  Yang-tse-kiang. 

KO/KOMO,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Howard  co,. 
Indiana,  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  Railroad,  and  50 
miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.    See  Appendix. 

KOKO-XuR,  ko'ko-noK.  KOKO-XOOR.  ko'ko-noor'.  KO- 
KE-XOR,  ko'kjh-nor,  (t.  e. "  Blue  Sea.")  or  TSl  XG-HAI.  tslng^ 
hl/,alake  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  having  W.  the  desert  of  Go- 
bi, about  lat.  from  .32°  to  38°  X.,  Ion.  from  94°  to  104°  E. 
Length,  about  70  miles;  breadth.  40  miles. 

KOKOORA.  KOKOURA  or  KOKURA.  ko-koo/ri  a  mari- 
time toAvn  of  Japan,  in  the  i.sland  of  Kioo-Sioo.  capital  of 
the  province  of  Fizen.  about  100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nagasaki, 
on  the  strait  of  Van-der  Capi'Uan.  Lat.  (castle)  33°  53'  SO" 
X..  Ion.  130°  60'  E.     Pop.  16.000. 

KOKUXDI.  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Kakunht. 

KOLA.  koia.  a  town  of  Russian  Lapland.  SS.")  miles  N.W. 
of  Archangel,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kola  River,  in  the 
Arctic  Ocean.     Lat.  68°  52'  X..  Ion.  33°  E.     Pop.  1000. 

KOLADYXG,  koMA-ding'.  or  KULLADIXE,  ktina-din',  n 
river  of  Asia,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  in  Aracan,  by 
several  mouths.     Total  course,  about  200  miles. 

KOLDIXO  or  COLBTXG,  kol'ding,  a  maritime  town  of 
Denmark,  in  X'orth  Jutland.  30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ribe,  on  an 
inlet  of  the  Little  Belt,  enclosed  by  Walls.     Pop.  2600. 

KOLEAII.  ko/le-d.  a  town  of  Algeria,  about  18  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Alciers.    It  is  the  seat  of  a  garrison.     Pop.  2500. 

KOLE^IOKEE  CREEK.  Georaia.    See  Coi,.\moka. 

KOLIIAM  or  COLHAM,  kol'hdm,  a  village  of  liolland, 
province,  and  7  miles  E.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  500. 

KOLnORX\  kol'hoRn,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Xorth  Holland,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Alkmaar.     Pop.  5.51. 

KOLIAZIX.  KOLIASIX,  ko-le-d-zeen',  or  KALASIN, 
(Kalasin.)  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  80  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Tver,  on  the  Volga.     Pop.  4,590. 

KOLIMA.  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Kolyma. 

KOLIX,  or  NEU  KOLIN.  noi  ko-leen',  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Kaurzim,  on  the  Elbe,  on  the  railway  to  Brflnn,  35 
miles  E.  of  Prague.  Pop.  5*^00.  5Iarshal  Daun  here  de- 
feated Frederick  the  Great.  18th  June.  1757. 

KOLINGSOO  or  KOLIXGSOU.  koMing'soo',  a  .small  island 
of  Chin.^.  in  the  harbor  of  Amov.  opposite  that  city. 

KOLLEDA.  fKoIIeda.)  kol-lA'dJ.  a  town  ot  Pru.ssia,  In 
Saxony,  34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jlorseburg.     Pop.  4100. 

KOLLUM.  kollQm.  a  villaL'e  of  the  Xetherlands,  province 
of  Fri.'sland.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Dokknm.     Pop.  1000. 

KOLX,  (Kciln,)  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.     See  CoiooNE. 

KOLO.  kolo,  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  40  miles 
X.E.  of  Kalisz.  on  an  island  in  the  Wart.T.     Pop.  3400. 

KOLOKYTHIA  or  COLOKYTHIA,  ko-lo-ki-fhee'd,  (anc. 
L^cn>nicns  Silniia,)  called  also  the  Gulf  of  MAnATHornsi,  a 
gulf  of  Greece,  in  the  S.  part  of  the  Morea. 

KOLOMEA,  ko-lo-mA'J.  sometimes  written  KOL05IYTA,  a 
town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  on  the  Pruth,  112  miles  S.E.  of 
Lemberg.     Pop.  6980. 

KOLOMX^A.  ko-lom'nd,  a  town  of  Russia,  goveinment, 
and  58  miles  S.S.E.  of  Moscow,  on  the  Moskva,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Oka.  Pop.  13.000.  It  is  enclosed  by  old 
walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  silks  and  woollens. 

KOLOS,  koMosh'.  or  SALZGRUB.  sdlt^'groob.  (W.illachian, 
Knshdkea,  ko-shl-kA'l?)  a  market-town  of  Transylvania,  12 
miles  E.  of  Klau.senburg.     Pop.  3180. 

KOLOSA'AR,  a  city  of  Transylvania.     See  KlArsEXBrnfJ. 

KOLV'A  or  KOLWA,  kol'vA,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  tho 
government  of  Term,  and  joins  the  Vishera.  Length,  170 
miles. 

KOLYMA  or  KOLIMA.  ko-le-mS'orko-lee'ma.  a  large  river 
of  North-east  Asia,  in  Siberia,  ffovemment  of  Yakootsk.  rises 
by  several  heads,  near  lat.  61°  30'  X..  and  after  a  N'.  course 
of  700  miles,  enters  the  Arctic  Ocean  by  a  wide  estuary,  near 
lat.  69°  ,30'  N.,  and  Ion.  161°  30'  E. 

KOLYVAN.  ko-le-vSn'.  or  TASHEKA.  ta'sh.ik^.  a  small 
town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government,  and  110  miles  S.W.  of 
Tomsk,  on  the  Obi.  with  valuable  lead  and  gold  mines. 

KOLYVAX  JIOUXTAIXS.  a  spur  of  the  Lesser  Altai. 

KOLZIG.  kol'tsio.  a  villasre  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
government  of  Liegnitz.  bailiwick  of  Griinberg.     Pop.  974. 

KOMAROM.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Comorn. 

KOM  BRIDGE.  England.     See  Kimeridoe. 

KOMLOS,  komMosh'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Torontal.  30  miles  W.X.W.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  49.50". 

KOitMA.  kom'ma.  or  KOMXIA,  kom'ne-d,  a  village  of 
Austria,  in  Moravia,  near  Swietlau.  It  is  the  birthplace  cf 
the  famous  .Tohn  Amos  Comenius. 

KOMMOTAU.  kom'mo-t«w\  a  town  of  Bohemk,  10  mll«» 
N.X.W.  of  Saaz.     Pop.  .3725 

KOMORX.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Comorn. 

KOMOTAPOOR,  ko-mo-td-poor',  a  ruined  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  and  proyince  of  Bengal,  once  capital  of 


KOM 


KON 


the  Hindoo  kingdom  of  Camroop.  on  the  Bhurlah,  hy  which, 
»nd  bv  a  moat  14  miles  iu  extent,  the  town  was  enclosed. 

KOMULDSINA,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Gcmoorjeena. 

KOX'BO.  a  lake  of  Russia,  government  of  Archanirel,  in 
Lapland,  discharges  itself  into  the  Gulf  of  Kandalaska  by 
two  outlets,  one  at  its  S.E.,  and  one  at  its  N.W.  extremity. 
It  is  about  2.")  miles  long,  by  7  miles  broad. 

KO\DIN.SK,  kon-dinsk',  a  village  of  Asiatic  Hussia,  go- 
vernment, and  "21)0  miles  N.  of  Tob :>lsk,  on  the  Obi. 

K(J\0.  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  500  miles  S.  of  Timbuctoo. 

K0XG-CI1.\XG.  kong'chdng'.  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Kan-soo.  capital  of  a  department;  lat.  35°  N.,  Ion.  104°  W  E. 

IviJNUEX,  (Kongen,)  kiiug'i'n,  a  market-town  of  Wiirtem- 
herg.  on  the  .Veekar,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Esslingen.    Pop.  203'J. 

KONG  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain  range  of  Africa,  com- 
mencing 200  miles  S.E.  of  Sierra  Leone:  lat.  9°  X.,  Ion.  9° 
20'  \V.,  and  stretching  E.  through  the  Mandingo  country, 
along  the  N.  frontier  of  Ashantee,  and  across  Dahomey. 
Height  probably  not  above  2500  feet.  Tbey  consist  of  granite, 
marble.and  ironstone:  but  little  is  yet  known  regarding  them. 

KONGfJBEKG,  kongs'b^Rg,  (King's  Mountiiin,"')  a  town 
of  Norway,  stift  of  Aggershuus,  43  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chris- 
tiania,  on  the  Lauwen-Elv.  Pop.  3935.  It  has  a  school  of 
mines,  and  a  royal  manufactory  of  arms  and  powder.  The 
silver-mine  of  Kongsberg.  di.wovered  in  1623.  is  the  most 
important  in  the  kingdom.  It  was  nearly  abandoned  in 
1805,  was  again  worked  in  1S16,  and  has  continued  flour- 
ishing since  1830. 

KONGSVINGER,  kongs'ving-er,  a  mountain  fortre.ss  of 
Norway,  stift  of  Aggershuus,  anit  of  lledemarken,  beside 
the  Glommen,  45  miles  K.N.E.  of  Christiania. 

J\OMCZ,  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  Kaumtz. 

KONIEII.  ko^ne-eh.  KONIA,  KONI  AH  or  KONIYEH,  ko'- 
ne-.H  or  ko'ne-vfh.  (anc.  Icfilnium.)  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  capi- 
tal of  the  pashalic  of  Karamania.  or  Konieh.  Lat.  37°  51' 
N.,  Ion.  .32°  40'  E.  Pop.  4t),000.  Its  walls,  which  are  from 
2  to  3  miles  in  circumference,  were  built  with  materials  of 
ancient  edifices,  by  the  Seljook  sultans,  who.'ie  capital  it 
was  from  the  twelfth  century  till  the  time  of  .lenghis 
Khan.  The  most  remarkable  building  is  tlie  Injemi  Minareh 
Djiuni.(  "  the  mosque  with  the  minaret  reaching  to  the  f^tars,") 
with  ijxquisite  delicacy  of  tracery,  fretwork,  and  mouldings. 
It  has  numerous  other  mosques,  some  colleges,  Armenian 
churches,  public  baths,  khans,  extensive  sul)Urbs,  a  fortified 
palace,  with  some  massive  Arabic  architecture,  a  famous 
Wiihammedan  tomb,  and  some  manufactures  of  carpets  and 
colored  leather. 

KOXIO.  ( Konig.)  a  German  word  signifying  "  king."  forms 
a  part  of  numerous  names  iu  Central  Europe,  as  K8NiasBER0, 
'■King's  Mountain,"  KiiMOSiuCH,  "  King's  Brook,"  Ac 

KONIG,  (Konig,)  ko'nia,  a  market-town  of  llesse-Darm- 
Rtadt,  on  the  Miimliug.  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Darmstadt.  Pop. 
1478. 

KONIGGRATZ.  (KSniggrHtz.)  ko'nio-grfts\  a  royal  forti- 
fied town  of  Austria,  in  Bohemia,  capital  of  the  circle.  t)4 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Prague,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe.  Pop. 
8454.  Chief  edifices,  a  cathedral.  Jesuits'  church,  and  epis- 
copal palace.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop-suffragan  of  Prague, 
and  has  a  seminary,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  royal  stud. 

KONIG  HELM,  (Kiiniaheim.)  ko'nif)-hrme\  a  town  of  Ba- 
den. 3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Biscliofsheim.     Pop.  2105. 

KOXIGILUTTE.  (KonighUtte.)  kiS'nia-hiiOtfh,  a  village 
of  il.uiover,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Klausthal.  It  has  important 
iron-works,  which  employ  500  persons. 

KO.NIGI.X  HOF.  (Koniginhof.)  ko'nioin-hof\  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, Iti  miles  N.  of  Koniggratz.  on  the  Elbe.  Pop.  4010. 
It  has  manufactures  of  printed  cotton  stuffs,  linen  fabrics, 
and  leather. 

KONIGSA.\L,  (Konigsaal,")  ko'niG-sSr,  or  ZBRASLAU(?) 
a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Beraun.  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Beiaun  and  Moldau.  7  miles  S.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1000. 

KONIGSBACIL  ko'nios-bdK'.  a  market-town  of  Baden. 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Carlsruhe.  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1700. 

KOXIGSBKRG.  (Kiinigsberg.)  or  KOENIGSBERG,  k?n' 
Igz-berg.  (Oer.  pron.  ko'nios-bfRo':  L.  Mims-He'gim:  Polish. 
Kraleiviecz,  kro-lA've-t-tch\)  a  fortified  city  of  I'russia.  and 
second  capital  of  the  kingdom,  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment and  circle  of  the  same  name,  at  the  N.E.  terminus 
of  a  railway  from  Berlin,  (distance.  338  miles.)  and  on  the 
Pregel.  5  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Frische-IIaff.  Lat. 
of  observatory,  54°  42'  8"  N.,  Ion.  20°  30'  2"  E.  Pop.  87,0'J2. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  year,  43°'2;  winter,  37°8:  sum- 
mer, 60°'5  Fahrenheit.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  Prussia 
Proper,  including  the  provinces  of  both  East  and  West  Prus- 
sia, and  the  residence  of  the  Electors  of  Brandenburg,  and 
still  ranks  as  the  third  city  in  the  Prussian  dominions.  It 
is  surrounded  by  walls  and  ramparts,  and  has  recently  re- 
ceived important  additions  to  its  fortifications  on  the  plan  of 
detached  forts.  It  consists  of  the  town  proper,  and  of  four 
suburbs.  The  former  is  divided  into  three  parts:  the  ^IW- 
i<idt.  or  Old  Town,  situated  on  theW.;  LSbevicM  on  the  E.; 
and  Kneiphof.  situated  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Pregel. 
which,  before  en  tt-ring  the  town  from  the  E..  divides  into  two 
ams.  The  communication  between  the  i.sland  and  the  op- 
fissiUj  banks  lE  kept  up  by  seven  wooden  bridges.     The 


island  on  which  Kneiphof  stands  is  so  low  and  swampy,  that 
the  houses  are  built  upon  piles.  The  principal  edifices  are 
the  royal  castle,  built  in  1257  ;  the  former  fortress  of  Fried- 
richsburg.  now  used  as  a  store;  the  exchange,  built  in  1024; 
the  town-hou.se:  the  cathedral,  built  in  13.'32,  with  tombs  of 
the  grand-masters  of  the  Teutonic  order,  and  of  the  Dukea 
of  Prussia :  citadel,  exchange,  and  the.atre.  The  university, 
founded  in  1554  by  the  Margrave  Albert,  and  hence  called 
the  Albertine,  is  attended  by  above  300  students,  and  has  a 
library  of  more  than  50.000  volumes,  a  zoological  museum 
and  other  valuable  collections,  an  observatory,  which  file  la- 
bors of  Bessel  has  rendered  famous,  and  a  botanic  garden. 
There  are,  besides,  2  theological  seminaries,  3  gymnasia, 
schools  of  art  and  architecture,  and  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind 
asylums.  The  manufactures  comprise  woollens,  cottons, 
linens,  silks,  soap,  tobacco,  leather,  starch,  sealing-wax,  and 
refined  sugar,  it  has  ship-building  yards,  in  which  a  con- 
siderable number  of  vessels  of  a  small  size  are  annually  C(m 
structed.  The  Pregel  has  a  bar  across  its  mouth,  witii  not 
more  than  from  5  to  6  feet  water :  large  vessels  bound  for 
Konigsl)ergland  at  Pilau,  which  is  its  port.  The  trade,  not- 
withstanding a  considerable  decline  from  what  it  was  in 
earlier  times,  is  still  important.  In  1852  the  principal  ex- 
ports were  89,500  quarters  of  wheat;  51,180  of  barley;  3980 
of  rye;  and  20,480  of  pease  and  beans;  flax,  hemp,  rap((-seed, 
oil-cakes,  bones,  timber,  wool.  mats,  and  feathers.  The  prin- 
cipal imports  are  colonial  produce,  iron  in  pi(is  and  bars,  co;il, 
cottonwool,  cotton-twist,  wine,  spirits,  and  unrefined  sugar. 
In  1848  the  number  of  vessels  entered  at  I'ilau  w.as  604, 
(S4.304  tons;)  and  cleared.  676,  (94,857  tons.)  Of  these,  278 
entered,  and  276  cleared,  were  British. 

Kiinigsberg  long  numbered  among  its  residents  the  cele- 
brated philosopher  Kant,  and  the  geographer  Gaspaii.  Its 
most  distinguished  natives  are  the  naturalist  Klein,  the 
painter  Willman,  and  the  anatomist  Walther.  It  was 
founded  in  1255.  In  1305,  Konigsberg  became  a  member  of 
the  Ilanseatic  League;  in  1C20,  was  surrounded  with  walls; 
and  in  16.57,  received  a  strong  additional  defence  in  the 
cit.adel  of  Friedrichsburg.  It  suffered  much  during  the 
Seven  Years'  War,  by  the  occupation  of  the  Russians  from 
1768  to  1764;  and  also  from  the  French  who  entered  it  in 
1^07,  after  the  battle  of  Friedland.  Frederick  I.,  the  first 
King  of  Pru.ssia.  was  crowned  here  in  1701. 

KONIGSBERG,  a  government  of  Prussia,  bounded  N.  by 
the  Baltic.     Area,  8708  square  miles.     Pop.  847,5.33. 

KONIGSBERG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 41  miles  N.  of  Frankfort,  on  the  Oder.  It  is  walled, 
has  several  courts  and  public  offices,  2  cliurches,  a  court- 
house, gvmnasium.  and  hospital.     Pop.  6110. 

KONIGSBERG,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  W.S.W.  oi 
Elbogen,  on  the  Eger.     Pop.  3890. 

KONIGSBERG,  a  town  of  Silesia,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Te9- 
chen.     Pop.  9(K1. 

KONIGSBERG.  (Konigsberg.)  kiVnios-b^Ro',  or  U.T-BAN- 
YA.  oo'ee-!'3n'-yfih\  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  on  the 
Gran.  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Neutra.     P(ip.'39r-5. 

KONIGSBRONN,  (Kijnigsbronn.)  ko'nias-bronn\  a  village 
of  Wiirtemberg.  4  miles  N.W.  of  TIeidenheim.     Pop.  1192. 

KONIGSBRUCK.  (KSnigsbriick.)  ko/nias-briikNor  KUNS- 
BERG.  a  town  of  Saxony,  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dresden.  P.  1740. 

KONIGSECKWALD,  (Konigseckwald.)  ko'nio-st^k-«ait\  a 
village  and  castle  of  Wiirti'mburg.  S.W.  of  .Saulgan. 

KONIGSEE.  (Konigsee.)  kc)'nia-sA\  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  on  the  Rhine,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Rudolstadt.     Pop.  2050. 

KONIGSEE,  (Konigsee.)  or  BARTHOLOilAUSSEE.  baR- 
tol'o-miiws^sA,  a  lake  on  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Bavaria,  about 
5  miles  long,  by  1  mile  broad. 

KONIGSEGG,  (Konigsegg.)  kS'niG-s%g\  or  KUMZAK. 
koom'z3k,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a  fine  church  and 
school.  31  miles  S.E.  of  TalKir.     Pop.  2859. 

KONIGSFELD,  (KBnigsfeld.)  k8'ni(is-fjlt\  or  NEUDORP, 
noi'doRf  a  village  of  Moravia.  2  miles  N.  of  BrUnn.  Pop.  1407. 

KONIGSHAIN.  (Konigsh.ain.)  kii'niGs-hin',  a  village  of 
Prussian  Silesia.  51  miles  W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1232. 

KONIGSHAIN,  a  village  of  Saxony,  60  miles  E.  of  Dresden. 
Pop.  1457. 

KONIGSHAIN,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Leipsic. 
Pop.  1066. 

KONIGSHOFEN,  (KSnigshofen.)  ko'nios-ho'fen,  a  town 
of  Baden.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Wertheim.     Pop.  1306." 

KONIGSHOFEN,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  20  miles 
W.N  .W.  of  Cologne.     Pop.  1235. 

KONIGSHOFEN  -IM  -GRABFELDE,  k8'niGs-hoYen-im- 
grSb'fJl-deh.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Saale,  44  miles  N.E. 
ofWiirzb'urg.     Pop.  1702. 

KONIGSHTJTE,  (Konigshiite,)  ko'niGs-hUHeh.  a  village  of 
Prussia,  in  Silesia.  54  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oppeln,  with  a  station 
on  the  Silesian  Railway,  and  rovsl  iron-works.     Pop.  1560. 

KONIGSHUTTE,  (Kbnigshiitte.)  ko'nios-hiitHeh,  a  village 
of  Prussian  Poland,  on  the  railway  from  Breslau  to  Cracow, 
111  miles  S.E.  of  Breslau. 

KONIGSLUTTER.  (Konigslutter,)ko'niGs-lo(5tHfr,  a  town 
of  Germany,  duchy  of  Brunswick,  9  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Helm- 
stadt,  on  the  Lutter.    Pop.  2520.    It  ha.»  an  ancient  Btne- 

995 


RON 


KOO 


(lictiiio  church,  wItt  monuments  to  the  Kmperor  Lothaire 
ii.,  t<  bin  empress,  .•mil  tc  Henry  of  Bavarin,  &c. 

KOXIOS-SEE.  (Koni:,'s-.See.)  k5'nifJ8-8A.  a  picturesque  lake 
of  Kavaria.  (35  miles  S.E.  of  Slunich.    Lenath.  6  miles. 

KOMUSTADTKN,  (Koniirstadten,)  ko'nia-stjt'ten,  a 
market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  12  miles  from  Sleghards- 
kirchen.     Pop.  973. 

KOMGSTADTL,  (Konisstadtl.)  ko'nia-stfittT,  or  WIES- 
TETZ-K1!.\L0WY,  fte-Vtlts  kr^-Io've.  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
cin>Ie  of  BidSfhow.  40  mil&s  K.N.E.  of  Pra«:ue.    Pop.  1747. 

KOMGSTKIN,  (Koiiif,'stein,)  ko'nia-stine!,  (i.e.  "king's 
rock,")  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony.  17  miles  S.E.  of 
Dresden,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe.  Pop.  2000.  It  has 
a  fortress  situated  on  a  rock,  450  feet  high,  and  one  of  the 
few  in  Europe  never  yet  taken  The  royal  treasures  haye 
usually  been  deposited  here  during  war. 

KONIGSTEIN,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Nassau.  12  miles 
N.E.  of  ^Viesbaden.  Pop.  1-300.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  the 
same  name,  ruined  by  the  French  in  1796. 

KOXIGSWALD,  (Koniv'swald.)  ko'niGs-ftalt\  a  TillaRe  of 
Bohemia,  on  the  Erlau.  10  miles  from  Tetschen.     Pop.  1282. 

KONKiSWALD,  (Konigswald.)  a  village  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Koschel.  7  miles  from  Humburg.     Pop.  21  r5. 

KONIGSWALDE,  (KonissAvalde.)  ko'niG.s-^lfdeh.  a  town 
of  Prus.sia,  fioyernmeiit  of  Frankfort,  circle  of  Sternberg,  be- 
tween two  lakes.    Pop.  ISf^O. 

KONIGSAVALDE.  a  yillage  of  Saxony,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Zwickau.     Pop.  1978. 

KONJGSWAHTII,  (Konlgswarth.)  kiynios-wERt^  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Elbogen.  Avith  mineral 
springs.  Pop.  1540.  Its  noble  castle,  the  property  of  Prince 
Bletternich,  contiilns  a  splendid  collection  of  works  of  art, 
and  an  elaborate  ch.ipel.  built  in  1834. 

KONIOSWAKTIIA.  ko'nics-wdaHd,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
33  miles  N.E.  of  Dresden.  Barclay  de  Tolly  defeated  the 
French  here  in  1813.     Pop.  831. 

KONIGSWINTER.  (Kiinigswinter.)  k5'niGS--ftin'ter,  a 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cologne,  on  the 
Khine.     Pop.  2100. 

KONIGSZELT,  fKonigszelt.)  kiVnios-tsJltV  a  village  of 
Prussia,  on  the  railway  from  Breslau  to  Freiburg,  31  miles 
S.W.  of  the  former. 

KONIX.  ko'nin.  a  town  of  Ru.ssian  Poland,  province,  and 
33  miles  N.X.E.  of  Kalisz,  on  the  Warta.     Pop.  460;>. 

KONINGSHOYCKT,  ko'ninGs-hoikt\  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province,  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  20Ci2. 

KOXIN'SKA-WOLA,  ko-nin'skj-wond.  or  KONS-KOWO- 
L.\,  kons-ko-wo'ld,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.  27  miles  N.W. 
of  Lublin.     Pop.  1100. 

KONITZ,  ko'nits.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia. 
18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  1773. 

KOXITZ,  or  CHOYNICA,  Koy-neet'.'<a,  a  town  of  Prus.M.H, 
58  mites  W.S.W.  of  Marienwerder.  In  1445,  the  Teutonic 
knights  here  gained  a  victory  over  the  Poles.     Pop.  3954. 

KONIYEII,  Asi;itic  Turkey.     See  Konieh. 

KOXIZ,  (Koiiiz.)  ko'nits,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
lavid,  in  i  valley  of  its  own  name,  canton  of  Bern,  2  miles 
S.W.  of  Hern.  In  its  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  the  old  castles 
of  Aegerten  and  Bubenberg.    Pop.  5488. 

KONXEKX.  (Kiinnern,)  kon'nern,  a  town  of  Pru.ssia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony,  government  of  Jlerseburg.     Pop.  2714. 

KOXXI AGA,  one  of  the  Aleutian  islands.    See  Kan'AGA. 

KOXNON  CONDOKE.  kon'non'  kou-dOr'.  an  island  in  the 
China  Sea,  oft  the  S.E.  coast  of  Anam;  lat.  8°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
105°  55'  E.  In  the  beginning  of  last  century  the  English 
founded  a  colony  and  built  a  fort  here,  but  soon  abandoned  it. 

KOXOTOP,  ko-no-top',  a  walled  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  9li  miles  W.  of  Tchernigov.    Pop.  3000. 

KOXOVITS  or  KONOWITZ,  ko'no-vits\  an  i.sland  of  Rus- 
sia, in  Finland,  near  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Ladoga. 

KONKADSREUTII  or  CONRADSREUTII.  kon'ridsroir, 
a  village  of  Bavaria,  27  miles  N.E.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1078. 

KOXRADSWALDAU,  kou'rads-^^lMow,  a  village  of  Prus- 
sia, in  Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  858. 

KONRADSWALDAU,  MITTEL.  miftel  kon'rMs-^ardow, 
a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  circle  of  Landshut.    Pop.  675. 

KOXSItAIA,  kon-skI'd,a  rivorof  Russi.a,  flows  W.,  and  en- 
ters the  Dniester  at  Nikopol,  after  a  W.  course  of  130  miles. 

KOXSKI E,  konsk'yi.  or  KONSKI.  kon'skee,  a  town  of  Po- 
land, province  of  Sandoraier,  35  miles  S.W.  of  liadom.  Pop. 
MOO.     It  has  iron  forges,  and  manufactures  of  cutlery,  &c. 

KOXSTADT,  kon'statt,  or  WOTCZIN.  votch-een'.  a  town 
of  Prussi.t,  in  Silesia.  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  1524. 

KOXSTANTINOGORSK,  kon-stln-tee'no-gorsk',  a  fort  of 
Kussi.a,  government  of  Caucasus.  21  miles  S.W.  of  Georgievsk. 

KOXSTANTIXOGRAD,  kon-stau-tee^no-grid',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  40  miles  E.S.E.of  Poltava.     P.  1673. 

KOXSTANTIXOV  or  KONSTAXTIXOW.kon-stdn-te-nov', 
a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Volhyuia,  on  the  Slootcha, 
80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Zhitomeer,  (.Titomir.)    Pop.  3930. 

KUNPTAXZ,  a  lake  and  city  of  Baden.    See  Constance. 

KOXTWIO  or  COXTWIG.  kont'wio.  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
ahfjut  3  miles  E.  of  Douxponts.  (ZweibrUeken.)    Pop.  1378. 

KOXUDEL,  ko-noo^l.1',  a  village  of  Senegambia.  in  Foota- 
Damga,  on  the  Seueaal,  lo  lat.  15°  64'  N.,  Ion.  13°  r  W 
896 


KONZAS.    See  K.axzas. 

KOOBA,  KOUBA,  or  KUBA.  kooM.  a  fortified  town  of 
Russia,  in  the  Caucasus,  province  of  Daghistan.  on  the  8. 
side  of  a  river  of  its  own  name,  55  miles  S.S.E.  of  Derbend, 
It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  a  khan.  Pop.  42CO.  It 
is  new.  has  a  bazaar  with  rich  Persian  carpets,  and  3 
mosques.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Kum.at,  a 
Jews'  village.     Pop.  4000. 

KOOBAN.  KOUBAN  or  KUBAN,  koo-h3n',  (anc.Hyp'anisf) 
a  river  of  South  Russia,  rises  near  5Iount  Elbrooz,  receives 
numerous  affluents  from  the  Caucasian  mountain  chain, 
and,  after  a  generally  W.  course  estimated  at  380  miles,  en- 
ters the  Bay  of  Kooban.  on  the  Black  Sea,  20  miles  N.  of 
Anap.a.  It  is  rapid,  and  difficult  of  navigation.  Along  its 
banks  .ire  numerous  Russian  forts. 

KOOBETCIII,  KOUBETCHI,  or  KUBETSCHI,  koo-bJtch'- 
ee,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  N.  part  of  Daghistan,  in  a  nar- 
row valley.  33  miles  W.N.W.  of  Derbend.  It  looks  more 
like  a  fortification  than  a  town,  all  the  houses  being  loop- 
holed,  and  entered  by  an  outer  stair,  to  which  the  only  ap- 
proach is  by  a  narrow  path.     Pop.  6000. 

KOOBINA,  KOUBINA  or  KUBIXA,  koo-bee'ni.  a  river 
of  Rus.sia,  rises  in  a  small  lake,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Vologda,  and  falls,  by  two  mouths,  into  Lake  Koo- 
binskoe.  Total  course,  about  170  miles. 

K(X)BIXSKOE,  KOUBINSICOE  or  KUBINSKOE,  koo- 
bin'sko-i\  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  S.W.  of  the  government 
of  Vologda.     Length,  45  miles;  mean  breadth,  4  or  5  miles. 

KOOCHAN  orKOUTCHAX.  kooVhSu',  a  .strongly  fortified 
town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  85  miles  N.W.  of 
Meshed.  It  was,  a  few  years  ago,  taken  by  the  Persians 
from  the  Koords.    It  has  a  garri.son. 

KOOCHE,  KOVTCIlf:.  or  KUTSCIIE.  koo/ch.V,  a  town  of 
Chinese  Toorkistan.  200  miles  E.N.E.  of  Aksoo,  in  lat.  41° 
40'  N.,  Ion.  83°  E.  It  is  fortified,  garrisoned  by  Chinese,  and 
deemed  the  key  of  Toorkistan.     Its  territory  is  fertile. 

KOOCHLAK,  koochndk',  a  mud-built  town  of  Afghanis- 
tan, in  the  Pisheen  vnllev.  on  the  route  to  Candahar. 

KWCHVIXSK.  KOUTOIIVIXSK  or  KUTSCHVINSK, 
kooch-vinsk',  written  also  KUCIIVINSIv,  a  village  of  Russia, 
government  of  Perm,  57  miles  S.  of  Verkhotoori^,  on  the 
Toora.   Pop.  1600. 

KOOFA,  KOUFA  or  KUFA.  koo'fd,  a  ruined  city  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  pashalic,  and  88  miles  S.  of  Bagdad,  on  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Euphrates.  It  was  founded  by  the  Caliph  Omar, 
was  large,  populous,  and  flourishing,  and  became  the  abode 
of  the  caliphs  till  Almaiizor  removed  the  imperial  residence 
to  Bagdad,  about  A.  D.  700.  Its  decay  and  final  ruin  dates 
from  this  period.  The  ancient  Arabic  characters,  called 
Ciific.  take  their  name  from  this  town. 

&iX)FO,  koo'fo,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Iloussa.  52  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Kano,  surrounded  by  a  double  wall.   Pop.  20,000. 

KOOG-AAX-DK-ZAAN.  kOf,  |n-d.i-zan .  or  DE  KOOG,  di- 
k6o,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Hol- 
land. 7  miles  N.W.  of  Amsterdam,  on  the  Zaan.     Pop.  2096. 

KOOIALXIK.  KOUIALXIK.  or  KU.7ALXIK,  koo-y^l- 
neek',  or  koo  yai-nik',  (The  Great.)  a  river  of  Russia,  tails 
into  a  lake  of  its  own  name,  after  a  S.S.E.  cour.se  of  66  miles. 

KOOIALNIK,  KOUIALXIK,  or  KUJALMK,  Middle, 
a  river  of  Russia,  after  a  S.S.E.  course  of  50  miles,  falls  into 
a  lake,  which  discharges  itself  into  the  Black  Sea. 

KOOKA,  KOUKA  or  KUKA,  koo/kS,  a  town  of  Central 
Africa,  in  Bornoo,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Lake  Tchad. 

KOOKOO-KOTA.  KOUKOU-KOTA,  koo'koo-ko/td,  or  KIIO- 
TON,  ko-ton',  a  town  of  Mongolia,  50  miles  N.W.  of  the  Great 
Wall  of  China.  Lat.40°40'N.,lon.lll°15'E.  It  has  a  Chi- 
nese garrison,  and  manufactures  of  skins. 

KOOK'SEE\  a  considerable  fortified  town  of  India,  domi- 
nions, and  70  miles  S.W.  of  Indoor. 

KOOKUR.MUXDA.  koo-ktirmtin'da.  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia, on  theTaptee.  SO  miles  E.X.E.  of  Sur.at. 

KOOLFO,  KOULFO  or  KULFO.  kool'f5\  an  important 
commercial  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Nyffe.  220  miles  S.W. 
of  Kano.  on  the  Mayarrow.  about  lat.  10°  10'  N..  ion.  6°  45' 
E.    It  is  surrounded  by  a  hisrh  w.nll.     Pop.  about  16.000. 

KOOLKOON  MOUNTAINS.  South  Asia.    See  Kckn?.ux. 

KOOLOI,  KOULOI  or  KULOI,  koo-loi',  a  river  of  Russia, 
government  of  Arch.ingel.  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Mezen,  in 
the  White  Sea.    Total  course.  150  miles. 

KOOLON,  KOULOX  or  KULOX,  koo'lon',  written  also 
KOO'LOOX'.  a  small  lake  of  Chinese  Tartary.  Lat.  49°  N., 
Ion.  11 6°  30' E. 

KOOM,  KIIOOM.  KIIOUM  or  KUM,  a  decayed  city  of 
Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee,  capital  of  a  district,  80 
miles  S.W.  of  Teheran.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  surrounded  by  ex- 
tensive ruing,  and  has  a  college  and  a  mosque. 

KOOM  A,  KOUMA  or  KUM  A,  koo/uui  a  river  of  South 
Russia,  government  of  Caucasus,  enters  the  Caspian  about 
135  miles  S.W.  of  Astrakhan,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  300  miles. 

KOOME-SHAII,  KOUMI-CIIAII,  koo'mee-shd'.  or  KOOM- 
SII.\II,  koom-shd,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee, 
50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ispahan,  enclosed  by  walls.  Pop.  4000, 
who  weave  and  dye  cotton  goods. 

KOONASHEER,  KOUNASHIR  or  KUNASIIIR,  koo-pj. 
sheei-',  one  of  the  South  Koorile  Islands,  close  on  the  N  %. 


KOO 


KOP 


coast  of  YosRO,  Japan ;  lat.  of  the  y.E.  point.  44°  29*  \.,  Ion. 
146°  8' E.  It  is  about  70  miles  lonj;,  and  25  miles  broad. 
]  t  is  mountainous  in  the  centre,  but  contains  many  valleys 
capable  of  cultivation.     It  is  thinly  inhabited. 

KUDNCII.  koonch,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
Df  IJe-niral.  capital  of  a  rajahsiiip.  6"  miles  HS.E.  of  Gwalior. 

KO  ).NDAH,  koon'dd.  a  town  of  British  ln4ia,  district  of 
Delhi.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Kurnaul. 

KOOXDAII,  a  town  of  British  India,  district  of  Ramghiir, 
10.5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Patna. 

KuOXDOOZ,  Toorkistan.    See  K  tioo.Nmoz. 

KOO.NGOOK,  KOUNGOUR  or  KUNGUR,  koong^oor',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Perm,  near  the  confluence 
Df  the  Iren  and  Sylva.  50  miles  S.S.E .  of  J'erm.  It  has  fine 
Aurches.  a  convent,  soap-works,  and  tanneries,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  corn.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  mining  directory 
forthegoverumentsofl'ermand  Viatka.  Near  it  are  fine  quar- 
ries of  alabaster,  and  some  reraai-kablo  grottoes.     Pop.  6000. 

KOO.XGTOON,  KOU.NGTDUN  or  KCN({TU.\.  koong'toon', 
a  village  of  Burmah.  on  the  Irrawaddv.  IW  miles  N.  of  Ava. 

KOOXGUKI>.  KOU.N'GUEL  or  KUNGUl'.L.  koong-goo-*l', 
a  village  of  West  Africa,  in  Lower  Galam,  on  the  Senegal,  in 
lat.  14°  51'  X..  Ion.  V2P  22'  W. 

KOOXIA,  KOUXIA,  or  KUXIA.  koon'vJ,  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, joins  the  Lovat  after  a  N.  course  of  nearly  100  miles. 

KOOl'IAXSK,  KOUPIAX8K  or  KUI'IANSK.  koo-pe- 
insk'.  written  also  KUPEXSK,  koo-pi^nsk'.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  01  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kharkov.     Pop.  700. 

KOOR.  KOUR  or  KDR.  koor,  (anc.  0/'c«.s-,)  the  principal 
river  of  Georgia,  (the  whole  of  whi.h  province  it  drains.) 
rises  in  the  pashalic  of  Akhalzikh,  flows  mostly  E.S.E.,  and 
enters  tlie  Caspian  100  miles  S.W.of  Bakoo,  after  a  course 
estimated  at  620  miles.  Tiie  chief  affluents  are  the  Aras 
(Araxi'S.)  Alazan.  and  Yora  or  Yoree. 

KODRAXKO,  a  territory  of  Africa.     See  Koranko. 

KOORDISTAX,  KDUItDISTAX  or  KURDISTAN,  i.  e.  the 
♦'countrj'  of  the  Koords;"  (anc.  OrrdiwJne  or  GorihifMe ;  the 
country  of  the  C(irdii/chi.)  an  extensive  region  of  West  Asia, 
mostly  between  lat.  .34°  and  .38°  N..  and  Ion.  42°  and  47°  E., 
and  shared  between  Turkey  and  Persia:  Turkish  Koordis- 
fcm  t)eing  mostly  comprised  in  the  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  and 
Persian  Knordistan  in  the  province  of  Irak-Ajemee.  Area, 
estimated  at  500.000  square  miles,  but  its  limits  are  ill-de- 
fined. Pop.  3.000,000(?)of  which  four-fifths  are  Koords.  The 
surface  is  mountainous,  especially  in  the  N.,  where  Mount 
Bisutoon  (liisuttin')  rises  to  12.000  teet.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Tigris,  and  the  Zab  Aid.  Zab  Asfel.  and  Dialah,  its 
affluents.  Cattle  rearing  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  popu- 
lation, and  large  numliers  of  sheep  and  goats  are  annually 
transported  hence  to  Constantinople.  Aleppo,  etc.  The  Turk- 
ish are  more  settled  in  their  h.'\bits  than  the  Persian  Koords; 
but  a  large  proportion  of  the  population  wander  in  hordes 
over  the  country,  wliich  is  very  imperfectly  subjected  to 
either  the  Turkish  or  I'ersian  sovereigns.  They  are  a  stout, 
dark  race,  well  formed,  with  dark  hair,  small  eyes,  wide 
mouth,  and  a  fierce  look.  Almost  every  man  is  mounted, 
and  is  provided  either  with  javelins  about  3  feet  9  inches 
long,  or  a  bow  of  horn  nearly  ti  teet  long,  and  a  well-supplied 
leathern  quiver.  The  sling,  which  Xenophon  .saw  when  he 
pas.sed  through  the  country  with  the  10,000  Greeks,  is  still 
in  use.  The  language  is  of  the  same  stock  as  the  modern 
Persian.  The  great  body  of  the  Koords  are  Mohammed.ans. 
The  women,  unlike  those  of  most  other  Asiatic  nations,  are 
eaid  to  te  treated  with  miich  respect,  while  marriage  is  re- 
garded as  a  sacred  and  indissoluble  tie.  The  Koords  were 
known  to  the  ancients  under  the  name  of  Carduchi.  Under 
the  ancient  Persian  monarchy  they  were  included  partly  in 
the  province  of  Assyria,  and  partly  in  that  of  Media.  The 
famous  Sultan  Saladin  was  a  Koord.  The  population  of  the 
Turkish  portion  of  Koordistan  is  supposed  by  Chesney  to 
exceed  2,500.000.  The  princip.al  towns  are  Arbil,  Altoon 
Kupri.  and  Kerkook. KA].  Koor'dish:  inhab.  Koord. 

KOORDMUIIULEII,  koord-moo-hoo'lJh,  a  village  of  Per- 
sia, in  Mazanderan.  23  miles  W.  by  N.  of  .\strabad.  I'op.  1000. 

KOORGin-NOR,  koor'ghee-nor.  or  ALAKT-UGUL-XUR, 
4-l4kt'-oo-^ool-noor.  a  lake  of  Asiatic  Rnssia,  government  of 
Omsk.  n..<ar  lat.  45°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  lO0°  E.  It  contains 
islands,  receives  several  rivers,  but  has  no  outlet. 

KOOHILE,  KOURII.E  or  KURILK  (koo'ril)  ISLANDS.*  a 
?roup  or  about  25  islands  in  the  Xorth  Pacific,  extending 
from  Kamtchatka  to  Japiin,  of  which  latter  dominions  the 
three  southernmost  form  a  part,  the  rest  belonging  to  Rus- 
sia, l)etween  lat.  43°  40' and  57°  X..  and  Ion.  145°  and  150°  E. 
Ihey  fextend  in  length  more  than  700  miles.  Total  esti- 
mate-J  area,  3070  square  miles.  The  population  is  uncertain, 
tut  small.  The  surface  is  very  irregular.  There  are  many 
Volcanic  mountain!?,  some  rising  to  ROOO  feot  in  elevation. 
The  inhabitants  are  partly  Kamtchadales.  and  partly  Ainoa, 
i'I'noce.)a  tribe  which  appears  to  belong  to  the  same  race  as 
he  Japanese.  They  live  mostly  by  hunting  and  fishing,  i 
; — j 

*  KoORiLE  i3  supposed  to  be  derived  from  Kooroo  Mit.ti,  t. «.   I 
lie  "  road  of  sea-weeds,"  (h)oroo  signifying  a  •'  sea-weed,")  the  , 
name  bestowed  by  the  intiabitauts  of  Yesso  upon  this  insular  chaiu. 
..Malce  Brun.)  j 


the  products  of  which  they  barter  to  Russian,  .American 
Japanese,  and  Dutch  traders.  The  chief  islands  are  Itooroop. 
Koonasheer,  Paranioosheer,  Ooroop,  and  Amakootaii.  The 
two  islands  ne>arest  to  the  continent  of  Asia  were  discovered 
by  the  Russians  in  1713,  who  took  them  from  Kamtchatka; 
in  1720.  five  were  known.     Since  that  time,  the  remainder 

have    all   been  visited  liy  different  navigators. Inhab 

KooRiuAN  (KuRiLiAV.)  koo-riKean. 

KOORJAH,  koor'j^,  a  considerable  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  district,  and  30  miles  N.X.W.  of  All 
ghur.  in  lat.  2S°  18'  N..  Ion.  77°  51'  E. 

KOORX  AG ALLEE.  a  town  of  Ceylon.     See  Korxeqal. 

KOORSK,  KOURSK  or  KURSK,  koowsk,  a  government  in 
the  S.  of  European  Russia,  bounded  E.  by  Voronezh,  S.  by 
Kharkov,'  W.  by  Tchernlgov.  and  X.  by  .Orel.  Area,  17,SS2 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1.665,215.  The  surface  is  flat, 
or  undulating;  the  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  nearly  all  occu- 
pied in  agriculture.  The  manufactures  comprise  coarse 
woollens,  leather,  tallow,  soap,  saltpetre,  and  pottery.  It  is 
the  most  denselv  populated  of  anv  uovernment  in  Ru.ssia. 

KOORSK.  KtiURSK  or  KURSK,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital 
of  the  above  government,  situated  on  the  Seim.  290  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Moscow,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N..  Ion.  3t;°  28'  E.  Pop. 
27,056.  It  is  the  scat  of  a  Greek  eparchy,  and  of  the  bishops 
of  Koorsk  and  Bielgorod,  and  has  a  gymnasium  and  a  theo- 
logical seminary.  It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  wax,  and 
tallow,  and  an  active  commerce. 

KOOR^^■YE  or  KOORWEY.  koor-wf.  a  town  of  Ilindos- 
tan,  dominions,  and  140  miles  S.  of  Gwalior,  on  the  Befwah. 

KOOS,  KOUS  or  KUS,  koos.  (anc.  Ai>niniinpl„bx  J'<ir'va.)  a 
town  of  Upper  Egypt,  16  miles  S.  of  Keneh,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Xile. 

KOOSHAN,  KOUSIIAX  or  KUSHAN,  koo'shiin'.  one  of 
the  most  frequented  passes  across  the  Hindoo  Konsli.  from 
Afghanistan  into  Toorkistan.  Lat.  35°  37' N.,  Ion.  68°  55' E. 
Its  summit  is  estimated  to  be  15.(M)0  feet  in  height. 

K(X)SHAX  or  K(  »UCII  AN.  koo'shdn',  a  mountain  of  China, 
about  40  miles  N.VV.  of  Koo-Choo. 

KOOSIIK.  kcoshk.  a  river  of  Afghanistan,  joins  the  Moor- 
ghaub  or  Awb-i-Moor  in  lat.  36°  16'  N.,  and  Ion.  C2°  32'  E., 
after  a  course  of  aliout  130  miles. 

KOOSHK,  a  village  and  fort  of  AfL'hanistan,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  .about  40  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Herat. 

KOOSKOVIME.  KOUSKOVI.ME  or  KUSKOVIME,  koos- 
ko-veem'.  orKOlISKOGUIM.  koos-ko-gweem'(?)a  riverof  Rus- 
sian America,  falls  into  Behring's  Sea  abiiut  150  mile'  ^'. 
of  Bristol  Bay.  It  is  rapid  and  encumbered  with  shoais. 
Its  course  is  above  300  miles. 

KOOSXETSK.  KOUZNETSK,  KUSNETSK  or  KUZ- 
NETZK.  koos-njtsk',  a  town  of  .\siatic  Russia,  government 
of  Tomsk,  on  the  Tom,  150  miles  E.N.E.  of  Barnaul.   P.  21 20. 

KOUTA,  KOUTA.  or  KUTA,  kno'tL  a  river  of  Siberia, 
government  of  Irkootsk.  joins  the  Lena.   Length.  220  miles. 

KlX)TAIAII,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Kutaikh. 

KOOTAIS.  KOUT.'VIS.  KUTAIS.  koo-tis'.  or  KOTAIS,  ko- 
tls',  (anc.  Oitutisf)  the  capital  town  of_  Imeretia.  jtussian 
Transcaucasia,  and  anciently  the  citpital  of  Colchis.  63  miles 
E.S.K.  of  Redoot-Kale.  on  the  Kion  (Phasis.)  Pop.  3000, 
nearly  h.alf  Jews. 

KOOTANIK.    See  MacGti.iivrat's  River. 

KOOTKX,  k6't?n.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Fries- 
land.  11  miles  E.  of  Leenwarden.     Pop.  027. 

KOOTUBDEA,  koo'tflt.Mee'a.  an  island  in  the  Bav  of  Ben- 
gal, on  the  W.  coast  of  Chittagong,  in  lat.  21°  56'  30"  N.,  Ion. 
93°  45'  E.     Length.  12  miles. 

KOOZ^NETS,  KOUZXETS  or  KUSNETZK,  koos-nJtsk', 
a  town  of  the  Russian  dominions,  government,  and  110 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Sar.atov.  Pop.  10,626,  employed  in  tanning, 
iron-works,  and  tradinir  in  timber. 

KOPCSENY.  kopVhifi'.  KITSEE.  kit/s.V,  a  market-town 
of  lluntrarv.  oo.  of  Wieselburg.  4  miles  from  Presburg. 

KOI>EXIIAGEX.     See  CopENnAOEX. 

KOPEXICK,  (Kopenick.)  kiVpeh-nik',  a  town  of  Bianden- 
burg.  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Spree  and  Dahme.  and  on 
the  railw.ny  from  Berlin  to  Frankfort.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Berlin. 
It  has  an  old  royal  palace,  now  used  as  a  military  depot. 
Pop.  2300. 

KOPIDIX'O,  ko-pe-dee'no.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Bidschow.     Pop.  1010. 

KOPINO.  (Koping.)  chii'ping.  a  town  of  Sweden.  l!T?n,  and 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Westerag,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Maa- 
lar  Lake.     Pop.  1300.  who  export  iron. 

KOPNITZ.  (Kopnitz,)  kSp'nits.  a  small  town  of  Prus-i-ian 
Poland.  45mile,s  S.W.of  Posen.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Obra. 

KOPREIXICZ  A,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Kopreixitz. 

KOPREINITZ,  ko'prr-nits\  or  KOPREIXICZA,  kopri- 
nifsd,  (Ilun.  Knproncza,  k5h'pront's0h\)  a  town  of  .\ustri.a, 
Croatia,  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Warasdin,  with  a  strong  castle. 
Pop.  3650. 

KOPRILI,  ko-pree'lee.  a  town  of  European  Turkey,'  in 
Macedonia.  23  miles  S.  of  Uskup,  stated  to  have  1 000  houses. 

KOPRZYWMCA.  kop-zhiv-neet'sd.  a  town  of  Russian  Po- 
land. 10  miles  S.Vl'.  of  .Sandomier.  Pop.  1075. 

KOPTOS.  a  town  ot  Upoer  Egypt.     See  KcFT. 

KOPUL,  ko-pttl',  or  COPADL,  Uo-pa-,?!',  a  fortified  towu  of 

997 


KOP 


KOS 


Hlndos.'f  %,  1"  esi(]en(?7  of  Bombay,  130  miles  'W.S.'W.  of  Kur- 
nool.  In  1790  it  capitulated  to  the  Nizam's  army,  after  a  six 
months'  siege,  and  in  1819,  when  in  possession  of  a  rebel- 
lious governor,  was  stormed  by  the  British. 

KOI'UltTIIKfXA  or  XiOI'URTELLA,  ko-pfir-tglla,  or 
KUP'PURTUI/^A.  a  town  of  Hindnsten.  in  the  Punjab,  be- 
tween L>j>diiina  and  Lahore.     Lat.  31'='  21'  N.,  Ion.  7-1°  21'  E. 

KOPYL,  ko-pil'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  55 
m.les  S.S.W.  of  Minsk.    Pop.  1000. 

KOPYH,  ko-pis',  a  town  of  liussia,  Rovernment,  and  .10 
miles  y.  nf  Moheelev,  on  tUe  Dnieper.   Pop.  of  the  town,  1100. 

KORAH,  ko^ra.  a  town  of  British  InJi.i.  presidency  of 
Bengal.  Upper  pro-vinces.  25  miles  S.  of  Cawnpoor. 

KOUAMAS.  c  river  of  .\Kia  Minor.     See  Kara  Soo. 

KORAMDERl-;!!,  ko-rdm'd;?h-reh,  a  town  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Irak-Ajemee. 

KORAN  A,  ko-i'd'ud,  a  river  of  Austria,  issues  from  I>ake 
Plittvicza,  and,  after  a  circuitous  N.  course  of  about  60 
miles,  joins  the  Kulpa  near  Carlstadt. 

KORAN  KG,  ko-rdu'ko.  or  KOORANKO,koo-rJn'ko.  a  terri- 
tory of  West  Africa,  E.  of  Sierra  Leone,  may  be  said  to  be 
between  lat.  8°  20'  and  9°  20'  N.,  Ion.  9°  40'  and  11°  30'  W. 
Of  this  redon  very  little  is  known. 

KORASSAN,  a  province  of  Persia.     See  Khorassan. 

KORB,  koRb,  a  village  of  Wurtemberg,  bailiwick  of  Waib- 
liniri-n.     Pop.  1226. 

kORBACII.  a  town  of  (5erm.-iny.    See  Corbach. 

KORDOFAN,  kor-do-fin'.  a  country  of  Central  Africa, 
mostly  between  lat.  11°  and  15°  N.,  and  ion.  28°  and  32°  E., 
having  on  the  E.  Sennaar,  and  on  the  W.  Darfoor.  and  now 
comprised  in  the  Egyptian  dominions.  The  Bahr-el-.\biad 
(White  Nile)  traverses  its  S.E.  part.  Formerly  many  slaves 
were  sent  from  it  into  Egypt;  but  this  trade  appears  to 
have  been  checked.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  three  dis- 
tinct races: — the  negroes  or  aborigines,  the  Arabs  or  free 
people,  and  those  who  have  emigrated  from  Dongola.  The 
Dongolawee  (Dongolavi)  are  the  most  opulent,  and  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  export  trade  is  in  their  hands;  they  are 
represented  as  being  notorious  liars,  ungrateful,  and  di.s- 
honesl.  Kordofan  was  subdued  by  Mohammed  Alee  in 
1820.     Pop.  estimated  at  400,000.     Principal  town.  El  Obeid. 

KOREE,  koVee',  the  easternmost  arm  of  the  Indus  River, 
at  its  Delta,  dividing  Siude  from  Cutch.  Lat.  23°  30'  N., 
Ion.  68°  25'  E.  Its  mouth,  7  miles  in  width,  is  navigable  16 
miles  to  Cotasir. 

KOREMOZ.  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates.    See  Kara-Soo. 

KORENICSA  or  KORENITSA,  ko-rA-nee'cha.  (Ober.  o'ber, 
and  U>'TER.  odn'ter,)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Aus- 
trian Croatia,  60'  miles  S.S.E.  of  Carlstadt.  Pop.  of  Ober- 
Korenicsa,  1854;  of  Unter-Korenicsa.  1870. 

KOItENN.ilA,  ko-rJn-nI'd,  a  village  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Koorsk,  with  a  convent  fro. 
quented  by  pilgrims,  and  one  of  the  largest  fairs  in  liussia. 

KORETS  or  KORETZ,  ko-rJts',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Volhynia,  circle  of  Ostrog.     Pop.  1500. 

KORGO,  kor'go.  a  small  island  in"  the  Persian  Gulf.  2 
miles  N.  of  the  island  of  Karak.   Lat.  29°  23'  N.,  Ion.  50°  17'  E. 

KORIAKOV  or  KORIAKOW,  kor-yd-kov'.  a  village  and 
fort  of  A.siatie  liussia,  government,  and  250  miles  S.E.  of 
Omsk,  on  the  Irtish,  near  a  salt  lake  of  its  own  name. 

KORITSCHAU,  ko're-cliawS  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
in  Moravia,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Briinn.     Pop.  1450. 

KOKK.  koRk,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine, 
on  the  Kinzig,  and  on  the  railway  to  Appenweier,  8  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Offenburg.     Pop.  1100. 

KORLIN,  koR-leen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  17 
miles  S.W.  of  Koslin.     Pop.  2361. 

KORMOND,  (Kormond.)orK0ERM0END,koR'm5nd',  a 
town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Pinka  with  the  Raib,  15  miles  S.  of  Steinamanger.  It  has 
a  magnificent  old  ca^tle,  formerly  belonging  to  Prince  Bathy- 
Hny.     Pop.  3400. 

KORNA,  kor'nl,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of 
Bagdad  at  the  confluence  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  38 
miles  N.W.  of  Bassorah. 

KORNEGAL.  kor-n-'l-gSK  KORNEGALLE  or  KOORNA- 
GALLEE,  koor-na  gdl'lee,  a  town  of  Ceylon,  48  miles  N.E.  of 
Colombo.     I^'it.  7"^  27'  N..  Ion.  8°  27'  E. 

KORNELMUNSTER.  (Kornelmunster.)  koR/nel-mtin'ster, 
a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government,  and  4  miles  S.E. 
of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle.    Pop.  800. 

KORNEUBURG.  koR'noi'booRO,  a  town  of  Lower  Au.stria. 
capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danulie.  9  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Vienna,  and  on  the  railway  to  Stockerau.  I'op. 
2470.  ^ 

KORNIIAUS,  koRnliOwsR.  a  market-town  of  Rohemia, 
circle  of  Rakonitz,  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1045. 

KORNWESTIIEIM,  koRn'*Jst'hIme.  a  village  of  Wtirtem- 
berg.  circle  of  Neckar.  with  mineral  baths,  on  the  railway 
betaveen  Stuttgart  and  Bietigheim,  S.  of  Ludwigsburg. 
KORO,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands.    See  Goro. 
KO'RO,  a  post-office  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin. 
KOROLOVKTZ.  a  town  of  liussia.    See  Krolevets. 
KO'liON.  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Greece,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Koron,  7  mi'es  N.W.  of  Cape  Gallo. 
998 


KORONOWO,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Krove. 

KOROP',  a  town  of  Rus.sia.  government,  and  80  miles  E. 
of  Tchernigov.  on  a  stream  of  its  own  name.     Pop.  1000. 

KORORARIKA  or  KOliORAREKA.  ko-ro-rS-reeHid.  a  setr 
tlement  of  New  Zealand,  on  the  Bay  of  Islands,  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  the  island,  and  flourishing  until  destroyed  by  the 
native  chief  Ileki  in  1845.    It  is  the  seat  of  a. Jesuit  mission. 

KOROS,  koMcish'.  a  river  of  East  Hungary,  rises  by  several 
heads  in  Transylvania,  flows  W.,  and,  after  a  course  of  200 
miles,  joins  the  Theiss  at  Csongrad. 

KOllOS.  Kis,  kish  kij'rosh',  or  Little  Kohos,  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  45  miles  .S.K.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  54.33. 

KOIiOS,  Nagy,  niidj  kb^ash',  or  Great  KoRiis,  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  in  Hither  Danube,  co..  and  49  miles  E.  of 
Pesth,  in  a  fertile  but  somewhat  marshy  district.  It  con- 
tains Protestant,  Greek,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a 
synagogue,  and  a  Protestant  gymnasium,  with  a  libjary,  and 
has  a  considerable  trade  in  wool  and  cattle.     Pop.  18.500. 

KOROS-BANYA,  koVosh'  b,in'y(ih\  or  ALLENBURG.  iV- 
len-lxJoUQ^,  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zarand,  on  the  KbrOs, 
with  gold-mines.     Pop.  2200. 

KoROS.  LADANY,  lohMdB'  kii'nish',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Bfkes,  25  miles  N.W.  ofGyula.     Pop.  3358. 

KOUOTAYAK,  KOROTAIAK,  KOKOTAJAK,  ko-ro-tii- 
ydU',  or  KOKOTi  )I  AK.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  48 
miles  S.  of  Voronezh,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Don.     P.  7000. 

KOROTCIIA.  ko-ro/chd.  or  K  AROTCHA.  kd-ro'chi.  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  68  miles  S.E.  of  Koorsk.  Pop. 
10,000.     It  is  well  built,  and  has  several  churches. 

KORPO,  koR'po.  an  island  of  Finland,  l.-en.  and  35  miles 
S.W.  of  Abo.  in  the  Baltic.    Circuit  about  18  miles. 

KORS.VBAD.  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkev.    See  Khors.^bab. 

KORSOR,  (Korsor,)  or  KORSOER.  kor'.soR\  a  .seaport  town 
of  Denmark,  island  of  Seeland.  on  the  Great  Belt.  04  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Copenhagen.  It  has  good  docks,  and  a  harbor 
which  admits  vessels  drawing  from  17  to  18  feet,  and  is  de- 
fended by  a  fort.  Steamboats  and  other  vessels  ply  regularly 
between  Korsor  and  Nvborg.     Pop.  1600. 

KORTGENE,  koRtni.Vneh.  or  KORTGEEN,  koTifHAn',  a 
village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand.  Lsland  of 
North  Beveland,  5  miles  N.W.  of  (ioes.    Pop.  921. 

KOIiTI.  koR'tee.  a  town  of  Nubia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Nile,  48  miles  E.  of  Old  Dongola. 

KORT'RIGIIT,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  \.  part 
of  Delaware  Co.,  New  York,  about  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  2023. 

KORTRYK.  a  town  of  Beldum.    See  Coprteai. 

KORTSHEVA  or  KORTSCHEWA,  koRt-shA'vd.  a  town  of 
Rus.sia.  government,  and  40  miles  E.  of  Tver,  on  the  Volga, 
with  1207  inhabitants,  and  an  active  export  trade. 

KORWESTHEIM,  koR'*esthIme\  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Neckar.     Pop.  1341. 

KOS.  an  isl.ind  and  culf  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Cos. 

KOSCHENTIN,  koshVnteen',  a  village  of  Prus.sia,  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  government  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  1454. 

KOSCHING,  kosh'ing,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on 
an  old  Roman  road.  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ratisbon.     P.  1140. 

KOSCHLAN.  kosh'ldn.  a  market-town  of  Itohemia,  circle 
of  Rakonitz.  with  a  parish  church.    Pop.  1320. 

KOSCinilN.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  KozMix. 

KO.SCIUSKO.  (kos-se-as1<o.)  MOUNT,  of  Australia,  in  Tio 
toria,  is  the  most  lofty  of  the  Australian  Alps,  at  the  head 
of  tile  river  Murray.    Elevation,  6500  feet. 

KOSCIUS'KO,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 558  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Tippecanoe 
River  and  Turkey  Creek:  and  contains  a  few  .small  lakes. 
The  surface  is  mostly  undulating,  and  the  soil  fertile.  It 
is  intersected  by  tlie  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago 
Railroad.   Organized  in  1836.  Capital,  War.saw.  Pop.  17.41S. 

KOSCIUSKO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Attala  co..  Missis- 
sippi, on  a  branch  of  Pearl  River,  about  70  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Jackson.  It  contains  3  churches.  3  academies,  and  2  or  3 
newspaper  offices.     Pop.  in  1853.  602 

KOSE  or  EL  KOSE.     .See  Kl  Kos. 

KOSEL.  ko'zel.  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  26 
miles  S.S.E.  of  t')ppfln.  on  the  Oder,  and  at  the  junction  of 
the  railway  fiom  Breslau  to  Cracow.     Pop.  3559. 

KOSEL,  ALT,  dlt  ko/zfl,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  S. 
of  Kosel. 

KOSELETS  or  KOSELETZ.  ko-sA-lMs',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tchernigov,  on  the  Oster, 
Pop.  3749.     It  has  a  cathedral  and  a  fort. 

KOSFELD.  (Kiisfeld.)  or  KOESFELD.  kiis'fMt,  a  walled 
town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia.  20  miles  W.  of  Mlinst(«r.  It 
has  2  castles.  3  churches  and  ch.ipels.  a  synagogue,  a  gym- 
nasium, and  an  hospital.     Pop.  3510. 

KOSHAKEA.  a  town  of  Transylvania.     See  KoLOS. 

KOSIPKONONG',  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S. 
part  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsin,  near  the  lake  of  the  same 
name.    Pop.  2023. 

KOSIIKONONG  CREEK,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Dane 
county,  and  empties  itself  into  the  lake  of  its  own  n..me. 

KOSIIKONONG  L.\KE,  in  Wisconsin,  an  e.\p!vnsion  of 
Rock  River,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Jefferson  co.,is  near  8  nn'lea 
long  and  3  or  4  miles  wide.    It  is  from  3  to  12  foot  deep. 


zJi 


KOS 


KOU 


KOSTKI  (ko-see'kee)  ISLANDS,  of  Japan,  In  lat.  31°  40'  N., 
Ion.  12!)°  42'  K.,  suirounded  by  rocks  on  all  sides. 

KOSl  MA,  ko-see'md,  an  island  of  Japan,  in  lat.  41°  21' 
80"  N..  Ion.  139°  46'  E.,  of  volcanic  origin.  10  miles  in  circuit. 

KOSITZE,  a  town  of  Iluntrary.     See  K.vsciiAU. 

KOSLIX,  (Koslin.)  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  CcisLlN. 

KOSLOV  or  KOSLOW.  kos-lov',  a  town  of  Kussia.  gorern- 
ment.  and  52  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tam1x)v,  on  the  Lesnoi  Vo- 
ronezh. It  contains  8  churches  and  a  monastery,  and  has  a 
considerahle  trade  in  cattle  and  tallow.     Pop.  8000. 

KOSLOV  or  KOSLOW,  a  town  of  Kussia.     See  Kcpatoru. 

KOSMODEMIA.NSKor  KOSMODKMJAXSK,  kos-mo-d6m- 
ySnsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  103  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Kazan,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.    Pop.  6000. 

KOSMODEMIAXSK  or  KOSMODEMJAXSK,  a  town  of 
Russia.  60  miles  X.X.E.  of  Tambov. 

KOS.MOXOS,  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  Kossmannos. 

KOSSEIR  or  COSSEIR,  kos'sAr',  a  seaport  town  of  Upper 
Egypt,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Ked  Sea,  95  miles  E.  of  Keneh. 
Lat.  2(i°  8'  X.,  Ion.  34°  15'  E.  Pop.  from  1500  to  2000.  It  is 
an  entrepot  for  the  trade  between  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and  is 
defended  by  a  citadel.  Old  Kosseir  "is  6  miles  X.W.  of  the 
above. 

KOSSMAXXOS,  koss'mdn-nos,  or  KOSMOXOS,  kos/mo-nos, 
a  village  of  Bohemia,  3  miles  X.E.  of  Buntzlau.  Pop.  1310. 

KOSSOVO,  kos-so'vo,  or  KASSOVO,  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  7  miles  X.E.  of  Pristina.  Near  it 
was  fought  the  battle  in  which  the  Turks  annihilated  the 
independence  of  Servia,  June  15.  1389. 

KoSSUTII,  (Ilun.  pron.  ko'shoof.)  a  new  county  in  the 
N.X.W.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  570  si|uare  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  a  large  branch  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  which 
itself  traverses  the  S.W.  part  of  the  county.  Capital,  Algona. 
Named  in  honor  of  the  renowned  Hungarian  patriot,  Louis 
Kossuth.     I>op.  in  1*^60,  416. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-office  of  VV.^shington  co.,  Maine. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co..  Pennsylv.ania. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-oftice  of  Tishemingo  co.,  SlississippL 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana. 

KOSSUTH,  a  po.st-village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  90  miles 
N.W.  of  Chicago. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Missouri. 

KOSSUTH,  Impost-office  of  Des  Moines  co..  Iowa. 

KOSSUTH,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-village  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin. 

KO.STAIXICZA,  kos-tl-neet'sa,  or  KOSTANITZ.  kos'ta- 
nits\  a  town  of  Austriun  Croatia,  on  the  military  frontier, 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Petiinia.     Pop.  3150. 

KOSTAMBUL,  in  Asia  Minor.     See  Kastamoonee. 

KOSTAXITZ.  kos'ti-ueets\  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Room-i;iee,  S.  of  the  Balkan,  130  miles  W.N.W.  of  Adrianople. 

KOSTEL,  kos'tel,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  on  the 
Thaya.  28  miles  S'.S.E.  of  lirlinn.    Pop.  1700. 
•  KOSTEL,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Carniola,  with  a  castle 
near  the  Kulpa,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Laybach. 

KOSTELETZ.  kos'teh-l4ts\  or  KOSTELETZ-AM-ADLEIl- 
FLUSSE,  kos'teh-Uts'-.^m-d'dler-tloos'sfh,  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, on  the  Adler,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Koniggriitz.  Pop. 
2565. 

KOSTELETZ  or  KOSTELETZ-AX-DER-ELBE,  kos'tgh- 
lhts'^  Hn  dJr  Jl'bfh.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  23  miles  N.W.  of 
Kaurzim.  on  the  Elbe.     I'op.  1495. 

KOSTELETZ.  kos'teh-lets\  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Olmiitz.     Pop.  1356. 

KOSTELKTZ,  SCHWARZ,  (shwMs)  a  small  town  of  Bo- 
hemia. N.W.  of  Kaurzim.    Pop.  1800. 

KOSTEN,  kos'ten,  a  town  of  Prus.sian  Poland,  20  miles 
S.AV.  of  Posen,  on  "the  Obra.     Pop.  2210. 

KOSTEN  BLUT,  kos't5>n-bl«)t\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
19  miles  W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  S18. 

KOSTEXDIL,  in  European  Turkey.    See  Ohiustenbil. 

KOSTIAXSK  or  COSTIAXSK.  kos-te-dnsk'.  a  town  of 
Russia,  on  the  Don,  government,  and  22  miles  S.S.W.  ol 
Voronezh.  Near  it,  on  the  banks  of  the  Don.  in  1768.  Gmelin 
found  manv  elephants'  bones,  but  little  decomposed. 

KO.STRltZ.  ^Kostritz.)  kos'trits,  a  village  of  Germany, 
principality  of  Reuss-Gera,  on  the  Elster,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Gera.     Pop.  1300. 

KOSTROMA,  kos-tro'mS,  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Volga 
at  Kostroma,  after  a  S.  course  of  130  miles,  for  the  most 
part  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

KOSTROMA,  a  government  of  European  Russia,  near  its 
centre.  Area,  31,790  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1,020,628. 
Nearly  the  entire  surface  is  pasture-land  and  forests,  ex- 
cept a  small  part  in  the  S.W..  which  belongs  to  the  manu- 
taeturiiig  district  of  Central  Russia. 

KOSTROMA,  a  city  of  European  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  Kostroma,  200  miles  X.E.  of  Moscow,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Kostroma  and  the  Volga.  Pop.  14.000. 
It  is  the  capital  of  a  Greek  eparchy,  and  the  see  of  the  bishops 
Of  Kostroma  and  Galiteh,  and  has  a  gymnasium,  and  msi- 
liufactures  of  leather,  cloth,  I'russian  blue,  soap,  and  candles. 
It  has  a  fine  cathedral,  and  a  foundry  of  bells. 

KOSVA  or  KOSWA,  kos'vd,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the 


government  of  Perm,  flows  first  S.W,  then  V.'..  ind.joiiii* 
the  Kama,  on  the  left,  after  a  coursi.  of  nearly  180  niiled. 

KOSAVIGK,  a  town  of  Central  Germany.     See  CoswiG. 

KOSZKGH,  (Ko.'Zegh.)  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  GCNH. 

KOSZTA,  a  post-office  of  Iowa  co..  Iowa. 

KOT  or  KOTE  is  the  initial  name  of  numerous  small 
towns  of  Xorthwest  Ilindostan. 

KOTAII,  ko'td,  a  populous  and  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Ilindostan,  on  the  Chumbul,  KtO  miles  S.W.  of  Agra,  in  l.at 
25°  9'  N.,  Ion.  75°  5'  E.,  is  entered  l)y  double  gateways,  and 
has  some  good  baz;iars,  numerous  temples,  and  substantial 
dwellings,  a  palace,  and  manufactures  of  cloths,  Ac. 

KOTAH.  a  Rajpoot  state  of  Ilindostan,  sul)sidiary  to  the 
British.  It  is  enclosed  by  the  Gwalior.  Odeypoor,  and 
Kishenagur  dominions,  has  an  area  of  4400  square  nules, 
and  is  among  the  most  flourishing  native  states  of  India. 

KOTEGHUR,  koHeh-gtlr',  (Hindoo.  KaC.'i/hani.  ka-td-gd'- 
ri.)  a  fortified  town  of  North  Ilindostan,  in  (iurliwal.  capital 
of  a  chiefship  near  the  Sutlej.  43  miles  E.  of  lielaspnor.  . 

KOTE-KAXGRA  or  KOT-KANORA,  kOt-kdn-'grd,  a  large 
and  strong  hill-fortress  and  town  of  the  Punjab,  in  the 
Himalayas.  127  miles  E.N.E.  of  L.ihore.  Lat.  31°  57'  X.,  Ion. 
76°  4'  E.     It  surrendered  to  the  British  in  1S46. 

KOTELNITCH  or  KOTELXITSCH,  ko-t5l-neetch'  or  ko- 
t?l-nitch',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  50  miles  S.W. 
of  Viatka.  near  the  Viatka  River.     Pop.  3962. 

KOTELNOI,  ko-tSl-noi',  an  island  of  Siberia,  the  principal 
of  an  extensive  group  N.  of  Sviatoi-Nos.  Jn  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  Lena,  between  lat.  74°  30* 
and  76°  10'  N.,  Ion.  140°  E.  It  is  a  desolate  mass  of  rocky 
mountains,  130  miles  long  and  70  miles  liroad. 

KOTEKAII  or  KOaElJEEN  two  towns  of  Central  Ilindos- 
tan, dominion,  and  W.  of  Bhopaul. 

KOTG .41111.  koOgar',  a  village  in  the  N.  of  Ilindostan,  23 
miles  N.W.  of  Simla. 

KOTHEN,  (KSthen,)  KOETHEX.  or  COTHEX.  (Ciithen.^ 
ko'ten,  a  town  of  Germany,  formerly  capital  of  the  duohy  of 
Anhalt-Kijthen.and  at  the  junction  of  thi»  Anhalt  and  Rerlin, 
and  Leipsic  and  Magdeburg  Iftiihvays,  19  miles  X.  of  Halle. 
Pop.  6136.  It  has  two  ducal  palaces,  a  nonnal  school,  an  in- 
stitution for  noble  ladies,  a  theatre,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths  and  linens. 

KoTI  or  COTI.  ko'tee.  KOETL  koo'tee.  or  KOTI  LAMA, 
ko'tee  Id'nid.  a  little-known  district  or  state  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Borneo,  on  the  Strait  of  Maca.ssar. 

KOTI.  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  on  an  island  in 
the  chief  arm  of  the  river  Koti,  6  miles  from  its  mouth,  in 
lat.  0°  58'  S.,  Ion.  117°  10'  E.     It  contains  the  rajah's  palace. 

KOTI.  a  river  in  the  island  of  Borneo,  falls  into  Koti  Bay, 
on  the  Strait  of  Macassar.     Total  course,  about  300  miles. 

KOTIEBOR,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Chotieborz. 

KOTIEXITZ  or  CHOTKXIC.  ko'tee-nit.s'.  a  town  of  Bo- 
hernia,  17  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Chnulim.    Pop.  1091. 

KOTIESCHAU.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  CrioTiESCHAC. 

KOT-KAXGRA.  a  hill  fortress.    See  Kote-Kanora. 

KOTOROST,  ko-to-rostA  a  river  of  Russia,  issues  from 
Lake  Nero,  in  the  government  of  Yaroslav.  and  joins  the 
Volga,  at  the  town  of  Yaroslav.  after  a  coui-se  of  90  miles. 

KOTR.\,  kot'rd.  a  large  town  of  Central  Ilindostan,  near 
the  Gwalior  Territorv,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilindia. 

KOTRAH.  a  townof  Hundelcund,  80  miles  S.E.  of  Gwalior. 

KCTREE',  a  village  of  Sinde.  on  the  Koree  estuary,  .and  the 
place  of  embark.ation  between  Hyderab.-jd  and  Cutch. 

KOTREE,  a  village  of  Sinde.  on  the  Indus,  nearly  opposite 
Hyderabad,  and  an  important  military  post. 

KOTREE,  a  village  of  Sinde.  on  the  route  to  Roree.  90 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Hyderab.ad.     Lat.  26°  30'  N..  Ion.  68°  48'  E. 

KOTREE.  a  village  of  Beloochistan,  province  of  Cutch- 
Gundava,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Gundava.  Lat.  28°  24'  N.,  Ion. 
67°  27'  E.,  with  a  fort  and  a  good  bazaar. 

KOTS.  kotsh.  a  vjllage  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  12  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Komorn.     Pop.  2552. 

KOTTA-WARINGIN.  kotM  wd-rin-ghin',  written  also  CO- 
TARINGIN,  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Borneo, 
on  a  river  of  its  own  name.     Lat.  2°  47'  S..  Ion.  111°  21'  E. 

KOTTA-W^\RIXGIX  or  COTARIXGIX.  a  river  in  the 
island  of  Borneo,  rises  in  a  lake  in  the  interior,  and  after  a 
S.  by  \Y.  course  of  85  miles,  falls  into  the  .lava  .'ea. 

KOTUSITZ,  ko'too-zits\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia.  4  miles 
from  Czaslau.  In  1742  a  battle  was  fought  here  between  the 
Austrians  and  Prussians,  and  the  town  was  burnt.    P.  1158. 

KOTZKBUK  (koVse-biO  SOUND,  Russian  America,  is  an 
inlet  of  the  Behring  Strait,  between  Capes  Krusenstern  and 
Espenberg.     Lat.  66°  to  e8°  N.,  and  Ion.  162°  to  167°  W. 

KOTZSCHEXBRODA,  kot'shen-broMd,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
near  Dresden.     Pop.  1002. 

KOTZTIXG.  kiJts/ting,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  36  miles 
E.N.W.  of  itatisljon.     Pop.  1436. 

Ki>U  AN(J-TOUNO  and  KOUAXG-PINQ.  See  QuASO-roxa 
and  QUANG-PlXG. 

KOUARA  and  KOUARRL     See  Ni.iER. 

KOUBA.     See  Kooba.  KOUBAX.    See  Kooban. 

KOUBETCin.  a  town.  Russian  Caucasus.     See  Koobetchi. 

K0UIUX.\.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Kooiiina. 

KOUBINSKOE,  a  lake  of  Russia.    See  Koobin'skok. 

999 


KOU 

KOUCIIl?,  8  towT  of  Toorkistan.    See  Koochk. 

KOUDKKEKK.  b:iw'doh-k^Rk\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leyden, 
on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1250. 

KOUDKKERKK,  kow'dfh-k^R'keh,  a  village  of  the  Ne- 
therldnd.s.  province  of  Zealand,  in  the  island  of 'Walcheren, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Middelburf:.     Pop.  1211. 

KOUDIJM,  knw'dQm.  a  villaire  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Friesland.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Leeuwarden.     Pop.  925. 

KOUEI-HO.  a  river  of  China.    See  Kom-IIo. 

KOUEI-LIXG.  a  cif  v  of  China.    See  KwEiLiXG. 

KOUEI-TE.  a  city  of  China.    See  Kw£i-te. 

KOUKNLU\.     See  KUE.NLUN. 

KOUt'A,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Koofa. 

KODGHSTOWX,  kilfs't6wn.  a  village  of  New  Jersey,  on 
the  line  between  Somei-set  and  Hunterdon  coi!.,  4  miles  S.E. 
of  Flemington. 

KOUIALXIK.  two  rivers  of  Rus.«i.i.    See  KooIAI.^'IK. 

KOUK.-V.  a  town  of  Africa.     See  Kooka. 

KOUKOU-KOTA  or  KHOTON.    See  Kookoo-Kota. 

KOULKO,  a  town  of  AVest  Africa.    See  KooLFO. 

KOULKOUN.    See  Kue.nlu.v. 

K(JUL0I,  a  river  of  Kussia.    See  Kooloi. 

KOUM.    See  Koom. 

KOU.M  A.  a  vill.ige  of  Russia.    See  Kooma. 

KOU.VASHIK,  one oftheKoorile  Islands.  SeeKooxAsnEER. 

KOUNDOUZ,  a  khanat  and  town  of  Asia.    See  Khoondooz. 

KOUNGOUR,  a  town  of  Ku.ssia.    See  Koongoou. 

KOUXGTOUN,  a  village  of  Burmah.    See  Kooxgtoox. 

KOUXGUEL,  a  village  of  West  Africa.     See  Koonguel. 

KOUXIA.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Koonia. 

KOUPI.A.XSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Koopiassk. 

KOUR,  a  river  of  West  Asia.    See  Kook. 

KOURA.MAS,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Kara  Soo. 

KOURDISTAX.  a  country  of  West  Asia.     See  KooRDlSTAN. 

KOURILE  ISLAXDS.    See  Koop.ile  Islands. 

KOURSK,  a  government  of  Russia.    See  KooRSK. 

KOUS,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt.    See  Koos. 

KOUSilAX,  a  pa.ss  of  the  Hiudoo-Koosh.    See  Kooshan. 

KOUSKOVIME.  Russian  America.     See  Kooskovime. 

KOUSSIE,  kuw'see,  KOW/SIE  RIVER,  or  SAND  RIVER, 
forms  the  N.W.  boundary  of  the  Cape  Colony,  in  South 
Africa,  entei-s  the  Atlantic,  in  lat.  29°  40' S.,  Ion.  17°  E. 

KOUT.A..  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia.     See  KooT.\.. 

KOUTAIEH,  a  town  of  Aifia  Minor.    See  Kitaieh. 

KOUTAIS.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia.    See  Kootais. 

KOUTCHAX,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Koochan. 

KOUTCHE.  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan.    See  KoocHE. 

KOUTCH  VIXSK.  a  village  of  Russia.    See  KoocHVlNSK. 

KOUZXETS  or  KOUZXETZ.     See  Kooznets. 

KOVAJA.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Kavava. 

KOVDO,  KOWDO,  kov'do,  or  KOVDUZERO,  kor-do-zi'ro, 
a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel, about  30  miles  long,  by  24  miles  broad,  contains  nu- 
merous islands,  and  discharges  itself  by  the  river  Kovda  into 
the  Gulf  of  Kandalaska. 

KOVKL  or  KOWKTj,  ko-vfl',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Volhynia,  97  miles  X.W.  of  Ostrog.    Pop.  3200. 

KOVESD,  MEZO.     See  Mezo  Kovezsd. 

KOVXO  or  KOWXO,  kov'no,  (Ger.  Kamn,  kow'en;  L. 
Coima,)  a  town  of  Rus.sian  Poland,  government,  and  58  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Vilna,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  right  bsnk  of 
the  Xiemen,  at  the  influx  of  the  Svieta-Xiemen.  Pop.  7006. 
It  has  many  religious  establishments,  including  an  old 
Jesuit  college.  Large  quantities  of  mead  are  brewed  here, 
and  the  town  has  an  active  trade  in  corn,  kc. 

KOWAIi  or  KOVAL,  ko'vdl,  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment, province,  and  80  miles  W.X.W.  of  Warsaw:  lat.  62° 
32'  X.,  Ion.  21°  30'  E.    Pop.  2350. 

KOWAL.\'Q.\.,  a  post-offlce  of  T.illapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 

KOWARA  (or  QUORRA)  RIVER.     See  XlGEK. 

KOWNO,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Kovxo. 

KOWRAII.  kow'rd,  a  town  of  AVest  Ilindostan,  in  Cutch, 
In  an  oasis  of  the  Runn,  36  miles  N.  of  Ijhooj. 

KOWHEEXAGUR,  kow-ree-ndgQr'.  a  town  of  West  Ilin- 
dostan, in  Guicowar's  dominion,  in  the  Guzerat  peninsula, 
10  miles  X.X.W.  of  Diu-head. 

KOWSIE.  a  river  of  South  Africa.    See  Koussie. 

KOZELSK.  ko-zJlsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kalooga,  on  the  Jizdra.  Pop.  4800.  It 
was  burned  in  1777,  and  has  since  been  regularly  built. 

KOZEP-AJTA,  ko'zV  T'ti5h\  a  village  of  Transylvania,  on 
a  stream  of  the  same  name,  about  40  miles  from  Kronstadt. 
Pop.  1185. 

KOZIEGLOW,  ko-z6-.Vglov'.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  50 
miles  X.W.  of  Cracow.     I'op.  1350. 

KOZIENICE,  koz-yA-neet/sA.  a  town  of  Poland.  65  miles 
N.W.  of  Siindomier,  on  the  left  biink  of  the  Vistula  Pop. 
2600.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Sigismund  I.,  King  of 
Poland. 

K(^ZI.OV.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  KosLOV. 

KOZLiOV.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Eupatoria. 

KOZLOWITZ,  kol.s'luwii.s\  or  K0Z1.0WICE,  kozno-veet/- 
aA.  a  village  of  Austria,  iu  Moravia,  about  10  miles  from 
Freyburg.    Pop.  1326. 
1000 


KRA 

KOZMTN,  koz-meen',  or  KOSCIDIIN,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Poland,  47  miles  S.S.E.  of  Posen,  on  the  Obra.    Pop.  3270. 

KRA.  (Island  and  Isthmus.)     See  Kkaw. 

KRABBEXDIJKE  or  KRABBEXDYKE,  krabOjen-dlke', 
a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  in  the 
island  of  South  Beveland,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Goes.    Pop.  726. 

KRAFT,  krdft,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  goverment 
of  Coblentz,  circle  of  Mayen,  on  a  stream  of  its  own  name. 
Pop.  1243. 

KR  AGEROE.  (Krageroe.)  krd'gher-5'f  h,  a  town  of  Norway, 
stift  of  Aggershuus.  on  an  inlet  of  the  "Skager-rack.  70  miles 
N.E.  of  Christiansand.     Pop.  1819. 

KRAIBURG,  kri'l  (56rg.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Inn,  45  miles  E.  of  Munich.    Pop.  900. 

KKAILSHEIMorCRAILSIIEIM,  krilsTiime,  a  town  of 
Wiirtemberg.  on  the  Jaxt,  13  miles  N.  of  Elhvangen,  with 
an  ancient  ctistle.     Pop.  704. 

KK.\IN.  a  province  of  Austria.    See  Carxiola. 

KRAINBUUG.  krin1<»Rg,  or  KRAIX,  kriu,  a  town  of  II- 
lyria.  15  miles  X.W.  of  Lavbaeh.  on  the  Save.    Pop.  1712. 

KRAJOVA  or  KRAIO'VA,  krj-yo/vl  the  capital  town  of 
Little  Wallachia,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Schyl,  120  miles 
W.  of  Bucharest.  Pop.  8000.  It  has  numerous  churches, 
and  an  active  trade  in  salt,  from  neighboring  mines. 

KRAKATOA.  krd-ki-to'd.  or  CROCKATOA,  kro-kd-to'l  an 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  Strait  of  Suuda.  Lat.  6°  9'  S., 
Ion.  105°  29'  E..  about  6  or  7  miles  long,  and  4  or  5  miles  broad. 

KRAKAU,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Cp.acow. 

KRAKOW,  kriOiOv.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin.  on  a  lake.  33  miles  S.  of  Schwerin.    Pop.  1516. 

KRAKOW,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Cracow. 

KRALIEVICZA,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Porto  Re. 

KRALIXGEX.  krdling-en.  a  parish  and  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  3  miles  X.E.  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  3348. 

KRALITZ.  krd'lits,  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  circle  of 
Olmutz,  about  4  miles  from  Prossnitz.     Pop.  900. 

KRALOWITZ,  kra/lo-«its\  or  CYXADllUWY,  tsin-l-dro'- 
vee,  a  municipal  town  of  Bohemia,  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pilsen. 
Pop.  1C36. 

KRAMSACII,  krlm's3K,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol, 
circle  of  Schwatz,  nejir  Kattenberg.    Pop.  881. 

KRANENBURG  or  CRAXEXBCRG,  ki-an'fn-bo<5Rg\  a 
small  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  6  miles  W.  of  Cleves,  with 
a  custom-hou.se,  near  the  Xetherlands  frontier,     fop.  IIOO. 

KR.\XII0LM.  krSn'holm,  a  small  island  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Esthonia,  in  the  Narow.i,  (Xarova.)  near  Xarva. 

KRAXICIIBERG,  kr^'niK-b^Ro',  or  KRANABERG,  krif- 
ni-bSRG\  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  railway,  neai 
Glocknitz.     Pop.  1090. 

KRAXICHEELD,  kri'niK-fJlt:,  or  KERAX'ICIIFELD',  a 
town  of  Sasony,  jointly  possessed  by  Saxe- Weimar  and  Saxe- 
Meiningen.  on  the  Ilm,  11  miles  8.W.  of  AVeimar.     P.  1411. 

K15AXIDI,  krd'neeMee.  a  small  town  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  Argolis,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Xauplia.  The  sittings  of  tlw 
Greek  senate  were  temporarily  transferred  here  in  1823.  Its 
inhabitants  are  expert  divers,  and  sponge-fishers.  Pop.  3500. 

KRANOWITZ.  kra'no-«its\  or  KRAXOWICE,  a  town  of 
Prussia,  in  Silesia,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  2130. 

KRAPIC,  krd'pik,  a  village  of  Austrain  Croatia,  on  the 
Save,  about  10  miles  from  .laszenov.icz.     Pop.  1180. 

KRAPIVXA  or  KRAPIWXA,  kra-piv'na.  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government,  and  25  miles  S.W.  of  Toola,  on  the  Oopa. 

KRAPPITZ,  krdp'pits,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Silnsiii,  15 
miles  S.  of  Oppeln.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Oder.     Pop.  1942. 

KRASXIK,  krds'nik.  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and 
28  miles  S.W.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  4120. 

KRASXISTAW.  krds-nis'tdv,  a  town  of  Poland,  34  miles 
S.E.  of  Lublin,  on  the  Wieprz.  and  a  small  lake.  Archduke 
Max,  of  Austria,  was  kept  prisoner  here  iu  15S8,  after  being 
defeated  by  Zamacsky.     Pop.  2tH)0. 

KRASXOE,  krds'no-4,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Podolsk,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Yampol.    Pop.  1950. 

KRASNOE-SZELO,  (or  SELO,)  kris/no-A  si^lo,  a  village 
of  Russia,  government,  and  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, with  distilleries,  various  manufactories,  several  schools, 
an  hospital  for  crown-peasiints,  and  a  royal  palace. 

KRASNOI.  krds-noi',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Smolensk,  on  the  Svinaia.  Pop.  1732. 
Here,  on  the  6th  and  6th  of  November,  1812.  the  French, 
retreating  from  Moscow,  were  defeated  by  the  Russians. 

KRAS.XOI,  a  town  of  llus.sia,  government  of  Pskov,  36 
miles  S.  of  Ostrov. 

KRASXOIARSK.    See  Krasnoyarsk 

KKASNOI-KIIOLM.  kris-noi'  Kolm,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  95  miles  N.E.  of  Tver.     Pop.  alwut  2000. 

KRASXOI-YAR.  krJs-noi'yaR.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  35  miles  E.X.E.  of  Astrakhan,  on  an  island  iu  the 
Volga.    Pop.  3000. 

KRASX01-YAR,aTillage  of  Russia,  government,  and  S.E. 

KRASNokoOTSK,  KRASNOKOUTSK  or  KRASNO 
KUTSK,  krds-no-kootsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  gov.rnment, 
and  41  miles  W.  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Merla.    Pop.  48.5? 

KRASXO-OOFIMSK,  KRASXO-OUFl.MSK  or  KRASN(V 
UFIMSK,  kris^uo  oo-feemsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  ^ortrumesti 


KRA 


KRI 


and  110  miles  from  Perm,  on  the  Oofa.  Lat.  56°  42'  N.,  Ion. 
57°  40'  E.    It  is  surrounded  by  a  wooden  wall.    Pop.  6000. 

KKASXOI'OL,  krd.s-no'pol,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  12 
miles  E.  of  Puwalki.    Pop.  533. 

KRASNOI'OL, a  town  of  Kussia, gOTernment  of  Volhynla, 
42  miles  S.W.  of  Zhitomeer.     Pop.  about  1200. 

KKASNOSLOBODSK.  kr3s-no-slo-bodsk',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, povernment,  and  105  miles  N.X.W.  of  Penza,  on  the 
Moksha.     Pop.  7762,  who  have  an  .ictive  trade  in  corn. 

KRASNO-U  KI MSK.  a  town  of  Kussia.  See  Krasno-Oofimsk. 

KRASNOYARSK,  KRASXOIARSK.  or  KRASN'OJARSK, 
krSs-no-yarsk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  the  government 
of  Yeniseisk,  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  Y'enisei,  and  on  the 
hi^h  route  between  Tobolsk  and  Irkootsk.  L;it.  6°  N..  Ion. 
92°  57'  10"  E.  Pop  in  1850,  7000.  It  is  the  emporium  of  a 
wide  region,  and  has  several  churches,  government  offices, 
a  literary  cliiVi.  and  manufactures  of  Russian  leather. 

KRASNYSTAV  or  KRASXYSTAW,  kra.s-nis'tiv,  written 
also  KRASXOSTOV.  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and 
30  miles  S.K.  of  Lublin.    Pop.  3016. 

KRAST,  krlst,atown  of  Bohemia,  11  miles  from  Chrudim. 
Pop.  1648. 

KRASZXA.  kr3ss'noh\  or  KARASZ'XA,  a  river,  county, 
and  village  of  Transylvania;  the  river  flows  northward  for 
80  miles,  and  joins  the  Theiss  near  Nameny.  On  it,  near 
its  course,  is  the  villa,;:e,44  miles  X.W.  of  Klausenburg,  with 
1670  inhabitants,  and  warm  baths. 

KRATZAU,  krdt/zOw,  or  KRASA,  kra'sl,  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, 29  miles  X.  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  1889. 

KRATZ'KKSVILLE.  a  post-offlce.Snyderco,Pennsylvania. 

KRAUCUTUAL,  krdwK'tdl,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  9  miles  X.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1910. 

KRAUXA.  krow'nd,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  29  miles  from 
Chrudim.     Pop.  1353. 

KRAUTIIKIM,  krOwfhlme,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Lower  Rhine,  not  fur  from  the  Jaxt.     Pop.  1S21. 

KRAW.  KKA,  KKAIi,  krd,  or  POOLO  KRA,  poo^o  kri, 
two  small  islands,  called  the  Xorth  and  South  Kra,  in  the 
channel  I)etweeu  the  \V.  side  of  Malacca,  and  the  Island  of 
Poolo  I'enang. 

KRAW.  kraw,  (ISTU.MUS  OF,)  or  LOWER  SIAM,  Sia- 
mese dominion,  connects  the  Malay  Peninsula  with  the  rest 
of  Further  India,  extending  between  lat. 9° and  12°X.,  with 
a  bre!*Llth  of  about  70  miles.  Xear  its  centre  is  the  town  of 
Kraw  or  Krah. 

KRAWAXO,  krJ-wJng',  a  Dutch  residency  of  Java,  on 
the  X.  coast.    Pop.  95,000.    Capital,  Poerwakarta. 

KRAWARN,  kra'waru,  Deutsch.  doitsh,  a  village  of  Prus- 
sian SUesia.  36  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  1038. 

KREFELD,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Crefeld. 

KREIBITZ.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Kre¥I!ITZ.  , 

KKKIDERSVILLE,  kri'ders-vill,  a  post-village  of  North- 
ampton CO.,  Pennsylvania,  103  miles  E.X'.E.  of  Ilarrjsburg. 

KREISCIIA,  kri'slid.  a  market-town  of  Saxony,  cirele  of, 
and  10  miles  from  Bie.'iden.     Pop.  1043. 

KREMEXETS,  krA-mSn-«s',  or  KREMMEXETZ,  a  town 
of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  36  miles 
W,S.W.of  Ostrog.  Pop.  5700.  It  has  several  churches,  and 
a  ruined  citadel. 

KREJIEXTCirOOG.  KREMEXTCIIOUG.  KREMEXT- 
CIIUG  or  KREMEXTSCIIUG,  kr6m-Jnt-shoog',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  64  miles  S.W.  of  Poltava,  on  the 
Dnieper,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  Pop.  17,087. 
It  is  enclosed  by  an  earth-rampart,  and  has  manufactures 
of  hats,  retined  sugar,  nitre,  and  soap. 

KUEMLIX.    See  Moscow. 

KRKMMEX,  kr^m'nign,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg.  25  miles  X.of  Potsdam.     Pop.  24i58. 

KUEMXITZ  or  CKKMXITZ,  krSm'nits,  (Ilun,  A'ffmiw 
Banya,  kou'mcits/  bAn'y5h\)  a  mining  town  of  Hungary,  in 
Bacs,  8  miles  W.  of  Xeusohl.  Pop.  0339.  It  stands  in  a 
leep  valley,  surrounded  by  7  hills,  and  has  several  suburb.s, 
4  castle,  mint,  and  a  miners'  infirmary.  Its  mines  have 
ibout  a  dozen  principal  shafts,  and  lately  yielded  15.000 
marks  of  silver,  and  250  marks  of  gold  annually,  and  coin  to 
$1,250,000  yearly,  issue  from  its  mint.  Attached  to  the  tiines 
Ve  nearly  20  smelting  and  washing  works,  the  machinery 
used  in  whiih  is  the  best  in  Hungary.  Kremnitz  has  a 
royal  vitiiol  factory,  2  paper-mills,  manufactures  of  earthen- 
ware and  vermilion ;  and  it  is  supplied  with  water  by  an 
aqueduct  50  miles  in  length. 

KRKMPE.  krJm'peh.  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  IIol- 
stein.  4  miles  X.X.E.'of  GUickstadt.    Pop.  1300. 

KREMS.  krcms.  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  a  height, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the  Krems, 
68  miles  X.W^.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  6537.  It  is  enclosed  by  old 
walls,  and  has  a  Piarist  college,  military  and  high-schools, 
large  infantry  barracks,  alum,  nitre,  metal  buttons,  soda, 
mustard,  and  vinegar  factories. 

KRE.MS,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  circle  of  Gratz, 
with  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  block-tin. 

KREMSIR,  KREMSIKR,  krJm'seer,  or  KREMTEKITZ. 
kr?m'yA-kits\  a  town  of  Moravia,  circle,  and  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Vrerau,  on  the  March.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  a  Piarist  college,  a 
gymnasium  and  high  school,  and  a  fine  summer  residence  of 


the  Archbishop  of  Olmutz.  During  a  part  of  1849,  It  wa. 
the  Beat  of  the  Austrian  government  and  imperial  councils. 

KREMS.MUNSTEK.  (Kremsmiinstcr.)  krJms/mtin'ster,  a 
villageof  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Krems,  13  miles  W.  of  Steyer 
It  has  609  inhabitants,  and  several  superior  schools.  On  a 
height  above  the  town  is  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey, 
founded  in  the  eighth  century,  and  having  a  library  of  50,000 
volumes  and  400  manuscripts,  an  observatory,  and  vaiioua 
museums  of  art  and  science,  with  about  300  students. 

KRE.MUSCH,  krA'moosh,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Leitmeritz.    Pop.  1279. 

KREXITZIX  (krA-n it-seen^  ISLAXDS,  Aleutian  Archi- 
pelago, so  called  from  Krenitzin,  the  navigator  who  first  saw 
them.    They  are  five  in  number. 

K  K ES'GE VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Mon roe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

KRKSLAV  or  KRESLAW,  krJs-Mv',  a  town^of  Russia, 
government  of  Vitebsk,  27  miles  E.  of  DUnaburg,  on  the 
South  Dwina.    Pop.  1200 

KRESTOVSKOI,  kres-tov'skoi,  a  group  of  islands  of  Asia- 
tic Russia,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  government  of  Yakootsk,  in 
the  estuary  of  the  Kolyma. 

KRKSTZY,  krJst/zee,  a  town  of  Rnssi.a,  government,  and 
50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Novgorod.    Pop.  1874. 

KREUTII,  kroit.  a  bathing-place  and  village  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  on  the  Tegern-see,  34  miles  S.E.  of  Munich,  and 
greatly  resorted  to  by  the  inhabitants  of  that  city. 

KREUTiC  or  KREUZ,  kroits,  a  German  word  signifying 
"cross,"  forming  a  prefix  to  many  names  in  Central  Eurojie. 

KRjiUTZ,  kroits,  a  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  24  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Warasdin.     Pop.  3066. 

KREUTZX ACII,  KRECZX ACK  or  KREUZNACn,  kroits'- 
ndK,  a  town  and  watering-place  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Coblentz.  on  the  Xahe,  8  miles  S. of  iSingen.  Pop. 9383. 
It  stands  in  a  fertile  and  picturesque  tract,  at  the  foot  of 
a  castle-crowned  hill,  and  is  separated  liy  the  river  into  two 
parts,  connected  by  a  stone  bridge.  It  has  Roman  Catholic, 
Lutheran,  and  Calvinist  churches,  a  synagogue,  gymnasijim, 
and  manufactures  of  leather,  snuff,  and  woollens,  and  im- 
portant salt-work.s. 

KREUZBKltG,  kroits'bSRg,  or  K.REUZBURCK,  kroits'- 
booKk,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Czaslau.    P.  1312. 

KREUZBURG.     See  Creuzbueo. 

KREUZBURG,  kroilsljCdRo.a  town  of  East  Prussia,  15 
miles  S.W.  of  Konigsberg,  with  a  castle.    Pop.  1678. 

KREUZBURG,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe-Wel- 
mar,  on  the  Werra,  16  miles  X.W.  of  Eisenach.    Pop.  2150. 

KREUZBURG  or  KREUTZBURG.  a  strongly-fortified 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Vitebsk,  on  the  Duua,  52 
miles  W.  of  Itezhitsa.    I'op.  2000.     It  has  a  palace. 

KREUZUXG.  a  village  of  Germany,  on  the  railway  from 
Nuremberg  to  Bamberg,  near  the  former. 

KREYBITZ  or  KRKIBlTZ.kri'bits.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  28 
miles  X.E.  of  Leitmeritz,  on  the  borders  of  Saxony.     P.  2000. 

KRIEGSIIABER.  kree«s'h3-ber,  a  villageof  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Swabia,  near  Augsburg.     Pop.  1082. 

KRI  EXZ  or  KRIEXS,  kre-^nts',a  pari.sh  and  vilKage  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  2  miles  S.W.  of. Lucerne.    Pop.  2603. 

IvRlESDORF,  kree.s'doRf,  or  GRIESDOKF,  grees'doRf,  a 
Tillage  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau.  Pop.  1907. 

KRILOV,  KRYLOV  or  KRILOW,  kre-lov'.  a  town  of  Ru»- 
sia.  government,  and  170  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kherson,  on  the 
Dnieper.    Pop.  2600. 

KKIM.    See  Crimea 

KRIMMITSCIIAU.  a  town  of  Saxony.  See  Crimmitzschau. 

KUIMPEX-AAX-DE-LEK,  krim'pen-an-di-lJk,  a  village 
of  the  Xetherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  6i  miles  K. 
by  S.  of  Rotterdam,  on  the  Lek,  where  its  falls  into  the 
Meuse,  (Maas.)    I'op.  732. 

KUIMPEX-OP-DEX-YSSEL,  krim'pen-op-dJn-is'sel,  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Xetherlands.  province  of  South  Holland,  6  miles 
E.  of  ISotterdam.    Pop.  1018. 

KRIXETZ  or  KRIXEC,  kree'nJts,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  cir- 
cle of  Buntzlau.  Pop.  1000. 

KRIOUKOW  or  KRIUKOW,  kre-oo^ov-ji  town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Kherson,  on  the  Dnieper,  72  miles  X.W.  of 
Yekaterinoslav.     Pop.  1200. 

KRIP/PEX,  a  village  of  Germany,  on  the  Dresden  and 
Prague  Railway,  25  miles  from  Dresden, 

KKIPPLEBUSH,  a  postofflee  of  Ulster  co..  New  Y'ork. 

KRISHXA.  a  river  of  South  India.    See  Ivistnah. 

KRISSO,  kri.s'so,  or  CHRYSO.  (anc.  CHsm?)  a  small  town 
of  Greece,  government  of  Phocis,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Salona. 

KRISTIXKSTAD.  kri.s-tee/ne-stdd',  a  seaport  town  of  Fin- 
land, 65  miles  S.W.of  A'asa,  on'a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland, 
has  a  harbor  and  building  dofdts.     Pop.  700. 

KRITSCHEW,  krit'shJv,  or  KRICZEW.  krit'.sJv,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Russia,  government,  and  67  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mo 
heelev.     Pop.  1200. 

KRITSKOI  (krit/skol)  ISLAXD,  Behring's  Str.ait:  lat.  of 
the  K.  point,  56°  0' 7"  X.,  Ion.  160°  41'  W.     Length,  9  miles. 

KRITZAX'AU,  kriysd-n6w\  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia,  near  Iglau.     Pop.  14S4. 

KKIUKOW,  a  town  of  RussLa.    See  Krioukow. 

KRI  V.\X,  kre-vdn',  a  mountain  belonging  to  the  chain  of 
the  Carpathians,  on  the  frontiers  of  Galicia.  Height,  8U00  feet 

1001 


KRI 

KRIVTZ  or  CRIVITZ,  kree'vits,  a  town  of  ilecklenburg- 
Bchwerin.  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Schwerin.    Pop.  2000. 

KROBKX,  kro'bfn,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Posen.  S.E.  of  Kosten.     Pop.  1360. 

KKOH'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryl.ind. 

KRO./ANKE,  kro-ydu'kA,  written  also  KRAIENKE,  a 
\  nwn  of  Prussia,  86  miles  W.S.W.  of  Marienwei-der.     P.  2620. 

KROLEVETS,  KKOLEWETZ.  kro-li-vSts',  or  KOKOLE- 
VETZ.  ko-ro-li-v?ts',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
100  miles  E.S.E.  of  Teherni<,'OV.  Pop.  6188.  It  was  formerly 
t/ie  residence  of  the  governor  of  Little  Russia. 

KRO.^IBACII,  krom'bJk,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  Lower 
Franconia.  42  miles  X.W.  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  1099. 

KKO.MBACH  or  KUUMBACII,  krOom'tdK,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  972. 

KROMMEXY,  krorn'm-inf,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province.  North  Holland,  12  m'lles  N.E.  of  Uaarlem.    P.  22.30. 

KROMY,  kro'mee,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  20 
Jiiles  S.W.  of  Orel,  on  the  Kroma.    Pop.  4518. 

KROXACII,  ki-o'ndK,  sometimes  written  KRANACII,  a 
walled  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  at  the 
f-)ot  of  a  mountain  crowned  by  the  Castle  of  Rosenberg,  on 
the  Kronach,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Baireuth.  Pop.  3100.  It 
has  a  mineral  spring.  The  painter,  Lucas  Kranach,  (ori- 
ginally named  Sunder,)  was  born  here  in  1472. 

KRONE,  kro'neh.  or  XiORONOWO,  ko-ro-no'*o,  a  town  of 
Prussia.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bromberg.    Pop.  2359. 

KRONE,  DEUTSCII,  Prussia.    See  Deutsch-Kronb. 

KRONENBERG,  kro'ngn-b^Ko\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, government,  and  15  miles  E.  of  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  625. 

KR0NPRINZENKOG,kron'p^n^sen-kog,a  village  of  Den- 
mark, in  Ilolsteln,  in  the  South  Di! marshes.     Pop.  1076. 

KRONSTADT,  kron'stdtt,  or  KRUNEN,  (Krunen,  krU'- 
nen,)  (Hun.  Brasso,  brosh^sho';  anc.  Brassovium ;)  a  town 
of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  capital  of  the  district  of  Bur- 
zenlaud,  romantically  situated  in  a  narrow  valley,  formed  by 
a  triangular  opening  in  the  mountains  which  separate  Tran- 
sylvania from  VVallachia.  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilermannstadt, 
2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.45°36'30"N..  lon.250 
33'  53"  E.  The  environs  are  occupied  partly  by  old,  frowning 
castles,  seated  on  lofty  and  rugged  heights,  partly  by  pretty 
villas,  surrounded  by  well-kept  gardens;  and  immediately  in 
front  of  the  principal  entrance  is  a  large  esplanade,  orna- 
mented with  avenues  of  trees,  and  a  Turkish  kiosk,  forming 
the  principal  place  of  public  resort.  The  town  is  well  and  re- 
gularly built.  It  consists  of  the  inner  town,  surrounded  by 
walls,  and  inhabited  by  Saxons;  the  suburb  of  .\ltstadt,  inha- 
bited by  Szeklers;  and  that  of  Bulgarey,  by  Wallachs.  The 
chief  edifices  are  a  large  Gothic  Lutheran  church,  2  other  Pro- 
testnnt,  2  Roman  Catholic,  and  2  Greek  churches,  town-hall, 
and  barracks.  It  has  a  Protestant  gymnasium,  and  a  Roman 
Catholic  primary  school.  It  was  formerly  the  first  commer- 
cial place  in  Transylvania,  but  its  trade  has  greatly  decline^l. 
Its  mauufiictures  comprise  coarse  woollens  and  linens. 
Kronstadt  has  the  best  paper  mill  and  book-printing  esta- 
blishment in  Transylvania.  The  first  books  printed  here 
were  the  Confession  of 'Augsburg,  and  Luther's  works.  Al- 
though in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Venice  and  Lyons,  its 
climate  is  very  cold,  and  snow  often  falls  on  the  mountains 
In  June.  It  is  much  re.sorted  to  by  travellers,  on  their  way 
to  Bucharest  and  Yassy.    Pop.  28,286. 

KROPELIN,  (Kropelin.)  kiij'peh-leen',  a  town  of  North 
Germiiny,  duchy  of  .Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  15  miles  W.  of 
Rostock.    Pop.  1976. 

KR0PPE\ST.4.DT.  a  town  of  Saxony.    See  Croppenstadt. 

KROPPSTADT.  kropp'stdtt,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Wittenberg.    Pop.  752. 

KROSNO,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Krossso. 

KROSSEN,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Crossex. 

KROSSXO  or  KROSNO,  kross'no,  a  town  of  Austrian  Po- 
land, in  Qalicia.  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jaslo,  on  the  "VVisloka. 
Pop.  4900.  It  has  a  castle,  and  some  convents,  and  is  an 
entrepot  for  the  sale  of  Hungarian  wines. 

KROTOSZYN  or  KROTOSCHIN,  kro-to-shin',  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland.  54  miles  S.S.K.  of  Posen.  Pop.  6750,  who 
manufacture  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  tobacco,  leather, 
and  chiccory.and  have  a  large  trade  in  wool.  The  duchy  of 
which  it  is  the  capital  belongs  to  the  Prince  of  Tour  and  Taxis. 

KROrriiNDORl!',  krot/tgn-donr,  a  village  of  Saxony,  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Zwickau.     Pop.  2660. 

KROTZINGKN,  krofsing-^n,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  on  the  railway  between  Basel  and  Freiburg,  9 
miles  S.W.  of  Freiburtt.     Pop.  1311. 

x,w.!l'''''f''*^^'  ^'o*-<^^>  GROTZKA,  grotsn«a,  or  STOI. 
NAIZ.  stol'iidts,  a  town  of  Kliropean  Turkey,  In  Servla,  10 
miles  W.  of  Semendria,  on  the  Danube.  In  its  vicinity,  the 
Imperialists  were  defeated  by  the  Turks,  in  1739. 

KItOYA  or  CROYA,  kroy'I  (Turk.  Ak-Hissar.  ak-his'sar'.) 
a  town  of  Albania,  sanjak,  and  45  miles  S.S.E.  of  Scutari. 
Pop  16.000.  (?)  It  has  some  manufactures  of  arms,  and  was 
the  birthplace  of  George  Castriotto  or  Scanderbe". 

KRUKT,  kroott,  a  village  of  }{henish  Prassia,  government 
of  Coblent?:,  near  Mayen.     Pop.  1243. 

KRUIXINGEN',  kroi'ning-^n.a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
Inland  of  South  Beveland,  8  mUes  S.E.  of  Goes.    Pop.  1150. 


KUF 

KRU.TEVACZ,  a  town  of  Servla.    See  Kruschotatz. 

KRU.MAU,  kroo'mSw,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  14  miles  S.S.W 
of  Budwels,  on  an  island  in  the  MolJau.  Pop.  5195.  It  baa 
manufactures  of  cottons,  woollens,  and  paper,  and  a  fine 
palace  of  Prince  Schwa rzenberg. 

KRUMBACH,  krOrim'b^K,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  a  river  of 
its  own  name,  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1200. 

KRUMHERMERSDORF.  kroom-hiR'mfrs-doRf\  a  villago 
of  Saxony,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  1013. 

KRUMMEN  AU,  krtlm'meh-nSw\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  St.  Gall.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Appenzell.     Pop.  1406. 

KRUMMENOLS,  krttm'mgn-ols,  or  WASSEROLS.  (Was- 
serols.)  ■ftis'sgr-ols',  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1308. 

KRUN'EN,  Transylvania.    See  Kronstadt 

KRUSCHOVATZ.  kroo/sho-vats\  or  KRUJEVACZ.  kroo/- 
zh.'l-vit.s\  a  town  of  Servia,  ne;ir  the  Morava.  34  miles  W.  of 
Niss.a.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  bishop,  has  an  old  castle,  and 
was  the  capital  of  Servia  before  conquered  bv  the  Turks. 

KRUSCHWITZ,  kroosh'ftits,  a  market-town  of  Prussian 
Poland,  34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bromberg.  Pop.  390.  It  was  once 
important,  and  the  native  place  of  the  Polish  King  Piast. 

KRUSEXSTERN,  kroo/zen-stern\  or  AILU  (T'loo)  IS- 
LANDS,  a  group  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Marshall's 
Archipelago.  Lat.  of  the  northernmost.  10°  27'  N.,  Ion.  170'' 
E.     The  group  is  15  miles  long,  and  o  miles  broad. 

KRUSENSTERN  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Diomede  Islands, 
Behring  Striiit,  in  lat.  65°  46'  X.,  Ion.  16S°  55'  W. 

KRYCI  ISLANDS.    See  Rat  or  Kryci  Islands. 

KRYLOA',  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Krilov. 

KRZEPICE.  k'zhpeet/sA,  (Xowe,  no/viV.  and  Stara,  stiH) 
two  places  of  Russian  Poland,  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
Liswarta.  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  K.alisz.     Pop.  1404. 

KltZIZAXOWITZ,  kzheez-^-no'wits.  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Silesia,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  1023. 

KUB.\.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  KooiiA. 

KUBAN,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Kooban. 

KUBBES,  k&iybes,  or  KHUBBUS,  kuVbtis,  written  also 
KHEBIS  and  KEBIS,  a  populous  town  of  Persia,  province 
of  Khoras.san,  135  miles  E.S.E.  of  Y'ezd.  It  stands  at  the 
junction  of  the  caravan  routes  from  Y'ezd  to  Herat, 

KUBETSCHI,  a  t«wn  of  Russia.    See  Koobetchi. 

KUBIX,  kooM)een',  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Banat,  65 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Temesvar.    Pop.  4700. 

KUBIXA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Kooeina. 

KUBIN,  ALSO,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Atso-Kirenf. 

KUBIXSKOE.  a  lake  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Koobi.nskoe. 

KUCHXAI-SERAI,  Hindostan.    See  Kachnai  Serai. 

KUCHVINSK,  a  villaire  of  Russia.     See  KoocnviNSK. 

KUCZURA,  koot*soo'rOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Baca, 
Pop.  3749. 

KUDA,  koo'dl,  a  village  of  Indiii.  in  Conckan.  (Mahratta 
country.)  42  miles  from  Bombay.  Many  cave  temples  have 
recently  been  discovered  here. 

KUEICHU,  a  province  of  China.    See  KoEicnoo. 

K  U  EI-LINO,  a  city  of  China.    See  Kwei-li.n. 

KUEIT.  EL,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Grane. 

KUEXLUN,  KOUEXLUN.  KWEXLUX,  kwJnMoon',  or 
kwgn'lQn',  called  also  KOOL'KOOX',  (KOULKOUX,)  a  moun- 
tain range  of  Central  AsiaJ  forming  the  N.  lioundary  of 
Thibet,  separating  it  from  Y'arkand  and  Khoten.  and  stretch- 
ing eastward  into  regions  which  are  almost  unknown; 
but  it  is  understood,  about  Ion.  92°  E.,  to  divide  into  two 
ranges,  one  of  which,  under  the  name  of  Banyan-Kai-a,  di- 
verges S.E. ;  the  other  trends  N.,  ne.ir  the  source  of  the  Y'ellow 
River,  and,  under  various  names,  passes  through  the  Chinese 
provinces  of  Kan-soo  and  Shen-.^ee.  Its  W.  part,  frequently 
distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  Karakorum  and  Mustjjgh 
Mountains,  commences  not  far  from  the  point  where  the 
Hindoo  Koosh  becomes  linked  with  the  Himalayas,  near  lat. 
35°  N.,  and  Ion.  75°  E.,  and  pursues  a  course  nearly  parallel 
to  the  Indus,  apparently  forming  its  N.  watershed.  It  rises 
far  above  the  limits  of  perpetual  .snow,  attaining  a  height 
of  21.000  or  22,000  feet,  .and  .«ends  off  numerous  elevated 
ramifications  tnwards  the  Indus,  forming  valleys,  down 
which  descend  immens«  glaciers.  AV.  of  Shayook  River,  the 
glaciers  appear  to  be  on  a  still  more  gigantic  scale  than 
tho.se  of  the  Himalayas.  The  glaciers  of  Sassjir  terminate 
at  al)Out  15,000  feet,  but  the  level  diminishes  rapidly  in  pro- 
ceeding W.  One  overhanging  the  valley  of  Xubra.  termi- 
nates at  14,700  feet;  th.at  of  Xubra  itself,  at  1.3.000  feet ;  and 
still  farther  W.,  they  descend  at  least  to  10.000  feet.  The 
greater  part  of  the  rocks  are  plutonic  and  metamorphic. 
There  are  four  known  passes  across  the  Kuenlun ;  the  only 
one  now  frequented  is  the  Karakorum;  though  very  ele- 
vated, it  is  extremely  e.asv.    See  Karakorum. 

KUFA,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Koofa. 

KUFSTETX  or  KUFFSTEIX.  koof'stlne.  a  town  and  fort- 
ress of  the  Tyrol,  circle  of  Innthal.  on  the  Inn.  and  on  the 
Bavarian  frontier.  4:}  miles  X.E.  of  Innspruck.     Pop.  1400. 

KUFT,  koft,  KOBT.  kobt,  or  KOFT.  knft.  (auc.  CbptoJ,) 
an  ancient  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  in  l;it.  26°  X..  on  the  Nile, 
15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Thebes.  Parts  of  its  ancient  walls,  and 
the  towers  of  its  east  gate  remain,  which,  with  the  vestiges 
of  its  canals,  leading  to  the  ports  of  Berenice  an  i  Mj-os  Uo» 


nl 


KUH 

mog,  attest  its  Tormer  opulence.  It  continued  to  be  the  mart 
of  Inrlian  commerce  till  destroyed  by  Diocletian,  for  having 
taken  an  active  pjirt  in  a  rebellion  against  him. 

KUIIXII.\IDi;,  (Kuhnhaide,)  kiin'hiM^'h,  a  village  of 
Saxony,  10  miles  K.S.K.  of  Wolkenstein.     Pop.  10H9. 

KUiLKNBUKG,  koi'lgn-b^BO,  KULEMBDRGII,  koo^fm- 
boRa,  or  CULKNBOUO,  koo'len-boRO,  a  fortified  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Gelderlfind,  on  the  Leek,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Thiel.     Pop.  4697.    It  has  manufactures  of  arms, 

KL'INRE,koin'r?h.orKUI\DErv,koinMer,a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Overyssel,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Zwolle. 
Pop.  s-20. 

KU.IAKTAM,  koo-jlk'-tim,  a  town  of  Independent  Tar- 
tarv,  khanat,  and  5  miles  N.X.K.  of  Khiva. 

KU.IALNIK,  a  river  of  llussia.     See  KooiALNlK. 

KUKA,  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Kooka. 

KllKABONEE,  a  town  of  Bornoo.     See  Kokabom. 

KUKAN,  koo'kin,  a  vilhige  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntz- 
lau,  U  miles  from  Liebenau.     Pop.  1092. 

KUKKly.  a  river  of  Hungary.     See  Kokel. 

KUKKWARI,  koo-ke-wi'ree,  the  grand  embouchure  of  the 
Indus,  through  which  the  Wanyanee,  or  main  river,  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  sea.    Greatest  breadth.  Ij  miles. 

KUKIjENA,  kCOk-l.Vud,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  so  near  K5- 
niggratz  as  properly  to  form  one  of  its  suburbs.    Pop.  991. 

KULA,  koo'lrih\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  with 
Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches.     Pop.  6:i04. 

KULAII,  koo'li,  a  frontier  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa- 
shalic.  and  40  miles  N.W.  of  Cars. 

KL'L  AlA.  koori'lee(?)  an  island.  Caspian  Sea,  120  miles 
S.K.  of  Astrakhan.    Lat.4.5^  N..4)n.50°  E.    Length,  15  miles. 

KU  LBUHG  A,  a  town  of  India.    See  Calburoa. 

KULDSCIIA.    SeeEEi.KE. 

KULEI-IIISSAR.  koo-l.V-his-sar',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, pashalic.  and  75  miles  N.E.  of  Seevas,  on  the  Kelki. 

KULEMBORGII.  a  town.  Netherlands.    See  Kuile.nburo. 

KULFO.  a  town  of  West  Africa.    See  Koolfo. 

KULIXJEHA.  koo-liu-ji'ra,a  large  fortitied  village  of  West 
Hindostan.  dominions,  and  10  miles  S.VV.  of  Banswara. 

KULLUGAN,  kurioo^gin',  a  town  of  Belooohistan,  on  the 
road  fi'om  Sarawan  to  Bunpoor,  in  lat.  28°  16'  N.,  ion.  62°  E. 

KULLUGAU.M.  kariooVawm',  or  KULIGAM'.  a  frontier 
town  of  Beloochistan,  province  of  Mekran,  120  miles  N.E.  of 
Bunpoor,  in  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  Ion.  74°  23'  E. 

KUI/LUSPELM',  a  lake,  or  rather  expansion  of  Clark's 
River,  towards  the  N.  part  of  Washington  Territory.  Length, 
neai-  40  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  about  10  miles. 

K  (J  LM.  koolm.  a  walled  town  of  West  Prussia,  34  miles  S.W. 
of  Marienwerder,  near  the  Vistula.  Pop.  0200.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollen  cloth,  a  military  school,  and  Roman  Ca- 
tholic and  Ivufheran  churches. 

KULM  or  ClIULM,  koolm.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  16  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Leitmeritz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Erzgebirge  Moun- 
tains. Pop.  620.  Here,  on  the  29th  and  30th  of  August,  1813, 
the  French  army  under  Vandamme  wiis  totally  defeated  by 
the  confederated  army,  under  the  personal  command  of  the 
Emperors  of  Russia  and  Austria,  and  the  King  of  Prussia. 

KULM,  a  marketrtowu  of  Rohemia,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  El- 
bogen.  on  the  Eger. 

KULMB.VOH  or  CULMBACH.  kddlm/baK,  a  walled  town  of 
Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  on  a  railway,  48  miles 
N.E.  of  Nuremberg.  Pop.  4000.  Principal  edifice,  the  an- 
cient fortress,  now  a  house  of  correction. 

KUIjM  SEE.  kOOlm'  zA,  a  small  town  of  West  Prussia,  go- 
Terninent  of  Murionwei-der,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Kulm.  Pop. 
1640. 

KULNA,  a  village  of  British  India.    See  Culna. 

KU[.i01,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  KooLOl. 

KULPA.  kool-pj,  (ane.  (Jil/ipia,)  a  river  of  Austrian  Croa- 
tia, rises  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Fiume,  tlows  E.,  and.  after  a 
course  of  120  miles,  joins  the  Save  a  little  beyond  Petrinia. 

KULPI  (ktil'poe)  SALT  MINES,  Armenia,  40  miles  N.W. 
of  Mount  Ararat,  are  on  the  Persian  side  of  the  Aras,  but 
belong  to  the  Russ-ians.  in  a  hill  range,  composed  of  salt. 

KuLp.S'VILLE.  post-offlce,  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KULSHEl.M,  kools'hime,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  6  miles  S.  of  Wertheim.     i>op.  2180. 

KULU,  kooUoo',  a  rajahship  of  the  Punjab,  con.sisting  of  a 
few  valleys  on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Himalayas,  between  lat. 
31°  30'  and  32°  30'  N.,  and  in  about  Ion.  77°  30'  E. 

KULUTZL  kod-mt'see,  or  KHALETSE,  kd-l^t/sA,  a  large 
vilLige  of  Central  Asia,  in  Ladakh,  iu  lat.  34°  20'  N.,  Ion.  76° 
44'  E..  near  the  Indus. 

KUM,  a  city  of  Persia.    See  Koom. 

KUMA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Kooma. 

K L'M ANIA,  two  districts  of  Hungary.     See  CnMASl.i. 

KUM.iOX,  ktim-d-ou',  or  KEMAON,  kA-md-on',  a  pro- 
vince of  North  Hindostan,  forming  a  part  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  comprised  with  a  part  of  Gurhwal, 
mostly  between  lat.  29°  and  31°  N.,  and  Ion.  78°  and  81°  E., 
and  including  a  portion  of  the  S.  slope  of  the  Himalayas. 
Estimated  area,  nearly  11,000  square  miles.  Some  of  its 
mountains  rise  to  25,000  feet  in  elevation.    Capital,  Almora. 

KUMLAH  QURH,  kUm'ld  gur,  (the  "Fool's  Fortress,")  a 


KUO 

range  of  hill-forts  in  the  Punjab,  rajahship  of  Mundi,  near 
the  Beas,  in  lilt.  31°  41'  N.,  Ion.  70°  37'  E..  the  principal 
rising  on  an  isolated  rock  to  1500  feet  above  that  river,  and 
3000  feet  above  the  sea.  They  were  considered  impregiw- 
bio  until  taken  by  the  Sikhs  under  Genera'  Vea+ura. 

K  UMO,  koo'mo,  a  river  of  Russia,  issues  irom  a  lake  In 
the  S.  of  Finland,  tlows  N.W.  past  the  town  of  Kuino,  and 
Ellis  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  after  a  cour.se  of  100  miles. 

KUNASHIR,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands.   See  Koo.nasheek. 

KUNAWUR,  koo'nd-wtir',  or  KUNAWER,  koo^ni-wj..'' 
a  district  of  India,  forming  a  part  of  the  upper  valley  of  the 
Sutlej,  on  the  twrders  of  Little  Thibet. 

KUXCHAIN-.1UNG  A,  kan-chin-jang'gl  KUXCHTN-GIN 
GA,  koon-chin'-jing'gior  KIXCHIX-.71XGA.  kin-chin'-jing'- 
gd,  one  of  the  loftiest  summits  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains, 
about  lat.  27°  4.3'  N.,  Ion.  88°  12'  E.  It  has  two  peaks,  th« 
W.  of  which  is  28.177,  the  other,  or  E.,  27.826  feet  high. 

KUXD.\,  koon'dd,a  small  .seaport  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Esthonia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  10  miles  N.E.  ol 
Wesenlierg. 

KUXDAILAII,  kfin-diaa,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  50  miles 
N.W.  of  .ley  poor. 

KUXDAL.  kiin-dil',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district  of  Tipperah,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Coniilla. 

KUXD.\POOR,  a  seaport  of  Hindostan.    See  Coondapoor. 

KUXDUZ.  country,  Independent  Tartary.   SeeKuoo.VDOOZ. 

KU.XERSDORF,  a  village  of  liohemia.    See  Kunnersdorf, 

KUXEWALD,  koo'nv'h-wdlt\  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Mo- 
ravia, 18  miles  N.E.  of  Prerau.     Pop.  1787. 

KUXG,  koong,  a  small  town  of  i'ersia.  province  of  Larls- 
tan,  opposite  the  island  of  Kishm.  in  the  Persian  Gulf.  Here 
the  Portuguese  formerly  wrought  copper-mines. 

KUXGRAD,  kftnVriid',  IiUX(JRAT,  kanVrM  or  CON/- 
R.\U(f)  a  town  of  Independent  Tartary,  and  90  miles  N.  of 
Khiva,  on  the  Amixi. 

KUXGTUX,  a  village  of  Burmah.     See  Koonotoos. 

KCXGUEL,  a  town  of  West  Afriia.     See  Koonouel. 

KUXGUL.  ktlng'gtil',  a  sm.iU  walled  town  of  Hindostan, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  82  miles  S.  by  W.  of  B<ijapoor. 

KUXGUR.  a  town  of  Russi.a.    See  Koo.nooor. 

KUN-HEGYES.  koon'hJdV'sh',  a  town  of  Hungary,  Great 
Cumania,  on  the  Theiss,  72  miles  E.  of  Pesth.    Fop.  6183. 

KUXIA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Kooma. 

KIIN.JPOORA,  ktinj-poo'rd.  a  walled  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidencv  of  Bengal,  district,  and  73  miles  N.  of  Delhi. 

KUNKA.  khn/ki.  or  KUNKAGHUR,  kankVgQi-',  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  80  mile's  N.E.  of  Cut- 
tack,  and  capital  of  a  rajahship,  comprising  about  380  squaro 
miles. 

KUX'KLETOWN,  a  postofflce,  Monroe  co..  Penn.sylvania. 

KU.NKUL,  ktink&l',  a  town  and  place  of  pilgrim.age  in 
Hindostan,  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Upjier  Ganges,  4 
miles  S.W.  of  Hurdwar,  with  which  it  communicates  by  s 
new  government  road.     It  is  a  residence  of  rich  natives. 

KIJ.VXARUE,  a  village  of  India.     See  Kanarak. 

KUXXERSDORF,  KUNERSDORF,  koo/ners-doKf\  or  CU 
NERSDORF.  a  village  of  Bohemia.  12  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Buntzlau.on  theZwittebach.     Pop.  1795. 

KU.NSBERG.  a  town  of  Saxony.     See  Koniosbruck. 

KUN-SZENT-MARTOXY,  koon-s^nt-mdRHoiV,  a  village 
and  market-town  of  Hungary,  in  Cumaula,  on  the  Koros, 
70  miles  S.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  6280. 

KUX-SZEXT-MIKLOS,  koon-sSnt^mee'klo.sh'.  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  in  Cumnia,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Pesth,  on  an 
arm  of  the  Danube.     Pop.  5200. 

KUXTCOTE.  kantVOf,  a  town  of  West  Hindostan,  in 
Cutch.  52  miles  E.X.E.  of  Bhooj. 

KU.NTSCIIITZ,  ka«5nfshit.s,  (Gross,  groce,  and  Kleiit, 
kline.)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  in  Moravia,  circle  of 
Prerau.     I'op.  1653. 

KUXT.SCIIITZ,  kMn'chits,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  KiiniiT-^ratz,  about  2  miles  from  Geiersberg.     Pop.  818. 

KUX  WALD,  k(5<5n'wdlt\  (Oder,  o'ber.  and  U.nter.  don'tfr,) 
a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  17  miles  from  KouiggrStz. 
Pop.  1773. 

KUNZELSAU.  (Kilnzelsau.)  kUn'zeIs5w\  a  town  of  Wtir- 
temberg,  circle  of  Jaxt,  on  the  Kocher,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Heil- 
bronn.     Pop.  2600. 

KUNZEXDORF,  koont/s?n-doRr,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in 
Silesia,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  IJreslau.     Pop.  1247. 

KUXZENDORF,  krxmfsen-doRr,  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia,  circle  of  Olmutz,  about  6  miles  from  Grilnau. 
Pop.  1542. 

KUNZEXDORF,  kMnt/sfn-doRf\  (Landeckisch,  Wn'dJk- 
kish,  or  Gross,  groce.)  a  village  of  I'russia,  government  of 
Breslau.  circle  of  Hal)elschwerdt.     Pop.  1336. 

KUXZENDORi',  koOnt'sen-doRr,  (Oiser,  o/bgr, and  Nieder, 
nee'der.)  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Oppeln,  circle 
ofKreuzburg.     Pop.  1614. 

KUNZENUORF,  DURR,  (Diirr,)  duR  k66nfsgn-doRr,  a 
village  of  Prussia,  circle  of  Xeisse.     Pop.  1266. 

KUXZENDORF,  WACHTEL,  *lK'tel  kOCnt'.sen-doRf\  a 
village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Oppeln,  circle  of  Neustadt. 
Pop.  1049. 

KUOPIO,  koo-o/pe-o,  a  town  of  Finland,  capital  of  a  laeii, 

1003 


KUP 


KYT 


on  a  peninsuala  in  Lake  Kalavesi,  ISO  miles  E.  of  Vasa. 
Pop.  2«)0 

KUFKNSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Koopiansk. 

KUPFEKBKRG,  koop'ffr-beBoN  a  town  of  Bararia,  in  Up- 
per Fi-anconia.  13  miles  N.  of  Baireuth.    Pop.  920. 

KUPFKItBEKG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
government,  and  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  674. 

KUPFKl'iZELL.  koop'ffr-ts^ll\  a  village  of  AVurtemberg, 
on  the  Kupfer,  27  miles  N.W.  of  iillwangen.     Pop.  1287. 

KUPIANSK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Koopiansk. 

KUPINOVA,  koo-pee-no'vd.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Sla- 
vonia,  alx)ut  Iti  miles  from  Gollumbiucze.     Pop.  1(535. 

KUPPJiR,  (KUpper.)  kUp'pgr,  (Oder,  o'der,  and  Nieder, 
nee/d^r.)  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  government  of  Lieg- 
nitz.    Pop.  11344. 

KUPPERWUXJE  or  KUPPERWUXGE,  kiip-per-wtinj'.  a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  in  lat.  23°  3' 
N.,  Ion.  73°  9'  E..  25  miles  E.  of  AhmedJibad,  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  estimated  to  comprise  3000  houses. 

KUPPUltTULLA,  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  Kopurtheila. 

KOPS.  (Ivfjps.)  kUps.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  Upper  Fran- 
oonia,  26  miles  X.E.  of  Bamberg.    Pop.  1053. 

KUR.  a  river  of  West  Asia..    See  Koor. 

KURAMAS,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Kara  Soo. 

KURDIST.4X.  a  country  of  M'est  Asiji.    See  Koordistan. 

KUREX,  a  town  of  Mongolia.    See  Oorga. 

KURGAOX,  kOr-gd-on',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  62  miles 
S.W.  of  Indoor,  still  large,  and  once  flourishing. 

KURGOMMAH,  kUr-gotn'mi,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.     Lat.  23°  9'  N.,  Ion.  82°  33'  E. 

KURIA  MURIA.  ISLAXDS  OF,  Arabia.  See  Curia  Muria. 

KURILE  ISLANDS.    See  Koorile  Isla.vds. 

KURL.\XD,  a  province  of  Russia.    See  Covrlaxb. 

KURMILLA,  kUr-minJ,  a  considerable  fortified  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  68  miles  S.E.  of  Ahmed- 
nuggur. 

KURXAUL,  kQr-nawl',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi,  on  Ali  Merdan's 
Canal. 

KURXIK,  kooR'nik.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  13  miles 
g.S.E.  of  Posen.    Pop.  2730. 

KURXOOL  or  CURXODL,  kiir-nool',  written  also  CAR- 
NOUL.  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  India,  at  the  S.  part  of 
Kizam's  dominions,  on  the  Toombuddra,  110  miles  S.W.  of 
Hyderabad.   It  was  taken  by  the  British.  December  14. 1815. 

KURRACHEE,  kHrVa-chee/,  or  KARACUEE.  the  princi- 
pal seaport  town  of  Sinde.  on  an  inlet  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 
18  miles  from  the  West  Branch  of  the  Indus.  Lat.  24°  47' 
8"  N.,  Ion.  66°  56'  2"  E.  Pop.  15,000.  It  stands  on  a  low, 
sandy  shore,  and  a  few  years  ago  consisted,  with  its  exten- 
sive suburbs,  mostly  of  straggling  huts:  but  the  latest  ac- 
counts state  that  it  has  bwn  almost  rebuilt,  and  greatly 
Improved.  Its  old  fortifications  were  levelled  by  Sir  Charles 
Napier,  and  its  trade  is  now  rapidly  augmenting.  The  har^ 
bor  is  the  only  port  along  this  coast  for  vessels  drawing 
more  than  10  feet  water,  and  is  sheltered  by  Cape  Munorah, 
i  miles  to  the  S.W.,  on  wtuch  is  a  fort,  and  beyond  it  a  good 
roadstead.  A  few  years  since,  60  well-manned  fishiug-lioats 
belonged  to  the  port.  The  town  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1839.  and  was  subsequently  retained  as  a  military  post. 

KURREA.  kar're-a.or  KIRIA.  kee'ree-d,  a  town  of  Chi- 
nese Toorkistan.  180  miles  S.E.  of  Khoten.     Pop. 20.000.  (?) 

KU15REE,  kQr'ree,  a  town  of  West  Hindo.stan,  in  Guico- 
war's  dominions.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Ahmedalwd. 

KURREK,  an  oasis  in  the  Runnof  Cutch,  in  Ilindostan, 
65  miles  X.E.  of  Bhooj. 

KURRICIIAXE.  kftr-re-kifni.  a  large  town  of  South 
Africa,  in  Bechuana  Territory,  estimated  to  be  near  lat.  25° 
40'  S.,  Ion.  27°  10'  E.,  and  6000  feet  above  the  sea.  Pop. 
16,000.  (?)  It  ,i8  partly  stone-built,  and  appears  fitted  for 
people  above  a  savage  state. 

KURSIIEE,  kiir'shee  or  kMr'shee,  one  of  the  principal 
towns  of  the  Bokhara  dominions,  in  Central  Asia,  100  miles 
S.E.  of  Bokhara,  in  a  fertile  oasis.     Pop.  10.000. 

KURSK,  a  government,  and  city  of  Russia.     See  Koorsk. 

KURTZVIUjE,  a  post-ofilce  of  Monroe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

KURZl  WODY,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  IIunxEiiWASSER. 

KUHZOLARI  (koor-zo-ld'ree)  ISLAXDS.  {&nc.  Er/miades.) 
a  small  group  of  the  Ionian  Islands.  Lat.  38°  20'  X.,  Ion. 
21°  E..  comprising  Oxia.  Makri,  and  Vroman,  inhabited  by 
fishermen. 

KUSKL.  koo'zel.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on  the  Glan, 
17  miles  X.W.  of  Kaiserslautern.     Pop.  2200. 

KUSIIAX,  a  pa-ss  of  the  llindoo-Koosh.    See  Kooshax. 

KUSIIVINSK,  kooRh-vinsk'J|f)  a  mining  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  70  miles  E.N.E.  of  Perm.     Pop.  6000. 

KU.^KOVIME.  a  river,  Russian  America.  See  Kooskovime. 

KUSXKTSK.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Kooznetsk. 

KUSX ETZ  or  KUZXETZ.     See  Kooznets. 

KUSSXACIlT.kooss/iiaKt,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  4  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Lake  of  Zurich.  Pop  lf*0. 

KUSSXACIIT.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  11 
iniles  W  .X.W.  of  S<-hwytz.  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  Lucerne;  famous  in  the  history  of  William  Tell,  as  the 
place  whore  he  escaped  from  Qessler. 
1004 


KUSSOOR,  kQs-soor',  a  large  Mohammedan  town  of  the 
Punjab,  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lahore.  It  is  ancient,  enclosed 
by  bastioned  walks,  subdivided  into  numerous  fortified 
quarters,  and  ha.s  several  mosques  and  palaces. 
KUSSUR  KUXD.  See  KoosS(X>r  Kooxd. 
KUSTEXDJI,  k&s-tSnd'jee,  written  also  KISTEXDJEH; 
(anc.  Om^hmtia'na.)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  on  the  Black  Sea.  40  miles  E.  of  Ras- 
sova,  at  the  termination  of  Trajan's  ^Vall.  of  which  soma 
traces  exist.  It  has  some  trade  in  corn,  but  its  harbor  is  ex- 
posed, and  ill  adapted  for  large  ships. 

KU.STEXLAXD,  (Kiistenland.)    See  Littorale. 

KUSTRIX,  (Kiistrin.)  kils-treen',  a  fortified  town  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Brandenburg,  17  miles  X.E.  of  Frankfort, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Wartha  with  the  Oder,  on  a  uiarsh 
crossed  by  36  bridges.  Pop.  6556.  It  h.as  extensive  grain 
and  powder  magazines,  and  a  strong  castle.  It  was  bom- 
bai-ded  by  the  Russians  in  1788,  and  taken  by  the  French 
in  1806. 

KUTA,  a  river  of  .\statie  Russia.    See  Koota. 

KUTAIKII,  KUTAYA  or  KUTAIAII,  ku-ti'yeh.  written 
also  KOUTAIEIL  (anc.  Ottt/<v>utn.)  a  populous  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  Anatolia,  and  the  usual  residence  of  its  pasha,  in 
lat.  39°  24'  N..  and  Ion.  30°  19'  E.  It  stands  in  a  mountain- 
ous region,  about  4000  feet  above  the  sea,  has  numerous 
mosques,  public  baths,  and  khans,  some  Greek  and  Arme- 
nian churches,  a  mountain  fortress,  and  many  handsome 
private  buildings,  interspersed  with  gardens.  Its  trade  is 
cliiefly  in  corn,  cotton,  fruits,  gall-nuts,  goats'  hair,  and  wool. 
Kutaieh  is  the  usual  residence  of  the  vizier  of  Anatolia,  and 
was  the  prison  of  the  refugees  from  Hungary,  after  the  war 
of  1849.  About  17  miles  E^.E.  of  Kutaieh  are  the  interest- 
ing Phrygian  remains,  with  inscriptions,  and  the  Troglodytb 
habitations  of  Doganlu,  supposed  to  bo  the  ancient  Niculelia. 

KUTAIS,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia.    See  Kootais. 

KUTCII,  a  province  of  West  Ilindostan.    See  Cutch. 

KUTXO.  koofno.  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and  70 
miles  AV.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  4000. 

KUTSCHE,  a  town  of  Toorkistan.    See  Koocfte. 

KUTSULEE,  kQfsoo-Iee*,  a  considerable  walled  town  of 
British  India,  Upper  Provinces,  and  25  miles  X.  of  Meerut. 

KUTTEXBERG,  ktit/ten-bSRo\  a  town  of  Bohemia.  6  miles 
N.W.  of  Czaslau.  on  the  railway  from  Prague  to  Vienna 
Pop.  8('03.  mostly  employed  in  mines  of  copper,  lead.  &o. 

KUTY.  koo'tee\  a  town  of  Austriii,  in  Galicia,  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Kolomea.     Pop.  3670. 

KUTZTOWX.  a  post-lwrough  of  Maxafciwny  township, 
Berks  CO..  Pennsylvania,  69  miles  E.X.E.  of  Harrisburg.  and 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Reading,  contains  2  cluirches  and  1  acade- 
my.   Pop.  915. 

KUZ1ST.\X',  a  province  of  Persia.    See  Khoozistax. 

KWALUSCII,  a  village  of  Bohemia.    See  Quauscht. 

KWAXG-PIXG,  a  city  of  China.    See  Quaxg-pix8. 

KW.-VNG-SI.  a  province  of  China.     See  Quaxg-see. 

KW.\X0-S1X-F00,  a  town  of  China.     See  QcAXG-six-roO, 

KW.-VXG-TU.\G,  a  province  of  China.     See  Quaxg-toxo. 

KWEI-LIX  or  QUEI-LIXG,  kwAHing'  or  kwfling',  China, 
capital  of  the  prnvince  of  Quangsee,  2.35  miles  X.W.  of 
Canton,  stated  to  be  fortified  in  the  Europ«jn  stvle. 

KWEI-TE,  KOUEl-TK,  kw.iH.V  or  kwi'ta'.  written  also 
KWl-TE.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Ho-nan,  capital  of  a 
department.  70' miles  S.K.  of  Kai-fung. 

KWEI-YANG,  a  town  of  China.    See  KoEl-TAXG. 

KY'DOXI.\.     See  KiDONiEH. 

KYEXDWEM.  a  river  of  Burmah.    See  Khtek-Dwem. 

KY'GER.  a  pnstKiflice  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

KY'IIOLM,  kii'holm,  a  small  island  of  Denm.irk,  near  the 
island  of  Samsoe. 

KYL,  kill,  or  KIL.  a  town  of  Sweden,  near  Orebro 

KYLE,  kil.  a  district  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

KYLE'S  (Unz)  LAN'DING,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co., 
North  Carolina. 

KYLES-OF-BUTE.  a  narrow  arm  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
Scotland,  between  the  X.W.  part  of  the  Isle  of  Bute  and  the 
mainland  of  the  county  of  Argyle.  Its  shores  are  in  the 
hiirhest  degree  picturesque. 

KY'LOE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

KYME.  kim.  a  parish  of  Enizland,  co,  of  Lincoln. 

KYPARISSIA.  kfvpd-ris-see'd.  (lately  AHKADIA,)  a  sea 
port  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea.  on  the  Gulf  of  Arkadia, 
24  miles  N'.  of  Xavarino.     Pop.  2500.     See  Arcama. 

KYR  AGHUR,  ki  rd-g&r',  a  town  of  India,  Berar  dominions. 
113  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xagpoor. 

KYRE.  kir.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

KYREE.  kfree'.  (Der'a  and  Gur'ree.)  two  villages  of 
Sinde.  respectively  12  and  37  miles  X.  of  Larkhana. 

KYREEGIIUR.'  ki-ree-g&r',  a  town  of  North  Ilindostan, 
dominions,  and  136  miles  N.W.  of  Oude.  on  the  Kali. 

KYRITZ.  kee'rits.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burs.  53  miles  N.AV.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  3600. 

KY'SEKVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  New  \''ork. 

KYSKAL.  kis-kdl'.  a  decayed  town  of  Siberia,  governmenl 
of  Tobolsk,  near  the  Obi.  ruined  by  fire  in  1841 

KYTE  (kit)  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Ogle  co.  Ulioois.  PC 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 


J 


IAA.  11  or  LAIIA,  123,  a  fortified  town  of  I/iwer  Austria, 
ji    (in  tli«  Thaya,  36  miles  N.  of  Vienna.     I'op.  1378. 

LAAB  or  LAB,"  lap.  avillageof  Iluntjary,  Hither  Danube, 
12  niili'<  from  Presburj;.     Pop.  1277. 

LAACU,  IdK,  a  small  lake  of  Prussia.  17  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Cobleutz.     It  occupies  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

LAAK.  I3k,  (L.  L()cop>iiUs.)  a  small  town  of  Illyria.  Carniola, 
12  miles  X.W.  of  Laybach,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1100. 

LA  ALAND,  IiVland,  or  LOLLAND,  loPlind,  (i.  «,  "Low- 
land",) an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic,  between  lat. 
54°  .08'  and  5-1°  58'  N.,  and  Ion.  11°  and  11°  52'  E.  Area  402 
square  miles.  Pop.  (1851)  oo,708.  Surface  low  and  level ;  it 
is  one  of  the  most  fertile  of  the  Danish  i.-^lands,  producing 
fine  crops  of  corn,  hemp,  hops,  ajiplcs,  and  timber. 

LAAltAT,  l4-rlf,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off 
the  X.  extremity  of  Timor  Laut.  Length  and  breadth  about 
30  miles  each. 

LAAS.  l^s,  a  small  town  of  Austria,  Illyria,  Carniola,  29 
miles  S.  of  Laybach.     Pop.  520. 

LAAS,  Ids,  a  village  of  Xyrol,  circle  of  Botzen,  near  Sehlan- 
ders.     Pop"  1200. 

LA.\SPIIE,  Ids'ffh,  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Westphalia,  36 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Lahn.  Pop.  engaged  in 
•roollen  cloth  factories  and  iron  works. 

LAAZ,  Idz,  or  LAZI,  ld/zee\  a  village  of  HungaRy,  Hither 
Danube,  about  38  miles  from  Trentscbin.     Pop.  1833. 

LA1!.\,  Id'bd,  a  river  of  Western  Circassia,  rises  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Caucasus,  and,  after  a  course  of  about  170 
miles,  joins  the  Kooban,  a  little  above  Oost  Labinsk. 

LA  BACA.     See  Lwacca. 

LA  BAIK  DU  PKBORE,  Id  bi  du  feh-boR',  or  ST.  AX- 
TOI.NE  DE  LA  BAIE,  s^Nt  ftN«Hwdi/dfh  Id  bA,  a  village 
of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Yaniaska,  situatotl  on  the  S.  shore  of 
Lake  St.  Peter,  70  miles  N.N. E.  of  Montreal.   Pop.  about  90}). 

LA'BANSVILLE,  a  village  of  'Wa.shington  township, 
Lehi<,'h  c(junty,  Pennsylvania,  on  Lion  Creek,  about  68  miles 
N.N.W.  from  Philadelphia.  It  contains  an  extensive  slate 
manufactory,  and  about  500  inhabitants. 

LAlVASIlKpyOA,  a  villngeof  Ireland,  CO.  of  Clare,  10  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Kilrush,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  the 
Shannon.     Pop.  606. 

LABASINCZ,  loh'bfih-shints',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Tliitber  Theisg.  about  18  miles  from  Lippa.     Pop.  1118. 

LABASTIDA,  Id-bds-tee'od,  a  town  of  Spain,  Biscay,  pro- 
vince of  Alava,  about  30  miles  from  Vittoria,     Pop.  1639. 

LA  BATHIE,  Id'bd'tee/,  (L.  Baslikt,)  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Savoy,  10  miles  N.\V',  of  Moutiers.  Pop. 
1097. 

LAB.VTLA'N,  10h'b<5tMdn',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither 
Danube.  2  miles  from  Neudorf.     I'op.  996. 

LA  BATTAOLIA.     See  Battaglu,  La. 

LA  BAUCHE,  Id  bosh,  (L.  iktu'ca,)  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Savoy,  on  the  Ouiers,  about  4  miles  from 
Cbambery.     Pop.  1470. 

LAl!BKO,ldb'bro,aviIliige  of  Central  Italy.  State  of  Utn- 
bria,  9  miles  N.AV.  of  Eieti,  with  9U0  inhabitants,  a  colle- 
giate church,  and  a  hospital. 

LABE,  a  river  of  Germany.     See  EusE. 

LABEE,  LABE,  or  LABY,  ld/bee\  a  town  of  Africa,  Sene- 
gambia,  ill  Foota  .1  alien,  about  230  miles  N.E.  of  Sierra  Leone ; 
lat.  11°  10'  N. ;  Ion.  8°  30'  W.  It  is  said  to  be  3  miles  in  cir- 
cuit.    Pop.  about  5000. 

LA  EELGIQUE.    See  Belgium. 

LA  BELLE  RIVlilRE.    See  Ohio. 

LABKK,  Id/bor,  the  name  of  several  small  rivers  of  Ba- 
yaria,  tributaries  to  the  Danube.  A  village  on  one  of  these, 
circle  of  Upper  Palatine,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Kati.^^bon,  has  854 
iJihabitauts,  2  churches,  a  castle,  and  iron  manufactories. 

L.\BES,  Id'bes,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerauia,  42  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Stettin,    Pop.  3207. 

LABIAU,  Id/be-ow^  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  25  miles 
N.E.  of  Kiinigsberg,  on  the  Deine.     Pop.  3595. 

LA  BIOLLE,  Id-be-oU',  (L.  JMulletum,)  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  Savoy,  on  the  Deisse,  at  the  foot  of  Mont- 
falcon,  about  9  miles  N.  of  Chambery.    Pop.  1469. 

LABISZIN  or  LABISCHIN,  Id'he-.-heen',  a  town  of  Prus- 
'dan  Poland,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bromberg.    I'op.  2520. 

LABOBER,  Id-bo'bjR,  a  small  rocky,  well-wooded  island, 
In  the  Malay  Archipelago,  about  18  miles  off  the  N,W.  coast 
of  Timor  Laut. 

LABOOAN  or  LABUAN,  Id'boo-dn',  (POOLO,)  an  island  of 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Borneo,  30  miles 
N.  of  Borneo.  Lat.  of  its  centre  5°  22'  N.,  Ion.  115°  10'  E. 
Length  10  miles,  breadth  5  miles.  It  has  a  pretty  good 
harbor,  some  workable  beds  of  coal,  and  an  abundance  of 
good  water.  It  was  taken  pos.<ession  of  by  the  British  in  1846. 

LABOON,  LABOUN  or  LABUN,  Id/boon,  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Yolhynia,  on  the  Khorim,  50  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Zhitomeer.    Pop.  3:W0. 


LA'BOR  CREEK,  Georgia,  flows  through  Morgan  county 
into  the  Appalachee  River,  about  8  miles  N.E.  from  Madison 

LABRADOR,  laVr,j-dor/,  an  extensive  peninsula,  E.  coas! 
of  British  North  America;  lat.  from  50°  to  6o°N.,  and  Ion.  56' 
to78°  W.;  bounded  N.  by  Hudson's  Strait,  E.  by  the  Atlantic 
S.E.  by  the  Strait  of  Belle  I.xle,  .separating  it  from  Newfound 
land ;  S.  by  the  gulf  and  river  St.  Lawrence  and  C^anada 
and  AV.  by  James'  Bay  and  Hudson's  Bay;  area  estimated  at 
about  450,000  square  miles.  The  interior  is  very  imperfectlj 
known,  and  the  coast  is  almost  throughout  rugged,  bleak 
and  desolate  in  the  extreme.  Towards  the  centre  the  surface 
rises,  till  a  mountain  range,  partly  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Wotchish  Mountains,  appears  to  form  the  principal  water 
shed,  sending  the  waters  which  gather  on  its  sides  A\'.,  N.,  and 
E.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  East  Main  or  Sttide,  which 
flows  nearly  due  \V.  into  the  S.E.  extremity  of  .James'  Bay: 
the  Great  and  Little  Whale  Rivers,  which  flow  in  the  same 
direction,  and  fall  into  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Hudson's  Bay; 
the  Keeuoganissee  and  Koksoak.  whiih,  flowing  respectively 
N.E.  and  N.W.,  unite  their  streams  and  fall  into  Ungava  or 
South  Bify,  off  the  S.E.  of  Hudson's  Strait ;  and  the  .'Nleschie- 
kemau  or  North  West  River,  which  flows  E.  into  the  Strait 
of  Belie  Isle.  The  lakes  are  very  numerous,  almost  every 
river  forming  several  by  expanding  during  its  course.  The 
largest  are  Clear  Water,  in  the  W.,  which  discharges  itself 
by  a  stream  of  the  same  name  into  Hudson's  Bay ;  Mistas- 
sinnie,  in  the  S.,  and  Meschickemau,  an  expansion  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name.  The  prevailing  rocks  on  the 
coast  are  granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  slate.  Above  these,  in 
some  parts,  is  a  bed  of  old  red  sandstone,  alnjut  200  feet 
thick,  fldlowed  by  secondary  limestone.  Towards  the  inte- 
rior the  secondary  formations  disappear,  and  the  primary 
become  predominant.  The  surface,  when  seen  at  a  distance 
from  the  sea,  has  a  green  and  alluvial  appearance,  but  is 
found,  on  examination,  to  be  covered  with  moss  and  stunted 
shrubs.  In  the  valleys,  where  the  soil  is  sandy,  and  the 
temperature  cou.sidei ably  above  the  average.  juni,per,  birch, 
and  poplar  trees  are  found  growing  in  a  kind  of  forests, 
which  are  haunted,  during  summer,  by  deer,  bears,  wolves, 
foxes,  martin.s,  otters,  &c.,  till  the  approach  of  winter  drives 
them  to  the  coast.  The  climate  is  too  severe  to  ripen  any 
of  the  ordinary  cereals,  but  barley,  sown  and  cut  green, 
makes  excellent  fodder,  and  both  potatoes  and  .several 
species  of  culinary  vegetables  are  said  to  do  well.  The 
inhabitants,  con.sisting  chiefly  of  Esquimaux,  subsist  prin- 
cipally by  hunting  and  fishing:  bvit  every  year  great  num' 
hers  of  fishing  vessels  arrive  both  from  the  British  dominions 
and  the  United  States,  and  profit  by  the  valuable  fisheries 
along  the  coast.  It  is  supposed  that  the  British  sulgecta 
engaged  in  these  fisheries,  chiefly  from  Newfoundland,  Nova 
Scotia,  and  Canada,  amount  to  at  least  20,000.  Much  of 
the  produce  is  sent  to  Newfoundland  before  being  exported 
to  Europe ;  but  here  are  several  English  and  Jersey  estab- 
lishments, and  one-third  of  the  resident  inhabitants  con- 
sists of  English,  Irish,  and  Jersey  servants  left  in  charge, 
who  take  annually  from  16.000  to  18,000  seals.  The 
total  value  in  fish  and  oil  is  estimated  at  from  £000,000  to 
£800.000.  The  European  settlements,  all  on  the  E.  coast, 
consist  of  Forteau  and  Bradore  Bays,  Anse,  Le  BInnc,  and 
the  Moravian  stations  Nain,  Okhak,  Hopedale,  and  Hebron. 
The  Hudson's  Bay  Company  have  several  settlements  in 
Labrador,  and  re<'eive  many  valuable  furs  from  it.  The 
total  population  is  supposed  to  be  about  5000.  Labrador 
was  discovered  by  Cabot  in  1496;  and  rediscovered  by  Had- 
sou  in  1610,  It  was  named  by  the  Spaniards  Tierra  Laura- 
dor  or  "  cultivable  land,"  to  distinguish  it  from  Greenland. 

LA  BRANCH  LANDING,  a  post-oflice  of  St.  Charles  parish, 
Louisiana. 

LABREDE,  Id^braid',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  11  miles  S.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1852,  1550.  Ita 
castle  was  the  birth-place  of  Montesquieu. 

LABRIT,  Id'bree/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Landes,  16  miles  N.  of  Mont-de-Marsan.  Pop.  in  1852,  1100. 
It  was  formerly  a  town  called  Albert,  (dPhaiR',)  and  haa 
ruins  of  a  castl^e  of  Henry  IV. 

LABRUGUIERE,  Id^bfu^ghe-aiR/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Tarn,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Castres.  Pop.  in 
1852,  3518. 

LABUAN',an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See  Labooan. 

LABU-HADJI,  Id'boo-hd/jee,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Lombok. 

LABUN,  a  town  of  Russia,    See  Laboon. 

LABY,  a  town  of  Western  Africa.    See  Labee. 

L'ACADIE,  Id'kdMee',  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co 
of  Huntingdon,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains 
several  stores  and  hotels.     Pop.  about  200. 

LA  CANADA,  Id-kdn-yd/dd,  a  post-ofiSce  of  Rio  Arriba  co.. 
New  Mexico. 

LACAMUN,  Id-kdn-toon',  a  river  of  Central  America. 

1005 


LAC 

It  rise?  in  Guatemala ;  lat.  15°  25'  X..  and  nbovit  Ion.  92° 
W  ;  flows  first  K.  for  about  60  miles,  when  it  is  joined  by  a 
braneh  coming  from  the  Ticinity  of  Snlama.  It  now  turns 
N.  for  about  24  miles;  then  VV.N.W.  for  60  miles;  receives 
La  I'assion,  and  about  75  miles  below  joins  the  Usumasiuta. 
The  united  stream,  after  a  course  of  210  miles,  falls  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  Lake  Tcrminos.  The  whole  course  is 
thus  about  430  miies,  but  its  upper  part  is  little  known. 

LACARAGOOND.\,  lakV-ra-koonM^,  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Bengaljdi'strict  of  Beerbhoom,  116  miles 
N.E.  of  Calcutta. 

LACAUNE,  la^kOn',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Castres.     Pop.  in  1852,  4078. 

LACAZE,  Id'kJz',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
16  miles  X.H:.  of  Castres.     Pop.  in  1852,  2427. 

LACCADIVE  (Idk'ka-div')  ISLES,  (called  by  the  natives 
Lalaradeevh,  deevh  signifying  "island"^)  a  group  of  low 
islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  extending  between  lat.  10°  and 
12°  N..  and  Ion.  72°  and  74°  E.,  alwut  150  miles  W.  of  the  Mala- 
bar coast.  They  consist  of  17  principal  isles  of  coral  formation. 
Andcrot.  or  Underoot,  the  largest,  is  3  miles  long.  They 
have  an  agiiregate  population  of  about  10.000  Mohammedans. 
Several  of  them  are  uninhabited.  The  principal  products 
are  coir,  jaggery,  cocoa,  and  betel  nuts,  with  some  rice,  sweet 
potatoes,  and  small  cattle.  The  best  cables  of  Malabar,  are 
made  from  the  Laccadive  coir.  The  islands  were  discovered 
by  Vasco  de  Gama  in  1499. 

LACCHIARELIiA,  iJk-ke-a-rSlia,  (L.  LactareUla,)  a  village 
of  .Northern  Italy,  2  miles  E.S.E.  of  Binasco,  on  the  Olona, 
with  the  remains  of  an  old  castle  of  some  celebrity  in  the 
Italian  civil  wars.     Pop.  2638. 

LACCO,  Idk'ko,  a  village  of  Naples,  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
the  island  of  Ischia.     Pop.  1965. 

LAC  DE  COME.     See  CoMO.  L.^KE  OF. 

LAC  DE  LA  PLUIE.     See  R.\IXT  L.\KE. 

LAC  DE  L'ESCLAVE.     See  Gre.it  Sl.we  Lake. 

LAC  DES  BOIS.    See  Lake  of  the  Woods. 

LAC  DES  MILLE  ISLES,  l2k  di  mill  eel,  ("Lake  of  the 
Thousand  Islands,")  an  expansion  in  the  upper  part  of  St. 
Lawrence  River,  which  see. 

LAC  DES  MOXTAGNES.    See  Athabasca. 

LAC  DES  RENNES  ("  Rein  Deer  Lake").  See  Deer  Lake. 

LAC  DU  BUFFLE.    See  Buffalo  Lake. 

LAC  DU  GRAND  OURS.    See  Bear  Lake  (Gre.^t). 

LACE'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Lincoln. 

LACED..EMON,  las-e-dee'mon,  (Gr.  KaKtiaipiWV,  Lal-edai- 
mi'/n,}  an  ancient  Grecian  state,  of  which  Sparta  was  the 
capital.     See  Lacoma.    Adj.  ai^d  inhab.  Laced.emo'xiax. 

LACEDOGXA,  Id-chi-dAn'yd,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  I'rincipato  Ultra,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ariano.  Pop. 
600.    It  is  a  bishop's  see. 

LACEPEDE  (lls'se-peed^)  BAY.  South  Australia,  is  that 
part  of  Encounter  Bay  immediately  N.  of  Cape  Bernouilli. 

LACEPEDE  ISL.ANDS,  a  group  of  low  sandy  islands,  N. 
W.  of  Australia,  off  Dampier  Land. 

LA'CEY,  a  post-village  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  70  miles 
W.N.W.  from  Chicago. 

LA'CEY  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,Virginia. 

LA'CEY'S  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  CO.,  Alabama. 

LA'CEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  I'ennsyl- 
vania,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River.  18 
miles  above  Tunkhannock.  The  North  Branch  Canal  is  in 
progress  of  construction  to  this  place. 

L.\CEYV1LLE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  CO.,  Ohio. 

LACIIEN.  lA'Ken,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  and 
13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Schwytz,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Lake  of 
Zurich.     Pop.  1510. 

LACII'FORD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

LACIIINK,  lA^sheen',  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  on 
the  island  of  and  9  miles  S.  of  Montreal.  It  is  the  centre  of 
all  the  commerce  between  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  and 
here  the  boats  of  the  North-West  Company  commence  their 
voyage  for  the  interior.  A  railroad  connects  Lachine  with 
Montreal.  There  is  a  canal  from  this  point  to  5Iontreal,  to 
avoid  the  rapids  of  St.  Louis. 

LACIILAN.  iSkliln,  a  river  of  East  Australia,  rises  by  seve- 
ral heads  in  the  counties  of  King  and  Bathurst,  New  South 
Wales,  flows  W.,  and  joins  the  Murrumbidgee  to  form  the 
Murray  River,  near  lat.  .34°  30'  S.,  Ion.  144°  10'  E.  In  the 
last  part  of  its  course  it  expands  into  extensive  marshes. 
Its  total  course  may  be  estimated  at  400  miles.  It  gives 
name  to  a  diKtrict  having  an  area  of  about  15.000  square 
miles,  and  a  population  of  2198,  between  the  rivers  Laehlan 
and  Murrumbidgee. 

LACIIOWICZi:.  IJ-Ko-vee'chA,  or  LIACIIOWITZE,  le-d- 
ko-veefs4,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  54  miles  S.W. 
of  Minsk.  It  was  onco  fortified,  and  the  capital  of  a  county. 
The  Russians  and  Cossacks  were  defeated  here  in  1660  by  the 

LA  ClIROJIA.  li  kro'mi.  an  islet  of  the  Adriatic,  on  the 
ooast  of  Dnlmatia.  1  mile  S.  of  Ragusa,  at  which  Richard 
Creur  de  Lion  landed  on  his  return  from  Palestine. 

LACn.-<A.  KiK'sd.  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Laiisa. 

LACIIUTE.  Ii'>shUte',  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co. 
lOtW 


LAC 

of  TwoMoantains.  45  miles  E.  of  Monlreal  and  6  miles  fronj 
St.  Andrew's.     It  contains  several  stores,  and  3  mills. 

LACINIUM  PROilONTORIUM.    See  Cape  Nao. 

LACK,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Penn.sylvania.    P.  1340. 

LACK'AMUTE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  Co.,  Oregon. 

LACK'AWAC\  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co.,  N.  Y..  about 
80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

LACKUWAN'NA  or  LACK^AWAN/NOCK,  a  river  of 
Pennsylvania,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  falls 
into  the  N.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  10 
miles  above  Wilkesbarre.  The  valley  of  this  river  is  noted 
for  rich  coal-mines. 

LACKAWANNA,  a  po.st-township  of  Luzerne  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, 16  miles  S.S.W.  from  Carbondale.     Pop.  1663. 

LACKUWAN'NOCK  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  extends 
from  the  Susquehanna  north-eastward  along  the  N.W.  side 
of  Lackawanna  River,  for  25  or  30  miles.  The  average 
height  may  be  about  800  feet.  This  mountain,  togethei 
with  the  Nanticoke  and  Shawnee  Mountains,  of  which  it 
may  be  regarded  as  the  continuation,  constitutes  the  N.'^l' 
boundary  of  the  Lackawaxina  or  Wyoming  coal  valley,  the 
Wyoming  and  Moosic  Mountains  forming  the  S.E.  boiindarj 
This  valley  is  near  70  miles  long,  and  from  5  to  0  miles 
wide. 

LACK'AWAX'EN,  a  river  in  the  N.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
rises  in  Wayne  co.,  and  enters  the  Delaware  in  I'ike  ( o. 

LACKAWAXEN,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Delaware  River.     Pop.  1241. 

L.iCKAWAXEN,  a  thriving  post-village  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Lackawaxen,  which  is  here  crossed  by  the  New  Y^ork 
and  Erie  Railroad,  121  miles  from  New  York  City.  The 
Hudson  and  Delaware  Canal  crosses  the  Delaware  River  by 
an  aqueduct  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  this  place. 

LACKENBACH,  Idk/ken-bilKS  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
and  15  miles  S.  of  (Edenburg.     Pop.  1333. 

LACK'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

L.ACK'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LA  CLAIR,  a  post-village  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  7U  miles 
W.S.W.  fromChicago. 

LA  CLEDE,  Id  klaid,  or  lah  kleed,  formerly  KIN'DER- 
HOOK',  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mi.«souri,  has  an 
area  of  750  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the  E.  part  by 
Gasconade  River  and  its  Osage  fork,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Niangua  and  Auglaize  Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and 
consists  partly  of  prairies  and  partly  of  forests  of  hai-d  tim- 
ber. La  Clede  was  formed  a  few  years  ago  out  of  the  W 
part  of  Pulaski  co.,  and  named  in  honor  of  La  Clede.  the 
founder  of  St.  Louis.  Capital,  Lebanon.  Pop.  51S2,  of 
whom  4877  were  free,  and  305  slaves. 

LAC  MASKINONGE,  Idk  mds'kee'nAN«Vhd/,  a  small  vil- 
lage of  Canada  East,  co.  of  JJcrthier,  66  miles  N.  of  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  about  2000. 

LACOBRIGA.    See  Lagos. 

LA'COCK  or  LAY'COCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 
3  miles  S.  of  Chippenham.  Here  are  interesting  remains 
of  a  large  nunnery,  founded  in  1232.  in  one  of  the  rooms  of 
which  is  preserved  a  copy  of  the  Magna  Charta,  sent  by  Henry 
III.  to  the  Countess  of  Salisbury. 

LACOLLE,  Id^koll',  a  post-village  of  Canada  Earf,  co.  of 
Huntingdon,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  seve- 
ral stores,  hotels,  and  3  mills.    Pop.  about  500. 

LA'CON,  an  incorporated  city,  capital  of  Marshall  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  left  (E.)  bank  of  Illinois  River,  99  m.  N.  from 
Springfield.  Steamboats  can  ascend  to  this  place  in  nearly 
all  stages  of  water.  Lacon  has  a  court-house,  2  newspaper 
ofldces,  5  churches,  and  1  bank.  The  value  of  grain,  &c. 
shipped  here  in  1864,  was  estimated  at  $2,900,000.    l oji.  1944. 

LACO'NA,  a  post-office  of  .lefferson  oo..  Kentucky. 

LACONI,  Id-ko'nee,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  45 
miles  N.  of  Cagliari,  on  a  hill.    Pop.  1768. 

LACONIA.  Id-ko/ne-d,  a  government  of  Greece,  comprising 
the  southmost  sub-peninsula  of  the  Morea.  Principal  river, 
the  Eurotas.  Chief  town.  Zimova  (anc.  Arinp'oUst  t)  on  its  AT. 
coast.  Laco'nia  or  Lacon'ica,  (Gr.  AaKwvtKri,  Lakovik':.)  waa 
in  ancient  times  one  of  the  most  oeleljrated  of  the  Grec'an 
states.  Sparta  was  the  capital.  Adj.  and  inhab.  Lacoxian, 
li-ko'ne-an. 

LACONIA,  a  post-office  of  Desha  co.,  Arkan.«a.s. 

LACONIA.  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  2  miles 
from  the  Ohio  River  and  13  miles  S.  of  Corydon. 

L.VCONICUS  SINUS.    See  Kolokythia.  Gulf  op. 

LA  COTE  ST.  MARIE.  Id  kot  s^mt  m.Vree,  a  post<.ff:ce  of 
Marquette  co..  Wisconsin. 

LAC  QUI  PARLE,  l:ik  kee  paRl,  a  post-village  of  Minr.o- 
sotn,  situated  on  Lac  Qui  Parle,  an  expansion  of  St.  Peter's 
River.  140  miles  W.  of  St,  Pauls. 

LACROMA.    See  La  Chroma. 

LA  CROSSE,  Id  kro.ss'.  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  rises  io 
La  Crosse  co.  and  flows  into  the  Missis.sippi. 

LA  CROSSE,  a  countv  in  the  W.  part  of  AVisconsin.  h-.r- 
dering  on  Minnesota,  from  which  it  is  seiiaratcd  by  th* 
Mississippi  River,  contains  about  450  square  miles.  It  ib 
intersected  by  La  Crosse  River,  and  bounded  on  the  N.W 
by  Black  River.    Capital.  La  Crosse.    Pop.  12,l8t 


LAC 


LAF 


IjA  CROSSE,  a  city,  capital  of  La  Crosse  co..  Wisconsin. 
Is  beautifully  situated  on  tlie  left  hank  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  at  the  month  of  La  Crosse  River,  ami  on  the  Milwau- 
kee and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  al>out  12;')  miles  N.AV.  of  Madison. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  S  churches,  3  banks,  4  newspaper 
offices,  a  normal  institute,  a  United  States  land  office,  4 
manufactories  of  farming  implements,  2  of  threshing  ma- 
chines, 3  foundries,  and  m;inv  other  factories  and  mills. 
Pop.  in  tseo,  .SS60;  in  18fi.\  about  7000. 

LACTACUNGA.    See  Taccnga. 

LACTOlJUKUM.     See  TowcESTER. 

LACUNZA,  Idkoon'thi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Navarre,  on  the  Araquil,  24  miles  from  Pampeluna,     Pop. 

LACUS  ASPIIALTITES.    See  Dead  Sea. 

LACUS  VKKBANUS.    See  Lago  Magoiore. 

LA'CY,  a  post-office  of  Drew  co.,  Arkansas. 

L.iCY,  a  small  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

LACY'S  HILL,  a  po.st-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 

LADA  (UMi)  ISLES,  a  cluster  of  high  rugged  islands,  off 
the  N.W.  coast  of  the  Malay  peninsula.  Lat.  6°  VI'  N., 
Ion.  99°  40'  K. 

LADAKIL  IdMSk',  an  independent  country  of  Central 
Asia,  between  lat.  32°  and  30°  N.,  and  Ion.  76° and  79°  K.,  hav- 
ing S.  and  S.W.  the  Himalaya  Slountains  separating  it  from 
Cashmere  and  other  de()endencie8  of  the  Punjab.  X.  the  Kara- 
korum  Mountains  separating  it  from  Chinese  'f  oorkistan,  K. 
Great  Thibet,  and  N.W.  Baltee  or  Little  Thiliet.  Area  loosely 
estimated  at  30,000  square  miles,  and  population  at  from 
150.000  to  500.000,  mostly  Thibetans.  Surface  wholly  moun- 
tainous, iuters|)erseil  with  narrow  valleys,  the  prineii^al 
being  those  of  the  Upper  Indus  and  its  affluents.  Soil  sterile, 
and  climate  severe;  yet  the  mountain  sides  being  carefully 
embanked  with  stone  dykes,  and  industriously  cultivated, 
pretty  gornl  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  and  buckwheat,  are 
raised,  with  apples  and  apricots.  Prangos,  a  peculiar  kind 
of  fodder,  is  at)undant,  as  is  rhubarb.  Sulphur,  iron,  lead, 
and  copper  might  be  mined  profitably.  This  country  is 
the  great  depot  for  the  wool  used  for  the  nuinufacture  of 
iashmere  shawls.  The  transit  trade  with  all  the  neigh- 
Ooring  regions  is  extensive,  and  conducted  mostly  by  means 
of  mules  and  sheep.  The  government  is  despotic,  but  the 
rajah  is  controlled  by  the  jiriests,  who  swarm  in  this  country 
as  in  Thibet.  The  armed  force  consists  of  a  peasant-militia. 
Lo/lakh  has  been  repeateilly  under  the  rule  of  more  power- 
ful neighbors ;  during  the  life  of  Runjeet  Singh  it  formed 
a  part  of  liis  dominion.     Primipal  city,  Leh. 

LAD.\NY,  JASZ,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  .Ta.sz-Ladant. 

LADIiEllGEN,  lild'hCR'ahen,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
government  and  13  miles  X.N.E.  of  Miinster.     Pop.  1345. 

LAD'KKOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

LADDS/UUKUH.  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co..  Pa. 

LADBIXOE-POLE,  Id-di'no-.Vpo-lA/,  a  small  town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Olonets,  on  the  Sveer,  (or  Svir,)  30  miles  from 
its  mouth,  in  Lake  Ladoga,  and  where,  under  Peter  the 
Great,  the  first  Russian  ships  were  built  for  the  navigation 
of  the  Baltic. 

LADENHURO,  Id/den-biioRG*,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle 
Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Neckar,  with  a  station  on  the  Main 
Neckar  Railway,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mannheim.     l*op.  2431. 

LADEXUORF  or  LAADENDORP,  lrfd^n-dftRf\  a  village 
of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Zaya,  about  9  miles  from  Gauners- 
dorf     Pop.  1490. 

LADEXZE.  Id-dfn'zeh,  IdMftxz',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince nf  llainaut,  13  miles  X.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1149. 

L.\DIESI>UKG,  l.Vdiz-biirg.  a  post^village  in  Frederick  co., 
Maryland.  80  miles  X.W.  from  Annapolis. 

LADI'GA,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  CO.,  Alabama,  140 
miies  N.  b}'  E.  from  Montgomery. 

LADIGNAC,  IdMeeuVdk'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute- Vieune.  arrondissement  of  St.  Yrieix.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2596. 

LADIK,  ia'deek\  or  YORGAN  LADIK,  yoR'gan'ia'deek\ 
(anc.  Laixlice'a  Coiiibiis'ta^)  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Asia.  24  miles 
N..\.W.  of  Konia.  It  is  built  of  mud,  in  the  midst  of  a 
mound  of  ruins,  and  has  many  antiquities,  consisting  of 
altars,  columns,  friezes.  &c.     I'op.  about  500. 

LADI KIA  or  LADIKIYEH.     See  Latakeea. 

LADl.MIRitVEZE,  Id'de-me-ro-vd'zil,  a  village  of  Austria, 
Slavonia.  about  12  miles  from  Eszek.    Pop.  908. 

L.\'DOClv,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LADiVG.V,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana,  11  miles 
8.S.E.  from  Crawfordsville. 

LADiKJ.A.,  a.  post-office  of  Fond-du-Lac  co.,  Wisconsin. 

LADOGA,  l3'do-gJ,  the  largest  lake  of  Europe,  is  situated 
In  Russia,  mostly  between  lat.  69°  58'  and  61°  46'  X.,  and 
Ion.  30°  and  33°  E.,  enclosed  by  the  governments  of  St. 
Petersburg,  Olonets,  and  Viborg.  Area  6190  square  miles. 
Depth  very  unequal.  The  shores  are  generally  low  ;  it  con- 
tams  several  i-lands,  and  numerous  rocks  and  quicksands. 
It  receives  about  60  rivers,  and  di.scharges  its  surplus 
waters  by  the  Xeva  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  The  Ladoga 
Canal,  70  miles  in  lensrth.  and  74  feet  in  breadth,  and  the 
tsuiSkoiandSveerCanalsjform  a  navigable  chain  all  uround 
bs  e.  auU  S.-b.  sides.  ! 


LADOGA,  NEW,  a  town  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Ladoga, 
government  and  70  miles  K.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Pop.  3000. 
Old  Ladoga  is  a  village  luljacent. 

LADROXES,  Hd-rinz',  (S|i.  pron.  ladri'n^s,)  or  31ART 
AXXE  (mA're-ann/)  or  .MAUIAXA  (maVe-d/nd)  ISLANDS,  a 
group  in  the  Xorth  Pacific,  belonging  to  Spain,  mostly  be- 
tween lat.  13°  and  21°X.,  and  Ion.  144°  and  146°  E..  and  con- 
sisting of  20  islands,  of  which  only  5  are  inhabited.  Pop. 
10,000.  They  are  of  volcanic  origin,  densely  wootled,  and 
very  fertile.  Principal  islands,  Gugnan,  (goo-gwdn',)  Rota. 
(ro'ti,)  and  Tinian,  (tee-ne-dn',)  on  the  first  of  which  is  the 
capital  town  St.  Ignazio  de  Agaila.  The  Ladrones  were  disco- 
vered by  Magellan,  in  1521.  and  called  Las  Islas  de  los  La 
DRONES,  i.  e.  the  '-islands  of  the  thieves,"  from  the  thievish 
disposition  of  the  natives.  They  were  also  named  the  Mar 
ana  Islands,  in  honor  of  the  queen  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

L.\DROXES,  a  small  group  of  islands  in  the  China  Sea, 
opposite  the  entrance  to  the  Canton  River,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Macao. 

L.\DWA.  Idd'w3,  a  town  of  North  Ilindostan,  capital  of  a 
small  chiefship,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kurnaul. 

LA'DY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Orkney,  in  the  N.E. 
part  of  the  isle  of  Sanda. 

L.\DY,  Id/dee,  or  LIADI,  le-J'dee,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Moheelev,  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Orsza. 

LADY'  (l.Vdee)  ISLE,  an  uninhabited  rocky  islet,  off  the 
AV.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  and  Uj  miles  N.X.W.  of  Ajr.  It 
is  important,  as  affording  the  only  sheltered  anchorage  along 
a  great  extent  of  coast. 

LA'DYBAXK,  a  station  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  the 
Edinburgh,  Dundee,  and  Perth  Railway,  at  its  divergence  to 
Perth. 

LA'DY  JUrLIA  PER/CY  ISLAXD,  an  islet,  off  the  S.  coast 
of  Australia,  in  Portland  Bay.   Lat.  38°  35'  S.,  Ion.  141  °50'  E. 

LADYKIRK,  lA/de-kirk',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ber- 
wick-on-Tweed. 

LAEKEN.  Id'ken,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South 
Brabant,  2  miles  X.  of  Brussels,  with  which  it  communicates 
by  a  planted  avenue.     It  has  a  royal  jiark  and  residence. 

L.\ER  or  LAR,  (Liir.)  I;Ir.  a  village  of  I'russia,  government 
of  Dantzic,  circle  of  Marienburg.     Pop.  1025. 

LAER,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  near  Miinster. 
Pop.  896. 

L.\ERNE,  lla'nfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  6  miles  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3770. 

LA  FARGKVILLE,  li  farj'vil,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  Xew  York,  16  miles  X.  of  Watertown. 

LAFAYETTE,  lafd-yett/,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Mis- 
sissippi, has  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
.sected  by  the  TuUahatchie,  and  its  affluent  the  Yockuapa- 
talfa  River.  Tlie  surface  is  diversified  by  gentle  undulatic  ^ns, 
and  adorned  by  open  groves  of  oak,  hickory.  &c.  The  soil 
has  a  substratumof  sand,  and  is  very  productive,  especially 
in  the  VMlleys.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Mississippi  Central 
Railroad.  'J'he  Chickiisaw  Indians  were  removed  from 
this  part  of  the  state  in  1S3S.  Capital,  Oxford.  Popu- 
lation in  1860,  16,125,  of  whom  8996  were  free,  and  7129 
slaves. 

LAFAYETTE  parish,  in  the  S.  part  of  Louisiana,  contains 
about  a.'iO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Vermilion 
River,  ^navigable  by  steamboats.)  The  surface  is  nearly 
level ;  the  soil  is  alluvial  and  fertile.  Pop.  9003,  of  whom 
4.')  to  wore  free,  and  4463  slaves. 

LAF.\YETTE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Arkan.sas, 
bordering  on  Louisiana  and  Texas,  contains  about  1500 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Red  River,  and  also 
drained  by  Bayous  Bodcan  and  Dauchite  and  the  Sulphur 
fork  of  Red  River.  The  surface  is  level,  and  is  interspersed 
with  prairies;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Lewisville.  Pop. 
846t,  of  whom  4153  were  free,  and  4311  slaves. 

LAFAYETTE,  (formerly  LILLARD,)  a  county  in  the  W. 
part  of  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  612  square  miles.  .  The  Mis- 
souri River,  which  here  flows  towards  the  E.,  forms  the 
northern  boundary;  the  county  is  also  drained  by  Big 
Snybar  and  Terre  Beau  Creeks,  and  by  the  Salt  Fork  of 
Blackwatcr  River.  The  surface  is  agreeably  diversiiii^d :  the 
soil  is  remarkably  and  almost  uniformly  fertile.  Limestone 
and  sandstone  underlie  a  large  part  of  the  county.  The 
bluffs  of  the  Missouri  alon^  the  northern  border  consist 
almost  entirely  of  beds  of  stone-coal.  Lafayette  is  among 
the  most  populous  and  highly  cultivated  counties  in  the 
state.  Capital,  Lexin-ton.  Pop.  20,098,  of  whom  13,724 
were  free,  and  6374  slaves. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
bordering  on  Illinois,  has  an  area  of  about  660  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Fevre  River,  and  the  two  branches  of  the 
Pekatonica,  which  cross  the  northern  border  of  the  county, 
and  unite  in  the  S.E.  part.  The  surface  is  broki;n  by  ridges, 
which  are  in  some  parts  entirely  bare  of  timber,  and  in 
others  covered  with  a  spar.se  growth  of  oaks.  The  soil  is 
generally  productive.  The  cliff  limestone  which  underlies 
the  county  alxiunds  in  rii'h  veins  of  lead  and  copper,  from 
which  large  quantities  of  these  ores  are  taken.  The  famous 
Platte  mounds,  in  the  X.AV.  part,  are  remarkable  for  their 
regular  form,  and  are  surrounded  by  a  larse  expanse  of 

1007 


LAF 

pralri?     ITiis  conntv  is  intersected  Tiy  a  branch  of  the  Ga- 

lu  Dii  and  Chicago  Kailroad.  Capital.  Darlington.  Pop.  18.134. 

LAFAVETTii,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 

LAFAYETTli,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga 
CO..  ^ew  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Binghamton  Kailroad, 
about  VZ  miles'  S.  by  E.  of  Syracuse.  In  this  township  is  an 
Indian  reservation.     Pop.  2537. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sussex  CO.. 
New  Jersey,  about  70  miles  N.  of  Trenton.  It  has  2  or  S 
churches,  and  2  iron  foundries.     Pop.  of  the  township  919. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  McKean  co., 
Pennsylvania,  12  miles  W.  of  Smithport,  and  208  miles  N.W. 
of  Ilarrisburg.    Pop.  214. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Roanoke  lUver,  about  190  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kich- 
mond.     Pop.  from  200  to  300. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia, 
210  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville,  is  beautifully  situated  in 
a  mountainous  region.  The  village  has  a  court-house,  2 
churches,  I  academy,  and  10  stores.  It  was  formerly  called 
Chattooga. 

LAFAYFITTE,  a  village  of  Chambers  co.,  Alabama.  See 
Chambers  Court-IIouse. 

LAFAYETTE,  Louisiana.    See  New  Orleans. 

LAF.\YETTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Macon  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 55  miles  N.E.  of  Nashville. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Christian  CO., 
Kentucky,  218  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  and  1  mile  from 
the  Tennessee  line.  It  contains  4  churches,  and  6  dry 
goods  stores. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.    P.  124.5. 

LAFAY'ETTE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
National  Koad,  22  miles  W.  of  Columbus,  has  about  200 
iuhabiumts. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Medina 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1325. 

LAF.\YETTE,  a  small  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  892. 

LAKAYETTE,atownshipin  Allen  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.1.320. 

LA  FAYETTE,  a  township  in  Flovd  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1534. 

LAF  A  YKTTE,  a  township  in  Madison  Co.,  Indiana.  P.  1002. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  in  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  Pop.  1181. 

LAFAY^ETTE,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Tippecanoe 
CO..,  Indiana,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Wabash  River,  and  on 
tlie  \V abash  and  Erie  Canal,  66  miles  N.W.  of  Indiana- 
polis, and  123  miles  S.E.  from  Chicago,  lat.  40°  25'  N.,  Ion. 
86°  49'  W.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  gradually  rising 
ground,  which  affords  a  delightful  view  of  the  river  and  the 
neighboring  hills.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  on  the 
canal  above  named,  which  connects  it  with  Lake  Erie  and 
the  Ohio  River.  The  Toledo  and  AVabash  Railroad  inter- 
sects the  Louisville,  New  Albany,  and  Chicago  Railroad  at 
this  point,  which  is  also  the  terminus  of  the  Lafayette  and 
Indianapolis  Railroaxl.  These  advantages,  together  with  the 
fertility  of  the  surrounding  country,  render  it  a  place  of 
active  trade,  and  the  principal  grain  market  in  the  state.  It 
contains  a  court-house  which  cost  $20,000, 4  banks,  2  of  which 
are  national,  2  academies,  4  public  schools,  and  13  churches, 
some  of  which  are  large  and  handsome  buildings.  It  has  also 
2  paper-mills,several  iron  foundries,and  large  establishments 
for  packing  pork.  Four  weekly,  2  tri-weekly,  and  2  daily 
newspapers  are  published  here.  The  surrounding  country 
consists  of  fertile  prairies,  interspersed  with  oak  openings. 
Settled  in  1825.  Pop.  in  18-16, 1700;  inl850,6r29;  inl860,9387. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  in  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Ogle  co., 
Illinois.   Pop.  568. 

L.A.FAYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois,  on  a 
branch  of  Spoon  River,  100  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  in  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  35  miles  N. 
by  W.  from  Iowa  City. 

LAFAY'ETTE,  a  pretty  village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
River  Des  Moines,  13  miles  below  Fort  Des  Moines,  is  situated 
on  the  border  of  a  prairie. 

L.^FAVETTE,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Wal- 
worth CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1122. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Yam  Hill  co., 
Oregon,  situated  at  the  falls  on  the  Yam  Hill  River,  which 
is  navigable  for  boats  nearly  to  this  place,  about  28  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Salem.    Pop.  417. 

LAFAY'ETTE  COLLEGE.     See  Easton,  Pennsylvania. 

LAF.\Y'ETTE  HILL,  a  post-office,  Fluvanna  co.,  Virginia. 

LAFAYETTE  SPRINGS,  a  postofflce  of  Lafayette  co., 
Mississippi. 

LAF.\YETTEVILLE,  a  postofflce,  Dutchess  co., New  York. 

LAF'FING  GALL,  a  post-office  of  CheroKee  co.,  Georgia. 

LA  FOM'BA,  a  postKjfflce  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi. 

LA  FONTAINE,  lah  f6n-tdn',  a  postofflce  of  Harlan  co., 
Kentucky. 

LA  FONTAINE,  a  post-office  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana. 

LA  FOUKCHE,  lah-foorsh',  a  bayou  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Loui.siaua,  an  outlet  of  the  Mississippi,  commencing  at 
Donaldsouville,  on  the  right  bank.    It  Hows  south-easterly 


LAG 

through  the  parish  of  La  Fourche  Interior,  and  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  after  a  course  of  about  150  miles.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  important  channels  of  communication  between 
the  Gulf  and  the  interior,  being  navigable  for  steamboatj 
about  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  'The  land  along  its  banks 
is  generally  arable,  and  produces  abundant  crops  of  sugar 
and  cotton. 

LA  FOURCHE  INTE'RIOR,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Louisiana,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains  aliout 
1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Bayou  La  Fourche, 
navigable  by  steamboats.  It  is  in  some  parts  miirshv:  the 
soil  along  the  bayou  is  productive.  .Capital,  Thibodeaux. 
Pop.  14.014,  of  whom  7649  were  tree,  and  G.jU5  sUives. 
LA  FRANCE.    See  France. 

L.\GA-AN.  (Laga-^n.)  M'gS  on,  a  river  of  Sweden,  issues 
from  a  small  lake  about  15  miles  S.  of  .Tonkoping,  flows  S., 
expands  into  Lake  Vidostern,  passes  Laholm,  and.  aboxit  4 
miles  below,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Laholm  in  the  Cattegat, 
after  a  course  of  about  110  miles. 
LAGA'D.\,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennes.see. 
LAGAETE,  Id-gi-A'tA,  a  village  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Grand  Canary  I.sland.     Pop.  2002. 

LAGAN,  Wgan,  a  river  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  rises  in  the 
Slieve-Croob  Mountains,  and,  after  a  N.E.  covirsc  of  35  miles, 
enters  Belfast  Harbor.  It  has  been  made  navigable  beyond 
Lisburn,  whence  a  canal  connects  it  with  Lough  Neagh. 

LAGARTERA,  Id-gaR-td/rii,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile, 
70  miles  S.W.  of  Avila.    Pop.  1581. 

LAGARTO.  Id-gaR'to,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sergipe, 
70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sao  Christovao.    Pop.  of  district,  2000. 

LAGE,  Id/gheh,  a  town  of  North  Germany,  in  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Mecklenberg-Schwerin,  on  the  Recknitz,  12  miles 
N.E.  ofGuetrow.    Pop.  1624. 

LAGE,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principality  of  Lippe- 
Detmold,  on  the  Werra,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Lemgo.    Pop.  1500. 
LAGES,   Wzhis,   a  town  of  Brazil,    province  of  Santa 
Catharina,  140  miles  W.  of  Desterro.     Pop.  of  district,  5000. 
LAG'GAN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  about 
17  miles  S.K.  of  F'ort  Augustus.    Loch   Laggan,  in  this 
palish,  is  about  7  miles  long. 
LA'GLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Bradley  co.,  Arkansas. 
LA  GLEIZi;,  Id  gl§z  or  lit^glAz',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince and  19  miles  S.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  Ambleve.    Pop.  1464. 
LAGNASEO,  ldn-yS-s.Vo,  a   town  of  Piedmont,  province 
and  4  miles  S.E.  of  Saluzzo.    Pop.  1921. 

LAGNIEU,  (anc.  Lagniacus?)  lan^ye-uh',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ain,  18  miles  N.  of  BeUey,  near  the  Rhone, 
here  crossed  by  a  chain  bridge.     Pop.  in  1852.  2900. 

LAGNI-REGl,  Idn'ye-r.-i'jee,  LAGNO,  Wn'yo,  or  LANIO, 
Id/ne-o,  a  river  of  Naples,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  aftei 
a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

LAGNY,  Idn'yee',  (anc.  Laniacum  ?)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Meaux,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Marne.     Pop.  in  1852,  2527. 

LAGO,  Id'go,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Cosenza.    Pop.  2600. 

LAGOA,  Id-go'd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Santa  Catharina.  Pop.  .3000.  See  Santa  Cath.\wn.\. 
LAGO  DI  AMSANCTO,  Id'go  de  dm-sdnk'to.  (anc.  Amsancf- 
tus  La>cus.)  a  small  lake  at  the  entrance  of  a  mountain-valley, 
about  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Naples.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  in- 
cessant motion  of  its  water,  which  keeps  continually  bubbling 
up  over  a  large  portion  of  the  surface,  and  with  an  explosion 
resembllna:  distant  thunder. 

LAGO  DI  COMO.  See  CoMO,  Lake  of. 
LAGO  MAGOIORE.  Id'.go  mdd-jo'r.i  or  LAKE  OF  LOCAR- 
NO, lo-kaR'no,  (anc.  VcrMnus  La/cus.)  a  lake  of  North  Italy, 
enclosed  by  Piedmont.  Lombardy,  and  the  Swiss  canton  of 
Ticino,  being  the  westernmost  of  the  great  lakes  in  this 
region.  Length,  40  miles;  aver.age  breadth,  2  miles ;  depth 
in  some  places.  300  fathoms.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Ticino 
River,  of  which  it  is  properly  but  an  expiinsion.  On  its 
highly  picturesque  banks  are  the  towns  of  Arona,  Canobbio, 
Locarno,  Luvino,  and  Laveno;  and  it  contains  the  Borro- 
mean  I.sles.     Steam-packets  were  established  on  it  in  1820. 

LAGON'DA  or  BUCK  CREEK,  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Mad 
River  at  Springfield. 

LAGONEGRO.  IdVo-ni'gro.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  76  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salerno.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  an 
old  castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  caps. 

L.\GOR,  Id'goR'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Pau.     Pop.  1738. 

LAGORCF;,  ld\goRss',  a  village  of  F'rance,  department  of 
Ard^che,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Largentifere.     Pop.  1500. 

LAGOS,  Id/goce,  (anc.  Lacoh'riga,)  a  fortified  seaport  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Algarve,  capital  of  a  coniarca,  110 
miles  S.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  7000.  It  stands  on  a  large  bay, 
and  has  a  military  asylum,  town  hospital,  and  two  parish 
churches. 

LAGOS,  Id/goce,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  confederation, 
state  and  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Guadalajara,  having  near  it 
some  rich  silver  mines. 

LAGOS,  Id/goce,  a  town  of  Guinea,  and  formerly  one 
of  the  most  notorious  .slave  stations  on  the  coast  of  Africa, 
on  an  inlet  of  the  bight  of  Benin,  160  miles  W.  of  Benin, 


LAG 


LAII 


and  S.E.  of  Abomey.  The  British  consul  baring  been 
fired  upon  when  attempting  to  negotiate  a  treaty  for  the 
ab-jlishing  of  tlie  slave  trade,  with  the  reigning  chief  in 
1851,  though  at  the  time  under  a  flag  of  truce,  Lagos  was 
attacked  and  talien  after  a  desperate  engagement,  57  guns 
being  destroyed.  A  treaty  was  signed  prohibiting  the 
slave-trade,  putting  down  human  sacrifices,  and  securing 
not  only  the  freedom  of  commerce  but  the  liberty  to  diffuse 
Christianity.    Pop.  5000(?). 

LAGOS,  UULF  OF,  a  gulf  and  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Koom-Elee,  88  miles  S.W.  of  Adrianople. 

LAGOSTA,  Id-gds'tl,  (line.  Lastobon  or  Ladestris  f)  the  most 
S.  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatic.  Length  6  miles,  by 
4  miles  in  breadth.  On  its  N.  coast  is  a  village  with  a  small 
port 

LAGOV,  Id/g3v,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  35  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Sandomier.  Pop.  1500. 

LA  GRANGE,  lah  grAnj',  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Indiana,  bordering  on  Michigan,  contains  384  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Pigeon  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  level. 
About  two-thirds  of  it  is  occupied  by  oali  openings,  which 
have  a  sandy  soil  adapted  to  wheat,  and  nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  country  is  thickly  timbered.  The  Northern  Indiana 
Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  La  Grange. 
Pop.  11,3C6. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Penobscot  and  Piscataquis  Rivers,  about  85  miles  N.E. 
of  Augusta.     Pop.  690. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  township  of  Dutchesgco.,  New  York.  Pop. 
1850. 

LA  GR.A.NGE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York. 

L.A.  GRANGE,  a  po.st-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

L.V  GRANGE,  a  post-village  in  Randolph  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, 90  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-office,  Chester  district,  South  Carolina. 

Ilk  ORANGE,  a  flouri.'-hing  post-village,  capital  of  Troup 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  La  Grange  Railroad,  42  miles  N.  from 
Columbus.  The  La  Grange  Kailroad  connects,  at  Atlanta, 
with  the  principal  lines  of  the  state,  and  at  West  Point,  with 
a  railroad  leading  to  Montgomery,  in  Alabama.  The  village 
has  4  schools,  wliich  stand  high  in  the  public  estimation ; 
namely,  the  La  Grange  High  School,  the  Ifrownwood  Uni- 
versity, the  La  Grange  Female  Seminary,  and  the  La  Grange 
•I'emale  Institution. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Alabama, 
180  miles  N.N.W.  of  -Montgomery.  It  has  an  elevated  situa- 
tion, and  is  the  seat  of  La  Grange  College,  a  thriving  insti- 
tution founded  in  1830. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Fayette 
CO.,  Texas,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado  River,  65  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Au.stin  City.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  cot- 
ton-planting district,  and  has  an  active  business.  Steam- 
boats ply  between  this  village  and  Galveston,  and  sometimes 
ascend  as  high  as  Austin  City. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 

L.\  GRANGE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  railroad  leading  from  Memphis  to  Charleston, 
about  50  miles  E.  from  the  former.  It  contains  3  churches 
and  1  female  seminary. 

L.\  GRANGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Oldham  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Louisville  and  Frankfort  Railroad,  46  miles 
N.W.  of  Frankfurt.  It  contains  1  church  and  an  institu- 
tion named  the  Masonic  College. 

LA  GR.\NGE,  a  po.st-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Lorain  co., 
Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincin- 
nati Railroad.    Pop.  1490. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cass  co., 
Michigan,  about  130  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing,  and  4  miles 
S.E.  from  the  Central  Railroad.  Pop.  about  500 ;  *of  the 
township,  1702. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  La  Grange 
CO.,  Indiana,  170  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  became 
the  county-seat  in  1842.    Pop.  650. 

LA  QKANGE,  a  village  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River,  11  miles  S.W.  of  l>afayette. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  184  miles  above  St.  Louis.  It  contains  6 
churches,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  ofTice,  12  stores,  a  ship-yard,  2 
planing-mills,  a  tobacco  factory,  1  or  2  flouring-mills,  &c.  It 
hiis  an  active  business  in  shipping  produce.  Pop.  in  1860, 1281. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-office  of  .Monroe  co.,  Iowa. 

LA  GR.\NGE,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Walworth 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1255. 

LA  GRANGE  RLUFF,  a  pos1>village  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Illinois  River,  65  mile?  W.  by  N.  of  Springfield. 

LA  GRANGE  IRON-WORKS,  a  small  village  of  Stewart 
CO.,  Tennessee. 

L.V  GRANGETILLE,  lah  griwjNil,  a  post-office,  Dutchess 
"50.,  New  York. 

LA  GRASSE,  ll'grdss',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Carcassonne,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Orbieu.     Pop.  1400. 

LA  GREW  SPRINGS,  a  postoffice  of  Arkansas  co., 
Arkansas. 

LA'GRO,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Wabash 
30 


CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Wabash  River  and  Canal,  opposite  tho 
mouth  of  the  Salamonie,  6  miles  above  Wabash,  the  county 
scat.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2987. 

LAGKUNE-SL'R-MKK,  IJVriin'siiRhnaiR',  a  small  seaport 
town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  on  the  English 
Channel,  11  miles  N.  of  Caen.     Pop.  1207. 

L.\GUAN.  l3-gw3n',  a  small  island  of  the  Philippino  group, 
off  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Samar. 

LAGUARDI.X,  \A-g\\h\)ae-L  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  Bis- 
cay, province  of  Alava,  24  miles  from    Yitoria.     Pop.  1742. 

LA  GU.iYRA,  la-gwl'r3,  (Fr.  La  Goaxjr?,  lit  gwaiR,)  a  town 
and  seaport  of  Yenezucla.  on  the  Caribbean  Sea;  hit.  10" 
36'  42"  N.,  Ion.  66°  56'  30"  W.  (r.);  10  miles  N.  of  Caracas, 
closely  surrounded  by  high  mountains.  The  streets  are 
narrow,  tortuous,  and  ill-paved,  and  the  houses  ill-built. 
For  nine  months  in  the  year  the  heat  is  excessive,  giving 
rise  to  malignant  and  putrid  fevers,  which  render  a  re.ei- 
dcnce  here  eminently  dangerous  to  strangers.  Being  the 
principal  port  of  the  republic,  its  trade  is  extensive.  Its 
chief  exports  are  coffee,  cacao,  indigo,  and  hides;  imports 
British  manufactured  goods,  provision.s,  wines,  Ac.  The 
number  and  tonnage  of  vessels  that  entered  the  port  in 
1847,  was  163,  tonn.  28,378;  cleared,  164,  tonn.  29,488. 
Value  of  imports,  £656,743;  of  exports,  £590,753. 

The  following  table  shows  the  quantities  of  the  principal 
articles  exported  from  LaGuayra,  for  the  years  1843-1847  : — 


Years. 

Coffee. 

Cacao. 

Cotton. 

Sugar. 

Inrtigo. 

Hi.les. 

.Suniher. 

Cwt. 

Qrs. 

Cwt. 

Cwt. 

Cwt. 

1843 

l:W.191 

6018 

4.i9 

3Hi5 

Ii:i9 

3.  6  is 

1844 

12,2:'5 

7ti95 

211 

^lla\ 

7i4 

hi    61 

1815 

111,747 

6250 

691 

4616 

4C0 

4.-. .109 

1M6 

15-2,747 

70:;6 

476 

6:i78 

WiA 

5:i,6-".! 

1847 

lU.ofil 

8534 

10,171 

6471 

561 

53,913 

The  port  is  not  a  very  good  one,  being  unsheltered  from 
N.  to  E.  and  W.  winds,  and  the  continued  E.  breeze  keeping 
the  sea  in  a  state  of  constant  agitation.  The  holding  ground, 
however,  is  good ;  anchorage,  from  6  to  30  fathoms,  accord- 
ing to  distance  from  the  land.  The  town  is  defended  by  a 
fort,  and  several  batteries  judiciously  planted  along  the 
shore.  La  Guayra  was  nearly  destroyed,  in  1812,  by  an 
earthquake.    Pop.  8000. 

L.\GUEMBA,  Id-gh^m'ba,  or  LAKEJIBA,  Id-kJm'ba,  one 
of  the  Feejee  Island.s,  the  largest  of  the  E.  group;  lat.  18" 
14'  S.,  Ion.  178°  51'  W.  It  is  of  volcanic  formation;  about 
5  miles  long  by  3  broad. 

LAGUNA,  la-goo/nd,  a  province  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Luzon, 
one  of  the  Philippine  Lsland.s. 

L.AGUNA,  lii-goo/ni,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Santa 
Catharina,  00  miles  S.W.  of  Nossa  Senhora  do  Desterro,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  lagune,  whence  its  name.     Pop.  lOOO. 

L.A.GUN-\.  ld-go«ynd,  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of  As- 
uay,  capital  of  the  province  of  Maynas,  on  the  Iluallaga, 
iu  lat.  5°  10'  N.,  Ion.  75°  40'  W. 

L.\GUN.\.  a  town  of  Yucatan,  on  the  island  of  Carmen, 
across  the  mouth  of  Lake  Terminos.   It  has  trade  in  logwood. 

LAGUNA  DKL  MADKE,  li-goo'nl  dJi  mln/rA,  a  large  la- 
goon or  shallow  bayou  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas.  It  extends 
from  Corpus  Christi  Bay  neai-ly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Grande.    Length  above  110  miles;  greatest  breadth  14  miles. 

LAGUNA-I)E-NEGRILLOS,  li-goo/nd-d.-V-nA-greel'yoce,  a 
town  of  Spain,  25  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1458. 

LAG  UN  A  SEC  A,  M-goo/nl  sd/kd,  a  post-office  of  Santa  Claia 
CO.,  California. 

L.\GUNILL.\.  Id-goo-neel'yd,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, about  12  miles  from  Logrofio.    Pop.  1129. 

LAH,  Id,  a  military  post  in  Sinde,  held  by  the  late  Ameeis 
for  levying  the  customs  between  Cutch  and  Hyderabad. 
Lat.  2:3°  68'  N.,  Ion.  68°  40'  E., 

LAIIA,  a  town  of  .\ustria.     See  L.iA. 

LA  IIACHA.    See  Rio  IIach.^. 

LAHADJ  or  LAH.\J,  Id-hdj',  a  town  of  Arabia,  Yemen,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Aden.  It  stands  in  a  wide  and  cultivated 
plain,  enclosed  by  gardens,  and  has  a  bazaar,  and  a  sultan's 
residence.     Pop.  6000. 

LAHAJAN,  Id-hd-jdn',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Ghilan, 
near  the  Caspian,  30  miles  E.  of  Reshd.  It  has  a  medressa  or 
college,  several  caravanserais,  and  extensive,  well-stocked 
bazaars.    Pop.  15,000. 

LAHAMAIDE,  Id'd'mJd',  iS'd'mild',  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Ilainaut,  on  the  Gard,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mons. 
Count  Egmont,  who  was  beheaded  at  Brussels  by  the  Duke 
of  Alva,  was  born  in  the  castle  of  L.ihnmaide.     Pop.  1421. 

LA*H.\R',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  55  miles  E.  of  Gwalior. 

LAHAR,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in 
the  Upper  Provinces,  63  miles  E.S.K.  of  Agra. 

L.V  II.\RPE,  lah  hai-p.  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 110  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

L.\HAS'KA,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

LA  HAT,  Id-hdf,  a  populous  village  of  the  island  of  Suma- 
tra, as  miles  S.W.  of  Palembang,  lat.  3°  45'  S.,  Ion.  103°  40'  E 

LA  HAVANA.    See  Hava.na. 

LA  HAVE.    See  Hague,  The. 

1009 


LAH 

LAHESTRB,  H^hfst'r',  a  Tillage  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Itiinaut,  9  miles  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  300. 

LAin.TANMd-heejiiu',  a  plain  of  Persia,  province  of  Azer- 
baijan. S.W.  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah. 

LAIII.TAN.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Lahajan. 

LAIITSSA,  Arabia.     See  Larsa. 

LAHN,  Ihi,  a  river  of  Central  Germany,  after  a  W.  course 
of  100  mifes,  through  Prussia,  Uesse,  and  Nassau,  joins 
the  Rhine  4  miles  S.E.  of  Coblentz. 

LAHN,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Lieg- 
nitz.     Pop.  939. 

LAUXSTKIX,.  lan'stlne.  Upper,  (Ger.  Ohcr  Lahnstein. 
dher  lin'stine,")  a  market-town  of  Germany,  duchy,  and 
8  niiles'W.  of  Nassau,  on  the  Rhine.  It  has  an  old  castle, 
and  1530  inhabitants,  mostly  employed  in  cultivating  wine 
and  fruit. 

LAIIXSTKIN.  Lower,  (Ger.  XTnter  Lahnstein,  COnter  Idn'- 
stlne.)  a  market-town  of  Germany,  contiguous  to  the  above, 
on  the  r^hn.     Pop.  1S60. 

LAIIOLM,  iJ/hftlm,  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  laen  and  15 
miles  S..s;.E.  of  Halmstad.  on  the  L8ga-.4n.    Pop.  1000. 

LAHOOL.  LAHOUL,  LAHUL,  ld'hool',orLA\VUR,  laVuW, 
a  territory  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  Punjab. 

LAHORE,  M-hOr',  the  capital  city  of  the  Punjab,  British 
India,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ravee,  in  lat.  31°  36'  N.,  Ion. 
74°  18'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  100,000  to  12Q,000.  It  is 
enclosed  by  a  double  line  of  defences,  the  outer  being  about 
7  miles  in  circuit.  The  streets  are  narrow,  filthy,  and  exces- 
sively crowded :  the  houses  are  of  brick,  and  lofty.  It  has 
many  large  and  handsome  mosques,  and  around  it  for  many 
miles  are  extensive  Slohammedap  ruins,  with  the  fine  tomb  of 
the  Emperor  Jehangire,  and  the  garden  of  Shah  Jehan.  Here 
are  also  many  Hindoo  temples,  well  supplied  markets,  and 
a  citadel,  containing  the  palace  of  the  Sikh  sovereigns. 
Under  the  Jlogul  Emperors,  the  city  was  of  much  greater 
extent.  In  1748,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  Ahmed  Shah;  in 
1798  Runjeet  Singh  was  made  governor  and  rajah.  After 
the  final  defeat  of  the  Sikhs,  in  1849,  Lahore  was  taken 
possession  of  by  the  British. 

LAHOUL.     See  Lahool. 

LA  HOYA,  14  ho>yL  a  village  of  Mexico,  at  the  mouth  of 
a  pass  of  the  same  name,  through  which  the  National  road 
conducts  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  about  100 
miles  N.W.  of  the  former.  A  skirmish  took  place  here  be- 
tween the  ilexicans  and  the  U.  S.  troops,  June  19th,  1847. 

LAHR.  Ito,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on 
the  Schuttcr,  63  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop.  6110. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linens,  woollens,  and  cottons. 

LAHSA,  Mn'sii\  or  EL-AHSA.  el-aH/.si\  written  also  LACH- 
SA,  iaK'.sl  LAIIISSA.  iaH/is-.4\  and  LASSA.  a  fertile  dis- 
trict of  Eastern  Arabia,  about  90  miles  S.W.  of  Katif.  or 
El-Katif,  about  lat.  25°  25'  N.,  Ion.  49°  45'  E.  In  former 
times,  it  was  also  called  Hajar.  The  word  Ahsa,  which  fre- 
quently occurs  in  Arabiim  geography,  is  said  to  signify  a 
place  where  water  sinking  through  the  surface  of  the  ground 
is  retained  beneath.  The  date  gardens  of  Lahsa  are  very 
extensive  and  productive,  being  well  watered  from  wells  and 
lakes,  but  the  inhabitants  deny  the  existence  of  any  con- 
stant river  running  through  the  district  and  connecting  the 
lakes.  The  lands  adjoining  the  date  gardens  produce  wheat, 
barley,  millet,  and  rice.  The  tamarisk  here  attains  a  large 
pize,  and  serves  for  roofing-timber.  The  domestic  industry 
of  Lahsa  consists  wholly  in  weaving  camelots,  and  making 
abas  or  overcoats;  but  the  inhabitants  derive  large  sums 
annually  from  the  sale  of  camels  and  of  dates ;  and  all  the 
trade  between  the  coast  of  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Be- 
douins of  Xejd  passes  through  this  oasis.  The  Turks  at  the 
conclusion  of  their  war  with  the  WahSbee  (1819).  occupied 
Lahsa.  but  soon  after  restored  it  to  its  original  possessors, 
the  Beni  Khalid,  who  consented  to  pay  a  small  tribute  to  the 
Porte.  The  population  of  the  whole  oasis  is  estimated  at 
50.000. 

LAHSA  or  LACIIS.\.  a  town  in  the  above  district,  on  a 
bay  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  opposite  the  island  of  Bahrein. 

LAIIUL.    See  Lahool. 

L.MBACII.  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Latbach. 

LAICIIKV,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Laishev. 

L  A ICHINGEN,  lI'King-en.  a  market  town  of  Wtirtemberg, 
circle  of  Danulie,  16  miles'  N.W.  of  Ulm.     Pop.  2000. 

LAI-CHOO  or  LAI-CIIOW-FOO.  li-chr.w-foo.  or  LAT- 
TCHKOU-FOU.  li'che-ooYoo',  called  also  simply  LAI  CIIOW 
or  LAI  TOIIOO,  a  seaport  town  of  China,  province  of  Shan- 
toong.  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee;  lat.  37°  13' 
N.,  Ion.  110°  50'  E;  2S0  miles  S.E.  of  Peking. 

LAIGHI'OOR,  ITr.'pooR,'.  a  town  of  Sinde.'CO  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Hyderabad.    Lat.  24°  34'  X..  Ion.  08°  22'  E. 

LAIGLK  or  L'ATGLE,  lAg'l.  (L.  A'ffuila,}  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Qrne,  on  the  Rille,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Mortagne. 
Pop.  4720.  It  is  walled,  and  was  formerly  a  military  post. 
It  i«  now  the  chief  manufacturing  town  of  its  department, 
having  man  uliKt  Hies  of  needles,  pins,  and  steel  goods. 

LAIOLE,  (Cape)  France,  between  Marseilles  and  Toulon. 

LAIGLIO,  Ugl.  an  island  of  Canada  East,  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Prairie  and  St.  Lawrence  Rivers. 

LAIOXKS.  lia,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  C6t&<i'0r, 


LAK 

10  miles  W.  of  Chatillon-sur-Seinc.     Pop.   15C3.     Tt  has 
manufactures  of  hats  and  linens. 

LAIGUEGLIA,  li-gw.^l'yd,  (L.  Lingula.)  a  market  town  of 
the  Sardinian  States.  Genoa,  province  and  6  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Albenga,  on  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  1421. 

LAILLY,  lAhVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  1579. 

LAIN  ATE,  ll-ni't.i,  a  market  town  of  Lombardy,  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Milan,  noted  for  the  magnificent  palace  of  the  house 
of  Litta.     Pop.  2436. 

LAIX'DON  WITH  BAS'ILDON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  cr 
Essex. 

LAINIO-ELF,  ll'ne-oo-^lf,  a  river  of  Sweden,  which  issues 
from  Lake  Rosto  in  Torned  Lappmark,  flows  S.E.,  and  joins 
the  TorneS  at  TorneS-tbrs.  after  a  course  of  about  140  miles. 

LAING'S,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

LAINGS'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Shiawassee  co..  Michigan 

LAIXO  or  LAJNO,  li'no,  a  market  town  of  Naples,  pn 
vince  of  Calabria  Citra,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Cassano.   Pop.  2600. 

LAINO  or  LAO,  Wo,  (anc.  Lalus.)  a  river  of  Naples,  fulls 
into  the  Mediterranean  in  39°  42'  N.  la^.. 

LAI'RA,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  with  a  station, 
forming  the  terminus  of  the  Exeter  and  Plymouth  railway, 
2  miles  E.  of  Plymouth. 

LAIRDS/A'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York, 
about  ItX)  miles  W.  by  N.  froniAlbany. 

LAIRDS'VILLE,  Pennsylvania.     See  FuNSTO>Tn-l.E. 

LAIRG,  l.^rg,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland. 

LAISHEV,  lT-.»hSv',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  30 
miles  S.E.  of  Kazan.  Pop.  about  2100,  chiefly  engaged  in 
the  tmnsit  trade  of  iron  and  salt  by  the  river. 
-  LAISSAC,  l.^sWk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Millau.  Pop.  1702.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  pottery  and  paper. 

LAI-TCIIOO,  LAI-TCIIOEU  or  LAI-TCIIOU.   See  Lai-choo. 

LAJELLA,  Id-yMli,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Citra,  on  the  sea. 

LA.TNO.     See  Laixo. 

LAK,  lok,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Baranya,  6  miles 
from  FUnfkirchen.     Pop.  897. 

LAK,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ei.senburg,  on  the  Arobo 
and  Reptse,  18  miles  from  Stein-am-Anger.    Pop.  743. 

LAK.  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Theiss,  co.  of  Borsod, 
Pop.  750. 

LAICAHUR/RAH,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  60  miles  N.E. 
of  Mooltan,  on  the  route  thence  to  Lahore. 

LAKE,  lik,  a  county  in  the  N.X.E,  part  of  Ohio,  border- 
ing on  Lake  Erie,  contains  about  220  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  Grand  and  Chagrin  Rivers,  The  surface  is 
rolling  rather  than  level ;  the  soil  is  mostly  a  fertile  clayej 
loam,  with  occasional  ridges  of  sand  or  gravel.  From  the 
influence  of  the  lake  the  climate  is  favorable  to  fine  fruits 
Iron  ore  is  found  in  this  county.  The  Cleveland  and  Erib 
Railroad  passes  through  it,  and  a  plank-road  has  been  made 
from  Painesville  to  Trumbull  county.  Formed  in  1840,  by 
a  division  of  Geauga  and  Cuyahoga  counties.  Capital, 
Painesville.    Pop,  15,576. 

LAKE,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Michigan,  has  an 
area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the  N.E. 
by  an  affluent  of  the  Manistee  River,  and  principally  drained 
by  another  tributary  of  that  river,  and  by  the  Notipeskago 

L.AKK,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Indiana, 
bordering  on  Lake  Michigan  and  Illinois,^las  an  area  ol 
480  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Kankakee 
River,  and  traversed  by  Calumiek  and  Deep  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  nearly  level,  consisting  partly  of  prairie  and  partly 
of  timbered  land.  Extensive  marshes  occupy  the  southern 
part.  A  portion  of  the  soil  is  adapted  to  grazing.  It  is 
traversed  by  two  or  three  railroads  leading  from  Chicago  Xr 
Michigan  and  Ohio.     Capital,  Crown  Point.     Pop.  9145. 

LAKE,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Illinois, 
bordering  on  Misconsin,  has  an  area  of  390  square  miles. 
Lake  Jlichigan  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  E.  The 
Des  Plaines  and  Fox  Rivers  flow  through  the  county  from 
N.  to  S,  It  contains  about  50  small  lakes,,  the  average 
extent  of  which  is  nearly  1  square  mile,  and  some  of  them 
are  said  to  be  very  deep.  They  are  supplied  with  springs 
of  clear  water,  and  stocked  with  a  variety  of  fish.  The 
soil  is  remarkable  for  fertility  and  durability.  The  counf/y 
is  traversed  by  the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Bailroa/f; 
anotlier  railroad  crosses  the  S,W,  corner.  Organized  in 
1839.    Capital,  Waukegan,    Pop.  18,2.")7.     . 

LAKK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co,,  New  York. 

LAKE,  a  jKist-township  of  Luzerne  co,,  Pennsylvania,  14 
miles  N,W,  of  Wilkesbarro.     Pop,  497. 

LAKE,  a  post-oflice  of  Trinity  co.,  Texas. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Ashland  co„  Ohio,    Pop,  912. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Logan  co..  Ohio.    Pop,  3139. 

LAKE,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Stark  co.,  Ohi«. 
Pop.  2.321. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Wood  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  551. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  951. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1755. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri, 

LAKE,  a  township  ofMilwankee  CO.,  Wisconsin,  Poi,  "183. 


LAK 


LAM 


LAKE  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Prairie  co.,  Arkansas. 

LAKU  CKN'f  KK,  a  post-office  of  Milwaukee  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

LAKK CIIAltliliS,  a postoffice, Calcasieu  parisli,  Louisianiu 

LAIv  K  CiJMFOllT,  a  post-office  of  II)  de  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

LAKK  CKEKK,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Georgia. 

LAKE  CIiEKK,  of  Te-xas,  enters  the  San  Jacinto  near  the 
middle  of  Montgomery  co. 

L.VKE  CRi-^EK,  a  post-offic*  of  Lamar  co.,  Texas. 

LAKK  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Milliam.son  co.,  Tennessee. 

LAKK  CliEKK,  a  post-office  of  Petis  co.,  Missouri. 

LAKEK.     See  Lakki. 

LAKK  GEOllGK.    See  George,  Lake. 

LAKE  GRIFFIN,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

L.'VKK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co„  New  York. 

LAKE  KAT'TAKITM'EKO.V,  (Fr.  Lac  Vieux  Desert,  Idk 
vo^uh'  d.Vzaia/,)  a  lake  at  the  head  of  Wisconsin  Kiver,  on 
the  border  between  the  states  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 
Length  about  7  miles ;  breadth  4  or  o  miles.  The  French 
name,  Vieux  Dkskrt,  signifying  "  old  deserted,"  is  derived 
from  the  circumstance  that  on  an  island  in  this  lake  there 
was  an  old  deserted  planting  ground  of  the  Indians. 

LAKE'LAND,  a  postviHage  and  station  on  the  Long 
Island  liailroad,  in  Suffolk  co.,  New  York,  49  miles  E.  of 
Brooklyn. 

LAKE  L.\.ND'ING,  a  pcst-rilLige  of  Iljdeco.,  North  Caro- 
lina, about  170  miles  E.  of  lialcigh. 

LAKE  M.MII'.V,  a  village  of  Green  Lake  CO.,  Wisconsin,  65 
miles  N.X.K.  of  Madison,  and  10  milts  from  Marquette.  It 
has  some  20  or  30  dwellings. 

LAKK  MILLS,  a  thriving  post-villiige  and  township  of 
Jelferson  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Itock  Lake,  25  miles  E.  of  Miuli- 
son.  It  has  water-power  which  gives  motion  to  several 
mills,  and  contained  in  tSfiO,  1  church,  3  stores,  and  about 
400  in!i:iliit;ints.     Pop.  of  township,  1.529. 

LAK'i^XlI.VM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  If 
milris  S.S.W.  of  Norwich,  of  which  citv  it  forms  a  suburb. 

LAK'EMIEATII,  a  parish   of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk, 
with  a  station  on  the  E.  Counties  Railway,  6j  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Brandon. 
LAKE  OF  TUE  THOUSAND  ISLANDS.    See  St.  Law- 

BESCE  KlVER. 

LAKK  OF  THE  WOODS,  a  small  village  of  Slississippi  co., 
Arkansas. 

LAKK  OF  THE  WOODS,  (Fr.  Lac  de.s  Bois,  llk-d-i-bwl,)  a 
lake  of  British  North  .\merica,  lat.  49°  N.,  Ion.  95°  W.,  cir- 
cumference oOO  miles.  It  is  studded  with  wooded  i.'ilands. 
The  shores  are  much  indented  with  bays;  they  produce  a, 
good  deal  of  wild  rire.  The  lake  receives  the  llainy  Kiver 
from  the  S.,  and  Northward  gives  origin  to  the  river  Win- 
nipeg. 

LAKE  PLEASANT,  a  small  lake  in  the  S.E.  central  part 
of  Hamilton  co.,  New  York,  4  miles  long,  and  li  miles  wide. 
Its  outlet  falls  into  Sacoudaga  lliver. 

LAKK  PLE.VS.ANT,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital 
of  Hamilton  CO.,  Now  York,  on  a  small  lake  of  the  same 
name,  about  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  .\lbany.     Pop.  356. 

LAKK'PORT,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  New  York,  120 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

L.AKE  PR.VIRIE,  pra'reo,  a  village  in  .Marion  co.,  Iowa, 
on  Des  iloines  River,  80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

LAKE  PROV'IDl;NCE,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  parish, 
Louisiana.    See  Providence. 

L.VKE  RIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co..  New  York, 
16  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Ithaca. 

LAKE  lUDGE,  a  post-office  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan, 

LAKE  RIVER,  a  post-otlice  of  Clark  CO.,  AVasbington. 

LAKK  ST.ATION,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana. 

LAKKS'VILLE,  a  small  post- village  of  Dorchester  co., 
Maryland. 

LAKE  SWAMP,  a  po.?t-office  of  Horry  district,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

LAKETON,  a  post-village  in  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  95  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

LAKK  VIKAV,  a  postoffice  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  8  miles 
S.  of  Madison. 

L.iKK  VlLL.'iGE,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Gifford  town- 
ship, Belknap  co..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston,  Concord, 
and  Montreal  Railroad,  about  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Winnipi.seogee  River,  which  is  navigable 
to  this  point  for  steamboats  plying  on  Lake  AVinnipiseogee, 
and  very  near  the  village  of  Meredith  Bridge.  Extensive 
hydraj^lic  works  have  here  been  constructed,  furnishing 
motive  power  for  many  mills  of  different  kinds.  The  village 
contains  3  churches  and  5  stores. 

LAKK'VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Salisbury  townssbip.  Litch- 
field CO.,  Connecticut,  about  50  miles  N.W.  by  AV.  of  Hart- 
ford. 

L.\KEA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
at  the  N.  end  of  Conesus  Lake,  24  miles  S.  by  AV.  of 
Rochester. 

LAKEA'ILLE,  a  village  -f  Queen's  co.,  New  York,  about 
20  miles  E.  of  New  Y'ork. 

L.VKEA'ILLE,  a  station  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  16  miles  AV.  of  AVooster. 

LAKEVILLE,  a.  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
ab'..;.;  3v  milee  a.  cf  Detroit. 


LAKEVTLLE,  a  post-office  of  St.  .losepii  co  .  Indiana. 
LAKK   ZURICIL  zu'rik,  a  post-village  of  Like   co,  Uli 
nois,  35  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  atiout  200. 

L.\K  GEDES-UJ,  lok  ghiiM^sh'-oo'ee,  a  village  of  Hungary^ 
county  of  and  about  50  miles  from  Pesth.     Pg;>.  978. 

LAKiCI.  IJlOkee/,  or  L.^KKIC,  la'kee',  a  town  of  Punjab, 
on  the  Khuram,  an  affluent  of  the  Indus.  98  miles  S.S.AA'. 
01  .-Vttock.     Lat.  S2°  55'  N.,  Ion.  71°  10'  K. ' 

L.\K-N.\GY%  WK-nodyg  or  nudj,  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, Thither  Theiss.  co.  of  Csanad.  on  the  .Maros,  35  miles 
N.  of  Temesvar.  It  has  two  Greek  churches,  niimoroup 
mills,  and  a  trade  in  cattle,  sheep,  and  swine.     Pop.  9047. 

LAKOO'RA,  a  village  of  Beloochistan,  province  of  Jhala- 
wan,  CO  miles  S.AV^.  of  Kelat. 

L.\KOR,  Id^koR/,  a  small  island  in  the  Malav  .Archipelago, 
E.  of  Timor.     Lat.  8°  12'  S.,  Ion.  127°  10'  E.    It  is  about  12 
miles  long  by  4  broad. 
L.VL.\.\D.  an  island  of  Denmark.    See  Laaland. 
LAL'ANT-U'XY'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 
L.ALBKNQUK,  iSPbSNk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  ot 
Lot,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cahors.     Pop.  1984. 
LALKH.V.M.  I:t1,;im,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Middlesex. 
L.VL'i^STON,  a  parish  of  Soutli  AVales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 
LALIT.V-PATAN.  linee'td-pl  tdn',  a  town  of  Northern  Hin- 
dostan.  Nepaid,  2  miles  S.  of  Khatniaiidoo.     It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  a  small  indei)endent  state.    It  has  a  neat 
ajipcarance,  and  some  handsome  public  etlifices;  manufao 
tur^^s  of  cotton,  copper,  and  brass.     Pop.  24.000  (?) 

LALITY,  luh'leetye/,  (almost  lohMeetch',)  a  village  of 
Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  county  of  llacs  12  Diiles  from 
Uj-A'erbacs.    Pop.  1873. 

LAVl.KVJ,  a  town  of  the'Punjab,  between  the  Chenaub 
and  Jhylum  Rivers,  95  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lahore.    Pop.  5000. 
LALH.OO',  a  village  of  Sinde,  60  miles  S.  of  Roree  Bukkur, 
on  the  road  to  Hyderabad. 

LALM'OUlt/.  a  town  of  .\fu;hanistan,  plainof  Jelalabad,  on 
Cabool  liiver,  38  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Peshawer. 

LALSK,  Idlsk,  a  town  of  Ru.s.«ia.  government  and  270  miles 
E.N.E.  of  A'ologda,  on  the  Loona,  (Luza.)     Pop.  .3000. 

L.\L'SOO.NT',  a  town  of  Hindnstan,  province  of  Rajpoo- 
tana,  dominions  and  38  miles  S.E.  of  .Teypoor. 

L.\M,  lorn.  (.Vlso  Lam,  dP-sluVlOm,  ("  Lower  Lam,")  and 
FEL.S0  Lam,  (felsii  lam.)  fiil^-shiVlOm,  (••  Upper  Lam,").)  two 
contiguous  villages  of  Hungary,  are  both  in  the  county  c" 
Honth.  about  20  miles  from  Bala.ssa-Gyarinath.  Pop.  lOlh. 
L.VM.\,  l.^'mA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  -Abruzzo 
Citra.  capital  of  a  canton,  20  miles  S.  of  Chieti.  Pop.  24011. 
LAM.\,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  AscolL 
Pop.  iL'tjO. 

L  A.MA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  government  of  A'eniee, 
8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Rovigo. 

L.VM.'V,  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Moscow,  joins 
the  A'olga  25  miles  N.  of  Klin. 
L  A  M  A  or  T  A  L  E  L  A  M  A .    See  Thibet. 
LA  >IANCHA.  a  province  of  Spain.     See  Maxcha,  La, 
LA  MANCUE.    See  Exousii  Chan\ei.. 
LAM.\R'.  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tex.is.  bordering 
on  Red  River,  which  separatee  it  from  the  Indi.nn  Territory, 
contains  al>out  1080  .square  miles.     It  is  drained  by  the  Sul- 
phur Fork  of  Red  River.     The  soil  is  excellent.     In  18.50  the 
county  produced  101.976  pounds  of  butter,  more  than  any 
other  in  the  state.     Named  in  honor  of  General  Mirabeau 
B.  Lamar,  third  president  of  Texas.    Capital,  Paris.     Pop. 
10,l."(i,  of  whom  7303  were  free,  iind  2833  slaves. 

LAM.\R,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  co.,  I'ennsylvania,  4 
or  5  miles  S.  of  Lock-Haven.    Pop.  1245. 

LAAI.-VR,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 
L.WIAR,  a  flourishing  post-villiige  of  Marshall  co.,  Mis- 
sissipjij,  on  tlie  stitge-road  from  Holly  Springs  to  La  Grange, 
in  Tennessee,  about  220  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

L.AMAR,  a  small  post-village  of  Refugio  Co.,  Texas,  on 
the  E.  shore  of  Aransjis  Bay. 
LAAtAR,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois. 
L.\MAR,  a  post-village  capital  of  Carton  CO.;  Missouri, 
alxmt  150  miles  S.AV.  of  Jeff'erson  City.     Pop.  673. 
L.\.M.\R,  a  town  of  Bolivia.    See  Cobija. 
LAMARCHE,  (L.  Marcliia?)  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  A'osges,  20  miles  S.  Neufchfiteau.    Pop.  1623. 

LAM.\RTINE,  iJm^ar-teen',  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co., 
I'enn.sylvania. 
L.\AiARTINE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabiima. 
LAAI.\RTINK,  a  post-office  of  AVashita  co.,  Arliansas. 
L,AM,\RT1NE,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 
LA.M.VRTIXE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 
L.\.MARTINE,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Fond-du- 
L.ac  CO.,  AVisconsin,  7  miles  S.AV.  of  Fond-du-Lac;  contains 
1  church  and  2  stores.     Pop.  of  township,  1151. 

LA.MAS'CO,  a  town.ship  of  Vanderburg  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1444. 

LAMASCO  CITY,  a  former  village  of  Vanderberg  co., 
Indiana,  situated  on  the  Ohio  Kiver,  at  the  terminus  of  the 
AVabash  and  Erie  Canal,  is  now  incorporated  with  Evans- 
ville. 

L,\MATO,  Id-mi'to,  (anc.  Lamffuxf)  a  river  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ultra,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Santa  Euphemia; 
whole  course  about  30  miles, 

ion 


LAM 

LAMATO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra, 
8  miles  X.W.  of  Catanzaro,  on  a  lofty  eminence.     Pop.  1306. 

L.\ML.\CH.  Idm'b.-iK,  (L.  Lambac'um.)  a  market-town  of 
Upper  Au.stria,  on  the  Traun.  and  on  the  railway  between 
GmlindoQ  and  Lintz,  18 miles  S.W.  of  Lintz.  Pop.,  including 
the  villajre  Elien.see,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  2300, 
chiefly  employed  in  salt-works     It  has  a  Henedictine  Abbey. 

LAMBALLE.  iSM^bdll',  (anc  AmhiUatesr)  a  town  of 
Krano.-,  department  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  on  the  Gouessant,  12 
miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Briuuc.  Pop.  in  1852,  4337.  It  stands  on 
the  slope  of. -I  hill,  cmwned  bv  a  fine  (iothic  church. 

LA.MBAH£.  lim-bd  iA'.  a  villace  of  l>ara:-'uay,  6  miles  from 
Asuncion,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Parajruay. 

LAMKATH.  l^mTiSt.  (Ober.  o'ber.  and  Unter,  (^Sn'ter.)  a 
villace,  or  two  contiiruous  villages  of  Upper  Austria,  circle 
of  Traun.  district  of  Ebensee.  on  the  Traun.     Pop.  1500. 

LAM'BAY,  a  small  fishing  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of  DubUn, 

3  miles  S.E.  of-  Itusb  Point.     Pop.  about  100. 
L.\MB.\YEQUE,  IJmbi-A'k.A,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 

province  of  its  own  name  in  the  depaftment  of  Libertad  on 
the  I^mbayeque  liiver,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific.  120 
miles  N.W.  of  Tr^iillo.  Pop.  8000;  of  the  province  in 
1S50,  24.6S2.  It  has  a  good  church,  several  chapels,  and 
manufactures  of  cotton  fabrics.  The  roadstead  is  atiout  1^ 
miles  off  the  river ;  its  anchorage  is  said  to  be  the  worst  on 
the  coast  of  I'eru. 

LAM'BERIIUKST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  14 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Maidstone,  and  10  miles  S.E.  of  the  Tun- 
bridge  station  of  the  S.E.  Railway.  Here  are  the  ancient 
castle  and  modern  house  of  Scotney. 

LAilBERMONT,  iamn>er-m6nt\  or  iSM'bjR'mAxg',  a  vil- 
lage of  Brussels,  province  and  ^6  miles  E.  of  Liege.  Pop. 
1192. 

LAMTJEHTOX,  a  former  village  of  Mercer  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  now  forms  part  of  the 
borough  of  South  Trenton. 

L.\M'BERTVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-town  of  Hunterdon 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  15  miles  above 
Trenton.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  county,  containing 
1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  5  churches,  3  hotels,  3  flour-mills. 

4  !^w-mills,  1  paper-mill,  1  India-rubber  factory,  2  sash  and 
blind  factories,  gas  works,  2  public  halls,  1  manufactory  of 
locomotives,  2  of  railroad  cars,  a  machine-shop,  in  whicli 
stationary  engines  are  made,  and  1  iron  and  brass  foundry. 
A  covered  wooden  bridge  connects  this  place  with  New  Hope. 
Lambertville  po.^sesses  excellent  water-power  from  the 
feeder  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal.  The  Belvidere 
Delaware  Raili-oad  passes  tlu-ough  the  town.  Population 
2699. 

LAMBERTVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Monroe  CO.,  Michigan. 

LAMBESC,  IJM'bJsk',  a  town  of  South  France,  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone.  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Aix.  From 
1664,  the  assemblies  of  the  states  held  their  ordinary 
meetings  in  Lambesc.    Pop.  iu  1852,  3747. 

L.VM'BETII,  a  parliamentarj-  borough  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Surrey,  comprising  most  part  of  the  S.W.  quarter 
of  the  metropolis,  S.  of  the  Thames;  here  crossed  by  Water- 
loo, Ilungerford,  Westminster,  and  Vauxhall  bridges,  and 
having  E.  the  borough  of  Southwark.  Pop.  of  parliament- 
ary borough  in  1851.  251,345.  Lambeth  Palace,  beside  the 
river,  opposite  the  horse-ferry  to  Westminster,  is  an  ancient 
castellat«id  structure  of  various  dates,  which  has  been  the 
residence  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  since  the  12th 
oenturv.    Lambeth  Church,  atljacent.  was  founded  in  1377. 

LAMBEZELLEC,  IdM^beh-zJriJk',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistere,  3  miles  N.  of  Brest.  Pop.  in  1852, 
11.031. 

L.^ilHiLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

LAMBLEY,  TYNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

L.\.M'BOURN,  (Cmp'piNG,)  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Berks,  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Kennet, 
6i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ilungerford,  and  6  miles  S.E.  of  the 
Shrivenham  Station  of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  Area 
of  parish  14,880  acres.  Pop.  in  1851,  2577.  The  town,  old, 
but  neat,  has  a  cruciform  church,  in  the  early  English 
style,  and  an  antique  pillar  in  the  marketrplace.  In  the 
vicinity  is  the  celebrated  figure  of  a  white  horse,  said  to 
ha%e  been  cut  in  the  chalk-down  in  memory  of  Alfred's 
great  victory  over  the  Danes  in  871. 

L.\MB(JURXE,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Essex. 

LAMBRATE,  lam-brd/tA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  3 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Milan,  on  the  Lambro.  Near  it  is  a  royal 
manufactory  of  gunpowder.    Pop.  1444. 

LAMBRO,  Idm'bro,  (anc.  Lam/brtis,)  a  river  of  Northern 
Italy,  which  rises  between  the  two  arms  of  the  Lake  of 
Como,  flows  S.S.E.  and  joins  the  Po,  15  miles  S.  of  Lodi ; 
total  course,  about  70  mile.s. 
LAMBRrs.     See  Lambro. 

LA.MBSIIEIM,  lims'hime.  a   market-town  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  canton  and  S.E.  of  Frankentbal.     Pop.  2631. 
LAMBS  POINT,  a  poftK)fRce  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 
LAMBSri'ON  or  LAM'.MERTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Pembroke. 
L-VMIVTO.N,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  61 
1012 


LAM 

miles  N.N.E.  of  Durham.    Lambton  castle  is  th?  seat  of  tha 
Lambton  family,  Earl?  of  Durham. 

L.\MB'TON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Canada  West 
bordering  upon  the  S.  portion  of  Lake  Huron.  The  Sc.  Clair 
River  forms  its  western  boundary.  Area  1093  square  milos 
Pop.  lO.Sl  5. 

LAMBTON,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York,  8  miles 
from  Toronto. 

L-VMOJURG,  a  post-office  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois. 

L.4MEG0,  Id-m.A'go,  (anc.  Lame'ca,  or  Lahna.)  a  city  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  capital  of  a  comarca.  near  the 
Douro,  46  miles  E.  of  Oporjo.  Pop.  8870.  It  has  many 
interesting  Moorish,  and  some  Roman  remains.  Principal 
edifices,  a  large  Gothic  cathedral,  a  castle,  and  bishop's 
palace. 

LAM'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

L.^MES'LEY,  a  township, of  England,  co.  of  Durham, 
parish  of  Chester-le-Street,  on  the  Great  North  of  England 
Railway,  4  miles  S.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  in  1S51.  1914,  era 
ployed  in  large  coal-mines  and  quarries  of  grindstones. 

LAMIA,  la-mee'i,  lately  ZEITOUN  or  ZEITCN,  zA'toon', 
(Gr.  Zfirotif,)  a  town  of  Greece,  capital  of  a  government  of 
Phthiotis,  near  the  Turkish  frontier,  and  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Yolo.  It  has  been  described  as  a  miniature  model 
of  .\thens.  with  an  acropolis,  a  citadel,  and  an  arsenal, 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  Pasha. 

LAMi.4.  or  ZEIT()UX.  Gulf  of.  (anc.  3faU'hc!is  Si'nw.^&n 
inlet  on  the  E.  coa.st  of  Greece,  joining  on  the  S.E.  the  Chan- 
nel of  Talanta.  and  N.E.  the  Channel  of  Trikerl.  It  receives 
the  river  Ilellada.  (anc.  SpeHdiiiis.)  and  on  its  S.  shore  are 
the  plain  and  pa.ss  of  Thennopylw. 

L.V  MINE,  lah  meen,  a  river  of  Missouri,  rises  near  the  3. 
border  of  Pettis  CO.,  and  falls  into  the  Missouri,  about  6 
miles  above  Booneville.  after  a  verj'  tortuous  course,  the 
general  direction  of  which  is  N.E.  Its  whole  length  pro- 
bably exceetls  150  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  keel-boats  for 
a  large  part  of  the  distance. 

LA  MINE,  a  post-villatre  of  Cooper  co..  Missouri,  on  La 
Mine  River.  -50  miles  N.\V.  bv  W.  of  Jefferson  City.    P.  830. 

LAM'INGTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark.  Tha 
manor  has  been  held  by  the  Baillie  family  since  the  reign  of 
David  IL 

L.\MnNGTON,  a  small  river  of  New  Jersey,  rises  in  Jlorris 
CO..  and  flowing  southwani  along  the  boundary  of  Somerset 
and  Hunterdon  counties,  enters  the  N.  branch  of  the  Raritan 
about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Somerville. 

L.\M1NGT0N,  a  village  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
Lamington  River,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Somerville. 

LAMINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Rus.sell  co.,  Alabama. 

L.\  MI'R.\.  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

LAM'LASH,  a  small  village  and  harbor  of  Scotland,  on 
the  S.E.  siile  of  the  isle  of  Arran,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ayr. 
The  harbor  is  ctipable  of  sheltering  the  largest  navy, 

LAMLUM  or  LAMLOOM.    See  Lemloo.m. 

LAM*MERMOOR/  HILLS.  Scotland,  a  range  of  mountains 
extending  from  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  co.  of  Edinburgh, 
through  the  cos.  of  Haddington  and  Berwick,  to  the  North 
Sea  in  the  parish  of  Coklingham:  The  principal  summits 
have  an  elevation  of  from  1500  to  1600  feet. 

LAMO.     See  Lamoo. 

LAMOILLE,  iJ-moil',  a  river  in  the  N.  part  of  Vermont, 
rises  in  Orleans  co.,  and  after  flowing  south-westerly  into 
Caledoniit  county,  turns  and  flows  in  a  '\V,N.W.  direction, 
through  Lamoille  and  Franklin  counties,  and  falls  into 
Lake  Champlain,  in  Chittenden  county,  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
the  state. 

L.\MOILLE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  A'ermont.  has  an 
area  of  about  450  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Lamoille  River,  and  is  principally  watered  by  it  and  its 
numerous  tributaries,  which  afford  valuable  water-power. 
The  Green  Mountain  range  p.isses  through  the  county,  on 
which  account  the  soil  is  more  adapted  to  grazing  than 
tillage,  although  along  the  Lamoille  Itiver,  especially  in  the 
eastern  portion,  there  are  some  excellent  tracts  of  rich 
meadow  land.  Organized  in  1836.  Capital,  Hyde  Park. 
Pop.  12,311. 

L.VMOILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Bureau  Creek,  154  miles  N.  by  E.  from  Springfield. 

LAMONE,  Id-mo'nA,  a  river  of  Italy  which  rises  in  Tus- 
cany, and  enters  the  Adriatic,  10  miles  N.  of  Ravenna,  after 
a  N.N.E.  course  of  .iO  miles. 

LAMOO,  li'moo/,  or  LAMO,  Ij'mo',  a  bay  of  .Africa  formed 
by  the  Lamo  and  Manda  Islands,  and  is  secure  for  small 
ves.sels,  but  the  entrance  is  intricate. 

L.VMOO,  li'mCKy,  a  seaport  town  of  East  Africa,  on  tho 
Indian  Ocean,  near  lat.  2"  14'  S.,  Ion.  41°  E.  Pop.  5000,(?) 
who  carry  on  an  active  trade. 

LAMOR'RAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

L.AjrORSECK',  one  of  the  Caroline  Islands,  which  see. 

L.\  MOTTE.  lil-mStf ,  commonly  called  Isle  La  Motte  or 
Vineyard,  an  island  alx)Ut  6  miles  long,  near  the  N.  cud  of 
Lake  Champlain.  It  belongs  to  Grand  Isle  countj',  and 
constitutes  the  town.ship  of  l.«le  La  Motte.     Pov.  ftU. 

L.\  MOTTE,  a  post-village  in  Jackson  oo.,  Iowa,  70  ialli» 
N.E.  from  Iowa  City. 


LAM 


LAN 


LAJIOV  or  L05I0V,  two  towns  of  Russia,  goTemment  of 
Penza,  on  the  Lnmov  Rivur. 

Lamov.  Nizhnee  or  Nuxi,  nizh'nee' li-mov',  New  or  Lower, 
65  miles  W.X.W.  of  Penza.     Pop.  6985. 

Lamov,  Verkxee  or  Verkxii,  vJRli^-ne©'  li-mov',  Old  or 
Upper,  6S  miles  W.N.W.  of  Penza. 

LAilPA,  Idm'pi,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name  in  the  department  of  Puno,  on  a  tributary 
of  Lake  Titicaca,  155  miles  S.  of  Cuzco.  Pop.  of  the  province 
In  1850.  76.408. 

L.A.MPASAS,  lam-pah'sas,  a  small  stream  of  Texas,  rises 
in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  eastward,  unites 
with  Leon  River,  in  IJell  county. 

LAMPAUL,  IftM'pol',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Finistore,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Morlaix.     Pop.  in  1852,  2455. 

LAMPKDUSA,  Idm^pi-doo'ei,  LOPEDU'SA,  an  Island  of 
the  Mediterranean,  about  midway  between  Malta  and  the 
Tunis  coa.«t. .  It  was  taken  possession  of  as  a  place  of  banish- 
ment by  the  Kini;  of  Naples,  in  1843.  Circuit  13  miles. 
The  small  islands  of  Lampion  and  Linosa  are  its  depend- 
encies. 

L.A.MPKRTIIEIM,  lim'peRt-hrme\  a  town  of  Germany, 
Ilesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Starkenburg,  on  the  Rhine, 
21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  3987. 

LAMPETER,  a  town  of  Wales.     See  Llanbedr. 

LAM'PETER,  or  LAM'PETER  SQUAKK,  a  post^village  of 
Lancaster  eo.,  Pennsylvania,  about  5  miles  S.K.  of  Lancaster. 

LAJiPIOX.  lim-pe-An',  asmall  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
forming  a  dependency  of  Sicily,  one  of  the  Isole  Pelagle, 
about  8  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Lampedusa. 

LAM'PLUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

L.\MPONG,  lim^pSng',  a  district  and  bay  at  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  Sumatra,  with  a  town  and  Dutch  .settlement. 

LAMPORECCIIIO,  ldm-po-r6k'ke-o,  a  town  of  Tuscany, 
'province  of  Florence,  S.  of  Pistoja.  Pop.  2800.  Formerly 
fortified. 

L.IM'PORT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

LAM'PREY  RIVKR  rises  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Rockingham 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  aud  fulls  into  the  Piscataqua  River, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  Portsmouth. 

LA.MPS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  CO.,  Ohio,  112 
miles  E.  of  Columbia. 

LAMSAKI,  Idm'si^kee,  (anc.  Lamplsacus,)  a  maritime 
village  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Hellespont,  nearly  opposite 
Gallipoli,  and  embosomed  in  gardens.  It  was  given  by 
Xerxes  to  Themistocles. 

LAM'SON'S,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co.,  near  Onondaga 
county  line.  New  York,  on  the  Oswego  and  Syracuse  Rail- 
road. 17  miles  N.W.  of  Syracuse. 

LAMSPRINGE,  Idm'spring-eh,  a  village  of  Hanover,  14 
miles  S.  of  Hildesheim.     Pop.  1200,  who  trade  in  hops. 

L.\M'YATT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

L.\NA,  14'ud,  a  village  of  Austria.  Tyrol,  circle  of  Botzen. 
Pop.  2095. 

LANAl.  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.    See  Ranai. 

LANAKEN,  Id-nd'k^n,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limlwurg.  on  the  Meuse,1.3  miles  E.  of  Hasselt.     Pop.  1537. 

LAN'ARK,  LANARKSHIRE,  lan'ark-shir,  or  CLYDES'- 
DALE,  an  inland  county  of  Scotland,  having  N.  the  counties 
of  Dumbarton  and  Stirling,  E.  Linlithgow,  Edinburghshire, 
and  P(!ebles,  S.  Dumfries,  and  W.  the  counties  of  Ayr  and 
Renfrew.  Estimated  area  942  square  miles,  or  004.880  acres, 
more  than  one  third  part  of  which  is  arable.  Pop.  in  1851, 
530,169.  It  consists  of  the  whole  upper  basin  of  the  Clyde, 
and  its  affluents,  along  which,  and  in  the  level  or  N.  parts, 
are  some  fine  agricultural  tracts.  The  S.  part  is  mountain- 
ous and  sterile,  one  summit  rising  to  3100  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  chief  crops  are  oats,  barley,  wheat,  turnips,  aad  pota- 
toes. The  breed  of  draught  horses  is  among  the  best  in 
Scotland.  The  coal,  iron,  and  lead  mines  of  this  county 
have  rendered  it  one  of  the  most  wealthy  in  Britain.  In 
Old  Monkland,  especially,  there  are  extensive  iron  works, 
aud  all  kinds  of  manufactures  carried  on  in  and  around 
Glasgow  in  the  lower  ward ;  besides  which  city,  the  county 
comprises  the  towns  of  Lanark,  Hamilton,  Airdrie,  Kilbride, 
Carluke,  Douglas,  and  Biggar.  It  sends  1  member  to  the 
(louse  of  Commons,  besides  2  for  Glasgow,  and  1  for  other 
boroughs. 

LAN'ARK,  an  ancient  royal  and  parliamentary  borough, 
town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  a  county,  30  miles 
8.VV\  of  Edinburgh,  and  23  miles  S.E.  of  Glasgow,  on  the 
Edinburgh  and  Carlisle  Railway.  Pop.  of  parliamentary 
borough,  in  1851,  5305.  It  stands  on  elevated  ground  near 
the  Clyde,  with  houses  partly  old  and  thatched.  Chii^f 
buildings,  the  church,  in  a  niche  of  which  is  a  colossal  sta- 
tue of  the  patriot  Wallace;  the  grammar-school,  library, 
Clydesdale  hotel,  elegant  county  buildings  and  jail,  and  a 
branch  bank.  The  borough  unites  with  Falkirk,  Linlith- 
gow, Airdrie,  and  Hamilton,  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  Near  it  are  the  celebrated  Falls  of  the 
Clyde,  several  Roman  and  feudal  remains,  and  ancient 
mansions,  and  at  Bennington,  various  relics  of  Wallace.  It 
gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  Duke  of  Hamilton.  Gavin 
Hamilton  the  painter  was  born  here. 

LANAltK,  NEW,  is  a  vUla^je  of  Scotland,  on  the  Clyde, , 


here  crossed  by  a  briilge,  1  mile  S.  of  Lanark.  Pop.  1^42, 
employed  in  extensive  cotton  works,  founded  by  the  phi 
lanthropic  David  Dale  in  1784.  Robert  Owen's  fir.st  attempts 
to  found  a  new  system  of  social  organization  were  made  liori 

L.\N'ARK,  a  post-village  of  Bradley  county,  Arkansas 
75  miles  S.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

LANARK,  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of  Canada  West, 
comprising  an  area  of  1180  sq.  miles,  is  drained  by  hume 
rous  small  rivers,  among  which  are  the  Clyde,  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  the  Rideau.  Mississippi  Lake  and  Murphy  FalU 
are  in  this  county.     Pop.  27,317. 

L.\NARK,  a  post-vill,ige  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Lanark, 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Perth.     Pop.  about  300. 

LANARK,  a  co.  of  West  Australia,  between  lat.  35°  and 
36°  S.,  aud  about  Ion.  116°  E.,  bounded  S.  and  W.  by  ths 
ocean. 

LANARKSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.    See  Lanark. 

LANBA'BO,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey,  3 
miles  N.W.  of  Llaner(*-y-medd.     Pop.  155. 

LANCASHIRE,  a  co.  of  England.    See  Lancaster. 

LANCASTER  or  LANCASHIRE,  lank'a-Rhir.  a  maritime 
and  palatine  co.  of  England,  having  N.  Cumberland  and 
M'estmoreland  E.  Yorkshire,  S.  Cheshire,  and  W.  the  Irish 
Sea.  Area  1905  square  miles,  or  1,1.30,240  acres,  of 
which  about  850,000  are  under  cultivsvtion.  Pop.  in  1S31, 
1,336,854;  in  1851,  2,031,2.36,  about  200,000  of  whom  are  of 
Irish  descent.  The  surface  is  rugged  and  mountainous  in 
the  N.,  where  Coniston  Fell  rises  to  2.!i77  feet  above  the 
sea,  and  on  the  E.  border,  where  the  long  ridge,  popularly 
called  "The  Backbone  of  England,"  separates  the  county 
from  York;  elsewhere  generally  level.  Principal  rivers, 
the  Duddon,  Lune,  AVyre,  Ribble,  Mersey,  and  Irwell.  Be- 
sides Coniston  Lake,  Windermere  is  partly  \fi  this  county. 
Carboniferous  sandstone  and  new  red  sandstone,  with  lime- 
ftone,  form  the  strata  of  the  county.  Soil,  among  the  hills, 
moorish  or  peaty,  in  the  lower  district,  mostly  a  tolerably 
fertile  sandy  loam.  Potatoes  are  more  extensively  grou  n 
than  in  any  other  English  county.  Dairy  and  hay  farms  are 
numerous.  The  most  important  mineral  is  coal,  to  the 
abundance  of  which  the  county  mainly  owes  its  manufac- 
turing emiuf  nee.  The  Lancashire  coal-field  is  estimated  to 
extend  over  nearly  400  square  miles.  Copper  is  also  raised 
in  the  N.  of  the  county.  Lancaster  owes  its  celebrity  and 
wealth  to  its  manufactories  and  commerce,  and  not  to  agri- 
culture. It  is  the  great  seat  of  the  British  cotton  manufac- 
ture, which  has  increa.sed  since  1770  with  a  rapidity  alto- 
gether unparalleled  in  the  history  of  mechanical  industry. 
The  following  table  exhibits  the  number  and  extent  of  the 
cotton,  woollen,  and  other  factories  iu  1850. 


Factories. 

Spindles. 

Power  Looms. 

Cotton 
Woollen 
Worsted 
Flax 

Silk 

1^35 
'.16 
11 

a 

29 

13,9.).i,4H7 
238,192 
•27. UK) 

117.:«6 

Ifi2,9s8 

176.947 
4,839 
1,112 

1,9T7 

Total 

1810 

14,501,523 

184,875 

Manchester  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  cotton  manufacture 
in  the  county,  and  Liverpool  of  the  shipping  trade.  The 
former,  however,  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent  in  numerous 
other  towns  in  the  county,  including  Preston,  Bolton,  Old- 
ham, Ashton,  Blackburn,  Bury,  Chorley,  Wigan,  &c.- 
Woollen  goods  are  also  largely  produceil  at  Rochdale  and 
Manchester ;  as  are  also  silks,  hats,  paper,  and  a  vast  vari- 
ety of  other  articles;  and  a  third  part  of  the  soap  made  in 
Great  Britain  is  manufactured  in  Liverpool  and  its  vicinity. 
A  complete  net-work  of  railways  aud  several  important 
canals  afford  means  of  rapid  conveyance  between  Lanca- 
shire and  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Within  the  last  cen- 
tury, the  population  has  augmented  at  a  rate  of  800  per 
cent.,  the  increase  in  the  agricultural  counties  having  been 
but  84  per  cent.  It  sends  26  members  to  the  Hou.se  of  Com- 
mons, 4  for  the  county  and  22  for  its  cities  and  towns. 

L.\NCASTER,  (L.  LancasHria,)  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  seaport  town  and  parish  of  England, 
capital  of  the  above  county,  on  the  Lune,  20  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Preston.  Pop.  of  lx)rough  in  1851,  16,168.  It  is  pictur- 
esquely situated  on  an  eminence,  crowned  by  the  church 
and  castle.  The  houses  are  built  of  stone,  and  handsome, 
but  many  of  the  streets  are  narrow.  Chief  structures,  a 
bridge  of  five  arches,  and  a  superb  aqueduct  by  Reunie, 
carrying  the  Lancaster  Canal  across  the  river:  the  castle, 
a  noble  pile,  founded  at  the  conquest,  on  the  site  of  a 
Roman  station,  renovated  by  John  of  Gaunt,  and  now 
embracing,  within  its  vast  area,  the  county  court-house,  jail, 
and  penitentiary ;  an  ancient  parish  church ;  an  excellent 
grammar  school,  national  and  other  schools ;  some  ancient 
almshou.scs;  a  county  lunatic  a.sylum:  town-hall,  theatre, 
assembly  rooms,  baths,  cu.stoin-house,  and  marke(>house.  It 
has  also  a  mech,ani«!'  institute,  and  an  establishment  for 
promoting  fine  arts,  with  thriviug  manufactures  of  furni- 

1013 


LAN 

ture.  cotton.  sVM.  Hn  n,  sail-cloth,  exported  coastwise,  and 
to  XoriL  A  neric  >  .md  ..Russia.  The  ooa,«tiag  trade  increases, 
but  the  foreign  bus  been  chiefiy  tran.sferred  to  Liverpool. 
The  river,  obstructed  bv  sands,  is  being  deepened  and  im- 
proved. Itosistered  shipping  in  1847,  5989  tons.  The  con- 
tinuation of  the  Preston  Railway  to  Carlisle  and  Scotland, 
j)laces  Lancaster  in  ready  communication  with  both  North 
and  South  Britain.  Lancaster  sends  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  Lanc;i.^ter  and  shire  were  erected  into 
a  duchy  and  county  palatine,  or  separate  soverei^tnty,  in 
the  reign  cf  Edward  III.,  in  favor  of  his  son,  John  of  Gaunt, 
the  progenitor  of  the  Lancastrian  sovereigns.  In  the  time 
of  Edward  IV.  it  was  re-annexed  to  the  crown.  The  duchy 
has  many  estates  in  other  parts  of  Engl.ind,  and  a  Court  of 
Chancery.    Adj.  Laxcasteian,  lang-kas'tre-an. 

LAXOASTER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  950  square  miles. 
Susquehanna  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  and  the 
Octorara  Creek  on  the  S.E,  It  is  intersected  by  Conestoga 
Creek  and  its  branches.  The  ridge  qalled  South  Slountain 
orConewago  Hill,  extends  along  the  N.W.  border;  and  Mine 
Ridge  traverses  the  S.E.  part.  Between  these  is  a  broad 
and  fertile  limestone  valley,  the  surface  of  which  is  undu- 
lating, and  the  soil  a  rich  calcareous  loam.  'Xhe  county  is 
well  watered,  highly  cultivated,  and  densely  peopled.  In 
respect  to  population,  it  is  only  inferior  to  Philadelphia  and 
Alleghany  counties:  in  the  value  of  agricultural  productions 
it  is  not  equalled  by  any  county  in  the  state.  In  1850  it 
produced  1,803.312  bushels  of  Indian  corn;  1,365.111  of 
wheat ;  1,578.321  of  oats ;  215,277  of  potatoes ;  96,13-1  tons 
of  hay,  and  1,907,843  pounds  of  butter.  The  quantity  of 
oats  was  the  greatest  raised  in  any  county  of  the  United 
States ;  that  of  wheat  the  greatest  in  any  except  Monroe 
county.  New  York ;  and  that  of  corn  greater  than  in  any 
other  county  of  the  state.  The  county  contains  quarries  of 
blue  limestone,  suitable  for  building,  and  of  roofing  slate. 
Slarble,  chrome,  and  magnesia,  are  also  found.  The  creeks 
furnish  abundant  motive  power.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  and  by  the  Reading  and 
Golumbi.a  Railroad.  Organized  in  1720,  and  named  from 
Lancaster,  a  county  of  England.  Capital,  Lancaster.  Pop. 
110,314. 

LAXC.VPTER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  border- 
ing on  Chesapeake  Ray.  at  the  mouth  of  Rappahannock 
River,  which  forms  its  S.W.  boundary.  Area,  108  square 
miles.  The  surface  is  moderately  uneven;  the  soil  is  sandy 
ind  light.  Organized  in  1652.  Capital,  Lancaster  Court- 
House.     Pop. 5151,  of  whom  2282  were  free,  iind  2>-6'.>  slaves. 

LANCASTER,  a  district  in  the  N.  part  of  South  Carolina, 
bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  690  .square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Catawba,  or  Wateree 
River,  on  the  N.E.  by  Lynche's  Creek,  and  drained  by  Sugar, 
Waxsaw,  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  uneven,  or  hilly ; 
the  soil,  in  some  parts,  is  productive.  Capital,  Lanca-ster 
Conrt-IIouse.  Pop.  11,797,  of  whom  6147  were  free,  and 
6650  slaves. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Coos 
CO.,  New  Manipshire,  on  Israel's  River,  near  its.jiinction  with 
the  Connecticut,  about  100  miles  N'.  of  Concord.  It  contains 
a  court-house.  5  churches,  1  bank,  an  aca<lemy,  a  newsjiaper 
office,  and  a  paper-mill.  'I'he  Connecticut  River  is  crossed 
by  a  bridge  near  this  place.     Pop.  of  the  township  2020. 

L.WCASTER.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad, 
and  on  the  West  Branch  River,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Na.shua,  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Worcester.  It  contaiiis  a  bank. 
a  savings  institution,  an  academy  incorporated  in  1847,  and 
an  industrial  school  for  girls,  and  it  has  manufactures  of 
sheetings,  combs,  boots  and  shoes,  &c.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 1932. 

L.\NC.A.STER,  a  thriving  post-vill.age  and  township  of 
Erie  co..  New  York,  on  Caynga  Creek,  and  on  the  Buffalo 
and  Albany  Railroad.  10  miles  E.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains  1 
Catholic  and  2  Protestant  churches,  a  bank,  and  several 
flouring  and  saw  mills.  Pop.  of  the  township,  2953;  of  the 
Tillage,  about  900. 

LANCASTER,  a  city,  capital  of  Lnncastor  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Pennsylvania  Central 
Railroad.  1  mile  W.  of  Conestoga  Creek.  70  miles  bv  railroad 
W.  of  Philadelphia,  and  37  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg.  It 
was  for  many  years  the  largest  inland  town  of  the  United 
States,  and  wa.<  the  seat  of  the  state  government  from  1799 
to  1812.  At  present  it  is  the  fourth  city  of  Pennsylvania 
In  respect  to  population.  It  is  situatt>d  in  the  most  populous 
and  wealthy  agricultural  district  of  the  state,  and  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade  by  means  of  the  railroad  and  the 
Black-water  navigation  of  the  Conestoga.  The  oldest  turn- 
pike in  the  United  States  has  its  western  terminus  at  this 
p  a«e,  and  connects  it  with  Philadelphia,  which  is  62  miles 
distant  by  this  route.  The  streets  are  generally  straight, 
orossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  well  paved.  The 
t,-ireater  part  of  the  town  is  substantially  built  of  brick,  and 
JJe  more  modern  houses  are  commodious  and  elegant. 
During  the  last  20  years,  great  improvement  has  been  made 
in  the  appearance  and  business  of  the  city.    Gas-li-ht  has 


LAN 

been  introduced  by  a  company  with  a  capital  of  $100,000. 
Three  large  steam  cotton  facturies  have  been  put  in  opera- 
tion, giving  employment  to  SOO  persons.  A  new  county 
prison,  of  sandstone,  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $110,000. 
The  new  court-house,  lately  finished,  is  a  magnificent  edifice, 
in  the  Grecian  style,  which  is  reported  to  have  cost  $125,000. 
Franklin  College,  of  this  place,  was  founded  in  1787,  but 
subsequently  declined.  Recently  a  charter  was  obtained 
for  the  union  of  this  institution  with  Marshall  College,  on 
the  condition  that  $25,000  should  be  raised  by  the  citizens 
of  Lancaster  county.  .This  sum  having  been  collected,  the 
buildings  were  erected  in  1853,  and  the  institution  has 
since  gune  into  operation.  Lancaster  contains  (1804)  15 
churches,  among  which  .are  3  Lutheran,  2  German  Reformed, 
3'  Methodist,  1  Presbyterian,  2  Episcopal,  1  Moravian,  2 
Roman  Catholic,  and  1  Wiiiebrennerian.  The  First  Lutheran 
has  a  steeple  200  feet  in  height.  Among  the  remarkable 
buildings  niiiy  be  mentioned  Fulton  Ilall,  recently  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  public  assemblies.  Two  daily  and 
seven  weekly  newspapers  are  published  here.  The  city  also 
contains  a  classical  academy,  2  public  libraries,  and  4  banks. 
It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  rifles,  axes,  carriages, 
threshing-machines,  and  locomotives.  It  is  supplied  with 
water  brought  in  pipes  from  Conestoga  Creek.  'Ihe  in- 
habitants are  mostly  of  German  descent.  Lancaster  was 
laid  out  in  1730,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1818.  Pop.  in 
1800,  4292;  in  1840,  8417;  in  1850,  12,369;  and  in  1860, 
17,603. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village  in  Smith  co.,  Tennessee,  60 
miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Garrard  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 67  miles  S.S.E.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  a  fine 
court-house,  4  churches.  1  academy,  1  seminary,  and  1 
newspaper  office.    Pop.  721. 

L.\NC.\STER,  a  flourishing  post-town  of  Hocking  town- 
ship, capital  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Hocking  River,  30 ' 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus,  and  139  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 
It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  valley.  The  Hock- 
ing Canal  connects  it  with  the  Oliio  Can.al,  aKd  attracts 
considerable  trade.  The  growth  of  Lanciu^ter  has  received 
an  imi^etus  from  the  railroad  connecting  it  with  Cincinnati 
and  ZanesvUle.  The  town  is  well  built,  and  has  several 
wide  and  handsome  streets.  It  contains  churches  of  7 
denominations,  2  banks,  a  flourishing  union  school,  and 
two  newspaper  offices.  On  the  border  of  a  plain  near  Lan- 
caster stands  a  sandstone  rock  of  pyramid.il  form,  and 
about  200  feet  in  height.  Population  in  1850,  3480;  in 
1860,  43U3. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-township  in  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1460. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village  in  Jefferson  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  railroad  connecting  Indianapolis  and  Madison,  85  miles 
S.S.E.  of  the  former. 

LANCA.STER.  a  town.ship  in  Wells  CO.,  Indiana.     P.  1225. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-office  of  Ca-ss  co.,  Illinois. 

LANCASTER,  a  township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  835. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Schuyler  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 140  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LANC.\STEll,  a  jiost-village,  tlie  former  capital  of  Keo- 
kuk CO.,  Iowa,  on  Skunk  River,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  healthy  and  fertile  farming  region. 
Pop.  1058. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Grant  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  14  miles  N.  of  the  Mis,«is.«ippi  River,  and  85  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Madison.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  excellent  tract 
of  land,  and  has  productive  lead-mines  in  its  vicinity.  The 
village  has  a  brick  court-house,  3  churches,  and  a  news- 
paper office.    Pop.  'f  tt.'v'i-ilu|).  1006. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Glen- 
garry, on  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  66  miles  E.  of  Montreal, 
and  16  miles  from  Cc>rnwall.  It  contains  several  stores, 
a  hotel,  and  a  saw-mill.     Pop.  220. 

LANCASTER  OUltT  HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Lancaster  co.,  Virginia,  80  miles  N.E.  from  Richmond;  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  several  stores. 

LjVNCASTER  court  HOUSE,  a  pos^village.  capital  of 
Lancaster  District,  .South  Carolina,  alwut  10  miles  E.  of 
Catawba  River,  and  72  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbia.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  a  few  stores,  and  about  .'00  inhabitant.s. 

LANCASTER  SOUND,  a  passage  leading  from  the  N.W. 
of  Baftin's  Bay,  W.  to  Barrow's  Strait,  about  lat.  74°  N., 
Ion.  80°  W.  Its  E.  extremity  is  bounded  by  Cape  Horsburg 
on  the  N.,  and  Cape  Walter  on  the  S. ;  and  its  central 
breadth  is  about  65  miles. 

LANCAVA,  Idn-ki'vl  or  LANGKAVT,  lang-kd'vee,  aa 
island  off  the  W.  coast  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  forming  i 
portion  of  a  group  dependent  on  the  kingdom  of  Quedal. 
Lat.  6°  15'  N.,  Ion.  99°  50'  E. 

LANCEROTA,  Canary  Islands.    See  Lanzarote. 

LANCHANG,  LANT!<IlANGor  LANTCHANG,  idnVhlng', 
called  also  HANNIAH,  h3n'nee'd,  the  capital  town  or  city 
of  the  Laos  country,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  .Vsia,  on  the  Mmam 
kong  River,  lat.  15°  40'  N..  Ion.  104°  30'  E.  It  is  said  to  bt 
enclosed  by  a  high  wall,  and  well  built.    P  jji  unknown 


LAN 

LAN'CTIESTKU,  a  parish  of  Enjrlanrl,  co.  of  Durham. 

LAX-CUOO,  iSnVhoo',  or  LAN-TCIIEOU-FOU.  lilnVhS-oo- 
fotV  a  city  nf  China,  capital  of  the  province  of  Ktinsoo,  ami 
of  a  (li'iiartment  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Hoang-IIo  or  Yel- 
low liiver.     Lat.  30°  5'  N.,  Ion.  103°  40'  E. 

LAM  T  AXO,  ldn-olii>3/no  or  Idn-chd'no,  (ancAnxanum  ?)  a 
town  of  Niiples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  0  miles  from  the 
Adriiitic.  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Chieti.  Pop.  13,000.  It  stanJa 
affreealily  on  three  hills,  has  a  cathedral,  an  archlii.xhop's 
palace,  10  parish  churches,  several  convents,  diocesan  and 
oth(!r  schools.  In  the  middle  ages  its  trade  and  manufac- 
tures were  important. 

LAN'CINO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LANCSAK,  hin'chdk',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ba- 
ranva.  4  miles  W.  of  Mohacs.     I'np.  1467. 

LANCUT,  Idnfsoot.  or  LAXDSIIUT,  l^ntsOioot,  a  town  of 
Austrian  tJaliiia,  12  miles  E.  of  Rzeszow.  Pop.  1802,  em- 
ployed in  linen-bleachinsr.    It  has  a  handsome  palace. 

Ij.WDAKF.  a  town  of  Wale.s.     See  Llandaff. 

L.\ND.M''F',  a  postrtownship  of  Grafton  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Animonoosuck  Kiver,  about  75  miles  N.X.AV. 
of  Concord.  It  contains  several  starch  manufactories. 
Pop.  IU12. 

LANIJAIv,  IJnMJk'.  a  Chinese  settlement  on  the  island 
of  Borneo,  near  its  W.  coast,  N.  E.  of  Pontianak.  Lat.  20° 
N..  Ion.  109°  53'  E,  In  its  district  a  great  deal  of  gold,  dia- 
monds, and  excellent  iron  are  obtained. 

L^NTIAS,  16n<=MSs',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nonl,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Douai!     Pop.  in  1852,  2.346. 

LANDAU,  iSn'diiw,  written  also  LAXDAW,  a  stronsly 
fortified  town  of  Uheuish  Bavaria,  on  the  Queich,  18  miles 
N.W.  of  Carlsruho.  Pop.  12,244,  among  wliuni  are  many 
Jews.  Its  fortress  was  constructed  by  Vauban  in  1680. 
Since  desti'oyed  by  fire  In  1686,  the  town  has  been  regu- 
larly laid  out.  The  trade  is  chiefly  retail,  but  extensive 
vinegar  factories  have  been  established.  It  was  held  by  the 
Frem-li  from  1814  to  1815. 

LANDAU,  a  town  of  Germany,  Lower  Bavaria,  on  the 
Iser,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  36  miles  S.  E.  of  Ratisbon. 
It  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  ApiJnia. 
Pop.  1100. 

LAXD.\U,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  principality  of 
Waldeck,  on  a  lofty  height  above  the  Wetter,  19  miles  W. 
of  Cassid.  It  contains  the  remains  of  an  old  castle,  in 
which  the  princes  of  Waldeck  often  resided  till  the  begin- 
ning of  the  ISth  centurv.     Pop.  1214. 

LAXD'BKACII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

L.\XD'CKOSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Bideford.    Gen.  Monk  was  born  here  in  1608. 

LANDEAN.  l6N«'diV^No',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Tllc-et-VilHine,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Poug^res.     Pop.  1845. 

LAXDKCK.  Idu'df^k.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Breslau.  on  the  Biala.  Pop.  1530.  In  its  vicinity 
are  sulphur  baths. 

LAXDKCK,  a  village  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Inn,  40  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Innspruck.     Pop.  1000. 

LANDKGEM,  ldnMeh-nem\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  6  niili.-s  W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2019. 

LAXDKL,  Idn'del,  a  village  of  Austria,  Styria,  on  the 
Enns,  2  miles  from'  P.eifling,  with  a  church,  and  a  trade  in 
cattle  and  wood.     Pop.  1000. 

LAXDKLEAU.  l6N»Vleh-10',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  17  miles  E.  of  Chateaulin.     Pop.  1203. 

LAXDKLLKS,  liSNoM^l',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Calvados,  6  miles  N.W.  of  A'ire.     Pop.  1641. 

LANDEX,  lan'den,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and  19 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Iluy,  on  the  railway  from  Mechlin  to  Liege. 
It  was  the  ordinary  residence  of  Pepin  the  Old,  mayor  of 
the  palace  of  Clotaire  II.     Pop.  742. 

LAXDERXEAU,  lSN«MJR-niV,  a  seaport  town  of  France, 
department  of  Finistere,  on  the  Landerneau,  12  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Brest.  Pop.  in  1852,  511.3.  It  has  a  communal  college,  a 
port  with  good  quays,  a  town-hall,  hospital,  and  marine 
asylum,  man  ufactures  of  white  and  printed  linens,  and 
bleach-grounds. 

LAXDERXEAU  or  ELORN,  AMoRn',  a  river  of  France, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Arrec.  near  the  centre  of 
the  department  of  Finistere,  and  falls  into  Brest  Harbor 
after  a  course  of  40  miles,  of  which  10  miles  are  navigable. 

LANDEROX,  IfixoMeh-rAx"',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  8  miles  N.E.of  Neufchatel,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Thiele 
Into  Lake  Bienne.     Pop.  1000. 

L.VX'DERSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Lawrence  co.,  Alabama. 

LAXDE.S,  IflxD,  a  maritime  department  in  the  S.W.  of 
France,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Giuscony, 
bounded  N.  by  Gironde.  E.  by  Garonne  and  Gers,  S.  by 
Basses-Pvrenees,  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Area  3490 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  ISGl,  300,839.  The  surface  in  the  S. 
part  is  covered  by  offsets  of  the  Pyrenees;  X.  of  the  Adour 
it  is  occupied  by  heaths  (Landes)  whence  its  name.  On  the 
coast  are  numerous  lagoons,  communicating  with  the  sea, 
anO  between  those  are  extensive  downs,  the  sands  of  which 
a^e  partially  fixed  liy  plantations  of  pines.  Chief  rivers, 
th(!  Leyre.  .\dour,  and  Gave-il<»-Pau.  Soil  fertile  in  the  S.  and 
on  the  river  banks.    Chief  riches,  mines  of  iron,  coa!,  and 


LAN 

bitumen,  timber,  and  mineral  waters.    It  is  divided  into 
three  arrondissements.  Dax,  JIont-de-Marsan,  and  St.  Sever, 

LAXDESBERGEX,  Idu'dSs-b^R-'Shen.  a  village  of  Hanovei 
principality  of  Oberhoya,  bailiwiik  of  Stolzimau.    Pop.  1109. 

LAXDETE,  liSn-di'tA,  a  village  of  Spain,  New  Oastile, 
about  28  miles  from  Cnenca.     Pop.  791. 

LAXDEVAXT,  lS.No\leh-vftN"',  a  village  of  Vrance,  ae- 
partment  of  Morbihan,  11  miles  E.  of  Lorient.     Pop.  1500. 

LAXDEAVED'XACK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ilelstone.  Lizard  Poijit,  the  southern- 
most land  in  Great  Britain,  is  in  this  parish. 

LAXD'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

L.A.XD'GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Bennington  Co..  Ver 
mont,  about  78  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.     Poi>.  320. 

L.\NDI11AS,  l6N"MeeVd/,  a  village  of  France,  dopartmen* 
of  Gironde,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Top.  2321.  It  has 
large  cattle  fairs. 

LAX'DISBUKG,  a  post-borough  of  Tyrone  township.  Perry 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  op  Sherman's  Creek,  about  25  miles  W. 
by  X.  of  Harrisburg.  It  contains  1  or  2  chvirches,  and 
several  stores.     Pop.  363. 

LAX'DIS'  STORE,  a  post-offlce  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LAX'/DISVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Lancaster  co.,  I'ennsyl- 
vania. 

L.4XDIVISIAU,  ]3N»MeeVee'ze-o',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  FiuistSre,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Morlaix.  Pop. 
1810. 

LAXDIVy,  l3N"VlceVee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
and  22  miles  N.W.  of  Mayenne.  Pop.  in  1852, 2085.  It  has 
5  largo  fairs. 

LAXD'KEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LAXDL.  Idnd'l,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  circle  of 
Bruck.     Pop.  1309. 

LAXD  OF  PROMISE,  a  postofBce  of  Princess  Anne  co,, 
Virginia. 

LAXDOURA,  Idn-doo^rS,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi 
dency  of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  district  of  Sebarunpoor. 

L.\XD'PORT,  (formerly  Half-way  Housks.)  a  large  sulmrb 
of  Portsmouth,  England,  co.  of  Hants,  compri.-ing  all  the 
buidingg  beyond  the  fortifications  of  Portsea  town,  and 
between  the  suburbs  of  Southsea  ami  Mile-end  Xewtown. 
It  has  been  greatly  improved  and  extended  of  late  years. 
At  its  S.  extremity  is  the  t«rminus  of  the  London  and 
Southern  Railway. 

LAXDQUART,"lSN«'kaR',  a  river  of  Switzerland,  rising  in 
the  Silvrettaberg  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  canton  of  Grisons, 
joins  the  Rhine  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

LAXD'RAKE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LAXDRE,  Iflxd'r,  a  lagoon  of  F'rance,  department  of 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Aries,  is  about  9  miles 
long  and  1  mile  broaU.    It  receives  the  waters  of  two 

LAX'DRECIES  or  LANDRECY,  lftN"Mreh-see',  Cane.  Lan- 
deriacum  ?)  a  fortified  town  of  F'rance,  department  of  Xord, 
and  11  miles  W.  of  Avesnes,  on  the  Sambre.  I'op.  in  1852, 
3984. 

LAXDRIANO,  Idn-dre-I/no,  a  town  of  I,rfimbardy,  is  10 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Pavia.  on  .the  Lambro.    Pop.  2000. 

LANDSBERG,  Mnts/bJao,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Warta,  40  miles  X\ 
E.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  Pop.  15,747,  many  of  whom 
are  .Tews.  It  Is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  consists  of  an  old 
and  new  town,  with  5  suburbs,  3  churches,  a  gymnasium, 
a  house  of  correction,  an  hospital,  and  orphan  asylum.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollens,  leather,  and  paper;  also, 
distilleries  and  breweries. 

LANDSBERG,  a  small  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  on  the  Lech,  22  miles  S.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  3245. 

LANDSBERG,  a  small  town  of  East  Prussia,  28  miles  S. 
of  Kiinigsberg.    Pop.  1967. 

LANDSBERG,  a  small  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  government  of  Pot.edam.     Pop.  1507. 

LANDSBERG,  a  small  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  govern- 
ment of  Merseburg.  9  miles  X.E.  of  Halle.     I'op.  1002. 

LANDSBURG,  a  small  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  33  miles 
N.E,  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Polish  frontier.     Pop.  1026. 

LANDS'DOWN,  a  post-ofUce  of  Prince  William  CO.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

LAND'S  END,  (anc.  Bnlelrium  Prmnrmtnlrium.)  a  celebra- 
ted headland,  forming  the  westernmo,st  land  of  England, 
projects  into  the  Atlantic,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  county 
of  Cornwall.  It  is  formed  of  granite  dilTs,  about  60  feet 
in  height.  About  1  mile  W.  are  the  dangerous  rocks  called 
the  Long.ships,  with  a  lighthouse  and  fixed  liirbts.  88  feet 
above  high  water.     Lat.  50°  4'  4"  N..  Ion.  5°  44'  44"  W. 

LANDS/FORD,  a  post-office  of  Chester  District,  South 
Carolina. 

LAXDSIIUT,  linds'hoot,  (Ger.  pron.,  Hnts/hoot.)  a  town 
of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Iser,  39  miles  N.E.  of  Munich. 
Pop.  12,135.  It  is  highly  picturesque,  enclosed  by  old  fortifi- 
cations, and  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  with  a 
suburb  on  an  island  in  the  Iser.  Principal  edifices,  an  old 
castle,  a  celebrated  church,  the  steeple  of  which  is  454  feet 
in  height,  one  of  the  loftiest  in  Germany;  a  Cistercian 
abbey,  royal  palace,  old  town-hall,  several  hospitals,  some 

1015 


LAN 

convenfs,  r  l,v,.euTn,  gymnasium,  and  other  schools.  In 
1800  the  Lnheisity  of  IngolstatU  was  removed  thither,  but 
iu  18'^6  was  transferred  to  Munich.  Principal  manufac- 
tures, wool'en  cloths,  hosiery,  tobacco,  paper,  cards,  and 
leather;  it  has  numerous  distilleries  and  breweries,  and 
trade  in  corn,  cattle,  and  wool. 

L.\M)S1IUT,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  29  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Lie.srnitz,  on  the  Sober.  Pop.  3998,  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  wooilen  and  linen  weavinfr  and  bleaching. 

LANDSIIUT,  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  37  milei  S.S.E. 
of  Briinn,  near  the  March.     Pop.  19,37. 

LAXD.SIIUT,  a  town  of  Galicia.     See  LwcuT. 

L.\ND.SlvKOX.  Idnds/krAn,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  37  miles 
E.S.K.  of  Chrudira.  on  the  Sazawa,  with  a  station  on  the 
Austrian  North  States  Railway.  Pop.  4816,  chiefly  employed 
in  extensive  woollen  cloth,  linen,  cotton,  stuff,  and  needle 
factories,  and  in  the  largest  bleaching  establishment  in  the 
kingdom. 

LANUSKROX,  a  town  of  Galicia,  circle  of  Wadowice,  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Cracow.     I'op.  1500. 

LAXDSKllO.N'A,  Idnds'kroo'^ni,  a  fortified  sejiport  town  of 
South  Sweden,  l;en  of  Malmii,  on  the  Sound,  16  miles  N.K. 
of  Copenhagen.  Pop.  3975.  It  has  a  citadel,  a  good  harbor, 
and  manufactures  of  leather  and  tobacco. 

LAND.SOKT,  lind'soRt,  a  small  island  oC  Sweden,  in  the 
Baltic,  off  the  S.  coast  latn  of  Stockholm,  lat,  58°  44'  30"  X., 
Ion.  17°  52'  42"  E.,  with  a  revolving  light  145  feet  above  the 
sea. 

LAXDSTUrrii,  Unt/stool,  a  town  of  Rlvmi.sh  Bavaria, 
district  and  16  miles  N.E.  of  Deux-Ponts.  In  early  times 
the  Counts  of  Sickingen,  whose  castle  in  ruins  still  over- 
hangs the  town,  resided  here.  The  chivalrous  Count  of 
that  name,  the  friend  of  Luther,  was  killed  here  during  a 
siege,  and  is  buried  in  the  church.     Pop.  1907. 

LAX'DULPII,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Cornwall. 

LAXD'WADE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

LAXDWUUDEX,  (LandwUrden.)  ldnt/*uBMen,  a  village 
of  Germany,  duchy  of  Oldenburg,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
AVeser,  S.  of  Bremerhafen.      Pop.  1461. 

LAXE.  a  post-office  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana. 

LAX  EAST,  l.i-neest/,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LAXE  EXD,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford, 
in  the  district  of  the  potteries,  and  about  3  miles  S.E.  of 
Stoke.  Pop.  12,345.  It  has  a  handsome  chiirch,  large 
schools  and  chapels,  a  subscription  library,  spacious  market- 
hall  and  branch  bank,  with  extensive  manufactures  of 
porcelain  and  earthenware. 

LAXE'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee, 
185  miles  W.  of  Xashville. 

LAXE'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

LAX'EKCOST-ABBEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, 12  miles  E.X.E.  of  Carlisle.  Pop.  1582.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a  large  abbey,  founded  in  1169,  the  nave  of 
which  forms  the  parish  church ;  also  traces  of  the  wall  of 
Severus. 

LAXES'BOROUGII,  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland, 
Leinster,  co.  of  Longford,  on  the  Shannon.    Pop.  300. 

LAXE.S'BOROUGII,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township 
of  Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  X.  branch  of  the 
Housatonic.  5  miles  X.  of  Pittsfield.  It  contains  3  churches, 
(Episcopal,  Congregational,  and  Baptist,)  an  academy,  a 
higli  school  recently  erected,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 
Among  the  establishments  in  the  township  may  be  men- 
tioned an  iron  furnace  which  turns  out  10  tons  of  pig  iron 
per  day,  2  factories  for  making  wheel  fdloes,  a  glass  factory, 
a  planing-mill,  and  one  patent  limekiln.  A  bed  of  supe- 
rior glass  sand  has  recently  been  discovered  here,  and  there 
are  also  several  quarries  of  white  marble.  The  manufiio- 
tures  employ  about  600  hands,  and  it  is  estimated  that 
business  in  the  township  has  increased  50  per  cent,  since 
1850.     Pop.   1308. 

LAXESB.)KOUGII,  a  handsome  and  thriving  post-village 
of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn.sylvania.  on  the  Su.squehanna 
Kiver,  and  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  185  miles  X.E.  of  Uarris- 
burg.  It  contains  several  mills  and  tanneries,  and  from 
300  to  400  inhabitants. 

LAXESB^UOUGII,  a  post-village  in  Anson  co.,  North 
Carolina,  125  miles  S.W.  by  \V.  of  Raleigh. 

LANE'S  CREEK,  of  An.son  co..  North  Carolina,  flows 
Into  the  Yadkin,  alx>ut  12  miles  N.W.  of  Wadesborough. 

LAXE'SCllKEK,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,North  Carolina. 

LAX  E'S  CItOSS  r.OADS.  a  post-office.  Hamilton  eo., Illinois. 

LANK  SEMINARY.     See  Cincinnati. 

LANE'S  PRAIRIE,  a  pos^village  of  Osage  CO.,  Missouri, 
40  miles  S.E.  of  .Jefferson  City. 

LAXE.S'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

LANESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  King  William  co.,  Virgi- 
nia, about  28  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond. 

LANESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  Co.,  Kentucky. 

L.\NESVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Harrison  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  plank-road  from  Corydon  to  New  Albany, 
10  miles  from  each. 

LANESVILLE,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Indianapolis  and  Bellefontaiue  Railroad,  8  miles  N.E.  of 
ludianap(-lis. 

10  la 


XAN 

LANFATN?,  iSxo'f^x"',  a  villase  of  Trance,  department  of 
Cote.«-du-Xord,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  2226. 

L.\X'GAR,  a  parish  of  Englaml.  co.  of  Nottinghiim. 

LAXGAZA.  lin-g.^'za.  or  LEXGAZA.  (call.-d  also  Yenyn 
or  lenidja.  y?n'-ee-jd\)  a  lake  of  Turkey  in  Europe.  Room 
Elee.  12  niiles.W.  of  Salonica;  length  9  mile«.  breadth  about 
4  miles. 

L.AXGAZA,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  situated  on  an 
alluvial  plain  3  miles  N.  of  the  abfire  lake. 

LAXGBROEK,  iSngnirook,  (OBEK,  o'ber,  and  XEDER, 
n.i'der,)  two  villages  of  Holland,  province  of  Utrecht,  th« 
former  12  miles  S.  hy  E.,  and  the  latter  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Amersfoort.  Pop.  of  Ober  Langbroek,  2C3 ;  of  Neder  Lang- 
broek,  833. 

LAXG'CLIFFE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

LANCDALE  (GREAT  and  LITTLE),  a  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Westmoreland,  5  miles  W.X.W.  of  Ambleside. 
Here  are  several  fine  lakes  and  waterfalls,  and  the  Langdale 
Pikes  Mountains. 

LAXGDON,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Connecticut  River,  about  46  miles  W.  of  Con- 
cord.    Pof   478. 

LANG'DOX,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LAXGDOX  HILLS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E^sex,  2 
miles  N.  of  Hordon-on-the-Hill. 

LAXGDOX,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LAXGDORP,  Idng'cloRp,  a  village  of  Belirium,  province  of 
Brabant,  on  the  Demer,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     P.  1983. 

L.\XOEAC,  IflNo'zhiSk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Loire,  on  the  Allier.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brioude.  Pop. 
in  1852,  3024.     It  has  manufactories  of  lace. 

LAXGE.IIS,  lfix"'zh4.  (anc.  Alingavia?)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Indre-ct-Loire,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tours,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Loire.  Pop.  1981,  mostly  engaged  in 
manufactures  of  bricks  and  earthenware. 

LANGELAND,  Idng'e-HndS  (j.  n.  "long  land,")  an  island 
of  Denmark,  in  the  Great  Belt,  between  Funen  and  Laa- 
land.  It  is,  as  its  name  implies,  long,  extending  .33  miles 
from  N.  to  S..  by  about  3  miles  in  average  breadth.  Area 
106  square  miles.  Pop.  17,368.  Surface  level,  but  slightlv 
more  elevated  than  the  neighboring  islands.  Corn,  apples, 
flax,  timber,  and  cattle  are  produced  for  exportation,  and 
the  fishery  is  important.  Principal  town,  Rudkiiibing,  on 
the  W'.  coast. 

LANGELSHEIM,  ljng'el.«-hime\  a  market-town  of  Gei> 
many,  Brunswick,  in  the  Ilarz,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Goslar.  Pop. 
1461.  chiefly  engaged  in  silver  and  lead-mines. 

LAXGEM.AHCH.  Hn'm.i-ni.'iRK\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro 
Tinee  of  West  Flanders,  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ypres.     P.  5796. 

L.ANGEX,  Idng'en,  a  town  of  HessivDarmstadt,  province 
of  Starkenburg,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  2.m2, 

LAXGEN.ARGEN,  Idng'en-arVen,  a  village  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Danube,  17  miles  E.  of  Constance.    P.  1100. 

L.ANGEXAU,  ldng'en-dw\  a  small  toyn  of  Germany, 
Wurtemberg,  circle  of  Danube,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Ulm.  Pop. 
3418. 

LANGEN  AU,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  Bohemia,  28  miles 
N,E.  of  Leitmeritz.     Pop.  2147. 

LANG  EN  BACH.  ldng'en-bdK\  a  village  of  Germany,  prin- 
cipality of  Reuss-Gera,  bailiwick  of  and  near  Gera.  Pop. 
1042. 

LANGENBERG,  Idng'en-bjRO^,  a  government  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  38  miles  S.W.  of  -Minden.    Pop.  2290. 

LAXGEXBERG.  a  town  of  Rhenish  l>russia,  6  miles  N.  of 
Elberfeld.     I'op.  2350. 

L.\XGENBIEL.\U.  Idng'en-bee'low,  several  villages  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  government  of  Breslau,  and  circle 
of  Reichenbach.  They  are  Gross  and  Klein,  .Mittel.  Nieder, 
and  Ober  Laxgenbielau,  and  form  a  long  line  of  straggling 
villages,  nearly  contiguous  to  each  other.  United  popula- 
tion 9105. 

LANGENBRUCK,  ldng'en-brtick\  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Buntzlau, about  Smiles  from  Liebennu,    Pop.  1366. 

L.VXGENBRUCk,  a  village  of  Pru.ssia,  province  of  Silesia, 
government  of  Oppeln,  circle  of  Xenstndt.     Pop.  1568. 

LAXGEXBKUCKEX.  Idng'en-bruk'ken  a  village  of  Gcr- 
many,  in  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  with  a  station  on 
the  ISaden  Railway,  between  Carlsruhe  and  Heidellierg,  7 
miles  X.E.  of  Bruchsal,  with  1240  inhabitants,  and  some 
mineral  baths. 

LANGENBURG,  Idng'en-biMlig',  a  village  of  Wurtemberg, 
near  the  .laxt,  46  miles  X.E.  of  Stuttgart,  with  t>ie  resi- 
dence of  the  princes  Hohenlohi'-Lancrenburg. 

LAXGEXDIEBACH.  Idng'enKlee'bdK.  a  village  of  He.s.s6- 
Cassel,  province  of  Hanau,  on  the  Fallbacb.     Pop.  1329. 

LANGENDORF,  Idnir'en-doRfV  or  WIEWALITZ.  *e-A-*a; 
lits.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  government  of 
Oppeln,  circle  of  Tost.     Pop.  1135. 

L.\XGENDORF, — Ober  Lanoexdorp,  o'ber  Wng'en-doRf, 
and  NiEDER  Laxgexporf,  nee'der  ldng'en-dorf\  (i".  e.  "  Upper 
and  Ix)wer  Langendorf,")  a  village,  or  two  c  ■ntiguous  vil- 
lages of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  government  of  Oppebi; 
circle  of  Neisse.     Pop.  1 843. 

LAXaENDOKF,— O'ber  and  Umter  (OOn'ter)  Laxge.ndow. 


LAN 


LAN 


(t.  e.  "  Upper  and  l/ower  Langendorf,") — two  nearly  conti- 
guous villa^^es  of  Austria,  Moravia,  IG  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Olmutz.     Top.  210?. 

LANGEXKRllINGKN,  llng'en-jR'King-fn,  a  village  of  Bar 
Taria,  circle  of  Swabia.     Pop.  11V9. 

LANOENKS,  Idn^'en-Js^  an  island  of  Denmark,  Sleswick, 
off  its  VV.  coast,  2  miles  S.  of  Kiihr.     Length,  6  miles 

LANGENFKLD  (Lan:.'enfeld)  or  LENGENFELD,  Ijng'gn- 
feU\  a  markctrtown  of  Lower  Austria,  6  miles  N.  of  Krems. 
Pop.  1355. 

LAXGEXTIAGRX,  ldng'en-hd*ghen,  a  village  of  Hanover, 
principality  of  Kaletiber;:,  6  miles  N.  of  Hanover.    Pop.  1410. 

LANGENIIESSEN',  ling'enhJsVen,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  Zwickau,  bailiwick  of  Werdau.     Pop.  1064. 

LANG'ENUOE,  a  parish  of  P^ngland,  co.  of  Esse.f. 

LANGEN'UORX,  lr(ng'en-hoiui\  a  village  of  Denmark, 
duchy  and  30  miles  W.N.VV.  of  Sleswick.    Pop.  2000. 

LANGENKANDEL,  lang'en-kinMel,  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Landau.     Pop.  3542. 

LANGENL1<;UB.\,  llng'eti-loi'bd,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
duchy  and  9  miles  S.K  of  Altonberg,     Pop.  1636. 

LANGENLEUr.A  OBKRHAIN,  Idng'gn-loi'bd  o/ber-hIne\ 
a  village  of  Saxony,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Leipsic.    Pop.  1154. 

LANGENLGIS,  ling'en-lois\  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Krems.    Pop.  3549. 

LAXGENLOIS,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,-  E.N.E.  of 
Erfurt.     Pop.  1049. 

LANGENOLS,  (Langenols,)  ling'gn-ols^,  2  contiguous  vil- 
lages of  Prussian  Silesia,  gov't  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  2675.  ' 

L.ANGENSALZA,  ling'en-siltsVd,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sax- 
ony, 19  miles  N.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Salza.  Pop.  7610.  It 
is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  defended  by  a  castle,  and  has 
manufactures  of  woven  fabrics,  paper,  and  saltpetre. 

LAXGENSGIIWALBACII,  ling'^'n-schwdl'bdK,  a  town  of 
Nassau,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Wiesbaden.  Pop.  2000.  It  is  fre- 
quented as  a  watering-place,  and  about  250,000  bottles  of  its 
mineral  waters  are  annually  exported. 

LANGEXSCIIWAUZ,  Idng't'n-sbwaRts',  a  village  of  Ilesse- 
Cassel,  province  and  16  miles  N,  of  Fulda.     Pop.  1026. 

LANGEXSELI50LD,  Idng'en-sJPbolt,  a  village  of  Central 
Germany,  Ilesse-Cassel,  province  and  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ila- 
nau.     Pop.  2549. 

LANGENSTEINBACII.  llng'en-stlnc/baK,  a  vUlage  of 
Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Bocksbach,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Car'sruhc.  Avith  mineral  spring.s.    Pop.  1120. 

LANGEXTIIAL,  ling'entSl,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  24  miles  N.E.'of  Bern.     Pop.  2700. 

LAXGEXWEDDTNGEX,  Idng'en-ftSfdlng-en,  a  village  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Saxony,  government  and  9  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  1206. 

LANGEXWELTZKXDORF,  Idng'en-'ftMts'en-doKr,  a  vil- 
lage of  Centra!  Germany,  principality  of  Reuss-Schlcitz,  on 
the  Leube,  5  miles  W.X.W.  of  Greitz.    Pop.  1704. 

LAXGEXZEXX,  ldng'en-tsJnn\  a  walle4  town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Jliddle  Kranconia,  on  the  Zenn,  17  miles  N.E.  of 
Anspach.  Pop.  1900.  It  has  manufactures  of  silks,  ribbons, 
and  hosiery. 

LANGERAK,  ldng'ne-r.ik\  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  South  Holland,  11  'miles  N.N.W.  of  Gorinchem,  on  the 
Lek,  here  crossed  by  a  ferry.     Pop.  657. 

LANOIiR-OOG,  lan;r'er-r(g\  three  islets  of  Hanover,  pro- 
vince of  East  Friesliind,  in  the  North  Sea,  opposite  Esens, 
which  formed  one  island  previous  to  an  inundation  in  1S25. 

LANGERWEHE,  Idng'er-A.Veh  or  liing'er-*i\  a  market- 
town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  13  miles  E.  of  Aix-larChapelle, 
with  a  station  on  the  railway  thence  to  Duren.     Pop.  1296. 

L.WGESUND,  ling'eh-soond\  a  seaport  town  of  Norway, 
Btift  of  Aggershuus,  Ijailiwick  of  Bradsberg,  on  a  small  bay 
of  the  Skager-rack,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Laurvig,  with  600 
inhabitants,  a  harbor,  and  trade  in  timber. 

LANGETRIIiBE,  lang/fh-tree'beh,  or  DHLAUHA  TRE- 
BOWA,  dlow'hd  trd-bo/^d,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Chrudim,  on  the  railway  from  Vienna  to  Prague,  about  12 
miles  from  Landskrnn.     Pop.  1252. 

LANGEZWAAG,  Idng'neh-zwdg',  a  market-town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Friesland,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Leeu- 
warden.     Pop.  1160. 

LANG'FIELD.  township  of  England,  co.  York,  AVest  Riding. 

LAXG'FIELD,  (UPPER  and  LOAVER,)  two  adjoining  pa- 
rishes of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

L.^NG'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

LANGFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Berks  and  Oxford. 

LANGI'ORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LAXGFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

LANGFORD.  a  parish  of  Emjiand,  co.  of  Notts. 

LANGFORD  BUD'VILLE,  a"  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
lOmerset. 

LANGFORD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LANGFORD  STEE'PLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LANG'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LANGII.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

LANGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

LANG U AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

[iAXGIIElM. — Gross  Laxohkim,  groce  lang'hime,  and 
Keei»  LANGHJiiM,  kllne  IdngTiIme,  (i.  e.  "  Great  and  Little 


Langheim,") — two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Bavarist 
Lower  Franconia,  16  miles  from  Wiirzburg.     Poj).  24.33. 

LAXGUIRAXO,  Idn-ghe-rd/no,  a  village  of  Italy,  duchy 
and  13  miles  S.  of  Parma,  on  the  Parma.    Pop.  486.5 

LANGHOLM,  lang'iim,  a  borough  and  market-town  of 
Scotland,  co.  and  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dumfries,  on  th(5  Esk 
and  Ewes  Rivers,  each  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  Pop.  in 
1851,  2990.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  and  well  built,  having 
near  its  centre  a  market-place,  in  wliich  are  the  town-hall 
and  jail,  and  a  monument  to  Sir  Pulteney  Malcolm,  a  native 
of  Langholm,  It  has  a  cotton  factory,  looms  for  woollen 
plaid  and  other  fabrics,  some  dye-houses,  2  branch  banks, 
several  libraries  and  public  associations.  In  the  parish  are 
the  ruins  of  Wauchope  Castle  and  of  Langholm  Tower,  once 
a  castle  of  the  Armstrongs.  Meikle,  the  translator  of  the 
Lusiad,  and  the  engineer  Telford,  were  born  here. 

LANGHOLM,  one  of  the  islands  in  the  Swedish  lake 
Ma!ler,  on  which  Stockholm  is  partly  built. 

LANG'IIORNE'S  TAVERN,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Virginia. 

LANGKAVI.    See  Lancjiva. 

LAXG-KEE-TSOOXG  or  LANG-KT-TSOUNQ,  ldng^kee>- 
tsoong',  a  village  of  Thibet,  about  210  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lassa, 
in  a  fertile,  well-cultivated  plain,  surrounded  by  low  wooded 
mountains. 

LANGLEY,  langlee,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LAXGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LANGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 

LANGLEY,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LANGLEY,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia, 

LANG'LEY  BUR/RELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LANGLEY  DALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

LANGLEY  KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

LANGLEY  MARSH  or  LANGLEY  ST.  MARY'S,  a  parish, 
of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  with  a  station  on  the  Great 
Western  Railway,  2  miles  E.  of  Slough,  In  this  parish  is 
Langley  Hall,  built  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1740, 

LANGLEY-POINT,  on  the  S.  coast  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex,  extends  between  Pevensey  Bay  and  Beiichy  Head. 

LANGL<)AN,  lang  glon',  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  La- 
nark, 8  miles  E.  of  Glasgow.    Pop.  1111. 

LANGNAU,  Idng'now,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  16  miles  E.  of  Bern,  in  the  Emmenthal,  for  the  cheese 
and  linen  thread  of  which  valley  it  is  the  principal  mart, 

L.\NGNAU,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  6  miles  S.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Sihl,  here  crossed  by  a 
covered  bridge.     Pop.  1108. 

L.^XGXAU,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Lucerne,  on  the  Wigger.    Pop.  1574. 

LANOOAT,  16s"'gwd/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nor<i,  6  miles  AV.  of  Lanniou.    Pop.  2140. 

LANGOBRIGA.    See  Feira, 

LANGOEN,  Idng'ii^en,  the  most  N.  of  the  Loffoden Islands, 
off  the  N.AV.  coast  of  Norway,     Length  35  miles. 

L.iNGOGNE,  Ifixo^gofl',  (anc.  Langnlnia  f)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Lozere,  on  the  AUier,  23  miles  N.E,  of 
Mende.     Pop.  2387. 

LANGOIRAN,  Wjro'gwdVfls",  a  village  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Gironde,  14  miles  S.E,  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1542. 

]>ANG07.LEN.     See  LLANOOl.r.RN. 

LANGON,  IftNo^gAN"',  (anc.  Alinfgo,)  a  town  and  river  port 
of  France,  department  of  Gironde,  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bor- 
deaux, on  the  Garonne,  here  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3953.  Its  neighborhood  is  famed  for  the 
growth  of  the  Vin-de-Grave,  (vdN»^-deh-grdv',)  in  which  it 
has  a  large  trade  with  Bordeaux. 

L.'VNGONNET,  IdiyoVon'n.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  arrondissement  and  25  miles  A\'.  of 
Poutivy.     Pop.  in  1852,  3442. 

LANGOSCO,  Idn-gos'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  and  near  Lomellina.     Pop.  1453. 

L.ANG'PORT,  an  ancient  market-town,  river  port,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the  navigable  Par- 
ret,  32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bath.  Pop.  in  1S51,  1117.  It  has  an 
old  church  and  a  grammar  school. 

L.A,NORES.  ISxg'r.  (anc.  Andematu/num,  afterwards  Lin/- 
gnw.s.)  a  fortified  town  of  Franco,  department  of  Haute- 
-Marne,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  near  the  source  of 
the  Marne,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chaumont.  Pop.  in  1852, 
11,298.  It  stands  on  a  scarped  mountain,  1460  feet  in 
elevation;  and  is  among  the  highest  towns  in  France.  It 
has  a  cathedral  of  great  antitjuity,  a  Roman  arch,  a  new 
town-hall,  public  library,  several  hospitals,  and  a  fine  pub- 
lic promenade  and  fountain;  a  tribunal  of  connnerce, school 
of  geometry,  &c.  It  is  th^  chief  seat  of  the  French  manu- 
factures of  fine  cutlery.    It  was  the  birth-place  of  Diderot. 

LANG'RICK-VILLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln, with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  Great  Northern 
Railway,  between  Boston  and  Lincoln, 

LANG'RIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  3^ 
miles  N,  of  Bath,  A  battle  was  fought  in  this  parish  be- 
tween tlie  royalist  and  parliamentarv  armies  in  1643. 

LANGRUNE-SUR-MER,  ia.N«VrUn'sUR-main,  (L.  Longrol- 
ni(t.)  a  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  10 
miles  N.  of  Caen,  on  the  English  Channel.    Pop.  1207. 

1017 


LAN 

1AX03  BP.W,  ft  pmBll  post-Tillage  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia, 
170  niila^  <.K  by  S.  of  SliiledgeviUe. 

LAXG'SIDE,  a  small  Tillage  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew, 
parish  of  Cathcart,  2  miles  S.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  125.  The 
troops  of  'Juee'i  Marj'  were,  in  1568,  totally  defeated  here 
by  the  hVgeut  Wurrav. 

L.VNGu/TOX,  a  towiiship  of  England,  oo.  of  Hants,  at  the 
head  of  Langston  Harbor,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  between 
Portsea  and  Haj-ling  Islands.     See  Portse.^. 

Ii.\XGSTON,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  .Alabama. 

LAXGSTO.NE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LAXGS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

LANGI'DFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LAXGTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

LAXGTON,  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

LAXGTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

LAXGTOX  HERRIXG,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

LAXGTOX  NEAE  HORNCASTLE,  a  parish  of  England, 
eo.  of  Lincoln. 

LAXGTOX  LOXG  BLAXDFORD,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset. 

LAXGTOX  MAT'RAVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset. 

LAXGTOX  BT  SPILS/BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  3  miles  X.W.  of  Spilsby.  Langtan,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  afterwards  made  Cardinal  by  Innocent  III., 
was  born  here. 

LAXGTOX  NEAR  WRAGBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

LAXCTREE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Deron. 

L.\XGTREE,  a  township  of  Eniland,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LAXGUEDOC,  Ift.v^heh-dok',  (anc.  Karbone)i/sis  PrUma,) 
an  extensive  and  beautiful  province  of  France,  now  forming 
the  departments  of  Aude,  Tarn.  Herault,  Lozere,  Ard^che, 
and  Gard.  as  well  as  the  arrondissements  of  Toulouse  and 
Villcfranche,  in  the  department  of  Haute-Garonne,  and 
Rrrondissement  of  Puy  and  Yssingeaux,  in  the  department 
of  Ilaute-Loire.  Under  the  Romans,  it  was  one  of  the  seTen 
provinces  of  Gaul  which  had  the  freedom  of  Italy.  The 
Goths  obtained  a  grant  of  it  from  the  Emperor  Ilonorius, 
and  retained  possession  for  nearly  two  centuries.  The 
Saracens  afterwards  became  its  masters,  but  were  expelled 
by  Charles  Martel  in  725.  From  the  Counts  of  Toulouse  it 
passed  to  Philip  the  Bold,  and  was  finally  united  to  the 
French  crown  in  1361.  The  Canal  of  I^anguedoc,  or  du  Midi, 
(dii  mee'dc^',)  commences  in  the  Garonne,  near  Toulouse, 
and  terminates  in  the  Lake  of  Thau,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.   Length  153  miles. 

L.\XGUELLE,  lang^ghJU',  a  post-office  of  St.  Francis  co., 
Arkansas. 

LAXGUIDIC,  l3s«'gheeMeek',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  10  miles  X.E.  of  Lorient.  Pop.  in  1852, 
6358. 

LAXCnviTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

LAXIIO,  Idn'ho',  a  riTer  of  China,  rises  in  the  Mountains 
of  In-Shan,  in  Mongolia,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Pecheelee 
near  its  X.E.  entrance,  after  a  course  of  about  300  miles. 
In  the  upper  part  it  bears  the  name  of  Sha>too. 

LAX'HYDROCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  2| 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Bodmin.  Lanhydrock  Fort,  built  early  in  the 
17th  century,  is  an  embattled  granite  structure,  and  was 
garrisoned  for  the  parliament  in  1644. 

LANKIER/,  a  post-Tillage,  capital  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Vi.  side  of  Flint  RiTer,  6  miles  W.  of  the  South  West- 
ern Railroad,  and  80  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has 
2  churchf  g,  2  hotels,  and  3  stores. 

LAXIER.  a  town-Jiip  of  Preble  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1738. 

L.iNISC.\T,  li'nees^kl/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Xord,  17  miles  W.X.W.  of  Loud^ac.    Pop.  3200. 

LAX'IVET.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

L.\.X.rAUOX,  14n-ni-ron',  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  26  miles  S.E.  of  Granada,  on  the  S.  declivity  of 
the  Sierra  Xevada.  Pop.  2960.  It  stands  on  the  brow  of  a 
spur  of  the  Pic  de  Beleta,  (peek  dd  bA-lA/td,)  and  is  much 
frequented  in  summer  on  account  of  its  coolness  and  its 
laineral  waters.  A  Moorish  castle  stands  on  a  neighboring 
hill,  and  the  whole  district  is  beautiful. 

L.A.XKEKAX,  iJn-kA-rdn'.  the  most  S.  town  of  Russian 
Transcaucasia,  district  of  Talish,  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  40 
miles  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Koor,  and  since  its  conquest  by 
the  Russians,  of  commercial  importance. 

LA.N  LIVERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  1| 
miles  W.  of  Ix)stwithiel.  A  railway,  7  miles  in  length,  is 
here  carried  on  a  viaduct  across  a  valley,  at  an  elevation 
of  95  feet 

LAXMEUR.  IftNo'mcn/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Knistere,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brest     Pop.  2775. 
,„^\^'^^"-^^'^''"'''-  ^  post-village  of  Stewart  co.,  Georgia, 
18  miles  E.  of  Lumpkin. 

LAN.VEMEZAX,  Idnn'meh-zJx"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilnutt'.'i-Pvrenees,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Tarbes.     P.  1243. 

LA.N'XEPA.X.  Idii'nv'h-pd'.  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gers.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Condom.     Pop.  1513. 

LAXXILE.S.  l,in'neel',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Flnistire,  13  mUes  N.  of  Brest    Pop.  in  1852,  3430. 
1018 


LAN 

T  LAXXION,  I3n'ne-JN0',  (anc.  LalnhiniT)  a  town  and  river 
I  port  of  France,  department  of  Cotes-du-Xord,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Guer,  6  miles  from  the  English  Channel,  and  35 
miles  fl'.X  Vf.  of  St.  Brieuc,  Pop.  in  1852,  6272.  It  has  n 
harbor  accessible  to  Tessels  under  200  tons,  bordered  by  a 
spacious  quay;  a  pari.sh  church  of  the  12th  century,  a  com- 
munal college,  barracks,  hospitals,  and  manufactures  ot 
linen  fabrics. 

L.iXXOY.  Iiln'nw2/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Xord, 
7  miles  E.X.E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  1392. 

LAXORAIE,  Idno-rA/,  a  Tillage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Berthier.  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver.  36  miles  X.  of  Montreal. 

LAX'KEATII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LAXRIA'AIX,  l6xeVeeV5xo',  a  commune  and  village  of 
France,  department  of  Cotes-du-Xord,  14  miles  S.  of  Guln- 
gamp. 

L.iXRODEC.lSNO^ro'dJk'.acommune  and  villasre  of  France, 
department  of  Cotes-du-Xord,  6  miles  S.E.  cf  Guimramp. 

L.^XS.-VL'LOES,  a  parish  of  En;;land.  co.  of  Cornwall. 

L.\XS'DOWX,  an  elevated  tract  of  table-land  in  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset,  2^  miles  X.W.  of  Bath.  It  is  noted  for  its 
breed  of  sheep,  has  a  fair,  August  10,  and  gives  title  of 
Marquis  to  the  family  of  Pettv. 

LAXS'DOWXE,  a  county  of  West  Australia,  at  the  X.E. 
extremity  pf  the  colrtny,  between  lat  31°  10'  and  31°  40'  S., 
and  Ion.  118°  and  119°  E..  haTing  X.W.  and  S.  the  districts 
Carnarvon.  Durham,  and  Beaufort 

LAN'SIXG,  a  township,  Tompkins  co..  New  York.  P.  3222. 

LANSIXG,  a  city,  capitiil  of  the  state  of  Michigan,  is 
situated  in  Ingham  co.,  on  the  Grand  River,  110  niilos  X.W. 
of  Detroit.  Lat.  42°  42'  30"  N.,  Ion.  84°  28'  W.  This  pl.ice 
was  selected  for  the  seat  of  government  in  1847.  being  at 
that  time  surrounded  by  an  almost  unbroken  wilderness. 
It  now  contains  12  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  offices, 
a  female  college,  an  academy,  and  a  reform  school.  The 
Lansing  and  Owasso  Riiilroad  connects  it  with  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad.  The  river  affords  an  excellent 
water-power,  which  is  employed  in  flonring-mills  and  fac- 
tories. The  State-house  is  a  large  and  handsome  building, 
situated  on  an  eminence  50  feet  above  the  level  of  Grand 
River.    Topulation  in  1860,  3074. 

LAXSIXG,  a  post-townsliip,  forming  the  X.W.  extremity 
of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan. 

LAXSIXG,  a  post-office  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana. 

LAXSIXG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Allomakee  CO.,  Iowa, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  It  has  a  national  bank. 
Pop.  1197.    See  AppF.xmx. 

L.^XSIXG,  a  post-village  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin,  125 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Madison. 

LAX'SIXGBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ren.istv 
laer  co„  Xew  York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Ilud.«on  River, 
across  which  there  is  here  a  bridge  communicating  with 
Waterford,  and  on  the  Troy  and'  Boston  Railroad,  10  miles 
above  Albany.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  carries 
oh  considerable  river  trade,  the  Hud.son  beinir  made  navi- 
pable  for  tow-boats  by  means  of  a  lock  at  the  state  dam. 
There  are  churches  of  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Biiptists, 
Episcopalians,  and  Roman  Catholics,  2  newspaper  offices,  2 
banks,  and  an  academy.  Lansingburg  h.is  extensive  and 
impijrtant  manufactures,  comprising  brushes,  oilcloth,  and 
a  great  variety  of  articles.  Ptip.  of  township  in  1860,  5577; 
of  the  village  in  1S65,  about  6uu0. 

L.AX'SIXGVILLE,  a  post- village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
York,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Ithaca. 

LAXSITZ.  Idn'sit-s,  a  m.arket-town  of  Ilungarj',  Hither 
Danube,  7  miles  fiom  Presburg,  on  the  Schwarzwasser. 
Pop.  2050. 

LAXS-LE-BOURG,  iSso'leh-boon/,  a  market-town  of  Savoy, 
3  miles  X.W.  of  Mont  Cenis.     Pop.  1550. 

LAXTADILLA,  Idn-ta-deel'yl  a  town  of  Sp.iin,  Leon,  24 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Palencia,  on  ihe  Pisuerga,  here  crossed  by 
a  magnificent  bridge  of  nine  arches.     Pop.  1040. 

LAXTAO.  l.dn-td'o  or  iJn-tow',  or  LINTAO,  leen-t3'o,  (Chi- 
nese T.UHo,  trho',)  an  island  of  China,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Canton  River,  17  miles  E.  of  Macjio,  and  1  mile  from  the 
mainland.  It  is  long,  narrow,  and  mountainous,  with 
numerous  bays  and  headlands.  Ti-ho  or  T.uuo  villiige  is 
on  its  X.W.  coast 

LAXT.\R.    See  Pooio  Lont.vr. 

LAXTCUAXG.  a  citv  of  South  Asia.    See  L\xch.vx<i. 

LAX-TCIIOU  or  LAX-TCIIEOU-FOO.    See  Laxchoo. 

LAXTEGLOS,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

L.iXTERXE,  lflx"'t?Rn',  a  river  of  France,  which  risea 
near  the  frontier  of  the  department  of  Vosges,  and  after  a 
S.AV.  course  of  38  miles,  of  which  al>out  18  mile.s  are  exten- 
sively used  for  flotation,  joins  the  left  bank  of  the  Saone. 

LAXTOSC.\,  Hn-to.s/kd,  a  market-town  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
sion of  and  20  miles  X.  of  Xice.     Pop.  2240. 

LAXTHSAXG-KIAXG.    See  Me-Kokg. 

LAXTSHAXG.    See  Laxchano. 

LAXT'WIT  or  LLAXT'WIT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  ca 
of  Glamorgan. 

LAXTWIT  or  LLAXTWIT  MAYOR,  a  market-town  and 
parbh  of  South  AVales,  oo.  of  Glamorgan.  4  miles  S.W_.  of 
Cowbridge.    In  the  churchyard  are  2  crosses,  with  a  curious 


LAN 


LAP 


ancient  inscription  to  the  memory  of  Sampson,  afterwards 
Arclibishop  of  Uol. 

LAXXVVITKAYllDRE,  lanf  wit-fd-ux'dre,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  (ilamorgan. 

liAiV'USEI,  Id-noo-s.Vee,  a  marlcet  town  of  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  division  and  57  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cagliafi. 

LANVOLLOX,  ISn^VoIMAno',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
mtat  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  13  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Bricuc.    1'.  1462. 

LANXAROX,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Lanmaron. 

LAXZAHOTE,  lan-sd-ro/tii,  or  LAXCEIKyrA,  the  most 
K.E.  of  the  Canary  Islands.  Area  about  300  square  miles. 
Pop.  17,600.  In  its  centre  it  rises  to  2000  feet  in  elevation, 
and  at  its  W.  end  is  a  high  volcano.  It  is  scantily  watered, 
but  yields  the  finest  wiue  and  grapes  in  the  Canaries;  other 
products  are  barilla  and  orchil.  On  its  S.E.  coast  is  the 
town  of  Arecife,  S.  of  Teguise,  the  capital  of  the  island. 

LAXZO,  Un'zo,  (L.  Lan/cium.)  a  town  of  Piedmont,  18 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Turin,  on  the  Stura.  Pop.  23:?5.  It  con- 
tains smelting  works,  and  manufactures  of  nails  and  coarse 
iron  goods.     In  its  district  are  mines  of  iron  and  copper. 

LAODICEA.    See  Eskee  Hissar. 

LAODICEA  AD  MAKE.    See  Latakeea. 

LAODICEA  COMBUSTA.     See  Ladik. 

LAON,  li^6No',  (anc.  BVbrax  Suessio'num  t  LandiJnum,  f)  a 
city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Aisne,  14  miles 
N.E.  of  Paris.  Top.  in  1852,  10,008.  It  is  enclosed  by  old 
massive  walls,  and  placed  on  an  isolated  hill,  crowned  by  a 
fine  Gothic  cathedral.  Other  principal  edifioes  are  the  pre- 
fecture, containing  a  library  of  17,000  volumes;  a  remark- 
able leaning  tower,  the  town-hall,  new  citadel,  2  hospitals, 
large  barracks,  a  theatre,  communal  college,  work-house, 
and  tower  of  Queen  Urunhilda.  Under  the  French  kings  of 
the  1st  and  2d  races,  Laon  was  a  place  of  importance,  and  it 
remained  the  last  po.«sessioa  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty 
under  FiOuis  V.,  the  foundations  of  whose  massive  castle 
still  remain.  It  has  manufactures  of  nails,  coarse  cloth, 
leather,  earthenwares,  &c. ;  and  in  its  vicinity  are  nume- 
rous vineyards.  It  is  an  episcopal  see,  and  possesses  a 
court  of  first  resort  and  an  ecclesiastical  seminary.  The 
most  distinguished  natives  are  Lothaire,  King  of  France  in 
the  10th  century,  St.  Kemy,  Archbishop  of  Rheims,  and 
Mechain,  the  celebrated  coadjutor  of  Delambre  in  the  trigo- 
nometrical survey.  In  1411  it  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  after  a  three  days'  siege,  and  in  1419  it  was  taktm 
by  the  English,  who  were  expelled  from  it  in  1429.  In 
1594  it  was  taken  by  siege  by  Henry  IV.  Bonaparte  sus- 
tained a  defeat  here  in  1814. 

LAO'XA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York,  on  Canadaway  Creek,  300  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

LAi")NA,  a  post-village  in  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  110 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

LAOOR,  LAOUR,  or  LAUR.  Id-ooR/,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Sylhet,  110  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Dacca.  It  has  an  active  export  trade  in  salt  and 
limestone. 

LAOS,  li'oce,  a  country  of  South-Eastorn  Asia,  occupying 
the  centre  of  the  peninsula  of  Further  India,  surrounded 
by  the  Burmese  and  Siamese  dominion3.Cambodia,Tonquin, 
and  the  Chinese  province  Yunnan.  Its  boundaries  and  area 
are  wholly  unknown  to  Europeans;  its  population  has  been 
loosely  estimated  at  a  million.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Menam 
and  the  Me-koug  Rivers,  and  is  reported  to  have  a  fertile 
soil,  and  to  be  thinly  peopled,  its  inhabitants  living  mostly 
in  migratory  hordes.  Its  products  comprise  a  species  of  rice, 
tobacco,  sugar  cane,  indigo,  benzoin,  lac,  and  other  gums, 
betel,  numerous  fruits,  teak,  eapan  and  sandal  woods,  ele- 
phants, and  draught  cattle :  with  iron,  lead,  copper,  gold, 
and  silver.  Silk  and  cotton  fabrics,  paper  from  bark,  leather, 
sugar,  and  gunpowder  are  manufactunMl,  and  the  natives 
are  ingenious  as  workers  in  metals,  mat-makers,  embroi- 
derers, and  potters.  The  trade  with  Tonquin  appears  to  be 
extensive ;  of  late  there  has  been  a  growing  trade  with 
Martaban  and  the  Tenasserim  provinces,  whence  British 
cotton  and  woollen  goods  are  introduced  into  Laos.  An 
Independent  kingdom  is  said  to  exist  here,  the  capital  of 
which  is  Lanchang;  but  the  outlying  tribes  are  supposed  to 
be  tributary  to  their  more  powerful  neighbors.  In  habits, 
customs,  religion,  and  language,  the  Laos  most  resemble 
the  Burmese. 

LAOUR.     SeeLAOOE. 

LA'PAK,  one  of  the  Sooloo  islands;  lat.  5°  35'  N.,  Ion. 
121=^  E. 

LA  PAZ,  14  pdz,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  capital  of  a  department 
of  its  own  name,  is  situated  in  lat.  16°  30'  N..  Ion.  68°  10' 
W.,  at  an  elevation  of  12.226  feet.  Pop.  76,372.  It  is  a 
bishop's  see,  and  has  religious  establishments  with  consid- 
erable revenues,  and  ranks  as  a  place  of  wealth  and  import- 
ance, being  an  entreiJot  for  Paraguay  tea,  gold,  bark,  and 
European  goods. 

LA  PAZ,  a  department  of  Bolivia,  mostly  between  lat.  14° 
and  18°  S.,  and  Ion.  6''°  and  70°  W.;  having  \V.,  South 
Peru  and  Lake  Titioaca.  Estimated  area  nearly  40.000 
square  miles,  and  population  300,000.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  containing  Illimani  and  Sorata. 

LA  PAZ,  a  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  Lower  California,  at 


the  head  of  a  bay  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  peninsula,  near  its  S. 
extremity,  in  about  24°  N.  lat.,  and  110  W.  Ion.     Pop.  500 

LAPEER',  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  contains 
about  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  -A 
Flint  and  Belle  P.ivers,  and  by  Kearsley,  Farmer's,  and  Mill 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating,  and  partly  tuvered 
with  forests  of  oak,  maple,  pine.  &c. ;  the  soil  in  some  ports 
is  fertile.     Capital,  Lapeer.     Pop.  14,754. 

LAPEER,  a  township  of  Cortland  co.,  New  York.     Pop.  803 
LAPEER,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Lapet 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Flint  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Farmer^s 
Creek,  57  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Detroit.    It  contains  a  court- 
house, 4  churches,  a  bank,  and  an  academy.    WatcT-power 
is  abundant  in  the  vicinity.    Population  of  the  township, 
2731. 
LA  PRROUSE,  (Islands  and  Strait.)    See  Peroosb. 
LAP'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
LAP'IIAMSYILLE,  a  postvillage  of  Kent  CO.,  Michigan, 
60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Lansing. 

LAPID.El  CAMPI.     See  ^RAn,  La. 

LAPIO,  iJ'pe-o,  a  town  of  Naples,  pr.-vinco  of  Principato 
Ultra,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Angelo  dei  Lombardi.  ■  P.  2500. 
LAPLAND,  lap'land,  (native,  iSumeamla,  sd-me-dnMil :  Sw., 
La2Jpinark,\i.pp>Taa.K'i;  Russ..  Laplandiia,  lAp-ldu'-de-yd^;  Fr. 
Laptinie,  Id^po'ifee';  L.,  Ixippr^nia,)  an  extensive  territory  in 
the  N.  of  Europe,  between  lat.  64°  and  71°  N.,  reaching  from 
the  shores  of  Norway  E.  to  the  White  Sea;  area,  about 
130,000  square  miles;  of  whieli  more  than  a  half,  situated 
E.  of  the  Tornei  and  its  tributary,  Muonio,  belfmgs  to 
Russia;  and  the  remainder  is  shared,  in  nearly  equal 
proportions,  between  Sweden  and  Norway.  As  Lapland  is 
not  the  name  of  any  great  political  division,  a  particular 
description  of  its  different  portions  must  be  looked  for 
under  the  names  of  the  states  to  wliich  they  belong;  and 
it  may  therefore  be  sufficient  here  to  observe,  in  general, 
that,  both  from  geographical  position  and  physical  con- 
formation, Lapland  is  one  of  the  most  forbidding  regions 
of  the  globe,  consisting  either  of  rugged  mountains,  some 
of  them  covered  with  perpetual,  and  many  of  them  only 
for  a  short  period  free  from  snow,  or  of  vast  monotonous 
tracts  of  moorland  wastes.  This  extensive  territory  appears 
to  have  been  at  one  time  wholly  occiupied  by  the  people  to 
whom  it  owes  its  name ;  but  its  S.  and  better  portions  have 
lx;en  gradually  encroached  upon  by  Norwegians,  Swedes, 
and  Finlanders,  till  the  Laplanders  proper  have,  in  a  great 
measure,  been  cooped  up  within  the  Arctic  Circle.  There 
they  retaiti  their  <]jatinctive  features  and  ancient  customs, 
and  find  ample  scope  to  follow  their  favourite  modes  of  life, 
either  as  Fjelde-F'inner,  5Iountain  Laplanders,  leading  a 
nomadic  life,  and  pasturing  large  reindeer  herds ;  or  Siie- 
Finner,  Sea  or  Shore  Laplanders,  who,  too  poor  to  possess 
such  herds,  have  been  obliged  to  fix  their  residence  upon 
the  coast,  and  subsist  chiefly  by  fishing.  The  origin  of  the 
Laplanders,  as  a  race,  has  greatly  puzzled  ethnographers, 
in  consequence  of  their  presenting  a  combination  of  ))hysical 
properties  not  jyossessed  exclusively  either  by  the  Mongolian 
or  the  CaUKtsian  stock,  but  belonging  partly  to  the  one  and 
partly  to  the  other.  The  prevailing  opinion,  however,  is, 
that  they  are  ^.nly  a  variety  of  Tschude,  or  Finns.  Their 
chief  characteristics  are — low  stature,  selilom  exceeding  4 
feet  9  inches  in  height;  great  muscular  power,  exhibited 
I  both  in  their  agility  and  in  a  strength  of  arm,  enabling  them 
]to  bend  a  bow  which  an  ordinary  Norwegian  could  n6t 
I  touch;  a  large  head;  dark,  long,  and  glossy  hair;  small 
brown  eyes,  obliquely  placed,  and  without  eyelids ;  high 
cheek  bones;  wide  mouth,  with  ill-defined  lips;  a  scanty 
1  beard ;  and  a  skin  of  a  yellow  dingy  hue.  The  Laplanders 
are  not  deficient  either  in  intellectual  or  moral  capacity. 
They  are  simple-hearted,  hospitable,  and  apparently  inclined, 
as  far  as  their  knowledge  goes,  to  practise  the  duties  of 
Christianity,  which  they  all  profess,  under  the  form  of 
iLutheranLsm  in  Norway  and  Sweden,  and  that  of  the 
j  Greek  Church  in  Russia.  The  greatest  exception  to  this 
practice,  is  an  excessive  fondness  for  ardent  spirits.  A  more 
harmless  vice  is  the  excessive  use  of  tobacco.  The  number 
of  Laplanders  of  all  descriptions  is  not  suppostnl  to  exceed 
1 20.000.  Probably  one-third  of  them  are  nomadic.  Adj., 
Lap'i'ish,  Lap'lajsdish.  and  Lapponian,  lap-po/ne-an,  (poeti- 
cal;) inhab.  LaPi-axder,  and  Lapp. 

LAPLAND,  a  village  of  Bun'combe  CO.,  North  Carolina, 
275  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 
LAPLAND,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  North  Carolina. 
LA  PL.VfA.    See  Plata. 

LAP/LEYor  LAPP'ELE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
LA  I'OINXE,  Id  point,  a  county  furniingthe  N.  extremity 
of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  Lake  Superior,  has  an  area  of 
about  1000  square  miles.  Lake  Superior  washes  its  nor- 
thern border.  This  county  has  no  large  or  important 
streams.  The  surface  is  extensively  covered  by  forests 
of  pine  timber.  Capital,  Bayfield.  Population  in  1860, 
353. 

LA  POINTE,  a  post-village  of  La  Pointe  county,'  Wis- 
consin, on  Madeleine  Island  of  Lake  Suiierior,  a  few  miles 
from  the  main  land.  It  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  settlement 
iu  Wisconsin. 

1019 


LAP 

LAPOil'BA,  a  po't-offlce  of  Lafayette  co..  Mis?isrfppi. 

LA.POUTK.  lap-orf,  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  Indiana, 
borderin-'  on  Lake  Jlicliisan.  contains  450  square  miles. 
It  is  watered  by  tlie  Kankakee  River.  The  s\irface  is  mostly 
level  or  undulating,  excepting  the  hills  of  sand  near  the 
lake;  the  soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  prairies,  some  of 
which  are  extensive.  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  vines,  and  fruits 
flourish.  In  1S50  this  county  produced  206,016  bushels  of 
wheat,  and  21,322  tons  of  hay.  The  quantity  of  wheat  and 
hay  was  each  greater  than  that  produced  by  any  other 
county  in  the  state.  It  is  traversed  by  the  railroad  from 
Chicago  to  Detroit,  and  by  1  or  2  other  railroads.  Organ- 
ized in  18.32.    Capital,  Laporte.    Pop.  22,919. 

LVl'ORTE,  a  jiost-villagc.  capital  of  Sullivan  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 107  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ilarrisburg.  This  place  was 
Belected  as  the  county  seat  in  1850.  the  site  being  then  a 
complete  wilderness.  The  public  buildings  are  in  ProgF^ss 
of  erection,  and  the  place  is  rapidly  improving.    Pop.  590. 

L.A.l*OHTE,  a  post-village  of  Lorain  oo.,  Ohio,  3  miles  S.E. 
of  Elyria,  has  3  churches  and  several  stores. 

LAPORTK,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Laporte 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  railroad  connecting  Chicago  witn 
Toledo,  58  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chicago,  and  12  miles  from  Lake 
Micliigan.  It  is  situated  on  the  border  of  a  beautiful 
pr.iirie  of  the  same  name,  the  soil  of  which  is  extremely 
rich  and  well  cultivated.  The  village  is  a  place  of  active 
traiie,  which  is  facilitated  by  a  railroad  extending  south- 
eastward to  Plymouth.  Laporte  contains  the  Indiana 
Medical  College,  an  academy,  and  a  bank.  Pop.  in  1854, 
about  2500;  in  1800,5028. 

LAPOS,  ld'posh\  or  LAPUS,  Id/poosh,  a  river  of  Austria, 
in  the  N.  part  of  Transylvania,  joins  the  Szamos  after  a 
course  of  4o  miles. 

LAPOS-BAXYA,  li'posh-ban'yoh\  or  STEIXBRUCH, 
gtine'brooK,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tran.sylvania,  20  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Xagy-Banya.    Pop.  1019. 

LAP'PON'S  CKOSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Washington 
eo.,  Maryland. 

LA  PRAIRIE,  li  pri/ree,  a  township  of  Kock  co.,  Wiscon- 
ein.    Pop.  849. 

LAPR  AIRI E,  a  post- village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Hunting- 
don, on  the  S.  shore  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the 
railroad  communicating  with  Kowse's  Point  in  New  York, 
about  S.S.K.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  churches  of  the  Episco- 
palians and  Roman  Catholics,  and  9  or  10  stores.    Pop.  1084. 

LAPS,  FELSO,  fMVhcV  Idpsh,  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Hither  Thei-sg,  about  45  miles  from  Lcut.schau.     Pop.  1015. 

LAPTE.  lipt,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
toire.  6  miles  N.W.  of  Brioude.    Pop.  2616. 

LA  PUEBLA,  Mexico.    See  Pcebla,  La. 

LA  PUG  LI  A.    SeeAptiUA.  . 

LAl'UKDUM.     See  B.4Y0NXE. 

LA  PUKISSIMA,  li  poo-rees'se-mJ,  a  village  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara CO.,  California,  is  situated  on  the  main  road  from  San 
Jos6  to  Ix)s  Angeles,  247  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.E.  by  S. 
of  San  Francisco. 

L.4PUT.\,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Kentucky,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Frankfort. 

LAPnVORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

LAR  or  LAAR.  laR,  a  river  of  Persia,  province  of  Mazan- 
deran,  flows  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 

LAK  or  LAAR,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Laristan.  and  formerly  of  an  Arabian  kingdom,  180  miles 
S.E.  of  Sheeraz.  Pop.  12,000(?).  It  stands  in  an  extensive 
plain,  has  a  fortified  residence  of  the  governor,  and  a  large 
and  fine  bazaar;  it  is  the  seat  of  some  manufactures  of 
arms,  gunpowder,  and  cotton  fabrics. 

LARACIIE,  a  town  of  Marocco.    See  El-Araish. 

L.AK'ACi)R,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath, 
2  miles  S.K.  of  Trim.  The  Duke  of  Wellington  was  born 
in  this  parish.  1769;  the  living  was  long  held  by  Dean  Swift 

LARAOII.  li'rdh,  a  parish  of  l.-eland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavan. 

LARAX.IEIRAS.  U-nin-zh.Vr.1s,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
Tince  of  Sergipe,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Cotindiba,  20  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  3000. 

LAR  AXTOOK  A,  LARAXTOEK  A  or  LARAXTUKA,  ll-r^n- 
too'kd.  a  trading  town  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  E.  end  of 
the  island  of  Flores,  on  the  Flores  Strait,  inhabited  by  native 
Roman  Catlinlics. 

LAR.VT  or  LAARAT,  li-rit/,  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, one  of  the  Tenemljcr  group,  off  the  X.E.  coast  of 
Timor  l.aut,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  reef.  It  is  about 
25  miles  loui:  l\v  10  miles  broad. 

LA  RAX,  liVd'.  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 

joins  tlie  left  V)ank  of  the  Garonne.    Total  course  70  miles. 

LAR'BKRT.  a  parish  of  Scotland'  co.  of  Stirling.  2  miles 

N.W.  of  Falkirk.    It  was  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated 

IravelliT,  Bruce. 

LARDA,  laR'di,  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,  falls  into  the 
Po,  7  nliI<^^  S.  of  Cremona;  totjil  course  35  miles. 

l,AI!UKIiO.  laR-d.Vro,  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Castile,  about 
S  miles  from  Ix>groflo,  on  the  Iregua.     Pop.  1935. 

LAUTD;),  Id-ri/no,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Santanler.  34  miles  W.X.W.  of  Bilbao.  Pop.  2980.  Its 
harbor,  5)rmerly  deep,  Is  now  choked  with  sand. 


LAR 

LAREDO.  Iah-r.A'do.  capital  of  Webb  co.,  Tesa.«,  on  tbe 
left  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Xortc,  at  the  cros.'ing  of  the  Sau 
Antonio  and  Saltillo  rosul,  about  500  miles  S.Sv.  of  Austin 
City.  It  was  once  a  flourishing  town,  with  over  1000  in- 
habitants, but  was  since  in  a  declining  8t<ite,in  consequence 
of  the  relocated  innsads  of  tlie  Indians.     Pop.  in  1860,  1256. 

LAREE  or  LARI,  lil/ree,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  on  the 
N.W.  shore  of  Lake  I'chad.  100  miles  X.AV.  of  Koolia. 

LAREK.  Id'rik',  written  also  LARRACK  or  LAREDSH, 
an  island  in  the  Persian  Gulf.  5  miles  S.E.  of  the  E.  end  of 
Kishm  ;  greatest  length  Oj  miles ;  breadth  nearly  4  miles. 

L.\REX,  Id'ren,  a  village  of  the  Xctherlands.  province  of 
Gelderland,  8  miles  X.E.  of  Zutphen.     Pop.  2955. 

LAREX,  a  village  of  Korth  Holland,  S.E.  of  Xaarden. 
Pop.  1929. 

LARGEXTIERE,  laR'zh5xoHe-aiR',  (anc.  Arg'nlalriaf)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ardeche,  on  the  Ligne,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Privaa.  Pop.  2700.  It  has  manufactures  of 
silk  fabrics. 

LARGEXTIERE,  a  village  of  France,  Hautes-Alpes.  See 
Argextikre. 

L.\.R/GO,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  an  inlet  of 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  2^  miles  E.X.E.  of  Leveu.  The  village 
is  frequented  for  sea-bathing,  and  has  a  harbor,  whence  a 
steamboat  plies  to  Xewhaven.  Alexander  Selkirk,  the  )>roto- 
type  of  Dufoe"s  "  Rol)inson  Cru.soe,"  wa.s  born  here  in  1676. 

LARGS,  a  seaport  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  on 
a  bay  of  same  name,  surrounded  by  beautiful  hills,  22  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  2824.  It  is 
irregular,  but  well  built,  has  elegant  baths,  a  good  library, 
branch  banks,  a  steamboat  pier,  numerous  handsome  vUlas, 
small  manufactories  of  cotton,  but  is  chiefly  supported  by 
visitors  from  Glasgow,  &.C.  A  great  victory  was  obtained 
here  in  1263  by  .\lexander  III.,  over  Haco,  King  of  Norway, 
and  numerous  tumuli  mark  the  field  of  battle. 

L.\RI,  Id/ree,  a  market-town  of  Central  Italy,  Tuscany, 
province,  and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Pisa.     Pop.  1570. 

L.\RI.    See  Laree. 

LARIMER'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pcun.sylvania. 

LARIXO,  Id-ree'no,  (anc.  Lari'num,)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Molise,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Campoba«so.    Pop.  3700. 

LARISS.A,  U-ris/sd,  (Turk.  Veni  Sheh'r,  yJn'ee  sbjh'r,  i.  «., 
"  New-town.")  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Thessaly.  on  rising  ground  beside  the  Salembria, 
(anc.  PeneJus,)  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  20  miles  from 
the  Gulf  of  Salonica.  Lat.  39°  37'  N.,  Ion.  21°  28'  E.  Esti 
mated  population,  20.000,  of  whom  three-fourths  are  Turks. 
"  It  stands  in  an  oasis  of  trees  and  verdure  in  the  midst  of  a 
plain  of  sand,"  and  is  enclosed  by  walls. 

LARIS^SA,  a  postrvillage  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas,  about 
230  miles  X.E.  of  Austin. 

LARISTAN,  Idr-is-tJn',  a  maritime  province  of  Persia, 
having  S.  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  landward  the  provinces  of 
Fars  and  Kerman.  Estimated  area  10,0<X)  square  miles.  It 
is  an  arid  and  sandy  waste,  interspersed  with  salt  steppes. 
Principal  town,  Lar. 

LA'RIUS  LA'CUS.    See  Como,  Lake  op. 

LAltKE.  lark,  a  river  of  England,  rises  in  the  ^.W.  part 
of  the  county  of  Suffolk,  and  flows  into  the  Ouse,  near  Ely. 
It  is  navigable  to  Bury. 

LARK'lIALL.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  9 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Lanark.    Pop.  iai9. 

LARKHAXA,  laR'kd'nd,  or  LARKIIAXU,  laR'ka-noo',  a 
fortified  town  of  Sinde,  145  miles  N.AV.  of  HydcraK'id,  and 
7  miles  W.  of  the  Indus,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
the  Larkhana  canal.  Pop.  from  10.000  to  12.0<X).  It  has  a 
citadel,  formerly  the  artillery  <lcpfit  of  the  Sinde  ameers,  a 
good  bazaar,  manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton  goods,  and 
one  of  the  chief  corn  markets  of  the  country. 

LARK'iySBURG.  a  ^K>st-office  of  Clay  co.,  Illinois. 

LARK'IX'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  .Jackson  CO.,  Alabama. 

L.^RK'INSVILLE,  &  post-village  ot  j-vckson  CO.,  -Alabama, 
about  15  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bellefonte. 

LAR/LINGFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nortblk. 

LARXE,  lam.  a  market  and  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Antrim,  on  Ix)ugh  Larne.  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  17?  miles 
X'.N.E.  of  Belfast.  I'op.  3345.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, sail-cloth,  and  ropes,  with  bleaching  grounds  and  lime 
works. 

LAR'XED'S  CORNERS,  apost-office,  Ontario  CO..  New  York. 

LARXICA  or  LARXECA,  laR'ne-kd.  (anc  dthium.)  a  town 
of  Cyprus,  near  its  S.  coast,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Lefkosia.  I'op. 
3000.  It  has  a  citadel,  large  cisterns,  and  numerous  other 
vestiges  of  antiquity ;  it«  port  is  the  most  fre.|uented  in  the 
island,  and  it  is  the  residence  of  many  European  consuls 
and  merchants. 

LA  ROCHE,  ld*rosh',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxembourg,  on  the  Ourthe,  14  miles  N  W.  of  Bastogne 
Pop.  1334. 

LA  ROD  A,  Id  ro'nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  pi^vincc  of  and  24 
miles  X.W.  of  Albacete.  Pop.  4572.  Celebrated  for  it,"  de- 
fence against  the  Carlists  In  1840. 

LAROLES,  Id-n/lJs,  a  village  of  Spain  Andalusin  ..bout 
50  miles  from  Granada.    Pop.  1249. 


LAR 


LAT 


LARONE,  lirOn',  a  post-offloe  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

LAlVKAliEK'S  POINT,  a  post-villa'.'e  of  AcUlison  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  Lake  Chaniplain,  50  niile.s  S.W.  of  Montpelier. 

JjA11*KACK',  an  Inland  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.  15  miles  S.  of  Ormuz. 

L.VIIUAGA,  laR-R.<l/s;d,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Na- 
varre,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  I'lunplona,  witli  1512  inliabitants. 

LAKIUNGE,  Ida^R^Nzh',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Suvuy,  3  miles  from  Evian.     Pop.  1141. 

LAi;/KY'S  CKEEK,  a  post-oflioe  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LA  Its,  a  strong  fort  and  village  of  South  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Caucasu.^?,  on  the  road  to  Georgia. 

LAIWINGTON.,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Yorlc, 
Nortli  I'.iiUng. 

LA  RUE,  lah  roo,  a  post-ofBce  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio. 

L.\  IIL'E,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Kentucky,  contains 
an  area  estimated  at  400  square  miles.  The  Kolling  fork 
of  Salt  river  Iwunds  it  on  the  N.E.,  and  it  is  drained  hy 
Noliu  Creek.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating  and  the  soil 
fertile.  Organized  Iti  1843,  and  named  in  honor  of  John 
La  Uue,  an  early  .settler  in  this  region.  Capital,  Hodginville. 
Po)).  I1S91,  of  whom  5991  were  free,  and  900  slaves. 

LAUUNS,  Id'rriijo',  a  town  of  B'rance,  department  of  Basses- 
PyreiiL-BK,  2-2  miles  S.  of  Pau.     Pop.  in  1852,  2004. 

LAIIVEGO,  laR-vA/go,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  province  of 
Genoa.     I'op.  of  commune,  3840. 

LARVIGEN,  a  t«wn  of  Norway.     See  Laurvio. 

LAS.VLLE,  Id^sill',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gard.  an-ondissement  of  Vigan,  with  manufactures  of  bon- 
nets and  flowers.     Pop.  in  1852,  2487. 

L.V  S.-VLIjK,  of  Aveyron.    See  Decazeviile. 

Ui  SALLE,  lah  sSil,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of 
niinnis,  has  an  area  of  1050  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
hy  t!ie  Illinois  River,  flowing  from  E.  to  W.,  and  also  drained 
by  Fo.K  and  Vermilion  Rivers,  and  by  Indian  Creek.  The 
BUrt'ace  is  undulating,  diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands, 
■■.he  former  being  the  most  extensive ;  the  soil  is  exceedingly 
fertile  and  extensively  cultivated.  Stone  coivl  is  abundant, 
and  extensive  quarries  of  sandstone  have  been  opened  near 
Ottawa.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal,  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  by  the  Chicago 
and  Rock  Island  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  M.  La  Salle, 
one  of  the  first  explorers  of  Illinois.  Capital,  Ottawa.  Pop. 
48,332. 

La  SALLE,  a  postoflBce  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 

LA  SALLE,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Calhoun 
CO.,  Texas,  on  the  S.W.  side  nf  Matagorda  Bay,  165  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Austin  City.  I'^se  shipping  of  the  port,  June  30, 
1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  5GI  tons  enrolled  and 
lioensed,  of  which  100  were  employed  in  steam  navigation. 

LA  SALLE,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Monroe 
CO..  Michigan,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Erie.  Population 
1327. 

LA  SALLE,  a  flourishing  city  of  La  Salle  county,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Illinois  River,  one  mile  above  Peru,  and  at  the 
terminus  of  the  Illinois  Canal,  100  miles  long,  which  con- 
nects it  with  Chicago.  This  city  has  excellent  facilities  for 
trade  and  manufactures.  The  Chicago  and  Rock  Island 
Railroad  liere  intersects  the  Central  Railroad;  and  the 
river  is  navigable  by  steamboats  in  all  stages  of  water.  The 
surrounding  country  is  highly  productive,  and  contains 
extensive  beds  of  bituminous  coal.  La  Salle  contains  4 
churches,  1  national  bank,  1  newspaper  ofl[ice,  and  exten- 
sive zinc  works.  The  trade  of  La  Salle  in  1864  was  esti- 
mated at  $3,000,000.  Coal  is  among  the  chief  articles  of 
export.     Pop.  in  1851,  1500;  in  1860,  3993. 

LAS  CASAS,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  CO.,  Tennes.see. 
^     LAS  CRUCES,  Ids  kroo/sjs,  a  post-office  of  Donna  Ana 
CO.,  New  Mexico. 

LASCUARRE,  ias-kwaR'R.i,  a  town  of  Spain,  42  mUes  E. 
of  Huesca,  with  a  fair  in  November.    Pop.  978. 

LASGIRD',  a  fortified  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Kho 
rassan.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Simnan. 

LA.-^U'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LASK'  or  LASK'O,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  48 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Kalisz.  on  the  Grabowka.     Pop.  2020. 

LASKAFALU,  lish/koh'fohMoo/,  or  LASKAFELD,  lis/kd- 
{i\t\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  5  miles  S.W. 
of  Darda.     Pop.  1019. 

LAS  ICO,  IdshHio,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube, 
9  miles ;V.E.  of  Eszek.    Pop.  1268. 

LASOE  (Lasoe),  Li/soVh,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Cattegatt,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Jutland,  lat.  57°  18'  N.,  and 
Ion.  11°  E. ;  length  13  miles,  breadth  4  miles. 

LAS  PALM  AS,  Us  piil'mis,  a  city  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the 
Island  of  Gran  Canaria,  and  capital  of  the  Canary  Islands 
until  1^33,  when  Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe  was  raised  to  that 
dignity.  It  is  overlooked  by  two  lofty  hills,  and  traversed 
from  !■;.  to  W.  by  the  small  river  Guiniguada,  here  crossed 
by  n  handsome  bridge  of  three  colossal  arches.  Las  Palmas 
Is  the  largest,  most  beautiful,  and  most  populous  town  in 
the  Canaries.  The  houses  are  large,  with  terraced  roofs  and 
balconies;  and  the  .streets  are  remarkably  neat  and  clean, 
and  beautifully  paved    There  is  a  fine,  alameda  in  the  centre 


of  the  city,  and  three  outside  the  walU.  The  moat  remarkable 
public  edifices  are,  the  town-house,  theatre,  the  iiudiatcia.  in 
the  buildings  formerly  occupied  by  the  Inquisition ;  a  cathe^ 
dral,  a  gigantic  mole,  834  feet  long  by  84  feet  broiul,  berun 
in  1811;  3  parish  churches  and  a  chapel  of  ea^c,  6  convents., 
10  hermitages,  a  magnificent  general  hospital,  an  hospital 
for  elephantiasis,  an  orphan  asylum,  a  foundling  hospitiU 
a  JIagdalcne  asylum,  an  academy  of  design,  10  schools  fiT 
primary  education;  an  institute  for  tlie  higher  branches 
of  education,  with  a  rector  and  20  professors  and  ma.slers ; 
a  senninario  oonciliar,  where  the  cla.ssics,  theology,  and  other 
sciences  are  taught,  and  which  is  resorted  to  from  all  the 
islands;  a  literary  and  .musical  society,  boards  of  commerc>i 
and  agriculture,  and  2  libraries.  It  has  manufactures  ol 
hats,  equal  to  those  imported  from  England  and  France, 
delft,  woollens,  glass,  leather,  linens,  flour,  and  sailing- 
tackle;  but  the  principal  branches  of  industry  are  ship 
building,  fishing,  and  navigation ;  and  some  trade  with  th,' 
neighboring  islands,  the  West  Indies,  and  Europe.  It  wa.* 
declared  a  free  port  in  1852.     Pop.  17,382. 

LASSA  or  H'LASSA,  h'ia.s/si,  (i.  e.  Land  of  the  Divino 
Intelligence.)  the  capital  city  of  Thibet,  and  residtnioe  of  the 
Dalai  or  Grand  I^ama,  on  the  Mourau  River,  an  aflluent  ol 
the  San-poo.  Lat.  29°  30'  N.,  Ion.  91'^  40'  E.  Pop.  eoigcctured 
to  be  about  50,000,  besides  a  garrison  of  3000  Chinese  cavalry . 
It  has  handsome  streets,  numerous  towers,  bazaars,  and 
temples.  The  great  temple  of  Boodha,  also  the  resilience 
of  the  Grand  Lama,  the  pontifical  sovereign  of  Thibet  and 
East  Asia,  is  a  vast  square  itlifice,  covering,  with  its  pro 
cincts,  many  acres,  its  centre  being  surmounted  by  a  gilded 
dome;  contiguous  to  it.  on  its  four  sides,  are  four  celebratrai 
monasteries,  said  to  be  inhabited  by  4000  recluses,  i\.\\A 
greatly  resorted  to  by  the  Chinese  and  Mongols  a.s  schools 
of  the  Boodhic  religion  and  philosopher.  The  interior  of  the 
temple  is  said  to  be  full  of  idols,  treasure,  and  works  of  art. 
Gutzlaff  remarks — There  is  perhaps  no  spot  on  the  giolw 
where  so  much  gold  is  accumulated  for  superstition.*  pur- 
poses. The  offerings  are  enormous;  the  treasury  unlike 
that  of  western  nations  increa.ses  every  year,  and  tlie  'I'nlfi 
(Dalai)  Lama  is  said  to  be  the  most  opulent  individual  in 
existence.  La.ssa  is  a  place  of  large  trade  in  silk,  wool, 
goats'  hair,  woollen,  ca.shmere,  and  linen  falirics.  velvets, 
assafiietida,  bezoar,  fruits,  bullion,  and  precious  stones ;  its 
commerce  extends  to  Ilindostan,  China,  and  many  parts  of 
Central  Asia,  and  its  lapidaries,  workers  in  metals,  and 
engravers,  are  said  to  equal  the  Chinese. 

LASS.iN,  Ids'sin,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  40  miles 
S.E  of  Stralsund.  on  the  Pecne.     Pop.  19S5. 

LASSAY,  IdsV-V,  a  town  of  France,  department  and  10 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Mayenne.     Pop.  in  1852,  2055. 

L.\S'SELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York, 
58  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

LAS'SEXS,  a  post-office  of  Butte  co.,  California. 

LASSEUBE,  IdsVuV,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Pyrenees.  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Olfirou.    P.  3040. 

LAS/glNGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glostcr. 

LAS/SITER'S  5IILLS,  a  postroJlice  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina. 

L'ASSOMPTION,  Ids^sANo'se-Ax"',  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  district  of  Montreal,  24  miles  N.  of  MontrejU.  It  con- 
tains several  stores.     Pop.  about  450. 

LAS^SOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
district  of  Candeish,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Choprah. 

LASSAVADE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  county,  and  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Edinburgh,  on  the  North  Esk.  Pop.  5025,  principally 
employed  in  a  carpet  manufactory,  in  gunpowder,  paper, 
and  oatmeal  mills,  an  iron  and  brass  foundry,  coiU  mines, 
Ac.  The  situation  is  beautiful.  Here  is  Melville  Castle, 
Dryden.  and  many  elegant  villas. 

LAST  CHANCE,  a  po.stoffice  of  Carroll  co.,  Missis.»ippi. 

L.ASrriNGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

LASTOCZ,  Idsh'tots',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zemplln, 
Pop.  1030. 

LASTOMER,  IdsHo'maiR/,  or  LASZTOMIR,  Id.s'to'meeR/, 
village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Theiss,  on  the  Laborcz,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge,  3  miles  from  Nagy-Mihaly.    Pop.  1030. 

LASTRA,  Ids'trd,  or  GANGALANDI,  gdn-gd-ldn'dee,  a  vU- 
lage  of  TU.scany,  5  miles  AV.  of  Florence,  on  the  .4rno.  Pop. 
of  parish  4388.    It  hag  important  manufactures  of  straw  hats. 

LASTRES,  Ids/trJs,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  Asturias,  32 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Oviedo,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  mole  is 
good  and  the  bay  capiicious.    Pop.  950. 

LAS  VEGAS,  Ids  v.Vgds,  a  post-village  of  San  Jliguel  CO., 
New  Mexico,  on  a  branch  of  the  Pecos  River,  abont  50  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Santa  F6.  It  is  a  place  of  some  trade,  and  has 
about  1200  inhabitants. 

LAS^WAR/EE,  a  village  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Delhi, 
on  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  66  miles  N.AV.  of  Agra, 
memorable  for  a  battle  fought  in  its  vicinity  in  1803,  when 
the  British  under  Lord  Lake  signally  defeated  the  troops  of 
Dowlet  Row  Sindia. 

L.\TA,  ld/td\  a  town  of  Turkish  Armenia,  pashallc  and  46 
miles  N.W.  of  Van.    It  is  garrisoned  by  10(X)  men. 

LATACUNGA,  a  town  of  South  America.    See  Tacuuqa. 

]<)21 


LAT 

LATAKEEA  or  LATAKIEU,  li'ta-kee/a,  written  also 
IJIDIKIA  and  LADIKIYEII,  IrtMe-kw'yeh,' (anc.  LandMa 
ad  Malre.)  a  seaport  town  of  Syria,  pashalic  and  70  miles  N. 
of  Tripoli,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in  lat.  35°  30'  N.,  Ion.  36° 
|)J'  K.  t'op.  variously  estimated  from  6000  to  10.000.  It 
oonsists  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  town,  separated  by  gardens. 
The  lower  town,  which  is  the  principal  resort  of  the  seafaring 
popul;tlion,  borders  on  a  well-sheltered,  but  shallow  harbor, 
having  on  its  X.  side  a  ruined  castle.  Here  are  the  custom- 
house and  several  large  warehouses.  The  upper  town,  dilapi- 
dated by  the  effects  of  repeated  earthquakes,  hafi  narrow 
and  irregular  streets,  flat-roofed  stone  houses,  several  Greek 
churches  and  mosques,  a  Roman  triumphal  arch,  and  many 
remains  of  the  ancient  city.  Principal  exports,  tobacco  of  the 
finest  quality,  cotton,  wax,  .scammony.  and  sponge.  Imports 
sugar,  coffee,  spices,  cotton  twist,  printed  gooils,  and  woollens. 

LATCHA  or  LATsCIIA.  li'chd.  a  lake  of  Kussia,  in  the  S. 
E.  part  of  the  government  of  Olonets,  oval  shaped,  22  miles 
long  from  N.  to  S.,  and  12  miles  broad. 

L.\TC1I'IN0D0X,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Essex. 

LATi:i{,\,  ia-t.Vrl.  a  town  of  the  Papal  States,  delegation 
of  Viterbo,  14  miles  S.  of  Acquapendente.     Pop.  1060. 

L.\Ti:KIXA,  Id-tA-ree'ni.  a  village  of  Tuscany,  prOTince 
of  Arezzo.  on  the  Arno,  with  mineral  springs. 

L.VTERZ.\,  ld-tjR'd7J.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  25  miles  X.AV.  of  TarAnto.     Pop.  3100. 

LA'TIIA.M  ISLAND,  near  E.  coaj^t  of  Africa,  lat.  6°  54'  S., 
Ion.  40°  E.;  is  about  1000  feet  in  length,  and  a  few  years 
ago  wa-s  covered  with  guano. 

LATH'IJURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

LATH'ERON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness,  on 
the  North  Sea,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Wick.  William  Sutherland, 
whose  stature  was  9  feet  6  inches,  was  born  here  about  the 
end  of  the  14th  century. 

L.\T1£0M,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca.ster,  parish 
and  3  miles  E.  of  Ormskirk,  on  the  Douglas.  Lathom  House, 
a  fine  (irecian  structure,  the  seat  of  Lord  Skelmerdale.  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  ancient  fortified  mansion  so  heroically 
defended,  during  the  civil  wars  in  1644,  by  Charlotte  de 
Tremouille,  Countess  of  Derby. 

LA'THROP,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co^  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  876. 

LATIARAK,  li'te-a-r^k',  or  LEDIARAK,  U'de-J-rlkN  a 
Tillage  of  .\ustria,  Slavonia.    It  has  3  or  4  churches.  P.  4000. 

LATIKER'RY,  a  town  of  Uindostan,  dominions  and  140 
miles  ,\.E.  of  Kotah. 

L.XTILIjfi.  liJHee^yA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vienne.  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  1181. 

LAT'niORE,  a  township  of  Adams  oo.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.llu7. 

LATIMORE  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Cone- 
wago  in  Adams  co. 

LATISANA.  la-te-s.i'n.'l.  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Venice.  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Udiue.    Pop.  2800. 

LATIU.M.    See  Campagna  w  Roma. 

LAToPOLIS.    See  EsxEH. 

L.^VTORCZA,  luhHoRt'8(3h\  a  river  of  Hungary,  joins  the 
Bodrogh  a  little  al)ove  Zeraplin.    Total  course  90  miles. 

LA  TORTUE,  Id  toRHii'.  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Huntingdon.  15  miles  S.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  600. 

L.OTK015E',  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Lovalhiuma  Creek,  41  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Pittsburg.     Pop.  768. 

LATltONICO,  13-tron-'e-ko,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Ba^^ilicata.  40  miles  S.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  3500. 

LATTAI.  lAt/ti,  LATTE.  Mt/tee,  or  LETTE.  IJftee,  one  of 
the  Fei'jee  Islands,  lat.  18°  49'  S.,  Ion.  174°  35'  W. 

LATTAKOO  or  LATAKOO,  written  also  LITAKOU,  a 
populous  town  of  South  Africa,  Bechuana  country,  lat.  27° 
10'  S..  Ion.  24°  30'  E.  Old  Lattakoo  is  about  S3  mUes  north- 
eastward.   See  MASnow. 

LAT'TA-L  ATTA  ISLES,  a  group  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Gilolo,  lat.  0°  15'  S.,  Ion.  1°  27'  E.  The 
Iarg(-<t  is  25  miles  in  circumference. 

LATTAS.  a  post-office  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio. 

L.VT'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LAlTiJN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LATZFONS,  Idts/fons,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  circle 
of  Itotzen.     Pop.  1200. 

LATZII AZA  or  LACZHAS  A,  IdtsOiohVohV  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary. Little  Cumania,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pcsth.     Pop.  2539. 

LATZUXAS.  ldt/zoo^iifeh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Teuu-s.  aljout  18  miles  from  Versecz.     Pop.  1265. 

LALBACU,  luw'bdK.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  Hesse- 
Darnivtadt.  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Giessen.  Pop.  2032.  It  has 
a  noble  residence,  with  ^  lil>rary  of  50,000  volumes,  iron 
foundries,  and  several  annual  fairs. 

I.AUB.VCU,  a  station  on  the  railway  between  Lintz  and 
Gmunden.  in  Upper  Austria. 

LA U BACH,  law'bak,  a  postofflce  of  Northampton  oo., 
Pennsylviinia. 

L.\  IJ  1{.\  X .  low'b,1n.  or  LUBEN.  loo/ben.  a  town  of  Prussian 
Hleaia.  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  capital  of  a  circle,  on 
the  y  ueiss.  Pop.  oSoti.  employed  iu  manufactures  of  woollen, 
cloth,  cotton,  liuen,  and  fybacco.  • 

1022 


LAU 

'     LAUBENDORF.  low'ben-doRf',  or  LIMBERG,  limOi^Ru,  3 
village  of  Bohemia.  al>out  8  miles  from  Bistrau.     I'op.  1413 

L.A^UCH,  losh,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut 
Rbin.  joins  the  111  after  a  course  of  about  3:3  miles. 

L.\UCHA.  1ow'k3,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  17  miles 
S.W.  of  Mer.seburg,  on  the  Unstrut.     Pop.  1670. 

L.\UCUST.A.DT,  (Lauchstadt.)  lowK'st^tt,  a  town  of  Pru.s- 
sian  Saxony,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Halle,  with  1430  inhabitants, 
a  castle  and  sulphur  baths. 

LAUCUHEIM,  lOwK'hime,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle 
of  Jaxt,  on  the  Jaxt  River.     Pop.  873. 

LAUDA,  low'dd,  a  walled  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  on  the  Tauber.     Pop.  1077. 

LAUDENBACH,  low'den-l)dK\  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine.     Pop.  1512. 

L.\UDENBACU,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Lower  Franconia, 
on  the  Main.     Pop.  868. 

LAUDENB.\CH,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel, 
circle  of  Witzenliausen.     Pop.  862. 

LAUDENBACH,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Jaxt, 
bailiwick  of  Mergentheim.     Pop.  1130. 

LAU'DER  or  LEA'DER,  a  river  of  Scotland,  Berwickshire, 
falls  into  the  Tweed  near  Melrose. 

L-\UDER,  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  town,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  on  the  Leader,  23  miles 
S.E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  burgh  in  1851,  1105.  It  haa 
a  town-house,  several  libraries,  and  a  branch  bank.  It 
unites  with  HiuJdington,  &c.,  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

LAUDERDALE,  (i.e.  the  "dale  or  v.alley  of  the  Lauder,") 
anciently  the  western  district  of  Berwick.«hire,  gives  the 
title  of  Earl  to  the  Maitlaud  family,  whose  spacious  and 
stately  castle  of  Thirlestjine  adjoins  the  borough  of  Lauder 

LAU'DERD.\LE,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremit> 
of  Alabama,  bordering  ou  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  630 
square  miles.  The  Tennes.see  River  forms  the  entire  S. 
boundary  of  the  county,  which  is  intersected  by  four  large 
creeks,  namely,  Cypru.s,  Little  Cyprus,  Shoal,,  and  Black- 
water  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  soil  is  genenilly 
fertile.  Iron  ore  and  limestone  are  found  exti^nsively 
Water-power  is  abundant  on  the  creeks,  and  at  the  rapida 
of  Tennessee  River,  calleil  the  JIuscle  Shoals.  Steamboats 
navigate  the  river  from  these  rapids  to  its  mouth.  Pop. 
17,420,  of  whom  10,683  were  free,  and  6737   slaves. 

LAUDERD.\LE.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Mi.s.sis.Mppi, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  alxjut  760  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Chicka^ 
sawha.  The  county  is  intersecccil  by  the  Mobile  and  Ohio 
Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  Col.  Lauderdale,  who  fell  at 
the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  Capital,  Marion.  Pop.  13,313; 
of  whom  8225  were  free,  and  C0S8  slaves. 

LAUDERD.\LE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Tennessee, 
Iwrdering  on  the  Mississippi ;  area  estimated  at  350  square 
miles.  The  navigable  river  llKtchie  forms  its  entire  Itound- 
ary  on  ■  the  S.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil 
fertile.  Capititl,  Ripley.  Pup.  7i.5i),  of  whom  4705  were 
free,  and  2854  slaves. 

LAUDERDALE'S  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Lauderdale 
CO.,  Alabama. 

LAUDERDALE  SPRINGS,  a  postroffice  of  Lauderdale  co., 
Mississippi. 

L.\UENBURG,  16w'fn-booRg\  a  duchy  of  Denmark,  situa- 
ted between  lat.  5-2°  21'  and  63°  48'  N.,  and  Ion.  10°  13'  and 
11°  3'  E.,  bounded  N.  by  Lubeck,  E.  by  Mecklenburg 
Schwerin.  S.  by  the  Elbe,  and  W.  by  Holstein.  Area  400 
square  miles.  Pop.  39,560.  It  is  divided  into  three  amti.  or 
bailiwicks,  Retzeburg.  Lauenburg,  and  Schwarzenbek. 

L.\UKNBURG.  the  capital  of  the  above  duchy,  is  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ellje,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Delve-  .. 
naue  and  on  the  Stecknitz  Canal.  27  miles  S.E.  of  Hamburg. 
Pop.  of  town  proper,  1200;  with  suburbs,  3S0O.  It  ha* 
ruins  of  a  castle,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Dukes  of 
Saxe-Lauenburg,  a  custom-house  for  the  Elbe  dues,  and  an 
extensive  transit  trade. 

LAUENBURG,  low'en-bodRG\  a  town  of  Pru.ssia,  province 
of  Pomerania,  68  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ciislin,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Leba.  Pop.  3S10.  It  has  manufiictures  of  woollens  ami 
linens. 

LAUDDN.  loMus"',  a  town  of  France,  department  ot 
Gard,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Uzes,  on  the  Tave.     Pop.  1980. 

LAUENSTEIN,  low'en-stine\  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
in  Saxony,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  663. 

LAUE.NSTEI.V,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  Hanover, 
E.S.E.  of  Hildesheim.     Pop.  1012. 

L.\UF,  lijwf.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Middle  Franco 
nia,  10  miles  E.N,E.  of  Nuremberg,  on  the  Pegnitz.  Pop. 
3008,  with  manufactures  of  wire,  brass,  needles,  and  plat« 
gla-ss. 

LAUFACH,  low/f^K.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  8  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Aschattenburg.     Pop.  1077. 

L.\UFEN,  k'lw'fen.  a  frontier  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on 
the  Salzach.  10  miles  X.N.W.  of  Salzburg.  Pop.  1800,  em- 
ployed in  ship-building  and  navigation. 

LAUFEN,  a  town  of  Wilrteml>erc.  circle  of  Neckar,  on 
the  Neckar,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  lleilbrona.    Pop.  30OJ.    It 


LAU 


LAU 


has  3  churches,  a  conrent,  and  a  palace,  and  Is  mentioned 
in  records  of  the  9lh  cento ly. 

LAUFKNliUl'iG,  low'tVu-ht>ORa\  a.village  in  the  S.K.  part 
of  Baden,  circle  of  Lake. 

LAUKKN15UHG.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Aargau,  connected  across  the  Rhine  hy  a  wooden  bridge  just 
above  the  cataract  of  Laufex. 

LAUFFKX,  I5wf'fen,  (Fr.  Lauffrm,  lOf  YAn"',)  a  walled  town 
of  Switzerland,  canton  and  33  miles  N.N.W.  of  liern,  on  the 
Dirs,  wliicli  is  here  crosstnl  by  a  bridge.     I'op.  1097. 

LAUFt  KX  AM  XECKAR,  lowPfen-dm-nJk/ar,  a  town  of 
W'iirtemlH'rg,  circle  of  Xeckar,  6  mile.s  S.S.W.  of  Ilcilbronn 
on  the  Neckiir,  here  crossed  by  one  of  the  finest  bridj;es  in 
the  kingdom,  communicating  with  a  suburb.     Pop.  4tK)0. 

L.\.U<jllI.\RNli.  law'harn,  an  ancient  municipal  borough, 
seaport  town,  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  and  9  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Carmarthen,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Taff  and 
Towy.  I'op.  of  parish  in  1851,  2011.  The  town,  remarkably 
w<dl  built,  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  is  much  resorted 
to  in  sumuK^r  by  visitors. 

L.\UG1IKIIV',  Ifih'her-e,  a  township  in  Dearborn  co., 
Indiana.     I'op.  1092. 

LAUGIIKi;  Y,  a  township  in  Ripley  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1480. 

LAUGIIKRY  CREKK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Decatur  co., 
and  enters  the  Ohio  2  miles  below  Aurora,  in  Dearborn  co. 
It  is  a  valuable  stream  for  mills. 

LAUGlIhAX  (Wn'lan)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  nine  low 
islets  in  the  South  Pacific,  E.  point  in  lat.  9°  19'  3"  S.,  Ion. 
l-i3°  4S'  4l»"  !•:. 

LAUGH'LINTOWN,  iSnlin-town,  a  post-village  of  West- 
moreland CO.,  Pennsylvania,  5o  miles  E.S.K.  of  Pittsburg. 

LAUGIITON,  law'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

LAL'GIITOX,  two  parisjies  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LAUGIITON,  a  parish  of  F^nglaud,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LAUGIl'TON  EX  LE  MOR/TIIEN,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

LAUIIEIJI,  low'hime,  a  market-town  of  Wtirtemberg, 
circle  of  Danube.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ulm.     Pop.  3100. 

LAUIXGEN,  low'iug-en,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swa- 
hia,  on  the  Danube,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Augsburg.  Pop.  3816. 
It  has  a  castle,  .a  church  with  remarkable  sculptures ;  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics. 

LAU.IAR,  LAUXAR,  low-Han/,  or  LAUJAR-DE-ANDA- 
RA.X,  low-HaR'-dA-in-dd-rdn/,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
18  miles  X.W.  of  Almeira,  on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Pop.  2980. 

LAUMELLUM.    See  Lomello. 

L.\UN,  liiwn,  or  LAUNY,  lOw'nee,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10 
miles  X.E.ofSaatz,  with  a  fine  bridge  on  the  Eger.     P.  2100. 

LAUXCKLI^S,  Idn's^lz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Cornwall. 

L.'VU^CE^TON,  Idns'tpn,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  of 
which  it  is  joint  capital  with  Bodmin,  on  the  Kensey,  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Taniar,  12  miles  N.\V.  of  Tavistock,  and  about 
22  miles  N.N.W.  of  I'lymouth,  to  which  a  railway  is  pro- 
jected. Area  of  parish,  2180  acres.  Pop.  of  borough  in 
1851,  6005.  It  is  built  on  a  steep  hill,  crowned  by  the  ma- 
jestic ruins  of  its  castle.  The  chief  buildings,  are  the  castle, 
founded  by  the  ancient  Cornish  princes,  and  formerly  known 
under  the  name  of  Castle  Terrible;  the  old  town  gates,  the 
ancient  churck  built  of  granite,  elaborately  carved;  the 
email  grammar  school  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  a  national  .school, 
guild-hall,  jaU,  and  union  workhouse.  It  has  also  a  library, 
and  a  philoso|)hical  society.  It  sends  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  is  Werrington  House, 
a  fine  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 

LAUNCESTOX.  laws'ton  or  Uns'ton,  the  most  N.E.  district 
of  Tasmania,  A'an  Diemen's  Land.  The  chief  towns  are 
Launceston,  George  Town,  and  Y'ork  Town. 

LAUNCESTOX,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Cornwall,  and  second 
town  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  is  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  North  and  South  Esk  Rivers  with  the  Tamar,  32  miles 
S.E.  of  Port  Dalrymple.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  thriving,  and  has 
Important  traffic  with  South  Australia  and  Victoria;  ships 
of  considerable  burden  anchor  at  its  quay.  The  principal 
buildings  are  a  spacious  stone  church,  government-house, 
court-house,  jail,  barracks,  public  schools,  post-office,  and 
bank.     It  is  the  residence  of  a  civil  commandant, 

LAUN/CESTON-TAl't/RANT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

LAUNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford, 

LAUPEN,  iriw'pen,  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
»nd  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bern,  on  the  Sarine,  Near  this 
the  Swiss,  under  Rodolph  of  Erlach,  totally  defeated  the 
Austrian  forces,  June  21,  1.339, 

L.AUPEHSWEIL.  lriw'pers-"wne\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  14  miles  from  Bern,  on  an  elevated  site  above 
the  Enmien.  i'o;i.  2494, 

LAUR.     See  P,aoor, 

LAU'RA,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co,,  Ohio. 

T/AUR  AGUAIS.  lO'r^^gi',  a  small  ancient  district  of  France, 
formerly  dependent  on  Languedoc,  and  now  included  in  the 
department  of  Tarn. 

LAUK.A..M1E.  law/ra-me,  a  post-township  in  Tippecanoe 
sc>.,  Indiana,  70  miles  N.W,  of  Indianapolis.    Pop.  2006. 


LAU'RATTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

LAUKEANA,  low-r.-l-d/nd,  (anc.  Bfirdlo?)  a  town  of  Na. 
pies,  proviuce  of  Calabria  Ultra,  capital  of  a  canon,  10 
miles  E.S.E,  of  Nicotera,     Pop.  2050. 

LAU'REL.  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  430  square  miles,  Rockcastle  River 
forms  its  N.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Laure' 
Creek,  from  which  the  name  is  derived.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  Capital,  Loudon. 
Pop.  54S8,  of  whom  5302  were  free,  and  18fi  slaves. 

LAUREL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Sussex  county,  Dela- 
ware, on  Broad  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Nanticoke  River, 
62  miles  S.  of  Dover.  It  contains  4  churches,  2  hotels,  and 
1  newspaper  ofifice.  There  are  numerous  saw-mills  in  the 
vicinity.  The  creek  is  navigable  for  sloops,  by  which  an 
active  trade  is  carried  on  in  pine  lumber  and  produce. 
Pop.  estimated  at  1200. 

LAUKEL,  a  post-office  of  Wa.s)iington  co.,  Virginia. 

LAUREL,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
road  from  Batavia  to  the  Ohio  River. 

LAUREL  or  LAUREL  CITY,  a  flourishing  post-village 
of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Whitewater  Kivcr  and 
Canal,  15  miles  W.X.W,  of  Brookville.  It  has  several  stores 
and  mills.    Pop,  of  township,  1748. 

LAUKEL,  a  township  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1322 

L.4UREL  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Muhlenburg  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

LAUREL  CREER,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  eo.,  A'irginia 

LAUREL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Favette  co.,  Tennessee. 

LAUREL  FACTORY,  a  post-village  of  Prince  George's  co., 
Maryland,  on  the  S,  branch  of  the  Patuxent,  half  a  mile 
from  the  Baltimore  and  Washington  Railroad,  and  IS  miles 
S.W.  of  Baltimore.  The  manufactiire  of  cotton  constitutes 
the  chief  business  of  the  village.     Pop.  about  1000. 

LAUREL  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  A'irginia. 

LAUREL  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

LAUREL  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co,,  Tennessee, 

LAUREL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  y'vc- 
ginia. 

LAUREL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Kentucky. 

LAUREL  HILL,  a  beautiful  cemetery,  situated  within 
the  chartered  limits  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  34  miles  N,W.  of  the  State  Hou-se 
It  comprises  above  20  acres,  with  an  undulating  surface, 
elevated  from  SO  to  100  feet  above  the  river,  which  greatly 
contributes  to  the  appropriate  beauty  of  the  surrounding 
scenery.  The  grounds  are  tastefully  ornamented  with 
.winding  paths,  groups  of  trees,  shrubbery,  and  flowers. 
The  chapel  is  a  fine  Gothic  building,  near  the  centre  of  the 
enclosure.    See  Philadelphia. 

LAUKEL  HILL,  called  also  LAUREL  MOUNTAIN  and 
LAUKEL  RIDGE,  a  range  in  the  S.AV,  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
beginning  in  Cambria  county,  and  running  between  Somer- 
set on  the  east,  and  Fayette  and  'Westmoreland  counties  on 
the  west.  The  name  is  often  loosely  applied  to  different 
mountain  ridges.  About  10  miles  west  of  the  range  jusi 
described  there  is  another,  named  Chesnut  Ridge;  after 
passing  the  boundary  of  Virginia,  the  names  of  the  ti'': 
ranges  are  reversed,  the  former  taking  the  appellation  of 
Chesnut  Ridge,  the  latter  that  of  Laurel  Hill. 

LAUKEL  HILL,  a  post-offic/;  of  Lunenburg  c^.,  Virginia, 

LAUREL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina, 

LAUREL  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Georgia, 
about  15  miles  S.AV.  of  Carrollton. 

LAUKEL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 

LAUKEL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Neshoba  co.,  Mi.ssis.sippi. 

LAUREL  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  70 
miles  N.W.  of  Springfield.  The  name  of  the  post-office  is 
Taule  Grove, 

LAUKEL  HILL  CREEK,  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  Castleman's  River, 

LAUREL  MILLS,  a  post-oSioe  of  Rappahannock  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

LAUREL  MOUNTAIN.    See  Lautiel  Hill, 

LAUREL  POI.XT,  apost-office,>Ionongiiliaco.,W. A'irginia. 

LAUREL  SPRINGS,  a  post>office  of  Ashe  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, 200  miles  AV.  by  N,  of  Raleigh, 

LAURF;L  A' alley,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North 
Carolina. 

LAURELVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Blair  co,,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 

LAURELA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  AVestmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LAU'RENCE-KIRK,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  parish  o» 
Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine,  10  miles  Ni  of  Montrose.  Pop. 
of  town  1365,  chiefly  employed  in  linen  weaving,  jind  in  the 
manufacture  of  snuff-boxes.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  Dr 
James  Beattie. 

LAU'KEXS,  a  district  in  the  N.W.  part  of  South  Carolina, 
has  an  area  of  812  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E. 
by  Ennoree  River,  on  the  S,AV,  by  the  .Saluda,  and  drained 
by  Keedy  and  Little  Rivers,  and  by  Reaburn's  and  Duo- 
can's  Creeks,  The  surface  is  finely  diversified;  the  soil  is 
productive,  well-watered,  and  extensively  cultivated.    Tho 

1023 


LATJ 

distncc  produced  in  1850,  129,694  bushels  of  wheat,  m'ore 
than  any  other  in  the  state.  Capital,  Laurensville.  Pop. 
23,858;  of  whom  10,(558  were  free,  and  13,200  shives. 

L.iUllEiN S,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  (Jeorgia,  has 
an  area  of  700  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Oco- 
nee Hirer,  and  also  drained  by  the  Ohoopee  River,  and  by 
Palmetto  and  Okewalkee  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, and  extensively  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  oak, 
and  hickory.  The  soil  is  composed  of  lime,  .sand,  and 
mould,  with  a  substratum  of  clay.  Soft  limestone  is  abun- 
dant in  the  county.  Named  in  honor  of  Col.  John  Lau- 
rens of  South  Carolina.  Capital,  Dublin.  Pop.  6998,  of 
whom  3729  were  free,  and  3269  slaves. 

LAUKENS,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Otsego  cc, 
New  York,  76  miles  N.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1936. 

LAURENS  COURT  HOUSE  or  LAU'RRNSVILLE,  a  post- 
village,  capital  of  Laurens  district.  South  Carolina,  75  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbia.  It  is  situated  on  the  dividing  ridge 
between  Saluda  and  Ennoree  liivers.    It  ha.s  3  churches,  i 


132  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Savannah 

LAU'llEXSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York, 
on  Otsego  Creek,  about  75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

LAURENZ.VNA,  low-rSn-zil/nd,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Basilicata.  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  5000. 

LAURIA,  16w're-i,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basili- 
cata, 7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lagonegro.  Pop.  6700.  It  consists 
of  an  upper  and  lower  town,  and'  has  manufactures  of 
coarse  linen  fabrics. 

LAURICOCIIA,  lOwVe-ko'chJ,  a  lake  of  Peru,  on  the  E. 
slope  of  the  Andes,  lat.  10°  15'  3.,  Ion.  76°  10'  W.;  length, 
from  N.N.E.  to  S.S.W.,  about  12  miles;  breadth  not  more 
than  3  miles.  It  is  the  source  of  the  Tunguragua  or  Mara- 
Eon. 

LAURIERE,  loVe-aiu/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilauto-Vienne,  23  miles  \.N.E.  of  Limoges.  Pop. 
in  1852.  1299. 

LAU'RIESTON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kirkcudbright, 
6  miles  VV.N.W.  of  Castle  Douglass.    Pop.  275. 

LAURINO,  low-ree/no,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  on  the  Galore,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Diano, 
with  2000  inhabitants. 

LAU'RISTOX  or  LAWERSTON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Stirling,  li  miles  E.  of  Falkirk.  Pop.  1198,  partly  em- 
ployed in  nail-making  and  weaving. 

LAURITO,  low-ree'to.  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province- 
of  Principato  Citra,  9  miles  S.E.  of  11  Vallo.    Pop.  1300. 

LAURO,  low'ro,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
I«avoro,  16  miles  E.  of  Gaeta. 

LAURO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
<S  miles  S.E.  of  Nola. 

LAL^ROT/  or  LITTLE  POOLO  LAUT  ISLANDS,  a  group 
of  islands  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Borneo,  lat.  (N.  point)  4°  42'  S.,  Ion.  115°  55'  E. 

LAURVIG,  lowR'vig\  or  L.\RVIGEN,  laR/vig-en.  a  seaport 
town  of  Norway,  stift  of  Aggershuus,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Ska- 
gerrack, 65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Christinnia.  Pop.  3400.  It  has  a 
cannon  foundry,  snuff-factories,  and  distilleries. 

LAUSANNE,  lo'zjnn',  (It.  Losanna,  lo-s3n'ni.  L.  Lausa'- 
nium,  Lausolnium,  Laiisdlnius  or  Lausan/na.)  a  city  of  Swit- 
zerland, capital  of  the  canton  of  Vaud,  half  a  mile  from 
Ouchy,  its  port,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  and 
on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Jura  Mountains,  450  feet  above  the 
lake,  32  miles  N.E.  of  Geneva.  M^an  temperature  of  vear, 
49°.4;  winter,  32°.l;  summer,  64°.7,  Fahr.  Pop.  in  'i860, 
20,515.  It  stands  on  elevated  ground,  and  has  narrow  and 
ill-paved  streets,  but  some  good  edifices,  including  the  finest 
cathedral  in  Switzerland,  a  massive  castle,  a  cantonal  hos- 
pital, lunatic  asylum,  penitentiary,  barracks,  and  theatre. 
Its  educational  institutions  comprise  an  academy  with  14 
professors,  a  cantonal  college,  military,  drawing,  and  other 
schools,  numerous  literary  societies,  and  collections  of  art 
and  science;  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  paper,  leather, 
and  jewellery,  are  also  carried  on.  It  has  good  inns,  several 
public  baths,  libraries,  an  English  chapel,  &c.,  and  is  uistin- 
guished  for  its  good  society.  Voltaire,  Ilaller,  Tissot,  and 
Byron,  resided  here;  and  at  Lausanne,  Gibbon  wrote  the 
latter  half  of  his  "  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire." 
In  the  cemetery  of  St.  Pierre,  near  it,  John  Kemble  was 
bur;ed.  Under  the  French  it  was  the  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Leman. 

LAUSANNE,  law-sann',  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  River,  2  or  3 
miles  aljove  Mauch  Chunk.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich  coal- 
mines.    Pop.  1942. 

LAUSIGK,  low'zik,  a  town  of  Saxony,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Leipsic.  Pop.  2261.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and 
linens,  and  mineral  baths. 

LAUSITZ.     See  Lusatia. 

LAUSONIUM  or  LAUSOMUS.    See  Lacbanxb. 

LAUS  I'OMl'EIA.     See  Loci  Vlcchio. 

LAUSSONNE.  lOs'sonn',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haiite-Loiro,  10  miles  S.E.  of  lie  Puy.    Pod.  1900. 
1024  ^ 


LAV 

LAUT,  an  island  of  the  East  Indies.    See  Poolo  Lattt. 
LAUTENBACII,  low'ten-biK\  a  village  of  R.i.Ien,  circle  of 
Midttle  Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Oberkirch.    Pop.  844. 

LAUTENBURG,  16w/tfn-b0oiw\  LIDZBuRG,  lits^IwRG,  or 
LAC/BORG.  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Marien- 
werder.     Pop.  2050. 

L.^UTENTIIAL,  low'ten-tdl\  a  town  of  Hanover,  5  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Clausthal,  in  thellarz.     Pop.  2174. 

LAUTER,  lOw'tgr,  a  river  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  forming  in 
part  of  its  course  the  boundary  between  Bavaria  and 
France,  joins  the  Rhine  at  Neul>org.     Lenijth  44  miles. 

LAUTER,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau.  Pop 
2388. 

LAUTERBACII,  lCw'ter-biK\  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesso- 
Darmstadt,  14  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Fulda,  with  2  castles,  2 
churches,  and  paper-mills.     Pop.  3380. 

LAUTERBACII,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau, 
bailiwick  of  Lauterstein,     Pop.  1284. 

LAUTERBACII,  LYDKRBACII.  lee'der-baK^  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim,  on  the  Lauczka,  6  miles  from 
Leitomischel.  Pop.  1427. 

LAUTERBACII,  a  free  mining  town  of  Bohemia,  6  miles 
S.  of  Klboiren.    Pop.  1750. 

L.\UTERBERG,  low'teR-bjRG\  a  town  of  Hanover,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Clausthal,  with  mines  of  iron  and  coal.  Pop. 
3216. 

LAUTERBOURG,  lOHJR'booR/,  (Ger.  Laritfrbi(rg,  low/tgr- 
bdoRO^  anc.  Lev/trm  Casflrum?)  a  fortified  frontier  town  Of 
France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  on  the  Lauter,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Rhine.  34  miles  N.E.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop. 
2280.  It  has  iron  works  and  potash  actories.  In  1793  the 
French  took  it  by  forcing  the  famous  lines  of  Lauterbourg. 

LAUTEUBRUNNEN,  low/ter-br(5on'nen,  or  LAUTER- 
BRUNN,  10w'tfr-brOon\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  33  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  in  the  Obcrland.  Pop.  1350, 
inhabiting  scattered  residences,  in  a  valley  watered  by  the 
White  Lutschine,  celebrated  for  its  picturesque  grandeur, 
and  so  confined,  that  in  summer  the  sun  does  not  appear 
before  7  o'clock,  a.  m.,  nor  in  winter  before  noon,  and  which 
coutiiius  the  Staubbtich.  and  numerous  other  cascades. 

LAUTERECKEN,  luw'ter-^k'ken.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bar 
varia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Lauter  with  the  Glan,  17  miles 
N.W.  of  Kaisersrfautern.     Pop.  1155. 

LAUTREC,  loHrfik'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
8  miles  N.W.  of  Castres.     Pop.  in  1852,  3466. 

LAUTSCHITZ,  low'chits,  or  BLUCZINA,  bloCt-chfee'nl,  a 
market-town  of  Austria,  Moravia,  10  miles  S.  of  BrUnn,  on 
the  Sazawa,     Pop.  1040. 

LAUVEN,  ISw'ven,  a  river  of  Norway,  which  rises  in 
Mount  Harteigen,  passing  the  town  of  Kongsberg,  (atiout  1 
mile  above  which  it  forms  a  magnificent  fall,)  afterwards 
turns  almost  due  S.,  and  falls  into  the  fiord  at  the  town  of 
Laurvig  after  a  direct  course  of  120  miles,  and  an  indirect 
of  at  least  200  miles.  Its  mouth  forms  one  of  the  finest 
natural  harbors  of  Norway.  In  its  course  it  expands  into 
numerous  lakes,  but  none  of  its  affluents  are  large. 

LAUWER  ZEK,  low'wer  zA.  a  gulf  of  the  North  Sea, 
between  the  provinces  of  Friesland  and  Groningen,  stretch- 
ing inland  N.  to  S.  alK)ut  8  miles ;  and  about  6  miles  broad. 

LAUZERTE,  lO^zaiRf,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Moissae.  Pop.  in  1855^ 
3428. 

LAUZET,  LE,  l?h  lO'sA',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Bas.ses-Alpes.  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Digne. 

LAUZUN,  lO^zuNo',  a  fortified  town  of  Frs""*,  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Marmanuc.     ir^f   1^90. 

LAVACCA,  formerly  written  LA  BACA,  a  river  of  Texxj, 
rises  near  the  N.W.  border  of  Lavacca  co..  and  flows  through 
Jackson  co.  into  the  bay  of  its  own  name.  Steamboats 
ascend  from  its  mouth  to  Texana,  nearly  20  miles. 

LAVACCA,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Texas,  con- 
tains about  900  square  miles.  It  is  drained  iiy  the  Lavacca 
and  Navidad  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulatiTig.  The  upper 
part  of  the  county  is  mostly  occupied  by  fertile  prairies;  the 
middle  is  well  timbered  and  also  protiuctive ;  the  soli  of  the 
lower  part  is  inferior,  and  covered  with  the  post-oak.  Organ- 
ized about  the  year  1845.  Capital,  IlallettsviP.e.  Pop.  5945; 
of  whom  4238  were  free. 

LAVACCA  BAY  of  Texas,  is  principally  included  in  Cal- 
houn CO.    It  may  be  regarded  as  an  arm  of  Matagorda  Bay. 

LAVADORES,  li-v4-»o'res.  a  village  of  Spain,  about  14 
miles  from  Pontevedra,  on  the  Cambeses;  here  crossed  by  a 
handsome  bridge.     Pop.  2715. 

LAVAGNA,  M-vdn'yd,  a  maritime  town  of  Sardinia.  IJ 
miles  S.E.  of  Chiavari,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.     Pop.  6232. 

LAVAGNO,  iS-vdn'yo,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  6  mile» 
E.  of  Verona.     Pop.  28tX>. 

LAVAL,  IdVal',  (L.  LavaVhim,  VaVlis  Giikhhiis  f)  a  town 
of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Mayenne,  on  the 
Mayenne,  41  miles  E.  of  Rennes.  and  150  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Paris.  Pop.  in  1862,  19,218.  It  is  on  a  steep  declivity,  en- 
closed by  old  walls,  and  comprises  an  old  quarter,  with 
narrow  tortuous  streets,  and  black  overhanging  wooden 
houses,  and  a  new  quarter,  with  wide,  regular,  well-built 
streets.    Principal  buildings,  a  vast  castle,  now  a  prisOQi  a 


LAV 


LAW 


CUiious  gothic  eathedral,  2  hospitals,  prefecture,  town-hall, 
fine  new  linen  hall,  theatre,  communal  collese,  and  pulilic. 
library.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  linen  thread 
and  fabrics,  cotton  handiierchiefs.  and  calico,  bleach  and 
dye  works,  tanneries,  m,arble  works,  and  a  brisk  trade  in 
linen  and  cotton  fabrics.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in 
1466,  but  retaken  by  the  B'rench  in  the  following  year.  It 
suffered  greatly  in  the  Vendean  war  at  the  end  of  the  last 
century. 

L.VVALTRIE,  laVrirtree/,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Bcrthier.  30  miles  N.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  1100. 

L.WAMUXD,  l3/va-m<5ont\  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in 
Carinthia.  on  the  Drave.  31  miles  E.  of  Klagenfurt. 

L.WANCIIKor  LAVANGK.     See  Alps,  pnu'e  ('«. 

LAVANSAIil,  li-vdn-sa/ree'.  an  island  of  Russia,  Gulf  of 
Finland,  70  miles  AV.  of  Cronstadt,  4  miles  long  by  about  1 
mile  broad.     Pop.  400. 

L.^'V.\NSA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, 144  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg.     Pop.  about  100. 

L.iVANT,  li-vdnf,  a  river  of  Austria,  in  Carinthia,  joins 
the  Drave  at  Lavaraund.  after  a  S.  course  of  40  miles. 

L.iV'AXT,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  enters  Chi- 
chester harbor  after  a  S.W.  course  of  10  miles. 

'iAVAXT  (East  and  West),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Sussex.  2i  miles  N.  of  Chichester.  Near  it  is  Goodwood,  the 
Beat  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond.     See  Mid-Lavant. 

LAVARDAC,  li'vauMik',  a  town  in  the  S.W.  partof  France, 
department  of  Lot-et-Cfaronne,  on  the  Baise,  IG  miles  W.  of 
Agen.     Pop.  1442. 

LAVARDKXS,  IdVaRMflNO,  a  town  of  the  S.W.  part  of 
France,  di'partment  of  Qers,  8  miles  N.X.W.  of  Auch,  with 
warm  baths. 

L.W.'VUR.  I^Vor',  (ane.  Vafriumf)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  on  the 
Agout,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Albi.  Pop.  in  1852,  7331.  It  has  a 
communal  college,  and  manufactures  of  thick  silk  damasks, 
and  is  the  entrepot  for  the  silk  goods  of  Upper  Languedoe. 
In  the  13th  century  it  was  the  stronghold  of  the  AUiUjevtet, 
from  whom  it  was  taken  in  1211  by  Simon  de  Montfort,  with 
much  barbarity. 

L.WKLANKT,  IdvMJ^ni/,  a  town  of  Franco,  department 
of  Ariege,  12  miles  E.  of  Foix.  Pop.  in  1852,  3062,  mostly 
employeil  in  the  manufacture  of  fine  woollens. 

L.VVELLO,  li-vM'lo,  (anc.  LaheMumf)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  8  miles  N.E.  of  llelfl.     Pop.  3000. 

LAV'KXD()X%  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buck.s. 

L.A.V'EMI.\AI,  or  LAX'II.VM,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  10^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ipswich. 

liAVK.NU.  lil-vA/no,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy,  in 
Lombardy,  on  Lago  Maggiore,  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Como. 

LAVEXTIK,  ld.V6.\"Hee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
Of  Pas-de-Calais,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Bethune.    Pop.  1330. 

LAVEXZA.    See  Avenza. 

LA'VER,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  6  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Epping.  The  philosopher  Locke  lived,  and  in 
1704  wa.1  buried,  here. 

L.WER.  LITTIjK,  a  p!iri.<h  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LAVER;  MAGDALKX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

L.\  VERONE,  lah  v8rn,  a  postofflce  of  Rutherford  co., 
Tennessee. 

LAV'KR.^TOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LAVFIilSTOKE  and  FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

LAV'KRTKX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

L.'V'VKY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavan. 

LAV'IXGTOX,  EAST,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Wilts,  on  the  N.  border  of  Salisbury  Plain,  5 
miles  S.  of  Devizes.  Pop.  1000.  Bishop  Tanner  was  born 
here  in  1673. 

L.VVINGTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LAVINGTON,  WIOST,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LAVING,  li-vee'no,  (anc.  Labin/ius,)  a  river  of  the  Papal 
States(?),  joins  the  Samoggia,  after  a  course  of  about  30  miles. 

LAVIS.  15'vis,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol, 
5  miles  X.  of  Trent.     Pop.  2207. 

LAVIT,  hlH'ee/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn-et- 
Garonne,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Castelsarrasin.     Pop.  1466. 

LAVO'NA,  a  iiost-ofRce  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

LAVORO.  TERRA  DI,  Naples.     See  Tebra  di  Lavoro. 

LAVOS,  li'voce,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mondego,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Coimbra. 
Pop.  3188. 

LAVRAS-DE-FUNIL,  iJ/vris-di-foo-neeP.  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  .Minas-Geraes.  105  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ouro-Preto. 
The  mines  of  gold  in  the  district,  which  were  at  one  time 
very  productive,  are  now  all  but  exhausted.  Pop.  (includ- 
■ng  district)  12,000. 

LAVRI.VNO,  Idv-re-^no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
4  miles  from  Casalborgone,  on  the  Po.     Pop.  1066. 

Ii.\WE.  li'vfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
llanders.  on  the  Lys,  27  miles  S.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2350. 

LAW/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LAWFORD,  CIIURCII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 

LAWFORD,  LONG,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
ikick. 

3P 


LAW-IIADEN,  low  hS/den.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  o 
Pembroke.  3  miles  X.W.  of  Xarlierth,  with  ruins  of  a  castle. 

LAAVIITT'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LAWIXK.    See  Alps,  page  63. 

LAWN  RIDGK,  a  post-oflice  of  M.arshall  co.,  Illinois. 

L.VWXSVILLE.    See  IjOCjax  Court-IIouse. 

L.-VWUEXCE.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Pennsylvaniai 
bordering  on  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  alwut  400  square  miles. 
The  Mahoning  and  Shenango  Rivers  unite  near  the  centre 
of  the  county  to  form  the  Reaver  Rivc^r;  it  is  also  drained 
by  Slippery  Rock  and  Xeshannock  Crix'ks.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile  and  durable.  Valuable  mines 
of  coal  and  iron,  and  quarries  of  limestone,  have  been  opened 
in  the  county.  Water-power  is  abundant.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  canal  and  railroad,  which  extend  from 
Beaver  to  Erie.  It  was  fanned  out  of  parts  of  Mercer  and 
Beaver  counties.     Capital,  New  Castle.     I'op.  22,9i>9. 

LAWRENCE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Alabama,  has 
an  area  of  825  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River  forms 
the  entire  boundary  on  the  N.  The  channel  of  the  river, 
opposite  this  county,  is  obstructed  by  rocks  for  a  distance 
of  20  miles,  firming  the  Muscle  Shoals.  The  surface  is  tra- 
versed by  high  ridges,  connected  with  the  Appalachian  range. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  valleys.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  railroad  from  Decatur  to  Tuscumbia.  Capital,  .^loul- 
ton.     Pop.  1:(.975,  of  whom  7187  were  free,  and  6788  slaves. 

L.\WREXCE,  a  county  towards  the  S.AV.  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  The  I'earl 
River  flows  through  the  central  part.  The  soil  in  some 
sections  is  fertile,  pi-oducing  cotton  and  Indian  corn.  Pine 
timlior  is  abundant.  Small  boats  can  naviirate  the  Pearl 
River  through  the  county.  Capital,  Mcinticello.  Pop.9213, 
of  whom  5.')17  were  free,  and  3696  slaves. 

LAWRENCE,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Arkansas, 
bordering  on  Missouri,  contains  1330  .square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Black,  Spring,  and  Cache  Itiver.  The  surface  is 
diversified;  the  soil  of  the  river  bottoms  is  fertile.  Black 
River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  through  the  county. 
Capital,  Smithville.  Pop.  9372,  of  whom  8878  were  free,  and 
491  slaves. 

L.\WREXCE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama;  area  estimated  at  060  square  miles. 
Shoal  Creek  rises  by  several  branches  in  the  county,  and 
flows  into  Tennessee  River;  it  is  also  drained  by  Sugar 
Creek.  ITie  county  occupies  a  table-land;  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Several  productive  mines  of  iron  are  worked  in  the  county. 
The  abundant  motive  power  furnished  by  the  streams  is 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Nashville  and  New  Orleans  Railroad,  (not  yet 
finished,)  and  by  several  turnpike-roails.  Capital,  Law- 
renceburg.  Pop.  9320,  of  whom  8160  were  free,  and  1160 
slaves. 

LAWRENCE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  Virginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  640  square 
miles.  Its  E.  boundary  is  formed  by  Big  Sandy  River;  it 
is  also  drained  by  the  W.  fork  of  that  river,  and  by  Little 
Sandy  River.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken ;  the  soil  is 
said  to  be  fertile,  well  watered,  and  well  timbered.  Rich 
mines  of  stomMX)al  have  been  opened  near  Big  Sandy  River, 
and  the  coal  is  extensively  exported  by  means  of  the  river 
to  Cincinnati.  Iron  ore  is  also  abundant.  Formed  in  1821, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Captain  .James  Lawrence,  of  the 
United  States  navy.  Cajjital,  Louisa.  Pop.  7601,  of  whom 
7465  were  free,  and  146  slaves. 

LAWRENCE,  a  county  forming  the  southcsm  extremity 
of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River 
forms  its  southern  boundary,  and  separates  it  from  Virginia 
and  Kentucky.  It  is  intersected  by  Symmes'  Creek,  and 
also  drained  by  Hale's  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  con- 
sists mostly  of  high  abrupt  hills  of  sandstone  formation ; 
the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  streams  is  productive.  The 
county  contains  abundance  of  iron  ore  and  stone-coal,  and 
has  more  extensive  manufactories  of  iron  than  any  other 
county  in  the  state.  Clay  suitable  for  stoneware  is  found 
under  the  iron.  Lawrence  county  is  intersected  by  the  Iron 
Railroad.    Capital,  Burlington,  or  Ironton.    Pop.  23,249. 

L.iWllENCE,  a  county  towards  the  S.  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  440  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  E.  fork  of 
White  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  rolling  or  hilly,  and 
the  soil  fertile.  It  contains  an  abundance  of  timber  and 
limestone.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  the  Ohio  River 
at  New  Albany.  Organized  in  1818.  Capital,  Bedford.  Pop. 
13,692. 

LAWRENCE,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bor- 
dering on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  325  square  miles.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Wabash  River,  opposite  Vincennes,  and 
intersected  by  the  Embarras  River,  which  enters  the  Wa- 
bash. The  surface  is  uneven,  and  presents  some  fertile 
prairies,  and  tracts  of  swamp  which  are  unproductive.  In- 
tersected by  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad.  Capital, 
Lawrenceville.    Pop.  9,214. 

LAWRENCE,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  600  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  tln!  head 
streams  of  Spring  River,  which  flows  towards  the  W.,  by 
the  Sac  River,  (an  affluent  of  the  Osage,)  and  bv  '^entii 

1026 


LAW 

Creek.  The  surface  Li  somewhat  diversified,  the  soil  gene- 
rallv  fertile.  Stoue^-oal  is  fnund  iu  the  .\.W.  part.  The 
ouiity  is  copiou.sly  supplied  with  wattT-power.  Capital, 
Mou  u\  V  eriion.  Vop.  Sbiti,  of  whom  S502  were  free,  and  284 
f  laves. 

LAWRENCE,  a  city,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Essex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  both  sides  of  the  Merrimack  Kiver,  26 
miles  X.  of  Boston,  and  10  miles  by  road  and  13  by  railroad, 
N.K.  by  E.  of  Lowell.  It  also  has  railroad  communiaition 
with  Salem  (26  miles),  and  w-ith  Manchester  and  Concord, 
New  Hampshire  (the  former  26  and  the  latter  40  miles),  and 
with  Haverhill  (10  miles),  E,x:eter  and  Dover  (in  New  Uamp- 
ghire\  and  Portland  (in  Maine).  This  is  one  of  those  wonder- 
f\il  creations  of  manufacturing  enterprise,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  which  a  tract,  almost  withoui  uiiiabitants,  is  sud- 
denly converted  into  a  populous  city.  In  IS  i."j  tiio  E.^sex  Com- 
pany constructed  a  dam  across  the  Merrimack  River  at  tliis 
place,  by  which  a  fall  of  28  feet  iu  the  entire  volume  of  the 
river  has  been  obtained.  The  work  cost  about  §250,000.  A 
canal,  more  than  a  mile  long,  and  100  feet  wide  at  the  head, 
60  feet  at  the  foot,  and  14  feet  deep  in  the  centre,  conducts 
the  water  from  the  dam  to  the  different  mills.  The  town  is 
laid  out  on  both  sides  of  the  Spicket  River,  but  chiefly  W.  of 
the  Spicket,  and  N.  of  the  Merrimack,  the  streets  running 
mostly  at  right  angles  with  each  other,  dividing  the  city  into 
squares.  Near  the  centre  is  a  handsome  common,  comprising 
17  J^  acres  The  principal  public  buildings  are  a  city  hall,  120 
by  62  feet,  containing  city  offices  in  the  lower  story,  and  in 
the  second  a  large  hall  for  public  meetings,  a  court-house,  a 
jail,  and  13  churches;  the  two  Congregiitional  churclu*  cost 
$32,000.  The  church  orgivnizatious  are  as  follows :  Congre- 
gational, 2;  Episcopal,  1;  Freewill  Bai>tist,  1;  Bapti.-it,  2; 
Methodist,  2 ;  Unitarian,  1 ;  Uuiversalist,  1 ;  Second  Advent,l ; 
Roman  Catholic,  2.  Total.  13.  Among  the  literary  and  edu- 
cational institutions  of  l^awrence  may  be  mentioned  tho 
Franklin  LiHerary  Association,  incorporated  April  26, 1847. 
Besides  other  donations,  one  of  $1000  was  received  from  the 
Hon.  Abbott  Lawrence,  for  the  purchase  of  scientific  works. 
There  is  also  a  library  of  2500  volumes,  established  by  Gen. 
Henry  K.  Oliver,  in  1850,  for  the  use  of  the  operatives  of  the 
Atlantic  Cotton  Mills.  The  Atlantic  Company  gave  material 
aid  to  this  institution.  The  Pacific  Mills  havea  library  of  :;300 
volumes,which,  with  arejiding  room,  is  sustained  by  a  weekly 
contribution  from  each  operative.  By  a  donation  of  land, 
from  which  a  fund  of  $25,000  has  been  realized,  the  gift  of 
the  late  .Tudje  D.  A.  White,  there  has  been  inaugurated  a 
series  of  public  lectures,  to  be  continued  annually,  and  "  for- 
ever free."  The  same  donation  is  to  provide  a  free  public 
library.  Lawrence  has  an  excellent  system  of  puldic  schools, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Oliver  Schools,  consisting  of 
a  high  and  a  grammar  .school,  attended  by  about  750  pupils. 
This  est^iblishment.  one  of  the  largest  ;ind  most  complete  of 
its  kind  in  New  England,  was  named  in  honor  ol'Gen.  Oliver, 
who  endowed  it  with  a  complete  philosophical  apparatus, 
valued  at  Si 800.  This  school  is  in  most  successful  operation. 
The  school  building  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  common,  directly  opposite  the  City  Hall.  There  are  also 
one  other  grammar,  ten  intermediate,  and  sixteen  primary 
schools  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  Two  newspapei-s,  the 
Lawrence  American  and  the  Lawrence  Sentinel,  are  pub- 
lished in  the  city.  The  financial  institutions  are  the  Bay 
State  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $."00,000.  the  Pemberton  Bank, 
with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  and  the  Essex  Stivings  Bank. 

Th  e  Essex  Company  con  i  m  enced  their  operations  upon  the 
dam  Augu-st  1, 1845.  During  the  session  of  the  legislature 
of  1846,  charters  were  granted  to  the  following  corporations, 
to  be  located  at  Lawrence,  viz.,  February  2,  the  Bay  State 
Mills  (now  AV'a.shington).  for  the  manufacture  of  woollen  and 
other  goods,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000:  February  3,  the 
Atlantic  Cotton  Mills,  with  a  capital  of  $1,800,000.'  Other 
companies  with  heavy  capitals  have  since  been  incorporated; 
the  Pacific  Mills,  with  a  capital  of  $2,500,000 ;  the  Duck  Mill, 
with  a  capital  of  $300,000,  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
canvas  for  sails;  the  Pemberton  Mill,  capital.  $.500,000:  the 
Everett  Mills,  capital,  $-800,000 ;  and  the  Lawrence  Woollen 
Mills.  Thnre  are  also  the  Arlington  Mills,  manufacturing 
felting  and  sub-carpeting,  5  large  paper-mills,  2  foundries,  4 
machine-shops,  2  card  clothing  factories.  SIcKay's  sewing- 
machine  factory,  Hoodly's  steam-engine  works!  a  carriage 
Cictory,  3  hat  manufactories,  a  \>ox  factory,  and  several  other 
small  manufactories.  Pacific  Mills,  capital  s'.ock  $2,500,000; 
principal  building  800  feet  long,  with  6  stories  in  front  and 
7  in  the  rear;  river  building  950  feet  long,  with  wings  230 
and  end  310  feet  long,  3  stories  high.  S'umber  of  looms, 
3W0 — 115,000  spindles — with  print-works  and  dve-house  com- 
plete for  [irinting  or  dyeing  all  their  goods,  wliich  are  prin- 
cipally mousseline  delaines,  with  a  small  quantity  of  cali- 
coes :  employing  3000  to  3500  operatives,  and  the  number  is 
still  on  the  increase.  They  consume  about  3.000,000  pounds 
of  wool,  and  2.000,000  pounds  of  cotton.  The  product  is 
now  aliout  575.000  yards  weekly,  and  additional  machinerv 
now  starting  will  increase  it  to  750,000  vards.  3:500  vol- 
umes in  the  library,  which  is  sustained  bv  a  weekly  con- 
tribution from  each  operative.  They  have  60  brick  dwellin-'- 
bousys.  A  new  mill  has  recently  beeu  erected,  330  feet 
1026 


LAW 

long,  142  feet  wide,  principally  three  stories  high.  Tlie 
Masliington  (formerly  Bay  State)  Mills,  have  6  principal 
buildings ;  two  200  feet  by  49,  and  9  stories  high :  one  700  feet 
by  49,  and  9  stories  high,  having  wings  6J  tVet  by  49,  and  2 
stories  high;  one  atljoining  the  river,  1000  feet  by  40  feet, 
and  varying  from  3  to  5  stories  in  height,  with  two  rectan- 
gular wings  each  240  feet  long  by  48  feet  and  40  ieet  wide 
re.spectively.  and  3  stories  high;  two  acyoiuing  the  canal, 
each  400  feet  by  40  feet.  These  are  ajipropriated  to  the 
various  purposes  of  woollen  manufacturing,  and  run  100 
sets  of  cards  and  700  looms,  mostly  broad  ones.  One  build- 
ing, 200  feet  by  49,  and  9  stories  high,  is  appropriated  for 
the  manufacture  of  cotton  worsted;  runs  98  cards  and  400 
looms.  They  have  55  dwelling-houses  foremployees;  employ 
about  2400  hands ;  consume  12,000  pounds  of  fleece  wool  per 
day;  value  of  their  manufactured  goods,  comprising  shawls, 
plaids,  cassimeres.  coa  tings.  fl.iunels,fel  ts,  worsted  and  cotton 
goods,  amounts  to  $4,000,000  per  annum.  The  Everett  Mills 
occupy  what  was  formerly  the  Lawrence  Machine-shop. 
Theprincijial  building  iS  of  stone.  400  by  CO  feet,  and  5  stories 
high.  They  have  three  other  buildings  of  stone,  one  300  and 
the  others  225  feet  long,  in  which  are  'situated  the  dyt 
and  dry-houses,  a  portion  of  the  machinery,  cloth-rooms, 
machine-shop,  Ac.  Capital,  $>00,000;  of  cotton  machinery, 
27 ,000  spindles;  700  looms.  Eight  sets  of  woollen  machinery 
manufacture  cotton  pantjiloonery,  wool  pautalooneiy,  sheet- 
ing flannels,  ticks,  stripes,  and  l\ne  worsted.  A  new  brick 
mill  has  just  been  erected,  225  feet  long,  10  stoiies  high, 
for  the  manufacture  of  fine  worsted  yarns;  employing  1000 
hands ;  it  has  40  brick  houses  for  employees.  The  Essex 
Company,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  still  own  the  nuim- 
juoved  w ater-power  and  land,  and  the  work  of  building  the 
mills  is  performed  under  their  direction.  The  Lawrence 
Gas  Company,  which  supplies  the  city  with  gas,  has  a  capital 
of  $100,000,  with  extensive  works  about  a  mile  from  the 
city.  All  the  mills,  the  stores,  and  private  houses  are  lighted 
with  gas.  'J  here  is  a  reservoir  of  water  on  Prospect  Hill, 
E.  of  the  city,  by  which  the  several  mills  and  their  boarding- 
houses  are  sujjplied  with  water,  and  which  is  used  in  all 
cases  of  fire,  but  for  household  supply  of  water  the  inhabi- 
tants depend  on  wells  and  cisterns.  The  city  haa  a  fire  de- 
partment, comprising  4  steam-engines,  2  hose  and  l,hook 
and  ladder  company.  The  pay-rolls  of  the  five  largest 
corjjoratioiis  exceed  $280  000  per  month.  The  town  of 
Lawrence  was  incorponvted  in  1845,  and  it  continued  a 
town  about  eight  years,  when  the  amount  of  its  population 
having  reached  that  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  Massachu- 
setts for  a  city  organization  (12,000),  a  city  chwter  was 
granted  and  accepted  in  1853,  and  the  Hon.  Charles  S.  Stor- 
row  wa.s  chosen  the  first  mayor.  The  city  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  I,awrence  family  of  Boston,  and  has  now  (1805) 
a  population  of  about  22,000. 

LA\\  R  KNCE,  a  township  of  St.  Lawrence  county,  New 
York.     Population,  2828. 

LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Mercer  county.  New  Jersey. 
Population,  1824. 

L.\WRENCE,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsvlvania, 
Pop.  1402. 

LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1549. 

LAW  IfENCE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Mississippi. 

LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  851. 

LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Starke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2175. 

LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.  P.1489. 

L.A.WRENCE,  a  post-township  in  the  K.  part  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Ohio,  UK)  miles  E.S.E.  of  (  olumbus.    Pop.  1627. 

LA\V'KENCE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Van 
Buren  co.,  Jlicliigan,  79  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  1347. 

LAWRENCE,  post-township.  Marion  Co.,  Indiana.  P.2216. 

LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,Wisconsin.    P.  613. 

LAWKENCE,  a  thriving  city  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  bean- 
fully  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  Kausiis  River.  45  miles  from 
its  mouth.  It  was  founded  in  1854.  The  Union  Pacific  R.R. 
is  completed  from  Kansas  City  to  this  point.  It  luis  12 
churches,  2  banks,  11  dry-goods  stores.  3  hardware  stores, 
2  drug-stores,  4  flour-mills,  and  1  machine-shop.  One  daily 
and  2  weekly  newspapers  iire  issued  here.     Pop.  1645. 

LAW'RENCKBURG.  a  post-village  of  .Armstrong  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Alleirhan  v  River.  W  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

L.VWRENCEBURG",  »  thriving  post/village,  cai.itnl  of 
Lawrence  co..  Tennessee,  on  Shoal  Creek.  75  nli!^s  .-^.S-W.  of 
Na.shville.  Shoal  Creek  affords  abundant  waUr-powcr. 
Within  a  few  miles  of  the  village  there  are  4  mamifact  rieg 
of  cotton  y.arn.  It  contains  1  or  2  academies,  3  newspaper 
offices,  and  a  bank. 

L.\WRENCEBURG.  a  po.st-village.  capital  of  Ander.son  Co., 
Kentucky,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  The  proposed  rail- 
road from  Frankfort  to  Harrodsburg  will  pafs  through  it 
It  h».«  3  churches,  and  1  seminary. 

LAWRENCEBUKG.  a  thrivingtown,  capital  of  De«rbom 
CO..  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  Kiver,  22  miles  below  Cincinnati, 
and  88  miles  S.E  of  Indianapolis.  It  is  o".  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi Railroad  and  on  the  Indianapolis  K ad  Cincinnati  Riiil- 
road.  The  AVhitewater  Canal  also  terniuiates  at  this  place, 
furnislung    extensive  water-power  and  drawing  a  large 


LxiW 


LEA 


amonnt  of  business.  The  newer  part  of  the  town  is  built 
on  the  second  bottom,  and  is  rapidly  Improving.  Lawrence- 
burg  contains  a  court-house.  7  churches.  2  newspaper  offi- 
ces, 2  banks,  1  foundry,  2  flour-mills,  and  2  furniture-fac- 
tories. Incorporated  in  1846.  Population  In  1850,  3487  ;  in 
1860,  3.599. 

LAWKEXCK  CREEK,  of  Middle.sex  co.,  New  Jersey,  falls 
Into  the  Karitan,  3  miles  below  New  Brunswick. 

L.^.\V'RK.\CKI'ORT,  a  post-village  of  Ijiwrence  co.,  Indi- 
ana, 86  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis.  Pop.  estimated  at 
400. 

LAW'RENCEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
New  York,  on  both  .sides  of  Deer  River,  which  affords  water- 
power,  and  near  the  Northern  Railroad,  40  miles  K.  of 
O^densburg.  It  forms  the  centre  of  an  active  trade  for  a 
rapidly  growing  disti'ict,  and  has  3  churches,  a  starch  fac- 
tory, and  several  mills  and  .stores. 

•  L-WVKENCEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co..  New 
Jersey.  5  j  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton.  It  has  a  high  school  for 
boys,  and  a  seminary  for  girls. 

L.VWRENCEVIIiLE,  a  village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Paulinskill.  15  miles  N.E.  of  Belvidere. 

LAWItENCKVILLE,  a  Viorongh  of  Peebles  township,  Alle- 
ghany CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left,  bank  of  the  Alleghany 
River,  2^  miles  above  Pittsburg.  Here  is  an  arsenal  of  the 
United  .States,  comprehending  several  large  stone  buildings. 
The  hi.;her  portions  of  the  town  are  occupied  with  handsome 
countrv  seats,  aud  there  are  seveial  churches  in  the  place. 
Pop.  3262. 

L.WVRI'JNCEVILLE,  a  village  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Schuylkill  River,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

L.A.\VRENCEV1LLE,  a  post-borough  of  Tioga  co..  l\'nn- 
sylvania,  on  the  Tioga  River,  on  the  Corning  and  Blossburg 
Railroad,  158  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Ilavrisburg,  and  very  near 
the  N.  boundary  of  the  state.     I'op.  in  1850,  494. 

LAWRKNCEVILLi;,  a  pleasant  post-village,  capital  of 
Brunswick  co.,  Virginia,  on  (Jreat  Creek,  aiiout  70  miles 
S.S.W.  of  P.ichmond.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  2  hand- 
some churches.     Pop.  from  300  to  400. 

LAWRE.XCEVILLB,  a  village  of  .Montgomery  co..  North 
Carolina,  near  Yadkin  River,  90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

LAWRENCEVIbLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gwinnett 
».,  Georgia,  90  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milledgeville.  The  site  is 
elevated  and  healthy.  It  has  a  handsome  court-house,  2 
academie.s,  and  2  churches. 

LAWKENCEVlIiLE.  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Alabama, 
7  or  8  miles  N.  of  Abbeville.  It  contains  1  church,  an  acar 
demy,  and  2  stores. 

LAWRENCEVILLEjapost-villacre  of  Monroe  CO.,  Arkansas, 
on  a  lake,  3  or  4  miles  N.E.  of  White  River,  and  80  miles 
E.S.  R.  of  Little  Rock. 

L.VWRENCEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indi- 
ana, about  90  miles  S.E.  of  Indian.<ipoli.s. 

L.\WRENCEVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Lawrence  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  right  bank  of  Embarras  River, 
abotit  10  miles  W.  of  Vinccnnes.  It  contains  a  court-house 
3  churches,  and  a  newspMper  office.  Tlie  Uliio  and  Missis- 
sippi Railroad  j)iisses  through  it.     Pop.  474. 

LAWRKNCEVILLE.  a  village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Shef- 
ford.  21  miles  S.  of  Melbourne,  and  25  miles  from  Sherbrooka 

L.\WRKN'NY,  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LAW'SllALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

[j.\W'SON,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  CO.,  Georgia. 

LAW'SOWILLE.  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  CO.,  North 
Carolina.  13  miles  from  Wentworth,  the  county  seat.  Pop. 
about  100. 

LAWS'VILLE  CENTRE,  a  postoffice  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Penn.sylvania. 

L.WV'TOX.  a  post-office  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 

LAWTON  VILLE.  a  post-village  in  Beaufort  district,  South 
Carolina.  120  miles  S.  of  Columbia. 

LAWUR.     See  Lahool. 

LAW'YERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co.,  New 
York,  44  miles  W.'of  Albany. 

LAXA  or  L.\J-^.,  Id'riii,  a  river  of  Chili,  joins  the  Biobio 
after  a  course  of  nearly  150  miles,  during  which  it  forms 
some  lofty  cascades. 

LAXAS  or  LAJAS,  Wnis,  a  river  of  Central  America, 
enters  the  Lake  of  Nicaragua  from  the  country  between 
't  and  the  Pacific,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Njcaragua. 

L.\XE.\BURG,  ld.x'i^n-booRQ\  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  between  Vienna  and 
Slocknitz,  9  miles  S.of  Vienna.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  an 
imperial  summer  palace.     Pop.  790. 

LA-X'tTELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

LAX'TO.N,  a  parish  of  Englaiid,  co.  of  Northampton. 

LA.\TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

LAY,  \L  a  river  of  I'rance,  formed  below  St.  Vincent  by 
two  small  streams  called  the  Great  and  Little  I^y.  It  be- 
gins to  be  navigable  at  Mareuil,  and  falls  into  the  creek  of 
Arguillon,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  after  a  course  of  about  50 
miles. 

LAYB.ACII  or  LAIB.A.OII,  lI^bSK,  (Illyrian.  Luhlana.  loo- 
bl.Vnd.  anc.  ACinnnn.)  a  town  of  Austria.  Illyria.  duchy  of 
Carniola,  caj/i^il  of  a  government  and  circle,  in  an  extensive 


plain,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  of  the  wime  came,  liti'e 
crossed  by  five  bridges,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Trieste,  .n  the  mil 
way  to  Vienna;  lat.  (castle  tower),  46°  2'  27"  N..  Ion.  14"  30' 
49"  E.  It  consists  of  the  town  proper,  grouped  round  th?> 
castle  hill,  and  of  six  suburbs;  and  is,  for  tlie  most  pari, 
very  indifferently  built,  with  irregular,  narrow,  and  ill-paved 
streets,  but  has  two  rather  spacious  squares.  Its  principal 
buildings  are  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Nicholas,  with  tine  pictures, 
frescoes,  and  carvings;  St.  James'  Church,  the  church  of  the 
Ursuline  Nunnery,  a  very  handsome  structure:  St.  Peter's 
Church,  the  Protestant  Church,  built  since  the  revolution 
of  184S;  the  old  Gothic  town-house,  the  old  castle,  crowning 
a  height  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  now  converted  into 
a  state  prison  and  house  of  correction;  the  bishop's  palace, 
theatre,  barracks,  and  palace  of  Count  Auersberg.  It  is  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  the  seat  of  government  of  Carinthia  and 
Carniola;  of  a  military  governor,  and  of  several  important 
courts  and  public  offices;  and  pos.ses.ses  a  museum,  a  bota- 
nical garden,  an  infirmary,  with  lunatic  asylum  attached; 
a  deaf  and  dumb  institute,  a  casino,  agricultural  and  musi- 
cal societies,  a  library,  lyceum,  in  whicli  theology,  philosojihy, 
and  medicine  are  taught;  a  gymna-sium,  normal,  military, 
and  agricultural  schools;  a  school  of  design,  industrial 
.s(!hool,  and  various  benevolent  endowments.  The  manufao- 
tures  consist  chietiy  of  woollen  and  silk  gootls;  and  there 
are  oil.  paiier,  and  cotton  mills;  a  large  sugar  retinory.  and 
a  consitierable  transit  trade.  Laybach  is  a  place  of  great 
antiquity,  and  is  understood  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Roman 
^Jmona.  It  makes  a  considerable  figure  during  the  Turkish 
wars,  and  is  well  known  to  modern  times  by  the  Congress 
which  was  held  in  it  in  1820-21.  Its  site  was  at  one  time 
very  unhealthy,  from  the  extensive  morasses  which  sur- 
rounded it ;  but  these  have  been  almost  completely  drainetl, 
and  the  environs  now  furnish  many  fine  rides  and  walks. 
Pop.  in  1H46,  17,367. 

LAYBACH,  a  river  of  Austria,  rises  S.  Adelsberg,  undor 
the  name  of  thePoik;  is  lost  in  the  Grotto  of  Adelsberg, 
and  reappears  in  the  Unz ;  it  is  again  lost  below  the  surface, 
and  appears  at  Upper  Laybach.  where  it  becomes  naviL'able. 

LAYBACH,  Ul'PER,  is  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Illyria,  12 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Laybach.    Pop.  1400. 

L.\YI)E,  laid,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Lister,  co.  of  Antrim. 

LAY'ER  DE  LA  IHYE,  a  pari.sh  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Essex. 

LAY'ER,  MAR/NEY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  lissex. 

LAV'ER-BRE''ri>N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

L.\Y'H.4.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

LA  YON,  Id'yAxo',  a  river  of  France,  which  joins  the  I,oire 
a,  little  above  Chalonne,  after  a  course  of  nbout  55  miles. 

LAYRAC.  liVik'.  (anc.  Lauracumf)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  5  miles  S.  of  Agen,  on  the 
Gers,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Garonne.     Pop.  1253. 

L.iY'STERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LAY'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

LAY/TONSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  JIa- 
ryland. 

LAY'TON  WITH  WAR/BRICK,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

LAZAROFF,  IdzVrSff',  a  small  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
on  the  track  to  Tahiti,  lat.  of  E.  end,  14°  53'  30"  S.,  Ion.  148° 
39'  30"  W. 

LA'ZER  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  into  Flint  River  in 
Talbot  county,  a  few  miles  N.E.  of  Talboton. 

LAZI,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Laaz. 

LAZISE,  lid-zee'sA,  a  small  fortified  town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Verona,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake 
Garda.     Pop.  2540. 

LA'ZONBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

LE  or  L.\DAKH,  a  city  of  Central  Asia.     See  Leu. 

LE.\.  lee,  a  river  of  England,  rises  in  the  co.  of  Bedford, 
near  Luton,  and  joins  the  Thames  at  Blackwall,  after  a 
course  of  40  mile.s. 

LE.\,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Gloucester  and  Hereford. 

LEA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LE.\,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on  the 
Wvre  and  Preston  Railway,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Preston. 
Pop.  710. 

LEA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  Queen's  co. 

LEA  BltlDGE  STATION,  a  station  of  the  Ea.stem  Com- 
pany's  Railway,  of  miles  E.N.E.  of  Shoreditch,  London. 

LEACH'.MAN,  a  village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mis.souri  River,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Independence. 

LEA,  CLI-yVERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LE.\'COCK,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

LEAD'ENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LE.\D  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Davidson  co..  North  Caro 
lina,  about  100  miles  W.  from  Raleigh,  has  valuable  mines 
of  le.ad  and  silver. 

LEAD  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Muhlenburg  co.,  Kentucky. 

LEAD'HILLS,  a  mining  village  of  Scotland,  county  and 
18  miles  S.  of  Lanark,  in  a  bleak  di^'frict.  ElevatiMii.  1300 
feet.  Pop.  950.  employed  in  some  of  the  richest  lead-minea 
of  Scotland,  yielding  from  700  to  800  tons  yearly.  Allan 
Ramsay,  the  poet,  was  born  here  in  1685. 

LE.\D'1NG  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia, 
18  miles  W.  of  Weston. 

1027 


LEA 

LEAD'IXG  CREEK,  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  flows  luto  the 
Ohio  Kiver  about  4  miles  below  Ponieroj'. 

liKADS'VlLLE,  a  post-oflioe  of  Knndolph  co.,  A'ivginia. 

l.KAD'VALK,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Tennessee. 

I.KA'i'IKLD,  a  eliapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

LKAF  RTVER,  of -Missisfippi,  rises  in  the  S.  central  part 
of  the  state,  and  flowing  southward,  and  afterwards  south- 
eastward, unites  with  the  Chickasawha.  near  the  S.  border 
of  Greene  county.    The  river  thus  formed  is  the  Pascagoula. 

LEAF  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Perry  county,  Slississippi. 

LEAF  RIVER,  a  post-township  in  the  X.  part  of  Ogle  co., 
niinois.     Pop.  899. 

LEA-GREKX,  a  station  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester 
Railway,  England,  10^  miles  E.  of  Liverpool. 

LEAKE,  leek,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LEAKE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Mississippi,  has 
an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
J'earl  River.  The  soil  is  less  fertile  than  in  some  other  parts 
rf  the  state.  Named  in  honor  of  Governor  Waller  Leake, 
of  Mississippi.  Capital,  CiU-tli^ige.  Pop.  9324,  of  whom  62ti8 
were  free,  and  .3050  slaves. 

LE.\KJi;,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

LEAKE'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Washita  co.,  Arkansas. 

LEAKES'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Dan  River,  110  miles  N.W.  of  Raleigh,  has 
a  cotton  factory  and  flouring-mills. 

LEAKESVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Newton  co.,  Georgia,  49 
miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

LEAKESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Greene  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  Chickasawha  Kiver,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Mobile. 

LEAKE,  WEST,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Nottingham. 

LEAL,  a  town  of  Russia,  pnyernment  of  Esthouia,  capital 
of  a  circle,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ilapsal. 

tiKX,  M.\R'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

LEAAIINGTON.  l^m'ing-ton,  a  uiarket4own,  parish,  and 
fashionable  watering-place  of  England,  co.,  and  2i  miles  E. 
of  Warwick,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  of  the 
London  and  lUrmingham  Railwaj'.  Pop.  in  1S51, 15,692.  It 
is  yjleasantly  Situated  on  the  Learn,  an  affluent  of  the  Avon; 
and  It  is  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  England.  It 
has  a  mu-eum,  picture  gallery,  beautiful  public  gai'dens, 
3  banks,  2  newspapers,  and  .several  splendid  hot<?ls.  The 
waters  from  the  springs  are  saline,  sulphurous,  and  chaly- 

LEAMINGTON,  HASTINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

LEANTDER,  a  post-oflice  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky. 

LEA^'G.     See  Liang-Tciiou. 

LEAO-TONG,  U4'o  (lA-Ow/)  tong,  MOOKDEN  or  MOUK- 
DEX,  mook'dJn,  or  SIIING-KING,  a  province  of  the  Chinese 
Empire.  N.  of  the  Great  Wall.     Principal  citv.  Mookden. 

LEAaTONG.  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Yellow  Sea,  is  150 
miles  long,  and  from  70  to  120  miles  broad. 

LEAS/BURG,  a  post-village  of  Caswell  co..  North  Carolina, 
about  70  miles  N.AV.  of  Raleigh,  has  a  flourishing  female 
school. 

LEA-SINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LtJASVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Tennessee. 

LEATII'ERIIEAD,  a  small  town  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
on  the  Mole,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  14  arches.  4  miles  W. 
of  Epsom,  and  ou  the  London  and  Portsmouth  Railway. 

LEATIKERSFORD,  a  village  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Chestatee  River,  il  miles  below  Dahlonega. 

LEATII'ERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  Georgia. 

LEATII'ERWOOD,  a  post-office.  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LEATIIEKWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio. 

LEATIIERWOOD'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Henry  co., 
Virginia. 

LEATH'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

LE.4.tI,  16,  (Fl.  Lieuw  or  Zonl-Leeuto,  zont  lA'Qv,)  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  on  the  Little  Geete.  33 
miles  E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1549. 

L'EAU  CLAIRE,  lo  clir,  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows 
into  Chippewa  River  from  the  left,  in  Chippewa  county. 

LEAVENSWORTII,  l5v'fnz-worth,  a  post-office  of  Dailing- 
ton  district,  South  Carolina. 

LEAVENWOKTII,  Indiana.     See  Levenworth. 

LEAVENWORTH,  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  city 
ofthe  state  of  Kansas,is  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  (W.) 
•  bank  of  Missouri  River,  about  1  mile  S.  of  Fort  Leavenworth. 
It  occupies  a  highly  advantageous  geographical  position,  and 
is  surrounded  by  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  regions  in 
the  Valley  of  the  Missouri.  The  river  flows  here  with  a 
swift,  deep  current,  and  is  bordered  on  the  Kanzas  side  bv  a 
natural  levee  of  rock,  affording  excellent  landings,  the 
city  contains  16  churches,  7  banks,  4  academies,  7  public 
Bcliools,!  medical  college,  a  mercantile  library,  1  tlieatre,13 
hotels,  1  public  hall,  8  lumber-yards,  and  4  steam  saw-mills. 
One  weekly  and  3  daily  newspapers  are  issued  here.  Steam- 
boats navigate  the  river  from  this  place  to  St.  Louis.  Popu- 
lation in  1855,  about  1000;  in  1860,7429;  in  1865,  about 
18,0(»0.    See  Appendix. 

LEAVaXGTON,  parish.  England,  co.York.  North  Riding. 

LEA  V'lSH AM,  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  York,  North  Riding. 

LEAV'ITT,  a  postofflce  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 
1028 


LEB 

LEBA,  lA'bl,  a  river,  lake,  and  town  of  Prussia.  jrroTincfl 
of  Pomt'rania,  the  river  entering  the  lake,  and  the  town  on 
the  channel  connecting  this  witli  the  Baltic,  oO  miles  N.E. 
of  Stolpe.     Pop.  948. 

LEKADEA.     See  Livadia. 

LEBANON,  Ifl/a-non.  (L.  Lih'anus.  Ger.  Liliannn,  Fr.  Li- 
ban,  lee^bSxo',  Heb.  Ldmncn,  '-the  White  Mount.'iin,")  a 
famous  mountain  chain  of  Syria,  extending  from  the  vici- 
nity of  Antioch,  24  miles  di.^tant  from  the  Mediterranean, 
S.  to  near  Sidon ;  and  with  the  chain  of  Anti-Libanus.  from 
10  to  20  miles  further  E.;  its  S.  part  encloses  the  valley  of 
Coele-Syria.  Its  culminating  point.  Jebel-Makmel,  rises  to 
near  12,000  feet;  and  near  this  is  a  grove  of  several  hundred 
cedars.  8  of  which  are  very  large  and  old.  The  whole  range 
is  composed  of  a  whitish  limestone  (whence  its  name),  and 
abounds  with  cultivated  grounds  and  villages,  inhabited  by 
a  race  of  hardy  mountaineers.  East  of  it  is  another  range 
nearly  parallel  to  it,  named  Anti-Libasus  or  Anti-Lebasox, 
which  see. 

LEB'ANON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
has  an  area  of  300  square  miles.  The  Swat.ara  River  flowa 
through  the  county  towards  the  S.AV. ;  it  is  drained  also  by 
Little  Swatara,  Quitapahilla,  Tulpehocken,  and  Indian 
Creeks.  This  county  forms  part  of  the  Kittatinny  Valley, 
bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain,  and 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  South  Mountain  or  Conewago  Iliil.  The 
soil  of  the  valley  is  remarkal)ly  fertile,  and  in  a  good  state  of 
cultivation.  Mines  of  excellent  iron  ore  are  worked  in  tho 
S.  part  of  the  county ;  the  Cornwall  mine  yields  70  per  cent, 
of  metal;  rich  veins  of  copper  occur  in  connexion  with  the 
iron.  A  quarry  of  gray  marble,  susceptible  of  fine  polish, 
has  recently  been  openeil  on  the  Swatara  River,  6  miles  from 
Lebanon.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Union  Canal, 
and  by  the  Lebanon  Valley  Railroad.  Organized  in  1813, 
and  named  ft-om  one  of  the  principal  townships  included  in 
it.    Capital,  Lebanon.    Pop.  31,831. 

LEB.\NON,  a  post^township  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Salmon  Falls  River,  about  88  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.  Pop. 
2040. 

LEBANON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Grafton  co.,  New  Hampshire,  is  situated  in  a  plain  at  tho 
head  of  the  falls  in  theMascomy  River,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the  Nortliern  IJailroad,  4  miles 
from  its  junction  with  the  Vermont  Central  R.ailroad,  65 
miles  N.W.  of  Concord.  At  Olcotfs  Falls  in  the  Connecticut 
at  this  pl.aee,  there  is  a  descent  of  about  40  feet  in  a  mile, 
around  which  is  a  canal  with  locks,  affording  extensive 
water-power.  The  villiige  is  an  important  centre  of  trade, 
aud  the  seat  of  considerable  manufactui-ing.  It  has  a  bank, 
a  newspaper  office,  and  4  churches.     Total  pop.  2322. 

LEBANON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  London 
CO.,  Connecticut,  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Hartford.  It/conpists 
principally  of  one  fine  street,  30  rods  in  breadth,  and  a  mile 
in  length.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  satinet,  flannels, 
and  other  articles.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2174. 

LEB.iNON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  JIadison  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Chenango  Canal,  100  mUes  W.  by  N.  of 
Albany.    Pop.  1678. 

LEBANON,  a  post-villageof  Clinton  township,  Hunterdon 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Flemington.  It  is 
situated  in  a  fine,  fertile  country,  and  near  the  New  Jersey 
Central  Railroad.     Pop.  about  SOO. 

LEBANON,a  township,lInnterdon  co.,New  Jersey.  P.2495. 

LEBANON,  a  well-built  town  of  South  Lebanon  township, 
and  capital  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  beautifully 
situated  in  a  fertile  limestone  valley,  25  miles  E.  of  Ilarri.s- 
burg,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  turnpike.  The  streets 
are  regularly  laid  out,  and  the  houses  mostly  built  of  brick 
or  stone.  It  contains  an  acailemy,  a  bank,  and  several 
churche-s.  Lebanon  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade,  for 
which  the  Union  Canal  affords  facilities.  The  Lebanon  Val- 
Jay  Railroad  connects  this  town  with  Harrisburg  and  Read- 
ing. In  the  vicinity  are  several  very  large  anthracite  fur- 
naces, each  of  which  can  produce  more  than  100  tons  of  iron 
per  week.  Several  newspapers  are  published  here.  Pop. 
4449. 

LEBANON,  a  township  of  W.ayne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  11 
miles  N.  of  Ilonesdale.     Pop.  069. 

LEB.iNON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rvissell  co..  Virginia, 
is  finely  situiited  on  an  affluent  of  Clinch  River,  325  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Richmond.-    Pop.  264. 

LEBANON,  a  post-village  in  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  Cobb  co.,  Georgi.i,  100  miles 
X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

LEB.VXOX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Be  Kalb  co.,  Alabama, 
on  Big  Wills  Creek,  100  miles  N.  of  31ontgomery.  It  ia 
situated  iu  a  long  and  very  narrow  valley,  and  contains  » 
court-house,  a  United  States  land-office,  and  4  stores. 

LEB-VNt^N,  a  post-villaiie.  capit.al  of  Searcy  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  100  miles  N.X.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

LEBANON,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Wilson  co., 
Tennes.see,  30  miles  E.  of  Nashville,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  turnpike.  It  is  distinguished  as  a  seat  of  learn- 
ing.   Cumberland  University  is  a  fiourishin;j  institution. 


LEB 


LEE 


under  tlic  direction  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians.  A 
law  school,  which  is  attached  to  the  university,  is  exten- 
sively jpatroni/.ed.  Tliere  are  also  2  academies,  3  churches 
and  i  newspaper  offices.  Lebanon  contains  a  larije  steam 
manufactory  of  cotton. and  wool,  which  employs  from  l.iO  to 
200  operatives,  with  a  capital  of  about  $200,000.  The  build- 
ing is  reuarded  a.s  an  ornament  to  the  town  and  country. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  20001 

LUli.V.NO.V.  a  hauilsome  post-village,  capital  of  Marion  co., 
Kentucky,  liO  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  a 
court-house.  3  cliurches.  2  seminaries,  14  stores,  and  1  steam 
Baw-mill.     Incorporated  in  IS1.5.     Pop.  953. 

LEB.\NON,  a  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1305. 
LK  I!  AXON,  a  post-village  of  Turtle  Creek  township.capital 
of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  30  miles  N.N.K.  of  Cincinnati.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country.  Lebanon 
contains  9  churches,  a  Union  school,  1  newspaper  office,  3 
hotels,  and  the  South-Western  Normal  Institute  attended 
by  about  200  jmpils.  Six  miles  E.  of  tire  village,  on  the  Lit- 
tle Jliami  River,  is  an  ancient  fortification  enclo.sing  over 
one  hundred  acres.  Four  miles  \V.  is  Union  village,  a  com- 
munity of  Shakers.  Population  in  1850,  2088;  in  1860, 
24sy. 
LKIJAXON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Michigan.  P.  661. 
LK1!.\NU.\,  a  post-village,  capitjil  of  Boone  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  railroad  from  Lafayette  to  Indianaiiolis,  26  miles 
N.W.  of  the  latter.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  county 
geminary  and  2  churches.    Pop.  892. 

LK15AN0N,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
railroad  from  St.  Louis  to  Vincennes,  20  miles  E.  of  St.  Louia. 
It  has  a  high  and  beautifid  situation,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  rich  farming  district.  McKendree  College,  of  this  pbico, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists,  was  founiledin  1835. 
It  hiia  a  library  of  7tK)0  volun'"'?.  Lebanon  luu<  4  churches, 
and  a  newspajier  office.    Pop.  1661. 

LEBANON,  a  village  in  Boone  CO.,  Missouri,  42  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Jetferson  City. 

LEBANON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Laclede  Co.,  ]\[i3S0uri. 
LEB.WON,  a  postoftice  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa. 
LKB.VXON,  a  township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin.    P.  1673. 
LI01!.\XO\,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  Oregon. 
LEBANON  WHITE  SULPUUK  SPKINGS,  a  post-office  of 
Aujjusta  CO.,  Virgini.a. 

LEBBEKE,  15b-b,'l'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  IS  miles  E.  by  S.of  Ghent.     I'op.  4376. 

LE15ED1AX,  li^l>A-de-iin',  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tambov,  capital  of  a  circle.     Pop.  3000. 
LEBEDIN  or  LEBEDINE,  14b-a-deen^  a  town  of  Rus-^ia, 
government  and  77  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kharkov.     Pop.  3971. 
LEltEXY,  lA^-bairT,  or  LEIDEN,  li'den,  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, nexr  the  Rapcza,  3  miles  from  Eiittveny.     Pop.  2098. 

L]<;B1DA,  It^We-di,  or   LEIVDA,  (anc.  Lep'tis  Mag'na,)  a 
ruined  town  of  Africa,  64  miles  E.  of  Tripoli,  on  the  .Mediter- 
ranean.    Septimus  Severus  was  born  in  its  vicinity.  A.  n.  146. 
LE  BTOT,  leh  be-o'.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.  Savoy, 
on  the  D'-anse.  about  9  miles  from  Thonor.     Pop.  1443. 
LEB1T.\  or  LEHIXTIIOS.  an  island  of  Greece.    See  Lf.vita. 
LE  B(i;UF,  Ifh  bJf,  a  township  of  Erie  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  US7. 

LEBRIJA  or  LEBRIXA,  l.'l-bree'Hj,  (anc.  Keljris'sa,)  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  29  miles  S.S.W.  of  Seville,  near 
the  left  bank  of  the  Guadalquivir.  Pop.  7741.  it  is  in  a 
marshy  tract;  the  streets  are  narrow,  and  houses  mean. 
Chief  public  buildings,  a  church  formerly  a  mosque,  a  col- 
lege, and  a  ruined  castle.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth, 
pottery,  and  soap,  and  is  famous  for  its  oil. 

LEBKl.IA  or  LEBUIXA,  li-bree'Hii,  a  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, New  Granada,  joins  the  Magdalena  120  miles  N.W.  of 
Pamplona. 

LEBUS,  lA/boos,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 5  miles  N.  of  F'rankfort-on-the-Oder.     Pop.  1750. 

LECCE,  iSfchi,  (anc.  Lujria?  or  Aldium?)  a  city  of  Na- 
ples, province  and  23  miles  N.W.  of  Otranto.  Pop.  17,836. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  castle,  a  large  cathedral, 
and  30  other  churches,  several  convents,  a  royal  college, 
foundling  hospital,  and  a  theatre,  with  a  noble  government- 
house  and  new  town-hall.  It  has  a  royal  manufactory  of 
BnulT,  and  manufactures  of  woollen,  cotton,  and  silk  goods, 
lace,  and  linen  thread. 
LEGCO,  a  village  of  Italy.  See  Lbquio. 
LEGCO,  iJk'ko,  (anc.  Fiilrum  Licinlii?)  a  market-town  of 
Lombardy,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Como.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Adda,  in  the  Ijake  of  Lecco.  Pop.  4330.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  silks,  cotton,  and  woollen  stuffs. 

LECELLES,  leh-cjll',  a  villaire  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Valenciennes.  Pop.  2230,  who 
manufacture  nails  and  agricultural  implements. 

LECERA,  lA-thA/rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  36  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Saragos.sa,  near  the  Aguas.     Pop.  1191. 

LECH,  IJk,  a  river  of  Southern  Germany,  Tyrol  and  Ba- 
varia, rises  in  the  Vorarlberg.  and,  after  a  N.  course  of  140 
aiile.'^.  joins  the  Danube  26  miles  N.  of  Augsburg. 

LECH::N1CH,  UK'en-iK,  or  LECHXICH,  l^K'niK,  a  forti- 
fied town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Cologne. 
Pop.  1700. 


I  LECHHAUSEN,  l?K'how'zen,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  Danube,  on  the  Lech,  \\  miles  N,N,E,  of  -Vugsburg. 
Pop.  2100.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  silk  stuffs,  and 
oil-cloth. 

LECHL.A^DE,  Igtch'lJd,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  JIng 
land,  CO.  of  Gloucester,  at  the  confluence  of  the  small  riv(( 
Leach  with  the  navigable  Isis,  and  on  the  Thames  and  Sever.: 
Canal.  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  H'airford.     I'op.  1:300. 

LECK,  lik,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Donesal. 

LECK,  IJk,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands,  forming  an  arm  of 
the  Old  Rhine,  at  its  delta.  X.  of  the  Waal.  It  iforms  the  S. 
boundary  rtf  the  province  of  Utre-ht.  and  joius  the  Meuso  7 
miles  E.  of  Rotterdam.     See  NETiiERLA.vns. 

LECK'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LECKH  AMP'STEAD.  parish  of  England,  co.  Buckingham. 

LECKIIA:MI''T0X.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

LECK'OXFIELD.  parish.  England,  co.  York,  East  Ridiuf. 

LECKI'AT'RICK.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Tvrone. 

LE  CLAIRE,  leh  klair,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Scott  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Mississipni  Kiver,  about  15  miles  above  Daven- 
port at  the  head  of  the  Upper  Rapids.  Population,  about 
900. 

LECOMPTON,  a  town  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  on  the  right 
bank  of  Kansas  River,  alxuit  12  miles  above  Lawrence.  It 
is  said  to  be  almost  deserted.     Pop.  in  ISKO,  917. 

LECROPT'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Perth  and  Stirling. 

LECTOURE,  IJkHooR/,  (anc.  Lacti/ra  or  CivHtas  Lacturat- 
tium,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers,  capital  of  an 
arrondi.«sement,  20  miles  N.  of  Audi.  I'op.  in  1852.  et'25. 
It  stands  on  a  steep  rock,  enclosed  by  ruined  walls,  and  has 
an  old  epi.scopal  palace,  now  the  prefecture,  a  tine  Gothic 
church,  communal  college,  town-hall,  and  hospital.  Its 
manufactures  consist  of  serge  and  coarse  woollen  cloths, 
and  it  has  a  brisk  trade  in  cattle,  wines,  brandy,  and  grain. 

LECZNA.  IJch'nd,  a  royal  town  of  Poland,  province  and 
15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lublin,  on  the  Wieprz.     Pop.  2266. 

LED.\,  li/dd,  a  river  of  Germany,  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Ohe  and  Marka,  on  the  frontiers  of  Oldenburg  and 
Hanover,  and  joins  the  Ems.  after  a  course  of  about  24 
miles,  part  of  which  is  navigable. 

LEDANO,  lA-dd/no,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  50  milea 
W.S.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  1100. 

LED'BURY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  county 
and  13  miles  E.  of  Hereford,  on  the  Hereford  and  Gloucester 
Canal.  Pop.  in  1851,  4624.  The  town,  on  a  declivity,  at 
the  S.  extremity  of  the  Malvern  Hills,  has  many  ancient, 
intei-mixed  with  hand.some  modern  hou.ees ;  a  church,  partly 
of  Norman  architecture,  with  a  detached  tower  and  fine 
altar-piece;  a  decaj'ed  grammar  school;  an  hospital,  with 
chapel,  for  24  brethren  and  sister.*,  founded  1232,  annua' 
revenue,  1720^;  several  other  charities;  a  union  workhouse, 
ancient  market-house,  2  branch  banks,  and  some  manufac- 
tures of  rope  and  sacking.  In  Its  vicinity  are  valuable  cider 
orchards,  hop  grounds,  and  marble  quarries. 

LEDE,  l.Vdeh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, 6i  miles  S.W.  of  I)endermond. 

LEDEBERG,  lA'dfh-bt'RG\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  at  the  junction  of  the  railways  from  Ghent 
to  Termonde  and  Ghent  to  Courtrai,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Ghent, 
with  two  castles  and  cotton-mills,     i'op.  2119. 

LEDKGHEM,  I;\/deh-<hC'n)\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  6'miles  AV.N.W.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  2637. 

LEDENITZ  or  LEDENtCZ.  lA'deh-neets\  Uxter  df.m 
Landstkix,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  and  9  milef 
E.S.E.  of  Budweis.     Pop.  985. 

LEDEROCKSVILLE,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 10  miles  Nrby  W.  of  Xorristown. 

LEDESM  A,  lA-dS.s'mii,  (anc.  Bletialama,)  a  fortified  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Salamanca,  on  the 
Tormes,  cros.sed  here  by  a  fine  old  Roman  bridge.  Pop. 
2000.     It  has  warm  mineral  baths,  much  frequented. 

LEDETSCH,  lA/detch,  (L.  LeAecmm,)  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Czaslau,  on  the  Sasawa.     Pop.  1948. 

LED'GER,  a  post-office  of  Yancey  co..  North  Carolina. 

LEDIARAK,  a  village  of  Austria.     See  LatiaraK. 

LED'LIES,  a  postofiice  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

LED'SHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West 
Riding. 

LED'YARD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  Londoi? 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Thames  River,  about 
45  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  woollen  fiannel.s,  leather.  &c.  The  Norwich  and  Wor- 
cester Railroad  terminates  at  .MIyn's  Point,  in  this  town- 
ship, and  a  ferry  communicates  with  Monteville.  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Connecticut.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
1615. 

LEDYARD,  a  post-township  of  Cayuga  co.,  N^w  Yoik.  on 
the  E.  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake,  about  160  miles  W.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  2219. 

LEE,  a  river  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  rises  in 
Lake  Gougane-Barra,  flows  E.,  and  enters  Cork  Harbor, 
after  a  course  of  35  miles. 

LEFj,  a  small  river  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry,  flows  into 
Tralee  Bay. 

LEE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

1029      • 


LEE 


LEE 


LEE,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
S.  edge  0  f  lilackheath,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  London.  Area, 
1470  acre,..  Pop.  2360.  It  has  many  handsome  residences, 
R  beautifal  new  church,  (in  the  hurying-ground  of  which, 
Ualley  the  aBtronomer  was  buried,)  and  an  endowed  schooL 
LKE,  a  Kiunty  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  ha.s  an  area  of  550 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Powell's  Itiver,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Clinch.  Cumberland  Mountain  forms  the  X.W. 
boundary,  and  Poweil's  Mountain  extends  along  or  near 
the  E.  bord  ;r ;  the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile.  Maple  sugar 
is  made  for  domestic  consumption.  Iron  ore,  saltpetre,  and 
limestone  are  abundant  in  the  county.  The  streams  fur- 
nish valuable  water-power.  Organized  in  1792,  and  named 
in  honor  of  Uenry  Lee.  at  that  time  governor  of  the  state. 
Capital,  Jonesville.  Pop.  11,032,  of  whom  10,208  were  free, 
and  824  slaves. 

LEE,  a  cjunty  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  contains  about 
S80  square  miles.  The  Flint  lliver  forms  its  eastern  boun- 
dary, and  it  is  also  drained  by  Muckalee  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  is  of  various  qualities. 
Burr-stones  and  fossils  of  the  tertiary  formation  are  found. 
Kamed  iu  honor  of  Kichard  Henry  Lee,  a  celebrated  orator 
and  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia,  in  1776.  Orga- 
nized in  1826.  Capital,  Starkville.  I'op.  7190,  of  whom 
2249  were  free,  and  4947  slaves 

LEE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area  of 
700  square  miles.  It  is  inter.<ected  by  Kock  Kiver,  and  also 
drained  by  Green  River  and  Bureau  Creek.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  the  soil  excellent.  The  county  is  princi- 
pally prairie,  but  portions  of  it  are  covered  with  timber. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Galena  Branch  of  the  Central  Kail- 
road.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Lee  of  the  Revolutionary 
war.    Capital,  Dixon.     Pop.  17,651. 

LEE,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Missouri  and  Illinois,  has  an  area  of  486  square 
miles.  It  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Des  Moines  Rivers,  which  respectively  form  the  boun- 
iaries  of  the  county  on  the  S.E.  and  S.W. ;  the  Skunk 
River  forms  its  X.E.  boundary;  it  is  also  drained  by 
Sugar  and  Ilalfbreed  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  presents  an  alternation  of  prairies  and  woodlands  in 
convenient  proportions.  The  soil  is  uniformly  and  highly 
productive.  In  1850,  Lee  county  produced  754.138  bushels 
of  corn,  149,414  of  wheat,  and  232,225  pounds  of  butter;  the 
quantity  of  each  being  greater  than  that  yielded  by  any 
other  county  in  the  state.  It  contains  extensive  beds  of 
Btone-coal  and  quarries  of  limestone.  The  streams  afford 
permanent  water-power.  The  state  has  undertaken  to  open 
steamboat  navigation  on  the  Ues  Moines  River.  Lee  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad.  This 
couiily  is  the  most  populous  in  the  stiite,  except  Dubuque 
county.  The  Sacs  and  Foxes  were  removed  from  the  soil 
about  1835.  Keokuk  and  Fort  Madison  are  the  capitiils. 
Pop.  29,232. 

LEE,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  about  112 
miles  N.E.  oi  Angusta.    Pop.  9.39. 

LEE,  a  post-township  of  Strafford  co..  New  Hampshire,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Lamprey  River,  about  30  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Concord.    Pop.  871. 

LEE,  a  post-village  in  Lee  township,  Berksliire  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Housatonic  River  and  Railroad,  11  miles 
S.  of  Pittsfield.  This  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  town- 
ships in  the  count}' ;  its  prosperity  is  owing  to  its  extensive 
woollen-factories  and  paper-mills.  The  village  contains  1 
or  2  banks,  6  churches,  and  1  newspaper  office.  Fine  mar- 
ble is  quarried  here.     Pop.  of  the  township,  4420. 

LEE,  a  post-township  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  with  a 
village  of  the  same  name,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Utica. 
Pop.  2796. 

liEE,  a  post-township,  forming  the   S.W.  extremity  of 
Athens  CO..  Ohio,  68  miles  S.E.  of  Columbvis.     Pop.  1301. 
LEE,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1225. 
LEE,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co,,  Michigan.    Pop.  876. 
LEE,  a  post-office  of  Warwick  co.,  Indiana. 
LEE,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1141. 
LEE,  a  post-office  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 
LEE,  a  township  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri.    Pop.  2128. 
LEE  BOT'WOOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
LEE  BROCK'HUKST.  a  parL-ih  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
LEE  CE.NTRE,  a  post-o%e  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York. 
LEE  CENTRE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Lee  CO.,  Illinois,  100  miles  W.  of  Chicago.     l>op.  763. 

LEECIl'BUKG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Armstrong  co., 
1  ennsylvania,  on  the  Kiskiminetas  River  and  Penn.>iylvania 
Canal,  3o  miles  N.E.  of  Pittsburg.  A  dam  across  the  river 
Here  creates  extensive  water-power.    Pop.  359. 

LEECH' VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Beaufort  co..  North  Caro- 
hna.  120  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

LEED.S,  a  municipal  and  parliamentary  borough  of  Ensr- 
and,  CO.  of  \ork,  West  Riding.  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  York,  on 
botli  sides  of  the  Aire,  which  is  here  crossed  by  six  brid.'es 
two  of  stone,  one  a  single  ar.h  of  cast  iron,  and  two  susp'en- 
gion  bridges  on  what  lias  l>een  called  the  Ijow  and  stnno 
pniiciple,  first  introduced  by  a  Leeds  engineer.    The  part 


of  the  town  on  the  right  or  S.  bank  of  the  river,  consists 
chiefly  of  the  populous  suburbs  of  Hunslot  and  liolbeek; 
the  much  more  important  part  on  the  N.  bank  furms  the 
town  proper,  and  occupies  the  summit  and  sides  of  a  hill 
sloping  E.,  W.,  and  N.    The  town  extends  alung  the  .\ire 
about  Ij  miles,  and  nearly  1  mile  back.   In  the  older  quarters, 
the  streets  are  generally  narrow  and  crooked.    The  only 
exception  is  the  Briggate,  which  is  at  once  spacious  and 
handsome,  gradually  ascending   from  the  old  bridge  in  a 
direct  line  of  about  600  yards,  f<>rming  the  main  thorough- 
fare.   In  the  more  modern  quarters,  particularly  on  ihe  W. 
slope,  are  several  good  streets  and  squares;   but,  on  the 
whole,  the  appearance  of  Leeds  is  by  no  means  prepossessing. 
■  Its  atmosphere,  owing  to  the  number  of  factories,  is  always 
hazy  with  smoke ;  and  at  least  in  the  narrower  streets,  the 
cleansing  process  is  very  imperfect.     In  both  these  respects, 
I  however,   important    improvements  have   recently    taken 
place.    The  hou,«es  are  in  general  neatly  and  substantially 
.  built  of  brick,  and  roofed  with  gray  slate;  and  many  elegant 
mansions,  possessed  of  all  mixlern  embelli.'ihments,  have 
I  recently  risen  up.    These  are  situatetl  for  the  most  part  in 
.  Park  Place,  Park,  Hanover,  and  Woodhouse  Squares,  in  all 
of  which  the  unoccupied  ground  is  well  laid  out  in  pastures 
and  shrubberies.     In  regard  to  paving,  lighting,  and   the 
supply  of  water,  Leeds  is  already  in  a  tolerably  satisfactory 
[  state ;  and  a  .system  of  sewerage  has  been  commenced  on  a 
scale  which,  when  completwl,  will  leave  it  uusurpa-ssed  by 
,  any  provincial  town  in  the  kingdom. 

'      The  ecclesiastical  edifices  within  the  townships  of  Leeds, 
I  Ilolbeck,  and  Ilunslet,  include  24  Established  churches  and 
chapels,  9  belonging   to  Wesleyan,  and   13   to   Methodists 
i  of    other    denominations,    5     Independent,    o    Baptist,    2 
I  Roman  Catholic,  a  Unitarian,  a  Friends'  meeting-houi^e,  &c. 
Among  the  parish  churches,  the  greater  part  of  which  are 
modern,  the  most  deserving  of  notice  are  St.  Peter"s,  a  deco- 
,  rated  cruciform  structure;  St.  John's,  in  the  later  English 
style,  with   an  embattled   tower,  terminated   by  crocheted 
pinnacles;  Holy  Trinity,  a  Doric  structure,  with  a  tower, 
I  one  stage  of  which  is  Corinthian  and  the  other  Ionic;  St, 
PauVs,  entered  by  a  handsome  Ionic  portico;  Christ  Church, 
'  in  the  decorated  English  style,  with  a  lofty  buttressed  tower ; 
:  St.  Jlary's,  in  a  similar  style;  and  St.  !<aviour"s,  completed 
j  in  1845,  at  an  expense  of  £20,000.    Two  of  the  Wesleyan 
chapels  are  conspicuous  both  for  their  elegance  and  their 
,  dimensions,  each  containing  3000  sittings.     The  new  Irde- 
'  pendent  chapel,  Ea.st  Parade,  is  a  handsome  Grecian  Build- 
ing; and  one  belonging  to  the  Roman  Catholics,  has  a  spire 
150  feet  high. 

The  other  public  edifices  of  Leeds  are  neither  numerous 
nor  very  remarkable.  The  more  conspicuous  are  the  Com- 
mercial buildings,  a  large  and  massive  Grecian  structure,  so 
situateil  as  to  have  three  fronts,  one  of  which,  containing 
the  main  entrance,  has  an  imposing  appearance,  and  .so 
arranged  as  to  combine  a  news-room,  concert-rooms,  and 
various  public  oftices;  the  Stock  Exchange,  of  the  composite 
order,  recently  completed,  and  justly  regarded  as  the  most 
ornamental  structure  of  which  the  town  can  boast;  the 
Court-llouse,  a  plain  building,  with  a  neat  Corinthian  portico, 
and  a  line  bronze  statue  of  the  late  Sir  Robert  Peel  placed 
in  front  of  it ;  the  Industrial  School,  and  the  new  House  of 
Itecovery,  beautiful  Elizabethan  structures,  with  highly 
decorated  fronts  and  octagonal  turrets;  the  borough  jail,  a 
recent  erection  on  improved  principles,  at  an  expense  of 
£43.000 ;  the  Philosophical  Hall,  a  hand.some  building,  partly 
occupied  as  a  museum ;  and  the  Central  Market,  a  spacious 
covered  building,  with  a  Grecian  front,  spacious  shops,  and 
avenues  of  stalls.  A  town-hall  suited  to  this  important 
borough  is  (1852),  about  to  he  erected  by  the  corporation, 
for  which  a  spacious  site  has  been  purchased. 

The  principal  educational  establishment  iu  which  classical 
instruction  is  given,  is  the  free  grammar  school,  originally 
founded  in  1552,  and  subsequently  enriched  by  bequests,  so 
as  to  have  an  income  of  about  £2000,  and  the  privileges  of 
an  exhibition  at  Oxford,  and  four  scholarships  at  Cambridge ; 
the  average  attendance  is  about  170.  For  a  humbler  »:du- 
cation,  the  first  place  belongs  to  the  industrial  school,  already 
mentioned;  the  buildings  and  grounds  of  which  cover  6 
acres,  and  provide  accommodation  for  400  children ;  teachers' 
apartments,  dining-hall,  dormitories,  and  all  other  requisites 
on  the  most  complete  scale.  There  are  also  a  mechanics' 
institute  school,  a  model  infant  school,  and  numerous  other 
schools  in  connexion  with  the  Establishment,  or  the  various 
bodies  of  Dissenters.  Among  literary  and  scientific  institu- 
tions, are  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  and  the 
Mechanics'  Institute,  the  latter  one  of  the  most  fioui  vhing 
of  its  kind  in  the  kingdom ;  and  there  are  several  good 
libraries,  especially  the  Lcjus  Library,  originally  founded  by 
Dr.  Priestley  in  1768,  and  the  New  Subscription  Library,  of 
much  more  recent  origin.  Tne  leading  charitable  establish- 
ments are  the  infirmary,  in  tb«  benefit  of  which  in-door  or 
out-door  patients,  to  the  uunr./er  of  above  30lX),  annually 
participate ;  the  house  of  recovery,  intended  for  fever  and 
other  infectious  diseases ;  the  dispen.>!«.'y ;  the  eye  and  eti 
infirmary ;  several  hospitals  and  alms  !  ouses;  and  a  v».i'ijtj 
of  philanthropic  associations,  as  >he  "^rades uian's  Eeuevo- 


J 


LEE 


LEE 


lent  Society,  the  Strangers'  Friend  Society,  the  Church  Visit- 
inji;  Socio'ty,  kc.  Tliere  are  3  public  cemeteries;  tliat  on 
^^'oolihou.«e  Jloor  was  opened  in  1S35.  the  otlier  two  more 
recently.  Leeds  has  a  branch  of  the  Bank  of  linglaud,  seve- 
ral (jther  banks,  and  a  savings  institution. 

Few  towns  are  more  favorably  situated,  both  for  manu- 
factures and  trade.  It  stands  near  the  centre  of  one  of  the 
most  important  coal-fields  of  England,  is  accessible  from  the 
Bea  bj'  the  river  Aire,  for  vessels  of  120  tons ;  communicates 
by  canals  both  with  the  Mersey  at  Liverpool,  and  the  num- 
ber at  Goole,  and  many  manufacturing  towns;  and  has 
recently  become  the  centre  of  a  network  of  railwajs,  leaving 
it  almost  nothiug  to  desire  in  respect  to  facility  of  transport. 
Thc-ie  gn-at  advantages  have  been  turned  to  good  account, 
and  the  prosperity  of  tlie  town,  already  raj 'id  almost  beyond 
example,  continues  to  increase.  In  woollens,  one  of  the 
great  staple  manufactures  of  the  kingdom,  it  takes  a  decided 
load.  For  a  long  time,  only  the  coarser  kinds  of  woollens 
were  n;an\ifactured,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  weaving 
was  performed  by  domestic  looms.  A  great  number  of  these 
are  still  employed,  but  the  valuable  improvements  in  ma- 
chinery and  other  processes,  in  the  invention  and  perfecting 
of  which  Mr.  William  Hirst,  a  native  of  the  place,  greatly 
distinguished  himself,  have  led  to  the  general  introduction 
of  the  factory  system;  which,  under  whatever  defects  it  may 
otherwise  labor,  has  certainly  tended  both  to  an  immen.se 
hicrease  of  the  quantity,  and  improvement  iu  the  quality 
of  the  goods.  Cloths  which,  for  tineness  and  color,  cannot 
be  surpassed,  are  now  regularly  produced;  and,  in  many 
instances,  from  the  first  step  in  the  process  to  its  completion, 
by  tlie  agency  of  steam.  The  most  important  woollens  made 
here  are  superfine  broadcloths,  coarse  narrows,  pelisse  cloth, 
shawls,  Scotch  camlets,  blankets,  &<:.  The  greater  part  of 
the  cloth  made,  at  least  by  the  (tC•r.i.^stic  manufai'turers,  is 
disposed  of  in  the  Cloth  Halls.  These  are  two  immense  and 
most  ungainly  brick  buildings,  in  each  of  which  two  weekly 
markets  are  held,  anrt  the  goods  ready  for  sale  are  brought 
forwai'd  and  arranged  for  inspection  in  avenues  of  stalls. 
The  one,  called  the  AVhite  Cloth  Ilall,  is  for  undyed  goods; 
the  otlier  is  for  dyed  goods,  on  which  all  the  processes  of 
manufacture  have  been  performed  except  shearing  or 
finish.  Flax  spinning  and  weaving  are  likewise  extensively 
carried  on.  and  employ  alijiost  as  many  hands  as  the  wool- 
len manufactures,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  table, 
obligingly  supplied  by  the  Government  Local  Inspector  of 
factories : — 

Statistical  Tablk  0/  the  Factories  situated  in  the  Borough  0/ 


I 

Nature  of  Work. 

^4 
lit 

2     1 

■?xS 

Si's. 

1 

-<:a4 

Woollen  Mauufacturiug    .    . 
WooUeu  Dreisiug    .... 

Aggregate  Woollen  1 

Manufactures.     .) 

Worsted  SpiuuiugaiidWea- ) 

viug > 

Flax  Spinning  and  Weaving 

'Silk  .Spinning 

Worsted  Printing     .... 

54 

48 

640« 
3944 

15«4 
824 

118,637 

S«3 

102 
9 

37 

1 
1 

150 

10.350 
1077 
9458 

X3S8 
186 
1831 

118,637 

9716 

198,076 

883 
655 
140 

•20,885 

4405 

3:'6,4;;9 

1678 

The  manufacture  of  locomotives  employs  about  2000  liands ; 
there  are  3  tool-making  estiiblishments,  and  machine-making 
is  extensively  carried  on.  Other  manufactures,  of  a  greater 
or  less  extent,  are  cotton  and  silk  goods,  leather,  Spanish 
morocco  leather,  glass,  earthenware,  mustard,  chiccory,  and 
tobacco.  There  are  also  several  extensive  oil-mills  in  the 
town  and  neighborhood. 

Leeds  received  its  first  charter  of  incorporation  in  the  2d 
of  Charles  I. ;  and  a  second,  the  former  having  been  forfeited, 
iu  the  13th  of  Charles  II.  The  parliamentary  borough  is  co- 
extensive with  the  parish,  and  30  miles  in  circuit.  It  returns 
2  members  to  Tarliament.  Theviciuity  of  the  town  is  crowded 
with  villages,  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  employed  in 
manufacturing  for  the  Leeds  market ;  and  adorned  with  many 
handsome  villas,  but  the  only  object  possessed  of  much  in- 
terest is  the  fine  ruin  of  Kirkstall  Abbey,  about  2  miles 
distant.  The  most  eminent  natives  of  Leeds  or  its  vicinity, 
are  Smeaton,  the  engineer  of  Eddystone  Lighthouse;  Dr. 
rnestiey,  Dr.  Kichard  Bentley,  and  the  two  Jliiners,  Joseph 
and  Isaac,  both  distinguished  as  theologians,  and  the  former 
author  of  a  well-known  church  history.  Leeds  sends  2 
memliers  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Pop.  in  1841,  151,850, 
and  in  1 S51 ,  IT  1 .805 ;    in  1>S61,  207,153. 

LEEDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  4J  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Maidstone.  The  village  is  ancient  and  picturesque.  Leeds 
Castle  Isafineild  quadrangular  pile,  surrounded  by  a  moat. 

LEEDS,  a  post-townshiij  of  .\ndroscoggin  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  E  side  of  the  Androscoggin  Iliver,  about  18  miles  W. 


by  S.  of  Aagusta.  The  .\ndroscnggin  Railroad  joins  the 
Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  Railroad  in  this  township. 
Pop.  1390. 

LKKDS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Hampshire  cc,  Slassachusetts. 
IjKEDS,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  New  York,  on  Cat.<kill 
Creek,  aliout  33  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

LEEDS,  apoBt-towiisiiip,C\ilumbia CO., Wisconsin.  P.  1111, 
LKED,S,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Canada  West,  near  the 
commencement  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Itivi^r,  whicli  forms  its  S 
boundary.  Within  its  limits  are  several  small  lakes  whict 
form  the  sources  of  the  Cataraqui  and  Kideau  Ilivers.  Area 
805  .square  miles.     Pop.  30,280. 

LEEDS  CENTRE,  a  village  of  Andro.sooggiu  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Androscoggin  Railroad,  7  miles  W.  of  its  juuctioa 
with  the  Maine  Central  Itaih'oad. 

LEEDS  M.^VNOl!,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia. 
LEEDS  POINT,  a  small  post-village  of  Atlantic  co..  New 
Jersey,  about  15  miles  nearly  E.  of  May's  Landing. 

LEEDS  ST.\TION,  a  post-vilhige  of  Andro.scoggin  co., 
Maine,  at  the  junction  of  the  Androscoggin  Raihxiad  with 
the  Maine  Central  Railroad. 

LEEDS/VILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Dutchess  co., 
New  York,  about  60  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany.  It  contains 
a  bank  and  about  500  inhabitants. 

LKEDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Atlantic  co..  Now  Jersey, 
on  the  seashore,  11  miles  S.E.  of  May's  Landing. 

LEEDSVILLE,  a  village  in  Randolph  co.,  W.  Virginia, 
about  112  miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

LEEFDA  AL  or  LEEFDAEL,  laifdftl',  a  village  of  Relginm, 
province  of  Brabant,  on  the  Voer,  13  miles  E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1723, 

LEKK,   a  manufacturing  market-town,   and    parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Churnet,  12  miles  S.H  of 
MiUJcIesfield.     Area  of  parish,  34,370  acres.     Pop.  in   1851, 
13,292.    The  town,  in  a  vale  in  the  hilly  district,  called  the 
Jloorlands,  has  many  old  and  some  good  modern  houses,  an 
ancient  Gothic  church,  a  pyramidal  cross,  supposed  to  be 
Danish,  a  small  town-hall,  union  workhouse,  and  a  mechan- 
ics' institution,  with  extensive  m«nut"actures  of  silks  and 
ribbons.    A  canal,  connecting  it  with  the  Trent  and  Mersey, 
and  an  abundance  of  coal  iu  the  vicinity,  facilitate  its  trade. 
LEEK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 
LEEK.  FRITH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
LEEK,  WOOLTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 
LEEK,  DE,  Ak  laik,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
and  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  tlroningen.     I'op.  4451. 

LEE'LEN-^W,  a  recently  organized  county  of  Michigan, 
in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  lower  peninsula,  bordering  on  Lake 
Michigan;  area  estini.ated  at  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Carp  and  Platte  Rivers.     Pop.  2158. 

LEE'MING,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  North 
Riding. 

LEENDE,  lain'deh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Bra>iant,'7  miles  S.E.  of  Eindhoven.     Pop.  1528. 

LEENS,  lains,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gronin- 
gen,  21  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Appingedam.  Pop.  828. 
LEE'PEiiTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 
LEER,  laiR,  a  town  of  Hanover,  17  miles  S.  of  Aurich, 
on  the  Leda,  near  its  junction  with  the  Em.s.  It  has 
manufiictures  of  linen.s.  ho.^iery,  soap,  vinegar,  and  candles. 
In  1845,  8S0  vessels  (mostly  Hanoverian)  entered  aud  933 
left  the  port. 

LEERD.^M.  laiRVldm'.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  South  Holland.  19    miles    E.N.E.  of   Dort.      Pop.  2605 
LEERSUM,  hiiR'siim,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  and 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Utrecht.     Pop.  684. 

LEES,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
LEES/BURG,  a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  New  Jersicy,  on 
Maurice  River.  11  miles  S.  of  Millville. 

LEESBURG,  a  post-ofBce  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey. 
LEESBURG,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn.sylvania,  10 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Lancaster. 

LEESBURG,  a  postrofRce  of  fiercer  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
LEESBURG,  a  handsome  post-borough,  capital  of  Loudon 
CO.,  Virginia,  is  .situated  near  the  Kittoctan  Mountain.  3  miles 
from  the  Potomac  River,  and  150  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 
The  streets  are  well  paviKl,  and  the  town  is  built  in  a  neat 
and  substantial  manner.  It  contains  a  court-house,  S 
churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  a  new.spaper  office.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  fertile,  well-cultivated  country,  which 
presents  a  beautiful  variety  of  landscapes.  Pop.  in  1850, 
1691.    Free  popul.ition  in  1860,  11-30. 

LEESBURG,  a  post-village  in  Cherokee  co.,  Alabama,  150 
miles  N.  of  Montgomery. 

LEESBURG,  a  post-village  in  Washington  eo.,  Tennessee, 
270  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Na.'hville. 

LEESBURG.  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co..  Kentucky.  27 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Frankfort,  contains  3  churches,  1  manufac- 
tory of  wool,  and  1  of  bagging. 

LEESBURG,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Conotten  Creek,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Carrollton.  It  contains  2 
churches,  and  several  stores. 

LEESBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohir\ 
on  the  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Marietta,  11  miles  N.  of 
Hillsborough.    Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

1031 


LEE 

LEKPBIIRG,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Union  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1242. 

LEES15URG,  a  post^Tillaire  of  Kosciusko  CO..  Indiana,  on  the 
railroad  from  Elkhart  to  Peru,  and  on  the  bonier  of  Turkey 
Creek  Prairie,  116  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

LEE'S  COVE,  a  post-vilLige  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama,  60 
miles  X.N.'VV.  of  Montgomciy. 
LEE'S  CREEK,  a  po.st-office  of  Clinton  CO.,  Ohio. 
LEE'S  CROSS  RO.\DS,  a  post-villaire  of  Cumberland  co., 
Penn.sjlvania,  about  16  miles  S.W.  of  Carlisle. 
LEE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky. 

LEES'PORT,  a  thriving  post-Tillajre  of  Berks  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Schuylkill  River  ami  Canal,  and  near  the 
Pottsville  and  Reading  Railroad.  8  mile.s  X.  of  Reading.  It 
contains  a  large  mill,  and  several  hundred  inhabitants. 

LEEST,  laist,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  16  miles 
S.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Sonne.     Pop.  1430. 

LEE  ST.  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthum- 
berland. 

LEES'VTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  Connecticut. 

LEESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co.,  New  York, 
about  50  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

LEESVILLE,  a  postvillage  in  Campbell  co.,  Virginia,  110 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

LEESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Robeson  co.,  North  Carolina, 
100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

LEESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lexington  district.  South 
Carolina.  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Columbia. 

LEESVILLE,  a  village  in  Choctaw  co.,  MissLssippi,  100 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

LEESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lauderdale  co..  Tennessee. 

LEKSVILLE,  a  |X)st-village  in  Hart  co.,  Kentucky,  about 
90  miles  S.W.  of  Fraukfort. 

LEESVILLE,  Ohio.     See  Leesbcto. 

LEESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  CO.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
E.  of  Bucyrus.  It  contains  2  churches,  and  perhaps  400 
inhabitants. 

LEESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  E.  of  Bedford. 

LEESVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois. 

LEESVILLE  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postrvUlage  of  Crawford 
CO.,  Ohio,  70  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

LEETOWN.  a  post-village  of  Jeflfersonco.,W.Virginia,  165 
miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

LEEUW.\RDE\,  lo'waRMen,  or  iS'il-ftiuMen,  (Frisian, 
LieuiveH,  Iyo'*Jrt;  L.  Leuva'r'dia,)  a  town  of  Holland,  tlie 
largest  in  the  province  of  Frie.«land.  70  miles  N.E.  of  Amster- 
dam; lat.  53°  12'  14"  N.,  Ion.  5°  47'  41"  E.,  in  a  fertile  plain 
on  the  Ee,  10  miles  from  the  sea,  thougli  once  it  lay  on  the 
shores  of  a  deep  bay.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  deep  broad 
ditch,  with  an  exterior  talus  planted  with  trees;  and  the 
site  of  the  walls  has  likewise  been  formed  into  a  planted 
promenade.  The  town  is  well  built,  adorned  with  numerous 
elegant  edifices,  both  public  and  private ;  is  intersected  by 
numerous  canals,  and  is  rapidly  increasincr.  The  principal 
buildings  are  the  former  Court  of  the  Stadtholdcrs  of  Frijs-  j 
land,  a  plain-looking  structure,  now  converted  into  a  royal 
palace;  the  Government-house,  a  large  fine  edifice;  the  "old  | 
liandhuis,  now  used  for  the  courts  of  first  resort;  the  House 
of  Correction,  tlie  civil  and  military  prison,  a  large,  hand^^ome 
town-house;  the  Wcighhouse.  Corn-exchange. new  barracks,  ' 
and  the  churches,  of  which  there  are  3  Cilvinistic,  1  Evan-  ■. 
gelical  Lutheran,  a  Baptist,  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  a  syna-  I 
gogue.  The  lienevolent  institutions  include  2  general,  and  3 
orphan,  hospitals;  2  poor-hou.«es,  and  several  schools  for  the 
poor.  Of  other  schools  there  are  3  Latin,  a  town's  commer- 
cial, and  numerous  elementary  and  intermediate;  and  there 
are  likewise  several  learned  societies,  as  the  Society  of  Fri- 
sian History,  Antiquities,  and  Language;  a  natural  history 
society.  Ac;  and  al.so  various  associations  for  the  jistribu- 
tion  of  tracts,  Bibles,  and  other  religious  books.  Leeuwar- 
den  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in  the  produce  of  the 
province.  It  has  2  breweries,  8  distilleries,  5  potteries.  7 
tan-yards,  8  boat-building  yards,  as  many  rope-walks;  ma- 
nufactures of  chiccory,  tobacco,  soap,  and  linen;  and  saw, 
oil.  cement,  walk,  and  corn  mills.     Pop.  in  1863,  24,697. 

LEEUWEN,  lii/wen,  or  ]C'u-*en,  a  vill.age  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Gelderland.  14  miles  W.  of  Nymwefren. 
Pop.  1500. 

LEKfWIN.  CAPE.    See  Cape  Leeuwix. 

LEEUWIN  (l.Vu-win  or  lew'in)  LAND  comprises  most 
part(>f  the  colony  of  West  Australia.  S.  of  lat.  30°  S. 

LEE  VAI/LKY,  a  postrvillage  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee, 
256  miles  E.  of  N.i.;hville. 

LEE'WAUD  ISLANDS,  a  name  applieil  to  the  We-st  India 
Islands,  N.  of  lat.  15°  N..  and  comprising  the  British  islands 
Dominiciu  Montierrat,  Anligua,  St.  Christopher,  Anguilla, 
and  the  A  irgin  group,  the  French  islands  tiuadelouix;  and 
Mane  Galante.  with  all  the  Danish,  Swedish,  and  most  of  the 
Dutch  possessions  in  this  archipelago.  S.  of  this  group  are 
the  WINDWARD  Islands. 

LEFFE.  \(Pf\.  a  villnire  of  Northernltaly, province  and  12 
miles  l!,.N.E.  of  Bergamo.     Pop.  1300. 

I.  »-''^f '^'"'"  '•^'^'''■1>-  "  *  il'a.'e  of  Asm  Minor,  Anatolia,  45  miles 
fc.N.1,.  of  BriKa,  neatlj'  built  of  sun-baked  brick. 
1032 


LEG 

LEFKE,  iJfkee,  a  village  of  Ithaca,  Ionian  Islands,  IJ 
miles  N.W.  of  Vathi. 

LEFKOSIA,  Ii^f-ko-zee/a,  more  commonly  NICOSIA,  ne-ko- 
zee'd.  the  capital  city  of  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  near  its  centre. 
Pop.  18,000 (?).  about  two-thirds  Turks.  It  is  "a  Venetian, 
converted  into  a  Turkish  city;"  h.iving  ba.«tionrd  walls, 
mosques  which  have  all  been  cliurclies,  one  a  fine  Gothic 
edifice;  several  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic  churches  and 
convents,  a  large  caravanserai,  and  some  baths.  The  houses 
are  furnished  with  balconies,  and  enclosed  by  gardens,  &c., 
but  its  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty,  and  it  is  mostly  in 
decay.  It  has  manufactures  of  carpets,  printed  cottons,  and 
red  leather,  and  some  trade  in  cotton  and  wine. 

LEFLORE',  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
Yazoo  River,  at  the  confluence  of  its  brunches,  IS  miles  Vf. 
of  Carrollton.     Much  cotton  is  shipped  b^re  bv  stcamlwats. 

LEFOOGA,  LEFOUGA,  LEFUGA.  le-foo'gl  writt.^n  al.so 
LEFOUKA.  le-foon<.l  and   LEEFO'GA.  one  of  the   T<.nga 
Isl.inds.  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.    Lat.  10°  48'  12"  S.,  ion 
174°  20'  W.    It  is  about  7  miles  long,  and  3  miles  broad. 
LEFTRO.     See  Lelctra. 

LEFT'WICH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
LEFUGA  ISLAND.    See  Lefooga. 

LEGAN.  li/gdn,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swa 
bia.  13  miles  N.W.  of  Kempten.     Pop.  1827. 

LEG.\NES,  lA-g.i'nfs.  a  small  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
7  miles  S.W.  of  Madrid,  by  the  inhabitants  of  which  it  is 
much  frequented  as  a  rural  retreat.     Pop.  1905. 

LEGANIEL.  l.A-gi-ne-tM',  a  village  of  Spain,  New  Castile, 
38  miles  from  Cuenca,    Pop.  1106. 

LEGAZPIA,  l.'i-gds'pe-a  or  li-gSth'pe-a,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Biscay,  on  the  Urola.  27  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian.   P.  1136. 
LEGBOURNE,  leg'burn,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln, 3  miles  S.E.  of  Louth.    It  has  a  station  on  the  Great 
Northern  Railway. 

LEGf;,  leh-zh.V,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-Inferieure,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3703. 

LE6ELSIIURST,  l.VghJls-hoonsf.  a  village  of  Baden,  cii^ 
cle  of  Middle  Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Kork.     Pop.  1408. 

LEGEND,  liVh^nd',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Ilither  Danube, 
Pop.  1121. 
LEG'ERWOOD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 
LEG'ESBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
LEGHORN,  Ifg'horn  or  l^g-hoin'.  (It.  Lirnrim.  le-voR'no; 
Fr.  Liroume.  leeSooRn';  Sp.  Linriia.  le-on'nd:  anc.  LVntH- 
ntim,  LUiurIni  Piir>tus,  and  Her'culU  Lihro>nis  Porftitx.)  a 
seaport  town  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Pisa,  on  a  tongue  ot 
land  extending  into  the  5rediterranean'r~Lat.  (liirht-house) 
43°  32' 42"  N.,  Ion.  10^  27' 45"  E.;  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Flo- 
rence, with  wBich.  and  with  Pisa,  it  is  connected  by  milw.iy. 
It  is  ne;irly  in  the  form  of  a  square,  and  surrounded  by 
modern  walls,  with  five  gates;  it  is  well  built,  consisting 
generally  of  spacious,  regular,  and  well-paved  streets.  It 
is  of  comparatively  recent  origin,  having  been  a  mere  fish- 
ing village  up  to  the  middle  of  the  IGth  century,  aud  hence 
jwssesses  few  objects  of  interest  iu  architecture  and  art. 
The  most  remarkable  buildings  and  establishments  are 
the  Duomo,  originally  only  a  parish  church,  and  of  such 
limited  dimensions,  that  a  new  cathedral  on  a  larger  scale 
has  been  begun;  the  church  of  the  Madonna,  wiili  good 
pictures  by  Roselli  and  11  Volleranno;  two  Greek  churches, 
a  synagogue,  richly  ornamented  with  marbles;  a  mosque, 
a  ducal  palace,  a  marble  statue  of  Ferdinand  L,  by  Pietra 
Tacca;  the  lazarettos  of  San  Rocco.  San  Jacopo,  aud  San 
liCopoldo,  all  well-managed  institutions  and  remarkable 
structures,  particularly  the  last  which  is  one  of  the  most 
magnificent  works  of  the  kind  in  Europe ;  the  Torre  de 
Marzocco,  built  of  red  marble,  and  so  called  from  the  Mar- 
zocco  or  Lion  by  which  it  is  surmounted;  a  theatre,  public 
library,  and  aqueduct.  The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of 
articles  in  coral,  of  which  there  is  a  valuable  fishery;  wool- 
len and  silk  goods,  straw  bonnets,  glass,  paper,  soap,  cordage, 
leather,  starch,  &c. 

Possessing  the  privileges  of  a  free  port.  Leghorn  has  an 
extensive  trade,  both  general  and  transit,  furnishing  the 
chief  source  of  its  prosperity.  The  harbor  is  of  large  extent, 
but  somewhat  difficult  of  entrance,  from  the  numerous 
slioals  which  surround  it.  It  is  also  much  silted  up.  parti- 
cularly in  the  inner  harbor,  which  is  now  chiefly  useil  as 
repairing  and  building  docks.  The  outer  harbor  is  protected 
by  a  fine  mole,  which  extends  about  half  a  mile  into  the 
sea.  The  depth  of  water  at  its  extremity,  however,  is  not 
more  than  18  feet,  aud  diminishes  rapidly  towards  the  inte- 
rior, making  it  inaccessible  by  vessels  of  large  burdi'n.  The 
roadstead,  lying  W.N.W.  of  the  harlwir,  is  protectr^d  by  a 
long  sandbank,  which  breaks  the  violence  of  the  waves; 
and.  though  exposetl  at  times  to  a  heavy  swell,  has  gootl 
anchorage  in  ample  depth.  The  principal  exports  are  silk, 
raw  and  manufactured;  straw,  raw  and  plaited;  straw  bon- 
nets, borax  and  boracic  acid,  fruit,  wine,  oil,  coral,  marble, 
paper,  timber,  corn,  hemp,  anchovies,  Ac;  the  principal 
imjiorts,  colonial  pnnluce.  raw  cotton,  cotton  twist,  cotum 
and  woollen  coods.  dye-stuffs,  metals,  hunlwari.  earthen- 
ware, salted  fish,  4c.     In  1845,  3945  vessels,  of  which  36,294 


LEG 


LEI 


tons  vrere  in  British  bottoms,  entered  the  port;  and  207 
Britisli  vessels,  tonnage  34.415,  cleared. 

Leirhorn  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  the  residence  of  a  civil  and 
a  miiittiry  governor,  the  seat  of  a  court  of  primary  resort, 
a  chamber  of  commerce,  foreign  consulates,  sanitary  direc- 
tory, several  important  public  offices,  and  literary,  scientific, 
artistic,  and  benevolent  institutions.  Though  originally  a 
Roman  port,  it  ha.s  not  a  vestige  of  anticjuity,  and  had 
dwindled  down  into  a  fishing  village,  when  its  great  capa- 
bilities for  commerce  were  discerned  by  the  gran(l-<lukes  of 
the  Medici  family,  who  surrounded  it  with  fortifications, 
constructed  its  harbor,  and  bestowed  upon  it  valuable  pri- 
vileges, of  which  not  the  least  important  was  full  toleration 
to  all  nations  and  creeds.  It  suffered  much  during  the 
ascendancy  of  Xapoleon,  from  his  continental  blockade.  It 
has  more  than  doubled  its  population  since  1833.  Pop. 
1862,  83,543. 

LEGIKl',  lA-Gheep',  or  COUNT  IIEIDKN  (hi'den)  ISI^ 
AND.S,  a  group  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  Marshall  Archi- 
pelago, Carolines,  the  centre  island,  in  lat.  9°  51'  30"  N.,  Ion. 
169°  13'  30"  K. 

LKGTO  SKPTTMA  GEMINA.    See  Lfon. 

LEGNAGO,  l5n-yi'go,  a  fortified  town  of  North  Italy, 
Veuotiii,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Olona  and  Adige. 
Pop.  5900.  It  has  a  royal  gymnasium,  a  theatre,  hospital, 
and  manufactures  of  leather,  and  extensive  corn  markets. 
The  French  were  defeated  here  in  1701. 

LKGN'A.JA,  BOKGO  DI,  boR'go  dee  Un-yl'd,  a  village  of 
Tuscany,  forming  a  suburb  of  Florence,  on  the  W.     P.  2104. 

IjKGNANO,  li'^n-yd/no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Milan,  on  the  Olona,  here  crossed  by 
two  stone  bridges,  connecting  the  two  portions  of  the  town. 
In  1776  the  Emperor  Frederick  Barbarossa  was  defeated 
here  by  the  Milanese.     Pop.  4790. 

LEGNI,  lAii'yee.  or  LEYNI,  Id'nee',  a  village  of  Piedmont, 
province  and  9  miles  N.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  3090. 

LEGKAD.  I.'l-grdd',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szar 
lad,  on  the  Drave,  10  miles  N.  of  Kopreinitz.     Pop.  2337. 

LE  GRAND,  a  post-office  of  Mar.shall  co.,  Iowa. 

LEGS,  a  post-office  of  Watagua  co..  North  Carolina. 

liEII  or  Lfi,  l.i,  or  LEI,  l.Vee,  a  city  of  Central  Asia,  capi- 
tal of  the  district  of  Ladakh,  (Little  Thibet,)  in  the  valley 
of  the  Indus,  N.  of  the  Himalayas.  Lat.  34"  10'  N.,  Ion.  77° 
45'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  and  towers,  and  very  irre- 
gularly laid  out.  It  has  several  Boodhic  temples,  and  the 
rajah's  palace;  an  active  trade  in  shawl  wool,  and  a  mint. 
Pop.  variouslv  estimated  at  from  4000  to  12,000. 

LE  HAVRE.     See  Havre. 

LEIIE.  lA'h.'i,  a  village  of  Hanover,  principality  of  Stude, 
on  the  AVeser  and  Oeeste,  near  Bremerhafen.     Pop.  1545. 

LEHESTEN.  lA'Js-ten,  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  duchy 
of  Sax(i-Meiningen,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Grafenthal.     Pop.  997. 

LEIII,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Arkansa.s. 

LEHI  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Utah  CO.,  Utah  territory,  at 
the  egress  of  Jordan  River  from  Utah  Lake,  about  110  miles 
N.E.  of  Fillmore  City.     The  inhabitants  are  Mormons. 

LEHIGH,  leelii,  {Lechay  of  the  Indians,)  a  river  of  Penn- 
sylvania, has  its  sources  in  the  pine  swamps  and  forests  of 
Luzerne,  Pike,  and  Monroe  counties.  It  is  a  beautiful  and 
rapid  stream,  and  the  scenery  along  its  banks  is  highly  pic- 
turesque. After  flowing  through  tiie  rich  coal  region  of 
Carbon  county,  it  breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  12  miles 
below  Mauch  Chunk,  and  falls  into  the  Delaware  at  Eastern. 
The  improved  navigation  which  has  been  openetl  on  this 
river  from  its  mouth  to  White  Haven,  a  distance  of  70  miles 
by  water,  is  the  channel  of  an  immense  trade  in  coal  and 
lumber.     Its  whole  length  is  about  90  miles. 

LEHIGH,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
has  an  area  of  350  square  miles.  The  Leliigh  River,  from 
which  the  name  is  derived,  flows  along  the  N.E.  border,  and 
intersects  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  which  is  also 
drained  by  the  Little  Lehigh,  Jordan,  Saucon,  and  Copley 
Creeks.  The  greater  part  of  it  lies  in  the  Kittatinny  Valley, 
bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Blue  Mountain,  and  on  the  S.E. 
by  a  ridge  called  South  Mountain,  or  Lehigh  Hills.  This 
valley  has  an  undulating  surface,  and  is  remarkable  for  its 
beauty  and  fisrtility.  Limestone  and  clay  slate  are  abundant 
in  the  county,  and  quarries  of  the  latter  have  been  opened. 
Great  quantities  of  iron  ore  are  found,  and  several  furnaces 
are  kept  in  constant  operation.  The  canal  which  has  been 
constructed  along  the  Lehigh  River  to  the  coal  region  has 
contributed  materially  to  the  wealth  of  this  county.  It 
was  mostly  settled  by  Germans,  and  the  German  language 
Is  chiefly  spoken.  Organized  in  1812.  Capital,  Allentown. 
Pop.  43,753. 

LEHIGH,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2913. 

LEHIGH  GAP.  a  post-village  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Lehigh  River,  where  it  breaks  through  the  Blue 
Mountains,  about  80  miles  E.X.E.  of  Harrisburg.  The 
scenery  here  is  wild,  and  in  the  highest  degrc^e  picturesque. 

LElilGHTON,  le-hT'ton,  a  post-village  of  Carbon  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh  River,  36 
miles  W.N.M'.  of  Easton.  A  bridge  extends  across  the  river 
here.    In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  iron  works. 


LEHMAN,  lee'man,  a  post-townsliip  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pentt 
sylvania,  120  miles  N.N.E.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  695. 

LEHMAN,  a  town.ship  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  906 

LEHMEN.    See  Lemhent. 

LEHNIN,  l.i-neen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden 
burg,  government  and  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Potsdam.    P.  988 

LEHOT.\,  li'ho'toh\  the  name  of  several  small  village* 
of  Hungary. 

Also  Lehota,  ftlVsho/  LA^ho'tiih',  (i.  e.  "  Lower  Lahota,")  a 
village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  county  of  Sohl,  10 
miles  from  Neusohl.     Pop.  901. 

Feketk  Lehota,  f'Ok,Vta*  ld*ho'toh\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Hither  Theiss,  22  miles  from  Rosenau.     Pop.  931. 

FELSii  Lehota,  fJlVhii/  lA'ho't<"ih\  (i.  e.  •'  Upper  Lehota,"  s 
village  of  Hungary.  Hither  Danube. 

Jano  Lehota,  yi'no^  l.Vho'ti"ih\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Hither  Danube,  30  miles  from  Schemnitz.     Pop.  961. 

KiRALT  Lehota,  keVdl'  l4'ho'toh\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Hitlier  Danube,  in  the  county  of  Liptau,  near  the  AVaag. 
Pop.  900. 

LEHRBERO,  lalR/b^RO.  orLERCIlENBERG,  iaR'Kex-b?RG\ 
a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  Middle  Franconia,  on  the  Rezat, 
here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nurem- 
berg; with  a  castle.     Pop.  1091. 

LEHREE  or  LEHRI,  lA/ree,  the  most  considerable  town 
of  Cutch-Gundava,  Belooehistan,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Bhag. 
Pop.  estimated  at  6000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a 
well-supplied  bazaar. 

LEHUA,  U-hoo/a,  or  OREEHINA  (o-ree-hee'na)  ISLAND, 
one  of  the  smaller  Sandwich  Islands,  off  the  N.  end  of  Nihau. 

LEI,  a  city  of  Central  Asia.    See  Leh. 

LEIA,  l.VyJ  or  li'e-yj,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  near  the 
Indus,  57  miles  S.  of  Dera-Ismaeel-Khan.  Pop.  IS.OiW.  It 
has  an  active  trade  in  indigo,  madder,  sugar,  sUk,  cotton, 
wools,  metals,  and  grain. 

LEIBITZ,  li'bits,  (\l\xn.  Lajhicz,  llliits',  SUy.  Liln'criiim, 
le-bit/se-oom,)  a  market-town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips, 
on  a  small  river,  near  Kesmark.  Pop.  24i3.  It  has  sul- 
phur baths,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 

LEIBNITZ,  ITWnits,  or  LINDENSTADT,  lin'den-statt\  a 
town  of  Austria,  Styria,  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Gratz.  Pop. 
1100. 

LEICESTER,  iSs'ter,  or  LEICESTERSHIRE,  iJs/ter-shir, 
an  inland  county  of  England,  nearly  in  its  centre,  having 
N.  the  counties  of  Derby  and  Notts.  E.  Lincoln  and  Rutland, 
S.  Northampton  and  Warwick,  and  W.  Warwick  and  Der- 
by. Area,  803  square  miles,  or  515,840  acres,  of  which  about 
480.000  acres  are  estimated  to  be  grass  or  arable.  Pop.  in 
1851,2.30,308.  Surface  undulating.  Chief  rivers,  the  Trent, 
(on  the  N.  bortlor,)  and  Soar.  The  breeds  of  cattle  and 
long-woollcd  sheep  are  much  celebrated.  Coal  and  some 
iron  and  lead  are  wrought.  The  county  is  the  principal 
seat  of  the  woollen  hosiery  manufacture.  Leicestershire  is 
traversed  by  the  Midland  Counties  Railway,  and  is  con- 
nected by  canals  with  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Chief 
towns,  Leicester,  Loughborough,  and  Hinckley.  It  sends  6 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons,  4  being  for  the  county. 
The  ancient  earldom  of  Leicester  is  now  in  thi?  Coke  family, 

LEICESTER,  a  parliamentary  and  nuinicipal  borough 
and  manufacturing  town  of  England,  capital  of  a  county, 
on  the  Soar,  and  on  the  Midland  Railway,  20  miles  E.N  E, 
of  Itugby,  and  26^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Derby.  Pop.  of  the  town 
in  1851,  60,584.  It  is  plea.santly  situated  near  the  centre 
of  the  county,  is  generally  well  built  and  clean.  Chief 
structures,  4  bridges  across  the  Soar.  8  churches,  a  news- 
room, concert-hall,  mechanics'  institute,  and  museum  of  the 
philosophical  society;  assembly  rooms,  theatre,  exchange, 
infirmary,  county  lunatic  asylum,  county  jail,  guildhall, 
county  bridewell,  some  remains  of  a  castle,  the  great  hall 
of  which  is  the  county  court-house,  union  work-house,  and 
a  handsome  railway  station.  Some  traces  of  the  ancient 
walls  exist,  and  several  fine  Roman  pavements  have  been 
discovered.  The  Ijorough  has  many  valuable  charities. 
Leicester  is  the  principal  seat  in  England  for  manufactures 
of  woollen  and  other  hosiery,  supposed  to  employ  upwards 
of  25.000  hands.  Manufactures  of  liice  are  also  extensive. 
Coal  is  obtained  by  the  Swannington  Railway.  The  trade  is 
greatly  facilitated  by  a  canal,  communicating  with  various 
lines  of  navigation.  Leicester  is  a  place  of  considerable 
antiquity,  and  was  known  to  the  Romans  under  the  name 
of  Ifa'tft.  A  variety  of  Roman  remains  have  been  found  In 
it  at  various  times,  and  some  so  recently  as  18.51.  Undei 
the  Heptarchy,  it  formed  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Mercia; 
and  in  874  was  seized  by  the  Danes,  who  made  it  one  of 
their  five  chief  cities,  and  retained  possession  of  it  till 
Ethelfleda.  daughter  of  Alfred  the  Great,  and  widow  of  the 
Duke  of  Mercia.  expelled  them,  with  great  slaughter.  It 
was  afterwards  surrounded  by  walls,  and  defended  by  a 
strong  castle,  both  of  which  were  denioli.shed  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  II.  It  suffered  severely  during  the  wars  of  Lan- 
caster and  York,  and  also  during  the  Parliamentary  war" 
having,  in  the  latter,  been  fir.st  taken  >iv  storm  by  tlie  Roy. 
alists.  and  then  rettiken  by  the  Republicans.  Ilichard  III, 
after  his  death  at  Bosworth,  was  interred  in  this  town.  In 
the  vicinity  are  remains  of  an  abbey,  founded  in  1143,  and 

1033 


LEI 

in  wliicli  Cirdinal  Wolgey  expired  in  1530.  It  sends  2  mem- 
bers tc  I'arliunient. 

LKlCKSTiiH,  a  post-towuship  of  Addison  county,  \er- 
mont  -iU  milt  s  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  737. 

LKICriSTKR.  a  post-Tillai;e  and  township  of  Worcester 
00.,  Massacliusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad.  54  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Boston.  The  Quinnehaug  and  branches  of  the 
Blackstone  River  t»ike  their  rise  in  this  township,  affordin;; 
excellent  water-power,  wiiich  is  extensively  employed  in  the 
mauufacture  of  cotton  and  woollen  cards,  for  which  there 
arc  here  about  12  establishments.  The  village  is  situated 
on  a  hill,  commanding  a  beautiful  prospect.  It  contains 
(1865)  6  churches,  a  bank,  and  one  of  the  oldest  academies 
in  the  state,  fonnded  in  1784.    Pop.  of  the  township,  274S. 

LEICESTER,  township,  Livingston co., NewYork.  P. 2008. 

LEICHSTERSUIRK.    See  Leicestsr. 

LKICIILINGEX,  liKling-en,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
13  miles  S.E.  of  Dusseldorf,"on  the  Wupper.    Pop.  480. 

LKIDEX.     See  Lkydex. 

LEIDY,  ll'dee,  a  postrtownship  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.     Pop.  496. 

LEIGH,  lee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lanciister,  on  the  Bolton  and  Liverpool  Railway,  7^  miles 
S.W.  of  Bolton.  Pop.  of  town  in  1S51,  5206.  It  has  a 
grammar  school  and  other  charities,  with  extensive  manu- 
factures of  cambrics,  muslins,  and  fustians.  In  1764,  Tho- 
mas Ilighs,  reed-maker,  of  this  place,  constructed  the  first 
spinning  jenny,  which  he  named  after  his  daughter.  Coal 
is  abundant,  and  a  canal  communicates  with  the  Leeds  and 
Liverpool  Canal. 

LEIGH,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

LEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Crewe  and  Derby  Railway,  4j  miles  W.i<.W.  of 
Uttoxeter. 

LEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Surrey. 

LEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester, 

LEIGH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LEIGH,  ABBOT'S.    See  Abbot's  Leigh. 

LEIGH  DE  L.\  MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LEIGH  WITH  EVINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

LEIGH.  HIGH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

LEIGHLIN  BRIDGE,  a  inarket-town  of  Ireland,  Leinster 
CO.,  and  li  miles  S.W.  of  Carlow,  on  the  Barrow,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  10  arches.    Pop.  1748. 

LEItjIILIX,  OLD,  lee'lin,  a  decayed  village  and  episcopal 
gee  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Carlow,  2^  miles  W.  of  Leigh- 
lin  Bridge.  It  has  a  venerable  catbedr^,  built  about  1185. 
The  diocese,  founded  in  6;i2,  in  now  united  to  Ossory. 

LEIGH  ON  MENDIP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LEIGH,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LEIGH,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

LEIGHS,  GREAT,  leez,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LKKillS,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LEIGH,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LEKHI,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  O.xford. 

LEIGHTON,  lee/ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunting- 
don. 

LEIGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

LEKHITOX,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Alabama. 

LEIGHTOX.  a  township  of  .411egan  co.,  Michigan.    P.  676. 

LKIGH'TOX-BUZ'ZAKD,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of 
England,  co.  of  Beds,  near  the  Ouse,  on  the  Grand  Junction 
Canal,  and  with  a  station  on  the  London  and  Birmingham 
Railway,  38  miles  N.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  6874.  It 
bas  a  venerable  and  spacaous  cruciform  church,  a  Ix\autiful 
pentagonal  cross,  said  to  have  been  erecteil  early  in  the  14th 
century,  a  large  Lancasterian  School,  almshouses,  a  union 
workhouse,  and  market-house. 

LEIGHTOX'S  CORNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Carroll  co.,  New 
Hampsliire. 

LEUill,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LEIGH.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Devon. 

LEIGH  WOOLEY,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LEILAN  or  LELAN,  hVldn',  a  village  of  Persia;  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  25  miles  S,E.  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah,  with 
exten.sive  ruins. 

LEIMBACH,  llm'blK,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  29 
miles  X.W.  of  Merseburg.  on  the  Wipper.     Pop.  1000. 

LEIMEX.  li'men,  a  walled  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine.  4  miles  S.  of  Heidelberg.    Pop.  1498. 

LEIMEKSHEIM,  li'mers-hiuie\  a  town  of  RhenLih  Bava- 
ria, nil  l\u-  Rhine,  7  miles  S.  of  Germersheira.     Pop.  2050. 

LEINACH.  II'uJk.  (Ober.  o'bj r,  and  Untkr,  OOn'ter.)  two 
nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Bavaria.  I,ower  Franconia,  12 
miles  X.W  .  of  Wiirzburg.     United  pop.  2332. 

LEIXE.  L'neh,  a  river  of  X.W.  Germany,  rises  in  the 
Harz.  and  after  a  X.  course  of  130  miles  through  the  Prus- 

iv.  v^'lfc'iVn;  ?,"'!  '>n°^'«'-ian  dominions,  joins  the  Aller. 

LEI  X  LUSH  EI  M,  li'ner8-hime\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Pala- 
tinate, near  Germersheim.     Pop.  1698. 

LEIXlNGEX,H'ning-im.  a  principality  of  Germany,  which 
was  ntuated  between  the  lower  Palatinate  and  the  bi.shop- 
rus  of  Speyer   and  Worms.     Area   140  English  square 


LEI 

miles.  It  is  now  shared  between  Baden  and  Rhenish 
Bavaria. 

LEIXIXGKX.  ll'ning-en.  (.^LT,  3lt,  and  Xeu,  noi.)  two 
nearly  contiguous  villages  of  1  avaria,  I'aiatiuate,  district 
of  Griinstadt.  Pop.  of  Alt  Leiuiugeu,  S07;  cf  ^eu  Lei- 
ningen,  993. 

LEIXSTER,  lin'stcr  or  leen'ster,  one  of  the  four  large  pro- 
vinces of  Ireland,  on  its  E.  side,  comprising  the  counties  of 
Dublin,  Kildare,  Carlow,  Kilkenny.  King's  and  Queen's, 
Longford,  Louth,  Meath,  Westmeath,  \\icklow,  and  Wex- 
ford. Area  7619  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1,072,174 
square  miles.  The  S.  part  only  of  this  province  formed  the 
ancient  Irish  kingdom  of  same  name,  and  the  X.  part  the 
kingdom  of  Meath.  Leinster  gives  the  title  of  Duke  to  the 
Fitzgei-ald  family,  whose  head  is  sole  duke  and  premier 
peer  of  Ireland. 

LEIXSTER,  MOUNT,  a  mount,iin  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
between  counties  Carlow  and  W  e.xford,  5}  miles  S.  W.  of 
Newtonbarry.    Elevation  261u  feet. 

LEIXSTER,  leen'ster.  a  county  in  the  western  part  of 
Canada  East,  comprising  an  area  of  0090  square  miles.  The 
St,  Lawrence  forms  its  boundary  on  the  .'^.W.     Pop.  29,690. 

LEIXTWARDINE,  linVwar-din,  a  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Hereford. 

LEI  PA   BOIIMISCII.     SeeLEiPPA. 

LEI'PER'S  (lee/perz)  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Williamson 
CO.,  Tennessee. 

LEI'PERVILLE,  lee/per-vil,  a  post-village  of  Delaware 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Ridley  Creek,  12  miles  SJi.  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

LEIPHEIM,  lip^hime,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube, 
11  miles  E.  of  Ulm.    Pop.  1426. 

LEIPNIK,  lip/nik,  or  LIPNIK,  lip'nik,  a  town  of  MorSr 
via,  circle  cfPrerau,  52  miles  X.E.  of  Briinn.  Pop.  3900.  Ita 
cemetery  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Germany. 

LEIPPA,  or  LEIPA  BOHMISCU,  (Biihmisch,)  ll'pl  biV- 
mish,  a  frontier  town  of  Bohemia,  24  miles  E.X.E.  of  Leit- 
meritz,  on  the  I'olzen.  Pop.  6761.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  and  cotton  stuffs,  glass,  and  earthenwares. 

LEIPSIC,  lip'sik  (L.  and  It.  Lip'sta :  Ger.  Leipzig.  Up'tsia; 
Fr.  Leipsick;  V p'seek'.)  the  second  city  of  Saxony,  and  one 
of  the  chief  seats  of  commerce  in  Germany,  64  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Dresden;  lat  (observatory)  51"  20'  19""  X.,  Ion.  12°  22* 
15"  E.  It  is  situated  in  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain,  on 
the  Elster,  here  joined  by  the  Pleis.se  and  I'arde,  and  consists 
of  an  old  central  town,  formerly  surrounded  by  fortificatioiis, 
which  have  been  converted  into  beautiful  w  alks  and  shrub- 
beries, called  the  Promenade,  and  extensive  and  rapidly  in- 
creasing suburbs.  In  the  central  town  the  houses  are  mostly 
lofty,  some  of  them  quaint  looking;  the  sti-eets  are  narrow, 
but  generally  straight,  and  clean,  and  well  lighted  with  Kas ; 
the  principal  ones  open  into  the  market-place,  or  square, 
which  has  a  very  picturesque  appearance;  the  town-hall 
(Ratbaus.)  built  in  1556.  being  on  the  one  side,  and  the 
others  being  partly  occui)ied  by  buildings  in  ihe  renaissance 
stylo. .  The  other  principal  buildiuj;s.  w  iihin  the  old  bound- 
aries, but  none  of  which  are  architect urally  reuiarkakle,  are 
the  churches  of  St.  Nicholas,  St.  Thomas.  St.  I  aul,  and  St. 
Peter;  the  Augusteum,  an  elegant  modern  edifice,  contain- 
ing the  university,  founded  1409.  with  a  library  of  110,000 
volumes,  45  ordinary,  and  30  extiaordinarii-  professors,  and 
about  24  private  teachers  and  language  masters,  and  attend- 
ed by  above  900  students ;  the  booksellers'  exchange,  used, 
during  the  fairs,  for  the  arrangement  of  accounts  between 
the  country  houses  and  their  agents  and  correspondents  in 
Leipsic,  and,  at  other  times,  for  exhibitions  of  paintings, 
&c. ;  the  cloth-hall  (Gewandhaus) ;  the  town  school.  (Biir- 
ger-Sch^e.)  with  a  collection  of  antiijuities;  the  theatre, 
and  the  Pleissenburg,  or  castle,  now  partly  u.sed  as  bar- 
racks, and  containing  the  observatory :  it  formed  part  of  the 
old  fortifications,  withstood  the  attacks  of  'iilly,  and  is 
memorable  as  the  scene  of  the  famous  Leip.sic  disputation 
between  Luther  and  Dr.  Eck.  though  the  portion  of  the 
building  in  which  that  interesting  event  took  pl.tce,  is  un- 
derstood no  longer  to  exist.  Not  fUr  from  the  Pleissenburg, 
opposite  the  Peter.sthor,  the  only  remaining  one  of  the  old 
gates,  and  in  the  centre  of  the  Kiiuigsplatz,  (King's  Place.; 
is  a  colossal  statue  of  King  Frederick  .August,  who  died  in 
1827.  The  suburbs,  which  have  doubled  the  number  of 
houses  in  Leipsic,  since  1S40,  are  composed  of  lofty,  eleg.anl, 
and  sometimes  rather  ambition.s-looking  buildings.  Isid  oft 
in  regular  streets,  interspersed  with  gardeu.s,  possessing 
altogether,  in  like  manner  with  the  central  town,  an  nir 
of  substantiality  and  comfort.  They  contain  the  slegant 
post-office  buildings,  the  church  of  St.  .Ichn.  and  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  in  modern  Gothic,  by  Heideloli'.  in  some 
respects  the  finest  building  in  the  city;  the  Ro.senthal.  (Val- 
ley of  Roses.)  a  favorite  summer's  evening  resort,  composed 
of  pleasant  wooded  walks;  and  numerous  gardens  and 
such-like  places  of  recrwition.  Besides  the  university  '«ibr,i- 
ry.  Leipsic  possesses  a  town  library  of  60,000  volumes,  ciiu- 
taining  some  valuable  MSS.  Schools  of  various  kindr  mm 
numerous  and  good,  including  2  gyniniisia,  an  academy  o- 
designing,  painting,  architecture,  ice:  a  music  sch'jol  *,t'ij 
a  commercial  school,  both,  but  especially  the  former,  of  coii. 


=Tl 


LEI 

sideraUe  cele>irity;  4  charity  schools,  kc.  There  are  8 
learned  societies,  a  botimic  garden,  several  hospitals,  includ- 
ing one  for  deaf  unites;  and  numerous  baths.  Leipt^ic  pos- 
sesses considerable  manufactures,  as  of  cotton  stockings, 
leather,  hats,  silken  and  half-silken  goods,  soap,  sealing-wax, 
tol)acco.  and  numerous  minor  articles;  it  has  likewise  an 
extensive  wool  spinning  establishment;  but  the  great  fea- 
ture of  the  manufactures  is  books.  There  are  130  book- 
gellers,  31  priuting-oftices,  with  2U0  hand-presses,  and  40 
printing-machines;  producing,  it  is  estimated,  50  millions 
of  printed  sheets  annually;  and  there  are  several  typo- 
foundiies.  Though  iraportiint  for  its  manufactures,  Leipsic 
Is  still  more  important  tor  its  commerce,  carried  on  especially 
through  its  noted  fairs,  particularly  those  at  Easter  and 
5Iich;U!lmas,  the  one  at  the  New  Year  being  comparatively 
unimporta,nt.  To  these  fairs  are  congregated  people  from 
all  quarters  of  Europe,  from  Asia,  aud  from  America,  in 
numbers  often  equalling  that  of  the  entire  population  of 
the  town.  Turks,  Greeks,  Persians,  Armenians,  I'olish 
Jews,  and  Hungarians,  may  be  seen  walking  about  in  their 
native  co.^tume.  Every  house  and  yard  is  converted  into  a 
place  of  business:  and  the  central  market-place,  the  main 
streets,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  promenade,  are  covered 
with  booths  of  dealers  in  porcelain,  Bohemian  glass,  lace, 
linens,  domestic  and  heavy  cloths  of  all  kinds,  tobacco, 
pipes,  leather,  shoes,  jewellery,  hardware,  furs,  and  other 
articles ;  but  the  more  important  portion  of  the  business  is 
transa,cted  in  the  premises  of  the  many  agents  of  manufac- 
turing houses,  both  German  and  foreign,  who,  either  per- 
manently or  temporarily,  are  located  here.  Goods,  to  the 
value  of  60  millions  of  thalers,(.'?,  12,000,000,)  change  hands 
at  these  fairs,  of  which  8  millions  of  thalers  ($5,600,000)  are 
for  books.  Though  for  a  time  on  the  wane,  the  fairs,  in 
recent  years,  have  been  rapidly  increasing.  Leipsic  is  the 
capital  of  one  of  the  four  circles  of  Saxony,  and  the  seat  of 
several  courts  of  justice.  It  is  of  Wendish  origin;  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  Bohemian  duke  Wrati.s'av,  in  1082;  and  after 
being  wailed,  it  was  again  destroyed  by  Otto  IV.,  in  1212; 
and  400  houses  were  burned  down  in  1420.  It  early  received 
the  Heformation.  and  has  maintiiined  its  steadfastness  so 
far,  that  its  population  is  almost  exclusively  Lutheran.  In 
1680-81,  the  plague  carried  olT  3000  people.  After  this,  its 
commerce  increased,  its  fairs  became  more  important,  and  the 
seat  of  the  book-trade  was  transferred  to  it  from  Krankfnrt- 
on-the-Main.  It  suifered  much  from  the  Seven  Years"  War, 
but  soon  recovered.  Oct.  1(>-19,  1813,  the  great  battle  of 
the  nations  (Viilkersehlacht)  was  fought  around  and  in 
Leipsic,  by  which  Germany  was  freed  from  the  French 
yoke,  and  Napoleon  received  his  first  decisive  defeat  at 
the  hands  of  the  .\llies.  The  B'rench,  on  this  occasion,  lost 
25,000  men,  as  prisoners,  besides  a  larger  number  slain  in 
battle;  and  in  the  retreat,  I'rince  Poniatowskl  lost  his  life 
In  attempting  to  cross  the  Elstor;  an  insignificant-looking 
monument  to  commemorate  the  event  has  been  erected  near 
the  spot.  Kxcepting  some  political  outbreaks  in  1830.  1831, 
1848.  and  1849,  the  most  important  events  in  recent  times 
are  the  founding  and  opening  of  the  dilTerent  railways,  of 
which  there  are  three.  One  connecting  with  Dresden  and 
Austria;  a  second  with  Berlin,  Halle.  Magdeburg.  Hanover, 
and  Hamburg,  and  also  with  Kisenach  and  Frankfort-on- 
the-lMain  :  and  a  third  with  Bavaria.  Pop.  in  1834,  44,802; 
In  1844},  54.619;  in  1849,  62,374;  in  1861,  78.495. 

LEIPSIC  ov  LEIPZIG,  a  circle,  forming  the  N.W.  part  of 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  being  one  of  the  four  great  divi- 
sions of  the  country,  it  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Prussia, 
W.  Viy  Prussia  and  Saxe-Altenburg,  S.  by  the  circle  of 
Zwickau,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  circle  of  Dresden.  Area, 
1317  English  square  miles.  It  belongs  to  the  basin  nf 
the  Elbe,  lies  lower,  and  is  likewise  more  level  and  fertile, 
than  any  other  part  of  Saxony.     Pop.  in  1852.  446,826. 

LEIPSIC,  leep'sik,  a  post-village  in  Kent  co.,  Delaware, 
8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dover. 

LEIPSIC,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  CO.,  Ohio. 

LEIPSIC.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana. 

LEIRE.  lair,  a  parish  of  Eniiland,  co.  of  Ijeicester. 

LE1UI.\  or  LEYRIA.  ll-ree'd.  a  city  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Estremadura,  capital  of  a  comarca,  on  the  Liz,  75  miles 
N.E.  of  Lisbon.  It  has  a  cathedral,  2  colleges,  and  a  hos- 
pital. The  surrounding  district  is  highly  fruitful,  and  the 
advance  of  sands  from  the  coast  over  it  has  been  effectually 
arrested  by  a  pine  forest. 

LKISN'liGl.  ITs'nio,  a  town  of  Saxony,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Leip- 
sic. capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Mulde.  Pop.  In  1849,  5183. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  tine  castle  on  the  opposite 
gide  of  the  river,  gymnasium,  and  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths,  linen,  and  tobacco  pipes ;  birth-place  of  Schwartz, 
the  reputed  inventor  of  gunpowder. 

LEISSNITS,  lis'nits.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Si- 
lesia, circle  of  Leobschtltz,  on  the  Stroduna.     Pop.  1497. 

I^EISTOX,  lees'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  31 
m''-e  E.N.E.  of  SaxmundhaiK.  Here  are  extensive  ruins 
C/f  an  abbey. 

LEl'TEliSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO.,  Mary- 
land, 107  mile"?  >.W  of  Annapolis.     Pop.  300. 

1jKL'£V,  ioeth,  at  ancient  seaport  town  and  parliamentary 


LEI 

hurgh  of  Scotland,  2  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  cross  of  Edinburgh, 
of  which  city  it  is  the  port,  and  almost  a  subuib,  S.  shore 
of  Frith  of  Forth,  on  both  sides  of  the  Water  of  l.eith,  and 
near  its  confluence  with  the  .«ea;  lat.  6a"  58' 54"  N.,  lou 
3°  10'  30"  W.  The  portion  of  the  town  situated  on  the 
N.W.  side  of  the  river,  is  known  as  North  Leith.  that  on 
the  opposite,  as  South  Leith;  the  former,  although  pretty 
extensive,  being  little  more  than  a  suburb  of  the  latter, 
where  all  the  chief  bu.siness  of  the  town  is  transacted,  aud 
where  the  counting-hou,ses  and  residences  of  the  merchants 
principally  are.  The  site  of  the  city,  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  is  nearly  a  perfect  level.  Communication  across  the 
Water  of  Leith  is  effected  by  means  of  3  bridges,  2  of  which 
are  drawbridges,  and  the  other  is  of  stone.  The  streets 
and  lanes  in  the  more  ancient  parts,  particularly  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  harbor,  are  narrow,  tortuous,  and 
filthy,  and  the  hou.ses  old,  dilapidated,  and  mean ;  but  the 
more  modern  quarters  are  sufficiently  sijacioiis,  airy,  and 
well  built.  Here,  also,  handsome  houses  line  two  sides  of 
what  is  called  the  " links'  or  downs,  a  fine  large  open  space 
on  the  S,E,  side  of  the  town.  The  principal  public  build 
ings  are  the  custom-house,  a  Gre<;lan  structure,  with  ])edi- 
ment  and  columns;  exchange  building?,  Uiw  court-house, 
Leith  Bank,  now  a  branch  of  the  National;  and  the  Trinity 
House.  An  elegant  bathing  establi.shmpnt,  at  Sejifield, 
within  about  half  a  mile  of  the  centre  of  the  town,  may 
also  be  included.  The  parish  churchns  of  North  aud  South 
Leith  are  also  both  respectable  edifices;  the  former  modern, 
with  a  spire  158  feet  high ;  the  latter  an  old  Gothic  struc- 
ture, with  a  turret  and  spire,  recently  rebuilt.  Tlie  other 
places  of  worship  are  St.  Thomas'  church,  erected  and  en- 
dowed by  Sir  John  Gladstone;  St.  John's  church  or  chapel 
of  ease;  5  Free  churches, 4  United  Presbyterians,  1  Original 
Seceder,  1  Methodist.  2  Congregationalist,  1  Episcopalian, 
and  1  Roman  Catholic.  The  chief  educp.tional  establish- 
ments are  the  Leith  High  School,  and  Dr.  Bell's  school ;  the 
latter  on  the  Madras  system  of  mutual  instruction.  This 
school,  in  1852,  was  attended  by  about  700  children.  There 
are  two  principal  libraries  in  the  town — the  Leith  Ihiblic 
Library,  and  the  Leith  Jlechauics'  Subscription  Library. 
The  -iftharitable  and  benevolent  Institutions  com-,>r:.?e  the 
I^ith  Hospital,  and  Edinburgh  and  Leith  HumSine  Society; 
the  Shipwrecked  Fishermen  and  Mariners'  Society,  Glad- 
stone's Female  A.syluni,  the  Leith  Boy.s'  Charity  School,  a 
society  for  the  relief  of  the  sick,  and  several  societies  of  a 
religious  character.  The  chief  manufactures  are  ropes,  cord- 
age, sail-cloth,  bottles,  soap,  candies,  paints,  and  co'.ors. 
There  are  one  or  two  breweries,  a  distilUry,  i^veiai  ship- 
building yards,  a  sugar-refinery,  a  large  establishment  for 
jireserving  meat,  several  extensive  saw-mill3,  coopjrdg^s, 
and  iron  foundries.  The  foreign  trade  of  the  port  Is  cv.iefly 
with  the  N.  countries  of  Europe,  particularly  thoje  o\x  the 
Baltic:  there  is  also  some  colonial,  and  an  im  )ortant  coast- 
ing trade.  The  principal  imports  are  gra'n,  wine,  to'Ji.cco, 
timber,  hemp,  hides,  and  tallow.  The  following  Table 
shows  the  declared  amount  of  the  exports  for  ti"*  jears 
specified : 


£      ITean. 
JS-i.-ioa  isi;j    . 

Il.l,fi4,i  1850  . 

S.s,:H9  i«jl    . 

112,02.')  I8jJ 

---    -     I  — 


£ 
254,700 
:-'.i;6,552 
8S8,2;,'3 
4i)\,i9A 
17^5()8ll.<!63 575,067 


Ycirs, 

ISW 

IS43 

1845 

1847 

1848 

The  custom  duties  collected  in  1850  iimc-ar.tsi  U     ....      331,220 

In  1849,  the  number  of  vessels  regirfcerel  at  the  port  waB 
206,  tonnage  22,475:  and,  in  ISSvi,  the  numb'ii-  v.'as  187  sail- 
ing, tonnage  19,490 ;  23  steam,  tonnage  3790.  The  mimher 
of  vessels,  with  their  tonnage,  that  entered  and  clc^irsd,  la 
1850,  was  as  follows : — 


Sailing  Vessels. 

Tom. 

Stesmcri!. 

Tonn. 

Entered     .     .     2349     .     . 

If.!. 1)00 

.    B07    .     . 

in-i.O&J 

Cleared     .     .     1203     .     . 

SSi.oCJ 

.    8J0    .    . 

1£>0,687 

Of  these  above  a  half  In  tonnage,  and  ar  ahove  a  half  In 
numbers,  consisted  of  coasting  ve.ssels.  The  harbor  has 
been  greatly  improved  of  late  years  by  the  exten=-ou  of  the 
pier.  A  west  pier  or  breakwater  advances  towards  the  east 
pier,  making  the  entrance  but  250  feet  in  width.  By  this 
breakwater,  the  harbor  is  sheltered  from  N.  winds,  and.  In 
consequence  of  the  improvements,  it  has  gained  considerably 
In  depth,  which  averages,  at  high  water,  spring-tides,  17  feet ; 
and  at  neap-tides,  13  feet,  in  the  fair  way.  There  are  two 
wet-docks,  each  250  yards  in  length,  and  100  yards  in  breadth, 
with  a  ba.sin  of  10  acres  in  extent,  cajiableof  containing  150 
ve.ssels;  and,  adjoining  to  these,  3  dry-docks,  each  136  feel 
long.  On  the  West  side  of  North  Leith  there  are  artillery 
barracks  and  a  battery,  while  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  is 
protected  by  a  martello  tower.  Leith  is  mentioned,  for  the 
first  time,  under  the  name  of  Inverleith.  in  a  charter  of 
David  I.:  and,  in  1329.  a  charter  of  Robert  I.  made  a  grant 
of  the  port  and  mills  of  I.rtjith  to  the  city  of  Edinburgh.  It 
early  acquired  a  considerable  trade,  but  suffered  repeatedly 
by  war.  In  1541,  an  Engli.sh  fleet  took  pos.5ession  of  it;  In 
1549,  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  troops  sent  to  the  assist- 
ance of  Mary  of  Guise;  and,  in  15C0,  It  was  bi'sieged  by  a 

1035 


LEI 

bojy  of  English,  sent  by  Elizabeth  to  assist  the  Keforniers. 
It  first  obtained  a  sepai-ate  and  independent  niajristracy  in 
1832.  and,  in  1838.  itx  docks  and  harbor  were  put  under 
commissioners.  I^ieith  communicates  with  Edinburgh  by  a 
branch  of  the  Edinburgli  and  Grauton  Railway.  Along 
with  I'ortobeilo  and  Musselburgh,  it  sends  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.    Pop.  in  1851,  30,676. 

LEITIIA  or  LEYTA.    See  Lettha. 

LUITil  (leeth)  IIILli,  an  elevated  tract  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Dorking.  On  it  is  a  tower  993  feet 
ikbovo  the  s«a. 

LEITUSVILLE,  leetlis'vil,  a  post-oflBce  of  Xorthampton 
to.,  Pennsylvania. 

LEIT.MEIIITZ,  lite'merits\  or  LEUTMERITZ,  loifmer- 
its\  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Elbe.  34  miles  N.X.W.  of  Prague.  Pop. 
4300.  It  hiis  S  suburbs,  a  cathedral,  several  convents,  a 
gymnasium,  and  an  active  trade  in  corn,  fish,  and  wine. 

LEITO.MISCIIKL.  n'tomlsh'el,  or  LEUTOMISCilEL,  loi'- 
to-mishVl.  a  town  of  Bohemia.  24  miles  S.E.  of  Chrudim. 
Pop.  6395.  It  has  several  churches,  a  palace,  a  piarist  col- 
lege, a  gymnasium,  and  a  philosophical  academy. 

LEITllI.M,  lee'trim,  a  maritime  county  of  Ireland,  pro- 
Tince  of  Connaught,  having  X,  Donegal  Bay  and  county. 
Area  613  square  miles,  or  392,320  acres,  of  which  about 
250,000  are  cultivated,  116,000  mountain  and  bog,  and 
nearly  24,000  water.  Pop.  in  1851, 111,915.  Surface  mostly 
wild  and  rugged.  Chief  rivers,  the  Shannon,  Bonnet,  and 
Blackwater.  Principal  lakes,  Allen,  Melvin.  and  Gill.  Lei- 
trim  contains  5  baronies  and  17  parishes  in  the  dioceses 
of  Kilmore  and  Ardagh.  Assize  town,  Carrick-on-Shannon. 
It  sends  2  members  to  the  Uou.«e  of  Commons,  and  gives 
the  title  of  iiarl  to  the  Clements  family. 

LEITIUM,  a  village  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Lei- 
trim,  on  the  Shannon,  here  crossed  by  a  six-arched  bridge, 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Carrick.     Pop.  406. 

LEITZK.\U,  lifskOw,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Saxony,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Miigdeburg.    Pop.  1407. 

LEI.VHP,  licelip,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland. 
Leinster,  co.  of  Kildare,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lifiey  and 
Rye,  with  a  station  on  the  Midland  Great  Western  Railway, 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  the  town,  1086.  It  is 
beautifully  situated,  and  has  a  castle,  the  seat  of  the  Hon. 
G.  Cavendi.sh. 

LEIZ.A.,  l:i'e-thi.  a  town  of  Spain.  Navarre,  province  and 
17  miles  N.W.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  1900. 

LE.roOX  or  LEJJUX,  led'joou',  (L.  LeJginT;  perhaps  the 
Megiddn  of  Scripture,)  a  village  of  Palestine,  22  miles  S.E. 
of  Acre. 

LEK.    See  Leck. 

LEKA,  li/koh\  or  LECKEXHAUS,  l5k'k?n-hawce\  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  on  the  GyiJngyos, 
7  miles  W.X.W.  of  GUns.    Pop.  1169. 

LEKEXTZE,  Li-k^nt/seh,  or  LECII^^TZ.  llK'nits,  a  vil- 
lage of  Transylvania,  about  20  miles  from  Bistritz.    P.  1121. 

LEKKERK,  iJk'kSak,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  South 
Holland,  on  the  Leck,  9  miles  E.  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  1882. 

LEKXO.  l^k'no,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  35  miles  S.W. 
of  Bromberg.     Pop.  460. 

LEKSIIA.  LEKCIIA,  iJk'shi,  or  LEKTA,  lek'ti,  a  lake 
of  Russia,  in  the  X.W.  of  the  government  of  Olonets,  form- 
ing a  loug  and  narrow  crescent  stretching  about  24  miles 
with  a  breadtlt  of  about  3  miles. 

LEK.SMDXD,  iJks'mAnt/,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
South  Holland,  on  the  Leck,  10  miles  N.X.E.  of  Gorcum,  with 
a  large  horse  fair.     Pop.  1287. 

LEL.VX,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Leil.ax. 

LE/LAXD'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 

LELEf<Z.  l.^MJs',  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  and  11  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Zemplin.    Pop.  1609.    It  has  a  ca,stle. 

LELUN'D.\.  li-loon'di,  a  river  of  Africa,  Congo,  rises  in 
a  mountainous  district,  E.  of  San  Salvador,  flows  W.,  and 
after  a  course  of  above  200  miles,  falls  into  the  South  Atlantic, 
about  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Congo  or  Zaire. 

LEMA  (iVma)  I.-^LAXDS.  the  outermost  group  of  the 
^eat  archipiilago  (Chine.se  Se.i)  that  fronts  the  entrance  to 
Canton  River,  consists  of  three  large  and  one  small  island. 
The  larirest.  called  Great  Lema  by  Europeans,  but  Tam-quoon- 
tow  by  the  Chinese,  is  6  miles  long  and  li  miles  broad. 
Lat.  of  X.E.  end.  22°  4'  45"  X..  Ion.  114°  18'  30"  E. 

LE  MAIRK,  leh  mk.  a  strait  of  South  America,  the  chan- 
nel whl'h  sjpanit^js  Staten  Island  from  Terra  del  Fuego, 
about  2)  miles  wide.  It  is  free  from  obstacles,  and  has 
regular  tides  which  materially  assist  ve.ssols  in  their  pas.sage 
when  taken  at  the  ri,-ht  time.  The  tide  ri.ses  perpendicu- 
larly from  6  to  8  feet,  according  to  the  wind.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  1016  by  a  Dutch  navigator  named  Le  Maire. 

LEMAX.  LAKE,  .Switzerland.     See  Geneva.  Lake  of. 

LEM  AN  AGHAX,  le-uianVhan',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Lein- 
ster. Kiuw  CO. 

LEM.VXS.    See  Mans,  Le 

LEMBAt^H.  IJm'biK,  or  l^m'bJk',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  IJas-Khin,  .30  miles  X.  of  StrastKturg.    Pop.  1961. 

LEMItlCCK.  I?m1)%.  a  villaire  of  Bel-ium,  province  of 
Boutb  Urabant,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  UOO. 
1030  " 


LEM 

LEM/BERG,  (Ger.  pron.  l^m'bfRa,  Polish,  Ltooiv,  Iwof,  L, 
Lenp'olis,)  sometimes  called  LE'OPOLD,  a  town  of  -Austria, 
capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Gnlicia,  in  a  beautiful  and  ro^ 
mantic  district,  3tj5  miles  E.X.E.  of  Vienna ;  lat.  49°  51' 
52"  X..  ion.  24°  3'  11"  E.  It  was  originally  surrounded 
by  walls  and  dit<-hes,  which  have  been  levelled,  and  con- 
verted into  walks;  and,  though  founded  in  the  13th 
century,  has  all  the  appearance  of  a  modern  town,  having 
increased  so  rapidly  as  to  treble  its  population  since  1773. 
This  rapid  increase  has  taken  plivce  since  Austria  made  it 
a  capital.  Besides  being  the  seat  of  the  government,  and  of 
the  important  courts  and  public  offices  neces.sarily  connected 
with  it,  it  possesses  three  metropolitan  see.s — Greek,  Arme- 
nian, and  Roman  Catholic.  The  buildings  most  deserving 
of  notice  are  the  Greek  metropolitan  church,  with  the  arch- 
bishop's palace,  magnificent  structures  in  the  Italian  style; 
the  Latin  cathedral,  built  by  Casimir  the  Great,  in  1.370;  tho 
Dominican  church,  after  the  model  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome; 
the  Protestant  church;  three  synagogues,  one  of  them  a 
recent  erection,  of  large  dimensions,  ar.  j!  i-em.irka.bly  hand- 
some; the  new  town-hou.se,  built  on  a  uiignificent  scale,  at 
an  expense  of  about  £60,(X)0;  the  university,  pofee!;.<:ed  of  a 
library  of  48,000  volumes  and  i:umero-as  collections,  and 
attended  by  about  1400  Ktuden'.e;  the  Osiwlinsk  institute, 
with  a  library  of  58,000  volumes,  relating  mostly  to  .'Slavonic 
history  and  literature,  1200  MSS.,  and  15.000  coins  and 
medals,  and  numerous  coMi^tions  of  paintings,  engru rings, 
antiquities,  Ac;  the  new  theatie,  built  at  the  sole  cxTJcnse 
of  a  count,  who  bequeathed  all  h's  p'operty  for  its  mainte- 
nance ;  the  theological  and  philoEophical  In.^titute,  for  the 
regular  clergy;  two  seDiiuariss,  iwo  gjTanasia,  an  acaiemy 
of  arts,  a  normal  and  numerous  other  schools,  superior  and 
elementary;  a  deaf  and  dui.ib  institute,  a  cenerjl  initrmnry 
and  lunatic  asylum,  a  large  mUitary  hospital,  an  hospital 
of  the  sisters  of  charity,  a  worktouse.  penitentiary,  and 
large  new  house  of  correction,  cxieajlve  barracks,  a  military 
swimming-school,  and  bathing  establis'iment.  The  manu- 
factures consist  chiefly  of  woollen  \nd  cotton  tiscuss;  an^ 
in  the  vicinity,  about  1  mile  from  the  tojrn,  t'lere  u  a  very 
extensive  tobacco-factory,  belonging  to  go-'ernmsnt.  L<?m- 
berg  depends  far  less  on  manufactures  than  ;n  cojaueice. 
Thi.s,  which  is  very  much  in  the  hanas  of  tLe  .Tews,  who 
here  number  more  than  20,000,  is  very  important,  '.nd  con- 
centrates a  great  part  of  the  trade  of  the  kingdom.  i)Iuch 
of  it  is  merely  transit,  and  extends  over  the  wliole  year; 
but  a  consider.ible  portion  of  the  whole  is  confined  'jj  tha 
large  fairs,  which  take  place  at  stated  periods.  The  tijoijiit 
of  business  then  transjicted  is  very  great.  In  1656,  Lembexg 
succes.sfully  resisted  the  Russians;  in  1671,  it  was  Laid  onder 
contribution  by  the  Turks;  unA,  in  1704,  was  stormed  by 
the  Swedes  under  Charles  XII.  Pop.  in  1773,  25.000,  in 
1846.  70.970 ;  in  1857,  70,384. 

LEMBERG.  Um^b^RO,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  3  m':}ez  E.  of 
Pirmasens.    Pop.  1240. 

LEMBERG,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  15  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Deux-Ponts.    Pop.  1240. 

LEMBERG,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.    Sec  LiiWEXBEr.y. 

LEMPERG,  iSM^baiK',  a  vill.ige  of  France,  department 
of  Moselle,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Sarregiiemines,  with  1900  inha- 
bitants. 

LEMBEYE,  ISM^b.V,  a  town  of  France,  dopsrtment  of 
Basses-Pyrenees,  16  miles  X.E.  of  Pau.     Pop.  in  18;"i2. 1405. 

LEMEX'E.  li-m.Vn.A,  a  river  of  Austrir.n  lt;.!y,  falls  into 
the  Adriatic  by  several  mouths,  one  of  which  enters  Port 
Falconera:  total  course  about  -35  miies. 

LEMFORDE  (Ijcmforde,)  l^m'fiiBMeh,  a  marliet-town  of 
Hanover,  county  and  10  miles  S.  of  Diephoiz.     Pop.  912. 

LE.MGO,  Ifm'go.  a  town  of  tho  principality  of  Lippe-Det- 
mold.  Central  Germany,  on  the  Begn,  6  miles  X.  of  Detmold. 
Pop.  2022,  mostly  Lutherans.  It  is  enclosed  by  w!.lls;  has 
several  churches,  a  convent,  a  palace  of  the  prince,  a  gymnar 
slum,  seminarv  for  noble  ladies,  tnd  orphan  a-sylum. 

LEMHEXY.'li^m'hto'.  written  also  LEIIMEX,  a  vill.age  of 
Transylvaniji,  about  50  miles  from  Kronstadt.     Pop.  T42. 

LESiIE,  l.Vme-A.  or  lilni'y.-\,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  and  S.  from  Turin,  on  the  Chiara.    P.  2050. 

LEM'IXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

LE.MIXGTOX.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthumher- 
land,  parish  of  Nejrburn  on  the  Tyne.  containing  the 
extensive  works  of  the  Tyne  Iron  Company,  and  also  large 
crown-glass  works. 

LEiilXGTOX.  a  post-township  of  Essex  co..  Vermont,  on 
the  Connecticut  River,  al)out  37  miles  X.E.  of  .\U!rusta  P,  207. 

LEMLfWM.  LEMLOU.M,  or  LE:\ILUM.  IJm^oom'.  or  LAM- 
LTJM.  IdmUoom',  a  village  of  .Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of 
Bagdad,  on  the  Euphrates.  62  miles  S.E.  of  the  ruins  of 
Babylon.  S.E.  from  it  are  the  marshes  of  I.«inloom,  a  wide 
and  inundated  tract,  partly  cultivated  for  rice. 

LEMMER.  li^m'mer.  a  town  of  the  Xetherlands,  pDvliice 
of  Frieslaiul.  on  the  Zuvder  Zee.  14  miles  S.  of  Sneek.   P.  2327. 

LEMMOXGAX.  bW-mon-gdn',  or  LA>IMt>XGAX,  Hm- 
mon-gJn'.  a  volcano  in  .Tava.  alwut  60  miles  E..S  E.  of  Soera 
bava.VSoorabava'):  heiirht  6561  feet 

LEM'NOS,an  island  of  the  Greek  Archipelago,    gee    St.\- 

LIMXI. 


LEM 


LEN 


LEM'ON,  a  township  of  'Wyoming  co.,Ponnsylvania.  P.404. 

LKMON,  a  townsliip  in  the  N.E.  jwrt  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio, 
intersected  by  the  Miami  Canal.     Pop.  4144. 

LKMuN  ClvEKK,  a  post-oilice  of  Richmond  co.,  New  York. 

LUM'ONKAIK  HlViJK,  a  mill  stream  of  Addison  co.,  Ver- 
mont, falls  into  Otter  Creek. 

LK.MO.N  I'L.VCIi),  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  I'enusylvania, 
on  the  I'iiiladelphia  and  Columbia  Itailroad,  12  miles  K.  of 
Lancaster. 

LE.MU-N'T',  a  postrtownship.  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Cook  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1389. 

LKMDVICKS.    See  Limoges. 

LEMON  VVIKR,  lemVn-weer',  a  small  river  of  Juneau  co., 
Wiscousiu,  flows  into  Wisconsin  Uiver. 

Lli.Ml'A,  lom'pi,  a  river  of  Central  America,  state  of  Pan 
Salv.ador,  enters  the  I'.'H'iflc  Ocean  ■ib  miles  S.K.  of  that  city. 

LK.\U'l)i;.S,  18.\d  (?)  a  market-towu  of  France,  department 
of  I'uy  de-Dome,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont.     I'op.  11)35. 

LKMl'S.  LE  UKA.N0,  lo.\o  li-h  grAs",  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Isjre,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  1703. 

Lh^MP'STEH,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 35  miles  W.  of  Concord.     I'op.  820. 

Li:M.SAL,lcm-sil',  LIMBASIIA  or  LIMBASCIIA,  lim-bit/- 
shd,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  I^ivonia,  near  the 
Gulf  of  Kiga,  30  miles  W.  of   Volmar.     Pop.  1U5U. 

LKMVIG,  iSm'vig,  a  town  of  Denmark,  Jutland,  on  theS. 
shore  of  the  Lymtiord,  32  miles  N.E.  of  itingkiiibing.    P.  SOO. 

LK'NA,  (Kus.  pron.  lA-nlA)  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of 
Asia,  and  the  most  easterly  and  largest  of  the  great  streams 
of  Siberia,  its  basin,  lying  between  those  of  the  Yenisei  on 
the  W.,  and  the  Yana  and  Indigirka  on  the  E.  It  rises  near 
Irkootsk,  W.  of  Lake  Baikal,  and  enters  the  Arctic  Ocean  by 
numerous  mouths,  between  lat.  72^  and  73^  N.,  and  Ion. 
126°  and  130°  E.  Total  course  2400  miles,  the  whole  of 
which  is  within  the  Russian  dominions.  Chief  tributaries, 
the  Vitim,  Aldan,  and  Viliooi, both  of  which  last  it  receives 
N.  of  lat.  t>3°.  At  a  distance  of  800  miles  from  the  ocean  is 
a  noble  river,  5  or  6  miles  in  width,  and  it  is  generally 
navigalile  with  safety;  but  in  a  great  part  of  ifs  course  it 
flows  through  a  frozen  desert. 

Ll'^NA,  a  postroffice  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

LENA,  a  post  office  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

LENAPE.     See  Lensi-Lenxappk. 

LEXARK  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Clierokeo  county,  Ar- 
kansas. 

LKN'AWKE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Michigan,  bor- 
dering on  Oliio,  contains  730  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Raisin  River,  and  its  North  and  South  branches,  and 
.ilso  drained  by  Macon  River,  Little  Raisin,  and  by  Tiffin's, 
Evans',  Bear,  and  Beaver  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating. 
The  soil  is  a  black,  sandy  loam,  mostly  free  from  stone,  and 
very  fertile.  The  railroad  leading  from  Monroe  to  Chicago 
passes  through  the  county.  Ii-on  ore  has  been  found.  Capi- 
tJil,  Adrian.  Pop.  38,112.  Lenawee  is  among  the  most  popu- 
lous counties  of  the  state. 

LENCU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

LENCLOlTKK,  lii.N"^klwat'r',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  16  miles  N.  of  Poitiers.    P.  in  1852, 1422. 

LENCZV,  I'nfchee,  LENCZYC,  l^n'chits.  or  LKNCZYCA, 
iJn-chit'si.  written  also  LEN'TSCHEK'  and  LHX'CIIEK',  a 
town  of  I'olaud,  government  and  80  miles  W.S.AV.  of  War- 
saw. Pop.  3370,  one-half  of  whom  are  Jews.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  several  convents. 

I^iKNDKLlDE,  15.\oMeh-leed',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  about  19  miles  S.  of  Bruges,     Pop.  4190. 

LENDINARA,  lin-de-nii'ri,  a  fortified  town  of  Austrian 
Ital)\  government  of  Venice,  capitjil  of  a  district,  delegation 
und  9  miles  ^V.  of  Rovigo.  Pop.  5500,  mostly  employed  in 
agriculture. 

LKNDZl.V,  lint-seen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Sile- 
bia,  government  of  Oppeln,  circle  of  I'less.     Pop.  1440. 

LEXGAZA,  a  lake  of  Turkey.     See  Lanoaza. 

LKXGEFELD,  lSng'eh-filt\  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  3995,  mostly 
employed  in  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  stuffs,  and 
in  steam  cotton-mills. 

LKXu  HXFELD,  ling'fn-fMt\  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  2425. 

LEX(iEXFELD,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria.  See  Lanoenfeld. 

LEXGEXF'FiLD,  a  village  of  Germany,  Tyrol,  circle  of 
Imst,  near  Selz.     Pop.  1544. 

LEXGENFELD,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  lleiligenstadt,  on  the  Friede.     Pop.  1290. 

LEXGERICIL  llng'eh-riK\  or  MARGARETIIEN-LENGE- 
RICII.  uiaR^gijrA'tfin-lJng'eh-riK',  a  town  of  Prussian  'West- 
phalia, 19  miles  N.N.E.  of  MUnster,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain. 
Pop.  1430.  It  has  ipanufivctures  of  silk,  woollen,  and  linen 
stuffs. 

LENG ERICH,  a  village  of  Hanover,  29  miles  N.W.  of 
Osnabriick. 

LEXtJXAU,  lSng'n('5w,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern.  3  miles  N.  of  Biiren.     Pop.  600. 

LEXGX.*  U,  (Oder, c/ber,  and  Unter,  oon'ter,)  two  vill.ages 
if  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zurzach. 
United  fjpulation,  1330. 


LENOSFELD.  Ijngs'f'lt,  a  town  of  Central  Germany, 
grand-duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar,  principality  and  IC  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Eisenach.  Pop.  2239.  It  is  enclosed  Vy  walls,  and 
has  2  castles. 

LEX(;SFELD  or  SCIIENK-LENGSFELD,  shJnk-lSngs'f-lt, 
a  market-town  of  Central  Germany,  grand-duchy  of  Hesse- 
IJarmstadt,  province  of  Starkeuburg,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Die* 
burg.     I'op.  1160. 

LEN'HAM,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Kent. 

LENK,  link,  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  in  the  Simmeuthal,  22  miles  S.S  W.  of  'I'hun.   P.  2240. 

LEXKERAN,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  IjANKEkan. 

LENXE,  Ijn'neh,  a  river  of  Kheiiish  Prussia,  joins  the 
Ruhr  18  miles  N.E.  of  Elberfeld.  after  a  course  of  6u  miles. 

LKNNEP.  len'nJp,  a  town  of  Rhjnish  Prussia,  capital  of 
a  circle,  21  miles  F^.S.E,  of  DusseWorf,  en  the  Lennep.  Pop. 
4910.     It  has  manufactures  of  woollen?  and  cottons. 

LEN'NIK  ST.  QUEN/TIN,  (Fr.  prou  K-n'neek'  siV:;"  k'soV 
t^N"',)  a  market-town  of  Belg'um,  pwvince  of  South  Br* 
bant,  9  miles  S.W.  of  IJrusselt-.     Pop  2000. 

LENN1-LENNAPPJ5,  len'n  j-len'imp'pA,  usually  eallp<J  LE- 
NAPE, a  tribe  of  Indians  cf  North  America,  tbrmerly  nu- 
merous.   Thej'  are  the  same  as  the  Delawares. 

LENNO,  iJn'no,  a  village  in  the  N.W.  of  Lombiirdy,  prov- 
ince of  Como,  6  miles  from  Memiggio.  It  is  celebrated  for 
the  niiiiiber  of  its  antiquities. 

LEX'XOX,  the  ancient  name  of  the  county  of  DuKjbarton, 
Scotland,  comprising  also  parts  of  the  counties  ol  Stirling, 
i'erth.  and  Renfk-ew.  It  gives  the  title  of  Duke,  in  the 
Scotch  peerage,  to  the  Duke  of  Richmond,     See  Dumbaktos. 

liEXNOX,  a  village  of  Massachusetts,    See  Lenox. 

LENNOX  HILLS  are  a  range  extending  between  the 
counties  of  Bumbarton  and  Stirling,  The  highest  summit 
rises  about  1500  feet  above  the  sea. 

LENNOX  TOWN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  ptirline, 
parish  of  Campsie,  9  miles  N.  of  Glasgow.  I'op.  2S21,  em- 
ployed in  large  calico  print-works  and  collieries.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  sheriffs'  court.     Adjacent  is  Lennox  Castle. 

LENN'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Kanawha  co.,  Virginia. 

LENO,  lA'no,  a  marketrtown  of  Lombardy,  12  miles  S.  of 
Brescia,  near  the  JlelJa.  Pop.  3805.  Manufactures  linen, 
silk,  and  cotton. 

LENOIR,  le-nore',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  North 
Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  450  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Neuse  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  'llis 
soil  is  generally  sandy.  The  Neuse  River  is  navigable  by 
large  boats  in  this  county.  Formed  in  1791,  and  named  in 
honor  of  General  William  Lenoir,  an  officer  in  the  war  of 
the  Revolution.  Capital,  Kingston.  Pop.  10,220,  of  whom 
5080  were  fiee,  and  5140  slaves 

LENOIR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caldwell  co..  North 
Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  Yadkin  liiver.  near  its  source, 
180  miles  W.  from  Raleigh.    Pop.  about  300. 

LENOIR'S,  a  post-office  of  Roane  co.,  Tennessee. 

LENOL.\.  lA-nold,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  I>avoro.  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Gaeta.     I'op.  2160. 

LE.N'OX,  a  post-village  and  township,  countv-seat  of 
Berkshire  CO.,  Massachuseits,  on  the  Iluusatonie  River  and 
Railroad,  6  miles  S.  of  Pittsfield.  The  village  has  an  ele- 
vated situation,  and  contains  many  fine  residences,  3  church- 
es, an  academy,  founded  in  1803, and  about  llOO  inliabitauts. 
Pop.  of  township,  1711. 

LENOX,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Madison  co.. 
New  York,  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad  and  Erie 
Cauiil,  and  by  a  branch  of  the  Oswego  Elver,  115  miles  W. 
by  N,  of  Albany.     Pop.  8021. 

LENOX,  a  posirtownship  of  Susquehanna  CO.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 16  miles  S.E.  of  Jlontrose.     Pop.  1791. 

LENOX,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Ashtabula 
CO.,  Ohio,  170  miles  N.  E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  873. 

LENOX,  a  postrtownship  in  the  E.  part  of  Macomb  co, 
Michigan.  90  miles  E.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  1453. 

LEN'OX,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated  on  the  N 
coast  of  Lake  Ontario,  near  the  commencement  of  the  river 
St.  Lawrence.    Area  170  square  miles.     Pop.  7955. 

LENOX  BASIN,  a  village  of  Madison  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Erie  Canal,  about  120  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

LENOX  CASTLE,  a  postoffice  of  Kockingham  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

LENOX  FURNACE,  a  post^jflttce  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massar 
chusetts. 

LEN'OXVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LEN'OXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of 
Sherbrooke,  near  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad, 
98  miles  S.E.  of  Slontreal.  It  contains  a  church,  4  or  5 
stores,  a  ladies'  school,  collegiate  school,  and  Bi.'^hop's  Col- 
lege with  4  professors. 

LENS,  l6x">,  (ane.  Elenat  or  Lenensef),  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Pas-de-Calai.s,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Arras.  Pop.  in 
1852,  9796.  It  has  coal-mines,  distilleries,  tanneries,  and 
soap-works.  Here,  in  1648,  the  Prince  of  Conde  gained  a 
sigiual  victory  over  the  Spanish  forces. 

LENS,  16x0,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ila'.naut, 
on  the  Dender,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mous.    Pop,  1800. 

1037 


J 


LEiq- 


LEO 


Li;>J5,  A  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
?  ilais,  5  u)ile.s  -N.K.  of  Sion.     Pop.  1622. 

LKXT,  lent,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gelderland, 
on  the  Waal,  opposite  to  Nymwegeu,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  fijing  bridge.     Fop.  1171. 

LKNTA,  ljn't;i,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province 
»nd  12  miles  N.  of  Vercelli,  on  the  Sesia.     Pop.  1200.. 

LENTCilEK,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Lenuzt. 

LK.'sT'II.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  llereford. 

LKNTIA.     Set  Li.ntz. 

LENTIM,  LAKE  OF,  Sicily.    See  Biveri. 

LEM'I.VI,  14n-tee'ne,  or  LEOM'IM,  lA-on-tee'nee,  (anc. 
LeimUhii  and  Lenn'tiuni,)  a  town  of  Sicil}-,  iiitendanoy  of 
Syracuse,  on  a  hill  near  Lake  Biveri,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Catania.  Pop.  5100.  It  has  a  gunpowder-mill,  and  an  ac- 
tive fishery  on  the  adjoining  lake. 

LE.N'XiJ.V,  a  parish  of  l..ngland,  county  and  If  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Nottingham,  on  the  Nottingham  Branch  of  the 
Midland  i{ailway.    Pop.  4407.    It  has  a  court-room  and  jail. 

LE.S  UDr^'S  FEKRV,  a  post-office  of  Williamsburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

LE.V'Y',  a  romanticmountain  pass  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
2  miles  W".  of  Callander.  Loch  Lubnaig  here  discharges  its 
waters  by  a  stream  which  joins  the  Teith  near  Callander. 

LENZBL'KG.  lents'buwRO,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
•.f  Aargau,  7  miles  E.  of  Aarau.    Pop.  1700. 

LENZ/BUlit;,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  CO.,  Illinois. 

LENZEN  or  LENTZEN,  lent'sen,  a  town  of  IVussian 
Pa.xony,  province  of  Brandenburg,  83  miles  N.W.  of  Pots- 
dam.    Pop.  3000. 

LE.VZl.NttllAUSKX,  15nt'sing-how'zen,  a  village  of  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  government  of  Minden,  circle  of  llerford. 
Pop.  low. 

LENZKIRCII.  UntsTcCeRK,  (Oder,  o'bfr,  and  Uxter,  oon'- 
tfr,)  two  villages  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  3j  miles  S.  of 
Keustadt. 

Ltyo,  a  post-office  of  Il.abersham  co.,  Georgia. 

LEO.  a  post-office  of  .\llen  co.,  Indiana. 

LEVBAD'DA.  a  town  of  W.  Africa,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Niger,  lat.  9°  20'  N.,  Ion.  5°  45'  K.,  surrounded  by  an 
immensely  thick  wall.     I'op.  6000. 

LEOBEN,  lA-o'ben,  a  town  of  .\ustria,  in  Styria,  9  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Briick,  on  the  Mur.  Pop.  2000,  mostly  employed 
In  mining  and  forging  iron.  The  peace  oif  Leoben.  between 
i'rance  and  Austria,  was  concluded  here.  April  18,  1797. 

LEOBEKSD  )i{F,  lA-o'bfrs-doRf\  or  LOIBHaSDORF,  loi'- 
bersdoRf  \  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Triesting,  on  the 
South  Railway,  aix)ut  21  miles  S.S.W.iof  Vienna.    Pop.  1200. 

LEOBSCIIUTZ.  (Leobschiitz,)  or  LUBCZYCE,  l4'op-shiits\ 
(Slavonic.  llUtlizien.  h"l(Hjb'ze-?n,)  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
83  miles  S.W.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  6230. 

LEiJG.\NE,  PiVg.ln',  a  town  of  ILiyti,  capital  of  an 
arrondissement  on  its  W.  coast,  20  miles  W.  of  Port-au- 
Prince,  at  the  S.E.  angle  of  the  Gulf  of  Leogane,  an  inlet 
of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  about  120  miles  in  length. 

LEiJ.MIL,  lA-o-meel'.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beir.a- 
Alta,  near  the  Tavora,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Lamego. 
Top.  1187. 

LEOMINSTER,  lJm'in-st«r.  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  market-town",  and  parish  of  England,  county 
and  12  uiiles  N.N.W.  of  Hereford,  on  the  Lugg.  Pop.  in 
1851.  4195.  It  has  an  ancient  church,  a  grammar  school, 
founded  by  Queen  Slary ;  a  grotesquely  built  town-hall,  or 
"butter  cros.s"  erected  in  1033;  a  jail,  hou.se  of  industrj', 
l-arke*>house,  and  branch  bank ;  with  manufactures  of  lea- 
ther, gloves,  and  hats.  Leominster  sends  2  memls^rs  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

LIvJMIXSTEK.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LE»11XSTER.  llm'in-sti.T,  a  thriving  post-village  and 
township  of  Worcester  co.,  MassachusettsT  on  the  Fitchburg 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Fitchburg  and  Worcester  Railroad.  26 
miles  .\.  by  i:.  of  Worcester,  and  46  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston. 
The  Nashua  River  flows  through  it,  furnishing  good  water- 
power,  whii'h  is  extensively  eniployed  in  the  manufacture 
of  horn  and  other  combs,  this  being  the  principal  seat  of 
that  business  in  the  state.  In  lS.i3  there  were  here  28  esta- 
blishments, employing  314  operatives,  and  producing  combs 
to  the  value  of  $270,ti00.  Paper  and  piano-fortes  are  also 
made  in  Leominster.     Pop.  of  the  township  in  ISflO,  3522. 

LEON,  lee'on.  (Sp.  pron..  l:\-r)n'.)  an  old  province  and  for- 
merly a  kingdom,  in  the  N.W.  of  Spain,  now  divided  into 
the  provinces  of  Leon.  Salamanca,  and  Zamora.  It  was  ori- 
ginally c.'illed  the  kingdom  of  the  Asturias.  and  w.as  united 
to  Castile  in  1-230.  The  new  province  of  Leon  in  the  north- 
ern portion,  has  an  area  of  7176  square  miles;  and  a  popu- 
lation of  288.R33.  ^  ^ 

The  KiNOiWM  OP  Leon  was  founded  in  915.  by  Ordono  II. : 
and  in  the  1 1th  century  was  annexed  to  the  crown  of  Cas- 
tile.  by  Ferdinand  the  Great.  It  made  attempts  to  resume 
Its  independence  in  the  12th  century,  but.  though  still  re- 
taining the  name  of  a  kingdom,  wiig  finallr  incorporated 
with  tlie  monarchy  in  the  13th  century,  by  Ferdinand  III. 
As  a  territory,  still  recognised  by  geographers,  and  fre- 
quent', y  meif'.ioned  by  historical  and  other  writers,  it  is 
bounded  X.  by  Asturias,  E.  by  Old  Castile,  S.  by  New  Cas- 
1038  ' 


tile  and  Estremadura,  W.  by  Portugal,  and  N'.W.  by  Galiciai 
and  comprises  the  five  modern  provinces  of  Leon,"p!ilencia, 
Valladolid.  Zamora.  and  Salamanca. 

LEON,  (anc.  Le'gio  SeptHma  O'cm'ina.)  a  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Bernesga.  at  its  conliuence 
with  the  Torio,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Oviedo,  and  174  riiles 
N.N.W.  of  .Madrid.  Pop.  7074.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
an  octagon,  surrounded  by  ancient  walls  in  a  somewhat 
dilapidated  state,  and  entered  i)y  11  gates.  The  streets  are 
generally  narrow,  irregular,111  paved  and  dirty,  and  many 
of  the  houses  aie  untenanted,  and  in  a  state  of  decay.  The 
streets,  called  .Nueva  and  Plegaria.  or  liajada  de  San  ".Martin, 
however,  having  Ijeen  recently  widened  and  improved,  are 
decidedly  handsome;  and  there  are  four  principal  s.iuareg, 
ail  of  them  lined  by  handSLime  edifices,  while  that  called 
the  Plaza  Mayor,  or  I'laza  de  la  Constitucion,  is  remarkable 
for  the  regularity  of  its  form,  and  a  fine  front  of  balconies. 
The  fountains,  also,  some  of  them  composed  of  marble  and 
jasper,  with  allegorical  figures,  are  elegant  structures;  and 
a  finely  planted  space,  called  the  Espolon  de  Puerta  Cas- 
tillo, affords  a  beautiful  and  much  frequented  promenade. 
The  print  ipal  public  edifices  are  the  Cathedral,  a  beatitiful 
specimen  of  the  purest  Gothic,  with  facade  composed  of  five 
richly  sculptured  pointed  arches,  and  flanked  by  two  re- 
markably elegant  and  lofty  towers;  the  church  of  San 
Isidore,  an  ancient  and  massive  structure.  alsoG(thic:  and 
13  other  churches,  and  4  hospitals.  Adj.  and  iuhab.  Leo- 
nese.  leeVneez'. 

LEON,  a  town  of  Central  America,  capital  of  Nicaragua, 
occupying  the  site  of  a  Large  Indian  town,  called  Sulitiaba, 
on  a  large  and  fertile  plain,  nearly  equidistant  from  Lake 
Ijcon  or  Managua  and  the  Pacific ;  lat.  12°  25'  N.,  Ion.  86° 
57'  W.  It  stands  between  deep  ravines,  the  numerous 
springs  in  which  furnish  it  with  copious  supplies  of  pure 
water,  and  covers  a  large  area,  laid  out  on  a  regular  plan, 
in  spacious  streets,  with  intervening  squares.  The  houses, 
built  of  adobes,  are  seldom  of  more  than  one  story  ;  but 
each  encloses  a  spacious  court,  planted  with  trees,  and  en- 
tered by  a  portal,  which  is  often  lofty,  in  the  style  of  the 
Moresque  arches,  common  in  Spain,  and  profusely  and 
tastefully  ornamented.  In  the  disturbances  and  revolutions 
which  have  long  agitated  the  country,  Leon  has  had  its  full 
share.  Slany  of  its  houses  have,  in  consequence,  bc-ome 
dilapidated,  and  even  considerable  portions  are  mere  heaps 
of  ruin.  On  one  occasion  above  a  lhou.=and  hou.ses,  in  its 
richest  and  best  built  quarter,  were  burned  down  in  a  single 
night.  The  public  edifices  are  considered  among  the  finest 
in  Central  .\mcrica.  and  include  a  large  and  mas.sive  cathe- 
dral, crowned  by  a  lofty,  central  dome ;  the  Episcojial  I'alace, 
surrounded  by  fine  gardens;  the  churches  of  La  Merced, 
Recoleccion.  and  Calvario,  remarkable  for  their  size  and  fine 
facades,  and  various  other  churches ;  the  Tridentine  college 
of  St.  Ramon,  once  a  flourisliing  establishment,  with  pro- 
fessorships of  law  and  medicine,  and  numerous  students; 
but  now  possessed  only  of  a  nominal  existence;  the  govern- 
ment-house, Cuartel  General,  or  head  barracks;  and  the 
hospital,  occupying  the  old  convent  of  San  Juan  de  Bios. 
The  manufactures  of  Leon  are  confined  chiefly  to  articles  in 
dressed  leather  and  cutle.ry;  and  tlie  traile,  owing  to  its 
inland  situation,  does  little  more  than  supply  its  local  wants. 
Pop.  in  1847,  30,000. 

IjEOX,  la^Ax"',  a  viilaso  of  France,  department  of  Landes, 
on  a  lagoon,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Dax.    I'op.  14o2. 

LE/OX,  a  county  in  the  northern  part  of  F'lorida,  bordering 
on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.VV.  by  the  Ocklockonnee  River.  The  surface  is 
undulating ;  the  soil  fertile.  This  is  the  most  populous 
county  in  the  state,  and  contains  Tallahassee,  the  capital  of 
Florida.  A  railroad  extends  from  Tallahassee  to  St.  Mark's 
Pop.  12,;i43.  of  whom  3254  were  free,  and  9089  slaves. 

LEON,  a  county  in  the  N'.E.  central  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  800  square  miles.  The  Trinity  River  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  E.  and  the  N'avasoto  on  the  \\.  It  is 
drained  by  Upper  and  Lower  Keedii  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands.  Capital,  i.eona. 
Pop.  6781.  of  whom  4161  were  free. 

LEON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cattaraugus  county, 
New  York,  about  40  miles  S.  of  BufTalo.     Pop.  iy99. 

LEON,  a  i)ost-village  in  Madison  co.,  Virginia,  li'O  miles 
N.W.  of  Richmond. 

LF;0N,  a  post-office  of  Mason  co..  W  Virginia 

LEON,  a  post-office  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio,  '208  miles  N.E. 
of  Columbus. 

LEON,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin. 

LEON,  U-6ne'.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
and  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Guanajuato;  about  6000  fei^t  above 
the  sea.  It  has  several  handsome  chttrehes.  and  is  one  of 
the  most  industrious  pLaces  in  the  Confederation.    I'np.  (000. 

LEON,  a  river  of  Central  America,  enters  the  Ctiriljbean 
Sea  75  miles  W.  of  Trujillo.      Length  30  miles. 

LEON,  a  river  of  New  Grenada.     See  Gcacuba. 

LEON,  lA-on',  MANAGUA,  m.^-n^'gwd,  or  MATIARES, 
mJ-te-^rfs,  L.AKE  OF.  a  lake  of  Central  America,  state  of 
Nicaragua,  lat.  12°  15'  N..  Ion.  86°  15'  W..  is  ?.,>  miles  in 
length,  by  15  miles  in  greatest  breath.    Its  surface  it  '28  feet 


LEO 


LER 


above  that  of  the  Lake  of  Nicaragua,  with  which  it  commu- 
nicates at  lis  K.  end  by  the  river  Tipitapa: 

l,li."N  S.,  a  post-villau'e,  capital  of  licou  co.,  Texas,  about 
120  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.N.E.  of  Austin  City. 

LKJ-NA-RDSliUKU,  Uu'ards  bCirg,  a  postoiiice  of  Delaware 
CO.,  Ohio 

LKO.\Ai?DSTOWN,  IJn'ards-town,  a  post- village,  capital 
of  .St.  Mary's  co..  ifarylaud,  ou  Britton's  Kiver,  u5  miles  8. 
by  \V.  of  Aunapolis,  contiiius  a  newspaper  office  aud  au 
academy.     Pup.  568, 

LliONAKUSVlLLE,  l.^n'ard.'^vin,  a  posirvillage  of  Madi- 
Bon  CO.,  New  York,  on  Unadilla  liiver,  about  88  miles  W.  of 
Albany.     It  has  a  national  bank.     Pop.  in  1855,  331. 

LEON  A  VICARIA.     See  Saltillo. 

LKOXBERG,  ll/on-bSRo\  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  8  miles 
W.N.^V.  of  Stuttgart.  l>op.  2200.  It  is  the  birth  place  of 
the  philosopher  .Schelling. 

Lli(J.\lJ.\..  a  post-oliice  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana. 

LKOXDAIU,  li'on-diVee,  LKONTAKI,  li/on-taVee,  or 
LOXDAIII,  lon-di'ree,  (anc.  Leuc'lra?)  a  town  of  Greece, 
Morea,  government  of  (Jortyuia.  near  the  head  of  the  llou- 
phia.  (anc.  Alpke'a.f.)  18  miles  S.W.  of  Tripolitza. 

LK'.).\Di.N(ji.  li'onding\  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  circle 
of  Jllihl.  about  4  miles  from  Lintz.  Pop.  2220. 

LKO.NESS.\,  lAo-iiiVsl,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo-Ultra,  12^  miles  N.  of  Civitii-Ducale,  on  the  Corno. 
P.  05U0.    It  has  a  college.  3  parish  churches,  and  7  convents. 

LKONFliLDE.V,  ll/on-f.  rdyn,  an  ancient  and  once  fortified 
market-town  of  Unper  Austria.  15  miles  N.  of  Lintz.    P.  fiOU. 

LEaNFOKXE,  lion-foK'td,  or  LIONFOHTK,  le-on-foit/tA,  a 
town  of  Sicily,  37  miles  W.N.W".  of  Catania.  It  is  situated 
in  a  mouiifciinous  district,  enclosed  by  walls.  It  consists 
chiefly  of  an  exteii.sive  scjuare,  opened  into  by  two  spacious, 
well-built  streets.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in 
corn,  wine,  and  silk,  lioth  asphaltum  and  sulphur  are 
found  in  the  uei,:ihborhc)Od.     Pup.  10,C78. 

LEi  )NIIAIIT,  li'oa-hatit.  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  circle 
of  Botzen.  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  1560. 

LIOOXI,  Ho'nee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Priucipato 
Ultra,  4  miles  S.  of  Sant'  .\ngelo.     Pop.  4000. 

LK;)'NI,  a  post-towuship  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  1396 

LEON  I,  a  thriving  past -village  in  Grass  Lake  township, 
Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  tlie  (Central  liailroad,  C8  miles  \V. 
of  Detroit.  It  contains  several  churches,  flouring-mills,  Ac. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  SOO. 

LKOX'l  DAS.  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Joseph  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  St.  Joseph's  Kiver,  about  125  miles  \V.  by 
S.  from  Detroit.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  300 ;  of  town- 
ship, 1256. 

LEONJL,  lA-o-neel',  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Ma  tto- 
Grosso,  on  the  Ouapore,  about  30  miles  above  Fort  Principe 
iS.  Beira.    I'op.  lOOO. 

LE'ON  HPVCR,  of  Texas,  rises  in  the  N.W.  central  part 
of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.li.  unites  with  Lampasas  River, 
In  Bell  county. 

LKONTAHI,  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Leoxc^ri. 

LEONTIUM  or  LEONTINI.     See  Lemi.vi. 

LE'H'OLD,  a  town  of  Galici.a.     See  Lbmberg. 

LE'0P>L1),  a  post-village  and  township  of  Perry  CO.,  In- 
diana, 14  miles  N.  of  Home.  Settled  by  Belgians.  French, 
aud  Irish.  It  contains  1  Catholic  chapel.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship. 758. 

LEOPOLD,  lee'o-pi'ld  or  IJp'oW,  a  port  of  North  America, 
near  the  N.W.  entraii<e  of  Prince  Regent's  Inlet  from  Bar- 
row's Strait,  in  bit.  73°  60'  N..  Ion.  90°  10'  W.  Sir  James 
Ross,  in  his  sennh  for  Sir  John  Franklin,  was  frozen  up 
here  from  September.  1848,  to  August,  1849. 

LEJPOLD.  a  capo  on  the  W.  coast  of  Baffin's  Bay,  lat.  75° 
47'  N.,  Ion.  78°  10'  W. 

LEOPOLDAU.  Iii-ii'pol-dijw,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  5 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Vienna. 

LK'OPOLD  ISLAND,  in  Barrow's  Strait,  North  America, 
lat.  74°  3'  N.,  Ion.  89°  53'  V.\ 

LEOPOLDOVA,  lA-o^oI-dov'tih,  a  village  of  the  Austrian 
Empire,  in  Hunirarv.  Bsuat.  near  the  Danube.     Pop.  2257. 

LEOP'.)LDS'lADr,  Pi-o'|)ol(Jst:itt\  (Ilun.  LenpMvar,  Ii\'- 
op^old'van'.)  a  strongly  ftirtified  town  of  Central  Ilunsrary, 
00  miles  N.W.  of  Pesth,  on  the  Waag.  Pop.  1700.  It  has  2 
arsenals,  built  by  Leopold  I.,  Roman  Catholic  and  Protest- 
ant churches,  and  a  synagogue.  . 

LE')Vi).  lUyvo.  a  town  oi  South  Ru-ssia.  government  of 
Bessarabia,  on  the  Pruth,  50  mileR  S.W.  of  Kishenev.    P.  2000. 

LEI'ANTO,  le-pan'to,  or  I.Vpin'to,  called  also  EPACl'O, 
A-pi^k'to.  (anc.  Nnu.pac'lus,)  a  seaport  town  of  Greece, 
government  6f  /F.tolia,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Lepanto.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Patras.  It  was  anciently  of 
considerable  importance;  stood  a  siege,  in  1475,  from  the 
Turks,  who.  after  four  months,  were  obliged  to  retire,  with 
a  loss  of  30.000  men  ;  and  is  memorable  for  the  naval  battle 
fought  within  the  Gulf  in  1571.  between  the  Ottoman  fleet 
and  the  combined  fleets  of  the  Chri.stian  States  of  the 
Mediterranean,  under  Don  .lohn  (Juan)  of  Austria,  when 
the  former,  consisting  of  200  galleys  and  60  other  vessels, 
was  destroyed.    Pop.  2000. 


LEPANTO,  GULF  OF.    See  Corimr,  Qmr  o? 

LEI'ANTO,  STRAIT  OF,  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  .'V 
rinth,  Greece,  at  its  narrowest  part  about  1  mile  across, 
and  defended  by  a  castle  on  either  side.  Here,  on  8th 
October,  1571,  the  fleet  under  Don  John  of  Austria  totally 
defeated  that  of  the  'I'urks. 

LEPE,  W\)\,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  province  and  11 
miles  W.  of  Iluelva,  near  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  3024. 

LEPEL.  N£\V.  l.iVl:  or  l.-l-pJl',  a  town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Vitebsk,  on  Lake  Bereshta,  t2  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Vitebsk,  has  2700  inhabitants. 

LEPEL,  OLD,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of 
Vitebsk,  about  3  miles  N.W.  of  New  Lepel. 

LEI''E1!S'  ISLE,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  Pacific,  between 
Espiritu  Santo  and  .\urora.     L.at.  15°  22'  S.,  Ion.  167°  54'  E. 

LEPONTINE  ALPS.    See  Alps,  page  62. 

LKI'SENY.  Ifp'shAfl',  or  LEPSTN.  Ijp'sheen'.  a  village  of 
Ilungarv.  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Veszprira.     Pop.  1233. 

LEPf  IS  MAGNA.    See  LEiiinA. 

LEP'TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding. 

LE  PUY,  leh  pwee.    See  Put. 

LEQUEITIO,  lAki'te-o,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Biscay,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bilbao,  on  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.     Pop.  2335.    Its  harbor  is  defended  liv  several  tbrts. 

LEQUIO,  l;l/kwe-o,  or  LECCO,  iJk'ko.  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Piedmont,  province  of  Slondovi.    I'op.  1520. 

LE  R.\Y,  a  township  of  .Jefferson  co..  New  York.     P.  3159. 

LE  RAYS'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jefferson  co., 
New  York,  near  Black  River.  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Watertown. 

LE  HAYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Peuug3ri- 
vania,  16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Towanda. 

LKItCIIENFELD,  ljRK'en-frlt\  or  NEU-LEKCHENFELD, 
noi-IjRK'vn-f 'lO,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  near  Vienna, 
or  rather  one  of  its  suburbs.  It  is  well  and  regularly 
built,  and  consists  chiefly  of  wine  and  beer  shops,  much 
frequented  by  the  citizens  of  the  capital.     Pop.  7<<S0. 

LEREZ.  lA'rJth,  a  m.irket-town  of  Spain,  province  and  5 
miles  E.  of  Pontevedra.  on  the  river  l^erez.     I'op.  2088. 

LERICI,  Ifr'e-che,  (anc.  tyrt/r.  or  Par'tus  E'rych.)  a  marl- 
time  town  of  Italy.  Sardinia,  division  of  Genoa,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Spezzia,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Spezzia.  Pop.  .5217.  It  is  defended 
by  a  pentagonal  castle,  has  a  Capuchin  monastery,  with 
one  of  the  largest  churches  which  that  order  possesses,  the 
buildings  of  iin  old  Augustine  monastery,  several  palaces, 
an  hospital,  and  a  harbor,  which  is  much  freqtiented  by 
coasting  vessels.  The  fishery  on  the  coast  em.ploys  a  great 
number  of  the  inhabitants. 

LERIDA.  I'r'e-da.  (Catalan,  TJcyda,  IrlA^dl  ,■  anc.  Bci-^rJa.)  a 
town  of  Spain.  Catalonia,  capital  of  the  province  of  Lerida, 
partly  on  a  hill,  on  which  it  rises  in  (he  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  partly  in  a  plain,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Segre,  here  cros.sed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge  of.seveu 
arches.  84  miles  W.N.W.  of  Barcelona.  Being  regarded  ag 
the  key  of  Aragon  and  Catalonia,  it  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant military  points  in  Spain;  and  possesses  great 
strength,  being  both  surifiunded  by  walls  flanked  with  bas- 
tions, and  by  a  wet  fos.se.  and  defended  by  a  castle  and 
several  batteries.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  old  cathe- 
dral, ))resenting  a  curious  and  rather  incongruous  mixture 
of  styles — Byzantine.  Gothic,  and  Moorish  :  the  new  cathe- 
dral, an  imposing  structure  of  the  Corinthian  order;  the 
church  of  San  Lorenzo,  a  very  ancient  building:  the  church 
of  San  .Tuan.  attributed  to  the  time  of  Constantine  tlie 
Groat:  the  Episcopal  Palace,  the  Town-house,  Court-house, 
and  Prison:  the  Gymnasium  or  hiftitutn,  the  Diocesan 
Seminary,  the  Normal  and  other  schools,  the  Theatre, 
baths,  and  civil  and  military  hospitals 

Lerida.  originallv  the  capital  of  the  TJerrjefpn.  in  the  wars 
1;,etween  the  Cart harfnians  and  Romans,  adhered  to  the 
former,  and  suffered  much  from  I'oth.  In  its  vifinity.  Scipio 
gained  a  siirnal  victory  over  the  Carthaginian  genera)  llanno; 
and.  at  a  much  later  period,  .Tulius  Caesar  defeated  Afranius 
and  Petreius.  Pompey's  lieutenants.  After  the  departure 
of  the  Romans  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Goths,  during 
whose  domination  a  celebrated  council,  known  by  its  name, 
was  held  here.  It  was  long  in  the  pos.«efsion  cf  the  Jloors, 
from  whom  it  was  taken  by  Raymond  Berenger.  King  of 
Ar.igon,  and  continued  for  several  centuries  after  to  be  the 
capital  of  his  kingdom.  Lerida  was  stormed  by  the  French 
durin"  the  War  of  Succession  in  1707.  and  ai'ain  taken  by 
them  under  Suchet  in  1810.     Pop.  in  1849,  12,236. 

LERID.\.  a  mountainous  province  of  Spain.  Catalonia, 
bounded  N.  by  France.     Area  4919  S(|uare  miles. 

LERIN.  iWeen'.  a  town  of  Spain.  ])rovince  of  Navarre.  34 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Pamplona.  Pop.  2398.  It  stands  on  a  plain 
near  an  affluent  of  the  Ebro. 

LERTNS  (leh-rSN'on  ISLES.  (anc.Z€)-^'nce/n's^«7ff>.)a  group 
of  islands  in  the  >?cditerranean.  beloiiging  to  France,  depart- 
ment of  Var.  near  the  coast,  consisting  of  thc>  fortified  islandj 
of  St.  Marguerite  and  St.  Ilonorat.  the  first  of  which  w»» 
the  prison  of  the  "man  with  the  iron  mask." 

LE10r.\.  l?R/mS.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  23  milee 
S.  of  Burgos.  Pop.  1305.  It  has  a  palace,  built  by  the  Car 
dinal  Duke  de  Lerma,  minister  of  Philip  III. 

1039 


LER 

IjERO  lA/ro,  (anc.  Mros,)  a  small  island  of  the  Grecian 
Arrhipelago,  off  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  oo  miles  S.  of  f^amos. 
Length,  from  X.  to  S.,  6  miles,  greatest  breadth  4  miles.  I'op. 
about  2tK)0.  On  its  X.  side  is  a  tolerable  port;  and  on  its  K. 
tha  town  of  Lero.  with  a  ruined  castle. 

LK  1!(>Y',  a  post-villaRe  and  township  of  Genesee  co.,  New 
York,  on  Allen  s  Creek,  and  on  ii  biancli  of  the  Centnd  Rail- 
road, 46  miles  K.  by  N  of  ButTalo.  It  is  the  second  village  of 
the  county  in  population  and  wealth,  and  contains  25  stores, 
1  bank,  l'  newspaper  office,  7  churches,  and  an  academy. 
Pop.  about  ioOO;  of  the  township,  4J47. 

LE  Rt)V,  a  village  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York,  at  the  outlet 
of  Canaderaga  Lake. 

LE  KOY.  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
140  miles  N.  of  llan  isburg.     Pop.  lUlO. 
LE  ROY,  a  small  village  of  Bradford  co.,Pennsylvania. 
LE  i;i  lY,  a  township  of  Lake  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  884. 
LE  ROY,  a  post-office  of  Medina  co.,  Oliio. 
LE  ROY,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  1174. 
LE  ROY,  a  village  of  Genesee  co..  Michigan,  on  Thread 
Creek,  1^  miles  S.E.  of  Flint,  has  several  mills. 

LK  UoY,  a  post-village  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
plank-road  from  Lansing  to  Detroit,  17  miles  E.  of  the  for- 
mer, was  settled  in  18uO. 

LK  l{(  )Y,  a  post-office  of  5IcLean  co.,  Illinois. 
LE  KOY,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Dodge  CO..  Wisconsin,  CO  miles  X.E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1107. 
LE  RiJY  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

LKKS.  IJr,  a  river  of  France,  which,  after  a  course  of  above 
70  miles,  joins  the  Arifige  a  little  above  Cintegabelle. 

LKKWICK,  l^r'rik,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  parish  Of 
Scotland,  and  the  chief  town  of  the  Slietland  Islands,  Main- 
land, on  Bressay  Sound,  21  miles  N.X.E.  of  Sumburgh  Head. 
Pop.  of  town  2287,  employed  in  the  whale  and  herring  lish- 
eries.  and  in  manufactures  of  straw  plait.  Registered  ship- 
ping in  1847,  21.34  tons.  It  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  is  the 
seat  of  the  Shetland  (wurts  of  law.  In  the  vicinity  are  the 
ruins  of  2  Danish  castles. 

LESA.  M/s5,  (L.  Msia,)  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  and  7  miles  S.  of  Pallanza.     Pop.  1554. 

LESAC.\,  l.-l-sdnii,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre, 
28  mile,s  N^.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  2180.     It  has  iron  works. 

LKS  ALLUES.  liz  iVW,  (L.  Allodia,)  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States.  Savoy,  province  of  Tarantaise.     Pop.  1463. 
LES  AXDELYS.     See  Andelts,  Les. 
LESBDS,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago.    See  Ml- 

TTI.ENE. 

LES'RTJRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
on  the  .\lne,  3^  miles  E.S.E.  of  Alnwick,  with  a  station  on 
the  Newcastle  Railway. 

LESC.\R,  iVkaR/.  (anc.  Bencarlnum  f)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Basses- Pyrenees.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Pan.   P.  2099. 

LES  CHAl'ELLE.S.  lA  sha'p^ll',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province  of  Tarantaise,  2  miles  from  Bourg  San  Mau- 
rice,    i'op.  10C3. 

LESCIIENAULT,  (iJshVn-o'  or  H'sheh-nolt/.)  PORT,  a 
maritime  settlement  and  inlet  of  West  Australia,  immedi- 
ately opposite  Australjnd.  about  lat.  33°  18'  S.,  Ion.  115°  37' 
W.,  in  a  fertile  district,  with  a  harbor  adapted  only  for  boats. 

LESCIIIE,  lA/shee,  a  village  of  Croatia,  generalship  of 
llarlstadt.  on  the  Gaczka.    Pop.  1432. 

LESCIIXITZ,  iJsh'nits,  asmall  town  of  Prus.sian  Silesia. 
21  miles  S.S.E.  of  ( )ppeln.  Pop.  1290.  Near  it  is  a  hill  con- 
vent greatly  resort<'d  to  in  pilgrimage. 

LKSCUKE,  iJs'kuR/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn.  2  miles  N.E.  of  Albl.     Pop.  2070. 

LESCUKK,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  AriSge,  6 
miles  E.X.E.  of  St.  Girons.    Pop.  776. 

LESEOXO,  li-sAn'yo,  or  LEZEONO.  iJd-zin'yo,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  about  8  miles  from  Moiidovi.    P.  1370. 

LES  GETS.  lA  zh\.  (L.  Ja&tus.)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  Savov.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Taninge.      Pop.  1545. 

LES  GOXAIVES.    See  Gonaives. 

LESIGXANO  DI  B.4QXI,  l,Vseen-yJ/no  dee  hSn^yee,  a  vil- 
laae  of  Northern  Italy,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Parma,  celelsrated 
for  its  mineral  springs,     i'op.  2S42. 

LESIONANO  DI  PALMIA,  l.i-seen-v3/no  dee  pil'mfr-l  a 
Tillage  of  Italy,  on  the  Baganza,  18  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Parma. 
Pop.  2786. 

LKSIXA.  l^s'e-n J,  (anc.  PAo/roj,  or  Phafnis  In'sida.)  an 
Island  of  Dalmatia,  circle  and  23  miles  S.E.  of  Spalatro,  in 
the  Adiiatic.  between  the  islands  of  Brazza  and  Curzola. 
Len.'th  4il  miles,  breadth  from  2  to  6  miles.  Pop.  12.539. 
Principal  products,  figs,  wine,  marble,  anchovies,  and  rose- 
mary oil.    Chief  town,  Lesina.     Pop.  2000. 

LESIN  A,  lA-see'nJ,  a  town  of  South  Italy,  N.iples,  province 
of  Ciipitanata.  29  miles  N.W.  of  Foggia,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the 
Lake  of  I>esina. 

LESINA.  LAKE  OP.  (anc.  Ftmtanwi.)  called  also  SALSO, 
sJl'so.  or  SALPE.  sll'pA,  in  Naple.s.  forms  a  kind  of  lagoon 
•long  the  Adriatic,  into  which  it  discharges  itself.  Length 
from  E.  to  W.  13  miles,  breadth  3  miles. 

LESK AH.  I'^sTc^w,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  circle  and 
W.N.W.  of  i'ilsen.     Pop.  907.  I 

1040 


LET 

LESKEARD.  a  town  of  Endand.    Pee  Liskeard. 
LESLIE,  lez'lee.  a  burgh  of  barony  and  parish  of  Scotland 
CO.  of  Fife.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Cupar.  "  Here  is  the  ancient  seat 
of  the  I>eslies.  Earls  of  Rothes. 

LESLIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 
LES'LIE,  a  post-village  and   township  of  Ingham   co., 
Michigan,  on  Mill  Creekj  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lansing.  P.  1248. 
LESM.\IIAGOW,  iJs-ma-hA'go,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
and  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lanark,  on  the  (.  lyde.  the  celebrated 
falls  of  which  are  in  this  piirish.    Cruignethan  lastle,  in 
this  parish,  has  been  identified  with  the  liUietudlem  of 
Scotts  ■•  Old  .Mortality." 
LES  MARTIGUES.    See  Maktigues. 
LESMO,  Its'mo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  and 
15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Milan,  near  the  Lambro.    Pop.  1760. 

LESNEVEN,  LVneh-v6x"/  (anc.  Evenop'olist)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Finistere,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Brest. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2847.  It  has  a  large  naval  hospital,  and  near 
it  is  the  church  of  Folgoat,  one  of  the  finest  Gothic  struc- 
tures of  the  department. 
LESNEWTU,  l^s'nuth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  CornwalL 
LESNO,  l^Vno,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  situated  11  miles 
S.  of  Bre-scia.     Pop.  34(J0. 

LE  SOUKDESVILLE,  1?  soordz'vil,  a  post-office  of  Butler 
CO.,  Ohio. 

LESPARRE,  l?s*p!iR/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Oironde,  37  miles  N.W.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  14u4. 

LESS.\,  li^s'si,  a  seaport  village  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Minho.  4  miles  N.  of  Oporto. 

LESSAY,  l^s's.V,  a  town  of  Prance,  department  of  Manche, 
13  miles  N.W.  of  Coutances.     I'op.  1750. 

LESSE.  li'ss  or  IcVseh.  a  river  of  Belgium,  joins  the  Meuse 
a  little  above  Dinant.  whole  cour.se  under  60  miles. 

LESSE,  l^s'seh,  a  village  of  Brunswick,  district  of  Wolf- 
enbiittel.  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Brunswick.     Pop.  1062. 

LESSEN,  Ifs'sen  or  L.\S7A'N,  Id'shin,  a  town  of  West 
I'russia,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Marienwerder.     Pop.  1070. 

LESSEN,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  31  miles  N.W.  of 
Liegnitz,  on  the  Bober.    Pop.  576. 

Lj^SSEN,  a  village  of  the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  district  of 
WolfenbUttel.     Pop.  4062. 

LES'SER  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

LESSINES,  Unseen',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut.  on  the  Dender,  19  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mons.  Pop. 
4971.  It  has  a  literary  society,  distilleries,  chiccory  and  salt 
factories. 
LES^SINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
LESS'LEY,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Missouri,  70  milet 
W.S.W.  of  Jeffer-son  Citv. 

LESSNOI-KAHAMUSH,  iJssnoiTva-ra-moosh',  a  village  of 
Ru-i^sia.  government  and  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  .*aratov.    P.  2760. 
LESSOE  (Lessiie)  or  L.\SOE  (IJisiJe"),  l^s'iiVh,  an  island  of 
Denmark,  in  the  Cattegat,  12  mUes  E.  of  the  N.  part  of  Jut- 
land.   Area  42  square  miles. 

LESSOLO,  l.Vsolo,  or  LEZZOLO,  l?t/so-lo.  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  cTivision  of  Turin,  on  the  Dora  Baltea. 
Pop.  1745. 

LEtVSON  ISLANDS,  the  most  E.  of  the  Schouten  Islands, 
N.  coast  of  Papua.     Lat.  3°  35'  S..  Ion.  144°  48'  E. 

LESSONW,  los-so/nd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin.  5  miles  from  Biella.    Pop.  ]1H4. 

LESTEKPS,  l^sHaiup',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Charente.  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Confoleus.     Pop.  1426. 

LES/TER'S  DISTRICT,  a  post-office  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 
LESTERYILLE.  a  post-office  of  Reynolds"  co.,  Missouri. 
LE  SUEUR,  le-soc/er,  (Fr.  pron.  Ich  swuR,)  a  county  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  contains  about  450  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  St.  Peters  Hiver,  and  drained  by 
Le  Sueur  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  ia 
said  to  be  fertile.  There  are  several  small  lakes  in  the 
county.  It  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Capital, 
Le  Sueur.    Pop.  in  1860,  5318. 

LE  SU  EUR  ,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minne- 
uota,  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the  St.  Peter's  River,  about  60 
miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop.  about  500.    See  A  ppendix. 

LESYE.  iJs'veh  or  laiv?  a  village  of  Bekium,  province 
and  7  miles  S.s!w.  of  Namur.    Pop.  1561. 

LES^VALT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigton,  4  mile* 
N.W.  of  Stranraer.  The  coast  is  here  defended  by  bold, 
rocky  cliffs.*  The  ancient  castle  of  Lochnaw  stands  on  4 
beautiful  lech  in  this  parish. 

LESZA,  l.Vsoh\  or  LISZA,  lee'suh\  a  village  of  .\ustna, 
Transylvania.  37  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hermann.'itadt.  The  inha- 
bitants are  Wallachians.  and  are  all  soldiers.     Pop.  1220. 

LETA,  KIS,  kish  lA/ti(h\  a  village  of  Hungary.  <o.  of 
Szabolcz,  6  miles  from  Bathor.     Pop.  1497. 

LETA,  NAGY.  niidj  l.Vtoh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither 

TheisiS.  co.  of  Bihar,  on  the  road  to  Klausenburg.     P.  .3980. 

LETART.  le-tart/.  a  township  forming  the  S.  extremitv  o( 

Meigs  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Oliio  River.  Pop.1213. 

LETART  FALLS,  a  post-villacre  of  Jleigs  co.,  Ohio,  on  tJUe 

Ohio  River,  110  miles  S.E.  of  Columbu.s. 

LET'COMBE  BA.'VSET.  a  parish  of  Endand.  i:o.  of  Berks 
LET'COMBE  lUi/GIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 


LET 


LEV 


LETCTI'ER,  a  county  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  Virginia,  contains  an  area  estimated  at  300  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  bead  waters  of  the  Kentucky 
IJiver,  and  has  the  Cumberland  .Mountains  on  the  S.K.  lx)r- 
der.  The  surface  is  occupied  by  valleys  and  mountains, 
whicli  produce  good  pasture,  and  contain  large  bodies  of 
coal.  Organized  in  1S42,  and  named  iu  honor  of  Kobert  I'. 
Letcher,  at  that  time  Governor  of  Kentucky.  Capitiil, 
Whitesburg.  Pop.  3904,  of  wliom  3796  were  free,  and  108 
slaves. 

LETCII'ER,  a  post-office  of  Harlan  co.,  Kentucky. 

LETCH'KKVIIihK,  a  post-office  of  Green  co..  Illinois. 

LETCII'WOllTII,  a  parish  of  ICngland.  co.  of  Herts. 

LE'THAM,  a  village  of  ScoUand,  co.  of  fife,  4  miles  W.  of 
Cupar.     I'op.  383. 

LE'TIIE.M,  a  vilLage  of  Scotland,  county  and  5  miles  E. 
of  Forfar.     Pop.  74.5. 

LETII'ENDY  and  KIXLOCH,  (kiuMSK,")  a  united  parish  of 
Scotland,  county  and  1"2  miles  N.  of  I'erth,  near  the  Tay. 
It  has  several  lochs,  and  numerous  ancient  remains. 

L1:TH'I;K1NGII.VM,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  tJuffolk. 

LET1I'1;I!1.\G.s::T,  a  parish  of  i;ngiand,  co.  of  Norf.ilk. 

LKTIIM.VTK,  l6t'mlVh,  a  village  of  lihenish  Prassia, 
government  and  22  miles  W.  of  Arusberg,  on  the  Lenne. 
Pop.  1052. 

LETII'XOT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

LET! ,  li'tee,  a  marshy  island  of  Bulgaria,  formed  by  the 
Danube  at  its  Delta,  between  the  Kilia  and  Soolina  mouths. 
Length  42  miles,  breadth  20  miles. 

LETI  or  LETT  KB.     See  Lf.tti. 

LE  TI.MIiKEVILLE,  leh  tira'ber-vil,  a  post-village  of  Ma- 
rlon CO..  Oliio,  55  miles  X.  of  Columbus. 

L15TIT.S1IKV.  lA-te^hSv',  (Polish,  Letyczew,  lA-tich'iv,  or 
TMli/czew,  lA-tich'Sv,)  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Podolia,  on  tlie  Derazuia.  a  tributary  of  the  Bug,  69  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Kamieniec.    Pop.  1000. 

LE-TO,  an  island  belonging  to  China,  in  the  Yellow  Sea, 
off  the  peninsula  Shan-toong,  with  a  good  harbor,  and  a 
small  town. 

LETOKATCWEE  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  through 
Lowndes  co.,  and  enters  the  Alabama  from  the  S.E. 

LETT  10,  Ijt'teh,  a  village  of  Kheni.sh  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Minister,  circle  of  Ko.«feld.     Pop.  1350. 

Lirr'TEll  15,  a  po.'it-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

LETTER  V,,  iM-t.Vri,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Naples, 
3i  miles  E.  of  Castel-a-mare.     Pop.  4000. 

Lhrrrni'.IIAUTKX.  iJfter-howHen,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Ea.=!t  Flanders,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1085. 

Lirm'ERKEX'NY,  a  market^town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co. 
of  Donegal,  on  the  Swilly,  6i  miles  X.AV.  of  Raphoe.  Pop. 
2161.  It  has  a  harbor  at  the  head  of  Lough  Swilly,  admitr 
ting  vessels  of  150  tons. 

LKin'ERKKNVNY,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  2087. 

LKT'TERSTOX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke 

LETTI,  LETTER,  or  LETI,  Jt'tee.  an  island  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  Timor  Group.     Lat  8°  20'  S.,  Ion.  127°  50'  E. 

LET'TOX,  a  parish  of  Endand,  eo.  of  Hereford. 

LETTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

LETTOWITZ.  li^'f  to-*its\  a  town  of  Austria  in  >Ioravia, 
27  miles  X.  of  Briinn,  on  the  Zwittau.     Pop.  1660. 

LETUR,  lA-tooR',  a  town  of  Spaiu,  province  of  Albacete, 
30  miles  X.  of  Caravaca.     Pop.  2970. 

LETZLIXOK.V,  li'tsling'fn,  a  villivge  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
government  of  Jlagdeburg.     Pop.  1073. 

LEUB!!^D()RF,  loibs'doRf,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau.     Pop.  1439. 

LEU  BUS,  loi'boos.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  28  miles 
^V.X.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Oder.     Pop.  600. 

LEUBUS,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  contiguous  to  the 
above,  with  a  magnificent  Cistercian  Abbey.    Pop.  1309. 

LEUCA.  CAP(  •  t)T.    See  Capk  Leuca. 

LEUCADIA  or  LEUCAS.    See  Sa\ta  Maura. 

LEUCATE,  luliMdf ,  a  village  of  South  France,  department 
of  Avtde,  near  the  Mediterranean,  1 8  miles  S.  of  Narbonne. 
Pop.  in  18.52,  1245.  The  Lake  of  Leucate,  partly  in  Aude, 
Is  a  lagoon.  10  miles  in  length. 

LEUCE.  an  island  in  the  Black  Sea.   See  Isle  of  Serpents. 

LKUCHAHS,  iu'K.arz,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife, 
4  miles  X.W.  of  St.  Andrews.  It  has  a  station  on  the  Edin- 
burgh and  Dundee  Railway. 

LEUCHTfcNBERG.loiK'ten-b?RG\  a  market^town  of  Bava- 
ria, 21  miles  X.E.  of  Amberg,  with  a  castle  on  a  steep  hill. 
Pop.  563.  In  1814  it  gave  the  title  of  Duke  to  Eugene  Beau- 
harnais,  in  whose  family  it  still  remains. 

LEUCTIIA,  luk'tra.  a  maritime  village  of  Morea,  govern- 
ment of  Laconia,  on"  the  Gulf  of  Koron,  llj  miles  N.W.  of 
Tzimovn.  and  now  called  Leftro. 

LEUGAST,  loi'gSst,  or  .MARKT  LEUGAST,  maRkt  lol'- 
gSst,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  Upper  Franconia,  district 
of  Stadtsteinach.     Pop.  1021. 

LEUK  or  LKUCK,  loik,  (Fr.  Lmmsclte,  loo-Jsh',  L.  Leucia.) 
a  village  and  ciOebrated  bathing-place  of  Switzerland,  canton 
9f  Valais,  on  the  Rhone,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Dala,  15 
SQ 


miles  E.X.E.  of  Sion,  and  5000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  St 
Lawrence  Spring  h.is  a  temperature  of  144°  Falirenheit. 

LEUKA,  loi'kd,  or  LOKEXHAUS,  lo'ken-Iiuws',  a  market 
town  of  Hungai-y,  on  the  Gyiingyiis,  5  miles  from  Giins 
Pop.  1109. 

LKUKERSDORF.  loi'ker.s-doRf\  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle 
of  Zwickau,  near  Chemnitz.     I'op.  1302. 

LEU.M,  loim,  a  town  of  Rhenisli  Prussia,  governraeut  and 
38  miles  E.X.E.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Lahn.     Pop.  890. 

LEUPEGIIEM,  Ini'pfh-ohem,  a  vill.age  of  Belgium,  prd 
vince  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  15  miles  S.S.W.  ot 
Glient.     Pop.  1034. 

LEUU,  lUR  or  liiR,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North 
Brabant.  6  miles  W.  of  Breda.     Pop.  1101. 

LEUTEXBERG,  loi't^'n-bCRQ',  a  town  of  Central  Germany, 
principality  of  Schwar/.burg  RudolstatU,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of 
RudolsLadt,  with  the  castle  of  Friedensberg. 

LEUTEXSDORF,  OBER,  o'ber  loi't^ns-doRf',  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  24  miles  W.X.W.  of  Lcitmeritz.     Pop.  2150. 

LEUTERSDOUF,  loi'ti>rs-doRf\  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  government  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1271. 

LEUTERSHAUSEX,  loi'ters-hOw'zen,  a  town  of  Central 
Germany,  in  Bavaria,  on  the  Altmiihl,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Anspach,  with  1422  inhabitants. 

LEUTERSII.XUSEX,  loi'tfrs-howVfU,  a  town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Ivower  Rhine.     Pop.  1429. 

LEUTIIEX,  loi'tgn.  several  villages  of  Germany,  one  in 
Prussian  Silesia,  government  of  Breslau,  where,  December 
5,  1757,  Frederick  the  Great  totally  defeated  the  .Vustiians. 
Pop.  8tK). 

LEUTKIRCH,  loif  kiRK,  a  town  of  WUrtemhurg,  40  milei 
S.  of  i:im.     Pop.  2000. 

LEUT.MEKITZ.  Bohemia.    See  Leitmeritz. 

LEUTOML^CIIEL,  Bohemia.     See  Leitomischei. 

LEUTSCH.4U,  loif.^liow,  (Hun.  Xtfoce,  lii'ch.V,)  a  royal  freo 
town  of  North  Hungary,  circle  of  Zips,  on  a  hill,  123  miles 
N.K.  of  Pesth.  Pop.  5500.  It  was  once  a  place  of  great 
strength,  but  its  fortifications  are  now  in  a  very  dilapidated 
state.  It  has  the  oldest  Lutheran  college  in  Hungary,  a 
Roman  Catholic  gynniasium,  seminary  for  noble  females, 
and  an  asylum  for  the  children  of  soldiers. 

LEUVEX.  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  LouvAi:*. 

LEUZE,  luz,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut, 
on  the  Dender,  17  miles  X.W.  of  Mons.  Pop.  5880,  engaged 
in  dyeing,  bleaching,  brewing,  &c. 

LEVA,  l;Vvuh\  or  LEWENZ,  li/wjnts,  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  on  the  Porecz,  a  tributary  of  the  Gran,  54  milea 
X.X.W.  of  Pestli.  It  was  once  fortified,  and  was  reiieatedly 
beleaguered  by  the  Turks,  who  were  here  defeated  by  the 
Austrians  in  1664.     Pop.  4299. 

LEVAL-TRAHEGXIES,  leli-vai'traMifnVee',  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Haiuaut,  13  miles  E.  of  Mons.  Pop. 
1405. 

LEVANE,  ld-va/n.i.  formeriy  CASTEL  DI  LEOXA,  kSs-tJl'. 
dee  li-o'nd,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province  and  26  miles  S.E. 
of  Florence,  on  tlie  Arnf).     Pop.  2000. 

LEV.\NOER,  lA-vdng'glier,  a  town  of  Norway,  35  miles 
N.E.  of  Trondhjem,  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the  I'rondlijem- 
fiord.  The  harbor  is  well  sheltered,  and  forms  a  kind  of 
commercial  outpost  for  Trondhjem.     Pop.  745. 

LEVAX'NA,  a  postrvillage  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  E.  shore  of  Cayuga  Lake,  14  or  15  miles  S.W.  of  Auburn. 
Here  is  a  steamboat  landing.     Pop.  about  300. 

LEVAXSO.    See  Levanzo. 

LEVAXX.\,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  52  miles  above  Cincinnati. 

LEV.\XT,  le-vAnf .  (from  the  French  verb  leve.r,  to  "  rise," 
and  signifying  literally  tlie  "  rising,"  but,  like  the  liatin 
Oriena,  signifying  the  '•  East.")  a  name  of  Frencli  derivation, 
usually  applied  to  the  eastern  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
extending  from  the  western  part  of  Greece  round  to  the 
western  border  of  Egypt. — .\dj.  and  inhab.  Levantine,  lev'- 
an-teen'.    (It.  Levanting,  lA-vln-tee'no.) 

LEVANT,  le-vAnt,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on  tlie  South  Branch  of  the  Kendus- 
keag,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Bangor,  and  about  75  miles  N.E.  of 
Augusta.  The  village  is  situated  on  a  fall  in  the  stream,  which 
affords  good  water-power,  whicli  is  extensively  employed  iu 
the  manufacture  of  shingles,  clapboards,  and  other  lumber. 
There  is  also  a  chair  factory  here.  In  1851  a  portion  of  Levant 
township  was  taken  off  to  form  the  township  of  Ivenduskeag. 
Pop.  in  1850,  1841 ;  of  the  township,  in  1860,  1301. 

LEVANT,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  Co.,  New  York,  on 
Conewango  Creek,  about  18  miles  E.S.E.  from  May.sville. 

LEVAXTE,  l.-l-vdii'tA,  a  province  of  Sardinia,  division  of 
Genoa,  bordering  the  Mediterranean  for  about  45  miles. 
Area  261  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1852, 79,080.  Principal  towns, 
Spezzia.  (the  capital,)  Lerici,  Levanto,  and  Sarzaiia. 

LEVAXTIXE,  LVvan-teen',  VAL,  (It.  Levcmtlna,  lA-vdn- 
tee/nd,)  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino,  extends 
from  St.  Gothard  to  the  confluence  of  the  Ticino  with  the 
Blegno.     Length  16  miles,  breadth  1  mile. 

LEVAXTO,  lA-v3n'to,  a  maritime  town  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
sion of  Genoa,  province  of  Levante.  on  a  small  bay  of  the 
Mediterranean,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Spezzia.    Pop.  4596. 


LEV 

LEVAXZO,  Avin'zo,  or  LEVAXSO,  (anc.  Buccinaf  or 
Pliorlxmtia  f)  cue  of  thd  .Bgades  Islands,  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Sicily,  a  njiles  W.  of  Trapani;  length  4  miles,  breadth  3 

"lEVAu'i),"  N^AtJY.  nodj  lAVaRd',  or  GnOSS-SCIIUTZEX, 
(GiNSs-Schiitzen.)  groce-shuVsen,  a  market-town  of  Ilun- 
garj,  26  miles  X.N.W,  of    I'resburg.     I'op.  2702. 

LiiVEE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Kentucky. 

LEVEL,  14V41'.  or  K.4LTEXSTKIN,kiil'tt'n-stiiie\aTillage 
of  Hungary,  4  miles  from  Wie.selburg.     i'op.  1184. 

LET'EL.  a  post-office  of  Rithland  district.  South  Carolina. 

LEVEL,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio. 

LEV'ELAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LEVEL  (JKEEX,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Virginia. 

LE'VEX,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Black  and  White  Leven,  or 
Line,  near  Stapleton,  flows  S.W.  for  16  miles,  and  joins  the 
Esk  3  miles  S.  of  Longtown. 

LEVEN,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  forms 
the  channel  by  which  Windermere  communicates  with 
Jlorecamlje  Bav. 

LEVEX,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton, 
rises  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Loch  Lomond,  and  discharges 
its  surplus  waters  into  the  Clyde,  at  Dumbarton  Castle, 
after  a  S.  course  of  V  miles. 

LEVEX,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  issues  from 
the  S.E.  extremity  of  Loch  Leven.  and  after  an  E.  course 
of  14  miles,  enters  the  Frith  of  Forth  at  Leven. 

LEVEX.  a  seaport  and  bathlug-place  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Leven,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kirk- 
caldy. Pop.  1827,  employed  in  linen  manufactures,  and  in 
tile  and  iron  works. 

LEVEX,  a  small  stream  of  Scotland,  Argyleshire,  flowing 
into  Loch  Leven. 

LEVEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

LEVEX,  LOCH,  16k  l^v'en,  of  Scotland,  is  in  the  county  of 
Kinross.  Circuit  about  11  miles.  It  contain.' several  islands. 
on  one  of  which,  near  Kinross,  are  the  remains  of  a  femous 
castle,  in  which  Mary  Queen  of  Scotts  was  confined  in  15<i7-8, 
and  signed  her  abtlication  on  July  4th,  1567.  and  from  which, 
on  May  2d,  1568,  she  miide  her  memorable  escape,  shortly 
before  the  battle  of  Langside. 

LEVEX,  LOCH,  a  narrow  arm  of  Loch  Linnhe,  from  which 
it  stretches  E.  for  12  miles,  between  the  counties  of  Argyle 
and  Inverness.  Scenes  highly  picturesque,  and  on  its  S.  side 
is  the  wild  vale  of  Ulencoe. 

LE/VEXS.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland, 
parishes  of  Haversham  and  Kendal. 

LiyVEXSHULME.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
3  miles  S.E.  of  Manchester,  with  a  station  on  the  railway 
from  Manchester  to  Crewe. 

LEVEXrO.  l.i-v?n'to,  or  LEVEXZO,  li-vjn'zo.  a  village 
of  France,  situated  11  miles  N.  of  Xice,  with  ]50(;)  inhnbi- 
tants.  Massena,  one  of  Bonaparte's  marshals,  though  born 
in  Nice,  was  brought  up  in  this  town  and  is  claimed  by  the 
inhabitants  as  their  townsman. 

LEVEX  WOKTH  or  LEAVEXWORTH,  a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Crawf  ird  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  River,  125  miles  S. 
of  Indianapolis.  It  is  situated  at  the  Horseshoe  Bend,  and 
is  the  principal  .shipping  point  for  an  extensive  region.  The 
county  seat  was  located  liere  in  184;5.  since  which  a  good 
court-house  and  other  public  buildings  have  been  erected. 
Pop.  estimated  at  800. 

LEVKI{.\X(J.  U-v.WS'no,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Otranto.  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lecce.     Pop.  1670. 

LEVER.  DAK/CY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LEVER  CTT,  a  post-Tillage  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Massachusetts.  28  miles  X^.  by  E.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  9CA. 

LEVER.  GREAT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LKV'EIUXG,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  about  60 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

LEV'ERIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

LEVEKIXGTOX,  a  postoflice  of  Philadelphia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LEVER,  LITTLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Bolton.  Bury,  and  Manchester  Canals. 

LEVER.X.  l.i/vfrn.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Minden,  circle  of  LUbbecke.     Pop.  1230. 

LEVERTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LEVERTOX.  XORTH,  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Notts. 

LEVERTOX.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  EngK^nd,  co.  of  Notts. 

LE'Vl.  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio. 

LEVICE.  U-vee'chA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  and  10  miles  from  Alba,  on  the  East  Bormida.  here 
crossi-d  by  a  bridge.    Pop.  1124. 

LEVICO,  l*v'e-ko.  a  market-town  of  the  Tvrol,  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Trient,  near  a  small  lake.     Pop.  3517.  " 

LKVIER.  leh-ve-.V.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Doubs.  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Pontarlier.     Pop.  in  1852.  lOOO. 

LE\  IGN  AC.  If  h-veen'y^k'.  a  village  of  France,  dep.^rtment 
Of  Lot-ot-(iarfmne,  9  miles  X.  of  Marmande.     Pop.  15S6. 

LEV'IXGTDX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

LEV'ISH.^M,  a  parish  of  England.    See  LE.^\^SH.^M. 

LEVITA  or  LEBITA.  l^v'e-t4  or  l:\-vee'tl  (anc.  UhinUfMS.) 
»n  Island  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of 
1042 


LEW 

Amorgos,  lat.  37°  N.,  Ion.  26°  32'  E.  It  is  4  miles  long  by  4 
miles  broad. 

LEVIZZAXO.  lA-vit-s3'no,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  situa- 
ted 17  miles  S.W.  of  Modena.    Pop.  2200. 

LEVONE,  li-vo'nd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  dis- 
trict and  about  4  miles  S.  of  Tui-iu.    Pop.  1026. 

LEV0R.4X0,  lil-vo-r.^'no,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Otranto,  11  miles  S.W.  of  l<eoce.    I'op.  1800. 

LE  VliOUX,  leh-vroo/,  (anc.  GaUitum  ?  or  Leprosum  fja.  town 
of  France,  department  of  Indi-e,  13  miles  N.  of  Chuteaur'mx. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3576.  It  ha.s  manufactories  of  fine  woollen 
cloths  and  leather,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and 
wooL     It  was  formerly  tbrtified. 

LE/VY,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  peninsula  of 
Florida,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico,  has  an  area  of 
1000  square  miles.  The  i>uwanee  Hiver  forms  its  iKjundary 
on  the  X.W.,  and  the  Withlacoochee  on  the  S.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level,  consisting  mostly  of  pine  w^ood,  marshes,  and 
savannahs.  The  soil  is  sandy.  I'op.  17S1,  of  whom  1331 
were  free. 

LEWAN'XICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwalL 

LEWEXZ.    See  Ltv.\. 

LEWES,  lu'is,  a  parliamentary  borough  and  town  of  Eng. 
land,  CO.  of  Sussex,  on  the  navigable  Ouse,  44  miles  S.E.  of 
London,  and  8  j  miles  X.E.  of  Brighton.  Pop.  in  1 851.  9533 
It  is  finely  situated  on  a  declivity  of  the  South  Downs,  and 
has  a  grammar  school,  almshouses,  believed  to  have  I'een 
founded  by  Gundrada,  4th  daughter  of  ^Villiam  the  Con- 
queror, an  elegant  county-hjiU,  a  county  jail,  and  house  of  cor- 
rection, barracks,  and  theatre.  A  ccm.siderable  trade  is  canied 
on  with  London  by  the  port  of  X'ewhaven.  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ouse.  The  town  is  lighted  with  gas,  and  amply  supplied 
with  water.  Lewes  is  stiid  to  have  been  the  Roman  station 
Mittiiantonis.  Simon  de  ilontford  and  the  bai-ons,  in  1264, 
defeated  Henry  III.  here,  and  in\prisoued  hiui  in  the  castle. 

LEM''ES,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  (m  Dela- 
ware Bay,  opposite  the  Breakwater,  45  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dover. 
It  has  3  large  hotels.  3  chui-ches,  a  telegraph  station,  and 
several  stores.    Pop.  970. 

LEW'ES  AXD  REHO'BETH,  a  hundred  in  the  E.  part  of 
Sussex  CO.,  Delaware,  with  a  post-office  of  the  same  name. 
Pop.  2086. 

LEWIX.  li-*een'.  a  small  frontier  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
14  miles  W.  of  Glatz.     Pop.  1330. 

LE  WIN.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Leitmerita. 
Pop.  599. 

LEWIS,  (with  HARmiS.)  the  most  X^orthern  and  largest 
island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  off  the  W.  coast  of  ."Scotland, 
betwtien  lat.  57°  40'  and  58°  32'  X.,  and  Ion.  6°  and  7°  \V.. 
separated  from  the  Mainland  by  the  Mineh  Channel.  30  miles 
across.  Length  from  N.  to  S..  60  miles,  greatest  breadth  30 
miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  22,918.  On  the  E.  side  are  Loch  Erisort 
and  Broad  Bay,  and  on  the  W.  Loch  Roag.  Its  N.  headland, 
the  Butt  of  Lewis,  lat.  58°  31'  N.,  Ion.  6°  14'  W.,  rises  to  SO 
feet  above  the  sea.  Sunneval  Mountain  is  estimated  to  ba 
2700  feet  in  height,  and  a  great  part  of  the  island  is  rugged ; 
but  it  is  not  generally  so  lofty  and  bare  as  Harris,  and  it  has 
many  low  swampy  tracts.  Gneiss  is  the  prevailing  rock,  and 
much  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  peat,  and  with  remains 
of  ancient  forests.  The  island  abounds  w  ith  Drui  Jic  edifices 
and  ruined  fortresses.  The  people  are  almost  entirely  of 
Celtic  descent;  but  in  the  N.  (Butt  of  Lewis)  are  a  race  of 
purely  Scandinavian  origin,  although  speaking  the  Gaelic 
langu.ige.     Stornoway.  the  only  town,  is  on  the  E.  coast. 

LEWIS,  a  county  in  the  X.E.  central  part  of  Xew  York, 
has  an  area  of  about  1290  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Black  River  (by  which  it  is  intersected)  and  its  tributaries, 
and  by  Oswegatchie  River.  These  streams  afford  valuable 
water-power.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly  or  uneven. 
The  soil  is  usually  fertile,  and,  along  Black  liiver  and  some 
other  streams,  of  excellent  quality.  Iron  and  lead  ores  are 
mined  to  some  extent.  Black  River  is  navigably  for  small 
boats  through  this  county.  Organized  in  ISOo.  Capital, 
Martinsburg",    Pop.  28,580. 

LEWIS,  a  county  In  the  N^.  part  of  W.  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  530  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  W.  fork 
of  Monongahela  River.  The  surface  is  rocky,  hilly,  and  in 
some  parts  mountainous.  Stone-coal  Is  found  in  tho  county. 
A  turnpike  has  been  constructed  from  Weston  to  Fairmont, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Foi-med  in  1816,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Charles  Lewis,  Capital.  Weston. 
Pop.  7999,  of  whom  7769  were  fiee,  and  2,30  slaves! 

LEWIS,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Tennessee;  area 
estimated  at  450  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Buffalo 
River,  an  affluent  of  Duck  River.  The  surface  is  uneven; 
the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Formed  a  few  years  ago.  and  named 
in  honor  of  Captain  Meriwether  Lewis,  the  explorer  of  the 
Northwestern  Territory.  Capital,  Newburg.  Pop.  2241,  of 
whom  1994  were  free,  and  247  slaves. 

LEWIS,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Ohio,  has  an  area  estimated  at  400  square  milas.  The 
Ohio  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  X.,  and  it 
is  also  drained  by  Cabin  Creek.  The  surface  is  generally 
hilly;  the  soil  of  the  W.  part  is  fertile,  and  that  of  the  river 
bottoms  excellent.    Valuable  quarries  of  .slate  and  limestone 


LEW 


LEW 


have  lieen  opened  in  this  couu^f,  near  the  river.  It  con- 
tains tlie  I'sculapia  Spring,  a  fasliionable  watering-place. 
Foriiicd  in  1806.  Caiiital,  Clarlisburg.  Pup.  8361,  of  whom 
8131  were  free,  and  'JSO  slaves. 

LEWIS,  a  county  in  the  E.X.E.  part  of  Jlissouri,  h,i.s  an 
area  of  620  sq\iare  miles.  The  Mis.sissippi  River  forms  its 
eastern  boundary,  and  separates  it  from  Illinois.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Wyaconda,  the  North  Kablus,  the  fouth 
Fahius,  and  the  Middle  Fabius,  which  enters  the  North 
Fabiiis  near  tlie  county  seat.  The  surface  is  diversifieil; 
about  half  of  the  county  is  well  timliered  with  forests,  dis- 
tributed alons  the  rivers,  and  separated  by  beautiful  upland 
meadows  or  prairies,  the  soil  of  which  is  deep,  remarkably 
fertile,  and  easily  cultivated.  Coal  has  been  discoveied  in 
several  places.  Limestone  underli'-s  a  \>ii^t  of  the  countv. 
Capital,  Monticello.  Pop.  12,286,  of  whom  11,007  were  free, 
and  1279  slaves. 

LEWIS,  a  large  county  in  tlie  W.  part  of  'Washington 
Tenitory,  has  an  area  estimated  at  2000  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Chehalis  co.,  on  the  N.  by  Thurston 
CO.,  on  the  E.  iiy  the  Ca.seade  Kange,  and  is  drained  by  Cow- 
litz River  and  Chehalis  River,  and  several  smaller  streams. 
The  surface  in  the  E.  part  is  uneven  and  sometimes  moun- 
tainous. The  soil  i.s  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Claquato. 
Pop.  3S4. 

LEWIS,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  New  York,  intor- 
eected  by  Boquet  River,  about  125  miles  N.  of  Albany.  It 
contains  valuable  beds  of  iron  ore.     Pop.  1807. 

LEWIS,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  16:i0. 

LEWIS,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Brown  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  95  miles 
S.W.  by  8.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  2748. 

LKWIS,  a  towiLship  in  Clay  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  903. 

LEW  IS,  a  [lost-office  of  Vi^ro  co.,  Indiana. 

LEW'ISBER'RY,  a  post-village  of  York  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 10  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Ilarrisburg.  Popula- 
tion 292. 

LEWISBOROUOII,  lu'is-biir'ruh,  a  post-township  on  the 
E.  border  of  Westchester  CO.,  New  York,  luO  miles  S.  by  K. 
of  Alliaiiy.     Pop.  160M. 

LEW'l'SBUIKi,  or  DERRS'TOWN,  a  flourishing  town  of 
Buffalo  township,  capital  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  the  West  Hranch  of  the  Susquehanna, 
at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  Creek,  69  miles  N.of  Ibirrlsliurg.  It 
is  the  centre  of  trade  for  the  fertile  valley  of  Bufl'alo  Creek, 
and  is  the  most  populous  town  in  the  county.  A  large 
quantity  of  grain  and  other  produce  is  shijiped  at  this  place. 
Lewisliurg  is  connected  l)y  a  bridge  with  the  E.  bank  of  the 
river,  and  is  on  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroad.  It  contains 
the  university  of  Lewisliurg,  foundeil  in  1849,  8  cliurches,  a 
town-hall,  2  banks,  1  newspa))er  offlee,  an  aca<lemy,  and  2 
iron-foundries.     Pop.  in  ISoO.  2012;  in  1860,  2666. 

LEW'ISBURQ.  a  thriving  post-village,  cai)ital  of  Green- 
brier CO.,  W.Virginia,  214  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and  9  miles 
W.  of  th(!  White  Sulphur  Springs.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
beautiful  and  healthy  region  among  the  mountains,  and  is 
a  place  of  active  business.  The  Court  of  Appeals  for  the 
western  counties  is  held  at  Lewisburg.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  academy,  and  one  printing-office.     Poj).  969. 

LEWISB-URG,  a  post-village  of  Conway  co.,  Arkansas, 
on  the  Arkansas  River,  60  miles  above  Little  Rock,  was 
formerly  the  county  seat.     Pop.  350. 

LEWlSBURi!,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marshall  county, 
Tennessee.  5.5  miles  S.  of  Nashville.     Pop.  from  400  to  500. 

LEWISBDRG,  a  village  of  Mason  CO.,  Kentucky,  7  miles 
S.  of  Maysville. 

LEWISliUllH,  avillageof  Mnhlenbnrgco.,  Kentucky,  on 
Green  liiver,  WO  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

LEWISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Rush  township.  Cham- 
paign CO.,  Ohio,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Urbana.  It  has  several 
mills      Pop.  379. 

LEWIS15UKG,  a  small  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

LEWISBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Eaton  and  Piqua  Railroad,  56  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati. 
.  LHIWISRURG,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Waliash  River  and  Canal,  8  miles  E.  of  Logansport.  Pop. 
about  300. 

L1<:WISBURG,  a  village  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
N.  of  Greenfield. 

LEWIS  CEVTRE,  a  post-offlce  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio. 

LEWIS  CREEK,  a  fine  mill-stream  of  Addison  and  Chit- 
tenden counties,  in  the  W.  part  of  Vermont,  falls  into  Lake 
Champlain. 

LEWIS'  FORK,  a  post-offlce  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Carolina. 

LEWISII.\M.  lu'ish-am.  a  village  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Kent,  on  the  Rjivensbourne,  5  miles  S.E.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1851, 15.054.  The  village,  about  1  mile  in  length,  has 
many  handsome  residences,  anil  a  scljool,  founded  in  1047. 
It  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth. 

LEWIS  ISLAND,  Dampier  Archipelago,  off  the  N.W. 
coast  of  .Australia,  is  in  lat.  20<^  35'  S.,  Ion.  110°  33'  E. 

LKW'ISPORT,  a  po.st-village  of  Hancock  Co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  11  miles  W.  of  Ilawesville,  has  about 
2oC  inhabitants. 


1      LEWIS  RIVER  or  SN.IKE  Rn'ER.  the  large?!  r.tf.uent 

I  of  the  Columbia  River,  rises  by  several  sources  on  the  E. 

1  side  of  the  principal  ridge  of  the  Rocky  Mowntains,  near 

I  43°  N.  hit.,  and  109°  W.  Ion.,  its  head  waters  interlocking 

!  with  those  of  the  Yellowstone  River.     Its  general  course  is 

westerly  till  it  reaches  115^  30'  W.  Ion.,  when  it  changes  to 

N.  by  W.,  and  continues  nearly  in  this  iirection  to  the  46th 

parallel ;  then  it  reassiimes  its  westerly  course  and  falls  into 

I  the  Columbia  River,  in  about  46°  6'  N.  lat.  and  118°  40'  W. 

Ion.    The  entire  length  is  estimated  at  900  miles. 

LEWIS'  STORE,  a  postoflice  of  Siiottsylvniiia  co.,  A'irginia. 
LEWISTON,  lu'is-tyn,  a  flourishing  ]iost-town  of  Andrn». 
coggin  CO.,  Maine,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  .^ndro.i- 
eoggin  Riv«r,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  1700  feet  long,  and 
on  the  Androscoggin  and  Kennebe<!  Railroad,  33  miles  N. 
of  Portland.  The  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  ]:ailrn;id 
communicates  with  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad 
at  Danville,  6  miles  below  Lewiston,  and  with  the  Andros- 
coggin Railroad  at  Leetls,  11  miles  above.  A  railroad  is 
also  in  course  of  construction  to  connect  Lewiston  with 
Bath.  Lewiston  has  recently  become  one  of  the  most  im- 
jwrtaut  manufacturing  tovjns  In  the  state.  The  Andros- 
coggin here  has  a  fall  of  60  feet  in  15  rods,  affording  water 
privileges  equal  to  the  best  in  New  England.  The  scenery 
in  this  portion  of  its  course  is  rennirkably  wild  and  pic- 
turesque. About  700  acres  of  land,  adjoining  the  falls,  have 
been  [lurchased  by  a  company  of  capitalists,  who  intend 
building  up  a  manufacturing  city.  A  dam  has  been  con- 
strui  ted  acro.ss  tlie  river,  and  a  canal,  60  feet  wide,  has  been 
excavated,  extending  from  above  the  falls  to  the  mills,  and 
such  is  the  conformation  of  the  ground  that  the  water  cau 
be  used  several  limes.  The  principal  corporations  at  pre- 
sent are  the  Lincoln  Mill,  the  Hill  .Mill,  Beale's  .Mill,  and 
another  that  has  recently  gone  into  operation.  The  four 
corporations  run  about  70,000  spindles.  The  kinds  of  goods 
manufactured  include  coarse  cottons,  prints,  tweeds,  satl- 
netf,  flannels,  &c.  Two  other  mills  are  in  course  of  erec- 
tion. There  is  here  a  machine  shop  400  feet  by  70,  and  4 
stories  high,  with  a  capacity  for  1000  hands,  llie  capital  of 
the  company  is  $1,000,000.  Another  machine  .shop  for  the 
manufacture  of  steam-engines  is  owned  by  a  iirivate  indi- 
vidual. The  aggregate  capital  employed  in  the  manufac- 
tures of  Lewiston  is  about  $2,600.000 ;  the  monthly  payment 
to  operatives  amounts  to  about  $70,000.  Lewiston  e;t  tains 
churches  of  5  or  6  denominations,  I  national  bank,  1  sta'e 
bank,  a  savings  institution,  a  valuable  public  library,  and 
a  first-class  hotel,  called  the  Dewitt  House,  which  contains 
125  rooms  and  cost  about  $.30,000.  The  aelxjols  we  aiming 
the  best  in  the  state,  and  include  a  high-school,  grammar, 
and  primary  scliools.  One  newspaper  is  publisiied  here. 
Lewiston  F.\lls  Vill.^ge,  which  comprises  the  villeges  on 
b<jth  sides  of  the  Androscoggin,  contains  about  SO  stores. 
From  its  present  prospects,  there  appears  reason  to  believe 
that  Lewiston  will  soon  become  one  of  tlio  largest  interior 
towns  in  the  state.     Pop.  of  the  township  in  1810, 1801;  in 

1850,  33S4;  in  1860  it  amimnted  to  7424;  and  in  1865,  esti- 
mated at  Itom  8000  to  9000. 

LEWISTON,  a  post-town,  port  of  entry,  and  township 
of  Niagara  co..  New  York,  situated  at  the  liead  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  Niagara  River,  midway  between  the  Kali.'i 
and  its  entrance  into  LakeOntario,  being  7  miles  distant  from 
each.  It  is  connected  by  a  suspension  bridge  across  the 
Niagara  with  Queenstown  on  the  Canada  side.  It  lias  rail- 
road communication  with  Rochester  and  Albany,  on  the  one 
hand,  and  with  Buffalo  and  Detroit  on  the  other.  During 
the  summer,  steamboats  ply  daily  between  this  place  and 
ports  on  l^ake  Ontario,  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  reaching 
Montreal  in  about  27  hours.  Lewiston  is  a  place  of  active 
trade.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  4  or  5 
chviiches,  an  academy,  and  numerou.s  stores.  Niagara  Dis- 
trict, of  which  Lewiston  is  the  port  of  entry,  includes  also 
the  ports  of  Oak  Orchard  Creek.  Olcof  t.  and  Wilson,  on  I.ake 
Ontario,  and  Youngstown  and  Suspension  Bridge  on  Niagara 
River.  The  commerce  of  the  district  with  Canada  for  1847, 
1860,  and  1851,  is  exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table: — 

1847  1850  IRol 

E.\i.ort», tl6fi,541    .    .    $.12.5.538    .     .    $585.7S4 

Imijorts, 1»,015    .    .       35;<,9o4    .    .       103,985 

The  exports,  coastwise,  for  1851.  amounted  in  value  to 
$433,634;  and  the  imports  to  $236,684.    Total  exports  for 

1851,  $1,019,418;  imports,  .<|340.C69.  By  far  the  larger  part 
of  the  above  was  entered  at  Lewiston.  The  shipping  ow.".ed 
in  the  district.  June  30,  1852,  was  624  tons.  The  nranler 
of  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  was  691;  tons.  2]3.(j]3,  of 
which  69,484  were  in  American  bottoms.  The  clearances 
were  the  .same  as  the  arrivals.  During  the  last  war  with 
Great  Britain,  Lewiston  was  entirely  laid  waste  by  the  enemy, 
every  house  having  been  burnt.     Pop.  of  township,  3379. 

Ll'.WISTON,  a  post-office  of  Forsyth  co.,  Georgia. 

LEWISTON,  a  village  of  Columbia  co..  Wisconsin.  45 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Madison,  contains  5  stores  and  50  dwellings. 
Pop.  of  township,  1039. 

LEWISTON  FALLS  VILLAGE,  5Iaine.    See  Lewiston. 

LEWISTON,  a  seaport  of  Prince  Edward  Island,  co.  cf 
Prince,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  N.  end  of  the  island,  on  the 

1043 


LEW 


LEX 


N.  side  of  the  entrance  tc  Holland  Bay.    Lat  46°  51'  N.,  Ion. 
&4^  7'  W. 

LEWISTCAVX,  a  flourishing;  town,  cnpital  of  Mifflin  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  left  bank  of  the  .luniata  River,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Kishiooquillas  Civek.  60  miles  by  railroad 
N.W.  of  Harrisburjr.  Thu  situation  is  elevated  and  beau- 
tiful. Lewistown  has  ample  fai'iiitics  for  trade,  by  means 
of  the  c<:.ual  and  railroad,  which  follow  the  Juniata  Kiver 
throusrh  a  great  part  of  its  course,  and  connect  the  town 
with  I'itlsDurg,  l'hiladelphi.i.  &c.  I-arge  quantities  of  wheat, 
Indian  corn.  pork,  and  iron  are  exported  from  this  place. 
The  tov?2  has  a  spacious  court-house,  6  churches,  an  acade- 
my, 2  banks,  I  or  2  newspiiper  offices,  a  manufactory  of 
reaping  and  mowing-macliines.  an  iron  furnace,  &c.  Pop. 
in  lS5i>,  2735;  in  1800.  2t)38;  iu  1865,  about  3500. 

LEWISTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 
10  miles  N.  of  Frederick. 

LEWISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Miami  Kiver,  66  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 

LEWISTOWN.  A  post-village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  166 
miles  X.Fj.  of  Columbus. 

LEWISTOWN,  a  post-village  jnd  township,  capital  of  Ful- 
ton CO.,  Illinois,  55  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield.  A  branch 
railroad  connects  it  with  the  Chicjigo  and  Quincy  R.K.  It 
hiis  3  churches,  1  bank  ami  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop.  1238. 
LEW'ISVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 22  miles  S.W.  of  West  Chester. 

LEWISVILLE,  a  village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
167  miles  W.  of  IIiuTisburg,  contained  in  1851,  1  church, 
and  14  houses. 

LEWISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Brunswick  co.,  Virginia, 
78  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiclimond. 

LEWISVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina,  60  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

LE\MSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lafayette  co., 
Arkansas,  160  miles  S.W.  of  Little  Kock. 
LEWISVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 
LEWISVILLE,  a  village  of  Coshocton  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  Canal,  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

LEWISVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Jloni-oo  co.,  Ohio,  110 
miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

LEWISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Central  Ka^^road,  42  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

LEW-KEW  1SL.4ND8,  in  the  Pacific.     See  Loo-CHOO. 
LKWK'NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
LEW,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
LEW.  TREN'CII.4KD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
LEX'DEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
LEX'H.AM,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
LE.XHAJI,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
LEX'INGTON,  a  district  in  the  central  part  of  South 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  9S0  square  miles.     It  is  intersected 
l)y   Saluda   River,  and    bounded  on   the   N.E.    by   Broad 
River  and  the  Congaree,  and  on  the  S.W.  b}'  the  North 
Edisto  River.     The  snrface  is  moderately  hilly.     The  Green- 
ville and  Columbia  Railroad  passes  through  the  district :  the 
Congaree  River  is  navigable  for  steambosits  along  the  border. 
Capital.  Lexington.     Pop.  15,579,  of  whom  9337  were  free, 
and  6202  slaves. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-town-ship  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
about  51  miles  N.N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  495. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jliddlesex 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Lexington  and  West  Cambridge 
Branch  Railroad,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.  It  was  at  Lex- 
ington that  the.Americans  in  arms  first  met  the  British,  on 
the  morning  of  April  19, 1775.  A  monument  with  an  appro- 
priate inscription  has  been  erected  on  the  green  by  the  state, 
to  commemorate  the  patriotism  and  valor  of  the  eight  i)er- 
sons  who  fell  in  the  encounter.  Pop.  of  the  township,  ii29. 
LEXINGTON,a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Greene  co.,  New  York,  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Alixiily. 
Pop.  1657. 

LEXINGTON,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

LEXINGTON,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Rock- 
bridge CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  North  River,  an  affluent  of  James 
River,  146  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and  35  miles  N.M'.  of 
Lynchburg.  It  is  situated  in  a  valley,  and  surrounded  by 
beautiful  mountain  scenery.  Washington  College,  founded 
at  this  place  in  1798,  and  endowed  by  General  Washington, 
has  a  library  of  4950  volumes.  The  Virgiuia  Military  Insti- 
tute was  established  hero  by  the  Legislature  of  Virginia,  in 
1838-9.  Lexington  contains  4  or  5  churches,  2  seminaries, 
2  printing-offices,  and  several  fine  brick  residences.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1778.    Pop.  2135. 

LEXINGTON,  a  flourishing  and  beautiful  post-village, 
capital  of  Davidson  co..  North  Carolina,  is  situated  near 
Abbott's  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Yadkin  River,  112  miles  W. 
of  Raleigh.  Valuable  mines  of  lesid  and  silver  have  been 
opened  in  the  conniy.  The  Central  Builroad  of  North 
Carolina  passes  through  Lexington. 

LEXINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Oglethorpe 

CO.,  Georgia,  3K  miles  from  the  Athens  Branch  Railroad,  and 

75  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Augusta,  is  situated  in  a  healthy  and 

fertile  region,  which  is  noted  for  the  production  of  cotton. 

1044 


It  contains  2  churches,  an^ademy,  and  a  female  seminary. 
Several  of  the  most  cmiueui  citizens  of  Georgia  have  resided 
heiv. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-vilh.ge  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Alabama, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  887. 

LE.XINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Holmes  co..  Mis- 
sissippi, on  a  small  aflluent  of  the  Yazoo  Kiver,  70  milis  N. 
of  JiU'kson.  Yazoo  Ixiver,  which  borders  the  county  on  the 
W..  is  a  fine  stream  lor  navigation.  Two  newspapers  are 
published  here. 

LEXIN(i  ri».\.  a  post-office  of  Burle.son  co.,  Texas. 

LEXINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Hender- 
sou  CO.,  Tennessee,  on  Beei-h  liiver,  a  small  aftiuent  of  Ten- 
nessee River,  122  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated 
iu  a  fertile  counti-y.  and  has  an  active  trade.  It  contains  2 
or  3  churches,  and  2  female  seminaries.  Pop.  in  1860,  about 
700. 

LEXINGTON,  a  handsome  and  wealthy  citv.  capital  of 
Fayette  co..  Kentucky,  on  the  Town  Fork  of  the  Llkhorn 
River,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort,  81  miles  S.  of  Cincinnati, 
and  94  miles  E.  of  Louisville.  Lat.  3S°  0'  N.,  Ion.  84°  ly  W. 
Lexington  is  the  .second  city  of  the  state  in  population  and 
importance.  Few  inland  towns  are  more  delightfully  situ- 
ated or  more  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  their-  general 
appearance.  It  is  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks :  the  streets 
are  well  paved,  and  bordered  with  ornamental  trees.  Main 
Street  is  8o_  fet^t  wide,  and  mare  than  a  mile  long.  Slauy 
of  the  public  and  private  buildings  are  spacious  and  very 
handsome  .specimens  of  architecture.  The  surrounding 
country  is  undulating,  highly  cultivated,  and  dotted  with 
elegant  mansion.s.  Lexington  is  distiugnished  for  the  excel- 
lence of  its  literary  and  .scientific  establishments.  Transyl- 
vania I'niversity  of  this  place  is  a  flourishing  institution: 
the  departments  of  law  and  medicine  are  probably  fiiore 
frequented  than  any  other  in  the  Westerii  States.  It  has  a 
library  of  14,000  volumes.  The  halls  of  the  university  are 
among  the  principjil  ornaments  of  the  city.  The  stata 
lunatic  asylum  lix-ated  here  occupies  a  large  and  beautiful 
building,  capable  of  accommodating  more  than  300  patients. 
The  city  also  contains  a  court-house.  2  banks,  a  public  library, 
several  academies,  a  mu.seum,  an  orphan  asylum,  about  12 
churches,  and  several  newsp:iperollices.  A  monument  is  to 
be  erected  here  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Clay,  who  resided 
at  Ashland,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  city,  Lexington  is 
the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade,  fecilitated  by  railw.ays — one 
extending  to  Louisville  rid  Frankfort,  and  another  recently 
completed  connecting  it  with  Cincinnati.  Other  railways  are 
in  course  of  construction  to  31aysville  and  Danville.  This 
place  is  the  seat  of  valuable  manufactures,  the  most  import- 
ant of  which  are  bagging,  ropes,  iron,  brass,  and  silver  ware, 
machinery,  and  carriages.  The  city  and  suburbs  produce 
annu:illy  about  3,(HXl,000  yards  of  "b.^ging,  and  2.500,000 
pounds  of  rope.  Lexington  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Ken- 
tucky. It  wa.s  founded  in  1776,  and  incorporated  in  1782. 
Pop.  in  1845,  8178;  in  1860,  9521. 

LEXINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Troy  town-ship, 
Richland  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Clear  I'ork  of  Mohiccan  Kiver, 
and  on  the  railroad  between  Mansfield  and  Newark,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  the  former.  It  has  3  churches,  and  mills  of  various 
kinds. 

LE.XINGTON,  a  township  of  Starke  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  2102. 

LEXINGTO.N,  a  village  of  St  Claur  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Huron.  70  miles  N.E.  of  Detroit. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Sanilac  co.,  Michigjin,  on  Lake  Huron.    Pop.  20t;4. 

LF'XINGTON.  a  small  village  of  Washtenaw  co..  Michigan. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  .*cott 
CO.,  Indiana,  is  pleasantly  situated,  IS  miles  S.^V.  of  Madi- 
son, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  plank-road.  Pep.  of 
the  township,  2476. 

LEXINGTON',  a  post-village  in  McLean  co.,  Illinois,  75 
miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post>township  in  Lafevette  co.,  MissourL 
Pop.  4878. 

LEXINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township,  rapl- 
t.il  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  richt  bank  of  Jlissonri 
River.  120  miles  by  the  road  W.  of  Jefferson  City.  Ilie  sit-- 
nation  is  high  and  healthy.  Large  quantities  of  hemp, 
wheiit,  maize,  other  grain,  pork,  and  live  stock  are  sliipped 
here  annually.  Extensive  beds  of  coal  are  found  on  the 
river  bank  iu  the  vicinity.  Lexington  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings.  2  newspaper  offices,  about  7  churches,  1 
bank,  1  Turners'  hall,  2  llouring-miUs,  1  s-aw-mill,  and  1 
extensive  manufactorv  of  roi)e3.  Pop,  of  the  township  in 
1850  4^78;  <.rthe  village,  '2459;  in  1^60,  4122. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Santa  Clara  county,  Cali- 
fornia. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Clatsop  co.,  Oregon,  on  a 
small  stream  flowing  into  the  Pacific,  near  30  miles  S.  of 
Astoria. 

LEXINGTON  COURT-HOrSE,  capital  of  I^exington  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  is  situated  a  few  miles  S.  of  SnluJ* 
River,  and  12  miles  W.  of  Columbia.  It  contains  a  coiji't- 
house,  jail,  academv,  and  several  stores, 

LEXOVIR.    See  LisiEix. 


LEY 


LEZ 


LEY'BOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LEVBUKN,  a  market-town  of  Engl.aul,  co.  of  York, 
North  Hiding,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Richmond.     Pop.  829. 

LKYDEN  or  LEIDEN,  li'den,  Fr.  Leyde,li<i  or  laid;  L. 
Liiffihi'num  Bntai'o'rum.)  one  of  the  most  important  cities 
of  the  Netherlands,  22  miles  S.AV.  of  Amsterdam,  and  17 
uiiU'S  N.  of  Rotterdam,  (with  both  of  which  it  is  connected 
by  canals  and  railway.^,)  on  the  Old  Rhine,  6  miles  from  it? 
mouth,  in  the  North  Sea.  Lat.  of  observatory,  52°  9' 30"  N., 
Icin.  4°  29' 30"  E.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  hut  the  walls 
and  ramparts  have  been  cleared  away  and  planted  with 
trees;  the  only  remaining  2  towers  have  been  converted 
into  storehouses,  5  of  the  earthen  bastions  have  been  formed 
into  hurying-grounds,  i  are  covered  with  wind-mills  and 
factories,  and  the  remaining  4  have  been  levelled  and  turned 
into  gardens.  Seven  well-built  gates  and  the  Ciistle  {(h  liarg), 
one  of  the  oldest  and  most  remarkable  buildings  in  tlie  town, 
but  now  converted  inte  an  inn,  and  its  grounds  into  tea-gar- 
dens, are  the  chief  mementos  of  the  former  fortress.  Ley- 
den  is  intersected  by  canals,  and  encompjissed  by  wind-mills, 
and  surrounded  by  country-seats,  pleasure-grounds,  gardens, 
and  fertile  meadows.  The  streets  of  the  town  uro  strai;^ht, 
broad,  and  kept  e.\ceedingly  clean;  Broad  Street  (lincde- 
straal)  is  esteemed  one  of  tlio  fino.st  in  Europe,  being  com- 
pared to'lligh  Street  in  Oxford.  The  town-hall,  (Shid-hiiis,) 
originally  founded  about  1415,  but  since  that  period  often 
altered  and  repaired,  is  situated  in  this  street.  It  is  a  pic- 
turesque old  building,  with  its  prominent  parts  gilt,  30 
windows  in  a  line  in  front,  a  tall  spire,  and  3  highly-orna- 
mented projecting  gables.  In  the  council-chamber  are  the 
painting  of  the  Last  Judgment,  by  Lucas  van  Leyden,  and 
several  fine  historical  portraits.  Near  the  town-hall,  in 
the  same  street,  is  the  (ieraeene-lands-huis  van  Itijuland, 
containing  t  he  offices  of  the  superintendent  of  dykes.  Other 
note-worthy  edifioes  are  the  pri.'-ou,  weigh-house.  butter^ 
house,  cloth-bal!,  infantry  barracks,  and  town  dockyards. 
It  has  14  churcheg  and  a  synagogue,  besides  sundry  congre- 
gations worshipping  m  hills,  kc:  they  include  4  Reformed. 
1  Walloon.  1  Dissenting,  1  Engli.sh,  1  Evangelical  Lutheran. 
1  liemonstrant.  4  Roman  Catholic,  and  1  .lansenist.  In  the 
Reformed  Church  of  St.  I'eter  are  monuments  to  lioerhave, 
Spanheim.  Scaliger.  &c.  There  are  numerous  ordinary,  poor, 
and  Latin  schools;  also  academies  of  drawing,  design,  archi- 
tecture, and  music;  but  the  most  important  educational 
institution  is  the  university,  formerly  one  of  the  most  famed 
In  Europe,  and  still  in  excellent  repute.  As  some  indemni- 
fication for  the  privations  sofTeied  during  the  siege  of  1574, 
the  Prince  of  Orange  offered  the  inhabitants  exem])tion  from 
certain  taxes  or  a  university.  To  their  lasting  h(uior,  they 
chose  the  latter;  and  it  was  accordingly  it-auiiurated  by 
the  Prince  the  following  year.  1575.  It  has  about  20  pro- 
fessors, and,  in  1849,  it  was  attended  by  464  students,  of 
whom  nearly  a  half  were  studying  law.  Among  its  professors, 
at  different  periods,  have  been  Scaliger.  Gomarus.  and  Ar- 
minius:  and  it  has  had,  as  pupils,  (irotius.  Descartes,  Field- 
hig.  and  Goldsmith.  Connected  with  the  university  are  a 
well-laid-out  botanic  garden,  an  observatory,  a  library,  with 
valuable  MSS. ;  an  anatomical  museum  of  comparative  ana- 
tomy, one  of  the  richest  c(dk'ction8  ot  natural  liistory  in 
existence,  cabinet  of  coins,  museum  of  antiquities,  and  a 
rich  Japanese  museum.  There  are  also  a  valuable  collection 
of  agricnltural  implements,  au  economic  garden,  for  the 
promotion  of  native  gardening  and  agriculture,  and  a  na- 
tional herbarium.  There  are.  likewise,  several  learned 
Bocietios,  a  fine  arts  society,  and  associations  for  the  distri- 
bution of  Bibles,  of  tracts,  and  for  missionary  purposes.  The 
benevolent  and  charitable  institutions  are  very  numerous, 
and  include  poor-houses,  hospitals  for  orphans,  old  men,  and 
old  women,  connected  with  the  various  religious  bodies,  and 
various  societies  for  assisting  the  poorer  householders.  The 
cloth  manufactures,  for  which  Leyden  was  at  one  time 
greatly  famed,  reached  their  maximum  in  1670;  they 
subsequently  fell  off  greatly,  but  have  revived  in  recent 
years,  though  not  to  their  former  extent.  There  are  now 
16  steam-factories  in  the  town,  including  3  cloth  factories; 
several  coverlet,  baize,  and  camlet  factories,  wool-spinneries, 
calico  print-works,  &c.;  also  a  maiuifactory  of  paper-hang- 
ings, taimeries,  skinneries,  soap-works,  breweries,  distilleries, 
a  machine-factory,  and  anchor-smith.  The  former  great 
trade  in  books,  carried  on  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th,  and 
dining  the  greater  part  of  the  ISth  century,  and  rendered 
world-renowned  by  the  Elzevirs,  is  represented  bj'  only  6 
printing-offices. 

The  most  memorable  event  in  the  history  of  Leyden  is  the 
siege  it  sustained  from  the  Spaniards  in  1573-74.  By  the 
resolution  and  heroic  example  of  Peter  Adi'iaan-zoon  Van 
der  AN'erff,  the  burgomaster,  the  inhabitants  were  enabled 
to  stand  out  nearly  4  months.  For  7  weeks  there  was  no 
bread  within  the  walls,  and  when  hunger  became  no  longer 
bearal)le,  and  the  people,  dying  in  hundreds,  imjdored  the 
burgomaster  to  surrender  the  town,  he  offered  his  body  to 
Hp[iease  their  appetite,  and  tlius  the  most  clamorous  were 
abashed.  To  relieve  tlie  town,  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  last 
broke  down  the  dykes,  and  a  favoring  wind  accompanying, 
*he  waters  ^iime  over  the  laud  so  rapidly  that  above  1000  of 


the  besiegers  were  drowned.  The  Fame  wind  wafted  a  fltet 
of  200  boats  from  Rotterdam  to  the  gates  of  Leyden,  and 
relieved  the  pl;ice.  It  has  at  various  times  been  severely 
visited  by  pestilence;  in  1024,  9897  died  in  a  few  months, 
and  from  July  to  December,  in  1C35,  the  deaths  amounted 
to  14,582.  Leyden  is  the  birth-place  of  many  eminent  ami 
remarkable  men,  among  whom  may  be  specified  Jan  Bock 
holtz,  or  John  of  l„eyden,  the  founder  of  the  Anabaptists 
Karel  van  Maets,  one  of  the  translators  of  the  New  Testa 
ment;  the  medical  doctors.  Gerard  van  Swieten  and  Pleter 
Camper;  the  naturalist,  Muschenbroek;  the  learned  bro 
thers  Gerard  and  Isaac  Vossius,  Gronovius,  and  Nicholas 
Ilensius;  and  the  painters.  l/ucas  van  Leyden,  the  brothers 
Van  der  Velde,  Metzu,  Mieri,s,  father  and  two  sons;  Gerard, 
Douw.  and  Rembrandt.  The  population  of  Leyden,  at  one 
time. 90.000,  was,  in  1863,  37,534. 

LKYDKN,  two  i.-;lands,  one  off  the  N.  const  of  Ceylon,  the 
other  off  that  of  Java,  opposite  Batavia.     See  MiyDETivoE. 

LKV'DKN,  a  post-townsliip  of  Franklin  co.,  Jlass.achusettB, 
bordering  on  A'ermout,  about  44  miles  N.  of  Springfield. 
Pop.  ti06. 

LEVDEN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Lewis  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Black  River  and  Black  River  Canal,  about  110 
miles  N.W.  of  AUiany.     Pop.  1859. 

LEVDEN,  a  postofiice  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

LEYDEN,  a  postKiflice  of  Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

LEYDEN  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

LEYDEliDORI',  li'der-doiip\  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  South  Holland,  about  Ij  miles  E.  of  Levden,  and  on  the 
Rhine,  here  ci-ossed  by  a  bridge.     Pop.  1698. 

LKYDERDORP,  a  village  of  North  Holland,  1  mile  E.  of 
Leyden.     Pop.  1054. 

LEYDSCIIENUAM,  lld'sKen-dam',  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  i-'outh  Holland,  2  miles  E.  of  the  Hague.   P.  930. 

LEYLAND,  letVland,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  6^  miles' S.  of  Preston.  Pop.  in  1851, 13,710,  exten- 
sively employed  in  nuinufactures  of  cotton  goods.  .It  has  a 
handsome  church,  with  monuments  of  the  Farington  family, 
whose  mansion,  Shawhall,  contains  a  museum  and  fine  gal- 
lery of  paintings;  a  gramm.ar  school,  numerous  other 
endowed  schools,  almshouses,  and  a  station  on  the  Man- 
chester and  Preston  Itailway.     See  Hoghton. 

LEYNI.     See  Legni. 

LEYRE,  laiR,  a  river  of  France,  formed  by  the  junction 
of  tlie  Leyre-de-Luxey  and  Lcyre-de-Pissos,  in  the  dej^art/- 
ment  of  Landes.  It  flows  N.N.W.  into  the  department  of 
Gironde,  and.  after  a  course  of  above  40  miles,  of  which  20 
are  used  for  floating,  falls  into  the  basin  of  Arcachon,  a 
little  below  La  Mothe. 

LEYRIA.     See  Leikh. 

LEYS'DOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Keni. 

LEYSELE.  lI-sA/lA.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  WesJ 
Flanders,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2096. 

LEYTA  or  LEITHA.     See  Leytiia. 

LEYTE.  l.Ve-tAor  lA/tA.  oneof  the  Philippine  Islands,  imme- 
diately S.S.W.  of  ^amar.  Length  130  miles,  average  breadth 
35  miles.  Pop.  92.175.  Its  soil  is  in  many  parts  very  fer- 
tile, producing  rice  and  cotton,  with  ebony  and  other  fine 
wootls. 

LEYTIIA,  LEITHA.  or  LEYTA.  Vi'tL  a  river  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire,  fonns  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Austria 
and  Hungary,  and,  after  a  course  of  90  miles,  joins  an  arm 
of  the  Danube  at  Altenhurg.  Between  it  and  Lake  Neu- 
siedl  are  the  Leytha  Mountains. 

LEY^TON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 
on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  5  miles  N.E.  of  Ixmdon. 
Area  2820  acres.  Pop.  3274.  Strype,  the  antiquary,  waa 
vicar  of  the  parl.sh. 

LEZ,  lA,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Ilerault,  risea 
in  the  Cevennes  Mountains,  and,  after  a  course  of  20  miles, 
falls  into  the  Mediterranean,  2  miles  S.IJ.  of  Montpellier. 
Its  lower  and  navigable  part  is  called  the  Canal  de  Grave. 

LEZ,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  department  of  Drome, 
and  joins  the  left  hank  of  the  Rhone,  a  little  below  Pont  St. 
Esprit ;  total  course  nearly  45  miles. 

LEZANT.  le-zanf.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LEZARDRIEUX,  l<;h-zaR"dre-lh',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  C»ites-<lu-Nord,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lannion. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2208. 

LF^ZAT,  leh-z£(/,  (anc.  Lezatum  f)  a  town  of  France,  for- 
merly capital  of  a  district  called  the  Lezatois,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ari6ge,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Pamiers,  on  the  Leze. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2855. 

LEZAY.  leh-zi.',  a  town  of  France,  the  seat  of  a  Calvin  istlc 
consistory,  in  the  department  of  Deux-Sevres.     Pop.  2559. 

LEZAYSK,  lA-zhisk',  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  Galicia, 
25  miles  N.E.  of  Rzeszow,on  the  San.     Pop.  3300. 

LE7.EGN0,  a  village  of  Italy.     See  Lesegno. 

LEZ'IATE,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Man. 

LEZIATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LEZIGNAN.  l.Vzeen'yflNc'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aude,  13  miles  W.  of  Narbonne.     Pop.  in  185:\  2.^.37. 

LEZOL'X.  Ith-zoo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-Dfmie.  15  miles  E.N.i;.  of  Clermont.     I'op.  1852.  3803. 

L£ZUZA,  li-thoo'thi,  (anc.  LiOisoio'na  ?  or  Lirisolsia  f)  a 

1046 


LEZ 


LIB 


town  ol  3pai  ,  province  and  22  miles  W.  of  Albacete.    Pop. 
2451. 

LEZZ  EXO,  xSt-sA'no,  a  village  of  Nortliorn  Italy,  province 
of  Como,  5  mnes  S.W.  of  Bellagio,  on  the  E.  ghoro  of  Lake 
Como.     I'o]).  1051. 

LEZZOLO,  n  town  of  Italy.    See  Le.ssolo. 

LGOV  or  LOOW,  I'gof'.a  town  of  Kiissia.jrovernmentand 
36  miles  W.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Sem.    Pop.  20UO. 

LHAX'BRYDE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin. 

LHA-REE  or  LHA-RI,  Tha'ree,  a  large  village  of  Thibet, 
about  180  miles  N,E.  of  Liis.sa,  in  a  gorge,  among  barren 
and  desolate  mountains.  The  Chinose  government  have 
here  a  depot  of  provisions,  under  the  charge  of  a  mandarin. 
Near  the  village  is  a  large  Boodhist  convent,  and  a  hand- 
some temple. 

LIIASSA,  the  capit.il  city  of  Thiliet.     See  Lassa. 

LIIEMCShi     See  ELHExirz. 

LHOXACR,  I'ho-nawr',  a  town  of  India,  Nizam's  domi- 
nions, 42  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jaulna.    I.at.  20^  N.,  Ion.  76°  43'  E. 

L'UOl'ITAL,  lo'pee'tdl',  a  villa-e  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Savoy,  on  the  Arly,  here  ero.'-se<l  bv  a  wooden  bridge,  22 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Cliamb6ry.     I'op.  1100. 

LHi  )TA  FRANCZOWA,  li'lo'ti'  friu-cho'va,  a  village  of 
Moravia,  50  miles  from  Ilradisch.     Pop.  1000. 

Lll  >TA,  NELI,  noi  h'lo'ti,  a  village  of  Moravia,  12  miles 
from  llradi>'ch.     Pop.  1200. 

LTArilOWITZE.    See  Lachowicze. 

LIADISDAli.  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Arkansas. 

LIA.MONE,  le-3-mn'n.'\.  (anc.  Oerridiii.if)  a  river  of  Corsica, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  21  miles.  eiitei'S  the  Jlediferranean  11 
miles  N.  of  Ajaccio.  In  1793  it  cave  name  to  the  southern- 
most of  the  two  departments  of  the  island. 

LTAJIPO.  a  city  of  China.     See  Nixg-po. 

LIAN-CHOO  or  LIAN-TCIIOU.  ie-anVhoo'.  or  LTAN- 
TCIIKOU-FOU.  le-^n/oh^-ooYoo'.  written  also  UEN-TCIKtU. 
le-en'choo,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  a  department,  province 
of  Quans-tong,  240  miles  S.W.  of  Canton.  Lat.  21°  43'  N.. 
Ion.  109°  40'  E. 

LIAXCOURT,  ]e-8.N"'kooR/.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Oise,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Brussels  P.ailway,  5 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  in  1S52,  1550. 

Ill  AN  E.  le-dn',  a  small  river  of  France,  department  of 
Pa?-de-Cal;iis.  after  a,  cour.se  of  about  20  miles  falls  into  thf 
Ensli.sb  Channel,  and  forms  the  harbor  of  Roulogne-sur-Mer. 

LIANG-CHOO,  LIAXG-TCIIOU,  le  iintiVhoo/.  or  LTAXG- 
TCHEO  J,  le-anc'choj-oo/.  a  ciry  of  China,  capital  of  a  depart- 
ment, province  of  Kan-soo.  140  miles  N.X.W,  of  Lan-choo. 

LIAO  TOUXO  o'  UAO  TOXG.    See  M.antchooria, 

liIAZOlIIXSKOT,  le-izVmin-skoi'.  an  island  of  Russia,  in 
the  White  Sea,  near  the  month  of  the  Dwina,  government 
of  Archangel,  13  miles  long  by  6  miles  bi"oad. 

LIB.^DIA.     See  Livadia. 
"LIB.\XUS.  »  mountain  range  of  Syria.    See  Leb.asox. 

LI15.\U,  let>'b('iw,  (Lettish,  LeaiHim.  le-d-pi'a,)  a  seaport 
town  of  Rus-ia,  government  of  Courland.  on  the  Baltic.  N. 
of  Lake  Libau,  and  105  miles  W.S.'SV.  of  Mitau.  I'op.  10,110. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  council-hall,  theatre,  Lu- 
theran, Roman  Catholic,  and  Calvinist  churches;  a  syna- 
gogue, hospitivl,  2  extensive  almshouses,  and  an  orphan 
asylum.    Its  harbor  is  artificial.    Its  trade  is  considerable. 

LIB'BERTON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

LI'BERTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  2>^  miles  S.E. 
of  Ediiiburg.  The  ancient  Bonmgh  Muir  of  Edinburgh, 
the  bituminous  well  of  St.  Catherine,  Craigmillar  Castle, 
and  other  objects  of  interest,  are  in  this  parish. 

LIBERI.\,  ll-bee're-a,  a  republic  on  the  \V. coast  of  .\frica, 
midway  between  Sierra  Leone  and  Cape  Palmas.  extending 
320  miles  along  the  coast,  with  an  average  breadth  inland  of 
80  miles,  having  Cape  Mesurado.  lat.  Q°  IS'  N.,  Ion.  10°  50' 
W.,  near  the  centre  of  its  coast-line.  It  was  founded  as  a 
colony  of  free  blacks,  in  1820,  by  the  American  Colonization 
Society,  with  the  idea,  that  m.my,  if  not  all,  of  the  liberated 
Blaves  in  the  United  States  would  prefer  returning  to  Africa. 
The  experiment,  notwithstanding  the  grievous  discourage- 
ments it  met  with  at  the  outset,  has  been  eminently  suc- 
cessful. The  whole  territory  of  Liberia  has  been  purchased 
from  time  to  time,  from  its  aboriginal  owners.  It  is  well 
watered,  being  traversed  by  several  considerable  streams,  and 
its  natural  resources  are  immense.  Cotton  is  indigenou.s,  ami 
yields  two  crofw  a  year.  Coffee  thrives  well :  a  single  tree  at 
Monroviayiolding  30  lbs.  at  one  gathering.  Sugar-cane  grows 
in  unrivalled  luxuriance,  and  cam-wood  in  unlimited  quan- 
tities; red-wood,  bar-wood,  and  otliei-  dyas,  are  likewise 
plentiful;  the  oil-palm  isabundant;  and  indigo,  caoutchouc, 
ginger,  arrow-root,  cocoa,  cocoa-nuts,pine-appies,castoi^nut8, 
yams,  plantains,  bananas,  figs,  olives,  taiuarinds,  limos, 
oranges,  leuions,  &c.,  may  be  added  to  the  list  of  vegetable 
products,  many  of  which  are  exported,  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent.  Ivory  is  eitsily  obtainable:  and  rich  metallic  veins 
also  exist.  An  important  export  and  import  trade  is  now 
carried  on;  and  a  large  numher  of  the  inhaliitanU  of  the 
interior  depend  upon  Liberia  for  their  supplies  of  imp<uted 
goods. 

'J'lie  following  exhibits  the  commerce  of  Liberia  for  the 
jrears  specified :  — 
1010 


Tear 

1844.         1&40. 

1847.         1&48.     1    184J. 

Bullion  and  Specie 

$9!I.9S3    $fi.*.-.'»4S114..«4    SRs.918    $91,0« 

Dje  Wood 

36.fi86       1B.931 

24,.c6      lO.lBS        S,J10 

Copper  Ore      .... 

1,»77        4,389 

1M        5,536        2.118 

Hides  aud  Skins       .     , 

....       .... 

80.096     168.749     1»H,8J5 

Coflee      

34,301       ZO.CKMi 

22,664|        5,316,        6,915 

Cocoa 

&>i9           6m 

N40i              36    .  .  ,   . 

Daiea 

2,1 53i       4,720    .... 

Nuts 

io,67S        2,261 

8.418,     16,778        4,8161 

Cloves  and  Cinnamon . 

4,142       10.S07        .   .   . 

Red  Pepper     .... 

l.OMi       1,159 

9.540|       5.7.M'       3.««1 

Ginger    

1,616        4.495 

4,342]      15.907:      \0.H>6 

All  other  articles     .    . 

272.,V>4    553,903 

288.7851    32^.901     223,405 

Total       .... 

$459,J37  Sfi7J,rJ6  $5d9.S4l'  Sfioo.oSS  *49n,742 

A'alue  of  imports  into  Liberia  during  the  same  period  :- 


Years 

1844. 

1 
1R45. 

1847, 

1W8, 

1849. 

Produce       

Foreign  Merchandise  . 

$S41.:106 
68,9:).S 

$o'o,5(i3 
79.543 

5700,431 
44.499 

S77I.3-H 
61,403 

$ti7«.7B9 
31,642 

Total      .... 

$710,244 

$605,106 

J747,930 

$f32.792 

$706,411 

The  principal  articles  of  import  are  tobacco,  cotton  manu- 
factures, spirits,  gunpowder,  and  tlour. 

A  thirst  tor  education  has  been  awakened  among  the  sur- 
rounding aborigines  of  Liberia,  many  of  whom  send  their 
children  400  and  5(X)  miles,  to  be  educated  in  the  liepublic. 
The  Lll>erians  have  built  for  themselves  above  30  ( hurthes 
of  brick  and  stone;  and  possess  numerous  schools,  and  a 
considerable  numVier  of  printing-pres.<ies.  More  than  2i).('00 
natiA'es  have  requested  to  be  taken  under  the  protection  of 
the  state,  while  not  less  th.in  100.000  live  on  its  terrftory, 
and  350,000  are  b<>und  to  it  by  treaties  to  abolish  the  slave- 
trade.  At  diti'erent  times,  ten  buildings,  erected  by  slave- 
traders  for  the  storage  of  slaves,  have  been  burned  down 
by  the  Liberians.  and  hundreds  of  iheir  fellow-<  reatures. 
therein  confined,  liberated;  and  they  at  all  times  atlord 
refuge  to  the  weak  and  the  oppressed.  The  climate,  though 
still  fatal  to  Europeans,  has  been  greatly  improved  by  clear- 
ing, drain,age,  &c,  Monrovia,  the  capital  and  port  of  the 
colony,  is  situ-ited  on  Cape  Jlesurado.  There  are,  besides, 
above  20  towns  and  villages  in  the  torriton-.  The  govern- 
ment of  the  country  is  precisely  on  the  American  model : 
consisting  of  a  president,  a  vice-president,  a  senate,  and  a 
house  of  representatives:  the  number  of  members  in  the 
former  being  6,  and  in  the  latter  28.  Liberia  wivs  declared 
.in  independent  state  in  July.  1847;  and.  in  the  following 
year,  was  recognised  as  such  by  Great  Britain  and  France. 
A  company  has  recently  been  organi/.ed  in  the  United  States 
for  establishing  steam  communication  Ix'tween  Liberi.i  and 

this   country.     Pop.  in   1850,  250,000. Adj.  and   inhab. 

Liberia^,  ll-bee're-an. 

LIBER  I. \.  a  small  village  of  Prince  William  co,,  Virginia. 

LIUEKK,  a  town  of  Bohemia,     See  Reiciienbero. 

L1BERT.\D,  le-bJR-triD'.  (t.  e.  "Liberty,")  an  exten.sive 
department  in  the  X.  of  Peru,  bordering  on  the  Pacific.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  X',  by  Eiinador.  and  stretches  S.  to  al-out 
8°  30'  S.  lat.  It  is  divided  into  8  provinces.  Libertad  and 
.Amazonas  comprise  what  was  formerlv  the  department  ol 
Trujillo.     Capital.  Trujillo.      Pop.  in  1850.  266.553. 

LIB'ERTY.  a  county  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Georgia.  Ixirdering 
on  the  .\tlantic  Ocean,  contains  about  700  .square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Aledway  and  Xewj>ort  Rivers,  and  the  -Alta- 
maha  River  washes  its  S.W.  border.  The  surface  is  level; 
the  soil  is  mostly  sandy  and  sterile.  Marl  is  found  in  seve- 
ral places.  Capital,  Hinesville.  Pop.  t-367,  of  whom  2:J8-t 
were  free,  and  60^3  slaves. 

LIBKP.TY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas,  bord-ring 
on  Galveston  Buy.  contains  about  1650  sq.  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Trinity  liiver.  The  surface  is  an  alluvial  plain, 
which  is  mostly  without  trees,  excepting  the  niaririiis  of  the 
streams.  The  soil  in  the  S.  is  sandy  and  poor,  but  improves 
as  we  advance  towards  the  N.  The  river  is  navigated  by 
steamboats  at  all  stages,  to  Liberty,  the  county  seat.  Pop. 
31>9.  of  whom  2110  were  free. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co..  M.nine.  st  the 
head  of  St.  George  River,  whiih  affords  abundant  water- 
power,  about  22  miles  E,  of  Augusta.  It  contains  6  stores, 
2  large  tiinneries,  about  100  cooper  shops,  10  saw-mills,  1 
grist-mill,  and  1  carding-machine  and  cloth-mill.     Pop.  1095. 

LIBERTY,  a  village  and  station  of  Steuben  co..  New  Y'ork, 
on  the  Buffiilo  and  Corning  Itailroad,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Bath. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sullivan  co., 
New  York,  about  100  miles  in  a  straight  line  N.W.  of  New 
Tork  city.  It  is  plciusantly  situated  in  a  valley  surrounded 
by  high  hills,  and  contains  1  Presbyterian  and  1  .Methodist 
chnreii,  1  or  2  hotels,  about  7  stores,  and  the  laberty  Normal 
Institute,  at  which  is  the  Meteorological  Station  for  Sullivan 
CO.  The  Institute  was  founded  hero  in  1847  by  the  benefi- 
cence of  John  D.  Watkins,  and  is  conducted  npt)n  the  prin- 
cipleof  the  State  Normal  School  of  Albany.  Pop,about300; 
of  the  township,  3016. 


tiB 


Lie 


LITiKRTY,  a  township  of  Adams  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  756. 

LIBKllTY,at<iwnslii])of  Hediordco.,  Pennisylvania.  P.T91. 

LlBKi;TY,atiivvn8hipof  Ci!iitreco.,  Pennsylvania.  P.748. 

LII5E11TY,  a  vi!lag(!  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 

West  Branoh  of  Sufquclianna  Itivor,  110  miles  N.N.W.  of 

HarrlshurK,  has  near  IdO  inhaliitants. 

LI]!ERTY,atownshl(I.Mclvean  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.1305. 

LIBEItTY,  a  townsliip  of   Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Pop.  117;!. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  cc,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  995. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania,  15 
mile«  S  K.  of  Wellsbomugh.     Pop.  171S. 

LIBEiiXY,  a  buautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Bedford  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Usiilroad,  25  miles  Vf. 
of  Lynchburg.  It  eomnjandsu  sublime  view  of  the  Peaks  of 
Otter,  which  are  not  less  than  7  miles  distant,  though  they 
appear  to  be  iu  the  immediate  vicinity.  Liberty  has  a  hand- 
gome  court-house,  4  churches,  and  about  700  Inhabitants. 

LIBEItTY,  a  post-oftice  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama. 

LIBERTY',  a  postrvill.ige,  capita!  of  Amite  co.,  Mlssl.ssippi, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Amite  River,  100  miles  S.S.\V.  of 
Jackson.    Pop.  447. 

LIBERTY,  a  pleasant  post-village,  capital  of  Liberty  co., 
Texas,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Trinity  River,  (50  miles 
N.  of  Galveston.  Steamboats  navigate  the  river  between 
this  point  and  Galveston  at  all  seasons. 

LIBERTY,  a  village  of  Izard  co.,  Arkansas,  on  White 
River,  near  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  county. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  Washita  Co.,  Arkansas. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  Be  Kalb  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
Opossum  Creek.  54  miles  E.  of  Nashville,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  turnpike. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Casey  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Green  River,  near  its  source.  69  miles  S.  of  Frankfort, 
has  a  conrt-liouse,  and  li  or  3  diurches. 

Lir.ERTY,  a  townsliip  of  Adams  Co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1544. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1444. 

IJBEIiTY,  a  town-hij)  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1205. 

LIBEUTY,  a  townsliip  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  17^8. 

LIBERTY,  a  townsliijj  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1178. 

LlBER'iY,  a  townshij)  of  Fairfield  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2947. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1075. 

LIRERTY,  a  small  viilage  of  Guernsey  co.,  Oliio,  on  Wills 
Creek. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1050. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  114S. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1119. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Highland  co.,  Oliio.     Pop.  4507. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1393. 

LIHERTY,  a  townsliip  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1215. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Licking  Co.,  Ohio. .  Pop.  902. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1511. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  508. 

LIBEKTY,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  7  miles 
W.  of  Payton.     It  has  1  church. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  785. 

LIBERTY,  a  townshiji  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1415. 

LIBERTY,  a  (ownsliip  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1541. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  TrnmbuU  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1367. 

LIBERTY,  a  townsliip  of  Union  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1441. 

LIBERTY,  a  townsliip  of  'Van  Wirt  Co.,  Ohio.     930. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  AVashington  co.,  Ohio.    P.  1327. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Wood  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  635. 

LIBERTY,  a  iiost-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  1017. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Ciawford  co.,  Indiana.     P.  .572. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  ficlaware  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1525. 

LIBEItTY,  a  townshij)  in  Enlton  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1314. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  (Jriint  co  ,  Indiana.     Pop.  1524. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1812. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Henry  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1699. 

LIBERTY,  a  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  East 
Fork  of  White  River,  4  or  5  miles  S.W.  of  Bedford. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Parke  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1056. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Porter  CO.,  Indiiuia.     Pop.  467. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  St.  Joseph  Co.,  Indiana   P.  1708. 

LIBERTY,  a  town.slup  in  Shelby  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1327. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Tipton  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1420. 

LIBERTY,  a  thriving  jjost-villnge  and  township,  capital 
of  Union  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  railroad  from  Hamilton,  in 
Ohio,  to  Rushvilie.  70  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis,  and 
46  miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  2  or  3  cliurches, 
and  a  county  seminary.    Pop.  of  the  village,  578. 

LIBERTY,  a  townsliip  in  Wahash  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1810. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Warren  Co..  Indiana.  Pop.  1079. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Wells  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  634. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-village  and  towrtship  in  Adams  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, 90  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Spri^igficld.     Pop.  1536. 

LIBERTY,  a  small  village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississipjii  River. 
_  LIBERTY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clay  county.  Mi.ssouri, 
situated  about  4  miles  N.  of  tlie  Missouri  Rivor,  and  about 
200  miles  by  the  river  above  .lofieixon  City.  The  situation 
la  healthy  and  the  water  good.     The  town  contuins  a 


handsome  brick  court-house,  2  banks,  6  churches,  2  acade- 
mii'S,  a  newsjiaper  office,  2  woollen  factories,  and  1  machin<^ 
aliop.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  highly  productive  farming  dis 
trict.  which  abounds  in  stone-coal  and  fine  limestone.  Many 
horses,  catl  le,  and  sv/ine  are  also  exported.  Pop.  in  1S60, 2405. 

LIBERTY,  a  townshi])  in  Marion  co.,  Missouri.   Pop.  1300. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  Stoddard  Co.,  JEnsouri.    P.  886. 

LIBERTY,  a  townsliip  in  Wasliingtou  co.,  riu-,s<.'\:ri.  Pop. 
766. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  Kenosha  co.,  Wisconsin. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Iowa. 

LIBERTY  COU.XERS,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Nd-i7 
Jersey,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Somerville. 

LIBERTY  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co ,  Ohio. 

LIBERTY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Rapides  co.,  iowisitna. 

LIBERTY  FA  LLS.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  Nev  Vork, 
about  loo  miles  N'.W.  of  New  York  city,  and  2i-  mile^  S.  of 
Liberty.  It  contains  2  stores,  a  large  tannery,  and  flour, 
saw,  and  turning  mills. 

LIBERTY  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Virginia. 

LIBERTY  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Newberry  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, 35  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 

LIRERTY  HI  LL,  a  post-offlceof  McKean  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

LIUEltTY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Iredell  co.,  Norrli  Cvrolina. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  village  of  Edgefield  dibtr:..t,  SDuth 
Carolina. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Kershaw  dlslr.;!,  fnaih 
Carolina. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Ge^rgU,  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Griffin. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabsm* 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  I^fayetto  co.,  Missi* 
sippi,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Oxford,  the  county  scat. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Texas. 

LIBERTY  .MILLS,  a  post-village  in  Orange  co„  Viri^inia. 
79  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

LIBERTY  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Wabash  CO.,  Indiana, 
on  Eel  River,  about  100  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Iiidi^iinpolis. 

LIBERTY  SQUARE,  a  pos^village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LIl^lCRTYTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Frederick  co.,  Mary- 
land. 70  mile.s  N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

LIB'ERTYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Walkill  River,  about  70  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

LIBERTYVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  N.  part  ui  Sussex 
CO.,  New  Jersey. 

LIBERTYVILLE,  a  post-village  and  tfewn.sbip  of  Lake  co., 
Illinois,  34  miles  N.  of  Chicago,  has  a  steam  flouring  rrxOl 
and  200  inhabitants.     I'op.  of  the  township,  lill. 

LIBERTYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  lowt,  fij 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  Gity. 

LIBETIIEN,  lc-bA't.>n.  (Hun.  Liheth-Bunya,  lec'bJi.'  blii'- 
yoh\)  a  free  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sohl,  14  mile-  ii.  ot 
Neusohl.     Pop.  1400.     It  has  mines  of  iron  and  copp-t. 

LIB(X!Hl)WITZ,  le-boK'o  ftits,  a  small  town  of  l>..-.*^v'i, 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Leitmeritz,  on  the  north  bank  of  tie  >;?♦/. 

LIBiJKOVO,  le-bo-ko/vo,  a  town  of  European  Tuikej', 
Albania.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Argyro-Kastro. 

LI  BOURNE.  leeMiooRn',  (anc.  C<mtJuti  LHI(r.  or  Litn/r*' 
num. .')  a  town  and  river-port  of  France,  department  of 
Giroude,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  on  the  Dordogne,  at 
its  junction  with  the  Isle,  and  on  the  railway  from  Tours, 
17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1852.  12.650.  It  Is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  large  cavalry  b.-irracks,  man^i- 
factorii's  of  woollen  stulTs,  glass,  and  cordage,  yards  for 
ship-buililing,  a  port  admitting  vessels  of  300  tons  at  high 
water,  and  a  considerable  traffic  with  Bordeaux  in  wines, 
brandy,  salt,  and  corn.  It  was  founded  iu  1280,  by  Edward 
I.,  King  of  England. 

LI'BRAKY,  a  post-office  of  .\llegbany  co..  Pennsylvania. 
LIBIHLL.\,  le-breel'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15i 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Murcia.    Pop.  3083. 

LIBY.\,  lib'e-a,  (Gr.  Ai/?u»j.  Lilme.)  the  ancient  G^.-ok 
name  of  Africa.'  It  was  sometimes  applied  in  a  rpstr-:<-d 
seu.se  to  the  region  immediately  W.  of  Egypt,  extending 
200  or  300  miles  from  E.  to  W.,  and  of  an  indefinite  breadth 
from  N.  to  S.     Adj.  and  inhab.  LiuY.\\.  liWe  an. 

LIB'YAN  DES'ERT.  ihat  part  of  the   Sahara  or  Great 
Desert  bounded  N.  by  Tripoli,  E.  by  Egypt  and  Nubia,  S.  by 
Darfoor  and  Waday,  and  W.  by  Fezzan.  and  the  country  of 
the  Tibboos.     Here  the  continent  of  Africa   shelves  down 
towards  the  Mediterranean  in  a  series  of  terraces,  consisting 
of  vast   level  sandy  or  gravelly  deserts,  lying  E.  and  W., 
separated  by  low  rocky  ridges.     This  desert  is  pnibably  not 
less  than  1000  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  500 
to  TOO  miles  in  breadth.     It  contains  the  oasis  of  Seewah, 
with  the  town  of  the  same  name,  about  Int.  20°  12'  N.,  Ion. 
26°  15'  E..  near  which  is  the  village  of  Gharmy. 
LIBYS.SA.     Si«  llMiAKAH. 
LICATA.  a  town  of  Sicily.    See  Alicat.v. 
LICCA.     See  LiK\. 

LICENZA,  U-cb&n'zL  (anc.  Dipenltiaf)  a  village  of  the 
Papal  States,  12  miles  from  Tivoli,  on  a  briirlit  mountain 

1047 


Lie 


LID 


stream,  rclebrated  by  Tloracc.  The  poet's  Pabine  villa  stood 
Kbout  midway  betw(«n  the  road  and  the  river.     Pop.  700. 

LICH,  liK,  a  town  of  Central  Geruiai:y,  Ilesse-Darmstadt. 
province  of  Ober  Ilessen,  on  the  Wetter,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Oief..sen.     I'op.  2oo7,  mostly  Lutherans. 

LICIlBOROUGIl,  litch/bur-iUi,  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

LICH/ET  MAT/KAVERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset 

LICII'ET  MIX'STER,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

LICH'KIELD,  sometimes,  but  rarely,  written  lilTCII'- 
FIELD,  a  city,  parliamentjiry  and  municipal  boroujih.  and 
county  of  it.self.  of  England,  in  the  county  of  Stafford,  on  the 
Grand  Junction  Canal,  and  the  Stafford  and  Ituirby  Railway, 
17  miles  E. S.E.  of  Stafford,  and  110  miles  X.N.W.  of  Ix)ndon. 
Pop.  in  1851,  7003.  It  stands  on  a  tine  plain,  and  is  mostly 
well  built.  The  cathedral,  one  of  the  noblest  ecclesiastical 
edifices  in  the  kingdom,  is  built  in  the  richly  decorated  style 
of  the  13th  and  14th  centuries :  it  has  a  superb  porch,  and  3 
fine  towers  with  spire.«,  of  which  tlie  central  is  258  feet  in 
height.  Lichtield  has  also  a  large  episcopal  palace,  a  deanery. 
3  parish  churches,  a  grammar  school,  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Edward  Si.,  and  where  Addison,  Ashmole. 
Johnson,  and  Garricl?  were  educated:  an  ancient  female 
liospital.  an  asj'lum  for  relicts  of  the  clergy,  and  numerous 
ether  charities :  a  union  workhouse,  a  guildhall,  jail,  theatre, 
statue  of  Dr.  Johnson,  a  market-house.  2  branch  banks, 
excellent  breweries,  and  small  manufactories  of  carpets. 
Lichfield  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

LICHFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LICIIXAKKT,  lixHaRf,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  23  miles  E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1541. 

LICHXEN,  liK'ten,  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia,  circle  of 
Troppau.  ou  the  Kaben,  about  12  miles  from  Ereudcuthal. 
Pop.  1700. 

LICHTEN'AU,  liK'tfh-n(5w\  a  small  town  of  Prussian 
Westphalia,  47  miles  S.  of  Minden,  on  the  Sauer.   Pop.  1525. 

LICHTEN'AU.  a  smal!  town  of  Germany,  province  of 
Nieder  Hessen,  (Lower  Hesse,)  on  the  Losse,  12  miles  S.E. 
of  Cassel.  Pop.  1476.  It  is  enclosed  by  ancient  walls,  and 
has  manufactures  of  linens. 

LICHTENWU.  a  small  town  of  Germany,  grand-duchy 
of  Baden,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop."  1300. 

LICHTEXAU,  OHER  and  XIEDER,  o'bfr  and  nee'd^r 
UK'teh-now\  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Silesia.  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1278. 

LIGHT tiNBKRG,  liK'tfn-bJKG\  a  principality  of  the  Pru."!- 
Bian  States,  in  flie  S.  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  between  Rhenish 
Bavaria  on  the  S.K.,  and  Birkcnfeld  on  the  X.W.  It  was 
ceded  to  Prussia  by  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  in  1834. 

LICHTEXBERG,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  12  miles  N.W.  of 
Hof.    Pop.  900. 

LICHTENBERO.  leek'tSxg'baiii/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bas-Rhin,  14  miles  X.X.E.  of  Saverne.  Pop. 
1010. 

LICIITEXBURG,  liK't^n-b<'iiiRo\  a  village  of  Prussian 
Ssixony,  government  and  48  miles  X.X.E.  of  Merseburg. 
with  a  castle,  which  is  historically  interesting,  as  the  place 
where  a  meeting  was  held  in  1518,  between  Luther.  Frede- 
rick the  Wise.  Spalatin,  Melancthon,  and  Miltitz.    Pop.  598. 

LICHTENFELS.  liK'ten-fcls\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Main,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Nuremberg  and  Xeumarkt 
Railway.  20  miles  N.X.E.  of  Bamberg.     Pop.  2105. 

LICHTENSTEO,  liK:'tfn-stJa\  a  town  of  Switzeriand,  can- 
ton and  16  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Gall,  on  the  Thur.     Pop.  750. 

LICHTEXSTEIX,  liK'ten-stme\  or  LIECHTEXSTEIN, 
lcoK'ten-stIne\  a  town  of  .Saxony,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chem- 
nitz, at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  crowned  by  a  castle.    P.  321 8. 

LICHTEXSTEIX,  a  state  of  Germany.     See  Liechten- 

BTEIM. 

LICHTEXYOORDE,  liK^fn-vOK^deh,  a  village  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, province  of  Gelderland,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Groenlo. 
Pop.  3657. 

LICUTEXWALD,  liK'ten-«ait\  a  village  of  Germany,  Sty- 
ria,  on  the  Pave,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cilly.     Pop.  600. 

LICUTEXWALD,  a  village  of  Germany,  Saxony,  N.E.  of 
Chemnitz.     Pop.  572. 

LICHTEXWEUD,  liKtfn-«Jnt\  a  village  of  Lower  Au.s- 
tria,  on  the  Fischa,  and  the  railway  from  Vienna  to  Glogg- 
nitz.    Pop.  1200. 

LICHTERVELDE,  liK'ter-vJVdeh,  a  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  13  miU-s  W.S.W.  of  Bruges. 
Pap.  5CfiO.    It  has  manufactures  of  tobacco  and  leather. 

T inl-    ^^"  *  '""■"  °^  I'u>-si<i-    See  LiKnvix. 

LICK,  LYK.  lik.  or  OELK.  oik.  a  town  of  East  Prussia, 

T^WJi'      of  Gumbinnon.  on  the  Lake  of  Lick.     Pop.  3397. 

LIUi.  a  townsliip  of  Jackson  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1207. 

1  ir^  )  J>'.'.'n?ff'"'  "  Post-ofRce  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana. 

rl^L-  n    vt^-  "  P^ir^'ffxe  "f  Hickman  co..  Tennessee. 

LICK  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  TUhn's  River  lii  Defiance 
county. 

LICK  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  ri-ses  in  Orange  co..  and  flows 
westward  through  Jlartiu  co.  into  the  E.  fork  of  White 
Kiver. 

IlCK  CRKEK,  a  post-office  of  Sangamon  co.,  HUnols. 


LICK  CREEK,  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  flows  N.  Into  Salt 
River. 

LICK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri. 

LICK  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City.     Pop.  1481. 

LICKE,  lik.  a  post-office  of  Fannin  co.,  Texas. 

LICK  KORK,  a  small  post-village  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri. 

LICKING,  a  county  in  Ohio,  situated  near  the  centre  of 
the  state,  contains  670  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Lick- 
ing River  and  its  branches.  The  surface  is  undulating  or 
nearly  level.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  mostly  under 
cultivation.  Extensive  quarries  of  sandstone  and  freestone 
have  been  opened,  and  cannel  coal  has  been  found  in  one 
place.  The  streams  furnish  motive  power  for  numerous 
mills  and  factories.  The  county  is  tmversed  by  the  Central 
Ohio  Riiilroad,  the  Pittsburg  and  Columbus  Railroad,  and 
by  the  Ohio  Canal.    Capital,  Newark.    Pop.  .37,011. 

LICKING,  a  township  of  Licking  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1296. 

LICKING,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.    P.  1016. 

LICKING,  a  township  of  Blacklbnl  co.,  Indiana.     P.  1425. 

LICKING,  a  post-office  of  Texas  co.,  Missouri,  95  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LICKING  CREEK  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  flowing  southward,  falls  into  the  Potomac. 

LICKING  CREEK,  a  township  of  Fultou  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.     Pop.  1028. 

LICKING  RIVER,  of  Kentucky,  rises  among  the  Cnm- 
berland  Mountains,  in  Floj-d  co.,  and  pursuing  a  north- 
westerly  course,  falls  into  the  Ohio  opposite  Cincinnati. 
The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  200  miles.  It  is  generally 
from  50  to  100  yurds  wide,  with  Iiigli  and  steep  banks,  which 
are  bordered  with  forest-trees  of  great  size.  Small  steam- 
boats can  ascend  it  to  Falmoutli,  about  50  miles  from  its 
mouth.  An  affluent,  called  the  South  Licking,  rises  in 
Montgomery  county,  and  enters  the  river  from  tlie  left  hand 
at  Falmouth.  The  North  Fork  flows  westward  through 
Mason  and  Bracken  counties  until  it  joins  the  main  stream. 

LICICING  RIVER,  of  Ohio,  rises  near  the  centre  of  the 
state  and  flows  into  the  Muskingum  opposite  Zancsville. 
Itis  formed  by  three  main  branches  which  unite  at  Newark, 
namely,  the  Jforth  Fork,  South  Fork,  and  Racoon  Fork. 

LICKING  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co..  Ken- 
tucky. 

LICK'IXGTOWN,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  Canal.  6  miles  E.  of  Newark. 

LICIv'SHlLLETT,  a  thriving  village  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgifv, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Etowah  River,  opposite  Rome. 

LICK'VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Greenville  district.  South 
Carolina,  100  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

LICORDIA,  le-koR'de-3,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Ca- 
tania. 7  miles  S.E.  of  Caltagirone.     Pop.  7000. 

LICORDIA,  a  village  of  Sicily,  on  a  height,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Catkuia.     Pop.  1000. 

LICOSA,  PUNTA  DI,  poon'ti  doe  le-ko'sj,  ("point  of  Li- 
cosa,")  a  cape  of  Naples.     See  C.vpb  LigoS\. 

LICQUES,  leek,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Boulogne.    Pop.  1570. 

LTD.\,  lee'dd,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  and 
70  miles  E.N.E.  of  Grodno.    Pop.  2000. 

LID'DEL,  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  a  bog  in  the  parish 
of  Castletown,  flows  S.W.  for  about  24  miles,  (for  a  part  of 
which  it  divides  Scotland  from  England,)  and  joins  the  Esk, 
near  Canoljy.    Its  valley  forms  the  romantic  district  of 

LlDDESD.VI.E. 

LI  DDKS  lid'des  or  lidd,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Valais,  in  the  valley  of  Entreraont,  on  the  road  from 
Martigny  to  the  Great  St.  Bernard.    Pop.  1411. 

LIDl)ESD.\LE.  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Arkansas. 

LID'DIARD  MIL'LICENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

LIUDIARD  TREGOOZE,  lid'j-ard  tree-goz,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LID'UIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland,  2 
miles  S.  E.  of  Uppitighani.  Hero  is  an  hospital,  founded  in 
1600  by  Sir  T.  Cecil,  2d  Lord  Burgliley. 

LIDDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LID'GATE  or  LYD'GATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

LIDI,  lee'dee,  a  group  of  seven  islands  in  the  Adriatic, 
opposite  the  lagoons  of  Venice,  and  extending  in  a  cfirve 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Piave  to  that  of  the  Brenta. 

LIDINGOE,  (Lidingiie,)  lee'din-gij'^h,  an  island  of  Sweden, 
in  the  Channel,  a  little  N.E.  of  Stockholm.  It  is  a  great 
holiday  resort  for  the  inhabitants  of  that  city. 

LIUKOPINQ  (LidRiiping)  or  LIDKJOPING,  (Lidkjiiping,) 
lid'cho'ping,  a  town  of  Central  Sweden,  hen  and  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Mariesiad,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lid-Au,  in  Liike 
Wener.  Pop.  1900.  It  has  a  largo  market-place,  in  which, 
on  the  29th  of  September,  one  of  the  most  frequented  fairs 
in  the  kingdom  is  held. 

LID'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Beilford,  3 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Ampthiil,  with  a  station  on  the  Betlford 
and  Bletchley  branch  of  the  London  and  North  Westert 
Kidlway. 

LID'NKY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  coanly 


LID 


LIE 


and  lej  miles  W.S.W.  of  Gloucester,  on  a  bank  of  the  Se- 
vern. I'op.  1885.  Lidney-hall  is  a  seat  of  the  Bathurst 
family. 

LIDO,  lee'do,  a  chain  of  fandy  Islands,  Austrian  Italy, 
forminjt  a  curve  between  the  rivers  Brenta  and  I'iave,  sepa- 
rating the  Ia);of)ns  of  Venice  from  the  Adriatic.  They  con- 
tain si-reral  small  forts. 

LIEBAU,  lec'lKiw,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  34  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.    I'op.  1930.  mostly  employed  in  weaving. 
I,1E15.\U,  a  town  of  Moravia,  18  miles  N.K.  of  Prerau. 
Pop.  32t;o. 

LIEIJKMtiriL,  (laehemiihl.)  leeljeh-mijle^  a  small  town 
of  Kast  Prussia,  72  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiinigsborg.     Pop.  1300. 
LII''iliEN.\U,  lee'beh-now\  a  town  of  Germany,  Bohemia, 
19  miles  N.K.  of  Buntzlau.    Pop.  2282. 

LIEHENAU,  le<}'beh-now\  a  town  of  Germany,  on  the 
Weser,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Hanover.     Pop.  19C6. 

LIEBENAU.  a  small  town  of  Germany.  Ile.sso-Cassel, 
province  of  Nieder-IIossen,  on  an  island  in  the  Diemel,  16 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  650. 

LIEDEXSTEIN,  Ioe'ben-stine\  or  SAUERBRUNN,  sfiw'- 
pr-briiOn*,  a  watering-place  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  In  a  beautiful 
valley,  watered  by  an  affluent  of  the  Werra,  18  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Gotha.  It  has  a  very  complete  bathing  establishment, 
with  a  theatre.  The  water  is  one  of  the  strongest  chaly- 
beates  in  (Jermany.     Pop.  791. 

LIEBEXTIIAL.  lee'ben-tdl,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1540. 

LIEBENTHAL,  UlUIEN,  (Liebenthal  Iliihen.)  lee'bfn-taP 
hti'gu,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  circle  of  Schiinau.  Pop. 
1020. 

LIEBENWALDE,  lee'ben-*dl'deh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenlmrg,  37  miles  N.N.E.  of  Potsdam,  on  the 
Ilavel.  here  joined  by  the  Finow  Canal.     Pop.  2375. 

LIEBEN\VKItD.\,  lee'ben-wSrMi,  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Sax- 
ony, 60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Merseburg,  on  an  island  in  the  Black 
Elster.     Pop.  2100. 

LIKBENZELL.  leeTjen-tsSlP,  or  simply  ZELL,  ts?ll.  a  town 
of  Germany,  in  Wiirtemberg,  20  miles  "W.  of  Stuttgart,  on 
the  Nagold,  with  1002  inhabitants,  mineral  baths,  and  Im- 
portant linen  markets. 

LXEBEROSE,  lec'biT-o'zeh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  33  niilos  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1500. 

LIEBERVOLKWITZ,  lee'bgr-folkVvits,  or  LIEBERWOLK- 
WITZ,  leeOier-volkSvits.  a  market-town  of  Saxony,  8^  miles 
8.E.  of  Leipsic.     I'op.  1232. 

LIEBICII,  OBEK,  o'bfr  lee/biK,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  cir- 
cle of  Leitmeritz,  on  the  Rohnbach,  about  38  miles  from 
Prague.     l'o|).  1008. 

LIEBSTADT.  leeVstit,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  54  miles 
S.S.W.  of  K;iiiigsl)erg,  on  the  Muhl.     Pop.  1740. 

LIEBSTADT,  a  town  of  Saxony,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Dresden, 
with  a  castle.     Pop.  818. 

LIECHTENSTEIN,  leeK/tfn-strne\  or  LICHTENSTEIN, 
liK'ten-stfne\  the  smallest  principality  in  the  Germanic 
Confederation,  furming  the  27th  state,  bounded  on  the  N.E. 
and  E.  by  the  Austri;in  circle  of  Vorarlborg  and  the  Tyrol, 
8.  by  tlie  Swiss  cunt^m  of  Grisons,  and  on  the  W.  by  the 
Rhine;  Avliich  sepnratos  it  from  the  canton  of  St.  Gall.  In 
the  N.  it  terminates  almost  in  a  point ;  greatest  length,  from 
N.  to  S.,  15  miles,  average  breadth  about  5  miles;  area  53 
square  miles.  For  administrative  purposes  it  is  divided 
into  the  two  lordships  of  Schelemburg  and  Liechtenstein ; 
the  latter,  formerly  called  Vaduz,  is  the  cajjital;  it  is  a 
small  place,  with  a  poiuilation  of  930.  The  family  of  Liech- 
tenstein is  a  branch  IVom  that  of  Este.  The  Prince  has  ex- 
tensive domains  in  Germany,  and  particularly  in  Moravia. 
Pop.  73ii0. 

LTECHTEXSTEIN,  a  town  of  Saxony.    See  LicntENSTEiN. 

LIEDEKEIIKE,  lee'deh-kjii'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Brabant.  12  miles  \V'.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2131. 

LIEDOI.SIIEIM,  lee'do!s-hIme\  a  village  of  Baden,  10  miles 
N.  of  Carlsruho.     Pop.  1813. 

LIEFKENSHOEK,  leePkens-hook\  a  fort  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  and  7  miles  N.W.  of 
Antwerp,  the  approach  to  which  it  protects,  with  Fort  Lillo, 
Immediately  opposite. 

LIEFLAXD,  a  province  of  Russia.     See  LivoxiA. 

LIEGE,  leej,  (Fr.  Liegi:,  le-aizh';  L.  LeMium;  Dutch, 
Luyk  or  Luik,  loik ;  Ger.  LiUlich,  lilftiK,)  a  town  of  Bel- 
gium, capital  of  a  province,  54  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Brussels.  It 
stands  in  a  longitudinal  valley,  terminated  W.  by  a  hill, 
called  Sainte-Walburge,  and  E.  by  another  hill  callcjd  Le 
Cornillon.  and  is  traversed  from  S.W.  to  N.E.  by  the  Meuse, 
which  is  here  joined  by  the  Ourthe.  It  is  defended  E.S.E.  by 
Fort  Chartreuse,  X.  by  Cornillon,  and  N.W.  by  a  vast  citiidel. 
recently  constructed  on  its  ancient  site  on  the  summit  of 
Sainte-Walburge.  Liege  is  the  Birmingham  of  Belgium,  and 
hence,  on  approaching  it,  the  first  thing  usually  seen  is  a 
dense  cloud  of  smoke.  The  streets  are  narrow,  often  steep, 
acd,  almost  without  exception,  ill  cleaned ;  while  the  houses 
hive  a  dingy,  dirty  look,  and  are  so  high,  as  both  to  exclude 
the  sun  and  confine  the  air.  The  rivers,  however,  are 
f^nerally  lined  with  stone  quays,  several  of  which  are  well 
plftuled,  and  afford  good  promenades,  and  there  are  eleven 


squares,  which  afford  a  good  deal  of  open  space.  The 
principal  buildings  are  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Paul,  in  pure 
Gothic,  the  Church  of  St.  Jacques,  one  of  the  finest  exisfc 
ing  specimens  of  ogival  architecture;  the  Churches  of 
St.  Martin,  St.  Croix,  St.  ,Iohn.  St.  Denis,  St.  Barthelemy. 
the  I'alais  de  Justice,  the  ancient  residence  of  the  princ» 
bishops,  an  imposing  edifice;  the  Ibtcl  de  Ville,  the  Uni 
versity,  occupying  the  extensive  buildings  of  a  Jesuit  con- 
vent, and  rich  in  collections  of  various  kinds,  and  the 
Communal  College,  a  large  and  elegant  structure,  inaugu- 
rated in  1843.  Liege  is  the  see  of  a  bi.shop,  suffragan  to  the 
Archbishop  of  Mechlin,  and  possesses  a  superior  cotirt  of 
justice,  with  jurisdiction  over  the  provinces  of  Liege,  Lim- 
bourg,  Luxembourg,  and  Xnmur;  courts  of  first  resort  and 
commerce,  an  episcopal  seminary,  a  royal  college,  veterinary, 
artillery,  industrial,  commercial,  and  several  other  schools; 
a  public  library  of  75,000  printed  volumes,  and  600  MSS. ; 
cabinets  of  natural  pliilosophy  and  natural  history,  a  bota- 
nical garden,  a  royal  conservatory  of  music,  an  academy  of 
fine  arts,  deaf  and  dumb  and  blind  asylums;  and  numerous 
other  beneficial  institutions. 

The  great  staple  manufacture  of  Liege  is  iron.  Some  of 
its  establishments  in  different  branches  of  this  manufacture, 
particularly  that  of  fire-arms,  and  the  construction  of 
machinery,  surpass  these  of  France,  and  almost  rival  those 
of  Great  Britain.  The  other  principal  manufactures  are 
broadcloths,  and  various  woollen  stuffs,  jewellery,  tobacco, 
carriages,  soap,  hats,  and  leather.  The  trade  in  all  these 
articles  is  considerable,  and  is  much  aided  Viy  roads,  railways, 
canals,  and  navigable  rivers,  which  bring  the  town  into 
communication  with  the  different  quarters  of  the  kingdom, 
and  with  for:jign  countries. 

Liege  was  founded  in  the  6th,  but  not  surrounded  with 
walls  and  forti  ications  till  the  10th  century.  In  1212.  it 
was  taken  by  Henry  I.,  Duke  of  Brabant;  and,  in  1407, 
Charles  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  having  forced  an 
entrance  into  it,  levied  enormous  sums  from  the  inhabitants, 
and  razed  its  fortilications.  In  1691,  Marshal  Boufflers 
bombarded  it  for  five  days;  and,  in  1702,  both  the  town  and 
citadel  were  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough.  Pop. 
99,P05.    Inhab.  Lieger,  lee'jer,  (Fr.  Liegeois,  Ie-A'zhw3'.) 

LIEGE,(Dutch,  Luikerland,  or  Luylerland,  loi'ker-Hnt\) 
a  province  of  Belgium,  bouudetl  X.  by  Limbourg,  E.  by  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  S.  by  Luxembourg,  S.W.  by  the  province  of 
Xamur,  and  X.W.  by  Brabant;  length.  E.  to  AV.,  52  miles; 
breadth,  N.  to  S.,  33  miles;  area,  1117  .square  miles.  It 
belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Meuse,  by  which  it  is  traversed 
S.W.  to  N.E.  About  three-fourths  of  the  whole  surface  are 
under  cultivation ;  rather  more  than  one-sixth  in  wood,  and 
less  than  one-twenty-second  waste.  The  trade  is  facilitated 
both  by  water  communication  and  railways.  Pop.  460,063; 
of  whom  427,442  speak  French  or  Walloon,  29,971  Flemish 
or  Dutch,  ind  4087  German  ;  in  1862,  54'),882. 

LIEGXITZ,  leeg'nits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  the 
Katzbach,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Schwarzwasser.  and  on 
the  Berlin  and  Breslau  liailway.  40  miles  W.X.W'.  of  Breslau, 
Pop.  17,359.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  but  its  works  have 
been  destroyed,  and  are  now  replaced  by  pulilic  walks;  it 
has  2  Lutheran  and  3  Roman  Catholic  churches;  a  ducal 
chapel,  in  which  are  buried  the  princes  of  the  line  of  Piast; 
an  ancient  council-house,  an  acailemy,  estalilishixl  in  1810, 
an  orphan  asylum,  and  a  workhouse.  Here,  on  the  16th 
.\ugust,  1760,  the  Prussians,  under  Frederick  the  Great, 
totally  defeated  the  Austrians  ;  lat.  51°12'N.,  Ion.  16°12'E. 

LlEMi'DE,  leemp'dth,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Xorth  Braliant,  9  miles  S.  of  IJois-le-Duc.    Pop.  1277. 

LIEX-CIIOO  or  LIEX  CHEW  TOO.    See  LiAM-Cnoo. 

LIEXDEX,  leen'den,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Gelderlaud,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Xymwegen,  on  the  Rhine-dike. 
Pop.  829. 

LIEN-TCHOU,  a  city  of  China.    See  Ltan-Choo 

LIENTZ  or  LIEXZ,  leents,  (auc.  LemiHiumf)  a  town  of 
Tyrol,  on  the  Drave,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brunecken.  Pop. 
3000.  engaged  in  iron  works.  It  has  a  college  and  convents, 
and  near  it  is  an  ancient  fortified  abtx-y. 

LTEXZTNGEN,  Iwn'zing-jn,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Xeckar,  on  the  Schmieh.     Pop.  900. 

LIEOO-CHOO-FOO  orLIEOU-TCHOU-FOO,  lee-oo'choo^foo/, 
a  city  of  China,  province  of  Qnang-see,  on  a  navigable  river. 
Lat.  24°  14'  N.,  Ion.  109°  E.  LiEOO  is  a  prefixed  name  of 
various  Chinese  towns. 

LIEOU  KHIKOU,  (ISLANDS).    See  Loo  Cnoo. 

LIEPVRE,  leev'r.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haut- 
Rhin,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Colmar.    Pop.  in  1852,  2323. 

L1I;R.     See  Lierre. 

LIERDE  ST.  MARTIN,  lecR'deh  or  le-aird  sSns  maRH^No', 
a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  18  miles 
S.  of  Client.     Pop.  1439. 

IJERGANES,  le-gR-g;Vn?8.  a  village  of  Spain,  Old  Castile, 
10  miles  from  Santander.     Pop.  1665. 

L1ERXEUX,  le-^R^nih',  a  villasre  of  Belgtum,  province  and 
25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  1980. 

LIEKRE  or  LIER,  le-aiR',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
and  10  miles  S.E.  of  Antwerp,  at  the  confluence  of  tlie  Greai 
and  Little  Xethes.    It  is  surrouuJed  by  a  rampart,  planted 

1049 


LIE 

with  trees;  is  generally  well  built,  has  a  town-house,  5 
churches,  3  chapels,  3  convents,  an  hospital,  prison,  barracks, 
erpbaii  iisj-lum,  several  almshouses,  and  8  primary  schools. 
with  manufactures  of  lace,  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  fabrics  ; 
I  uiuy  1  re^veries,  distilleries,  and  oil-mills.    Top.  li,791. 

LI  Krf  OLtRF,  lees'doRf,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
llent  and  30  miles  S.S.K.  of  Treves.     Pop.  1381. 

LIESER,  lee'zer.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government 
and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Moselle.     Pop.  1314. 

L'  ESTIIAL  or  LIKSTAL,  lees'tdl,  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
cnpiial  of  the  canton  of  Ba.«el  country,  (Basel  Landschaft,) 

8  oiles  S.E.  of  Basel.    Pop.  2200. 

LI  KSZECK,  lee'sik',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube, 

9  miles  from  trentschin.     Pop.  2932. 

LI K-SZECK.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Arva.    Pop.  1399. 

LIETOR,  le-.vtoa',  a  town  of  i?pain,  province  of  Albacete, 
on  theMundo,  63  miles  N.W.of  Jlurcia.  Pop.  2-151.  It  has 
a  Carmelite  convent,  and  manufectures  of  woollens. 

LIETTAXI.     See  Litant  <El). 

LIETZEN,  leet'sen,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  on  the 
Birnbach.    Pop.  1600. 

LIETZGOIIRICKE,  leets'goVik-kfh,  Alt,  dlt,  and  Xeu, 
noi,  (I.e.  "Old  and  New  Lietzgohrlcke,")  two  nearly  con- 
tiguous villages  of  Prussia,  government  of  Frankfort,  circle 
of,  and  near  Koiiig.sberg.     I'op.  1339. 

LIEU,  LE,  leh  le-uh',  or  lyuh,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Vauil,  on  Lake  Joux,  19  miles  W.X.W.  of  Lau- 
sanne.   Pop.  1059. 

LIEUREY.  le-uhV.V,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Eure,  8  miles  S.  of  Pont-Audemer.     Pop.  in  1852,  2343. 

LIEUVIN,  le-CH'vlNo',  an  old  division  of  Xormandy,  now 
comprised  in  the  departments  of  Calvados  and  Eure. 

LIEZELE,  lee-zdlfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
15  miles  S.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1048. 

LIFF  .\ND  BEN'VLE,  a  united  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of 
Forfar  and  Perth. 

LIF'FEy,  a  river  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Wicklow,  and,  after  a  course  of  50  miles,  enters 
Dublin  Bay. 

LIF'FOKD,  a  market-town  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  capital  of 
the  CO.  of  Donegiil,  on  the  Foyle,  14  miles  S.S,W.  of  Lon- 
donderry.   Pop.  752. 

LIFFRfi,  leeffnl/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  111©- 
«t-Vilaine.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Bennes.     Pop.  in  1852,  2501. 

LIF'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LIFU,  lee-foo',  the  largest  and  mo.st  northerly  of  the  I^oy- 
alty  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific ;  lat.  (X.  end)  20°  27'  S., 
Ion.  107°  47'  E.    It  is  37  miles  long,  from  N.  to.  S.,  and  from 

10  to  20  miles  broad. 
LIGER.    See  Loire. 

LIGETH,  lee" gait',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Banat,  on  the 
Temes.     Pop.  2210. 

LKniT'IIOKXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

LIGHT  COR/XERS,  a  postoffice  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

LIGHT  STREET,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 2  or  3  miles  X.E.  of  IJloomsburg. 

LIGIITWOOD  FOREST.  England.     See  Blurtox. 

LIGITAN  or  LEEGETAN,  lee^ghet^n',  a  group  of  islands 
In  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  Sooloo  Sea,  lat.  4°  19'  N., 
Ion.  118°  33'  E. 

LIGX.VXA,  leen-yifnd,  a  Tillage  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
provinceand  about  3  miles  from  Vercelli.     Pop.  1043. 

LIGXK,  leen'y.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ixiire- 
InfCrieure,  16  miles  X.E.  of  Xantes.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2.'«1. 

LIGXE.  leen'yV,  a  village  of  Belgium,  proviuce  of  Ilai- 
naut.  4  miles  W.  of  Ath,  with  breweries  and  distilleries. 

LIGXEKES-L.A-DOUCELLE,  leen>yaiR/-14-dooVJll',  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Mayeune. 
Pop.  in  l'v)2.  2051. 

LIG.MEKES,  leen^ye-aiR/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cher,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Bourges.  It  was  once  surrounded 
with  walls  and  ditches,  and  defended  by  a  castle,  in  which 
Charles  VI.  and  Charles  VII.  of  France  often  took  refuge 
during  the  English  ascendancy.     Pop.  2568. 

LIG.NUL,  leen'yol',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbilian,  and  14  miles  W.  of  Pontivy.     Pop.  1780. 

LIG.N'Y,  leen'yee',  (anc.  Linciumt)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Meuse,  on  the  Ornain,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Bar-le- 
Duc.  Pop.  in  1852,  32.'54.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
thread  and  fabrics,  and  a  trade  in  wool  and  timber. 

LIGN'V,  leen'yee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  14 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Xamiir,  celebrated  lor  a  combat  between 
the  Prussians  and  French,  June  16,  1815,  two  days  before 
the  ai'tion  of  Waterloo. 

LIGX  V  LE  ClIATEL,  (Ligny  le  Ch.atel.)  leen'yee'  Igh  sha'- 
VsV,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Yonne,  on  the 
Berein,  11  miles  X.E.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  14S8. 

L1GH)XIE1{/.  a  post-borough  and  town.sbip  of  Westmore- 
land CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  from  Pittsburjc  to 
Philadelphia,  62  miles  E.S.E.  of  the  former.  It  contains  2 
churches,  k  newspaper  ofHce.  and  several  stores.  Pop.  in 
1860,  378:  of  the  township,  in  1800,  2730. 

LIGONIER,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
railroa«l  from  Chicago  to  Toledo,  108  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Toledo. 

LIUOR,  le-gor,  (Siamese,  Sakur,  si'kof',  a  fortified  town 


LIL 

of  Lower  Siam,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  'Mnl.iy  PBnin.>ru!a.  Lat 
8°  17'  X.,  Ion.  100°  10'  E.  It  has  many  temples  and  pyra- 
mids. 

LIGUEIL,  lee^guT',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire,  25  miles  S.  of  Tours.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2044. 

LIIIOXS,  leeV\N«',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme, 
11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Peronne.     Pop.  1248. 

LIK.A,  lee^vd,  or  LICCA,  llk'kd,  a  river  of  Austrian  Croatia, 
military  frontier,  after  a  X.W.  course  of  about  .30  miles, 
sinks  under  ground  near  Mount  Tuliba.  It  gives  niime  to 
a  mountainous  district  in  the  circle  of  Ottochacz,  having  an 
area  of  800  square  miles,  and  containing  the  towns  of  Goe- 
pich  and  Carlopago. 

LIK'EXS,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 

LIKHVIX,  liK-vin'  or  liK-veen',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  30  miles  S.  of  Kalooga,  ou  the  Oka.     Pop.  2500. 

Ll-KIAXG  or  LI-KIAXG-FOO.  lee^ke-^n./ffx)/,  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Yunnan,  capital  of  a  department.  Lat. 
26°  45'  N..  Ion.  100°  20'  E. 

LIL'BOUKX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

LILESVILLE,  lilz'vill.  a  po.st-viliage  of  Anson  co.,  Jionh 
Carolina,  140  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Raleigh. 

LIL'FORD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton.  It 
gives  the  title  of  Baron  to  the  I'owis  family. 

LILIEXFELD,  lee'le-en-felt',  a  village  of  Lower  .Austria, 
37  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vienna,  with  a  manufactory  of  arms, 
and  a  rich  Cistercian  abbey. 

LILIEXTU.AL,  lee'le-en-tiP,  a  village  of  Hanover,  7  miles 
X.E.  of  Bremen.    Pop.  510." 

LILLE  or  LISLE,  leel,  ^anc.  Msula,  or  Ma.  It.  Lilla,  lilld, 
P'lem.  Kyssd  or  liijssd,  ris^sel.)  a  strongly  fortified  and  manu- 
facturing city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Xoi-d, 
on  the  Deule,  a  canal  connecting  the  Scarpe  and  Lys  Rivers, 
26  miles  X.X.E.  of  Arras.  Lat.  50°  38' X.,  Ion.  3°  2' E.  Pop. 
in  1862,  131.827.  It  is  entereil  by  seven  gates,  and  has  a 
strong  ciUidel,  with  barracks  and  niiigazines  on  its  X.W.  side ; 
it  is  jiretty  well  laid  out,  having  many  straight  and  wide 
streets,  lined  with  substantial  brick  houses,  a  Oraiide  PUict 
of  noble  extent,  and  about  20  other  squares;  but  it.s  quar- 
ters inhabited  by  the  manufacturing  population  are  narrow, 
dirty,  and  unhealthy,  and  its  artisans  are  in  the  most  im- 
poverished condition.  Principal  public  buildings,  the  Town- 
hall,  formerly  a  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Burgundy,  and 
inhabited  in  the  16th  century  by  Charles  V.;  the  Public 
Library  and  museums,  several  Roman  Catholic  churches, 
with  fine  paintings;  the  Protestant  church,  synagogue,  and 
prefecture;  6  large  hospitals,  several  extensive  barracks, 
the  prisons,  exchange,  mint,  theatre,  com  ert-hall  and  large 
corn  storehouses;  and  among  its  public  e.«lablistinients  are 
a  valuable  (licture  gallery,  academy  of  mu>ic.  architecture, 
and  a  l)otanic  ganlen.  The  canal,  ou  wliich  the  town  is 
built  has  several  branches  naviirable  by  small  ves.sels,  and 
along  one  part  of  it,  called  the  Middle  Deule,  is  a  fine  espla- 
nade, close  to  which  is  the  haud.some  I'out  Koyal.  IdUe 
derives  high  importance  from  being  one  of  the  chief  seats 
of  the  French  thre.id  and  cotton  manufactures.  Calicoes, 
cotton  handkerchiefs,  printed  goods,  Uible  linen,  fine  linen 
cloths,  thread,  lace,  stockings,  and  gloves,  are  its  principal 
proilucts ;  in  cotton-spinning  it  also  rivals  some  of  tlie  towns 
of  Lancashire;  and  if  has  considerable  manufactures  of 
broadcloths,  cassimeres,  serges,  and  other  worsted  stuffs, 
velvets,  hats,  paper,  beet-root  sugar,  and  mineral  acids,  with 
government  tobacco  and  gunpowder  factories,  and  an  ex- 
tensive coinage  of  gold.  Its  vicinity  is  studded  with  bleiich- 
ing-grounds,  rapeseed-oil  mills,  and  beet-root  plantations, 
the  two  latter  of  which  are  very  important,  eui]il(iyinir  many 
hundreds  of  the  inhabitants.  A  r.iilway  connects  l^ille  with 
Brussels  and  Ghent,  through  Courtrai.  iioubaix,  and  Turco- 
iug.  all  industrial  towns  of  importance. 

Lille,  formerly  the  capital  of  French  Flanders,  is  said  to 
owe  its  origin  to  a  strong  castle,  built  towards  the  downfall 
of  the  Roman  empire:  and  called,  from  its  position.  Insula, 
hence  L'Isle,  easily  changed  to  Lille.  In  1007,  Baldwin  IV. 
both  extended  it  and  surrounded  it  with  walls  and  ditches. 
From  that  time,  but  not  without  many  vicissitudes,  Lille 
has  continued  to  increase,  passing  through  the  hands  of 
various  masters,  till  ultimately  sccuretl  to  France  by  the 
peace  of  Utrecht,  in  1713.  In  1792  it  was  ineffectually  be- 
sieged and  bombarded  by  the  Austrians. 

LILLEBOXXE,  leel'bonn',  (Jnliohi/na,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-lnferieure.  19  miles  E.  of  Havre.  Pop. 
in  1852,5144.  It  has  a  ruined  castle,  built  by  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  tlourishing  cotton  factories  and  tanneries. 
It  was  the  ancieut  capital  of  the  dtli-tes.  and  was  colonized 
by  the  Romans,  under  whom  it  was  important. 

LILiyECASH,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  160  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Springfield. 

LILLEHAMMER,  lilleh-hjm'mer.  a  town  of  Xontay, 
and  formerly  the  see  of  a  bishop,  lien  and  80  miles  N.X'.W. 
of  Christiania,  at  the  X.E.  extremity  of  Lake  Midsen,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Lougen.  It  is  the  centre  of  a  poii.i  lerabli; 
trade,  extending  from  Christiania  to  the  Dovrefield  Moun- 
tains. Steamers  ply  daily  on  the  lake  between  it  and  Miude. 
Pop.  701. 
LILLERS,  leeVi'j  a  town  of  France,  department   )f  Pas- 


LIL 


LIM 


dfi-Culiiis,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Bethune.    Pop.  3056.    It  was  for- 
merly fortified. 

LILL.K8AND,  11116h-sind\  a  small  seaport  town  of  Norway, 
15  miles  K.X.E.  of  ChristiansauU. 

lilLLKSlIALL,  lilz'hawl,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Salop, 
3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Newport.  Near  it  is  a  monument  to  the 
late  Duke  of  Sutherland. 

LIL'IiKY  or  LIND/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

l.,IL'LKY'S  MILLS,  a  small  Tillage  of  Mifflin  co.,  Penn- 
lylvaiiia. 

LILLIAXES,  leel-yin'  or  leeH'dn',  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States.  Piedmont,  on  the  Esa  or  Lys.     Pop.  1210. 

LIL'LIKSLEAF,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  w.  of  Roxburgh. 

LIULINCiTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

LILLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

LIIVLINOSTON  DAY'RELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks. 

LILLINGSTON  LOV'ELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

LILLO,  leel'yo,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  37  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  2183. 

LIL'LO,  KORT,  is  a  military  stronghold,  Belgium,  province 
and  7  miles  N.W.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Scheldt,  opposite  i'ort 
Liefkinishoek. 

LILLOIS-WITTERZEE,  leeriwi/wit-ter-z.V,  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1122. 

LIL'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LIliYB.EUM.    See  Marsala. 

LIMA,  lee'md,  a  city,  the  capital  of  Peru,  and  also  of  a 
department  and  province  of  its  own  name,  is  situated  alx)ut 
7  mill's  from  its  port,  Callao  on  the  Pacific,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  recently  constructed  railway.  Lat.  12°  3'  S., 
Ion.  77°  6'  W.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  granitic  hills,  and  on 
both  banks  of  the  Kimac,  which  divides  the  city  into  two 
unequal  portions,  connected  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge 
of  six  arches,  and  530  feet  in  length,  which  forms  a  favorite 
afternoon  lounge,  at  which  time  the  mountain  breezes  are 
peculiarly  grateful.  The  larger  division  of  the  town  is  on 
the  S.  or  left  bank  of  the  river,  and  it  is  enclosed  on  all  sides 
exccjit  the  N.  (on  which  is  an  agreeable  alarneila,  i.  e.  "  a 
walk  adorned  with  rows  of  trees — especially  with  poplar 
trees,")  by  a  brick  wall  from  18  to  20  feet  high,  having 
9  gates;  the  smaller,  or  suburb  of  San  Lazaro,  Is  on  the 
riglit  bank,  and  is  backed  by  hills  having  only  two  openings 
tliriiugh  them  for  ingress  and  egress.  Lima  is  near  3  miles 
In  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  IJ  in  breadth,  having  a  cir- 
cumference of  alK)Ut  10  miles.  The  .streets  are  equidistjint, 
Intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  have  an  average 
breadth  of  34  feet.  They  are  in  general  badly  paved,  and 
not  very  clean;  but  improvements  are  gradually  going  on 
in  the  more  central  parts  of  the  city,  where  the  pavements 
have  been  lately  restored,  and  footpaths  formed  of  broad 
flags  from  England ;  those  lying  E.  and  W.  have  each  a  deep 
stream  of  water  running  down  the  centre,  which  is  crossed 
by  four  bridges  at  the  cross  streets.  Its  numerous  domes 
and  spires  give  to  Lima  a  magnificent  appearance  when 
viewed  from  a  distance.  The  grand  square,  the  Plaza  Mayor, 
together  with  the  adjoining  streets,  Mantas,  Ifexlegones  and 
Mercaderes,  is  the  central  point  of  its  life  and  business. 
This  fine  square  is  a  regular  quadrangle,  each  side  of  which 
Is  510  feet  long,  having  in  the  centre  a  magnificent  bronze 
fountain  with  three  basins;  two  sides  are  occupied  by  the 
Portales  or  I'iazzas,  the  most  attractive  plhces  in  Lima  for  a 
straniier.  On  the  N.  side  of  the  sc(uare  stand  the  Palace  and 
offices  of  the  government,  on  the  E.  the  Bishop's  Palace  and 
the  Cathedral,  and  on  the  W.  the  Senate-House,  the  Town- 
Ilall,  and  a  row  of  shabby  houses.  The  next  public  square  in 
respect  of  size  is  the  Plazuela  de  la  Inquisicion,  now  called 
the  Square  of  Independence  (Plazuela  de  la  Independtncia), 
in  which  stand  the  Hall  of  the  Congress,  the  Jail,  and  the 
Palace  of  the  Inquisition,  where  cruelties  were  practised  no 
less  terrible,  and  perhaps  in  hardly  fewer  instances,  than  in 
those  Of  the  Inquisition  of  Madrid.  Among  the  numerous 
churches  and  convents,  a  few  only  are  deserving  particular 
notice;  of  these  the  Cathedral  is  the  most  remakable.  It  is 
richly  decorated  within;  and  beneath  its  grand  altar  lie  the 
remains  of  Francisco  I'izarro.  The  convent  of  San  Francisco 
is  the  largest  monastic  establishment  in  Lima,  occupying 
nearly  7  acres  of  ground ;  it  is  an  elegant  structure,  but  now 
out  of  repair,  and  exhibiting  evident  signs  of  decay.  Besides 
the  cathedral,  Lima  contains  five  other  parish  churches;  12 
attached  to  convents,  13  to  monasteries,  and  22  chapels, 
making  a  total  of  68  places  of  wor-ship.  The  monasteries 
and  convents,  at  one  time  very  numerous,  have  to  a  great 
extent  been  suppressed.  The  University,  once  the  most  im- 
portant, as  it  was  the  first  established  seat  of  education  of 
the  kind  in  the  New  World,  has  connected  with  it  a  national 
library  of  about  20.000  volumes,  and  the  museum,  in  which 
are  cnjleclions  of  Peruvian  antiquities  and  objects  of  natural 
history.  Ther'i  are  also  a  college  of  advocates,  a  college  of 
pharmacy,  witli  a  botanic  garden  attached;  another  of  medi- 
eine  and  anatomy ;  1  Latin,  and  about  40  primary  schools, 
ftnd  various  other  educational  institutions.  There  are  like- 
wise a  number  of  well-conducted  hoepitals,  including  1  for 


fmndlings,  and  2  for  lunatics.  The  places  of  public  amuse- 
ment are  3  alamedas  or  promenades — the  Vieja  or  Old  Ala- 
meda; the  Alameda  de  Acho.  on  the  banks  of  the  liiinac, 
containing  the  bull-ring,  capable  of  accommodating  from 
10.000  to  12,000  spectators,  and  forme-'>  ^ho  .jCime  of  the 
autos-da-/iJof  the  inqviisitior. ;  -n:I  ^hc  Porta  da  del  Callao , 
2  theatres,  and  an  aniphitbeatre  for  cock-fights. 

Lima  has  several  manufactories  of  gold-lace  and  fringes, 
and  also  of  glass,  cotton,  chocolate,  paper,  &c. ;  but  mmrly 
all  the  goods  sold  and  consumed  in  the  country  are  foreign. 
Mechanical  employments  are  numerous,  but  all  are  in  ii 
rude  state.  Lima  was  long  the  grand  commercial  entrepcit 
for  all  the  W.  coast  of  South  America,  and  it  still  has  a  iarge 
trade  through  its  port  Callao.  Its  exports  consist  of  silver, 
copper  ore,  bark,  soap.  vicuiJa  wool,  chinchilla  skins,  nitre, 
sugar,  kc. ;  and  imports  of  manufactured  goods  from  Eng- 
land, wines,  silks,  and  brandy,  from  Spain  and  France,  and 
other  produce  chiefly  from  the  American  continent.  Since 
the  discovery  of  the  gold  mines  of  California,  its  trade  with 
the  latter  has  greatly  increased. 

The  climate  is  very  agreeable.  The  range  of  the  thermo- 
meter throughout  the  year  is  from  73°  to  75°  in  winter,  and 
80°  to  87°  in  summer.  F'rom  April  to  October,  a  heavy  and 
sometimes  chilly  mist  overhangs  the  city  in  the  mornings 
and  evenings.  Rain,  even  in  partial  showers,  is  of  exceed- 
ingly rare  occurrence ;  thunder  and  lightning  are  unknown. 
Lima  is  very  subject  to  earthquakes,  and  has  frequently 
suffered  from  these  terrible  visitations.  The  most  destruc- 
tive on  record  occurred  in  October,  1740,  when  many  houses 
and  public  buildings  were  destroyed.  On  the  same  occasion, 
the  port  of  Callao  was  suddenly  submerged  by  a  huge  wave; 
and.  with  the  exception  of  some  20  or  30,  all  the  inhabitants, 
amounting  to  5000,  were  swept  away. 

Lima  was  founded  by  Pizarro  in  1535,  and  called  Ciudad 
de  los  Reyes,  (Kings'  town,)  in  commemoration  of  th<'  festival 
day  of  the  kings,  on  which  the  site  was  chosen.  This  name 
having  been  confirmed  In  1537  by  Charles  V.,  from  that  time 
Lima  became  capital  of  Peru,  and  the  seat  of  the  viceroys. 
Pop.,  according  to  the  census  of  1850^100,000.  Adj.  and 
inhab.  Limenias,  le-m^n'e-an,  (Sp.  Limkno,  le-mSn'yo.) 

LIJIA,  the  metropolitan  department  and  province  of 
Peru,  the  former  extending  from  the  shores  of  the  Pacific 
to  the  Andes.  Its  principal  streams  are  the  Rimac,  the 
Chancay,  the  Maria,  and  the  Rio  firando.  The  soil  is  fertile 
and  well  cultivated.  It  is  subilivided  into  7  provinces. 
Chief  towns,  Lima,  the  capital,  Callao,  Chancay,  Iluaura, 
and  I(j8.  Pop.  of  the  department  in  1850,  250,801 ;  of  the 
province,  125,000. 

LI.MA,  (anc.  Lirn/ia,)  a  river  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  rises  in 
Oalicia.  flows  S.W.  for  about  90  miles,  and  enters  the  Atlan- 
tic at  Viana.     It  is  navigable  only  for  the  last  12  miles. 

LIMA,  lee'md,  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  Tuscany,  tributary 
to  the  Serchio. 

LIMA,  ll'ma,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  Yorkj  about  18  miles  S.  of  Rochester.  The  village, 
situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Genesee  River,  contains  several 
churches,  and  a  flourishing  institution  called  the  Genesee 
Wesleyan  Seminary.  The  Canandaigua  Railroad  passes 
along  the  N.E.  border  of  the  township.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
about  700 ;  of  the  township.  2782. 

LIMA,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
7  miles  N.W.  of  Chester. 

LIMA,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district.  South  Carolina. 
LIMA,  a  post-offiee  of  St.  Tamany  parish,  Louisiana. 
LIMA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ottawa  township,  and 
caiiital  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ottawa  River,  98  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbus.    It  has  a  pleasant  and  healthy  situation 
in  a  fine  farming  country.     It  contains  7  churches,  2  news- 
paper offices,  a  Union  school-house  costing  ,$25,000,  2  iron- 
foundries  with  machine-8ho])8,  and  several  steam-mills.  The 
Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  R.R.  here  intersects  the 
Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad.    Pop.  in  1850, 757  ;  in  1800, 
1989;  in  1.^64,  3742. 
LIMA,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1247. 
LIM -A.  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  co..  Ohio.  1(0  miles  N.E. 
of  Columbus.    The  name  of  the  post-office  is  North  Lima. 

LIMA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Wash- 
tenaw CO..  Michisan.  on  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  about 
50  miles  W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  998. 

LIM.A,  a  post-village  of  La  Grange  CO..  Indiana,  on  Pidgeon 
River,  174  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapoli.s.  It  is  a  thriving 
place,  containing  a  newspaper  office,  and  was  the  county 
seat  until  the  year  1842. 

LLM.\.  a  post-village  and  township  in  Adams  CO.,  Illinois, 
100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  1468. 

LIMA,  a  township  of  Carroll  co..  Illinois.     Pop.  609. 
LIM.A.  a  post-town.sliip  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Rock 
CO..  Wisconsin,  intersected  by  the  Milwaukee  and  .Mississippi 
Railroad,  about  35  miles  E..S.E.  of  Maxlison.     Pop.  1151. 

LIMACAPAN,  \e-ml-kk-\,hn',  a  small  island  of  the  Malay 

Archipelago,  N.E.  of  Palawan.     Lat.  11°  40'  N..  Ion.  120°  E. 

LIMAGXE,  le'mSfi',  an  old   subdivision  of  France.  Au- 

yergne.  now  comprise<i  in  the  dep.irtment  of  Pny-ile-Dome. 

LIMAL,  lee'mdP.  a  village  of  IJelirium,  province  of  Bn.bant, 

on  the  Dyle,  15  miles  S.E,  of  Brussels.    Pop.  1333. 

1051 


LIM 


LIM 


UMALOXQES.  lee'ralMiNzh',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
IBent.  of  Deux-SeTres.  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Melle.     I'op.  li'-6. 

LIJLIKI.  le-mi-ree',  a  river  of  Chili,  department  of  Co- 
quimbo.  enters  the  I'acific Ocean  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Coquimbo, 
afler  a  ^V.  course  of  100  miles. 

LIMAS.>L,  lee^mi-sol',  (anc.  Xemo/siaf)  a  seaport  town  of 
the  i-iland  of  Cyprus,  on  its  S.  coast,  38  miles  S.W.  of  Larnica. 
It  is  full  of  ruins  and  rubbish,  but  has  a  good  harbor.  Old 
Limasol  (anc.  AnuU/ius)  stood  a  little  N.E.,  but  no  traces  of 
It  are  left. 

LI.M.\fOl..\,  le-m3-to/ll,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  on  the  Volturuo,  5  miles  N.K.  of  Caserta. 
Pop.  1500. 

Lr'.MAVILIiE,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  about  liO 
miles  N  E.  of  Columbus. 

LIM.\y,  lee'mA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seiue^t- 
Oise,  on  the  Seine,  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mantes.     Pop.  1500. 

LIMUACII,  lim'bJK,  a  village  of  Saxony,  7  miles  N.W.  of 
Chemnitz.     Pop.  2(J81. 

LIMB.iCII,  lim'bJK,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube, 
6  miles  from  I  Urstenfeld.     Pop.  1038. 

LI.MBASUA  or  LIMBASCIIA.    See  LEMS.t^L. 

LIM'BElt.  GRE.A.T,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LIMBER,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LIM'BER  LOST,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana. 

LIMBI.^TE,  lim-be-d/ti,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Milan,  about  5  miles  S.  of  Barlassina.     Pop.  1606. 

LIMBOURG,  an  old  province  of  the  Netherlands.     See 

LiMBDKG.  • 

LI.MBOURO,  iSii^booR/,  or  LIM'BURG,  (Flemish  pron. 
lim'baRH,)  a  province  of  Belgium,  having  N.  and  E.  Dutch 
Limbourg,  and  on  other  sides  the  provinces  of  Braliant, 
Antwerp,  and  Liege.  Area,  929  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S62, 
197,910.  Surface  level.  Tlie  Meuse  furnis  its  E.  boundary ; 
the  rearing  of  various  live  stock  forms  a  principal  branch 
of  industry.  Iron,  calamine,  coal,  and  turf,  are  the  chief 
mineral  products.  The  manufactures  comprise  woollen  and 
linen  fabrics,  leather,  tobacco,  &c  Principal  towns,  Uasselt, 
St.  Trond.  and  Tongres. 

LIMBOURG,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and  16  miles  E. 
rf  Liege,  on  the  railway  to  Aix-le-Chapelle.    Pop.  1797. 

LIM'BR.\,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
district  of  Aurungabad,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Poonah. 

LI.M'BURG  or  LIMBOURG,  (Fr.  pron.  liN^^booR/;  Dutch 
pron.  lim'buun,),  an  old  province  of  the  Netherlands,  divided 
between  Belgium  and  Holland  in  1839,  and  now  constituting 
the  Belgian  province  of  Liubouro  and  the  Dutch  province 
c>f  LiMBURO,  which  see. 

LIMBURG  or  L1.MB0URG,  Ducnr  op,  a  province  of  the 
Netherlands,  having  E.  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  on  other  siiles 
the  provinces  of  North  Brabant,  Liege,  and  Belgian  Lim- 
bourg. Area  856  square  miles.  Pop.  m  1863, 220.023. 
Burface  level,  consisting  of  the  valley  of  the  Meuse  (or  Maas) 
where  it  receives  the  Ruhr;  in  the  N.  is  a  p.^rt  of  an  exten.sive 
marsh — the  Peel.  The  producU  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
Belgian  province  of  Limbourg.  Principal  towns,  Maestricht 
and  Roermond. 

LI.MBURG,  an  ancient  walled  town  of  Germany,  duchy 
of  Nas.sau,  on  the  L.ihn,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Ems, 
22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Wiesbaden.  Pop.  3U6.  It  has  a  ducal 
palace,  a  Roman  Catholic  seminary,  and  an  hospital.  The 
Limburg  Chronicle  is  one  of  the  oldest  sources  of  German 
history. 

LIMBUUO,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  22  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Leina  Pop.  2iO0.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  linen,  cutlery  and  wire. 

LIME  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co..  Pennsvlvnni.a. 

LIMK'IIOUSK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  on 
the  Thames,  forming  a  suburb  of  the  metropolis,  3  miles  E. 
of  St.  Paul's,  has  a  station  on  the  London  and  Blackball 
Railway.     Pop.  21,121. 

LI Mk KILNS,  lira'kils,  a  seaport  and  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Fife,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  3  miles  S.  of  Dunfermline. 
Pop.  949.     From  the  harbor  lime  is  exported. 

LIMEXI.iy'oT  UME510.    See  Li.m.\,  Peru. 

LI.MKRAY,  lee'mfh-rA/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Indre-et-Loire,  with  a  station  on  the  Orleans  and  Tours 
Railway,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Amboise.     Pop.  1129. 

LI.M'EUICK.  an  inland  county  of  Ireland.  provinceofMun- 
Bter,  having  N.  the  Shannon,  separating  it  from  the  co.  Clare. 
Area  1004  square  miles,  or  680,900  acres,  of  which  520.876 
are  arable.  Pop.  in  1851,  262,136.  In  the  centre  and  N. 
mostly  Hat.  and  soil  remarkably  fertile,  especially  on  the 
Shannon  and  in  the  '-Golden  Vale,'  or  E.  part  of  the  plain 
01  LiracrKk.  I'rmclpal  rivers,  the  Shannon.  Mulkern.  JIaig, 
and  iJeel.  filla-e  is  increasing,  and  much  bog  and  moun- 
Uln  laiid  has  lieen  reclaimed.  Chief  exports,  butter,  corn, 
and  cidor.  Limerick  is  divided  into  9  biironies  and  125  pa- 
ri.-hes.  in  dioceses  of  Limerick,  Emly,  Killaloe,  and  Cashel. 
It  sends  4  members  to  the  House  of  Commons,  2  for  the 
'*??Iv'L.?,'J'*,.^  ^"'"  I''«»«"<-k.  its  only  imporUnt  town. 

LIM  hlllL  K.  an  important  city,  municipal  and  parliament- 
try  borou-h  of  Ireland,  cajntal  of  the  above  county,  and  a 
county  of  Itself,  is  situated  in  an  extensive  phain.  at  the 
Interior  extremity  of  the  estuary  of  the  Shannon;  lat.  52° 


39'  36"  N.;  Ion.  8°  39'  W.;  106  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dublin, 
with  which  and  with  Cork  it  is  connected  by  railway.  It 
consists  of  three  portions,  distinguished  by  the  names, 
respectively,  of  English  and  Iri.sh  towns,  and  Newtown-Perry. 
The  first,  and  oldest,  occupies  the  S.  end  of  the  King's 
Island,  a  tract  formed  by  the  Shannon,  here  divided  into 
two  streams;  the  other  two  stand  on  either  side  of  the  river. 
The  different  parts  of  the  city  are  connected  by  five  bridges; 
one  of  which,  the  Wellesley  Bridge,  a  magiiifii-eiit  structure, 
crossing  the  harbor,  cost  £85.000.  In  English-town,  th* 
houses  are  chiefly  built  in  the  Flemish  fashion.  Irish-town 
is  also  old,  but  here  the  streets  are  wider,  and  the  houses 
generally  more  modern,  than  in  the  former,  where  every- 
thing has  an  appearance  of  misery  and  decay.  Newtown- 
Perry,  which  is  of  comparatively  modern  date,  occupies 
elevated  ground,  parallel  with  the  course  of  the  river,  and 
is  one  of  the  finest  modern  towns  in  Ireland.  It  contains  a 
handsome  square;  its  streets  are  spacious,  intersect  each 
other  at  right  angles,  and  are  lined  by  elegant  houses,  shops, 
and  merchants'  stores.  The  principal  civic  buildings  are 
the  city  court-houses  and  prisons,  custom-house,  chamber 
of  commerce,  exchjinge.  assembly-house,  linen-hall,  corn  and 
butter  markets,  several  hospitals,  and  barracks.  The  plivces 
of  worship  are  the  cathedral.  5  Protestant  churches,  4  paro- 
chial and  3  conventual  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  and  5  Dis- 
senting meeting-houses.  The  manufacture  of  linen  is  now 
nearly  extinct,  that  of  gloves  continues;  but  both  bavo 
been  supplanted  by  those  of  lace  and  fishing  hooks,  Ijoth  of 
which  are  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  There  are, 
besides,  distilleries,  breweries,  tanneries,  foundries,  Hour- 
mills,  a  patent  slip,  for  vessels  of  500  tons;  and  3  ship- 
building slips,  where  100  men  are  employed.  Limerick  is 
the  loading  port  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland  for  the  shipment 
of  raw  produce.  The  harbor  extends  aVx)ut  ItiOO  yards  in 
length,  and  150  in  breadth,  with  from  2  to  9  feet  at  low 
water,  and  19  feet  at  spring-tides :  which  latter  enables  vessels 
of  600  tons  to  moor  at  the  quays.  The  commerce  of  the  port 
has  considerably  increased,  and  will  be  further  improved,  it  is 
expected,  when  the  new  docks,  now  in  progress,  are  completed. 
The  number  of  sailing  vessels  registered  as  belonging  to  the 
port,  in  1851,  was  101 ;  aggregate  tonn^e  12,291.  The  num- 
ber of  vessels  that  entered  the  port  in  1848,  including  the 
cross-channel  and  coasting  trade,  the  British  colonial,  and 
foreign  trade,  was  787;  tonnage  110,182:  departed,  604; 
tonnage  79,279.  The  exports  in  1850  amounted  to  £8437, 
and  the  custom  duties  to  £160,178.  The  borough  returns  2 
memljers  to  Parliament.  Pop.  in  1841,  48,391 ;  in  1~-61, 
44,626.  Limerick  was  a  roy.al  seat  of  the  Kings  of  Thomond, 
before  the  conquest.  It  capitulated  to  the  troops  of  William 
III.,  under  Ginkell,  in  1091.  It  gives  the  title  of  Eiirl  to  the 
Perry  family,  whose  mansion  is  in  the  city. 

LIMERICK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  YorH  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Little  Ossipee  River,  about  30  miles  W.  of 
Portland.  The  village  contains  3  churches,  7  stores,  a 
flourishing  academy,  and  about  500  inhabitants.  The  motive 
power  is  furnished  by  the  Little  Ossipee  for  a  woollen  factory, 
1  saw-mill,  2  grist-mills,  and  a  tannery.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 1441. 

LIMERICK,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Rome  and  Watertown  liailroad,  8  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Wat^irtown. 

LIJIERICK,  a  postrtownship  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Schuylkill  River,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Xorris- 
town,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad,  28 
miles  from  Philadelphia.    Pop.  2413. 

LIMERICK  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 
Penn.sylvania. 

Ll.ME  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LIMERLE,  le-uiL^r'leh  or  lee^milRl',  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Luxemlxmrg,  on  the  Ourthe,  7  miles  E.N  Ji.  of 
Uouffalize.     Pop.  1003. 

Ll.ME  ROCK,  a  post-village  in  Providence  co.,  Bhode 
Island.  10  miles  N.N'.W.  of  Providence.  The  chief  industry 
of  the  inhabitants  is  directed  to  the  manufacture  of  lime. 

LIME  ROCK,  a  postrvillage  in  Salisbury  township,  Litch- 
field co..  Connecticut,  about  40  miles  .\.W.  by  W.  of  Hartford. 
It  contains  a  satinet  f;v<!tory,  and  an  establishment  for  the 
manufacture  of  iron,  producing  between  700  and  800  tons 
annually. 

LI.ME'STONE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  .ilaliama,  Or- 
dering on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  570  square  miles.  The 
Tennessee  River  forms  the  S.  boundary.  The  Elk  River 
(navigable  for  small  boaUs)  flows  through  the  county  and 
enters  the  former  river  oppasite  the  Muscle  Sliouls.  Tlie 
surface  is  hilly.  The  soil  is  calcareous  and  highly  productive. 
The  surface  rock  is  limestone,  from  which  the  name  of  th» 
county  is  derived.  Steamboats  navigate  the  Tennessee 
River  on  the  border  of  the  county  between  the  Mugcl<> 
Shoals  and  Knoxville.  Capital,  Athens.  Pop.  15,300,  ol 
J  wlK)ni  72J1  were  free,  and  So85  slaves. 

LIMESTONE,  a  post-offl<*  of  Marshall  co.,  Virginia. 

LI.MESTON'E.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Texas, 

has   an  area  of  840  square  miles.    It  is   drained    by  th* 

!  sourcesof  the  N'avasoto  River.     A  large  portion  of  the  count.T 

1  is  prairie.    The  soil  is  generally  fertile.    The  ujuue  is  derived 


LIM 


LIN 


from  the  abnnrlance  of  limestone  found  in  the  connty. 
Ciipitiil,  Springfield.  Pop.  4537,  of  whom  3465  were  free, 
and  liiT-  sliivcM. 

1,1  M  KS'rON  K,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York. 

Ll.Mi;Sl'()NK,  a  village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
151  miles  W.N.W.  from  Harrisburg. 

UMKSTONK,  a  post-township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, f)  mill's  S.E.  of  Clarion.     P<ip.  135'.'. 

LIMKSTONE,  a  small  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

LI.MESTONE,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  12G9. 

LIJIKSTONE,  a  township  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  SoO. 

LI.MESTONE,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  913. 

LIMESTONE,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  4J1. 

LI.MESTONE,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

LIMESTONE,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co..  Tennessee. 

LIMIOSTONE,  a  village  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Iroquois  River,  00  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

LIMIOSTONE  CAVE,  a  post-office  of  Carter  co.,  Tennessee. 

LI  Mi-;8T()NE  R]  VEU,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co..  Maine. 

LIMESTONE  SPRINGS,  a  post-villa;j:e  of  Spartanburg 
district.  South  Carolina,  93  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  female  college,  an  excellent,  successful,  ami 
popular  instituti(m,  occupying  a  spacious  buikling.  which 
was  formerly  a  hotel.  The  springs  are  not  now  much  fre- 
quentiMl  as  a  watering-place. 

LIMESTONE  SPRINGS,  a  post-ofilce  of  Greene  co.,  Ten- 
nossc. 

LIME'STONEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Montour  co.,  Pcnn- 
Bylvania. 

LIMESTONE  WELL,  a  pos1>offico  of  Forsyth  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

LIMETOWN,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

Ll.MEUIL,  le-muT,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Dordogne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dordogne.    Pop.  929. 

LI  MIA.    See  Lima. 

LIIM'INGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  York  eo., 
Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Saco  River,  about  30  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Augusta.  Tlie  vil- 
lage contains  1  church,  3  stores,  an  academy,  and  about  40 
nou«cs.     Pop.  of  the  township,  20<>4. 

LI.MJI.\T,  lim'mdt,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  cantons  of 
Zurii  h  and  Aargau,  leaves  the  Lake  of  Zurich  at  its  N.  ex- 
tremity, and,  after  a  rapid  N.W.  course  of  18  miles,  joins 
the  Aar,  2  miles  E.  of  Brugg 

LIMNI.    See  Stalimni. 

LIJK^I-'.IRO,  le-mo'A-e-ro,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  70 
Ki'.es  N.AV.  of  I'ernambuco.     Pop.  of  the  district,  10.000. 

LIM(  )(i  ES,  lee'mozh',  (anc.  A  ugustnn'tum  Lemmi'ciim.  or  Le- 
movioc.s'.)  a  cityof  France,  department  of  Haute-Vienne.  crown- 
ing the  top  and  oc<'upy  ing  the  acclivity  of  a  hill,  washed  by  the 
Vieniie,  here  crossed  by  tliree  bridges,  88  miles  W.  of  Cler- 
mont. Almost  all  tlie  houses  are  of  wood,  at  least  above 
the  first  story;  and  the  streets  are  irregular,  narrow,  and 
tortuous.  The  old  walls  and  towers,  wliich  formerly  sur- 
rounded the  town,  liave  heen  thrown  down,  and  their  site 
converted  into  fine  shady  boulevards.  The  most  remark- 
able edifices  are  the  cathedral,  commenced  in  1272,  and  not 
completed  till  1515,  the  church  of  St.  Michel  des  Lions,  a 
Gothic  edifice,  and  the  church  of  St.  Pierre  du  Queyroix. 
The  city  has  a  liishoi>'8  palace,  built  of  granite,  the  finest 
modern  edifio*  of  the  town ;  a  fountain,  public  library,  con- 
taining 12.000  volumes;  a  theatre,  cavalry  barracks,  and 
several  hospitals;  manufactures  of  porcelain,  worsted,  broad- 
cloth, cassimeres,  drugget.s,  woollen  covers,  flannel,  napkins, 
tapers,  clogs,  glue,  horse-nails,  paper,  plain  and  stained 
cards,  ,tc.,  numerous  printing-presses,  and  an  extensive 
book  trade.  It  has  also  .i  considerable  trade  in  corn,  chest- 
nuts, wine,  brandy,  liqueurs,  salt,  iron,  copperas,  brass, 
enamel,  kaolin,  &c.  Limoges  is  an  entrepot  for  the  trade 
of  Ttiiilouse,  and  generally  of  the  S.  departments  of  France. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  the  seat  of  courts  of  first  re- 
sort, and  commerce;  of  a  consulting  chamber  of  commerce, 
a  royal  college,  a  university,  academy,  and  societies  of  agri- 
culture, sciences,  and  arts.  Limoges  was  originally  the 
capital  of  the  Gallic  tribe  of  Lemovices.  Under  the  Romans 
it  Avas  adorned  with  a  capitol.  an  amphitheatre,  fine  tem- 
ples, and  palaces.  From  the  Romans  it  passed  to  the  Visi- 
(5otbs.  Henry  II.  of  England  was  here  crowne<l  Dnke  of 
Aquitania;  and,  in  1180,  Nothilda,  queen  of  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion,  laid  siege  to  it,  and  afterwards  gave  it  up  to 
pilla'je.  In  1370  it  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Black 
Prince.  Limnj^es  is  the  birth-place  of  Pope  Clement  V.,  the 
chancellor  D'Aguesseau,  of  Marshal  Jourdain,  and  the  sur- 
geon Dupuytren.     Pop.  in  1S61,  51,053. 

LIMONE,  le-mo'ni,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province  and 
16  milts  S.  of  Coni.     I>op.  3436. 

LIMONE,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  32  milee  N.E.  of 
Brescia. 


LTMONUM.    See  Poitiers. 

LIMOSANI,  le-mo-sii/nee,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Molise,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2900 
LIMOSIN.    See  Limousin. 

LIMOURS,  lee'mooR',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart 

ment  of  Seine-et-Oise.  22  miles  E.  of  Rambouillet.     I'o)).  1030 

Ll.MOUSlN,  lee'moo'zaN"/,  written  also  LI.MOSIN,  an  old 

province  of  Central  France,  now  forming  the  department 

of  Correze,  and  part  of  Ilaute-Vienne. 

LI.MOUX,  Ice'moo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude 
on  the  Aude,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carcas,«one.  Pop.  in  lS,i2. 7776. 
It  has  a  communal  college,  and  important  manufactures  of 
fine  broadcloths,  yarn  factories,  tanneries,  and  oil-mills. 
LIM/PEMIOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norf  .Ik. 
LIMPS/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 
LIM'REE,  a  town  of  M'est  Iliuilostan,  Baroda  dominions, 
9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wudwan. 

LIN,  leen,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Iloo-nan,  30  miles 
W.  of  Tchang-te. 

LIN-AN,  leen-dn'.  is  the  name  of  the  capitals  of  district? 
in  the  provinces  of  Che-kiang  and  Yun-nan,  China. 
L1'N.\,  a  post-office  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin. 
LINARES,  le-nJ/r&s,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  23 
miles  N.E.  of  Jaen,  in  a  fertile  plain,  near  the  Guarrezfcj 
Pop.  6567.  It  has  several  convents,  and  some  Roman  an-*!- 
quitie.s,  including  a  ruined  aqueduct. 

LINWRE.**,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
of  New-Leon,  55  miles  E.  of  Monterey. 
i      LINCII'DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

LINCII'MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

j      LINCOLN,  link'on,  or  LINCOLNSHIRE,  link'9n-shir,  a 

:  large  maritime  county  of  England,  extending  along  its  Fi. 

!  coast  from  the  Masli  to  the  llumber,  which  se))arates  i* 

j  from  Yorkshire.    Area  2770  square  mile.s.  or  l.tJ71,040  acres 

of  which  nearly  1,500,000  are  said  to  be  cultivated,  and  about 

1470.000  are  enclosed  fen-land.     Pop.  in  1841,  362.002;   in 

1851,  407,222.     It  is  naturally  divided  into  3  districts  :—l. 

the  wolds,  a  low  range  of  hills  in  the  N.E. ;  2.  the  mrMs,  a 

lower,  but  more  extensive  division,  running  N.  and  S.,  and 

i  now  mostly  cultivated  ;  3.  the  fens,  in  the  S.  and  E.,  a  low 

j  tract  protected  from  the  sea  by  embankments.    Chief  rivers, 

I  the  Trent,  Melland,  Witham,  and  Ancholme.     Soil  mostly 

I  a  fertile  sandy  loam,  on  the  moors  and  wolds;  in  the  fens, 

deep  loam,  rich  marly  clay,  or  peat.     Imjirovements  in 

agriculture  have  rendereti  this  one  of  the  most  productive 

English  counties.     The  cattle,  mostly  short-horned,  attain 

a  great  weight.    The  sheep  are  also  famous  for  size  and  for 

j  long  wool.     Many  horses  are  bred ;  the  waste  fens  support 

vast  flocks  of  geese,  chiefly  kept  for  their  feathers,  and  thti 

j  waters  are  the  resort  of  wild  ducks.    The  Foss-dyke  Canal 

extends  from  Lincoln  to  tlie  Trent,  near  Torksey,  comjilet- 

ing  the  important  internal  navigation  between  the  ^^■ash 

and  the  Ilumlier.    Tliere  are  also  canals  from  the  Witham 

I  to  Ilorncastle  and  Sleaford,  and  from  Titney  Haven,  on  the 

E.  coast,  to  Louth.    The  county  is  intersecteil  by  various 

railways;  and  is  divided  into  629  parishes.     It  returns  13 

members  to  Parliament:  4  for  the  county;  2  for  the  city  of 

Lincoln  ;  2  each  for  the  boroughs  of  Boston,  (irantham.  and 

Stamford:  and  1  for  Great  Grimsby.    Lincolnshire  is  famous 

for  the  number  and  beauty  of  its  ancient  parish  churches. 

LINCOLN,  (anc.  Lin/dum.)  a  city,  parliamen  tary  and  muni- 
cipal borough,  and  county  of  England,  capital  of  the  co.  of 
j  Lincolnshire,  on  theMitham,47  miles  E.N. E.  of  Derby.  Pop. 
I  20,995.  It  is  situated  in  a  fine  district,  at  the  foot  and  on 
j  the  slope  of  a  hill,  crowned  by  its  cathedral,  castle,  &c.  The 
streets  are  irregular,  but  the  town  is  generally  well  built, 
1  paved,  and  lightetl.  The  superb  cathedral  was  erected  be- 
I  tween  the  12th  and  15th  centuries,  in  a  mixed,  but  uncom- 
monly beautiful  style  of  English  architecture,  and  the  ex- 
terior is  generally  considered  the  finest  in  the  kingdom, 
while  the  vast  interior  is  only  surpassed  by  that  of  York. 
The  tombs  of  the  bishops,  and  of  Catherine  Swynford,  wifa 
of  John  of  Gaunt;  the  chapter-house,  valuable  library,  and 
ruins  of  the  old  episcopal  palace,  all  demand  special  mention. 
Several  of  the  pari.sh  churches,  anciently  52  in  number,  are 
interesting,  and  the  city  abounds  in  ancient  remains,  in- 
cluding the  stately  castle  built  by  William  the  Conqueror; 
traces  of  the  old  town  walls;  a  gateway,  perhaps  the  most 
perfect  relic  of  Roman  architecture  in  the  country :  a  beau- 
tiful conduit;  the  palace  of  John  of  Gaunt,  and  many  other 
antique  houses.  Other  principal  buildings  are  the  county- 
hall  and  jail,  within  the  castle  walls ;  the  ancient  guild- 
hall, a  sessions  house,  city  jail,  and  hou.se  of  correction; 
grammar  school,  founded  in  1583;  blue-coat  school;  county 
lunatic  asylum,  county  hospital,  union  workhouse,  theatre, 
assembly  rooms,  several  libraries,  mechanics'  institution, 
and  market-house.  It  has  also  several  newspapers,  a  bank- 
ing company,  and  branch  bank,  with  excellent  breweries, 
and  large  exports  of  flour,  by  the  Witham,  and  the  ancient 
Roman  Foss-dyke  Canal,  which  communicates  with  the 
Trent,  After  the  departure  of  the  Romans,  Lincoln  became 
the  capital  of  the  Saxon  kingdom  of  Mercia,  and  suffered 
much  during  the  struggles  between  the  Saxons  and  the 
Danes.  The  city  sends  2  members  to  Parliament.  Pop.  m 
1851, 17,582.    Lincoln  was,  at  the  Conquest,  and  long  after 

10S3 


LIN 

on•^  ?f  the  richest  ports  in  England,  the  Witham  at  that 
pet  iod  being  navigable  for  large  vessels.  It  suffered  greatly 
during  the  baronial  wars,  and  also  in  the  civil  war,  when 
its  'a'hedral  was  occupied  as  a  barrack. 

J INCOLN,  link'on,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Maine,  con- 
taias  about  475  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  K.  by 
Eaox  CO.,  on  the  W.  by  Kennebec  and  Sagadahock  cos.,  and 
od  the  S.  by  the  ocean.  The  Kennebec  flows  along  its 
western  border,  an  1  it  is  drained  by  the  Damariscotta  and 
Sheepscot  Rivers,  which  afford  some  fine  mill-seats.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  but  the  attention  of  the  inhabitant*!  is  chiefly 
given  to  navigation  and  the  fisheries.  It  has  a  sea-coast  of 
about  50  miles,  affordins  a  prcat  number  of  excellent  har- 
bors. The  Kennelx'c  Itiver  is  navigable  for  sloops  of  160 
tons  throu-'h  the  whole  extent  of  thecounty,  and  the  Dama- 
riscotta  is"navigable  18  miles  for  large  ves.sels.  Capittil, 
Wisiasset.  Pop.  in  18,50,  previous  to  tlie  formation  of 
Sagiulahock  and  Androscoggin  counties,  which  were  in  part 
tak.n  from  Lincoln.  74,876';  in  1860,  27,800. 

LINCOLN,  a  county  hi  the  S.W.  part  of  North  Carolina; 
area  estimated  at  420  square  miles.  The  Great  Catawba 
forms  the  K.  boundary,  and  the  .South  Catawba  intersects 
the  county.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  of  moderate 
size;  the  soil  is  fertile.  AVater-power  is  abundHnt  on  the 
streaios.  Gold  is  found  near  the  E.  border  of  the  county,  and 
iron  is  abundant.  Lincoln  was  the  most  populous  county 
of  the  state  until  reduced  by  the  formation  of  Catawba  and 
CJaston  counties  since  l'^42.  Capital.  Lincolnton.  Formed 
in  1779.     I'op.  8196,  of  whom  60S0  were  free,  and  2116  slaves. 

LINCOLN,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  200  square  miles.  The  Savannah,  whiih  separates 
it  from  South  Carolina,  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.E..  the 
Broad  Itiver  on  the  N..  and  Little  liiver  on  the  S.E.;  it  is 
also  drained  by  Fishing  I'istol.  Lloyd's,  and  Soap  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  hilly :  a  portion  of  the  land  is  fertile,  particu- 
larly on  the  margins  of  the  rivers.  Granite  and  iron  are 
abnnilant  in  the  county,  and  novaculite  is  found  near  Lin- 
colnton, the  connty-soiit.  Pop.  54(5(>,  of  whom  1698  were 
free,  and  3768  slaves. 

LINCOLN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Tennessee,  bordering 
on  Alaliama,  has  an  area  estimated  at  700  square  miles. 
Elk  River  flows  throu;jli  the  county,  from  E.  to  W.  The 
surface  is  composed  of  two  inclined  planes,  on  the  opposite 
sides  of  the  river;  the  soil  is  hiirhly  productive,  and  well 
-  watered.  The  streams  furni.sh  motive  power  for  numerous 
mills  and  factories.  Capital.  Fayetteville.  Pop.  22,828,  of 
whom  15,981  were  free,  and  6847  slaves. 

LINCOLN,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
aiea  estimatpd  at  350  ,s(iuare  miles.  It  is  traversal  by  Dick's 
Eiver,  an  affluent  of  the  Kentucky,  and  also  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Green  Hiver.  The  surface  is  undiilating; 
the  soil  is  of  limestone  formation,  and  very  proilui-tive. 
Limestone  underlies  a  lar^e  part  of  the  surface.  Turnpike 
roads  have  been  maile  from  this  county  to  Frankfort  and 
Danville.  Lincoln  county  was  one  of  the  3  original  counties 
formiKl  in  1780.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Benjamin 
Lincoln.  Capital,  Stanford.  Pop.  10,647,  of  whom  7217 
were  free,  and  34;J0  slaves. 

LINCOLN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Mis.«ouri.  bordering 
on  the  Mississippi  lUver.  which  separates  it  from  Illinois. 
Area  580  .scjuare  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Cuivre.  or  Copper 
River,  and  its  branches,  and  also  drained  by  the  Eagle  Fork 
and  Big  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating  and  hilly,  con- 
listing  partly  of  prairies  and  partly  of  wowllands.  The  soil 
is  generally  rich.  The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with 
timlier  and  building  stone.  Capital,  Troy.  Pop.  14,210,  of 
whom  11,370  were  free,  and  2840  slaves. 

LINCOLN,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  CO..  Maine,  on 
the  left  biink  of  the  Penobscot  River.  alx)ut  50  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Bangor.  The  inhabitants  are  exten.sively  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  lumber,  and  to  facilitate  its  transportation 
a  railroad  is  now  in  course  of  construction  connecting  Lin- 
coln with  Bangor.     Pop.  1631. 

LTNCit'/N,  a  mountainous  post-township  of  Grafton  Co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Merrimack  Itiver, 
about  70  miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Concord.     Pop.  71. 

LIXCOI.N.  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  about 
24  miles  W'.S.W.  of  Montpylier.     Pop.  1070. 

LI.NCOLN.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middle.sex  co., 
Ma.ssachusetts,  on  the  Kitchburg  Railroad  and  Sudbury 
Kiver,  17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  718. 

LINCOLN,  a  post-village  of  Yazoo  CO.,  Mississippi.  40  miles 
N.W.  of  .lackson. 

LINCOLN,  a  postrtownship  in  the  S.  part  of  Morrow  co., 
Ohio,  about  36  miles  N.N....  of  Columbus.    Pop.  2931, 

LI.NCOLN,  Illinois.     See  Appendix. 

LINCOLN,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated  upon  the 
8.  shore  of  Ijike  Onti.rio.  It  is  liounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Niagara  liivor.     Area  306  s.iu.ire  miles.     Pop.  23.868. 

LI-NCaLN  CKNTRK.  a  thriving  po.st^village  of  Penobscot 
eo,  Maine  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Penobscot  River,  about 
SO  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.  It  is  an  important  lumber 
deiM.t.  A  radroail  is  uow  in  course  of  construction  to  con- 
nect it  with  Bangor. 

LINM'OI.^  •■■  i\  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Lincoln 
1054 


LIN 

CO.,  North  Carolina.  Is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Little 
Catawba  River,  170  miles  W.  bj"  S.  of  Raleigh.  It  has  an 
active  trade,  and  an  abundant  water-power,  which  is  em- 
ployed in  manufactories  of  cotton,  iron,  and  paper.  Lincoln- 
ton  contains,  besides  the  aounty  buildings.  3  or  4  churches. 
2  academies,  and  2  newspaper  oflUces.    Pop.  848. 

LINCOLNTON.  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Lincoln  co., 
Georgia,  oi.  Soap  Creek.  90  miles  N.E.  of  ilillodgeville.  It 
contains  an  academy,  and  1  or  2  churches. 

LIN'COLNVILLE,  a  post-town?hip  of  W.aldo  m.,  Maine, 
on  Penob.scot  Bay.  about  10  miles  S.  of  Belfast.  A  large 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  are  engageil  in  ship-building  and 
navigation.     Pop.  2076. 

LIND.  a  post-office  of  Waupacca  ro.,  Wisconsin. 

LINDAII,  lin'da,  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan.  Cutch,  1  mile 
from  Shahpoor,  thickly  populati^.  and  flourishing. 

LINDAU,  lin'dow,  a  fortified  town  of  Bavaria.  25  miles 
E.S.K.  of  Constance,  on  an  island  in  the  I.ake  of  Constance, 
untted  to  the  mainland  by  a  wooden  bridge,  3oO  feet  in 
length.  Pop.  3902.  It  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran 
churches,  a  castle,  high  school,  and  an  active  commerce  in 
corn,  fruit,  wine,  and  cheese. 

LINDAU,  a  towi.  of  Hanover,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Gcittiugen. 
Pop.  1473. 

LIND'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

LINDE.  lin'dih.  or  LINDESBERG.  linAbVW'BaV  a  town 
of  Central  Sweden,  laen  and  20  miles  N.  of  Qirebro.     P.  760. 

LINDEN,  lin/dfu,  a  village  of  Germany,  1  mile  W.  of 
Hanover. 

LINDEN,  a  village  of  Germany,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province 
of  Nieder  Ilessen,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gicsseu. 

LINDEN,  a  small  village  of  Germany,  Prussian  Silesia, 
government  of  Breslau. 

LIN'DEN,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Buffalo  and  New  York  Railroad,  about  40  miles  E.  of  Buffalo 

LINDEN,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co..  Penusylvauia.  od 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  8  miles  above  Wii 
liamsport. 

LINDEN,  a  postrvillage.  ;apitnl  of  Mareneo  co.,  Alabama, 
li  miles  S.  of  Chickasaw  Creek.  100  nnies  W.  of  Montgomery. 
It  is  situated  in  a  very  productive  cotton  region,  and  con- 
tains 2  academies  and  2  newspaper  offices. 

LINDEN,  a  post-office  of  Copiah  co.,  Mis.«issippi. 

LINDEN,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Texas. 

LINDEN',  a  post>office  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Ark-insas. 

LINDEN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Perrv  eo., 
Tennessee,  on  Buffalo  River.  100  miles  S.W.  of  Nasliville. 
It  contains  a  new  court-house,  an  academy,  and  5  stores. 
It  has  grown  up  since  1847.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  500. 

LI.N'DEN,  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co.,  Michiiran. 

LINDEN,  a  township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan.    P.  821. 

LINDEN,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
railroad  between  Lafayette  and  CrawfordsviUe,  10  miles  N 
of  the  latter. 

LINDEN.  «  post-village,  capital  of  Atchison  CO.,  Missouri, 
about  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Joseph. 

LINDEN,  a  village  of  Ozaik  co.,  Missouri,  19  miles  S  E. 
of  Springfield. 

•  LINDIIN,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Iowa  eo.,  Wiscon- 
sin, 6  miles  N.W.  of  Mineral  Point.  It  has  an  active  trade 
in  lead,  which  is  procured  from  mines  in  the  vicinity.  Pop 
of  the  township,  ItUO. 

LINDEN  AU,  lin'deh-now\  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Bohe- 
mia, K.N.E.  of  Leitnieritz,  with  1189  inhabitants. 

LINDENAU,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
government  of  Oppeln.  circle  of  Grottau.     Pop.  1036. 

LINDENAU,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  and  nea; 
Leiiific,  towards  which  Napoleon  retreated  after  his  defee/ 
at  Ixjipsic.     Pop.  1672. 

LINDENFEL.S,  linMen-f&ls\  a  small  town  of  Germanj 
Ilefse-Darmstadt.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  880. 

LIN'DENVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Ashtabula  co..  Ohio, 
about  155  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

LINDENVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Sheboygan  co..  Wis 
consin. 

LIN 'DEN  WOOD,  a  postvillage  in  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  85  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

LINDESAY    (lin'zee),  MOUNT,  the  most  loftv  mount-iii; 
yet  measured  in  Esist  Australia,  aliout  55    miles  S.W.  ol 
Moreton  Bay.  and  5700  feet  aliove  the  sea. 
LI.XDESNAES,  a  cape  of  Norway.    See  N.VZE.  "' 

LINDEWIESE. — Ober  H.vdewikse,  o'bgr  iiuMfh-Oee'ifh, 
and  NiEDER  Lindkwiese.  nee'dfr  lin'dfh-*ee'zeh.  two  nearly 
contiguous  villages  of  Austrian  Silesi.i,  about'  20  milrts  from 
Zukmautel.     Pop.  of  the  former,  1138:  of  the  latter,  2U87. 
LINIVFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
LINDISFARN  E, a  (leninsulaot  England.  See  HolvI.slasi, 
LIND'LEY,  acbapelry  of  England,  cc.of  Yoi-k.West  l{idinf{. 
LINDLEY,  a  post-village  and    township  of  Steuben  co . 
New  York,  on  the  Corning  and  Blossbun;  Railroad.  12  mik* 
S.  of  Coming.     Pop.  of  the  towr.ship.  886. 

LI  NDLEY'S,  a  post-tillage  of  Ohio  co..  Kentucky,  ICC  miles 
W.S.W,  of  Frankfort. 

LINDLEY'S  STOKE,  a  poatoffice  of  Orange  co.  North 
Carolina. 


MN 


LIN 


TJjS  'PLl'^n'OWN,  a  poi5trvinage  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York, 
about  190  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

LIXD'LY'S  MILLS,  a  post-oftice  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

•   LIXD'NEUSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania. 

LIXD>,  lin'do.  (nnc.  LMdus,  Gr.  AixJa;,)  a  village,  and 
the  ancient  capital  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  on  a  promontory 
of  its  K.  coast.  2.3  miles  S.  of  Khodes,  with  a  small  harbor. 
Birth-place  of  Cleobulus,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  and  of  Chares  and  Laches,  the  artists,  who  executed 
the  Colossus  of  Khodes. 

LIXDOKES  Al'.BKY.  Scotland.     See  Newhurgh. 

LI  XDOSO,  leeii-do'so,  a  frontier  town  of  Portugal,  prov'.nce 
of  Minho,  on  the  Lima,  29  miles  N.E.  of  Braga.     Pop.  600. 

LIXDJW.  lin'dov.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 36  miles  N.X.AV.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  1549. 

LIXD'HIlMiE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ofWorcester. 

IJXDS.\Y,  liu'zee.  an  island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ojean, 
Lat.  19'^  20'  X. ;  Ion.  Ul°  15'  30"  E. ;  4  miles  long. 

LIXDS.\Y.  a  post-village  of  Canada  WesX  co.  of  Peterbo- 
rough. 2S  miles  from  Peterborough.     Pop.  about  550. 

LIXD'SAYS  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Ciioctaw  co.,  5Iis.s!s- 
Bippi. 

LIXDSAY'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Trigg  co.,  Kentucky. 

LlXD'SiJjL.  a  pari.-b  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LINDSKl.L.  a  i.avish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

LIXD'SKY.  PARTS  OF,  linirland,  the  N.  division  of  the 
00.  of  Lincoln,  of  which  it  occupies  nearly  one-half,  includ- 
ing the  cit}-  of  Lincoln,  and  19  market-towns. 

LIXDL'M.    See  Lincoln. 

LIXD'V'ILLE,  a  poat-ofiice  of  Union  parish,  Louisiana. 

LIXDVILLK,  a  tillage  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa,  110  miles 
W.S.W  of  Iowa  City. 

LIX'E,  a  post-office  of  Morehouse  co.,  Louisiana. 

LINE,  a  post-offlce  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

LINE  ORiOEK,  of  Georgia,  forms  the  iKiundary  between 
Fayett*  and  Coweta  counties,  and  joins  AVhitewater  Creek. 

LIX^E  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LIN'E  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama. 

LIX'E  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Mississippi. 

LIXE  CREEIv,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Kentucky. 

LINE  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Grenville  district.  South 
Carolina. 

LIXE  LEX/IXGTOX,  a  post-village  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween Bucks  and  Montgomery  counties,  Pennsylvania,  13 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Xorristown. 

LIX'E  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

LIXE  MOUX'TAIX,  a  postofflce  of  Xorthumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

LI.N'E  PORT,  a  post-village  of  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
Cumberland  River,  and  on  the  line  between  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

LIXE  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 

LIX'FORI).  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LIXFORD,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

LINFORD.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

LIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LIXG.  a  Chinese  word,  signifying  "  mountain-chain."  or 
"  range.'"  forming  part  of  the  names  of  many  places  in  China : 
as.  I'E-LIXG,  '■  the  Northern  Ran'ze,"  Ac. 

L1XG,\,  lin'g,?.  two  small  ."hetland  Islands,  between  Main- 
land and  Yell :  also  an  i.slet  of  the  Hebrides,  W.  of  Mull. 

LTXGA  ISLAXI).     See  Linoex. 

LI  X^i  A  XOi;  E'  CR  E  EK.  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland,  enters 
the  Monocacv  River  from  the  left,  above  Frederick. 

I.IXGA  HTIIS.  township.  England,  co.  York,  AVest  Biding. 

LIXGAYI'lX,  leen-g.^  vt^n'.  a  populous  seaport  town  on  the 
W.  cojtst  of  Lnzon.  Philippines.  100  miles  X.N.AV.  of  Manila. 

LIXGE,  DE,  deh  ling'fieh,  a  stream  of  Holland,  which, 
after  a  course  of  4o  miles,  joins  the  Waal  at  Gorinchem. 

LIXGEN.  ling'ghen.  or  LTXGA.  ling'gi  an  island  of  the 
Malay  Arcbipelauo,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Siiniiitra,  in  lat.  0°  20' 
S.,  Ion.  104°  40'  E..  lliO  miles  S.S.E.  of  Singapore.  Length, 
40  miles;  breadth.  20  miles.     It  produces  fine  timber. 

LIXGEN,  ling'en.  a  town  of  Hanover.  36  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Osnnburg.  Pop.  2776.  It  has  Calvjnistic,  Roman  CatnoUc, 
and  Lutheran  churches,  and  a  gymnasium. 

LIX'GEX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LIXGE.VAU,  liug'en-dw\  a  village  of  the  Tyrol,  8  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Bregenz.     Pop.  1790. 

LIXG.i:nFELD.  Iing'en-f^lt\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
W.  of  Spever.     Pop.  1357. 

LIXG'FIIOLT),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

LIXG'LESTOWX,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 8  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrislnirg. 

LIXG-LO-SIIAN  or  LTXG-LO-CHAN.  lingMo-shln'.  a  moun- 
tain in  China,  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  in  the  province 
of  Kan-soo      Lat.  about  35°  X.,  Ion.  103°  E. 

LIXGOXES.     See  Laxgbes. 

LIN'GUAGROSSA,  lin'gwj-gros/sa,  a  town  of  Sicily,  23 
miles  X.  of  Catania.     Pop.  24.5C. 

LINGULA.    See  Laigueglia. 


LTNGWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LINHARES,  leen-yd'ris,  a  town  of  Portugiil,  province  Of 
Beira,  To  miles  W.N.W.  of  Gu.irda.     Pop.  870. 

LINH.\RES.  leen-yi'rj.s,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  ERp^ 
rito  Santo.on  the  Doce,  30  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantla 

LIXKEBEEK.  lin'keh-baik'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Braliant.  6  miles  S.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  lloT. 

LIN'KENHOLT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LIX-KIANG  or  LIX  KlAXG-FtJO,  lin'ke-iing'foo/,  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Kiang-see,  capital  of  a  department,  lal.  28" 
N..  Ion.  115°  24'  E. 

LIN'KIXIIORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwalL 

LIXK.IOPINO.     See  Lixkoping. 

LIXKLAEN,  link'liin',  a  post  town.ship  forming  the  X.W. 
extremity  of  Chenango  co..  New  York,  about  116  miles  W.  of 
Albany.    Pop.  1094. 

LINKOPING  (Linkiiping)  or  LINK.I0P1NG,  (Linkjii)  ing,) 
lin'chii^ping,  a  la;n  of  Sweden,  on  the  Bivltic.  Area  4253 
square  miles.  Pop.  322,4S4.  Surface  mountainous,  wooded, 
and  inter.spersed  with  numerous  lakes.  The  Motala  River 
and  Kumla  Canal  traver.se  its  centre.  Products  comprise 
corn,  hops,  Hax,  and  timber,  with  iron,  lead,  and  various 
other  mineral  pi'oducts.  Manufacturing  establishments 
comprise  barrel  and.sail-cloth  factories,  and  iron  and  coppcT 
works.     Principal  towns.  Linkiiping  and  Xorrkjopiug. 

LINKOPING  or  LINK.TOPIXG.  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital 
of  a  ken  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Stang-an,  near  its  mouth 
in  Lake  Roxen,  108  miles  S.W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop.  4767. 
It  has  a  cathedral  and  several  other  churches,  a  town-hall, 
a  library  of  25000,  volumes,  house  of  assemlly.  old  castle, 
and  a  gymnasium.  In  its  immediate  vicinity  was  fought, 
in  1596,  the  battle  of  Stangebro,  in  which  Sigismund  was 
defeated  by  his  uncle,  who  was  soon  after  elected  king  of 
Sweden,  under  the  name  of  Charles  IX. 

LIN'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

LINLITHGOW,  lin-Iith'go,  LINLITHGOWSHIRE,  lin- 
lith'go-.shir.  or  WEST  LOTHIAN,  lo'iiie-an,  a  county  of 
Scotland,  having  on  the  N.  the  Frith  of  Forth,  E.  and  S.  the 
CO.  of  Edinburgh,  and  on  the  W.  the  cos.  of  Ijinark  and 
Stirling.  Area  estimated  at  120  square  miles,  about  threo- 
fourths  of  which  are  arable.  Pop.  in  1851,  30.135.  Surface 
beautifully  varied  with  knolls  and  gentle  undulations.  Chief 
river.s,  the  Almond  and  Avon.  Soil  in  the  S.  swampy  and 
moorland,  elsewhere  generally  fertile.  Coal  is  exten.-^ively 
wrought.  Capitiil,  Linlithgow.  The  county,  independent 
of  2  contributory  boroughs,  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

LINLITHGOW,  a  royal  and  parliamentary  burgh,  town, 
and  parish  of  Scotland,  on  the  Union  Canal,  and  with  a 
station  on  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway,  17  miles 
W.  of  Edinburgh,  and  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Glasgow.  Pop. 
in  1851,  4213.  It  is  situated  in  a  hollow,  beside  a  fine  lake 
of  iiViOut  80  acres.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  parish  church 
of  St.  Michael,  erected  in  the  12th  century,  and  esteemed 
one  of  the  noblest  Gothic  structures  in  Scotland;  a  town- 
hou.se,  with  sheriff's  ccmrt-room,  jail  erected  in  16()8,  and  a 
curious  hexagonal  cro.«.s-well.  rebuilt  in  1805  from  an  old 
model.  On  an  eminence,  bordered  by  a  lake,  are  magnificent 
remains  of  a  royal  palace,  founded,  probably,  by  Edward  I. 
of  England,  on  the  place  of  a  Roman  camp,  and  gradually 
rebuilt  in  its  present  form,  by  various  Scotti.sh  monarchs 
down  to  .Tames  VI.  It  is  a  quadrangle,  occupying  an  acre 
of  ground;  it  has  a  heavy,  but  imposing  exterioi-,  and  fine 
apartments,  the  most  interesting  being  the  ptirliament  hall, 
and  the  room  in  which  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  born,  in 
1642.  The  town  has  a  giammar  school,  a  branch  bank,  and 
some  manufactures  of  leather.  It  unites  with  Falkirk,  Air- 
drie,  Lanark,  and  llamiltou  In  sending  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

LINLITHGOWSHIRE,  a  co.  of  Scotland.    See  LiNLiTnaow. 

LIXX',  a  town  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Dus.seldorf.     Pop.  1200. 

LINX.  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  C60  squ.are  miles.  Locust  and  Yellow  Creeks,  affiuects 
of  Grand  River,  flow  through  the  county  from  X.  to  S. ;  it 
is  drained  by  Wolf-and  Elk  Creeks,  and  Grand  River  touches 
the  S.W.  extremity.  The  county  contains  a  large  proportion 
of  prairie.  Interspersed  with  woodland ;  the  soil  is  productive. 
Named  in  honor  of  Lew-s  F.  Linn,  United  Stiites  senator 
from  Missouri.  Capital,  Liuneus.  Pop.  9112,  of  whom  8535 
were  tree,  and  577  slaves. 

LINN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cedar  and  Wapsipinicon 
Rivers,  which  flow  in  a  S.E.  direction,  aflonling  abundant 
water-power;  it  Is  also  drained  by  Prairie  and  Buffalo  Creeks 
The  surface  is  agreeably  diversified,  and  the  county  is  said 
to  be  well  timbered.  'The  soil  Is  excellent,  and  tiie  water 
good.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Dubuque  South 
Western  Railroad.    Cai)ital,  lHarion.    Pop.  18,947. 

LINN,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Oregon,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  2500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Cascade  Range,  and  on  the  W.by  theWillamette 
River,  and  is  drained  by  tlie  Santyam  and  Mackenzie  s  Riv- 
ers. The  soil  along  the  valleys  of  the  streams  is  very  fer- 
tile.   Capital,  Albany.    Pop.  0772. 

1055 


LTN 

LIXX,  A  post-office  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York. 

LIXN.  a  ^ilia{;e  of  Greenup  co.,  Kentucky,  about  120 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Frankfort,  has  2  churches  and  2  tanneries. 

LI>N,  a  iKistrvillage  and  towusliip,  capital  of  Osage  co., 
Missouri,  on  the  road  from  St.  Louis  to  Jeflerson  city,  22 
miles  K.  of  tlie  latter.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1252. 

LIN N,  a  township  of  Walw orth  co.,  A\  isconsin.  Pop.  1008. 

LINN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregou,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  AVillamette  Itiver,  1  mile  below  the 
month  of  Tualatin  lUver,  and  immediately  opposite  to  Oregon 
citv.    It  contains  several  mills. 

LIN'NEUS,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine,  about 

10  miles  S.W.  of  Iloulton.     Pop.  785. 

LINNEUS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Linn  co.,  Missouri, 
IIG  miles  N'.W.  of  Jefferson  city. 

LINN  I'LATT,  a  post-oifice  of  Nacogdoches  co.,  Texas. 

LINN"  OKOVK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana. 

LINNIIK.  LOCH,  loK  lin'nee,  a  large  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the 
W.  coa.st  of  Scotland,  between  the  counties  of  Argyle  and  In- 
verness, joinhig  Loch  Eilon  the  N.    Length  20  miles,  breadth 

8  miles.     Its-branches  are  Lochs  Etivc.  Creran.  and  Leven. 
LINNICII.  lin'uiK,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  17  miles 

N.N.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  the  Ruhr.  Pop.  1520.  The 
militarv  order  of  St,  Ilutert  was  instituted  here  in  1444. 

LINN'VILLE.  a  pqstrvillage  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  37  miles 
E.  of  Columbus. 

LINNVILLE,  a  village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri,  on  Big 
Biver,  40  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

LINNVILLE  RIVER,  of  Burke  CO.,  North  Carolina,  flows 
into  the  Catawba. 

LINNVILLE  RIVER,  a  postroflSce  of  Burke  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

LINOSA,  le-no'sj.  (anc.  ^usa.)  a  small  i.sland  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. 100  miles  S.W.  of  Sicily,  and  85  miles  "W.  of  Malta. 

11  is  of  volcanic  formation,  and  uninhabited. 
LINSELLKS,  lix^'stll',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 

Kord.  6  miles  N.  of  Lille.    Pop.  1331. 

LINSENIIOFEN,  lin'sen-ho'fen.  a  village  of  WUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Schwarzwald.  on  the  Steinach.     Pop.  1115. 

LIN'?TEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LIN.-TEAD.  GRKAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

L1N.<TEAD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

L1NT.\0,  an  island  of  China,     See  Lantao. 

LIN-TCIIIN  or  LIX-TCIN.    See  Lix-tsino. 

LINTIl,  lint,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Glarus, 
enters  Lake  AVallenstadt,  after  a  N.  course  of  about  26  miles. 
The  l.,iXTH  Coal,  9  miles  long,  connects  Lakes  )Vallenstadt 
and  Zurich. 

LINa'IIWAITE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  "West 
Riding. 

LINTIN,  lin'teeii'.  an  island  of  China,  in  the  Canton  River, 
about  IS  miles  N.E.  of  Macao,  and  9  miles  N.  of  Lant«o,  with 
a  remarkable  conical  peak. 

LIN'TON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and  lOJ 
miles  S.E.  of  Cambriilge.  Pop.  1838.  Barham  Hall,  in  this 
parish,  was  built  from  the  remains  of  a  priory  founded  in  1292. 

LINTON",  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LINTi  >N,  a  palish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  'West  Riding. 

LINTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LINTi)N  OX'  OUSE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
We.st  Riding. 

LINTON,  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Peebles,  bounded  by  the  co.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop. 
1515.  partly  employed  in  cotton  manufactures.  The  village 
is  a  bur!.'h  of  regality  under  the  Earl  of  March. 

LINTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

LINTtJN,  (East.)  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  ak  miles  E. 
of  Haddington,  on  the  Tyne,  with  a  station  on  the  North 
British  Railway.     Pop.  775. 

LINTON,  a  post-office  of  Oglethorpe  co.,  Georgia. 

LINTON,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1634. 

LINTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana, 
88  miles  S.AV.  of  Indianapolis. 

LINTON",  a  township  in  Vigo  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  1273. 

LIN'TUN,  a  post-village  of  JDes  Moines  co.,  Iowa,  21  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Burlington. 

LINTRATIIEN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

LIN-TSING,  linHsing^  LIN-TCHING,  or  LIN-TCHIN,  lin'- 
cheen',  written  also  LIN-TCIN.  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Shan-toong.  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Yu-ho  Canal,  70 
miles  AV.  of  Tsee-nan.  It  is  populous,  and  stated  to  be 
handsome  and  important  as  a  commercial  city.  It  has  some 
mosques,  several  temples,  one  with  a  colossal  gold  idol,  and 
an  octiiL'on  tower  of  nine  stories. 

LINTTH.\L,  lintt|l\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and 

9  miles  S.S.W.  of  (jlarus,  on  the  Linth.    Pop.  1617. 
LINTZ  or  LINZ.  lints,  (anc.  LenHia  or  iew'^i urn,)  a  fortified 

city,  capital  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  here  crossed 
by  a  wooden  bridge  280  yards  in  length.  98  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Vienna.  I>at.  48°  19'  N..  Ion.  14°  17'  E.  I'op.  27,628. 
It  is  fortified  in  a  remarkable  manner,  by  a  circle  of  32 
detached  f  rts.  23  on  the  S..  and  9  on  the"  N.  bank  of  the 
Donube,  It  is  handsomely  built,  and  tias  3  suburbs,  more 
1066 


LIP 

extensive  than  the  city  Itself;  many  fine  churches,  a  land- 
haus,  formerly  a  Franciscan  convent,  and  an  old  castle,  once 
the  residence  of  the  Dukes  of  Austria,  but  now  a  prison  and 
penitentiary  for  the  province;  and  some  large  barracks,  a 
custom-house,  bank,  theatre.  &c.  In  the  principal  S(iu.Hre* 
is  a  marble  column,  erected  in  1723.  between  statues  of 
Jupiter  and  Neptune,  to  commemorate  the  es(  ape  of  the  citj 
from  the  double  attack  of  the  plague  and  the  lurks.  Ite 
institutions  comprise  a  gymnasium  and  iyccttm.  with  a 
library  of  25.000  volumes;  an  asylum  for  tUaf  mutes,  and 
other  hospitals.  The  principal  manufactines  are  of  cotton 
and  silk  goods,  leather,  gold  lace,  cards,  tobacco,  and  carpets. 
Its  transit  trade  by  the  Danube  is  very  coi.sideralile:  and  it 
communicates  by  railways  with  Budweis  in  Bohemia,  and 
with  Gmiinden  on  the  Traun.  Some  Roman  antiq^uities 
have  been  discovered  here. 

LINTZ  or  LINZ,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  18  mUes 
N.N.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  2330. 

LINTZ-GREEN".  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

LIN'VILLE  GROVE,  a  village  of  Madison  co..  Missouri. 

LIN'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LINWOOD.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  Z\  miles 
Vf.  of  Paisley.  Pop.  1126,  mostly  employed  in  a  cotton 
factory. 

LIXWOOD,  a  small  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylyanla. 

LIN  WOOD,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas. 

LINZ.     See  LiXTZ. 

LION  D'ANGER.S.  Le,  leh  leK\s«'  d5x°<zhV,  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et-1/Oire.  on  the  Oudon, 
13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Angers.     Pop.  in  1852,  2700. 

LIONFOKTE,  a  town  of  Si^-ily.     See  Leox-forte. 

LI'ONVILLE,  a  post-villa;:eo"f  Uwchlan  township.  Chester 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  31  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

LIOUHI.M.    See  Ltoomm. 

LIOUTSIX.    See  Ltootsi!T, 

LIPAN  (le-pin')  INDIANS,  a  large  and  warlike  tribe  in 
the  "W.  part  of  Texas  and  E.  part  of  Mexico. 

LIP.\RI,  lip'a-re  or  Iee'p3-re.  (anc.  Lip'ara.)  an  island  In 
the  Mediterranean,  about  25  miles  N.  of  Sicily.  Lat.  38° 30* 
N..  Ion.  14°  55'  E.  It  is  the  largest  and  most  central  island 
of  the  Lipari  group,  being  18  miles  in  circuit,  and  produces 
large  quantities  of  grapes,  figs,  olives,  and  some  corn.  It  is 
the  great  magazine  for  pumice-stone,  sent  hence  to  all  parts 
of  the  world:  and  sulphur,  nitre,  sal-ammoniac,  soda,  capers, 
and  fish  are  important  articles  of  export. 

LIPARI,  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  above  island,  on  a 
steep  acclivity,  and  tolerably  well  built.  The  most  conspi- 
cuous object  is  the  castle,  built  by  Charles  V.,  wliich  cn^wus 
a  vast  volcanic  mass  overhanging  the  town,  and  contains 
several  public  edifices  within  its  enclosure;  the  principal  of 
which  is  the  cathedral.  Lipari  likewise  possesses  a  college, 
episcopal  palace,  several  convents,  and  an  hospital.  The  bay 
immediately  beneath  the  town,  is  about  2  miles  in  circuit, 
and  has  good  anchorage;  but  the  shelter,  from  want  of  a 
mole,  is  very  insecure.  X  considerable  trade,  however,  is 
carried  on  in  the  different  products  of  the  island.  Lipari  is  the 
cp.nital  of  the  whole  group,  ai>d  the  .see  of  a  bishop.    P.  12.500. 

LIPARI  ISLANDS,  (anc.  ^Vlia;  or  Vulai'iiia;  Iv'sulte,)  a. 
group  of  volcanic  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  named  from 
Lipari  the  principal  island,  Ix-tween  lat.  38°  20'  and  38°  55' 
N..  and  Ion.  14°  15'  and  15°  15'  E.,  from  15  to  30  miles  from 
the  N.  coa.«t  of  Sicily,  and  comprised  in  the  inteudency  of 
Messina.  Aggregate  population  about  22,000.  of  whom  14,000 
are  in  the  Island  of  Lipari.  The  7  principal  islands  are  Lipa- 
ri. Vulcano,  Stromboli,  Salini,  Panaria.  Feiicudi.  and  Alicudi. 
All  are  mountainous,  and  volcanic,  Stromboli  having  an 
active  volcano.  Climate  healthy,  and  soil  highly  fertile 
where  duly  irrigated  by  water  carefully  preserved  in  cisterns. 

LIPAU,  lee'pow.  LIPPAU,  lij^pow,  or  LIPOW,  lee'pov,  a 
market-town  of  Austria,  Moravia,  about  12  miles  from 
Hradisch.  on  the  "Wieliczka.    Pop.  1059. 

LIPCSE  NEMETII,  lip'chA^  uA'mJf,  or  DEL'TSCII- 
LYITSCH,  doitch  liptch.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  Hitbi»' 
Danube,  co.  of  Liptau.  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bries,  originally 
founded  by  German  colonists.     Pop.  3216. 

LIPCSE,  lip'chA\  or  LIPCSA,  lip/chd',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Marmaros,  on  the  Nagy-Ag,  31  miles  N.\V.  of  Szigetli. 
Pop.  1042. 

LIPES  or  LIPEZ,  lee'p?g,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  department 
and  162  miles  S.W.  of  Potosi,  capital  of  a  province,  formerly 
a  large  rich  town,  now  much  reduced. 

LI  PETSK  or  LIPETZK.  le-p*tsk',  a  town  of  Russia.  goTem- 
ment,  and  84  miles  W.  of  Tambov,  on  the  Voronezh.  Pop. 
6500.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  and  well-fre- 
quented mineral  baths. 

LIPNICZ.t,  Also  Lipnicza,  orshiV  lip*nif.s(Jh\  and  Fels8 
LiPX'iczA.  ftPshi/  lip^nit/siih,  two  villages  of  North  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Arva.  44  miles  N.W.  of  Kesniark.  on  the  Schwarz. 
Pop.  of  the  former  ;U03:  of  the  latter  1614. 

LIPNIK.  lip'nik\  or  LEIPNIK,  lip'nik.  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary. Hither  Theis.s.  36  miles  from  Leutschau.     I'op.  142S 

LIPNITZ,  GROSS,  groce  lip'nlts.  a  market-town  of  Bohe 
mia,  circle  and  24  miles  S.  of  Czaslau.     Pop.  looo. 

LIPN'O,  lip'no,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  32  mJlM 
N.W.  of  Plock,  on  the  Niemen.    Pop.  3600. 


LIP 


LIS 


LTPOTETZ,  le-po-yJts',  (Polish  Lipmviec,  le-po/ve-fts.)  a 
frontier  town  of  Russia,  government  and  102  miles  S.W.  of 
Kiev.    Pop.  3100. 

LIPPA,  li|Vp!'ih\  a  market-town  of  Pouth-Kaftern  Hungary, 

^O.  of  Teme.«,  on  the  Maros,  30  miles  N.K.  of  Temesvar.     Pop. 

7937.  mo.stly  employed  in  agricultuce  and  in  cattle  breeding. 

LIl'PA,  lip'pa,  a  village  of  lUyria,  Istria,  29  miles  S.15. 

Df  Triest. 

LTPI'E,  lip'peh,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in  the  S.W.  of 
the  principality  of  Lippe-.Detmold,  3  miles  N'.l5.  of  Lippspring, 
flow^  mostly  W.  through  Prussian  Westphalia  and  Rhenish 
Prus.  ia,  and  joins  the  Rhine  at  Wesel,  after  a  course  of  110 
miles. 

LIl'PE-DETMOLD,  lip'peh  dSf  molt,  a  principality  of  N.W. 
Germany,  the  chief  part  of  which  is  comprised  between 
l>rus.-;ian  Westphalia,  Hanover,  and  the  principality  of  Pyr- 
mont.  Capital,  Detmold.  Area  438  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1852,  106,015.  Surface  hilly,  partly  covered  by  the  Teuto- 
burger-Wald,  (anc.  Sal/tits  Teidohurgenhis.)  where  Arminius 
exterminated  the  legions  of  Varus.  The  Ems  and  the  Lippe 
have  their  sources  hi're.  Some  portions  are  remarkably 
fertile.  Mineral  products,  salt,  lime,  iron,  and  marble.  Chief 
towns,  Detmold,  Lenigo,  Horn,  and  in  the  detached  bailiwick 
of  Lipperode,  a  portion  of  Lippstadt.  But  by  treaty  of  May, 
1850,  this  was  given  to  Prussia,  for  a  j'carly  rent  of  9000 
thalers,  (1350?.)  Since  1836,  the  government  has  been  con- 
stitutional, the  diet  meeting  once  in  two  years;  contingent 
to  the  federal  army,  731  men. 

LIl'PEIIXE.  lip-pVueh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Rrandenburg,  48  miles  N.N.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  2750. 

I.II'I'E-SCIIACMBURG  or  LIPPE-SCIIAUENBURG.  See 
ScmuMnCTo-LippE. 

LIPPSPKING,  lip'spRlng,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jlinden,  near  the  source  of  the  Lippe. 
Pop.  1521. 

LIPPSTADT.  lip'statt,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  West- 
phalia, 23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Arnsberg.  on  the  Lippe.  Pop. 
4335.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  is  regularly  and  well 
■juilt.  Its  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloth,  linen,  starch,  leather,  and  iron  wares. 
Prior  to  May,  1850,  a  portion  belonged  to  Lippe-Detmold. 

LIPSK,  leepsk,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  on  the  Bober, 
22  miles  W.  of  Grodno.     Pop.  950. 

LIPSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Grodno,  42  miles 
S.E.  of  Slonim.    Pop.  1000. 

LIPSO,  lip'so.  (anc.  Leplgia.)  a  small  island  off  the  coast 
of  Asia  Minor.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Patmos. 

LIPT.\U,  lip'tuw,  a  county  of  Hungary,  forming  the  upper 
part  of  the  valh^y  of  the  Waag,  bounded  N.  by  Galicia  and 
the  county  of  .\rva.  Area  890  square  milea  Capital,  Szent- 
Mildos.     Pop.  79,753. 

LIl'THAL  or  LIPTAL,  lip'tSl,  a  village  of  Austria,  Morar 
via,  circle  and  N.  of  Ilradisch.     Pop.  1470. 

LU'TOD.  lip^tod',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube, 
4  miles  from  Mohacs.     Pop.  1019. 
LIQUEXTIA.     See  Livexza. 

LIR]5,  leehA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et- 
Loire,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Beaupreau.    Pop.  in  1852,  2220. 

LIRIA,  loe're-1,  (anc.  Edeia  or  ia«?-OTia,/)a  townof  Spain, 
province  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia.    Pop.  8524.    It  has 
a  handsome  modern  church,  and  manufactures  of  linens, 
Boap.  and  earthenware. 
LIRIS.    See  Oarigliano. 

LISBON,  lii'bon,  (Port,  and  Sp.  Lisboa,  liz-bo'it  or  lecs-bo'i, 
Fr.  Lisbimr)'.  lees'bonn'.  It.  Lisabona.  le-sd-bo'nd,  Ger.  Lissa- 
bon.  lis'sd-bou,  anc.  OUs'ipo.)  a  city  of  Western  Europe,  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Portugal,  and  of  the  province  of  Estrema- 
dura,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tagus,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  Lat.  of  observatory,  38°  42'  4"  N.,  Ion.  9°  8' 
2"  W.  Castle  battery  373  feet  above  the  sea.  Pop.  in  1857, 
275,300.  Mean  temperature  of  year,  61°.3;  winter.  52°.4; 
summer,  70^'.9.  Climate  healthy,  but  variable;  exposed  to 
heavy  rains  and  cold  winds  in  winter.  It  is  built  on  a  suc- 
cession of  hills,  rising  more  or  less  abruptly  from  the  quays 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  exhibits  a  great  variety 
of  churches,  convents,  and  houses,  which  have  an  imposing 
effect  when  viewed  from  the  river.  The  length  of  the  city 
in  a  straight  line,  is  about  3^  miles;  while  the  breadth, 
from  S.  to  N.,  or  from  the  Tagus  Inland,  is  from  1  to  IJ 
miles.  The  whole  of  this  space,  however,  is  not  densely 
covered  with  buildings ;  considerable  portions  of  it  being, 
occupied  by  gardens,  ruins,  and  the  naked  declivities  of  the 
hills.  The  favorable  impression  which  a  distant  view  of 
the  city  is  fitted  to  produce,  is  destroyed  by  a  nearer  sur- 
vey. The  streets  in  general,  and  more  especially  in  the  E., 
which  is  the  oldest  portion  of  the  city,  are  steep,  narrow, 
crooked,  wretchedly  paved,  and  disgustingly  filthy ;  and  the 
houses,  with  the  exception  of  a  neat  and  substantial  build- 
ing here  and  there,  are  old-fashioned  and  mean.  That  part 
i)f  the  town,  however,  which  has  been  rebuilt  since  tiie  great 
earth(iuake  in  1755,  and  which  is  situated  in  the  valley  be- 
«ween  Castle-hill,  on  the  E.,  and  the  hills  of  San  Francisco 
nnd  Do  Carmo,  on  the  W.,  consists  of  several  parallel  streets, 
crossed  by  others  at  right  angles,  and  is  regular,  well-built, 
and  kept  at  least  decently  clean.  Of  these,  Gold,  Silver,  and 
3R 


'  Cloth  streets  extend  about  half  a  mile  N.  and  S. ;  having,  at 
their  S.  extremity,  the  Praca  do  Commercio,  a  large  and 
handsome  square,  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  the  Naval 
Arsenal,  the   Exchange,   Custom-house,   India-house,   and 
other  public  buildings,  and  having  the  Tagus  on  the  S.. 
with  an  equestrian  statue  of  .loseph  I.,  in  bronze,  in  the 
centre.     At  the  N.  extremity  of  these  streets  are  the  I'raja 
de  Figueira,  a  square  of  a  remarkably  picturesque  apjiear- 
ance,  used  as  a  public  market;  and  a  handsome  square, 
called  the  Rocio,  containing  a  magnificent  national  theatre, 
recently  erected  on  the  site  of  the  former  Inquisition.     The 
only  other  open  spaces  and  squares  worthy  of  particular 
notice  are  the  Passeio   Publico,  or  promenade,  wliidi,  al- 
though small,  is  elegantly  laid  out;  the  fine  shady  avenue 
;  called  the  Salitre;  the  Prar.a  das  Amorclras,  containing  a 
large  reservoir  for  supplying  the  different  fountains  of  the 
I  city  with  water,  and  Pra(;a  de  Algeria,  in  which  a  sort  of 
rag  fair  is  held.    The  W.  quarter,  built  along  the  slope  of 
I  the  W.  hill,  is  airy  and  pleasant,  and  contains  numerous 
;  respectable  dwellings,  chiefly  occupied  by  foreigners,  with 
j  vineyards  and  gardens  well  stocked  with  olive,  orange,  and 
j  other  trees. 

Excepting  the  Castle  of  St.  George,  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  its  situation,  the  only  other  note-worthy  build- 
j  ings  besides  those  already  adverted  to,  are  chun  his  and 
j  convents.     The  principal  of  the  former  are  the  Catlndral  or 
!  patriarchal   church,  on   the  slope  of  the  Castle-hill;    the 
church  do  Coracao  do  Jesus,  on  the  hill  of  Estrella:  the 
j  church  of  the  Martyrs,  erected  on  the  spot  where  Ali'honso 
!  I.  mounted  the  wails  of  the  city,  and  rescued  it  freni  the 
j  Moors;  the  handsome  church  cif  Santa  Engracia.  and  the 
church  of  San   Roque.     The  numerous    convents   which 
I  crown  the  hills,  and  appear  like  palaces  and  fortres-^es,  are 
I  for  the  most  part  massive  and  impeding  structures.    The 
palace  of  Necessidades,  in  which  the  meetings  of  the  Cortes 
are  held,  has  a  re.spectable  appearance ;  and  the  theatre  of 
I  San  Carlos,  or  Italian  Opera-house,  is  a  large  and  handsome 
edifice.    But  unquestionably  the  most  remarkable  specimen 
of  architecture  of  which  Lisbon  can  boast,  and  oiie  of  the 
greatest  works  of  the  kind  either  in  ancient  or  in  modern 
times,  is  the  aqueduct  which  conveys  water  to  the  city,  from 
springs  rising  near  the  village  of  Bellas,  about  lOj  miles 
distant.     It  is  partly  conducted  under  ground,  but  on  ap- 
proaching Lisbon  it  crosses  a  deep  valley,  which  is  spanned 
for  nearly  2500  feet  by  a  bridge  of  30  arches,  the  loftiest  of 
which  is  240  feet  high,  and  110  feet  wide. 

The  scientific  and  literary  institutions  comprise  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences,  founded  in  the  Iatt«r  part  of  last  cen- 
tury; College  of  the  Nobles;  Royal  Marine  Academy,  or 
school  of  navigation  and  ship-building,  with  its  observatory; 
Royal  Academy  of  Artillery  and  Engineers,  Hoyal  Military 
College,  School  of  Music.  National  Library,  in  PraradoCom- 
mercio,  containing  about  150,000  volumes,  and  that  of  the 
Cortes  in  the  Necessidades,  of  about  30,000  volumes:  the 
Royal  Schools  of  Vicente  de  Fora,  for  instruction  in  philo- 
sophy, geometry,  physics,  and  the  ancient  languages  ;  Koyal 
School  of  Drawing  and  Civil  Architecture,  and  numerous 
primary  or  elementary  schools.  The  buildings  belonging 
to  some  of  these  institutions  are  spacious.  The  places  appro- 
priated to  public  amusement  are  very  few,  consisting  of  the 
Italian  opera-house,  the  new  national  tlieatre,  and  an  eree 
tion  for  the  exhibition  of  bull-fights. 

Lisbon  is  admirably  situated  for  commerce.  The  harbor,  or 
rather  the  roadstead,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world;  and 
the  quays,  which  extend  between  2  and  3  miles  along  the 
hank  of  the  river,  are  elegant  and  commodious.  The  entrance 
of  the  Tagus  is  guarded  by  Fort  St.  Julian,  on  the  N.,  with  a 
lighthouse  120  feet  above  sea-level;  and  Fort  Bugio,  having 
a  lighthouse  66  feet  high,  stands  near  the  S.  bank.  Farther 
up  the  river,  and  forming  a  W.  suburb  to  Lisbon,  a  short 
distance  beyond  the  Alcantara,  stands  the  town  of  Belem, 
with  its  well-known  Tower,  one  of  the  defences  of  the  har- 
bor. There  are  two  channels  by  which  the  river  may  be 
entered,  one  on  the  S.,  with  a  minimum  depth  on  the  bar 
of  6  fathoms;  and  another,  on  the  N.,  with  a  minimum 
depth  of  4  fathoms.  Within  the  roadstead  the  water  is 
about  20  fathoms  in  mid-channel,  but  gradually  shoals 
towards  the  edge.  The  commerce  of  Lisbon,  which  was 
formerly  very  extensive,  has  greatly  fallen  off  since  the 
separation  of  Brazil  from  the  crown  of  Portugal.  The 
exports  consist  chiefly  of  wine,  oil,  fruit,  and  salt;  and  the 
principal  imports  are  hemp,  flax,  corn,  silk,  linep.  cotton, 
and  woollen  cloths,  iron,  steel,  hardware,  dried  fish,  ale, 
porter,  and  coals.  In  1843,  the  total  exports  amounted  to 
£398,840:  and  the  imports  to  £1.544.760,  The  domestic 
manufactures  are  silk,  paper,  and  .soap,  all  of  very  bad 
quality ;  there  are  also  sugar  refineries  and  potteries.  The 
goldsmiths  and  jewellers  are  highly  esteemed;  but  in  most 
of  the  mechanical  trades,  the  workmen  are  very  deficient. 

Lisbon  was  anciently  called  Olim'po  or  Uli/nipo.  some  sav  on 
account  of  its  foundation  being  ascribed  to  t'lysscs.  Felicitai 
Julia  was  its  name  under  the  Romans.  It  was  captured  by 
the  Moors  in  716.  and  remained  in  their  possession  till  1145 
In  1755,  it  was  visited  by  an  earthquake,  which  threw  down 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  city,  and  destroyed  about  60,000 

1057 


J 


us 


3f  ifc)  InhftVrlaiiU  From  this  calamity,  traces  of  which  are 
still  visible,  it  has  never  thorouirhlv  recovered.  It  wa.«  talien 
by  the  French  in  1807  ;  but  resisted  an  attack  by  Ma.«sena  in 
1809.  The  population  is  very  mixed,  containing  nativee  from 
every  province  of  l^ortuiral.  numerous  nejrroes,  mulattoes, 
and  GallegoR.  or  natives  of  Galicia,  who  perform  the  greater 
part  of  the  heavy  laborious  worli,  and  are  water-carriers 
and  household  servants,  noted  for  their  honesty  and 
fidelity. 

LIS'BON,  a  po.«t-township  of  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  left  banlv  of  the  .\ndroscoggin  River,  at  the  junction  of 
Lebatis  River,  and  on  the  railroad  in  progress  from  Lewiston 
to  Topsham,  26  miles  X.N.E.  of  Portland.  The  Lebatis  affords 
water-power,  considered  equal  to  the  best  in  tlie  ftat«,  and 
employed  in  driving  a  woollen  factory  and  numerous  esta-  , 
blishments  for  the  manufacture  of  various  icinds  of  lumber. 
The  Andro.scoggin  is  here  crossed  by  a  toll-bridge.  The  j 
township  contains  3  villages.     Pop.  1376.  | 

LISBON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grafton  co..  New  | 
Hampshire,  on  both  sidesoftheLower  Ammonoosuck, about 
81  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord.    It  has  manufectures  qf  starch, 
pearl-ashes,  &c.    Pop.  1886.  I 

LISBON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  London  co.,  ' 
Connecticut,  alx)ut  20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  London,  on  the  j 
Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad.  It  has  manufactures  of  ! 
cotton  machinery,  cotton  goods,  flannels,  &c.     Pop.  1262.         j 

LISBON,  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York,  ! 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  with  a  station  on  the  Northern 
Bailroad,  9  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg.  An  act  was  passed 
April  6,  1850.  authorizing  the  construction  of  a  dam  extend- 
ing from  Gallopville  in  this  township  to  Gallop  Island  in  the 
St.  Lawrence,  a  distance  of  about  1200  feet.  The  fall  to  be  ; 
obtained  is  estimated  at  from  6  to  8  feet,  affording  an 
hydraulic  power  of  almost  incalculable  amount  This  being 
at  the  foot  of  navigation  for  sail-ve.ssels'on  the  lakes,  the 
position  is  cou.sidered  very  favorable  to  the  establishment 
of  a  commercial  as  well  as  a  manufacturing  town.  The 
post-offices  in  the  township  .are  called  Lisbon,  Lisbon  Centre, 
and  SlackvilJe.    Organized  in  1801.     Pop.  5640. 

LISBON,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  about 
22  miles  S.S  E.  of  Trenton. 

LISBON,  a  post-village  in  Howard  co.,  Maryland,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

LISBON,  a  postrvillage  in  Bedford  co.,  Virginia,  150  miles 
W. by  S.  of  Richmond. 

LISBON,  a  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Georgia,  on  the  Broad 
River.  106  miles  N.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

LISBON,  a  postoftice  of  Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana. 

LISBON,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Arkansas,  12  miles 
N.  of  El  Dorado. 

LISBON,  a  pist-ofBco  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  135  miles 
Jf.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

LISBON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  in  Kendall 
00.,  Illinois,  situated  on  an  extensive  and  fertile  prairie,  61 
miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.  The  village  has  an  academy  and 
eeveral  stores.     I'op.  about  400;  of  the  township,  1222. 

LISBON,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa. 

LISBON,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Waukesha  co., 
Wisconsin,  62  miles  E.  of  Madison.    Pop.  1426. 

LISBON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  Northern  Railroad,  9  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg. 
There  is  here  a  large  depot  100  feet  by  50,  at  which  but  little 
business  however  is  done. 

LIS'BURN,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and  parish 
of  Ireland,  Ulster,  counties  of  Down  and  Antrim,  on  the 
Lagan.  6j  miles  S.S.W.  of  Belfast,  with  which  town  it  com- 
municates by  railway.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  69.32.  It  has  a 
spacious  cathedral  churcli  for  the  diocese  of  Down  and 
Connor,  containing  a  monument  to  .Jeremy  Taylor,  who  died 
bishop  here  in  1067 ;  remains  of  a  castle  built  by  Lord  Conway 
in  1610.  and  burnt,  together  with  the  town,  in  1707 ;  a  court- 
house, an  infirmary  for  the  county  of  Antrim,  fever  hospital, 
free  school,  union  workhouse,  linen  hall,  large  market^house, 
and  assembly  rtK)m.s,  with  thriving  manufactures  of  linen, 
and,  in  the  vicinity,  bleach-grounds.  A  canal  from  Lake 
Neajih  here  joins  the  I^agan,  by  which  goods  are  conveyed 
to  Belfast.  The  liorough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  gives  the  titles  of  Earl  and  Viscount  to  the 
Vaughan  family. 

LISBURN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvlania,  on  Yellowbreeches  Creek,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Harrisburg. 

LISBURN,  a  post-village  of  Sampson  co.,  North  Carolina, 
113  miles  S.  of  Raleigh. 

LISCA-BIANCA,  lisOci  be-anTii.  an  islet  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Liimri  group,  E.  of  Panaria. 

LISCA-NKU.V,  lis'kd  ni'rl  an  islet  of  the  Mediterranean, 
Lipari  group.  E.  of  i'anaria. 

LISCAN'OR.  a  village  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Clare, 
on  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  of  the  same  name,  4i  miles  W. 
Of  Ennistymon.    It  is  a  coast-guard  station. 

LIS'CAI'.I),  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

L1.SCHAU.  li.sh'iiw.  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  7  miles 
B.N.E.  of  liuclweis.     Pop.  22S3. 

JulJSCUNICZ,  llsh'nltch,  or  LISSNITZ,  UsVaits,  a  vlUage 
H»5« 


US 

of  Bohemia,  about  20  miles  from  Koniggriiti,  on  the  H  Ud 
Adler.     I'op.  1139. 

LISCIA.  lee'sh.i.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo- 
Citra,  12  miles  S.W.  of  11  Vasto.    i'op.  1238. 

LI'SH.\'S  KILL,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co.,  New  York. 

LISI-iNKA,  le-se-dn'ki,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiev,  with  mineral  baths.  Pop. 
2500. 

LISI.\NSKY,  le-se-.^n'skee.  a  small  low  coral  Island  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean ;  lilt.  26°  3'  N..  ion.  173°  42'  W. 

LISIEUX.  lee'ze-lh',  (anc.  Aeomf^lgus  or  Lexolvium^  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  on  the  Touques,  27  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Caen.  It  is  beautifully  situated  between  two 
gorges,  forming  the  entrance  into  a  rich  and  fertile  valley, 
and  is  surrounded  by  villas  and  gardens.  The  houses,  though 
lofty,  are  of  wood,  and  have  genenilly  a  decayed,  gloomy 
look;  while  the  street-*  are  mostly  narrow  and  winding. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  a  fine  Gothic  edifice  of  the  12th  century; 
an  episcopal  palace,  a  handsome  structure ;  and  a  theatre. 
The  manufactures  are  muslin,  broadcloth,  flannel,  mole- 
skins, hair-cloth,  ribbons,  and  weaving-combs.  There  are 
also  worsted  and  cotton,  paper  and  fulling  mills,  bleach- 
fields,  dye-works,  and  tanneries;  and  a  trade  in  corn,  fruit, 
cider,  hemp,  flax,  cattle,  &.C.  Lisicux  is  tlie  seat  of  courts 
of  first  resort  and  commerce,  a  consulting  cliaml-er  of  manr 
factures,  a  small  seminary,  and  a  communal  college.  It  waa 
taken  and  almost  completely  destroyed  in  the  4th  century 
by  the  Saxons,  who  employed  the  materials  of  the  old  in 
founding  a  new  town.  Four  centuries  after,  it  was  taken 
and  pillaged  by  the  Normans,  who  afterwards  kept  posses- 
sion. In  1130.  during  an  incursion  of  the  Britons,  it  was 
almost  burned  down.  It  wa.s  subsequently  taken  hv  Philip 
Augustus  in  1203;  by  the  English  in  1415;  by  Charles  VII. 
of  France  in  1448;  by  the  Leaguers  in  1571;  and  lastly,  by 
Ilenrj-  IV.  of  France,  in  1588.  During  these  events  the 
Bishop  of  Lisieux  took  the  title  of  Prince,  and  comlined  the 
temporal  with  the  spiritual  power.     Pop.  11.345. 

LlSKE.\.RD,  lls-kard',  or  LESKEA5{D,  a  parliamentary 
and  municipal  borough  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cornwall,  on  tbe  Looe,  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  i'lymouth. 
Pop.  3001.  It  is  irregularly  built  on  a  rocky,  uneven  site; 
has  a  large  Gothic  church,  a  handsome  town-hall,  national 
school,  literary  and  philosophical  society,  and  branch  bank ; 
and  a  traffic  in  the  produce  of  the  adjacent  tin,  copper,  and 
lead  mines.    It  returns  1  memlxT  to  the  House  of  Ci  'Uimons. 

LISKO,  lisHio,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Sanok.  on  the  San.     Pop.  2329. 

LISKOVi),  lis-ko'vo,  a  village  of  Russia,  government  and 
50  miles  S.E.  of  Nizhnee-Novgorod,  with  4000  inhabitants, 
and  extensive  horse  and  cattle  fairs. 

LISLE,  n  city  of  France.    See  Lills. 

LISLE,  leel,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Dor- 
dogne.  on  the  Dronne,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Perigueux.    P.  1790. 

LISLE,  lile,  a  post- township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Broome  co.,  New  York,  125  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  1791. 

LISLE,  a  post-village  in  Osage  co.,  Missouri,  on  Osage 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Mauvalse  Creek,  12  miles  S.W.  by  W 
of  Jefferson  City. 

LIS'LEE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  5Iunster,  co.  of  Cork. 

L'ISLET,  lee'lA',  a  co.  of  Canada  East,  extending  from  the 
St.  Lawrence  on  the  N.W.  to  the  state  of  JIaine  on  the  S.E, 
and  comprising  an  area  of  122<.)  square  miles.    Pop.  19,641. 

L'ISLET,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  L'Islet,  on 
the  S.  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  48  miles  below  Quebec. 
It  contains  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  4  or  5  stores,  a  carding 
and  sever.ll  other  mills. 

LISMOR  E,  liz-mor',  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Argyle.  at  the  entrance  of  Loch  Linnhe,  7  miles  N.N.W. 
;  of  Oban.  Area  about  8(X)0  acres.  Pop.  1399.  It  was  the 
ancient  seat  of  the  bishops  of  .\rgyle;  has  remains  of  their 
castle  and  cathedral ;  the  chancel  of  which  latter  is  now 
used  as  the  parish  church, 

LISMORE',  an  episcopal  city  and  parish  of  Irel.ind.  Mun- 
ster,  counties  of  Waterford  and  Cork.  Ill  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Dublin.  Pop.  of  town  3007.  It  possesses  one  of  the  finest 
bai-onial  castles  in  Ireland,  originally  founded  by  King 
John,  and  recently  restored:  a  new  cathedral,  with  elegant 
Interior;  a  large  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  grammar  and  other 
schools,  almshouses,  a  union  workhouse,  fever  hospitals, 
and  court-house.  There  is  but  little  trade  beyond  that  of  a 
salmon  fishery,  though  a  can.il  has  been  carried  thence  to 
where  the  Blaokwater  Iiecomes  navigable.  Lismorewasthe 
birthplace  of  Boyle  and  of  Congrefe. 

LISMORE-wiTH-APPIN,a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
Including  the  island  of  Lismore,  and  a  great  extent  of  terri- 
tory on  the  adjoining  mainland. 

JJISWADILiy,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  .Armagh. 

LISNASKE.\,  lis^nas-kil/,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Ferm.inagh,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Enniskillen.     Pop.  915. 

LISONZO,  a  river  of  Illvria.     See  Isonzo. 

LISPITZ.  lis'pits.  or  BLISKOWICK,  blis-ko-*eet'sA,  a  msr- 
ket-town  of  Moravia.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Znavm.     Pon.  1249. 

LISSA,  lis'sl,  (Slavic.  YU:  L.  M'a.)  an  island  or  Da!  natla, 
In  the  Adriatic,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Spalatro     CI  ef  products, 


LIS 


LIT 


wine,  oil,  almonds,  and  anchoTies.  The  principal  town, 
LiMsa  or  f'an  (iiorjjio,  has  a  good  harbor.  It  is  built  pictu- 
rerajaely  in  the  form  of  an  anipliitheatre.  Pop.  2800.  From 
1810  to  1816  tliis  island  was  hold  by  the  IJngli.sh,  when  it  had 
a  depot  of  Knglish  manufactures,  and  a  population  of  12,000. 

IjLS.'^A,  lis'sd,  (Polish  Lkszw),  K^sh'no,]  a  town  of  Prussian 
Poland,  42  miles  S.S.W.  of  Posen.  I'op.  8730,  of  whom 
about  4000  are  .Jews.  It  is  mortly  built  of  wood,  but  has  a 
castle,  Roman  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  2  Calvinist  cliurches, 
u  synagogue,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  leather, 
and  tobacco,  and  a  trade  in  wine.  It  was  the  original  seat  of 
the  Leczinskl  family,  auce-stors  of  Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland. 

L1."<S.\1{0\.    See  Lisbon. 

LI.SS.\.  NEW,  noi  lis's;!,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  21  miles  N.E. 
of  Prague,  with  2513  inhabitants,  and  a  castle. 

LIS/SA-V,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  counties  of  Tyrone 
and  Londonderrj'. 

LI.SSHi,  li.s'seh.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
North  Holland.  9  mill's  S.  of  Haarlem. 

LISSK,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South 
Holland,  l(i  miles  S.W.  of  Amsterdam.     Pop.  1544. 

LL-J.-^KWEGIIE,  leesH-aig',  a  village  of  IJelgium,  province 
of  West  Klanders.  6  miles  N.  of  Hruges.     Pop.  1458. 

LI.S'SI.XUTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LISSITZ,  lis'sits.  a  market-towD  of  Moravia,  with  a  cas- 
tle, 18  miles  N.N.W.  of  BrUnn.     Pop.  1.370. 

LISSOXE,  lis-so'nd,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  N.W.  of  Mon- 
«a.     Pop.  2827. 

L1SS(.).\UF'FY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of 
Koscommon. 

LISSUS.    See  AtESSio. 

LIS'TO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LISTOW'EL,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Kerry,  on  the  Eeale,l(;i  miles  N.N. E.  of  Tralee.  Pop.  2598.  It 
has  ruins  of  a  stately  castle,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Enrls 
of  Desmond.     It  gives  the  title  of  Karl  to  the  Hare  family. 

LISTKAC,  lees^trdk',  a  vill.age  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1803. 

LISZ.\,  a  village  of  Austria.     See  Lesza. 

LISZ.\,  lis's('ih\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  23 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Trentschin.     Pop.  2523. 

L)8ZK.\.-0LASZI,  liss'koh'-oMSs'.'^ee^  a  market-town  of 
Ilungary,  county  and  22  miles  S.W.  of  Zemplin,  on  the 
Bodrog.     Pop.  2556. 

LISZKOFALVA,  lis.s'koTjl'vfih\  orl,lSZKOVA,lis'ko'vOh\ 
B  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Liptau,  on  the  Waag,  2  miles 
from  l!o.senl)erg.     Poji.  1423. 

LITAKOU.  South  Africa.     See  Lattakoo. 

LITANY.  EL.  ol  loe^rnee,  or  LIETTANI,  le-ft-td'nee.  (anc. 
LmnHes.)  a  river  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  rises  near 
B;i;ilbee,  Hows  between  Lebanon  and  Anti-Ijibanus,  and 
enters  the  Mediterranean,  6  miles  N.  of  Tyre.  Near  its 
mouth  it  is  called  EI  Kasimeeyeh,  (or  El-Kaviniiyeh.) 

T.ITf'H'A.M.  a  market-town  arid  parish  of  England,  co.of 
Korf  ilk.  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  SwalTham.     Pop.  846. 

LlTrilFlKLD,  a  town  of  England.    See  LiCHFiEtD. 

LITCII  HOROUGII.  a  parish  of  England.   See  Liciiborouoh. 

LITCH'FIKLD,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Oonnecticut,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles,  being  the 
largest  county  in  the  state.  It  is  intersected  liy  the  Housa^ 
tonic  River,  by  which,  and  the  Farmington  River,  with  their 
tributaries,  it  is  chiefly  watered.  The  streams  supply  motive 
power  to  numerous  factories  and  mills.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  in  some  parts  mountainous.  The  soil  is  good, 
and  generally  well  cultivated.  In  1850,  the  county  produced 
109.2:58  tons  of  hay.  and  1,248.588  pounds  of  butter,  greater 
quantities  of  each  than  were  proiluced  by  any  other  county 
in  the  state.  It  abounds  in  iron  ore.  which  is  extensively 
manufactured.  The  railroad  connecting  Bridgeport  with 
Albany  traverses  the  county,  and  that  extending  from  Derby 
to  Winsted  nearly  intersects  it.  Organized  in  1651,  and 
nameil  from  Lichfield  or  Litchfield,  a  city  in  England.  Capital, 
Litchfield.     Pop.  47,318. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kennebec 
CO.,  Maine,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1702. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  township  of  Hillsborough  co..  New  Ilamp- 
sliire,  on  tlie  left  bank  of  the  Merrimack  Kiver,  about  28 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  352. 

LITCHFIKLD,  a  beautiful  post-village  and  the  seat  of 
.'ustice  of  Litchfield  co..  Connecticut.  31  miles  W.  of  Hart 
ford,  and  37  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  New  Haven.  The  village 
is  .situated  on  an  elevation,  surrounded  by  rich  and  varied 
scenery.  One  of  the  largest  lakes  in  the  state  lies  in  full 
view.  The  principal  dwellings  and  stores  are  on  two  streets, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  at  the  intersection  of 
which  is  a  handsome  park.  Besides  the  county  buildings, 
it  contains  a  Congregsitional,  Methodist,  and  an  Episcopal 
church,  a  branch  of  the  Phoenix  Bank  of  ILartford,  a  na- 
tional bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  retreat  for  the  insane,  an 
insurance  office,  the  offices  of  several  nickle  mining  com- 
panies, and  furnaces  for  smelting  and  refining  nickle  ore. 
The  outlet  of  the  lake  furnishes  an  extensive  hydraulic 
povor,  at  present  improved  only  for  a  paper-mill,  oil-mill, 
and  iiatinet  &ctor-y.  There  are  also  in  the  township  a  pnd- 
dliu^  forgo  and  a  clock  factory.    Indian  name  Bantam. 


Incorporated  in  1719.    Population  of  the  township,  in  1850, 
3957  :  in  1860,  3200. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Herkimer  co..  New 
York,  VI  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Utica.     Pop.  1520. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bradford  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1200. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  post- village,  capital  of  Grayson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 110  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

LITC 1 1  FIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Medina  cO-, 
Ohio,  about  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Medina.     Pop.  1118. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsdale 
CO.,  Mi(  higan,  on  the  St.  Joseph's  Kiver,  12  miles  N.W.  cf 
Hillsdale.    The  village  contains  3  cliurches,  2  stores,  2  mills, 
and  1  foundry.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1855. 
LITCHFIELD.  Illinois.    See  Appinmx. 

LITCHFIELD  COKNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine. 

LITII,  lit,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North  Bra- 
bant, 9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bois-le  Due,  on  the  Mouse,  hero 
crossed  by  a  bridge.     Pop.  1279. 

LITHADA,  a  cape  of  Greece.    See  Cape  LiTn.\DA. 

LITHANO,  leeHhdng',  or  LITANG.  leeHdng',  a  town  of 
Thibet,  47  miles  W.  of  the  confines  of  the  Chinese  province 
of  Sechuen ;  lat.  30°  2'  N.,  Ion.  99°  50'  E.  It  is  built  on  the 
sides  of  a  hill  rising  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  but  almost 
barren  plain ;  has  two  large  Lama  monasteries,  in  one  of 
which  is  a  pre.ss  for  printing  Boodhlst  books:  and  a  brisk 
trade  in  gold  dust,  chajilets  of  blat  k  beads,  and  bowls  formed 
from  the  roots  of  the  vine  and  the  box-tree.  A  garrison  of 
Chinese  soldiers  is  stationetl  here. 

LITH'EltLAND,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LITH'GOW,  a  post-villageof  Dutchess  co.i  New  York,  about 
75  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany. 

LITHO'NIA,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Georgia  Kailroad,  20  miles  E.  of  Atlanta. 

LITIIOP'(  »LIS,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
road  from  Columbus  to  Lancaster,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of 
the  former.     Pop.  in  IStO,  about  500. 

LITHUANIA,  llth-u-il/ne-a,  (I'olish,  Litwa,  litAvi;  Ger. 
Littauen,  or  Litliauen,  lit-tow'en ;  Fr.  Litlmunie.  lee'tU^d^nee',) 
an  ancient  territory  of  Europe;  bounded  N.  by  Courland, 
E.  by  Russia,  S.  by  Poland,  and  W.  by  Prussia.  This  terri- 
tory, which,  in  the  11th  century,  was  tributary  to  Kussia, 
threw  off  the  yoke  in  th»  13th  century,  and  became  a  grand- 
duchy  under  liingold.  One  of  his  succes.sorg.  named  Gede- 
min,  subdued  part  of  Russia;  and  another,  called  .lagellon, 
by  marrying  the  Polish  Princess  Hedwig.  towards  the  end 
of  the  14th  century,  beiame  king  of  Poland,  and  thus  united 
the  grand-duchy  to  that  kingdom.  On  the  first  pardtion  of 
Poland  in  1773,  a  considerable  portion  of  Lithuania  was 
appi-opriat«!d  by  Kussia,  and  formed  into  the  governments  of 
MoheeUiV  and  Vitebsk ;  the  remainder,  still  united  to  the 
Polish  monarchy,  constituted  six  woiwod.s — Wilua,  Troki. 
Polozk  or  Vitebsk,  Novogi-odek,  Brzcsc.  and  Minsk — the  firtit 
two  forming  Lithuania  proper,  and  the  other  four  Kussian 
Lithuania.  By  the  subsequent  partitions  of  Poland  in 
1793  and  1795,  Bussia  obtained  a.s  much  of  Lithuania  as 
formed  the  governments  of  Wilna.  Grodno,  and  Minsk; 
while  Prussia  obtained  a  portion  which  is  now  inchuled  in 
the  government  of  Gumbinnen,  province  of  Eastern  Prussia. 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Lithuanian,  liih-u-:Vne-an. 

LITIZ,  lit/its,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co..  PePD.sylvania, 
8  miles  N.  of  Lancaster,  is  a  Jloravian  settlement,  with  neai 
and  substantial  buildings.  It  contains  a  female  seminary, 
and  an  academy  for  boys.     Laid  out  in  1767. 

LITKE,  lit/ka\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  co. 
of  Neo'/rad,  4  miles  from  Szakall.    I'op.  855. 

LITKE,  FKNYES.  fen>?sh'  lit/kA\  a  village  of  Ilungary, 
CO.  of  Szabolcs,  2  miles  from  Kisvarda.     Pop.  1174. 

LITRY,  a  village  of  France.    See  Littrt. 

LITSCH.\U,  lit/shuw,  a  frontier  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
on  the  Launitz,  80  miles  N.W.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  657. 

LITTAU.  lit/tiiw,  (Moravian  Littnwle,  lit-tovO.'i.)  a  town  of 
Moravia,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Prague,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Olmiitz.  Pop.  2280,  mostly  engaged  in  mauulao- 
tures  of  woollen  cloth,  muslin,  and  hosicrv. 

LITTEKMORE'  or  LETTEKMORE'.  an  island  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Gal  way,  on  the  S.  side  of 
Kilkinan  Bay.     It  has  a  coast-guard  station. 

LIT'TERMUL/LIN.  an  island  of  Ireland,  county  and  27 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Galway,  is  about  1  mile  long. 

LIT'TLE  BAY,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co..  Arkansas. 

LITTLE  BEaA'EK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Penn.oyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1104. 

LITTLE  BEAVER  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana 
CO.,  Ohio. 

LITTLE  BEAVER  RIVER,  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  flows 
into  the  Ohio  River  near  the  boundary  between  Ohio  and 
Pennsvlvania,  14  miles  below  Beaver. 

LITTLE  BLACK  RIVER,  rises  in  Ripley  co..  Missouri, 
and  enters  Current  Hiver  in  Randolph  co.,  Arkar.s.TS. 

LITTLE  BLUE  RIVER,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  Blue 
River  near  Shelbyville. 

LIT'TLEBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

LITTLEBOROUGH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  I-aucaa- 

1069 


LIT 


LIT 


ter,  parish  hnd  3J  mWet.  E.N.K.  of  Rochdale,  at  the  foot  of 
Blackstone  Kdge,  with  u  statinn  on  the  JIanrhester  and 
fjceds  Ifai'wr.v.     It  was  anciently  a  Roman  station. 

LlT'TLKBi)URXE,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Kent. 

LITTLE  BILXZ/OS,  a  river  of  Te.\as,  is  a  puiall  stream 
which  extends  across  Rohertson  co.,  panillel  with  Brazos 
Kiver,  and  then  enters  that  river  a  few  miles  W.  of  Boonville. 

LITTLK  BUEWsTER  ISL.IXD.  at  the  N.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  Boston  llarlior,  Massachusetts.  It  contains  a 
revolving  light  82  feet  al)Ove  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  42° 
19'  48"  N.,  Ion.  70°  53'  30"  W. 

LITTLE  BRIT'AIX,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York. 

LITTLE  BI'JTAIN,  a  township  of  Lancaster  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  18J2. 

LITTLE  BR1T.\IX,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LITTLE  BRO'KE\STR.\W  CREEK,  of  Warren  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania,  falls  into  Big  Brokenstraw  Creek. 

LITTLE  BCLL  FALLS,  a  f<jst-offlce  of  Marathon  co., 
Wisconsin. 

LITTf.EBURY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

LITTLE  BUSII'KILL  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  Into 
Bushkill  Creek  in  Pike  co. 

LITTLEBY,  a  post-office  of  .\udruln  co.,  Missouri. 

LITTLE  CAN'ADA,  a  post-office  of  Ramsay  county,  Min- 
nesota. 

LITTLE  CATA\VBA  RIVER,   of  North   Carolina.     See 

C.ITAWnA. 

LITTLE  CnA7,Y  RITER,  of  Clinton  co..  New  York,  falls 
Into  Lake  Champlain. 

LITTLE  CIIUCK'EY.  a  postoffice  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

LITTLE  CHUTE,  (shoot.)  a  thriving  post-village  of  Outo- 
ganiie  co.,  AVisconsin,  on  Fox  River,  105  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Madi.son     It  has  1  church,  3  stores,  and  1  frrist-mill. 

LITTLE  CLEAR/FIELD  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  falls 
into  Clearfield  Creek,  iu  the  county  of  the  same  name, 

LITTLE  CLIFTY,  a  postoffice  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky. 

LITTLE  COAL  RIVER,  in  the  W.  part  of  Virginia,  rises 
In  Logan  co.  by  two  branches,  calletl  the  Pond  and  Spruce 
Fork.',  and  falls  into  Coal  River  in  Kanawha  co. 

LITTLE  COMl'TOX.  a  postrtownship  of  Newport  co,, 
Rhode  Island,  on  the  Atlantic,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Providence. 
Pop.  l.'?04 

LITTLE  COMPTON.  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Slissourl. 

LITTLE  CREEK,  a  hundred  in  Kent  eo.,  Delaware.  Pop. 
2649. 

LITTLE  CREEK  LANIVINQ,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co., 

LITTLE  CUM'BERLAXD  ISLAND,  S.  side  of  the  entrance 
to  Santilla  River,  Georiria.  On  the  N.  end  is  a  fixed  light 
63  feet  high.     Lat.  30°  58'  30"  N.,  Ion.  81°  37'  W. 

LITTLE  CUYAHOGA  (kI-a-ho'g.?)  RIVER,  Ohio,  joins  the 
main  stream  in  Summit  co.,  near  Akron. 

LITTLE  DAR/BY  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  Darby 
Creek  about  14  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

LITTLE  DETROIT',  a  post-village  of  Tazewell  CO.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Illinois  River,  70  miles  N.  of  Springfield. 

LITTLE  EA'GLE,  a  postoffice  of  Scott  co.,  Kentucky. 

LITTLE  EGG  IIAR'BOR,  a  township  of  Burlington  co., 
New  .lersej-.     Pop.  2375. 

LITTLE  EGG  HAR/BOR  BAY.  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  New 
Jer.sey.  between  New  Inlet  and  Barnegat  Bay.  Length, 
about  10  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  '^i  or  4  miles. 

LITTLE  EGG  HARBOR  RIVER,  of  New  .lersey,  is  formed 
by  several  small  branches,  which  unite  at  Plea.«ant  Mills. 
Pursuing  a  south-easterly  course,  it  forms  the  boundary 
between  Burlington  and  Atlantic  counties,  and  flows 
through  Great  Bay  into  the  ocean.  It  is  navigable  by  sloops 
25  miles  from  its  mouth. 

LIT'TLE  ELK'H.VRT,  a  post-office  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana. 

LITTLE  ELKHART  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  La 
Grange  co.,  and  enters  the  St.  Joseph's  River  at  Bristol. 

LITTLE  ELM,  a  post-office  of  Denton  co..  Texas. 

LITTLE  FALLS  or  ROCKTON,  a  post-village  in  Rockton 
township,  Herkimer  co.,  New  York,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Mohawk  River,  and  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  76 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  It  is  situated  in  a  narrow  and 
romantic  valley.  The  river  falls  over  rocky  rapids,  descend- 
ing 42  feets  in  the  course  of  three-quarters  of  a  mile,  and 
furnishing  great  water-power.  The  Erie  Canal  here  passes 
by  a  deep  cut  in  the  solid  rock,  through  a  picturesque  defile, 
2  miles  in  extent.  Granite  rocks  rise  on  both  sides  of  the 
valley,  to  the  height  of  about  500  feet.  The  village  contains 
7  churches,  a  bank,  3  iiewsi)aper  offices,  4  paper-mills,  1  cot- 
ton-mill, 2  woollen  factories,  2  flour-mills,  1  axe-factory,  Ac, 
The  feeder  of  the  canal  crosses  the  river  by  a  handsome 
aqueduct,  with  an  arch  of  70  feet  span.  Population  in 
1^60,  5989. 

IXPTLE  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Pa.ssaic  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Morris  Canal,  which  is  here  carried  across  the  Passaic 
River  by  an  aque<Iuct  4  miles  S.W.  of  Pater.son.  It  has 
exteiifive  water-power,  with  several  manufactories. 

LITTLE  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Benton  county,  Min- 
nesota. 

LITTLE  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 
lOGO 


LITTLE  FLAT  ROCK  CREEK,  Indianii,  flows  into  the 
Flat  Rock,  7  miles  N.\V.  of  Greensbur^ih 

LITTLEFORT,  Illinois     See  W.\i  kkgax. 

LITTLE  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

LITTLE  GEN'ESEiy.  a  po,«t-village  in  the  S.V\ .  r«rtof 
Alleghany  co..  New  York,  250  miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Albanv. 

LITTLi;  GRANT,  a  post-township  of  Grant  CO..  Wisconsin. 

LITTLE  GREEN  L.4KE,  in  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin,  lies 
about  4  miles  S.  of  Green  Lake.  It  is  H  miles  long,  and  1 
mile  wide.  Its  waters  are  v<-ry  deep,  and  remarkably  pure. 
The  scenery  around  is  exceedingly  beduliful  and  picturesque. 
On  the  N,  side,  tor  more  than  a  mile,  the  shore  is  composed 
of  Ijeautiful  white  sandstone,  rising  in  some  places  like  a 
wall,  70  or  80  feet  in  height. 

LITTLE  GROAE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

LITTLE  GUN'POWDER,  a  postoffice  of  Baltimore  co., 
Maryland. 

LITTLE  GUYANDOTTE.  (phi'andott/,)  a  river  in  the  W. 
part  of  Virginia,  falls  into  ihe  Ohio,  after  furming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Mason  aud  Cabell  counties. 

LITTLEHAM  with  KXMOUTU,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon. 

LI  VTLEII.AMPTON,  a  maritime  town  and  watering  place 
of  England,  co.  of  Sussex.  18  miles  W.  of  Brighton.  Kope- 
making  and  ship-building  are  c.irriod  on.  and  there  is  an 
iron  foundry.  The  harbor  formed  by  the  influx  of  the  .Arun 
into  the  English  Channel,  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  is 
accessible  to  vessels  of  considerable  burden.  The  trade  is 
principally  in  coals,  provisions,  and  timber  from  America 
and  the  Baltic.     Pop.  iu  1851,  2436. 

LITTLE  ISLAND,  an  island  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Cork,  in  the  harbor,  4  miles  E.  of  the  city. 

LITTLE  UOCir.HOCKaNG,  a  post-office  of  Washington 
CO.,  Ohio. 

LITTLE  JUNIATA  Pennsvlvania.     See  Ju.viata. 

LITTLE  KANAW'IIA,  a  river  of  West  Virginia,  rises  in 
Braxton  county,  passes  through  Gilmer.  Wirt,  and  Wood 
counties,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Parkersburg.  Its  genera] 
direction  is  W.N.W;  its  length  perhaps  150  miles.  The 
country  through  which  it  flows  is  hilly,  and  contains  ex- 
tensive beds  of  stone-ci^al.  and  a  number  of  salt  springs. 
This  river  is  navigable  only  a  few  miles. 

LITTLE  L.\KE,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  between  the 
parishes  of  Jefferson  aud  La  Fourche  Interior,  is  connected 
by  short  outlets  with  Baralaria  Ray.    Length  about  7  miles. 

LITTLE  LEVEL,  a  i)Ost  office  of  I'ocfihontas  co..  A'irginia. 

LITTLE  LOY'ALSOCK  CREEK,  an  alfluent  of  Loyalsock 
Creek,  in  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

LITTLE  M  AHO'NEY,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co., 
Pennsvlvania.     Pop. 

LITTLE  MAIIO'XING  CREEK,  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, flows  into  Mahoning  Creek. 

LITTLE  M.AKSH.  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia,  110  miles  N.X.W,  of  Harrisburg, 

LITTLE  MEAIVOWS,  a  postoffice  of  Susqnehanna  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

LITTLE  MIAMI  River,  of  Ohio,  ri.ses  in  the  S.W.  central 
part  of  the  state,  and  fi6wing  in  a  direction  nearly  S.W,, 
enters  the  Ohio  River  6  miles  above  Cincinnati. 

LITTLE  MILL  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

LITTLE  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Riclunond  co..  North 
Carolina. 

LITTLE  MlSSOrmi,  a  river  of  Arkan.^as,  rises  in  Polk 
county,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  siDuth-east- 
wardly,  empties  itself  into  Washita  River,  about  15  miles 
N,  of  Camden.    It  is  noted  for  turbid  water  and  rapid  cur- 
rent, and  hence  its  name. 
I      LITTLE  MISSOURI,  a  river  of  Missouri  Territory,  rises  in 
I  latitude  about  45°  N.,  and  flowing  north-easterlj'. "falls  into 
!  the  Jiissouri  River  ic  alicut  47°  40/ N.  lat.    Length  about 
300  miles. 

LITTLE  MOUNTAIN,  Penn.sylvania,  situated  in  the  S.E. 
I  part  of  Columbia  county,  S,  of  and  pariillel  to  Catawissa 
Mountain. 

LITTLE  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-offlce  of  Newberry  district, 
South  Carolina. 

LITTLE  MUDDY,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co,,  Illinois, 
140  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

LITTLE  MUN'CY  CREEK,  of  Lycoming  co..  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  Muncy  Creek  a  few  miles  above  Pennsborouch. 

LITTLE  MUSKINOa  M  RIVER.  Ohio,  rises  in  Jlo'nroe 
CO.,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio  about  8  mi'es  above  Mnrietta. 

LITTLE  O'BIOX,  a  river  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
flows  S.AV.  through  Hickman  co.,  and  enters  the  Mii^si-sippi 
a  few  miles  above  Mills  Point. 

LITTLE  OC.MULGEE.     See  OCMCIGEE. 

LITTLE  OGEECIIEE,    See  OcFKcnEE. 

LITTLE  OSAGE',  a  post-office  of  Kates  co..  Missouri 

LITTLE  PIGEON  (pij'un)  RIVER,  of  East  Tenncs.^ee,  is 
formed  by  two  forks,  the  East  and  South,  which  unite  at 
Sevier  Court  House.  After  a  north-westerly  course  of  about 
8  or  10  miles,  it  enters  French  Bmad  River 

LITTLE  PINE  CREEK,  a  postoffice  oi  Lycomine  .-o- 
Pennsylvania. 


LIT 


LIT 


LITTI^E  PI'N'EY,  a,  pogt-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Missouri. 
LITTLK  PINEY  CKKEK,  of  Pulaski  cq.,  Missouri,  enters 
the  (.iasoonaJe  from  the  right. 

LI'iVTLK  PLACKNTIA,  (pli-sJn'she-J,)  a  seaport  of  New- 
foundland, on  a  point  of  laud  projecting  from  the  W.  coast 
of  the  peninsula  formed  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  island. 
Lat.  47°  18'  X.,  ion.  53°  58'  W.  The  harbor  is  well  prote9ted, 
and  has  from  V  to  8  fathoms  of  water. 

LITTLE  PLYM/OUTH,  a  post-village  of  King  and  Queen 
CO.,  Virjrinia,  57  miles  E.  of  Kichmond. 

LIT'TLEPOKT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge,  with 
a  stution  on  the  Ea.st  Anglian  liailway,  4^^  miles  N.E.  of  Ely. 
LITT LEI'OUT  FKN,  England,  co.  of  Cambridge,  compri.ses 
about  28,000  acres,  and  is  drained  by  steam-engines. 

LITTLE  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa. 

LlT'l'LE  PKAI'KIE,  a  post-office  of  C'a.'is  co.,  Georgia. 

LITTl/E  PPvAliae,  a  post-office  of  Catahoula  parish, 
Louisiana. 

LITTLE  PRATKIE.  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Missouri. 

LITTLE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Walworth  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

LITTLE  PRAIRIE  RONDE,  a  pos^offlee  of  Cass  cc, 
Michigan. 

LIITLE  RACOON'  CREEK,  Indiana,  enters  the  Big  Ra- 
coon in  Parke  county. 

LIT'TLE  RAl'SIN  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Michigan, 
flows  ii]to  the  Raisin  River  near  Dundee,  in  Monroe  county. 

LITTLE  RED  RIVER,  of  Arkansas,  rises  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  the  state,  and,  idowing  south-easti'riy,  enters  the 
M'hite  River  on  the  E.  border  of  White  county.  The  length 
is  estimated  at  150  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats 
for  a  f-'W  miles. 

IjITTLK  rest,  a  post-offlceof  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  is  a  small 
affluent  of  Goose  Creek,  in  Loudon  county.  It  has  been 
rendered  navigable  from  its  mouth  to  Aldie,  by  means  of 
dams,  which  produce  valuable  water-power. 

LITTLE  Rl  VEJ{,  of  North  Carolina,  an  affluent  of  Cape 
Fear  River,  Hows  through  Cumberland  county,  from  the  W. 
Upper  Little  River  enters  the  Cape  i'ear  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  same  county. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina,  an  affluent  of  Yadkin 
River,  rises  in  Randolph  county,  and  enters  that  river  near 
the  N.W.  extremity  of  Richmond  county. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina,  a  small  affluent  of 
the  Neu.se,  rises  in  Wake  county,  and,  flowing  S.E.,  falls 
Into  the  Neuse  at  Waynesborough. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Abbeville  district.  South  Carolina, 
flows  southward,  and  enters  the  Savannah  at  the  S.  extre- 
mitv  of  the  district. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  ri.ses  in  Chester  dis- 
trict, and  flows  S.  through  Fairfield  district,  into  Broad 
River. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  in  Laurens  dis- 
trict, and  flows  S.E.  through  Newberry  district  into  Saluda 
River. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Georgia,  an  affluent  of  the  Oconee, 
rises  in  Morgan  county,  and.  flowing  S.E.,  enters  the  latter 
river  about  10  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Georgia,  rises  in  Oglethorpe  county, 
and  enters  the  Savannah  from  the  S.W.,  on  the  line  between 
Lincoln  and  Columbia  counties. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia,  a  small  stream 
which  flows  into  the  Withlacoochee  at  Troupville, 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Alabama,  flows  into  Alabama  River 
at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Monroe  county. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Louisiana,  commences  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Dugdemona  and  Castor,  at  the  N.  extremity  of 
Rapides  parish,  and  flows  S.E.  to  Catahoula  Lake.  After 
passing  through  the  lake  it  pursues  a  north-eastward 
cour.se,  and  unites  with  the  Washita  at  the  mouth  of  Tensas 
River.  It  is  navigable  by  small  steamboats  150  miles  from 
(ts  mouth. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Texas,  commences  at  the  confluence 
of  Leon  and  Lampasas  Rivers,  in  Bell  county,  and  flows 
south-eastward  into  Brazos  River,  near  Na.shville. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  East  Tennessee,  rises  at  the  base  of 
the  Smoky  Mountain,  in  Blount  co.,  and  flowing  through 
that  county  in  a  W.N.W.  direction,  enters  the  Holston  River 
about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Knoxville.  It  is  said  the  stream 
furnishes  great  motive  power. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  rises  near 
the  ^\'.  border  of  Todd  county,  and,  flowing  S.W.  and  then 
W.,  enters  the  Cumberland  River  in  Trigg  county,  about  8 
miles  W.  of  Cadiz. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  of  Indiana,  rises  In  Allen  county,  near 
(■'ort  Wayne,  and  enters  the  Wabash  2  miles  below  Hunting- 
ton. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Flovd  co.,  Virginia. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  a  pcst-office  of  Horry  district.  South 
Carolina. 

LIITLE  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Florida, 
35  miles  £.  by  S.  of  'i'iilahassee. 


LITTLE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Blount  co.,  Tennessee. 
LITTLE  RIA-ER    HAKBOI!,  Maine,  E.  of  .Macl.ias  Lay 
On  the  N.  side  is  a  fixed  light  23j  feet  high.    Lat.  44'  33'  N 
Ion.  07°  6'  W. 

LITTLE  RIVER  VILLAGE,  a  post- village  of  Androscoggii 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  River,  30  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Augusta. 

LITTLE  KOCK,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  cc,  North 
Carolina. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  capital  of  Arkansas,  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Pulaski  CO.,  on  the  right  or  southern  bank  of  Arkansas 
River,  about  300  miles  from  its  mouth.  155  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  SJemphis,  and  1065  miles  ^V.  by  S.  of  Washington.  Lat 
34°  40'  N.,  Ion.  83°- 10'  W.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  pro 
moutory,  or  bluff,  about  50  feet  high,  the  first  that  occurs  in 
ascending  the  river,  commanding  a  delightful  and  extensive 
view  of  the  surrounding  country.  The  State  House  is  a 
fine  brick  edifice,  rough  cast.  The  town  contains  a  United 
States  .\rsenal,  the  State  Penitentiary,  which  has  been  once 
or  twice  burned  down  by  the  convicts,  and  6  churches,  all 
handsomely  built  of  brick,  namely,  1  Presbyterian,  1  Episco- 
palian, 1  Methodist,  1  Christian,  and  2  Roman  Catholic. 
There  are  2  newspapers  published  here.  It  has  also  a  Masonic 
Hall,  an  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  and  several  seminaries.  The 
United  States  Court  for  the  Eastern  District  is  held  here. 
Many  of  the  residents  are  planters  who  own  e.states  in  this 
part  of  the  state.  Little  Rock  communicates  regularly  by 
steamboats  with  different  points  on  the  Arkan.sas  and  Mis- 
sissippi Rivers.  Good  clay  for  brick  is  found  in  the  vicinity ; 
also  quarries  of  fine  slate,  and  granite  very  like  the  Quincy 
granite,  but  not  so  hard.  A  company  has  been  formed  by 
a  number  of  gentlemen  from  Cincinnati  to  work  the  slate 
quarry,  which  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  The  origin  of 
the  name  Little  Rock  is  explained  as  follows: — In  ascending 
the  river  there  appears  on  the  south  bank,  rising  out  of  the 
water,  a  bald,  igneous  slate  rock,  which  at  low  water  is  about 
25  feet  above  the  surface,  but  at  high  water  is  almost  hidden 
from  view.  This  gives  name  to  the  city,  and  is  called  by 
the  townspeople  "the  Point  of  Rocks."  Two  miles  above 
this,  on  the  N.  bank,  is  another  rocky  bluff,  about  200  feet 
high,  which  is  called  the  "Big  Rock."  Pop.  in  1850,  2107; 
in  ISrO,  3727. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  a  pleasant  post-village  and  town.ship  of 
Kendall  co.,  Illinois,  27  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chicago.  I'op.  of 
the  township,  1708. 

LITAl'LE  ROCK/FISII,  a  postrofflce  of  Cumberland  co.. 
North  Carolina. 

LITTLE  ST.  JOSEPH'S  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  in 
Hillsdale  co..  Michigan,  and  pa.ssiug  into  Ohio,  enters  the 
St.  Joseph's  River  of  the  Maumee. 

LITTLE  SALT  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  Salt  Creek  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  Monroe  co. 

LIT'TLE  SANDUS/KY,  a  post-village  of  Wj-andot  CO..  Ohio, 
on  the  Sandusky  River,  54  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

LITTLE  SAN'DY,  a  post-offlce  of  Morgan  co..  Kentucky. 

LITTLE  SANDY  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Oswego  co., 
New  York,  falls  into  tho  K.  end  of  Lake  Ontario. 

LITTLE  SCHUYLKILL  (skool'kil)  RIVER,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, enters  the  Schuylkill  at  Port  Clinton. 

LITT'LE  SCIOTO,  a  river  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  state,  and  flows  into  the  Ohio  River,  8  miles  above 
Portsmouth. 

LITTLE  SIOUX  RIVER,  Iowa.    See  Int.^n  Y.vxket. 

LITTLE  SKIN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co..  Virginia. 

LITTLE  SO/DUS,  a  village  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York,  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Auburn. 

LITTLE  SODUS  BAY,  an  inlet  extending  from  the  S.  shors 
of  Lake  Ontario,  about  3i  miles  into  Cayuga  co.,  New  York 
It  receives  Little  Sodus  River. 

LITTLESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania,  aliout  30  miles  by  railroad  S.W.  of  York,  arid  10  miles 
S.E.  ofGettvsburg.     Pop.  702. 

LIT'TLE  'TALLAPOO'SA,  a  river  of  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
rises  in  Carroll  co.,  and  flowing  S.W.  into  Alabama,  enters 
the  Tallapoosa  in  Randolph  co. 

LITTLE  TO'BY'S  CREEK,  of  Elk  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  is  an 
affluent  of  Clarion  River. 

LITTLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

LITTLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LITTLETON  DREW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LITTLETON,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

LITTLETON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 

LITTLETON  PAN'NELL,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilt^. 

LITTLETON  on  SEV/ERN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

LITTLETON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 

LITTLET0N,WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grafton  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the 
Northern  Railroad,  about  90  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord.  The 
township  extends  many  miles  along  th«  Connecticut,  w  hich 

1061 


m 


LIT 


LIV 


liprfi  haf  a  o  msiderable  descent  known  as  the  "  Fifteen  SUle 
Falls."  ailoidiui?  an  ext-ansive  water-power.  Littleton  has 
manufactures  of  tjcythas,  iron  castings,  starch,  leather,  &c. 
Pop  of  the  township,  2292. 

LSTfLKTOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middleisex 
•■o.,  -Mas.sachu?etts,  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  31  miles 
W.X.W.  of  r...ston.     Pop.  1003. 

LITTLETO^,  a  village  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  5  miles 
N.  of  Monistown. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  Virginia. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-village  of  Ilalitax  co..  North  Carolina, 
78  miles  N.E.  of  Kaleigh.  , 

LITTLETON,  a  postrofBce  of  Richmond  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-village  of  Schuyler  CO.,  Illinois,  66 
miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

LITTLETON'  DEPOT,  (dee'po,)  a  small  village  of  AVarren, 
CO.,  North  Carolina. 

LITTLETON  ISLAND,  on  the  coast  of  Greenland,  in  lat 
78°  £0',  the  highest  Dolnt  reached  by  Capt.  Insiefield  in  1852. 

LITTLE  Tll.'iV'EKSE  BAY,  of  Lake  Michigan,  extends 
into  Kishkawkee  co.,  near  the  N.  end  of  the  lake. 

LIT'TLE  UTICA.a  post-offlce  of  Onoiidairaco..  New  York. 

LIT'TLE  VAL'LEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Catta 
raugus  CO.,  New  York,  near  the  juncticm  of  a  creek  of  its 
own  name  with  the  Alleghany  River,  and  on  the  New  Y'ork 
and  Erie  Railroad.  .'«  miles  S.E.  of  Dunkirk.     Pop.  1206. 

LITTLE  VALLEY,  a  village  in  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  160 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Chicago.  » 

LXT'TLEVILLE,  a  village  in  the  N.  part  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  Y'ork. 

LLTTLE  WABASH.  (wA.'bash.)  a  river  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Illinois,  rises  near  Paradise,  in  Coles  co..  and  llowing  south- 
erly, falls  into  the  Wabash  River,  lo  miles  fi-om  its  mouth. 

LITTLE  WAI^NUT  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Sciota 
River  in  Pickaway  co. 

LIT'TLE  W  Air  AJU'.  a  river  of  Minne.sota  Territory,  falls 
into  the  St.  Peter's  River  S.  of  Marah  Tanka  Lake;  length 
about  70  miles. 

LIT'TLE  WAR'KIOR.  a  post-offloeof  Blountco..  Alabama. 

LITTLE  WATTS  ISLAND.  Chesapeake  Bay.  E.  side,  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Pocomoke  Bay.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light, 
40  feet  high. 

LlTTLli  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

LITTLE  YADKIN.     See  Yadkin  River. 

LITTLE  YORK,  a  post-office  of  Cortland  co.,  New  York. 

LITTLE  YORK,  a  village  in  Fowler  town.ship.  St,  Law- 
rence CO.,  New  Y'ork,  about  30  miles  S.  of  Ogdensburg. 

LITTLE  YORK,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersev. 

LITTLE  Y'ORK,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

LITTLE  YORK,  a  p,>stK>Bice  of  Wa>hington  co..  Indiana. 

LITTLE  YORK,  a  post-village  of  Warifen  co.,  IlUnois,  110 
miles  N.W,  bv  N,  of  Springfield, 

Ll.TT'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge, 
3  miles  W.N.W,  of  Royston.  At  "  Heaven's  Walls,"  in  this 
parish,  was  a  itouian  cemetery, 

LITTLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LITTMANOVA.  lit'm4'no'v6h\  or  LITMANOW,  lit'ma- 
nov',  a  village  of  Hungary.  Hither  Theiss,  46  miles  from 
Leutschau.    Pop.  1185. 

LITTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

LITTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

..IT'XON  CHE'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

LITTORALE  or  LITOUALE.  lit-to-rll.-l,  HUNGARIAN, 
(Ger.  KiUtenland,  kUs'ten-lLint\  i.  e.  ••  coast-land ;"  —Littnrale, 
in  Latin  or  Italian,  si.^nifies  the  region  •'  of  the  shore  or 
coast."')  a  district  extending  along  the  -Adriatic,  between 
lUyrJa  and  Military  Croatia,  for  about  20  miles  in  length,  by 
a  breadth  of  10  miles.    See  Hcxo.'IRT. 

LITTRY,  loeftree',  or  LITIIY,  a  marketrtown  of  France, 
department  of  Calvados,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bayeux.  Pop. 
2482.    In  its  vicinity  is  an  extensive  coal  basin. 

LITVINOVITCiri  or  LITVINOVITSllI,  lit-vin-o-vitch'ee, 
a  market-town  of  Russiii,  government  and  55  miles  S.E.  of 
Moheelev,     Pop,  1700. 

LIT'W.ALTOX,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co„  Virginia, 

LITYN,  lee'tin,  or  LITI.NSK,  le-tinsk',  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  65  mUes  N.E.  of  Kamieuiec. 
Pop.  3.500. 

LIUSNE.  a  river  of  Sweden.     See  Ljusve. 

LIU-TCHOU.  See  Loi  Cho  •. 
•  LIVADIA  or  LIBADIA.  liv-a-pee'a,  a  division  of  Greece, 
coiTesponding  nearly  to  the  ancient 'divisions  of  .\carnania, 
Doris.  Locri.s.  B  eotia.  and  Attica:  and  including  the  modern 
names  of  Attica  and  B.ieotia,  Phoiis  and  Phthiotes.  and  Acar- 
nania  and  .Etolia ;  in  this  division  is  also  usually  included 
the  insular  name  of  Euboea,  or  Negropont.  Pop.  in  1851. 
a32()2;).  *^  ' 

LIVADIA  or  LIBADIA,  liv-a-Dee'.-u  (anc.  Uhade'a.)  a.  town 
of  Greece.  (.  capital,  of  tho  above)  on  tlje  Uercyna,  52  miles 
N.W.  of  Athens.  It  is  defended  by  a  castle,  au.J,  before  the 
revoluti'in.  is  said  to  have  been  the  most  tiourishing  town 
In  Northern  <",reece.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  goods, 
1062  . 


I  goods. 


'  and  a  trade  in  rice,  com,  wool,  and  other  articles  of  raw  pro- 
duce.   Pop.  about  90iK). 

LIVADUSi'RO,  liv-d-tlos'tro,  a  village  of  Greece,  at  the 
j  mouth  of  a  river  in  the  Bay  of  Livadostro,  15  miles  N.N.W. 

of  Jlegara. 
I      LIVAD  )STRa,  BAY  OF,  Greece,  Is  the  N.E.  termination 
i  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  14  miles  in  length  by  9  miles  iu 
average  breadth. 

LIVAROT,  lee'vS'ro',  a  marketrtown  of  France,  department 
of  Calvados,  on  the  ^ie,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Li^ieux.  I'op. 
in  1852.  1291. 

LIVE/LY,  a  past-office  of  St.  Clair  co..  Illinois. 

LIVELY,  on  DICO  ISLAND.     See  (iorHAVEN. 

LIVE'LY'  OAK.  a  pnst-offire  of  Lan(a.ster  co'..  A'irginia. 

LIVENZ.\,  le-vJn'ziS,  (anc.  Liquen-lia.)  a  river  of  Austrian 
Italy:  after  a  course  of  about  70  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic 
28  miles  N.E.  of  Venice.  It  communicates  by  a  canal  with 
the  Piave. 

LIVE  OAK.  a  post-office  of  .\.scension  parish.  Louisiana. 

LIVE  OAK,  a  post-office  of  De  Witt  co..  Te.xas. 

LIV'ERMERE.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  Suffolk, 

LIVKRMERE,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf- 
folk. 

LIV'ERMORE.  a  post-township  of  Androscocgin  co„ 
Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin,  24  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  I.i97. 

LIVERMORE,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Conemaugh  Creek  and  Pennsylvanii  Canal, 
18  miles  N,K,  of  Greensburg,     Pop.  lOo. 

LIVERMORE,  a  post-oflRee  of  Ohio  co,,  Kentucky. 

LIV'ERMORE  CKNTRE,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin 
co„  Maine,  24  miles  W.  by  X.  of  .Augusta. 

LIA'Eli  M'  'RE  F.ALLS,  a  post-township  of  T.ivermore  town- 
ship, Androscoggin  co..  Slaine,  on  the  Androscoggin  Rail- 
road, and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Androscoggin  River,  about 
22  miles  W.  by  N,  of  Augusta, 

LIVERPOOL,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
and,  next  to  Lor.d'.m,  the  principal  seaport  of  England,  co. 
of  L.incaster,  on  the  E,  bank  of  the  Mersey  estuary,  about 
4  miles  from  the  Iri^h  Sea,  31}  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Manchester, 
and  210i  miles  N.W.  of  London,  Lat.  of -St,  Paul's  Church, 
53°  24'  6"  N.,  Ion.  2°  59'  5"  W.  It  is  built  partly  on  flat 
ground  along  the  margin  of  the  river,  and  partlj-  on  a  gen- 
tle acclivity.  Its  utmost  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  upwards 
of  4J  miles.  Greatest  breadth.  E.  to  W.,  rather  more  tlian 
2j  miles.  The  principal  streets  diverge  more  or  less  diivctly 
from  a  central  area,  in  which  stand  St,  George's  Hall  and 
St,  John's  Church.  In  the  older  parts  of  the  town  the 
street.s  are  narrow,  and  ill  built ;  but  in  the  more  modern 
portions,  particularly  in  the  E..  they  are  wide,  airj,  and 
well  paved.  Here  also  are  handsome  squares  and  cre.-cents, 
lined  with  elegant  mansions,  chietly  of  brick,  roofed  with 
slate. 

The  most  important  public  buildings  are  the  Town-hall, 
Exchange  Buildings.  Revenue  Buildings,  and  St.  George's 
Hall.  The  Town-hall  is  an  elegant  Grecian  structure,  which 
was  founded  in  1749;  a  handsome  dome,  supported  by  Co- 
rinthian pillars,  and  surrounded  by  an  open  gallery,  rises 
from  the  centre  of  the  building :  within  are  a  saloon,  draw- 
ing-nioms,  ball-rooms,  banqueting-room,  and  refectory,  all 
splendidly  furnished,  forming,  probably,  the  finest  suite  of 
entertaining-rooms  in  the  kingdom.  The  Exchange  Build 
ings  form  three  sides  of  the  square,  of  which  the  Town-hall 
constitutes  the  fourth;  it  has  three  interior  facades;  an 
arcaded  basement,  with  a  walk  of  15  feet  in  width,  extends 
along  each  of  the  fai;ade.s,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  range 
of  Corinthian  pihisters,  supporting  a  handsome  cornice  and 
balustrade ;  in  the  E.  wing  of  the  building  is  a  s]>acious 
news-roiim.  The  Revenue  Buildings,  which  compri'^e  the 
Office  of  Inland  Revenue,  the  Offices  of  the  Comuiis.sioner3 
of  the  Docks,  and  Post-office,  cover  an  aix'a  of  6700  stjuare 
j"ards.  and  have  an  extreme  length  of  467  feet,  with  a  total 
heisht  of  67  feet;  lofty  porticoes,  each  supported  by  8  Ionic 
columns,  adorn  the  centre,  and  E,  and  W,  fronts;  the  centre 
of  the  building  is  .surmounted  by  a  dome.  St.  George's  Hall, 
which  comprises  also  the  .\.ssize  Courts,  is  a  sumptuous 
building  in  the  Corinthian  style:  the  E.  facade,  or  the  longer 
side  of  the  building,  is  420  feet  long;  the  advanced  colonnade 
in  the  centre  is  200  feet  in  length,  and,  being  recessed,  forms 
within  an  ample  sheltered  ambulatory  20  feel  in  depth.  The 
N.  portion  of  the  plan  forms  a  concert-room,  capable  of  ac- 
commodating 1200  auditors,  making  the  entje  extent,  from 
N,  to  S,,  500  feet.  The  other  structures,  exclusive  f>f  the 
churches,  deserving  of  notice,  are  the  Royal  Bank  buildinsjs, 
the  North  and  South  Wales  Banks,  the  Stations  of  the  Lon- 
don and  North  Western,  and  the  Ea.st  Lancashinu  and  Lan- 
cashire and  Y'orkshire  Rtiilways,  Liverpool  if  othecaries' 
Hall.  .\del)ihi  Hotel,  Infirmary.  Collegiate  Institution.  Phil- 
harmonic Ilall,  and  Lyceum.  The  Theatre  and  .\mj)hithe- 
atre  are  al.so  both  respectable  structures. 

Few  towns  are  so  well  supplied  with  market-pkaces  as 
Liverpool,  there  being  about  a  dozen  in  various  local  it  i>s ; 
several  of  them  are  spacious,  airy,  covered  structui-es — that 
of  St.  .Tohn's.  above  'I'M  yards  long,  by  45  yards  wide,  being 
specially  worthy  of  u'  m'tic  j;  they  ire  probably  bettei  sup- 


LIT 


LIV 


plied  with  all  kinds  of  provisions  than  any  other  markets 
in  the  kingdom.  Tliere  are  altogether  45  churches  and  35 
chapels  ill  Ijiverpool,  besides  numerous  other  places  of  wor- 
ship; the  former  comprising  2  churches  belonging  to  the 
Scotch  i!;stalili<hmont.  3  to  the  Free  Church,  1  to  the  United 
Presbyterian  Churdi  of  Scotland,  1  Irish  Presbyterian,  and 
a  Churcli  of  the  Holy  Apostles.  The  chapels  include  5  Wes- 
leyan.  2  Wesleyau  Association,  5  Independent,  3  Methodist, 
8  Roman  Catholic,  4  Baptist,  3  Unitarian,  1  Friend's  meeting- 
house. 2  Jews'  sy nagntfuos,  1  Sandemanian,  1  floating  chapel, 
and  1  New  Jerusalem;  and  to  almost  every  place  of  worship 
a  school  is  att.ached.  Many  of  the  churches  and  chapels 
are  excecJinjily  handsome  buildings.  Among  the  mo.«t 
remarkable,'for  their  architectural  beauty  are  St.  Francis 
Xavier"s  and  St.  M.ary's  Koman  Catholic  churches,  the 
churcli  for  the  blind,  St.  Luke's,  Great  George  Street  chapel, 
St.  George's  Presbyterian  church.  Baptist  chapel,  St.  An- 
drew's .'Scotch  church,  St.  George's,  St.  Catherine's,  St.  Mi- 
chael's, St.  Martin's,  and  the  Hope  Street  Unitarian  chapel. 
Liverpool  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  its  charitable 
and  benevolent  institutions,  and  for  the  suitableness  of  the 
buildings  devoted  to  these  purposes ;  there  being  no  fewer 
than  15  or  16  dilTerent  establishments  of  one  kind  or  another 
for  the  alleviation  of  distress,  besides  three  or  four  charity 
schools.  The  principal  are  the  Inlirmary,  Fever  Hospital, 
Lunatic  Asylum,  Lock  Hospital,  and  3  extensive  public 
bathing  establishments,  erected  by  the  Corporation,  one  of 
which  is  amply  supplied  with  filtered  salt-water,  and  the 
others  with  pure  spring-water.  To  one  of  these  establish- 
ments a  public  washing-house  is  attached ;  and  there  is  a 
separate  public  washing-house  in  another  locality.  There 
are  likewise  many  religious  societies.  The  educational  insti- 
tutions comprise  the  Itoyal  Institution,  the  Mechanics',  the 
Collegiate,  and  the  Medical  Institutions.  Associated  with 
these  are  the  news-rooms,  among  whicli  the  Athenreum 
and  Lyceum  hold  the  hi.'licst  station,  ai\d  have  extensive 
libraries  connected  with  them.  There  are  also  the  Free  Public 
Library,  and  Derby  Museum.  The  schools  consi.st  of  the 
Corporation,  National,  and  Infant  Schools,  and  of  a  vast 
number  belonging  to  the  various  religious  denominations. 
The  principal  places  of  amusement  are  the  Theatre  Koyal,  the 
Boyal  Amphilh(!atre,  the  Koyal  Liverpool  Theatre,  the  Hoyal 
Adelplii,  the  Philharmonic  I'all,  one  of  the  tincst  concert- 
rooms  in  Europe;  Music  Hall,  ^Vellington  Kooms,  the  Zoo- 
logical and  Botanic  Gardens;  and  the  race-course  at  Aintree, 
where  meetings  are  held  in  Jlay  and  July. 

But  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  great  seaport  is 
the  number  and  magnificence  of  its  docks,  corresponding 
with  the  extent  of  its  vast  commerce.  All  of  these  lie  along 
the  margin  of  the  river,  or  between  it  and  the  town;  most 
of  theui  parallel  with  the  Mersey,  but  some  of  them  at  right 
angles  to  it.  There  are,  in  all,  30  docks,  of  3  different  kinds, 
namely,  wet  docks,  dry  dncks  or  basins,  and  graving  docks. 
The  first  are  principally  for  ships  of  great  burden,  employed 
In  the  foreign  trade,  such  vessels  floating  in  them  at  all 
states  of  the  tide,  the  water  being  retained  by  gates;  the 
dry  docks,  so  called  becau.se  they  are  left  dry  when  the  tide 
Is  out,  are  chiefly  appropriated  to  coasting  vessels ;  and  the 
graving  docks,  whii  h  admit  or  exclude  the  water  at  pleasure, 
are  adaptiid  to  the  repair  of  ships.during  which  they  are  kept 
perfectly  dry,  and  wheM  completed,  are  floated  out  by  ad- 
mittiiig  the  tide.  The  extreme  length  of  the  river  wall, 
which  fronts  the  line  of  the  l^iverpool  docks,  is  5  miles.  The 
total  water  area  amounts  to  200  acres;  of  this  179  acres  are 
wet  docks,  and  21  acres  dry  basins ;  and  the  total  quay  space 
exceeds  1+  miles.  The  4  largest  docks  are  the  Huskisson, 
Prince's,  Queen's,  and  Brunswick  Docks.  The  first  covers 
au  area  of  15  acres,  993  square  yards;  length  of  quay  front- 
age, 1122  yards;  depth  of  water.  27  feet;  the  second  nearly 
12  acres;  the  third  above  10  acres;  and  the  fourth  above  12 
acres.  Nearly  £t  2.000.000  have  been  expended  in  Liverpool, 
and  more  than  £12.000.000  on  the  river  Mersey,  in  securing 
safe  anchorage,  and  the  most  perfect,  port  accommodation 
ever  formed  by  the  skill  of  man.  The  following  Table  of  the 
number  of  ves.sels  that  have  entered  the  docks  at  various 
dates,  and  of  the  progressive  increase  of  the  dock  dues  and 
customs,  e.vhibits.  in  a  very  clear  manner,  not  only  the  great 
extent  of  the  shipping  of  this  port,  but  the  extraordi»\ry 
rapidity  with  which  it  has  increased  since  the  com>nence- 
meut  of  the  present  century.  The  decrease  of  the  customs 
receipts  in  recent  years  is  mainly  due  to  the  abolition  of 
the  duty  on  cotton  and  wool : — 


Tear. 

■V^easels. 

Tonnage. 

Dock  Dues. 

Customs  Receipts. 

£ 

£ 

1800 

*,7« 

450,060 

32,379 

1,0,W,578 

liilO 

B,;-i9 

734,391 

66,7S2 

2,fi73,7(K 

It'O 

7.-i78 

803,033 

94,412 

1,48.-1,072 

iiao 

U.'iU 

l,4ll.»6i 

151,359 

3,562,14* 

jt^,. 

i5.9»S 

2,44.1,708 

178,196 

4,«0-,3;6 

18», 

l!0,4o7 

3.63«,3:i7 

243,989 

a.MS.lSi 

liial 

21,UT1 

3.737,Bd6 

269,020 

3,510,033 

fornign  commerce,  Liverpool  is  now  the  first  port  in  the 
world.  In  1853,  the  foreign  exports  amounted  to  47.152.194Z 
sterling,  or  considerably  more  than  one-half  of  tlie  total 
value  of  the  exports  of  the  three  kingdoms  for  that  year, 
and  more  than  twice  that  of  London.  (22  991,082/.;)  th< 
total  value  of  exports  from  all  the  other  ports  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  in  1S53,  was  only  44.397,194/.  During 
tiie  five  years  ending  with  1850.  the  increase  of  the  cxportg 
of  Liverpool  was  from  26,000.000/.  to  r.early  35,000.000/..  wbils 
that  of  London  was  from  about  11,000,000/.  to  rather  more 
than  14,000.000/.  In  1851.  the  total  value  of  exports  amounted 
to  37,918.640/..  and  in  1852  to  38,469.501/. 

The  quantity  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce  imported 
into  London,  in  1850,  was  1.374,947  tons;  into  Liverpool, 
1,384,353;  into  Hull,  639.823.  The  value  of  the  foreign  and 
colonial  produce  imported  into  London  that  year  was  aliout 
43,183,821/.;  of  that  importt'd  into  Liverpool,  37,404,400/. 
The  value  of  the  principal  articles  imported  into  the  latter, 


Cotton     .    .    .    . 
drain  and  fiour  . 

Sugar  

Tobacco      •    .    • 


£15,7.'!0,800 
.      5,198,796 

2,483,000 
.      3,388,000 


Sheeps'  wool 
Tea    ...    . 
Hemp  .    .    . 
Timber  .    .    . 


£1,3RO,000 
.    l,8;ii.(Hio 

770,640 

7;5,ooo 


The  cotton  trade  of  Liverpool,  as  will  be  seen  from  the 
foregoing  statement,  forms  one  of  the  most  important 
branchesof  its  general  commerce.  In  1851,  the  total  imports 
of  that  article  amounted  to  1,748.946  bales;  while,  in  1785, 
the  total  amount  imported  wa-s  five  bales;  which,  in  1811, 
had  increased  to  98,752  bales;  and,  in  1841,  to  1.164,269 
bales.  The  discovery  of  the  gold  of  California  has  recently 
given  Liverp<3ol  a  great  trade  in  the  precinus  metals,  which 
it  did  not  formerly  possess.  In  1851,  the  gold  and  silver 
imported  into  that  port  from  the  United  States  were  of  the 
value  of  6,091.433/.  The  Irish  and  coasting  trade  is  alsc 
very  large,  and,  in  1850.  gave  emi)loyment  to  89ii.]68  tons 
of  steam  tonnage,  and  515,836  tons  of  sailing  vessels.  The 
grain,  &c.,  imported  from  Ireland,  in  1849-51,  was  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Impoets  0/  OsAiN  from  Ibeland. 


Tears. 

Wheat. 

Flour. 

Oats. 

Oatmeal. 

Barley. 

Beans, 

1849 
1850 
1851 

Qrs. 
.S4,799 
64,724 
24,206 

Sacks. 

73,980 
185,228 

42,431 

Qrs. 
138,5:15 
138,711 
132,533 

Loads. 
143,042 
232,483 
207,414 

Qrs. 
6572 
3036 
2922 

Qrs. 
3601 
6435 
1723 

ii:  the  value  of  its  foreign  exports,  and  the  extent  of  its 


The  weight  of  the  goods,  merchandise,  and  produce  of  all 
kinds  wBiih  pass  througli  the  port  of  Liverpool  yearly,  is 
at  least  6,000,000  toiis :  the  shipping  employed  in  trausportr 
ing  it  amounted,  iu  1850,  to  6.011.870  tons. 

The  export  of  linen  is  chiefly  through  the  port  of  Liver- 
pool, from  which  there  was  shiiiped,  in  1850,  122,397.457 
yards;  and  of  yarn,  18.559.318  lbs.;  and,  being  the  thief 
port  for  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  .ind  'Vork.-hire,  immense 
quantities  of  the  textile  fabrics  of  these  counties,  intended 
fur  foreign  parts,  pass  througli  it.  to  the  extent,  it  is  esti- 
mated, of  28.000,000/. ;  a.s  do  also  of  the  cutlery  ofShcffield, 
and  hardware  of  Birmingham;  the  inm  of  Statiordshire, 
Yorkshire,  and  North  Wales,  in  the  form  of  rails,  bars, 
hoops,  and  sheets;  ai.d  the  earthenware  of  the  first-named 
county,  of  which  61.528.196  pieces  were  shipped,  in  1849.  to 
various  parts  of  the  world.  Salt,  and  the  alkali  tailed  soda^ 
ash,  likewise  form  important  items  in  the  commerce  of 
Liverpool.  Of  the  first,  445,633  tons,  and  of  the  second, 
44,407  ttms  were  exported  iu  the  year  1850.  In  1850,  the 
value  of  the  beer  and  ale  exported  iimouiitcd  to  558,794/.; 
and,  in  1851,  to  577.874/,  Liverpool  has  also  been,  for  some 
years,  the  great  point  of  departure  for  emigrants  frt<m  Great 
Britain  and  lrelai:d.  It  has  now  also  become  the  place  of 
emigration  for  Germans,  who  find  it  cheaper  to  sail  fi-om 
this  port  than  from  their  own  country.  The  following  Table 
shows  the  progressive  increase  of  this  trade  since  1831 : — 


Tears. 
I8:n 

1840  . 
1846 


No.  of  Emigrants. 

.  .  .  10,888 
.  .  40,359 
.    .    .    55,377 


Tears, 
1849   . 
1851 
1853   . 


Ko.  of  Emigrants. 

.  .  .  I,i3,9«5 
.  .  206.015 
.     .     .     203,725 


The  manufactures  of  Liverpool  consist  chiefly  of  ship- 
building, sugar  refining,  iron  and  brass  founding,  brewing, 
glass  staining,  alkali  making,  rope  making,  and  steam- 
engine  making.  Tlie  manufacture  of  soiip  is  more  exten- 
siv-ely  carried  on  here  than  in  any  oth(!r  town  in  the 
kin"-dom.  as  is  that  also  of  chronometers,  watthes.  and 
watch  movements;  large  quantities  of  the  latter  being 
annually  exported.  There  is  au  extensive  cotton  manufac- 
tory near  the  town,  also  several  wind-mills,  and  steam- 
engines  tbr  grinding  corn,  colors,  dye-woods,  Ac.  and  nume- 
rous larsre  manufactories  of  chain  cables,  anchors.  &c. 

By  railway.  Liverpool  is  connected  with  all  the  principal 
towns  and  ports  in  the  kingdom;  and  its  tnide  is  further 
facilitated  by  an  extensive  net-work  of  canals,  counectiug  it 
with  the  great  seats  of  mauufacturiug  and  mining  iudustrv. 

1063 


LIV 


LIV 


It  /m»  regular  cc.mmnnication,  by  steam-ressels,  with  Glas- 
g.iw.  Belfast.  Londonderry.  Dublin.  Cork.  Ilnlyhead.  and 
numerous  places  on  the  coast  of  England  and  Wales;  with 
Havre,  the  .Mediterranean,  and  Xew  York,  Boston,  Halifax, 
Central  America,  4c. 

The  suburbs  of  Liverpool  are  very  extensive  and  beautiful, 
being  thirkly  covered  with  neat  rows  of  liouses  and  hand- 
some villas,  and  are  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and 
importance.  In  connexion  with  these  may  be  named  the 
important  and  rising  places  in  Cheshire,  ou  the  opposite  side 
of  the  Jlersey,  in  which  many  of  the  Liverpool  merchants 
reside,  and  connected  with  Liverpool  by  steam  ferries, 
plying  every  quarter  of  an  hour.  They  are  Seacombe, 
Woodside,  .Monk's-forry,  Bu-kenhead,  Tranmere,  Rockferry, 
Eastham,  Egremont,  and  New  Brighton ;  between  which 
and  Liverpool  there  passed  by  the  ferries,  in  ISol.  aixJTe 
8,000,000  passengers.  There  are  several  cemeteries  in  the 
town  and  its  vicinity,  the  most  noted  of  which  are  St. 
James's,  the  Xenropolis.  and  St.  Mary"s.  These  are  laid  out 
with  ta.ste,  and  kept  in  good  order;  and  a  chapel  is  appended 
to  each,  in  which  the  funeral  service  is  performed.  There 
are  also  two  parish  cemeteries,  and  a  Jews'  buryiug-place. 

The  town  is  well  lighted  with  gas,  and  supplied  with 
water,  at  pre.sent.  from  wells  sunk  in  the  new  red  sandstone 
on  which  the  town  is  built.  There  are  seven  wells,  the 
greater  part  of  the  water  from  which  is  pumped  into  a 
reservoir  at  an  elevation  of  about  200  feet  above  the  lowest 
part  of  the  town.  The  quantity  of  water  distributed  daily 
amounts  to  5,750,000  gallons.  At  present  works  are  in  pro- 
gress for  obtaining  an  increased  supply  of  water  from  the  hilly 
district  of  Hivington.  about  26  mile.s  from  Liverpool.  Resei^ 
voirs  are  there  in  course  of  construction  which,  when  com- 
pleted, will  form  great  lakes  of  the  aggregate  length  of  6 
miles ;  and  from  these,  after  being  filtered,  the  water  will 
be  conveyed  to  the  distributing  reservoirs  in  the  town  in 
iron  pipes.  44  inches  in  diameter. 

The  corporation  of  Liverpool  consists  of  48  councillors,  a 
mayor,  and  16  aldermen  elected  by  the  council.  The  borough 
returns  2  memi)er3  to  Parliament ;  registered  electors  in 
1851,  17,316. 

Liverpool  was  formerly  the  most  unhealthy  town  in 
England;  but  the  vigor  with  which  sanitary  operations 
have  been  carried  on  of  late  years,  more  particularly  since 
che  local  sanitary  act  of  1846,  hiis  done  much  to  rescue  the 
town  from  its  unenviable  notoriety.  These  measures,  com- 
prising sewerage,  house-drainage,  improved  paving  and  sur- 
face cleansing,  the  regulation  of  lodging-houses  and  slaugh- 
ter-houses, the  closing  of  unJiealthy  cellars,  &c..  have  effected 
a  marked  itu»)rovement  in  the  condition  of  the  districts 
inhabited  by  the  working-cl.isses;  and  to  this  must  no  doubt 
be  iScnoed  '.'le  fact,  that  the  mortality  of  the  borough, 
which,  ten  y',\rs  ago,  amounted  (on  an  average  of  years)  to 
31  in  every  1000  inh.abitjints,  has  recently  fallen  to  an  ave- 
rage of  little  more  th.in  29  in  the  1000. 

Great  as  l>iverpool  now  is,  it  is  of  but  comparatively  recent 
growth,  and  has  theredre  little  or  no  history.  Little  more 
than  two  centuries  ago,  it  was  but  a  small  fishing  town.  Of 
the  progress  of  this  great  commercial  city,  the  following 
table  presents  a  curious  and  interesting  epitome: — 

Rise  and  Progress  of  Li^ntRpooL. 


Popnlation      . 
Tonnage     .    . 
No.  of  vessels 

Town  dues     . 
Customs     .    , 
Income .    .    . 

Under                     Under                   Under 
Queen  Elizabeth.  1   Queen  Anne.     Queen  Victoria. 

1570.             1           1710. 

1851. 

800 
268 
15 

£ 

•20 
272 

8,ir,8 

12,6!t6 

£ 

378 
70,000 
1,115 

S76.065 

8,737.666 

21,071 

£ 

91,000 

S,502,J09 

139,152 

In  1644,  Liverpool,  then  surrounded  by  a  high  mud  wall, 
was  besieged  and  taken  by  Prince  Kupert.  and  shortly  after 
retaken  by  the  Parliamentary  foroes,  under  Sir  John  Mel- 
drum.  Seven  years  later,  a  second  visitation  of  the  plague 
carried  off  200  inhabitants.  In  1709,  a  wet  dock  was  con- 
structed, not  only  the  first  in  Liverpool,  but  also  in  the 
kingdom.  From  this  event  may  b,e  dHted  the  rapid  exten- 
sion of  its  commerce  and  population.  Pop.  in  1700,  5000; 
in  1760.  26.1X10;  in  1801.  77,653;  in  1821,  118,972;  in  1841, 
224.954 :  in  1851,  376,065.  in  lb61,  443,874. 

!Mrs,  Henians.  the  liev.  Legh  Kichmond.  and  Dr.  Currie, 
the  biographer  of  Burns,  and  William  Koscoe,  were  natives 
of  Liverpool. 

LIVKIU'OOU  a  post-village  of  Sallna  township.  Onondaga 
CO.,  Xew  York,  on  Uie  E.  shore  of  Onondaga  Lake,  and  on 
the  Oswego  Canal,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Syi-acu.so.  It  has  nume- 
rous saline  cpriiigs.  from  which  great  quantities  of  salt  are 
snnually  mjinu&ctured. 

LlYKItPOOL.  a  thriving  post-borough  and  township  of 
Perry  cc,  i'»nn8ylvauia,  ou  the  W.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna 


River  and  Canal,  29  miles  above  narrisbnrg.  It  has  an 
active  business  in  lumber  and  other  articles.  Pop.  of  the 
townsliip  in  1S60,  1072;  of  the  iKirougli,  about  750. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  village  of  York  cc,  Pennsylvania,  on  thn 
turnpike  from  York  to  Ilarrisburg.  6  miles  X.  of  the  former. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  post-office  of  Brazoria  CO.,  Texas,  36  miles 
■\V.  of  Galveston. 

LlA'ERPOiJL,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co..  Ohio.  P.  2051, 

LIVERPOOL,  formerly  ROSEDALE,  a  poptfiUnge  of 
Madison  co ,  Ohio,  about  25  miles  X.W  of  Cohimbns. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Medina  co.,  Ohio,  on  Rocky  River,  about  122  miles  X.X.E. 
of  Columbus.  It  has  1  iron  foundry,  several  flouriag-mills, 
and  oil  wells.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1807. 

LIA'ERl'OOL,  a  village  in  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  155  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  post-village  and  town.^hip  of  Fulton  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Illinois  River,  38  miles  below  Peoria.  It  has 
u  good  landing  for  steamboats,  and  a  plank-road  leading  to 
Canton.  The  land  of  the  vicinity  is  highly  productive,  and 
contains  stone-coal.  The  Illinois  River  Railroad  passes  about 
3  miles  E.  of  this  place.     I'op.  of  the  township,  13(5S. 

LI\'ERPOOL,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  capital  of 
Queens  co.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  Mersey,  at  its 
entrance  into  Liverpool  Harbor,  about  75  mi!es  S.AV.  of 
Halifax.  It  is  well  and  regularly  built,  and  is  the  centre 
of  an  important  and  increasing  trade.  To  the  X.  of  Coffin's 
Island,  the  channel,  across  which  is  a  handsome  drawbridge, 
is  not  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  more  than  9  feet  of 
water;  but  the  passage  to  the  S.  is  full  14  miles  wide,  with 
from  15  to  18  fathoms  of  water.  A  light-house  has  Ix-eP 
erected  on  the  island,  containing  a  rt:volving  light,  75  feet 
above  the  sea.  Liverpool  was  made  a  warehousing  port  in 
1834. 

LIVERPOOL,  a  se.aport  town  and  capital  of  Kent  co., 
Xew  Brunswick,  situated  on  Richibucto  Harbor,  about  120 
miles  X'.E.  of  St.  John.  The  harbor  is  safe  and  commodious, 
and  the  port  is  the  centre  of  an  important  trade  in  timber, 
deals,  &c.  The  number  of  foreign  arrivals  at  Richibucto 
Harbor  in  1851,  was  106  (tons.  li"),786);  of  clearances,  105. 
(tons,  18.305,) ;  value  of  imports,  $109,000;  export.?.  $133,155. 

LIVERPOOL,  ft  borough  and  town  of  Xew  South  Wales, 
on  the  George  River,  20  miles  S,W.  of  Sydney.  It  is  neatly 
built,  and  has  a  handsome  church  and  hospital,  and  returns, 
with  Richmond,  AViudsor,  and  Campbellton,  a  member  to 
the  Legislative  Council.     Pop.  601. 

LIVERPOOL,  n  mountain  rangein  East  Australia,  stretches 
from  W.  to  E.  between  the  county  of  Brisbane,  Xew  Sowth 
Wales,  and  the  Liverpool  Pliiins:  and  forms  the  water-shef' 
between  the  basins  of  the  Peel  or  Xamoy,  on  the  X.  and  W., 
and  the  Hunter,  on  the  S.  and  E. 

LIVERPOOL,  CAPE,  is  the  name  of  a  headland  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  entrance  to  Lancaster  Sound,  Bi-itish  Xorth 
America,  and  of  another  bounding  the  inlet  Liverpool  Bay, 
Arctic  Ocean,  Xorth  America,  immediately  S.M'.  of  Cape 
Bathurst,    Lat,  about  70°  X„  Ion.  129°  W, 

LIVERPOOL-PLAIXS,  a  "hilly,  picturesque,  and  weU- 
watered  region,"«East  Australia,  between  lat.  31°  and  32°  S., 
and  Ion.  150°  and  151°  E..  X.  of  Brisbane  co.,  Xew  South 
Wales,  from  800  to  900  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

LIVERPOOL  RIVER,  North  Australia,  Arnhem  Land, 
enters  the  sea  near  lat,  12°  S.,  Ion.  134°  10'  E. 

LIVERSEDGE,  liv'yr-s^j,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Y'ork,  West  Riding, 

LIV'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Xorth 
Riding. 

LI  VESEY.  liv'zee.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LIVII  FORUM.     See  FoM.1. 

LIVIXGSTON,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Xew 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  540  square  miles.  li  is  inter- 
sected by  the  (ienesee  River,  by  which  and  its  tributaries  it 
is  chiefly  di-ained.  These  streams  afford  valuable  water- 
power.  It  contains  Conesus  Lake  and  Hemlock  Lake.  The 
surface  is  diversified.  The  soil  along  the  streams  is  very  fer- 
tile, and  in  other  parts  generally  of  a  good  quality.  In  1850, 
this  county  produced  1,111,986  bushels  of  wheat,  the  greatest 
quantity  raised  in  any  county  in  the  state,  except  Oneida. 
Iron  ore  and  limestone  are  found  in  abundance,  and  the 
celebrated  sulphur  springs  of  Avon  are  situated  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  county.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Genesee  Valley 
Canal,  and  by  the  Buffalo,  Corning,  and  Xew  York  Railioad. 
Organized  in  1821.    Capital,  Gene.seo.    Pop.  39,546. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisiana, 
contains  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  b>  the 
Ticktah  lliver,  and  bounded  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  A>nite 
River.  Lakes  Maurepas  and  Pontchartrain  wash  its  F.E. 
border.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile.  Small  steamboats  navigate  the  Amite  River,  ot  the 
border  of  the  parish.  Capitol,  Springfield.  Pop.  4431,  of 
whom  3120  were  free. 

LIVIXGSTON,  a  county  near  the  W.  extremity  of  Ken- 
tucky, bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  Irom 
Illinois,  has  an  area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.  U  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Ohio,  on  the  S.  by  the  iVoue&a^e^ 
and  intersected  by  the  Cumberland  lUver.    The  surface  is 


LIV 


LLA 


nndnlating  and  hilly.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Limestone  end 
Eaniistone  underlie  the  surface.  The  county  contains  large 
deposits  of  stone-coal  and  iron  ore.  Organized  in  1798,  and 
nairiBd  in  honor  of  Itobert  R.  Livingston,  of  New  York. 
Capital,  Sraithlaud.  Pop.  7213,  of  whom  5991  were  free,  and 
1222  slaves. 

LIVINO.STON.  a  county  of  Michigan,  situated  in  the  S.E. 
central  part  of  the  state,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Shiawas.see  and  lied 
Cedar  Rivers,  and  intersected  by  Huron  River.  The  surface 
is  undulatiag.  The  soil  is  a  rich,  black,  sandy  loam.  Dense 
forests  of  hard  timber  overspread  the  N.  part  of  the  county, 
and  the  remainder  is  occupied  by  oak  openings,  or  plains 
which  produce  a  sparse  gi'owth  of  oaks.  The  streams  fur- 
iji.sh  extensive  water-power.  Iron  ore  and  saline  springs 
are  found  in  the  county.  Organized  in  1836.  Capital, 
Howell.     ]'op.  16,851. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  of  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
eources  of  the  Vermilion  and  Mason  Rivers,  affluents  of 
the  Illinois.  The  surface  is  level.  The  soil  is  fertile,  adapted 
to  Indian  corn  and  grass.  The  county  contains  extensive 
prairies  and  small  tracts  of  good  timber.  Stone-coal  abounds 
along  the  Vermilion  River.  Sandstone  and  limestone  are 
the  principal  rocks.  The  county  is  Intersected  by  the  Chi- 
cago Alton  and  St.  Louis  Il.R.  Capital,  Pontiac.     Pop.  11.637. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  u"()  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Grand 
River,  (of  the  Missouri.)  which,  in  passing  through  it,  re- 
ceives the  Crooked  Fork  and  Medicine  Creek  from  the  left, 
and  a  large  stream  called  Shoal  Creek  from  the  right.  The 
surface  is  generally  level,  and  a  large  proportion  of  it  is 
pniirie.  The  soil  is  good.  Named  in  honor  of  Kdw»rd 
Livingston,  secretary  of  state  under  President  Jackson. 
Capital,  Chillicothe.  Pop.  7417,  of  whom  6812  were  free, 
and  605  slaves. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co..  Now 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River  and  the  Hudson  River  Railroad, 
6  miles  S.  of  Huilson.    Pop.  2014. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  lliver,  10  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Newark.     Pop.  1323. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sumpter  co.,  Ala- 
bama, on  the  Tugaloo  or  Suckernochee  Creek,  68  miles  S.W. 
of  Tuscaloos;j.    It  contains  a  newspaper  office. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village  in  Madison  co.,  Mississippi, 
20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Jackson. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  Texas, 
250  miles  K.  by  N.  of  '.ustin  City. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Overton  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 100  uiil((s  K.  liy  N.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated  in  a 
billy  region,  which  contains  extensive  beds  of  stone-coal 
and  iron  ore. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-oflice  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village  in  Livingston  co.,  Michigan, 
40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Detroit. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clarke  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  National  Road,  about  14  miles  W.  of  Terre 
Haute,  Indiana. 

LIVINGSTONE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow. 

LIV'INGSTONVILLE.  a  post-vilhige  of  Schoharie  co.,  New 
York,  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

LIVNEE.  LIVNIJ,  or  LIVNY,  liv'nee,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  80  miles  S.E.  of  Orel,  on  the  Sosna.  an 
affluent  of  the  Don.  Pop.  9380.  It  has  numerous  churches 
and  several  annual  fairs. 

LIVNO.  liv'no,  a  fortified  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Croatia,  54  miles  N.W.  of  Mostar,  on  the  Bistritza,  Pop. 
about  4000. 

LIVONIA,  le-vo'ne-a,  (Ger.  Liejland.  leefljnt.)  a  maritime 
government  of  Itussia'  mostly  between  lat.  56°  30'  and  58°  30' 
N.,  and  Ion.  24°  and  28°  E.,  having  W.  the  Gulf  of  Livonia. 
Area,  comprising  the  island  Oesel,  in  the  Baltic,  20,450 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  821.457.  Surface  mostly  flat 
and  marshy.  Principal  rivers,  the  Dilna  and  f^yst,  and  on 
the  S.  fronti(!r.  the  Rolder-aa,  Fennern.  and  J^mba.  Lakes 
numerous.  Soil  fertile,  and  grain  is  raised  for  export,  princi- 
pally rye  and  barley,  but  also  comprising  wheat,  oats,  and 
buckwheat:  the  reaving  of  live  stock  is  of  great  importance. 
It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen  stuffs,  sugar, 
tobacco,  glass.  &c.  The  population  is  very  mixed,  and  mostly 
Lutherans.  Principal  towns,  Riga,  (the  capital,)  Dorpat,  Per- 
,»au,  and  Venden,  with  Arensburg,  in  the  island  of  Oesel. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  LivoxuN.  l&-vo'nean. 

LIVONIA,  GULF  OF.    See  Gulf  of  Riga. 

LIA'O'NIA,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  CO.,  New  York, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Erie  Railroad,  about  30  miles  S.  of  Ro- 
•ihester.    Pop.  2593. 

LIVONIA,  a  post-office  of  Point  Coupee  parish,  Louisiana. 

LlVONIA,atownshipof  Wayne  CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1652. 

LIVONIA,  a  po.'t-village  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana, 
about  100  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

LIVONIA  CKNTRE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan. 

LIVORNO,  le-voR'no.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division  of 
Novara,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vereelli.    Pop.  4805. 


LIVORNO,  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Leghorn. 

LIVRON.  leeHriN"',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  DrOme,  10  miles  S.  of  Valence. '  Pop.  in  1852,  4022. 

LIVRY,  lee'vree',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sein^i 
et^Olse,  10  miles  E.  of  Paris,  with  an  old  Augustine  Abtey, 
once  the  residence  of  Madame  de  Sevigne.  Also  the  niuufc 
of  villages  in  the  departments  of  Calvados  and  Nievre. 

LIVUMA,  le-voo^md,  a  con.siderable  river  of  East  Africa^ 
enters  tlie  Indian  Ocean  near  Cape  Delgado. 

LIXIIEIM,  lix'hlme,  (Fr.  pron.  leex^^m',)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Meurthe,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Sarrebourg.    P.  1093 

LIXUHI,  lix-oo'ree,  a  seaport  town  of  Cephalonia,  on  its 
W.  limb,  6  miles  N.  of  Argostoli.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  a  Greek 
bishop's  see,  and  is  the  rival  of  Argostoli  in  commercial 
importance. 

LIZAN,  lee'zdn',  a  large  and  fine  village  of  Turkish  Koop- 
distan,  on  the  Zab,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Mosul. 

LIZANELLO,  leed-zd-nM'lo,  a  market-town  of  South  Italy, 
in  Naples,  province  of  Otrauto,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Lecee. 

LIZANO,  leed-z4/no.  a  market  town  of  South  Italy,  in  Nar 
pies,  province  of  Otranto,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Taranto. 

LIZ/ARD,  an  island  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia,  N.N.E. 
of  Cape  Flattery.  Lat.  14°  41'  24"  S.,  Ion.  146°  28'  30''  E. 
It  has  a  peak  1151  fuet  above  the  sea  level.  Greatest  dia<- 
meter,  2^  miles. 

LIZ'ARD  POINT,  a  bold  headland  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall, forming  the  most  southern  point  of  Britain,  23  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Land's  End,  and  having  two  lighthouses  with  fixed 
lights,  elevated  200  feet  above  the  sea,  in  lat  49°  57'  40"  N., 
loi).  5°12'6"W. 

LIZ'ARD  RIV/ER,  a  small  stream  of  Iowa,  enters  the  Des 
Moines  from  the  W.  near  Fort  Clark. 

LIZV-SUK-OUKCQ,  lee'zee-siiR-ooRk,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment Seine-et-Marne.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Meaux.     P.  1200. 

LJ  UBASCHE\  0,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Lyoob.vshevo. 

L.JUBETSCHI.    See  Lyoobetch. 

LJUUIM.    SeeLTOoaiM. 

L.IUSNK  or  UUSNE,  lyoos'nd,  a  river  of  Sweden,  issues 
from  a  lake  of  the  same  name  in  Kerjedalen,  flows  S.K.  inti.' 
the  laeu  of  Getleborg.  where  it  forms  .several  K^kes,  and  falls 
Into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  about  36  miles  N.  of  Gefle.  after  a 
course  of  about  220  miles.  Its  current  is  very  much  en- 
cumbered by  rocks. 

UUTZIN.     See  Ltootsin. 

LLACUNA  (LA),  l;l  H-kotVna,  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia, 
•bout  60  miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1020. 

LLADO,  id'DO."a  village  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  20  miles  from 
Qerona.    Pop.  1064. 

LLAFER/NOE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgnn. 

LLAGOSTKRA,  H-gos-ti'ri,  a  market-town  of  Spain.  Cata 
Ionia,  province  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gerona.     Pop.  2000. 

LLAMAS  DK  LA  RIBKRA,  Wmds  dA  13  re-mVri,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Leon. 

LLAMPIIEY,  Lam'fee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

LLAN,  a  Welsh  word  signifying  "  enclosure"  or  '■  church," 
is  the  prefix  of  numerous  parishes  and  towns  in  England 
and  Wales.  4KS"It  may  be  observed,  that  the  sound  of  H  in 
Welsh,  has  no  equivalent  in  any  other  language.  At  thf> 
beginning  of  a  name,  it  is  commonly  Anglicized  by  a  simple 
I.  distinguished  in  this  work  as  a  small  capitnl.  In  the 
middle,  or  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  represented  by  tid, 
(Italic.)    See  Introduction,  XXVI.,  16. 

LL.\N-.\BKK,  Lan-ah'ber  or  Lan-ab'^r,  a  pari.sh  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Merioneth. 

LLAN-AFAN,  um-ah'vfn  or  ar'jn,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Cardigan. 

LLAN-AF.\N-FAWR,  Lan-ah'vjn  or  av'jn-vOwK,  a  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAN-AFA.N-FECHAN,  Lan-ah'van  (or  av'an)  t^k'^,  a 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAN-ANNO,  Lan-an'no,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Radnor. 

LLAN-AR/MON,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  ol  Carnarvon, 

LLAN-ARMON,  a  pari.sh  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLAN-ARMON  DUFFRYN  CEIRIOG.  x.an-aR'mon  diff'rin 
ki're-og.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLAN-ARMON  MYNYDD  MAWR,  i.an-aB  mon  min'ixa 
mOwR,  a  mountainous  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANARTH,  Lan'arth,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Cardigan.  '. 

LL.\NARTIT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  5Ionmouth. 

LiiANARTHNEY,  Lan'arth'nee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLAN-ASAPH,  Lan-i'saf  or  Lan-az'af.  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Flint,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Holywell.  Pop.  2669, 
employed  in  coal-mines.  &c.  On  St!  Asaph  Hill,  in  this  pa- 
ri.sh. is  a  signal  tower,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dee.  Point 
of  Air,  a  lighthouse.    Lat.  53°  22'  N.,  Ion.  3°  19'  24"  W. 

LLAN-BABO,  Lan-bah'bo,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

LLANBAD.A.RN,  Lan-hah'darn  or  i.an-bad'arn,  a  parish  of 
Wales,  CO.  of  Radnor. 

Lli.A.NB.^.DARN  FAWR,  Lan-bah'darn  vowr,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan 

1065 


LLA 

T-LANBADARX  FYNTTDD,  Lan-bah'dam  vjn'ixn,  a  parish  ' 
Of  Wales,  -CO.  of  Kadnor. 

LLAXBAUARXOOWYX,  lan-bah'darn  od'win,  a  parish 

of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardijan.  , 

LLANBADARN  TKEF-EGLWYS,  lAn-bah'darn  trJv-tgloo-  ' 

!fi,  a  piu'lsh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan.  | 

LI.ANBADARX   Y-GARREG,  Lan-bah'dam    e-gir'rfg,  a  , 

parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Jtadnor.  ! 

LLANBADaCKorLLANBADD0CK,Lan-bad'd9k,aparish 
of  Eug'aud,  CO.  of  Monmouth. 

I-LAXBADRIG,  Lan-bad'rig,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  .\ugiesey. 
LL.W  BADRIG,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 
LLAXBEBLIG,  Lan-b^b'lig,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon. 

LI^ANBEDR,    LanOj^d'er,    or     LAM'PETER-POXT-STK- 
PIIEX.  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  South  Wales,  county  and  28  miles  E.X.E.  of  Cardigan,  on 
the  Teify,  here  cro.ssed  by  a  stone  bridge.    Pop.  of  the  bo- 
rough. 902.     It  has  the  royal  college  of  St.  David's,  founded 
in  1S22.    The  borough  joins  with  Cardigan.  Aberystwyth, 
and  Adpar,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
LLAXBEDR,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 
LLANBEDR,  a  parish  of  AVales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 
LLAXBEDR,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 
LLAXBEDR  DYEFRYX  CLWYD,Lan'b&l'?rdifrin  klwid, 
a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLAXBEDR  FELFREY,  Lao/bJd'gr  vSl'vri,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke.        , 

LLAXBEDR  GOCU,  LanOjed^gr  goK,  a  parish  of  Wales,  (X>. 
of  Angli'sey. 

LLAXBEDR  Y-CEXXIN,  Lan'bJdV  e-kSn'nln,  a  parish  of 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLAXBERRIS,  Lan-bJr'ris,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon.  Tourists  are  attracted  hither  by  the  magnificent 
lake  and  mountain  scenery.  In  the  pass  of  Llanberris  stands 
the  picturesque  ruin  of  Dolbadern  Castle. 

LLAXREULAX,  Lan-bi'lan  or  Lan-boilan,  a  parish  of 
North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLAXBISTER,  Lan-bis'tgr,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Eaduor. 

LLAXBLEIDDIAN,  lan-bll'THe-an,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

LL.iXBOIDY,  Lan-boi'dee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

LLAXBRYXXMAIR,  lan-brin'mlR,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Montgomery,  on  the  Dyfl. 

LLAXCADWALADR,  Lan-kad-wJl/dd'r,  a  mountainong 
parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLAXCARFAX,  Lan-kaa/van,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Glamorgan 

LLAXCILLOE,  Lan-kiiWfo  or  lao-kilOo,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Hereford. 

LLAXDAFF.  Lan-dafif,  (Welsh,  JMm  TAf.  Lan  tiv, "  Church 
of  the  Taf.'")  a  city  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan, on  the  Taflf,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  3  miles  N.W.  of 
Cardiff,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Taffvale  and  Aberdare 
Railway.  Pop.  1276.  The  "  city"  is  a  mere  bamlet,  noted 
only  for  its  cathedral.  Adjoining  are  the  chapter  house, 
and  remains  of  the  ancient  episcopal  palace.  The  see  of 
Llandaff  includes  Monmouthshire,  and  that  part  of  Glamor- 
ganshire E.  of  the  Neath,  comprising  215,  benefices. 

LLAXDAXWG,  LanKian'oog,  a  parish  oV  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Merioneth. 

LL.'VXDAUDDWR,  lan-dl'xHooR  or  lan-doi^Hoor,  a  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLAXDAWG,  Lan'dCwg,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Carmarthen. 

LL.\NDD.\.ROG,  lan-THar'og,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Carmarthen. 

LLAXDDAUSAIXT,  Lan-THoy'sJnt,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANDDEIXIOLEX,  Lan-THl-neK>'len,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon.  Pop.  in  1851, 5471,  partly  employed 
in  large  slate  quarries.  The  remains  of  a  strong  Roman 
camp  and  an  ancient  Welsh  palace  are  still  visible  here. 

LLAXDDEINIOT,  ian-THi'ne-ot\  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Cardigan. 
LLAXDDEINIOT  FAB.  a  parish  of  Wales,  ca  of  Anglesey. 
LLAXDDIX.iM,  Lan-THin'am,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Montgomery. 

LLAXDDEWI.  Lan-THu'ee  or  Lan-th^oo-ee,  (t.  «..  Church 
of  St.  David's,)  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 
LLAXDDKWI    ABERARTH,  Lan-THu'ee    ah'ber^rth,    a 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANDDEWI  ABER-GWKSSIX,  lan-XHti'ee  ah'ber-gwjs'- 
Bin,  a  parish  of  .South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAXDDEWI  BREFI.  Lan-rnu'ee  br^v'ee,  a  parish  of 
South  AVr.Ies.  co.  of  Cardigan.  St.  David  held  here  a  synod 
for  the  suipression  of  Paganism  in  519.  It  is  supposed  to 
have  t^cn  the  Roman  station  Loventium. 

LLAXDDEWI  EACH,  Lan-THu'ee  vai,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Radnor. 

LLAXDDEWI  FELFREY.  ian-THu'e«  TJl'vree,  a  parish  of 
Pouth  WaU'R,  CO.  of  Pembroke. 
1006 


LLA 

LLAXDDEWI  YSTRADEXXY,  lan-mu'ee  is-tra-dJn'nw, 
a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  iiadnor. 

LLAXDDEWIRCWM,  Lan-THu'ir-koom\  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Brecon. 

LL.VXDDOXA,  Lan-THo'na,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

LLANDDWY,  Lan-THoo'ee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.of 
Brecon. 

LL.-VXDDWYWAU,  Lan-THwee/wI  or  Lan-THwee/woi,  a  pv 
rish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Jlerioneth. 

LLAXDDWYX,  Lan-THwin\  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co. 
of  Anglesey. 

LLAXDDYFNAN,  Lan-iHiv'nan,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANDECWYN,  Lan-d5k'win,  a  pari.sh  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Merioneth. 

LLAXDEFEILOG  FACII,  Lan-da-viaog  fak,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAXDEFEILOG  FAWR,  Lan-da-vWog  vowR,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAXDEFEILOG  FREYR-GRAIG.  LanKla-vI'Iog  vfair  grig, 
a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANDEGAI,  Lan-de-ghi',  a  mountainous  parish  of  North 
Wale.s,  CO.  of  Carnarvon,  li  miles  S.E.  of  Bangor.  Pop.  3010, 
chiefly  employed  in  immense  slate  quaries.  Here  is  a  fine 
modern  Saxon  castle. 

LL.\XDEGFAX,  LauKlJg'van,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co. 
of  Anglesey. 

LLAXDEGLA,  Lan-dJg12,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
IXmbigh. 

LLAXDEGLEY,  lan-dJglee  or  Lan-degli,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

LLAXDEGVETII,  Lan-dJg'veth,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Slonmouth. 

LLAXDEGWNINQ,  Lau-dd-goo'ning,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LL.\NDEILO,  Lan-dilo,  a  parish  of  5?outh  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

LLANDEILO  ABER-CYWYN,  Lan-cino  ahnber-kyoo/in,  a 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANDEILO  ARFAX,  Lan-dl'lo  an/vau,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Brecon. 

LLAXDEILO  GRAB/AN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Radnor. 

LLAXDEILO  TAL-Y-BOXT,  a  parish  ol  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Glamorgan. 

LLAXDEILO-TAWR  or  FAWR,  or  LLAXDILO,  Lan-dilo 
vOwR,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  county 
and  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Carmarthen,  on  the  Towy .  here  crossed 
by  an  elegant  bridge,  and  on  the  Llanelly  Railway.    Pop. 
of  the  town,  1313.     Near  it  is  Grongar  Hill,  where  the  last 
struggle  was  made  for  the  independence  of  Wales,  in  1282; 
also  the  modern  seat  of  Lord  Dynevor:  and  Golden  Grove, 
the  seat  of  Earl  Cawdor,  where  the  famous  drinking  horn, 
given  by  Henry  Til.  to  Davjd-ap-Iquan.  is  still  preserved. 
LL.\XDEX'XY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Monmouth. 
LL.\XDER/FEL,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  .Alerioneth. 
LL.\XDIXABO,  uin-de-nahlx),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 
LLAXDIX'GAD,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 
LLAXDOCH,  Lan'doK',  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

LLAXDOCH  BAR/RY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 
LLAXDO'GET,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  DenMgh. 
LLAXDO'GO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 
LLAXDO/VERY,  a  municipal  borongh  and  market-town  of 
South  Wales,  co.  and  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Carmarthen,  on  the 
Bran,  here  crossed  by  2  bridges.     Pop.  in  1S51.  1927.    It  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  a  fine  vale,  near  the  Towy ;  and  has 
picturesque   remains  of  a   Norman   castle,    destroyed   by 
Cromwell. 

LL.\NDRILLO,  Lan-drlffi'Jo,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Merioneth. 

LLANDRILLO  YNRHOS.  Lan-drif^'/o  in-h'r.os,  a  parish  of 
North  Wales,  counties  of  DenViish  and  Carnarvon. 

LLAXDRIX'DOD,  a  parish  of  South  W.-i1e.s,  co.  of  Radnor, 
6  miles  N.X  Ji.  of  Builth.  Three  mineral  ^riugs  have  long 
rendered  the  village  a  great  resort  for  invalids. 

LLAXDRIXIO,  a  parish  of  North  AVkles,  co.  of  Mont- 
gomery. 

LL.\XDRY6AN,  Lan-drig'an,  a  parish  of  .North  Wales,  co. 
of  .\nglesey. 

LL.IXDUIVXO,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon, 
on  the  Irish  Sea,  4  miles  X.X.W.  of  Conwy.  Pop.  1047, 
employed  in  copper-mines.  The  lofty  cliffs  and  sea-worb 
caverns  of  the  promontory  of  Gogarth.  are  in  this  pariEh* 
which  contains  also  several  monuments  of  early  cyclopeal 
architecture,  and  is  still  the  haunt  of  the  once  celebrated 
peregrine  falcon. 

LLAXDUDWEN,  lan-djd'wen,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co 
of  Carnar\'on. 

LL.\XDULAS,  tand-dee'las  or  lan-dUlas.  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Denbitrh. 
LLANDULAS,  a  parish  of  South  Walu.  eo.  of  BrkKcn, 


LLA 

LLANT)\VP.  lan'doof,  or  LL4.ND0W,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  (ilamorgan. 

IJ>ANl)\VliOa,  Lau-doo'rog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon. 

LL-iVNOYBIE  or  LLANDEBIE,  Lan-djVee,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

liLANUYFEISANT,  Lau-de-vi'sant,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLAXUYFODWU,  Lan-de-To'doog,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANDYFitloa,  lan-de-vree'og,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Cardijran. 

LLANDYKKYD'OG,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

LLANDYGWYDD,  Lan-djg'wiTH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Cardii^an. 

LL.VXDYLWYF,  Lan-dil'wiv,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  reuibroke. 

LLANDYRNOG,  Lan-dir'nog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Deiibi.nh. 

LLA.\i)YSIL,  Lan-dis'il,  a  small  mnrket^town  and  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan,  on  the  Teifi,  12  miles  S.W. 
of  Lampeter. 

LLA.XDYSILIO,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey, 
on  the  Meiiai  Strait,~liere  crossed  by  the  celebrated  suspeu- 
«on  bridge,  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bangor. 

LLANDYSILIO,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Mont> 
gomery. 

LLANDYSILIO,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANDYSILIO,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  cos.  of  Pembroke 
and  Carmarthen. 

LLANDYSILIO  GOGE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Cardigan. 

LLANDYSSIL,  Lan-dis'sil,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

LLANDYVAILOG  or  LLANDIFAILOG,Lan-do-vi'log,a  pa- 
rish of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANED'AKN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  oo.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANEDWEN,  Laii-Jd'wen,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Anglesey,  on  the  Menai  Strait,  here  crossed  by  a  ferry,  4 
miles  N.  of  Carnarvon. 

LL.\NEDY,  Lan-t'd'ee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
marthen. 

LLANEG'KYN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

LLANKttWAD,  Lan-eg'wad,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Ciirmiirthen. 

LLANEIGRAD,  lan-I'grad  or  lan-.Vgrad,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LI>  AN  ELIAN,  i.an4l'yan,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey,  on  the  Irish  Sea,  1^  miles  S.E.  of  Amlwch.  It  has 
a  lighthouife. 

LLANELIAN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANELIDAN,  Lan-el-id'an,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Denbigh. 

LLANELIEU,  Lan-Jl'yu,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Brecon. 

LLANELLEN,  Lan-5th1en,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

LLANELL'TYD,  a  parish  of  North  Wale.i,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

LLANELLY,  uin-it/iUee.  a  parliamentary  borough,  seaport 
town,  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  on  a  creek  of  Carmarthen 
Bay.  ""O.  and  15  miles  S.E.  of  Carmarthen.  I'op.  of  the  parish, 
11,155;  of  the  parliamentiiry  borough  in  1851,  8710.  It  has 
extensive  cr  pper  works,  and  some  iron  foundries,  the  produce 
of  which  ih  sent  to  Liverpool.  Coal  is  brought  by  railway 
from  the  rich  adjacent  mines,  and  is  largely  exported  to  the 
continent,  for  the  supply  of  steamboats.  Chief  imports, 
copper  ore  from  Cornwall.  The  trade  is  facilitated  by  four 
commodious  docks,  from  which,  in  1848,  there  were  194,253 
tons  of  coiils  exported.  In  1850,  there  entered  at  the  port 
1912  vessels,  tonnage  102,127;  and  cleared,  3049  vessels,  ton- 
nage 193.852.  Llanelly  is  connected  by  canal  with  Kid- 
welly. It  unites  with  Carmarthen  in  returning  a  member  to 
Parliament. 

LLANELLY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANELWEDD,  Lan-^l'w^TH,  or  LLANEiyWETIlY,  a 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

LLANENDDWYN,  Lan-^n'THwin,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Merioneth. 

LL.^NEN'GAN,  a  maritime  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon. 

LLANERCII-Y-MEDD,  lan'erk-A-mJTH,  a  small  market- 
town  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey.    Pop.  1243. 

LLANERFYL,  Lan-si/vfl,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

LLANFABON,  Lafl-vahlxin,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Glamorgan. 

LL  AN  FACIIRETH,  Lan-vaK'rJth,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  ff  Anglesey. 

HANFACliRETH,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Merioneth. 

LL.\  N  F  AELOG.  Lan-vilog  or  lan-vd'e-log,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANFAELRIIYS,  Lan-vil'ris,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Caruarvoa. 


LLA 

LLANFAES,  un-TJ/^s  or  Lan-vJs,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANFAE'IHLU,  ia.n-ylihf\ii,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Anglesey. 

LLANFAGLAN,  Lan-vaglan,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co 
of  Carmarthen. 

LLANFAIR  DYFFRYN  CLWYD.  Lan/vir  difrin  klwid,  a 
parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Di;nbigh. 

LLANFAIR  CAEREIMON.  Lan'vir  kar-I'ne-on,  a  small 
market-town  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  and  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Montgomery.     I'op.  2747. 

LLANFAIR  AR-Y-BRYNN,  Lan'vir  aT-e-hrjun,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANFAIR  CLYDOGAU,  Lan'vir  kle-do/goi,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANFAIR  {"ECIIAN,  Lan'vir  veK'an,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Conwy.  I'op.  747. 
Off  the  coast  here  are  Lavan  sands,  supposed  to  have  been 
formed  by  an  inundation  in  the  tith  century. 

LLANFAIR  MATIIAFARN-EITIIAF,  Lan-vTr  math-av*' 
arn-i'thav,  a  parish  of  North  Males,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LIjANFAIR  IS-GAER,  Lau'vir  is-gd/er,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLANFAIR  JUXM'A  IIARLECn,  (harHjE,)  a  parish  of 
North  M'ales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

LLANFAIR  NANTY^GWYN,  Lan'vir  nan-tig'win,  a  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LLANFAIR  ORLLWYN,  Lan/vir  ort/i/Zwin,  a  parish  of 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

•     LLANFAIR    PWLL-(iW  YNGYLL,    Lan'vir     pool-gwin'- 
ghUlil,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANFAIR  TALIIAIARN,  Lan-vir  tal-hi'arn,  a  parish  of 
North  Wdles,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANFALLTEG,  Lan-val'tJg,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
counties  of  Carmarthen  and  Pembroke. 

LLANFARETII,  Lan-vi'rJth,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Radnor. 

LLANFAWR,  LanVdwR',  a  parish  of  North  AVales,  co.  of 
Merioneth. 

L  LAN  F  ECU  AN,  tan-vSK'an,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Montgomery. 

LLANF'ECIIEL,  Lan-vJK'M.  a  parish  and  small  market- 
town  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Amlwch.     Pop.  10C2. 

LLANFERRAS,  Lan-v2r'rds,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Denbigh. 

LLANES,  I3'n?s,  a  small  town  and  port  of  Spain,  Agti> 
rias,  60  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Oviedo.     Pop.  2084. 

LLANFillANGEL,  Lan-ve-han'gh^^l,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Jlontgomery. 

LLANFIHANGEL,  u  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Meri- 
oneth. 

LLANFillANGEL  QLYN-Y-MYFYR,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  COS.  of  Denbigh  and  Merioneth. 

LLANFIHANGEL  ABERItYTHYCU,  Lan-ve-han'ghel  aV- 
er-bith'iK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANFIHANGEL  ABERCOW'IN,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANFIHANGEL  ABERGWIS'SIN,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Brecon. 

LLANFIHANGEL  AR-AETII,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANFIHANGEL  BACIIELLETH,  Lan-ve-han'ghel  hir 
Khli'lith.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLANFIHANGEL  CIL-FARGEN,  Lan-ve-han'ghel  kil-var/- 
gan.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

'LLANFIHANGEL  CWRN-DEE,  Lan-ve-han'ghfl  koom/- 
dee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANFIHANGEL  FACH,  Lan-ve-han'ghgl  faK,  a  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

LLANFIHANGEL  GENEUR-GLYNN,  lan-ve-hau'ghgl 
ghJn'eer-glynn,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANFIHANGEL  IN-RUG.  Lan-ve-hau'ghgl  in-rig,  a  pa- 
rish of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLANFIHANGEL  LETHYR-FROED,  Lan-ve-han'ghgl 
iJth'ur-fro'M.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANFIHANGEL  NANT-BRANE,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Brecon. 

LLANFIHANGEL  N  ANT-MELLAN,  Mn-ve-han'ghel  nanfe- 
mto'/an,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

LLANFIHANGEL  PENBEDW,  Lan-ve-han'ghel  p?n-bJd'- 
oo,  or  p^nn-vJd'oo.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan, 

LLANFIHANGEL  RHYCLITHON,  Lan-ve-han'ghel  re- 
klith'on.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

LLANFIHANGEL  TAL-Y-LLYNN,  (tal-e-ttfln,)  a  parish 
of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANFIHANGEL  TRE'R  BEIRDD,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANFIHANGEL  TYNSYLWY,  Lan-ve-han'ghel  tin-sjl'- 
wee,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANFIHANGEL  Y-BONT-FAEN,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANFIHANGEL  Y-CRODDIN,  i.an-ve-han'ghel  e-krOiTn'- 
en,  IS'AF  and  UCBLAB',  ee'kaf,  a  parish  of  South'  Wales,  co 
of  Cardigan. 

loer 


LLA 


LLA 


ILAXFIHANGEL  T-PEXNANT,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
00.  of  Caniarvon. 

LLANFIIIANGEL  YSTRAD.  lan-Te-han'ghel  js'trad,  a 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANFIIIANGKL  Y-TRAKXIIAX.  Lan-ve-han'ghel  e-tri'- 
than,  a  parish  of  North  Wale.«,  oo.  of  Merioneth. 

LLA  N  FFIN'N  AN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANFFLEWVN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Angle- 
sey. 

LLANFILO,  Lau-vee'lo,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Brecon. 

LLAN'FOIST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANFROTHEN,  a  parish  oif  North  Wales,  co.  of  Merio- 
neth. 

LLANFWROG,  Lan-voo'rog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Anglesey. 

LLANFWKOO,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANFYLLIN,  Lan-TjWVin,  a  parliamentary  borough, 
luarket-tovrn.  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  and  16i  miles 
N.N.W.  of  .Montgomery,  on  the  Cain.  Top.  of  parliament- 
ary borough,  llie.  It  contributes  with  Montgomery,  Llan- 
idloes, Machynlleth,  Newtown,  and  Welshpool,  in  sending 
1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

LLAXFYNNYD,  Lan-vjn'nid,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Carmarthen. 

LLANFYKN.iCU,  Lan-Tjr'naK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Pembroke. 

LLANGACFAN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgo- 
mery. 

LL.iNGAD'OCK,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  South 
Wale.i,  CO.  of  Carmarthen,  on  the  Towy.  6^  miles  S.W.  of 
Llandovery.  Pop.  of  parish,  2604.  The  town  has  a  ruined 
castle,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens. 

LLANG-iiyFO,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLAN'GAIN.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANGAMMARCH,  Lan-gam'marK,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Brecon. 

LLAN'GAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  cos.  of  Carmarthen 
and  Pembroke. 

LLANG.\N'NA,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANGANTEN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAN'GAR,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

LLAXGAR'RAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LLANYASTY-TALYLLN,  Lan-yhHee-ti-ViMln,  a  parish 
nt  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANGATU'EN,  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmar- 
then. 

LLANGATTOCK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANGATTOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth, 
Including  the  town  of  Caerleon. 

LLANGATTOCK  LLINGOED,  lan'go-gd,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANGATTOCK  near  USE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth.  

LLANGATTOCK  TUVON-AVEL,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANGED'WYN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
marthen. 

LLANGED'WYN.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANGEFELACU,  Lan-ghi-Cl'aK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  GUunorgan. 

LLANGEFNI.  lan-ghJfnee,  a  parliamentary  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey,  15  miles 
E.S.E.  of  liolyhead.  It  unites  with  Beaumaris,  Amlwch, 
and  Holyhead,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

LLANGEINOR  on  the  HILLS.  Lan-ghi'nor,  or  Lan-gi/nor, 
a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLAN'GEINWEN,  Lan-ghiu'wln,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
00.  of  Anglesey. 

LLAXGEITHO,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LL.ANGELER.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANGELYNIN,  Lan-ghf-ljn'in,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLANG  KLY.MN.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

LLANGEXDEIRN,  Lang'en-dim',  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
eo.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANG  ENXKCH,  Lan-ghJn'nte,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

IjLANGENVNlTU,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Ght 
morgan. 

LLANGEXVNY.  a  pari.«h  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANGERNYW,  lan-ghJa/nu,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
eo.  of  Denbigh. 

LLAN'GEVIFAY*,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANGIAN,  Lan-ghee'an,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon. 

LLANOIB'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANGIR/KIG,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montco- 
mery.  ^ 

LLANG  ISTIOLUS,  lan-ghis-tee/o-lls,  a  parish  of  North 
Wale^.  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANG'GOED,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  eo.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANGOED.MAWK,  Lan'gw&i-mOwE',  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Cardigan. 
1008 


LLANGOLLEN,  lan-goWi'/fn,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh,  on  the  Dee,  here  crossed 
by  a  tine  ancient  bridge,  2t)  miles  N.W.  of  Shrewsburj'. 
Pop.  4900.  It  is  situated  in  a  narrow  vale,  enclosed  by  lofty 
mountains,  and  is  universally  admired  fur  its  scfiicry. 
About  1  mile  distant,  on  a  conical  and  almost  inaccessible 
hill  are  the  picturesque  ruins  of  Cadr  Dinas  livan.  a  castle 
of  great  antiquity;  and  about  1  mile  beyond  are  the  beau- 
tiful remains  of  Yalle  Cruris  Abbey,  founded  by  Madoc, 
Prince  of  Powis,  about  the  year  1200.  Four  miles  "from  the 
town  is  the  Cysyllitaw  Aqueduct,  a  noble  structure  of  19 
arches,  126  feet  in  height,  by  which  the  tllesmere  Canal  in 
carried  across  the  Dee. 

LLANGOLLEN  KOAD  STATION,  Shrewsbury  and  Chester 
Kailway,  3  miles  S.  of  Khuabon. 

LLANGOL/.MAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

LLANGORSE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANGO'VEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANGOW'EK.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Jlerioueth. 

LLAXGRAN'OG,  a  parish  of  South  W  ales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANGUA,  Lan-ghU'4,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

LLANGWENLLWYFO,  t&n-gvria-thlwjy'o,  a  parish  of 
North  Wale."*,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLAXG\\'1LL0G,  Lan-gwiWt7og,  a  parish  of  Xorth  Wales, 
CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANG  ^VM,  Lan/goom,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Denbigh. 

LL.\NGWM,  a  parL*  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANGWM,  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LLANG  WNODYL,  Lan-goo-no'dil,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LL.ANGWNOR,  Lan-goo'nor,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co 
of  Carmarthen. 

LL.\NGWYFAN,  Lan-gwjv'jn,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  .Anglesey. 

LLANG  WYFAN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANGWYSTEN'NIN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon. 

LL.\NGYBI,  lan-ghiVee,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon. 

LLANGYIVY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANGYN  EULO,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  iliidnor. 

LLANGYHAF'AL,  a  parish  of  North  W  ales,  co.  of  Den- 
bigh. 

LLANGYNIN,  Lan-ghjn'in,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Carmarthen. 

LLANG  YNLLO,  Lan-ghjnt/i/to,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  ca 
of  Cardigan. 

LL.ANGYNNOG,  Lan-ghin'nog,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANGVNNOG,  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Montgo- 
mery. 

LLANGYNOG.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANGYNWYD,  Lan-ghiu'wid,  a  parish  of  South  Walea, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

LL.ANGYNIDER,  lan-ghjn'id-fr,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Brecon. 

LLANGYNIEW,  Lan-ghjn'yoo,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Montgomery. 

LLANHAl;/AN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan. 

LL.ANHAR/Y,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANIIEN'NOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANIIILETH,  Lan-hee/ifeth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

LLANIIIR,  lan'hlr,  or  Lan/hlR,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Radnor. 

LLAN  IIOW'FX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LLANID'AN.  a  parish  of  North  Males,  co.  of  Anglesey,  H 
miles  N.X.E.  of  Carnarvon.  It  has  remains  of  structures 
ascribed  to  the  Druids,  who  were  twice  massacred  here  by 
the  Romans  in  the  1st  century. 

LLANIDLOFJS.  Lan'id-Iess,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  county  and  19 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Montgomery,  on  the  Severn,  here  crossed 
by  2  bridges.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851.  ot)56. 
It  has  manufactures  of  excellent  flannel  and  other  woollen 
stulTa.  The  borough  unites  with  Montgomery,  Llaiifyllin, 
Machynlleth,  Newtown,  and  Welshpool,  in  sending  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

LLAXIESTYN,  a  parish  of  X'orth  Wales,  co.  of  .Anglesey. 

LLAXIESTYN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon, 

LL.ANIG'ON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANII/AR,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANILLID,  L&u-UliHi<i,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamorgan. 

LLAXIN'A,  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LL.ANIS'AX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glaniorg:m. 

LL.AN'ISHEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth 

LLANLLAWDDOG,  ijin-tttow'inog,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANLLAWER,  ian-W</Ow'fr,  a  parish  of  South  Wa-leii, 
CO,  of  Pembroke. 


LLA 


LLA 


LLANLLECmD,  lan-i/il^K'id,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
00.  of  Caruarvou. 

LLANLLEON'WEIili,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Brecon. 

LLA.NLLOONY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANLfy  >W'iiLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLAN  LLUCIAN,  Lan-iWu'gau,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Montgomery. 

LLANLIiWCHAIARN,  Lan-iWoo-ki'jrn,  a  parish  of  Wales, 
00.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANLLWCHAIARN,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Montgo- 
mery. 

LLANLLYFFNI,  Lan-</i?ifnee,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLANMAIVOCK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan. 

LLANMAES,  Lan^mS/Js  or  lan'mis',  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANMAREW'IC,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Mont- 
gomery. 

LLANMAKTTN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANNEFYDD,  Lan-nSv'iiH,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co. 
of  Denbigh. 

LLAN'XON,  a  pari.'h  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLAN'NOR,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

LLANO'VER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANHlIAIADAR-lN-KIN.MEKCII,  lan-h'Ri/a-dar-in-kin/- 
mJRK,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

Lr,ANRlIAlADAR-YN-MOCIlNANT,  Lan-h'Ri'a-d.Tir-in- 
tnoK'nant,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh,  4^  mile-S 
N.  of  Llaiifyllin.  I'istyll-Iihaiadar,  one  of  the  finest  water- 
falls in  Walci,  is  in  this  parish. 

LLANKHIAN,  Lan-h'Ree'au,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Pembroke. 

LLANRHID1AN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

LLANRHIDIAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

LLANRIIYCIIWYN,  Lan-h'RjK'win,  a  parish  of  North 
Wab'P,  CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

LL.^NRIIYDD,  Lan'h'RiTH,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Denbigh. 

LLANRUYDDLAD,  Lan-h'ajTHlad,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLAXUIIYSTYD,  Lan-h'Rjs/tid,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
00.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANKIIYWYDRDS,  lan-h'Re-wjd'rus,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANROTII'ALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LLANKWST,  Lan'roost,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
North  Wales,  counties  of  Denbigh  and  Carnarvon,  17  miles 
W.S.A\'.  of  Denbigh,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Conway, 
here  navigable  for  vessels  of  60  tons.  Pop.  in  1851,  3602. 
The  town  is  in  a  spacious  vale,  and  has  an  elegant  bridge 
of  3  arches,  constructed  in  16.36  from'  a  design  of  Inigo 
Jones;  a  church  of  the  same  architecture;  and  the  tomb  of 
the  great  Llewellyn,  last  Celtic  prince  of  Wales.  It  has  also 
R  manufactory  of  Welsh  harps. 

LL.\NSA,  lin's^,  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  32  miles 
N.E.  by  N.  of  Gerona,  on  the  coast  of  the  Meditei-ranean. 
Pop.  2-288. 

LLANSADWRN,  tan-sad'oorn,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

LLANSADWRN,  (Lower  and  Upper,)  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANSADWRN  EN,  Lan-sJ-dooK/ngn,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANSAINTFFRAED,  Lan-sSnt-frAd,  (or  sdnt-frid,)  a  pa- 
i-ish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLANSAINTFFRAID,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Denbigh. 

LLANSAINTFFRAID,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

LLANSAINTFFRAID,  GLYNN-CEIRIOG,  (glin-ki/reog,) 
1  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

LLANSAINTFFRAID  GLYN-DYDAVY,  a  parish  of  Wales, 
JO.  of  Merioneth. 

LLANSAINTFFRAID,  IN-ELVEL,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co. 
ft  Radnor. 

LL  ANSAINTFFREAD,  Lan-sJnefrM',  a  parish  of  England, 
eo.  of  Monmouth. 

LLAXS  AM'LET.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANSAN/NAN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLANSANNWR,  Lan-san'noor,  a  pari.'ih  of  South  Wales, 
».  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANSANTFFREAD,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
3aidigan. 

LLA.NS.iW'EL,  a  parish  and  small  market-town  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen,  9  miles  N.  of  Llandeilo-Fawr. 
Pop.  of  parLsh,  982. 

LLANSIL'YN,  a  parish  of  England  and  North  Wales, 
Bounties  of  Denbigh  and  Salop. 

LLAN'SOY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLAXSl'YDDID,  Lan-spjiH/id,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
00.  of  Brecon. 


LLANSTAD'WELL,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

LLANSTEPII'AN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
marthen. 

LLAN-STEPIIAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor- 

LLAN!<TIN'AN.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke 
.  LLANTHEW/V-RYTIIKRCII,  (rjth'erK,;  a  parish  of  Eug 
land.  CO.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANTUEW'Y-SKIK'RIT,  a  parish  of  England. 

LLA.NTHEWY-VACII.  a  parish  of  England. 

LLANTIIONY-ABBKY.     See  CwMYoy. 

LLANTII/IO-GROSSEN/NY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

LLANTILIO-PERTIIO'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of 
Monmouth. 

LL.\N'TOOD,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LLANTRIS'SAINT,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  An- 
glesey. 

LLANTRISSAINT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth 

LLANTRIS'SENT,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and 
pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  8  "miles  N.W.  of 
Cardiff.  Pop.  1007.  Coal,  iron,  and  lead  are  wrought  in 
the  parish.  The  parliamentary  borough  unites  with  Cardiff 
and  Cowbridge  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

LLANTRITH'YD,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamor- 
gan. 

LLANTWIT,  a  parish  of  Wales.    See  Lantwit. 

LLANTWIT  MAYUK,  a  town  of  Wales.     See  Lastwit. 

LLANUWCII-Y-LYN\,  Lan'yooK-oliu',  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Merioneth. 

LL.A.NVACIIES,  Lan-vak'gz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

LLANVAIR-DISCOED,  lan-vir  (or  Lan'vIrO  dis'ko-6d,  a 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANVAIKtKILGID/IN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

LLAN'VAIR-WArrERDINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 

LLANVAP/LEY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANVETU'ERINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

LLANVIHANGEL  (Lan-ve-han'ghel)  near  ROGQIET, 
(rog'ghe-Jt,)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Slonmouth. 

LLANAIIIANGEL  N£.\r  USK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

LLANAIHANGEL-CRUCGR/NEY,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANVllIANGEL-LLANTAR/NAM,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land,  CO.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANVIIIANGEL-PONT-Y-MOILE,  a  pari.sh  of  England, 
CO.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANVIHANOEL-TOR-Y-MYNYDD,  (tor-e-min'iiH,)  a  pa- 
rish of  Enirland.  co.  of  Jlonmouth. 

LLANVllIANGEL-YSTERN-LLEW/ERN,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LLANYRECIIVA,  Lan-vrJk/va,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Monmouth. 

LLANWARNE,  LanVam',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

LLAN  WEN'ARTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth 

LLANWDDYN,  Lan-oo/iuin,  a  parish  of  \\'ales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

LLANWENLLWFO,  Lan-w6n-t/(too'fo,  a  maritime  parish 
of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANWEN'OG,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LL.\N/WERN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

LL.\N  WIN'IO,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

LLANWNDA,  Lan-oon'da,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon. 

LLANWNDA,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LLAXWNEN,  Lan-noo/nen,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Cardigan. 

LLANWXOG,  Lan-noo'nog,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

LL.\N  WON'NO,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

LLANWRDA,  Lan-nooR^da,  a  parish  of  South  ^Vales,  co.  of 
Carmarthen. 

LLANWRIN,  lan-noo/rin,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

LLAN  WRTHWL,  Lan-nooE'thool,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Brecon. 

LLANWRTYD,  Lan-nooR'tid,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Brecon. 

LLANWYDDELLAN,  lan-we-THJtt/Jan,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Montgomery. 

LLANWYDDYN~(lan-wiTH'in)  with  CON/WY,  a  parish  of 
North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

LLANYBLOD/WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

LLANYBYTH'ER,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
marthen. 

LLANYCIIAIARN,  lan.e-Kl'am,  a  parish  of  South  W.iles, 
CO.  of  Cardigan. 

LLANYCHAN,  lan-iK'jn,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  o." 
Denbigh. 

1069 


LLA 


LOC 


ILA  vrCHARE,  LanVkar',  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Fern  broke. 

LLANYCULLWYDD:X>.  Lan-iK-ttZwiTH'og.  or  LLAXCII- 
OI<Wi'DOG,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LI  AXYCKWVS,  lan-e-krwis',  a  parish  of  South  "Wales,  co. 
of  Carmarthen. 

LLANYDDAUSAIXT,  Lan-e-THi'sant,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

LLANYGVVYRDDOX.  Lan-e-gwooR'THon,  or  LLANO WYR- 
QOON.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

LL.A  N  YKEV'AX.  a  parisli  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LLAX^YKIL',  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

LLANY-.MOWUDW  Y,  Lau'e-mow'THwee,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales.  CO.  of  Merioneth. 

LLA  N'YJIYNECH,  Lan'e-min'Jk,  a  parish  of  England  and 
North  Wales,  counties  of  Denbigh,  Salop,  and  Montgomery. 

LLAXYNYS,  Laa-in'is,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLAWXYS.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

LLAXYSTIN'DWY,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
t  arvon. 

LL.W  YWERX,  lan-yoo'ern,  a  parish  of  Wale.«,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLA  WHADliX.  a  parish  of  South  Wales.    See  Lawhadex. 

LLKCHCYNFAKWYOD,  i^K-kiu-fau'wiiH,  a  parish  of 
N<  rth  \Vales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

LL  liCII  Y  LCIIED,  lJk-jI'kM.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  Anglesey. 

LLKREX  AjlA-ri'ud,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  62  miles 
g.E.  of  Badajos.  I'op.  6022.  It  is  ill  built  and  in  decay. 
Principal  buildings.  2  churches  and  an  hospital.  Near  it, 
the  troops  under  Combermere  routed  the  i'reuch,  under 
Drouet.  April  11. 1812. 

LLirlRS,  lyaiRs,  formerly  EL  PERELLO,  el-p4-rJl1o,  a 
town  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  30  miles  from  Gerona.    Pop.  1400. 

LLEWELLYN.  lew-^I'iin.  a  post-village  of  Schuylkill  co., 
Pennsylvania,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Pottsville.  It  owes  its  pros- 
perity to  the  coal-mines  in  the  vicinity.  A  branch  railroad 
connects  it  with  tlie  Reading  Railroad  at  Schuylkill  Haven. 
Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

LLlVIA.Tee've-J,  (anc.  JiiHia  Livliaf)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Ijeritia  in  the  I'yrenees.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Pui.jcerda. 

LLOBREGAT.  lo-bri-gdf,  a  river  of  Spain,  Catalonia, 
enters  the  Gulf  of  Rosas,  near  the  Erench  frontier.  Length, 
65  miles. 

LLOBREGAT  RUBRICATOS.  lo-bri-gaf  roo-bre-ka/toce.  a 
river  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  enters  the  Mediterranean,  3  miles 
8.  of  Barcelona,  after  a  S.  course  of  80  miles. 

LL'JRET,  lo'rJt.  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
26  miles  S.  of  Gerona,  on  the  .Mediterranean.     Pop.  2998. 

LLOS.\-DI<>R.A.NES,  lo'sA-dl-rl'nJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince aiid  25  miles  from  Valencia.     Pop.  1383. 

LLOSETA,  io.s,Vt3,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  island  of 
Majorca,  district  of  Inca.    Pop.  1116. 

LLiiUGUOI{,  Loi'gor.  (anc.  Leucarum  f)  a  parliamentary 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan, 
on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  here  crossed  by  a  liridge,  Cj 
miles  M'.N.W.  of  Swansea,  with  wliich  it  communicates  by 
railway.  Pop.  821.  Vessels  of  200  tons  approach  the  wharf. 
The  borough  unites  with  Swansea.  Aberavon,  Kenfig,  and 
Keath  in  sending  1  memlier  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

LLOAVIS.  ix^wis,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

LL')YD.  loid.  a  post-township  of  Ulster  co..  New  Y^ork,  on 
the  riirht  bank  of  the  Hudson,  about  68  miles  S.  of  Albany. 
The  Wallkill  River  flows  along  its  W.  Iwrtler.     Pop.  2499. 

LLOYD'S,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co.,  Virginia. 

LLOYD'S  XECK,  a  peninsula  on  Long  Island,  between 
Oyster  Bay  and  Huntington  Harbor. 

LLOYDS'VILLE.  a  small  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

LL' lYDTOWN.  a  post-vill.age  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
36  miles  from  Toronto.     It  contains  two  mills.     P.  about  400. 

LLUBI,  loo/bee.  or  CASTELL-LLUBI,  k.^s-tjlloo'bee.  a 
town  of  Spain,  on  the  Island  .Majorca,  near  Inca.    Pop.  1818, 

LLU.MAYOR.  loo-mi-oR',  or  LLUCHMAYOR,  look-ml-or', 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  island  of  Majorca,  17  miles  E,S,E, 
of  Palmas,  I'op,  7112.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollens  and  linens. 

LLYSi'AEX,  Ljs'vd-en  or  LiVvin,  a  parish  of  North  Wales, 
counties  of  Carnarvon  and  Denbigh, 

Ll^YSVAEX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co,  of  Glamorgan. 

LLYSWEN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

LLYSWERXI.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co,  of  Glamorgan, 

LLYSYFU  AN,  Lis-jv'ran,  a  parish  of  Wales,  CO,  of  Pembroke. 

LLYWELL,  Lvoo'el,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co,  of  Brecon, 

L0.\.  lo'd,  a  seaport  town  of  Peru,  lat,  21°  30'  S,.  Ion.  70° 
W.,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  falls 
into  the  Pacific,  after  a  courseof  ISO  miles,  in  the  latter  part 
of  winch  it  forms  the  boundary  between  Peru  and  Bolivia, 

LOAG.  a  post-office  of  Chester  co,.  Pennsvlvania. 

LOANDA.  lo-Jn'dlan  island  of  South- West  AfMca.  imme- 
diately off  tlie  c  ivst  of  Angola,  and  opposite  the  town  of  St. 
Paul  de  Loanda,     Length  IS  miles,  breadth  1  mile, 

LOANOO.  lo-ang'go.  a  county  of  South  AVest  Africa,  extend- 
ing along  the  coasts  of  the  Atlantic,  from  the  equator  to  the 
river  /aire,  which  separates  it  from  Congo  on  the  S,  Surface 
flat  and  very  fertile  on  the  coasts,  interior  unknown.  The 
inhabitants  are  called  Bramas:  thev  resemble  the  negroes 
of  Congo,  are  very  superstitious,  and  practise  the  rite  of 
1070 


circumcision.  The  country  is  governed  by  chicis  or  absolute 
monarchs,  whose  chief  revenue  is  derived  from  the  sale  of 
slaves.  See  Angola,  Benguela,  Congo.  Loango,  the  chief 
town,  is  situated  in  lat.  4°  39'  S.,  Ion,  12°  17'  E,  The  houses 
are  shaded  by  palm  and  plantain  trees,  and  the  town  is  said 
to  be  10  miles  in  circumference.  The  Bay  of  Loango  is 
rocky  and  dangerous, 

LOAN'HEAD,  a  village  of  Scotl.ind,  co,  and  6  miles  S,S.R. 
of  Edinburgh,     Pop.  810,  mostly  colliers  and  papermakers. 

LOANO,  lo-d'no,  (Ital.  Lovano.  lo  va'uo.)  a  village  of  Italy, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  5  miles  N,E,  of  Albenga,     Pop,  3352. 

LOBACHSVILLE,  lo'b£[ks-viU,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

LOBAGUR,  lo-b3-gur',  a  fortified  post  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  32  miles  N,W.  of  Almorah,  in  lal,  29" 
57'  N,,  Ion,  79°  18'  E,,  and  6460  feet  aliove  the  sea. 

LOBAT,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Lovat, 

LOBAU.  loTjuw,  an  island  of  Lower  Austria,  in  the  Danube, 
5  miles  E,S.E,  of  Vienna,  and  where  the  French,  in  1S09, 
remained  intrenched  for  six  weeks,  between  the  battles  of 
Gross-Aspern  and  Wagram, 

LOBAU,  (Lobau),  lii/bOw,  a  town  of  Saxony,  12  miles  E.S,B. 
of  Bautzen,  with  a  station  on  the  Saxon-Silesiau  Railway. 
Pop,  2757.  Near  it  are  mineral  springs,  and  crystals  are 
found,  which  are  known  by  the  name  of  •'  Ixibau  diamonds." 

LOBAU,  (Lobau,)  (Polisli  Lubmva.  lix)-bi/wi,)  a  town  o£ 
West  Prussia,  38  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mariec  iverder,  on  two  small 
rivers.  Pop.  3250.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  has  a  convent, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

LOBBERICH.  lob^ber-iK,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Pru.ssia, 
Dusseldorf,  7  miles  W.'S,W,  of  Kempen,     Pop.  885. 

LOBBES,  lob,  or  lob'bes,  a  village  of  Belgium,  10  miles  S.W 
of  Charleroi,  on  the  Sambre,     Pop.  2489, 

LOB/DELLS  STORE,  a  post-office  of  West  Baton  Rouge 
parish,  Louisiana, 

LOBED.A.  lo-bi'dj,  a  town  of  Saxe-Weimer,  principality 
of  Weimar,  on  the  Saale,  3  miles  S.  of  Jena.     Pop.  731. 

LOBEID,  capital  of  Kordofan.     See  Obeid. 

LOBEJUN,  (Lobejiin,)  liVbi-yiinN  a  walled  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  20  miles  N,W.  of  Merseburg,     Pop.  2CC0. 

LOBENDAU,  lo'ben-dOw\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  36  miles 
N.N.E.  of  I^'itmeritz.     Pop.  1816. 

LOBENSTEIN,  lo'ben-8tine\  the  capital  of  the  principality 
of  Reuss-Lobenstein,  Germany,  on  the  Lemnitz,  here  joined 
by  the  Kosel,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Schleitz.    Pop,  4180, 

LOBXIK,  lol/nik,  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia,  16  miles 
from  Freudenthal,     Pop.  lo71. 

LOB  NOR.  a  lake  of  Central  Asia.     See  Lop  NoR, 

LOBOX,  lo-Bou',  (anc,  Liconf)  a  town  of  Spain,  Estrema- 
dura,  18  miles  E.  of  Badajos.  'I'he  Romans,  under  the  pro- 
consul Lucius  jEmilius,  were  here  defeated  by  the  Lusitani, 
A,  c.  188,    Pop,  580, 

LOBOS,  an  island  of  South  America,  off  the  S,  coast  of 
Uraguay,  N.  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  estuary  of  the  lUo 
de  la  Plata.     Lat.  35°  1'  S.,  Ion.  54°  3y'  W, 

LiJBOS,  an  island  of  North  America,  Gulf  of  California 
coast  of  Mexico.   Lat.,  (S.W.  point,)  27°  15  N.,  Ion.  1 10°  46'  W 

LOBOS.  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  province  of  Vera 
Cruz.    Lat,  21°  26'  N.,  Ion,  97°  8'  W, 

LOBOS,  one  of  the  smaller  Canary  Islands,  being  alout  6 
miles  long  and  Ij  broael,  near  the  N.  point  of  Fuerteventura. 
Lat,,  (N,  point,)  28°  45'  30"  N„  Ion,  13°  48'  SO"  W. 

LOBOS,  a  small  island  in  the  .\tlantic  Ocean,  near  Cape 
Blanco,  N,W,  coast  of  Africa,     Lat.  21°  20'  N.,  Ion.  1?--  W, 

LOBOS  ISLANDS,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Peru,  gee  Seal 
Islands. 

LOBOSITZ,  loOw-sits,  or  LOBOSYCZE,  lo-bo-sitch',i  wrib- 
tcd  also  LOWOSITS,  lo'vo-sits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  4  miles 
W,S,W,  of  Leitmeritz.  on  the  Elbe.  Pop.  1322.  Near  it  is 
the  chapel  of  Maria  Einsiedel,  erected  to  commemorate  the 
first  battle  of  the  seven  years'  war,  29th  October,  1756, 

LOBSENS,  lolVsens,  (Polish  Loljzeniko.  lol^zhi-neeTco,) 
a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  34  miles  W,NW,  of  Bromberg, 
on  the  Lobsonka.     Pop.  2720. 

LOBURG.  lotxioRG,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  IS  milea 
E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Ehle,     Pop,  1950, 

LOCANA,  lo-kd/nd,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  division  of  Tu- 
rin, province  and  25  mUes  W,  of  Ivrea.    Pop,  5384, 

LOXD.APIL'LY',  a  town  of  India,  Nizam's  dominions,  82 
miles  S,W.  of  Hyderabad. 

LOC.ARNO,  lo-kaR/no,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticino.  of  which  it  is  one  of  the  three  capitals,  on  the  Lago. 
Maggiore,  near  its  N.  extremity.  8  miles  S.W.  of  BePiuzoaa. 
Pop.  in  1850,  2676.  Its  Protestant  inhabitants,  expelled  in 
1553,  helped  mainly  to  establish  the  flourishing  silk  mantt- 
faetures  at  Zurich. 

LOCARNO,  a  marketrtown  of  Piedmont,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Se.sia. 

LOCARNO,  LAKE  OF.    See  Lago-Maggiore. 

LOCATE.  lo-kd/tA.  LOCATE-TRIULZI.  lo-kd/t^-tro-ooPzeo, 
or  LOCATE  SAN  VITTORE.  lo-kd/tA  san  vit-to/r.-l,  a  tuwu 
of  Austrian  Italy,  province  and  8  miles  S.  of  Milaii.  on  Uid 
Lambro.    Pop.  1939. 

LOCATION,  a  post-office  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia,  about  90 
miles  W.  of  MilledgeviUe. 


L= 


LOC 


LOC 


LOCCTTM,  loklcodm,  a  market-town  of  Hanov«r,  province 
of  Caleiiberg,  26  miles  W.X.W.  of  Hanover.     I'op.  1500. 

LOCII.VUKii,  loK-l'bgr,  a  wild  and  mountainous  district 
of  Scotliind,  CO  of  Invernes."!,  in  the  vicinity  of  Loch,s  Linnlio, 
Leveu.  and  Kil.  Thi;  last  wild  wolf  known  in  Great  IJritain, 
was  killed  here  by  Camenm  of  Lochiel  in  1680. 

LOCUI  ACIIilAV.  See  Achray.  L;JC1I  KATRINE.  See 
Katri.ne.  For  all  other  articles  having  the  prefix  Loch, 
not  given  belaw.  see  the  additional  name. 

LOCH  ALSII.  loK  alsh.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ros.s. 

LO^CIIAPO'lvA,  a  p:ist-village  of  JIacon  co.,  Alabama,  on 
the  railroad  between  .Montgomery  and  West  Point,  53  miles 
N.K.  of  the  former. 

L(X!II.\K  MUS.'^,  loK'ar  moss,  a  morans  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfrie.'J,  extending  from  the  Solway  i'rith  N.W.  Length 
10  miles;  breadth  from  2  to  3  miles. 

LOCH  I5R00.M,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross. 

LOCH  UllOOM  is  an  extensive  arm  of  the  sea,  between 
the  counties  of  Ross  and  Cromarty.  Lat.  58°  >'.,  Ion.  5"  15' 
W. ;  containing  numerous  islands.  Little  LocH  Broom  is 
an  inlet  on  the  S.  side. 

LOCHCAKKOX,  WK-kar'ron,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross,  on  an  inlet  of  the  ocean  of  the  same  name,  about  37 
miles  W.X.W.  yf  Fort  Augustu.s.  It  has  the  remains  of  a 
castle  of  the  Macdoualds. 

LOCHEE,  loK'ee.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  1^ 
miles  N.W.  of  Dundee.     I'op.  3693. 

L(X)HEM,  loK'em,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Gelderland,  9  miles  E.  of  Zutphen.     Pop.  1934. 

LOCHiiS,  losh,  (auc.  Locliiat)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et^Loire,  on  the  Indre,  24  miles  S.K.  of  Tours. 
Pop.  in  1852,  5191.  It  stands  on  a  declivity,  crowned  by  its 
old  castle,  the  state-prisan  of  Louis  XI.  Near  it,  in  1400, 
was  born  Agnes  Sorel,  whose  tomb  exists  in  the  chapel  of 
the  sub-prefecture. 

LOCH-iJKLLy,  loK-ghM'lee,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife,  7  miles  E.N.J>.  of  Dunfermline.     Pop.  770. 

LOClIiJlLl'-HEAD.  loK-gilp'hid,  a  village  of  Scotland, eo. 
of  Argyle,  on  Loch  Oilp,  a  branch  of  Loch  Fyne,  about  19 
miles  W.S  W'.  of  Inverary.  Pop.  in  1851,  3035.  It  has  a 
.  branch  bank,  and  steam  communication  with  Glasgow. 

LOCHGOIL-HKAD,  loK-goil'hJd,  a  mountainous  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle.  on  Loch  Goil. 

L(X)H11.\U3EN,  loKMiOw'zt-n,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Koyal  Bavarian  Railway,  4  miles  N.  of  Munich. 

LOCIIl.N'OCH,  a  parish  of  Scotland.    Soe  LocHWix.vocH. 

LOCHINVAK,  loK-in'v,ar,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright.  Circuit' 3  miles.  Here  are  remains  of  a 
jastle  of  the  Gordons,  knights  of  Lochinvar. 

LOCH  LEE,  loK'lee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

LOCH  LEV'EN,  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Virginia. 

LOCH  LOCIIY,  loK  loK'ee,  a  lake  of  Scotbind.  co.of  Inver- 
ness, forming  one  of  the  chain  of  lakes  of  the  Great  Caledo- 
nian (Jlen.     Length  about  9  miles,  breadth  1  mile. 

LOCH  LOMOND.     See  Lo.mo.nd. 

LOCH  LiJM'OND,  a  post-ofRce  of  Goochland  co.,  Virginia. 

LOCHMABEN,  loK-ui.Vben,  a  royal  and  parliamentary 
borough,  and  parish  of  .Scotland,  county  and  8  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Dumfries.  Pop.  in  1851,  1092.  It  is  beautifully  .situated 
on  rising  ground,  and  eucircled  by  a  chain  of  8  small  lakes. 
It  has  a  savings  hank,  and  ruins  of  the  magnificent  castle  of 
King  Robert  Bruce.  It  joins  with  Dumfries,  Annan,  Kirk- 
cudbright, and  Sanquhar  in  sending  1  member  to  Parliament. 

LOCHNA-GAR,  loK^na-gar',  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Abei\leen,  Grampian  range,  height  3777  fl'et. 

LOCH-NA-SEALG,  loK^na-sailg'.  a  lake  of  Scotland,  coun- 
ties of  Ross  and  Cromarty.' 32' miles  W.N.W;  of  Dingwall,  7 
miles  long  by  1  mile  broad. 

LOCHNE.SS.    See  Ness. 

LOCHRUTTON.  loK-rut'ton,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  5  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Dumfries.  It  has  a  fiue  lake,  remains  of  several 
towers,  and  a  Druidical  circle. 

L<X^HS.  loKs.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  Isle  of  Lewis. 

LOCHWINNOCH,  loK-win'noK.  or  LOCIIINOCH,  loK-ln'oK, 
a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  with  a  station  on  the 
Glasgow  and  Ayr  Railwav,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Paisley.  Pop. 
of  the  village  in  1851,  2271.  The  fine  lake  of  Castle  Semple 
is  in  this  parish ;  on  its  banks  are  the  remains  of  a  chm-ch 
and  several  castles.     In  the  vicinity  is  a  magnetic  rock. 

LOCHY  (loK'ee)  RIVER,  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverne.ss,  h.as 
a  S.W.  course  of  about  10  miles.  At  its  junction  with  Loch 
Eil  is  Fort  William,  a  little  above  is  Iiiverlochy  Castle. 

LOCHY  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
In  the  picturesque  vale  of  Glenlochy.  after  a  course  of  about 
15  miles,  joins  the  Dochart  near  its  junction  with  Loch  Tay. 

LOCK,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio." 

LOCK,  a  township  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  863. 

LOCK,  a  township  in  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  488. 

LOCK  BER'LIN,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  New  York, 
on  tho  Erie  Canal,  4  miles  E.  of  Lyons. 

LOCK'BOITRNE,  a  postrvillage  of  Franklin  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  Canal.  11  miles  8.  by  E.  of  Columbus. 

LOCKE,  a  post^township  on  the  S.  border  of  Cayuga  CO., 
New  York,  about  145  miles  W.  of  Albany.     I'op.  1325. 

LOCKE,  a  post-village  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana. 


LOCKER/BY,  a  market-town  of  Scotland,  .t ..  of  Dninfllea, 
on  the  Carlisle  and  Glasgow  Railway,  10  miles  N.N  \V.  of 
.4unan.     Pop.  1315. 

LOCK'ERLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ilantx. 

L'JCKE'S  M1LL.S,  a  post-office  of  iJxfird  co..  .Maine. 

LOCKE"S  -MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Mifiiin  co.,  Pennsylvania 

LOCK'H.MIT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caldwell  co.,  Texas, 
about  25  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Austin. 

LOCKIIART'S  STORE,  a  postofHce  of  Holmes  co.,  Mifr 
fissippi. 

LOCK  II.WEN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capit.al  of  Clinton 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  West  Branch  of 
the  Susquehanna  River,  at  the  month  of  the  Biild  Eagle 
Creek,  and  on  the  Philadelplua  and  Erie  Railroad,  107  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  near  the  head  of  navigation 
on  the  West  Branch  Canal.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business, 
and  a  depot  for  pine  lumber,  of  which  large  quantities  iire 
sawn  in  the  county.  It  has  2  banks,  6  churches,  2  news- 
paper offices,  1  academy,  and  2  steam  saw  mills.  This  town 
is  the  .terminus  of  a  railroad  which  connects  with  the 
Central  Railroad  at  Tyrone.  A  bridge  across  the  river 
connects  Lock  Haven  with  Dnnnstown.     Pop.  3349. 

LOCK-IIOI,  lok-hoi',  a  seaport  town  of  China,  E.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Hainan,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river ;  lat.  19^ 
15' N.,  Ion.  110°  25' E.  It  is  a  large  place,  surrounded  by 
walls  and  ramparts  30  feet  thick,  in  tolerable  condition,  and 
entered  by  four  gates  facing  the  cardinal  points.  The  streets 
are  paved,  but  narrow ;  the  houses,  built  of  brick,  "never 
exceeil  two  stories  in  height ;  the  shops  are  elegant  and  weM 
supplied  with  various  kinds  of  merchandise.  Pop.  about 
90.000. 

LOCKING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LOCK'INGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

LOCK'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

LOCKINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Hull  and  Scarborough  Railway, 
6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Beverley. 

LOCKINGTON,  a  thriving  post- village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal. 

LOCK'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co..  Alabama. 

LOCKLAND,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Miami  Canal.  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  It  ha« 
a  valuable  watei'-power,  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  a 
station  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Dayton  Railroad. 

LOCK'PORT,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Niagara 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  ar.d  on  the  Rochester, 
Lockport,  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  connecting  the  New 
York  Central  with  the  Great  A\'estern  Railway  of  Canada 
25i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Buffalo  by  railroad,  and  31  by  canal: 
306  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany  by  railroad,  and  333  bv  canal, 
and  22J-  miles  E.N.E.  of  Niagara  Falls.  Lat.  4.3°  11''N.,  Ion. 
78°  40'  W.  It  is  situated  at  the  print  on  the  canal  where 
the  water  descends  from  the  level  of  Lake  Erie  to  the  Gene- 
see level,  by  ten  double  combined  locks  of  massive  masonry, 
in  the  best  style  of  workmanship.  The  abundant  hydraulic 
power  obtained  by  this  means  constitutes  one  of  the  chief 
sources  of  the  prosperity  of  Lockport.  This  power  will  be 
greatly  augmented  by  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  en- 
largement to  Buffalo,  which  is  now  far  advancetl.  In  the 
construction  of  this  great  work,  a  barrier  of  solid  limestone 
has  been  excavated  from  the  head  of  the  locks,  about  3  miles 
southward,  from  25  to  40  feet  in  depth,  and  62  feet  in  width, 
with  an  additional  space  of  15  feet  for  a  towpath.  Water, 
in  any  desirable  quantity,  may  be  drawn  from  the  Erie  level, 
and  returned  to  the  canal,  60  feet  below,  without  detriment 
to  the  navigation.  Large  quarries  of  the  finest  limestone 
and  of  sandstone  flagging  are  worked  at  this  place,  furnish- 
ing constant  employment  to  several  hundred  men.  Lock- 
port  has  6  flouring-mills,  3  of  which  are  of  the  first  class,  11 
saw-mills,  5  iron  foundries,  1  cotton  fac^tory,  2  woollen  fac- 
tories, 5  banks,  an  insurance  office,  several  Insurance  agencies, 
and  85  stores,  not  including  the  small  groceries.  It  has  seve- 
ral printing-offices,  issuing  3  weekly  and  2  daily  newspapers; 
6  primary  schools,  and  1  union  school :  the  latter  is  a  Inrge 
and  substantial  stone  building,  in  which  from  four  to  Six 
hundred  children,  after  leaving  the  primary  schools,  are 
instructed  in  all  the  branches  of  a  liberal  oi'ucation.  A  mong 
the  churches  are  2  Episcopal,  2  Presbyterian,  1  Methodist,  1 
Baptist,  1  Lutheran,  1  Universalist,!  Catholic,  and  1  Friends' 
meeting-house.  Lockport  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  agricul- 
tural region,  and  there  is  no  place  on  the  Erie  Canal,  except 
Rochester,  and  perhaps  Buffalo,  where  so  much  flour  is  manu- 
factured. The  Rochester,  Lockport,  and  Niagara  IJailroad 
crosses  the  canal  at  this  point  by  a  viaduct  500  feet  in  leni»th, 
and  CO  feet  above  the  water.  This  road  was  completed  in 
June,  1852.  Lockport  Is  the  largest  unincorporated  town 
in  the  state.  Pop.  in  1855,  about  13,300;  of  the  township 
in  1850,  12,323;  in  1860, 1.3,523. 

LOCKPORT,  a  village  in  Clinton  co..  Penn.sylvan;a.  on  the 
Susquehanna  River  opposite  Lock  Ilaven,  has  about  150 
inhabitants. 

LOCKPORT  or  PLATEA,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Erie 

LOCKPORT,  a  village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pe,nnsylvauia,  on  the 
I^^high  River. 

1071 


LOC 


LOD 


LOCKPORT.  a  small  Tillage  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LOCKPORT'  or  LOCKPOKT  STATION",  a  post-Tilla;,'e  of 
Westmoreland  co.,  Peun.sylvauia,  on  the  Conemaugh  Creek, 
Pennsylvania  Canal,  and  Central  Railroad,  25  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Greeii?burg. 

L'JCKPORT,  a  village  of  La  Fourche  Interior  pari.«h,  Lou- 
isiana, on  Bayou  La  Fourche.  The  produce  of  the  vicinity 
is  shipped  at  this  village  by  steamboats.  It  has  about  100 
inhabitants.  ' 

LOCKPORT,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Kentucky,  on  Green 
lUver.  at  Lock  and  Dam  No.  4. 

XiOCKPORT,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Kentucky  River.  It  is  the  principal  landing-place  in 
the  county,  and  has  2  stores  and  3  warehouses. 

LOCKPOIIT,  a  village  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  Canal,  100  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

LOCKPORT,  a  post-village  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio,  on  Tiffin's 
River,  about  143  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

LOCIvPORT,  a  township  in  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1272. 

LOCKPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Carroll  co.,. 
Indiana,  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  75  miles  N.  of 
Indianapolis.     Pop.  126. 

LOCKl'ORT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Whitewater  River  and  Canal,  about  60  miles  E. 
of  Indianapolis. 

LOCK  POUT,  a  village  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

LOCKPORT,  a  hand.<iome  post>village  and  township  of 
Will  CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Des  Plaines  }{iver,  and  on  the  Illi- 
nois and  Michigan  Canal,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.  It  is  a 
place  of  active  business,  possessing  extensive  water-power, 
and  quarries  of  good  tniilding  stone.  It  contains  the  gene- 
ral ollice  of  the  Canal  Coinpany,  and  7  churches.  The  Chi- 
cago Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  passes  through  it.  Pop. 
of  the  village,  about  2000;  of  the  township,  2><22. 

LOCKI',)RT  STATION,  Pennsylvania.    See  Lockport. 

LOCK'RIDQK.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

LOCK  STA'TION",  a  postK)ffice  of  St  Joseph  co.,  Michigan. 

LOCKSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LOCK'S  VIIj'LAGE,  a  post-village  in  Franklin  co.,  Massa- 
cl  usetts,  75  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 

LOCK'VILLE,  a  small  village  of  Chatham  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

LOCKVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

LOCIC'WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

L'JCK'WOOD.  a  village  and  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding,  IJ  miles  S.S.W.  of  Uuddersfield.  Pop. 
4303.  It  is  picturesquely  situated,  and  frequented  for  its 
medicinal  waters. 

LOCLE,  (LM.)  leh  lok'l',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Neufchatel,  in  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  traversed  by  the  Bied,  nearly  3000  feet  above  the 
goa.  It  has  an  orphan  asylum,  hospital  for  old  men,  im- 
portant manufiotures  of  clocks  and  watches,  jewelry,  and 
lace.  Near  Locle,  the  Bied  disappears  in  a  rocky  chasm, 
which,  not  having  a  large  enough  vent  for  the  water,  when 
increased  by  melting  snows,  causes  disastrous  inundations. 
The  danger  has  now  been  removed  by  an  aquetluct,  consist- 
ing of  a  tunnel  950  feet  long,  cut  through  the  solid  lime- 
stone rook,  which  encompasses  the  valley,  and  carries  the 
superfluous  water  into  the  Doubs.  The  chasm,  where  the 
Bied  disappears,  is  100  feet  deep-;  and  to  render  the  fall 
available,  several  mills,  one  above  the  other,  have  been  con- 
structed within  it.    Pop.  in  1850,  8514. 

LOCMARIQUER,  lok'mi'ree'kaia',  a  village  of  France, 
depfirtment  of  Alorbihan,  23  miles  S.E.  of  L'Orient.    P.  2187. 

LOCMINE.  loVmeen',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pontivy.    Pop.  1760. 

LOCORODONTO,  lo-ko-r(Hlon'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince and  38  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bari.    Pop.  4000. 
LOCKL    See  Gerace. 

LOCSMAND,  loch'mind',  or  LOTHMANSBURO,  lofmins- 
KioRO'',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Giins. 
Pop.  1221. 

LO'CDST,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Arkansas. 

LOCUST  COR/.\KR,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

LOCUST  CREKK,  of  Missouri,  rises  near  the  N.  boundary 
of  the  state,  and  flowing  southward  through  Dodge,  Sulli- 
van, and  Linn  counties,  it  enters  Grand  Kiver  from  the  left, 
in  the  N.W.  part  of  Chariton  county.  Branches. — The  West 
Fork  flows  southward  through  Sullivan  county,  and  enters 
Locust  Creek  from  the  right  in  Linn  county.  The  East  Fork 
falls  into  the  main  stream  from  the  left  in  the  S.  part  of 
Sullivan  county. 

LOCUST  CREKK.  a  post-offlce  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia,  33 
miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 
LOCUST  DALE,  a  post-offlce  of  Madison  co.,  Virginia. 
LOCUST  Fi)R'EST,  a  small  village  of  Butler  co.,  Kentucky. 
LOCUST  FORK.    See  Black  W.arrior  River. 
LOCUST  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Virginia,  86 
miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 
1072 


LOCUST  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia, 
about  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  McDonough. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Searcy  co.,  Arkansas. 

LOCUST  GRO\'E,  a  small  village  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Weakly  CO.,  Tennessee. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Kentucky. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co..  Ohio,  90 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  A  plank-road  connects  it  with 
Ripley,  on  the  Ohio, 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  jxistoffice  of  Montgomery  co..  Indiana. 

LOCUST  tWlOVE.  a  post-office  of  W  illiamson  co.,  Illinois. 

LOCUST  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

LOCUST  HILL,  n  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

LOCUST  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Caswell  co..  North  Carolina. 

LOCUST  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  District,  South 
Carolina. 

LOCUST  LANE,  a  post-offlce  of  Fayette  co.,  Virginia. 

LOCUST  MILLS,  a  po.ft-offlce  of  Bracken  co.,  Kentucky. 

LOCUST  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Accomac  co.,  Virginia. 

LOCUST  MOUNT,  a  post-office  Washington  CO..  Tennes^see. 

LOCU.ST  MOUN/TAIN,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Schuylkill  county,  may  be  regarded  as  a  portion  of  Broad 
Mountain. 

LOCUST  SHADE,  a  postoffice  of  Overton  co.,  Tennessee. 

LOCUST  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois, 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield. 

LOCUST  TREE,  a  postoffice  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 

LO'CUSTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Accomac  co.,  Virginia. 

LOCZ,  lots,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Neograd,  10  miles 
from  Szakall.    Pop.  1090. 

LOD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

LODDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

LOD'DISWELL,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LOD'DON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk,  10  miles  S.E,  of  Norwich.     Pop.  in  1851,  1206. 

LODDON,  a  river  of  England,  flows  into  the  Thames,  near 
Wargrave.    Length  30  miles. 

L')DDON,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford,  tributary 
to  the  Frome. 

LODDON  or  YAR/RA,  a  river  of  Australia,  Victoria,  flows 
N.W.  and  joins  the  Murray. 

LOD'DY,  a  postK)ffice  of  Hamilton  co.,  Tennessee. 

LODEINOJE-POLE,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Ladeinoe-Pole. 

L(.)DELINSART,  1oMv1i-1^>"'s»R'.  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Hainaut,  about  22  miles  E.  of  .Mons.     Pop.  1716. 

LO'DERS  or  LOTHERS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

LO'DEKSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania-. 

LODEVE,  lo'daiv',  (anc.  Lute'va  or  Pafrum  Xerolnis.)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Herault,  in  a  pretty  valley, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Cevennes,  on  the  Ergue,  here  spanned  by 
a  handsome  bridge,  29  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jlontpellier.  It  U 
w.ill'ed;  poorly  and  irregularly  built;  has  an  old  cathedral 
church,  containing  a  fine  mausoleum  of  white  marble;  im- 
portant manufactures  of  army  clothing,  and  of  woollen 
stuffs,  hosioi-y,  soap,  and  wax  candles;  and  a  trade  in  wool- 
lens, wine,  brandy,  almonds,  &c.  Lodeve  pos.sesses  mineral 
springs,  which  were  once  much  resorted  to,  but  have  been 
almost  deserted  since  the  discovery  of  the  thermal  spring 
of  Balaruc.  In  the  vicinity  is  a  grotto,  with  fine  stalactites. 
Pop.  10,372. 

LODI,  lo'dee,  a  city  of  Lombardy,  on  the  Adda,  here  crossed 
by  a  wooden  bridge  609  feet  Jong,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Milan,  on 
the  road  to  Piacenza.  Pop.  in  1861,  al>ont  20,000.  It  was 
founded  in  1158  by  the  Emperor  Frederick  J.,  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and'  is  generally  well  built,  but  dirty.  Principal 
edifices,  a  citadel  of  the  15th  century,  now  converted  into 
barracks. a  cathedral  with  some  remarkable  antiquities  and 
fine  paintings,  18  other  churches,  a  large  hospital,  and  a 
theatre.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  the  seat  of  a  gymnasium,  im- 
perial diocesan  and  other  schools,  a  normal  school,  founded 
by  Joseph  II.,  orphan  and  foundling  asylums,  a  public 
libi-ary,  pawn  bank,  manufactures  of  linens,  silks,  porce- 
lain, chemical  products,  and  an  active  trade,  especially  In 
Parmesan  cheese,  for  the  making  of  which  30.0l)0  cows  were 
fed  in  the  vicinity  in  1845.  On  the  10th  of  .May,  1796,  Napo- 
leon here  gained  a  decisive  victorv  over  the  Austrians. 

LODI,  also  called  LODI  E  CREM.\,  a  district  of  Italy, 
separated  from  the  province  of  Parma,  on  the  S.  by  the  Po; 
area  462  square  miles.    Capital,  Lotli. 

LODI,  lo/di,  a  village  of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York,  about 
20  miles  E.  of  Dunkirk. 

LODI  or  LODI  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Seneca  co..  New  York,  on  the  E.  side  of  Seneca  Lake,  3  or  4 
miles  S.  of  Ovid.  'The  village  contains  2  churi'hes,  4  stores, 
and  about  250  inhabitants.    Pop,  of  township.  2067. 

LODI.  a  post-township  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jersey,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Hackensack.     Pop.  2063. 

LODI,  a  post-village  of  Abbeville  district.  South  Carolinu. 

LODI.  a  post-offlce  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia,  130  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Milledgeville. 

LODI,  a  post-offlce  of  Choctaw  co.,  5Iississippi. 

LODI,  a  post>vill3ge  of  .lackson  co..  Tennessee. 

LODI.  a  township  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1508 


LOD 


LOG 


LODT,  a  post-villago  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  about  100  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Columbus. 

LODI,  a  post-township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
1319. 

LODT,  a  post-offlpo  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana. 

LODI,  a  small  post-viUaije  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois. 

LODI,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wis- 
consin, 20  mile.'!  .V.  by  W.  of  Madison.  The  Tillage  has  2 
churches,  fi  stores,  2  hotels,  1  fanuing-niill  factory,  and  2 
flouring-mills.     Pop.  about  (iOO;  of  the  township,  1.384. 

LODI  B.A.R,  a  small  -village  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LODI  CENTRE,  a  post-ofHce  of  Seneca  CO.,  New  York. 

LODI  VECCinO,  lo'dee  vek'ke-o.  or  OLD  LODI,  (anc.  Latis 
PomivHa.)  is  a  decayed  village  of  Northern  Italy,  i  miles  W. 
of  Lodi.  It  was  founded  by  tlie  father  of  Pompey  the  Great, 
and  ruined  by  the  Milanese  In  1111.    Pop.  3164. 

LODIVILLK,  a,  post^vil!a,'e  of  Parke  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  Canal,  about  1*3  miles  N.W.  of  Kockville. 

LOD,  (Kis.)  kjsh  Ind,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube, 
13  miles  from  Veszprim.     Pop.  1388. 

L',)DJMEiiIA,  Austrian  Poland.     See  Gaucia. 

LODOMIL'LO,  a  post-otllce  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa. 

LDDOKJJ.  IfMlur'.  a  post-office  of  .Amelia  co.,  Virginia. 

LODO.'-"A.  lo-do'sd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre, 
on  the  Kbro,  K)  miles  S.S.W.  of  I'amplnna.     Pop.  2580. 

LODIUJN,  lo'dron,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  25  miles 
W.S.'W.  of  lioveredo,  hk&t  the  entrance  of  the  Chiese  River 
into  Lake  Idro.     Pop.  2400. 

LOD,  VAKOS,  (Varus.)  vd/rosh^  lod,  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Thither  Danube,  12  miles  from  Veszprim,  on  the  Torna. 
Pop.  1707. 

L!>DrVWO-flTII,  a  ciiapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LODZ,  loilz,  a  towu  of  Poland,  government  and  73  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Warsaw.    I'op.  31,504,  emi)Ioyeil  in  linen  wejiving. 

LOKAN,  loo-Sn',  LOEWANG  or  LOOANG,  loo-dng'.  an 
island  in  the  .Malay  Archipelago,  between  Timor  and  Timor 
Laut:  lat.  S'^  10'  S..  Ion.  128°  30'  E. 

LOEHOE,  loo'hoo'.  LOEBOE,  loo'boo',  or  LOEWOE.  loo'- 
woo',  a  native  state,  in  the  i.-^Iand  of  Celebes,  lying  on  the  N. 
part  of  the  Gulf  of  Poni,  and  once  the  greatest  and  most 
mighty  kingdom  in  the  island.  Its  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  a  bay,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  gulf;  lat. 
2°  54'  S. 

H)ENEN.  loo'nen,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  and  14 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Utrecht,  on  the  Vceht.    Pop.  905. 

L OENH'.iUT,  loon/liowt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
16  miles  N.E.  of  Antwerp.    Pop.  1800. 

LOEVENSTEIX,  loo'ven-stIne\  a  fort  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland.  on  the  Wa;il.  10  miles  W.  of  Bommel. 
Here,  early  in  the  17th  century,  Grotius  was  imprisoned,  till 
relieved  by  a  stratagem  of  his  wife. 

LOEWANG  (ISLAND.)     See  Loean. 

LOFFEX  AU.  lof 'feh-nOw\  a  small  town  of  Germany,  WUr- 
temljerg,  circle  of  Black  Forest.    Pop.  1093. 

LOFFINGEX,  (Lofflngen,)  liiffing-en,  a  town  of  Baden, 
among  the  mount,ains  of  the  Black  Forest,  41  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Constance.     Pop.  1191. 

LOFFODEN,  lof  fo'den,  LOFCDEN.  or  LOFOTEN,  a  group 
of  islands  off  the  N.VV.  coast  of  Norway;  between  lat.  67° 
30'  and  69°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  12°  and  16°  E.;  and  stretching 
from  S.W.  to  N.E.  about  175  miles.  The  largest  are  Andiien, 
Langiien,  Hindiien.  E.  and  AV.  Vaagen,  and  Flagstadiie. 
They  have  almost  all  bold,  precipitous,  rugged,  aud  deeply- 
indented  coasts,  and  an  elevated  and  very  sterile  interior, 
several  of  them  contiiining  mountains,  which,  though  not 
very  lofty,  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  coasts  only 
of  the  islands  are  inhabited,  and  contain  some  tracts  under 
such  cultivation  as  the  rigor  and  uncertainty  of  the  climate 
will  admit;  but  the  chief  value  of  the  whole  group  is  derived 
from  the  immense  shoals  of  cod  and  herring  which  frequent 
them,  and  the  extensive  and  valuable  fisheries  which  are 
consequently  carrietl  on  at  the  proper  seasons.  In  ordinary 
years,  about  3000  boats,  each  manned  by  five  hands,  or  15.000 
in  all,  are  employed:  and  the  produce  in  cod  is  about  9000 
tons  dried  S.*h,  22.000  barrels  of  oil,  and  6000  barrels  cod  roe. 
The  principal  cod-fishei-y  ends  in  April;  but  the  herring- 
fishery  continues,  and  furnishes  an  important  branch  of 
national  revenue.  Permanent  popxUation  about  4000.  The 
islands  are  exposed  to  severe  storms  from  the  W.,  and  vio- 
lent currents  set  in  between  them.  Near  the  S.  end  of  the 
group  is  the  Ma?l-Strom  or  famous  whirlpool.  See  Mjelstrom. 

LOFODEN  or  LOFOTEN.    See  Loffodkn. 

LOFO,  lo'fi>\  a  small  island,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  and  N.W.  of  the  Island  of  Aland,  to  which  group 
it  belongs.  Preliminaries  of  peace  between  Russia  and  Sweden 
were  sianed  here  in  1718. 

LOFSTA,  (Xiifsta,)  VuffJtL  a  town  of  Sweden,  laen  and  40 
miles  \.  of  tipsal.  on  the  lAifsta.  3  miles  from  its  mouth  in 
Liifsta  Bay.    Pop.  1.5<J0.  mostly  engaged  in  iron  works. 

LOFTCHEn.    See  Loftscha. 

LOFT'IIOUSE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Guisborough.     Pop.  1091. 

LOFTON'S  STORE,  a  village  of  Butts  CO.,  Georgia,  62 
ipiles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

33 


LOFTSCHA,  loffc'cha,  or  LOVATS,  loH-ats',  a  walled  town 
of  Turkey  in  Europe,  province  of  Bulgaria,  252  miles  N.W 
of  Constantinople.  Lat.  43°  10'  N.,  Ion.  24°  50'  E.  Pop 
3000. 

LOFTY  5I0UNT.  a  mountain  of  South  Australia,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Adelaide.  Lat.  34°  68'  20"  S..  Ion.  138°  42'  E.  Height 
2400  feet  above  the  sea. 

LCG  .\N,a<:ounty  in  the  S.W.  part  of  W.Virginia,  bordering 
on  Kentuc  ky,  has  an  area  of  825  square  miles.  It  is  iuter- 
.sected  I'y  the  Guyandotte  River,  and  bounded  on  the  S.AV. 
by  the  Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  River.  The  county  slopes  towards 
the  N.W.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  oversjiread  with 
extensive  forests;  the  soil  is  generally  good.  The  highlands 
of  this  county  abound  in  stone-coal  and  iron,  which  are  not 
much  used  at  present.  Formed  in  1S24.  and  namoil  in  honor 
of  a  distinguished  chief  of  the  Mingo  tribe.  Capital,  Ara- 
coma,  or  Logan  Court  House.  Pop.  4938,  of  whom  4790  were 
free. 

LOGAN,  a  county  in  the  S.S.AV.  part  of  lientucky.  border- 
ing on  Tennes.see.  has  an  area  estimated  at  600  scjuare  mile.''. 
It  is  traversed  by  Red  River,  an  alHuent  of  the  Cumber- 
land, and  also  draitie<l  by  Muddy  ai.d  AVhippoorwill  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  beautifully  diversified  by  ranges  of  hills, 
covered  with  timber.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  watc^rwi 
'I'he  surface  rock  is  the  cavernous  limestone.  The  creeks 
furidsh  motive  power  for  mills.  The  county  contains  a 
number  of  artificial  mounds,  which  recall  the  memory  of 
former  ages.  B'ormed  in  1792.  and  named  in  honor  of  Gene- 
ral Betijamin  Logan,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Kentucky. 
Capital,  Kussellville.  Pop.  19,021,  of  whom  12,665  were 
free,  and  &356  slaves. 

LiXJ.\N,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  h,-\s  an 
area  of  457  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Miami 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sounx-s  of  ?>Iad  River,  and 
of  Rush,  Darby,  and  Mill  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally 
rolling  or  level,  the  soil  productive  and  well  timbered. 
It  IS  intersected  by  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railn  ad, 
and  by  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indiana  Railroad.  Organized 
inl8:'7.    Capital,  Bellefontaine.     Pop.  20,996. 

LOGAN,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
of  625  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Salt  Creek,  au 
affluent  of  Sangamon  River,  and  also  drained  liy  Kit  kapoo 
and  Sugar  Creeks.  The  surface  is  level,  and  is  mostly  desti- 
tute of  forests:  the  soil  is  fertile.  Several  creeks  "in  the 
county  are  bordered  with  narrow  strips  of  timber,  and  the 
deficiency  of  wood  in  other  parts  is  compensated  by  an 
abundance  of  stone-coal.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad.  Capital,  Lincoln. 
Pop.  14,272. 

LOGAN,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New  York,  near 
Seneca  Lake,  about  24  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ithaca. 

LOGAN,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.832. 

LOGAN, a  township  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  706. 

LOGAN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Falls  township,  and 
capital  of  Hocking  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Hocking  River  and 
Canal,  49  miles  i*.E.  of  Columbus,  aud  1  mile  below  the  falls 
of  the  river.  It  has  1  bank.  Two  new.spai)ers  are  published 
here.  Extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  are  found  in  the  vicinity. 
Ijiiid  out  about  the  year  1816.     Pop.  1489. 

LOGAN,  a  township  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  867. 

LOGAN,  a  township  of  Konntaiu  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  689. 

LOGAN,  a  post-olKce  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois. 

LOGAN  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Logan 
CO.,  W.  Virginia,  on  the  Guyandotte  River,  about  50  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Charleston. 

LOGAN  JIILLS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvanufc 

LOGAN  MILLS,  a  postroflice  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky. 

LOGAN  MOUNTAINS,  of  East  Australia,  Cooksland,  are 
about  lat.  28°  S.,  Ion.  152°  20'  E..  and  separate  the  sources 
of  the  Darling  River  from  those  of  the  Logan,  a  navigable 
river  which  enters  the  Pacific  behind  Stradbroke  Island. 

LOGAN'S  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Reynolds  co.,  Missouri, 
125  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LOGAN'S  FElWtY,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Alleghany  River,  18  miles  above  Pittsburg, 
has  about  100  inhabiiants. 

LtyGANSPORT,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  Louisiana. 

LOGANSPORT.  a  city,  capital  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  is 
situated  on  the  Wabash  River  and  Canal,  at  the  mouth  of 
Eel  River,  and  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Cliicago  Railroad,  70 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis,  and  104  miles  S.E.  of  Chi- 
cago. It  is  the  centre  of  trade  for  a  fertile  agricultural 
region,  from  which  grain,  pork,  and  lumber  are  exported. 
Logansport  has  valuable  water-power,  which  is  employed 
in  manufactures  to  some  extent.  The  Toledo  and  Mabash 
Railroad  connects  here  with  a  railroad  which  extends  to 
Peoria,  &c.  A  considerable  quantity  of  lumber  (poplar  and 
black  walnut)  is  procured  in  the  vicinity,  and  exported  to 
the  Eastern  cities.  Logansport  contains  1  bank,  2  acade- 
mies, and  8  churches,  3  of  which  are  stone  buildings.  The 
court-house,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  state,  is  built 
of  hewn  stone.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  West 
Logansport  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Eel  River,  and 
is  included  in  the  corporate  limits.  Laid  out  in  1829. 
Pop.  2979. 

1073 


LOG 


LOI 


LOGAN'S  STORE,  a  posiofflce  of  Rutherford  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

Ii'J'(3AXSVILL]l>  a  village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  6 
miles  S.  of  Morristown. 

LOOANSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Miami  Kiver.  64  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

LOUANVILLE.  a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  100  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

L'JGANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
31  miles  S.  of  Ilarrisburg.    Pop.  221. 

LOGANA'ILLK,  a  postoffice  of  Walton  CO..  Georgia. 

JJ'j(i\7.0liy,  Uvgi'zo-hee',  a  town  of  West  Africa,  N.  of 
Dahomey ;  lat.  8°  55'  X.,  Ion.  2°  30'  E.  It  h.%s  an  inner  wall, 
and  a  larire  outer  and  inner  market,  well  supplied  with 
native  produce  and  manufactures.    Pop.  from  8uOO  to  9000. 

L0(}  CABIN,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

LOGGERIIK.\D  ISLAND.     See  Contoy. 

LXtES,  LKS,  li  lozh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-Inferieure,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Havre.     Pop.  1985. 

LOGES,  LKS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Manche, 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Mortein.     Pop.  1496. 

LOGGIA.  LA,  Id  lAtl'jd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  2  miles  from  Cariguano.     Pop.  1345. 

LOGGUN,  Iog*goon'(?)  a  country  of  Africa,  Soodan,  S.  of 
Lake  Tchai.  ami  S.E.  of  Bomoo.  It  is  watered  by  the  Shary. 
CTpital,  Kernuk,  lat.  11°  7'  N.  Its  soil  i.s  fertile,  and  climate 
healthy.  The  inhabitants  are  much  more  intelligent  than 
the  negroes  of  the  surrounding  countries,  and  are  famed  for 
the  manufacture  and  dyeing  of  cotton  goods. 

LiJGIIAR,  l6H'ar,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Meath. 

LOGHUR.  lo^gfiW,  (Hind.  Lnliagrr, "  the  iron  fort,")  a  strong 
hill  fort  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  district  and 
28  miles  N.W.  of  Poonah.   It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1814. 

LOGIE.  lo'ghee.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

LOGIE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  counties  of  Stirling,  Perth, 
and  Clackmrtnuan.  2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stirling.  Ilere  are 
remains  of  Cambuskenueth  Abbey,  founded  by  David  I. 
in  1147. 

LOGIE  BUCHAN,  bak'an,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen. 

LUGIE  C0LD3T0NE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  .Aberdeen. 

LOGIE  E.^'STISR,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  counties  of  Ross 
»nd  Cromarty. 

LiXJIE  PERT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

LO'GIEIIAIT'.  a  parish  of  Siwtland,  co.  of  Perth. 

L!)G  LICK,  a  post-offlce  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana. 

LOGNINI.  lon-yce'nce,  a  small  seaport  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Sicily,  6  miles  S..S.W.  of  Sj'racuse:  formerly  a  largo  rock 
joined  to  the  mainland  by  a  reef.  It  used  to  be  often  visitwd 
on  predatory  excursions  by  the  Barbary  Corsairs. 

LOGO,  lo'go.  or  LOKO.  lo'ko,  a  district  of  West  .\frica,  N.E. 
of  Sierra  Leone.  The  capital,  Porto  Logo,  lat.  8°  40'  X..  Ion. 
12°  35'  W.,  is  a  neat  t«wn,  extending  along  the  elevated 
banks  of  a  creek  formed  by  the  rivulet  Logo. 

LOGRONO,  lo-grAn'yo,  a  province  of  Spain,  Old  Castile; 
area  2378  square  miles ;  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Ebro, 
which  forms  its  X.  tx)undary.     Pop.  151.239. 

LOGRONO,  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  capit.al  of  the  above 
province,  on  the  Ebro.  over  which  is  a  strong  bridge,  built 
in  1138,  60  miles  E.  of  Burgos.  Pop.  7071.  It  has  several 
churches,  convents,  hospitjils.  a  theatre,  and  a  college;  tan- 
neries, distilleries,  and  manufactures  of  leather  and  hats. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1808  and  1823 ;  and  here 
Zurbano,  the  Christino  general,  was  shot,  20th  January, 
1845. 

L0GR03AN.  lo-gro-sdn'.  a  town  of  Sp.ain.  province  and 
48  miles  E.S.E.  of  Caijeres,  on  the  slope  of  the  Sierra  de  Toledo. 
Pop.  3050. 

LOG'STOR,  (Liigstor.)  a  maritime  village  of  Denmark, 
Jutland.  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Aalborg.     Pop.  500. 

LOGTOWX,  a  post-offlce  of  Washita  parish,  Louisiana. 

LOGTOWX,  a  village  of  Upson  co.,  Georgia,  9  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Thorn  aston. 

LWURH,  lo-gur',  a  village  of  Afghanistan,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cabool. 

LfXjURII,  a  river  of  Afghanistan,  which,  after  a  cour.se 
of  about  80  miles,  joins  the  Cabool,  about  10  miles  below 
the  town  of  Cabool, 

LOH.iRA,  lo-h.i'ri,  two  towns  of  Hindostan,  one  in  the 
Nizam's  dominions,  150  miles  N.W.  of  Hyderabad;  the 
other  in  Bundelcund,  40  miles  W.  of  Callinger. 

LOHAREE.  a  town  of  Sinde.    See  Rorke. 

LOIIARGON(i',  a  town  of  India,  and  British  military  post, 
Bundolcund,  40  miles  S.  of  Callinger. 

LOIIEI.V,  lohVya,  a  seaport  town  of  Arabia,  Yemen,  on 
the  Bed  Sea.  130  miles  W.N.W.  of  Sana.  It  has  a  few  stone 
houses,  a  mosque,  a  governor's  residence,  custom  house,  ware- 
houses, a  shallow  port,  and  trade  in  coffee.    Pi  .p.  about  4000. 

L01IJAX.\.  loid'nS,  a  town  of  British  Indi.a.  presidency 
of  Bombay,  district  of  ltattyw.^r,  60  miles  S.AV.  of  Cambay. 

LOIIME.V,  io'men,  a  village  of  Saxony,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Dresden.    )*op.  1057. 

LOIIOOGHAtJT.  iohoo-gawV,  a  Tillage  and  British  station 
of  North  Hindostan,  60  milea  E.S.E.  of  Almora. 
1074 


LOHR,  loR,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  3Ialn,  22  miks 
N.W.  of  Wiirtenibcrg.     Pop.  3714. 

LOHURIvOT.  lo-hur-kot',  a  fortified  post  of  Northern  lUn- 
dostiin.  district  of  Gurhwal,  8  mik-s  S.W.  of  Bhadrinath. 

LOI.N'G,  IwaN",  (anc.  Lii/naf)  a  river  of  France,  rists  in 
St.  C'tlombe,  department  of  Yonne,  and  joins  the  Seine  on- 
the  left.  Length  70  miks.  It  feeds  the  canals  of  Briare 
and  Loing,  by  means  of  which  the  Seine  communicates  with 
the  Loire. 

LOIR,  Iwfc,  (anc.  Litkr'iciis  f)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in 
the  lagoon  of  Ceruay,  department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  and  joins 
the  Sarthe  on  the  left,  5  miles  N.  of  Angers.  Length  150 
miles. 

LOIRE,  IwIr,  (anc.  Li'ger.)  an  important  river  of  Europe, 
and  the  largest  in  France,  rises  in  Mont  Gerbier-de-Jones, 
department  of  Ardeche,  at  an  elevation  of  3940  feet,  flows 
N.X.W.  and  W.,  and  enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay  by  a  wide 
estuary  lielow  St.  Xazaire,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure, 
Length  645  miljjs;  principal  affluents  on  the  right,  the  Lig- 
non,  Semene,  Furend,  Coise,  Bahins,  Sornin,  Ke(?once.  Ar- 
roux.  Aron,  Nievre,  Ceze,  Authion,  and  Maine;  on  the  left, 
the  Borne,  Ance,  Lignon,  Aix,  Bebre,  Acolin,  Allier.  Loire! 
and  Cosson.  It  is  navigable  in  descending  from  La  Noiria, 
and  in  ascending  to  Jloanne,  department  of  Loire.  The  tide 
is  perceptible  as  far  a»  Nantes.  Its  course  is  generally  rapid, 
and  navigation  is  interrupted  during  5  or  b  months  in  the 
year,  from  want  of  water,  overflowing,  or  freezing.  Dykes 
and  barrages  have  been  constructed  along  a  great  part  of  its 
course,  many  of  which  were  destroyed  by  a  great  flood  in 
1846.  Vessels  of  upwards  of  30»  tons  discharge  at  Paimbueuf. 
The  Loire  is  connected  by  canals  with  the  Saone,  Seine,  and 
Vilaine.  There  is  steam  communication  between  Moulins. 
and  Nantes,  by  means  of  the  Allier  and  Loire. 

LOIRE,  a  department  of  the  S.E.  of  France,  formed  of  the 
old  province  of  Lyonnois.  Area  1805  sfjuare  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  617,603.  Surface  generally  elevated  and  mountainous ; 
traversed  in  the  S.E.  by  the  mountains  of  the  Cevenues, 
and  partly  enclosed  between  them  and  the  mountains  of 
Forez ;  highest  point  is  Mont  Pila.  in  the  Cevennes.  The 
greater  portion  of  the  department  is  situated  in  the  basin 
of  the  Loire,  and  watered  by  its  .affluents,  the  Ondene,  Fu- 
rend, Lignon,  and  Sornin ;  the  Rhone  forms  its  limit  in  the 
S.E.  Soil  generally  infertile ;  corn  rai.«ed  insuflicient  for 
home  consumption :  potatoes  and  hemp  are  important  crops, 
and  the  chesnuts  of  Lyons  are  celebrated.  Wines  are  gene- 
rally of  good  quality,  the  be.<t  are  those  of  the  valley  of  the 
Rhone.  Silk  worms  are  extensively  rearetl,  especially  in 
the  vicinity  of  Bourg-.\rgental,  where  is  jiroduced  the  finest 
silk  in  France  for  the  manufacture  of  blondes.  From  the 
inexliaustible  richness  of  its  coal  basin,  this  is  one  of  the 
most  important  mining  departments  in  the  country:  the 
other  mineral  products  are  iron,  marble,  granite,  porphyry, 
and  flint.  There  are  numerous  mineral  springs,  the  best 
frequented  of  which  are  St.  Alban,  Sail-sous-Couzan,  and 
St.  GiUmier.  The  manufactures  of  this  department  are 
among  the  most  celebrated  and  extensive  in  France ;  includ- 
ing silk  goods,  iron  and  steel,  flint  glass,  &c.  The  depart- 
ment has  3  lines  of  r.ailway  connecting  the  principal  towns 
with  Lyons,  and  it  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of 
Montbrison.  (the  capital)  Roanne,  and  St.  Etienne. 

LOIRE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  KhOne,  arron- 
dissement  and  14  miles  S.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  1450. 

LOIR-ET-CHER.  IwdR-i-shaiR',  a  department  in  the  N.W. 
of  France,  furmeil  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Orleannois. 
Area  2389  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  209,029.  Surface 
level,  with  numerous  etangs,  (lagoons.)  It  is  situated  in 
the  basin  of  the  Loire,  and  watered  by  many  of  its  afflu- 
ents. Soil  generally  fertile,  except  in  the  S.  Agriculture 
forms  the  chief  occupation  of  the  popiilation.  The  wines 
are  in  general  of  goo<l  quality,  the  best  are  those  of  the 
Cher.  Sheep  are  numerous,  and  of  gootl  breeds;  hiirses  are 
excellent.  The  reajjng  of  bees  and  fowls  is  an  important- 
branch  of  rural  industry.  The  most  valu.able  mineral  pro- 
duct is  flint.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  3  arron- 
dissements of  Blois,  (the  capital)  Romorautiu,  ::ua  VeudSme. 
LOIRE-IXFERIEURE,  lwaR-5>i»-faVenB/,"  Lower  Loire,"* 
maritime  department  in  the  X.W.  of  France,  formed  of 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Bretagne,  situated  on  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Capital,  Nantes.  Area 
2695  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  580,207.  Surface  in  gene- 
ral level,  traversed  by  low  hills,  and  mostly  situated  in  the 
basin  of  the  Loire,  and  its  estuary.  Chief  rivers,  the  lx)ire, 
Vilaine,  Erdre.  Brive,  S6vre-Nantalse,  Moine,  Maine,  Ache- 
neau,  and  Ocnon.  The  department  contains  numeroua 
lagoons,  among  which  the  fitang  de  Grand-Lieu  is  the 
largest  in  France.  Soil  generally  fertile.  Agriculture  in 
an  ailvanced  state :  chief  product-S,  grain  and  wines,  the 
latter  are  nearly  all  pale,  and  are  of  second  class  (|uality. 
Cattle  are  extensively  reared,  horses  excellent,  and  .^beop 
of  good  breeds;  bees  are  numerous.  Nantes  is  the  prin- 
cipal port.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrondiss* 
ments  of  Ancenis,  Chateaubriand,  Nantes,  Paim))ieuf,  and 
Savenny.    Capital,  Nantes. 

LOIliET,  IwaVi/,  (anc.  Lu/erulaf)  a  river  of  Fr.ince,  joins 
the  Loire  on  the  left  near  Orleans.    Length  10  milos. 


LOI 


LOM 


LOTRKT,  a  depfirtment  of  the  N.TiV.  of  Franco,  forming 
part  of  tlio  old  province  of  Orleannois.  Capital,  Orlean.s. 
Area  2551  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  352.75T.  Surface 
fiat  and  littlo  elevatetl.  The  N.  portion  is  situated  in  the 
ba.<in  of  the  Seine,  and  watered  hy  its  afiBuents,  the  Loiug 
and  EsRonne.  and  in  the  S.  it  is  traversed  by  the  Loire,  and 
watered  by  its  affluents,  the  Loiret,  Cosson,  and  Beuvron. 
'J'here  are  several  lagoons  in  the  basin  of  the  Loing.  Soil 
rich  and  fertile  -N.  of  the  Loire,  but  poor  on  the  S.  of  that 
river.  Chief  products,  grain,  wine,  saffron,  lint,  and  tim- 
ber. Apples  for  cider  are  extensively  grown.  AVine  mostly 
red.  and  of  good  quality.  Sheep  and  cattle  are  numerous, 
and  of  good  breetls ;  fowls  and  bees  abundant.  The  important 
manufactures,  of  which  Orleans  was  formerly  the  seat,  have 
greatly  declined.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arron- 
dissemeuts  of  Oien,  .Montargis,  Orleans,  and  Pithiviers. 

LOIKON,  IwiVAx"'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Mayenne,  on  the  Oudon,  7  miles  W.  of  Laval.     Pop.  1376. 

LOISACII,  loi'silK,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
N.  of  the  Tyrol,  and  joins  the  Isar,  near  Wolfratshausen, 
after  a  course  of  nearly  60  miles. 

LOISY-O.V-BKIK,  Iwd'zee'cj.v-bree,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Marne.  on  the  Paris  and  Strasbourg  Kailway, 
17  miles  S.K.  of  Chalons. 

LOITZ,  loits,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pomerania, 
'JS  miles  S.  of  Stralsund,  on  the  Peene.     Pop.  2813. 

LOIX,  Iwd,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Charente- 
Inforieure,  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  La  Kochelle,  with  a  port  in 
the  1  le-de-Ke.     Pop.  1266. 

L'  >.IA  or  LOXA,  lo/ni,  a  city  of  Spain,  province  and  25  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Granada,  near  the  tiemil.  It  has  3  churches,  a  con- 
vent, 2  hospitals,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens  and 
paper.  Loja  appears,  from  the  coins,  and  other  antiquities 
found  in  it,  to  have  been  an  important  Koman  station.  Under 
the  Moors,  it  was  defended  by  a  castle,  which,  as  well  as  the 
town,  was  taken  in  1226  by  Ferdinand  ITI.  It  suffered 
much  during  the  invasion  by  the  Fre^ich.     Pop.  15.055. 

LO.T.\  or  LOX.\,  lo'iid.  a  town  of  Ecuador,  department  of 
Asuay.     Lat.  4°  S..  Ion.  79°  24'  W.     Pop.  10.000. 

JjU.lANO,  lo-yd'no,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  province  of 
Bologna,  16  miles  S.  of  linlogna,  on  an  eminence. 

LrilC.  TIS7..\.  tee'sSh'  lok.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  on 
the  Theiss,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tokay.     Pop.  32.53. 

L.IKKRKN,  lo'ker-en,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  on  theDurme,  12  miles  E.N. E.  of  Ghent,  and 
on  the  Ghent  and  Antwerp  Kailway.  The  streets  are  clean 
and  regular,  the  market-place  large  and  handsome,  and  the 
houses  generally  well  built  and  commodious.  Its  public 
buildings  <?omprise  a  spacious  church,  with  a  lofty  tower, 
3  (liniX'Is,  a  capacious  town-house,  prison,  well  endowetl 
hnspit.nl,  orphan  a.sylum.  numerous  schwds.  and  other 
benevuleiit  institutions;  and  it  has  manufactures  of  linen 
fabrics,  tlatinels,  serges,  cloth,  cotton  goods,  lace,  ropes,  hats, 
tobacco,  leather,  soap,  candles,  chicory,  Ac, ;  an  iron  foundry, 
breweries,  dyeries,  salt  refineries,  oil-uiills,  an  active  trade 
in  manufactured  goods,  hemp,  cattle,  and  agricultural  pro- 
duce.    Pop.  17,327. 

LOKII VITSA  or  LOKIIVITZA,  lok-vit'sfl,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  80  miles  X.AV.  of  Poltava,  on  the  Soola,  near 
here  join<^  by  the  Lokhvitza.     Pop.  4751). 

LO-KIAXG,  lc>-ke-dng',  a  liver  of  China,  province  of  IIoo- 
nan.  after  a  N.  and  E.  course  of  300  miles,  enters  the  Lake 
Tong-ting,  on  its  S.  side. 

LO-KI.\NG,  a  town  of  China,  department  of  Se-chuen, 
55  miles  X.N.K.  of  Ching-too-foo. 

LOKXITZ,  (Liiknitz.)  lijk'nits,  a  river  of  Germany,  which 
rises  near  GiossQodens,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  and 
joins  the  Elde. 

LOftO.  a  district  of  West  Africa.    See  Locio. 

LOMvOIIA  It',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
district  of  Tirhoot,  102  miles  N',E,  of  Patna, 

LOKUT.  lo'koof,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube, 
9  miles  from  Veszprim.     Pop.  807. 

LOLL.^ND,  an  island  of  Denmark.    See  LA.*.LA!n). 

LIL'LAR,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel,  on  the 
Frankfort  and  Cassel  Railway,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Frankfort. 

LOLLARA,  lol-M'rd,  a  town  of  India,  province  of  Guzerat, 
23  miles  S.E,  of  Rahdunpoor.    Pop.  5000. 

LnLLlGIIUR,  lol-le-gur',  a  village  of  N.W.  llindostan, 
19  miles  S.\V.  of  Jevpoor;  has  a  temple  to  Mahadeva. 

LOL'WOItTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

LO.M.  lorn,  or  LOUN,  loon,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Bulgaria.  22  miles  S.E.  of  AVidin.  on  the  Danube,  near  the 
influ.x  of  the  river  Lom.     Pop.  3000. 

LOMAGXE,  LA,  Id  lo'maii',  (anc.  Leomaniana.)  a  small 
district  of  France,  in  the  former  province  of  Oascony,  now 
included  in  the  departments  of  Ilaute-Oaronne  and  Oers. 

LO>I.\ZY.  lo-md'zhee.  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Sied- 
lec.  11  miles  S.E.  of  Biala.    Pop.  2000. 

LOMAZZO,  lo-mdfso,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  about  2  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Appiano,  on  the 
Lurn.     Pop.  2292. 

LOMBARDOHK,  lom-haR-do'r.i,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province  and  11  miles  X.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1138. 

LOMBARDO-A'ENETIAN  (lom-bar'do-ve-nee'sh?n)  KING- 


DOM, AUSnn^IAN  LOMIiARDY,  '/r  ATTSTRIAN  ITALY 
(Ger.  Lombardisch-Venitzianisc/te^  Kijniyreich,  lom'ban-disli- 
va-nf't-^e-dn'ish-es  kiyuto-^TK^  _i.  Hegno  Lombardn-Venetn, 
r.dn'yo  lom-baR'do  vA-n.Vto ;  Fr.  Jioi/aumedn  Lmtihard-Vene- 
tieyi.  royVim'  dii  lAM^baK'-vA^nAHe-iN"',)  a  former  portion  of 
the  Austrian  dominions,  in  the  X.  of  Italy,  between  lat.  44" 
54'  and  46°  37'  N.,  and  Ion.  8°  32'  and  13°  37'  E. ;  hounded 
X.  by  Switzerland  and  the  Tyrol ;  W.  by  K'lgo-Maggiore  and 
the  Ticino,  which  separate  it  from  the  Sardinian  States:  S. 
by  the  Sardinian  States,  the  dvichies  of  Parma  and  Modena, 
and  the  Papal  States,  from  all  of  which,  with  the  exception 
of  Modena.  it  is  separatc<l  by  the  Po;  and  E.  by  the  Adriatlo 
Sea  and  the  kingdom  of  niyria.  It  is  divided,  administra- 
tively, into  the  two  governments  of  Iximbardy  and  Venice, 
having  for  the  line  of  separation  the  river  Mincio.  Greatest 
length  from  E.  to  W.,  243  miles;  greatest  breadth  in  the 
government  of  Lombardy.  108  miles,  and  in  the  government 
of  Venice.  130  miles,  a  portion  of  the  Tyrol  penetiating  S. 
near  the  centre,  at  LakeGard.a.  and  reducing  thelireadtli  in 
that  locality  to  66  miles;  area.  17.511  .square  miles.  The 
capital  cities  are  respectively  Milan  and  Venice — the  former 
of  which  is  the  residence  of  the  Viceroy,  to  whom  the  govern- 
ment of  the  kingdom  is  intrusted.  The  subdivisions,  area, 
population,  Ac.  of  both  governments  are  exhibited  in  the 
following  table : — 

GOVKBNMKNT  OF  LOMBjlRDT. 


Provlnoes  or  Delegations. 

squ^ir^mtles.     Population-  'ciiief  Towns.j 

Bergamo 

Brescia 

Conic  ...         ... 

Cremona 

Lodl-e-Crema  .... 

Mantua 

Milan 

Pavla 

Sondrio 

l.filS 

1,309 

1,394 

5i5 

462 

iWO 

750 

400 

1,255 

378, 1 'JS 
356,223 

4-3, '.oe 

204,558 
iil8,S14 
270,100 
604,512 
]71,«2i 
98,550 

Bcrgiimo. 

Brescia. 

Como. 

Ciemona. 

Lodi. 

Mantua. 

Milan. 

I'avia. 

Sondiio. 

Total 

8,313 

2,725,740 

GOVKBSMKNT  OF  VeKICK. 


Provinces  or  Delegations. 

Area,  In 
square  miles. 

Population. 

Chief  Towns. 

Bclluno 

Padua 

Rovigo 

Treviso 

Friuli,  Friaul,  or  Udine 

Venice 

Verona 

Viccnza   

1,240 

835 

420 

930 

2..i25 

l.OfiO 

l.ino 

1,088 

157,120 
312,765 
153,783 
286,199 
4l'9,844 
298,425 
302,902 
340,694 

Belluuo. 

Piidua. 

Kovigo. 

Treviso. 

Udine. 

Venice. 

Ven.i.a. 

Viccnza. 

Total  ..... 

9,198 

2,281,732 

Total  of  botb  Oov'ments. 

17,511 

5,007,472 

The  surftce  consists  of  a  vast  plain,  lying  chiefly  along 
the  left  Or  X.  bank,  and  in  some  places  even  below  the  level 
of  the  Po,  and  ascending  X,  more  or  less  gradually,  till  it 
becomes  mountainous,  and  is  terminated  by  lofty  ranges  of 
the  Alps,  It  thus  consists  of  two  distinct  portions;  a  N. 
region,  distinguished  by  the  magnificence  of  its  Alpine 
scenery;  and  a  S.  district,  composeil  of  low,  level  plains,  of 
almost  unequalled  fertility.  It  is  drained  in  its  AV,  and 
central  part  by  the  Ticino,  the  Lambro,  the  Adda,  the  Oglio, 
and  the  Mincio,  flowing  into  the  Po ;  and  the  Adige,  Bae- 
chigHone,  Brenta,  Piave,  and  Tagliamento,  entering  the 
Adriatic.  Its  lakes  are  the  largest  in  Italy.  The  most  im- 
portant are  Oarda.  Idro,  Iseo,  and  Como,  all  wholly  within 
Lombardy;  Lugano,  and  Maggiore;  the  former  less  in  it 
than  in  Switzerland;  and  the  latter,  comnion  to  Lombardy, 
Switzerland,  and  the  Sardinian  States. 

A  very  extensive  system  of  irrigation  has  been  established 
in  this  country.  Between  the  Ticino  and  Adda,  about  nine- 
tenths  of  the  surface  are  irrigated ;  between  the  Adda  and 
Oglio,  about  two-tenths  ;  and  between  the  Oglio  and  .^dige, 
only  about  one-seventh.  JIany  of  the  larger  canals  are 
used  for  navigation  and  commerce,  as  Well  as  irrigation ; 
and  the  entire  length  of  the  great  canals  of  irrigation  in 
Lombardy,  and  their  first-class  branches,  has  been  esti- 
mated at  above  4500  miles,  using  up  one-half  of  the  ave- 
rage discharge  of  all  the  rivers. 

Except  the  X.  district,  on  some  of  the  mountains  of  which 
.snow  lies  continually,  the  climate  is  remarkable  for  the  uni- 
formity of  its  temperature,  and  the  thermometer  has  a  less 
range  than  in  any  other  part  of  Italy,  During  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  the  heat  does  not  reach  50°,  though  in 
very  warm  summers  it  has  occasiimally  risen  to  90°,  In 
winter  the  thermometer  has  sometimes  de.'cended  to  10°. 

The  corn,  maize,  rice.  hemp,  and  flax  produced,  far  exceed 
the  home  consumption,  though  the  system  of  agriculture 
continues  very  imperfect,  notwithstanding  the  great  advan- 
tiiges  derived  from  irrigation.  The  dairy  produce,  obtained 
from  the  cows  fed  on  the  artificial  meadows,  forms  one  of  Uio 

'      1076 


LOM 


LON 


prim  ipal  sonriv>R  of  agricultural  wealth ;  and  the  Parmesan 
and  .stracchino  clioesesofljombardy  continue  to  prove  tlieir 
guiK'riurity  :o  all  other  kiud!<.  by  the  higher  prices  olttained 
for  tbcni.  Vast  quantities  of  silk  of  the  finest  quahty  are 
annually  p>oduced.  The  vine  also  thrives  everywhere,  and 
the  wiue  pt  ^curcd  from  it  is  very  abundant.  The  difference 
between  the  two  governments  "of  the  kingdom,  as  respects 
vegetable  products,  is  chiefly  to  be  remarked  in  the  vine- 
culture;  the  area  of  which,  in  the  government  of  Milan  or 
Lombai-dy,  is  nearly  double  that  in  the  government  of  Venice. 
In  like  manner,  the  former  e.vceeds  the  latter  in  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  an!  to  the  extent  of  a  half  in  forests;  while  the  latter 
exceeds  the  former  considerably  in  rice,  and  to  the  extent 
of  a  half  in  meadow  lands.  The  minerals  are  not  of  much 
importance.  The  manufactures  consi.-it  chietiy  ot  silks,  vel- 
vets, woollens,  hats,  ironware,  porcelain,  and  stained  glass ; 
and  the  trade  is  in  a  great  measure  confinetl  to  the  export 
of  silk,  corn,  and  cheese.  The  commerce  is  facilitated  by 
the  numerous  navigable  canals,  and  railways  have  been 
completed  from  Milan  to  Como.  and  fi-om  Milan  part  of  the 
way  to  Verona,  and  from  Verona  to  .Mantua  and  Venice. 

The  government  is  in  the  hands  of  a  Viceroy,  resident  in 
Milan.  Several  dialects  of  the  Italian  are  spoken.  The 
reli'.;ion  is  Roman  Catholic.  I'avia  and  I'adua — the  former 
in  the  government  of  .Milan,  and  the  latter  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  have  each  a  celebrated  university. 

The  Ix)mbardo-Venetian  Kingdom  nearly  corresponds  to 
the  ancient  Roman  divisions  of  Gallia  Tranapadana,  and 
Venetia,  with  a  small  portion  of  Rhnetia,  but  owes  its  name 
to  the  l^ngobardi,  ("  Long-beards,'')  a  powerful  nation  from 
the  North,  of  Suevic  origin,  who,  in  the  end  of  the  Gth 
century,  made  themselves  masters  of  the  whole  country, 
and  extended  their  conquests  to  the  neighborhood  of  Rome, 
it  afterwards  f  >rmed  part  of  the  empire  of  Charlemagne. 
The  liousu  of  Austria  early  gained  a  footing  in  the  country, 
and  had  continued  to  increase  its  possessions  with  so  much 
skill  and  perseverance,  that  towards  the  end  of  the  18th 
century,  its  .sovereignty  nearly  extended  over  the  whole. 
The  victories  of  Napoleon  wrestid  all  from  its  grasp,  and  led 
to  tlie  establishment,  first  of  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  and  then 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy.  The  Congress  of  Vienna  replaced 
matters  on  their  ancient  footing,  and  even  gave  Austria 
more  than  she  had  ever  posses.=ed  before.  The  people  of  this 
jKirt  of  Italy  took  an  active  part  in  the  struggle  of  1S48. 
i.onibardy  was  liberated  fi-om  Austrian  rule  by  the  victory 
of  S>olferino  in  1S59,  and  was  united  to  Siirdiuia. 

1/  )M'15AltDVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Cecil  co..  .Maryland. 

LOMBAHDY,  lom'bar-de,  (It.  L<jml)arclia,  lom-baR-dee'd ; 
L.  Lirmbardia  or  L<mgobardia,)  an  old  division  of  Italy,  so 
called  from  its  having  long  been  the  chief  seat  of  the  Lorn- 
biirils,  or  Longnbardi,  a  powerful  nation  of  the  middle  ages, 
named,  it  is  said,  from  their  long  beards.  Others  derive 
Longoliardi,  or  Langoljardi,  as  it  is  .sometimes  written,  from 
Lange  Biirde,  (a  "  long  fertile  tract,")  a  district  in  Magde- 
burg, from  which  region  the  Lombards  are  supposed  to  have 
come.  It  now  forms  one  of  the  states  of  the  kingdom  of 
Italy  to  which  it  was  annexed  in  1859. —  luhabitairt  Lom'- 

BARD. 

LOM'BARDY,  a  postrvillage  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia,  75 
miles  K.N.E.  of  .Milledgeville. 

LO.MBARDY  GllOVK,  a  postrvillage  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
Virginia. 

LOMBAY,  lom-bl',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  about 
14  miles  from  Valencia,  on  the  .Tuanes.     Top.  1328. 

LOMBKEK  XuTRE  DA.ME,  lAji^bak' nAtr  dim,  a  village 
of  Belgium,  about  12  miles  \V.  of  Brussels,  with  a  trade  in 
corn  and  cattle.     Pop.  b72. 

LUMBERS,  lAn'baiR/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  arrondi.«.«ement  of  .Mbi.     Pop.  1700. 

LOMBEZ,  IdiN^bi',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
19  miles  S.E.  of  Auch.    Pop.  1677. 

LO.MMiLE.M',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  E.  of 
Flores,  between  Sblor  and  I'antar.  Lat.  aliout  8°  20'  S., 
Ion.  123^40'  E.  Length,  N.  to  S.,  about  40  miles;  greatest 
breadth  16  miles. 

LOMBOK,  lom'bok',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
between  lat.  S''  12'  and  9°  1'  S.,  and  Ion.  115°  44'  and  116° 
40'  E.,  sepiirated  from  Sumbawa,  E.  by  the  Strait  of  Allass, 
and  V,'.  from  Bali  by  the  Strait  of  Lombok.  Estimated  area 
1480  square  miles.  Pop,  250,000  (?).  Two  mountain  chains 
extend  along  the  N,  and  S.  coasts,  in  the  former  of  which 
is  a  volcanic  peak,  12,379  feet  in  elevation.  Between  them 
is  a  well-watered  plain,  wholly  cultivated  for  rice,  the  hill- 
sides producing  coffee  and  maize.  Exports  about  20,000 
tons  of  rice  annually.  The  principal  port,  Ampanam,  on 
its  \V.  coast,  is  much  resorted  to  by  European  shipping  and 
American  whalers,  for  provisions.  Other  principal  towns 
are  .Mat;iram,  the  capital,  and  L-alm-Iladje.  on  the  E.  coast. 

LOMBIilASCO,  lom-bre-ds'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  2  miles  from  I'ancalieri,  on  the  I'o.     Pop,  ItCO, 

LOMKLLINA.  lo-mJl-li'e'u,^.  «  province  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Xovar.i,  bounded  on  the  N,  by  Novara,  E. 
by  I/>mb.Hrdy.  Area.  474  square  miles.  Administratively  it 
consists  r.f  14  mandamenti.     l>op.  1.39.854. 

LOM  ELLIN  A,  a  town  of  Italv.    See  Mortara. 
1076 


LOMELLO,  lo-ralllo,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  division 
and  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Novara.     Pop.  2151. 
L'  (MI  K A,  a  ])ost-township  of  Dodge  co..Wisconsin.  P.  1781. 

LOM.MATSCII.  lom'mitsh,  a  town  of  Saxony,  21  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Dresden.  Pop.  in  1849,  2775.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollens,  linens,  and  hosiery, 

LO.MME,  lomui,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Xord, 
3  miles  \V,  of  Lille.  Pop,  1019,  It  has  linen,  weaving,  and 
bleaching  works, 

LOM.MEL.  lom'niel,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lini- 
bourg.  20  miles  N.  of  Hasselt.     Pop.  22.50. 

LO.M.NICA,  kim-neet'sd,  a  river  of  Austria,  Galicia,  joins 
the  Dniester  a  little  above  Ualicz,  after  a  course  of  about  50 
miles. 

LO.MNITZ,  a  mountain  of  Hungary.     See  C.».RPATiriANS. 

LOM.MTZ.  lom'uitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  Bohemia,  20  miles 
N.  of  NeuBidschow.     Pop.  2494. 

LO.MNITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Eudwcis,  on  the 
Goldbacli.     Pop.  1387. 

LOMNITZ,  a  town  of  Moravia,  circle  and  6  miles  N.N.W, 
of  Briinn.  on  the  Zlaberbach.     Pop.  1390, 

LO.MNITZ.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Oppeln,  circle  of  Rosenberg,     i'op,  779. 

LO.Mi  )N  D.  LOCH,  loK  lO'mnnd,  the  largest  lake  of  Scotland, 
between  the  counties  of  Stirling  and  Dumbarton,  6  miles  N. 
of  Dumbarton,  and  16  miles  N',\V.  of  (jlhvsgow.  Length,  N. 
to  S.,  nearly  21  miles;  greatest  breadth  7  to  8  miles:  nai^ 
rowing  to  1  mile  at  the  N.  end.  Area  40  square  miles.  It 
is  studded  with  islands,  and  surrounded  bj'  mountains  and 
valleys,  displaying  striking  scenes  of  grandeur  and  beauty. 
It  receives  the  Endrick,  Luss.  Fruin.  and  other  streams,  and 
discharges  its  superfluous  waters,  at  its  S.  extremity,  into 
the  Frith  of  Clyde,  by  the  river  Levcn — a  name  which 
anciently  belonged  to  the  lake  itself.  Several  flue  seats  and 
anwient  ruins  adorn  the  shores  of  this  "Queen  of  the  Scot- 
tish Lakes,"  on  which  steamers  now  ply  for  the  accommo 
dation  of  numerous  tourists.    See  Ben  Lomojid. 

LO.MOV.    See  Lamov. 

LOMZ.A,  lom'zha,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Narev,  72  miles 
S.W.of  Suwalki.  Pop.  3300.  It  has  a  college,  a  gymnasium, 
in  which  about  200  students  reonve  a  gratxiitous  education, 
an  arsenal,  and  paper-mills. 

LO.N  ACuN'l.NG,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Marj'land, 
about  16  miles  W.  bj'  S.  of  Cumberland. 

LONATE-POZZUOLO,  lon-nd'tA-pot-su-o'lo,  a  village  of 
Lombardy.  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  2375. 

LONAL'O,  lo-nd/to,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  13  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Brescia,  2j  miles  S.W.  of  Lake  Garda.  Pop.  5600.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  defended  by  a  citadel,  and  is  celebrated 
for  the  victory  of  Napoleon  over  the  Austrians  in  1796. 

LONDA,  lon'dd,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province  and  17  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Florence.    I'op.  2000. 

LONDARI,  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Leond.vri. 

LONDE,  LA,  \'i  lond.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-Inferieure,  12  miles  S,W,  of  Rouen,     Pop,  1G90. 

LONDEitZEEL,  lANMer-zail'.  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  South  Brabant,  11  miles  N,W,  of  Brussels,  on 
the  railway  between  Mechlin  and  Ghent,     Pop,  3000. 

LONDESBOROUGII,  lon'de.s-bur\h,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  East  Riding, 

LONDINIEUES,  loN^Mee'ne-aiR',  a  market^town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  7  miles  N,  of  Neufchatel. 
Pop,  1000. 

LONDON,  lun'dun  or  lun'd'n,  (the  Londitnium  or  Londi/- 
num,  Auf]U»>ta  1^-innban'lum,  Camlera  Rdrjis  of  the  Romans; 
Fr.  Lrmdres,  l6nd'r ;  Sp.  Londres,  lon'dres ;  Port.  Lundres, 
lOn'dr^s;  It.  Lrmdra.  lou'dri;  Ger.  Lonldmi;  Dutch,  Lonl- 
den.)  the  capital  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  the  largest  and  most  important  city  ¥a  the 
world,  is  .situated  on  tlie  Thames,  about  40  miles  from  its 
entrance  to  the  North  Sea,  in  lat.  (St.  Paul's  Cathedral)  51° 
30'  48"  N.,  Ion.  0°  5'  38"  W.  The  city  is  built  principally  on 
the  N.  liank  of  the  river,  in  the  counties  of  Middlesex  and 
Essex,  the  site  rising  gradually  as  it  recedes  from  the  water, 
at  the  rate  of  36  feet  per  mile :  while.  07i  the  ojiposite  bank, 
the  houses  cover  a  nearly  uniform  and  extensive  flat.ibrm- 
ing  part  of  the  counties  of  Surrey  and  Kent,  and  lying,  in 
some  places,  several  feet  below  the  highest  tides.  The  limits 
of  London,  as  defined  by  Act  of  Parliament  for  Parliament- 
ary i)urposes,  are  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  the  radius 
of  which  extends  3  miles  from  the  General  Post-office;  but 
the  actual  circumference  of  the  metropolis  is  generally  esti- 
mated at  30  miles  and  by  some  raised  to  36  miles.  It  in- 
cludes the  cities  of  London  and  Westminster,  and  the  par- 
liamentary liorouglis  of  Tower  Hamlets,  Southwark,  I.j»m- 
beth,  Fiiisbury,  and  Marylebone.  This  portion  of  the 
metropolis  has  an  area  of  nearly  50  square  miles,  four-fifths 
of  which  are  on  the  left  or  X.  baiik  of  the  river.  Within 
the  greater  limits  above  indicated  are  includinl  the  parish  of 
Clielsea,  the  towns  of  Deptford  and  Greenwich,  Dulwich, 
Brixton,  Claphnra.  Battersea.  Kensington,  Hammcraniith, 
Hampstead,  Ilighgate,  Stoke-Newington,  &e.,  comprising 
altogether  an  area  of  74,070  acres,  or  nearly  116  squart 
miles. 

The  metropoliii  stands  on  alluvial  deposits,  consinling  ••" 


LON 


LON 


beds  of  clay  and  pravel,  below  whioh  is  the  hard  clay  stra- 
tum known  to  geoIo;^lsts  by  the  name  of  "  London  clay,"  in 
the  middle  of  the  sreat  chalk  basin  ext«ndiiiK  from  Berk- 
shire to  the  E.  coast.  As  rei^ards  salubrity,  tliere  are  con- 
siderable differences,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  locality, 
the  density  of  the  population,  the  .state  of  the  drainage,  and 
other  causes:  but  London  must  rank,  on  the  whole,  as  one 
of  the  healthiest  cities  in  the  world:  the  mortality,  in  the 
Beven  ordinary  year.s,  (18.38-1844.)  beini:  at  an  average  rate 
of  25  deaths  annually  out  of  every  1000  inhabitants,  while 
that  of  Paris  is  .3.3  in  1000.  In  11  of  the  38  London  districts, 
the  mortality  was  lower  than  in  all  England ;  the  proportion 
for  the  latter  being  2-2  in  10<10.  The  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  h(P  5',  and  the  general  range  of  the  thermometer  is 
from  20°  to  81°;  the  highest  and  lowest  markings  being,  for 
the  most  part,  in  August  and  January  respectively.  Occa- 
sionally the  mercury  rises  above  90°;  and  it  has.  on  rare 
occasions,  descended  below  zero  at  night.  In  the  beginning 
of  winter,  London,  especially  in  the  lower  parts,  is  occa- 
Fionally  enveloped  in  fogs,  so  dense  that  the  shops  require 
to  be  lighted,  and  vehicles  of  all  kinds  are  brought  to  a 
stand-still. 

Though  the  thick  atmosphere  of  the  climate,  and  the 
amount  of  smoke  continually  hovering  over  London,  render 
it  impossible,  or  next  to  impossible,  to  survey  properly  the 
whole  metropolis  from  any  one  point,  still  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  positions  whence  interesting  and  picturesque  pano- 
ramic views  may  be  obtained,  either  of  the  whole  of  this 
enormous  mass  of  buildings,  or  of  con.eiderable  portions  of 
it:  the  great  dome  of  St.  Paul's,  in  almost  all  of  them,  form- 
ing a  most  conspicuous  object.  Among  these  may  be  named 
Ilighgate  Hill  on  the  N.,  and  Blackheath  on  the  U.K.  side; 
the  top  of  the  Colosseum  in  Kegent's  Park,  the  top  of  St. 
Paul's,  and  of  the  Monument  in  the  City,  and  of  the  Duke 
of  York's  Column  at  the  end  of  Waterloo  Place.  But.  apart 
from  these  and  the  numerous  highly-interesting  street  views, 
thi're  are  no  finer  prospects  to  be  obta,ined  than  from  the 
bridges  across  the  Tliamas,  and  from  the  river  bank  on  the 
S.  side,  looking  either  up  or  down  the  stream. 

London  was  surrounded  with  walls  by  the  llnmans.  and  its 
extent  was  then  probably  limiteil  by  the  end  of  Lemlenhall 
Street  on  the  K.,  and  the  top  of  Ludgate  Hill  on  the  W.,  by 
the  river  on  the  .S..  and  London  Wall  and  Little  Britain  on 
the  N. ;  this  part  of  the  city  being  called  "  London  within  the 
w.alls."  The  wall  seems  to  have  extended  along  the  rivei,  as 
well  as  on  the  other  sides.  The  City,  at  the  present  day,  is 
bounded  S.  as  formerly  by  the  Thames;  it  extends  N.  up 
Gnswcll  Street  to  Charterhouse  Square,  K.  along  High  Street, 
Whitechapol,  to  Middlesex  Street;  and  W.  along  the  Strand 
to  Tinnple  Bar,  the  only  remaining  city  gate,  a  work  of  Sir 
Cliristopher  Wren.  It  is  to  this  portion  that  the  term 
"  Tlie  City"  is  exclusively  applied ;  including,  as  will  be 
seen,  but  a  small  part  of  the  metropolis,  which  presents  a 
solid  mass  of  houses  extending  E.  and  W.  from  lUackwall 
to  Chelsea,  a  distance  of  7  miles ;  and  N.  and  S.,  from  Wal- 
worth to  Ilolloway,  a  distance  of  4j  miles.  Strangers  meet 
with  less  difficulty  in  finding  their  way  in  IjOndon,  than 
might  be  expected  in  a  city  of  such  vast  extent,  as  the 
Thames  traverses  the  town  from  W.  to  E.,  and  most  of  the 
great  lines  of  streets  run  nearly  parallel  to  it,  while  these 
are  intersected  by  streets  running  N.  and  S. 

With  the  exception  of  public  buildings,  some  club-houses, 
banks,  assurance  offices,  and  residences  of  the  nobility,  the 
houses  of  London  are  uniformly  built  of  brick;  and.  in  the 
more  modern  parts  of  the  town,  frequently  covered  with  a 
plaster  composition,  known  by  the  abbreviated  name  of 
"compo:"  the  facility  with  which  ornaments  can  be  exe- 
culod  in  this  m.aterial,  has  led  to  the  overlaying  of  nume- 
rous edifices  with  decorations  in  very  questionable  taste.  In 
the  older  p.arts,  the  great  majority  of  the  streets  are  narrow, 
and  many  of  them  are  crooked;  but  in  those  parts  that 
have  more  recently  sprung  into  existence,  they  are  wide 
and  spacious.  Of  the  streets  extending  from  K.  to  W..  the 
most  important  is  that  which  enters  on  the  W.  from  Kew 
and  Kensington,  forming  the  finest  of  all  the  approaches 
to  London ;  it  stretches  on.  through  Knightsbridge  and 
Piccadilly,  with  Ap.sley  House  and  numerous  other  palatial 
edifices  facing  the  Green  Park,  which  constitutes  its  S. 
boundary  for  abovit  half  its  length.  This  line  is  somewhat 
broken  :it  the  E.  end  of  Piccndilly,  but  the  Strand  continues 
it.  nearer  the  river,  through  Temple  Bar.  along  Fleet  Street, 
Ludj-ate  TTill.  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  Cheapside.  Cornhill, 
and  Li'a'lcnli.nll  Street,  from  whence  it  branches  off  into 
the  Mile-End  Ito.ad  and  the  Commercial  Road.  The  next 
great  artery  between  the  W.  and  E.  extends  along  Oxford 
Street,  which  is  itself  1  J  miles  in  length,  through  Ilolborn, 
Skinner  Street,  and  Newgate  Street,  where  it  joins  the  more 
southern-line  above  described,  at  the  W.  end  of  Cheapside. 
Further  N.  again  is  a  third  line,  extending  from  Paddington 
to  the  city:  as  far  K.  as  Islington,  a  distance  of  about  2 J 
miles,  it  is  called  the  New  Roa<l.  and  thence  to  Finsbury 
Square  about  1  mile,  it  bears  the  name  of  the  City  Uoad. 

.\mono  the  principal  streets  which  run  N.  and  S.,  in  the 
West  Rnd.  are  Park  liane.  with  its  numerous  eleirant  struc- 
tures overlooking  Uydo  Park;  St.  James'  Street,  with  its 


handsome  club-houses  and  hotels;  Bond  Street,  so  narrow, 
and  still  so  fashionable  that  the  carriages  of  the  aristocracy^ 
in  the  months  of  May  and  June,  sometimes  block  it  up  fir 
a  considerable  space ;  and  Itegent  Street,  one  of  the^broa<!- 
est  streets,  and  perhaps  the  handsomest  in  London.  This 
street  is  greatly  freijuented  as  a  promenade,  and,  with  ita 
magnificent  shops,  its  crowds  of  well-dressed  loungers,  and 
the  incessant  throng  of  elegant  equipages,  it  presents,  esjie- 
cially  on  a  fine  day  in  spring,  a  most  interesting  and  ani- 
mated spectacle.  On  the  N.  it  communicates  with  Portland 
Place,  which  may  be  considered  a  continuation  of  Regent 
Street.  This  is  also  a  very  handsome  and  spacious  street, 
consisting  entirely  of  private  residences.  It  is  now  less 
fashionable  than  it  was  20  years  ago,  but  it  is  still  inhabited 
by  several  of  the  nobility.  On  the  S.,  liegent  Street  com- 
municates with  Piccadilly  by  a  double  crescent  of  stately 
buildings  called  the  Quadrant,  terminating  in  a  circus,  which 
corresponds  with  that  on  th#  N.,  where  Regent  Street  hiter- 
sects  Oxford  Street.  From  I'iccadilly,  Regent  Street  con- 
tinues S.,  widening  at  its  termination  into  Waterloo  Place, 
which  is  ornamented  at  its  S.  extremity  with  the  Duke  of 
York's  Column.  In  Southwark  and  Lamteth.  the  principul 
thoroughfares  lead  from  the  bridges  to  a  common  centre,  the 
well-known  posting-house  called  the  Klephant  and  Castle. 

The  City  of  London,  as  we  have  already  seen,  now  form.? 
but  a  small  part  of  the  metropolis,  and  it  may  be  said  to  be 
only  inhabited  in  the  day  time ;  for.  at  the  approach  of  even- 
ing, the  busy  and  anxious  crowds  *ho  jostle  in  its  narrow 
streets  during  the  day,  rush  from  their  warehouses  and 
counting-houses  to  their  homes  in  the  West  End,  or  in  the 
different  suVjurbs.  Great  improvements  have  been  recently 
effected  in  the  City  proper,  especially  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  Bank  ami  the  Exchange,  by  the  opening  up  of  new 
streets  of  considerable  breadth,  aad  in  a  very  superior  style 
of  architecture.  This  portion  of  the  metropolis  alone  po.s- 
sesses  a  corporatioh,  the  oldest,  richest,  and  most  powerful 
municipal  body  in  the  world.  The  city  is  divided  into  lOS 
parishes,  of  which  97  are  called  "  without,"  and  11 "  within" 
the  walls — a  distinction  which  is  merely  nominal,  as  the 
walls  have  long  since  disappeared.  The  space  which  extends 
down  the  N.  bank  of  the  river  as  far  as  Blackwall,  is  occu- 
pied by  tne  various  docks,  wharfs,  and  warehouses,  and 
inhabited  by  slopsellers.  crimps,  and  sailors.  To  the  N.  of 
this  district  lie  Spitalfields  and  Bethnal  Green,  which  have 
been  opened  up  by  the  Kastern  Counties  Railway,  from 
which  the  tnaveller  can  readily  distinguish  the  silk-weavers 
busily  plying  their  handlooms.  Adjoining  Spitalfields.  on 
its  W.  side,  is  Clerkenwell,  the  seat  of  the  watch-trade,  inha- 
bited by  the  best-paid  and  best-informe<l  class  of  artisans  in 
I/mdon.  On  the  N.,  the  parish  of  Islington,  situ.ated  on  a 
salubrious  elevation,  where  new  streets  and  squares  of  flimsy 
construction  rise  in  amazingly  rapid  succession,  is  mostly 
inhabited  by  the  middle  classes,  and  those  immediately 
beneath  them  in  the  social  scale.  On  the  Surrey  side,  South- 
wark, including  Bermondsey,  is  the  great  seat  of  the  tanning 
trade  ;  while  Lambeth  is  occuiiied  generally  with  manufac- 
tories. Shadwell  and  Rotherhithe  are  the  head-<iviarter8  of 
sailors,  and  are  but  meanly  built  and  inhabited ;  indeed  the 
whole  of  the  right  Kank  of  the  Thames  is  much  inferior  in 
wealth  and  importance  to  that  portion  of  the  metropolis  on 
the  left  or  Middlesex  shore. 

The  E.  line  of  Westminster  coincides  with  the  W.  line  of 
the  City  of  London,  Temple  Bar  being  the  point  of  junction 
in  the  Strand.  This  city  is  bounded  N.  by  Oxford  Street, 
from  Tottenham  Court  Road  to  Kensington  Gardens,  and  its 
W.  limit,  passing  through  the  Serpentine  in  Hyde  Park, 
reaches  the  Thames  at  Chelsea  Hospital.  Marylebone,  Fins- 
bury,  and  Tower  Hamlets  form  a  continuous  line  lying  N. 
and  E.  of  Westminster  and  London.  AVith  regard  to  the 
•'  West  End"' — a  term  used  to  distinguish  the  fashionable 
part  of  London  from  the  rest — its  body  and  centre  are 
bounded  by  Regent  Street  and  Waterloo  Place  on  the  E.,  St. 
.Tames'  Park  on  the  S.,  Park  Lane  and  Green  Park  on  the 
AV.,  and  by  the  western  division  of  Oxford  Street  on  the  N. 
This  square  and  compact  body  contains  the  mansions  of 
the  nobility,  and  the  fa.shionable  club-houses  and  squares. 
On  the  N.  is  Marylebone,  a  district  which  was  not  long  since 
fashionable,  but  which  has  greatly  declined  in  that  respect 
since  the  rise  of  Belgravia.  although  a  few  ducal  and  other 
aristocratic  residents  are  still  to  be  found  in  Cavendish  and 
Portman  Squares.  Still  further  N.  is  situated  the  Regent's 
Park  district,  containing  some  fine  terraces  and  crescents, 
and  numerous  pretty  villas.  Tho.se  who  dwell  here  belong 
chiefly  to  the  middle  classes,  Including  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  City  merchants. 

To  the  E.  of  Marylebone  lies  the  Bloomsbury  district,  with 
its  well-built  houses  and  .squares,  erected  towards  the  Ktter 
part  of  the  last  century.  This  portion  of  London  is  chiefly 
occupied  by  lawyers  and  merchants,  for  its  noble  mansions 
and  spacious  squares  no  longer  contain  the  rank  and  fashion 
of  the  town,  as  in  the  days  of  the  laterGeorges.  Still  further 
E.,  we  recognise  the  architecture  of  the  era  of  Anne,  in  the 
cap.acious  dwellings  of  Great  Ormond  Street  and  Queen 
Squiire,  where  fashion  reigned  near  the  beginning  of  last 
century.    To  the  S.  of  this  line  is  the  Strand  district,  which 

1077 


— ia.v 


LOX 

is  shfctly  trait  I. ig,  although  the  streets  run  ninjr  out  of  it 
iowards  the  river  are  chiefly  occupied  by  lodgine-houces.  In 
the  extreme  W.  of  London  have  recently  rii^en  into  oxistence 
tw )  extensive  districts,  Tyburnia  and  IJelgravia,  tianliing 
Ilyile  I'arli  on  the  N.  and  S.  The  field."!  and  gardens  which 
e.\tended.  twelve  or  fifteen  years  ago.  from  near  Kdjieware 
IJoad  to  Bayswater,  have  now  given  place  to  an  immense 
tract  of  streets,  terraces,  and  squares,  which  form  a  striking 
contra-st,  by  the  regularity  of  their  appearance,  to  many  of 
the  older  portions  of  Ix)ndon.  The  hou.'es,  from  their  height, 
have  an  air  of  grandeur,  but  the  uniformity  of  their  ])liister 
decorations  becomes  tiresome.  Here  reside  great  numbers 
of  professional  men  and  City  merchant.'*,  as  well  as  various 
others  who  have  some  preten.*ions  to  fa.<hiou. 

Belgravia,  on  the  S.  or  opposite  side  of  Ilyde  Park,  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Grosvenor  Place,  a  fine  range  of  build- 
ings facing  the  Green  Park  and  Buckingham  Palace  Gardens ; 
on  the  X.  by  Knightsbridge,  on^the  E.  by  Sloane  Street,  and 
on  the  S.E.'  by  Kbury  Street.  Belgrave  Square  forms  the 
nucleus  of  this  fashionable  region,  and  contain.^,  like  many 
of  the  streets  around  it,  numerous  edifii'es  of  palatial  size 
and  structure.  Here,  also,  the  brick  walls  are  uniformly 
coated  over  with  "compo;"  a  circum.stance  which  greatly 
detracts  from  the  first  impression  produced  by  the  archi- 
tectural beauty  of  the  buildings,  especially  if  one  is  accus- 
tomed to  the  substantial,  as  well  as  elegant,  stone  edifices 
in  the  newer  portions  of  Ktiinburgh  and  Gla.«gow.  Con- 
tiiruous  to  this  district  'are  Chelsea  and  Brompton.  On  the 
S.K.  of  Belgravia,  lies  Westminster  proper,  one  of  the  poorest 
and  most  squalid  districts  in  the  metropolis.  The  dj-ains 
being  below  the  high-water  level  of  the  river,  malaria  and 
di-^ease  prevail  here,  and  the  moral  atmosphere  is  equally 
tainted.  Something  has  been  recently  done  to  cure  both 
evils,  by  the  oi)ening  up  of  a  new  street,  and  the  building 
of  three  new  churche.-i;  the  erection  of  the  latter  being  due 
to  private  liberality. 

The  streets  of  London  are  regularly  kept  clean,  and  are 
well  lighted.  The  carriage-way  is  generally  paved  with 
granite,  but  several  streets,  such  as  Kegent  Street  and  the 
New  Boad.  are  macadamized.  The  amount  annually  ex- 
pended in  paving  exceeds  £200.000.  From  the  extent  of  the 
metropolis,  and  the  great  amount  of  business  carried  on  in 
it.  the  principal  streets,  as  might  be  exp<>cted,  present  a  con- 
tinued throng  of  vehicles  of  every  description,  often  forming 
an  almost  unbroken  line  aI)Ove  a  mile  long.  The  principal 
K.  and  W.  lines  are  the  great  scenes  of  crowded  thorough- 
fare: in  them,  the  narrow  parts  are  not  unfrequently  com- 
pletely blocked  up  for  a  time,  pa.-ifage  either  one  way  or  other 
being  quite  impracticable;  when  long  lines  of  omnibuses, 
cabs,  private  carriages,  drays,  and  dust-carts  may  be  seen 
wailing  in  impatience  till  the  street  is  cleared  from  the 
temporary  obstruction. 

Hjuores  and  Public  Monuments. — The  squares  of  London 
are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  of  great  extent  and 
exceedingly  elegant,  the  centre  generally  being  occttpied 
with  shrubbery,  which,  notwithstiindiiig  the  smoke  of  the 
metropolis,  usually  thrives  well;  and  not  a  few  of  them  are 
adorned  with  statues  of  sovereigns,  warriors,  and  states- 
men. Among  the  squares  more  deserving  of  notice,  may 
be  named — Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  with  an  area  of  12  acres, 
near  the  centre  of  the  metropolis:  Eaton,  Belgrave,  10 
acres;  Grosvenor,  Portman,  .and  Cavendish  Squares,  all 
in  the  West  End  ;  Knssell  Square,  10  acres:  Bedford.  Blooms- 
bury,  Tavistock,  and  Euston  Squares,  in  the  X.  part  of  the 
town;  and  Trafalgar  Sfjuare.  at  Charing  Cros.s  fronting  one 
of  the  principal  thoroughfares,  and  adorneti  with  public 
buildings,  fountains,  the  Xel.son  Column,  and  statues  of 
Charles  I.  and  George  IV.  The  most  conspicuous  public 
monuments  are  "The  Monument."  on  Fish  Street  Hill. 
London  Bridge,  a  fluted  Doric  column.  202  feet  high,  erected 
in  1677,  in  commemoration  of  the  great  fire  of  London  ;  the 
York  Column,  at  the  S.  end  of  Waterloo  Place,  a  plain  Doric 
pillar  of  granite.  124  feet  high,  surmounted  by  a  bronze 
statue  of  the  Duke  of  York;  a  fluted  Corinthian  column,  in 
Trafalgar  Square.  \'(S\  feet  high,  raised  in  honor  of  Xelson, 
and  surmounted  with  a  colossal  bronze  statue  of  the  hero, 
while  the  pedestal  Is  decorated  with  bronze  sculptures  in 
high  relief,  the  figures  larger  than  life:  acolos.sal  equestrian 
statue  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  placed  on  the  summit  of 
the  grand  arch  at  the  top  of  Constitution  Hill,  forming  the 
approach  to  Buckingham  Palace ;  and  another  of  smaller  size 
in  front  of  the  Exchange. 

liriilfifs  and  the  TUumejs  JVnnrf.— Within  the  limits  of  the 
metTO(«)lis,  and  W.  of  the  Tower,  the  Thames  averages  1000 
feet  wide.  Till  towards  the  middle  of  last  centurv  it  was 
crossed  by  only  one  bridge:  but  now,  between  Chefsea  and 
the  Tower,  there  are  eight  bridges,  three  of  which  are  within 
the  limits  of  the  City,  and  four  in  Westminster.  The  lowest 
down,  and  most  imimrtant  of  all.  is  Lrmdm  Bndge,  connect- 
ing the  City  at  King  William  Street,  with  Southwark  at  the 
junction  of  Wellington  Street  and  Tooley  Street.  It  is  an 
elegant  structure  of  Aberdeen  granite:  built  after  designs 
by  John  Uennie.  Of  the  immense  traffic  on  this  bridge, 
wine  idea  m.iy  be  formed  from  the  fact,  that  13.000  carriages, 
of  all  kinds,  pasg  along  it  every  hour.  About  600  yards 
1078  ' 


LOX 

farther  up  the  river,  stands  Southwarl-  Bridge,  in  like  jnaii- 
ner  connecting  the  City  and  Southwark ;  Queen  Street  and 
Bridge  Street  being  the  approaches  on  either  side.  It  is  an 
iron  bridge  of  three  segmental  arches,  resting  on  stone  piers. 
Aliout  half  a  mile  fui-ther  W.,  Biuclfnari  Bridge  connects 
the  City  at  Bridge  Street,  with  Southwark  at  Great  Surrey 
Street.  It  was  designed  by  ilylne.  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
and  built  of  Portland  stone,  which  not  having  resisted  the 
effects  of  the  water  and  the  iitmo-^phere.  the  piers  have 
latterly  been  cased  with  granite;  and  otherwise,  the  fre- 
quent repairs  upon  it  have  more  than  doubled  its  original 
cost. 

Matertix)  Bridge,  nearly  half  a  mile  above  the  former,  i« 
esteemed  by  many  to  be  the  finest  in  the  world.  It  was 
constructed  of  Aberdeen  granite,  by  the  elder  John  Rennie, 
and.  incjuding  its  approaches,  supported  on  semicircular 
arch(?s,  is  2460  feet  long;  it  is  perfectly  level,  and  connects 
the  Strand  with  the  Waterloo  P.oad.  Under  i  mile  S.W., 
Hungtr/ord  Siixfmuion  Bridge,  constructed  by  I.  K.  Brunei, 
for  foot  passengers  only,  spans  the  river  from  Hungerfoid 
Market  to  Belvedere  Boad;  it  is  1352  feet  long.  M'estmimter 
Bridge,  oi)ened  in  the  middle  of  last  century,  crosses  the 
river  at  the  X.  end  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  from  West- 
min.stcr  to  Lambeth,  and  about  700  yards  S.  of  Ilungerford 
Britlge.  It  was  built  of  I'ortland  stone,  and  is  now  in  such 
a  state  of  decay,  that,  unless  taken  down,  it  must  .soon 
give  way  of  it.«  own  accord;  about  8.000,000  of  horses  pass 
along  this  bridge  annually,  Xearly  1  mile  S.  of  the  last- 
named  bridge,  Westminster  and  Lambeth  are  a  third  tima 
connected  by  Vtnuxhall  Bridge ;  the  Vauxhall  Bridge  Boad, 
leading  from  Pimlico  and  Xew  Bridge  Street,  being  the 
approaches  on  either  side;  like  Southwark  Bridge,  it  is  of 
Ciist-iron.  but  is  very  inferior  to  it  in  every  respect.  Xearly 
2  miles  W.  by  S.  of  this  bridge,. C7(«/.sc<i  or  Battersea  Bridge 
coniu'cts  the  localities  whence  it  obtains  its  double  name, 
and  is  an  old  wooden  structure,  opened  in  1772.  Tlie  fol- 
lowing Table  shows  the  chief  measurements,  cost,  &c.,  of 
the  bridges : — 


Names  of  Bridges. 

i 

ji 

3 

1 

No.  of  Arches. 

Span  of  r;cn- 
tral  Arches. 

e<3 

Lonilon  (stone)       .    .    . 
Southwark  (iron)  .    .    . 
Blackfriars'  (stone)    .    . 
Waterloo  (stone)    .    .    . 
Hungerford  (snspen.) 
Westminster  (stone)  .    . 
VauxhalKiron)       .    .    . 
Chelsea  (wood) .... 

1831 
1819 
1770 
1817 
1845 
1751 
18U 

£        '  Feet. 

2,000,000  1     9-i8 

800.000  ;     708 

•-'sn.noo  I    995 

1,150,000  ■  \Ht 

W.OOO     i:l52 

389.500     1223 

260.000  .     809 

:!0.000      675 

Feeu 
53 
4i 

42 
42 
14 
44 

40 
23 

yect.' 
5  i     162 
3       240 
9       KM) 
9       1-7 
3        676 
15         76 
9         78 

The  Thames  Tunnel,  a  roadway  under  the  river,  which  is 
generally  regarded  by  foreigners  as  the  greatest  wonder  of 
the  metropolis,  is  2  miles  below  London  Bridge.  An  attempt 
was  m.ide,  in  ISOS,  to  make  a  tunnel  below  the  river  at 
Limehouse;  but  the  water  burst  in  and  destroyed  the  works, 
when  the  tunnel,  which  entered  on  the  Surrey  side,  had 
reached  within  200  feet  of  the  opposite  bank.  The  i)re.sent 
work  is  a  monument  of  the  skill  and  energy  of  Sir  Isambert 
Brunei,  who  commenced  operations  March  2,  1825.  On 
August  12,  1828,  there  was  an  inundation,  which  stopped 
the  works  till  Janmiry,  1835,  when  they  were  renewed  with 
great  energy,  and  the  tunnel  was  at  length  opened  to  the 
public.  March  25.  1843.  It  consists  of  ahollow  brick  cylinder 
or  tube,  suWivided  into  two  roadways,  each  15  feet  high 
and  12  feet  broad.  The  entire  cost  was  aT<out  £614.01)0.  of 
which  the  Government  lent  £247.000  to  the  company  who 
carried  on  the  enterprise.  There  is  a  cylindrical  shaft  at 
each  end,  with  100  steps,  by  which  f  lot  passengci"s  a.scend 
and  descend,  on  paying  a  toll  of  a  penny  each.  The  com- 
pany have  not  been  able  to  meet  the  cost  of  completing  the 
ajiproaches,  so  that  there  is  no  access  for  vehicles  of  any 
kind. 

J'ldaccs. — St.  James',  erected  bj'  Henry  A'lII.,  from  a  design 
by  Hi>lliein,  at  the  f  lot  of  St.  James'  Street,  is  an  irregular, 
dingy-looking  brick  building.  But  it  is  well  adapted  inter- 
nally for  royal  levees  and  dntwiiig-itxims,  which  are  held 
here  during  the  fashionable  season.  Buckingham  Palace, 
fiwing  the  W.  end  of  St.  .Tames'  Park,  was  built  by  George 
IV..  and  consists,  since  the  erection  of  the  E.  front.  <'f  a 
quadrangular  range  of  Viuildings.  This  E.  fii(;iide.  which  is 
loftier  than  the  rest,  and  in  the  Italian  stylo,  gives  to  the 
whole  a  more  palatial  appearance  than  it  formerly  pos.se.ssed 
The  situation  is  low  and  damp,  and  the  palace  is  flanked  oi» 
the  S.  by  buildings  of  an  inferior  des<-ription.  while  the 
gardens  are  overlooked  on  the  W.  by  the  houses  in  Grosvenor 
I'lace.  In  the  gallery,  which  is  160  feet  long,  are  some  good 
pictures.  The  Queen  resides  here  seventl  months  every 
year  in  the  spring  and  summer.  M'hileliall: — The  Banquet- 
ing Hou.se,  designed  by  luigo  Jones,  in  the  P&lladian  styleu 
anil  Justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  architectLroi 


LON 


LON 


ornamnnts  of  London,  is  the  only  remnant  of  the  ancient 
palace  of  Wliitehall;  the  ceiling,  painted  by  llul'ens,  is  the 
most  extensive  work  of  that  artist  existing  in  the  country. 
In  front  of  it  was  beheaded  Cliarlea  I.,  who  was  pondui'ted 
to  tlie  scaffold  throuf^h  an  oiieuing  which  was  made  in  tlie 
walls  fir  the  purpose.  Kensingtnn  I'aluce,  situated  in  ICen- 
Binuton  (lardens,  is  a  plain  brick  building.  It  was  purcliased 
by  William  lit,  and  became  his  tavorite  residence,  and  was 
the  birth-place  of  Queen  \'ictoria.  Lambeth  VaUwe,  on  the 
Surrey  side  of  ths  river,  opposite  the  Houses  of  Parliament, 
has  been  ior  many  centuries  the  residence  of  the  Arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury.  It  is  a  brick  edifice,  and  comprises 
a  great  variety  of  styles  in  architecture,  from  early  English 
downwards,  and  contains  a  library  of  25,000  volumes. 

The  Xeiv  Puluce  of  iVeslminster,  or  the  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment.— This  vast  and  magnificent  edifice  contains  the  House 
of  Peers  .and  the  House  of  Commons,  with  the  various  apart- 
ments and  offices  connected  with  parliamentary  business. 
It  is  a  highly  decorated  structure,  in  the  Tudor  Gothic 
Ftyle,  after  designs  by  Sir  Charles  Barry,  and  is  still  In 
process  of  erection.  It  stands  partly  on  the  site  of  the  old 
Houses  of  Parliament,  destroyeil  by  fire  In  1834,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Thames,  between  the  river  and  Westminster 
Abbey,  and  extends  over  an  area  of  about  8  acres.  The 
fa(,ade,  900  feet  in  length,  overlooking  the  river,  produces  a 
grand  effect,  which  is  due,  in  a  great  measure,  to  the  three 
magnificent  towers;  for  the  site,  unfortunately,  is  low,  and 
the  building  itself  not  lofty  enough  for  its  extent.  The 
walls  are  of  brick,  faced  externally  with  magnesian  lime- 
stone ;  and  the  whole  edifice  is  separated  from  the  river  by 
a  terrace  of  Aberdeen  granite.  It  is  panelled  with  rich 
tracery,  and  profusely  decorated  with  statues  and  shields 
of  arms  of  the  kings  and  queens  of  Kngland,  from  the  Con- 
quest to  the  present  time.  In  the  S.W.  angle  is  the  A'ictoria 
Tower,  supported  upon  4  pointed  arches  (iO  feet  in  hiight; 
It  is  75  feet  square,  and,  when  completed,  will  bo  3-tO  feet  in 
height.  There  is  also  a  tower  in  the  centre,  300  feet  high 
by  60  feet,  surmounted  by  a  lantern;  and  tlie  clock  tower, 
at  the  N.  end  of  the  edifice,  with  its  richly  decorated  spire, 
rises  320  feet.  The  House  of  Peers  is  an  apartment  97  feet 
long.  4.5  feet  wide,  and  45  feet  high;  magnificently  decorated 
throughout  with  carved  oak  panelling,  a  profusion  of  gild- 
ing, paintings  in  fresco,  and  richly-stained  glass  windows. 
The  House  of  Commons  is  a  somewhat  smaller  apartment, 
fitted  up  in  a  much  plainer  style.  The  foundation  of  the 
building  was  laid  April  27,  1840. 

Gdirrnment  Offices. — These  are  mostly  situated  in  and 
near  Whitehall;  the  Treasury,  Home  Office,  and  Board  of 
Trade,  occupy  one  range  of  buildings,  which  have  been 
recently  improved  by  a  uniform  and  handsome  fa(;ade.  The 
Horse  Ouards  and  Admiralty,  which  are  somewhat  nearer 
Charing  Cross,  have  little  to  admire  in  their  external  ap- 
pearance. The  Ordnance  Office,  also,  in  Pall  Mall,  is  a  plain 
building.  Some  of  the  public  offices  are  in  Somerset  House, 
a  spacious  and  handsome  quadrangle,  finished  in  1782,  from 
designs  by  Sir  W.  Chambers;  its  N.  fai.ade,  200  fi-et  in 
length,  faces  the  Straml,  and  its  S.  front,  800  feet  long, 
overlooks  the  river,  viewed  from  which,  it  presents  one  of 
the  most  striking  elevations  in  London.  The  Post-ofllce,  in 
the  centre  of  London,  near  St.  Paul's,  is  a  spacious  and 
handsome  huilding.  completed  in  1829,  from  the  designs  of 
Smirke.  It  is  390  feet  long,  130  feet  wide,  and  64  feet  high. 
Its  fa^aile.  which  is  towards  St.  Martin's-le-Grand,  has  three 
Ionic  porticoes,' the  one  in  the  centre,  which  is  tlie  largest, 
being  surmounted  by  a  plain  pediment.  The  Mint,  a  stone 
building  of  Grecian  architecture,  finished  in  1811,  stands  on 
Tower  Hill,  and  occupies,  with  its  workshops  and  offices, 
about  10,000  square  yards. 

IVie  Tower. — This  celebrated  fortress,  which  doubtless 
formed  the  nucleus  of  modern  London,  stands  on  tlie  banks 
of  the  Thames,  just  beyond  the  liberties  of  the  City.  It  oc- 
cupies an  area  of  12  acres,  enclosed  within  a  wall  surrounded 
by  a  ditch,  now  dry,  but  in  former  times  filled  with  water 
ft-om  the  Tham(!S.  On  the  S.  side  i.s  an  archway  called  the 
"Traitor's  Gate,"  through  which  state  prisoners  were 
brought  from  the  river.  The  most  ancient  part  of  the  ex- 
isting edifices — the  White  Tower — was  erected  about  1078, 
for  William  the  Conqueror,  by  Gundulph,  Bisliop  of  Roches- 
ter. It  stands  near  the  centre  of  the  quadrangle,  round 
which  are  placed  several  other  towers,  each  liaving  its  dis- 
tinctive name.  The  Tower  contains  the  Wellington  Bar- 
racks, erected  on  the  site  of  the  grand  store-house,  burned 
down  in  1841;  tlie  jewel-room,  a  modern  edifice,  in  which 
are  preserved  the  re.i:alia  of  Great  Britain ;  the  horse  armory. 
Queen  Elizabeth's  armory,  and  the  church  of  St.  Peter-ad- 
Vincula.  Besides  its  use  as  a  fortress,  the  Tower  was  like- 
wise the  temporary  residence  of  several  kings  and  queens 
of  England.  But  with  its  history  as  a  state  prison,  for 
which  it  was  used  during  five  centuries,  events  are  connected 
of  much  greater  interest  tlian  any  that  pertain  to  the  jousts, 
letes,  and  entertainments,  of  which  it  was  the  scene  while 
occupied  as  a  royal  dwelling.  Within  its  walls  wore  confined 
kings,  queens,  statesmen,  warriors,  and  philosophers.  Many 
prisoners  were  liere  privately  murdered,  and  many  publicly 
iatecuted,  Edward  V.  and  his  brother,  smothered  by  order 


of  Richard  III.,  may  he  mentioned  among  the  former;  anrt 
Anne  Boleyn.  Thomas  Cromwell,  Catherine  Howard,  anQ 
the  Bukes  of  Somerset  and  Monmouth  amonf,  the  latter ; 
the  headless  bodies  of  whom  are  interred  in  the  church  of 
St.  I'eter. 

Places  of  Worshiji. — St.  Paul's  Cathedral  is  the  greatest 
architectural  ornament  of  the  metropolis,  and  the  best- 
known  edifice  in  it.  It  occupies  the  summit  of  Ludgate 
Hill,  where  its  foundations  were  laid  June  21,  1675,  on  thi 
site  of  the  former  cathedral,  whidi  was  destroyed  in  the 
great  fire  of  1606.  It  was  finished  in  1710;  and  .Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren,  by  whom  this  magnificent  temple  was  designed, 
lived  to  witness  its  completion.  It  is  610  feet  in  length, 
from  E.  to  W.,  while  the  transept  is  250  feet,  exchu-ive  of 
the  senii<'ircular  portico  at  each  end ;  the  breadth  of  the 
W.  front  is  180  feet  and  the  height  of  the  walls  110  feet. 
The  building  is  crowned  with  an  immense  dome,  surmounted 
by  a  lantern  with  ball  and  cros.s — the  height  of  the  latter 
being  no  less  than  404  feet  from  the  ground.  From  I-udgato 
Hill  a  fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  W.  fai,'ade,  with  its  beau- 
tiful double  portico  of  covipled  columns  in  the  Corinthian 
and  Composite  orders,  and  its  two  clock  towers,  each  222 
feet  high,  over  which  rises  the  gigantic  cupola.  Tliis  vast 
structure,  which  is  built  entirely  of  I'ortland  stone,  cost  only 
747,954/.  2s.  9(1.,  paid  by  levying  a  tax  on  coal.  The  interior 
is  extremely  deficient  in  ornaments.  Among  the  few 
monuments  it  contains  are  those  of  Lord  Nelson,  Sir  I'alph 
Abercromby,  Sir  John  Moore,  Dr.  John.son.  Howanl.  Sir 
Josliua  Keynolds,  and  other  eminent  characters  of  modern 
times.  Side  by  side,  under  the  centre  of  the  dome,  lie 
interred  Britain's  greatest  admiral  and  gre.atest  general  of 
the  present  (Ta,  Lord  Nelson  and  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

Westminster  Abbey,  after  St.  Paul's,  the  finest  ecclesiastical 
edifice  in  London,  and  one  of  tlie  best  specimens  of  the 
pointed  style  in  Engl.and,  dates  from  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.  and  Edward  I.,  when  it  was  erected  on  tlie  site  of  tha 
S.axon  minster,  founded  by  Sehert.  The  beautiful  chapel 
at  the  E.  end  was  adiled  by  Henry  VII.;  and.  at  the  begin- 
ning of  last  century,  the  upper  part  of  the  two  towers  at 
the  W,  end  were  erected  from  designs  of  Sir  Christopher 
Wren.  It  is  360  feet  long,  and  195  feet  wid(!  within  the 
walls.  In  this  noble  edifice,  the  kings  and  queens  of  Eng- 
land have  been  crowned  from  Eitward  the  Confessor  to 
Queen  A'ictoria;  and  here  many  of  them  are  buried,  some 
with,  and  others  without  monuments.  In  the  S,  transept 
are  the  tombs  and  honorary  monuments  of  great  poots, 
from  Chauc(!r  down  to  Campbell,  whence  it  is  called  "  Poets' 
Corner;"  and  in  other  parts  are  numerous  sculptured 
monuments  to  state.«men,  warriors,  philr)so]ihers,  divines, 
patriots,  and  men  of  emimnice  generally,  many  of  whom 
are  interred  within  its  walls. 

Of  the  other  sacred  edifices  in  London,  the  most  remark- 
able are  St.  Barthdnmew's  in  West  Smithfield,  exhiljiting 
some  fine  specimens  of  Norman,  early  English,  and  later 
styles  of  architecture;  St.  Saviour's,  in  Southwark,  which 
boasts  of  the  best  early  Engli.sh  architecture  in  London; 
St.  Stephen's.  Wall'rnolc,  with  an  exceedingly  fine  interior, 
and  generally  regarded  as  one  of  Wren's  best  works;  and 
the  Temple  Church,  which  combines  transition  Xorman  archi- 
tecture with  early  English.  Important  restorations,  in 
this  church,  have  been  recently  completed  at  a  cost  of 
£70,000.  Besides  these,  many  of  the  older  parish  churches 
are  elegant  structures:  among  those  worthy  of  being  speci- 
fied are  Bow  Church,  St.  Bride's  in  Fleet  Street  and  St. 
Martin's-in-the-Fields.  The  churches  of  the  earlier  part  of 
tile  present  century  are  altogether  infi'rior  in  design,  and 
mostly  in  a  debased  Grecian  style.  Those  built  in  more 
recent  years  are  chiefly  adaptations  of  the  Gothic,  and  give 
favorable  indications  of  a  return  to  a  purer  taste.  Of  the 
Roman  Catholic  churches  in  London,  the  largest  is  that 
called  St.  George's  Cathedral,  in  Southwark.  finished  in  1848, 
at  a  cost  of  about  £30,000.  The  Dissenting  places  of  worship 
are  mostly  plain,  unpretending  structures.  Altogether, 
there  are  about  760  churches  and  places  of  worship  in  the 
metropolis,  of  which  .370  belong  to  the  Established  Church,  25 
to  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  the  remainder  to  tlie  various 
ecclesiastical  organizations  denominated  Dissenters,  Of 
these,  the  Independents  are  the  most  numerous,  and  have 
about  130  churches;  the  different  denominations  of  Metho- 
dists have  120  chu'^ches;  Baptists,  100;  Congregationalists, 
38;  I'resbyterians.  18;  Mormons,  13;  Jews.  12;  Unitarians, 
7;  and  the  Lutheran,^,  6.  The  other  Dis,senters  include 
about  a  dozen  different  creeds,  but  are  not  numerous. 

Public  Jiuilitinrjs  in  Vie  Citij. — Some'  of  the  most  important, 
if  not  the  most  elegant  public  buildings  in  the  metropolis, 
are  situ.ated  within  the  city.  The  nvicieus  of  the  whole  is 
formed  by  the  Bank  of  England,  the  Royal  Exchange,  and 
the  Mansion  House,  which,  all  face  towards  an  open  area, 
the  centre  of  bustle  and  business,  near  the  middle  of  the 
city,  and  which  is  further  adorned  with  the  handsome  offices 
of  sevi'i-al  assurance  companies.  The  lidnl.-  of  England,  in 
Tlireadneedle  Street,  belonging  to  a  chartered  company, 
estiililishecl  in  1(593,  under  the  management  of  a  governor 
deputy-governor,  and  twenty  directors,  was  built  in  1732. 
It  has,  since  that  period,  received  various  .'idditions  and 

1079 


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teprcvfineat?,  ami  now  forms  a  low,  flat.  Insulated,  irresru- 
Ur  p.'trallcl<igram,  covering  4  acres  of  ground.  Adjoining 
th''  IS.ink  of  Enghind  is  the  Koi/al  Exclampe.,  an  exteu.-^ive 
and  ornate  Imildin-',  having  a  Corinthian  portico,  sur- 
mounted by  a  pediment,  eciiihed  h\-  sculpture.  It  sui^ 
rounds  an  open,  interior  quadrangle,  in  the  centre  of  which 
is  a  marble  .''tatue  of  Queen  Victoria,  by  Lough.  In  this 
court,  which  is  surrounded  by  covered  arcades,  the  meetings 
of  the  merchants  on  'Change  are  held.  An  equestrian  sta- 
tue, by  Chautrey.  of  the  Uuke  of  Wellington,  occupies  the 
area  in  front  of  the  building.  The  Koy.al  Exchange  was 
originally  founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Gresham  in  1567;  and 
having  been  burned  down  in  16C6,  it  was  rebuilt,  and 
opened  in  1069.  This  second  Exchange  having  been  also 
burned  down  January  10,  183S,  the  present  edifice  was 
erected  on  its  site.  The  Exchangees  for  specrial  purpo.«e8  are 
—the  ^ock  Exchange,  in  Capel  Court,  the  OkiI  Exchange, 
Lower  Thames  Strict,  built  by  J.  B.  Bunning,  opened 
October  30,  1849,  by  Prince  Alliert;  it  is  a  sumptuous, 
though  rather  incongruous  building,  the  great  llall  of 
■which  is  circular.  60  feet  in  diameter,  and  74  feet  to  the 
ape.x  of  the  glazed  dome,  with  which  it  is  covered;  the  Omi 
Exc/iange,  a  fine  Doric  structure,  in  Mark  Lane,  opened  in 
1747.  and  enlarged  and  partly  rebuilt  in  1827. 

The  Minixifni  House,  the  residence  of  the  Lord  Mayor 
•while  he  holds  the  office  of  finst  magistrate  of  the  city,  was 
built  in  1739-53.  from  the  designs  of  Dance,  the  city  sui^ 
veyor.  at  a  cost  of  £71.000.  It  hiis  a  Corinthian  portico  in 
front,  and  stands  in  the  E.  end  of  the  I'oviltry.  nearly  oppo- 
site the  Bank  of  England.  The  Giuhlhall.  situated  at  the 
X.  end  of  King  Street,  Cheapside.  is  the  civic  palace  where 
the  principal  business  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of 
Ixjndou  is  conducted:  and  the  magnificent  banquets  given 
here  have  rendered  City  feasts  proverlial.  This  edifice  was 
erectetl  at  different  period.s.  as  may  be  perceived  from  its 
incongruous  architecture.  The  debased  Gothic  front,  with 
the  City  arms  in  the  centre,  was  finished  in  1789 ;  but  it 
has  since  been  frequently  repaired.  The  Hall,  an  immense 
room,  in  which  3000  persons  can  dine,  contains  some  monu- 
ments of  ordinary  sculpture;  and.  at  the  W.  end.  raised  on 
pedestals,  are  the  well-known  colossal  figures  of  Gog  and 
Magog.  The  Eid  India  House,  containing  the  offices  of  the 
East  India  Company,  is  situated  iu  Leadenhall  Street.  It 
is  an  extensive  building,  with  an  Ionic  portico  in  front; 
and  contains,  besides  the  necessary  accommodation  for  car- 
rying on  the  business  of  the  Company,  an  excellent  library, 
rich  in  Asiatic  literature,  and  an  interesting  museum  of 
Indian  curiosities. 

Literature,  Scientific  Institutinns,  &e. — London  has  long 
been  the  favorite  residence  of  literary  men,  drawn  thither 
probably  in  older  times,  ere  literature  had  assumed  its  pre- 
sent independent  position,  by  the  attractions  of  titled 
patrons.  But,  whatever  may  have  communicated  the  ori- 
ginal impulse,  we  have  now  the  fact,  that  the  metropolLs  is 
the  great  centre  around  v.hich  cluster  the  literary  and  sci- 
entific men  of  the  country,  the  seat  of  the  principal  learned 
institutinns,  and  the  heatl-quarters  of  journalism  and  of  the 
book  trade.  There  are  si.-c  morning,  and  nearly  as  many 
evening  newspapers,  and  a  host  of  other  journals,  which 
appear  weekly  or  at  shorter  intervals.  The  morning  papers, 
during  the  sitting  of  Parliament,  require  each  a  staff  of  14 
reporters.  The  chief  learned  institutions  are  the  Royal 
Society,  in  Somerset  House,  founded  in  1 663,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  as  well  as  one  of  the  oldest  associations  of 
the  kind  in  Europe;  its  object  is  the  promotion  of  general 
science :  the  Boval  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  incorporated 
in  1800.  possessing  a  magnificent  chemical  laboratory,  an 
extensive  library,  &c. ;  Professor  Davy,  afterwards  Sir  Hum- 
phrey Davy,  was  connected  with  this  institution,  when,  in 
1S07.  he  made  the  discovery  of  the  composition  of  the  fixed 
alkalies,  a  discovery  which,  viewed  in  all  its  relations,  may 
be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important,  as  well  a.s  one  of 
the  most  briUlant.  recordcil  in  the  annals  of  science :  the 
Linnaean  Society,  incorix)rated  in  1802,  with  a  valuable  li- 
brary, and  one  of  the  most  extensive  botanical  collwtions 
In  the  world ;  a  few  years  sine.',  the  East  India  Company 
presented  to  this  society  all  those  invaluable  collections, 
which  have  been  made  at  different  times  by  its  agents  in 
India :  the  Zoological  Society,  incorporated  in  1829,  connected 
with  which  are  the  Zoological  Gardens* with  a  menagerie, 
stocked  with  animals  from  every  region  of  the  globe,  un- 
questionably the  first  collection  in  the  world  :  the  Societv  for 
the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowletlge,  founded  in  1820.  incorpo- 
rated in  1832:  the  great  object  of  which  is  to  distribute, 
fimong  the  middling  and  poorer  cla.s.ses,  works  on  science, 
&c..  at  a  low  price;  this  is,  in  every  respect,  a  useful  and 
admirable  instilution,  and  possesses,  among  its  numerous 
membi-rs.  a  large  share  of  the  talent  and  learning,  as  well 
as  some  of  the  mo«t  distinguished  names,  of  Great  Britain : 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  in  Somerset  House,  founded  in 
1707  :  the  Koyal  Academy  of  .\rts.  in  Trafalgar  Square, 
founded  in  1708:  the  Koyal  Academv  of  Music,  founded  in 
1822:  the  Uoyal  College  of  Physiiians".  at  the  X.W.  corner  of 
Trafiilgar  S<iUHre,  founded  by  Linacre.  phvsician  to  Henry 
VIU.,  the  present  building,  finished  in'lS2o:  the  Eoyal 
lOfeO 


Gec^raphical  Society,  founded  in  1830,  with  a  choice  eeopra 
phical  librar3'  and  large  collection  of  mnps:  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  established  in  1818:  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architect.",  founded  in  18.34.  and  pos.seEsing  a  good 
library  of  anhitectural  works:  and  the  Geological  Society, 
in  Somerset  House,  founded  in  1807. 

Educational  Jnsiitulions. — At  the  head  of  these  stands 
the  University  of  London,  established  in  1S37.  solely  for  the 
purpose  of  conferring  degrees,  the  candidates  for  which  are 
for  the  mo.st  part  supplied  by  University  College  and  King"g 
College.  The  senate  consists  of  a  chancellor,  vice-chiincellor, 
and  thirty-five  otlier  memliers.  who  hold  their  sittings  in 
Somerset  House.  The  fecultics  are  those  of  arts,  law,  and 
medicine ;  the  examinations  are  held  twice  a  year.  In 
University  College,  which  was  opened  in  1828.  the'course  of 
education  embraces  the  classical  tongues,  science,  history, 
jurisprudence,  and  medicine,  religion  being  wholly  excluded. 
King's  College  is  on  a  similar  plan,  except  that  "religion  ig 
taught  in  it  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  the  Church 
of  England.  The  buildings  are  handsome,  especially  that 
of  University  College.  There  are  likewise  two  Episcopal 
theological  schools,  an  English  Presbyterian,  a  Baptist,  an 
Independent,  a  Unitarian,  and  a  Jewish ;  and  several  schools 
for  nu'diciue,  botauv',  chemistry,  geology.  Ac.  Of  the  nume- 
rous endowed  schools,  the  most  noted  are — St.  Paul's  School, 
which  provides  a  fi-ee  education  for  153  boys,  the  most 
advanctjd  of  whom  are  sent  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  with 
exhibitions  of  from  50?.  to  120?.  Milton,  the  great  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  and  Ilalley,  were  pujiils  in  this  school,  which 
ha.s  a  high  reputation.  Tlie  annual  revenues  are  about 
6000?.  Charter-House,  (a  corruption  of  Chartreusf.)  founded 
in  1011,  and  endowed  with  property  which  in  1815  yielded 
22,000?.,  supports  SO  poor  brethren',  and  educates  40  boys, 
who  are  afterwards  apprenticed  or  sent  to  the  University. 
The  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  founded  in  1561.  furnishes 
a  very  efficient  education  gratis  to  100  boys,  and  to  150  others 
at  rates  varying  from  5ft.  to  2.?.  6</.  a  quarter;  the  school 
bus  43  fellowships  in  Oxford,  and  7  in  Cambridge. 

Christ's  Hospital,  Newgate  Street,  better  known  a.s  the 
Blue-coat  School,  was  founded  in  155.3,  as  a  hospital  for  poor 
fatherless  children  and  foundlings,  although  many  are 
said  to  be  now  admitted  without  having  the  qualifica- 
tion of  poverty.  The  presentations  are  in  the  gift  of  the 
goTernors,  who  are  nearly  500  in  number;  and  each  cf  whom, 
in  order  to  hold  that  office,  must  have  contributed  500?.  to 
the  funds  of  the  institution.  The  establishment  in  London 
accommodates,  at  present.  920  loys;  and  there  is  a  subsidiary 
hospital  at  Hertford,  where  are  generally  about  450  of  the 
younger  boys,  and  80  girUs — maUin;:  in  all  1450  children 
maintained,  clothed,  and  educated  by  this  instilution,  Tlie 
Grecians,  as  the  most  advanced  in  cla.ssics  are  called,  are  sent, 
with  valual'le  exhibitions,  to  Oxford  and  Cambridge:  and 
those  in  the  mathematical  school  are  placed  with  com- 
manders of  .ships,  and  fitted  out  at  the  expense  of  the  hos- 
pital ;  others  are  apprenticed  to  different  trades.  Westmin- 
ster School  w.as  foundiHl  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1560.  for  the 
free  instruction,  clothing,  board,  and  lodgment  of  40  boys, 
called  king's  scholars ;  in  re.ility.  however,  each  now  pays 
about  45?.  a  year.  Dryden.  Locke,  and  the  J'arl  of  .Mansfield 
were  in  this  .school.  Besides  the  above,  .ind  numberless  pri- 
vate schools,  there  is  a  free  school  in  amost  every  parish; 
and  the  National  Society  and  British  and  Foreign  School 
Society  supply  instruction  to  many  thou.^ands  of  children. 
These  societies  have  also  normal  schools. 

Museums,  &c. — The  British  Museum,  in  Great  Bussel 
Street,  now  a  spacious  and  imposing  edifice,  with  an  Ionic 
facade  and  sctilptured  pediment,  built  during  the  Isst  30 
years,  wa.s  founded  in  1753.  It  contains  an  immense  col- 
lection of  books,  manuscripts,  sculptures,  coins,  minerals, 
stuffed  animals;  Egyptian.  Assyrian.  Etruscnn.  Greek,  and 
other  antiquities.  This  noble  institution  is  open  three  days 
in  the  week  to  the  p"ublic  who  avail  themselves  of  the  per- 
mission in  great  numbers.  The  library  of  printed  books  con- 
tains upward  of  400.000  volumes.  In  Greek,  and  perhaps 
also  in  Egyptian  antiquities,  this  collection  is  not  surpassed 
by  auy  in  Europe.  The  National  Gallery  i-ontains  some  very 
fine  pictures;  but.  from  their  limited  number,  scarcely 
deserve  the  name  of  a  national  collection.  One  end  of  the 
building  is  used  for  the  annual  exhibitions,  schools,  and 
lecture-rooms  of  the  Royal  .Academy.  Marlborough  House, 
in  Pail-Mall,  contains  a  collection  of  paintings  by  English 
masters;  the  greater  part  of  which  was  presented  to  th« 
nation  by  Mr.  Richard  Vernon,  in  1847.  Dulwii  h  Gallery, 
at  Dulwich.  5  miles  from  Waterloo  Bridge,  contains  a  fine 
collection,  especially  of  Dutch  paintings,  among  which  tho«t 
of  Cuyp  occupy  a  prominent  rank.  There  are  many  fine 
collections  of  pictures  and  statues  in  the  houses  of  *lie  nobi- 
lity, some  of  which  are  thrown  open  occasionally  to  the 
public.  The  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  on 
the  S..  side  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  a  hand.some  new  building, 
erected  at  a  cost  of  40.000?.,  contains  some  curious  akelet<  na 
and  surgical  preparations.  The  .Soane  Museum,  on  the  X. 
side  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  po.ssesses  many  valuable  objects, 
consisting  of  books,  prints,  MSS..  drawings,  maps,  models, 
plans,  &c.    There  is  also  a  museum  in  VVh't/jhall  Yard,  con- 


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oected  with  the  Upited  Service  Club;  and  a  Hufieum  of 
Practical  GeoIos;j  in  Jeruiyu  Street. 

Clulis. — Many  of  these  establishments,  having  most  ela- 
borate and  ornate  buildings,  form  some  of  the  principal 
arcliitt'ctural  features  of  the  metropolis.  They  are  situated 
chiefly  in  tlie  West  End.  in  and  near  I'all-JIall,  and  vie  with 
each  otlier  in  elegance  ioid  lu.\ury.  The  principal  ones  are 
the  -VtUeuiCum.  pos-sesscd  of  a  fine  library,  and  having  a 
f^eat  many  artist.^,  and  men  of  science  and  letters  among  its 
members;  the  Army  and  Xavy,  the  United  Service,  the 
Guards',  and  the  .Junior  United  Service;  the  Carlton,  the 
great  Tory,  standing  side  by  side  with  the  lieform  Club,  in 
Pail-Mall ;  the  former  limited  to  800.  and  the  latter  to  1400 
members ;  the  Travellers',  Broolis',  one  of  the  oldest  of  the 
clubs,  and  the  rallying  point  for  the  Whig  party;  White's, 
also  a  very  old  club,  frequently  chiefly  by  the  Con.servative 
nobility;  the  Cou.servative ;  the  Uxford  and  Cambridge;  and 
the  Garrick  clubs,  frequented  by  lovers  of  the  drama.  The 
entrance  fees  vary  from  9  to  30  guineas,  and  the  annual  sub- 
scriptions from  a  to  12.  There  is  also  great  diversity  in  the 
number  of  members,  which  range  from  500  to  1500.  Many 
members,  wlio  have  no  house  in  town,  live  almost  entirely 
at  their  clubs,  hiring  only  a  bedroom  in  the  neighborhood. 

2'healres  aii/l  other  Places  of  AMtisenient. — The  two  prin- 
cipal theatres  (1853)  are  Covent  Garden  and  Her  Majesty's 
Theatre,  in  the  Ilaymarket.  which  have  carried  on,  for 
several  years,  a  rivalry  in  the  representation  of  Italian 
operas.  Drury  Lane,  for  a  series  of  years,  ha-s  been  used 
for  the  performance  of  English  operas,  melodramas,  and 
eiiuestrian  feats.  The  Ilaymarket,  and  the  Princess',  in 
Oxford  Street,  are  now  the  chief  theatres  in  the  West  End 
where  the  regular  drama  is  performed.  The  other  principal 
theatres  are  .S.adler's  Wells,  in  Islington;  the  Lyceum,  the 
Adelphi.  St.  .lames',  the  Viitoria.  the  Surrey,  and  .\stley  s, 
the  last  being  e.xclusively  devoted  to  equestrian  perform- 
ances. <)n  the  E.  side  of  Ilegent's  Park  stands  the  Colosseum, 
a  polygonal  structure,  with  a  magnificent  Doric  portico  and 
cupola,  u.sed  chietty  fir  the  exhibition  of  panoramic  views. 
Kxeter  Hall,  in  the  Strand,  capable  of  containing  3000  per- 
sons, is  used  for  concerts  on  a  great  scale,  as  well  as  for  the 
annual  .May  meetings  of  the  different  religious  societies.  In 
Hanover  Square  there  is  a  large  hall  for  concerts  and  other 
puolic  assemblies.  In  Willis'  Rooms,  in  King  Street,  St. 
James',  are  given  the  fashionable  balls  called  "  Almack's;" 
also  lectures,  concerts,  &c.  One  of  the  principal  attractions 
in  London  is  the  Zoological  Gardens,  in  Ilegent's  Park.  The 
Surrey  Zoological  Gardens,  tiiough  on  the  whole  greatly 
'nferior  to  tlie  former,  have  some  points  of  superiority ;  they 
cover  about  15  acres,  and  contain  a  sheet  of  water  3  acres  in 
extent.  Vauxhall  Gardens,  on  the  S.,  and  Cremorne  Gardens, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  river,  are  also  favorite  pl.^es  of  resort, 
where  music,  fire-works,  and  balloon  ascents  are  among  the 
principal  attractions. 

Huspitals  and  Charitable  Institutiims. — London  abounds 
with  hospitals  for  the  cure  of  disease,  lying-in  charities, 
asylums  for  orphans,  and  other  institutions  of  a  like  nature. 
Among  those  most  deserving  of  notice  are  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  in  West  Smithfield.  first  founded  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury, and  then  refounded  by  Henry  VIII.  in  15iO;  admit- 
ting patients  suffering  from  accident,  and  diseases  of  all 
kinds ;  containing  580  beds,  and  relieving  70,000  annually — 
Guy's  Hospital.  Southwark.  founded  in  1721,  by  Thomas 
Guy,  a  bookseller,  accommodating  580  in-patients;  it  has 
also  an  excellent  museum  and  theatre  of  anatomy — St 
Thomas'  Hospital,  in  the  Borough;  St.  George's  Hospital, 
near  Hyde  I'ark  corner,  with  a  handsome  front  overlooking 
the  Green  Park;  the  Middlesex  Hospital,  founded  in  1745; 
Westminster  Hospital;  and  various  other  hospitals  of 
smaller  size,  supported  chiefly  by  voluntary  contributions — 
Charing  Cross  Hospital,  King's  College  Hospital,  University 
College  Hospital,  itc.  There  are  medical  schools  attached 
to  the  above  institutions.  Bethlehem  Hospital.  (Bedlam.) 
In  St.  George's  Fields,  S.  of  the  river,  is  appropriated  to  the 
Insane  poor.  The  building,  which  has  an  imposing  appear- 
ance, extends  over  nearly  14  acres;  the  rooms  are  large  and 
airy,  well  warmeil  and  ventilated,  and  can  accommodate  at 
least  400  patients.  St.  I/uke's  Hospital,  also  for  insane 
patients,  was  founded  in  1751,  and  accommodates  2G0  per- 
sons. The  Foundling  Hospital  was  founded  in  1739,  by 
Captain  Coram;  at  present  it  is  rather  an  asylum  for  illegi- 
timate children  whose  parents  are  known,  tlian  an  hospital 
for  foundlings,  as  it  was  originally.  The  number  of  chil- 
dren averages  about  500,  and  they  are  maintained  till  the 
age  of  12,  when  they  are  either  apprenticetl  or  provided  for 
otherwise.  Chelsea  Ho.spital,  (see  Chelse.4.)  Greenwich 
Hospital,  (see  GREEXwicn.) 

FYiisons. — There  are  altogether  about  a  dozen  crimin.il 
prisons,  three  of  which  are  in  the  city.  Newgate,  situated 
Dear  St.  Sepulchre's  Church,  is  a  gloomy  and  massive  struc- 
ture, Icrmerly  used  for  debtors  as  well  as  crimirKils,  but 
low  confined  to  felons,  and  accommodates  properly  about 
400.  Bridewell,  near  Blackfriars'  Bridge,  is  a  house  of  cor- 
rection for  vagrants,  pilferers,  or  disorderly  persons,  sum- 
marilv'  convicted  before  the  Lord  Mayor  and  Aldermen. 
GUtflpiir  Street  Compter,  near  Xewgate,  which  it  resembles 


in  its  architecture,  is  used  as  a  place  of  confinoment  for  all 
prisoners  at  the  Central  Criminal  Court  and  the  Londot\ 
Sessions,  and  summarily  convicted  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  city  magistrates.  A  house  of  correction  is  attached 
to  it.  It  holds  about  250.  Clerkenwell  Prison,  belonging 
to  the  county  cf  Middlesex,  is  similar  in  character  to  the 
last.  The  House  of  Correction,  Cold  Bath  Fields,  which  will 
accommodate  about  1'200  prisoners,  is  a  very  extensive  brick 
building,  near  Gray's  Inn  Lane,  with  spacious  courts  and 
airy  grounds.  The  classification  is  good,  and  the  silent  sys- 
tem is  followed,  connected  with  hard  labor.  A  large  tread- 
mill employs  320  at  a  time. 

Millbank  Penitentiary,  or  Prison,  as  it  is  now  called,  is  an 
immense  brick  edifice,  designed  by  .leremy  Bentham,  and  is 
said  to  have  cost  half  a  million  sterling.  'The  e.xtern.il  walls 
form  an  irregular  octagon,  and  enclose  upwards  of  1 6  acres 
of  land.  Its  ground  plan  resembles  a  wheel,  the  governor's 
house  occupying  a  circle  in  the  centre,  from  which  radiate 
six  piles  of  buildings,  terminating  externally  in  towers 
The  average  number  of  inmates  is  about  700.  Every  convict 
sentenced  to  transportation  in  Great  Britain,  is  sent  here 
previously  to  the  sentence  being  carried  into  execution,  and 
remains  three  months  under  close  inspection,  Horsemonger 
Lane  Jail,  Southwark,  the  county  jail  for  Surrey,  contains 
about  250  prisoners.  The  top  of  the  building  is  used  as  a 
place  of  execution.  The  Westminster  House  of  Correction, 
in  Tothill  Fields,  which  is  built  on  the  Panopticon  principle, 
has  a  court-yard  in  the  centre,  250  feet  in  diameter,  with 
prisons  round  it  for  600  persons;  but  the  average  number 
confined  is  350.  The  silent  system  is  pursued,  and  a  good 
classification  maintained.  The  Model  Prison,  I'entonville, 
contains  1000  separate  cells.  The  inmates  are  detJiined  for 
two  years,  and  are  taught  useful  trades,  previous  to  trans- 
portation. The  principal  pri-sons  for  debtors  are  the  Queen's 
Bench  and  Whitecross  Street  Prison. 

Civic  Corporation  and  Governme.nl. — The  chief  civic  officer 
of  London  is  the  Lord  Mayor,  annually  elected  from  among 
tlie  aldermen  who  have  been  sheriffs.  He  is  installed  In 
office  November  9,  when  a  procession  takes  place  called  "  the 
Lord  Mayor's  Show."  The  court  of  aldermen  consists  of  20 
members,  including  the  Lord  Mayor.  They  are  chosen  for 
life  by  the  householders  of  the  twenty-six  wards  into  which 
the  city  is  divided,  each  being  the  representative  of  a  sepac 
rate  ward.  Such  as  have  filled  the  office  of  Lord  Mayor, 
become  justices  of  the  quorum,  and  all  others  are  justice? 
of  the  peace  within  the  city.  The  sheriffs,  two  in  number, 
are  annually  chosen  by  the  Livery,  or  general  assembly  of 
the  freemen  of  London.  The  Common  Council  is  a  court 
consisting  of  240  representatives,  returned  by  25  of  the 
wards,  in  proportion  to  their  relative  extent;  the  2t'ith,  or 
Bridge  Ward  Witlioid,  being  represented  by  an  alderman. 
The  general  bu.siness  of  this  court  is  to  legislate  for  the 
internal  government  of  the  city,  its  police,  revenues,  &c. 
The  Livery  of  London  is  the  aggregate  of  tlie  members  of  the 
several  city  companies,  of  which  there  are  81,  embracing  the 
various  trades  of  -the  metropolis.  Of  the  city  companies,  12 
are  termed  great  companies,  and  from  one  or  other  of  them 
the  Lord  JIayor  was  formerly  chosen.  In  order  of  prece- 
dence they  are : — The  Mercers,  Grocers,  Drapers,  Fishmon- 
gers, Goldsiriiths,  Skinners,  Merchant  Tailors,  Haberdashers, 
Salters,  Ironmongers,  Vintners,  Clothworkers.  Many  of 
the  companies  are  very  rich,  and  possess  large  halls;  few 
of  which,  however,  have  any  pretensions  to  nrcliitectural 
beauty,  except  Goldsmiths'  liall,  behind  the  I'ost-office;  the 
Fiehmonger.s'  Ilall.  near  London  Bridge,  and  the  Ironmong- 
ers" IliiU,  in  Feuchurch  Street,  all  of  which  are  very  elegant 
structures. 

The  Metropolitan  Police. — The  organization  of  the  present 
most  effective  Police  force,  is  the  result  of  Sir  Kobert  Peel'* 
celebrated  bill  of  1829.  Before  that  perioil.  the  streets  were 
often  unsafe  at  night,  from  the  small  number  and  unfitness 
of  the  watchmen  to  whom  the  preservation  of  order  wag 
intrusted.  This  force  is  divided  into  the  city  police,  confined 
to  the  city  proper,  and  the  metropolitan  police,  which  latter 
consisted,  in  1852,  of  5549;  and  their  jurisdiction  extended 
10  or  12  miles  round  St.  Paul's.  In  1849,  the  total  numbei 
of  persons  apprehended  by  the  metropolitan  police  was  70.066, 
of  whom  24,556  were  females:  34,746  were  discharged  by  the 
magistrate:  31,343  disposed  of  summarily,  or  held  to  bail; 
and  3643  tried  and  convicted,  only  703  being  acquitted.  In 
the  same  year,  the  number  of  felonies  was  10.924.  afl'ecting 
property  to  the  amount  of  36.279i..  of  which  only  67091 
were  ultimately  recovered.  Only  about  one-third  of  those 
apprehended  could  read  or  write.  In  the  .same  year,  the 
suicides  were  131,  besides  75  attempted,  but  prevented — lower 
numbers  than  in  Paris,  notwithstanding  the  difference  of 
l)opulation.  The  fire-engine  establishment  has  seventeen 
stations,  where  engines  and  firemen  are  kept  alwa^-s  in 
readiness ;  and  there  are  two  floating  engines  on  the  Thames, 

Courtis  of  Lfiw. — The  courts  of  Chancerj'.  Common  Pleas, 
Queen's  Bench,  and  Exchequer,  are  on  the  W.  side  of  AVest- 
minster  Hall,  with  which  they  communicate.  The  hall 
itself,  which  was  built  by  William  IJufus,  and  is  290  feet 
long,  68  feet  wide,  and  110  feet  high,  was  formerly  used  for 
great  state  trials,  from  that  of  Sir  William  Wallace  down  to 

1081 


LON 

thi>se  cf  barren  IIastin?:s  and  Lord  Melrille.  which  were 
th,»  last  It  now  serves  merely  as  a  promenade  for  lawyers, 
duriug  the  sitting  of  the  courts.  It  is  said  to  be  the  longest 
apartment  not  supported  by  pillars  in  the  world,  except  the 
Hall  of  Justice  at  Padua.  "The  Old  Bailey  Sessions-house, 
adjuiiiing  Xewgate,  is  the  central  criminal  court  for  the  trial 
of  prisoners  who  have  committed  offences  within  10  miles  of 
St  Paul's.  County  courts,  of  which  there  are  11  within  the 
meti-opolis  and  its  immediate  neighborhood,  were  esta- 
blished a  few  yeare  ago  fur  the  trial  of  small  debt  cases,  501. 
beini;  the  limit.  The  Crown  appoints  the  judges,  who  are 
barristers.  Beside  the  above,  there  are  also  the  Clerkenwell 
Session-house,  the  city  police  courts,  which  are  presided  over 
by  the  Lord  Mayor  and  one  of  the  Aldermen ;  and  the  11 
courts  connected  with  the  metropolitan  police,  each  of 
which  is  presided  over  by  a  barrister  of  at  least  Bsven  years' 
standing. 

In  us  of  Court— Ot  these  there  are  four,  Inner  Temple, 
Middle  temple,  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  Gray's  Inn.  They  were 
origiually  colleges  for  the  study  of  law,  but  now  are  little 
more  than  residences  for  lawyers.  A  law  student,  in  order 
to  be  called  to  the  bar,  has  merely  to  be  entered  as  a  member 
of  one  of  these  Inns,  and  to  dine  a  certain  number  of  times 
in  the  common  hall.  Subordinate  to  the  Temple  are  Clifford's, 
Clement's.  Lyon's,  and  Xew  Inns.  Lincoln's  Inn  is  situated 
between  Chancery  Lane  and  the  extensive  square  called 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  During  a  portion  of  the  year,  the 
Lord  Chancellor  sits  in  the  old  hall,  and  the  Yice-Chancellors 
hold  their  sittings  in  adjoining  buildings.  A  magnificent 
hall  and  library,  in  the  Tudor  style,  from  the  designs  of 
Hardwick,  have  recently  been  erected  in  the  gardens.  Sub- 
ordinate to  Lincoln's  is  Furnival's  Inn  in  Holborn.  Gray's 
Inn  stands  on  the  N.  side  of  Holborn.  and  has  attached  to  it 
two  Inns  of  Chancery — Staple  Inn,  and  Barnard's  Inn.  The 
gardens,  first  planted  about  the  year  1600,  were  a  fashionable 
promenade  in  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  and  for  some  time 
after. 

Markets. — These  are  numerous,  but,  excepting  for  the 
articles  sold  in  them,  none  are  worthy  of  notice ;  present- 
ing, as  they  do,  little  to  attract,  either  in  external  beauty 
or  in  internal  arrangement.  The  principal  ones  are,  Bil- 
lingsgate, for  fish ;  Ilungerford,  fish,  butcher-meat,  and  ve- 
getables; Farringdon,  butcher-meat,  vegetables,  and  fruit; 
Covent-Garden,  vegetables,  fruit  flowers,  and  plants,  both 
green-house  and  iiot> house;  Leadenhall,  poultry,  game, 
hides,  and  cattle-horns;  Xewgate,  butcher-meat,  carcass  and 
retail,  (the  most  extensive  carcass  market  in  I/indon ;)  and 
Smithfield,  (formerly  the  great  place  of  executions,  and 
■where  so  many  martyrs  died  in  the  time  of  Queen  Mary,) 
the  great  market  for  cattle  and  sheep,  long  felt  to  bo  a 
nuis,ince,  from  ita  position  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  but 
about  to  be  removed  to  a  suburban  locality,  in  pursuance 
of  an  Act  passeil  by  Parliament  in  1852.  It  is  difticult.  or 
perh.ips  impossible,  to  arrive  at  an  accurate  estimate  of  the 
quantity  of  food  consumed  in  London.  "In  1845,  however, 
there  were  sold  in  Smithfield  and  Leadenhall  markets 
alone — 


Sheep 1,514,110 

Cattle 2i:t.o60 

Calvea 26,1'2'i 


Fowls 

RabbiU 

Bares 


S,296.*00 

.    680.(KX) 

18,000 


Allowing  for  carcasses  imported  by  ste,im  and  otherwise,  the 
annual  consumption  of  butcher-meat  has  been  estimated  at 
2-10,000  bullocks.  1,700.000  sheep,  28,000  calves,  and  35.000 
pigs,  besides  vast  quantities  of' bacon  and  ham.  Exclusive 
of  eggs  brought  from  various  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
70,000,000  to  75.000,000  are  imported  annually  from  France 
and  other  continental  countries.  About  13.000  cows  are 
kept  in  the  metropolis  and  its  environs,  for  the  supply  of 
milk  and  cream.  The  consumption  of  wheat  may  be  esti- 
mated at  about  1,600,000  quarters  a  year. 

Manufactures. — It  would  be  almost  endless  to  specify  the 
different  kinds  of  articles  manufactured  in  London.  Here 
are  the  largest  breweries,  distilleries,  and  sugar-refineries  in 
the  kingdom ;  and  this  was  long  the  principal  seat  of  the 
silk-wcavin.?.  and  still  employs  above  14,000  workers  in  that 
branch ;  it  has  extensive  manufactures  in  metal,  including 
machinery  of  all  kinds,  plate,  Jewelry,  watches,  and  bra-sa- 
work,  occupying  likewi.se  above  14.000  workmen;  and  as 
many  more  are  engaged  in  the  production  of  books  and 
prints.  Millinery  occupies  40.000;  the  making  of  clothes 
and  slops  above  28,01X1,  and  boots  and  shoes  as  many  more. 
Besides  these  branches,  12,000  are  engaged  in  cabinet-mak- 
ing, and  many  thousands  in  coopering,  coach-building, 
leather-working,  hat-making,  ship-building,  rope-making, 
.  mast-making,  Ac,  all  of  which  are  departments  of  manu- 
fecture  conducted  on  a  large  scale;  and  there  are  numerous 
extensive  chemical  works,  soap-manufactories,  and  dye- 
works. 

Means  of  Ontryanc*.— This  is  of  two  kinds.  Internal  and 
external.  The  former  is  accomplished  by  means  of  omni- 
buses, cabs,  and  steamboats.  The  omnibuses,  3000  in  number, 
ply  on  all  the  principal  thoroughfares  to  every  part  of  the 
metroi><jiis.  and  to  all  the  neighlx>ring  villages ;  they  pav 
duty  to  the  amount  of  324,0OOJ.  annually:  and  the  7000 
1082 


LON 

'  conductors  and  drivers  by  whom  they  are  managed  pay.  for 
licenses,  1750/.  annuall}-.  The  cabs  number  alxiut  'S-'iOO 
Numerous  small  steamers  ply  on  the  Thames,  affording  the 
most  convenient  means  of  communic.-ition,  at  all  hours  cf 
the  day,  to  all  points  of  the  river  between  llichmoud  and 
■Woolwich,  a  distance  of  18  miles.  Besilcs  these  Ifiicilities 
for  locomotion,  parcels  are  delivered  in  all  parts  of  the  me- 
tropolis by  a  joint-stock  company.  The  external  means  of 
conveyance  comprise  rail  ways,  cacals.  and  steam-vessels. 
Seven  railways.  alTonling  means  of  transit  to  all  parts  of 
the  kingdom,  have  stations  in  London;  they  are  the  Groat 
■ft' estern,  North-Western,  Great  Northern,  Kastera  Counties, 
Blackwall,  South-Kastem,  or  Dover,  15rii;hton  and  South- 
eoast  and  the  South-Western.  Some  of  them,  as  the  North- 
western, with  its  Doric  temple  for  an  entrance,  and  the 
Great  Northern,  with  its  gigantic  arches,  have  termini  of  a 
most  expensive  kind,  though  little  can  be  said  in  favor  of 
the  architectural  suitableness  of  such  erections.  The  canals 
strictly  connected  with  London  are  seven  in  number — the 
Grand  Junction,  Regent's,  Bromley  and  Ix-a,  Lea  Union  or 
Sir  George  Duckett's,  Kensington,  Grosvenor,  and  Surrey; 
this  last  follows  nearly  the  Hue  of  the  cnnal  cut  by  Canute 
the  Dane,  for  the  purpose  of  transporting  his  vessels  into 
the  upper  part  of  the  river,  past  the  defences  of  Old  London 
Bridge.  A  large  fleet  of  steam  vessels  afford  constant  means 
of  transit  for  passengers  and  goods  between  the  Thames  and 
all  parts  of  the  E.  and  S.  coa-st  of  Ens.'la:id,  the  E.  coast  of 
Scotland,  and  the  N.  ports  of  the  continent :  while,  from  the 
easy  means  of  transit  by  railway.  Southampton  may  be 
esteemed  the  out-port  of  London.  thnju;;h  which  she  com- 
municates by  steam  with  the  most  distant  parts  of  both 
hemispheres,  and  with  the  antipodes. 

Ciimmerce,  Docks,  &c. — The  port  of  London  extends  from 
Ixindon  Bridge  to  a  little  below  Blackwall,  and  is  divided 
into  the  Pool,  Limehouse  Reach,  Greenwich  Reach,  Blacfc 
wall  Reach,  and  Bugsby's  Reach ;  it  is  under  the  care  of 
the  corporation  of  the  city  as  conservators.  The  docks, 
some  of  which  are  of  great  extent,  are  surroundeil  by 
wharfs,  sheds,  storehouses,  vaults,  and  warehouses  of  the 
most  spacious  kind.  St.  Katherine's  Docks,  Ijondon  Docks, 
the  Vest  India  Docks,  and  the  East  India  Docks,  extend 
along  the  N.  bank  of  tlie  river,  at  intervals,  from  the  Tower 
to  Blackwall ;  and  on  the  S.  bank,  between  Rotherhithe  and 
Deptford,  are  the. Commercial  Docks.  The  tide  rises  18  feet 
at  springs,  and  14  feet  at  neaps,  at  the  London  Docks ;  and 
the  depth  at  low  water,  spring-tides,  on  the  outer  sill  of  St 
Katherine's  Docks,  the  deepe.st  in  the  port,  is  10  feet.  The 
largest  is  the  West  India  Import  Dork.  2600  feet  long.  500 
broad,  and  capable  of  containing  204  vessels  of  30o  tons 
each.  The  vessels  belonging  to  tlie  port,  in  1S50,  numbered 
2735  sailing,  and  318  steam,  aggregate  tonnage.  6ti7,297; 
being  129,000  less  than  New  York  the  year  previous. 

The  foreign  exports  of  London,  in  1S60.  amounted  to 
14,137.527/.,  being  an  increase  over  1845  of  above  3.000.000/.; 
the  foreign  exports  .of  Liverpool,  for  the  same  period,  in- 
crea-sed  from  26,000,000/.  to  35.000.000/.;  in  1851.  the  value 
of  exports  from  London  amounted  to  14.489,494/.;  in  1852, 
15,802.12-2/.;  and  in  18.53,  to  22.991.082/.;  the  enormous 
coasting  trade  of  the  metropolis,  however,  renders  it  superior 
to  every  other  port  in  the  world,  in  the  number  of  vessels 
and  the  amount  of  tonnage  frequenting  it;  but  no  returns 
being  published  to  show  tlie  actual  amount  of  this  tonn.tge, 
only  an  approximation  can  be  given.  About  5.000.000  tons 
of  shipping  enter  the  port  annually,  of  which  1.500.000  are 
from  foreign  ports,  500,000  from  the  colonies,  and  3,000,000 
are  coasters.  The  number  of  vessels  engaged  in  the  coal 
trade  alone  is  above  10,000,  importing,  in  1851,  3.236,542 
tons  of  coals.  In  1851,  6593  foreign  vessels,  of  which  1403 
were  steamers,  and  3748  British  vessels,  entered  from  foreign 
ports.  The  exports  consist  chiefly  of  British  manufactures, 
though  a  large  quantity  of  the  foreign  imp<irts  also  are  re- 
exported. The  bullion  exported  in  185:5.  amounted  to  the 
enormous  sum  of  21.250,000/.  Of  this  5.750,000/.  was  silver, 
all  of  which  went  to  India,  China,  and  Mauritius,  except 
530.000/.  sent  to  the  continent.  The  distribution  of  gold, 
taken  in  round  numbers,  was  as  follows:  4.niX).000/.  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  1,000,000/.  to  the  Mediterranean, 
9.500.000/.  to  the  continent  375,000/.  to  the  AVest  In^iea, 
286.000/.  to  Brazil,  and  105.000/.  to  Africa.  Since  the  disco- 
very of  the  -Australian  mines,  the  precious  metals  have 
constituted  the  most  important  item  of  British  commerce 
received  at  this  port.  The  following  statement  exhibits  the 
quantity  of  gold  received  and  delivered  during  four  years 
ending  18.53.  at  the  Bank  of  England,  whii'h.  it  may  here 
be  remarked,  is  the  most  extensive  moneyed  institution  it 
the  world : — 


ISM 

1861 

1853 
1863 


Gold  received.  Gold  dellverel 

.    £o,9.W.956 £3.6.15,303 

.     13,3;»,674 S.4««.500 

.    18,7.i0.8«6 •»,7.:2,P3 

.    15.332,0(18  14.K>;,332 


Total £5S,37'2,594 


£26,001,»8 


In  the  total  of  exports  and  imports,  bullion  of  course  Is  not 
included.    The  imports    consist  of  every  kind  of  article 


LON 


LON 


broucjht  frora  foreign  parts;  a  list  of  them,  in  fact,  would 
form  nil  epitome  of  the  articles  of  the  traiJe  of  the  world. 
For  VMSt  and  West  ludia  produce,  Loudon  is  the  jrcat  port; 
tea,  sugar,  tobacco,  wine,  corn,  timber,  tallow,  hides,  wool, 
nnd  drupes,  form  large  items  on  the  list.  All  articles  im- 
ported must  be  entered  at  the  Custom-house,  a  large  build- 
ing by  the  river  side,  tetween  London  Bridge  and  the  Tower; 
the  long  room,  where  public  business  is  transacted,  is  185 
feet  long,  66  feet  wide,  and  55  feet  high.  The  amount  of 
customs  taken  here,  affords  an  excellent  means  of  (estimat- 
ing tlie  comparative  value  of  the  Imports  of  Ijondon.  The 
amount  received  in  1849  was  ll,O70,170i.,  (being  only  700.000?. 
less  tliau  the  total  amount  of  its  foreign  exports  fur  the  same 
year:)  while  the  total  amount  of  customs  for  the  United 
Kingdom  for  the  same  year,  was  22,483,95(3/. ;  showing  that 
nearly  a  half  of  the  whole  amount  was  received  at  London. 
The  custom  duties  collected  at  this  port  in  1851,  amounted 
to  11.241.281/. 

Gas.  Water,  Sewerage. — London  is  supplied  with  gas  by 
twenty  companies,  producing  above  16.000,000  cubic  feet  of 
gas  per  day.  There  are  seven  water  companies,  sunplying 
daily  44.573,979  gallons,  being  at  the  rate  of  164  gallons  for 
each  house.  The  principal  source  whence  water  is  obtained 
is  the  Thames,  some  of  the  companies  deriving  their  supplies 
from  the  river  as  high  up  as  Kew,  and  some  as  far  down  as 
between  Westminster  and  \Va.terloo  bridges.  Spring-water, 
from  Hertfordshire,  is  brought  in  by  an  a(£ueduct  called  the 
New  Itiver,  40  miles  in  length,  including  windings;  and  a 
further  supply  is  drawn  from  the  river  Lea.  Artesian  wells, 
of  excellent  water,  may  be  formed  In  any  part  of  Loudon, 
by  lioring  down  to  the  chalk;  but  such  a  source  of  supply 
for  the  metropolis  would  seem  little  to  be  depended  upon, 
from  the  fact,  that  existing  wells  of  this  kind  have,  in  recent 
years,  been  rapidly  lowering  in  level.  Some  portions  of 
London  are  well  drained ;  but  in  others,  such  as  IJermondsey, 
Westminster,  Wapping,  where  the  sewers  are  below  the  levil 
of  high  water,  the  drainage  is  necessarily  imperfect;  and 
the  consefiuence  is.  that  malignant  fevers,  and  other  epidemic 
diseases,  make  fearful  ravages  among  the  inhabitants  of 
those  districts.  But  although  much  remains  to  be  done, 
the  system  of  sewers  deserves  to  be  ranked  as  one  of  the 
wonders  of  London,  from  their  great  depth  and  immense 
size.  Hitherto,  the  Thames  has  formed  the  great  outlet  for 
all  the  sewers;  but  the  opinion  has  become  very  general, 
that  the  river  should  no  longer  be  employed  for  such  a  pur- 
pose, and  that  a  vast  subterranean  canal  should  be  dug  en 
each  side  of  the  river  to  receive  the  drainage  of  the  sewers 
coming  from  the  interior  of  the  town,  and  to  convey  it  to  a 
considerable  distance,  where  it  may  be  converted  to  some 
useful  purpose,  or  be  discharged  into  the  river  so  far  down 
as  to  prevent  the  possibility  of  its  being  brought  back  by 
the  returning  tide. 

Citneteries. — Extra-mural  interment  is  of  very  recent  date, 
and  is  still  only  very  partial;  most  of  the  cemeteries  being 
too  distant  and  expensive  for  the  .poorer  classes.  Kensal 
Green  Cemet<!ry,  in  which  several  royal  personages  have 
been  buried,  was  opened  in  1832 ;  it  occupies  about  48  acres 
of  ground,  and  is  tastefully  planted  and  laid  out.  There  is 
another  at  Ilighgate,  about  20  acres  in  extent,  and  others 
at  Stoke  Newington,  Brompton,  Norwood,  Ac. 

The  Parks. — Of  these  the  largest  and  most  fashionable  is 
Hi/de  Park,  which  lies  between  the  Uxbridge  and  Kensington 
roads,  and  contains  about  400  acres.  It  has.  towards  the  S. 
Bide,  a  large  artificial  lake,  called  the  Serpentine,  which  is 
spanned  by  a  handsome  bridge  of  five  arches,  at  the  entrance 
to  Kensington  Gardens.  The  principal  entrance  to  the  Park 
on  the  S.  side,  is  by  a  triple  archway  clo.se  to  Apsley  House, 
and  within  a  few  yards  of  that  point  is  the  beginning  of 
Kotten  Row,  a  narrow  stripe  railed  off  for  equestrians,  and 
stretching  about  1  mile  towards  Kensington.  Somewhat 
further  N.,  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  Serpentine,  is  a 
fashionable  drive  called  the  Ladies'  Mile,  which  extends 
nearly  to  the  bridge  before  mentioned ;  and  here,  on  the 
summer  afternoons,  may  be  seen  vast  numbers  of  splendid 
equipages  driving  up  and  down,  while  others  make  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  park.  On  Sunday  afternoon  it  is  frcquentt>d, 
for  the  most  part,  by  an  inferior  descrijition  of  equipages, 
while  the  footpath  on  each  side  is  crowded  with  promenaders 
of  all  ranks — many  of  the  highest.  The  principal  entrance 
on  the  N.  side  is  at  the  end  of  Oxford  Street,  and  is  adorned 
with  an  elegant  arch  of  white  marble,  which  formerly  stood 
in  front  of  ISuckingham  Palace.  Kensington  Gardens,  with 
whii  h  Hyde  Park  communicates  at  several  points,  are 
well  wooded  and  finely  laid  out.  Here  carriages  are  not 
admitted. 

St.  James'  Park  (83  acres)  extends  from  Buckingham 
Palace  t«  the  Horse  Guards,  and  in  its  centre  is  an  orna- 
mented sheet  of  water,  studded  with  islets  covered  with 
trees  and  shrubs,  and  round  which  swim  a  great  variety  of 
HqUHtic  fowls.  St.  .lames'  Park  is  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
humViler  classes,  esnecially  on  Sunday.  Tlie  Green  Park, 
71  acres  in  extcuc.  lies  between  St.  .James'  Park,  on  the  S.. 
»nd  Piccadilly  on  the  N.  On  the  E.  side  it  is  overlooked 
by  Stafford  House,  Bridgewatar  House,  Spenser  House,  and  i 
Other  noble  mansions.    Regent's  Park,  on  the  N.  aide  of  [ 


London,  covers  an  area  of  403  acres.  Round  the  park  is  an 
agreeable  drive,  nearly  2  miles  long,  and  an  inner  circular 
drive  encloses  the  Botanic  Gardens.  At  the  N.  end  a:e  the 
Zoological  Gardens,  to  which  a  fine  broad  avenue  lyadi" 
along  the  centre  of  the  park,  with  clusters  of  trees  on  each 
hand,  and  footpaths  ramifying  out  in  all  directioiifi.  Vicli/ria 
Park,  on  the  N.E.  of  London,  was  recently  lai*!  out  and 
planted  as  a  place  of  recreation  for  the  inhabitant*;  of  SpitHl- 
fields  and  Bethnal  Green.  Battersea  Park  has  been  lately 
formed  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Thames,  opposite  to  Chelse'S 
Hospital,  at  a  cost  of  £200,000. 

Ilistnry. — In  the  reign  of  Nero,  London  was  already  t 
place  of  considerable  impfirtance;  and,  after  the  KonianB 
left  Britain,  it  is  supposed  to  have  bwome  the  capital  of  the 
East  Saxon  kingdom.  Little  more  is  known  of  it,  during 
the  Heptarchy,  than  that  it  suffered  severely  by  fire  in  764, 
798,  and  801.  When  England  was  united  under  one  mo- 
narch, London  became  the  metropolis  of  the  kingdom,  nnd, 
soon  afterwards,  it  was  sacked  by  the  Danes.  At  the  Con- 
quest, London  submitted  to  William,  and  received  from  him 
a  charter,  which  is  still  preserved;  and,  on  the  accession  of 
Henry  I.,  a  new  charter  wa-s  granted — the  motlel  from  which 
Magna  Charta  was  taken — restoring  the  privili-ges  which 
existed  before  the  Norman  Conquest.  London  Bridge, 
erected  instead  of  a  wooden  one,  was  begun  in  1170,  and 
finished  in  1209.  This  was,  to  a  great  extent,  the  same  that 
was  taken  down  in  1832.  In  1218.  the  forest  of  Middlesex 
was  cleared,  and  that  portion  of  London  N.  of  the  city 
began  to  be  built.  In  1236,  water-pipes  began  to  be  laid  in 
the  city  ;  and,  early  in  the  14th  century,  coal  was  first  in- 
troduced. In  1328,  the  village  of  Southwark  was  incorpo- 
rated with  the  city,  as  it  had  previously  served  as  a  place 
of  refuge  for  malefactors.  In  1349  and  1361,  London  was 
visited  by  the  plague.  In  1381  broke  out  the  rebellion  of 
Wat  Tyler,  who  fell  by  the  hands  of  the  Lord  Mayor,  hence 
the  dagger  on  the  city  arms.  In  1416,  lamps  were  intro- 
duced ;  in  the  same  century,  some  of  the  principal  streets 
were  paved,  and  wooden  houses  began  to  be  replaced  by 
others  of  brick.  In  the  next  century  still  gi-eater  improve- 
ments were  effected.  Westminster  was  now  connected  with 
the  city,  by  a  row  of  noblemen's  mansions  along  the  river, 
one  of  which,  Northumberland  House,  still  reuiains  at  the 
extreme  W. 

In  the  17th  ceaitury,  Spitalfields  wa-s  covered  with  houses ; 
and  the  space  N.  of  the  Strand,  as  fur  as  Ilolborn.  and  from 
Temple  Bar  to  St.  Martin's  L.ane.  were  extensively  built 
upon,  as  well  as  the  neighborhoods  of  Charing  Cross  and 
Pall-Mall.  The  New  lUver  was  completed,  and  many  houses 
were  supplied  with  water ;  sewers  were  dug;  smooth  pave- 
ments were  laid  down  for  pa.ssengers;  and  hackney-coaches 
came  into  general  use.  But  the  streets  were  so  narrow  and 
dirty,  and  the  houses  in  so  filthy  a  state,  that  the  city  was 
scarcely  ever  exempt  from  the  plague,  which  sometimes 
committed  great  ravages.  In  1666,  the  great  fire  broke 
out.  and  spread  over  336  acres,  destroying  13.200  bouses,  90 
churches,  and  many  public  buildings.  In  rebuilding,  con- 
siderable improvements  were  introduced;  and  a  fire  in 
Southwark,  10  years  after,  gave  a  similar  opportunity  of 
improving  that  district.  Population  and  trade  now  rapidly 
increased,  partly  from  the  immigration  of  B'rench  Protest- 
ants, driven  from  their  country  by  the  revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes.  In  the  ISth  century,  the  metropolis 
steadily  advanced  in  extent,  prosperity,  and  splendor.  In 
1780  took  place  the  Gordon  riots,  when  the  mob  were  in 
possession  of  London  for  two  days,  and  committed  frightful 
havoc.  Since  that  di.sgraceful  outbreak,  the  peace  of  Lon- 
don has  never  been  seriously  endangered ;  and  the  troops 
stationed  in  and  around  the  capital,  together  with  the 
effective  police  force  that  now  exists,  seem  quite  adequate 
to  insure  it  against  any  similar  disturbance.  The  extension 
and  improvements  which  have  taken  place  in  London 
during  the  present  century,  are  still  greater  than  at  any 
former  period,  and  further  changes  of  great  importance  are 
DOW  in  operation. 

The  most  remarkable  event  of  recent  times  in  the  history 
of  the  metropolis,  is  the  carrying  into  effect  of  the  Great 
World's  Exhibition,  originated  by  Prince  Albert.  The  mag- 
nificent edifice,  formed  of  glass  and  iron,  in  wliich  was  ex- 
hibited the  unparalleled  collection  of  manufactures  and 
works  of  art  there  brought  together,  was  erected  in  Hyde 
Park,  and  opened  May  1,  1851.  It  was  above  a  third  of  a 
mile  long,  (1848  feet,)  408  feet  wide,  48  feet  high  in  the  cen- 
tre, and  24  feet  at  the  sides;  it  covered  18  acres  of  ground, 
was  composed  of  702  tons  of  wrought  and  3784"tons  of  cast 
iron;  896,000  superficial  feet  of  glass;  600.000  cubic  feet  of 
wood,  and  cost  347,937/.  The  number  of  exhibitors  waj 
13,937.  and  the  value  of  the  articles  exhibited  was  estimated 
at  1,781,929/.;  of  which,  1,031,607/.  belonged  to  the  United 
Kingdom,  79.901/.  to  the  colonies  and  dependencies  of  Great 
Britain,  and  670.420/.  to  forei,gn  countries.  The  Exhibition 
rem.ained  open  till  October  11.  being  5  months  and  11  days, 
and  was  visited  by  6.0.39,195  persons ;  the  highest  number  of 
visitors  any  one  day  being  109.760.  and  the  smallest  number, 
9327.  The  total  money  drawn  amounted  to  561,243/.,  of 
W'bidii  423,T92i.  were  for  admission.    The  whole  structure 

1083 


LON 

\rao  reiioved  in  1852,  aud  re-erected,  (1853,)  on  a  still  more 
ma.:uificoiit  scale,  at  Syd.inham.  The  metropolis  sends  10 
mefobers  to  the  House  of  Commons,  of  whom  4  are  returned 
by  the  City.  Pop.  in  1801,  958.863;  in  1811,  1.138,815;  in 
1821.  1.-378,947  ;  in  1831,  1.654,994;  in  1841,  1,948,417;  and 
in  1851.  2,362,236;  in  1861  it  amounted  to  2,803,034.  Inhab. 
Londoner,  lun'dpn-^r. 

L0.N"'1»0-N.  a  small  post-rillaire  of  Mercer  cc,  Pennsylvar 
nia,  142  miles  W..\.\V.  of  Harrisburg. 

liO.N'DON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Laurel  CO.,  Kentucky, 
100  miles  .S.S.E.  of  Frankfort. 

LONDON,  a  flourishin;;  post^-yillage,  capital  of  Madison 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad  oonnectiug  Columbus  with  .\enia, 
24  miles  W.  by  S.  of  the  former.  It  contiiins  4  churches,  1 
bank,  2  newspaper  oflices.  and  a  Union  school-house  which 
cost  about  $25,000.  A  disastrous  fire  in  January.  1854,  con- 
smncd  10  stores  and  as  many  dwellings.    Pop.  1112. 

LOND  >X,  a  small  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

LOXDJX.  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Monroe  co., 
Michiiran,  70  miU's  S.li.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  839. 

LON'DOX.  a  thriving  post-town,  capital  of  Middlesex  co., 
Canada  West,  on  the  Thames  Kiver,  and  on  the  Great 
Western  llailway.  SI  miles  V,'.  of  Hamilton,  on  Lake  Ontario, 
and  120  miles  ilN.E.  of  Windsor,  opiiosite  Detroit.  It  is 
the  entreprit  of  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  regions  in 
Canada,  and  its  prosperity  has  been  greatly  increased  by 
the  opening  of  the  Great  Western  Kailway.  It  contains  a 
Bavings'  bank,  3  branch  banks,  27  assurance  agencies,  about 
70  stores  of  different  kinds,  and  extensive  iron  foundries 
and  machine  shops;  churches  for  the  Episcopalians,  Congre- 
gationalists,  Scotch  Presbyterians,  Methoilists,  Baptists, 
Konian  Catholics,  and  other  denominations,  2  or  3  printing- 
offices  issuing  newspapers,  several  grauunar  and  otlier 
schools,  and  extensive  barracks.  London  is  an  electoral  dis- 
trict, and  returns  1  member  to  the  Provincial  Parliament. 
Pop.  in  1852,  6034;  in  1861,  11,555. 

LONDON  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  in  Princess  Anne  co., 
Virginia,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond. 

LONDO.X  BRITAIN,  a,  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  659. 

I/J.VDON  CITY,  a  postrvillage  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Vandalia, 

LONDO.XDERRY,  lunMan-dJr'ree.  or  DER/RY.  a  m.aritime 
county  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  having  on  the  N.  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  and  Lou,.;h  Foyle,  E.  Antrim,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  Loughs  Neagh  and  Beg.  S.  Tyrone,  and  on  the 
W.  DonegiJ.  Area  810  square  miles,  or  518.270  acres,  of 
which  about  320,000  are  cultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  191.868. 
Surface,  in  the  S.  and  centre,  mountainous;  'elsewhere 
mostly  lowla.ud.  Primary  granite  rocks  form  the  basis 
of  the  district,  with  secondary  sandstones,  and  overlying 
trap  rocks.  Chief  rivers,  the  Foyle,  Bann,  and  Roe.  Soils 
various,  but  on  the  lowlands  mostly  fertile.  The  county 
was  granted  to  12  London  companies  by  James  I.,  after 
forfeiture,  by  the  rebellion  of  its  native  chiefs.  Hence 
the  prefix  of  London  to  the  ancient  name  of  the  county. 
PrincipiU  towns,  Londonderry  and  Coleraine.  It  sends  4 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  2  being  for  the  county. 

LONDONDKRRY,  a  city,  parliamentary  borough,  and 
port  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Londonderry,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Foyle,  5  miles  above  its  expansion  into 
Lough  Foyle,  123  miles  N.N,W.  of  Dublin  ;  lat.  (bridge)  54° 
69'  36"  N.,  Ion.  7°  19'  W.  It  stands  on  an  oval-shaped 
hiU;  the  buillings  rising  tier  above  tier  in  a  very  pic- 
turesque manner.  The  older  part  of  the  city  is  surrounded 
by  a  wall,  about  1  mile  in  circuit,  which  forms  an  agreeable 
promenade ;  but  the  houses  now  extend  for  a  considerable 
distance  beyond  it.  On  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Fovle  is  a 
large  suburb,  aiUed  the  Waterside,  which  is  connected  with 
the  city  by  a  magnificent  wooden  bridge.  1068  feet  long. 
Some  of  the  streets  are  very  steep,  and,  though  lighted  with 
gas,  so  few  of  them  have  an  elegant  appearance,  that  Lon- 
donderry may  emphatically  "be  called  a  town  of  back  streets. 
The  principid  public  buildings  are  the  corporation-h.all. 
court-hou.se,  jail,  custom-house,  lunatic  asvlum,  and  a  Doric 
column,  surmounted  by  a  statue,  erected  in  memory  of  the 
Rev.  George  Walker,  the  intrepid  governor  of  the  city  during 
the  memorable  siege  in  1689:  the  diocesan  free  grammar 
school,  or  Foyle  College,  theatre,  linen-hall,  and  the  new 
barracks.  The  ecclesiastical  structures  are  the  cathedral  of 
the  see  of  Derry,  and  2  other  churches  belonging  to  the 
Establishment :  2  Roman  Catholic  cliapels.  with  4  Presby- 
terian, an  Independent,  and  2  .Methodist  meeting-houses. 
Be.sides  Foyle  College.  a]rea<ly  mentioned,  there  are  several 
echools,  the  most  Important  of  which  are  the  National 
Rcbool,  and  Gwyn's  charitable  institution  for  boa. ding, 
clothmg.  and  educating  poor  bovs.  Three  or  four  newspa- 
pers are  published  here,  and  there  are  several  branch  banks. 
The  manufactories  of  Londonderry  are  two  mills  for  spln- 
mng  fiax.  .several  flour-mills,  distilleries,  breweries,  ropcrie*. 
foundri's.  and  tannerie.s.  and  a  ship-building  yard.  The 
prmeip.xl  articles  of  exp<irt  are  linen  and  linen  varn.  and 
large  qunntiUes  of  eggs,  butter,  wheat,  oats,  and"  oatmeal, 
amounting  in  value  to  above  a  million  sterlin".  The  chief 
imporU  are  timber,  bariUa,  sugar,  rum,  flax-se^,  wine,  and 
108* 


LON 

tobacco.  The  salmon  fishery  of  the  river  and  the  Lough  is 
valuable.  At  spring-tides,  vessels  of  500  ton.s  can  discharge 
at  the  quays.  In  1850.  there  entered  the  port  716  ves.sels. 
tonnage  64.324;  and  391  steamers,  tonnage  102.652:  and 
there  departtnl  209  vessels,  tonnage  26,118;  and  338  steam- 
ers, tonnage  100.946.  Regular  communication,  by  steamers, 
is  maintained  with  Liverpool,  Glasgow.  Greenock,  and  Camp- 
belton.  The  borough  returns  a  member  to  I'arlic.mint.  Thf 
most  memorable  event  in  the  history  of  Londonderry,  is 
the  successful  resistJinee  it  made,  in  1689,  during  a  siege  of 
105  days,  to  the  forces  of  James  II.  It  was  built  in  its  pre- 
sent form  by  the  ••  Irish  Society,"  or  London  companies,  whc 
colonized  and  gave  name  to  the  county.   Pop.  in  Isol.  lii.888 

LON'DONDEKKY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rock- 
ingham CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Manchester  and  Law- 
rence Railroad,  6  miles  S.  of  Manchester.  It  contaimj 
several  churches,  and  is  the  sea't  of  the  I'iukerton  Academy. 
Pop.  1717. 

LONDONDERRY,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  both  sides  of  West  River,  about  73  miles  S.  by  VV. 
of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1307. 

LONDO.NDERRY,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvar 
nia.     Pop.  963. 

LONDONDERRY,  a  post-township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvanitv,  35  miles  W.S.^V.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  711. 
"  LONDO.NDERRY,  a  townsjiip  of  Dauphin  co^  Pennsylva- 
nia.     Pop.  1740. 

LONDONDERRY,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop-  2096, 

LONDONDERRY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Guernsey 
CO.,  Oliio,  90  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Colnmbus.     Pop.  1407. 

LONDONDERRY,  a  village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  has  about 
200  inhabitants. 

LON/DON  DER  U  Y,  a  parish  of  New  South  Wales,  Australia, 
CO.  of  Cuml)erland. 

LONDON  1)  KRR  V,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Col- 
chester, on  the  N.  .side  of  Cobequid  Bay,  the  waters  of  which 
flow  ^V.  through  Mines  Bay  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  about  56 
miles  N.  of  Halifax. 

LON'DON  GIvO\'E,  a  post-township  of  Chester  co..  Penn- 
sylvania. 34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  1642. 

LON'DONTHORPK.  a  jiarish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LONDRES.     See  London. 

LONE  JACK,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  about 
29  miles  S.E.  of  Independence. 

LONE  STAR,  a  postoffice  of  Titus  co..  Texas. 

LONE  TRliE,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  110 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

L0NG.4,  liin'gd,  an  uninhabited  islet  of  the  Hebrides,  IJ 
miles  N.K.  of  Scalpa.    Circle  about  Ij  miles. 

LONG-ACO.MING,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co.,  New 
Jersey,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Camden.     It  has  1  church. 

LONGANO.  lon-gd/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  and 
6  miles  S.  of  Isernia.    Pop.  1124. 

LONG.A.RONE.  lon-g^-ro/nA,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  10 
miles  .N.N.E.  of  Belluno,  on  the  Piave.     Pop.  2000. 

LONGBOROUGH,  long'bur-iih,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

LONG  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  W.  Virginia. 

LONG  BOTTO-M,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

LONG  BK.VNCH,  a  post-village  and  watering-place  of 
Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  seacoast.  about  33  miles 
S.  of  New  York.  Here  are  several  Iwarding-houses  and 
good  bathing-grounds,  which  are  much  frequented  by  the 
citizens  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 
■     LONG  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

LONG  BR.iNCH.  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri,  60 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Jeffer.son  City. 

LONG  CANE,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district.  South 
Carolina. 

LONG  CANE,  a  post-office  of  Troup  CO..  Georgia. 

LONG  CANE  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  enters  Little 
River,  in  the  S.  part  of  Abbeville  district. 

LONG  CANE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  through  Troup  co. 
into  the  Chattahoochee  River,  a  few  miles  below  West  Point. 

LONG'COTT.  a  cbapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

LONG  CREI;K,  of  Mecklenburg  co..  North  Cai-olina,  flowfl 
into  Catawba  River  from  the  N.E. 

LONG  CREEK,  of  Stanley  co..  North  Carolina,  flows  south- 
ward into  Rocky  River. 

LONG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co..  Virginia. 

L*)NG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  New  Hanover  co..  North 
Carolina. 

LONG  CRKEK,  a  small  village  of  Attala  co..  Mis.^iasippi. 

LONG  CREEK,  a  p<ist-office  of  Panola  co.,  .Misj>is.sippi. 

LONG  DICK'S  CREEK,  of  Iowa,  flows  uiio  SUikiigua  or 
Skunk  River,  in  Ja.sper  co. 

LONG'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  St«fford 

LONGDO.N.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Worcester. 

LONGDOX  ON  TERN,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co  of  Salop 

LONG  EDDY,  a  post-offlce  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Vol  k. 

LONGEVII.LE,  lAN's'zheh-veeU  or  lAxzhWeel'.  several  vtt 
lages  of  France,  the  principal  of  which  is  Ixj.voevii.i.f.  St 
AvcjLD,  lANoVheh-veel'  g^Nt  devoid',  department  of  Mosello 
23  mUes  E.  of  Metz.    Pop.  in  1852,  2198 


LON 


LON 


LOXO  FALLS  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Duriess  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

LOX'i'FIKLD.  a  parifh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LON<i'P'LKKT,  a  tything  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Dorset 

LDXii'KOKO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

LONC'FOKD,  a  parish  of  Enghmd,  co.  of  Salop. 

LOXOt'OlSD,  an  inlandco.  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  having  an 
area  of  421  square  miles,  or  269.440  acres,  of  which  about 
192.000  are  cultivated,  and  13,075  under  water.  I'op.  in 
lS4i,  115.491;  in  1851,  82,350.  The  Shannon,  with  Loch 
Gonna  and  other  lakes,  border  on  the  county,  which  is 
crossed  l^y  the  Itoyal  Canal.  Capital,  l.ongford.  It  sends 
2  county  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

LOXGFOKD,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the 
above  county,  on  the  Camlin,  4  miles  from  its  confluence 
w  itli  the  Shannon,  68  miles  W.X.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1851, 
4144.  It  is  well  built,  clean,  and  thriving;  has  a  handsome 
church,  Koman  Catholic  Cathedral ;  large  county  court- 
house, county  jail,  cavalry  and  artillery  barracks,  infirmary, 
union  workhou.«e.  market-house,  and  large  markets  for  grain, 
butter,  and  leather. 

LONO  F(J1VGAN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  6  miles 
W.  of  Dundee,  with  which  it  communicates  by  railway. 
Pop.  1600.  Iluntly  Castle,  in  this  parish,  is  a  pile  of  vast 
gtrensrth,  built  in  the  14th  century. 

LOXOFOit'MACUS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

LOXG  GL.\DE,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Georgia. 

LOXG  GKEEN  ACADEMY,  a  postofflce  of  Baltimore  co., 
Maryland. 

LOXG  GROVE,  a  post-village  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  30  miles 
N.AV.  of  Chicago. 

LOXG II AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LOX'G  HILL,  a  posf>office  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey. 

LOXGIIOPK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

LOXG  ISLAXD,  an  islet  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Cork,  in  Hoaring-water  Bay,  6  miles  N.X'.W.  of  Cape  Clear. 
Length  2  miles.     On  it  is  a  coast-guard  station. 

LOXG  ISLAND,  forming  part  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
lies  between  40°  33' and  41°  6'  N.  lat.,  and  72°  and  74°  2'  W. 
Ion.:  being  separated  from  New  York  by  a  strait  about  half 
a  mile  in  width,  called  the  East  Kiver.  forming  the  \V.  en- 
trance to  Long  Island  Sound,  which  also  separates  Long 
Island  from  the  state  of  Connecticut,  on  the  X'.  Length 
dbout  115  miles,  greatest  breadth  about  20  miles.  Its  coasts 
are  indented  by  numerous  bajs  and  inlets;  the  most  remark- 
able of  which  are  Gardiner's  and  Great  Peconic  Bays,  which 
e.xtend  into  the  island  at  its  eastern  extremity  nearly  30 
miles.  The  surface  has  no  great  elevations:  along  the  N. 
coast  it  is  considerably  broken,  but  on  the  S.  mostly  level, 
slojiing  gradually  to  the  ocean.  The  soil  is  fertile  and  highly 
cultivated,  being  well  adapted  to  agricultiire.  The  Long 
Lslaud  Itailroad,  connecting  Brooklyn  with  Greenport,  tra^ 
verses  the  island  centrally  almost  throughout  its  entire 
length.  A  railroad  also  connects Milliamsburg  with  Flush- 
ing. Lighthouses  have  been  erected  at  various  points,  both 
on  the  N.  and  S.  shores  of  the  island,  and  on  Montauk  Point, 
its  eastern  extremity.  It  comprises  the  counties  of  King's, 
Queen's,  and  Suffolk. 

LOXG  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  the  .Tava  Sea,  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Hiinton;  lat.  2°  51'  S..  Ion.  107°  30'  E. 

LOXG  ISLAXD,  a  small  island  in  the  Java  Sea,  near  the 
S.E.  coiu*t  of  the  island  of  .Madura :  lat.  7°  16'  S.,  Ion.  113°  5'  E. 

LOXG  ISLAXD,  an  island  on  the  N.  coast  of  Papua;  lat. 
(N.  point,)  0°  53'  S.,  Ion.  134°  50'  E.  The  island,  though 
called  -'Long"  by  Dampier,  has  rather  a  round  figure,  and 
its  circuit  is  at  least  40  miles. 

LOXG  ISLAND,  an  island  off  the  S.  coast  of  New  Zealand, 
at  the  S.E.  entrance  to  Foveaux  Strait;  lat.  47°  17'  S.,  Ion. 
167°  25'  E. 

LOXG  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  Queen  Charlotte's 
Sound,  Cook's  Straits,  New  Zealand;  lat.  41°  6'  S.,  Ion. 
174°  27'  E. ;  about  4  miles  long. 

LONG  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Bahamas ;  lat.  (N.  point)  23° 
41'  N.,  Ion.  75°  19'  W. ;  about  70  miles  in  length  by  3  to  4 
In  brearlth. 

LOXG  ISLAND,  an  island  of  British  North  America, 
Hudson's  Bay ;  lat.  55°  5'  N.,  Ion.  79°  W. 

LONG  ISLAND,  a  name  applied  to  a  group  of  the  Hebri- 
des, Scotland,  comprising  Lewis,  Harris,  Benbecula,  North 
and  South  Uist,  Ac,  wliich  are  supposed  to  have  been  for- 
merly united,  and  comprehending  an  area  of  about  1200 
square  miles. 

LONG  ISLAND  LIGHT,  on  the  N.E.  point  of  Long  Island, 
in  Boston  Harbor,  Massachusetts,  4J  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Point  Alderton.  The  lantern,  which  is  7  feet  high,  is  sup- 
ported bv  a  tower  20  feet  in  height.  Lat.  42°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
70°  6>>'  5S"  W. 

LONG  ISLAND  SOUND,  a  body  of  water  separating  Long 
Island  from  New  York  and  Connecticut.  Length  about  110 
miles,  breadth  from  2  to  20  miles.  It  communicates  with 
New  York  Bay  through  a  narrow  channel  called  the  East 
River,  at  the  entrance  to  wliich  is  a  remarkable  whirlpool, 
called  Hell  Gate. 

IjOXG  .TOHX,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  33  miles 
S  W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 


LONOJTJMEAU,  lojfoVhii^mO',  a  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Seine-etOise,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Paris.     Pop.  1805. 

LOXG  KEYS,  (keez,)  three  islands  in  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras; lat.  (Middle)  17°  10'  N..  Ion.  88°  48'  W. 

LONG  KEYS,  one  of  the  Bahama-s,  on  the  E.  side  of  thf. 
S.W.  entrance  to  Crooked  Passage;  lat.  22°  35'  N.,  ion.  7-i'- 
20'  W. 

LONG  KING  CREEK,  of  Polk  co.,  Texas,  flows  into  Tri- 
nity Kiver  from  the  N. 

LONG  L.4KE,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co..  New  York. 
Pop.  2-23. 

liONG  LAKE,  a  post-office,  Caldwell  parish.  Louisiana. 

LONG  LANE,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri. 

LOXGLIER,  lA>'"Me-.V  or  Iftn^leer,  a  village  of  Belgium 
province  of  Luxembourg,  20miles  N.W.  of  Arlon.  Pop.  1215. 

LOXG,  LOCH,  a  branch  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  Scotland, 
extending  N.,  opposite  Gourock,  for  20  miles,  between  the 
counties  of  Argyle  and  Dumbarton.  Breailth  1  to  2  miles. 
Depth  15  to  20  fathoms.  At  its  head  is  Arrochar,  to  which 
steamers  ply  from  Glasgow. 

LOXG,  LOCH,  or  LOCH  LIXG.  a  branch  of  Loch  Alsh, 
CO.  of  Ross,  between  Ijoch  Alsh  pari.sh  and  Kintail. 

LOXG  MARSH,  a  postofflce  of  Queen  Anne  co.,  Maryland. 

LOXG  MARSTON.  See  Marsto.n.  Long.  For  other  places 
with  prefix  Long,  see  the  additional  name. 

LOXG  ME.\D'0\V,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hamp- 
den CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut 
River,  and  on  the  New  Haven,  Hartford  and  Springfield 
Kailroad,  about  4  miles  S.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  1376. 

LOXG  JIEADOW,  a  post-oflSce  of  Page  co.,  V'irginia. 

LONG'MIRE,  a  post-oflice  of  AVashingt<m  co.,  Tennessee. 

LONG'MIRE'S  STORE,  a  post-oflice  of  Edgefield  district, 
South  Ce.rolina. 

LOXG'MOSS,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia. 

LOXG  NECK,  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co..  New  York. 

LOXG'XEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

LONGNI,  lAxo'fiee',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Orne.  13  miles  E.  of  Mortagne.     Pop.  1043. 

L0N6NID/DRY,  a  decayed  antique  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Haddington,  with  a  station  on  the  North  British  Rail- 
way. 12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Edinburgh. 

LONG'NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

LONGXOR.  a  chapelry  and  market-town  of  England,  CO. 
of  Stafford.  8i  miles  X.E.  of  Leekv    Pop.  485. 

LOXGOBARDI  or  LAXGOBARDI,  a  nation  of  the  middle 
ages.     See  Lomharbt. 

LOXGOB.ARDI,  lon-go-baR'dee.  a  maritime  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Calabria  Citra.  12  miles  S.  of  Paola,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean.    Pop.  1500. 

liONGOBUCO,  lon-go-booTco.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Citra.  21  miles  N.E.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  5000. 

LONG  OLD  FIELDS,  a  post-ofiice  of  Prince  George  co., 
Maryland. 

LONGO-SARDO,  lon'go-saR/do,  (anc.  Tihulaf)  a  seaport 
town  and  cape  of  Sardinia,  division  and  48  miles  N.E.  of 
Saasari.  at  the  W.  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Bonifacio. 

LONQPARISH,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LONG  PINE,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

LONG  PLAIN,  a  post-office  of  Bristol  co.,  Jlassachusetts. 

LONG  POINT  or  LONG  I'OINT  SHOALS,  Slas.sachusetta, 
within  Cape  Cod,  near  its  extremity.  On  it,  at  the  entrance 
of  Provincetown  Harbor,  is  a  fixed  light,  25  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.     Lat  42°  2'  10"  N.,  Ion.  70°  W  35"  \V. 

LONG  POINT,  a  postroffice  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Texas. 

IX)NG  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois, 
105  miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

LONG  POINT  GROVE,  a  post-township  in  Cumberland 
CO.,  Illinois,  100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sprinirfield. 

LONG  POND,  a  postoffice  of  Caldwell  co.,  Kentucky. 
LONG  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Sebastian  county,  Ar- 
kansas. 

LONGPRft,  lAN^'prd',  several  villages  of  France ;  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is  in  the  department  of  Somme.  with  a  station 
on  the  Railway  du  Nord,  10  mUes  S.E.  of  Abbeville.  Pop. 
1622. 

LONCRIDQE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
74  miles  N.E.  of  Preston,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
railway. 

LONG  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

LOXGROIVA,  iSn-gro-ee'va.  or  LAXGROI VA.  lan-gro-ee'vl, 
a  poor  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira-Alta,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Francoso.     Pop.  1680. 

LONG  RUN,  a  postoffice  of  Fairfield  district.  South  Caro- 
lina. 

LONG  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Kentucky. 

LONG  SAVAX/NAH.  a  post-office  of  HamUton  co.,  Ten- 
ne.ssee,  139  miles  S.E.  of  Xashville. 

LONG'S  BAR,  a  mining  settlement  of  Yuba  co.,  California, 
is  situated  on  the  Y'nba  River,  17  miles  above  its  junction 
with  Feather  River,  and  about  110  miles  N.N.E.  of  Benicia. 
Miners'  wages,  $5  a  day.    Pop.  1324. 

LONG'S  BRIDGE,  a  postoffice  of  Hancock  co..  Georgia. 

LONG'SIDE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

LONG'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

1085 


LON 


LOO 


LONG'S  PEAK,  one  of  the  summits  of  the  Rockv  Moun- 
tains, in  lat.  40°  10'  N.,  Ion.  106°  W.  Height  about  12'000  feet 

LOXGSTctCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LONGSTOXE,  GKEAT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
LONGSTOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
LOXGSTOWX,  Jfennsvlvania.    See  New  Beru.v. 

LONG  STREET,  a  postvillage  of  Moore  co.,  North  Carolina. 

LONG  STREET,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  district.  South 
Carolina. 

LONG  STREET,  a  small  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Georgia, 
ibout  45  miles  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

LONG  SWAMP,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Reading.    Pop.  2217. 

LONG  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

LONGTON.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LONG'TOWN,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, on  the  Esk,  8i  miles  N.W.  of  Carlisle.     Pop.  1990. 

LOXGTOWN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LONGTOWN,  a  post-offlc«  of  Fairfield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LONGTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Mississippi. 

LONG  u£,  lANo'ga',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire.  12  miles  S.  of  Bauge.     Pop.  1626. 

LONGUEIL,  I6ng'gci',  a  post-village  and  seigniory  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Chambly,  on  the"  right  bank  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Atlantic  and 
St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  about  4  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal.  It 
contains  2  Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  about  half  a  dozen 
stores.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  about  4500. 

.LONGUE  POINTE,  tofir  pwa.vt,  or  LONG  POINT,  a  post- 
rillage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Montreal,  6  miles  N.  of  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  about  1200. 

LONGUEVILLE,  \6yg\eeV  or  lArfo'gheh-veeP,  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  on  the 
Paris  and  Strasbourg  Railway,  62  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chalons. 
Pop.  589. 

LONGUYON,  lAxo'ghe-ANo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Moselle,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Briey.     Pop.  1700. 

LONG  VAI/LEY,  a  post  office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LONG  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Ashley  co.,  Arkansas. 

LONG  VIEW,  a  small  village  of  Bradley  co.,  Arkansas. 

LONG  A'lEW,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Tenne.«see. 

LONG  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky. 

LONGnvOOD,  a  village  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath, 
9  mile.s  S.S.W.  of  Trim.     Pop.  5S7. 

LONGWOOD.    See  St.  Helexa. 

LONGWOOD,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Fork,  West  Riding,  2  miles  W.  of  Huddersfield.     Pop.  2418. 

LONGWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Kentucky. 

LONGWOOD.  a  post-office  of  Favette  co.,  Indiana. 

LONG'^VORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

LONGWY,  I6.\<='vee'.  (anc.  Lfm't/us  rUcus?)  a  fortified  town 
of  France,  department  of  .Moselle,  on  the  Belgian  frontier. 
33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Metz.  Its  citadel  stands  on  a  steep  rock, 
below  which  extends  the  new  town,  having  wide  streets,  a 
fine  square,  hospital,  and  military  prison.  Longwy,  called 
by  Louis  XIV.  the  "Iron  Gate  of  France."  wa.s  taken  bv  the 
Prussians  in  1792,  and  again  by  the  Allies  in  1815.  Pop.  in 
1S52,  3347. 

LONG-YEOO  or  LONG-YEOU.  long>J-oo',  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Che-kiang,  on  the  banks  of  the  Hwuy-Chow  or 
Gran  River,  about  16  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Nanche. 

LONIGO.  lo-nee'go,  a  vUlage  of  Austrian  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Vicenza,  on  the  Gua.  at  the  foot 
of  a  lofty  hill  crowned  by  an  old  castle.  It  has  a  court  of 
law.  several  public  offices,  and  five  churches.     Pop.  6786.        j 

LONINGE.N, (Liiningen.)  liVning-fUjOr  WIEK  I^ONINGEN,  ! 
*eek  lii^ning-en,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Oldenburg,  i 
on  the  Hase,  34  miles  S.W.  of  Oldenburg.    Pop.  13S1. 

LONKA,  (Kis,)  kish  lon'kuh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Marmaros,  on  the  Thei.ss,  6  miles  from  Szigeth.     I'on.  1191 

LONLAY  UABBAYE.  \i,^^W  Idb^bA/,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Orne,  5  mUes  N.W.  of  Domfront. 
Pop.  m  1852,  3566. 

T  Sx'S',^y-  *  P""'^  °^  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

LONNKKER,  lon'n?k-er,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Overyssel,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Almelo.     Pop.  1550. 

LONS/DALE,  (the  valley  of  the  Lune.)  a  division  of  Eng- 
«♦.  '  S?;  °*^,"'^s*"">'"eland,  on  its  S.E.  side,  which  gives  the 
title  of  Larl  to  the  Lowther  family. 

J',wf^ii\?'VT*.HP*"''^*'''''',°^'''^"^e°'"e  PO-  Khode  Island. 
W,tu»i?)  »  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Jura,  near  the  source  of  the  Solman.  50  miles  S\E.  of  Dijon. 
Elevation  7,o  feet.  Pop.  in  1852,  8460.  It  is  very  ancient 
l^^rnl\  V"'"-    Chief  objects  of  interest,  the  churcheTof 

Hon  «nd  nt  nn^  '"'''■^^- ,'"  ^^'"''^  ^^^  t^^n  °^''^  ifs  founda- 
tion and  Its  name;  it  is  always  full,  althousrh  its  waters  are 

«,L  f    ♦  eommnnal  college,  a  public  librar3%.museum, 

wn?uf     r*-*'  ''^''"^^'"uP'  ''"^  *«"'"'*«•  tanneries,  and  dye^ 
T  nv<l»VTr!' V''^  birth-place  of  General  I^courbe.  ^ 

favT  A  p  ,""/  PO^toffice  of  Polk  co..  Tennessee. 

meT        '  "^  WNTAK.  pooao  lon-taK/,  an 


'  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  W.  coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  Malacca,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  nar- 
row strait.  21  miles  long,  by  about  6  miles  broad.  Lat.  7° 
30'  N..  Ion.  99°  E. 

LONTOIR,  lonMw^R'  or  lon-tcir',  a  town  of  the  Banda 
Islands,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  on  Bands  Neira.  It  h«san 
hospit^ti.  and  near  it  pumice-stone  is  plentifully  obtained. 
LON'VILLE.  a  pcst-oflice  of  I'ike  co..  Kentucky. 
LONYA,  lon'yS.  a  river  of  Austria,  in  Croatia,  jcins  the 
Save  after  a  course  of  about  70  miles. 

LONZAC,  Le,  leh  li'-N^'zik',  a  village  of  Frtnce,  depart- 
ment of  Coneze,  14  miles  N.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  in  lf^52.  2772. 

LOO,  16,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders, 
on  the  Loo  Canal.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Furnes.     Pop.  16t0. 

LOOAN,  loo'dn/,  or  LOU-NGAN,  loo'ugju'.  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Shan-see.     Lat.  36°  7'  N.,  Ion.  113°  E. 
LOOAN.  an  island.     See  Loean. 

LOOBAN,  LOUBAN  or  LUBAN.  loo-bdn',  a  market-town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  80  miles  S.  of  Minsk. 

LOOBAN,  LOUBAN'  or  LUBAN.  loo'bin'.  a  .small  island 
of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  Philippines,  atiout  90  miles 
S.W.  of  Manila.     Lat.  13°  52'  N.,  Ion.  120°  8'  E. 

LOOBAR  or  LUB.\R.  loo-l  an',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Volhvnia.  47  miles  W.S.W.  of  Zhitomeer.     Pop.  3.300. 
LOOHATCilOVKA  or  LUBACZOWKA,  loo-bdchov'ka,  a 
town  of  Itussia,  A'olhvnia,  3  miles  S.E.  of  A'ladimeer. 

L(X»BNY,  LOUBNY  or  LUBNI,  loob'nee,  a  town  of 
Rus.sia.  government,  and  80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Poltava,  on 
the  Soola.  Lat.  50°  N..  Ion.  33°  E.  Pop.  6500.  It  has  a 
veterinary  institution,  botanic  gardens,  and  a  pharmaceutic 
school,  founded  by  Peter  the  Great.  It  was  once  fortified, 
and  withstood  a  lengthened  sieire  by  Charles  Xll.  of  Sweden. 
LOO'CHOO'  (cit  as  in  c/iikl)  ISLANDS,  written  also 
LIEOU  KIIIEOU,  a  group  in  the  North  I'acific  Ocean,  be- 
tween Japan  and  Formos;i,  consisting  of  the  Great  Loo- 
Choo.  about  65  miles  in  length,  by  16  miles  in  average 
breadth,  with  about  36  small  islands,  the  whole  between  lat. 
24°  10'  and  28°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  127°  and  129°  E.  The  chief 
products  are  provisions  and  live-stock,  with  sulphur,  salt,  and 
(it  is  said)  copper  and  tin.  The  principal  foreign  trade  is 
with  Japan,  on  which  country  it  is  more  or  less  dependent, 
with  probably  some  qualified  subjection  to  China. 

LOOCHRISTY,  lo-Kris'tee.  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Ea-st  Flanders,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  3636. 

LOODIANAII,  loo-de-1'nJ,  a  fortified  town  of  North-west 
Hindostan,  on  the  S.E.  bank  of  the  Sutlej,  110  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Liihore.  and  170  miles  N.N.W.  of  Delhi.  Lat.  30°  55'  N., 
Ion.  76°  48'  E.  Pop.  about  20.000.  It  has  a  fiouiishing 
shawl  manufactory,  aud  extensive  commerce.  It  was  ac- 
quired by  the  British  in  1834. 

.  LOOE.  loo.  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  enters 
the  English  Channel  at  Ilelstone.  where  a  bar  of  shingle 
converts  its  estuary  into  a  beautiful  lake,  called  Looe  Pool. 

LOOE,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  flows 
into  the  English  Channel  at  Lone. 

LOOE,  (East  and  West,)  two  decayed  boroughs  and  sea- 
ports of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  on  either  side  of  the 
entrance  of  tile  river  Looe,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Launceston. 
Pop.  of  East  Looe,  926;  of  West  Looe.  616.  They  were  once, 
next  to  Fowey,  the  chief  ports  in  Cornwall ;  and  in  the  reiga 
of  Edw.ird  III.  East  Looe  sent  20  ships  to  the  siege  of  Calais. 
LOOEE-CIIOO  or  LOUI-TCHOU,  loo'ee-choo',  written  also 
LOUI-TCIIEOU,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-tong, 
capital  of  the  southernmost  department  of  the  empire,  250 
miles  S.AV.  of  Canton,  near  the  mouth  of  a  small  river, 
which  falls  into  the  China  Sea.  and  forms  a  good  harlor. 

LOOOA,  LOUGA  or  LUGA.  loo'gd.  a  river  of  Russia,  enters 
the  Gulf  of  Finland  76  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Length.  150  miles. 

•  LOOGA,  LOUG.\  or  LUGA.  a  town  of  Russsia.  government, 
andS5milesS.S.W.  St. Petersburg,  on  the  above  river.  P.  ISOO. 
LOOGANSKAIA  (LOUGANSKAIA  or  LUGANSK.\JA) 
ST.A.NITZA.  loo-gan-ski'4  sti-neet'sj,  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Don  Kossacks.  105  miles  N.  of  Novo-Tcherkask. 
LOOGANSKOg,  LOUGANSKOE  or  LUGANSKOE.  loo- 
glii'sko-A,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Yekate- 
rinoslav.  16  miles  S.E.  of  Bakhmoot,  on  the  Lo^gan,  (Lugan.) 
It  has  a  cannon  foundry,  and  mines  from  which  the  llus- 
sian  fleet  in  the  Black  Sea  is  supplied  with  coal. 

LOOGOONOR  or  LOUGOUNOR,  loo-goo-noR/,  one  of  the 
Caroline  Islands;  lat.  5°  29'  20"  N.,  Ion.  153°  38'- E. 
LOOHl)0,  a  native  state  of  Celebes.     See  Loehoe. 
LOOKII.   LOUKII,  look,   LOOKA  or  LOUKA,  loc^i,  a 
river  of  Itussia,  joins  the  Kliasma  in  the  government  of 
Vladimeer.     Total  course,  about  80  miles. 

LOOKII  or  LOOK.\,  a  town  of  Russi.a.  government,  and 
80  miles  S.E.  of  Kostroma,  on  the  river  Lookh.     Pop.  1000. 

L<X>-KIANO.  LOU-KIANG  or  LU-KIAN'G,  loo'ke-Sng',  » 
large  river  of  Thibet,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Salwin. 
LOO  KI ANG  or  LOU-KIANG,  loo^ke-Sng',  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Ngan-hoei.  100  miles  S.W.  of  Nankins. 

LOOKIANOV,   LOUKIANOV   or    LUKTANOW,   look-yi 

nov',  (PolLsh.  ^((AtyVm'no.loo-ko-yd'uov.)  a  town  of  Russia.  gO' 

vernment,  aud  90  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nizhnee-NoTgorod.    I'.  1200. 

LOOKING-GLASS,  a  post-office  of  Clint' n  eo,  Illinois 

100  mUes  S.  of  Springfield. 


LOO    ' 

LOOKINO-OLASS  KIVF.R.  a  beautiful  stream  of  Michigan, 
rlseg  in  SiiiawasRee  county,  and  tiowiiig  W.  about  70  niile«, 
enters  Grand  lliver  in  Ionia  county.     ■ 

LtiDK'oL'T.  a  post-village  of  Cole  CO.,  Missouri,  on  Moreau 
Creeli.  Ifi  miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LOOK'tlUT  CKKKK,  (f  Georgia  and  Tennessee,  flows  N.E. 
through  Dade  county,  Georgia,  and  enters  Tennessee  Kiver 
a  few  miles  lelow  Chattanooga. 

LOOKOUT  VAL'LEY.  a  district  in  Walker  cc,  Georgia. 

Lf  )f  >K  N  0(  !]•;  K  or  LOOK  N  001.    See  Saigi  iN. 

LOOM'CIIANG'.  a  town  of  Farther  India.  Siamese  domi- 
nions, in  the  region  letween  Blartaban  and  Bangkok,  and 
stated  to  have  a  large  trade  in  cotton  and  ivory. 

L0t»'M18\  ILLE.  a  post  office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

LOOMISVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

LOO-NA-SHAN  or  LOU-XA-CIIAX,  loo-n3-sban.  a  moun- 
tain of  China,  covered  with  perpetual  suow,  iu  about  lat.  26" 
SO'  N..  Ion.  103°  K. 

LOO'NKY'S  CKEEK.  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  Tennessee. 

LOO-NGAN  or  LOL-NGAN.  loo'ngdn  or  loong'gan'.  a  forti- 
fied town  of  China,  province  of  Se-chuen,  capital  of  a  depart- 
ment, on  the  frontier  of  Thibet. 

LOON'GHEK',  a  town  of  Farther  India,  Burmese  domi- 
nions, on  the  Irrawaddy.  16  miles  S.AV.  of  Patiinago. 

LOOX  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

LOON-Ol'-ZANI).  lon-op-z3nt.  or  YEN  LOON,  vjn-lon',  a 
village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  12 
miles  S.\V.  of  Bois-le-Duc.     Top.  15(0. 

LOOI'-HEAD,  a  promontory  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  at  the 
N.  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  Shannon.  Elevation.  2.32  feet,  j 
On  it  is  a  fixed  light.     Lat.  52°  3.3'  39"  N..  Ion.  <i°  .Sfi'  W. 

LOOltlSTAN.  LOLRISTAN  or  LUUISTAN.  loo-ris-t^n',  a 
mountainous  district  or  province  of  AVest  Persia,  in  Irak- 
Aiemee.  between  32°  and  34°  N.  lat. 

'LOO.S.  Lous  or  LUS,  a  province  of  Beloochistan,  border- 
ing on  the  Indian  Ocean.  Area.  6200  square  miles.  Pop. 
60.000. 

LOOS,  loee,  a  villaee  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  21 
mUes  S.W.  of  Lille.     Pop.  2014. 

LOOS,  lO.sh.  LOSSA,  losh'oh\  or  LOSING,  lo/zing.  a  mai^ 
ket-town  of  Hungary,  7  miles  S.E.  of  OMenburg.    Pop.  1127. 

LOO'SAHATCH'EE.  a  small  river  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Tennessee,  rises  near  the  E.  border  of  Fayette  county,  and 
flowing  W.  and  S.W.,  enters  Wolf  Itiver  N.  of  Jleniphis. 

LOOSAII ATCIIEE,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co..  Tennessee. 

LOO'SASCOO'NA  or  ),U\SUSCOO'NA.  a  small  river  of  Mis- 
sissippi, joins  the  Yallobusha  in  Yallobusha  county. 

LOoSK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LOOSE  C15EEK.  a  post-village  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri,  18 
miles  E.S.E.  of  .lefferson  City. 

LOO'SING  CKEEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  through 
Harford  countv.  into  the  Chowan. 

L0OTl':NnULLIi:,  lo'ten-hniMeh.  a  village  of  Belcium,  in 
Ea.st  Flanders,  12  miles  'W.  by  .\.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3041. 

LOOTSK,  LOUTSK.  LUTSK  or  LUCK,  lo otsU.  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  of  Yolhynia,  about  40  miles  E.  of 

LOOX'AIIO'MA,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 
LOOZ.  16J1.  or  BOKCHLOEN,  booRKMoon'.  a  town  of  13el- 

fium,  province  of  Limbourg,  9  miles  S.  of  Hasselt.  Pop. 
*00-  ,  „       . 

LOOZA,  LOUZA  or  LUZA.  loo/zl,  a  river  of  Russia,  go- 
Ternment  of  Vologda,  joins  the  Yoog.     Length,  200  miles. 

LOPADUSA.     See  Lami'KDUSA. 

LO'PKX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LOPHNITZ.  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Schi.apknitz. 

LOPEK  A,  lo-p.Vrd,  a  town  of  Spain,  22  miles  X.W.  of  Jaen, 
near  the  Guadalquivir.     Pop.  2173. 

LOP'lIAM,  XoiiTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LOPIIAM.  South,  a  parish  of  lingland,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

LOPIIKM,  lop'hJm.  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  West  Flan- 
ders, on  the  canal.  3  miles  S.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  14.j6. 

LOPIEXNO.  lo-pe-en'no.  a  small  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
Umiles  X.N.W.  ofGnesen.     Pop.  600. 

LOP  NOK,  lop  noi!,  or  LOB  NOR,  a  l,ike  of  Chinese  Toor- 
kistan :  lat.  40=  50'  N..  Ion.  from  S7°  30'  to  8t*°  E.  It  receives 
the  river  Yarkand.     length.  50  miles. 

LOPPEllSUM.  lop'per-sam.  a  village  of  Holland,  province, 
and  11  miles  N.W.  of  Groningen.    Pop.,  with  environs,  1430. 

LOP'PINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

LOPUD.  an  island  of  Austri.i.     See  Mkzzo. 

LORA.  Wri,  a  river  of  South  Afghanistan,  rises  about  60 
miles  N.E.  of  Quetta.  and.  after  flowing  S.W.  for  80  miles,  is 
lost  in  the  sands  of  the  desert. 

Lt)RA.  a  district  in  the  S.  of  Afghanistan,  near  Ghuznee. 

LOliA  DEL  RTO.  lo'rS  del  ree'o.a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  32  miles  E.X.K.  of  Seville,  on  the  Guadalquivir.  Pop. 
4590.     It  has  manufactures  of  hats  and  leather. 

LORA'DO.  a  post-village  of  Green  co.,  Arkansas. 

LORAIX'.  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on 
Lake  Erie,  contains  about  4S5  sfiuare  mile.s.  It  is  drained 
by  Black  River  and  its  branches,  and  by  Rocky  and  Yer- 
niilion  Rivers,  whi('h  flow  towards  the  X.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile and  generally  clayey.  Sandstone  of  fine  quality  is 
quarried  at  Elyr'ia  for  building  materials.  Lorai})  county 
is  intersected  "by  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Ciuciunati 


LOR 

Railroad,  by  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  and  tho 
Lake  Shore  Railroad.  Cajjital.  Elvria.  Pop.  29,744. 
LORAIN,  a  township  of  Slielhy  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1362. 
LORAINE,  lo-ri-ln',  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Jef- 
ferson county,  Xew  York,  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Oswego. 
The  Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad  crosses  its  N.W.  corner. 
Po]i.ltkS7. 
I>OR/.\.MIE'S,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 
LORAMIE'S  CREEK,  of  (Jhio,  rises  in  Shelby  county, 
and  flows  into  the  Miami  River.  alx)ut  3  miles  above  Piqua. 
LO'RAN.  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co.,  Ind. 
LORAXCA-DE-TAJUXA,  lo-rin'kd-dA-t-i-rroon'yd,  a  town 
of  Spain,  New  Castile,  13  miles  from  Guadalajara.  P.  1102. 
LORC.\,  loR/kd,  (anc.  Eliocroca?  or  Uorci?)  a  city.  Spain, 
province  and  42  miles  S.W.  of  Murc'ia.  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount 
Cafio.  the  summit  of  which  is  crowaed  by  a  castle,  with  re- 
gular works  in  a  good  state  of  defence.  It  consists  of  two 
parts — an  ancient  town,  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  castle, 
and  consisting  generally  of  mean  houses  and  narrow  w  inding 
streets ;  and  a  modern  one,  of  a  much  superior  descriyition, 
consisting  of  houses  which  have  a  pleasing  and  substantial 
appearance,  and  streets  which,  though  somewhat  irregular, 
ai'e.  on  the  whole,  well  formed.  It  has  eight  parish  churches, 
three  nunneries,  and  several  suppressed  monasteries;  an 
episcopal  palace,  a  court-house,  several  elementary  schools, 
and  a  hospital.  The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  coarse 
woollens,  linen,  leather,,  hard  soap,  and  earthenware :  and 
there  are  several  oil  and  other  mills,  dye-works,  brick  and 
tile  works ;  some  trade  in  grain,  barilla,  esparto,  cattle,  and 
mules.  In  the  vicinity  are  mines  of  lead,  which  became  the 
subject  of  much  speculation  iu  1840,  and  were  begun  to  be 
worked  on  a  very  extensive  scale.  They  have  not  proved 
profitable,  and  have  been,  in  a  great  measure,  abandoned, 
though  the  workings  are  still  partially  carried  on.  Lorca  is 
a  very  ancient  place,  and  makes  a  considerable  figure  iu  the 
wars  of  the  Sloors.  It  suffered  much  fioni  the  French 
during  the  Peninsular  war.  The  artists  Juan  de  Toledo, 
Pedro  Camacho,  and  Baltasar  Martinez,  were  natives  of  this 
place.  Its  old  castle  once  caused  Lorca  to  bo  considered  the 
key  of  Murcia;  the  walls  of  the  town  and  a  tower  are 
Moorish,  and  it  has  some  Roman  antiquities.     Pop.  48.224. 

LORCII.  loRK,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  20 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Wie.«badon,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  173ii. 

LORCII,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Wlirtemberg,  23 
miles  S.W.  of  Ellwangen.  Pop.  1720.  with  an  abbey  in 
which  most  of  the  Hohenstauffen  princes  anc  buried. 

LOHD  HOOD'S  ISLAND,  or  MARUTEA,  mJ-roo-tA'a, 
Pacific  Ocean,  is  in  lat.  21°  30'  S..  Ion.  13-5°  33'  W. 

LORD  HOWE'S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Society  islands,  lat 
16°  50'  S.,  Ion.  154°  21'  W..  about  00  miles  long  and  4  miles 
broad ;  discovered  by  Captain  Wallis  in  1707. 

LORD  HO\VE"S  ISLANDS,  Pacific  Ocean,  form  a  part  of 
the  Solomon  Isl.wm. 

LORD  HOWE'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
Pacific,  X.E.  of  Sydney,  lat.  31°  30'  S..  Ion.  159°  10'  E. 

LORD  HOWE'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islands  iu  the 
S.  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  5°  30'  S.,  Ion.  159°  31'  E. 
LORDS/TOWN,  a  township  of  Trumbull  co.  Ohio.   P.  989. 
LORD'S  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
LORENA,  lo-r.i'n3.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and   130 
miles  N.E.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  Parahiba.     Pop.  of  district 
6000. 
LOR/ENTZ'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Virginia. 
LORENZANA,  lo-rJn-thd'nrl,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
31  miles  N.N.  E.  of  Lugo.     Pop.  2872. 

LORENZO  MARQUES  (orMARQUEZ),lo-r?n'zo  maK-k?s', 
the  original  name  of  Delagoa  Bay,  in  S.E.  Aft-ica. 

LORENZO  5IARQUEZ,  lo-rJn'zo  maR-kJs',  a  Portuguese 
establishment  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  on  the  Mouissa.  22 
miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Bay  of  Lagoa. 

LOKEN'ZOVILLE  FOUN^DRY',  a  post-office  of  Shenandoah 
CO.,  Virginia. 

LOREO.  lo-ri/o,  a  market^town  of  Austrian  Italy,  govern- 
ment and  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Venice,  on  Canal  of  Loreo. 
Pop.  3200. 

LORETO,  lo-rJ/to,  or  LORETTO.  lo-r5t/to,  a  city  of  Central 
Italy,  in  the  Marches,  about  13  miles  N.E.  of  Macerata,  and 
aboiit  o  miles  from  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  8000.  It  owes  its  origin 
to  a  famous  chapel  of  the  A'irgin,  over  which  a  magnifi- 
cent church  has  been  built,  while  around  it  has  grown  up 
the  town,  encircled  by  walls  of  the  16th  century.  Its 
suburb,  Montereale,  is  more  elegant  than  the  city.  The 
governor's  palace  and  the  public  fountains  are  worthy  of 
notice,  but  the  holy  shrine  is  the  chief  object  of  attraction 
to  visitors,  and  the  trade  of  the  place  is  exclusively  in 
rosaries  and  relics  for  the  use  of  pilgrims. 

LORETO.  lo-r.^V'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abrazzo 
Ultra,  3J  miles  S.E.  of  Civita-di-Penne.     Pop.  4500. 

LORETO,  lo-r^'to.  a  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  Lower 
California;  lat.  20°  12'  X..  Ion.  112°  7'  W. 

LORETO,  lo-rA'to,  a  small  town  12  leagues  S.E.  of  Trinilad, 
Bolivia.  . 
LORETTO,  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Loreto. 
LORETTO,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania,  6 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Ebensburg,  has  a  Catholic  chapel.    Pop.  256. 

^087 


LOR 


LOS 


lOEETTO.  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  Virginia,  69  miles 
N.E.  of  Richmond. 

LOKETTO,  a  posfrvillage  of  Marion  co.,  Kentucky. 

LOHGUES.  loRg,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  7 
miles  S.^V.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  in  1852,  4705. 

LOKIKNT  or  L'OKIEXT,  lo're-8x<  a  seaport  town  of 
France,  department  of  Morbihan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Scorf. 
in  the  Bav  of  Biscay,  40  miles  W.  of  Vannes,  rauliing  as  a 
fortress  of  "the  third  ohiss.  Its  streets  are  regular,  wide,  well- 
paved,  but  dull  in  appearance,  and  by  no  means  clean, 
though  lined  by  houses  of  good  construction;  its  public 
squares  are  large  and  handsome,  and  its  walks  pleasing. 
The  harbor  is  capacious,  safe,  and  commodious,  surrounded 
by  ma.u:uificent  buililings,  among  which  is  a  tower,  used  as 
a  lighthouse  and  observatory ;  and  lined  by  handsome  quays, 
where  the  largest  vessels  can  lie  alongside.  In  the  roads, 
whole  fleets  can  ride  in  safety.  At  some  distance  below  the 
harbor,  its  entrance  is  commanded  by  a  fort  built  on  the 
Isle  St.  Jlichael,  and  mounting,  it  is  said,  500  guns.  The 
isle  is.  moreover,  covered  by  a  range  of  yellow  buildings, 
forming  a  lazaretto.  The  dock-yard  and  arsenal  are  among 
the  most  complete  and  extensive  in  France,  having  15  or  16 
building-slips.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  parish 
church,  the  Prefecture  Maritime,  situated  on  the  port  at  the 
entrance  to  the  dock-yard;  and  adjacent  to  it,  an  extensive 
series  of  buildings,  erected,  in  166ti,  by  the  delusive  "Com- 
pagiiie  des  Indes  Orientales"  (East  India  Company),  under 
the  auspices  of  the  notorious  Law  of  Lauriston,  who  once  re- 
sided iu  the  prefecture.  Almost  all  the  working-classes  are 
employed  in  connexion  with  the  dock-yard ;  and  the  only 
manutacture  deserving  of  notice  is  that  of  hats.  The  trade 
and  commerce,  once  of  considerable  importance,  have  greatly 
declined.  The  exports  at  present  are  chiefly  flour,  liqueurs, 
■woollens,  cottons,  hardware,  iron,  lead,  clock-work,  &c. 
Lorient  possesses  courts  of  first  resort  and  commerce,  a 
chamber  of  commerce  and  exchange,  a  school  of  hydrography 
of  the  second  cliiss,  and  a  communal  college.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  17th  century,  it  was  a  mere  village,  but,  all  at 
once,  it  rose  into  importance  by  the  exertions  of  Lauriston 
and  the  company  already  mentioned.  In  1770,  it  was  made 
one  of  the  four  stations  of  the  French  navy,  and  a  free  port. 
The  breaking  out  of  the  revolution  in  1793  almost  instan- 
taneously annihilated  its  commerce.  From  the  shock  then 
sustained  it  has  never  recovered.    Pop.  in  1852,  25.694. 

L'OKIGXAL,  loVeen'yil',  a  post-village  of  Canada  West, 
capital  of  the  united  counties  of  Prescott  and  Kussell,  on  the 
Ottawa  River,  anti  near  the  proposed  raih-oad  from  Montreal 
to  Kingston,  about  66  miles  W.  of  Montreal.  It  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  churches  for  the  >Iethodists 
and  Itoman  Catholics,  an  assurance  agency,  pearlash  factory, 
mills,  &.C.    Pop.  about  700. 

LOIVIX,  a  small  village  of  Stephensoq  co.,  Illinois. 

LORIOL.  loVe-ol',  (anc.  Aureoli?)  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Drome.  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Valence,  near  the  Drome. 
Pop.  in  lSu2,  3588. 

LORMES,  loRm,  a  town  of  France,  department  Nievre,  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Clamecy.    Pop.  in  1852.  3237. 

LORMONT,  loR^moso',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  on  the  Garonne,  3  miles  ^.\.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop. 
In  1852.  2900. 

LORX.  a  mountainous  district  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
bounded  E.  by  Breadalbane  (county  of  Perth),  and  W.  by 
Loch  Linnhe. 

LORUUX  (Le),  leh-loVoo/,  or  LOROtJX  BOTTEREAU, 
lo^roo/  bot^teh-ro',  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Inferieure.  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  Nantes.    Poii.  12.57. 

LORQUI,  loR-kee',  (anc.  LoHgis  t)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  10  miles  X.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  1020. 

LORQUIX,  IorMiJx^',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe.  5  miles  S.S.^V'.  of  Sarrebourg.    Pop.  1389. 

LORRACII,  Ior/rIk,  a  frontier  town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Wiesen.  28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Freiburg. 
Pop.  2500.  The  jurist  Hugo  was  born  here,  and  the  mathe- 
matician Eulcr  was  the  descend.ant  of  a  family  of  this  town. 

LORRAINE,  loR'Rin'  or  Ior^rJu',  (Ger.  Lothringen, 
lot/ring-en;  L.  LothariijJgia  and  Justra'sia,)  a  former  ex- 
tensive province  of  France,  now  included  in  the  departr 
ments  of  Vosges,  Meurthe,  Moselle,  and  Mouse.  Under 
the  Romans  it  formed  part  of  the  Belgic  divi.«ion  of  Gaul; 
at  a  later  period,  under  the  successors  of  Clovis,  it  con- 
Btituted  the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  and  was  afterwards 
united  to  the  empire  of  Charlemagne.  It  was  subsequently 
erecteil  into  a  duchy,  and  afterwards  passessed  by  dukes  of 
the  Ilou.se  of  Austria;  and,  with  the  duchy  of  Bar,  was 
annexed  to  its  crown.  In  1736,  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna, 
these  two  duchies  were  exchanged  for  that  of  Tuscany,  and 
ceded,  in  life-rent,  to  Stanislas  Lecziuski,  King  of  Poland, 
and  father-iulaw  of  Louis  XV.  On  his  death  they  passed 
to  the  crown  of  France. 

LOR/KILV,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munstcr,  co.  of  Tirpe- 
rery. 

LORRI.<.  loR^Rees/  or  loR^Ree',  (anc.  Lauriaeumf)  a  town 
Ol  France,  department  of  Loiret,  13  miles  S.^V.  of  Montariris 
Pop.  163S.  ^ 

LORSCH.  loRsh,  or  LAURISHEIM,  10w'ri8-hime\  a  town 
1088 


of  Germany,  grand-duchy  of  IIcsse-Darmstadt,  16  miles  S. 
of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  2459. 

LORSICA,  loB/se-kS,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Chiavari,  6  miles  from  Cicagna.  near  tlie  conflu- 
ence of  the  Mulvaro  and  Tielo  with  the  Lavagna.    Pop.  1675. 

LORTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  eo.  of  Cumberland. 

LOS  ALAMOS.    See  Alamos. 

LOS  AXGELES,  loce  an'ja-lJz,  (Sp.  pron.  loce  dng/ni-lfs,) 
sometimes  incorrectly  written  LOS  AXGELOS,  a  large  county 
in  the  S.E.  part  of  California,  has  an  area  of  above  6000 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Pacific,  and 
on  the  E.  by  San  Bernanlino  county,  and  drained  by  the 
San  Gabriel  and  Rio  de  Los  Angeles  Rivers,  with  their  tri- 
butaries. The  surface  is  uneven  and  mountainou.s.  with 
many  broad  and  fertile  valleys.  Several  broken  spurs  of 
the  Coast  Range  rear  their  summits  in  the  X\  part  of  the 
county.  The  climate  is  remarkably  salubrious  and  genial. 
In  1852,  Los  Angeles  county  included  all  territory  now 
comprised  in  the  new  territory  of  San  Bernardino.  Cotton 
and  sugar-cane  succeed  well.  The  quantity  of  wine,  57,355 
gallons,  was  the  greatest  produced  by  any  county  in  Cali- 
fornia. The  county  is  celebrated  for  its  vineyards,  of  which 
there  are  above  100.  It  contains  several  missions,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  San  Gabriel,  San  Fernando,  and 
San  Juan  Capistrano.  There  are  some  silver,  and  probably 
other  metals,  and  limestone  and  building  rock  arc  abiind- 
ant.  Six  miles  from  Los  Angeles  is  a  spring,  covering  about 
2  acres,  from  which  pitch  boils  up  in  great  abundance ;  this 
is  used  for  covering  the  roofs  of  hou.ses.  There  are  also  a 
number  of  saline  springs,  which  supply  abundance  of  .salt. 
The  anchorage  in  the  port  of  San  Pedro  is  good  and  perfectly 
safe,  except  during  the  prevalence  of  the  south-easterly 
winds  in  the  winter  season.  Capital,  Los  Angeles.  Pop. 
iu  1800, 11,:>J3. 

LOS  AXGELES,  (originally  Pi'eblo  de  los  Angeles,  pw^W- 
lo  d.i  loce  dng'Hd-lJs,  the  "city  or  habitation  of  the  angels," 
named  from  its  delightful  climate  and  from  the  beauty  of 
the  surrounding  country.)  a  post-town,  capital  of  Los  Ange- 
les county,  California,  on  a  small  river  of  its  own  name,  30 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  on  the  road  from  San  Jose  to  San 
Diego,  about  350  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.E.  of  Sun  Francisco. 

LOS  ANGELES,  loce  dng'H;l-l?s,  a  town  of  Chili,  province 
of  Concepcion,  96  miles  E.  of  a  town  of  that  name;  lat.  37" 
0'  S..  Ion.  71°  SC  W.    Streets  wide  and  regular. 

LOS  AXGELES  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Los  Angeles 
county,  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  California,  fails  into  the  Pacifia 
Ocean.    The  town  of  Los  .Angeles  is  situated  on  its  left  bank. 

LOSAR,  lo-saR',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Kstremaditi-a,  62  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Caceres.    Pop.  2081. 

L0SAI5C0S,  lo-san'koce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Xa- 
varre.  35  miles  from  I'amplona.      Pop.  2096. 

LOSCH,  (Liisch.)  losh,  a  small  town  of  Jloravia,  4  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Brunn.    Pop.  2267. 

LOSCIIUTZ,  (Loschutz,)  losh/uts,  a  small  town  of  Moravia, 
17  miles  X.W.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  2322. 

LO-SCIIWITZ,  losh'ftits,  a  village  of  Saxony,  near  Dresden, 
on  the  Elbe,  here  crossed  by  a  ferry.     Pep.  1660. 

LOSDZEY,  losd'zA.  or  LOZDZEY.  written  also  LOZDZIEY, 
lozd'zy.A,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  province  of  Augustowo, 
26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Suwalki.    Pop.  1557. 

LOSHEIM,  los'hiine.  a  village  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia,  go- 
vernment and  18  miles  S.  of  Treves.    Pop.  1617. 

LOS,  ISLES  DE,  ilz  de  los,  a  group  of  islands  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Africa,  belonging  to  England,  75  miles  X.W.  of  Sierra 
Leone,  of  volcanic  origin,  and  consisting  of  Factory  Island, 
Tamara,  and  Ruma. 

LOS  LAXOS,  loce  li/noce,  a  town  of  the  Canary,  S.W. 
side  of  the  island  of  Palma.    Pop.  496. 

LOSLAU,  los'low.  (i'olish  Ymlcislaioice.  vod-tse-sl^-veet/sA,) 
a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  53  miles  S.S.E.  Oppeln.  Pop. 
2060.    It  has  two  churches,  and  a  castle. 

LOSOXCZ  or  LOSOXTZ,  lo\shonts',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  county  of  Xeograd.  63  miles  X.X.E.  of  Pesth.  It 
was  once  walled  and  well  built ;  but  was  nearly  destroyed 
during  the  recent  Hungarian  war. 

LOS  SAXTOS,  loce-s3n'toce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
and  36  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  5274. 

LOS  SANTOS,  a  town  of  New  Granada.    See  Santos. 

LOSSEX,  los'sen,  a  vUlage  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Breslau.    Pop.  1182. 

LOSSER.  ios'ser,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Overys- 
sel,  22  miles  E.s!e.  of  Almelo.    Pop.  1600. 

LOS'SIE,  a  river  of  Scotland,  county  of  Elgin,  i.ssuing 
from  a  small  loch  of  same  name,  and  flowing  N.  and  i«.K 
to  Lo.s.«iemouth.  it  forms  a  harbor,  on  the  Moray  Frith. 
Total  course,  26  miles. 

LOS/SIEMOUTH,  a  small  seaport  of  Scotland,  on  th« 
Lossie  River,  county  and  5  miles  N.E.  of  Elgin.  Pop.  965. 
The  harbor  has  from  12  to  16  feet  of  water. 

LOSSIXI,  lo8-se»ynee,  or  OSERO,  o-sVro.  (Ger.  Lusan, 
lOOs-seen',  anc.  Apsnrux.)  an  island  of  lllyria.  government 
of  Triest,  in  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero  of  the  .Adriatic,  imme- 
diately S.W.  of  the  island  Clu'rso,  with  .which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  bridge.  Length  19  miles;  breatlth  3  miles. 
Near  its  S.  extremity  are  the  contiguous  villages  of  Lossimi 


LOS 


LOU 


Ohaxbe  and  Lossiyi  Piccoi-o,  with  a  united  population  of 
6260,  a  jrood  harbor,  and  ship-building  yards. 

LOSSNITZ,  (Li>snitz.)  lofs'nits,  a  town  of  Saxony,  17 
railus  S.S.W.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  4799.  It  is  encircled  by 
walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  and  linens. 

LOS\SUK',  a  village  of  Thibet,  Udakh,  iu  lat.  32°  8'  N., 
Ion.  78°  6'  E.;  eleyation  1.3.400  feet. 

LOST  CUKKK,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Multerry  fork 
near  the  S.  extremity  of  Walker  co. 

liOST  CHEKK,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

iOST  CPvEEK,  a  post-office  of  Saline  co.,  Arkansas. 

LCST  CR  KEK,  a  post-ofice  of  Campbell  co..  Tennessee. 

LOST  CKEEK,  a  post-office  of  Breathitt  co.,  Kentucky. 

LOST  CKEEK,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    ]>op.  14S6. 

LOST  CREEK,  a  township  of  Ylgo  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1100. 

LOST  CREEK,  a  post>officc  of  Lincoln  co.,  Jlissourl. 

LOST  GROVE,  a  postroffice  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

LOST  MOUX/TAIN,  a  post-offic«  of  Cobb  co..  Georgia. 

LOSTTOCK,  a  hamlet  of  England,  county  of  Lancaster. 

LOSTOCK,  a  township  of  England,  county  of  Chester. 

LOriTOCK  L.A.NE,  is  a  station  on  the  Manchester  and 
Preston  Railway,  between  Bolton  and  Chorley. 

LOSTOUF,  los'toRf,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  18 
miles  X.E.  of  Soleure.    Pop.  1044. 

LOST  KIV'ER.  a  small  .stream  of  Indiana,  rises  iu  Wa.sh- 
Ingtou  county,  and  unites  with  Lick  Creek,  an  aflluent  of 
White  I'iver,  in  Martin  county.  It  flows  in  a  subterranean 
chanuel  for  several  miles,  and  returns  again  to  the  sur- 
fc.ce. 

LOST  RIVER,  a  poKt<]fflce  of  Hardy  co.,  W'.  Virginia. 

LOST  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana,  about 
100  miles  S.  by  W'.  from  Indianapolis. 

LOST  VILTjAOE,  a  post-office  of  Xew  Madrid  co..  Missouri. 

LOSTWITHIEL.  lost-wiTii'el,  or  LESWITIIIEL,  an  an- 
cient and  decayed  borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of 
England,  county  of  Coi'nwall.  on  the  Fowey,  5  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Bodmin.  Pop.  in  1851,  1053.  About  one  mile  N.are  the 
fine  ruins  of  Restormel. 

LOT.  lot.  fane.  OW(s.)  a  river  of  France,  rises  In  Mt.  Lozere, 
passes  Entraigues,  where  it  becomes  navigable,  and  joins 
the  Garonne,  near  Aiguillon.  Length  266  miles.  Affluents, 
Truyere  and  Selle. 

LOT.  a  department  in  the  S.W.  of  France,  formed  of  part 
of  the  old  province  of  Gascony.  Area  2004  square  miles. 
Surface  elevated  and  mountainous,  covered  on  E.  by  part 
of  Mnut  Caatal.  Chief  rivers.  Lot  and  Dordogne.  The  soil 
fertile:  and  corn  is  r.aised  more  than  sufficient  for  home 
cons\iniption;  wine  is  abundant.  The  department  has 
numerous  tiax-mills,  a  few  iron  forges,  potteries,  and  paper- 
mills.  It  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Cahors, 
Fiu'cac,  and  Gourdon.     Capital,  Cahors.    Pop.  295,64^. 

LOTlilNIi^RE,  lo^bee^ne-air',  a  county  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Canada  East,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Area 
735  square  miles.  The  River  du  Chene  and  the  Beaurivaga 
flow  through  it.    Chief  town,  Lotbiniere.    Pop.  16,657. 

LOTIUNIEKE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  county  of 
Lotbiniere,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  45 
miles  S.  of  Quebec.    Pop.  about  3200. 

LOT-ET-GARONNE,  lot-A-g4Vonn'.  a  department  in  the 
S.W.  of  France,  forming  part  of  the  old  province  of  Gascogne. 
Area  2027  square  miles.  Principal  rivers,  the  Garonne  and 
its  aflluents.  the  Bayse  and  Lot.  Soil  very  fertile  in  the 
plains  on  the  river  banks,  but  sterile  in  the  arid  districts, 
termed  "  Landes,"  and  in  the  marshes.  Corn  is  raised  suf- 
ficient for  home  consumption,  and  wine  is  exported.  The 
department  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Agon, 
Marmande,  Nerac,  and  Villeneuve-dAgen.  Pop.  in  1801, 
3o2,06o.     Capital,  Agen. 

LOTEVA.    See  LoDf;vE. 

LOTH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland. 

LOTH,  a  village  of  Belgium.  6  miles  S.AV.  of  Brussels,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 

T/)T1I'ERT0N,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

LOTIIIAVS  (The),  a  division  of  Scotland,  comprising  the 
counties  of  Haddington,  Edinburgh,  and  Linlithgow,  respect- 
ively called  East,  Middle,  and  West  Lothian.  Lothian  giTes 
the  title  of  Marquis  to  the  Kerr  family. 

LOTIIRIXGRN,  and  L0TIL4JIIXGIA.    See  Lorraine. 

LOTS  CREEK,  of  Bullock  co.,  Georgia,  enters  the  Can- 
nouchce  from  the  left,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  county. 

LOT'  SHAW'S  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Linn  co..  Oregon. 

LOT'S  WIFE,  a  remarkable  rock  in  the  North  Pacific:  lat. 
20°  50'  N..  Ion.  142°  23^  E.  It  rises  almost  perpendicularly 
to  the  height  of  nearly  300  feet. 

LOTTE,  lot/teh,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government 
of  Munster.  circle  of  Tecklenburg.    Pop.  1300. 

LOTTIX.  an  island  of  the  South  Pacific.   See  RoCKT  ISLANB. 

LOTT'RIDGE.  a  post>offlce  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

LOTT'S,  a  post-village  of  Edgefield  district,  South  Caro- 
UuH. 

LOTTS/BURG,  a  post-oflSce  of  Northumberland  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

LOTT'S  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Bradley  co_  Arkansas. 
3T 


LOTTS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  PcnnsylvaDia 
aliout  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Warren. 

LOTUN",  lo-toon'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  o. 
Bengal,  district  and  35  miles  X.  of  Goruckpoor. 

LOTZEX,  (Lijtzen.)  lijts'en,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  42 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Gumbinnen,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1800. 

LOU-AX  or  LOUX-GAX,  a  town  of  China.     See  Loo-AX. 

LOUARGAT,  loo'aE'g3',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Xord,  26  miles  W.  of  St.  Brieuc.    Pop.  4000. 

LOUB.\X.     See  Loobah. 

LOUUOU,  a  state  of  Celebes.     See  T..OEIIOE. 

LOUiiHESS.VC,  loo'brt's'sdlv',  a  market-town  of  Fr.inco, 
department  of  liot,  21  miles  X.X.W.  of  Figeac.     Pop.  1570. 

LOUCCilS  or  KOSE,  a  river  of  Morocco.     See  Elkos. 

L<;»UD£aC,  loo'dA'SU',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
COtes-du-Nord,  15  miles  S.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  iu  1852,  6369. 

LOUDEAH.    See  Lowdeah. 

LOUDON,  low'dgn,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Maryland,  contains  490  square  miles.  The  Po- 
tomac River  forms  its  X.E.  boundary;  it  is  also  drained  by 
Goose  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly,  having  the  Blue  Ridge  on' 
the  N.W.  border,  and  the  Kittoctan  Mountain  near  the  middle 
of  the  county.  The  soil  varies  from  a  rich  allu\ion  to  on 
unproductive  clay,  but  a  large  portion  of  it  is  fertile.  It 
contains  limestone,  marble,  granite,  gneiss,  and  other  pri- 
mitive rocks.  Formed  from  Fairfax  county,  in  1757,  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  Enrl  of  Loudon.  Capital.  Leesburg. 
Pop.  21,774,  of  whom  10,273  were  free,  and  5501  slaves. 

LOUDON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Merrimack  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Suncook  River,  about  10  miles  N.E. 
of  Concord.    Pop.  1552. 

LOUDOX,  a  postrvjllage  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  West  Branch  of  Conecocheague  Creek,  14  miles  W.  of 
Chambersburg.     Pop.  311. 

LOUDOX,  a  post-office  of  Roane  CO.,  Tennessee. 

LOUDON,  a  township  of  CarroU  co.,  Ohio.      Pop.  866. 

LOUDON,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2465. 

LOUDON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Merrimack  co..  New 
Ilamp.shiro,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Concord. 

LOUDON  RIDGE,  a  post-oflice  of  Merrimack  co.,  New 
Ilamp.shire. 

LOU'DOXVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Hanover 
township,  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Bl.ack  Fork  of  Mohiccan 
River,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  about 
70  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich 
farming  district,  and  has  an  active  trade.    Pop.  516. 

LOUDOUN,  lOw'dun,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Ayr,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kilmarnock.  Pop.  4446.  Here  are 
remains  of  antiquities,  besides  the  modernized  and  magni- 
ficent castle  of  the  Marquis  of  Hastings.  On  Loudoun  Hill, 
a  battle  was  fought  between  Bruce  and  the  troops  of  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke  in  1307. 

LOUDS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Habersham  co.,  Georgia, 
21  miles  W.  of  Clarkesville,  has  rich  gold-mines  iu  the 
vicinity. 

LOl'DUN,  looVluN"',  (L.  Juliodiifmim,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Vienne,  31  miles  N.N.W.  of  Poitiers.  It  has 
a  communal  college,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  synod  held 
here  by  the  Protestants  iu  1611  and  1012.  In  ancient  times 
it  was  the  capital  of  a  small  district,  called  the  Loudunois. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4557. 

LOUlO,  loo\i',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  16  miles  W.  of  Le  Mans,  on  the  V^gre.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  linen  and  paper.     Pop.  in  1852,  2049. 

L0U15  or  LOUVE,  loov,  a  river  of  France,  which,  after  a 
course  of  above  70  miles,  joins  the  Doubs  a  little  below  Dole. 

LOUESCHE,  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  Leuk. 

LOUGA  or  LUGA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  LooGA. 

LOUGAXSKAIA  STANITZA.    See  Loooanskaia. 

LOUGAXSKOE.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Looqanskoi. 

LOUGKX  or  LOUQAX,low'gau,a  river  of  Xorw.ay,  stift  of 
Aggershuus,  rises  by  many  heads  in  the  Langefield  and 
Sognefield  Mountains,  flows  S.E.,  traversing  Lake  Miosen, 
and,  under  the  name  of  Vermen,  joins  the  Glommen  28 
miles  X.E.  of  Christiania.    Course.  200  miles. 

LOUGII  ALLI;N.  See  Allen  ;  and  for  all  articles  with  the 
prefix  LouOH,  not  found  below,  see  additional  name. 

LOUGHBOROUGH,  luff/bhr-ruh,  a  market-town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  and  lOi  miles  N.N.W.  of  Leicester,  with  a  station 
on  the  Midland  Railway.  Its  four  principal  streets  are 
tolerably  straight,  and  very  clean,  well  paved,  and  lighted 
with  gas ;  houses  mostly  of  brick  ;  and  the  town  altogether 
has  a  respectalile  and  thriving  appearance.  It  has  two  ele- 
gant churches,  a  handsome  Roman  Catholic  and  various 
Dissenting  chapels,  a  free  grammar  and  several  other  schools, 
a  mutual  improvement  society,  a  philosophical  and  a  literary 
institution.  The  principal  manufacture  of  the  town  con- 
sists of  hosiery  of  all  kinds,  and  more  particularly  of  that 
kind  called  Patent  Angola,  in  which  about  2000  persons  are 
emploj-ed.  In  the  neighborhood  is  a  famous  bell-foundry  : 
aJso  several  dye-works,  malt-kilns,  slate-quarries,  corn-mills, 
and  an  iron  foundry.    Pop.  in  1851,  10,900. 

LOUGH  (16n)  BRICK/LAND,  a  market-town  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Down,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Newry.  Pop.  647. 
It  has  the  ruins  of  a  monastery. 

1080 


Lm 


LOU 


LOUGn  KRXE.    Seo  Erxe. 

LOUGII'GALL,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster, 
CO.  and  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Armagh.  Pop.  394.  Castle  Dillon 
Is  in  this  parish. 

liOUGIlGlt/LY,  »  parish  of  Ireland.  ULster.  co.  of  Armagh. 

LOUGII'OLYXX',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Conuaught,  co.  of 
Rjscommon. 

LOUGH'GUILE'.  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim. 

LOUGIIIXISLAND,  IdaMn-iland,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
"Clster.  CO.  of  Down. 

LOUGH  NEAGU.     See  Neagh. 

LOUGHREA,  IfiHVd',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Galway,  beautifully  situated  on  an  acclivity 
on  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name,  2H  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Gal- 
way. It  has  a  parish  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a 
Carmelite  monastery,  with  a  neat  chapel ;  a  Carmelit*  nun- 
nery, a  court-hou.se, workhouse,  police-barrack,  fever  hosj^ital, 
and  several  school.s.  It  also  possesses  an  extensive  brewery. 
2  tanneries,  and  6  corn-mills.  Loujihrea  was  once  fortitied, 
and  the  remains  of  its  walls  may  still  be  traced ;  it  also  con- 
tains the  remains  of  an  old  castle  and  monastery.   Pop.  5458. 

LOUGII'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Bucks. 

LOUGIITON,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Essex. 

LOUGOUXOR.oneof  the  Caroline  Islands.   See  Loogoon'OR. 

LOUIIAXS.  loo'ftxo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sa5neet-Loire,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  29  miles  N.E. 
of  Macon.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and  is  a  depot  for 
merchandise  between  Lyons  and  Switzerland.     Pop.  3S53. 

LOUIIOU,  Malay  Archipelago.     See  Loehoe. 

LOUISA,  loo-ee'zi.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
Virginia,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  The  North 
Anna  River  forms  its  northern  boundary ;  the  county  is 
also  drained  by  the  South  Anna  and  Little  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  hilly;  the  soil,  originally  fertile,  has  been  partly 
worn  out.  Gold-mines  have  been  worked  in  this  county, 
but  are  not  vi^ry  productive.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad  of  Virginia.  Formed  in  1742.  Capital,  Louisa 
Court-House.  Pop.  16,701,  of  whom  0507  were  free,  and 
10,194  slaves. 

LOUISA,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area 
of  400  square  miles.  The  Mississii>pi  River  forms  its  entire 
eastern  bouudarj',  and  the  Iowa  River  flows  through  tlie 
middle  of  the  county,  which  is  drained  also  by  Long  Creek. 
The  streams  furnish  valuable  water-power.  Limestone  and 
stone-coal  are  found.  The  Iowa  River  is  navigable  by  steam- 
boats.    Capital,  Wapello.     Pop.  10,370. 

LOUISA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lawrence  eo.,  Ken- 
tucky, is  situated  at  the  forks  of  Big  Sandy  River,  on  the 
E.  boundary  of  the  stale,  135  miles  E.  from  Frankfort.  It 
contains  a  court-house.  1  churth.  and  4  stores.    Free  P.  22."). 

LOUISA,  a  post-village  in  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois,  135 
miles  W.N.W.  tVom  Chicaso. 

LOUISA  COITRT  IIi  )U.SE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Louisa 
CO..  Virginia,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  60  miles  N.W.  from 
Kiqhmond. 

LOUISA  FORK.    See  S.\?(i)y  River.. 

LOUISBURG.  a  fishing  village  and  suburb  of  the  town  of 
Wick.  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness.     Pop.  380. 

LOUISBURG,  a  town  of  AViirtemberg.    See  Ludwigsbdrg. 

LOUISBURG,  a  mining  village  of  Schuylkill  CO.,  Penn- 
Bylvani.a.  about  11  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Pottsville. 

LOUISBURG.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  Tar  River.  35  miles  N.E.  of 
Raleigh.     It  contains  a  court-house  and  2  churches. 

LOUISBURG,  loo'is-burg,  formerly  LOUISBOURG,  (Fr. 
pron.  loo-ee-booR'.)  once  an  important  seaport  of  Cope 
Breton,  on  the  S.E.  shore  of  the  island,  about  20  miles  S.E. 
of  Sidney.  The  French  erected  here  a  fortress  at  an  expense 
of  30,000.000  livres.  and  while  Louisbourg  remained  in  their 
occupancy,  it  exported  500.000  quintals  of  cod  annually, 
and  600  vessels  were  employed  in  its  trade  and  fisheries. 
After  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  English  in  17  63.  (all 
the  French  North  .\merican  possessions  having  been  given 
vip  by  treaty.)  the  British  government  demolished  the  forti- 
fications at  an  expense  of  $50,000 :  since  then  the  harbor 
has  been  desertetl.  and  the  town  is  in  ruins.  A  few  fisher- 
men only  reside  here.  A  lighthouse,  showing  a  fixed  liuht 
15  feet  high,  has  been  erected  on  the  site  of  the  old  French 
lighthouse  on  the  E.  head. 

LOUISIADE  (loo-ee-ze-Sd')  ARCHIPELAGO,  an  extensive 
group  of  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  comprised  be- 
tween the  parallels  of  10°  40'  and  11°  40'  S.  lat..  and  the 
meridians  of  161°  and  154°  30'  E.  Ion.  About  80  are 
already  known,  but  many  others,  it  is  believed,  remain  yet 
to  be  discovered.  They  appear  to  be  nearlv  all  inhabitetl, 
although  some  of  them  but  thinlv.  The  principal  islands  .ire 
Kcssel,  Snnth-Kast  Island,  Piron,  .Toannet.  Pig.  St.  Aignan, 
&c.  Mount  Rattlesnake  or  South-East  Island  is  2689  feet 
high,  and  the  mountains  in  the  W.  portion  of  St.  Aignan 
attain  an  elevation  of  3279. 

LOUISIANA,  looK-e-ze-ah'na.  one  of  the  Southern  United 
States,  IS  bounded  on  the  N.  bv  Arkansas  and  Missis- 
Bipiii;  E.  by  Mississippi  (from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Mississippi  and  VenrX  Rivers)  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico:  S 
by  the  Oulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Texas,  from  which  it  is 
1090 


partly  separated  by  the  Sabine  River.  It  lies  between  29*^ 
and  33°  N.  lat ,  and  88°  50'  and  94°  20'  W.  Ion.,  having  an 
extreme  length  from  E.  to  W.  of  alx)ut  292.  and  a  breadth 
of  250  miles,  including  an  area  of  41.225  scjuare  miles,  or 
about  26,384,000  acres,  of  which  only  2,707,108  were  improved 
in  1800,  or  rather  more  than  one-tenth  of  the  entire  surface 
of  the  state. 

Face  of  the  Omntry. — The  surface  of  Louisiana  nowhere 
attains  an  elevation  of  more  than  200  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  Gulf,  while  at  Trinitj-,  in  Catahoula  parish,  it  is  only 
68  feet,  and  much  of  the  southern  portion  is  so  low  as  to  be 
overflowed  at  high  water.  AAest  of  the  basin  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  occupjing  the  central  and  northern  portion  oi 
the  state,  the  country  is  hilly  and  broken.  The  N.W.  part 
is  intersected  by  several  arms  of  the  Red  River,  forming 
small  lakes,  and  rendering  the  country  for  alioiit  50  miles 
in  length,  and  6  in  breadth,  generally  marshy.  The  bottoms 
on  this  river  are  from  1  to  10  miles  wide.  South  of  the 
central  portion  commence  the  low  prairie  lands,  which 
terminate  in  the  marshes  of  the  coast.  The  elevation  of  thia 
district  varies  from  10  to  50  feet.  Below  the  mouth  of  the 
Red  River,  the  Atchafalaj-a  branches  off  from  the  Mississippi, 
and  forms  the  western  boundary  of  a  great  delta,  occupying 
an  area  of  several  thousand  square  miles,  which  is  elevated 
but  10  feet  above  low  water,  and  at  high  water  is  often 
inundated.  There  is  a  belt  of  similar  character  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  above  the  Delta,  which  is  protected 
by  artificial  embankments,  that  serve  to  deepen  as  well  aa 
confine  the  channeL  That  part  of  the  state  adjacent  to  the 
S.  boundary  of  Mississippi,  is  similar  in  character  to  the 
district  described  in  the  N.W.  Near  the  Gulf,  a  portion  is 
salt  marsh,  mostly  destitute  of  timber,  and  often  overflowed 
in  equinoctial  gales.  Darby  states  that  2700  square  miles  on 
the  Mississippi,  above  the  Red  River,  2550  on  the  Red  Rivei, 
and  3200  on  the  Mississippi,  below  the  Red  River,  are  sub- 
ject to  inundations,  though  not  all  portions  of  it,  annually. 

Geology. — According  to  Professor  Forshey,  the  tertiary 
formation  occupies  two-fifths  of  the  state,  and  lies  N.  of  a 
waving  line,  commencing  on  the  S.ibine  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Neches,  and  extending  20  miles  N.  of  Alexandria, 
to  Ilarri.sonburg :  it  contains  coal,  salt,  iron,  ochre,  gypsum, 
and  marl.  A  saline  bed  seems  to  underlie  the  tertiary.  The 
rest  of  the  state  is  alluvial  and  diluvial. 

MiiuraU. — Of  the  minerals  mentioned  above,  iron  ia 
abundant  in  almost  all  the  tertiary  strata.  The  coal  ia 
inferior  to  that  of  Pittsburg,  but  the  marl  is  rich,  and  the 
gypsum  of  the  best  quality.  The  alluvions  of  the  Missis- 
sippi are  bounded  on  the  W.  by  precipitous  hills  of  freestone, 
from  80  to  200  feet  high.  In  the  region  around  Harrison 
burg.  Dr.  Ilolliday  has  collected  very  large  quartz  crystals, 
abundance  of  agates,  jasper,  sardonyx,  cornelians,  onyx, 
selenite  or  crystallized  gypsum,  feldspar  of  a  splendid  quality, 
nlumine  in  great  abundance,  chalcedony,  lava,  meteoric 
stones,  amorphous  iron  ore,  and  fossils  of  various  kinds. 

Kivers,  Hays.  &c. — Lake  Borgne  (properly  a  bay)  and  Black 
Bay  open  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  S.E.;  and  Bastien, 
Barataria.  Atchafalaya,  Cote  Blanche,  and  A'ermilion  Bays 
on  the  S. ;  and  Sabine,  Calcasieu,  and  Mermentau  Lakes  on 
the  S.W.,  are  all  expan.sions  of  rivers  Ijearing  the  same 
names.  Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas  are  expansions 
of  the  Amite  River,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Borgne. 
Small  lakes  or  sloughs  are  very  numerous  in  the  marshy 
regions  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  along  the 
Mississippi  River.  Catahoula  in  the  centre,  and  Bistineau 
and  Caddo  in  the  N.W.,  are  the  principal  lakes.  The  Missis- 
sippi River  forms  the  east  boundary  of  I^ouisiana  to  31°  N. 
lat..  and  passing  through  the  soutli-eastem  portion  of  the 
state,  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Gulf  of  Jlexico  by  several 
mouths.  The  Red  River  enters  the  N.W.  angle  of  liOuisiana 
from  Arkansas,  and  joins  the  Mississippi  about  the  centre 
of  the  state.  The  Washita,  coming  S.  from  Arkansas,  is  the 
principal  branch  of  the  Red  River.  The  Sabine.  Calcasieu, 
and  Jlermentau  drain  the  W.  and  6.W.  parts  of  the  state. 
The  Pearl  forms  a  part  of  the  S.E.  boundary.  The  Missis- 
sippi is  navigable  for  the  largest  class  steamboats  far  beyond 
the  limits  of  Louisiana :  and  the  Red  Ri-ver.  since  the  removal 
of  the  obstruction  called  the  Grc.vt  Raft,  near  the  N.W. 
boundary,  is  also  navigable  beyond  the  limits  of  the  state. 
Of  the  different  arms  that  part  from  the  pm-ent  stream 
below  31°  N.  lat..  the  Atchafalaya.  on  the  west,  is  the  largest. 
Nine  of  the.se  are  navigable,  according  to  Colonel  Long's 
estimate,  from  5  to  140  miles,  making  an  aggregate  of  nearly 
500  miles.  Thesamoauthority  estimates  the  Washita  as  navi- 
gable 375  miles,  and  its  branches  sum  up  a  total  of  716  miles 
of  water,  mostly  within  the  state,  navigable  by  steamers, 
to  which  the  Red  River  and  its  branches  add  several  hundred 
more. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  TourisU. — Dr.  KilpatricV  informs  ug 
that  in  the  parish  of  Concordia  there  are  numerous  mounds, 
constructed  by  a  race  which  he  considers  supeiior  to  the 
Indians  of  the  present  day.  These  mounds  conta'n  human 
bones,  pottery,  arrow-heads,  stone-hatchets,  relics  cut  in 
the  shape  of  a  canoe  or  crescent,  and  in  one  in.stance,  a  j^old 
ornament  worth  $7.60  was  found.  According  to  the  isinie 
authority,  these  mounds  form,  in  this  eour  try  f ubjccl  to 


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overflow,  good  sites  for  gardens,  orohards,  Ac.  To  the  ge- 
neral iiiquii-er,  as  well  us  to  the  geolo!;ist,  the  delta  of  the 
Mississippi  affords  a  curious  and  most  interesting  subject 
for  coutoniplation  or  research.    See  Mississippi,  Di;lta  op. 

CliniaU.  Siiil,  and  Prixladinns. — Louisiana  lias  very  mild 
winters,  but  more  severe  than  in  the  same  parallel  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  The  long,  hot  summers,  acting  ou  the  ex- 
tensive marshes  of  this  state,  cause  a  poisonous  exhalation, 
which  every  autumn  produces  more  or  less  yellow  fever. 
The  orange,  lemon,  lime,  ami  other  tropical  fruits  grow 
here,  but  the  orange  does  not  flourish  above  30^  N.  lat.,  nor 
the  sugar-cane  above  31°.  The  apple  thrives  in  the  north- 
ern parts  of  the  state.  The  best  soil  is  on  the  river  bottoms, 
which  are  exuberautly  fertile,  and  productive  in  sugar-cane 
and  rice.  Two-thirds  of  the  alluvial  land  is  heavily  tim- 
bered, and  overrun  with  a  thick  undergrowth  of  cane. 
Ibis  district  is  easily  drained,  and  when  drained  very  pro- 
ductive. The  prairie  lands  are  often  of  no  great  fertility, 
and  in  some  places  barren.  Cotton  and  sugar-cane  are  the 
great  staples  of  the  state,  and  of  the  Latter,  l^ouisiana  pro- 
duced nine-tenths  of  the  whole  amount  raised  in  tlie  Union 
In  1850.  Indian  corn,  rice,  peas,  bean.s.  Irish  and  sweet 
potatoes,  and  butter  are  extensively  pnxluced ;  tobacco, 
wool,  fruits,  market  products,  hay,  lieeswax,  and  honey  to 
considerable  e.Ktent:  ami  wheat,  rye,  buckwheat,  wine, 
cheese,  grass-seeds,  hops,  silk,  and  maple  sugar,  in  very 
small  quantities.  (Jf  fruits,  the  principal  are  oranges,  figs, 
peaches,  apples,  and  grapes.  According  to  the  census  re- 
turns of  1W60,  there  were  in  Louisiana  2.707,108  acres  of 
improved  land  (6,591.-tf)S  being  unimproved),  producing 
10,853,745  bushels  of  Indian  corn:  ■2,0n0,9sl  of  sweet  jiota- 
toes;  431,148  of  peas  and  beans;  32,208  of  wheat :  80,377  of 
oats:  294,655  of  Irish  potatoes;  6,331,257  pounds  of  rice; 
39,940  of  tobacco;  1.444.742  of  butter:  255,481  of  lioney; 
20,970  of  beeswax;  777.738  bales  (of  400  lbs.  each)  of  cotton: 
52,721  tons  of  hay;  221,720  lilids.  (of  1000  pounds  each)  of 
cane  sugar;  13,439,772  gallons  of  cane  molasses.  Value 
of  live  stock,  $24,-546,940;  orchard  products,  at  §114,339: 
market  products,  $413,169;  of  slaughtered  animals,  at 
$2,095,330. 

£hresl  Trees. — Walnut,  oak,  sassafras,  ash,  mulberry,  pop- 
lar, hickory,  and  magnolia  are  found  in  the  central  and 
northern  parts,  and  on  the  more  fertile  uplands ;  buckeye, 
locust,  papaw,  Cottonwood,  and  willow  flourish  in  the  bot- 
tom lands;  Cypress  swamps  occupy  certain  basins,  which 
having  no  outlet,  retain  the  waters  they  receive  at  the  flood 
seas  in.  till  they  cither  evaporate  or  sink  into  the  earth. 
Pine  and  oak  grow  on  the  sandy  uplands.  I)r.  Kilpatriek 
mentions  among  the  timber  of  Concordia  parish,  (which  is 
probably  similar  to  many  other  river  parishes.)  the  cotton- 
wool, red  elm,  hackherry,  maple,  ash.  pecan,  hickory,  honey 
locust,  basket  elm,  dogwood,  tujielo,  5  species  of  oak,  box 
elder,  cypress,  prickly  ash,  black  locust,  mulberry,  persim- 
mon, willow,  aud  wild  cane,  growing  to  the  height  of  from 
15  to  30  feet.  The  same  authority  s;iys  of  fruits,  in  the 
same  locality,  the  poach,  quince,  plum,  and  fig  do  well,  but 
the  ajiple  and  pear  do  not  encourage  culture. 

Animals. — Dr.  Kilpatriek  reports  black  l)ears,  wolves,  and 
panthers,  as  occasi{nially  found:  besides  whicli  are  wildcats, 
racoons,  otters,  pilecats,  opossums,  squirrels,  and  moles; 
and  among  amphibia,  huge  alligators,  and  various  species 
of  turtle.  Among  reptiles  are  the  rattlesn.ake,  viper,  horned, 
ajid  other  snakes.  Among  birds  are  the  bald  and  gray 
eagle,  several  species  of  hawks  and  owls,  a  few  wild  turkeys 
and  pigeons,  partridges,  cranes,  herons,  water  turkeys,  wild 
geese,  braut  in  abundance,  and  a  great  variety  of  smiUler 
birds. 

Manufactures. — This  state  is  not  largely  engaged  in  ma- 
nufactures. Accoi-ding  to  the  census  of  18(i0  there  were  in 
the  8ta,te  1744  nianufacturiiig  establisliments,  employing 
8789  persons,  consuming  raw  material  worth  §6,738.486; 
producing  goods  to  the  value  of  .$15,687,473  annually.  'J'otal 
amount  of  caiiital  invested,  37,151,172.  Of  these,  7  were  es- 
tablishments for  the  preparation  and  manufacture  of  cot- 
ton, capital  invested  $1,036,700,  annual  products  §564,800,505; 
boot  and  shoe  maiuifactories,  capital  invested  $371,490,  an- 
nual products  $1,471,830;  161  saw-mills,  capital  invested 
$1,213,726,  annual  products  $1,575,995.  Value  of  home-made 
maniifiictures  $502,100. 

Internal  Improvements. — Louisiana  has  not  the  same  ne- 
cessity for  railways  and  canals  as  many  other  states,  having 
probaiily  2600  miles  of  navigable  waters  within  her  limits; 
still  she  has  need  of  them  for  communication  with  other 
states,  if  she  would  maintain  lier  commercial  position. 
Railroads  are  completed,  connecting  her  commercial  me- 
tropolis (New  Orleans)  witli  the  great  lakes  at  Chicago,  and 
with  Memphis,  Charleston,  and  Jackson,  Mississippi.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  this  state  334 
Uijics  of  railroad  in  0])evatioii.  including  80  miles  of  the 
>few  Oridns  Opelousas  and  Great  Western,  and  88  miles 
of  the  New  Orleans  Jackson  and  Great  Nortliern,  118  miles 
of  which  are  included  in  the  state  of  Mississippi.  An  exten- 
sive railroad  is  in  course  of  constraction  from  Vicksburg 
to  Shreveport ;  63  miles  of  this  road  have  been  completed. 
There  are  short  Unes  connecting  Clinton  with  i'urt  Hud- 


son; New  Orleans  with  Proctorsville,  and  Bajou  Sara  with 
Woodville,  Mississippi.  Itespccting  the  present  condition 
of  the  railways  of  Louisiana,  as  well  as  the  other  Southern 
Stiites,  see  article  on  the  U.mted  States. 

Oimmerce. — Louisiana  has  no  parallel  on  the  lace  of  fur 
globe  in  the  natural  advantages  which  she  enjoys  for  river 
trade  with  an  interior,  extending  back  directly  X.  2000 
miles  to  St.  Anthony's  Falls;  north-westward  3000  miles 
to  the  very  base  of  the  Kocky  Mountains ;  north-eastward 
through  the  entire  extent  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  2500  miles, 
even  into  the  state  of  New  York;  besides  innumerable  in- 
termedi.'ite  points  in  the  great  valleys  of  the  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  Ohio,  .\rkansas,  Tennessee,  Cumberland.  Kcd 
River,  and  a  multitude  of  tributary  streams,  which  pour 
the  products  of  14  states  into  her  lap;  while  many  more 
await  but  the  advance  of  population  to  add  new  treasures 
from  tracts  now  roamed  over  by  the  .savage  and  the  Inilfalo. 
Immense  amounts  of  the  products  of  the  Western  and  South- 
western States,  including  cotton,  pork,  .sugar,  lead,  flour, 
wheat.  Indian  corn,  &.C.,  are  tranship|ied  from  New  Orleans 
to  various  parts  of  our  own  and  to  foreign  countries.  The 
value  of  domestic  produce  received  from  the  interior  in 
1850-51  amounted  to  $106,924,083,  and  to  $108,051,708  in 
1851-2,  of  which  §81,216,925  were  exported  in  the  former 
year,  and  §76.344.569  in  the  latter.  The  imports  from  the 
interior  at  New  Orleans,  in  the  year  ending  August  31st, 
1854,  amounted  to  $115,836,798,  and  the  exports,  both 
foreign  and  coastwise,  were  1.429,180  bales  of  cotton,  53,043 
hhds.  of  tobacco,  179.406  hhds.  and  0716  bbls.  of  sugar.  85T 
hhds.  and  262,345  bbls.  of  molasses.  585.969  bbls.  of  flour, 
ISo-a+i^bbls.  of  pork,  46.668  hhd.s,  of  bacon.  808.430  kegs  of 
lard,  27,877  bbls.  of  beef,  84,475  pigs  of  lead,  48,3.34  bbls.  of 
whiskey,  and  1,107,032  sticks  of  corn.  The  articles  from  the 
interior  received  in  the  greatest  amount  are  pork  and  bacon, 
beef,  cotton,  corn,  flour,  hides,  lard,  lead,  molasses,  sugar, 
tobacco,  and  whiskey,  besides  large  quantities  of  apples, 
beans,  baggings,  bale  rope,  butter,  cheese,  candles,  coal, 
furs,  hemp,  hay,  leather,  oats,  linseed,  castor  and  lard  oil, 
potatoes,  stiives,  aivd  wheat;  some  beeswax,  buffalo  robes, 
cider,  dried  apples  and  peaches;  feathers,  flaxseed,  iron, 
lime,  onions,  porter,  ale.  deer  and  bear  skins,  shot,  soap, 
Spanish  moss,  tallow,  twine,  vinegar,  window-glass,  and 
various  other  articles.  The  foreign  imports  for  1852-53 
amounted  to  $13,630,686,  and  exports  to  $68,292,658;  ton- 
nage entered,  512.812,  cleared,  630,820;  tonnage  owned  in 
the  different  districts.  156.274;  and  number  of  vessels  built, 
17.  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  1346.  Of  the  entire  ton- 
nage owned.  47,665  was  In  steam-vessels.  About  one-third 
of  the  foix'ign  trade  was  carried  on  in  foreign  bottoms.  See 
Nkw  Ori.ea.n'S.  According  to  De  Bow's  Review,  the  commerce 
of  Lake  I'ontchartrain  employed  in  1S52-3,  577,980  tons  of 
shipping;  and  there  were  received  by  this  lake,  in  the 
same  yi-ar.  32.613  bales  of  cotton,  323  hhds.  of  susar, 
40,163,000  feet  of  lumber,  3.449.000  shingles,  2.587.000  laths, 
1,870.000  staves,  84,184  hbls.  and  kegs  of  naval  stores, 
17.542,000  bricks,  138,000  hides,  and  1280  horned  cattle, 
besides  numerous  other  articles. 

Edncntion. — Tlu;  constitutifm  provides  for  a  superintendent 
of  public  schools,  to  hold  office  for  two  j-ears,  and  that  free 
public  .schools  shall  be  established  throughout  the  state. 
An  appropriation  of  $250,000  is  made  annually  for  the  sup- 
port of  free  schools,  raised  by  taxation;  and  a  fund  is  esta- 
blished, to  be  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  public  lands 
granted  for  the  purpose,  and  from  lands  escheated  to  the 
state.  This  fund  aniownteil  on  Januarj'  1, 1853,  to  $125,127. 
According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Louisiana,  15 
colleges,  with  1530  students,  $88,000  income,  of  which  $17,000 
was  fi'om  endowments,  and  $1620  from  the  public  funds; 
71o  public  schools,  with  31 ,813  pupils,  $469,210  income,  S0645 
of  which  was  from  endowments,  $223,593  from  taxation,  and 
$lsl,162  from  the  public  funds;  152  academies  and  other 
schools,  with  11,274  pupils,  $462,496  income,  of  which  $195,400 
Wiis  from  endowments,  §19,900  from  public  funds,  and  $2947 
from'  taxation.  In  1863  this  state  had  2  theological  semi- 
naries. There  are  also  in  Louisiana  6s  libraries,  of  which  53 
are  public,  containing  106.624  volumes,  1  school,  9  Sundiiy- 
school,  1  clun-ch,  aud  4  college  libraries,  embi'acing  a  total 
of  116,604  volumes. 

Jieliginus  Denommatirms. — Of  the  572  churches  in  Louis- 
iana in  1860,  the  Baptists  own  161;  the  Episcopalians,  33; 
.Methodists,  19tt;  Presbyterians,  42;  Roman  Catholics,  99; 
Unionists,  22;  the  minor  sects,  16;  this  will  give  1  churct 
to  every  1412  persons.  Total  value  of  church  property, 
$3,160,360. 

I'erimlicah. — In  1860,  there  were  published  in  Louisiana, 
8  daily,  3  bi-weekly,  and  70  weekly  periodicals,  of  which  6)5 
were  political,  2  religious,  and  9  miscellaneous.  The  whole 
nnnibcr  of  copies  issued  annually  was  16,948,000. 

Public  Institutions.— The  State  Penitentiary  of  Louisiana 
is  located  at  Baton  Rouge,  and  received  105  convicts  in  1848, 
the  receipts  from  whose  labors  exceeded  the  expenditures 
by  about  $6600.  A  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  at  H.aton  Rouge, 
recently  erected,  had,  in  March,  1853.  13  pvipils.  The 
Charity  Hospital  at  New  Orleans  will  be  descriljed  under 
I  that  heading.    In  1850  there  were  5  public  librai-ies,  wiUi 

1091 


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BPO":  voitimfs:  2  school,  with  12,000 ;  and  3  college  libraries, 
with  5000  TOlumeK. 

Population.-  -Louisiana  being  oriftinally  colonized  by 
rr(>  ace  and  Spain,  has  a  larger  admixture  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Ihose  coUDtrie?  (with  their  manners  and  customs)  tlian 
any  other  state  in  the  Union.  There  were  in  this  state  in 
1810,  76,556  inhabitants;  153,407  in  1S20;  215.739  in  1830 ; 
352,111  in  IS-tO;  in  1851,517,762;  in  1860,  708.002;  of  whom 
S51,.556  were  white.s,  18,517  free  colored,  326,726  slaves,  and 
173  Indians.  Population  to  square  miles,  17.  Representa- 
tive populatidn,  575,311.  Of  the  free  population,  214,294 
were  horn  in  the  state;  80,953  in  other  states;  81,029  in 
foreign  countries ;  of  whom  3989  were  horn  in  Kngland ; 
28,207  in  Ireland;  1051  in  Scotland;  97  in  Wales;  830  in 
British  America;  24,614 in  Germany;  14,938  in  France,  and 
7303  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in  tlie 
leading  pursuits,  16,493  were  laborers;  14,996  farmers;  6832 
clerks ;  6473  planters;  5338  servants;  4865  carpenters;  2989 
overseers;  2776  merchants;  1793  shoemakers;  1590  seam- 
stresses; 1416  carters;  1210  tailors;  1149  physicians;  1145 
coopers ;  SCO  civil  and  mechanical  engineers ;  69S  lawyers ; 
909  painters;  551  bricklayers,  &c..  <tc.  In  the  J'ear  ending 
June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  12,324  deaths,  or  17'6  in 
every  1000  Of  239  deaf  and  dumb,  38  were  slaves  (see 
introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population  of  the  Eighth 
Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.);  of  230  blind,  118  were  slaves; 
of  169  insane,  37  were  slaves ;  of  247  idiotic,  104  were  slaTM. 

I'ltrishes. — Louisiana  is  divided  into  48  parishes,  viz.,  As- 
cension. Assumption.  AvoyeIle.«.  Bienville.  Bossier,  Caddo, 
Caloasieu.Caldwell, Carroll. Catahoula. Cl.aiborne.  Concordia, 
De  Soto.  East  Baton  Rouge,  East  Eeliclana,  Franklin,  Iber- 
ville. Jackson,  Jefferson,  Lafayette,  Lafourche.  Livingston, 
Madison,  Morehouse,  Natchitoches.  OrlcaTis,  Plaquemines, 
Point  Coupee,  Rapides,  Sabine,  St.  Bernard.  St.  Charles.  St^ 
Helena.  St.  James,  St.  John  Baptist,  St.  I^udry,  St.  Martin's, 
St.  Mary,  St.  Tammany.  Tensas,  Terre  Bonne,  Union,  Ver- 
milion, Washita  (Ouachita),  Washington,  West  Baton  Rouge, 
West  Feliciana,  and  Winn. 

Gdies  awl  Towns. — New  Orleans,  the  largest  city  of  Loui- 
siana, and  the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  soutliwestern 
stJites,  had  a  population,  in  1S60,  of  lii8,67.i.  The  other  im- 
portant towns  are,  Doualdsonville,  ll,4t4;  Algiers,  6816; 
B;iton  Rouge,  5428:  Jefferson,  6107;  Carrollton,  1756; 
Plaquemine,  1663;  Thil)odeau.x,  1380;  Alexandria,  1461; 
Homer,  1451;  Mindon,  1146;  Opelousjw,  786;  Providence, 
682.    Capital  Baton  Rouge. 

Gnvernment,  finances,  Ac. — The  governor  of  Louisiana  is 
elected  for  four  years  by  the  people,  and  receives  $6000  per 
annum;  the  lieutenant-governor,  who  is  ex-offieio  president 
of  the  Senate,  is  elected  for  a  like  period,  and  receives  S8 
per  diem  when  that  body  is  in  session.  The  Senate  consists 
of  32  members,  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of  97, 
both  elected  by  the  people,  the  former  for  four,  and  the 
latter  for  two  years.  The  legislature  assembles  on  the  third 
Monday  in  Janvi.ary.  The  judiciary  consists— 1.,  Of  a  Su- 
preme Court,  comjwsed  of  one  chief  and  four  associate  judges : 
and  2.  Of  District  Courts.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 
are  elected  by  the  people  for  ten  years,  the  supreme  judge 
by  the  whole  state,  and  the  as.sociate  by  districts,  and  so 
that  one  sh.all  be  chosen  every  second  year,  and  those  of 
the  District  Court  for  six  years,  jointly  by  the  executive 
and  legislature.  The  chief  justice  of  the  "Supreme  Court 
receives  J6000,  and  his  associates  $5500  per  annum.  The 
judges  of  the  District  Courts  of  New  Orleans  receive  S3500 
per  annum,  and  are  chosen  by  popular  vote.  Louisiana  is 
entitled  to  4  members  in  the  nation.al  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, and  to  6  electoral  votes  for  President  of  the  United 
States.  The  assessed  value  of  propertv,  in  1850.  was 
$220,165,172.  Public  debt,  in  1854,  .$4,295,809;  besides  a 
contingent  debt  of  $8,421,888  for  property  banks,  and 
$198,244  for  the  second  municipality  of  New  Orleans.  Or- 
dinary expenditures,  exclusive  of  debt  and  schools,  $515,000. 
In  January,  1854,  Louisiana  had  $17,359,261  banking  capi- 
tal, a  circulation  of  $6,969,807.  and  $7,468,460  in  coin; 

T/isMci/.— Louisiana  was  visited  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi  discovered  by  La  Salle,  as  early  as  1691;  and 
though  Iberville  attempted  a  settlement  in  1699,  no  perma- 
nent colony  was  established  at  thsit  time.  In  1712  Louis  XIV. 
of  France  granted  to  M.  Crozart  a  charter  which  included 
the  whole  of  the  territory  of  Louisian.a.  which  was  named  in 
honor  of  the  king.  The  celebrated  John  Law.  so  notorious 
for  the  financial  disasters  caused  by  him  in  France,  became, 
in  1717,  the  head  of  a  company  which  purchased  Loui.siana ; 
but  after  the  deplor.able  failure  of  his  schemes,  I^uisiana 
came  again  into  the  possession  of  the  crown,  which  trans- 
ferred it,  in  1762,  to  Spain.  Retroceile<l  to  France  in  ISOO. 
Louisiana,  including  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, ("excepting  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  the  territory 
we_st  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.)  was  purchased  by  President 
Jefferson  in  1803,  for  the  sum  of  Sll.250,000,  beside  the 
assumption  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  of  some  claims 
of  our  citizens  against  the  government  of  France.  Previou' 
to  (his  purchase  the  inhabitants  of  the  Western  States  and 
"i  ciritories  had  been  in  a  state  of  great  excitement,  lest  they 
should  lyse  the  control  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  so 


essential  as  an  outlet  for  their  products;  and  the  ^atisfatv 
tion  of  that  portion  of  the  country  was  proportionately 
great  on  its  peaceful  acquisition.  That  part  of  the  Louisiana 
Territory  now  known  as  the  State  of  Louisiana,  bec.Tine  .in 
independent  member  of  the  confederacy  in  1812.  and  was, 
two  yeai-s  afterwanls,  the  scene  of  a  contiict  between  the 
British  and  American  troops,  in  which  General  Jackson 
repulsed  the  former  with  great  loss,  January  8, 1815.  Inhab. 
LouisiANlAN,  loo-ee-ze-an'-e-.an. 

LOUISIANA,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Jlissouri.  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  1  mile  below  the  mouth  of  Salt  River,  and 
115  m.  above  St.  Louis.  It  has  2  newsjjaper  oHices.6  churches, 
1  bank.  10  dry -goods  stores,  5  tobacco-factories,  Ax.    P.  2436. 

LOUIS-PHILIPPE  (loo'ee/fireep^)  LAND,  the  N.  portion 
of  a  tract  of  land  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  off  South  Shet- 
land, about  lat.  63°  30'  S.,  Ion.  57°  W.  Its  outline  was 
traced  for  a  distance  of  about  120  miles  between  lat.  03° 
and  64°  S.,  by  Admiral  D'Urville,  of  the  French  navy.  It 
is  crowned  with  immense  peaks,  covered  by  continual  snows 
of  unknown  depth. 

LOUISVILLK.  a  post-township  and  river  port  in  the  col- 
lection district  of  Oswegatchie.  St.  Lawrence  CO..  New  York, 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  about  28  miles  N.E.  of  Ogdens- 
burg.  It  is  intersected  by  Grass  River,  across  which  there 
is  a  bridge  near  the  centre  of  the  township,  at  the  village 
of  Millerville.  which  contains  the  Louisville  post-office. 
Steamers  touch  at  Louisville  Landing  in  this  township, 
and  some  tr.ide  is  carried  on  with  Canada.  Isle  au  Cha- 
mailles  or  Baxter's  Island,  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite 
here,  comprising  some  2000  acres,  belongs  to  this  township. 
Pop.  2310. 

LOUISVILLE,  loo'is-vil,  a  thriving  village  of  Potter  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  road  from  Coudersport  toCowanesqne. 
A  great  quantity  of  pine  lumber  is  procured  in  this  vicinity. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  village  of  Orangeburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  decayed  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  Rocky  Comfort  Creek,  54  miles  E.  of  ^lil- 
ledgeville.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  state  from  1795  t<j 
1804.  when  the  seat  of  government  was  removed  to  Milledge- 
villo.     It  has  a  court-house,  a  church,  and  an  academy. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Barbour  co.,  Alabama, 
about  85  miles  S.E.  of  Montgomery. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Winston  co..  Mis- 
frissippi,  near  the  source  of  Pearl  River,  95  miles  N.E.  of  .Tack- 
son.  It  contains  several  academies.  A  newspaper  is  pub- 
lished here. 

LOL'TSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Blount  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Holston  River,  about  20  miles,  by  land, 
below  Knoxville.  It  is  a  place  of  rapid  growth,  and  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  in  East  Tennessee,  having  a  brisk  trade 
on  the  riv^r,  which  is  navigated  by  steamboats.  The  East 
Tenne.s.see  and  Virginia  Railroad  passes  through  this  village. 

LOUISVILLE,  loo'i.s-vil  or  loo/e-vil,  a  flourishing  city 
and  port  of  entry  of  Kentucky,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Jef- 
ferson county,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  head 
of  the  Louisville  falls,  at  the  mouth  of  Beargrass  Creek, 
130  miles  below  Cincinnati.  53  miles  W.  of  Frankfort,  and 
690  miles  from  AVa.shington.  Lat.  38°  3'  N..  Ion.  85°  .30'  W. 
It  i?  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant places  on  the  Ohio  River.  A  railroad,  93  miles  long, 
connects  it  with  Frankfort  and  Lexington,  and  other  rail- 
roads have  been  constructed  from  this  place  to  Memphis, 
Nashville.  Ac.  The  situation  and  surrounding  scenery  are 
remarkably  beautiful.  Some  parts  of  the  city  present 
delightful  views  of  the  Ohio  River,  which  is  here  about  one 
mile  wide ;  of  the  rocky  rapids,  and  of  the  town  of  Portland, 
a  few  miles  below.  Louisville  stands  on  a  plain  elevated 
about  70  feet  above  low  water,  and  is  regularly  laid  out. 
Eight  handsome  streets  extend  nearly  2,  miles  in  length 
parallel  with  the  river,  which  here  flows  from  K.  to  W.  These 
vary  in  width  from  60  to  120  foet,  .ind  are  intersected,  at 
riirht  angles,  by  more  than  30  others,  with  a  uniform  width 
of  60  feet.  The  streets  are  generally  paved,  and  lighted  with 
gas,  and  bordered  with  ornamental  trees.  The  most  remark- 
able public  buildings  are  the  City  Hall,  and  Court-house,  (not 
completed,)  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  St.  Panl's  Chun'h, 
(Episcopal.)  the  Medical  Institute,  and  the  University  of 
Louisville,  which  is  now  in  successful  operation.  The  Medi- 
cal Institute,  which  ranks  high  among  the  public  institution.s 
of  Louisville,  was  founded  by  an  ordinance  of  the  city 
council,  which  appropriated  .<;.50,000  for  the  library,  builil- 
ings,  itc.  The  number  of  students  in  1852  was  3.56.  Two 
new  .schools  have  recently  been  opened  in  this  city.  The 
Asylum  for  the  Blind,  established  by  the  state,  occupies  a 
commodious  and  handsome  building,  erected  by  joint  con- 
tributions of  the  state  and  the  citizens  of  Louisville.  The 
Mercantile  Lilirarv  .Association  has  a  library  containing  from 
4000  to  5000  volumes.  The  Historical  Soc"iety  of  this  place 
has  collected  valuable  documents  relating  to  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  state.  Louisville  also  contains  a  marine  asylum, 
founded  by  the  state.  2  orphan  asylums,  alnjut  40  churches, 
2  synagogue.s.  a  prison.  4  market-houses.  5  banks,  and  4 
large  public  school-houses.  Six  daily.  7  weekly  newspaperst 
and  1  monthly  medical  journal  are  published  hero. 


LOU 

Louisville  may  be  said  to  owe  its  existence  to  the  falls, 
which  arrested  the  course  of  navigation  at  this  point.  In 
18:53.  a  canal  '2j  miles  long  was  opened  around  these  falls. 
with  a  total  lockage  of  22  feet.  It  was  cut  through  the  solid 
limestone  rock,  at  a  cost  of  S750.000.  The  dimensions  hav- 
ing been  found  too  small  to  admit  the  passage  of  the  largest 
steamers  now  built  for  the  \ew  Orleans  trade,  a  railway  has 
been  projected  on  the  Indiana  side,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
transport  such  vessels  around  the  rapids  liy  meansiof  a  sta- 
tionary engine  and  pulleys.  The  stock  has  been  taken,  and 
the  work  will  doubtless  shortly  be  completed.  In  18.50  the 
entire  trade  of  Ixiuisville  was  estimated  at  $50,000,000. 
(I>e  How's  Review.)  The  wholesale  business  has  increased 
rapidly  since  that  period.  There  are  now  netir  100  hou.ses 
doing  an  exclusively  wholesale  business,  the  amountof  which 
Is  computed  at  $2b,.321 ,400 ;  viz.  25  of  dry  goods,  .39  of  gro- 
ceries, 8  of  drugs,  9  of  hardware,  8  of  hats  and  furs.  8  of 
boots  and  shoes,  and  9  of  saddlery.  Many  of  the  warehouses 
are  3  or  4  stories  high,  and  from  100  to  130  feet  deep.  No 
ex.act  record  has  beiin  ke|>t  of  the  exports  of  this  town,  but  a 
good  estimate  may  be  formed  from  the  number  of  steamlioat 
arrivals:  which,  from  the  different  ports  below  the  fnlls.  for 
the  year  ending  June  30,  18.52,  was  1124;  the  number  from 
the  Upper  Ohio  was  probably  about  the  same.  The  chief 
articles  of  export  are  tobacco,  pork,  hemp,  and  flour.  In 
18o2,  the  quantity  of  tobacco  received  was  16.176  hogsheads. 
The  amount  of  revenue  collected  here  in  1803  was  $48,307. 
The  shipping  of  the  port  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of 
11,819  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  all  of  which  was  employed 
in  steam  navigation.  During  the  year  referred  to,  27  steam- 
boat.s,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  7313  tons,  were  ad- 
measured. A  new  custom-house  is  being  erected,  at  a  cost 
of  about  ,S200,000. 

Louisville  is  a  commercial  rather  than  a  manufacturing 
town.  Its  manufactures,  however,  comprise  a  great  variety 
of  articles,  and  are  estimated  to  amount  in  value  to  about 
16,000,000  iranually.  Among  the  principal  estaVilishments 
may  be  mentiimed  15  iron  foundries,  employhig  9.30  hands, 
and  producing  manufactures  to  the  value  of  $1,392,200:  82 
tobacco  factories,  em|iloying  1050  hands,  who  turn  out 
(1.347,500  worth  of  manufactured  tobacco:  45  for  making 
clothing,  employing  1157  hands,  and  producing  jirticles  to 
the  value  of  $941.500 ;  25  of  furniture,  emploj'ing  440  per- 
sons, who  turn  out  $038,000  worth  of  cabinet-ware;  11  rojie- 
walks,  yielding  gomls  to  the  value  of  $400,000;  6  soap  and 
candle  factories,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  .$409,000; 
9  flnur  and  feed  mills,  9  tanneries,  3  cotton  and  woollen  fac- 
tories, 3  oil-mills.  3  bagging  factories,  2  white  lead  factories, 
a  glaiis  factory,  and  several  potteries.  Pop.  in  1830.  10.341; 
in  1840,  21,210;  in  1860,  43 196;  and  in  IStiO  it  amounted  to 
66,033. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Nimishillen  town- 
ship, Stark  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
126  miles  N.i;.  of  Columbus.  It  was  settled  almost  entirely 
by  the  French. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indi.ina,  on  the 
National  Iload,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  E.  of 
Indianapolis. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Little  Wabash  River,  110  miles  S.E,  of  Siiringfield. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  po.stvillage  fn  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri.  75 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LOUISVILLE  LANDING,  a  post- village  and  river  port  in 
the  collection  district  of  Oswegat<,'hie,  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  alttout  28  miles  N.E.  of  Ogdens- 
burg.  It  is  a  stopping-place  for  steamers,  and  some  trade 
is  carried  on  with  Canada. 

LOUI-TCIIOU  or  LOUI-TCIIEOU,  a  city  of  China.  See 
Looeb-Choo. 

LOUKII  or  LOUKA.  a  river  of  Russi.a.    See  Lookh. 

L()U-KI.\.NG,  a  town  of  China.     See  Loo-Kiano. 

LOUIvlANG.  a  river  of  Thibet.     See  Loo-Ki.ing. 

LOUKIANOW.    See  Lookunov. 

LOUKNOUI.    See  Saigon. 

LOULE,  looli  or  lolil.  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Algarve,  8  miles  N.  of  Faro,  with  8245  inhabitants, 
an  old  castle,  several  convents,  and  a  rich  hospitiil. 

LOUN,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Lom. 

LOU-NA-CIIAN,  a  mountain  of  China.    See  Loo-NA-SH.iir. 

LOUND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

L0U-NG.\N,  a  town  of  China.    See  Loo-xgan. 

LOUPOIGNE,  loo'pwjia',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  on  the  Dyle,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  1006. 

LOUPPE,  LA,  l;l  loop,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eure-et-Loir,  21  miles  W.  of  Chartres.     Pop  1149 

LOUQSOR.  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  LusOR. 

LOUUCIIES.  looRsh.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  arrondissement  of  Valenciennes,  canton  of  Bouchain. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2798. 

LOURDES,  looRd.  (anc.  Lorldef  Lapurldum  t)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  liautcs- Pyrenees,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Argeles.  on  the  Gave-de-Pau.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  an 
«lmost  inaccessible  rock,  and  is  commanded  by  a  strong  castle, 
in)w  used  as  a  prisou.  This  place  was  fortified  by  Julius  Cresar, 
»nd  has  extensive  Roman  remains.    Pop.  in  1852,  4434. 


LOU 

LOURDOUEIX  ST.  5IICIIEL,  1oorMoo4/  sJxo  meeVii?!', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  ludre,  15  miles  S.W,  of 
La  Chatre.     Pop.  1169. 

LOURDOUEIX  ST.  PIERRE,  IoorMoo-,-!;  s^xo  pe-aiR/.  a  ril. 
lage  of  France,  department  of  Creuse,  17  miles  N.of  Gueiet 
Pop.  1976. 

LOURICAL,  lo-ree-k.^1',  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Coimbra.     Pop.  3280. 

LOURINIIAO,  lo-reen-yOwN"',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Estremadura.  10  miles  N.  of  Torres-Vedras.     Po)).  2400. 

LOUROUX-B/XONXAIS.  LE,  Ivh  looVoonDi'kon'nA',  a 
market-town  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et- Loire,  15 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Angers.     I'op.  in  1852,  2723. 

LOUTII,  lowTH,  a  small  county  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  hav- 
ing on  the  E.  tlie  Irish  Sea.  Area  315  square  miles,  or 
201,000  acres,  of  which  about  15.500  are  uncultivated,  and 
upwards  of  5000  in  woods.  Pop.  in  1841,  111,979;  in  1851, 
107,<i57.  The  N.  part  of  the  county  forms  the  mountainous 
peninsula  of  Carlingford.  Louth  couuty  is  divided  into  4 
barojiies.  Chief  towns.  Drogheda,  Duadalk,  and  Ard('e.  It 
sends  4  members  to  the  House  of  Commons,  2  being  for  tha 
county. 

LOUTII,  a  decayed  town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth,  5^  miloa 
S.AV.  of  Dundalk.     Pop.  700. 

LOUTII,  a  ni.arket-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  in  the  fertile  valley  of  the  Lud,  at  the  E.  extremity 
of  the  Wolds,  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lincoln.  It  has  a  station 
on  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  is  well  built,  generally  of 
brick,  and  lighted  with  gas.  It  has  2  Established  churches, 
one  of  which  is  a  fine  old  structure,  with  an  elegant  spire, 
about  300  feet  higli.  There  are  al.so  8  places  of  worship  be- 
longing to  vfirious  DLi^senting  bodies,  8  schools,  including  a 
free  grammar  and  tarious  other  endowed  schools ;  a  uii.'cha- 
nics'  institute,  a  society  for  the  jjromotion  of  Christian 
knowledge,  a  ."avings  bank,  a  dispensary,  iind  several  other 
charities.  Carpets,  worsted,  soap,  and  oil-cake  are  manu- 
factnre<l  to  a  great  extent.  A  canal,  eommuuicating  with 
the  number,  enables  a  considerable  trade  to  be  carried  on, 
to  London,  Hull,  &c.,  in  corn  and  wool.     Pop.  in  1851, 10,467. 

LOUTRE  poofer)  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Missouri. 

LOUTRE  (or  OTTER)  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  flows  through 
Montgomery  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Missouri  River  at  Loutre 
Island.     It  affords  motive  power  for  mills. 

LOUTSK.     See  I.«otsk. 

LOU  VAIN,  loo-v.ine'.  (Fr.  pron.  looVSx"',  Flemish  Leui-en, 
liVven  orluh'ven  ;  Ger.  Lijwen.  lii'wen.)  a  city  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  on  the  Dyle  and  the  Eastern  Railway,  15 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Brussels.  It  is  not  fortified,  but  is  surround- 
ed by  a  dry,  deep  fosse,  and  an  earthen  rampart  from  SO  to 
100  feet  high,  which  has  been  cut  through  by  the  road  from 
Brussels  to  Malines.  Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  deserv- 
ing of  notice.  Of  these,  the  principal  are  the  lintel  de  Ville, 
one  of  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  Gothic  buildings  in  the 
world;  the  collegiate  church  of  St.  I'eter,  an  edifice  of  vast 
extent,  and  rich  in  works  of  art;  the  churches  of  St.  Ger- 
trude, St.  James'.  St.  Quentin.  and  Notre  Dame,  all  elegant 
and  noble  structures ;  the  Pope's  College,  .and  the  Salle  de 
Frascati.  Louvain  possesses  courts  of  first  resort,  and  of 
commerce  ;  a  university,  with  a  library  of  105,000  volumes; 
a  college,  academy  of  fine  arts,  botJinical  garden,  anatomical 
h.all,  cabinet  of  natural  philosophy,  chemistry,  and  natural 
history;  a  collection  of  pictures,  several  of  them  first-rate; 
a  superior  primary  school,  belonging  to  the  Government; 
different  private  and  free  schools,  several  hospitals  and 
benevolent  institutions.  In  the  14th  century,  Louvain  was 
one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  towns,  and.  in 
broadcloths  alone,  employed  about  15,000  workmen.  This 
important  branch  no  longer  flourishes  here.  A  few  wool- 
lens are  still  made,  and  also  hosiery,  hats,  ribbons,  soap,  oil, 
candles,  leather,  glue,  earthenware.  <tc..  but  by  far  the  most 
important  manufacture  at  present  is  l)eer.  of  which  above 
200.000  casks  are  annually  made.  For  general  trade,  the 
town  is  well  situated,  having  ample  communication  both 
by  railway  and  the  canal  of  its  name.     Pop.  32,371. 

LOUVECIENNES,  loovVe-4nn',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise,  4  miles  N.  of  Versailles.  Pop. 
730.  Here  are  many  country  residences,  including  one 
built  by  Louis  XV.  for  the  Countess  du  Barry. 

LOUVEGNEZ,  loo'vAnVA/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  provine* 
and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  1758. 

LOUVEN.  lo-oo'vJn,  a  river  of  Norway,  stift  of  Christiani.'v, 
after  a  S.S.E.  course  of  100  miles,  enters  the  Skager-Rack 
near  L.aurvig.     It  traverses  several  lakes. 

LOUVIERS,  looVe-A'.  formerly  LOVIERS,  lo've-A/,  (anc. 
I/uparkc?)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Exire,  and 
on  both  sides  of  the  river  Enre,  here  crossed  by  three 
bridges.  17  miles  S.  of  Rouen.  It  has  an  interesting  church, 
supposed  to  date  from  the  period  of  the  First  Crusade; 
courts  of  first  resort,  and  commerce;  and  a  consulting 
chamber  of  manufactures.  Louviers  is  one  of  the  chief  seats 
of  French  woollen  manufacture,  and  its  fine  woollen  cloth 
is  considered  the  Ix'st  in  the  empire.  It  has  more  than  40 
cloth  factories,  employing  from  7000  to  8000  persons  in  and 
around  the  town;  several  worsted-mills,  an  extensive  weav 

1003 


LOU 

ing-card  fkctoi  f,  tanneries,  bleachfields,  dye-works,  and  a 
faitor/  fur  spinuiOk,  machinery,  and  steum-engines.  The 
chief  i  rviJe  is  in  bn  idcloth,  of  which  about  one-tliird  of  the 
quantitv  niade  is  exported  to  forei;^u  countries,  chiefly  I'iid- 
niunt  and  Italy.  The  other  articles  of  trade  are  corn,  wood, 
charcoal,  flax,  wo',  .tc.    Pop.  OoTO. 

LOUVIONfi  DU  DfiSERT,  looSeen'yi' du  d.iV.aiit/,  a  Til- 
lage of  France,  dep->rtment  of  llle-et-Vilaiue,  10  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Fougeres.     I'op  in  1852,  3802. 

LOUVIGXfi  EN  B.\IS,  looVeenVA/  3>"°  m,  a  Tillage  of 
Franco,  department  of  Ule-et-A'ilaine,  8  miles  S.AV.  of  Vitre. 
Top.  1633. 

LOUVRES,  looT'r,  a  marketrtown  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-etOiso,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Luzarches.    Pop.  1000. 

LOUZA,  loo'zi  or  lo'zi,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Coimbra,  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Louza, 
which  supplies  Lisbon  with  snow  and  ice.    Pop.  3200. 

LOUZ.\,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Looza. 

LOUTZIN.    See  Lyootsi.v. 

LOVAS  BERENY.  lo^vjsh^  biVaiu',  a  marketto  wn  of  Hun- 
gary. CO.  and  9  miles  N.E.  of  Stuhlwei-ssenburg.     Pop.  4104. 

LOVAT  or  L015AT,  lo-vdf,  a  river  of  Russia,  governments 
of  Vitebsk  and  Novgorod,  enters  Lake  Ilmen.  22  miles  S.  of 
Novgorod,  after  a  N.  course  of  175  miles.  It  receives  the 
Kunia  at  Kholm.  The  Lovat  and  Diina  Canal,  which  unites 
those  rivers,  forms  a  part  of  the  communication  Iwtween 
Lake  Ladoga  and  the  Gulf  of  Riga. 

LOVATS,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Loftscha. 

LOVE'L.\CE,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Carolina. 

LOVE'LACEVILLE,  a  postvillage  of  Ballard  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 250  miles  'W.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

LOVE'LADY,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co.,  North  Carolina. 

LOVE'LAXD,  a  post-village  of  Clermmit  co.,  Ohio. 

LOVE'LIA,  lo-vee^e-a,  or  LOVII/IA,  a  post-village  of 
Monroe  co.,  Iowa,  90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

LOV'ELL,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  about  20 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Paris.    Pop.  Ioo9. 

LOV'ELTON,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LOVE'LY  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Vii^ 
giiiia. 

LOVENDEGIIEM,  lo-vJn'deh-nJm\  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
4701,  extensively  employed  in  linen  weaving. 

LOVENICII,  (Liivenich,)  lo'ven-iK\  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  1600. 

LOVERE,  lo-T.VrA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  21  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  Lake  Iseo.     Pop.  2213. 

LOV'ERSALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 

LOVE'S  LEV^EL,  a  post-office.  Union  co..  North  Carolina. 

LOVE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

LOV'ESTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LOV'ETT'S,  a  post-office  of  Newton  CO.,  Mississippi. 

LOVETT'S,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

LOVETT'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio. 

LOV'ETTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia, 
2  miles  from  the  Potomac,  and  166  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 
It  contains  2  or  3  churches. 

LOVliyVILLE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware. 

liOVIERS.    SeeLouviERS. 

LOVILIA.    See  Loveu.i. 

LOVINGSTON,  luv'lng-ston,  a  post-Till.age,  capital  of  Nel- 
son CO.,  Virginia,  118  miles  W.  of  Richmond.  It  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  a  branch  of  Tye  River,  and  surrounded 
by  hills,  the  summits  of  which  alford  a  magnificent  view  of 
the  Blue  Ridge.  The  village  has  3  churches  and  about  350 
inhabitants. 

LOVINGTON,  lav'ing-t^n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

LOVINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Moultrie  co.,  Illinois,  60 
miles  E.  of  Springfield. 

LOVIS.\,  lo-vee'sd,  a  maritime  town  of  Russia,  Finland, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  140  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Petersburg. 
It  carries  on  a  thriving  trade,  exporting  iron  in  bars,  tobac- 
co, jinl  salt.     Steamers  ply  dnily  tn  Helsingfors.    Pop.  3000. 

LOVTCHA,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  I>orTScnA. 

LOW  ARCHIPELAGO,  (ar-kep61'a-!loO  an  extensive  series 
of  islands,  in  nuniV)ei  from  80  to  90,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
lat.  20°  S.,  Ion.  140°  W.,  E.  of  the  Society  Islands,  and  S.  of 
the  Marquesa.s,  and  comprising  numerous  groups,  from 
Clermont-Tonnerre  to  Krusenstern  Island.    See  Polynesia. 

LOW  COUXTKIICS.     Pee  Nethekl\ni)S. 

LOMDEAII  (or  LOUDEAII)  LAKE.     See  Sihkah. 

LOWD'IIAM,  a  Tillage  and  parish  of  England,  CO.,  and  TJ 
miles  N.E.  of  Nottingham.     Pop.  14R3. 

LOWELL,  lo'el.  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Passadumkeag.  33  miles  N.E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  556. 

LOWKLL,  a  post-townsliip  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  at  the 
head  of  Jlissisque  RiTer.  about  40  miles  N.  of  Montpelier. 
Pop.  813. 

LOWELL,  lo'el,  a  city,  Middlesex  co.,  in  population  the 
second  in  Massachusetts,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Merrimack  and  Concord  RiTers,  about  8  miles  from  the  line 
dividing  the  State  from  New  Hampshire.  It  is  the  terminus 
>f  5  railroads,  which  communicate  with  the  principal  cities 
1094  *^ 


LOW 

on  the  seaboard,  and  connect  with  all  the  nort>i,em  r.n  J  west- 
ern lines  of  travel.  It  is  25  miles  N.  by  W.  fro'ii  Portr  n,  lat. 
42° 38' 46" N., Ion. 71°  19' 2" W.  In  theextf.r.t  a.\v\  variotyof 
its  manufactures  Lowell  is  almost  without  a  ri  vf,!  \v  Vie  Uni- 
ted States.  The  site  has  many  irregularities  of  Bi^rfare,  but 
the  streets  are  well  laid  out,  and  three  public  -.jrnr.n.o-js  have 
been  secured,  and  will  always  remain  opjn  to  t'ao  vu'olic. 

The  almost  unrivalled  advantages  which  Lowell  enjoys 
for  manufacturing  ai-e  derived  from  a  descent  of  about  33  feet 
in  Merrimack  River,known  as  Pawtucket  Fa'ls.which  by  the 
aid  of  several  canals,  furnishes  about  12,000  horse-power. 
The  first  canal  was  an  enterprise  of  Newl'urjport  merchants 
and  ship-builders,  to  raft  lumber  round  the  falls,  a  di*5tancs 
of  1^  miles.  In  1821,  the  water-power  atti  acted  tho  atten- 
tion of  some  Boston  capitalists,  who  bought  up  the  neigh- 
boring farms,  and  tho  interest  in  the  old  canal,  which  they 
enlarged  to  CO  feet  in  width  and  8  feet  in  depth,  and  con- 
structed branches  to  servo  as  feeders  and  mill-races.  They 
also  laid  out  the  town-lots  .and  mill-8ite3,whioh  they  sold  and 
leased  as  rapidly  iis  the  growth  of  the  tov/n  required.  In 
1846,  the  old  canal,  as  enlarged,  proving  insufficient  for  the 
proper  use  of  the  water-power,  an  additiopal  canal  of  larger 
capacity  was  constructed.  Its  dimenfjons  are  over  100  feet 
wide  and  16  feet  deep,,  with  walled  sides.  The  result  was  a 
very  considerable  increase  in  the  watcr-[jo  wer.  'J'he  large  ma- 
chine-shop was  disposed  of  in  1845  to  a  ro'.joration,  called  the 
Lowell  Machine  Shop,  which  with  a  <i>.pital  of  $600,000  em- 
ploys about  800  men  and  has  capacity  for  1000.  It  is  largely 
engaged  in  manufacturing  cotton  ai  d  paper  machinery,  lo- 
comotives, turbines,  machinists'  too'ii,  &c.,  and  can  ordina- 
rily furnish  the  machinery  for  a  cotlon-mill  of  6000  spindles 
in  three  months. 

In  1864,  there  wore  13  manufa-^  turing  corporations  in 
Lowell,  owning  54  mills  and  eniploj  ing  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $13,850,000.  The  number  of  ope  ativos  engaged  previous 
to  the  breaking  out  of  the  Wiir  at  th  o  South  was,  males,  3979; 
females,8405;  total,  12,;5S4.  Nunber  of  si)iudles, 420,544; 
looms,  11,713.  One  manufacturing  company  alone  uses 
1,900,000  pounds  of  madder;  150,000  of  copperas;  170,000  of 
alum ;  100,000  of  sumach ;  40,000  of  soap,  and  20,000  of  indigo 
per  annum.  In  1862,  nearly  all  the  cotton-mill.-*  were  ex- 
tensively improved;  some  were  entirely  torn  down  and  re- 
constructed. In  1861,  machinery  for  knitting  hosiery  goods 
was  substituted  for  cotton  macWnery  in  ono  or  two  of  the 
mills,  and  thus  was  introduced  a  new  branch  of  labor.  All 
the  mills  are  heated  by  steam  and  lighted  by  gas.  The  best 
methods  for  protection  ag.ainst  fire  are  adopted  in  each  mill, 
and  the  corporations  have  a  mutual  fire  insurance  system, 
which  involves  all  alike  in  the  loss  if  a  fire  takes  place  in  one 
of  the  mills  amounting  to  $1000  or  over.  A  further  security 
against  fires  in  the  city,  as  well  as  in  the  mill.s,  is  found  in  a 
reservoir  of  great  ciipacity  on  an  elevation  in  the  E.  part  of 
Lowell,  known  as  BelTidere,  which  furnishes  a  ready  supply 
of  water  in  most  parts  of  the  city.  The  water  is  conveyed 
into  the  reservoir  by  force-pumps  at  the  Lowell  Machine 
Shop,  and  thence  by  distributing  pipes  is  carried  back  to  the 
city  hydrants,  to  which  hose  can  be  attached,  besides  which 
there  is  a  well-organized  fire  department,  with  two  steam 
fire  engines. 

In  the  S.E.  section  of  the  city  is  Whipple's  Water-Power, 
obtained  from  acanal  that  fcips  Concord  River  and  discharges 
its  waters  into  Hale's  Brook,  all  within  the  city  limits.  The 
canal  furnishes  a  head  and  fall  of  24  to  26  feet.  The  Lowell 
Bleachery  Corporation  (capital,  $300,000)  is  situated  on  this 
canal,  and  there  are  also  3  flannel-mills,  1  fancy  woollen 
goods  manufactory,  1  carpet-mill,  2  screw  and  bolt-shops,  4 
worsted  yarn  manufactories,  2  dying  and  bleaching  houses, 
1  machine-shop,  1  shuttle-shop,  1  flouring  and  grist-mill, 
1  8aw-mill,l  pyroligneous  acid  works — all  comparatively  new 
enteq)ri8es,  and  only  about  half  the  water-fiower  is  yet  em- 
ployed. In  the  S.W.  part  of  Lowell  is  a  settlement  known 
as  "Ayer's  City,"  whore  there  is  an  extensive  tanning  and 
currying  establishment  and  a  patent  and  enamelled  leather 
manufactory.  There  are  in  Lowell  11  machine-shops,  6  car- 
riage manufactories,4  extensive  lumber-dealing  firms,  4  sash, 
door  and  blind  manu lactones,  3  spool  and  bobbin  manufac- 
tories, 2  cotton-batting-mills,  2  paper-mills,  2  wood-machi- 
nery-shops, 2  furniture  and  cabinet  manufactories,  2  iron 
foundries,  and  1  each  of  the  following:  cotton  machinery, 
woollen  machinery,  steam-boiler,  dye-stuffs  and  chemicals, 
chair,  and  side-arms.  Including  these  there  are  alxmt  120 
distinct  private  manufacturing  and  mechanical  establish- 
ments, employing  from  10  to  150  persons  each,  or  probably 
2500  to  3000  altogether.  J.  C.  Ayer  k  Co.  have  one  of  the  most 
extensive  medical  laboratories  in  the  United  States.  It  fur- 
nishes employment  for  about  100  men  and  women,  and  the 
proprietors  spend  in  advertishig  about  $60,000  annually,  be- 
sides circulating  about  5,000,000  almanac8,which  are  printed 
in  English,  Frent  h,  Portuguese,  German,  and  Spanish.  The 
cost  of  the  drugs,  sugar  and  sjjirit  they  use  yearly  amounts  to 
$647,180.    The  business  was  commenced  in  1843. 

In  the  city  there  are  80  jiarties  (individuals  or  firms)  deal 
ing  in  West  India  goods,  and  18  in  dry-goods;  there  are  57 
physicians  and  40  lawyers.  Lowell  has  7  banks.  4  savings  ii* 
stitutions,  and  2  insurance  companies.    The  Lowell  Uorse-- 


LOW 


LOW 


Railroad  was  chartered  in  1863  and  commenced  business  in 
186-1:.  It  hiis  3  miles  of  track  laid  and  as  much  more  coutem- 
plated.wif  h  charter  to  lay  track  into  2  adjoining  towns.  Capi- 
tal stock,  $100,000.  Tlie  Lowell  Gas-Light  Company  was  in- 
corporated in  1S50  and  went  into  operation  the  same  year, 
with  a  capital  of  §200,000.  Lowell  had  formerly  a  floating  pop- 
ulation. This  is  le.ss  noticeable  now.  The  first  of  the  American 
population  came  to  Lowell  largely  from  Maine,  New  Hanip- 
Bliire,  and  Vermont;  in  the  early  days  of  theoity  tlierewere 
quite  a  consiileralile  number  of  English  people  employed  in 
the  mills,  but  at  the  present  time  the  majority  of  the  opera- 
tives are  ot  Irish  birth.  Few  American  girls  now  seek  em- 
ployment in  the  New  England  cotton-mills.  There  is  in 
Lowell  no  theatre  or  established  place  of  amusement ;  9  or  10 
public  halls  are  but  poorly  patronized.  The  princijjal  public 
buildings  are  the  court-house  (built  1851,at  a  cost  of  Sloo,ooo), 
a  county  jail  (built  1^6o-5t5,  at  a  cost  of  $150,000),  Meclianics" 
Building,  Huntington  Hall,  Wentworth"s,  Carleton,  Apple- 
ton,  Kubbins's,  Nesmith  3,  Tylers,  and  Barrister's  Blocks, 
the  Police  Court  Building,  and  the  churches,  of  which  there 
are  22,  viz.:  2  Episcopal,  o  Roman  Catholic,  S  Baptist,  5 
Congreg.ational,  2  Universalist,  3  Jletliodist,  1  UniUu'ian,  1 
Spiritualist,  1  Free  Church,  1  iMinistry  at  Large.  A  large 
building,  which  includes  the  Boston  and  Lowcill  Kailmad 
Depot  and  two  large  halls,  was  built  in  1802-53,  by  the  city 
and  the  railroiul  company.  A  hospital  wsis  established  in 
183.i  by  the  several  manufacturing  companies,  prineiijally 
for  the  benefit  of  persons  in  their  employ. 

The  city  government  of  Lowell  consists  of  a  major,  8 
aldermen,  and  2i  coiiimon  councilmen  elected  annually. 

[i'or  tlie  literary  and  educational  institutions,  and  history 
of  LowEi.i.,  see  Ai'PK.ndix.] 

UyVi'VAjU,  a  post-ofRce  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

LOWELL,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  North  Carolina. 

LOWKLL,  a  post-villaae  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Pataula  Creek.  170  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville.  The  creek 
at  this  place  has  forced  its  way  through  a  ledge  of  rocks, 
and  affords  a  valuable  water-power. 

LOWtCLL.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio, 
on  tlie  Muskingum  Itiver,  10  miles  N.  of  Marietta,  has  a  fine 
water-]iow('r  produced  by  a  dam  across  the  river. 

L0\\  KLL.  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Kent  CO., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  Grand  River.     Pop.  1201. 

L0\\  KLL,  a  small  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Central  Railroad. 

LO\NELl.i,  a  postofflce  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

LOWEIjL,  a  post-office  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri. 

LOWFiLlj,  a  post-village  in  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Skunk 
River,  05  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

L0^V'ELL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Doilge  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Beaverdam  Creek,  38  miles N.E.  of  Madison,  bee 
Appendix. 

LOW'ELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  on 
theMahoning  l{iver,anilon  the  PenusylvauiaandUiiio  Canal, 
12  miles  K.  of  Canfield,  is  the  seat  of  extensive  iron  worku. 

LOWKN,  (Liiwen.)  liVwen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Silesia,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Breslau,  and  on  the  Breslau  and 
Opjieln  Kailroad,  on  the  Neisse.    Pop.  1107. 

LOWENBKKG.  (Liiwen berg.)  liVwen-bJao*.  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Silesia.  26  miles  W.S.W.of  LiB.;nitz,  on  the  liober.  Pop. 
4330.  It  has  woollen,  printed  linen,  and  cotton  factories, 
and  bleaching  works. 

LOW  EN  DAL,  low'en-diiP,  an  island  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
West  .\u9tralia,  belonging  to  the  Montebello  Group,  and 
about  10  miles  X.  of  Barrow  Island. 

L0WEX8TEIN,  (Liiwenstein.)  liV<^en-stIne\  a  town  of 
WUrtemberg,  24  miles  N.X.E.  of  Stuttgart,  with  1047  inha- 
bitants, some  vitriol  factories,  and  a  ruined  castle. 

LOWER,  a  township  of  Cape  May  co..  New  Jersey.   P.  1865. 

LOWER  AL'LEN,  a  township  of  Cumberland  oo.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.     Pop.  13a3. 

LOWER  AI.PS.    See  Basses- Alpes. 

LOWER  AUGUS/TA,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co., 
Pennsvlvania.     Pop.  2oa5. 

LO\VER  BART'LETT,  a  post-village  of  Coos  CO.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  Saco  River.  65  miles  N.N.E.  of  Concord. 

LOWER  BERN,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LOWER  BLUE  LICK,  a  post-village  of  Nicholas  co..  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Licking  River,  58  miles  E.N.E.  of  Frankfort. 
The  meilicinal  springs  at  this  place  have  a  wide  reputation, 
and  this  is  one  of.  the  most  fashionable  watering-places  in 
the  Western  Stiites.  The  principal  hotel  is  a  magnificent 
structure,  670  feet  in  length,  and  is  vi.sited  by  S(!veral  thou- 
sands annually.  The  water  is  an  extensive  article  of  com- 
merce throughout  the  West.  It  is  highly  medicinal,  contain- 
ing the  muriates  and  sulphates  of  soda.  lime,  and  magnesia. 
LOWER  C.^LIFOR.MA.     See  C.\uforni.\.  Lowf.r. 

LOWER  CHAXCE'FORD.  a  post-township  of  York  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susijuehanna.     Pop.  ZHM. 

LOWER  CIlICd'ESTER,  atownship  of  Delaware  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  991. 

LOiVER  COLUM'BIA,  a  post-office  of  Coos  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

LOWIOR  DICK'INSON,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Cum- 
berland CO.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1086. 


LOWER  DL'B'LIN,  a  township  of  Philadelphis  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LOWER  EGYPT.     See  Egypt. 

LOWER  EVES'HAM,  a  small  village  in  the  W.  part  of 
Burling-ton  co..  New  Jersey. 

LOWER  GILMANTON,  (ghil'man-tgn,)  a  post-office  of 
Belknap  co..  New  Hampshire. 

LOWER  HESSE.     See  Nu:DF,R-nKSSEN. 

LOWER  LAW/REXCE.  a  post-village  of  Washmgton  eo. 
Ohio.  100  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

LOWER  LEA'COCK,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pen* 
sylvania.     Pop.  2051. 

LOWER  LOIRE.    See  Loibb-I.nfkrif.ure. 

LOWER  MACUXGY,  (m;v-kring'ghee,)  a  township  of  Le- 
high  CO.,  Pennsvlvania.     Pop.  2949. 

LOWER  JI.UPOXOY'.  a  township  of  Northumberland  CO., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  10(54. 

LOUVER  MAHANTAN'GO,  a  post-township  of  Schuylkill 
county,  Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Potts- 
ville. 

LOWER  MAKE'FIELD,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1955. 

LOWER  MARL/BOKOUGII,  a  post-village  of  Calvert  CO., 
Maryland,  on  the  Patuxent.  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Annapolis. 

LO\VER  MER'ION,  a  post-township  of  .^lontgomery  Co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  4423. 

LOWER  MOUNT  BETH'EL,  a  township  of  Northampton 
CO.,  Penn.sylvaiiia.     Pop.  3373. 

LOWER  XAZ/ARETH,  a  township  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

LOWER  O'KAW.  a  township  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

LOWER  O.X'FORl),  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvar 
nia.    Pop.  1421. 

LOWER  PAXTON,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1682. 
LtjWER  PEACHTREE,  a  post-office  of  Wilcox  co.,.A.labama. 

LOWER  PROVIDENCE,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co., 
Penn.sylvania.     Pop.  1578. 

L<,)WER  PYRENEES.    See  B.tssES-PyRLNfes. 

LOWER  RllIXE.     See  B.\s-RiiiN. 

LOWER  SAGINAW,  a  former  post-village  of  Saginaw  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  right  bank  of  Saginaw  River,  5  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  about  112  N.N.W.  of  Detroit.  The  fisheries 
give  employment  to  a  great  number  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  bay  which  receives  Saginaw  River  is  the  largest,  with 
the  exception  of  Green  Bay,  in  all  the  West,  but  is  little 
freiiuented.  except  by  vessels  trading  up  the  river,  and  those 
taking  shelter  in  it  in  bad  weather.  Large  quantities  of 
pine  lumber  are  sawn  here,  and  it  is  estimated  that  not  Ic.'iS 
than  10,000,000  feet  are  annually  shipped  at  this  and  otlier 
iioi Is  ou  the  river.  It  appears  that  the  name  of  this  place 
has  been  changed  to  Biv  City. 

LOWER  ST.  CLAIR,  a,  townsiiip  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LOW  ER  S.^'LEil.  a  post-office  of  Wa.shington  CO.,  Ohio. 

LOWER  SAI^FORD,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1473. 

LOWER  SANDUSKY,  Ohio.    See  Fremont. 

LOWER  SAU'CON,  a  post-township  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsvlvania,  on  the  Lehigh  River,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Easton. 
Pop.  3701. 

LOWER  SEINE.    See  Seixe-Infkrieure. 

LOWER  SMITH'FIELD,  a  township  in  Monroe  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LOWER  SQUANK'UM,  a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

L(JWER  SWATA'RA,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1127. 

LOWER  THREE  CREEK,  of  Barnwell  district,  South 
Carolina,  flows  into  Savannah  river. 

LOWER  THREE  RIVERS,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

LOWER  TUR/KEYFOOT,  a  township  of  Somerset  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  773. 

LOWER  WA/TERFORD.  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co., 
Vermont.  35  miles  E.N.H.  of  Montpelier. 

LOWER  WIND'SOR,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  21(12. 

LOWERZ  or  LOWERTZ,  lo'*Jrts.  a  village  and  lake  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  3  miles  W.N..W.  of  Schwytz,.  at  the 
foot  of  the  Rossberix.    See  Gold.att. 

LOWES,  LOCH,  16k  loz.  a  small  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Selkirk,  parish  of  Ettrick,  separated  from  St.  Mary's  Loch  by 
a  narrow  neck  of  land. 

L(  )W'ESBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

LOWESTOFT,  a  seaport  town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  SulTolk,  on  a  height  sloping  gradually  to  the  sea,  40  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Ipswich.  It  consists  of  a  principal  and  several 
minor  streets,  tlie  former  nearly  1  mile  long,  well  paved,  and 
kept  remarkably  clean;  and  is  lighted  with  gas.  The  prin 
cipal  public  buildings  are,  the  parish  church,  a  chapel  of 
ease,  and  chapels  belonging  to  the  Wesleyaiis  and  Primitive 
Methodists,  the  Independents  and  Baptists:  a  town-hall 
theatre,  assembly-room,  and  subscription  readina-room  and 

1095 


=J) 


LOW 


LUA 


lilirnry.  For  education  there  are  two  free  schools,  a  British 
school,  and  several  private  schools.  There  is  also  a 
mechanics'  institute,  an  infirmary,  and  a  fishermen's 
hospital.  Ship-building  is  carried  on  with  some  vigor:  and 
there  arc  several  breweries  and  refineries.  The  trade,  which 
wab  formerly  almost  confineit  to  coastins,  havinj;  received 
an  impetus  from  the  foruiatiou  of  a  harbor,  and  a  branch 
of  the  Norwich  and  Yarmouth  Kailway  communicating  with 
It,  now  extends  to  Holland,  Denmark,  and  Sweden.  The 
shipping  which  visited  the  port  in  1848  was  1014  vessels, 
(67,108  tons,)  and  had  risen  in  18.50  to  1576  vessels.  (108.238 
tons).  The  harbor  dues  during  the  same  period  rose  from 
4S-221.  to  GOoHl.  About  80  boats,  employing  about  800  men, 
are  occupied  in  the  herring  and  maikei-el  fisheries.  Potter, 
well  known  for  his  translations  of  ii';schylus  and  other 
Greek  dramatists,  was  born  here.     Pop.  in  18.51,  6658. 

LOWIOSWATEK,  lOz'wa^ter.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland,  on  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name,  6  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Cockermouth. 

LOWEVliiliE,  lO'vil.  a  village  in  Madison  co.,  Alabama, 
180  miles  N.  of  Montgomery. 

LOW  IIAMPTON.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  New 
Tork,  near  the  Albany  and  Rvitlaud  liailroad. 

LOW  HILL,  a  post-town.ship  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
88  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ilarrisburg.     Pop.  1034. 

LOW'ICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

LOWIOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nortliumberland. 

LOWrCZ  or  LOWITSCH,  lo'vitch,  a  town  of  Poland,  44 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Warsaw,  on  the  Bzura,  an  affluent  of  the 
Vistula.  Pop.  7100.  It  has  cavalry  barracks,  several  monas- 
teries, a  Piarist  gymnasium,  and  a  normal  school. 

LOWISA,  lo-wee'sj,  or  DEGESBY,  dA/gh?s-bu\  a  fortified 
Beaport  town  of  Finland,  lien  of  Kynimeuegard,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Finland,  5.5  miles  N.E.  of  Ilelsingfors.     Pop.  2700. 

LOW  ISLES,  a  group  of  three  small  islands,  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Australia.  Trinity  Bay ;  hit.  16°  25'  S.,  Ion.  145°  30'  E. 

LOWNDES,  lowndz,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  Florida,  contains  2000  square  miles.  It  is 
Intersected  by  the  Alapaha  and  Withlacoochee  lUvers.  and 
also  drained  by  Little  Kiver  and  Ocopilco  Creek.  The  surface 
is  level,  and  the  soil  productive.  It  is  divided  between  pine 
and  hummock  lands.  Organized  in  1825.  and  named  in 
honor  of  William  .Tones  Lowndes,  member  of  Congress  from 
South  Carolina.  Capital,  Troupville.  Pjp.  5249,  of  whom 
2850  were  free,  and  2399  slaves. 

LOWNDES,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Alabama, 
has  an  area  of  930  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Alabama  Kiver.  and  drained  by  the  Pintelala  and 
I^etohatchee  Creeks.  The  surface  is  uneven,  the  soil  is 
fertile,  and  extensively  cultivated.  The  navigation  of  the 
river  is  gootl  for  large  steamboats  through  its  whole  extent. 
Capital,  Ilaynesville.  Pop.  27,716,  of  whom  8376  were  free, 
and  19,340  slaves. 

LOWNDES,  a  county  in  the  E.  part. of  Mississippi,  border- 
ing on  -Mabama,  has  an  area  of  atout  725  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Tombigbee.  which,  in  passing  through 
the  county,  receives  the  Oktibbeha  River  and  Luxapatilla 
Creek.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating,  and  is 
mostly  occupied  with  prairies.  The  soil  is  a  dark-colored, 
heavy,  and  highly  productive  loam,  thought  to  be  very 
durable,  and  particularly  adapted  to  cotton.  T^rge  steam- 
boats navigate  the  Tombigbee  during  more  than  half  of  the 
year.  The  route  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  now  in 
progress,  passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  Columbus. 
Pop.  23,625,  of  whom  089:5  were  fre.,  and  16,730  slaves. 

IX)WNDES,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Castor  Creek,  160  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LOWNDES'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  I^owndes  co., 
Alabama,  alwut  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montgomery.  It  is 
surrounded  by  rich  plantations  of  cotton,  and  has  consider- 
able trade.  The  county  is  among  the  most  fertile  and 
wealthy  in  the  state.  The  village  contains  1  male  and  1 
female  academy.    Pop.  about  500. 

LOWNDES/VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina.  110  miles  ^V.  of  Columbia. 

LOWNDESVILLE.  a  steambo,at  landing  on  the  Tombigbee 
River,  below  Columbus. 

LOW  POINT,  a  post-olflce  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois. 

LOW-QUAUTER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LOW-QUARTER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland. 

LOM'-ROW,  England,  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Car- 
lisle Railway.  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  C«riisle. 

LOAV'RANCE'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co..  North 
Carolina. 

LOWRY,  Ww'ree,  a  post-office  of  Athens  Co..  Ohio. 

LOWRY'S  FERRY,  a  small  village  of  Murrav  co..  Georgia. 

LOM 'RY'S  TURNOUT,  a  small  village  of  Barnwell  district, 
South  Carolina. 

LOW'RYSVILLE,  a  post^fflce  of  Chester  district.  South 
Carohna. 

LOWRVTOWN.  a  village  of  Carbon  co..  Pennsvlvania,  on 
the  Lehigh  River,  about  12  miles  above  Mauch  Chunk,  and 
U2  from  Harrishurg. 

L0WRYV1M,E,  a  iwstofflce  cf  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee. 
1096 


LOWS  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Tork. 

LOW'SIDE.  a  township  of  lingland.  co.  of  Durh.im. 

LOWSIDE-QUARTER,  a  maritime  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumberland. 

L'tWI'llEK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

LOW'TIIORPE,  a  parish  of  Ecgliind,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding.  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Great  Driflield,  with  a  station  OD 
the  York  and  North  Midland  Railway. 

LOAV'TON,  a  chajielry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LOW/VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  jind  township  of 
I^ewis  CO.,  New  Y'ork,  .55  miles  N.  by  W.  from  Utici.  It 
contains  five  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  an  academy, 
and  2  banks.  Bliick  River  fl<iws  iilong  the  E.  border  of  the 
township.  Pop.  of  the  village  estimated  at  hOO.  Total  pop. 
2373. 

LOWYTLLE,  a  village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  French 
Creek.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Erie  borough,  has  about  150  inha- 
bitants. 

LOWYILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  central 
part  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin,  22  miles  N.  of  Madison. 
Pop.  854. 

LOWY'AII.  low'ytl,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district  of  Sarum,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Bettiuh. 

L0X.4,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Loja. 

LOX.\.  a  town  of  Ecuador.     See  LojA. 

LOXIJEAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon. 

LOX/nORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LOX'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

LOXLEY.  a  liberty  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  2|  mileti 
S.W.  of  Uttoxeter.  The  famous  Robin  Hood  is  generally 
said  to  have  been  born  here. 

LOYWLHAN'NA,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sjMvania. 

LOYALHANNA  CREEK,  of  Westmoreland  CO..  I'ennsyl- 
vania.  unites  with  the  Conemaugh  to  form  the  Kiskimiuetaa 
River,  near  Salzburg. 

LOY''ALSOCK,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2006. 

LOYAL.S(X!K  CREEK,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  flows  into  the  Susquehanna  below  Williamsporu 

LOY'ALTY  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  E.  of  New 
Caledonia,  consist  of  2  large  and  3  small  islands, — the  3 
largest  are  lnhabi*:«^d.  LiFU  is  the  most  N.  and  the  largest. 
North  end  in  hit.  20°  27'  S.,  Ion.  167°  E.;  37  miles  long,  10 
to  20  miles  broad;  it  is  of  coral  foiniation,  and  has  no 
harbor.  It  is  250  feet  in  elevation,  level  on  the  top,  sT-d 
thickly  wooded.  Pop.  about  3000.  Mari,  discoverea  in 
1841,  is  about  20  miles  long  and  10  miles  bruad,  anil  has 
no  anchorage;  it  is  of  coral  formation,  level,  and  thickly 
wooiled.  It  is  densely  populated  by  a  wild  race  of  small 
stature. 

LOY'AT,  lo^yd',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
blhan.  29  miles  N.E.  of  Vannes.    Pop.  2062. 

LOYES,  lo^ya',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  22 
miles  E.  of  Trevoux.     Pop.  1071. 

LOYD.  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  Y'ork. 

LOYDS'VIl.LE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 

LOY'DSVILLE,  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
W.  from  Wheeling  in  Virginia. 

LOYOLA,  lo-yo'ld,  a  celebrated  convent  and  village  of 
.Spain,  Biscay,  14  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian ;  the  former 
held  to  be  tlie  wealthiest  and  most  magnificent  belonging 
to  the  Jesuits,  by  whom  it  was  built  in  honor  of  their 
founder,  St.  Ignatius,  born  in  the  adjacent  village  in  1491. 

LOZDZEY,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  LosiiZEr. 

LOY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoflice  of  Anderson  co, 
Tenne.ssee. 

LOZKRE,  lo'zaiR',  a  department  of  the  S.  of  France, 
formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Languedoc.  Area 
1965  square  miles.  Pop.  in  Ihbl,  13V,y07.  Surface  mountain- 
ous, traversed  on  the  E.  bj'  the  Cevennes  Mountains,  and 
from  E.  to  W.  by  the  Mountains  of  Margerido  and  Lozdre. 
Altitude  of  plateau  2300  to  3000  feet ;  the  mountains  are 
snow-clad  during  a  great  part  of  the  year.  Elevation  of 
Mount  Lozere,  in  tlie  Cevenn<!R,  4S84  feet.  Chief  rivers, 
T.irn,  Lot,  Truyere,  AUier,  and  Gard.  Soil  infertile;  its 
corn  and  wine  insufficient  for  consumption,  and  a  great 
part  of  the  population  live  on  che,<tnuts  and  potatoes. 
Sheep  are  extensively  reared.  The  minerals  of  the  depart- 
ment are  lead,  silver,  copper,  antimony,  and  iron.  Chief 
industry,  cotton  spinning,  the  preparation  of  chestnuts  for 
the  marine,  and  mining.  This  department  nearly  corre- 
sponds to  the  country  of  the  ancient  Gabales,  and.  under 
the  Romans,  formed  part  of  Aquitaiiia,  I'rima.  and  Septi- 
mania.  Capital.  Mende.  The  department  is  divided  into 
the  arrondlssements  of  Monde,  Florae  and  Marwyols. 

Lt)ZOYA,  lo-tho'vi.  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  50 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Madrid.     Pop,  2072. 

LOZWEIL.  lots'wlle,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and 
24  miles  N.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  2430. 

LU,  kx),  (L.  Luhus.)  a  mark(;t-town  of  Piedmont.  0  miles 
N.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  3098. 

LU.\NA  POINT.  .Tantaiea,  S.  coast.    Lat.  i8"  N. 

LUANCO,  loo-an'ko.  or  LUANCO  SANTA  MAKlA-fsdi/'ri' 
md-ree'd)  a  seaport  towu  of  Spain,  on  a  headland  of  Aotuiitis, 


LUA 

iu  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  province  and  15  miles  N.  of  Oyiedo. 
Pop.  2700. 

1,UARC.\,  loo-aB'kd,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
87  mile.^  W.N.W.  of  Oviedo.  Pop.  2000.  It  is  in  a  sbeltered 
eove.     TIio  harbor  is  defended  by  batteries. 

LUBACZOW,  loo'bd-ehov\  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland, 
Galicia.  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Zolkiew.     Pop.  3000. 

LUBACZOVKA  or  LUBACZOWKA,  a  town  of  Russia. 

See  LOODATCIIOVKA. 

LUBAN,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Looban. 

HJB.VN,  JIalay  Archipelago.     See  1>oob.ak. 

LUB.\1{.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Loobar. 

LUBAUTOW,  written  alsoIvUBARXOV,  loo-baR'tov.  a  town 
of  Poland,  government  and  15  miles  i^.N.E.  of  Lublin,  on 
the  Wieprz.     Pop.  3200. 

LUBBKCKK,  (Liibbecke,)  lub'bjk'keh,  a  walled  town  of 
Prussian  Westphalia.  13  miles  W.  of  Minden.     Pop.  27(50. 

LUBBEKiv,  lub-l)ik'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  21  miles  K.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1911. 

LUBBKN,  (Liibhen.)  luWhen,  a  town  of  Prus.sia.  province 
of  Brandenburg,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  on  an  island 
formed  l>y  the  Spree.  Pop.  4370.  Chief  industry,  linen  and 
woollen  cloth  weaving,  brewing,  distilling,  and  manufactures 
of  tobacco. 

LUBBKNAU,  (Lubbenau,)  liib'beh-nf>w\  a  town  of  Prus- 
sia, i>rovince  of  Brandenburg,  44  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort, 
on  the  Spree.     I'op.  3100.     It  has  a  castle. 

LUBUKMIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

LUIVBDB  CKKKK,  of  Alabama,  flows  S.W.  through  Pick- 
ens CO.  into  Tombighee  River. 

LU'BEC,  a  po.st-vinage  and  seaport  of  Washington  co., 
Maine.  2:i0  miles  N.K.  of  Portland.  It  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  a  point  of  land  jirojecting  into  the  harbor,  which  is  spa- 
cious, easy  of  access,  and  never  obstructed  with  ice.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  the  coast  trade  and 
the  fisheries.  On  the  S.^V■.  side  of  Quoddy  Ileail,  in  this 
township,  stands  a  lighthouse,  exhibiting  a  fixed  liglit  90 
feet  above  the  sea.  A  ferry-boat  plies  regularly  lietween 
Lubec  and  Kastport.  Settled  in  1815.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
lihip,  2.'j.=i5. 

LUBECK,  lu'bfk,  (Ger.  Liibeck,  lu'b^k,  L.  Lu'becum,) 
a.  famous  commercial  city  of  Germany,  nominally  the  chief 
of  the  Ifanse  Towns,  and  the  capital  of  a  small  republic, 
on  the  Trave,  10  miles  from  its  mouth,  iu  the  Gulf  of 
Lubeck,  36  miles  N.E.  of  Hamburg.  Lat.  63°  52'  1"  N., 
Ion.  10°  41'  5"  E.  Lubeck  is  enclosed  by  ramparts  and 
a  promenade;  it  is  well  built,  mostly  in  antiquated  style, 
and  has  a  cathedral  with  curious  works  of  art,  a  castel- 
Lited  town-hall,  formerly  the  place  of  assembly  for  the 
Ilanseatic  l^eague,  an  exchange,  arsenal,  mint,  several  hos- 
pitals, colleges,  schools,  and  other  public  institutions,  a 
public  library  of  37,000  volumes,  a  society  of  useful  arts,  and 
an  operatic  theatre.  Its  trade,  though  less  important  than 
in  the  middle  ages,  is  still  thriving,  especially  with  the  Baltic 
States.  Principal  exports,  corn,  cattle,  wool.  fish,  iron,  and 
timber;  the  imports  comprise  wines,  silks,  cottons,  hardwares, 
and  otlier  manufactured  goods,  colonial  products,  dye-stuffs, 
&c.  It  has  an  ext(?nsive  commission  r>«^l  transit  trade,  largo 
fairs  for  wool,  cattle,  and  horses;  aAti  manufactures  of 
tobacco,  soap,  playing-cards,  paper,  linen  and  cotton  stuffs. 
Iron,  copper,  and  brass  works.  The  exports  of  grain,  in  1852, 
comprised  26,360  quarters  of  wheat.  14,300  of  barley,  587  of 
rye,  1206  of  oats,  and  7920  of  peas.  In  1860,  1153  vessels, 
tonnage  213,060,  entered,  and  1164,  tonnage  214,815,  cleared 
at  the  port.  The  town  communicates  with  Hamburg  by  the 
Trave  and  Stecknitz  Canal,  with  its  port  Travemiinde  by 
steamboats  liaily,  and  also  by  steam  with  the  northern  capi- 
tals frequently.  In  1806,  Lxiljeck  was  stormed  by  the  French ; 
and  it  subsequently  became  a  capital  of  an  arrondissement 
of  the  department  of  Bouches  d'Elbe.  Sir  Godfrey  linoller 
and  .Mo.sheim  were  born  here.  As  a  member  of  tiie  Germanic 
Confederation,  Lubeck  has  the  35th  vote  in  the  plenum :  and, 
in  the  minor  council,  shares  the  17th  vote  with  the  other 
three  free  towns.  It  possesses  a  territory,  exclusive  of  the 
bailiwick  of  Bergedorf  which  it  holds  in  common  with  Ilam- 
,|  burg,  of  114  square  miles.  This  territory,  inst(!ad  of  forming 
one  contigtious  whole,  consists  of  10  isolated  portions,  en- 
closed p.^rtly  by  Ilolstein.  partly  by  Lauenburg,  and  partly 
liy  Mecklenliurg-Schwerin.  Pop. in  1862,  31,898 :  of  the  ter- 
ritory, including  half  of  Bergedorf  50,614.  The  government 
is  vested  in  a  senate,  and  a  house  of  burgesses  elected  by 
corpor.ite  companies, 

LUBKCK,  (Liibeck,)  PRTXCIPALITY  OF,  a  principality 
of  Northern  Gerin;Hiy,  belonging  to  Oldenburg,  consisting 
of  two  detached  portions  of  territory,  enclosed  Ijy  Holstein 
and  Lauenburg,  and  comprising  the  town  of  Entin  and 
some  villages.     Area  ISO  square  miles.     Pop.  22.146. 

LU'BKC  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co,,  Maine. 

LUBKN,  (Lilben,)  lU'ben.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  14 
tiiles  N',N.K.  of  Liegnitz,     Pop.  3520. 

LUitERS  AC.  lii*bJR-srik'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Correze.  21  miles  N.N.W,  of  Brives.     Pop.  1431. 

LUIMNW.  looMiee'n<ili\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Dan- 
abe.  CO.  of  Neutra.     i'op.  2500. 

LUBLANA.    SeeLAViiAca. 


LUC 

LUBLAU,  ICCViaw,  (Hun.  LMo,  loo'blo',)  a  town  of 
Xorth  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  on  the  Poprad,  15  miles  N  .E.  ol 
Kesuiark.     Pop.  2100. 

LUBLIN,  loo'blin,  a  province  of  Poland,  having  E.  tH« 
Russian  government  of  Volhyiiia,  S.  (ialicia,  ^V.  and  N.  tL« 
provinces  of  Siedlec  and  Sandomier,  (Sandoniir.)  Area 
11,975  square  miles.  Pop.  1,008,292.  Principal  rivers,  th«« 
\\ieprz,  Bug,  and  Vistula. 

LUBLIN,  loo'blin,  or  LUBELSK,  loo^bclsk,  a  city  of  Poland, 
capital  of  a  government,  in  a  marshy  tract,  on  the  liistritza, 
90  miles  S,E,  of  Warsfvw.  Pop,  (1860)  19,054,  half  of  wliom  are 
Jews.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  a  citadel,  and  ruina 
of  a  castle,  built  by  Casiujjr  the  Great.  Principal  edifices, 
a  town-hall,  the  Sobieski  Palace,  cathedral,  and  ,synaji,oguo, 
a  Piarist  College,  diocesan  and  many  other  scliool.--,  civil  and 
military  hospitals,  an  orphan  asylum,  and  a  theatre.  It 
has  extensive  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  cloths,  in 
which,  and  iu  corn  and  Hungarian  wines,  it  has  a  consider- 
able trade. 

LUBLINITZ,  loob'lo-nits\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  34 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Malz.    Pop.  2150. 

LUBLO.     See  LUBUVU. 

LUBLO  or  NEW  LUBLO,  (Hun,  VJ-LuUo,  oo'e-loo'bloS 
Ger.  Nru-Lublau,  noi  loCblow),  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Hither  Thei-ss,  co.  of  Zips,  about  26  miles  from  Leutschau. 
Pop.  1312. 

LUBNA,  loob'nd,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim, 
about  10  miles  from  Leitomischl.     Po|i.  1286. 

LUBNA IG,  LOCH,  loK  liiVnaig',  ("  the  Crooked  Lake,")  a 
lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  at  the  N.K.  base  of  lieuledi, 
5  miles  N.N.W.  Callander.  It  is  formed  by  a  branch  of  the 
Teith,  wliich  expands  into  Lochs  Uoine  and  Yoei. 

LUBNI,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Loobnee. 

LUBOML,  loo'bom'l,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Yolhynia,  38  miles  2v.N.\V.  of  Vladimeer. 
Pop.  2815. 

LUBRIN,  loo-breen',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  29  miles 
N,E,  of  Almeria.  Pop.  4815.  It  has  several  Roman  ruins, 
and  extensive  mines. 

LUBTHEEN.  (Liibtheen,)  lUVtain,  a  marketrtown  of  Ger- 
many, Meckleuburg-Schwerin,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Uagenow. 
Pop,  1500. 

LUBZ,  (LUbz,)  liips,  a  town  of  Northern  Germany,  Meck- 
leuburg-Schwerin, ou  the  Elde,  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Parchim. 
Pop.  1874. 

LUC  or  LE  LUC,  leh  lUk,  (anc.  Lu'cus  Augus'tif)  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Dr»- 
guignan.  In  its  vicinity  is  an  extensive  glass  and  crystal 
factory.    Pop.  in  1852,  3686. 

LUCA.    See  Lucca. 

LUCAINENA  1)E  LAS  ALPUJARRAS,  loo-kl-ni/na  dills 
dl-)Kx>-hilK/Kds.  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  35  miie;S  from 
Almeria.     Pop.  800. 

LUCAINENA  DE  LAS  TORRES,  loo-ki-nd'n3  dA  Ids  toR/Rjs, 
a  town  of  Spairi,  Andalusia,  25  miles  from  Almeria.  P.  1205. 

LU'CAN,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  Leiuster,  co.  of 
Dublin,  beautifully  situated  on  the  Liffey,  with  a  station  on 
the  (jreat  Southern  and  Western  Railway,  6j  miles  W.  of 
Dublin.  Pop.  1139.  Lucan  gives  the  titles  of  Barou  and 
Earl  to  the  family  of  Bingham. 

LUCAN  AS,  loo-kd/nds.  a  province  of  Peru,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ayacucho.    Pop  in  1850, 17,401. 

LUCANIA.    See  Basiuc.ata. 

LU'CAS,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  Michigan  and  Lake  Erie,  has  an  area  of  560  square  miles. 
It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Maumee  River,  and 
also  drained  by  the  Ottawa,  and  by  Swan  Creek.  Tlie  sui  ■ 
faeo  is  level,  and  partly  covered  with  forests;  the  .soil  is  fer- 
tile. The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Waba.sh  and  Erie 
Canal,  and  by  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad.  Another 
railroad  extends  from  Toledo,  the  county-seat,  to  Cleveland. 
Pop.  25,831. 

LUCAS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area 
of  430  square  miles.  Whitebreast  River,  an  affluent  of  Des 
Moines,  fiows  through  the  county  in  a  N.E.  direction;  the 
Chariton  River,  an  affluent  of  Missouri,  traverses  the  S.  part; 
the  county  is  also  drained  by  English  and  other  creeks.  The 
surface  is  diversified  with  rolling  prairies,  and  gloves  of  hard 
timber,  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Chariton.  P.  5766. 

LUCAS,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co,,  Ohio. 

LUC.iS,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri. 

LUCAS,  a  village  in  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  near  Cedar  Rivef, 
25  miles  S.i;.  of  Iowa  City. 

LU'C.4SVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Scioto  Hiver,  13  miles  N.  of  I'ortsmoulh, 

LU(<'AY-I,,E-JIALE,  lUVA'ls'h-mdl,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  20  miles  N.N.W,  of  Chateauroux.    Pop,  1345. 

LUCAYOS,    See  Bahamas, 

LUCC.\,  ("It.  pron.  look'kd;  Fr.  Lucqties.  lUk,)  a  city  of 
Central  Italy,  capital  of  the  province  of  Lucca,  is  situated 
on  theSerchio,  11  mile8N,E.  of  Pisa.  Pop.21,966.  Itiswoll 
built  and  clean;  fortificationslaid  out  in  public  walks,  Ithas 
a  fine  cathedral,  partlyof  the  11th  century,  containing  valu- 
ai)le  paintings  and  some  curious  antiquities;  several  uthel 
churches,  mostly  built  of  Carrara  marble,  an  unfinished  ducal 

1097 


LUC 

Eal»fe.  fti-h  somo  good  private  palaces,  royal  lyoeum,  with  a 
brarj  of  20.000  volumes,  a  seminary  for  noble  ladie.",  found- 
ed by  tlie  sister  of  Napoleon,  a  small  theatre.  Ixitaiiic  garden, 
aqueduct,  en  459  arches,  for  the  conveyance  of  water  from 
Monte  Piiar.o,  the  remains  of  a  Roman  amphitheatre,  and 
many  public  fountains.  It  is  an  archbishop's  see,  has  many 
benevolent  institutions,  and  is  one  of  the  most  industrious 
cities  iu  Itjily;  having  manufactures  of  silk  and  woollen 
fabrics  and  paper,  and  an  active  trade  in  olive  oil.  <tc.  First 
an  Ktrusc&n,  then  a  Ligurian  town,  it  afterwai-ds  became  a 
llomau  municipiian,  and  was  often  the  head-quarters  of 
Julius  Cffi-sar.  About  the  end  of  the  6th  century  it  fell  under 
the  power  of  the  Lombards,  from  whom  it  passed  to  the 
emperors  of  Germany.  In  13-12  it  purchaseil  its  freedom 
from  Charles  IV.,  and  became  a  republic.  It  was  taken  pos- 
seasioii  of  by  the  French  in  1799 ;  .and,  a  few  years  after, 
became  the  capital  of  a  principality  of  th<?  same  name,  erected 
by  Kapoleon,  in  favor  of  his  sister  Eliza,  wife  of  Feli-x 
Baciocchi.  In  virtue  of  arrangements  made  by  the  Congress 
of  Vienna,  it  now  belongs  to  the  Duke  of  Tuscany.  Near  it 
are  the  reputed  baths  of  Xero,  and  11  miles  northward,  in 
the  valley  of  the  .Serchio,  are  the  baths  of  Lucca,  n  favorite 
Bummer  watering-place.  Adj.  and  inhab.  LuccHiiSE,  luk-keez'. 
(It.  pron.  look-ki'sd.) 

LUCCA,  Duchy  of,  (It.  Duccato  di  Lucca.  dook-k3/to  dee 
look'kd.  or  Lucchese,  look-ki's.A.)  a  small  territory  of  Central 
Italy,  between  lat.  43°  45'  and  44"  V  N.,  and  Ion.  10°  12'  and 
10°  42'  E.,  bounded  E,  and  S.  by  Tuscany,  W.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa  and  Duchy  of  Ma.ssa,  and  N.  by  Modena.  Area  516 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1852,  260,745.  It  occupies  the  central 
valley  of  the  Serchio,  and  is  con.'^idered  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  fertile  regions  in  Italy.  Lucca  was  formerly  an  inde- 
pendent state,  but  was  ceded  to  Tuscany  in  October,  1S47. 
See  TuiCAXT. 

LUCCA,  look'kj,  a  village  of  Sicily,  intendency  of  Girgenti, 
between  Alessandria  and  Castronuovo.    I'op.  3000. 

LUCCIIESE.    See  Lucca,  Dochv  of. 

LUCE,  a  township  iu  Spencer  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1622. 

LUCE.4,  loo-see'a,  a  m.iritime  village  of  Jamaica,  on  its 
N.W.  coast,  CO.  of  Cornwall,  I'i  miles  W.S.W.  of  llontego. 

LUCEAU,  lii'so',  a  villasre  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe, 
21  miles  S,W.  of  St.  Calais.    Pop.  1362. 

LUCE  (luss)  BAY,  a  broad  and  deep  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
S.W.  co;u!t  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigton.  Breadth  at  entrance, 
18}  miles;  at  the  head,  where  it  receives  the  small  river 
Luce,  about  7  miles;  length  16|^  miles.  The  quicksands  of 
this  bay  have  often  proved  destructive  to  shipping. 

LUCEXA,  lu-se'na  or  loo-th.Vnd,  (anc.  £liscma  ?)  a  city  of 
Ppain,  Andalusia,  province  and  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cordova, 
In  an  agreeable  plain.  It  is  well  built,  has  several  squares, 
generally  wide,  clean,  paved  streets,  lined  with  handsome 
edifices;  a  large,  handsome,  and  highly  decorated  parish 
;hurch,  several  chapels,  four  convents,  two  l.adie.s'  colleges, 
and  a  variety  of  schools  and  benevolent  institutions;  a  town 
and  session-house,  prison,  two  hospitals,  an  orphan  asylum, 
storehouse,  a  magnificent  "pa.seo"  (promenade)  in  one  of 
the  principal  squares,  and,  in  the  environs,  esteemed  medi- 
cinal baths.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics,  shoes, 
Boap.  earthenware,  delft,  glass,  brandy,  wine,  oil,  vinegar; 
and  iron,  copper,  and  other  metallic  vessels,  <S:c.   Pop.  16.652. 

LUCEN.\,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15  miles  N.W.  of 
Castellon-de-la-Plana,  on  the  river  Lucena.     Pop.  2903. 

LUCENAy  LES  AlX,lu'seh-n.V  l.Azix.a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Nievre,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Xevers.     Pop.  1579. 

LUCENAY  L'EVKQUE,  lU\seh-nA/  leh-vAk',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  SaOne-et-Loire,'  8  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Autun.     Pop.  1221. 

LUCEXDA,loo-sJn'dd,  a  considerable  town  of  South  Africa, 
capital  of  the  territory  of  Cazembe,  on  the  Vt\  affluent  of 
Lake  Xyassi,  near  lat.  10°  S.,  Ion.  30°  E, 

LUCE,  (New  and  Old,)  two  parishes  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
■SVigton. 

LUCEMCO,  loo-ch?n'e-ko,  or  LUTZENEY,  loot/seh-ni\  a 
Tillage  of  Austrian  lUyria,  circle  of  Giiritz,  near  the  Ismitz. 
Pop.  1180. 

LUCENTO,  loo-ch?n'to,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
near  Turin,  on  the  Dora  Uipaira.    Pop.  1246. 

LUCENTUM.     See  Aucante. 

LUCERA,  loo-ch.Vri,  (anc.  Lue^ria,)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Capitanata,  on  a  height,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Foggia.  Pop.  11,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  w.alls,  and  has  a 
fine  <athedral.  formerly  a  Saracenic  mosque,  a  bishop's  palace, 
Atrtlmimle  appropriated  to  tlie  public  otflces,  a  royal  college, 
and  a  fine  private  museum,  and  active  trade  in  cattle  and 
cheese. 

LUCEBAME,  looKhA-rii'm.\,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
BtatfS.  division  and  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nice.    Pop.  1207. 
LlCKltlA.    See  LuctitA. 
LlCKllNA,  a  town  of  Sardinia.    See  Luserna. 
LL CEUNE.  Iti-sern'.  (Fr.  pron.  lU'saiaA;  Ger.  Lua-m  or  Lur 
eern,  loot-sdnn'.)  a  city  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  canton 
or  Lucerne,  and  one  of  the  three  seats  of  the  Swiss  Diet  on 
the  Keuss,  where  it  issues  from  theW.extremitvof  the  Ijjke 
?:  .   i'i'T',"'-  'f'  '""'■*'  *^-'''*^-  "*■  Zurich.     Pop.  in"l860.  11,522. 
U  in  hijjhly  ideturesque,  enclosed  by  a  waU  and  watch-towers, 


LUC 

and  pretty  well  built.  Principal  edifices,  a  cathedral  and 
other  fine  churches,  several  convents,  town-liall.  arsenal, 
with  ancient  armor,  two  hospitals,  an  orphan  a.sylum,  jail, 
theatre,  and  several  covered  bridges,  adorued  witli  ancient 
paintings.  Its  lyceum.  established  in  an  old  .Jesuit  convent, 
has  14  professors;  there  is  attached  to  it  an  admirable 
public  school.  In  a  garden,  outside  of  the  city  walls,  is  a 
monument  to  the  Swiss  guards  who  tell  iu  Paris.  1792; 
Lucerne  has  several  other  remarkable  works  of  art;  also 
manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton  fabrics,  carriages,  and  one 
of  the  largest  weekly  corn-markets  ia  Switzerland. 

LUCEKN  E,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  near  its  centre.  Area 
588  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1800,  130.504,  nearly  all  Komau 
Catholics.  Surface  mountainous  iu  the  S.,  level  in  the  N. 
Soil  generally  fertile.  Principal  river,  the  r-mmeu.  Tha 
canton  comprises  the  lakes  Sempach  and  iialdegg;  those  of 
Lucerne  and  Zug  form  part  of  its  E.  limits.  A  smail  sur- 
plus of  corn  is  produced  annuiiUy ;  fruits  are  plentiful,  and 
some  wine  is  made;  but  the  chief  branches  of  industry  are 
cattle  rearing  and  d.iiry  husbandry.  Lucerne  is  the  chief 
of  the  Swi.<s  Komau  Catholic  cantons. 

LUCERNE,  LAKE  OF,  (Ger.  Waldatudter  See  or  Merwald- 
stiidter  See.  feer-wdlf  stfet-ter  zA\  or  the  "  Lake  of  the  Four  For- 
est Cantons,")  a  lake  of  Switzerland,  near  its  centre,  enclosed 
by  the  cantons  of  Schwytz,  Uri,  Uuterwaldeu,  and  Lucerne. 
Length  24  miles;  breadth  from  half  a  mile  to  2  miles ;  height 
of  surface  above  the  sea  1380  feet;  the  deptli  varies  from  300 
near  Lucerne  to  900  feet,  near  its  E.  extremity.  Shape  cruci- 
form, with  a  prolongation  eastward,  called  the  Bay  of  Uri, 
where  its  banks  rise  into  rugged  sublimity ;  its  scenery  is 
everywhere  picturesque.  Tlie  lieu.ss  enters  it  at  its  S.E.,  and 
leaves  it  at  its  N.W.  end.  The  city  of  Lucerne,  and  towns  of 
Kussnacht,  Brunnen.  and  Flueleu  are  on  this  lake,  on  which 
a  steamer  plies  from  end  to  end.  twice  a  day  in  summer. 

LUCERNE,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohiio,  60  miles  N.E. 
of  Columbus. 

LUCIlfi.  Iti'shA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Saithe, 
on  the  Loir,  7  miles  E.  of  La  Fleche.     I'op.  2626. 

LUCHENTE,  loo-ch^n't.'V.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
35  miles  from  S'alentia.     Pop.  1207. 

LUCIION.  a  town  of  France.     See  BAGNfiRES-DE-LucHON. 
LUCIIoW.  (Liichow.)  lii'kov,  a  town  of  Hanover,  37  miles 
S.E.  of  LUneburg,  on  the  Jetze.     Pop.  1343. 

LUCIITUINGEN,  (Liichtringen.)  liiK'tring-en,  a  village  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  government  and  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Minden, 
on  the  Weser.  over  which  there  is  here  a  ferry.    Pop.  1909. 

LUCIUXANO,  loocheen-ya/no,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
Tuscany,  provinceof  Florence,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Sienna.  P.2880. 

LUCILLO,  loo-theel'yo,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  37 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Leon.     Pop.  l-i85. 

LUCIN'DA  FURNACE,  a  postroffice  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

LUCITO,  loo-chee'to,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Larino.    Pop.  3000. 

LUCK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  J^ooTSK. 

LUCKA,  look'kd,  a  town  of  Germany,  Saxe-Altenburg, 
ne<"ir  Altenburg,  on  the  Schuauber.     Pop.  1425. 

LUCKAU,  loo'kow,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 50  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort,  (on  the  Oder.)  on  the 
Berste.  Pop.  4310.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and 
linens:  distilleries,  and  powder-mills. 

LUCKENW.'VLDE,  look'en-wdl'di.h,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenburg,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Potsdam,  on  the 
Nuthe.  with  a  station  on  the  Berlin  and  Anhalt  Railway. 
Pop.  6300,  employed  in  woollen  cloth  and  linen  factories, 
tanneries,  iron  works,  breweries,  and  distilleries. 

LUCK'ER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  c6.  of  Northumberland, 
with  a  station  on  the  York  and  Berwick  Railway,  2y  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Bel  ford. 

LUCK'II.\>1.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LUCK'INGTOX,  a  pari.-h  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LUCKIPOOR,  luk-ke-poor'.  a  town  of  Britihh  India,  pre.sl- 
dency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Tiperah.  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Brahmapootra,  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dacca.  Lat.  22°  55'  N.,  Ion. 
90°  55'  E.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  cotton  goods,  and 
is  remarkable  as  one  of  the  cheapest  towns  in  India. 

LUCKN(^W.  luck'nuw\  (llin.  LuKstuanaviite.)  a  city  of  Hin- 
dostan,  capital  of  Oude.  580  miles  W.N.W.  of  Calcutta;  lat.  26*^ 
53'  N.,  Ion.  80°  58'  E. ;  on  the  right  bank  of  the  (;of>mty,  here 
crossed  by  a  stone  bridge  of  10  iriigular,  pointed  arches, 
and  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  The  river,  opposite  the  city,  is 
about  100  yards  wide ;  and  Is  navigable,  for  large  boats,  from 
its  junction  with  the  Ganges,  between  Ghazipoor  and  Be- 
nares, to  a  con.siderable  distance  up  the  country.  Lucknow, 
like  nearly  all  Eastern  cities,  has  an  imposing  and  pictur- 
esque appearance  from  a  distance,  wilh  its  innumerabl* 
minarets,  gilded  cupolas,  and  brilliantly-colored  sepulchre* 
and  mosques ;  but,  like  them  also,  fails  to  realize,  on  neai 
inspection,  the  promises  of  the  remoter  view.  It  may  bo 
said  to  be  divided  into  two  portions — the  court  end.  and  the 
bazaar  or  mercantile,  which  is  3  or  4  miles  iu  length,  and, 
in  some  places,  nearly  as  much  in  bi-eadth;  but  the  streets 
are  narrow  and  dirty,  and  the  houses  generally  mean.  In 
the  better  quarter  it  is  otherwi.se.  Here  the  buildings  are 
handsome,  and  the  streets  broad  and  clean ;  one  of  the  finest 


J 


LLC 


LUG 


of  those-  rallod  IIusRn  Abad.  runs  parallel  with  the  river 
towards  tlie  bridge,  and  traverses  a  coiipidurable  poition  of 
the  northern  quarter.  In  the  centre  of  this  street  is  a  lofty 
portal,  ornamented  with  many  small  towerji;  and,  at  the 
further  extremity,  is  the  Imaum  Barrce  (holy  palace),  where 
the  \'izir  Asoph  ud  Dowlah  is  buried.  There  are.  besides, 
many  stately  khans,  and  some  handsome  mosques  and 
pagodas,  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  and  not  a  few  of  them 
in  the  meanest  and  most  wretched  quarters.  With  the  excep- 
tion, liowever,  of  the  royal  tombs,  and  the  Iniaunibarah,  or 
cathedral,  a  beautiful  structure,  the  principal  edifices  of  the 
city  are  all  of  modern  construction.  The  scenery  around 
the  city  is  very  pleasing,  especially  along  the  banks  of  the 
Goomty.  The  river  here  exhibits  a  scene  of  great  activity — 
traiHc- boats,  small  barks,  and  fishing-lxjats,  rowing  to  and  fro 
in  ceaseless  succession.  Between  the  city  and  the  decaying 
country-seat  Constantia,  is  the  Delkuslia  Park,  witli  an 
extensive  menagerie;  and  about  3  miles  distant  is  Baroun, 
a  royal  palace  in  tlie  Grecian  style.  Luckuow  has  been  the 
Beat  of  government  since  1774,  wlien  it  was  removed  thither 
from  Fyzabad.  Pop.  estimated  at  200,tX)0;  but  Von  Orlich, 
in  184y.  says  300.U00. 

LUCKNOVVTKK,  irik'n5w'tee\  a  town  of  Xorth-Western 
Ilindostan,  in  a  territory  subsidiary  to  the  British,  13  miles 
N.K.  of  Kurnaul. 

LUCKU'UT'.  LAKHPAT,iak'li'pit',  or  LUCICPUT'  BUN'- 
DKil,  a  fortified  town  of  Western  Hindostan,  Cutch,  on  the 
Koree  or  Kast  branch  of  the  Indus,  here  200  yards  across, 
and  only  4  feet  deep.  Pop.  5000,  mostly  Hindoo  triulers.  It 
stands  on  elevated  ground,  and  lias  irregular  bastioned 
walls,  mounting  a  lieterogeneous  collection  of  cannons. 

LUC'ICY  HIT,  a  post-villago  of  Limestone  co.,  Alabama, 
200  miles  N.N.W.  of  .Montgomery. 

LUGO,  loo'ko,  (anc.  Luciof)  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  on  Lake  Fuciuo,  5  miles  S.  of  Avezzano. 
Pop.  1000. 

LUCi  >LT,  lookolee.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  II..  6  miles  ^V.S.W.  of  Aquila.     Pop.  2500. 

LUt.'ON,  liiVAxo',  (anc.  Lurus?)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vendee,  17  miles  AV.  of  Fontenay,  aliout  8  miles 
from  the  sea,  to  which  it  is  united  by  a  navigable  canal,  10 
miles  in  length.  Pop.  in  1852,  4S10.  It  has  a  communal 
college,  linen  factories,  and  manufactures  of  porcelain. 

LIJCON,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands.    See  Ll'zox. 

LUCQUES.     See  Liicc.\. 

LUCTO,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky,  on  Salt 
Eiver. 

LCCTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LUCUS.    See  Lvco. 

LUCUS  ASTLT^UM.    See  Oviedo. 

LUCUS  AUGUSTI.     See  Luoo. 

LUCY-LE-BOIS,  lii'see'leh-bwd',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Youne,  canton  of  Avalon.    Pop.  1011. 

LUCZ,  loots,  a  village  of  Hungary,  on  the  Theis.s,  hero 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  16  miles  from  Tokay.     P.  1946. 

LU'DA.  a  post-offlce  of  Washita  co..  Arkansas. 

LU'DAMAR',  a  state  of  West  Africa,  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Sencgambia,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  Sahara.  Pop.  Mo- 
hammedan.    Chief  town,  Benowm. 

LUJ).\S.  loo'dosh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  on  an 
extensive  lagoon  and  morass  of  its  own  name.     Pop.  2106. 

LUD'BOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  25  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Lincoln,  with  a  station  on  the  East  Lincolnshire 
Eailwav,  N.  of  Louth. 

LUD'CIIUKCH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

LUDD.  lud,  (anc.  LydUla  or  Dios'filin,)  a  considerable 
village  of  Palestine',  2  miles  N.E.  of  Kamleh.  with  a  decayed 
church  of  St.  George.  It  was  ruined  by  a  Mongol  tribe  in  1271. 

LUD'DENDEN,'  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding,  3j  miles  W.  of  Halifax,  with  a  station  on  the  Man- 
chester and  Leeds  Railway. 

LUD'DENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LUD'DESDOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LUD'DTNGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LUDDIXtiTON-iN'-TUE-BllOOK,  a  parish  of  England, 
counties  of  Huntingdon  and  Northampton. 

LUDE  or  LE  LUDE,  leh  Hid,  (anc.  Lusdum*)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Sarthe.  on  the  Loir,  10  miles  E.S.E. 
of  La  Fleche.     Pop.  2250.     It  has  a  castle. 

LUI'ENSCHEID,  (Liidenscheid,)  lii'den-shrte\  a  town  of 
Prussia,  Westphalia.  23  miles  S.W.  of  Arnsberg.  Pop.  3810. 
It  has  factories  of  cutlery,  brass  and  iron  wares. 

LUD't'OllD,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Hereford 
and  Salop. 

LUDFOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LUDGERSH.VLL.  liij'erz-hall,  a  town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Wilts,  15  miles  N.  of  Salisbury.  Near  it.  a  few 
years  ago  the  great  seal  of  England,  usetl  in  the  reign  of 
Btephen.  was  discovered.     Pop.  554. 

LUDGERSH.\LL.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  iucks. 

LUDGV.VN,  liij'van,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LUD'1I.\M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LUDINGHAUSEN,  (LUdinghausen),  lU'ding-h(5w*zen,  a 
town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Milnster. 
Pop.  1750. 


LtJDITZ,  (LUditz,)  Iti'dits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  ch^le  of 
Eliwgen,  on   the  Strzela.  56  rr.'.'.^r^  tV.  oi  fraguc.     r.  1400. 

LU  D'LOW,  indlo,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  at  the  contiuencc 
of  the  Corve  and  Teme,  25  miles  S.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  In 
1S51,  5376.  It  is  finely  situated  on  an  eminence  in  a  fertile 
district.  There  are  some  traces  of  its  ancient  walls,  erected 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  extensive  and  uiiignificent  remains 
of  a  castle,  Mortimer's  chapel,  the  noble  state  apartments 
of  the  lords  presidents  of  the  marches,  with  several  towers, 
in  one  of  which  Butler  wrote  part  of  his  Hudil'ras;  a 
cruciform  parish  church,  with  a  grammar  sdiool.  founded 
l)y  Edward  IV.,  having  two  exhibitions  to  Baliol  College, 
Oxford ;  and  assembly  rooms,  small  theatre,  and  library. 
The  Viorough  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

LUD'LOW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  A\iu(isor  co, 
Vermont,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the  I!ut- 
land  and  Burlington  Railroad.  70  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 
It  has  churches  of  3  denominations,  and  considerable 
manufactures  of  ca.«simeres,  ni.ichinery,  and  cdmbs.   P.  156S. 

LUDLOW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hiinipdcn  co, 
IMassachusetts,  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the  Cbickopee  River, 
about  9  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield.  The  Springfield  Manu- 
facturing Company  is  located  here.     Pop.  1174. 

LUDLOW,  a  post-oflice  of  Scott  co..  .Mississippi. 

LUDIjOW,  a  post-oflice  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 

LUDLOW,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Washington 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1043. 

LUDLOW,  a  posfcofflce  of  Dubois  co..  Indiana, 

LUD'LOWVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  in  I^ansing  town- 
ship, Tompkins  co..  New  York,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Ciiyuga 
Lake,  at  the  mouth  of  Salmon  Creek,  10  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Itliaca.  It  has  liouring-mills,  and  several  churches.  Pop, 
estimated  at  500. 

LUDWIGSBURG,  lood'wigs-btirg  or  lood'fi-ios  booRG\  a  city 
and  second  capital  of  Wtirteml>erg,  1  mile  W.  of  tlie  .Veckar, 
and  8  miles  N.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.11,201.  The  chief  edifice  is 
its  vast  palace,  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  Germany, 
with  a  gallery  of  paintings,  and  spacious  gardens.  It  has 
several  churches,  an  arsenal,  theatre,  military  school,  lyceum, 
orph.an  asylum,  workhouse,  an  in.stitution  for  poor  children, 
a  royal  cannon  foundry,  and  manufactures  of  woollen, 
cotton,  and  linen  fabrics,  eartlienware,  buttons,  leather, 
needles,  and  jewellery.  Near  it  is  hk  Favobite,  (Id  ^-vo- 
reef.)  a  royal  summer  palace. 

LUDWIG'S  CANAL,  Bavaria,  unites  the  AltmUhl  with 
the  Regnitz.     See  Altmuiii.. 

LUDWKiSDORF,  lood'ftiG.«-doRf\  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Sile.sia,  circle  of  Glatz.     Pop.  1023. 

LUDWUiSHAFEN,  lood'*iGs-ha'fen,  a  village  of  Baden, 
Lake  circle,  on  the  Lake  of  Constance.     Pop.  817. 

LUDWIGSLUST,  lood'wiGs-16ost\  a  market-town  of  North 
Germany,  grand-duchy  of  Merklonburg-Schwerin,  21  miles 
E.  of  Schwerin,  with  a  station  on  the  Hamburg  and  Berlin 
Railway.  Pop.  5256.  Its  fine  palace  was,  till  1837,  the 
usual  residence  of  the  grand-duke. 

LUDWIGSTADT,  looil'wig-statr,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  39 
miles  N.  of  liaireuth.     Pop.  860. 

LUD'WORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

LUESI.\.  ioo-.Vse-a,  a  town  of  Spain,  Arasron,  60  miles  from 
Saragoss>i.  on  the  Arba-de-Luesia.     I'op.  947. 

LUF'FEXHAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rut- 
land. 

LUFFENIIAM,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rut- 
land, 6J  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Stamford.  It  has  a  station  on  tlie 
Midland  Railway. 

LUF'FINCOTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LUFT'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LUQA.  Russia.    See  Loooa. 

LUGAGNANO,  loo-gdn-yd'no,  an  ancient  town  of  Italy, 
situated  19  miles  S.E.  of  Piacenza,  on  the  Arda.     Pop.  4521. 

LUG.\NO,  loo-gd/no,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  one  of  the  3 
capitals  of  the  canton  of  Ticino,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Lake 
of  Lugano,  16  miles  S.  of  Bellinzona.  Pop.  in  1850,  5142.  It 
is  picturesquely  situated,  and  has  two  churches,  with  good 
p.iintings.  a  large  theatre,  manufactures  of  silks,  leather, 
and  iron  goods,  and  various  printing  and  bookselling  esta- 
blishments, and  it  is  an  entrepot  of  the  trade  between  Italy 
and  Switzerland.     Near  it  are  numerous  grottoes. 

LUGANO,  LAKE  OF,  (It.  Lngn  di  Lufjann,  lii/go  dee 
loo-gd'no,  ane.  Cere^sius  Lafcux.)  a  lake  of  Switzerland  and 
North  Italy,  between  the  Lakes  Maggiore  and  Como,  and 
about  190  feet  higher  than  these.  Shape  very  irregular. 
Greatest  length  16  miles,  average  breadth  2  miles.  It  is 
mostly  enclosed  by  lofty,  abrupt,  and  wooded  mountains, 
is  of  great,  and  in  some  places,  unfathomed  depth,  and 
discharges  its  surplus  waters  by  the  river  Trefa  into  Lago- 
Maggiore.  Its  scenery  is  very  imposing,  being  much  more 
gloomy  and  rugged  than  that  of  the  celebrated  lakes  on 
either  side.  A  steamer  plies  regularly  on  the  lake;  and  be- 
tween the  two  villages  of  Melide  and  Bissona,  where  it  is  nar- 
rowest, a  liandsome  bridge  has  recently  been  thrown  over  it. 

LUGANSKAIA  STANITZA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Loo. 

OASSKAIA   StaXITZA. 

LUGANSKOfi,  u  town  of  Russia.    See  IiOOGANSKo£ 

1099 


LUG 


LUM 


LlfGAR.  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  a  small  but  beaxitiful 
aflluont  of  the  river  Ayr,  "which  It  joins  near  Catrine. 

LTJGDE.  loog'deh.  a  walled  town  of  Prussia.  Westphalia, 
27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Minden,  on  the  Emmer.  Pop.  3500.  It 
has  paper-mills  and  mineral  springs. 

LUGDUNUM.     See  Lyoxs. 

LUODUXUM  BATAVORUM.    See  Letden. 

LUGG.  Iti^;.  a  river  of  England  and  Wales,  joins  the  Wye 
near  Mordiford,  co.  of  Hereford.     I^n<;th  about  40  miles. 

LUGHMA.V,  liVmin',  or  LAMGHAN.  litmV"'.  a  district 
in  the  .\.E.  of  Afghanistan,  lat.  34°  25'  to  35°  N.,  Ion.  70° 
to  70°  40'  E. ;  it  forms  part  of  the  province  of  .Telalabad. 

LUG^NAQUIL'LA,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  Leiuster,  co. 
of  Wicklow,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Douard.     Height  3039  feet. 

LUGNY,  liinVee'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Sa«ne-et-Loire,  11  miles  N.  of  Macon.     Pop.  1167. 

LUGO,  loo'go,  (anc.  Lw'cus  AugusitQ  a  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Lugo,  on  the  Minho,  48  miles  E. 
N.E.  of  Santiago.  Pop.  7269.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
has  a  large  square,  surrounded  by  arcades ;  a  Gothic  cathe- 
dral of  the  12th  century,  and  manufactures  of  Morocco 
leather  and  thread  stockings.  Its  mineral  baths  were 
femous  in  the  time  of  the  Komans. 

LUGO,  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  X.  by  the 
Atlantic,  between  Ion.  6°  52'  and  8°  4'  W.  Area  3484  square 
miles.    Pop.  419,437.    Capital,  Lugo. 

LUGO,  loo'go,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Romagna, 
Bituated  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ferrara.  Pop.  8232.  It  is  im- 
portant as  a  place  of  trade,  and  has  a  large  annual  fair  from 
September  1st  to  19th. 

LUGOS,  loo'go.sh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Xheisg, 
12  miles  from  Nyir  Bathor.    Pop.  1433. 

LUGOS,  a  market-town  of  S.E.  Hungary,  co.  of  Krasso,  on 
the  Theiss,  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  6600. 

LUGRIN,  loo-green',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Savoy,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva.    Pop.  1274. 

LUGUM  KLOSTKR,  Denmark.    See  Lygum  Kloster. 

LUGUVALLUM  or  LUGUVALLIO.    See  Carlisle. 

LUG'WAR'DIXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LUHATSCIIOWITZ,  loo'hjt-sho'wits.  a  village  of  Moravia, 
14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Hradisch,  with  sulphur  and  saline  baths, 
which  have  lately  acquired  repute.    Pop.  798. 

LUIIU.    See  Loehoe. 

LUIK,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Liege. 

LUIKEL.\XD.  a  province  of  Belgium.    See  Liege. 

LU'IXG,  an  island  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle.  olf  its  W. 
coast,  separated  from  Sell  Island,  on  the  N.,  by  a  strait  about 
300  yards  in  width.    Length  7i  miles. 

LUINGUE,  XviKiig,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  30  miles  S.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  1343. 

LUTNO.    See  Luvrao. 

LUIS  DE  LA  PAZ,  loo-ees/  d.\  \K  pils.  a  town  of  Mexico, 
near  the  E.  frontiers  of  Guanajviato,  and  about  36  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Queretaro,  with  productive  silver-mines. 

LUISIAXA.  LA,  li  loo-ee'see-a/nit,  a  village  of  Spain,  An- 
dalusia. 40  miles  from  Seville.    Pop.  2941. 

LUIZ-ALVES,  loo-ees'ai'vJs,  MAXOEL-ALVES,  ma-no-2l'- 
IVvls,  or  MKRIDIOXAL,  m.'l-re-de-o'njl,  a  river  of  Brazil, 
which  rLses  in  the  Sierra  do  Duro,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the 
province  of  Goyaz,  and  joins  the  Tocantins,  in  about  lat. 
9°  20'  S.     Its  whole  course  is  estimated  at  150  miles. 

LUJAN  or  LUX.\N,  loo-nSn',  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, (La  Plata.)  South  .America,  joins  the  Plata  estuary 
from  the  W.,  23  miles  X.W.  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

LU.TAR  or  LUXAR,  loo-iiaR/,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
40  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1222. 

LUKA,  loo'kd,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  between  the  Ghara 
(Sutli'j)  and  Chenaub Rivers,  on  the  route  from  Ferozepoor 
to  Mooltan. 

LUKAWETZ.  loo'ki-«Jts,  or  LUKAWICE,  loo/ka-fteefsA, 
a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  4  miles  from  lieichenau.  Pop. 
1005. 

LUKELIXGO,  a  town  of  Eastern  Africa.    See  Qimx)A. 

LUK-FAH-TAH,  a  postoffice  of  the  Choctaw  Nation,  Ar- 
kans.^s. 

LUKHOKL  loo-ko'kee,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  between  the 
Ghara  (Sutlgj)  andChenaub  Rivers,  on  the  route  from  Fe- 
rozepoor to  Mooltan. 

LUKT.\XOW.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Lookianov. 

LUKISI.  lil-kee'see,  a  maritime  village  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  Boeotia,  on  the  channel  of  Talanta,  12  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Thpbes.     Xe.ar  it  are  vestiixes  of  the  ancient  Anlhedon. 

LUKKEE  (luk'kee')  MOUXTAIXS,  a  considerable  range  in 
Sinde.  connefted  with  the  Hala  or  Brahooic  Mountains  of 
Belooehistan ;  highest  parts,  about  1000  feet. 

LUKKEK,  (XoRTHERN.)  a  town  of  Sinde.  in  ruins,  10 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Shikarpore. 

LUKKEE,  (Southern.)  a  town  of  Sinde.  on  the  Indus, 
near  the  entrance  of  the  Lukkee  Pass.  S.  of  Sehwan. 

LUKO.IA\OV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Lookianov. 

LUKOV.  loo'kof  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  17  miles 
S.  of  Siedlec.     Pop.  3586.  comprising  many  .Tews. 

LULA.  looll  or  LUVUL.A.,  loo-voo'la,  a  village  and  island 
of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari.     Pop.  930. 

LULEA.  f  Luled,)  loote-O,  a  navigable  river  of  North  Swe- 
1100 


den.  laen  of  PiteJ,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  60  miles  S.W. 
of  TorneS,  after  a  S.  course  of  200  miles. 

LULEA,  (Lule.4,)  a  seaport-town  of  Sweden.  Iwn  of  Pite.4, 
capital  of  a  district,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lulea-Elf  in  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  62  miles  W.S.W.  of  TorneA.  The  piesent 
town  has  a  good  harbor,  at  which  some  trade  is  cari'ied  on; 
and  steamers  call  in  passing  between  Stockholm  and  lor- 
nei.     Pop.  1140. 

LULLEEAXA,  luUee-d'ni,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  20 
miles  S.  of  Lahore. 

LULLIX.  lool-leen',  a  vill.age  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Sa- 
vov.  10  miles  from  T houon.     I'op.  1002. 

LUL'LIXGSTOXE,  a  i^arish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LCIv'LIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

LULLIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LULLIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LULL'WORTH,  H  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  54 
miles  S.W.  of  AVarehara.  LuUworth  Castle,  the  seat  of  the 
Weld  family,  is  a  massive  pile,  erected  in  1588. 

LULLWOKTII  COVE,  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  a  deep  and 
narrow  inlet  of  the  sea,  surrounded  by  lofty  cliffs,  with  21 
feet  of  water  at  low  tide. 

LU.MAKSO,  loo-maR/so,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Chiavari,  near  Cicagna.     Pop.  2657. 

LUM'BER,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
Pop.  213. 

LUMBER  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Robeson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

LUMBER  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Penusyl- 
Tania.    Pop.  192. 

LU5IBER  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Telfair  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Ocmulge*!  River,  about  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  Milledaeville. 

LUM'BERLAXD,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co";,  Xew 
York,  on  the  Delaware  River,  about  125  miles  S.S.W.  of  Al- 
bany. The  Eric  Railroad  enters  New  York  from  Pennsyl- 
vania in  this  township,  and  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Canal,  following  the  X.  bank  of  the  Lackawaxen.  also  crosses 
the  Delaware  here  by  a  viaduct,  and  passes  eastward  along 
the  river.     Pop.  970. 

LUM'BERPORT,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Virginia, 
210  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

LU.MBER  RIVER,  rising  near  the  N.E.  border  of  Rich- 
mond county,  in  North  Carolina,  flows  in  a  southerly  course, 
and  enters  the  Little  Pedee,  in  South  Carolina,  about  14 
miles  E.  of  Marion  Court  Hou.se. 

LUM'BERTOX,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Bur- 
lington CO..  New  .Tersey.  on  the  S.  branch  of  the  Rancocug 
Creek,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  2  or  3  miles  S.  of  Mount 
lUilly.  It  contains  a  glass  fiictory.  The  shipping  of  the 
district.  June  30,  1S52,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  12,067 
tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  of  which  2797  tons  W(-re  em 
ployed  in  steam  navigation.  During  the  yejir,  1  schooner 
and  7  other  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burthen  of  537  tons, 
were  admeasured.    Pop.  1830. 

LUMBERTON,  a  village  of  Gates  co..  North  Carolina,  on 
the  Chowan  River,  about  25  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Gatesville. 

LUMBERTON.  a  fiourishing  post-village,  oapital  of  Robe- 
sou  CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  Lumber  River.  91  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Raleigh.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  lumber  and  turpentine. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  2000. 

LUMBERTON,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  about 
70  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

LUM'BER VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylva^ 
nia.  on  the  Delaware  River. 

LUMBIER.  loom-be-aiR'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Xa- 
varre.  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pamplona.    Pop.  2143. 

LU.MBRALES.  loom-brd'l?s,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  48  miles  W.S.W.  of  Siilamanca.     Pop.  2492. 

LUMBRERAS.  loom-bri/ras.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  28  miles  S.  of  LogroSo.    Pop.  1300. 

LUMELLIX.A.  a  town  of  Sardinia.     See  Mortara. 

LU.MELLO.  loo-mJllo,  a  town  of  Pialmont,  division  of 
Novara.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Mortara.     Vdyt.  2150. 

LUMENCIIA,  loo-mfn'chd.  a  .small  island  of  Spain,  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  at  the  entrance  of  the  port  of  Lequeitio.  It 
had  a  battery,  which  the  British  destroyed  in  1810. 

LUMEZZANE,  loo-mJt-sd/n.4,  two  contiguous  villages  of 
Northern  Italy.  8  miles  N.  of  Bre.scia.     United  pop.  2715. 

LUMLEY,  GREAT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

LUMLEY,  LITTLE,  a  ch.apeiry  adjoining  the  above,  and 
remarkable  for  its  stately  castle,  originally  built  in  the  roign 
of  Edward  I.,  by  the  Lumleys,  ancestors  of  the  Earl  of  Scar- 
borough. 

LUMMEX',  lum'men.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limbourg.  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilasselt.     Pop.  2891. 

LUMPHAN'AN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  24  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Aberdeen.  Macbeth  is  said  to  have  beon  slain 
here,  at  a  spot  marked  by  a  cairn. 

LUMP'KIX'.  a  county  in  the  N.  p-art  of  Georgia,  contaiiw 
4C0  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Chestate>-  and  E1> 
wah  Rivers.  The  surface  is  diversified,  being  traverwKl  by 
the  Blue  Ridge.  The  soil  near  the  rivere  is  very  j  mductivo. 
Gold  is  found  in  nearly  all  parts,  and  some  of  the  niinen  are 
very  rich.  Indications  of  its  presence  are  si'en  in  the  color 
of  the  waters,  and  many  of  the  hills  are  completely  rid  lied 


LDM 

with  sliafta  and  tunnels. — White's  Slftti.tiics.  Copper,  silyer, 
magriftio  iron,  lead,  and  granite  are  aI?o  found.  Organized 
In  183S,  and  named  in  honor  of  Wii-son  liUuiptLin.  Governor 
of  Georgia.  Capital,  Dahlouega.  I'op.  4G26,  of  whom  4194 
were  free,  and  432  slaves. 

LUMI'KIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stewart  co.,  Georgia, 
gituated  near  the  source  of  Uodehodltee  Creek,  100  miles 
S.VV.  of  Milledgeville.  It  contains.  besid<'S  the  county  build- 
ings. 2  churches,  2  acmleniies.  and  12  stores  and  groceries. 

LU^Mt'KIX'S  CKKEK,  Georgia,  enters  I'iint  Kiver,  in 
Dooly  county. 

LUNA,  loo'nj,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  35  miles  from 
Saragos=a.     Pop.  945. 

LUX.^:  TORTUS.    See  Spezia,  Gulf  of. 

LU'N  AN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  on  a  beautiful 
inlet  of  the  North  Sea.  .3  miles  S.S."VV.  of  Montrose.  In  its 
churcliyard  is  a  monument  erected  to  A\'alter  .Mill,  the  last 
Scottish  martyr. 

LUNA.N.W,  loo'na-ni',  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  province  of 
Guzcuat,  capital  of  a  rajahship.  (io  miles  K.  of  Ahmedabad. 

LUNA?,  lu'nj.s',  a  villjige  of  France,  dejiartmeut  of  Ile- 
rault.  7  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Lodeve.     i'op.  1500. 

LUNAY,  lii'n.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loir-etr 
Cher.  6  miles  W.  of  Vendorae.     Cop.  ItiOO. 

LUN'CAK'TY.  a  village  of  Scotland,  county  and  3J  miles 
N.of  I'crtli,  with  a  station  on  the  I'erthand  Forfar  Kail  way. 
Population  employed  in  a  linen  bleachery,  the  largest  in 
Britiiin.  The  Dant>s  were  here  defeatiMl  by  Kenneth  111.,  iu 
990,  )jy  the  bravery  of  Hay,  ancestor  of  the  Krrol  family. 

LUND,  loond.  a  city  of  Swe<Jen.  hen  of  .Malmii,  in  an  exten- 
sive plain,  about  8  miles  from  the  Sound,  and  24  miles  E.  of 
Copenhagen.  It  i.s  a  very  ancient  place;  and,  in  I'agan 
times,  had  risen  to  such  importance  as  to  collect  a  population 
of  80,000.  It  was  then  surrounded  with  wooden  fortifica- 
tions, and  had  its  warehouses  filled  with  the  merchandise 
and  treasures  which  the  Scanians  had  carried  off  in  their 
piratical  excursions.  In  the  middle  ages,  it  Ijecame  the  see 
of  an  archbishop;  and  the  Scandinavian  monarchs  were 
elected  kings  of  Scania  on  a  hill  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
Before  the  Ueformatiou  it  contained  21  churches  and  6  mo- 
nasteries. It  has  now  only  3  chur(;hes  —  one  of  them,  a 
cathedral,  a  large,  irregular  structure,  of  very  ancient  date. 
But  the  great  attraction  of  Lund  is  its  University,  opened 
iu  147 1'.  occupying  the  buildings  of  an  old  castle,  and  pos- 
sessed of  a  library  of  nearly  00,000  volumes  and  manus<-ripts: 
an  oliservatory,  a  museum,  physical  cabinet,  &c.,  and  at- 
tended by  about  500  students.  Other  objects,  deserving  of 
notice,  are  the  botanical  garden,  and  the  Nosocomium  or  in- 
fimiary.     Pop.  9323. 

LUN  0.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Hiding. 

LUNDEN,  loijn'den,  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  Ilolstein, 
67  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hamburg. 

LUND1:NBURG,  IrHmMen-bcWRoN  BUEDSLAWA,  brfd- 
sll'wd.  or  BRACZLAW,  britsMdv.  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
Moravia,  38  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brtinn,  on  the  railway  from 
Vienna,  and  on  the  Taja.     Pop.  2150. 

LUN'DIE  AND  FOW/LIS-EAS^'ER,  a  united  parish  of 
Scotland,  counties  of  Forfar  and  Perth. 

LUNDYE,  IQn'dl',  a  river  of  Afghanistan,  and  a  principal 
tributary  of  the  Cabool  Kiver,  which  it  joius  from  the  A'.,  12 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Peshawer. 

LUN'DY  ISLE,  England,  co.  of  Devon,  in  the  entrance  of 
the  Bristol  Channel,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ilartland  Point. 
Area  nearly  2000  acres.  It  is  defended  by  a  lofty  rampart 
of  rock.s,  except  at  one  narrow  opening  on  its  E.  side.  It 
has  a  lighthouse.  Silver  and  copper  have  been  di-scovered. 
It  was  anciently  a  stronghold  of  pirates. 

LUN1)Y'S  LANE,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LUNE.  a  river  of  England,  enters  the  Irish  Sea  at  Sunder- 
land Point,  by  a  broad  estuary.  Length  50  miles.  It. is 
navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Lancaster. 

LUNEHURG,  (LUneburg,)  lu'neh-bCirg  or  lii'neh-booRG\ 
a  town  of  Germany,  Hanover,  capital  of  a  landdrostei  and 
principality,  on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Ilmenau,  and  on  the 
Hanover  and  Hamburg  Railway,  08  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hano- 
ver. Pop.  14,411.  It  is  walled,  has  0  gate.«,  and  communi- 
cates across  the  river  by  7  bridges;  has  .several  squares,  but 
j.s.  in  general,  ill  built,  hiiving  dark  and  narrow  streets,  and 
dull,  old-fashioned  houses.  It  contaius4  churches,  a  mo- 
nastery, which  was  secularized  in  the  17th  century,  but 
still  contains  an  extensive  library;  a  castle,  arsenal,  town- 
hall,  theatre,  gymnasium,  military  academy,  military  hos- 
pital, ordinary  hospital,  and  several  other  benevolent,  edu- 
cational, and  literary  institutions.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  stuffs,  and  soap,  and  an  active 
tr'insit  trade  between  Hamburg  and  the  interior  of  Germany. 
The  landdrostei,  or  district  of  Liineburg,  has  an  area  of  4330 
square  njiles.     Pop.  319,021. 

LCNEL.  lUWl',  (anc.  Lunatif)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Montpellier^  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Vidourle,  and  on  the  Canal  of  Lunel.  It 
has  a  communal  college,  numerous  brandy  distilleries,  and 
an  active  trade  in  Muscat  wine  and  raisins.  In  the  loili 
centuiy,  Lunel  was  a  place  of  strength,  and  almost  entirely 
inhabited  by  Jews,  whose  celebrated  rabbi,  Solomon  Jarchi. 


lur;    ./. 

had  hero  a  famous  synagogue.    Its  fortifications  were  i.-ized 
in  1032.  by  Cardinal  Richelieu.     I'op.  iu  1852,  5392. 

LUNEN,  (IjUnen.)  lu'nfn,  a  town  of  Pru.ssia,  Westphalia, 
28  miles  N.W.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Lippe.  I'op.  with  suburb, 
Alt-Llxex.  (ilt-lii'nen,  ("Old  Ltiueu,")  5040.  It  ha.s  manu- 
factures of  tobacco  and  woollen. 

LU'NENBUKG,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  about  370  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  ou 
the  N.  by  Nottoway  River,  aud  ou  the  S.  by  the  Jleherrin 
Kiver.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  moileratclv  fertile. 
Formed  in  1746.  Capital,  Lewistown.  Pop.  11,983,  of  whom 
4078  were  free,  and  7305  slaves. 

LUNENBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Essex  CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  liiver,  op- 
jiosite  Lancaster  in  New  Ilampsliire,  (to  whicli  the  Northern 
Railroad  is  soon  to  be  extended.)  about  45  miles  E.N.E.  of 
iloutpelier.  It  contains  a  town-house,  several  ihurches,  and 
a  flourishing  academy.  The  new  Congregational  church, 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  one  destroyed  in  the  tire  of  1849, 
is  a  very  fine  building.  In  seyeral  of  the  public  schools, 
the  languages  and  higher  English  branches  are  taught.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  1034. 

LUNENBURG,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chu.setts,  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  and  on  the  head  waters 
of  the  Nashua  River,  about  38  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  1212. 

LU'NENBURG  or  JIALAOUASIT.  mara-g".i«'i'.  -i  seaport 
town  of  Nova  ."cotba.  cajiital  of  Lunenburir  county,  on  a  fine 
bay  of  its  own  name  opening  into  the  .\tlantic  Oc^an.  about 
45  miies  W.S.AV.  of  Halifax.  The  harbor  affords  good  anchor- 
age, atld  at  its  entrance  is  a  light-house  showing  two  lights, 
one  revolving,  and  30  feet  above  the  other.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade.    Pop.  of  the  county,  16,393. 

LUNENBURG  COURT  HOUSE,  or  LEWISTOWN,  a  post- 
village,  cupitjil  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Airginia,  91  miles  S.W.  of 
Richmond.  It  has  an  elevated  situation,  and  contains  a 
handsome  courtrhouse. 

LU N  C VI  IJjE.  1  u'ue-vil  or  1  ii'n.Vveel',  (anc. .Vortana  ?)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Meurthe,  near  the  junction  of  the 
A'ezouse  with  the  Meurthe,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nancy.  It  has 
generally  straight  streets  and  regular  buildings;  a  modern 
and  handsome  church,  a  palace,  built  by  Lefipold,  Duke  of 
Lorraine,  at  the  beginning  of  last  century,  and  subsequently 
embellished  aud  o<'cupied  by  Stanislaus,  ex-king  of  I'oland ; 
it  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and  worsted  goods,  embroidery 
and  earthenware.  The  trade  is  iu  wiue.  corn,  brandy,  hemp, 
flax,  wood,  and  embroidery.  Luneville  possesses  a  court 
of  first  resort,  an  agricultural  society,  a  communal  college, 
and  is  one  of  the  largest  cavalry  .stations  iu  I' ranee,  having 
very  extensive  barracks  and  exercise  ground.  The  treaty 
of  peace  by  which  the  Rhine  became  the  French  frontier, 
was  signed  here  in  1801.     Pop.  12,164. 

LUNEY'S  CREEK,  a  postrvillage  of  Hardy  co.,  Virginia. 

LUNG.V,  an  island  of  Austria.     See  IsoLV  Op.ossa. 

LUN'G A,  an  islet  off  the  W.  coafit  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
half  a  mile  N.  of  .Scarba.  The  strait  Iwtweeu  these  islands 
is  remarkable  for  the  violence  of  its  current. 

LU-NG.VN,  a  city  of  China.    See  I.oo-ngas. 

LUNGERN,  loon'ghern,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Unterwalden,  near  its  southern  extremity,  8  miles  S.W. 
of  Sarnen.  Pop.  1400.  It  is  situated  near  tlie  small  Lake 
of  Lungern,  recently  in  part  drained  by  a  tunnel. 

I>UNG-IvIANG,  lung'ke-dng'  or  loong'ke-ing',  a  river  of 
China,  province  of  Quang-see,  after  a  tortuous  S.E.  course  of 
300  miles,  joins  the  Hong-kiang. 

LUNGRO,  loon'gro,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Castro-Villari.     Pop.  3500. 

LUNGWITZ,  loong'fiits,  (Upper  and  Lower.)  two  conti- 
guous villages  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  10  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Chemnitz.    United  population,  5140. 

LUNI,  loo'nee,  (anc.  Lu)naf)  a  ruined  city  of  Northern 
Italy,  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  Sardinian  dominions, 
about  4  miles  S.E.  of  Sarzana.  It  was  ruined  by  the  Sara- 
cens in  1010,  but  gave  name  to  the  district  of  Lunigi.ina. 

LUNI.  loo-nee/,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  Pyrenees,  province 
and  28  miles  N.  of  Saragossa.    Pop.  1259. 

LUNlGI.iNA,  loo-ne-jd/n^,  a  small  territory  of  Italy, 
between  the  states  of  Sardinia,  Parma,  and  Modena.  Aiea 
197  square  miles.     Pop.  55,220. 

LUNTEI5EN,  lun'teh-ren,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderland,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  1900. 

LUNZENAU,  loont/seh-now\  a  ttown  of  Saxony,  on  the 
Mulde,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  2787. 

LUPAK,  loo'pok\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theis», 
about  3  miles  from  Dognacska.     Pop.  1004. 

LUP'PITT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LUPSA,  loop'shoh\  a  market>town  of  Transylvania,  co.  of 
Thorenburg,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Karlsburg,  with  3099  itth» 
bitants.  and  5  Greek  churches. 

LUQUE,  loo/ki,  a  modern  town  of  Spain,  province  and  30 
miles  S.E.  of  Cordova.    Pop.  3752. 

LURAGO,  loo-rd'go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  gOTera- 
ment  of  Milan,  6  miles  S.  of  Erba.     Pop.  2200. 

LURAS,  loo^rls,  or  LAURAS,  low'rds,  a  village  of  Sardinia, 
province  of  and  N.E,  of  Tempio.    Pop.  1540. 

1101 


LUR 

I.URATE- ABATE,  loo-rJ't'l-a-b3'ti  a  Tillage  of  Austrian 
Ttaly,  government  of  Milan,  9  miles  E.  of  Como.    Pop.  19S1. 

lIPRAT',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Page  co.,  A'irglnia.  136 
niile.s  X.W.  of  KichmouU.  It  is  plca-santly  situated  in  a 
fertile  limestone  valley.  Here  is  a  quarry  of  fine  marble. 
Luray  contains  several  churclies,  and  about  500  iuhabitants. 

LUlSAY.a  Tillage  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  National 
Road,  24  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

,    LUKAV,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana,  50  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

LUItCV  LE  150U1U},  luR'sec'leh  booR.  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Nievre,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Cosne.  P.  1200. 

LURCY  LEVY.  luR'see/  leh-vee'.  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Allier,  20  m'iles  N.W.  of  Moulins,  with  2940 
inhabitants,  and  manufactories  of  earthenwares. 

LUllE.  liiR,  (anc.  Luteraf)  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaute-SaOne,  capital  of  an  arrontlissement,  on  the  Ognon, 
16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vesoul.  Pop.  .3190.  It  h!is  a  communal 
college,  and  an  active  trade  in  leather,  iron,  com,  and  cheese. 

LUR'GAX.  a  market-town  of  Irel.ind.  Ulster,  co.  and  15 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Armagh,  on  the  Belfast  and  Ulster  Railway. 
Pop.  4077.  It  has  a  handsome  parish  church,  a  Roman 
Catholic  chapel,  court-house,  bridewell,  union  workhouse, 
3  branch  banks,  and  extensive  manufactures  of  linens  and 
muslins.  It  gives  the  title  of  Baron  to  the  Brownlow  femily, 
who  own  the  town,  and  whose  castle  is  adjoining. 

LURG.W,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavan. 

LURG.\N,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  PennsylTania. 
Pop.  1316. 

LUR'GERSHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LURI,  loo'ree,  a  marketrtown  of  Corsiciv,  13  miles  N.  of 
Bastia.    Pop.  1662. 

LURLSTAX,  a  district  of  Persia.    See  Looristax. 

LUltO,  loo'ro,  a  river  and  small  town  of  European  Turkey. 
The  river  enters  the  Gulf  of  Arta,  after  a  S.  course  of  40 
miles.    The  town  is  6  miles  above  its  mouth. 

LURROO,  lur'roo,  or  DURROO,  dar'roo,  a  town  of  Cash- 
mere, 8  miles  S.  of  Islamabad. 

LURS.  liiR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- Al pes, 
6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Forcalquier.    Pop.  1236. 

LUS.  a  province  of  Beloochistan.    See  Loos. 

LU.^ACE.    See  Lusatia. 

LUSATIA,  lu-s.Vshe-a,  (Ger.  Lausitz,  Ww'zits;  Fr.  Lusace, 
lilViss',)  an  ancient  territory  of  Germany,  divided  into  tlie 
margravates  of  Upper  Lu.satia  (Ol«er  Lausitz)  and  Lower 
Lusatia  ( Nieder  Lausitz),  and  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Bohe- 
mia, to  which  the  whole  of  it  originally  belonged.  It  after- 
■w.xrds  fell  to  Saxony,  .and  remained  with  it  till  1S15,  when 
Russia  received  the  whole  of  Nieder  Lausitz. 

LUS'RY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

LUSfRY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky. 

LUSCUAN,  lcV>sh'an.  or  LUZAN,  loo'zdn,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  BiJsehow,  about  8  miles  from  Gitsohin. 
Pop.  1118. 

LUSCtlE,  loosh'eh.  or  LUZE,  loo'zi,  a  market-town  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim,  about  10  miles  from  Ilohen- 
mauth.     Pop.  1440. 

LUSDaRF,  loos'doRf,  or  LUSTORF,  loos'toRf,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,  near  Friedland.    Pop.  1008. 

LUSEN,  (Lilsen.)  lU'zen.  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  circle 
of  Bruneck,  district  of  Brixen.    Pop.  1149. 

LUSERNA,  Ioo-sJr'uJ,  a  village  of  Pie<lmont,  division  of 
Turin,  province  and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Pinerolo.     Pop.  11S3. 

LUSERNA,  BOBBIO  DI.  bob'be-o  dee  loo-sjR'nd,  a  vlll.ige 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  contiguous  to  the  above.     Pop.  1648. 

LUSIONAN,  lii*zeenV3N°',  (anc.  Lusiniauum?)  a  town  of 
France,  dep.irtment  of  Vienne,  on  the  Vonne,  14  miles  S.\V. 
of  Poitiers.  Pop.  1482.  Remarkable  as  the  criulle  of  the 
Lusignan  family,  sovereigns  of  Jerusalem  and  Cyprus  dur- 
ing the  crusades. 

LUSIGNY,  lU^zeenYee',  (L.  Lusignnum  f)  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Aube,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Troves. 
Pop.  1000. 

LUSiTA^^A.    See  Portugal. 

LUSK,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinstcr,  co.  of 
Dublin,  3  miles  W.  of  Rush. 

LUSN.A..  loosh'noh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Liptau. 

LUSS.  a  parish  of  Scotlaml.  co.  of  Dumbarton. 

LUSSAC.  liisVik'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  in  1852,  2471. 

LCS3.\C  LES  CII.VrEAUX.  lilsVJk'  \\  shiVtr/.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Tienne,  7  miles  W.  of  Montmoril- 
lon.     I'op.  1581. 

LUSSAC  LES  £glTSES,  lUs'slk'liz  J'gleez'.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Uaute-Aienne,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Bellac.    Pop.  1640. 
LUSSIN.    See  Lossixi. 

LUSSIN-GRANDE  an-»  LUSSIN-PICCOLO,  two  towns  of 
Olyna.     See  Lossim. 

LUSTEXAU.  U".s'teh-now\  or  LUSTNATT,  liWst'nCw,  a  vil- 
lage of  Austria,  Tyrol,  on  the  Upper  Rhine,  7  miles  S.S.W. 
>f  Breger.z.     Pop.  2995. 

LUSTLEIGH,  irist'lee,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

H.-tTV-lL,  lWgt'n5w,  a  village  of  Wurtemberg,  about  1 
aiile  ^S.K  'jf  Tubingen  on  the  Neckar.    Pod.  1459. 
li'/2  *^ 


LUX 

LUSUSCOONA  RIVER.     See  Loosascoona. 

LUTENBURG  (Liitenburg,)  lii'tyn-bouRG',  a  town  of  Den- 
mark, duchy  of  IIoLstein.  58  miles  N.E.  of  Gliickstudt,  on  a 
small  river,  2  miles  from  the  Baltic.     Pop.  2100, 

LUTETIA.    See  J'aris. 

LUTE  V  A.    See  LooivE. 

LUmiERANSVILLE,  a  post>office  of  Schoharie  co..  New 
York. 

LUTIIERMUIR,  In'ther-mUre'.  a  village  of  Scotland,  ca 
of  Kincardine.  6j  miles  N.N.E.  of  Brt'cliin.     Pop.  yii7. 

LUTIIERSBURG,  a  post>village  of  Clearfield  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Erie  Turnpike,  136  miles  AV.N.W.  of  llai> 
risburg. 

LUTHKRSYILLE,  a  vill.ige  of  Rowan  co..  North  Carolina. 

LUTHERVILLE,  a  village  in  Meriwether  co.,  Georgia,  10& 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

LUTISS.4,  loo'tisb'shoh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Trentschin,  near  Mount  Tisin.     Pop.  1C40. 

LUTOMIERZ,  loo-to'me-aiRzh\  or  LUTOMIRSK,  loo-to- 
meeRsk'.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Kalice, 
on  the  Ner.  27  miles  N.E.  of  Sieradz.     Pop.  1600. 

LUTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Englajid,  co.  and 
19  miles  S.E.  of  Bedford,  on  the  Lea.  Pop.  of  the  town  in 
1851. 10.048.  It  is  pleiusantly  situatetl  between  ranges  of  the 
Chiltern  Hills ;  has  a  fine  got  hie  church,  a  national  school, 
poor's  hospital,  union  workhouse,  market-house,  and  manu- 
factures of  straw  hats.  In  the  vicinity  is  Lutou-lloo  Park, 
formerly  .seat  of  the  Mai-quis  of  Bute. 

LUTRY,  liiHree',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  A'aud, 
on  the  Lakeof  Geneva,  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lausanne.     P.  1783. 

LUTSCHINE,  (LUt.«chine.)  liit-.shee'n.A.  a  river  of  SwitzeW 
land,  canton  of  Bern,  formeil  by  the  torrent  A\hite  Liitschine, 
and  the  Black  Liitschine:  falls  into  the  Lake  of  Brienz. 

LUTSCH.  LANGEN,  Idng'en  loOtsh.  a  village  of  Austria, 
Moravia,  circle  of  Olmutz,  near  Kronau.     Pop.  lotiO. 

LUT'.SKY.  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvniiiii. 

LUTTARUNl).  laf  t.'i-bCind',  a  pass  in  Afghanistan,  near 
Cabool ;  lat.  34°  21'  N..  Ion.  69°  28'  E.  It  is  6  miles  long, 
and  about  7000  feet  high. 

LUTTER  or  LUTTER-AM-BARENBERGE,  liVter-im- 
bA'ren-WR\ghi_-h.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  duchy  and  23 
mile's  S.S.AV.  of  Brunswick.  Pop.  1064.  Here  in  1626,  TiUy 
defeateci  Christian  lA'.,  King  of  Denmark. 

LUTTERBACH,  lootner-baK\  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haut-Rhiu,  15  miles  N.  of  Altkirch,  on  an  island 
formed  bv  the  Dolleren.     Pop.  1047, 

LUTTER  WORTH,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  14  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Leicester,  on  the  Midland  Counties 
Railway.  Pop.-  in  1851.  2446.  The  town,  on  the  Swift,  a 
tributary  of  the  Avon,  has  a  handsome  church,  containing 
a  par*  of  the  pulpit,  and  a  portrait  of  its  rector,  the  reformer 
Wycliffe,  who  died  here  in  1384. 

LU TTICH.  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  LlEGE. 

LUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Huntingdon 
ami  Northampton. 

LUTTRINGHAUSEN,  WCt'tring-how'zen.  a  town  of  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  17  miles  S.E.  of  DussoKlorf    Pop.  980. 

LUTZEN,  lotif  zen.  a  town  of  l'rus^'ian  Saxony,  9  mUes  S.E. 
of  Mersi'burg.  Pop.  2230.  It  is  memorable  for  the  battle 
of  0th  November,  lf>o2,  in  which  Gustavus  Adolphus  de- 
feated the  .\ustrians,  and  lost  his  life ;  and  for  that  of  2d 
May.  1813,  between  the  French,  under  Napoleon,  and  the 
allied  Russian  and  Prussian  forces,  in  which  the  latter  were 
defeated. 

Ll'TZK.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.    See  Lootsk. 

LUVINO.  loo-vee'no.  or  LUINO.  loo-ee'no,  a  town  of 
Northern  Italy.  24  miles  N.AV.  of  Como,  on  the  E.  shore  of 
Lago  Maggiore.     Pop.  1943. 

LUXAN.    See  Lcjan. 

•  LU.V.\P.\TIL'LA,  a  creek  which  rises  in  Marion  co..  Ala- 
bama, and  flowing  south-westerly,  enters  the  Tombigbee 
River  a  little  below  Columbus,  in  Mississippi. 

LUX'BORoUUlI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

LUX1>:MB0URG;  (Fr.  pron,  liix^ftMn)O0R/.)  or  LUX'EM- 
BUltG,  a  province  of  Belgium,  constituting  the  \V.  portion 
of  the  grand-duchy  of  Luxemburg;  txiunded  N.  by  the 
province  of  Liege.  E.  bj'  the  duchy  of  Luxemburg.  S.  by 
France,  and  W.  by  the  province  of  Naniur.  Area.  1705 
square  miles.  It  Is  divided  into  five  arrondissenient.s — 
Arlon,  the  capital,  Bustogne,  Marche,  Neufchateau,  and 
Virion:  subdivided  into  20  civil  and  15  military  cantons. 
Pop.  204,597,  the  large  majority  of  whom  speak  French  or 
"VV.Hlloon. 

LUX'EMBURG.  (Dutch  pron.  1  rix'em-bORgV)  a  town  be- 
longing to  Holland,  capital  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Luxem- 
burs.  and  a  fortress  of  the  German  Confederation.  115  miles 
AV.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  and  117  miles  S.I-:,  of  Brussels.  Its 
natural  position  is  so  strong,  and  the  different  powers  in  to 
whose  hands  it  has  succe.ssively  fallen  have  done  so  mvrh 
to  extend  and  improve  its  means  of  defence,  that  CaiTiOt 
pronounced  it  to  be  the  strongest  pbice  in  Europe,  after 
Gibraltar.  It  is  divided  into  a  low  and  a  high  town.  The 
former  lies  .ilong  the  banks  of  the  Aliette.  is  surrounded 
with  walls,  and  consists  of  two  quarters,  called  the  Griudel 
I  aud  Ptaffcnthal.     The  latter  stands  200  foet  higher,  on  a 


LUX 


LYC 


steep  and  scarped  rook,  and  is  approached  from  below  by 
Bights  of  8teps  and  zinzag  streets,  cut  out  of  the  solid  i-ock, 
80  as  to  be  passable  for  a  carriage.  The  whole  rock  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  strong  wall,  deep  ditches,  and  a  double  row 
of  formidable  outworks.  The  most  remarkable  part  of  the 
fortifications,  called  Le  Roue,  consists  of  a  rocky  promon- 
tory, which  commands  the  valley  both  above  and  below. 
The  whole  town  is  well  built,  and  contains  3  good  public 
squares,  4  churches,  3  chapels,  and  a  .synagogue;  town- 
houses,  old  and  new;  the  governor's  houws  town  library, 
monasteries  of  the  Dominicans  and  FrancLscans,  an  athe- 
nreuni,  with  16  professors,  a  Roman  Catholic  seminary  for 
priests,  a  normal  and  several  elementary  schools.  It  has 
manufactures  of  wa.x,  several  distilleries  and  breweries, 
tanneries  for  chamois  as  well  as  ordinary  leather,  dye- 
works,  Ac,  and  a  trade  in  gold  and  silver  wares,  paper, 
Iron,  honey,  wine,  vinegar,  wood,  china,  hats,  hosiery.  &c. 
Luxemburg  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and.  during  part  of 
the  year,  the  residence  of  the  leading  families  of  the  ducliy, 
some  of  whonj  have  elegant  mansions  In  it.  Pop.  11,143, 
exclu.sive  of  the  garrison,  mustering  alxiut  5000  men. 

LUXKM15UK0,  GliAND-DUCIIV  OF.  a  territory  belong- 
ing to  the  Dutch  monarchy,  and  forming  the  eleventh 
state  of  the  German  Confederation,  bounded  X.  and  E. 
by  Uhenish  Pru.ssia.  S.  by  France,  and  W.  by  Belgium. 
Area.  1228  square  miles.  It  forms  part  of  the  plateau  of  the 
Ardennes,  and  has  a  rnirged  and  mountainous  surCice. 
covered  in  many  parts  with  heaths  and  morasses,  though  in 
general  well  wooded.  Its  drainage  belongs  almost  entirely 
to  (he  basin  of  the  Moselle.  F"or  administrative  purposes,  it 
is  divided  into  the  three  districts  of  Luxemburg.  Greven- 
macher,  and  Diekirch,  containing  eleven  cantons.  Luxem- 
burg was  first  governed  by  counts,  one  of  whom.  Henry  lA'., 
wa.-<  elected  Emperor  of  Germany  in  130S.  and  assumed  the 
title  of  Henry  VII.  In  KiSl  it  was  erected  into  a  duchy 
by  Charles  IV.,  and,  in  144^1  came  by  marriage  to  Philip  of 
Burgundy,  and,  through  him,  to  the  house  of  Spain.  By 
the  peace  of  tlie  I'yri'nees.  in  16.59.  part  of  it  was  ceded  to 
the  French,  and  took  the  name  of  French  Luxemburg;  but 
in  1714  it  all  merged  in  the  house  of  Austria,  and  remained 
with  it  till  the  successes  of  the  French  revolutionary  armies 
incorporated  it  with  the  French  Kmpire.  In  1814  it  was 
converted  into  a  grand-duchy  and  given  to  the  King  of 
Holland,  who  pos.sessed  it.  in  common  with  Holland  and 
Belgium,  till  1830,  when,  in  consequence  of  the  revolution 
of  the  latter,  part  of  it  Iweame  a  Beliiian  proviueo.  The 
remainder,  continuing  with  the  Dutch,  forms  the  present 
graiKiduchy.     Pop.  206,245 

LU.XEUIL,  lUxW,  or  LIIXEN.  (anc.  LiiriA-him).  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Haute-Haune.  10  miles  X.AV.  of 
Lure,  at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges  Mountains.  Its  warm  and 
colli  mineral  baths,  known  to  the  Komans,  are  much  fre- 
quented, and  it  has  manufactures  of  paper,  hardware,  and 
cutlery.     Pop.  in  1852,  4085. 

LUXOR,  loox'or'  or  lrix'or\  written  L0X;Q.S0R  by  the 
French,  (Arab.  M  Itifr,  "  the  palaces"),  a  village  of  IFpper 
Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  li  miles  t>.  of  Carnnc. 
on  a  portion  of  the  site  of  ancient  Thebes,  and  having  one 
of  the  most  magnificent  ancient  temples  extant. 

LUXOVIUM.     See  LuXEUlL. 

LUXU'LIOX.  a  pari.<h  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

LUYK.  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  Lieoe. 

LTJYNES.  lon\H'n',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre- 
et-Loire.  5  miles  Vi'.  of  Tours.  Pop.  2000.  Some  of  the 
houses  are  excavated  in  the  limestone  rock,  on  which  .stands 
an  old  castle,  formerly  fortified,  and  during  the  revolution 
of  1703  called  Kochu-sur-Loire. 

LUZ.  Uiz,  or  LUZ  EN  BARRl^GES,  lUz  6x«  baR^naizh'.  a 
own  of  F'rance,  department  of  Ilautes-Pyrenees,  at  the  foot 
of  a  lofty  mountain,  called  the  Pic  de  Berzon.s,  16  miles  S. 
of  Tarbes.  It  has  manufactures  of  mixed  silk  and  woollen 
stuffs,  called  barriiji's.  Near  it  are  the  thermal  baths  of  St. 
Sauveur.     Pop.  2040. 

LUZ.V,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  T/)ozA. 

LUZ.\RC1IES,  UiVaR.siy,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
8eine-et-0ise.  arrondissement  of  Pontoise.     Pop.  1432. 

LUZECII,  liiV.Jsh'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cahors.     Pop.  1610. 

LTJZERN.  a  canton  of  Switzerland.    See  Lucerne. 

LUZERNE,  lu-zern'.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, lias  an  area  of  1400  ."(juare  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River;  the  Lehigh 
River  flows  along  its  S.E.  border;  and  it  is  also  drained  by 
the  Lackawanna.  Nescopeck,  Huntingdon,  and  Wapwallo/- 
pen  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  several  parallel 
mountain  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  Chain.  Wyoming  Moun- 
tain traverses  the  middle  of  the  county,  parallel  with  the 
river,  and  extends  towards  the  N.E.  under  the  name  of 
Moosie  Mountain.  The  average  height  of  this  ridge  is  alxnit 
1000  feet  above  the  valley.  Another  ridge,  called  if  differ- 
ec*  varts  the  Nanticoke  and  Lackawann.a  Mountains,  rises 
In  the  N.W.  par*  Between  these  lies  the  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile valley  of  Wyoming,  through  which  the  Susquehanna 
River  flows.  Including  the  valley  of  the  Lackawanna,  this 
is  a  long  elliptical  basin,  nearly  60  miles  in  length,  and  5 


miles  in  width,  constituting  a  separate  coal-field,  the  beds 
of  which  in  some  parts  are  about  30  feet  thick.  Large  quan- 
tities of  coal  are  mined  near  Carbondale  and  Wijkesbarre. 
The  soil  of  these  valleys  is  fertile  and  well  ud.-ipted  to  agri> 
culture.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  North  Branch  of 
the  State  Canal  liy  the  Delaware  Lackawainia  and  AVestem 
Railroad,  ami  the  Lackawanna  and  Blooinsburg  R.R.  An- 
other railroad  extends  from  the  county-seat  to  \\hitehaven. 
Orgiinized  in  1786,  and  named  in  compliment  to  Chevalier  de 
la  Luzerne,  at  that  time  minister  from  France  to  the  United 
States.     Capital,  Wilkesbarre.     Pop.  90.244. 

LUZERNE,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Warren  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River.     Pop.  1328. 

LUZERNE,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1896. 

LUZERNE,  a  postrofflce  of  Fond  du  Lac  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

LUZK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  LooTSK. 

LUZi>N,  loozon'.  or  LUgON.  (Sp.  pron.  of  both,  loo-thOn',) 
an  island  in  the  Mal.-»y.  Archipelago,  the  largest  of  the  Phi- 
lippines, between  the  Chinese  Sea  on  the  W.,  and  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  E.;  between  hit.  12°  30'  and  18^'  40'  N., 
Ion.  no*^  4.Vand  124°  10'  E.;  its  greatest  length  is  about 
550  miles,  its  greatest  breadth  al>out  130  miles;  but  whero 
its  N.  and  S.  portions  are  united  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  it 
dinuui-shes  to  10  miles;  area  estimated  at  67,505  .square 
mile.'.  The  northern  portion  of  the  island,  constituting  at 
least  four-fifths  of  the  whole,  is  of  an  oblong  shai)e,  and  tole- 
rably compart,  the  only  large  bays  which  break  the  conti- 
nuity of  its  outline  being  those  of  Lingayen  on  the  W..  and 
Manila  on  the  S.W. ;  the  S.,  or  rather  S.E.  jwrtion,  is  ex- 
tremely irregular.  Its  surface  is  very  much  divertjfied,  but  it« 
most  prominent  features  are  two  mountain  chains,  the  Sierra 
M.aiire  and  Cordillera  de  Caravallos.  The  Sierra  Madre  attains 
a  height  of  at  least  7000  feet;  the  Cordillera  de  Caravallos.  or 
E.  chain,  attains,  in  the  N.,  a  height  of  about  4000  feet,  but 
has  many  summits  which  exceed  COOO,  and  probably  7000 
feet.  Several  of  the  loftiest  heights  are  in  the  S.  jiart  of 
the  island,  where,  situated  near  the  coasts,  they  form  a  very 
conspicuous- object  at  sea.  Almost,all  these  mountains  are 
of  volcanic  origin,  and  many  disastrous  eruptions  from 
I  hem  have  taken  place.  The  largest  ri\er  of  the  Island  is 
the  .\parri  or  Cagayan,  called  abo  the  Tago,  (Tagus,)  which 
formed  by  two  stieams  fi'om  the  central  mountains,  falls 
into  the  sea  at  Aparri.  after  a  course  of  about  ISO  miles. 
Another  river,  of  less  magnitude,  is  the  Pasig,  which  issues 
out  of  the  Liike  of  Bay  by  seven  branches,  and  is  navigable 
by  vessels  of  from  400  to  500  tons.  The  other  i)riucii  al  rivcrp 
are  the  .\bra,  Agno,  Pampauga.  and  Cabucao.  The  vegeta- 
tion of  Luzon  is  almost  inisuri)as.'!ed  in  luxuriance.  Even 
the  loftie.st  heights  are  crowned  with  gigantic  fore.sts,  while 
the  jilains  and  valleys  are  covered  with  the  richest  ver- 
dure, or  I'ccupied  by  the  most  abundant  cultivated  crops. 
Among  these  are  rice,  the  chief  article  of  food,  sugar-cane, 
%vhich  is  extensively  grown,  Abaca,  a  kind  of  banana, 
various  sjiecies  of  j)alm,  cotton,  coflee,  cinnamon,  maize,  nn(l 
tobacco.  The  mineral  kingdom  furnishes  in  considerable 
abundance  both  gold  and  iron.  The  former  is  washed  from 
almost  all  the  streams.  The  other  more  important  mlne- 
nds  are  copper,  coal,  sulphur,  marble,  gy]]Sum,  agates, 
jiisjiers.  and  carnelians.  Tlie  manufactures  include  cotton 
and  silk  tissues,  cordage,  tobacco,  leather,  plain  and  var- 
nished, embroidery,  wood  a)id  ivory  car\ings,  mats,  and 
carriages.  Great  skill  is  also  displayetl  in  the  construction 
of  iK^ats,  canoes,  and  other  large  vessels.  One  of  600  tons, 
built  by  the  natives,  has  made  many  voyages  to  Spain,  and 
is  considered  the  liest  sliii)  belonging  to  the  port  of  Manila. 
The  prin(ii>al  articles  of  trade  have  already  been  indicated. 
Luzon  is  divided  into  19  provinces ;  its  capital  is  Manila. 
Eight  earth(juakes  have  occurred  since  1627,  the  most  re- 
cent in  July,  1852.    See  Manila.    Pop.  2,176,930. 

LUZSNA,  loos'nr>h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Liptau, 
about  4  miles  from  Neusohl.    Pop.  1939. 

LUZY',  lii'zee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nievre, 
19  miles  S.  of  Chatcau-Chiuon.     Pop.  1394. 

LUZZARA,  loot-.sifrii,  a  market-town  of  Parma,  4  miles 
N.  of  Gunstalla.  near  the  Po.  The  French  gained  a  victory 
over  the  Imperialists  here  in  1702. 

LUZZl.  loot/see.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra.  11  miles  N.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  2700. 

LYAREE.  li-d^ree.  a  maritime  town  of  Relonchistan.  pro- 
vince of  Loos,  (Lus.)  on  the  I'oorally.  about  20  miles  from 
the  Indian  Ocean,  and  38  miles  S.  of  Bela. 

LY'BRAND.  a  post^ofRce  ol  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

LYB'STER,  a  villageof  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness,  parish  of 
Latheron.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Wick.  Pop.  279.  A  harlior  of 
refuge  has  been  recently  constructed  here  by  government. 

LYCIIEX,  lee/Ken,  a  town  id  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 48  miles  N.  of  Berlin.    Pop.  1970. 

LYCO.MING,  ll-kflm'ing.  a  county  in  the  N.N.E  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  1600  sijuare  miles.  The  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River  flows  eastward  through 
the  S.  part;  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Muncy.  Lf>yalsock, 
Lycoming,  and  Pine  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mountainous; 
the  main  Alleghany,  here  called  North  -Mountain,  extends 
thi-ough  the  middle.    The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  baoed  on 

1103 


Lie 

limestone,  and  is  rery  productive;  the  uplands  are  mostly 
Biiscojiti'ule  of  improvement.  It  has  extensive  mines  of 
bituminous  coal,  and  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power. 
A  canal  has  been  made  along  the  river  in  this  county.  The 
Philadeipliia  and  Erie  Railroad  passes  throngli  the  county. 
Fornicii  in  1795,  and  named  from  Lycoming  Creek.  Capital, 
AVilliitnisport.    Pop.  37,399. 

LYCOMING,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  007. 

LYCOMING  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  flows  into  the  Mest 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  about  2  miles  above  Williams- 
port. 

LYCOMIXQ  CREEK,  a  postoffioe  of  Lycoming  co..  Penn- 
qrlvRuia. 

LYCOl'OLIS.    See  Sioot. 

LYCUR'GUS.  a  post-offlce  of  .^llomakee  oo.,  Iowa. 

LYCUS.  a  river  of  Western  Asia.    See  Zab. 

LYD'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

LYDD.  lid.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  on  the  English  Channel.  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Romney, 
cf  which  cinque  port  it  was  formerly  a  member.    Pop.  1509. 

LY'BB.V  or  UIOSPOLIS.     See  Ludd. 

LY'D'0t;X,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LYDDEX.  E.\ST,  a  p."irish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

LYDDKX,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

LY^'DEX,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1505. 

LYD'F(JKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LYD'II.VM,  a  parish  of  England  and  Wales,  counties  of 
Montgomery  and  Salop. 

LYDI.VKU  (^lid'yardj  BISHOP'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset. 

LYDI.A.IID  ST.  L.^WREXCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

LY'D'IATE.  a  town.'hip  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

LYD'LIXCII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

LYCX-H.  L(X'U.  IAk  lid'dK,  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

LY'ELLS  STOKE,  a  post-offlce  of  Richmond  co.  A'irginla. 

LYGUM  KLOSTER  orLL'GUM  KLOSTER.liiVnm  klos't^r, 
a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  and  46  miles  X.X.W,  of  Sles^ 
wick,  owes  its  origin  to  a  rich  Cistercian  monastery,  founded 
in  the  l"2th  century,  hut  secularized  at  the  Reformation. 
Pop.  1-JOO. 

LYK.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Lick. 

LYKE'XA,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Crawford  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1265. 

LY''KEXS,  a  thriving  post- village  and  township  of  Dau- 
phin CO ,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  alwut  38  miles  X.E.  of 
Ilarrisburg,  at  tlie  foot  of  Bear  .Vountain.  which  abounds 
In  coal  of  superior  quality.  It  is  connected  by  a  railroad 
.6  miles  long  with  the  Susquehanna  River,  at  Millersburg. 
Many  persons  are  employed  in  the  coal-mines  at  this  place. 
Pop.  of  the  township.  1269. 

LY'3I.\X,  a  post-township  of  Y'ork  co.,  Maine,  about  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Portland.    Pop.  1307. 

LY'M-\X.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  about 
17  miles  X.X.E.  of  Haverhill.  The  river  is  here  crossed  by 
a  ferrv.     Pop.  743. 

LYImAX  CEXTRE,  a  post-viUage  of  York  co.,  Maine,  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Portland. 

LY'M.\XSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. Isy  miles  X.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

LY'ME.  lime,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grafton  co.. 
New  H.impshire.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
aljout  55  miles  X.W.  by  X.  of  Concord.  It  contains  an  aca- 
demy, and  has  manufactures  of  leather,  furniture,  and 
starch.     Pop.  1572. 

LY'.ME.  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township  of  New  Lon- 
don CO..  Connecticut  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut 
River,  at  its  entrance  into  Long  l.^sland  Sound,  and  on  the 
New  Haven  and  New  London  Railroad.  34  miles  E.  of  New 
Haven.  In  1855  the  township  of  South  Lyme  was  set  otf 
from  the  township  of  Lvme.  Passengers  by  the  railroad 
here  cross  the  river  by  a  ferrv.    Pop.  1446. 

LY.Mt;,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York,  on  Liike 
Ontario.     Pop.  2702. 

LY.ME,  a  postrtownship.  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Huron  co..  Ohio,  90  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  2205. 

LYME-REGIS,  llme-ree'jis,  a  parliamentarv  and  municipal 
borough,  seaport  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset, 
on  thi;  small  river  Lyme,  at  its  entrance  into  the  English 
Channel.  22  miles  W.  of  Dorchester,  to  which  a  railway  is 
projected.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  boroush  in  1851,  3516.  It 
has  B  handsome  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  and  other  chapels, 
almshouse,  old  town-hall,  assembly  rooms,  custom-house, 
and  a  harl^ir,  consisting  of  2  piers,  forming  a  basin,  useful 
as  a  refuge  for  small  vessels.  Its  trade  has  groatlv  declined. 
Registered  shipping  in  1847,  820  tons.  The  borough  sends  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  15.58,  the  great 
engagement  with  the  Spanish  Armada  took  place  off  Lvme. 
t  ir'k'  !^  »'it<-l»  fleet  wjis  defeate.1  here  by  the  English. 
In  1609.  tosmo-de-Medi<-i  died  in  the  town.  Admiral  Sum- 
mers, discoverer  of  the  Hermudas.  was  born  here.  An  earth- 
quake, accompanied  by  fissures  of  the  ground,  and  other 
extraordinary  phenomena,  occurred  in  the  vicinity,  in  1S39 


LYN 

LTM-FIORD.  lim'fe-ORd',  (Tan.  pron.  lilra'fe-ord\)  written 
also  LUMFIORD  and  LIIMFIORD.  Denmark,  an  inlet  or  arm 
of  the  sea  extending  from  the  Cattegat,  in  alxtut  57°  X.  lat_ 
westward  to  the  German  Ocean.  It  .stretihes  far  into  Xorth 
Jutland,  and  there  expands  into  a  large,  irregular,  and  shal- 
low lagoon.  Previously  to  1825  it  wa.«  separateti  from  the 
ocean  by  a  narrow  strip  of  land,  a  mile  or  .so  in  brestdth, 
over  which  the  .sea  occasionally  broke;  but  the  communica- 
tion is  now  permanent.  Its  whole  length  is  perhaps  100 
miles,  the  breadth  varies  from  1  mile  or  less  to  about  15 
miles.  The  Lymtiord  is  shallow  and  of  difficult  navigation. 
It  receives  several  small  rivers,  and  contains  the  island  o/ 
Mors,  and  several  smaller  islands. 

LY'.MIXGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

LYM'IXGTOX,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
seaport  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  llauts,  in  the 
New  Forest,  on  a-sniiill  navigable  river  of  the  same  name,  and 
communicating  with  a  hand.some  suburb,  close  to  its  mv^utli 
in  the  English  Channel,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Southampton,  to 
which  the  port  is  subordinate.  Pop.  of  borough  in  ISal.  6282. 
It  is  bt^autifuUy  situateii  on  a  steeii  declivity,  has  many  hand- 
some houses  for  the  accommotlation  of  .soa-bathers,  a  church 
subordinate  to  Boldre,  town-hall,  theatre,  handsome  bath.s, 
and  custom-house,  establishments  for  ship-building,  and 
salt  works.  The  harbor  admits  vessels  of  300  tons,  but  has 
little  trade.  Steamers  ply  to  Portsmouth  and  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  The  borough  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Wallop 
family. 

LYMIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset  H 
miles  E.S.E..of  llchester.  Cardinal  Wolsey  was  once  rector 
of  this  |iarish. 

LY'MM.  limm,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

LY'MPXE  or  LIMXE.  Hm,  (anc.  FoiUus  Li-iixania>nusf)  a 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  2^  miles  W.  of  lly  the.  Street- 
fall  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  archdeacon,  occupies  the  site  of  an 
ancient  British  fortress;  a  Roman  road  runs  direct  to  Can- 
terburv. 

LY.\lPSaiAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

LYMP.STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

LYXCH.  linch,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

LY'XD.  lind,  a  river  of  Xorth  Australia,  discovered  by  Dr. 
Leichhardt  flows  through  a  mountainous  country,  till  it 
joins  the  river  Mitchell. 

LYXCH'BUKG,  a  flourishing  town  of  Campbell  county, 
Virginia,  is  finely  situated  on  a  steep  declivity  on  the  right 
(S.)  bank  of  James  River,  120  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond, 
and  20  miles  S.E.  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Lat.  37°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
79^22'  W.  The  South  Side  Railroad,  leading  to  Petersbui^ 
and  Richmond,  connects  here  with  the  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee Railroad,  which  forms  part  of  the  most  direet 
route  from  the  Eastern  States  to  those  of  the  South-West 
and  to  be  one  of  the  principal  thoroughfares  of  the  Union. 
The  James  River  and  Kanawha  Canal,  the  greatest  public 
work  in  the  state,  followuig  the  cour.«e  of  the  river  from  the 
falls  at  Richmond,  is  completed  to  Buchanan,  about  50  miles 
above  Lynchburg,  and  is  to  be  continued  to  CovingUm. 
The  distance  between  Richmond  and  Lynchburg  by  canal  ia 
147  miles.  The  navigation  of  the  canal  renders  this  town 
the  market  of  an  extensive  and  fertile  tract  of  country.  The 
principal  article  of  trade  is  tobacco,  of  which  5810  hogshe.ails 
were  inspecteil  here  in  1851;  10,700  hogsheads  in  1852;  and 
10,219  hogsheads  in  1853.  About  300.000  bushels  of  wheat 
are  also  received  here  every  year.  The  town  is  supplied 
with  river-water  from  a  re.servoir  which  is  elevated  about 
253  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  and  contains  400.000 
gallons.  ITiis  work  was  finished  in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 
The  river  is  here  about  200  yards  wide,  and  is  crossed  by  a 
fine  bridge.  It  affords  abundant  water-power,  which  ia 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  wool,  flour,  &c. 
The  town  contains  9  chunhes,  3  prinling-ofTicos.  3  banks,  3 
savings  banks,  1  cotton  and  woollen  factory,  36  tobacco 
Cictories,  4  brass  and  iron  foundries,  and  150  stores,  in 
which  the  annual  sales  exceed  $2,000,000.  Capital  employed 
in  1851  in  manufiictures,  $725,000.  The  town  was  founded 
in  1786.  and  incorporated  in  1805.  In  1848.  it  contained 
7678  inhabitants.    Pop.  in  1S60,  6853. 

LYXCllBURG,  a  village  of  Stokes  co.,  Xorth  Carolina. 

LYNCHBURG,  a  village  of  Sumter  district  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad,  18  mile* 
N.E.  of  Sumterville. 

LYNCHBURG,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama. 

LYNCHBURG,  a  post-village  of  Harris  co.,  Texas,  on  Buf- 
falo Bayou,  opposite  to  San  Jacinto,  about  18  miles  E.  of 
Houston.    Pop.  1851. 

LY'NCHBURG,  a  jiost-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee,  78 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

LY'XCHBURG,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
road  from  Lexington  to  Nashville. 

LYXCllBURG.  a  post-office  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky. 

LYXCHBURti,  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Cincinnati  and  IllUborough  Railroad,  50  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Cincinnati. 

LYXCllBURG  SPKIXGS,  a  postoffice  of  Jackaon  oo., 
Mississippi. 


LYN 


LYO 


LTNCH'S  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  neai;  the  N. 
border  of  tlio  state,  and  flows  south-eastward,  forming  the 
boundary  lietween  the  districts  of  Lancaster,  Kershaw, 
Sumter,  and  Williamsburg  on  the  right,  and  Chesterfield, 
Darlington,  and  Marion  on  the  left,  until  it  enters  the  OTeat 

LVNCII'S  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Marion  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LYNCH'S  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Williamsburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

LYXCH'WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Kershaw  district,  South 
Carolina. 

LYN'CilMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer.set. 

LYNDKltuKOUGII,  liiid'hur-ruh,  a  post-township  of 
Hillsborough  co.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Souhegan  River,  aljout  2a  uiiles  S.S.\V.  of  Concord.  Pop. 
823. 

LY.V'DEN,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co..  Maine. 

LYNDK.SAY.  MOUNT,  Australia.     See  Linde.sav. 

LYX'DOX  COKNER,  a  thriving  village  of  Caledonia  CO., 
Vermont,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  3 
churches,  an  academy,  and  7  stores.  About  100  persons  are 
employed  here  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages. 

LYND'IIUH.ST.  a  parisli  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  benutifull}'  situated  in  the  centre  of  the  New  Forest, 
8  miles  W.S.W.  of  SouMiampton.  Pop.  1.380.  Here  is  the 
"  King's  House."  or  official  residence  of  the  lord  warden  of 
the  forest.  All  the  fore.^t  courts  are  held  at  Lyndhur.st.  In 
the  vicinity  Is  the  spot  whore  William  Rufus  was  slain  by 
the  arrow  of  Sir  Walter  Tyrrel. 

LYN'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

LYNDON',  a  post-township  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  head  waters  of  the  Passumpsic  River,  and  on  the  Con- 
necticut and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Railroad,  about  40  miles 
N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  109.5. 

LYNDON,  a  township  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York.  Pop. 
1101. 

LY'^NDON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wliitesides  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  Hook  River,  about  150  miles  N.  of  Springfield. 

LYNDON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Passumpsic  River,  and  on  the  Connecticut  and 
Pa.'isumpsie  Rivers  Railroad.  2  miles  N.  of  Lyndon  Corner, 
and  42  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  3  churches,  2  stores, 
and  about  100  inbabitiints. 

M'N'DONVILLE.  a  post-village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Orleans 
CO.,  New  York,  abt^ut  2.50  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

LYNE,  liuH,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles,  rises  on 
the  borders  of  the  county  of  Edinburgh,  and  flows  S.  for  20 
miles,  into  the  Tweed,  almve  Peebles. 

LYN'E,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles^ 

LYNE'HA.M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

LYNE'SACIi,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

LYNES'VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Granville  co.,  North 
Carolina,  54  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

LYNGRYE,  liug'biiVh  or  lUngTjuVh.  a  market^town  of 
Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Seelaud,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Co- 
penhagen, with  a  royal  summer  palace. 

LYNN,  liii,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Essex  oo.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Eastern  Railroad,  .9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boston. 
Lat.  42°  27'  51"  N..  Ion.  70°  57'  27"  W.  It  is  situated  on  the 
north-eastern  shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  the  midst  of 
the  most  varied  and  picturesque  scenery.  The  beaches  and 
Nahant,  iu  the  vicinity,  are  noted  places  of  resort,  l)oth  for 
pleasure  and  health.  Lynn  was  incorporated  a  city  in  1850, 
and  is  handsomely  built  on  wide  and  pleasant  streets.  The 
priucipal  public  edifices  are  the  churches,  of  which  there 
are  21,  of  the  various  denominations.  Among  the  institu- 
tions, a  free  library  is  deserving  of  notice.  An  efficient  sys- 
tem of  education  hiia  been  provided,  similar  to  that  gene- 
rally adopted  in  the  state.  There  are  in  the  city  an  acade- 
my, a  high-school,  and  48  other  public  schools,  principal,  in- 
termediate, and  primary,  attended  by  4332  pupils.  Lynn 
has  6  printing-offices,  and  18  dry-goods  stores.  Two  news- 
papers are  published  here  weekly.  Lynn  has  long  been  cele- 
brated for  the  manufacture  of  ladies'  shoes.  This  branch 
of  business  wa,s  pursued  here  before  the  Revolution.  The 
sales  Were  then  chiefly  confined  to  New  England;  but  since 
that  period  the  business  Una  been  greatly  extended  and 
shoes  are  now  exported  in  large  quantities  to  almost  every 
part  of  the  United  States.  It  is  estimated  that  at  the  pre- 
sent time  there  are  175  manufactories  in  the  city,  giving 
employment  to  about  17,200  persons,  more  than  half  of  whom 
are  females ;  and  that  10,000,000  pairs  of  ladies'  and  misses' 
shoes  are  annually  made,  amounting  in  value  to  S14,000,000. 
Besides  the  above,  th';re  are  manufactories  of  leather,  mo- 
rocco, prints,  chocolate,  glue,  machinery,  tinware,  &c.  There 
are  3  banks  in  Lynn,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $C0O,0OO, 
2  savings  institutions,  and  3  insurance  offices.  The  real  and 
personal  estate  of  this  city  in  1850,  was  valued  at  $4.834,843 ; 
in  1855,  at  S8,284.649;  and  in  1864,  at  $10,208,860;  of  v<f  ich 
last  sura  $6,528,762  was  real  estate,  and  $3,680,098  personal. 
The  number  of  voters  in  1864,  was  about  4500.  Settled  in 
1629,  and  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1632.  Population  in 
1830,  6138;  1840,  9367;  1850, 14,257;  1860, 19,083. 

LYNN,  a  township  of  Lehigh  co,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  2321. 
3U 


LYNN,  a  post-ofHce  of  Susquehanna  county,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

LYNN,  a  post-township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan.  Popula- 
tion, 225. 

LYNX,  a  village  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana,  45  miles  E.  04 
Vinceiines. 

liYNN,  a  township  in  Posey  county,  Indiana.  Popul»> 
tion,  1397. 

LYNN,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana,  8  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Winchester. 

LY'NX,  a  post-office  of  Warren  CO.,  Iowa. 

LYNN  CAMP,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Kentucky. 

LYXX'FI  ELD,  a  post-township  of  E.sscx  co.,  JIassachusetts, 
on  the  South  Rending  Branch  Railroad,  13  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Boston  Shoemaking  is  carried  on  here  to  some  extent. 
Pop.,  according  to  the  state  census  taken  in  May,  1850, 1010, 
but  by  the  United  States  cen.«us  taken  a  few  months  later. 
1723.  or  lli52  males  and  471  females.    Pop.  in  1860,  866. 

LYXXFIELD  CEXTRE,  a  post-villajre  of  Essex  eo.,  Maa- 
sacliusett.s,  about  15  miles  X.  of  Boston. 

LYXN,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

LYNN-REGIS,  lin-ree'jis,  or  KI.NG'S-LYN.V,  a  parliament- 
ary and  municipal  borough,  seaport,  and  town  of  England, 
eo.  of  Norlblk,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Great 
Ouse,  9  miles  from  the  North  Sea.  and  26J  miles  X.E.  of  Ely, 
on  the  East  Anglian.  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  19,335.  It  is 
divided  into  several  parts  by  4  small  navigable  rivers  called 
fleets,  over  which  are  about  a  dozen  bridges;  it  is  defended 
on  the  land-side  by  a  fosse,  strong  bastions,  and  remains  of 
an  ancient  embattled  wall,  with  one  gateway.  The  town 
is  well  built,  and  contains  many  noted  old  numsions.  The 
market-place  is  very  handsome,  and  e.\ tensive  public  walks, 
lined  with  trees,  beautify  the  E.  part  of  the  town.  Chief 
buildings,  St.  JIargaret's  Church,  a  stately  pile  of  vast  di- 
mension.s,  founded  in  the  12th  century;  the  beautiful  and 
spacious  chapel  of  St.  Nicholas,  All-Saints' Church,  a  Roman 
Catliolic  chapel,  the  ruins  of  a  convent,  an  octagonal  Ladye 
chajiel  tower,  a  free  grammar  school,  founded  in  the  loth 
century,  a  large  Lancasterian  school,  several  ancient  poors* 
hospitals,  an  ancient  guildhall  and  jail,  theatre,  library,  me- 
chanics' institution,  handsome  customhouse,  large  market- 
house,  and  fort.  The  harbor  is  capacious,  the  river  being 
here  about  1000  feet  in  breadth,  but  the  approach  is  seriously 
obstructed  by  shifting  sands.  Spring  tides  ri.se  18  feet.  The 
trade  of  Lynn,  v.hich  ranked,  within  the  last  60  years,  as 
the  5th  commercial  port  of  England,  is  again  rapidly  in- 
creasing. Principal  imports,  coal,  wine  from  the  I'eninsula, 
timber,  hemp,  and  other  Baltic  and  Canadian  produce.  Ex- 
ports, corn  and  wool.  Shipyaris,  breweries,  iron  foundries, 
cork,  rope,  and  tobacco  manufactories  also  employ  many  of 
the  inhabitants.  Steamers  ply  to  Hull.  The  borough  .sends 
2  memljers  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Lj'nn  was  remark- 
able for  its  fidelity  to  the  royal  cause  in  the  reign  of  John, 
who  presented  the  town  with  a  large  silver  cup  and  sword. 
It  also  espou.sed  the  side  of  Charles.I. 

LYXN'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
83  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

LYNNVILLE,  a  post- village  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee,  about 
60  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Nashville. 

LYNNVILLE,  a  post-viilage  in  Warrick  co.,  Indiana,  145 
miles  S.AV.  by  S.  of  Indianiipolis. 

LYXXVILLE,  a  postvillage  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  about 
40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

LYNNVILLE,  a  posttownship  in  the  E.  part  of  Ogle  co., 
Illinois.    Pop.  674. 

LYXXA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa. 

LYON,  a  city  of  France.     See  Lyo.n's. 

LYON,  a  township  of  Oakland  co..  Michigan.    Pop.  1628. 

LYNN,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  00.  of  Norfolk. 

LYON,  lion,  a  river  of  Scotland,  flows,  after  a  course  of 
28  miles,  into  the  Tav  at  Tavmouth  Castle. 

LYONNOIS  or  LYONNAIS.  LE.  leh  lee^n'ni/,  (L.  J'ger 
Lugdunensis  and  JE>ibii  Lngdunen'ses  f)  an  ancient  province 
of  France,  which  formed  part  of  one  of  the  Roman  divisions 
of  Gaul,  was  afterwards  included  in  the  second  kingdom  of 
Burgundy;  and.  on  being  separated  from  it,  became  an  in- 
dependent county.  Capital,  Lyons.  It  was  united  to  the 
crown  of  France  by  Philip  le  Bel,  in  1310,  and  now  forma 
the  departments  of  Phone,  Loire,  Saone,  Marne  and  Seine. 

LYONS,  li'onz,  (Fr.  Lynn,  iee'6jf°';  Sp.  Lejm,  l.i-on'; 
It.  Lioiie,  leKVn.A ;  anc.  Lugdit/rtum,)  the  second  city  of 
France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Rhone,  240  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Paris,  and  170  miles  N.  of  the  Mediterranean; 
lat.  (Notre  Dame)  45°  45'  44"  N.,  Ion.  4°  49'  43"  E.  Two 
large  rivers — the  Saone,  flowing  from  the  N.,  and  the  Rhone 
from  the  E.,  unite,  and  form  a  tongue  of  land,  on  which  the 
greater  part  of  the  city  is  built.  It  is  not,  however,  confined 
to  the  limits  thus  marked  Out,  but  extends  to  the  opposite 
banks  of  both  rivers,  the  communication  being  maintained 
by  numerous  commodious  and  handsome  bridges,  generally 
of  modern  construction.  On  the  right  bank  of  the  Saone, 
two  steep  hills,  Fourvi&res  and  St.  Sebastian,  rise  in  the 
form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  are  partially  occupied  by 
streets.  One  of  the  steepest  of  these  leads  up  to  the  summit 
of  Fourvieres,  from  which  the  best  view  of  the  city  is  ob- 

1105 


LYO 

tained:  »nd  the  whole  country,  for  many  miles  around,  is 
presented  to  the  eje  as  one  grand  panorama,  embracing 
distinct  views  of  the  Alps  on  the  E.  and  the  Cevennes  on 
the  S.  In  the  town  itself,  though  there  is  much  to  interest 
and  Kmuse,  there  is  more  to  disappoint,  and  even  disgust. 
The  streets  are  irregular,  narrow,  nud  filthy,  and  are  lined 
with  tall  ungainly  buildings,  which,  crowded  together  into 
the  smalles'  pussiMe  sjiace.  nearly  exclude  both  sun  and 
air.  There  are,  however,  many  fine  quarters,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  magnificent  quayj,  with  their  finely- 
planteil  walks,  stately  nian.^ions,  and  capacious  warehouses.' 
Bunie  of  the  squares,  also,  are  good,  such  as  the  Place  des 
Terreaux  and  the  i'l.ice  iVlIecour;  the  latter  not  surpassed 
in  beauty  and  extent  by  many  in  Europe. 

The  public  edifices  of  Lyons  are  not  numerous,  and  those 
deserving  of  notice  are  more  remarkable  for  their  antiquity 
than  for  the  lieautj  of  their  architecture.  The  Cathedral, 
on  the  slope  of  the  Fourvieres.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Baone,  is  in  the  gothic  style  of  the  time  of  Louis  XI.,  and 
has  four  towers.  Iligtier  up  the  declivity  stands  the  church 
of  Xotre  Dame,  an  ancient  edifice,  occupying  the  site  of  the 
Forum  Vetiis,  built  by  Trajan.  Beside  it  is  a  tower  or  Bel- 
vedere, 6S0  feet  above  the  Saone.  On  the  other  side  of  the 
Fourvieres  is  the  Church  of  St.  Irena'u.s  who  was  the  second 
bishop  of  Lyons,  and  had  conversed  with  the  Apostles.  The 
church,  a  modern  structure,  is  situated  on  the  grave  of  the 
martyred  bishop,  and  has  beneath  it  a  crypt,  in  which 
thousauds  of  Christians  are  said  to  have  been  massacreil 
by  orders  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Septimius  8everus,  A.  D. 
202,  A  little  above  the  Cathedral  is  the  Palais  de  Justice; 
and  lower  down,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Saone,  stands 
the  chuifh  of  the  Abbey  of  AInay,  beneath  whose  sacristy, 
and  penetra'ing  far  below  the  l)ed  of  the  river,  are  gloomy 
dungeons,  without  light  or  air,  in  which  many  of  the  early 
Christians  were  iuinuired  previous  to  martyrdom. 

Other  noteworthy  edifices  of  thLs  class  axe  the  Church  of 
St.  Xizier,  of  the  Uth  century,  one  ot  the  largest  in  the 
town;  that  of  St.  Itonaventure.  the  parish  saint  of  Lj-ons; 
the  church  of  the  Chartreux,  surmounted  by  a  superb  dome, 
which,  from  all  quarters  of  the  citj-,  is  seen  rising  conspicu- 
ously alove  the  other  buildings:  the  l^glisede  TObservance, 
Eglise  des  Antiquailles,  figlise  St.  Just,  and  figlise  St.  Louis! 
The  archiepiscopal  palace,  situated  near  the  Catlieilral,  is  a 
large  edifice  of  no  architectural  merit.  In  this  palace  a  great 
number  of  Protestants  were  butchered  in  15V2,  as  a  sequel  to 
St.  Bartholomew.  In  the  Place  des  Terreaux  stands  the  Hotel 
de  YiUe.  considered  one  of  the  finest  edifices  of  the  kind  in 
France,  though  so  very  irregular  in  its  style,  that  it  cannot 
be  said  to  telong  to  any  particular  oixler  of  architecture. 

The  library,  ( lUbliotiieque  Publique.)  occupying  jart  of 
the  buildings  of  the  college,  on  the  (J uai  de  Ketz.  is  the  best 
provincial  collection  in  France.  It  contains  14.400  volumes: 
an''  has,  besides,  a  rich  collection  of  engravings  and  MSS. 
The  Palais  des  Arts  or  Museum,  facing  the  Place  des  Ter- 
,reaux.  occupies  tlie  ancient  convent  of  St.  Pierre,  which 
aates  from  the  earliest  Christian  times,  and  is  a  fine  majestic 
edifice,  more  in  the  style  of  a  palace  than  a  monastery.  It 
contains  a  picture-gallery,  a  cabinet  of  medals,  a  gallery  for 
statues,  and  another  for  ancient  stuccoes,  a  depfit  of  mechii- 
nical  inventions  for  the  fabrication  of  silks,  with  a  library 
attached ;  a  free  school  of  design,  and  a  large  hall,  used  as 
the  Exchange.  The  chief  educational  establishments  arc 
the  Royal  College,  founded  in  1519:  the  Institution  la  Mar- 
tiuiere,  afibrding  a  gratuitous  education  to  220  sons  of  arti- 
sans :  and  a  veterinary  school.  Conni-cted  with  educational 
institutions,  may  be  mentioned  the  Botanic  Garden,  (Jardin 
des  I'lantes.)  near  La  Croix  Kousse,  which  is  the  principal 
seat  of  manufai-'turing  industry. 

The  most  imiiortant  charitable  establishments  are  the 
Hotel-Dien.  the  Maisou  de  la  Charite,  a  vcrv  extensive  alms 
or  poor-house;  the  Mout  de  Piete.  and  the  Hospice  de  I'An- 
Uquaille.  There  are  several  prisons — the  New  PrJ.son,  an 
extensive  building,  well  arranged ;  the  Mai.»on  des  Recluses, 
now  employed  as  a  military  prison;  and  the  pri.son  of  Ro- 
anne.  regarded  as  a  model  in  its  kind.  Lyons  has  extensive 
barracks,  in  which  a  great  number  of  troops  are  alwavs  quar- 
tered; and  is  surrounded  by  a  line  of  detached  forts,  which 
crown  its  different  heights  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of 
defence,  but  more  prol>ably  as  a  means  of  repressing  the 
turbulent  spirit  for  which  great  masses  of  the  population 
have  long  been  notorious. 

As  a  manufacturing  town,  Lyons  earlv  acquired,  and  has 
long  maintained,  the  fir.«t  rank.  Its  silk  manufactures  are 
perhaps  the  most  important  in  the  world.  ITiis  constitutes 
its  great  staple,  and  during  the  three  years  that  have  passed 
since  ISoO.  h.as  eu\ployed  al>out  00.000  machines,  (metiers.) 
scattcretl  over  a  tlistrict  of  about  40  miles.  These  machines 
consume  aU.ut  3,150,000  lbs,  of  silk,  valued  at  i32.a)0.000, 
pioducing  silk  manufactures  valuinl  at  $.50,000,000.'  It 
is  estimated  that  the  home  consumption  includes  one- 
fourth  or  one-third  of  this  amount,  the  remainder  is 
exported  to  all  parts  of  the  civilizi>d  world,  hut  bv  far  the 
largest  market  is  found  in  the  United  States.  The  other 
manufactures  de.«erving  of  notice  are  hats,  books,  jewellery, 
and  liqueurs;  besides  dje-worlts.  foundries,  glass-houses, 
1108 


LYO 

potteries,  tanneries,  breweries,  and  chemical  works.  Lyons 
is  admirably  situatetl  for  trade,  on  two  navigable  riveis, 
which  make  it  a  great  entrepot  both  for  the  N.  and  the  S, 
It  forms  the  common  centre  where  the  roads  fixm  P.-iris, 
Marseilles,  Bordeaux,  and  Geneva,  from  Switzerland,  Italy, 
and  Auvcrgne.  all  meet;  it  communicates  with  the  Khiiie 
by  the  Rhone  and  Rhine  Canal,  while  several  other  canals, 
branching  off  from  its  rivers,  give  it  ample  means  of  trans- 
port over  a  great  part  of  the  interior  of  the  empire.  More 
recently,  railways  have  lieen  constructed,  one  of  which, 
pa.ssing  through  Lyons,  conne<-ts  Marseilles  and  Avignon 
with  Paris.  The  chief  imports  are  raw  silk,  wine,  brandy, 
oil,  soap,  flax,  hemp,  rice,  salt,  cotton,  wool,  coffee,  dyes, 
earthenware,  and  timber;  and  the  export,*,  .spun-silk  and 
silk  goods,  ribbons,  woollens,  linens,  com,  flour,  liqueurs, 
ironware,  Ac. 

Histnry. — The  origin  of  Lyons  cannot  be  traced.  When 
Cwsar  invadetl  Gaul  it  had  become  a  place  of  some  importance, 
and  it  ever  after  figures  more  or  less  in  the  history  of  the 
Roman  Empire;  several  emperors,  in  succession,  making  it 
tlieir  occasional  residence,  and  vying  with  each  other  in 
adorning  it.  It  early  rt-ceivetl  Christianity,  and.  towards  the 
end  of  the  second  century,  numbered  thousands  of  Cliristians 
among  its  inhabitants.  Its  fir.st  bishop,  Pothinus.  died  a 
martyr  in  197.  and  his  successor,  the  ce!ebrate<l  Irena^us, 
whose  work  against  heresies  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
literary'remains  of  Christian  antiquity,  died  also  a  martyr 
in  2tt2,  and  with  him  no  fewer  than  19.0()0  Christian  converts. 
Lyons  was  afterwards  sacked  by  the  Huns  and  Visigoths, 
who  levelled  many  ot  its  noblest  Roman  structures  with  the 
ground.  In  the  eighth  century,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  an 
army  of  Saracens  from  Spain,  and  sufferetl  dreadfully;  but 
recovered  its  prosperity  under  Charlemagne,  on  the  dissolu- 
tion of  whose  empire  it  became  the  capital  of  the  Kingilom 
of  Provence.  Subsequently,  it  fell  uniler  ecclesiastical  domi- 
nation ;  and  was  long  ruled  by  a  succession  of  tyrannical 
and  factious  archbishops,  who  bore  its  name.  In  the  reigu 
of  Louis  IX.,  Lyons  was  annexed  to  the  crown  of  France. 
Its  prosperity  was  now  much  more  promoted  by  temi>oral 
than  it  had  been  by  spiritual  rule.  Its  new  quays,  and 
several  of  its  finest  etlifices,  itowes  to  Louis  XIV.  Terrible 
disasters  befell  the  city  while  in  possession  of  the  troops  of 
the  Convention,  in  1793;  wholesale  butcheries  for  many 
days  deluged  the  streets  with  bl(X)d.  Many  distinguished 
men  have  lieen  natives  of  Lyons.  Among  them  may  be 
mentionwl  the  Roman  emperors  Marcus  Aun'lius,  Claudius, 
and  Caracalla;  the  celebrated  general,  Germanicus,  uepliew 
of  Tiberius;  St  Ambrose,  St.  Irena^us.  and  Pope  Clement  IV. 
Pop.  in  1852.156.169;  in  1862,  318.803.  — Adj.  and  inhab, 
Lv  )XXAis,  leeV^nA';  feminine,  Lvoxxaise,  leeVn.'\z. 

LYONS,  li'^nz.  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Wayne  comity,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal, 
and  on  the  railroad  direct  from  Syracuse  to  Rochester,  36 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Rochester.  It  contains  3  banks,  2  news- 
paper offices,  a  fine  union  school-house,  wlilch  cost  S16,000, 
and  churches  for  the  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Baptists, 
Lutherans,  and  Episcopalians.  The  first  two  cliurches  are 
large  and  ornamental  buildings.  The  number  of  churches 
is  7.  It  has  also  3  public  hails,  several  flouring-mills  and 
manufactories.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1S50, 4925 ;  in  1S60, 
5076;  estimated  pop.  of  the  village,  3500. 

LYONS,  a  postoffice  of  Fayette  co.,  Texas. 

LYONS,  a  post-offlce  of  Fulton  co..  Oliio. 

LYONS,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Ionia 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Grand  River.  1  mile  above  the  mouth  of 
Maple  River,  and  31  miles  N.W.  of'I>ansiug.  Small  steam- 
boats ascend  as  far  as  Lyons  when  the  water  is  high.  The 
river  furnishes  extensive  water-power.    Total  pop.  1951, 

LYONS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  40  miles  by  land  N.E.  of  Davenport.  It 
has  a  national  bank,  7  churches,  and  3  newspaper  offices. 
Pop.  2703,    See  Appmnix, 

LYONS,  a  township  in  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  60. 

LYONS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hudson  tov.-nship,  Wal- 
worth CO..  Wi.sconsin.  on  White  River,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Klk- 
horn.     It  has  2  stores  and  30  dwellings. 

LY/ONSDALE\  a  post-village  of  Lewis  eo..  New  York, 
about  120  miles  N,W,  of  .\lbany. 

LYON'S  FALLS,  a  postoffice  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York. 

LYONS,  GULF  OF.    See  Gulp  of  Lyons. 

LYONS-LA-FORET,  lee'A.xGld-fA'rA/.  a  town  of  France,  de> 
partment  of  Enre,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Audelvs.     Pop.  1650. 

LYON'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co..  North 
Carolina. 

LY'ONS  H.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

LYON'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee. 

LYONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama. 

LY'ONSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  16  milel 
S.W.  of  Chicago. 

LYOOBASUEVO,  LJUBASCHEVO,  or  LIlU-BACHEVO, 
Ivoo-bd-sh.Vvo,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Minsk,  48 
miles  S.AV.  of  Slootsk.    Pop.  ISOO. 

LYOOIJIM,  WUBIM,  or  L10UBI>I,  lyoo-l>eem'  k  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  54  miles  N.E.  of  Yaroslav,  capital 
of  a  circle.    Pop.  2000 


LTO 


MAC 


LTOOBETCn,  LTOTTBETCn,  or  L.TOBETSCTI.  lyooVWi', 
a  marketrtown  of  Russia,  government  and  38  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Tcherni^ov,  on  the  Dnieper.     Pop.  ICOO. 

LYOOTSIN,  I..TUT/J.V,  or  I.IOUTSIN.lyoot-seen'.(Polish 
Lucyn.  loot/sin.)  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  and 
130  miles  N.W.  of  Vitebsk.     Pop.  2100. 

LYPCSE  ZOLYO,  lip'ch.i'  zol'yo\  or  TOTIILTPCSE,  tot- 
lip'chi',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sohl,  on  the 
Waajr,  about  5  miles  from  Xeusohl.     I'op.  1301. 

LV'HA.  a  post-ofRee  of  8cioto  co.,  Ohio. 

LY.'!.  lis,  (Fr.  pron.  almost  leece;  Flemish  lAiye,  ll'eh.)  a 
river  of  France  and  Re'gium.  joins  the  Scheldt  at  Ghent, 
after  a  N.K.  course  of  100  miles.  Numerous  canals  commu- 
nicate with  it,  and  it  has  an  active  navigation. 

LYS,  leece,  or  ES.\.  iVsJ.  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  Sl^ws. 
joins  the  Dora  Baltea  about  4  miles  below  Fort  Bard,  after 
a  course  of  nearly  37  miles. 

LYSAXDEll,  lI-sau'd^T,  a  post-township  of  Onondaga  co., 


New  York,  on  Oswego  and  Seneca  Bivers,  and  on  the  Oswego 
and  Syracuse  Railroad.  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oswego.  I'op.  4741 

LYS.A-NDER,  a  township.  Winnebago  co..  Illinois.    P. 778. 

LYSKOVA.  LYSKOWA.  a  town  of  Ptussia.     See  LiSKOVO. 

LYSS-TUR/NEY.  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

LYTII'.\M,  a  maritime  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
on  the  Irish  Sea,  5j  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kirkham.  with  a  stati('C 
on  the  Preston  and  \\  yre  Railway.  Pop.  2082.  The  village 
is  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 

LYTIIE,  nth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  Nortb 
Riding,  'ij  miles  N.\V.  of  Whitby.  In  the  vicinity  is  Mul- 
grave  Castle,  seat  of  the  Maniuis  of  Normpiiby. 

LYTHO'XIA,  a  postrvillage  of  De  Knlb  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Georgia  Railroad.  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Atlanta. 

LVT'TLESVILIiE,  a  postvillage  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois, 
about  70  miles  N.K.  of  Springtield. 

LYTTKLTON.  (lit/tel-ton.)  PORT,  a  village  of  New  Zealand, 
Middle  Island,  Canterbury  settlemout,  on  Port  Cooper. 


M 


MAAD,  mJd,  a  town  of  North  Hungary,  eo.  of  Zemplin, 
in  the  Ilegyalla  Mountains,  with  celebrated  vine- 
yards, f)  miles  N.W.  of  Tokay.     Pop.  5644. 

MA.\RSBKRGKN,  mius'bfRoVn,  a  station  on  the  railway 
between  Amsterdam  and  Arnheim,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Am.ster- 
dam. 

M.\  .\RSEN,  mSit'sen.  a  village  of  the  Netherlapds,  province 
and  5  mili>s  N.W"  of  Utrecht,  with  a  station  on  the  railway 
to  .Amsterdam. 

JI AAS  or  MAESE,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Meu.se. 

M.'V.ASL.'VND.  mSs'ldnt.  a  former  department  of  the  Nether- 
lands, now  included  in  the  province  of  South  Holland,  and  a 
small  portion  of  North  Brabant. 

.AIAASL.A.ND,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
South  Holland,  7  miles  \V.  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  1738. 

MAASSLUIS,  mjs'slois.or  MAASLANDSLUIS.  mas-s^Jnt^ 
lois\  a  fishing  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  oT  South 
Holland,  10  miles  W.  of  Rotterdam,  on  the  New  Maas.  The 
excellent  harbor  is  annually  frequented  by  above  400  ves- 
sels, in  carrying  on  the  cod  and  herring  fishery.     Pop.  4096. 

MAAS,  (miis,)  THE  NKW,  (Dutch. />e  JMnnm  Mans.  Ak 
nyii'wA  mis.)  a  name  given  to  the  right  arm  of  the  Jlerwede, 
luiites  with  the  lake  at  Krimpen,  South  Holland,  flows  W., 
and  is  divided  into  two  branches  by  the  islancl  of  Roozen- 
burs,  reunites  below  lirielle,  and  falls  into  the  North  Sea. 

MAAS,  THE  OLD.  (Dutch.  Dt  Oiule  Mms.  dA  ow'deh  mds,) 
the  name  given  to  the  left  arm  of  the  Merwede;  unites  with 
the  New  Maas  near  Geervliet.  South  Holland. 

MA.\.STltICHT.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.  SeeM.tESTBlCHT. 

MA.AT,  m|t,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. Upi)er  Provinces,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Agr.a. 

MAB'BETTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  no.,  New 
York. 

M.A^BE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MA'BEIiS,  a  post-office  of  .lack.son  co..  Ohio. 

MA'BLE  CRF;KK.  a  post-ofBce  of  .Jessamin  co..  Kentucky. 

M.VBLETHORPE  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

MABLETHORPE  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

MABi  )0M,  m  J'boom',  a  town  of  West  Africa,  country  of  the 
Tiuimanees :  lat.  8'^  32'  N.,  Ion.  11°  52'  W. ;  on  the  route  from 
Eokelle  to  Falaba. 

JI.\BR00K,  mS'brook',  a  town  of  Central  Africa.  Sahara, 
200  miles  N.E.  of  Tirabuctoo,  on  the  route  to  Tripoli. 

MACACU,  m J-kil-kcKy,  a  river  of  BvaziL  rises  in  the  Organ 
Mountain.s,  and  flows  S.  to  the  Bay  of  Rio  .laneiro. 

MACACU,  a  town  of  Brazil,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro. 

M.ACAKL,  nid-kd-'l',  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  36  miles 
N.E.  of  Almeria.     Pop.  1154. 

iM\cAF'EK.  a  post-offlce  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentticky. 

M  ACAHE,  md-kS-h.V,  a  seaport-town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Rio  de  .Janeiro,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Macahe  Iliver,  in  the 
Bav  of  St.  Anna,  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cape  Frio. 

M.vcALEV\"S  FORT,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MACALLAII  or  MACALLA.     See  M.lKU.lAH. 

51.\cAL'LlSTER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-offlce  of  Mont- 
i»omerv  co..  Tennessee. 

M.vcAiyLlSTERSVILLE.     See  Caihocnstille. 

M.\cALLiSTERVlLLE,  a  post-village  of  Juniata  co.,  Penn- 
siylvania.  55  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

MAC-\NS,  md-kdNs',  two  contiguous  villages  of  Portugal, 
Estremadura,  Macans  de  Carainha  being  17  miles,  and 
Macans  de  Dona  Maria  18  miles  N.E.  of  Thomar. 

M.\CAO.  mi-kow',  a  seaport  town  and  settlement  tf  the 
Portuguese  in  China,  province  of  Quang-tong,  on  a  peninsula 
of  the  island  of  Macao,  at  the  S.W.  entrance  of  the  Canton 
River.  70  miles  S.S.E  -f  Canton.  Lat.  of  flag-staff.  22°  11' 
1"  N .,  Ion.  113"  32'  E.    Vox>.  between  30,000  and  40,000,  mostly 


Chinese.  The  peninsula,  2j  miles  in  length,  hy  less  than  a 
mile  in  breadth,  is  cnnnecte<l  with  the  mainland  by  a  narrow, 
low,  and  sandy  isthmus.  The  town  stands  on  declivitieg 
around  a  semicircular  harbor,  the  shore  being  lined  by  an 
embanked  parade  and  a  terrace  of  white  houses,  above  which 
Chinese  and  European  residencesare  curiously  intermingled. 
Principal  edifices,  the  collegiate  church  of  St.  Joseph.  11 
other  churches,  and  the  senate-house,  besides  some  Chinese 
temples,  and  at  the  end  of  the  town  is  a  mansion  where 
Camiiens  composed  a  great  part  of  his  Lusirir].  Six  forts 
defend  the  harbor  N.  and  W.  of  the  town,  which  is  fit  only 
for  small  vessels,  and  large  ships  anchor  in  a  roadstead  E. 
of  the  island.  All  the  trade  of  Macao  is  nnminaUi/  resti-icted 
to  Portuguese  and  Spanish  shipping.  The  educational  semi- 
naries ari!  the  College  of  St.  Joseph,  a  royal  grammar  school, 
and  female  orphan  asylum.  The  Portuguese  authorities  and 
others  form  a  senate,  but  the  government  is  substantially 
vested  in  a  Chinese  Mandarin.  Macao  was  given  to  the  Por- 
tugue.ae  by  the  Chinese  emperor  in  1586,  in  return  for  as- 
sistance against  pirates. 

5IAC.\0.  md-kow'  or  md-ki'o,  a  town  of  Portugal,  Estre- 
madura, 85  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon.     I'op.  2200. 

M.\CAP.\.  md-kd-p.V,  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Amazon.  200  miles  N.W.  of  Belem  or  Para,  and  only  3 
miles  N.  of  the  equator.  It  has  a  fort,  which  defends  the 
harbor  and  the  p.a--snge  of  the  river.  The  town  carries  on 
a  considerable  trade  in  rice,  cotton,  and  fine  timber  for 
cabinet-work.    Poji.  COOO. 

M.\CARSCA,  md-kans'kd.  a  small  seaport  town  of  Dal- 
matia.  circle  and  34  miles  S.E.  of  Spalatro,  on  the  Adriatic. 
Pop.  1800.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  small  bay,  and 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  republic. 

MacAR'THUR.  a  river  of  North  Australia,  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria  on  its  S.AV.  side. 

M.tcARTHUR.  a  river  in  the  S.  of  Australia,  Victoria, 
flows  fi-om  the  Australian  Alps  into  Lake  King,  an  inlet  of 
the  Southern  Ocean. 

Mac.VRTHUR,  a  river  of  New  South  Wales,  tributary  to 
the  Gloucester. 

MacARTHUR  ISLES,  Pacific  Ocean,  are  off  the  N.E.  coast 
of  Australia,  near  Bird  Isles,  about  lat.  11°  40'  S. 

MacARTHUR,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1278. 

Mac.VRTHUR.  a  po.st-village  of  Elk  town.ship.  and  capital 
of  Vinton  co..  Ohio,  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Columbus.  The 
Cincinnati  and  5Iarietta  Railroad  passes  near  this  town.  A 
newspajier  is  p'uVilislied  here.     I'op.  822. 

MACASSAR,  md-kds'sar.  or  MANKASSER,  m.^n-kd.s'ser, 
the  chief  town  of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  and  a 
Dutch  settlement  of  the  Miilay  Aivhipelago,  on  the  S.W. 
peninsula  of  the  i.sbmd  of  Celebes,  lat.  5°  9'  S..  Ion.  119°  30* 
E..  250  miles  from  Borneo.  It  is  mostly  inhabited  by  Chinese, 
and  defended  by  Fort  Rotterdam.  It  was  made  a  free  port 
in  1840.  and  has  an  extensive  trade,  chiefly  with  China. 
Pop.  20.000.  The  government  of  Macassar  includes  all  the 
Dutch  possession  in  the  island  of  Celebes,  and  a  population 
of  310.000. 

MACAS'SAR,  GO  A,  go'd,  or  GOACH,  go'dK^  a  native  state 
of  Celebes  I.sland.  in  the  S.W'.  peninsula.  It  was  at  one 
time  a  powerful  kingdom,  having  dominion  over  the  greater 
part  of  Celebes,  and  also  over  numerous  neighboring  islands. 
Pop.  about  70.000. 

MACASSAR.  STRAIT  OP,  separates  the  islands  of  Borneo 
and  Celebes.  It  varies  in  breadth  from  70  to  240  miles,  and 
contains  the  Paternoster,  Poolo-Laut,  and  Parmaroong 
Islands. 

SIACAU,  md'kcV,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde.  11  miles  N.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1626. 

JI.iCAUB.V,  md-kdw'bd,  a  tow  a  of  Brazil,  province  anj 
370  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bahi.i. 

MACAYO,  md-si'o,  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  capital  of 

1J07 


MAC 


MAC 


t"o  province  of  Alagons,  on  the  Atlantic,  lat.  38°  4'  S..  Ion. 
a5°  -iV  W.  Pop.  5000.  lt«  harbor  is  protected  from  the 
ocean  by  a  reef  of  rwks. 

>iACBKAN».  a  post-village  of  Richmond  CO.,  Georgia. 

MacBEAX'S  CUEKK,  of  Georgia,  flows  eastward  along 
the  S.  border  of  Kichmond  co.  into  the  Savannah. 

MacBUIDES'VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MACCAGETILLE.  a  post-ofRce  of  Perry  co..  Tennessee. 

SIACCAGXO-IXFEHIORE,  mdk-kiln'yo-in-fA-re-o/rA,  a  vil- 
lage of  iN'ortlieVn  Italy,  24  miles  X.W.  of  Como. 

MACCAGNO-SUPE"iaOKE,  ni^k-kiln'yiT-soo-pi-re-o'rA,  a 
village  of  Northern  Italy,  about  12-t  miles  N.VV.  of  Como. 

MACCAI,  mdk^kT/,  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  on 
the  Massangzanee,  which  empties  itself  into  the  sea,  about 
20  mile?  X.  of  Sotala,  lat.  19°  15'  S. 

MacCALL'S/  CllEEIv,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

MacC.\LL'S  FERRY,  apost-officeofYork  CO., Pennsylvania. 
■  WacC.VN'DLESS,  a  post-office  of  Uutler  co..  IVnnsvlvnnia. 

MacCARTHY  or  M"CARTIIY  (mak-kar'thee)  ISLAND, 
(Native  Janjan  JSure.  j^n'jdu'  boo'ril,)  an  i.^land  of  West  Africa, 
belonging  to  Great  Britain,  in  the  Gambia  River,  li"  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Area  3  scjuare  miles.  Pop.  1600,  mostly 
liberated  Africans. 

MacCAR/TYVILLE,  a  village  in  Washington  township. 
Burlington  co..  New  Jersey,  on  Wading  River,  about  2S 
miles  S.E.  of  Mount  Holly,  contains  au  extensive  paper- 
mill,  and  about  30  dwellings. 

MACCHERIO,  rndk-k-Vre-o,  or  MACIIERIO,  m3-k.Vre-o.  a 
village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Milan,  near  the  Lam- 
bro.     Pop.  1060. 

MACX:HIAVALF0RT0RE,  mak'ke-3-vll-foR-to'rA.  a  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  16  miles  E.  of  Campobasso. 
Pop.  2(X)0. 

MacCLEL'ANDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MacCLEI/LANDTOWN,  .a  post-village  of  Fayette  co., 
Pennsylvania,  8  miles  W.  of  Uuiontown,  has  several  stores, 
and  about  10  houses. 

SIAC'CLESFIELD,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough and  manufacturing  town  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Chester, 
on  the  railway,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Manchester  Pop.  in  1851, 
30.048.  It  is  built  on  an  acclivity:  and  has  several  hand- 
some streets,  a  large  church,  a  grammar  school,  founded  in 
1 502,  annual  revenue,  900/. ;  a  town-hall,  ancient  j.ail  for  the 
forest  liberty,  assembly  rooms,  theatre,  news  room,  subscrip- 
tion library,  with  20.000  volumes,  2  banks,  and  a  spacious 
market-house.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  various 
silk  fabrics,  which  employ  about  8000  hands  in  48  mills. 
About  3000  persons  are  also  employed  in  16  cotton-mills. 
Coal  is  plentiful,  and  a  canal  joins  that  of  Peak  Forest,  thus 
connecting  with  JIanchester  aud  London.  It  .sends  2  mem- 
bers to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  gives  the  title  of  Earl  to 
the  Parker  family.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  district,  still 
called  Macclesfield  Forest,  is  vested  in  the  Stanley  family. 

MACCLESFIELD,  a  township  of  South  Australia,  pictu- 
resquely situatetl  on  the  Ang.as  River,  E.  of  Adelaide. 

M ACCOM  ly,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 

MacCON'NELLSBURG,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Fulton 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  from  Philadelphia  to 
Pittsburg,  70  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  in  a  valley  near  Cove  Mountain,  and  on  Big  Cove 
Creek.  It  was  incorporated  in  1814.  It  has  4  churches  and 
2  newspaper  offices.    Pop.  in  1850,  477 ;  in  1860,  556. 

MacCO.VNELL'S  grove,  a  post-village  in  Stephenson 
CO..  Illinois,  140  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

MacCOX'NELLSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pennsylvania,  95  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

MacCON'XELLSVILLE,  post-office,  Oneida  co.,  New  York. 

MacCOXNELLSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Morgan 
township,  capital  of  Morg.an  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Muskingum  River,  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zanesville.  It 
contains  5  churches,  a  union  school.  2  newspaper  offices.  1 
woollen  factory,  2  llouring-mills,  and  valuable  oil  wells.  The 
manufacture  of  salt  is  carried  on  extensively  in  this  vicinity. 
Tlie  strata  which  contain  the  salt  water  are  in  some  iu- 
BUuices  850  feet  below  the  surface.    Pop.  14S6. 

MacCOR/MICK'S  springs,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co., 
Kentucky. 

MacCOROIICKSTOWN,  a  postKjffice  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana. 

MacCOYS'MLLE,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsvl- 
vaiiia. 

SIacCRAC'KEX,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
bordering  on  Illinois,  has  an  area  estimateil  at  330  square 
miles.  The  Tennessee  and  Ohio  River  forms  its  N  \  E 
boundary;  Mayfield's  Creek- washes  its  S.W.  border;  and  it 
Is  aiio  dramed  by  Clark's  River.  The  surface  is  level  and 
low,  sulyect  to  be  partly  overfiowe<J ;  the  soil  is  fertile, 
formed  ni  1824,  and  named  from  Captain  Virgil  MacCnicken, 
who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  river  Raisin.  Capital 
PaJncah.   Pop.  10.3u0,  of  whom  8622  were  free. 

MacCULT-OCHS  mills,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co. 
rennsylvania.  ' 

*i^^l^]]JH'ENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wyandot  co., 


Ohio,  on  the  Sandusky  Rive'-,  about  78  miles  N  by  W.  of 
Columbus. 

MacCUTCU'ENVILLE,  a  postrofflce  of  Vanderburg  co., 
Indiana. 

MacDANIEL'S.  a  post-offlce  of  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 

MacDAXIF.I/S,  a  post-offlce  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

MacDOX'ALD,  a  county  forming  the  S.AV.  extremity  of 
Missouri,  bordering  on  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
has  an  urea  of  620  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  Elk  or  Cowskiu  River,  an  affiiient  of  the  .Neosho. 
Lead-mines  are  found  in  the  county,  but  not  yet  worked. 
Named  in  honor  of  Sergeant  MacDonald,  of  South  Carolina. 
Ciipital,  Rutledge.  Pop.  4038,  of  whom  3996  were  free,  and 
72  slaves. 

MacDOX'ALD,  a  post- village  of  Wilkinson  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  C«itr.il  Railroad,  18  miles  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

MacDOX.\LD.  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Alalama, 
161  miles  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

MacDOXALD.  a  post-township  in  Hardin  co.,  Ohio.  P. 784. 

MacDOXALD.  a  village,  capital  of  Barry  co.,  Missouri,  165 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City.  Pop.  831. 

MacDOXALD'S  mill,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co., 
Virginia. 

MacDOXALD'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Kichmond  co.. 
North  Carolina. 

MacDOXOUGH,  mak-don'a,  a  county  in  the  W.  part,  of 
Illinois,  has  an  area  of  575  square  miles.  It  is  inter-jected 
by  Crooked  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Illinois  River,  and  drained 
by  Downiog's  Fork,  and  Tui-key  and  Grindstone  Cret'ks.  The 
greater  part  of  the  county  is  prairie.  The  soil  is  very  pro- 
ductive. It  is  travei;sed  hy  the  Chicago. and  QuincyRail- 
road.  Groves  of  timber  are  distributed  along  many  of  tljo 
6tre;uns.     Capital,  Macomb.     Pop.  20,069. 

MacDOXOUGH.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  York,  about  15  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Norwich.  The 
village  has  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  stores  and  mills. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  1483. 

MacDOXOUGH,  a  post-office  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware. 

MacDOXOUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Henry  co., 
Georgia,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  cont.ains  3 
churches.  1  academy,  and  alxiut  COO  inhabitants.  There  ia 
a  cotton  factory  very  near  the  place.    Settletl  in  1822, 

MacDOAV'ELL,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
area  estimated  at  450  square  miles.  The  Catawba  River  has 
its  sources  in  this  county  at  the  S.E.  base  of  the  Blue  Rlilge, 
the  summits  of  which,  along  or  near  the  boi-der  of  the 
county,  are  about  6000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  sdil  is  gene 
rally  fertile.  Formed  in  1842  from  parts  of  Burke  and 
Rutherford,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Joseph  Mac- 
Dowell.  Capital,  Marion.  Pop.  7120,  of  whom  5815  were 
free,  and  1305  slaves. 

MacDOWELL,  a  post-offlce  of  Highland  co.,  Virginia. 

MacDOWELL'S,  a  post-office,  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MacDUFF'.  a  burgh  of  barony,  and  seaport  town  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  and  1  mile  E.  of  Banff,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  fine  bridge  across  the  Deveron,  and  within  the  parlia- 
mentary bounds  of  which  it  is  included.  Pop.  2527.  It  has 
an  excellent  harbor. 

MACE,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

M  .\CEDOX,  mas'se-don,  a  post-township  of  Wayne  co.,  X"e w 
York,  on  the  Erie  Canal.  18  miles  AV.  of  Lyons.    Pop.  2523. 

M.4CED0N,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio,  12  miles 
S.W.  of  Celina. 

MACEDON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  New 
York,  200  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.    It  has  an  academy. 

MACEDONIA,  masse-do'ne-a,  an  ancient  and  celebrated 
country  of  Europe,  lying  immediately  X.  of  Greece,  now 
chietly  or  wholly  included  in  the  Turkish  province  of  Room- 
Elee. — Adj.  anil  inhab.  Macedonian,  mas-se-do'nfr-an. 

3IACED0XIA.    See  Room-Elee. 

JIACEDO'NIA,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  eo..  North 
Carolina. 

M.\CEDONIA,  a  post-office  of  Tippah  co.,  Mississippi. 

M.\CEDOXI.\,  a  i>ost-vlll«ge  in  Carroll  CO.,  Tennessee. 

MACEDOXI.-V,  a  post-office  of  Potawatomie  co.,  Iowa. 

MACEDOXIA  DEl'OT.  a  post-village  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  19  miles  S.E.  of 
Cleveland. 

MACELLO,  mi-chJllo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
3  miles  from  Pinerolo,  on  the  Cliisone.     Pop.  1990. 

JIac^ELROY',  a  post-office  of  Dodridge  co.,  W.  A'irpfinia. 

MAc'ELW.\IX'S\a  village  of  York  district.  South  Cai-oliiia. 

SIACEliATA,  md-chA-rk'td.  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  the 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  21  miles  S.  of  Aiicona, 
on  a  lofty  eminence  above  the  Potenza.  midway  between  the 
Apennines  and  the  sea.  It  is  wailed,  and  has  six  gates. 
The  streets,  in  general,  are  straight,  spacious,  and  clean,  and 
lined  with  handsome  houses  and  several  palaces.  The 
squai-e.  in  the  centre,  is  of  great  extent,  and  contains  the  Ca- 
thedral, the  Provincial  Palace,  aud  Theatre.  There  are  also 
six  other  churches,  and  13  convents— 5  for  females.  Maie- 
rata  is  the  see  of  u  bishop,  and  has  a  court  of  first  resort,  anu 
an  appeal  court  for  the  delegations  of  JIacerata,  Urbino-<>- 
I'esaro,  Ancona,  Ascoli.  Camerino,  and  Ferrao.  The  uni- 
versity was  suppressed,  but  has  been  repUcrtl  by  another. 


MAC 


MAC 


in  idnch  theology,  philosophy,  and  medicine  are  taught. 
There  are  aloo  a  museum,  a  library,  and  two  literary 
80cieti(?s.     I'op.  16.000. 

i]ACERAT.\  FEI/fKIA,  ma-oh.'l-rS'ta  TiVtre-i,  a  yUlage 
of  Central  Italy,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Urbino.    Pop.  I:j70. 

MacEW'EN'S  CKOSS  KOADS,  a  post-office  of  Morrow  co., 
Ohio. 

MacEW'EXSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Northumberland 
CO.,  IV'ansvJvania,  about  74  miles  N.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  has 
2  or  3  churches.     I'op.  391. 

MAcFAK'Ii.WD'S,  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Virginia, 
79  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

MacGAIVVYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co., 
Virginia. 

Mao(jA'RY,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co..  Illinois. 

MacGIIEK'.S'  STOKI;.  a  post-office  of  Jack.son  co.,  Ohio. 

MacYHLLICUU'DY  RKKKS,  the  loftiest  mountain  range 
In  Ireland.  Munstcr,  co.  of  Kerry,  extending  for  about  10 
miles,  between  Lakes  Killarney  on  the  E.,  and  Carra  on  the 
W.  It  takes  the  name  of  the  Glena-I'urple  Mountain, 
immediately  on  Lake  Killiirney,  beyond  which,  the  loftier 
Rocks  form  a  magnificent  back-ground.  Height  of  Carran- 
tual,  the  highest  peak,  .3404  feet. 

MacGI  L'LIVR  a  Y'.S,  KOUTANIK,  koo't3-ni.  or  FLAT  BOW 
RIVER,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  British  America, 
and  aft(!r  twice  crossing  the  line  of  Washington  TiM-ritory, 
falls  into  the  Columbia.  Entire  length  between  400  and 
600  miles. 

MacGRAW'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cortland  co.,  New 
York,  about  140  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  a  college, 
and  several  churches. 

M acG  I !  E'GOR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  61  miles  above  Dubuque.  It  has 
a  national  l)ank.     Pop.  19S9.     See  App  Niiix. 

M  u<iUlRK'S  STDKK.  a  post-office  of  Floyd  CO.,  Georgia. 

MAclIAR/iJUE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Laurel  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

MACIIAR',  (maK'ar,)  NEW,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen.  On  an  island,  in  Bishop's  I^och,  are  the  remains 
of  an  old  castie  of  the  Bi.shops  of  .■Vberdeen. 

MACIIAR,  OLD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

MACHKCOUL.  mdsh'kool/.  (L.  MaddcoUum),  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  "20  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Nantes,  on  the  Falleron.  It  was  anciently  the  capital  of 
the  duchy  of  Retz.  possessed  a  strong  castle,  and  was  othei-- 
wi.se  well  fortified,  and  defended  by  a  citadel.  Both  castle 
and  citadel  were  demolished  hy  Louis  XIV.     Pop.  1702. 

MACIIKKN WA  RA,  mi-clieen-wi/ril.  a  town  of  Xorth-West 
Ilindostan,  4  miles  S.  of  Sutlej.  and  20  miles  K.  of  Loodianah. 

MACHKLEN.  mjK'e-len.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  13  miles  S.AV.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2072. 

ilA'ClIK.X,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

MacHKN'RY.  a  CO.  in  the  X.X.K.  part  of  Illinoi.s,  border- 
ing on  Wi.<consin.  has  an  area  of  620  square  miles.  The 
Pishtaka  or  Fox  River  tlows  through  the  ea.stern  part  of  the 
county  from  N.  to  S. ;  it  is  also  drained  by  the  Kishwaukee 
River,  and  by  Nippersink  and  Piskashaw  Creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  and  is  diversified  with  fertile  prairies. 
The  underlying  rock  is  limestone.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Cliicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  and  by  the  Fox  River 

Valley  Railroad.    Named  in  honor  of MacIIenry,  a 

member  of  the  Illinois  Legislature.  Capital,  Woodstock. 
Pop.  22,0S9. 

MacIIENRY,  a  post-village  of  Macljenry  co.,  lUiiiois,  on 
Fox  River,  52  miles  by  railroad  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

MACIIERL.i,  md-shtVli,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  district  and  70  miles  W.  of  Gnntoor. 

5IACIIERRY,  a  princip.ility  of  Ilindostivn.     See  Ai.var. 

MAC1II.\.NA,  md-che-3/n3,  a  small  island  of  Brazil,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Amazon  River,  between  the  islands  of  Joannes 
and  Caviana.  in  hit.  0°  5'  S.,  Ion.  49°  40'  W. 

MACIUAS,  match-I'as,  port  of  entry  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Washington  co.,  Maine,  on  Machias  River,  near  its  mouth, 
204  miles  N.E.  of  Portland.  The  industry  of  the  inhabitants 
Is  chiefly  directed  to  the  coast  trade  and  ship-building.  The 
shipping  of  the  district,  June  30.  18,52.  amounted  to  an 
aggregate  of  3507  tons  registered,  and  22,645  tons  en- 
rolled and  licensed :  nearly  all  of  the  latter  was  employed 
In  the  coast  trade.  The  numbet  of  clearances  for  foreign 
ports  during  the  year  wa.'  31,  tons  0611.  of  which  6427  were 
iu  American  bottoms.  During  the  same  period  2  ships,  9 
brigs,  and  15  schooners,  with  an  aggregate  burthen  of  4166 
tons,  were  admea.sured.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2256. 

MACHIAS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cattaraugus 
CO..  New  York,  about  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo.     Pop.  1275. 

MACHIAS  PORT,  a  post-village  and  seaport  of  AVashing- 
ton  CO.,  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of  .Machias  River,  200  miles  N. 
E.  of  Portland.  It  has.  an  excellent  harbor  and  an  exten- 
itive  trade  in  lumber  and  tlie  fisheries.  The  Franklin  Rail- 
•oad  connects  it  with  Whitneyville,  9  miles  distant.  Pop. 
If  the  township.  1502. 

MACHTAS  RIVER,  a  fine  mill-.^tream  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Maine,  in  Washington  co..  falls  Into  Miichias  Bay. 

MACIIINh;,  L.\.  Id  md'sheen',  a  market^town  of  France, 
department  of  Nievre,  arrondissemeat  of  Decize.    P.  22C7. 


MACIINOTKA  or  MACHNOWKA.    See  Makxotka. 

MACIIOW,  a  town  of  Poland,  See  Makov, 
•  MACHYNLLETH,  pronounced  almost  md-huntneth,  a  con- 
tributory parliamentary  borough,  town,  and  parish  of  North 
Wales,  county  and  32  miles  E.N.E.  of  Monlgoniery,  on  the 
navigable  river  Dovey,  Pop.  1672.  The  borough  unites  wilb 
.Montgomery  in  sending  1  memlierto  the  House  of  Commons. 
In  1402,  Owen  Glendower  as.sembled  a  parliament  here, 

MACIEOWICE,  mdts-yd-o-veet'sA.  a  town  of  Poland,  pro 
vince  and  45  miles  S.W.  of  Siedlec  on  the  Vistula.    Pop.  900 

MacIN'DOE'S  falls,  a  village  of  Barnct  township, 
Caledonia  co.,  Vermont,  on  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic 
Rivers  Railroad,  29  miles  E.  hy  S.  of  Mi-ntpelier.  The  Con- 
necticut is  navigable  to  the  falls  at  this  place. 

MacIN'LERFER'S  creek,  of  Michigan,  enters  Stony 
Creek,  in  St.  Josejih  countv. 

Mac'INTOSH,  a  CO.  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  border 
ing  on  the  Atlantic,  has  an  area  of  640  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Altamaha  River,  and  drained 
by  Sapelo  River  and  Doctor's  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  The  soil 
along  the  Altamaha  is  very  fertile,  (irganizeil  in  1793,  ami 
named  in  memory  of  the  Macintosh  family,  early  settlers 
of  Georgia.  Capital.  Darien.  Pop.  5546,  of  whom  1483 
were  free,  and  4063  slaves. 

Macintosh,  a  postK)ffico  of  Sumter  district,  Sout,h 
Carolina. 

Mac/INTYRE,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  444. 

MacK  Ales'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

MacKAY',  a  post-office  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio. 

MacK  AY,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co..  Iowa. 

MacKEAN,  mak-keen',  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  New  York,  has  an  area  of  1100 
square  mile.s.  It  is  intersected  in  the  N.E.  part  by  .\lleghany 
River  and  Oswaya  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  the  sourci-s  of 
Clarion  River,  and  Teonesta.  Kenjua.  Driftwood,  and  Potato 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  covered  with  forests.  The 
soil  is  of  slate  and  shale  formation.  Lumber  is  the  chief 
article  of  export.    Capita],  Smethimrt.     Pop.  8S59. 

MacKEAN,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  9 
miles  S.E.  of  Erie.     Pop.  1599. 

MacKEAN,  a  township  of  Licking  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1130. 

MacKEAXS/BURG.  a  post-village  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 10  or  11  miles  E.  of  Pottsville. 

MacKEAN'S  OLD  STAND,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

MacKEE'S  half  falls,  a  posfcK)fflce  of  Union  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MacKEES'PORT,  a  post-borough  of  Versailles  township, 
Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela  River,  and  on  the  I'ittsbnrg  and  Conyellsville 
R.R.,  15  miles  above  Pittsburg.  It  owes  its  rapid  growth 
to  boat-building,  and  to  the  trade  in  coal,  which  is  found  iu 
abundance  about  2  miles  from  the  town.     Pop.  2106. 

MacKENDREE  college.    See  Ledaxon,  Illinois. 

Mackenzie,  mak-kJn'zee.  a  river  of  British  North  Ame- 
rica, one  of  the  largest  on  the  glebe,  rises,  under  the  name 
of  Athabasca,  in  Mount  Brown,  near  the  sources  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, about  lat.  52°  N..  Ion.  116°  30'  W.,  flows  in  a  tor- 
tuous channel  N,N.E.,  receiving  numerous  tributaries,  and 
forming  several  considerable  lake.s,  till  it  reaches  Athabasca 
Lake,  whose  waters  it  discharges,  and  receiving  Peace  River, 
800  miles  long,  continues  N.  by  W.,  under  the  name  of  Slave 
River,  to  Great  Slave  Lake,  which  it  traverses,  emerging 
at  its  S.AV.  extremity;  it  then  takes  the  name  of  JIackenzie, 
and  flows  in  a  general  N.N.W.  course,  receiving  in  lat.  59° 
30'  N.  the  waters  of  Great  Bear  Lake,  till  it  reaches  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  which  it  enters  bv  numerous  mouths:  its 
westernmost  b^ing  in  lat.  68°  49'"N.,  Ion.  135°  37'  W.,  hav- 
ing traversed  more  than  16°  of  latitude.  Its  entire  length 
has  been  estimated  at  2500  miles.  Its  largest  tributaries, 
beside  those  above  mentioned,  are  Hay  River  and  the  Turn- 
again,  the  latter  entering  it  from  the  W.,  and  the  foraier 
through  Great  Slave  Lake.  The  JIackenzie  flows  through 
a  vast  plain,  and  is  said  to  be  generally  navigable,  except 
along  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  is  inter- 
rupted by  cascades.  Where  it  falls  into  Great  Slave  Lake, 
the  river  is  above  a  mile  broad.  An  extensive  deposit  of 
lignite  accompanies  its  course  and  its  estuary  westward. 
Forts  Simpson,  Norman,  and  Good  Hope,  are  on  its  banksl 
It  was  discovered  and  first  navigated  by  Alexander  Mac- 
kenzie, in  1789.  from  whom  it  took  its  name 

MACKENZIE,  a  river  of  N.  Australia,  about  lat.  23°30' 
S.,  flowing  from  the  W.     Coal  is  found  alone  its  course, 

MACKENZIE  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  North  Pacific,  bo- 
le iging  to  the  Caroline  Islands.     Lat.  10°  N.,  Ion.  140°  E. 

MACKENZIE  POINT  is  a  cape  in  Cook's  Inlet,  Russiail 
America. 

MACK'EREL  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

MACKFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Green  Lake 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Madison.  Total  popula- 
tion in  1860, 1598. 

MACKINAC,pronounced  and  often  writteuMACKlNAW, 

1109 


MAO 

or  MTCIII r.nrACKINAC,  mlshMl-e-mak'e-naw,  a poat-TiUage. 
capital  of  Hichilimackiiiac  county,  Miohigan,  on  an  island 
of  the  saiB  i  uaniu  in  Lake  Ilnron,  about  o20  miles  by  water 
N.X.W.  of  Detroit.  I^t.  45°  W  N.,  Ion.  84°  30'  \V.  It  is  plea- 
santly situated  around  a  small  bay  at  the  south-eastern  part 
of  the  island.  The  liarbor  is  safe,  and  deep  enough  for  large 
vessels.  Fort  Mackinaw  stands  on  a  rocky  height,  150  feet 
above  the  village,  which  it  coniuiauds.  Here  is  an  agency 
for  Indian  affairs.  The  village  contain.s  a  court-hou.se.  2  or 
3  chuirhes,  and  numerous  stores.  The  traile  of  Mackinac, 
in  1S51.  was  computed  at  $356,218.  Large  numbers  of  fish 
are   exported    from    this  place.      Top.  about  1200.      See 

M1CHILIMACKIX.A.C. 

JIACKIXAW,  a  post-village  in  Tazewell  co.,  HUnois,  55 
miles  N.X.E.  of  Springfield. 

MACKINAW  CUEEK,  of  Illinois,  fiUIs  into  the  niinois 
Biver.  in  Tazewell  county. 
MacKIN'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Marengo  eo.,  Alabama. 
MacKIX'XEY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Collin  co.,  TexBiS, 
is  situatetl  near  the  East  i'ork  of  the  Trinity  River,  235 
miles  N.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming 
disti'ict.    Settled  since  1846. 

MacKIXXEY'S,  a  post-oflioe  of  Ritchie  00.,^.  Virginia. 
MacKIXNEY'S,  a  station  on  the  Wiliiamsportandl-Umira 
Railroad,  near  Wiilituusport,  Lycoming  co.,  I'enn.sylvania. 

,  MACiaXSTKY'S  JULLS,  a  postoffice  of  Carroll  co.,  Ma- 
ryl  and. 
MacKIS'SACK'S,  a  small  post-village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa. 
M.4CKS'BUK(t,  a  post-office  of  Giles  oo..  Virginia. 
MACKS  PLACE,  a  postoffice  of  St.  Clair  eo.,  .Michigan. 
M.\CKS'VILLE,  a  post^village  of  Clarke  co.,  Missis.^ippi. 
MACKSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Randolph  co., 
Indiana,  near  White  River,  and  09  miles  E.X.E.  of  Indian- 
apolis, has  a  liu-ge  tlouriug-niill  and  saw-mills. 

MACKSVILLE,  a  vUlage  of  Vigo  oo.,  Indiana,  1  or  2  miles 
W.  of  Terre  Haute. 

MACKVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Washington  co.,  Kentucky, 
35  miles  S.S.W.  of  i'rankfort. 
MACKnvOHTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
MacLAIX'S  (mak-llnz)  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co, 
Maine. 

MacLAUGHLIXSVILLE,  mak-l5H'lins-viU.  a  village  of 
Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvaniii,  about  20  miles  in  a  direct 
line  E.X.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

MACLEAX.ms-klaiu'.a  county  in  thecenti-al  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  1150  .square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Mackinaw. 
Kickapoo,  Salt,  and  Sugar  Creek.-!,  which  .ill  rise  within  its 
limits.  The  surface  cousisits  mostly  of  exteusi-  e  open  plains 
or  prairies ;  the  soil  is  deep,  and  very  fertile.  Beds  of  stone- 
c*itU  and  building-stone  are  found  in  several  places.  The 
Chicago  and  Mississippi  Railroad  intersects  the  Central 
Railroad  at  Bloomington,  the  cjipital.  Xamed  in  honor  of 
the  Hon.  John  McLean,  member  of  Congress  from  Illinois. 
Pop.  28,772. 

MacLEAX,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  Xew  York,  on 
Fall  Creek,  about  150  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  has  several 
churches  and  mills. 

SIacLEAX,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1049. 
MacLEAXS'BOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hamil- 
ton CO.,  Illinois,  160  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springfield.   It  contains, 
besides  the  co\inty  buildings,  a  few  stores.     Pop.  446. 

MacLEAX'S  retreat,  a  postoffice  of  Daviess  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

M  AcLEAX'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Tipp.ih  co.,  Slississippi. 
MacLEAXS'\T!LLE,  a  village  in  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee, 
80  miles  X.E.  by  E.  of  Xashville. 

MacLE.^RX'S,  a  station  on  the  Connecticut  and  Pa8.«ump- 
sic  Rivers  Railroad,  in  Bamet  township,  Caledonia  co.,  Aer- 
mont.  7  miles  from  St.  Johnshury. 

MAcLE.iY,  m.ykla',  a  navigable  river  of  East  Australia, 
in  the  territory  X.  of  Xew  South  Wales,  enters  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  65  miles  N.  of  Port  Macquarie. 

MacLE.W,  a  squatting  district  of  East  Australia,  having 
E.  the  Pacific.     Pop.  466. 

MacLE.W,  an  island  in  Moreton  Bay,  a  river  of  the  co. 
of  St.  Vincent.  Xew  South  Wales,  and"  a  mountain  range 
near  Darling  Downs. 
MacLEMORE'S  cove,  a  village  of  Walker  co..  Georgia. 
MacLEMORESVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Carroll 
CO.,  Tennessee.  114  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Xashville.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Bethel  College,  a  flourishing  institution,  under  the 
Jirection  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians,  and  contains  3 
churches.  6  stores,  and  a  tobacco  factory. 

MacLEX'XAX.  a  n(!w  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  Ifis  intersected  by 
the  Brazos  Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  the  Bosque,  Middle 
Bosque,  and  South  Bosque  Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
and  consists  partly  of  prairies.  Formed  since  1850.  Capital, 
Waco.     Pop.  62u6. 

MacLeod,  m^V  h'.wii',  a  lake  and  fort  of  British  North 
America.  M'est  Territory,  lat  65°  X.,  Ion.  122°  15'  W. 
MacLKODS.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Mississippi. 
MacMA'HOX'S  CKEKK.  of  Belmont  CO..  Ohio,  flows  into 
rJiB  Ohio  River,  about  5  miles  below  Wheeling. 
MacJIAX'US,  a  village  of  Greene  oo.,  MississippL 


MAC 

M.icMATirSA  a  post-office  of  Tuscalooga  eo.,  Alabama. 

MacMEE'KIN'S,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district,  Soutl 
Carolina. 

MacMII/LAX'S,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Texas. 

MacMIXX',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  hab 
an  area  estimated  at  480  square  miles.  The  Hiawassee  River 
forms  its  S.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Chcstua 
Creek.  The  surface  is  an  inclined  plane  sloping  to  the  S.W. 
The  soil  is  fertile.  The  great  railroad  of  East  Tennessee 
passes  through  the  county.  Capital.  Athens.  Pop.  13,556, 
of  whom  11,646  were  free,  and  1009  slaves. 

MacMIXX'VII.LE,  a  post-village,  capitjil  of  Warren  co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  MacMinnville  and  Manchester  Railroad, 
75  niilas  S.E.  of  Xashviile.     Po]).  S25. 

MacXAB',  a  township  and  post>village  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  Renfrew,  on  the  Ottawa  River,  about  85  miles  X.  of 
Kingston.     Pop.  of  the  township  aliout  1500. 

MacXAIRY,  mak-ni/ree,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of 
Tennessee,  bordering  on  Mis.'^issippi,  has  an  area  estimated 
at  570  square  miles.  The  South  iork  of  Forked  Deer  Kiver 
rises  within  its  limits,  and  it  is  also  drair;ed  by  a  creek  which 
flows  into  the  Hatchie  River.  This  county  occupies  part  ol 
the  table-land  between  the  Tennessee  and  Hatciiie  lii»  ers. 
Capital,  Purdy.  Pop.  14,732,  of  whom  12,832  were  free,  and 
1900  slaves. 

MacXEAX,  mak-neen/,  (Upper  and  Lower,)  2  lakes  of 
Ireland.  Ulster  and  Connaught,  counties  of  Fermanagh  and 
Leitrim.  al)0ut  9  miles  S.W.  of  Enniskillen. 

MacXEIL'S  (mak-neelz')  HARBOUR,  an  inlet,  on  Van- 
c»uver's  Island,  hit.  b(lP  39'  X.,  Ion.  127°  10'  W. 

JIacXEIL'S  FER/RY,  a  postoffice  of  Cumberland  co., 
North  Carolina. 

MacXUTT',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sunflower  co.,  5Iis- 
sissippi,  about  90  miles  in  a  direi't  Hue  X.  of  Jackson.  It 
has  been  laid  out  within  a  few  yeiirs. 

MACtJMB.  ma-koom'.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Michi- 
gan, bordering  on  Lake  St.  Clair,  contains  450  square  niiles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Clinton  River  and  its  branches.  The 
surface  in  the  E.  part  is  level,  and  heavily  timbered;  the  W. 
part  is  more  rolling  and  occupied  by  oak  openings.  The  soil 
is  deep  and  fertile.  The  Clinton  River  affords  water-power, 
and  is  navigable  to  the  capital.  Mount  Clemens.     P.  22,843. 

MACOMB,  a  p<:ist-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  Xew  York, 
on  the  Oswegatchie  River  and  Bl.ick  Lake,  about  140  milea 
X.X.W.  of  Albany.  Pop.  1816.  The  St.  Lawrence  Mining 
Company,  with  a  capital  of  $72.01X),  was  incorporated,  Sep- 
temljer  1851,  for  the  purpose  of  working  the  lead-mines  of 
this  township.  In  May,  1S52,  their  capital  was  increased  to 
$360,000. 

MACOMB,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Macomb 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1358. 

MACOMB,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  MacDonough 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Qnincy  Railroad.  210  miles 
S.W.  of  (!hicago.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  fertile  prairie. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  7  churches,  2  banks,  and  2  news- 
paper offices.     Pop.  in  1860,  18.S4 :  in  1865,  about  .3500. 

MACOilER,  md-ko-maiR',  a  village  in  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  of  Sas.aari.  E.X.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1650. 

MaCOX,  ma*k6N«A  (auc.  ilatislm.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  SaOne-et-Loire.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Saune,  33 
miles  S.  of  Chalons.  It  is  irregularly  built,  with  narrow, 
ill-formed  streets.  The  quay  is  broad,  high,  and  of  great 
length,  and  is  lined  by  several  good  houses  and  cafes.  X 
bridge  of  12  arches,  sometimes  attributed  to  Cwsar.  connects 
the  town  with  that  of  St.  l.aurent.  on  the  opposite  Kink. 
The  principal  edifices  are  the  Infirmary.  Maison  de  la  Charite, 
Hospice  de  la  Providence.  Hotel  de  Ville,  and  Hotel  de  la 
Prefecture,  formerly  the  bishop's  palace.  Siacon  possesses 
courts  of  first  resort  and  commerce,  an  agricultural  and 
scientific  society,  a  royal  college,  and  primary  normal  school. 
Pop.  in  1852,  12.653. 

M.\COX,  mi'kixs',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hai- 
nault.  West  Chimay.     Pop.  800. 

M.\COX,  m.Vkon.  a  county  near  the  W.  extremity  of  Xortli 
Carolina,  bordering  on  Georgia  and  Tennessee,  area  estimated 
at  600  square  miles.  Itis  inter.sected  by  Tennes.see  River.  Tlu; 
Iron  or  Smoky  Mountain  forms  the  boundary  on  the  X.W., 
and  the  Blue  Ridge  extends  near  the  S.E.  border.  Iron  is 
found  in  the  mountains.  •  Capital,  Franklin.  Formed  in 
1S2S,  and  named  in  honor  of  Nathaniel  Macon,  United  States 
senator  from  North  Carolina.  I'op.  6004,  of  whom  5485  were 
free,  and  519  slaves. 

MACOX,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Georgia,  h.is 
an  area  of  366  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  X.  to  S.  by 
Flint  River,  and  also  drained  by  Juniper,  Whitewater,  and 
Buck's  Creeks.  The  surface  Is"  level,  and  the  soil  mostly 
productive.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Muscog(»e 
Railroad,  and  In  part  by  the  South-western  \{  lilroad.  Capital, 
Lanier.     Pop.  8449,  of  whom  3584  were  irt  e  and  4865  slaves. 

M.\COX,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  -\labama,  bordering 
on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  850  sfjuaro  miles.  It.is  drained 
by  the  Eufaukee  Creek,  and  other  affluents  of  the  Tallapoosa 
River,  which  forms  part  of  the  .N'.W.  boundary.  'J'he  Mont- 
gomery and  West  Point  Railroad  passes  through  tbeeoxinty. 
Organized  about  the  year  1834,  previoui   to  which  it  sas 


=?*** 


MAC 


MAD 


lnclu(k'(l  in  tlie  Creek  Indians'  territory.    Cajiital,  Tuskegee. 
Pop.  2(),b0'2,  of  wliom  8626  were  tree,  and  18,176  slaves. 

MACON,  a  county  in  tlie  N'.  part  of  Tennessee,  bordering 
on  Ivcntucky:  area  eftimated  at  280  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  l)y  affluents  of  Bij;  Barren  River.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  the  s  lil  is  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Lafayette. 
Pop.  721)0,  of  wliom  6;J61  were  free,  and  929  8lave.«. 

MACOX,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  atxiut  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
North  or  principal  branch  of  Sangamon  Itiver.  The  surface 
Is  generally  level,  and  consists  of  open  plains  or  prairies,- 
diversified  by  small  tracts  of  timber;  the  .soil  is  highly 
pniiliKtive.  Tlie  Central  Il.iilroad  and  the  Great  Western 
Kailroad  pass  through  the  county.  Capital,  Decatur.  Pop. 
13,738. 

MACOX,  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  830  square  miles.  It  is  inter.^ected  by  Chariton 
River,  and  by  its  East  fork;  tlie  E.  part  is  drained  by  the 
South  fork  of  .Salt  River,  and  the  W.  part  by  \Volf  Creek. 
Capital,  Blooniington.  Pop.  14,346  of  whom  13,686  were 
free,  and  000  .slaves. 

M.\C()X,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Bibb  co.,  Georgia,  is 
gituuted  on  both  sides  of  the  Ucmulgee  River,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  Central  Railroad,  191  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Sa- 
vannah, 100  miles  S.K.  'of  Atlanta,  and  30  miles  S.W.  of 
Milledgeville.  The  Macon  and  Western  Railroad  connects 
with  the  Central  Railroad  at  this  place,  which  is  also  the 
terminus  of  the  South-Western  Railroad,  leading  to  Ogle- 
thorpe, ilacon  is  the  third  city  of  the  state  in  population 
and  importance,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade. 
Steanilx>ats  can  ascend  the  river  as  high  as  this  place, 
which  is  the  head  of  navigatkm.  The  city  contains  a  com- 
modious court-house,  a  market-house,  7  churches,  4  banks, 
1  academy,  and  the  Georgia  Female  College.  The  latter  is  a 
four-storied  brick  building,  160  fL-et  by  60,  finely  situated 
on  an  eminence.  Five  or  six  newspapers  are  published 
here.  A  bridge,  about  380  feet  long,  connects  the  opposite 
banks  of  the  river.  Rose  Hill  Cemetery,  situated  on  the 
Ocmulgee,  half  a  mile  above  the  city,  is  much  admired 
by  visitors.  On  the  bank  of  the  river,  a  few  miles  lielow 
llacon,  i.s  an  isolated  eminence,  known  as  Lamars  Jlound, 
which  apitears  to  be  the  work  of  nature,  although  several 
artificial  mounds  occur  in  the  vicinity.  The  western  front 
of  this  is  rugged  and  precipitous,  and  the  summit  is  occu- 
pied bv  a  level  area  of  50  acres.  Pop.  in  1850,  5953 ;  in 
1860,  8'247. 

MACOX',  a  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama,  about  134  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

MACOX.  a  post-village  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama,  56  miles 
S.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

MACON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  No.xubee  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  Noxubee  River,  125  miles  E.X.K.  of  Jackson. 
It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  cotton-planting  district,  and  has 
gome  trade. 

MACON,  a  post^village  in  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee,  190 
miles  W..S.W.  of  Na.shville. 

MACOX',  a  post-township  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
Lenawee  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1410. 

5I.\C0X  B.AYOU,  of  Louisiana,  commences  near  the  N.E. 
extremity  of  Carroll  parish,  and  flowing  in  a  S.S.W.  course, 
unites  with  Tensas  River  on  tb-e  AV.  bonier  of  Tensas  parish. 
In  himh  water  it  is  navigable  about  150  miles. 

MACtJX  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Gaston  and  Raleigh  Railroad,  and  67  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Raleigh. 

MACONXOIS  or  M.\CONXATS,  LE,  leh  ma'konW,  (L. 
^Ului  Mutisconnenlses).  a  co.  and  small  district  of  France, 
which  formerly  depended  on  the  province  of  Burgundy,  but 
now  forms  the  arroudissemeut  of  M;icon,  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et^ Loire. 

M.VCOX  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  is  formed  by  three  branches 
which  unite  in  Monroe  co. ;  it  enters  the  Raisin  River  about 
12  miles  alxive  Monroe  City. 

MACORABA.     See  Mecca. 

M.VCOS/QUIN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  London- 
derry. 

MA(^OT,  mi'sof,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Savoy, 
on  the  Isere,  E.N.E.  of  Moutiers.     Pop.  1247. 

M.\COTER.\.,  mi-ko-tA'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Leon,  province 
and  24  miles  from  Salamanca.     Pop.  1960. 

MACOUl'IN,  ma-koo/pin.  a  co.  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  of  800  scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Macoupin.  Otter,  and  Cahokia  Creeks,  from  the  first  of  which 
the  name  is  derived.  The  surface  is  moderately  diversified, 
and  the  soil  excellent.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Chicago.  Alton,  and  .St.  Louis  R.R.,  and  by  tlie  .\lton  and 
Terre  Haute  Railroad.    Capital,  Carlinville.     Pop.  24,602. 

M.\COUPIX,  a  township  in  .Macoupin  co..  Illinois. 

MACOUPIN  CREKK.  Illinois,  has  its  sources  in  Macoupin 
CO.,  and  joins  the  Illinois  River,  about  20  miles  from  its 
Uiouth. 

MACOL'R.  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea.    See  Emerald. 

MACOW.AL,  mi-ko'wdl.  a  town  of  British  India,  Punjab, 
♦C  iiiiles  N.K.  of  Loodianah. 

MacQUARLE,  mak-kw6r>'co,  a  co.  of  New  South  Wales, 


between  lat.  31°  and  32°  S.,  and  Ion.  152°  and  15?^  E.  Area 
2800  square  niile.s.  I 'op.  1973.  It  is  watered  1  /  ^1  e  Hast- 
ings River  and  its  atBuents.  With  Gloucester  and  Stanley 
it  returns  1  member  to  the  Legislative  Council. 

MacQUARIE,  called  by  the  natives  WAM'BiiOL'.acon.sider- 
able  river  of  East  .Australia,  is  fonned  by  the  junction  of  the 
Fish  and  Campbell  Rivers,  counties  of  Bathurst  and  A\est 
moreland.  flows  N.W.,  to  lat.  30°  45'  S..  Ion.  147°  10'  E., 
where  it  loses  itself  in  marshes,  whence  issue  tributaries  to 
the  river  Darling.    Total  cour.se  about  280  miles. 

M.AcQU.ARIE,  a  river  of  Van  Dieincn's  Land,(Tasmania,) 
flows  N.  through  the  county  of  .Somerset,  and  ji>ins  Lake 
River.     Alflucnts,  the  Blackman,  Elizabeth,  and  Isis. 

MvcQUARIE,  an  inlet  of  Foveaux  Strait,  New  Zealand, 
at  the  .southern  extremity  of  the  Middle  Island.  Lat.  46° 
20' S.,  Ion.  167°  50' E. 

MacQUARIE,  a  seaport  town  of  New  South  W.iles.  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hastings, 
195  miles  X.E.  of  Sydney;  lat.  31°  25'  S..  Ion.  l.o2°  57'  E. 
Vessels  drawing  more  than  9  feet  of  water  are  not  able  to 
ent<?r  the  harlior  with  safety. 

M.\cQUARIE  HAIVBOR,  A'an  Diemen's  Land,^Tasmania,) 
is  on  its  W.  coast,  between  lat.  42°  12'  and  42°  30'  S.,  and 
Ion.  14.5°  15'  and  145°  35'  E. 

MacQUAIUE  ISL'AXD,  in  the  South  Pacific.  I.at.  54" 
50'  S.,  Ion.  159°  E.  Length,  N.  to  S.,  about  25  miles;  breadth 
4  mile.s. 

M.ACQUARIE  LAKE,  of  East  Au.stralia,  New  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Northumberland,  is  an  irregular  lagoon,  communi- 
cating with  the  sea  by  the  inlet  Reid's  .Mistake. 

MacQUARIE  .MOUXTAIXS,  a  range  W.  of  New  South 
Wales,  between  the  rivers  I>achlan  amlMuiTumUdgee.  Mac- 
quarie  is  the  prefixed  name  of  numerous  localities  in  Xew 
South  Wales. 

M.AcQUARIE  PORT,  a  harbor  of  East  Australia,  190  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Sidney.   Lat.  31°  27' S.,  Ion.  153°  50' E.   It  receives 
the  Hastings  River. 
MACRA.    See  Maora. 

SIACRAE'S'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  North 
Carolina. 

JIACRAE'S  (ma-kr4z0  STORES,  a  post-ofHce  of  Telfair  co., 
Georgia. 

M.\CRI,  a  town  and  gulf  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Makrek. 
MACRIGNY,  nid-kreen'yee.  a  village  of  Eurojiean  Turkey, 
on  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  2  miles  from  Constantinople,  where 
are  extensive  iron  works,  and  a  model  farm. 

MACRINITZA,  mi-kree-neot'sl  a  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, Thcssaly.  about  65  miles  E.  of  Trikhala.    Pop.  2000. 
MACRIS.    See  M.acromsi. 

MACROXISI,  md-kro-nee'see.  (anc.  Macris  or  Tlrlena,)  an 
island  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  off  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Livadia;  greatest  length  8  miles,  average  breadth  2  miles. 

M.\CR0OM,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  and 
20i  miles  W.  of  Cork,  on  the  Sulla  ne.  Pop.  4794.  It  is 
finely  situated,  but  consists  chiefly  of  cabins.  It  has  an 
Anglo-Norman  castle,  now  tastefully  restored. 

MacSHKR'RYSTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  12  miles  E.  of  Gettvsburg.     Pop.  280. 

.MACTAX,  mik-tdn',  a  small  island  of  the  I'hilippines, 
Mal.iy  Archipelago,  E.  of  Zebu.  MagelJan  was  killed  here 
in  1521. 

M.\CUGNA6A.  m3-koon-y3'g3,  (I .  I'-miniticn.)  a  village 
of  Piedmont,  near  the  head  of  the  Val  d"Anzasca,  19  miles 
S.W.  of  Domo  d"Ossola. 
JIACULLAII,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Makat.i.ah. 
MACUX'GY,  a  former  post-township  of  Lehigli  co..  Penn- 
sylvjinia,  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Macungv. 

MacVEVTOWX.  formerly  WAYXESBUItG.  "a  thriving 
post-borough  of  Jllfliin  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Juniata  River.  11  miles  above  Lewistown.  The  Penn- 
sylvania Canal  and  Central  Railrojid  pass  through  the  place. 
The  adjacent  hills  abound  in  iron  ore.  which  is  manufactured 
here.     Pop.  in  1850,  580;  in  1860,  541. 

MacWHIXTERSVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Davidson  co., 
Tennessee. 

MacWIL'LIAMSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MADA.  X'AGT.  nfidj  moh'di:h\  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Szabolcs,  31  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zemplin.     Pop.  1618. 

MADAGASCAR.  madV-gas'kar,  (called  by  the  natives 
Madecasse,  mdd-e-kdss',  or  Mader/asse.  mdd-e-gdss/;  L. 
Madayasca'ria,)  a  great  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  gene- 
rally considered  as  appertaining  to  Africa.  It  extends  from 
Cape  Amber,  its  most  X.  point,  lat.  11°  57'  S.,  to  Cape  St. 
Mary,  its  most  S..  lat.  25°  42'  S.,  a  distance  of  nearly  1000 
miles.  The  greatest  breadth  hardly  exceeds  .^60  miles;  and 
its  average  breadth  cannot  much  exceed  240  miles.  Area 
estimated  at  240.000  square  miles.  From  the  ni'arest  shores 
of  Africa,  (at  Mozambique,)  Madagascar  is  distant  210  geo- 
graphical miles:  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  (00  miles; 
fi-om  the  Mauritius,  186  miles:  and  from  the  Isle  of  Bour- 
bon. 150  miles. 

Mountains. — The  intenor  of  Madairascarhas  Iieen  J>ut  littlo 
explored  by  Europeans.  A  tract  of  (ilevatt'd  land,  rising  by 
successive  terraces,  extends  N.  and  S.  throughout  the  island. 

Ull 


MAD 


MAD 


The  \.  half  Bjsumes  a  mountainous  character.  It  is  only  at 
the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  island  that  the  hi^'h  land  renehes 
the  sea:  everj-where  else  the  coast  is  bordered  by  a  broad 
Beam  of  low  and  level  land,  sometimes  below  the  level  of  the 
Bea,  from  which  latter  it  is  protected  only  by  the  beach  thrown 
ap  by  the  surf.  This  tract  of  low  land  has  on  the  E.  side 
of  Madagascar,  a  width  varying  from  20  to  60  miles;  on  the 
W.,  it  is  double  that  extent;  it  is  overspread  with  marshes, 
and  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  malignant  fevers.  The  most 
elevated  table  land  of  Madagascar,  as  yet  known  to  Europe- 
ans, is  included  in  the  kingdom  of  Ankova,  nearly  in  the 
middle  of  the  island,  and  supposed  to  lie  from  4000  to  5000 
feet  above  sea-level.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by  mountains 
—those  of  Angavo  on  the  E.,  and  Ankaratra  on  the  S.W.. 
attaining  an  absolute  height  perliaps  of  from  9000  to  10,000 
tieet,  being  reckonetl  among  the  highest  of  the  island.  The 
central  plateau  seems  also  to  be  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
a  belt  of  thick  forest,  which  reaches  down  to  the  maritime 
plains,  and  in  some  few  poiuts  extends  even  to  the  sea-shore. 

Jiivers. — The  rivers  of  Madagascar  are  exceedingly  nume- 
rous; indeed,  there  is  hardly  another  country  in  the  world 
so  copiously  watered;  jet  few  of  them  offer,  even  to  a  mode- 
rate extent,  the  advantages  of  internal  navigation.  They 
fall  rapidly  from  the  highland  of  the  interior,  and  then 
spread  into  lakes  in  the  low  maritime  regions,  so  that  they 
reach  the  sea-shore  with  slow  and  feeble  streams,  unable  to 
overcome  the  tides  and  currents  of  the  ocean  :  hence  their 
mouths,  particularly  on  the  W.  coast,  are  all  barred.  On 
the  \.W.  side  of  the  island,  where  the  elevated  coast  is 
broken  into  inlets  and  deep  baj-s.  the  rivers  which  flow  into 
these  are  often  accessible,  and  navigable  in  boats  to  some 
distance.  The  largest  of  these  rivers  is  the  BetsilKX)ka, 
which  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bombetoka.  nearly  in  lat.  16°  S. 
This  inlet,  alwut  30  feet  deep,  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
promontory  on  its  E.  side ;  the  lower  portion,  towards  the 
sea,  forms  a  secure  and  capacious  harbor,  capable  of  holding 
the  largest  fleets;  the  upper  portion  is  a  shallow  lagoon, 
navigable  only  by  vessels  of  little  draught.  Boats  can 
ascend  the  Betsibooka  to  a  distance  of  160  miles. 

Lukes. — The  low  coasts  exhibit,  not  unfrequently.  chains 
of  lakes,  running  parallel  and  close  to  the  sea-shore,  formed, 
in  some  cases,  by  the  overtiowing  of  the  barri^l  rivers;  in 
others,  by  tlie  sea;  and  are  fresh  or  salt  according  to  circum- 
stances. At  Ivoudru,  near  Tamatave,  on  the  E.  coast,  the 
chain  of  lakes,  beginning  with  that  of  Nossi  Ve,  (many 
islands.)  extends  above  150  miles  along  the  coast,  and  the 
portages,  between  the  lakes,  rarely  exceeding  half  a  mile, 
it  affords  a  ready  means  of  communication  with  Andevo- 
rande.  whence  the  road  proceeds  to  the  capital,  and  also  with 
the  river  Manguru.  In  the  interior  of  the  island  are  seve- 
ral lakes — known  chiefly  by  report. 

Geology. ^XccoYiing  to  the  missionary  accounts,  the  pre- 
vailing rocks  are  granite,  syenite,  anil  pure  quartz;  but 
they  mention,  also,  a  long  series  of  stratified  rocks,  which 
probably  compose  tlie  subordinate  ridges,  or  nearly  all  be- 
yond the  central  heights;  the.se  are  clay-slate,  graywacke, 
sandstone,  limestone  of  different  ages,  some  containing  fos- 
sil reptiles ;  and  some  being  fine  marble.  The  chief  deposits 
of  iron  lie  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  volcanic  rocks.  The 
gold  and  silver  mines,  so  much  extolled  by  the  early  advo- 
cates of  colonization  in  Madaga.scar,  are"  now  no  "longer 
heard  of.  They  have,  however,  copper,  manganese,  plum- 
bago, rock-salt,  an  important  article  of  inland  trade;  nitre, 
sulphur  from  pyrites,  and  it  is  said  that  excellent  coal  had 
been  tbund  near  the  sources  of  a  river  falling  into  the  Bet> 
sibooka. 

Climate. — The  heat,  on  the  coasts,  is  often  intense;  but  on 
the  highland  of  Ankova,  the  thermometer  rarelv  rises  above 
85°;  in  the  winter  it  often  sinks,  at  the  same  place,  to  40°; 
hail  and  sleet  are  frequent,  and  it  is  said  that  ice  is  often 
found  in  the  mountains  of  Ankaratra.  On  the  coasts,  the 
rains  are  nearly  constant,  beginning  in  the  evening  and 
lasting  sometimes  all  night;  in  the  interior,  the  winter  is 
dry  and  agreeable.  The  Madagascar  fever  of  the  coasts  is 
as  fatal  to  the  natives  of  the  interior  as  to  Europeans;  and 
yet  only  Ankova,  with  some  elevated  spots  at  the  X.  extre- 
mity of  the  island,  and  at  the  S.,  near  Fort  Dauphin,  are 
exempt  from  it.     • 

Vegetation.— hWhoM^h  the  interior  of  Madagascar  remains 
still  unexplored  by  botanists,  enough  is  known  of  the  vege- 
table productions  of  the  island  to  prove  their  richness  and 
variety.  Of  400  plants  collected  there.  100  are  altogether 
new,  and  200  more  /orm  new  species.  The  most  important 
trees  are  the  Baobab,  (Ailansonia,)  the  Kavinala.  {Urania 
sper.insa.)  Filao.  (Casuarina  Biuiselifdia.^  the  Rafia,  a  Sa- 
gus,  from  the  filamentous  leaves  of  whi<h  is  made  a  kind 
of  cloth,  while  the  stem  furnishes  a  drink  like  spruce-beer. 
The  Avoha,  which  furnishes  the  materials  of  a  coarse 
sort  of  paper;  the  Ambaravat'^i,  (Tapia  edulis.^  feeding  the 
native  silk-worm;  the  Areca;  three  species  ot*  I'andamus, 
(bamboo;)  the  Azaina.  yielding  a  gum  greatly  valued  as  a 
powerful  cement;  copal  and  other  gums,  ebony;  the  Ka- 
vint^ara.  (Agath(>])hyllum  aromatieum.)  which  produces  a 
highly  fragrant  all-spice;  besides  these  are  numerous  dye- 
ing woods,  vnricties  of  Indian  fig;  tamarinds,  sugar-cane 


trees  and  shrubs  yielding  gum  elastic,  (India  rubber.)  and 
the  zozoro  or  papyrus,  peculiar  to  the  i.^^land.  Ginger,  pep- 
per, and  indigo,  grow  wild  in  the  wooils ;  cotton,  sugar-cane, 
tobacco,  and  hemp,  are  also  cultivated.  Except  in  the  N.'W. 
and  W.,  where  the  Sakalavas  subsist  chiefly  on  arrow-root, 
the  principal  fotjd  of  the  Madaga.ss!y  is  rice,  of  which  grain 
they  cultivate  11  species,  and  yet  its  introduction  into  the 
interior  is  said  to  be  comparatively  recent ;  the  cocoa  nut, 
(on  the  coast.)  the  plantain  and  banana  are  of  still  later 
date.  Several  kinds  of  yams,  manioc,  maize,  millet,  beans, 
&c.,  add  to  the  general  abundance.  Besides  the  native  fruits, 
the  orange,  peach,  citron,  mulberry,  and  even  grapes,  intro- 
duced by  Europeans,  are  now  widely  diffused  over  the  island : 
coffee  is  found  to  thrive  well,  and  10  or  12  vegetable  oils  are 
made  for  home  consumption. 

Zoology. — There  are  few  formidable  wild  animals  in  Mada- 
ga.scar, and  the  list  of  its  beasts  of  prey  embraces  only  an 
ounce  or  small  leopai-d,  the  wild  dog,  wild  cat,  and  bushy- 
tailed  fox.  Crocodiles  are  numerous  in  most  of  the  rivers. 
Snakes  of  great  size  are  often  met  with  ;  a  species  of  ostrich  is 
said  to  haunt  the  deserts.  Apes  are  numerous  in  the  woods. 
The  horned  cattle,  in  which  chiefly  consists  the  we.tlth  of 
the  Madagassy,  are  of  the  hunched  "kind,  like  those  of  India. 
There  are.  however,  wild  cattle  in  the  forests  which  have  no 
hunch.     Horses  have  recently  been  iutrotluced. 

Peoi)U,  Customs,  &c. — The  population  of  Madagascar  at 
the  present  day  affords,  in  variety  of  feature  and  complex- 
ion, proofs  of  its  having  sprung  from  different  races;  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  perfect  unity  of  language  throughout 
the  island  exhibits  such  a  complete  blending  of  these  various 
races  as  could  have  been  effected  only  by  the  operation  of 
assimilating  influences  during  many  ages.  The  ruling  race 
in  Madagascar  is  also  the  fairest.  The  Ilovas.  or  Ov.t^s.  who 
have  established  their  sway  over  nearly  the  whole  island, 
are  distinguished  from  the  other  natives  by  their  light  olive 
complexion,  the  absence  of  thick  lips,  and  by  their  active 
figures ;  tliey  are  well  made,  but  rather  under  the  middle 
size.  The  Sakalavas,  who  possess  the  W.  coast  from  the  S. 
limit  of  Slenabe  to  Cape  Amber,  are  quite  black,  with  thick 
lips,  crisped  or  woolly  hair,  but  not  depressed  features. 
They  are  tall,  strong,  and  vigorous,  very  frank  and  coura- 
geous, and,  though  inferior  to  the  Ilovas  in  aptitude, 
appear  superior  to  them  in  many  noble  qualities.  These 
are  the  extremes  of  the  fair  and  dark  races.  The  Betsileo 
tribe  are  of  a  light  copper  color,  with  thick  lips,  and  long 
hair.  Some  families  of  the  Antaymur.  in  Matitana.  l.ty  claim 
to  an  Arabian  origin,  and  call  themselves  Zafyndnimina, 
the  children  of  Amina.  On  the  E,  coast  may  be  foun(l  also 
many  families  of  Indian  and  of  French  descent. 

The  chief  distinction  of  a  great  man  is  to  have  many 
wives,  although  polygamy  is  familiarly  called  by  a  name 
which  signifies  "the  cau.-e  of  strife."  The  number  of  wives 
permitted  depends  on  the  man's  rank,  but  must  be  less  than 
12 ;  the  possession  of  a  dozen  being  reserved  to  the  king 
alone.  As  silversmiths,  gunsmiths,  and  carpenter.s,  the  ir> 
habitantjj  rapidly  acquire  the  art  of  Europeans  ;  and,  witl. 
looms  of  the  rudest  construction,  they  make  excellent  and 
handsome  cloths.  The  religious  opinions  of  the  Madagassy 
are  nowhere  clearly  set  forth.  They  appear  to  believe  in  a 
good  and  an  evil  principle,  but  their  chief  objects  cf  woi-ship 
are  idols,  rendered  formidable  by  the  arts  of  their  guardian 
priests. 

Government. — The  government  of  Madagascar  seems  to  be 
a  monarchical  despotism.  Public  a.ssemblies  are  still  called 
and  addres.«ed  by  the  sovereign,  but  not  consulted.  The 
monarchy  is  hereditary;  but  the  order  of  succession  ap- 
pears not  to  be  fixed,  the  reigning  sovereign  affecting  to 
appoint  his  successors.  A  body  of  judges  sits  constantly  in 
public  to  hear  complaints  and  settle  disputes,  but  they  are 
not  guided  by  any  written  code  of  laws.  Previous  to  the 
close  of  the  last  century,  the  island  appears  to  have  been 
divided  among  a  great  number  of  independent  tribes;  but 
at  present  the  number  of  provinces  is  about  25,  each  being 
•governed  by  a  chief  subject  to  the  king. 

History. — The  English  established  a  factory  in  St.  Augus- 
tine's in  1644,  but  the  climate,  and  ho.stility  of  the  natives, 
compelled  them  to  abandon  it  at  the  end  of  twoj-ears.  The 
French  East  India  Company  made  settlements  on  the  E. 
coast  as  early  as  1642 ;  they,  too.  were  forced  to  yield  to  the 
climate.  Their  attempts  to  colonize  the  E.  coast  wei-e  re- 
commenced in  1745.  and  again  failed;  and.  in  1773,  the 
celebrated  adventurer,  Benyowsky.  eneouragetl  by  the 
French  court,  conducted  an  expedition  to  Antongil  Bay, 
but,  being  thwarted  and  maligned  by  the  colonists  of  the 
Isle  of  France,  he  too  perished.  The  Isle  of  France,  or 
Mauritius,  having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  and 
the  French  factories  on  the  coast  of  Madagascar  having  been 
always  considered  as  depending  on  that  colony,  the  governor, 
Sir  Robert  Farquhar,  claimed,  by  proclamation,  in  1816, 
the  sovereignty  of  Madaga.scar.  This  was  an  important 
epoch  in  the  history  of  that  island.  Radamii,  born  in  1792, 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  Ankova  in  1808  Havinfi; 
been  sent  to  Great  Britain  to  be  educated,  he  roturnwi  to 
Tananarive  in  1817.  This  prince  abolished  infanticide, 
and  discouraged,  as  much  as  possible  the  belief  iu  witch- 


MxiD 


MAD 


craft  and  other  superstitions.  He  formed  a  regular  army, 
ou  the  model  of  the  Indian  sepoys,  trained  by  General 
(orij;inally  Serjeant)  Brady,  a  AVest  Indian  mulatto.  AVith 
this  force,  30.000  Including  artillery,  ho  subdued  the  whole 
Island.  lie  mt^ditated  opt^ning  roads  and  canals,  and  actu- 
ally commenciKl  cutting  through  the  necks  of  land  which 
separate  the  lakes  along  the  coast.  lie  encouraged  the  Pro- 
testant missionaries,  and,  above  all,  their  schools,  which,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  had  increased  to  more  than  100,  af- 
fording the  means  of  instruction  to  nearly  5000  children. 
In  short,  Uadama.  whose  principle  was  that  truth  and  just- 
ice were  the  foundations  of  his  throne,  was  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  civilizers  the  world  has  ever  .seen.  lie  was  on 
the  point  of  seeing  his  yast  projects  crowned  with  the  most 
brilliant  success,  when  his  queen,  a  second  Clytemnestra, 
caused  him  to  be  poisoned  in  July,  1828.  She,  with  lier 
infamous  accomplice,  succeeded  to  the  tlirone;  and,  in  a 
ehort  time,  manifested  her  desire  to  undo,  as  far  as  possible, 
all  that  he  had  accomplished.  The  schools  were  closed,  and 
the  mis.sionaries  left  the  island  in  1835;  since  which  the 
native  Christians,  wlio  had  become  numerous,  have  been 
subjected  to  cruel  persecution ;  many  of  them  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom in  18.50.  In  1846,  the  English  and  French  cruisers 
in  tliose  seas,  having  united  in  an  attempt  to  humble  the 
Ilovas,  by  attacking  some  forts  on  the  coast,  were  repulsed 
with  great  loss.  I'op.  estimated  at  4,700,000. — Atlj.  and  inhab. 
Maceoassy,  madVgas'see,  or  Madecassee,  madVkas/eee  or 
margash'.  (Fr.  Malegache,  mirgdsb'.) 

MADAIN.  a  town  of  .Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Modain. 

MADAliENA,  a  little  island  of  South  America,  near  the  S. 
eoast  of  Chiloe. 

MADAIvK.NA.     See  ^lAnnALKSA. 

>I.\D.VM1'E,  mj-dilm'p.^,  a  town  of  Ceylon,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country.    P.  3000. 

MADAP0LLA."\1,  md-di-pol-ldm',  a  maritime  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Madra.s,  43  miles  E.NE.  of  Masuli- 
patam.  on  the  Coromandel  coast.  It  has  manufactures  of 
long  cotton  cloths. 

MAD.AR,  mohVlaR/,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  and  11  miles 
fh)m  Komorn.     I'op.  1411. 

>I.\D.VI{.\S,  moIiMoh'rosh',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither 
Danube,  co.  of  Bacs.  41  miles  S.W.  of  Szegedin.     Pop.  3536. 

MAD.\K.\SZ.  muliMiih'rds.s'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  S7.alx)lc7„  1"2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Szegedin.     Pop.  7517. 

MADAR  A.SZ,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theiss,  9  miles 
from  Szathinar-N'emeth.     Pop.    1316. 

M.\D.\^WAS'KA,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine, 
bordering  on  New  Brunswick,  about  225  miles  N-E.  by  N. 
of  Augusta.    Pop.  585. 

MAI)*AW.\S'KA,  a  French  settlement  of  New  Brunswick, 
occupying  lioth  sides  of  the  river  St.  John  at  intervals  for 
some  40  miles  above  the  Great  Falls. 

M.\D'1?URY,  a  township  of  Strafford  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
with  a  station  on  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  3  miles 
from  Dover.     Pop.  496. 

MADDALENA,  LA,  }!i-mi(i-<iS.-Wai,  an  island  off  the  N. 
coast  of  Sardinia.  10  miles  W.  of  Longo-Sardo.  Pop.  1200. 
It  has  a  small  town,  with  a  good  harbor. 

M.\DD.\L()\I.  mdd-dd-lo'nee,  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Naples.  Pop.  17,798.  It 
has  a  royal  college,  and  a  noble  aqueduct,  built  by  Charles 
III.,  to  convey  water  to  the  cascades  in  the  royal  gardens 
of  Ca«erta.  Madduloni  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the 
ancient  ,9uessul(t. 

M  ADD  EH  JEE,mJd'deh-jee'.  a  considerable  villageofSlnde, 
28  miles  S.E.  of  Larkhaha.    Lat.  27°  36'  N.,  Ion.  68°  34'  E. 

M.\D'DENVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MAD'DERTY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

MAD'DINOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

MAD'DOX.  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  \'iririnia. 

MADDY,  LOCH,  iSii  mMMee,  a  large- bay  of  Scotland,  in 
the  Hebrides,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of  N.  Uist.  It 
has  numerous  branches,  and  a  central  group  of  islands. 

MADEFALRA,  mi-d.A-fai'ra,  or  METZDORF,  niSts'doRf,  a 
village  of  Austria,  Transylvania,  on  the  Altflus.s,  about  80 
miles  from  Kronstadt.     Pop.  1145. 

MADE'IIURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

M.\DEIR A,  md-dee'r.>,  (Port.  pron.  md-d,Ve-rd  or  md-di'rd.) 
an  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Portugal, 
about  440  miles  off  the  W.  coast  of  Morocco,  between  32° 
86'  and  32°  53'  N.  lat.,  and  16°  40'  and  17°  20'  W.  Ion.  It  is 
C^  miles  long,  and  12  miles  broad.  It  consists  of  a  ma-ss  of 
volcanic  rocks,  whose  highest  peak  reaches  an  elevation  of 
upwards  of  6000  feet.  Through  the  W.  half  of  the  island 
luns  a  central  ridge,  about  5000  feet  high,  on  which  is  an 
extensive  plain  called  Paul  de  Serra.  From  the  central 
mass,  steep  ridges  extend  to  the  coast,  where  they  form 
perpendicular  precipices  of  from  1000  to  2000  feet  high. 
These  cliffs  are  interrupted  by  a  few  small  bays,  where 
a  richly  cultivated  valley  approaches  the  water  between 
abrupt  precipices,  or  surrounded  by  an  amphitheatre  of 
rugge<l  bills.  These  narrow  bays  are  the  sites  of  the  vil- 
lages of  Madeira.  The  road  round  the  island  is,  in  many 
places,  exceedingly  picturesque,  passing  often  between  lofty 


cliffs,  or  along  the  front  of  precipices  overhanging  the 
sea.  The  mountain  steeps  of  Madeira  are  clothed  with  a 
remarkably  rich  and  luxuriant  verdure.  Terraces  are  visl- 
pie  on  every  side,  and  every  available  and  accessible  epot  is 
turned  to  advantage.  The  richest  vine  district,  and  the 
part  where  grows  the  Malmsey  grape,  is  the  valley  of  thf 
Cama  de  Lobos,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island.  In  good  years, 
the  quantity  of  wine  produced  is  25,000  pipes ;  in  recent 
times,  however,  It  has  been  reduced  to  15,000  pipes;  and,  in 
1852,  a  disease  having  destroyed  the  vines,  the  quantity  of 
wine  obtained  was  only  400  pipes,  and  so  bad  in  quality  a» 
only  to  be  suitable  for  being  made  into  vinegar.  In  the 
lower  portions  of  the  island,  groves  of  orange  and  lemou 
trees  are  mingled  with  the  vineyards ;  higher  up,  banaii.as, 
figs,  pomegranates,  &c.,  are  seen;  and  again,  still  higher, 
the  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone — namely,  applies,  currants, 
pears,  and  peaches.  Coffee  and  arrow-root,  both  of  excellent 
quality,  are  also  grown.  Wheat,  barley,  rye,  and  Indian 
corn  are  raised,  but  only  to  the  extent  of  about  one-fifth  of 
the  quantity  con.sumed.  The  climate  of  Madeira  is  very 
equable,  and  famed  for  its  salubrity;  the  mean  temperature 
is  6a°,  and  the  extremes  74°  and  03°  It  is  considi-ied  very 
healthy,  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  Invalids,  particularly 
those  suffering  from  pulmonary  affections.  Capital,  Fun- 
chal.    The  language  of  Madeira  is  Portuguese. 

The  group  of  islands  called  the  Mabliua  Islands  or  Ma- 
deira Group,  consists  of  the  two  islands  of  Madeira  and 
Porto  Santo,  and  the  three  islets  called  the  Desertas,  in 
lat.  32°  3'  to  33°  7'  N.,  Ion.  16°  13'  to  16°  38'  W.  This  group 
apiHjars  to  have  been  known  to  the  Romans  under  the  name 
of  I'urpurarice  Insula.  They  were  discovered  by  Don  Joao 
Gonzales  Zarco,  and  Tristan  Yaz.  in  1420;  the  name  Ma- 
deira was  given  to  the  principal  island,  from  the  magnifi- 
cent forests  of  building-timber  (in  Portuguese,  Madeira) 
which  then  covered  it.  Pop.  about- 110,000.  See  Desertas, 
Las,  and  Pokto  Sa.mo. 

MADEIRA  or  MADERA,  mJ-dA/rd,  or  CAYARI,  kl-d-ree', 
a  river  of  South  America,  In  Brazil,  is  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Beni  and  Mamore,  In  lat.  10°  30'  S..  Ion.  65°  40'  W., 
whence  it  flows  N.E.  700  miles,  and  joins  the  Amazon  In  3° 
30'  S.  lat.,  and  about  68°  W.  Ion.  Including  the  Mamore,  its 
principal  branch,  which  some  consider  as  the  true  Madera, 
It  has  a  length  of  from  1500  to  2000  miles,  for  near  1000  of 
whi<'h  it  is  navigable.  For  500  miles  from  its  mouth  it  is 
at  all  times  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  6  feet;  above  this, 
between  lat.  8°  6o'  and  11°  S.,  the  navigation  is  interrupted 
by  17  cataracts;  for  600  miles  above  the  catiracts  or  rapids, 
it  Is  navigable  for  small  steamboats.  In  the  lower  500  miles 
of  its  course,  the  depth  varies  Vrom  27  to  200  feet ;  aljov«  tht> 
rapids  it  is  generally  fi-om  20  to  30  feet.  JIadeira  derive.^ 
its  name  from  the  great  quantity  of  tlmlier  (M."idera)  or  lo^ 
brought  down  by  the  periodical  Hoods.     S^e  Ma-MORE. 

MADEIRA  I.SLANDS.    See  Madeira. 

MADKIRAVILLE.avillageof  Indiana, on  the  New  Albany 
and  Michigan  City  Railroad,  44  miles  S.  of  .Michigan  City. 

M.\DE(iEY,  midlee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Kngland, 
CO.  of  Salop,  on  the  Severn,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Shrewsbury. 
Pop.  in  1851,  8525.  It  has  an  iron  bridge  across  the  Severn 
of  1  arch  of  100  feet  span ;  a  h.andsome  church,  a  market- 
house,  iron-works,  manufactures  of  porcelain,  and  coal-mines. 

M.\DELEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford.  4^  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Newcastle,  onthe  London  and  N.  AV.  Railway. 

MADEX,  md'den,  a  term  of  Araliic  origin,  signifying 
"met-d"  or  "mine,"  furnishing  the  root  of  Almaden,  Keb- 
BAN  MADr.N.  Argh,\na  Maden,  &c..  whiih  see. 

M.\DER.\.  a  river  of  Brazil.    See  Madeira. 

M.VDER.N'O.  md-dJR'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Milan.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  1452. 

MADHAJR.Ul'OOR,  mdd  hdj-rdj-poor',  a  town  of  Hindos- 
tan.  province  of  Rajpootana,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Teypoor. 

MADIGNAXtl.  md-deen-yi'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Milan,  on  the  Serio.     Pop.  1156. 

SIAD'INGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

MADION,  m4'de-on\  a  Dutch  residency  of  the  island  of 
Java,  on  its  S.  coast,  with  a  town  of  the  .same  name. 

MADIRAN,  mdVlee^rfiN"',  a  town  of  FraT\ce,  department  of 
Ilautes-Pyrenges.  23  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tarbes.     P.ip.  1300. 

MAD'ISOX.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  area  of  620  square  mile.s.  It  Is  partly  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Oneida  Lake,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Unadilla  River, 
and  is  drained  by  the  he.ad  branches  of  the  Chenango  River. 
Gypsum,  water  limestone,  and  common  limestone  are  found 
in  abundance,  and  some  iron  ore  and  marl  occur.  It  has 
also  a  salt  spring  and  two  sulphur  springs.  The  Erie  Canal; 
tlie  Ch'-naiigo  Canal,  and  the  New  York  Central  Railroad 
traverse  this  county.  Organized  in  1806,  and  named  in 
honor  of  James  Madison,  fourtli  president  of  the  United 
States.    Capital  Morrisvilie.    Pop.  43,545. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  A'irginia, 
has  an  area  of  280  square  miles.  The  Rapidan  River  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  S..  S.E.,  and  S.W. ;  it  is  also  drained  by 
Robertson's  and  Hazel  Rivers,  which  rise  withi7i  its  limits 
The  Blue  Ridge  forms  the  N.W.  boundary  of  the  county;, 
the  surface  is  diversified  by  other  elevations,  and  is  noted 
for  the  sublimity  of  its  scenery.    Iho  soil  of  the  valleys  is 

1113    . 


MAD 

fertile.  ExtensiTe  beds  of  copper  ore  are  found  In  the  Blue 
Bidge.  but  are  not  worked  at  present.  Organized  in  1792. 
Ciipitttl,  Madisontown.  Jfop.  SHbi,  of  whom  -1457  were  free, 
and  4307  slaves. 

MADISOX,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
borderinjr  on  Tennessee ;  area  estimatetl  at  450  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  French  Broad  River.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  the  county  lying  on  the  S.E.  declivity  of  ISald 
Mountain.  The  land  produces  good  pa.«turage.  The  county 
■was  formed  in  1850,  from  Buncombe  and  Yancey  counties. 
Capital.  Marshall.    Pop.  in  186fi.  5908. 

MADISOX.  a  county  in  the  X.E.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
North  and  South  Forks  of  Broad  River,  which  unite  at  its 
S.E.  extremity.  The  soil  in  the  northern  part  i.i  poor,  and 
In  the  south-eastern  productive.  Gold  and  granite  are  found, 
and  iron  ore  is  abundant  in  the  county.  Capital,  Daniels- 
ville.     Pop.  5933,  of  whom  3941  were  free. 

MADISOX,  a  county  of  Florida,  bordering  on  Georgia  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains  about  2500  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Suwanee  liivcr,  and  on  the  Vi'.  by 
the  Ocilla  River.  The  surface  is  undulating.  Capital,  Madi- 
son.    Pop.  7779,  of  whom  3530  were  free. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Alabama,  Ordering 
on  Tennessee,  has  an  areii  of  850  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Flint  and  Paint  Rock  Creeks,  affluents  of  the  Ten- 
nessee River,  which  forms  the  S.  boundary.  The  surface  is 
hilly;  the  soil  is  very  fertile  and  extensively  cultivated. 
Limestone  underlies  a  large  part  of  the  surface.  This  county 
is  traversed  by  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad. 
County-seat,  Uuntsville.  Madison  conuty  is  one  of  tho 
most  densely  peopled  portions  of  the  state.  Pop.  26,451,  of 
whom  11,878  were  free,  and  14,573  slaves. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  \V.  central  part  of  Mississippi, 
has  an  area  of  about  740  square  miles.  The  Pearl  River 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.E.,  and  the  Big  Black  washes 
its  N.W.  border.  The  soil  is  productive.  The  railroad  which 
extends  from  Jackson  to  Tennessee  passes  through  the 
county.  Capital,  Canton.  Pop.  23,382,  of  whom  52c>4  were 
free,  and  18,118  slttves. 

MADISON,  a  parish  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  border- 
ing on  the  Mississippi,  contains  WO  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Macon  Bayou,  and  intersected  by  the 
navigable  river  Tenssls.  The  surface  is  low ;  the  soil  is  allu- 
vial and  fertile.  Capital,  Richmond.  Pop.  14,133,  of  whom 
1656  were  free. 

MADISOX,  a  new  county  towards  the  E.  part  of  Texas, 
formed  in  1850  from  Grimes  and  Walker  counties,  has  an 
area  of  about  580  square  miles,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
river  Trinity,  and  drained  by  Bidais  Creek.    Pop.  2238. 

M  ADISON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  o^  Arkansa.s,  border- 
ing on  Missouri,  contains  1030  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  main  fork  of  White  River,  by  War  Eagle  River,  and 
by  King  River.  The  surface  is  diversified  l)y  hills  and  val- 
leys; the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  An  active  emigration  has 
been  directed  to  this  section  for  a  few  years  past.  Capital, 
Huntsville.    Pop.  7740,  of  wliom  7444  were  IVee. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  550  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  South  Fork  of  the  Forked  Deer  River,  and  the  North 
Fork  of  the  same  rises  within  its  limits.  Tlie  soil  is  fertile. 
The  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  passes  through  the  county. 
Capital.  Jackson.  Pop.  21,535,  of  whom  11,523  were  free, 
and  10.012  slaves. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  500  square  miles.  The  Kentucky 
River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  X.,  and  it  is  also 
drained  by  Silver  and  Paint  Lick  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Limestone  under- 
lies a  part  of  tlie  surface.  Capital,  Richmond.  Pop.  17,207, 
of  whom  11.173  were  free,  and  60.34  slaves. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  480  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Darby  and 
Little  Darby  Creeks,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of 
Little  Miami  River,  and  of  Deer  Creek.  The  surface  is 
neaih'  level.  The  soil  is  fertile.  It  is  traverse*!  by  the 
Columbus  and  Xenia  Railroad,  and  by  the  Columbus  and 
Piqua  Ilailroad.    Capital,  London.     Pop.  13,015. 

MADISOX,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  partof  Indiana,  con- 
tains 400  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  White  River,  Fall 
Creek,  and  I'ipe  Creek.  The  sur&c«  is  undulating  or  nearly 
level,  and  was  originally  covered  with  heavy  timber.  The 
soil  in  extremely  fertile.  The  county  contains  valtiable 
quart  13  of  limestone  and  marble.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Cincin.,ati  and  Chicago  Railroad,  and  bv  the  Bellefontaine 
Line.    Organized  in  182:j.    Capital,  Anderson.    Pop.  16,518. 

MADISON,  a  count>- in  the  S.W.  partof  Illinois,  bordering 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri, 
and  nearly  opposite  St.  Louis.  Area  aliout  690  square  mile,«. 
It  is  intersected  by  Cahokia  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  Silver 
Cr<;ek  and  its  branches.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  undu- 
lating, diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands.  The  river 
bottom  lielow  Alton  is  several  miles  wide,  and  bounded  on 
tho  E.  by  a  bluff  which  rises  from  100  to  200  feet.  The  soil 
b  remarkably  fertile,  and  is  extensively  cultivated.  Stone- 
1114 


MAD 

coal  and  limestone  are  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
near  Alton.  The  county  is  intersected  V)y  the  Alton  and 
Terre  Haute  Railroad,  and  by  the  Chicago  Alton  <»'jd  St. 
Louis  Railroad,    Capital,  Edwardsville.     Pop.  31,2iJl. 

MADISON,  a  county  in  the  S.E  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  about  625  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  St. 
Francis  River,  and  C.istor  Creek,  flowing  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
also  drained  by  More's  and  Big  Creeks.  The  soil  .0  generally 
thin.  Limestone  and  sandstone  are  the  princip.<i  rocks  of 
the  county.  Iron  and  lead  arc  abundant,  and  a  small  quan- 
tity of  copper  is  found  in  connexion  wiih  the  lead.  The  La 
Motte  mine,  in  the  X.  jiart  of  the  county,  lias  yielded  about 
1,000.000  pounds  of  lead  in  a  single  year.  In  the  N.W.  part 
is  a  remarkable  eminence,  called  Pilot  Knob,  which  is  covered 
with  the  micaceous  oxide  of  iron.  Capital,  Fredeiicktown. 
Population,  5U64,  of  whom  5197  were  iwu. 

M.\D1S0X',  anew  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  The  Norih  and  Middle 
Rivers,  affluents  of  the  Des  Moines,  traverse  the  county  from 
W.  to  E. ;  it  is  also  drained  by  I'rairie  Branch  of  Middle 
River.  The  surface  comprises  extensive  prairies;  the  soil  is 
productive.  Large  beds  of  stone-coal  are  found.  Capital, 
Winterset.    Pop.  7339. 

MADISON,  a  post-town.ship  of  Somerset  co.,  Mair.e,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Kennebec  River,  about  35  miles  N.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  161  .=1. 

M.\DISON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  Haven  CO., 
Conne<'ticut,  on  Long  Island  .Sound,  and  on  the  New  Haven 
and  New  London  Railroad,  21  miles  E.  of  Xew  Haven.  The 
village  contains  a  Congregational  and  a  Methodi.^t  church, 
an  academy,  and  several  stores.  Manufacturing  and  ship- 
building are  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1865. 

MADISON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jladison  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Chenango  Canal,  and  on  the  Cherry  Valley 
Turnpike,  95  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  The  village  con- 
tains 2  or  3  churches.  BiMokfield  A.adcui.N ,  and  several  stores. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  2457 :  of  the  village,  about  300. 

MADISON,  formerly  BOTTLE  HILL,  a  post-village  in 
Chatham  town.ship,  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  5lorri8 
and  Essex  Railroad,  about  14  miles  W.  of  Newark,  contains 
2  churches,  an  academy,  and  above  100  houses. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  14+0. 

51  ADISON,  a  township.  Clarion  co..  Pennsylvania.  P.  2130. 

M.^DISO.N',atownship,Columbia CO. .Pennsylvania.  P.1146. 

MADISON,  a  township,  I,u7.eriie  co..Pennsylvania.  P.  1189. 

MADISON,  a  township,  Montour  co.,  Penn.svlvania. 

MADISON,  a  town^hipof  Perry  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1534. 

MADISON,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Hempfield  Ilailroad,  6  miles  S.W.  Greensburg. 

M.\D1S0N,  a  station  on  the  Orange  and  Alexandrif.  Rail- 
road, 4  miles  from  Gordonsville.  A'irginia. 

MADISON,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co..  North  Civro^ 
lina.  on  Dan  River,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mayo,  116  miles 
N.W.  of  Raleigh.     Pop.  about  400. 

M.\DISOX',  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Morgan 
CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  103  miles  AV.  of  An- 
gu.sta,  and  43  miles  N.N.W.  of  MiUedioville.  It  has  a  plea- 
sant and  healthy  situation,  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and 
fertile  country.  This  place  has  long  been  distinguished  for 
excellent  schools,  and  at  the  present  time  it  contains  4, 
which  are  in  a  prosperous  condition,  namely,  the  Baptist 
Collegiate  Institute,  the  Madison  Female  College.  (Methodist,) 
the  Madison  Male  Academy,  and  a  high  schcxil  for  boys. 
About  250  pupils  receive  instruction  here.  Madison  is  a 
place  of  active  trade,  and  a  market  for  the  cotton  raised  in 
the  vicinity.  From  20,000  to  25.000  bales  are  received  here 
annually.  The  value  of  goods  sold  in  a  year  exceeds  §230.000, 
It  has  4  churches  and  1  steam  cotton-mill.  The  resident 
pop.  is  alx)ut  1600. 

MADISON,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Texas. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Butler  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  2490. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Clarke  Co..  Ohio.     Pop.  961. 

Jl-ADIS  >N,  a  township  of  Columbiana  cu.,  Ohio.  Pep.  1191. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Fairfield  co..  Ohio.     l»op.ll88. 

M.ADISON.  a  township  of  Fayette  co  ,  Ohio.     Pop.  1348. 

MADISON^  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2864. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co  ,  Ohio.     Pup.  1263. 

MADISOX,  a  township  of  Highland  CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  2755. 

MADISOX.  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2081. 

M.\DISOX,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part  of 
Lake  co.,  Ohio,  on  both  sides  of  ^Jraiid  River,  and  on  the 
Cleveland  aud  Erie  Rivilroad,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cleveland. 
Pop.  23S9. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  928. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.  P.  1842. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Perry  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  825. 

MADISOX.  a  township  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohi>.  Pop.  913. 

J.'ADISOX,  a  towiisliip  of  Sandusky  co.,  Oliio.    I'oj    881. 

MADISON,  a  village  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan,  :.30  uiles 
W.N.W.  of  Detroit. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan.    P.  -.W& 

MADISON,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Michi«fJl. 


MAD 


MAD 


MADTSOV,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  919. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  665. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,    Pop.  673. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1116. 

MADISON,  a  townsliip  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1065. 

M  ADISON,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
8130. 

MADISON,  a  flourishing  city,  river-port,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  Kivcr,  90  miles 
below  Cincinnati,  44  miles  above  Louisville,  and  86  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis,  in  lat.  38°  46'  N.,  Ion.  85°  21'  W.  It 
is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  and  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  state  in  population  and  importance.  Steam- 
boats make  daily  ])assage8  between  this  port  and  Cincinnati 
and  Louisville.  The  navigation  is  usually  open  all  winter 
in  ordinary  seasons.  Several  steamboats  are  owned  here. 
Madisun  is  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Indianapolis  and  Madison 
Railroad,  wliich  was  completed  in  1848,  and  is  doing  a  large 
business  in  conveying  ft-eight  and  passengers.  The  city  is 
beautifully  situated  in  a  valley  nearly  3  miles  in  K-ngth, 
wluch  is  enclosed  on  the  N.  by  steep  and  rugged  hills  about 
400  feet  high.  The  site  is  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  the 
highest  floods.  Madison  is  well  built,  containing  a  large 
proportion  of  brick  houses.  It  contains  a  fine  court-house, 
3  public  halls,  13  churches, 2  public  libraries, a  United  States 
hospital,  2  market-houses,  4  banks,  and  3  large  i)ublio  schools. 
Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  Several  of  the  streets 
are  paved,  and  lighted  with  gas.  Ilere  are  4  flouring-mills, 
3 iron  foundries  with  machine-shops.  1  brass  foundry,  several 
planing-mills.  and  a  dry-dock.  Tlie  building  of  steiimboats 
is  an  important  bi-anch  of  industry  here.  Pop.  in  18i0,  in- 
cluding North  Madison,  8681;  in  1860,  9068;  in  1865,  about 
14,000. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  951. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  981. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1189. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1151. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana.  Popular 
tion,  1195. 

MADI^'ON,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri. 

MADISON,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri,  12  mtles 
W.of  Paris,is  in  a  rich  farming  district  wliich  abounds  in  coal. 

M.4^DIS0N,  capital  of  the  stjite  of  Wisconsin,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Dane  co.,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  isthmus 
between  Lakes  Mendota  and  Monona,  80  miles  W.  of  Mil- 
waukie,  and  132  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago,  in  lat.  43°  5'  N., 
Ion.  89°  20'  W.  It  stands  in  tlie  centre  of  a  broad  valley, 
surrounded  by  heights  from  which  the  city  can  be  seen  at 
a  distance  of  several  miles.  The  isthmus  is  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  in  width.  Lake  Mendota,  which  lies  on 
the  N.W.  side  of  the  town,  is  6  miles  long  by  4  miles  wide. 
It  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  with  clean  gravelly  shores. 
The  de|)th  is  sufficient  for  navigation  by  steamboats,  and 
is  estimated  at  about  60  feet.  Lake  Monona  is  rather  smaller. 
When  this  place  Wiis  selected  for  the  seat  of  government,  in 
1836,  it  contained  no  building  but  a  solitary  log  cabin.  The 
new  Capitol  is  a  beautiful  structure,  built  of  stone  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $500,000,  standing  on  ground  70  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  lakes,  and  in  the  centre  of  at{>ublic  park.  The  streets 
which  lead  from  the  Capitol  towards  the  cardinal  points 
descend  gradually  to  the  shores  of  the  lakes,  excepting  the 
one  which  extends  westward  to  College  Hill.  On  this  emi- 
nence, 1  mile  W.  of  the  Capitol,  and  about  125  feet  above 
the  lake,  is  situated  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  which  was 
instituted  in  1849.  Three  newspapers  are  issued  here.  It 
contains  4  banks,  12  churclies,  80  stores,  2  iron  foundries,  a 
woollen  factory,  and  several  steam-mills.  The  author  of 
"  Western  Portraiture"  gives  the  following  lively  sketch  of 
this  place  and  its  environs :  —  "Madison  perhaps  combines 
and  overlooks  more  charming  and  diversified  scenery  to 
please  the  eye  of  fancy  and  promote  health  and  pleasure, 
than  any  other  town  in  the  West ;  and  in  these  respects 
it  surpasses  every  other  state  capital  in  the  Union.  Its 
bright  lakes,  fresh  groves,  rippling  rivulets,  shady  dales, 
and  flowery  meadow  lawns,  are  commingled  in  greater  pro- 
fusion, and  disposed  in  more  picturesque  order  than  we 
have  ever  elsewhere  beheld.  .  .  .  Nor  is  it  less  note- 
worthy for  its  business  advantages  and  its  healthful  position. 
Situated  on  elevated  ground,  amid  delightful  gi'oves  and 
productive  lands,  well  above  the  cool,  clear  lakes,  it  must 
be  healthy;  while  the  abundance  and  convenience  of  fine 
streams  and  water-power  must  facilitate  a  sound  and  rapid 
advancement  in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts."  It  is 
frequented  by  pleasure-seekers  as  a  place  of  summer  resort. 
Railroads  radiate  from  Madison  towards  the  East,  West, 
and  South,  connecting  it  with  Milwaukie,  Chicago,  and  the 
Mississippi  River.  Since  its  origin  this  place  has  steadily 
and  rapidly  increased.  Pop.  in  1840,  376;  in  1S50, 1525;  in 
1853,  aliont  3500;  in  1860,  6611 ;  in  I860,  about  10.(X». 

MAD'ISONBURG.  a  nost-offlc'*  "f  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

MADISON  CE.NTRE,  a  post^village  of  Somerset  CO.,  Maine, 
about  40  miles  N.  of  Augusta. 


MADISON  COURT  HOUSE,  capital  of  Madi.sou  co.,  Tir- 
ginia,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond,  and  96  niiles  from  \Va.sh- 
ington.  It  contains  several  churches,  and  there  are  5  flouring- 
mills  in  its  vicinity.  It  has  a  healthy  situation  on  high 
ground,  and  commands  a  beautiful  view  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Pop.  about  800. 

MADISON  COURT  HOUSE,  a  posf-V.llage,  capital  of  Madi- 
son CO..  Florida,  about  50  miles  tj.  of  Tallalias.see. 

MADISON  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-oftice  of  Madison  CO., 
Alabama. 

.^lADISON  :MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Virginia, 
has  a  woollen  factory. 

MADISON  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  JIadi.son  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  N.  fork  of  Broad  Kiver.  94  miles  N.  01  Mil- 
ledsreville.     It  is  a  place  of  summer  re.sort. 

.MADISON'S  RIVER,  the  middle  branch  of  the  three  which 
go  to  form  the  Missouri  River,  rises  near  Sublette's  Lake, 
and  flows  nearly  N.  to  join  Jefferson's  Kiver. 

MADISON  UNIVKRSITY.     See  IIamiltox.  New  York. 

MAD'ISONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Missis- 
.sippi.  on  Pearl  Kiver,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Jack.«on. 

M.\DISONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  St.  Tammanv  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  the  Chefuncto,  Sfi  miles  N.  of  New  Orleans. 

MADISONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  co., 
Tenne.'^see,  172  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville,  contains  a  court- 
house and  several  stores. 

.M.\DISONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hopkins  co., 
Kentucky,  200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  S 
court-house,  an  a<:ademy,  and  2  churches. 

MADISONVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
about  f)  miles  K.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

:\IADI.<ONV]LLE,  a  post  village  in  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  80 
miles  N.K.  of  Jefferson  City. 

MADISWEIL,  md'dis-wile\  a  town  of  Switzerland,  cauton 
and  22  miles  N.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Langeten,  an  aifluent  of 
the  Aar.     Pop.  2126. 

MADJERYDROOa.  mS-jjR-e-droog',  a  town  and  strong 
hill  fort  of  South  India,  62  miles  W.N,W.  of  Bangalore.  In 
the  town  are  some  magnificent  pagodas. 

MADJICOSIMA  (md-je-ko-see/md)  ISLANDS,  an  archi- 
pelago in  the  Pwific  Ocean,  between  Formosa  and  the  Loo- 
choo  Islands.  Principal  islands,  Typinsau,  Pa-tching-san, 
Calayan,  and  Babuyan.  Pop,  estimated  at  11,238.  They 
are  all  subject  to  Loo  choo.  Some  of  the  islands  are  moun- 
tainous, and  all  are  highly  fertile.  Until  visited  by  Sir 
Edward  Belcher,  in  1845—46,  they  were  almost  wholly  un- 
known. 

MAIVLEY,  a  parish  of  England.  00.  of  Hereford. 

MAD'oC.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Hastings, 
within  1  j  miles  of  Hay  Lake,  28  miles  N.  of  Belleville.  Pop. 
about  250. 

M.\DOOSA,  mfihMo'choh*,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither 
Danube,  4  miles  from  Paks.    Pop.  1230. 

MAD(yNIAN  MOUNTAINS,  a  group  in  Sicily,  extending 
for  alx)ut  16  miles  N.W.  and  S.E.,  between  the  rivers  Grande 
and  I'ollina. 

M  .\DKAS,  ma<lras8',  a  maritime  city  of  British  India,  capi- 
tal of  the  presidency  of  .Madras,  on  the  Coromandel  Coast ;  lat. 
(Observatory)  13^  4'  6"  N..  Ion.  80°  14'  E.  It  is  situated  on  an 
open,  sterile,  and  sandy  .shore,  without  a  harbor  or  landing 
place,  and  exposed  to  the  swell  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  which 
breaks  upon  the  beach  with  great  violence;  vessels  in  the 
roadstead,  that  do  not  instantly  make  for  sea  on  the  signal 
of  foul  weather  from  the  master  attendant's  office,  are  often 
lost.  A  great  part  of  Madras  consists  of  what  i,*  called  the 
Black  Town,  containing  the  native  and  East  Indian  (or 
mixed)  population,  with  a  few  European  families.  It  is 
very  closely  and  irregularly  built,  with  brick  hovi.ses  and 
bamboo  huts;  but  the  garden-houses  in  the  vicinity,  in 
which  the  Europeans  chiefly  reside,  are  very  neat,  generally 
only  one  story  high,  nicely  smoothed  over  with  fine  white 
lime,  and  embowere<I  among  trees  and  bushes.  The  city  is 
built  on  a  dead  level,  and,  with  the  suburtis.  which  are  now 
very  extensive,  occupies  an  area  of  27  square  miles.  Most 
of  the  Europeans,  and  some  of  the  East  Indians,  live  in 
detached  houses  in  the  environs.  The  public  offices  and 
storehou.ies  which  line  the  beach  are  imposing  structures, 
with  colonnades  to  the  upper  stories,  supported  by  rustic 
bases  arched,  all  of  the  fine  Madras  chunam.  smooth,  hanl, 
and  poli.-ihed  as  marble.  One  of  the  chief  objects  of  interest 
in  Jlatlras  is  its  citadel.  Fort  St.  George,  which  commands 
the  Black  Town  and  the  Roads,  and  may  be  considered  the 
nucleus  of  the  city.  It  was  built  in  1639.  and  is  admirably 
situated  for  the  defence  of  the  town  and  shipping.  It  con- 
tains a  church,  the  barracks,  and  an  arsenal,  with  arms 
for  50,000  men  ;  a  marble  statue  of  Loril  Cornwalli-'  is  erected 
in  the  great  square.  The  Government  House,  the  church 
of  St.  George,  and  some  of  the  otbsr  public  buildings,  are 
handsome  structures.  The  other  principal  buildings  are 
several  Episcopal  and  Armenian  cnurches.  an  eleirant  Pres- 
byterian church.  Independent,  Wesleyan  chapels,  and  Re- 
man Catholic  cathedrals  and  chapels.  Besides  a  hiL'-h  school 
and  a  nietlical  college,  supported  by  Government,  tliere  are 
larire  missionary  institutions — that  of  the  Free  church  has 
700  pupils;  the  Scottish  Establishment,  400;   2  grammar 

1115 


MAD 


»IAD 


BCbooIa,  and  several  other  schools.  Madras  is  the  chief 
seat  of  all  the  governmeut  offices  for  its  presidency,  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  a  board  of  revenue,  marine  board,  <tc. 
Notwitbstaiiding  the  disadvantages  of  its  position,  it  is  a 
place  of  extensive  trade.  In  the  Roads,  ships  moor  otT  the 
shore  iu  from  7  to  9  fathom.s.  From  Octolwr  to  January, 
storms  and  typhoons  prevail,  and  from  tlie  loth  of  October 
tlie  fiag-staff  is  struck,  as  a  signal  for  sliips  not  to  anchor 
till  the  loth  of  December.  X.  of  Fort  St.  George  is  a  new, 
elezant  lighthouse,  126  feet  high,  which,  in  clear  weather, 
can  be  seen  40  miles  at  sea.  Tlie  imports  consist  cliiefly  of 
cotton  goods  from  the  United  Kingdom,  grain  from  America, 
wines,  spirits,  metal.s,  sugar,  stationery,  betel-nuts,  piece- 
goods,  silk,  horses,  jewelry,  &c.  Experts — cotton,  grain, 
indigo,  cotton  piece-goods,  saltpetre,  pepper,  ic.  The  exports 
in  1844-0  amounted  in  value  to  £1.&41.462.  and  the  imports 
to  £1.046.894.  In  1847-8,  the  value  of  the  former  was 
£1,277.296,  and  of  the  latter,  £787,148.  The  country  in  the 
vicinity  of  Madras  presents  a  remarkable  contrast  to  its 
barren,  sandy  shore,  having,  indeed,  the  appearance  of  a 
fine  park :  flowers  of  every  kind  abound,  and  the  roads  are 
bordered  with  fine  avenues  of  trees,  interspersed  with  the 
bungalows  and  the  residences  of  the  English. 

Madras  was  founded  in  1639,  by  the  English,  who  obtained 
the  grant  of  a  piece  of  ground  from  the  rajah  of  Chandgherry, 
for  the  erwtion  of  a  town  and  fort  A  native  village  of  the 
name  of  Madras  formed  the  site  of  the  present  town.  It 
soon  Ijecame  a  flourishing  city,  and  the  chief  statiou  of  the 
English  on  the  Coromandel  coast.  In  1702,  it  was  besieged 
by  baood  Khan,  but  was  bravely  and  successfully  defended 
against  him.  In  1744,  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  who  kept 
it  until  1749,  when  peace  was  made,  and  the  place  was  re- 
stored to  the  English.  In  1768,  it  was  again  besieged  by 
the  French,  under  the  celebrated  Lally,  who  was  obliged  to 
retreat  after  a  siege  of  two  months.  In  1769.  Madras  was 
threatened  by  Ilyder  Ali,  who  encamped  his  army  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  fort,  and  compelled  the  English  to  enter 
into  a  treaty  with  bim.  P.  in  1839, 462,951 ;  in  1851.  720.000. 
MADRAS,  PRESIDENCY  OF,  one  of  the  great  territorial 
divisions  of  British  India,  bounded  on  the  N.  bj'  the  presi- 
dencies of  Bengal  and  Bombay,  the  Xizam"s  dominions,  and 
Nagpoor,  and  on  the  E.,  W.,  and  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean. 
It  comprises  the  larger  proportion  of  peninsular  Ilindostan, 
embracing  the  whole  of  the  Carnatic.  and,  extending  across 
the  peninsula,  includes  all_  the  British  territory — Malabar, 
Canara,  Ac. — S.  and  W.  of 'Mysore, -which  latter,  as  well  as 
Travancore.  it  completely  encloses;  lat.  8°  to  20°  X.,  Ion.  73° 
to  85°  E.  The  central  portion  of  the  presidency  is  occupied 
by  a  table-land,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  an  undulating 
or  plain  country,  gradually  decreasing  in  height  as  it  ap- 
proaches the  sea,  the  whole  enclosed  on  the  E.,  W.,  and  S. 
by  three  mountain  ranges,  called,  respectively,  the  East  and 
West  Ghauts,  and  the  Neilgherry  Mountains.  The  two  for- 
mer run  parallel  to  the  E.  and  W.  coasts,  the  third  traverses 
the  penin.»ula  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  forming  a  connecting  link 
between  them.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Godavery  and 
Kistna  or  Krishna,  with  their  tributaries ;  and  the  Pennar, 
Palaur,  Punnair,  Cavcry,  Coleroon.  and  Vighey.  The  cli- 
mate generally  is  reckoned  the  hottest  in  India,  but  differs 
widely  in  different  localities  according  to  elevation ;  on  the 
tops  of  the  Xeilgherries,  the  thermometer,  in  the  cold  sea- 
son, falls  to  31°.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Ki.stna,  it  has  been 
known  as  high  as  108°  at  midnight  The  soil  along  the 
coa.sts,  particularly  those  of  the  Carnatic,  is  for  tlie  most 
part  light  and  Kandy;  inland  it  consists  of  a  decomposed 
syenite,  impregnated  with  salt,  which,  in  dry  weather, 
covers  the  ground  with  a  saline  efflorescence ;  still  the  di.s- 
trict  of  Tanjore,  on  the  banks  of  the  Coleroon.  is  esteemed 
the  granary  of  Southern  India.  There  are  some  extensive 
forests  in  the  presidency,  yielding  teak,  ebony,  and  other 
valuable  timber  trees.  The  principal  vegetable  productions 
are  rice,  wheat,  barley,  maize,  and  all  the  other  grains  com- 
mon In  India;  sugar-cane  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits; 
spices,  tobacco,  hemp,  and  cotton.  There  has  been  a  large 
Increase  of  late  years  in  the  cultivation  of  sugar,  of  which 
there  were  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom,  in  1843.  only 
177  tons,  in  1845,  5301  tons,  and  in  1847,  8572  tons.  There 
are  two  kinds  of  sugar  niade  in  Madras,  one  from  a  species 
of  date  tree,  the  other  from  the  cane;  the  former  is  of  a  very 
Inferior  description,  and  brings  but  a  low  price.  The  wild 
animals  met  with  here  are  those  common  to  other  parts  of 
India:  namely,  the  elephant  tiger,  chetah.  bear,  bison,  elk, 
spotted  deer,  antelope,  jackal,  wild  hog.  jungle  sheep.  &c. 
Cotton  cloths  were  formerly  manufactured  here  to  a  great 
extent,  but  the  supi'riority  of  British  piece-goods  has  nearly 
extinguishtHi  this  branch  of  industry  in  India.  A  little, 
however,  is  still  done  in  the  E.  districts  of  the  presidency. 
and  the  produce  exported  to  the  ^Vest  Indies  and  America! 
Red  cloth,  muslins,  cariiets,  and  silks  also  continue  to  lie 
manufactured  to  a  limited  extent  For  revenue  purposes 
the  presidency  is  divided  Into  21  divisions  or  eollectorates, 
of  which  18  are  regulation  districts  under  the  Madras  go- 
vernment, and  3  are  non-regulation  districts  under  the  con- 
trol of  an  agent  of  the  governor;  their  names,  area,  and 
population  are  as  follows : — 

me 


Drvpiox,  Aeta,  atid  Popplatioh  of  Uadsas  FntajVEncv. 


Kame 

Area. 

Population 

Population 

in  1S39, 

Kegclation  Districts:— 

Rajahmundry 

6,0M 

1,012.036 

695.016 

Masulipatam 

5,000 

hVi.S«6 

544,671 

Guiuoor,  including  P»'r»!'l 

4,!ifiO 

b;t.fi<i 

2S7,42t 

Nellore 

7,930 

SSS.fiMO 

s'i.ne 

Chingleput 

3,020 

5M3.4W2 

331,821 

Madras,  included  In  Cblnglepat 

720.000 

4bi,051 

Arcot.  S.  Division,  including  j 
Cuddalore                                i 

7,610 

1,006,005 

484,800 

Arcot,  N.  divlslgn,  including  ? 

5,790 

1,485,873 

523,  !48 

Bellary 

13,056 

1,2V9.599 

1,129,907 

Cuddapah 

12,970 

1,451,921 

1,081,261 

Salem,  including  Yomnndoor  ) 
and  MuUapandy                      J 

8,200 

1,195.377 

S98,?3S 

Coimliatore 

8,5S0 

1,153,862 

783,392 

Trichiuopolv 

3.000 

709.196 

485,242 

Tanjore,  including  Najore 

S,<J()0 

1.676.086 

1,128.730 

Madura,  including  Dindigul 

10,-00 

l,7,i6,791 

552,477 

Tiunivelly 

5.T00 

1,'.'6».216 

85n,S91 

Malabar 

e.oiio 

1.514,909 

1,165,791 

Canara 

7,7-.0 

1,056,333 

760,123 

XoN-RKGCXiTIOSI  DiCTBICTS  :— 

Ganjani 

6.400 

9J6,»30 

438,174 

Vizagapatam 

15.300 

l,254,-.'72 

1,047,414 

3,2« 

J73,I90 

Total 

144,889 

22,;W1,697 

13,967,395 

The  population,  in  1851,  compri.'^ed  19,901,808  Hindoos 
and  1,679,889  Mohammeiians.  11.047,139  being  m.iles,  and 
10.535,558  females.  Of  these,  13,342,724  Hindoos  and  848,217 
Mohammedans  were  eniployetl  in  agriculture.  Number  of 
inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  153.9. 

The  government  of  the  presidency  is  vested  in  a  governor, 
subordinate  to  the  governor-general  of  India,  lie  is  assisted 
Ijy  a  council  of  3  memliers,  1  being  the  comuiander-in-chief, 
and  3  secretaries,  placed  over  the  revenue  and  judicinl.  poli- 
tical and  military  departments.  In  each  of  the  21  districts 
into  which  the  presidency  is  divided  there  is  a  European 
collector,  who  exerts  also  the  chief  magisterial  power.  The 
territories  of  the  presidency  were  nearly  all  acquired  by  tho 
British  during  the  latter  half  of  the  ISth  century. 

MADRE-DE-DIOS  (md/oril-dA-dee/oce)  AKClllPELAGO, 
West  Patagonia,  is  between  lat.  50°  and  51°  S.,  and  about 
Ion.  75°  W..  .separated  from  the  mainland,  and  frcm  Hanovei 
and  Chatham  Islands  by  Concepcion  Straits. and  cou.sistsof 
several  mountainous  and  rockv  islands,  little  explored. 

MAD'RKSFIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

MADRID,  mS-drid',  (Sp.  pron.  md-Dreeo',  almost  main- 
reeTH';  anc.  ManUua.)  the  capital  city  of  Spain,  Xew 
Castile,  province  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Manzanares, 
which  is  here  crossed  by  five  bridges,  whose  gigantic  size 
forms  a  striking  contrast  with  that  of  the  river,  except 
during  floods,  to  which  it  is  subject;  situated  in  the  centre 
of  the  Iberian  Peninsula;  lat  40°  25'  N.,  Ion.  3°  45:'  W.- 
2450  feet  above  sea-level.  Mean  temperature  of  the  three 
summer  months,  70°  2'  Farh.,  or  15°  higher  than  that  of  Lon- 
don; mean  winter  temperature,  43°  7',  only  4^^  higher  than 
the  temperature  of  the  English  capital.  The  city  is  built  on 
several  low  and  irregular  sand-hills,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
barren  and  extensive  plain,  which,  except  on  the  S.AV.,  has  no 
visible  limit  but  the  horizon.  It  is  nearly  square,  being  about 
2  miles  in  extent  from  X.  to  S..  and  2f  miles  from  E.  to  ^Y„ 
is  walled,  and  entered  by  16  public  gates;  the  finest  of  these 
are  the  Puerta  de  Alcala.  facing  the  highway  to  Aragon.  and 
the  Puerta  dc  Toledo,  which  ^t)eguu  in  1813)  was  erected 
in  commemoration  of  the  happy  issue  of  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence. The  streets  are  distril>uted  somewhat  irregularly 
around  the  Puerta  del  Sol,  which,  like  Temple  Bar  in  Lou- 
don, is  in  the  centre  of  the  capital,  although  once  the  E. 
pate.  The  princivial  streets  are  bniad.  long,  and  airy ;  and 
the  narrow  foot-paths,  on  a  level  with  the  centre  of  the  street, 
are  being  rapidly  replaced  by  broad  pavements  raised  half 
a  foot,  and  protected  by  a  kerb.  Except  in  a  few  streets,  the 
houses  are,  in  general,  well  constructed,  substantial,  and  of 
good  appearance.  The  squares  are  not  very  numerous,  nor 
do  they  contribute  niucli  to  the  embelli.-^hment  of  the  city; 
being  generallv  irregular,  and  deficient  in  decorative  monu- 
ments. Of  these,  the  Plaza  Mayor,  a  little  S.  of  the  Cs-.Ue 
Mayor  or  main  street,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  regular, 
being  434  feet  long,  and  334  feet  broad,  with  houses  sup 
ported  by  granite  pillars,  which  form  a  line  of  arcades  be- 
neath :  in  the  centre  is  an  elliptical  esplanade  adapted  to 
bull-fights,  with  an  equestrian  statue  of  Philip  III.  Here 
have  been  held  grand  festivals,  autm-du-ft'.  and  executions 
of  distinguished  criminals.  On  the  W.  fide  of  the  city,  and 
facing  the  royal  pal.Hce.  is  the  Plaza  de  Oriente,  which  Is 
adorned  with  40  statues  of  Gothic  kings,  as  well  as  tho.se  of 
the  Asturias.  Leon.  Castile,  and  Aragon.  In  the  centre  is  a 
fine  equestrian  statue  of  Philip  IV.  On  the  X.W.  and  SE. 
of  the  square  are  gardens,  with  avenues  of  trees,  and  on 
the  E.  stands  the  Teatro  de  Oriente.  Xear  the  E.  "ide  ef  the 
city  is  the  I'laza  de  las  Cortes.  It  is  a<lorn<(d  with  .several 
rows  of  trees,  and  in  the  centre  stands  the  semi>culosjul 


MAD 


MAD 


Btatue  of  Cerrantes,  by  AntonJo  Sola.  The  water  ■with 
wliich  Mailrid  is  supplied  comes  from  th^  nei^hhoring  moun- 
tuins.  tillered  throuuih  coarse  red  sand,  into  subterranean 
conduits.  Altogether,  there  are  35  fountains  within,  and 
si!j;ht  outside  the  city,  for  tlie  use  of  the  inhabitant^;  but 
the  collective  amounf.  of  water  is  scanty,  the  average  being 
only  500  cubic  inches  a  day  for  each  inhabitant — only  one- 
eighteenth  of  the  quantity  placed  at  the  disposal  of  each 
Parisian. 

Public  Buildings. — Madrid  having  only  become  the  Spanish 
capital  in  the  time  of  I'hilip  II.,  cannot  boast  of  many  edi- 
fices of  great  antiiiuity  ;  and  during  the  century  and  a  half 
that  it  was  occupied  by  the  Austrian  dynasty,  the  only  im- 
portant buildings  erected  were  convents,  who.se  architecture 
did  not  greatly  contribute  to  the  emljelli.shmcnt  of  the  city. 
The  J{oyal  Palace,  situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Madrid, 
is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  the  world.  It  occupies 
the  site  of  the  original  Alcazar  (castle)  of  the  Moors,  burned 
down  on  Christmas  Eve,  17u4,  and  is  of  enormous  extent, 
being  470  feet  each  way,  and  100  feet  high.  The  rustic  base 
is  of  granite,  the  window-work  of  white  Colmenar  stone, 
which,  in  the  bright  sun,  glitters  like  marble;  the 
architecture  is  a  combination  of  Ionic  and  Doric.  It  con- 
tains a  small  but  splendid  Corinthian  chapel,  and  a  library 
of  nearly  100,000  volumes,  and  the  armory  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  world.  The  Palacio  del  Congreso  de  Diputados, 
or  Chamber  of  Deputies,  covers  an  area  of  42.700  square 
feet.  On  the  two  lateral  fa^'ades  are  the  entrances  for  the 
members,  whose  sittings  are  held  on  the  ground  floor,  in  a 
semicireular  saloon,  calculated  to  accommodate  ."93  persons, 
the  aggregate  number  of  deputies  and  senators  when  the 
edifice  was  commenced.  The  structure  is  faced  throughout 
with  granite.  The  upper  chamber,  or  senate,  holds  its  sit- 
tings in  a  building  facing  the  Street  de  la  Encarnacion, 
which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Augustines.  The  Palacio 
de  los  Consejos,  (Palace  of  the  Coun<ilg.)  built  by  the  ambi- 
tious Don  ChrJstobal  Gomez  do  .Sandoval,  minister  of  Philip 
111.,  is  a  fine  classic  edifice,  designed  by  llerrera.  This  pa- 
lace was  purchased  by  I'hilip  V,,  and  contains  the  royal 
council,  the  supreme  tribune  of  justice,  kc.  The  Audiencia 
(Court  of  .\ppeal)  is  one  of  the  few  buildings  in  Madrid  of  the 
period  of  the  Austrians;  it  is  two  stories  high,  and  simple  In 
Btyle.  The  Aduana,  or  Custom-house,  built  in  1769,  is  a  vast 
and  sumptuous  etlifice  of  five  stories,  the  lower  portion  com- 
posed of  granite,  with  five  arched  entrances  in  the  principal 
fai;ade.  The  Casa  de  Correos,  or  J'ost--offlce.  a  handsome 
structure,  erected  in  176S,  stands  i.solated  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  Puerta  del  Sol;  and  the  Casas  Consistorinles,  or  Town- 
house, probably  built  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century, 
is  situated  in  the  Plaza  de  la  Villa.  The  Palacio  de  Buena- 
vista,  erected  by  the  extravagant  Duchess  of  .\lva,  towards 
the  close  of  the  last  century,  rises  majestically  on  an  emi- 
nence at  the  extremity  of  the  Calle  de  Alcalk,  (Alcala  Street.) 
near  the  Prado;  contains  the  war  office,  and  a  military 
museum.  The  offices  of  marine,  justice,  and  finance  are  in 
the  Gasa  de  los  Ministerios,  (house  of  the  ministers.)  built 
for  the  Secretaries  of  State,  by  onler  of  Charles  V.  The 
Mint  (Casa  de  Moneda)  is  to  the  S.  of  the  Palace. 

Churches  and  Oanvents. — The  capital  of  Spain  is  far  behind 
many  provincial  towns  as  regards  its  temples,  which,  with 
the  exception  of  a  few,  attached  to  conventual  establis^h- 
ments,  are  poor,  and  of  Indifferent  artistic  merit.  The  parish 
churches  are  about  20  in  number;  among  them  may  be 
nametl  those  of  Santa  Maria  and  San  Francisco,  the  latter 
one  of  the  finest  in  Madrid ;  San  Ciines  in  the  Plaza  Mayor, 
and  opposite  to  it  Santa  Cruz,  from  the  tower  of  which  one 
of  the  best  views  of  the  city  is  to  be  obtained.  Some  of  the 
convents  have  been  appropriated  to  puV)lic  secular  uses, 
some  have  been  sold  to  private  individuals,  and  others  de- 
molished, but  the  churches  of  a  few  of  them  have  been  pre- 
Borved :  there  still  exist,  however,  about  20  nunneries, 
containing  an  aggregate  number  of  500  nuns.  Of  these, 
the  Salesas  Viejas,  in  the  N.E.  corner  of  Madrid,  an  edifice 
of  immense  extent,  covering,  with  its  giu-den,  an  area  of  88 
acres,  was  built  in  1758,  by  order  of  Barbara.  Queen  of  Fer- 
dinand VI.,  in  imitation  of  Madame  Maintenon's  St.  Cyr,  as 
a  place  of  retreat  for  herself,  and  a  seminary  for  young 
noble  ladies.  The  Descalzas  Ueales,  ("  royal  barefeet,")  near 
the  centre  of  the  city,  was  founded  by  Juana,  daughter  of 
(;harles  V.;  the  abbess  of  which  is  ranked  as  a  grandee  of 
Spain. 

Charilahh  Institutions  and  Prisons. — The  most  important 
of  these  are  the  Military  Hospital,  an  extensive  building,  in 
the  X.W.  part  of  the  city,  and  the  Ilospicio  of  San  Fernando, 
with  schools  for  both  sexes,  who  are  also  taught  various 
handicrafts.  At  the  S.E.  angle  of  the  city  stands  the  Gene- 
ral Hospital,  containing  1526  beds;  patients  of  both  sexes 
and  all  ages,  to  thenumber  of  from  13.000  to  14,000,  are 
admitted  annually.  The  Inclusa,  or  Foundling  Hospital, 
leceives  about  1500  children  yearly;  and,  connected  with 
It,  is  the  Coleglo  de  Niitas  de  la  I'az,  to  whii'h  girls  are 
Iransterrod  to  be  educated,  at  the  age  of  seven  years.  There 
'je,  besides,  a  hospital  of  incurables,  a  lying-in  asylum,  a 
hospital  fi>r  priests,  and  various  other  benevolent  establish- 
ments.   Near  the  S.E.  corner  of  the  Plaza  Mayor  stands  the 


Carcel  de  Corte,  or  State  Prison,  built  in  1634.  Here,  alsOj 
are  tlie  tribunals  of  the  Audiencia,  or  Supreme  Court.  The 
Carcel  de  Villa  stands  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  city, 
beside  the  gate  of  St.  Barbara.  In  1847,  the  number  of  per- 
sons incarcerated  was  3608.  and  there  were  377  in  prison  al 
the  end  of  the  year.  There  is  al.'o  a  model  pri.snn,  a  houK 
of  correction  for  young  men,  several  female  prisons,  the 
Arrepeutidas,  the  Magdalen  Asylum.  &c. 

Places  nf  Amusement. — There  are  seven  theatres  in  iladrid, 
but  the  most  popular  place  of  amusement  is  the  Plaza  de 
Toros.  (bull-ring.)  a  building  which  is  almut  1100  feet  in  cir- 
cumference, and  capable  of  containing  12.000  s))ectator.s. 
The  bull-fights  begin  in  April,  and  continue  till  November. 
Tliere  is  also  a  circus,  a  hippodrome,  a  club  called  Ca.sino  del 
Principe,  and  various  other  places  of  amusement.  The 
Prado,  (meadow.)  an  extensive  park  nearly  2  miles  long, 
lies  near  the  gate  of  Alcala;  here,  on  winter  mornings  and 
summer  afternoons,  appear  all  the  beauty,  rank,  and  fa.shion 
of  the  Spanish  capital.  The  Prado,  extending  along  the  E. 
side  of  the  city,  was  levelled  and  planted  by  the  Conde  de 
Aranda,  under  Charles  III.,  and  laid  out  by  Jose  llermon- 
silla  in  g.ii-den  walks.  It  contains  a  fine  botanic  g.arden, 
and  is  a  ])lace  of  great  resort.  There  are.  besides,  the  gar- 
dens of  the  linen  Ketiro,  those  behind  the  royal  palace; 
those  of  the  Real  Casino;  the  Casa,  del  Campo.  where  horse 
and  hurdle  races  are  given ;  the  Paseo  de  la  Florida,  the 
Paseo  de  la  Honda,  which  encircles  the  greatest  iiart  of  the 
city ;  the  Atocha,  a  winter  promenade,  Las  Delicias  de  Isa- 
bel, at  the  N.E.  corner  of  Madrid,  (containing  the  Fuente 
Castellana.)  and  various  other  promenades. 

Museums.  Libraries,  &c. — The  Royal  Museum  of  Painting 
and  Sculpture,  standing  in  the  Prado,  contains  more  than 
2000  pictures,  many  of  which  are  by  the  most  celebrated 
artists  that  have  ever  lived.  The  gallery  of  sculpture  is 
very  inferior.  A  new  museum,  established  in  the  suppress- 
ed Convent  de  la  Trinidad,  was  opened  to  the  public  by  Es- 
partero,  in  1842.  Here  have  been  collected  from  the  convenll 
and  galleries  of  Don  Carlos,  and  the  Infante  Sebastian,  some 
1500  pictures,  good  and  bad.  Besides  these,  there  are  seve- 
ral good  private  galleries.  There  are  also  a  museum  of  natural 
science,  a  museum  of  antiquities,  and  a  numi.sniatic  museum, 
containing  150.000  coins  and  medals.  The  National  I<ibrary, 
founded  by  Philip  V.,  is  in  the  .same  building  with  the  mu- 
seum of  antiquities;  it  contains  130,000  volumes,  and  is 
open  to  the  public  daily.  The  Library  of  San  Isidro  consists 
of  66.000  volumes. 

txlucatinmd  Kstahlishments. — Not  m-any  years  since  the 
schools  of  San  Fernando  and  San  Anton  were  the  only 
places  of  instruction  for  the  poor  in  Madrid.  -In  1844,  three 
free  schools  for  each  se.x  were  establi.shed  in  each  of  tiie  10 
municipal  districts  into  which  the  city  is  divided,  and  these 
are  attended  by  an  aggregate  number  of  about  4000  children. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  infant  school.s.  The  University 
of  Madrid,  which  arose  out  of  that  of  Alcalii  de  Henares, 
founded  in  the  15th  century,  stands  in  the  N.W.  qu,'irter  of 
the  city.  In  the  session  of  1847^8,  the  matriculated  stu- 
dents amounted  to  3637.  There  are  besides,  a  normal  school, 
a  deaf  and  dumb  Institution,  a  normal  school  for  the  blind, 
a  commercial  school,  schools  for  engim-ers.  a  Conservatorio 
de  Musiea.  an  academy  for  the  fine  arts,  with  a  gallery  of 
300  pictures,  a  veterinary  college,  an  academy  of  medicine 
and  surgery,  Ac.  In  the  linen  Retire  stands  the  obsorva- 
toi-y,  constructed  in  the  form  of  an  Ionic  temple.  In  1843, 
tlie  newspapers  of  JIadrid  amounted  to  about  46.  or  seven 
times  the  number  that  existed  ten  years  previously ;  their 
circulation  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  capital. 

Commerce.  Industry,  &c. — The  public  exchange  is  held  in 
San  Martin,  from  ten  to  three  o'clock.  A  stock  exchange, 
or  Bolsa  de  Commercio,  was  established  in  1831,  and  as  all 
men  in  power  use  their  official  knowledge  in  taking  advan- 
tage of  the  turn  of  the  market,  the  Bolsa  divides  with  tlie 
court  and  army  the  moving  influence  of  every  situacion  or 
crisis  of  the  moment.  The  national  bank,  called  de  San 
Fernando,  was  founded  in  1827;  it  issues  notes  for  500  and 
1000  reals,  (§23  and  $46.)  which  will  not  p-vsout  of  Madrid, 
for  all  who  are  not  MadrileBos,  wisely  prefer  local  dollars  to 
court  paper.  The  circulation  is  about  $580,000.  A  general 
life  and  louse  insurance  company  was  only  founded  in  1842. 
The  chief  industrial  establishments  are  the  royal  manufac- 
tories of  porcelain  and  carpets,  manufactories  of  tapestry, 
silver  work,  buttons,  iron  castings  and  machinery,  coaches, 
beer,  paper,  Ac.  .K  railway  was  opened  between  Madrid  and 
Aranjuez  in  1851,  and  extended  to  Tembleque  in  1853.  This 
was  the  second  railway  constructed  in  Spain. 

Madrid  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Mantua  Carpcta- 
nnrum,  called  Majoritium,  in  the  middle  ages.  Its  import- 
ance only  commenced  in  1563.  when  made  the  capital  of  Spain 
by  Phillip  II.  Madrid  was  held  by  the  French  from  1808  tf. 
1812,  and  here  Napoleon  placed  his  brother  Joseph  on  the 
throne  of  Spain.  .It  was  the  birth-place  of  many  kings  of 
Spain,  and  many  eminent  men,  among  whom  are  Alonzo 
de  Ercilla,  Ix)pez  de  Vega,  Calderon  de  la  Barca.  Nunez,  and 
the  brothers  Velasquez.  Pop.  in  1860,  260,000;  in  1857, 
475,785. — .-Vdj.  anVl  iuhab.  BIaprilenian  inad-re-lee'ue-jn, 
(Sp.  M.\drileSo.  md<l-ro-l6u'yo.) 

1117 


MAD 

MAi  RIB,  a  metropolitan  province  of  Spain,  forming  one 
of  tlie  five  into  wliich  New  Castile  is  divided.  Capital, 
Madrid.     Pop.  405.737. 

MAD'itIO,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  about 
65  miles  X  W.  olAugustJi.     Pop.  491. 

MADUID,  a  post-township  in  the  Northei-n  part  of  St. 
Lawrence  county.  New  Vorls,  intersected  by  Grass  River 
and  the  Northern  Railroad,  on  which  it  lias  a  station.  17 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Ogdensburg.  It  contains  Cohind)ia  village 
and  t lie  village  or  station  of  Madrid.  (See  Culumbia  Vil- 
lage.) Tlie  population  was  4S56  in  1850,  since  which  a 
new  township  named  Waddington  has  been  separated  from 
it.  Some  iron  ore  is  found  in  the  township.  Population  in 
1860, 1978. 

MADUIDEJOS,  mid-re-DA/Hos,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo.  Pop.  5156.  It  stands  in  an 
extensive  plain,  and  is  ancient  and  well  built. 

MADRIGAL,  mid-re-gdl',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
35  miles  X.N.W.  of  Avila.  Pop.  2050.  It  is  memorable  as 
the  birth-place  of  Isabella  of  Castile. 

MADUIGALE.TO,  mdd-re-gd-lA'HO,  a  village  of  Spain,  Es- 
tremailura,  on  the  Kuecas,  60  miles  E.  of  Badajos.   Pop.  986. 

MADllIGUKKAS.  mdd-re-g.'V'rds.  a  town  of  Spain,  New 
Castile.  '24  miles  S.  of  Albiicete.     Pop.  2321. 

MA/JjnLEXIAy&nd  ilADRILENO.    See  Madrid. 

MAD  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Grafton  co.,  near  the 
centre  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  into  the  Pemigewasset  River. 

MAD  RIVER,  of  Washington  CO..  Vermont,  falls  into 
Onion  River,  about  7  miles  below  Montpelier. 

MAD  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Litchfield  CO.,  In  the 
N.AV.  jiart  of  Connecticut,  falls  into  the  West  branch  of 
Farmington  River. 

MAD  RIVER,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  W.  central  part  of  the 
state,  and  falls  into  the  Miami  River  at  Dayton.  It  is  the 
largest  affluent  of  the  Miami  from  the  E. 

MAD  RIVER,  a  township,  Champaign  CO.,  Ohio.   P.  2006- 

MAD  RIVER,  a  township  in  Clarke  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  17o7. 

MAD- RIVER,  a  township,  Montgomery  co.  Ohio.    P.  2000. 

MAD'KON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MADROXKRA.  miid-rAn-yi/ri,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  32  miles  E.  of  Caceres.     i'op.  1964. 

MADURA,  md-doo'ra,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
immediately  X.K.  of  Java,  with  which  it  is  included  under 
the  Dutch  government.  Lat.  7°  S.,  long.  113='  E.  Area  esti- 
mated at  1330  square  miles.  Pop.  263,048.  It  is  inferior  in 
fertility,  and  barely  supports  its  population.  Principal  sea- 
ports, Rankalan,  Sumanap,  and  I'amakasan. 

M.\DU1{.\,  ml-doo'rd,  (anc.  Mmlura.)  a  fortified  city  of 
Hindostan.  ca^iital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  270  miles 
S.W,of  M:idras,  It  is  enclosed  by  old  bastioned  stone  walls; 
streets  wide  and  regular,  and  public  edifices  magnificent. 
Here  are  some  of  the  most  remarkable  Hindoo  buildings  in 
India,  comprising  a  large  palace,  temple  with  pyramid.il 
towers,  and  a  celebrated  choultry  or  inn,  312  feet  in  length, 
and  with  fine  columns  and  grotesiiue  sculptures.  Pop. 
about  20.000.  The  British  civil  station  is  pleasantly  situated 
H  miles  S,W. 

MADURA,  STRAIT  OF,  the  narrow  channel  separating 
the  island  of  Madura,  at  its  W.  end,  from  that  of  Java. 

MADURA  .IND  DINDIGUL,  dinMe-gCd/,  a  district  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  India, 
having  E.  the  (iulf  of  Manaar,  Area,  10,700 .square  miles! 
Pop.  in  1851,  1.756,791,  It  comprises  the  island  of  Ramis- 
6er.am.    Capital,  Madura, 

M.KANDliR,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.    See  SIender. 

M.EHREN,    See  Moravia, 

M.HLAR,  MALAR,  (Malar,)  mi^ar,  or  MAELAREX, 
mi/lar-fn,  an  extensive  lake  of  East  Sweden,  stretching  in- 
land from  the  Baltic,  for  about  70  miles.  Breadth  from  2 
to  23  miles;  it  contains  1300  islands.  It  has  deep  and  clear 
water,  and  at  its  E.  end  receives  the  river  Arboga,  by  whicli, 
and  a  canal,  it  is  connected  southward  with  Lake  lijwlmnr. 
Stockholm  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  strait  connecting 
it  with  the  lialtic. 

MAKL-CARUAIX,  mJl-kaR'hi/.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cotesdu-Nord,  22  miles  S.W.of  Guingamp,   P,  2013. 

MAELLA.  m,Wl'yi  or  MAELLAS,  n\ii-iVyiis,  a  town  of 
Spain.  Aragon,  68  miles  S.K.  of  Saragossa,     Pop.  2945. 

MAEL^TRO.M*  or  .MAL!<TROM,  (M-ilstrUm,)  uiAl'strum. 
(This  is  freciuently  pronounced  mdl'strum,  which  acoonls 
with  the  Dutch  sound  of  ae ;  but  a  or  ae.  in  Swedish  or 
Norwegian,  sounds  like  L)  A  whirlpool,  off  the  X.W.  coast 
of  Norway,  immediately  S.W.  of  Moskena?soe,  the  most 
S.  of  the  LofToden  Isles,  lat.  67°  48'  N.  and  Ion.  12°  E.  It 
presents  the  appearance  of  a  rapid  current,  which  runs  alter- 
nately 6  hours  from  N.  to  S.,  aud  6  hours  from  S.  to  X..  pro- 
ducing immen.-e  whirls.  The  depth  of  the  water  around, 
jup|X>sed  at  one  time  to  be  t<X)  great  to  admit  of  soundings. 
has  been  ascertained  not  to  exceed  20  fathoms,  with  a  bot- 
tom of  rocks  and  white  sand.  The  whirlpool  is  greatest 
at  high  or  low  water ;  and  when  the  wind  is  N.W.,  and  op- 


•  Literally,  "mill-stream,"  so  named  probably  from  its  whirl- 
ing like  a  iiiill-stone,  and  crushing  or  breakiug  whatever  is 
tbrow'i  iuto  it. 
1118 


MAQ 

posed  to  the  reflux  of  the  waves,  it  att.ains  its  greatest  fury, 
and  becomes  extremely  dangerous :  but,  in  ordinary  circum- 
stances, it  may  be  traversed  without  apprehension. 

M.VENCLOCIIOG,  min-klo^Kog,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Pembroke. 

M.VER,  mar  or  mir,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

MAKRKKKERKIIEM,  nidr/kg-hirk'Hem.  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  ou  the  Maerke.  15  milen 
S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1844. 

MAESCAR,  mis/kar,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Brecon. 

M.\ESE  or  M.^AS.  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Meuse. 

MAKS  MYXIS,  mis  min'is,  a  parish  cf  Soutli  ^Valea,  so. 
of  Brecon. 

MAESTRICIIT,  mds'trikt,  (Dutch  MmstricU,  mas'triKt: 
Ger.  Masiricht,  mSs'triKt;  anc.  T)-ajecHuin  ad  MiJsam,* 
TrajecUum  Supeh-iui),  an  irregularly  fortified  town  of 
Holland,  cajiital  of  a  province  of  Limburg.  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Meuse,  liere  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  commu- 
nic.^tillg  with  the  suburb  of  Wyk,  (Wijk,)  also  included 
within  the  walls  of  the  fortress,  which  are  about  5  miles 
in  circuit,  is  situated  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  56  miles  E, 
of  Brussels,  and  62  miles  W.  by  S^of  Cologne;  lat.  50°  51' 
7"  X.,  Ion.  5°  41'  9"  E.  It  is  esteemed  one  of  the  strongest 
fortresses  in  Europe ;  and,  by  opening  sluices,  can  place  the 
surrounding  district  all  under  water.  In  the  Vrijthof,  a 
large  quadrangle,  planted  with  trees,  William  de  la  Marck, 
surnamed  ••  le  sanglier"  (boar)  of  Ardennes,  was  beheaded, 
in  14S5.  .  The  noteworthy  buildings  are  the  Town-hall  (Stad- 
huis),  the  courts  and  general  prison,  the  commandant's 
house,  and  the  arsenal.  Mae.stricht  has  several  liarracks, 
a  military  and  several  other  hospitals ;  4  Ropian  Catholic 
and  2  I'rotestant  churches,  and  a  synagogue ;  an  athenajum, 
in  which  I^atin,  Greek,  German,  Dutch,  and  other  branches 
of  education  are  taught;  and  formerly  hail  numerous  mo- 
nasteries and  nunneries.  It  carries  on  an  ax-tive  transit  and 
smuggling  trade  with  Belgium,  and  has  manufactures  of 
glass  and  earthenware,  pipes,  fire-arms,  shot,  cloth,  pins, 
sealing-wax,  2  iron  foundries.  3  manufactories  of  paper- 
hangings,  3  beet-root  sugar-refineries,  21  distilleries,  and 
32  breweries.  Maestricht  was  besieged  in  1579,  by  the 
Spaniards,  under  tlie  Duke  of  Parma,  and  8000  of  its  inha- 
bitants were  massacred;  in  1673,  it  was  taken  by  Louis 
XIV.,  and  again  by  the  French  in  1748  and  1794;  and,  in 
1830,  its  garrison  resisted  successfully  the  attacks  of  the 
insurgent  Belgians.    Pop.  in  1863,  28,348. 

MAESVCK,  md'sik,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
burg, on  the  Meuse,  17  miles  N.N'.E.  of  Maestricht.  Hubert 
Van  Eyck,  a  celebrated  painter,  and  his  brother.  John  Van 
Eyck.  also  known  as  John  of  Bruges,  the  reputed  inventor 
of  oil-painting,  were  natives  of  this  place.     Pop.  4145. 

M.\  KTER,  md'ter,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders.  15  miles  S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3602. 

MAFKKRSDORF,  nidPfers-doRf,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Neisse,  57  miles  X,X,E,  of  Prague.     Pop.  2670. 

M.\FRA,  md'frd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estrema- 
dura,  near  the  Atlantic,  18  miles  X,^\'.  of  Lisbon,  It  ig 
celebrated  for  its  vast  and  magnificent  pile  of  buildings, 
erected  by  John  V,,  in  1717,  in  imitation  of  the  E«(urial  of 
Spain.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  quadrangle,  mea.suring  760 
feet  by  670  feet,  and  includes  a  magnificent  church,  adorned 
with  numerous  fine  marble  columns,  a  royal  palace,  a  col- 
lege, with  a  library  of  about  50.000  volumes,  and  a  monas- 
tery, with  300  cells.     Pop,  3250. 

MAG.\CELA,  md-gil-th,Vld,  a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadura, 
55  miles  E,S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  1114. 

5HGADIX0,  md-gd-dee'no,  a  villageof  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Ticino,  on  Lago  Maggiore,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ticiuo, 
5j  miles  S.W.  of  Rellinzona.  It  is  a  station  for  steamers. 

-M.VG.XDOXO.  mait-a-dox'o,  (Port.  pron.  md-ad-do'sho.)  writ 
ten  also  MAOADOXA!  MUKDEESH  A.  muk-dee/slii  and  MA 
KADISIIU,  md-kddee'shoo,  a  maritime  town  of  Ea.*t  .Africa, 
capital  of  a  state,  and  tlie  chief  commercial  entrepot  between 
Cape  Gardafui  and  tlie  river  J  uba,  on  the  Indian  Ocean,  in  lat. 
2°  2'  X..  Ion.  45°  25'  E.  Pop.  with  suburbs,  between  .3000  and 
4000.  The  town  is  enclosed  by  stone  walls,  and  divided  into 
two  parts,  one  composed  wholly  of  tombs;  the  otlier.  com- 
prising about  150  stone,  and  many  wooden  liouses.  a  liicsque, 
and  .several  minarets,  of  Arabian  architecture.  The  exports 
comprise  ivory,  gums,  and  some  p<«uliar  cloths;  principal 
import-s.  sugar,  dates,  salt-fish,  arms,  and  .slaves.  The  popu- 
lation of  its  kingdom  settled  on  the  Ilaiuesand  Jubb  Rivers 
is  estimated  at  150,000. 

MAGALHAKXS,  STRAIT  OF,    See  M.^qellan. 

MAG.\LLON',  md-gdl-yon',  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  35 
miles  W,X,W,  of  Saragossa,    Pop,  2044, 

M.\G.\N,  md-gdn',  a  village  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  S  miles 
from  Toledo.     Pop.  952. 

M.\ODALA,  mdo'dd-l3,  a  town  of  Germany,  Saxe- Weimar, 
on  the  Madel,  5  miles  E.XE.  of  Blaukeuhayn,   Pop,  675. 


*  MaeMrtcht  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Trnjitrhim  ad 
Monam  or  Monie  T^ojWIum,  i.  e.,  the  "bridge  or  pai>Aa.!re  of  thu 
Meuse,"  there  having  been  a  bridge  over  the  river,  at  'his  pln^-o, 
in  very  early  times. 


MAG 


MAG 


MAODALA.  mag'da-la,  (Arah.  El  Mfjdd,  m?j'(3el:  Hebrew 
iliylJaU)  a  village  of'l'al(?stiiie,  pashalic  of  Acre,  on  the  W. 
Bide  of  the  Lake  of  Tiberias. 

MAODALKX,  mag'da-lim,  (Channel  or  Sound.)  Terra  del 
Fuego,  is  a  branch  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  Ion.  71°  W., 
between  Clarence  and  Dawson  Islands.  Off  its  S.K.  coa.st  is 
Mount  Sarniieuto,  6800  feet  in  height,  and  on  its  AV.  side  is 
a  tolerable  harbor. 
M.^OD-iLK'NA,  a  post-office  of  Meriwether  co.,  Georgia. 
MAGDALEXA,  mSgdS-lA'nd,  a  cavern  in  Illyria,  Carin- 
thia.  jTOVernment  of  Ijaybach,  3  miles  from  the  cavern  of 
Adelsberg. 

MAODALKXA.  mag-dJ-li'tiS.  a  sm.all  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Sardinia.  Lat.  41^^  13'  4"  N., 
Ion.  9°  24'  E. 

MAGDALENA,  ma^-da-lee'na,  (Sp.  pron.  mJg-dJ-l.Vnd,)  a 
river  of  South  America,  and,  next  to  the  Orinoiv),  the  prin- 
cipal in  New  Grnnada,  rises  at  the  frontier  of  Ecuador,  lat. 
2°  X..  Ion.  76°  VV.,  flows  X..  and  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
lat.  11°  N.,  Ion.  75°  W.  Total  course  estimated  at  900  miles, 
for  more  than  half  of  which  it  is  navigable.  Principal 
tributaries,  the  Cauca  and  the  Galinazo.  Above  Honda  it 
divides,  to  enclose  the  Island  de  Morales,  40  miles  in  length. 
Its  curri'nt  is  very  rapid,  and  its  navigation  dangerous ;  but 
it  is  still  the  main  route  of  communication  between  the 
interior  of  Xew  (Jrauada  and  the  sea. 

M.^GDALENA,  the  most  northern  department  of  New 
Granada,  South  America,  having  E.  Venezuela,  and  N.  the 
CariblHsan  Sea.  Estimated  area.  54,000  square  miles.  I'op. 
253.521.  Surface  vers'  diversified,  two  cordilleras  of  the 
Andes  covering  its  S.  and  E.  portions.  It  is  divided  into 
the  proviiican  of  Cartagena,  (its  capital,)  Santa  Marta,  liio 
Hachd,  and  Mompox,  its  chief  towns. 

M.VGDALEN  A.  called  also  the  UBAIIY,oo-bJ-hee',  BRAN- 
CO.  br.in'ko,  and  SAN  .MIGUEL,  sdn  me-ghM',  a  large  river 
of  Bolivia.  In  its  earlk>r  course  it  Is  called  the  C'hiquitos;  it 
issues  fmm  Lake  L'bahy.  lat.  18°  20'  S..  and  flows  X.N.W.  to 
about  lat.  16°  S.,  when  it  assumes  one  or  other  of  the  names 
above  (juoted.  and  ultimately  falls  into  the  Itene/,  or  (iua- 
pore.  in  lat.  12°  20'  S..  Ian.  m°  5'  W.  Its  entire  length, 
including  the  Chiquitos.  is  upwards  of  500  miles. 

M.UJDALE'X  A.  a  lake  of  Bolivia.  lat.  14°  5'  S.,  loil.  64°  25' 
W.,  al)Out  12  miles  long  and  5  miles  broad. 

M.\GD.\LEXA,  a  small  town  or  village  of  Bolivia,  on  the 
Magdalena.  lat.  13°  51'  S.,  Ion.  64°  31'  W. 

SIAtiDALE.N'A,  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Sonora.  on  a 
branch  of  Sonora  River.  The  stationary  population  is  aliout 
1500 ;  but  at  the  festival  of  San  Francisco  it  is  increased  to 
10.000  or  12.000. 

MAGDALE'XA,  a  bay  of  Lower  California,  in  which  is  the 
Island  of  Santa  Margarita. 

MAGD.VLEXA,  mag-da-Iee'na  or  mdg-dA-l!\'nd,  the  most 
southern  of  the  Marquesas  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean.  It  has  a 
harbor  on  its  S.  side. 

MAGDALE'X'.\,  an  island  of  Senegambia,  near  the  coast, 
S.  of  Cape  Verd. 

MAG'DALEN  ISLANDS,  a  group  situated  near  the 
centre  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  directly  in  the  track 
of  vessels  bound  up  the  gulf  for  Quebec.  54  miles  N.W. 
of  Cape  Breton,  and  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  the  nearest  point 
of  Newfoundland.  Including  Bird  and  Biron  islands, 
the  whole  length  of  the  range,  in  a  N.E.  direction,  is  atmut 
66  miles.  Coffin's  Island,  the  largest  of  the  group,  is  25 
miles  long,  but  very  narrow.  Amherst  Island  is  nearly  6 
miles  in  length,  and  Si-  in  width^and  contains  the  best  har- 
bor in  the  chain.  Gypsum  is  found  in  the  hollows  and  ba- 
sins of  the  islands,  and  occasionally  in  veins.  This  mineral 
forms  an  important  article  of  export.  The  principal  depend- 
ence of  the  inhabitants  is  upon  the  cod  fishery,  although 
they  prosecute  the  herring  and  seal  fisheries  to  some  extent. 
The  value  of  fish  exported  in  1S4S.  was  $224,000.  besides 
which  it  is  believwl  that  large  quantities  were  taken  away 
in  vessels  not  cleared  at  the  custom-house.  The  Miurdalen 
Islands  were  formerly  attached  to  the  government  of  New- 
foundland, but  at  present  are  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Canadian  government.  They  were  granted  by  the  British 
government  to  Admiral  Sir  Isaac  Coffin,  for  distinguished 
services,  and  by  him  were  bequeathed  in  strict  entail  to 
his  nephew.  Captain  .lohn  Town.send  Coffin,  the  present 
proprietor,  and  to  his  heirs  for  ever.  Pop.  about  2000;  a 
majoritv  of  whom  are  French  Acadians. 

MAGbKBXJRG.  magMe-biirg.  (Ger.  pron.  mio'deh-bfioRo'. 
Fr.  Ma/fdi'baurfj.  mrigVleh-boon';  L.  ilagdfhur>gum.)  a  town 
of  Prussia,  capital  of  a  government  and  of  the  province  of 
Saxony,  on  the  Ellie.  76  miles  W.S.W.  of  Berlin.  It  ranks  as  a 
fortress  ot  the  first  class,  and  is  regarded  one  of  the  strongest 
places  in  Europe.  The  Elbe  here  forms  several  branches,  and 
divides  the  town  into  three  parts — the  town  proper,  which,  on 
the  land  side,  is  regularly  fortified,  and.  towards  the  river, 
defende<l  by  Forts  Sternschanze  and  Scharnhorst:  the  Wer- 
der.  with  its  citailel:  and  Kreilerickst.adt.  likewise  strongly 
fortifi'^d.  These  different  parts  communicate  with  each  other 
by  several  bridges.  The  houses  are,  for  the  most  part,  large 
nndhandsoni";  buta  great  numberof  the  streets ar<' narrow. 
Ihu  principal  squares  are  the  New  Market  or  Domplatz,  and 


the  Old  Market,  which  is  decorated  with  an  eqnemnan 
statue  of  the  Emperor  Otho,  erected  in  973.  A  fine  walk  la 
furnished  by  the  FUrstenwall,  a  well-planted  terrace  or 
parade  ground,  along  the  margin  of  the  Elbe.  The  build 
ings  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  DomkircheorCHtbeilral, 
one  of  the  noblest  gothic  structuics  of  Noribern  Germany, 
erected  in  the  13th and  14th centuries :  St.  Sebastian's Chunh, 
in  which  is  the  grave  of  Otto  Guericke,  the  inventor  of  the 
air-pump;  and  the  .Marien,  or  Roman  Catholic  Church,  older 
even  than  the  Cathedral.  Magdeburg  possesses  numerous 
benevolent  institutions  and  etlucational  establishments. 
Among  the  former  are  5  hospitals,  and  3  orphan  asylums; 
among  the  latter  a  cathedral  gymnasium,  pa'dagogium, 
normal  seminary,  medical,  industrial,  and  several  othei 
schools,  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  &c.  The  manu- 
fiu-tures  consist  principally  of  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton 
cloth,  silk  ribbons,  leather,  gloves,  soap,  and  candles.  There 
are,  also,  several  beet-sugar  and  chiccory  factories,  breweries, 
distilleries,  and  oil  works.  The  trade  is  extensive,  and 
derives  great  facilities  from  tlie  position  of  the  town  on  the 
Elbe,  the  canal  connecting  this  river  with  the  Havel,  and 
the  railroads  communiaiting  with  Leipsic,  Ilalle.  Berlin,  and 
Hamburg.  The  principal  article?  «re  corn,  wood,  coals,  wine, 
and  colonial  produce.  Magdeburg  is  mentioned  in  the 
records  of  the  eighth  century.  It  early  distinguished  itself 
in  the  Reformation,  and  long  exerted  a  powerful  influence 
in  its  favor.  In  1631  it  was  tjiken  by  storm,  and  given  up 
to  indiscriminate  mns.sacre,  by  the  brutal  Tilly,  The  most 
hoiTible  atrocities  were  committed.  A  chui'ch,  in  which 
hundreds  of  women  and  children  had  taken  refuge,  was 
nailed  up,  to  prevent  escap»>,  and  then  burned.  Above 
20,000  people  were  murdered,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
town  was  laid  in  ashes.  It  was  taKen  liy  the  Fremh  in  1806, 
and  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia.  Otto  Guericke, 
Immermann,  and  Zschokke.  were  born  here.  Pop.  in  1816, 
34,808  ;  in  1S61,  with  suburbs.  78,665. 

M.\(iDEBURG.  a  government  of  Prussia,  is  bounded  N.  by 
Mecklenburg  and  ilanover.  Area  4484  English  square 
miles,  divided  into  14  circles.     Pop.  in  1849.  691.377. 

MAGl5.  md-zh.V,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  16  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro,  on  the  river  Mage,  near  its  mouth 
in  the  Bav  of  Rio. 

.MAGEE'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Yallobusha  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

MAGELAXG,  md'ga-ling',  a  village  of  Java,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Kadoe,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Samarang,  1377  feet 
above  sea-level. 

MAGELLAN,  m3;jeI1an.  (Sp.  pron.  m,4-iifl-van'.)'  or 
MAGALHAEXS.  (mi-giJl-y^'fNs.)  STRAIT  oi",  divides  the 
continent  of  South  America  from  the  island  of  Terra  del 
Fuego:  the  E.  entrance  is  formed  by  Cape  di;  la  Virjiines,  on 
the  nniinland,  and  by  Cape  del  Espiritu  .'^nnto.  (Queen  Cathe- 
rine's Forel.ind,)  on  one  of  the  largest  "(stands  composing 
Terra  del  Fuego.  extending  between  lat.  52°  10'  and  55°  S., 
and  Ion.  68°  20'  and  75°  W.  It  is  upwards  of  300  miles  long, 
and  is  oi  difficult  navigation.  The  tides  in  the  sfiait  reach 
an  elevation  of  alx>ut  50  feet,  the  highest  point  they  attain 
on  the  Pat.igouian  coast.  The  strait  was  discovered  in  1520, 
by  Magalhaens,  the  great  Portuguese  navigator,  then  in  the 
service  of  Spain,  and  called,  in  honor  of  him.  the  Strait  of 
JIagalliaens.  The  Spaniards  changeil  the  name  to  Magellan. 

.^l  AGEXT.\,  rod-.j6n't4,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  2+  miles 
N.W.  of  Pavia.  Pop.  5170.  A  great  battle  was  fought  here 
l>etweeH  the  Austrian  and  tiio  allied  French  and  t-ardinian 
army,  June  4,  1859;   the  allies  were  victorious. 

M.AGEROE,  (Slageriie.)  mag'er-o  orm.'i/gher-iiVh.  an  island 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Norway,  terminating  N. 
by  the  North  Cape,  in  lat.  71°  10'  N.,  Ion.  25°  50'  E.  It  is 
inhaliited  by  a  few  Norwegian  and  Lai>pish  families. 

MA'GERVILLE,  a  town  of  New  Brunswick,  capital  of 
Sunbury  co.,  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  .St.  John".s. 

MAGGERI,  mflg'ge-tee\  or  JIANGRY.  mSng'gree,  a  town 
of  Hindostan,  Mysore  dominion,  22  miles  W.  of  Banga- 
lore, with  some  iron  works;  iron  ore  abounding  in  its  vici- 
nity. 

MAOGIORE,  LAKE,  Italy.    See  Lago-Maooiore. 

MAGHERA.  min/er-a.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land. Ulster,  CO.  of  Loiidonderry,  20  miles  S.  of  Coleraine. 
Pop.  of  town,  1123. 

MAGIPERACLOO'NEY,  (manVr-a-kloo'nee,)  a  pari.sh  of 
Ireland.  Ulster,  co,  of  Monaghan. 

MAGIPEKACROSS'.  a  p«rish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  counties 
of  Fermanagh,  and  Tyrone. 

ISIAGIFERACULMO'NEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co. 
of  Fermanagh. 

MAGH'ERADROLL',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Down. 

MAGIPERAFELT',  a  market-town  and  pari,«h  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  CO,  of  Londonderry,  26  miles  S.  of  Coleraine.  Pop. 
of  town,  1560. 

MAGirERALIN',  or  MARALTN,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  counties  of  Down  and  Armagh. 

MAGHERNO.  mS-ghjR'no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Milan.  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  P.avin.     Pop.  1.358. 

MAOHKIBEE,  mSg'rp-bee\  a  considerable  village  of  Sinde, 

1119 


MAG 

on  a  navigable  arm  of  the  Indus,  in  its  delta,  42  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Tattah.     I 'op.  5000. 

mac;  HULL',  a  ohapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  with 
a  station  on  the  Liverpool  and  Preston  llailway,  4  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Ormskirk.     Pop.  1032. 

MAGIXDANAO,  an  island  of  the  Philippines.  See  Min- 
danao. 

MAGIOXE,  ml-j6'ni,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  8  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Perugia. 

M.\CtISTERE,  LA,  IS  mJVhisHaiR',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Tarn-e^Garonne,  13  miles  W.N.M'. 
of  .Moisi=ac.    Pop.  1848. 

J>lkGLXy!Soryi.\Gh\'S'D,mi''gl&-so',(L.Malia/numFulci- 
men'siiim  f)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States.  Savoy,  on  the 
Arvo.  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  lionueville.     Pop.  1925. 

MAGLASS',  a  paritih  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford. 

MAGLIANO,  mdl-yd'no,  a  village  of  Italy,  on  or  near  the 
Tiber.  20  miles  W.  of  Rieti.    Pop.  1380. 

M.\GLIA\0,  a  village  of  Italy,  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  district  of  Avezzano.    Pop.  1400. 

MAGLIANO  DI  MOXDOVI,  mdl-yd'no  dee  mon-do-vee',  a 
Tillage  of  Italy,  Piedmont,  province  and  5  miles  N.AV.  of 
Mondovi.    Pop.  1618. 

MAGLIANO  GRANDE,  mdl-yil'no  grSn'd.i  a  town  of  Italy, 
Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Salerno. 
Pop.  3000. 

MAGLIE,  m3l'ye-J.  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto, 
19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gallipoli.     Pop.  3400. 

MAGLOD,  mdg-liid',  a  village  of  Hungary,  12  miles  from 
Pesth.     I'op.  1583. 

MAGNA-CAVALL0,man'ya-k3-vai1o,  a  village  of  Austrian 
Italy,  government  of  A'enice.  E.S.E  of  Mantua,     i'op.  1294. 

M.\.GNAC-LAyAL.  mJuVvakiavai',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment nf  Haute-Vienne.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Bellac.   Pop.  1108. 

M.\GXAC  LK  BOUKG,  mJnVdk'  leh  booR,  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Haute-Vienne,  11  miles  N.E.  of  St. 
Yrieix.    Pop.  1420. 

M.\GNAO0,  mdn-yj/go,  a  village  of  Northern  It.ily,  pro- 
vince and  W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  lOSO. 

MAGNANO,  mdn-yd'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  9  miles  S.  of  Biella.    Pop.  1706. 

MAGNAVACCA,  mSn'yd-vdk'ki,  a  village  and  seaport  of 
Italy,  state  of  /Einili^,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ferrara,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  canal  communicating  with  the  Adriatic. 

M.\.GNE.  min^yd'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Deux-S»>vres,  4  miles  W.  of  Niort.    Pop.  1316. 

^AGNE.SIA  (Ad  Sipylcm.)    See  Manees.4. 

MAGNETICAL  ISLAND,  an  island  on  the  S,  coast  of 
Guatimala.  off  Port  Pueblo;  lat.  $°  4'  6"  N..  ion.  81°  47'  W. 

MAGNIiTICAL  ISLAND,  an  island  off  the  E.  coast  of 
Australia,  in  Halifax  B.^y.  Lat.  19°  8'  S.,  Ion.  146°  45'  E. 
Discovered  by  Cook  in  1770. 

M  AONI.  min'j^e',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Orne, 
arrondiss-emont  of  Domfront.    Pop.  in  1852,  2879. 

M.\.GNISI,  mdn-yee'see,  a  promontorj',  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Sicily,  6  miles  N.  of  Syracuse,  forms  theS.  side  of  the  harbor 
of  Aunrust.i. 

MAGNO'LIA,  a  postrvill.-ige  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York, 
on  Chautauqua  I^ake,  alxiut  7  miles  S.E.  of  May.sville. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  ix>st-offlce  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

M.46N0LH,  a  post-office  of  AVashington  co..  Virginia. 

M.\GNOI>IA,  a  postK)fflce  of  Clinch  CO.,  Georgia. 

M.\GNOLI.\,  a  postK)ffice  of  Yazoo  co.,  Mis.sissippi. 

MAGNOLI.i,  a  po.st-office  of  Anderson  co..  Texas. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-office  of  Ja  Rue  co.,  Kentucky. 

M.^GNOI^IA,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co..  Ohio. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Illinois,  100 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

MAGNOIJA,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Rock  co., 
Wisconsin,  15  miles  W.  of  Janesville.    Pop.  1120. 

MAGNOLIA  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Texas. 

M.\GNY,  m.ln'yee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
•t-Oise.  11  miles  N.  of  Mantes,  on  the  Aubette.     Pop.  1300. 

MAGO(;S,  mi'goch',  a  village  of  Hungary,  15  miles  from 
FUnfkirchen.     Pop.  2743. 

MAGOF'FINSVI  LLE,  a  town  of  Texas,  co.  of  San  Antonio, 
on  the  Rio  Grande,  opposite  El  Paso,  founded  since  the 
Mexican  war,  and  has  6  or  8  stores. 

MA'GOG.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Stanstead, 
80  miles  E.  of  Montreal,  and  20  miles  from  Stanstead. 

MAGOO,  mi'goo'.  or  M.\KOO,  md'koo',  a  town  of  Persia, 
province  of  Azerbaijan,  56  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Khoi.  Here  is 
a  remarkable  cavern,  and  the  river  Magoo  is  crossed  by  a 
natural  bridge  of  lava. 

MA'GOIl,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Monmouth. 

MAGRA,  mj'grd,  (anc.  Ma'cra.)  a  river  of  North  Italy, 
after  a  S.  course  of  35  miles,  enters  the  Mediterranean, 
(GtUf  of  Genoa.)  2  miles  E.  of  the  Gulf  of  Spezia. 

M.UiSTADT,  mifi'stdtt,  a  market-town  of  WUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Neckar,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  1937. 

M.A.OLKI/)NNE,  md'gheh  lonn',  an  islet,  or  rather  a  pe- 
ninsula, of  France,  department  of  Herault.  above  1  mile 
long  and  aljoiit  5  miles  from  Montpellier.  It  once  was  the 
site  of  a  town  of  some  celebrity  in  the  lustory  of  Languedoc. 


MAH 

5IA6T7ELONNE,  a  lagoon  of  Southern  France,  department 
of  Herault,  4  miles  S.  of  Montpellier.     Length  17  miles. 

MAGUIRE'S  (ma-2wirz')  BRIDGE,  a  market-town  of  Ire- 
land, Ulster,  CO.  of  Fermanagh,  on  Colebrook  River,  7  miles 
S.E.  of  Enniskillen.     Pop.  685. 

M.\GUIRE"S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Ark. 

MAGUS  MUIR,  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife.     See  St,  .\ni>retvs. 

MAGYAR-BENYK,  m(5d'yoR/-l)Jn\v.i/,  or  BENDORF,  b^n'. 
doRf,  a  village  of  Austria,  Transylvania,  26  miles  S.E.  of 
Kokelburg.    Pop.  1009. 

M.\GYAR,  NAGY,  nodj  mSdViJR/,  or  GROSS  MAGEX- 
DORF,  groce  mdg'en-doRr,  a  village  of  HunRary,  13  miles 
from  Presburg.    Pop.  1301. 

JIAGYAISO,  mod>d'ro\  u  village  of  Transylvania,  oo.  of 
Thorenburg,  near  Thonla,     I'op.  1037. 

M.\GYAR  ORSZ.\G.    See  Hungart. 

MAGYAROS.  mM'yfir'osh',  or  NUSSBACH,  n.V.s'blK,  a 
village  of  TransjMvania,  27  miles  from  Kronstadt,  on  tha 
Aloota.  (Aluta.)     Pop.  1468. 

MAGYAR  OVAR,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Altenburo. 

MAHABALII'OOR,  md-hd'bd-le-pooi-',  a  town  of  British 
India.  Bengal,  on  tlie  Soue,  37  miles  S.W.  of  I'atna. 

MAHABALI1'<)0RAM,  md-hd-bdMe-poo-ram',  a  town  of 
British  India,  35  miles  S.  of  Madra.«,-  on  the  Carnatic 
Coa-st;  near  are  some  remarkable  Hindoo  temples  and 
excavations. 

MAI1ABI,ESIIWUR  fmd-hd-blfsh-wnr')  HILLS,  a  conva- 
lescent  station  of  British  India,  presidency  and  80  miles 
.S.E.  of  Bombay,  in  the  ghauts  of  the  Concan.  Lat.  17°  56' 
N.,  Ion.  7-3°  30*  AV.  Elevation  aliove  the  sea  about  4500  feet. 
The  village  here  consists  of  about  70  dwellings,  with  .1  sana- 
torium, having  8  sets  of  quarters,  a  churrh»  prison,  and 
subscription  library.  It  was  founded  bv  Sir  J,  Malcolm  in 
1828. 

>IAII.\DE0,  md-hd-d.Vo,  a  famous  Hindoo  temple  of  Bri- 
tish India,  Bengal,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Hosungabad. 

M.\HA'L.\,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

51.\HANADA,  nid-bd-nd'dd,  a  river  of  Hindostan,  ^oins 
tlie  Ganges  30  miles  N,  of  Moorshedab*!.  after  a  course  of 
250  miles. 

MAII.^NOY',  a  post-office  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

.MAHANOY  CREEK,  of  Northumberland  CO.,  Pennsylva-. 
nia,  falls  into  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 

M.iHANOY  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  on 
the  N.  side  of  Mahanoy  Creek.  It  traver.ses  the  northern 
part  of  Schuylkill  county,  and  then  extends  westerly  nearly 
through  Northumberland.  The  whole  length  is  above  30 
miles. 

M  AIIAN'S'.  a  station  on  the  .\labama  and  Tennessee  Rivers 
Railrojid,  5  miles  from  Montevallo. 

MAHANTAN'GO  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in 
Schuvlkill  CO..  and  iiows  into  the  Susquehanna. 

JIAHANUDDY,  md-ha-nud'dee.  {i.e.  "the  great  river,") 
a  consiilerable  river  of  India,  Berar  and  Bengal  dominions, 
after  an  E.  course  of  500  miles,  enters  the  Bay  of  Bengal  by 
nujnerous  mouths,  di.^trict  and  S.E.  of  Outtack.  Though 
fordable  as  low  as  Cuttack  from  January  to  June,  during 
the  rains,  it  is  here  2  miles  in  width.  1  mile  across  at  Sunib- 
hulpoor.  and  navigable  for  almost  300  miles  from  its  mouth. 

MAHAR.\JEGUNGE,  mil'ha-rdj-guuy,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  35  miles  N.E.  of  I'urneah. 

.MAHARAJEGUNGE.  a  town  of  Bundelcund,  32  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Teary.     Lat.  24°  35'  N.,  Ion,  79°  23'  E, 

M.\H.\S'KA.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  mile.>i.  It  is  intersected*  by 
the  DeS  Moines  and  by  the  North  and  South  Forks  of 
Skunk  River,  which  all  flow  in  a  S.E.  direction.  It  is  also 
drained  by  numerous  creeks.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is 
level,  and  in  others  rolling;  and  is  tiuely  diversified  with 
prairies  and  woodlands.  The  prairies  are  of  moderate  ex- 
tent, and  separated  by  large  Ixxlies  of  heavy  timljcr.  distri- 
liuted  along  the  rivers  and  creeks.  The  soil  is  deep,  and 
very  productive.  Stone-coal  is  abundant,  and  extensive 
beds  of  limestone  are  found.  Mahaska  co.,  is  intersected 
by  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Rivilroad.  The  jwssession  of  the 
soil  was  given  by  the  aborigines  to  the  whit.-s  in  1843.  Or- 
ganized in  1844."  Capital,  Oskaloosa.     Pop.  14,>>lti. 

MAHAVILLYGUNGA,  md-hd-vil-Ie-gun'g,d,  the  principal 
river  of  Ceylon,  rises  in  the  centre  of  the  island,  flows  N. 
past  Kandy  and  Bintenne,  and  enters  the  Indian  Ocean  by 
several  mouths.  S,  of  Trincomalee.  It  receives  numerous 
affluents,  but  its  navigation  is  greatly  impeded  by  shoals. 

M.\Hfi,  md'hd',  a  town  of  India,  belonging  to  the  French, 
Malabar  Coast,  on  a  river  navigable  for  vessels  of  50  tons, 
38  miles  N.N.W.  of  Calicut.  Lat.  11°  42'  N.,  Ion.  75°  38'  16* 
E.     Pop.  in  1849,  3341. 

M  AHl^:,  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean.     See  Setchellesi 

S1.\II1;B0URG,  md^hAMxKiR/,  a  town  of  the  Mauritiu.-,  on 
its  S.E.  coast,  with  a  good  harbor,  opened  to  foreign  shipping 
in  1836. 

MAHEE,  a  town  of  India.    See  MahS. 

MAHEIDI'OOR.  md-hidpoor',  or  MEHIDPOOR.  mfh-hij- 
pooH,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Gwalior  dominio'.s,  22  miles  N. 
of  Oojeia.  The  British  defeated  the  Patau  troops  here  in  1817. 


MAH 

MAIIIM,  ma^heem',  or  md^heex"',  a  populous  town  of 
British  Imliii,  on  tlic  island  of  Donibay,  has  a  I'onugueso 
church  and  a  Itoninn  Catholic  college. 

MAIUM.  a  town  of  Hiitish  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
65  mil.s  AV.N.W".  of  Delhi. 

MAlILJ5KK(r,  m^l'lMRG,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine.  L'i  mile.i  N.K.  of  Etteuheim.     I'op.  HkS8. 

MAIINIUDHOOH,  mdh'mr.d-poor',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.  95  miles  N.K.  of  Calcutta. 

SlAllilBA.  md-hL^/bi,  an  ancient  ruined  town  of  Hindos- 
tan,  Bundelcund,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Banda;  in  and  aliout 
which  are  some  striking  architectural  remains. 

MAIIi)MElVI\UA.\-KA-TAM)A,  md-hora'^d^-kJu-ltd-tan'- 
di.  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  a  branch  of  the  1  ndus,  3U  miles  S.E. 
of  Hyderabad.     It  carries  on  a  thriving  trade  with  Cutch. 

MAIlilM'ET.  a  po.'it-village  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  N.  fork  of  the  Sangamon,  80  miles  K.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

MAi'D.N,  Port,    Minorca.    See  1'ort  Mahon. 

MAIK  >N',  mi-hon',  a  town  of  Persia,  province,  and  22  miles 
E.  of  KiM-man. 

MA'llO.V.  a  pnstofiice  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana. 

MAIIii.VA.  miho'ni,  a  town  of  Uindostan,  dominions, 
and  34  niilea  .S.W.  of  Gwalior. 

MAIl  >\E  J!AY,  a  considerable  bay  on  the  S.E.  coast  of 
Nova  ."^(■•■tia.  atK)ut  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Halifax. 

SIAHi  »/MNU.  a  riverwlilch  rises  in  the  N.l*;.  part  of  Ohio, 
and  joins  the  Beaver  Uiver  in  I'euiisylvania.  The  Penn- 
sylvania and  Ohio  Canal  extends  along  its  lower  part. 

JIAUO.M.VO.  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  border- 
ing on  Pennsylvania,  couUiins  .103  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  ^y  the  .Mahoning  and  Little  Beaver  Itivers.  The 
surface  i.-'  undulating;  the  snil  is  highly  productive  and 
well  cultivated.  Extensive  Ijeds  of  stone-coal  and  iron  ore 
have  bi'.'ii  opened.  The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal  passes 
through  the  co.,  ami  the  Pittsburg  and  Ft.  Wayne  U.K..  runs 
near  its  ,S.  border.  M.ihoning  Wiis  formed  out  of  Trumbull 
and  Columbiana  counties,  and  was  organized  in  1S40,  and 
mimed  from  its  principal  river.   Capital,  Caufield.   P.  2o,8y-l. 

MAfti  )XIivU,  a  former  post-townsliip  of  Indiana  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, now  divided  into  North,  South,  East,  and  ^Vest 
Mahoning. 

MAII  >.\'I\G,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  14.;0. 

.MAiroNINQ,  a  township  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  "iU. 

MAHi  >XINa,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio. 

MAllt  i.\l.\()  CREEK,  of  l>ennsylvauia,  falls  into  the  Al- 
leghanv  Kiver.  a  few  miles  above  Kittanning. 

MAliiiXIXG  MOU.NTAIN,  1'enn.sylvania.  in  Carbon  co., 
is  situatfd  on"  the  S.W.  .side  of  the  Lehigh  River,  aud  on  the 
S.E.  of  .Malioniiig  Creeli. 

MAII  )NTO.\'GA(or  .MAIIANTAX'GA)  MOUXTAIX.  Penn- 
sylvania, extends  from  the  Su.«quehauua  along  the  northern 
border  of  Dauphin  county. 

MAIIi  lO'PEAY,  a  towushipof  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  82S. 

MAIL  >OPEXY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,*nters  the  Sus- 
quehanna in  Wyoming  county. 

JlAlIi  lOPEXY  MOUXTAIX,  Penn.sylvania.  in  the  W.  part 
of  Wyoming  county,  near  the  Mahoopeny  Creek,  an  affluent 
of  the  .Su.-.quehauna.  It  consists  properly  of  two  portions: 
Big  Mahooi^eny.  near  the  S.  W.,  and  Little  Mahoopeny,  in 
the  N.^V.  part  of  the  county.  Both  of  these  mountains  are 
»purs  of  the  Alleghany  range.  ^ 

MAIIi)OR,  md-hoor',  a  town  of  Indi.i,  Deccan,  Nizam's 
dominions,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Wurdjih,  178  miles  X.N.W. 
f  Hyd.-rabad. 

M.\U(  i'l'.\C.  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co..  New  York. 

MAIIOPAC,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

MiVIIORA.  md-ho'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  19 
miles  X.  of  Albacete.     Pop.  1445. 

MAII(  >WL,  mJ-howP,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal.  35  miles  X.W.  of  Azimghur. 

M.\IIi;AII.  mdhWh.  a  tract  on  the  S.  coast  of  Arabia, 
between  Iladramaut  and  Curia  or  Kuria  Jluria  (Kuryan 
Murlan )  Bay.  It  is  mostly  covered  by  the  Shej<T  and  Suliahn 
mountain  ranges.  ■  Mahndi  is  the  country  of  the  Mahra 
tribe  or  nation.  The  name  Mahrah  has  been  displaced  by 
others  of  local  origin ;  the  maritime  portion  of  the  country 
being  now  generally  called  Shehr  or  El  Shchr.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  17th  century,  the  whole  country,  from 
Dhofar  to  the  W.  limit  of  Hadramaut,  was  ruled  by  the  king 
or  sultan  c^f  Shehr  or  Shejer.  Mahrah  exports  100  tons  of 
friinkincciise.  with  aloes,  dragon's  blood,  and  various  gums, 
aunuallv  to  India. 

MAHi;  ATTA  (mdh-rat/ta)  STATES,  comprise  most  of  the 
principal  states  of  Central  Uindostan.  viz.  the  Sattarab, 
Gwalior.  Xagpoor,  Indore,  Bandah,  Colapoor,  Dhar.  and 
Dewar  dominions,  having  a  united  area  estimated  at  131.450 
square  miles.  The  Jlahratta  Confederation  rose  into  notice 
under  t^evajee  in  the  middle  of  the  17  th  century,  and  in  the 
ISth  its  jirissessions  extended  from  the  province  of  Agra  to 
Cape  Coiiiorin ;  but  its  power  was  soon  afterwards  liroken 
by  the  British,  to  whom  all  the  states  which  composed  it  are 
now  sul/^idiary. 

3V 


MAI 

MAHREN.  (.Miihren.)  a  country  of  Germany.  See,  Mohatia 

MAHRLSCII-X EU.STADT,  (Mahri.sch-Xeustadt,)  m.Vrish- 
noi'stdtt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  railway  between  Praj^u* 
and  Vii-nna,  14  miles  X.X.W.  of  Olmutz.     J'op.  .3500. 

MAIIl!lj;CIl-iK>^Tl{AU,(Miihrisch-Ostrau,)m.i/rish-os'truW, 
a  town  of  Austria,  circle  of  I'rerau.     Pop.  2000. 

MArrRT<rTT-TKni!ATT.  nTShriscb-TriiKnn.)  mVrish  trll'- 
IV.w.  or  MAIlRli^rilTRIBAUorTHIKBAU.  m.Vrish  tree/- 
Ix^w.  a  town  of  Moravia.  27  miles  X.W.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  3600. 

M.MIY,  a  river  of  Uindostan.    See  Mhye. 

MAIA.  mi'd,  a  river  of  .-Liberia,  governments  of  Okhotsk 
and  Yakoot-k.  joins  the  Aldan,  after  a  N.  cour.se  of  500  miles. 

.MAI DA,  mi'di,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calar 
bria  L'ltra.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Nicastro.  Pop.  2U00.  Near  this 
the  English  defeated  a  sui)erior  French  force.  4th  .July.  1809. 

MAlb'EXBKAD'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of 
Sumcrsct  inul  Wilts. 

.MAID'EX  CREEK,  an  affluent  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  in 
Berks  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

M.VIDEX  CRKiiK,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, CO  miles  E.  of  llarrisburg.     Pop.  1531. 

MAID'EXIIEAD,  a  municipal  borough  and  town  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Berks,  on  the  Tliauus,  here  crossed  by  an  elegant 
seven-arched  stone  bridge,  aud  by  a  viaduct  of  the  Great 
Western  Railway,  20  miles  W.  of  l.,ondon.  Pop.  in  ISol, 
3607.  It  is  pictnresquiOy  situatea.  and  has  a  railway  station, 
a  hand-some  modern  chapel,  au  endowed  school,  almshouse, 
and  other  charities. 

MAIDKX-XEW'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

Jl.ilD'EXS,  a  cluster  of  rocks,  oil  tlie  E.  coast  of  Ireland, 
in  the  Irish  Sea,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Larne  Lighthouse.  The 
two  highest  rocks  have  each  a  lighthouse,  with  tixed  white 
lights.  Eat.  54°  55'  0"  N.,  Ion.  5^44'  W.  Elevation  84  and 
94  feet.     They  are  surroundi-'d  by  dangerous  reefs. 

JIAIDKX  SPRIXG,  a  pustoffice  of  Tazewell  co.,  Virginia. 

M.VID'FOKD,  a  parish  uf  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

M.\1DST0NE,  ni.'id'st^n,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
Medway.  liere  crossed  by  a  five-arched  liridge.  and  at  the  ter- 
mination of  a  branch  of  the  S.E.  Railway.  7J  miles  E.S.B. 
of  Rochester.  Pop.  in  1851,  20,801.  It  is  beautifully  situated 
on  a  slope  in  the  central  vale  of  Kent;  has  many  curious 
old  hou.se.s,  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  ancient  parish 
churches  in  England,  known  as  "  the  pilgrim's  cliapel,"  now 
beautifully  restored  as  a  pla^e  of  worship ;  a  small  grammar, 
and  other  endowed  schools,  a  prfiprietary  school,  numerous 
alm.shouscs.  and  large  charities;  a  former  palace  of  the 
Archbi.-hops  of  Canterbury;  well-preserved  ri'mains  or  a 
conventual  structure,  partly  converted  into  an  agricultural 
school;  a  town-hall  and  market-cross,  large  county  jail  and 
house  of  correction;  a  county  l.matic  asylum,  extensive 
barnicks,  neat  theatre,  library,  philosophical  society,  me<ha<- 
nics'  institute,  and  several  banks.  In  the  Immc^diate  vicinity 
are  numerous  pai)er-mills,  with  some  of  the  most  productive 
hop  grounds  and  orcharils  in  England,  and  valuable  quar- 
ries of  stone,  exported  by  the  Jledway,  which  is  navigable 
here  for  ves.sels  of  60  tons.  Trade  is  thriving,  and  the  town 
increasing.  The  streets  are  lighted  with  gas.  The  borough 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the 
title  of  A'iscount  to  the  Fincli  family.  Maidstone  w.as  an 
important  city  of  the  early  Britons.  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,  the  first  English  hops  were  rai.scd  here.  In  1648,  the 
town  was  tw  ice  stormed  by  the  Parliamentary  forces.  In  the 
vicinity  is  The  Moat,  a  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Romney. 

31A1D'.'^T0NE,  a  town.ship  of  E.ssex  co.,  Vermont.    P.  259. 

MAID'^VELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

MAILAXD.  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,    See  Milan. 

M.\l  LBEl'.O,  a  town  of  Germany.     See  Maluerg. 

JIAlLCOTTA,.mIl-koftd,  a  town  of  Uindostan,  J^ysore, 
17  miles  N.  of  .*eringapatam.     It  has  several  pagodas. 

MAILLE,  mJI,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vienne, 
9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fontenay-le-Comte.    Pop.  1015. 

JIAILLERAYE,  LA,  Id  mAh'yeh-r.V,  (L.  Mesirilettim.)  a 
hamlet  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  13  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Rouen,  with  a  fine  chateau  and  park,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Seine.     Pop.  800. 

M.\ILLEZ.\IS.  m?th^yeh-zi/,  a  town  of  Northern  France,  de- 
partment of  Vendee,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fontenay.     Pop.  1350. 

MAIMAITCHIN,  MAIMAICHIX,  ml-mi-chin' or  ml-mi- 
cheen/,  or  M  AI-MA-TCHIX,  mi'md-cheen'.  written  also  MAI- 
MACHEN,  i.  e.  "  Place  of  Trade,'^  a  village  of  Mongolia,  im- 
mediately opposite  Kiakh.a,  on  the  Russian  frontier,  and 
the  entrepot  of  the  Chinese  trade  with  Russia,  iro  miles  N. 
W.  of  Oorga.  It  is  commanded  by  an  adjacent  hill  fortress, 
is  enclosed  by  a  palisade,  regularly  laid  out.  and  inhabited 
by  from  1200  to  1500  males,  no  women  being  allowed  here. 

JIAIMUND,  mi-mtind',  a  town  of  AVest  Afghanistan,  34 
miles  S.W.  of  Candahar,  in  lat.  31°  42'  X.,  Ion.  64°  61'  E. 

MAIX,  m.An.  a  river  of  Ireland,  Lister,  co.  of  Antrim, 
enters  Lough  Neagh  after  a  S.  course  of  30  miles. 

MAIN,  min.  a  river  of  Siberia,  which  joins  the  Anadeer 
(Anadyr)  after  a  N.  course  of  180  miles. 

MAIN",  mdn,  a  fort  of  British  America,  district  of  East 
Main,  at  the  mouth  of  the  East  Main  River,  in  .James's  Bay 

MAIN,  MAYN,  or  MAINE,  man,  (Ger.  pron.  mIn,)  (anc. 

1121 


MAI 

Momus,  Mcmus,  Mienii  or  Menus.)  a  navifrablo  rirer  of  Ger-  ! 
muuy.  rises  by  two  streims,  Uie  Ked  and  White  .Main,  in  the  : 
Fichtelberg  Mountains.  North  Itevaria.  flows  very  tortuously 
W..  anJ  joins  the  Khine  opposite  Jlentz.    Length  280  miles. 
It  IS  naviu'able  from  the  Kegnitz  (2-10  miles)  to  the  Khine.  I 
Chief  affluents,  on  the  left,  KegniU  and  Taubtr,  and  on 
the  right,  the  Snale. 

MAI.NA,  mi'ud,  a  district  of  Greece,  consisting  of  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  Morea,  between  the  gulfs  of  Koron  and 
Kolokythia,  composing  most  part  of  the  government  of 
Laconia.  The  inhabitants,  who  were  never  fully  conquered 
by  the  Turks,  long  lived  in  a  rude  feudal  state,  subsisting 
mainly  by  brigandage  and  piracv. 

MAIN  A,  (anc.  Hippolaf)  a  village  of  Greece,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Koron,  14  miles  X.N.W.  of  Cape  JIatapan. 

MAINA,  mi'nd,  a  town  of  India,  Bhopaul  dominion,  near 
Aflita. 

MAIXBETIXIIEIM,  mln-bfRn'hime,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria.  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  WUrzburg.      Pop.  1633. 

MAIXBUKG,  min'booRG.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
?r  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  1025. 

MAINE,  min  or  mto,  a  river  of  France,  joins  the  Sevre- 
Nantaise,  about  4  miles  above  Nantes.  Its  course,  about  30 
miles,  is  partly  navigable. 

MAINE,  a  river  of  France,  which  falls  into  the  Loire  on 
the  right,  after  a  navigable  course  of  7  miles. 

M.\INE.  Le.  lehmJn.(L.  Ctnomaniaf)  an  ancient  province 
of  France,  bounded  N.  by  Normandy,  E.  by  Orleaunais.  S. 
by  Aujou  and  Xouraine,  and,  with  Perche.  constituted  a 
general  military  government.  Its  capifcil  was  Le  Jlans.  It 
is  now  included  in  the  departments  of  Sartho  .°.nd  Mayenne. 

M.\INE,  m:iu,  a  river  of  Ireland,  after  a  course  of  about  18 
miles,  falls  into  Cnstlemaine  harbor,  whence  it  is  navigable 
to  the  villaire  of  Castlemaine. 

MAINE,  ui.An.  the  largest  of  the  New  England  States,  and 
the  most  easterly  of  the  United  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  C^inada  East,  i^from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  St.  John's 
River,)  on  the  E.  by  New  Brunswick.  S.  by  the  .Atlantic 
Ocean,  and  W.  bv  New  Hampshire  and  Canada  East.  It 
lies  between  4:3°  5'  and  47^  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between  66°  50' 
and  71°  W.  Ion.,  being  about  250  miles  in  extreme  length 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  190  in  its  greatest  bre.-uUh  from  E.  to  ^V., 
including  an  area  of  about  31,766  .«qviare  miles,  or  20,33tl,240 
acres,  of  which  only  2,704,133,  or  about  one-eighth,  were 
improved  in  1S60. 

Face  of  the  Chuntry. — A  ridge  of  broken  and  detached 
eminences,  apparently  an  irregular  continuation  of  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Ilamp.shire,  extends  along  the 
western  side  of  Maine  for  some  distance,  and  then  crosses  the 
state  in  a  N.E.  direction,  fonning  a  chain  of  scattered  peaks, 
which  terminate  in  Mars  Hill,  on  the  eastern  Ijoundary, 
Mount  Katahdin,  the  highest  summit  in  Maine,  and  inferior 
only  to  some  of  the  higher  peaks  of  the  White  Mountains. 
*  has  an  elevation  of  53S5  feet  above  the  sea-level.  This 
mountain  is  situated  E.  of  Chesuncook  Ijake,  and  a  little 
below  the  4(itli  degree  of  N.  latitude.  There  are  several 
peaks  varying  from  1000  to  4000  feet  in  altitude.  The  ridge 
of  highlands  ju.«t  described  separates  the  w^aters  flowing  N. 
into  the  St.  John's  River  from  those  flowing  S.  into  the 
Atlantic.  Amid  this  group  of  mountains  lie  a  nuuilvr  of 
beautiful  lakes  of  considerable  magnitude,  .\nother  range 
of  highlands,  of  from  2000  to  4000  feet  elevation,  sei^arates 
Maine  from  Canada  East,  till  it  strikes  tb.e  head  waters  of  the 
St.  John's  River.  The  state  is  generally  hilly  and  diver.«ifie<.I. 
Along  the  coast,  however,  from  10  to  20  miles  inland,  there 
are  some  small  and  marshy  plains.  Mount  Desert,  on  an 
island  of  the  same  name  in  Frenchman's  Bay,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  more  than  2000  feet,  and  forms  a  striking  contrast 
with  the  vast  plain  of  waters  around  it, 

Ninerals. — Maine  is  not  distinguished  for  its  mineral  re- 
sources, but  iron,  lime,  and  a  fine  building  granite,  are 
extensively  found.  Copper  pyrites  occurs,  according  to  Dr. 
Jackson,  in  small  quantities,  at  Dexter,  Lubec.  and  Parson- 
field.  A.  le!ui-mine,  4  miles  from  Lubec,  was  worked  for  a 
few  years.  A  small  vein  of  lead  and  zinc  ore  has  been  dis- 
covered at  I^arsonfield.  The  most  extensive  deposit  of  iron 
is  on  the  .\roostook  River,  50  miles  from  its  mouth.  Some 
manganese  is  found  in  this  deposit.  Some  of  the  marble 
which  abounds  in  the  state,  admits  of  a  fine  polish,  particu- 
larly in  the  neighborhood  of  Thomaston,  and  on  the  AV. 
branch  of  the  I'enobscot  River.  Slate  of  a  fine  quality  for 
roofing  and  for  school  purposes,  is  found  between  the  sources 
of  the  Keiinel>cc  and  the  St.  Johns  River. 

Hivers,  iMi.ei,  liai/s.  &c. — The  rivers  of  Maine  are  nume- 
rous and  important,  affording  near  their  sources,  or  on  their 
branches,  sites  for  mills,  with  abundant  water-power,  and 
furnishing,  in  the  principal  streams,  channels  for  navisa- 
Uon,  down  which  are  floate<l  those  vast  quantities  of  lumber, 
which  constitute  so  important  a  source  of  the  wealth  of 
the  inhaliitants  of  this  state.  The  Penob.scot  and  Kenne- 
bec Rivers  are  the  largest-  and.  traversing  the  interior  of 
lite  statPk  flow  into  the  .\tlantic,  after  courses  of  from  200 
U>  300  miles.  The  Penobscot  River,  in  which  the  tide  rises 
from  20  to  25  feet,  is  navigable  to  Bangor.  (60  miles,')  for 
large  vessel*,    llio  Kennebec  River  is  navigable  12  miles, 


MAI 

to  Bath,  for  ships,  to  Hallowell  (40  miles)  for  sloops,  and  to 
Waterville  (08  miles)  for  keel-boats.  Tlie  Androscoggin 
River  Issues  from  Unibagog  Ljike.  and  pursuing  a  very 
winding  course  through  New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  joins 
the  Kennebec  a  few  miles  from  the  sea.  The  Sato  liiver 
rises  in  the  W  hite  Mountains,  in  New  Hampshire,  .>nd  pass- 
ing through  the  celebrated  Notch,  empties  into  the  Atlantic 
in  the  S.W.  part  of  Maine.  The  St.  Croix  River  forms  the 
E,  boundary  for  about  70  miles,  and  the  St.  John's  River 
the  N.  boundary  for  about  75  miles.  The  coast  of  Maine  is 
lined  with  islands,  the  principal  of  which  are  Mount  Desert 
Island,  in  F'renchman's  Bay,  Deer,  Long,  and  Fo.\  Islands 
in  Penobscot  Bay.  It  is  indented  with  bays  and  inlets, 
forming  the  greatest  number  of  fine  harbors  pcsses-'ed 
by  any  state  in  the  Union.  Commencing  at  the  E.,  the 
most  importiint  are  the  Passamaquoildy,  ilacliias.  Pleasant 
River,  Frenchman's,  Penobscot,  and  C'asco  Bays,  besides 
a  number  of  smaller  inlets,  but  all  important  to  the 
trade  of  the  state.  Maine  is  mirrored  over  with  beautiful 
sheets  of  water,  some  of  them  lakes  of  considerable  magni- 
tude, among  the  largest  of  which  are  Moo.sehead  Luke.  35 
miles  long,  Chesuncook  Lake.  24  miles  long.  Miliinoket, 
Schoodic,  Eagle,  Grand,  Umbagog,  Sebago,  (and  a  number 
of  others  with  unpronounceable  names.)  which  diversify 
and  give  beauty  to  the  landscape.  So  numerous  are  the 
lakes  and  bays  of  Maine,  that  it  has  been  estimated  one- 
tenth  of  its  surface  is  covered  with  water. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tmirists. — If  the  scenery  of  Maine 
was  not  overshadowed  by  the  grandeur  and  fame  of  the 
neighboring  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  it  would 
be  the  resort  of  crowds  of  admiring  tourists.  In  addition 
to  its  picturesque  lakes  and  waterfalls.  Momnt  Katahdin 
rears  its  bold  summit  to  a  height  but  little  inferior  to  that 
of  Mount  Washington,  and  commands  a  panorama  scarcely 
inferior  in  extent  or  grandeur.  Sugar  Loaf  Jlountsiin,  on 
the  Selx)ols  River,  though  not  quite  2000  feet  in  elevation, 
is  said  to  overlook  50  mountains  and  17  lakes.  Chase's 
Mountain,  in  the  same  vicinity.  Mars  Hill,  on  the  E^oun- 
dary,  (1506  feet  high.)  and  Mounts  Bigelow,  SHddlfback, 
Squaw.  Bald.  Blue.  Speckled.  Gilead.  and  other  mountainp 
on  the  W..  abound  in  sources  of  delight  to  the  lover  of  the 
romantic  in  nature.  On  Mount  Desert  Island,  as  has  been 
el.sew  here  stated,  a  mountain  of  the  sjime  name.  2000  feet 
high,  exhibits  in  striking  contrast  the  grandeurs  of  the 
ocean  and  the  land,  plea.'-ing  the  more  by  contrast,  and 
heightening  the  effect  of  each  other.  Some  of  the  moun- 
tains in  the  W.  are  said  to  attain  an  elevation  of  4000  feet 
Maine  nlwunds  in  waterfiills,  which  comline.  in  a  hiih  de- 
gree.- the  picturesque  and  the  useful,  furnishing  as  they  do, 
the  necessary  motive  power  to  her  thousands  of  ri-irg  manu- 
factories. Near  Lowiston.  on  the  -Androscc^ggin  River,  the 
water  is  precipitated  over  a  broken  le<lge  for  about  50  feet, 
and  employed  for  extensive  cotton-mills.  Godfrey's  Falls  in 
the  Seboois  River,  Rumford's  Falls  in  the  Androscoggin 
River.  Frye's  Fall  on  a  tributary  of  Ellis  River,  several  fella 
in  the  Kennebec  River,  at  Waterville,  Skowhegan,  Nor- 
ridgewock,  and^olon.  are  all  highly  picturesque  n!  jects. 

Climate.  Sinl.  and  Prndurtirms. — The  winters  of  Maine  are 
long  and  severe,  but  the  cold  generally  steady,  and  free  from 
those  frequent  charges  that  prove  so  deleterious  to  health  in 
the  states  farther  south.  The  summers  ai-e  short,  the 
period  of  vigoross  vegetation  scarcely  lasting  four  months, 
rendering  it  unfavorable  to  maize;  but  the  late  springs 
favor  apples,  pears,  plums,  and  melons,  because  they  are  not 
tempted  to  blossom  so  early  as  to  lie  caught  by  the  frosts. 
The  snow  lies  for  three,  and  in  some  of  the  interior  forest 
districts,  for  five  months  in  the  year.  The  N.E.  winds  from 
the  Atlantic,  in  the  spring  ami  early  summer,  charged  with 
fog  and  chilliness,  are  among  the  most  unpleasant  and  un- 
healthful  features  of  the  climate  of  this  state.  Meteorolo- 
gical tables  kept  at  Biddeford.  by  .James  G.  Garland,  in  the 
Tears  1851-2.  gave  the  monthly  mean  of  Julv  at  l.j  p.  m..  at 
80°:  of  .\ugust,  77°:  of  Septemlier,  59°.76;  of  Octol>er,  60°; 
of  November,  40.09°;  of  December.  27.9.3°:  of  January, 
27.41°;  of  February.  37.13°;  of  .March,  41.04°:  of  April.  49.13°; 
of  May,  65.08°:  and  of  June.  75°.92.  Wind  westwardly  151 
days,  eastwardly  54,  northwardly  84,  aitd  southw  ardly  77. 
Quantity  of  rain,  49.24  inches.  First  frost  in  1851.  .Septem- 
ber 15th :  last  in  the  spring  of  18.52.  June  12th  ;  first  snow, 
October  26th;  last  in  spring  of  1852.  .April  16th.  Saco  frozen 
over  December  1st ;  opened  March  31st.  Lowest  jioint  of  the 
mercury  8°  below,  and  highest  98°  above  zero.  The  mer- 
cury, however,  in  some  parts,  and  in  severe  seasons,  descondg 
to  nearly  30°  below  zero. 

The  soil  of  Maine  is  as  various  as  its  surfece.  The  besit 
lands  are  between  the  Penobscot  and  Kennebec,  and  are 
highly  productive:  there  is  also  much  good  laud  in  the 
valley  of  the  St.  John's,  and  on  some  other  rivers.  There  is 
a  great  deal  of  poor  land  in  the  mountainous  districts,  and 
along  the  coast,  especially  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  slate.  The 
most  abundant  agriciiltural  products  of  Elaine  are  Irish 
potatoes,  oats.  Indian  corn,  hay,  butter,  cheese,  wooi.  live 
stock,  and  fruits.  Viesides  considerable  quantities  of  wheat, 
r}"e.  pease,  beans,  barley,  buckwheat,  market  pn'-duce.  grass- 
seeds,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey ;  Aud  some  winej 


MAI 


MAI 


hops,  flax,  Bilk,  and  molasses.  In  1S60  there  were  in  the 
6 fate  '2,7il4,l.J3  acres  of  improved  land  (3.023.538  being  un- 
improved), producing  233,.s70  busliels  of  wheat;  12;3,"2.S7  of 
rye;  l,.54(i,071  of  Indian  corn;  2,U88,939  of  oats;  246,915  of 
peas  and  beans;  6,374,617  of  Irish  potatoes;  S02,10S  of  bar- 
lej";  239,519  of  bucli wheat;  55,155  of  grass  seeds;-  1.495.060 
pounds  of  wool;  11.6S7,7S1  of  butter;  1,799,862  of  cliecse; 
306,742  of  maple  sugar;  314,685  of  lioney;  975,^.03  tons  of 
hay;  live-stocli  valued  at  S15,437 ,.533;  orchard  products  at 
S501,767;  market  products  at  1194,006;  and  slaughtered 
animals  at  S2,7(<0,170. 

Firresl  IVees. — The  great  staple  of  Maine  is  its  lumber. 
Extensive  forests  of  pine  cover  the  country'  around  tlie 
sources  of  the  Kenneliec.  I'enobscot.  and  other  rivers  in  tlie 
centre  and  N.  of  the  state.  Hemlock  and  sjjruoe  abound  in 
&I1  parts;  but  white  and  red  oak  are  confined  to  the  districts 
near  the  coast.  Maple,  beech,  birch,  and  ash  are  plentiful, 
and  some  butternut  and  white  walnut  are  found,  but  not 
in  abundance.  Cedar  swamps  occur  in  the  north  central 
portions.  The  other  trees  are  the  poplar,  elm.  sassafras, 
dogwood,  willow,  wild  plum,  basswood.  buttonwrMid.  juniper, 
hornbeam,  &c.  The  cutting  and  rafting  of  tiinlier  to  the 
saw-mills,  where  it  is  converted  into  boards,  shin^jles.  .scant- 
ling, Ac.  is  a  great  husine.«s  in  Maine.  In  winter,  great 
numbers  of  men  are  cmployetl  in  felling  tlie  trees,  and  drag- 
ging them  over  the  hard  and  deep  ^novr  to  the  rivers,  where 
they  are  suffered  to  lie  till  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  in  the 
spring,  when  they  are  floated  down  to  the  mills  and  places 
of  export.  Of  the  fruit-trees,  the  ap])le.  pear,  plum,  and 
(rfierry  flourish,  but  the  peach  does  not  succeetl  well. 

Animals. — The  mf>ose  and  cariliou  are  still  o<'casionally 
met  with  in  the  forests  of  Maine:  the  other  animals  are  the 
boar,  deer,  catamount,  wildcat,  wolf.  mink,  wolverine,  bea- 
ver, martin,  sable,  weasel,  porcupine,  woodehurk.  racoon, 
squirrel,  Ac.  The  birds  are  wilil  geese  and  ducks,  passenger- 
pigeons,  hawks,  eagles,  owls,  ravens,  humming-birds, 
thrushes,  quails,  &c. 

Manufadnra. — Maine  is  not  so  extensively  engaged  in 
manufactures  as  some  of  the  New  England  States;  she  had, 
however,  acciadiiig  to  the  census  of  18f)0,  3810  manufac- 
tiiriiig  e.-,tiiblishinents,  each  producing  $500  and  upwiirds 
annually,  ot  whieh  19  were  cotton  fiictciHe.s,  employing 
$0,0i8,:i-2a  cai>ital,  and  1828  male  and  4936  female  hands, 
consunung  raw  material  worth  .S;i,.'519,335,  and  producing 
goiids  valued  at  §6.235,623;  26  woollen  factories,  employing 
$932,400  capital  and  539  nuile  and  488  female  bands,  consu- 
ming raw  material  worth  $1,003,;3G6,  and  producing  annu- 
ally goods  valued  at  $1,717,(X)7 ;  7:i7  saw-nillls  employing 
$4,049,60s  ciii)itiil  and  4400  hands,  and  producing  annually 
lumber  valued  at  .S6,59S,.565;  37  iron-foundries  and  rolling- 
mills  employing  $380,500  capital  and  551  hands,  and  proilu- 
cing  castings,  ic,  valued  at  S714,136;  144  tanneries  em- 
ploying $851,975  capital  and  7:i3  male  and  2  female  hands, 
consmning  raw  material  worth  $1,495,019,  and  producing 
leather  valued  at  $2,188,904;  321  manufactories  of  boots 
and  shoes,  employing  $509,124  capital  and  2015  male  and  836 
female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  .$973,797.  and 
producing  boots  and  shoes  valued  at  $1,910,666;  and  46 
shi|)  yards,  employing  $56:3,750  capital,  and  pi-oducing  an- 
nually vessels  valued  at  $1,137,814.  In  1863,  48,867  tons 
of  6hii)ping  were  built  in  this  state.  Home-made  manu- 
faclures  valued  at  $190,786  were  producetl  in  1860.  Lime  is 
also  manufactured  for  export. 

Commerce. — Maine  has  a'coast  indented  by  bays  and  inlets, 
presenting  a  greater  number  of  go<xl  harbors  navigable  by 
vessels  of  the  largest  class,  than  any  other  state  in  the  con- 
federacy. Iler  rivers  may  be  ascended  by  ships  and  other 
sea-craft  from  12  to  50  miles,  and  much  farther  by  keel-boits. 
The  great  staple  of  export  from  Maine  is  lumber.  The 
value  of  the  lumber  produced  in  1860  was  $6,698,505. 
Laths,  shingles,  kc,  are  also  largely  exported,  as  well  as 
lime,  marble,  granite,  and  ice.  In  Bangor  alone,  182,942,284 
feet  of  lumber  were  surveyed  in  one  year.  The  .fisheries 
employ  a  large  number  of  vessels  and  hands  in  the  catching, 
curing,  and  carrying  the  fish  to  foreign  mai'kets  (/.  «.  out 
of  the  state).  The  foreign  imports  for  1863  amounted  to 
$3,911,408,  and  the  exports  to  $7,016,342.  The  completion 
of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Ijtwrence  Railroad,  it  is  tiiought, 
will  greatly  increase  the  foreign  commerce  of  Portland. 
The  increase  of  the  exports  of  1863  over  1862  was  nearly 
$1,.500,000.  The  tonnage  owned  in  Maine  in  1863  was 
774,040.  Number  of  ships  built  in  1853,  351,  with  an 
aggregate  capacity  of  118,916  tons,  being  the  greatest 
amount  of  ship-building  in  any  state  in  the  Union.  In 
1862-3  only  99  vessels  were  built. 

Internal  Imprnvements. — In  1S60  this  state  had  472  miles 
of  railroad  completed,  the  construction  and  equipment  of 
"vhich  cost  $16,576,385.  Among  these  roads  is  the  Grand 
Trunk  RaHroad,  which  extends  from  Portland  thiough  New 
•  Hampsnire  and  Vermont  to  Quebec  and  Montreal,  the  lat- 
ter of  which  is  -93  miles  distant ;  the  Maine  Central  Kail- 
-oad,  which  extends  from  Portland  ria  Auburn  and  Water- 
ville  to  Bangor,  138  miles,  and  the  Portland  and  Kennebec, 
which  connects  Pcrtlan'i  with  Kichmond,  Gardiner,  Au- 
gusta, and  Skowhegau;  length  100  miles.     Portsmouth 


Is  also  connected  with  Boston  by  the  Portland,  Saco 
and  Portsmouth  Railroad.  The  Androscoggin  Railroad 
unites  Brunswick  with  Farmington,  A  short  road  unites 
Bangor  with  Old  Town.  The  Cumberland  and  O.xford 
Canal,  including  some  lockage,  forms  a  navigiible  line  of 
50  miles,  uniting  Portland  with  Sebago,  Brandy,  and  Long 
I'omls. 

Education. — Maine  has  a  permanent  school  fund,  arising 
from  the  .»ale  of  lands  set  apart  by  the  state.  This  fund 
amounted  in  1853,  to  $116,074.  In  addition  to  thi.s,  the 
banks  pay  a  semi-annual  tax  of  one-half  of  1  per  cent,  on 
their  capital  for  school  purposes,  and  a  tax  of  ^0  cents  per 
capitals  levied  in  each  town.  Accordingto  the  census  of  1^60, 
there  were  in  Maine  2  colleges,  with  337  students,  $21,000 
income,  of  which  $10,500  was  from  endowments,  and  .$6000 
from  taxation;  4376  public  schools,  having  186,717  pupils, 
S464.5S9  income,  $359,446  of  which  was  from  ta.xalion, 
$i.2,16l  from  public  funds,  and  $14,813  from  endowments; 
110  academies  and  other  schools,  having  8273  i>upils.  $79,021 
income,  $17,540  of  which  was  fiom  tiixation,  $  1 3. 1 40  from  en- 
dowments, and  $1460  from  the  public  funds.  There  are  also 
in  this  state  S14  libraries.  2.'^3  of  which  are  i)ublic.  comprising 
215.437  volumes),  12  school, 473  Sunday-school.  5  college,  and 
41  churcli  libraries,  making  a  total  of  405,901  volumes.  Ac- 
cording to  the  National  Almanac,  the  number  of  colleges  in 
1863  Wiis  2,  and  of  theological  and  medical  schools  each  1.* 

SeliyioHn  DiMominalimu. — Of  1167  churclies  in  Maine  in 
186(1,  the  Baptists  owned  217 ;  Free  Will  Baptists,  147 ;  Chris- 
tians, 26;  Congregationalists,  207;  "Episcoiialians.  16; 
Friends,  28  :  Methodists.  278;  Uoman  Catholics,  31  ;  Union- 
ists, 1()6;  Unitarians,  19;  Universalists,  76;  minor  sei-ts, 
16;  giving  1  chinch  to  538  persons.  Yalue  of  church  prop- 
erty, $2  886,905. 

Periodicals. — There  were  published  In  Maine  in  1*60.  8 
olaily,  4  tri-weekly,  62  weekly,  and  6  monthly  periodicals, 
of  which  48  were  political,  6  religious,  and  7  literary.  The 
wiiole  nundier  of  copies  issued  annually  was  8,333,278. 

Public  Ivslitidifms. — The  State  IMson  of  Maine  is  at  Tho- 
maston.  and  is  condufted  on  the  Auburn,  or  silent  system; 
the  prisoners  are  engaged  in  smithing,  tailoring,  shoe- 
making,  wheelwrighling.  and  in  quarrying  limestone:  the 
number  of  prisoners,  on  December  1, 1862,  was  112.  -Exce.ss 
of  expenditures  over  I'eceipts  more  than  $5000.  Theri^  is  a 
State  Insane  Asyhun,  located  at  Augusta ;  it  had,  December 
1,  1862,  258  patients,  and  since  the  opening  of  tlio  Institu- 
tion, 2523  have  been  received,  of  whom  41  per  cent,  were 
restored.  This  stale  hiul  77  public  libraries,  according  to 
the  census  of  1850,  with  51,439  volumes;  142  school  and 
Sunday-school  libraries,  with  29,213  volumes ;  8  college 
libraries,  with  39,625  vohnnes;  and  9  church  libraries,  with 
1692  volumes.  (For  the  statistics  of  libraries  for  1860,  see 
Eilucation.)  In  18.;j3.  iMaine  appropriated  $0,772.60  for  tho 
educatiim  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  (the  former  in  the 
asylums  of  Connecticut),  and  $112,600  to  the  State  Reform 
School,  Insane  Hospital,  kc. 

Pnpuldtinn. — Till  recently  the  population  of  Maine  was 
almost  wholly  of  Knglish  or  New  England  origin,  but  nnw 
it  begins  to  receive  a  portion  of  the  mixed  emigration  from 
Kuro]ie.  The  number  of  inhabitants  was  96,540  in  1790; 
151.719  in  1800;  228,705  in  1810;  298,.335  in  1820;  399.455  in 
1830;  501,793  in  1840;  583,169  in  1850;  and  in  1860.  623.279; 
of  whom  626,947  were  whites,  1327  cohjred.  and  5  Indians. 
Population  to  square  miles,  19.  Representative  population, 
628,279.  Of  the  population,  560.030  were  born  in  the  state; 
29,796  in  other  states;  37,453  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom 
2677  were  born  in  England,  15,290  in  Ireland.  759  in  Scot- 
land, Ss  in  Wales,  17,540  in  British  America,  384  in  Germany, 
120  in  France,  and  36.858  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the 
poi)ulation  in  the  leading  pursuits,  64.843  were  farmers, 
1S,734  laborers,  15,865  farm  laliorers,  13,371  servants.  11,375 
mariners,  7087  factory  hjtnds,  5209  teachers, 4952  carpenters,- 
4607  fishermen,  4584  shoemakers,3032  merchants,  277  7  black- 
smiths, Ac,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1,  1860,  there 
occurred  7614  deaths,  or  12-3  in  every  tliousand.  The  number 
of  deaf  and  dumb  was  297  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume 
on  P"pidutlon  of  the.  Eighth  O-nsus,  pp.  liv.,  Iv.,  Ivi.,  &c.,) ; 
blind,  233;  insane,  704;  idiotic,  659.  . 

Counties.  —  Maine  has  16  counties,  viz.:  Androscoggin, 
Aroostook,  Cumberland,  Franklin,  Hancock,  Kennebec, 
Knox,  Lincoln.  Oxford.  Penobscot.  Piscataquis.  Sagadahock, 
Somerset,  Waldo,  M'ashington,  and  York.  Capital,  Augusta. 
Cities  and  Towns. — Portland  is  the  largest  and  most  com- 
mercial town ;  pop.  in  1860,  26,341.  The  other  most  impor- 
tant places  are  Bangor,  jiop.  16,407;  Bath,  8076;  Augusta, 
760'J ;  Lewiston,  7424;  Rockland,  7316;  Calais,  5621 ;  Belfast, 
5520;  Auburn,  Brunswick.  Camden,  Ellsworth,  Gardiner, 
Waldoborough,  and  Waterville. 

Grrvemment,  Finances,  Banks.  &c. — The  governor  of  Maine 
is  elected  annually  by  popular  vote,  and  receives  a  salary 
of  $1500  per  annum.    He  is  aided  by  a  council  of  7  person.s, 


»  Throu'hnut  the  United  Stales  tliere  h  a  wide  discrepancy  between 
tlie  number  of  cnlleses  reported  by  tlie  census  and  tlie  National  Al. 
nianac.  that  of  tlie  former  being  much  the  larger,  which  may  perhap« 
be  accounted  tor  by  its  inciuding  theological,  medical,  and  law  sctiobli 
in  it»  list. 

U23 


MAI 

elected  i  n  joint  ballot  by  the  legislature.  The  Senate,  com- 
posed (if  iJl,  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  of  101  mem- 
bevs,  are  elected  annuidly  by  the  people.  The  legislature 
m.;et.s  ou  the  2d  Wednesday  in  January.  Three  months' 
residence  iu  the  state  previous  to  an  election,  gives  every 
male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  not  a  pauper  or  criminal, 
the  ri^'ht  of  suffrage.  M.aine  is  entitled  to  6  members  in 
the  national  House  of  Kepresentatives,  and  to  8  electoral 
votes  for  President  of  the  United  Suites.  The  judiciary  con- 
sists— 1.  Of  a  supreme  judicial  court,  composed  of  1  chief 
aud  6  associate  judges,  holding  courts  in  3  judicial  districts, 
the  wi>stern.  ea-itern.  and  middle,  for  the  purpos^e  of  hearing 
aud  d  -terminiug  questions  in  law  and  equity  :  other  cases 
are  tried  in  the  several  counties  where  they  are  commenced. 
The  judges  of  this  court  have  salaries  of  $1800  per  annum  ; 
2.  Of  probate  courts,  hi-ld  in  each  county,  and  receiving 
salaries  of  from  $100  to  $500 ;  3.  Of  municipal  and  police 
cuurts  in  the  larger  towns. 

The  assessed  value  of  property  in  Maine  for  ISCO,  was 
Sll)l,71i,10S;  the  public  debt  iu  JiUiuary,  1864,  was  Si422,- 
000:  the  total  e.xiMiuditurcs  rorlSt;A««33,893,of  wliich  S400,- 
732  was  for  the  civil  service.  On  December  1st,  18(53,  there 
were  in  the  state  ti9  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
5i.OO8.OO0,  a  circuhition  of  $6,019,156,  and  So78.043  in  specie. 

Htsinry. — .4.  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  the  pre- 
sent town  of  Pliippsburg  in  1007,  contemporaneously  with 
Jamestown  in  Virjcinia.  but  afterwai-ds  abandoned.  Settle- 
ments from  New  Hampshire  gradually  extended  themselves 
into  Maine,  and  Yoitc  and  Saco  are  linown  to  have  had  an 
existence  in  1625.  In  1635  a  French  armed  vessel  took  pos- 
session of  n  trading-house  on  the  Penobscot,  aud  sent  the 
colonists  back  to  Plymouth.  In  the  same  year  Maine  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Gorges,  but  after  his  death  iu  1652.  was 
annexed  to  Massachusetts,  as  far  as  the  Kennebec  Kiver. 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  centurj'.  Maine  suffered 
much  from  incursions  by  the  savages  and  French,  many  of 
tlie  lowns  being  laid  waste  aud  the  inliabitants  slaughtered. 
This  state  of  things  was  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht 
in  1712.  by  wliich  Maine  p;ussed  with  .A.cailie  into  the  hands 
of  tlie  English,  and  last  its  separate  history  iu  that  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, to  which  it  was  attached.  During  the  Revolu- 
tionary .war,  Portland  was  bombarded  by  the  English  in 
1775.  and  more  than  100  buildings,  public  and  private, 
were  destroyed.  The  ever-memorable  march  of  Arnold,  on 
his  passiige  to  Quebec,  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  the  same 
year,  toolv  p'ace  along  the  margin  of  the  Kennebec,  within 
the  limits  of  the  present  state  of  Maine.  In  1820  this  state 
became  an  independent  member  of  tlie  great  American  con- 
f  deracy.  .\fter  a  long  diplomatic  controversy,  wliich  had 
nearly  resulted  in  an  appeal  to  arms.  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States,  by  treaty,  in  1842,  defined  the  N.  and  X. 
W.  boundary  of  Maine  to  be  the  St.  John's  and  St.  Francis 
Itivei-s  to  Poheuagamook  Lake,  and  from  thence  in  a  S.^V. 
direction  along  the  highlands  to  the  X.E.  corner  of  New 
llamp^liire. 

MAINK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  W.  part  of 
ISroom'e  co.,  New  York,  about  70  miles  S.  of  Syracuse.  The 
village  confciins  2  or  3  churches  and  several  stores.  Pop.  Of 
the  township,  1609. 

MAINE,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn.sylvania.  P.  529. 

M.VINE.  a  post-ofHce  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

JI.\.INE-ET-L()IKE.  men-A-lwdn/  or  mdn-A-lwlR'.  a  depart- 
ment in  the  X.W.  part  of  France,  formed  of  the  old  province 
of  Anjou.  between  lilt.  46°  69'  and  47°  45'  N.  Area  2755 
sjuare  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  626,012.  Chief  rivers,  Loire, 
Sarthe.  Mayenne,  and  Loir.  Surface  diversified  by  hills 
and  plains.  The  valley  of  the  Loire  produces  lint,  hemp, 
and  fruits.  The  minerals  comprise  slate,  granite,  marble, 
and  flint.  Grain,  wine,  fruits,  and  cattle  are  extensively 
exported.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arroudisse- 
meuts  of  Angers,  Bauge,  Beaupreau,  Saumur,  and  Segre. 
Capital,  Angers. 

M.'VIXES'BURG,  a  postvillage  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

M.\INES'VILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Columbia  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

M.\INL.\ND.  one  of  the  Orkneys.     See  Pomona. 

MAINS  and  STilATllMAR/TIXE,  united  pari-shes  of  Scot- 
laud,  CO.  of  Forfar. 

MAINSBUIIG.    See  Mainesbubo. 

MAINSTOCKIIEIM.  min'stok'hTme,  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
Lower  Francouia,  on  the  Main.     Pop.  1374. 

M.\IN'STONE,  a  parish  of  England  aud  Wales,  counties 
of  Salop  and  Montgomeiy. 

-MAIN  STRE.'VM.  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

JIAIXTENOX,  m^.N<:'teh-n6xo'.  (L.  Mestenn.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  10  miles  N.X.E.  of 
Chartres.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Eure  and  Voise,  and  on 
the  railway  to  Versailles.  Pop.  1442.  It  has  ruins  of  the 
gigantic  aqueduct  commenced  by  Louis  XIV.  to  convey 
water  trom  the  Eure  to  Versailles,  and  the  magnificent  cha- 
teau in  wliii-h  he  espou.sed  Fran(;oise  d"Aubigne. 

MAIXVAULT,  ma.\«\0'.  a  town  of  ISelgium.  province  of 
Hninaut,  21  miles  X.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  2058. 

.M.\IN'V1LLE.  a  )x>st-office  of  Corjk  co.,  Illinois. 

MAI.NZ,  a  city  of  Germany,     See  Mextz. 
1124 


MAK 

MAJORCA.  mi-oR'kJ,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Douro,  20  miles  from  Coimbra.    Pop.  28uO. 

M-\1RA,  mi'rd,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  States,  joins  th" 
Po,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Carmaguoia,  alter  a  course  of  nearly 
60  miles. 

MAIUEXA,  mI-r.Vu3,  a  fillage  of  Spain,  50  miles  S.E.  by 
E.  of  Granada.     I'op.  927. 

MAIKENA  DEL  AL.IAI!AFE,  mi-rd'na  dfl  dl-Ha-rd'fA,  or 
M.VIRENA  LA  TACuNEKA.  mi-ra'ni  Id  t;l-ko-n:i'rd,  a  town 
of  Spain,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Seville,  on  the  Kio-Pudio.     P.  822. 

MAIRENA  DEL  ALCOR.  nii-ri'ud  dol  al-kor,'.  a  t.iwn  of 
Spain.  .\ndalusi.'i,  13  miles  E.X.E.  of  Seville.     Pop.  3023. 

MAISDOX,  maMili.N»/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-Inferieure,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  2100. 

M.\ISDY,  mi.s/dee,  a  town  of  India,  Berar  dominions.  30 
miles  X.  of  EUichpoor. 

MAISSY,  mis'see,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  52  miles  X.  of  Patna. 

JIAIS'MOUE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

-MAISjNS-.M.FuRT.  ni:W..\<i' dl'tbii',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Seine,  arrondi.ssement  of  Sceaux.  on  the  Paris 
and  Lyons  Railway.  The  hamlet  of  Alfort  has  a  national 
schcxil  of  rural  economy. 

M.\ISONS-SUli-SElNE.  m.VzAx-:'  siiR  skn,  a  village  of 
France,  depaitmenl  of  Seine-et  Oise.  10  miles  N.  of  Versailles, 
with  remains  of  a  fine  chateau,  aud  a  station  on  the  railway 
from  Paris  to  Havre. 

MAISSANA,  mi.s-sj'na.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
8  miles  from  Vareso,  on  the  Borza.     Pop.  2600. 

.M.\ITEA.  mi-t.Vd.  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  E.  of  Tahiti,  on  which  it  is  dependent  Lat.  17°  53' 
S,.  Ion.  148<^  6'  W.    Circuit,  8  miles. 

JIAITL.\ND,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Gren- 
villt,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  7  miles  X.  of  Prescott. 
Pop.  about  200. 

MAIT'L.A.XD,  E.«i  and  West,  two  towns  of  Australia, 
New  South  Wales,  co.  of  Xortbuuiber'aud.  on  the  lluuter 
River,  at  its  junction  with  Walles  Creek.  14  miles  X..\.W.  of 
Xewcastle.  United  pop.  3319.  They  have  several  chun  hes ; 
East  Maitland  has  a  court-house  aud  jail ;  "West  Maitlaud, 
which  is  the  most  thriving  place,  contains  numerous  large 
stores  and  some  good  hotels.  With  Newcastle,  these  towns, 
called  collectively  the  ••  Northumberland  boroughs,"  return 
1  member  to  the  I^egislative  Assembly  of  the  colony.  Good 
coal  is  abt^indant  iu  the  vicinity. 

M.ilZIEKES,  m,d'ze-aiR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Meurlhe,  14  miles  S.E.  Chateau  Saiins.    Pop.  1384. 

M.\JA;UI}0.  md-jdmlx).  a  maritime  town  of  Madaga.«car, 
on  its  X.W.  coa.-t,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Majambo,  70 
miles  X.E.  of  Beuibatook.a. 

MAJD,\^i,  miMdn',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theiss, 
CO.  of  Krassova.  4  miles  from  Oravicza.     I'op.  1310. 

MAJIN'DA.  a  town  of  Sinde.  ou  the  In<lus.  40  miles  N.W. 
of  Hyderabad,  with  2000  inhabitants,  and  au  exteiisive  ba- 
zaar.    Lat.  2(;^  51'  N..  Ion.  68°  19'  E. 

M.\J^)UC.A.  m.vjor'ka,  I'Sp.  MaVnrca.  mKX-yo^Tkh  Fr.  Ma- 
jorque.  mj'zho.f^^;  L.  B  ilea'ris  3lii'jor»nd  Maj'ircn.)  an  island 
in  the  Meditetranean.  belonging  to  Spain,  and  forming  the 
larirest  of  the  Bnle-aric  group,  about  115  miles  S.  of  Barcelona : 
between  lat.  .19^  Ifi'and  39°  57'  X.,  and  Ion.  2°  18'  and  3°  27' 
E. ;  greatest  length  58  miles,  greatest  bn'adth  45  miles,  area 
1420  square  miles.  It  is  very  irregular  and  deeply  in- 
dented. The  co.ists  on  the  W.  aud  X.,  facing  Spain,  are 
very  lofty  and  steep;  in  other  directions  they  are  low  and 
shelving.  A  gri'at  number  of  good  natural  harbors  are 
scattered  along  the  coasts.  The  interior  is  finely  diversified 
with  mountaius,  hills,  valley.s,  and  plains.  The  culminating 
point  of  the  island,  Puig  de  Torella.  has  a  height  of  about 
4800  feet.  The  climate  is  temperate,  the  mountains  iu  the 
N.  affording  protection  against  the  winter  cold,  and  refresh- 
ing breezes  from  the  sea  mitigating  the  summer  heat:  violent 
winds,  however,  are  not  unfrequeiit,  and  the  air  is  often 
overcharged  with  moisture,  which  hang.^  in  clouds  or  de- 
scends iu  mists.  Majorca  is  generally  well  watered  and  fer- 
tile, producing,  in  considerable  abundance,  wheat,  barley, 
o;its.  legumes,  oil.  and  wine:  fruits  abound  everywhere. 
Capital.  Palma.  Pop.  179.753.  Mjijorca  and  Minorca  were 
anciently  named  Gymnesia;  while  the  appellation  of  .Major, 
or  "the  larger,"  was  given  the  former,  and  that  of  Minor, 
or  "  the  smaller."  to  the  latter  i.-!aud. — .\dj,  and  inhab. 
Majob'c.w  or  Mallorquine,  marior-keen';  ^Sp.  M.vllorquin, 
mdl-yoK-keen' )  ' 

MAJORI.  ml-yo'ree.  a  maritime  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra.  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Salerno.     I'op.  2800. 

M.\JS.  uiTsh.  or  MAYS  EK,  mi\sh  Jk',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Thither  Danube,  6  miles  from  Mobacs.    Pop.  1217. 

Jl.iJSA,  mi'shoh,  a  village  of  Hungary,  district  of  Littla 
Cuniani.o.  18  miles  from  Felegyhaza.     I'op.  4223. 

M.\JUMB.\,  a  towu  of  Africa.     See  MAiOMBA. 

M.\JUNGA,  md-jun'gd.  a  maritime  town  of  Madagascar, 
on  its  N.W.  coast,  at  the  entrance  of  Bembatooka  Bay.  An 
e.\teusive  traffic  is  carrieil  on  here,  chiefly  with  the  Ameri- 
cans, in  jerked  beef,  horns,  tallow,  and  hiiles. 

M.\KAD.  niuh'ki'id',  a  village  of  Hungary.  Hither  Danutx^ 
27  miles  fi-om  Pesth,  on  an  island  uf  the  Danube.    P.  3'>8«l 


MAK 


MAL 


MAKADISITU,  a  town  of  Africa.     Spo  5Iaoat>0X0. 

MAKALLAII.  MACALLAri,  uid-kdl'lih,  or  MACULT.AII, 
ra.^-oul'l.ih.  a  sctJiport  town  of  AniMa,  on  its  S.  coast,  and  on  a 
small  bay.  SOO  miles  E.N'.K.  of  Adim.  Lat.  U°  31'  N.,  Ion.  49° 
6'E.  I'opuLitinn  about  4500,  coiiiprisin;^  numerous  foreigner.*. 
It  is  partially  encloseit  by  wall.s.  and  has  an  imposing  appear- 
ance from  the  sea.  its  houses  lieinp;  in  a  castellated  style,  and 
several  stories  in  height.  The  harbor,  sheltered  by  a  point 
to  the  S.  K.,  affords  good  anchorage,  and  is  greatly  frequented 
by  coasting  vessels.  It  is  the  best  station  on  this  coast  fir 
ships  to  obtain  supplies  of  provisions;  and  It  also  exports 
gums,  hides,  and  senna,  and  has  an  import  trade  in  colTee, 
and  other  native  produee  from  Arabian  ports;  cotton  doths, 
leajj.  and  inm  from  Ikmibay:  and  sheep,  aloes,  honey,  and 
slaves  from  Kosseir  and  Berbera. 

MAKA.N'D.V.  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  48 
miles  from  Cairo. 

MAKAIIIKV  or  MAKARIEW,  ma-ki-re-fv',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  46  miles  K.S.K.  of  Xizhnee-N'ov- 
gorod,  on  the  Volga.  I'op.  2350.  It  has  a  large  monastery, 
4nd  .some  trade  in  horses  and  timber,  but  its  importance 
has  greatly  declined. 

Jl.VKAKIKV,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  110  miles 
E.  ot"  Kostroma.     Pop.  2850. 

M.\K.\!!IKO.  mi-kd'ree-ko,  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  ()0  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nizhneo-Novgorod,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Volga. 

M.VK  :■;  ti',  a  post-township  of  AUomakee  co.,  Iowa.  P.  1425. 

MA'KKR.  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Cornwall  and 
Devon.  2;^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Devonport.  On  a  hei+;ht  near  the 
village  is  a  battery  for  the  defetice  of  I'lymouth  Sound. 

W.\'KKUST;)X,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

MAKII.NOVI^.V,  m.'tk-nov'kj.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  95  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kiev.     I'op.  5000. 

.^1.\KI.\^^  md-ke-4n'.  a  small  volcanic  island  in  the  Malay 
Archiiielago,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Gilolo,  lat.  0°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
127°  30'  K.    Circuit  about  18  miles. 

M.\K1N,  an    island  in  the  North  Pacific.    See  Pitt. 

MAKIMVAT,  mlke-neyay,  or  .MAKIXYAT,  md-keen- 
ySt'.  a  si raggling  village  of  Central  Arabia,  120  miles  W.S. 
W.  of  Muscat,  formerly  a  city  of  consequence,  but  ruined  by 
the  Wahabees  in  1800. 

M.\KlvUM,  mik'kum,  a  market-town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Friesland,  on  the  Zuyder-Zee,  9  miles  S.  of  Ilar- 
lingen.     I'op.  1850. 

:vrAKNOVKA  or  MAKNOWKA,  mSk-novn<.i,  written  also 
M.\CIIN'OVIvA,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  94  miles 
S.W.  of  Kiev.     I'op.  4700. 

MAIvO.  moh'ko'.  or  .M.\K0VT.4..  mi-ko've-S.  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Csanad.  on  the  Maros.  22  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Szegedin.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  bishop,  and  contains  a 
Roman  Catholic,  a  Greek  United,  a  Protestant  church  and  a 
Protestant  gymnasium,  a  court-house  and  county  buildings. 
and  handsome  barracks,  recently  constructed.  It  has  an  im- 
portant trade  in  corn,  wine,  cattle,  and  wood.  The  fishing 
in  the  Maros  is  very  productive.  There  are  also  numerous 
mills,  i'op.  in  184t5,  21,000;  of  whom  rathei^more  than  one- 
half  are  Protestants. 

SI.iKOO,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Maooo. 

M.\KOOAS.  md^koo'Jz,  a  people  of  South-East  Africa,  near 
the  Mozambi(|ue  coast. 

M.\Ki)QUKT.\,  ma-kO'kJ-ta.  a  river  of  To wa.  rises  near  the 
S.E.  corner  of  Fayette  co.,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Missis- 
sippi in  Jackson  co.,  about  22  miles  below  Galena.  Its 
general  course  is  south-easterly,  and  its  whole  length  ex- 
ceeds 100  miles. 

MaIvOQUKTA.  a  thriving  post-vill.age  in  Jackson  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  river  of  its  own  name.  32  miles  S.W.  of 
Galena,  and  60  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  the  middle  of  a  prairie.    Pop.  1090. 

M.\lv'lV,  md-KOv',  or  .M.\CII()\V,  mdK'ov,  a  town  of 
Poland,  province,  and  fi3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Plock.    Pop.  4000. 

MAKOVIA.     SeeMAKO. 

M.\KOV  or  MACIIOW,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Podolia.  9  miles  N.  of  Kamieniec.     Pop.  1420. 

MAKOWAR,  mS-ko-wdii/.  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea.  off  the 
coast  of  Nubia,  near  a  small  port  of  the  same  name,  lat.  20° 
38'  X..  Ion.  37°  20'  E. 

MAKOWAR  or  EMERALD  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Red 
Sea.  off  the  coast  of  Esypt,  opposite  the  ruins  of  Berenice ; 
lat.  23°  50'  X.,  Ion.  35°  45'  K. 

MAKDWIEC,  mj-ko've-^ts.  a  vilUge  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment and  28  miles  E.X.K.  of  Warsaw.  Here  Ivosciusko  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Ru.ssians  in  1794. 

MAKR  KE  or  M.A.lvKl,  md'kree*.  a  seaport  town  of  Turkey, 
Asia  Minor.  S.W.  coast,  on  the  Gulf  of  Makree.  .52  miles  E. 
X.E.  of  Rhodes,  which  city  it  supplies  with  mules,  cattle, 
Blieep.  and  fuel.  It  has  a  good  and  well-sheltered  port. 
Its  antiquities  comprise  a  very  perfect  theatre,  and  tombs, 
remains  of  the  ancient  Ti'Ivtrgsvg. 

MAKRKE  or  MAKRI,  a  seajiort  town  of  Turkey,  Room- 
Elee.  on  the  .Egean  Sea.  75  miles  S.W.  of  .\drianople.  It  is 
t  Greek  I)ishop"s  see.  and  has  a  harbor  defended  by  a  castle. 
'?op.  .3000. 

MAKROXISI,  md-kro-nee'see,  an  island  of  Greece,  off  the 


E.  coast  of  Attica,  3  miles  E.  of  Cape  Colonna,  10  miles  in 
length  and  2  miles  in  breadth,  but  latelv  uninhabited.   ' 

MAKTAX,  m:lk-tdn'.  a  small  islan(I,"one  of  the  Philip- 
pines, in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  lying  to  the  E.  of  the  isaml 
of  Zebu.  The  celebrated  navigator,  JlagoUan,  (Magalhaeus,) 
was  killed  here  in  1521. 

M.VKULLA,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  iiAKAU.AH. 

M.\LA,  md/ld,  a  decayed  village  of  i'eru.  department  and 
48  miles  S.E.  of  Lima,  about  4  miles  from  the  I'aeilic.  Here 
I'izarro  met  Almagro,  to  settle  their  differences.     Pop.  SOiJ. 

M.\Ii.\,  nid'ld,  a  river  of  I'eru,  enters  the  Pacific  at  I'crto- 
Mala.  .50  miles  S.S.B.  of  Lima. 

MAL.\.  a  village  of  Spain,  with  mineral  baths,  8  milc-9 
S.W.  of  Granaxla. 

.MAL.\B.\R,  malVbar'.  a  maritime  district  o;  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madr.as,  on  the  W.  coast,  mostly  Ij^ 
tween  lat.  10°  and  12' X.  Area  6(MjO  square  miles.  I'op.  in 
1851,  estimated  at  1,514,909;  in  1802  it  was  only  4t  5.594. 
Principal  towns.  Calicut.  Tellicherry,  Canaiiore.  and  I'onany 
The  Malabar  Coast  is  a  name  which  has  Ijeen  applied  to  nil 
the  W.  coast  of  India,  thougli  the  Jlalabar  language  is 
spoken  only  from  Cape  Comoriu  to  about  lat.  12°  30'  X. — 
Adj.  Malabar'ic. 

MAL.\C.\.     SeeMAtAG.*. 

MALACCA,  m.t-lak'ka.  or  MALAYA,  md-li'ya,  formerly 
an  independent  country  or  kingdom  of  Southern  Afia,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.  It  is  now  divide.! 
between  the  territories  of  the  Kurope,jin  powers  and  the 
kingdom  of  Siam.    See  Malay  PEMNbULA. 

MALACC.\,  mdlak'ka.  and  XAXIXG.  nd'ning',  one  of  the 
•'Straits  settlements"'  belonging  to  the  British,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  between  lat.  2°  and  3^  X..  and 
Ion.  102°  and  103°  E.,  having  landward  the  territories  of 
Salangore.  Rumtxiwe,  .lohole.  and  Johore.  Estimated  area 
1000  s<iuare  miles.  I'op.  58.000,  of  whom  from  2ooo  to  .3000 
are  Kuropeans.  This  settlement  is  under  the  British^ndian 
presidency  of  Bengal,  and  govtvrned  by  a  resident  at  Ma- 
lat-ca,  with  an  assistant  at  Naning. 

M.\L.\CCA.  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  is  situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  Malacca  River,  near  its  mouth.  130  miles 
X.W.  of  Singapore,  lat.  2°  10'  X.,  Ion.  102°  5'  E.  Pop.  12.120. 
Principal  edifices,  the  barnicks,  courthouse,  town-house, 
jail,  civil  an<l  military  hospitals,  and  the  .\nglo-Chinese 
College  founded  in  1818.  Here  are  also  Chinese,  Hindoo, 
and  Malay  schools.  The  ruins  of  a  famous  church,  erect- 
ed by  .Albuquerque,  and  the  remains  of  Portuguese  and 
Dutch  f  )rts,  occupy  several  summits  around  the  town.  Ma- 
lacca has  some  export  trade  in  gold-dust,  tin,  balachang, 
aloe-wood,  ebony,  ivory,  and  Chinese  hardwares;  and  it  im- 
ports earthenwares,  opium,  iron,  rice,  British  and  Indian 
manufactur<!d  goods,  salt,  and  colonial  produce:  the  com- 
merce of  the  Straits  has,  however,  become  chiefly  nioiiO(x> 
li/.etl  by  Singapore.  The  town,  said  to  have  been  founded 
in  1252.  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  in  1511,  by  the  Dutch 
in  1041.  and  by  the  Kngli.sh  in  1795.  It  wa-s  again  held  by 
the  Dutch  from  1818  to  1825,  when,  with  its  territory,  they 
exchanired  it  with  the  British  fir  Bencoolen.  in  Sumatra. 

MALACCA.  STRAIT  OF.  a  channel  between  the  .Malay 
Peninsula  and  the  island  of  Sumatra,  connecting  the  China 
Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean.  I^ength,  520  miles,  breadth, 
from  25  miles  opposite  Xaniiig.  to  200  miles,  at  its  X.  en- 
trance'. The  navigation  of  the  sti-ait  appears  intricate  and 
dangerous,  but  with  ordinary  prudence  may  be  safely 
passed.  The  current,  where  tides  do  not  prevail,  sets  often 
to  the  N. 

MAL.\COOREE,  5IALAC00RE  or  MALACOURI,  md-ld- 
koo'rce.  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  West  .Africa,  about  65 
miles  K.N.K.  of  Sierra  Li'one.  on  the  .Malageea. 

MAL.\CZKA,  mohMits/koh\  a  market-town  of  AVest  Hun- 
gary. CO.  and  21  miles  X.A\'.  of  Presburg.     Pop.  2353. 

.AIALADETTA.  MOUNT.     See  Nethou,  Pic. 

MAL.AGA,  mal'a-gij  or  md'Id-gd.  (anc.  Malktca.)  a  seaport 
city  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Metliterranean.  65  miles  E.X.E.  of  Gibraltar.  Lat.  of  mole, 
36°  43' 5"  X.,  Ion.  4°  26' E.  Pop.ll3,0:)0.  It  is  built  in  the  form 
of  an  amphitheatre,  near  the  base  of  a  mountainous  range, 
and  is  commanded  by  a  fine  old  Moorish  castle,  perched  on  a 
pointed  rock,  and  called  the  Gibralfaro.  The  streets  are  very 
narrow,  ill  paved,  and  dirty,  with  high  houses  built  anpuiid 
courts.  It  has  a  fine  promenade,  on  which  are  some  of  the 
best  hou.ses  in  the  town.  The  chief  public  buildings  are  a 
splendid  cathedral,  with  a  spire  .302  feet  high  ;  the  bishop's 
jialace.  4  parish  churches,  5  hospitals;  the  opera-house,  cus- 
tom-house, legal  seminary,  and  a  convict  depot.  MahiL'a  is 
the  see  of  a  bishop,  the  residence  of  a  civil  and  military  go- 
vernor, and  the  seat  of  several  important  courts  and  public 
offices.  The  principal  manufactures  are  linen  and  woollen 
fabrics,  sail  cloth,  rope.  paptT,  hats,  leather,  and  soiip ;  here 
are  also  a  royal  cigar  factory,  and  two  extensive  iron  foun- 
di-ies.  The  old  Moorish  Darsena.  or  dockyard,  is  u.sed  as  a 
store-house.  The  harbor,  formed  by  a  mole  700  feet  in 
length,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse,  is  capable  of  holding 
about  450  merchant  ships,  and  may  be  entered  during  any 
wind.  Malaga  has  a  large  trade  in  wines,  the  finest  of 
which  are  "'  Mountain"  and  "  Lagrimas;'"  the  other  exporH 

1125 


MAL 


MAL 


are  olive  oil.  figs,  almonds,  raisins,  grapps,  orange-peel,  and 
lemon  <,  sent  to  Gi-eiil  Britain  iimi  the  United  t^tatps.  with 
lead  and  iron  from  neigliboring  mines.  The  imports  com- 
prise wtlt  tish,  iron  hiK>ps,  bar  iron,  nails,  woollen,  silk, 
and  ootton  fobrics,  and  colonial  produce.  Slalaga  is  sup- 
posed to  hare  been  founded  by  the  Carthaginians.  From' 
then  it  passed  to  the  Romans,  under  whom  it  became  a 
gre-t  and  flourishing  city.  It  was  taken  by  Ferdinand  the 
Cat^c.lie  in  1487.  It  has  suffered  severel7  ii  different 
epocns  from  plague,  and  in  1803-4,  the  yellow  lever  deci- 
mated the  population.    See  Velez-Mal^oa. 

MALAGA,  a  maritime  province  of 'Spain,  Andalusia, 
bouudrtl  S.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Area  3052  square  miles. 
Pop.  4?.8,0nO. 

JIAIVAGA,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  township,  Gloucester 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  alKjut  2U  miles  S.S.E.  of  Woodbury,  contains 
a  church,  a  glass  factory,  and  near  -10  dwellings. 

MALAGA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Monroe  co., 
Ohio,  110  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  1879. 

MALAGA,  VELEZ.     See  Yelez-Malaga. 

MALAGOX,  mi-li-gon',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  19 
miles  X.W.  of  Ciudad-Keal.    Pop.  3282. 

MA'LAIIIDE',  a  watering-place  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Leinster,  on  a  bay  of  the  Irish  Se.i,  9  mUes  N.X.i;.  of  Dublin, 
with  a  station  on  the  Dublin  and  Drogheda  Railway.  Pop. 
1337,  partly  employetl  in  a  valuable  oyster  fi.-ihery.  It  is 
handsomely  built,  and  is  frequented  by  bathers. 

M.\LA1SIA,  mal-^she-a,  (J'r.  Makiisie,  miOlA'zee/,)  a  name 
sometimes  applied  to  the  Malay  An'hipelago.  It  is  derived 
from  the  circumstance  that  the  inhabitants,  for  the  most 
part,  belong  to  the  great  Malay  race. — Adj.  Malaisiax,  mal- 
a/she-an.    See  Malay  Archipelago. 

MaLaMOCCO,  md-la-mok'ko,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Venice,  on  Malamoct-o.  a  long  sandy  island, 
separating  the  lagunes  from  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  1800.  It  was 
the  residence  of  the  Doge  in  the  8th  century. 

MALAN6,  mj-ling',  a  Dat<ih  town  and  residency  of  Java, 
on  the  S.  coast  Pop.  of  the  latter,  80,000.  Chief  produce, 
coffee. 

MALAXS,  mi'lfeo',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Grisous,  on  the  Lanquart,  2  miles  S.S,E.  of  Mayenfeld. 
Pop.  1050. 

MALAXSAC,  miHftx«\sik',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  arrondissemeut  of  Vannes.     Pop.  2021. 

MALA,  PUXTA,  poon'tl  ma'lA,  a  cape  of  South  America, 
New  Granada,  bounding  the  ^V'.  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  I'a- 
nama. 
•  3IALAR,  (Malar.)  a  lake  of  Sweden.    See  Maelar. 

MALASPIXA,  md-lds-pee'n^,  the  westernmost  of  the  Co- 
Inmliretes  Islands,  Mediterranean. 

MALATEEYEII  or  MALATIA,  md-U-tee'eh.  (anc.  MeJi- 
tehii;.)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  100  miles  X.K.  of  Macash, 
near  tlie  Euphrates.  It  has  atx)Ut  200  wretched  houses,  a 
ruinous  castle,  the  head-quarters  of  a  pasha,  and  some  good 
mosques  and  caravan.serais.  It  is  unhealth.v;  and,  from 
various  cau.ses,  most  of  its  population  have  now  settled  at 
Aspuzi.  about  4  miles  southward. 

MAL.iTIA.     See  Malateetkh. 

MA  LATI VO.  ni4-ia  tee/vo,  written  also  MOELETTVO,  moo- 
le  t.-e'vo.  a  seaport  town  of  Ceylon,  on  its  K.  coast,  52  miles 
K.N.W.  of  Triucomalee,  with  a  small  harbor  and  some  salt^ 
works. 

MALAUCEXE.  mdMo'saln',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vaucluse,  16  mUes  E.X.E.  of  Orange.  Pop. 
32S3. 

JIALAUXAY,  mdno'n.V.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-Inferieure,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Havre 
Railway,  branch  to  Dieppe,  5^  miles  N.  of  Rouen.  Pop.  1833. 
It  has  numerous  cotton  and  paper  mills,  but  was  nearly 
ruined  by  a  hurricane  in  1845. 

M.\LAYa.    See  Malay  Pexixsul.a. 

MALAY  ARCini'ELAGO.  ma-UV  ar-ke-pJl'a-go,  called 
also  INDIAN,  ASIATIC,  and  EASTERN  AKCHIPELAGO, 
and  MALAISIA.  the  most  imiwrtant  and  extensive  group  of 
islands  on  the  globe :  situated  to  the  S.E.  of  Asia,  and  washed 
W.  by  the  Indian  and  E.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  chiefly  of  the  Malay  race,  whence  its  name.  A  chain 
of  islands,  about  thirty  in  number,  separated  in  general  only 
by  very  narrow  straits,  extends  from  the  X.W.  extremity  of 
Sumatra,  lat.  5°  34'  N..  Ion.  95°  20'  E.,  to  the  Arroo  Islands, 
lat.  tjo  S.,  Ion.  134°  30'  E.,  a  distance  of  about  2600  miles. 
The  greater  part  of  this  chain  lies  between  the  7th  and  9th 
parallels  of  S.  lat. :  but  at  (me  point— Rotte  Island,  adjoining 
Timor— it  touches  the  11th  parallel.  This  is  the  S.  boundary 
of  the  Archipelago.  Its  E.  limit  has  less  compactness  and 
linenr  precision.  At  a  sliort  distance  N.  and  E.  from  the 
Arroo  Islands,  lies  the  irreat  island  of  I'apua.  or  New  Guinea, 
the  \Y.  peninsula  of  which  is  by  some  considereti  as  be]on<'- 
hig  to  the  Indian  Archipelago.  From  200  miles  to  500  miles 
>.\\  .  are  the  Moluccas,  or  Spice  Islands,  in  the  widest  sense, 
and  X.  by  \\.  from  these  again  are  the  Philippine  Islands- 
the  largest  of  which  group,  Luzon,  reaches  the  17th  parallel 
of  X.  latitude.  Thus  the  Archipela-ro  has  an  extreme  length 
of  4o°  and  a  breadth  of  28°.  With  the  exception  of  the  Philip- 
pines, which  stiU  belong  to  Spain,  the  islands  of  Peiiang, 
1126  ^' 


Singapore.  Lahuan,  and  the  settlement  of  Sarawak,  en  the 
W.  coast  of  Borneo,  which  belong  to  Great  Britain,  and  the 
N.  and  N.W.  portions  of  the  island  of  Borneo,  the  Sooloo, 
and  some  other  islands,  under  native  potentjites,  the  whole 
of  this  vast  arcliipelago  Ls.  either  really  or  nominally,  under 
the  sway  of  the  Netherlands;  this  last  portion  is  frequently 
named  the  Dutch  East  Indies 

Within  the  limits  hero  pointed  out  lie  some  of  the  largest 
and  finest  islands  in  the  world,  as  Borneo,  Sumatra,  above 
1000  miles  in  length,  Java,  Celebes,  Luzon,  &c.  The  fertile 
and  cultivated  islands  of  less  size,  extending  E.  to  the  Sjiioe 
Islands,  are,  Xias,  Mantawi.  Poggy.  Billiton,  Banca.  .Madur.i, 
Bali,  Lomlxik,  Sumbawa-Comodo.  Sandalwood  Island.  Flores, 
or  Mangarai,  Timor,  Ceram,  Booro,  Gilolo,  Mindanao.  Pa- 
lawan, Negros,  Samar,  Mindoro,  Panay.  Leyte,  and  Zebu. 
Numerous  groups  are  scattered  throughout  the  Archipelago, 
consisting  each  of  hundreiJs  of  islands;  many  of  them  cele- 
brated by  the  natives  for  their  beauty  and  fertility,  but  they 
have  never  been  surveyed,  and  are  even  studiously  avoided 
by  European  navigators,  who  dread  not  only  the  hidden 
dangers  of  coral  banks  and  islets,  hut  also  the  piratical  ha- 
bits of  those  who  dweil  upon  them. 

Geological  QmstituUmi. — The  islands  which  form  the  S.  line 
of  the  Archipelago,  are  all  mountainous,  and  the  chief  sum- 
mits are  volcanic,  ilany  of  them,  indeed,  are  still  active 
volcanoes.  It  would  api;ear  as  if  this  very  long  and  narrow 
ridge  of  land  hail  been  raised  from  the  ocean  by  tlie  .agency 
of  subterranean  fires.  The  line  of  vulcanic  action  may  be 
traced,  on  the  W.  side,  through  Sumatra  to  Chittagoijg,  in 
the  Bay  of  B.engal.  On  the  E.  side  it  ri'aches  the  merielian 
of  130^  E.,  nearly  under  which  are  the  little  volcanic  islands 
of  Nila  and  Seroa.  in  the  Sea  of  Banda.  It  then  inclines 
N.W.,  to  the  little  islands  lying  on  the  W.  of  (iilolo,  which 
are  all  volcanic.  Thence  the  volcanic  line  may  be  traced 
through  the  Philippines  and  Japan  to  Kamtihatka.  In 
the  older  primary  and  secondary  rocks,  metalliferotis  ores 
are  abundant  tiold  is  found  in  various  |ilaces.  e.-pecially 
in  Borneo  and  Sumatra;  extensive  tin-mines  in  Banca; 
silver,  copper,  iron,  in  other  localities;  diamonds  are  found 
in  Borneo,  sulphur  is  abundant,  as  are  also  lignite,  naptha, 
and  asphaltum;  coal  is  tbund  in  Luzon  and  other  localities, 
and  native  salt  is  procured  from  the  springs  of  Java. 

The  principal  entrances  to  the  Malay  Archipelago  from 
the  E..  are  Gilolo  i'assage  and  Dampier's  Strait,  by  the  coast 
of  New  Guinea,  while  the  Striiits  of  Malacca  and  (^f  Sunda 
give  a'x»s8  from  the  W. ;  and  the  Straits  of  Lomtok,Allass, 
Ombay,Ac.,  from  the  S. 

Climiitf. — The  whole  Archipelago  lies  within  the  tropics, 
and  indeed,  for  the  most  j^art.  close  to  the  equator;  which 
passes  through  the  middle  of  Sumatra  and  of  Borneo,  and 
across  Celebes  and  Gilolo.  This  entire  oceanic  and  e({uatorial 
region  if  excepted  from  the  general  law  of  the  trade  wiuds, 
which,  on  the  N.  and  S.  sides  of  tiie  line  respectively,  blow 
constantly  from  the  N.E.  and  S.E.  Within  the  Archi^.eliigo, 
and  thence  W.  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  the  monsooi;s,  that  is. 
sc-ason  winds,  prevail,  blowing  alternately  from  the  S.E.  and 
N.W.  But  thestrwinds.  though  locally  regular  and  constant, 
vary  much  from  place  to  place;  and  E.  of  Celebes,  the 
seasons  are  rever.sed;  here  the  rains  full  during  the  dry 
sea.son  of  the  western  islands,  though  far  less  copiously  than 
in  the  hitter.  The  Xorth  Philipiine  Islands  al'>ne  fall  within 
the  region  of  hurricanes  and  boisterous  winds. 

Groups.  &c. — The  fii-st  division  of  the  Arcliipelago.  founded 
on  natural  feature.*,  embraces  Sumatra.  Java.  Bali.  Lombok, 
and  about  two-thirds  of  the  W.  part  of  Borneo,  U)  the  meri- 
dian of  116°  E.  Ion.  So  far  there  is  a  general  uniformity 
of  animal  and  vegetable  productions:  the  soil  is  extremely 
fertile ;  rice  is  the  general  food  of  the  people,  who  have  inadf. 
a  considerable  advance  in  the  arts  and  habits  of  civilized 
life.  The  second  division,  comprehending  Celebes,  Booton, 
and  East  Borneo,  up  to  lat.  3°  N.,  is.  in  soil.  food,  and  civi- 
lization, inferior  to  the  first.  Rice  is  here  no  longtr 
abundant,  and  .«ago  often  supplies  its  place.  The  thirii 
division  extends  from  Ion.  124°  to  130°  E.,  and  lietween  lat 
10°  S.  and  2°  N.  Here  nature  takes  a  new  aspect.  The 
rich  ve,iretation  of  tlie  western  islands  is  seen  only  on  the 
sea-shore,  the  hills  are  comparatively  bare  and  arid.  But 
this  is  the  rejrion  in  which  ali'Ue  the  clove  and  nutmeg 
attain  perfection.  Y'et  the  soii  is  not  fertile,  rice  is  rare,  and 
the  staple  food  in  this  division  is  sago.  The  inhabitants 
are  much  inferior  to  those  further  W.,  and  have  never 
acquired  the  use  of  letters.  The  clove  was  originally  found 
only  on  the  five  Mrlucca  Inlands,  chiefly  on  Machian, 
whence  it  was  carrie-l  to  .\mboina.  to  which  spot  its  cultiva- 
tion is  now  re.strictc.l  by  the  Dutch.  The  fjurth.  less  dis- 
tinct! v  marked  than  the  preceding,  lies  between  the  parallels 
of  4°  and  10°  N.,  f r<  m  Ion.  1U.°  to  l:ffi°  E..  Jncludh.g  the  N. 
angle  of  Borneo,  the  Sooloo  Isia;!d.*-  and  Mindanao.  The 
inliabitants  ore  stiperiir  to  those  of  the  third  division.  Rica 
is  their  chief  food,  but  s.ago  also  is  much  Uhod.  The  dive  and 
nutmeg  are  here  indigenous,  but  inferior  in  quality  o  tbi.se 
growing  further  S.  The  fifth  division  is  that  of  t»"i  Philip- 
pine IslJinds,  fVom  lat.  10°  to  18°  N.  Here  a  humiu  climnte 
I  and  volcanic  si'il  re.-ippear,  and  with  them  exuberant 
I  fertility.    Kice  again  becomes  abundant.    Si.i{ar    ]  titolaico 


MAL 


MAL 


are  pr'^'lucod :  'bvit  peppers,  fine  spices,  and  «ome  of  the  fruits 
of  the  i -lands  near  the  equator  are  wantng. 

Vegdatirin. — In  the  woods  of  Sumatra  and  Java,  most  of 
the  trees  exceed  100  feet  in  height.  But  the  density  of  tlie 
vcgetntiou  is  still  more  astonifliing  than  the  vigor  of 
Individual  plants.  In  the  struggle  for  space  and  air,  plants 
of  diirereiit  kinds  hecome  piled  one  over  the  other.  Teak, 
mango,  fig,  musa,  sandal,  ebony,  and  other  great  trees,  are 
miiigli'd  with  palms  of  endless  variety  and  gigantic  forms  ; 
while  climbing  plants,  frequently  canes,  interweaved  from 
tree  to  tree,  bind  the  whole  together,  and  render  the  forest 
utterly  impenetrable.  The  tendency  to  climb  characterizes 
the  veL'itation  of  the  Archipelago.  Slem^',  a  ftx)t  or  more  in 
diameter,  and  belonging  to  species  which  elsewhere  grow 
without  support,  here  twine  themselves  round  the  giants  of 
the  f  in  st.  Several  of  the  climbing  canes  also  take  root, 
like  the  musa,  as  often  as  they  touch  the  ground  with  their 
boughs.  The  inexhaustiVjle  supply  of  great  timber  afforded 
by  these  woods  is  to  the  natives  of  far  less  importance  than 
the  cocoa-nut,  the  bamboo,  and  numei-ous  slender  palms 
which  adorn  the  coasts.  In  general  the  the  objeet-i  of  cultiva- 
tion in  the  Malay  Island-s — rice,  mai7.e,*&c. — are  each  known 
by  one  name  throughout  the  Archipelago;  while  the  in- 
digenous prtKluctions  change  their  names  with  the  lo<-alities. 

Jnhaliitunts. — In  the  Malay  Archipelago  there  are  two 
aboriginal  races.  One,  of  Malay  extraction,  has  a  brown  or 
fair  complexion,  the  other  is  the  Papuan  or  Negro  race,  and 
is  black.  The  brown  race  are  about  4  inches  below  the 
average  European  stature.  They  are  robust  and  somewhat 
clumsy:  the  face  is  square,  with  hollow  cheeks  and  project- 
ing jaws;  large  mouth,  small  nose,  small  black  eyes,  and 
lank  hair.  The  Hattahs  of  Sumatra,  and  the  wretched 
Dyaks  of  Borneo,  who  are  among  the  fairest,  live  under  the 
equator:  the  Javanese,  the  most  civilized  and  most  luxu- 
rious, are  among  the  darkest.  The  I'apuas  or  dark-coloretl 
natives  are  dwarf  Negroes ;  they  rarely  attain  the  height 
of  5  feet,  and  have  feeble  frames:  the  skin  is  of  a  sooty 
hlack.  not  polished  like  that  of  the  vigorous  African :  the 
chin  retreats  as  to  form  no  part  of  the  face;  the  lips  are 
very  prominent,  the  look  wild  and  malign.  They  increase 
la  numl'ers  towards  the  E.,  and  are  the  sole  possessors  of 
Papua  or  New  Guinea.  AVherever  found,  they  seem  to  be 
in  the  lowest  stage  of  civilization. 

In  the  .Malay  Archipelago  there  are  no  dry  pastures,  no 
grasses,  no  open  glades.  Pastoral  life,  the  ordinary  begin- 
ning of  industry  and  society,  here  has  no  existence.  The 
natives  are  chiefly  confined  by  impenetrable  forests  to  the 
sea-shore.  An  unusually  large  proportion  of  the  whole  popu- 
lation have  maritime  habits.  Their  chief  tf>wiis  are,  in  many 
instaiues.  built  ov(!r  the  water:  the  bamlwx)  houses  being 
construetcMl  on  stakes.  They  often  shelter  an  entire  village 
under  a  single  roof  Even  the  least  civilized  tribes  of  the 
Dyaks  construct  houses  on  piles,  10  or  20  feet  above  the 
ground,  large  enough  to  loilge  500  people.  The  natives  are 
skilful  lx>at-builders.  and  tiieir  prahoos.  (prahfis.)  often  of  00 
tons  burden,  are  excellent  specimens  of  naval  architecture. 

Fleets  of  prahoos  are  fitted  out  every  year  in  Celebes  for 
the  trepang  fishery  on  the  coast  of  New  Holland.  The  only 
forms  of  governments  known  to  the  brown  or  Malayan 
population  are  an  elective  confederation,  as  in  Celebes;  or 
an  unlimited  despotism,  as  in  Java. 

MALAY  PENINSULA,  called  also  MAL.\C'CA  or  MA- 
L.\Y.\.  md-lA'y.i,  (anc.  Chersomlsus  Au'rea,)  the  most 
southern  portion  of  Continental  Asia,  forming  the  S. 
part  of  the  peninsula  of  Farther  India,  mostly  between 
lat.  1°  and  13°  N.,  and  Ion.  98°  and  104°  E.,  connected 
northward  to  Lower  Siam  by  the  Isthmus  of  Kraw,  and  j 
having  on  the  E.  the  Gulf  of  Siam  and  China  Sea,  and 
on  the  S.  and  W.  the  Strait  of  Malacca.  Malaya  proper 
Or  Malacca  extends  from  lat.  1°  20'  to  7°  N.  .  Estimated 
area  4."),000  square  miles,  and  pop.  about  375.000.  The 
country,  as  far  as  lat.  0°  S.,  comprising  the  states  of  Ligor 
and  Quedah.  is  claimed  by  Siam :  S.  of  which  it  is  subilivided 
amonir  many  small  native  states — the  principal  lx>ing  Perak, 
Johore.  Pahang,  Kalantan.  Tringany,  and  Kumbowe,  be- 
sides the  British  territories  of  Malacca.  Naning.  and  the  JTO- 
vlnce  of  M'ellesley.  Its  centre  is  traverseil  throughout  by 
a  mountain  chain,  rising  from  3000  to  €000  feet  in  height, 
but  decreasing  on  proceeding  to  the  S.,  where,  however,  the 
detached  Mount  Ophir  is  estimated  to  rise  to  5700  feet  in  ele- 
vation. The  svirface  is  well  watered  and  finely  timberetl. 
The  (population  consists  principally  of  Siamese  and  Malays. 
Princip;',l  towns,  Malacca,  Quedah,  Salangore,  Johore,  Pa- 
tany,  ami  P:ihang. — Adj.  M.\i,\¥AN.  mal-A/an,  and  MAi..\y. 
mal-V:  inhah.  Malay.  The  latter  (Malay)  is  also  applied  to 
the  whole  of  Malaisia  or  Malay  Archipelaoo. 

MA  LA  YTA,  mi-WtA,  an  i.sland  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean ; 
lat.  (S.  point)  9°  45'  S.;  Ion.  101°  39'  24"  K. 

MALBKltO,  mJtl'bjRO,  or  M.VILBERG,  miPb^RO,  a  market- 
town  of  Lower  .\ustria.    Pop.  llol. 

MAL'B'lKOLIGtt,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MALBDUGETH,  miSPliomi-ghJu,  or  MALBOBGETII. 
tnSl'bnRY'bJt'.  a  town  of  Austria.  Illvria.  21  milps  S.W.  of 
Villach,  in  a  narrow  pass,  on  the  Fella,  deleuded  by  a  strong 
fort,  razed  by  the  French  in  1809. 


MALCHIN.  mil-Keen/,  a  town  of  Germany.  grand-duch'S 
of  Meeklenberg-Sehweriii.  between  Lakes  M.alcbin  auu  Cuia- 
mer,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Glistrow.  Pop.  3Su2.  Chief  indus- 
try, weaving  and  tanning. 

MALC'IIOW.  mdl'Kfiv.  a  town  of  Germany,  grand-duchy 
of  Mccklenberg-Schwerin,  on  an  jslaud  in  Lake  Malchow,  11 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Waren.  Pop.  2S87.  It  has  important  ma- 
nufactures of  woollen  cloths. 

M.A.L'CULM,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  ^Mississippi,  26 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Natchez,  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  tlw 
Malcolm  and  Natchez  Hailroad.  in  course  of  construction. 

MALDA  or  MAULDA.  mawlAlri,  a  town  of  Brili.sh  India 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  district  and  50  miles 
S.'NV.  of  Dinagepoor,  on  the  Mahanunda,  an  afilueiit  of  the 
Gauges.  It  consists  of  3000  hou.ses,  miserably  built  out  of 
the  ruins  of  Gour,  12  miles  distant. 

.MALDEGIIEM,  mdl'deh-gh^m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  (5114, 
engaged  in  tobacco  factories,  oil-mills,  breweries,  and  cotton 
printing  works. 

M.\LUEN,  mil'dfn,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
2i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ewell,  with  a  station  on  the  Loudon  and 
South-Western  Hallway. 

M.VLDE.X,  mrll'dt^n,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gel- 
derland.  4  miles  S.  of  Nymwegen.     Pop.  680 

M.\L'DEN,  miil'den,  a  thriving  post-vill.ige  and  township 
of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name, 
navigable  for  vessels  of  300  ton.s  to  within  h:ilf  a  mile  of 
the  village,  and  on  the  Boston  and  Maine  and  the  Saugus 
Branch  hailroad,  5  miles  N.  of  Boston.  It  has  excellent 
water  privileges.  The  principal  manufactures  are  tin  ware, 
block-tin  ware.  India  rubber  boots  and  shoes.  lasts,  boot' 
tree.s,  enamelled  leather,  coach  laco  and  tassels ;  and  there 
are  establishments  f.«r  dyeing  silks,  cottons,  kr.,  staining 
paper,  and  making  iron  pipes.  Large  quantities  of  bricks 
are  also  made,  and  there  is  an  extynsive  tide  tlouring-niill. 
A  bridge.  2420  feet  in  length,  connects  Maiden  with 
Charlestown.  The  village  contains  4  churches,  a  bank, 
about  a  dozen  stores,  and  2000  inhabitants.  There  are  also 
the  villages  of  Edgeworth  and  South  Maiden.  Pop.  of  the 
township  TiSOo. 

M.\LDEN,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  Hudson  Kiver,  42  miles  below  Albany.  It  haa 
a  steamboat  landing. 

MALDEX  BKIDGE,  a  postrvillage  of  Columbia  co.,  New- 
York,  on  Kinderhook  Creek.  It!  miles  S.S.E.  of  .\lbany. 

M.\LDEN  CENTH  E,  a  station  on  the  Saugus  Branch  Rail- 
road, 5  miles  from  Boston,  JIassachusetts. 

MALDEN  ISLAND,  an  island  iu  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat 
(S.  point)  3°  5S'  30"  S.,  Ion.  155°  W.  It  is  of  low  coral  forma- 
tion, and  about  12  or  14  miles  in  extent.  Discovered  by 
Caj)tain  Lord  George  Byron,  July  30,  1825. 

JIALUEKEN,  mSl'd.  h-rin\  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  the 
Steenhuffelsche-Beek,  io  miles  N.N.W.  of  Brussels.     P.  1755. 

M.\LDEUE.\,  a  village  of  Belgium,  11  miles  from  Mechlin, 
(Maiines.)  with  which  it  communicates  by  railway. 

MALDIVE(nial'div)  ISLANDS.orMALEDlVA.  nMh-dea/- 
yL  ("Thousand  I.sles"').  a  chain  of  islands,  Indian  (3cean.  be- 
tween lat.  0°  45'  S.,  and  7°  0'  N.,  and  Ion.  72°  4S'and  73°  48' 
E.,  ttlKJut  300  miles  S.E.  of  Ilindostan.  and  separated  N.  from 
Manicoy  and  the  Laccadives  by  the  S  and  9  degrees  channels 
They  are  of  coral  formation,  and  arranged  in  17  round  and 
oval  groups,  termetl  at/ills,  surrounded  and  proteete<l  by  coral 
reefs.  The  larger  islands  are  well  wooded  with  palms.  &c..and 
proiluce  millet,  numerous e.sculent  root,s.  fruits,  inid  jKiuItry ; 
the  smaller  are  mere  barren  islets.  Cowry  fishing  is  an  im- 
portant pursuit.  Pop.  of  the  whole  may  amount  to  150,000 
or  200,000.  They,  are  Mohan\medans.  and  live  uiider  a 
sultan,  who  resides  on  the  island  of  Male,  and  sends  an  an- 
nual tribute  to  the  Brftish  government  in  Ceylon. 

MAL-DI-VENTRE.  mdl-dee-v^n/lrA.  an  island  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, off  the  W.  coast  of  Sardinia,  6  miles  S.W.  of 
Cape  Mannu.  It  is  5  miles  long,  1  mile  broad,  low,  and  rocky. 

MALDiJ.N,  mil'dpn,  a  parliament.iry  and  municipal 
borough,  river-port,  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Essej:,  on 
the  Chelmer,  occupying  an  eminence  wbiih  overlooks  a 
marshy  tract.  9^  miles  E.  of  Chelmsford.  Pop.  in  1S51.  5888. 
It  has  .several  ancient  churches,  a  grammar  school,  founded 
in  1008.  with  an  exhibition  to  Christ's  College.  Cambridge; 
a  large  national  school,  a  valuable  libi-ary  bi^queathed  by 
Dr.  I'lume.  who  al.so  endowed  several  charities;  an  ancient 
town-hall,  a  jail,  and  large  barracks,  with  imports  of  coal, 
ii'on,  and  timljer.  It  has  exports  of  fish  and  agricultural 
produce.  Vessels  of  considerable  burden  approach  the  town. 
Shipping.  7280  tons.  .Sends  2  members  to  the  lIou.se  of  Com- 
mons.    It  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Karl  of  Essex. 

MALDOXADO,  maido-nd'do,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
Uruguay,  or  liar.da  Oriental,  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the  Plata 
estuary,  60  miles  E.  of  Montevideo.  Lat.  of  the  island 
Gorriti,  whii  h  shelters  its  harbor,  34°  57'  2"  S.,  Ion.  54°  57' 
35"  W.     It  is  regularly  built,  and  has  a  large  public  square. 

MALE,  md'la.  or  MOIIL,  mol,  the  principal  island  of  the 
Maldive  group,  a  little  N.  of  its  centre,  almost  circular, 
having  a  circumference  of  nearly  5  miles.  It  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Sultan,  and  the  seat  of  his  government,  and 

1127 


MAL 

■WA5  once  completely  fortified  by  a  wall  and  bastions.    Pop. 
near  :iOoO. .  ,  .     m      , 

MALK,  m;l/lA  or  ma'leh.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Tyrol, 
60  miUs  fi-om  Trent,  on  the  Nooe.     Pop.  lltjl. 

M.\LK1J|J.M.  nii-le-bum'.  a  town  of  .Nepaul,  on  the  Gun- 
duck.  138  miles  N.W.  of  lihatmandoo. 

MAL1;KU.\,  malekrd.  a  neat  town  of  the  Punjab,  near 
the  pouth  range  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  close  to  the 
foot  of  Koe-Kaiigra. 

JIALKMBA,  ma-lem'ba,  a  town  of  West  Africa. 

M-iLEMiJUT,  mirmoB),  a  vill.iire  of  i'rance.  department  of 
Vauduse.  6  miles  t«.K.  of  Carpentra?.     Pop.  V-iW. 

M.VLH>MYX,  md'U-mIn'.  a  town  of  Burmah.  on  the  Irra- 
waddy.  76  miles  N.  of  Ava,  cont.ains  aliout  SOO  houses. 

M.\hKNO\VlTZ,  mM.-i-noSvlts,  a  ma rke Wo wn  of  Moravia, 
12  miles  N.N.E.  of  llradi.sch.     Pop.  13.37. 

M.ALE  ).  md-l.Vo.  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  .Milan,  17  miies  S.E.  of  Ix>di.     Pop.  404-.i. 

MALESHEK15ES,  mdrzaiab',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Luiret,  on  the  Essonne.  11  miles  .\.E.  of  I'itlii- 
Tiers.     Pop.  1475.     Uere  is  the  fine  chateau  of  Miilesherbes. 

M.VLESl'KOrr,  raaUAHRwd'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Morbibau.  8  miles  S.  of  Ploermel.     Pop.  1790. 

MALEW,  a  pari.>ih  on  the  Isle  of  -Man. 

MALFI.  mil'fee,  a  village  of  Austria,  Dalmatia.  7  miles 
N  W.  of  Kagusa,  on  a  b.iy  of  the  Adriatic.     Pop.  2984. 

.MALG.Va.'iLlI,  MALUHAR.A.,  mal'gd-ra.  or  MIGALGARA, 
me-gdl'gi-rd,  a  walled  town  of  European  Turkey,  province  of 
Koom-Elee,  .oaujak  and  33  miles  X.N.E.  of  Gallipoli.  P.  2o00. 

M.VLGIt.VT,  mdl-grit/,  a  seaport  town  of  .Spain.  37  miles 
N.E,  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  2839. 

M.\LGl'fi.V.A.C.  m:irgA'nik',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Mor'ulian.  4  miles  W.  of  Pontivy.     l>op.  2009. 

M.\I>'I1.^M.  a  township,  England,  eo.  York.  West  Hiding. 

M.iLIIEUR.  mal-oor',  (Yr.  pron.  mJ'luR-'.)  a  river  in  the 
S.E.  part  of  Oregon,  rises  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  flows 
into  Pnake  TUver. 

IMALTAOU?  SIXTTS.    See  Lamia.  Gulf  of. 

M.iLICORNl'],  niS^lee^koun',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  t?arthe,  8  miles  N.  of  La  Fleche,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Sarthe.     Pop.  1094. 

M.iLINES,  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  .Mechlix. 

M.\l/IN'.  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal,  10  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Londonderry.     Pop.  205. 

M.\LIN  HEAD,  a  promontory  of  Ireland,  Lister,  co.  of 
Donegal.  Lat.  65°  22'  N.,  Ion.  7°  24'  W.  On  its  summit  is  a 
8ign.al  tower. 

ld.\.LINOVKA,  mR-le-nov'kJ,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  and  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Donets. 
Pop.  2000. 

MALK.\.  mdl'kJ,  a  river  separating  Circa.asia  from  Rus.°ia, 
joins  the  Terek,  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mosdok,  after  a  course 
of  al)Out  110  miles. 

MALLARE.  mdl-li'ni  or  MALLERE.  mdl-ld'ri,  a  village 
of  the  i^ardiiiian  States.  7  miles  from  Cairo.     Pop.  1597. 

M.\LL.-VV1LLV.  mdl-ld-villee,  a  fortified  town  of  Southern 
India.  Mysore  dominions.  25  miles  E.  of  Seringapatam. 

MALLEMORT,  mdrieh-moB/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  BouchesHlu-RhOne,  28  miles  E.XJB.  of  Aries.  Pop. 
2150. 

MALLEX,  mdl-yJn',  (anc.  Manflia  f)  a  town  of  Spain,  Ara- 
gon.  39  miles  X.W.  of  Saragos.sa.     Pop.  1852. 

MAL'LKT'S  CREEK,  a  po.st-viIlage  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio, 
115  miles  X.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

MALLEZ.\.  mdl-yi'thd,  a  village  of  Spain,  Asturlas,  25 
mill's  from  Oviedo.     Pop.  1579. 

MALLICOLLO,  mdl-le-kol'lo,  a  group  of  i.<ilands  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  16°  30'  S..  Ion.  167°  50'  E.,  S.E.  of 
Espiiitu  Santo.  Estimated  area,  600  .square  miles.  It  is 
low,  well  watered,  and  fertile,  but  iiihabited  by  a  race  appa- 
reutlv  in  the  lowest  stage  of  barbarism. 

M.4LLIC0LL0,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  300  miles 
N.  of  the  above.    See 

MAULING,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

MALLIXG,  SOUTH,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

MALLIXG.  WEST,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Kent,  5^  miles  W.X.W.  of  Maidstone.    Pop.  1784. 

MALLOIiCA.    See  Majorca. 

MAL'LOUYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Wilkes  co.,  Georgia, 
76  miles  X.X  .E.  of  .Milledgeville.  It  has  a  church,  an  academy, 
and  a  cotton-gin  factory. 

MAl/hOW,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and  watering- 
place  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  and  17  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Cork,  on  the  Blackwater.  here  crossed  by  an  old  bridge  of  15 
arches.  Pop.  of  parish  in  1851.  9279.  It  is  picturesquely 
situated,  with  many  elegant  seats  In  the  vicinity;  has  a 
handscime  modern,  and  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  church, 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  manor  court-house,  jail,  union 
worklmusi'.  l>arracks,  county  infirmarv,  news-rooms,  and  the 
hott<-st  mineral  spring  in  Ireland.  "The  borough  sends  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  castle  is  the  seat 
of  the  .lephson  family,  who  own  the  town.  In  the  vicinity 
is  th>'  ruined  castle  of  the  ancient  Earls  of  Desmond. 

MAI-LWVD.  Mia/A/'wid.  a  parish  of  North  Males,  counties 
of  Merioneth  and  Montgomery. 
1128 


MAL 

MALMAISON,  tilrm.VsjS"',  a  chateau  in  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  i^  miles  W.  of  Paris,  celebrateil  as  having 
been  the  favorite  residence  of  the  Empress  Jii-eplune. 

M.'VLMEDY,  mdl'meh-do.  a  town  of  lihenish  Prussia,  25 
miles  S.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  on  the  Warge.  I'op.  40;0.  It 
has  extensive  tanneries,  and  manufactories  of  woo!  Icu  dotta, 
muslins,  soap,  ai:d  potash,  mineral  springs,  and  near  it  the 
ruins  of  an  ancient  imperial  abbey. 

MALMESBURY,  mdmz'ber-e,  a  parliamentary  birough, 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilt.<.  nearly  enclosed 
by  the  Avou,  here  crossed  by  six  bridges.  lOj  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Bath.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  in  1851,  6998. 
The  town,  formerly  fortified  and  more  cxlensive,  has  three 
principal  streets,  and  a  haud.some  market  cross,  built  in  the 
time  of  Henry  All.  It  was  the  seat  cf  a  famous  Saxon 
nunnery :  little  now  remains,  except  a  portion  u.^eU  as  the 
parish  church,  with  a  tomb  reputed  to  be  that  of  King 
Athelstan.  It  ha-s  vestiges  of  ancient  fortificaiions.  The 
manufacture  of  woollen  doth,  furmerly  the  chief  branch, 
has  given  way  to  wool-stapling.  Malniesbury  ceasetl  to  have 
corporate  jurisdiction  b}"  the  Municipal  Reform  Act.  It 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commor^s.  It  is  the  birth- 
pLace  of  the  historian  William  of  Malmesbury,  and  the 
philosopher  Ilobbes, 

MAL.UISH  or  MALMYCII,,  mdl-mi.sh',  a  town  of  Russia, 
governmeut  of  Viatka,  SO  miles  N.X.E.  of  Kazau,  ou  the 
Yiatka.     Pop.  2000. 

MAL.MO,  (MalmiJ,)  mal'mo  or  mdl'md,  a  seaport  town 
of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  la.'u,  on  the  Sound,  and  in  one  of 
the  most  fertile  districts  of  the  kingdom,  16  miles  E.SJC. 
of  Copenhagen;  lat.  55°  36'  6"  X.,  Ion.  13°  E.  It  was 
formerly  a  place  of  strength,  but  all  the  fortifications  have 
been  removed,  to  the  great  improvement  of  the  appearance 
of  the  place.  The  to«n  coui-ists  of  a  large  and  regular 
square,  surrounded  by  an  avenue  of  lime,  alder,  and  (hest- 
nut  trees.  The  principal  buildings  are  two  chur(  hes,  one 
of  them  pos.«essed  of  a  large  organ  and  costly  monuments', 
the  old  castle,  still  surrounded  by  walls  and  ditches,  and 
occupied  partly  as  larracks;  the  governor's  house,  town- 
house,  hospital,  and  theatre.  The  staple  manufactures  are 
gloves.  The  trade,  much  cramped  by  the  want  of  a  good 
harbor,  is  chiefly  in  grain  and  brandy.  A  steamer  plSee 
regularlv  between  Malmii,  Copenhagen,  and  Lubeck.  Pop. 
in  186:5,'21,526. 

MALMOHUUS,  (Malmilbuu.s)md'mo-hooce,orMAL:MO,  a 
fertile  province  or  la;n  of  Sweden,  at  its  S.W.  extremity,  hav- 
ing S.  the  Baltic,  and  W.  the  Sound.  Area  17 SI  square  miles. 
Pop.  253,084. 

MALX.\TE,  mdl-ni'ti,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  13  miles  E.X.E.  of  Como.    Pop.  2062. 

M,\LO,  md/lo,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Yicenza,  on  the  Torlo.  Pop.  3960.  It  has  a  salt- 
petre fiictorv. 

MALUI-a'rCIIAXGELSK.  mdloi-aR-kSn-ghJlsk',  a  small 
town  of  Russia,  governmeut  and  46  miles  S.E.  of  Orel. 
Pop.  1300. 

MALUl-DIELSKAJA,  mdloi-de-Jl-.skd'jd,  a  small  town  ot 
Russia.  Don  Cos.sack  country.  230  miles  X.E.  of  Tchcrkask, 
on  the  Medvieditza.     Pop.  2500. 

MALOI-YAROSLAVITZ.  mi'loi-yd-ro-sll'vits.  (?)  a  small 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  38  miles  X.  of  Kal<  oga,  on 
the  Loosha,  (Louja.)  This  place  was  the  scene  of  a  san- 
gumary  engagement  between  the  French  and  Russians,  4th 
October,  1812. 

M.VLOXE,  marlOn',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin 
CO.,  New  Y'ork,  in  Malone  township  and  on  the  Xorthcru 
llailroitd,  60  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg.  Salmon  River  flows 
through  the  township,  aft'ordiug  extensive  water-jwwer, 
and  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  which  has  a  sp;in  of  160  feet,  at 
an  elevation  of  82  feet  above  the  water.  Malone  is  the 
largest  village  in  the  county.  It  is  beautifully  situated  in 
the  midst  of  a  rich  and  rapidly  improving  agricultural  dis- 
trict: and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  churches 
for  the  Presbyterians,  Biiptists,  Episcopalians,  Methodists, 
Uni versalists,  and  Romjin  Catholics ;  the  Franklin  Academy, 
a  thriving  institution,  incorporated  in  1S31 ;  the  county 
poor-house,  buildings  of  the  State  Arsenal,  (sold  since 
18-">],)  2  banks,  and  several  machine-shops  and  mills,  A 
public  park  has  been  laid  out  on  either  siile  of  the  village 
since  January,  1851,  and  tastefully  ornamented  with  shade 
trees,  known  as  "  Arsenal  Green,"  which  belongs  to  the 
state;  and  anotlier  comprising  the  grounds  enclosing  the 
Academy.  About  a  mile  W.  of  the  village  is  an  excellent 
quarry  of  Potsdam  sand^stone,  which  is  being  wrought  on 
an  extensive  scale,  and  exported.  Two  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished here.  During  the  winter  of  1813-14,  Malone  was 
occupied  by  a  detachment  of  tlie  army  under  General  Wil- 
kin.son,  who  lelt  in  the  early  part  of  February.  On  the  19th 
of  the  same  month,  it  was  visitetl  by  1200  regulars  and  400 
Canadian  militia  under  Colonel  Scott,  who  seized  a  consiuiw 
rable  amount  of  stores  collected  here.  Pop.  6  i6>. 
.  M.\LOXNE,  mdMonn',  a  town  of  Belgium,  3  miles  S.  W.  of 
Namiir.  on  the  Sarabro.     Pop.  :^183. 

MALOXNO,  mi-lon'no,  a  village  of  Northern  lUly,  43 
miles  N.  £.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  1600. 


MAL 


MAM 


MALOO,  MilMoo',  a  town  of  North-Wept  Hindostan,  25 
miles  W.  of  Sirhind.     Lat.  30°  38'  N.,  Ion.  75°  58'  K. 

MALOUIN  K8,  Atlantic  Ocean.     See  Falkland  I.sla\ds. 

MALI'ARTIDA-DK-CACERKS,  mil-Yi&K-tee'Di-di-kii/thi- 
tis,  a  markel-tovva  of  Spain,  50  milea  N.N.E.  of  Cacereg. 
Pop.  2575. 

MALI'ARTIDA-DE-PLACENCIA,  mfH-paR-tee/pi-dA-pia- 
BJn'Khe-S,  (or  mill-paP.-tee'Dil-di-plMhJn'the-4,)  a  village  of 
Spain,  Estremndura,  51  milea  N.  by  E.  of  Caceres.  Pop. 
2191. 

MALPART1DA-DE-LA-SERE\A,  mJl-paR-tce'Di-d-l-ia-pA- 
ri/nd,  a  town  of  .Spain,  E.stremadura,  05  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Bad.ijns.     Pop.  15-16. 

MAli'l'AS.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  and  14 
milesS.S.E.  of  Chester.  Pop.  In  lf>51.5726.  The  town  is  plea- 
santly situated,  has  a  richly-ornamented  church,  built  nliout 
the  time  of  IhMiry  Vll. :  a  grammar  school,  Alport's  School, 
and  several  other  charities.  It  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to 
the  Marquis  of  C'holmondeley,  who.se  residence  is  in  the 
vicinity.  Matthew  Henry,  the  Commentator,  and  Reginald 
Ileber,  Bishoj)  of  Calcutta,  were  natives  of  this  place. 

M.\Ll'A8.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

MALl'LAQUtiT,  uii-tPpli^kA/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  arrondis.sement  of  Avcsnes,  memorable  for 
the  vict<^)ry  of  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene  over  the 
French,  in  1709. 

M.\  Ll'OOJtA.  mdl-poo'rS,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Rsypootana, 
36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kisheuagur. 

MALS,  mils,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  S.S.W.  of 
Imst.     Pop.  IftiO. 

MALSCil,  m^lsh,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Baden, 
6miles  E.N.E,  of  Uastadt.     Pop.  •J.'SOS. 

M.\L8CII.  a  marketrtown  of  Germany,  Baden,  14  miles 
8.S.E.  of  Mannheim.     I'op,  1295. 

MALS-KLF,  m.'tls-^lf,  a  river  of  Norway,  falls  into  the 
Malunger  Fiord,  after  a  course  of  above  80  miles. 

MALSEN.  mil-BJn'  or  m41-.siu',  or  MALSESINE,  miKsi- 
Bee'nA,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  23  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Verona,  with  a  small  port  on  the  Lake  of  Garda.   Pop.  1700. 

MALSTROM.    See  Maelstrom. 

MALTA,  mawl'ti,  (It.  pron.  mdl'tj,  Fr.  Malte,  milt,  anc. 
MeUita.)  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain.  (12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sicily,  and  197  miles  N,  of  Africa, 
lat.  ( Valctta  I'aUice)  35°  .53'  48"  N..  Ion.  14°  31'  15"  E.,  greatest 
length  17  miles,  central  breadth  about  9  miles,  area  98  square 
miles.  It  is  of  an  irregular  and  oval  shape,  deeply  indented 
on  all  sides,  except  the  S.,  where  the  coast  forms  a  continuous 
and  almost  unbroken  line.  The  largest  bays  are  tho.se  of 
JIarsa  and  Sirocco  on  the  S.W.,  and  Melheha  and  St.  Paul's 
on  the  N.K. ;  but  the  most  important,  in  every  respect,  is 
the  double  bay.  formed  by  the  opposite  sides  of  the  remark- 
able peninsula  on  which  the  capital,  Valetta,  stands.  The 
S.W.  coast  is  remarkably  bold,  having  not  a  single  opening 
in  which  a  vessel  can  take  refuge.  The  surface  is  very  much 
broken  by  rocks,  wliieh  pierce  it  in  all  directions,  and  are 
almost  destitute  of  any  covering  of  soil,  leaving  few  inter- 
vening spaces  which  can  be  brought  under  regular  culture. 
The  culminating  point,  which  occurs  near  the  S.W.  coast, 
does  not  exceed  1200  feet.  The  rocks  are  all  stratified,  and 
arranged  in  nearly  parallel  layers,  with  a  very  gentle  dip,  ge- 
nerally from  N.E.  to  E.  by  N.  They  are  dlsposeil  in  4  distinct 
groups,  consisting  of  coral  limestone,  yellow  sandstone,  and 
blue  clay,  the  former  above,  in  beds  of  about  20  feet  thick, 
aViounding  in  fossils,  the  latt«'r  from  100  to  120  feet  thick, 
sandstone,  and  a  yellowish  white  serai-crystal  line  limestone, 
forming  a:n  excellent  building  stone.  T'he  range  of  tt^mpe- 
rature  seldom  exceeds  6°  in  24  hours;  the  air  is  usually  dry 
and  ih-.-ir.  The  winter  climate,  from  the  middle  of  October 
till  that  of  .January,  is  most  delightful:  but  in  summer  the 
heat  becomes  extreme,  and  the  bright  light  reflected  from 
the  bare  white  rocks  often  injures  the  sight.  There  are  no 
lakes,  or  proper  running  streams  in  the  island;  but  the 
springs  are  numerous  and  copious.  The  soil  is  very  thin, 
and  unfit  for  general  cultivation.  The  corn  raised  furnishes 
not  more  than  three  months'  supply.  The  staple  product  is 
cotton :  the  vine  and  olive  are  cultivated.  Fruits,  particu- 
larly tigs  and  oranges,  are  abundant,  and  of  excellent  flavor. 
The  central  position  of  Malta  in  the  Jlediterraftean.  makes 
it  an  important  commercial  depot,  and  at  all  times  an  in- 
valuable naval  station.  It  has,  in  consequence,  received 
great  attention  from  the  British  government,  and  been  both 
provided  with  excellent  docks  and  verv  strong  fortifica- 
tions, .Malta  was  first  peopled,  it  is  said,  by  the  Pheeni- 
cians.  It  pa.ssed  succes-sively  through  the  hands  of  tha 
Ph(enicians,  Greeks,  and  Carthaginians,  and  was  finally  at- 
tached to  Rome  during  the  second  Punic  War,  After  the 
Gill  of  the  Roman  empire,  it  was  seized,  at  different  times, 
by  Vandals.  Goths,  and  Saracens.  From  the  last,  it  passed 
»  Sicily,  and  followed  its  fortunes  till  1522,  when  Charles 
V.  granted  it  to  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jeru.salem.  In 
1798.  the  (Jrand  Master  Hompesch  surrendered  it  to  .Napo- 
leon. It  was  afterwards  taken  by  Nelson,  and  is  now,  along 
with  the  isliiniis  of  Comino  and  Gozo,  a  formally  recognised 
ooKsession  of  Great  Britain.  Revenue,  in  1852,  £127,728. 
ilspeuditures,   £123,086.     In    1849,  849  political   refugees 


sought  a  home  In  the  island.  Pop.  about  100,000. — .\dj.  and 
iuhab.  Maltese,  mawl-t<fez/,  (It.  .Maltese,  mil-ta/sA.) 

MALTA,  mawl'tii,  a  post-township  in  the  8.E.  part  ol 
Saratoga  co..  New  York,  about  2.S  miles  N.  of  Albany.   P  1240, 

MALTA,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Morgan 
CO.,  <Jhio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Muskin'.;um,  oppo.-^ite  tor 
McConnelsvilte,  and  75  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus.  The 
village  contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  1  llouring-mill.  Pop. 
about  700 ;  of  the  township  1815. 

M.VI/r.WILLE,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co.,  New  York, 
30  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

JIALT'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Biding, 

JI ALTBY  LE  .MARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MALTE,    See  Malta, 

M.\LTI;RDINGEX,  mai'ti-r-dingVn,  a  market-town  of 
Baden,  12  miles  N.N,W.  of  Freiburg",     Pop.  1406. 

MALTERS,  mdl'ters,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  and 
11  miles  W,  of  Lucerne,  on  the  Emmen.     Pop.  4455. 

MALTON,  (mawl't<,)n.)  NEW.  a  parliamentary  borough 
and  town  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding,  on  the 
Derwent.  here  crossed  by  an  ancient  stone  briiige,  18  miles 
.N.N. K.  of  York,  with  a  station  on  the  York  and  North  Mid- 
land Railway.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851.  7661. 
It  stands  on  an  eminence,  has  a  large  marketplace,  national 
and  Lancasterian  schools,  a  theatre,  public  rooms,  with  a 
library,  and  remains  of  a  castle  of  the  Vescis,  destroyed  by 
Henry  II.  Porter,  malt,  corn,  and  biicon,  are  largely  ex- 
))ort4'd  to  Hull,  &c.,  by  the  navigable  Derwent.  The  borough 
is  a  polling  place  for  the  county,  and  in  conjunction  with  its 
suburb  of  Norton,  and  with  Old  Malton.  sends  2  members  to 
the  Hou.se  of  Commons.  The  town  was  burnt  in  the  reign 
of  Stephen,  and  on  being  rebuilt,  took  the  name  of  New 
.Malton. 

.MALTON,  OLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  North 
Riding. 

MALTOWN.  mSl'town.  a  town  of  Hindostan.  Bundeleund, 
commanding  a  pass  into  the  Owalior  dominions. 

MALTSCH,  m.'tltch,  a  village  of  Prussia,  on  the  Berlin 
Frankfort  and  Breslau  Railway,  24  miles  W.  of  Breslau. 

MALUE.NUA,  md-loo-^n'dit,  almost  mal-w^n/d.l,  a  village 
of  Spain,  Aragon,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Saragossa.     Pop,  1125. 

.MALU'Gl.N  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  00 
miles  W.  of  Chicago. 

MALVAGLIA,  miX-vM'yL  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Tieino,  9  miles  N.  of  Bellin/.ona.     Pop.  1684. 

MALVAGNA,  mil-vin'yi.  a  village  of  Sicily,  finely  situated 
on  the  side  of  one  of  the  hills  of  .Mount  Etna.     Pop.  lOOO, 

MALVASIA,  NAPOLI  DE.     See  Monemvasia. 

MALVKH.V,  (maw'vern,)  Gre.w,  a  watering-place  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  and  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Won-ester,  on 
the  E.  declivity  of  the  Malvern  Hills.  Pop.  3763.  The  vil- 
lage, neatly  built,  has  handsome  hotels  and  private  houses, 
g(X)d  baths,  and  a  fine  abbey  church,  the  choir  and  tower 
of  which  were  built  by  Sir  Jteginald  Bray,  the  celebrated 
architect  of  Henry  VII.  Of  the  abbey,  foundeil  in  1083, 
few  vestiges  remain.  A  medicinal  spring  hero  attracts 
many  invalids. 

MALVERN,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

MALVERN,  mawl'vem,  a  postrvillage  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio, 
137  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

MALVEKN,  a  station  and  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  llailroad,  19  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Alliance. 

MAL'VERN  HILLS,  England,  separate  the  co,  of  Woi> 
cester  from  Herefordshire  and  Monmouthshire,  and  are 
nearly  9  miles  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.  The  Herefordshire 
Beaccm,  an  ancient.  British  fortress,  near  their  centre,  is 
1444  feet  in  elevation, 

M.\LVITTO,  m^l-vit'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Castrovillari.     Pop.  2200. 

.MALWAH,  mawl'wd,  (t.  e.  the  •'mountainous  coun- 
try,") an  old  province  of  Hindostan.  mostly  between  lat. 
22°  and  26°  N.,  and  Ion.  74°  and  80°  E.,  enclosed  by  the 
provinces  of  Rajpootana,  Agra,  Allahabad,  Candeish,  and 
Guzerat.  Its  central  part  is  a  table  land,  between  its  chief 
rivers  the  Chumbul  in  the  N.,  and  Nerbuddah  in  the  S., 
and  watered  by  the  Sind  and  Betwah,  affluents  of  the 
Jumna.  Opium  is  extensively  raised  for  exportation.  This 
province  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  Blieel  race,  and  was 
formerly  of  the  Mahrattas.  It  is  mostly  subdivided  among 
the  dominions  of  Ciwalior,  Indore,  and  Bhnpaul. 

M.'VLW.\N,  mdrwdn',  or  SOONDhiRBUOOG,  soon-der- 
droog',  a  town  and  fortified  island  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  district  of  South  Coucau,  on  the  Malabar 
coast,  50  miles  N.N.\\'.  of  Goa. 

M.\LY'l,  mdPyee/,  or  M.\L01,  md-loy',  an  island  of  Siberia, 
in  the  .Arctic  Ocean,  about  45  miles  S.S,E.  of  the  island  of 
Kotelnoi.     A  great  deal  of  fossil  ivory  is  found  on  it. 

5IALZEVILLE,  miPzeh-veel',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe.  on  the  Meurthe,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge 
of  13  arches,  15  miles  E.  of  Nancy.     Pop.  1646 

M.\L/11'.L',  LE,  leh  mdrwvx'h'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lozere,  25  miles  N.  of  Marvejols.     Pop.  1167. 

MAMA,  mi-mii/,  two  rivers  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  N.R. 
of  the  government  of  Irkootijk,  called  Verkhnee-Mamaaud 

1129 


MAAI 

Nizh nee-Mama.    The  former,  the  larger  of  the  two,  has  a 
course  <if  abovt^  100  miles:  both  joiu  the  Vitim. 

MAMADISH,  MAMADISCII  or  MAMADA.ICH,  mJ-mS- 
dish'  or  mi-m.itleesh',  a  town  of  Kussia.  government  and  87 
miles  E.  Af  Kasan,  on  the  Viatka.     Pop.  2000. 

M.\MAiv.\1'lXG,  a  t/iwnship  forming  the  SJI.  extremity 
of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York.    Pop.  3S2S. 

MAMA.NGUAPJB.  ma-min-gw^pl,  a  river  of  Brazil,  enters 
tlie  Atlantic,  25  miles  X.  of  Parahiba,  after  an  E.  course  of 
130  niles. 

M.A.MA.VGUAPE,  m3-man-gwi'p.i  or  MOXTEMOR,  mon- 
t4-moK'.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  45  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Parahiba,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Its  trade  in  cotton, 
formerly  considerable,  has  been  absorbed  by  Pernambuco. 
Pop.  of  "the  district,  4000. 

M.\M-\K/O.N'ECK,  a  post-villao;e  and  township  of  AVest- 
chester  co..  New  York,  on  Lon?  Island  Sound,  and  on  the 
New  Y'ork  and  New  Ilaven  KaUroad,  23  miles  N.E.  of  New 
york.    Pop.  1351. 

MAM'BLE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

MAMBUCAB.4,  mdm-boo-ka/ba,  a  marketrtown  of  Brazil, 
province  and  78  miles  W.  of  Kio  de  Janeiro,  near  the  river 
Mambucaba.     Pop.  4000. 

M.\MKKS,  md'maiR',  (L.  Mamercia.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Sarthe,  24  miles  N.X.E.  of  Le  Mans.  Pop.  in 
1852.  0017.  It  has  a  fine  church,  and  manufactures  of 
hempen,  cotton,  and  woollen  fabrics.  It  is  supposed  to 
occupy  the  cite  of  a  temple  of  Mars,  which  was  destroyed  in 
the  7  th  century.  It  was  once  strongly  fortified,  and  was 
long  in  possession  of  the  English,  who  demolished  its  forti- 
fications in  1428.     Pop.  6788. 

MAM'Hli.iD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MAMIIILi/AD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

M.^M'IIOLE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth, 
parish  cif  JBodwelty.  7  miles  W.  of  Pontypool.     Pop.  6789. 

MAMINA.  mi-meen'yd.  a  large  Indian  town  of  I'ern,  pro- 
vince of  Tarapai^a,  lat.  20°  4'  48"  S.  It  is  supplied  with 
water  from  clear,  boiling  sulphur  springs ;  and  near  it  gj"p- 
eum,  alum,  and  carbonate  of  soda  abound. 

M.\MMELLE.  nidm^mJU',  a  creek  of  Pulaski  co.,  Arkansas, 
flows  into  the  Arkansas  sevenil  miles  above  Little  Kock. 

MAMMOIjA,  mdni'mo-li.  a  town  of  South  Naples,  province 
of  Caliibria  Ultra  I..  7i  miles  N.  of  Gerace.     Pop.  fK)00. 

MAM'MOTU  CAVE,  a  poslniffice  of  Edmondson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky.   For  a  description  of  the  Cave,  see  Kestl'ckt. 

MAMO.I  ADA.  md-mo-yi'dd.  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia. S.S.E.  of  Nuoro.    Pop.  1771. 

MAJIOO-KHAIL,  nii'moo'  kll'.  a  fort  of  Afghanistan,  60 
miles  S.H;.  of  Cabool.  Here  the  British  defeated  an  Afghan 
•brce  in  1842. 

MAMORR  mJ-mo-ri',  or  MARMORE,  maR-mo-rd',  com- 
monly called  KIO  GRANDE,  ree'o  gr.4n'dA,  by  the  Spaniards, 
a  river  of  Bolivia,  formed  by  thejunction  of  the  Guapey  and 
Chapare  or  Chapari.  after  a  N.  course  of  500  miles  joins  the 
Beui  to  form  the  Madeira.  Some  geographers  regard  the 
Gua(>ey  (called  also  the  Rio  Grande)  as  the  upper  portion  of 
the  Maniore.  The  vallev  of  this  river  is  semi-annually  Hood- 
ed, and  the  animals  driven  to  the  neighbouring  height.s. 

M.\M1'ANWA,  ni3m-p4n'wd,  a  village  of  Borneo,  on  its 
W.  coast,  between  I'ontianak  and  Saralias.     Pop.  24,'J5. 

M.\MI'.\\VA.  mdm-pd/wd.  a  maritime  town  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Borneo,  on  the  river  .Manipawa.  Lit.  0°  26'  N..  Ion.  10y° 
£.     It  formerly  imported  500  chests  of  opium  annually. 

M.\N,  ISLE  OF,  (anc.  Mona'pia  or  Monarilna.\  an  island  in 
the  Irish  S«-a.  about  30  miles  \V.  of  England.  32  miles  E.  of  Ire- 
land. 15  miles  S.  of  Scotland,  and  48  miles  N.  of  Wales;  lat. 
(Castletou  Light)  64<^  4'  24"  N.,  Ion.  4°  36'  30"  W.  Extreme 
len.'th  alxiut  30  miles,  with  an  irregular  breadth  varying 
from  6  to  12  or  13  miles.  Area  179.200  acres.  Mountains 
ext(;nd  nearly  through  the  entire  length  of  the  island.  The 
highfst  point  of  the  range  is  Snowfield  or  SneafeU.  about 
2000  feet  above  sea-level.  Veins  containing  ores  of  lead, 
zinc,  copper,  and  iron,  intersect  the  mountains  in  a  N.  and 
S.  direction.  '  The  lead-mines  have  been  worked  to  advan- 
tage. The  island  is  well  watered.  The  names  of  the  prin- 
cip.Hl  streams  are  the  Neb  at  Peel,  the  Colby  near  Ramsay, 
and  the  Black  and  Gray  Waters  near  Douglas.  The  valleys 
are  some  of  them  tolerably  fertile  in  grass  and  pasture,  and 
where  the  land  is  somewhat  level,  grain  is  frequently  culti- 
vated. Agriculture  is  a  good  deal  improved,  but  "is  still 
very  backward. 

This  i-iland  wai<  originally  peopled  by  the  Slanx,  {Menavicr,) 
ft  tribe  of  the  Celtic  race.  It  was  latterly  held  as  a  feudal 
sovereignty  by  the  iiirls  of  Derbv,  and  more  recently  by 
the  Dulv-s  of  Atho],  fn>m  whom  it  was  purcha.scd  for  the 
British  Crown  in  1808.  The  lesislative  and  judi.ial  authority 
is  principally  vested  in  the  House  of  Kevs.  a  self-elected  bodv 
of  -.4  iiulivuluals.  The  governor  is  named  by  the  Crown.  The 
Manx  language,  derived  from  the  anci.'nt  Celtic,  is  still  in 
common  use,  althouu'h  all  the  inhabitants  speak  English. 
Irin.ipal  towns.  Castletown,  (the  capital.)  Peel,  Douglas, 
and  Kamsay.     Pop.  in  1861.  62.116.— Adj.  Manx. 

MA.N.A..  ini'nd'.  a  river  of  French  Guiana,  enters  the  At- 
lantic 12(.  miles  N.«-.  of  Cayenne.     Length  167  mUes.    On 
Ite  baukf  is  a  French  colony  for  free  blacks 
1130 


MAN 

MANAAR.  ml-nJn/,  GULF  OP.  an  inlet  cf  the  Indian 
Ocean,  between  Ceylon  and  the  S.  extremity  of  India.  120 
miles  in  width  at  its  entrance,  and  separated  northward 
from  Palk"s  Strait,  by  the  islands  of  Rami^seram  and  Ma- 
naar,  and  a  reef  termed  Adam's  Bridge. 

MANAAK  ISLAND,  immediately  W.  of  the  N.  part  of 
Ceylon,  is  18  miles  in  length,  by  'Z\  miles  across. 

MANACCAN,  a  pari.oh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MANACOR,  md-nd-kos',  a  town  of  Spain,  island  of  Ma- 
jorca. 3  miles  E.  of  Palma.  on  a  gentle  declivity.  It  is 
well  built;  has  several  spacious  squares,  and  wide,  well- 
kept  streets.  Its  buildings  are  substantial :  the  most  im- 
portant are  the  palace  of  the  ancient  kings  of  the  country, 
a  large  parish  church,  a  chapel  of  ease,  town-house,  prison, 
2  schooKs,  and  a  hospital.  It  has  a  bishop's  see,  and  manu- 
factures of  brandy,  wine.  oil.  and  verdigris;  and  some  trade 
in  grain,  oil.  cattle,  and  fruits.     Pop.  10.315. 

MANA'DA  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

M.-VN'ACK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Lowndes  co.,  Alabama. 

M ANADO,  md-nd'do,  or  MKNADO,  mj^ni'do.  a  Dutch  town 
and  settlement  of  Celebes,  near  its  N.E.  extremity;  lat.  1° 
28'  .\..  Ion.  124°  30*  E.  It  exports  large  cargoes  of  coffee, 
raised  in  its  vicinity,  and  has  also  an  export  trade  in  rice 
and  gold-dust. 

M.-VNAF'ON,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

M.4N.\F0RN0,  md-nd-foR'iio.  a  town  of  South  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  district  and  13  miles  S.E.  of 
Avezzano.  on  the  S.E.  side  of  Lake  Fucino.     Pop.  2300. 

M.\NAII,  md'nd.  a  village  of  Northern  Ilindostan,  Gurlv 
wal,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Gangootri,  and  an  important  seat  of 
the  trade  with  Thibet 

M.VNWHOCK'ING.  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Ocean  co., 
New  Jersey,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  about  19  miles  S. 
of  Tom's  River,  contains  3  or  4  stores,  and  about  50  dwellings. 

MANAIA.    SeeMAXOUA. 

MAXAKOO,  MANAKOU,  md-n^koo^.  or  SYMOND'S  (si'- 
m9ndz)  HARBOR,  a  fine  harbor  of  New  Zealand,  North 
Island,  on  its  E.  coast    Lat.  37°  S.,  Ion.  174°  30'  E. 

M.\NAL'APAN,  a  post-township  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

MANALAPAN  BROOK,  or  SOUTH  RIVER,  of  New  Jei^ 
sey,  rises  in  Monmouth  county,  flows  northward,  and  enters 
the  Raritan.  4  miles  lielow  New  Brunswick. 

MANALIPA  or  MALINII'A.'   See  Coco  Islands. 

M.\N.A.MA.  nid-nd'md.  a  town  of  the  Persian  Gulf  at  the 
northern  extremity  of  the  island  of  Bahrein,  of  which  it  is 
the  capital. 

MAN.\N,  two  islands  off  the  coast  of  Maine.     See  Mesax. 

MANANTICO  CREEK,  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey, 
flows  into  Maurice  Kiver. 

M.A.NANZARY  or  MAXANZARL  md-ndn-zS/ree\  a  town 
on  the  E.  coast  of  Madagascar,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river 
of  its  own  name.     Lat.  about  21°  20'  S..  Ion.  48°  20'  E. 

M,\NAOS.  Brazil.    See  Barra  no  Rio-Nkoro. 

MAN^AP.\.R',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Mai)ra.s.  district  of  Madura.  40  miles  N.E.  of  Dimligul. 

MANASAROWAR,  md-nd-sd-ro-wdr',  or  TS(>-MAPHAM, 
tso-mdrdm.  a  lake  of  Thil-et,  noted  in  Hindoo  sacred 
legends,  2S0  miles  E.N.E.  of  Delhi;  lat  30°  4U'  N.,  Ion.  81° 
SC  E..  at  the  foot  of  Jlount  Kailas.  15.200  fi-et  aliove  sea-level. 
It  forms  nearly  a  circle,  about  15  miles  in  diameter :  and  is 
one  of  the  head  sources  of  the  river  Sutlej,  pouring  its 
waters  into  Lake  Raka.s-Tal,  or  Tso  Lanak. 

MANAS'QUAX'  RIVER,  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey, 
flows  nearly  south-eastward,  and  enters  the  Atlastic  by 
Manasquan  Inlet  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  county. 

M.'VNASSEIL  ma-nas'seh.  a  tribe  of  Isr.ielites. 

M  AN  AS'SAS  STATION,  a  postoflice  of  Prince  William  co., 
Virginia. 

MANATAW'XT.  a  post-office  of  Berks  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

MANATAWNY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the 
Schuylkill  River  near  Pottstown. 

MAN'ATEE',  a  post-olfice  of  Hill.sborough  co..  Florida. 

M.4NV4TON'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MANAVGIIAT.  mdn-dv-ghdt/.  or  MENOVGHAT.  m?n-ov- 
ghdt/.  a  market-town  of  Asia  Minor.  pa.shalic  of  .Adana.  on 
the  Manavghat  Kiver.  ^anc.  ilellas.)  30  miles  N.W.  of  .Alaya. 

MAN.-VWATU,  md-na-wd-too',  a  river  of  New  Zealand,. 
North  Island,  rises  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  highest  niountaiu 
range  in  the  LMand.  and  enters  Cook's  Strait  by  a  mouth 
about  300  yards  wide  at  half-tide.  On  a  bar.  at  its  mouth, 
there  are  only  7  feet  of  water  at  low  tide:  but  inside  the 
bar.  there  is  depth  enough  for  small  vcs.sels  for  about  50  miles. 
The  tide  rises  8  feet. 

MAN  AY' UN  K.man-a-yiink'.  a  manufacturing  town  of  Penn« 
sylvania.  incluued  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the  con- 
solidated city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  S.huyl- 
kill  Kiver,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Norristown  Railroad, 
7  miles  N.N.W.  from  the  State-House.  It  is  built  on  t)ie  de- 
clivity of  the  hills  which  rise  near  the  margin  of  the  river. 
A  number  of  handsome  residences  and  churches  occupy  the 
higher  partjf  of  the  town.  Arrangements  are  now  in  pro- 
gress for  the  introduction  of  gas-light.  Manayunk  is  amply 
supplied  with  water-power,  and  is  the  seat  rf  -ixte.iUTi 


MAN 


MAN 


manufaetories  of  cotton,  of  which  there  are  about  16  in 
Operatiiiu.  It  contains  also' several  manufactories  of  Ken- 
tucky jeans,  and  of  woollen  pqpds,  3  paper-mills,  and  1  roU- 
ing-miil.  There  are  6  Protestant  and  2  Catholic  churches. 
Two  bridges  cross  the  river  at  this  place.  I'op.  in  1850, 
6158;  in  iS53,  about  7000. 

MAN'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SIAN'CKTTi'iR,  a  parish  of  Eniiland,  co.  of  Warwick,  11 
miles  N.  of  Coventry.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  large  nunnery.  It 
is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Roman  station  Man- 
duessednni. 

MA.NCH.i,  L\,  li  raln'chj,  an  old  province  of  Spain,  in 
the  S.  |)art  of  New  Castile,  now  comprised  in  the  province 
of  Ciudad-lteal.  Its  mules,  celebrated  for  their  size  and 
strength,  are  sent  to  many  of  the  other  provinces.  It  de- 
rives its  fame  from  the  novel  of  Cervantes. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Manchk'oan ;  (Sp.  Manchego,  mdn-i'hiUgo.) 

JIAN^CIIAC,  a  post-office  of  East  Baton  Rouge  parish, 
Louisiana. 

M.WCIIAC,  a  post-office  of  Hays  co.,  Missouri. 

MAXCII.^lC  BAYOU,  of  Louisiana,  a  small  stream  form- 
ing the  S.  boundary  of  East  Baton  Rouge,  communicates 
with  the  Mississippi  on  the  W.,  and  with  the  Amite  on  the 
E.     A  small  steamix)at  plies  between  its  extremities. 

MA.VCHA-REAL,  mSn'chd-r.i-dl',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  7  miles  K.  of  Jaeu.  I'op.  3966.  It  has  manufactures 
of  linens  and  woollens. 

MA.V^CIIAUQ'.  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
Betts,  about  47  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

M.A.NC1IE,  mAxsh,  a  maritime  department  of  France,  in 
the  N.\V'.,  on  the  .Manche,  or  English  Channel,  formed  of 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Normandy.  Area,  22G.'J  square 
miles.  Fop.  in  1861,  591,4:21.  Principal  rivers,  the  Vire, 
Tante,  Douve,  Merderet.  and  .Selune,  all  navigable.  On  its 
coastfl  are  Capes  la  Hague,  and  I'oint  Barfleur.  or  Raz  de 
Gatteville.  S<iil  marshy  in  parts  of  the  interior,  but  fer- 
tile in  grain,  lint,  hemp,  and  apples  for  cider.  The  horses 
In  tJiis  department  are  considered  the  best  in  France ; 
cattle  are  excellent;  sheep  yield  inferior  wool.  Chief 
industry,  nianufacturi>s  of  iron,  copper,  and  zinc,  cloth, 
linens,  cottons,  and  lace.  It  was  originally  inhabited  by 
the  Unelli  and  .\brincatui.  It  was  subsequently  included 
in  th(?  territory  wbiih  the  Normans  wrested  from  Charles  the 
Simple,  in  the  tenth  century.  Along  with  the  other  domi- 
nions of  William  the  Con()tieror.  it  Iwcame  an  appanage  of 
England,  but  returned  to  the  crown  of  France  under  Charles 
VII.  It  is  dividijd  into  the  arrondissements  of  Avranche.s, 
Cherbourg,  Coutauces,  St.  LO,  Mortain,  and  Valonges.  Capi- 
Ul,  .St.  U\ 

MAN'CIIKSTER,  (anc.  Manciihiium.)  the  most  important 
manufiieturing  town  of  England,  occupying  chiefly  a  low 
tract  of  ground  on  both  sides  of  the  Irwell.  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Medlock  and  the  Irk,  162  miles  N.N.W.  of  London,  32 
miles  K.  by  N.  of  Liverpool :  lat.  (St.  Mary's)  63°  29'  N. ;  Ion. 
2"  14'  23"  W.  It  consists  of  Manchester  proper,  including 
the  suburbs  of  Ilulme.  Chorlton,  Ardwick,  Cheetham,  kc, 
situated  on  the  E.  or  left  bank,  and  the  extensive  borough 
of  SaUbrd,  occupying  the  right  bank  of  the  Irwell;  the 
communication  across  which  is  maintained  by  eight  briilges, 
several  of  them  handsome  structuri'S.  Victoria  Bridge, 
consisting  of  a  single  elegant  arch;  Blackfriars'  Bridge,  of 
three  arches;  the  iron  bridges  of  Strangeways  and  Spring- 
ficild  l^me.  and  the  suspension  iron  bridge  of  Broughton, 
m.ay  be  specified  as  most  worthy  of  notice.  The  almost  un- 
exampled rapidity  with  which  .Manchestj^r  lias  risen  up.  has 
left  it  comparatively  poor  in  architectural  ornament,  and 
yet  it  is  superior  to  most  manufacturing  towns  in  general 
appearance.  It  has  few  of  the  narrow,  twisted,  and  crowded 
lanes,  by  which  all  large  towns  of  ancient  date  are  more  or 
less  characterised,  while  it  can  point  to  spacious  streets  and 
squares,  well  paved  and  well  lighted,  and  lined  with  houses 
which  are  generally  of  a  most  substantial,  and,  not  unfre- 
quently,  of  a  magnificent  description.  Market  Street,  con- 
tinued in  the  line  of  the  London  Road,  nearly  across  the 
centre  of  the  town,  towards  the  Irwell,  is  one  of  the  finest 
streets  out  of  the  metropolis;  and  any  town  might  well  be 
prou'l  of  the  splendid  edifices  lining  Mosely  Street,  George 
Street,  King  Street,  and  I'arker  Street. 

Churches. — The  places  of  public  worship  in  Manchester 
and  its  neighborhood  exceefl  ISO.  Of  the.se  the  Establish- 
ment has  49.  the  Wesleyan  Methodists  29,  the  Methodist 
Association  17,  the  Methodist  New  Connexion  9.  the  Primi- 
tive Aiethodists  8,  the  Independents  22,  the  Baptists  10,  the 
Roman  Citholics  10,  the  Scotch  Presbyterians  5,  the  Unita- 
rians 3,  and  several  other  denominations  one  or  two  each. 
Among  the  Established  churches,  the  first  place  is  due  to 
the  Collegiate  Church,  which,  since  the  erection  of  ilan- 
chester  into  a  bishop's  see,  has  become  the  Cathedral.  It 
was  built  in  1422,  and  is  considered  a  fine  specimen  of  per- 
pendicular (Jothic.  It  consists  of  a  nave  and  ai.sles,  and  is 
rendered  consiiicuous  by  its  lofty  tower,  which  is  120  feet  in 
height,  and  in  its  upper  part  highly  ornamented.  The  choir 
contains  some  very  elaborate  carved  work,  not  surpassed  by 
any  cathedral  in  the  island  Behind  the  altar  is  a  curious 
piece  of  old  tapestry,  representing  the  death  of  Ananias  and 


Sapphira.  Many  of  the  other  churches  exhibit  beautiful 
styles  of  architecture.  A  large  number  are  surmounted 
with  lofty  towers  or  spires,  and  have  richly  decorated  iute 
riors. 

Public  Buildings. — Among  tliese  may  be  mentioned  the 
Town-hall,  situated  in  King  Street,  containing  the  office* 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  It  is  a  fine  structure,  built 
in  the  Grecian  style,  borrowed  partly  from  the  temple  of 
Erectheus,  and  partly  from  the  Temple  of  the  Minds  at 
Athens,  and  has  on  each  side  of  its  portico,  which  is  ap« 
proached  by  a  flight  of  steps,  figures  of  Solon  and  Alfred, 
and,  in  the  attic  story  above  it,  medallion  portraits  of  Luke 
and  others;  in  its  interior  is  a  splendid  hall,  13U  feet  long 
by  38  feet  wide,  having  its  walls,  and  the  dome  which  terms 
the  centre  of  its  ceiling,  covered  with  allegorical  fresc(jes. 
The  Kxchange  is  one  of  the  finest  structures  of  the  kind 
in  the  kingdom.  It  has  a  front  consisting  of  a  lofty  Doric 
portico,  with  8  fluted  columns,  and,  In  the  interiitr  is  a 
splendid  commercial  room,  185  feet  long  by  92  feet  wide, 
lighted  from  above  by  a  lofty  glazed  centre  dome;  in  tiie 
upper  part  is  a  large  room  containing  a  library  of  more 
than  30,000  volumes.  The  Corn  Exchange  has  a  handsome 
front  of  6  Ionic  fluted  columns,  and  is  capable  of  hoiding 
2400  persons.  The  Free  Trade  Hall,  capable  of  containing 
ujiwards  of  8000  persons,  and  memorable  for  the  many  im- 
p.5rtant  meetings  held  here  connected  with  the  Free  Trade 
movement,  is  (1853)  about  to  be  pulled  down,  and  replaced 
by  a  building  adapted  for  large  meetings,  concerts,  lectures, 
&c.  The  Branch  Bank  of  England,  which  has  its  principal 
fa(,-ades  nearly  opposite  to  the  Town-hall,  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest bulNlings  in  Manchester;  it  is  in  the  (irecian  style, 
with  a  Doric  colonnade.  The  other  public  edifices  deserving 
of  notice  are  the  County  Court  Hall,  Nicholas  Croft,  a  spa- 
cious and  ornamented  building  recently  erected  ;  the  Salfurd 
Town-hall,  the  workhouses  of  Mancliester  and  Salford,  large 
and  conspicuous  structures;  the  Borough  .lail,  on  the  Hyde 
Road,  and  the  New  Bailey  Prison,  in  Salford. 

Instilutions,  J-xlucalional,  Scientific,  &c. — The  oldest  educa- 
tional institution  in  Manchester  is  Chetham  College  or  Hos- 
pital, immediately  mijoining  the  Cathedral,  and  occupying 
the  site  of  the  residence  of  the  Baron  or  Thane  of  Maucu- 
nium.  The  edifice  was  converted  into  barracks  by  the  army 
of  the  I'arliament,  and,  having  been  purchased  by  the  trus- 
tees of  Chelham's  charity,  was  first  used  as  a  school  in  1656. 
It  is  exclusively  for  boys,  (80  in  number,)  who  remain  in  the 
institution  till  the  age  of  14,  when  thej'  are  aiprenticed 
with  a  snniU  premium.  Attached  to  it  is  a  valuable  library 
of  above  22.000  volumes,  freely  open  to  every  person,  resi- 
dent or  stranger.  The  Lancashire  Independent  College, 
occupying  an  airy  situation,  with  a  considerable  space  of 
open  ground  around  it,  is  a  noble  building,  in  the  English 
Academic  style.  It  was  built  by  the  Indejjendents  as  a  the- 
ological academy,  and  will  accommodate  about  50  students. 
Manchester  New  College,  a  theological  institution,  esta- 
blished by  the  Unitarians,  is  said  to  have  a  valuable,  though 
not  very  extensive  library.  Owen's  College,  founded  by  a 
bequest  of  upwards  of  100,000/.  from  the  gentleman  whose 
name  it  bears,  is  still  in  its  infancy,  but  gives  instruction 
in  all  the  branches  usually  taught  in  the  English  nniversi- 
ties.  The  Free  Grammar  School,  founded  by  IIu^;h  Oldham, 
Bishop  of  Exeter,  in  1620.  has  an  income  of  above  44IUO?.  per 
annum,  and  a  large  number  of  exhibitions  at  Oxford  and 
Cambridge.  The  education  given  iniludes  the  principal 
European  languages,  classics,  mathematics,  and  various 
other  branches.  The  Commercial  Schools,  established  by 
the  Manchester  Church  Education  Society,  furnish  a  com- 
plete course  of  education  to  the  middle  classes,  tm  very 
favorable  terms.  There  is  also  the  l>adies'  .lubilee  School, 
established  to  promote  the  moral  and  religious  education  of 
poor  female  children.  The  Royal  School  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  founded  in  1824.  is  on  the  same  footing  as  similar 
schools  in  the  metropolis,  qualifying  for  examination  at 
Surgeons'  Hall.  &c.;  it  has  an  average  attendance  of  from 
80  to  100  students.  The  most  important  commercial  insti- 
tution is  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  founded  in  November, 
1820,  for  the  promotion  of  measures  calculated  to  benefit 
and  protect  the  trading  interests  of  Manchester.  It  is  con- 
ducted by  24  Directors,  and  has  been,  from  its  commence- 
ment, a  consistent  opponent  of  the  corn-laws,  and  of  mono- 
polies of  every  kind.  Its  proceedings  attract  attention  in 
every  commercial  community  throughout  the  world.  The 
Manchester  Commercial  Assfxiation  is  another  institution, 
having  similar  objects  in  view. 

Among  the  scientific  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the 
Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  estalilished  in  1781.  It 
has  numbered  many  distingviished  individuals  among  its 
members,  and  published  several  volumes  of  valuable  contri- 
butions. The  Chetham  Society,  established  in  1S4-",  for  the 
publication  of  historical  and  literary  reniain.s.  connected  with 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  hasVssued  22  volumes,  generally  of 
a  very  interesting  description.  The  other  principal  societies 
are  the  Natural  HistoryScK'iety.  which  possesses  a  very  valu- 
able museum;  the  Geological  Society,  with  a  museum  and 
library;  the  Statistical  Society,  the  Law  Association,  the 
Medical  Society,  the  Royal  l^^stitution,  occupying  buildtnga 

iisi 


MAN 


MAN 


*fclcb  cost  40,000?. ;  the  Athen»tim,  the  School  of  Dcsifm, 
Ancoat's  Lyci^mn ;  the  3  Mechanics'  Institutions,  .and  several 
Mupic.-U  Cl'uhs.  The  Free  Libraiy,  situated  in  Camp  Field, 
was  the  first  free  Icndinp:  library  institutetl  in  the  kingdom. 
It  was  established  in  1186  by  public  subscription,  extending 
tc  12.742/.,  and  contains  upwards  of  16,000  Tolunies  in  the 
reference,  and  5000  in  tne  lending  library.  The  other  libra- 
ries deservlni;  of  notice  are  the  Sub.«cri)ition  and  New  Sub- 
scription, the  I'ortico,  the  Newall's  Buildinjrs.  the  Foreifrn, 
the  Law  Libraries;  and  also  the  Salford  Museum  and  Li- 
brary, which  is  open  to  the  public. 

Benevolent  Institutions. — The  principal  of  these  are  the 
Royal  Infirmary,  which,  in  its  architectural  and  general 
appearance,  forms  one  of  the  greate.st  ornaments  of  the 
town :  it  is  surrounded  by  a  spacious  area,  tastefully  laid 
out  with  grass  borilers  and  walks,  and  has  a  sheet  of  water 
in  front :  the  Blind  Asylum,  supported  partly  by  subscrip- 
tions, but  chiefly  by  a  bequest  of  20.000i.,  left  to  it  by  Mr. 
Ilenshaw  of  Oldham:  and  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum. 
The  other  benerolen  t  institutions  deserving  of  notice  are  the 
Lunatic  A.sylum.  the  Kye,  Lock,  Salford.  Koyal.  and  Lying- 
in  Hospitals ;  the  public  Baths  and  Wash-houses,  the  >iodel 
Lodging-houses,  the  Juvenile  Kefuge  Penitentiary,  Stran- 
gers' Friend  Society,  &c. 

Parks. — The  great  boast  of  Manchester,  is  its  fine  parks 
and  ganiens.  The  most  important  of  these  are  the  Botani- 
cal and  Horticultural  Garden,  scarcely  surpassed  by  any 
out  of  the  metropolis ;  the  Peel  Park,  situated  1  mile  W.  of 
the  Exchange,  bounded  on  its  E.  side  by  the  Irwell,  and 
covering  an  area  of  32  acres,  laid  out  with  great  taste,  and 
containing,  among  Its  other  ornaments,  a  bronze  statue  of 
Sir  Robert  Peel ;  the  Queen's  Park,  about  2  miles  N.N.E.  of 
the  Exchange,  is  in  some  re.spects  superior  to  I'eel  i'ark,  from 
possessing  larger  trees,  a  more  diversified  surface,  and  a  fine 
sheet  of  water  near  its  centre;  Pliillips  Park,  lying  near  loca- 
lities occupied  by  the  working-classes;  and  the  Zoological 
and  Pomona  Gardens.  The  three  parks  were  established 
by  public  subscription  in  1845,  and  cost  about  £33.000. 

Manufacturer  and  Trade. — To  these  Manchester  owes 
almost  all  its  present  importance.  Its  site  in  these  re.«pects 
has  been  admirably  cliosen.  It  stands  close  to' one  of  the 
largest  and  most  valuable  coal-fields  of  England,  at  such  a 
convenient  distance  both  from  the  W.  and  E.  coasts,  as  to 
form  a  natural  emporium  for  the  traffic  of  the  Atlantic  and 
the  German  Oceans,  and  on  the  Irwell,  with  its  two  tri- 
butaries, Medlock  and  Irk,  which,  though  not  posses.seil 
directly  of  much  value  for  navigation,  are  easily  capable  of 
being  made  subservient  to  it.  and  are  of  great  importance 
for  many  manufacturing  purposes.  To  develop  the.«e  na- 
tural  advantages,  a  network  of  canals  furnishes  easy  com- 
munication to  numerous  important  towns,  of  which  Man- 
chester may  be  reirarded  as  the  common  centre ;  and  to 
these  has  now  been  added  a  system  of  railways,  which 
scarcely  leaves  anytliing  farther  to  be  desired  in  regard  to 
facility  of  transport.  The  great  staple  article  of  manufac- 
ture and  trade  in  JIanchester  is  cotton,  in  the  production 
of  the  various  tissues  of  which  this  town  is  without  a  rival 
in  the  civilized  world.  In  more  immediate  connexion  with 
the  cotton  manufactures  are  numerous  bleach-works,  dye- 
works,  print-fields,  chemical  works,  and  engine  factories. 
Next  in  importance  to  cotton  is  the  spinning  of  silk  and 
manufacture  of  silk  goods,  which,  since  relieved  from  the 
heavy  import  duty  on  raw  silk,  have  advanced  with  rapid 
strides.  IJesides  articles  of  pure  cotton  and  pure  silk,  mixed 
goods,  in  which  silk  and  cotton,  silk  and  wool,  cotton  and 
wool  are  comT)ined,  are  manufactured  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent. The  following  Table,  furnished  in  February,  1853.  by 
the  Inspector  of  Factories,  gives  the  most  recent  and  accu- 
rate information  in  regard  to  the  important  subject  to  which 
it  relates : — 

Statistioa 


Cotton-Spinning  .    .    , 
Cotton-Weaving   .    ,    . 
Cottou-Spiuning    and     > 
Weaving ) 

Woollen  «nil  Worsted     > 
Spinning  ourt  WeavinR  1 
SilltTli.owing,  &c.,  and  i 
Sn  all  Ware  .     .    .     .  } 
Flax-Spinning  .... 
Prlnt-Worli 

Total    .    . 

NumVier  of  i      Persons      'a..nn,  n^,... 
Works.     1    employed.    jSteam-power. 

3.5 
6a 

oJ92 

7709 

17,338 

1540 
1031 
4706 

3 

60 

.     8 

So 

30,359 
280 

7520 
1120 

2985 

7277 
80 
580 
198 

233         1      42,264 

8135 

Forges  and  foundries,  where  steam-engines,  large  cast- 
ings, and  numerous  large  and  valuable  articles  of  iron, 
malleable  and  cast,  are  made,  are  also  numerous.  The 
other  articles  particularly  deserving  of  notice  are  paper, 
chiefly  mn<le  at  extensive  mills  in  the  vicinity:  hats,  and 
engraving  in  connexion  wilU^he  printing  of  cotton  goods. 


The  trade,  embracing  all  the  above  manufactures,  is  nccee- 
sarily  very  exten.«ive. 

Railiva;/.'!  and  Gitials. — Jhe  railways  are  the  Liverpool 
and  JIanchester.  which  has  its  terminus  at  Victoria  Station, 
Hunt's  Bank,  the  first  opened  in  Great  Britain  for  swift 
locomotives:  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire,  communicating 
by  a  branch  with  Oldham,  anil  lending  N.  pa.«t  Rochdale, 
connecting  Manchester  with  Halifax,  Leeds,  &r..;  the  JIan- 
chester and  Birmingham,  forming  one  of  the  principjj 
branches  of  the  Loudon  and  Xorth-We.stern,  and  the  great 
thoroughfare  to  the  S. ;  the  Manchester  Sheflfield  and  Lin- 
colnshire; the  East  Lancashire,  which  communicates  with 
Bury,  Blackburn.  Ac;  and  the  South  Junction  and  Altring- 
ham.  which  has  its  station  in  Oxford  Road,  and  is  intend^ 
to  connect  Manchester  with  Chester,  throuuh  Warrington. 
Of  the  canals,  that  of  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater  communi- 
cates with  the  Mersey  nt  Runcorn;  those  of  Ashton-under- 
Lyne,  Stockport,  and  Macclesfield,  all  join  each  other  and 
have  a  common  basin  at  the  back  of  Piccadilly;  that  of 
Rochdale  and  Halifax  commvtnicates  with  the  Rridgi^water; 
and  that  of  Bolton  and  Bury  has  its  terminus  in  Salford. 

Tlie  Corporation. — The  borough  of  Manchester  comprises 
the  several  townships  of  Manchester,  Chorlton-upon-Med- 
lock,  Hulme,  Ardwick,  and  Cheetham,  and  also  the  small 
extra-parochial  district  called  Beswick,  and  was  incorpo- 
rated by  royal  charter,  granted  in  October,  1838.  The 
management  of  the  local  affairs  is  intrusted  to  the  town 
council,  04  in  number,  bearing  the  respective  titles  of 
mayor,  aldermen,  and  councillors;  and  who  appoint,  from 
their  body,  committees  for  the  transaction  of  the  various 
departments  of  the  public  business.  The  town  council, 
acting  under  powers  obtained  from  the  Legislature,  are 
now  (1853)  constructing  extensive  water-works,  calculated 
to  afford  a  supply  of  about  30.000,000  gallons  of  water  daily, 
at  an  expenditure  (including  the  purchase  of  the  previous 
very  inadequate  water-works)  of  about  1.050.000/.  The 
council  have  also  under  their  management  extensive  gas- 
works, yielding  a  profit  of  upwards  of  35.000/.  a  year,  which 
is  expended  in  the  improvement  and  widening  of  the  streets 
and  thoroughfares. 

History. — JIanchester  was  known  at  a  very  early  period 
as  one  of  the  chief  stations  of  the  Druids,  who  had  here 
erected  an  altar  called  Jleyne,  which  enjoyed  the  privilege 
of  .sanctuary.  It  subsequently  became  a  place  of  some  im- 
portance under  the  Brigantes.  Tfho  built  a  castle  cnlleil  Jlan- 
cenion.  the  site  of  which  is  still  preserved  by  its  jiresent 
name  of  Castle  Field.  On  the  conquest  of  South  Britain 
by  the  Romans,  about  a.  i>.  79,  the  castle  was  converted  by 
them  into  a  station,  and  received  the  name  of  Jlancunium, 
obviously  a  corruption  of  the  Brigantes  JIancenion.  After 
the  Romans  withdrew,  the  Saxons,  atiout  4S8,  wrested  Jlan- 
cunium from  the  Britons,  but  were  again  forced  to  restore 
it.  In  620,  it  wai?  taken  by  Edwin,  King  of  Northumbria, 
and  was  shortly  after  occupied  by  a  colony  of  Angles 
About  this  time  the  old  name  of  Mancunium  seems  tn 
have  been  su))planted  by  its  Saxon  form.  JIanccstre.  from 
which  Manchester  is  derived.  The  conversion  of  the  inha- 
bitants to  Christianity  is  said  to  have  been  effected  about 
627,  by  the  preaching  of  Paulinus.  Manchester  next  passed 
to  the  Danes,  who,  alx)ut  920,  were  expelled  by  Edward, 
King  of  Jlercia.  Its  charter,  conferring  the  privilege  of  a 
borough,  was  granted  in  1301.  We  hear  of  JIanchester  cot- 
ton, for  the  first  time,  in  1352.  During  the  civil  war,  the 
possession  of  Manchester  was  keenly  disputed,  and  suffered 
much  at  the  hands  of  both  parties.  Its  share  in  the  repre- 
sentative system  of  Britain  was  first  conferred  by  the  Re- 
form Bill,  under  which  it  enjoys  the  privilege  of  sending 
two  members  to  Parliament.  Among  its  eminent  natives 
may  be  noticed  the  celebrated  Duke  of  Bridgewater,  the 
chemists  Dalton  and  Honrv.  and  Sir  Robert  Peel,  the  father 
of  the  late  premier.  Pop.  in  1801.  110,938 ;  in  1841,  353,390; 
in  IRfil.  including  Salford.  460.018. 

MAN'CHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  eo.,  Maine. 

JIASCIIESTEK,  a  city  and  one  of  the  shire  towns  of 
Hillsborough  co.,  New  Hampshire,  is  .situated  on.  the  left 
bank  of  the  Jlerrimack  River,  at  the  junction  of  the  JIan- 
chester and  Lawivnce.  the  Concord,  and  the  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railroads.  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord,  and  59  miles  X.W. 
of  Boston.  This  town,  like  a  number  of  others  in  New 
England,  through  the  development  of  the  manufacturing 
enterprise,  has  suddenly  grown  from  a  small  farming  com- 
munity into  a  wealthy  and  populous  city.  Its  site  is  on  an 
elevateil  plain,  90  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river.  It  is 
regularly  planned ;  the  principal  street.  100  feet  broad, 
extends  upwards  of  a  mile  from  N.  to  S.,  with  others  of 
less  breadth  parallel  to  it.  and  to  the  river.  These  are  inter- 
sected by  others,  running  from  E.  to  W.  There  have  been 
laid  out  in  diffen-nt  sections  four  public  squares,  some  of 
which  are  handsomely  ornamented.  The  eastern  portion  of 
the  city  is  built  almost  exclusively  of  brick,  while  the  west- 
ern abounds  in  structures  of  woo*!,  many  of  which  are 
tasteful  and  elegant  residtmces.  The  mills  and  boarding- 
houses  occupy  the  slope  between  the  western  verge  of  the 
plain  and  the  river.  The  principal  public  buiUlings  u  e  the 
new  Town-house,  erected  in  the  place  of  the  one  (iesi.xyed 


MAN 


MAN 


by  fire  in  1842,  and  tbe  churches,  of  which  there  are  12,  of 
the  vjuiouti  denoniiiiationg.  An  Athena'um  was  establif^hed 
in  1844,  having  a  ruadiag-room  and  a  library,  whidi  at  pre- 
sent nunihers  alxiut  3500  volnrties.  1'he  system  of  piiljlic 
instruction  coini'riscs  a  high  school,  2  grammar  schools,  an 
intei  mediate,  6  middle,  and  12  primary  schools,  besides  others 
not  chispcd.  Manchester  contains  9  or  10  newspaper  oflices. 
6  insurance  agencies,  and  3  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $oU0.0()0.  A  gas  company,  for  lighting  the  city,  was 
iucoriK)rated  in  1S61,  with  a  capital  of  $75,000. 

The  present  prosperity  of  Jlanchesti.'r  commenced  about 
the  year  18o9.  at  which  dale  the  locality  now  occupied  by 
the  city  contained  no  more  than  50  inhabitants.  The  Jlerri- 
niack  here  has  a  descent  of  54  feet  in  the  distance  of  a  mile, 
called  the  Amoskeag  Falls,  which  are  the  most  extensive 
throughout  its  entire  course,  liy  the  erection  of  a  dam 
across  the  river,  at  the  headof  the  falls,  and  the  construc- 
tion of  (anals,  the  stream  h.as  been  made  to  furnish  an 
hydraulic  power  sufficient  to  run  several  hundred  thou.saud 
spindles.  With  the.se  advantages  for  manufacturing,  the 
place  has  increased  rapidly  in  population  and  importance. 
Among  the  most  extensive  corporations  in  Manchester,  may 
be  mentioned  the  Amoskeag  Manufacturing  Company,  who 
have  4  mills,  containing  ti2.S4t>  spindles  and  ltiC5  looms. 
These  are  operated  by  2100  females  and  400  males,  who  daily 
manufa''ture  05,000  j'ards  (37  miles)  of  tickings,  denims, 
pantaloon  stuffs,  drillings,  and  sheetings.  The  machine 
shops  connecte4  with  the  above  employ  500  hands,  who 
annually  turn  out  60  locomotive.s,  besides  a  vast  amount  of 
machini'ry  of  every  description.  The  Stark  Mills  (3  in  num- 
ber) employ  1000  females  and  200  males.  The.se  d.iily  )iro- 
iuce  17.I100  yards  of  drilling,  and  oO.OOO  of  sheeting,  equal 
to  27  miles  of  cloth,  besides  more  than  5000  seamless  bags. 
One  loom  yields  40  substantial  fancy  striped  bags  daily, 
woven  from  top  to  bottom  without  a  seam.  The  Manchester 
Print  Works,  burnt  down  in  .September,  1853,  but  .since 
rebuilt,  print  annually  about  12.000,000  yards  of  delaines. 
The  cloth  is  manufactured  at  the  rate  of  38,000  yards 
(22  miles)  daily.  IJesides  the  above,  numerous  other  esta- 
blishments in  Manche.ster  annually  turn  out  a  vast  amount 
of  varinus  kinds  of  manufactures.  Several  new  compa- 
nies have  been  incorporated  during  the  jiast  year,  (lSo3.) 
Among  these  may  be  named  the  IJloodgett  I'aper  Company, 
(capital  $200,000,)  intended  to  make  8000  rolls  of  paper- 
hangiugs  daily ;  the  New  I'gper  Mill,  for  the  manufacture 
of  all  kinds  of  paper,  at  the  rate  of  8  tons  a  day ;  the  New 
Machine  Shop,  capital  $100,000;  and  the  New  lirass.  Copper, 
and  Iron  Foundry.  A  new  foundry  was  completed  in  1853. 
with  wliii  h  is  connecttxl  the  building  of  freight  cars,  intended 
to  employ  200  machinists.  The  Amoskeag  Company  were 
also  lajing  the  foundation  of  another  mill,  to  be  completed 
the  present  year,  (1854.)  in  which  1500  operatives  would  be 
employed.  Manchester  received  a  city  charter  in  1840.  By  a 
late  act.  the  corporate  limits  have  been  extended,  including 
the  villages  of  I'iscataquog  and  Amoskeag,  (commonly  called 
"  Squog"  and  '•  Skeag.")  Pop.  in  1850. 13.932;  in  1860,20,107. 
MANCIIKSTKR,  a  post-village  and  township,  semi-capital 
of  IJenniugton  co.,  Vermont,  on  the  Battenkill  Kiver,  about 
90  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpeher.  Pop.  16s8.  See  Ma.nchesteb 
Viu-Afjr,. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village,  seaport,  and  township  of 
Essex  CO..  Miussachusetts.  on  the  Ka.«tern  Railroad.  9  miles 
N.E.  of  Beverly,  and  23  miles  N.E.  of  Boston.  The  industry 
of  the  inhabitants  is  chiefly  directed  to  the  manufacture  of 
chairs  and  other  cabinet-ware,  which  employs  a  capital  of 
{500,000.  Incorporated  in  1()45.  Pop.  of  the  township.  1698. 
MANCIIESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hartford 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Providence  Hartford  and  Fishkill 
Riiilroail,  8  miles  E.  of  the  city  of  Hartford.  It  contains  9 
paper-mills,  5  woollen  factories,  print-works,  1  factory  for 
sewing-silk,  and  5  carriage  factoi'ies,  also  6  churches,  and  2 
academies.    Pop.  3294. 

MANCHESTER,  a  manfacturjng  vilKige  of  Dutchess  co.. 
New  York,  on  Wappingers  Creek,  a  few  miles  from  Pough- 
keeijsie. 

MANCHESTER,  a  village  of  Oneida  CO.,  New  York,  on 
Oriskany  Creek.     It  has  several  mills  and  a  cotton  tjictory. 
MANCHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontario  co.. 
New  Y'ork,  on  the  Canandaigua  Outlet,  and  on  the  railroad 
fi-om  Canandaigua  to  Geneva,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Canandaigua. 
The  village  has  several  churches,  and  a  woollen  factory. 
Pop.  of  tbe  town.ship,  3280. 
MANCHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey. 
MANCHESTER,  a  township  of  Passaic  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  842. 

MANCHESTER,  a  flourishing  borough  of  Reserve  town- 
fhip,  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Ohio  River,  2  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  has  been  built  up 
since  1840.  Here  are  large  manufactories  of  paper,  ploughs, 
wagons,  oil-cloth,  and  India  rubber.  Immediately  below  is 
the  United  States  Marine  Hospital,  a  four-story  brick  build- 
ing, recently  erected.  The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Mest 
Manchester.     Pop.  2707. 

MANCHESTER,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  98?. 


MANCHESTER,  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 18  miles  S.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  2595. 

JIANCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland 
60  miles  N.N.W.  of  Annapolis.  It  contains  a  few  stores  and 
about  tiOO  inhabitants. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Chesterfield  co..  A'irgi 
nia,  on  the  James  River,  opposite  Richmond,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  a  bridge.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  and 
contains  2  churches,  and  several  elegant  residences  erecteU 
by  persons  doing  business  in  Richmond.  It  has  manu- 
factories of  tobacco,  cotton,  and  floiu'.  Pop.  in  IbOO  vvaa 
*'793 

'  MANCHESTER,  a  postoffice  of  Cumberland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Sumter  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railrcnd, 
aliout  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbia.  It  is  a  station  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  with  the  Camden  branch  about  6 
miles  from  this  village. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post^villnge,  capital  of  Coffee  co..  Ten- 
nessee, is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  forks  of  Duck 
River,  62  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville.  The  above  streams  afford 
an  excellent  water-power.  At  this  place  is  a  very  remark- 
able object.  calle«i  the  Old  Stone  Fort,  which  is  described  as 
a  solid  stone  wall  in  the  fork  between  the  rivers,  including 
about  47  acres  of  land.  It  presents  indications  of  high  an- 
tiquity, as  the  trees  growing  upon  it  are  computed  to  be  500 
years  old.  or  more.  The  Tenues.see  and  Alabama  Railroad 
passes  through  the  village. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clay  co..  Ken- 
tucky, no  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort:  is  surrounded  by  a  hilly 
region  wliicl)  abounds  in  coal  and  iron  ore.  It  has  2  churches 
and  a  .seminary. 

MANCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Sprigg  town- 
sliip,  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  72  miles  above 
Cincinnati.  It  has  some  shipping  business,  and  contain* 
several  flouring-mills  and  small  factories.  It  was  formerly 
the  countv-scat.     Pop.  834. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.  E.  par^ 
of  Morgan  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  7">6. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village  and  town.'-hip  of  Washte- 
naw CO.,  Jlichigan,  on  the  N.  branch  of  the  river  Raisin, 
about  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Detroit.  The  village  is  in  a  rich 
farming  district,  and  has  several  stores.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship. 1712. 

JIA.NCHESTER.  a  post-village  in  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana, 
85  miles  S.K.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis.   Pop.  2451. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Illinois,  45 
miles  S.W.  by  \\.  of  Springfield. 

M.iNCHESTER,  a  small  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Missouri. 

MANCHKSTER,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
about  20  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

MANCHESTER,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Missouri,  20  miles 
W.  bv  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

MANCHESTER,  a  village  of  Sauk  co., 'Wisconsin. 

MAN'CHESTER,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of 
Sydney,  on  Milford  Haven,  formed  by  Chi'dabucto  Bay, 
which  opens  into  the  Atlantic  about  120  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Halifax. 

MANCHESTER,  late  FRANKFORD,  a  po.«t-vUlage  of  Car 
nada  West,  co.  of  Hastings,  on  the  river  Trent,  8  miles  N. 
of  Trentport,  and  15  miles  from  Belleville.  It  contains 
several  stores,  factories,  and  mills.     Pop.  about  450. 

MANCHESTER  BRIDGE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Dutchess  co., 
New  York. 

MANCHESTER  CENTRE,  a  po.st-village  of  Ontario  co., 
New  York,  aliout  25  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester. 

MANCHESTER  STATION,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hartford  co., 
Connecticut. 

MANCHKSTER  A'lLLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Manchester 
township.  Bennington  co.,  A'ermont.  It  is  situated  on  ele- 
vated ground,  and  contains  a  court-hou.se,  jail,  the  Batten- 
kill  Bank.  Burr  Seminary.  3  stores.  2  taverns,  and  a  church. 
The  Seminary,  a  spacious  stone  edifice,  is  pleasantly  situated 
in  the  midst  of  beautiful  scenery. 

MANCHOORIA,  a  region  of  China.    See  M.\ntchoohia. 

M.^VNCIET.  mftNii'se-.A',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gers.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Condom.    Pop.  1800. 

MANDAL,  min'ddl.  the  most  S.  town  of  Norway,  stift 
and  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Christiansand.  on  the  Skager-rack, 
with  a  port  17  miles  E.  of  the  Naze.     I'op.  2250. 

51  AND.  mdnd.  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thithei  Theiss,  16 
miles  from  Nemeth-Szathmar.     Pop.  1000. 

JI.\NDA'NA,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York, 
about  21  miles  S.A\'.  of  Syracuse. 

ilAN'D.\RJN.  a  post-oflice  of  Duval  co.,  Florida. 

MANDARA,  miin-da'ra.  a  state  of  Central  Africa.  ?.  of  Bor- 
neo. The  surface  is  mountainous.  It  is  fertile  in  fruits, 
and  abounds  with  forests  and  lakes.  The  inhabitants  are  a 
superior  race  of  Mohammedans,  who  manufacture  iron 
wares  which  they  export  into  Borneo,  and  have  a  pretty 
formidable  array  of  cavalry.  Mora  is  the  principal  town 
and  residence  of  the  chief 

M.\NDAS,  mSn'd^s,  a  market-town  of  the  Island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  and  30  miles  N.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  2188. 

113a 


MAX 


MAN 


MAN1.AVEE  or  MANT)ITEE,  maii'da-Yee\  the  prinripal 
Sfaport  town  of  Cutch,  Ilindostan.  on  the  Gulf  of  Cutch, 
about  35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bhooj.  Lat.  2«  50'  N..  Ion.  69° 
27'  K.  Pop.  50.000(»)  It  is  fortified,  has  an  open  roadstead 
with  a  creek,  and  an  active  trade  with  Sinde,  Malabar,  the 
Persian  tivilf,  Arabia,  and  all  the  AV.  coast  of  .\frica.  a,s  far 
as  Zati;iuebar.  besides  a  large  inland  trade.  Kxports  com- 
prise cotton,  silk,  and  other  piece  goods:  imports,  bullion, 
ivory,  hides,  dates,  cocoa-nuts,  grain,  and  timber. 

JI.VXDCHOURIAorMAXDSHOORIA.    See  MAVrcnooBiA. 

MAXDKL,  mdn-d5l',  an  Island  off  the  E.  coast  of  Suma- 
tra. "0  miles  S.W.  of  Singapore. 

MAXDKLLO.  mln-d^'lo,  a  market-town  of  Lombard  y,  14 
miles  X.E.  of  Como.  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Lecco.    P.  2000. 

MAXDEO,  m3n-d.Vo,  a  river  of  Spain,  falls  by  a  wide 
mouth  into  the  Atlantic  at  Corunna,  after  a  course  of  about 
3d  miles. 

MAXDETTVOE,  mSnMeh-tee-voo',  or  LEYDEN".  Ifden.  an 
island  of  Ilindostan,  Palk's  Strait,  off  the  X.W.  coast  of 
Ceylon ;  lat.  (.S.  end)  9°15'  N..  Ion.  80°  E. 

MAX'DEVILLK.  a  post-village  of  St.  Tammany  parish. 
Louisiana,  on  the  X.  shore  of  Lake  Pontchartraiu,  30  miles 
N.  of  Xew  Orleans. 

SIAXDIXCiO-  mSn-ding'go,  or  SAX  BLAS.  sh\  bl3s,  a 
considerable  bay  of  the  Caribliean  Sea,  on  the  X'.  side  of  the 
Isthmus  of  Patiama.     Lat.  9°  30'  X..  Ion.  79°  W. 

M.VXDIXGOS.  man-ding'gAs.  a  well-known  tribe  of  West 
Africa,  remarkable  for  their  intelligence,  and,  generally,  for 
the  advances  they  have  made  in  civilization.  The  original 
country  of  this  people,  who  are  now  spread  over  a  great 
portion  of  West  Africa,  was  the  X.  slope  of  the  hi.:h  table- 
land of  Senegarabia,  between  the  head  waters  of  the  Xiger 
and  Senegal.  Their  language  is  more  widely  diffused,  and 
more  emiiloyed  by  translators  than  that  of  any  of  the  other 
languages  of  West  Africa.  The  personal  appearance  of  the 
Mandiu>;os  is  prepossessing;  their  features  are  regular  and 
open;  their  figures  well  formetl  and  comely,  averaging  a 
height  rather  aliove  the  common.  Their  religion  is  Moham- 
medan, but  the}'  are  not  rigid  in  its  observances. 

MAXDIVEE,  a  seaport  of  Ilindostan.     See  Maxbavee. 

M.\XD1W.  niinMow'.  or  MAXDOO,  mSn-dod'.  a  mined 
city  of  India,  dominioiis.  and  35  miles  S.W.  of  Indore. 

MAXDSHUUIA,  MAXDSHOOKIA  or  MAXDSCUUREI. 
See  MAXTCHooniA. 

M.\.XDU.  min-dofi',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  a  lake  of  its 
own  name,  province  of  Espirito-Santo,  and  joins  the  Dnce4 
miles  tielow  the  cataracts  of  Kscadonhas;  length.  100  mile.s. 

MAXDUEL,  mO\«Mu-^l'.  almost  m6N«'dwfel',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Gard.  arrondissement  of  Xlmes,  on 
the  railway  to  Beaucaire.     Pop.  1.^19. 

MAXDURI.-V.,  m4n-doo're-8.  a  town  of  Xaples.  province 
and  54  miles  X.X.W.  of  Otranto.  It  suffere-l  much  from  an 
earthquake  in  1783.  Consider,nble  remains  still  exist  of  the 
old  Maiiduria,  destroyed  by  Fabius  Maximus,  in  the  second 
Punic  War,     Pop.  52CK).  , 

M.\X't;A.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge,  with 
a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  E.  Counties  Railway,  5i  miles 
S.S.E.  of  March. 

M.\X Ei:SA.  MAXISA,  mi-nee'sa,  MAXISSA.  mi-nis'sl,  or 
MAXHi.\,  md-nee'ki,  (anc.  Magne'sia  ad  Sip>)/luin.)  a  town 
of  Asia  >Iinor,  Anatoli;i.  on  the  X.  side  of  Mount  Sipylus,  28 
miles  X.K.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  25,000.  It  has  a  citadel  on 
a  height,  and  ancient  walls,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  the 
moilern  town.  It  has  a  great  many  minarets,  and  numerous 
handsome  public  buildings,  in  this  respect  excelling  Smyrna ; 
particularly  the  principal  khan,  which  is  a  remarkable  and 
magnificent  structure,  of  white  stone,  round  a  sijuare  which 
oont«ins  in  its  centre,  a  copious  fountain  of  pure  water. 
There  are  18  mosques  in  the  city.  Cotton  and  silk  goods. 
and  goats'-hair  shawls,  are  manufactured  here.  The 
mountains  about  Magnesia  were  anciently  famous  for  the 
productiin  of  the  loadstone,  whence  the  name  '•  magnet"  is 
Bunposel  to  have  been  derived. 

MAX  KEY  AS,  M  AXI YAS  or  MAXTAS,  mi-nee'ls',  a  village 
of  .\sia  Minor,  Anatolia.  55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Brusa.  with  some 
remains,  supposed  to  be  those  of  the  ancient  rtemanentts. 

MAXEEYAS  (or  MAXIYAS-GAL.  m.^-nee\-as  g3l.)  or 
LAKE  OK  MILETOPOLIS.  mi-le-top'o-lis.  a  "lake  of  Asia 
Minor,  about  10  miles  S.  of  the  peninsula  of  Cyzicus,  in  a 
low,  flat,  grassy  tract,  commencing  with  an  afflnent.of  the 
Uhvndacus. 

MANE  It  BIO,  mJ-nJn/be-o,  a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy,  13 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Brescia,  on  the  Mella.    Pop.  3232. 

MAX'EUOO'.  MOX-^EROtX  or  BRIS'BAXE  DOWNS,  a  dis- 
tiiot.  of  Ea.st  Australia.  Xew  South  Wales,  and  Victoria,  ex- 
tending W.  alona  the  Murrumbidwe  River.  Estimated  area. 
10.000  square  miles.  Pop.  191(3.  of  European  descent.  Sur- 
face chiefly  an  undulating  plain  from  2iX)0  to  3000  feet  above 
the  s-'a.  and  travcrse<l  by  the  .Australian  Alps. 

MAXERU.  mS-n.^-roo'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Na- 
Tarre.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  1104. 

M.\XKTIX.  mi-nf\-teen»,  (nnc.  Manetinari  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, l**  milee  X.X.W.  of  Pilsen,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
nam,'.     Pop.  1112. 

MAXtW'DEX,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 


JIAXFALOOT,  or  MAXFALOTJT.  mjn-fa-loot/.  a  town  of 
Upper  Egypt,  province  of  Minieh.  on  the  left  bank  of  tha 
Xile,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Sioot.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
has  2  Coptic  churches,  also  woollen  manufactories,  and  a 
public  school. 

MAX'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Xortb 
Riding. 

MAXFOOAH  or  MAXFOU AH.  man-foo'i,  a  town  of  Arabia, 
neiir  it,s  centre.  450  miles  X.E.  of  Mecca. 

M.\XFRE1)0XIA,  man-fre-do'ne-a.  or  mfin-frA-do'ne-3,  a 
fortified  seaport  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Capitanata,  on 
a  bay  of  the  Adriatic,  22  miles  X.E,  of  Foggia.  lat.  41°  38'  X., 
Ion.  15°  56'  E.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls  strength- 
ene<l  by  large  round  bastions.  Its  port,  sheltered  l>y  a  mole, 
and  defended  by  a  strong  fort,  is  accessible  only  to  small 
ves.sels.  It  was  founded  by  Manfred  in  the  13th  century,  1 
mile  X.E.  of  the  ancient  Siprnitum. 

MAXFREDOXIA,  UULFOF,(anc.F'nn«  Si'iiuf.)  an  inlet  of 
the  -Adriatic  Sea,  in  South  Italy.  Xaples.  provinces  of  Capi- 
tanata and  Bari.  about  15  miles  in  length,  and  30  miles  wide 
at  it«  entrance.  S.  of  the  Garganian  Promontory. 

MAXGA,  mdn'gd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  MaranhSo, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  river  Ignara  with  the  Moni-Mirim. 
In  1838,  Raymuudo  Gomes,  with  his  followers,  broke  open 
the  prison  here,  let  out  the  deserters  and  convicts,  and.  re- 
tiring to  Vargem.  raised  the  standard  of  rebellion.    P.  3000. 

MAXOAIA,  min-ghi'a.  or  MAXGEEA.  mdn-iiheeM.  an 
island  in  the  South  Pacific  0«>an:  lat.  21°  57'  S..  Ion.  158°  W. 
It  is  of  volcanic  origin,  about  30  miles  in  circumference. 
Discovered  by  Captain  C<x>k.    Pop.  estimated  at  2000. 

M.VXG.ALORE,  maug'ga-lor',  a  seaport  town  of  British 
Jndia,  presidency  of  Bombav.  di.strict  of  Canara,  on  the 
JIalabar  Coast,  80  miles  X.X.'W.  of  Cananore.  I«it.  12°  02* 
J<., Ion.  74°  54'  E,  It  is  well  built  and  stands  on  the  edge 
of  a  fine  salt-water  lake  which  communicates  with  a  rivei 
The  port  will  not  admit  of  vessels  drawing  more  than  10 
feet  water,  except  in  spring-tides;  but  there  is  good  an- 
chorage off  the  mouth  of  the  river,  in  from  5  to  7  fathoms. 
The  exports  are  principally  rice,  pepper,  sandal-wood,  ca.-sia, 
and  turmeric ;  the  imports,  sugar,  salt,  and  piece  goods.  Tha 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  Mapillas  or  Moplas.  said  to  be  de- 
scended from  a  colony  of  Arabs,    Pop,  30,000, 

MAXOAXO,     See  SIango, 

MAXGARATIBA,  mdn-gd-ratee'bil,  a  maritime  town  of 
Brazil,  province,  and  53  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on 
the  Bay  of  Angra  dos  Reis.  A  railroad  is  in  construction 
from  this  place  to  Rio. 

M.\NGEE,  a  town  of  British  India.     See  Maxjee. 

MAXGEE.A.  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  See   ManCAIL 

M-AXGLIKUX-nidxcNe-uh',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Puy-de-DOme.  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont-Ferrand.   P.  KiSO, 

MAXGO,  mSn'go,  or  MAXGAXO,  mSn-gd'no,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  6  miles  from  Alba.     Pop.  1817. 

MAXT.O.ALDK.  m3n-go-.<ilM,i.  or  AX-URARA  DE  BEIRA. 
3-zoo-rd'rd  dA  Ik^'i'-ril.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beir*' 
Alta,  about  8  miles  from  Viseu.     Pop.  3184. 

M.AXGO'IIICK.  a  post-office  of  Kins  William  co.,  Virginia. 

MAXGOLA,  mdn-go'ld.  or  MAXGOLI  XI  LLA.  man-gt/lee 
zool'ld,  one  of  the  Xulla  Islands,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
between  Celeljes  and  Ceram,  Lat.  (X.  point)  1°  47'  S.,  Ion. 
126°  3'  E.  It  is  about  60  miles  long  by  10  miles  bread.  It  is 
separated  at  the  W.  end  from  XuUa-Talyalx)  by  a  narrow 
strait,  in  which  is  a  dangerous  whirlpool.  This  island  was 
depopulated  by  war.  and  is  now  an  uninhabited  waste. 

MAXGOORlX).  MAXGOCROU  or  .MAXGURU.  mdn'goo- 
rooi.  written  also  MAXGORO  and  MAXGOURE.  river  of 
Madaiasiar, on  the  E. coast,  formed  by  several  head  streams. 
It  falls  into  the  sea  at  lat.  20°  8'  S.  It  is  nearly  as  broad 
as  the  Loire  in  France,  and  is  navigable  for  a  considerable 
distance. 

MAX'GOTSFIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester, 
5  miles  E.X.E.  of  Bristol,  with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the 
Midland  Railway. 

M.\XGUEIR.\.  m3n-gA'e-r3.  a  lake  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Sao-Pedro-do-l!io-<Jrande.  between  Liike  Miriui  and  the 
ocean.  It  is  90  miles  long,  and  only  4  miles  bro.id.  It  dis- 
charges itself  into  the  sea  by  a  small  stream  calle'l  Taim. 

M.AN'GUM.  a  post-oflice  of  Richmond  co.,  North  Carolina, 

MAXGCRU.     See  Mangooroo. 

MAXGYELLOS.  mdn-jellos,  (?)  a  vill.age  of  Austria,  Slor 
Tenia.  4  miles  from  C.salma.     Pop.  1061. 

5l.\XGYT,  miln-ghit/,  a  town  of  Central  -Asia.  55  miles 
X.X.W.  of  Khiva.  It  stands  tolerably  high,  and  is  sur- 
roUTuted  bv  a  dilapidated  wall. 

MAXII.\.«.'S1;T.  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co.,  Xew  York, 
on  the  X.  sideof  lyong  Island,  at  the  head  of  Cow  Bay,  alx>ut 
20  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xew  York. 

MAXHATTAN.  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  Lucas  co,, 
Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maum*e  liiver.  the  terminus  of 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  3  miles  below  Toledo,     i'op.  788. 

M.\XH.\TT.\X.  a  post-village  of  Putnam  CO..  Indiana,  on 
the  Xational  Road.  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MAXIIATTAX  ISLAXD.  sometimes  called  XEW  YORK 
ISLAXD,  in  the  S.E,  part  of  Xew  York  State.  separat«l 
from  the  mainland  by  Uarlem  River,    Lei-gth  15  xallw, 


.    MAN 


MAN 


width  from  half  a  mile  to  2J  miles.    It  is  co-extensive  with 
the  couritv  of  New  York,  and  contains  the  citv  of  that  name. 
MAMIAT'TANVILLii,  a  post-village  of  New   York  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  Hiver  Railroad,  8  mile.s  N.  of  the 
City  Hall.    The  Lunatic  .\svlum  of  New  Y'ork  is  located  here. 
MA.MU-UG.V.N  (ni.an-hee')?au)  ISLA.ND,  S.  of  the  entrance 
of  Oeoriie  Itiver,  Maine.     On  it  is  a  revolvin};  lisrht.  alter- 
natelv  red  and  white,  elevated  170  feet.    Lat.  43°  ii'  N.,  Ion. 
69°  lij'  \V. 
M.\..VUEIM.  a  town  of  Germany.    See  MANNnBiM. 
M.WIII'jI.M,  man'hime,  a  post-township  of  Iterkimer  co., 
Now  York,  on  the  Mohawk   River,  along  wliich  piuis  the 
Sjxacuse  and  Utica  liaiload  and  Erie  Canal,  about  2d  miles 
E.  of  Utica.     I'op.  1868. 

M.\.\lli';iM.  a  post-township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 3'-',  miles  K.8.K.  of  llarrisburg.     Pop.  2510. 

M.\.\  IIKI  -M.  a  post-borout;h  of  Lancaster  co.,  I'enngylvania, 
11  miles  X.\Y.  of  liaocaster.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  I'ich  and 
mipul'His  district, and  contjiinsl  national  bank.  It  is  on  the 
keadinj;-  and  Columbia  U.K.  Pop.  in  IS.^O,  778 :  in  1860,  8oO. 
MANIIKIM,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsvlvania.  Pop. 
1091. 

MANIIEI^l  CENTRK,  a  post^village  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
York,  ab.mt  08  miles  \V.N.\V.  of  Albany. 

M.\.\HU-.4.yU,  mdn-lioo'4-soo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  pursuing 
a  N.E.  course  for  about  220  miles,  joins  the  Doce. 

MANX,  md,-nee',  an  Indi.an  vill.age  of  Y'ucatan.  97  miles 
E.N.K.  of  Campeachy,  at  which  are  numerous  ruins  of  a 
town  which  was  formerly  important. 

M.VNIA(jK).  mi-ne-d/go.  a  market-town  of  Austriau  Italy, 
25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Udine.  l>op.  3800. 
M.\NIA.S,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor.  See  Maxeeyas. 
M.\N1Q'A,  md-nee'si,  a  town  and  petty  state  of  .South-East 
Africa,  trlbut.iry  to  the  Portuguese,  the  town  1-10  miles  X.^V. 
of  Sofala.  The  principal  products  of  the  country  are  gold- 
dust,  ivory,  copni^r,  and  iron. 

MAXICK,  md-nee'sl  or  mj-neess/,  or  KINOr  GEORGE 
RIVER,  a  river  of  East  Africa,  falls  into  the  N.  side  of  Dela- 
goa  Bay.  after  a  S.  course,  which  has  been  explored  upwards 
for  50  miles. 

M.\MCK  POOR,  mi-nik-poor',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  domi- 
nions of  Oude,  on  the  Ganges,  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lucknow. 

MAXIC'  iLI.iG AN,  man-e-kwd'gsin,  a  river.lake.  and  bay  of 
Canada  East,  the  river  bringing  the  surplus  waters  of 
(several  lak<'S.  by  a  S.  course  of  150  miles,  to  Jlanicou'agan 
Bay,  in  the  estuary  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

MANHDiJWISII',  a  sm.all  river  of  Chippewa  co.,  Wisconsin, 
rises  near  the  X.  boundary  of  the  state,  and  flows  south- 
westward  into  Chippewa  River. 

M.\NI(J(JI),  md-ne-god',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Bavoy.  in  a  valley  between  lofty  mountains,  E.S.E.  of  Annecy. 
Pop.  1091. 

MAXIKA,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  MA?fEES\. 
MANIlvYALA,  mi-neek-yd/lji.  a  village  of  the  Punjab, 
between  the  Jhylum  and  Indus  Rivers,  14o  miles  X.W.  of 
Lahore,  supposed  to  occupv  the  site  of  the  ancient  Tarihi. 

MAXILA,  mi-neela,  or  JIAXIl/LA,  (Sp.  Manila,  md- 
nee'ld;  L.  MxniUia;  Kr.  ManiUe,  md^neel',)  the  capital 
city  of  the  isl.iud  of  Luzon  and  of  all  the  Pliilippino  Is- 
lands, see  of  the  Roman  Catholic  primate,  and  one  of  the 
great  emporiums  of  the  E.,  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name, 
and  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  Pasig.  which  is  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge.  Lat.  (Cathedral)  14°  H6'  N.,  Ion.  121°  E.  The 
city  proper  forms  the  segment  of  a  circle  between  the  river 
and  the  sea,  and  its  suburbs  extend  over  numerous  islets, 
formed  by  the  river  and  its  branches,  and  easily  reached  in 
all  parts  by  boats.  Behind  lies  an  extensive  plain,  which 
swells  into  distant  hills,  and  these  again  into  mountains, 
eoniB  thousand  feet  high,  and  clothed  with  vegetation  to 
their  summits.  The  Pasig,  the  steps  leading  down  to  which 
are  crowded  every  morning  with  bathers  of  both  sexes,  is 
prolonged  into  the  bay  by  two  piers,  terminating,  the  one  in 
a  small  fort,  the  other  in  a  lighthouse.  Vessels  of  some  hun- 
dred tons  may  come  up  as  far  as  the  bridge.  On  the  3.  side 
stands  the  city,  liaving  a  dilapidated  look,  but  strongly  for- 
titied  with  walls  and  ditches.  On  the  N.  is  situated  the 
Binondo  suburb,  more  populous  than  the  city  itself;  the 
residence  of  the  foreign  merchants  and  the  great  centre  of 
trade.  The  aspect 'of  the  whole  is  at  once  Spanish  and 
Oriental ;  long  lines  of  heavily-mounted  batteries,  sombre 
churches,  and  ungainly  towers,  and  massive  houses  of  solid 
masonry,  mingle  with  airy  cottages  in  groves  of  tropical 
trees,  raised  on  posts  to  permit  the  free  passage  of  the  waters 
In  the  rainy  season,  and  so  constructed  as,  by  their  elasticity, 
to  stand  the  shocks  of  an  earthquake.  The  streets  are 
straight,  but,  for  the  most  part,  unpaved,  and,  during  the 
rains,  almost  impassable.  In  the  city  the  houses  are  two 
stories  hi:rh,  and  each  has  its  central  court-yard.  Here  reside 
the  heads  of  the  state,  church,  and  army,  and  all  who  would 
be  thought  of  the  aristocracy.  No  foreigner  may  sleep  within 
the  walls.  A  bridge  leads  across  the  river  into  the  Binondo 
Buburb.  where  a  street,  called  the  Escolta.  runs  to  the  right 
end  the  left,  lined  with  innumerable  shops  and  stalls,  and 
crowded  with  a  strange  and  n>^tIoy  population  of  various 
races.    Beyond  tht»  Escolta,  a  swarm  of  Chinese,  Indians 


and  Metis  (half-castes)  appear  as  goldsmillis  arid  jewellers 
painters  and  enamellers,  oil  and  soap  mercnunts.  ounle* 
tioners,  and  keepers  of  gauibling-houses  and  cook-shopg. 
Other  suburbs  have  each  its  special  character.  San  l'er> 
nando  is  the  scat  of  one  of  the  great  cigar  manufactories, 
and  .^anto  Mesa  of  a  steam-cordage  manufactory;  at  the 
Alcaiceria  the  Chinese  shampans  disdiarge  their  cargoes; 
tishermen  and  weavers  inliaijit  tlie  division  of  Tomlo.  and 
its  gardens  supply  the  markets  with  fruit  and  vegetables. 
Malate  is  famous  for  its  embroiderers:  I'aco  is  inhabited  by 
artisans  and  artists  ;  convalescents  resort  for  health  to  f'ant.i 
Ana  and  San  IV^dro  Mwati ;  the  Chinese  hurying-ground 
attracts  the  curious  to  Bancu.-;ay ;  and  near  it  stands  the 
Lepers'  House,  a  frightful  reccpt^u-ie  for  sufferers  from  ele- 
phantiasis, St.  Anthony's  fire,  and  various  other  dire  disea.se's. 

The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  Cathedral,  the 
Palaces  of  the  governor  and  the  archbishop:  a  lieauliful 
town-house,  10  churches,  belonging  to  ditferent  religious 
orders:  several  monasteries,  con vi-nts, -and  tc«<f7-(w.  (insti- 
tutions for  females  in  which  there  are  no  vows:)  the  Arsenal; 
3  colleges  for  young  men.  and  2  for  young  women ;  the 
Su])reme  Court,  Prison,  Civil  Hospital,  St.  Thomas's  Uni- 
versity, a  marine  and  a  commercial  si  liool,  a  large  theatre, 
the  Custom-house,  and  barracks.  The  city  has  several 
squares,  in  the  largest  of  which,  the  Prado,  there  is  a  bronze 
statue  of  Charles  IV. 

The  royal  and  pontifical  University  of  St.  Thomas  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  Dominiians,  and  has  an  attendance  of  about 
51")  students.  The  College  of  St  Jo.seph  belongs  to  the  Jesuits ; 
that  of  St.  Johii  Liiteran  gives  a  plain  education  to  240  Indi 
ans  and  Metis.  The  Escuela  I'ia  belongs  to  the  city,  and  is 
for  Spanish  children  alone.  A  royal  marine  school  was  esttk- 
blished  iu  1820.  and  a  commercial  sihool  in  1840.  The  Co' 
leges  of  St.  I'otentian.'i  and  St.  Isabella  are  for  girls,  the  lat- 
ter for  orphans.  The  monasteries  have  libraries  attached  to 
them:  still  science  and  learning  are  at  a  low  ebb,  Manila 
is  tile  seat  of  government,  and  of  the  supreme  courts.  The 
municipality  dates  from  1571.  A  tribunal  of  commerce  was 
estal>lished  in  1834,  and  a  board  of  trade  in  1835. 

Admirably  fitte<l  by  nature  for  trade,  JManila  has  been 
brought,  by  the  political  and  legislafWe  changes  of  the  present 
century,  from  a  state  of  comparat'.ve  obscurity,  to  rank  with 
Calcutta  aod  liatavia.  Its  relations  with  Britain,  the  Unitod 
States,  and  Australia  are  ra|)idly  becoming  more  imixirtant 
Being  the  only  port  iu  the  Philippines  open  to  foreign  ves- 
sels, it  is  the  centre  to  which  all  their  productions  flow,  and 
the  resort  of  an  infinite  number  of  colonial  vessels  of  all 
sorts  and  sines.  It  exports  svigar,  tobacco,  indigo.  JIanila 
hemp  and  cordage.  gold-<lust,  birds'-nests,  coffee,  sap|>an-wood, 
mats  and  hats,  hides,  trepang.  tort^ilse-shell,  cotton,  rice, 
ami  coined  money ;  and  it  imports  British  and  United  States 
cloths,  hardware,  &.C.;  French  novelties  and  pei-fumery,  and 
a  great  variety  of  articles,  tea,  pottery,  &c.,  from  China.  The 
value  of  British  goods  imported  direct,  and  through  .Singa- 
p<jre.  China,  and  .\ustralia,  ikc,  amounted,  in  1846,  to 
£681.l;j4;  being  more  than  the  value  of  the  total  imports 
iu  1840.  from  all  countries. 

The  manufactures  of  Manila  consist  chiefly  of  cigars  and 
cheroots,  a  government  monopoly,  which  gives  employment 
to  several  thousands,  both  of  men  and  women;  of  cordage 
from  the  filament  of  the  ab;ica,  and  of  which  the  best  Is 
made  by  steam-machinery;  the  beautiful  fabrics  called  ^ji'flas, 
woven  from  the  fibres  of  the  pine-apple  leaf,  and  afterwards 
exquisitely  embroidered  ;  just^  or  sinamaio,  and  various  othei 
cloths  made  of  the  abaca  filament,  pure  or  mixed  cotton 
fabrics ;  mats  and  cigar-cases. 

Manila  was  founded  by  Legaspi  in  1671.  In  1645  it  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake.  In  1717,  the  zeal  of  a 
governor  iu  repressing  abu.ses,  led  to  the  murder  of  himself 
and  his  sou  in  an  insurrection.  In  1762.  it  was  taken  by  a 
British  fleet,  and  held  for  15  months.  In  1809,  an  English 
house  was  permitted  to  establish  itself  there,  a  privilege 
extended  in  1814  to  all  foreigners.  Manila  h;i9  frequently 
bt^iu  visitixl  by  severe  and  destructive  earthquakes,  the  most 
recent  of  which  took  place  in  the  autumn  of  1852.  Scarcely 
a  building  in  the  town  remained  uninjured,  and  many  were 
completelv  destroyed.  Pop.  of  the  city,  16,000;  including 
suburbs.  i40.000. 

MAXILA  B.iY,  island  of  Luzon,  is  a  land-locked  sea.  hav- 
ing an  entrance  about  12  miles  wide,  contracted,  by  nume- 
rous islands,  into  two  principal  channels — Boca  Grande,  3 
miles,  and  Boca  Chica.  2  miles  wide.  It  measures  about  30 
miles  from  N'.  to  S.,  and  25  miles  from  E,  to  W.  Two  lights 
were  established  at  the  entrance  to  the  bay  in  February, 
1863:  one  a  revolving  light.  648  feet  alxjve  the  level  of  tlie 
sea.  in  lat.  14°  23'  5"  N.,  Ion,  120°  33'  56"  E.,  the  other  a 
fixed  light.  417  feet  high,  about  2  miles  eastward. 

M.'VNIL'LA.  a  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Shelbvville  and  Rushville  Railroad,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Rushville.     Pop.  about  .300. 

MANIMJ.4.RA,  mj-ne-m3j'rd,  a  town  and  fort  of  British 
India.  In  the  Punjab  territory,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Loodianah. 

MAMNCHT.  a  river  of  Africa.     See  Ngajii. 

MAXIPA,  md-nee'pd,  a  small  island  of  the  Malay  Archip* 
logo,  off  the  W.  end  of  Ceram;  lat.  3°  17'  S,,  Ion.  i27°  28'  K 

1135 


MAN 

It  is  about  20  mile?  in  circuit ;  mountainous,  but  populous 
.ii>'l  tVnilt^. 

MAMSES.  mS-nee'sJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  4  miles  'SV.N.W. 
of  \'alenoia.  on  the  Guadalaviar.     Pop.  1805. 

JIAN,  I.SLE  (If.     See  Man. 

M  A .\"  1 SS A,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Mankesa. 

MANISTEE  or  MAXTSTIC,  a  river  of  Michiotan.  rises  in 
the  X.  part  of  the  peninsula,  and  flowing  W.S.W.,  enters 
Lake  Michigan  in  Manistee  county.    Length,  150  miles. 

MAMSTJiE,  a  newly  formed  county  in  the  AV.N.W.  part 
of  Michigan,  contains  about  650  sqiiare  miles.  It  is  traversed 
from  E.  to  W.  by  the  Manistee  Kiver,  from  wliich  tlie  name 
is  derived.     Pop.  in  ISOi,  975. 

JIAXnSTER.  a  parish  of  Ireland.  Mungter.  eo.  of  Limericlc. 
■  MAMSTIC.  a  river  of  Jlicliit'an.     See  Manistee. 

MANITCH  or  MANYTCH,  a  lake  of  Russia.  See  Bol- 
Ilmex. 

MAXITCH.  m,i-neetch',  or  MANYTCH.  mi-nitch'.  a  river 
of  Ru>rfa.  issues  from  the  salt  lakes  of  Chaki.  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  jrovernmeut  of  Astrakhan,  flows  W.X.W..  expandins; 
into  Lake  Manitch  or  Rol-Ilmeii.  and.  after  a  course  of  about 
300  miles,  joins  the  Don,  a  little  above  Old  Tcherkask.  Us 
principal  affluents  are  the  Charsukul,  on  the  right,  and  the 
Kalau^!  and  Hgorlik  on  the  left. 

MANITOBA  (man-e-to'ba)  LAKE,  of  British  North  Ame- 
rica, is  in  lat.  51°  X..  Ion.  99°  W..  immediately  S.W.  of  Lake 
AVinnipeg.  and  connected  with  it  by  the  Dauphin  River. 
Length  110  miles:  greatest  breadth  25  miles. 

M.\X*ITOOWOC'.a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  is  formed  by 
two  branches  which  rise  near  Lake  Winnebago  and  unite 
in  the  E.  part  of  Calumet  co.  It  flows  thence  eastwanl  and 
enters  Lake  Michigan  at  the  village  of  its  own  name.  The 
navigation  is  obstructed  by  a  series  of  rapids.  The  name 
signifies  "  river  of  spiriU." 

MAXITOOWOC.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
bordering  on  Lake  Jlichigan,  has  an  area  of  590  square 
miles.  Manitoowoc  Kiver.  from  which  the  name  is  derived, 
flows  througli  the  middle  of  the  county;  the  X.E.  part  is 
traversed  by  East  and  West  Twin  Rivers,  and  the  S.W.  by 
Sheboygan  River.  The  soil  is  mostly  clayey  and  fertili". 
Pine  lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Organized  in 
1839.     Capital.  Manitoowoc.     Pop.  22.416. 

MANITOOWOC.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Mani- 
toowoc CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  tlie  W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river  of  its  own  name,  93  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  contains  3  banks,  6 
churches,-"  stores.5  steam-mills,2 ship-}<irds,and  _  foundries. 
It  has  an  active  trade  in  pine  lumber.  Two  or  threo  news- 
papers are  issued  here.     Pop.  3055. 

MAXITOOWOC  RAPIDS,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Manitoowoc  co..  Wisconsin,  on  tlie  Manitoowoc  River.  4 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan.  The  rapids 
aflbrd  great  motive  power,  which  is  employed  in  sawing  pine 
lumber.     Pop.  1392. 

MANITOU  (man'e-too')  RIVER,  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin, 
falls  into  the  Fox  or  Xoenah  River  a  little  above  the  town 
of  Green  Bay.  Its  course  is  nearly  parallel  with  Fox  River, 
from  which  it  is  only  2  or  3  miles  distant. 

MAXITOULIN'.  manVtoo'lin  or  manVtoo-leen',  a  group 
of  islands  in  British  America,  stretching  from  E.  to  W. 
along  the  N.  shores  of  Lake  Huron,  and  consisting  chiefly 
of  the  Great  Manitoulin  or  Sacred  Isle,  Little  Manitoulin 
or  Cockburn.  and  Drummond.  Great  Manitoulin,  80  miles 
long  by  20  miles  broad,  and  with  an  area  of  1000  square 
miles,  is  deeply  indented  by  numerous  bays,  has  an  ele- 
vated and  very  rugged  surface.  Many  of  the  precipices 
are  covered  with  clumps  of  beautiful  "trees ;  and  behind. 
in  the  interior,  are  large  and  dense  pine  forests.  Little 
Manitoulin  has  a  diameter  of  about  7  miles,  and.  in 
its  general  features,  resembles  Great  Manitoulin.  The 
channel  between  them  is  about  8  miles  long  by  4  miles 
wide.  Drummond.  24  miles  long,  with  a  breadth  varying 
from  2  to  12  mileS.  has  an  irregular  surface,  covered  with 
large  ma.sses  of  rock.  It  is  separated  from  the  American 
shore,  on  the  W.,  by  a  strait,  called  the  True  Detour,  which 
is  scarcely  1  mile  wide,  and  forms  the  principal  passage  for 
vessels  proceeding  to  Lake  Superior. 

MAXlTOULIXfi  LAKE.    See  Geobgian  Bat. 

MAN  ITT  A.  a  township  in  Fulton  CO.,  Illinois. 

JIAXlYAS-GAL.alakeof  Asia  Minor.  See  Maneetas-O.vl. 

MAX.TANIK.  m3n-ji-neek'.  a  ruined  city  of  Persia,  pro- 
Tince  of  Khoozistan,  on  the  Abi-zard  River,  60  miles  S.E.  of 
Shooster. 

M  AX.TEE  or  MAKGEE,  min-jee'.  a  town  of  British  India. 

S residency  of  Bengal,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ganges  and 
oggra  Rivers.  44  miles  N.W.  of  Patna. 
M.\XKASSER,  an  island  of  Celebes.     See  Macassar. 
MAXKATO,  a  post-village,  capital   of  Blue   Earth   co., 
MinntsotA,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Minnesota,  a  little 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Mankato  River.     Pop.  1559. 

MANKATO  or  BLUE  EARTH  RIVER,  a  sm.ali  stream  in 
the  S.  part  ot  Minnesota,  falls  into  the  Minnesoto  River, 
about  1  mile  above  the  village  of  Mankato. 

MANivERA,  mSn-k.i'rd,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  between 
the  Jhvhim  and  tbe  Indus,  lat.  31°  2Z>  N.,  Ion.  71°  30'  E.  It  1 
1136  ' 


MAN       . 

is  surrounded  by  a  mnd  wall,  and  has  a  citadel  built  of 
burned  brick. 

MAX'LIUS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga  co., 
New  York.  The  Central  Railrojid  crosses  the  township.  The 
village  is  10  miles  S.  E.  of  Syracuse.  It  contains  4  churches, 
an  academy,  a  paper-mill,  2  furnaces,  and  a  manufactory  of 
mowing  machines.     Pup.  alxmt  l."iOO ;  of  the  township,  6028. 

MAX'LIUS.  apost-township  in  the  W.partof  Allegan  CO., 
Michigan,  intersectiHl  by  the  Kalamazoo  River.     Pop.  349. 

MAX'LIUS  CENTRE.a  post-village  of  Manlius  township, 
Onondaga  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  9  miles  E.  of 
Syracuse,     it  contains  an  academy. 

MAXLLEU.  mdn-ii\-oo',  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  40 
miles  X.X.E.  of  15aree!ona,  on  the  Ter.    Pop.  1991. 

MAXLUN'KUS,  a  new  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  199. 

MAX'/LY',  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co..  North  Carolina. 

MAN/LY'SVILLE,  a  smaU  post-village  of  Uenry  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, near  Sandy  River. 

MAXXEDOKF.  (.Miinnedorf.)  men'neh-doRf\  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  on  the  Lake  of  Zurich,  11  miles 
S.E.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  2350. 

MANN  ERSDORF,  min/ners-doRf  \  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  20  miles  S..S.E.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  19S0.  It  has  a 
castle  and  mineral  baths. 

MAXXEUSDORF  or  MATTERSDORF.  mafters-doRf\ 
(Hun.  KiUtely.  kSt'hAI'.)  a  market-town  of  \S  est  Uuugary, 
17  miles  S.\V.  of  Oedenburg.     Pop.  1100. 

MAXXERSDORF,  man'ners-doRf\  (_Hun.  Mevyliard.uihT^- 
hSnl'  )  a  market-ttiwn  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  4  miles  S.  of 
Kesuiark.     Pop.  1000. 

MAXNHARTSBERG,  m^nn'haRts-bJRG\  a  wooded  moun- 
tain lange  of  Austria,  terminates  near  tlie  Danube,  about 
25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vienna. 

MANNHEIM  orMAXHElM.mann/hlme.  a  town  of  Paden, 
capitiil  of  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  right  Lwuk  of 
the  Rhine,  between  it  and  the  Xeckar.  in  a  low  t;iluatiou.  pro- 
tected by  a  dike,  66  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  entered 
by  three  principal  gates,  and  is  built  witli  the  greutest  regu- 
larity— 12  streets  running  parallel  to  each  other,  aud  10 
crossing  them  at  right  angles.  The  p"blic  r.quares  are 
almost  all  adorned  with  fountains,  which,  howeier.  are  not 
well  supplied  with  water.  The  principal  bu'ldiiigs  are  the 
castle  or  palace,  a  huge  quadrangular  structure  c^f  red  sand- 
stone: the  Church  of  the  Jesuits,  an  imposing  edifice,  with 
a  profusely  decorated  interior:  iiehind  tliis  chun-h  is  tlie 
Observatory,  a  very  complete  structure  of  its  kind,  107  feet 
high;  the  Theatre,  in  which  Schiller's  Buhbcrs  was  first 
acte<l:  the  Parish  Church,  and  the  Churches  of  Concord  and 
Trinity,  the  Sj'uagogue.  the  Town-house.  Old  Mint.  Arsenal, 
Barracks,  Merchants'  Hall,  and  House  of  Correction.  The 
manufactures  are  comparatively  iusignifirant ;  the  trade 
has  recently  been  very  much  extended,  and  Jlannheim  is 
now  the  first  commercial  town  in  the  graud-duchy.  This  it 
owes  to  its  admirable  position  on  two  important  navigable 
rivers,  and  the  opening  of  the  railway  to  Carlsruhe  and 
Frankfort.  The  principal  articles  of  trade  are  tobiueo,  corn, 
wine,  wood,  hops,  linen,  millinery,  ironmongery,  cattle,  Ac. 
Mannheim  was  once  strongly  fortified,  aud.  lying  not  far 
from  the  French  frontier,  and  near  tlie  centre  of  military 
operations,  was  repeatedly  the  object  of  attack,  and  suli'ered 
severely  during  the  wars  between  France  and  Germany. 
In  a  .siege  by  the  Austrians,  in  1705.  only  14  houses  reuiaioed 
uninjured.  The  cheapness  of  living  has  attracted  hither 
permanently  about  3U0  English  families.     Pop.  27,172. 

MAX/XING  RIVER,  a  river  of  New  South  AVales,  rises 
about  Ion.  151°  30'  E..  flows  E.,  and  falls  into  the  sea  by 
several  outlets,  in  lat.  32°  S. 

MAX'X1NGFI»KD-AB/B0TS,  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

MAX'XIXGFORD-BRUCE.  parish  of  England,  co.  '.Viits. 

MAX'NIXGHAM,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

MAN'XIXGHAM.  a  post-village  in  Butler  co.,  Alabama, 
130  miles  S.E.  of  Tusca!oo.«a. 

MAN/NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MAN'NINGTON,  a  township  of  Salem  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
Siilora  Creek,  about  23  miles  S.  S.  W.  ui  vtuoaiiur.y.    P.  2393. 

MANNINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  \S'.  Virginia, 
on  the  Urtltiniore  and  Ohio  llailroad.     Free  poo.  2+1. 

MANNINGTON.  a  post-village  of  Leon  co..  Florida. 

MANXINGTOX  HILL,  a  village  of  Manuington  township, 
Salem  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  about  4 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Salem. 

MAX'NIXGTREE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  ilssex,  on  the  river  Stour.  with  a  statiou  on  the  East 
Union  Railway,  94  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ipswi<h.     Pop.  1176. 

MANXS'BOROUGII, a  post-village  in  Amelia  co.,  Airginio, 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

.MANN'S  CHOICE,  a  postrofflce  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MANN'S  MILL,  a  village  in  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  25  miles  N 
by  FJ.  of  Iowa  City, 

M.tXNS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Rome  aud  Watertown  Railroad,  52  milee  N.W.  of 
Rome.    It  has  several  mills. 


MAN 


MAN 


MANN'SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co.,  Kentucky. 

MAXXU.  mdn-noo'.  a  river  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  after 
a  S.  coiiree  of  JO  miles,  enters  the  la^oouof  Cagliari,  7  milc;s 
N.W.  of  that  city. 

MAX'XY.  a  post-villat;e,  capital  of  Sabine  parish,  Louisi- 
ana. alHJUt  150  miles  W.X.W.  of  Baton  Houne. 

MA.NOE,  (Manoe,)  md'noVh,  a  small  island  of  Denmark, 
duchv  of  Slcswick,  in  the  Xorth  Sea,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Kibe." 

M  AXOEL-AIiVES,  a  river  of  Brazil.    See  Ldiz-Alves. 

MAXOKL-ALVES,  mi-no-Jl'-dl'vJs,  a  .«mall  river  of  Brazil, 
joins  the  Tocantin."*  from  the  riljht,  in  the  province  of  Ooyaz, 
near  tlie  coiiHuence  of  the  Somno. 

MAXOEI^ALVES-SKl'Ti:XTl{IOXAL,ma-no-JV-ai'vfssJp- 
t^n-tre-o-ndl',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  tlie  mountains  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Pernambuco  and  I'iauhi,  and,  pro- 
ceeding W.N.W.,  becomes  a  majestic  river;  and  after  a 
course  of  nearly  400  miles,  joins  the  Tocantins  from  the 
right,  above  the  town  of  Sao  I'edro  d' Alcantara. 

>IAXOEr.rILIlA,  md-no-^l/-eel'yd,  a  island  of  Brazil,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Appodi. 

MAXO'X  .\,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  890  square  miles.  The  Jlissouri  Kiver  forms  its 
bound.iry  on  the  S.W.,  and  tlie  Inyan  Yankey  and  Soldier 
Rivers  tiow  throu;j:h  the  county  in  a  S.VV.  direction.  It  con- 
tains extensive  prairies;  the  soil  is  fertile,  but  mostly  un- 
cultivated. It  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Capi- 
tal, Onawa.     Pop.  S.'J2. 

MAXONA,  a  village  in  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  60  miles  N.  W. 
by  N.  of  Dubiique.     Pup.  300. 

"MAXOXO(uid-no'no)  ISLAXD.oneof  the  Navigator  IslandK, 
In  the  .South  Pacific  OccAn:  lat.  13°  50'  S..  Ion.  172°  2'  W. 

MAXOPELLO,  md-no-pJl'lo,  or  MAXUPEELO,  md-noo- 
iJl'lo.  a  town  of  Xaplc's,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  2400. 

JIA'XUU,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  2  miles  S.W.  of 
Peeble'^,  on  a  river  of  the  siime  name,  and  on  the  Tweed, 
Here  stood  the  cottaw  of  Uavid  lUtchio,  the  prototype  of  Sir 
Walter  Sootfs  "  Black  Dwarf." 

51.\'X0It,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  4311. 

M.V.N'OliDAIiK.  a  |iost-oBlce  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Vlrgini.i. 

MAXOR-HAM'ILTOX,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Con- 
nauprht,  co.  of  Leitrim,  12  miles  E.  of  Slijro.     Pop.  1507. 

M.\XOR  UILLi,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

M.\X'ORVTLLE,  a  post-village  and  station  of  Sudolk  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Long  Islaud  Railroad,  6(5  miles  K.  of  New 
York. 

^lANOSQUE,  md'nosk',  (L.  3fanwisca.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Basses-Alpes,  29  miles  S.W.  of  Digue.  It  owes 
its  origin  to  the  counts  of  ForcaUiuier,  who  built  a  palace, 
and  afterwanls  conveyed  both  it  and  the  town  to  the  Knights 
of  St.  .Tohn  of  .lerusalem.  The  botly  of  Gerard  Jung,  the 
founder  of  this  order,  was  long  preserved  here.     Pop.  4714. 

M.^XRESA.  mdn-r.-1'sd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  30 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Barcelona.  Pop.  13,3.39.  It  has  a  collegiate 
and  4  parish  churches,  a  hos|iital.  an  orphan  asylum,  bar- 
racks, and  an  endowed  school.  Its  inhabitants  manufacture 
cotton  and  silk  fabrics,  broadcloths,  tapes,  ribands,  gunpow- 
der, and  brandy.  It  is  surrounded  by  old  walls,  commanded 
by  a  fort,  and  has  clean  and  well-paved  streets. 

JIAX'OWIXE,  a  misspelling  of  Manomin.  See  Appendix. 

MANS,  Le,  leh  niSx",  (aiic.  {•w'ndinum,  afterwards  Ceno- 
mani.)  a  town  of  Prance,  capital  of  the  department  of  Sarthe, 
on  the  ridge  and  slope  of  a  hill,  w.ished  by  the  Sarthe,  which 
is  here  crossed  by  three  bridges,  112  miles  S.W  of  Paris.  The 
lower  part  of  the  town,  near  the  banks  of  the  river,  is  poorly 
built,  with  streets  narrow  and  winding.  The  upper  part 
has  a  much  better  appearance.  The  streets  are  spacious ; 
and  the  market-place,  into  which  most  of  them  open,  is 
larsre  and  handsome.  The  principal  building  is  the  Cathe- 
dral, a  fine  Gothic  structure,  with  a  very  old  choir,  supposed 
to  be  of  the  10th  century.  The  other  clifices  deserving  of 
notice,  are  the  churches  of  Xotre  Dame  and  L'Ancienne 
Visitation ;  the  Prefecture,  library  of  40,000  volumes,  and 
Museum,  including  a  Picture-Gallery,  all  occupying  part 
of  the  buildings  of  an  old  monastery ;  the  Theatre,  and 
Cavalry  Barracks.  The  principal  manufactures  are  linen, 
coarse  woollens,  lace,  hosiery,  paper,  leather,  and  wax  can- 
dles. The  trade  in  clover  and  lucerne  seed  is  very  extensive. 
Le  Mans  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  pos.sesses  courts  of  first 
resort  and  commerce,  a  consulting  chamber  of  manufactures, 
an  agricultural  and  scientific  society,  a  communal  college, 
a  diocesan  seminary,  and  a  school  of  design.  It  is  a  place 
of  great  antiquity,  and  is  said  to  have  lieen  foanded.  in  the 
second  century,  by  the  Romans,  of  whose  buildings  numer- 
ous vestiges  still  remain.  It  was  taken  by  Wi'Iiam  the  Con- 
queror in  the  11th  century,  and  long  continued,  though 
with  occasional  interruptions,  in  the  possession  of  the  Eng- 
lish, whose  king.  Henry  II.,  the  first  of  the  Plantagenets, 
was  born  in  it.  In  the  Revolutionary  war,  the  Vendeans 
Hustained  one  of  their  worst  defeats  here,  and  were  ulti- 
matelv  massacred,  without  distinction  of  age  or  sex,  to  the 
number  of  10,000.  Pop.  in  1852,  22,779. 
3W 


'      MAN'SELL  GAM'.AOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hero 
ford. 

MAN'SELL  LA'CY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford 
M.VXSFELD,  mdns't'oU,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Merse'r.u-g,     Pop,  1450, 

MAXS'EIEED,  a  market-town  ami  parish  of  England,  co 
and  14  miles  X,N.W.  of  Nottingham,  on  the  Midland  Rail- 
way, and  on  the  borders  of  Sherwoo<l  Forest.  Pop.  in  ISOk 
10,012.  Chief  buildings,  <tc..  an  anci(mt  church,  a  gramm»i 
school,  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  with  2  scholarships  at 
Cambridge;  a  spari(jus  moot-hall,  a  tlieatre,  considerable 
manufactures  of  cottou  hosiery  and  lace,  some  iron  foun- 
dries, and  a  large  trade  in  malt. 

MAXS'FI  ELD.  a  tt)wnship  of  Lamoille  co.,  Vermont,  alxiut 
23  miles  X.W.  of  Montpelier. 

MANSFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bristol  co., 
5Ias.s,aclius'tts,  on   the   Boston  and    Pro>idence   Itailroad, 
alKiut  28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston.     The  inhabitants  are  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woollen 
goods.     A  coal-mine  has  lieen  discovered  here.     Poj).  2114. 
M.\NSFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland  co., 
Connecticut,  on  tile  Natcliaug  River,  and  on  the  New  Lon- 
don Northern  Railroad,  about  24  miles  E.  of  Hartford.   This 
township  has  long  been  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  sew- 
ing-silk.    Tlie  quantity  of  raw  silk  produced  here  in  1793 
was  265  pounds;  in  1827,  24.31  pounds;  and  in  1831,  10,000 
pounds.     It  contains  Mansfield  DeiKit  and   other  villages. 
Cotton  and  woollen  good.s,  iron  costings,  machinery,  leather, 
Ac,  are  also  made.     Pop.  1(597. 
M A  XSFI ELD,  township,  Cattarauppis  co.,  N.York.  P.  1265. 
MANSFIELD,  a  village  and  township  of  Burlingttm  co., 
New  .(ersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  about  7  miles  N.  of 
Mount  Holly,     Pop.  2777. 
M  .\XSFI  ELD,  township,  AVarren  co,.  New  Jersey.   P.  1688. 
5IAXSFIELD,  a  village  of  New  Jerwey.     See  W.^shington. 
MANSFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad. 

M.\XSF1ELI),  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia. 
M.\XSFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  CO.,  New  York. 
M.VXSFIELD,  a  post-village,  caiiital  of  Do  Soto  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  the  roafl  from  .Shreveiiort  to  Alexandria,  32 
miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  from  the  former. 

M.\XSFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee. 
M.VXSFIELD,  a  Houri.shing  town  of  Madison  township, 
capital  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  line  of  railroad  between 
Sandusky  City  and  Newark,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Ohio 
ami  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  65  mites  N.N.E.  of  Columbus, 
and  5()  miles  by  railroad  S.  of  .Sandusky  City.     Mansfield 
is  compactly  built  on  a  lieautiful  and  comniandiug  eleva- 
tion, in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  populous  regicm.     It  waa 
laid  out  in  liiOS,  at  which  time  the  place  was  surrounded 
by  an  unbroken  forest  for  many  miles  in  extant.    The  town 
contiiins  10  churches,  one  of  which  is  remarkably  elegant, 
2  newspaper  offices.  2  national  banks,  and  1  state  bank.  Pop. 
in  1840,1328:  in  1850,  3-^67;  and  in  1860,  4581. 
M.ANSFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana. 
MANSFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Kendall  co..  Illinois. 
MANSFIELD  CENTRE,  a  postrvillage  of  Tolland  CO.,  Coa- 
necticut,  about  35  miles  X,  by  AY.  of  .New  London. 

MAXSFIELD  DEPOT,  a  iK>st-vill,age  of  Tolland  co,,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  New  London  Willimautic  and  Palmer  Rait 
roail,  38  miles  N,W,  of  Xew  London, 

MAXSFIELD  ISLAND,  in  Hudson's  Bay,  British  North 
America,  is  about  70  miles  iu  length, 

.MANSFIELD  WOOD'IIOUSE,  a  village  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO,  of  N'litts. 

MAXSIGXE.  mftyo'seen^yA',  a  village  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Sarthe,  10  miles  E,N.E.  of  La  Fleche.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2621. 

MAXSILL.A,  mdn-soel'yd,  the  name  of  several  villages  of 
Spain,  the  principal  being  Mansili.a  db  las  Mrns,  (mdn- 
seel'yd  d!i  Ids  moo'Ids.)  province,  and  11  miles  S.E.  of  Leon, 
on  the  Esla,  with  715  inhabitants. 

MANS'KER'S  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Davidson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

M.ANSLE,  mftNl,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente,  16  miles  N.  of  Angouleme.     Pop.  in  1852,  1857. 

MANSOORAH,  MAN.SOURAH  or  MANSURAH.  mdn-soo/- 
rd,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  capital  of  a  province  and  depart- 
ment, on  the  Dauiiettabranch  of  the  Nile,  34  miles  S,\V.  of 
Damietta,  having  6  mosques,  a  government  cotton  factory, 
and  a  public  school.  A  French  garrison  was  massacred  here 
in  1798, 

MAXSOORIEII,  MAXSOURIEH  or  MANSURIEH.  mdn 
soo-ree'fh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Bagdad, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  48  miles 
N,W,  of  Bas.sorah. 

MANSOORSK.MANSGURSKorMANSURSK.mdnsooRsk', 
a  village  of  Siberia,  government  and  110  miles  N.E.  of  Ir^ 
kootsk. 

MANSORIA,  EL,  hi  mdn-so/re-d,  a  small  maritime  town 
of  Morocco,  province  of  Fez,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Fidallah. 

MANSOURAH  and  illANSOURIEH.    See  Mansoorah  and 
Maxsoorieh. 
M.'VNS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

U37 


MAN 


MAN 


MAXSU'RA.  a  postoffice  of  Aroyelle*  parish.  Louisiana. 
MANSL'U AH.  a  town  of  Ejrypt.     See  Mansoorah. 
MANyUltlKII.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  .Mansoorieh. 
MAXSUIt.SK,  a  village  ol  Siberia.     See  Mansoorsk. 
M.AX.'?'VILLE.  a  post-offlie  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
MAXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co.,  Iventucky. 
MaXSWORT.  (Manswort.)  m3ns"'woRt.  a  village  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Danube,  6  miles  E.  of  Schwachat.     Pop. 
1080. 

.MAXTA,  LA.  Id  min'tl,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
2  miles  S.  of  Saluzzo.    I'op.  1387. 

JIAXTALAGOOSE,  man  tal-a.jgoos',  a  lake  of  British 
America,  near  48°  X.  lat.,  and  To'-"  W.  Ion. 

MAXT.AO.  mdu-ti'o,  a  considerable  river  of  Madagascar, 
flowing  into  the  sea  on  its  K.  coast. 

MAXTCIIOORIA.  MAXCIIOORIA.  man-choo're-a,  MAXD- 
SlIOORIA  or  MAXDCIIOURIA,  {Chinese  Lajo-toiig  or  Liao- 
toung.  le-d'o  tooug.  Siighalien.  si-gi-lee'en.  or  Saghalin.  s3-gi- 
leen',  and  Kirin-oola.  ke^^reen'oo'ld ;  Fr.  Bji/f  des  Mandchoux 
or  Mantchoiis.  pA  dA  nid.NVhoo/.  •'  country  of  the  Mantchoos," 
Jlandxcliourie.  or  Mantclinitrie,  mdxVhooVee':  Ger.  Mandschu- 
rei.  m3i)t-shoo'rr.)  an  extensive  region  of  East  Asia,  forming  a 
great  division  of  the  Chinese  empire,  between  lat.  39-"  and  50° 
X.,  and  Ion.  117°  and  142°  E..  having  S.  Corva  and  the  Yellow 
Sea,  W.  Mongolia  and  the  Russian  government  of  Irkoot«k, 
X.  the  government  of  Yakootsk,  and  E.  the  Sea  of  Japan 
and  ti  ulf  of  Tartary.  Estimated  area,  700.000  stjuare  miles. 
Its  sea-coast  is  about  1200  miles  in  extent.  Pop.  variously 
estimated  at  fixim  2.000.000  to  4.500.000.  It  has  of  late  been 
greatly  augmented  by  immigration  from  China.  On  the  X. 
it  is  bounded  by  the  Yabionoi  Mountain  chain,  and  westward 
shut  off  from  Mongolia  by  a  palisade  connected  with  the 
Great  Wall  of  China:  the  Amoor  River  traverses  its  centre. 
The  whole  coast  is  liordered  by  a  mountain  chain,  probably 
5000  feet  in  elevation,  beyond  which  the  country  is  wholly 
unknown  to  Europeans,  but  lejwrted  to  send  large  quanti- 
ties of  corn,  pease,  and  ginseng  to  China,  besides  which  its 
principal  products  comprise  rhubarb,  timber,  and  live  sto<'k. 
It  consists  of  three  provinces.  Shingkiug.  Kirin.  and  Tsistsi- 
har,  in  tlie  two  last  of  which  the  population  are  chiefly 
nomadic:  and  the  government  is  strictly  military,  except  in 
Leai>toug.  %vhere  it  is  organized  as  in  China.  The  Mantchoos 
are  a  Tungusian  race.  In  the  17th  century  they  invaded 
China,  and  place<l  their  leader's  son  upon  the  throne. 
Since  that  time,  the  Mautohoo  dynasty  has  continued  to 
reign  in  China,  and  the  Mantchoo  language  has  become  the 
court  and  the  oflicial  language.  Principal  towns.  Mookden 
(I>eao-tong.)  Kirin-oola,  Saghalien-Oola,  Ivin-choo,  Fung- 
whang-ching. — Adj.  and  inhah.  Man^ichoo'  or  ManVhoo', 
(Fr.  ilAxiKHOc.  m6xd\*hoo/,  or  Mastchoc.  mft^'choo'.) 

MAXTEIG.\S.  mrln-ta'gis.  a  village  of  Portugal,  province 
Of  Beira-Raixa.  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  (iuarda.    Von.  2073. 

MAXTEKXDOKF,  mdn'tern-doRf\  a  market-town  of  Aus- 
tria, duchv  anti  05  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salzburg.     Pop.  1120. 

MAXTJ-;S-SUU-SEIXE,  mA.\t-siiR-sin,  (anc.  Medunlaf)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oi.se.  capital  of  an  ar- 
rondissement  on  the  Seine,  29  miles  X.X.M'.  of  Paris,  on  the 
railway  to  Rouen.  I'op.  1852.  4374.  It  is  prettily  situated,  and 
adorned  with  fountains,  and  has  a  Gotliic  church,  and  re- 
mains of  former  fortifii'ations.  Philip  Augustus  died  here 
in  1223. 
MAXTIIORP.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
MAXTI.  a  post-village  of  San  Pete  co.,  Utah,  40  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Fillmore  City. 

MANTIXEA,  man-te-nee'a,  a  village  and  ruined  city  of 
Greece.  Morea,  giving  name  to  the  government  of  Mantinea. 
9  miles  X.E.  of  Tripolitza.  It  has  remains  of  walls  and 
towers.  In  its  vicinity  was  fought  the  battle  in  which  Epa- 
minondas  received  his  death-wound.  B.  c.  363. 

MAXTIQUEIK.A.  ui3n-te-kA'rl,  a  serra,  or  mountain  range 
of  Brazil,  containing  tlie  highest  summits  in  the  interior  cf 
that  empire.  It  stretches  from  E.  to  S.W..  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  province  of  Jlinas-Geraes,  and  appears  to  have  various 
ramifications,  extending  into  the  surrounding  provinces. 
It  is  cro.«sed  by  several  roads  leading  from  Minas-Geraes  into 
the  more  eastern  provinces. 

SIAXTOX.  a  pari^li  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
MAXTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland,  with  a 
station  on  the  Stamford  and  Peterborough  Railway,  3  miles 
S.E.  of  Oakham. 
M.\XTi»X.  a  postofRce  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island. 
JI.\XTOX.  a  post-office  of  )Iarion  co..  Kentucky. 
MAXTOTTE.  mdn-tott/,  a  town  of  Ceylon,  on  its  N.'W. 
coast,  opposite  the  island  of  Mauaar. 

M  AXTi:.A.  nian'tu-a,  (It.  Mttntova.  m3n'to-v3 ;  Fr.  JIfantoue, 
inO.v^'t^Ky.)  a  fortified  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  capital  of  a 
delegfttiim.  on  an  island  in  the  Mineio.  and  on  the  railway 
from  \erona  to  be  extended  to  Leghorn.  22  mUes  S.S.W. 
of  Verona.  I^t.  45°  9'  34"  X.,  Ion.  10°  48'  1"  E.  Pop. 
29,884.  It  is  surrounded  by  swamps,  crosised  bv  artificial 
dams,  whlcli  connect  it  with  several  fortified  suburbs  and 
outworks.  Principal  public  buildings,  the  Cathedral,  de- 
dgned  by  Giulio  Romano,  with  marble  fa<,ade:  the  Palazzo 
Imperlale.  and  various  private  pal.ices;  the  Canello  di  Corte, 
formerly  th.-  jialace  of  the  GoMaga*;  the  Palazzo  Yecchio, 
113S 


In  which  X'apoleon  held  his  court;  .sever.il  convents,  a  Jews' 
synagogue,  civil  hospital,  2  orph.in  asylums.  .lews'  as^'lum, 
arsenal,  cavalry  liarracks,  theatre,  public  library  of  80.000 
volumes,  and  1000  manuscripts,  and  a  sculpture  gallery,  it 
has  a  lyceum.  gymnasium,  academy  of  fine  arts,  several  scien- 
tific and  literary  in.^^titutions,  botanic  garden,  and  numerous 
collections  in  art  and  science.  The  manufactures  comprise 
silk,  woollen,  and  linen  fabrics,  paper,  cordage,  leather,  and 
parchment.  Outside  the  walls,  but  within  the  fortress,  is 
the  Palazzo  del  Te.  with  a  fine  fresco,  by  Giulio  Romano. 
Mantua  is  the  see  of  a  bishop.  the,«*^at  of  a  civil,  crimiiinl. 
and  mercantile  court,  and  the  residence  both  of  a  military 
governor  and  of  a  provincial  delegate. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Etruscans.  4C0  yeara 
before  the  building  of  Rome.  It  is  often  mentioned  by  Roman 
writers  under  its  present  name,  (ilantua.)  On  the  decline  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  it  was  pillaged  by  the  Huns,  afterwanlg 
taken  by  the  Longobards.  and  still  later,  annexeil  to  the 
exarchate  of  Ravenna.  Charlemagne  gave  it  its  first  forti- 
fications. In  the  11th  century  it  was  held,  in  common  with 
Ferrara,  Modena.  and  Reggio.  under  the  sway  of  the  family 
of  Canossa.  In  the  beginning  of  the  12th  century  it  liecame 
independent,  and  continued  so  till  l'27t).  when  it  fell  undei 
the  iron  rule  of  Buonacolsi.  In  1 328  it  foxind  Ix'tter  masters 
in  the  Goiizagas,  who,  fir.st  as  captains,  then  as  marquises, 
and  finally  as  dukes  of  Mantua,  governed  it  with  great 
ability,  and  distinguislied  themselves  by  the  splendor  of 
their  court,  and  their  patronage  of  literature  and  art.  After 
it  had  been  thus  possessed  for  several  centuries,  .and  upon 
the  death  of  the  last  duke  in  1708,  the  Emperor  Joseph 
took  possession  of  the  duchj%  and  annexed  it  to  his  othei" 
dominions.  The  fortifications  of  the  town  were  completed, 
and  put  into  their  pr<'seiit  form  by  the  Austrians.  It  was 
taken  by  Xapoleon  in  1797.  and  w!»s.  till  1814.  capital  of  tlie 
French  department  of  Mineio.  Among  the  distinguishei? 
natives,  the  name  by  far  the  most  illustrious,  is  that  of 
Virgil,  who  was  born  at  Andes,  (now  Pietole.)  in  its  vicinity. 
MAXTUA,  an  ancient  tmvn  of  ."^pain.  See  Makrid. 
MAXTUA,  a  post-office  of  I'ickeus  co..  Alal>ama. 
3I.ANTL'A,  a  village  of  McMinn  co.,  Tennessee,  164  milea 
E.S.E.  of  Xa.=hville. 

M.AXTIJA.  a  post-township  of  Portage  co..  Ohio.    P.  1207 
M.AXTU.A,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa. 
M.AXTUA  CEXTRE.  a  post-village  of  Portage  CO.,  Ohio, 
on  or  near  a  railroad  30  miles  S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

M.AXTUA  CREEK,  of  Gloucester  co..  New  Jersey,  flows 
nearly  X.W.,  and  enters  the  Delaware  River  11  miles  below 
Camden. 

MAXTUA  VILLAGE,  within  the  city  limits  of  Phila- 
delphia. Pennsylvania,  on  the  W.  lank  of  the  Schuylkill 
River,  opposite  Fairnionnt  Wire  Bridge.  It  forms  part  of 
the  borough  of  West  Pliilndel])liia. 

M.AXU.ii.  md-noo'a.  or  OMAXOO.VU.  ohnj-noo'aw,  one  of 
the  Xavigator  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean ;  lat.  14" 
15'  S..  Ion.  169°  '20'  W. :  it  is  16  miles  in  circumference.  In 
most  places  it  rises  precipitously  from  the  water  to  the 
height  of  from  3^)0  to  400  feet,  after  which  its  ascent  appears 
more  gentle. 

MAXUEL.  m3-noo-Jl',  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and 
about  28  miles  from  Valencia.     Pop.  10'28. 
JIAXUPELLO,  a  town  of  Xaples.     See  Maxopello. 
M.AX'VILLE.   a    post-village  of   Providence  co..   Rhode 
Island.  OB  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad,  12  miles 
X'.  of  Providence. 
MAX'WARIXG'S.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co..  Indi.ina. 
M.AXWAS.  m3n-wd^,  a  town  of  India,  Bundelcund,  40 
miles  S.E.  of  Rewnh. 

MAXA'.    See  .Man.  (Isle  of.) 

MAXY,  mSB.  (Kis,  kish.  and  Xaqt,  nf>dj,)  two  villages  of 
Hungary,  33  miles  X.E.  of  Stuhlweisseuburg.     Pop.  3000. 

MAX'i'OK,  XAGY,  nodj  m3n'yok',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
18  miles  from  Tolna.     Pop.  1000. 
M.AXYTCH.  a  river  of  Ru.ssia.     See  >I.4XITCH. 
MAXZAXARES,  mdn-thS-ni'r&s,  a  river  of  Spain.  New 
Castile,  joins  the  Henares,  after  a  S.  course  of  40  miles,  12 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Madrid. 

M.AXZ.AX.\RES.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  27  miles 
E.  of  Ciudiid-Real.  Pop.  8560.  Principal  buildings,  parish 
church,  hospital,  cavalry  barracks,  and  an  old  castle. 

5I.AXZAXARES,  a  river  of  South  America.  Venezuela, 
department  of  Caracas,  entei-s  the  Caribbean  Sea  near  Cu- 
niana.  after  a  X.  course  of  40  miles. 

MAXZAXEDA-PE-TRIBES.  mdn-thi-nA'dd-ni-tree/BJs,  « 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  42  miles  E.  of  Orense,  formerly 
fortified. 

MAXZAXER.A.  min-thS-n.Vri.  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  TerucL     Pop.  2280. 

MAXZAXILL.A,  mdn-thA-neel'yd.  a  town  of  Spain,  pro 
vince  and  '27  miles  E.  of  Iluelva.     Pop.  2038. 

MAXZ.\XILL.A.  mJn-sdneel'yi.  a  bay  of  Mexico,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  department  of  Guadalajara.  130  miles  S.S.E 
of  Cape  Corrientes:  lat.  19°  3'  5"  X..  Ion.  i04°  16'  W.  It  is 
one  of  the  finet.t  on  the  Mexican  toast,  and  communicates 
with  the  city  of  Colima. 
MAXZANILLA.  ahigh  and  projecting  poUit  on  the  Istb- 


MAN 


MAR 


mus  of  Panama,  on  the  X.  coast  of  the  Caribbean  Sea;  lat. 
9'^  ;!9'  X.,  Ion.  79°  32'  \V. 

MANZANILLA,  a  point  of  Venezuela,  on  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  30  miles  N.K.  of  Coro;  lat.  11°  31'  N.,  Ion.  Oi)°  liJ'  W. 

M.VXZ.VNILLA,  a  point  on  the  ialaud  of  XriniJad,  E. 
coast;  lat.  10°  31'  X.,  Ion.  61°  4'  W. 

MANZANILLA,  a  bay  in  the  island  of  Ilayti,  on  the  N.W. 
const,  h!i.'<  excellent  anehorage;  lat.  19°  45'  N.,  Ion.  72°  W. 

MANZANILLA  LIMON,  mrtu-sd-neel/yd  le-mOn/,  or 
NAVV  HAY,  in  Xew  Uranada,  in  tlie  Isthmus  of  I'anama. 
on  the  Caribbean  !?ea,  a  little  to  the  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Chai^res.  It  forms  a  lar2;e,  beautiful,  and  secure  road- 
Btead,  about  5  miles  iu  width,  and  has  beoonie  a  favorite 
resort  of  ships  of  war  and  steamers  visiting  that  part  of  the 
coast. 

MAXZ.\NILLO,  m3n-sd-neel'yo  or  min-thi-neel'yo,  a  town 
and  .leaport  on  the  S.K.  coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  alwut 
Sf)  miles  W.X.W.  of  Santiago  de  Cu)>a;  lat.  20°  22'  N.,  Ion. 
77°  l-V  W.  It  has  a  gooii  harbor,  and  a  considerable  trade 
in  coflee,  sugar,  and  fruit.  Steamers  plying  between  Bata- 
bano  and  Santiago  de  Cuba  touch  at  tills  port.  Pop.  in  1853, 
3050;  of  the  jurisdiction.  19..'181;  of  whom  7321  were  white, 
11.143  free  colored,  and  917  slaves. 

MANZ.VN'O,  mdn-zA'uo,  a  village  of  Austrian  Ttiily,  pro- 
vince of  Kriuli,  on  the  Natisone.  alx)ut  0  miles  from  I'ulma. 

3I.\.NZ.VT,  mi^Ko^zi/,  a  market-town  of  Krunce.  dcpartmcuit 
of  I'uy-de-DOuio,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Clermont.  I'op.  la  1852, 
2045. 

M  AOX,  mi-An'.  a  small  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatic, 
W.  of  the  island  of  I'ago.     Length  al>out  5  mile:^. 

MAi>i>XA.  MAOUXA  or  MAUXA,  md-oo/ni.  or  MAS/- 
SACKK  ISLAND,  I'acitic  Ocean,  Navigator  Group,  is  in  lat. 
14°  22'  S.,  Ion.  171° 'AV.  Here  eleven  of  the  companions 
of  La  I'erouse  were  massacri-d,  (whence  its  name.) 

M.VI'KLLO,  m.i-pel^),  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  province  and  W.  of  Hergamo.     Pop.  1716. 

.M.V'PKKTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MAPILCA,  ml-poel'kd,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state  of  Vera  Cruz,  with  remnins  of  a  ruined  city. 

MAPIMI,  mi-pee'mee,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confeiier.a- 
tion,  stiite  and  130  miles  N.X.K.of  Durango.  Pop.  24tK).  It 
gives  name  to  a  hu'ge  desert  tract,  the  Bolson  de  Mapimi. 

.MAI'IMI  LAKl'J.  called  also  CAYMAN.  ki-m:lu/,  (i.  e. 
"  AUigafor"  lake.)  a  lake  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  on 
the  borders  of  Durango  and  Cohahuila. 

JIAI'IKI,  md-pee-ree'.  a  considerable  river  of  Bolivia,  unitos 
with  the  Chuqueajio  to  form  the  Beni. 

MA'I'LE,  a  post-offlce  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio. 

M.VI'LE.  a  post-ollice  of  Ionia  co..  Miclii'ran. 

IMA'l'LKlilX'K.  a  parish  of  England,  corof  Notts. 

MAI'LK  BOT'TOM,  a  village  of  hvdell  co..  North  Carolina. 

MAI'LI-;  CHEEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  c/)., 
Pennsylvania. 

.MAI'LK  CKEEK.  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Tennessee. 

.M.Vl'LKDKR'WKLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

MAI'LE-DUIt/HAM,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  O.xford. 

MAI'LK  I'UK'NACE,  a  post-office  of  Butler  CO.,  Penn- 
gylvani.a. 

.M.\PLE  GROVB,  a  post-offire  of  Aroostoolc  co.,  Maine. 

MAI'LK  GROVK,  a  p<3st-offlce  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York. 

M.\I'LE  GK.OVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Bradley  co..  Tennessee. 

MAl'i.K  GltOVE.  a  post-offlce  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

M.\PLE  GUOVE,  a  post^township  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Barry  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  621. 

M.VI'LE  KIVEil,  of -Michigan,  rises  in  Shiawas.see  oo..  ami 
after  a  course  of  about  100  niiles,  falls  into  Grand  lliver,  at 
Lyons,  Ionia  county.     Its  general  direction  is  westward. 

MAPLE  S  PK I XGS.  a  post-office  of  Laf'ayett«  CO..  Mis.sissippi. 

MAPLE  SPKIXGS.  a  post-ofliee  of  Red  Kiver  CO..  Texas. 

?1A'I'LESTEAD.  GUE.VP.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

MAI'L::sTHAD.  LllTLE.a  pjirish  of  Endand.co.of  Kssex. 

MA'I'LESVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Bibb  co.,  Alabama,  45 
miles  X.AV.  of  Montgomery. 

JI.A.'1'LETON.  a  post-offlce  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York. 

MAPLETON.  a  post-village  in  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina.  110  miles  \V.  of  Columbia. 

M.VI'LETi;)N.  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  125  miles 
N.K.  of  Columbus,  has  2  stores  and  1  church. 

JI.\PLETON,  a  post-office  ol  Waukesha  co.,  AVisconsin. 

M.VPLKTON.  a  little  village  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
Millstone  Kiver. 

MAPLETON  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

-M.l'l'LETOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  Greene  cc..,  Penn- 
fjylvania. 

MA'PLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Providence  CO.,  Rhode 
Island,  about  20  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Proviitence.  It  con- 
tains 2  woollen  and  cotton  mills,  employing  75  hands.  Pop. 
about  230. 

MA'PLEWOOD,  a  station  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  S^augus  Branch  Railroad.  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boston. 

MAPOCHA,  md-po'chS.  or  MAPOCHO,  md-po'cbo.  a  river 
nf  Chili,  after  a  course  of  75  miles,  joins  the  Maypu,  about 
35  uiilcs  S.W.  of  Santiago. 

MAPOOXA,  mi  poo/ti,  a  considerable  river  of  South-East 


.Africa,  flows  In  a  general  N.E.  direction,  and  Calls  Intc 
Delagoa  Bay,  8.  side,  about  lat.  20°  S.  Ves.sels  di-awing  10 
feet  watei-  may.  with  carcf,  ascend  it  for  30  miles. 

MAP/PERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorswt. 

MAP'PLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MA  PPL  ETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  o''  lork.  East 
Riding. 

MAP/POWDER,  a  parish  of.  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

M.VQUON',  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illiiiois,  on  Sp(  on 
River,  16  miles  by  railroad  S.  E.  of  Galesburg.  It  hai  a 
valuable  water-power.    Pop.  of  Maquon  township.  1920. 

M.VR,  an  aniient  district  of  Scotland,  co.  of  AberdeeK, 
between  the  Don  and  Dee. 

MAR.\-AKBAREI,  md'rd-aR-bd-rd/ee,  or  VILLAMAR,  vol- 
Id-maR',  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province  of 
Cagliari,  on  the  Caralita.     Pop.  1931. 

MARABAI.     Sec  Nyassi. 

MAR.\CA.  an  island  of  Brazil.    See  Itam.vraca. 

MARA-CALAGONIS,  md'rd-kd-ld-go'nees.  a  village  on  iin> 
island  of  Sardinia,  not  far  from  Sinnai.     Pop.  1070. 

M.\RAC.VIBO.  a  city  of  Venezuela.    See  Marac.wbo. 

MARACAND.4.     See  Samarca.nd. 

MARAC.\Y,  md  ra-kl',  a  town  of  Venezuela,  department 
and  55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Caracas.     Pop.  8000. 

MAR.\CAYBO  or  MAR.ACAIBO,  md-rd-kl'bo,  a  fortified 
city  and  seaport  of  Venezuela,  capital  of  a  province  of  its 
own  name,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Lake  .Mara- 
caybo.  from  the  gulf  of  the  same  name;  lat.  10°  40'  X., 
Ion.  71°  45'  W.  -Many  of  the  houses  are  built  with  chalk 
and  sand,  and  thatched  with  a  kind  of  reed  which  grows 
on  the  banks  of  the  lake,  and  which  is  preferred  (o  tile,  on 
account  of  its  co<jlness.  It  contains  a  parish  church,  a  large 
and  very  hamlsome  structure;  several  convents  and  monas- 
teries, aud  a  hos])ital.  The  harbor  is  deep,  but  obstructed 
by  a  bar,  on  which  there  are  only  10  feet  water  at  high  tide, 
and  but  "4  feet  at  ebb.  The  number  of  vessels  that  entered 
the  port  in  1847  was  55;  valueof  cargoes,  $3.32,700.  Cleared 
in  the  same  year,  90;  value  of  cargoes,  §1577,400.  Of  the 
foreign  vessels  that  entered.  13  were  Auiericjins,  and  4 
British.  The  total  amount  of  imports,  for  tlie  same  year, 
was  #421.070;  and  of  exports,  §.500,186.     Pop.  in  1853,  8500. 

M.iKACAYB.J,  LAKE,  (Sp.  Luyn  de.  Marami/bo,  Idgo  d.A 
md-rd-ki'bo.)  nearly  100  miles  in  length ;  greatest  breadth 
70  miles.  Though  it  has  depth  sullicient  for  tlie  large.st 
ships,  these  cannot  enter  it.  owing  to  a  .shifting  bar  at  its 
mouth.  It  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  .Maracaylo  by 
a  strait  20  miles  in  length,  ami  from  5  to  10  miles  across, 
and  nn-eives  the  Zulia.  Chama,  Perija,  Matatan,  (or  Mo- 
tatan.)  and  other  rivers. 

ilAKACAYlJO.  GULF  OF,  (Sp.  G'llfo  de  Maracaylm, 
gol'fo  drV  mi-r!l-kI'l)o.)  an  inlet  of  the  Caribliean  .Sea.  bound- 
ed eastward  by  the  peninsula  of  I'araguana,  immediately 
S.  of  which  is  that  part  of  it  called  El  Golfete.  It  extends 
N.  and  S.  about  75  miles:  extreme  breadth  about  150  miles. 
It  contains  several  small  islands. 

M.\R.\GIIA,  md/rd^gd,  a  city  of  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaij- 
an, 50  miles  S.  of  Tabi'eez.  on  a  tributary  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah. 
Pop.  about  15,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls  and  well  built; 
principal  structures,  a  large  bazaar,  sjiacious  public  liaths, 
two  briilges  of  the  Hth  century,  and  the  tomb  of  Ilohigou, 
a  descendant  of  .lenghis  Khan,  who  founded  an  observatory 
on  an  nd.)acent  mountaiu,  at  the  foot  of  which  are  somo 
oave- temples. 

M.\R.\G0(3IPE.  mdr-rd-go-zhee'pi,  a  flourishing  town  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Bahla,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Cachoeira.  Pop. 
3000. 

MA'RAIITAN'KA,  a  lake  of  Minnesota,  10  miles  N.W. 
of  Mankato.     Length  about  10  miles. 

MARAIS,  md'ri',  a  natural  division  of  the  department  of 
Vendee  in  France,  comprising  all  that  part  of  the  coast 
formerly  covered  by  the  sea.  Soil  very  fertile ;  but  climate 
unhealthy. 

MARAIS,  mdV.V,  a  creek  of  Missouri,  flows  N.  through 
Osage  CO.,  au'd  enters  the  Osage  River  a  few  miles  fi-om  its 
mouth. 

M.\R.\IS,  a  post-Tillage  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
above  stream,  23  miles  S..S.E.  of  .lefferson  City. 

MARA.IEH.  mdVd'jeh,  an  oasis  of  North  Africa.  Lat.  29° 
30'  N..  Ion.  about  20°  E. 

MARAJO,  md-rd-zho',  or  JOANNES,  zho-dn'nfs.  a  large 
island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Para,  bet.veen  the  estuaries  of  the  Amazon  and 
Para  Rivers,  and  extenJing  from  near  the  equator  to  lat.  2° 
20'  S..  and  from  Ion.  48°  30'  to  51°  30'  W.  Length  and 
breadth  about  150  miles  each.  It  is  intersected  by  the  navi- 
gable rivers  Annjaz  and  Mapua.     Pop.  estimated  at  20,000. 

M.\RAKA.     See  Dongola,  New. 

MARAKSH.    See  Morocco 

.M.\RAMB.\Y.V,  md-rdm-bi'd,  an  island  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince and  27  miles  W.  of  Rio  de  .laneiro,  in  the  bay  of  .\ugni 
dos  Reis.  20  miles  in  length;  averaire  breadth  1  mile. 

MARA M EC.  pronounced  and  often  written  ME1{/RIMAC\ 
a  river  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Dent  county,  in  the  S.E.  central 
part  of  the  state.  Its  general  direction  is  N.E..  .and  its  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  800  miles.    It  flows  throui-'h  a  hilly 

ii;;9  ' 


MAR 


MAR 


<«mitrv.  alioundlnfr  in  mines  of  copper,  iron,  and  lead,  many 
cj"»  hi-h  are  successfully  worked.  Steamboats'  linTe  iiavi.eatetl 
this  river,  and,  with  a  little  improvement,  tliey  would  be 
able  to  ascend  to  the  Yir'^iiiia  Mines  of  Franklin  county,  a 
Jislitnce  of  perhaps  100  miles.  A  small  stream,  called  the 
Osaf;e  Koi'k.  enters  the  river  fi-om  the  rijrht.  in  the  N.B.  part 
of  CrawfonJ  county.  The  Dry  Fork  ri.-vs  near  the  X.K.  ex- 
tremity of  Texa.s  county,  and  flowing  northward,  falls  into 
the  main  stream  near  Mas.<ie's  Ironwork.s,  in  Crawford 
county. 

MA"k.\MEC,  a  station  of  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Pacific  Jtailnjad,  19  miles  W.  of  St.  Ixiuis. 

MAIi.^MKC.  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Mis-sonri,  70 
miles  S.K.  of  Jefferson  City.  A  remarkable  spring  here 
furni.shes  motive  power  for  machinery  of  various  kinds. 

MAKAXGAXK,  md-rSn-gi'n.-i.  a  village  on  the  S.E.  coast 
of  .Africa.  8  miles  from  Quiliniane. 

.MAU.\NII.\0,  (Maranhao.)  MAKANHAM,  mi-r^n-yowW 
or  mar'an-hJm'.  or  SAO  (Sao)  LUIZ,  sowxo  loo-eez'.  a  city 
of  Hrazil,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  and 
on  the  M'.  side  of  the  island  of  Maranhao,  290  miles  E.  of 
Bclem  or  l^arii.  and  280  miles  W.  of  Ceara  or  Fortaleza;  lat. 
(Catheilriil)  2°31'42"  S.,  lon.44°  18'42"  W.  It  is  surrounded 
pn  the  E.  by  mountains,  which  form  a  kind  of  natural  for- 
tress, bi'ing  cro.«sed  only  by  narrow  passes.  On  the  N.  and 
S.,  it  is  encircled  by  the  small  streams  Sao  Francisco  and 
Maranhao,  which  rise  and  fall  with  the  tide.  At  the 
jiouths  of  these  rivers  is  a  basin,  accessible,  at  high  water, 
to  ves.«el3  drawing  20  feet,  affording  fine  shelter,  and  de- 
fended, at  its  entrance,  by  a  series  efforts.  The  town  itself 
is  built  on  unequal  ground,  but  with  considerable  regu- 
larity, and,  as  almost  all  the  houses  have  gardens  attached, 
occupies  a  large  space.  The  streets  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  are  paved ;  the  houses  in  the  priucipal  thorough- 
."ares  are  of  two  stories,  and  generally  provided  with  balco- 
nies. The  principal  edifices  are  the  Cathedral  and  Episcopal 
I'alace,  magnificent  structures,  both  built  by  the  Jesuits; 
the  governor's  Palace,  the  Town-house  and  Prison,  the  Cus- 
.<im-hou.oe.  Treasury.  College,  the  richly-<?ndowed  Hospital  (Ja 
Hisnricnrdia,  and  two  other  hospitals;  and  various  churches, 
monasteries,  and  nunneries.  The  trade  is  of  great  inipor- 
.;ance ;  the  provinces  of  Para,  Piauhi,  Ceara.  Kio^irande-do- 
Korte,  and  Ooyaz.  having  here  the  entrepot  for  their  produce. 
The  prineip.il  exports  are  lice.  cotton,  rum.  medicines,  and 
manteiga  di  tarlaruga,  a  kind  of  butter  made  of  tortoise 
eggs.  The  imports  con-^ist  of  \  arious  articles  of  European 
manufacture.  M.aranhao  is  the  sejit  of  the  Provincial  I/Cgis- 
lative  A.ssembly.  the  residence  of  the  provincial  governor, 
''he  see  of  a  bishop,  and  possesses  a  lyceum  or  college,  in 
which  the  ancient  and  modern  languages,  rhetoric,  geo- 
graphy, grammar,  philosophy,  mathematics,  design,  naviga- 
tion, and  astronomy  are  taught;  also  a  commercial  school, 
and  a  botajiical  garden,  principally  designed  to  promote 
agriculture.     Pop.  30.000. 

.MARANHAO.  (Maranhao.)  or  MARAXHAM,  a  mari- 
time province  in  the  N.  of  Brazil,  so  called  from  ilaraHnn. 
the  name  originally  given  to  the  river  Amazon  ;  bounded  on 
the  N.  bv  the  Atlantic,  E.  and  S.E.  by  Piaulii.  S.W.  by  Goyaz. 
and  on  the  N.W.  bv  Para;  lat.  between  1°  22'  and  10°  SO*  S., 
Ion.  41°  20'  and  48°  W.  Area  94,900  square  miles.  The  E. 
half  of  the  coast-line  forms  almost  a  continuous  straight  line, 
unbroken  by  a  single  indentation  of  any  magnitude:  theW. 
half  contains  .several  bays,  among  which  are  Sao  Marcos  and 
Sao  .lose,  forming  the  respective  embouchtires  of  the  Itapi- 
caru  and  the  Miarim,  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  island  of 
JIaranhao.  .\  considerable  part  of  the  surface  is  occupied  by 
forests,  which  yield  excellent  tim1>er.  and  ornamental  and 
dye  woods.  The  most  important  cultivated  crops  are  rice, 
ootton,  and  the  sugar-cane.  Much  of  the  produce  of  the  last 
is  converted  into  spirits.  The  province  ap)x)ints  4  deputies 
to  the  General  I^egislative  Assembly,  and  2  senators.  The 
I'l-ovincial  Assembly,  composed  of  28  members,  holds  its 
sittings  in  Maranhao.    Pop.    390.000. 

MARANHAO  (River.)    See  Miarim. 

MARANHAO  (or  MARANHAM)  ISL.^ND,  of  Brazil,  is  be- 
tween the  bays  of  Sao  Jos6  on  the  E..  and  Sao  Marcos  on  the 
\V.  On  the  S.  it  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  chan- 
nel called  the  Rio  do  Mosquito;  on  the  N.  it  is  washed  by 
the  Atlantic;  greatest  length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  28  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  20  miles.  Its  surfece  is  more  elevated  than 
that  of  the  mainland;  and.  on  the  E.  side,  is  lined  by  reefs, 
whiih  make  access  to  it  ditficult.     Pop.  4n.0(K). 

MARANO,  mJ-ri'no,  a  vilhige  of  Central  Italy,  11"  miles 
S.E.  of  F'ermo,  on  the  Adriatic.    Pop.  1600. 

M.\RANO.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra, 
6  miles  AV.  of  Coscnza.     Pop.  4000. 

.MARANO,  a  town  of  Italy,  province  and  5  miles  N.W.  of 
Naples.     Pop.  6500. 

Q  ^'A?;^^*^'  >"i-r^'no,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy.  20  miles 
H.  or  Ldinis  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic.     Pop.  1200. 

a1M5'^^2'^"  ",''y'"'  "^^  ^"''>  America.     S.*  Amazox. 

MARANS,  nirr6x<^,  (\..  Marantium.)  a  town  and  river- 
port  of  Franco,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure.  on  the 
8*vre-.\iortalse,  II  miles  N.E.  of  La  Rochelle.  Pop.  in  1802, 
40(0.    it ''«^a  quay  accessible  for  vesstds  under  100  tons 


burthen,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn.  A  maritinif  canal  has 
been  commenced,  which  will  open  the  navigation  to  vessels 
of  300  tons. 

MARASH,  maVash'.  or  KERMANIA.  k^R-mi'nee-a,  (anc. 
Germanicia,)  a  town,  capital  of  a  i)ashalic  of  its  own  iijime, 
in  Asiatic  Turkey,  picture.squely  situated  ou  a  slope  of  the 
lofty  Aghr  Tagh,  above  the  Jyhoon.  90  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ak'ppo.     It  conyisis  of  about  3500  houses  of  wood  and  clay. 

ji.\RASH.  a  pashalic  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  between  lat.  36° 
3'  and  38°  30'  N..  and  Ion.  36°  and  38°  40'  E.  It  is-traversed, 
W.  to  E.,  by  the  maiu  chain  of  Taurus,  and  bounded  E.  by 
the  Euphrates. 

MARASH,  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  Bulgaria,  S.E. 
of  Shoomla. 

M.\RAT,  mIV<V.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-Dome.  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ambert.     Pop.  in  1852,  3154. 

M.\RATEA,  md-r3-tA'ii.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicnta.  and  11  miles  S.E.  of  Policastro.     Pop.  4500. 

M.\K'.\THON.  a  hamlet,  small  river,  and  plain  of  Greece, 
government  of  Attica,  the  hamlet  on  the  river  3  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Athens.  The  river  (anc. 
C/ntftidrus)  has  a  S.E.  course  of  10  miles  to  its  mouth  in 
the  ^Egean  Sea.  opposite  the  S.  end  of  Euba'a ;  the  plain, 
bounded  S.  by  Mount  Pent^licus.  is  renowned  for  the  vic- 
tory of  Miltiades  over  the  army  of  Xerxes.  B.  c.  490. 

M.4.lt'ATH0N.  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bor- 
dering on  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  contains  5452 
square  miles.  \\  isconsin  River  traverses  its  whole  length. 
The  surface  is  nfostly  covereil  with  forest.*  of  pine.  'This 
county  was  separated  from  Portage  county  in  1849-50. 
Capital,  AVausau.    Pop.  2892. 

M.\R.\THOX.  a  post-village  and  township  on  the  S.  bor- 
der of  Cortland  i-o..  New  York,  on  the  Tioughnioga  River,  a 
tributary  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  on  the  Syracuse  and 
Binghamton  Railroad,  50  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Syracuse.  Pop. 
1502. 

MARATHON,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co..  Ohio. 

M-\R.\THON.  a  post-township  in  the  X.W.  part  of  Lapeer 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  588. 

MAR.\THOXISI,  ma-r3-tho-nee'see.  a  maritime  village  of 
Greece.  Morea,  government  of  I^conia.  on  the  Gulf  of 
Koloky  tliia,  opposite  the  island  of  Marathonisi,  (anc.  C)n«(r.) 
27  miles  S.  of  Mi.stra.  It  is  a  wretched  town  on  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Mygirnium{f)    Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  GytMum. 

MAKATUBA  (ma-ratoo/ba)  ISLES,  a^roup  of  the  Mal.iy 
Archipelago,  in  the  Celebes  Sea,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Borneo. 

MARAVACA.  (mS-ra-va'ka.)  MOUNT,  of  South  America, 
Venezuela,  is  in  lat.  3°  40'  N..  Ion.  65°  50'  W..  and  estimated 
at  from  10.000  to  11.000  feet  in  height  by  Schomburgk. 

MARAVI,  a  lake  of  Africa.     See  Nvassi. 

MARA  VI.  md-ri'vee.  a  port  of  Cuba,  on  the  N.  coast,  near 
its  E.  end.  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Maravi. 

MARA'ZION  or  MARKET  JEW.  fane.  F'Jntm  Jolriif)  a 
small  st-aport  and  market-town  of  Enarland.  co.  of  Cornwall, 
on  Mounts  Bay.  IS  miles  W.S.W.  of  Falmouth.     Pop.  1683. 

M.\RAZ7.1.  ma-nlfsee.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  1 
mile  from  San  JIartino,  on  the  Bisagno.     Pop.  2890. 

M.AHBACH.  maRli.-lK.  a  town  of  .Southern  Germany,  Wilr- 
t«mberg.  on  the  Neckar.  15  miles  S.  of  Ileilbronn.  Pop. 
2340.    The  poet  Schiller  was  born  here.  ^ 

MARBACH.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the 
Danube.  23  miles  S.W.  of  Krems. 

MARBACH,  maiiadK.  or  MARPACII,  maR'pax.  a  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  23  miles  S.W.  of  Lucerne,  2700  feet 
above  sea-level.     Pop.  2004. 

M.<1!B.\CU.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  15  milea 
E.S.E.  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  1113. 

M.A.RB.\IS.  inaR^iA/.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant. 22  miles  S.E.  of  Brussel'.     Pop.  1782. 

MA1!BELL.\.  maR-bt^I'yd.  a  wallci  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  29  miles  S.AV.  of  JIalaga.  ou  the  Mediterranean.  Pop. 
5850. 

M.\R.'BLE,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  Arkansas. 

S1.\RBLE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Jessamine  CO.,  Ken 
tucky. 

MARBLE  DALF:.  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  CO..  Connecticut. 

M.\RBLE  FURNACE,  a  post-oiBce  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  93 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

.M.\RBIJ3  n.\LL.  a  post-ofllce  of  Hawkins  co..  Tennessee. 

MARBLEHEAD.  mar'b'l-hid'.  a  post-township  and  port 
of  entry  of  F;ssex  CO..  Massachusetts,  on  an  irregular  rocky 
peninsula  of  its  owu  name,  and  at  the  terminus  of  a  railroad, 
(by  which  it  has  communication  with  Salem  and  Boston,) 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Boston.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an 
excellent  harbor,  which  is  accessible  at  all  sea.sons  to  vessels 
of  the  largest  class.  Of  late  years  it  has  been  much  fre. 
quented  as  a  summer  resort.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively 
engaged  in  the  cod  fisheries.  In  some  years  the  quantity 
taken  has  amounted  in  value  to  more  than  $160,000.  This 
business,  however,  li.is  rocently  declined,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  shoes  has  increased.  In  the  extent  of  its  cod  fishery 
Marblehead  ranks  as  the  second  town  in  the  state,  being 
exceeded  only  by  Barnstable.  Many  ships  and  brigs  owned 
here  sail  from  and  return  direct  to  Boston.  The  shipping  of 
the  district,  June  30,  1S52,  amounted  to  an  ai;greii;ate  <q 


MAR 

1192  tons  registered,  and  6114  tons  enrolled  and  licensed. 
Of  the  latter,  185S  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade, 
and  3(iTS  tons  in  the  cod  fisheries.  The  foreign  arrivals  for 
the  ye-ir  were  168,  (tons  12,129.)  of  which  lol  (tons  11,404) 
were  by  foreign  vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports 
were  102,  (tons  11.075,  of  which  11,101  were  in  foreign  bot- 
toms.) During  the  same  year,  5  schooners,  with  an  aggre- 
gate burthen  of  432  tons,  were  admeasured.  The  town  con- 
tains churches  of  S  denominations.  2  banks,  with  a  capital 
,if  $220.W)O;  an  insurance  office,  1  newspaiier  office,  an  aca- 
demy, a  high  school,  various  benevolent  societies,  and  up- 
ward? of  30  maiiufttotories  of  various  kinds.  The  prin- 
:ipal  articles  produced  are  hoots  and  shoes,  employing  a 
capital  of  $1,000,000.     Pop.  of  the  township,  7046. 

MARHLKIIKAD,  a  post/offlce  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

MAi;l5l,EHi;.\D,  a  post-office  of  Ottawa  CO.,  Ohio. 

MARlihKIIEAD  LIGHTS,  two  in  number,  are  situated 
on  the  S.K.  side  of  the  K.  entrance  to  JIarhlehead  Harbor, 
Massachusetts.     Lat.  4-2°  30'  18"  N..  Ion.  -O*^  50'  30"  \V. 

MAKlil.K  lULL.  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

MAK'ULK  ISLAND.  Hudson's  Bay,  liritlsh  North  Amt- 
riia,  is  In  lat.  62°  30'  N.,  Ion.  92°  W. 

MAIl/BLETOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ulster 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  Kingston.     I'op.  4120. 

MAKliLE  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  CO.,  Alabama. 

SIAIiU'JZ,  maliHio',  a  townofi'rauce,  department  of  Ain, 
arrnmli-iseineiit  and  10  miles  N.  of  Boui-g.     t'op.  2410. 

MARI5UKU,  mar'burg,  (Ger.  pi-on.  maK'l«"iSna;  anc.  Mati- 
acum,)  a  town  of  Hesse-f'assel,  on  the  Lnhn.  and  on  the 
Fnuikfort  Railway,  48  miles  S.W.  of  Cassel.  Top.  7954, 
Including  the  suburb  of  Weidenhau.sen.  It  stands  on  the 
slope  of  a  hill,  crowned  by  the  ancient  feudal  castle  of 
the  landgraves  of  Hesse.  I'rincipal  public  edifice,  the 
chuTcli  of  St.  Elizabeth,  in  the  pointed  Gothic  style, 
built  between  1235  and  1283,  anu  containing,  with  several 
monuments  of  the  Hesse-Landgraves,  the  tomb  of  St. 
Elizabeth,  resorted  to  by  numerous  pilgrims.  Its  Univer- 
sity, founded  in  1527,  had,  in  1846,  2(54  student*!.  It  has 
also  a  gymnasium,  a  normal  school,  schools  of  surgery,  bo- 
tanic garden,  several  hospitals,  and  manufactures  of  linen 
fabrics,  stockings,  leather,  tobacco,  and  pipes. 

M.MUJURG,  miR/booRG,  a  walled  town  of  Austria,  Styria, 
on  the  Drave,  36  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gratz.     Pop.  4500. 

MAll/HURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

M.VItCARIA.  maR-ki-ree'd,  a  market-town  of  Northern 
Italy.  13  miles  \V.S.^V.  of  JIantua,  on  the  Oglio.     Pop,  3000. 

SI.MICELCAVE,  maR'sJl^kdv',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Somme,  arrondissenient  of  Amiens.     Pop.  1591. 

M.VRCELLAZ,  maR-chM-ldtz',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Savoy,  province  of  Geuevese.     I'op.  1108, 

MAR'CELLINE/,  a  post-ofSce  of  Adams  co,,  Illinois, 

MARCELLON,  a  post-township  and  villaai'  of  Columbia 
CO.,  AViscimsin.     Pop,  921, 

MARCKL'LUS,  a  post-village  and  townsnip  of  Onondaga 
CO.,  New  \  ork,  on  Nine  Mile  Creek,  and  on  the  Anbury  braiicli 
of  the  Central  ILiilroad,  15  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Auburn.  The 
tillage  lias  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  l')i5iscopal  churches ; 
also  manufactures  of  paper  and  wool ;  and  in  the  township 
are  several  tanneries.    Pop.  of  township  2908. 

M.\llCELriUS,a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  Pop.753. 

5I.\11CKLLUS,  a  village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  rail- 
road. 5  miles  E.  of  Rushville. 

MARCELLUS,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co,, 
Iowa, 

MARCELLUS  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co., 
New  York,  on  Nine  Mile  Creek,  about  140  miles  W,  by  N, 
of  Albany. 

M.VRCKNAT.  manVeh-nJ',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cantal.  13  miles  N.  of  Murat.     Pop.  in  1852,  2653. 

MARCH,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  and  25  miles  N, 
VV.  of  Cambriilge.  on  the  navigable  river  Xene,  with  a  station 
on  the  East  Anglian  R.iilway.  Pop.  in  1S51,  4171.  March- 
\Vct-Fen  comprises  3000  acres,  and  is  drained  by  steam. 

MARCH.  maRK,  MORAVA  or  MDRAAVA.  mo-rd'vd,  a  river 
of  the  Austrian  Empire,  joins  the  Danube  8  miles  \V.  of 
Presburg.  Length  ISO  miles;  it  is  navigable  from  the 
Danube  to  Presburg,  a  distance  of  50  miles, 

MARCH    OF   AscoNA.      See  Ancoxa. 

MAKCH'.^M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

MARCHAMALO,  maR-chS  ini'lo,  a  town  of  Spain,  New 
Castile,  2  miles  N.  of  Guadalajara,  on  the  Henares.     P.  1080. 

MARCHAND,  a  post-office  of  Indiana  co..  Pennsylvania, 

MARCHE,  niaRsh.  an  old  province  of  Central  France, 
now  forming  the  department  of  Creuse,  and  parts  of  Indre 
jnd  Haute-Vienne. 

MARCHE-EN-FAMENE,  maRsh-6N<:-fd'mAn',  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Luxembourg,  on  the  Marchettc.  44 
iniles  N.N.W.  of  Arlon..  A  treaty  lietween  .Austria  and  the 
States  of  Holland,  which  was  concluded  here  in  1577,  bears 
the  name  of  the  I'erpetual  Edict.     Pop.  1400. 

MARCHEGG.  maR'Kfig,  or  JIARCHECK,  mnR/Kfk,  a  town 
)f  Lower  Austria,  on  the  .March,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vienna, 
It  is  famous  for  the  victory  which  Ottokar  gained  here,  in 
UiCO,  over  Uela,    Pop,  1180, 


MAIl 

MARCIIE-LES-DA^IES,  maRsri-li-ddm',  a  station  on  th€ 
Xamur  and  Liege  Kailway,  5  miles  10.  of  Namur. 

MARCHE-LEZ-ECAUSSINES,  man.«h-l.^z-A'k(Vseen'.  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  of  Uaiuaut,  15  miles  N.E.  of 
Mons.     Pop.  1778. 

MARCHENA,  maR-chiVn,^.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Seville,  on  the(iuadali)uivir.  ai.dou  a  height 
commanded  by  an  old  castle.  In  ils  neighliorhood  are  well 
freciuented  sulphur  baths.  It  is  well  built;  retains  some 
vestiges  of  its  ancient  tower-flanked  walls;  and  has  some 
fine  squares,  and  paved  street,«.  It  contiiins  three  parish 
churches,  several  chapels,  town  and  court-house,  prison, 
two  hospitals,  an  orphan  asylum,  college,  stori.'-house,  three 
convents,  and  a  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Arco.<.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  linen,  serge,  a.nd  cloth,  earthenware,  soap,  wine, 
and  oil,  and  carries  on  some  trade  with  Seville,    Poji.  11,820. 

MARCHES,  LES,  li  maRsh.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  on  the  Isere,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chambery.    Pop.  1027. 

.MAKCH'FIELD,  a  new  township  of  Waihingtou  co., 
Slaine.     Pop.  294. 

MARCHIENNES.  maR'she-?nn',  (L.  Marcldame.)  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Nord.  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lille, 
Pop.  in  1852,  3o47,  Near  it  is  the  hamlet  of  Marchiennes- 
Campagne, 

MARCHIENNES  AU  PONT,  maR'she-^nn'  o  -phy,  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  on  the  Sambre,  2 
miles  W.  of  Charleroi.  and  on  the  railway  to  IJrus.-els. 

MARCHI.N,  maR^sh.^x'''.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and 
about  21  miles  S.W.  of  Liege,  on  the  Hoyeux.     Pop.  2243. 

MARCHWIEL,  raarK'weel,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Denbigh. 

M.\RCIAC,  mnRVe-3k',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers,  12  miles  W.  of  Mirande.     Pop.  in  1852,  1955. 

MARCIA.\.\,  maR-chd'n;l,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
island  of  Elba,  8  miles  E.  of  Porto-Ferr.ajo.  Pop.  1036.  Near 
it,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island,  is  Makciasa  Mariana,  with 
a  harbor.     Pop.  1794, 

MARCI.\NISI,  maR-chJ-nee'see,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Caserta.   Pop.  6t00. 

M.\RCI.A.NO,  maR-chd'no.  a  village  of  Tuscany.  25  miles 
E.  of  Sienna,  Here,  in  1655,  the  Tuscans  defeated  the  French. 
Pop.  2214.  , 

MARCIONAGO,  maR-cheen-ya'go,  or  MARCINAGO,  man- 
chee-uS'go,  a  village  of  Nortliern  Italy,  province  of  Pavia,  E. 
of  liereguardo.  It  is  famous  for  the  defeat  which  the 
Ghibellines  of  Pavia  here  sustained,  iu  1132,  from  the  Guelfs 
of  Milan.     Pop.  1286. 

MAJtCIONY,  maR'seen'yee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Saontvet-Loire,  ou  the  IjOire,  14  miles  S.W,  of  CharoUes. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2768, 

MARCILLAC,  maTsVee'y^k',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aveyron,  11  miles  N,N,W.  of  Rodez.  Pop.  iu  1852, 
157.5. 

MARCILL.'VC,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Charente, 
15  miles  X.W.  of  Angouleme.     Pop.  1470. 

MARCILL.VC.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 

11  miles  N.E.  of  Blaye.     Pop.  in  1852,  2008. 
M.VRCILLAC,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Corrfize, 

12  miles  E,  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1790. 

JIARCIT^LAC,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot,  24 
miles  E,  of  Cahors,  and  having  in  its  vicinity  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  stalactitic  caves  in  France. 

M  A  RCIU^-'VT,  maRVee\vd',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Allier.  11  miles  S.  of  Montlu(;on.     I'op.  in  1852,  1704. 

MARCILLAT,  a  hamlet  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Dome,  arrondissenient  of  Riom. 

MARCIXELLE,  maR\':ee'nell',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Hainaut,  24  hiilcs  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1290. 

MARCKE,  niaRk  or  mar'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Lys,  24  miles  S.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  1544. 

MARCKOLSHEIM,  maRlcoIs-bTme'  or  maR'koPsIm'.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Schele.stadt.     Pop.  in  1852.  2511. 

MAR/CLE,  (mar'k'l,)  JIUCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

MARCLK.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford, 

MARCODURUM,    See  Durex. 

MAlt'CO,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Indiana, 

MARCOING,  maR^kwJx"'  or  maR'ko-S\No/,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cambrai, 
Pop.  in  1852.  1631. 

MARCOLEZ,  mdR^ko'l.^',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cantal,  11  miles  S,W.  of  Aurillac.     Pop.  1590. 

MARCON,  maRVA.vi/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  18  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Calai.s.     Pop.  201J. 

MARCOURT,  maR'kooR/,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxembourg,  on  the  Ourthe,  42  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Arlou.  I'op. 
1064. 

MARCOUSSIS,  maR^koosVes',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seini>et>Oise,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Versailles.     P.  1360. 

MARCOVECZ  or  MARKOVECZ,  maR'koV^ts/,  a  village 
of  Hungary,  county  of  Temesvar     Pop.  1477 

MARCQ,  maRk.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
1  mile  W.  of  Engbieo.    Pop.  2000. 

1141 


MAR 


MAR 


ArARCQ-EX-Bi  AtEtJlf.,  maRk-5s«-biVnI',  a  vUlasre  of 
I  1  uce.  department  of  Nord,  3  miles  Ji.  of  LUle.  Pop.  ia 
3  (>o 2.  3989. 

M.*UCQi;KTrE.  ma^^kJtt/,  a  village  of  France,  adjacent 
to  tilt  alx>ve,  had  formerly  an  ablxjy  of  celebrity. 

M.AK'CKOSS,  a  maritime  piu-ish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamnrjran. 

MAK'CUS,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Georgia. 

JIAU'CUS  noOlv.  a  post>village  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Delaware  Kiver,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and 
AVilmington  Kailroad,  18  miie.«  S.W.  of  Philadelphia.  In  the 
early  .settlement  of  Pennsylvania  this  was  a  place  of  import- 
ance, hut  has  sinco  declined.     Pop.  about  500. 

SIAiyCY,  a  posKownship  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York,  4  miles 
N.  of  Uticiu    Pop.  16S7. 

M.iKCY,  a  post-office  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 

M.\HCY,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin,  15 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

M.\11CY,  a  post-ofiice  of  Franklin  Co.,  Illinois. 

JIAKCZ.  maRt.«.  or  M  AKTZA,  maRfsOh",  a  vUlage  of  Hun- 
gary, 7  miles  from  Oedenburs.     Pop.  1128. 

MAUDKEX  or  MAKDIX.  mar-deen',  fane.  ilardeJ)  writ- 
ten also  MERDIX,  mer-deen',  a  fortiJBed  town  of  Asiatli; 
Turkey.  pa.-;halic  and  57  miles  S.E.  of  Diarbekir,  on  the  S. 
declivity  of  31ount  Masius.  It  has  a  ca.stle  on  a  height 
commanding  a  magnificent  view,  several  mosiiues,  churches, 
a  large  Mohammedan  college,  and  manufactures  of  linen 
and  cotton  stuffs,  and  leather. 

MAK'DEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

M  AHDEX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  7  miles  S.S.W. 
of  -Maid.-itone,  with  a  ytation  on  the  South- Eastern  Kail  way. 

M.\KDKX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

MAUDEX,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

MAKDEX,  XOHTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex, 

SI.AKDEX,  UP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

MAUDIX,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Mardeen. 

MAK'DISVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama, 
about  110  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

MAKE.  mi'rA,  an  island  of  Brazil,  off  the  E.  shore  of  the 
Pay  of  All  Saints  or  Bahia.  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Pitunga.  and  14  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Buhia,  has  a  circuit  of 
nearly  12  miles.     I'oo.  700. 

M.\RE  ADRIATICUM  or  HADRIATICUM,  and  MARE 
ADRIATIC^.    See  Adrmtic  Sea, 

MARE  IXTERXUM.    See  Mediterranean  Sea. 

MARE  lOX  ILM.     See  lo.viAX  Se.\, 

MARE  TYRRHEXUM.    See  Tvrrhexe  Sea. 

MAREB.  mi/r^b\  a  river  of  .\byssinia.  joins  the  Atbara  or 
Tncazze,  near  lat.  16°  N.,  Ion.  36^  E.,  after  a  N.W.  course, 
estimated  at  250  miles. 

-MAR  i:b.  md'rJb\  (anc.  Sa'ba  t)  a  town  of  Arabifi,  80  miles 
N.E.  of  Sana,  and  stated  to  be  enclosed  with  walls,  and  com- 
Drising  300  houses. 

MARECC1II.\,  mJ-r5k'ke-3,  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  in 
3^milia,  rises  in  the  Apennines,  flows  E.X.E.,  and  after 
a  course  of  38  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic  1  mile  X.  of  Rimini. 

MAREE,  LOCH,  loK  md-ree/,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross,  near  the  W.  coast.  Length  20  miles.  It  is  studded 
with  island.i  and  is  .surrounded  by  the  wildest  .scenery.  The 
Ene  cjirries  its  .superfluous  waters  X.W.  Into  Lake  Ewe. 

SIAREGUARE.  a  river  of  Guiana.     See  Merewari. 

M.\REIIAM-ON-THE-HILL.  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

5l.A.RE'HA.M-LE-FEX,aparishofEugland.  CO.  of  Lincoln. 

M.\REMMA,  LA,  li  mi-i-em'mi.  a  marshy  region  of  West 
Italy,  forming  the  S.  part  of  Tuscany,  extending  along  the 
coast  from  Orbitello  to  Piombino.  Though  formerly  the 
Beat  of  the  most  flourishing  Etruscan  cities,  it  i*  now  mostly 
desert.  It  is  traversetl  by  the  river  Ombrone.  and  contains 
the  Lakes  Castiglione  and  Orbitello,  with  the  borax  lagoons 
of  Jlonte  Cerboli. 

MAREXE,  md-rd/nA,  or  MAREXXE,  ma-r&n'nA,  a  small 
town  of  Piedmont,  province  of  Saluzzo.  4  miles  N.E.  of 
Savigliano.     Pop.  including  commune.  2377. 

MAREXGO,  md-rJn'go.  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province 
and  *2  miles  S.E.  of  Ale.ssandria.  near  the  Bormida.  and 
memorable  for  the  battle  of  14th  of  June,  1800,  between 
Xapoleon  and  the  Austrians,  In  whicli  the  latter  were  com- 
pletely defeated. 

MAREX'UO,  a  county  in  the  W,  part  of  .Alabama,  has  an 
area  of  lieo  square  miles.  The  Tombigbee  and  Blackwarrior 
Kiver.^  jinite  on  its  N.W.  border,  it  is  also  drained  by 
Chi.kasaw  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  partly 
o<H-upied  by  prairies;  the  soil  Is  exceedingly  fertile.  The 
county  comprises  a  large  part  of  the  tract  commonly  known 
as  the  ••  Cancbnike,"  which  by  many  is  regarded  as  "the  most 
desirable  cotton  land  in  the  South.    Capital,  Linden.     Pop. 

X^K'^L'^?"^  "''^^^  .verefree,  and  24,403  slaves. 

-MAKENGO,  apo.^trvillagi  of  Wayne  co.,  Xew  York,  about 
it  miles  N.E.  of  Geneva. 

a! ■^!!S^!^?  V  *  PO'"-o'«<'e,  Laurens  district.  South  Carolina. 

-MARENGO,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Tenne^ee. 

MARENGO,  a  post-office  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 

MARKNGO.  a  post-township  of  (ulhoun  co.,  Michigan,  in- 
lerawted  l>y  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.     Pop.  1099. 

MAKENGi ».  a  postoffiue  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 


MAREXGO,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  5Ic- 
Ilenry  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  railroad  between  Chicago  and 
Galena.  66  miles  W.N.W.  of  the  former.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 1277  :  of  the  village,  about  650. 

MAREXGO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Iowa  River,  85  miles  by  railroad  W.  by  N.  of  Diivenjiort. 

M.AREXXE,  a  town  of  Pieilmout.     See  Marese. 

MAREXXKS,  maV^nn',  ^L.  Slareniw.)  a  seajiort  town  of 
France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure.on  the  Atlantic. 
24  miles  S.  of  La  Roi'helle.  near  the  mouth  of  the  Seudre. 
Pop.  iu  1852.  4589.  It  is  surrounded  by  salt  marshes,  whence 
lai-ge  quantities  of  salt  are  e.Ktracted. 

MAREOT-'IS,  LAKE,  or  BIRKET-EL-MARIOOT.  (or  MA- 
RIOUT.)  beeK/-ket-el-niS-re-oot',  a  lake  in  the  X.E.  part  of 
Lower  Egypt.  S.E.  of  .Alexandria.  It  had  become  entirely 
dry  within  the  last  three  centuries,  but  as  the  bottom,  is 
.several  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  English,  in  1801, 
in  order  to  circumscribe  the  operations  of  the  French,  cut 
across  the  narrow  isthmus  which  separated  the  ba.siu  from 
the  Lake  of  At>ookeer,  (.\boukir.)  when  the  sea-water  flowed 
in,  and  covered  an  extent  of  30  miles  in  length,  and  15  in 
bre.idth.  This  isthmus  has  since  been  restored  by  31oham- 
med  .\Jee. 

M.\'IIESFIELD.  a  p.ari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

MAliETZ.  md'rets',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Xord.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  in  1852,  2595. 

MAKEUIL,  mdViP.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cher.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Bourges.     Pop.  in  1852.  1600. 

MARELIL.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Doi^ 
dogne,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Xontron.     Pop.  in  1852,  1765. 

SlAREUlL,  a  village  of  Fi-ance,  department  of  Vendee, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Bourbon-^■endee.     Pop.  in  1852,  1609, 

31AR/FLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Eas'i 
Riding. 

MARG.A.  m!iR'giih\  a  village  of  Hungary,  banat  of  Temes- 
var,  30  miles  from  Karansebes.     I'op.  996. 

MARGAl/LAWAY  KIVER  rises  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Xew 
Hampshire,  in  Coos  county,  and  running  into  Maine  return* 
into  New  Hampshire,  where  it  receives  the  waters  of  Um- 
bagog  Lake.  After  this  junction  it  is  called  the  Andros- 
coggiu  River. 

MAR'GAM.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

MAR/GARET-M.\RSIL  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

MA1{/GARETSVILLE.  a  village  of  Xortliampton  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Seaboard  and  Koanoke  Railroad,  150  miles 
N.E.  bv  E.  of  Raleigh. 

MAKGARETTA,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1892. 

MARGARETTA,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Ulinois,  110 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

MARGARETTA  FURXACE,  a  postoffice  of  York  co., 
Penn.sylvauia. 

-AIARGAKETI'IXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.=sex. 

MAR/GAKETTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York. 

MARGARITA,  mar-ga-ree'ta.  an  island  in  the  Caribbean 
Se^.  belqpging  to  Venezuela,  department  and  30  miles  N'.of 
Cumana,  off  the  coast  of  South  America,  lat.  11^  N..  Ion.  64° 
W.  Length  45  miles;  breadth  from  5  to  20  miles.  Estimated 
population  15.000.  It  consists  of  two  principal  elevated  por- 
tions united  by  a  low  isthmus.  The  coasts  are  avid  and  iar- 
ren,  but  the  interior  is  fertile,  producing  maize,  sugar,  coffee, 
cotton,  and  bananas,  though  insufficient  for  home  consump- 
tion. Jlany  poultry  and  live  stock  are  reared ;  and  the 
island  has  salt  works  and  an  active  fishery ;  its  name  being 
derived  from  the  pearls  (in  Latin  Margarita:)  which  were 
formerly  procured  here  iu  considerable  quantities.  Manu- 
factures are  chiefly  of  cotton  hosiery  and  hammocks. 
Principal  lowii.s.  Assumption,  the  capital,  iu  its  centre,  and 
Pampatar,  with  a  pretty  good  harbor,  on  its  S.  coast.  A 
considerable  contraband  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  adja- 
cent coast  and  the  British  and  French  West  Indies.  The 
channel  of  Margarita,  between  it  and  the  mainland,  is  20 
miles  across,  and  through  it  all  ships  from  Europe  pass  to 
Cumana,  Barcelona,  or  La  Guayra.  Margarita  was  dis- 
covered by  Columbus,  in  1498. 

MARGARITA,  an  island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  on 
the  coast  of  Old  California;  lat.  24°  18'  N.,  Ion.  111°  42'  W. 
Length  30  miles;  breadth  10  miles. 

MARGARITA,  a  town  on  the  island  of  Majorca,  22  milea 
S.  of  .Alcudia,     Pop.  226:5, 

M.AKGARITA,  maR-gJ-ree'td,  or  SANTA-MARGARITA, 
san'ta-niaR-g,d-ree'td,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  pro- 
vince of  Mondovi.  ou  the  Biobbio.     Pop.  1619. 

MARGARITI.  uiaR-gd-ree'tee.  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Epirus,  sanjak  of  Delvino.  5  miles  N.  of  Parga.   Pop.  60O0.(?) 

MARG.\TE,  almast  mar'get.  a  seaport  and  market-town, 
watering-place,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
North  Sea,  about  80  niiies  E.S.E.  of  London,  and  15a  miles 
X.E.  of  Canterbury,  with  which,  and  with  Rjimsgate,  about 
3  miles  S.E..  it  is  connected  by  branches  of  the  Suuth- 
Eastern  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851.  9107.  It  stands  in  the 
hollow,  and  on  the  declivities  of  two  chalk  hills.  Chief 
buildings,  a  moilern  Gothic  and  other  churches,  a  national 
school,  welln-ndowed  almshouse,  an  infirmary,  town-hall 
and  markvt-bouiie,  assembly  rooms,  theatre,  large  public 


MAR 


MAR 


library,  with  sevora]  bazaars,  baths,  and  hotels.  The  har- 
bor is  lonned  by  a  curved  stone  pier,  with  a  lighthouse, 
lat.  51'^  -H'  N.,  Ion.  1°  23'  E.  It  has  from  8  to  13  feet  at  high 
water,  liut  is  dry  at  low  tide.  It  has  a  fishery  and  some 
trade,  and  is  greatly  resorted  to  by  searbaithers. 

M.\11G.\^U.K,  maR'giV.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  18  miles  .\.  of  Bordeaux.     Top.  1034. 

MAItGKRIDK,  man^zheh-reed/,  a  chain  of  mountains  of 
France,  between  the  basins  of  the  Allier  and  Lot,  in  the 
departments  of  Lozere.  Haute-Ijoire,  and  Cantal. 

MAlUiilKABOW.'V,  a  town  of  I'russia.    See  Oletzko. 

M.\l!(rlIIL.\N,  maR'ghee-ldn',  a  town  of  Independent 
Toorkistan,  state  and  "20  miles  S.K.  of  Khokhan.  It  is  en- 
closed by  ('arthen  ramparts,  is  said  to  have  some  good  build- 
ings, remains  of  anti(iuity.  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver 
stuffs,  velvets,  silk  fabrics,  and  an  active  trade. 

M.VKUIIILb,  maH'!^hil'  or  marVheel',  a  village  of  Asiatic 
Turkey.  pashali<!  of  ISagdad.  on  the  Shatel-Ariib,  4  miles  N. 
of  Bassorah.  It  has  a  large  depot  for  merchandise  belonging 
to  British  merchants. 

MAKUITTA,  mr)R"gbit'toh\  a  markot-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Bihrir,  35  miles  K.S.K.  of  Debreczin.     Pop.  2947. 

MAIttilTTA,  N'AGY,  nodj-maRVbit/luh\  a  town  of  Hun- 
gary, en.  of  Torontal,  W.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  1722. 

MAIKiUNIN,  maR-go-neen',  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  40 
miles  \V..S.VV.  of  Bromberg.    Pop.  1990. 

MA1!(;UKR1TTK8.  maR'ga-reet',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  (Jard.  4  miles  N.K.  of  Mmes.     Pop.  1800. 

MAlafUS,  a  river  of  Servia.     See  Morava. 

MVH'IIA.M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MA  i;  1 1  AM  CI£  0  ItCa.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

M.VK'UUliM,  a  parish  of  hiugland,  co. of  Northampton. 

5I.\H1.A.,  mri-ree'd,  a  town  of  Spain,  And.alusia,  province 
and  57  miles  \.  by  K.  of  Almeria.     Pop.  3500. 

M.VIU'.\  CRKEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  Wabash,  8  miles 
above  Viuceiines. 

MAI'.IA  CREEK,  a  postrofBce  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana. 

MARI.V  F.JRGE,  a  postroflice  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

MAI! EAGER,  mj're-it^ghi;r,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark, 
province  of  Jutland.  14  miles  N.  of  Kanders,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  Mariager-fiord.     Pop.  500. 

MARl/A  ISLAND,  Ta,»mania,  Is  off  the  E.  coast  of  A'an 
Diemen's  Land,  about  2.j  miles  from  the  coast.  Lat.  from 
42°  40'  to  42*^  50'  8.,  Ion.  148°  10'  E.,  consisting  of  two  ele- 
vated portions  united  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  and  having  the 
Tillage  (if  Darlington  at  its  N.  extremity. 

M.\KI-V  1SL.\.\D,  of  Australia,  in  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria, 
on  the  U'.  coast;  lat.  (N.  point)  14°  50'  S.,  Ion.  135°  54'  E. 

MAUTA  ISL.VND,  an  inland  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
in  the  Low  Archipelago;  lat.  22°  S.,  Ion.  136°  W. 

MARIAKERK,  md  reo'a-k^Rk\  or  MAUIAKERKE,  md- 
ree/d-kCR'keh,  a  village  of"  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, on  the  canal  of  Bruges,  5  miles  }i.\Y.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
1095. 

M.\R1  A,  KIS,  kish  mdVee'oh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Bihar,  about  3  miles  from  Potsay.     Pop.  18(31. 

M.\R1.\.LV.\,  md-re-dl'vd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira-.\lta,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Lamego,  defended  by  a  strong 
castle.     Poji.  400. 

MAR1A.MP0L,  md-re-dm'pol.  or  MARIANPOL,  md-re-dn'- 
pol,  a  town  of  Poland,  palatinate  of  Augustowo,  36miles  N.E. 
ofSuvvalki.    Pop.  2375. 

MARIANA,  md-re-d'nd,  or  MARIANNA,  m.i-re-dn'nd,  an 
episcojial  city  of  Brazil,  province  of  >Iina.s-Oeraes,  45  miles 
N.E.  of  Ouro  Preto.  Pop.  5200.  It  stands  in  a  small  plain, 
3080  feet  above  the  level  of  the  .«ea.  bounded  by  two  heights, 
crowned  by  churche.s,  and  has  a  large  cathedral,  Carmelite 
and  Franciscan  Convents,  a  diocesan  seminary,  and  episcopal 
palace,  but  little  trade. 

MARIANA  ISLANDS.     See  Ladroxes. 

MARIAN'NA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jack.son  co.,  Flo- 
rida, on  the  right  bank  of  Chipola  River,  72  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Tallahassee.  It  has  a  court-house,  a  priuting-oflice,  and 
several  stores. 

MARIANN.\,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 

M.\RI.\XN.\.  a  post-office  of  Davidson  co.,  Tennes.see. 

MARIANNE  IgLANDS.     See  Lalrones. 

MiVRlANO,  m.d-re-d'no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  delegar 
tion  and  9  miles  S.S.  E.  of  Como.     Pop.  4000. 

MARI.\.Nl'l)L,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  M.\ri.\mpol. 

MARIANUS  MONS.    See  Sierra  Morena. 

MA'Rl-AN'SLEIGH,  a  pari.<h  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MARl.VPOL.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Mariopol. 

MARIAS,  LAS  TRES,  Ids  trJs  md-ree'ds,  ("The  Three 
Maries."")  three  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Mexico,  state  of  Jalisco,  between  lat.  21°  and  2'2°  N.,  and 
Ion.  100°  and  10G°  30'  W.,  the  middle  or  largest  being  15 
miles  in  length  by  8  miles  in  breadth.  Named  Isles  de  la 
Magdalena  by  Diego  de  Mendoza,  in  1.5.32. 

MARfA-SClIEIN,  md-ree/d-shine\  a  place  of  pilgrimage  in 
Bohemia,  circle  and  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Leitmeritz,  with  a 
ehurcli.  and  miraculous  image,  stated  to  attract  annually 
from  30.000  to  40.000  devotees. 

MARI.\'S  (nia-ri'az)  RIVER,  one  of  the  upper  tributaries 
of  the  Missouri,  rises  on  the  side  of  the  Ilocky  Mountains, 


near  the  X.W.  extremity  of  Nebraska  Territory.  «nd  flow- 
ing south-easterly,  joins  the  Missouri,  about  50  miles  below 
the  Great  Falls.     Entire  length,  alM)ut  300  miles, 

.MAR1.\-STE1N,  m.d-ree'd-stine\  a  plact.  of  pilgrimage  in 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Soleure,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Basle,  witli 
a  Benedictine  abbey  and  image  of  the  Virgin. 

51AR1.\  STEIN,  a  post-office  of  ilercer  co.,  Ohio, 

MARIA-THERESIANOPEL,     See  TiiKRr.siF..\STADT. 

MARl'ATOWN,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  situated  on  tin: 
Williamsburg  Canal,  21  miles  S,W.of  Prescott,  and  29  mileB 
from  Cornwall,     Pop.  about  1'25. 

MARl'AVILLE.  a  posMown-ship  of  Hancock  co..  Maine 
on  Union  River,  "20  miles  K.  by  N.  of  Bangor.     I'np.  458. 

MARI'.WILLE,  a  post-village  of  Schenectady  co.,  New 
Tork.  27  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

MARIAZELL.     See  Marienzell. 

M.VRIHO,  nid're-V)o\  a  town  of  Denmark,  stift  of  Falster, 
near  the  centre  of  the  island  of  Laaland.     Pop.  1400. 

M.4^RIC.\,  md-ree'kd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  20 
miles  E.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  about 
8  miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  the  head-quarters  of  a  body  of 
national  guards,  and  seat  of  an  electoral  college;  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  mandioo,  flotir,  rice,  and  millet,  almost 
all  conveyed  on  mules  to  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Sugar  and  rum 
also  are  exported.    Pop.  of  district.  6000. 

MARICKPOOR.  mdVik-poor'.  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  district  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Cuttack. 

M.\RlEFRfcD,  mit-ree'eh-frM,  a  town  of  Sweden,  la;n  and 
37  miles  N.E.  of  Nykoping,  on  a  bay  of  Lake  Malar.  Pop. 
1000.     Near  it  is  the  palace  of  Gripsholm. 

MARIE  GALANTF;.  mdVee' gdMft.vt/,  one  of  the  French 
West  India  Islands,  S.S.E.  of  Guadeloupe,  of  which  it  is  a 
dependency,  20  miles  N.  of  Dominica.  Estimated  area,  60 
square  miles.  Pop.  In  1849,  12.749.  Principal  products, 
coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  and  cocoa.  Shores  rocky,  with  uo  good 
harbor.     Principal  town,  Basseterre,  on  the  S.W.  side. 

MARIEL,  nid*re-el'.  a  seaport  town  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
the  island  ofCnb.a,  about  20  miles  W.  of  Havana;  lat.  23°:y 
N.,  Ion.  82°  47'  W.  It  has  a  large  well-sheltered  harbor, 
capable  of  receiving  vessels  of  any  class.  Railways  connect 
it  with  Havana  and  Batabano,  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
island.     Pop.  in  1853.  1"296. 

M.VRTEL  is  also  the  name  of  a  Cuban  department,  of 
which  the  atiove  town  is  the  capital. 

MARIENBAD,  md-ree/en-bdd*  or  md-re<''en-bdt\  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  N.W.  of  Pii.»en,  in  a  picturesque  valley,  fre- 
quented for  its  cold  chalybeate  and  saline  baths,  which  com- 
prise the  Kreutzbrunnen,  temperature  53J^°  Fahrenheit,  and 
the  Caroline  and  Ambrosius  Springs,  of  about  50°  Fahrenheit- 

M.\RIENBERG.  md-reo'en-b^Ro\  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle 
of  Zwickau,  17  miles  S.S.E,' of  Chemnitz,  Pop.  4447.  It  haa 
mineral  baths,  and  manufar-tnres  of  linen  and  lace. 

MARIENBOURG,  mA'ree'^x°'booR',  or  JIARIENBURG, 
md'rPe'en-booRo\  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  province  and 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Namur.  connected  by  railway  with  Charleroi. 
It  was  built  in  1542,  by  Mary,  Queen  of  Hungary,  and  sister 
of  Charles  V.  Its  fortifications  were  demolished  by  Louis 
XIV.,  but  restored  in  1818.     Pop.  682. 

M,-\R1ENBURG.  md-ree'en-b6oRG\  a  walled  town  of  West 
Prussia.  27  miles  S.E.  of  Dantzic,  on  the  Nogat.  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge  of  lioats.  Pop.  6050.  It  has  a  celebratrnl  castle, 
built  in  1274,  and  long  the  seat  of  the  grand  master  of  the 
Teutonic  order,  an  imposing  edifice  which  has  been  recently 
restored  ;  a  normal  school,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woolbsn  cloths. 

M.\RIENBL'RG.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Livonia,  on  the  laki;  of  the  same  name,  57  miles  S.W.  of 
Pskov.     Pop.  2000. 

-MARIENBURG,  (Hun.  Foldevar,  folVl.VvdR'.)  a  village 
of  Tran.sylvania.  Saxon  Land.  10  miles  N.  of  Kronstadt. 

MARIENWERDER,  md-ree'en-«-^R'der,  a  city,  capital  of 
West  Pras-sia,  and  of  a  government  of  its  own  name,  on  the 
Little  Nogat.  a  tributary  of  the  Vistula.  45  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Dantzic.  Pop.  7600.  It  "has  a  cathedral  of  the  13th  century, 
with  a  steeple  170  feet  in  height;  an  old  ca.«tle.  schools  of 
arts  and  agriculture,  and  a  hospital  for  blind  soldiers.  Chief 
industry,  woollen  cloth  weaving,  brewing,  and  distilling, 

M-A^RIENWEl^DER,  a  government  of  West  Prussia, 
bounded  N,  by  Pomerania  and  the  government  of  Dantzic. 
Area.  6816  square  miles.     Pop.  in  1849.  621.046. 

.MARIENZELL,  md-reeVn-tsMl'.  or  MARIAZELL,  ml- 
ree'd-tsell',  i.  e.,  the  "  cell  or* .shrine  of  (Saint)  -Mary,"  a  small 
town  of  Styria,  with  a  church  and  famous  statue  of  the 
Virgin.  It  has  been  called  the  Loretto  of  .\ustria.  being  the 
most  celebrated  place  of  pilgrimage  in  the  empire,  it  is 
said  to  be  annually  visited  by  about  100,000  persons.  Dis- 
tant 56  miles  S.W.  of  A'ienna.  Near  it  are  .«ome  of  the 
largest  iron  foundries  in  Austria,  and  sulphur  and  copper 
works. 

MARIESTAD,  md-ree'?s-tdd\  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
a  laen.  on  ijuke  AVener,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tida,  156  mileii 
W.S.W.  of  Stockholm.     Pop.  2500. 

MARIESTAD.  also  called  SKARABORO.  sk3'rd-boRg\  i 
Iren  of  Sweden,  lies  cbiefiy  between  Lakes  Wcner  and 
Wetter,  and  forms  part  of  West  Gothland.    Pop.  173.S67. 

1143 


MAR 


MAR 


MARIETTA,  mi-re-?t'ta,  a  post-rillage  of  Onondaga  co., 
New  York.  145  niiles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

M.4.RIETTA,  a  po.st-borough  of  East"  Donegal  township, 
Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Susi]ue- 
hanna,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Ilarrisbiirg,  and  14  miles  W.  of  Lan- 
caster. It  is  finely  situated  on  a  gradual  declivity,  and 
surrounded  by  a  rich  and  iwpulous  country.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  a  town  hall,  an  acade- 
my, 4  iron-furnaces,  several  rolling-mills,  and  6  lumber-yards. 
It  carries  on  an  active  tr.ade  in  coal  and  lumber,  by  means 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  Columbia  Branch  Railroad, 
which  connect  it  with  Harrisburg  and  Columbia.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1812.     Pop.  in  1850,  20ii9;  in  1860,  2186. 

MARIKTTA.  a  flourishing  and  handsome  postrvillage. 
capital  of  Cobb  co..  Georgia,  is  situated  on  the  Western  and 
Atlantic  Railroad.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Atlanta.  The  site  of 
this  village  is  higher  than  that  of  any  other  on  this  railroad. 
It  Is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  and  mining  region.  It 
confciius  the  American  State  .Military  Academy.  4  churches, 
and  3  newspiper  offices.  Two  and  a  half  miles  from  Mari- 
Htta  is  KBnes.tw  Mountain,  whi.-h  is  t82S  feet  above  the 
level  of  tho  soa,  and  affords  an  extensive  view.    Pop.  26S0. 

MARIETTA,  a  postoflice  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi. 

MARlKTTAi  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Wasliington 
CO.,  Ohio,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  (E.)  bank  of  the 
Muskiu'ium  Kiver,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Ohio,  62  miles 
below  Wheeling,  and  115  niiles  S.E.  of  Columbus.  The  ttnvn 
is  regularly  laid  out  on  level  ground,  and  in  the  midst  of 
highly  picturesque  scenery.  Many  of  the  houses  are  con- 
Btructed  with  great  neatne.ss,  and  embellished  with  fine 
gardens  and  ornamental  trees.  Marietta  is  the  oldest  town 
In  the  state,  having  been  settled  in  April.  1788.  by  a  com- 
pany of  New  Englanders  under  the  command  of  General 
R.  Putnam.  Fort  Ilarmar  was  built  on  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  Muskingum  in  1786.  It  is  also  distingui.shed  by  the 
excellence  of  its  schools.  The  town  contains  13  churches, 
2  public  libraries,  an  academy,  a  flourishing  union  school, 
1  national  and  2  state  banks,  and  is  the  seat  of  Marietta 
College,  founded  in  1835.  Three  newspapers  are  published 
Ijere.  The  Muskingum  is  navigable  by  steam  as  high  as 
Zanesville,  and  also  affords  extensive  water-i)ower.  This 
town  has  2  iron  foundries,  2  bucket  factories,  1  chair  factory, 
and  a  large  tannery.  It  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Marietta 
and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  Marietta  is  the  centre  of  an  ex- 
tensive trade  in  oil  (petroleum)  which  is  procured  in  the 
vicinity.    Pop.  in  1850,  3175 :  in  1860,  4323. 

MARIETTA,  a  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  on  Blue 
River,  and  on  the  Shelbyville  Branch  Railroad,  about  35 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

MARIETTA,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  about 
12  or  14  miles  N.W.  of  Lewistown. 

^TATUPTTA.  ^TnrsbMlI  ro..  Inwa.     Pee  APPF.NniX. 

MARIETfA  FURNACE,  a  small  vUlage  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MARIGLIANO,  m3-reel-y3'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  3}  miles  W.  of  Nola.     Pop.  3800. 

MARIGNANE.  miVeen'ydn',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Bnuche.s-du-Khone,  on  a  lagoon,  14  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Aix.     Pop.  in  1852.  2183. 

MARTGN  ANO,  a  town  of  Northren  Italy.   See  Melegxaxo. 

MARIGNIER,  mi'reen^yi',  a  village  of  the  Sardini.-in 
States,  Savoy,  E.  of  JJonneville.  on  the  Arve.     Pop.  18t)0. 

MAKIGNY.  mdVeen'yee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Mauche.  7  miles  W.  of  St.  Lo.     Pop.  in  1852,  1589. 

MAKIGNY  I/EGLISE.  md'reen^ee'  li'gleez',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Nievre,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Clamecv. 
Pop.  1820. 

MARIGOT.  LE,  leh  mJVee^go',  a  village  of  Martinique. 
West  Indies,  on  its  N.E.  coast,  and  having  one  of  its  best 
ports  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river. 

MARIGOT,  LE,  a  village  of  St.  Martin,  West  Indies,  on 
Its  N.  coast,  and  capital  of  its  French  portion. 

MARIGOT  I)KS  ROSEAUX.  miVeeVo' di  ro^zC,  a  village 
of  St.  Lucia,  West  Indies,  on  its  W.  coast. 

MARIGOT,  a  village  of  Marie  Galante,  West  Indies. 

MARIGOT.    See  Capksterre  and  Boi'Ra,ORASD. 

MARIGUANA,  md-re-gwd/nd,  one  of  the  most  N.  of  the 
Bahama  Islands,  aliout  25  miles  in  length,  and  from  3  to  6 
miles  in  breadth,  lat  22°  23'  N.,  Ion.  72°  65'  W. 

The  Mauicuaxa  Passage  is  between  Mariguana  Island 
and  Acklin  Island,  50  miles  westward. 

MARIN,  md-reen.  a  t«wn  of  Spain,  province  and  5  n)iles 
B.W.of  Pontevedra.  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  P.  3244. 

.MARIN,  uii-reen',  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Cali- 
lumi:^  has  an  area  of  al)Out  560s<juare  miles.  It  is  bouuded 
on  the  W.  by  tlie  Pacific  Ocean,  and  pjirtlv  on  the  E.  by 
San  Pablo  Bay.  and  is  drained  by  Corta  Madera,  San  Anto- 
nio, San  Geronimo.  and  several  other  little  streams,  flowing 
into  the  Pacific  and  San  Pablo  Bay.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
with  a  range  of  mountains  running  nearly  through  the 
centre.  Taiiieliiais,  or  Tuble  Mountain,  is  the  principal 
elevation.  Aln.ut  one-half  of  the  soil  is  susivptlble  of  cul- 
tivation :  the  other  |)ortiou  is  excellent  for  grazing.  Caui- 
tal.  San  Haliiel.     I'op.  iu  1660,  3334. 

UARIN.  I,K.  Ivh  miViso',  a  village  of  the  island  of  Mar- 


tinique, on  its  S.  coast,  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  16  miles  S.K 
of  Port  Royal.  Pop.  2907.  Near  it  is  the  extinct  volcano, 
Le  Marin. 

MARINDUQUE,  mi-reen-doo'ki,  an  island  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  I'hiiippines,  S.  of  Luzon.  Lat.  14°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
122°  E.  Length  40  miles,  breadth  10  mUes.  Principal  vil- 
lages. Rone  and  Napo. 

MARINE,  ma-reen',  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois, 
about  22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Alton. 

MARINELLA,  md-re-uend,  a  small  seaport  of  Sicily,  l-t 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Mazzara.  Its  site  is  near  that  of  the  ancient 
Sfilinunftum.  and  its  ruins  consist  of  the  stupendous  remains 
of  3  Doric  temples. 

MARINE  .MILLS,  a  village  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wiscousin,  on 
the  St.  Croix  River,  about  18  miles  N.  of  Hudson. 

MARINEO,  m.i-re-nil/o,  a  town  of  Siiily,  iutendency,  dis- 
trict, and  11  miles  S.E.  of  Palermo.     Pop.  6000. 

MARINES,  mdVeen',  (L.  Manerffium,)  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Selne-etrOise,  8  miles  JJ.W.of  I'ontoise.  Pop. 
in  1852,  1645. 

MARINETTE,  a  iwst-office  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MARINGOUIN.  mdVSxo'gwSx^',  a  small  bayou  of  Louisi- 
ana, commences  in  Poiute  (toupee  parish,  and  flows  south- 
ward through  Iberville  v>arish  into  Grand  River. 

MARIXGIIES,  mdV^NY/'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Pu VHle-Dr.mOk  1 1  miles"  W.N  .W.  of  Thiers.    P.  in  1 852,  4299. 

MA"RIN1IA-GRANDE,  md-reeu'ya-grdn'di,  a  village  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Estremmlura,  5  miles  N.AV  of  Loiria. 
Pop.  1600.     It  is  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  g]a.ss. 

M.\RIN1LLA.  md-re-necl'yd,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  pro- 
vince and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Antioquia ;  lat.  5°  41'  X.,  on  a 
plateau  G705  feet  above  sea-level.     Pop.  4915. 

MARINO,  md-rec'no,  (anc.  BovWlo'?)  a  market-town  of 
Italy.  Pontifical  States,  with  a  castle,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Rome. 
Pop.  5070. 

M-\RION,  mir'e-on,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Monongahela  River  and  its  branches,  the  A\est  Fork, 
and  Tygart's  Valley  River,  which  unite  within  its  limits. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills,  and  partly  covered  with 
forests.  The  soil  is  generally  rich.  Mines  of  good  stone- 
coal  are  extensively  worked,  and  iron  ore  is  abundant 
Steamboats  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  the  county  seat:  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  passes  through  the  county. 
Organized  in  1S41-2,  and  named  (as  well  as  these  which  fol- 
low) in  honor  of  General  Francis  Marion,  a  prominent  actor 
in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Capital,  Fairmont.  Pop. 
12,722,  of  whom  12,659  were  free. 

MARION,  a  district  in  the  E.  part  of  South  Carolina, 
bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  1100  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Great  Pedee.  iind  bounded  on 
the  S.E.  by  the  Little  Pedee  or  Lumber  River,  on  the  S.W. 
by  Lynchers  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  the  soil  is 
sandy,  but  in  some  parts  fertile.  The  Pedee  River  is  navl- 
g:ible  in  the  lower  part  of  the  district,  which  is  intersected 
by  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad,  'i'his  railway 
crosses  the  river  by  an  iron  bridge,  the  piers  of  which  are 
hollow  cjlinders  of  iron,  19  feet  in  circumference.  Capital,  • 
Marion  Court  Ilonse.  Pop.  21,190,  of  whom  11,239  were 
free,  and  0951  slaves. 

M.\RION,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Kincha- 
foonee.  Juniper,  Buck,  Cedar,  and  Whitewater  Creeks,  alHu- 
ents  of  Flint  River.  The  snrface  is  nearly  level:  the  soil 
for  the  most  part  is  productive.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Muscogee  Railroad.  Capital,  Buena  Vista.  Pop. 
7390,  of  whom  3861  were  free. 

MARION,  a  county  of  Florida,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  the 
peninsula,  has  an  area  of  about  2200  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Ocklawha  River,  and  bounded  on  the  S.W. 
by  the  Withlacoochee.  The  surface  is  nearly  level :  the  soil 
is  fertile.  In  1850  it  produce<l  508  hogsheads  of  sugar,  and 
31,625  gallons  of  molasses.  The  quantity  of  sugar  was  the 
greatest  raised  in  any  county  of  the  State.  Pop.  S609,  of 
whom  3295  were  free,  and  5314  slaves. 

M.\RION.  acounty  in  the  W.N.W.  i>art  of  Alivbama.bordei^ 
ing  on  the  Mississipjii,  has  an  area  of  1180  square  miles.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Buttahatchie  River,  and  also  drained  by 
Sipsey  River.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  generally  fertil'. 
Ciipital,  Pikeville.  Pop.  11,182,  of  whom  9899  were  free,  and 
1283  slaves. 

M.\RION,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Mississippi,  bordering 
on  Ixwisiana,  has  an  area  of  about  1570  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  Pearl  River,  (navigable  for  small  boats.)  The 
snrface  is  undulating,  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  generally 
inferior.  Capital,  Columbia.  Pop.  4686,  of  whom  2501  were 
free,  and  2185  slaves. 

M.VRION,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Arkansas,  bordering 
on  Missouri,  contains  700  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
White  River.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys. 
Extensive  lead-mines  are  found  in  the  county,  and  quarries 
of  beautiful  yellow  variegated  marble  on  the  western  l)or- 
der.  Capital,  Yellville.  Pop.  6192,  of  whom  5931  were  free, 
and  261  slaves. 

MARION. »  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Tennessee,  bordering 


MAR 


MAR 


on  Georgia  and  Alabama ;  area  estimated  at  700  square  miles. 
It  i?  intersected  by  tlie  Tennessee  and  Sequatchie  Rivers. 
Tlie  surface  is  traversed  by  liigh  ridites  connected  with  the 
Cumberland  .Mountains.  Stone-coal  is  found.  Capital,  Jas- 
per.    Pup.  6190,  of  whom  5512  were  free,  and  678  slaves. 

MARION,  a  county  ngiir  the  centre  of  Kentucky,  hag  an 
area  estimated  at  3o0  square  miles.  It  ia  int^rsect(;d  by 
Rolliu};  Fork  of  Salt  River.  The  surface  is  undulating  and 
hilly,  and  the  soil  mostly  fertile.  The  rock  which  underlies 
the  county  is  limestone.  Capital,  Lebanon.  Organized  in 
1834.    Pop.  12,5a;!,  of  whom  9114  were  free,  and  3479  slaves. 

MARION,  a  county  In  the  N.  central  part  of  Ohio,  con- 
tains 360  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Scioto  and 
Olontangy  Rivers.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the 
soil  fertile.  An  extensive  prairie  occupies  the  N.  part.  Tlie 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Bellefontaiue  and  Indiana  Rail- 
road.   Organized  in  1824.    Capital,  Marion.     Pop.  15,490. 

MARION,  a  county  in  the  centre  of  Indiana,  contains  420 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  W.  fork  of  White  River, 
and  by  Eagle  and  Fall  Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  fertile.  Marion  county  is  the  most  populous  in  the 
state.  It  is  traversed  by  7  or  8  railroad  lines,  a  more  par- 
ticular account  of  which  will  be  found  under  the  head  of 
Imma>'.\polis,  the  capital.  Organized  in  1822.  Population 
39.855. 

MARIOX,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  530  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Skillett 
Fork  of  Little  Wabasli  River,  and  by  crooked  and  other 
creeks.  The  county  includes  a  part  of  the  Oraiid  Prairie. 
The  Central  Railroad  and  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad 
intersect  each  other  in  this  county.  Capital,  Salem.  Pop. 
12.7.39. 

MARION,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Missouri,  border- 
ing on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
North  and  South  Fabius  Rivers,  and  by  the  North  Two 
River,  and  also  drained  by  South  Two  River.  The  surface 
consists  of  undulating  prairies,  and  forests  which  are  dis- 
tributed along  the  larger  streams.  The  prairies  have  a  deep, 
rich  soil,  free  from  stones.  Bituminous  coal  and  saltpetre 
are  found  in  the  county,  and  limestone  and  freestone  are 
abundant.  Tliis  co\mty  is  intersected  by  the  Hannibal  and 
St.  Josepli  Railroad  which  extends  to  the  Missouri  River. 
Cajiital,  Palmyra.  Pop.  18,838,  of  whom  15,821  were  free, 
and  3017  slaves. 

MARION,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  Tlie  River  Des  Moines  flows 
through  the  county,  receiving  the  \ATiitebrea«t  River  and 
English  Creek:  tlie  S.E.  part  is  traversed  by  Cedar  Creek. 
Extensive  prairies  occur  in  the  county.  The  soil  is  produc- 
tive. Stone-coal  and  iron  abound  along  the  banks  of  lies 
Blnines  lUver.  Settled  about  1843.  Capital,  Knoxvllle. 
Pop.  16,813. 

MARION,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Oregon,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Cascade  Range,  and  on  the  W.  by  Willamette  River, 
and  is  drained  by  several  tributaries  of  that  stream.  The 
soil  in  the  W.  part  is  very  fertile.    See  Appendix. 

MARION,  a  po.st-township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine, 
about  88  miles  E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  203. 

M  \RION,  a  township  of  Bristol  co.,  Massachusetts.  In- 
corporated in  1852. 

MAIIION,  a  post-offlce  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut. 

MAItlON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  co.,  New 
York,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Lyons.  It  has  several  churches,  and 
manufactories  of  iron.  Pop.  of  tlie  townsliip,  2033. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1628. 

MAltlON,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  P.  661. 

MARION,  tlie  capital  of  I'orest  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

MARION,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, near  the  F'ranklin  Railroad,  51  miles  S.W.  of 
Uarrisburg.  It  contains  2  stores  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1054. 

MARION,  a  village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania,  167  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Uarrisburg,  and  12  miles  N.  E.  of  Indiana,  has 
2  stores. 

MARION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Smythe  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Jliddle  fork  of  Ilolston  River,  160"  miles  by  railroad 
W.S.W.  of  Lyncliburg.    Pop.  445. 

M.\RION.  a  post-village,  capital  of  McDowell  co..  North 
Carolina,  is  situated  a  few  miles  E.  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  near 
^e  source  of  Catawba  River,  about  220  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

MARION,  a  post-villagn.  capital  of  Twiggs  co.,  Georgia.  35 
jniles  S.S.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2 
stores,  and  about  100  inliubitants. 

MARION,  a  pojit-village.  capital  of  Perry  co.,  Alabama,  78 
miles  W.N.W  of  Jlontgomery.  It  is  the  seat  of  Howard 
College,  under  -be  direction  of  the  Baptists.  JIarion  also 
ha?  2  flourishing  female  seminaries,  and  several  churches. 
Xhre*  newspapers  are  published  here.     Pop.  1408. 

MARION,  a  village  of  Carroll  co..  Mi.s.sissippi.  on  the 
Ya,-/,(w>  River,  about  90  miles  N.  of  Jackson.  Several  thou- 
sand bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  here  in  steamboats. 

Marion,  a  post-viUage.  capital  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, 110  miles  E.  of  Jackson. 


MARION,  a  post-offico  of  Union  parish,  Louisiana. 

MARION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Angelina  co..  Texas, 
on  the  right  hand  of  the  Angelina  River,  100  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Galveston. 

MARION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, is  situated  on  the  road  from  Memphis  to  Little  15ock,  10 
miles  W.N.W.  of  the  former,  and  140  miles  E.  by  N.  of  the 
latter. 

MARION,  a  to^vnsllip  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

5IARI0N,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Crittenden  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, aVjout  2.30  miles  W.S.W.  of  F'rankfort.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  and  over  100  Inhabitants. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2120. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Oliio.     Pop.  1674 

MARION,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  927. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1054. 

JIARIO'N,  a  townsliip  of  Ilardin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  599. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  195. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1682. 

>iARION,  a  flourisliing  post-village  and  township,  capifcU 
of  Marion  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Belk'f<int«ine  and  Indiana  Rail- 
roiwl,  44  miles  N.  of  Columbus.  The  village  was  laid  out  in 
1821,  and  is  steadily  improving.  JIarion  has  a  court- 
house, 6  churches,  a  union  school,  and  3  banks.  Some  of 
these  are  fine  brick  buildings.  Two  newsjiapers  are  pub- 
lished here.  Pop.  in  1850,  1311;  in  1864,  about  1000;  of 
the  township,  in  1860,  1844. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1S4S. 

5IARI0N,  a  township  of  Jlorgan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2092. 

MARION,  a  town.ship  of  Pilte  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  79.3. 

MARION,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Livingston 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1010. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1358. 

M.\RI0N,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Grant  co., 
Indiana  on  tlie  Mississinewa  River,  68  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Indianapolis.  The  plank-road  from  Lagro  to  Aiidersontown 
passes  tlirough  it.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  coun- 
try. One  newspaper  is  published  here.  It  has  1  bank  and 
4  churches.    Pop.  in  1850,  703;  in  1860,  about  1400. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1377. 

MARION,  a  townsliip  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  937. 

M.ARION,  a  township  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana.  Pop, 
12.57. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana.   P.2628. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  341, 

MARION,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,     Pop.  1622 

MARION,  a  town.«hip  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.1424. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  837. 

MARION,  a  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  on  Blue  River, 
and  on  the  railroad  from  Shelbyville  to  Knightstown,  4  miles 
N.  of  Shelbyville. 

M.\RION,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  992. 

M.'VRION,  a  thriving  post-vill.age.  capital  of  Williamson 
CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Main  Road  leading  N.  and  S.  through 
tlif-  centre  of  the  state,  172  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Springfield. 
Laid  out  in  1839. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri.  P.12.52. 

MARION,  a  post-village  of  Cole  co.,  Mis.souri,  on  the  W. 
tiank  of  the  Missouri  River,  15  miles  N.W.  from  Jefferson 
City. 

M.VRION,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Uubuque  South  Western  R.R.  74  miles  W.S.W.  of  Du- 
buque. It  has  1  national  bank  and  several  churches.  Pop. 
in  1S60,  1421. 

MARION  AND  CROZET  ISLANDS.    See  Crozet  Islands. 

MARION  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jefferson 
City. 

MARION  COURT  HOUSE.  capit.il  of  Marion  district, 
South  Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Rail- 
road, no  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbia.  It  is  situated  in  a 
level  and  fertile  country,  in  which  cotton  and  rice  flourish. 
A  newspaper  is  publi.^hed  here. 

MARIONA'ILLE.  a  post-office  of  Forest  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

MARIOPOL,  miJ-re-o'pol.  MARIUPOL  or  MARlijUPOL, 
md-ree-oo'pol,  written  also  MARIAPOL.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  140  miles  S.E.  of  Yekaterinoslay.    P.  4000. 

MARIOUT  or  MARIOOT.     See  JIareoiis. 

MARIPOCU,  m3-re-po-koo'.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
and  35  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  a  small  river  of 
the  game  name.     Pop.  1800. 

M.\l!Ti'(VSA.  a  river  of  Mariposa  co.,  California,  rises 
among  the  hills  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  flow- 
ing in  a  general  W.S.W.  course,  falls  into  the  San  .Toaquin. 

M  ARl  1*08.4.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  California,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  about  2000  sijuare  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  W.  by  Merced  ciiunt}',  and  is  drained  by  San  Joa- 
quin River  and  Its  tributaries,  the  Meroede  and  Fresno,  and 
other  smaller  streams.  The  surface  in  the  K.  part  is  tra- 
versed tiy  the  Sierra  Nevada,  or  Snowy  Range.  ThousandH 
of  wild  hor.ses  are  found  in  this  county,  and  game  of  atmo.>t 
every  kind  abounds.  The  finest  quality  of  marble  exists  on 
the  N.  fork  of  the  Meroeile  and  elstnvhere.  Various  kinds 
of  mineral  springs  are  found  in  different  parts.    Gold  is 

1145 


MAR 

abmjdarl  ^  .'K  antl  rich  discoveries  are  daily  made,  and  it 
bi  believeil  that  Immense  deposits  of  gold  lie  in  the  beds  of 
the  San  J(Ni'|ttii:,  Mereede,  and  other  rivers,  which  can  only 
be  obtained  by  a  heavy  expenditure  of  capital  and  labor. 
A  great  variety  of  other  minerals  are  found  in  various  parts. 
The  gold  district  in  this  county  is  perhaps  50  miles  wide, 
and  e.xtends  back  indefinitely  into  une.xplored  regions. 
Capital.  .Mariposa.     Pop.  in  1852,  8y69;  in  lb6ij,  6J43. 

MAIUI'OSA.  a  post-town  of  Mariposa  co..  California,  on 
the  road  from  Sacramento  City  to  Los  Angeles,  and  on  the 
Mariposa  River.    See  Appendix. 

M.A,KII>P1,  m^-rip'pee,  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  on  the 
Iliapura.  about  40  miles  from  the  Amazon. 

M.iKIQUlTA,  niS-re-kee/td.  a  town  of  South  America. 
New  Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarea,  capital  of  a 
province,  10  miles  AV.  of  Honda. 

MARIS'SA,  a  post-village  of  St  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  40  miles 
S.E.  of  St.  Ixiuis. 

M.4RISSUS  or  M.\RISUS.    See  Mabos. 

M.4R/ITIME  ALl'S,  (anc.  MarWimm  Al'pes,')  the  name  of  a 
division  of  the  Alps,  extending  from  the  head  of  the  Gulf 
of  Genoa  westward  to  .Monte  Viso,  near  the  sources  of  the  Po. 

MARITIMO,  md-ree'te-mo,  or  M.^RITTIMO.  (anc.  Hi'era 
or  Maril'ima.)  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Sicily,  and  included  in  its  intendency  of  Trapani.  with  a 
castle  on  its  N.E.  coast.    Length  3^  miles;  breadth  2  miles. 

MA'RITS,  a  post-office  of  Xlorrow  co.,  Ohio. 

JIARITZA  or  MARIZZA,  md-rifsl,  (anc.  Befbrrts.)  the 
principal  river  of  Room-Elee.  European  Turkey,  nearly  the 
whole  of  which  province  is  comprised  In  its  basin,  rises  on 
the  X.E.  slope  of  Despoto-dagh.  Ualkan,  flows  S.E.  and  S.S.'VV., 
and  enters  the  Jilgean  Sea.  opposite  Euos.  length  260  miles. 

MARIUPOL,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Mariopol. 

MARIZZA,  a  river  of  Turkey.    See  Mabitza. 

M.\R.10\V,  mar^jow',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Madras.  15  miles  N.  of  Onore,  and  conjectured  to  be  the 
ancient  3fiisiris. 

M.\.RK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MARKAII,  maR'kS,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  lat.  1°  43'  N.,  Ion. 
44°  53'  E.     Pop.  about  3000. 

M.A.RIv'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

M.4^RK.  DE.  d.\  mauk,  a  river  of  Holland,  rises  in  Belgium, 
assumes  the  name  of  Dintel,  and  enters  the  Voile  Rak,  after 
a  course  of  about  40  miles. 

M.\.R1CD0RF.  mank'doRf,  a  town  of  Germany,  Baden, 
circle  of  Lake,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Constance.     Pop.  1476. 

MARK-DUREX.  a  town  of  I'russia.     See  Dcren. 

5I.\RKEL(),  maR'kJ-lo'.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Overyssel,  15  mili^s  E.  of  Deventer.    Pop.  793. 

M.iRKEN.  maR^ipn,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Holland,  in  the  Zuyder-Zee,  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Amsterdam.    Pop.  733. 

M  AR'KES-\N,  a  post-village  of  Green  Lake  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  460.     See  .AlPpe.ndix. 

MARKET-DEEPING.  See  Deepixg.  For  other  places 
with  the  prefix  Market,  not  under-mentioned,  refer  to  their 
additional  names. 

5IAR'KET-HAR/B0R0UGII,  a  market-town  of  England, 
county  and  164  niiles  S.S.E.  of  I>eicestcr,  on  the  Welland, 
and  on  the  London  and  York  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  2325. 
It  has  a  fine  Gothic  cluirch.  said  to  have  been  erected  hy 
John  of  Gaunt.  It  gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  Sherard 
family. 

JI-\R'KETHILL.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  county 
and  6  miles  S.E.  of  Armagh.    Pop.  1424.    It  has  a  neat  court- 
house and  jail,  and  a  castellated  seat  of  Lord  Gosford,  who 
owns  the  town. 
MARKET-JEW,  England.    See  Marazion. 
MARK  KT-0'VERTON. a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 
MARKET-STREET,  a  division  of  the  parish  of  Wymond- 
bam,  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

M.VRK'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
MARKORONINGEN,  (Markgriiningen,)    maRk'gron'ing- 

fn,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  6  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Ludwigsburg. 
'op.  2759. 

}IARKn.4.M,  a  past-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
20  miles  S.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  4  mills,  several  stores 
and  hotels.     Pop.  about  660. 

MARK'lIAM.  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

M.VRKIIAM'S,  a  station  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad.  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

MARK'lIAM  STATION,  a  post-ofnce  of  tauquier  co.. 
Virginia. 

JIARKIIAM,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

M-\RKIXCII,  mar'kinch\  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland. 
CO.  of  Fife,  7  miles  N.  Of  Kirkcaldy,  with  a  station  on  the 
Edinburgh  and  Northern  Railway.  Near  It  are  Balgonie 
Castle  an<l  Ralfour  House.    Pop.  in  1851.  5843. 

MARK'INOTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

Sf  AR'K  I.E.  a  post-office  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana. 

MARKLESBURG.  marnct-lz-bfirg.  a  village  of  Hunting- 
don CO..  Pennsylvania,  about  100  miles  W.  of  ILirrisburg. 

MARKLISSA,  maRk-lis'sa.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  42 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Llegnitz,  on  the  Queiss.    Pop.  1470. 
1140 


MAR 

MABKNEUKIRCHEN,  maBk'noi'kegRK-en,  a  town  of 
Saxonv.  28  miles  S.S.W.  oi  Zwickau.     Pop.  3094. 

MARKOBEL,  (Marktibel.)  maR-koOiel.  a  village  of  He!<t>o- 
Cassel.  province  and  near  Hanau.  on  thoKiibel.sbach.  P.  1280. 
MARKOLDENDORF,  niaB-kol'den-doRf\  a  village  of  Han- 
over, on  the  Ilm.  which  sejiarates  it  from  tlie  village  of 
Oldendorf,  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Gottingen.     Pop.  11.34. 
M.\RKOVECZ.  a  river  of  Hunuary.     See  Map.covfcz. 
MARKOVITCHI  or  MARKdWlT^Clll,  maR-ko-vitch/ee. a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Moheelev,  22  miles 
S.E.  of  Novo-Bielitza.     Pop.  IffiO. 

MARKOVKA  or  .MARKOAVKA,  maR-kov^kl  a  market- 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  145  miles  S.  of  Voronezli^ 
Pop.  1200. 

MARK-RANSTADT,  (ilark-Ranstadt.l  maRkVan'.^^tltt,  a 
sm.all  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxonv,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leip- 
sic.     Pop.  1030.  "  •     • 

MARKS050ROUGH  or  MARKS'VILLE,  a  post-villagfe  of 
Ilardwick  township.  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Paulinskill  River,  14  miles  N.N.K.  of  Belvidere,  con- 
tains a  church,  and  a  cotton  factory. 
M.\RKS'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 
M.^IJK'S  CREEK,  of  Richmond  co..  North  Carolina,  flows 
into  Yadkin  River,  near  the  S.  boundary  of  the  state. 

M.4.1\KS'HALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  2  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Coggeshall. 

MARK'STAY  JUNCTION,  is  a  station  on  the  East  Counties 
Railwav.  Enirlnnd,  between  Chelmsford  and  Colchester. 

MAI5KSTEIT.  maRk'stt^ft.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Main.  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nureml>erg.    Pop.  1310. 

MARKSUHL.  maRk'sotil,  a  town  of  Saxe-Woimar,  6  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Ei.venach,  on  the  Suhl.     Pop.  1073. 

M.4RKSATLLE,  New  Jersey.     See  Marksuorough. 
M.\RK."^'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  I'age  co.,  Virginia,  100 
miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

M.\RKSVILLE,  a  post-villsge,  capital  of  Avoyelles  parish, 
Louisiana,  about  4  milts  S.  of  Red  Kiver,  and  265  miles 
W.N.W.  of  New  Orleans. 

MAIiKT.  maRkt,  a  German  word  signifying  -'market," 
forming  a  part  of  the  names  of  numerous  towns  and  villages 
of  German  v. 

M.^RKT-BIBART.  maskt  bee^baRt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Ebe.  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wiiraburg.     Pop.  llOO. 

M.\RKT-BREIT,  mafikt-brite.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Main,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Wiirzburg,  with  1990  inhabitants. 

MARKT-BERGEL,  maRkt-b^R'Ghel,  a  m.arket  town  of  Ba- 
varia. 14  miles  N.W.  of  Auspach.     Pop.  14(10. 

MARKT-ERLBACH,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  See  Erlbach. 
MAR'LAND-PE/TER'S.  a  pari.^h  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
MARLBOROUGH,  n:ari'b'ruh,  or  mawn,ro,  a  pariia- 
mentary  and  municipal  town  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  on 
the  Kennet,  here  cros.<ed  by  several  bridges.  26  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Salisbury,  and  10  miles  W.  of  Hungeiftrd.  Pop.  in  1851, 
5135.  It  has  numerous  antique  house.s,  with  piazzas;  an 
old  Norman  church,  grammar  school,  founded  by  Edward 
VI.;  a  guild-ball  with  Hssembly-rooms,  vestiges  of  a  castle, 
in  which  Henry  III.  held  the  parliament  whicli  enacted  tha 
"  Statutes  of  Malbridge."  It  has  manufactures  of  rope  and 
sacking,  and  was  formerly  a  great  thoroughfare  on  the  Bath 
Road.  The  Ixirough  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. It  gave  the  title  of  Duke  to  Queen  Anne"s  celebrated 
general,  and  now  to  the  family  of  Spenser-Chun  hhill.  In 
the  vicinity  is  Marlborough,  or  Savernake  Forest.  12  miles 
in  circuit,  the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Alesbury,  and  the 
only  forest  in  the  kingdom  beloniring  to  a  subject. 

MARL'BOROUOII,  a  district  in  the  N.E.  part  of  South 
Carolina,  lordering  on  North  Carolina,  lias  an  area  of  5t)4 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Great 
Pedee,  and  driiined  by  the  Little  Pedee  and  Crookeii  Creek. 
Capitiil,  Bennettsville.  Pop.  in  1860, 12,434;  of  whom  5541 
were  free,  and  6893  slaves. 

MARLBOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Che.»hire 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Chohire  Railn  ad,  about  43 
miles  W.S.AV.  of  Concord.  It  has  a  pHper-mill,  and  several 
manufactories  of  wooden  ware.     Pop.  915. 

MARLBOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  town.-^hip  of  Wind- 
ham CO..  Vermont,  on  the  Filrhbure  and  Bellows  Falls  Kail- 
road.  28  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Bellows  Falls.     ]\>p.  741. 

.MARLBOROUGH,  a  posUownship  of  Middlesex  co..  Mas- 
sachusetts, intersected  by  the  Lancaster  and  Stirling  Branch 
Railroad,  34  miles  W.  of  Boston.  The  boot  and  shoe  busi- 
ness employs  many  of  the  inhabitants.     Pop.  5911. 

MARLBOROUGH,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  CO.,  Con- 
necticut, ftlwut  17  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  682. 

MARLIJOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  LHster 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River.  The  village  is  situated 
on  Oldmanskill.  near  the  Hud,»on.  about  80  miles  S.  of  Al- 
bany. It  has  3  or  4  churches,  and  manufactories  of  paper 
and  wool.     Pop.  of  township,  2776. 

M.\RLB0R0UOlI,upost-townshipof  Monmouth  CO., New 
Jersey.    Pop.  2U83. 

MARLBOROUGH,  a  post-olBce  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MARLBOROUGH,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penii- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1332. 


MAR 


MAR 


M  ARLIiOnOUnit,  n  poslxjffipe  of  Pitt  oo.,  North  Carolina. 

MAKl/liOROUGH,  a  township  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio. 
Pup.  512. 

fllAKriHOROUGII,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Stark 
CO.,  Ohio;  Lia.s  a  union  scliool.     Pop. 2270. 

MAI!M?nROU<;H  COURT  HOUSE.     8ee  Benxettstille. 

MAKLIJOROUGII  D1:P0T,  a  post-villa^'e  of  Cheshire  co., 
New  Ilainp-iliirc.  on  the  Chester  Railroad,  about  45  miles 
W.S.AV.  of  Concord. 

MARI/BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Hempstead  co..  Arkansas. 

MARL'DON,  a  parish  of  Flngland,  co.  of  Devon. 

M.\^RIjK,  maul.  (L.  Marne.)  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Liion.     Pop.  in  1852,  20S(5. 

SIARLEMIEIM.  maK'len-hime\  (Kr.  pron.  manUi^n'Jm',)  a 
village  of  France,  departoient  of  Bas-Rhin,  12  miles  AV.N.W. 
of  Strasbourg.     }>op.  1789. 

MAKLES'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

MAR/LEY'S  MILLS,  a  postrofflce  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina. 

MARLFIELD,  or  ABBEY,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tip- 
peraiv.  2  miles  ^V.S.W.  of  Clonmel.     Pop.  998. 

BI.Vr/LIN,  apost-offlce  of  Falls  co.,  Texas. 

MARLIN  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Pocahontas  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia. 

MAR'LIXGFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MAli'LIN'S  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Wckens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MAR'liOES.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

MARLOW,  maR'lov,  a  town  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  18 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Rostock.     Pop.  1391. 

MAI!  LOW,  mar'lo,  a  post^viUage  and  township  of  Cheshire 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Ashuelot  River,  about  38  miltw 
W.  by  S.  of  Concord.  It  has  manufactories  of  rakes,  shoe- 
pegs,  wooden  ware,  and  starch.     Pop.  813. 

MARLOW,  GREAT,  a  parliamentary  Ixirough,  town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  on  the  Thames,  here 
crossh'd  by  an  iron  suspension  bridge,  5  miles  N.N.AV.  of 
Maidinhead.  Pop.  of  borough,  in  1851,  6523.  It  has  many 
good  houses,  a  handwme  town-hall,  and  church,  with  some 
manuractorics  of  silk,  lace,  and  paper.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

MARLOW,  LITTIiE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MARLOW'S  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Anderson  co..  Texas. 

MARLTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  iu  Evesham  town- 
ship, Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  about  9  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Mount  Holly. 

MARLY-LE-ROT,  manMee'-leh-Rwil,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  4  miles  N.  of  Versailles,  on  the 
Seine,  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  for  the 
hydraulic  works  which  he  planned  to  convey  water  to  Ver- 
sailles.    Pop.  in  1852.  2086. 

MARMAGNE.  maR^raail'.  a  village  of  France,  on  the  rail- 
way from  Paris  to  Nevers,  6  miles  N.  of  Bourges. 

MARM.VNDE,  man^mftxd',  (L.  Marmanda.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Lot-et-Garonno,  on  the  Garonne,  here 
crossed  by  a  one-arched  bridge,  30  miles  N  .W.  of  Agen.  Pop. 
in  1S.52,  8.336.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by  an  esplanade 
plantcl  with  trees,  and  ornamented  with  fountains.  Princi- 
pal edifices,  the  new  town-hall,  court-hou.se,  and  communal 
college.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen  cloths, 
and  a  small  port  for  steamboats  which  ply  daily  to  Bor- 
deaux. 

JI.\RMA\IIAC,  maR^m3n'3k',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cantal,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Aurillac,  with  a  chapel 
cut  out  of  the  rock.    Pop.  2000. 

MARMARA,  SEA  OF.    See  Marmora. 

MARMARAS,  MARMARASS.  maR^ma-rSss',  or  MARMO- 
RICE,  maR^mo-reece',  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  S.W. 
coast,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Marmaras.  2"  miles  N.  of 
Rhodes,  and  included  under  the  jurisdiction  of  that  island, 
to  which  it  furnl.shes  provisions  and  live  stock.  It  has  also 
an  export  trade  in  timber,  valonea,  turpentine,  honey,  wax. 
leeches,  <tc.  Near  it  are  some  remains  of  the  ancient  Phys- 
ciis. — Cape  Marmaras  is  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  lat  36° 
42' 40"  N..  Ion.  28°  20'  E. 

MAf!M.\HOS,  mau*mrih^rosh'.  a  countv  of  Hungary,  cir- 
cle of  Thither  Theiss.     Szigeth  is  the  capital.     Pop.  170,000. 

MARMKNOR.  maR-m.A-noR/.  a  lagoon  of  Siiain.  province  of 
Murcia.  extending  N.  from  Cape  Palos about  14 miles;  greatest 
breadth  about  Smiles:  separated  from  the  Mediterranean 
by  a  sandbank,  about  500  yards  broad. 

M.VHMTROLO.  ra-aR-me-ro/lo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
5  miles  N.W.  of  Mantua,  with  ruins  of  a  palace  built  in  1480. 
Pop.  2.".1 6. 

MAR'MITON,  a  small  river  of  Mis.souri,  rises  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Kansas,  and  flowing  eastward  into  Bates 
CO..  in  Missouri,  unites  with  the  Little  Osage  a  few  miles 
(torn  its  mouth. 

MARMOLE.I  or  MARMOLEXO,  maR-mo-lA/no,  a  village 
of  .'*pain.  province  and  23  miles  N.W.  of  Jaen,  on  the  Guadal- 
quivir.    Pop.  2020. 

MAR'MORA  or  MAROI AR  A,  a  large  village  of  Asia  Minor, 
Anatolia.  56  miles  E.X.E.  of  Smyrna. 

M.AHMORA.  LA.  Id  maR-'mo-ri,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  22  miles  from  Coni.    Pop.  1167. 


MARMORA,  mar'mo-ra,*  or  MARMARA,  (nr-'nia-fa,) 
SEA  OF.  fane.  Propniftht!)  is  situated  between  Europe  and 
Asia,  communicating  with  the  Grecian  Archipr'ago  by  the 
strait  of  the  Dardanelles,  and  with  the  Black  Sea  by  the 
Bosporus.  Its  extreme  length  is  above  160  miles;  its 
greatest  breadth  near  50  miles.  This  sea  receives  its  appella- 
tion from  Mai'mora,  (anc.  Procmiiefsus.)  a  small  island 
towards  its  western  extremity,  lat.  40°  36'  N.,  Ion.  27° 35'  E.. 
which  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  marble  quarries, 
whence  it  is  supposed  to  derive  its  iiame;  marmnr  (xn  tie 
plural  marmora)  being  the  I.atin  word  for  "marble." 

MARMORA,  an  island  of  Turkey.     See  precefling  article. 

MAR/MORA,  apost-villageoffanadaW&st,  .32 miles  S.S.W 
of  Belleville,  and  82  miles  from  Kingston.     Pop.  about  200 

M.-VRMORE.  a  river  of  Bolivia.    See  Mamore. 

MARMORICE.    See  Marmaras. 

M.\RMOUTIER.  maR'moo*te-i\',  {Ger.  MatifrmVinstfr,  mow' 
er-mlin'ster:  L.  MiuiJri  MnnaftrJrium.)  a  town  of  France,  d* 
partment  of  Bas-Rhin.  17  miles  N.AV.  of  Strasbourg,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Vosges  Mountains.     Pop.  in  1852,  2489. 

M.ARNE.  maan.  (anc.  MaVrmKt,)  a  river  of  France,  rises 
S.  of  Langres,  passes  St.  Didier.  (where  it  become.'  navigable,) 
and  joins  the  Seine  on  the  right  at  Cbarenton.  Chief  afflu- 
ents on  the  left.  Petit  and  Grand  Morin;  on  the  right, 
Ornain  and  Ourcq.     Length  210  miles. 

MARNE,  a  department  in  the  N.E.  part  of  France,  formed  ot 
part  of  the  old  province  Champagne.  Area  3116  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1861,  :i85,t98.  Chief  rivers,  the  Marne  and  the  Seine. 
A  great  part  of  the  department  is  comprised  in  tlie  district 
formerly  called  Champagne-Pouillcusi^.  Its  sandy  jihiins.  fop 
merly  naked,  have  been  lately  plaiitetl  with  Scotch  pines 
Grain  is  raised  more  than  necessary  for  consumption.  The 
vine  forms  the  principal  produce  of  the  department ;  the 
chief  minerals  are  mill-stones.  The  department  is  dividinJ 
into  the  arrondissements  of  Chalons.  Epernay.  Reims.  Sainte- 
Menehould,  and  Vitry-le-Fi-ancais.  Capital.  Chalons-sur-Mer. 

M.VRNE.  maR'neh.  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein.  South  Ditma'rsch.     Pop.  1300. 

MAR.WMAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

M.^RN'IIULL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

M.-VRNlX'II,  mar'noK.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff 

MARO'A.  a  station  of  Macon  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Illiuoli' 
Central  Railroad.  11  miles  N.  of  Decatur. 

MAROCCO.    See  Morocco. 

M.\R01LLES,  mSVwfil'  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  on  the  railwav  from  Paris  to  Orleans,  22  miles  .*?  of 
Paris.     Pop.  in  18,52,  2171. 

-MAROLLES  LES  BRAUX,  miiVoll'  W  bro,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Sarthe,  arrondissement  of  Mamers. 
i>op.  in  1852.  21.38. 

MAROSIME,  md'romm',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-Inferieure.  3  miles  N.W.  of  Rouen,  with  a  station  on 
the  railway  to  Dieppe.     Pop.  In  1852.  2933. 

M  ARONI.  a  river  of  South  America.     See  M.\rowtn'E. 

MAROXNE,  L.\.  Id  mdVonn',  a  river  of  France,  joins  the 
Dordo'.rne.  after  a  W.  course  of  about  44  miles. 

MAKOOT,  nid'root',  a  fortified  town  of  India,  64  miles  E. 
of  Bhwalpoor.  It  is  a  considerable  mart  for  grain,  and  a 
garrison  station. 

MARORE,  md-ro'ri,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  2  miles 
S.  E.  of  Parma.     Pop.  1206. 

51AR0S,  mor'osh',  or  M.-VROSCH.  md'ro.sV,  ("anc.  Marisnii 
or  Man'x.^ns.)  a  river  of  Tnmsylvania.  rises  near  the  frontier 
of  Moldavia,  flows  AV.,  and  joins  the  Theiss,  opposite  Szegedin ; 
length  estimated  at  400  miles.  Affluents,  the  Kokel  and 
Strahl. 

,  M.\ROS,  md'roce,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Corunn.a,  30  miles  W.  of  Santiago,  on  the  N.  side  of  a  bay  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  an  important  fishing  station,  and  con- 
tains a  custom-house.     Pop.  4792. 

MAROS-BOGAT.  mCrVsh'  bo'gdt/.  a  village  of  Austria, 
Transvlvania,  co.  of  Thorenburg.     Pop.  1289. 

MAROS-BRETTYE,  mfir'osh'  brJfy.V.  a  village  of  Au.* 
tria,  Tran.svlvania.  co  of  Ilunyad.    Pop.  809. 

MAROSt'H.    SeeMAROS. 

MAROS,  NAGY,  nodj  morVsh',  or  GROSS-MAROSCH, 
groce-md'rosh,  a  market-town  of  Ilungarv,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Danube.  22  miles  X.N.W.  of  Pesth.     Pop,  2597. 

MAROSTICA,  md-ros'te-kd,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  15 
miles  N.E.  of  Vicenza.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  manufactories  of  straw  hats. 

MAROS-UJ-VAR-ALSO,  mohVosb'-ooVvdR'-drsho',  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Austria,  on  the  Maros,  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Karla- 
burg.     Pop.  1900. 

MAROS-U-I-VAR-FELSO,  mohVosh'-ooVvdR'-fM'shiy,  a 
villaae  of  Austria,  co.  of  Xleder-Wcissentiurir.     Pop.  372. 

MAROS- A'ASARHELY,  nu'diVosh' vd\shaRMie!'.  lanc.  Jffro- 
poll's .')  a  town  of  Transylvania,  cat  ital  of  the  Maro.ser  Ptnhl, 
on  the  Maros.  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  district,  54  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Hermannstadt.  Itisfnrtifie(',  and  generally  well 
built;  contains  five  churches,  a  gymnasium,  seminary,  col- 
lege, a  library  of  60,000  volumes,  and  a  good  cabinet  of 

*  "  And  you  and  I  may  chance  ere  morninpr  ri.»e 

To  find  our  way  to' Marmora  without  boat.«."— BTBOJf. 
1147 


MAR 

mSui-r'als.  Not  far  from  the  town  is  a  strong  castle,  in  which 
a  jmrrison  is  stationed.     Pop.  10,000. 

M  A  liO  rn-A  |{  A  S  YOS .  moli'rot'dh'rlnVosh'.  (Slaronic  Afor- 
cu7t-e  (?))  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bars,  13  miles  N.E.  of 
Neutra.     Pop.  1900. 

iIAR\)W\'.  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  6^  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Doii^'l.is.     Pop.  1318. 

MAliOAVYXK.  mi'ro-win',  mJVo-wT'njh,  or  MAROXI, 
mi-ro-iiee'.  a  river  of  South  America,  forms  the  limit  be- 
tween Butch  ami  French  Guiana.     Length  400  miles. 

MAR'PLE.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cheshire.  4J  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Stocliport,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  thence  to 
Macclesfield. 

SIAR'I'LE.  a  post-township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
12  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  916. 

MARPvlD.  maR'pod'.  or  MARIAPOD,  m3-ree'3-pod.  a  vil- 
lajre  of  Austria,  Transylvania,  circle  Of,  and  East  ftx)m  Uer- 
mannstadt.    Pop.  1096. 

MAllQUAIX,  maR^kSN'o',  a  village  of  Bel^um,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  29  miles  N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  IISO. 

MARQUESAS.  maR-k.'l/sas,  (or  MEXDAN'A,  m?n-dJn'y.i) 
ISLANDS,  (Fr.  Les  Afjrquises.  lA  maR^keez'.)  a  group  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  between  lat.  8°  and  11°  S.,  and  alwut  Ion.  140° 
W.,  comprising  13  islands,  theprincipal  being  Nookaheeva.  70 
miles  in  circuit.  Estimated  population  of  the  group,  from 
15,000  to  20.000.  The  coasts  are  generally  inaccessible,  rising 
from  the  water  like  walls.  The  surfiice  is  mountainous,  but 
in  the  interior  the  soil  is  fertile,  producing  pulse,  cocoa- 
nuts,  yams,  bjvmboos,  wild  cotton,  and  sU'.;aiMaiue.  The 
inh.ibitants  are  stated  to  be  superior  in  bodily  endowments 
to  those  of  many  other  island  grovips  in  the  Pacific,  hut  also 
less  civilized :  they  exchange  live  stock  and  vegetables  in 
return  for  muskets,  ammunition,  and  tobacco.  Re-solution 
Bay  in  Tiihuata.  and  Port  Jarvis  in  Roapoa,  are  the  l>est 
harbors  in  these  islands.  The  JIarquesas  were  discovered  in 
1595.  by  Alonzo  Mendailia  de  Ney  va.  They  wen;  subsequently 
visited  and  described  by  Cixik  and  the  Forsters,  in  1774. 
when  Hood's  Island  was  addetl  to  the  group.  In  1791  three 
more  were  discovered  by  Captain  Ingraham.  an  American 
navigator,  and  were  named  Washington  Islands.  In  1842, 
they  acknowledged  the  sovereignty  of  France. 

MARQUETTE,  mar'kjtt',  a  newly  formed  county  of  Michi- 
gan, in  the  W.  part  of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  contains  about 
3600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Michigamig 
River.  The  surface  is  mostly  covered  with  forests  of  pine. 
The  underlying  rocks  are  granite  and  limestone.  Extensive 
beds  of  iron  are  found  in  the  county.   Population  2S21.    See 

Al'PEXDIX. 

MARQUETTE,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  ^Visconsin, 
contains  450  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Neenah 
or  Fox  River,  and  contains  several  small  lakes.  The  surface 
is  partly  occupied  by  prairies;  the  soil  is  good.  The  prin- 
cipal rock  is  sandstone.  Organized  in  1844.  Capital,  Mou- 
tello.  Named  in  honor  of  M.  Marquette,  one  of  the  first 
explorers  of  this  region.    Pop.  8233. 

MARQUETTE,  a  village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Indiana,  on  Little 
Indian  Creek. 

MARQUETTE,  a  post-«llage,  capital  of  Marquette  co., 
Michigiin,  on  Ijike  Superior.    Pop.  1664. 

MARQUETTE,  a  thrinng  post-village,  capital  of  Green 
Lake  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  S.  shore 
of  Puckawa  Lake,  an  expansion  of  Neenah  River,  about  60 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Madison.    Pop.  476. 

MARQUIN.^.  maR-kee/ni,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Biscay.  15  miles  E.  of  Bilbao.     Pop.  1132. 

M.\RQUISE.  mnR^keez',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-tle-Calais,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boulogne.   Pop.  in  18-52.  2709. 

MARR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding.     ' 

MARK,  a  post-oflRce  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MARR.  a  township  in  Posey  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1319. 

MARRABOO,  MARRABOU  or  MARRABU,  m&r-Tk-lioo'.  a 
walled  town  of  West  Africa,  state  of  Bambarra,  on  the 
Joliba.  120  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sego. 

M.\RR.\DI.  maR-Ri'dee,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  N.  of  the 
Apennines.  28  miles  N.E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  13t)b. 

MARRAII.  mar'rj,  a  town  of  Syria,  pashalie  and  28  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Damascus,  with  some  good  edifices,  now  in  decay. 

MARRAII,  a  town  of  Syria,  pashalie  and  43  miles  S.E.  of  • 
Aleppo. 

SIARRATXI.  maR-nlt/Hee.  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Island 
of  Majorca.  5  miles  N.E.  of  Palma.     Pop.  1636.  " 

M  AU'RICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Y'ork,  North  Riding. 

M  ARMilorrSV  1 LLE.  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  Marj-land. 

MAU'ROS.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

MAU'ROWH)\E.  a  post^ffice  of  Davidson  co.,  Tennessee. 

MARROW  B:)NE.  a  post-office,  Cumberiand  co.,  Kentuckv. 

MAIU.UBIO.  niaR-Roo1)e-o,  a  village  on  the  Uland  of 
Sanlinin.  near  the  Rhore.«  of  the  large  lagoon  of  Sassa.   P.  1016 

MARRUECO  and  .MARKUECUS.     See  Morocco. 

MARHUM.miR'Ktim.or  MERRUM,  m?R'uam,avillageof 
the  Netherlands,  Friesland.  9  miles  N.  of  Leeuwarden.  P.  935. 

MARS,  a  post^fflce  of  Bibb  co.,  Alabama. 

MARS.A.C.  maR'sJk'.  a  t«wn  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-D.*m.".  ^.^^  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont.    Pop.  in  1852,  2121. 

M-iltSAfi  LI  A,  mas-sil'yil,  a  vilh^^  of  the  Sardinian  States, 

1145 


MAR 

division  of  Coni,  E.N.E.  of  Mondovi.  The  French,  in  1693, 
here  defeated  the  Savoyai-ds,  and  took  their  duke,  Vittorio 
Ame<.leo  II.,  prisoner,     i'op.  952. 

M.\KS.\L.  maR^sdl',  a  town  of  France,  department  ot 
Meurthe.  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chateau-.Salini,  formerly  fortified. 

M.\KS.\LA,  maR-8:l'ld.  (anc.  LilyboeUiin!)  a  fortiticd  seajwrt 
city  of  Sicily,  on  its  W.  coast,  inteiidency  and  16  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Tnipani.  It  is  enclosed  by  bastioned  walls,  and  has  a 
cathedral,  several  convents  and  ablieys,  a  gymnasium,  large 
cavalry  barracks,  an  old  castle,  and  a  curious  vibrating 
bell-tower.  Its  ancient  jiort  was  filled  up  in  1580  by  Don 
.lohn  of  Austria,  to  prevent  its  becoming  useful  to  corsairs; 
and  the  new  port,  about  1  mile  S.,  bounded  by  a  mole,  is 
adapted  only  for  small  vessels.  The  pj-imipal  imiwrtance 
of  Marsala  is  due  to  its  wine  trade,  which  has  grown  up 
within  the  present  century,  and  in  whii-h  many  JCnglisb 
liousi-s  are  now  engaged.  The  district  is  estiuiateil  to  yield 
annually  about  30.000  pipes  of  wine,  of  which  two-thirds  are 
exported.  Marsala  also  exports  corn,  cattle,  oil,  salt,  and 
soda,  in  small  quantities.  Marsala,  under  the  name  of 
Lilybttum,  was  the  chief  fortress  of  the  Carthaginians,  in 
Sicily,  and  figui-es  much  in  the  wars  between  them  and  the 
Romans.     Pop.  17,732. 

MAKS.4.N,  Le.  leh  m.'iR's8s°',  a  district  of  France,  which 
formed  the  E.  jKirt  of  La  Chalosse,  and  belonged  to  the  for- 
mer province  of  Gascony.  It  now  forms  part  of  the  de- 
partment of  Landes. 

M.\KSBER(i,  maRs'bJRO,  Ober, o'ber, and  Nieber,  nee'der, 
(the  latter  is  called  also  STADTBERGE,  stiitt^beR<3-eh,)  two 
contiguous  towns  of  Prus.siaa  Westphalia,  33  miles  E.  of 
Arusberg.     United  pop.  3448. 

MARS  BLUFi",  a  post-office  of  Marion  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

M.\RSCIIEXDORF,  maR'shen-doRf,  (Bohemian  Mnrcssow, 
md-rJs-sov',)  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  and  33  miles  N.  of 
Kiiniggriitz,  in  a  valley  on  the  Aupa,     Pop.  1248. 

MARSCIANO,  maR-shi'no,  a  small  town  of  O-'ntral  Italy, 
in  Uinbrin.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Perugia.     Pop.  2400. 

MARS/DEN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

MARSDEN,  GREAT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
ca  st«r. 

MARSDEN,  LITTLE,  a  townsiiip  and  parish  of  England, 
CO,  of  Lancaster. 

MARS-DIEl',  maRs  de-?p',  a  strait  in  Holland,  separating 
the  island  of  Texel  from  the  main  land,  2  miles  across,  and 
the  principal  entrance  fi-oni  the  V(.  into  the  Zuyder-Zee. 
The  town  of  Ilelder  is  on  its  S.  shore. 

M.\IiSEIIXAX,  maRVa'yON"',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Ilerault,  15  miles  E.  of  Beziers,  on  the  lagoon 
of  Thau,  where  it  has  a  small  haven;  near  it  are  salt  pans. 
Pop.  3584. 

MARSEILLES,  mar-silz.  (Fr.  Marsa'He,  maR'sAI'or  maK^- 
si/ye;  It.  Massiffliu,  mds-seel'j'il :  Sp.  Marsi-Jlu.  mdR-sC'l/y3; 
L.  Jlassdfui;  Gr.  MacyaaXia.  Massalia.)  a  famous  city  of 
France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Bouches-du-RhOne, 
and  the  most  im|K)rtant  seaport  of  the  empire,  is  .situated 
at  the  head  of  a  finely-sheltered  bay  on  the  N.E.  .side  of  the 
Gulf  of  Lyons,  formed  by  the  Mediteranean,  about  2t>0  miles 
S.  bv  E  of  Lyons,  and  420  miles  S.S.E.  of  Paris;  lat 
(obse'rvatory)  43°  17'  48"  N.,  Ion.  6°  22'  15"  E.  The  city 
is  built  on  the  acclivity  and  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  around 
which  a  semicircular  eliain  of  loftier  hills  rises  at  a  short 
distance,  leaving  the  view  open  to  the  sea.  It  is  divided 
into  the  old  town  on  the  W.,  and  the  new  town  on  the  E. 
'I'he  site  of  the  former  is  very  uneven ;  the  streets  are  nar- 
row and  irregular,  and  the  hou.ses  which  line  them  are  of 
great  height.  The  new  town,  on  the  opposite  side,  is  traversed 
from  N.  to  S.  by  a  long  and  splendid  thoroughfare,  commeno- 
ing  at  the  Aix  gate,  and  terminating  at  the  Place  Castellans. 
Almost  all  the  other  streets  are  spacious,  and  lined  with 
handsome  hou.ses.  Between  the  old  and  new  towns  is  a 
street,  or  promenade,  called  the  Grand  Ctjurs.  planted  with 
a  double  row  of  trees,  adorned  with  fine  fountains,  and  bor- 
dered with  many  elegant  mansions.  MarseiiU'S  is  not  rich 
in  public  edifices.  The  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the 
Church  of  La  Major,  the  oldest  iu  the  town,  and  supposed 
to  occupy  the  site  of  a  temple  of  Diana;  the  Chunh  of  St. 
Victor,  also  of  great  antiquity,  and  originally  consisting 
of  a  grotto,  or  cavern,  in  whiih  the  first  Christians  were 
accustomed  to  meet  in  .secret  for  worship,  and  to  bury  the 
bodies  of  their  martyrs;  the  lofty  belfry,  all  that  the  revo- 
lution of  1793  has  allowed  to  remain  of  the  once  beautiful 
Gothic  Church  of  the  Accoules;  the  Chunh  of  Chartreux, 
situated  without  the  town,  but  unquestionably  tl.e  finest 
of  wliich  it  can  lx)ast;  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  a  heavy  building, 
overlo.nded  witli  tasteless  ornaments;  the  Prefecture,  n  large 
edifice,  surrounded  by  a  well-laid-ont  garden;  the  Museum, 
Observatory,  Library,  and  two  theatres.  Notice  is  al.'-o  due 
to  the  triumphal  an-h,  on  the  side  of  Aix,  and  tlie  spacious 
and  well-ix>nstructed  quays,  with  their  commodious  wai-e- 
houses.  There  is  a  beautiful  fountain  in  the  Place  |{oyah  and 
many  others  in  different  parts  of  the  town.  The  sui  ply  of 
water  derived  from  these  has  recently  been  increaswR  by  the 
construction  of  an  aqueduct  conuectiug  with  tlie  Durance 


MAR 


MAR 


Marseilles  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  possesses  a  court  of 
first  juris(iictirin,  a  Court  and  Chamber  of  Couinierre,  an 
Kxclian^e.  a  Koyal  Naval  Observatory,  a  Maritime  Syndi- 
cate, a  .Mint,  au  Academy  of  Sciences  Uelles-iettre.s  and  Arts, 
an  AthcMiieum,  a  Itoyal  Medical  Society,  a  Society  of  Piiar- 
macy,  a  Statistical  Society,  an  Agricultural  Society,  a  first- 
class  School  of  Hydrography,  a  Koyal  College,  witli  a  library 
of  45,0' K1  volumes,  a  secondary  School  of  Medicine,  a  Special 
School  of  De.'ign,  a  Special  School  of  Industry  and  Com- 
merce, a  Special  School  of  Music,  a  Diocesan  Seminary,  a 
Deaf  and  Dumb  Institute,  a  Cabinet  of  History,  an  extensive 
Public  Library,  a  Mu.seum  of  Paintings  and  Anti(juities. 
with  perhaps  the  largest  collection  in  France  after  those  of 
Paris,  and  a  Koyal  Botanic  Garden,  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
empire.  It  has  also  numerous  benevolent  institutions,  and 
its  l,azarctto  is  the  largest  in  the  world. 

Tlie  manufactures  of  .Marseilles  are  various  and  exten- 
sive. The  principal  articles  produced  are  soap,  soda,  and 
other  chemical  products,  bonnets,  shoes,  perfumery,  tobacco, 
olive  oil,  and  liquors;  besides  which  there  are  also  tanneries 
and  sugar,  sulphur  and  salt  refineries. 

The  harlK)r  is  one  of  the  finest  in  France.  It  is  per- 
fectly Secure  in  all  weathers,  and  possesses  anchorage  for 
1:200  vessels  in  from  18  to  24  feet  of  water.  It  is  strongly 
defended  by  two  forts,  viz.,  the  Tower  of  St.  John,  on  the 
N.,  and  the  Fort  of  St.  Nicolas,  on  the  S.  Near  this  fort 
a  new  wet-dock,  called  Port  de  la  Joliette,  measuring  500 
yards  l>v  400,  has  recently  been  formed.  With  respect  to  the 
amount  of  tonnage  owned,  Marseilles  holds  the  first  rank 
in  the  empire.  Its  foreign  commerce  exceeds  that  of  every 
other  port  in  France,  and  its  coast  tnule  i^  only  surpas.xed 
by  that  of  Bordeaux.  The  numljer  of  trips  made  by  vessels 
employed  in  the  coast  trade,  in  1852,  was  3514.  The  total 
amount  of  mcrchandi.^e  received  coastwise  at  the  242  ports 
of  France  during  the  year,  is  represented  by  2.544.785  tons, 
of  which  272,135  tons  were  landed  at  Bordeaux,  1^8,717  at 
Marseilles,  and  154,577  at  Cette,  The  receipts  at  the  custom- 
house of  Marseilles  in  1848  amounted  to  $4,514,062.  and  in 
1849  to  :J5,814,850,  Its  commerce  in  the  wines  and  fruits  of 
the  south,  in  cork  and  anchovies,  has  ttourished  for  24  cen- 
turies, and  extends  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Marseilles  is  the  great  point  of  deVjarUation  of  passenf^erts 
for  the  various  ports  on  the  Mediterranean.  It  communi- 
cates by  regular  lines  of  steam-packets  with  Ajaccio  and 
Biustia  in  Corsica,  with  Genoa,  Leghorn.  Civita  Vecchia.  and 
Naples  in  Italy,  with  Messina  in  Sicily,  with  Malta,  .-Mex- 
andria,  Beyroot,  Constantinople,  Smyrna,  and  Athens:  also 
with  Algeria  through  three  si'parate  lines,  one  to  .■Algiers, 
passage  in  45  hours,  another  to  Stora,  pas.sage  55  hours,  and 
the  Uiird  to  Oran,  passage  05  hours;  besides  which  it  has 
regulai'  steam  communication  with  Barcelona,  A'alencia, 
Almeria,  Malaga,  and  Catliz,  in  Spain.  Kailways  connect 
Marseilles  with  .\vignon,  Alais,  Montpellier,  and  Cette,  be- 
sides which  a  great  route  is  in  progress,  by  which,  whe>n 
completeil,  railway  communication  will  be  opened  tlirough 
the  heart  of  the  empire,  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
English  Channel.  * 

Marseilles,  founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  about  600  B,c..  ."erved 
as  a  refuge  for  them  from  the  vengeance  of  Cyrus.  Its  pro- 
gress for  centuries  was  rapid,  and  almost  without  interrup- 
tion. It  stion  became  the  entrepot  for  all  the  surrounding 
countries,  founded  many  colonies,  was  celebrated  for  the  culti- 
vation of  letters  and  arts,  preserved  for  a  time  its  liberty  un- 
der the  Romans,  and  often  acted  as  an  independent  re])ublic. 
Having  taken  the  part  of  Pompey  in  the  great  contest  for 
supremacy  between  him  and  Casar,  it  was  besieged  by  the 
latter,  and,  being  tiikeu,  was  deprived  of  all  its  peculiar 
privileges.  On  the  decline  of  the  Koman  Empire,  it  became 
a  prey  to  the  Goths,  Burgundians,  and  Franks.  In  735  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Saracens,  who  completely  destroyed 
all  the  ancient  mouunieiits  which  previous  barbarians  had 
spared.  In  the  10th  century  it  fell  under  the  dominion  of 
the  Counts  of  I'rovence.  and  continued  for  some  centuries 
after  to  follow  the  fortunes  of  that  iiouse.  Louis  XI.  united 
it  to  the  crown  of  France  in  1481.  It  suffered  severe  ravages 
from  the  plague,  in  1720.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  the 
astronomer  i'ytheas,  the  preacher  Ma.scaron,  and  the  sculp- 
tor Puj:et.  Pop.  in  1862,  260,910.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Marseil- 
lAiS,  or  Marseillois,  maRVuPyA',  or  maRWy.V:  feminine, 
Marseillaise,  maR'siryAz';  and  Massilian,  mas-sil'e-an, 
when  the  ancient  town  is  referred  to. 

MAKSKILLKS,  mar-sailz'.  a  thriving  post-village  and 
township  of  Wyandot  CO.,  Ohio,  about  60  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Columbus.    Pop.  near  300;  of  the  township,  693. 

MARSEILLES,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  136 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

MARSEILLES,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co ,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  River  and  Canal,  76  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

5IARSELLA.  a  city  of  France.     See  Mar.sf.ii,les. 

M.^RSH.  a  post-oflioe  of  Chester  oo.,  Pennsylvania. 

MARSH  CHAIVEL,  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MARSH  GIB'BON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MAR'SHALL,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  about  230 
square  miles.    The  Ohio  River  washes  its  W.  border,  and 


Fishing  and  Grave  Creeks  flow  through  the  county.  The 
surface  is  diversified;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  Baltiuiore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  ha.s  been  opened  through  this  couuty.  Stone- 
coal  and  water-power  are  abundant.  Formed  in  1835.  and 
named  in  honor  of  John  Marshall,  late  Chief  Justice  of  the 
United  States.  Capital,  Elizabethtown.  Pop.  12,997,  ot 
whom  12.96S  were  free,  and  29  slaves. 

M.\RSHALL.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Alabama,  ha; 
an  area  of  677  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Tennessc< 
River,  (navigable  by  steamboats.)  and  Paint  Rock  River  flowv 
along  its  N.W.  bordT.  The  surface  is  traversed  by  nmuiitaiu 
ridges  connected  with  the  Appalachian  system.  Tlie  soil  is 
generally  fertile.  The  plank-road  extending  from  A\"etiimpka 
to  the  Tennessee  River  has  its  northern  terminus  in  tin* 
county.  Capital,  Warrenton.  Pop.  11,472,  of  whom  9651 
were  free. 

MARSII.\LL,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Mississippi,  bor- 
dering on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  about  860  square  miles 
It  is  watered  by  the  Tallahatchie,  Tippah,  and  Coldwater 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  finely  diversified  by  gentle  undula- 
tions. The  soil  is  fertile.  In  1850  this  county  produced 
32,775  bales  of  cotton,  1,236,006  bushels  of  corn,  and  147,2.32 
of  oats :  greater  quantities  of  each  than  wen;  produced  by 
any  other  county  in  the  state.  Marshall  county  was 
comprised  in  the  territory  of  the  Chickasaw  Indians.  It 
was  transferred  from  aboriginal  hands,  and  organizetl  in 
1836,  and  is  now  the  most  populous  county  of  the  state  ex- 
cept Iliuds.  Capital,  Holly  Springs.  Pop.  28,823,  of  whom 
11,384  were  free,  and  17,439  slaves. 

MARSHALL,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Tennessee: 
area  estimated  at  3.50  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Duck  River.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  or  undula- 
tions of  moderate  heiglit ;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Capital, 
Lenisburg..  Pop.  14,692,  of  whom  10,112  were  free,  and 
4480  slaves. 

M.'VRSH.\LL.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  con- 
tains about  350  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tlie  N.  and 
E.  by  the  Tennesset;  River,  and  drained  by  Clarke's  River, 
The  surface  is  moderately  hilly  or  xmdulating;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  Organized  in  1841.  Capital,  Benton.  Pop.  6982,  of 
whom  CO;il  were  free,  and  351  slaves. 

MARSII.\LL,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
440  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Yellow  and  Tippeca- 
noe Rivers.  The  surface  is  generally  level.  About  half  of 
the  county  is  timbered  land,  and  the  remainder  is  oecvipied 
by  barrens  and  prairies.  The  soil  of  the  prairies  and  tim- 
bered land  is  extremely  productive.  Extensive  beds  of  iron 
ore  are  found  in  the  county.  Organized  in  1836.  Capital. 
Plymouth.     Pop.  12,722. 

M.\RSH.\LL,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  445  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Illinois  River,  (navigable  by  steamboats,)  and  also  drained 
by  Sand  and  Crow  Creeks.  Tlie  surfjice  is  nearly  level,  and 
is  diversified  by  prairie  and  timber.  The  soil  is  fertile. 
Stone-coal  is  found.    Capital,  I^acon.     Pop.  ir.,437. 

M.\RSHAI..L,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  travers-ed  by  Iowa 
River,  flowing  S.E.,  and  also  drained  by  Timber  Creek,  The 
land  is  productive,  and  is  said  to  be  finely  timbered  with 
oak,  ash.  walnut,  sugar-maple.  &e.  Indian  corn  and  butter 
are  the  staples.  In  1850,  Marshall  county  produced  12,410 
bushels  of  corn.  Stone  coal  is  found  in  the  couuty.  Cai^ital, 
Marietta  or  Marshalltown.     Pop.  6015. 

MARSHALL,  a  post-township  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Chenango  Canal,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Utica.     Pop.  2134. 

M.\RSn.\LL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Madison  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  French  Broad  River,  280  miles  AV  .of  Raleigh. 

MARSHALL,  a  small  village  of  Marshall  CO..  Alabama. 

51.'VRSH.\LL,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Harrison 
CO.,  Texas,  about  250  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Galve.ston.  It  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  a  college  and  several 
hotels.  Three  newspapers  are  published  here.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  fertile,  and  rather  thickly  settled. 

M.\RSHALF.,,  a  post-oflice  of  Bath  co..  Kentucky. 

MARSHALL,  a  post/towuship  of  Jlighland  CO.,  Ohio 
Pop.  893. 

MARSHALL,  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  68  miles 
E.  of  Cincinnati. 

MARSHALL,  a  post-village  or  city  and  capital  of  Calhoun 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Kalamazoo  River,  and  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  43  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing,  and  110  miles  Vi\  of 
Detroit.  It  has  a  pleasant  situation,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  inland  towns  of  the  peninsula.  It  contains  1 
bank,  3  banking  offices,  a  union  school,  2  newspaper  offices, 
8  churches,  1  paper-mill,  4  flouring-mills,  and  large  engine- 
shops  of  the  Railroad.     Pop.  in  1860,  3736. 

MARSHALL,  a  small  post-village  and  township  of  Clarke 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  National  Road,  about  130  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Springfield.    It  is  the  county-seat.    Pop.  1883. 

M  ARSHALL,  a  township  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri.  Pop. 
aioO. 

M.\RSH.4.LL,a  post-village, capital  of  Salineco.,  Missouri. 
87  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City,  Contains  3  churches,  and 
4  or  5  stores.     Pop.  about  350. 

MARSHALL,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa. 

1149 


MAR 


MAR 


MAKPHALI.  COLLEGE,    gee  5Iercersbukg.  Pa. 

MAK.<HALL  ISLANDS,  a  small  proup  iu  the  Pacific 
Oeean.  Mulsrave  Archijwlago.    Lat.  7°  30'  N.,  lou.  173"  30'  E. 

MA1{8IIALL'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  cc,  Penn- 
Bylvania. 

MARSHALL'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co., 
Tennessee. 

MARSHALL'S  POINT,  at  the  E.  entrance  of  Herring  Gut. 
Lincoln  co..  Maine.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light,  30  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  4:3°  50'  X..  Ion.  69=  9'  30"  W. 

MAR'SHALLSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Greenbrier  c^.W. 
Virginia. 

MARSHALLSVILLE.  a  post-village  in  JIacon  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  South- West  Railroad,  70  miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

MARSHALLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio, 
100  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus. 

MAR'SHALLTOX,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, aliout  30  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia. 

MARSH  ALLTOWX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marshall  CO., 
Iowa.     It  lias  a  bank. 

MAR'SHALLVILLE  or  CUM'BERLAXD  WORKS,  a  village 
in  Maurice  River  township,  Cumberland  co..  Xew  Jersej',  on 
Tuckahoe  Creek,  contains  some  extensive  glass  works,  and 
upwards  of  40  dwellinu:s. 

MARSH'AM,  a  pari-^h  of  Engkind,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MAR'SHAl'EE'  or  MAKSH'PEE'  DISTRICT,  an  ancient 
Indian  settlement  of  Barnstable  co.,  Massachusetts,  about 
48  miles  S.E.  of  Pljmouth. 

MAKSH'BtXi.  a"  villa;_'e  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Freehold. 

M.\KS1I  CUEEK.  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  a  branch 
of  the  .Monocacy  River. 

MARSH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  CO.,  Indiana. 

MARSH'FIELD.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Gloucester.  13  miles  E.  of  Bristol.  Pop.' 1048.  The 
town,  consisting  of  one  street,  nearly  1  mile  in  length,  has 
a  considerable  trade  in  malt. 

MAK.SHKIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

M.\RSH'FIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wa-<hing- 
ton  CO..  Vermont,  on  Ouiou  River,  about  11  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Montpelier.     Pop.  1160. 

M.\RSHKIELD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Plymouth 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  JIassachusetts  Bay,  28  miles  S.E.  by 
8.  of  Boston.  The  farm  and  country  resi>lenre  of  the  late 
Daniel  Webster  is  in  the  S.  part,  about  12  miles  X'.  of  Ply- 
mouth. Marshfield  has  manufactories  of  machinerj',  and  is 
the  seat  of  the  Douglas  Manufacturing  Company,  for  making 
cotton  sheetings,  kc.     Pop.  1870. 

MARSIIKIELD.  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  Xew  York. 

MARS  HILL,  of  .ijf)ostook  co.,  Maine,  about  1  mile  W.  of 
the  Xew  Brunswick  boundary  line.  It  is  an  isolated  emi- 
nence with  2  peaks,  one  1.506'  feet,  and  the  other  1363  feet 
above  the  level  of  St.  .(ohn"s  River. 

M.\KS  HILL,  a  small  village  of  Clarke  CO..  Georgia. 

MARSH  ISLAXD.  at  the  entrance  to  Vermilion  Bay.  Loui- 
siana.    At  its  W.  end  is  a  revolving  light,  elevated  90  feet. 

M.\RSHLAXD.  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co..  Xew  York. 

MARSH'S  LAXDIXG,  a  postoffice  of  Contra  Costa  co., 
California. 

M.^RSHVILLE,  a  village  in  Ilermon  township.  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  Xew  York,  on  Elm  Creek,  about  25  miles  S.E.  of 
Ogdensburg.  * 

MAItSHWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

MARSHY  HOPE,  a  small  river,  rises  in  Kent  co.,  Dela- 
ware, and  enters  the  Xanticoke  on  the  boundary  between 
Dorchester  and  Somei'set  counties  of  Maryland. 

MARSICO  XUOVO.  maR'.*e-ko  noo-o'vo,  an  episcopal  city 
of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  18  miles  S.  of  Potenza. 
Pop.  7400. 

MAKSICO  VETERE.  maK'se-ko  vit'k-rL  (anc,  AMlitnum. 
ifarf.sicum.)  a  town  of  Naples,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Marsico 
N  uovo.     Pop.  3000. 

MAllSIGLIAXA.  maR-seel-yi'nJ,  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
province  and  19  miles  S.E.  of  Grossetto,  on  the  Albegua. 
Pop.  2000. 

M.^RSILLARGUlJS,  maR'seeVaRg'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Uerault,  15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Montpellier. 
Pop.  3549. 

MARSIVAN.  maRVvan',  or  MARSOVAX,  maR^so-vJn'.  a 
large  village  of  .\sia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Seevas,  24  miles  W.X.W. 
of  .Vmasia.  in  a  wide  undulating  plain.  It  is  stated  to  com- 
prise 5000  houses,  of  which  1000  are  inhabited  by  Armenians, 
and  it  h;is  many  mosques  and  fountains,  and' some  manu- 
fectoiii'S  (if  cotton  stuffs. 

MAKSK,  two  parishes  of  Engljind,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

MAHST.IL,  m.iRs'tAl.  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Sleswick.  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  iEroe,  in  the 
Baltic.     Pop.  2100. 

MAItSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MAR.<Ti  )N.  a  jiarish  of  EnL'land,  co.  of  Oxford. 

M  AKS^r.lX  BlG'i  I'lT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MAKSTUX  ON  DDVE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

BIABSTON  FLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MARSTOX.  UjXU,  a  parish  of  Englaud,  co.  of  York. 
U50 


MARSrrON  MAGOTA.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

MARS'TOX  MAI/SEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wjlta. 

MAR-Sn'ON  MOXTGOM'ERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby. 

MARSTON  MOORS,  a  locality  of  England,  in  Yorkshire, 
memorable  for  the  defeat  of  the  forces  of  King  Charles  L, 
in  1644. 

MARSn'ON  MOREn"AINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bedford. 

MARSTON.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  Enghuid,  co.  of  Buck.s. 

MARS/TON  PRI'OKS.  a  pai-i.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick 

MARS'TOX  SICCA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

MARSrrOX'S  mills,  a  post-office  of  Barnstable  co., 
Massachusetts. 

MARS'TOX  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  p.ari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

MARSTON  TRUS'SEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

MAR'STOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

M.A.RSTRAXD,  maR'strdnd,  a  .seaport  town  of  West  Swe 
den.  laen  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Gothenburg,  on  an  island  in 
the  Cattegat.  Pop.  1200.  It  has  a  harbor  defended  by  2 
forts,  and  a  Iwmb-proof  castle. 

JIARSnVORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MAKTA.  maR/td,  a  small  river  of  the  Papal  States,  by 
which  Lake  Bolsena  sends  its  surplus  waters  into  the 
Mediterranean;  total  course  about  30  miles. 

MARTAB.\N,  niar'ta-ban',  a  frontier  town  of  the  Burmese 
dominions,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Sahvin  River,  near  its 
mouth,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Maulmain.  Lat.  16°  32'  N..  Ion.  97<^ 
35'  E.  It  .stands  on  a  declivity,  and  is  enclo,sed  by  a  stockade, 
built  of  wood.  It  has  several  conspicuous  temples,  and 
beside  the  river  is  a  battery  of  masonry:  but  Maulmain  has 
succeeded  to  most  of  its  former  commerce^  Martaban  was 
captured  hv  the  British  in  1824,  atid  again  in  1S52. 

MARTABAX.  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
between  lat.  14°  and  17°  N.,  and  Ion.  94°  and  9S°  E.,  having 
X.  the  Burmese  dominions,  and  E.  the  British  Tena.sseriiQ 
provinces.  It  receives  the  Irrawaddy,  Setang.  and  Salwin 
Rivers:  and  on  its  E.  coast  is  the  town  of  Amherst. 

MARTAXA,  maR-td'nd.  a  small  island  of  Italy,  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  Lake  Bolsena,  Papal  States,  memorable  as 
the  scene  of  the  imprisonment  and  murder  of  Amalasontha, 
Queen  of  the  Goths,  only  daughter  of  Theodorio,  ai.d  niece 
of  Clovis.  She  was  strangled  in  5o5,  by  the  order  or  con- 
nivance of  hercousiu  Theodatus,  with  whom  she  had  shared 
her  kingdom. 

M.\RTAXO.  m.iR-tii'no.  a  town  of  South  Italy.  Naples,  pro- 
vince and  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Otranto.     Pop.  2500. 

MARTEE-KHAX-KA-TAXDA.  maR/tee'kdn-katiin'dJ,  a 
town  of  Sinde,  near  the  Indu.s,  16  miles  S.W.of  Khyerpoor 
It  has  a  brisk  trade  with  Jood))Oor,  chiefly  in  cottons,  to  the 
amount  of  4000i.,  and  other  articles  of  the  value  of  60001., 
annually. 

JI.^R'i'EL.  maK't^l',  (L.  MiirtdHum.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Lot.  35  miles  N.X.E.  of  Cahors.     Pop.  3150. 

MARTFEiD.  maBt'ftlt.  a  village  of  Hanover,  Cnterhoya, 
bailwick  of  Hova.    Pop.  1136. 

MAK'THA  FUll'XACE.  a  post-vilUge  of  Centre  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  Bald  Eagle  Valley,  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Uar- 
rishurg. 

MARTHALEN,  maR^tJIen,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton and  18  miles  X.X.E.  of  Zurich,  near  the  Rhine.    P.  1140. 

MARTH.4M.  marfham,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MAItTHA'S.  or  MARrrilA'S  FCK'X  ACE.  a  post-village 
of  Hardin  co..  Illinois.  5  miles  from  the  Ohio  River. 

JIAR'THASVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Warren  co..  Mis.souri, 
near  the  >li.ssouri  River,  65  miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

MARTH.\'S  VINEYARD,  an  island  lying  off  the  S.E. 
coast  of  Ma.«.sachu8etts.  and  separated  from  Earn.stable  co. 
by  Vineyard  Sound,  which  is  from  3^  to  7  miles  wide.  It  is 
2i  miles  in  length,  and  from  3  to  9  miles  iu  breadth.  It 
forms  a  part  of  Duke's  county.  Massachusett.s.  which  see. 

MARTHA'S  VINEYARD,  a  post-office  of  Chatham  co., 
North  Carolina. 

MARTHOD,  maR-tod',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Upper  Savoy.  3  miles  from  Albert-Ville.     Pop.  1307. 

MARTHOX,  maRHAx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Charente,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  AngouKme.  Pop.  624.  It  has 
remains  of  fortifications,  and  manufactories  of  woollens, 
iron-mines  in  its  vioinity.  and  12  annual  fairs. 

.'^I.'i.RTH,  VOROS,  (ViiriJs.)  vo'riish'  maRt,  a  village  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Baranya.    Pop.  1597. 

M.\R''riC.  a  post-township  of  Lancaster  cO.,  Pennsj'lvaniA, 
on  the  Susquehanna  River.     Pop.  17 SO. 

MAUI'ICVILLE,  a  po.st-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 8  miles  S.  of  Lancaster. 

MARTIOXANO,  maR'teen-yd'no,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italv.  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cremona,  on  the  Po.     Pop.  ]4o0. 

MARTIGNAXO.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto. 
9  miles  S.S.E.  nf  Lecce. 

MARTIGXK-BRIAXD,  maRHeen'y.^'bree''Ss<'/.  a  nurket^ 
town  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et- Loire,  10  niile^  \V 
of  .Saunuir.     I'op.  in  1852.  2124. 

3URTIGNE-F£KCUAUD,maRHeen'y.V-fjR-shr/,  a  village 


MAR 


MAR 


of  France,  department  of  Illeet-Vilaine,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of 
A'ltre.     I'op.  in  1852.  3793. 

JIAKTUiNY  LA  VILLK,  maa'teenVee'  Id  reel,  (anc.  Octf>- 
du/rus  f  Of  r.  Martinach,  maR'te-ndk\)  a  town  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Valais,  17  niile.s  VV.S.W.  of  Sion,  on  the  right 
bault  of  tlie  Drance.     Pop.  lOOO. 

M.VilTKi .N  Y-1,K-B()U]!G.  maaHeen^yee'  leh  booR,  a  maricet- 
town  of  Switzerland,  half  a  mile  S.  of  Marti{;ny.     P.  2457. 

3IAKTIUUE.S.  maR^teej;'.  (1^.  Maritima  Odmiia  Antilio- 
rum,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Houches-tlu-Khune,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Aix,  near  the  I'ltang  de  ISerre.  Pop.  in  1852, 
8520.  It  has  extensive  tisheries  in  the  lake,  and  boat- 
luildinir. 

MAlt'TIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MAUTIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

MAKTIN,  a  pari.-^h  of  England,  co.  of  "Wilts. 

MAUTIN,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MAllTIX,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Ciro- 
lina;  area  estimated  at  43U  square  miles.  The  Roanoke 
forms  the  entire  N.  boundary.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the 
soil  generally  saudy.  The  Koanoke  River  is  navigable  for 
large  boats  on  the  border  of  the  county,  and  large  quantities 
of  lumber  (pine  and  cedar)  are  exported  by  this  means. 
Formed  in  1774,  and  named  in  honor  of  .losiali  Martin, 
then  governor  of  the  colony.  Capital.  \\'illiam8ton.  I'op. 
10,195,  of  whom  5886  were  free,  and  4309  slaves. 

MARTIN,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  has  an 
area  of  340  S((uare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  East  Fork 
of  White  lUver,  and  by  Lick  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
The  soil  contains  a  large  proportion  of  clay.  A  railroad  is 
completed  through  tlie  county,  from  Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis. 
Stone-coal,  iron  ore,  and  grit  or  hard  sandstone  iwe  abundant. 
Organized  in  1820,  and  nanuHl  in  lionor  of  .Major  JIartin,  of 
Kentucky.    Capital,  Dover  Hill  or  Mt.  Pleasant.  Pop.  8975. 

MARTIN,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Allegan  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  793. 

M.\1{TINA,  maa-tee'nd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  19  miles  N.X.E.  of  Taranto.     Pop.  400t). 

M.\R'riNACII.  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  Martiony. 

MAK'l'INCZE,  maR-tin'sA,  a  village  of  Austria,  Slavonia, 
about  22  miles  E.  of  Peterwardein.     Pop.  3100. 

MAK/TINDALE,  a  post>office  of  Mecklenburg  CO.,  North 
Carolina. 

MAKTINDALE  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Ilarlcm  Railroad,  35  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Albany. 

MARTINDALE'S  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  White- 
water River  near  Milton.  Wayne  co. 

MARTINENUO,  m:iR-te-n^n'go,  a  walled  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  IJergamo.     Pop.  4093. 

MARTIN ET'TA,  a  township  in  Brown  co.,  Wieconsin. 
Pop.  243. 

MARTINEZ,  mar-tee'nJz.  a  po.st-town  of  California,  situ- 
ated in  the  N.  jiart  of  Contra  Costa  co..  of  whiili  it  is  the 
capital,  is  separnted  from  lienicia  by  the  strait  connecting 
Suisoon  and  San  Pablo  Rays. 

MAR'TlNilDK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  asvon. 

MARTIN  nuS'SlNGTREE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

MARTINIANA,  mas-te-ne-d'n.'i.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  Piedmont,  6  miles  W.  of  Saluzzo,  on  the  Po.    P.  1089. 

MARTI.MGo.  one  of  the  West  Indies.    See  Martinique. 

MARTIN'ICUS  ISLAND.  S.  of  Penobscot  Ray.  Maine:  on 
it  are  two  fixed  liijhts,  40  feet  from  each  other,  and  82  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  .sea.    Lat.43°46'  30"  N..  Ion.  68°  49'  W. 

MARTINIQUE,  marHin-eek',  called  by  the  natives  MADI- 
ANA,  mi-de-d'nd,  (Sp.  Martinico.  uiaR^te-nee'ko,)  one  of  the 
French  West  India  Islands.  Windward  group.  Its  loftiest 
summit.  Jlount  I'elee.  4450  feet  liinh,  is  in  lat.  14°  48'  N..  Ion. 
61=  10'  W. ;  30  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Dominica,  and  20  miles  N.  of 
St.  Luci.^.  It  is  of  irregular  form,  hiuh  and  rocky,  about  45 
miles  long,  and  10  miles  to  15  miles  broad :  area,  380  square 
miles.  There  are  six  extinct  volcanoes  on  the  island ;  one  of 
the  craters  is  of  large  dimensions.  Extensive  mas.ses  of  vol- 
canic rocks  cover  the  interior,  rise  to  a  great  elevation,  and  ex- 
tend from  the  niountsiins  to  the  shores  of  the  sea,  where  they 
form  uum(!rous  deep  inileutations  along  the  coast.  Between 
the  volcanic  rocks,  occur  broad  irregular  valleys  of  great 
fertility.  About  two-fifths  of  the  island  is  under  cultiv.ition. 
The  mountain  slopes  are  in  most  parts  covered  with  primeval 
forests.  Numerous  streams  flow  from  the  heights,  most  of 
them  mere  rivulets,  but  a  few  are  navigable  for  boats  for  a 
short  distance  from  their  mouths.  The  principal  produc- 
tions are  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  and  cotton.  The  quantity  of 
sut^ar  expoi-ted  in  1850  was  279.767  cwt. ;  in  1851,387,269 
cwt.;  and  in  1852.  310.939  cwt. 

It  has  several  gooil  harbors,  the  best  of  which  is  Port 
Koyal  on  the  S.W.  side.  The  principal  town  is  St.  Pierre, 
on  the  N.W.  side  of  the  island,  The  administration  of 
Martinique  is  under  a  governor  and  a  privy  council 
of  7  members,  aided  by  a  colonial  council,  composed  of 
30  members.  The  island  was  discovered  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1493.  In  1635  it  was  settled  by  the  French.  wl)o  eventu- 
allv  extinguished  tlie  aboriginal  race.  It  was  subseciuently 
taket/  by  the  British,  in  1794.  uud  restored  in  1802  •  It  was 


again  taken  by  the  British  in  1809.  and  restored  a  .second  time 
to  l-'rance.  at  the  close  of  the  war  in  1814.     Pop.  121.47S. 

MAKTINO,  maR-tee'no.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio 
Grande-do-Norte,  170  miles  W.  of  Natal.     Pop.  2000. 

MARTIN'S,  a  post-office  of  Nebson  co..  Virginia. 

MARTINSBERG,  niaR'tin8-bei;(i\  (Ilun.  Szeiit  Martmiy, 
sJnt  miRHou\)  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  and 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Raab.  with  an  ancient  I'enedictine  aijbey, 
founded  by  Stephen  I.  of  Hungary.     Pop.  1893. 

JIARTINSBERG,  Transylvania."    See  Mautonhegt. 

M.\R'T1NSBURG,  a  post-village  and  town.ship.  capital  of 
Lewis  CO.,  New  York,  about  130  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  The 
village  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  5  or  ti 
cliurches,  an  academy,  and  manufactures  of  wool  and 
flour.  Pop.  estimated  at  800;  of  the  township  in  1860, 
2855. 

MARTINSBURO,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Blair  co., 
Penn.sylvania.  is  situated  in  Momson's  Cove,  a  rich  v.illey 
among  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  112  miles  W.  of  Hams- 
burg. 

MARTINSBURO,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Butler., 

MARTINSBURO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Berkley  co.,  . 
West  Virginia,  on  Tuscarora  Creek,  and  on  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  100  miles  W.  of  Baltimore.  It  is  situated 
in  a  fertile  and  elevated  region,  a  few  miles  W.  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  It  lias  an  active  trade,  and  is  an  important  stutior 
on  the  railroad,  containing  the  inachlne-shups  and  engine- 
houses  of  tlie  company.  Tlie  abundant  water-power  fur- 
nished by  the  creek  is  employed  in  the  manufacturing  of 
flour,  iron,  &c.  The  town  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  6 
churches,  2  academies,  and  an  almshouse.  Pop.  in  1860, 
3364. 

5IARTINSBUR0,  a  po.st-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  about 
40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  contains  an  academy  and 
several  churches. 

MARTINSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Indi- 
ana. 12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salem. 

MARTINSBUP.G,  a  post-olTice  of  Pike  co..  Illinois. 

MARTINSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Missouri, 
190  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Jefferson  City. 

MARTIN'S  CREEK,  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  the  DelaAvare  River. 

MARTIN'S  CREEK,  a  jjost-oflice  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

M  AilTlN'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MARTIN'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

MARTIN'S  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Kentucky. 

MARTIN'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co.,  New  York. 

JIARTIN'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Cole  co.,  Missouri. 

JIARTINS  LIMEKILNS,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

^MARTIN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Jlacon  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Soutb-Western  Railroad,  about  50  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Columbus. 

MAR/TINSTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

MAR'TINSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  AVheatfield  township, 
Niagara  co..  New  York,  on  the  N.  branch  of  Tonawanda 
Creek,  about  15  miles  N.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains  2  stores,  a 
steam  saw-mill,  and  a  tavern.     Pop.  alx)ut  600. 

JIARTI NSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  CO.,  New. Tersey. 

MARTINSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MARTINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  River.  115  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Harrisburg.     The  post-office  is  named  Martin's  Creek. 

MARTINSVILLE,  4  post-village,  capital  of  Henry  CO., 
Virginia,  on  a  branch  of  the  Dan  River,  207  miles  W.S.W. 
of  itichmond. 

MARTINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  2  miles  above  Wheeling.  It  contains  3 
churclies,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  12::0. 

MARTINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  10 
miles  S.  of  Wilmington.     Pop.  293. 

MARTINSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washington 
township,  and  capital  of  Morgan  co..  Indiana.  1  mile  E.  of 
the  W.  fork  of  AVhite  River,  and  31  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indian- 
apolis. A  large  amount  of  produce  is  bought  at  this  place, 
and  shipped  by  the  river  during  high  water.  This  village  is 
the  western  terminus  of  a  railroad  which  connects  with  the 
Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad  at  Franklin.  It  cont.aina 
a  court-house,  several  churches,  and  a  newspaper  office. 
Pop.  in  1800,  estimated  at  1500. 

MARTINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co..  Illinois,  on 
the  National  Road,  84  miles  f].  by  N.  of  Vandalia. 

MAR'TINTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  A\'est.  co.  of 
Glengarry.  75  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal,  and  13  miles  from 
Cornwall.     It  contiiins  several  stores.     Pop.  about  200. 

MAR'TIN  VAS  ISLAND,",  a  cluster  pf  rocky  islets  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  E.  of  South  America 

MART1R.4.N0,  maR-te-rA'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabi-ia  Ultra,  8  miles  N.  of  Nicastro.     Pop.  2106. 

MARTIRES,  Los.  loce  maR'te-rJs,  tnree  small  low  islandt 
in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  about  lat.  7^  34'  N..  Ion.  149<^  29'  E 

1161 


MAR 


MAR 


MAKTIRTOS,  mar-tee're-oce,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Minas-denves,  between  the  Velhas  and  the  I'araiipeba. 
The  inhabitants  cultivate  millet,  haricots,  rice,  and  sugar- 
cane, and  make  brandy.     Pop.  TUOo. 

MAUriS,  maR'tees',  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
diTi.«ion  of  Sassari.     I'op.  1310. 

JIAKTIZAY,  maR't<.-e*z;l',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  ludre,  arrondissement  of  Le  Itlanc.     Pop.  1932. 

.MAKTLESHA.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

JlARTLtiT'WY,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

AIARTXKY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

MAiyiViCK,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  Euglaud,  co.  of 
Bomerset,  on  the  Parret,  OJ  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Yeovil.    P.  3025. 

MAKTOLA  MAKIA.M,  maR-to'ld  maVe-am',  a  town  of 
Abyssinia,  state  of  Amhara,  on  a  hill.  lat.  10°  51'  N.,  Ion. 
87°  -IS'  E..  and  having  remains  of  a  fine  church. 

MAR'TO-N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MAKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVarwick. 

MARTON,  a  parish  of  Enslaud,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding, 
5i  miles  X.  of  Stokesley.  Captain  Cook,  the  famous  navi- 
gator, was  born  here  in  1728. 

JIARTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

MARTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

SIARTON,  LoNO.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 

MAR'TON  WITH  GRAF/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding. 

SLVR'TON  -nciTH  MOX'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

MARTON  IIEGY,  moRHon'hfdj',  orMARTINSBERG.maK/- 
tin.s-bLRG\  a  village  of  Austria,  Transylvania,  about  12  miles 
from  Szombath.     Pop.  1117. 

MARToN  V.A..S.\R,  mou'tonVoh^sait/.  a  market=towii  of  Hun- 
gary. 17  miles  S.W.  of  Buda.     Pop.  1394. 

MARTON  YOS,  moR^toiiVosh',  a  village  of  Hungary,  16 
miles  .S.W.  of  Szegedln.  on  the  Theiss.    Pop.  4153. 

MARMREL,  maR-to-Kl',  a  town  of  f?pain.  Catalonia,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Llobregat,  with  a  bridge  and 
triumiihal  arch  of  Roman  construction.     Pop.  3106. 

M.VRTi)S.  mait-'toce.  a  town  of  Spain.  Andalusia,  9  miles 
W.S.W.  of  .Taen.  It  is  indifferently  built;  has  two  squares, 
crooked,  steep,  and  unpaved  streets;  three  fine  churches, 
Bome  chapels,  two  convents,  a  handsome  town-house,  pri- 
son, hospital,  several  schools,  an  orphan  asylum,  small 
theatre,  and.  at  some  distance  S.  of  the  town,  two  bathing 
establishments,  the  waters  of  which  contain  sulphur,  mag- 
nesia, alum'.  &c.  Linen,  pottery  ware,  hats,  and  oil,  are  made. 
Pop.  11.092. 

SIARTRES,  maRt'r,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Ciaronne.  24  mib'S  S.W.  of  Muret.     Pop.  1650. 

MARTRES  UE  VEYRE,  man'fr  deh  vAr.  a  markeWown 
of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-DOme.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cler- 
mont.    Pop.  1929. 

MART'VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Sterling  township,  Cayuga 
CO..  New  Y'ork.  175  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

MARUA,  mi-roo'd.  .MAURUA,  mow-roo^a,  or  MADPITT. 
inOw-pee'tee,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Oceau;  lat.  16°  26'  S.,  Ion.  152°  12'  W. 

M.4.RUM,  ml/rum,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  and  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  794. 

M.\RUTEA.    See  Lord  Hood's  Isl.vjtd. 

M.\R.V.\0.  (Marvao.)  maR-vowxo',  a  fortified  town  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Alem-tejo,  on  the  Spanish  frontier,  11 
miles  N.E.  of  Portalegre,  with  a  citadel  and  extensive 
cisterns.     I'op.  1300. 

MARVAO,  maR-vowyo',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Piauhy,  on  the  Marvao,  150  miles  N.E.  of  Ceiras.  Pop. 
8000. 

MARYEJOLS,  maRVeh-zhol',  (L.  Marilngium,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Lozere,  on  the  right  branch  of  the 
Coulagues,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mende.    Pop.  in  1852,  4386. 

MAK'VJiL,  a  post-village  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  150  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  .lelferson  City. 

M.\RTILLE.  uiaR^veel',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Meuse.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Montme<Jy,  with  1263  inhabitants. 

MAR'VIN,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.,  Kew  York, 
about  2S0  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

MARVIN,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

MARVINS,  a  village  in  Adair  co.,  Iowa,  170  m'iles  W.S.W. 
of  Iowa  City. 

M.^RVIN'S  MILL,  a  post^fflce  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 

MARWAR.  a  state  of  Hiudostan.     See  Joodpoor. 

M.A.R'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MA'RY.  a  p<ist-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Arkan.sas. 

MARY'AMPOL,  mire-Sm'pol.  a  small  town  of  Austrian 
Qalicia,  on  the  Dneister.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Stanislawow. 

MARY  ANN,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  999. 

MARY  ANN  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Cumberiand 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

MA'RYBOROUGH,  a  borough  and  town  of  Ireland,  Ix"in- 
Bter,  capital  of  Queen's  co.,  with  a  station  on  the  Great 
South  aud  West  Railway,  53f  miles  S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop. 
8633. 

MARY'BURGH,  m.Vre-burV&h,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Inverness,  on  Loch  Eil,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lochy,  im- 
mediately S.W.  of  Fort  WUliam.  It  haa  a  lanre  herriue 
1162 


fishery.  Two  miles  distant  is  the  ancient  castle  of  Tnverlochy, 
the  .seat  of  Banquo.  progenitor  of  the  royal  house  of  Stuart 

MA'RYCCLTER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kir.eardine, 
on  the  S.  liank  of  the  Dee,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Aberdeen.  It 
has  a  Roman  Catholic  college  for  divinity  students. 

MA'ltYHILL.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  3  miles 
N.W.  of  Glasgow,  on  the  banks  of  the  Kelvin,  here  crossed 
by  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal.  It  contains  two  print  works, 
bleach  and  glass  works,  an  iron-foundry,  spiULiug-mill,  and 
boat-building  vards.     Pop.  2552. 

MA/RYKIRK  or  ABERLUXU/NET,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Kincardine. 

MARYLAND,  m.A're-l.^nd,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  states 
of  the  American  confederacy,  and  the  most  s  lUthern  of  the 
Jliddle  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by 
Delaware  and  the  Atlantic,  and  S.S.W.  and  W.  by  Virginia, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Potomac  River.  It  lies 
between  38°  and  39°  44'  N.  lat..  and  between  75°  10'  and  79° 
20'  W.  Ion.  Maryland  is  very  irregular  in  outline,  occupy- 
ing an  extent  of  about  190  miles  on  its  northern  boundary, 
wliich  contracts  on  its  W.  side  till  at  its  southern  limits  it 
ha.s  scarcely  half  that  extent,  even  including  Chesajx'ake 
Bay.  Its  greatest  breadth,  in  a  N.  and  S. direction,  is  about 
120  miles.  This  state  is  divided  by  Chesajieake  Bay  into  two 
portions,  calleti  the  Eastern  and  M  estern  Shore ;  the  two 
division.s.  exclusive  of  the  bay,  inclndiug  an  area  of  about 
93-^6  square  miles,  or  5,9s7.840  acres,  of  which  3.002,267  were 
improved  land  in  1860.  The  Western  Shore  is  about  double 
the  area  of  the  Eastern.  About  60  square  miles  of  llie  ori- 
ginal territory  of  Maryland  have  been  taken  off  by  its  grant 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  to  the  government  of  the  United 
States. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  surface  on  both  shores  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay  is  level,  and  the  soil  sandy.  A  range  of  hills  en- 
ters the  state  where  the  N.  boundary  strikes  the  Susque- 
hanna, and  extends  in  a  S.W.  direction  to  the  Potomac 
River,  which  it  intersects  about  10  miles  above  Washington 
City.  This  ridge  divides  the  alluvial  from  the  mountainous 
portion  of  the  state.  The  mountainous  district  occupies  the 
strip  of  territory  (not  more  than  4  miles  wide  in  its  narrow- 
est part)  in  the  N.W.  of  the  state,  between  the  Pennsyl- 
vania line  and  the  I'otomac  River.  This  section  is  cros.sed 
by  different  ridges  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  bearing 
different  local  names,  such  as  South-East  Mountain,  Sugar- 
I/oaf  Mountain,  Catoctin,  Blue  Ridge,  Kittatinuy.  Rugged 
Mountain,  and  Will's  Mountain.  Ivone  of  these  are  of  any 
great  elevation.  A  belt  of  primary  formation,  composed  of 
gneiss,  mica  slate,  serpentine  hornblende,  limestone,  clay 
slate,  &c.,  forms  the  mountainous  part  of  tliis  district. 

Minerals. — The  N.W.  part  of  this  state  is  rich  in  bituminous 
coal  and  iron.  The  coal  region,  though  only  covering  an 
area  of  550  square  miles,  is  very  productive.  The  trade  in 
this  coal  has  received  a  double  impetus  recently  by  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Baltimore  and  tlhio  Itailroad,  and  from  the 
increased  demand  for  its  use  in  steam-vessels.  The  sales  of 
c<ial  increased  from  1708  tons,  in  1842,  to  533.980,  in  1853. 
The  extent»of  its  iron  resources  will  be  best  shown  by  the 
simple  statement  of  the  fact  that  there  were  31  furnaces  in 
.Maryland  in  1S53,  smelting  70.500  tons  of  iron;  an  increase 
of  27,000  tons  over  1850.  Copper  mining  is  beginning  to 
attract  much  attention  in  this  state,  and  mines  have  been 
opened  in  Frederick  and  Carroll  counties.  Traces  of  nickel 
and  cobalt  are  found  in  the  Springfield  Mine,  and  arirentifo- 
rous  galena  in  the  Dolby  Hide  Mine.  Cobalt  has  been  found 
on  the  Patapsco.  The  capital  engaged  in  copper  mining  in 
1850,  was  $13,200.  The  other  minerals  are  alum,  poi-celain- 
clay.  lime,  chrome,  manganese,  magnesia,  barytes,  marble, 
marls,  ochres,  hones,  and  even  gold.  Lignites  occur  abun- 
dantly in  .\nne  Arundel  county,  associated  with  iron  pyrites 
and  amber. 

Rivers  and  Bays. — The  Chesapeake  Bay  extends  north- 
ward about  120  miles  within  this  state,  with  a  breadth  va- 
rying from  7  to  20  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels 
throughout  its  whole  extent,  and  rei'eives  the  large  and 
navigable  river  Potomac  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  state, 
besides  the  Patuxent  and  Patapsco  fi-om  tlie  W..  the  Sus- 
quehanna fi-om  the  N.,  and  the  Elk,  Chester,  Choptank, 
Nanticoke.  and  Pocomoke  from  the  E.  All  these  rivers  are 
more  or  less  navigable  for  small  ocean  craft,  and  the  Poto- 
mac for  the  largest  class  vessels  to  Alexandria.  The  bay 
aliounds  with  fine  fish,  oysters,  and  terrapins.  Tlie  waters 
of  the  bay  back  up  in  numerous  inlets,  and  bring  the  means 
of  cheap  and  easy  transport  almost  to  the  very  doors  of  the 
farmer,  beside  furni^ihing  him  with  a  chc.ip  supjily  of  a  great 
variety  of  the  finest  iish.  There  are  a  numbt-r  of  islands  in 
Chesapeake  Bay.  the  principal  of  which  are  Kent  Island, 
opposite  the  city  of  Annapolis,  12  miles  long,  and  Tangier 
Island,  farther  south. 

Objects  nf  Interest  in  Tourists. — Maryland  shares  with  Vir- 
ginia the  wild  scenery  at  Harper's  Ferry,  where  the  I'otoniac 
bursts  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  whi<h  Mr.  .Icffers'in 
declared  worth  a  voyage  across  the  .\tlantic  to  witness.  The 
falls  of. the  I'otomac.  al>out  14  miles  above  Georgetown, 
though  of  no  great  perpendicular  height,  are  r<?presentetl 
as  being  one  of  the  moist  interesting  cataracts  in  the  UniU-d 


MAR 


MAR 


states.  The  descftnt  is  about  80  feet  in  IJ  miles,  from  30  to 
40  feet  of  which  are  in  one  perfieiidiiuliir  pitch.  It  is  not, 
however,  the  tall  of  water  tliat  cou.stitutcs  the  whole  inter- 
est of  the  sci^ne,  which  is  very  much  lieijrhtcned  by  the 
wild,  ]jcrpendieular  cliffs  that  fhut  in  the  river  on  the  \iv- 
ginia  side. 

Climate,  Sail,  and  Prndudirms. — Maryland  occupies  a  po- 
sition about  equally  removed  from  tlie  extremes  of  the 
North  find  South  as  to  temperature.  Her  contiguity  to  the 
ocean,  and  the  fact  of  the  Chesapeake  liny  permeatin;?  her 
midst,  give  her  the  advantage  of  whatever  mitigating  effects 
large  bodies  of  water  may  exert  on  climate.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  lowlands  on  the  borders  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay 
are  subj<'ct  to  exhalations  of  miasmatic  matter,  which  give 
rise  to  bilious  fevers  and  fevers  with  ague  in  the  autumn. 

The  soil  of  the  Eastern  Shore,  and  some  of  the  counties 
on  tho  Western,  is  a  mixture  of  sand  and  clay,  which, 
thou,'h  not  of  the  most  fertile  character,  is  easily  impi-oved, 
and.  by  the  aid  of  manure,  which  it  po,s»esseg  at  hand  In  its 
extensive  beds  of  marl,  well  repays  cultivation.  Some  of 
the  valleys  of  the  middle  and  northern  counties  are  highly 
fertile.  Maryland  has  formerly  suffered  from  an  injudicious 
system  of  agriculture,  of  constant  cropping  with  but  little 
manuring.  This  system  is,  however,  happily  passing  away ; 
emigrants  from  the  North  are  taking  up  the  lands  worn 
out  by  the  system  referred  to,  and  by  means  of  giiano, 
bone-dust,  marl,  and  other  manures,  are  restoring  the  land 
to  more  than  its  pristine  fertility.  The  soil  receives  im- 
provement easily,  is  readily  cultivated,  and  the  farmers 
emigrating  from  the  rougher  soil  of  the  North  find  their 
labors  here  much  diminished.  Maryland  ranks  thii-d  of  the 
states  of  tho  Union  in  the  absolute  amount  of  tobacco  pro- 
duced; and,  if  we  regard  population,  the  .second.  The 
other  great  staples  are  wheat  and  Indian  corn;  besides 
which,  large  quantities  of  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  tiax,  hay, 
gras.sgeeds,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  pease,  beans,  fruits, 
butter,  beeswax,  honey,  and  wool,  and  some  barley,  wine, 
cheese,  hops,  hemp,  silk,  maple  sugar,  and  molasses  are  pro- 
duced. According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in 
Maryland  o,()02,'JtJ7  acres  of  improved  land,  (1,833,304  being 
unirnjiroved,)  jirodncing  6,103,480  bushels  of  wheat;  618,t»01 
of  rye;  13,444,922  of  Indian  corn;  3,959,298  of  oats;  34,407 
of  peas  and  beans;  l,2t)4,429  of  Irish  potatoes;  2:i6,740  of 
sweet  potatoes;  212,338  of  buckwheat;  3,195  of  grass 
seeds.  38,410,965  pounds  of  tobacco;  491,511  of  wool; 
5,265.295  of  luitter;  8342  of  cheese;  6960  of  beeswa.x ; 
193,:i.)4  of  I'.oney ;  17,350  bushels  of  barley;  14,481  pounds 
of  flax:  and  t);5,821  of  majjle  sugar;  191,744  tons  of  hay; 
live  .stock  valued  at  $14,667,853 ;  orchard  products  at  $252,1 96 ; 
market  products  at  $530,221 ;  and  slaughtered  animals  at 
$2,821,510. 

Forest  Trees. — Several  varieties  of  oak,  pine,  chestnut, 
cedar,  poplar,  maple,  fir,  hickory,  ash,  beech,  gum,  birch, 
persimmon,  sycamore,  walnut,  cypress,  sassafras,  locust, 
dogwood,  magnolia,  holly,  elm,  and  cherry  are  the  priu- 
cipal  woods. 

Manufactures. — Maryland  has  a  large  amount  of  capital 
employed  in  a  great  variety  of  niaimfactures.  In  18tiO 
there  were  in  the  state  3083  establishments,  cmj)loying 
28,703  persons,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $25,494,007, 
producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $41,735,157  annually  ;  total 
amount  of  capital  inve.sted  $23,230,608.  Of  these  424 
were  flour  and  inesil  establishments,  capital  invested  $2,546,- 
676,  value  of  annual  products  $8,231,271 ;  148  men's  cloth- 
ing establishment,  capital  invested  $1,270,150,  annual  pro- 
ducts $0,271,116;  18  cotton  factories,  capital  invested  $2,- 
234,500.  annual  products  $2,941,277  ;  1  sugar  refinerv.  capi- 
tal invested  $J50,000,  annual  products  $2,300,000;  4tj8  boot 
and  shoe  manufactories,  capital  investetl  $347,355,  annual 
products  $1,287,2.56;  1  copper-smelting  foundry,  capital  in- 
vested $600,000,  annual  products  $1,300,000  ;  "93  establish- 
ments for  tiie  manufacture  and  preparation  of  leather,  capi- 
tal invested  $1,101,800,  annual  products  $1,962,002;  16  ma- 
chine shops,  capital  invested  $1,384,300,  annual  products 
$1,641,000;  34  provision  estiiblishments,  capital  invested 
$806,014,  animal  products  $2,017,855;  7  rolling-mills,  capital 
invested  $426,000,  annual  jiroducts  $856.125 ;  27  woollen  fac- 
tories, capital  invested  $318,200,  annual  products  $605,992. 
Value  of  home-made  manufactures,  $67,003. 

Internal  Improvements, — Maryland  was  among  the  earliest 
of  the  Cnited  States  to  enter  with  zeal  upon  a  system  of 
Internal  improvements;  and  it  is  believed  that  a  portion 
of  the  lialtimore  and  Ohio  liailroad  was  the  first  in  Ame- 
rica used  for  the  purposes  of  ordinary  travel  and  transport 
of  goods,  'i'his  state,  as  w.ell  as  Pennsylvania.  dis|ilayed 
more  enterpri.se  than  caution  in  projecting  her  earlier 
works  of  intercommunication,  and  involved  her.«elf  in  a 
heavy  debt,  particularly  for  the  construction  of  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Oliio  Canal,  for  which,  up  to  the  year  1839,  she 
had  expended  upwards  of  $7,000,0<X),  and  which  has  never 
been  completed  beyond  Cumterland,  (184  miles.)  nor  yielded 
a  remunerating  income  in  tolls.  Maryland  has  loaned  and 
expended  more  than  $15,000,000  in  aid  of  railroads  and 
canals,  which  are  now  likely  to  become  richly  remunera- 
tive. She  has  already  a  sinking  fund  of  $2,922,750,  which 
3X 


will  probably  be  multiplied  rapidly  by  the  increased  pro. 
duetiveness  of  the  completed  works.  Discoveries  of  new 
veii-.s  of  coal  in  the  Cumberland  coal  region,  for  whidi 
there  is  now  a  great  demand  for  steamships  and  other  pur- 
poses, together  with  the  increased  iiroi'uction  of  iron  from 
the  same  region,  cannot  fail  to  add  gieatly  to  the  income 
from  tlie  canal.  According  to  the  census  of  1800,  there 
were  in  Maryland  380  miles  of  railroivl  in  operatiun,  costing 
$21,387,1.57.  These  roads  connect  lialtimore  with  Wheeling 
and  Cincinnati,  and  various  intermediate  places,  with  Wash- 
ington City,  with  \\'ilmington,  in  Delaware,  with  Harris- 
burg,  York,  and  I'hiladeliihia,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  with 
Annapolis,  the  state  ca|dtal.  The  Che.sapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal  opens  an  inland  navigation  to  Philadelphia, 
and  the  Susquehanna  Canal  gives  lialtimore  a  share  iu  the 
trade  of  the  interior  of  Pennsylvania,  bringing  to  her  the 
lumber  of  Southern  New  York.  Ilagerstown,  in  Jlaryland, 
is  also  connected  with  Chambersburg,  Carlisle,  and  llarris- 
burg,  in  Pennsylvania. 

Oimmerce. — Maryland  pos.sesses  great  facilities  both  for 
foreign  and  intern.il  commerce,  having  (he  Chesapeake  Bay, 
navigable  for  the  largest  vessels,  extending  through  the 
heart  of  her  territory,  and  her  south-western  shore  washed 
by  the  Potomac  and  the  Susquehanna,  floating  a  portion 
of  the  products  of  Southern  New  Y'ork  and  the  interior  of 
Pennsylvania  to  her  commercial  metropoli.s.  Communicat- 
ing witl)  the  great  West  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  liailroad, 
and  the  Che.s.ipeake  and  Ohio  Canal;  with  Pennsylvania 
and  the  north-east,  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal ; 
and  by  .several  railroads,  Maryland  has  every  prospect  of 
increasing  her  trade  in  a  rapid  ratio.  The  Cumberland  coal, 
now  much  in  demand  for  steamcr.s,  will  add  greatly  to  her 
coiisting  tonnage.  The  prime  articles  of  foreign  export  are 
flour,  wheat,  pork,  and  tobacco.  The  imports  of  Maryland 
for  the  year  eniling  June  30,  1863,  amounted  to  $4,4s4,399; 
and  the  exports  to  $12,089,072.  The  tonnage  entered  was 
128,565;  tonnage  cleared,  142,234;  owned  in  the  state, 
2X8,800.  During  the  year,  167  vessels,  including  5  steamers, 
were  built,  tlnj  tonnaj!;e  of  which  was  12,787. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1850,  Maryland 
hail  11  colleges,  with  992  students  and  $101,714  income,  of 
wliich  only$17tH)  was  from  public  funds;  907  public  schools, 
with  33.264  pu)>ils  and  $220,148  income,  of  wliich  $67,273 
was  from  public-  funds,  and  $88,663  from  taxation  ;  and  224 
academies  and  other  schools,  with  10,677  pupils  and  $242,229 
income,  of  which  $7165  was  from  public  funds,  and  $14,995 
from  endowments.  Attending  schools,  as  reported  by  fami- 
lies, 62.063.  Free  adults  who  could  not  read  and  write, 
41.877,  of  whom  3451  were  of  foreign  birth.  According  to 
the  American  Almanac,  there  were  in  1853,  in  JIaryland,  5 
colleges  with  433  students,  and  2  medical  schools  with  125 
students. 

Heligious  Denominations. — Of  the  1016  churches  in  Mary- 
land iu  1860,  the  Biiptists  owned  ;i4;  Tunker  Baptists,  13; 
Episcopalians,  158;  Eriends.  20;  German  Kefornied,  29; 
Lutlierans,  65;  Methodises,  541 ;  Presbyterians,  68  ;  Roman 
Catholics,  82;  and  minor  .sects,  26;  giving  1  church  to  eVery 
676  persons.     Value  of  church  property,  $5,516,150. 

I'erioiHcalx. — There  were  published  in  Maryland  in  1860, 
6  daily,  2  tri-weekly,  and  4'J  weekly  ptditical  papers.  Ve 
have  no  returns  of  the  literary  and  religious  periodicals. 
The  number  of  copies  issued  annually  was  20,721,472. 

Public  Institutions. — The  State  Penitentiary,  located 
at  Baltimore,  received  a  state  apprfpriation  in  1851  of 
$30,000.  The  number  of  convicts  in  this  institution  in 
December,  1852,  was  305,  of  whom  54  were  minors;  but  foi 
the  latter  class  a  pltice  of  correction  rather  than  punish- 
ment is  about  to  be  supplied,  in  a  House  of  Refugfe,  now  in 
course  of  construction,  which  will  embrace  the  improve- 
ments suggested  by  institutions  established  in  other  states. 
Tho  Maryland  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at  Baltimore,  had 
164  patients  under  care  in  the  year  1852.  of  whom  101  were 
private  patients,  and  63  public.  Of  these.  34  were  admitted 
during  the  year,  10  recovered,  18  were  iischarged.  3  im- 
proved, 15  unimproved,  and  6  died.  The  expenditures  for 
the  year  were  $25,647,06.  From  the  establishment  of  this 
institution,  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  centuify,  up  to 
this  time,  (18.53.)  it  has  received  from  the  state  $111,000, 
and  from  other  sources  $98,000.  There  were  iu  Maryland 
in  1850,  17  public  libraries  with  54,750  volumes,  92  Sunday- 
school  and  school  libraries,  with  34.650  volumes,  10  college 
libraries  with  33,792,  and  5  church  libraries  with  1850  vol- 
umes, 

I'opulation. — Maryland  was  originally  settled  mostly  by 
the  English,  but  it  partakes  at  present  of  much  the  same 
mixture  of  population  that  characterizes  the  United  States 
generally.  The  number  of  inhabitants  was  319,728  in  1790, 
341,548  in  1800;  380,546  in  1810;  407.350  in  1820;  447.040 
in  1830;  470,019  in  1840;  583,034  in  1850;  and,  in  1860, 
687,049;  of  whom  615,918  were  white,  83,941  free  colored, 
and  87,189  slaves.  Population  to  the  square  mile,  73 :  rep- 
resentative population,  652,173.  Of  the  free  population, 
481,061  were  born  in  the  state,  42,163  in  other  states,  77536, 
in  foreign  countries;  of  whom  4235  were  born  in  England, 
24872  Iu  Ireland,  1583  in  Scotland,  701  in  Wales,  333  iu 

1153 


MAR 

British  Amerl(  a,  43.884  in  Germany,  599  in  France,  376  in 
Holland.  220  in  Italy,  177  in  Switzerland,  176  iu  the  West 
Indies,  and  380  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population 
engaged  iu  the  leading  pursuits,  29,244  were  laborers,  27,696 
farmers,  16.r.S->  servants,  12,920  farm  laborers.  5572  carpen- 
ters, 5503  clerks,  4536  shoemakers,  3918  mariners,  3511  ap- 
prentices, 3:349  laundresses,  3182  merchants,  2903  seiuii- 
stresses,  2844  tailors,  2495  blacksmiths,  1462  teachers,  1205 
tiiiloressea,  1424  coopers,  1144  miners,  1429  carters,  1198 
painters,  1093  physicians,  1044  millers,  1046  machinists,  1096 
butchers,  849  wheelwrights,  739  iunkeepers,  731  clergymen, 
ancl  599  lawyers.  In  tlie  year  ending  June  1st,  1860.  there 
occurred  7370  dejiths,  or  10-9  in  every  thousand.  Of  237 
^eaf  and  dumb,  35  were  slaves.  (See  Ixtroductiok  to  the 
<olunie  on  Population  of  the  Eightli  Cm-'xis.  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi, 
&o.)  Of  298  blind,  34  were  slaves;  of  560  insane,  14  were 
slaves:  of  305  idiotic,  62  were  slaves. 

Omntif^. — Maryland  is  divided  into  21  counties,  viz..  Alle- 
ghany, Anne  Arundel.  Baltimore.  Calvert.  Caroline,  Carroll. 
Cwil,  Charles,  Dorchester,  Freiierick.  Harford,  Howard. 
Kent^  Moutsfomery,  I'rince  George,  Queen  Anne,  St.  ,Alary"s. 
Somerset,  Talbot,  Washington,  and  Worcester.  Capital, 
Annapolis. 

Cities  imd  Towns. — The  principal  tfwns  of  5Iaryland  are 
Baltimore,  population  212,418;  Frederick  8142,  (Cumberland 
about  S5(X),  Annaix)Iis  4629,  Ciimbridge  1862,  Chestertown 
ln.«i.  F.Uioott's  Mills  1444,  Leonardtown568,  Greensborough 
406.  ani  Westminster. 

Government.  Finances.  Banks.  &c. — The  governor  of  Mary- 
land is  elected  by  the  people  for  four  years,  and  lias  a  salary 
of  §3600  per  annum,  with  the  use  of  a  furnished  house. 
The  Senate  consists  of  22  members,  elected  for  four,  and 
the  HouiK  of  Representatives  of  74.  elected  for  two  years, 
both  by  the  people.  The  state  is  divided  into  three  districts, 
from  which  the  governor  must  be  chosen  in  rotation.  The 
sessions  of  the  leirislature  are  biennial,  and  convene  on  the 
first  Wednesday  iu  January.  The  judiciarj'  consists  1.  Of 
a  court  of  appeals,  composed  of  four  judges,  elected  from 
district,*  by  popular  vote  for  ten  years,  but  ea^h  judge  must 
retire  at  the  age  of  70.  The  governor  and  Senate  designate 
one  of  the  four  as  chief  justice;  2.  Of  ei.iiht  circuit  courts, 
presided  over  by  as  many  judges,  each  elected  from  a  sepa- 
rate district,  by  popular  vote,  for  ten  years.  The  fifth  cir- 
cuit comprises  tlie  city  of  Baltimore,  wliich  has  three  courts, 
viz.  a  superior  court,  court  of  common  plea-s.  and  a  criminal 
court.  The  judie  of  the  latter  is  elected  for  six  years:  3.  Of 
an  orphans'  court  in  each  county,  and  iu  the  city  of  Balti- 
more, composed  of  three  persons  as  judges,  elected  by  popu- 
lar vote  for  four  years.  Kegisters.  sheriffs,  constjibles.  jus- 
tices of  the  peaoe.  and  prosecuting  attorneys  are  all  elected 
by  the  people,  for  periods  varying  fi-om  two  to  .six  yeai-s. 
The  juJ,ges  of  the  court  of  appeals,  and  the  Baltimore  city 
courts,  receive  .salaries  of  $2500.  and  the  circuit  judges  $2000 
per  annum.  The  office  of  attorney-general  lias  been  abo- 
lirhed  by  the  new  constitution.  No  debt  is  to  be  contracted 
by  the  state  for  a  greater  sum  than  $100,000,  or  for  a  longer 
period  than  15  years.  Every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the 
United  .states.  21  years  of  age,  resident  in  tlie  state  one 
year,  and  in  the  county,  town,  or  city  where  he  offers  to 
Tote,  for  six  months  next  preceding  the  election,  may  vote. 
Maryland  is  entitled  to  5  members  in  the  >iation:il  House 
of  Kepresentatives,  and  to  7  electoral  votes  for  I'resident  of 
the  United  States.  The  assessed  value  of  real  estate,  accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1860.  was  $65,341,4-38,  and  that  of  per- 
sonal property  $231,793,800.  The  public  del)t,  on  the  30th 
of  September,  ls62,  after  deducting  the  sinking-fund  and 
railroad  bonds  owned  by  the  state,  Wiis  $6,238,070.  The 
receipts  for  186:3  were  '$1,99:3.608,  and  the  expenditures 
$1,546,859.  $565,280  were  received  from  direct  and  specific 
taxes,  and  $280,4:38  from  licenses.  There  were  in  this  state, 
according  to  tlie  census  of  18i")0,  31  banking  institutions, 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $12,568,962,  a  circulation  of 
$4,106,869,  and  $2,779,418  in  specie. 

HisUrry. — Maryland  derived  its  name  from  Henrietta 
Maria,  queen  of  Charles  I.,  who  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore 
a  charter  for  the  territory  now  occupied  by  the  present  state 
of  Maryland.  Leonard  Calvert,  brother  of  Lord  Baltimore, 
led  the  first  colony,  which  settled  at  St.  Mary's,  in  1634.  In 
1649.  to  her  lasting  honor,  Maryland  passed  an  art  granting 
reli.:ious  toleration  to  all  sects  and  creeds.  In  1660,  when 
Philip  Calvert  assumed  the  government,  the  colony  had 
12,000  inh.ahitants:  eleven  years  afterwards  they  had  in- 
crea.s<Kl  to  20.000.  In  1688.  William  III.  assumed  the  govern- 
ment; which,  however,  was  restored  to  the  Calvert  &mily 
twenty-seven  years  later.  In  1694  and  1695.  a  disease  pre- 
vailed among  the  stock,  carrving  off  about  90.000  cattle  and 
hogs.  In  1753.  the  colony'li-id  154.188  inhabitants.  No 
conspicuous  engagement  took  place  in  Maryland  during  the 
Revolutionary  contest,  but  some  of  the  se.ssions  of  the  con- 
tinentiil  Congress  were  held  at  Annapolis,  and  there  ^Vash- 
ingti^in  resigned  his  command  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
During  the  wnr  of  1S12.  however,  her  territory  was  twice 
InvadtHi  by  the  British,  who  were  gallantly  repulsed  from 
North  Point  near  Baltimore,  September  13,  1814:  although 
they  htvi  gained  a  temporary  triumph  a  few  weeks  before 
1164 


MAS 

at  Bladen<hurg.  The  constitution  of  JIaryland  underwent 
a  radical  change  at  the  Revolution,  and  has  been  twice  re- 
modelled since,  viz.  in  18:33  and  1851. 

MARYLAND, a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  Otsego  CO.  New  York,  about  65  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany 
Pop.  2228. 

MARYLAND  LINE,  a  postroffice  of  Baltimore  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

MAOtY'LEBONE  or  ST.  MARYLEBONE,  a  pariiamentary 
borough  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  firming 
the  N.W.  quarter  of  the  metropolis,  having  E.  the  l«jrough 
of  Finsbury,  and  S.  Westminster,  on  which  side  i»xfor4 
Street  forms  its  boundarj'.  Pop.  4-36,228.  The  borough  con- 
sists mostly  of  elegant  streets,  very  regularly  laid  out,  and 
inhabited  by  many  wealthy  private  families:  and  it  com- 
prises the  Regent's  Park,  Portland  Place,  the  uj  per  part  of 
Regent  Street,  Cavendish,  Portman,  Manchester,  and  i  itzroy 
Squares ;  the  new  and  splendid  quarter  betwi-eu  the  Regent's 
and  Hyde  Parks,  the  Colosseum,  Princess's  Theatre,  >iiddle- 
sex  Hospital,  the  terminus  of  the  Great  Western  Railway,  and 
several  handsome  churches.  Since  the  Reform  Act  it  has 
sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Couiuioiis. 

MA'RYPORT.  a  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, on  the  Ellen,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Irish  Sea,  con- 
nected by  railway,  26  miles  W.S.W.  of  Carlisle,  and  12  miles 
X.N.E.  of  ^Vhjtehaven.  Pop.  in  1851,  5698.  It  is  well 
built;  has  yards  for  shipbuilding,  some  manufactures  of 
cottons,  and  large  exports  of  coal  to  Scotland  and  Irelaua 
Registered  shipping  in  1846,  122  vessels;  aggregate  burden, 
15.416  tons.     The  harbor  dfies  at  low  water. 

MARY'S  CREliK,  Texas,  rises  in  Cook  co.,  and  flows 
south-eastward  into  Stewart's  Fork,  in  Tarrant  county. 

MARY'S  GARDEN,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

M.\'RYSTOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

M.VRYSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Campbell  co.,  A'irginia, 
near  Staunton  liiver,  115  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Richmond 

M.VRYSVILLI';,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cbarhate  co., 
Virginia,  is  situated  near  the  railroad  from  Richmond  to 
Danville.  100  mUes  S.\V.  of  the  former.  It  contains  3 
churches,  an  academy,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

MARYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kohesou  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

MARY'SVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Itawamha  co..  MississippL 

M.\RYSV1LLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Blount 
CO..  Tennes.see,  18  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Knoxville.  and  al'Out  8 
miles  S.  of  Holston  River.  It  is  the  .seat  of  the  South- 
western Theological  Seminary,  founded  by  the  Pi-esbyteriana 
in  1821. 

MARYSVILLE.    See  Cl.\tsville. 

M.-VRY'SVILLE.  a  thriving  post-vill."ige  of  Paris  township, 
capital  of  Union  co..  Ohio,  on  Mill  Creek,  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Columbus.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country, 
at  the  intersection  of  two  railroads,  connecting  it  with  Co^ 
lumbus,  Springfield,  Ciucinnati,  &c.  Marysville  contains  a 
court-house,  an  academy,  and  several  churches.     Pop.  849. 

MARYSVJLLE,  a  piist-villago  of  Beutou  co.,  Iowa,  40 
miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

MARY'SVILLE,  the  capital  of  Marshall  CO.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Big  Blue  River,  90  miles  N.W.  of  Topeka.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, 5  stores,  2  hotels,  1  flouring-mill,  and  2  saw-mills.  One 
newspaper  is  published  here.     Pop.  in  1864,  about  .'.00. 

MARYSVILLi;,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Yuba  co., 
California,  is  .situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  Y'uba  River,  1  mile 
above  its  junction  with  Feather  River,  and  about  llW  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Benicia.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  this 
town  and  San  Franci.-co;  and  the  main  road  from  Sacra- 
mento City  passes  through  it.  Two  divily  and  2  weekly 
newspapers  are  published  here.  The  town  was  commenced 
,lato  in  the  fall  of  1849.  A  city  charter  was  gi-anted  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1851,  and  amended  May  7,  1853.  The  population 
in  1860  was  4740;  in  1865  it  is  estimated  at  7000.  See 
Appe.ndix. 

MARYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Willamette  River. 

MARY-TAVY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SIA'RYTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

MA'RYVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Nodaway  co., 
Missouri,  about  48  miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph.    Free  j-op.  427. 

MARZAMENI,  maRd-zi-m.^'nee,  a  small  island  off  the  S.K 
coast  of  Sicily,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Syracuse. 

MARZANO,  maRd-?,it/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro.  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gaeta.    Pop.  1400. 

M.\S  AGENAIS.  Le.  leh  m3z  d'zheh-n;i/,  a  small  town  of 
France,  department  of  Lot-et-Garonne,  on  the  Garonne,  7 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Marmande.    Pop.  1416. 

M.\S-A-FUERA.  mis-i-fwA'rd,  a  rocky  island  in  the  Pnnte 
Ocean,  belonging  to  Chili.  110  miles  W.  of  the  island  of  Juan 
Fernandez,  and  rising  to  2300  feet  above  the  occnn.  Lat. 
33'>  49'  S.,  Ion.  80°  64'  30"  AV.  It  is  about  10  mil-;s  in  cir- 
cumference. The  appellation  Mas-a-Fuera,  signifying  ''fui^ 
ther  out."  [to  sea,]  was  given  to  this  island  in  coutvadi.stino- 
tion  to  Jd.\n  F£Rn.v.ni>ez,  which  was  called  Uas-u-Tierju, 
(••  nearer  the  land.'") 

MASAMBEEK  or  MASAMBIK.    Se'  Sloz.viiBig:£. 


HAS 


MAS 


MASAXA^A,  mJ-sl-nS'sJ.  a  village  of  SpnJn,  province 
ami  alx)Ut  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Valencia.     )*op.  1915. 

MA.SAU'DIS,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  CO.,  Maine. 
Intersected  by  Aroostook  Kiver. 

M.\S-A-TliiKKA  Islam).     See  .Tuax  Fer\a\T)EZ. 

MASAVA.  mi-si'd.  a  town  of  Central  America,  state  and 
40  miles  N.W.  of  Nicaragua,  at  the  foot  of  the  volcano  of 
Masava. 

MA'sbATE.  mds-bi'tA.  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands.  Ma- 
lay Archipcliigo.  S.  of  Luzon,  and  W.  of  !<amar.  Lenprth, 
from  K.  to  W..  about  70  miles,  avera<;e  breadth  20  miles. 
Here  are  the  ports  of  Barreras  and  Oatavuiian. 

MAS'l{()ROU(;i£.  a  village  of  lOnu'land,  with  a  station  on 
the  Midland  Railway,     f^ee  Kothkriiam. 

.MA.-<CAL.  mis-kdi'.or  .MASCALLY.mas-kailee,  an  island 
of  Uritish  India,  presidency  of  Ben;ra1,  district  of  Chitta- 
ponj.  in  the  I5ay  of  Bengal,  near  the  coast,  42  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Isliimabad. 

MASCALI.  mis-kjlee,  a  seaport  town  of  Sicily,  intendency 
and  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Catania,  near  the  foot  of  Mount 
Mtnu.  I'op.  4000.  It  is  decaying,  while  its  outports.  Giarre 
and  itiposto.  are  rising  in  importance:  but  it  has  an  active 
fishery,  and  trade  in  wine,  lime,  corn,  timtwr.  fruit.  an<l  lava. 
Ma.scali  has  some  curious  Saracenic  and  other  antiquities. 

MASCAI.UCIA.  md-s-ka-loo/ch.!,  a  town  of  Sicily,  5  miles 
N.  of  Catania,  on  the  E.  declivity  of  Mount  ^Etna.  I'op. 
2000.     It  suffered  .severely  from  an  eartlniuake  in  1S18. 

MASCARA.  mls'kaVd',  or  VICTO'UIA,a  town  of  Algeria, 
province  and  ib  miles  S.E.  of  Oran.  I'op.  in  1849,  4.512.  of 
whom  1710  were  Europeans.  It^was  the  residence  of  Abd- 
el-Kader :  was  taken  and  ruined  by  the  French  in  1 8.35 ; 
afterwards  cedetl  to  Abd-el-Kader,  and  again  occupied  in 
1841.  It  gave  its  n.ame  to  the  W.  province  of  Algiers,  called 
also  Tlemkcev,  and  now  Oran. 

SIA.**CARENE  (mas-ka-roen')  ISLES,  a  collective  name  of 
the  islands  of  Bourbon.  Mauritius,  and  Rodrigues,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  so  called  from  the  I'ortugue.se  Mascarenhas, 
who  discovered  Bourbon  in  1545. 

MASCAT.  or  MASCATE.  in  Arabia.     See  Muscat. 

MAS'OOMY  RIVER,  a  sm.all  stream  of  Gr.afton  co..  near 
the  centre  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  into  Ma.scomy  Pond. 

MASCOUTAH,  m.as-koo'tah.  a  post-vill.ige  of  St.  Clair  co.. 
Illinois.  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Louis.  It  has  1  Metho<Iist 
and  1  Catholic  church,  and  a  steam  flouring-mill. 

.ALVS  DK  AZIL,  nids  dA  .l^zeel',  a  small  town  of  France;  de- 
partment of  Arifige.  12  miles  \V.S.W.  of  I'amiers.     Pop.  1590. 

MAS  DK  LAS  MATAS,  mjis  drl  Iris  md'tds,  a,  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Teruel.     Pop.  1809. 

JIASII'AM.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  North  Riding,  on  the  Ure,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kich- 
mond.     Pop.  of  the  town.  1318. 

SIASIPAl'AUU',  a  post-office  of  Tolland  CO..  Connecticut. 

MVSH'lUIRY.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

M.VSII  i\V',  mSVhow',  or  MASS.\().  inasVow'.  a  town  of 
South  Africa,  Bechuana  country,  about  115  miles  N.E.  of 
Lattakoo.     Pop.  lO.OOOf?). 

MASI.  mS'see.  a  village  of  .Austrian  Italy.  28  miles  S.W. 
of  Padiia.  on  the  Adige.     Pop.  2220. 

MASK),  md'se-o.  a  village  of  the  Stirdinian  States,  2  miles 
from  f)vi!rlio.  on  the  Tanaro.     Pop.  1898. 

MASIUS  MONS.     See  Kara  Dagh. 

MASK  AT.  Arabia.    See  Muscat. 

MASK.  LOUOII.  lAri  mask,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  cos,  of  G»]- 
way  and  Mavo.  11  miles  S.  of  Castlebar,  almvit  S  miles  loiv.r. 

ilASKE'CJON.  or  MASKE'GO,  a  river  of  Michisran.  rises 
In  the  N.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  nearly  south- 
westward,  enters  Lake  Michigan  in  Ottawa  county,  about  12 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Grand  Ilaven.  Its  whole  length  is  esti- 
mat(!d  at  2i)0  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  25  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Fifty  miles  from  its  mouth  it  has  a  fall  of  25  feet, 
Maskegon  Lake,  an  expansion  of  the  river,  is  10  miles  long, 
find  is  .about  half  a  mile  from  Lake  Michigan. 

BIASKE'GON  or  M  US  KE'GON,  a  post-township  inMnske- 
gori  CO..  Michigan.  intercei)ted  by  Muskegon  Kiver.  Popu- 
lation 1450.    See  MusKEc,o.\. 

Ivt  ASNOU,  mds-noo'  (?),  a  village  of  Spain,  on  the  Barce- 
lona and  Mators  Railway,  about  10  miles  from  Baieelona. 

MA'SON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  West  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  the  Ohio  Kiver:  area  300  square  miles.  The 
Kanawha  Kiver  flows  through  the  middle  of  the  county 
into  the  Ohio.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys ; 
the  soil  is  productive.  Timber  and  stone-coal  are  abundant. 
Salt  springs  of  great  value  have  lately  been  found  near  the 
Ohio  Kiver  in  this  county,  and  several  furnaces  for  preparing 
salt  are  now  in  operation.  Formed  in  1804.  and  named  in 
honor  of  GeorL'e  Mason,  a  distinguished  statesman  of  A'lr- 
5,-inia.  Capital,  Point  Pleasant.  Pop.  9173;  of  whom  8797 
were  free,  and  ■T,(i  slaves. 

MASON,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E,  part  of  KentucKy.  bor- 
dering on  the  Ohio,  contains  2.30  square  miles.  The  Ohio 
River  bounds  it  on  the  N.,  and  it  is  intersected  by  the  X. 
fork  of  the  Licking,  and  al.so  drained  by  Limestone  and 
Lee's  Creeks.  A  bold  range  of  hills  extends  along  the  Ohio 
Kiver,  and  the  surface  of  the  Interior  is  finely  diversified. 
The  soil  is  calcareous,  deep,  and  highly  productive.     The 


county  is  intersected  by  a  turnpike  leading  to  Lexington. 
Capital,  Maj'sville  or  Washington.  Pop.  18,222,  of  whom 
14.4.00  werc!  free,  and  .3772  slaves. 

MASON,  formerly  NOTIPKSKAGO,  a  newly  formed  co 
in  the  W.  part  of  Michigan,  borderingon  Tj)ke  M:c}?igrt!i.O',>i> 
tains  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  theNnti- 
peskago  River.  The  census  of  1560  states  the  population  at 
831. 

MASON,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  540  square  miles.  The  Illinois  and  Sangamon 
Rivers  form  its  boundaries  on  the  N.W.  and  the  S..  and  unite 
at  its  western  extremity.  The  surface  is  generally  level, 
and  liable  to  submersion ;  the  soil  is  very  productive.  Stono 
coal  is  abundant.  The  Illinois  River  furnishes  an  easy 
access  to  the  Northern  and  Southern  markets.  Capital, 
Havana.     Pop.  6921. 

MA.'^ON,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Hillsborough  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Peterlx>rough  and  Shirley  Railroad, 
38  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1626. 

M.VSON.  a  post-office  of  .lackson  co.,  Tennessee. 

M.\SON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1132. 

JIASON,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  about  'M)  miles 
S.W.  of  Columbus,  contains  a  few  stores,  and  431  inhabitants. 

M.\.SON.  a  village  of  Branch  co.,  Jlichigan,  on  the  ("old- 
water  River,  85  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lansing,  and  IJ  miles  from 
the  Southern  Railroad. 

.M.\SO.N,  a  township  of  Cass  co..  Michigan.    Pop.  570. 

JIASON,  a  thriving  postrvillage,  capital  of  Ingham  co., 
Michigan,  12  miles  S.K.  of  Lansing.  The  Sycamore  Cteek, 
which  passes  through  the  village,  affords  water-power 
Mason  is  the  oldest  village  in  the  county,  and  was  first 
settled  about  1837.     Pop.  in  18,53,  about  COO. 

MASO.NE.  md-so/n^.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa.  3  miles  from  Campofreddo.     Pop.  2027. 

>I.\SON  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  Tennessee, 
15  miles  N.AV.  of  .Iack.son. 

MASO.N  HALL,  a  post-ofRce  of  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 

M.\.'iON  II.ALL.  a  postHiftice  of  Obion  co.,  Tenncs.see,  153 
miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Nashville. 

MASON'IC  COI/LEGE,  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri,  about  12 
miles  W.  of  Palmyra.  It  was  founded  in  1831  originiilly  as 
a  manual  labor  school,  and  it  has  still  a  large  tract  of  land 
occupied  as  a  farm.  In  1852,  It  had  5  instructors,  and  45 
students. 

MASON  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Gal  way, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Clifden. 

.MASON  RIVER,  Illinois,  a  little  stream  which  falls  into 
the  Illinois  Hiver.  opposite  to  Morris,  in  Grundy  co. 

M.\Si l.\"S  l'(  II  NT.  a  small  post-village  of  Benton  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  Tennessee  River. 

M.4'S0NS\'ILLE.  a  village  of  Thomp.son  township,  Wind- 
ham CO..  Connecticut,  on  the  Norwich  and  Woixester  Rail 
road.  37  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Norwich. 

M.\'S0NTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania^ 
194  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 

.M.ASON  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Hillsborough  CO., 
New  Hampshire,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Peterborough  and 
Shirley  Railroad.  23  miles  from  Groton. 

.MA'SONVILLK.  a  postrvillage  and  township  in  the  W 
part  of  Delaware  co..  New  York,  about  95  miles  S.W.  of 
Albany.     Pop.  1550. 

MASON VI LLE.  a  po.st-village  in  I,anderdnle  CO..  Alabama 
near  the  Tennessee  Kiver,  about  200  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Mont- 
gomery. 

M.\SONVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Daviess  co..  Kentucky. 

MASOVIA,  mi-so've-4,  the  name  of  a  former  palatinate  of 
Poland,  since  named  the  Province  of  Warsaw. 

M.AS'PETH,  a  post-ofllce  of  Queen's  co.,  New  York. 

M.\SSA,  Miil.s'sii,  a  \VitllL-(l  town  ot  Noriheru  Italy,  about 
52  miles  S.E.  of  Leghorn.     Pop,  1400. 

SIAS'SAC,  a  county  in  the  S,  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  of  about  140  square  miles.  The  surface  is  uneven 
and  heavily  timbered.  Stone-coal  and  lead  are  found  in  the 
county,  but  not  worked.     Capital,  Metropolis,     Pop,  4092, 

MASSAC,  a  village  of  Massac  co,,  Illinois,  on  the  Ohio 
River. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  mas^sa-chu'setts,  one  of  the  original 
states  of  the  American  Confederacy,  and  one  of  the  New 
England  or  Eastern  States,  is  bounded  on  the  N,  by  A'ep- 
mont  and  New  Ilamp.shire,  E.  by  the  Atlantic.  S.  by  tho 
.\tl«ntic,  Khode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  and  W,  by  New 
York,  It  lies  between  41°  10'  (including  the  island.s")  and 
42°  53'  N.  lat..  and  between  69°  50'  and  73°  30'  W.  Ion.  It 
is  very  irregular  in  shape,  the  S.E.  portion  projecting  into 
the  ocean  so  as  almo.»t  to  enclose  Cape  Cod  Bay.  The 
greatest  length  of  the  state  from  E.  to  W.  is  about  145  miles, 
and  it  has  in  the  longitude  of  Boston  a  breadth  of  about  90 
miles,  while  the  western  porticn  is  not  more  than  48  miles 
wide.  It  includes  an  area  of  about  78u0  square  miles,  or 
4,992,000  acres,  of  which  2,1.55,512  are  improved. 

Facn  of  the  Country. — The  surface  of  JIassachusetts  ia 
generally  uneven,  and  in  many  parts  ruL'ged  and  mountain- 
ous. The  middle,  eastern,  and  north-eastern  portions  are 
hilly  and  broken,  and  the  southeastern  Jevel  and  saudy 

1165 


MAS 

T)ie  western  po>  Hon.  tliongh  mountainons,  doos  not  attnin 
a  vt-ry  great  elevution  above  the  sea.  Siiddle  Momitiiin,  in 
the  X.w.  extrei-iity,  3.505  feet  in  altituJe.  is  tlie  hijrhest 
land  in  the  state.  This  is  a  peak  of  the  Green  Mountains, 
which  enter  the  state  from  A'ermont  and  pass  into  Con- 
necticut. They  run  nearly  parallel  with  the  Connecticut 
River,  at  distances  of  about  20  to  30  miles.  The  Other 
principal  mountains  are  the  isolated  peaks  of  Mount  Tom, 
and  Mount  Hoi  yoke,  near  Northampton — the  tbrmer  on  the 
V>'.,  and  the  latter  on  the  K.  side  of  the  Connecticut ;  and 
Wachusett  Mountain,  .\.  of  the  miiidle  of  the  state.  Wa- 
chusett  has  an  elevation  of  about  2018  feet.  Mount  Tom  of 
12l>0,  and  Ilolyokeof  910  feet.  The  tinmen  Jlountain  divides 
into  two  ranjres  in  Massachu.setts ;  the  most  western  and 
most  elevated  is  called  the  Tau^'kannic.  or  Taconic.  and  the 
eastern  the  lloosic  Kidire,  and  is  about  half  the  heiirht  of  the 
other.  Saddle  Mountain,  already  named,  and  liald  Moun- 
tain, Mount  Krerett.  or  Mount  "Washin<?ton,  by  all  which 
names  it  is  designated.  '2H2i  feet  in  height,  in  the  S.VV.  an<;le 
of  the  state,  are  peaks  of  the  Taujikannic  Range.  Mount 
Ilolyoke,  Slount  Tom.  and  Wachusett  Mountain  are  con- 
sidered as  detached  parts  of  the  Great  White  Mountain 
Range  from  New  Hampshire. 

Genlngy. — The  rocks  of  Ma.«sachuRetts  are  mostly  primary, 
in  some  places  covered  with  the  older  secondary  forn\ation. 
A  b<'lt  of  this  kind.  10  to  15  miles  in  width,  extends  from 
Boston  S.W.  to  Rhode  Island.  The  primary  rocks  extend 
in  the  N.  to  the  ocean's  verge,  while  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut rests  on  a  l>ed  of  red  sjindstone.  The  primary  rocks 
of  this  state  form  some  excellent  building  stone,  and  the 
gray  granite  of  Quincy  Hills  has  probably  its  representative 
in  one  or  more  of  the  public  buildings  of  every  great  city  or 
town  from  Massachusetts  to  Texas.  The  mountains  of  the_ 
western  part  of  the  state  are  composed  of  granite,  gneiss,' 
quartz  and  other  siliceous  rocks,  of  mica  and  clay  slates, 
limestone,  and  hornblende.  The  white  marble  of  Herkshire 
county  is  a  tine  building  material,  and  forms  parts  of  the 
walls  and  columns  of  Girard  College  at  Philadelphia.  The 
soapstone  ('steatite)  of  Hanipshh-e  county  is  largely  used 
as  a  building  material,  and  is  exported  for  that  purpose. 
The  other  minerals  are  serpentine,  asbestos,  slattf,  some 
anthracite  coal  in  the  secondary  formation,  some  copper  in 
Northampton  and  .Southampton,  plumbago,  ochres,  argilla- 
ceous earths,  lead  and  iron  ;  the  last  is  found  in  Plymouth 
and  Bristol  counties,  but  in  greatest  abundance  W.  of  the 
Connecticut  River.  The  annual  pnxluct  of  the  state,  accord- 
ing to  Whitney,  is  about  12.000  tons.  Lead  exists  in  North- 
ampton, (where  mines  were  worked  as  early  as  17t>5.1  and  in 
Hampshire  county.  There  are  some  thin  coal  seams  5  miles 
from  Mansfield,  and  some  plumbaginous  anthracite  in 
AVorcester. 

Kii-ers.  Bayn,  and  Jtlancls. — The  E.  and  S.E.  border  of 
Massachusetts  is  much  indenteil  with  bays.  A  large  gulf, 
between  Cape  Ann  and  Cape  C<xl.  has  protrudeil  itself  for 
about  25  miles  in  a  S.W..  and  65  in  a  S.E.  direction,  into 
the  eastern  part  of  the  state;  the  northern  portion  having 
received  the  name  of  Mass:ichusett,s.  and  the  southern  of 
Cape  C<xl  Bay.  Buzzard's  Bay  from  the  S.  extends  in  a  N.E. 
direction  towards  Cape  Cod  Bay,  forming  Barnstable  county 
into  a  p«'ninsula  almost  enclosing  Cape  Cod  Bay.  Plymouth 
Bay  is  a  smaller  inlet  of  Cajie  Cod  on  the  AV.  The  Connecti- 
cut River,  which  passes  through  the  W.  part  of  the  state, 
is  the  only  large  river  in  Ma.ssaehusctts ;  and  even  thi,«,  on 
a.-count  of  its  rapid  descent,  is  not  navigable  in  this  state 
without  the  aid  of  canals  and  locks.  The  Slerrimack,  from 
New  Hampshire,  runs  35  miles  within  the  N.E.  portion  of 
Massachusetts,  and  by  means  of  its  falls  and  rapids,  fui^ 
nishes  valuable  water-power  to  the  great  manufacturing 
towns  of  Lowell  and  Lawrence.  It  receives  within  the 
limits  of  Massachusetts  the  Nashua  and  Concord  Rivers 
fiom  the  .S.W.  Bl.ickstone  River  passes  from  the  centre 
of  the  state  S.E.  to  Narraganset  I5ay.  The  Connecticut 
receives  Miller's  .and  Chickopee  Rivers  from  the  E.,  and 
the  Deerfield  and  Westfield  from  the  W.  The  Ilousatonic 
rises  in  the  N.W.  of  Massachusetts,  and  runs  S.  into  the 
state  of  Connecticut.  Taunton  River,  celebrated  for  its 
water-power,  and  on  whosi-  banks  stand  the  manufacturing 
towns  of  Taunton  and  fall  River,  runs  from  the  S.E.  part 
of  this  state  into  Narragansett  Bay.  Charles  River,  from 
the  interior,  separates  Boston  from  Charle.-town,  and  Hows 
into  M.assachusetts  Bay.  The  rivers  of  this  state  furnish 
abundant  water-power,  and  in  many  places  exhiliit  wild 
and  romantic  scenery.  Tliere  are  several  small  islands  l<e- 
longing  to  this  state.' near  the  S.K.  shore.  The  principal  of 
these  are  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard,  chiefly  noted 
for  their  employment  in  the  whale  and  other  fisheries.  Nan- 
tucket Island  has  an  area  of  alx)ut  50  square  miles,  and 
Martha's  Vineyard  85. 

Oliji'jis  of  Interest  to  Tnurixtn. — Massachusetts  aliounds  in 
picturesque  scenery.  This  observation  is  especially  true  of 
the  western  part  of  the  state,  and  the  view  of  the  Connec- 
ticut River  and  Valley  from  Mount  Holyoke  has  Ions;  been 
ci'lebrate.1.  Though  rather  less  than  1000  feet  in  heij^ht. 
the  views  It  command.s.  and  its  ejisy  ascent,  beinit  traversed 
to  its  summit  by  a  good  carriage  road,  have  invited  hither 
i16a 


MAS 

many  tourists  in  the  suuson  for  travelling.  The  spectat(jr 
lias  below  him  the  beautiful  meandering  Connecticut  wend- 
ing its  way  through  the  meadows  and  among  the  villages, 
while  to  the  S.W..  and  at  no  great  distance,  is  Mount  Tom ; 
and  still  larther  in  the  same  direction.  Bald  or  Washington 
Mount,  and  in  the  N.W.  Saddle  Mountain,  the  highest 
ground  in  the  .state;  and  turning  to  the  E.  and  N.ii.  ha 
has  the  peaks  of  Wachusett  in  Ma.-s;ichusetts,  and  Monad- 
nock  in  New  Hampshire;  the  ijitermediate  parts  of  the 
scene  being  filled  up  with  a  great  variety  of  lamlscape,  vil- 
lages, hill.«.  rivulets,  and  low  mountains.  There  is  a  good 
hotel  on  the  top  of  Mount  Holyoke.  and  in  the  vicinity 
the  beaatiful  village  of  Northampton,  at  which  the  tourist 
may  take  up  his  quarters  and  make  his  excursion  from 
thence  over  the  mountain.  A  yet  more  extensive  view  is 
obtained  from  Saildle  Mountain,  but  it  has  hitherto  lain 
more  out  of  the  line  of  travel,  and  been  less  visited,  though 
of  thrice  the  elevation  of  Mount  Tom.  It  commands  a  view 
of  the  surrounding  country  for  40  or  50  miles,  extemlrng  to 
the  Catskills  on  the  W..  overlooking  the  Green  Mountains 
on  the  N.,  S.,  and  E..  and  on  the  N.E.  reaching  to  Monad- 
nock  Mountain,  in  New  Hampshire.  This  mountain  is 
fertile  to  the  summit,  near  which  is  a  small  lake  or  pond. 
Goo<lrich  describes  a  phenomenon  as  having  occurred  hero 
in  17S4,  called  by  the  inhabitants  tJie  bursting  of  a  cloud. 
About  dawn  of  a  r*'rtain  morning,  the  tenants  of  a  house 
on  the  banks  of  the  lloosic,  on  the  western  slope,  were 
aroused  by  the  roaring  of  the  torrent,  and  had  barely  time 
to  e.scape  liefore  their  dwelling  was  swept  away  by  the 
flood.  The  torrent  wore  a  gully  in  the  mountain  20  feet 
deep,  and  swept  away  the  timber  entirely  from  about  10 
aci-es  of  land.  Berkshire  county  abounds  in  sublime  and 
picturesque  scenery,  and  has  become  a  favorite  resort  not 
only  for  tourists,  but  fur  citizens  stseking  pleasant  .summer 
residences.  Hawthorne,  Miss  Sedgwick,  Fanny  Kemble, 
James,  and  others,  have  rendered  their  tribute  to  the 
charms  of  Berkshire  scenery,  by  taking  up  their  abode 
there  for  considerable  periods.  The  Ice  Hole,  a  narrow  and 
deep  ravine  of  great  wildness,  in  Stockbridge.  where  the 
ice  remains  the  year  round:  a  fall  of  about  70  feet  descent, 
amid  wild  .scenery,  in  the  Ilousatonic.  in  Dalton :  the  Na- 
tural Bridge,  on  Hudson's  Brook,  in  .Adams,  where  a  fi-ssu"^ 
of  from  30  to  60  feet  deep,  and  alwut  500  feet  long,  has  been 
worn  through  the  limestone  rock,  forming  a  bridge  50  feet 
above  the  water;  a  ro<k  of  30  or  40  tons,  in  New  Marl- 
borough, so  nicely  balanced  that  a  finger  can  move  it ;  and 
Hanging  Mountain,  on  the  Farmington  River,  in  Sandis- 
field.  rising  in  a  perpendicular  wall  above  the  river  to  the 
height  of  more  than  300  feet ;  are.  after  the  mountains 
already  named,  the  most  remarkable  natural  oljicts  in 
Berkshire.  Blue  Hill.  11  miles  S.AV.  of  Boston,  which  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  Boston  Harbor  and  the  ocean,  is  C35 
feet  high,  being  the  most  e!evatecl  land  in  Eastern  Massa- 
chusetts. On  the  side  of  Blount  Toby,  a  hill  of  sandstone, 
elevated  about  1000  feet  alxjve  the  Connecticut,  is  a  cavern 
alx)ut  150  feet  in  length  and  CO  in  depth.  Nahant.  a  rocky 
promontory  on  the  N.  shore  of  Boston  Bay,  extending  4 
miles  into  the  sea.  is  the  most  noted  watering-pliice  in  Mas- 
sa<-hu8etts.  It  is  about  9  miles  N.E.  of  Boston,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  ocean,  and  of  the  shipping  enter- 
ing and  departing  from  the  harbor.  In  addition  to  its 
good  beach,  Nahant  has  the  charm  of  wildness  given  to  it 
by  the  rugged  rocks  which  form  the  promontory,  and  into 
the  caves  and  recesses  of  which  the  sea  surges  at  times 
with  great  violence.  The  mineral  springs  of  this  state 
have  not  acquired  any  great  celebrity  beyond  her  own 
limits :  the  principal  are,  one  in  the  town  of  Hopkinton, 
impregnated  wiih  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonates  of  lime 
and  iron;  one  in  Shutesbury,  containg  muriate  of  lime; 
and  a  chalybeate  sulphur  spring  in  AA'inchenden.  The 
Quincy  granite  quarries,  6  or  8  miles  S.  of  Boston,  in  a 
range  "of  hills  200  feet  high,  are  worthy  of  a  visit. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Massachusetts  is  severe  :a  win- 
ter, and  on  the  sea-coast,  sulject  to  chilling  N.E.  wind?,  ia 
the  spring,  that  are  very  unfavorable  to  delicate  iungs. 
Acconling  to  observations  made  at  A\orcester.  in  lC.AO-51, 
snow  fell  two  days  in  ( lct<>ber.  and  on  five  days  in  Apiii,  sjij 
one  day  in  May.  .Aeconling  to  a  register  kept  by  Mr.  Pond, 
at  Cambridge,  from  May,  1851.  to  .April,  1852,  the  iViS,ia 
temperature  of  four  oliserviitions  made  lietween  sunrise  ani 
9  P.M..  gave  for  Mav.  55'=.53:  for  June,  64".76:  Julv,  71°.40; 
August.  68^.02:  September,  61°.09 ;  October.  5-2°.94;  Novem- 
ber, .34°.  SO;  December.  220.86:  January.  2tt°.80 ;  February, 
27°.43:  March.  32^.94.  and  April.  41°.02.  The  greatest  cold 
was  8°  below  zero.  January  16,  at  sunrise :  the  greatest  heat, 
98°.  June  30.  at  3  P.  M.  N.AV.  wjiias  prevailed  149  days.  S.W'. 
67.  and  N.E.  37  days,  in  1850-51.  It  snowed  37  days  in  tie 
same  year,  and  rained  97;  219  days  were  fair,  and  129 
cloudy;  45.77  inches  of  rain,  and  61  of  snow  fell.  The  most 
unplca.sant  feature  of  the  clim.ite  is  the  sudden  changes, 
sometimes  more  than  4t>°  in  24  hours.  The  settled  weatijer 
of  the  winter  is  more  regular,  and  perhaps  im  that  account 
more  healthful  than  farther  south.  The  rivers  are  frozen 
for  two  or  three  months,  and  occasionally  the  harbors  f  .r  hm 
many  weeku.    Though  vegetation  is  nither  late  in  puttiii^ 


MAS 


MAS 


fbrth,  it  makfts  amends  by  its  rapidity.  The  peach  and 
Hprioot  bloom  alx)ut  tlie  middle  of  April,  and  cherry  and 
apple  about  the  same  period  in  May. 

tii)il  and  Productions. — Thoufrh  tlie  soil  and  climate  of 
Mas-^ailiusetts  are  not  the  most  favorable  to  af^'iculture,  the 
skill  and  indiLstry  of  her  people  have  made  even  her  rocky 
soil  to  yii4d  rich  rewards  to  the  husbandman,  and  there  is 
probalily  no  more  scientific  farming  than  in  the  Bay  State. 
The  best  soils  are  in  the  middle  and  western  parts  of  the 
state,  in  the  valleys  of  her  streams  and  rivers,  and  particu- 
larly those  of  the  Connecticut  and  Housatonic.  The  poorest 
soil  is  ill  the  tlat,  sandy  counties  of  the  south-east.  Salt 
marshes  abound  near  the  coast.  .Senat/)r  Preston,  of  South 
Carolina,  has  sail  of  Massachusetts,  that  thoufrh  the  most 
prosperous  state  in  the  confederacy,  yet  she  literally  exported 
none  of  the  products  of  her  soil  but  her  rocks  and  her  ice. 
Thou^li  she  does  not  produce  Rrain  enough  to  supply  her 
own  consumption,  she  is  enabled  by  her  skill,  enterprise, 
and  industry  in  the  production  of  manufactures,  and  by 
her  wide-extended  commerce,  generally  to  keep  the  balance 
of  trade  in  her  favor,  and  to  support  the  densest  population 
in  the  United  States,  in  the  greatest  average  amount  of 
comfort.  Her  most  important  agricultural  products  are 
Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  potatoes,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat, 
fruits,  butter,  cheese,  liay,  maple  sugar  and  live  stock,  with 
considerable  tobacco,  wool,  pease,  beans,  wheat,  grass-seeds, 
hops,  beeswax,  and  honey,  and  some  wine,  flax,  silk,  and 
molasses.  Tliere  were  in  Ma.ssachusetts,  in  18eO,  ■2,1.')5,512 
acres  of  improved  land,  (1,183,212  being  iniimproved,)  pro- 
ducing lli>783  bushels  of  wheat;  388,085  of  rye;  2,157,053 
of  Indian  corn;  1,180,075  of  oats;  45,240  peas  and  beans; 
3,201,y01  of  Irish  jwtatoes;  134,891  of  barley;  12.3,202  of 
buckwheat;  3,23:!,1<)8  pounds  of  tobacco ;  377,267  of  wool; 
8,297,93(3  of  butter;  5294,000  of  cheese ;  665,331  tons  of  hay ; 
111,.301  pounds  of  hops;  1,00.%078  of  maple  sugar;  3289  of 
beeswax;  59,125  of  honey ;  live  stock  valued  at  $12,737,744; 
orchard  products  at  $925,519 ;  markets  at  $1,397,623,  and 
slaughtered  animals  at  $2,915,045. 

Manufactures. — In  manufactures,  as  indeed  in  most  else 
requiring  skill,  industry,  and  enterprise,  Massachusetts 
takes  the  lead.  Though  small  In  area,  and  with  a  churlish 
soil  and  climate,  this  state,  through  the  aid  of  her  manu- 
factures, is  more  densely  populated  and  more  thickly  dotted 
over  with  thriving  towns  and  villages,  than  any  member  of 
the  confederacy.  By  the  census  n'turns  of  1860.  she  stands 
far  before  every  other  state  in  the  amount  of  her  woollen 
and  cotton  manufactures.  According  to  the  same  census, 
there  were  in  .Maasachusetts  8170  establishments,  producing 
each  S-')00  and  upwards  annmilly,  employing  capital  to  the 
amount  of  $1.32,792,327  and  217.^21  hands,  consuming  raw 
material  worth  $135,053,721,  and  yieliling  prod\u:ts  valued 
at  .$255,545,922.  Among  these  were  203  cotton  factories  em- 
ploying $33,553,174  capital  and  13.586  nmie  and  24.668  fe- 
male hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $17,115,751,  and 
producing  annually  stufts,  yarn,  Ac,  valued  at  $37,8i:;,613; 
120  woollen  factories,  employing  $8,474,253  and  7384  male 
and  5004  female  hands,  consunnng  raw  material  worth  Sll,- 
813,485, and  producing  stuffs  valuedat  $18,780,.")90;  59  paper- 
mills,  employing  $.3,003,660  capital  and  1112  male  and  1741 
female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $2,838,402, 
and  producing  writing  and  printing  paper  valued  at  $4,986,- 
223;  7  iron-works.  employingS979.:jOO  capital  and  879 hands, 
and  producing  bar,  sheet  and  railroad  iron  valued  at  $2,634,- 
000;  53  iron-foundries,  employing  $1,007 ,6o0  capital  and 
1590  hands,  and  producing  castings  valued  at  $2,158,9.35; 
1354  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes,  employing  .$9,010,977 
cajiital  and  62,283  hands,  and  producing  hoots  and  shoes 
valued  at  ^46,230.529,  and  26:3  tanneries,  eniploying,$4,l 69,240 
capital,  and  producing  leather  valued  at  $11,088,986. 
_  Internal  Improvements. — We  would  not  speak  in  superla- 
tives, but  justice  to  Massachusetts  seems  to  require  it.  AVhile 
Nature  has  dealt  out  her  favors  to  her  with  a  sparing 
hand,  she  has  surpassed  all  other  states  in  industrial  anil 
mechanical  improvement,  and  has  laid  down  more  miles 
of  railroad  than  any  other  member  of  the  confederacy, 
population  and  area  considered.  Though  not  the  first  to 
enter  extensively  into  this  kind  cf  improvement,  she  has 
amply  atoned  for  any  temporary  delay  by  her  subsequent 
energy  and  enterprise;  and  at  the  beginning  of  1854  hatl  43 
lines  of  railroad,  numbering  1283  miles,  completed,  and  48 
In  course  of  construction.  By  these  roads  Boston  commu- 
nicates directly  with  every  important  town  in  Jlassachu- 
setts,  and  with  most  of  those  of  the  neighlxiring  states. 
Tliere  are  three  lines  of  continuous  railroads,  uniting  the 
capital  of  the  state  with  New  York,  and  with  the  interme- 
diate towns  of  Uhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  Central  Mas- 
sachusetts. Two  other  lines  connect  Boston  with  Portland, 
and  the  towns  between  them.  Two,  one  through  Vermont, 
and  the  other  through  Central  New  Hampshire,  bring  her 
in  direct  inten-ourse  with  Burlington.  Vermont,  with  Mon- 
treal, and  with  Ogdensburg:  and  another  to  .Mhany,  opens 
\n  uninterrupted  line  of  railway  communication  between 
Boston.  Cincinnati.  Terre-Ilaute.  Chicago.  Galena,  Rock 
Island,  and  Alton,  and  from  the  latter  by  steamboat  to  St. 
Louis.     lUilroad  commuuicatiou   has  generally  diverted 


public  attention  from  canals,  and  in  Massachusetts,  the  beds 
of  two,  (the  Blackstone.  from  Worcester  to  Providence,  and 
the  Hampden  and  llami  shire  Can.al,  from  Nor'hainpton  to 
Southwick.)  have  been  converted  into  trucks  for  railroads. 

Onnmerce. — In  commcrc-e,  this  state  occupies  the  sani'* 
prominence  as  in  most  else,  being  second  only  to  New  Y'orl 
in  ab.<olute  amount:  but  if  we  regard  population,  first  i:i 
this  respect  in  the  Union.  Though,  as  before  stated,  she 
exports  nothing  of  her  native  products  but  her  rocks  and 
her  ice,  yet  her  hardy  .sons  explore  every  sea  where  the  whale 
ranges,  bringing  home,  after  years  of  toil  and  endurance, 
rich  cargoes  of  oil  and  bone,  which  arc  distributed  over  tho 
world.  Iler  citizens  at  home  are  no  less  industrious;  calling 
to  their  aid  the  most  ingenious  machinery,  and  the  powers 
of  water  and  steam,  they  manufiuture  millions  of  yards  of 
stuffs  to  be  distributed,  not  only  over  their  own  country, 
but  send  them  to  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  and  even 
to  Kurope  and  China.  She  has  also  nearly  monopolized  the 
trade  with  Iliiidostan  and  l!us.sia.  The  foreign  imports  for 
the  fiscal  year  1852-3,  amounted  to  $41,367,956,  and  the  ex- 
ports $19,955,276;  tonnage  ent<-'red  724,174.  cleared  716.82S; 
tonnage  owned  850,280.  (relatively  the  greatest  in  the  Union. ) 
number  of  vessels  built,  (second  only  to  Maine,)  206,  of 
whicli  only  2  were  steamers,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of 
83,015.  Of  the  tonnage  owned  in  the  state  157.497  were  em- 
ployed In  the  whale,  37,631  in  the  cod,  and  41,280  in  the 
mackerel  fishery.  The  loreign  imjiorts  for  the  fl.scal  year, 
1862-15,  amounted  to  $27,724,455.  jnd  the  exports  to  $22,249,- 
443;  tonnage  entered  733,743;  tonnage  cleared  657.465.  The 
number  of  vessels  built  in  the  same  year  was  50,  with  an 
aggregate  tonnage  of  2;?.450  tons.  Among  these  were  7 
steamers.  More  than  half  of  the  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries 
is  carried  on  in  Massachusetts  bottoms.  There  is  great  irre- 
gularit}'  in  this  branch  of  trade,  the  product  in  18.30,  foj-  ex- 
ample, being  twice  that  of  1849  in  the  cod  fishery,  and  but 
little  more  in  the  latter  year  than  in  18.38.  This  department 
of  industry,  as  a  distinct  employment,  is  almost  peculiar 
to  New  England,  and  more  esi)ecially  to  Massachusetts, 
wliich  perhaps  has  a  greater  amount  of  capital  and  hands 
enii)loyed  in  the  fisheries  generally,  (and  in  the  whale  fish- 
eries certainly,)  than  any  other  country  in  America,  if  not 
in  the  world.  Of  255  whaling  vessels  which  arrived  in  the 
United  States  in  1853,  only  13  came  to  ports  out  of  New 
England,  and  only  a  very  small  proportion  out  of  .Massachu- 
setts; consequently,  of  the  K)3,077  barrels  of  sperm,  and 
26(^1,114  of  whale  oil,  and  5,6.V2,300  iiountU  of  whalebone, 
nearly  all  was  im)Kirted  into  Jlassathusetts.  This  state  re- 
ceived from  the  whale  fishery,  in  the  year  18.59-60,  iiroducts 
valuedat$6,.')2(i,238 ;  and  fnmi  the  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries, 
products  valued  at  $2,774,204.  The  future  prospect  of  the  cod 
and  mackerel  fisheries  is,  notwithstanding,  not  flattering,  as 
we  have  been  almost  entirely  superseded  in  foreign  mar- 
kets. We  learn  from  De  Bow's  Hesources  of  the  South  and 
^Vest,  that  the  two  Canadas  exported  betwen  1840  and  1850, 
fish  of  the  value  of  $7,000,000,  and  Halifax,  in  one  year, 
$275,000.  The  total  amount  of  mackerel  inspected  in  Jlas- 
sachusetts  in  18.52.  was  196,768^  barrels,  and  of  all  kinds, 
pickled  and  .smoked.  333.S32i  barrels.  The  greatest  amount 
(389,944  barrels,)  was  inspected  in  1831,  the  smallest  (5S.3b9 
barrels)  in  1840.  These  items  are  given  to  show  the  irregu- 
larity of  the  trnde.  Boston  exported  in  11  months  of  18,54, 
107.645  tons  of  ice,  and  an  average  of  about  100,000  tons  for 
several  years  previous. 

Kducntion. — In  Jlassachusetis  was  begun  that  system  for 
the  diffusion  of  knowledge  among  all  classes,  by  means  of 
common  schools,  which  has  since  extended  itself  to  the 
Middle  and  Western  States,  is  slowly  making  its  way  in  the 
Southern  States,  and  even  into  Europe ;  and  wherever  it 
goes  carrying  with  it  the  spirit  of  liberty,  for  which  it  .seems 
(humanly  speaking)  the  only  fit  preparation.  Though 
many  of  her  si.ster  states  are  now  rivalling  Ma.ssachusetts 
in  the  excellence  of  their  common  schools  and  other  educa- 
tional institutions,  yet  to  her  belongs  the  undoubted  honor 
of  having  first  extended  her  care  to  the  intellectual  culture 
of  her  humblest  citizens ;  the  rich  reward  of  which  is  seen 
not  only  in  the  number  of  splendid  names  that  adorn  her 
literature,  but  in  the  distinguished  sons  she  has  sent  out 
to  form  the  legislators,  profes.«ors,  authors,  and  teachers  of 
other  states.  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Massachusetts  8  colleges,  with  1733  students,  $195,110 
income,  $89,540  of  which  was  from  endowments;  4134  pub- 
lic schools,  having  206,974  pupils,  $1,545,454  income,  S1,35(X- 
960  of  which  was  from  taxation,  $112,825  from  public  funds, 
and  $47,615  from  endowments ;  319  academies  and  other 
schools,  having  14,001  pupils,  $490,047  income,  $40,183  of 
which  was  from  endowments,  $19,600  from  public  funds,  ami 
$15,274  from  taxes.  There  are  also  1852  libraries,  853  of 
which  are  public,  186  school,  756  Sunday-school,  5  college, 
and  52  church  libraries,  comprising  1,997,151  volumes.  Ac- 
cording to  the  American  Almanac,  there  were  in  the  state 
at  the  close  of  1852,  71  incorporated  academies,  with  4220 
scholars;  and  749  unincorporated  academies  and  private 
schools,  with  16,131  scholars ;  local  funds  for  the  support  of 
academies  $354,620,  yielding  $21,584  income ;  91.5.39  volumes 
in  school  libraries.    The  same  authority  gave  this  state,  in 

1157 


MAS 


MAS 


185? .  4  colleges  •«^ith  U4  students,  3  theological  schools '  lation  to  the  square  mile,  157 ;  representative  population, 
with  147  student^  2  mtdic.-«l  schools  with  230  students,  and  :  l,2-31,0o6.  Of  the  populiition,  800,540  were  born  iu  the 
1  la>/  school  with  158  (.tiidenta.  At  the  close  of  1853,  the,  state,  6.:.,40'i  iu  other  stutes,  2i«,ll-l  in  foreign  countries; 
nunioer  of  public  schools  in  Massachusetts  was  4113,  at-:  of  whom  2 '.,84(5  were  born  in  England,  ls5.4:U  in  Ireland, 
tentt  I  by  202,081  pupils  in  the  winter,  and  187.022  in  the !  ^$55  iu  Scotland,  3J0  iu  Wales,  27,069  in  British  America, 
sumfner:  number  of  teachers  during  the  former  ptiriod  i  9361  in  Germany,  12S0  in  France,  and  53 i7  in  otlier  foreign 
4084  (1971  male  and  2713  female),  and  4517  during  the  latter. .  countries.     Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  45,201 


Total  amount  expended  for  school  purposes,  $1,072,310,  of 
which  $37,206  was  the  income  of  local  funds.  Massachu- 
setts had  (1854)  5  normal  schools,  4  supijorted  by  the  state, 
located  in  Westfield,  Bridgewater,  Framingham,  and  Salem, 
and  1  in  Boston  supported  by  the  city. 

Jielifftous  Denominali'nts.—Of  1636  churches  in  Ma.ssachu- 
setts  in  1860,  the  Adventists  owned  10 ;  the  Baptists,  270 ;  the 
Free  Will  Baptists,  16;  the  Christians,  28 ;  the  Ckjngreg-ation- 
aiists,  501 ;  the  Kpiscopalians,  73;  the  Friends,  36 ;  the  Me- 
thodists, 295,  the  Presbyterians,  8 ;  the  Boman  Catholics, 
88;  the  Shakers,  2;  the  Spiritualists,  4;  tlie  Universalists, 


were  farmers,  44,72o  lal)orers,  41,011  shoemakers,  37,464 
servants,  32,762  tactory  hands,  17,430  farm  laborers,  15,483 
clerks,  14,541  carpenters,  14,014  mariners,  &S97  m.icliinists, 
639S  teachers,  5934  weavers,  5924  merchants,  5750  painters, 
4"^2S  blacksmiths,  4218  seamstresses,  4092  housekeepers, 
3993  tailors,  3749  tailoresses,  3753  masons,  3710  niantua- 
makers,  3319  mechanics,  2150  stone  and  marble-cutters,  2433 
grocers,  2773  milliners,  2561  fishermen,  2039  cabinet-makers, 
2075  railroad  men,  1913  clergymen,  1803  phy.siciaiis,  1991 
printers,  1186  lawyers,  140S  jewellers,  1410  coopers,  1323 
butchers,  ic.    In  the  year  ending  June  1st,  ls60,  there 


118;    the  Swedeiiborgians,  10;   the   Unitarians,   158;   the  I  occurred  21,.304  deaths,  or  17-6  in  every  thousand.    The 

number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  427  (see  Intuoduction  to 
the  volume  on  the  I'lipitlatioH  of  ihe  Eightli  O 
Iv,  Ivi,  &c.),  bliud  4ys,  insane  2i05,  and  idiotic  ' 


Unionists,  13;  minor  sects,  6;  thus  giving  1  church  to  every  ;  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  427 

752  persons.    The  total  value  of  church  properly,  $15,393,-    the  volume  on  the  l^ipulalinn  of  ihe  Ek/htli  Onsits,  pp.  liv, 

607.  I  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.),  bliud  4ys,  insane  2i05,  and  idiotic  712. 

Periodicals. — In  1860,  there  were  published  in  this  state,        Omntii-s. — JIassachusetts  is  divided  into  14  counties,  viz. 
112  political,  31  religious,  51  literary,  and  28  miscellaneous    Barnstable.   Berkshire,    Bristol,    Dukes,   Ecsex,   Franklin, 


periodicals ;  total,  222.  Of  these.  17  were  issued  daily,  3  tri- 
weekly, 14  bi-weekly,  145  weekly,  36  monthly.  6  quarterly, 
and  1  annuall}'.  The  whole  number  of  copies  issued  annu- 
ally was  102,000,760.  Tlig  circulation  of  the  daily  papers 
was  169,600  per  diem,  of  the  weekly  778,680  a  week,  and  of 
the  monthly  353,100  a  month. 

PitliUc  Institutions. — This  state  abounds  in  institutions  of 
this  class,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  two  State  luna- 
tic hospitals,  one  at  \Voreester,  founded  in  1832,  and  the 
other  at  Taunton,  amipleted  about  the  commencement  of 
1854,  with  accommodations  for  250  patients.  The  former  is 
a  well-manngeil  institution,  and  has  been  very  successful  in 
the  cure  of  patients.  Of  2306  lunatics  admitted  in  13  years, 
over  1000  were  discharged  curetl.  This  hospital  is  intended 
to  accommodate  only  360  patients,  but  of  late  years  it  has 
been  much  crowded,  the  numlier  in  November  1852  having 
been  532.  The  government  has  directed  the  buildiug  to  be 
either  torn  down  and  a  new  one  erected,  or  to  be  repaired 
at  great  cost,  as  the  committee,  after  examination,  shall 
think  best.  Of  the  532  inmates.  241  were  paupers.  The 
ex]H'iises  of  the  institution,  for  the  year  above  named, 
amuuiiteil  to  $43,878.  The  Mcl<?au  Asylum  for  the  Insane, 
located  at  Soiuerville,  i*  an  institution  where  great  pains 
are  taken  to  interest  the  minds  of  patients,  to  surround 
tliem  with  agreeable  objects,  and  to  avoid  severe  remedies. 
It  was  established  in  1818.  and  named  from  its  founder.  In 
1854  there  were  200  patients  in  tlie  Asylum,  and  264  in  a 
similar  insitution  for  pauixrs  in  Boston.  There  are  also 
institutions — one  at  Ipswich  and  one  at  Cambridge — where 
insane  paupers,  who  are  incurable,  are  kept  in  custody;  the 
former  has  82  jiatients  and  the  latter  68.  The  State  Beform 
School  at  Westlx>rough  is  an  institution  for  the  reforma- 
tion of  juvenile  offenders;  expenses  for  the  year.  §31,224.47. 
In  November.  1852,  there  were  341  boys  in  the  S<  hool.  Four 
hours  of  each  day  are  devoted  to  school,  and  six  to  labor. 
There  were  3  state  alm.shouses  built  in  1853.  located  at  Tewks- 
bury.  I'almer,  and  Middleliorough  respectively,  and  each 
caliulated  to  accommodate  5tX)  jraupers,  who  may  be  either 
natives  or  foreigners.  The  total  number  of  paupers  relieved 
or  supported  in  1853  was  25,981,  of  whom  12.334  were  of 
foreign  birth;  cast  to  the  state,  $407,959.  The  other  chari- 
table institutions  teiug  mostly  Iwated  in  Boston,  will  be 
found  described  under  that  head.  The  State  Prison  located 
in  Charlestown,  was  founded  in  1800.    The  number  of  pri 


Hampden,  Hampshire.  Middlesex,  Nantucket.  Norfolk,  Ply- 
mouth, Suffolk,  and  Worcester.    Capital,  Boston. 

Cities  and  Ibion.'s. — In  proportion  to  its  extent  and  popula- 
tion, Massachusetts  has  more  large  towns  than  any  other 
state  in  the  Union.  The  most  important  of  these  are  Bos- 
ton, population  in  1800,  l.>»7,840 ;  Lowell  3ii,827 ;  Cambridge, 
2  j,060 ;  Uoxbury,  15,137  ;  Charlestown,  25.0ti5 ;  Worcester, 
24,9. «;  New  Beilford,  22,300;  Salem,  22.202;  Lynn,  19,083; 
Lawrence,  17 <i39;  Taunton,  15,376;  Springfield,  15,199;  Fall 
Kiver,  14,02-5;  Newburyport,  13,401;  Chelsea,  13,395; 
Gloucester,  10,90 i;  Haverhill,  9995;  Dorchester,  9769; 
Milford,  9132;  Abington,  8.527;  Newton,  82S2;  Pittsfleld, 
804.5;  Somerville.  8025 ;  Fitchburg,  7805;  Weymouth,  7742; 
Marblehead,  7616;  Chicopee,  7261,  Adams, "6924;  North- 
ampton, 6788;  Quincy,  6778;  North  Bridgewater,  6584; 
South  Danvers,  6549;  Waltham,  6397 ;  Dedham,  63.30;  be- 
sides many  other  places,  ranging  from  4000  to  6000.  It 
is  to  be  observed,  that,  in  giving  the  populations  above,  the 
township  is  included  with  the  village  or  town.  To  give 
a  correct  idea  of  the  relative  importiince  of  Boston,  we 
should  give  in  its  population  a  number  of  n>'ighboring 
towns  anil  villages,  dependent  on  it,  and  doing  business  in 
it.  Taking  a  radius  of  ten  miles,  with  Tremont  House  for 
a  centre,  you  will  enclose  an  area  containing  some  400,000 
inhabitants;  or,  limiting  it  to  its  immediate  suburbs  of 
Charleston,  Chelsea,  Cambridge,  Roxbury,  Brookline,  Dor- 
chester, <fec..  you  will  have  au  aggregate  of  from  250,000  to 
300,000  inhabitants. 

Government,  Finances.  &c. — The  governor  and  lieutenant- 
governor  are  elected  annually  by  the  people,  the  former 
receiving  $25tX)  per  annum,  and  the  latter  $4  per  diem.  The 
Senate  consists  of  40.  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
356  members,  both  elected  annually  by  popular  vote.  Mas- 
sachusetts is  entitled  to  11  memters  in  the  national  House 
of  Representatives,  and  to  13  electoral  votes  for  President. 
The  judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court,  comprised 
of  6  judges,  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council,  and 
holding  office  during  good  behavior.  This  court  hns  exclu- 
sive jurisdiction  in  all  capital  and  chancerj'  suits,  and  in  all 
civil  cases  where  the  lunount  exceeds  $600  in  Suffolk,  or 
$300  in  the  other  counties;  2.  Of  a  court  of  common  plea.«, 
composed  of  1  chief  and  6  associate  judges,  which  has  juris- 
diction in  all  cases  exceeding  $20.  and  in  criminal  cases  not 
capital,  except  in  Suffolk,  where  the  municipal  court  has 


soners  (September,  1852)  was  483.  of  whom  421  were  confined  ■  cognisance  in  criminal  actions :  3.  Of  probate  courts  in  each 


for  offences  against  property,  and  76  against  the  person  ;  and 
170  were  foreigners.  Among  the  convicts  were  35  negroes, 
and  15  mulattoes.  Expenses.  $01,633;  receipts.  $57,458. 
The  whole  uuml)er  of  prisoners  in  the  jails  and  houses  of 
correction  for  1852,  was  (including  1363  debtors)  10,876,  of 
whom  2615  were  foreigners,  and  -132  colored.  Expenses, 
$107,351;  value  of  labor,  $:30.636.  In  1850,  Massach u.sett3 
had  177  public  libraries,  with  257,737  volumes;  1225  school 
and  Sunday-school  libraries,  with  270.121  volumes:  18  col- 
lege libraries,  with  141,400  volumes ;  and  42  church  libraries, 
with  14.757  volumes. 

J^ipnlatinn. — Massachusetts  was  originally  settled,  and  for 
a  long  period  almcst  exclusively  orcupii-d.  by  people  of  nearly 
unmixed  English  descent  In  point  of  niorals.  education, 
and  intellwtual  culture,  her  citizens  are  uiisurpa-ssed  in  any 
portion  of  the  Union;  and  she  has  given  birth  to  a  larger 
number  of  eminent  authors,  inventors,  and  statesmen,  than 
any  other  state  in  the  Confederacy.  Among  the  multitude 
of  her  distinguished  authors,  may  be  named  Pi-escotl,  Ban- 
croft. Bryant  Hawthorn,  and  Bo\vditch  :  and  it  is  no  exagge- 
ration to  say  that  the  renown  of  her  statesmen  is  coextensive 
with  the  fame  of  their  country.  At  the  first  national  cen.<sus 
in  1790,  the  inhabitants  numbered  378.717;  423.245  in  1800; 
472.040  in  1810;  5-2;!.2S7  in  1820;  610,408  in  1830;  737.699 
in  1840;  994,514  in  1850;  and  in  lS6o,  1,231,066;  of  whom 
1,221,431  were  whites,  9602  colored,  and  32  Indiuus.  Pouu- 
1158 


county;  4.  Of  police  courts  held  in  most  of  the  13  cities  and 
several  of  the  large  towns  of  the  state;  5.  Of  conimis.sioners 
of  insolvency ;  and  6.  Of  justices' courts.  The  judges  of  the 
supreme  court  have  salaries,  the  chief  of  $^561X1.  and  the 
associates  of  $.3000;  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  the  chief 
has  .$2300,  and  the  as,sociates  $2100;  of  the  police  court, 
$1500  per  annum  in  Boston,  but  less  elsewhere:  and  the 
commissioners  of  insolvencj'  are  remunerated  by  fees  not 
to  excee<l  $15(.iO  each. 

The  as.sessed  value  of  property  in  1850  amounted  to 
$546,003,057;  the  public  debt,  in  1854.  to  $6.853.7.30,  of 
which  $5,049,555  was  scrip  loaned  in  aid  of  railroads:  pub- 
lic property  $11,092,457,  including  security  held  for  loans 
to  railroads  $2,079,796:  productive  securities  $4,422,714; 
receipts  for  18,53.  $2,118,205:  payments  $2,181,379:  ordinary 
reven uo  $882.289 ;  ordinary  expenditui-es  .$679,752;  among 
the  appropriations  during  the  year  1853-4  were:  to  school 
and  other  funds  $502.8915;  new  lunatic  asylum  $200,845; 
state-prison  $40,551 ;  legislative  conventions.  &c..  $87,488. 
There  were  in  this  state  in  Julv  1854,  151  bank"  with 
$.53.422.&52  capital.  $18,080,925  circulation,  and  $.3„'.51.093 
in  coin;  60  savings  banks,  in  1853,  had  $23,370,102,  depo- 
sited by  117.404  individun'a 

Hislori/. — Mnssachusetts  has  been  the  theatre  of  some  of 
the  most  stirring  events  in  the  history  of  our  country  Her* 
the  mental  conflict,  as  well  as  the  struggle  in  trm-:  with 


zJt 


MAS 


MAS 


Great  Britain  oommnnoed.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
at  Plymouth,  December  22,  1620,  by  the  Pilgrim  Fathers, 
the  i'ou;iders  of  our  public  school  system,  now  scattering 
blessings  wherever  it  goes,  and  of  those  principles  of  endur- 
ance II ud  private  virtue  which  have  been  the  stay  of  the 
land  in  every  hour  of  peril.  What  if  they  did  transmit 
s<jme  bigotry  and  Intolerance  along  with  it:  in  human 
affairs  we  expect  nothing  perfect;  and  stern  virtues  in  their 
excesses  are  often  nearly  allied  to  vices.  If  men  believe 
ardently,  thcjy  are  apt  to  support  strongly ;  and  it  requires 
a  great  enl.-irgemeut  of  views  or  great  forbearance,  to  tole- 
rate that  which  is  to  us  clearly  wrong.  Indifference  may 
t(jlerate  everything;  but  it  is  next  to  impossible  for  zeal 
to  do  so. 

In  li)75,  a  native  chief,  named  Philip  of  Pokaneket,  hav- 
ing arou.sed  the  different  tribes  to  make  a  united  effort  to 
e.xpel  the  EnglLsh,  made  an  attack  upon  the  Inliabitants  of 
gwanscy,  in  which  a  number  of  the  colonists  perished: 
this  kindled  a  war  of  savage  incursions,  lasting  for  three 
years,  which  was  terminated  by  the  death  of  lliilip,  and 
tlie  complete  overthrow  of  the  power  of  the  Indians  in 
Massaihusetts.  The  Revolutionary  contest  began  in  this 
state,  with  the  skirmish  at  Lexington,  in  April,  1775,  which 
was  followed  by  the  battle  of  Bunkers  Hill,  June  17,  of  the 
same  yi'ar,  and  the  evacuation  of  Boston  by  the  British 
troops  in  March,  1776,  which  for  ever  destroyed  British  rule 
in  Massachusetts.  This  state  has  since  been  the  scene  of 
but  one  struggle  in  arms,  when  an  attempt  was  made  in 
1786  to  resist  the  authorities  by  a  party  of  rebels  led  on  by 
one  Daniel  Shays.  This  revolt  led  to  no  important  engage- 
ment, and  was  finally  put  down  iii  the  commencement  of 
the  following  year.  Massach  u.settg  has  given  two  Presidents 
to  the  United  States,  (the  elder  and  younger  Adams,)  ami 
has  sent  some  of  the  most  distinguished  statesmen  and 
orators  to  the  national  councils. 

M.\SS.\.CIUCCilW.  m.is-si-chook'ko-ln,  a  small  lake  and 
village  of  Central  Italy,  duchy  and  S  miles  W.  of  Lucca;  the 
lake,  2.J  miles  in  length,  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
Montero. 

M.V.<'SACK,  apostxifflce  of  JlcCracken  co.,  Kentucky. 

MA.-;.--ACllK  ISLAND.  P.acific  Ocean.    See  Maoona. 

MAS.SA  DUCALK.  mris'sd  doo-ld'lA,  or  MASS  A  DI  CAR- 
R.VR.V.  mJs'sil  dee  kfe-nJi'r3,  an  episcopal  city  of  Northern 
Italy,  58  miles  S.W.  of  Jlodena,  near  the  Frigido,  2  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  Pop.  9826.  Chief 
eiJilices.  a  fine  palace,  a  modern  oalliedral.  and  an  old  castle, 
it  li.as  manufactories  of  silks,  and  trade  in  the  fine  marble 
of  its  vicinity.  It  was  formerly  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
Massa-Carrara,  a  state  in  the  S.W.  of  Modena,  compose<l  of 
tile  duiliy  of  Massa.  and  the  principality  of  Carrara.  This 
small  slate  was  given  to  the  Archduchess  Maria  Beatrice  in 
IbU,  and  reunited  to  Modena  on  her  death  in  1829. 

MASSAFR.i,  m:ls-Sil/fril.  a  walled  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Otranto.  district  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Taranto.     P.  6600. 

MA.-'.^.V-LOMBAUDO,  mils'g.1-lombaRMo,  a  walled  town  of 
Italy,  in  jT,mUia,  :!0  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fenara.     Poj).  4000. 

SIASSALSIC,  mis-sSlsk',  or  MOSALSK,  mo-s;llsk',  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  50  miles  W.  of  Kalooga.  on  the 
Mosalka.  at  its  confiuenco  with  the  Goredenka.     Ptip.  124S. 

MA.-:S.\-LUBRENZK,  mds'si-loo-brjn'a,  or  MASSA-DK- 
SORKENTO,m;ls'si-di-.soR-Rjn'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province, 
on  the  Gulf,  and  19  miles  S.  of  Naples.  It  is  the  see  of  u 
bishop.     Pop.  6781. 

MAS.SA-MARITIMA,  mas'sJ-ma-ree/te-ma,  or  MASSA-DI- 
M.Vl'K.MMA,  mds'si  dee  md-rJm'mS,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  33 
miles  S.W.  of  Sienna.    It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop.     Pop.  2099. 

MASSANUTTKN,  a  post-ofllce  of  Page  co.,  Virginia,  144 
miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

MASSAO,  a  town  of  South  Africa.    See  Masiiow. 

3IASSAPE.\0.  mas\sa-p^g'.  a  station  of  New  London  co.. 
Connecticut,  on  the  New  London  and  Willimantic  Railroad, 
8  miles  N.  of  New  London. 

MA.<SAROOXY,  mds-.sd-roo'nee,  or  MAZARUNT,  md-zi- 
roo'nee,  a  river  of  British  Guiana,  which  has  been  exploreil 
upwards  for  about  400  miles,  though  its  navigation  is  inter- 
rujited  by  numerous  rajiids.  It  flows  from  near  lat.  4°  30' 
N.,  and  Ion.  60°  W..  and  joins  the  estuary  of  the  Essi-quibo. 

MASSA-SUPERIORK,  mds'8d-soo-pA-re-o'r.i,  a  village  of 
Austrian  Italy,  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mantua,  on  the  Po.  Pop. 
3000. 

M  A  SS.\T.  mds\s3/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ariege, 
12  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Girons.     Pop.  1000. 

MASS.W,  mdsV.V.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Cher.  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bourges.     Pop.  1136. 

MASSBACII,  milss/baK,  or  MASBACII,  mas/bdK,  a  market- 
town  of  Bavaria.  7  miles  S.E.  of  MUnnerstadt.     Pop.  1172. 

MASSE,  rnds's-i.  or  MAZZE,  rndt/zA,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ivrea,  on  the  Dora  Baltea. 
Pop.  .3300. 

M.VSSEMEN-WESTREM,  mas'seh-men-ftJs'trfm,  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  E.  Flanders,  on  the  Molenbeek,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2079. 

M-VSSE'NA.  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Lawrence 
county.  New  York,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Ogdensburg. 
The  township  bordeis  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Elver,  which 


here  contains  several  large  Islands,  and  is  intersected  by 
Grass  and  Racket  Rivers,  on  the  former  of  whidi  is  sitti- 
ated  the  village,  at  the  northern  terminus  of  a  plank-mad 
communicating  with  Potsdam  and  Ogdensburg.  Grass  Rivei 
here  hius  been  dammed,  and  affords  a  fine  water-power.  It 
is  spanned  by  a  bridge,  and  anotlier  crosses  it  at  Massens 
Centre.  There  are  al.so  two  bridges  across  the  Racket  Hivei 
in  the  township.  About  a  mile  S.K.  of  the  village,  on  thf 
plank-ro.'id,  and  on  the  W.  bank  of  Racket  River,  are  the 
Massena  Springs,  celebrated  for  their  meilicinal  qualities 
A  neat  building,  supported  by  pillars,  has  been  erected  over 
the  spring,  and  the  ground  around  handsomely  laid  out 
and  planted  with  trees.  There  are  two  hotels  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors,  one  of  which,  completed  in  1S4S,  is  of 
brick,  90  feet  by  44.  with  wings,  and  capable  of  accommo- 
dating about  200  persons.  It  is  also  prop<Jsed  to  make  addi- 
tions to  the  buildings,  which  will  incro.'ise  its  size  to  about 
double  its  present  capacity.  In  September,  1813,  a  barrack 
erectotl  at  Massena  village  by  the  state,  was  burned  by  a  party 
of  Canadians,  who  also  destroyed  other  property  and  took 
several  prisoners.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2925. 

MASSENA  CENTRE,  a  posl>village  of  St.  Lawrence  co.. 
New  York,  on  Grass  River,  which  here  affords  fine  water 
power,  alx)ut  42  miles  N.E.  of  Ogdensburg.  It  contains  a 
church  and  several  mills. 

MASSERA,  mas'sfh-ra,  MAZIRA  or  MAZURA,  mh.'er-i, 
an  island  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Arabia,  province  of  Oman,  in 
the  Arabian  Sea.  L.-\t.  20°  30' N.,  Ion.  59°  E.  Length,  40 
miles;  average  breadth,  15  miles. 

>I.\SSER.\NO,  mas-s,\-ra/no,  a  walled  town  of  Piedmont, 
division  of  Turin,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Biella.    Pop.  3411. 

M.\SSEUBE.  ma.s\si;b',  a  town  of  France,  dipai'tment  of 
Gers,  11  miles  S.E.  of  .Marmande,  on  the  Gers.  P.  in  1S52. 1888. 

MASSEVAUX,  mdssHiy,  (Germ.  Ma.fm under,  mAs'ttitin- 
ster,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut-Rliiu,  11  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Belfort.     Pop.  in  1852,  3155. 

MAS'SEY'S  CREEK,  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Little  Miami  River. 

M.\SSI.\C.  ma.s'se-ak',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cantal.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Flour,  on  the  Alagon.    P.  2206. 

M.\SS1C0.  mas'se-ko.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro\ince  of  Terra 
di  Ijivoro.  The  wine  from  the  vineyards  on  the  south  slope 
of  the  Monx  Mas'sicus,  in  this  vicinity,  was  famous  in  Roman 
times,  and  is  much  celebrati'd  by  Horace.  In  the  vicinity, 
Appius  Claudius  gninetl  a  victory  over  tlie  Saninites. 

MAS'SIK'S  MILL.S.  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia. 

MASSILIA  or  .MASSIGLIA.    See  Marseilles. 

M.^S'SILLON,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  town  of  Perry 
township.  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Tuscarawas  River,  and  on 
the  Ohio  Canal,  112  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  and  65  miles 
S.  of  Cleveland.  The  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  ISailroad  con- 
nects it  witli  I'ittsburg  on  one  hand,  and  with  the  railways 
of  Indiana  on  the  other.  The  town  is  regularly  plannetl 
and  compactly  built,  and  contains  a  number  of  liandsonio 
residences.  It  is  situated  in  a  highly  producti\e  and  popu- 
lous farming  district,  which  is  liberally  supplied  with  hard 
timber,  stone-coal,  and  water-power.  Large  quantities  of 
flour,  wheat,  and  Indian  corn  are  shipjied  by  the  canal  at 
this  place.  Wool  Is  also  an  extensive  article  of  export.  Mas- 
sillon  Contains  about  8  churches,  1  national  liaiik,  1  or  2 
other  banks,  3  iron  foundries,  with  machine-shops,  1  wool- 
len factnry,  and  2  or  3  ni'wspaper  offices.     Pop.  3819. 

JIASSIIXON,  a  postroffice  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 

M.\SSILLO.N.  a  post-village  of  Cedar  CO..  Iowa,  near  the 
E.  line  of  the  county,  40  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

MAS'SINGIIAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

MASSINGHAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

MASSINGY, 'm38'sAs°Vhee',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Savoy,  3  miles  from  Rumilly.    I'op.  1041. 

JIASSION,  nid.s-se-on',  a  village  of  Spain.  Catalonia,  with 
a  station  on  the  railway  between  Barcelona  an<l  Mataro. 

MASSOW,  mas'sov,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Pomeranla, 
22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  2110. 

MASSOWAII,  nids'so-wa,  or  MASSOUAII,  mas^soo-a.  the 
principal  .seaport  town  of  Abyssinia,  on  a  smsill  sterile 
island  in  the  Red  Rea.  Lat.  1.5°  36'  N.,  Ion.  39°  21'  E. 
Population  of  island  estimated  at  4000.  An  active  import 
trade  with  the  Arabian  ports  and  Bombay  is  here  carried 
on.  Chief  imports,  corn,  maize,  rice,  cotton  ."tuffs,  silks, 
muslins,  cotton  wool,  glass-wares,  cutlery,  arms,  luirdwares, 
elephauts"  teeth,  spices,  coral,  wines,  and  spirits.  'I'he  Arab 
vessels  tr.tding  hither  pay  a  certain  import  annually. 

MAST.\.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  MsT.\. 

MASTENBROEK.  mas'ten-br«.k\  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  Overvssel,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Zwolle.     Po]),  luOO. 

MASnrEN'S  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware. 

MAS'TERSONVILLE,  a  postrofllce  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 

MASTERTON,  a  post-ofiice  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

MAS'l'KRVlLLE,  a  station  ot  Ilari-ison  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Steubenville  and  Columbus  R.R.,  79  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newark. 

M.AST  hope,  a  station  ill  Wayne  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  126  miles  from  Isew  York  City. 

1159 


MAS 


MAT 


MAST  HOPE,  a  postK)fflcfi  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylraiiia.p) 
MASTRJ5.  La,  U  misfr,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Arileche.  li  miles  S.W.  of  Toumou,  on  tlie  Doux. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2oUl. 
MASTUICIIT,  (Miistricht.)    See  Maestkicht. 
MASXUCU.  misHo(>tch',(?)  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  capital 
ofChitral.   Lat,  30°  12' X.,  Ion.  72°  31' E.  It  has  some  trade 
with  Yarkand  and  Afghanistan. 

MASTUll.V,  mls-too'rd  or  mds'too-r.a,  a  town  of  Arabia, 
Ilejaz,  near   the  Ued  Sea.  140  miles  S.S.W.  of  Medina. 

M.VlST  YARD,  a  post-Tillat;e  of  Merrimack  ai..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Merrimack  and  Connecticut  llivers  Itailroad,  7 
miles  X.\V.  of  Concord. 

MASUL.IP.\T.\M.  m3-sooMe-p.vtam',  a  town  of  Briti.-ih 
India,  the  capital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Coro- 
mandcl  Coast,  is  220  miles  X.X.K.  of  Madras.  The  fort  is 
surrounded  by  a  salt  mora«s.  communicating  by  a  canal 
with  the  Kistnah  and  the  sea.  The  town.  1^  miles  X.W.,  is 
large,  and  has  long  been  famous  for  its  chintz  manufactures. 
Its  trade  lia.s  latterly  declined,  but  it  stiil  export*  goods  to 
Calcutta,  West  Ilindostan,  and  the  Persian  Uulf:  its  port, 
which  is  on  the  only  part  of  this  coast  not  surf- beaten,  is 
acces.'ible  for  vessels  of  300  tons. 

MASULIP.\TAM,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Madras,  having  E.  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Area  5000  square 
miles.     Pop.  in  ISol.  520.866. 

MASULL.iS,  m;I.<!-.'!Ool'lis,  a  village  oa  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, province  of  Bu.«achi.    Pop.  1056. 

M.^^TA,  mi/td,  a  lake  of  Brazil,  province  and  170  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Maranhao,  and  giving  origin  to  the  river  Codo. 
Length  about  20  miles. 

MATA,  a  river  of  East  Africa,  enters  the  Channel  of 
Mozambique,  nejirly  midway  between  the  rivers  Sof;ila  and 
Sena. 

MATA,  La.  U  nil'tj,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  CastUe,  20 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  1000. 

M.iT.A.,  La,  a  town  of  Spain,  Kstremadura,  27  miles  N.W. 
of  Caceres.     Pop.  1095. 

MATAGOR'D.A..  a  bay  or  extensive  lagoon  of  Texas,  at  the 
mouth  of  Colorado  Kiver,  55  miles  long,  with  an  average 
breadth  of  alxiut  7  miles,  and  is  enclosed  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  by  a  peninsula  45  miles  long,  bj'  2  to  3  miles  broad; 
lat.  (S.  point)  28°  2t'  X..  Ion.  90°  20'  W.  A  little  to  the  S.W. 
of  the  port  is  an  island  of  the  same  name. 

M.\TAG01{/DA,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  on  Matagorda  Bay.  It  is  intersected  by 
Colorado  River  and  the  Cany  Bayou.  The  surface  is  an 
alluvial  plain,  de.-titute  of  timber.  e.xcept  the  margins  of  the 
streams.  The  uplands  are  mostly  uncultivated,  lu  1850 
the  county  produced  1394  hogsheads  of  sugar,  a  greater 
quantity  than  any  other  in  the  state  excepting  Brazoria. 
Capital.  Jlatagordiv.  Pop.  3454,  of  whom  1347  were  free, 
and  2107  slaves. 

MATAGORD.\.  capital  of  Matagorda  county,  Texas,  is 
situated  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Colorado  River,  250  miles  S.E.  of  .\uslin  City.  The  river  is 
navigable  for  steamboats  to  the  city  of  .\ustin.  Matagorda 
has  considerable  trade,  and  is  the  depot  for  the  proiluce  of 
the  Colorado  Valley,,  which  is  one  of  the  richest  portions  of 
the  state,  producing  cotton,  sugaiM-ane.  rice,  indigo,  and 
maize.  The  sea  breeze,  which  blows  during  the  summer, 
renders  this  town  a  favorite  summer  residence  of  citizens 
from  the  interior.  A  lighthouse  has  lately  been  erected 
here.  A  weekly  newspaper  is  published.  Pop.  almut  12u0. 
3IAT.\M.  niri-tjm'.  a  village  of  Seueirambia,  Foota-Uamga. 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sengal ;  lat.  15°  44'  N.,  Ion.  13° 
6'W. 

MAT.\MO'R.\,  a  post-village  of  Ilardeman  co.,  Tennessee, 
near  the  llati'hee  River,  67  miles  E.  of  Memphis. 

MAT  AM  J'llAS  or  MArAMO'ROS.  a  river-port  town  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation,  department  of  Tamaulipas, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Kio  Grande,  40  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexicc.  Its  port  on  the  gulf  consists  of  two  harbtirs, 
the  Braze  de  Santiago  and  the  Boca  del  Rio,  about  9  miles 
apart,  and  both  obstructed  by  bars  impassable  during  strong 
winds.  ExjKJrts  consist  chiefly  of  sj^ecie,  with  some  hides, 
wool, and  horses:  imports,  mannfuctureil  goods,  chietl)'  from 
Great  Brit.iin  and  the  United  States,  Customs  revenue  has 
usually  been  mortgaged  by  the  government  f)r  the  payment 
of  the  Mexican  army.  Pop.  20,000.  Opposite  this  town,  on 
the  X.E.  side  of  the  river.  General  Tajior  establi.shetl  his 
camp  in  the  spring  of  1846,  previous  to  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  between  the  United  States  and  .Mexico.  The 
latter  place  hsis  been  since  called  Fort  Bniwn.  or  Browns- 
ville, in  honor  of  Major  Brown,  comm.inder  of  the  garrison, 
who  was  mortally  wounded  by  a  shell  from  the  Mexican 
batteries.  (M,ay  6,  1846.)  while  General  Taylor,  with  the 
main  body  of  his  forces,  was  engaged  in  opening  a  com- 
munication with  Point  Isabel.  After  the  victories  of  Palo 
Alto  and  Res;u-a  de  la  Palma.  the  American  army  entered 
and  to  )k  possession  of  Matanioras  without  opposition. 
M.\T.\M  )R.\.S,  a  town  of  Me.vico,  54  miles  from  Puebla. 
^tATAM  VISAS,  a  village  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
13  miles  X.  of  llnrrigburg. 
iJATA-MOIMS,  a  post-offlce  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsvlvanla. 
IIOO 


MATAMOEAS,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MATAMORAS,  a  village  of  Blackford  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Salamonie  River,  about  85  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

M.VTAX,  mi-tdn',  a  native  state  on  the  island  of  Borneo, 
on  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  Carimata  Strait.  It  '.ields  the  best 
diamonds  in  Borneo;  also,  iron,  tin.  and  sago. 

MAT.'VX,  a  small  island  of  the  Malay  Arciiipel.ago.  Philip- 
pines, immediately  E.  of  Zebu,  where,  in  1520,  Magellan  was 
killed  in  a  skirmish  with  the  natives, 

MATAXZA,  La,  Id  md-tjn'sd.  a  town  of  the  Canaries,  oa 
the  X.  part  of  the  island  of  TeneriOfe.     Pop.  1374. 

M.4.TAXZAS,  md-tan'z.js  or  m.'l-tdn'thls,  a  fortified  seaport 
town  on  the  X.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba.  52  miles  E.  of 
Havana.  Lat.  23°  3'  X.,  Ion.  81°  4U'  W.  It  is  situated  on  a  flat 
on  both  sides  of  the  San  Juan,  which  brings  down  large  quan- 
tities of  mud.  materially  impeding  uavigati'jn  in  the  harbor. 
The  houses  are  built  very  substantially,  mostly  of  stone,  but 
with  an  entire  absence  of  any  architectural  beauty.  The 
priucipal  etiifices  are  the  Castle  of  San  Severino,  the  church, 
a  fine  hospital,  a  theatre,  and  extensive  barracks.  One  daily 
newsp.'iper  is  publishe<l  in  the  town.  Some  improvement 
has  of  late  taken  place  in  the  .schools  of  Mati»nzas,  although 
the  stjindard  of  etiucation  on  the  whole  is  exceedingly  low. 
In  commerc  iai  importance,  Mawnzas  ranks  next  to  llavana. 
Its  facilities  for  trade  have  been  greatly  increased  by  the 
construction  of  railways  connecting  it  with  Havana.  Carde- 
nas, and  other  principal  towns  in  the  island.  A  telegraph 
is  being  formed  from  Matauzas  to  Havana,  and  steamere' 
also  ply  daily  between  the  two  ports,  makir.g  the  passage  in 
5  hours,  besides  touching  at  Cardenas,  Jucano.  &e.  The 
imports  consist  chiefly  of  articles  of  food,  machinery,  and 
materials  for  sugar  and  colTee  plantations;  fancy  goods  are 
brought  principally  from  Havana.  The  exports  in  1847, 
comprised  387.171  boxes  of  sugar;  54,S4l  hog.^heads  of 
molasses,  and  3.405,777  pounds  of  iK)8ee.  Among  the  other 
articles  of  export  are  tobacco,  honey,  wax,  and  fruits.  The 
bay  is  spacious,  easy  of  access,  and  completely  sheltered 
from  winds,  except  tho.se  from  the  X.E.,  which  bring  in  a 
heavy  swell.  Pop  in  1853,  26,000;  of  the  jurisdiction,  81,397, 
viz. :  34.721  white.  5'.U8  free  colored,  and  40.728  slaves. 
MATAPAX,  CAPE.  See  Cape  M.\tapan. 
MATA  PAS.  mati'pjs.  a  marketrtown  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Guatemala. 

MATAPOZUELO.S!.  ma-td-po-fhw.Vloce.  a  town  of  Spain,  In 
Leon.  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  V,illadolid.  Pop.  1120. 
MATARAII,  a  town  of  Arabia.  See  Muttr,*. 
M.VIWU.VM.  a  city  of  Java.  See  Djokjokarta. 
MATARHEYEH  or  MATARIYEII,  md-ti-ree'yeh,  often 
written  MATARI.\.  (anc.  IIelinp>nlis,  i.  e.  the  "city  of  the 
sun.")  a  village  of  Lower  Esrypt,  in  a  beautiful  district,  6 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Cairo.  Lat.  80°  48'  X..  Ion.  31°  5S'  E.  It 
very  early  acquired,  and  long  continued  to  pos.sess  great 
celebrity,  from  its  temple  of  the  sun,  which  was  a  very 
magnificent  structure,  and  was,  for  ages,  the  chief  seat  ot 
Egyptian  learning.  According  to  Strabo.  the  city  stood  on 
a  large  mound,  and  hail  lakes  in  front  filled  with  water  from 
the  neighboring  canals.  The  gardens  of  Matareeyeh  were 
renownetl  fjr  a  balsam,  protluced  from  plants  first  bi-ought 
from  Judea  by  Cleopatra,  and  believed  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Balm  of  Gilead.  mentioned  in  the  Bible:  and  it  was  in  these 
gardens  that,  about  thirty  years  ago,  the  cultivation  of  In- 
dian cotton  was  first  tried  in  Egypt.  In  the  plain,  in  the 
vicinity.  Sultan  Selim  encamped  in  1517.  previous  to  his 
defeat  of  Toman  Bey,  which  transferred  the  Memlook 
sceptre  to  the  Osmanlee;  and,  in  the  same  locality,  in  1800, 
the  Turks  were  signally  defeated  by  the  French  under  Klo- 
her.     Matareeveli  is  now  a  verj-  insignificant  place. 

MATAREEYEH  or  MATARIEH,  md-td-ree'yeh,  a  village 
of  Lower  Egypt,  province  and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Uamietta,  on 
the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Menzaleh.     Pop.  3000. 

JIATARELLO,  md-tit-rtM'lo,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  6 
miles  from  Trent,  I'op.  12i'0. 
M.\TAUIA  or  MATARIYEIL  See  Mat.^reeteh. 
M.Vr.YRO,  md-td-ro',  (anc.  lUuro?)  a  maritime  city  of 
Spain,  on  the  Barcelona  and  Mataro  Railway,  loi  miles  N'.B. 
of  Barcelona.  Pop.  13,010.  It  stands  on  the  slope  of  a  hill, 
and  consists  of  an  old  and  new  town,  the  latter  having  2 
fine  squares.  It  has  a  large  parish  church,  a  hospital,  col- 
lege, and  school  of  navigation,  manufactures  of  leather, 
cotton,  silks,  velvets,  and  ril>ands,  and  docks  in  which  ship- 
building is  actively  carried  on.  It  Is  connecteil  with  Barce- 
lona by  a  railway  l5j  miles  long,  opened  29th  October,  1848, 
the  first  in  Spain. 

M.VrARUX.\,  md-t^-roo'nd,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
and  70  miles  X,E.  of  Rio  de  .laneiro,  on  the  X.  shore  of  Lake 
Ararauma,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  here  crossed  by  o 
bridge.  I'op.  3200. 
M.vr.\S'Iv.\  a  small'village  of  Itawamba  co..  Miisi^sippL 
MATAVIAS.\,  m.d-td-ve-dn'yd,  a  river  of  Spain,  falls  into 
the  Ebro,  in  the  province  of  Teruel:  total  course  about  60 
miles. 

MATAWAMKEAG,  mat-a-w3m'kfg,  a  river  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Maine,  rising  in  .\roostook  county,  foils  into  the 
Penobscot  in  Penobscot  couctv. 


MAT 


MAT 


MATAWA^IKEAG  or  MATTAWAMKEAG,  a  post-office 
of  IVnoliscot  CO.,  Maine. 

MATCirAI'U'XIX  HROOK.  of  Xew  Jersey,  rises  in  Mon- 
mouth county,  and  fall.s  into  tlie  Soutli  River  in  MiddleffiX 
county,  near  Sputtswootl. 

MATCIIIKIIA,  md-chee'Kd,  a  market-town  of  Russia.  Don 
Cos.-iack  country,  75  miles  J'l.N.E.  of  Novokhopersk.   1'.  22{.)0. 

MATCIIIN,  mdtVheen',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  Bul- 
garia, on  tile  ri.;;ht  bank  of  the  Danube,  32  miles  N.E.  of 
Ilirsova.     1 1  has  2  forts. 

MATCII'ING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

MATEIjICA,  rad-t^l'e-kd,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
Marches,  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Macerata.  Pop.  7270.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  ha-s  several  churches  and  convents. 

MATKM.KS.  Lks,  W  m.i't^ll',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  llerauit,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montpellier. 

MATKR.\,  nii-tA'rd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba.sili- 
cata,  43  miles  E.  of  I'otenza,  on  the  Gravina.  Pop.  11,200. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  the  residence  of  an  arch- 
bishop, seat  of  a  civil  court,  and  has  a  cathetlral.  3  convent*, 
and  a  royal  school  of  belles-lettres,  mediciue,  law,  and  agri- 
culture. 

MATE-SZALKA,  md/tA'-sill'koh',  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, Thither  Tlieiss,  9  miles  from  N'eutra-Biithor.     P.  2580. 

MATII.V.  mrt'td'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente  Inferieure.  11  miles  f<.E.  of  St.  Jean  d'Angcly.   P.  2125. 

MA-TUKOl)  SHAN  or  MA-THEOU  CHAN,  md-ta-oo/shdn, 
a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Yun-nan.  lat.  25°  40'  N., 
Ion.  10'2°  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

MATII'ERN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

MATII'Eirro.X,  a  post-offlce  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

MATII'ON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

MATUURA.  sometimes  written,  and  usually  prfmounced, 
MUT'TR.\.,a  town  and  place  of  jiilgrimage  in  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Jumna,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Agra 
It  is  greatly  venerated  by  Brahmins  as  the  birtli-place  of 
Krishna,  and  consists  chiefly  of  a  continued  street  of  tem- 
ples, ghauts,  &c.,  of  some  elegance,  with  several  mosques,  a 
fort,  and  some  oxten.'^ive  cantonments.  The  Jumna  is  navi- 
gable for  large  boats  at  all  seasons.  Pop.  estimated  at  00,000. 

MAT  I  A.  md-tee'd,  or  MIT  I  A.  called  also  AURORA,  one  of 
the  Society  Islands.     Lat.  1,0°  15'  S..  Ion.  14S°  5'  W. 

M.\TI(!NON,  md'teen'yAN"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-<Ui-Xord.  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dinan.     Pop.  13ti0. 

MATl  UD\.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  township  of  Ma- 
tilila,  on  the  Point  Iroquois  Canal,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pres- 
cott,  and  30  miles  irom  Cornwall.  It  contains  several  stores, 
and  4  mills.     Pop.  about  125. 

MATI 1/DA  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Mifflin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MATIL'DAVILLE,  a  post-village  of  aarion  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Clarion  River,  about  6  miles  from  its  mouth. 

M.\TINA,  md-tee'nd.  the  principal  river  of  Costa-Rica, 
Central  America,  formed  by  tlie  union  of  the  Chirripo  and 
Barbilla,  flows  E.,  and  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea.  near  lat. 
10°  N.,  Ion.  8°  25'  W.  At  its  mouth  is  a  village  of  the  same 
Dime. 

MATIN'ICUS,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

MATI  SCO.     See  M.\con.  France. 

MAT'LASK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MAT'LOCK.  a  watering-pLice  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
and  Ui  miles  N.N.\V.  of  Derby.  Pop.  3782,  partly  employed 
in  manufactures  of  cotton,  and  in  lead-mines.  The  village 
Is  neatly  built  on  the  slope,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  narrow 
and  sinirularly  picturesque  vale  of  the  Derwent.  It  has  an 
ancient  church,  numerous  good  hotels  and  Imlging-houses, 
a  libr.iry,  mineralogical  museums,  and  handsome  baths  and 
pump-rooms,  connected  with  hot  springs,  temperature  about 
68°  Fahr.  In  the  vicinity  are  several  j^etrifying  wells,  lead- 
mines,  caverns,  and  the  picturesque  woods  of  .>Iatlock  Dale. 

MATLOCK  BATH  and  BRIDGE.  England,  stations  on  the 
Ambergate  and  Rowelly  Branch  of  North  Midland  Railway. 

M.\TO-G ROSSO.  Brazil.     See  Matto-Grosso. 

MATOOKOO  or  MATUKU,  md-too^koo',  written  also  MO- 
TOUGOU,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean ;  lat.  19°  14'  S.,  Ion.  179°  44'  W. 

MATOTSHKTN  (md-totch-keen')  SIIAR,  a  strait  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  extends  E.  and  W.  for  45  miles  by  3  miles  in 
breadth,  and  divides  Nova  Zembla  into  two  unequal  parts. 
Lat.  73;'  20'  N..  Ion.  65°  to  60°  E. 

MATOUCIIIN,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jersey. 
See  .Mktucuen. 

MATuUR,  mdHooR',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Saoueet-Loire,  16  miles  W.  of  Macon.  •  Pop.  in  1852, 
2436. 

MATR.V.  md/trfih',  a  mountain  range  of  Hungary,  branch 
of  the  Carpathians,  extending  between  the  Thi-iss  and  the 
Danul>e  for  36  miles ;  culminating  point  about  3500  feet  high. 

M.\.TI!OXA.     See  M.\RNE. 

M  VTS.\.  mdt'soh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  12  miles  from 
Arad.     Pop.  1346. 

MATSIOV  or  MATSIOW,  mdt-seov',  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Yolhj'nia,  29  miles  N.  of  Vladimeer. 
Pon.  3400. 

MATSMAI,  mdts'my,  a  city  of  Japan,  capital  of  the  island 


of  Yesso,  at  the  uiouth  of  a  river  on  its  S.  coast,  lat.  41'  32 
N.,  Ion.  140°  E.  Pop.  has  been  estimated  !it  50.000.  It  ex- 
tends along  the  margin  of  an  open  bay,  facing  which  ;»  ml 
island  with  a  beacon  shj'tering  a  harbor  capable  of  receiv- 
ing the  largest  ships. 

.MATSMAI,  STRAIT  OF.    See  Yesso. 

MAT'S'. )N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

JIATTAPOI'SETT.  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mas,9.v 
chu.setts.  on  Buzzard's  Bay.  at)out60  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston 
The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  whale  fi.sh- 
eries.  During  the  year  1853.  7  vessels  arrived  here,  bringing 
1816  barrelsof  sperm  oil,  42  of  whale  oil,  and  4900  pounds  oif 
whalebone. 

MATTAP/ONY,  a  river  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Yirgini"*, 
rises  in  Spottsylvaiiia  co.,  and  flowing  in  a  general  S.E. 
cour.se  after  forming  the  boundary  between  King  and  Quee^ 
and  King  William  counties,  unites  with  the  Pamunlioy  to 
form  the  York  River. 

MATTAMMISCON'TIS,  a  township  in  Lincoln  co.,  Muina 
Pop.  31. 

MAT'TAWAN',  a  post-village  of  Yan  Buren  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad.  156  miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

MArTEAWAN',  a  ptist-villaL'e  of  Kishkill  town.-^hip, 
Dutchess  CO.,  New  Y'ork,  on  Fishkill  Creek,  about  90  niilea 
S.  of  Albany.  It  has  abundant  wafer-power,  and  contains 
extensive  manufactories  of  iron  and  cotton  fabrics.  Pop. 
estimated  at  2000. 

M  AT'TKRDALE.achapelrv  of  Eneland.  co.  ofCumberland. 

MATTER  HORN,  a  mountain  of  the  Alps.     See  Cervi.v. 

MATTKRSDORF,  mi/ters-doRr.  (Hun.  Nagy-Murtimy, 
nildj  maR'ton',)  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  county 
and  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Oedenburg.     Pop.  4092. 

MATH-ERSEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

M.\TTHEWS,  math'uz.  a  county  in  the  E.  |>art  of  Yirginia, 
bordering  on  Chesapeake  Bay,  near  its  southern  extremity. 
It  consists  of  a  peninsula  washed  by  Piankatank  River  on 
the  N.,  by  the  Chesapeake  on  the  E.,  and  by  Molgack  Baj' 
on  the  S.W.,  and  joined  to  the  mainland  by  an  isthmu.* 
at)Out  1  mile  wide.  Length,  20  miles;  greatest  breadth,. 8 
miles.  Area,  about  90  sfjuare  miles.  The  surface  is  extremely 
level:  the  soil  is  sandy  and  moderately  fertile.  Shiivbuild' 
ing  is  an  important  branch  of  business.  Named  in  honor 
of  General  Matthews,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution, 
and  afterwards  governor  of  Georgia.  Capital,  Wei-tvilltt, 
Pop.  "OUl,  of  whom  40>>3  were  free,  and  3008  slaves. 

.MATTHEWS  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Matthews  co.,  Yirginia,  70  miles  E.  of  Richmond,  is  situated 
near  an  arm  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

MATTHEW'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co.,  Mary- 
laud. 

MATTHEWSYILLE,  a  village  in  Pocahontas  Co.,  AVest 
Virginia,  about  150  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

■MATTIE,  matt'yA  or  mdtHee',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin.    Pop.  2229. 

MAT/TISHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MAT'TISON,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Branch 
CO.,  .Michigan.     Pop.  10ii5. 

MArTlTUCK/,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on 
the  l>ong  Island  Railroad,  83  miles  E.  of  New  Y'ork. 

MATTIACU.M.     See  M.tRBURG. 

SIATTOGROSSO,  mdt'to  gros'so,  or  MATO-GROSSO, 
("great  or  dense  fore.«t,")  the  most  W.  ami  largest  province 
of  Brazil ;  lat.  from  7°  to  24°  N. ;  Ion.  from  61°  to  65°  W.'; 
area  865,800  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.W.  to 
S.E.,  by  a  mountain  chain,  forming  the  principal  watershed 
between  the  basins  of  the  Amazon  and  the  Rio-de-la-1'lata. 
From  the  mountains  innumerable  streams  descend,  and  flow 
through  lofty  rocky  valleys,  which  gradually  spread  out  into 
immense  plains.  There  are  also  numerous  lakes,  some  of 
them  of  considerable  extent.  The  name  Mattii-Grosso  is  de- 
riveil  from  the  dense  forests,  which  cover  a  great  part  of  the 
surface.  The  province  is  particularly  rich  in  minerals.  There 
is  scarcely  a  district  in  which  gold  is  not  found,  and  iron  ia 
everywhere  abundant.  Rock-salt  and  saltpetre  are  both 
worked  to  a  limited  extent.  Over  an  extensive  region  near 
the  centre,  diamond-mines  have  been  wrought  from  a  very 
remote  period,  and  still  continue  to  yield  a  large  revenue 
to  the  government.  In  other  quarters,  various  other  gems 
and  crystals  are  obtained.  For  administrative  pur|ioses, 
Matto-Grosso  is  divided  into  two  comarcas,  Cuyaba  and 
Matto-Grosso,  subdivided  into  numerous  districts.  It  sends 
only  one  deputy  to  the  General  Legislative  Assembly,  and 
appoints  only  one  senator.  The  Provincial  Assembly,  con- 
sisting of  20  members,  holds  its  sittings  in  Cuyaba.  Pop. 
180,000. 

MATTO-GROSSO  or  VILLA  BELLA,  veelld  bfl/ld,  a  city  of 
Brazil,  in  the  al)Ove  province,  on  a  height  abov  e  the  right  1  ank 
of  the  Guapore.  below  the  confluence  of  the  Alegre.  300  miles 
W.  of  Cuyaba.  It  is  surrounded  by  plain.s.  which  are  annually 
inundated,  and  is  built  with  considerable  regularity.  The 
houses  are  low,  constructeil  of  earth  and  wood,  and  covered 
with  tiles :  and,  being  whitewashed  both  within  and  without, 
have  a  ch«erful  and  comfortable  appearance.  It  has  3 
churches,  a  town-house,  smelting-house.  hospittil,  barracks, 
and  arsenal;  a  Latin,  and  two  primary  schools.    Its  only 

1161 


MAT 

trade  is  In  horses  aud  cattle.  Pop.  of  Comarca,  including 
only  those  civilUel.  15.000. 

SIATTOl.  mdt'ti.l'.  a  river  of  South-east  Africa,  risinu  In  a 
wit-water  marsh  in  the  interior,  falls  into  Delagoa  Bay. 

MATTRAH.  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Muttiia. 

J1.\TIIKU.  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands.     See  M.\T0Olt0O. 

MATCRA,  in3'tx)-r3.  a  small  town  and  fort  of  Ceylon, 
near  it*;  S.  extremitv.  26  miles  E  of  Point  de  Galle. 

MATURATTA.  ni3t-too-r4t/td,  a  maritime  town  and  port 
of  Ceylon.  P.E.  of  Kandy. 

MATCRIN,  mj-too-reen',  a  department  in  the  N.E.  of 
Venezuela,  extending  from  the  Gulf  of  Paria  W.  to  the 
Cnare.  Ion.  65°  20'  W..  and  from  the  Caritibean  Sea  to  the 
Orinoco.  It  comprises  the  provinces  of  Cnmana,  Barcelona, 
and  Marparita.    Capital.  Cumana.     Pop.  125.000. 

M.ATURIX.  a  town  of  Venezuela,  on  a  river  which  fail- 
Into  the  Gulf  of  Paria:  lat.  9°  .30'  N..  Ion.  62°  nO'  W. 

M.\TZDOKF.  m.^t«'doRf,  a  town  of  North  Hungary,  co. 
Of  Zips,  on  the  Poprad,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Kesmark.    Pop.  1060. 

MATZEMIKIM,  mit/sen-hlme',  (Fr.  pron.  mdt'.seh-ntoi,) 
a  station  of  France,  on  the  Strasbourg  and  Bale  (Basel; 
Railway,  15  miles  S.  of  Strasbourg. 

M  AUBAN.  mow-bdn'.  a  town  of  Luzon,  Philippine  Islands, 
Malay  Arcliipela^o,  on  its  E.  coast.  S.E.  of  Mauila.     P.  5000. 

M.4UBE1;T-F0XTAIXE,  mO'bain'-fA.No'tAu',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ardeuneg,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Rocroy. 
Pop.  1312. 

MAUBECGE,  mo'buzh',  (L.  ilaU>odium,)  a  fortified  town 
of  France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the  Sambre.  11  miles  N. 
of  Aresues.  Pop.  in  1852,  7717.  It  has  a  national  factory 
of  fire-arms,  iron  foundries,  and  manuiticturcs  of  iron  and 
Bteel  goods. 

JIAUBOURGUET,  mo'booR'gV,  (L.  Malburgttum.)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  llautes-Pyrenees,  on  the  Adour, 
16  miles  X.  of  Tarbes.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2563. 

MAUBRAi',  mO'brA',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Haiiiaut.  24  miles  W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1680. 

MAUCII  CIIUXK,  mawk  chiink',  a  flourishing  town, 
capital  of  Carbon  co.,  Penuoylvania.  on  the  riirht  bank  of 
the  Lehigh  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Mauch  Chunk  Creek,  100 
miles  X.E.  of  Ilarrisburg,  and  36  miles  W.X.W.  of  Easton. 
The  surrounding  region  is  traversed  by  several  rugged  and 
sterile  mountain  ranges,  which  abound  in  coal  and  iron 
ore.  The  b.inks  of  the  river  near  this  place  are  higli  and 
precipitous,  a.nA  the  scenery  is  remarkably  wild.  Mauch 
Chunk  is  built  in  one  of  the  narrow  ravines  through  which 
the  river  passes,  where  there  is  scarcely  room  for  buildings, 
and  there  are  no  gardens  in  the  place.  The  ground  Ix'ing 
all  occupied  in  Maucli  Chunk  proper,  they  are  now  building 
In  what  is  termed  Upper  Mauch  Chunk,  on  the  top  of  the 
nill,  and  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river.  The  latter  quarter 
is  called  Greenwood.  Mount  Pisgah,  which  is  a  short  dis- 
tance N.,  rises  about  1000  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Le- 
high. Mauch  Chunk  is  a  place  of  active  business,  particu- 
larly in  coal  and  lumber.  The  bed  of  coal  on  the  top  of 
Mauch  Chunk  Mountain,  or  Summit  Hill,  is  about  60  feet 
In  thickne.*s.  In  1860,  722,000  tons  of  coal  were  exported 
from  Carbon  county  by  the  Lehigh  Company's  Canal,  which 
h.is  contributed  greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  this  region. 
The  amount  paid  out  by  the  wmpany  in  the  year  was 
computed  at  $003,000.  In  1851  the  produce  of  the  mines 
amounted  to  989.296  tons.  The  navigation  of  the  river  has 
been  improved  as  far  as  Wliitehaven,  25  miles  above.  The 
works  on  this  p.art  of  the  line  are  truly  magnificent;  there 
are  dams  50  feet  high,  and  locks  of  .«oiid  stone,  which  raise 
the  water  33  feet.  A  railroad  has  been  constructtxl  to  the 
mines  of  Summit  Hill,  about  9  miles  W.  of  the  town.  The 
cars.  loaded  with  coal,  descend  by  their  own  gravity  to  the 
landing,  and  after  lieing  emptied  have  been  heretofore 
drawn  up  the  plane  by  mules.  But  now  the  labors  of  the 
mules  are  superseded.  A  •'  back  track"  has  been  constructed, 
which  is  regarded  as  a  master-piece  of  bold  and  successful 
engineering.  From  the  chutes  where  the  coal  cars  are  un- 
loaded at  the  town  of  Mauch  Chunk,  they  return  by  their 
own  weight  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Pisgah.  They  are  then 
drawn  to  the  top  of  that  mountain  on  an  inclined  plane  by 
means  of  a  stationary  engine.  From  the  head  of  this  plane 
they  pass  by  their  own  gravity  along  a  railway  of  6  miles, 
to  the  foot  of  another  inclined  plane.  To  the  top  of  this 
they  are  again  raised  by  steam,  and  thence  descend  to  the 
different  mines,  where  they  are  filled  with  coal,  and  again 
descend  by  their  own  weight  to  the  chutes.  Here  are  2 
national  l)anks.     Pop.  in  1850,  3600;  in  1860,  4008. 

M.\L!CIIL1XE.  moKlin,  (Celtic,  .Wof/A,  "  a  meadow ;"  Linn, 
a  "lake,")  a  manufacturing  town  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
ot  Ayr,  with  a  station  on  the  Glasgow  and  Ayr  Railway,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Kilmarnock,  on  the  Ayr.  Pop.  of  village, 
1336.  It  has  a  public  library,  branch  bank,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woixien  snuff-boxes,  and  numerous  cotton  looms. 
The  parish  was  long  the  residence  of  Burns. 

MAUCKM'OUT.  a  post-village  in  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  135  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

.MAUEK,  mow'er.  sometimes  written  MOWER,  a  village 
of  I.o»t-r  Austria.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1056. 

MALERIvIRCHEX,  mow'fr-ke6RKVn,  or  MAWERKIR- 

iiaj 


MAU 

CIIKX,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  circle  of  Inn,  8 
miies  from  Brunau.     Pop.  lOoO. 

MALGIIoLD.  maw'Ald.  a  pari.sh  of  the  Isle  of  Man. 
.  MAL'GUIO,  mO^gheeV,  (L.  ilulgorium.)  a  market-town  ot 
France,  department  of  Herault.  on  the  railway  to  Xlmes, 
and  on  the  lagoon  JIauguio,  7  miles  in  length,  by  about  2 
miles  in  breadth.  6  miles  E.  of  Moutpellier.     Pop.  2064. 

MAUI  or  MoWEE.  mow'ee,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Inlands, 
in  the  Xorth  Pacific  Ocean,  N.W.  from  Hawaii;  lat.  of 
the  S.E.  point  20°  44'  X..  Ion.  155°  58'  W.  It  is  divided 
into  two  oval-shaped  peninsulas,  connected  by  a  low 
istlimus.  The  peniu.sulas,  called  respectively,  Kiist  Maui, 
and  West  Maui,  i-ise.  the  former  to  a  height  of  10.000  feet, 
terminating  in  a  crater  2700  feet  deep,  aud  falling  almost 
perpendicularly  towards  the  sea;  the  latter  to  an  elevation 
of  6100  feet,  aud  having  many  sharp  peaks  aud  ridges, 
divided  by  deep  valleys,  which,  in  descending  towards  the 
sea,  form  sloping  plains  on  the  X.  and  S.  sides,  of  conside- 
rable extent.  Numerous  beautiful  cascades  pour  over  the 
rocks,  from  heights  of  several  hundred  feet.  On  the  W. 
side  is  the  bay  and  town  of  Lahaiua,  much  resorted  to  by 
whalers.  Maui  has  been  occupied  as  a  missionary  station 
since  1832.  and  the  church  contains  alxiut  300  members. 
The  schools,  attended  by  about  1000  children,  are  ver3-  in- 
efficient, there  being  neither  regular  teachers  nor  school- 
bouses.    I'op.  of  the  island,  in  December,  1853,  17,330. 

MAULDA,  a  town  of  Indiii.    See  Mald.\. 

MAUKI,  an  island  of  the  South  Pacific.    See  Parry. 

MAULDE.  mold,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Uainaut, 
21  miles  W.X.W.  of  Mous.     Pop.  1377. 

MAUL/DEX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

MAUL'DIXG'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  Illinois. 

M.\ULE,  mow'lA,  a  river  of  Chili,  enters  the  I'aoific,  near 
the  viilage  of  La  Constitucion,  lOO  miles  X.E.  of  Conivpcion, 
after  a  Vi .  course  of  180  miles,  for  the  last  few  leagues  of 
which  it  is  navigable  for  small  craft.  It  gives  the  name  to 
a  department  between  those  of  Concepciou  and  Colchagua, 
with  an  area  of  3990  sqtiare  miles,  aud  a  population  of 
102.000.(?i 

MAULKOX.  mo^l.i^Ax«',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Basses-Pyrenees,  25  miles  S.^V.  of  Pau.    Pop.  lC,i4. 

M.\ULfiVlUEli.  miVlA*vre-a/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire.  on  the  Moine.     Pop.  in  1852.  2398. 

MAULMAIX,  miPmin',  MOULMEIX  or  MoKLMYXE, 
mool-miu',  a  seai  ort  town  of  Further  India,  capital  of  a 
Briti.sh  province  of  the  Teuasserim  Coast,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sahvin  Ixiver.  opposite  the  Burmese  town  Martabau.  28 
miles  X.E.  of  Amherst,  lat.  16°  30'  N..  Ion.  97°  37'  E.  Pop- 
ulation some  years  ago  estimated  at  10,000,  and  during  the 
late  Cnine.se  war  it  was  garrisoned  by  4o00  men,  including 
an  European  regiment.  It  was  founded  in  1S25.  a«  a  fron- 
tier mililary  station,  but  having  a  good  harbor,  protected 
westward  by  the  island  of  Balu.  it  has  become  a  iiourishing 
seat  of  commerce.  Exports  consist  of  teak-tiniber.  rice,  to- 
bacco, stick-lac,  betel-nut,  ivory,  cocoa-nuts,  and  live  stock. 
Imports  are  mostly  European  cotton  goods  aud  marine 
stores.  Trade  principally  with  Calcutta,  Madras.  Rangoon, 
and  Penang.  About  15  miles  distant  are  some  remarl^able 
stalactitic  caverns. 

MAUMEE,  maw'mee'.  a  river  formed  by  the  St.  Joseph's 
and  St.  Mary's  Rivers,  which  unite  at  Fort  Wayne,  in  Indiana. 
It  flows  througli  the  X.\V.  part  of  Ohio,  and  enters  Maumee 
Bay.  at  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Erie,  about  4  miles  below  Toledo. 
Steamboats  can  ascend  to  Defiance,  (about  60  miles  from  its 
mouth.)  when  the  water  is  high,  and  boats  of  60  tons  in 
ordinary  stages.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  follows  the 
course  of  this  river  from  Fort  Wayne  to  its  mouth,  a  di* 
tance  of  80  miles. 

M.\UMEE,  a  township  in  Allen  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  164. 

M.\UMEE  CITY,  capital  of  Lucas  county,  Ohio,  on  the 
left  liank  of  the  Maumee  ICiver,  and  on  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal,  opposite  I'errysburg.  and  8  miles  S.AV.  of  Toledo. 
It  is  at  the  head  of  the  regular  steamlioat  navigation,  and 
has  an  active  busines.  It  contains  6  churches,  a  Unioi. 
school,  2  iron  foundries  and  numerous  stores.  There  are  in 
the  vicinity  several  floiuing  and  other mills.     Po]).  1091. 

M AUMELLE.  maw^mJP,  or  MAM'MELLE/,  a  postrofllce  t 
Pulaski  CO.,  Arkansas. 

MAOXA.     SeeMAOoNA. 

MAUXA  LOA.  mow'nj  WL  or  MAUXA  ROA,  ("great 
mountain.")  a  mountain  of  Hawaii,  (which  see.) 

MAUXD^VEE/,  a  town  of  India,  presidency  and  13  milef 
S.E.  of  Bombay. 

M.\UXD/WA,  a  town  of  India,  on  the  Xcrbudda,  stated, 
in  1820,  to  comprise  1000  houses. 

MAUXKAIHA,  mawnki'rd.  written  al.so  5IUXKERE,  a 
fortified  town  of  the  Punjab,  between  the  .Ihvlum  and  lur 
dus  Rivers,  38  miles  S.E,  of  Bukkur.  Lat.  31°  2;J'  N.,  Ion. 
71^  30'  E. 

M.\UXPOOR',  a  fortified  town  of  Hicdostan,  dominion 
and  53  miles  E.  of  Jeypoor. 

M.-VUM'OO'RAil,  atown  of  Hindostan,  Clwalior  dominion, 
S.W.  of  Oojein. 

MAUX'SA.  a  town  of  West  Hindostan,  dominion  and  82 
miles  N.W.  of  Baroda. 


MAU 


MAI 


MAUPITI,  an  island  in  the  South  PaciGc.    See  Marca. 

MALU,  mOWB,  a  village  of  Swilzerlaud.  canton  and  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Zurich,  S.AV.  side  of  LalieUr  iffeu.  i'op.  2133. 

JlAUUEl'AS.  mO're-pi\  a  lalio  situated  in  the  K.  part  of 
Louisiana,  at  the  moutli  of  Amite  Kiver.  eouimunicates  with 
Lak"  l'oiit<hartrain  by  an  outlet  about  3  miles  long.  Its 
form  is  orbiiular,  and  itd  greatest  extent  13  miles. 

MAUItlAC,  mr/re-dk'.  (L.  Mauriucuiu,)  a.  town  of  France, 
department  of  Cantal,  36  miles  W'.N.AV.  of  St.  Flour.  I'op. 
in  1S52,  3594.  It  ha.s  a  fine  Gothic  church,  communal  col- 
lege, and  trade  in  horses  and  mules. 

JIAL'KICE  RIVKK,  or  I'Kl.NCK  MAURICE  RIVER,  of 
N'w  Jersey,  rises  by  several  small  streaiis in  the  S.  central 
part  of  Gloucester  county,  and  flowing  lirst  S.,  and  after- 
wards S.W.,  falls  into  Delaware  Bay  alxiut  20  miles  in  a 
straight  line  X.  hy  AV.  from  Cape  May  Lifihtliouse.  It  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  8U  or  100  tons  to  Millville,  20  miles. 

MAURICE  RIVER,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Aew 
Jersey.    I'op.  !it."0. 

MAU'RICETOWN,  a  village  of  Downe  township,  Cumber- 
land CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  Maurice  River,  about  30  miles  S.E. 
of  f^alem,  contains  a  cliurch  and  30  or  -iO  dwellings. 

MAURITANIA  TINGITANA.    See  Morocco,  Empire  of. 

MAURITIUS,  maw-rish'e-us,  or  ISLE  UF  FRANCE,  an 
island  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  ¥.. 
from  the  i.-ilands  of  Madagascar  and  Bourbon;  lat.  (Port 
Louis  tlie  capital,)  20°  9/  42"  S.  Ion.  57°  28'  45"  E.  It  is  of 
an  oval  form,  about  40  miles  from  N.E.  to  S.W..  and  25 
miles  in  its  greatest  breadth.  It  is  surrounded  by  coral 
reefs,  and  in  the  interior  is  composed  chiefly  of  rugged  and 
irregular  mountains,  rising  usually  into  points  or  pin- 
nacles of  considerable  lieight;  the  highest,  the  Brabant 
Mountain,  being  3000  feet,  and  tlie  singular  insulatotl 
rock,  Peter  Botte,  2000  feet.  Between  the  mountains,  and 
along  the  coast,  there  are  several  large  and  fertile  plains 
and  valleys,  well  watered  by  numerous  streamlets,  and  hay- 
ing an  exceedingly  rich  soil  of  black  vegetable  mould,  or 
stiff  clay.  Iron  exists,  but  is  of  an  inferior  quality.  The 
climate  is  salubrious,  but  is  subject  to  violent,  frequent,  and 
destructive  hurricanes.  Sliatly  groves  of  mango,  dense 
masses  of  mimosa,  and  nearly  every  beautiful  tree  of  the 
tropics,  are  to  be  met  with  in  Mauritius.  Mauy  plants  fi'om 
Europe,  Africa,  Madagascar,  and  India  are  acclimated,  and 
thrive  well.  The  principal  objects  of  cultivation  are  sugar, 
rice,  maize,  mandioc,  and  vegetables;  and.  to  a  limited  ex- 
tent, coffee,  pepper,  and  tlie  mulberry  for  the  proiluction  of 
silk.  The  exports  of  sugar,  which  is  the  staple  of  the  island, 
increased  from  04,880.184  lbs.  in  1839,  to  Ily,4;;0,044  lbs.  in 
1848,  mostly  sent  to  Great  Britain.  The  next  largest  article 
of  export  is  rice,  amounting,  in  1848,  to  3,085,424  lbs.,  the 
greater  part  of  which  went  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The 
total  exports,  in  1852,  amounted  iu  value  to  1.100,5tJ4/. 
The  imports,  which  consist  of  provisions  of  all  kind.s,  live 
stock,  copper,  cordage,  glass,  cotton  manufactures,  <kc.. 
amounted  to  1.052,3512.  The  government  of  the  island  is 
Tested  in  a  governor,  a  colonial  legislative  council,  subordi- 
nate to  tlie  orders  of  the  sovereign  iu  council.  Revenue 
1852,311.854?,;  expenditures,  283,053Z.  Mauritius  was  dis- 
covered in  1605  by  the  Portuguese.  The  Dutch  took  pos- 
gefsion  of  it  in  1598,  and  named  it  Mauritiu,s,  iu  honor  of 
Prince  Maurice.  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French  in 
1721,  who  retained  it  till  1810,  when  it  was  captured  by  the 
British.  It  is  well  known  as  the  scene  of  St.  Pierre"s  tale  of 
I'aul  and  Virginia.  There  is  a  packet  conimuuiiatiou  month- 
ly between  the  island  and  Ceylon.  The  principal  towns  are 
Port  Louis  and  Malielourg.  French  is  the  language  chiefly 
spoken.     I'op.  161,920. 

MAURIUS,  a  post-office  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana. 

MAURON,  mf/rAN'',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Morljihau.  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ploermel.     I'op.  in  1852,  4246. 

iI.\UHS,  moK,  (L.  Murtium.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cantal,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Aurillac.     Pop.  3081. 

MAURUA,  or  MAUPITI.     See  Marua. 

IMAtiRY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Tennessee; 
area  estimated  at  Ooo  sfjuare  miles.  Duck  River  divides  it 
into  nearly  equal  parts,  and  is  juined  in  its  pas.sage  by  seve- 
ral affluents,  which  furnish  water-power.  The  surface  is 
diversified;  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected Dy  the  railroad  extending  from  Nashville  to  Decatur, 
Alabama.  Maury  is  the  third  county  in  tlie  state  with 
respect  to  population.  CapiUil,  Columbia.  Pop.  32,498,  of 
whiini  17,844  were  iree,  and  14,iS4  slaves. 

MAUTERX.  muw'tern,  a  small  town  of  Austria,  Styria, 
20  miles  W.  of  Briiek,  w.iin  mineral  baths  and  iron  works. 

MAUTERN,  a  small  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Dan- 
ube, here  crossed  by  a  bridge  to  Stein.  40  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Vienna,  and  where,  in  1484,  Mathias  of  Hungary  obtained 
a  signal  victory  over  the  A  uetrians. 

AlAUTERNDORF,  nu'iw'tern-doRr,  a  market-town  of  Upper 
Austria.  <ircle  and  67  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salzburg.     Pop.  1120. 

MA  L  Til,  mowt,  or  JIEGTO,  m^g'to,  a  nuirket-town  of 
Bohemia,  circle  ani  21  miles  S.W.  of  Beraun.     Pop.  1200. 

MAUTHAUSEN,  mowt'how'zgn,  a  market-town  of  Upper 
Austria,  on  the  Danube,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Enns.     Pop.  1200. 

UAUTUEN,  mow'tgu,  a  village  of  Ulyria,  in  Cariuthia. 


MAUVATSE  (moVAzO  RIVER,  or  MUSH'KEE.  a  small 
stream  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  La  Pointe  co.,  and  flown  into 
Lake  Superior. 

MAUAEZIN,  nioVeh-zS.No',  (L.  Maluesinum.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Gers,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Lectoure.  P.  1371 

MAUVI'L.A,  a  village  of  Mobile  co.,  Alabama,  on  th» 
Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Mobile. 

MAUZ£,.mo'zi',  a  town  of  F'rance,  department  of  Deux- 
Sevres,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mignon,  13  miles  S.W.  of 
Niort.     Pop.  1824. 

MAVROMATI.    See  Messene. 

MAVRO(or  MAURO)POTAMOS,  mSv'ro  pot'l-moB,  (anc 
Achlerrm,)  a  river  ff  Greece,  F^jiirus,  enters  the  Medilerr^^ 
nean  7  miles  Fi.S.E.  of  Parga.  after  a  S.W.  course  of  40  miles. 
From  the  N.  it  receives  the  river  anciently  called  the  Oicytus  ; 
and  both  streams  were,  by  the  Greek  mythologists,  reputed 
to  be  rivers  of  hell. 

MAVRO(,or  MAURO)POTAMOS,  (anc.  Cepkistsus,)  a  river 
of  Gret'ce.  in  Livadia,  falls  into  Lake  Topolias,  (anc.  Cnpais.} 

MAVROVOUNO,  miv'ro  voo'no.  (or  the  "  black  moun- 
tain.") a  triple-peaked  height  of  Greece,  Epirus,  elevation 
1500  fi-et. 

MAWD/ESLEY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

MAW/GAN-iN-MENEAGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall.  « 

MAW/GAN-iK-PY/DER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall. 

M.\W/NAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MAX^VTAW'NY,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 74  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  2093. 

MAXDttRF.  mdx'doRf,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Buntzlau,  9niiles  from  Reichenljcrg.     Pop.  11C3. 

MAXEN,  mix'en,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  and  10  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Dresden,  with  a  castle  and  mineral  l)aths.  In 
1759,  the  Austrians  here  defeated  the  Prussians.     Pup.  665. 

MAXENT.  mix^fiN"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
llle-et-Viliiine,  arrondissemeiit  of  Montfort.     Pop.  1890. 

MAX'EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

M.\X'EY.  a  post-village  of  Oglethorpe  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Athens  Brancli  Railroad,  94  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 

MA.X'FIELD,  a  post^township  of  Penob.«cot  co.,  iSlaiiie,  on 
the  Piscataquis  River,  38  miles  N.  by  F).  of  Bangor.     1'.  162. 

MAX'STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

MAX'TON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

MAX'VILLE,  a  posl>village  of  Washington  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  F'rankfort. 

MAXVILLE,  Huron  co,,  Ohio.    See  Peru. 

MAXA'ILLE,  a  village  of  Spencer  Co.,  Indiana,  on  th 
Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Anderson's  Creek,  about  140 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MAX'WELL,  a  postoftice  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio. 

5]  AX'WELI/S.  a  station  of  Brunswick  co..  North  Cnrolina, 
on  tlie  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad,  25  miles  W. 
of  Wilmington. 

JIAXWELL'S  CREEK,  a  posirOfRce  of  Mariposa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

SIAX'WELLTOWN,  a  burgh  of  barony  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Kirkcudbright,  on  the  Nith,  opposite  Dumfries,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  2  bridges.  Pop.  in  1851,  3S20,  chiefly 
Irish. 

JIAY.  an  islet  of  Scotland,  at  the  month  of  the  Firth  of 
Forth.  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Fifeness,  1  mile  in  length,  with  a 
light  240  feet  above  the  sea.     Lat.  66°  11'  N..  Ion.  2°  33'  W. 

MAY,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  tributary 
to  tlie  Flam. 

MAY,  a  small  river  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

MAY,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

M-4.Y.  Le,  leh  mA,  a  village  of  France,  dep.Trtment  of 
Maine-etr Loire,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Beaupreau.     I'op.  1065. 

MAYACO.  mi-iCko,  a  town  of  llayti. on  the  N.  coast,  about 
25  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  FIngaflo. 

MAY.^OUANA,  mi-^-gwd/n3,  an  island  of  the  West  Indie.s. 

MAYAGUF;Z,  ml-i-w5s',  or  mi-d-wSz',  a  town  and  port  of 
the  island  of  Porto  Rico,  Antilles,  70  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Jean- 
de-Porto-Rico.  It  was  taken  in  1822.  by  the  adventurer 
Ducoudray,  who  attempted  to  establish  an  independent 
repulilie. 

M  AY'AS.  mI'Ss,  a  nation  of  American  Indians,  who.  before 
the  Spanish  conquest,  occupied  the  whole  peninsula  of  Yu- 
catan, including  Tabasco.  Though  ne.irly  extinct  as  a  dis- 
tinct tribe,  their  language  is  still  spoken  by  the  Indians  of 
all  the  countries  originally  in  their  posses.'ion. 

MAVAKI.  nii-3-ree',  a  seaport  town,  oi  the  N.  coast  of 
Cuba,  near  the  moutii  of  a  small  stream  which  flows  into 
the  Bay  of  Nipe.  It  is  celebrated  tor  the  fine  tobacco  raised 
here.     Lat.  20°  45'  N'.,  Ion.  75°  30'  W.     Pop.  about  3000. 

MAY'ISINTON.  a  post-village  of  Newberry  district.  South 
Carolina,  near  Broad  River,  about45  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

JIAV'BOLE,  a  burgh  of  barony,  town,  and  parish  ot 
Scotland,  co..  and  7i  miles  S.  of  Ayr.  Pop.  of  burgh  in  1851, 
3802.  The  town  contains  various  stately  anmjue  buildings, 
including  the  ca.stle.  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Cassilis  family, 
called  ■•  Kings  of  Carrick;"  also  manufactures  for  Glasgow 
houses,  employing  numerous  hands,  mostly  Irish. 

MAYCAL'LiN  CREFIK,  of  Arkansas,  flows  through  Pope 

1163 


xMAY 

00.,  and  enters  the  Arkansas  near  the  W.  line  of  John- 
son couDtr 

MAYDOfRGTIAUT.  mi-door-gawV,  a  town  of  India, 
Kizam's  dominion,  140  miles  S.E.  of  Hyderabad. 

MAYEX,  mi'fn,  a  walled  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  15 
miles  W.  of  Coblentz.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth,  red  leather,  and  earthenware.     Pop.  4903. 

M.IYKNCK.  a  town  of  Germany.    See  Mestz. 

MAYEXFELD,  mi'^n-f^ltN  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Grisons.  near  the  Rhine,  ll  miles  X.  of  Chur.     Pop.  1200. 

MAYEXXE.  La,  (L.  Maluana.)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in 
the  Jep.irtment  of  Orne.  flows  S,  and  unites  with  the  Loir 
and  Sarthe  in  forming  the  Maine;  total  course,  about  125 
mile.s.  of  wliich  about  55  miles  are  navigable. 

MAYEXNE,  md^Jun'  or  mWnn/,  a  department  in  the 
N.\V.  of  France,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Maine- 
etrPeiche.  Area  1966  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S61.  375,103. 
Surface  generally  flat ;  sufficient  corn  is  rai.«ed  for  consump- 
tion ;  ci  jer  and  perry  are  extensively  made ;  lint  and  hemp 
«re  grown,  and'  the  forests  furnish  timber  for  the  marine. 
Chief  industry,  linen  spinning  and  weaving.  Chief  river, 
the  Mayenne.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrou- 
di.«sements  of  Chateau-Gontier,  Laval,  and  Slayenne.  Capi- 
tal. Laval. 

MAYEXXE,  (L.  Me^uana.)  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Mayenne,  17  miles  X.X.E.  of  Laval,  chietiy  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Mayenne.  but  connected  by  a  bridge  with  an 
extensive  suburb  on  the  left  bank.  It  has  a  large  public 
square,  adorned  with  a  fountain,  and  a  Hotel  de  Ville;  two 
churches,  in  the  suburb:  and  an  old  ca-stle  of  the  Lords  of 
Mayenne,  on  the  right  bank,  and  picturesquely  overhanging 
the  briilge.  This  ca.<*tle  was  taken  by  the  English,  under 
the  Earl  of  ."Salisbury,  in  1424,  after  a  three  months'  siege. 
The  manufactures  of  linen,  calico,  and  ticks,  are  important, 
and  employ  about  8000  persons  in  and  around  the  town. 
There  are  aLso  cotton-mills,  bleachfields,  and  dye  works. 
Pop.  in  1852.  9933. 

M.\YESVILLE,  mAz/vill,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district. 
South  Carolina. 

M.\  YET,  md^yA',  (L.  Maiatum.)  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Siirthe,  16  miles  E.X.E.  of  La  Fleche.    Pop.  3764. 

M.\YET.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Allier,  arron- 
dissement  of  La  Palisse.     Pop.  in  1852,  1919. 

MAY'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

MAYFIELD,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex, 
H  miles  S.  of  Tunbridge  Wells.  Itemaius  of  a  palace,  said 
to  have  been  built  by  St.  Duustan.  and  long  a  residence  of 
the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  still  exist. 

M.\  Y'FI  ELD,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,   Pop.  118. 

MAYFIELD.  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part  of 
Fulton  CO.,  New  Y^ork,  about  47  miles  X.W.  of  Albany.  It 
hag  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  paper,  &c. 
Pop.  23«7. 

M.\YFIELD.  a  post-village  of  Isle  of  Wight  co.,  Virginia, 
is  pleasantly  situated,  72  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond. 

MAYFIELD,  a  postolfice  of  Rockingham  co.,- North  Caro- 
lina. 

MAYFIELD  or  ROCK  MILLS,  a  postrvillage  of  Warren  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Ogeeehee  River,  54  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Augusta. 
It  has  a  cotton  factorj'. 

M.\YFIELD,  a  post-oiflce  of  Jackson  co.,  Tenne.ssee. 

M.\  YFI  ELD.  apo-^t-village,  capital  of  Graves  co..  Kentucky, 
on  Mayfi.-ld  Creek.  275  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort  It  has 
K  court-house  and  about  100  inhabitants. 

M.\YKIELD.  a  post^townsbip  forming  the  X.E.  extremity 
Of  Cuvahoga  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1079. 

MAYFIELD.  a  township  in  De  Kalb  co..  Illinois.    P.  998. 

MAYFIELD'S  CREEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky.  ri.ses 
In  Graves  co..  and  flowing  northwaril  and  then  westward, 
entei-s  the  Mississippi  River  in  Ballard  co.,  about  8  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River. 

MAY  FLOWER,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co..  New  York. 

M.\Y  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois. 

M.\YL.\XD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

M.\YX,  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Main. 

MAY'XOOTH.  a  market  town  of  Ireland,  Leiuster,  co.  of 
Kildare.  on  the  Royal  Canal,  with  a  station  on  the  Irish 
Great  Western  Railway,  15  miles  W.X.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop. 
2129.  It  h.is  remains  of  a  castle,  formerly  the  chief  seat  of 
the  Fitzgeralds ;  a  large  Roman  Catholic  chapel  and  convent, 
and  the  Itoyal  College  of  St.  I'atrick.  founded  in  1795.  for 
the  etlucation  of  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy.  It  accommo- 
dates alxmt  450  studifnts.  250  of  whom  are  maintained  free. 
Annual  government  grant.  30.000?. 

MAYO.  mA'o,  a  maritime  county  of  Irehind,  Connansht. 
having  E.  the  counties  of  Sligo  and  Roscommon.  Area  2131 
square  miles,  or  1,3«5.882  acres,  of  which  aViout  800.000  are 
waste  or  unimproved  mountain  pasture,  and  56.976  under 
water.  Pop.  in  1841.  38S.887;  in  1851.274.830.  Coastline 
fringed  with  clilTs  and  islets,  and  indented  witn  innumerable 
Inlet*.  The  Rurfjue  is  mostly  mountainous,  but  comprising 
many  fertile  and  comparativelv  level  tracts.  Soil  generally 
llght.l)etter  suited  to  grazing  than  tillage.  Chief  crf>pR,  flax. 
OBt<,  an.l  |«otato.«.  The  fislieries  are  valuable,  and  the  countv 
lias  marble  and  elaUi  works.  Iron  ore  is  plentiful.  Chief 
1164 


MAY 

towns,  Castlebar,  Ballina,  and  Wegtport.  It  sends  2  mem- 
bers to  the  House  of  Commons,  (both  for  the  county.) 

MAYO.a  jiarishof  Ireland,  Connaught.  in  acojiityof  th« 
same  name,  containing  the  village  fr>ni  which  the  county 
takes  its  name,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Balla.     Pop.  41T9. 

M.\Y/0.  a  small  river  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina, 
ri.ses  by  two  lirauches.  the  North  and  South  Mayo,  in  Patrick 
county,  of  the  former  state,  and  flowing  south-ea.-tward 
into  North  Carolina,  enters  the  Dan  River  at  Madi.<on. 

MAYO,  mi'o.  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  in  the  Atlan- 
tic, E.  of  Santiago.  It  is  about  18  miles  in  circuit,  with  a 
rocky  coast  and  sterile  soil,  its  principal  product  being  salt, 
from  a  natural  lagoon.    Chief  port,  i'ino.<a. 

MAYO,  mi/o,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of 
Sonora,  enters  the  Gulf  of  California,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Guay- 
mas.  aft«ir  a  S.AV.  course  of  130  miles. 

MAYO,  an  i.«land  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  N. 
coast  of  Celebes,  30  miles  N.  of  Menatlo. 

MAYO,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  co..  Vireinia. 

MAYOMBA,  md-yom  ba.  .MAYLM'BA  or  MAJC5IBA,  mi- 
jQm'bd.  a  town  of  Southern  Guinea,  120  miles  N.W.  of  I/O- 
ango.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mayomba,'in  the  Atlantic.  It  is 
the  capital  of  the  country  of  Mayomba,  which  is  rich  in  cop- 
per, ivory,  and  gum. 

MAWVNI.NG,  a  post-village  in  Patrick  co..  Virginia. 

M.WORES,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Cu.miires-Matores. 

M.W'ORGA,  md-you'gd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  48 
miles  N.W.  of  Valladolid,  on  the  Cea.     I'op.  1790. 

MAY'ORG.A..  a  group  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  in  the  Paci- 
fic the  chief  of  which  is  Varao. 

M.\Y0TT.4.  an  island,  Indian  Ocean.    See  Comoro. 

M.W'POCHA,  mi-po'chd,  a  small  river  of  Chili,  joins  the 
Mavpu,  in  lat.  liS^  40'  S..  length  about  CO  miles. 

MAY'PORT  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Duval  eo..  Florida^ 

M.\Yl'U,  mi-poo',  a  river  of  Chili,  department  of  Santiago, 
rises  in  the  .\ndes,  and  after  a  W.  course  of  130  miles,  enters 
tlie  Pacific.  40  miles  S.  of  Valparaiso.  The  principal  affluent 
is  the  MelipiUa,  which  joins  the  Maypu.  4o  miles  E.  of  the 
Pacific  Oc«in.  The  course  of  this  mountain  stream  is  so 
impetuous,  that  it  can  only  be  spanned  by  suspension 
bridges.  In  the  plain  traversed  by  it.  the  republican  troops, 
under  San  Martin,  defeated  the  royalists  in  the  year  1818. 

MAYPU,  a  mountain  peak  of  the  Andes,  in  Chili,  lat  33° 
50'  S.     Height.  15.000  feet 

JIAYREXA-DEI.rALCOR,  mT-r.Vna-<lfl-3l-koR/,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  .Seville.  Pop.  3541. 
It  has  a  castle,  and  a  large  horse  and  cattle  fair. 

M.\YRES.  main,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
diche.  12  miles  N.W.of  Largentiere.     Pop.  in  1852.  2471. 

MAY'RHOFEX,  miR'ho'fen,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol, 
circle  of  Si'hwatz.  near  Zell.     Pop.  1245. 

MAY'S  L.ANDIXG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Atlantic 
county.  New  Jersey,  is  situated  in  Hamilton  township,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  on  Great  Egg  H»rlK)r  River,  about 
65  miles  S.  of  Trenton.  It  consists  of  two  parts.  May's 
Landing  proper,  and  Hamilton,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
up  the  river,  where  a  dam  has  recently  been  constructed, 
affording  fine  water-power.  It  has  3  or  4  churches,  2 
foundries,  and  a  large  grist-mill. 

MAYS'LIGK',  a  i>ost-vill.ige  of  Mason  co.,  Kentncky,  on 
the  railroad  Iroin  Maysville  to  Lexington,  12  miles  S.Vv.  of 
the  former.     It  contains  2  or  3  clinrches.     Pop.  380. 

MAY'SVILLE,  m,4z'vii.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chau- 
tauqua CO..  New  York,  at  the  N.W.  end  of  Chautauqua  Lake, 
about  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains,  be.  ides  the 
county  buildings.  3  or  4  churches,  an  a<'Bdemy.  besides  one 
tiewspaper.  A  steauilxiat  plies  tjetweeu  this  place  and  James- 
town.    I'op.  estimated  at  1000. 

M.VYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  CO..  Pennsylvania. 

M.WSVILLE.  a  post-village,  capiUU  of  Buckingham  co., 
Virginia,  is  situateil  on  Slate  River,  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion. 27  mil&s  from  its  mouth.  ai;d  87  mile.s  W.  of  Richmond. 
It  has  a  liandsome  court-house,  built  according  to  a  plan 
furnished  by  ^Jefferscwi,  and  a  large  I'resbyti^rian  chni-ch. 

MAYSA'ILLE.  a  j>ost-village  iii  Greenbrier  Co.,  W.  A'ir- 
giniii.  aliout  Itio  miles  S.  of  \N  heeling. 

MAYSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Green  co..  N^crth  Cai-olina. 

MAYSVILLE,  a  stsition  of  Sumter  district.  South  Caroliiia, 
on  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad,  9  miles  X.2 
of  Sumterville. 

SI.IY'SVI  LLE,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co  ,  Georgia. 

M-W'SVILLE^  a  post-office  of  Madi.son  co..  Alabama. 

M.\YSVILLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Bent.n  co..  Arkansas, 
stands  on  the  W.  boundary  of  the  state,  about  25  miles  W. 
of  Bentonville. 

MAYSVIL1..E.  a  h.^ndsome  city  of  ilfi.son  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River.  60  miles  above  Cincinnati,  and  to  miles 
N.E.  of  Lexington.  It  was  formerly  called  Limestone,  from 
Limestone  Creek,  which  here  enters  the  river.  The  sitno 
tion  is  elevat*^  and  delightful.  A  range  of  Ixjld  and  verdint 
hi_'hland8,  rising  immediately  behind  the  city,  render  its 
appearance,  as  viewed  from  the  river,  exceedingly  attractive. 
It  is  compactly  built.  .Among  the  public  buildings  are  a 
liand.=oi'je  liry  hall,  a  substantia!  stone  jail,  a  bo-pitn!,  and 
7  or  8  churcu^    It  contains  also  2  banks,  2  large  seminaries, 


MAY 

beBides  the  public  schools,  and  printing-ofBces,  in  which  4 
newspapers  are  pulilished.  In  the  extent  of  its  business 
and  population,  Maysville  is  about  the  seventh  town  in  the 
state,  and  is  advancing  in  these  respects.  It  U  the  PiitrepGt 
of  tlie  goods  and  produce  imported  and  exported  by  the 
nortlieastern  section  of  Kentnclv.v,  and  is  tlie  most  exten- 
sive hemp  nnirl<et  in  the  United  States.  A  railroad  is  in 
course  of  construction  extending;  from  this  place  to  I.e.x- 
jngton.  Among  the  various  manufactures  in  operation 
may  be  mentioned  2  steam  cotton-factoi  ies,  1  hirge  liagging- 
factory,  2  iron-foundries,  5  rope-walks,  12  manufactories  of 
plouglis,  and  h  of  coaches  and  wagons.  The  corporation 
have  expended  $70,000  on  tlie  different  turnpikes  which 
converge  to  this  point,  in  addition  to  indivi(hial  subscrii)- 
tions.  Maysville  was  settled  in  1784,  and  incorporated  in 
183:j.  Population,  41((rt. 
MAYSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Montgomery  cc,  Ohio. 
MAYSVILLK,  a  village  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
■White  Itiver,  and  on  the  Wabash  and  Krie  Canal,  110  miles 
S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

M.WSVILLK,  a  village  in  Fountain  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  Kiver,  and  on  the  Mabash  and  Erie  Canal,  70  miles 
N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 
MAYSVILLE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana. 
M.WSVILLE,  a  jiost-village  of  Clay  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
border  of  Twelve  Mile  J'niirie,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi I'.aihoad.  near  the  Little  Wabash  Kiver,  122  miles  S.E. 
of  Spriiigfi<!)d. 

MAYSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  De  Kalb  cc,  Mis- 
souri, a i;out  :50  miles  K.N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

M  A  Y'TOWX,  a  post-village  of  Lanca-stc-r  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  2>  miles  S.E.  of  llarrislmrg.     Pop.  Of>0. 
.MAVUMliA  or  MAJUMBA.     See  M.vtovb\. 
M.AYVIl.LE,  New  York.    See  Matsville. 
M.4  V'MLLK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Dodge  co..  Wis- 
consin, 12  miles  N.E.  of  .Jnnoan  and  05  N.E.  of  Madison, 
It  has  a  valuable  water-power.     It  contiiin.s  2  chnrches,  8 
stores,  2  mills,  :i  hotels,  a  large  stone  seliool-house,  and  a 
blast-furnace.     Iron  ore  is  abundant  hero.     Population 
about  TiiO. 
MAZACA  or  CT.SAREA.    See  Kaisarekteh. 
M.AZAGAN,  mdzVgrtn',  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Jforocco. 
nn  the  Atlantic,  122  miles  N.W.  of  Morocco,  at  the  extremity 
of  a  low  ro<ky  point.    It  has  some  good  fortifications,  but  is 
now  mostly  in  ruins.     Pop.  2000. 

MAZ.VGAO,  (Mazagilo,)  md-zd-gOwNo',  a  town  of  Brazil. 
province  and  about  190  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Para,  near  the 
sstuary  of  the  Amazon. 

MAZ'AGON'G',  a  village  of  Briti.'-h  India,  presidency  and 
on  the  island  of  Bombay,  chieUy  inhabited  by  descendants 
of  the  I'ortuguese. 

MAZALTENANGO,  mJ-sai-tA-nan'go.  a  town  of  Central 
America,  state  and  110  miles  W.  of  Guatemala. 

Jl.VZAMET,  mS'zd'm.V.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Arnette,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Cas- 
tres.  I'op.  in  1852.  9894.  It  has  extensive  manufactories 
jf  cloths,  and  large  cloth  fairs. 

M.\Z.iN,  mi'zftx"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vauduse,  5  miles  E.  of  Carpentras.     Pop.  in  1852,  3837. 

M.\ZAN,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ardeche, 
arrondissement  of  Largenti&re..    Pop.  in  1852.  3837. 

MAZANDEKAN,  md-zdn'der-an'.  or  MAZANDEROON, 
ma-zduMer-oon',  a  province  of  .\orth  Persia,  mostlv  between 
Jat.  StPsind  37°  N.,  and  Ion.  50°  and  54°  E.     Pop.  150.000. 

MAZARAMBIIOZ.  md-lhd-rdm-brAth'.  a  townof  Spain,  New 
Castile.  11  miles  from  Toledo.     Pop.  1508. 

M.\Z.\HRON,  a  town  of  Spain.  See  Almazartiox. 
M  .VZATLAN,  mdz'at-ldn'  or  md-sdt-ldn'.  a  flourishing  town 
and  seaport  of  Mexico,  in  Cinaloa,  at  the  entrance  of  the  river 
Mazatlan  into  the  Gulf  of  California,  183  miles  S.E.  of  Ci- 
naloa. Lat.  (Custom-bouse,)  23°  11'  48"  N.,  Ion.  106°  23'  45" 
W.  It  is  built  on  the  crest  of  some  heights,  and  has  a  clean 
and  healthy  appearance.  There  are  many  fine  stores  well 
stocked  with  European  goods;  but  few  .\merican  manufac- 
tures are  to  be  met  with.  The  port  is  sheltered  to  some  ex- 
tent from  the  N.  winds,  but  exposetl  to  the  W,  and  S.  Mazat- 
lan, after  Acapulco,  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  Jlexico. 
It  forms  the  outlet  for  the  products  of  the  mining  districts  of 
St.  Sebastian,  and  imports  considerable  quantities  of  English 
goods.  In  1846,  it.s  exports  amounted  to  $1,657,748,  and  its 
imports  to  $1,559,768.  In  1853,  35  steamers  arrived  here 
fi'om  the  United  States,  bringing  5095  passengers ;  and  the 
total  tonnage  of  the  vessels  of  all  kinds  arriving  here  was 
30,762.     Pop.  of  the  town  from  10,000  to  12,000. 

M.\Zf!.  md^z.i/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Lolre,  on  the  Authion,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Bauge. 
Pop.  in  1 S52,  3836. 

M.\ZEENA  or  MAZIN.X.,  md-zee/na,  a  fort  of  Afghanistan, 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Jelalabad.    Near  this  place  the  British  de- 
feated an  Afghan  force  in  July,  1842. 
5I.\ZKIHA,  an  island  of  Arabia.    See  Massera. 
M.\ZKRES,  md'z.alR',  (L.  Maceria,)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Allege,  on  the  Lez,  10  miles  N.  of  Pamiers. 
Pop.  in  lSo2,  3694. 
MAZIERE,  LA  BASSE,  \l  bdss  md'ze-aiR/,  a  village  of 


MEA 

France,  department  of  Correze,  14  miKs   S.W.  of  t'ssel. 
Pop.  1690. 
.MAZINA.  a  fort  of  Afghanistan.    See  Mazrkxa. 
IM,\ZO.  ma'so,  a  miserable   town  of  the  Canary  Island 
Palnia.  on  its  E.  coast.     Pop.  4181. 

M.VZoN.  a  small  post-village  of  Grundy  co.,  IlJinois,  a 
few  miles  S.  of  Morris. 

MAZlFUi;ABAD,uidzrirfrir-d-bdd',  a  town  of  the  Pun- 
jab, at  the  confluence  of  the  Jhylum.  and  its  groat  tributary 
the  Kishengunga.  and  commanding  the  entrance  of  the 
Baraiiula  Pass  into  Ca.shmere. 

MAZYE,  md-zi',  a  large  village  of  Afghanistan,  in  the 
Pisheen  Valley,  40  miles  N.  of  Shawl. 
MAZUKA,  an  island  of  Arabia.  See  Massera. 
MAZZARA.  mdt-sd'rl,  (anc.  Massara  and  Empnrium^ 
a  town  of  Sicily,  intendancy  and  26  miles  S.  of  Trapanl, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Siilemi.  Pop.  8400.  It  is  endostnl  by 
Saracenic  walls,  and  has  narrow,  unpaveil.  diity  streets. 
Its  public  buildings  comprise  a  cathedral,  bishop's  palacq 
senate-house,  several  convents,  an  hospital,  college,  theatre, 
and  a  CdricaUrre  for  warehousing  corn. 

•MAZZARA,  YAL  1)1,  vdl  <iee  mdt-sd/rd,  an  old  division 
of  Sicily,  now  subdivided  among  the  provinces  of  Trapanl, 
Girgenti.  and  parts  of  Palermo  and  Caltanisetta. 

M.'iZZ.\RINO.  mdt-s3-ree/no,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province 
and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Caltanisetta,  in  the  A'al-di-Noto,  with  a 
college,  and  palace  of  Prince  Butera.     Pop.  ll.COO. 
JIAZZE.  a  village  of  Piedmont.     See  Masse. 
M.\ZZO.  mdt'so.  a  village  of  .Northern  Italy,  province  of 
Sondrio,  S.  of  Bormio.     Pop.-1129. 

MDDUKAL,  m'doo'kdl'.(?)  a  village  of  Algeria,  in  the  ?,v 
hnra.  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  Lake  Iladna,  97  miles  S. 
W.  of  Constantine.     Pop.  700. 
ME.\CO,  the  capital  city  of  Japan.    See  Miako. 
IMEAD.  a  township.  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P  2309. 
MEAD,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Pennsylvania. 
ME.VD.  a  town.ship  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  1709. 
MEAD.\y.  mA-d-di/.  a  ruim-d  town  of  Burmah.  on  the 
Irrawaddy.  40  miles  N.  of  Prome.    It  was  destroyed  by  the 
retreating  Burmese  in  1826. 

MEADE,  meed,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  hai 
an  area  estimated  at  500  square  miles.   The  Ohio  River  forma 
its  boundary  on  the  N.  and  N.W.  for  a  distance  of  about  GO 
miles,  and  Salt  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  E.     The 
surface  is  generjilly  rolling,  and  the  soil  fertile.    The  county 
contains  abundance  of  cavernous  limestone,  a  good  material 
for  building.     Formed  ni  1823,  and  named  from  Captain 
James  Meade,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  the  river  Raisin. 
Cajiital.  Brandensburg.    Pop.  8898,  of  whom  6966  were  free, 
and  T.>:;2  slaves. 
JIE.\l)'tiRVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Miison  co.,  Tennessee. 
MEAHOW  (mJd'oj  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Greenbrier  co., 
We>t  A  iririnia. 
MEADOAV  BRANCH,  a  post-ofRce  of  Jackson  co..  Ohio. 
MEADOW  CliEKK.  postoflice.  Oranre  co..  North  Carolina. 
MEADOW  CHEEK.apost-ofticeof  AVhitleyco.,  Kentucky. 
ME,\DOW  DALE,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co..  Virginia. 
MEADOW  FARM,  a  post-oflice  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 
MEADOAV  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  tlie  S.  central  part 
of  AV.  A'irginia.  rises  in  (ireenbrier  co.,  and  flows  along  the 
boundary  of  Nicholas  and  Fayette  counties  into  Gauley 
River. 
ME.\DOAVS.  a  post-ofBce  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  Arkansas. 
ME.tD'S  B.\SIN.  a  post-office  of  Passaic  co..  New  Jer.sey. 
MEAD'S  CORNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 
MEAD'S  5IILL.  a  po.st-offlce  of  AA'ayie  co..  Michigan. 
BIEAD'A'ILLE,  a  flourishing  borough,  capital  of  Crawford 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  French  Creek, 
2.36  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Harri.sburg.  and  about  95  miles  N.  of 
Pittsburg.     It  is  the  principal  market  of  this  fertile  and 
populous  county,  from  which   grain,  lumber,  oil,  &c.,  are 
exported.     The  Atlantic  and  Great  AVestern  Railroad  passes 
through  it.    Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  handsome 
court-house,  a  state  arsenal,  and  an  academy.    The  elegant 
building  of   Alleghany  College    stands  on   an    eminence 
half  a  mile  N.  of  the  town.    There  is  a^so  a  divinity  school 
belonging  to  the  Christians  and  Unitarians.     Meadville  con- 
tains several  paper-mills,  an  oil-mill,  and  an  edge-tool  factory, 
also  1  national  bank.    Incorporated  in  1823.     Pop.  in  1850, 
2578 ;  in  1860,  3702. 

MEADA'ILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Halifax  co..  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Banister  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about 
136  miles  S.AV.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  a  large  fiouring- 
mill  and  a  tobacco  factory.     Pop.  about  500. 

ME.ADA'ILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co..  Mi* 
sissippi.  on  the  Homocbitto  River,  80  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Jackson, 
and  34  miles  E.  of  Natchez. 
ME.^DA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Mead  co.,  Kentucky. 
MEAGHER,  mee'gher,  a  post-office  of  Bureau  ro..  lllinoi.?, 
51EAHGUNGE.  mrl-^-gtinj',  a  walled  town  of  Indit,  domi- 
nions of  Oude,  24  miles  S.AV.  of  Lncknow. 

MEAKSIMA  or  MEACSIMA,  m.-l-ak-see/md,  some  islets  of 
Japan,  AV.  of  the  S,  part  of  Kioo-Sioo. 
MEALFOURA'OUNIE,  mil-foor-voo/riee,  a  mountain  of 

1166 


MEA 

Sootlaiid,  CO.  of  Inverness,  on  thrs  W.  side  of  Loch  Ness. 
Elevation  2700  feet. 

MEALY  .MOI'NTATNS,  a  hill  chain  in  Labrador,  Brlti.sh 
Nortli  America  near  its  K.  coast,  between  Cape  Charles  and 
Sandwich  Bay.     Kslimated  height,  1480  feet. 

MEA.NA,  nii-d'n:!,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  Piedmont,  27 
miles  W.8.\V.  of  Turin,  on  the  Clu?one.     Pop.  1550. 

SIEAXA,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division  and 
50  miles  X.  of  Cagliari.     I'op.  1391. 

MEAX'DKR  Cl'vEEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Mahoning 
River,  about  7  miles  below  'Warren. 

MEAN'EE,  (-'fishing-place,"),  a  maritime  town  of  West 
Hindostan,  75  miles  N.VV.  of  Joouaghur. 

MEANEE,  a  village  of  Sinde,  on  the  Fulailee  branch  of 
the  Indus.  5  miles  N.  of  Hyderabad,  and  where  the  British 
troop.s.  under  Sir  Charles  iVapier,  defeated  a  Belooch  force, 
17th  February,  1843. 

MEANEE.  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  the  Indus,  45  miles  S.W. 
ot  Hyderabad. 

MEA.N'EE.  a  town  of  Punjab,  on  the  Ravee,  over  which  is 
a  muoh-freiiuented  ferry,  21  miles  N.^V.  of  Lahore. 

MEANEE,  a  village  of  Afghanistan;  lat.  29°  21'  N.,  Ion. 
T0°  40'  E. 

MEANEE,  a  village  of  Sinde,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Sehwan; 
lat.  26<=  24'  X.,  Ion.  67°  55'  E. 

MEANiUS  (mi-dng'ghi8.ormd4n'gheez)ISLES.  a  group  in 
the  JIalay  Archipelago,  about  lat.  5"  K..  Ion.  127°  E.,  90  miles 
S.E.  of  Mindanao.    Chief  island,  Nanusa. 

MEANS'VILLE,  a  po.st  village  in  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 
MEA  RE,  meer,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
MEAIUM,  a  river  and  town  of  Brazil.     See  Miarim. 
MEARXS,  mfriis.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew. 
The  Mearns  is  the  popular  name  for  the  co.  of  Kincardine. 
ME.\KS  (meerz)  ASllLEV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 
ME.\.-'HA>L  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
MEAT  II,  meexn.  a  county  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  having  E. 
Dublin  and  the  Irish  Sea.    Area  006  square  miles,  nearly  the 
whole  of  which  is  cultivated.    Pop.  in  1841, 183,828;  in  1851, 
140,750.     Surface,  mostly  flat.     Principal  river,  the  Boyne. 
Soil,  chiefly  a  rich  dayey  loam,  on  limestone  or  gravel.    The 
condition  of  the  numerous  small  farmers  is  wretched.   Chief 
towns,  Trim,  (the  capital.)  Kdls.  and  Navan.     The  county 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.   Previous  to  the 
Anglo-Xorman  Conquest,  the  king  of  Meath  was  supreme 
mouairh  of  Ireland. 

MEAUX.  mo.  {anc.  lati/nnm or  Jati/num,  AfteT'wa.vds  MeVdi,) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  25  miles  E.N. 
E.  of  I'aris.  on  the  Marne.  and  on  the  railway  to  Strasbourg. 
Pop.  in  1852,  9900.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a  com- 
munal college,  with  a  lil)rary  of  13.000  volumes,  and  trade 
In  grain  and  cheese.  It  is  the  si^e  of  a  bi.sliop;  has  courts  of 
first  resort,  and  an  agricultural  and  scientific  society.  Meaux 
was  taken  by  the  Xormans  in  862.  and,  after  a  regul.'ir 
siege,  by  the  English,  in  1421.  It  may  be  regarded  as  the 
cradle  of  the  Reformation  in  France.  Its  bishop,  Brissonnet, 
who  had  early  embraced  tlie  reformed  doctrines,  though  he 
afterwards  abjured  them,  gathered  around  him  a  number 
of  able  men,  ."ome  of  wlioui.  as  Jaques  I^efevre  of  Etaples, 
and  William  Farel,  distinguished  themselves  as  Reformers. 
MEAVY.  mee'vee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
MEBAliREZ  or  MUBAltREZ,  EL,  el  meb-ar'rSz,  a  walled 
town  of  Arabia,  province  and  33  miles  S.  of  Lahsa.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  deep  ditch,  defended  by  lofty  towers.  P.  10.000. 
MECCA  or  MEKKA.  nuk'ka,  written  also  MEKKEII, 
(anc.  Macora'ha;  J'r.  Mecque,  miV.,)  the  most  celebrated 
city  of  Arabia,  the  seat  of  the  Mohammedan  religion, 
is  situated  five  days'  journey  E.  of  Jidda;  lat.  21°  38' 
N.,  Ion.  40°  8'  E.  It  is  styled  by  Jlohammedans  El 
Mosherofe.  (the  noble;)  Om-El-Kora,  (the  mother  of  towns:) 
Beled-el-Ameiu,  (the  land  of  the  true  believers,)  &c.  Mecca 
stands  in  a  narrow,  sandy  valley,  from  100  to  700  paces 
broad,  extending  in  a  general  direction  N.  and  S..  enclosed 
by  sterile  hills,  from  200  to  600  feet  high,  without  tree 
or  verdure:  and  is  ill  supplied  with  water.  In  its  centre 
is  the  Beitu-'llah,  (house  of  God,)  or  El-llaram,  (the  in- 
violable,) the  great  mor^que,  enclosing  the  Kaba,  dividing 
the  whole  into  the  upper  (northern)  and  lower  (southern) 
towns;  these  again  being  subdivided  into  25  quarters, 
exclu.4vft  of  the  suburbs,  which  stretch  in  single  lines 
of  houses  along  the  narrow  parts  of  the  valley.  Mecca 
is  reported  to  be  in  Itself  a  good-looking  city;  the  streets 
being  widtT  than  is  usual  in  Eastern  towns,  the  houses  of 
etone,  often  three  stories  high,  and  well  lighteiJ.  The  castle, 
on  its  S.E.  side,  near  the  Shercef 's  house,  is  large  enough  for 
6.  garrison  of  1000  men,  and  is  thought  by  the  Arabs  to  be 
impregnable.  The  city  is  annually  filled  at  the  time  of  the 
Haj  or  pilgrimage  to  the  Kabsi,  when  apartments  in  almost 
every  hou-^e  are  hired  to  strangers,  and  thousands  besides 
encamp  outside  the  t«wn.  This  pilgrimage,  customary 
among  the  Arabs  in  early  and  idolatrous  ages,  and  subse- 
quently enjoined  by  Mohammed  on  all  his  followers,  is  the 
Bo!e  foundation  of  Mecca's  fame,  and  the  only  source  of  her 
wealth  and  occupation. 
1166 


MEC 

The  great  temple  of  the  Kaba.  the  Beitu-'llah,  or  El-IIa- 
ram,  is  an  unsymmetrical,  modern-looking  patchwork  of 
ancient  fragments,  without  any  pretension  to  unity  or 
style.  It  may  be  entered  by  19  doors,  and  is  adorned  exter- 
nally with  seven  minarets.  AVithin,  the  great  foor-sided 
court  of  the  temple,  surrounded  by  colonnades  of  irregular 
pillars,  is  about  250  paces  long  and  200  wide;  and,  nearly 
in  the  middle  of  it,  in  a  hollow,  stands  the  Kaba  (cube)  or 
sacred  hou.se,  erected  in  1627,  measuring,  in  length,  about 
18  paces,  in  width  14  jjaces.  and  in  height  not  exceeding  40 
feet.  The  sides  are  completely  covereil  by  the  Ke.oixt.  that 
is,  the  veil  or  curtain  of  rich  black  silk,  which  is  renewed 
every  year,  at  the  expense  of  the  Ottoman  Porte.  Thig 
silken  curtain,  waving  and  fluttering  with  every  breath  of 
wind,  is  thought,  by  the  simple  devotees  around,  to  be 
fanned  by  the  wings  of  guai-dian  angels.  In  two  places  only 
is  this  covering  removal,  one  so  as  to  expose  a  gray  stOna 
at  the  S.E.  end  of  the  building,  which  it  is  thought  merit-o- 
rious  to  touch;  and,  in  like  manner,  at  the  X.E.  angle,  is 
expo.«ed  the  celebrated  black  stone,  the  kissing  of  wliich  is 
a  chief  object  of  the  pilgrimage.  This  stone  is  believed  to 
be  the  angel  whose  office  it  will  be,  at  the  last  day,  to  iden- 
tify those  who  have  duly  performed  the  Ilaj.  Besides  the 
moiulM-r  or  pulpit  of  the  Imam,  and  the  desks  assigned  to 
the  doctors  of  the  different  sects,  there  are  several  irregular, 
and.  in  some  measure,  unsightly  bdildings,  round  the  Kaba. 
In  one  of  these  is  the  famous  well  of  Zemzem,  alleged  to  be 
the  one  whence  Ilagar  obtained  water  for  Ishmael,  and 
which  is  surrounded  by  a  circular  wall,  6  feet  high,  and 
10  feet  in  diameter.  Its  waters  are  perfectly  fresh,  though 
every  other  spring  in  the  neighborhood  is  brackish.  Among 
the  pilgrims  they  are  devoutly  believed  to  be  a  sure  remedy 
for  all  botlily  ailments,  and  even  salutary  for  the  soul.  Few 
pilgrims  leave  the  holy  city  without  taking  with  them  some 
flasks  filled  from  the  sacred  well. 

The  Meccawee,  or  inhabitants  of  Mecfca,  are,  with  exception 
of  a  few  Hejazi  Bedouin,  all  strangers  by  birth  or  parentage ; 
that  is  to  say,  they  are  either  not  natives  of  the  place,  or 
not  descendants  of  the  indigenous  tribes.  They  are,  in 
fact,  settlers,  or  children  of  settlers,  attracted  hither  by 
gain.  They  are  extremely  proud  of  their  city,  fond  of  fine 
clothes  and  parade,  devoted  to  the  pleasures  of  the  table, 
and  cold  spectators  of  the  fanaticism  which  they  periodically 
witness,  and  of  which  they  make  their  money.  Intent  on 
gain,  they  care  not  for  learning;  the  colleges  of  Mecca  have 
t\jllen  to  decay,  and  the  libraries,  once  rich,  have  totally  dis- 
appeared. As  Mecca,  during  the  pilgrimage,  is  visited  by 
100,000  strangers  on  an  average,  it  becomes,  for  three  or 
four  months  in  the  year,  the  greatest  market  in  the  East; 
its  merchants  occasionally  accumulate  large  fortunes,  and, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Turks,  they  are  not  afraid  to 
show  thoir  riches,  and  live  like  princes.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  is  proverbial  that  Mecca  is  the  beggar's  paradise;  the 
beggars  of  the  holy  city  are  importunate  as  well  as  numerous. 
The  Shereefs,  (Sherifs,)  or  direct  dc.scen(liint.s  of  Mohammed, 
are  now  a  numerous  and  widely -spread  body.  These  nobles, 
as  they  may  be  called,  elect  the  thereef  of  Mecca,  and  their 
choice  is  invariably  confirmed  by  the  Ottoman  Sultan.  Tlie 
stationary  population  of  .Mecca  was  estimated  by  Burckhardt, 
in  1814,  at  between  25,000  and  30,000,  including  some  3000 
or  4000  Abyssinian  and  negro  slaves. — Adj.  and  inliab.  Mecca- 
wee,  (Meccawi,)  mJk'kd-wee\  sometimes  written  Mkciaway. 

MECCA,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Trumbull  co., 
Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Musquito  River.     Pop.  9".0 

MECEJANA,  mJ-sA-zhd'nd,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
and  12  miles  E.  of  Ceara.     Pop.  2000. 

MECIIADER,  mA-chd'der,  a  town  of  Arabia,  Yemen,  84 
miles  S.  of  Sena,  with  a  castle,  the  residence  of  a  governor. 

MECHANIC,  me-kan'ik,  a  township  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio. 
Poimlation,  1399. 

MECHAX'ICSBURG,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Alleghany  River.  10  miles  X.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

MECII.'IXICSBLRG,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Cumber- 
land CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Cmnberland  Valley  Railroad, 
S  miles  W.  of  "llarrisburg.  It  is  situated  in  a  populous 
and  fertile  country.  It  has  an  academy,  a  female  college,  6 
churches,  and  2  national  banks.     Poj).  1039. 

MECHAXICSBURG,  a  village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
44  miles  S.S.E.  of  llarrisburg. 

MECIIAXICSBIJUG,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co..  Virginia. 

MECHANICSBURG,  a  small  vilhige  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

MECHANICSBURG,  a  flouri.shing  post-village  of  (Uwhen 
township.  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Springfield  and  Dela- 
ware Turnpike,  10  miles  E.  of  Urbanna.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a  fertile  country,  and  has  increased  rapidly  within  a  few 
years.  The  railroad  which  extends  from  Springfield  to 
Delaware  pas.ses  through  this  village.  It  has  a  Woollen  fac- 
tory and  several  mills.     Pop.  735. 

MECn.\XICSBUUG,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

MECHAXICSBURG,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MECHANICSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Sangamon  co.,  lUi 
nois.  15  milei  E.  of  Springfield. 

MECHAXICSBURG,a  post-villageof  Macon  CO.,  Missouri, 
105  miles  X.N.W.  of  Jeflerson  City. 


MEO 


MED 


MECnANICSBURG,  a  vUlage  in  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa,  80 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

MKCIIAMCS'  FALLS,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of  Andros- 
coggin CO.,  Maine,  ou  a  tri))utitry  of  the  Andi-owogpin, 
and  on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Hailroad,  wlience 
diverges  the  IJuckfield  Jiranch  Itailroad,  37  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Portland.  It  eontain.s  a  church,  machine  shops,  and  several 
millR.  among  which  are  2  for  making  paper. 

ilECUAMCsi'  UUOVE,  a  post-otHce  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MliCII.VMCS'  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia. 

MECHAXaCSTOWN,  a  postrvillage  of  Frederick  co.,  Mary- 
land, about  20  miles  X.  of  Frederick. 

MECHA.NICSTUWN,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Ohio. 

MK'^llAMCSVILLE,  a  po.st>village  of  Rutland  co.,  Vei> 
mont.  8  miles  S.  by  \V.  of  Montpelier. 

MKCIIAN'ICSVILLI'/.  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  and 
on  the  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad,  12  miles  N.  of 
Troy.     It  contains  a  cotton  factory  and  several  mills. 

MECUAMCSVILLE,  a  village  and  station  of  West  Ches- 
ter CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Ilarlem  Railroad,  45  miles  N.N.E. 
of  New  York.  y 

MECUAMCSVILLE,  a  village,  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Flemington. 

MKCUAMCSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Philadelphia  co., 
Penn.sylvimia,  104  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

MECUAMCSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 6  niiles  N.W.  of  Alleutowu,  has  about  150  inha- 
bitants. 

MECIIA.VICSVILLE,  a  posfrvillage  of  Montgomery  co., 
Maryland.  18  miles  N.  of  Washington. 

Mi'XMI  AXK'SA'II.LE,  a  post-village  of  Ijouisa  CO.,  Virginia, 
65  mile.>i  X.W.  of  Kichmond.     It  has  1  church. 
*  MECUAMCSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Sumter  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MECUAMCSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Georgia, 
46  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

M  ECIIAN ICSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama. 

MECIIANICSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cannon  co.,  Ten- 
nes.sec. 

MECUELEX,  a  city  of  Belgium.     See  Meciiun. 

MECUELEN,  m^K/eh-len,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Liuibourg,  on  the  Meuse,  14  miles  E.X.E.  of  llasselt. 
Pop.  1197. 

MECULIX,  mJklin,  (Dutch  pron.  mjKlin.  almost  m?H'- 
lin,)  or  MECUELEX,  m^KM-tn,  (L.  McchlinHa;  Fr.  ila- 
lines,  mj'leen',)  a  city  of  Belgium,  province  and  1-1  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Antwerp,  divided  into  two  portions  by  the  I'yle. 
Pop.  34,455.  It  is  the  central  station  for  the  railways 
which  traverse  Belgium  in  all  directions.  Princi|ial  eili- 
Cces,  a  cathedral  of  the  12th  century,  with  a  steeple  370 
feet  in  height,  and  containing  the  '■  Last  Supjier."  by 
Rubens,  (whose  "  Adoration  of  the  Magi"  is  in  the  Church 
of  St.  John,  here;)  Church  of  the  RecoUets,  with  Van- 
dyke's famous  "  Crucifixion ;"  bishop's  palace,  town-hall, 
arsenal,  cannon  foundry,  Franciscan  convent,  and  the 
beguinage  for  800  widows.  Slechlin  is  the  see  of  the  arch- 
bishop primate  of  Belgium,  the  residence  of  a  military  com- 
mandant, and  has  a  diocesan  college,  and  a  Komau  Catholic 
university,  opened  in  1834;  an  academy  of  painting  and 
architecture,  and  a  society  of  fine  arts.  Its  chief  manufac- 
tures are  of  shawls,  woollen  stulla.  tobacco,  starch,  and  beer ; 
it  has  also  an  extensive  trade  iu  flax,  corn,  and  oil,  and 
communicates  with  Louvain  by  a  canal  navigable  for  vessels 
of  100  tons.  Mechlin  appears  to  have  been  founded  in  the 
fifth  century.  For  some  time  it  was  the  cajiital  of  a  lord- 
ship, and  was  governed  by  its  own  counts.  Its  greatest 
prosperity  was  in  the  14th  century,  when  it  had  important 
manufactures  of  broadcloth,  which  employed  about  3000 
looms.  Its  most  distinguished  natives  are  Jean  Bol.  an 
excellent  miniature  painter,  and  Michael  Coxie,  a  good 
hi>toriial  painter;  Dodoens.  a  celebrated  botanist,  and  phy- 
sician to  Charles  V.;  Ernest  of  Mansfeld,  a  famous  general; 
and  Zype  or  Zvpoens,  a  distinguished  jurist. 
MECilUACAX.     See  Miciioacax. 

MECIXA-BOMBAROX,  ma-the'nS-bom-bi-ron',  a  town  of 
Spain.  Andalusia,  50  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Granada.    P.  2030. 
M  ECKEN  U  laM,  mJk'ken-hime*,  a  walled  tt>wn  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cologne.     Pop.  1300. 

MECKEMIEIM,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  4  miles 
S.E.  of  Durkheim.     Pop.  1756. 

MECKESUEIM,  ni^k'kfs-hTme\  a  village  of  Baden,  on 
the  Elsens,  S  miles  S.E.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  1070. 

MECKLENBURG  (or. MEKLENBUUG)SCinVEUIX,mfk'- 
len-bCirg  shwA-reen',  (Ger.  pron.  meklen-booRG'  shwA-reen',) 
a  grand-duchy  of  Europe;  13th  state' of  the  German  Con- 
fedenilion;  bounded  X.  by  the  Baltic  Sea,  W.  by  the  princi- 
pality of  Latzburg,  S.W.  by  Hanover,  S.  by  Prussia,  and  E. 
DT  Piussia  and  Mecklenburtr-Strelitz;  lat.  from  53°  7'  to  54"^ 
15'  X..  Ion,  from  10°  40'  to  1S°  10'  E.  Area  4845  square  miles. 
The  surface  is  generally  flat,  the  only  exception  being  a  ridge 
of  low  hills,  which  forms  the  watershed  between  the  basins 
of  the  Elbe  and  the  Baltic.   The  sea-coast  is  low,  and  indent- 


ed by  several  bays,  of  which  the  largest  is  that  of  Wlsmar 
Lakes  are  very  numerous,  and  indeed,  form  one  of  the  eha- 
racterLstic  features  of  the  country.  The  .soil  is  fertile,  and 
produces  corn  in  such  abundance  as  to  leave  a  large  surplus 
for  export.  The  other  principal  crops  are  pease,  beana, 
potatoes,  and  turnips.  Both  horses  ar.d  cattle  are  largely 
exported ;  and  wool  has  become  one  of  the  uifist  important 
sources  of  revenue.  The  distillation  of  spirits  from  grain  is 
carried  on  to  an  extent  seldom  equalled  even  in  Germany. 
The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy,  and  intiuialely 
connected  with  that  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  Each  duchy 
has  its  separate  states,  but  both  bodies  annually  meet  toge- 
ther, and  liave  power  to  make  common  laws,  and  impose 
common  taxes,  for  the  whole  of  Mecklenburg.  (Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin  is  divided  into  six  districts.)  Capital,  Schwerin. 
Pop.  ill  1853,  541.449. 

MECK'LENBUKG  (or  MEK/LENBUUG)  STREl/ITZ,  (Ger. 
pron.  niJk-len-buoKO-str.i'lits.)  a  grand-duchy  of  Europe, 
intimately  connected  with  the  al)ove;  "ioth  state  of  the 
German  Confeileration,  consisting  of  two  larger  and  several 
snniUer  districts;  the  fiirmer  separated  by  the  ii;terposition 
of  Mecklenberg-Schwerin,  and  the  hitter  e.xistiiig  in  separate 
patchi-s.  The  whole  area  is  estimated  at  707  st}uare  miles 
The  physical  features  of  this  duchy  do  not  diflef  esi-enlially 
from  those  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  above  described.  In 
union  with  that  duchy,  it  has  a  foui  teenth  vot*  in  the 
plenum  of  the  Confederation.  The  house  of  Mecklenburg 
is  the  oldest  reigning  family  in  Eupope,  and  the  dukes  stiU 
take  the  title  of  I'rinces  of  the  Vandals,  Capital,  Xeu-Stro- 
litz.     I 'op.  in  1851,  99,628. 

MECK'LEX  BUKG,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
borderiug  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  500  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Roanoke,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Jleberrin  liiver,  and  also  drained  by  Allen's.  Blue- 
stone,  and  many  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  IjeautifuUy 
diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  partially  eovertni  with 
foiests;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  excepting  the  higher 
ridges.  Granite  and  other  |)riuiary  rocks  underlie  the  sut^ 
face.  A  phiTik-i-oad  lias  recently  been  laid  in  tlie  county. 
Organized  in  17(>4.  Capital,  Boydtowu.  Pf)p.  20,096,  of 
whom  7G76  were  free,  and  12,420  slaviss, 

MECKLKXBURG,  a  county  in  the  S,W.  part  of  Xorth  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  South  Carolina;  area  estiiii.ited  at  720 
square  mile.s.  The  Catawba  liiver  forms  the  enUre  W, 
boundary,  and  the  county  is  drained  by  McAlpin's  and  Su- 
gar Creeks.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  hilly,  (iranite  ig 
found  in  several  parts  of  the  county,  and  a  few  mines  of 
gold  have  been  opened  in  it.  The  North  Carolina  Certral 
Itailroad  terminates  at  Charlotte,  the  countj'-se.at.  ai.d  an- 
other railroad  extends  from  that  town  to  Columbia,  .South 
Carolina,  Pop.  17,374,  of  whom  10,833  were  free,  and  0541 
slaves. 

-MECKLENBURG,  a  post-village  of  Hector  township, 
Schuyler  CO.,  New  York.  13  miles  W.  of  Ithaca.  It  con- 
talus  3  churches  and  several  manufiu'tories.   Pop.  about  400. 

MEClvLENBUliG,  a  post-village  in  Kuox  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Ilolston  River,  near  the  mouth  of  French  Broad  River, 
185  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

JIECO.  niil/ko,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  21  miles 
from  M;ulrid.     Pop.  1413. 

MECOSTA,  a  county  of  Michigan.    See  Necosta. 

.MECyUE.     .«ee  Mecca. 

MEUAK.  mA/dak^  a  village  of  Austria,  Croatia,  12  miles 
from  tiospich.     Pop.  1327. 

MED'AKY',  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
road  from  Finley  to  Defiance. 

MED'AKYSMLLE.  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Iowa, 

MED/liOUKXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

MEDE,  mA'd.'^.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.  26  miles 
S.  of  Novara.  It  has  manufactures  of  hats,  a  tannery,  and 
several  silk-mills.     Pop.  4416. 

ftlEDEAH,  mA-dM,  (auc.  Lamida.)  a  fortified  town  of  Al- 
geria, province  and  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Algiers.  It  is  sup- 
pli<d  with  water  from  a  neighboring  mountain  by  means 
of  a  lofty  aq\teduct. 

MEDEBACU,  mA/deh-baK\  or  MADEBEKE,  md'deh-bA^- 
keh.  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Arns- 
berg.     Pop.  2330. 

MEDEEXET  ABOO  or  MEDIXET  ABU.  mi-dee'nft  S-boo/, 
a  village  of  Upper  Egypt,  ou  that  part  of  the  ruins  of  Thebes 
lying  on  the  VV.  bank  of  the  Nile,  opposite  Luxor,  and  com- 
prising the  remains  of  its  chief  temples.     See  Thkbks. 

MEDEEYAD  or  MEDIYAU,  me-deeV^d'.  a  small  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  a  populous  plain,  35  miles  S.  of  Sert, 
on  the  route  to  Mosul.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  governor 
Previous  to  1830.  when  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  it  wag 
the  residence  of  the  Bey  of  Titteri.     Pop.  in  1849,  6fr96. 

MED'ELINE,  a  post-office  of  Parke  «>..  Indiana. 

MEDELLIX,  m-d-dol-yeeu',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
52  miles  E.  of  Badajos,  on  the  Guadiana.  Pop.  2000.  Her- 
nando Cortes  was  born  here  in  1 485.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
French  in  1809. 

MEDI'yLLIN,  m.A-dcl-yeen',  a  city  of  SoutI  America.  New 
Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarca,  between  the  Cordil- 
leras of  the  Andes,  4S  miles  SJ^.  of  Autioquia.    Elevaliou 

1167 


MED 


MED 


6030  feet.  Pop.  estimated  at  14.000.  It  la  picturesquely 
oltuated,  and  is  an  eutrepOt  for  the  produce  of  a  coui-iderable 
region. 

MKDELLIN,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
of  Veia  Cruz,  enters  the  Oulf  of  Mexico  alx)ut  o  miles  tj.  of 
that  city,  after  an  E.  course  of  25  miles. 

MKDEMBLIK.  mi/dfm-bleelc\  a  maritime  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  North  Iloiluud,  with  a  port  on  the 
Zuyder-Zee.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Enlcliuysen.     Pop.  2.S07. 

MEDE.MCK.  m.iMeh-neet'si,  a  village  of  .Austria.  Qalicia, 
36  miles  from  Sambor.  on  the  Letnienlia.     I'op.  1320.    - 

MEDt:S.\NO.  m.i-d,i-sl'no.  a  village  of  Itiily,  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Parma,  on  the  Taro.     Pop.  3824. 

MED'KIELD,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Norfollc  co.. 
Map.sachusetts,  on  Charles  Kiver,  about  18  miles  S.W.  of 
Boston.     Pop.  1082. 

MED'FOHD,a  flourishing  poet-village  and  township  of 
Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Mystic  River,  and  on 
the  Medfnrd  Brancli  Uailroad.  which  communicates  with 
tlie  Boston  and  ilaiue  Uailroad  at  Maiden,  5  miles  N.W.  of 
Boston.  The  iuhaliitant«  are  extensively  engaged  in  ship- 
building, which,  on  the  average,  etnploys  about  350  hand.s. 
A  stream  fed  by  ponds,  and  entering  the  Mystic,  here  affords 
motive  power  for  6  saw-mills.  The  village  contains  7 
churches,  a  town-hou.«e,  Tufts  College,  an  institution  under 
the  direction  of  the  Universalists.  incorporated  in  1862.  an 
academy,  a  high  school,  a  social  library,  and  about  15  stores. 
Tufts  College  is  beautifully  situated  on  AValnut  Hill,  witli  a 
handsome  park  in  front,  comprising  from  10  to  12  acres. 
The  building  is  100  feet  long,  CO  feet  wide,  and  3  stories 
high,  containing  in  all  22  rooms.  Me<lford  has  a  large  brick- 
yaril,  and  an  establishment  for  printing  cotton  goods.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  4842. 

MEDTORD,  a  village  and  station  of  Suffolk  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Ix)ng  Island  Itailroad.  65  miles  E.  of  Brooklyn. 

MEDFOHD,  a  post-village  of  Medford  township.' llurHng- 
ton  CO..  New  .lersey,  on  Ilaines  Creek.  7  miles  S.  of  Mount 
Holly,  contains  4  churches,  8  or  10  stores.  1  bank,  and  about 
800  inhabitants.     Pop.  of  township.  2136. 

MEDGYES,  mJd>4sh',  or  MEDL-VS,  mA'de-is,  (anc. 
Malia  f)  a  town  of  Tran.iylvania,  on  the  Great  Kokel.  37 
miles  E.  of  Karlsburg.  Pop.  5900.  It  is  enclo.«ed  by  walls, 
has  Creek,  Koman  Catholic,  and  Calvinlstic  churches;  a 
Protestant  college,  and  Koman  Catholic  high  school. 

MEDIA,  mee'de-a,  a  country  of  antiquity,  comprising  the 
N.  and  W.  provinces  of  the  modern  Pen-ian  dominions ;  vix., 
Irak-Ajemee,  Mazanderan,  Uhilan,  and  Azerliaijan,  the  last 
having  been  the  ancient  Media  Mrojxitene. — The  Great 
Median  wall,  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  at  their 
nearest  point  of  approach,  ha-s  been  apparently  identifietl  of 
late  between  lat.  33°  20'  and  34'^  N'.,  and  about  Ion.  44°  E. 
Media  originally  formed  part  of  the  Assyrian  Empire,  rose 
afterwards  to  be  an  independent  monarchy,  and.  having 
been  subjugated  by  Cyrus.  wa,s  incorporated  with  I'ersia. 
On  the  downfall  of  the  Persian  Empire  it  passed,  first  to  the 
Seleucida?.  and  then  to  the  Parthians. — Adj.  Medi.ix,  mee'- 
de-an :  inhab.  Mepe,  meed. 

ME'DIA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Philadelphia  and  West  Chester  Kailroad,  about 
15  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a  fine  court- 
house and  jail,  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  §35,000,  a  bank, 
and  a  newspaper  office.    Pop.  2397. 

MEDIAN  A,  luA-De-d'^nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Araiion.21  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Saragossa,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ginel.    Pop.  1313. 

MEDICIN  A.  m;V-de-chee'ud,  a  large  market-town  of  North- 
em  Italy,  State  of  .£milia.  15  miles  E.  of  Bologna,  on  the 
canal  of  Medicina.     Pop.  6700,  mostly  agricultural. 

MEDICINAL  (me-di-ss/e-nal)  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of 
Walker  co.,  Georgia,  about  2'lO  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 
situated  at  the  base  of  Taylors  Ridge.  The  springs  are  sur- 
rounded by  charming  scenery. 

MED'ICINE  CHEEK,  of  Missouri,  rises  near  the  N.  bor- 
der of  the  state,  and  after  a  southerly  course  of  perhaps 
100  mile.s,  enters  Grand  River  in  Livingston  county,  about 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Chillicothe. 

MEDINA,  me-dee^ud.  an  Arabic  word  signifying  "  city." 
forming  the  names  or  portions  of  the  names  of  a  number  of 
towns  in  Arabia,  Barbary.  and  Spain. 

MEDINA,  me-dee'na  or  m.i-dee'na.  (Arab.  Medinat-tl-NebL 
pronounced  me-dee'n3t/^n-n4'bee\  ■'  the  Prophet's  city :"  anc. 
Yatrib  the  Jallirip'jM  or  Jatriplpa.  of  Itolemy,)  a  city  of 
Arabia,  celebrated  for  containing  the  tomb  of  Mohammed,  is 
situated  atwut  248  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Jlecca;  lat.  24°  57'  N., 
Ion.  39'-  53'  E.  It  stands  about  3000  feet  above  sea-level,  at  the 
E.  side  of  the  mountains  runnin^parallel  totheRed  Sea:  ex- 
tending S.  is  an  immense  plain :  in  every  otlier  direction  the 
view  is  ijounded  by  hills  or  mountains,  which,  towanls  the 
S.W.,  have  a  bold  and  rugged  appearance.  It  is  surrounded 
by  astrongstonewallabout40  feet  high. flanked  with  towers, 
while  on  a  rock,  at  its  N  .W.  side,  stands  the  Castle.  Of  Its  3 
gates,  that  facing  the  S..  and  called  the  Bab-el-Musree  (or 
BabH'l-Misri)  "  Egyptian  Gate,"  is  remarkable  for  it*  lieautv. 
Medina  seeuieii  to  Burckhardt,  after  Aleppo,  the  handsomest 
dty  in  tlie  East,  The  houses  are  of  stone,  two  8tf)ries  high, 
and  many  of  them  bespeali  opulence  and  comfort.  The 
1168 


most  noteworthy  buildings  are  the  great  mosque,  2  smallor 
ones,  a  college,  and  the  public  baths.  Beyond  the  walls  of 
the  city,  W.  and  S..  are  suburlis  consisting  of  low  houses, 
yards,  gardens,  and  plantations,  in  wliich  the  Bedouins 
encamp.  These  suburbs  have  also  their  walls  and  gales.  The 
canal,  which  supplies  .Medina  with  water  from  a  valley,  a 
few  miles  to  the  S..  is  a  noble  work,  and  umloubtedlv  the 
greatest  of  its  kind  in  Arabia.  It  is  generally  about  25  feet 
under  ground,  and  terminates  in  a  basin,  from  which  all  may 
draw  without  restraint. 

The  mosque  of  the  prophet  stands  at  the  E.  side  of  the 
city,  and,  though  on  a  smaller  scale,  it  resembles  that  ut 
Mecca ;  its  colonnades  are  remarkable  only  for  tln-ir  extreme 
irregularity.  The  tomb  of  the  prophet  is  enckLsed  with  a 
screen  of  iron  filagree,  of  excellent  workmanship;  at  the 
S.  side  of  this  tlie  pilgrim  goes  througii  his  devotions. 
There  are  four  doors  into  the  interior,  but  one  of  these  only 
is  open,  and  kept  by  a  eunuch.  Admission  into  tlie  enclosed 
area,  or  El-IIejarah.  is  allowed  only  to  Piislia.s.  leaders  of 
the  Ilaj.  and  such  like,  on  payment  of  a  large  fee.  There 
is  little  to  be  seen  inside  but  the  emliroidere<l  silk  curtains 
wliicii  are  said  to  conce.il  a  quadrangular  black  stone,  sup- 
ported by  two  pillars,  between  wliiih  are  the  gravas  of 
Mohammed,  and  his  friemls  and  successors.  Abu  Bekr  and 
Omar.  The  Arabs  in  Medina  know  nothing  of  the  great 
magnet  wliieli.  according  to  some  Europeans,  supports  the 
cottin  of  Mohammed.  Great  numbers  make  the  pilgrimage 
to  the  prophet's  tomb;  and  it  is  estimated  that  one-third 
of  the  .Mecca  pilgrims  go  on  to  Medina,  the  pilgrimage  to 
which  may  be  performed  at  any  time  of  the  year.  The  in- 
habitants of  this  city,  like  those  of  Mecca,  are  strangers  in 
the  land  of  the  Bedouins.  They  are  less  gay  and  vivacious 
than  those  of  Mecca,  and  at  the  same  time  more  studious 
as  to  appearances;  nor  are  they  inattentive  to  learning,  and 
some  of  them  are  said  to  possess  fine  libraries.  The  Shereefs 
(.""herifsi  in  Medina  are  L'lema  or  doctors  of  the  Koran,  anS 
not  men  of  the  sword,  as  in  Mecca.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
the  two  holy  cities  of  the  orthodox  Mohammeilan  world  are 
in  the  midst  of  sectaries:  for  as  .Mecca  is  surrounded  by  the 
followers  of  2^id.  so  the  Bedouin  trilies.  and  many  of  the 
Sheiwfs  at  Molina,  are  adherents  of  Alee,  (.^li.)  The  business 
of  Medina  is  all  done  by  the  merchants  of  Yenilo  or  Yanibo, 
a  p<irt  on  the  Red  Sea.  about  105  miles  to  the  S.W.  The 
population  is  supposed  to  lie  from  16,000  to  20,000,  of  whom 
12.(HJ0  are  within  the  walls. 

MEDl'NA,  (formerly  THE  MEDE.)  a  river  of  England, 
I.«le  of  Wight,  which  it  divides  into  two  nearly  equal  jarts, 
joining  the  sea  at  Cowes  llarbor.  It  is  navigable  to  New- 
port. 4  miles  inland. 

JIEDINA.  a  village  of  Senegamhia,  Jaloff  country;  lat. 
15°  18'  N.,  Ion.  15^12' W. 

JIEDI'NW,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  in  Bexar  co..  and 
flowing  S.E.,  unites  with  other  streams  a  few  miles  S.  of 
San  Antonio;  below  this  it  is  called  San  Antonio  River. 

MEDINA,  a  county  towards  the  S.W.  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  aliout  1200  square  miles.  It  is  Ixiunded  on  the 
N.E.  by  the  Medina  Kiver.  from  which  the  uanie  is  derived, 
and  intersected  by  Hondo  and  Seoo  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  consisting  partly  of  prairies:  the  stdl  is  mostly  un- 
cultivated. Capital,  Castroville.  Pop.  1838,  of  wbom"l732 
were  free. 

MEDINA,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an 
area  of  420  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Kocky  and  Black 
Rivers,  and  by  Killbuck  and  Chippewa  Creeks,  which  rise 
within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  a 
clayey  and  gravelly  loam,  adaptetl  to  pasturage.  Large 
quantities  of  mineral  fire-proof  paint  are  procured  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  exported  to  otlier  states  and 
to  Europe.    Capital.  Me<Jina.     Pop.  22,517. 

MKDINA,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Kidgeway  town.ship, 
Orleans  CO..  New  York,  on  Oak  Orchard  Creek,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Rochester  I.,ockport  and 
Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  alxiut  36  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Buf- 
falo. It  contains  several  flouring-mills.  al>out  10  stores.  5 
churches,  1  academj',  and  1  national  bank.  Pop.  in  1860, 
about  2500. 

MEDI.V  A,  a  thriving  post-village  and  town.sliip,  capital  of 
Medina  co.,  Ohio.  The  village  is  pleasjintly  situated,  112 
miles  N.E.  from  Columbus,  and  28  miles  S.W.  from  Cleve- 
land, on  an  eminence,  and  contains  5  churches,  1  newspaper 
office,  and  2  liigh-schools.  Pop.  in  1S50, 2011 ;  of  the  village, 
1008;  in  1860,  1234. 

MEDINA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lennwee  co., 
Michigan,  on  Tiffin's  Creek,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Detroit.  Pop. 
of  the  township.  196rt, 

MEDINA,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  6r.8. 

MEDI.V  A,  a  post-village  in  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  about 
100  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

MEDI.V  A,  a  postoffice  of  Outiigamie  co..  Wisconsin. 

MEDINACELI,  m.i-dee'ni-th4/lee,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  33  miles  S.  of  Soria.  near  the  Jalon.  Pop.  150a 
It  has  a  noble  ducal  salace  and  remains  of  a  Roman  arch. 

MEDINA  DE  LA;i  TORRES.  niA-dee'nd  d.'^  Ids  toR'aJs,  a 
town  of  Spain.  43  miles  S.S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  2.'?70. 

M£OINA   DEL  CAMPO,  mi-dee'ui  dM  Msa'y\   (ane 


MED 

Mrihimnn  Camjk-Mrisf)  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  26  milen 
S.S.W.  of  Viillad"lid.  It  has  2  hospitals,  a  collejriate  and 
6  parisii  churrhes.  There  are  ruins  denotine;  the  ancient 
importance  of  this  plare,  whiclv  is  said  to  have  once  con- 
tained 50,000  inhabitants.  It  was  a  royal  court,  and  much- 
frequented  emporium.  In  tlie  castle  the  infamous  Cwsai 
Borgia  was  confined  for  two  years,  and  Queen  Isabella 
died  in  it,  NoveraVier  •!().  1.504.  Medina  was  the  capital  of 
the  Campo,  or  level  district,  which  is  one  of  the  finest 
wheat  countries  in  the  world.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Fer- 
dinand I.  of  Arag:on,  and  of  the  historian  Diaz  del  Castillo. 
Present  pop.  'I'ffS, 

MKDI.VA  Dl-:  POMAR,  mil-dee'nl  d.A  po-man',  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  3S  miles  N.N.K.  of  BurRos.  Pop.  124S. 
It  has  a  jTood  bridge,  and  some  magnificent  tombs  of  the 
Velasco  family. 

>IK1)I\A  DK  ETO  SECO,  m.^-dee/nl  dA  re(,.'o  sAlio.  a 
town  of  ?paiii,  province,  and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Valladolid, 
on  the  Sequitlo,  an  affluent  of  the  Douro.  It  was  for- 
merly far  more  important  than  at  present.  Pop.  4700.  It 
has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens  and  pottery  wares. 

MEDINA-SIDONI.l,  mA-Dce'nd-se-do'ne-a,  a  city  of  Spain, 
In  Anil.alusia,  province  and  22  milo.i  S.E.  of  Cadiz.  Pop. 
10,5.'!4.  It  stands  on  the  brow  of  a  rocky  eminence,  is  en- 
closcl  by  wails,  and  has  externally  an  imposing  appearance, 
but  it  is  almost  wholly  in  decay.  The  principal  square,  in 
which  stand  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  town-house  and  the 
granary,  has  a  planted  promenade,  and  is  provided  with 
lamps.  There  are  ten  .schools,  a  foundling  hospital,  an  or- 
phan asylum,  two  churches,  two  nunneries,  five  suppressed 
monasteries,  and  five  hermitages. 

Mi:i)IN KT  A15U.    See  .Medkenet  Anoo. 

MKDINET-EL-FAYOO.M,  mA-dee'uJt.Jl-fi-oom',  (anc.  Ct-oco 
dilnpnlis,  afterwards  Arsinloe.)  a  town  of  Central  Kgypt,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Fayoom,  on  the  Uahr  Yoosef,  or  Canal 
of  Joseph,  52  miles  S..*.\V'.  of  Cairo.  Estimated  population, 
5000.  It  has  several  Coptic  churches,  mosques,  manufacto- 
ries of  woollen  stuffs,  and  a  trade  in  rose-water  and  nitre. 

MKDIOIjANU.M.  France.     See  Evni:ux:  also  Saixtes. 

MKIiIOLANUM.  North  Italy.     See  Milax. 

M FDITEh' KAifEAJV,  mJd'e-tgr-rA'ne-.an,  "  midland,"  is  a 
name  applied  generally  to  all  seas  nearly  surrounded  by 
land,  as  the  Haiti.-. 

MEDITERIJANRAN  SEA,  (L.  Mare  Internum  or  Mediterra'- 
neum  ;  Fr.  ^fl^r  .Hediterranee,  maiR  miMeeH^llVil'nA/,  Sp.  Mar 
Mediterrancn.  maR  ni.-\-De-tJn-ri'n,'l-o;  It.  Mare  Mediterraneo, 
md'r.'V  niA-de-teR-Rj'n,Vo;  Ger.  Mitteimter,  miftfl-maiR\  or 
Mittdliindischts  Meer,  mit'tJl-lJu'dish-fs  maiR,)  a  great 
inland  sea,  between  lat.  SC^  ^0'  and  45°  50'  N.,  and  Ion. 
5°  W.  and  35°  E..  about  2200  miles  long,  breadth,  from 
''enice  to  the  Ray  of  Sidra,  1200  miles.  On  the  \.  and  N.W. 
it  washes  the  shores  of  Europe,  on  the  S.  those  of  .\frica,  and 
on  the  E.  tliose  of  Asia.  It  communicates  on  the  W.  with 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and  on  the 
N.E.  with  the  Ulack  Sea.  through  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and 
the  Straits  of  the  Dardanelles,  and  Constantinople.  It  is 
very  irregular  in  .shape;  by  the  projection  of  the  S.  part  of 
Italy,  and  of  Cape  Bon  iu  Africa,  anj  the  interposition  of 
the  island  of  Sicily,  it  is  divided,  near  its  centre,  into  distinct 
and  not  very  unequal  E.  and  W.  portions.  In  addition  to 
these,  the  other  important  subdivisions  are  the  Tyrrhene  or 
Tuscan  Sea,  the  Adriatic  SeaorGulf  of  Venice,  the  Ionian  Sea, 
and  the  .a?gean  Sea  or  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  largest 
gulfs  are,  on  the  shores  of  Europe,  those  of  Lyons,  Genoa.  Ta- 
ranto,  Lepanto,  Koron,  Kolokytliia,  iEgean,  and  Salonica;  on 
the  shores  of  Asia,  .\dramyti,  Smyrna,  Adalia,  and  Iskande- 
roon;  and  on  the  shores  of  Africa,  Sidra  and  Cabes,  The 
largest  and  most  important  islands  are  Sicily,  Sardinia,  Co^ 
sica,  and  the  Balearic  Isles,  in  tlie  W.  division ;  and  Cyprus. 
Ilhodes,  Crete,  tlie  Ionian  Isles,  and  Malta,  in  the  E.  division. 
The  principal  rivers  which  discharge  themselves  into  the  Me- 
diterranean are  the  Ebro,  Rhone,  Po,  and  Xile ;  and  through 
the  Hellespont  and  Bosporus  it  receives  the  waters  of 
the  Black  Sea.  Between  Cape  Bon  and  the  Sicilian  coast, 
where  the  water  is  shallowest,  the  depth  barely  exceeds  30 
fathoms ;  but  in  almost  all  other  places,  particularly  at  a 
distance  from  the  shores  and  inlands,  is  so  much  increased 
that  it  often  gives  no  soundings.  Owing  to  tlie  very  nar- 
row channel  which  connects  the  Mediterranean  with  the 
main  ocean,  there  is  very  little  tide ;  though,  in  some  places,  as 
in  the  Ionian  Sea,  the  Adriatic,  on  parts  of  the  African  coast, 
ic,  a  rise  of  mere  than  6  feet  sometimes  occurs.  The  gene- 
ral current,  entering  from  the  ocean,  flows  E,  along  Africa, 
then  N.  along  Syria,  and  begins  to  return  by  following  the 
coast  (if  Anatolia  W.  The  prevailing  winds  are  the  S.E.  and 
S.W.  in  spring,  and  the  N.E.  and  N.AV.  during  the  rest  of  the 
year.  They  often  blow  suddenly,  and  with  great  violence, 
the  most  remarkable  are  the  Bora,  in  the  Adriatic,  and  the 
fturniug  Sirocco,  from  the  African  Desert,  Water-spouts  are 
a>mmon  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  Active  volcanoes  exist 
on  the  coast  of  Xaples,  in  the  Lipari  Islands,  Sicily,  and  the 
Grecian  Archipelago;  and,  in  July,  1831,  the  remarkable 
octive  volcano  named  Graham's  Island  was  shot  up  from  the 
tea,  between  Sicily  and  the  African  coast,  lat.  37°  8'  30"  N., 
von.  12^  42'  15"  E.,  and  again  disappeared.  The  Mediterra- 
3Y 


MEE 

nean  abound.s  with  flsh,  and  also  furnishes  the  finest  coral 
sponge,  and  ambergris. 

The  Mediterranean  was  called  by  the  Hebrews  "  the  Great 
Sea."  The  Phoenicians  are  the  first  people  known  to  have 
extended  their  commerce  along  Its  coasts;  the  Greeks  after- 
wards disputed  it  with  them.  After  the  destruction  cf  Car- 
thage, the  Romans  were  sole  masters  of  its  shores:  in  the 
miiidle  ages,  the  Venetians  monopolized  its  commerce. 

MEDIYAD,  a  village  of  Turkey.    See  Medektad. 

MEDJEKD.V,  a  river  of  North  Africa.     Sea  Mejerda. 

MEDJIBOJ,  mJd-jee-boj',  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  i'odolia,  on  the  Bug,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Kamie- 
niec.     Pop.  40tX1. 

MEDL,  mid'l,  or  MEEDIj,  m.id'l,  a  village  of  Austria, 
Moravia,  4  miles  from  Littau.     Pop.  1225. 

MKKLING,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  JliiDUNO. 

JIEIVMEMI.^^M,  n  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MEDNOI,  med-noi',  an  island  belonging  to  Russia,  in  the 
Behriug  Sea,  V..  of  Behring  Island.  Length  30  miles,  breadth 
5  miles.     Copper  is  found  on  its  W.  coast. 

Mi'^DO,  niA'do.  a  small  island  of  Brazil,  in  the  Bay  of  Sao 
Marcos,  province  and  4  miles  \V.  of  Maranhilo. 

MEDOACUS  MAJOR.     See  Brenta. 

MEDOACUS  MINOR.    See  Bacchiguons. 

MEDOC,  meh<lok',  an  old  district  of  France,  in  the  N,W. 
part  of  Guienne,  along  the  Garonne.  It  now  forms  the  N.W. 
part  of  the  department  of  Gircnide. 

MED'OMSLEY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

ME'DOX.  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Tennessee. 

MEDRl5.\C,  niAVirA^dk',  a  village  of  Fraiii'e,  di'partment 
of  Ilie-et-Vilaiue,  10  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Montford.    Pop.  2120. 

MEIV.STED,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

JIEDU'S.V.  a  post-oftice  of  .\ll)any  co..  New  York. 

MEDVE,ni-OSTROVA,  mJa-vMOee-os-tro/vd,  ("  Be.ir  Ib- 
ands.")  two  groups  of  islands  iu  Asiatic  Russia;  one  in 
Behring  Strait,  the  other  iu  the  Arctic  Ocean,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Kolyma  River. 

MED  V£S,  nitd'vjsh',  a  vill.age  of  Hungary,  co.  and  5  miles 
from  Temesvar.  on  the  Theiss.     Pop.  1602. 

MI;DVI  EDITZA,  mtd-ve-.A-dit/sd,  incorrectly  written  MEL- 
VIDETZ,  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Don  on  the  left,  15  milefl 
below  the  influx  of  the  Khoper,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  330 
miles.  Many  German  and  other  colonies  are  seated  on  ita 
banks. 

MEDAVA Y,  (anc.  Vaga  ?)  a  river  of  England,  rises  in  the 
S.E.  part  of  Surrey  co.,  and  joins  the  Thames  at  Sheeruess. 
It  is  navigable  to  Penshurst. 

MED'WAY^.  a  small  river  of  Georgia,  which  enters  the 
Atlantic  between  Bryan  and  Liberty  counties,  a  few  miles 
below  Sunbury. 

MEDWAV.  a  post-town.'hip  of  Norfolk  co.,  ^lassachusett.s, 
on  Charles  River,  and  at  the  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the 
Norfolk  County  Railroad,  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  liostou. 
It  ha.s  manufactures  of  thread,  prints,  osnaburgs,  cotton 
flannels,  carriages.  Ixiots  and  shoes,  &c.  There  are  two  vil- 
lages in  the  township,  East  Medway  and  West  Medway. 
Pop.  3195. 

MEDW.\y,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  New  Y'ork. 

MEDWAY.  a  post-ofliice  of  Clark  co..  Ohio. 

MED'YBEMPS,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  297. 

MEDYXSK,  m.i-dinsk',  or  MEDYN,  mAMin',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  40 miles  N.N.W.  of  Knlooga,  on  the 
Medynka,  Pop.  2000.  An  engagement  took  place  here  be- 
tween the  French  and  Russians,  in  1812. 

MEDZIBON.  met'se-bon,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  35 
miles  N.E.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  1310. 

MEEDEN,  inA'clen.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Groningen,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Delf/.yl.     Pop.  1174. 

MEEDEN,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  and  16  miles 
S.E.  of  Groningen.    Pop.  1231. 

MEEKES  (meeks)  HILL,  a  post-office  of  York  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MEE  LING.    See  Meling. 

MEE'LTCK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway. 

MEELICK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

MEEME,  nieem,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.part 
of  Manitoowoc  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1114. 

MEE.\A1$,  MINAB,  mee'nAb',  or  .MINNON(?)  a  small 
river  of  Persia,  falls  into  the  Persian  Gulf  near  a  town  of 
its  own  name.    The  valley  of  this  stream  is  very  fertile. 

MEEXAM  or  MIN.4.M.  mee^iSm',  a  village  of  Per.si,i,  pro- 
yince,  and  80  miles  AV.  of  Kerman,  stated  to  consist  of  about 
400  grottos  excavated  in  a  mountain,  and  inhabited  by  a 
sect  of  schismatic  Mohammedans. 

MEENEX.     See  Me.ni.v. 

31EENG.\X.\.  meen-gd'nj,  a  thriving  town  of  the  Punjab, 
a  little  above  the  junction  of  the  Chenauh  and  .Jaylum. 

MEER,  m.aiR,  a  word  in  Dutch  and  German,  signifying 
"  sea,"  and  forming  parts  of  several  names  in  tlie  X.W.  part 
of  Europe,  as  (Ilaarlemmer  Meer.)  the  "Sea  of  Haarlem,"  &e. 

ME  Kit.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MEERAXE,  niA'r.a'neh,  a  town  of  Saxony,  21  miles  W.  of 
Chemnitz.  Pop.  13,626.  It  haa  manufactures  of  woollen 
stuffs  and  bombazines. 

1169 


MEE 


MEl 


MEfTRAT,  Jiiee-rlf .  5IEERTA,  meertl,  a  town  of  Hindos- 
taii.  p-OTini-e  and  36  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Ajmeer;  lat  26° 
38' X.,  Ion  •;3"-19'E. 

MEERBEKE,  m.Wb.Vkfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  East 
Flana.'1-s.  -£1  milps  S  S.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2441. 

MEEBEXDRE,  mi'rSNd'r'  or  niA'r^n-dreh.  a  village  of 
Belgium,  iu  East  Flanders,  6  mUes  W.X.M'.  of  Ghent.    I'op. 

MEERCtURII,  meer'giir',  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  do- 
minion and  72  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bhawlpoor. 

MEEKIIOUT,  maiR'howt'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Antwerp,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Turnhout.     Pop.  3250. 

MEERLH,  maiR'leh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
23  miles  X.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Marck.     Pop.  1233. 

MEERPOOR.  meer'poor',  a  town  of  Sinde,  near  the  Pin- 
gares,  a  branch  of  the  Indus,  45  miles,  S.  of  Hyderabad. 
Pop.  10.000.  It  commands  the  route  between  Hyderabad 
and  Cutch,  and  formerly  yielded,  with  its  territory,  an 
annual  revenue  of  50,000?.  Many  villages  of  Sinde  and 
Beloochistan  have  the  same  name. 

MEERPOOR,  a  town  of  Punjab,  115  miles  N.W.  of  Lahore. 

MEERPOOR,  a  village  of  Sinde,  10  miles  E.  of  Ghara,  near 
Moujdurria,  a  ruineil  city,  exhibiting  many  evidences  c4" 
former  population  and  wealth ;  lat.  24°  40"  X..  Ion.  67°  49'  E. 

MEERPOOR,  a  village  of  Sinde,  near  the  right  bank  of 
the  channel  of  the  Buggaur;  lat.  24°  30'  X.,  Ion.  67°  49*  E. 

MEERPOOR.  a  village  of  Sinde.  52  miles  W.of  Amerkote, 
lat.  25°  24'  X..  Ion.  69°  E. 

MEERPOOR.  a  village  of  Bcloochi.stan,  province  of  Cutch 
Gundava,  on  the  great  route  from  Sinde  to  Ghuznee.  Lat. 
2S°  36'  X..  Ion.  67°  56'  E. 

MEERSBURG.  maiRsAbWao,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Lake 
of  Constance,  5  miles  X.E.  of  Constance.  It  has  a  casUe, 
and  a  Dominican  convent. 

MEER.SSKX.  maiRs'sen,  a  town  of  the  X'ctherlands.  pro- 
vince of  Limburg,  4  miles  X.E.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  2008. 

MEERSSEX.  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  Limbourg,  3  miles 
E.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  1826. 

MEERUT.  mee'rut,  atown  ofBritish  Indi,"i,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  own  name.  35  miles  X.E.  of  Delhi,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Ganges.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall,  but  is  in  decay, 
though  it  has  many  remains  attesting  former  magnificence, 
besides  one  of  the  largest  British  churches  in  India,  a  British 
free  school,  and  extensive  barracks,  forming  an  important 
station  for  the  British  troops  in  the  Upper  provinces  of 
Bengal  presidency. 

MEERCT,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
Area  2250  square  miles.     Pop.  860,736. 

MEES,  Lks,  \\  mL  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
Cf  Ba.sses-Alpes.  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Digne.     Pop.  2030. 

MEES'DKN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

MEETII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MEETING  STREET,  a  postoffice  of  Edgefield  district, 
Bouth  Carolina. 

MEFFERSUORF.  m^f'fers-doRr,  a  vilKige  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz,  circle  of  Lauban.     Pop.  710. 

MEGALO-KASTRO,  capital  of  the  island  of  Crete.  See 
Crete. 

MEGALOP'OLIS.  a  ruined  city  of  Greece,  Morea,  govern- 
ment of  Gortyniiu  5  miles  X.  of  Leondari. 

MEGAXlSi,  mA-gS-nce'see.  one  of  the  Ionian  Island.",  in 
the  Mediterranean,  off  the  E.. coast  of  Santa  Maura.  Length, 
from  X".  to  S..  6  miles,  breadth  3  miles. 

MEG.VXTIC.  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of  Canada  East, 
bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  state  of  Maine,  and  comprising 
an  area  of  1465  square  miles.  In  this  county  are  Lukes  St. 
Francis  and  ^Villiam.     Pop.  13.835. 

MEG'iVRA,  (^Gr.  Me^apu.)  a  village,  formerly  an  important 
rity  of  Greece,  government  of  Attica,  near  the  mouth  of  a 
mall  river  which  enters  the  Gulf  of  ^gina  opposite  Salamis, 
21  miles  W.  of  Athens.     Pop.  1000. 

MEG.iSPE'LIOX,  a  rich  convent  of  Greece,  Slorea.  govern-' 
ment  of  Achaia.  5  miles  X.  of  Kalavrita.  It  is  said  to  be  one 
of  the  earliest  monastic  foundations  in  Greece,  and  occupies 
%  vast  cavern  in  a  steep  and  almost  inaccessible  rock,  above 
300  feet  in  height.  'The  Turks,  under  Ibraheem  Pasha. 
besieged  the  convent,  but  were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of 
eeveral  thou.sand  men.  It  has  connecte«l  with  it.  from  250 
to  300  monks,  and  a  miraculous  image  of  the  Virgin,  resorted 
to  in  pilgrimage. 

MEG  EX.  mS'uhen,  atownof  X'etherl.inds,  Xorth  Brabant, 
on  the  JleusK,  (Maas.).  15  miles  X.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.     P.  600. 

MEGEVE,  meh-7.haiv'.  a  market-town  of  Savoj',  province 
of  Faucisrny,  5  miles  S.  of  Sallenches.     Pop.  2774. 

M  EGICO.  a  city  of  Xorth  America,    See  Mexico. 

MEG'XA.  a  river  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
rises  40  miles  X.W,  of  Dacca,  and  joins  the  Brnhmapootra, 
in  atx)ut  23°  30'  X„  to  which  it  gives  its  own  name  for  the 
rest  of  its  course.    See  Brahmapootra. 

MEGYER.  mW'yaiR',  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube, 
CO.  of  Xeograd  :  with  a  church.     Pop.  1362. 

MEGYElt-BEKAS,  m.VryaiRn).Vkosh',  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Pesth.  inhnbited  chiefly  by  Germans.     Pop.  814. 

MEGYER-X.\OV.  mMVaiR/uOdj.  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
gary, <«.  and  19  miles  N,W.  of  Komorn.    Pop.  1723. 
1170 


MEGYER-rOC.«!,  mM'yais'potch.  a  village  of  Huiigarr.  i-ft 
of  Pesth,  on  an  island  in  the  Danube  above  Biida.     P.  1092. 

MEGY'ER-TOTH.  mtd'yaia'tot,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Xeutra.     Pop.  1992. 

MEGYES-AKAXYOS,  mfd'yJsh'ehViSDVosh',  a  market- 
town  of  Hungarj",  co.  of  Sz-ithnuir.     Pop.  1932. 

MEGY'ES-Xl'lR,  mJ<Py^sh'uyeeR,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
and  11  miles  E.  of  Szatbuiar.     Pop.  2062. 

MEHADI.A.,  m.-l'hd'deeVih\  a  markettown  of  South  Hun- 
gary, 15  miles  X.  of  Orsova.  Pop.  1684.  The  Baths  of  Me- 
hadia,  or  Hercules  Baths,  near  this,  were  known  to  th« 
Ilomans,  and  are  annually  frequented  hv  many  visitors. 

.MEIIALLET-EL-KEBEER,  uiA-hiillet-'S'.-ke-beer'.  or  MB- 
HALA-EL-KEBTR.  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Garbieh,  45  miles  S.AV.  of  Damiett.-j. 

MEHEDIAH.  mJh-he-dee'a.  or  MAMMORAH,  mam'mo- 
ril,  a  fortified  town  of  Morocco,  province,  and  110  miles 
"W.X.W.  of  Fez,  on  the  Seboo.  1  mile  from  its  mouth.    P.  400. 

MEHER'RIX,  a  river  of  Virginia  and  Xorth  Cnrolina, 
ris<^s  in  Lunenburg  and  Charlotte  counties  of  the  former 
state.  It  pas.ses  into  Xorth  Carolina,  and  flows  along  the 
boundary  between  Gates  and  nertf)rd  counties,  until  it 
unites  with  the  Xottow.iy  River  to  form  the  Cliow.'in.  Its 
general  direction  is  E.P.E.,  and  its  whole  length  is  estimated 
at  about  150  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  sloops  to  Murfrees- 
boroush.  in  Xorth  Carolina. 

MEIIERRIX  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Southampton  co, 
Virginia. 

MEIIIDPOOR.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  MAnanpooTU 

MEHLIS  or  MELIS,  m.Alis.  a  village  of  Saxe-Coburg, 
principality,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Gotha.    Pop.  1706. 

MEIILS.\CK.  mail'sdk.  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  37  miled 
S.S.AV.  of  Konigsbevg.     Pop.  30^0. 

.MEHOO'PAN  Y  or  MAHOOPEXY,  a  post>offlce  of  Wyoming 
CO..  Pennsvlv.inia. 

MEHRAXD.  meH-rJnd'.  or  MERAXDE,  m?r-and'.  written 
also  MEREND  and  MEIIREXD.  n  town  of  Persia,  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  4S  miles  E.S.E.  of  Khoi. 

MEIIRIXG.    See  Merino, 

MEHtlX",  m.VuNo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher, 
on  the  Yevre.  and  with  a  station  ou  the  Orleans  and  Bourgea 
Railway,  9  miles  X.W.  of  Bourges.     Pop.  in  1S52.  4260. 

MEIA-CO-SIIIMAII  ISLES.    See  Madjicosima. 

MEIAPOXTE,  m.i-o-3-pon't.A,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
and  65  miles  E.  of  Gojaz,  on  the  river  Almas.  It  has  five 
churches,  a  hospital,  a  Latin  and  a  primary  school,  many 
distilleries  and  potteries,  and  is  well  situated  for  trade, 
lying  in  the  tract  along  which  numerous  henls  of  cattle 
are  (Iriven.  for  S.ao-1'aulo.  and  the  province  of  Mina^-Geraes, 

MEIDLTXG,  mid'ling,  (OiiER,  o'ber.  and  U.MKi:,  iVm'li-r.) 
two  contiguous  villages  of  Lower  Austria,  3  miles  S.W.  of 
Vienna.     Pop  3500. 

MEIGLE.  mee'g'l,  an  ancient  village  and  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Perth,  on  the  Scottish  Midland  Junction  Rail- 
way, 21  miles  X.X'.E.  of  Perth.  In  the  church-yard  is  a 
monument,  said  to  be  the  tomb  of  Vanora  or  Guinevar, 
the  wife  of  King  Arthur.     Belmont  Castle  is  in  the  parish. 

MEIGS.  mJgz.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  area 
estimated  at  160  square  miles.  The  Tennes.see  River,  navi- 
gable for  steamboats,  forms  its  boundary  on  the  X.W.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  the  soil  fertile.  Capital,  Decatur.  Pop. 
4667,  of  whom  4029  were  free,  and  C3S  slaves. 

MEIGS,  a  county  in  the  S..S.E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on 
Virginia,  contains  about  350  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River 
washes  the  eastern  and  part  of  the  southern  Ixirder.  The 
surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  is  chiefly  comjxised  of  day.  It  is 
more  remarkable  for  its  mineral  than  its  agricultural  riches. 
The  hills  along  the  Ohio  River  contain  veri-  extensive  mines 
of  excellent  coal,  from  which  5.000,000  bushels  have  t«en 
exported  in  a  year.  The  salt  works  of  this  county  are  pro- 
bably as  extensive  as  an}'  in  the  AVestern  States.  In  1S51, 
five  or  six  companies  were  formed  for  the  manufacture  of 
salt,  near  the  Ohio  River.  Wells  have  been  sunk  to  the 
depth  of  1000  feet,  each  of  which  throws  up  50  gallons  uf 
brine  per  minute.    Capital,  IVmieroy.    Pop.  26,534. 

MEIGS,  a  township  of  Adams  co  ,  Ohio.     Pop.  ],i4S. 

MEIGS,  a  township  of  Muskingum  CO.   Ohio.     Pop.  1.547. 

MEIGS'  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Muskingum  River  in 
Morgan  county. 

MEIGS'  CREEK,  a  post-ofl!ice  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

ME1GS^^LLE,  mjgz'vill,  a  post-village  in  Jackson  co^ 
Tennessee. 

MEIGSA'ILLE.  a  post^township  in  the  S.  part  of  Mowpn 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1433. 

MEIGSVILI.E.  a  village  of  Jfendocino  co.,  California,  on 
the  X.  side  of  a  small  bay.  formed  at  the  mcmth  of  Bool-dam 
River,  about  140  miles  X.X.VV.  of  San  Francisco. 

MEIKLE  (meeOcTi  FER'RY',  a  strait  of  Dorno<<h  Frith, 
Scotliind,  3  miles  W.X.W.  of  Tain.  co.  of  Ross.  Breadth  3 
miles.  It  is  crossed  by  a  ferry,  in  the  line  of  the  Great 
Xorthern  Road. 

5IEILEX  or  MEYLEN.  milen,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  on  the  Lake  of  Zurich.     Pop  aJOO. 

MEILHAX,  mA'lftx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
et-Garonne,  7  miles  W.  of  Marmande,    Pop,  2268, 


MET 

METLLAC,  mVySk,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
nii!-«t-Vilaine.  19  miles  S.  of  St.  Ma!o. 

MEILLANT,  mfCyiy',  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of 
Cher,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  I!our,i;es.     Pop.  1600. 

MKIMUNA,  mA-raoo'nd,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  Iluzareh 
country,  on  an  affluent  oif  the  Oxus,  in  lat.  35°  50'  N.,  Ion. 
64°  .38''  K. 

MKIXAM,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Menam. 

MKIN.\U,  mi'now.  a  small  island  of  South  Bnden,  circle 
of  Ivake,  in  the  Lakeof  Ueberlingen.  2^  miles  \V.  of  Constance, 
with  a  Tillage,  a  castle,  and  numerous  Tineyards,  tfie  pro- 
perty of  Prince  Esterhazy. 

MEIXBKRG,  min'bjRG,  a  Tillage  of  Germany,  Lippe- 
DetmoM,  liailiwick  of  Horn.     Pop.  1044. 

MKIXl.NUEN,  mi'ning-pn,orMEINUNGEN,mi'nMng-en. 
n  fortified  town  of  Central  Germany,  capital  of  the  duchy  of 
B«xe-Meiningen,  on  the  Werra,  38  miles  I'^.N.E.  of  Fulda. 
Pop.  620.').  Principal  edifice,  tlie  Palace,  the  residence  of  the 
dukep  since  1681,  containing  collections  of  paintings  and 
natural  curiosities.  It  has  a.  House  of  Assembly  for  the 
duchy,  2  gymnasia,  a  normal  school,  and  manufactures  of 
woollens  and  linens. 

MEININGEX,  SACHSEN.    Pee  Saxe-Mein'inoen. 

MEI-OMEED  or  MEI-O.MII).  m.Vo-meed'.  a  village  of  Per- 
(ria.  province  of  Khorassan,  35  miles  E.  of  Shahrood. 

MEIR,  meer,  a  postroffice  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

MEIRE.  mi'reh,  a  Till.age  of  Belgium,  province  of  Kast 
Flanders,  13  niiies  S.E.  of  Ghent.     I'op.  2433. 

JIEIRELBEKE,  mi'rel-b.-l'kfh,  or  MEERI.EBEKE,  main'- 
leh-b;V'keh,  a  Tillage  of  Belgium,  in  East  Flanders,  2  miles 
S.  of  Ghent,  on  the  Sch.'ldt.     I'op.  3298. 

MEIRINGEN  or  -MEYKIXGEN,  mi'ring-en,  a  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  39  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Aar. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  weavers.     Pop.  4165. 

MKISENIIEIM.  ml/zen-hime\  a  town  of  West  Germany, 
capital  of  a  detached  principality,  belonging  to  Hesse-Hora- 
burg,  on  the  Glan.  45  miles  S.  of  Coblentz.     Pop.  2300. 

MEI.SSEX.  mis'sen,  a  town  of  Sa.xony,  15  miles  X.W.  of 
Dresden,  on  the  Elbe.  Pop.  in  1849.  8914.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  has  numerous  suburbs,  and  presents  a  picturesque 
appearance  with  "  its  castle,  Gothic  church,  and  lofty  houses, 
perched  high  on  a  rocky  eminence,"  but  it  is  internally 
gloomy.  Its  fine  cathedral  has  some  monuments  of  Saxon 
princes:  in  its  castle,  founded  by  Henry  the  Fowler,  is  now 
e,stat)lish('d  the  famous  procelain  factory,  producing  all  the 
goods  known  as  '-Dresden  china."  It  has  manufacturifi 
of  hosiery,  leather,  colors,  and  camels'-hair  brushes.  The 
convent  of  Afra,  near  tlie  town,  is  the  seat  of  a  royal 
school. 

ME.TEUDA  or  MED.TEKDA.  mSd-jJr'dd.  (anc.  Bao'rmlos,) 
a  river  of  Xorth  Africa,  .Algeria  and  Tunix,  rises  in  the 
Great  Atlas,  and,  after  a  N.E. course  of  200  miles,  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Tunis,  on  the  Mediterranean,  24  mile^  X.  of  Tunis. 

ME.IICO,  a  city  of  Xorth  America.     See  JlEXico. 

MEKIXEZ,  a  town  of  Morocco.     See  Mequixez. 

M EKKA  or  .MEKKEH.     .See  Mecca. 

MEKLEXBURG-SCllWEKIX.     See  Mecklexburo-Scitwe- 

RIX. 

MEKTiOXO,  mr\-klong',  a  town  of  Siam,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Meklong  River  with  the  W.  mouth  of  the  Menam,  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Bang-kok.     Pop.  estimated  at  13.000. 

ME-KOXG,  m.Vkong'.  or  MEXAM-KOXG,  m,Vn!lm'kong', 
called  also  .MAYKIA.XG,  m.-^'ke-dng'.  and  C.WIBO'DIA 
RIVER,  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of  the  S.E.  of  Asi.a,  rises 
in  Thibet,  where  it  has  the  name  of  LAX-THSAX({-K1AXG, 
lin-t"hs4ng-ke-dng,  afterwards  intersects  the  Chinese  pro- 
vince of  Yun-nan,  traverses  Laos  and  Cambcxlia.  and  enters 
the  China  Sea  by  numerous  mouths,  near  lat.  10°  X.,  Ion. 
106°  40'  E.  In  Its  lower  part  it  separates  into  numerous 
arms,  and  divides  the  Anamese  and  Siamese  dominions. 

MEIvR.\N,  mJkVdn/,  or  MUKRAX.  muk-rdn',  the  largest 
province  of  Beloochistan,  between  lat.  25°  and  28°  N.,  and 
Ion.  58°  and  66°  E..  having  S.  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  X.  a 
desert  separating  it  from  Afghanistan.  Area  estimated  at 
100.000  .square  miles.  Pop.  200.000.  It  is  a  wild  and  bar- 
barous region,  and  here  the  troops  of  Alexamler  the  Great 
suffered  severely  from  drought  on  their  return  from  India 
into  l>ersia.  It  is  divided  into  numerous  petty  di>tricts, 
under  separate  chiefs,  some  tributary  to  tlie  khan  of  Kelat, 
tilers  to  Muscat  and  Persia. 

MEKUX.  an  island  of  Arabia.     See  Perim. 

MEL,  mil,  or  MELO.  niA/lo,  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
ttaly.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Belluno.  on  the  Piave.     I'op.  4000. 

M"ELADA.  m<i-ld'da.  an  island  of  Austria,  in  the  Adriatic, 
off  tiie  coast  of  Dalmatia.  15  miles  W.X.W.  of  Zara. 

MELACOORE,  MELAKOURI  or  MELAKURI.  m,i-ia-koo/- 
rue,  a  towp  of  W.  Africa,  capital  of  an  independent  territory, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  about  68  miles  X'.X.W.  of  Free 
Town,  Sierra  Leone.  It  stands  at  the  highest  point  to  which 
the  Melacoore  is  navigable.  Pop.  of  the  town,  about  1000; 
territory,  aliout  50.000. 

M  EL AOUI  or  M  ELA WI.     See  Mell.awee. 

SIELASSA,  mA-1.1srs.a.  or  MELASSC,  m.^-lds/so.  (anc.  Mi/- 
lasa.)  a  town  of  .\sia  Minor,  near  iw  .»  'V.  coast,  23  milce 
N.E.  of  Boodtoom 


MEL 

MEL.AT,  meh-lA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  .S'aone- 
et-Loire.  arrondis.sement  of  Chandle.s.     Pop.  li)32. 

MELAZGHERD,  mA-Mz-ghtVd',  a  dilaiddntod  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  and  80  miles  S.E.  of  Erzroom.  on 
the  Euphrates. 

Ml'l.\7M),  m.^l-Ht':;:,  a,  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
aoout  3  miles  S.  of  Acqui.     Pop.  1588. 

-MELAZZO.  a  town  of  Sicily.     See  Milazzo. 

MEL/BECKS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  Xorth 
Riding. 

MEL/BOURN,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

MELBOURN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

MELBOURNE,  mJl'burn,  a  marketrtown  and  p.arish  oi 
England,  co.  and  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Derby,  with  a  church, 
Baptist,  Wesleyan,  Independent,  and  Swedenborgiau  cliaj)- 
els;  2  schools  and  a  mechanics'  institution.  'I'he  staple 
manufacture  is  that  of  lace-gloves,  in  which  the  inhabitanta 
are  chiefly  employed.  It  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the 
Lamb  family. 

MELBOURXE,  mfl/bfirn,  a  city  of  Australia,  capital  of 
Victoria,  on  the  Yarra  Yarra,  near  its  mouth  in  Port 
Phillip,  445  miles  S.W.  of  Sidney;  lat.  37°  48'  36"  S..  Ion. 
144°  67'  45"  E.  The  principal  part  of  the  town  is  laid 
out  in  a  low  fertile  valley,  while  the  extreme  ends  are 
carried  over'two  picturesque  eminences.  The  streets  are 
broiul  and  regular,  running  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
but,  owing  to  the  want  of  pavements,  become  almost 
impassable  in  wet  weather.  More  than  half  of  the  houses 
are  built  of  stone  and  brick,  and  mnie  are  now  allowed 
to  be  constructed  of  wood.  Many  have  fine  gardens 
attached.  Among  the  principal  edifices  are  the  Union 
Bank  of  Australia,  the  Australasian  Bank,  the  Custom- 
liou.se,  the  Mechanics'  Institution,  the  Roman  Calholio 
Chapel,  the  new  Government  Oilices,  and  the  Court-house. 
The  jail  is  a  large,  but  gloomy  strvicture,  built  of  dark 
ferruginous  sand-stone.  A  botanic  garden  was  commenced 
in  1S46.  on  a  grant  from  the  legislature  of  500Z.,  with  a 
prospective  annual  allowance  of  about  half  that  sum.  The 
garden  is  prettily  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Yarra.  al)Out 
1  mile  E.  of  the  town,  but,  as  yet,  has  comparatively  few 
plants.  Besides  the  Roman  Catholic  chapel  above  spoken 
of,  there  are  places  of  worship  belonging  to  tlie  Protestant 
Episcopalians.  I'resbyterians,  Wesleyans,  Independents,  and 
Baptists;  a  Quaker  meetinghouse  and  Jews'  synagogue. 
Sunday  and  day  schools  are  attached  to  the  English.  Scotch, 
and  Roniiin  Calliiili<-  churclies ;  and  there  are.  be.-ides,  several 
private  seminaries  for  the  eilucation  of  youth,  an<i  a  number 
of  religious  and  benevolent  societies.  Four  newspajiers  were 
published  here  in  1852.  The  town  is  amply  snpi)lied  with 
water  from  the  Yarra.  A  bridge  30  feet  in  width  has  re- 
cently been  constructed  across  the  stream,  compo.«ed  of  a 
single  arch  of  150  feet  span,  at  a  cost  of  10,000i. 

In  consequence  of  the  immense  influx  of  emigrants, 
attracted  by  the  recently  discovered  gold-fields,  prices  have 
become  very  exorbitant.  In  June,  1852,  jackboots  for  the 
diggings  were  .sold  for  11.,  ordinary  boots  4/.,  a  pair  of  sliues 
2/.  The  smallest  lodgings  cost  51.  per  week,  and  indifferent 
houses  t)f  four  or  five  unfurnished  rooms,  from  3o0i.  to  -UML 
a  year.  The  gold-fields,  to  which  this  sudden  revolution  in 
prices  and  the  state  of  society  is  attributable,  extend  over  a 
vast  tract  of  country,  but  are  situated  chiefly  at  Mount 
Alexander.  70  miles  N.W.,  and  Ballarat,  6t/  miles  W.X.W.. 
and  more  recently  at  Ovens,  130  miles  N.E.  of  Melbourne. 
In  an  address  to  the  Crown  by  the  Legislative  Council,  Sei)- 
teniber,  1852,  tlie  weekly  yield  of  gold  at  the  Victoria 
Diggings,  calculated  on  the  previous  three  months,  was 
stated  at  80,000  oz.,  giving,  at  the  rate  of  70s.  per  oz..  a  gross 
annual  value  of  14,560,000?.  By  far  the  larger  proportion  of 
the  gold  yielded  by  the  A'ictoria  Diggings  finds  its  way  to 
Melbourne,  by  Government  or  by  private  escort,  or  in  the 
hands  of  individual  diggers;  still,  a  not  inconsiderable 
amount  is  carried  direct.to  Adelaide,  in  South  Australia. 

From  the  di.«covery  of  the  mines  in  April,  1851.  up  to 
January,  1854,  4,017.818  oz.  of  gold,  valued  at  18.471 .272?., 
and  6.000,000?.  in  gold,  which  it  is  estimated  was  taken  away 
privately,  .were  exported  from  ilelliourne  alone.  During 
the  three  months  ending  March  31,  1854,  the  quantity 
exported  amounted  to  511.279  oz..  valued  at  2.045.116?.  The 
quantity  shipped  at  Sidney  in  1853.  amounted  in  value  to 
nearly  9.500.000?.  The  number  of  diggers  employed  in  the 
mines,  in  1853,  was  supposed  to  exceed  100,000.  According 
to  the  report  of  the  Melbourne  Chamber  of  Commerce,  tlie 
rapid  growth  of  the  town,  with  respect  to  its  commerce,  is 
without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  the  world.  During  the 
year  1852,  the  shipping  inwards,  increased  from  669  vessels, 
(tons  126.000.)  to  1657  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
408.000  tons,  and  the  value  of  imports  rose  from  1.056.000?. 
to  4,044.000/.,  and  in  1853  they  amounted  to  14,000.000?. 
The  value  of  produce  exported  in  1851,  amounted  to 
1,423,000?.,  and  in  1852,  7,452.000?.  of  which  6.135.728?.  was 
gold,  and  1,062,787?.  the  value  of  20,047.4.53  pounds  of  wool. 
These  estimates  include  also  the  commerce  of  Geelong. 
amounting,  however,  to  but  a  small  part  oi  the  whole.  Jlel- 
bourue  is  not  very  favorably  situated  with  respect  to  mean.s 

1171 


.MEL 

ol  (•oraniiinipaii.in.  Tlie  Yarra  Yarra,  which  is  very  nar- 
n  f.  Juib  oulj  ddpth  oiiough  to  float  HUiail  vessels,  and, 
cluN!  ubiivo  the  town,  it  is  interrupted  by  falls;  the  proper 
harOor,  accordiagly.  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  iu  Ilobson's 
Bay,  I'  )rt  Phillip,  and  though  only  2  miles  distant  by  land, 
is  from  7  to  8  miles  by  river.  Allowing  for  some  difficulty 
nf  entrance  from  the  narrow  channel  commencing  between 
Port.s  Nepeau  and  Lonsdale,  and  the  .shoals  which  line  its 
sides,  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  conceive  a  finer  expanse,  or  a 
more  sheltered  and  easily  navigable  bay  than  Port  Phillip, 
which  forms  a  b;isin  of  from  GO  to  70  miles  in  circuit. 
In  uumy  central  places,  the  depth  varies  from  12  to  15 
fathoms,  and.  even  near  the' shore,  is  generally  from  5  to  7 
fatlioms.  At  Williamstown,  where  vessels  for  Melbourne 
generally  anchor,  it  is  5  fathoms ;  and  in  Geelong  Bay,  the 
other  most  frequented  anchorage,  the  depth  varies  from  2 
to  7  fathoms.  The  facilities  for  communicating  between 
Jlelboume  and  the  shipping  in  the  harbor,  however,  have 
been  greatly  increa-'ed  by  the  construction  of  the  Mel- 
bourne and  IIobson"s  Bay  Kailroad.  extending  from  the 
town  to  the  beach.  It  was  the  first  constructed  in  Australia, 
and  was  opened  on  the  12th  ;?eptember,  1S54.  The  locomotive 
used  was  constructed  iu  Victoria,  and  is  the  fust  one  ever 
built  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  It  is  a  30  horse-power 
engine,  capable  of  running"  25  miles  an  hour.  A  railway 
has  also  been  chartered  to  connect  Melbourne  with  the  goid- 
Selds  of  Mount  Alexander.  Steam  communication  by  several 
companies,  and  by  different  loute-S,  has  been  established  with 
Great  Britain;  and  steamers  also  ply  between  Melbourne, 
Ilobart  Town,  Sidney,  and  other  ports  of  the  adjacent  colo- 
nies. Melbourne  was  founded  by  Sir  Kichard  Bourke,  May 
19,  1S37.  It  is  incorporated,  and  has  a  mayor,  aldermen, 
and  councillors.  Pop.  in  ISll,  -1179;  in  1816,  10,955;  in 
1852,  25,000 ;  in  1861,  108,22-1. 

MELBOUKXE,  a  maritime  county  of  West  Australia,  in- 
tersected by  the  river  Moore. 

MELBOUIIXE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Sher- 
hrooke,  on  the  St.  Francis  lljver,  24  miles  Ji-N.^V.  of  Sher- 
brooke,  and  03  miles  from  Port  St.  Francis. 

MELBOURNE  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  forms,  with 
Bedford  and  Minto  Islands,  a  group  of  the  Dangerous  Ar- 
diipelago.  and  was  discovered  by  Lord  E.  Itussell,  in  1837. 

MEl^BL'UY  AB'BAS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

MELUURY  BUBB,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

MKLBURY  OS'MOND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

MELBUllY  SA.MP/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

MELCH'BOURX,  a  parish  of  Engliind,  co.  of  Bedford. 

MELCIITH.VL,  uielK'till,  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Unterwalden,  S.E.  of  Sarnen,  traversed  by  the  Melch 
River,  and  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  Arnold  of  Griitli  and 
Nicholas  von  der  Flue,  two  of  the  founders  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation. 

M  15L'C0MBE-H0R/SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

MEL'COMBE-RE'GIS,  a  parish  of  England,  forming  part 
of  the  borough  of  Wej-mouth.    See  Weymouth. 

MELDAL,  mel'dJl,  a  village  of  Norway,  stift  and  35  miles 
S.W.  of  Trondhjem.     Pop.  4260. 

MELDEX.  m&l'den,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
1573. 

MELDERT,  mJl'dert,  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  East  Flan- 
ders, on  the  Molenbeek,  18  miles  E.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  1904. 

MELDT.     See  Meaux. 

IMELDOLA,  mSl'do-ld,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  in  .Slmilia. 
7  niilrs  S.  of  Forli.     Pop.  4220. 

MKL'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

MELDORF,  mJl'doRf,  a  market^town  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Ilolstein,  near  the  North  Sea,  53  miles  N.^V.  of  Uamburg. 
Pop.  2000. 

MEiyORETII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

MEt/DRUM,  OLD.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  .Aberdeen.    Pop.  1102. 

MELEDA,  mJl'A-dd,  (anc.  Md'ita.)  an  island  of  Austria, 
Dalmatia,  circle  and  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ragusa,  greatest 
leng'.h  23  miles,  mean  breadth  not  more  than  2  miles. 
The  interior  is  traversed  by  lofty  bills,  geuerally  of  a 
jMirchcd  and  arid  appearance,  and  intersected  by  numerous 
fertile  valleys.  The  harbor  of  Palazzo,  on  the  N.  side,  is  con- 
sidered the  best  on  the  Dalmatian  coast. 

MELEGNANO,  mi-ljn-yd/no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy. 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Milan.  It  has  a  court  of  justice,  several 
public  offices,  three  churches,  and  a  trade  in  corn,  rice,  flax, 
and  dairy  produce.  In  1279  poace  was  concluded  here  be- 
twejn  the  Guelfs  and  the  Ghibellines;  and  in  1515  Francis 
I.  here  defeated  the  Imperialists.     Pop.  7000. 

MELEKHOVSKAIA  or  MELEKIIOWSKAJA,  m.VlA-Kov- 
ski'd,  a  market^town  of  Russia,  Don-CoSsack  country,  23 
miles  N.E.  of  Tcherkask,  on  the  Don.     Pop.  2000. 

MELENCZE,  mintot'sA\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  To- 
rontiil,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Peterwardein.     Pop.  4515. 

MELEN'DEZ,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Benton  co., 
Florida. 

M  E.'.ENKI.  mA-lJn'kee,  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vladimeer.    Pop.  50S5. 
1173 


MEL 

MELENIK,  mi-lJn-eek'  or  mSlVnik',  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  Macedonia.  00  miles  S.E.  of  Ghiustendil. 

MELFI,  mCl'fee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilica ta, 
on  a  lofty  volcanic  mountain,  overlooking  the  Plain  of  Capl- 
tanata,  34  miles  S.  of  Foggia.  Pop.  8400.  It  is  enclosed  by 
ruined  walls,  and  has  an  old  castle,  a  cathedral,  several  con- 
vents, and  cisterns. 

-MEL/FORD,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf- 
folk, on  the  Stour.  o  miles  N.  of  Sudbury,  "pop.  2597.  It  is 
beautifully  situated,  and  has  a  handsome  Gothic  church, 
hospital,  and  manufactures  of  silk. 

MKLGA(j'0,  mel-gi/so,  the  northernmost  town  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Minho,  38  miles  N.E.  of  Braga,  on  the  Miaho, 
with  a  large  fortress,  and  a  trade  in  hams. 

MELGAyO,  m6l-ga'so,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  IBS 
miles  S.W.  of  Para.  It  has  a  church,  and  considerable  trade 
in  timber.    Pop.  4000. 

MELGAR  DE  FERNAMENTAL,  mJl-gaR'  d.A  ffii-nd-mJn- 
tM'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bur- 
gos, near  the  Pi.-uerga.     Pop.  2700. 

MELGIG,  mji'ghig',  a  salt  lake  or  marsh  in  the  S.E.  of 
.\lgeria,  near  lat.  33*^  N.,  Ion.  7°  E.  It  receives  the  river 
Adjeili  from  the  N.W.    Length  26  miles;  breadth  IS  miles. 

MELIANA,  mA-le-d/n.i,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and 
about  3  miles  from  Valencia.     Pop.  1058. 

MEL'IDEN,  a  parish  of  North  ^Vales,  co.  of  Flint. 

MELIKUT,  maMee'koof,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Bacs,  1 10  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  4333. 

MEHLLA,  m.l-leel'yd.  a  seaport  town  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Morocco,  but  belonging  to  the  Spanianls,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Beni-Botoya.  Pop.  3000.  The  Spanish  citadel,  on  a  rock, 
contains  large  magazines  and  cisterns,  and  is  garrisoned  by 
abtnit  900  men. 

JIELIN,  nieh-l^xo',  or  m.\1in,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant.  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1C58. 

MELINDA.  mi-leen'dd,  or  MELINDE,  ma-lin'dA,  a  .seaport 
town  of  East  Africa,  capital  of  a  state  of  its  own  name,  N. 
of  Zanzibar,  lat.  4'^  50'  S.,  Ion.  40^  E.  It  has  many  ruined 
churches  built  by  the  Portuguese,  who  pos.sessed  it  during 
the  loth  and  17  th  centuries.  A  very  considerable  trade  U 
carried  on  by  caravan  with  the  interior,  and  by  water  with 
tlie  Red  Sea,  I'ersia,  and  the  N.  parts  of  India.  A'asco  de 
Gama  visited  Melinda,  April  13,  1498.  where  he  was  kindly 
received,  and  fnrnishe<l  with  pilots  to  proceed  to  India. 

MELINE,  mJI'in.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

MELING  or  MEELING.  m,iMing',  a  chain  of  mountains 
in  the  southern  part  of  China,  ab  jut  200  miles  N.  of  Canton. 

MELIPILL.\.  niA-le-peel'yd,  a  town  of  Chili,  department 
and  38  miles  S.W.  of  Santiago,  on  the  Maypu. 

MELIS,  a  village  of  Germany.     See  Mehus. 

MELISEY,  maMee^zA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-Saone,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lure.    Pop.  in  1852,  2373. 
•  MELIT.\,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic.    See  Meled.\. 

MELITA,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean.    See  M.u,ta. 

MELITEN'E.     See  Malateeyeh. 

MELITO,  m.Vlee'to.  a  village  of  Naples,  Calabria  Ultra, 
district  of  Reggio.     Pop.  1000. 

MELITO,  a  village  of  Naples,  Principato  Ultra,  district 
of  Arcano.     Pop.  900. 

MELITO,  a  village  of  Naples,  Principato  Citra,  district 
of  Val!o. 

MELITO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Naples,  district 
of  Casoria.     Pop.  3000. 

MELITOPOL,  md-le-to'pol.  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  Crimea, 
125  miles  N.N.E.  of  Simferopol.     Pop.  1760. 

MELK,  milk,  or  MOLK,  (.Miilk,)  mulk,  a  market-town  of 
Lower  Austria,  on  the  Danube.  14  miles  W.  of  St.  Pollen. 
Pop.  1000.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  height,  on  which 
is  a  Benedictine  abbey,  founded  in  1089,  on  the  site  of  the 
Roman  Noinare,  its  precincts  comprising  a  college  and  eccle- 
siastical .seminary,  a  large  library,  and  a  botanic  garden. 

MELKS'llAJI,  a  market-toivn  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  ^Vilts,  on  the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  an  elegant  stono 
bridge,  and  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  IO5  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Bath.  Pop.  in  1851,  2931.  In  the  immediate- vicinity 
are  baths  and  a  pump-room,  erected  over  a  chalybeate  and 
saline  spring,  similar  to  those  of  Cheltenham. 

MELL.\.  mel'la,  a  river  of  Northern  Italy,  joins  the  Oglio, 
12  miles  N.E.  of  Cremona,  after  a  course  of  50  miles. 

MELL.ARA,  mol-ld'rd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince and  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mantua.  011  the  Po.     Pop.  2323. 

MELLAWEE  or  MELLAWI,  mOPldSvee,  written  also 
MELAOUI,  a  market-town  of  Egypt,  26  miles  S.  of  Miuieh, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile. 

MELLE,  niM'lth.  a  village  of  Belgium,  with  a  station  on 
the  railroad  from  Ostend  to  Brussels,  46  miles  from  Ostend. 

MELLE,  a  village  of  Uelginm.  East  Flanders,  4  miles  S.E. 
of  Ghent,  on  the  Scheldt.     Pop.  2095. 

MELLE,  mjlleh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Osnabnrg,  on  the  Else.     Pop.  1437. 

MELLE,  mu'l'ld,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Coni, 
proviiue  and  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Saluzzo.     Pop.  2043. 

MELLE,  xahW.  (L.  iletnlllam.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Deax-Sevres,  capital  of  an  aTODdi.s.senient,  17  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Niort     Pop.  In  18oi,  270U.    It  has  boautlful  »ub- 


MEL 


MEJM 


urliB.  and  the  district  is  celebrated  for  a  breed  of  mules, 
reputed  among  the  best  in  Europe.  In  the  neighborhood 
is  the  sulphurous  sprinj^  of  Fouladan. 

MELLKS.  m?ll,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Uaute- 
Garoune.  arrondissemeut  of  St.  Gaudens.     Pop.  1143. 

MEI.'LKNVILIjE,  a  post-villatce  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire  Railroad,  9  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Ilud-ion. 

MELLKT,  mJritl',  or  mJllJt, a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut.  27  miles  E.  of  Mon.s.     Pop.  1159. 

MEI>LIK.\.,  mJl-lee'ka,  a  walled  town  in  the  Algerian  Sa- 
hara, on  the  Wady-Mezab,  3  miles  S.  of  Gardaia.  It  is  the 
holy  town  of  the  children  of  Mezab,  and  has  three  mowiues. 
J'op.  about  1.300. 

MELLLN'G,  mSl'ling,  a  village  of  Austria,  Styria,  1  mile 
from  Marburg;  with  a  church  and  a  castle.     Pop.  1100. 

MKL'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca.«tcr. 

MEI,L1N'G,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

MKliLlNGEN',  uiJI'ling-jn,  a  small  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Aargau,  1  mile  S.  of  Baden,  on  the  Keu«s.    P.  685. 

MKL'LION,  ST.,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

ME  ly'LIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  a  railway, 
Zi  miles  W.N.W.  of  Eye. 

MEIi'LOXSVILLE.  a  village  of  Lawrence  co..  Kentucky,  is 
situated  on  the  Levica  River,  a  fork  of  Big  Sandy  River.  15 
miles  above  Louisa.  Extensive  coal  mines  have  been  opened 
In  this  vicinity. 

MI'^L'LONV'ILLE,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Orange 
CO.,  Florida,  about  2-tO  miles  S.E.  of  Tallahassee. 

M  K  LLOON,  mil-loou',  a  town  of  Burmah,  on  the  Irrawaddy, 
opposite  I'atanago. 

MKL'LOR,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MELLOR,  B  cliapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

MEL'LOW  VAL'LEY.  post-office.  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 

MELLRlCnSTAUT.  niSU'riK-st^tO,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Saale,  48  miles  N.X.E.  of  WUrzburg.    Pop.  1810. 

MKLLS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MEL'AlEllBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

MUL'MORE,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio. 

MELNlK,.m5l'nik,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  right  bank 
of  tlie  Kibe.  21  miles  N.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1378. 

MELXITZY,  mil-nit/see.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Po- 
land, government  of  A'olhynia,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kovel. 
Pop.  1500. 

MELO,  mMo,  a  town  of  South  America,  Uruguay,  200 
miles  N'.E.  of  Montevideo. 

MELOCABUS.     See  CoDURO. 

MELODUNUM.     See  .Melux. 

MKL'OX,  a  post-office  of  Barliour  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

JIELORIA,  mA-lo're-d,  (anc.  ilana'riaf)  a  small  island  in 
the  Mf^diterranean,  off  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  4  miles  W.  of 
Leghorn.  Here  tlje  Genoese  totally  defeated  the  Pisans  in 
a  naval  engagement  in  1250. 

MBLOS.     See  MiLO. 

MELOVATKA  or  MELOWATKA,  mA-lo-vafkJ.  a  market- 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Kharkov,  33  miles  S.E.  of 
Koopiansk.     Pop.  2000. 

MEL'PI.XE,  a  post-viUage  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  40  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

MELHES,  mjl'rls.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro, 
12  miles  E.  of  Oporto,  on  the  Douro.     Pop.  1276. 

MELMIOSE',  a  burgh  of  barony  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Roxborough,  on  the  Tweed,  here  cros^sed  by  a  bridge, 
and  on  the  North  British  Railway,  11  miles  N.NIW.  of  Jed- 
burgh. Pop.  in  1851,  7487.  The  town  is  note*!  only  for  its 
Abbey,  the  church  of  which,  when  entire,  was  the  finest  in 
Scotland,  as  it  is  still  the  noblest  ruin.  It  was  founded  by 
David  I.,  in  1136.  for  monks  of  the  Cistercian  order;  rebuilt 
in  the  richly  decorated  style,  between  the  reigns  of  Robert 
Bruce  and  James  IV. ;  and  unroofed  and  greatly  dilapid.ited 
at  the  Reformation.  Length  from  E.  to  W.,  258  feet;  breadth 
of  cross  aisles  137  feet.  The  Duke  of  Buccleuch  is  pro- 
prietor. 

MEL'ROSE,  a  beautiful  and  thriving  post-village  and 
townshipof  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.achusetts.on  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad,  7  miles  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  2632. 

SIELRl>SE.  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia. 

MKLltOSE,  a  post-village  of  Nacogdoches  co.,  Texas,  about 
260  miles  N.E.  of  Austin. 

MELROSE,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana. 

MELROSE,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  180S. 

MELROSE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Clarke  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 9  or  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Darwin.     Pop.  918. 

MELS.  mJls,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  St.  G.ill, 
li  miles  S.W.  of  Sargans.  It  has  an  important  manufac- 
tory of  fire-arms,  and  a  glass-house.  On  a  neighboring  hill 
stands  the  old  castle  of  Nidberg.     Pop.  3329. 

MELSELE,  mJl-s.Vleh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  27  mile's  N.E.  by  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2747. 

MEL'SONBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

MEIiSUNOEN,  mJl'soi5ng-en.  a  town  of  Germany,  Ilesse- 
Cassel.  province  of  Nieder-IIessen.  on  the  Fulda.  13  miles  S. 
f  Cassel.  Pop,  4020.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a 
va^tle,  and  mauufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 


MELTIIAM,  a  village  and  chapelry  of  Englnnd.  eo.  of 
York,  West  Hiding,  b  miles  S.S.W.  of  Huddersfield.  Pop 
32(33.  employed  in  woollen  manufactories. 

MEiyTON-.MOWBRAY,  (uiiVbree,)  a  mm-ketrtown  and 
pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  on  the  navigable  Wreke, 
here  crossed  by  2  stone  bridges,  and  with  a  station  on  tlie 
Midland  Railway,  14|  miles  E.N.E.  of  Leicester.  I'op.  in  IK.'il, 
4391.  The  town  has  a  fine  Gothic  church,  2  large  free  schooiK 
supported  by  the  town  estate,  an  alm.shouse,  founded  in  1631 
a  good  library  and  news-room,  excellent  hotels,  and  stabl'njs 
for  upwards  of  800  horses,  belonging  to  the  members  of  the 
famous  subscription  fox-hunt,  wliich  attracts  to  Melton, 
during  the  sea.son.  the  I'lik  of  the  fashionable  sporting  world. 
In  1<>44,  during  the  civil  war.  the  Royalists,  after  a  severe 
action  here,  defeated  a  body  of  parliamentiiry  troops  of  about 
2000  men.  William  de  Melton,  archbishop  and  chancellor 
of  England,  under  Edward  HI.,  was  a  native  of  Melton- 
Mow  bray. 

JIEL'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

MELTON  CONSTABLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MELTOX,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co'.  of  Norfolk. 

M  ELTON,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  ilngland,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

MELTOX,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MELTON  ROSS,  a  pttrLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MEL'TOXSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Marshall  co..  Alabama. 

MELUX,(Fr.  pron.ni'lriNoornieb-liiN"/;  s.j\c.  iklfxJu/uum,) 
a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Seine-et-.Marne, 
on  the  Seine,  and  on  the  Paris  and  Troyes  Bailwav.  27  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852.  7487.  It  hjis  a  parish  church, 
the  clock-tower  of  an  old  abbey,  ruins  of  a  royal  palace  of 
the  kings  of  France,  a  communal  college,  normal  .school,  and 
public  library;  with  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and 
printed  linens.  The  French  king,  Philip  Augustu.s,  via.t 
born  in  its  castle. 

MEl/VALE.  Maryland,  a  station  on  the  Baltimore  and 
Susquehanna  Railroad,  4  miles  from  Baltimore. 

MEL'VERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MELVIDETZ.     See  Medvieditza. 

MEL'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Alamance  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

MELVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia. 

MELVILIjE,  a  post-office  of  Dade  co.,  Missouri. 

MELVILLE  B.\Y,  an  inlet  of  Greenland,  near  the  head 
of  Baffin's  Bay,  lat.  76°  N.,  and  betw(!eii  Ion.  60°  and  64°  W. 

MELVILLE  CASTLE,  Scotland.     See  Lasswade. 

MELVILLE  ISLAND,  an  island  off  the  coast  of  North 
Australia,  in  lat.  11°  28'  S.,  Ion.  131°  E.  Length  70  miles; 
breadth  30  miles.  In  1824.  a  British  settlement  was  planted 
at  Fort  Dundas,  ne-ar  Apsloy  Strait,  but  soon  afterwards 
abandoned. 

MELVILLE  ISLAND,  the  westernmost  of  the  Georgian 
Islands,  of  British  North  .\merica.  in  the  Arctic  Ocean.  Lat. 
75°  N.,  Ion.  110°  W.  Discovered  by  Captain  Parry,  whc 
v.intered  hero  in  1819-20;  and  in  1851,  its  S.  and  S.W. 
shores  were  explored  by  Lieutenant  McClintock.  and  its  S.E. 
by  Mr.  Bradford,  in  .«eareh  of  Sir  John  Franklin. 

MELVILLE  ISLAXD.  an  {.•-land  in  the  South  Pacific,  in 
lat.  17°  35'  S..  Ion.  142°  41'  W. 

MEL'VIN,  a  post  office  of  Ballard  co.,  Kentucky. 

MEL'VIN  VIL'LAGE,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  eo.,  New 
Hampshire.  45  miles  N.E.  of  Concord. 

MI'JLZ,  m?lz.  a  village  of  France,  on  the- railway  from 
Troyes  to  Paris.  38  miles  from  Troyes. 

MELZO,  m^l'zo.  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy,  Lom- 
banly,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Milan. 

MEMBRILLA,  mfm-breel'y3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  29  miles  E.  of  Ciudad-Real.     Pop.  3620. 

MEMBKIO,  mJm'lire-o,  a  village  of  Spain,  Estremadura, 
37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2903. 

ME.M/1!URY,  a  parish  of  F:ngland,  co.  of  Devon. 

MEMEL.  mjm'el  or  m.Vmel.  a  town  and  seaport  of  Prussia, 
government  of  Kiinigsberg.capital  of  a  circle,  at  the  N.  end 
of  the  Curische-HafT,  where  the  Dange  falls  into  the  Baltic, 
72  miles  X.E.  of  Konigsberg;  lat.  55°  43'  42"  N.,  Ion.  21°  6' 
12"  E.  It  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  consisting  of  four  bastions, 
with  ravelines  and  half-moons,  and  is  divided  into  three 
(luarters — the  Old.  the  New,  and  Frederick's  Town;  with 
three  suburb.s.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  admiralty  and  several 
provincial  courts,  and  contains  three  Lutheran  churchuj^'a 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  synagogue,  exchange,  tlufttre, 
hospital,  infirmary,  a  superior  town  school,  a  school  foMiavi- 
gation.  an  industrial  school,  and  house  of  refuge  for  neglected 
children.  Its  manufactures  consist  of  woollen  and  sail-cloth, 
candles,  soap,  Ac;  but  the  great  source  of  its  prosperity  is 
its  trade,  which  i.?  very  extensive,  and  consists  chiefly  of 
timber,  corn,  flax,  hemp,  potash,  linseed,  and  colonial  pro- 
duce. The  exports  and  imports  from  1846  to  1849  iudusive 
were,  in  value,  as  follows : — 


Tears. 
1S4(> 

18-17 
1848 
1849 


Exports. 

£577.081 
726.711 
41.5,511 
889,328 


Imports. 

£322,551 
198,418 
172,471 
609,532 


Since  the  commencement  of  the  present  European  war. 

1173 


MEM 

Menu^I  hns  becouis  l.ie  v/rinclpal  entrepot  of  the  foreign  trade 
with  U'ecterii  llui^jia — which  formerly  pn-ssed  throuijh  Crou- 
stiuJk.  Amoni;  the  produce  brought  to  Jleinel  during  the  3 
months  ending  July  1, 1S5-1,  were  o.002,8(K)  pounds  of  hemp, 
and  6,779. ^20  pounds  of  tiax.  In  May,  500  cartloads  of  hemp 
and  flax  frequently  arrived  in  a  day,  and  on  the-lth  of  that 
month,  186  vessels  were  lying  in  the  harbor  and  river  Dango. 
unable  to  discharge  their  cargoes,  the  landing-places  all 
bi'ing  occupied.  The  principal  articles  received  from  Kus.<i;i, 
besides  hemp  and  flax,  are  oil.  fciUow.  wool,  and  yarn.  In 
exchange  she  tiikes  cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  wine,  spices,  and 
other  colonial  produce.  The  hariwr  of  Memel  is  large  and 
Kite,  and  has  a  deptli  of  water  from  14  to  17  feet.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  extensive  docks,  and  a  good  lighthouse,  which 
stands  on  the  X.K.  side,  98  feet  above  the  sea,  and  may  be 
seen  20  miles  off.  Ship-building  is  carried  on  to  a  consider- 
able extent.     Pop.  17,590. 

MEMiOli.  a  circle  of  Prussia,  is  bounded  X.  and  E.  by  Rus- 
sia, and  ^\.  by  the  IJaltic  Sea.     Pop.  46,078. 

MEMKL,  a  river  of  Prussia.    See  Nieme.v. 

MEM.MIXGEX,  mJm/ming-en,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Swabia,  on  a  tributary  of  the  lller,  43  miles  S.W.  of  Augs- 
burg. Pop.  6876.  It  is  enclosi^d  by  walls,  and  has  a  hand- 
some town-hall,  an  arsenal,  barracks,  a  lyceum,  academy  of 
music,  and  manufactoriesof  woollen,  cotton, and  linen  liibrics, 
hosiery,  ribbons,  oil-cloth,  copper  and  iron  ware.s. 

MEJl'PIIIS,  (Coptic  Monif  and  Men/ or  Menpfi.)  an  ancient 
city  of  Lower  Egypt,  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile,  about  10  miles 
S.  of  Cairo.  It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Jlenes.  the  first 
king  of  Egypt;  and,  in  the  time  of  Abulfeda,  atwut  1342,  its 
remains  were  very  extensive.  Of  latter  times,  however, 
almost  every  trace  of  its  existence  had  disappeared  except  a 
solitary  colos.sal  stjvtue  of  Sesostris.  But  within  a  few  years 
extensive  explorations  have  been  carried  on  by  the  French 
government,  resulting  in  several  interesting  discoveries, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  an  avenue  or  passage  bor- 
dered on  each  side  by  images  of  sphinxes,  amounting  in  all 
to  about  140,  and  an  immense  subterranean  cemetery,  with 
tombs  like  vast  chests  of  polished  granite,  hewn  from  a 
single  block  of  stone. — (.See  Dr.  TuoM.is's  Travels  in  £gi/pl 
and  Palestine,  pp.  60  and  61.) 

MEMPHIS,  a  post-village  and  steamboat-landing  of  Pick- 
ens CO..  Alabama,  on  the  Tombigbee  Kiver,  below  Columbus. 

MEMPHIS,  a  flourishing  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Shelby 
CO.,  Tennessee,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Mis.-issi|'pi 
Kiver,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Wolf  Biver,  and  on  the  4th 
Chickasaw  bluff,  420  miles  Mow  St.  Louis,  and  209  miles 
M'.S.W.  of  Xashville.  It  is  the  most  populous  and  important 
town  on  the  river  between  St.  I^ouis  and  Xew  Orleans,  and 
occupies  the  only  eli.;ible  site  for  a  commercial  depot  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  Vicksburg,  a  distance  of  650  miles. 
The  blulf  on  which  it  stands  is  elevated  about  rfl  feet  above 
higli-water  mark,  and  ils  base  is  washed  by  the  river  for  a 
distance  of  3  miles,  while  a  bed  of  siindstone  projects  into 
the  stream  and  forms  a  convenient  landing.  The  appearance 
of  Memphis  from  the  river  is  remarkably  fine.  An  esplanade, 
several  hundreil  feet  wide,  extends  along  the  bluff  in  front 
of  the  town,  and  is  bordered  with  blocks  of  large  warehouses. 
Travellers,  who  have  recently  visited  Memphis,  express 
astonishment  at  the  srgns  of  Improvement  and  commercial 
activity  which  are  here  exhibited.  -  The  population  lias  been 
quudrupled  since  1845.  It  contains  1 1  churches,  1  atiidemy, 
4  banks,  a  telegraph  oflice,  and  23  public  schools.  Amon"g 
the  new  institutions  of  Memphis  is  a  flourishing  Library 
A.ssociation.  The  United  States  government  has  recently 
established  a  nav.al  depot  at  this  place.  The  river  is  deep 
enough  to  float  the  lai  gest  ship  of  war  from  this  point  to  its 
mouth.  One  weekly  and  S  daily  newspapers  are  i)ubli3he<l 
here.  :\femplii3  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Memphis 
and  Charleston  Railroad,  and  of  the  Memphis  and  dhio 
Riiilroad,  which  connects  it  with  Loiii.sville.  Steamboats 
make  freV|iient  passages  between  this  and  other  ports  on  the 
river.  The  quantity  of  cotton  annuallv  sliipped  here  is 
estimated  at  about  25,000  bales  since  the  war,  This  city 
was  recaptured  from  the  rebels  in  June,  1802.  From  its  situ- 
ation it  seems  destined  to  become  a  very  important  iiort  for 
the  commerce  of  Tennessee  The  pop"ulation  in  1840  was 
3300 :  in  ISr.O  it  amounted  to  8841 ;  in  18(30,  it  was  22,623,  and, 
in  1^6.5.  about  40,000. 

MEMPHIS,  Indiana,  a  station  on  the  Jeffersonville  Rail- 
road. 15  miles  from  Jeffersonville. 

MKMPHLS,  a  post-oflice  of  St.  Clair  CO.,  Michigan. 

MI;MP1IIS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Scotland 
CO..  Missouri,  is  situated  near  the  North  Fabius  Kiver,  130 
miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  of  Jefferson  City.  The  land  in  the 
vicinity  presents  fine  advantages  for  farming. 

ME.MPHRKMAGOG  (mJniYre-m.Vgog)  LAKE,  situated 
partly  m  A  ermont  and  partly  in  Canatla.  is  about  30  miles 
in  length,  and  varies  from  1  to  4  in  breadth.  About  8  miles 
only  of  Its  S.  extremity  lies  in  Orleans  county,  Vermont, 
and  tlie  rest  in  Canada.  It  discharges  its  waters  by  Ma''0>' 
outlet  into  the  St.  Francis  River,  in  Canada.  " 

MEN'A.  mrl'nS.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  and 
«8  miles  E.  of  Teheriiigov,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Desna.  Pop. 
2000.    It  was  important  in  the  10th  century. 


MEN 

MENADO,  tn.i-n3/do,  a  Dutch  provinc«>  or  government 
comprising  all  the  N.  portion  of  tlie  island  of  Celebes. 

51EXAD0,  a  town  on  the  X.  coast  of  the  X.  peninsula  of 
the  island  of  Celebes;  iat.  1°  28'  X.,  lou.  124°  50'  E.;  on  a 
large,  fine  bay,  with  a  fori  and  Dutch  garrison.     I'op.  6000. 

MEN  AGGIO,  niA-nid'jo,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  .Milan,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Como,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Senagra.  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Osmo. 

MENAI  (min'i)  STRAIT,  a  channel  of  North  Wales,  separ 
rating  the  i.^land  of  Anglesea  from  Caernarvon ;  it  runs  nearly 
S.W.  and  N.E.,  and  is  about  11  miles  long,  from  its  S.>V'. 
entrance  to  Bangor  Ferry,  where  it  expands  to  a  breadth  of 
from  1  to  4  miles.  The  navigation  of  this  strait  is.  in  simie 
places,  difficult  and  hazanlous ;  but  is  much  used  by  ve.-sels 
under  100  tons  burden.  The  strait  is  cros.-sed  by  2  stupen- 
dous structures,  the  Menai  Bridge  and  the  Bi-itannia  Briilge, 
about  a  mile  apart.  The  former,  which  is  a  suspensiun- 
bridge.  forming  a  part  of  the  great  line  of  roatl  between 
London  and  Holyhead,  was  planned  and  executed  by  Tel- 
ford in  1825,  at  a  cost  of  211.791/..;  the  distance  between  the 
supporting  pyrjimids  or  points  of  suspension  is  600  feet, 
and  the  height  of  the  carriage-way  alx)ve  liigh-water  is  100 
feet.  The  Britannia  Bridge  is  an  iron  tulmlac  structure, 
erected  to  accommodate  the  Chester  and  Holyhead  Itailway  ; 
it  consists  of  two  hues  of  tubes,  each  1613  feet  long,  sup- 
ported on  three  towers,  besivles  the  shore  abutments,  lOO 
feet  above  the  sea.  The  first  train  pa.s.«ed  through  the  tube 
on  March  6,  1850.     Whole  cost,  tVil.Mi.i/. 

MEN  Al/LEN,  a  post-township  of  Adams  co.,  Penn.sylvania, 
48  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  1680. 

MENWIjLEX,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1412. 

MEN  AM,  m.VnSm',  or  MEI-XAM,  mAVnJm'  or  m.Vnilm', 
("  mother  of  water.*,"')  one  of  the  large  rivers  of  Southern 
Asia,  rises,  according  to  native  accounts,  in  the  table-land 
of  Yun-nan.  (China,)  traverses  tlie  centre  of  Siam.  and  after 
a  S.  course,  estimated  at  SOO  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Siam 
by  3  mouths,  the  E.  of  which  is  navigable  for  large  ships. 

MENAM-KONG,  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Meko.ng. 

JIENA.V,or  MAXAX',GRE.Vr,an  island  in  the  Atlantic, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  IJay  of  Fundy,  and  opposite  the  S. 
extremity  of  Pa<sam;Miuoddy  Bay.  It  is  13  miles  long,  anji 
6  miles  at  its  greiitest  breadth. 

MENAN,  or  MANAN,  LITTLE,  an  isLand  of  the  United 
States,  Maine,  off  St<!ulx:u  Harbor.  It  has  a  lighthouse 
with  a  tower  25  feet  high. 

MENANCABOW  or  MKNANKABAU,  mVnda'ka-bow',  a 
state  of  Sumatra,  comprising  a  territory  in  its  W.  part. 
Population  mostly  Mohammedan,  and  they  carry  useful 
arts  to  a  greater  perfection  than  any  other  j>eople  of  Su- 
matra. They  are  now  wholly  or  partially  tributary  to  the 
Dutch  of  Pailang. 

MEXAKI)'.  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  300  squ.ire  miles.  The  .Sangam<jn  River  flows 
through  the  county,  aud  forms  part  of  its  northern  boun- 
dary ;  Siilt  Creek  also  flows  along  the  northern  border  until 
it  enters  that  river.  The  surface  is  level;  the  soil  produc- 
tive. X.inied  in  honor  of  Peter  (I'ierre)  Menard,  a  distin- 
guished French  pioneer.     Capital.  Petersburg,     i'op.  9584. 

MEXARS-LA-VILLE,  a  town  of  France.     See  M£R. 

MENAS-.\LBA.S,  mil'nds-dl'bds.  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toletlo.     I'op.  3651. 

MEN.\SH'A,athrivingpost-villageof  Winnebago  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, at  the  outlet  of  Winnebago  Lake,  and  on  the  right 
bank  of  Neenali  River,  33  miles  N.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  'The 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rjiilroiwl  passes  through  it,  and 
steamboats  run  didly  to  Fond  du  Lac.  It  contains  6 
churches,  an  iron-foundry,  a  pottery,  2  grist-mills,  3  saw- 
mills, a  pail-factory,  2  chair-factories,  2  sash  and  blind-fac- 
tories, the  State  Improvement  otflce,  a  newspaper  olHce,  6 
hotels,  and  1  bank.     Pop.  i43i>. 

ME.NAT.  mgh-iid'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Puy  de-Dt'inie,  17  miles  X.W.  of  Riom.     Pop.  in  1852.  2276. 

MENBRILLA,  mJn-breel'yd.  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile, 
29  miles  E.  of  Ciudad  Ileal.  It  contains  a  court-house,  pri.son, 
and  nunnery,  and  has  manufactures  of  serge,  earthenware, 
and  corks;  also  an  oil  and  several  flour  mills.  Pop.  about 
6000. 

MENCIIIA,  or  MENCHYEH.  EL.  U  mJn/cheeV  a  large 
town,  at  a  short  distance  S.E.  of  Tripoli. 

MENCONICO,  mJn-kon'e-ko.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa.  8  miles  from  Bobbio.    Pop.  1132. 

MENDAXA  LSLANDS.     See  M.arijI'ks.w. 

ME.ND.WIA,  mJn-dd've-a.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Navarre,  40  miles  S.W.  ofVamplona.  Pop.  1900. 
Ciesar  Borgia  was  killed  in  a  skirmish,  near  this  town,  in 
1507. 

ME.NDE.  mftsd,  (L.  Memmate.)  a  town  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Lozere.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  l/A.  75 
miles  N.W.  of  Avignon.  Pop.  in  1852.  6015.  It  is  situated 
on  the  slope  of  Mont  Mim.at.  enolosetl  by  boulevards,  and 
has  a  fine  cathedral  with  2  spires,  and  an  episcopal  ualace, 
now  the  prefecture:  a  public  library,  chamber  of  n  anufaC 
tures,  and  considerable  manufactures  of  serges  a;'  1  other 
coarse  dotlis. 


^ 


MEN 

MKXBKFT,  or  MEXDEFY,  men'(leh-fee\  a  lofty  mountain 
Of  Central  Atrica.  S.  of  Maiidera, -near  lat.  9°  S.,  Ion.  14" 
25'  K.     It  is  supposed  to  be  volcanic. 

SIEXDELI,  mjn-dii'lee.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pnshalic 
and  30  miles  N.E.  of  IJagdad,  on  the  route  across  Mount  Za- 
gros.  and  d(^fended  by  a  ca.<stle. 

MENIJELI,  a  mountain  of  Greece.    See  Pestelicus. 

MK.NDI-iX,  mJn'den,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westplialia,  12 
miles  \V.  of  Arnsberg.     Pop.  3.300. 

MBNDEK,  min'der.  or  MEIXDER,  m'ln'dpr,  written  also 
MENDEHE.  (anc.  Ma'un'Jer,)  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.  Ana- 
tolia, is  formed  by  two  streams,  about  50  miles  S.W.  of 
Afioom  Kara  Ilissar,  flows  generally  W.S.W..  and  enters  the 
.35gean  Sea,  32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ayasoolook,  (Ephesus,)  after 
a  course  of  upwards  of  200  miles.  On  the  banks  are  the 
traces  of  the  ancient  cities  Apamea,  Anliochia  ad  Maan- 
drum,  and  Miletus. 

MEXDEH,  MEIXDER,  or  MEXDERE,  (anc.  Simhis,)  a 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  plain  of  Troy,  rises  in  Mount  Ida,  flows 
N.AV.,  and  afler  a  X.X.W.  course  of  about  60  miles,  inist  the 
sites  of  Troy  and  I'ergamus,  enters  the  IIellesjX)nt  at  its 
moutti,  in  conjunction  with  the  Scamander. 

MEXDKI?,  KUTCIIUK  (or  Little  Mekdee.)  a  river  of 
Turkey.     See  Cvystkr. 

M  I'^.VD'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk. 

WE.VD'IIAM,  a  post-village  of  Mendham  township,  Morris 
CO.,  X'^ew  Jersey,  7  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Morristown,  has  2 
churi  lies,  2  academies,  and  5  or  6  stores.  Pop.  about  400 ; 
of  the  township,  1(500. 

MEXDIG,  mJn'dig,  (Xieder,  nee'der,  and  Oder,  o'bgr.) 
two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  government  and 
15  miles  W.  of  Coblentz.  Pop.  of  the  latter,  1150;  of  the 
former.  1222. 

MEXDIGOllRTA,  m?n-dp-goR'Re-i,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
Tince  of  Xavarre.  16  miles  S.W.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  2100. 

MEX'DIP  HILLS,  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  divide  the  X. 
from  tlie  central  part  of  the  county.  I^ength  about  24  miles, 
with  an  elevation  of  upwards  of  WOO  feet. 

Jl  KX'DLESll.\.M,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk.  16,i  miles  X.X.W.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  1340.  A  silver 
crown  of  one  of  the  Sa.xon  kings,  weighing  60  ounces,  was 
dug  up  here  in  the  17th  century. 

ME.\'D()OIX(),  mjn-do-see'uo,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part 
of  California,  has  an  area  of  about  "500  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the  E.  by 
the  coast  Range.    See  Appkndix. 

ME\'DOX,  a  post-township  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont, 
about  ill  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  6.33. 

MEXDOX.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Boston.  The  village  is  situ- 
ated on  a  commanding  elevation,  contains  3  or  4  churches, 
50  to  60  dwellings,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
1351. 

MEXDOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rochester.  It  has  2  or  3  churches, 
an  academy,  and  several  stores.    Pop,  of  the  township,  29.36. 

MEXDOX,  post-offlce,  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MEXDOX,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  CO.,  Ohio. 

MEXDOX,  a  post-office  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan. 

MEXDOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Joseph  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  St.  Joseph  River,  about  140  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  1551. 

MEXDOX,  a  post-office  of  Matlison  co.,  Indiana. 

MEXDOX.  a  postvillage  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  116  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  about  500. 

MEXDOX,  a  village  in  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about  100  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

MEXDOX  CENTRE,  a  post-offlce  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

MEXDO'TA,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Centnil  Railroad  (main  line)  15  miles  X.  of  La  Salle.  It  has  8 
jhurchos,  2  lianks,  1  npwsi)aper  office.  Ac.    See  .\ppenwx. 

MEXDOTA,  a  post-village  of  Dakota  county,  Minnesota, 
at  tlie  confluence  of  St.  Peter's  or  Minnesota  River  with 
the  Mississippi,  7  miles  above  St.  Paul.  It  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  tract  of  land.     Pop.  454. 

MEXDOZA.  m^n-do'za  or  mSn-do'tbil,  a  river  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic.  (La  Plata.)  rises  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Andes, 
about  lat.  32°  35'  S.,  near  the  volcano  of  Aconcagua,  and  falls 
into  the  Lake  de  Guanacache,.lat.  32^  S.;  its  whole  length 
being  about  200  miles. 

5IEXD0ZA,  a  department  of  the  Argentine  Republic.  (La 
Plata.)  between  lat.  32°  and  34°  30'  S..  and  Ion.  07°  and  70° 
W.,  having  X.  and  E.  the  departments  of  San  Juan  and  San 
Luis.  W.  the  Andes,  separating  it  from  Chili,  and  S.  an  un- 
settled region.  Estimated  pop.  from  35,000  to  45,000.  Capital, 
Mendoza. 

MKNDOZA.  a  city  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.) 
South  America,  plea.santly  situated  on  a  level  plain  on 
the  E.  declivity  of  the  Paramillo  range,  2S91  feet  above 
sea-level:  lat.  32°  53'  S.,  Ion.  69°  6'  W.,  about  55  miles 
ji.S.E.  from  the  volcano  of  Aconcagua.  It  is  compact, 
well  built,  for  the  most  part  of  sun-burnt  bricks,  plastered 
and  whitewash';...,  aud  contains  some  fine  Viuildings.  The 
houses  have  gai-dens  and  orchards  attached  to  them.  It  has 


MEN 

»  good  parish  church,  some  convents,  and  a  fine  ainmeda, 
ne:irly  a  mile  long,  shaded  by  rows  of  mag^ilficent  poplare 
Mendoza  i-i  an  entrepot  f  )r  the  tr.ide  between  Buenos  Ayre.s 
and  Chi'.i.  with  wbidi  latier  it  '.ommunicat^js  by  the  moun 
taiu  pusses  of  U.spallata  and  Portillo.     I'op.  12.000. 

MIOXDKISIO.  man-dree'se-o,  the  most  soutbern  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino,  6  mile,s  X.W.  of  Como,  with 
1710  inhabitant!?,  a  college,  and  Capucliin  convent. 

MENDYGIIAUT,  minde-gawf.  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Ganges,  5  miles  S.  of  Kanojo. 

MKN'ELOS.  a  post-office  of  Madi.son  co.,  Kentucky. 

MKXKS.  uuVnesh',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  and  12  miloi) 
E.X.I"!.  of  Arad,  with  a  fine  castle.     Pop.  1577. 

MEXETOU-S.'VLO.N',  mA^neh-too'  sil-hVNo',  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Cher,  10  milfv?  X.X.E.  of  Bourges. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2.i71. 

MEXGEX,  mftng'en,  a  walled  town  of  Wilrtemberg,  on 
the  Danube.  6  miles  .S.E.  of  Sigmaringen.     Pop.  2044. 

MEXGEHIXGIIAUSEX,  ming'er-ing-howV.en,  a  small 
town  of  Germany,  12  miles  X.  of  Waldeck.     Pop.  1743. 

ME.N'lIliXOIT,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MEMX.  meh-n^N"',  (Elem.  Me.eneii.  mrl'nen.)  a  fortified 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Lys, 
and  on  the  French  frontier.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Courtrai.  Pop. 
8052.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace,  woollen  stuffs,  and  to- 
bacco. It  was  repeatedly  taken  by  the  French,  in  the  17 th 
and  ISth  centuries. 

.^lEXJEEL,  JIJ'iXJILE,  m?n-jeel',  or  MEXZIL,  m?n-zeel', 
a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Ghiian.  on  the  confines 
of  Irak-Ajemee,  and  on  the  Sefe^-rood  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Reshd,  having  about  60  houses, 
and  an  active  trade  In  oil  and  soap. 

MEXMUIK,  m^n-miir',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

MEXXETOU-SUR-CIIER.  mJn'neh-too'siiR-shaiR,  a  town 
of  France,  deimrtment  of  Loir-et-Cher.  on  the  Clier.    P.  950. 

MENXEVRET,  mJn'nyh-vri',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  .\isne.  arrondissement  of  Vervins.     Pop.  2192. 

MEXXIGIIL'FFEX,  (.^lennighuffen.)  mfn'nJG-hiif'f^;n,  a 
village  of  Prussiii,  Westphalia,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  JUnden. 
Pop.  1216. 

.AIE.N.NIKORL,  m^n-ne-koRp.  a  village  of  Rus,sla,  govern- 
ment of  Esthonia,  14  miles  W..S.W.  of  Wesenburg.     I'.  2000. 

MEX'XO,  a  township  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  12  miles 
W.  of  lAHvistown.     Pop.  lOftO. 

.M EX( ).M/i )XEE.  M EXOMM  XEE.  or  MEXOMIXI E.  a  small 
river  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Washington  co..  and  falls  into 
MilwaukTO  River  .at  the  city  of  .^lilwaukee.  It  furnishes  ex- 
tensive water-power  at  the  rapids.  15  miles  from  its  mouth. 

MEXOMOXEE,  a  township  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  2267. 

MEXOMOXEE  FALL.^  n  thriving  post-village  of  Wauke- 
sha CO..  Wisconsin,  on  the  Menomonee  River,  15  miles  X.W. 
of  Milwaukee.  The  river  pas.ses  between  steep  banks  of 
blue  limestone.  30  feet  high,  and  has  a  fall  of  48  feet  in  the 
course  of  a  half-mile,  affording  fine  water-power.  It  \\aa  2 
saw-mills,  and  :'iO  dwellings. 

MEXOOF  or  MEXOUF,  mJn-oof.  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt, 
capital  of  a  province  In  the  Delta,  on  the  canal  of  Menoof, 
which  connects  the  Rosetia  and  Damietta  brandies  of  the 
Xile,  30  miles  N.X.W.  of  Cairo.  It  has  indigo  works,  a 
manufacture  of  mats,  and  a  government  school. 

MENORC.A..  an  island  of  Spain.     See  JIi>ORC.\. 

MEXOUF.  a  town  of  Eurypt.    See  Menoof. 

MEXOVGIIAT.     See  .M a.n avgh.\t. 

MEXS,  mft.N«.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Isere.  25  miles  S.  of  Gremible.     Pop.  1738. 

.^lEXSELIXSK  or  MEXZELIXSK.  niJn'zeh-linsk,  a  towr. 
of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg,  on  the  Hi.  an  afiluunt 
of  the  Kama.  135  miles  X'.W.  of  Oofa.     I'op.  1420. 

MENSFELDEX,  mi^ns'fel-den,  a  village  of  Germany, 
duchy  and  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xa.ssau.     Pop.  1014. 

MEXSllIEII,  El,  l\  mJn'sheeVh.  (a.i\c.  MolemafiH.)  a  town 
of  Upper  l';'.;y  pt,  9  miles  X.X.W.  of  Girgeh.  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Xile.  with  nitre  works,  and  a  government  cotton  factory. 

ilENS'TKIE.  a  village  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Clackmannan 
and  I'erth.  3  miles  E.X.E.  of  Stirling.     Pop.  518. 

MENTKITH.  Scotland.     See  Monteitii. 

MEXT'.MORE,  a  parish  of  Englaml.  co.  of  Buck.s. 

MEXTOXE,  mJn-to'nA,  the  largest  town  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Monaco,  Northern  Italy,  beautifully  .situated  ou  the 
Me<literranean.     Pop.  6000. 

MEX'TOR.  a  post-township  In  the  W.  part  of  Lake  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the  Cleveland 
and  Erie  Railroad,  23  miles  from  Cleveland.     Pop.  1613. 

MEXTOK,  asmall  post-village  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MEXTItlDA,  mJn-tree'Dd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
27  miles  X.W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  2079. 

MEXTZ.  mjnts.  (anc.  Mi  guntiacum  or  Mofjrmiiacum ; 
Ger.  Maim,  mints;  Fr.  Mayence.  m.'l'*ydNss'.)  a  city  of  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  capital  of  Rheinhessen.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Main,  and  20  mileg 
W.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  with  wliich  it  is  connected  by  railway. 
It  is  a  fortress  of  the  German  Confederation,  and  has  a 
garri.son.  partly  Austrian  and  partly  i'ru?siiin.  of  8000  men, 
commanded  alternately  for  five  years,  by  an  .\ii=trian  and  a 

1175 


=JJ 


MEN 


MER 


Pnissinn  gorcmor.  The  city,  situated  partly  on  a  flat,  and 
partly  on  an  a'-clivity,  risi's  up  gradually  from  the  Rhine,  in 
the  foi-ui  of  an  amphitheatre.  It  is  walled,  flanked  with 
bastions,  and  defended  besides  by  a  citailel.  and  ."icveral 
forts  and  outworks.  A  bridge  of  boats,  above  1*300  feet  long, 
connects  it  with  its  suburb  of  Ciustel,  near  which  the  river 
forms  an  island,  on  which  some  fortifications  have  been 
erected.  The  houses  are  generally  lofty,  and  have  often  a 
venerable  and  noble  appearance ;  but.  as  many  of  the  streets 
are  narrow,  they  exclude  both  air  and  lij^ht,  and  give  several 
quarters  of  the  town  a  dark,  confined,  unwholesome  look. 
The  Xeue  Anlage,  outside  the  gates,  is  the  principal  prome- 
nade, consisting  of  extensive  public  garden.",  well  laid  out, 
and  commanding  fine  views  of  the  citj-aud  surrounding  dis- 
trict. The  principal  edifices  are  the  Cathedral,  a  vast  building 
of  red  saiid.stone.  finished  in  the  Uth  century ;  the  Merchnnfs 
II.ill,  formerly  the  Electoral  I'alace,  (Kurfur.stliche  Schloss :) 
the  old  collegiate  Church  of  St.  Stephen,  occupying  the 
highost  site  in  the  city;  the  Church  of  St.  Peter;  the 
Deutsche  llaus,  (German  House.)  orGrossherzogliche  Schloss, 
(Girand-Ducal  Castle.)  now  the  governor's  palace;  the  former. 
Dalbergische  Palais,  now  u.sed  by  the  courts  of  justice;  the 
Library  Buildings,  containing,  in  addition  to  the  library,  a 
museum,  with  several  good  collections,  antiquities,  philoso- 
phical and  chirurgical  apparatus,  pictures,  itc.  One  of  the 
moet  interesting  objects  in  the  town  is  the  house,  or  rather 
the  site  of  the  liouse  of  John  Gensfleisch,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Gutenberg,  and  deserving  of  perpetual  remem- 
brance as  the  inventor  of  movable  types.  'The  site  is  now 
occupied  by  the  Casino,  or  reading-room,  and  the  rooms  of  a 
literary  association ;  but  the  house  in  which  he  was  born 
exists,  and.  more  interesting  still,  the  house  which  con- 
tained his  first  printing-office.  An  admirable  bronze  statue 
of  Gutenberg,  by  Thorwald.sen,  erected  by  suVjscription,  ol)- 
tained  from  all  parts  of  Europe,  stands  in  an  open  space  near 
the  theatre.  The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  leather, 
soap,  hats,  glue,  vinegar,  tobacco,  and  musical  instruments. 
The  traile,  particularly  transit,  is  extensive,  being  greatly 
facilitated  both  by  water  communiciition  and  railway,  and 
has  in  recent  times  greatly  increased.  The  principal  articles 
are  wine,  corn,  and  wood.  Jlentz  owes  its  foundation  to  a 
Roman  camp,  whiih  Drusus  pitched  here.  It  wjis,  shortly 
after,  converted  into  a  permanent  bulwark,  and  became  the 
most  important  of  a  line  of  forts  built  along  the  Rhine,  as 
a  barrier  against  the  incursions  of  the  Germans.  On  the 
decline  of  the  power  of  Rome  it  was  almost  entirely  de- 
stroyed, but  was  afterwards  restored,  chiefly  by  Charle- 
magne, and  became  the  first  ecclesiastical  city  of  the  German 
Kmpire,  of  which  its  archbishop-elector  ranked  as  the  pre- 
mier prince.  Its  history,  during  the  16th  century,  is  of 
considerable  interest,  in  connexion  with  the  progress  of  the 
Reformation,  which  early  brought  Luther  into  collision  with 
its  eccle.«i:istical  authorities.     Pop.  in  ISOl,  41,279. 

MENTZ.  a  township  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York,  intersected 
by  the  Krie  Canal  and  by  the  Syracuse  and  Rochester  Bail- 
road.    Pop.  2232. 

MKNUTUIAS,  (Insula.)    See  Zanzibar. 

MENZALKH  m&nVS'leh  (Lake.)  one  of  the  great  lagoons 
of  Lower  Egypt,  immediately  S.K.  of  Damietta,  separated 
by  a  narrow  sandbank  from  the  Mediterranean,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  3  openings.  Length  50  miles,  greatest 
bre.adth  25  miles.  It  receives  the  Pelusiac  and  Tanitic 
branches  of  the  \ile.  The  Jlenzaleh  Canal  from  this  lake 
joins  the  Nile  N.  of  the  town  of  Man.soorah. 

MENZALEH,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  on  the  S.  hank  of 
the  lake  of  same  name,  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Damietta. 

MENZKhlXSK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Mexsf.linsk. 

MENZIXGEN,  m5nt'sing-en,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton and  4  miles  E.X.E.  of  Zug.     Pop.  2649. 

MEXZINOEN.  mJnt'sing-^n,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  oii^ 
de  of  Middle  Rhine,  16  miles  X.E.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1370. 

MEOLS,  (meelz.)  NORTH,  parish.  Ejigland,  co.  Ljincaster. 

5IE0N.  (meeu,)  WEST,  a  parish  of  Pingland.  co.  of  ILints. 

ME()N-8T0IvE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

MKi}l>II.\.M,  mee'fam,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ME1".\L.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

MEl'PEIi,  mep'pel,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Drenthe.  on  the  Ilavelter,  near  ita  mouth,  in  the  Reest, 
26  miles  S.W.  of  Assen.     Pop.  6426. 

MKPPEN,  mCVpen,  a  walled  town  of  Hanover,  44  miles 
N.W.  of  Osnaburs,  on   the  Ems.     Pop.  1951. 

MKP'PKRSIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Bed- 
ford and  Herts.  , 

MEQUA.N'IGO  or  MOKWAN'AGO.  a  post-village  of  Wau- 
kesha county.  Wisconsin,  on  Fox  River,  at  the'  mouth  of 
Mequanigo  Creek,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  .lanesville 
Plank-road,  25  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  5  stores,  and 
1  flonring-iiiill.     Pop.  about  500:  of  the  township  1373. 

MEQUIXEN'ZA,  mVke-nSn'thl,  (anc.  Octnge/sa.)  a  town 
and  fort  of  Spain,  province  and  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Huesca,  on 
(lie  Ebro.  at  the  influx  of  the  Cinea.  It  is  defended  by  a 
fortress,  which  wius  taken  by  the  trench  in  1810.  Mequi- 
uenza  is  supposed  to  be  the  Octogesa  mentioned  by  Cwsar. 
and  w.isa  pliice  of  considerable  importance  in  early  Spanish 
Listory.     Pop-  1370.  *^ 

117« 


MEQFINEZ  orMEKINEZ,  mfk'(>-n?z\  sometimes  writtoD 
MEKIXi;S  or  MEKXAS,  a  city  of  Morocco,  province  and 
34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fez.  Pop.  CO.OOO.  It  stjiniis  in  a  fertile 
valley,  is  large,  better  built  tlian  JIoi-occo.  and  has  a  palace, 
considered  the  finest  in  Morocco,  and  often  the  residence  of 
the  emperor. 

MEQUON,  mgh-kwon',  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Ozaukee  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milw.aukce  River,  at  tho 
month  of  Mequon  River.  13  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee  City. 
The  village  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  county.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  3368. 

MEQUON  RIVER,  post-ofBce,  Wa-shington  CO.,  WLsccnsin. 

MER,  niaiR,  a  French  word  signifying  ■'  sea:"  as,  M^^l-DB- 
Glace,  ("  Sea  of  Ice.")  the  name  of  one  of  the  glaciers  of 
Mont  Blanc ;  Mer  Mortb,  ("  Dead  Sea ;")  MiiR  Noire,  (■'  Black 
Sea ;")  Mer  Rouge.  ('•  Red  Sea.'")  Ac. 

MER.  mjR.  or  MEXARS-LA-VILLE,  meh-naRMd-veel',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  with  a  station 
on  the  Orleans  and  Tours  Railway,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Blois. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4253. 

MER  and  SER.  two  contiguoussummitsof  the  Himalayas, 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  I'unjs.b,  in  hit.  34°  X.,  Ion.  76°  E.,  and 
both  conical  and  of  nearly  the  same  height,  hjit  while  one 
is  white  with  snow,  the  other  is  black,  and  uniformly  bare. 

JIEl'.A.  meh-r.l',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise, 
15  miles  S.  of  Beauvais.    Pop.  2473. 

MEKA,  mA'rOh\  (.\.i.so,  ul'sho',  and  Felso,  fel'shii',)  two 
nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Abanjvar,  4 
miles  from  Forro.     Pop.  1565. 

JIERAlilXG,  mfr-i-bing'.  a  town  of  South  Africa,  capital 
of  the  territory  of  the  Mantetis.  situated  within  tlie  interior, 
X.W.  of  Delagoa  Bay.  It  occupifcs  the  summit  of  a  long  but 
narrow  ridge,  and  forms  an  important  stronglmld.  being 
accessible  only  on  the  W.,  by  two  openings  calleil  Likoro- 
hettoa,  (or  the  hewn  gates.)  In  peace,  the  population  la 
about  1400;  but  in  war  is  greatly  increased  by  numbers 
resorting  to  it  for  protection  from  the  neighboring  knutls. 

MERAMICHI.    See  Miramichi. 

MER.\X,  mi'rdn,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol,  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Botzen,  on  an  afllnent  of  the  Adige.  Pop.  2300.  It 
has  2  monasteries,  a  college,  and  an  English  seminary  for 
noble  ladies.     Near  it  is  the  mountain  fortress  of  Tyrol. 

MER.\PI,  m.Vrd'pee\  a  volcano  of  Java,  district  of  Kado'e. 
It  was  in  violent  eruption  September  14lh  to  17lh,  1849. 

MERAPI,  an  active  volcano  in  the  island  of  Sumatra,  neai 
the  W.  coast.  Lat.  0°  2-1'  S.,  Ion.  100°  3U'  E.  It  is  about 
9700  feet  high. 

MER.\TE,  mA-rd'ti,  a  market-town  of  .Vorthern  Italy,  with 
the  magnilicent  palace  of  Belgioioso,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Como. 

MEltAVIGLIE,  mA-rd-veel'y.A.  a  chain  of  nine  small  lakes 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  the  N.  of  the  divi.sion  of  Nice. 

MKU.Wy'E.  a  tract  of  Xubia.     See  Mkroe. 

MERBES-LE-CHaTEAU,  mJiib-leh-sha'UV,  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Mons,  on  the 
Sambre.     Pop.  1057. 

MERBIDERY,  mer'be-df  r'ree,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  di.«trict  of  Canara,  17  miies  X.E.  of  Man- 
galore,  and  with  various  handsome  Jain  pagodas,  its  popula- 
tion being  chiefly  of  the  Jain  sect. 

MERCADAL,  meR-kd-ddU,  a  town  of  the  Balearic  Islands. 
Minorca,  13  miles  X.W.  of  Mahon.     Pop.  401)0. 

JIERCARA  or  .MERIvARA.  mjR-kd/rd,  a  fortified  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Jladros,  67  miles  W.  of  Seringa- 
ptitam. 

MERCATELLO,  mJR-kd-tfno,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 

about  15  milc-s  W.S.W.  of  Urbino.  on  the  Matanro.    P.  1250. 

MEI!CATO-SARRACEXO.mS«-kdto-sai:-:a-cliA'nn,atown 

of  Ital  v.  State  of  L  nil.ria,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  F.-rli.    Pop  4000. 

MERCEDE  (mer-.s!»d')  CITY,  a  town  of  Tuolumne  co., 
California,  is  situated  on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  a  little 
below  the  mouth  of  tlie  Mercede.  and  on  the  main  roail  from 
Sacnamento  City  to  Los  Angeles,  115  miles  in  a  straight  line 
E.S.E.  of  San  Francisco. 

MERCEDE  RIVER,  of  Mariposa  co..  near  the  centre  of 
California,  rises  on  the  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  flow- 
ing in  a  general  W.S.W.  course,  falls  into  the  San  Joaquin 
aliont  76  miles  above  Stockton.  It  is  navigable  for  small 
steamboats  about  20  miles. 

MERCEXASCO,  mjR-ch.-l-nds'ko.  or  MARCEXASCO,  maR- 
chA-ndts'ko.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Turin,  6  miles  from  Ivrea.     Pop.  2208. 

MER/CKR.  a  county  near  the  centre  of  New  .Jersey,  haH 
an  area  of  about  370  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.W.  by  the  Delaware,  and  partly  on  the  N.E.  by  .Millstone 
River,  and  is  drained  by  A.ssunpink  and  Stiniy  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  generally  level,  with  a  considerable  elevation 
on  the  northern  border,  called  Rockj'  Hill.  The  Rfdl  is  fer- 
tile and  highly  cultivated.  Sandstone  is  found  in  the  north- 
ern part.  The  Trenton  Falls  of  the  Delaware,  near  Trenton, 
afford  immense  water-power.  The  Camden  and  Amboy  Rail- 
road, the  New  Jersey  Railroad,  .and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal  traverse  the  county,  which  is  also  partly  interfkHted 
iiy  the  Trenton  Branch  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
Hugh  Mercer,  who  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battli)  r.f 
J  Princeton  in  1777.    Capital,  Trenton.    Pop.  37,419- 


MER 


MER 


MKRCER,  a  county  In  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  Ohio,  lias  an  area  of  775  square  miles.  The 
Sheuaugo  Itiver  Hows  through  the  county  from  N.  to  S. ; 
Frunch  Creek  touches  the  N.E.  part,  and  other  parts  are 
drained  by  the  N'esliannock,  Sandy,  and  Pymatuning 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating;  the  soil  of  the 
upland  is  a  rich  clayey  louui.  Extensive  beds  of  stone-coal 
and  limestone  are  found,  there  are  also  valuable  iron- 
mines.  The  Pittsbiu-g  and  Erie  Railroad  passes  through 
this  county,  which  is  also  traversed  by  the  Beaver  and 
Erie  Canal.  Organized  in  1800.  Capital,  Mercer.  Popula- 
tion, .3(l.SriC. 

MEKCEl!,  a  county  in  the  S.  pai-t  of  W.  A'irginia,  has 
an  area  of  440  s<juaVe  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  lilue 
Stone  Kiver,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Kanawha  or  New 
Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Hrush  and  other  creeks.  The 
surface  is  heavily  timbered;  the  Great  Flat  Top  Mountain, 
a  branch  of  the  Alleghany  cliain,  extends  along  the  N.AV. 
border  of  the  county.  The  land  Is  adapted  to  pasturage. 
Organized  in  1837.  Capital,  Princeton.  Pop.  6819,  of  whom 
&457  were  free,  and  3(32  slaves. 

MKRCRU.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  300  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  X.E.  by  the  Kentucky  River,  on  the  E.  by  Dick's  River, 
aud  drained  by  the  sources  of  Salt  River.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  good.  Organized  in  1786.  Capital, 
Harodsburg.  Pop.  13,701,  of  whom  10,427  were  free,  and 
3274  slaves. 

MERCER,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on 
Indiana,  has  an  area  of  408  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
in  the  N.E.  part  by  St.  Mary's  Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  the 
head  streams  of  the  \\'abash.  The  surface  is  nearly  level, 
and  mostly  covered  with  forests;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital, 
Celina.     Pop.  14,104. 

MERCER,  a  county  in  the  AV.N.W.  part  of  Illinois,  border- 
ing on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  atx)ut  500  square  miles.  The 
Mississippi  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  \V.,  and  it  is 
Intersccteil  by  Edward's  and  Pope's  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
moderately  uneven,  and  the  soil  is  good;  the  county  con- 
tJiins  a  largo  proportion  of  prairie,  and  is  comprised  in  the 
coal-field  of  Illinnis.    Capital,  Aledo.     Pop.  15,042, 

MERCER,  a  county  in  the  N,  p.art  of  Missouri,  bordering 
on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Woldon  Itiver.  Crooked  Fork  of  Grand  Hiver,  Medicine  and 
Muddy  Creeks.  Capital,  Princeton.  Pop.  9300,  of  whom 
927fi  were  free,  and  '24  slaves. 

MERCKR,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  cc,  Maine,  on 
Sandy  River,  about  25  miles  N.  by  W,  of  -Augusta.  Pop.  1059. 
MERCER,  a  village  and  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Butler. 

MIOUCER,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn.«yl- 
vania.  is  plea.santly  situated  near  Xeshannock  Creek,  op  the 
turnpike  from  Pittsburg  to  Erie,  60  miles  N.  by  W.  of  the 
former,  and  238  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilarri.sburg.  It  has  a 
brick  court-house,  a  stone  prison,  an  academy,  several 
churches,  ami  a  n\niilier  of  handsome  dwellings  ;  also  1  njT 
tional  bank,  and  1  or  2  newspaper  offices.  Incorporated  in 
1814.  Pop.  in  1850,1004  ;  in  IMjO,  1249. 
MERCER,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 
MEItCER  SALT  WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co., 
W.  Virginia. 

MEHCEliSBURO,  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Mont^ 
gomery  township,  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  02  miles  S.W. 
of  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  the  .'■•econd  town  of  the  county  in  popu- 
lation, and  is  a  place  of  active  trade.  The  houses  are 
principally  built  of  brick  and  stone.  Marshall  College  of 
this  place,  under  the  direction  of  the  German  Reformed 
church,  was  founded  in  1836.  Connected  with  this  is  a 
theological  seminary.  Slercersburg  has  5  churches,  7  stores, 
and  3  carriage-factories.  Pop.  in  1850, 1184 ;  in  1860,  897. 
MERCER  UNIVEKSITY.  See  Pexfibld,  Georgia. 
MERCHANT'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  co.. 
South  Carolina. 

MEUCIIINGEN,  ni?rK'ing-en,  a  village  of  Baden,  clrcleof 
Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Kessach.     Pop.  1194. 

MEUCIITEM.  m^RK'tem.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Fumes.     Pop.  3320. 

MERCIA,  mer'she-ij,  (anc.  Flafvia  Cienariejt'sis,)  one  of 
the  old  kingdoms  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy,  occupying  the 
centre  of  lingland.  and  comprising  all  the  modern  counties 
between  the  Thames  on  the  S.,  Yorkshire  and  I.Aucasliire 
on  the  .\.,  the  kingdoms  of  East  Anglia  and  Es.sex  on  the 
•E.,  and  Wales  on  the  W.  It  was  the  largest  and  one  of 
the  most  powerful  states  of  the  Saxon  confederacy,  was 
founded  in  582,  from  which  period  it  remained  independent 
tintil  its  conquest  by  Egbert,  king  of  Wessex,  in  827.  Its 
capital  city  was  Leicester. 

MERCKEM,  mSiik'kem,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  3050. 

MEUCCEUR,  mfR'kUK',  a  market  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Correze,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1035. 

MERCCWLI  AND,  miR-kAl-yi'no.  a  fortified  town  of  Xaples, 

province  of  Principato  Ultra,  3  miles  W.  of  Avellino.    Pop. 

tOOO.  ^ 

MEKCURAGO.  m§R-koo-r%o,  (L.  ilercuriacum.,)  a,  village 


of  the  Sardinian  States;  Piedmont,  on  Lake  Maggiore,  1  mile 
from  Arona.    Pop.  1050. 

MER/CURY  BAY,  New  Zealand,  on  the  N.E.  side  of  North 
IsLtnd.  in  lat.  36°  48'  S.,  Ion.  175°  45'  E. 

MERCURY-<iEMILLY,  mWkuVee'  zheh-mee'yee/,  a  v.l- 
lane  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Upper  Savoy,   2 
miles  W.  of  Albertville.     Pop.  1920. 
M KR-DE-GLACE,  ('•  Sea  of  ice.")     See  Mont  Blanc. 
MKRDI.V,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  M.\rdken. 
MKRl)Rl<iN.\C,  mi^RMreenYdk'.  a  market-town  ofFrance 
dep.  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  15  miles  E.  of  Ivoudfeac.    Pop.  2952. 
MER-DKS-INDES.     See  I.ndun  Ocr-\y. 
MERE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  ot 
Wilts,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Salisbury.     Pop.  3139. 
MERE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
MERE,  a  postrOlfice  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 
MElv/EDITlI,  a  township  of  lielknap  ik).,  New  Hamp.shire. 
on   Winnipiseogee  Lake,  33  miles  N.  of  Concord,     it  hae 
manufactures  of  satinets,  «heetings.  &c.,  and  contains  Mere- 
dith Itridge,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  1944. 

MJORKUiTlI.  a  post-village  and  township  in  Delaware  co.. 
New  York,  about  70  miles  VV.  by  S.  of  Albauy.     Pop.  1634. 

JIEREUITII  BRIDGE,  a  thriving  village,  capital  of  Bel- 
knap CO..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Winnipiseogee  River,  near 
its  outlet  from  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  Boston 
Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad,  27  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Con- 
cord. It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  3  churches, 
a  bank.  15  stores,  and  several  cotton-mills  and  other  esta- 
blishments, for  which  the  river  affords  motive  power. 

JIEREDITII  CENTRE,  a  iK)st-village  of  Belknap  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  alxmt  25  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Concord. 
JIKREDITH  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  Indiana. 
.■MEREDITH'S   TAVERN,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  W. 
Virginia. 

MEREDITH  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Belknap  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  outlet  of  Winnipi.seogee  Ijike,  aud  on 
the  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad,  37  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Concord.     It  contains  several  churches  aud  factories. 
MEREDO'SIA.  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  River,  and  on  the  Great  Western   Railroad,  55 
miles  \y.  of  Springfield.    It  has  a  steamboat-landing,  and 
some  shijiping  business.     Pop.  in  18tX),  ll.i9. 
MEREND  or  MEHRENI).     See  Mehrasd. 
JIERETCH,  JIERET-SCH  or  MEitECZ,  mi-rJtch',  a  market- 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  50  miles  S.W.  of  Vilna,  on 
the  Niemen.    Pop.  4000. 

MEREVALE,  meer'vail,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of 
Leiccstc-r  and  Warwick. 

MftREVILLE,  mAVAVoel',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Loire,  37  miles  S.  of  Paris.  It  has  a  fine 
park.     Pop.  1784. 

MEREWARI,m!V-r.Wa/ree,or  MAREGUARE.ma-rA-gwi/. 
rA,  a  river  of  South  America.  Guiana,  rises  about  lat.  4°  N., 
Ion.  05°  W.,  and  unites  with  the  Erevato  to  foi'm  the  Caura, 
an  important  affluent  of  the  Orinoco. 

MERE'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
MEKGENTHAL.  GROSS,  groce  m^R/ohjn-tir,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,N.N.K.from  Leitomischel.  Pop. 
1147. 

MEROENTHEIM,  mJR/oh?nt-hTme\  or  MARTENTHAL, 
m.4-reo'en-t,'tl\  a  town  of  WiirtemlHjrg,  circle  of  .laxt.  on  the 
Tauber,"  50  miles  X.N. E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  2^81. 

MERGHEN,  mJR'ghen,  a  town  of  Mantchooria,  110  miles 
S.W.  of  Saghalien-Oola. 
MERGIH.    SeeMERGUl. 

5IERGOZZ0,  mJR-got/so.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Novara.  5  miles  from  Pallanza.     Pop.  2079. 

MERGUI  or  MEltGHI,  mer-ghee/,  a  maritime  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  and  the  capital  of  one  of  the  Tenasserim  pro- 
vinces, on  an  i.sland  in  the  delta  of  the  Mergui  Itiver,  lat 
12°  20'  N..  Ion.  98°  35'  E.  Estimated  population,  8000,  com- 
prising Burmese.  Siamese,  Chine.se.  and  other  settlers.  It 
stiinds  on  the  skirts  of  a  steep  bill,  and  is  enclosed  by  a 
wooden  stockade.  It  has  some  small  pagodas,  and  brick 
bastions,  with  the  military  cantonments,  hospital,  and  a  few 
European  houses.  The  harbor  is  well  adapted  for  small 
vessels;  and  some  export  trade  in  sapnn  wood,  ivory,  tortoise- 
shell,  sea-slug,  .«hark-fins,  &c..  is  here  carried  on.  Th<s  climate 
is  comiiaratively  healthy.  The  town  was  stormed  aud  taken 
by  the  British  in  1824. 

MKRGUl  (or  MERGHI)  ARCHIPELAGO,  a  group  of 
islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  off  the  Tenasserim  Coast,  be- 
tween lat.  9°  and  13°  X..  and  Ion.  97°  and  98°  30'  E.,  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  British  province  of  Jlergui.  Principal 
islands.  Dome,  King's,  and  St.  Matthew's.  The  province 
of  Mergui  is  the  most  southern  on  this  coast  belonging  to 
the  British. 

MERIIAMET-ABAD,mi'r-hS/m?t-a-bad',  a  villageof  Persia, 
province  of  .'Azerbaijan,  80  miles  S.W.  of  Tabreez.  It  has  a 
fort  and  a  palace  recently  built,  and  about  1000  houses,* 
few  belonging  to  .Jews  and  Armenian  Christians. 

MERIDA,  m^R/e-Dd,  (anc.  Emer'ita  AugiisHa,)  a  city  of 
Spain,  province  and  30  miles  E.  of  Badajos,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  tiuadiana.  here  crossed  by  a  fine  Itomr.n  bridge  of  81 
arches,  aud  2575  feet  in  length.    It  has  a  large  convent,  2 

U77 


^ 


MER 

cburdies,  I  lorpitals.  and  a  prison,  and  is  remarkaWft  for 
iKs  extensive  K<  man  remains,  including  an  amphitheatre,  a 
circus,  a  theatns  liaths,  and  a  triumphal  arch  in  good  pre- 
servation. According  to  the  chronicle  of  King  Roderick, 
the  walls  of  the  city  at  the  time  of  the  Moorish  invasion 
were  24  miles  in  circuit,  15  fathoms  high,  and  10  iathoms 
broad,  with  3700  towers,  84  gates,  and  5  castles;  and,  in 
time  of  peace,  the  garrison  consisted  of  80,000  infantry,  and 
10,000  hor.'ie.  Augusta  Emerita  was  founded,  i5  B.C.,  by  a 
Roman  general,  under  the  Kmperor  Augustus ;  it  afterwards 
became  tb.e  capital  of  Lusitania,  and  the  most  magnificent 
city  in  Roman  Spain.  It  capitulated  in  715  to  the_  Moors, 
from  whom  it  was  taken  again  by  Alonzo  el  Sabio.  in  1229. 
and  became  attached  to  the  kingdom  of  CastUe.  From  that 
day  the  province  and  city  date  their  decline.  Lat.  38°  51' 
N.,  Ion.  6°  15'  W.     Pop.  about  0000. 

MERIDA,  m&r'e-dl  the  capital  city  of  Yucatan,  in  lat.  20° 
60'  N..  Ion.  89°  40'  W.,  25  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Me.xico. 
Pop.  about  23,000.  It  was  founded  in  154i  on  the  site  of  a 
eity  previously  ruined  by  the  Spaniards,  and  is  regularly 
laid  out,  and  well  built  of  stone.  It  has  many  good  s  luares, 
the  principal  and  central  one  containing  the  Cathedral,  a 
rich  edifica  of  the  16th  century,  the  Bishop's  Residence,  and 
the  Government  House.  Of  its  three  convents,  two  are 
now  in  ruins;  a  remaining  portion  of  the  Jesuits'  Convent 
now  serves  for  the  Legislative  Chambers  of  the  state.  The 
man u Clotures  and  trade  are  inconsiderable ;  it  communi- 
cates by  a  good  road  with  its  port,  Sival. 

MKRIDA,  a  town  of  South  America,  Venezuela,  depart- 
ment of  Zulia,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Chama,'85  miles 
N.W.  of  Varinas.  Pop.  4000.  Before  its  dastruction  by  an 
earthquake,  in  1S12,  it  was  the  largest  city  in  Venezuela, 
and  it  is  suited  to  be  again  flourishing,  having  a  cathedral, 
ecclesiastical  seminary,  and  college,  and  some  woollen  ma- 
nufactures. 

M  Eli 'ID  EN",  a  parish  of  Englr.nd,  co.  of 'Warwiok. 

MliK'lDEN',  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  CO.,  New  Hampshire. 

MERIDEX,  a  beautifully  situated  post-village  and  town- 
ehip  of  New  Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven 
Hartford  and  Springfield  Railroad.  18  miles  X.  by  E.  of  New 
Uaven.  The  village  stands  ou  a  hill  about  half  a  mile  E. 
of  the  railroad;  it  contains  5  churches,  1  national  bank,  1 
Btate  bank,  an  academy,  and  several  large  manufactories. 
There  are  numerous  manufactories  of  hardware  and  other 
articles  scattered  throughout  the  township.  Pop.  of  the 
townsliip,  7426.    See  West  Mekiden. 

MEKIDIAN,  formerly  CATO  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post- 
village  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York,  16  miles  N.  of  Auburn. 
It  contains  1  bank. 

MERIDIAN,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ingham  co., 
Michigan.     I'op.  825. 

MERIDIAN,  a  post-village  in  Mercer  co.,  Illinois,  125 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

MERID'IANVILLE,  a  posfrvillage  of  Madison  co.,  Alaba- 
ma, S  miles  N.  of  Huntsville. 

MEIOIGOMISII',  a  port  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Pictou,  about 
85  miles  N.E.  of  Halifax,  It  has  ponds  where  timber  is 
■hipped  in  considerable  quantities  annually. 

MKRINCH.\L,  mt'h-rJx<i'shdl/,  a  vill.ige  of  France, depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  14  miles  E.  of  Aubusson.     I'op.  2119. 

MEIUNG.  mA'ring,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  with  a  .station  on 
the  Royal  Bavarian  Railroad,  about  30  miles  from  Munich, 

MEKIN  VILLE.  meh-rixoVeel',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Carca.«sonue.     Pop.  1625. 

MERIONETH.  m6r/i-onVth,  or  MER/IOVETH^HIRE,  a 
maritime  county  of  North  Wales,  having  W.  Cardigan  Bay. 
Area  063  square  miles,  or  424,320  acres,  of  which  about  50.000 
are  arable.  Pop.  in  1851,  38,843.  Surface  mountsiinous,  in 
many  parts  well  wooded,  and  intersected  by  fine  vales. 
Principal  summits,  Arran-Fowdy,  2955  feet,  and  Cadei^ 
Idris.  2914  feet  in  height.  Principal  rivers,  the  Dee,  Maw, 
and  Dyfi,  Small  lakes  are  numerous,  and  that  of  Bala, 
the  largest  in  North  Wales,  is  in  this  county.  Soil  mostly 
poor,  and  suited  only  for  pasturage.  Welsh  ponies  of  the 
purest  breed  are  nearly  confined  to  this  county  and  Mont> 
gomtryshire.  Mineral  proilucts  are  slate  and  lime  at  Cor- 
wen  and  Festiniog.  with  some  lead  and  copper  at  Barmouth, 
Towyn,  &c.  Chief  towns.  Harlech,  the  capital,  Bala,  Dol- 
gelly,  Corwen,  and  Towyn,  It  sends  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Conrnons. 

MERIONETHSHIRE,  a  county  of  Wales.  See  Merioneth. 

MKRISCH  WANDEN,  mA'rish-Mn'dgn,  a  town  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Aargau,  near  the  Keuss,  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Zuricli.     Pop.  1-232. 

MEIilTCH,  a  town  of  Hindostan,    See  Mekritch, 

MEH/IWETHER,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  about  500  square  miles,  Flint  River  forms  its 
E.  boundary,  and  it  is  drained  by  White  Oak,  Red  Oak, 
Beech,  Cane,  and  Flat  Shoal  Creeks.  The  surface  is  gene- 
rally undulating.  The  Pine  Mountains  rise  W,  of  Flint 
River,  and  afford  much  picturesque  scenery.  Small  quan- 
tities of  gold  are  found  in  the  N,  part  This  county  is  re- 
mark.ible  for  its  medicinal  springs,  among  which  may  be 
named  the  IVarm  Springs,  Sulphur  Springs,  Cold  Springs, 
and  Chalybeate  Springs.  The  Warm  Springs  discharge  1400 


MER 

gallons  per  minute,  at  the  temperature  of  90  degrees.  Fine 
bathing- houses  have  been  erected  at  this  place.  Formed  in 
1827,  and  named  in  honor  of  David  Meriwether,  formerly  8 
member  of  Congress  from  Georgia.  Capitul,  Greeuville. 
Pop.  16,330.  of  whom  65S2  were  free,  and  87 is  sl.'ives 

MEKK,  m6Rk,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theiss,  co. 
of  Szathmar.     Pop.  1005. 

MERKAH,  mJR'kd,  a  seaport  town  of  East  Africa,  4a 
miles  S.W.  of  .ManJidoxo.  Pop.  about  3000.  It  is  stone-built, 
and  was  founded  by  Arab  traders. 

MERKELSDijRF,  m^B/kels-doiir  or  MERKLINERHOF, 
mJiik-lee'uer-hof  \  a  village  of  Bohemia,  near  Lower  Aden*- 
bach,  16  miles  from  Trautenau.     Pop.  1065. 

MERKENDORF,  m§R'ken-doRf\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  MiddleFranconia,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Auspach.     Pop.  806. 

MEKIvEZ,  mer-kiz/,  a  village,  castle,  and  river  iu  Syria,  6 
miles  N.  of  Iskanderoon.  on  the  E.  side  of  its  bay. 

MERKLINGEN,  m^Rkling-en,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Neckar,  13  miles  W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1297, 

MEKKLINGEN, a  villageof  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Danube, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Clm.     Pop.  600.    • 

MEKKS'HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norwich, 

MEItL.\R.\,  mjR-14/ri,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  28  mile* 
S,W.  of  Paiiua.     Pop.  2500. 

MERL]5.\C,  mJBH.i^dk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
COtes-du-Nord,  9  miles  N.W,  of  Loudeac.    Pop.  2S20. 

MERLERA,  mte-li'ri,  the  most  N.  of  the  Ionian  Islands, 
in  the  .Mediterranean,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Corfu.  Length  2  miles. 

MERLERAULT,  LE,  lih  mjRni-rO/,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Orne,  15  miles  E.  of  Argentan. 
Pop.  1433. 

MER/M.\ID,  a  post-office  of  New  Castle  co.,  Delaware. 

MER  MED1TEKRAn£e.     See  MtDiTERRAXEAN  Sea. 

MERMENTEAU  (mer'men-to')  RIVER,  of  Louisiana,  U 
formed  by  small  branches,  which  unite  on  the  S.W,  boriler 
of  St.  Ijindry  parish.  Flowing  south-westward,  it  enters 
the  Gulf  of  .^lexico  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Vermilion  parish. 

MERJIERIKO,  mer-mA-ree/ko.  a  village  of  Senegambia, 
on  the  Faleme,  nearly  opposite  Samba-Yaya,  lat.  V^  51'  N., 
on.  12°  20'  W.,  inhabited  by  Foolahs  and  Sari-acolets. 

MER  .MORTE,     See  Dead  Sea. 

MER  NOIRE.    See  Black  Sea. 

MEROE.  m4r'o-e.  or  MEKAWE,  mJr'a-wA,  Isle  of,  a  wide 
tract  in  South  Nubia,  between  the  Nile  and  its  tributary,  the 
Atbara,  Length  400  miles,  breadth  200  miles.  The  ruing 
of  the  ancient  Meroe  are  in  its  N,  part,  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Nile,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Shendy;  and  ou  a  part  of  its  site 
is  the  modem  dilapidated  town  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
manufactory  of  indigo,  and  some  large  corn  magazines. 

ME'RO.M,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River,  about  3:i  miles  S,  of  Terre-Uaute.  It  wag 
fornjerly  the  county  seat. 

JI  EUO'N.\,  a  pos^vUlage  in  McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  50  miles 
N.^V.  of  Chicago, 

«  MEMiOO',  a  river  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of  AVellington, 
flows  W.N.W,  to  the  Cudgegang.  an  affluent  of  the  Mao- 
quarie.     It  furnishes  rich  gold  diggings. 

MER/RELL,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Oconee  River,  about  28  miles  N.  of  Millediievilie.  It  haa 
water-poWer,  which  is  employed  in  a  cotton  factory. 

MERRIAN,  a  p<jst-office  of  Noble  co.,  Iowa. 

MEK'RICKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Grenville,  on  the  Rideau  Canal,  26  miles  E.  of  Perth,  and 
29  miles  from  Brockville,    It  contains  sevei-al  mills. 

MER'RICK,  a  post-office  of  Queen's  co..  New  York, 

5IER/RILLSV1LLE,  a  post-office,  Kninkliu  co..  New  York 

MERIULLSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Uair  co..  Michigan 

MERRILLTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Travis  ca,  Texas. 

MElt'RlLL VILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana, 

MER'lUMACK  or  MER/KIMAC.  a  river  of  New  Eng 
land,  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Pemigewasset  and  Win 
niplseogee  Rivers,  on  the  border  of  Belknap  and  Merrimack 
counties,  in  the  S,  central  part  of  New  Hampshire,  and  after 
flowing  in  a  general  S,  course  for  about  SO  milts  into  Ma.* 
.<achusetts,  turns  to  the  N.E.,  and  falls  into  the  .Atlantic,  a 
few  miles  below  Newburyport.  Its  whole  course  is  about 
110  miles,  flowing  through  a  country  which,  although  not 
as  picturesijue  as  the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut,  is  still  well 
worthy  of  attention  from  the  traveller.  It  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  200  tons  15  miles  to  Haverhill,  and  by  means  of 
canals  and  locks  around  the  falls,  boats  may  a.scend  to  Con- 
cord, in  New  Hampshire.  Its  water-power  is  more  exte^.- 
sively  employed  in  the  manufivcture  of  cotton  goods  than 
that  of  any  river  in  .America,  if  not  in  the  world.  Among 
tlie  manufacturing  towns  on  its  banks  may  Imj  mentioned 
the  cities  of  Manchester,  I.^wrence.  and  Lowell. 

MERRIMACK,  of  Missouri.     See  Maramec. 

MERRIM.\CK,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  New 
Hampshire,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  Yi 
intersected  by  the  Merrimack  and  watered  by  the  Contoo 
cook,  Suncooic.  and  other  smsUer  streams,  affording  water 
power.  It  contains  numerous  small  lakes  or  jionds.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  N.  part  rough  and  mountain- 
ous. Kearsarge  Mountam  and  the  H.agged  Mountains  are 
the  principal  elevations.'   The  .loil  is  in  most  parts  produc- 


MER 


MES 


tire,  and  tinder  good  cultivation.  In  1850  this  county  pro- 
duced ^Hl.tJlO  bushels  of  corn — more  tlian  was  produced  by 
any  otlier  f«'inty  in  the  state.  The  railroad  connecting 
Wanchestet  and  i$ristol  traverses  this  county,  and  numerous 
short  lines  centre  in  Concoid.  Organized  in  1823.  Capital, 
Concord.     Pop.  41.408. 

MKKlilMACK,  a  township  of  Hillsborough  CO.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  both  sides  of  the  Souhegan  Kiver.  at  it« 
junctiun  with  the  Merrimack,  and  on  the  Nashua  and 
Lowell  Kailroad,  5  miles  from  Nashua.  It  has  a  carpet 
factory  and  other  establishments.     Pop.  1119. 

MKK'Rni.A.N'S  SHOP,  a  postoffice  of  Prince  Edward  co., 
Virginia,  9(5  miles  W.3.AV.  of  Kichmond. 

MKU'IUXGTON,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Durham. 

MKIt/RIOTT,  a  p.irish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Somerset. 

MERKITCII  or  .MERITCH,  m^rVitch',  a  considerable  town 
of  West  llindostan,  72  miles  S.E.  of  Sattarah,  near  the 
Kistntih,  on  the  bank  of  which  are  a  handsome  ghaut  and 
pagoda ;  hut  the  town  itself  has  no  building  of  note,  except 
a  fort  and  .some  small  nio.sques. 

MEKMtlTT,  a  post-oflice  of  Rarry  co.,  Michigan. 

MK1\RITT,  a  small  town  of  Yolo  co.,  California. 

MKKRITT'S  BRIDGE,  a  postK)fflce  of  Lexington  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MKlt'RITSTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 4  miles  S.  of  Brownsville. 

.MKK'RITTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greenville  district. 
South  Carolina,  1.3.5  miles  .\.W.  of  Columbia. 

MEKRITTSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Welland,  1 U  miles  S.  of  St.  Catharine's.    Pop.  about  260. 

MKI!-ROUGE.     See  Red  Sea. 

MER'ROW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

MER'ROW  ST.\TION,  a  post-offlce  of  Tolland  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, on  the  New  London  \Villimantic  and  Palmer  Railroad, 
40  miles  from  New  London. 

MEItRU.M,  a  village  of  Holland.    See  Mabuum. 

MKK'RYALL.  a  post-offlce  of  Bradford  co..  Pennsylvania. 

MKRRY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Bertie  CO.,  North  Carolina, 
173  mili^s  K.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

MKRllY  MOUNT,  a  post-offlce  of  Warren  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SIKKKY  OAKS,  a  post-offlce  of  Hamilton  co.,  Tennessee. 

MERRY  0.\KS,  a  post-office  of  Rarren  co.,  Kentucky. 

MKRIiY  OAKS,  a  post-office  of  San  .Joaquin  co.,  C.-Uifornia. 

MEI'iSCH,  mJnsK,  a  market-town  of  the  Netherlands, 
grand-duchy  and  10  miles  N.  of  Luxemburg.     Pop.  2400. 

MKRSK,  mJrs,  or  MARCH,  a  district  of  Scotland,  forming 
the  S.  )iart  of  Berwickshire. 

MElt'SEA,  EAST  and  WEST,  two  parishes  of  England, 
CO.  of  Kssex,  form  a  finely  wooded  island  in  the  North  Sea, 
jonnctod  with  the  mainland  by  a  long  causeway,  covered 
at  high  water. 

MI-iR'SEISURG,  (Ger.  pron.  mjR'soh-b<5fiBo\)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Sttxony,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Saale,  and  on  the 
Thuringian  Railway,  56  miles  S.S.E.  of  Magdeburg,  Pop. 
ll,34'^.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  with  a 
monument  to  the  Emperor  Rudolph,  of  Swabia;  ducal  and 
episco)>al  palaces,  a  military  orphan  asylum,  school  of  sur- 
gery, and  manufactories  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  paper, 
tobacco,  vinegar,  and  excellent  beer. 

MERSEBURG,  mJR'seh-bo(5RG\  a  government  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  bounded  N.  by  Hanover;  area  3020  geographical 
square  miles.  It  helongs  to  the  hasin  of  the  Elbe;  the 
minerals  are  of  great  value,  and  include  silver,  lead,  copper, 
iron,  coal,  and  lignite.     Pop.  in  1849,  742,644. 

MKRS-El^IvfiiUR,  niJES-Jl-ke-beeR/,  (Sp.  Maialquivir,  mj- 
B.'ll-keveeR/,)  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Algeria,  on  the 
Mediterranean,  province  and  3  miles  N.W.  of  Oran.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1505.  abandoned  by  them  in  1792. 
and  taken  by  the  French  in  1830. 

MERSIiY,  mer'zee,  a  riverof  Kngland,  rises  in  the  N.  part 
of  the  county  of  Derby,  and  fiows  W.,  mostly  between  the 
counties  of  Chester  and  Lancaster,  till  it  expands  into  the 
spacious  estuary  or  arm  of  tlie  Irish  Sea,  which  forms  Liver- 
pool harbor.  Length  60  miles.  Chief  affluent,  the  Irwell, 
to  the  junction  of  which  it  is  navigable  for  large  vessels. 

MEltSII'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
Soutb-Eastern  Railway,  3$  miles  S.K.  of  Ashford. 

MKRSHON'S  (mer-shonz')  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postrofflce  of 
Laurel  co..  Kentucky. 

MEUS'THAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  3  miles 
N.E.  of  Reigate,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and  Brighton 
Railway,  which  here  passes  through  a  long  tunnel  N.  of  Red 
Hill  Station. 

MEltS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

MERTKNDORF,  mjR/ten-doRr,  a  vilkage  of  Bohemia,  cir- 
cle of  Leitmeritz,  ahout  13  miles  from  Ausche.     Pop.  1019. 

MKR'THOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MEIITIIYR,  mgr/THfr,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cap- 
marthen. 

io'ERTHYK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  ca  of  Pemhroke. 

M  HRTHYR  CYNOa.Jkin'og,)  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Brecon. 

5IK11TIIYR  DOTAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glar 
morgan. 


MERTHYR  MAWR,  (mowR,)  a  parish  of  South  Wales  co. 
of  Glamorgan. 

MERTHYR-TYDTIL.  mer'THer-tid/vil,  a  parliamentary 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  Soutli  \\'ales,  co.  of  Glamorgan, 
on  the  Taff,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cardilf.  with  which  it  ia 
connected  by  the  Tatf-vale  Railway,  and  by  canal.  It  haa 
sprung  up,  within  the  Last  80  years,  from  a  mere  village  to  a 
place  of  great  extent  and  importance;  and,  though  eons-stiug 
generally  of  irregular  assemblages  of  workmen's  bouses, 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  couimunicating 
by  two  bridges,  has  recently  undergone  important  changes, 
which  have  greatly  improved  its  sanitary  condition  and  gene- 
ral appearance.  A  street,  recently  formed,  and  now  become 
the  principal  thoroughfare,  contains  gcKxl  shops  and  dwell- 
ings; and  near  its  centre  is  one  of  the  most  spacious  and 
splendid  market-places  in  Wales.  The  public  buildings  anc" 
institutions  include  two  E.stablished  churches,  and  a  Chapel 
of  Ease,  and  a1x)ut  30  places  of  worship,  belonging  chiefly 
to  the  Wesleyan  and  otlier  Jlethodists,  Independent^  Bap- 
tists,  &c. ;  national  and  other  schools,  a  Jlechanics'  Institute, 
a  theatre,  and,  in  the  vicinity,  Cyvartha  Castle,  with  its 
park,  and  Pen-y-Darren  House,  with  its  gardens,  form  con- 
spicuous and  plea.«iDg  objects.  The  town  owes  its  prosperity 
to  its  situation  noiu-  the  centre  of  tiie  valuable  coal  and  mim^ 
ral  field  of  South  Wales.  The  mines  are  extensively  worked ; 
and  among  the  important  iron  works  which  have  lieen  esta- 
blished, those  of  Dowlais  alone,  when  in  full  0)ieration,  em- 
ploy alxiut  6000  persons.  The  produce,  mostly  shipped  a. 
Cardiff,  has  exceeded  1.50,000  tons  per  annum.  The  Ijorougb 
is  under  the  superintendence  of  a  stipendiary  magistrate.  It 
sends  a  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  environs 
are  many  handsome  residences,  and  3  miles  from  the  town 
are  the  ruius  of  Morlais  Oistle.  the  seat  of  the  ancient  Princes 
of  Brecon.  The  first  railway  locomotive  ever  started,  is  said 
to  have  run  at  Merthyr  in  1804.     Pop.  in  IbOl,  J>3,»44. 

MI':RT0LA,  m^R-to/li,  (anc.  Myrtilis.)  a  fortified  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  on  the  Guadiaua,  66  milea 
S.  of  Evora.     Pop.  3000. 

Mh^R'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the 
Wandle.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  S  miles  S.S.W.  of  London. 
Pop.  1914.     Henry  III.  held  a  parliament  here. 

MfUrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MKRTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

JIERTON,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Waukesha  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  1475. 

MERTOUN,  mer-toon',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick 

MERTZ/TOWN,  a  village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  74 
miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

M15rU,  niAVii',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  15 
miles  S.  of  Beauvais.    Pop.  in  1S52.  2571. 

MKRUD,  meeViid',  a  fortified  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bombay,  47  miles  S.E.  of  Poonah. 

MKRV,  of  Central  Asia.     S«»  Merw. 

JIIORVILLE,  mfaVeel',  or  MERGHEM,  mfa^gh^m/,  (L. 
Menariacum,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  on  th«/ 
Lys,  18  miles  W.  of  Lille.    I'op.  in  1852,  5954. 

MERW,  -MERV.  mirv.  or  MERU,  mfr'oo,  (anc.  AntincMa 
Margiana  t)  a  walled  town  of  1  ndependent  Toorkistau,  domi 
nion  and  300  miles  S.E.  of  Khiva.     I'op.  3000. 

MERW,  MERV,  or  yiV.VM.  a  village  of  Thibet,  on  the 
Sutlej.  above  the  II imalayas,.30 miles  E..\.E.  of  R!im])Oor. 

M  liRWEDE,  DE,  d.'\  m jR/wiMeh.  a  river  of  Holland,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Mouse  and  Waal. 

M1<;R'WINSBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

M  liRWINSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Lit  Afield  co.,  Conneo 
ticut. 

5IERXEM,  m?rx'em,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
2  miles  N.E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1648. 

MERXHEIM,  mJRx'hime,  a  village  of  Germany,  Hesse- 
Homburg,  bailiwick  of  Meisenheim.     Pop.  1383. 

MERXHEIM.  (Fr.  pron.  miRx'toiO.  a  commune  of  France, 
department  of  Haut-Rhin,  with  a  station  on  the  Strasbourg 
and  Bale  (Basel)  Railway.  Hi  miles  S.W.  of  Colmar. 

3IERXPLAS,  m^Rx/piSs,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1381. 

M]5rY'-SUR-SEINE,  mA'ree'sUR  sAn,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Aube,  on  the  Seine,  which  here  becomes 
navigable,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Arci3-sur-.\ube.  Pop.  1400. 
It  was  nearly  burned  to  the  ground  during  a  combat  be- 
tween the  French  and  Prussijins  in  1814. 

MERZDORF,  m^Rts'doBf.  a  village  of  Prus.sia,  in  Silesia, 
government  of  Liegnitz.     I'op.  1026. 

5IKRZD0RF,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  KiJniggratz, 
4  miles  from  Braunau.     Pop.  1419. 

3IERZICZ,  m^R'zitch,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  6  miles  from 
Opoczno.    Pop.  1145. 

JIERZIG,  mJBfsig.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  22  miles 
S.  of  Treves,  on  the  Saar.    Pop.  3450. 

MES.\D.\  NEVADA,  mA-sJ'nS  nA-v.^ni,  a  mountain  peak 
of  the  Andes,  in  Bolivia,  lat.  16°  30'  S.,  Ion.  67°  52'  W. 
Height  19.356  feet. 

SIESAGNE.  mA-sdn'yA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Lecce.    Pop.  6000. 

1179 


MES 


MES 


MESCIIED  or  MESCHID,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Meshed. 

5IESCIIEDK.  m.VEhAMeh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia, 
11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Kuhr.    Pop.  2000. 

ME8E.V,  Ilussia.     See  Mezex. 

JIESEKIT.SCII,  Gross,  groce  mA/zer-it<h\  a  town  of  Mo- 
ravia. 19  miles  K.  of  Iglau,  on  the  Oslava.     Pop.  3900. 

MESEKIT.SCII,  Wallachisch,  (wil'lS-Kish  ui.i'zgr-itch\)  a 
town  of  Moravia.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Prerau.     Pop.  1090. 

ME.SEK1TZ,  mi'zer-it«\  a  town  of  I'russian  Poland,  55 
mi!es  Vi'.  of  Pogen,  on  the  Obra.     Pop.  4760. 

ME'SIIAW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon.- 

MESII'ED"  or  MUSI1'ED\  written  also  MESCIIED  and 
MESCHID.  a  walled  city  of  N.E.  Persia,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Khorassan,  in  lat.  36°  17'  40"  X.,  Ion.  SO^  25'  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  45,000.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  and 
has  the  su)>erb  mausoleum  of  the  Imam  Reza,  the  magnifi- 
cence of  which,  with  its  silver  gates,  jewelled  doors,  rails 
once  of  solid  gold,  is  scarcely  equalled  in  Persia;  but  its 
colleges  are  in  ruins.  It  has  manufactures  of  velvets,  and 
an  active  trade  with  Bolihara.  Candahar.  Herat.  &c. 

MF.SHiJ'PEN  CKEEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the 
North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  in  Wyoming  county. 

MESILI-A  VALLEY,  or  La  MEStLLA,  U  m4-seel'yd,  a 
tract  or  strip  of  bottom-land.  8  or  10  miles  long,  in  the  S. 
part  of  New  .Mexico,  and  on  the  W'.  side  of  the  l>io  Grande. 
It  owes  its  name,  signifying  ''the  little  table"  or  "little 
plateau."  (from  the  Spanish  Mesa,  a  "  teble,")  to  the  fact  of 
Its  being  elevated  a  few  feet  above  the  other  bottom-lands 
of  the  river.  See  New  Mexico.  In  this  valley  or  tract  is 
Uso  a  small  Mexican  village,  called  La  Mesilla. 

MESJID.     SeeMusJiD. 

MESLI.VL'EVEQUE,  mJs'iaN«nd\Ak',  a  village  of  Bel 
glum,  province  of  Hainaut.  18  miles  X.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1873. 

MESc),  mA'so,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Hussia,  government  of 
Yeni.seisk.  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Tazovsk;  length,  140  miles. 

MESOLA,  niA'so-ld  or  nifes'o-!^  a  town  of  Xorthern  Italy, 
31  miles  E.N.E.  of  Fenara.    Pop.  4000. 

MKSULDXGHI,  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Mi.ssolonqhi. 

MESOPOTAMIA,  m^sVpo-tA'me-.i,  (Arab.  Al  Jezeereh,  or 
Al  Jezira,  2l  jez-ee'reh.  "  the  island,")  the  name  given  by  the 
ancient  Greeks  to  a  country  of  Asia,  lying  between  tlie 
rivers  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  now  comprised  in  the  pa'^halics 
of  Diarbekir  and  Bagdiid,  and  containing  the  cities  of  Diar- 
bekir,  Mardeen,  Nisibin.  and  Mosul,  with  parts  of  the  ruins 
of  Babylon  and  Seleucia.  Its  length,  from  X.W.  to  S.E.. 
is  between  600  and  700  miles;  its  greatest  breadth  is  near 
200  miles.  Mesopotamia  (from  the  Greek  litaos,  vicsos,  and 
norajtoi.  p)titmds)  signifies  literally  "between  the  river.s." 

MESaPOT.\'.MI.\.  a  post-township  forming  the  X.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Trumbull  county,  Ohio.    Pop.  811. 

MESOR.\CA,  md-.so-ril'kil.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra.  17  miles  N.E.  of  Catanzaro.    Pop.  2400. 

MESQUITELLA,  mSs-ke-tiMId,  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira-Baixa,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Guarda.    P.  1033. 

MESSA.  mJs's-i,  a  walled  town  of  Morocco,  province  of 
Soos.  60  miles  S.W.  of  Terodant.    Pop.  3000. 

MESS.\C,  mJs^sdk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ille-e(>Vilaine.  18  miles  N.E.  of  Redon.     Pop.  2536. 

MESSAXCY,  m6s\sdNo'see/,  (Ger.  Metzig.  mJfsio.)  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  of  Luxembourg,  4  miles  N.X.E.  of 
Longwv.     Pop.  2070. 

MESSAXA.    See  Messina. 

MESSE  mJs'seh,  or  MESCIIENDORF,  mJsh'en-doRr,  a 
village  of  Austria,  Transylvania,  27  miles  from  Schassburg. 
Pop.  1208. 

MESSEJ.4.N.A..  mJs-si-zhJ'ni.  a  walled  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Algarve.  2S  miles  S.W.  of  Beja.    Pop.  1500. 

MESSE'NE,  (Gr.  yitaarivri,)  modern  MAVROM.Vn,  md- 
vro-md'tee.  a  village  of  Greece,  Morea.  government  of  Me.s- 
senia,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Kyparissia.  It  stands  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Ithome,  on  either  side  of  the  '•  Black  Spring."  (the 
ancient  fountain  of  Clepsydra.)  and  on  the  site  of  ancient 
Me-isene.  the  remains  of  which  are  extensive. 

MESSE'XI.\.  an  ancient  country  and  now  a  government 
of  Greece,  consisting  of  the  S.W.  peninsula  of  the  Morea,  and 
having  landward  the  governments  of  Tryphilia,  Gortyuia, 
and  Laconia. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Messenian,  mjs-see'ne-an. 

MESSIX,  mJs'saN"',  a  district  nf  France,  which  belonged 
to  the  former  province  of  Lorraine,  and  had  Metz  for  its 
capital.  It  now  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  department 
of  .Moselle. 

MESSIX  A.  mJs-see'nd,  (anc.  Zanlde;  afterwards  Messa'na 
or  Mesge/nf. ;  Fr.  Messine,  mJsVeen',)  a  city  and  seaport  of 
Sicily,  capit.al  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  is  situ.ited  on 
the  Strait  of  Messina,  here  about  2  miles  wide,  200  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Xaples;  lat.  (light)  380  11'  10"  X.,  Ion.  15°  34'  45"  E.  It 
ranks  as  a  fortress  of  the  first  class,  being  walled,  flanked 
with  bastions,  and  defended  by  a  citadel  and  several  forts. 
The  harlior.  one  of  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean,  is  formed 
by  a  semicircular  strip  of  land,  which,  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  sickle,  sug^'ested  the  original  name  of  the  town  ;  Zancle. 
(in  Greek,  Zay/cXij,)  signifying  a  "sickle."  or -'pruning-hook." 
The  opposite  extremities  approach  each  other  to  within 
about  500  yards.  Within,  the  harbor  ha"  a  circuit  of  nearly 
4 miles;  it  is  of  great  depth,  and  pot&ctly  secure  in  oil 

Jiao 


weather.  Messina  extends  above  2  miles  along  the  bay, 
and  about  half  a  mile  up  an  acclivity,  which  terminates  in 
several  considerable  mountains.  Its  white  houses  and  nu- 
merous spires  contrast  beautifully  with  the  dark  green  of 
the  olive,  lemon,  and  orange  groves  clothing  the  luountaiu 
slopes,  as  the  city  is  approached  by  water.  From  the  up|)er 
portions  of  the  town  is  obtained  a  magnificent  view  of  the 
ocean  and  the  lofty  mountains  of  the  Italian  continent 
Messina  is  for  Ihe  most  part  handsomely  laid  out.  It  has 
wide  streets,  well  paved  with  blocks  of  lava,  of  which  ma- 
terial most  of  the  houses  are  constructed.  The  Marina,  a 
favorite  promenade  fronting  the  harbor,  is  a  broad  quay, 
adorned  with  statues  and  fountains;  immediately  beyond 
this  is  a  magnificent  terrace,  once  lined  with  noble  edifices, 
of  which  but  few  survived  the  great  earthquake  of  17S3. 
Owing  to  the  occurrence  of  these  phenomena,  the  houses  m 
Messina  seldom  exceed  two  stories.  Among  the  public 
buildings  may  be  mentioned  the  Cathedral,  a  Gothic  struc- 
ture, erected  by  the  Normans  soon  after  their  conquest  of 
Sicily;  the  Viceroy's  Palace,  having  a  finely  planted  park; 
the  Archiepi-scopal  Palace,  the  Senate-house,  an  exchange, 
custom-house,  bank,  a  large  and  well-endowed  hospital,  a 
prison,  2  theatres,  an  extensive  arsenal,  and  a  large  lazaretto, 
besides  about  50  churches  and  numerous  nunneries.  It 
possesses  a  royal  college,  or  Reiil-Acaclemia-Curolina.  with  a 
full  complement  of  profes.sors  in  belles-lettres,  philosophy, 
law,  and  medicine,  a  naval  seminary  and  an  extensive  public 
library,  rich  in  Greek  manuscripts.  Messina  is  the  seat  of  a 
Roman  Catholic  archbishop  and  archimandrite  and  a  Greek 
protapapa;  also  of  a  high  court  of  appeal,  a  criminal  court, 
civil  court,  and  court  of  commerce.  Its  manufactures  of 
silk  goods  and  satins  have  long  been  famous,  and  its  com- 
merce is  the  most  extensive  of  all  the  towns  of  Sicily.  In 
1847  it  exported  silk  manufactures,  fruits,  olive  oil.  wine 
and  spirits,  salted  fish,  linseed,  sumac,  essences,  ic  to  the 
value  of  $1,689,644 ;  and  importetl  colonial  produi'c,  hard- 
wares, cotton,  woollen,  and  other  manufactures  to  the  value 
of  $1,000,494.    It  has  valuable  tunny  and  other  fi.sheries. 

Ancient  Zancle  is  said  to  have  been  founded  1004  years  B.  c. 
Its  present  name  was  given  it  by  the  Messeneans.  into  whose 
possession  it  came  about  500  B.C.  Charles  of  Anj<iu.  in  an  un- 
successful attack  upon  the  town,  lost  the  greater  p.irt  of  his 
fleet,  and,  in  1674,  a  Spanish  fleet  having  blockiided  the  port 
was  defeated  in  a  great  naval  battle  by  the  French.  In  1743, 
the  plague  carried  off  more  th.an  half  of  its  inhabit.ints.  and 
by  the  earthquake  of  1783  several  liundred  lives  were  lost, 
and  its  best  buildings  destroyeil.  Septeml>er  6,  1S48,  Mes- 
sina surrendered  to  a  Neapolitan  fleet  and  a  liirsre  land 
force,  having  withstood  their  fire  for  four  successive  days. 
Pop.,  inclnding  suburbs,  103,324. — Adj.  and  inlial).  (Fr.  Me9- 
SINDIS,  nijs^see^nwi';  It.  Messixese,  mJs-se-nA'si.) 

MESSIXA,  a  province  of  Sicily,  bounded  N.  l>y  the  TjT- 
rhene  Sea,  E.  by  the  Strait  of  Messina  and  tlie  Ionian  Sea, 
length  about  10;i  lailcs,  mean  bn^adth  25  miles.     P.  140,733. 

MESSIXA.  STRAIT  OF,  (It.  Faro  di  J/essina.  lU'ro  dee 
mj.«-see'nii ;  Fr.DCtrmt  de  ^fe.m^>e,,  d,iHrwd/  deh  mJs'sceii':  anc. 
Freftum  Sidulum.)  a  strait,  which  sejiarates  Sicily  from  1  laly, 
and  communicates  between  the  Tyrrhene  ami  the  Ionian  Sea ; 
length  about  20  miles,  width  11  miles,  but  where  it  is  nar- 
rowest does  not  exceed  2  miles.  F'rom  the  Faro  Tower  to 
the  Rock  of  Scylla,  on  the  opposite  coast  of  Italy,  tlie  exact 
distance  is  6047  yards.  The  de)ith  is  so  great,  that  in  the 
centre  no  bottom  has  been  found  with  a  line  of  100  fathoms, 
and  a  strong  current  continually  running  with  the  tide, 
makes  the  navigation  somewhat  difficult,  but  by  no  means 
so  formid.lble  as  was  fabled  by  the  ancients,  to  whom  the 
Rock  of  Scylla,  already  mentioned,  and  that  of  CharyWis, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  strait  but  at  .some  distance  to 
the  S..  seemed  so  dangerous  that  it  was  generally  bolievei 
to  be  almost  impossible  to  avoid  the  one  without  bein? 
dashed  upon  the  other. 

MESSINA  SPRINGS,  postoflRce,  Onondaga  co.,  Now  YorV. 

MESSINE.  a  citv  of  Sicilv.    See  Messina. 

MESSLXOIS,  MESShVESE.    See  JIessina. 

MESSI.NES,  me.s'seen'.  (Flem.  Mee^n.  uid'zen,)  a  town  of 
Belgium,  in  West  Flanders.  6  miles  S.  of  Ypres.     I'op.  15U0. 

MES'SING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

MES'SINGHA.M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MESSIS,  mesVees',  or  JIISIS,  misVees',  a  large  village  of 
A.sia  Minor,  pashalic,  and  18  miles  E.  of  Adana.  beside  thfe 
Jyhoon,  (anc.  Pi/rlamns.)  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  M'p<uei!lia. 

MESSOXGO.  a  post-office  of  Accomack  co.  Virginia. 

MEST.\XZ.\.  mJs-tdn'thd.  a  town  of  Spain,  Xew  Castilek 
province  and  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ciudnd-Real.     Pop.  2G70. 

MESTCIIOVSK,  mJs-chovsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kalooga. 

M  ESTKE.  niiVtr.A.  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy.  5  miles  N.W. 
of  Venice,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Vicenza,  on  the 
maririn  of  a  lagoon.     Pop.  6000. 

M'ESURADO(mJs-oo-ra'do)  RIVER,  of  West  Africa,  flows 
S.W.  for  about  300  miles,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Mon- 
rovia. 

MESURAT.4.  m^s-oo-rS'td.  a  maritime  town  of  North  Af- 
rica, dominion  and  112  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tripoli,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Sidra. 


MET 

META.  mi'tl,  a  rirer  of  South  America,  New  Granada, 
rises  about  40  miles  S  of  Bogota,  and  joins  the  Oriuoco. 
alter  a  N.K.  course  of  500  miles. 

MET/AL.  a  township,  Franlilin  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1235. 

MKTAMil'RA,  a  post-otflce  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

MJiTA.MOKA,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Lapeer 
CO.,  Michi^'an.     Fop.  1163. 

MiOTA.'ilOKA,  a  post-township  in  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1076. 

iMKTAMORA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Woodford  co.,  Illi- 
nois, abf)Ut  80  miles  N.  by  E.  of  !~pringfield.    Pop.  i)66. 

MIOTA.MORAS,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  I'ennsylvania. 

SIETAl'A.  niA-td'pi.  a  town  of  Central  America,  state  and 
20  miles  S.S.K.  of  Uuateranla,  near  Lake  Metapa.    fop.  8000. 

METAlIltO,  m.Vtow/ro,  (anc.  Metau'rus,)  a  river  of  Cen- 
tral Itiily,  in  tlie  Marches,  after  an  E.N.E.  course  of  50 
milos,  enters  tiie  Adriatic  9  miles  S.E.  of  Pesaro. 

M ETA X  ATA,  m.-l-tix-d'td.  a  village  of  the  i.-land  of  Cepha- 
lonia.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Argostoli. 

MET'CALF  STA/TION,  a  vilhige  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Mjlfoixl  Branch  Kailroad,  about  25  miles 
\V.S.^V,  of  Boston.  ■ 

JIETCUV'ICII,  m5t'ko-vik\  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Uerzegovina,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  .Mostra.     I'op.  about  500. 

ME'TKA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Logangport. 

METELEN,  m.Vt¥h-len,a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  23 
miles  N'.W.  of  Munster.     Pop.  UOO. 

METELIN.    See  Mityle.ne. 

METELIS.    See  Fooah. 

METKKE.V,  ma*tgh-r5N»',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Uazebrouck.     Pop.  2540. 

MKTERNICII,  mA/ter-niK\  a  village  of  Khenish  Prussia, 
2i  miles  ^V.  of  Coblentz. 

METE/TECUNK\  a  small  river  in  the  E.  part  of  New 
Jersey,  is  formed  by  the  N.  and  S,  branches,  which  rise  in 
Monmouth  county  and  unite  in  Ocean  county ;  after  a  course 
of  4  miles  it  enters  the  N.  end  of  Barnegat  Bay. 

METETECUNCK,  a  post-office  of  (Jcean  co..  New  Jersey. 

MET/Fl  ELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

METIIA.MIS,  meh-td*mees'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Viiuf'luse,  15  miles  N.E,  of  Avignon.     Pop.  1020. 

JIlOTIl'ERINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

METII'ljjL.  a  small  burgli  and  seaport  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  H  miles  W.  of  Leven.     Pop.  460. 

MET  I  I/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding, 
with  a  station  on  the  North  Jlidland  Railway,  7  J  miles  S.S,E. 
of  Lecfls. 

METII'LICK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen, 

METHODIST  GENERAL  BIBLICAL  INSTITUTE.  See 
OON'coRn,  Xew  Hampshire. 

METI1(;)NE.    See  -MoDON. 

METU'UEN,  a  thriving  post^village  of  Essex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 30  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Boston,  is  situated  near  the 
Merrimack  River,  on  both  sides  of  the  Spicket,  (which  here 
has  a  fall  of  36  feet,  affording  excellent  water-power,)  and 
on  the  JIanchester  and  Lawrence  Railroad.  It  contains  4 
churches,  1  bank,  a  large  woollen-mill,  and  other  factories. 
Tlie  principal  articles  produced  are  cotton  goods,  boots  and 
shoes,  and  hats,  A  liout  1  ,OuO,OlKl  yards  of  twilled  goods  and 
tickings  are  annually  made.  Population  of  tljo  township, 
2506. 

METII/VEN,  a  Tillage  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  6 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Perth,     i'op.  of  village,  950. 

JIETII'WOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk, 

METH/YE,  (m4th-I/,)  LAKE,  a  small  lake  of  British  North 
America.  ISO  miles  S.  of  Lake  Athabasca,  and  having  at  its 
S.  extremity  Fort  Methye,  Another  Lake  Methye  is  350 
miles  S.W. 

METIDJAII  or  METIJA,  m.A'tee'jiN  a  fertile  plain  in  Al- 
geria, extending  S,  of  the  city  of  Algiers,  between  it  and  the 
Lesser  Atlas.     Length  from  E.  to  W.,  90  miles, 

METILOWITZ,  m,Vte-lo"wits,  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia, 
circle  of  I'rerau,     Pop.  1156. 

MEl'IjlLl.  mJt-lee/lee,  a  walled  town  of  Algerian  Sahara, 
Wady  ilnah,  33  miles  S.W,  of  Gardaia, 

METOOIEN,  a  iiost-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co,,  Wisconsin, 
in  a  township  of  its  own  name,  20  miles  W,  by  S.  of  Fond 
du  Lac,  has  2  churches  and  2  mills.  Population  of  the 
township,  1011, 

MET(JMI''K1N,  a  post-office  of  Accomack  co..  Virginia. 

JIETROP'OLI,  meh-trop'o-le,  (anc.  Gmtyniaf)  a  town  of 
Crete,  uc'ar  its  centre,  20  miles  S.W,  of  Candia. 

METROP'OLIS,  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  22  miles 
S,S.E.  of  Smyrna. 

METKOl'OLIS  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Massac  co,, 
Illinois,  on  the  Ohio  River,  36  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
214  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Springfield.  One  or  2  newspapers  are 
published  here.    Pop,  1098, 

METS,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana. 

METTET.  mjftet,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and  12 
miles  8..S.W.  of  Namur.     Pop.  2215, 

METTINGEN,  mSt'ting-en,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Westph.alia.  government  of  Miinster.     Poj).  1880. 

MET'l  INGHAM,  a  parL'h  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 


MEU 

SIETTMANN,  mJtt/mJnn,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  9^ 
miles  N.E.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  Diissel.     Pop.  2025. 

METrrON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

3IETZ,  mjts,  (Fr.  proii.  m.iss;  auc.  Divaclulnim,  aftei 
wards  MedunnaVrici  and  AMIUs  or  MeUis,)  a  fortified  citj 
of  France,  caiiital  of  the  department  of  Moselle,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Moselle  and  Seille,  and  at  the  head  of  a 
branch  of  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Strasbourg.  170  miles 
E,  of  Paris.  Metz  is  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  import- 
ant places  in  France;  and  its  esplanade  is  one  of  the  finest 
promenades  in  Europe.  It  has  a  citadel  on  the  riglit  banh 
of  the  .Moselle,  a  Gothic  cathedral,  with  a  spire  ^73  feet  liigh, 
a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a  naticmal  college,  school  of  engi- 
neering, primary  normal  school,  a  botanic  garden,  an  Acudi- 
viie  Unirersilaire  for  the  department  of  Ardennes  and  Mo- 
selle ;  an  Arsenal,  one  of  the  largest  in  France,  witu  a  cannon, 
foundry,  and  an  armory  containing  about  80.000  stand  ol 
arms;  a  military  hospital,  capable  of  receiving  1600  patients, 
and  a  public  library  of  30.000  volumes.  It  has  important 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  cloth.*,  mu.-'lin.s.  tliread,  ma- 
chinery, and  musical  instruments;  and  an  active  trade, 
being  a  general  entrepot  for  colonial  and  foreign  merchan- 
dise, Metz,  under  the  Romans,  rose  to  con.-iderable  import- 
ance, being  traversed  by  six  grand  militjiry  niaiis.  Under 
the  descendants  of  Clovis,  it  became  the  caiital  of  the  king- 
dom of  .A.ustrasia ;  and,  on  the  decline  of  tiie  house  of  Charle- 
magne, passed  to  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  who.  in  order 
.to  make  it  a  barrier  against  France,  strongly  fortified  it, 
and  allowed  it  to  possess  an  almost  republican  freedom.  In 
1552.  it  ckiimed  the  protectorate  of  France,  and  ceased  to 
be  free.  The  revocation  of  tlie  Edict  of  Nanles  iirtli  ted  a 
blow  from  which  it  has  never  recovered.    I'op,  in  ISHl,  56,888. 

Ml'lTCCIIEN,  me-tutch'fn,  a  village  of  Woodbridge  town- 
ship, Middlesex  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  New  Jersey  Kail- 
i-Oad.  about  7  miles  N.E,  of  New  Brunswick. 

MET/ENSI EFEN,  met/ sen-soeMeu,  a  market-town  of  North 
Hungary,  IS  miles  VV.  of  Kasthau,     Pop,  5359, 

METZIG,  a  village  of  Belgium,     See  Mkssancy. 

METZINGEN  or  MEZINGEN,  mJt'sing-en,  a  town  of  S. 
Germany,  Wurtemberg,  on  the  Neckur,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Stuttgart,     Pop.  4200, 

METZOVO,  a  town  of  Turkey,    See  Mezzovo, 

MEU,  muh,  a  river  of  France,  joins  the  Vilaine,  about  3 
miles  above  I'ontreau,  after  a  course  of  above  6U  miles, 

MEUDON',  muhM6N»',  (L,  Meudo,)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oise,  5  miles  ^V'.  of  Paris.  l'o|).  in 
1852,  3783,  It  ha."  a  royal  palace  and  park,  and  a  station 
on  the  railway  to  Versailles, 

MEUL.\N,  muh'ldN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Seine,  and  on  the  Paris  and  Kouen 
Railway,  8  miles  W,N'.W.  of  Poissy,     Pop.  1890. 

MEULEBEKE,  moOgh-hl'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flauder.i,  10  miles  N,  of  Courtrai.     I'op.  9293. 

MEULEBEECK,  nioaeh-b-ik',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  South  Brabant,  1  mile  N,W.  of  Brussels, 

MEUNG  or  MEHUN,  m:lHiN«',  (L.  Magdunum,)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Loiret.  on  the  right  lank  of  the 
Loire,  apd  on  the  railway  to  Tours,  11  miles  W.S.W,  of 
Orleans,     Pop.  in  1852,  4046, 

MEURIM,  a  town  and  river  of  Brazil.    See  Miap.im, 

MEURS,  mURS,  or  MORS,  (Mors,)  miiRs,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  17  miles  N,N.E.  of  Dusseldorf  on  tlie'l-ider.  Pop. 
2860,  It  has  Lutheran  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a 
normal  school,  and  a  town-hall  in  front  of  which  are  the 
sculptured  lions  found  on  the  site  of  the  Asciburgum  of 
Tacitus.  Under  the  French,  Mejirs  was  tlie  capital  of  the 
department  of  Roer, 

MEURS.\ULT,  mUR^so',  (L,  Mulris  SaVtus,)  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  O'^tc-d'Or,  on  the  railway  from  Pari* 
to  Lyons,  27  miles  S.S,W.  of  Dijon,     Pop.  2201, 

MEURTHE,  mURt,  (L,  ilurta.)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in 
the  Vosges,  S.E.  of  St,  Die,  and  joins  the  Moselle  on  the 
right  at  Frouard,  6  miles  N,  of  Nancy,     Length  70  miles, 

51EURTHE,  a  department  in  the  N.E,  of  France,  formed 
of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Lorraine,  Area  2322  square 
miles.  Pop,  in  1861,  428,643.  It  is  situated  entirely  in  the 
basin  of  the  Moselle,  and  covered  with  low  ol'sets  of  the 
Vosges  Mountains;  there  are  extensive  mar.-hes  in  the 
N.E,  Corn  is  rai.sed  more  than  sufficient  for  consumption. 
The  minerals  comprise  building  and  lithographic  stones, 
marble,  and  alabaster;  it  has  va.st  deposits  of  turf,  and 
an  immen.?e  bank  of  rock-salt,  whence  i.-sue  valuable  salt 
springs.  Capital,  Nancy.  The  department  is  divided  into 
the  arrondissements  of  Chateau-Salins,  Luneville,  Sarre- 
bourg,  Toul.  and  Nancy, 

MEUSE,  muz,  (Fr,  pron.  muz ;  Dutch  Maas.  m3s,  or  Maese, 
md'seh ;  anc.  ilo>sa.)  a  river  of  Europe,  rises  in  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute- Jlarne,  N.E.  of  Langres,  traverses  the  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  where  it  disappears  underground  near  Bazo- 
illes,  and  re-appears,  4  miles  distant,  near  N'eufch&teau,  In 
France  it  passes  Commercy,  and  Verdun,  (where  it  becomes 
navigable,)  Mezieres,  Givet;  in  Belgium,  Dinant,  Namur, 
Uny.  and  Liege;  in  Holland,  Maestricht  and  Gorcum, 
below  Gorcum  it  separates  into  several  branches,  traversing 
the  Bies  Bosch  aud  Holland's  Diep,  forming  numerous 

IISI 


MEU 


MEX 


Wand.",  and  enters  the  North  Sea  hy  3  principal  tnouthg, 
Uie  .Meuse  on  the  N.,  the  Flakkee  in  the  niidiUe,  and  the 
Grevelini^en  on  the  S.  Chief  affluents  on  the  left,  the  Bar. 
Bambre,  and  Domuiel ;  on  the  right  the  h-emoy,  Lesse, 
Ourthe.  Roer,  (Ruhr.)  and  Xiers;  the  Waal,  (a  branch  of  the 
Rhine.)  the  Liufje,  Leek,  and  the  Ix)wer  Yssel,  another  branch 
of  the  iJhine.  The  Meuse  communicates  with  the  Aisne  by 
the  Canal  of  Ardennes.     Length  of  the  river,  434  miles. 

MKUSK.  a  frontier  department  of  France,  in  the  N.E.. 
formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Lorraine,  and  bounded 
N.  bj-  Belgium.  Area  2368  square  miles.  Top.  in  1801, 
30:1,540.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  X.  by  a  range  of  low 
hills  called  the  Mountains  of  Argonne.  which  separate  the 
ba.-ins  of  the  Meuso  and  Seine.  Chief  rivers,  the  Meuse, 
Chiers,  Saulx,  Oruain.  Aisne.  and  Aire.  Cattle  and  sheep 
are  extensively  reared.  Capital.  Bar-le-Duc.  The  depart- 
ment is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Bar-le»Duc, 
Comn\ercv.  Montmedy,  and  Verdun. 

MKUSKLBACH,  moi/zel-biK\  a  village  of  Central  Ger- 
many, principality  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  6  miles  S. 
of  Kiinigsee.     Pop.  1350. 

MECSKLWITZ,  moi'zel-ftits\  a  market^town  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  .Saxe-Alteuburg.  15  miles  X.K.  of  Gera.    I'up.  1527. 

MiOUX,  uiuh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Xauiur.     I'op.  1238. 

JIEVAGU,  mi-vdh',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal. 

JIKVWGIS'SEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwaU.     . 

MKWAT.     See  Alvar. 

MKAVK,  mA/\veh.  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  8  miles  N.W.  of 
Marienwerder.  on  the  A'istula.     Pop.  2650. 

MEW  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Copeland  Islands. 

ME.VBOllOUGil,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

ME.VCOAC.  mSx-ko-ik',  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, about  8  miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  A  military 
depot  and  hospital  were  established  here  by  General  Scott, 
in  AU'^ust.  1847.  previous  to  the  battle  of  Chapul tepee, 

MKX'ICO,  THE  EMPIRE  OF,  (Sp.  Mexico,  Megico,  or 
Mfjicn,  niJh'iie-ko;  Fr.  Mcxiqnc,  ni6x^-eek';  It.  itesicn, 
ma'se-ko,)  formerly  called  .NEW  Sl'AlN.  a  country  of  great 
extent,  in  the  southern  part  of  North  America,  extend- 
ing from  lut.  15°  58'  to  .3.3°  5'  N.,  and  from  Cape  Catoche, 
in  Y  ucatan.  Ion.  86°  43'to  Ion.  1 17°  5'  W.  Where  not  confined 
by  the  sea.  it  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Guatemala,  and  on  the  N. 
and  .N.E.  by  the  United  States,  from  which  it  is  partly  .'sep.H- 
rated  by  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte.  The  general  contour  of 
the  country  is  very  irregular.  The  distance  between  the  two 
opposite  extremities,  viz..  the  point  of  junction  with  the 
United  State.«,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  Cape  Catoche,  in  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  is  aliout  1925  miles!.  The  greatest  length, 
between  the  same  point  on  the  Pacific,  and  the  most  south- 
eastern in  the  boundary  on  the  .<ide  of  Guatemala,  is  about 
1750  miles.  The  greatest  breadth  is  between  the  most 
eastern  aiid  western  parts  in  the  United  States  bound- 
ary, where  the  distance  from  the  Gulf  shore  to  the  Pa- 
cific does  not  vary  much  from  1500  miles.  The  greatest 
breadth  measured  on  a  parallel  of  latitude  is  about  960  miles. 
Measured  on  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  whith  intersects  Mexico 
centrally,  the  distance  across  is  590  miles ;  and  further  S., 
at  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  where  the  country  is  the 
narrowest,  the  opposite  shores  approach  each  other  to  with- 
in about  130  miles.  In  the  above  estimates  of  breadth,  ex- 
cept the  last,  is  included  thepeninsulaof  California,  extend- 
ing into  the  Paiific  about  700  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying 
from  30  to  150  miles,  and  separated  from  the  mainland  by 
the  Gulf  of  California,  about  100  miles  wide. 

Mnuxttiins. — Mexico  is.  for  the  most  part,  an  enormous 
ridge,  raised  by  volcanic  force,  between  two  oceans,  and  rami- 
fying in  to  several  chains  as  the  continent  becomes  wider.  This 
ridge,  which  forms  a  continuation  of  the  Andes  of  South  Ame- 
rica, is.  in  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  where  its  dimensions  are 
least,  a  mass  of  granite,  varying  from  150  to  900  feet  in  abso- 
lute elevation.  It  leans  W.  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
sending  off.  in  Guatemala,  a  branch  N.E.  through  the  penin- 
sula of  Yucatan.  On  entering  ilexico,  the  ridge  strikes 
N.W..  and  acquires  a  greater  breadth,  so  that  the  state  of 
Oi»jaca  may  be  sjiid  to  occupy  the  summit  of  a  single  ridg'e. 
150  mib'S  wide,  fiilling  rapidly  on  one  side  to  the  shores  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  descending,  by  a  succession  of  ter- 
races, on  the  other  side,  to  Tabasco  and  Vera  Cruz ;  to  this 
succeeds  the  great  Mexican  table-land,  beginning  with  the 
elevated  plains  of  Puebla.  .Mexico.  Queretaro.  and  Jlichoa- 
can,  which  have  an  absolute  height  ol  from  6000  to  8500  feet, 
a  cbnin  of  volcanic  cones  and  snowy  peaks  rising,  at  wide 
Jnterviiis,  far  above  them.  Between  the  ISih  and  21st  par- 
allels, the  Mexican  chain  runs  .\.  and  S.  Beyond  the  latter 
limit  it  turns  N.W..  and.  under  the  name  of  Sierra  Madre.  or 
Tepe  Suenne.  extends  through  the  sf,ites  of  Queretaro  and 
Guanajuato,  where  unusually  rich  silver-mines  abound.  N. 
Of  Guanajufilo.  It  divides  into  three  branches,  of  which  the 
middle  one  or  central  chain  continues  to  the  N.W.  as  far  as 
Ihe  30th  (inrallel.  beyond  which  it  bends  X.  till,  under  the 
name  of  Sierra  Verdo.  it  joins  the  iiocky  Mountains,  in  lat. 
15°  N.  The  E.  branch  extends  through  the  state  of  Saa 
U82 


Luis  Poto.si,  gradually  sinking  till,  in  lat.  26°,  it  disappears 
on  the  border  of  the  plain  watered  by  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte.  The  W.  branch  spreads  over  Guadalajara,  declines 
N.  of  the  mines  of  Bolaiios,  and,  rising  again  in  the  stale.s 
of  Cinaloa  and  Sonora,  forms,  in  the  latter,  the  monntaius 
of  Pimeria  Alta.  which  are  celebrated  for  their  gold-mines. 

Starting  from  Tehuantepec.  on  the  shore  of  the  i'aciflc 
Ocean,  lat.  16°  20'  N.,  we  soon  reach  the  plain  of  Oajaca,  at 
a  height  of  5500  feet,  and  thence  a  wheel  carriage  can  roll 
without  difficulty  to  Stinta  Fe,  in  Xew  Mexico,  (lat.  'M-^  12'  X.,) 
a  distance  of  above  1400  miles.  Though  some  parts  of  thia 
route  might  fall  below  the  level  of  2000  feet,  and  others  nearly 
reach  an  elevation  of  8000  feet,  yet  the  slopes  are  so  gradual 
as  to  offer  no  serious  impediment  to  the  construction  of  an 
ci.sy  road;  this  facility,  however,  pertains  wholly  to  the  in- 
ternal communications ;  the  descent  from  the  Mexican  table- 
lands to  the  sea.  on  both  sides,  is  everywhere  rugged  and 
abrupt,  presenting  such  difficulties  in  the  way  of  carrying 
goods,  as  will  probably  always  cut  off  the  internal  and  most 
productive  provinces  of  Mexico  from  a  fair  participation  in 
the  commerce  of  the  globe.  In  going  from  the  city  of  Mexico, 
(7400  feet.)  to  .A.capuIco.  on  the  South  S6a,  the  road  attains 
a  height  of  8600  feet  before  the  rapid  descent  commences ; 
the  great  roads  between  the  capital  and  Vera  Cruz  cross  the 
mountains  at  a  height  of  10.600  feet. 

Suinmits. — The  loftiest  of  the  snowy  summits  .nnd  Tol- 
canic  cones,  scattered  along  the  Mexican  highland,  lie 
within  the  narrow  zone  comprised  between  Lit.  18^  29'  and 
19°  12'  N.  They  are  all  of  volcanic  origin,  and,  in  several 
of  them,  the  subterranean  fires  still  continue  raging.  As- 
cending W.  from  the  shore  of  the  Mexican  (Julf,  a  little  S. 
of  Vera  Cruz,  we  first  meet.  12  miles  from  the  sea,  in  lat. 
18°  24'  N.,  the  still  active  volrano  of  Tuxtla.  (5118  feet.)  the 
highest  point  of  the  Sierra  de  San  Manin;  further  N..  (lat. 
19°  2',)  the  peak  of  Orizaba  or  Citlaltepetl,  (Star-mountain,) 
17,380  feet,  its  fianks  covered  with  rich  woods;  anterior  to 
the  close  of  the  16th  century  it  became  extinct;  a  few 
miles  further  N.,  (lat.  19°  28',)  is  the  Cofre  de  Perote  or  Xau- 
cainpatepetl.  (rectangular  or  cubic  mountain,)  13.416  feet. 
S.W.  of  these,  on  the  confines  of  Puebla,  lat.  18°  35'  X.,  is 
the  still  active  volcano  of  Popocatepetl,  (Smokiug-mountain,) 
17.720  feet;  while.  35  miles  further  N.,  stands  Iztilciihuatl, 
(the  White  Lady,)  15.705  feet  high.  The  latter  appears  to 
have  been  extinguished  at  an  early  period,  and,  since  the 
17th  centurj',  Popiicatepetl  has  had  no  violent  eruption, 
though  clouds  of  smoke  and  ashes  are  occasionally  thrown 
out  from  its  enormous  crater.  About  50  miles  AV.  of  the 
White  Lady,  the  Pico  del  Frayle,  the  highest  point  of  the 
Xevado  de  Toluca — another  extinct  volcano — attains  thb 
height  of  15,250  feet.  About  120  miles  W.  of  this  moun- 
tain, stands  Jorullo.  which  rose,  on  the  night  of  September 
28,1759.  from  the  level  plain  to  the  height  of  4149  feet. 
Of  all  the  summits  here  named,  only  three,  Popficatepetl, 
Citlaltepetl,  and  the  Iztaccihuatl.  ri.-se  ^^bove  the  limit  of 
perpetual  snow,  which,  between  lat.  19°  and  20°  N.,  may  be 
assumed  to  be  at  an  elevation  of  15.000  feet,  though  varying 
much  with  local  circumstances.  The  Nevado  de  'loluca 
reaches  that  limit,  but  can  hardly  be  said  to  rise  above  it. 

(ieolDgy  and  Afnies. — In  Oajaca.  granite  everywhere  breaks 
through  the  superincuml>ent  rocks,  and  forms  the  highest 
summits  of  the  mountains.  Gneiss,  mica-slate,  and  syenite 
extend  down  from  the  centr.il  ridge  to  the  sea  on  both  sides. 
In  all  these  rocks  are  found  auriferous  veins.  On  the  1>jp- 
ders  of  Guatemala,  the  prevalent  rocks  are  porphyry,  of 
many  varieties;  clay-slate,  and  limestone,  all  unbroken  by 
granite.  The  fii-st  of  these  contains  veins  of  silver,  lead, 
and  copper.  In  Puebla,  all  the  primitive  rocks  are  covered 
by  enormous  masses  of  calcareous  tuff.  Further  X.,  gra- 
nite seems  to  form  everywhere  the  foundation  of  the  rocky 
system:  while  the  table-land  is  a  superstructure  of  porphy- 
ries, which  contain,  (where  they  do  not  incline  to  trachyte,) 
those  rich  deposits  of  the  precious  metals  for  which  Mexico 
has  long  Ijeen  so  famous.  Old  sandstone,  limestone,  clay- 
slate,  syenite,  serpentine,  amygdaloid,  dolerite,  and  basaltic 
lavas,  accompany  the  predominating  rocks.  The  coal 
formations  are  wanting,  but  deposits  of  roi'k-salt  may  pos- 
sibly be  found  in  Oajaca,  where  salt-springs  Lsgue  from  gyp- 
seous strata,  near  San  Juan  de  los  Cues. 

Qiasts  arid  Hurliors. — The  opposite  shores  of  .Mexico  differ 
widely  in  physical  conformation.  The  great  current  of  the 
Atlaiitic  Ocean  sweeps  round  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  anl 
through  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  causing  a  continual  increase  of 
sandbanks,  extension  of  the  beach,  and  barring  of  the  river 
mouths.  On  the  whole  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from 
Cape  Catoche,  in  Yucatan,  to  Texas,  there  is  no  bay  of  any 
importance;  no  good  harbor,  easy  of  access,  nor  scarcely 
any  sheltered  am  borage.  Between  Yucatan  and  Tabasco, 
lies  Lake  Terminos.  (Laguna  de  Terminos.)  45  miles  long 
and  30  wide,  connected  with  the  sea  by  two  channels,  the 
deepest  having  but  two  fathoms.  Could  this  channel 
be  deepened,  the  kigoon  might  become  a  very  important 
harbor.  Further  W.  on  the  coast  of  Tabasco,  the  Laguoa 
de  Santa  Ana.  though  deep  within.  Is  quite  inacces.sible  by 
shipping,  owing  to  the  shoal  and  narrow  passage  lendin?  to 
it.    Similar  remarks  apply  to  the  lagoons  o'  Made,  to,  Tami- 


MEX 

fihuA.  aud  Tampico;  beyond  the  last-named  place  X.,  ex- 
tends H  Ions;  succession  of  sandbanks,  fronting  the  shore, 
and  eAliiliitin;^,  in  its  earlier  sta;;es,  the  process  of  forming 
lauoons.  Here,  on  the  mast  of  Tauiiiulipas,  we  find  the 
Laguna  de  Morales-  de  ila/lre,  de  iNiutander,  and  a  few 
others,  all  ditiicult  of  approach,  and  rapidly  tilling  up  with 
sand.  \V  liwi  we  turn  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Paci- 
fic side,  the  scene  changes.  On  the  W.  coasts  of  Jlexico, 
from  Acapuico,  in  lat.  10^  oCK  N.,  the  harbor  of  which  is 
nearly  laudlocki'd,  and  sufficiently  deep  and  caimciuus  to 
acconimodate  a  hundred  ship.-i  of  the  line,  to  Ouaynias,  ex- 
tends a  series  of  fine  harliors.  capable  of  sheltering  the 
largest  vesst-ls.  In  lat.  il°  32'  N.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kio 
Grande  de  (Santiago,  is  the  noble  harbor  of  t'an  lila.".  which, 
iu  Ub  natural  advantage",  resembles  that  of  Acapuico; 
and  in  lat.  2o°  15'  N..  is  the  harbor  of  Mazatlau,  iu  which 
now  centres  the  trade  with  China  and  the  Kast  Indies.  This 
port  is  difficult  of  access,  and  inferior  in  most  respects  to 
tlie  harlx)r  of  Uuaymas,  in  lat  27°  40'  N.  The  K.  shore  of 
the  California  peninsula  offers  many  bays  and  small  havens. 
Its  W.  side,  towards  the  o<-ean,  is  less  indeuted. 

Jiivers  and  Lahes. — Mexico  is.  in  general,  but  sparingly 
watered,  and  labors  under  the  almost  total  want  of  naviga- 
ble rivers  reaching  the  interior.  Within  the  tropic,  the 
country  is  narrow,  and  the  streams,  descending  from  tlie 
elevated  interior  to  the  seas  on  both  sides,  assume  the  cha- 
racter of  rajiid  torrents,  dry  at  one  season  and  overflowing  at 
another.  The  longest,  and  probably  the  greatest,  in  all  re- 
spects, of  the  Mexican  rivers,  is  the  Uio-tJrauile-del-Norte, 
called  also  Hio-Bravo-del-Norte,  which  now  marks  a  portion 
of  the  boundary  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States. 
The  r.io  de  Tampico.  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  I'anuco 
with  the  Tula  or  Monte/.uma.  Hows  N.IO.  to  theGulf  of  .Alexi- 
00,  clo.-ie  to  Tampico  of  Tamaulipa.s,  t.iking  the  name  of  this 
city ;  total  course,  about  200  miles.  Small  vessels  may  ascend 
the  i'anuco  -40  miles.  The  ,San  .luan  rises  in  the  metallifer- 
ous mountains  of  Oajaca,  Hows  S.  and  K.,  forms  the  great 
lagoons  of  Teiiuiapa  and  Kmbarciidcro,  and  at  length  reaches 
the  sea  through  the  Laguua  del  Madero;  it  is  navigable, 
for  ships  of  moderate  burden,  24  miles  above  its  mouth. 
The  l!io  de  lluasacualco  issues  from  the  mountains  of  Tarifa, 
lat.  17^  N..  Hows  W.  between  the  stiites  of  Oiijaca,  Takusco, 
and  Vera  Cruz  ;  then  winding  round  to  the  N.  and  K..  fulls 
Into  the  gulf,  in  lat.  18°  8'  27''  N.  This  river  has  attracted 
much  attention,  because  it  has  been  supposed  that  the  com- 
munication between  the  two  seas,  (the  Mexican  Gulf  and 
the  I'acific  Ocean.)  might  lie  effected  by  joining  the  lluasa- 
cualco and  the  Chicapa  or  Chimalapa.  which  latter  ri.si's  about 
14  miles  from  the  souries  of  the  former,  and  fjUls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Tehuanti'pec.  (.See  TeiiuaNTKI'KC.)  The  rivers  liowing 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean  are.  towards  the  S..  all  rapM.  and 
Important  only  as  they  water  coa.sts  more  or  less  jMppulous. 
The  Kio  Balsas  or  Zacatula  descends  from  the  state  of  .Mexico, 
and,  after  collecting  several  large  streams,  reaches  the  ocean 
with  a  broa<l  and  deep  channel,  navigable  for  boats  a  good 
way  up,  and  forms  at  its  mouth  the  little  harbor  of  Zacatula. 
The  first  great  river  which  we  meet  with  going  X..  on  this 
side,  is  the  Kio  Grande  de  Santiago  or  Kio  Tolotlan,  dis- 
charging the  waters  of  Lake  Chapala,  the  second  in  magni- 
tude of  the  Mexican  rivers.  It  is  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Laja  and  Lerma,  near  Salamanca,  iu  Guanajuato, 
and  after  a  very  winding  course  of  000  or  700  miles,  enters 
the  I'acific  near  San  Was,  (lat.  21°  32'  N.,)  by  several  mouths. 
This  river  has  many  rapids,  and  is,  in  the  rainy  season,  an 
Impetuous  torrent;  but  during  the  dry  is  fordable  24  miles 
from  the  sea.  The  river  Gila,  forming  part  of  the  bound- 
ary between  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  is  3  miles  wide 
at  its  junction  with  the  Colorado,  and  naTigable  for  large 
vessels.  Jlexico  has  numerous  other  rivers  entering  Ijoth 
the  E.  and  \V.  coasts,  but  few  of  them,  however,  are  of  any 
commercial  importance. 

The  lakes  and  lagoons  of  5Iexico  are  very  numerous,  but 
comparatively  unimportant.  The  largest  of  them  is  Lake 
Chapala.  in  Jalisco,  covering  an  area  of  1500  square  miles. 
The  states  in  which  lakes  chieflj'  occur  are  Chihuahua,  San 
Luis  I'otosi.  Jlexico,  and  Michoacan. 

CUiiiale. — Mexico  has  a  configuration  of  surface,  which  is 
eminently  calculated  to  exhibit  great  diversities  of  climate 
within  a  narrow  compass.  It  is  known  that  an  absolute 
elevation  of  3000  feet  produces  on  the  climate  an  effect  equal 
to  that  resulting  from  an  increase  of  10°  of  latitude.  How 
various,  therefore,  must  he  the  climate  of  a  country,  the 
extensive  and  cultivated  plains  of  which  ri.se  frequently  far 
above  that  elevation.  The  principal  high  plains,  in  the  vici- 
nity of  the  city  of  Mexico,  are  the  valleys  of  Tolfica,  8600  feet; 
of  Tenuchtitlan,  7400  feet ;  of  Actopan,  6450  feet ;  and  the  val- 
ley of  Istla,  3200  feet  above  sea-level.  Thus  we  find  at  once, 
clo.se  by  the  capital,  dilTerences  of  climate  arising  from  ele- 
vation, which,  at  a  common  level,  could  have  been  produced 
only  by  an  intervening  meridional  aistance  of  1200  miles. 
The  valley  of  Istla  produces  the  sugar-cane;  Actopan  yields 
cotton;  Tenochtitlau  is  rich  in  wheat  and  other  Kuropi-an 
grains;  Toliica  iu  the  Agave,  from  which  is  made  the  popu- 
lar beverage  of  the  country ;  the  four  different  climates 
being  thus  distinctly  and  conspicuously  marked.    Hence  it 


MEX 

is,  that  Mexico,  being,  to  a  great  extent,  a  tahle-Iani?,  three- 
fifths  of  its  area  lying  within  the  tropic,  has  not  a  tropical, 
but  a  temperate  climate.  The  mean  temperature  of  the 
Mexican  coasts,  between  the  15th  and  20th  parallels,  is  76" 
Fahrenheit,  while  the  elevated  plains,  within  the  .same  limit*, 
have  but  64°.  The  Mexicans  divide  their  lountry.  with  re- 
spect to  climate,  into  Tierras  Calientes,  (hot  lands,)  which 
rarely  exceed  900  feet  in  elevation;  Tierras  Templadas, 
(tempei-ate,)  ranging  between  4000  and  5000  feet;  and  Tier- 
ras Frias,  (.cold,)  above  7000  feet.  The  coasts,  particularly 
those  of  the  gulf,  are  insufferably  hot,  humid,  and  dread- 
fully unhealthy.  On  the  l'a<ific  the  climate  is  hardly  less 
noxious,  llere  the  rank  vegetation  reaches  down  to  the 
sea-siUe;  and,  in  the  shallow  water,  mangroves  and  moUuscM 
decompose  and  spread  pestilence.  The  phiins  of  the  inte- 
rior, from  3500  to  4500  feet  high,  where  the  evergreen  oak 
predominates,  enjoy  a  delicious  climate,  perfectly  healthy, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  favorable  to  luxuriant  vegetation. 
Higher  up,  the  air,  more  rarified,  is  al.so  drier,  and  trees  of 
vigorous  growth  dis.ippear  with  unexpected  rapidity. 
Hence  a  large  proportion  of  the  elevated  plains  of  Mexico 
present  a  most  dreary  and  inhospilahle  aspect — dry,  barren, 
and  desolate.  The  rains  begin,  on  the  E.  coast,  about  the 
first  week  in  May,  and.  advancing  with  the  trade-wind,  reach 
the  capital  about  three  weeks  later;  they  cease  iu  October, 
when  the  dry  season  commences.  The  quantity  of  rain 
that  falls  annually  iu  Vera  Cruz,  is,  on  an  average  of  nine 
years,  (1822-1830,)  185  inches ;  but  it  is  extremely  irregu- 
lar, and  was,  in  1826,  only  64  inches.  Karthquakes  are  of 
frequent  occurrence,  particularly  in  Oajaca,  along  the  S. 
coast,  and  near  the  capital ;  but  they  are  generally  slight, 
and  do  little  damage.  The  uKist  remarkable  volcanic  jihe- 
nomeuia  recorded  in  Mexico  in  modern  times,  are  the  rise 
of  Jorullo,  in  1759,  and  the  eruptions  of  Tuxfla.  (the  high- 
est pfiint  of  the  mountains  of  San  JIartin,  S.  of  Vera  Cruz,) 
which  commenced  in  March  1793.  and  continued  for  three 
years.  The  S.W.  shores  of  Mexiai  are  visited  at  times  by 
hurricanes  of  indescribable  fury. 

Zml'tyy. — The  wild  animals  of  Jlexico  are  extremely  nu- 
merous. The  bison,  or  American  buffalo,  [lins  Jlimassus,) 
in  Jlexico  called  also  Cil>olo,  comes  in  midwinter,  in  im- 
mense herds,  from  the  forests  of  the  north-west.  The  grisly 
bear,  the  most  formidable  of  its  kind,  inhabits  the  moun- 
tains in  the  north  provinces.  In  solitary  thickets,  near 
lakes  and  rjvers.  lives  the  tapir,  (called  also  by  the  Spa- 
niards AiiUi  or  Dunta,)  which  is  the  largest  indigenous 
quadruped  after  the  lx)nas.sus.  Among  the  feline  animals 
are  the  jaguar,  the  cougar  or  puma,  the  ocelot,  jaguariiiidi, 
and  tiger-cat.  The  tagnicati  and  javnl!_  are  singular  species 
of  wild  swine,  the  latter  a  deadly  enemy  of  the  jaguar.  The 
Jlexican  forests  swarm  with  porcupines,  anteaters.  gluttons, 
sloths,  weasels,  and  polecats,  in  great  variety  ;  armadillos, 
cavies.  and  monkeys.  Among  tlie  swimmers  we  find  the 
manati  or  .«ea-cow.  (chiefly  in  the  l.igoons  of  the  E.  ciKist.) 
the  llesh  of  whidi  is  thought  a  delicjicy.  The  W.  coasts  are 
frequented  by  whales  and  seals  of  the  most  valuable  kinds. 
The  feathered  trilies  of  Jlexico  are  countless;  one,  the  ca- 
landra,  is  said  to  have  the  song  of  the  nightingale.  In  the 
rivers  we  find  the  Jlexican  crocodile,  (C  lihnmldfir.')  besides 
some  alligators,  as  the  cayman,  (C.  puliief^rosi/s.)  JVe  must 
hasten  by  the  lizards  and  the  reptiles  al.so,  simply  mention- 
ing the  rattle-snake  and  two  species  of  Iwa.,  A  species  of 
niurex.  yielding  a  fine  purple  dye,  is  found  on  both  coasts, 
but  chietly  on  the  AV.  Tlie  pearl  fishery,  once  so  profitable 
on  the  coast  of  Old  California,  seems  now  incapable  of 
revival. 

Domesticated  Animalt. — The  ancient  Jlexicans  never  at- 
tempted to  subject  to  economical  purposes  the  wild  animals 
around  them.  They  knew  nothing  of  the  llama ;  and  from 
the  bison,  the  wild  sheep  and  goat,  they  derived  little  or  no 
advantage.  The  savage  Camanches  have  always  employed 
large  dogs  to  carry  their  tents  and  draw  their  baggage,  while 
the  Jlexicans  kept  only  the  small  dumb  dog,  (Techichi.) 
which  they  fattened  for  the  table.  But  at  the  present  day, 
Jlexico  is  abundantly  sto<'ked  with  domesticated  animals, 
introduced  by  the  Spaniards.  Horned  cattle  and  horses 
have  indeed  grown  wild  in  many  parts,  and  now  occupy,  in 
immense  herds  and  droves,  the  great  plains  of  the  interior. 
The  chief  cattle  farms  are  in  the  inner  states — Jalisco.  Du- 
rango.  Chihuahua.  Ac,  where  herds  of  30,000  or  40.000  are 
not  uncommon.  The  grazier  derives  all  his  gains  from  the 
flesh,  fat,  and  hides  of  his  cattle.  The  milk  and  butter, 
(the  latter  rarely  miule,  and  of  inferior  quality.)  are  here 
of  little  value.  The  sheep  farms  are  mostly  in  the  X.  parts 
of  Jlexico,  and  though  often  on  a  great  scale,  are  in  their 
husbandry  very  primitive  and  rude ;  the  wool  is  coarse,  and 
little  care  is  bestowed  on  the  sheep.  Horses  are  very  nu- 
merous iu  Jlexico.  and  the  N.  fi-ontiers  are  frefjuented  by 
immense  droves,  in  a  perfectly  wild  state.  Mules  are  also 
numerous ;  100.000  of  them  are  said  to  be  constantly  em- 
ployed by  carriers  and  in  the  mines. 

Vegetation. — Jlexico  possesses  a  variety  and  abundance  of 
vegetable  productions,  known  to  hanlly  any  other  portion 
of  the  earth.  The  forests  near  the  coasts  display  the  grand- 
est forms  of  tropical  vegetation.    There  may  be  seen  the 

1183 


MEX 

gigantic  mahogany,  the  Brazil-wood,  the  Campeachy-wood, 
Amencjm  eboiiy,  yellow  and  iron  wood,  intermingled  with 
the  elpgant  ;riaut-feru?  and  palms  without  number.  Then, 
as  we  a:<ceud.  we  meet  with  magnificent  majrnolias.  caroli- 
neas,  plumierias,  and  oleanders.  Varieties  of  hybiscus. 
begonia,  lobelia,  bauhinia,  &c.,  cover  wide  tracts.  At  the 
absolute  height  of  3000  feet,  the  Mexican  oaks  begin  to  pre- 
dominate in  the  woods,  associated  with  euphorbias  and 
acicias.  The  oak  disappears  generally  at  the  height  of 
10.000  feet,  while  the  pine  species  extend  t«twecn  the  eleva- 
tions of  eOOO  feet  and  12.500  feet.  Within  these  limits,  also, 
grow  the  various  species  of  agave,  the  arbutus,  dahlia,  and 
geranium.  Plants  of  the  cactus  family  are  widely  ditfused. 
groups  of  th.^m  occurring  on  sandy  tracts  near  the  sea-side, 
while  thev  frequently  grow  at  an  elevatirm  of  10,000  feet; 
but  their  fevorite  region  lies  between  the  limits  of  3000  feet 
and  5500  feet  above  the  sea.  The  best  cultivated  districts  of 
Mexico  are  those  which  are  situated  near  some  of  the  richest 
mines  in  the  plains,  extending  from  Zelaya  and  Salamanca, 
to  Silao,  Guanajuato,  and  ^'illa  de  Leon.  In  the  wildest  and 
dreariest  spots  of  the  Cordilleras,  the  opening  of  mines  has 
never  failed  to  call  tillage  into  existence.  On  many  parts 
of  the  table-land,  agriculture  is  much  checked  by  the  scar- 
city of  water,  to  remedy  which,  reservoirs  and  canals  of 
irri'iation  have  been  constructed  at  great  expense.  Of  the 
articles  of  food  cultivated  by  the  Mexicans,  the  most  im- 
portant is  maize,  the  return  of  which  varies  from  50  to  130 
fold.  The  districts  most  distinguished  by  the  culture  of 
this  grain,  are  the  S.  and  JB.  parts  of  the  state  of  Mexico, 
the  states  of  Puebla,  Queretaro,  and  Oajaca.  and  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Aguas  Calientes,  in  Zacatecas.  Wheat  and  bar- 
ley are  cultivated  most  successfully  at  an  elevation  of  WOO 
feet.  The  former  yields  from  20  to  60  fold.  The  pi-oduc- 
tions  above  mentioned  belong  to  the  table-land  of  Mexico; 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Tierras  Calientas,  and  the  sea-coasts, 
look  for  their  chief  and  ordinary  food  to  the  banana  or 
pisang,  (Musa  J\n-adisiaca.)  called  by  the  Spaniards  I'h'itano, 
and  which  is  to  them  what  the  maize  is  to  the  people  of  the 
highland.  To  the  same  region  belongs  the  manioc,  called 
also  yuca,  producing  cassava  or  mandioc  flour,  and  tapioca. 
Another  important  object  of  cultivation,  which  occupies 
exten.-ive  tracts  on  the  table-land  of  Mexico,  is  Spanish 
pepper,  {capsicum,  in  Aztec,  diili.)  which  is  consumed  by 
the  inhabitants  in  enormous  quantities.  Among  the  culti- 
vated plants  of  Mexico  there  is  none  more  important  or  cha- 
racteristic than  the  maguey,  {Agave  Americana,)  from  the 
sap  of  which  is  prepared  the  favorite  drink  of  all  classes, 
the  pulque  of  the  Spaniards,  the  octli  of  the  Aztecs.  The 
filaments  of  the  thick,  fleshy  leaves,  serve  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  hemp,  while  their  outer  cuticle  is  the  material 
formerly  used  as  paper  by  the  Aztecs.  It  seems  doubtful 
whether  the  vine  is  to  be  considered  as  a  native  Mexican 
plant,  but  at  all  events,  it  is  now  found  wild  In  all  the 
woods.  Wines  little  inferior  to  those  of  Jeres,  {sherry.)  and 
Val  de  Peiias.  are  now  made  at  i'arras  and  Tehuaciln ;  but 
this  branch  of  culture  and  industry  is  still  only  in  its  in- 
fancy. The  Spanish  government  always  protected  the  mo- 
no]X)ly  of  wiue-growers,  by  prohibiting  the  culture  of  the 
vine  in  its  American  possessions,  and  an  order  to  extirpate 
the  vineyards  in  Mexico  was  issued  in  1S02.  The  olive,  too. 
was  another  useful  plant,  the  culture  of  which  was  forbid- 
den by  the  tyrannical  monopoly  of  Spain ;  since  the  revolu- 
tion it  has  receiveil  considerable  attention.  The  oil  made 
is  equal  to  the  best  imported  from  France  and  Italy,  and 
already  nearly  suffices  for  the  home  consumption. 

Sugar  was  exported  from  Mexico  in  large  quantities 
nnder  the  Spanish  government;  at  the  pi-esent  day.  the 
amount  of  it  produced  hardiy  suffices  for  home  consumption. 
Still  a  very  great  extent  of  Mexican  territory  is  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  the  sugar-cane ;  and.  from  the  genial  charac- 
ter of  the  soil,  a  plantation  in  Vera  Cruz  yields  nearly  twice 
as  much  as  one  in  Cuba.  The  consumption  of  coSee  by  the 
Mexicans  them.selves  is  small,  and  the  exportation  not  great, 
hut  is  rapidly  increa.sing.  Though  it  was  from  Mexico  that 
Kurope  tirst  learned  the  xise  of  chocolate,  (chocolatl,  the 
Aztec  name  of  the  cocoa-nut,)  yet  the  culture  of  the  cocoa 
tree  has  there  declined  to  such  a  degree,  that  an  importa- 
tion from  Caracas  and  Guatemala  is  required  at  present  to 
Batisfy  the  internal  demand.  A'anilla,  (properly  Yaynilla, 
a  small  pod  or  husk.)  which  also  enters  into  the  composi- 
tion of  chocolate,  is  another  Mexican  product.  Tobacco, 
from  being  the  object  of  a  government  monopoly  till  1833, 
is  high  in  price  and  inferior  in  quality.  All  the  inhabitants. 
male  and  female,  smoke,  and  the  consumption  of  it  in  the 
country  is  enormous.  Cotton  was  cultivated  extensively 
in  Mexico,  before  the  arrival  of  the  Spani.arls.  and  may 
again  be  expected  to  become  an  important  article  of  culture 
in  a  country  where  the  cotton  plant  is  not  an  annual,  as  in 
the  United  States,^  but  continues  protluctive  for  several 
years.  The  cochineal  insect,  so  valuable  for  its  dye.  seems 
to  be  peculiar  to  Mexico.  In  ancient  times  this  branch  of 
indiistry  was  prosecuted  with  much  more  zeal  than  at  the 
present  day,  the  heavy  imposts  laid  on  it  bv  the  Spaniards 
having  disgusted  the  Indians,  by  whom  alone  its  constiint 
bnt  easy  lalxirg  are  carried  on.  Mexico  has  several  worms 
1184 


MEX 

which  produce  a  kind  of  silk ;  but  soon  after  the  conquest, 
the  true  silkworm  was  introduced  by  the  Spaniards,  and 
large  plantations  were  made  of  the  whit<>  or  Chinese  mul- 
berry. The  silk  trade  had  grown  to  considerable  import- 
ance in  the  18th  century,  when  the  Indians,  irritated  by 
the  exastions  to  which  it  exposed  them,  conspired  to  extir- 
pate it,  and  destroyed  at  once,  to  a  great  extent,  the  mul- 
berry trees.  Since  the  revolution,  pains  have  been  taken, 
particularlj-  in  Oajaca,  to  restore  this  branch  of  industry. 

Mining  and  Coinage. — Some  of  the  Mexican  mines,  once 
celel)rated,  as  those  of  La  Puebla,  are  now  quite  exhaust- 
ed ;  others,  as  Bolaiios,  hardly  repay  the  cost  of  working 
them.  The  chief  mining  districts  of  the  present  day 
are,  in  the  order  of  their  importance,  as  follows :  Gua- 
najuato. San  Luis  Potosi.  Zacatecas.  Burango.  Chihua- 
hua, Sombrerete,  (in  Zacatecas.)  Tasco,  (Jlexico,)  Oajaca, 
Keai  del  Monte,  (Mexico,)  and  Hostotipaquillo,  (Jali.sco.) 
According  to  authentic  records,  the  produce  of  the  Jlexican 
mines,  (gold  and  silver,)  coined  from  1690  to  1803,  ex- 
ceeded $1.33-1.800,000.  In  1804  and  1805,  the  annual  pro- 
duce of  the  mines  exceeded  $24,200.000 ;  but  the  distress 
of  the  mother  country  began,  at  this  period,  to  press  on 
the  colony,  and  the  activity  of  the  mines  abated.  Then 
came  the  civil  wars  of  the  revolution;  the  proprietors  of 
the  mines,  mostly  old  Spaniards,  were  obliged  to  cjuit  the 
country ;  the  mines,  abandoned,  soon  went  to  ruiu — some 
falling  in.  others  filling  with  water ;  while  the  capital  which 
might  have  restored  them  was  spent  in  civil  war.  On  the 
restoration  of  order,  in  1825,  the  Mexican  government  held 
out  inducements  to  foreign  capitalists  to  reopen  the  mires, 
and  several  companies  were  accordingly  formed  for  that 
purpose. 

The  silver  coined  In  Mexico,  from  1535  to  1845,  inclu- 
sive, amounted  to $2,465,275,954 

The  gold  coined  in  Mexico  from  1535  to  1845,  inclusive, 

amounted  to 126,989,021 

Copper,  from  1811  to  1844,  inclusive 5,566,878 

General  coinage  from  1845  to  1849,  Inclusive  ....  70,000,D00 

Total  coinage  in  314  Tears $2,667,828,85) 

Or  nearly  $8,otX),000  annually. 

According  to  an  official  report,  of  February,  1S50,  the  coin- 
age for  the  year  at  all  the  mints  in  Mexico,  exclusive  of 
Ilermossillo,  amounted  to  $1,351,416  in  gold,  and  $27,003,989 
in  silver;  total,  $28,355,405.  The  increase  in  the  produce 
of  the  Jlexican  mines  for  several  years  past,  has  been  about 
$5,000,000  annually.  About  the  year  1850,  a  new  impetus 
was  given  to  mining  operations,  by  the  discovery,  in  the 
state  of  Sonora,  near  Pitic,  of  quicksilver  mines,  so  rich  as 
to  be  named  New  Almaden,  after  the  famous  quicksilver 
mines  of  Almaden.  in  Spain.  But,  since  the  period  referred 
to,  the  emigration  of  miners  to  California  has  seriously  in- 
terfered with  mining  industry. 

Manufactures. — The  chief  manufactures  are  sugar  and 
rum,  aloes,  wine,  and  brandy,  earthen, and  stone  ware, 
glass,  paper,  and  the  thread  and  tissues  of  cotton,  wool, 
and  silk.  Stigar  and  rum  are  made  in  numerous  ilistricts, 
but  more  especially  in  the  states  of  Vera  Cruz,  TaJiasco, 
Yucatan,  Mexico,  Guerrero,  Michoacan.  and  Guadal.ijara; 
the  preparation  of  olive  oil  employs  about  50  mills  in  the 
capital,  in  addition  to  those  in  Tncub.aya.  Toluca,  Guana- 
juato, and  Puebla;  wine  and  brandy  are  produced  in  con- 
siderable quantity,  only  in  Guanajuato,  Cohahuila,  Lower 
California.  Sonora,  and  Chihuahua,  more  especially  in  the 
last;  the  largest  and  best  potteries  are  in  .Mexico,  Guana- 
juato, and  Guadalajara;  four  glass  works  exi.st  in  the  city, 
and  others  in  the  state  of  Mexico,  and  in  that  of  Puebla; 
paper,  both  of  coarser  quality,  and  also  not  inferior  to  the 
writing  paper  of  other  countries,  employs  a  number  of  mills 
in  the  states  of  Mexico.  Puebla,  and  Jalisco;  but  owing  to 
the  scarcity  of  linen  rags,  it  is  usually  made  of  cotton,  or  the 
fibrous  part  of  the  aloe ;  the  spinning  and  weaving  of  cot- 
ton, in  addition  to  the  numerous  hand-looms  throughout 
the  countrv,  employs  in  the  Federal  District,  and  the  states 
of  Cohahuila,  Duraiigo,  Jalisco,  Mexico,  Puebla.  Queretaro, 
and  Vera  Cruz,  62  factories,  driven  by  machinery;  the 
principal  seats  of  the  woollen  manufacture  are  in  the  Fede- 
ral District,  the  states  of  Mexico,  Queretaro,  Zacatecas,  and 
the  territorv  of  Tlaxcala.  Silk,  spun  chiefly  by  the  hand, 
but  partly  also  by  a  machine  driven  by  horses,  employ! 
numerous" persons  in  the  states  of  Puebla  and  Guatialajara, 
but  more  especiallv  in  the  capital,  where  the  quantity  an- 
nu.ally  spun  exceeds  40.000  lbs.;  the  only  silk  goods  woven 
within  the  Confederation  arp  ribbons,  and  mantles,  called 
rebftzos,  which  in  Mexico,  are  considered  an  essential  part 
of  female  dress.  The  only  other  manufactures  deserving 
of  notice,  are  gold  and  silver  lace,  oil-cloth,  and  stearine 
candles,  for  the  making  of  which,  a  company,  with  exclu- 
sive privileges,  has  recently  been  established.  In  1S17.  the 
value  of  nianufuctured  goods  was  $66,441,869.  The  value 
of  Mexican  manufactures,  in  1853,  is  estimated  at  from 
$90,000,000  to  $100,000,000. 

Commerct:  Herenue.  Ac— The  foreign  trade  of  Mexico  i» 
chiefly  confined  to  the  importation  of  linens,  woollens,  cot- 
tons, silks,  wines,  brandies,  ornamental  wares,  glass  and 
iron  wares,  millinery,  paper,  quicksilver,  oil,  wax,   and 


MEX 


MEX 


salted  and  dried  fish.  The  latter  commodity  is  prinripally 
furnished  by  the  United  States,  Init  all  the  finer  fal>rics  of 
linen,  eotton.  silk,  and  wool  come  from  Europe.  Five-eifrhths 
of  the  linen  manufatturw  come  from  Germany,  while  three- 
ei'.'hths  are  fnmi  Irish,  Dutch,  French,  and  American  looms. 
Cotton  (,'oods  are  imported  largely  from  Enjrland  and  France. 
The  importation  of  the  best  qualities  of  silks  is  from  France 
and  Germany,  and  reaches  nearly  a  million  and  a  half,  three- 
fourths  of  which  is  from  France.  Woollens  are  divided  be- 
tween France,  Ensland,  and  Germany,  while  ornamental 
wares,  millinery,  Ac,  come  almost  exclusively  from  France. 
The  following  Table  exhibits  the  trade  of  Mexico  with  the 
United  States  .^t  several  diiferent  periods,  commencing  with 
1829. 


Year. 

Imports. 

Exports, 

isu-a 

$2,3.31,151 

$5,026,761 

IRiiS 

9,029,y21 

9.490.446 

lS.i9 

2,164,097 

3,500,707 

1843 

1.471,9.17 

2,782,406 

1816  {War  with  the 

1,531.180 

1,8.16,621 

18471  United  States. 

238.001 

481,789 

1848 

4,054,452 

1,581,247 

1850 

2,012,827 

2,133,366 

1851 

1,581,783 

1,801,779 

1832 

2,281,929 

1,619,208 

The  trade  of  >rexlco  with  the  United  States,  for  the  year 
ending  .Tune  30,  1853,  comprised  $3,558,82-4  imports,  and 
$2.ir>7,9S5  exports. 

The  manufactured  fabrics  are  chiefly  from  Great  Britain, 
which  furni.shcd  to  .Mexico  in  1S51,  9,108,170  yards  of  plain 
calicoes,  and  12.726,212  yards  of  printed  calico,  310,224  yards 
of  twist,  silk  fabrics  to  the  v.aluo  cf  $48,360,  linens  $518,276, 
and  woollens  amounting  to  $404,024. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  Mexico  for  1852  employed  837 
vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  256,092  tons.  Of  the 
vessels  08  belonged  to  Mexico,  435  to  the  United  States,  108 
to  England,  09  to  Fr.ince,  00  to  Spain,  13  to  Hamburg,  24 
to  Peru,  5  to  Belgium,  1  to  Portugal,  1  to  Nicaragua,  1  to 
Sweden,  1  to  Hanover,  8  to  Bremen,  and  1  to  Venezuela. 
Of  the  classes  of  vessels,  219  were  steamers,  55  frigates, 
(ves.sels  of  war.)  114  barks,  165  brigs,  03  hermaphrodite  brigs, 
155  schooners,  and  68  pilot-boats.  During  the  year  43,816 
passengers  arrived  from  sea,  and  40,153  left  at  the  various 
oorts  of  tlie  confederation.  From  the  above  it  will  be  per- 
ceived that  full  half  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  Mexico  is 
carried  on  with  the  United  States. 

According  to  ofiicial  reports,  the  general  expenses  of  the 
Mexican  government  are  as  follows : — 

Estimate  for  the  War  Department $5,753.6,55 

Estimate  for  the  Department  of  Foreign  Relation!  870.000 

Estimate  for  the  Department  of  .Justice     ....  127,000 

EstimaKi  for  thp  Department  of  Finance      .     .     .  1,689,151 

Interest  on  tlie  English  debt,  851,208,250  at  3  per    )  1536247 

cent.,  according  to  the  new  arrangement             )  *'    ' 

Interest  on  the  domestic  or  interior   ?  o  .,«;a  nnn 

debt,  $73,000,000  at  3  per  cent.         J *,-=","<« 

Total     .    . $12,525,958 

The  revenue  is  estimated  as  follows : — 

rmportation  duties $1,000,000 

Exportation  duties '.  130.000 

Tonnage  duties 60.000 

One  per  cent,  on  increase  of  Importation      .    .    .  140, mx) 

Two  per  cent,  on  Averia       210.000 

Internationa!  duties       500,000 

Introduction  of  money  Into  the  ports 300,000 

Contingent  paid  by  the  states  • .    .    ." 1,011.000 

Tobacco  revenue  belonging  to  the  government    .  600.000 

Playing  cards 20.000 

Post-office  rova»iue 90,000 

Direct  contributions  of  the  district*  and  territories  150.000 

Tax  on  the  rent  of  property 50,000 

Mints 100,000 

National  lotteries 60.000 

Sealed  paper 130.000 

Pawnbrokers'  shops 30,000 

Duties  on  the  assays  of  silver,  tolls,  letters  of  y 

security,  patents  for  navigation,  passports,  >    •  229,000 

and  smaller  imposts  **        j 

Total  revenue $8  450.000 

Expenditures 12,525,936 

DeBcit $1,075,956 

Inhabitants.  Haces,  LanrjiMrja,  &c. — The  population  of 
Mexico  is  composed,  as  in  the  other  Spani.-ih-American 
states,  of  three  distinct  races — the  aboriginal  Indians  or 
red  men.  as  they  are  called;  the  Europeans  or  white  men; 
and  the  Africans  or  Negro  race,  introduced  as  slaves  by  the 
Suropeans.  Those,  by  intermixture,  give  ri.se  to  other  de- 
nominations: so  that  all  may  be  cla.=sed,  with  reference  to 
caste  and  color,  .is  follows: — 1.  White  men,  who,  if  born  in 
Spain,  were  called  Chapetones,  or  rather  Gacbupines  (Gat- 
•■opin  means,  in  Aztec,  a  man  on  horseback,  or  rather  a 
centaur — half-man,  half-horse) ;  and  if  natives  of  America, 
of  unmixed  European  blood,  are  styled  Creoles  (criolios). 
3Z 


2.  Mestizos,  the  progeny  of  a  white  father,  and  a  red  or 
Indian  mother.  3.  Mulattos,  fi-om  the  union  of  the'whita 
and  Negro  races.  4.  The  Indians  or  red  race,  of'various 
distinct  tribes.  5.  Zamhos.  resulting  from  the  mixture  of 
the  Indian  and  Negro  races;  and,  0.  The  African  Negro; 
the  unmixed  offspring  of  this  rtce,  born  in  America,  are 
called  Chinos.  It  is  difficult,  at  the  present  day.  to  defino 
the  exact  limits  of  either  the  white  or  the  red  race,  accord- 
ing to  purity  of  blootl ;  but  it  is  quite  certain  that  the 
latter  constitute  the  great  majority  of  the  Mexican  popula- 
tion. It  is  probable  that  four-sevenths  of  the  nation  are 
Indians,  and  two-sevenths  of  mixed  origin;  the  remaining 
one-.seventli  being  Creoles  and  Negroes  or  Chinos,  who,  are, 
together,  but  a  handful.  It  has  been  said  that  five-and- 
thirty  distinct  languages  are  spoken,  by  the  Indian  tribes, 
within  the  limits  of  Mexico:  the  most  widely-spread  i.s  the 
Aztec,  which  includes  the  dialet^ts  spoken  by  the  Toltecs, 
Cliichimekis,  &c. 

Antifjuilie^. — It  is  well  ascertained  that  powerful,  and.  for 
the  most  part,  kindred  tribes,  descended  on  Mexico,  from 
the  N.,  from  the  seventh  to  tlie  twelftli  centuries;  the  Tol- 
tecs arriving  at  the  former,  and  the  Aztecs  at  the  latter 
period.  It  is  certain  that  these  nations  had  uttiiined  to  a 
higli  degree  of  civilization;  they  were  gtHuI  smiths,  good 
masons,  had  made  some  advatice  in  the  arts  of  design;  tliey 
raised  great  edifices,  constructed  vast  works,  piilaces,  pyra- 
mids, roads,  aqueducts,  bridges,  Ac;  tliey  liad  u  more  accu- 
rate calendar,  and  one  better  adjusted  by  intercalation,  than 
the  Egyptians,  (ireeks,  and  Romans:  and,  finally,  they  liad 
a  system  of  idcturtvwriting,  by  means  of  wliich  they  re- 
corded many  facts,  and  which,  if  it  liad  not  been  rudidy  and 
utterly  demolished,  would  have  probaldy  led  tiiem  on  rai)idly 
in  the  career  of  improvement.  M(mument8  remain  attest- 
ing their  boldness  of  design  and  progress  in  the  artii  of  con- 
striictiim.  There  are  extensive  remains  of  tlie  city  of  Te- 
ncx'htitlan,  near  the  modern  Mexico,  with  its  dikes,  aque- 
ducts, and  fragments  of  a  bridge.  Oaj<%ca  is  rich  in  an- 
cient remains,  among  wliicli  the  chief  are  tlie  palace  and 
pyramid  of  tlio  Zjipotekiis  at  Mitla.  Another  pynimid,  or 
teocalli,  is  to  be  seen  near  Cholula,  in  I'uobla.  Near  Vilia- 
nuova,  ill  Zacatecas,  are  tiie  remarkaldo  ruins  known  as 
Los  Eilificios.  In  Vera  Cruz  are  the  jiyi-umids  of  Papantia, 
built  of  colossal  ma-sses  of  porphyry.  The  extensive  ruins 
of  Palenque,  in  Chiapes,  are  well  known;  but  they  liavo 
been  eclipsed  l>y  those  of  Itzalana,  in  Yucatan,  more  re- 
cently dlscovere<l. 

The  divisions,  population,  Ac,  of  the  Mexican  Empire 
(1865),  are  extUbited  in  the  subjoined  table : 


Departments. 


Acapuico 

Aruascalieotes. 

Alamos 

Arizona 

Autlan 

Batopilas 

California 

Canipeachy ... 

Chiapas 

Chihuahua.... 

Coahuila 

CoalcoDMU.... 

Colinia 

n|Ta',go 

Ejullan 

Frrsnillo 

Guanajuato ... 

Guerrero 

Huijuquilla... 

Iturbtde 

Jalfsco 

La  Laguna.... 

Mapimi 

Matamoras.... 

Matehuala 

Mazallan 

Michoacan.... 

Nayarit 

Nazas 

Nuevo  Leon.. 

Oajaca 

Potosi 

Puebla 

Queretaro 

!>iDaloa 

Sonora 

Tamaulipaa ... 

Tancitaro 

Tehuantepec. 
Teposcolula... 

TIazcala 

Tobasco 

Toluca 

Tula 

Tulancingo... 

Tuxpau 

Valle  de  Mexic 
Vera  Cruz.... 

Tucalarc 

Zacatecas 

Total 


Area 
n  sq.  ni. 


12,400 
11.050 
16.606 
30,."f25 
8,722 
18.515 
62,731 
18,.'><M 
11,696 
S3,:t81 
21,975 
6,206 
7,069 
21,213 
7,231 
ll<:68 
9,075 
10.125 
27,993 
5,206 
7,826 
10,531 
26,300 
18,717 
13,116 
13,125 
10,937 
10,737 
19.316 
11,868 
11,193 
11,135 
7,131 
5,915 
28,000 
26,212 
12,306 
7.462 
12,194 
8,450 
6,137 
11,906 
6,844 
3,8-.6 
6.137 
8,331 
2.562 
13,2)3 
30,639 
11,156 


712,830 


Pop. 


97,949 
1.13,151 
11,011 
25.603 
82,671 
71,481 
12,110 
126.:i68 
157.318 
65,825 
63,178 
96,450 
136,733 
10:1.608 
9:1,675 
82,860 
601,8)0 
131,8:16 
16.092 
157,619 
219,987 
17,000 
6,777 
10,0:11 
32,127 
94,387 
1.7,378 
78,603 
16.195 
152,615 
235.815 
308,116 
167,788 
273,515 
82.185 
80.129 
71,480 
179,103 
85,275 
160.720 
339.571 
99,9.10 
311,053 
178.173 
266,678 
97.940 
181,796 
265,150 
263,547 
192.823 


8,218,080 


Capitals 


AKuaicalienles. 

Alamos. 

Altar. 

Autlan. 

Hidalgo. 

La  Paz. 

Canipeachy. 

San  Christobal. 

Chihuahua. 

Sallillo. 

Coalcoman. 

Cotima. 

Durango. 

Ejutl.a. 

Fresnillo. 

Guanajuato. 

Chilpanciugo. 

Jimenez. 

Tasco. 

Guadalajara. 

El  Carmen. 

Santa  Fe  de  Rosas. 

Matamoras. 

Matehuala. 

Mazallan. 

Morel  la. 

Acaponita. 

Indefe(?). 

Monterey. 

Oajaca. 

San  Luis. 

Puebla. 

Queretaro. 

.Sinaloa. 

Ures. 

Ciudad  Victoria. 

Tancitaro. 

Siichil. 

Trposcolula. 

TIaicala. 

San  Juan  Baptiita. 

Toluca. 

Tula. 

Tulancingo, 

Tuxpan. 

Mexico. 

Vera  Crux. 

Merida. 

Zacatecas. 


1185 


MEX 

Gmxi>'mn  nr  2nd  flw-<ory.— The  government  of  Mexico, 
being  Slill  i  1  a  state  of  transition,  Qiay  be  sutflciently  de- 
Bcribed  in  an  account  of  tlie  events  connected  witli  tlie 
reyolution.  Mexico  was  discovered  in  1517.  by  Francisco 
Hernandez  Cordova,  wlio  sailed  alon^;  the  coast  from  Cape 
Catoche  to  Campeachy  Bay.  In  1519  Hernando  Cortez 
landed  where  Vera  Cruz  now  stands,  and  founded  a  town 
called  Villarioa  some  miles  farther  north.  With  his  little 
band  h(!  soon  ascended  the  table-land,  the  numerous  in- 
habitants of  which  (the  Aztecs)  he  found  united  under  a 
powerful  sovereign  calle<l  Montezuma.  Within  the  limits 
of  this  empire  were  seve^.^l  small  republics,  of  which  that  of 
Tlaxcala  united  with  Cortez.  The  empire  of  the  Aztecs 
did  not  extend  over  all  the  table-lands;  the  table-land  of 
Michoacan  constituted  a  separate  and  independent  king- 
dom. After  two  years  of  incessant  warfare,  Cortez  suc- 
tcoded  in  overturning  the  empire  of  the  Aztecs,  and  the 
smaller  states  were  subjected  to  the  Spaniards  almost  with- 
out a  struggle.  Cortez  having  firmly  established  his  au- 
thority in  tlie  country,  a  considerable  number  of  persons 
emigrated  annually  from  Spain  to  Mexico,  and  there  ac- 
quired great  wealth  as  adventurers  in  mining,  as  mer- 
chants, and  as  ofHcers  of  government.  The  country  con- 
tinued in  this  state  for  nearly  three  centuries;  and  when 
Napoleon  overthrew  the  Spanish  throne,  Mexico  remained 
firm  in  her  allegiance;  but  when  he  was  defeated,  and  the 
restored  Spanish  monarch  promised  his  European  subjects 
a  constitution,  discontent  arose  in  the  colonies.  The  first 
revolutionary  movement  took  place  in  1810,  and  was  chiefly 
fomented  by  the  clergy.  In  1820,  the  viceroy,  Apodaca, 
received  orders  to  proclaim  the  constitution  of  1812;  being 
himself  averse  to  the  measure,  he  sent  Colonel  Iturbide, 
apparently  on  an  expedition  against  the  rebel  Guerrero, 
but  really  to  sound  the  wishes  of  the  people.  Iturbide, 
however,  joined  Guerrero,  and  raised  tlie  standard  of  re- 
volt. Apodaca  was  deposetl,  and  the  views  of  the  insur- 
gents were  proclaimed;  namely,  that  >Iexico  should  form 
a  constitutional  monarchy,  independent  of  Spain.  The 
crown  was  offered  to  a  Spanish  prince,  but  the  proposal 
being  rejected  by  the  Spanish  Cort«s,  the  Mexican  Cortes 
proceeded  to  carry  out  their  scheme  of  national  indepen- 
dence; and,  in  May,  1822,  elected  their  general  and  pre- 
sident, Don  .\ugXLstin  Iturbide,  Kmperor  of  Mexico,  by  the 
title  of  Augustin  I.  The  new  monarch,  however,  soon 
showed  his  distaste  for  constitutional  government,  and  con- 
sequently, before  the  close  of  the  year,  the  country  bristled 
with  arms,  the  chief  ofBcers.  Santa  Anna  among  the  num- 
ber, revolting,  and  demanding  the  re-opening  of  the  Cortes. 
Iturbide  yielded,  abdicated,  and  left  the  country  in  April, 
1823,  but  returning  the  next  year  was  taken,  and  shot  at  Pa- 
dilla.  The  experiment  of  a  mcmarchy  havingfailed.  the  p!an 
■was  now  tried  of  a  federal  republic,  copied,  in  many  parti- 
culars, from  that  of  the  United  States;  the  main  principles 
of  its  constitution  being : — the  Independence  of  Mexico,  the 
maintenance  of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  the  abolition 
of  all  distinctions  of  caste,  and  the  division  of  the  powers 
of  government  into  three  branches — the  legislative,  execu- 
tive, and  judicial.  This  scheme,  though  it  encountered 
much  opposition,  was  ultimately  adopted  in  February,  1824. 
The  first  president  was  General  Guadalupe  YictoriiU  The 
federal  states  were  19,  with  five  territories.  This  constitu- 
tion, though  copie<l,  as  stilted  above,  in  many  particulars 
from  that  of  the  United  States,  deviated  from  that  model  in 
one  or  two  important  points.  It  established  an  exclusive 
religion,  resulting  from  the  active  share  which  the  clergy 
had  all  along  taken  in  the  revolution;  and  it  omitted  to 
make  judicial  proceedings  public,  and  to  use  the  intervention 
of  a  jury.  It  abolished  slavery,  however:  and.  being  foUoweil 
up  by  measures  calculated  to  facilitate  the  naturalizatioti  of 
Btrangers,  and  to  promote  education,  it  effected  at  once  a  pro- 
digious improvement  in  the  condition  of  the  community.  In 
1835,  Santa  Anna  changed  the  federal  into  a  central  repub- 
lic. Hard  pressed  by  his  rival,  Bustamente.  he  seems  to  have 
lelt  little  scruple  as  to  the  means  by  which  he  conciliated 
parties.  In  the  mean  time,  the  distant  provinces  showed 
an  inclination  to  push  too  far  the  principle  of  independence. 
Vucatan  was  disaffected;  Texas,  filled  with  adventurers 
from  the  United  States,  revolted,  and  established  its  inde- 
pendence by  a  victory,  in  which  the  Mexican  general.  Santa 
Anna,  was  taken  prisoner.  This  successful  revolt  of  Texas 
was  an  event  pregnant  with  important  consequences;  in 
ten  years  more  the  new  state  was  annexed  to  the  United 
States;  then  came  the  war  of  the  latter  with  Mexico,  which 
was  concluded  in  February,  1848.  by  Mexico  yielding  to  the 
United  States,  the  provinces  of  New  Mexico  and  Upper  Cali- 
fornia. In  1863  a  French  army  invaded  Mexico  and  occu- 
pie<l  the  capital.  Under  the  patronage  of  Napoleon  III., 
Maximilian  of  Austria  became  emperor  of  Mexico  in  1864. — 
Adj.  and  Inliab.  Mexican,  mSx-e-kan. 

MEXICO,  MEJICOor  MEOICO,  (Aztec  7V-f!oc;i(j«an,)acity 
of  Nortli  America,  capital  of  the  Mexican  empire,  is  sit- 
■nated  in  a  state  of  its  own  name,  on  a  plain,  7400  feet  above  tlic 
Bea.  enclosed  by  loftv  mountains,  and  covered  with  meadows 
and  lakes :  lat.  19°  25'  45"  N..  Ion.  103°  45'  53"  W.  When  taken 
by  Cortez.  in  1521,  Mexico  stood  on  several  islands  in  Lake 


MEX 

Tezcuco,  and  was  approached  by  four  great  catisewaya, 
which  stretched  through  the  lake,  and  met  in  the  centre 
of  the  city.  Owing  to  the  drainage  and  more  rapid  evajjo- 
ration  produced  by  the  removal  of  the  forests  and  other 
causes,  the  Ijike  has  receded,  and  the  present  city,  though 
occupying  the  Sivme  site,  is  iiow  about  2j  miles  W.  from  its 
shores.  The  distant  view  is  therefore  very  different  from 
that  which  Cortez  has  rapturously  described  ;  but  still  con- 
tinues to  strike  all  travellers  with  admiration.  The  city 
is  strongly  fortified  on  every  side.  It  is  built,  with  the 
utmost  regularity,  in  the  form  of  a  square,  is  enclosed 
by  lofty  walls,  and  consists  of  a  great  numl>er  of  spacious 
streets,  either  parallel  or  at  right  angles  to  each  other, 
furming  a  series  of  square  blocks  of  massive  and  uni- 
form structures,  and  letvding  to  a  central  square,  which 
covers  an  area  of  from  12  to  15  acres.  The  hou.ses  are 
almost  all  built  of  hewn  stone,  in  a  very  pure  style  of 
architecture,  are  three  or  four  stories  in  height,  have  flat 
terraced  roofs,  and  are  often  not  only  provided  with  iron 
balustrades  and  gates  ornamented  with  bronze,  but  covered 
with  porcelain  mo.-aic,  of  elegant  patterns.  The  streets  are 
well  paved,  but  often  badly  cleaned,  and  being  neither 
liglited  nor  watched,  become  unsafe  for  night  passengers. 

The  most  remarkable  edifice  is  the  Cathedral,  built  on  the 
site  of  the  great  tcocalli,  or  pyramid  templn  of  the  Aztecs, 
and  occupying  one  entire  side  of  the  central  square.  It  is 
500  feet  long,  by  420  feet  wide,  and,  though  not  in  strict 
conformity  with  any  order  of  architecture,  is  remarkably 
imposing.  The  walls  .are  built  of  unhewn  basalt,  but  the 
front  is  covered  over  with  the  most  laborious  carving,  while 
mas-^ive  pillars  rise  up  against  the  wall  for  the  siipport  of 
its  two  lofty  towers.  The  interior  is  gorgeous,  almost  be- 
yond description,  though  the  decorations  are  more  remark- 
able for  costliness  than  taste.  The  choir  is  formetl  of  rare 
carved  woods,  and  el.aborately  covered  with  gilded  images ; 
the  high  altar,  raised  Irom  the  floor,  on  an  elevated  plat- 
form, exhibits  a  profusion  of  candlesticks,  crosses  and  other 
ornaments,  of  solid  gold  or  silver,  and  is  crowned  by  an 
image  of  the  Virgin,  decked  in  jewels,  estimated  at  the  value 
of  more  than  half  a  million  sterling;  and  all  the  other  parts 
of  the  church  are  a  perfect  wilderness  of  columns,  statues, 
shrines,  fonts,  &c.  Another  side  of  the  great  square  is  occu- 
pied by  the  National  Palace,  the  residence  formerly  of  the 
viceroys,  and  now  of  the  president.  It  is  a  quadrangular 
pile,  of  such  enormous  dimensions,  that,  besides  accommo- 
dating the  president  and  his  family,  it  contains  the  princijial 
government  oliice.s,  the  Supreme  Court,  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  and  that  of  the  Senate.  In  the  S.E.  corner  of  the 
square,  opposite  the  the  principal  front  of  the  Cathedral,  if 
the  Cas;i  Municipal  or  Town-house,  v^artly  occupied  as  an 
Exchange.  Immediately  S.  Of  the  National  Palace,  but  with- 
out the  square,  is  the  University,  which  contains  the  Na- 
tional Museum,  and  has,  in  its  front,  a  magnificent  modern 
market.  At  some  distance  W.  of  the  square,  is  the  Jlineria, 
or  School  of  Mines,  which  occupies  one  of  the  most  elegant 
edifices  of  the  city,  and  in  which  lectures  on  the  sciences 
connected  with  mining  are  occasionally  given.  Attached  to 
it  is  a  tolerably  g<X)d  mineral  museum. 

Mexico  contains  from  50  to  60  churches  and  convents, 
few  of  which  are  remarkable  for  architectural  merit,  but 
most  are  possessed  of  considerable  riches,  and  are  ostenta- 
tiously set  off  by  gaudy  decorations.  One  of  the  most  ele- 
gant of  the  churches,  is  that  of  San  Domingo,  a  light  and 
airy  structure,  surmounted  by  a  spire  and  dome.  The  other 
edifices  and  objects  particularly  deserving  of  notice  are  the 
convents  of  St.  Francisco,  St.  Augustine,  and  La  Merced, 
all  of  them  large  and  imposing  structures,  with  numerous 
spires  and  cupolas;  the  magnificent  aqueducts  by  which 
the.  city  is  supplied  with  water,  the  public  fountains,  the 
colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Chivrles  IV.,  in  the  court-yard 
of  the  University ;  the  Acnrdada,  or  Public  Prison,  the 
Theatre,  the  Plaza  de  Toros,  a  large  circular  enclosure  tor 
bull-fights,  with  accommodation  for  about  3000  spectators  ; 
two  magnificent  Paseris,  or  Promenade.s — the  one,  Paseo 
Nuevo,  to  the  W.  of  the  city,  consisting  of  a  broad  avenue, 
shaded  by  rows  of  stately  trees,  and  broken  at  intervals  by 
fi)untains — the  other,  the  Paseo  de  la  Viga,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  city,  skirting  one  of  the  canals  leading  to  the 
Lake  of  Chalco,  and  very  tastefully  laid  out;  and  the  .Ala- 
meda, a  park  of  10  or  12  acres,  formed  into  labyrinths  by 
magnificent  forest-trees ;  this  last  is  a  place  of  great  public 
resort,  particularly  on  festivals. 

The  manufactures  of  the  city  are  of  comparatively  limited 
extent;  they  include  gold  and  silver  lace,  jewelry  and  silver- 
smiths' work,  woollen  cloths,  blankets,  baizes,  cotton  goods?, 
hats,  soap,  liqueurs,  cjirriages.  and  tobacco;  the  trade  is 
also  very  limited,  the  exports  being  confined  almost  entirely 
to  the  produce  of  the  mines ;  while  the  imports  are  chiefly 
manufactured  goods  from  Europe,' and  silk  goods,  especially 
hosiery,  from  China. 

Mexico,  originally  Tcnochtitlan,  is  said  to  havebwn  found 
ed  in  1325,  and  oc<^upied.  a.s  already  stated,  several  islands  of 
Lake  Tezcuco.  to  which  access  was  given  by  broad  causeway.s. 
It  ha<l  not  long  been  occupied  by  the  Spaniards,  when  their 
tyranny  brought  all  the  miseries  of  war  upon  the  city,  and 


MEX 

almost  all  its  ancient  splendor  disappeared.  A  new  city, 
hDwever,  soon  arose,  under  the  gertius  and  indomitable 
perscverimce  of  Cortcz ;  and  numerous  edifices,  vyln.!;  in 
magnifi,cence  with  tlie  most  celebrated  structures  of  the  old 
world,  sprung  up,  as  if  by  nia^ric,  in  every  quarter.  The 
lowness  of  the  site,  compared  with  the  level  of  the  surround- 
ing lake,  was  a  serious  ob.«t;icle  to  its  prosperity,  exposing 
it  not  only  to  pestilential  vajwrs.  hut  to  fearful  inundations. 
Ky  means  of  an  immense  cut  through  the  solid  rock.  12 
miles  in  length,  loO  feet  deep,  and  300  leet  wide,  commenced 
in  1009,  and  completed  in  1789,  the  waters  of  several  lakes, 
which,  from  occupying  a  higher  level  than  Tezcuco.  dis- 
charged themselves  into  it.  and  often  raised  its  level  so  as 
completely  to  submerge  the  city,  were  diverteil  into  the 
Panuco,  which  carries  them  directly  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Of  the  recent  events  in  the  history  of  the  city,  the  most  im- 
portant was  its  oecupatifin  by  the  .army  of  the  United  .Sfcites, 
from  September  13,  1847,  till  .June  12.  18-lS.  I'op. '205,000. 
The  Federal  District  of  Jlexico  comprehends  the  N.  part  of 
the  state,  and  the  immediate  environs  of  the  city.  Area  89 
square  miles. 

MEXICO,  a  former  state  of  the  Mexican  Republic,  situated 
between  lat.  16°  34'  and  21°  7'  N.,  Ion.  102°  37'  and  107"  27' 
W.,  is  bounded  N.  by  Queretaro,  N.K.  by  Vera  Cruz,  E.  by 
Puebia,  S.  and  S.W.  by  Guerrero,  and  W.  by  Michoacan. 
Area  19,.53o  square  miles.  More  than  two-thirds  of  the  sur- 
face is  covered  by  mountains,  resting  on  a  plateau  which 
has  a  height  of  from  6500  to  7500  feet  above  sea-level.  The 
culminiiting  paint,  .Nevado  de  Tolnca.  has  an  absolute  height 
of  lt.566  feet.     Capital,  Tdluca.     I'op.  1.001,875. 

MK.VICO.  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Androscoggin  Kiver,  28  miles  W.X.W".  of  Augusta.    I'op.  671. 

ME.XICO,  a  post-village  an<l  township  of  Oswego  co.,  Xew 
York,  about  o5  miles  N.  of  Syracuse.  The  township  borders 
on  f/ake  Ontario,  and  is  intersected  by  .Salmon  Creek,  «a 
which  is  the  village,  containing  3  or  4  churches,  an  academy, 
and  several  mills.  Pop.  of  the  village,  800;  of  the  town- 
ship. 4074. 

MEXICO,  a  post-Tillage  of  .Tuniata  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Juniata  Kiver  and  Canal,  42  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

MK.\1C0,  a  post-ofHce  of  .Jefferson  co.,  Alabam.a. 

MK.YIGO,  a  post-village  of  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Siinlusky  Kiver,  78  miles  N.  by  Vv.  of  Columbus. 

M  KXICO,  a  post-village  of  .Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  plank- 
road  from  Peru  to  Uo<'hester,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  the  former. 

MKXICO.  a  post-villiige.  capital  of  Audi^u  co.,  Missouri, 
lOS  miles  by  railroad  ^V.N.^V.  of  St.  Louis.     Pop.  9C0. 

M  !•:  X I  CO,  G  U  L  F  OF.    .See  G  ui.F  of  .M  i- xico. 

MKXIMIKUX,  mJx'ee*nie-i  h'.  a  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Ain,  20  miles  K.S.K.  of  Trovoux.     Pop.  2473. 

MKXKJUE-     SeeMKXKO. 

MKXLITLAN,  mSx-Ieet-liln',  a  market-town  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederation,  state  and  100  miles  X.K.  of  Mexico. 

MKYAIIOOX,  Burmese  dominions.     See  Mtax-aoxo. 

MKYIONIiURtf,  mI'en-bi'xjiKi*,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  73  miles  X.W.  of  Berlin.     P.  1C07. 

MKYKXFHLD.  Switzerl.and.    See  JIatenfkld. 

MHY/KR'S  .MILL,  a  post-ofiice  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vani.a. 

M  K YKRSTOWX.  of  Pennsvlvania.    See  Mterstowx. 

MKY'KRSVILLK.  a  posl-offlce  of  De  Witt  co.,  Texas. 

MKYGKM,  mi'ohJm.  a  vill.age  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  9  miles  W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1314. 

MKYLKN.  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  Meilen. 

MKYM.\C,  mii^mdk'.  atown  of  France,  department  of  Cor- 
rcze.  9  miles  W.  of  Ussel.     Pop.  in  1852,  3908. 

MKYO.MEKD.     See  Mki-omeed. 

MEYOX,  mA-yon'.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  be- 
tween Celebes  and  Gilolo.     Lat.  1°  15'  N.,  Ion.  126°  40'  E. 

MHYRIXGEX.  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  >Ieirixoe\. 

MEYRUKIS,  maiR^vA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lozere,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Florae,  on  the  Yonte.     Pop.  2186. 

J1I;YSS.\C.  m,V8al£',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Corrize,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Brivas.     Pop.  in  1852,  2846, 

SIKYSSK,  mis's.'h.  a  Tillage  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant. 6  miles  X.X.\Y.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2376. 

MEYZIKU.X.  mAV.e-uh',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  IsOre.  17  miles  N.  of  Vicnne.     Pop.  1353. 

Mi;Z.A.O  (Mezao)  FRIO,  niA-zowN"'  free'o.  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Villa  Real. 
Pop.  J 170. 

Mf;ZE,  maiz  or  m?z,  a  seaport  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilerault.  on  the  lagoon  of  Thau.  19  miles  S.W.  of 
Montpeilier.  Pop.  in  1852,  4986.  Its  harbor  accommodates 
vessels  under  60  tons  burden. 

AlfiZEL".  mi^zM',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ba.sses- 
Aipes.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Digne,  on  the  Asse.     I'op.  1000. 

MKZEL.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-DOme, 
nrrnndissemcnt  of  Clermont.     Pop.  1207. 

MKZK.N,  MEZEXE,  or  MESEX.  m^z-ain'.  a  river  of  Rus- 
sia, rises  in  the  S.  part  of  the  government  of  Vologda,  flows 
.ircuitously  X.W.,  and  falls  into  the  b-iy  of  its  own  name. 
In  tile  Wliite  Sea.  after  a  course  of  above  450  miles. 

MEZEX,  MEZEXE,  or  JIESEX,  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
v<>rument  and  160  m  "es  N.E.  of  Archangel,  situated  on  the 


MIA 

•bore  river,  about  18  miles  above  its  mouth  in  the  Whltr 
Sea.  It  has  two  churches,  and  a  small  haven,  at  which  it 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade,  chiefly  in  furs,  tallow,  wliala 
and  seal  oil,  and  tish.     Pop.  2000. 

Bll5zlftliES,  uiez'e-aiR/  or  mAVe-ain/,  (L.  Maeerice  Mudrrir- 
acum),  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Meu^e, 
47  miles  X.E.  of  Rheims.  Pop.  in  1852,  3926.  It  communi- 
cates by  a  susjionsion  bridge  with  Charleville.  on  the  oijposite 
side  of  the  Mouse,  and  has  a  tine  Gothic  church,  in  which 
Charles  II.  espoused  Isabella  of  Au.stria.  In  1520,  the  tmops 
undc!r  the  Chevalier  Bayard,  succesrfully  defended  it  against 
40.000  Spaniards;  and,  iu  1815,  it  held  out  for  two  mouths 
against  the  Russians. 

MliZlirlRES-EX-BREXXE,  mA'ze-aiR/  6.v>  brSnn,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Indro,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Le  Blanc. 
Pop.  1541. 

MKZIX,  m.Vzlx"'',  (L.  Mesinnm.)  a  town  of  Franco,  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Gai-onne,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xerac,  on  the 
Gelize.     Pop.  in  1852,  3027. 

MKZIX,  a  mountain  of  France.     See  C£venxes. 

JIEZIXGEN,  Wurtemberg.    See  Metzingen. 

5IEZ0  (Mezii)  BKREXV.  m.Vzo'  brV'rJil.',  a  village  of 
Hungary,  county  and  7  miles  X.W.  of  Bekes.  Pop.  7900. 
It  has  a  Protestant  gymnasium. 

MEZO  (.Mezii)  HEGYES,  mi/zo^  h^d'yJsh',  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Cssnad,  33  miles  E.  of  Szegwlin. 
It  is  remarkable  for  an  immense  imperial  stud,  founded  by 
.Tosepli  II.,  which  furnishes  to  the  army  in  time  of  peace 
100(1  horses  annually. 

MEZO  K(JVEZSD,  (Mezii  Ki;vezsd,)  mhniS'  kii'v&zhd',  a 
royal  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Borsod.     Pop.  6570. 

MEZO-CSAX,  (Mezii-Csau,)  mA'zd'chiin',  a  village  of  Tran 
sylvania,  co.  of  Thorenburg.     Pop.  1543. 

MEZOTUR,  (Mezii-Tur.)  m4/z(i*tooK',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Heves,  on  the  Bcrettyo,  57  miles  S.W.  of 
Debreczin.     I'op.  about  15.000. 

.MEZRITSCH,  mStH'ritch,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  16  miloH 
from  Koniggriitz.     Pop.  1085. 

MEZZAXA-lJlOLI,  mJt-sifnJ-beel'yee,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States.  Piedmont,  on  the  Po.     Pop.  2547. 

.MEZZAXA-MORTIGIJEXGO.  m6t-sa'nd-moR-teel-y^n'go, 
a  villaire  of  Piedmont,  10  miles  from  Biella.     I'op.  1067. 

MEZZAXEGO,  mSt-sil-nA'go,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa,  3  miles  from  Borzonasca.   P.  2340. 

M  EZZAXI,  mJt-sd'nee,  a  village  of  Xorthern  Italy,  14  miles 
N.X.K.  of  Piirma.    Pop  3975. 

5IEZZAXIX0.  mSt-.sd-nee'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  Piedmont,  on  the  Po.     Pop.  1789. 

MEZZEXILE,  m*t-sA-neelA,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  divi- 
sion and  23  miles  X.W'.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2502. 

MEZZO,  motl'zo  or  mSt/so.  or  LOPUl).  lo-pood',  an  island 
of  .\ustria.  on  the  coast  of  UalmatLa,  about  7  miles  X.W.  of 
Ragusa;  3  miles  long  by  2  miles  broad.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1813,  and  continued  in  their  poss(!Ssion  till  1815. 

MEZZO.IUSO,  mJt-siv-yoo'so,  a  town  of  Sicily,  18  miles 
S.E.  of  Palermo.     Pop.  .i(W0. 

MEZZO-LO.MBARDi).  mJt'.so-!om-baR'do,  a  m.arkettnwn 
of  -Austria,  Tyrol,  16  miles  from  Trent.     Pop.  2216. 

MEZZOVi),  mJt-.eo'vo,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  Epi- 
rus,  pashalic  and  23  miles  B.N.E.  of  Yanin.a.  in  a  mountain 
chasm  on  iKith  sides  of  the  .Kria..    It  has  about  1000  houses. 

MEZ/.itVO,  a  mountain  of  Turkey.    See  Pindus. 

MflLEEX  or  MGLIX,  m'gleen,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  128  miles  X.E.  of  Tchernigov.     Pop.  6800. 

JIH.\R.  ni'hnr,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  and 
72  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bombay,  district  of  Concan,  on  a  navigablo 
river,  about  25  miles  from  the  sea. 

MHEYSUR,  m'hi-siir',  a  town  of  Ilindo.stan,  dominion 
and  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indore.  on  the  Xerbudda.  It  la 
regularly  and  well  built,  and  has  a  stone  fort,  containing  a 
palace  and  several  Hindoo  temples,  and  communicating 
with  the  river  Ijy  a  fine  range  of  ghauts,  (stairs.) 

MiloM"^,  m'how,  a  town  of  India,  dominion  and  12  rnile^ 
S.  of  Indore,  important  as  a  military  station. 

MIIOW,  a  tt)wn  of  Ilindostan.  province  of  Allahabad,  53 
miles  X.E.  of  Benares;  lat.  25°  57'  N.,  Ion.  83°  .37'  E. 

MIIOW,  a  town  of  Hindost.an.  province  of  Alliihabad,  76 
miles  S.W.  of  Benares:  lat.  24°  37'  X..  Ion.  81°  56'  E. 

MIIOW,  a  town  of  Ilindo.stan,  province  of  Bucielcund, 
170  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .Allahabad;  lat.  25°  20'  X..  Ion.  79°  7'  E. 

MllYE  or  M.\II\',  ma-hl',  (anc.  Mais.)  a  river  of  Indi.a, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  more  than  300  miles  through  the  Bom- 
bay and  Baroila  territflries,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  by  a 
mouth  5  miles  across. 

MI.VJAl)  AS  or  Ml  AXADAS.  me-a-na'D3s,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  30  miles  S.E.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  3290. 

.MIA KO,  M E AGO, me  d'ko  or  K E !•:/,).  (K lo.) a cl ty  of .Tapan, 
and  its  ecclesiastical  capital,  in  the  island  of  .Xiphou,  on  the 
Y'eddogawa  River,  240  mil(!S  W.S.W.  of  Y'eddo.  Lat.  3.5°  3' 
X.,  Ion.  1.35°  53'  E.  It  stands  in  a  .spacious  plain,  enclosed  by 
mountains  covered  with  gardens,  interspersed  with  temples 
and  monasteries.  The  city  is  stated  to  Ije  4  miles  in  length, 
3  miles  in  breadth,  and  encircled  by  a  fosse.  On  its  X.  side 
is  a  separately  fortified  quarter,  comprising  the  residence 

1187 


lU 


MIA 

of  *hti  ilaiii,  or  ecclesiastical  sovoreign  of  the  empire ;  and 
on  the  >V.  is  a  strong  citjidel,  th«  residence  of  various  go- 
vernm<-nt  oincers,  anil  oecasioua.l}'  of  the  viceroy.  One  of 
the  ten.ples  Uas  a  colossal  image  of  the  god  Daiboots,  or  the 
Grand  JJoodha,  made  of  wood  ani  covered  with  gilt  paper, 
represented,  like  the  Hindoo  idols,  pitting  on  a  flower  of 
lotus.  The  total  height  is  moie  than  90  feet,  the  statue 
being  aoout  SO  feet,  and  the  flower  above  10  feet  hi;^h.  The 
image  is  25  feet  (4  toises)  between  the  shoulders,  and  is 
capable  of  containing  several  people  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand.  In  a  neighboring  building  is  suspended  the  largest 
bell  in  the  known  -world.  It  is  about  18  feet  high,  and 
weighs  2,0-10.000  Dutch  pounds,  or  about  1000  tons !  (Balbi.) 
Miako  is  the  principal  .feat  of  learning  and  literary  publica- 
tion, and  the  chief  manufacturing  city  of  the  empire,  every 
kind  of  Japanese  handicraft  being  here  carried  on  in  the 
highest  perfection.  It  is  probably  the  first  commercial  town 
Jn  Japan,  and  here  all  the  money  of  the  empire  is  coined. 
The  population  probably  exceeds  500,000.  Miako  signifies 
"capital;"  Keeo,  (or  Ivio.)  a  "residence." 

MIALLET,  mee^drhV,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne,  13  miles  E.  of  Xontron.     Pop.  1863. 

MIAMI  (ml-ah'mee)  HI  VEl{,Ohio,  rises  in  Hardin  cc  in  the 
N.W.  central  part  of  the  state.  Its  general  course  is  nearly 
S.\X.,  and  after  passing  Troy,  Dayton,  and  Hamilton,  it  emp- 
ties itself  into  the  Ohio  River  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the 
state,  about  20  miles  below  Cincinnati.  Its  principal  tribu- 
taries are  the  West  Branch,  the  Mad  River,  and  the  White- 
water River.  Its  length  is  computed  at  about  150  miles. 
It  is  a  beautiful  and  rapid  stream,  flowing  through  a  highly 
productive  and  populous  valley  or  plain,  in  which  limestone 
and  hard  timber  are  abundant.  The  Miami  Canal  follows 
the  course  of  the  river  for  about  70  miles.  The  river  and 
canal  furnish  extensive  water-power. 

MIAMI,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  contains  about 
400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Miami  River,  by 
the  M'est  Branch  of  that  river,  and  also  drained  by  Green- 
ville and  Panther  Creeks.  The  surface  of  the  eastern  part 
is  rolling,  and  that  of  the  western  part  more  level.  The  soil 
is  rich  and  under  good  cultivation.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Miaipi  and  Erie  Canal,  and  by  the  Dayton  and  Michigan 
Railroad.    Capital,  Troy.     Pop.  29,959. 

MIAMI,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 384  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  'Wabash  and 
Eel  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly  near  the  rivers,  and  almost 
level  in  other  parts.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal  passes  through  the  comity,  which  is  also  traversed 
by  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad.  Capital,  Peru.  Pop. 
1C.S51. 

MIAMI,  a  post-vUl.nge  of  Dade  co.,  Florida,  on  Key  Bis- 
cayne  Bay,  at  Cape  Florida.  A  ligljthouse  has  been  erected, 
and  a  compjiny  of  United  States  troops  stationed  here.  It 
is  considered  a  desirable  winter  residence  for  invalids. 

MIAMI,  a  town-hip  in  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2995. 

MIAMI,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2314. 

MIAMI,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Miami  River.   P.16S8. 

MIAMI,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1324. 

MIAMI,  a  collection  district  of  Ohio.    See  Tolkdo. 

MIAMI,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  4.o00. 

MIAMI  or  MIAMITOWX.  post-village,  Miami  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Peru  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  10  miles  S.  of  Peru. 

MIAMI,  LITTLE.    See  Little  Miami. 

JII.^MI.  a  post-office  of  Saline  co.,  5Iissouri. 

MIAM'ISBURG.  a  flouri.fhing  post-village  of  Miami  town- 
ship, Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miiimi  River  and  Canal, 
lO  miles  below  Dayton,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
road. The  village  is  neatly  built  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  and 
populous  neighborhood.  The  river  affords  extensive  water- 
power,  and  is  crossed  by  2  covered  bridges.  Miamisburg 
contains  5  churches,  a  machine-shop,  an  oil-jnill,  2  flonring- 
mills,  and  an  iron  foundry.  About  one  mile  from  the  town 
is  a  remarkable  mound  of  a  conical  form,  67  feet  high.  It 
is  the  largest  one  in  the  northern  states,  except  the  Mam- 
moth Mound  at  Grave  Creek,  below  Wheeling.    Pop.  1639. 

MIAMISVILLE  or  MIAMIVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cler- 
mont CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little  Miami  and  Columbus  Railroad, 
17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

MIAMITOWX,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  -Miami  River,  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cincinnati,  contains 
several  hundred  inhabitants.     . 

MIAMI  UNIVERSITY.    See  Oxford,  Ohio. 

MIANNA  or  MIANA,  me-dn'nl,  a  town  of  Persi.i,  pro- 
vince of  Azerbaijan,  on  the  Sefee<l-rood.  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  23  arches,  80  miles  S.E.  of  Tabreez.    Pop.  2000. 

MIA'NUS,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

MI.\!{IM,  me-a^recNo/,  or  MEARIM,  m,-l-i-reeN<",  .some- 
times called  the  .MARAXHAO,(Maranhao,)  ariver  of  Brazil, 
rises  in  the  S.  part  of  the  province  of  Maranhao.  receives  nu- 
merous aftluents,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Sao  Marcos,  with 
u  strong  current;  tot-il  course  about  3.50  miles. 

MIARIM  or  MEARI.M,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  76 
miles  S.  of  Maranhao,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

MIASINO,  me-ii-see'uo,  or  MASIN'O,  mj-see'no,  a  village 
Of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Novara.    Pop.  1025. 


MIC 

MIAVA,  mee\">h'voh\  a  market-town  of  North- West  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Neutra,on  the  Miava,  an  jftfluent  of  the  Morava, 
48  miles  N.X.E.  of  Presburg.  Pop.  9S00.  It  has  mauufa» 
factories  of  woollen  cloth  and  bagging,  distilling,  and  a  trade 
in  hemp  and  llax. 

.All  AX  AD  AS,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Miajadas. 

MICAX'OPY,  u  post-village  of  Alachua  Co.,  Florida. 

MICCO,  a  post-offlce  of  the  Creek  Nation,  Arkansas. 

MICCOSU'KEE,  a  post-offlce  of  Leon  co.,  Florida. 

Ml'CHAEL,  a  pa^i^;h  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MICHAEL-CHURCH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Radnor. 

JlICH.\EL-CHURCH-ESKa,EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Herefoi-d. 

MI/CHAELSTOXE-VE/DOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

JIICHAELSTOXE-LE-PIT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Glamorgan. 

MICHAELSTOXE-SCPEK-AVON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

MICHAELSTONE-SUPER-ELY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

Ml'CIIAELSTOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co'.  of  Cornwall. 

MI'CHAELVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

MICHELSBERG,  mee'Kels-bOi!G\  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia, 30  miles  W.X.W.  of  Pilsen.     Pop.  898. 

MICHKLSDORF,  mee'K?ls-doRr,  (Hun.  Mhaly-Falva, 
mee'hdl  fOl'voh\)  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zipg, 
2  miles  X.  of  I'oprad.    Pop.  720. 

MICHELSDORF.  mee'Kels-doRf\  sometimes  written  MI- 
CHAELDORF,  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  S.E.  of  Steyer. 
Pop.  2375. 

MICHKLSDORF  or  jnCIIAELDORF,  a  village  of  Bohe- 
mia, 33  miles  E.  of  Chrudim.     Pop.  1840. 

MICHELSRO.MBACH.  mefe'Kgls-rom'h^K,  a  village  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  Fulda.     Pop.  1000. 

MICIIELSTADT.  mee'Kel-stitt\  a  town  of  Germany,  grand- 
duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  Minding,  21  miles  S.E. 
of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  3000. 

MICHKS'EBEE,  a  small  river  of  Saginaw  co..  Michigan, 
flows  into  the  Shiawassee  near  its  junction  with  the  Flint. 

MICHKT'TRE.  a  township  of  Martin  CO.,  Indiana.    P.OL"). 

MICHIELS-GESTEL,  mee/.ieels-HiVtel,  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  on  the  Dommel, 
ii  miles  S,  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  2673. 

MICH  IG AX,  mish'e-gan,  formerly  mish-e-gAn',  one  of  the 
more  recently  settled  of  the  Xorth-Western  States,  occupies 
two  peninsulas,  the  southern  one  lying  between  Lakes  Erie, 
St.  Clair,  and  Huron  on  the  E.,  and  Lake  Michigan  on  the 
M'.;  and  thenorthern  between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron  on 
the  S.,  and  Lake  Superior  on  the  X.  The  whole  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Lake  Superior,  E.  by  the  Stiaits  of  St.  Mary, 
I..ake  Huron,  St.  Clair  River  and  Lake,  Detroit  River  and 
Lake  Erie,  (all  which  .separate  it  from  Canada  West.)  on  the 
S.  by  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  on  the  W.  by  Lake  Michigan 
and  Wisconsin,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  partly  separated 
by  the  Menomonee  and  Montreal  Rivers.  Michigan  lies 
between  41°  40'  and  47°  30'  N.  lat.,  (if  we  exclude  Isle  Royale, 
a  dependency  of  this  state,)  and  between  82°  12'  and  90° 
30'  W.  Ion.  The  northern  peninsula  is  about  320  miles  in 
extreme  length  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  and  130  miles  in  its 
greatest  breadth,  and  the  southern  about  283  miles  from  X. 
to  S.,  and  210  from  E.  to  W.  in  its  greatest  width.  The 
joint  area  of  the  two  peninsulas  is  56.243  square  miles,  or 
35,595,520  acres,  of  which  only  3,476,296  were  improved  in 
18(50.  About  two-fifths  of  the  area  is  included  in  the  north- 
ern peninsula. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Gedlngy,  and  Minerals. — The  southern 
peninsula  of  Michigan,  so  interesting  in  its  agricultural 
and  economical  aspects,  is  rather  tame  in  its  topographical 
features,  as  there  is  no  considerable  elevation  (compared 
with  the  country  immediately  around  it)  within  its  whole 
extent,  though  the  ridge  which  divides  the  waters  flowing 
into  Lakes  Huron  and  Erie  from  those  flowing  into  Lake 
Michigan,  is  300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  hikes,  and  about 
1000  feet  alx)ve  the  sea.  The  country,  however,  may  be 
generally  characterized  as  a  vast  undulating  plain,  seldom 
becoming  rough  or  broken.  There  are  occasional  conical 
elevations  of  from  150  to  200  feet  in  height,  but  generally 
much  less.  The  shores  of  Lake  Huron  are  often  steep, 
forming  bluffs:  while  those  of  Lake  Michigan  .are  coasted 
by  shifting  sand-hills  of  from  100  to  200  feet  in  height.  In 
the  southern  part  are  those  natur.il  parks,  thinly  scattered 
over  with  trees,  called  in  the  parlance  of  the  country  "oak 
openings;"  and  in  the  S.W,  are  rich  prairie  lands.  The 
northern  peninsula  exhibits  a  striking  contra.st.  Poth  in  .soil 
and  surface,  to  the  southern.  While  the  latter  is  levei  or 
moderately  undulating,  and  luxuriantly  fertile,  the  former 
is  picturesque,  rugged,  and  even  mountainous,  with  streams 
abounding  in  rapids  and  waterfalls — rich  in  minerals,  but 
rigorous  in  climate,  and  sterile  in  soil.  The  Wisconsin  or 
Porcupine  Mountains,  which  form  the  watershed  betwet-n 
Lakes  Michigan  and  Superior,  are  much  nearer  the  Intter 
than  the  former,  and  attain  an  elevation  iif  al)Out  2000  feft 
in  the  N.W.  portion  of  the  peninsula.    The  E.  part  of  tliis 


MIC 


MIC 


dlHsIon  of  the  state  is  undulating  and  picturesque,  but  the 
central  is  hilly,  and  composed  of  table-land.  The  shores 
of  Lake  Sujierior  are  composed  of  a  sandstone  rock,  whii-h. 
in  many  places,  is  worn  Viy  the  action  of  the  wind  and 
waves  into  "fancied  resemblances  of  castles,  &c.,  forming  the 
ei'lebri,led  I'lcturi-d  Rocks;  while  the  shores  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan are  composed  of  a  limestone  rock.  The  streams  on  the 
northern  slope  (if  the  Porcupine  Mountains  have  a  rapid 
descent,  and  abound  in  picturesque  falls  and  rapids.  The 
northern  peninsula  Is  primitive,  and  the  .southern  secondary  ; 
but  iiriuiitive  rocks  are  scattered  over  the  plains  of  the  latter 
of  more  than  100  tons  weight,  most  abundant  on  the  borders 
of  the  (,'reat  lakes,  on  the  flanks  of  valleys,  and  where  traces 
of  recent  floods  are  apparent. 

MiohiRan,  in  its  northern  peninsula,  possesses  probably 
the  richest  copper-mines  in  the  world,  occupying  a  belt  of 
120  miles  in  length  by  2  to  6  miles  in  width.  A  block  of 
almost  pure  copper,  weiglung  some  tons,  and  tjiken  from 
near  tin;  mouth  of  the  Ontonagon  river,  lies  embedded  in 
the  walls  of  the  National  Monument  at  Washington.  A 
mass  weighing  150  tons  was  uncovered  in  the  North  Ameri- 
can Mine  in  1854.  The  same  mineral  abounds  also  in  Isle 
Royale.  One  house  shipped  from  this  district,  in  5^  months 
of  i851,  2,007,630  lbs. ;  and  in  the  9  years  ending  with  1853, 
inclu.sive.  4824  tons  were  shipped.  Silver  has  been  found 
in  connexion  with  the  copper,  yielding,  in  one  instance,  25 
per  cent.,  and  in  another  50  per  cent,  of  the  precious  metal. 
Iron  of  a  very  superior  quality  exists  in  a  belt  of  slates, 
from  6  to  25  miles  wide,  extending  westward  for  150  miles 
Into  Wisconsin,  and  approaching  the  lake  at  the  nearest 
point  within  12  miles.  Though  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
state  are  very  imperfectly  developed,  yet  lead,  gypslim,  peat, 
limestone,  marl,  and  coal  are  known  to  exist,  the  last  in 
abundance  at  Corunua,  within,  loo  miles  of  Detroit.  Oreat 
activity  prevails  in  the  raining  region  in  the  northern  penin- 
sula, which  will  no  doubt  be  greatly  increased  on  the  com- 
pletion of  tile  Sault  St.  Mary  Canal. 

LaJ.cs,  Rix'ers.  and  /</-/)('/.<.— Michigan  is  fairly  enfitli-d  to 
the  soubriquet  of  "  The  Lake  State,"  surrounded  as  it  is  by 
the  largest  fresh-water  lakes  on  the  globe.  The  sea-like 
Superior  laves  the  shores  of  the  northern  peninsula  for  more 
than  350  miles,  with  its  stormy  waves,  while  Lake  Michigan 
washes  the  western  shore  of  the  southern  peninsula  for 
nearly  the  same  distance;  Lake  Huron,  the  N.K..  for  300; 
and  Lakes  Krie  and  St.  Clair,  the  S.E.,  for  about  40  and  30 
miles  rcspectivelv,  giving  to  Michigan  a  lake  coast  of  con- 
rfderahly  more  than  10(iO  miles.  The  small  Lake  St.  Clair 
communicates  with  Lakes  Huron  and  Krie.  with  which  it 
communicates  by  the  straits  (commonly  called  rivers)  St. 
Clair  and  Detroit,  the  fiirmer  almut  28.  the  latter  25  miles  in 
length.  There  are  a  numlier  of  small  lakes  in  Michigan  of 
no  importance  to  navigation,  which  yet  add  to  the  general 
picturescjueness  of  the  state.  The  Straits  of  Mackinaw  (for- 
merly written  Michilimackinac)  separate  the  southern  from 
the  northern  peninsula,  and  connect  the  waters  of  Lakes 
Michigan  and  Huron  by  a  navigable  channel.  Finally,  the 
Straits  of  St.  Mary  unite  the  waters  of  Lake  Huron  witii 
Lake  Superior,  but  here  unfortunately  occurs  a  bar  to  the 
navigation,  in  a  rapid  called  the  Sault  St,  Mary,  which  has 
a  descent  of  about  22  feet  in  half  a  mile.  A  ship  canal  is 
now  being  excavated,  which  it  is  expected  will  soon  enable 
vessels  to  surmount  this  impediment.  The  rivers*  of  Michi- 
gan are  not  large:  the  most  important  in  the  southern  pen- 
insula, on  the  W.,  (commencing  at  the  S.,)  are  the  St. 
Joseph's,  Kalamazoo,  Grand,  Maskegou,  and  Manistee,  all 
emptying  into  Lake  Michigan;  and  on  the  K.  are  the  Au 
Sable  and  Saginaw,  flowing  into  Lake  Huron,  and  the  Hu- 
ron and  Raisin  discharging  their  waters  into  Lake  Erie. 
The  Saginaw  is  formed  by  a  number  of  branches,  proceeding 
from  almost  every  point  of  the  compass.  The  rivers  of  the 
northern  peninsula  are  also  small,  and,  as  has  been  before 
stated,  those  descending  into  Lake  Superior  have  short  and 
raidd  courses,  obstructed  by  frequent  falls  and  rapids,  which 
oppose  navigation,  but  furnish  valuable  mill-sites.  The 
principal  rivers  in  this  section  are,  the  Menomonee,  Mon- 
treal, and  Ontonagon.  The  Menomonee.  forming  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  through 
the  greater  part  of  its  course,  empties  itself  into  Green  Bay. 
The  Montreal  also  fctrms  a  portion  of  the  same  boundary, 
but  discharges  its  waters  iuto  Lake  Superior,  as  does  the 
Ontonagon,  about  50  miles  farther  E.  Keweenaw  Hay,  on 
the  northern  peninsula,  opens  into  Lake  Superior ;  and  Green 
Ba^-,  in  the  S.W.  of  the  same  peninsula,  opens  into  Lake 
Michigan.  This  bay  is  partly  in  Wisconsin.  Great  and 
Little  Traverse  Bays  project  from  Lake  Michigan  into  the 
N.W.  of  the  southern  peninsula,  and  Thunder  and  Saginaw 
Bays,  from  Lake  Huron,  extend  into  the  N.K.  of  the  same 
peninsula.  The  St.  Joseph's,  Kalamazoo,  Grand,  and  Mas- 
kegon  have  courses  of  from  200  to  300  miles,  and  are  n.avi- 
gable  from  40  to  50  miles  for  vessels  of  light  draught.  There 
are  several  small  islands  belonging  to  Michigan.  The  most 
importjtiit  of  these  are  Isle  Royale,  in  Lake  Superior,  valua- 
ble for  its  copper-mines:  and  Mackinaw,  Beaver,  Bois  Blanc, 
and  Uruiumond  Islands,  in  and  near  the  Straits  of  Mack- 
inaw. 


Animdlg. — The  w  ild  animals  of  Michigan  are  the  wolverine 
black  bear,  wolf,  elk,  deer,  moose,  lynx,  wildcat,  panthei 
fox,  martin,  raccoon,  porcupine,  opossum,  weasel,  skuulv 
gopher,  Sfjuirrel,  marmot,  rabbit,  hare,  with  some  beaver*, 
otters,  muskrats,  and  minks. 

Obje.cU  of  littered  lu  Tourists. — The  island  of  Mackinaw,  in 
the  straits  of  tlie  same  name,  already  visited  for  its  pic- 
turesqtie  beauty,  may  probably  become  the  future  Newport 
of  the  North-Western  Stiites.  In  addition  to  its  bold  shores, 
rising  to  a  height  of  nearly  200  feet  perpoudicularly  abova 
the  water,  and  the  charm  of  its  picturesque  views  and  cc^Ji 
breezes,  it  has  the  accompaniment  of  fine  fishing  in  its  vici- 
nity ;  and  the  plea.«ant  excursions  to  Sault  St.  Mary,  to  angle 
for  the  far-famed  white  fish,  to  tempt  the  sport.-uiaai  and 
ejiicure  to  while  away  a  summer  vacation  in  this  vicinity. 
About  60  miles  W.  of  the  entrance  of  the  Strait  St.  Mary, 
are  the  celebrated  '•  Pictured  Rocks,"  composed  of  sandstone 
of  various  colors,  and  worn  bj'  the  action  of  tlie  wind  and 
waves  into  resemblances  of  ruined  ttmiples,  castles,  &c.  One 
peculiarly  striking  object,  called  the  Doric  Rock,  is  a  colonnade 
of  four  round  pillars,  of  from  about  3  to  7  feet  m  diameter, 
and  40  fc:et  in  height,  supporting  an  entablature,  8  feet 
thick  and  30  feet  across.  These  rocks  extend  for  about  12 
miles,  and  rise  about  300  feet  above  the  water.  Sometimes 
cascades  shoot  over  the  precipice,  so  that  vessels  can  sail  be- 
tween them  and  the  natural  wall  of  rock.  On  laying  out  ' 
the  track  for  a  railway  across  the  state  from  Detroit,  the 
engineers  encountered  a  singular  lake,  covered  with  an  ac- 
cumulation of  vegetable  matter — the  growth  of  ages — but 
concealing  beneath  a  deep  and  dangerous,  though  not  ex- 
tensive lake,  which  compelled  them  to  make  a  detour  from 
the  road. 

Climate. — Notwithstanding  the  severity  of  the  climate  in 
Jlichigan,  it  is  moderated  by  its  proximity  to  the  lakes; 
yet  the  temperature  of  the  northern  ]>eninsula  is  quite 
rigorous.  A  registry  kept  at  Fort  Brady  in  January,  1826, 
showed  a  range  of  61°  between  36°  above  and  25°  below 
zei-o,  with  prevailing  winds  S.E. ;  while  in  July,  of  the  same 
year,  the  range  was  from  51°  to  89°,  and  winds  mostly  W 
Average  for  the  year  4.3°.52 ;  maximum,  S'J°;  minimum,  2.'>°; 
range,  114°;  prev.iiling  wind.',  W. ;  fair  days,  162;  cloudy. 
43 ;  rainy,  95 ;  and  snowy,  65.  The  temperature  of  .Southern 
Michigan  is  milder  than  the  same  parallel  in  the  Eastern 
States.  Observations  kept  at  Detroit,  in  January,  1828, 
sbowiid  a  range  of  from  3°  Iwdow  to  60°  alxive  zero;  averag- 
ing 3.3°  for  the  month,  prevailing  winds,  S.W.  The  northern 
peninsula  is  favorable  to  winter  grains,  but  not  to  Indian 
corn;  while  the  southern  pnxluces  maize  as  well  as  the 
winter  grains  abundantly.  The  prevailing  diseases  are 
bilious  fevers,  ague,  and  dysentery:  consumption  is  rare. 

Soil  and  Prodiulinns. — Great  fertility  is  the  characteristic 
of  most  of  the  soil  in  the  middle  and  S,  of  the  lower  penin 
sula;  mostly  free  from  stone,  and  of  a  deep,  dark  sandy 
loam,  often  mingled  with  gravel  and  clay.  The  northern 
peninsula  has  a  large  portion  of  rugged  and  poor  soil,  but 
its  agricultural  capabilities  are  not  yet  well  developed. 
Portions  of  it  are  well  timbered  with  white  pine,  spruce, 
hemlock,  birch,  oak.  a.spen,  maple,  ash,  and  elm.  As  the 
wants  of  the  advancing  settlements  increase  the  demand, 
this  regioif  can  furui.sh  large  supplies  of  lumber  from  its 
forests  of  plue,  spruce,  Ac,  manufiu-tured  at  the  fine  mill- 
sites  afforded  by  the  rapid  streams  on  the  Superior  slope  of 
the  Porcupine  Mountains.  Much  of  Southern  Michigan  is 
occupied  by  those  beautiful  and  fertile  natural  lawns,  called 
oak  openings,  covered  with  scattered  trees,  and  free  from 
underwood.  Another  portion  is  prairie,  and  yet  another 
timbered  land,  covered  with  black  and  white  walnut,  sugar 
maple,  different  species  of  oaks,  hickory,  ash,  basswood,  soft 
maple,  elm,  linden,  locust,  dogwood,  poplar,  beech,  aspen, 
sycamore,  cottonwood,  cherry,  pine,  hendock,  spruce,  tama- 
rack, cypress,  cedar,  chestnut,  papaw,  &c.  The  prairies  are 
small,  and  divided  into  wet  and  dry,  the  latter  of  course 
being  somewhat  elevated."  The  N.W.  of  the  lower  peninsula 
is  but  little  known,  but  recent  letters  from  that  region 
represent  it  as  well  timbered,  well  watered,  and  fertile;  it, 
however,  has  an  uninviting  aspect  from  the  lakes.  On  the 
shores  of  Lake  Huron,  near  Saginaw  Bay,  is  a  marshy  dis- 
trict. Michigan  is  eminently  an  agricultur.al  state;  the 
staple  products  being  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oatp,  Irish  pota- 
toes, (for  which  it  is  especially  favorable,)  butter,  hay,  ma- 
ple sugar,  wool,  and  live  stock,  with  large  quantities  of 
buckwheat,  rye,  peas,  beans,  barley,  fruits,  cheese,  beeswax, 
and  honey;  and  some  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wine,  grass- 
seeds,  hops,  flax,  silk,  and  molasses.  In  1800  there  were  in 
Michigan,  3,476,296  acres  of  improved  land,  (3,5i4,538  being 
unimproved,)  producing  8,336,368  bushels  of  wheat,  12,444.670 
of  Indian  corn,  4,036,980  of  oats,  5,261,245  of  Irish  potatoes, 
529,916  of  buckwheat,  6V,453  of  gi-ass  seeds,  3,900,888  pounds 
of  wool ;  15,503,482  of  butter,  1,641,897  of  cheese,  4,051,822 
of  maple  sugar,  7f.9,282  of  honey,  769,282  tons  of  hay,  78,998 
gallons  of  maple  molasses;  live  stock  valued  at  $23,714,771; 
orchard  products,  $1,122,074;  market  products  at  $146,883, 
and  slaughtered  animals,  $4,093,362. 

Manufactures. — In  common  with  the  other  more  recently 
settled  states,  Michigan  has  not  yet  had  leisure  to  give 

1189 


MIC 


MIC 


mnoh  att-ntion  to  the  development  of  her  mannfactnring 
resources.  The  manufacture  of  lumber  is  an  important  item 
in  the  infl'astrial  eniplojments  of  this  state.  In  1S60  there 
were  ir  the  state  3,44S  manufacturing  establishments,  em- 
ploying 2;!,190  persons,  consuming  raw  material  wortli  $17,- 
635,611,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $32,6o8,3o6  annu- 
ally; total  amount  of  capital  invested  $23,808,226.  Of  tliese 
314  were  flour  and  meal  establislmients,  capital  invested 
$3,0S9,q36,  value  of  annual  products  $9,255,454;  927  saw- 
mills, capitiil  invested  $7,594,105,  annual  products  $7,040,- 
190;  31  establishments  for  mining  and  smelting  copper, 
capital  invested  $4,4-5,500,  annual  products  $3,782,182;  282 
boot  and  shoe  manufactories,  capital  invested  $392,595,  an- 
nual products  $996,022;  41  macliine  shops,  capitjil  invested 
$1,390,233,  annual  products  $900,361 ;  61  establishments  for 
the  manufacture  and  preparation  of  leather,  capital  invest- 
ed $513,500,  annual  products  $872.863 ;  108  agricultural  im- 
plement manufactories,  capital  invested  $689,272,  annual 
products  $684,913;  114  tin,  copper  and  sheet-iron  works, 
capital  invested  $317,000,  annual  products  $470,804.  Value 
of  home-made  manufactures  $142,756. 

Internal  Improvemmts. — This  youthful  statfl  has  made 
rapid  advances  in  internal  communication,  although  she 
has  been  provided  by  nature  with  an  excellent  and  cheap 
highway  to  nearly  all  her  borders,  in  the  inland  seas  which 
surround  her.  In  1800,  Michigan  had  1'Q]4  niiles  of  rail- 
road completed,  by  which  Detroit  is  directly  connected  witb 
Chicago,  Toledo,  Jackson,  Ann  Arbor,  Port  Huron,  Sagi- 
naw, Grand  Rapids,  and  Lake  Michigan  at  Grand  Haven. 
Lansing  is  connected  with  Owosso  and  other  places  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad.  A  branch  road  extends 
from  Jackson  on  tlie  Central  Railroad  to  the  Michigan 
Soutliern  Railroad.  A  ship  canal  was  oi)ened  in  1S55  round 
the  rapids  on  St.  Mary"s  River,  connecting  Lakes  Superior 
and  Huron.  The  completion  of  this  work  must  add  greatly 
to  the  commercial  importance  of  Michigan,  and  enhance  the 
value  of  the  copper,  iron,  and  lead  mines  on  the  shores  of 
liitke  Superior. 

Commerce. — Michigan,  surrounded  as  it  is  by  inland  se.is, 
is  most  favorably  situated  for  internal  trade,  and  trade  with 
British  .America,  The  foreign  exi)orts  of  this  state  for  the 
yeiir  1862-3  amounted  to  $2,008,599;  the  imports  amounted 
to  $771,834.  The  tonnage  entered  for  the  same  year  wa.8 
193,372;  the  tonnage  cleared  was  369,150;  the  tonnage 
owned  in  the  state,  91,525.  The  number  of  vessels  built 
diiring  the  year  was  32,  the  tonnage  of  which  amounted  to 
7255.  Of  these  11  were  steamers.  Wheat  and  other  grain, 
flour,  pork,  wool,  lumber,  and  copper  are  among  the  leading 
articles  of  export. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Michigan,  10  colleges,  having  1631  students,  $95,099  in- 
come, $17,250  of  wliicli  was  from  taxation,  and  $53,149  from 
public  funds;  4007  public  schools,  having  201,391  pupils, 
$652,477  income,  $380,220  of  which  was  from  taxes,  $106,- 
235  from  public  funds,  and  $4400  from  endowments;  84 
academies  and  other  schools,  having  9683  i)upils,  $69,090  in- 
come, $15,094  of  which  wiis  from  public  funds,  $11,835  from 
taxes,  and  $0600  from  endowments;  there  are  also  1120 
libraries,  conn)rising  250,6S()  volumes.  The  University  of 
Michigan  is  in  a  very  prosperous  condition.  It  Imvs  faculties 
of  arts  and  sciences,  of  medicine  and  law.  It  also  hiis  a 
chair  of  agriculture.  None  of  the  State  Universities,  it  is 
said,  have  so  large  an  endowment  or  so  com])lete  an  organi- 
Eation  as  this.  The  instruction  is  free,  a  matriculation  fee 
of  $10  only  being  required  upon  entering  the  University; 
no  further  payment  is  demanded,  however  extended  the 
course  pursued  by  the  student  may  be.  There  is  an  excel- 
lent astronomical  observatory  attached  to  the  University. 
In  1862  the  University  had  615  students,  of  whom  270  were 
in  the  department  of  literature,  science  and  art,  216  in  the 
medical  department,  and  129  in  the  law  department.  A 
Sbite  Normal  School  at  Ypsilanti  went  into  operation  in 
1853.    The  number  of  students  iu  1862  Wiis  407. 

Religiiius  Denominatinyis. — Of  807  churches  in  Micliigan 
in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  123 ;  Free  Will  Baptists,  15 ; 
Christians,  13:  Congregationalists,  69;  Dutch  Reformed, 
20;  Episcopalians,  45;  Friends,  7;  Lutherans,  35;  Metho- 
dists, 247;  Presbyterians,  101 ;  Roman  Catholics,  88;  Union- 
ists, 13;  Universalists,  9;  minor  sects,  22;  giving  1  church 
to  928  persons.    Value  of  church  property,  $2,333,040. 

I'erindicals. — There  were  published  in  Michigan  in  1860, 
8  daily,  1  tri-weekly,  3  bi-weekly,  103  weekly,  and  3  monthly 
periodicals,  of  which  109  were  political,  4  religious,  and  3 
litii-ary.  The  number  of  copies  issued  annually  was  11,- 
600.596.  ^  ' 

Puhlic  ImtitiUinns.—T:he  Michigan  Asylum  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb  and  Blind,  which  is  located  at  Flint,  had  in 
1802, 136  Inmates.  Tlie  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  at  Kala- 
mazoo, received  ISO  patients  in  2  years,  ending  November, 
18i,2.  The  number  remaining  at  that  date  was  155.  Of 
328  cases  treated,  8;j  recovered,  and  30  had  improved. 
These  asylums  are  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  trustee-, 
appointed  by  the  legislature.  The  State  Prison,  which  is 
at  Jackson,  received  110  convicts  in  1862,  and  liad  410 
remaining  at  the  end  of  the  year.    The  expenditures  Ibi 


the  year  amounted  to  54,064,  and  the  income  derived  from 
the  labor  of  the  convicts  was  $35,049  This  state  had,  in 
1850,  280  public  libraries.  [For  stat  sties  of  libraries  in 
1860,  see  Kducatimi.} 

Population. — Though  origin.illy  settled  by  the  French, 
the  great  bulk  of  the  population  is  from  the  New  England 
and  Middle  States.  A  large  portion  of  the  latter  is  of  New 
England  de.«cent.  The  numi>er  of  inhabitants  in  Michisan 
in  1810.  was  4762 ;  8896  in  1820:  31.639  in  1830;  212.207  in 
1840,  397,054  in  1850.  In  1860,  749,113,  of  whom  730,142 
were  whites,  6799  colored,  and  3051  Indians.  Population 
to  the  square  mile,  13.  Representiitive  population,  749,113. 
Of  the  population,  294,828  were  born  in  the  state,  305,1'.<2  in 
other  states ;  149,093  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  25,743 
were  born  in  England,  30,049  in  Ireland,  5705  in  Scotland, 
348  in  Wales,  3i',4»2  in  British  America,  38,787  in  Germany, 
2446  in  France,  and  9533  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the 
population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  88,657  were  farmers, 
35,884  farm  laborers,  26,036  laborers,  14,193  servants,  8045 
carpenters,  4222  teachers,  3507  miners,  3527  clerks,  3098 
blacksmiths,  2872  shoemakers,  2282  merchants,  1683  masons, 
1579  coopers,  &c.,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st,  18€0, 
there  occurred  7399  deaths,  or  10  in  every  thousand.  Tho 
number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  277,  (see  Introduction  to  the 
volume  on  Jhpululion  of  the  Eigidh  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  \\\, 
Ac.)  blind  253,  insiine  250,  idiotic  333. 

Oiunties. — Michigan  is  divided  into  62  organized  counties, 
viz.,  Alcona,  Allegjin,  Alpena,  Antrim,  Barry,  Bay,  Berrien, 
Branch,  Calhoun.  Cass,  Cheboygan,  Chippewa,  Clinton,  Delta, 
Eiiton,  Emmet,  Genesee,,  Gladwin,  Grand  Traverse,  Gratiot, 
Hillsdale,  Houghton  Huron,  Ingham,  Ionia,  Isabella,  Jack- 
son, Iosco,  Kalamazoo,  Kent,  Lapeer,  Leelenau,  Lenawee, 
Livingston,  Macomb,  Manitou,  Manistee,  Marquette,  Mason, 
Mecosta,  Michilimackinac,  Slidland,  Monroe,  Montcalm, 
Muskegon,  Newago,  Oakland,  Oceana,  Ontonagon,  Osceola, 
Ottawa,  Presque  Isle,  Saginaw,  Saint  Clair,  Sanilac,  School- 
craft, Sliiawassee,  St.  Joseph's,  Tuscola,  Van  Buren,  Wash- 
tenaw, Wayne, 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  towns  of  this  state  exhibit  the 
same  rapid  growth  whith  is  so  wonderful  a  characteristic  of 
the  Western  States  generally.  Detroit,  the  largest  town  in 
Michigan,  had,  in  1850,  a  population  of  21,019,  which  had 
increased  to  45,619  in  1860.  The  other  principal  towns  are 
Grand  Rapids,  8085 ;  Adrian,  6213 ;  Kalamazoo,  6070 ;  Ann 
Arbor,  5097;  Jackson,  4799;  Monroe,  3892;  and  Lansing, 
which  is  the  capital. 

GmemiMtit,  Finances,  &c.-r-The  governor  and  lieutenant- 
governor  cf  Michigan  are  each  elected  by  the  people  for  two 
years;  the  former  receiving  a  salary  of  $1000  per  annum, 
and  the  latter,  who  is  ex-officio  President  of  the  Senate.  $6 
per  diem,  during  the  ses.<ions  of  th0  legislature.  The 
Senate  consists  of  32,  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
66  members,  both  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years.  The 
legislature  meets  .biennially,  on  the  first  Wetlnesday  iu 
Jainiary.  The  state  sends  6  members  to  tlie  national  House 
of  Representatives,  and  casts  8  electoral  vntes  for  President 
of  the  United  States.  The  judiciary  consists  of  a  supreme 
court,  c-omposed  of  8  circuits,  presided  over  by  one  chief, 
and  seven  a.ssociate  judges.  The  assessed  value  of  property 
in  Jlichigan  for  1860  was  $16:),533,005;  the  public  debt  in 
January,  1863,  amotinted  to  $2,936,753.  The  primary  school 
fund  in  1862  was  $75:3,802;  univereity  fund,  $185,888.  The 
expenditures  for  1863  were  $1,072,201,  besides  $2,055,285 
for  repayment  of  state  bonds.  On  the  30th  of  November, 
1863,  the  banks  of  the  state  had  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$558,192,  a  circulation  of  $19S.866,  and  $98,388  in  specie. 

History. — Jlichigan  was  colonized  by  the  French,  near 
Detroit,  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
also  at  Mackinaw;  but,  like  other  French  coIonief!_  in 
America,  did  not  progre.ss  rapidly.  At  the  peace  of  \'(A, 
it  came,  with  the  other  French  possessi(ms  in  North  Ameri- 
ca, under  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain,  and  so  remained 
till  the  breaking  out  of  the  AmeHcan  Revolution,  when  it 
of  course  came  into  the  hands  of  the  United  States.  On  the 
exp\ilsion  of  the  French,  the  celebrated  Indian  chief.  Pon- 
tiac,  seized  the  occasion  to  rid  the  country  of  the  hated 
whites,  by  a  general  upri.sing.  and  siufultuueous  attacks  on 
all  the  forts  of  the  English  on  the  lakes.  Mackinaw  was 
taken  by  stratagem,  and  the  garrison  mercilessly  butchered. 
Detroit  was  besieged  for  some  months  by  Ponti.HC.  with  t;00 
Indians;  but  it  held  out  till  the  Indi.in  allies,  becoming 
weary  of  the  siege,  retired,  and  left  Ponliac  no  choice  but 
to  make  pea<-e.  The  Biitish  did  not  surrender  Detroit  to 
the  United  States  till  1796.  In  1805.  Michigan,  which  up 
to  that  period  had  l>een  a  part  of  the  North-'\\  est  Territoi-y, 
wa-s  formed  into  a  separate  government.  In  1812.  it  became 
the  scene  of  some  stirring  events  in  the  w.ir  with  Gre.nt 
Britain.  Lying  contiguous  to  Canada,  it  was  inv;uled  iu  the 
very  commencement  of  that  struggle,  and  its  capital  (De- 
troit) surrendered.  August  15. 1812.  by  General  11  ud.  under 
ciivumstances  which  led  to  his  displiiX'tient  fro;r  his  com- 
mand. Previous  to  this.  Fort  Mackin  >i  had  l>een  taken  by 
the  enemv.  At  Frenelitown.  in  this  slate  .o<  .-uired  (Janu- 
ary 22.  1813)  a  cruel  masssicre  by  the  sava.'et,  of  .t  party  of 
Americans,  prisoners  of  war.    Geuoral  Ilu-rison  ioc  i  after 


J^ 


MIC 


MID 


droTe  the  enemy  out  of  the  territory  of  Michigan,  and  re- 
moved the  seat  of  war  into  Canada.  Micliigan  became  an 
indept-ndent  member  of  the  American  Confederacy  in  18o7, 
and  lias  since  been  rapidly  progressing  in  population, 
wealth,  and  internal  improvements. 

MICIIIG AX,  (signifying  in  the  Indian  language  "Great 
Water,")  Lake,  one  of  tiie  five  great  lakes  of  North  Ame- 
rica, connected  with  the  St.  Lawrence  Hiver,  situated  be- 
tween 41°  :J0'  and  46°  N.  lat.,  and  K'tween  85°  50'  and  88°  VV. 
Ion.  It  is  the  largest  lake  that  is  wholly  included  within  the 
United  States.  The  principal  portion  lies  between  tlie  state 
of  Michigan  on  the  E.  and  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  on  the 
»V. ;  but  tlie  S.K.  extremity,  to  the  e.xtent  of  about  lOO 
miles,  is  comprised  within  the  state  of  Micliigan.  Its  length, 
following  the  curve,  is  near  350  miles;  its  greatest  breadth 
about  90  mile?.  The  surface  of  the  lake  is  about  600  feet 
aljove  the  level  of  the  sea ;  the  depth  is  stated  to  be  900 
feet;  some  have  estimated  its  mean  depth  as  high  as  1000 
feet ;  area  estimated  at  20.000  sijuare  miles.  Tile  shore  of 
the  lake  is  generally  low,  being  formed  of  limestone,  rock, 
clay,  or  sand.  It  never  has  higli  elilfs,  like  those  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  Mississippi  liiver.  The  lake  appears  to 
be  moving  westward,  as  tiie  water  is  constantly,  though 
slowly,  receding  from  the  Jlichigan  shore,  and  encroaching 
upon  that  of  Wincousin.  On  the  E.  shore,  the  sand  thrown 
up  by  the  waves  during  a  heavy  sea  soon  becomes  dry,  and 
is  carried  inland  by  the  action  of  the  winds.  This  loose 
Band  forms  hills  ranging  in  height  from  10  to  150  feet,  the 
forms  of  which  are  consfcintly  changing.  (See  Lapham's 
Gazetteer  of  Wisconsin,  p.  132-3.)  Lake  Michigan  is  des- 
titute of  islands,  except  a  few  near  its  N.E.  extremity.  It 
is  usually  clear  of  ice  about  the  middle  or  latter  part  of 
March ;  but  as  tlie  Straits  of  ilackiuaw  remain  frozen  coii- 
BideraWy  later,  steamers  from  the  K.  seldom  reach  Milwau- 
kee before  the  midiile  of  -April,  and  they  are  sometimes  pre- 
sented l>y  the  ice  from  arriving  before  the  middle  of  May. 
Lake  Michigan,  has  but  few  Ixiys  on  its  shores,  and  fewer 
good  harbors.  Among  the  latter  may  be  mentioned  Little 
Traverse  l>ay,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  Lower  Peninsula,  and 
Grand  Haven,  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  lUver,  in  Ottawa 
county,  Mic^higan.  Green  Bay,  lying  principally  within  the 
limits  of  Wisconsin,  is  the  only  considerable  bay  on  Lake 
Miilii'.ian.    See  Green  Bay. 

.MICIIIG.W,  a  township  in  Clinton  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.'I523. 

M1CIII0.\.N',  a  township  in  La  I'ortoco.,  Indiana. 

MICHIGAN  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Jack.son  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  tlie  Michigan  Central  Kailroad,  70  miles  W.  of 
Detroit. 

MICHIGAN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Lake  Michigan,  about  40  miles  by  water  E.S.E.  of  Chi- 
cago. It  is  on  the  Michigan  Central  Kailroad,  and  is  the  N. 
terminus  of  the  Louisville,  New  Albany  and  Chicago  R.K. 
It  contains  7  churches,  a  Imnk,  a  newspaper  office,  and  nu- 
merous stores.     Pop.  in  1850,  1002 ;  in  18(30,  3320. 

MICIIIGANTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clinton  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Michigan  (I'lauk)  Koad,  40  miles  N.  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

MICHIGAN,  UNIVEUSITY  OF.    See  Ann  Ardor. 

MICHILIMACKINAC,  mish4l-e-inak/in-aw,  or  MACKI- 
N.\C,  mak'e-naw,  a  county  of  Michigan,  in  the  E.  jKirt 
of  the  upper  peninsula,  borders  on  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Straits  of  .Mackinac,  which  separate  it  from  the  lower  penin- 
sula. The  surface  is  uneven,  and  is  timtered  with  pine  and 
other  trees.  Lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Capital, 
Mackinac.     I'op.  1938. 

MICHILIMACKI.VAC,  DISTRICT  OF.  The  shipping  of 
this  collection  district,  June  30,  1854,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  4393  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  of  which  2294  tono 
were  employed  in  steam  navigation.  During  the  year,  6 
yesseis,  with  an  aggregate  burthen  of  747  tons,  were  ad- 
measured. 

MICiriPICO'TON,  a  bay  of  Lake  Superior,  North  Ame- 
rica, on  its  N.  side  in  Canada  West,  lat.  47°  55'  N.,  ion.  85° 
30'  W.  In  it  is  an  island  of  the  same  name,  and  on  its  shore 
l'"ort  Midiipicoton,  at  the  mouth  of  a  considerable  river. 

MICHLE,  miK'iiV,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  4  miles  from 
Prague,  and  the  property  of  its  university.     I'op.  1000. 

MICIIUACAN,  me-cho-d-kdn',  or  MECHOACAN,  mi-cho- 
3-kdn',  sometimes  called  VALL.ADOLID,  vil-yd-do-leed',  a 
maritime  state  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  between 
lat.  18°  and  21°  N..  and  Ion.  100°  and  104°  W.,  having 
S.W.  the  Pacilic.  The  Bolssis,  with  its  affluents,  and  the 
Lerma  and  its  tributaries,  form  its  principal  rivers.  Area 
2.2.99;j  square  miles.  Surface  greatly  diversified.  A  branch 
of  the  -Vnahuac  Jlountaina  ramifies  over  its  N.  and  central 
parts,  and  in  it  is  the  famous  Volcano  of  .lorullo.  The  lakes 
are  numerous,  and  that  of  Chapala  firms  part  of  its  N.\V. 
frontier.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The  products  comprise 
maize,  wheat,  pulse,  potatoes,  manioc,  cotton,  sugar,  indigo, 
hemp,  flax,  aloes,  and  tapinzezan,  which  last  is  peculiar  to 
this  region.  The  mountain  sides  are  clothed  with  forests 
of  fine  woods,  and  gold,  silver,  and  lead  are  procured  in 
considerable  quantities,  mining  indu.stry  being  liere  of  the 
first  importance.  Its  manufactures  are  insignificant.  The 
|>roduc«  is  mostly  sent  by  land  to  Mexico  and  elsewhere,  this 


state  having  no  seaport.  Capital,  Yallndolid  (?)  The  principal 
towns,  are  Pascuaro,  and  /amora.    Pop.  491.679. 

MICK/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

MICKLEHAM,  mik'yl-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey. 

MICKLEOVER,  mik/gl-oVpr,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ot 
Derby. 

MICKLETON,  mik's-l-tgm,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ot 
Gloucester. 

xAIICKLETON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  .North 
Riding. 

MICONT,  an  island  of  Greece.    See  Mvcoxus. 

MICUIPAMPA,  me-kwe-pim'pd,  a  town  of  Peru,  depart- 
ment of  Trujillo,  province  and  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Caxa- 
man'a.  with  silver-mines,  at  a  great  elevation,  on  the  Andes. 

MlD'lilllDGE,  a  jjost-offlce  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 

MIDDELBURG.  mid'did-biirg,  (Dutch  pron.  mid'dt'l-briRG\ 
L.  Sli'diohurhjum,  Mefdiuiii  CasUrum.)  often  written  in  English 
MIDDLEBURG,  a  town  of  Holland,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Zealand,  near  the  middle  of  the  island  of  Walcheren.  47  miles 
S.W.  of  Rotterdam,  and  5  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Flushing.  It  i.i 
surrounded  by  a  broad  canal.  Iwrdered  by  a  prettily  planted 
counterscarp,,  and  environed  by  a  large  number  of  fine  gar- 
dens, rich  meadows,  and  blcaching-greens.  It  has  numerous 
squares,  of  which  the  great  market  (Grootemarkt)  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  kingdom.  On  its  N.  side  stands  the 
splendid  Town-hall,- composijd  of  two  portions;  an  older,  in 
Gothic  style,  the  fronts  of  which,  overladen  with  ornamenti', 
were  completetl  in  1518;  and  a  new  side  wing,  in  the  Icmio 
style,  finished  in  1784.  On  the  N.  front  of  the  old  building 
are  25  colossal  statues,  of  the  counts  and  countesses  of  Za'o- 
land,  the  series  closing  with  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  Among 
tlie  other  important  edifices  and  institutions  may  be  specifi- 
e<l  the  Abbey,  an  extensive  structure,  witii  a  fine  tower;  the 
Court-houses,  I'rison,  Exchange,  Gymnasium,  Academy  of 
Design  and  other  schools,  Museum,  Barr.acks,  three  Reform- 
ed and  two  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  Walloon,  an  English, 
a  Baptist,  and  a  Dissenting  church,  a  synagogue,  an  infirm- 
ary, an  orphan  hospital,  and  various  benevolent, -literary, 
and  scientific  institutions.  The  shipping  trade  is  very  limit- 
ed. Cotton-weaving,  brewing,  chocolate-making,  tanning, 
lace-making,  worsted-spinning,  and  salt-refining,  are  the 
chief  manufactures;  in  addition  to  which  a  few  vessels  are 
built.  The  town,  whicli  is  very  ancient,  was  taken  by  the 
Dutch  from  tlie  Spaniards,  in  1574.  Zacharias  Jansen,  a 
spectacle-maker,  of  this  town,  is  said  to  have  b(!en  the  first  to 
discover  the  telescojie.  in  1590.  I'he  ill-fated  British  Walcheren 
Expedition,  in  1809,  here  lost  7000  men,  from  the  effects  of 
the  unhealthy  climate.  In  1810,  when  Holland  had  been 
united  to  France,  Middelburg  was  made  the  capital  of  the 
department  of  Bouches-de-lEscaut.     Pop.  in  1863.  15,957. 

.MIDDELFART,  mid'del-fant\  or  .MIDDELFURT,  mid'd.-l- 
fooRt\  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  N.W.  coa«t  of  tlie 
island  of  Funen,  26  miles  W.N.W.  of  Odenso.     Pop.  KHK). 

MIDDELHARNIS,mid'del-liaR"nis.avillageoftheNetlior- 
lands.  South  Holland,  in  the  island  of  Overliakkee.    P.  2905. 

MIDDELSTUM,  mid/del-stum',  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Grouingen,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Appinga- 
dam.    I'op.  1020. 

MID'DLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MIDDLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

MIDDLE,  a  township,  Cape  Mayco.,  New  Jersey.  Pop.2155. 

MID'DLEBIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

MID'DLEI'.OROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ply- 
mouth  CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  a  branch  of  Taunton  River,  on 
the  Old  Colony  and  Newport  R.R.,  at  its  junction  with  Cape 
Cod  Branch  KM.,  35  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  It  lias  manufac- 
turos  of  cotton  goods,  sliovels,  carriages,  castings,  boots  and 
siioes,  kc,  and  contains  8  cluirehcs,  a  newspaper  office,  an 
academv.  and  the  well-known  Star  Woollen  Mill.  Pop.  4553. 

MI  D'DLEBl  )URN  E,  a  post-vi  llage,  capital  of  Tyler  county, 
W.  Virginia,  on  Middle  Island  Creek,  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Wheeling.  It  lias  a  turnpike  leading  to  the  Ohio  River, 
and  contains  a  flonring-mill.     Free  pop.  247. 

MIDDLEBOURNE,  a  post-village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  National  Road.  91  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus.  It 
has  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  hundred  inliabitanta. 

MIDDLE  BRANCH,  a  post-oflice  of  .Stark  co.,  Ohio. 

MID'DLEBROOK,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont. 

MIDDLEBROOK,  New  Jersey.    See  Bound  Brook. 

MIDDLEBROOK,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia, 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Staunton.  It  contains  a  church,  and  about 
60  dwelliuffs. 

M1DDLEBR(X)K  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 
Maryland. 

MID'DLEBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Schob.arie 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Sthoharie  Creek,  .35  miles  W.  of  .Albany 
The  village  has  several  churches,  and  about  half  a  dozen 
stores.     I'op.  3259. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  south  line  of  the  state,  on  the  Franklin  Itailroad,  63 
miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburi;.    It  contains  alwut  250  inhabitants. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  small  village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MIDDLEBURG,  caUed  also  SWINEFORDSTOWN,  a  post- 
1191 


MID 


MID 


nilage,  cnpitsi  of  Snyder  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Middle  Creek, 
bO  mik'S  N.  ol  Ilarrisburg.     Pop.  about  400. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  postrTJllage  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  65 
miies  X.W.  of  Annapolis. 

MIDDLKBURG.  a  handsome  post-borough  of  Loudon  co., 
Virginia,  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Potomac,  143  miles  N. 
of  Richmond.  It  has  an  active  trade,  and  is  one  of  the 
principal  towns  of  the  county.  It  has  3  churches,  a  flou- 
rishing academy,  7  stores,  and  1  tobacco  factory.  Pop. 
about  .800. 

MIDDLKBURG,  a  post-office  of  Duval  CO.,  Florida. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  post-village  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennessee, 
180  miles  S.W.  of  Xasbville. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  post-village  of  Casey  co.,  Kentucky. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  small  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  post-town.ship  in  the  W.  part  of  Cuya- 
hoga CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad.    I'op.  2592. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbus. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  small  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  post-office  of  Shiawas.seo  co.,  Michigan. 

MIDDLEBURG.  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  small  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Missouri. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  town  of  Holland.     See  Middelburo. 

MIDDLEBURG  ISLAND,  au  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean.    See  Eoa. 

MIDDLEBURY,  mid'del-bJr-re,  a  beautiful  post-village, 
township,  and  seat' of  justice  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  is 
iitunted  on  both  sides  of  Otter  Creek,  at  thtJ  falls,  and  on 
the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  oO  miles  S.S.K.  of 
Hurlington.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  4 
churches,  a  bank,  and  1  or  2  newspaper  offices.  A  white  and 
variegated  marble  of  the  finest  quality,  obtained  from  a 
quarry  near  the  village,  is  wrought  and  exported  in  largo 
quantities.  Middlebury  is  one  of  the  most  important  manu- 
&cturing  towns  in  the  state,  and  is  the  seat  of  Middlebury 
College,  founded  in  1800.  The  principal  edifice  is  of  stone, 
106  feet  by  40,  and  four  stories  high.     Pop.  of  the  township, 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  post-township  of  New  Haven  co..  Con- 
necticut, about  20  miles  N.W.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  664.. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wyoming 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Buffalo  and  New  York  City  Railroad, 
43  miles  E.  of  Buffalo.    It  ha^  an  academy.    Pop.  1708. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  15ti5. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  township  of  Kntx  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1037. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  45  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbus. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  thriving  post-village  and  townsliip  of 
Summit  co.,  Ohio,  112  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  and  2  miles 
K.  of  Akron.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  liotli  sides  ot 
Little  Cuyahoga  River,  which  furnishes  extensive  water- 
power.  The  village  contains  2  churches,  1  high  school,  1 
woollen  factory,  7  manufactories  of  stoneware,  1  of  Liver- 
pool ware,  1  of  sewer-pipes,  and  1  of  friction  matches.  P.  710. 

lUIDDLEBURY,  a  township  of  Shiawassee  Co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  616. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  station  on  the  Michigan  Southern  and 
Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  about  140  miles  N.  of  Indiana- 
polis. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  70  miles 
S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MIDDLEBUItY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Elkhart 
CO.,  Indiana.  It  contains  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  a 
flouring-mill.     Pop.  of  township,  1529. 

MIDDLEBURY,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  5Iissouri. 

MIDDLEBURY  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MIDDLEBUSH,  a  post-villkge  of  Franklin  town.ship,  So- 
merset CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Trenton. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
the  Susquehanna. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into  Yadkin 
River,  near  the  E.  border  of  Davie  county. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  u  township  of  Snyder  CO.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    I'op.  fiOO. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Wake  co..  North  Carolina. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  McMinn  co..  Tennessee. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  AVashington  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

MIDDLE  CREEK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

MIDDLE  FABIUS,  a  pogtoffice  of  Scotland  (O.,  Missouri. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mas- 
pachus(!tts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  about  30  miles  N.W. 
of  Springfield.  It  has  several  mills  for  making  broadcloths 
ftnd  satinets.    Pop.  748. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  co..  New  York, 
on  Otsego  Lake,  about  60  miles  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2826. 
1192 


MIDDLEFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  S72.  • 

MIDDLEFIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co. 
New  York,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Cooperstown. 

MIDDLEFORD.  a  post-village  in  Su.ssex  co.,  Delaware. 

MIDDLE  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,\V.\  irginia. 

MIDDLE  FORK,  a  post-office  of  IIender.>;on  co.,  Tenuessee. 

MIDDDE  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 

MIDDLE  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana. 

MIDDLE  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Macim  co.,  Missouri. 

MID'DLE  GRAWILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad, 
65  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany.     It  has  a  cotton  factory. 

JIIDDLE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York 

MIDDLE  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Fulton'  co.,  Illinois. 

MIDDLE  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri, 
17  miles  W.S.W.  of  I'aris. 

MID'DLE  HAD'DAM,  a  post-village  in  Middlesex  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  20  miles  S.S.B. 
of  Hartford.    Gold  has  been  found  iu  the  vicinity. 

MIDDLEHAM.  mid'del-am,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding,  picturesquely  situated 
on  the  Ure,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Richmond.  Pop.  t)30.  It  has 
remains  of  a  castle  built  a.  n.  1190,  where,  in  the  15th  cen- 
tury, the  Earl  of  Warwick  detained  Edward  IV.  prisoner. — 
MiDDLEHAM  MooR,  half  a  mile  S.W.,  is  a  noted  training- 
ground  for  racers. 

MID/DLEIIAM,  BISII/OPS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

MIDDLE  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.  New  York. 

MIDDLE  ISLAND,  a  small  post-village  of  Suffolk  co., 
New  York. 

MIDDLE  ISLAND  CREEK,  in  the  N.  pnrt  of  W.  Virginia, 
rises  near  the  boundary  between  Lewis  and  Harrison  coun- 
ties, pursues  an  extremely  winding  course  through  Dodd- 
ridge and  Tyler  counties,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Ohio, 
about  20  miles  above  Marietta.  Its  whole  length  is  esti- 
mated at  more  than  120  miles.  It  furnishes  ample  water- 
power. 

JIID'DLE  LANCASTER,  a  postroffice  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MIDDLE  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota. 

MIDDLE  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Craig  county,  Vir^ 
ginia. 

MIDDLE  PAXTON,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1932. 

MIDDLEPOR'I',  a  thriving  post-village  in  Royalton  to^vn- 
ship,  Niagara  co..  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  Roches- 
ter and  Niag.'ira  Railroad,  about  33  miles  N  E.  of  Buffiilo. 
It  contains  5  churches,  14  stores,  1  furnace,  1  steam  stavo- 
mill,  1  saw-mill,  and  2  flouring-mills.    Poji.  about  1200. 

.MIDDLEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  8'nilles  N.E.  of  Pottsville.     Pop.  421. 

MIDDLEi'ORT,  a  post-office  of  Braxton  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

MIDDLEPORT,  a  thriving  village  of  Meigs  co..  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  2  miles  below  Pomeroy.  It  has  valua- 
ble coal-mines. 

MIDDLEPORT,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Iroquois 
county,  Illinois,  on  the  Iroquois  River,  at  the  junction  f.f 
Sugar  Creek,  150  miles  E.N.E.  of  Springfield.  It  is  on  the 
Toledo,  Peoria  and  Warsaw  R.R. 

MID'DLE  QUAIVTER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

MIDDLE  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia. 

MID'DLE  RIAVER,  of  Virginia,  a  branch  of  the  Shenan- 
doah, rises  in  Augusta  co.,  flows  eastward,  and  unites  with 
the  North  River  near  Port  Republic,  in  Rockingham  co. 

MIDDLE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Iowa,  rises  in  the  W. 
central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  eastward,  enters  Deg 
Moines  River,  in  Polk  co. 

MIDDLE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia. 

MIDDLE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 

MIDDLESBOROUGH,  mid'delz-h'rCih  or  mid'delz-bur-ruh, 
a  river-port  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding, 
on  the  Tees,  near  its  mouth,  and  SJ  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stock- 
ton, with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  in  1851, 
74.31.  It  has  been  built  within  the  last  20  j-ears.  by  a  joint- 
stock  company  as  a  port  for  loading  colliers.  It  has  a  na- 
tional school,  reading-rooms  and  observatory,  manufactures 
of  rope  and  sail  cloth,  iron  works,  yards  for  ship-building,  a 
commodious  dock,  and  expoi-ts  of  coal,  amoupting,  in  1839, 
to  510,000  tons.    The  port  is  subordinate  to  Stockton. 

MIIVDLESEX,  the  metropolitan  county  of  England,  having 
N.  the  CO.  of  Herts,  E.  Essex.  S.  the  Thames,  (which  separates 
it  from  Kent  and  Surriw),  and  W.  Bucks.  Area  281  S(iuare 
miles,  this  being  next  to  Rutland  the  smal!e.«t  English  county. 
I'op.  in  1851,  1,886,676.  Surface  mostly  flat  in  the  S.W., 
eliiewhere  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  besides  the  Thames, 
the  Brent,  and  the  Colne,  and  Lea,  which  form  resi:.ectivfly 
its  AV.  and  E.  boundaries.  The  Grand  Junction  Canal,  and 
the  New  River  Cut.  also  intersect  the  county.  Gra,'-s  farms 
for  the  supply  of  London  with  milk  ani\  hay.  greatly  exceed 
in  extent  the  arable  land.  Market  gardens  ar<'  feri  exten- 
sive, and  a  large  portion  of  the  county  is  occ^ipie<l  by  villas 
and  pleasure  grounds.    It  sends  14  members  to  the  House 


MID 


MID 


of  Commons,  2  being  for  the  county,  and  12  for  the  metro- 
politan Ixjrou^hs  N.  of  th^Thames. 

MIU'DLKSKX,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  MnBsa- 
chusetts,  luis  an  area  of  about  830  square  miles.  It  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Charles  River,  and  is 
watered  by  tlie  Merrimack,  Nashua,  and  Concord  Rivers, 
and  other  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant  water- 
power.  Lowell,  the  most  celebrated,  and  one  of  the  most 
important  manufacturing  cities  in  America,  is  situated  in 
this  county.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  N.W.  part 
hilly;  the  soil  is  various.  15y  means  of  canals  around  the 
falls,  boats  ascend  the  Jlerrimack  River  through  this  county 
to  Concord,  in  New  Hampshire.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Boston  and  Worcester,  the  I'itchburg,  the  Worcester  and 
Nashua  Railroads,  and  tliose  connecting  Fitchburg  with 
Lawrence,  Boston  and  Nashua,  and  Boston  and  Manchester. 
Named  from  Middlesex,  a  county  of  England.  Seats  of 
justice.  Concord,  Cambridge,  and  Lowell.  Middlesex  is  the 
most  populous  county  in  Massachu.setts.     Pop.  21<i,354. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Connecticut,  has 
an  area  of  about  4i5U  s<iuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  Long"  Island  J>ound,  partly  on  the  E.  by  the  Connecticut 
River,  and  the  llanimonasset  River  runs  along  its  ^V^  bor- 
der. Several  smaller  streams  furnish  abundant  water- 
power.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile, 
and  along  the  Connecticut  River  of  excellent  quality.  Large 
quantities  of  sandstone  are  quarried  and  exported.  The 
railroad  connecting  New  Haven  and  New  Loudon  traverses 
this  county,  which  is  also  partly  intersected  by  a  branch  of 
the  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad.  Seats  of  justice, 
Middletown  and  lladdam.     Pop.  in  1S60,  30,S.')9. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  New 
Jersey,  lias  on  area  of  about  460  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  Millstone  River,  partly  on  the  N.  by  Railway 
River,  and  on  the  E.  by  Staten  Island  Sound  and  Raritan 
Bay.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Raritan,  and  also  drained  by 
Soutli  River,  and  Manalapan  Creek.  The  surface  is  level  or 
undulating.  The  soil  varies  from  deep  sand  to  clay,  and  is 
generally  fertile.  Sandstone  is  quarried  in  various  parts 
of  tile  county.  The  Itaritan  River  is  navigable  for  small 
steamboats  to  New  Brunswick,  and  the  bay  of  the  same 
name  into  which  it  flows  affords  an  excellent  harbor.  The 
Camden  and  Aniboy  Railroad  and  the  New  Jersey  Rail- 
•  road  traverse  this  county,  and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal  touches  its  western  border.  Organized  In  1682. 
Capital,  New  Brunswick.  Pop.  34,812,  of  whom  1  vtas  a 
slave. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  bonier- 
ing  on  Cliesajieake  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Rappahannock 
River.  The  latter  forms  the  entire  boundary  on  the  N.E., 
and  I'iankatank  River  on  the  S.W.  The  length  is  39  miles; 
mean  breadth  4  or  5  miles;  area  about  150  square  miles. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  and  a  portion  of  the  land  is  fertile.  Formed 
in  1075.  Ciipital,  Urbana.  Pop.  4304,  of  whom  19S9\vere 
free,  and  2375  slaves. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  post^township  of  Washington  co.,  A'er- 
toont,  on  Onion  River,  and  on  the  Vermont  Central  Rail- 
road, about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Mtmtpelier.     Pop.  1254. 

MIDDLKSKX,  a  post-town.ship  of  Yates  co..  New  York, 
on  Canandaigua  Lake,  about  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rochester. 
Pop.  1303. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  village  and  township  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sj'lvania.  20  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  1037. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  I'ennaylvania,  on 
the  Shenango  Creek,  and  on  the  Erie  Extension  Canal,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Mercer. 

>1]  D'DLESEX,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Canada 
West,  intersected  by  the  Thames  Rive'r,  comprises  an  area 
of  1039  square  miles.     Pop.  39,899. 

MIDDLESEX  VILLACJE,  a  post-village  of  Middle.sex  co., 
Massacliu.setts,  on  Merrimack  River,  about  25  miles  N.W. 
of  Boston. 

MID'DLE  SMITH/FIELD,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1494. 

MIDDLE  STATES.    See  United  States. 
MID'DLETON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster,  on  the  Manchester  and  Leeds  Railway,  and 
tlie  Rochdale  Canal,  5i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Manchester.    Pop. 
of  the  town  in  1851.  5740. 

MIDDLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
MIDDLETON,.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  with  a 
Station  on  the  East  Anglian  Railway,  3  miles  S.E.  of  King's 
Lynn. 

MIDDLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

MIDDLETON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
MIDDLETON,  a  parish  of  Engbind.  co.  of  Warwi(!k. 
MIDDLKTON,  two  townships  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Hiding. 

MIDDLKTON,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Munster,  county 
and  14  miles  E.  of  Cork,  on  a  navigable  stream  of  the  ftime 
name,  flowing  into  Cork  Harbor.  Pop.  in  1852,  6010.  It  is 
neatly  built,  and  its  port  is  reached  by  vessels  of  about  200 
tons.  Middleton  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Broderick 
Cimily. 


MIDDLETON,  a  Tillage  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  county  and  T 
miles  S.W.  of  Armagh.    Pop.  708. 

MIDDLETON,  a  post-township  of  Strafford  co.,  Ne>, 
Hampshire,  bordering  on  Maine,  about  34  miles  N.E.  tf* 
Concord.     Pop.  530. 

MIDDLETON,  a  posMownship  of  Essex  cO.,  Massachusett* 
intersected  by  the  Essex  Railroad,  19  miles  N.  of  Boston 
It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes,  paper,  Ac.    P.  9401 

MIDDLETON,  a  village  of  Alleghany  CO.,  PennsyjTauia, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  12  miles  below  Pittsburg. 

MIDDLETON  or  MID'DLETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Hyie 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  Middle  Creek,  1  mile  from  Pamlicc 
Sound,  is  one  of  the  principal  shipping  ports  of  the  county. 

MIDDLETON,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  95  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

MIDDLETON,  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

MIDDLETON,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio,  84  milej 
S.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

MIDDLETON,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  652. 

MIDDLETON,  a  postrvillage  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa,  about 
8  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Burlington. 

MIDDLETON.  a  post^township  in  the  S.  part  of  Dane  co., 
Wisconsin.    8  miles  W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1315. 

MIDDLETON-CIIE/NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

MlD/DLETON-wilH-FORD/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

MIDDLETON  IS  TEES'DALE,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Barnard-Castle, 
with  a  station  on  the  railway  between  Stockton  and  Darling- 
ton.   Pop.  T578". 

MIDDLETON  ISLANDS,  small  islands  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific, one  350  miles  E.  of  Australia,  called  Sir  C.  Middleton'* 
Island,  S.W.  of  which  is  Middleton  Shoal. 

MIDDLETON-ON-TUE-IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

MIDDLESEX-ON-THE-WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York.  East  Riding. 

MIDDLETON-SCUIV/EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 

MIDDLETON  ST.  GEORGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

MIDDLETON-STO'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ox- 
ford. 

MIDDLETON  STONEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby. 

MIDDLETON  TY'AS,  (^  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

MID'DLETOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rutland 
CO.,  Vermont,  about  66  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  It 
contains  2  churches,  2  stores,  and  6  factories  and  mills. 
Pop.  712. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  recently  sprung  up  on  the  island 
of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Duke's  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  road 
leading  from  Holmes'  Hole  to  the  village  of  Newton.  It 
contains  a  Baptist  chun'h, 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Newport  co.,  on  the  island 
of  Rhode  Island.     Pop.  1012. 

MIDDLETOW  N,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  semi-capital  of 
Middlesex  county,  Connecticut,  on  the. right  bank  of  the 
Connecticut  River,  at  the  bead  of  ship  navigation,  and  on 
the  route  of  the  Air  Line  Railroad  now  in  process  of  con- 
struction between  New  York  and  Boston.  34  miles  from 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  24  miles  N.E.  of  New  Haven.  Lat. 
41°  33'  8"  N.,  Ion.  72°  39'  W.  A  brunch  ntilroad,  10  miles 
long,  connects,  with  the  New  Haven,  Hartford  and  Spring- 
field R.R.  at  Berlin.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  partly  on  au 
acclivity  commanding  a  fine  prospect.  Main  street,  on  which 
are  the  principal  stores,  hotels,  and  many  of  the  churches, 
is  broad,  level,  and  with  others  parallel  to  it,  is  intersected 
at  right  angles  by  those  passing  westward  from  the  river. 
The  elevated  portion  of  the  city  contains  many  elegant 
mansions,  surrounded  with  spacious  and  highly  ornamented 
grounds.  The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  Custom- 
house and  Court-house,  lx)th  constructed  of  the  Chatham 
free-stone.  The  latter  is  adorned  with  a  fine  Grecian  portico. 
The  Wesleyan  University,  a  flourishing  institution  under 
the  direction  of  the  Methodists,  occupies  a  beautiful  eleva- 
tion overlooking  the  city  and  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut. 
Two  -^lewspapers  are  published  here.  'The  wharves  are  com- 
modious, and  have  10  feet  of  water.  Steamboats  ply'ng  be- 
tween Hartford  and  New  York,  here  have  a  landing.  The 
shipping  of  the  port,  in  Sept.,  1864,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  17,569  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  all  of  which  were 
employed  in  the  coasting  trade.  A  considerable  number  of 
vessels  are  built  here  annually.  In  the  vicinity  of  Middle- 
town  are  valuable  minerals,  including  feldspar  of  a  very 
superior  quality,  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  china-ware 
(for  an  account  of  which  see  CoNNECTicnT,  page  4S9).  The 
city  conhuns  4  banks,  1  of  which  is  national,  and  2  s.aving3 
institutions.  It  has  manufactures  of  Brittania  and  other 
hardware,  castings,  guns,  screws,  leather,  &c.  It  was  settled 
in  1636,  incorporated  a  town  in  1654,  and  a  city  in  1784.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  in  1860,  3438;  of  the  city,  5182. 

1193 


MID 


MIE 


MIPDLrJTOWN,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Delaware 
CO.,  Now  1  ork.     Pop.  3201. 

MIDDI.K'J'OAVN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Orange  co., 
New  York,  on  _  the  New  York  and  Erie  Kailroad,  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Gosheii,  and  dT  miles  from  Jsew  York  City.  It  liiis 
5  or  D  churches,  tlie  Walkill  Academy,  2  national  banks, 
and  extensive  iron-works. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Monmouth 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  13  miles  N.E. 
of  Freehold.  The  village  contains  3  or  4  churches,  some  50 
houses,  and  a  newspaper  office.    Pop.  4112. 

MIDDLfjTOWX.  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania,  7 
miles  \.  of  Gettysburg.    It  has  near  100  inhabitants. 

MIDDLETOVVN,  a  village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Kittanning  to  Indiana,  45  miles  N.E. 
of  Pittsburg. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2-265. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  post-borough  of  Upper  Swatara  town- 
ship, Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Susfiuehanna,  at  the  mouth  of  Swatara  Creek,  and  on  the 
Lancaster  and  Ilarrisburg  Railroad,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Ilarris- 
qurg.  It  contains  a  bank  and  a  newspaper  ofiSce.  The 
Union  Canal  terminates  here.    Pop.  2392. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  incluiliug  Media,  3297. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  16 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mercer. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  923. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 174  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  New  Castle  co., 
Delaware,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wilminj'ton.  It  has  2  fine 
churciies,  a  llotuishing  academy,  ii  bank,  and  a  carriage  fac- 
tory.    Pop.  52;^. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 
on  a  branch  of  Catoctin  Creek,  9  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Frederick 
citv. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  postrvillage  of  Frederick  co.,  Yirginia, 
on  the  turniiike  leading  from  Winchester  to  Staunton,  13 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Winchester.    It  contains  2  churches. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  small  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

MTDDLETOAVN,  a  small  village  of  Warren  co.,  Tennessee. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky, 
40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Frankfort. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lemon  town- 
ship, Butler  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  Kiver  and  Canal,  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Hamilton.  It  contains  several  churches,  and  nunier^ 
ous  stores.  The  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Dayton  passes 
along  the  other  side  of  the  river,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a 
bridsie.     Pop.  in  1853.  about  1400 ;  in  1800,  2m70. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
N.E.  of  Urbanna. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Coltimbiaua  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1361. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  small  village  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio,  98 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  626. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana, 
about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana,  65 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

JIIDDLETOWN.  a  village  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles 
S.S.^\■.  of  Terro  Haute. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Salt  Creek.  22  miles  N.  of  Springfield. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  post^village  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois, 
10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Macpmb.  The  name  of  the  postKjffice  is 
Youui:. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  township  in  Lafayette  oo.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  1744. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  In  Montgomery  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 65  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

JIIDliLEToW.N,  a  post-village  in  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  9  miles  W. 
of  Burlington. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin. 

JIIDDLETOWN,  a  small  mining  settlement  of  ShasU  co., 
California. 

JIIDDLETOWN  CENTRE,  a  po8tK)fflce  of  Susquehanna 
00.,  Pennsylvania. 

JIIDDLETOWN  POINT,  a  post-village  in  Jliddletown 
township,  Jloninouth  co..  New  Jersey,  on  a  small  creek  of 
Its  own  name,  36  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trenton,  has  a  bank,  about 
•  dozen  stores,  2  or  3  churches,  and  near  600  Inhabitants. 

MIDDLE  VILLAGE,  a  post-villftge.  Queen's  co..  New  York. 

MIDDLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  CO.,  New  York, 
on  West  Canada  Creek.  al)Out  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Utica.  It 
has  manufactorie"!  of  cotton,  &c. 

MIDDLEVII,LE,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

MIDDLEVILLE,  a  post-viHage  of  Barry  co.,  Jlichigan,  on 
Thornapple  River,  about  54  miles  W.  of  Lansing. 

JIIDDLEWAY,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  Co.,  W.  Virginia, 
near  Opequan  Creek,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Chariest© wn,  contains 
2  churches.    Pop.  about  500 
1194 


JIID'DLEWICII,  a  market-towji  and  parish  of  England, 
county  and  21  miles  E.  of  Chester,  on  the  Grand  Trunk 
Canal,  and  2  miles  E.  of  the  Grand  Junction  Railway.  Pop. 
in  1851,  4498.  The  town  has  some  manuraeturcs  of  silk  and 
cotton,  and  a  large  trade  in  salt,  obtained  from  the  celebrated 
brine  springs  of  the  vicinity. 

JIIDDLE  WOOD'BERRY,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1900. 

.  MIDDLE  Y^U'BA,  a  river  of  Yuba  co.,  California,  rises  on 
the  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  flowing  in  a  general 
W.S.W.  course,  falls  into  the  Y'uba  River,  75  miles  above 
JIarysville.  Gold  is  found  on  this  stream,  which  also  affords 
valuable  water-power. 

MID'DLEZOY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MIDGLEY,  mij'lee,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

JIID'HUKST.  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chi- 
chester, on  the  navigable  Rother,  a  tributary  of  the  .\run. 
Pop.  in  1851,  7021.  It  is  remarkably  neat,  and  sends  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  its  vicinity  are  the 
ruins  of  Cowdry  House,  a  noble  mansion,  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1793. 

51IDI,\H,  mee'dee'l,  a  maritime  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
province  of  Room-Elee,  on  the  Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Tolopaz;  lat.  41°  38'  N.,  Ion.  28°  8'  E.  It  has  a  small 
roadstead  where  vessels  may  anchor  in  10  or  12  fathoms. 

JIIDI,  PIC  DU.    See  Pyrenees. 

JllDI,  DENT-DU,  Alps.    See  Dent-du-JIidi. 

MID'L.\ND,  a  new  county  in  tlie  E.  central  part  of  Jlichi- 
gan, has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  partly 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Saginaw  Bay,  and  is  intersected  by 
Tittibawassee  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Salt,  Chippewa, 
and  Pine  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  level,  and 
well  wooded.    The  soil  is  generally  fertile.     Pop.  787. 

MIDLAND,  a  post-offlce  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia. 

MID-LAVANT',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su8.sex. 

MID/LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

MID-LOTHIAN.    See  Edinburgh,  County  op.      . 

MID'JI.4R.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen; 

MIDWAPOOK/  or  JIIDNAPOUR,  a  town  of  British  India, 
capital  of  a  di.^trict  of  its  own  name,  is  situatoil  on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Cassai  River.  72  miles  W.S.W.  of  Calcutta.   Chief 
buildings,  the  jail,  hospital,  barracks,  and  re-^idence  of  the ' 
district  authorities. 

MIDNAPOOR,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  and 
province  of  Bengal,  having  E.  the  Iloogly  River.  Estimated 
area  8260  square  miles.     Pop.  1.301,000. 

JUDGES  or  JIIDOENS,  me-do'Jxs,  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira-Baixa.  36  miles  W.S.W.  of  Guarda.    Pop.  ]  647. 

JIIDOUZE,  meeMooz'.  a  navigable  river  of  France,  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Jlidou  and  Douze.  enters  the  Adour  on 
the  right,  below  that  town.  Length  18  miles,  or  comprising 
the  Jlidou.  65  miles. 

JIIDROfi,  mid'ro-A\  a  town  of  Algeria,  province  of  Titteri, 
on  the  river  Faled,  134  miles  S.W.  of  Algiers. 

JIID'VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Kentucky. 

JIID/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  94  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah. 

JIIiyWAY,  a  village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  40  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia,  adjoin- 
ing Coatesville.    It  has  a  machine-shop. 

JIIDWAY,  a  post-offlce  of  Davidson  co..  North  Carolina. 

JIIDWAY',  a  post-village  and  station  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  72  miles 
AV.S.W.  of  Charleston. 

JIIDAV.W,  a  pleasant  village  of  Baldwin  CO.,  Georgia,  on 
the  railroad  from  Jlilledgeville  to  Gordon,  1^  miles  S.  of  thp 
former.  It  is  the  seat  of  Oglethorpe  University.  (Presbyte- 
rian,) a  flourishing  institution,  founded  in  1838.  Pop. 
about '300. 

JIIDWAY,  a  post-village  of  Barbour  co.,  Alabama. 

MIDWAY,  a  post-village  of  Jladison  co.,  JlissLssippi. 

MIDWAY,  a  post-office  of  St.  Landry  parish.  Louisiana. 

MIDWAY',  a  post-offlce  of  Hot  Springs  co.,  Arkansas. 

MIDWAY,  a  post-village  of  Jlonroe  co.,  Tennes-soe,  164 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

MIDW.\Y,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Woodford  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  railroad  from  Lexington  to  Frankfort,  14  valles 
from  each  place.  It  has  3  churches,  3  hemp  factories,  and 
about  600  inhabitants. 

MIDWAY,  a  village  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  about  50  miles  W. 
of  Columbus.- 

JIIDWAY,  a  village  of  Jladison  co.,  Ohio,  a  few  miles  S. 
of  London,  the  county  seat. 

JIIDWAY,  a  poEt-offiee  of  Spencer  co.,  Tndian.%. 

JIIDWAY,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  lUinoit'. 

JIIDWAY,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Jlissouri,  30  mil  sfl 
N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

JIIDWOLDE.  mid'wol-deh,  a  village  of  Holland,  ',irovinoo 
of  Groningen,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Winschoten.     Pop.  ]-.>r4. 

JIIECHOW.  me^Kov,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  44 
miles  S.W.  of  Kielce.     Pop.  1500. 

JIIECHOW,  a  small  town  of  Poland  provii  »  mid  '.S 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Lublin. 


MIE 

MIEDNTKT,  m'e-Jd'nee'kee,  a  small  town  of  Russia,  go- 
Teriimeat  and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Vilna. 

MIKi^ZXA,  me-Jdz'nil,  a  small  town  of  Russia,  proyince 
and  21  miles  X.N.W.  of  .Siedlec,  (Poland.) 

MIED/A'IIZYC,  me-MV(R'zits,  a  town  of  Poland,  province 
and  25  miles  ^^.K.  of  Siedleo,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Hug. 

JIIKUZVKZYC,  a  market-town  of  Russian  I'oland,  go- 
Ternment  of  Volliynia. 

MIKLAN,  meWM^N"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gerp.  20  miles  S.W.  of  A  uch.     Pop.  in  1852,  20i3. 

MH;K,  a  )iost-orfice  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

MI  EK,  a  post-office  of  Wabash  co.,  Illinois. 

MllOltES  DEL  CAMINO,  me-A/rds  d61  kd-mce'no,  or  SAN 
JUAN  BAUTI.STA,  sdn  Hoo-dn' bow-tees/tS,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Asturias,  10  miles  S.  of  OTiedo,  on  the  Lena  or  Caudal.  It 
has  a  tine  palace,  an  iron  foundry,  and  a  trade  in  cinnabar, 
iron,  sulphur,  and  coal.     Pop.  4000. 

MIE.S,  mees,  or  .S1LI5ER-BEKGSTADT,  sil'ber-b?RG'stdtt. 
a  wallod  town  of  Itohemia,  16  miles  W.  of  Pilsen.  Pop.  42t;9, 
mostly  employed  in  extensive  lead  and  silver  mines.  Here, 
in  1427,  31,000  IIus.«ites  defeated  a  German  army  of  80,000. 

MIESli.\ClI,  mees'bdK,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  10 
miles  8. S.W.  of  Munich.     Pop.  of  district,  18,018. 

.Ml  i;.SCIlIS'rO,  mee-shis'to,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
government  and  40  miles  S.W.  of  Bromberg.     Pop.  580. 

MIESZKOW,  me-dsh'kof,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  go- 
vernment and  30  miles  N.K.  of  Posen.     Pop.  750. 

Mll'7rAU,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  JIitau. 

MIEUSSY,  meo'usVee',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny.     Pop.  2233. 

MIEZ.\,  me-,Vthd,  a  town  of  Sjiain,  Leon,  province  and 
about  04  miles  from  Salamanca.    Pop.  1061. 

MIF'FLIN,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, hiis  an  area  of  370  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Juniata  liiver,  and  also  drained  by  Kishicoquillas,  Jack's, 
and  Licking  Creeks.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  traversed 
by  liigh  and  rugged  ridges,  and  by  beautiful  valleys.  Iron 
is  procured  in  large  quantities  from  the  mines  of  this 
county;  limestone  and  slate  are  also  abundant.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  Central  Railroad. 
Formed  in  1789,  and  named  in  honor  of  Governor  Mifflin. 
Cai>ital,  Lewistown.     Pop.  16,340. 

SllFI'LIN,  a  township  of  Alleghany  CO..  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  44.34. 

MIFH'LIN,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1021. 

M1F1''I..IN,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Poi>.  1400. 

MIFFLIN,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1430. 

MIFFLIN,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.;  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1066. 

MIFFLIN,  a  post-village  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee,  137 
miles  S.W.  of  Nashville;  it  has  3  stores. 

MIFFl,IN,apost-township  in  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.   Pop. 827. 

MIFFLIN,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,    Pop.  1311. 

MIFFLIN,  township  of  Pike  co..  Oliio.    Pop.  821. 

MIKFLIN,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  9C3. 

MIFFLIN,  a  township  of  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  870. 

MIFFLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Wis- 
fonsin,  11  miles  W.  of  Mineral  Point.  The  village  has  4 
stores,  and  1  smelting  furnace.    Pop.  1220. 

MIFFLIN  CROSS  ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland 
CO..  P^nn.sylvania. 

MIF'FLlNSItURG,  or  YOUNGMANSTOWN,  a  post-bo- 
rough  of  Buffalo  township.  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Bultulo  Creek,  08  miles  N..\.\V.  of  llarrisburg.  It  is  situated 
In  a  rieh  farming  district,  and  has  an  active  trade.  It  con- 
tains 2  iliurchi\s,  and  a  bank.     Pop.  865. 

MIF'FLINTOWX,  a  pnst-lwrough,  capital  of  Juniata  co., 
Pennsylvania,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Juniata  River.  49  miles  W.N.W.  of  llarrisburg.  The  Central 
Railroad,  wliich  runs  along  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  con- 
nects the  town  witl)  Pittsburg,  Il.irrisburg,  Ac.  Tliree  news- 
papers are  published  here.  The  borougli  contains  3  churches, 
an  academy,  and  a  bank.  The  Juniata  is  crossed  by  a  bridge 
at  this  place.     Pop.  767. 

BIIFFLINVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  88 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilarrisburs. 

MIGALGARA,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Malgarah. 

MI(jII.\RIN.\,  megd-ree/n:(.  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
Of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Catanzaro.    P.  1600. 

MIGLIOMCO,  meel-yon'e-ko,,  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Matera.     Pop.  3300. 

MIGNANEGO,  meen-yd-nVgo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa,  2  miles  from  San  Quirico.  Pop. 
2580. 

MIG\I5,  meen'y.^',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vienne.  on  the  Auzance.     Pop.  1931. 

MIGXfi,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre,  13 
miles  N.E.  of  Le  Blanc.     Pop.  1149 

MKiU  EL-ESTEBAN,  me-gh^"-*s-t:i-Ban'.  a  village  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  proviuc*  'if  T.«iedo,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Madrid. 
Pop.  220^. 


MIL 

MIGUELTURRA,  me-ghJlHooR/Rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  New 
Castile,  2  miles  S.  of  Ciudad-Jteal.  It  has-  two  primai-y 
schools,  a  church,  and  four  hermitages,  one  of  which,  Santo 
Cristo  dc  la  Misoricordia,  is  remarkable  for  the  ri(ihness  anil 
elegance  of  its  architecture.  The  manufactures  comprise 
brandy,  leather,  bricks,  and  tiles.     Pop.  5558. 

MIIIALY-FALVA,  mee'hdrf..l'voh\  or  MICIIELSDORF, 
mee'Ks'ls-tloRf  \  a  village  of  Austria,  Tran.sylvania,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Ilokel  with  the  Maros.     Pop.  1126. 

MIIIALY-FALU,  mee'lidl'-fi'loo\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Szabolcs.    Pop.  2107. 

MillALY-JASZ-TELEK,  me-lidT'-jds-taMfk'.  a  village  ol 
Hungary,  Hither  Theiss,  at  the  coullueme  of  the  Zaqua  witU 
the  Tarua.     Pop.  1890. 

MIIIALY-NAGY,  mee'hdr  nfdj,  a  market-village  of  Hun- 
gary, Hither  Theiss,  co.  and  37  miles  S.W.  of  Zemplin,  ou 
the  Laborcz.    Pop.  2118. 

MIIILA,  mee/ld,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe- 
Weimar,  7  miles  N.  of  Eisenach.    Pop.  1294. 

MlHKJ.iN,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Biiirjan. 

MIHOLACZ,  mee'ho'ldts',  written  also  MIIIOLCZINUM, 
a  market-town  of  Austria,  Slnvonia,  co.  of  Verocz,  on  the 
Drave,  12  miles  from  Siklos.     Pop.  2150. 

MIIAS  or  MIAS,  mee^as',  a  river  of  .Vsiatic  Russia,  govern- 
ments of  Orenljoorg.  Perm,  and  Tolxilsk,  joins  the  Tobol  at 
Yalootrovosk,  after  an  eastward  course  of  300  miles.  On  it 
is  the  Fort  Miiaskoi,  25  miles  E.  of  Tcheliabinsk. 

MI  J  ARES  or  MIXARE.S,  me-nd'r?s,  a  river  of  Spain,  enters 
the  Mediterranean  6  miles  S.  of  Castellon-de-la-Plana,  after 
an  E.  course  of  65  miles. 

MIJARES  or  MIXARES,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
25  miles  S.  of  Avila.    Pop.  767. 

Ml  JAS  or  MIX.A.S,  mee'iids,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  40S0,  with  numerous  mills. 

MLII  HITCH,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  .'SIizhiritch. 

MIKHAILOV  or  MICHAILOV,  nio-Kl-lov/,  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  32  miles  S.W.  of  Riazau,  on  the  Pronia, 
Pop.  6500. 

MIK1I.\IL0'VK.\,  me-Kl-lov/kd,  a  town  of  Ru.»sia,  govern- 
ment of  Koorsk,  10  miles  AV.  of  Novoi-Oskol,  on  the  Khorok. 
Pop.  601)0.  It  has  3  churches,  manufactures  of  linen,  wax, 
and  leather,  and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade. 

MIKHAIL0VK.\,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  17 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Y'ekaterinoslav,  ou  an  affluent  of  the  Dnieper. 
Pop.  3600. 

MIIvHALITZA,  or  MIKIIALITCII.    See  Mlualitch. 

MIKLOS-FALU,  mee'klosh^-fd'loo,  a  village  of  Hungary 
CO.   of  Wieselburg.     Pop.  1240. 

MIKOLA,  mee'kolrih\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Szaih 
mar,  4  miles  from  Szathmar-Nemeth.      Pop.  lil2. 

MIK()L.\J0W,  mee-ko-ld-yov',  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
Poland.  Galici.a,  20  miles  N..\.E.  of  Stry.     Pop.  1860. 

JIIKULINCE,  me-koo-lin'sA,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland, 
Gali(•i.^,  circle  and  12  miles  S.  of  Tarnopol.    Pop.  2000. 

MILAGRO  ERGAVIA,  me-ld'gro  ^R-gd've-d,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Navarre,  40  miles  S.  of  Pamplona,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Aragon.  Pop.  1800.  Ncnr  this  is  the 
Marsh  of  I'efialen,  in  which  Sancho  V.,  King  of  Navarre, 
perished,  1076. 

MILAII.  mee'ld,  a  town  of  Algeria,  province  ahd  21  miles 
N.W.  of  Constantino,  on  the  ancient  Roman  road  between 
that  city  and  Algiers,  and  surrounded  by  gardens  filled  with 
the  finest  fruits  and  flowers.    Pop.  about  4000. 

MILAM,  mi'lam,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  The  Brazos  forms 
its  N.E.  boundary.  It  is  intersected  by  Little  River,  and 
also  drained  by  Brushy  Creek.  ,The  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
Named  in  honor  of  General  Benjamin  Milam.  Capital. 
Cameron.  Pop.  5175,  of  whom  3633  were  free,  and  1542 
slaves. 

MILAM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Falls  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Rio  Brazos,  about  85  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Au.stin. 

MILAM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sabine  co.,  Texas,  on 
Boregas  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Sabine  Kiver,  330  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Austin  City. 

MILAN,  mil'an,*  (Fr.  pron.  meeMSN":' ;  It.  Milano,  me-ld'no ; 
Oer.  Mailand,  mildnt ;  anc.  Mcdiolalnum,)  the  largest  city  of 
Lombardy,  and  the  third  in  size  in  Italy, (being  exceeded 
in  population  only  by  Naples  and  Rome,)  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  own  name,  is  situated  about  90  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Turin,  175  miles  W.  of  Venice,  75  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ge- 
noa, and  325  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Rome.  I,at.  45°  28'  1"  N., 
Ion.  9°  11'  48"  E.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile 
plain,  between  the  Adda  and  Tlcino,  which,  in  this  part  of 
their  course,  feed  four  separate  canals,  one  of  which,  the 
Naviglio  Grande  (nd-veel'yo  grdn'd.i)  or  "Gi-eat  Canal  "  en- 
circling a  considerable  portion  of  the  interior  of  the  city, 
divides  it  into  two  unequal  parts,  wliile  the  other  three,  on 
the  outside,  are  available  both  for  irrigation  and  traffic 


*A11  the  poots  place  the  accent  ou  the  fin^t  syllable  of  this 
name.  Byron  and  Jloore  rhj-me  it  with  villain.  This  appears 
{»  be  the  prevailing,  if  not  universal  pronuuciatic  ii  among  cor- 
rect speakers. 

1195 


MIL 


MIL 


By  railway,  it  is  connected  on  the  N.  with  Como.  and  on  the 
B.  with  Tre->iglio,  the  latter,  a  part  of  an  unfinished  line  to 
Verona  and  Venice.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  irregular 
polygon,  and  is  surrounded  by  walls,  which  were  ouce 
.'lanked  with  large  and  niassiye  bastions.  These,  with  a 
ringle  exception,  have  been  removed,  and  the  space  occupied 
by  them  and  the  earthen  ramparts  has  been  converted  into 
pleasant  walks,  shaded  by  magnificent  chestnut  trees.  The 
town  is  entered  by  11  gates,  tlie  streets  lea<Ung  from  which 
are  of  convenient  breadth,  well  paved,  and  lighted  with  gas. 
The  finest  gate  is  the  Arco  della  Pace,  a  modern,  sculptured, 
marble  arch,  situated  at  the  end  of  the  Simplon  lload^near 
it  is  the  Piazza  d'Armi.  an  immense  space,  obtained  by  the  • 
demolition  of  the  citadel  and  its  outworks ;  it  is  used  for  the 
exercise  of  troops,  and  has  extensive  barracks;  part  of  it  has 
been  converted  into  an  amphitheatre,  800  feet  long  by  400  feet 
broad,  capable  of  containing  30,000  spectatoi-s.  The  houses 
of  Milan  are  built,  for  the  most  part,  of  brick,  and  covered 
with  tiles,  but  have  often  a  handsome  and  showy  exterior. 
The  finest  streets  are  the  Corso  di  Porta  Komaua,  Corso  di 
Porta  Nuova,  and  Corso  di  Porta  Renza  or  Orientale.  All 
of  these,  but  more  especially  the  last,  have  ranges  of  elegant 
mansions,  which  would  be  ornaments  to  any  capital  in 
Europe. 

Among  the  great  number  of  public  edifices  that  adorn 
Milan,  the  most  remarkable  is  the  Duomo  or  Cathedral,  a 
vast  and  magnificent  structure,  inferior  only  to  St.  Peter's 
at  Rome.  It  is  situated  almost  in  the  centre  of  the  citj',  in 
the  Piazza  del  Duomo.  The  edifice  was  commenced  in  1387, 
and  has  ever  since  been  advancing  towards  completion.  It 
is  built  of  white  marble,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  extreme 
lightness  of  its  construction.  It  is  490  feet  long,  298  feet  wide, 
and  355  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  dome,  above  which  rises  an 
elegant  tower  or  spire,  in  the  shape  of  an  obelisk.  Its  form 
is  that  of  a  Lsitiu  cross,  divided  into  five  naves.  Around 
the  roofs  and  sides  are  4000  niches,  of  which  nearly  4000 
are  already  occupied  by  statues.  The  building  is  al.so 
adorned  with  more  than  a  hundred  beautiful  spires,  giving 
its  exterior  the  appearance  of  a  forest  of  marble.  In  the 
interior  everything  is  of  the  most  imposing  and  gorgeous 
description,  and  the  eye  wanders  almost  overpowered  by  the 
number  of  grand  and  beautiful  object'"  which  cl.iini  its 
attention.  About  50  pillars  of  immense  size  and  vast  height 
support  the  arches  of  the  naves.  The  floor  is  formed  of 
marble  of  different  colors,  disposed  in  various  figures;  paint- 
ings by  the  most  celebrated  masters  adorn  the  walls,  and  the 
groups  of  figures  sketched  on  the  windows  are  of  a  size  and 
boldness  probably  unequalled  in  the  world.  The  other  re- 
markable edifices  are  the  Church  of  Sant'  Ambrogio,  founded 
by  St.  Ambrose  in  387,  and  in  which  the  Emperors  of  Ger- 
many were  crowned,  and  containing  so  many  ancient  epi- 
taphs and  other  relics,  as  to  form  a  rich  museum  of  early 
Christian  antiquities ;  the  Church  of  Sant'  Eustorgio,  with 
an  ancient  campanilev  and  interesting  monuments;  the 
Church  of  Santa  Maria  delle  Grazie,  in  which  is  the  cele- 
brated "Last  Supper,"  by  Leonardo  da  Vinci;  the  Church  of 
Santa  Maria  della  Passione,  with  a  magnificent  mausoleum, 
regarded  as  one  of  the  best  works  of  the  sculptor  Andrea 
Eusina;  the  Palazzo  Reale  or  La  Corte,  occupied  by  the 
viceroy;  the  Archiepiscopal  Palace,  adjoining  the  Cathedral, 
and  connected  with  it  by  a  kind  of  tunnel ;  the  Palazzo  di 
Governo.  containing  a  vast  court  lined  with  porticoes  sup- 
ported by  pillars;  the  Palazzo  del  Marino,  now  used  as  a 
custom-house  and  treasury;  the  Broletto  or  Palazzo  Muni- 
cipali,  remarkable  for  its  historical  associations ;  the  Palazzo 
della  Ragione  or  de'  Tribunal!,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
Piazza  del  Mercanti,  and  partly  used  as  a  register  oflice ;  the 
Palazzo  di  Giustizia,  and  de'  Tribunali;  the  former  for  the 
criminal  court,  and  the  latter  for  the  ordinary  courts  of 
justice ;  the  Royal  Mint  or  Stamperia  Reale :  the  barracks, 
forming  a  long  and  elegant  range  of  buildings,  capable  of 
holding  4000  men ;  the  prisons,  one  of  which  is  regarded  as 
a  model  of  its  kind;  tlie  House  of  Correction  at  Porta  Nu- 
ova,  and  a  great  number  of  theatres,  among  which  that 
called  Delia  Scala  takes  precedence,  accommodating  4000 
spectators,  and  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world,  not  ex- 
cepting even  the  San  Carlo  of  Naples. 

The  chief  scientific  and  educational  establishments  are 
the  Koyal  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  formerly  the  Palace 
of  the  Brea.  with  a  library  of  100.000  volumes,  valuable  manu- 
scripts, and  a  picture-gallery  rich  in  the  choicest  productions 
of  the  ancient  Italian  masters,  an  astronomical  and  magneti- 
eal  observatory,  considered  the  finest  in  Italy,  and  a  botanic 
parden;  the  .Ambrosian  Librarv  with  60.000  volumes  and 
15,000  manuscripts,  the  Trivulzio  Library,  20.000  volumes 
and  2000  manuscripts,  4  gymnasia,  a  normal  school,  school  of 
medicine  ami  surgery,  several  learned  societies,  and  a  military 
geographical  institute,  which  publishes  excellent  maps.  The 
principal  benevolent  endowments  are  the  Ospitale  Maggiore, 
richly  endowed,  and  occupying  a  vast  range  of  buildinss  in 
the  Gothic  style,  with  a  fa;ade  adorned  bv  five  baa-reliefs, 
and  a  large  s<iiiare  court  enclosed  bv  porticoes;  it  contains 
2300  beds  for  the  sick  poor  of  all  nations ;  the  Ospitale  di 
Santa  Caterina.  Ospitale  dei  Fate-Ijene-Fratelli,  Ospitale  dei 
Pazzi,  the  Monte  di  Pieta,  the  Infant  House  of  Refuge,  the 
1190  ^  ' 


House  of  Incurables,  (^Pie  Casta  dfgli  TneurahQi,)  the  Peni- 
tentiary and  House  of  Industry,  {Cusa  di  Hecovero  e  d'  Indus- 
tria.)  the  Military.  Orphan,  and  several  foundling  hospitals. 

The  occasional  visits  of  the  emperor,  and  the  constant 
residence  of  a  viceroy,  give  to  this  city  many  of  the  appen- 
dages of  a  court  and  inde^ieudent  capital.  It  is  also  the 
see  of  an  archbishop,  the  seat  of  courts  of  primary  resort, 
criminal  and  mercantile  courts,  and  a  court  of  appeal  for 
all  Lombardy.  Milan  is  the  largest  book  mart  in  Italy; 
from  its  position  on  the  great  routes  across  the  Alps,  and 
its  connexion  by  canals  with  the  principal  rivers  in  Italj', 
it  is  favorably  situated  for  trade.  It  is  connected  by  railway 
with  Vienna,  (opened  at  the  two  extremities  in  1850,)  Tre- 
viglio,  20  miles  E.X.E.,  and  Monza.  9  miles  N.E.  Its  manu- 
factures comprise  silks,  velvets,  ribbons,  lace,  cotton,  carpets, 
jewelry,  glass,  paper,  and  porcelain ;  it  has  a  royal  tobacco 
manufactory. 

Milan  is  very  ancient;  it  was  founded  in  400  b.  c,  and  was 
inhabited  and  embellished  by  many  of  the  Roman  emperors. 
Virgil  studied  here,  and  it  is  the  birth-place  of  many  emi- 
nent persons,  among  whom  may  be  named  tlie  Popes  Alex- 
ander II.,  Urban  III.,  Celestine  IV.,  Pius  IV.,  and  Gregory 
XIV.;  the  jurist  Alciato,  the  geometer  Cardan,  Beccaria, 
author  of  the  celebrated  work  on  Crimes  and  Punishments ; 
Agnesi,  a  lady,  celebrated  for  her  scientific  attainments; 
and  Alessandro  Manzoni,  the  first  living  novelist  of  Italy. 
It  was  the  capital  of  a  republic  in  10515;  in  the  end  of  the 
14th  century  it  was  made  the  capital  of  the  duohy  of  Milan : 
it  passed  successively  under  the  dominion  of  S)  .ain  and 
Austria;  was  taken  by  the  f'rench  in  1790  and  ISOO.  In 
1S05  they  made  it  the  capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy.  It 
was  restored  to  Austria  in  1815.  Pop.  of  the  city  in'  1846, 
156,326,  or,  including  the  suburbs,  189,380;  in  lSt;2  it 
amounted  to  196,l(i9,  exclusive  of   the  suburb  of  Corpi 

Siinti. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Milanese,  miran-eez',  (It.  pron. 

me-l3-ni'-si.) 

MIL.\X,  a  fertile  province  of  Italy,  containing  the  capital 
city  of  the  same  name.  Area750  English  square  miles.  Pop. 
394.ti71. 

JIIL.4.N,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hampshire,  on 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  about  105  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Con- 
cord.   Pop.  789. 

MILAN,  a  pleasant  village  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Owa-sco  Itdet,  21  mjles  S.  by  E.  of  Auburn.  It  contains 
several  churches  and  manufactories. 

MIL.\N,  a  post-township  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York,  about 
56  miles  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1522. 

MIL.\N,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

M1L.\N,  a  tlourishiiig  post-village  and  township  of  Erie 
CO..  Ohio,  on  the  right  bank  of  Huron  River.  8  miles  from 
Lake  Erie,  and  J.03  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Columbus.  It  js  beau- 
tifully situated  on  a  bluff  60  feet  higher  than  the  river.  A 
ship  canal  has  been  opened,  by  which  vessels  of  250  tons 
can  ascend  from  the  lake  to  this  point.  Considerable  quan- 
tities of  grain  and  other  produce  are  shipped  here.  Jlilan 
contains  3  churches,  a  large  academy,  and  numerous  stores. 
Settled  in  1809.  Pop.  of  the  township,  in  1850,  2697  ;  in 
I860, 1899. 

MILAN,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Monroe  co.,  Jlichigan.     Pop.  1045. 

MIL.\N,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  70  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis,  h.is  about  250  inhabitants. 

MILAN,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  25  miles  above  Alton. 

MILAN,  capital  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri.   See  ApPEfrrix. 

.MIL.\NESE.  miPan-eez'or  me-l3-ni's,t,  an  old  division  of 
Italy,  capital  Milan.  A  part  of  it  was  ceded  bj-  .Austria  to 
Sardinia  in  1736.  The  Alstriax  Milanese  is  now  comprised 
in  the  government  of  Milan. 

MILANO.    See  Milan. 

MILAZZO.  mc-iat/so.  or  MELAZZO,  mA-iay.=o,  (anc.  Myna,^ 
a  strongly  fortified  seaport  town  of  Sicily,  18  miles  ^V.  of 
Messina,  on  the  N.  coast.  Pop.  7000.  It  consists  of  an  upper 
and  a  lower  town,  both  irregularly  built,  and  with  many 
large,  but  mean  eilifices;  its  citadel,  and  other  military 
works,  are,  however,  so  strong  by  nature  and  art,  that  it 
may  be  regarded  as  the  Gibmltar  of  Sicily.  It  has  a  con- 
venient harbor,  and  an  export  trade  in  tunny,  wine,  silk, 
fruit,  rags,  argol.  corn,  oil,  and  the  cordial  called  vino-colto. 

MILAZZO,  GULF  OF.  Sicily,  extends  16  miles  E.  of  the 
town  of  Milazzo,  and  has  been  the  theatre  of  many  engage- 
ments in  ancient  and  modern  times. 

MIL'BORNE-PORT,  a  disfranchised  borough  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the  Ivel,  2J  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Sherkiorne.  Pop.  1740.  The  town  has  an  ancient  guild- 
hall, and  brisk  manufactures  of  gloves. 

MIL'BOURN,  a  vill.ige  of  Ballard  co.,  Kentucky,  alwut  14 
miles  from  the  Mississippi  River.  It  contains  2  churches, 
and  about  150  inhaliitants. 

MILBOURNE  CHURCH  STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Dorset. 

MII/BRIDGE.  a  postrtownship  of  AVashington  co.,  Maine 
Pop.  1282. 

MILLOJURG,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district,  South 
CaroUiyi. 


MIL 


MIL 


MrLa)E\.    Sea  MorooN. 

MILDKN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

M1L.I)E.\AU,  inil/deh-n6w\  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau.     Top.  2072. 

MlLDI'^NUAMi,  mil'Jen-hAll,  a  market-town  and  parish 
af  Kuglimd.  CO.  of  Suffolk,  on  the  navigable  Lark,  with  a 
station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Uailway,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of 
liraiidon.  Area  of  jiari.sh.  13.710  acres.  Pop.  4374.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  a  handsome  church,  with  a  rich  carved 
roof. 

Mir.DEXIIALIi,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilta. 

MILE'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MILES,  a  po.st-township  forming  the  K.  extremity  of  Cen- 
tre CO.,  I'ennsylvania.     I'op.  1147. 

MILK.S'HUKO,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Centre  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Bald  Eagle  Creek  and  Canal,  2  miles  N. 
of  ItilK'fonte,  and  87  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  a  plank-road  which  extend.s  to  Tyrone,  ou  the 
Central  Kailroad.     Pop.  in  ISOO,  591.  ^ 

JIILK.S  lilVER,  of  Talbot  co.,  Marj-land,  is  a  navigable 
inlet  cif  the  Chesapeake. 

MILE.SroWN.  niil/Ztown,  a  village  of  Pennsylvania,  with- 
in the  chartered  limits  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  7  miles  N. 
of  I  he  State-House. 

MILKSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  .St.  Mary's  co.,  Maryland. 

MILK'l'IN.  me-lgh-teen',  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Bidschow,  57  miles  N.E.  of  I'rague.     Pop.  1370. 

.MILKTO,  me-l.Vto,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
V'.tni  II.,  47  miles  N.N.E.  of  iieggio.  Pop.  1250.  It  has  a 
"atli.'dral  and  a  bi.shop's  palace. 

MILE'TUS,  (Or.  M'Airroi,  MilUot,)  a  ruined  city  of  Asia 
Minor,  the  remains  of  which,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mender, 
30  niile,<  S.S.W. of  Ayasoolook,  (Ephesus.)  comprise  an  enor- 
uinus  theatre,  and  ruins  of  a  church. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
MiLE.si\>J,  mi-leesh'yan. 

MIL/FOHD,  a  parliamentary  borough  and  seaport  town 
of  Soutli  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke,  on  the  N.  side  of  >Iilford- 
llaven,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  St.  Anne's  Head,  and  6  miles 
W.X.W.  of  I'embroke.  Pop.  of  the  borough  in  1851,  2837. 
It  was  founded  in  17S4,  is  well  built,  has  an  elegant  church, 
custom-house,  observatory,  market-hou.se,  quay,  with  some 
shipbuilding,  trade  in  ship  stores,  and  exports  of  stone. 
coal,  and  lime.  Mail  packets  ply  to  Waterford.  Registered 
fliijiping,  9470  tons.  The  borough  unite.s  with  Pembroke, 
Ti'uby,  and  Wiston  in  sending  one  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

MILFOUU,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  on  the 
Derivent,  here  cros.sed  by  a  handsome  bridge,  and  on  the 
North  Midland  Uailway,  2  miles  S.  of  Belper.     Pop.  896. 

JlILKOIil),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

Ml  LfORlJ,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

M I  LF(  illll.  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Pen(il).-i(i)t  River,  aliout  17  miles  X.E.  of  Bangor.     I'op.  744. 

MlLt'ORD.  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Hillsl)orough 
CO.,  New  Hampsiiire,  ou  the  railroad  from  Nashua  to  Wilton, 
about  29  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Concord.  It  has  several  cotton- 
mills  and  foundries,  and  manufactories  of  cabinet  ware, 
sa.*li.  and  blinds,  itc.     Pop.  2223. 

MILKtiRD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Milford  Branch  RailroatI,  34  miles  S.W. 
f)l'  Boston.  The  village  contains  6  churche.-j,  a  liank,  a  sav- 
ings institution,  an  insurance  office,  a  newspa]>er  office,  and 
a  town  house.  In  Milford  township.  1J4  miles  W.  of  the 
village,  is  the  flourisiiing  community  of  Hopedale,  founded 
in  1842.  It  comprises  about  600  acres  of  land,  a  post-office, 
and  about  200  inhabitants.  Pop.  of  the  township,  in  1850, 
4819;  inlK60,  9132. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village,  township,  and  seajiort  of  New 
Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Wopewaug  Kiver,  10  miles  S.W.'of  Now 
Haven.  It  contains  5  churches,  13  stores,  1  high-school,  and 
a  large  manufactory  of  sti-aw  goods.  The  harbor  is  safe,  and 
*dmits  vessels  of  about  200  tons.     Total  population.  2828. 

MIliF'>RD.  a  poist-village  and  township  of  Otsego  co..  New 
York,  about  75  miltfs  W.  of  Albany.  The  village  has  churches 
of  3  or  4  denominations,  half  a  dozen  stores,  and  several 
factories.     Pop.  2210. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Alexandria  township.  Ilunter- 
Jon  CO.,  New  Jer-sey,  is  situated  on  the  Delaware  River  and 
the  Belvidere  and  Delaware  Railroad,  about  20  miles  al>ove 
Ijambertville.  It  has  2  churche.s,  4  stores,  2  hotels,  and  1 
flouring-mill.  A  bridge  crosses  the  river  at  this  place.  Pop. 
about  SOU. 

MILFOI'.D.  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey,  about  16 
miles  K.  of  Trenton. 

Ml  LFORI).  a  township  of  Bucksco..  Pennsylvania.  P.  2708. 

MILFitRD,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1646. 

MILFORD.  a  post-borough  and  township,  capital  of  Pike 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  River,  and  on  the  Dela- 
ware and  Hudson  Canal,  160  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harri.sburg. 
The  borou;:h  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  and  an 
tcademy.     Settleil  about  1800.     Pop.  of  the  township,  711. 

MILFliRD,  a  village  and  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn- 
sylvauia,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Somerset.    Pop.  1416. 


MILFORD,  a  hundred  in  Kent  co.,  Delaware.  Pop.,  includ- 
ing Mispillion,  5488. 

MILI'ORD.  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Kent  co..  Delaware, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Mispillion  Creek.  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dover, 
and  68  miles  S.  of  Wilmington.  It  is  the  seat  of  cousidera 
ble  business, and  contains  2  banks.  4  or  5 cbuidies,  a  public 
liiirary,  and  a  newspaper  office.  The  Misj)illi(in  is  navigablo 
fur  schooners.  Next  to  Wilmington,  Milford  is  the  largest 
place  in  the  state.  It  is  divided  by  the  Mispillion  into  North 
and  South  Milfonl,  The  latter  has  a  branch  of  the  Smyrna 
Bank,  a  church,  an  academy,  and  a  ship-yard.    Pop.  1763. 

MILFOitD,  a  post-village  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Richmond.  Fredericksburg,  and  Potomac  Railroad,  38  miles 
from  Richmond. 

MILFORD,  a  village  of  Preston  co.,  W.  Virginia,  on  the 
turnpike  from  Brandonville  to  Fishing  Creek. 

MIl^FOKD,  a  post-village  in  Greeuville  district,  Soutjl 
Carolina. 

Jll  LF'ORD,  a  post-office  of  Baker  co.,  Georgia. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  in  Bracken  co.,  Kentuckv. 

MILFORD,  a  townsliip  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1885. 

MILFORD,  a  thriving  iwst-village  of  Miami  township, 
Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Little  Miami  River,  14 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  A  bridge  acro.ss  the  river  con- 
nects the  village  with  the  Little  Miami  Railroad.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  700. 

MILFORD,  a  township  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1289. 

MILFORD,  a  township  of  Kn')X  do.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1082. 

MILFORD,  a  flourishing  post-village  a«id  township  of  Oak- 
land CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Huron  River,  36  miles  N.W.  of 
D(!troit.  The  water-power  of  the  river  gives  motion  to  2 
grist-mills,  2  woollen  factories,  and  a  nuichine-shop.  .Milford 
contains  3  churches  and  10  stores.  Pop.  about  1000 ;  of  the 
township,  1'  64. 

MI  LF'ORD,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  on  Clifty 
Creek,  8  miles  W.  of  Greeusburg,  contains  about  400  inha- 
bitants. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Turkey  Creek,  126  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indiana]K)lis. 

MILFORD,  a  township  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1091. 

MILFORD,  a  village  of  Warren  co..  Indiana,  14  miles  N. 
•of  Willianisport. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  Sugar 
Creek,  aljout  140  miles  E.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

MILFORD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kendall  CO.,  Illinois, 
on  F"ox  River,  61  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.  It  has  an  excellent 
water-power,  and  several  mills. 

MILF'OI'iD.  a  village  in  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  90  milea 
W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

MII.1FORD,  a  post-villcge  and  township  in  the  N.  part  of 
Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1981. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Princ« 
Edward,  situated  ou  the  Black  River,  7  miles  S.  of  Pictoa. 
Pop.  about  2.'>0. 

MILFORD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  15  miles  S.  of 
Cooperstown. 

MILFORD  CENTRE,  a  thriving  post  village  of  Union  co., 
Ohio,  on  Big  Darby  Creek,  and  on  tlie  Columbus  and  In- 
dianapolis iiailroad,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.  It  has  2 
or  3  churches. 

MILFORD-HA/VEN.  a  harbor  of  England,  on  a  ba.«in  or 
deep  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  coast  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke, forming  one  of  the  lx;st  ports  in  the  British  domi- 
nions. Lat.  of  St.  Anne's  Head,  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the 
entrance,  and  on  which  are  3  lighthouses  with  fixed  lights, 
51°  41'  N„  Ion.  50  10'  25"  W.  Lengtli  of  haven  aliout  15 
miles,  average  brea<Uh  2  miles.  It  is  completely  landlocked, 
has  deep  water,  and  the  whole  .shipping  of  the  empire  might 
ride  here  as  s;ifely  as  in  dock,  in  any  weather;  wliilst  the 
access  is  ea.sy,  and  the  ogress  can  bs  accomplished  by  aid  of 
the  strong  ebb,  even  in  head  winds.  The  town,  founded  in 
1790,  situateil  ou  the  N,  side  of  the  Haven,  contains  a  hand- 
some church,  market-house,  custom-house,  and  dock-yard. 
Pop.  2377. 

MILFORD,  SOUTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y^ork, 
West  Riding. ' 

MIL'FORDTON,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

MILH,  EL.  l\  mil  or  meel.  (anc.  Maluthar  the  Moladahot 
the  Scriptures.)  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashaiicof  Damascu.s, 
18  miles  S.  of  Hebron,  with  large  wells,  and  vestiges  of  a 
ruined  town,  covering  an  area  of  half  a  square  mile. 

MILHAU,  a  town  of  France.     See  Mii,L.\u. 

MILHAUD.  meeMo',  a  town  of  Fran«e,  department  of  Gard, 
4  miles  S.W.  of  Nimeii,  on  the  railway  to  Montpellier.  Pop. 
1700. 

MILIAN.AII,  me-le-3'nj,  ("anc.  AllnianaT)  a  town  of 
Algeria,  province  and  68  miles  S.W.  of  Algiers,  on  a  moun- 
tain slope,  3000  feet  above  sea-level.  It  has  numerous 
mosques,  a  limekiln,  a  pottery,  and  various  kinds  of  manu- 
factures, Roman  remains  are  still  met  with  here.  It  now 
contains  a  F'rench  garrison.  Pop.  in  1849,  2340;  of  whom 
1102  are  Europeans. 

MILIASKA.    See  M1GU.VZZA. 


MIL 


MIL 


>rrLl»uLI,  me-lillee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  13  miles  N.N^.W.  of 
Bj  racusf,  on  the  Cantjira.  Pop.  4200.  Close  to  it  are  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  H)/h>la.  and  the  population,  as  in  ancient 
times.  of.Uect  a  great  quantity  of  honey  in  the  vicinity. 

iMILIIs  niee^eece,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardiniii, 
division  of  Cagliari,  province  of  Busachi,  0  miles  N.  of  Oris- 
tano.     Pop.  14.50. 

MII.,'ITARY  FRONTIER,  (Ger.  MiUtar-Greme,  me-le-t,W 
grJu^sch.)  a  belt  of  country,  in  the  Austrian  dominions, 
stretching  along  the  frontiers  of  Turkey,  from  the  Adriatic 
Sea.  and  Dalmatia.  to  Transylvania ;  and  l)Ounded  X.  by  Croa- 
Ua,  Slavonia.  Hungary,  and  Transylvania ;  and  S.  by  Bo-snia, 
fcervi.^,  and  WalachiaV area  12.922  English  square  mile.t. 
This  military  frontier  was  originairy  formed  about  the  middle 
of  tlic  16th  century,  by  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  It  gub- 
Bequentlv  underwent  repeated  modifications,  and  now  con- 
Bii.ts  of  three  principal  divisions — the  Croatian  frontier, 
subdivided  into  those  of  Karlstadt,  Banat,  and  Wara,sdin ; 
the  Slavonian-.Servian  frontier,  and  the  Banat  frontier. 
The  inhabitants  are  both  cultivators  of  the  soil  and  soldiers; 
and  the  magistrates  are  officers  of  different  grades.  The 
properties  are  hereditary  military  fiefs,  which  the  inhabit- 
naits  hold  from  the  state,  under  different  conditions  of  mili- 
tary siTvices;  one  of  which  is  maintaining  a  permanent 
sanitary  cordon  against  Turkey;  another  is  the  guarding 
against  the  introiluction  of  contraband  wares.  In  time  of 
peactf,  the  force  of  the  Military  Frontiers  is  a1x)ut  45,000 
strong.  The  inhabitants  are  divided  into  14  regiments  of 
inCintry,  1  of  hus-s-trs.  and  2  battalions  of  seamen.  Pop. 
in  1S.50.  1.747,733;  in  1857,  1,064,922. 

5ITL/ITAKY  INSTITUTE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co., 
Kentucky. 

JIIIJTARY  ROAD,  a  post>offlce  of  Jefferson  (."O.,  New  York. 

MILITARY  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alar 
bama. 

MIIiITELLO,  me-le-tJllo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  and 
21  uiile.<  S.W.  of  Cantania.     Pop.  8000  ? 

MILITELLO.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  and  49  miles 
TV.S.W.  of  Messina.     Pop.  2500. 

MILITICS,  meeMeeHitch',  (Nemeth,  ni'mjt>,  and  R.wz, 
rSts.)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs, 
about  14  miles  from  Zombor.  on  the  morass  Mosztanga.  Pop. 
of  Neraeth-Militics.  3603;  Ratz-Militics.  2652. 

MILITSCH,  niee'litch,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  33 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Brc'slau.  on  the  Bartsch.     Pop.  2200. 

MILL,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1544. 

MILL,  a  township  in  Grant  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  1339. 

MILLAN-DE-LA-COOOLLA,  meel-lin'diV-ia-ko-gol/ll,  a 
town  of  Spain.  Old  Castile,  24  mUes  S.W.  of  Logroflo,  on  the 
Cardenas.     Pop.  1771. 

MIL'LARD,  a  new  county  in  the  western  part  of  Utah 
territory,  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Nevada,  and  is  drained 
by  Sevier  River,  with  some  smaller  streams.  Tliis  county 
was  formed  since  1>S50.  Named  in  honor  of  Millard  Fillmore, 
Ex-president  of  the  United  States.   Pop.  715.  See  Appendix. 

>IILL.\RD,  a  postroffice  of  Wayne  co..  North  Carolina. 

MILL,\.RD.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana, 

MILL.MID.  a  post-office  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MILL.\ni)SVlLLE,  a  small  village  of  Susquthanna  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MILL  .\RK,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  Indiana. 

MILL.VS.  meerii'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6- 
nfies-Orien tales,  on  the  Tet,  10  miles  W.  of  Perpignan.  Pop. 
in  1S.52.  2176. 

MILL.\U,  mee'lo',  or  MILIIAU,  (anc.  ^milianum.)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Aveyron.  capital  of  an  arrondisse- 
ment.  op  the  right  bank  of  the  Tarn,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Rodez,. 
Pop.  in  lS-52,  10.041.  It  has  a  communal  college,  courts  of 
first  resort  and  commerce,  a  chamber  of  commerce,  an 
agricultural  society,  and  several  manufactories  of  woollen 
cloth,  silk-twist,  chamois  leather,  and  leather  gloves.  It 
was  one  of  the  strongholds  of  the  Calvinists  during  the 
religious  wars,  but  its  ancient  castle  was  demolished  by 
Louis  XIII. 

MILL  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee. 

MILL'BOROUGH  SPUING,  a  post-viliage  of  Bath  co.,  Tir- 
pinia.  157  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Richmond.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  turnpike  from  Staunton  to  Bath  Court- 
House.  and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  Medicinal  springs 
occur  in  the  vicinitv. 

MILL'BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

MILLBROOK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

MILLHROOK.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Dur^ 
liam,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Port  Hope,  and  4  miles  from  Cavan- 
\ille.     It  contains  numerous  stores.     Pop.  about  275. 

MILLBROOK:.  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co..  Connecticut 

JIILLBROOK.  a  post-office  of  AV.arren  co.,  New  York. 

MILLltUOOK.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey. 

.MILLBROOK.  a  small  village  of  Mercer  CO..  Pennsj-lvania. 

MILLBROOK.  a  p.>st-village  of  Wavne  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  and  I'ennsylvania  Railroiid.  80  miles  N.B.  of  Columbus. 

MILL'IUTRG.  a  pust-office  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan. 

MILLBURN.  a  post-village  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  45  miles 
S.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

MILLBUKY,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Wor- 
1198 


cester  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Blackstone  River,  and  on 
the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad,  42  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Boston.  It  contains  a  bank,  and  has  5  or  6  woollen  factories, 
several  cotton  factories,  and  a  carpet-mill.     Pop.  3296. 

MILL  CRKEK.  of  New  Y^ork,  a  station  on  the  Corning  and 
Blossburg  Railroad,  25  miles  from  Corning. 

MILL  CREKK,  of  Austin  co ,  Texas,  flows  into  Bruzog 
Kiver,  a  few  miles  above  San  Felipe. 

MILL  CRKKlv,  of  Middle  Tennessee,  flows  into  Cumber- 
land River  from  the  left,  about  4  miles  above  Nashville.  It 
furnishes  motive  power  to  sever.al  mills. 

MILL  CREEK,  of  .Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  falls  into  JIahoning 
River. 

MILL  CREEK,  Ohio,  an  affluent  of  the  Ohio  River,  which 
it  enters  at  Cincinnati. 

MILL  Cl'tEEK,  Ohio,  an  affluent  of  Scioto  River,  which  it 
enters  in  Delaware  co. 

MILL  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Lapeer  co.,  and  enters 
Bl.aek  River  in  .>^t.  Clair  co. 

MILL  CREElv,  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan,  enters  the 
Huron  River  near  Dexter. 

MILL  CRKEK.  Indiana,  an  affluent  of  Eel  River,  rises  in 
Hendricks  co.,  and  enters  the  river  in  Putnam  co.  It  has 
a  perpendicular  fall  of  45  feet. 

.MILL  CREEK,  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana,  flows  into  the 
Tippecanoe. 

-AIIIX  CREEK,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  con- 
tains Erie,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  5070. 

MILL  CREElv,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Ponnsylyania. 
Pop.  1242. 

MILfj  CREEK,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1050. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. • 

MILL  CREEK,  a  hundred  in  New  Castle  co.,  Delaware. 
Pop.  3654. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Berkeley  co.,  W,  Virginia. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Sabine  parish,  Louisiana. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Bowie  co.,  Texas. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Izard  co..  .\rkansas. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  to-ft-nship  of  Coshocton  co..Ohio.  P.688. 

MILL  CREEIC,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

MILL  CRKEK,a  township  of  H.imilton  co..  Ohio.  P.  13,844. 

MII>L  CRKKK,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  844. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  township  of  Williams  co..  Ohio.    P.  979 

MILL  CUKEK,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois. 

5IILL  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Pulaski  co.,  Illinois. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  ijost-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Mi.ssouri,  160 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

MILIy-CREEK,  a  post-viihige  of  Canada  West,  on  the  post- 
road  from  Kingstfm  to  Toronto,  townsliip  of  Eruesttown, 
12  miles  W.  of  Kingston.    Pop.  about  250. 

MILL'DALE,  a  postoffice  of  Warren  co.,  Virginia. 

MILLD.VLK,  a  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Slississippi,  13 
miles  N.E.  of  Vicksburg. 

51ILLD.\LE,  a  post-office  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio. 

MILL'DAM.  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Missouri. 

SllL'LEDGEVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MILLEDGEVILE.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  North 
Carolina.  133  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

5nLLEDGEA"lLLE,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co., 
North  Carolina. 

MILLEDGEVILLE.  capital  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  and 
scat  of  justice  of  Baldwin  county,  is  situated  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Oconee  River.  158  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah, 
and  659  miles  S.W.  of  Washington;  lat.  33°  7'  20"  N.,  Ion. 
83°  19'  45"  W.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  h)eautiful  and  fertile 
cotton  country,  and  contains  a  number  of  handsome  resi- 
dences. Tlie  Oconee  River  furnishes  excellent  water-power 
here,  and  was  once  navigated  below  by  small  steamers,  but 
these  are  now  supersetled  by  railroads.  A  branch  railroad, 
17  miles  long,  extends  S.  to  Gordon,  on  the  Central  Railroad, 
and  another  extends  in  the  opposite  direction  to  Eatonton. 
The  State-House  is  a  fine  Gothic  edifice.  Milledgevilie  con- 
tains a  penitentiary,  an  arsenal  of  the  state,  a  court-hou.«e, 
4  or  5  churches.  1  academy,  and  1  bank.  Five  newspapers 
are  published  here.    Pop.  2480. 

M1LL1;DGEVILLE,  a  village  of  White  co.,  Tennessee,  80 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

MILLEDGEVILLE,  a  post-villege  of  Lincoln  co..  Ken- 
.tucky,  9  miles  S.  of  Danville.    It  contiins  a  stenm-m'll. 

MILLEDGEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  lllir.ois, 
about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Galena. 

MILLEN'S  BAY,  a  postvillage  in  the  W.  p.art  of  Jelferjon 
CO.,  New  York. 

MILL-EN-ST.  HUBERT.  meel-Sxo-sSx"  hU'baiiv'  a  vilLige 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  7  miiis  S.E. 
of  Grave.     Pop.  2249. 

MILLER,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  fif  Mi«s''or,.  has 
an  area  of  570  square  miles.    It  is  intersected  by  •.)sago 


MIL 


MIL 


River,  and  also  drained  by  Auglaiz©  River  and  Tavern 
Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and,  in  8ome  parts,  broken ; 
the  soil  is  pcnerally  poor,  excepting  on  tlie  margins  of  the 
Btreams.  Tlie  county  is  well  timbered  with  valuable  woo<l, 
Including  walnut  and  sugar  maple.  The  Osage  iiiver  is 
navigable  in  high  stages  of  water,  that  is,  usually  three  or 
four  months  of  tiie  year.  Named  in  honor  of  John  Miller, 
formerly  Governor  of  Missouri.  Capital,  Tuscumliia.  I'op. 
6812:  of  wliom  ti.574  were  free,  and  238  slaves. 

MIL'LER,  a  township  of  Jvnox  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  993. 

MILIjKU,  a  township  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1162. 

MILU'^lt,  a  townsliip  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri.    Pop.  1436. 

MlbLKR.  a  township  in  Scotland  co.,  Missouri. 

MILLKK.^Y,  a  post-office  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa. 

MI  LLKKOCHES,  meelMeh-rosh',  a  village  of  Canada  'West, 
on  the  Cornwall  Canal,  in  the  township  of  Cornwall,  and 
45  miles  from  I'rescott.     I'op.  aViout  220. 

MI MjKII'.S,  a  post-offlco  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Ohio. 

MIL'IylCKSBUKCr,  a  village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  26  miles  N.W.  of  Heading. 

MILLKKSBUUG,  a  post-village  of  D.auphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  Iiiver,  at  the 
mouth  of  Wiconisco  Creek,  28  miles  X.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 
It  contains  a  church  and  several  stores.  A  railroad,  16 
miles  long,  extends  from  this  place  to  the  coal-mines  of  Bear 
Mountain.    Pop.  961. 

MILI>KRSBUi;0.  a  postvillage  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennes- 
see, 43  miles  S.K.  of  Nashville. 

MILLKKSHUKG,  a  post-village  of  Bourlxin  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ilinkston  Creek,  48  miles  E.  of  Frankfort,  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  rich  farming  community,  and  is  one  of  the 
principal  places  in  the  county.  It  has  4  or  5  churches,  a 
thriving  high  school,  and  several  mills. 

MILLKKSBURO,  a  post-village,  eaiiital  of  Holmes  co., 
Ohio,  on  Killbuck  Creek,  87  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is 
built  on  elevated  ground,  and  surrounded  by  hills.  Laid 
out  in  1821.  It  contains  5  clmrehes,  2  newspaper  offices,  1 
bank,  1  foundry,  and  1  grist-mill.  The  Cleveland  and  Zanes- 
ville  Railroad  psisses  through  it.    Pop.  1156. 

MILLERSBUliG,  a  village  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  88  miles 
S.E.  of  Columbus,  and  12  miles  N.  of  Pomeroy. 

MILLKRSBURG,  a  village  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  40  miles  below  Cincinnati. 

.MILLERSBURG,  a  village  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Eel  River,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Columbta. 

MILLERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois,  156 
miles  .N.AV.  of  Springfield.  It  was  the  county  seat  previous 
to  1849. 

MlbbERSBURQ.  a  post-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Missouri, 
21  miles  N.  of  .Tefterson  Citv. 

Ml  LbERSBURG.  a  post-office  of  Iowa  Co.,  Iowa. 

MlbLEirS  CH.\P'EL,  a  postotfice  of  Dyer  co.,  Tennessee. 

MILLER'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co..  Utah. 

MILLEirS  MILL,  a  post-office  of  l$ath  co.,  Virginia. 

MILLER'S  PLACE,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New 
York,  near  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island. 

MIL'LERSPORT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.. 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Co^ 
lumbus. 

MILLER'S  RIVER,  of  Alassachusetts,  rises  in  the  N.  part 
of  Worcester  co.,  flows  W.  into  Franklin  co..  and  enters  the 
Connecticut,  at  its  bend  near  Greenfield,  after  a  course  of 
about  60  miles.  It  affords  motive  power  for  numerous 
lactones  and  mills. 

MILLER'S  RIVER,  a  mill  stream  in  Caledonia  co.,  in  the 
E.N.E.  part  of  Vermont;  falls  into  the  Pa.ssumpsic  River. 

JIILLER'S  TAVERN,  a  po.st-office  of  Es.^ex  co.,  Virginia. 

JIIL'LERSTOW  N.  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Butler. 

MILLEKSTOWN,  a  village  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Ilarrisburg  to  Lebanon,  20  miles  E. 
of  Ilarrisburg.  It  has  several  mills  on  Quitapahilla  Creek. 
Pop.  in  i860,  about  1000. 

JIILLERSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 9  miles  S.W.  of  Allentown.    Pop.  281. 

MILLEKSTOWN,  a  thriving  pos^village  of  Greenwood 
township.  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Juniata  River,  29  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  The  Central 
Railroad  and  Pennsylvania  Canal  pass  by  the  place.  Pop. 
about  800. 

JIILLERSTOV/N,  a  post-village  of  Grayson  co.,  Kentucky, 
125  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

MILLERSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio. 

MILL'ERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylv.mia,  39  miles  S.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  contains  several 
stores,  and  a  State  Normal  School.     Pop.  947. 

MILI.'ERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Maryland,  on  the  Annapolis  branch  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Washington  Railroad,  11  miles  from  Annapolis. 

MILLERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MILLERSVTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Adair  co..  Kentucky. 

MILLERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio,  28  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

UILLKUSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana. 


MILLERTILLE,  a  post-village  in  Louisville  township,  St 
Lawrence  co.,  New  York,  on  Grass  River,  wliith  here  alTords 
water-power,  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  i-igdensburg.  It  con- 
tains a  church,  u  hotel,  stone  gri.st mill,  with  4  run  of 
stones,  saw-mills,  triphammer,  tannery,  clothing  work.s,  &c 
Tlie  river  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge. 

MILLER  Y,  milMeh-ree',  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Rhone,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  1625. 

MILLESI.MO, mil-lA'so-mo,  a  market-town  of  Italv,in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Cairo,  on  the  Bonnida. 
Pop.  1308.  Bonaparte  here  gained  a  victory  over  the  Aua- 
trians  in  1790. 

MILLEVILLE,  mill'vil,a  post-village  in  Brunswick  town- 
ship, Rensselaer  co.,  New  Y'ork,  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Al- 
bany. It  has  2  churches,  a  school-house,  tavernj  gri.*t-mill, 
saw-mill,  and  a  large  auger  manufactory. 

SIILL  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  JIarion  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

MILLFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  alxiut  72 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

MILLFORD  SQUARE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MliiL  G-VP,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Virginia. 

MILL  GREEN,  a  post-office  of  llarfoi-d  co.,  Maryland. 

MILL  GKOYE,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

MILL  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Sumter  district.  South 
Carolina. 

MI  LL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Cobb  co.,  Georgia,  9  miles  S. 
of  Marietta. 

MILL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Alabama. 

MILL  GROVE,  a  village  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  about  120 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

MILL  G  ROVE,  a  post-village  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  on  Mill 
Creek,  15  miles  N.  of  Spencer,  the  county  town. 

MILLGRoVE,  a  township  in  Steuben  co.,  Indiana.    P.  835. 

MILL  GROVE,  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa. 

MILL  HALL,  a  post-village  of  Buld  Eagle  township,  Clin- 
ton CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  Fishing  Creek,  104  miles  N.W.  of 
Ilarrisburg.  It  contains  1  woollen  factory,  1  iron  foundry, 
1  furnace,  and  several  mills.    I'op.  400. 

MILL  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  Scrivcn  co.,  Georgia,  77 
miles  N.W.  of  Savannah. 

MILLHEIM,  mill'bime.  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, In  I'enn  Valley,  85  miles  N.AV.  of  Ilarrisburg, 
Pop.  about  200. 

MILL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  C^barras  co.,  North  Carolina, 

MILL/HOUSE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar.  3  niileg 
N.  of  Dundee,  in  the  manufactories  of  which  town  its  inha- 
bitants are  mostly  engaged. 

MILL'HOUSEN,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  55 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

-MIL'LIC.VN,  a  post-office  of  Brazos  co.,  Texas. 

M1I,'LIF0NT  or  MEL/LEFONT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Lein- 
ster,  CO.  of  I^oiith. 

MIIVLIKEN'S  BEND,  a  post-village  of  Madison  parish 
Louisiana,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  P.iver,  25 
miles  above  Ylcksburg. 

MliyLIN,  a  postoffice  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

MIL'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

JI I  L'LI  NGTON,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Connecticut,  35 
miles  E.N.E.  of  New  Haven. 

MILLINGTON,  a  pcjst-village  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Trenton. 

MILLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  Chester  River,  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Annapolis.     Pop.  .306. 

MILLINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  do.,  Virginia. 

MILLING,  mil-lee'no,  ^  post-office  of  Colorado  eo.," Texas. 

MILLOM,  a  iiarish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

511  LL  PLAIN,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
70  miles  S.A\'.  of  Hartford.  •      • 

Ml  lib  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Pocahontas  co..W .Virginia. 

MILL  P(tINT,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

MILL  POINT,  a  village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  on  Grand 
River,  1  mile  above  Grand  Haven.  It  has  6  or  7  steam  .saw- 
mills. 

MILL'PORT.  a  sea-bathing  place  of  Scotland,  in  the  Frith 
of  Clyde,  co.  of  Bute,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Cum- 
bray.  beautifully  situated.     Pop.  817. 

MILL'PORT,  a  post-village  in  Veteran  township,  Chemung 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Elmira  Railroad, 
150  miles  S.W.  by  W.  from  Albany.  A  stream  flows  past  the 
villiige.  affording  motive  power  for  numerous  saw-mills. 

MILLPORT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Potter  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Oswayo  Creek,  about  200  miles-  N.W.  of 
Ilarrisburg. 

MILL  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 

MILLPORT,  a  village  of  Jackson  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
MuscatitiK'k  River,  78  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

MILL  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Indiana. 

MILL  Pt)T,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey. 

MILL  RAY.  a  post-office  of  Bullock  co.,  Georgia. 

MILL  RlIKiE,  a  po.st-office  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Arkansas. 

MILL  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Windsor  co..  in  the  S.S.fi 
part  of  Vermont,  falls  into  the  Connecticut  River. 

MILL  lUVEK,  a  small  stream  of  Fairfield  co..  in  the  S.W 

119y 


MIL 


MIL 


part  of  Connecticut,  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound  at  New 
Haven. 

MILL  RIVER,  a  po? t-oflSce  of  Berkshire  oo.,  Masssachusetts. 

MILL  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  CO.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 270  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

MILLS,  a  new  county  iulhe  W.S.'O'.  part  of  Iowa,  border- 
ing on  the  Indian  Territory,  has  an  area  of  about  400  square 
ttfles.  The  Missouri  River  forms  its  W.  boundary,  and  the 
county  is  traversed  by  Nishnabatona  River  and  Keg  Creek. 
The  soil  is  said  to  be  good,  but  is  mostly  uncultivated.  Capi- 
tal, Glenwood.  Named  in  honor  of  Major  Mills,  of  Iowa, 
killed  in  the  Mexican  war.     Pop.  in  1S60,  4481. 

MILLS'BOROUOH.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
eylvania,  on  the  Monongahela  River,  about  36  miles  by  land 
S.  of  l>itt.<burg.    Pop.  292. 

MILLSBOROUGH.  a  post^village  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware, 
i5  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Dover. 

MILLSBOROUGII,  a  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

MILL.-;"  CORNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York. 

MILLS'FIKLD.  a  township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hampshire, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  Ilmbagog  Lake.  Pop.  in  ISoO,  33;  in 
1840.  12:  and  in  1850.  2. 

MILLSFORD,  a  township  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio. 

MIL  LS'  OX  P.  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co..  North  Carolina. 

5IILLS'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co..  New  York. 

MILLS"  -MILLS,  athriving  village  of  Fayette  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  \Vhitewater  River  and  Canal,  60  miles  £.S.£.  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

MILLS  POINT,  Kentucky.    See  Hickjun. 

MILLSPORT,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

MILLS'  PRAIRIE,  a  past-office  of  Edwards  co.,  Illinois. 

MILL  SPRING,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Tennessee. 

MILL  Sl'RIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Kentucky, 
101  miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

MILLSTADT.  milPstdtt,  a  village  of  Austria.  Illyria,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Villach.  on  the  N.  shore  of  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.  aViout  9  miles  long  and  2  broad.     Pop.  500. 

MILLSTADT.  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois. 

MILL'STijNE,  a  new  township  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey.     Pop.  2366. 

MILLSTONE,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Millstone  River,  and  near  the  Delaware 
and  Raritan  Canal,  25  niileg  N.N.E.  of  Trenton,  contains  4 
or  5  stores,  and  some  50  or  60  houses. 

MILLSTDNE.  a  post-office  of  Oglethorpe  co.,  Georgia. 

MILLSTONE  RIVER,  in  the  central  part  of  New  Jersey, 
rises  in  Monmouth  county,  separates  Mercer  from  Middlesex 
county,  then  flowing  northward  through  part  of  Somerset, 
ent<>rs  the  Raritan,  2  or  3  miles  S.E.  of  Somerville. 

MILL/STREET,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Munster.  co.  of 
Cork.  20  miles  E.  of  Killarney.  Pop.  2162.  It  has  a  jail, 
and  infantry  Imrracks. 

Ml  LLS  VIL'LAGE,  a  village  of  Frankfort  township,  Waldo 
CO.,  Maine,  about  20  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Belfast.  It  contains 
a  church,  C  stores,  and  extensive  lumbering-mills. 

MILLTHORPE,  a  town  of  England.     See  Milnthorpe. 

MILLTOWN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry, 
8  miles  S.  of  Tralee.  Pop.  797.  In  the  vicinity  is  Kilcole- 
man  Abbey. 

MILLTiiWN,a  village  of  Ireland,  Leinster,co.  and  2  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Dublin.    Pop.  736. 

Mll^LTLl^VN.  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

MILLTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co..  New  York, 
about  100  miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  has  2  churches,  and  4  or 
5  stores. 

MILLTOWN,  a  little  village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Flemington. 

MILLTOWN,  a  village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MILLTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
4  miles  E.  of  Westchester. 

MILLTOWN,  a  manufacturing  village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Tacony  Creek,  about  8  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Philadelphia.     Shovels  and  spades  are  made  here. 

MILLTOWN,  a  post  office  of  Chambers  co.,  Alabama. 

MILLTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  110 
miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MILl/rOWN-M  ALBAY,  (mJl'bJ.)  a  town  of  Ireland,  Mun- 
ster, CO.  of  Clare,  on  -the  Cove  of  Malbay,  18  miles  W.  of  En- 
nis.     Pop.  1295. 

MILL'VIEW*,  a  poslxifflce  of  Sullivan  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MILLVIKW,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  CO.,  Virginia. 

MILL  VILLAGE,  a  postrvillage  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

MILL'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  CO.,  Ma.«sachu- 
setts.  on  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad,  20  miles 
from  the  former  and  23  from  the  latter. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co.,  New  York, 
about  40  miles  W.  of  Rochester.    It  has  an  academy. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-town  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  .Maurice  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and  on  tlie 
railroad  which  connects  Philadelphia  with  Cape  May,  about 
40  miles  S.  by  E.  of  the  former.  It  has  1  national  bank,  1 
large  cotton  factory,  several  manufactories  of  glassware  and 
Window  glass,  1  iron  foundry,  &c.  Pop.  in  1865  about  6000. 
1200 


MILLVILLE,  otherwise  called  HEAD'LEY'S  and  TAT*- 
TLETOWN,  a  village  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the  road 
leading  fnun  Barnegat  to  Mount  Holly. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
84  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SIILLA'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  King  George  co.,  Virginia, 
about  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

^IILLVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama,  65 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

MILLVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Marion  co.,  Alabama. 

MILLVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Texas,  about  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Henderson. 
MILLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Arkansas. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-vilL-jge  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee,  97 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

MILLVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  Indian 
Creek,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  21 
miles  E.  of  Galena. 

MILLVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Ray  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  road  from  Richmond  toCliillicothe, about  150 
miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City.     Pop.  about  500. 

MILLVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  on  Tur- 
key River,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MILiyWAY,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district.  South 
Carolina. 

MILL/WJ:E'S,  a  postoffice  of  Anderson  district,  Soutb 
Carolina. 

MILiyWOOD,  a  postoffice  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MILLAVOOD,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Virsinia,  140 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond.  It  has  1  or  2  churches,  and 
several  flouring-mills. 

MILLWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Dooly  co.,  Georgia. 

MILLWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Florida. 

MIIiLWOOD,  a  steamboat-landing  of  Alabama,  on  the 
Black  Warrior  River  below  Tuscaloosa. 

MILLWOOD,  a  post  office  of  Collins  co.,  Texas. 

M1LLW(V>D.  a  township  of  Guernsey  CO..  Ohio.    P.  14S9. 

MILLWOOD,  a  post-villago  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  near  Vernon 
River,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

MILLWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  78  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

MILLY,  meeVee',  (L.  Milliacum.)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Ecolle,  15  miles  E.  of  Etampes. 
I'op.  in  1852,  2028. 

MILLY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Beauvais.     Pop.  1078. 

MILNA,  mil'nd,  a  seaport  town  of  Austria,  Dalmatia,  13 
miles  S.  of  Spalatro,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Brazza, 
on  a  large  bay  which  forma  an  excellent  natural  harbor. 
Pop.  2763. 

MIL'NATIIORT,  a  market-town  of  Scotland,  co.  and  If 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Kinross.    Pop.  in  1851, 1  )05. 

MTL'NER,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co..  Georgia,  on  the  Macon 
and  Western  Railroad.  46  miles  N.W.  of  M.acon. 

MILNER.  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co..  Alabama. 

5IIL/NERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Guernsev  CO..  Ohio. 

MILXr.AVIE  or  MILL'GUY,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Stirling.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Glas2ow.     Pop.  1622. 

MILNTHORPE  or  MILLTHORPE.  mill'thorp.  a  market- 
town  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland,  7  miles  S.S.AV.  of 
Kendal,  with  a  station  on  the  Preston  and  Carlisle  Railway. 
Pop.  in  1851.  1534. 

MILO.  mec^o,  or  ME/I.OS,  (Gr.  MijXoj,")  an  island  of  the 
Grecian  Archi|xdago.  kingdom  of  Greece,  government  of  Svra, 
lat.36°45'N..lon.24°23'E.  Area  65  square  miles.  Pop.  3800. 
Surface  mountainous,  volcanic,  and  generally  sterile.  Mount 
St.  Eli."i.s.  in  its  W.  part,  is  "2480  feet  in  height."  Sulphur,  alum, 
and  vitriol  are  its  principal  prixiucts.  and  it  has  many  caverns 
and  hot  springs.  A  large  bay  indents  it  on  the  N..  forming 
one  of  the  most  frequented  harbors  in  the  Cyclades,  on  the 
S.E.  side  of  which  is  the  .small  and  unhealthy  town  of  Milo, 
In  ancient  times  a  flourishing  city.  Anti-Milo,  dn'tee  mee'lo, 
is  an  i.slet  about  6  miles  N.W. 

MI'LO,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Piscataquis  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Piscataquis  River,  which  here  receives  the 
Sebec,  and  about  half  a  mile  E.  of  Pleasant  River.  35  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Bangor.  The  village  possesses  an  abundant 
water-power,  which  is  employed  for  a  grist-mill,  saw-mill, 
shingle  and  clapboard  establishment,  carding  and  cloth- 
dressing  factory,  and  a  large  shovel-handle  factory,  turning 
out  about  3000  dozen  handles  annually.  It  contains  a 
church,  erected  in  18.53.  and  6  stores.  A  bridge  of  280  feet 
span  was  built  across  I'lea.sant  River  in  1852.  at  a  cost  of 
J;.'{5(X).  Over  this  bridge  passes  most  of  the  travel  between 
the  E.  and  W.  parts  of  the  state.  Pop.  of  the  vUlage,  about 
600:  of  the  township.  959. 

MILO.  a  post-township  of  Y.ites  co..  New  York,  borders  on 
Seneca  and  Crooked  Lakes,  and  contains  Penn  Yau,  the 
county  seat.     Pop.  4416. 

MILO,  a  post-office  of  Bradley  co.,  Arkangaa. 


MIL 


MIL 


MTIiO,  It  post-ofBce  of  Brown  cc,  Indiana. 

MILO,  a  pijst-oOice  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 

MILO  CKXTivK,  a  post-village  of  Yiites  CO.,  New  York,  on 
tha  Canandaiijua  and  Elmira  Railroad,  4  miles  S.  of  i'eun 
Van. 

MILOSLAW,  mee1o-?Uv\  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  29 
miles  S.E.  of  ['o^en.     I'op.  1590. 

MILOSTAVITCIII,  me-lo-.std-vitcWoe.  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Jloheelev,  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  Klimo- 
vitchi.     Pop.  ISOO. 

JlIL^Ui)Y',  a  small  post-villaie  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MILROY,  a  post-village  of  Uush  co.,  Indiana,  on  Litlle 
Flat  Kock  Creek,  S  miles  S.  of  Ku.'jliville. 

MII,'.S;)N,  a  pari.-:h  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MI  I>'STK.\.D,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

MIL'.STON,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Wilts,  2}  miles 
E.N'.K.  of  Amesbury.  Addison  was  born  in  the  parsonage 
house  of  this  parish  in  1672. 

MILTENBKRG,  mil'ten-bJitQ\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Main,  31  miles  W.  of  Wiirzburg.  Pop.  3050.  It  has  a  Fran- 
ciscan convent,  and  a  castlo  belonging  to  the  Prince  of 
Leiningen. 

Ml  L'Ti  »f ,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  3  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Abingdon. 

Ml  I.TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

Ml  LTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  county  and  15 
6.S.E.  of  Hants. 

MILTON'  Ali'BAS,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset,  6  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Blandford-Forum.  Pop.  853. 
Milton  Abbey  is  a  noble  structure  occupying  the  site  of  a 
#non.istery  built  by  King  Athelstan  about  933. 

MILTOX  AB'BOT.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Devon. 

MILTON  BliY'AN'T,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

MI  LTi  )N"  UAM'1':R  KLL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

Ml  LTOX  KRN'E.ST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

Ml  LTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

MILTDX  KEYXE3,  (kAnz,)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks,  3.i  miles  S.S.E.  of  Xewport-I'agnell.  Atterbury,  the 
celebrated  Bishop  of  Rochester,  was  born  here  in  1062. 

MI  LTOX  LI  1/BOURXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

MILTOX.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

MILTON  MAL'ZOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

MILTON  POD'IMORE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WILTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MILTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

MILTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  island  of 
Portsea. 

MILTON  or  IIERBERTSlIIRE,  a  small  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Stirling,  7  miles  W.X.W.  of  Falkirk,  on  the  Carron. 

.MIL'TOX.  a  township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

MILTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Strafford  co.. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Salmon  Fulls  River,  30  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Cancoril.  The  village  is  on  tliu  Great  Falls  and  Conway 
Kailroad,  It  bus  mauulkctures  of  flannels,  bobbins,  &c. 
Pop.  1S62. 

MILTON,  a  post-township  of  Chittenden  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  Lamoille  Kiver.  and  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad, 
about  U  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1963. 

MILTOX,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Norfolk  co.,  Ma.s- 
(achusetts,  on  the  Milford  Branch  Railroad,  8  miles  S.  of 
Boston.  The  township  contains  many  elegant  country  resi- 
dences, and  is  noted  for  its  delightful  scenery.  The  village 
is  a  pleasant  and  thriving  place,  with  an  academy  incorpo- 
rated in  179S.  A  village  called  the  Mill  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  navigation  oo  the  Neponset,  partly  in  Milton  and 
partly  in  Dorchester.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  active  business, 
and  has  some  manufactories.  A  fine  granite  bridge  has 
recently  been  constructed  across  the  Neponset,  connecting 
Milton  with  Dorchester.  The  river  affords  excellent  motive 
power  for  mills.  A  fine  quality  of  granite  is  found  here. 
Pop.  of  the  township.  2669. 

MI  LTON,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  CO.,  Connecticut,  about 
35  miles  W.  of  Hartford. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Saratoga  CO.,  New  York,  immedi- 
ately N.  of  Ballston  Spa.     Pop.  5251. 

MILTOX.  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  near  the 
Hud.son  River,  about  SO  miles  below  Albany.  It  has  3  or  4 
churches,  and  is  the  centre  of  some  trade. 

MILTOX,  a  past-village  of  Morris  co..  New  .Jersey. 

MILTON,  a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MILTOX,  a  po.st-borough  of  Turbot  town.ship,  Xorthum- 
berliind  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  70  miles  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 
It  is  the  most  populous  town  in  the  county.  Large  quanti- 
ties of  grain  are  exported  from  this  place  by  the  West  Branch 
Canal.  A  bridge  crosses  the  river  here.  Milton  is  on  the 
Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  at  the  "W.  terminus  of  thp 
Catawissa  Railroad.  It  has  4  or  5  churchea,  2  banks,  1 
academy,  1  newspaper  offlce,  and  2  steam-mills.  Pop.  in 
1850,1649;  in  1860, 1702. 

MILl'ON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware, 
8  miles  S.E.  of  Milford.    Pop.  780. 

MII.T'ON,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Caswell  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Dan  River,  75  miles  N.W.  of  Raleigh,  and 
4A 


very  near  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state.  County  Line  Creek, 
which  joins  the  Dan  River  here,  allbrds  water-power.  Milton 
contains  a  large  flouring-mill,  a  cotton  factory,  and  4  tobacco 
factories.  It  has  also  several  .seminaries,  8  stores,  1  news 
paper  office,  and  1  bank.     Pop.  in  1.S60,  about  1200. 

MILTON,  a  post-village  in  Laurens  district,  South  Carolina 

MILTON,  IV  post-office  of  Wilkln.«on  co.,  Georgia. 

MILTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Santa  Rosa  co.,  Florida 
on  the  Blackwater  River,  near  its  entrance  into  Pensacola 
Bay,  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Pensacola.     Pop.  1815. 

MILTON,  a  post-village  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama,  about 
40  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Moutgoraery. 

MILTOX,  a  postrvillage  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Tallahatchie  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of  Tippah  Creek.  an(J 
at  the  head  of  .«team  navigation.  13  miles  X.E.  of  Oxford. 

MILTOX,  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee,  15 
miles  N.E.  of  jjlurfrees borough. 

MILTOX.  a  p(«t-village  of  Trimble  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  nearly  opposite  Madison,  Indiana. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1300. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  .Licksnn  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2365. 

MILTON,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W. -extremity 
of  Maliuning  co.,  Ohio.     Puji.  91  li. 

MILTOX  or  WEST  MILTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Jliami  co.,  Ohio,  on  Stillwater  Creek,  78  miles  W.  of  Colum- 
bus, has  2  churches  and  several  mills.     Pop.  about  600. 

MILTO.X,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  about  100  miles  N.E. 
of  Columbus. 

JIILTOX,  a  township  of  Wayjie  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1428. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  675. 

MILT  IN,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  !57-i. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Jftferson  co.,  Indian.a.     P.  1725, 

MILTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Wliitewater  Valley  Canal,  54  miles  E. 
of  Indianapolis.    Pop.  705. 

MILTON,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois,  on  McKec's 
Creek,  about  t)0  miles  AV.  of  Springfield. 

MILTON,  a  township  in  Du  I'age  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1262. 

MILTOX,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois. 

MILTOX,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Missouri,  12  miles 
E.  of  Huntsville. 

MILTOX,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buron  co.,  Iowa. 

MILTON,  a  post-village  In  Milton  township,  Rock  po., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi  It. R.,  where  it 
is  crossed  by  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  R.K.,  8  m.  N.E. 
of  Janesville.  It  ha-s  2  churches,  an  academy,  6  stores,  2 
hotels,  and  10  mechanics'  shops.  Pop.  of  the  township,  1774. 

MILTON,  a  thriving  town  of  Washington  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Columbia  River,  30  miles  N.N.AV.of  Port- 
land. 

MILTON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Ilaltoii,  ."6 
miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  25  miles  from  Hamilton. 

JIILTON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Shefford, 
and  8  miles  from  Granby. 

JIILTON  Ml  LLS.  post-office.  Strafford  co..  New  Hampshire. 

MILTON-NEXT-GRAVESEND,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent. 

MILTON  P.'VRK,  England.    See  PETtRBOROUGH. 

JIILTON,  ROYAL,  an  ancient  market-town  and-parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Channel  between 
the  Isle  of  Sheppy  and  the  mainland,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Medway,  74  miles  W.N.W.  of  Feversham.  Pop.  in  18.51, 
2407.  It  has  wharves  for  barges  engaged  in  the  London 
carrying  trade,  and  numerous  dredgers  employed  in  its  cele- 
brated oyster  fisheries. 

MIl/TOXSBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Monroe  co., 
Ohio,  114  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

MILrrOXVILLE.  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Mississippi,  115 
miles  E..S.E.  of  Jack.son. 

MILTOX  VILLE,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  30  miles  N 
of  Cincinnati. 

MILTON  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Maumee  I'.iver,  55  miles  W.  of  Sandusky 
Citv. 

MILTSCHIN.  milt-sheen',  or  MILCSIN,  mil  cheen' a  town 
of  Bohemia,  47  miles  S.S.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1500. 

MI  LTSEEX  or  MILTSIN,  milt-seen',  a  mountain  of  North 
Africa,  the  highest  ascertained  peak  of  the  Atlas,  is  situated 
about  30  miles  S.E.  of  the  city  of  Morocco.  Lat.  31°  15'  N., 
Ion.  7°  25'  W.     Height  11.400  feet.  » 

MIL'VERTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co, 
of  Somerset,  13f  miles  S.W.  of  Bridgewater. 

MIL'VERTON  with  ED'MONSCOTT,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Warwick. 

MILVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas. 

MILVILLE.  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Durham,  i 
miles  W.  of  Bowmanville.  It  contains  several  mills  and 
stores.     Pop.  about  200. 

MILAVAU'KEE,  or  MILWAU'KIE,  a  river  of  Wisconsin, 
which  rises  in  F'ond  du  Lac  co.,  and  after  a  course  or 
perhaps  100  miles,  enters  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  city  of  Mil 
waukee.  Its  general  direction  is  S.S.E.  The  lower  part  of 
its  course  for  about  30  miles  is  nearly  parallel  with  the  lake, 
from  which  it  is  only  4  or  5  miles  distant.  It  furnishes  ex- 
tensive water-power. 

1201 


MIL 

MILWAUKEE,  a  count e  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
Iwrderins  on  Lake  Micbiginj,  contains  240  square  miles.  It 
is  draineilby  tiie  Milwankeo  Menomonee.  and  lioot  Kivers. 
The  purfice  is  peutly  umiulatinsr.  The  soil  is  calcareous, 
and  hi;;hly  productive.  Milwaukee  county  is  traversed  by 
the  Jliiwaiikee  and  Saint  Paul  Railroad  and  other  railroads. 
Settled  in  1S34  or  1S35.  Though  the  smallest  in  extent,  it 
is  the  most  populous  county  in  the  state,  and  tlie  most  im- 
portant ascontiiining  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  the  coramer- 
ciiil  capital  of  Wisconsni,     I'op.  ri2.')lS. 

MILWAUKEE,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Milwau- 
kee CO.,  Wisconsin. 

MILWAUIvEE,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  connty-soat  of  Mil- 
waukee county,  and  the  most  populous  town  of  Wisconsin ; 
is  situated  on  "the  W.  shore  of  I^ake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth 
of  Milwaukee  Kiver,  90  miles  N.  of  Chicago,  and  75  miles  E. 
of  Madison.  Liit.  -430  3'  45"  N.,  Ion.  S7°  57'  ^y.  The  river 
approaches  fi-om  the  N..  in  a  direction  nearly  ^irallel  with 
the  lake  shore,  and  is  joined  about  half  a  mile  from  its  mouth 
by  the  Menomonee  Kiver,  which  comes  from  the  W.  The 
largest  boats  of  the  lakes  can  ascend  the  river  two  miles  from 
its  mouth,  as  also  the  Jlenomonee  for  some  distance  from  its 
confluence  with  the  Milwaukee.  About  $400,000  iiave  been 
expended  for  the  improvement  of  the  harbor  in  addition 
to  the  appropriation  by  Congress  for  that  purpose,  so  that 
now  the  city  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  upon  the  whole 
chain  of  lakes.  The  city  is  pleasantly  situated  upon  each 
Bide  of  the  river,  its  general  appearance  is  peculiar  and  strik- 
ing from  the  color  and  Superior  quality  of  the  bricks  manu- 
factured here;  they  are  of  a  delicate  and  enduring  cream  or 
straw  color,  which  is  highly  agreeable  to  the  eye,  and  is  not 
affected  by  the  action  of  the  elements.  Ijjirge  quantities  are 
annually  shipped  to  other  parts  of  the  Union.  Milwaukee 
contains  43  churches,  of  which  35  are  Protestant,  7  Catholic, 
and  1  Hebrew.  There  are  11  public  schools,  the  Milwaukie 
Female  College,  several  academies,  3  orphan  asylums,  and 
2  hospitals.  The  Catholics  have  a  large  convent  located  here 
called  "  Convent  Notre  Dame."  The  public  press  consists  of 
5  or  6  daily  and  7  weekly  newspapers.  There  ane  S  banks  and 
several  insurance  companies.  The  streets,  stores,  &c.,  are 
lighted  with  gi«.  Six  railroads  centre  here,  viz.,  the  5Iil- 
waukee  and  I'rairie  Du  Chien,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul,  Mil- 
waukee and  Watortown,  Milwaukee  and  Iloricon,  Chiciigo 
and  'Milwaukee,  and  Detroit  and  Milwaukee.  Milwaukee  is 
the  outlet  and  sliipping  port  for  the  production  of  a  ricli  and 
rapidly  improving  country,  it  is  the  greatest  primary  wheat 
market  in  the  world :  notwithstanding  the  partial  failure  of 
the  wheat  crop  of  1S62.  the  receipts  for  1863  at  this  port 
of  wheat,  including  flour  reduced  to  wheat,  was  15.752,.536 
bushels,  less  by  2,128,000  bushels  than  the  anioinit  received  in 
1862.  The  shipments  of  wheat  flour  from  this  iwrt.  in  1863,  ex- 
ceeded those  from  Chicago  by  2,i48,2.j9  bushels,  and  were 
liirgely  in  excess  of  the  total  shipments  from  all  other  Michi- 
gan Lake  ports  combined.  The  receipts  and  shii)ments  of 
other  products  for  1863  were  948,429  bushels  of  oats,  358,450 
bushels  of  corn,  233,447  of  barley.  158,882  of  rye,  11,813 
of  beans,  and  17,406  of  seeds ;  852,596  lbs.  of  butter,  1866 
barrels  of  eggs,  110,849  lbs.  of  liides,  1,355,379  lbs.  of  wool, 
41,609,553  lbs.  of  pork;  beef,  lard,  and  tallow,  875,975  lbs.  of 
lead,10,840  half-barrels  of  white  fish  and  trout.  The  grain  stor- 
age capacity  of  the  elevators  and  warehouses  of  Jlilwaulcee, 
including  the  new  elevator  nearly  completed  for  the  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railway,  is  4.785,000  bushels.  Tonnage 
of  vessels  owned  here  in  1803,  21,780.  Steamers  nm  across 
the  lake  during  the  whole  year  in  connection  with  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railway.  Milwaukee  is  remarkable  for  its 
healthful  climate,  and  for  the  rapidity  of  its  growth.  There 
are  6  large  flouring-mills,  a  woollen  fiictory,  several  machine- 
shops,  an  extensive  iron  roUiiig-mill  just  being  completed.and 
many  other  establishments.  The  extensive  water-power  of  the 
Milwaukee  River  is  an  important  element  in  the  prosperity 
of  this  place.  Settled  in  1835,  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1846. 
Pop.  in  18.50,  20,061 ;  in  1854,  30,000;  in  1863,  65,000. 

MIIyWAUKEE,  a  post-village  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregon. 

MILWAUKIE,  a  river  of  Wisconsin.    See  Milwackm. 

MIL'WICII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

5IILZAN0,  mil-zd'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  gov- 
ernment of  Milan,  province  of  Brescia,  on  the  Mella.  P.  1239. 

MIMCIN'A  or  MIMSIXA,  mim-see'na.  a  ronpidt^rable  town 
of  Morocco,  province  of  Darah.  190  miles  S.E.  of  Jlnrocco.  lat. 
30°  N.,  Ion.  5°  W.,  beautifully  situated  among  palms,  and  in- 
haliited  by  Berbers,  Moorish  agriculturists,  and  some  Jews, 

MIMJIS,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

JIIJIMS,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

MIN,  min  or  meen.  or  MIX  KIANG,  min'  ke-3ng/.  a  con- 
riderable  river  of  China,  province  of  Fokien.  the  greater 
part  of  which  it  drains,  rises  in  the  black  tea  district,  and 
flows  generally  S.E.  into  Ho-slen  Bay.  lat.  26°  8'  N.,  Ion. 
119°  40'  E.  Near  its  mouth  it  is  bounded  on. each  side  by 
lofty  heights;  n  good  deal  of  rice  is  raised  on  its  baUks.  On 
It  are  the  cities  Kien-chang,  Yen-ping,  and  Foo-choo,  the 
last  being  one  of  the  Chiuc-e  ports  now  open  to  Europeans. 

MI'NA,  a  post-village  and  township  on  the  W.  border  of 
Chautau(iua  co..  New  York,  about  20  miles  E.  of  the  city  of 
Erie.    I'up-  I-'OO. 
1202 


MIN 

JITNAB.    See  Meenab. 

MINA.  meo'ni,  (plural  Minas,  mee/nls.)  a  Portuguese 
and  Spanish  word  signifying  ''  mine,"  and  forming  a  part 
of  several  names  in  South  America;  as,  Mi.\AS-GirR.\ES.  the 
"General  Alines,"  Minas-Novas,  the  "New  Mines,"  ic, 

MINAS-GEKAES,  mee'nds  zh.i-rd/is,  almost  zhiiriee',  a 
province  of  Brazil,  situated,  between  lat,  14°  25'  and  23°  8., 
and  Ion.  40°  37'  and  63°  20'  W.,  having  E.  Baliia,  S.  San 
Paulo,  W.  Go3-az,  and  X.  Pernambuco.  Area  160,870  square 
miles.  It  occupies  the  highest  table-laud  in  Brazil,  and  is 
the  most  populous  of  its  provinces.  The  prairies  are  covert^ 
with  vast  herds  of  cattle,  and  the  cheese  of  the  province  is 
in  high  repute.  The  gold  and  precious  stomas  of  the  pro- 
vince are  very  important :  extensive  iron  works  have  lH*n 
erected  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ouro-l'reto,  and  furnish 
many  of  the  large  castings  used  in  the  sugar-liouse.s.  Edu- 
cation has  made  greater  advances  iu  this  than  in  any  of  the 
other  provinces.  In  1841,  there  were  20  Latin,  and  181  pri- 
mary schools,  a  normal  school,  and  a  school  of  science  in 
Ouro-Preto,  (formerly  Villa  Rica.)  It  sends  20  deputies  to 
the  General  Assembly,  and  appoints  10  senators.  The  Pro- 
vincial Assembly,  composed  of  36  members,  holds  its  silting 
in  Ouro-Preto.    Pop.  900,000. 

MINAS-NOVAS,  mee'nds  no'vis,  formerly  BOM-SUCCES- 
SO  DAS  MINAS-DE-FAXADO,  b4.\o  soo-sd/so  d.^s  mee'nds 
di  fd-nd'do,  a  modern  town  of  Bnizil,  province  of  Minas- 
Geraes,  230  miles  X.N.E.  of  Ouro-Preto,  with  an  electoral 
college,  a  school  of  primary  instruction,  and  a  hospital. 
Pop.  3000. 

MI'NAVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  cc,  New 
York,  35  miles  W.X,W.  of  Albany. 

MIXAYA,  me-nl'd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  31  miles* 
N,W,  of  Albacele,    Pop,  2312. 

MINCAR/LO,  one  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  4  miles  W.  of  St. 
Mary's.    Area  12  acres. 

MIXCH,  a  strait  of  Scotland.    See  Minsh. 

MINCHIXHAMIVTOX,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Gloucester,  on  the  Cotswold  Hills,  4  miles  S.E 
of  Stroud,  near  a  branch  of  the  Great  Western  Railway 
Pop.  in  1851.  4459.  The  town  has  manufactories  of  woollen 
cloth,  recently  employing  about  1000  bauds. 

MIXCIIIXMADIVA,  min-chin-md-dee'vd,  written  also 
MIXCHIXMADOM.  a  mountain  peak  of  the  Andes,  in  Pa- 
tagonia; lat,  42°  50'  S,     Height  8000  feet. 

MINCIO,  min'cho  or  meen'cho,  (anc.  MMcitis.)  a  river  of 
North  Italy,  emerges  from  the  .*.  extremity  of  Lake  Garda, 
flows  S.  and  E.,  and  joins  the  Po,  near  Govcruolo,  after  a 
course  of  38  miles.  Goito  and  Mantua  are  on  its  banks,  from 
which  last  city  downwards  it  is  navitrablii  fur  barges. 

MINDANAO,  min-dd-nd/o  or  meen-dd-nd'o,  or  5LAGIN- 
D.\NAO,  md-Heen-dd-nd'o.  (inhabitants  of  the  lakes.)  an 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  tlie  southernmost  and  after 
Luzon  the  largest  of  the  Philippines,  extending  from  Point 
Banajan,  lat.  9°  50'N.,  Ion.  125°  23' E.,  to  Point  Mindanao,  lat. 
5°  32'  N.,  Ion,  125°  23'  E ;  and  W,  to  E,  from  Point  Alimpapan, 
lat.  7°  6'  N.,  Ion.  122°  E..  to  Cape  St.  Augustine  orl'andagi- 
tan,  lat.  6°  4'  N.,  Ion.  120°  13'  E.  Greatest  len-th  300  miles. 
Estimated  area  30,000  square  miles.  Iligan  Bay  on  the  N., 
and  lllano  or  lllanon  Bay  on  the  S.,  nearly  divide  the  islaua 
into  two  parts.  Its  line  of  coast  is  marked  with  many 
bays  and  headlands,  which  afford  excellent  shelter  to  ships 
during  storms,  but  strong  currents  make  its  W.  side  dan- 
gerous. Its  mountains  are  of  immense  altitude,  and  are 
clothed  nearly  to  their  summits  with  dense  forests  of  teak 
and  other  large  trees.  Numerous  volcanoes,  .some  extinct, 
others  in  full  ignition,  occur  among  them ;  but  Jlount  Ca- 
latan,  near  the  source  of  the  river  Batuan,  s<'ems  the  only 
one  known,  by  name,  to  geographers.  It  is  thickly  inters 
spersed  with  lakes,  from  which  circumstance  it  derives  its 
name.  In  some  parts  of  the  island  are  extensive  prairies. 
The  products  comprise  gold,  rice,  wax,  cassia,  rattans,  to- 
bacco, and  pepper,  exported  chiefly  to  .Manilla  and  the  adja- 
cent islands.  Nitre,  and  volcanic  products  are  said  to  be 
abundant.  The  interior  is  peopled  by  Papuan  negroes.  Tlie 
Malays,  who  have  long  been  notorious  for  their  piracies, 
live  under  many  independent  chiefs,  the  principal  of  whom 
is  the  Sultan  of  Mindanao.  Principal  towns.  Mindanao, 
Zamboangan.  Cayagau,  Surigao,  Tandag,  and  Catel,  Pop. 
uncertain;  that  of  the  2  Spanish  provinces  on  its  N.  side 
amounted,  in  1837,  to  upwards  of  74,000. 

MINDANAO,  a  town  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Jlindanao,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Pelangy,  in  the  Bay 
of  lUana,  and  contiguous  to  which  is  Selangan,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Sultan  of  Mindanao. 

MINDELHEIJI,  niin'del-hime\  (anc.  Snsltrum  Nemntrin,) 
a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle'of  Swabia,  on  the  Mindel,  30  miJes 
S.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  2625. 

MIXDEX,  min'den,  (L.  Minfda,)  a  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Prussia,  Westphalia,  on  the  Weser.  here  crosse<J  by  a  bridge 
600  feet  in  length,  and  on  the  railway  from  Berlin  to  the 
Rhine,  near  the  Hanoverian  frontier,  60  miles  E.X .E.  of  MUn- 
ster.  Its  fortifications  have  been  greatly  improved  sinc<;  1815, 
and  it  has  some  new  barracks,  which,  vifith  its  cathedral,  fonn 
its  most  striking  public  buildings.  It  has  Lutheran.  Roman 
Catholic,  and'Calviaist  churches;  several  \aospitals,  schocU 


MIN 

and  public  institutions;  manufactories  of  woollen  and  linen 
labrics,  hosiery,  tobacco,  soap,  and  refined  sugar ;  and  a  con- 
siderable trade  on  the  river  between  Bremen  and  Central 
Germany.  Minden  is  the  seat  of  several  importjint  courts; 
and  possesses  an  historical  and  antiquarian  society.  It  wiis 
the  residence  of  several  of  the  early  German  emixTors,  and 
many  diets  have  been  held  here.  In  17.50.  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  defeated  the  French  in  the  neighborhood.  Pop. 
in  1816.  12.782. 

MINDKX,  a  government  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  bounded 
N.  and  N.W.  by  Hanover.  Area  2040  square  miles.  It  be- 
longs to  three  independent  basins — the  Weser,  Kms,  and 
Khine.  Minden  is  subdivided  into  10  circles.  Pop.  in  1849, 
40.3.2-'9. 

MIN'DEN,  a  post-township  on  the  W.  border  of  Montgo- 
mery CO.,  Xew  York,  on  the  >rohawk  Kiver  and  Erie  Canal, 
about  60  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Albany.     Pop.  4623. 

M I. VDKN.  a  beautiful  jwst-village  and  former  capital  of 
Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated  about  2  miles  K.  of 
the  Dauohite  IJiver,  and  4U0  miles  N.N.W.of  Xew  Orleans. 
Its  landing-place  is  frequently  visited  by  steamboats  which 
a.scend  from  Ited  River  through  Lake  BiStin<'au.  It  is  a 
place  of  active  business,  and  in  respect  to  wealth  and  popu- 
lation, it  is  the  second  town  in  Northern  I^ouisiana.  It  has 
2  churches,  2  printing-offices,  1  iron  foundry,  12  stores,  and 
shops  in  which  various  utensils  are  made.  Pop.  iir  1660, 
1146. 

MIXDEN,  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan.   V.  862. 

MIN'DKXVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  New 
York,  about  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

MlNDiJUO,  min-do'ro  or  mcen-do'ro,  an  island  of  the 
Philipjiines.  Malay  Archipelago,  lat.  of  Pt.  Calavite.  13°  27' 
N..  Ion.  120°  21'  E.,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Luzon.  Estimated 
area  4150  square  miles.  Pop.  29,632.  Surface  mount:iinous, 
and,  viewed  from  the  sea,  it  is  picturesque.  Chief  town, 
Calapan,  on  its  N.  coast. 

MINDORO,  Ska  of.    See  Sooloo  Sea. 

JIINDOHO.  a  post-oflRce  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin. 

SIIND'TOWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MINE  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  Hempstead  co.,  Arkan- 
sas.    Pop.  118.5. 

MINE'HKAD,  a  seaport,  ancient  borough,  market4own, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the  Bristol  Chan- 
nel, 22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bridgewater.  Pop.  in  1851.  1542. 
The  town  has  a  commodious  harbor,  with  a  herring  fishery, 
coasting  and  Irish  trade. 

Mr.VEHt^Al),  a  promontory  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co,  of 
Waterford,  on  the  Atlantic,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  I lel wick-head. 

illNE'ING.  a  post-offtce  of  Morgan  co.,  Missouri. 

MINE'KILL  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co.,  New 
York. 

MINE  LA  MOTTE,  a  pos^offlce  of  JIadison  co..  Slissouri. 

MINEO.  me-nA''o,  (anc.  MpJtkt.)  a  town  of  Sicily,  20  miles 
S.^V.  of  Catania,  on  an  eminence  near  a  sulphurous  lake,  and 
possessing  a  college.     Pop.  SOOO. 

MINl'iKA,  me-iid'ra,  a  chapelry  of  Wales,  3  miles  N.W.  of 
AVre.xham. 

MIN'KRAL  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

MINERAL  POINT,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa 
CO.,  A\'isconsin.     Pop.  2.3.S9. 

MIN  ERAI,  POINT,  a  thriving  post-town  of  Iowa  co.,  Wis- 
consin, in  the  above  townsliip,  47  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madison, 
and  35  ra.  N.N.E.  of  Galena,  It  stands  on  a  point  of  land  be- 
tween two  small  streams,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  mineral 
region,  from  wliich  large  quantities  of  lead  and  cojiper  are 
exported.  This  place  is  the  N.  terminus  of  a  railroad  which 
extends  to  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  at  Warren.  It  has 
5  churches,  2  banking  offices,  8  hotels,  2  foundries,  8  or  more 
dry-goods  stores,  3  drug  stores,  3  hiirdware  stores,  1  book 
store,  3  or  4  smelting  furnaces,  for  lead  and  zinc,  2  brewe- 
ries, 1  grist-mill,  ic.  Two  newspapers  and  1  magazine  are 
published  here.  Pop.  in  1860, 2413 ;  or,  according  to  anotlier 
statement,  3193. 

MINERAL  RIDGE,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
sylvjinia. 

MIN  1<:RAL  springs,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  Florida. 

MIN  ICUBi'],  me-njR'b.i.  a  town  of  Austrian  Italv,  20  mile.'' 
S.E.  of  Verona.     l>op.  3000. 

MINEKBK,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  state  of  JEmilia, 
11  miles  N.K.  of  Bologna.     Pop.  2800. 

.MINE  RIDGE,  in  the  S.E.  part  and  ext<?nding  along  the 
E.  border  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  derives  its  name 
from  the  copper-mines  which  it  contains,  but  which  are  no 
lonaer  worked. 

Ml'NEItS.  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Missouri,  110  miles 
S.E.  liy  E.  of  .TefTerson  City. 

Mi'NERSVlLLE,  a  village  of  Alleghany  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
2  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

MIN  EKSVILLE.  a  thriving  post>borough  of  Schuylkill  co.. 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Schuylkill  River.  4 
miles  \V.  of  Pottsville.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  valley, 
sunounded  by  hills  which  contain  rich  beds  of  coal.  A 
branch  railroad,  7  miles  long,  connects  it  with  Schuylkill 
Haven,  on  the  Reading  R.ailroad.  It  has  a  newspaper  office. 
a  national  bank,  1  ii-on  foundry,  1  car  factorv.  and  1  flour- 
mill.    Pop.  iu  1840,  600 ;  in  185u,  2951 ;  in  IbJo,  4024. 


MIN 

MINERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  McDowell  eo.,  North 
Carolina. 

MIXERSVILLE,  a  village  of  S.alisbury  township,  Meigs 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  100  miles  S.E,  of  Col uui bus.  It 
joins  the  upper  part  of  I'omeroy. 

MINER'VA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W.  pa  t 
of  Essex  CO.,  New  York,  about  90  miles  N.  of  .Mbany.    P.  580, 

MINERVA,  a  post-office  of  Houston  co.,  Georgia. 

MINERVA,  a  postrvillage  of  Mason  CO.,  Kentucky,  10  miles 
W.  of  Maysville.     It  has  2  or  3  churches. 

MINERVA,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Sandy 
and  Beaver  t^anal.  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Cleveland  and 
Pittsburg  Railroad,  about  110  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 
Grain  is  shipped  here  on  the  canal. 

MINERV.A,  a  post-office  of  ./a-^per  co..  Tnwa. 

MINEKVINO,  me-n/^R-vee'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d! 
Bari.  district  of  Barletta.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Andri.a.     P.  7200. 

MINKS  BAY.     !^ee  Nova  SCotia,  page  1368. 

MINES  SHIIVBOLETH,  a  small  village  of  AVashington 
CO.,  .Missouri. 

MINESnT.\,    a   st.ate.    United   States.    See  Minnesota. 

MINET'TO,  a  postrofflce  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

MIN'ETY,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  (Jloueester  and 
Wilts,  with  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  Wj 
miles  S.  of  Cirencester. 

JIINE'VVlTHEN,oueof  the  Pcilly  Islands. 

MING.\'LA,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  near  their  S. 
extremity,  about  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pabba.  Length  3  miles. 
Clilfs  on  the  S.W.  remarkably  lofty. 

MING  AN  (ming'g.>u)  ISLANDS,  a  group,  British  North 
America,  in  the  Gulf  of  .St.  Lawrence,  .N.  of  Anticosti. 

MINGLANILLA.  mingl.i-neel'yi.  a  village  of  Spain,  New 
Castile,  44  miles  S.E.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  1948. 

MIN'GO  FI>AT,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Virginia.     . 

MINGOLSHKIM,  ming'ols-hime\  a  village  of  Baden,  20 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Mannheim.  Pop.  1840.  Near  it  i.s  a  mineral 
spring,  and  the  ancient  castle  of  Kis^lau. 

MI.NGI{ELI.\,  min-grce'le-d,  (Fr.  MingrBie.  mlVxo'gr.'lMee', 
Ger.  MingreUen,m\n-%vkl\v-en:)  a  province  of  Asiatic  liussia, 
between  tiie  Black  Sea  on  the  Vi'.,  and  the  Caucasus  on  the 
N.  Area  2:365  square  miles.  Pop.  70.000.  The  inhabitants 
belong  mostly  to  the  Greek  Church,  and  their  prince,  a  vas- 
sal of  Rus-ia,  resides  in  the  small  town  of  Zoobdidee,  (Zub- 
didi.)  The  country  has  often  been  devastated  by  wars,  and 
many  of  the  population,  who  are  extremely  handsome,  are 
carried  into  slavery.  On  the  W.  coast,  are  the  forts  of  Redout- 
Kaleh.  and  Anaklia. 

JIINHO,*  meen'yo,  (Sp.  ilifio;  anc.  Min'ius.)  a  river  of 
Spain  and  Portugal,  rises  in  Galicia,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Santi 
ago,  flows  E.,  S..  and  W.,  latterly  bounding  Portugal  on  the 
N,,  and  enters  the  Atl.'intic  near  Caminha,  62  miles  N.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Douro,  after  a  course  of  1.30  miles.  Affluents, 
the  Sil,  Avia,  and  Tea, 

MINHO  or  ENTRE  DOURO-E-MINIIO,  inftrh  diVro  A 
meen'yo,  (i,  e.  "between  the  Douro  and  Minho,")  the  most 
northern  province  of  Portugal,  having  W,  the  Atlantic,  and 
. '.  the  Minho.  Area  2044  square  miles.  Pop.  487,431.  Its 
.S.  part  has  been  lately  con\priscd  in  the  new  province  of 
Porto;  and  it  Is  now  divided  into  the  comarcas  of  Braga  and 
Viaiia,  its  chief  towns, 

MINI  EH  or  MINYKII,  mee'ne-yeh,  a  town  of  Egypt,  cap- 
ital of  a  province,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  136  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Cairo.  It  has  some  earthenware  manufactures, 
and  a  government  cotton  factory. 

MlN'IN(iSBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MIN'ISII,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  in  the 
Atlantic,  3  miles  W.  of  the  centre  of  Kilkerran  Bay.  Length 
2  miles.     Pop.  about  500. 

MIN/ISINK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  W.  part 
of  Orange  co.,  New  York.  The  township  is  intersected  in 
the  N.AV.  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  about  00 
miles  N.W.  of  New  York  City. 

MINIUS.    See  Miniio. 

MINNAII,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Oman. 

JIINNAY  SOTOR.    See  Minnesota. 

MINNEAP'OLIS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hennepin  co., 
Minnesota,  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Mississippi,  opposite  to  the  city  of  St,  Anthony.  It  contains 
10  churclies,  2  national  banks,  a  United  States  laud  office,  3 
flouring-mills,  and  6  saw-mills.  Pop.  in  1860,  2564.  See 
Appendix, 

MIN^NESO'TA,  (originally  wTitten  Minnat  Sotor*,)  one 
of  the  northwestern  states  of  the  North  American  Union,  is 
bounded  on  the  N,  by  British  America,  E.  by  Lake  Superior 
and  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  S,  by  the  State  of  Iowa,  and  W. 
by  Dakotah  Territory.  The  Lake  of  the  Woods  with  a  chain 
of  small  lake  and  their  outlets  forms  a  part  of  the  northern 
boundary,  the  St.  Croix  and  >lississippi  a  part  of  the  eastern, 
and  the  Red  River  of  the  North  a  part  of  the  western  boun- 
dary. It  lies  between  43°  30'  and  49°  N.  lat.,  and  between 
about  89°  30'  and  97°  W.  Ion.,  being  .about  380  miles  in  ex- 
treme length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  300  from  E.  to  W.,  in- 


•  This  is  the  Porlujuese  spelling  :   tlie  Spaniards  write  the  nam* 
Afmo,  but  pronounce  it  iu  the  same  manner. 

1203 


MIN 

eluding  an  area  of  nearly  81,259  square  miles,  or  52,005,760 
acres. 

Face  of  thf.  Onintry. — Though  there  are  no  mountains  in 
Minn-'SOta.  it  is  the  most  elevatej  tract  of  laud  between  the 
Gulf  of  Mexii-o  and  Hudson's  Bay;  and  from  its  central 
heights  sends  its  waters  to  every  point  of  the  compass,  but 
mostly  to  tlie  N.  and  S.  The  position  from  which  the  Ked 
Kiverof  the  North  and  the  St.  Peter's  or  Minnesota  take 
tlieir  opposite  courees  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  and 
elevated  about  2000  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A 
plateau,  called  the  "Coteau  des  Prairies,"  or  "Prairie 
Heights,"  about  200  miles  in  length,  and  from  15  to  40  in 
breadth,  runs  through  the  southwestern  part  of  Minnesota. 
Its  greatest  elevation  is  about  1916  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  .«ea,  and  its  averase  height  about  1450  feet.  The  northern 
portion,  which  is  the  highest,  is  about  890  feet  above  Bigstone 
Lake,  which  lies  in  its  vicinity.  Passing  the  St.  Peter's  or 
Minnesota  lliver,  we  come  upon  another  range  of  heights, 
known  as  the  Coteau  du  Urand  Bois.  or  the  Wooded  Ileight.s, 
which  extend  for  more  than  100  miles  nearly  parallel  with 
the  Coteau  cles  I'rairies.  This  ridge  is  mo.^tly  covered  with 
an  extensive  forest  of  hard  wood.  Through  the  middle  of 
the  triangle  which  occupies  the  X.E.  portion  of  the  territory 
runs  a  tliii\l  range  of  heightii,  called  the  "  Hauteurs  de 
Terre,"  or  ••  Highlands."  which  extend  W.  by  S.  about  300 
miles,  and  form  the  dividing  ridge,  whence  flow  the  waters 
that  seek  Lake  Superior  and  the  Mississippi  in  one  direction, 
and  Hudson's  Bay  in  the  other.  X  range  of  less  altitude 
than  the  •■  Coteau  des  Prairies,"  but  continuing  in  the  same 
direction,  forms  the  water.-^hed  of  the  streams  flowing  into 
the  Missouri  on  the  W..  and  those  Bowing  into  the  Ked  River 
on  the  E.  The  face  of  the  country  in  general  presents  the 
aspect  of  an  undulating  plain. 

Geolofjtj. — Minnesota,  cast  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North, 
is  mostly  covered  with  drift,  lying  ou  crystalline  and  meta- 
morphic  rocks,  which  occasionally  protrude  to  the  surface  in 
the  valleys  of  the  rivers  and  on  the  shores  of  lakes.  In  the 
S.E.,  the  lower  magnesian  limestone  crops  out  in  the  valleys 
of  the  Mississippi  and  St  Peter's  Rivers;  and  on  the  latter 
river  the  sandstone  occasionally  obtrudes  in  a  few  jjlaces, 
Tith  occasional  intrusions  of  igneous  rocks.  Ou  the  shores 
of  Lake  Superior  are  "  alternations  of  metamorphio  schists, 
slates,  and  sandstones,  with  volcanic  grits  and  other  bedded 
traps  and  porphyries,  intersected  by  numerous  basaltic  and 
greenstone  dikfs,  with  occasional  deposits  of  red  clay,  marls, 
and  drift."  In  the  N.E.  angle  of  Miune.-«ta  is  a  tract  of 
hornblcndic  and  argillaceous  slates,  wiih  bedded  poriihyries 
and  intrusions  of  greenstone  .ind  granite.  On  the  Lake  of 
the  Woods,  Rainy  Lake,  and  their  outlets,  are  metamorphio 
schists,  with  gneiss  and  gneissoid  rocks. 

Minerals. — The  indications  from  geological  surveys  of  Min- 
nesota do  not  favor  the  hoiws  of  great  met;illic  wealth  within 
it.«  borders.  Copper  has  been  found,  but  in  most  in.stauces 
i;  is  not  '•  in  place."  but  appears  to  have  been  carried  thither 
by  the  drift  and  boulder.s.  The  probability  is  that,  of  richer 
metallic  ores  than  iron,  this  territory  will  not  afford  (except 
near  Lake  Superior)  sufficient  quantity  to  repay  the  labors 
of  the  miner;  for,  if  they  e.tist  at  all.  they  probably  lie  at 
great  depths.  The  indications  are  equally  unfavorable  to 
thero  lieing  any  Large  deposits  of  coal.  A  lead  vein,  4  inches 
in  thickness,  was  discovered  on  the  Waraju  River,  by  the 
jjeological  corps  of  Professor  Owen.  The  most  remarkable 
mineral  in  this  state,  is  the  red  pipestone,  of  which  the 
Indians  make  their  pipes,  and  which  is  believed  to  be  pecu- 
liar to  the  region  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.  A  slab  of  this 
stone  has  been,  or  I's  to  lie.  sent  to  Wai^hington.  to  be  inserted 
in  tho  sreat  national  monument  erecting  to  the  memory  of 
the  father  of  his  country.  Iron  is  abundant  in  the  part  of 
the  state  which  bordere  on  Lake  Superior. 

Lakes  and  IHvers. — Minnesota  is  perhaps  even  more 
deserving  th.an  Michigan  of  the  appellation  of  the  "Lake 
State,"  a-s  it  abounds  in  lacustrine  waters  ot  every  size,  fi-om 
lakes  of  40  miles  in  extent,  to  small  ponds  of  le.'^s  than  a 
mile  in  circuit.  These  beautiful  sheets  of  water  give  origin 
to  rivers  flowing  X.,  S.,  and  E. ;  some  findiug  their  w.-iy  to 
the  .\t!antic  through  the  mighty  Mississippi  and  the  tiulf 
of  Mexico;  others  through  the  great  lake.s.  Niagara,  aftd  the 
St  Lawrence;  and  others,  again,  pass  off  to  the  X.,  and 
seek  the  ocean  through  Hudson's  B.ay  and  Straits.  The 
largest  of  these  lake.s.  with  the  excepticm  of  Lnke  Superior, 
are  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Rainy  Lake,  Red  Lake,  take 
Cass,  Leech  Lake,  and  Mille  Lac  or  Spirit  Lake.  These 
generally  have  chair,  pebbly  bottoms,  and  are  well  stocked 
with  fish,  among  which  are  the  white  fish,  pike,  pickerel, 
maskelonge,  sucker,  perch,  and  trout.  Wild  rice  grows  on 
the  l>orders  of  many  of  them,  especially  at  the  Xorth. 
Devil  Lake,  which  is  on  the  48th  parallel  of  X.  lat.  in  the 
X.W.  of  Minnesota,  is  alwut  40  miles  in  length  by  15  in 
breailth,  and  its  waters,  which  are  brackish,  have  novi.'iible 
outlet  Red  I^ke,  on  thi;  same  parallel,  E.  of  Ked  River, 
with  which  it  communicates,  is  divided  into  two  portions, 
united  by  a  strait  of  2  miles  in  width,  and  covers  aliout  the 
same  area  as  Devil  Lake.  Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  Rainv 
Lake,  (the  former  a  large  sheet  of  water,  perhaps  100  miles 
iii  cjituit)  are  both  ou  the  north  bouudarv  of  the  slate. 
1204 


MIN 

Lake  Pepin,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  is  a  mere  expansion 
of  the  51ississippi  in  the  S.E.  of  this  state.  The  rivers 
and  large  streams  of  Miunesrita  are  almost  as  numerous  as 
its  lakes.  The  far-famed  Mi^^^^sippi  takes  its  hnmtile  origin 
from  Itasca  l^ke,  from  whose  pellucid  waters  it  issues  a 
rivulet  of  but  a  few  feet  in  wi.lth.  and  first  meandering  iu 
a  X.E.  direction  through  a  number  of  small  lakes,  to  receive 
their  tribute,  it  turns  to  the  S..  and  pursues  its  lordly  way 
to  its  far  distant  exit  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  laving  in  its 
course  the  shores  of  9  states  and  1  ten  itcry.  About  SOO 
miles  of  its  length  are  included  within  Minnesota,  of  which 
COO  are  navigable  for  steamboats;  "200  below  the  Falls  of 
St.  -\nthony,  and  400  above;  with  two  interruptions,  how- 
ever, at  Sauk  Rapids  and  Little  Falls.  The  Rum  and  St. 
Croix,  tributaries  of  tlie  Mississippi,  drain  the  S.E.  portion 
of  the  territory,  and  the  Ked  River  the  northern,  passing 
off  into  Hudson's  Bay.  It  is  the  outlet  of  Traverse.  Otter- 
tiil,  lied,  and  several  smaller  lakes.  It  forms  the  west 
boundary  of  the  state  for  a  distance  of  about  200  miles, 
and  flows  almost  directly  north.  The  Lake  Superior  slope 
is  principally  drained  by  the  St.  Louis  and  its  branches, 
and  by  the  outlets  of  that  series  of  small  lakes  that  form 
the  X.E.  boundary  of  Minnesota.  The  great  valley  formed 
by  the  slopes  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies  and  the  Coteau  du 
Bois  is  drained  by  the  St.  Peter's  or  Minnesota  and  its 
tributaries.  This  river  runs  in  a  S.E.  and  then  in  a  X.E. 
course,  with  a  total  length  of  from  400  to  500  miles,  and  is 
navigable  for  steamers.  Its  principal  branch  is  the  Blue 
Earth  or  Mankato  River,  which  flows  nearly  northward, 
and  is  generally  from  80  to  120  feet  wide.  The  St.  I'eter's, 
with  the  Crow  Wing  and  Crow  Rivers,  are  the  princiiwl  tri- 
bntaries  of  the  Mississippi  from  the  West.  Although  re- 
mote from  the  sea»Minnesota  is  one  of  the  best  watered 
states  in  the  Union.  The  multitude  of  lakes  tends  to  check 
the  violence  of  inundations.  The  difference  between 
extreme  high  and  low  M-ater  at  St.  Paul  is  only  about  6 
or  8  feet.  The  abundance  of  rain  which  falls  in  summer  is 
ascribed  by  gome  persons  to  this  system  of  lakes.  Tlie  rivers 
of  Minnesota  abound  in  small  falls  and  rapids,  which,  while 
they  interrupt  navigation,  furnish  extensive  water-power. 
The  St.  Croix  is  navigable  to  Stillwater  for  steamboats; 
the  Minnesota  to  Traverse  des  Sioux,  and  at  high  water  lUO 
miles  further;  the  St.  Louis  20  miles  for  large  vessels,  and 
the  Red  River  iu  nearly  all  parts  for  either  Durham  boats 
or  steambvats.  The  Blue  Earth.  Rum,  Elk,  and  otliers  are 
navigable  from  50  to  100  mUes  lor  steamboats  of  light 
draught  and  flat-boat*. 

0!>jects  of  Interest  to  Tourisit. — If  we  except  cataracts  of 
the  first  magnitude  and  high  mountains.  Minnesota  pre- 
.sents  as  great  a  variety  of  natural  objects  of  interest  as 
any  portion  of  our  widely -extendwl  domain.  The  traveller 
enters  her  territory  ascending  the  Mississippi,  amid  biaufi- 
ful  island.s,  (one  of  which,  Mountain  Island,  is  428  feet 
high,)  and  between  cliffs  of  sandstone  and  magnesian  lime- 
stone rising  to  an  elevation  of  from  300  to  500  feet.  Soon 
he  passes  into  that  beautiful  expansion  of  the  river  named 
Lake  Pepin,  on  the  E.  bank  of  which  he  has  Maiden's  Rwk, 
400  feet  high ;  and  near  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
lake.  La  Grange  Mountain,  a  headland  about  oCO  feet  above 
the  lake,  ISO  of  which,  at  the  base,  is  sandstone,  capped 
with  magnesian  limestone.  As  he  proceeds,  continuing  his 
ascending  voyage,  the  traveller  arrives  at  the  famed  St. 
Anthony's  Falls,  less  celebrated  on  account  of  their  per- 
pendicular pitch  (only  10^  feet)  than  for  their  accf)mpani- 
nients  of  wild  scenery  and  their  geological  interest.  The 
falls  are  divideil  by  an  island,  as  at  Niagara,  the  gn'ater 
portion  of  the  water  passing  on  the  western  side,  which  is 
310  yards  wide.  The  entire  descent,  including  the  rapiils 
is  58  feet  in  260  rods.  St.  Anthony's  Falls  will  no  doubt 
one  day  become  a  Western  Lowell;  indeed  its  capabilities 
as  a  manufacturing  site  far  transcend  those  of  the  town 
named,  when  the  wants  of  the  country  shall  call  them  into 
requisition.  Fountain  Cave,  2  or  3  miles  above  St.  Paul.  U 
an  excavation  in  the  white  sandstone,  which  opens,  by  an 
arched  entrance  25  feet  wide  and  20  high,  into  a  chamber 
150  feet  long  and  20  wide,  along  the  centre  of  which  glides 
a  rivulet,  which  may  be  heard  from  its  inner  and  hidden 
recesses  dashing  down  in  small  cascades.  The  passage  be- 
comes very  narrow  as  you  proceed  up  the  channel,  occasion- 
ally opening  into  small  chambei-s.  Mr.  Seymour  advanced 
nearly  1000  feet  within  Uie  cave  without  reaching  its  ter- 
mination. Bi-own's  F'alls  are  in  a  narrow  strejini.  the  out- 
let of  several  small  lakes  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Mississippi. 
They  have  a  perpendicular  de.ecent  of  50  feet;  and  includ- 
ing smaller  falls  and  rapids,  100  feet.  Pilot  Knob,  near  tb« 
confluence  of  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Peter's,  is  .in  elevatio<; 
of  262  feet,  which  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding 
country  and  the  two  rivei-s  near  whose  junction  it  stands. 
The  St.  Croix  Falls  or  Rapids,  about  30  miles  from  Its 
mouth,  have  a  descent  of  nearly  50  feet  in  SOO  yards;  but 
the  most  interesting  portion  of  the  scene  oonsists  in  the 
perpendicular  walls  of  trap-rock  through  whidi  the"  river 
has  forced  its  way.  about  half  a  mile  Wlow  the  rapids,  and 
through  which  it  rushes  w  ith  great  velocity,  foming  e-iiiso 
and  whirlpools.    At  this  place,  40  or  50  feet  above  the  rirer. 


MIN 


MIN 


port'holes  20  to  25  feet  in  diameter,  and  15  to  20  deep,  hare 
bei'n  worn  by  the  action  of  the  water.  This  pass  is  called 
the  Dalles  of  the  St.  Croix.  The  Sioux  Kiver  '-breHk-s 
throu.:h  a  remarkable  formati'^jn  of  massive  quartz,  which 
cro.eses  it  iierpendicularly,"  at  the  Gi'eat  Uend,  in  about  43° 
3u'  N'.  lat.,  und  firms  a  series  of  falls  and  rapids,  one  of 
which  i;*  21  feet,  .another  18,  and  a  third  10  feet  in  perpen- 
dicular pitch.  The  entire  dascent  in  400  yards  is  100  feet. 
Minnesota  shares  with  Wisconsin  in  the  falls  and  nipids  of 
the  St.  Louis  Kiver.  another  picturesque  and  romantic  dis- 
play of  nature's  works — for  a  description  of  which,  see  AVLs- 
CoxsiN.  The  rivers  of  .Minnesota  are  filled  with  picturesnue 
rapids  and  small  falls,  and  often  bordered  with  perpendicu- 
lar bluffs  of  lime  and  sandstone,  or  gently  sloping  hills 
tliat  trraoefully  recede  from  the  water.  This  rejiiou  is  the 
paradise  of  the  hunter :  its  prairies  and  forests  are  the  home 
of  many  wild  animals,  and  in  its  rivers  and  lakes  swim  great 
varieties  offish. 

Ctiiuatf. — The  climate  of  this  state  is  severe,  ospeei.ally 
In  the  northern  part.  At  the  Pembina  settlement,  under 
tlie  49th  paridlel  of  latitude,  the  cold  is  frequently  so  great 
as  to  frei-ie  quicksilver.  According  to  observations  kept 
by  the  otHcers  stationed  there  in  January,  1S47,  the  mean 
t<'mpeniture  of  the  month,  from  three  ob.<ervations  a  day, 
at  9  A.M.,  and  3  and  9  P.M.,  was  12^°  below  zero;  and  the 
greatest  cold  48°  below  the  same  point.  The  average  of  06 
days'  ob.servations  wius  22.j°  below  zero;  and  the  highest 
point  reached  in  the  month  of  January,  30°  above  zero.  The 
hottest  day  in  the  month  of  July  was  96°.  showing  a  range 
of  144°  between  the  greatest  cold  and  greatest  heat.  Fiom 
the  ITth  of  June  to  the  17th  of  July,  1848,  the  mean  tem- 
perature was  69°.  Kven  as  late  as  in  the  latter  weeks  of 
March,  and  as  early  as  in  Novimiber,  the  thermometer  often 
falls  below  zero.  Observations  made  at  St.  I'aul's,  in  lat. 
44°  50'  N.,  in  December,  January,  and  February,  of  the 
winter  of  1850-51,  gave  the  following  result:  Clear  days, 
22:  variable.  45;  cloudy.  23;  rain,  5;  snow,  24;  and  hail,  1. 
Greatest  height  of  the  mercury,  47°;  lowest  point,  32°  5' 
Ijelow  zero ;  average  of  the  winter,  15°  23'.  Thirty-one  days 
the  mercury  was  at  or  above  freezing,  and  37  days  below 
zero.  The  coldest  day,  (January  30,)  it  was  20°  below;  and 
the  mildest,  (February  25.)  30°  6'alw)ve  zero.  Winds,  N.N.W., 
50  days;  S.E.  to  K.N.K..  20  days;  variable,  20  days.  The 
amount  of  rainy  days  this  winter  is  stated  as  unusually 
large,  from  which  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere  may  be 
inferred.  The  earliest  closing  of  the  navigation  liy  ice, 
between  1844  and  1S50,  was  Xovember  8 ;  the  latest,  December 
8.  The  earliest  opening  in  the  same  period,  was  March  31 : 
the  latest,  April  19.  "riie  climate  of  Minnesota,  in  some 
parts,  is  too  severe  for  Indian  corn,  but  the  dryness  and 
steadiness  of  the  cold  favor  wheat  and  other  winter  gi-ains. 

^iH  and  I'roductions. — The  soil  of  M  iunesota  varies  greatly. 
In  the  valleys  of  the  rivers  it  is  mostly  excellent,  especially 
in  those  of  the  St.  Peter's,  and  of  the  Mississippi  and  its 
tributaries  in  the  S.E.  part  of  this  state.  Above  the  Falls 
of  St.  Anthony,  with  the  exception  of  the  river  alluvions 
and  some  prairie  land,  the  country  is  generally  covered  with 
drift,  interspersed  with  marshes,  too  wet  for  cultivation  :  but 
the  elevated  portion  is  often  much  of  it  of  tolerable  fertility, 
though  inferior  to  the  calcareous  lands  of  the  river  bott<ims, 
and  not  unfrequently  cov<u-ed  with  dwarf  timber.  Professor 
Owen  remarks  that  "the  general  agricultural  character  of 
the  Ked  Kiver  country  is  excellent.  The  principal  drawbacks 
are  occasional  protracted  droughts  during  the  midsummer 
months,  and  during  the;  sjiring  freshets,  which  from  time 
to  time  overflow  large  tracts  of  low  prairie,  especially  near 
the  Great  Bend."  According  to  Governor  Kamsay,  wherever 
the  test  has  been  made.  Minnesota  produces  corn,  wheat, 
outs,  and  potatoes  equal  in  quulit;/  to  that  produced  in  any 
state  in  the  Union,  and  in  ((uantity  such  as  to  astonish  those 
who  have  been  familiar  even  with  the  rich  bottom  lands  of 
Indiana  and  Illinois.  The  nutritious  wild  rice,  strawberries, 
currants,  plums,  cranberries,  grapes,  and  crab-apples  are 
indigenous.  According  to  the  census  of  1860  there  were  in 
Minnesota  556,250  acres  of  improved  land  (2,156,718  being 
nnimproved),  producing  2,186,993  bushels  of  wheat;  121,411 
of  rye;  2.941,952  of  Indian  corn;  2,176,002  of  oats:  18,988 
of  peas  and  beans;  2,566.485  of  Irish  potiities;  792  of  sweet 
potatoes;  109,668  of  barley;  28,0.n2  of  buckwheat;  20,388 
pounds  of  wool;  1983  of  flax ;  38,938  of  tobacco;  3286  of 
rice ;  2.957,673  of  butter ;  199,314  of  cheese ;  34,285  of  honey ; 
1544  of  beeswax;  37t),tJ<:9  of  maple  sugar;  23,038  gallons  of 
ma|ile  molasses;  14,178  of  sorghum  molasses;  179,482  tons 
of  hay;  live-stock  valued  at  $;5,642,841 ;  orchard  products 
at  S649;  market  products  at  $174,704;  and  slaughtered 
nimals  at  .$751,544. 

Protest  Trees. — Partg  of  Minnesota  are  densely  timl)ered 
with  pine  forests,  and  the  ridges  of  the  drift  districts  with 
(Oiiall  pine,  Viirch.  aspen,  maple,  ash.  elm,  hemlock,  firs,  pop 
lar.  :ind  basswood.  In  the  sw.amps  between  the  ridges,  the 
tamanuk,  cedar,  and  cypress  are  found;  while  the  river 
bottoms  furnish  a  goo<l  growth  of  oak,  aspen,  soft  maple, 
ba.«swo<id.  ash.  birch,  white  walnut,  linden,  and  elm.  Jluch 
of  tins  timbfir  on  the  poorer  ritlges.  and  in  some  of  the 
marshoE.  is  of  rather  a  dwajf  character.    On  the  Hum,  St 


Croix,  and  Pine  Hivers  there  arc  extensive  forests  of  pin* 
According  to  I'rofessor  Owen,  "a  Ijelt  of  forest  cros.ses  .\;in 
nesota  in  lat.  44°  30',  which  is  remarkable  for  its  unusua, 
body  of  timber,  in  a  country  otherwise  but  scantily  tim 
Ijered."  Bond  says,  ''  there  are  SO  miles  of  solid  pine  lim- 
ber on  the  shores  of  the  irils-'issippi,  below  Pokegamin  Falls." 
Taken  as  a  whole,  Jlinnesola  can  scarcely  be  called  a  well 
woodei-l  country.  But  here,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  \\'t*t. 
when  the  prairies  are  protected  from  fire,  a  growth  of  young 
timber  soon  .springs  up. 

Animals. — Minnesota  has  always  been  a  favorite  hunting 
ground  of  the  Indians,  and  vast  herds  of  VjulTalo,  elk,  deer, 
antelope,  and  other  game  still  roam  over  the  plains  west  of 
the  Cofeau  dcs  Prairies  and  the  lied  liiver.  Deer,  black  bear, 
antelope,  wolverine,  otter,  muskrat,  mink,  martin,  wolf  and 
racoon  abound,  and  the  moose  and  grizzly  bear  are  occa- 
sionally met  with.  The  prairies  are  fre(iuented  by  grouse, 
pheasants,  and  partridges,  and  the  streams  by  wild  ducks 
and  gees<.".  The  other  birds  are  hawks,  buzzards,  harrier.s, 
owls,  quails,  plovers,  larks,  and  a  great  variety  of  small 
birds.  Among  the  water  fowl  arc  the  pelican,  tern,  liooded 
sheldrake,  bustard,  broadbill.  ruffle-headed  duck,  wood  duck, 
teal,  wild  goose,  and  loon,  llotli  the  golden  and  bald  eiJgle 
are  occasionally  met  with.  The  rivers  and  lakes  abound  in 
fine  fish,  among  which  are  the  bas-s,  cup,  sunfish,  pickerel, 
pike,  catfish,  whitefish,  sucker,  nia.skelonge.  and  trout. 

Mamifadures. — There  are  great  capabilities  in  the  innu- 
merable rivers  of  Minnesota,  with  their  falls  atid  rapids,  for 
manufacturing  establishments.  At  present  the  conver.«ion 
of  her  pine  forests  into  boards,  scantling,  &c.,  constitutea 
the  principal  manufacture  of  this  new  and  flourishing 
territory. 

Internal  Tmprnvemrnfs. — These,  of  course,  are  chiefly  con- 
fined to  opening  common  and  military  roads.  In  the  set- 
tlement of  a  new  country,  the  settlers  naturally  locate 
on  the  great  rivers,  and  some  time  elapses  before  they 
need  any  other  highway.  The  princijial  railroads  of  this 
state  are  the  Minnesota  Central,  otherwise  calletl  the  Min- 
neapolis and  Cedar  Valley  Railroad,  extending  from  Minne- 
a])olis  or  Saint  Paul  southward  via  Faribault  to  Iowa;  the 
Winona  and  Saint  Peter's,  the  eastern  part  of  which  is  in 
operation;  the  Saint  Paul  and  Pacific,  which  oomiects 
Siiint  Paul  with  Anoka,  Saint  Cloud,  Ac;  and  the  Root 
River  Valley  Railroad.  Another  road  is  in  progress,  which 
will  connect  Saint  Paul  with  Milwaukee. 

Cnvtmerce. — Minnesota  lias  the  advantage  of  two  outlets 
for  her  products;  one  by  way  of  the  Mississippi,  to  every 
poi-tion  of  the  Mississippi  Valley;  and  the  other  by  way  of 
Lake  SH))orior,  with  the  Irfike  Stales  and  with  the  East. 
The  chief  article  of  export  from  this  state  is  lumber.  The 
quantity  of  lumber  produced  in  1859-60,  in  the  first  district, 
(which  includes  the  Saint  Croix  and  its  tributaries,)  was  es- 
timated at  73,0OO.t)OO  feet.  There  are  3  other  districts  in 
the  state.  In  1800,  there  were  in  this  state  158  saw-mills, 
producing  annually  lumber  valiied  at  $1,231,203. 

Jjlucalitm. — .Minnesota  has  a  public  system  of  free  schools, 
which  is  under  tlie  general  direction  of  a  superintendent  of 
common  schoijls.  and  tlu;  local  snpervi.-ion  of  trustees.  Every 
township  containing  not  less  than  five  families  is  considered 
a  School  district.  These  fcho(d  truslees  are  elected  every 
year,  and  a  majority  of  the  voters  may  levy  a  fax  not  l' 
exceed  $000  a  year.  A  c<iunty  tax  is  also  levied  for  s<hooi 
purposes,  of  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  ad  ralnrem 
amount  of  assessment  roll  made  by  the  county  asscs.«ors: 
also  15  per  cent,  of  all  moneys  rai.'e<l  by  licenses  of  spirituous 
liquors,  and  on  all  fines  for  criminal  acts.  According  to  tlio 
census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Miiniesota  4  colleges,  having 
366  students,  $15,3"20  income,  $4500  of  which  was  from 
endowments ;  879  public  schools,  having  31,083  pupils,  $s5, 
784  income,  $56,608  of  which  was  from  taxation,  $22,712 
from  public  funds,  and  $3784  was  endowments;  29  acade- 
mies and  other  scho<jls,  having  1005  pupils,  $15,598  income, 
:?I500  of  which  was  from  taxation,  and  $1100  from  endow- 
n^iiits;  there  are  also  89  libraries,  26  of  which  are  public, 
8  school,  52  Sunday-school ;  1  college  and  2  church  libra- 
ries, comprising  33,649  volumes. 

lidiipfins  Denominations. — Of  the  260  churches  in  ^linne- 
sota  in  1860,  tlie  Baptists  owned  34;  Congregationalists,  '23; 
Kpiscopaliaus,  26;  Lutherans,  IS;  Methodists,  80;  Presby- 
terians, 21;  itoman  Catholics,  47;  minor  sects,  11;  this 
gives  1  church  to  every  668  persons;  value  of  church  pro- 
perty, S478,-.;oo. 

J'eriodicals.  —  There  wet's  published  in  Minnesota  ia 
1860,  4  daily  and  45  weekly  newspapers  and  periodicals, 
with  an  aggregiite  annual  circulation  of  2,344,000. 

Public  Institutions.  —  Among  tlie  public  institntions  of 
this  sUite  are  a  penitentiary  at  Stillwater,  which  confined 
29  convicts  in  1862;  an  a.sylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb, 
located  at  Faribault,  and  a  Historical  Society  at  Saint  Paul, 
which  publishes  annually  its  transactions. 

P(q)ulalion. — The  conmiencement  of  the  settlement  of 
this  state  is  quite  recent;  and,  at  the  United  States  census 
of  1850,  there  were  only  6077  inhabitants;  which  had  in- 
creased to  172,023  in  1860.  Of  tlie  population,  1(19,395  were 
whites,  259  colored,  and  2309  Indians.    Population  to  the 

1205 


MIN 


MIX 


square  mile,  1.  Ken.  flsentative  population,  172,023.  Of  the 
ptipiilition,  34,305  were  born  in  the  state,  1S,VM  in  other 
states  58,728  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  3462  were  born 
in  Knglan  ';  12,831  in  Ireland;  1079  in  Scotland;  422  in 
AVales;  80i  in  British  America;  18,400  in  Germany;  867  in 
Trance;  anl  13.634  in  other  foreign  countries,  giving  about 
50  per  cent,  of  foreign  birth.  Of  the  population  in  the 
leading  pursuits,  27,921  were  farmers,  5315  laborers,  3921 
fishermen,  'iloS  servants.  1757  carpenters,  826  merchants, 
716  lumbermen,.  647  teachers,  625  clerks,  593  blacksmiths, 
407  lawyers,  369  masons,  335  teamsters,  311  clergymen,  276 
iniilers,"2.50  physicians,  225  iunkeepere.  In  the  year  ending 
June  1, 1860,  there  occurred  1109  deaths,  or  6-5  in  every 
thousand.  .The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  33  (see  In- 
troduction to  the  volume  on  Population  of  the  Eighth 
Ce/isitv',  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.);  blind,  23;  insane,  25;  and 
idiotic.  31. 

Omniies. — Minnesota  is  divided  into  64  counties,  viz.: 
Aitkeu,  Anoka,  Becker,  Benton,  Blue  Karth.  Bretkenridge, 
Blown,  Buchanan,  Carlton,  Carver,  Cass,  Chisago,  Cott<m- 
wood.  Crow  Wing,  Dakota,  Dodge,  Dougliis,  Faribault,  Fill- 
more, lreeborn,Goodhue,Uennepin,  Houston.  Isanto,  Itasca, 
Jackson.  Kandiyohi,  Kennebeck.  Lake,  Le  Sueur,  Manomin, 
Martin,  MoLeod,  Meeker,  Mille  Lac,  Monong-.ilia,  Morrison, 
Jlower,  MuiTay,  Nicollet,  Noble,  Olmstead,  Otter  Tail,  Pem- 
bina, Pierce,  Pine,  Pipestone,  Polk,  Ramsey.  Renville,  Rice, 
Scott,  Sherburne,  Sibley,  Stearns,  Steele,  St.  Louis,  Todd, 
Tooiiibs,\Vaba.~lia,\\aseca,Washington,\Vinona,  and  Wright. 
Capitiil  Saint  Paul. 

G</vi-rnment. — The  governor  is  elected  by  a  plurality  vote 
for  a  term  of  2  years;  salary,  S2500.  The  legislature  con- 
sists of  a  Senate,  composed  of  21  members,  and  a  House  of 
Representatives,  of  42  members,  both  elected  by  the  people; 
the  former  for  2  yeai^s.  and  Ihe  latter  annually.  A  lieuten- 
ant governor,  secretai-y  of  state,  auditor,  and  trejisurer  are 
also  elected  by  the  people.  The  judiciary  consists  of  a  su- 
preme, district,  and  probate  courts.  The  stsite  sends  2  mem- 
bers to  the  national  Uouse  of  Representatives. 

lligtiiry. — -Minnesota  is  sjiid  to  have  been  first  visited  by 
white  men  in  the  person  of  two  free  traders  in  the  year  1654; 
who,  on  their  return  to  Montreal,  two  years  afterwards,  gave 
such  glowing  descriptions  of  the  country  as  to  induce,  not 
only  traders  and  trappers,  but  Jesuit  missionaries  to  visit 
the  country.  To  the  lattiT  are  we  indebted  for  the  first 
printed  records  bf  Minnesota.  The  present  stiite  of  Min- 
nesota formed  part  of  the  original  Louisiana  Territory,  as 
purchase<l  from  France  in  1803.  The  eastern  portion  formed 
K  iiart  of  the  French  possessions  which  were  surrendered  to 
the  Engli.-h  at  the  peace  of  1763,  and  subsequently  by  the 
'  latter  to  the  government  of  the  United  States,  after  the 
close -of  the  Revolution.  During  the  administration  of  Mr. 
.Ie!Ter«)n,  (in  1805^)  an  exploring  expedition,  under  General 
Pike,  traversed  the  country.  The  first  fortification  of  the 
Liiiteil  States  within  the  present  limits  of  Miiir.esota  was 
Iocnti.ll  at  Fort  Snelling,  which  has  been  occupied  by  an 
.\inericau  garrison  ever  since  1819.  With  the  exception  of 
the  British  settlement  at  Pembina,  which  was  not  then 
known  to  be  withiu  the  limit*  of  the  United  States,  no  settle- 
ments were  made  in  this  state  till  about  1845.  In  1849 
it  was  orgjinized  into  a  territorial  goverimient.  The  state 
of  Minnesota  was  admitted  into  the  Union  on  the  11th  of 
Mav.  1853. 

silXXKSO'TA  CITY,  a  post-village  ot  Winona  county, 
Minnesota,  situated  on  the  right  bauk  of  the  Mis.sissippi 
River,  al>out  6  miles  above  Winona,  and  150  miles  below  St. 
Paul.  It  was  settled  in  1852,  by  the  "  Western  Farm  and 
Village  Association." 

MINNETON'KA  or  MINNITAN'KA,  a  lake  of  Minnesota, 
included  iu  Sibley  and  llennepiu  counties,  is  28  miles  long. 

MINNETRISTA,  a  post-office  of  Hennepin  cc,  Minnesota. 

MIN'XIEIIIVE,  a  small  hurgh  of  barony  of  Scotland,  co. 
and  161  miles  N.W.  of  Dumfries.     Pop.  about  600. 

MIN'MGAFF',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirk- 
cudbright. 

MIXNIOAH,  a  post-office  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota. 

MIXNl  WAKAN,  min'nee  wA-kSn'.  or  DEVIL  LAKK,  in 
Dakota  Territory,  intersected  by  the  48th  parallel  of  N. 
latitude,  and  the  99th  meridian  of  W.  longitude.  Length 
about  40  miles;  greatest  breadth  12  miles.  The  water  of 
this  lake  is  of  a  deeper  tint  than  that  of  the  neighboring 
fre.-;h-water  lakes;  it  is  so  brackish  that  it  cannot  be  used 
as  drink  by  man :  the  buffaloes,  however,  are  said  to  be  very 
fond  of  it,  drinking  it  as  freely  as  they  would  any  other 
water.     No  outlet  has  yet  been  discovered. 

MINONK,  of  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad,  31  miles  S.  of  I.,a  Salle. 

MINOOK,  of  Illinois  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Rock 
Island  Railro,id,  10  miles  E.  of  Joliet 

MlJjO,  Pennsylvania.     See  Menxo. 

511  NO.  a  river  of  the  Spanish  peninsula.     See  MiXHO. 

MINORCA,*  niin-orTta,   or   MEXOKCA.*   mJn-or'ca,   (L. 

•  Named    from   its  being  the   "smaller"   (in    Latin  minor, 

bpauish  iiirnor)  of  the  two  principal  Balearic  Islands.     In  like 

mannur  Majokoa  derives  its  name  from  the  Latin  word  mnjor,  ! 

*  greater;"  it  being  the  larger  of  the  two  islands  just  alluded  to. 

1206 


Balea'ris  Mi'nor  and  Minm-fca;  Sp.  Menorca,  m.'t-mR'kJ; 
Fr.  Miiuirqite,  mec'noBk';  Dutch,  Minorka,  me-noR/kd.)  an 
island  in  the  Me<iiterranean.  belonging  to  Spain;  between 
lat.  39°  47'  and  40°  4'  45"  N..  Ion.  3°  48'  and  4°  20'  E. :  length 
35  miles;  average  breadth  alx>ut  10  miles;  area  335  square 
miles.  The  coast  is  very  much  indented  on  all  sides  e.xcept 
the  S.,  and  generally  present^s  a  succession  of  bold  headlands, 
enclosing  small  creeks  and  bays,  of  which  several  form  good 
harbors.  Of  these  the  best  and  most  frequented  is  I'ort 
Mahon,  the  capital  of  the  island.  The  surface  ri.-es  from 
all  sides  towanls  the  centre,  where  it  becomes  mountainous, 
attaining,  in  Mount  El  Toro.  the  hei.irht  of  about  5000  feet. 
The  soil  is  not  generally  fertile ;  but  in  good  seasons,  the 
wheat  and  barley  grown  is  equal  to  the  consumption.  The 
other  principal  products  are  oil,  wine,  hemp,  flax,  oranges, 
and  lemons.  Iron,  copper,  and  lead,  are  found  in  abun- 
dance; and  superior  marble,  porphyry,  aud  alabaster 
exist  in  several  districts.  The  first  possessors  of  Jlinorca 
were  the  Carthaginians,  who  drew  from  it.  in  common 
with  the  other  islands  of  the  lialeares,  a  numl)er  of  ex- 
cellent ^lingers,  who  distinguished  themselves  during  Han- 
nibal's wars  iu  Itiily.  It  afterwanls  passed  successively 
into  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  the  Vandals,  and  the 
Moors:  the  last  were  expelled  iu  1285  by  the  Spaui.irda. 
During  the  greater  part  of  the  18th  century  it  belonged  to 
the  British,  who  finally  ceded  it  to  Spain  at  the  peace  of 
Amiens,  For  administrative  purpose.*,  it  is  divided  into 
the  four  districts  of  Mahon,  Alayor,  Mereadel,  and  Ciuda- 
dela.    Pop.  about  40,000. 

MINORI,  me-no'ree.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Citra,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Salerno,  near  the  Gulf  of 
Salerno.    Pop.  2200. 

MINOT,  me-nof.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Andros- 
coggin CO.,  Slaine,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Androscoggin,  37 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Portland,  by  the  Grand  Trunk  Raihvay, 
which  intersects  the  township,  and  here  sends  off  a  branch 
road  13  miles  long  to  Buckfield.  The  village  has  a  diurch, 
and  several  stores  and  mills.  There  are  also  two  other  vil- 
lages in  the  township,  viz..  Mechanics"  Falls  aud  East  Minot. 
Pop.  in  1850,  1734:  in  1854,  2000. 

Ml  NOTS  LEDCiE,  or  COUAS'SET  ROCKS.  Boston  Ilarbcr, 
8  miles  S.E.  of  Boston  Light,  has  a  fixed  light  C6  feet  high. 

MINOW  (mee'now)  ISLAXDS.  a  group  of  East  Africa,  in 
MdSsambique  Channel,  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Madagascar,  lat. 
(N.  point)  12°  49'  30"  S.,  Ion.  48<^  39'  E,  They  are  .iljout  27 
in  number,  and  with  the  exception  of  two  or  three,  which 
are  low  and  of  coral  formation,  are  lofty  and  precipitous, 
presenting  ranges  of  bns,iltic  columns. 

JllNPOO'REE,  a  considerable  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidencv  of  Bengal,  CO  miles  E.  of  Agra, 

.MINSH  or  MINCII,  mintch.  ("Stormy  Sea.")  the  broad 
strait  which  separates  the  islands  of  Lewis.  Hebrides,  from 
the  W.  coast  of  Scotland.  3Iean  breadth  about  35  miles.  A 
contraction  of  this  sound,  to  the  S.S.W.,  is  called  the  Little 
Minsh,  and  separates  the  middle  portion  of  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides from  the  island  of  Skve. 

MIX-SHAN  or  MIN-CHAN,  min  (or  meen)  shSn.  or 
KIEOO-TING-SHAN,  (Kieou-Ting-Shau.)  ke-f-ooningVhdn' 
i.  e.  "  mountain  with  nine  lofty  summits."  a  mountain  of 
China,  province  of  Se-chnen,  in  lat.  31°  34'  N.,  Ion.  103°  E. 
It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

MIXSH'ULL-CHURCH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

MIXSHULL  VER'NOX.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and  North-Western 
Railway,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Crewe. 

MlXsK.  minsk,  a  government  of  Russia,  between  lat. 
51°  12'  and  55°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  25°  10'  and  30°  45'  E.  Area 
34.716  square  miles.  Pop.  iu  1851.  935,345,  of  whom  about 
100,000  were  Jews,  and  40,000  of  Tartar  descent.  Surface 
level,  marshy,  and  for  the  most  part  inundated  in  the 
spring;  principal  rivers, the  PripetF,and  Dnieper,  with  their 
affluents,  the  Beresina.  Pe<hii!;n,  &c.;  and  it  is  partially 
bounded  on  the  S.E.  and  the  W.  by  the  South  Dwina  and  the 
Niemen.  More  grain  (chiefly  rye)  is  raised  than  is  required 
for  liome  consumption;  hemp,  flax,  pot.tsh,  and  tar.  are 
other  important  products.  Forests  very  exteiLsive.  and,  next 
to  agriculture,  the  people  are  mostly  occupie<l  in  sawing  and 
trading  in  timber.  Linen  weaving  and  distilling  is  pretty 
actively  cariied  on.  Principal  towns,  Minsk,  Bobruisk,  and 
Slootzk. 

MINSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above  government, 
situated  on  an  affluent  of  the  Beresina.  430  miles  S.W.  of  St, 
Petersburg.  Pop.  23,600.  among  whom  are  many  Jews,  It 
is  mo.«tly  built  of  wood,  but  has  some  hand-some  stone 
edifices,  several  Greek,  Greek-United,  and  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  synagogue,  a  theological  seminary,  and  a  large 
theatre,  with  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  leather.  It 
is  the  gee  of  a  Greek  archbishop  and  a  Roman  Citiholio 
bishop,  and  is  mentioned  in  records  of  the  11  th  cent  ury. 

MIX'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  ILint.s. 

MIX'STER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 

MINSTER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  •with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  South-Eastern  Railway.  4  miles  W.  of  Rams- 
gate.  The  church  is  a  fine  structure,  rm  the  site  of  tiie 
iamous  SiLxon  Nunnery  of  St.  Mildred,  founded  about  670. 


J 


MIN 


MIR 


In  the  parish  is  Ehbsfleet,  the  landing-place  both  of  Ilnngist 
and  llorsa,  and  of  St.  Augustine. 
MINSXKK,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.'^ox. 
JIl.N'.STi-;K-I..OVElj.  a  pari.-ih  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
Ml.NSTEIl  IN'  SUKl'PY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
MINSTER,  a  post-village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio,  oh  the 
Miami  Canal.     Pop.  752. 

MIX'STERLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
MIN'SX1;RW0RT1I,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
MINTAO.     See  Mi.ntow. 

MIX/TERX-MAG/XA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
MINT'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
MINT/LYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
MIN'XO,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ro.-iburgh,  with  a 
rillage  on  the  Teviot,  5i  miles  S.K.  of  Hawick. 

MI.N/TO  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific,  forms,  with  Bedford  and 
Melbourne  Islands,  a  group  of  the  Dangerous  Archipelago, 
and  was  discovered  by  Lord  E.  Russell  iu  18j7.    Lat.  21° 2o' 
S.,  ion.  130°  32'  W. 
MINTON,  a  postroffice  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia. 
MINTONSVILLE,   a    post-village    of  Gates   co.,   North 
Carolina. 
MIN'TONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Ca.sey  co.,  Kentucky. 
MINTUW  or  MINT.A.O,  miu-tuw',  written  al.so  .MINTO  and 
MUNXOCK,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Banca,  Malay  Archipe- 
lago, near  its  ^V.  coast. 

MINX  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 
MINUCCIANO,  me-uoot-chi'no,  a  small  fortified  town  of 
NortlnTii  Italy,  27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lucca.    Pop.  2200. 
Ml.NYElI,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Mi.nieh. 
MIOGLIA.  me-6l'yil,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Ales.<andria,  S.  of  Acqui.     I'op.  1073. 

MIOS,  me-os/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gironde.  23 
miles  S.W.  of  Hordeaux,  on  the  Leyre.  Pop.  in  IS52,  22S2. 
MIOSEN  (Miiisen)  or  MJOSEN,  me-iVzjn,  the  largest  lake 
of  Norway,  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Christiania.  Length,  &o  mile.«; 
greatest  breadth,  12  miles.  It  receives  the  Ix)Ugen  River, 
and  discharges  its  surplus  waters  S.  by  the  Veruien,  into  the 
Glommen.     In  summer  a  steamer  plies  upon  its  wat*jrg. 

MiOS-A'.A.ND,  (Mios-Vand,)  mee'iis-vdnd,  a  lake  of  .Norway, 
in  the  Fillefielii,  at  the  N.  foot  of  the  lofty  Mount  Grindad- 
den,  in  the  S.W.  province  of  Christiania;  length  about  24 
miles,  breadth  not  more  than  1  mile. 

MIPlKU.me-pe-boo',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio- 
Grande-do-Norte.  on  the  small  riverof  its  own  name,  and  on 
the  Lake  Papari,  40  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Natal,  and  20  miles 
fi-om  the  sea.     Pop.  2000. 

5IIQUEL0N,  mik'fh-lon',  or  more  properly  mee'keh-lA\°', 
two  islands  off  the  S.  coast  of  Newfoundland,  forming,  with 
the  adjacent  island  of  St.  Pierre,  a  colony  belonging  to 
France,  with  an  area  of  85  square  miles.  Great  Miquelon 
is  in  lat.  47"^  4'  N.,  Ion.  50°  2o'  W.,  and  immediately  S.  of  it 
is  Little  Miquelon,  or  Langley.  United  pop.  in  1849,  510. 
i'isliiug  is  almost  the  sole  occupation  of  its  inhabitants. 
See  St.  Pieurk. 

MIRA,  niee'rl,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  near 
the  Atlantic,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Coimbra.     J'op.  6000. 

5IIR.\,  mee'ri,  a  river  of  South  America,  republic  of 

Ecuador,  ri>ing  in  the  Andes,  flows  N.W.  and  enters  the 

Pacific  by  several  mouths,  near  lat.  1°  30'  N.,  Ion.  79°  5'  W. 

MIRA,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  near  the 

BOurce  of  the  river  Mira,  05  miles  N.E.  of  Quito. 

MIRA,  mee'ri,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy,  10  miles 
TrV.  of  Venice,  on  the  Brenta  Jlorta.     Pop.  2000. 

MIRA,  mee'rj,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  40  miles  S.E. 
of  Cuenca.     Pop.  1598. 

MIRABEL,  mee^rii^by,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montauban.     Pop.  107. 

MIRABEL  AUX  BARONNIES,  meeVd^b^/  0  bi'ron'nee', 
a  village  of  Franco,  department  of  Drome,  4  miles  S.W.  of 
Nions.     Pop.  1793. 

MIHABELLA,  me-rd-bfl'ld,  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Benevento.     Pop.  osOO. 

MIR.^BELLA,  a  village  of  Sicily,  district  of  Caltagiroue. 
Pop.  3uo0. 

MIUABELLO,  me-ri-biWo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  3 
miles  N.  of  Pavia.  Hero  the  battle  of  Pavia  was  fought,  in 
1525,  when  the  French  were  defeated,  and  their  king, 
Francis  I.,  taken  prisoner.     Pop.  1678. 

MIRARELLO.  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  province  and 
8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Casale     Pop.  2240. 

MIR.\1!ELL0,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  3 
miles  S.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2200. 

MIRABILE,  me-rib/e-le,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

MIRADOUX.  meVJMoo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Lectoure.     Pop.  1692. 

MIRAFLORES,  me-rd-flo'rJs,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
Tin?e  and  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  1631. 

MIR-iFLORES,  me-rd-flo'r^s,  a  village  of  the  Argentine 
Republic,  (Im  Plata.,)  South  America,  province  and  100  miles 
g.E.  of  Salta,  on  the  Salado. 

MIRAGENIL.  me-rd-ni-neel',  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 

"rinee  and  HO  miles  E.X.E.  of  Seville,  on  the  Genii.     P.  2388. 

MIRAMBEAU,  mee'roM  btV,  a  town  of  France,  department 


of  Charente-Inferieure,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Jonzac.     Pop.  iu 
1852,  2290. 

MIRAMICHI,  m1rV-mg-shee/,  a  hay  ana  river  ol  New 
Brunswick,  British  North, America,  the  bay  on  its  E.  coast, 
lat.  47°  10'  N.,  Ion.  65°  W'.,  being  the  estuary  of  the  river 
which  e.xpands  into  it  after  a  N.E.  course  of  75  miles.  It  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class  about  30  miles.  Oji- 
posite  the  mouth  of  the  bay  are  Fox  and  Pas.^age  Islands. 

MIRAMICUI,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Xorlhumlierlaud 
CO.,  New  Brunswick,  at  the  entrance  of  the  beautiful  river 
of  the  same  name  into  Miramichi  Harbor,  about  14U  miles 
N.N.E.  of  St.  John.  Xhe  river  is  9  miles  wide  at  its  mouth. 
The  commerce  of  Jliramichi  is  already  extensive,  and  in- 
creasing. The  total  number  of  foreign  arrivals  for  the 
year  1851,  were  219,  (tons  39,986.)  and  the  clearances  216, 
(tons  45,254.)  Total  value  of  imports,  $347,990;  exports, 
$411,700,  of  which  $23,120  was  the  value  of  fish  exported  to 
the  United  States,  $18,765  being  for  salmon.  During  the 
year  6  American  ships  took  cargoes  of  timber  and  deals 
at  this  port,  for  Loudon.  December  31,  1850,  90  ve.s.sels 
(tons  7404)  were  registered  at  the  port;  and  during  the 
year.  21  vessels  (tons  6603)  were  built  here. 

MIRA  MONT,  mee'rd'mA.N"/,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Maimando- 
Po|).  1800. 

MIRAMONT,  a  vill.ige  of  France,  department  of  llaute- 
Garonne,  arrondi.ssement  of  St.  Gaudens.     I'op.  1676. 

MIRANDA  DO  DoURO,  me-rdn'di  do  doo/ro.  (anc.  Cnn- 
tiuinf)  ^  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os- .Monies,  ciipi- 
tal  of  a  comarea  on  the  Douro,  close  to  the  Spanish  frontier, 
28  miles  S.E.  of  Bragauza.     Pop.  4840. 

MIRANDA  DO  CORVO,  me-rdn'di  do  koRvo.  a  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  12  miles  S.E.  of  t.  oimbra.  J'.  3880. 
MIRANDA  DEL  EBRO,  merin'di  dc-l  A/bro,  a  town  of 
.Spain,  province  and  40  miles  N.E.  of  Burgos,  on  the  Ebro. 
Pop.  2390.  It  has  an  ancient  church,  and  a  custom-house  on 
the  Castilian  frontier. 

MIRANDA  DE  AROA,  me-rdn/di  d.i  aR/gd,  a  town  of 
Spiiin,  province  of  Navarre,  24  miles  S.S,W.  of  Pamplona. 
Pop.  1390. 

MIRANDA  DEL  CASTANAR,  me-rdn'dd  dil  k.^s-ti-nan', 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Salamanca. 
Pop.  1136. 
MIRAN'DA,  a  post-village  of  Rowan  co.,  North  Carolina. 
5IIRANDE,  mee'r6.\d/,  (L.  MiruiiUla.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Gers,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Auch,  on  the  Bai.se. 
Pop.  iu  1852,  3454.    It  has  renuiins  of  old  fortifications. 

-M1R.\XDELLA,  me-rdn-del'li,  (anc.  (JuUiduinuin  t)  a  forti- 
fied town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Xras-os-JIontes,  on  the 
Xua,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Braganc;a.     Pop.  1700. 

MIR.\.NDELLA,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  province  and 
170  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bahia. 

MIRANDOL,  mee'r(jM«Mol/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Xarn.  16  miles  N.  of  Alby,  on  the  Viaur.  Pop.  2570. 
MIRANDULA,  me-rdn'do-ld,  a  fortified  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  of  Modena,  IS  miles  N.N.  E.of  Modena.  Pop. 
6000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  castle,  a  handsome 
cathedral,  a  hospital,  and  a  palace,  long  occupied  by  the 
sovereign  when  Jlirandola  was  the  capital  of  an  independent 
dui'hy.  One  of  the  sovereigns,  known  by  the  name  of  Pico 
dj  .Mirandola,  acquired  a  distinguished  name  in  literature. 

MIRANO;  me-ri'uo,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Itiily,  12 
miles  N.E.  of  Padua,  on  the  Musono,  at  the  origin  of  the 
Canal  of  Mirano.     Pop.  5500. 

MI  It  AVET,  me-rd-vdt/,  a  town  of  Spain,  Cat.alonia,  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Xarragoua.     Pop.  1726. 

MIRE,  meeii,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et- 
Loire,  ahout  7  miles  from  Tours,  famous  for  the  great  battle 
fought  in  the  neighborhood  in  731,  wlien  Charles  Martel 
gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  Saracens,  and  slew  Ande- 
rama.  their  leader. 

MIREBALAIS,  Le.  leh  D.eeit'bJ'hV,  a  town  of  Hayti,  on 
the  Artibonite,  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Port-au-Prince. 

MIREBALOIS  or  MIREBALAIS,  meeii^bd'I.i/,  an  old  divi- 
sion of  F'rance,  now  comprisc^d  in  tlie  department  of  Vieune, 
and  named  after  its  chief  town,  Mirebeau. 

MIREBEAU,  mee'reh-bO/  or  meen'bu/,  (L.  Mirel>d'lum^  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Poitiers.     Pop.  2732. 

MIREBEAU,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
CGte-d'Or,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dijon.     Pop.  1220. 

MIRECOURT,  mee^reh-kooR'  or  meeR'koou',  (L.  Mirtcur- 
tiiim.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  16  miles 
N.W.  of  Fipinal.  Pop.  in  1852,  5443.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  tri- 
bunal of  commerce,  and  a  communal  college,  and  is  noted 
for  manufactures  of  violins,  guitars,  barrel-organs,  and  other 
musical  instruments.^ 

-AlIltEFLEUR,  meeVeh-fli'R' or  meeR'flCR',  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-lVime,  near  the  river  Allier, 
9  miles  S.H.  of  Clermont,     i'op.  1324. 

MIREMt.t.NT,  meeVeh-mAx"/  or  meen^mAxo/,  a  town   of 

France,  department  of  Haute-Garonne,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Muret 

MIREMO.NX,  a   town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 

Dome.  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  1688. 

MIREPOIX,  meeVfh-pwd/  or  meeR'pwd/,  (L.  Afirapicis.)  a 

120T 


MIR 


MIS 


ttwc  i-f  Francp,  department  of  AriJge,  on  the  LerS;  14  miles 
E,--.K  .i  I'amicrs.  Pop.  in  185'2,  4476.  It  has  a  large  hos- 
pi  tl.  t  town-hall,  and  manufactories  of  coarse  woollens  and 
CO'  tons. 

.JIU'HELD,  a  Tillage  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
■We.«t  Kiding,  with  a  station  on  the  Lancashire  and  York- 
ehire  Kailway,  5  miles  N.K.  of  Iluddersfield. 

MIlUJOitOD,  meeR-go-rod',  a  town  of  Kussia,  goyernment 
and  50  miles  X.W.  of  I'oltava,  on  the  Khorol.  It  is  the 
chief  seat  of  the  ecclesia.-stical  authorities  of  the  gOTcrnment, 
contains  3  churches,  and,  besides  carrying  on  an  important 
general  trade  has  4  yearly  markets.     I'op.  V4;iT. 

MIRIBEL.  meeVee'beil"',  (L.  MiriM'lum.)  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Ain,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Trevoux. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2913. 

MIRIBKL.  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Isere,  ar- 
rondissemeut  of  Grenoble.     I'op.  in  1852,  2707. 

MIK'ICKVILLE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Bristol  co,,  Massachu- 
setts, about  40  miles  S.  of  Boston. 

JilKlM.  me-reeN«',  a  lake  of  South  America,  in  neutral 
territory,  between  lirazil  and  Uruguay.  Lat  33°  S.,  Ion. 
63'^W.  Length  100  miles,  greatest' breadth  20  miles.  It 
receiyes  several  riyers.  and  communicates  on  the  E.  with 
the  Atlantic  by  the  Tajim,  and  northward  with  the  Lake 
de  los  I'atos  by  the  Mirini. 

MIRI-M.V.NDE,  meeVee'mSxd',  a  markot-town  of  France, 
department  of  Drome,  15  miles  S.  of  Valence.     Pop.  2346. 

MIRITI.  me-re-tee',  a  town  of  Brazil,  proyince  and  14 
miles  N.W.  of  Kio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  Miriti. 

MIROPOLIE,  me-ro-pol'yA,  a  walled  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment and  50  miles  S.W.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Psiol,  an 
fffluent  of  the  Dnieper..  Pop.  5000. 

MIRliTITZ.  niee'ro-tits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Lom- 
nitz,  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  I'rague.    Pop.  1300. 

MIROW,  mee'roy,  a  market-town  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
12  mUes'eV..s.VV.  of  Xeu-Strelitz.  Pop.  16t)3,  It  has  2  ex- 
tensiye  ducal  palaces. 

MIR0^V1TZ,  mee'ro-<vits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  43  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Prague.    Pop.  1100. 

MIRZ.^NAGUR.  niir*z3-nd-ghrir',  a  town  of  British  India, 
province  of  Bengal,  65  miles  X.E.  of  Calcutta. 

MIR'ZAPOOIV,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  having  S.  and  AV.  the  Kewah  territory  and  Allaha- 
bad district.  Area  1026  square  miles.  Pop.  600,000,  princi- 
pally Hindoos. 

J1IRZ.\P00R,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
in  the  above  district,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Gauges,  32 
miles  S.W.  of  Benares;  lat.  25°  io'  X.,  Ion.  83°  35'  E.  It  is 
large  and  flourishing,  well  built,  consisting  of  handsome 
European  houses,  native  habitations,  and  clusters  of  Hindoo 
temples  crowding  the  banks  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  a  place  of 
extensive  inland  trade,  and  an  important  cotton  mart.  It 
Is  also  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  carpet-^',  and  various 
cotton  fabrics,  and  has  likewise  some  manufactures  of  iron. 
The  population  exceeds  100,000. 

MISANTLA,  me-sin'tlj,  a  ruined  city  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  35  miles  X.E.  of  Jalapa, 
on  an  isolated  plateau.    Its  remains  comprise  a  pyramid, 
streets,  ancient  walls,  and  a  cemetery. 
MISCHKIX.    See  Mishkix. 

MISEXO,   me-sA'no,   (anc.  Mise'num.)  a  promontory  of 
Southern  Italy,  province  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  X.ai)les.    Near 
it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Roman  port  of  Misenum. 
MISEXTO.     See  MisiMO. 

MIS'KRDUX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
MlSllAWAKA,  mishV-wA'ka.  a  flourishing  post-yillage 
of  St.  Joseph  CO.,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  the  St.  Joseph's 
Kiver.  and  on  the  railroad  from  Chicago  to  Toledo.  89  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  the  former.  It  is  surrounde<l  by  a  rich  farming 
region,  which  contains  abundance  of  iron  ore.  The  river 
is  navigable  by  small  steamboat*  several  miles  higher  than 
this  place,  and  also  alloids  abundant  water-powor.  The 
villagf  has  8  churches.  1  newspaper  office,  a  woollen  factory, 
3  fuiuring-mills,  and  several  saw-mills.  Pop.  in  1850, 1412; 
in  1860, 1488. 

MISHKAX  or  MISCIIKAX',  mi-sh-kdn',  a  considerable  vil- 
lage of  I'ersia,  province  of  Khorassau,  60  miles  X.W.  of  Xisha- 
poor. 

MISHKTN  or  MISCIIKTX%  mish-keen'.  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  6S  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Yaroslav,  on  the 
Volga.     I'op.  1000. 

M I  SIITEG.A.Y0O  RIVER,  ofMichigan.  rises  in  Genesee  and 
Shiawa.-sce  counties,  and  flowing  nearly  nortlnvard.  enters 
tile  Flint  River,  6  miles  from  its  junction  with  tlie  Sbiawas.see. 
.MISIXTO,  me-siiVio,  or  MISEXTO.  me-ssu'to,  a  town  of 
Xoi  thi-rn  Italy,  province  of  Milan.    Pop,  1180. 
MISIS.  a  town  of  .\.sia  .Minor.     See  .Messis. 
>nSlTK.\.  a  town  of  Greece.     See  Mlstra. 
MISKE.  misli'ki\  a  village  of  Hungary.  Hither  Danube, 
eo.  of  I'csth,  al)OUt  32  miles  from  Baja.     I'op.  2148. 
MIPKE.  a  vill.c-'eofTInniarv.  Thither  Theiss.  on 
jnSKETl  or  .MISKHim.     See  M.sket. 
MISKOLOZ.  mish-kolts'.  a  town  of  ITunirarv,  capital  of 
th«  circle  of  lioi-sod,  24  miles  X.E.  of  Eri.iu.     Pop.  30.000, 
chiefly  I'n  testants.    It  has  numerous  Lutheran,  Greek, 
1208 


.  on  the  Tlfe. 


and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  synagogue,  Protestant  and 
Roman  Catholic  gymna.'^ia,  a  Greek  national  pchfXil.  Roman 
Catholic  high  .school,  and  a  convent.  Its  priuci]>al  trade  is 
in  wine.  The  best  steel  in  Hungary  is  made  from  iron 
obtained  from  neighboring  mines. 

MISLITZ.  mis'lits.or  .MIROSLAW.mee'ros-l!lv\  a  market- 
town  of  Austria,  iloravia,  about  16  miles  from  Znaim.  Pop. 
1056. 

MISOOCO,  mesok'ko,   (Ger.  Maisox-thal,  mi/zox-tdP.  It. 
Vul  Meholsina,  vil  mel-sol-see'ni.)  a  valley  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Grisons,  S.  of  the    Alps,  iniuutliately  E.  of  (he 
canton  of  Ticino.  and  traversed  by  the  Mocsa.  on  which  is 
the  village  of  Misocco,  with  1200  inhabitants,  and  a  ruined 
fortress. 
SITSDLOXGIII.  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Missot.on'ghi. 
5IISI'IiyL10-\,  a  hundred  in  Kent  co..  Delaware. 
ML-l'IIXlOX  CREEK,  of  Delaware,  forms  the  boundary 
between  Ivent  and  Sus.sex  counties,  and  enters  Delaware  Bay. 
MlSSA^iLI.\,   niis-sil'yd,   a   market-town    of   Xortliem 
Italy,  19  miles  N.X.E.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2100. 

MISS.\U'KEE,  a  new  and  unorganizetl  county  in  the  N. 
central  part  of  Michigan,  contains  625  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  an  affluent  of  Muskegon  River.  The  county  ia 
not  named  in  the  census  of  1850,  and  has  few  inhabitants, 
except  Indians. 

MISSELE.MIEII,   mis-sel-eh-mee'eh.   a    town   of   Kubia, 

peninsula  of  Senaar,  about  four  hours  W.  of  the  Bahr-el- 

Azrek.     The  market  is  the  resort  of  many  mcr<hants  from 

Souakin,  who  barter  cotton,  spices,  and  perfumes  for  gold, 

while  those  from  Abyssinia  bring  slaves  and  a  few  horses. 

MlS'SEXl>EX,GRE.Vr,  a  pari,«h  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

ML-SEXDEX.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MIS'SIOXARY   STA'TIOX.  a   post-village   of  Floyd   co., 

Georgia,  on  the  Rome  Railroad,  185  miles  X.W.  of  Milledge- 

ville. 

MISSIOXES,  (mis-se-o'nJs.)  COTJXTRY  OF,  a  region  of 
South  America,  in  which  the  Jesuit  missionaries  founded 
numerous  establi.*hments  of  converted  lndian.s,  previous  to 
the  suppression  of  their  order  in  1767.  The  region  uow 
forms  the  greater  portion  of  Paraguay,  and  piirts  of  the 
adjacent  states. 

ML^'SIOX  POIXT,  a  post-office  of  Iji  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 
MISSION  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Texas,  flowing  through 
Refugio  CO.  into  .\ran.<:as  Bay. 

MISSIOX  SAX  JOSfi,  (san  no-z.V,)  a  post-ofiSco  of  Contra 
Costa,  California. 

MISSIS,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  See  Messis. 
MISSIS'QUE,  MISSIS/QUI,  MISSIS'QUOI,  or  MISSIS'CO 
RIVER,  rises  in  Orleans  county,  in  the  N.  part  of  A'ermont, 
and  flows  in  a  northerly  direction  into  Canada,  where,  after 
running  tor  several  mile.«,  it  returns  into  Vermont,  mid 
traversing  Franklin  county,  falls  into  Mis,-isque  or  Missisco 
Bay,  an  arm  of  Lake  Champlain.  The  whole  length  of  the 
river  is  about  75  miles,  and  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  50 
tons  alout  6  miles,  to  Swanton  Falls,  where  there  is  a  very 
valuable  water-power. 

MISSIS'QUOI,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Canada  East, 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  state  of  A'ermont  and  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  compri.ses  an  area  of  300  square  miles.    Pep.  13,4S4. 

.MIS^SISSIX'EWA  RIVER,  rises  in  Darke  county,  in  the 
AV.  part  of  Ohio,  and  flowing  in  a  general  N.AA'.  direction, 
falls  into  the  Wubash  about  three  miles  above  Peru,  in 
Indiana. 

MISSISSIXEWA,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  771. 

"  MISSISSIXEWA,  a  post^township  in  Darke  co.,  Ohia 
Pop.  378. 

MISSISSIPPI,  mis'sis-sip'pee,  (Missi  Sipi,  i'.  e.  the  "Great 
■\Vatcr,")  the  mo.st  important  river  in  North  America,  and 
with  the  Missouri,  its  principal  affluent,  the  longest  in  the 
world,  rises  on  the  Hauteurs  de  Terre,  the  dividing  ridge 
between  the  Red  River  of  the  Xorth.  and  the  streams 
flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico,  3160  miles  from  the  gulf, 
and  ICSO  feet  alwve  the  level  of  the  ocean,  lat.  47°  X.,  Ion. 
95°  54'  W.  A  small  pool,  fed  by  the  neiglilxiring  hill.s.  dis- 
charges a  little  rivulet,  scarcely  a  span  in  breadth.  Mean- 
dering over  sand  and  iiebblcs,  and  blending  with  it  here  and 
there  a  kindred  streamlet,  it  ripples  on,  forming  a  number 
of  basins,  until  it  subsides  at  last  into  Itasca  Lake.  From 
this  issues  a  second  stream,  giving  promise  of  the  strength 
of  its  maturity.  First  flowing  northward  throuiih  several 
small  lakes,  and  then  in  various  directions,  forming  Cass 
Lake,  Lake  Winnipeg,  and  a  numl)er  of  other  bodies  of  water, 
it  afterwards  assumes  a  southi'riy  course,  i-eceives  mighty 
rivers  as  tributaries,  and  having  rolled  its  vast  volume 
through  more  than  eighteen  degrees  of  latitude,  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  by  several  mouths,  lat.  29°  N.,  Ion.  89°  25' 
W.  Though  above  the  junction  not  so  large  as  the  Mis.«onrl, 
which  flows  into  it  from  the  X.W..  1263  miles  from  the  Gulf, 
yet  having  been  first  exjilored.  it  received  the  i><<me  Mis- 
sissippi, which  it  has  since  retained  throughout  its  entire 
course.  If  we  regard  the  Missouri  as  a  contin  nation  of  the 
Mis.-'issippi  above  the  junction,  the  entire  length  will  amount 
to  alxiut  4:550  miles. 
Above  the  confluence  of  the  two  rivers,  the  waters  of  Uie 


MIS 


MIS 


Mississippi  are  remarkably  clear,  but  after  commingling 
with  those  of  the  Missouri,  (the  name  of  which  signifies 
"  Mud  Kiver.")  they  become  exceedingly  turbid,  and  contain 
about  three-tenths  of  sedimetitary  matter.  The  other  prin- 
cipal tributaries  from  the  N.AV.  and  W.  are  the  St.  I'eter's 
or  Minnesota,  which  flows  into  the  Mississippi  2192  miles 
from  its  mouth ;  the  Des  Moines,  forming  the  boundary 
between  low.i,  and  Mi.ssouri;  the  Arkansas  and  the  Red 
Rivers.  Those  from  the  \.K.  and  E.  are  the  Wisconsin, 
entering  it  1932  miles  from  its  mouth;  the  Illinois,  flowing 
into  it  506  miles  below  ;  and  the  Ohio  River,  which  joins  it 
121G  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Besides  these,  it  has 
a  great  many  other  affluents,  some  of  which  are  navigable 
for  hundreds  of  miles. 

The  descent  of  the  .Mississippi,  from  its  source  t»  its  em- 
bouchure, averages  a  fraction  over  si.'c  inches  to  the  mile. 
The  elevations  of  the  various  points  are:  at  its  extreme 
source,  1680  feet;  Itasca  Lake,  1575  feet;  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
856 feet;  Prairie  du  Chien,  642  feet ;  St.  Louis,  382  feet ;  mouth 
of  the  Ohio,  324  feet;  Natchez,  86  feet;  entrance  of  the  Red 
Kiver,  76  feet;  and  oppo.^ite  New  Orleans,  lOj  feet.  The 
only  falls  of  any  considerable  note,  are  those  of  St.  Anthony, 
2200  miles  from  the  Oulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  rapids  of  Pe- 
cagama,  685  miles  farther  up  the  .stream.  The  river  at  the 
latter  place  is  compressed  to  a  width  of  80  feet,  and  precipi- 
tated over  a  rugjed  bed  of  .sandstone  at  an  angle  of  about 
40"^.  The  entire  descent  is  20  feet  in  about  300  yards.  At  the 
former  there  is  a  perpendicular  fall  of  17  feet,  with  rapids 
above  and  below,  making  in  all  about  65  feet  descent  in  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile.  The  scenery  here  is  grand  and  pictur- 
esque, especially  at  the  time  of  the  spring  floods.  Below  this 
the  river  is  navigaljle;  a  considerable  obstruction,  however, 
is  olfered,  wlion  the  water  is  low,  by  tbe  rapids,  about 
nine  miles  in  extent,  a  short  distance  above  the  entrance  of 
the  Des  Moines.  Tlie  average  depth  of  the  Mississippi, 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  varies  from  90  to  120  feet,  and 
the  breadth  from  600  to  1200  yards.  Opposite  the  Mint  at 
New  (Orleans,  it  is  stated  by  J.  L.  Kiddell,  in  a  communica- 
tion to  Professor  Lyell,  to  be  one-third  of  a  mile  wide,  and 
100  feet  deep.  The  mean  velocity  of  the  current  at  this 
place  is  about  two  feet  per  second,  (or  about  33  miles  per 
day  ;)  between  the  Gulf  and  the  entrance  of  the  Missouri, 
it  is  from  60  to  70  miles  per  day ;  alx)ve,  the  current  is  less 
rapid. 

A  |)eculiarity  of  the  Mississippi,  is  its  extremely  winding 
course;  sometimes  a  bend  of  30  miles  will  occur  where  the 
distance  across  the  neck  di»s  not  exceed  a  mile.  This  cir- 
cumstance, no  doubt,  tends  to  check  the  current  and  facili- 
tate navigation.  One  of  the  most  important  facts  in  rela- 
tion to  the  ilississippi  is,  that  it  flows  from  north  to  south. 
A  river  that  runs  east  or  west  hsis  no  variety  of  climate 
or  productions  from  its  source  to  its  mouth.  The  trapper 
and  husliamlman  descending  the  "Father  of  Waters." 
constantly  meet  with  a  change  of  clim.at«;  they  take 
with  them  their  furs  and  cereal  grains,  tfie  products  of 
the  North,  to  exchange  for  the  sugar  and  tropical  fruits 
that  are  gathered  on  the  banks  below.  Again,  the  fltxxls 
produced  by  winter  snows  and  spring  rains  cannot  be  simul- 
taneously discharg(!d.  The  cour.se  of  the  stream  being  from 
north  to  south,  spring  advances  in  a  reverse  direction,  and 
releases  in  succession  the  waters  of  the  lower  valley,  then 
of  the  middle  section,  and  tinally  the  remote  sources  of  the 
Mis.sissippi  and  its  tributaries,  it  is  a  remarkable  fact,  that 
the  waters  from  this  last-nsmed  region  do  not  reacli  the 
Delta  until  upw^ards  of  a  month  after  the  inundation  there 
has  been  abating.  The  swell  usually  commences  toward 
the  end  of  February,  and  continues  to  rise  by  unequal 
diurnal  accretions  till  the  1st  of  June,  when  they  again 
begin  to  subside.  No  experience  will  enable  a  person  to 
anticipate,  with  any  approach  to  certainty,  the  elevation  of 
the  flood  in  any  given  year.  In  some  seasons  the  waters  do 
not  rise  above  their  channels ;  in  others,  the  entire  lower  val- 
ley ot  the  Mississippi  is  subnverged.  Embankments,  called 
levees,  have  been  raised  from  5  to  10  feet  high  on  both  sides 
of  the  stream,  extending  many  miles  above  and  below  New 
Orleans.  By  this  means  the  river  is  restrained  within  its 
proper  limits,  except  at  the  greatest  freshets,  when  the  waters 
sometimes  break  over,  causing  great  destruction  of  proper- 
ty, and  even  loss  of  life.  The  average  height  of  the  flood, 
from  the  Delta  to  the  junction  of  the  Missouri,  is  about  15 
teet:  at  the  mouth  of  the  latter  river  it  is  25  feet;  below 
the  entrance  of  the  Ohio,  the  rise  is  often  50  feet ;  at  Nat- 
chez, it  seldom  exceeds  30  feet;  and  at  New  Orleans  is  about 
12  feet.  This  diminution  is  supposed  to  result  from  the 
dr.iinage  through  the  Atchafalaya.  Bayou  la  Fourche.  and 
Other  channels  breaking  from  the  lower  part  of  the  river  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  floo<l  often  carries  away  large 
masses  of  earth  with  trees,  which  frequently  become  em- 
bedded in  the  mud  at  one  end,  while  the  other  floats  near 
the  surface,  forming  snags  and  sawyers. 

Vessels  are  usually  from  8  to  10  daj's  in  ascending  the 
Missi.s>ippi  from  the  gulf  to  New  Orleans,  and  9  or  10  weeks 
not  unfrequently  elapse  in  sailing  to  the  mouth  of  the 
llliuois  Itivor.  By  the  aid  of  st«am,  however,  the  passage 
4-oin  Cincinnati  to  New  Orleans  and  back  ogain  is  made  in 


less  than  20  days.  Fl.^t^boats,  a  species  of  raft  not  design/13 
to  return,  are  extensively  used  for  transportation  down  f'e 
stream.  Large  ships  seldom  ascend  above  Natdiez.  T\f 
first  steamboat  for  navigation  on  the  western  waters  v  'is 
built  at  Pittsburg,  in  1811.  In  1815,  there  were  aliout  14 'iu 
u.se;  in  1829,  230;  in  1843,  600;  and  in  1848,  1200.  Thv 
number  of  steamboats  now  plying  on  the  western  rivers 
and  lakes  Is  supposed  to  be  about  1500,  with  an  aggregate 
burthen  of  more  than  twice  the  entire  steamboat  tonnage 
of  Great  Britain,  and  probably  equal  to  that  of  all  other 
parts  of  the  world.  The  total  value  of  the  steamboats 
annually  afloat  on  the  western  waters,  is  estimated  at 
$6,000,000.  The  Jlississippi  River  and  its  tributaries  drain 
an  area  of  over  1,200,000  square  miles.  This  vast  region, 
from  its  almost  unexampled  fertility,  has  obtained  the  title 
of  the  "  Giirden  of  the  World." 

The  Del/a  of  lite  Mississippi  consists  of  that  portion  of  ter- 
ritory at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  composed  entirely  of  allu- 
vion. It  is  about  200  miles  in  length,  with  a  nn^an  width 
of  75  miles,  constituting  an  area  of  about  15,000  square 
miles  of  delta  formation.  The  depth  of  the  alluvion  la 
estimated  at  1000  feet.  The  debris  curried  along  with  the 
flood  is  principally  deposited  near  the  borders  of  the  stream, 
the  necessary  result  being  that  these  porltions  have  been 
raised  to  a  much  higher  level  than  the  adjoining  lands.  In 
some  places  the  slope  is  as  mudi  as  18  feet  in  a  distance  of  a 
few  miles.  Tlie  interior  con-sists  of  vast  swamps  covered 
with  trees,  of  which  the  tops  only  are  visible  during  the 
flootis.  The  river,  for  almost  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  runs 
nearly  parallel  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  whiih  it  is 
separated  at  particular  places  by  an  embankment  only  half 
a  mile  across.  The  passes  through  which  the  waters  of  tho 
Mississippi  are  discharged  into  the  gulf  are  undergoing 
incessant  changes ;  old  channels  are  filling  up,  and  now  ones 
forming.  The  depth  of  water  In  these  passes  has  ne'^er  been 
equal  to  the  requisitions  of  commerce  ;  and  it  is  onf  by  the 
most  enormous  application  of  steam-power  and  ploughing 
through  deep  beds  of  sand,  that  ships  of  the  largest  class 
are  enabled  to  get  safely  over  the  bars. 

MISSISSIPPI,  one  of  the  Southern  States  of  the  Ameri- 
can Confetleracy,  is  bounded  N.by  Tennessee,  E.  by  .Alabama, 
S.  by  the  (jiulf  of  Mexico  and  Louisiana,  and  W.  by  the  I'earl 
and  .Mississippi  Rivers,  which  .separate  it  from  Loui.-iana  and 
Arkansas.  It  lies  between  S(P  20'  and  35°  X.  lat..  and  be- 
tween 88°  12'  and  91^^  40'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  399  miles 
long  from  N.  to  S..  and  150  In  average  breadth,  including  an 
area  of  about  47,156  square  miles,  or  30,179,840  acres,  of 
which  only  5,065,765  are  improved. 

Face  of  tlie  Country. — The  eastern  and  central  parts  of 
the  state  are  a  kind  of  table-land,  descending  towards  the 
Mississippi  by  steps  formed  by  two  ranges  of  bluffs  of  irre- 
gular outline,  sometimes  approaching  close  to  the  river's 
brink,  and  overhanging  it  by  precipices  of  from  100  to  200 
feet  in  height.  In  other  places,  a  wide  expanse  of  swamp 
fills  up  the  interval.  One  of  these  marshes  extends  from 
50  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  River  to  Mem|'his, 
in  Tennessee,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  a  few  miles  to 
50,  and  sometimes  even  100  miles,  occupying  an  area-  of 
nearly  7000  square  miles.  This  section  is  liable  -to  inunda- 
tions at  the  period  of  freshets,  and  sometimes  is  covered 
with  water  to  the  depth  of  several  feet.  The  rivers  gene- 
rally run  in  a  S.W.  course,  showing  the  general  slope  of  the 
country  to  be  in  that  direction;  a  portion  of  the  N.E.,  how- 
ever, is  drained  by  the  Tombigbee,  and  the  central  and  S.E. 
portions  by  the  Pearl  and  Pascagoula  Rivers,  which  seek 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  a  S.  and  S.E.  direction.  The  north- 
ern and  central  parts  of  the  state  are  undulating,  presenting 
a  champaign  appearance.  The  N.E.  is  prairie  land,  extend- 
ing for  some  distance  down  the  Alabama  boundary,  when 
the  country  again  becomes  rolling  and  timiiered.  The  S.E. 
of  tho  state  is  low  but  undulating,  and  abounding  in  pine. 
Near  the  coast,  the  country,  which  farther  west  is  swampy, 
becomes  fij-m.  The  mineral  re.sources  of  the  state,  so  fur  as 
developed,  are  not  extensive.  Some  gold  has  been  found  iu 
Marion  county,  but  coal  and  marble  are  not  known  to  exist 
in  any  considerable  quantity.  In  1850  about  $100,000  were 
invested  in  iron  foundries,  &c. 

Rivers.  Bays.  &c. — The  western  part  of  this  state  is  drained 
by  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  the  eastern  by  the 
tributaries  of  the  Tombigbee  and  Pascagoula.  and  the  central 
by  the  Pearl  River.  The  Yazoo  and  the  Big  Black  are  the 
largest  branches  of  the  Mississippi  from  this  state,  and  drain 
the  N.W.  portion.  The  Tennessee  River  touches  the  \.E. 
boundary  of  the  state  for  about  15  miles.  The  -Mississippi 
River  renders  this  state  accessible  to  the  largest  steamboats 
for  the  whole  extent  of  its  western  boundary,  and  smaller 
steamboats  ascend  the  Y'azoo  for  300  miles  the  Big  Black  for 
50  miles,  the  Pearl  sometimes  to  Jackson,  (though  its  navi- 
gation is  much  impeded  by  sandbars  and  shallow.s,)  and  the 
Pascagoula  for  a  short  distance.  There  is  a  chain  of  lakes 
and  bays,  so  culled,  but  more  properly  sounds,  separating 
some  low  Islands  from  the  coasts.  The  principal  of  these 
bays,  or  lakes,  are  Liike  Borgne  and  Pascagou'a  Bay.  BiloxJ 
and  St.  Louis  Bays  are  arms  of  these.  This  state  borders  on 
thn  gulf  for  about  60  or  70  miles,  but  has  no  good  harbors. 


MIS 


MIS 


O  Jccts  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Mississippi  has  not  many 
Btri.  iug  obocts  in  her  physical  conformation  to  arrest  the 
mere  lourisl,  but  must  rely  ou  her  rich  soil  and  utilitarian 
advaufages  principally  to  interest  the  statesman  and  philo- 
sopher. >r  it  far  from  Natchez,  at  a  village  called  Seltzer- 
town,  theie  is  a  group  of  mounds,  the  most  elevated  of 
\\  hifh  is  about  35  feet  high,  with  a  flat  area  on  the  summit, 
of  some  2  or  3  acres,  surrounded  by  a  rampart  2  or  3  feet 
high,  and  enclosing  6  other  mounds,  one  of  which  is  30  feet 
In  elevation,  or  65  feet  above  the  base  of  the  large  mound. 
Numerous  relics,  such  as  pipes,  weapons,  vessels,  Ac,  have 
been  taken  from  them.  Another  group,  of  smaller  but 
similar  earth-works,  lies  still  nearer  Natchez.  There  are 
several  medicin.al  springs  in  tliis  state,  of  much  resort ; 
among  them  are  Coopers  Well,  in  Hinds  county,  12  miles 
W.  of  Jackson,  (the  waters  of  which  are  impregnated  with 
sulphur  and  iron,  and  regarded  as  beneficial  in  diseases  of 
the  bowels  and  skin ;)  and  Lauderdale  Springs,  in  the  county 
of  the  same  name,  contain  white  sulphur  and  chalybeate 
waters.  One  spring  has  a  body  of  water  sufficient  to  turn  a 
mill.  The  bluffs  on  the  western  side  of  the  state,  which 
sometimes  rise  perpendicularly  from  the  water's  edge  to  the 
height  of  150  or  200  feet,  and  then  recede  many  miles  into 
the  interior,  become  very  interesting  objects  to  the  voyager 
on  the  Mississippi,  from  their  contrast  to  the  monotonous 
Bcenery  of  that  region. 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Pi-oductions. — Mississippi  approaches 
■witliin  a  few  degrees  of  the  torrid  zone,  and  its  long  sum- 
mers partake  of  the  heat  of  that  region ;  but  the  winters, 
as  well  as  those  of  Louisiana,  have  a  temperature  a  few  de- 
grees lower  than  on  the  Atlantic  in  the  same  latitude.  In 
the  southern  part  of  the  state  the  season  is  long  enough  to 
mature  the  fig  and  the  orange,  while  in  the  north  the  apple 
flourishes.  The  valleys  of  the  northern  and  central  por- 
tions of  Jlississippi  are  e.xceedingly  fertile,  but  subject,  in 
places,  to  the  washing  of  sand  from  the  less  fertile  upland 
regions  during  freshets.  Cotton  was  formerly  the  staple  of 
this  region,  but  since  the  soil  has  been  somewhat  exhausted, 
lighter  crops  have  taken  its  place.  The  prairie  region  of 
the  X.E.  has  a  rich,  black,  adhesive  soil,  impregnated  with 
lime,  and  yielding  luxuriant  crops  of  Indian  corn  and 
cotton.  The  soil  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  state  is  sandy, 
mostly  covered  with  pine,  interspersed  with  mOre  fertile 
portions,  producing  Indian  corn  and  small  grain  abun- 
dantly, and  cotton  and  rice  to  some  extent.  Fruits  flourish 
in  this  district,  which-  is  also  famous  for  its  cattle,  being 
sometimes  called  the  "cow  country."  The  southern  coun- 
try, back  from  the  seacoast,  is  sandy,  and  covered  with  pine 
forests,  which  are  beginning  to  be  turned  to  account  in  the 
production  of  turpentine,  &c.  But  the  richest  and  most 
inexhaustible  soil  in  Mississippi  is  that  section  lying  be- 
tween the  upland  bluffs  and  the  Mississippi,  called  some- 
times the  swamp  lands.  A  writer  in  De  Bow's  Resources  of 
the  South  and  West,  asserts  '•  that  the  opinion  that  this 
region  is  unhealthy  is  fast  giving  way,  and  that  population 
of  the  very  best  character  is  now  settling  there."  The 
great  drawback,  however,  (its  liability  to  inundations.)  still 
remains,  though  even  this  will  probably  be  removed  as  the 
population  becomes  more  dense,  and  further  and  stronger 
embankments  are  made.  The  great  staple  of  the  state  is 
cotton,  in  the  production  of  which  it  ranks  third  (and  if  we 
regard  only  population,  second)  of  the  states  of  the  Union. 
The  principal  products  are  Indian  corn,  peas,  beans,  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes,  butter,  beeswax,  honey,  and  live  stock ; 
considerable  wheat,  rice,  tobacco,  wool,  fruits,  cheese,  and 
some  molasses,  sugar,  barley,  buckwheat,  wine,  hay,  grass- 
seeds,  rye,  hops,  liemp,  flax,  and  silk.  In  1860  there  were 
in  Mississippi  5,065,755  acres  of  improved  land,  (10,773,929 
being  unimproved,)  producing  587,925  bushels  of  wheat; 
39,-174  of  rye;  29,057,682  of  Indian  corn;  221,235  of  oats; 
1,954,666  of  peas  and  beans;  414,320  of  Irish  potatoes; 
4,563,873  of  sweet  potatoes ;  809,0S2  pounds  of  rice ;  159,141 
of  tabacco;  665,959  of  wool;  5,006,610  of  butter-f  42,603  of 
beeswax;  708,237  of  honey;  10,016  gallons  of  cane  mo- 
lasses; 32,901  tons  of  hay;  1,202,507  bales  (of  400  pounds 
each)  of  cotton;  live  stock  valued  at  $41,891,692;  orchard 
products  at  $254,718;  market  products  at  $124,281;  slaugh- 
tered animals  at  $7,809,153. 

Forest  2^-epx— The  swamps  abound  in  a  growth  of  black 
and  white  cypress,  (the  latter  an  excellent  kind  of  timber.) 
and  the  southern  portions  with  pine,  a  ridge  of  which 
crosses  the  state  from  Jackson  to  Alabama.  The  north  is 
well  wooded  with  oak  and  hickory.  The  oaks  include  red, 
white,  post,  and  live  oaks.  The  other  timtier  is  black  wal- 
nut, locust,  a  dwarf  species  of  buckeye,  beech,  dogwood, 
persimmon,  and  papa^t".  The  fruits  are  peaches,  figs,  oranges, 
plums,  clierries,  grapes,  and  melons. 

Internal  JmprovemenU  have  made  but  little  progress  in 
this  state.  In  1860  there  were  in  this  state  872  miles  of 
railroad  completed,  by  which  Jaclison,  the  capital,  is  directly 
connected  with  New  Orleans,  Mcksburg,  Memphis,  &c.  Tlie 
Mississippi  Central  K.K.  extends  from  Jackson  via  Grenada 
to  Holly  Springs;  282  miles  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  U.K. 
are  mcluded  witliin  this  state.  The  Southern  Mississippi 
E.R.  extends  from  Jackson  to  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  R.U. 


Manufactures. — This  state  like  most  of  the  southern  states 
is  not  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures.  In  1860, 
there  were  976  establishments,  employing  4775  persons, 
consuming  raw  material  worth  $3,146,636,  producing  goods 
to  the  value  of  $6,590,687  annually  ;  total  amount  of  capi- 
tfil  invested  $4,384,492.  Of  these  227  were  saw-mills,  capi- 
tiil  invested  $1,048,510,  value  of  imnual  products  Sl,S2-3,627; 
131  flour  and  meal  establishments,  capital  invested  $409.- 
475,  annual  products  $1,327,064 ;  8  machine  shops,  capital 
invested  $987,000;  annual  products  $608,738;  36  carriage 
factories,  capital  invested  $143,400,  annual  products  $281,- 
408 ;  152  blacksmith  shops,  capital  invested  $187,020,  annual 
products  $259,791.  Value  of  home-made  manufactures  $1,- 
382,144. 

Commerce. — The  commerce  of  this  state  being  mostly  car- 
ried on  through  New  Orleans,  no  tables  of  its  exports  or 
imports  can  be  given ;  but  the  great  article  of  export  is  cot- 
ton. The  tonnage  of  Mississippi  in  1852-3  was  only  3508. 
No  vessels  are  reported  as  being  built  within  the  state.  The 
products  of  the  N.W.  of  the  stiite  find  their  outlet  princi- 
pally at  Memphis,  Tennessee;  and  of  the  N.E..  through 
Tombigbee  River,  at  Mobile.  A  large  portion  of  the  E.  and 
S.E.  also  has  the  same  market.  Pine  timber  will  probably 
.soon  contribute  largely  to  the  exports  of  Mississippi,  both 
in  lumber  and  naval  stores. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  tliere  were 
in  Mississippi  13  colleges,  having  856  students,  $34,420  in- 
come, $1980  of  which  was  from  public  funds;  1116  public 
schools,  having  30,970  pupilsr  $385,679  income,  $107,947  of 
which  was  from  public  funds,  $29,689  from  taxation,  and 
$21,205  from  endowments;  169  academies  and  other  schools, 
having  7974  pupils.  $313,522  income,  $44,211  of  wliich  was 
public  funds,  and  $37,875  was  endowments.  There  are  iilso 
in  this  state  166  libraries,  146  of  which  are  public,  13  Sun- 
day-school, 1  college,  and  6  church  libraries,  comprising 
178,745  volumes.  According  to  the  National  Almanac,  this 
state  had  4  colleges  in  1863. 

lieUginus  Demyminations.  —  Of  1441  churches  in  Missis- 
sippi in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  529;  Cliristians,  24;  Epis- 
copalians, 25;  Lutherans,  9;  Methodists,  606;  Presliyto- 
rians,  148 ;  Cumberland  I'resbyterians,  60 ;  Roman  Catlio- 
lics,  17;  tfnionists,  22;  Universalist,  1 ;  1  church  to  every 
547  persons.  Total  value  of  church  property  in  this  state, 
$1,633,315. 

PeriodicaJs. — There  were  published  in  tliis  state  in  1860, 
5  daily,  2  tri-weekly,  1  bi-weekly,  and  65  weekly  newspa- 
pers, with  an  aggregate  annual  circulation  of  9,099,784. 

Public  Institutions. — There  are  at  Jackson  a  Penitentiary 
and  Blind  Asylum.  The  census  in  1850  reported  4  public 
libraries,  with  7264  volumes,  109  school  and  Suud.ay -school 
libraries,  with  4380  volumes,  and  4  college  libr.arics,  with 
10,093  volumes. 

Papulation. — The  number  of  inhabitmts  in  ISOO,  was 
8850 ;  40,352  in  1810;  75,448  in  1820;  136,621  in  1830;  375,651 
in  1840 ;  605,948  in  1850 ;  and,  in  1860,  791,305 ;  of  whom 
353,899  were  whites,  773  free  colored  436,631  slaves,  and  2 
Indians.  Population  to  the  square  mile,  16:  representa- 
tive population,  51t;,652.  Of  the  free  population,  195,806 
were  born  in  the  state,  150,310  in  other  states,  855S  in 
foreign  counties;  of  whom  844  were  bom  in  England,  3893 
in  Ireland,  385  in  Scotland,  21  Wales,  184  in  British 
America,  2008  in  Germany,  571  in  France,  138  in  Switzer- 
land, 114  in  Italy,  87  in  Poland,  26  in  Russia,  39  in  Holland, 
and  287  in  otlier  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in  the 
leading  pursuits,  46,308  were  farmers,  7972  farm  laborers, 
7116  laborers,  3941  overseers,  3098  planters,  2242  students, 
2100  carpenters,  1895  clerks,  1714mercliants,  1708  physicians, 
1624  teachers,  943  mechanics,  793  blacksmiths,  620  lawyers, 
693  clergymen,  4S5  shoemakers,  334  public  oflicers,  406 
railroad  men,  and  303  painters.  In  the  year  ending  June 
1st,  1860,  there  occurred  12,214  deaths,  or  lo-7  in  every  thou- 
sand. The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  20>',  of  wliom  55 
were  slaves.  (See  Introduction'  to  the  volume  on  Popula- 
tion of  the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.)  Of  264  blind, 
117  were  slaves ;  of  272  insane,  36  were  slaves ;  of  272  idiotic, 
86  were  slaves. 

Counties. — Mississippi  is  divided  into  60  counties,  viz. 
Adams,  Amite,  Attala.  Bolivar,  Calhoun,  Carroll,  Chickasaw, 
Choctaw,  Claiborne.  Clarke,  Coahoma,  Copiah.  Covington,  De 
Soto,  Franklin,  Greene,  Hancock,  H.arrison,  Hinds,  Holmes, 
Iss.iquena.  Itawamba,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Jones, 
Kemper,  Lafayette,  Laudeixiale.  Lawrence.  Leake,  Lowndes, 
5Iadison,  Marion,  Marshall,  Monroe,  Neslioba,  Newton, 
Noxubee,  Oktibbeha.  Panola,  I'erry,  Pike.  Pontotoc,  Rankin, 
Scott,  Simpson,  Smith,  Sunflower,  Tallahatchie,  Tippah, 
Tishemingo,  Tunica.  Warren.  Washington,  Wayne,  Wilkin- 
son, Winston,  Yallobusha,  and  Yazoo.     Capital.  J.arkson. 

Cities  and  Towns. — There  are  no  very  large  towns  in  Mis- 
sissippi. Natchez,  the  largest,  had,  in  1S6(},  (612  inhabi- 
tants. Tlie  other  important  towns  are,  A'icksburg,  popula- 
tion, 4592;  Columbus  3308,  Jackson  3199,  Holly  Springs 
29S6,  l>ort  Gibson  1453,  Brookhaven,  996,  Lexington  887, 
Carrollton  718,   Raymond  558,   Rodney  486,  L'berty  4*7. 

Government,  Finances,  &c. — The  governor  is  eUtted  by  toe 
people  for  two  years,  and  receives  $3000  salary.    The  Senate 


MIS 

is  composed  of  32,  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of  92 
members,  both  elected  by  the  people,  the  former  for  4  and 
the  latter  for  2  years.  The  sessions  of  the  legislature  are 
biennial,  and  meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  January.  The 
judiciary  consists^l.  Of  a  high  court  of  errors  and  appeals, 
composed  of  one  chief  and  two  associate  judges;  2.  Of  a 
superior  court  of  chancery,  held  at  Jackson,  and  considered 
in  law  as  always  open;  3.  Of  district  chancery  courts;  and 
4.  Of  7  circuit  courts.  The  Judges  of  the  court  of  appeals 
receive  ^.'5000,  the  chancellor  $2600,  and  the  vicechancellors 
$2000  per  annum.  The  district  judges  are  elected  for  4  years. 
The  assessed  value  of  property  in  1850  was  §208,422.167  ;  the 
public  debt,  (in  1853.)  §7,271,707;  of  which  $5,000,000  was 
contingent  debt;  public  property,  (not  at  pre.=ent  produc- 
tive,) $2,000,000,  and  ordinary  expen.se.s,  exclu.sive  of  debt 
and  schools,  about  $130,000  per  annum.  Mis.*issippi  re- 
quires 12  months'  residence  to  entitle  a  citizen  to  the  right 
of  sufTrage.  This  state  sends  five  members  to  the  national 
Congress,  and  gives  seven  electoral  votes  for  I'resident  of  the 
United  States.  In  January,  1854,  there  was  in  Mississippi 
but  one  bank,  with  $240,165  capital,  a  circulation  of  $234,745, 
and  SoC69  in  coin. 

Ifistory. — Mississippi  was  first  visited  by  Kuropeans  about 
the  year  1540,  when  De  Soto,  with  1000  followers,  crossed 
the  state  on  an  exploring  expedition  from  Florida.  This 
party  having  suffered  severely  by  attacks  from  the  abo- 
rigines, no  other  attempt  was  made  to  establish  a  permanent 
colony  till  1082,  when  La  SaUe  descended  the  Mississippi  and 
visited  this  region.  He  returned  in  2  years  with  a  party 
■which  he  intended  to  settle  in  Mississippi,  but  meeting  with 
misfortunes,  the  colony  never  reached  its  destination.  The 
next  attempt  at  settlement  was  made  by  Iberville,  but  with 
no  successful  result.  The  settlement  at  Fort  Kosalie  (now 
Natchez)  in  1716,  by  some  Frenchmen  under  liienville,  was 
generally  considered  the  first  permanent  colony.  A  general 
massacre  of  the  white  inhabitants  by  the  savages  took  place 
in  1728,  but,  as  in  every  other  contest  between  the  Indians 
and  the  whites,  victory  ultimately  rested  with  the  latter. 
Other  conflicts  in  1736,  '39,  and  '52.  though  carried  on  with 
varying  success,  hiul  the  same  result.  At  the  p<'ace  of  I'aris, 
in  17t  3.  Mississippi  became  a  part  of  the  English  territory. 
Soon  .ifter,  a  portion  of  the  French,  so  inhumanly  driven  by 
the  Kngli.sh  from  Nova  Scotia,  settled  in  Mississippi ;  and  in 
1708  commenced  an  emigration  from  the  Eastern  colonies, 
by  way  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Kivers.  In  1798,  Missis- 
sippi, including  Alabama,  was  erected  into  a  territory,  and 
In  1817  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent  state. 

MISSISSU'HI,  a  county  forming  the  E.N. E.  extremity  of 
.Arkansas,  and  bordering  on  Missouri  and  the  Mississippi 
River,  which  washes  the  entire  E.  border.  Area  about  1000 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  St.  Francis  River. 
The  surface  is  flat,  and  partly  occupied  by  lakes  and  swamps, 
formed  l>y  the  overflow  of  the  •'  great  river."  The  soil  of  the 
drier  jioriions  is  very  fertile.  Capital,  Osceola.  Pop.  3895; 
of  whom  2434  were  free. 

MlS,<ISSII'Pr,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  the  river  of  its  own  name,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio,  has  an  area  of  400  sijuare  miles.  The  Mississippi 
Kiver  separates  it  from  Kentucky  and  Illinois,  and  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  N.,  E.,  and  S.  The  county  is  drained  by 
James  and  Cypress  IJayous.  The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil 
Is  very  fertile.  A  portion  of  the  county  is  occupied  by 
cypress  swamps.  An  appropriation  has  been  made  by  the 
state  for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  the  lands  in  this  county 
whi(  h  were  submerged  by  the  earthquakes  of  1811  and  1812. 
Organized  in  1845.  Capltiil,  Charleston.  Pop.  4869;  of 
whom  3849  were  free. 

Ml  SSISSIPl'I  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harrison  co,, 
Mississippi,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  about  70  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Mohile.     Pop.  tJ059. 

JllSSISSTPPl  COLLEGE.    See  Clinton,  Mi.s.sissippl. 

MiS.SISSIPPI  or  ENGLISH  KIVER.  British  North  Ame- 
rica, rises  in  La  Crosse  Lake,  near  lat.  55°  30'  N..  Ion.  108° 
W..  flows  very  tortuously  eastward  through  numerous  mi- 
nor lakes,  and.  under  the  name  of  the  Churchill  Kiver,  en- 
ters Hudson  Bay  50  miles  VV.  of  Cape  Churchill,  after  a  total 
course  estimated  at  630  miles.  Its  navigation  is  impeded 
by  numerous  rapids.  It  is  separated  by  a  portage  of  only 
370  yar^ls  from  an  affluent  of  the  Saskatchewan,  i'orts  Nel- 
son. Kapid  Kiver,  Ac,  are  on  its  banks. 

MISSIVIU.  niis-seev'ree.  (anc.  Mesem>hria.)  a  seaport  town 
of  European  Turkey.  Koom-Elee.  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Black 
Sea.  17  miles  N.!'!.  of  Boorghas,  lat.  42°  39'  N..  Ion.  27°  43' 
E. ;  with  a  harbor,  formerly  a  principal  station  of  the  Byzan- 
tine fleets. 

MlSSOLONOnr,  misso-long'ghee.  written  also  MESSO- 
LONGIII.  a  small  town  of  Greece.  Livadia.  on  an  extensive 
fl.it.  thicV-.ly  wooded  with  olive  trees,  and  watered  by  the 
Acheiuus  and  Avernus.  22  miles  W.  of  Lepanto.  It  is  walled 
6ud  otherwise  defended,  so  as  to  be  a  place  of  considerable 
Ktrength.  It  greatly  distinguished  itself  during  the  war 
of  the  revolution,  when  it  was  besieged  by  the  Turks, 
and.  though  ultimately  reduced  by  famine,  caused  an 
immense  loss  to  the  besiegers.  Near  it,  in  1823.  a  large 
Turkish  airay  was  defeated  by  a  small  Greek  force  under 


MIS 

Marco  Bozzarls,  who  was  killed  in  the  action.  The  ■walls  are 
washed  by  the  sea,  but,  owing  to  a  vast  shoal,  it  is  only  atv 
cessiVile  by  fishing-boats.  Other  vessels  cannot  approach 
nearer  than  from  4  to  5  miles.  Lord  Byron  died  hei'o 
April  19,  1824. 
MIS'SON,  a  small  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
MISSOURI,  mis-soo'ree.  (('.  e.  the  "Mud  Kiver.")  the  longest 
tributary  stream  in  the  world,  has  its  source  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  lat.  45°  N.,  Ion.  110°  30'  W.  The  springs  which 
give  rise  tt)  this  river  are  not  more  than  a  mile  from  the 
head  waters  of  the  Columbia,  which  flows  AV.  to  the  Pucihi! 
Ocean.  The  first  500  miles  of  its  course  to  the  Great  Fall.'? 
is  nearly  N. ;  then  inflecting  E.N.E..  it  reaches  its  extreme 
northern  bend  at  the  junction  of  White  Earth  Kiver.  lat. 
48°  20'  N.  After  this  its  general  course  is  S.E..  till  it  joins 
the  Mississippi  in  about  38°  50'  N.  lat.,  and  90°  10'  W.  Ion. 
At  a  distance  of  411  miles  from  the  source  of  the  Missouri, 
are  what  are  denominated  the  Gates  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. For  a  distance  of  nearly  six  miles,  the  rocks  rise 
perpendicularly  from  the  waters  edge  to  a  height  of  1200 
feet.  The  river  is  compressed  to  a  width  of  150  jards,  and 
for -the  first  three  miles  there  is  only  one  spot,  and  that  of 
but  a  few  yards  in  extent,  on  ■svhicli  a  man  could  stand  be- 
tween the  water  and  the  perpendicular  w  alls.  At  a  distance 
of  110  miles  below  this,  and  2575  miles  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Missouri,  are  the  Great  Falls,  where  the  river  descends, 
by  a  succession  of  falls  and  rapids,  357  feet  in  16i  miles. 
The  perpendicular  falls,  commencing  down  the  stream,  are, 
first  one  of  87  feet,  one  of  19  feet,  one  of  47  feet,  and  one  of 
26  feet.  Between  and  below  these  are  continual  rapids  of 
from  3  to  18  feet  descent.  These  falls,  next  to  Niagar.i,  are 
regarded  as  the  grandest  in  North  America. 

The  bed  of  the  Missouri  commences  at  the  confluence  of 
3  small  streams,  alx)Ut  equal  in  length,  and  running  nearly 
parallel  to  each  other — Jefferson's,  Madi.son's,  and  Gallatin's. 
The  Yellowstone,  800  yards  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  jirobably 
the  largest  tributary  of  the  Missouri,  enters  it  from  the 
S.W.,  1216  miles  from  its  navigable  source.  The  two  rivers, 
at  their  junction,  are  about  equal  in  size.  Steamboats 
ascend  to  this  point,  and  may  ascend  farther  both  by  the 
main  stream  and  its  aflluent.  Cbienne  Kiver,  400  yards 
wide  at  its  mouth,  enters  the  Jlissouri  from  the  .S.W.,  1310 
miles  from  its  mouth ;  White  Kiver,  300  yards  wide,  enters 
it  from  the  S.W.,  1130  miles  from  its  mouth;  Big  Sioux 
Itiver,  110  yai^tls  wide,  enters  it  from  the  N.E.,  853  miles 
from  its  mouth;  Platte  River,  600  yards  wide,  enters  it  from 
the  S.W.,  600  miles  from  its  mouth;  Kanzas  River,  233 
yards  wide,  enters  it  from  the  S.W.,  340  miles  from  its 
mouth ;  Grand  River,  190  yards  wide,  joins  it  from  the  N., 
240  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  O.sago  Itiver,  .'597  yards  wide, 
flows  into  it  frt)m  the  S.W.,  133  miles  from  its  junction  with 
the  main  stream.  The  Missouri  is  stated  to  be  3096  miles 
long  to  its  confluence  with  the  Mississippi;  add  to  this  1253 
miles,  the  distance  its  waters  must  flow  to  reach  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  we  have  an  entire  length  of  4349  miles. 
There  is,  however,  reason  to  believe  that  the  early  state- 
ments respecting  the  extent  of  this  river  and  its  tributaries 
were  somewhat  exaggerated.  Throughout  the  greater  part 
of  its  course,  the  Missouri  is  a  rapid,  turbid  -stream.  No 
serious  obstacle,  however,  is  presented  to  navigation 
from  its  mouth  to  the  Great  Falls,  a  distance  of  2575  miles, 
excepting  perhaps  its  shallowness  during  the  season  of  the 
greatest  diDught,  when  steamboats  meet  with  difficulty  in 
ascending.  The  flood  from  this  river  does  not  reach  the 
Mississippi  till  the  rise  in  the  Red,  the  Arkansas,  and  the 
Ohio  Kivers  has  nearly  subsided.  Vast  prairies,  with  nar- 
row strips  of  alluvion  skirting  the  streams,  compose  the 
Missouri  Basin,  excepting  the  upper  portion  of  the  river, 
which  flows  through  an  arid  and  sterile  region.  The  entire 
extent  of  area  drained  is  estimated  at  500,000  square  miles. 

MISSOURI,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
first  formed  wholly  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Iowa,  (from  which  it  is  separated  for  a1)Out  30 
miles  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Des  Moines  River.)  and  on  the  E.  by 
the  Mississippi  River,  which  divides  it  from  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky, and  'Tennessee ;  on  the  S.  by  the  Arkansas,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Indian,  Kanzas,  and  Nebraska  Territories;  from  the 
latter  two  of  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Missouri 
River.  This  state  lies  (with  the  exception  of  a  small  projec- 
tion between  the  St.  Francis  and  the  Mississippi  River,  which 
extends  to  36°)  between  36°  30'  and  40°  36'  N.  l,<it..  and  be- 
tween 89°  10'  and  96°  W.  Ion.,  being  about  285  miles  in  its 
greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  280  in  width  from  N. 
to  S.,  including  an  area  of  67,380  square  miles,  or  43,123,200 
acres,  only  6,246,871  of  which  were  imi)roved  in  1860. 

Face  of  the  Country. — This  greaf  state  is  mostly  level  or 
undulating  N.  of  the  Missouri,  while  the  portion  S.  of  that 
river  (much  the  larger  part  of  the  state)  exhibits  a  greater 
variety  of  surface.  In  the  S.E.  part,  near  the  Mississippi 
Kiver.  and  S.  of  Cape  Girardeau,  is  an  extensive  marsh, 
reaching  beyond  the  state  into  -Arkansas,  and  occupj  ing  an 
area  of  abovit  3000  square  miles.  The  remainder  of  this 
portion,  between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Osaire  Kiver.s.  is 
rolling  and  gradually  rising  into  a  hilly  and  mountainous 
district,  forming  the  outskirts  of  the  Ozark  Mountains.    Be- 

1211 


J 


MIS 


MIS 


yond  the  Osage  Rirnr,  at  some  distance,  commences  a  vagt 
pxpanse  of  prairie  land,  whicli  stretohep  away  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  Tlie  ridges  forming  tiie  Ozark  chain,  which 
probably  in  no  place  reaches  an  elevation  of  2000  feet,  ex- 
tend in  a  N.E.  and  S.W.  direction,  separating  the  waters 
that  flow  X.E.  into  the  Missouri  Kiver  from  those  that  flow 
S.K.  into  the  Mississippi  Hiver.  The  geological  features  of 
this  state  are  very  interesting.  One  of  the  richest  coal-fields 
perhaps  in  the  world,  occupies  the  greater  part  of  Missouri 
N.  of  the  Osage  Uiver.  and  extends  nearly  to  the  X.  bound- 
ary of  Iowa.  A  carboniferous  limestone,  which  conies  to 
the  surface  on  the  E.  and  W.  borders  of  the  state,  forms  a 
rim  from  5  to  40  miles  in  breadth.  The  lower  magnesian 
limestone  crops  out  on  the  Missouri  River,  from  25  milijs 
above  Jefferson  City  to  within  35  miles  of  its  mouth,  with 
occasional  obtrusions  of  sandstone.  Schoolcraft  thus 
speaks  of  the  Ozark  Mountains:  '-The  Ozark  is  a  term 
applies  to  a  broad,  elevated  district  of  highlands,  running 
from  N.  to  S.  centrally  through  the  states  of  Missouri  and 
Arkansas.  It  has  on  the  E.  the  striking  and  deep  alluvial 
tract  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  its  W.  the  woodless 
plains  or  deserts  which  stretch  below  the  Rocky  Mountains." 

Minerals. — Missouri  is  particularly  rich  in  minerals,  and 
a  vast  region  in  the  neighborhood  of  Iron  Mountain  and 
Pilot  Knob  is,  perhaps,  unsurpassed  on  the  globe  for  pro- 
ductiveness in  iron  of  the  best  quality.  Though  exist- 
ing in  the  greatest  aliundance  and  purity  in  this  locality, 
this  mineral  is  found  on  the  Maramec  River,  at  Birming- 
ham on  the  Mississippi,  120  miles  below  St.  Louis,  and  in 
other  parts  of  the  state.  The  principal  mines  of  lead  in 
Missouri,  according  to  Whitney,  are  in  AVashiugton  co.,  on 
the  branches  of  the  Maramec  River.  There  are  a  few  others 
in  Franklin  and  Jefferson  counties,  but  the  aggregate  pro- 
duct of  lead  from  all  the  mines  in  the  state,  in  1S51,  was 
only  estimated  at  1600  tons,  a  decline  of  more  than  one-half 
from  that  of  1842.  Copper  exists  throughout  the  mineral 
region,  (a  tract  of  17,000.000  or  18.000,000  acres.)  but  is  most 
abundant  near  tlie  La  Motte  5Iines.  It  is  found  combined 
with  nickel,  manganese,  iron,  cobalt,  and  lead,  and  these 
often  yield  34  per  cent,  of  the  pure  metal.  Of  the  other 
metals  named,  all  except  nickel  are  found  In  considerable 
quantities.  Silver  exists  in  the  lead  ore,  360  pounds  of  pure 
metal  having  been  obtained  fi-om  1,000,000  pounds  of  lead. 
Tin  has  been  found  in  small  quantities.  Of  the  non-metallic 
minerals,  limestone  abounds  N.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and 
forms  a  good  building-stone.  Marbles  beautifully  veined 
and  crystalline  are  found  in  parts  of  the  state ;  also  gypsum, 
sandstones,  red  and  white,  porphyries,  sienlte,  saltpetre,  sul- 
phate of  baryta,  kaolin,  and  inferior  clays.  The  red  sand- 
stone Is  of  too  coarse  and  loose  a  texture  for  architectural 
purposes,  but  the  white,  found  near  St.  Genevieve,  makes 
superior  glass.  In  a  letter  to  us  Professor  Silllman,  Sr.,  says, 
"at  a  pi.^ce  called  Arcadia,  the  iron,  in  a  dyke  several  yards 
wide,  Is  bounded  by  walls  of  porphyry." 

■Coal. — Bituminous  coal,  much  of  it  cannel  coal,  exists  in 
vast  beds  on  both  sides  of  the  Missouri  River,  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Osage,  and  40  miles  up  that  river.  The  great 
cannel  coal-bed  In  Callaway  county  consists,  in  one  place, 
of  a  solid  stratum  24  feet,  and  in  another  75  feet  in  thick- 
ness, and  is  believed  to  be  the  largest  body  of  cannel  coal 
known.  Coal  is  also  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lexing- 
ton, and  in  many  other  plax^es. 

Hirers. — Missouri  enjoys  the  navigation  of  the  two  great- 
est rivers  in  the  United  States,  If  not  in  the  world.  By 
means  of  the  Mississippi  River,  which  coasts  her  entire 
eastern  boundary,  she  can  hold  commercial  intercourse  with 
the  most  northern  territory  of  the  Union,  with  the  whole  of 
the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  with  some  of  the  Atlantic  States, 
and  with  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  By  means  of  the  Mi.s.souri, 
her  other  great  river,  she  may  extend  her  internal  com- 
merce to  the  Rocky  Jlountains,  besides  receiving  the  pro- 
ducts that  may  be  furnished  in  future  times  by  its  multi- 
tude of  tributaries.  The  Missouri  River  coasts  the  X.W.  of 
the  state  for  about  200  miles,  (following  its  winding,*.)  and 
then  darts  across  the  state  in  a  direction  a  little  S.  of  E., 
dividing  it  into  two  portions,  of  which  about  a  third  is  X., 
and  the  remainder  S.  of  that  river.  The  S.  shore  is  bounded 
in  many  places  by  bluffs  of  from  100  to  300  feet  in  height, 
while  the  X.  is  often  bottom  lands,  not  generally  lialile  to 
Inundation.  Both  the  Mississippi  and  Jli^souri  Rivers  are 
navigable  for  large  steamers  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
state,  though  the  navigation  of  the  latter  is  impeded  by  the 
swiftness  of  its  current  (twice  that  of  the  Mis.sissippi)  and 
by  the  shifting  sands.  The  Missouri  River  receives  a  num- 
ber of  tribuUries  within  the  limits  of  the  state,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are  the  Chariton  and  Grand  Rivers  from  the 
N..  and  tlie  Osjige  ami  Gasconade  from  the  S.  The  principal 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  Uiver  within  the  state  are  the 
Salt  River.  X..  and  the  Maramec  River,  S.  of  the  Mis.souri 
River.  The  St.  Kranris  .\nd  White  Rivers,  with  their  branches, 
drain  the  S.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  pass  into  Arkansas. 
The  Osa.re  is  navigable  for  steamboats  275  miles,  and  it  is 
proposed  to  improve  its  navi-ati  m.  as  well  as  that  of  the 
Qrand.  Salt,  and  Maramec  Rivers.  Fine  plank  and  timber 
are  floated  down  the  Gasconade  Kiver. 

mi 


Objects  of  Interest  in  Tnurists. — We  shall  hardly  be  able  to 
do  justice  to  Missouri  in  this  respect,  in  the  present  stiite  of 
our  knowledge  of  the  interior,  as  there  are  duubtli^s,  in  her 
mountain  recesses,  gorges,  waterfalls,  and  caves  whose  fame 
has  not  j'et  reached  us.  To  the  geologist  the  state  already 
possesses  ample  inducements  for  a  visit;  while  the  lover  of 
fine  scenery  will  find  much  to  interest  him  in  the  wUd 
bluffs  both  of  the  Missouri  and  Slississippi  Rivers,  which 
rise  to  an  elevation  varying  fvom  50  to  300  feet.  In  the  S.E. 
part  of  the  state,  the  scene  of  the  earthquakes  of  3811  and 
1812,  may  be  viewed  many  traces  of  that  startling  event: 
among  others  are  to  be  seen,  at  the  bottoms  of  lakes,  sub- 
merged forests  and  canebrakes.  Pilot  Knob,  444  IVct  high, 
and  Iron  Jlountain,  1600  feet  high,  the  former  of  steel,  as 
it  is  said,  and  the  latter  of  nearly  pure  iron,  are  well  worth 
a  visit  from  the  curious  and  scientific  tourist.  Big  Spring, 
at  the  head  of  the  JIaramec  River,  rising  in  a  very  deep  basin 
100  feet  across,  and  surrounded  by  banks  as  many  feet  in 
perpendicular  height,  gives  rise  to  a  stream  tX)  feet  wide  and 
3  feet  deep,  and  with  sufficient  force  to  turn  two  mills  at  its 
source.  The  water  is  extremely  cold.  Schoolcraft  describes 
a  cave  near  some  of  the  hejul  waters  of  the  White  River, 
thus: — "The  opening  appeared  to  be  SO  or  90  feet  wide  and 
30  high.  A  vast  gloomy  rotunda  opened  before  us.  which 
very  .soon  after  entry  increased  to  a  height  of  CO  or  70  feet, 
and  in  width  to  150  or  200  feet.  This  hall  extended  into  the 
rock  southerly,  branching  off  into  lateral  avenues.  We  ex- 
plored the  main  gallery  for  600  or  600  yards,  when  we  met 
with  obstructions." 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Missouri  is  very  variabhi :  in  the 
winter  the  thermometer  sinks  below  zero,  and  the  rivers  are 
frozen  so  as  to  admit  the  passage  of  heavily  laden  vehicles. 
The  summers  are  excessively  hot.  but  the  air  di'y  and  pure. 
In  the  autumns,  bilious  rfnd  remittent  fevers  are  common 
on  the  river  bottoms.  Pulmonary  complaints,  however,  to 
such  a  degree  as  to  terminate  in  consumption,  are  infre- 
quent. 

Soil  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  5Iissouri.  speaking  gene- 
rally, is  good,  and  of  great  agricultural  capabilities;  but 
the  most  fertile  portions  are  in  the  river  bottoms,  which  are 
a  rich  alluvion,  (in  some  cases,  however,  mixed  with  sand,) 
and  in  that  portion  X.  of  the  Missouri  River,  except  in  tlw 
E.,  where  a  sandy  soil  prevails.  South  of  the  Wi.ssouri  there 
is  a  greater  variety  in  the  soil,  hut  much  of  it  is  fertile,  and 
even  in  the  mountains  and  mineral  districts  there  are  rich 
valleys,  and  about  the  sources  of  the  White,  Eleven  Points, 
Current,  and  Big  Black  Rivers,  the  soil,  though  unproduo 
tive,  furnishes  a  valuable  gi-owth  of  yellow  pine.  The 
mar.shy  district  of  the  S.E.  part  will,  when  the  population 
shall  have  become  sufficiently  dense  to  justify  the  expense 
of  drainage,  be  probably  one  of  the  most  fertile  portions  of 
the  state.  The  great  staple  of  Jlissouri  is  Imlian  corn,  and 
more  hemp  is  produced  than. in  any  state  except  Kentucky: 
the  other  great  products  are  wheat,  oats,  tobacco,  wool,  }x*a8, 
beans,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  fruits,  butter,  cheese,  pork, 
h.iy,  tlax,  honey  and  beeswax;  considerable  rye,  buckwheat, 
market  products,  grass-seeds,  maple  sugar,  and  some  rice, 
barley,  wine,  hops,  silk  and  molasses.  In  1860  there  were 
in  Missouri  6,246,871  acres  of  improved  land  (13,737,939 
being  tininiproved),  producing  4,227,586  bushels  of  wheat; 
293,262  of  rye;  72,892,157  of  Indian  corn;  3,680,870  of  oats; 
107,999  of  peas  and  beans;  1,990,850  of  Irish  iwtatoes; 
335,102  of  sweet  potatoes;  228,502  of  barley;  182,292  of 
buckwheat;  67,929  of  grass-seeds;  9767  pounds  of  rice; 
25,(i8t),196  of  tobacco;  2,069,778  of  wool;  12,704,837  of  butter; 
260,633  of  cheese;  109,837  of  flaxseed;  79,190  of  beeswjoc; 
l,.i85,9S3  of  honey;  796,111  gallons  of  sorghum  molasses; 
401,070  tons  of  hay ;  live  stock  valued  at  1553,693,673 ;  orchani 
products  at  $810,975;  market  products  at  J;j46,405,  and 
slaughtered  animals  at  $9,844,449. 

Birest  and  Fruit  Tre^. — "  The  river  bottoms  are  coveroo 
with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  oak,  elm,  ash,  hickory,  cotton- 
wood,  linn,  and  white  and  black  walnut.  In  the  more  bar- 
ren districts  are  found  wliite  and  pin  oak,  and  sometimes 
forests  of  yellow  pine.  The  crab-apple,  papaw,  and  persim- 
mon are  abundant;  as  also  the  hazel  and  pecan."  There 
are  three  species  of  wild  grape;  and  apples,  pears,  peaches, 
apricots,  and  nectarines  yield  well. 

Manufactures.  —  Missouri  has  not  as  yet  largely  engaged 
in  this  branch  of  industrial  employnients  ;  though  in  1860 
there  were  3167  establishments,  each  producing  ^500  and 
upwartls  annually,  employing  a  cai>ital  amounting  to  $20,- 
034,220,  and  19,782  hands  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$23,^49,941,  and  producing  annually  goods  valued  at  $41,- 
781,651.  Among  these  were  2  cotton  factories,  employing 
a  capitalof  $169,000, and  170  hands, and  jiroducing  annually 
goods  valued  at  $230,000  ;  11  woollen  factories,  employing  a 
capital  of  $103,750,  consuming  raw  material  worth  1^6,745, 
and  producing  goods  valued  at  $143,025;  389  fluuring  and 
grist  mills,  employing  a  capital  of  $2,7 12,0^7,  consuming  raw 
material  worth  $7,677,368,  and  producing  flour  and  meal 
valued  at  $9,4S4,34t;  9  iion  foundries,  employing  a  ca)>ital 
of  $193,500,  and  producing  castings  valued  at  $;i22,000;  4 
manufactories  of  stoves,  em] iloying  a  capital  of  $78.%000,  and 
producing  stoves  valued  at  $810,960;  '28  machine  shops  e.iu- 


MIS 

ploying  a  capital  of  $1,123,400,  and  producing  macliinery, 
steam-en gi I1I-3,  &c.  valued  at  $1,563,152;  12  manufactories 
of  soap  and  candles,  eniployiuj;  a  capital  of  $020,b00,  and 
producing  goods  valued  at  $1,059,380. 

Internal  Inipiovemcnts. — In  1860,  this  state  had  817  miles 
of  railroad  in  operation,  by  which  St.  Louis  is  connected 
with  nearly  all  the  larger  towns  of  the  state.  The  princi- 
pal railroads  are  the  Pacitic,  extending  from  St.  Louis  west- 
ward to  Kansas  City,  on  the  Mi.ssouri:  the  llannihal  and 
St.  Joseph,  206  nnles  long;  the  North  Missouri,  which  ex- 
tends from  St.  Louis  to  Macon  City,  168  miles;  the  St. 
Louis  and  Iron  Mounfciin  Riiilroad,  and  the  Southwest 
Branch  of  the  Pacific  Ilailroad,  which  is  opened  from 
Franklin  to  Holla,  77  miles,  and  is  in  progress  to  Spring- 
field, &c.  Three  per  cent,  on  the  sale  of  public  lands  is  de- 
voted to  internal  improvements.  The  state  has  loaned 
several  millions  to  the  three  following  railroads,  viz:  the 
Pacific,  the  Iron  Mountain,  and  the  llannibal  and  St.  Jo- 
sejih  Railroad. 

Cummerce. — St.  Louis  is  the  great  centre  of  internal  com- 
merce of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  wliich  must 
greatly  increase  as  the  settlements  on  those  rivers  extend 
themselves.  It  is  also  the  depot  of  the  fur  trade  of  the 
Upper  Missouri  and  its  tributaries.  The  tonnage  of  the 
district  of  St.  Louis  in  ISttJ  was  82,085.  The  number  of 
vessels  built  during  the  same  year  was  7,  (all  of  which  were 
ateamers,)  having  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  2119  tons.  The 
receipts  of  grain  and  flour  at  St.  Louis  for  1863  were  as 
follows;  689,241  barrels  of  flour;  2,7*3,378  bushels  ol 
wheat;  l,2Jy,850  bushels  of  corn,  and  2,771,848  bushels  of 
oats.  Tlie  exports  of  this  state  consist  mainly  of  lead 
pork,  flour,  wheat,  tobacco,  hemp,  flax,  and  live  stock.  Jlis 
souri  has  long  been  the  principal  seat  of  au  active  caravan 
trade  with  Santa  Fe;  but  this  trade  is  not  so  extensive  a> 
formerly,  a  considerable  portion  having  been  diverted  to 
Texas.  (See  St.  Louis.)  The  leading  articles  imported  bj 
way  of  the  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Mis.-;i.«,<ippi  and  its  triliuta 
ries,  in  1854,  were  wheat,  corn,  flour,  barley,  oats,  tobacco, 
hemp,  eolfee,  hides,  pork,  lead,  lard,  meats  of  dill'erent 
kinds,  molasses,  sugar,  nails,  paper,  potatoes,  salt,  rope, 
whiskey,  Jtc. 

Edii/'^dian. — Missouri  has  a  school  fund  of  $575,668,  and 
another  fund  of  .9100,000  called  the  seminary  fund.  The 
state  also  uppropiijttes  one-fourth  of  its  revenue  to  the  sup- 
port of  schools;  making  an  annual  income  of  about  §140.000. 
whicli  is  distributed  among  the  counties.  Kvciry  16th  sec- 
tion of  the  public  lands  is  devoted  to  common  schools. 
According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Missouri  36 
colleges,  having  4291  students,  $207,3.53  income,  .■?;iS,M5  of 
which  was  from  endowments,  and  S4898  from  public  funds  ; 
4120  public  schools,  having  175,855  pmdls,  and  $8o2.8;.6  in- 
come, S447,146  of  which  was  from  public  fuiid.s,  $116,318 
from  taxation,  and  $41,525  was  from  endowments;  240 
academies  and  otlier  schools,  having  20,143  piijjils,  $248,930 
income,  .S7300  of  which  was  endowments,  and  $.J700  from 
public  funds.  There  are  also  in  this  state  310  libraries, 
215  of  wliich  are  imblic,  2  school,  69  Sunday-school,  11  col- 
lege, and  13  church  libraries,  comprising  184.884  volumes. 
The  state  of  Missouri  has  an  annual  revenue  for  schools  of 
about  $150,000,  wliich  is  distributed  among  the  counties. 
Every  sixteenth  section  of  the  public  land  is  devoted  to 
common  schools.  According  to  the  National  Almamic  for 
1864,  there  were  in  this  state  11  colleges,  containing  in  all 
about  1000  students,  and  2  nuilical  colleges  witli  258  students. 
The  State  University,  located  at  Columbia,  in  IJoone  county, 
is  endowed  with  si.x  townships  of  land  by  the  general  gov- 
ernment. Four  counties  contended  for  the  honor  of  having 
it  located  within  their  limits:  it  was  accorded  to  Boone 
county  beciiuse  its  citizens  subscribed  most  liberally  to  its 
funds. 

lidigious  Denrmiinations.  —  According  to  the  census  of 
1860,  Missouri  had  1577  churches,  of  which  the  Baptists 
owned  457;  the  Christians,  150;  the  Episcopalians,  18; 
the  Jews,  2;  the  Lutherans,  55;  the  Methodists,  32(1;  the 
Presbyterians,  127  ;  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians,  98 ;  the 
Roman  Catholics,  88 ;  the  Unionists,  54 ;  and  the  Unitari- 
ans, 2;  this  will  give  1  church  to  every  750  persons.  The 
total  value  of  church  property  being  $4,509,767. 

Periodicals. — There  were  published  in  Missouri  in  1860, 
16  daily,  3  tri-weekly,  143  weekly,  and  11  monthly  news- 
papers and  magazines,  with  an  aggregate  annual  circula- 
tion of  29,741.464. 

Public  Institutions. — The  State  Penitentiary  is  at  Jeffer- 
son City.  The  Lunatic  Asylum,  which  is  at  Fulton,  was 
suspended  in  1861  on  account  of  the  civil  war;  having  been 
re-opened  in  September  7, 1862,  103  patients  were  received 
between  that  date  and  December  2,  1863.  The  Institution 
for  the  Blind  had  44  pupils  in  October,  1863.  Tliere  is  an 
Asylum  for  the  l^eaf  and  Dumb  at  Fulton.  There  were,  in 
1850,  13  public  libraries,  with  23,106  volumes ;  79  school 
and  Suncky-school,  with  31,650  volumes;  4  college,  with 
19,700 ;  and  1  church  library,  with  600  volumes. 

Ptipulatifin. — Though  originally  settled  by  the  French,  less 
than  one-third  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  present  inhabitants 
Of  Missouri  are  of  that  extraction.  The  population  amounted 


MIS 

to  20,845  in  1810;  66,586  in  1820;  140,145  in  1830;  3S3.702 
in  1840 ;  (582,044 in  1850.  In  1860, 1 ,182,012, of  v,\wm  1,063,489 
were  whites,  3,572  free  colored,  114,931  slaves,  and  20 
Indians.  Population  to  the  square  mile  17.  Representa- 
tive population  1,136,039.  Of  the  free  population  475,246 
were  born  in  the  state,  431,294  in  other  states  of  tlie  Union, 
and  160,.541  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  10,009  were  born  in 
England,  43,464  in  Ireland,  2021  in  Scotland,  305  in  Wales 
2814  in  British  America,  88,487  in  Germany,  52s3  in  France 
and  8158  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  free  population 
in  the  leading  pursuits,  124,989  were  farmers,  39,396  (iirm 
laborers,  30,668  laborers,  9554  servants,  (1333  carpenters, 
5370 clerks,  4349  blacksmiths,  4245  merchants,  3008  teachers, 
2802  shoemakers,  2538  physicians,  2087  seamstresses,  2035 
teamsters,  1967  tailors,  1550  grocers,  152>*  masons,  1478  well- 
diggers,  1477  conveyancers,  146ij  painters,  1429  steaml>oat 
men,  1370  students,  1348  millers,  1280  clergymen,  Ac,  &c. 
In  the  year  ending  Juno  Ist,  1860,  there  occurred  17.654 
deaths,  or  15.2  in  every  thousand.  The  number  of  deaf 
and  dumb  for  the  same  year  was  498,  of  whom  46  were 
slaves  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population  of 
the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  hi,  etc.),  of  448  blind  60  were 
slaves;  of  770  Insane  20  were  slaves;  of  523  idiotic  63  were 
slaves. 

Onmties. — There  are  in  Missouri  1 13  counties,  viz. :  Adair, 
Andrew,  Atchison,  Audrain,  Barry,  Barton,  Bates,  Benton, 
Bollinger,  Boone,  Buchanan,  Butler,  Caldwell,  Callaway, 
Camden,  Cape  Girardeau,  Carroll,  Carter,  Cass,  Cedar,  Clia- 
riton.  Christian,  Clarke,  Clay,  Clinton.  Cole,  Cooper,  Craw- 
ford, Dade,  Dallas,  Daviess,  De  Kalb,  Dent,  Douglass,  Dun- 
klin, Franklin,  Ga.sconade,  Gentry,  Greene,  Gruudv,  Har- 
rison, Henry,  Hickory,  Holt,  Howard,  Howell,  Iron,  Jackson, 
Jasper,  Jeft'erson,  Johnson,  Knox,  Laclede,  Lafayette.  Law- 
rence, Lewis,  Lincoln,  Linn,  Livingston,  Macon,  Maries, 
McDonald,  Madison,  Marion,  Mercer,  Miller,  Missi.ssippi, 
Moniteau,  Monroe,  Morgan,  Montgomery,  New  Madrid, 
Newton,  Nodaway,  Oregon,  Osage,  tJzark,  Peiry,  Pettis, 
I'helps,  Pike,  Platte,  Polk,  Pubiski,  I'utnam,  Ralls,  l{an- 


Wright. 

Cities  and  Towns. — St.  Louis  is  the  laigest  town  in  Mis- 
souri. Population  in  1860,  160,773,  (in  1850,77,8.59.)  The 
other  princijial  towns  are  St.  Joseph  8932,  Hannibal  C505, 
Kansas  4418,  Lexington  4122,  Carondelet  3993.  St.  Charles 
3239,  ■VVcston  1816,  Booneville  2596,  Brunswick  3589,  Wash- 
ington 3230,  Odumbia  3207,  Independ(!nce  3164,  Liberty  2405, 
Louisiana  24;i6,  Palmyra  1999,  and  Jeflerson  City,  the  capital. 

Gnveminent,  Finaivxs,  &c. — The  governor  and  Heutonaui;- 
governor  are  elected  by  popular  vote  for  4  years,  the  former 
receiving  $2000  per  annum,  and  the  use  of  a  furnished 
house,  and  the  latter  $4.50  per  diem  during  the  session  of 
the  Senate,  of  which  he  is  ex  officio  president.  The  Senate 
consists  of  18,  and  the  House  of  llepresentativ(is  of  49  mem- 
bers, the  former  elected  for  4  and  the  latter  for  2  years,  by 
the  people.  Thi!  sessions  of  the  legislature  are  biennial, 
and  meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  December.  Twelve  months' 
residence  in  the  state  is  necessary  before  exercising  the  right 
of  suffrage.  Jlissouri  is  entitled  to  7  members  in  the  na- 
tional House  of  Representatives,  and  to  9  electoral  votes  for 
I'resident.  The  judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court, 
compo.sedof  3  judges;  2.  Of  14  circuit  courts,  and  the  courts 
of  St.  Loui.s,  (viz.,  common  pleas,  criminal,  and  probate 
courts,)  and  the  common  pleas  courts  of  Hannibal  City; 
and  3.  Of  county  courts.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  and 
circuit  courts  are  elected  for  6  years,  by  popular  vote,  and 
the  county  judges  for  4  years,  in  the  same  manner.  The 
supreme  court  liolds  2  ses.sions  annually,  one  at  St.  Louis 
and  one  at  Jefferson  City.  A  circuit  court  is  held  twice  a 
year  in  each  county,  and  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  cri- 
minal matters,  and  in  all  contracts  and  matters  of  tort  over 
$90.  The  county  court  is  limiteci  to  matters  of  probate  and 
local  county  affairs.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  re- 
ceive $1800  salary  each;  the  circuit  judges  $1250  each,  and 
the  judges  of  the  St.  Louis  courts  $3000.  There  is  a  recorder's 
court  at  St.  Ixjuis,  confined  to  small  offences.  The  assessed 
value  of  real  estate  and  personal  property  in  this  state,  in 
1860,  was  $153,450,577  of  the  former,  and  $113,485,274  of  the 
latter.  The  public  debt,  in  1863,  wa.s  $24,734,000,  nearly  all 
of  which  consists  of  bonds,  by  which  the  credit  of  the  state 
was  loaned  to  certain  railroad  companies.  According  to  the. 
census  of  1860,  .Missouri  had  6  banks,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $1,209,131,  a  lircnlation  of  $2,52J,.500,  and  .$1,198,- 
268  in  specie.  In  September,  1865,  there  were  in  this  state 
11  national  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  3,464.000 
dollars. 

History. — Though  the  French  were  the  first  settlers,  and 
for  a  long  time  the  principal  inhabitants  of  Missouri,  yet  a 
very  small  portion  of  her  present  population  is  of  that  de- 
.scent.  A  fort  was  built  by  that  people  as  early  as  1719,  near 
the  site  of  the  present  capital,  called  Fort  Orleans,  and  its 
lead-mines  worked  to  some  extent  the  next  year.  St.  Gene- 
vieve, the  oldest  town  iu  the  state,  was  settled  in  1755,  and 

Ul» 


MIS 


MIT 


St.  Louis  !n  1764.  At  the  treaty  of  1763,  it  was  assigned, 
wi(  h  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi,  to  8paiu.  "  In 
17fcO,  St.  Ix)uis  was  besieged  and  attaciied  by  a  body  of  Bri- 
tish troops  and  Indians,  1540  strong."  During  the  siege, 
60  of  the  French  were  liilled.  The  siege  was  raised  by 
Colonel  Clark,  an  American,  who  came  with  500  men  to  the 
relief  of  the  place.  At  the  close  of  the  American  Kerolu- 
tion,  the  territory  west  of  the  Mis.«issippi  remained  with 
Spain  till  it  was  ceded  to  France  in  1801.  In  1803,  at  the 
purcha.«e  of  Louisiana,  it  came  into  tlie  possession  of  the 
United  States,  and  formed  part  of  the  territory  of  Louisiana 
till  the  formation  of  the  state  of  that  name  in  1812.  when 
the  remainder  of  the  territory  was  named  Missouri,  from 
which  (after  a  stormy  debate  in  Congress  as  to  the  admis- 
rsion  of  slavery)  was  separated  tlie  present  state  of  Missouri 
in  1821.  In  1811  and  1812  occurred  a  series  of  earthquakes 
which,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Xew  Madrid  in  this  state, 
caused  the  earth  to  open,  and  entirely  changed  the  face  of  the 
country,  swallowing  up  hills  and  forming  new  lakes,  while 
others  at  the  same  time  were  drained  of  their  water.  The 
current  of  the  Mississippi  was  turned  back  till  the  accumu- 
lating waters  gained  sufficient  force  to  break  through  the 
newly  raised  barrier.  All  this  region  is  now  a  widely  ex- 
tended marsh. — Inhab.  MissouRlAX,  mis-soo're-an. 
MISSOUltl,  a  township,  Hempstead  co.,  Arkansas.  P.  513. 
MISSOURI  TKUKITORY,  (sometimes  c.iUed  NORTH- 
WEST TliRKITOHY,)  a  former  unorganized  territory,  oc- 
cupying the  N.W.  portion  of  the  United  States  posse.ssions 
E.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Its  area  had  been  greatly 
reduced  by  the  organization  of  Iowa  territory  and  Minne- 
sota; and  finally,  in  1854,  the  remainder  was  divided  be- 
tween the  territories  of  Kauzas  and  Nebraska.  See  North- 
^Vf.sT  Territorv. 
Ml  SS(  lU'RlTON,  a  post-village  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri. 
MIS.<OURI  UNIVERSITY.  See  Colimhia.  Missouri. 
JIISTA'KKN  POINT,  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Newfound- 
land, 65  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  John's. 
M I  ST  A  SS I N  X I E.  See  MisTissiNST. 
MISTEK.  mis'tfk,  a  town  of  Moravia,  circle  of  Prerau,  50 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  2610. 

MISTEL15ACH,  mis'tel-b.^K-\  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Laya,  27  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  2468. 
It  has  a  collecfe  of  the  Barnabites,  and  a  hospital. 

MISTERBIANCO,  mi.s/t^R-be-Sn'ko,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendencv  and  4  miles  N.W.  of  Catania.    Pop.  3000. 
MISI'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
MISTEliTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
MISTEltTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
MIS'TISSIN'NY    or    MLSTASSINNIE,    LAKE,     British 
Nortli  America,  is  in  lat.  5P  N.,  Ion.  72°  to  73°  W.    Length 
from  N.E.  to  S.W.  60  miles;  greatest  breadth  30  miles.    It 
contains  several  large  islands.    Rupert  River  flows  from  it 
W.  into  .Iam<>s'y  B:iv. 
MIST'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
MISTR.A.  mis'tnl  or  MISITitA.  mis'e-tra.  a  town  of  Greece, 
Morea,  capital  of  the  government  of  Lacedosmon.  on  the  side 
of  a  hill  crowned  by  its  citadel,  30  miles  S.  of  Tripolitza.  Pop. 
1500.     Previous  to  the  last  war.  this  was  the  most  populous 
town  in  the  Morea.     About  G  miles  N.E.  are  the  remains  of 
ancient  SjXirtu.  scattered  for  about  a  mile  over  five  low  hills. 
MISTRETTA,  mis-trJt/td,  (anc.  jimastra,  Amestratm.  and 
Myitistratum.)  a  town  of  Sicily,  68  miles  W.S.W.  of  Messina. 
It  occupies  a  lofly  eminence  on  the  Regitano,  and  in  its 
vicinity  is  a  petroleum  spring.    Pop.  8000. 

MIT.\,  mea'td,  a  town  of  Central  America,  Guatemala,  in 
the  corregimiento  of  Chiquimula.    Pop.  3300. 

3IITAU,  mee'tow.  or  MITTAU,  mit/tow,  (L.  MUaria; 
Lettish  Jelijara.  y^l-gj'vdj)  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  Courland.  in  a  low.  sandy  district  on  the 
Aa,  crossed  bv  a  bridge  of  boats,  25  miles  S.M'.  of  Riga,  350 
miles  S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Lat.  56°  39'  N.,  Ion..  2.3°  44' 
E.  Pop.  28,100:  half  of  whom  are  of  German  descent,  and 
1000  are  Jews.  It  covers  a  large  space,  of  whicli.  however, 
a  coilsiderable  portion  is  occupied  by  gardens;  it  is  indif- 
ferently built,  the  houses  being  chiefly  of  wood,  painted 
green  or  reddish-brown;  many  of  the  streets  narrow  and 
crooked,  but  some  also  wide,  "straight,  and  regular.  The 
most  interesting  building  is  the  Ca.stle.  the  residence  of  the 
old  Dukes  of  Courland.  It  had  almost  become  a  mere  ruin, 
■when,  in  1739.  Marshal  Biron.  the  favorite  of  the  Empress 
Anne,  commenced  a  palace  on  the  same  site,  and  completed 
it  after  his  return  from  exile.  It  stands^on  an  island  sur- 
rounded by  the  canals  of  the  Aa.  Among  the  other  build- 
ings and  institutions,  may  be  mentioned  4  churches,  a  Gteek, 
a  Roman  Catholic,  a  Lutheran,  and  a  Reformed  church;  3 
synagogues,  a  museum,  a  library  of  20.000  volumes,  an 
observatory,  a  gymnasium,  with  9  professors.  Courland 
Society  of  Literature,  a  hospital,  an  orphan  and  a  lunatic 
asylum,  a  casino,  and  a  theatre  capable  of  containing  3000 
spc'ctators.  Its  manufactures,  which  are  of  little  moment. 
Include  linen,  ho.«iery,  soap,  and  leather;  and  its  trade  is 
T«ry  limited. 
MITCII'AJL  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey.  • 
MITCII'ELDEAN.  a  mnrket-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  11  miles  W.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  in  1851,662.  It 
1214 


has  a  curious  and  ancient  church,  in  which  seme  paintings 
of  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  were  recently  discovei-eil. 

MITCH'ELDEVER,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

MlTCII'J-:iJi,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  420  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Cedar  River,  which  flows  in  a  S.S.E. 
direction.  This  countv  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850, 
Capital,  Osage.    Pop.  3409. 

MlTCHELIy.  a  township  of  Sliebovgan  co.,  Wisconsin, 
20  niili-s  S.W.  of  ShebovtrJin.     Pop.  94J. 

MITCHELL,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Perth, 
12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stratford,  and  33  miles  from  Goderick 
It  contains  hotels  and  several  mills.     Pop.  150. 

SIITCH'ELL'S,  a  post-oftice  of  ■\\alker  co..  Texas. 

MITCHELL'S,  a  village  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa,  65  miles  W 
of  Iowa  City. 

M1TCH'Ei>LSBURG.  n  post-office  of  Boyle  co.,  Kentucky. 

MITCH'ELL'S  LAND'ING,  a  post-oflice  of  Obion  co.,  Ten 
nessee. 

MITCHELL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MITCHELL'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Boyle  co.,  Kentucl;y,  46 
miles  S.W.  of  l^exington. 

MITCHELL'S  PEAK.     See  Moint  Mitciikh. 

MITCHELL'S  S.\LT-WO]!KS.post-ofHce.JelTersonco..Ohia 

MITCHELL'S  STATION,  a  post-oiiice  of  Culpepper  co., 
Virginia. 

MITCH'ELLSTOWN.  a  market-town  of  Ireland.  Munster, 
CO.  and  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cork.  It  has  a  lari^e  square,  a 
handsome  church,  and  a  colle^'e  for  decayed  persons  of 
superior  station. 

MITCIIELLSTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Lcinster,  co. 
of  Sleath. 

MITCIIELLSTOWN  CAVES,  in  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Tipperary.  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mitchellstown,  are  a  large  and 
fine  .series  of  stalactitic  caverns. 

MITCH'ELLSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Robertson  co..  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  turnpike  from  Na,-;hvil)e  to  Louisville,  35 
miles  N.  of  the  former,  and  on  the  N.  line  of  the  state. 

MITCHELLSVILLE.  a  post-oiiice  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky 

MITCIPELMERSH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

MIT'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

MITIA.  an  i.«land  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Aurora. 

MITIERO,  nie-te-cVro.  or  MITTIAltO,  mitrte-i'ro.  one  of 
Cook's  Islands  in  the  South  Pacific ;  lat.  20°  1'  S.,  Ion.  I570 
34'  W.,  length  from  N.  to  S.  about  4  miles,  breadth  1  mila 

M1TL.\.  mit'ld,a  villageof  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
and  26  miles  E.  of  Oajaca,  on  the  table-land  of  Mixtecapan, 
5000  feet  above  the  ocean,  with  extensive  remains  of  ancient 
tombs,  and  other  edifices,  and  in  one  place  distinguished 
from  all  other  Mexican  ruins  l)y  columns  supporting  a  root. 

Min'RE  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  of  S.K.  pcint  11°  SS" 
S.,  Ion.  170°  20'  VV.,  was  discovered  in  1791,  and  named  after 
one  or  two  remarkable  promontories  resembling  a  mitre  and 
steeple. 

MITRI,  mce'tree.  a  walled  and  well  supplied  town  of  Be- 
loocliistan.  province  of  Cutcli-Gundava.  N.  of  Bhair. 

MITROWICZ,  MITIiOVICZ  or  MITROMITZ.  mit/ro-vits\ 
(Hun.  Demetrnvicze,  dA^mAHroVeet's.A^.)  a  market-town  of 
the  Austrian  dominions,  Slavonian  military  frontier,  circle 
and  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Peterwardein.on  the  left  linnk  of  the 
Save.  Pop.  5200.  It  is  the  head-quarters  of  the  Peterwardein 
regiments,  and  has  a  Roman  Catholic  church.  3  Greek 
churches,  a  high  school,  and  numerous  Roman  antiquities. 

JIITSOO.  a  lake  of  Japan.    &'e  Oits. 
•     MirTAGONG'  RANGE,  a  range  of  hills  in  New  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Camden.     It  is  the  name  also  of  a  town  in  tlie 
same  count}',  56  miles  S.W.  of  S}'dnev. 

MITTAU  or  MITTAW.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  MiTAtJ. 

MITTELBACH,  mit/tel-baK\  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  iiailiwick  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  1219. 

511TTELBERG.  mit/tel-bjR(j\  a  village  of  Austria,  Vorarl- 
berg,  district  of  Bregenzerwald.     Pop.  1447. 

MlTTEL-KATTB  ACH,  niit/t.4k.^tt/biK.  a  village  of  He.sse. 
Ca.ssel,  province  of  Fulda.  bailiwick  of  Neuhof.     Pop.  1083. 

MITTEL  MEER,  MITTELLANDISCHES  MEER.  See 
Mediterranean. 

5IITTELWALDE,  mit'tel-ftllMeh,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  on  the  Neisse,  39  miles  S.W.  of  Neisse.     Pop.  17S4. 

MITTELWALDH  or  MITTKNWALDK.  niit/ten-wdlMeh.  9 
town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  23  mlK'S  E.S.E.  of  Pot-sdam.    P.  1966 

.MTTTKI/ZELL,  an  island  of  Baden.     See  RElciiENAt?. 

MITTEI//KLL,  mit'tel-tseir,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,^ 
near  VViirzburg.  on  the  Main.     Pop.  1441. 

MITTENWALD.  mit/ten-ftait\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria 
on  thelsar.  51  miles  S.S.W.  of  Munich.     Pop.  1720. 

MITTENWALDE.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Mittelwalde. 

MITTERBCRG.  a  town  of  Istria.     See  Pisixo. 

MITTERSILL.  mif  ter-siir.  a  market-town  of  lTpp-;r  Ana- 
tria.  on  the  Salza.  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Salzburg.     J^i.p.  6C'0. 

MlTTERTJilCH,  mit/ter-tiK\  a  marketrtown  of  BavarlB, 
Upper  Franconia,  E.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1553. 

MITTIARO,  an  island  of  tlie  Pacific.     See  Mitl-cro. 

MITTIMEE,  mifte-mee',  an  o.Hsis  of  Central  M'nea,  ?0 
miles  N.W.  of  Lake  Tchad,  with  upwards  of  50  well's. 


MIT 


MOC 


MITTIXEAGUE,  mitHe-necg'",  a  postofflce  of  Hampden 
CO.,  Massiichusetts. 

MIT' TON,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Lancaster  and 
York.  West  Hiding. 

MII'TOX,  LOWER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  AVorcester. 

MITTUN-ICOTE,  mit'taii-kOt',  a  town  of  tVie  I'uiijab.  in 
its  S.  extremity,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Indus.  In  lat.  28° 
54'  N.,  Ion.  TU°  2b'  E.  Top.  4000.  It  is  surrounded  by  dale 
groves,  and  well  situated  for  commerce. 

MITTWKIDA,  mitt'wi'di,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Loipsic,  qn  the  Zschoppau,  an 
affluent  of  the  Mulde.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  fabrics.     Pop.  in  1849,  7012. 

MITTWEIDA,  a  villaj;e  of  Saxony,  district  of  Schwarzen- 
ber?.  54  miles  S.S.  K.  of  Leipsic.     Pop.  1083. 

MITYLENE,  mit-e-!ee'nee,  or  METELIN,  mJt-e-leen',  (anc. 
LKSli>f).i;  Or.  AtaSai,)  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
belonging  to  Turkey,  near  the  const  of  Asia  Minor,  mostlv  be- 
tween lat.  39°  and  U9°  20'  N.,  and  Ion.  25°  50'  and  26°  35'  E. 
Estimated  area  276  square  miles.  Pop.  40,000.  Two  bays 
indent  it  ou  the  S.  side.and  it  has  good  harliors  and  a  fertile 
soil.  A  range  of  mountains  traversing  it  is  clothed  with 
pine  woods,  and  at  their  base  are  many  olive  grounds  and 
vineyards,  but  the  island  was  greatly  devastated  during  the 
Greek  struggle.  The  principal  products  are  oil  and  pine 
timber,  with  some  grapes,  figs,  cotton,  and  pit<di;  its  wine, 
anciently  famous,  is  now  inferior;  and  the  corn  raised  is 
insufficient  for  the  inhabitants.  Principal  towns,  Castro, 
(or  .Mitylene,)  on  the  E.  coast,  Molivo,  and  Culoni.  Theo- 
phrastiis,  Pittacus,  Alcaeus,  and  Sappho  were  natives  of  this 
island. 

MIUS,  mee-oos'.(?)  a  river  of  Russia,  ri.ses  in  the  S.E.  of  the 
government  of  Yekaterinoslav,  and  falls  by  a  wide  estuary 
into  the  Sea  of  Azof 

MIX.VKE.S,  a  river  and  town  of  Spain.    See  Mijares. 

MI.^AS,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  MiJ.ls. 

MI.VISUIIY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

MIXCO,  mix'ko,  a  village  of  Central  America,  state  and  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Guatemala,  on  a  hill-side,  witli  4000  inhabit- 
ants (?).  and  some  remains  of  an  ancient  city. 

Ml.X'KKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 

MI.VST-\DT,  mix'stitt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  and  80 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1209. 

MI.VTECAPAN,  mix-tA-k^-pin',  a  table-land  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederation,  occupying  most  part  of  the  department 
of  Oajaca,  between  the  Plains  of  Mexico  and  I^a  Puebla,  and 
the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepee.  Average  elevation  5000  feet. 
In  its  S.  part  it  is  traversed  by  several  broad  valleys  extend- 
ing E.  and  W.  Oa  it  is  the  city  of  Oajaca;  also  the  ruins 
of  Mitla. 

Jll.X-'TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

JIIX'VILI.E.  a  village  of  Alleghany  CO.,  New  York,  near 
the  (ii'uesee  Kiver,  14  miles  N,  of  Angelica. 

MIY.V.NUAB,  me-ydn-dib/,  a  highly  c\iltivated  plain  in 
North  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the 
Lake  Ooroomeeyah. 

MIYAlllSIMA,  me-y£-re-see'md,  an  island  of  Japan,  S.S.E, 
of  ^'okisima,  inhabited  chielly  by  fishermen. 

JIIZ.VNTL.\,  me-sjn'tl;l,  a  ruined  city  of  the  Mexican 
ConC'ileration,  35  miles  X.E.  of  Jalapa,  on  an  isolated  plateau 
near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

illZ'EN-HE.VD,  (ano.  JVoHium  Prnmnniofrium,)  a  cape  of 
Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork.  Lat.  51°  27'  N.,  Ion.  9°  50'  \V. 
Ou  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle. 

MIZillRlTCH  or  MLJIltlTCH,  m&-je-^itch^  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  79  miles  N.AV.  of  Kharkov.  Pop: 
7000.  It  is  enclosed  bj-  earth  ramparts,  and  has  3  annual 
tiirs,  at  which  large  quantities  of  woollen  cloths  are  sold, 

MIZIIIRIZCII  or  MIJIRITCII,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Kiev,  2S  miles  W  N.W.  of  Tcherkasi. 

MIZQUE,  meos^k.-l,  a  town  of  South  .\merica,  BoUvia,  de- 
partment of  Coehnbamba,  32  miles  S.E,  of  Oropesa. 

MIZR  or  MIZRAl.M.    See  Egypt, 

ML.VV-\  or  ML.\WA,  m"l;i'v.i,  a  river  of  Servia,  joins  the 
Danube  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Semendria,  after  a  N.  course  of 
50  milep. 

ML.WA  or  MLAAYA,  m'U/va.  a  small  town  of  Poland, 
province  and  46  miles  N.N.E.  of  Plock.     Pop.  1000, 

.M.\IS1',K,  m'nee's&,  or  M.MSCHKCK,  m"nish'fk,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bohemia,  about  17  miles  S,S.AV.  of  Prague. 
Pop.  1000. 

MOA.  mo'3,  an  island  of  Cuba,  on  its  N.  coast,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Barai'oa. 

M0.\,  SIERR.\  DE,  .se-jR/ni  dil  mo'3,  a  hiountain  range  in 
the  island  of  Cuba,  30  miles  W.  of  ISaracoa. 

MOA,  an  island  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  lat.  8°  15'  S., 
Ion.  128°  5'  E.     Length  20  miles. 

MO.A.I',  moar',  a  river  in  the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  enters 
the  ocean  after  a.  cour.se  of  100  miles. 

MO  ATE,  a  market-town  of  Ireland.  Leinster.  co:  of  West- 
me.ath.  on  the  Grand  Canal,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Athlone.  Pop. 
2095. 

MOIVBERLY',  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Chester. 

MOAMEQllA.  mo-am'e-kw^\  of  lihnois.  a  station  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  16  miles  ii.  of  Decatur. 


MOBILE,  mo-beeP,  a  river  of  .Alabama,  is  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Alabama  and  Tonibigbce,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Clarke  county.  After  a  course  of  about  0 
miles,  it  divides  into  two  channels,  of  which  the  western 
and  largest  retains  the  name  of  Mobile,  and  the  eastern  is 
called  the  Tensaw.  The  Jloldle  flows  southward,  forming 
the  boundary  between  Mobile  and  Baldwin  counties,  and 
the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Capital,  Mobile.  Pop.  41,131. 
of  whom  29,755  were  free. 

MOBILE,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  .\Ia- 
hima,  bordering  on  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
has  an  area  of  1400  square  nules.  The  Mobile  iiiver  and 
Bay  of  the  same  name  form  its  boundary  on  the  E.,  and  it 
is  al.so  drained  by  the  E.«catappa  River.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level,  and  extensively  covered  with  forests  of  pine;  the  soil 
is  sandy,  and  generally  poor.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Slobile  and  Ohio  Railroad.  CapiUl.  .Alobile.  Pop.  27,600, 
of  whom  18,244  were  free,  and  935(j  slaves. 

MOBILE,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  Mobile  co., 
Alabama,  is  .situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Mobile  River,  imme- 
diately above  its  entrance  into  the  bay  of  the  same  name, 
311  miles  N.  of  the  Gulf  of  Alexico,  .3.30  miles  l)y  water  S.AV, 
of  Montgomery,  105  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Orleans,  and 
1033  miles  from  Washington.  Lat  30°  41'  48"  N.,  ion.  87" 
59'  W.  It  is  by  far  the  most  considerable  town  of  the  state 
both  in  population  and  commerce,  and,  after  New  Orleans, 
is  the  greatest  cotton  market  in  the  United  State.s.  The 
site  is  a  level  sandy  plain,  sufficiently  elevated  for  the  pur- 
pose of  convenient  drainage,  being  aliout  15  feet  higher 
than  the  bay.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  mostly  run  N,  and 
S.,  and  E,  and  W,  Much  attention  haa  recently  been  paid 
to  planting  shade  trees,  and  the  city  is  supplied  with  spring- 
water  brought  from  the  distance  of  .several  miles.  It  is  not 
compactly  built,  excepting  the  portion  occupied  by  the  com 
mercial  houses.  On  the  S.  and  W.  side  of  the  town  there 
are  dry.  sandy  pine-hills,  wliich  afford  agreeable  and  healthy 
retreats  during  the  hot  season.  Jlobile  is  the  seat  of  Siiring 
Hill  College,  founded  by  the  Catholics,  having  a  library  of 
7000  volumes.  It  al.so  conhiins  an  institution  for  the  blind, 
a  city  hospital,  a  United  States  marine  hospital,  2  orphan 
asylums,  a  theatre,  2  or  3  banks,  and  6  newspaper  olficcs. 
There  are  churches  of  6  denominations,  and  several  acade- 
mies. The  health  of  the  town  has  recentlj-  been  improves! 
by  draining  and  filling  in  the  low  grounds  on  the  N.  The 
entrance  to  the  bay  is  defended  by  Fort  Jlorgan,  formerly 
Fort  Ih-ower,  and  a  lighthouse  lias  been  erected  in  the  .same 
vicinity.  Mobile  has  an  advantageous  position  for  trade, 
being  the  natural  outlet  of  the  greatest  cotton  region  in  the 
Soutli.  Sti'amboats  ply  regularly,  at  all  seasons,  between 
this  port  and  Montgomery  and  Tuscaloosa.  Another  lino 
keeps  up  a  daily  communication  with  New  Orleans  vid 
Lakes  Borgne  and  Pontchartrain.  A  railroad  about  450 
miles  long  hay  lately  been  constructed  from  Mobile  to  the 
month  of  the  Ohio  River,  connecting  with  the  Central  Rail- 
road oriUinois.  This  roail  (the  Mobik'  and  Oliifi)  fonns  part 
of  the  direct  route  from  theGulf  of  Mexico  to  the  great  lakes. 
Another  railroad  is  in  progress,  which  will  connect  this  city 
with  Columbus,  in  Georgia.  The  receipts  of  cotton  for  the 
year  ending  September  1,  1854,  was  5;!8,'-64  balejs.  The  ox- 
pf)rts  for  the  year  amounted  to  515,631  bale.s,  of  which 
330.903  were  to  foreign  ports,  and  178.608  coastwise.  Great 
Biitain  took  231,2.30  bales,  and  France  76,752  bales.  There 
were  also  exported  12,606,805  feet  of  sawn  lumber,  1S6,."45 
feet  of  deck  planks,  1376  tons  of  hewn  timber,  and  108S 
masts  and  spars.  The  total  value  of  foreign  exports  was 
$13,011,612,  and  of  foreign  imports.  $795,653.  The  shipping 
of  the  port,  June  30, 1854,  amounted  to  11,605  tons  registered, 
and  21,994  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  The  number  of 
foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  was  133 — ton.s,  86,321 ;  clear- 
ances 195 — tons,  118,498.  During  the  year  9  vessels  (tonnage, 
2000)  were  built.  A  new  custom-house  ig  now  being  built 
here,  at  a  cost  of  about  $.300,000.  Mobile  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  by  Spain  in  1813.  It  Wiis  incorporated  a  town 
in  1S14.  and  a  city  charter  was  granted  in  1819.  Pop.  in 
1880,  8194;  in  1840,  12,672;  and  in  1S60,  29,258. 

MOBILE  BAY',  situated  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Alabamsi, 
extends  southward  from  the  mouth  of  Mobile  River,  and 
communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  two  channels, 
separated  by  Dauphin  Island,  The  eastern,  or  main  chan- 
nel, has  about  18  feet  of  water.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  35 
miles.  The  width  increases  gradually  in  passing  southward, 
until  it  amounts  to  about  15  miles. 

MOBILE  POINT,  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Mobile 
Bay,  Alabama.  A  revolving  Usht,  55  feet  high,  is  on  its 
western  extremity.     Lat.  30°  15'' 40"  N.,  Ion.  87°  58'  W. 

JIOIVLEYS  POND,  a  post-office  of  Scriven  co.,  Georgia. 

MOCARANGA  or  MOCARANGUA.     See  Monomoiap.\, 

MOC'CAS,  a  parish  of  Englaml,  co.  of  Hereford. 

MOC'CASIN  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  rises  near  the 
E.  border  of  Wake  co.,  and  flowing  S.E.  unites  with  Con- 
tentny  Creek. 

MOCCIIIE.  mokTcyi.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Susa,  on  the  Dora-Ripaira.     Pop.  2301. 

MOCEJON  or  MOCE.XOX,  mo-lliA-iiOn',  a  village  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  7  miles  from  Toledo.    Pop.  1020. 

1215 


MOC 

MOCHA.  mo'chJ.  an  island  of  Chili,  off  the  coast  of  Arau- 
eania,  lat.  of  S.  summit,  38°  24'  S.,  Ion.  74°  W.  Length  8 
miled.  A.t  its  N.  end  is  a  peak  1230  feet  in  height.  It  is 
oocasion-.illy  resorted  to  by  whalers,  but  the  landing  is  bad, 
and  sujiplies  of  wood  and  water  are  scarce. 

.•lOCHA  or  JIOKII.V,  nio'ka.  (Arab.  pron.  mo'Kd\)  a  forti- 
fied seaport  town  of  Arabia,  Yemen,  on  the  Red  Sea.  55 
miles  N..\.\V.  of  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb.  Lat.  13°  2U' 
N.,  Ion.  43°  12'  2"  E.  I'op.  7000.  It  stands  on  the  margin 
of  a  sandj'  plain,  between  two  points  of  land,  which  enclose 
a  small  bay  adapted  for  Te.«sels  of  10  or  12  feet  burthen.  It 
exports  annually  about  10,000  tons  of  the  tinest  coffee  to 
Jiddjih,  Suez,  and  Bombay,  with  dates,  irums,  senna,  horns, 
hides,  balm,  ivory,  gold-dust;  and  imports  rice,  piece-goods, 
iron,  haniwares,  slaves,  and  ghee  from  Abyssinia,  whence 
many  of  its  exported  goods  are  brought  to  Mocha  in  the 
way  of  transit. 

MOCHA,  is  a  country  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Abyssinia. 

MOCHIIU.M,  moK'rum,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Wigton. 

MOCIITREF,  moK/trSf,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Montgomery. 

MOCKKliX,  (ilockern.)  miik/em,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sax- 
ony. 13  miles  E.  of  Jlagdeburg,  on  the  Ehle.     Pop.  1550. 

MOCK.MUHL.  (MockmUhl.)  mok'miil.  a  town  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Seckau  with  the  .Taxt,  10 
miles  E.  of  Xeckarsulm.    Pop.  il524. 

M(X^KS'V1LLK,  a  neat  post-village,  c^pit-al  of  Davie  co., 
North  Carolina,  140  miles  W.  of  Kaieigh.  and  10  miles  from 
the  Yadkin  Kiver.     Pop.  710. 

MOCKVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri. 

MOCKW.A^NPOOK,  Xepaul.     See  .Mcckwaxpoor. 

MOCLIX,  mok-leen',  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalu-sia,  20  milee 
N.W.  of  Granada,  on  a  river  of  same  name.  It  was  once  a 
Moorish  fortre-i^s,  called,  from  its  strength,  the  Shield  of 
Granada.     I'op.  2760. 

MOCLINE.JO  or  MOCLINEXO,  mok-le-ni/RO,  a  village  of 
Spain,  An.lalusia,  10  miles  from  Malaga.     Pop.  1068, 

MO'COMO'CO,  a  maritime  town  of  Sumatra,  on  its  W. 
coast,     Lut.  20°  31'  S.,  Ion.  101°  10'  E. 

MOCONKSI,  mo-ko-nA'see,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa,  2  miles  from  Cicagna.     Pop.  2329. 

MOCS.V,  mo'choh\  a  town  of  Hungary,  co,  and  7  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Komorn.     Pop.  2137. 

MODAI.V,  mo'-lin/.  written  also  M.'VDAIN  and  MEDA.HX, 
a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  and  20  niile.s  S.E.  of  Bag- 
dad, on  the  Tigris,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Cte!si])hon, 
with  the  traces  of  a  palace  and  other  antiquities. 

MtJD.\N  E,  mo-(li'nA.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Savoy, 
on  the  Arc,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  San  Giovanni  di  Moriana, 
3500  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  1200. 

MOD'BUKY,  a  markef/town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon,  on  the  Erme,  Hi  miles  E.S.E.  of  Plymouth.    P.  1S58. 

MODENW.  mod'Jn-d.*  (Fr.  MocUne,  moMain';  anc.  Mit/- 
Una,)  a  fortifie<l  city  of  Northern  Italy,  capital  of  a  province 
on  the  .Emilian  \Vay,  which  forms  its  fine  Strada  Muestra, 
dividing  it  into  the  old  and  new  city,  24  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Bologna.  Pop.  32,248.  It  is  regularly  laid  out.  and  has  a 
citadel,  with  streets  bordered  by  arcades;  and  its  ramjiarts 
form  pleasant  public  walks.  Principal  edifices,  the  Ducal 
Palace,  a  splendid  builling,  with  a  picture  gallery,  fine  gar- 
dens, an  extensive  library,  the  Bililiotcca  JEstense.  of  which 
Muratori  and  Tiraboschi  were  successively  librarians,  con- 
taining 100.000  volumes  and  3000  manuscripts;  a  cathtsiral, 
with  curicms  sculptures  and  a  square  marble  tower,  in  which 
is  pre.«erved  the  famous  wooden  bucket,  {Secchia  rapita.)  the 
cause  offends  between  the  Modenese  and  Bolognese,  in  1325; 
a  theatre,  and  public  baths.  Its  University,  suppressed  in 
1821,  was  succeeded  by  a  school  of  theology,  law,  metticine, 
and  mathematics.  It  has  an  observatory,  rich  cabinets 
of  natural  history,  and  a  botanic  garden.  It  is  connected 
by  a  navigable  canal  with  the  Panaro.  and  has  manufactures 
of  hempen  and  woollen  cloths,  hats,  glass,  and  leather:  its  .silk 
manufacture,  once  important,  has  declined.  Mutina  existed 
under  the  Etruscans,  and  ro^e  to  .such  splendor  un<ler  the  Ro- 
mans, as  called  forth  a  eulogy  from  Cicero.  It  was  repeatedly 
sacked  by  the  northern  invaders,  whose  ravages  have  left 
few  vestiges  of  its  ancient  grandeur.  It  tell  to  the  house 
of  Este  in  1288.  The  anticiuarian  Sigonius  was  lK>rn 
here  in  1520.  the  anatomist  I'allopius  in  1523,  and  the  poet 
Tassoni  in  1565.     Under  the  French  it  was  the  capital  of  the 

department  of  Panaro. Adj.  and  inhab.  Modenesk,  mod'- 

fh-neez':  (It.  pron.  mo-dA-nA'.s.A.) 

MODEXA,  Ducht  of,  (It.  Ducato  rJi  Modfna.  doo-kJ/to 
dee  mod'.'l-nd;  Fr.  Duc/iv  (U  ilnlini-.  dU'shi'  deh  moMain'.)  a 
lornier  state  of  Italy,  bounded  E.  by  the  Papal  States.  S.  by 
the  grand-duchy  of  Tuscany  and  Lucca,  S.W.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Genoa,  W.  by  Parma,  and  N.  by  the  Lombardo- Venetian 
Kingdom.  Area,  (including  recent  acquisitions.)  -2073  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1850,  586,458.  The  surface  is  partly  moun- 
tainous, being  traversed  by  a  portion  of  the  Apennines; 

*  "  If  ever  you  should  come  to  Mopena, 
Suip  at  a  palace  near  the  Kcegio  gate." 

BOGEUS'  Italy  Part  First,  XVIII. 
1216 


MOE 

highest  point,  Monte  Cimone,  6976  feet.  The  minerals  com- 
prise iron  and  marble;  the  .soil  is  very  fertile  in  the  plains; 
the  climate  is  temperate  and  healthy.  The  chief  products  are 
maize,  wheat,  rich  wine,  silk,  and  honey.  It  has  many  mine- 
ral springs.  The  so  called  Artesian  wells  were  used  by  the 
Modenese  long  before  they  were  known  in  Artois.  The  duchy 
has  recently  acquired  additional  territory,  and  now  consists 
of  the  provinces  of  Modena  and  Friguano,  Keggio  and  Uua.s- 
talla,  Garfagnana,  Lunigiaua,  Ma,>^sa,  and  Carrara.  Stand- 
ing army,  3600  men.  Public  revenue,  $1,682,000.  Modena 
after  passing  through  Ihe  hands  of  a  great  number  of  mas- 
ter.s,  was^nally  erected  into  a  duchy  iu  1453,  and  settled  on 
a  branch  of  the  family  of  Este,  which  has  given  Europe 
so  many  of  its  sovereigns.  It  lost  its  independence  by  the 
French  Revolution,  and  was  merged  successively  into  the 
Cisalpine  Republic  and  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  The  duke 
resumed  his  possessions  in  1814.  It  is  now  a  province  of  the 
kingdom  of  Italy,  to  which  it  was  annexed  in  18C0. 

SIODE'NA,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York,  about 
SO  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

MODENA,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois. 

Ml  »DENA,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  county,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Missouri. 

MODEXE.    See  Modexa. 

MODER,  moMaiR'.  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Ban- 
Rhin,  rises  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Vosges  Mountains,  flows 
S.S.E..  and  after  a  course  of  30  miles,  joins  the  Rhine,  17 
miles  below  Strasbourg. 

MODERN,  mo'dern,  MODOR,  mo'dor,  MADRA,  moh'druh\ 
or  -MODRA,  mo'drd,  a  walled  town  of  West  Hungary,  co, 
and  16  miles  N.E.  of  Pros  burg.  Pop.  5010.  It  has  a  Pro- 
testant College,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Lutheran  superintend- 
ency  for  Hungary  on  this  side  of  the  Danube. 

.^lOD'EST  TO\\'N,  a  post-village  of  Accomack  co.,  A'irginia, 
3  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  10  miles  E.  of  Accomack 
Court  House.     It  contains  2  churches  and  a  few  shops. 

MODIC.<,  mod'e-k3,  (anc.  Motuca.  ilnfi/ca  or  Mutifc/i,)  a 
town  of  Sicily,  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Syr.icuse,  in  the  Val  di 
.N'oto.  Pop.  27,449.  It  is  ill  built,  but  has  a  large  square, 
and  some  handsome  m.-insions.  a  castle,  and  several  churches 
and  convents.  It  exports  grain,  oil,  wine,  and  cheese, 
mostly  to  Malta.  In  its  vicinity  is  the  valley  of  Ip'sica  or 
Is'pica.  remarkable  for  its  dwelliuL'S  excjvated  in  the  rock. 

JIoniCIA  or  MODtET  A.     See  Monza. 

MODIGLIAXA.  mo-deel-ya'nd.  (anc.  Casftrum  Muftilumf) 
a  walled  town  of  Tuscany,  province,  and  40  miles  N.E.  of 
Florence,  on  the  Marzeno,  N.  of  the  Apennine.s.  Pop.  2335. 
It  has  a  castle,  and  several  churches  and  convents. 

MODIXALLA.  mo-de-nAl'lit,  a  villase  of  AVest  Africa,  on 
the  Senegal,  in  Ut.  15°  55'  N..  Ion.  1.3°  5'  W..  inhabited  by 
Mnraboots,  of  the  Jloorish  nation  of  the  Dowiehes,  who  r^ 
c*?ive  valuable  offerings  from  the  faithful. 

MODLIN.  mod'lin,  a  fortress  of  IVpland,  province  of  Plock, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Bug  and  Vi.stula.  16  miles  N.W.  of 
Warsaw,  erected  in  1S07.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  places 
in  the  Russian  dominions. 

MODLINO.  mijd'ling.  or  JIKDLIXG.  mM'ling.  a  market- 
town  of  Lower  Austria.  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vienna,  on  the  rail- 
way to  flrStz.     Pop.  S500. 

MODOX.  mo'don,  (anc.  Methofne.)  a  fortified  maritime  town 
of  Greece,  Morea.  government  of  Pjios.  6  miles  S.  of  Nava- 
rino.  It  has  a  small  port,  with  an  open  roadstead  between 
it  and  the  island  of  Sapienza,  and  a  few  remains  of  antiquity. 
Its  light-hou.se  is  in  lat.  36°  48'  5"  N..  Ion.  21°  42'  5"  E. 

JIODOH.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Modern. 

MODO.'*,  mo'dosh'.  a  village  of  Hun^rary,  co.  of  Torontal, 
27  miles  S.W.  of  Temesvar.  on  the  Theiss.     Pop.  1039. 

MODRA.  a  town  of  Hunearv.     See  .Moderx. 

MODRKE'.NY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

MODUGXO,  mo-doon/yo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  and 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Barl.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  manufactories  of 
woollen  and  cotton  cicrth.s,  and  tanneries. 

MijDURLl,  mo-<ioor'lee,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia, 
24  miles  S.W.  of  Boli. 

M(JDUM,  mo'doom.  a  parish  and  village  of  Norway,  stifl 
of  Aggershuns,  on  the  Drammen,  25  mile.s  \V.  of  Chinstiania. 
Pop.  4600.  Near  it  are  important  cobalt-mines,  and  exten- 
sive man.ufactures  of  smalts. 

MUEIIRING,  a  town  of  Germany.    See  Morin. 

MUELETIVOE,  a  town  of  Ceylon.     See  .Mal.ativo. 

MOEL.MYNE,  a  town  of  British  India.     See  M.iulmaix. 

>IO'EL-Y-MOUNT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
digan. 

MuBX,  (Miien,)  talVen,  (L.  ASn/na  Virgintia  DanHca.)  an  is- 
land of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic,  with  a  hghthouse  on  the  S.E. 
point,  lat.  54°  67'  X.,  Ion.  12°  36'  36"  E.,  separated  N.W.  from 
Seeland  by  the  Ulf  Sound,  and  S.  from  Falster  by  the  Groen 
Sound,  each,  where  narrowest,  alxjut  1  mile  across.  Area  8l' 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1850.  13.1.00.  It,*!  E.  coast  is  a  preci- 
pitous lituestone  barrier,  500  feet  above  the  sea.  and  termed 
the  Moenskliut.  Chief  town,  Stege,  with  a  harbor  on  the 
N.W.  coast. 

MUEX,  (MBen,)  mo'fn,  an  isl.and  of  Russia,  between  the 
island  of  Uesel  and  the  niiiin  land,  about  40  miles  iu  length 
and  breadth. 


MOE 

MOEX,  moon,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flan- 
iers,  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  24(»0. 

M0EHI5EKK,  mooR/bA-k('h,  a  villacre  of  Belgium,  provluce 
of  East  FUnliers,  12  miles  N.E.  of  (ihent.     I'op.  1251. 

MOEItUKKK,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flan- 
ders, ou  the  Moervaert  Canal,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
3582. 

MOERDYK.  mooR'dTk\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  on  Ilollandsdiep,  110  miles  N.W.  of 
Breda.     Pop.  1054. 

SIOERGESTEL,  mooR-nJs/tel,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Breda.     Pop.  11 W. 

M()EKE,  moo'reh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  on  the  jloerdykvaert,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  IKX). 

51(ER1S,  (mee'ris,)  LAKE,  or  BIRKET-EL-KEROON,  more 
properly  BIRKET-El^IvOORN,  b6eR/-ket^el-koorn',  (i.  e.  the 
lake  of  the  horn,"  so  named  from  its  peculiar  shnpc;)  a  lake 
of  Central  Eirypt,  province  of  Fayoom,  and  occupying  the 
N.  part  of  its^  valley,  in  lat.  29°  30'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  32°  3(/ 
to  near  33°  E.  Length  30  miles ;  greatest  breadth  C  miles. 
Shores  bold  on  three  sides,  but  on  the  S.  low  and  sandy.  It 
communicjitos  by  two  large  channels  with  the  Nile,  and  with 
tlie  Canal  of  Joseph,  (Ruhr  Yoosef ) 

MljKRZEKK,  mooR'zA-kfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  19  miles  E.  of  Ghent,  ou  the  Scheldt,  Pop. 
3237. 

BKESIA  INFERIOR.  See  BULG.\ltlA. 
JIiJF'FAT,  a  market-town,  watering-place,  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  on  the  Annan,  19  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Dumfries.  Pop.  in  1851,  2304.  It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  a 
broad  rich  valley,  surrounded  by  mountains,  and  has  a 
church,  branch  bank,  numerous  villas,  and  elegant  baths, 
including  a  reading  and  assembly  room.  The  principal 
mineral  spring  is  saline  and  sulphurous,  resembling  that  of 
Harrogate.  v^ 

MOFFAT  HILLS,  a  mountain  chain  of  Scotland,  between 
the  counties  of  Dumfries  on  the  S.  and  Lanark  and  I'eebles 
on  the  N.;  elevation  of  Hartfell.  the  principal  summit,  2635 
feet.  The  Annan,  Tweed,  and  Clyde  Rivers  have  here  their 
sou  rces. 

MOFFATTS  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

JIOF/FATTSVILLE,  a  post-villago  of  Anderson  district, 
South  Carolina.  117  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

MOFFETS  STORE,  a  postofflce  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York. 

MOF'FITT'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

Ml  KIADORE.  MOGADOR  or  MOGODOR,  mogVdOr',  called 
SWKliRAH.  (SUIRA  or  SUIRAIL)  swee'ril,  i.  e.  the  "Beau- 
tiful," by  the  Moors,  a  fortified  city  and  the  principal  sea- 
port of  Morocco,  on  the  Atlantic,  125  miles  W.S.W.  of  5Io- 
rocco.  Pop.  estimated  at  17,000,  comprising  4000  Jews.  It 
stands  on  a  rocky  promontory,  surrounded  V)y  a  barren  and 
Bandy  region,  and  consists  of  two  parts,  each  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  the  citadel,  containing  the  residences  of  the  go- 
vernor and  foreign  consuls,  the  custom-house,  treasury,  &c., 
while  the  other  quarter  is  inhabited  by  the  Jewish  popula- 
tion. It  is  pretty  well  built,  and  its  white  edifices  render 
it  handsome  as  seen  from  the  sea,  where  it  is  defended  by 
several  strong  batteries.  It  was  bombarded  by  the  French 
August  15,  1^44.  Its  port.  S.  of  the  citadel,  is  sheltered  by 
an  island  off  the  shore,  but  is  adapted  for  only  small  vessels. 
The  exports  comprise  wool,  gum,  wax,  hides,  skins,  almonds, 
feathers,  gold-dust,  wrought  iron,  hardwares,  and  cotton 
goods.  In  1847  they  amounted  to  S554,400;  the  imports  to 
$:373,890.  Mogadore  was  founded,  in  1760,  by  the  Emperor 
Seedy  Mahomet,  on  the  site  of  an  old  Portuguese  fort. 

MOGADOR  K,  mog*a<lor',  a  post-village  of  Ohio,  on  the  line 
between  Summit  and  Portage  counties.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Ra- 
venna.   It  has  manufactures  of  stoneware. 

MOGADOUKO,  mo-gd-do'ro  or  mo-gi-doo'ro,  a  walled  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  22  mUes  N.E.  of 
Moncorvo.     Top.  562. 

JU;GAL'NG.  mo-gawng',  a  town  of  Burmah,  at  the  junc- 
tion Of  the  Mogaung  or  Numkong  and  Namyang  Rivers,  70 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Bbamo. 

MOGELSBKRG,  mo^ghfls-bjEG',  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Gall,  with  several  cotton 
lactories.  and  a  tonsiderable  transit  trade.     I'op.  2965. 

MIXJENTK  or  MOXENTE,  mo-H^n't^l,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  43  miles  S.AV.  of  Valencia,  on  an  affluent  of 
the  J-uc.     Pop.  3594'. 

MOGGIO-DI-SOTTO,  mod'jo<lee-softo,  a  market-town  of 
Austrian  Italv,  24  miles  N.  of  Udine,  on  the  Fella.    P.  2791. 
MOGHILEV  or  MOGIIILEW.     See  MonEEiEV. 
MOGHYANI,  a  town  of  I'unjab.    See  Meenoasa. 
MOGI-DA.'J-CRUZES.  mo'zhee-dds-kroo'zS?,  a  town  of  Bra- 
zil, province  and  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sao-Paulo.   It  has  a  hand- 
some pari.sh  church  and  3  other  churches,  a  Carmelite  con- 
vent, a  Latin  and  a  primary  sdiool,  manufactures  of  woollen 
"iloth.  and  a  trade  in  sugar,  rum,  cotton,  and  coffee,  wliich 
»re  carried  by  mules  to  Santos  or  Sao  Sebastiiio,  and  then 
^hioped    for  Rio   Janeiro.    Pop.  of  district,  9000. 
4B 


MOH 

MOGT-GTJArTT.  mo'zhee-gw3-soo',  n  Tillage  of  Brazil,  pro 
vince  and  170  miles  N.  of  Sao-Paulo,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.  i 

M(Kt1LN0,  mo-ghil'no,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
West  Prussia,  government  and  33  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brombei-g 
Pop.  1505. 

MOGI-MIRIM,  mo'zhee-me-reeNo',  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince and  115  miles  N.N.E.  of  SSo-I'aulo,  on  a  river  of  the 
.same  name;  with  a  trade  in  horses  and  cattle,  cotton,  sugar, 
and  rum.     I'op.  of  district,  COOO. 

MOGLIN6EN,  (Miiglingen.)  miigling-en.  a  village  of  WUr- 
temberg.  circle  of  Neckar,  near  Ludwigsburg.     Pop.  1162. 
MOGOL.    See  Mogul. 

JIOGOKO,  mo-go'ro,  a  village  in  the  i.sland  of  Sardinia, 
about  34  miles  N.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  2160. 

MiXill  ER,  mo-gaia/,  a  town  of  Sp.ain,  province  and  5  miles 
j;.  of  Iluelva,  with  a  port  on  the  Tinto.  Pop.  C592.  Its  old 
Franciscan  Convent  is  preserved  as  a  national  monument. 
Columbu.s,  it  is  said,  craving  charity  here,  in  1484,  was  re- 
ceived by  the  prior,  by  whose  influence  he  was  enabled  to 
prosecute  his  discoveries.  He  sailed  from  the  port  of  Palos, 
near  this  place,  on  August  3,  1492. 

JIOGUL.  mo-gul'.  (a  corruption  of  5Io.\aoi,  or  Mongouan.) 
the  name  commonly  applied  to  tlie  empire  founded  in  Hin- 
dostan.  in  the  early  part  of  the  15th  century,  by  Ral>er.  a 
descendant  of  Timor  or  Tamerlane.  That  conqueror,  after 
defeating  the  Sultan,Ibraheem  Lodee,  theAfghan  sovereign 
of  Hindostan,  extended  his  conquests  to  the  mouths  of  the 
Ganges,  in  1.52()-7-8.  Although  a  prince  of  the  Tourk  (or 
Turki)  nation  and  not  a  Mongol  himself,  yet  having  many 
Mongols  in  his  army,  the  power  which  Baber  establinhed 
became  generally  known  in  Europe,  as  the  Mogul  Empire; 
and  the  reigning  sovereign  was  popularly  styled  "the 
Great  Mogul."  The  seat  of  government  was  established  at 
Delhi.  Among  the  most  distinguished  and  powerful  rulers 
of  this  dyjiasty  was  Aurungzelie.  wlio  began  to  reign  in 
1R58  and  died  in  1707,  having  subjected  to  bis  sway  almost 
the  entire  peninsula  of  Hindostan,  including  the  Dcccan, 
which  had  not  before  been  conquered  by  the  Mogul  em- 
perors. From  liis  death  may  be  dated  the  decline  of  the 
empire;  tlie  last  sovereign,  Shah  Allum,  diixi  in  1806,  a 
pensioner  of  England. 

MtXiVOROD,  mod^oVod',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  and 
about  10  miles  from  I'esth.     Pop.  1001. 

MOH.  mo.  or  MOICHKN,  moiK'en,  a  village  of  Austria, 
Transylvania,  near  Hermannstadt.     Pop.  1185. 

MOilA.  vno^SJ.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  19  mileR 
S.W.  of  Liege,  on  the  Mehaigne.     I'op.  1099. 

MOHACS,  mo'hitch',  or  MOHACZ,  ino'h|ts',  a  town  of 
South  Hungary,  circle  of  Baranya,  on  the  W.  arm  of  the 
Danube.  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Fiinfkirchen.  Pop.  10,050.  It  hyg 
a  castle,  the  summer  residence  of  the  Bishop  of  FUnf  kircbcii  ; 
Reformed  and  Roman  Catholic  churrclies.  and  a  college.  It 
is  a  statiou  for  steamers  plying  on  the  Danube.  Th«  two 
great  battles  fought  near  it  may  be  considered  as  marking 
the  commencement  and  conclu.sion  of  the  Turkish  power  in 
Hungary.  On  August  29, 1526.  the  Ottomans,  under  Solyman 
the  Magnificent,  completely  defeated  the  Hungarians,  who 
lost  22.(t00  men.  numerous  nobles,  and  their  king,' Louis  If., 
on  the  field ;  but  the  Turks  received  a  total  defeat  from  the 
Imperiali.sts  under  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  at  the  second  battle 
of  Mohacz,  in  1687. 
MOHALITSH,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.  See  Muhalitch. 
JIOHA:MMEDABAD,mo-ham/mid-a-bad',  a  village  of  Asia, 
East  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  on  the  route  from 
Meshed  to  Lake  Zurrah.l2  milesS.of  Toorl<)ot,with  vestiges 
of  formerly  strong  fortifications,  and  a  citadel  and  lofty 
tower. 

MOHAMMEDAB.^D,  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Kho- 
rassan, on  the  route  from  Meshed  to  Lake  Zurrah,  40  miles 
S.  of  Kakh,  with  a  population  of  250  families,  mostly  cattle 
breeders. 

MOHAMMEDABAD,  a  fortified  village  of  Persia,  province 
of  Khorassan.  on  the  route  from  Meshed  to  Lake  Zurrah,  a 
little  S.  of  Tabas. 

MOHAMMERAH,  mo-him'meh-rj,  a  town  on  the  frontier 
of  Asiatic  Turkey  and  Persia,  having  alternately  belonged 
to  either,  on  the  canal  between  the  Sliat-el-Arab  (Euphrates) 
and  Lower  Karoon,  about  30  miles  S.E.  of  Ba.-sorah,  which 
place  it  is  said  to  be  fast  eclipsing  in  commercial  importance. 
MO'HAWK,  a  river  of  New  Y'ork,  rises  n*ar  the  border, 
betSveen  Lewis  and  Oneida  counties,  about  20  miles  N;  of 
Rome.  It  passes  through  Herkimer,  Montgomery,  and 
Schenectady  counties,  and  enters  the  Hudson  River  3  miles 
above  Troy.  Its  general  direction  is  E.  by  S.,  and  its  wholo 
lengfh  about  160  miles.  The  Erie  Canal  follows  the  course 
of  this  river  from  Rome  to  its  mouth.  The  river  has  a 
direct  fall  of  70  feet  at  Cahoes,  about  2  miles  from  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Hudson,  and  affords  abundant  water-power 
at  several  places.  The  chief  towns  ou  its  banks  are  Rome, 
Utica,  Little  Falls,  and  Schenectady. 

MOHAWK,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co.,  New  York;  on 
the  Mohawk  River,  and  on  the  Erie  Canal,  about  80  milns 
W.N.W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  a  bank,  a  newspaper  olHce^ 
and  over  100  dwellings. 

1217 


MOH 


MOL 


MOHAWK.  A  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  New  York, 
Dontains  Fonda,  the  county  seat.    Pop.  3136. 

MOIIAWftVALLKY.  a  po.'st-office  of  Coshocton  CO.,  Ohio. 

MOHEELKVor  MOOIIILEV,  mo-HeelSrV  a  walled  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  s>ame  name,  on  the  Dnie- 
per 85  miles  S.W.  of  Smolensk.  Pop.  16.000,  many  of  whom  are 
/ewg.  It  is  the  seat  of  Greek  and  Koman  Catholic  archbishop- 
rics, and  has  a  fine  Greek  Cathedral,  built  in  1780,  and  nume- 
rous other  Greek  churches,  1  Lutheran  and  5  Koraan  Catholic 
ch'jrihes,  numerous  synagogues,  several  Greek  and  Jtonian 
Catho.ii,  convents,  2  Episcopal  seminaries,  a  town  school, 
various  ch.iritable  institutions;  an  e.x tensive  export  trade 
to  Riga,  Kijnigsberg.  Dantzlc,  and  Odessa,  in  leather,  hides, 
wax.  honey,  corn,  and  other  agricultural  products;  and  a 
considerable  import  trade  in  thrown  .silk.  Besides  being  the 
residence  of  the  principal  ofiioers  of  the  government,  it  has 
also  well  frequented  fairs.  Many  of  the  Russian  nobility 
reside  here,  and  a  great  part  of  the  ground  in  the  vicinity 
is  occupied  by  gardens. 

MOHEELEV  or  .MOOHILEV,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Podolia,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Dniester, 
63  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kamieniec.  Pop.  7300.  comprising  many 
Jews.  It  has  an  active  trade  with  Waliachia  and  the  a*ija- 
cent  provinces.  Being  enclosed  by  hills,  the  climate  is  so 
much  milder  than  in  the  rest  of  Podolia  that  fine  fruits  and 
silk  are  extensively  cultivated. 

MOHEELEV,  MOGHILEV,  or  MOHILEV,  mo-neelJv\  a 
government  of  Russia,  mostly  between  lat.  52*^  and  55°  15' 
N.,  and  Ion.  28°  35'  and  32°  35'  E.,  enclosed  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Vitebsk,  Smolensk,  Tchernigov,  and  Minsk.  Area 
18,P34  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 837,537.  Surface  mostly 
a  wide  plain.  Principal  rivers,  the  Dnieper,  with  its  tribu- 
taries, the  Sozh  (Soj)  and  Droots.  (Drouetz.)  Soil  generally 
fertile,  and  corn  is  exported.  Large  quantities  of  timber 
and  maste  are  floated  down  the  rivers  to  the  ports  of  the 
Black  Sea. 

MOHE'GAN,  a  station  of  New  London  co.,  Connecticut,  on 
the  New  l/ondon  Willimantic  and  Palmer  Railroad,  4  miles 
S.  of  Norwich. 

MOHEGAN  (mo-heo/gan)  MOUNTAINS,  of  New  Vork, 
the  name  formerly  applied  to  the  Adiroxd.\ck  Mountains, 
(which  see.) 

MOHICCAN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.part  of  Ashland 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1672. 

MOHICCAN  RIVER,  Ohio.    See  W.tLHONniXG. 

MOHIC'CANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ashland  co..  Ohio, 
about  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  post-office  is 
called  MoHiccAN. 

MOHILEV,  a    government  and    town    of   Russia.    See 

MOHEELEV. 

MO'HILL,  a  market-town  and  p.vish  of  Ireland.  Con- 
naught  and  Leinster.  counties  of  Iieitrim  and  Longford,  9 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Carrick-on  Shannon.  Pop.  of  town,  (co.  of 
Leitrim.1  in  18,nl.  1217. 

MOHILLA  ISLAND.    See  Comoro  Islands. 

MOIIIM,  mo'him',  or  MAIIIM.  a  large  but  ruinous  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  62  miles  AV.N.W.  of 
Delhi. 

MOIIL.  one  of  the  Maldive  Islands.    See  Male. 

MOULIN.  (Mohlin.)  uiiilin.  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Argau,  11  miles  E.  of  Basel.    Pop.  1973. 

MOIION,  mo^AN"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan;  29  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vannes. 

MOHRA,  mu'ri.  a  village  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  on  the 
Mohrbach.  It  is  the  place  from  which  Luther's  family 
originally  came,  and  where  his  parents  lived  before  their 
removal  to  Eisleben.    It  possesses  a  statue  of  the  Retbrmer. 

MOIIRIN.  a  town  of  Prussi.-i.     See  Morin. 

MOHRINO.  (Jliihring,)  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  Mehring. 

MOHKINGEN,  ( Jlohringen,)  miVring-en.  a  town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Lake,  on  the  Danube,  29  miles  N.W.  of  Coustance. 
Pop.  1200. 

MOHRINGEN,  (Miihringen,)  a  village  of  WUrtembiirg, 
circle  of  Neckar,  7  miles  N.  of  Engen.    Pop.  2146. 

5I0IIRS/V1LLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Berks  co..  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad,  10  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Reading. 

MOHRUNGEN,  mo'rfiong-en,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  62 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiinigsberg.  Pop.  2800.  The  French  de- 
feated the  Russians  here  in  1807. 

MOHUNGUR.  mo-hung-gftr/,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  G  walior 
dominion,  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  JhansL 

JIOHUNPOOR,  mo-hun-poor',  a  town  of  Uindost.in,  Gwa- 
lior  dominions,  44  miles  N.  of  Seronge. 

MOIIVART,  a  wild  and  rugged  district  in  the  S.W.  part  of 

the  CO.  of  Inverness.  Scotland,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic, 

of  the  Same  name,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  the  island  of  Eig. 

MOIDART.  a  loch  or  arm  of  the  sea.  in  Scotland,  about  4 

miles  long,  on  tlie  S.W.  coast  of  Inverness-shire. 

JIOIR  or  MO.TE,  mo/yA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Savov.  5  miles  from  Rumillv.     Pop.  1333. 

MOILAH,  moi'lln\  or  MOWILAH.  mo'we-ianN  a  seaport 
town  of  Arabia  Petripa,  on  the  Red  Sea.  near  the  Gulf  of 
Akabah.  It  has  a  castle,  some  brick  houses,  and  about  150 
huts. 

1218 


MOILEH  is  a  valley  of  Egypt,  on  the  route  from  Fuyom 
to  the  Little  Oasis. 

JIOIMENTA-DA-BEIRA,  mo-e-mjn'ta  dS  We-rL  a  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira-Alta,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Laniego. 
Pop.  1250. 

MOINES,  ILE  AUX.  eel  o  mw3n,  a  small  Island  of  France, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Morbihan,  off  the  coast  of  the  department  of 
Cotes-du-Nord,  ab<iut  12  miles  N.  of  Lannion.  It  is  tlie 
largest  of  the  group  called  Sept  lies  or  Seven  Isles,  and  the 
only  one  which  is  inhabited. 

MOIN'GONAN  RIVER.  Iowa,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  upper  portion  of  the  Des  Sloines  River. 

MOl'R.4,  a  small  market-town  of  Ireland,  Lister,  co.  of 
Down,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  823.  It  gives  the  title 
of  Earl  to  the  Marquis  of  Ha,stings. 

MOI'RA.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Nev 
York,  on  the  Northern  Railroad,  47  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  1798. 

MOIR.\NS,  mwi'rSxo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Isere,  on  the  Morge,  16  miles  N.E.  of  St.  MarcelUn.  Pop.  in 
1852.27^5: 

MOIRANS,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura,  8  milee 
N.W.  of  St.  Claude. 

MOISDON,  mwilsMAx"/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Iuferleure,  7  miles  S.  of  Chateaubriaut.  Pop. 
in  1852,  2529. 

MOISLAINS,  mwd'l^N"',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Somme,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Pfronne.    Pop.  1801. 

MOISSAC,  mwds'sdk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tarn,  and  on  the 
railway  from  Bordeaux  to  Cette.  14  miles  AV.N.W.  of  .^Io^- 
tauban.  Pop.  in  1852, 10,655.  It  has  a  communal  ctillego, 
and  a  large  parish  church,  once  part  of  a  celebrated  abbey. 

MOJACAR  or  MOXACAR,  mo-ud-kaK',  (anc.  MeoygU?)  a 
city  of  Spain,  province  and  39  miles  E.N.E.  of  Almeria,  near 
the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  3272.  It  has  a  ruined  castle.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Ferdinand  and  I.s;ibella.  in  148S. 

MOJADOS  or  MOXADOS,  mo-nd'doce,  a  town  of  .-^pain,  in 
Leon,  18  miles  S.  of  Valladolid,  on  a  gentle  slope  above  the 
Cega.     Pop.  1082. 

MO.JAISK.  a  town  ofRussisi.    See  Mozhal<;k. 

MOJENTE,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Mogente. 

MO.IOURH,  moj^gftr',  a  town  of  Northwest  Hindostan, 
dominions,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Bhawlpoor.  It  has  some 
mo.sques,  and  a  good  supply  of  water.     • 

MOJOLA,  mo-yo/ld,  or  .MOGLIOLA,  mol-yo/lri,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Coui,  about  4  miles  from 
Demonte,  on  the  Stura.    Pop.  1026. 

SIO.IOS.     See  Moxos. 

MOKA  or  MOKIIA,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Moksha. 

MOKCHA.    See  Moksha. 

MOKELUMNE  HILL,  California.    See  Moqcelumxe. 

MOIvE'NA,  of  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Rock 
Island  Railroad,  between  Chicago  and  Juliet,  10  miles  from 
the  latter.     It  is  in  Will  co. 

MOKKNA,  a  post-office  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

MOKHANSK,  mo-Kdnsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  Penza,  on  the  Moksha.  It  hag  6 
churches,  a  Greek  convent,  and  a  manufactory  of  woollen 
cloth ;  and  distinguished  itself  in  1717.  by  its  valiant  defence 
against  an  incursion  of  the  Tartars  of  the  Kooban.     P.  4000. 

MOKRIN,  mokVeen',  a  village  of  South  Hungary,  co.  of 
Torontal,  42  miles  W.N.W.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  5262. 

MOKSHA  or  MOKSCHA,  mok'shd,  a  river  of  Rus.sia,  go- 
vernments of  Penza  and  Tambov,  joins  the  Oka,  15  milea 
S.E.  of  Yelatom,  after  a  N.AV.  course  of  230  miles. 

MOKSOBO.    See  Monchouoo. 

MOLA,  mo/ld,  or  MOLA  DI  BARI,  mold  dee  bd'ree,  (L. 
TiiHres  Juliana',)  a  seaport  town  of  Naples,  province  and 
13  miles  S.E.  of  Iteri.  on  the  Adriatic.  Pop.  S400.  It  stands 
on  a  low  point,  having  3  creeks,  used  for  loading  small  ves- 
sels. On  either  side  of  the  town  is  an  open  roadstead,  with 
10  fathoms  water. 

MOLA  DI  GAETA,  mold  dee  gd-i'td,  (anc.  Formim,)  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  Z\  miles  N.E. 
ofGaeta.  Pop.  1800.  Its  vicinity  was  anciently  famous  for 
fine  wines,  and  near  it  is  the  tomb  of  Cicero. 

MOLAR,  mo-laR/,  a  village  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  23  miles 
N.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  1437. 

MOL  ARE,  xao-Wrk,  or  MOLLARE,  mol-ld'rA,  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Acqui,  on  the  Orba. 
Pop.  1499. 

MO'LASH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

MOLASSANA,  mo-lds-sd/nd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa,  about  1  mile  from  Staglieno.  P.  1571. 

MOLD.  mold,  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town,  anci 
parish  of  North  Wales,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Flint,  and  6J 
miles  S.  on  the  Allen,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Chester  and 
Hollyhead  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  3432.  In  the  parish  are 
coal.  Iron,  and  lead  mines.  It  unites  with  Flint,  Ac,  in  r* 
turning  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

MOLDAU,  mol'dow,  (Bohemian  Wltawn.  •fvltd'«d?;»  a  rivel 
of  Bohemia,  tributary  to  the  Elbe,  which  It  joins  neiir  Meluik, 
20  miles  N.  of  Prague,  after  a  N.  course  of  2()C  miles.  On  its 
banks  are  the  city  of  Prague,  and  the  towns  of  Rosenberg, 


MOL 

Krutaaw.  and  Budweis,  from  which  last  it  is  narigahle 
to  the  Elbe. 

SIiJLDAU,  mol'dow,  MOLDAVA,  moUWvK,  or  SZKPSI, 
8Jp'shc3«\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Aba-ujvar,  on 
the  Bodva,  16  miles  from  Kaschau.     Pop.  2455. 

MOIiDAU.  a  principality  of  Turkey.    See  Moldavia. 

MOLDAU-TEIX,  moIMow-tTn.  atown  of  Bohemia,  17  miles 
N.  of  Budweis,  on  the  Moldau.     Pop.  5351. 

JirjLOAVA,  mol-dd/v3,  a  river  of  Austrian  Poland  and 
Moldavia,  joins  the  Sereth,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Yassy,  after  a 
Bouth-pftstward  cour.'ie  of  110  miles. 

JIULDAVIA,  (mol-dA/ve-a.)  PRIXCIPALTTY  OF.  (L.  3loI- 
dah'ia;  Ger.  Moldau,  mol'dfiw;  Fr.  Mokhivie,  niolMdVee'; 
Turk.  Ihgilan,  bog-ddn',  or  Kera-hlak,  k,Vrd-is-ldk',)  a  state 
of  South  Kurope,  and  one  of  the  three  Danubian  principali- 
ties, under  the  suzerainty  of  Turkey,  and  the  protection  of 
Russia;  capital  city,  Yassy.  It  is  bciunded.  N.  and  E.  by 
Russia,  S.  by  Wallachia  and  Turkev.  and  W.  by  Tran.svlvania 
andP.ukowiua:  lat.45°22'to47°18''N.,lon.25°18'to28°18'K. 
It  is  220  miles  from  S.E.  to  X.W.,  and  about  100  miles  from  E. 
to  \V.  throughout  three-fourths  of  Its  length,  the  remaining 
fourth  abruptly  diminishing  to  about  45  miles.  Area  esti- 
mated at  18,000  square  miles.  The  general  surface  of  the 
country,  excepting  the  W.  frontier,  consists  of  undulating 
plains  of  great  beauty  and  vast  extent,  covered  with  luxu- 
riant crops  of  grass.  Towards  the  W.  the  plains  are  suc- 
ceeded by  hills  and  valleys,  formed  by  detached  branches 
of  the  great  Carpathian  chain.  It  is  watei-ed  by  several 
considerable  streams;  the  largest,  the  Sereth,  traver.ses  it 
longitudinally,  nearly  throughout  its  entire  length.  It  has 
the  I'ruth  on  its  E.  border,  and,  for  a  .short  distance,  the 
Danube  on  its  S.  limit.  It  possesses  considei-able  mineral 
wealth,  of  which,  however,  little  advantage  has  been  taken. 
The  principal  minerals  are  rock-salt,  asphaltum,  and  small 
quantities  of  gold.  The  climate  is  warm  in  summer;  but 
frequently  severe  in  winter.  The  principal  products  are 
wheat,  barley,  millet,  and  maize ;  wine  and  tobacco  are  also 
produced  in  considerable  quantity.  But  by  far  the  greater 
portion  of  the  country  is  pasture,  which  feeds  vast  numbers 
of  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  and  goats.  Large  herds  of  hogs, 
also,  are  reared  in  the  forests.  Great  numbers  of  hor.ses  are 
sent  into  .\ustria  and  Prussia  for  the  service  of  the  light 
cavalry.  The  wild  animals  are  stags,  wild-boars,  bears, 
wolves,  foxes,  wild-goats,  hares,  and  martens.  Beos  also 
abouml.  The  foreign  trade,  however,  of  the  principality, 
through  its  port  Gaiatz,  on  the  Danube,  {which  see,)  is  con- 
siderable, and  increasing.  Tbe  grwit  bulk  of  the  people  in 
Moldavia  are  employed  more  or  less  in  agricultural  pursuits. 
Tlicy  are  a  very  intelligent  and  siigacious  race,  quiet  and 
harmless,  and,  though  given  to  drinking,  yet  quarrelling 
and  lighting  are  almost  unknown  among  them.  The  prin- 
cipal food  of  the  peasantry  consists  of  a  kind  of  dough  made 
of  the  flour  of  Indian  wheat,  sometimes  mixetl  with  milk. 
The  foundation  of  the  Moldavian  language  ig  I>atin,  inter- 
mixed, however,  with  a  number  of  Slavonic  and  Turkish 
words.  Education  is  in  a  very  low  state.  Tbe  establishes! 
religion  is  that  of  the  Greek  church,  althougli  there  are  a 
great  number  of  Turks,  Armenians,  .lews,  and  Gypsies;  the 
last  so  numerous  as  to  form  a  marked  feature  in  the 
structure  of  its  society.  Moldavia  is  governed  by  an  elected 
prince  named  the  Ilospodar,  whose  nomination  mustb(;  sub- 
mitted for  the  approbation  lx)th  of  Russia  and  the  Ottoman 
Porte.  A  diet,  composed  of  nobles  and  clergy,  discusses  all 
propositions  made  by  the  prince,  and  votes  taxes;  but  all 
decisions  must  be  submitted  for  the  sanction  of  Russia.  The 
army  is  organized  on  the  Russian  plan,  and  can  bo  rein- 
forced by  a  considerable  number  of  peasant  militia,  but  it 
has  no  cmnons  or  fortresses.  The  principality  is  dividwl 
into  12  districts,  subdivided  into  59  circles,  and  has  31 
towns;  Yassy.  the  capital,  and  Gaiatz.  the  principal  port,  are 
by  far  the  most  important.  Moldavia  has  been  tributary  to 
the  Porte  since  tbe  16th  century.  Its  political  state  was 
regulated  by  the  treaties  of  1826  and  1829  (the  latter  that 
of  Adrianople)  between  Russia  and  Turkey;  while  main- 
taining the  suzerainty  of  the  latter,  the  country  was  placeil 
under  the  protection  of  Russia.  In  1831,  Turkey  recognised 
the  right  of  .Moldavia  to  display  a  national  flag.  Pop.  in  1839, 
1,419.105. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Moldaviax.  mol-dA've-an. 

JI;  >LT)E.  moi'doh,  a  seaport  town  of  Norway,  stift  of  Trond- 
hjem.  on  the  bay'  of  Molde,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Christiansnnd, 
with  10()0  inhabitants,  a  convenient  harbor,  and  trade  in 
timber,  tar,  and  fish. 

MOLDOVA,  mol\lo'v(")h\  a  village  of  Hungary,  Banat,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Weisskirchen.     Pop.  1575. 

MOLDOVA,  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Krassova,  56  miles 
K.  of  Belgrade.     Pop.  2S00. 

M(')LE,  a  river  of  England,  ri.«es  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co. 
of  Sussex,  and  joins  the  Thames  opposite  Hampton  Court. 

M  >LE,  a  small  river  of  Devonshire,  in  England. 

5tOLE,  Le,  leh  mol,  a  seaport  town  of  Hayti,  at  its  N.Vf. 
extremitj',  witli  the  best  harlwr  in  the  island,  and  some  trade 
in  cotton,  coffee,  and  indigo. 

MOLEMBAIX,  mon^M^bi',  or  moMSM^bAx'.  a  village  of 
Pelgium,  province  of  Haiuaut,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Mons. 
Pop.  1392. 


MOL 

MOLESVrORTH,  molz'worth,  a  parish  of  Etigiar.d,  io  of 
Huntingdon. 

MOLFETTA,  mol-f?t-'td.  Cane.  J!efp,if)  a  seaport  town  of 
Naples,  province  and  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bari.  on  the  Adri- 
atic. Pop.  24,648.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace,  and 
college,  a  ship-building  yard,  a  port,  formed  by  a  mole,  ancf, 
a  natural  breakwater;  and  considerable  trade  in  corn,  oil, 
and  almonds. 

MOLHEM-BOLLEBECK.mol'h?m-bol'leh-bJk\  a  village  oi 
Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  on  a  small  stream,  8  miles 
N.^V.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1000. 

MOLlftllES,  moMe-ain/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-ct-Garonne,  11  miles  N.  of  Montauban.   P.  in  1S52.  21.'i9. 

MOLIN,  mo-leen/,  or  MOLLN,  (Mijlln.)  miiln,  a  town  of 
Denmark,  duchy  and  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lauenburg.   P.  2750. 

M0L1N.\,  mo-lee/nJ,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  8  miles 
N.W.  of  ."Murcia.     Pop.  3957. 

MOLINA,  a  walled  town  of  Spain,  72  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Guiidalajara,  on  the  Gallo.  Pop.  3403.  It  was  sacked  by 
the  French  in  1810. 

MOLIXAIl A,  mo-lo-nd/rd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Benevento.     I'op.  2100. 

MOLINE,  mo-leen',  a  post-village  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Il- 
linois, on  the  Missis.sippi  River,  and  on  the  Chicago  and 
Rock  Island  Railroad,  3  miles  above  Rock  Island.  The  rapids 
of  the  river  at  this  place  atl'ord  abundant  water-power,  which 
is  used  in  mills  and  factories.   It  contains  a  bank.   Pop.  2028. 

MOLINETTO,  mo-Ie-nSt/to.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Nice,  10  miles  from  Sospello.     I'op.  1000. 

MOLINO,  mo-lee/no,  a  post-ottice  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

MOIjINO,  a  post-office  of  1'ippah  co.,  Missis^ilJpi. 

MOIjINO,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

MOM.N'O  DKi;  REY,  mo-lee'no  dSl  rd.  2  miles  S.W.  of  the 
city  of  Mexico,  a  range  of  massive  stone  buildings  alout 
500  yards  long,  forming  the  western  side  of  an  enclosure 
which  surrounds  the  rock  and  castle,  groves  and  fields,  of 
Chapultepec.  These  buildings  were  occupied  by  the  troops 
of  Santa  Anna,  in  September.  1847,  to  intercept  tbe  marcli 
of  the  American  army  upon  the  city  of  Mexico.  The  attack 
was  made  on  the  morning  of  the  8th ;  and,  aft<.>r  a  severe 
contest,  the  buildings  were  captured,  with  a  loss  to  the 
Americans  of  787  killed  and  wounded,  (including  59  officers,) 
out  of  3447,  the  whole  number  engaged.  The  Mexican  force 
numbered  about  lO.dOO. 

MOLINODELUEY.  a  po.st>ofRce  of  Arkansas  CO.,  Arkansas. 

MOIjINOS,  mo-lee/noce,  a  town  of  Spain,  Arngou,  63  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Sar.agoss;>.     Pop.  1279. 

MOLINS-DE-UEY,  mo-loens/-dd-r.i  a  town  of  Spain,  Cata- 
lonia. 0  miles  S.W.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Llobregat.     P.  1055. 

MOLIRAO.  (Moliriio,)  mo-le-rowN"',  a  village  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Hio-de-Janeiro,  in  the  Serra  dos  Orgaos,  between  the 
sources  of  the  Rio  Grande,  an  affluent  of  the  Parahiba.  Pop. 
10(X). 

MOLISE,  mo-leo'sA,  or  SANNIO,  s3n'ne-o,  (anc.  Santnium,) 
a  province  of  Naples,  having  on  the  N.  the  Adriatic  Sea. 
An>a  1785  square  miles.   Pop.  360  549.   Capitjil,  Campobasso. 

MOLISll,  (anc.  Mellmf)  a  town  in  the  above  province,  OJ 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  900. 

MOLITCHNIA.mo-litch'nla.  or  MOLOCHNIA-VODY,  mo- 
lotch'ne-d-vo/dee.  written  also  .MOLOTCHNOl'IA.  a  river  of 
Russia,  ri.sos  S.E.  of  Orekhov,  flows  S.W.,  and  after  a  course 
of  about  70  mile.s,  expands  into  Lake  Molotchnoe,  which 
communicates  with  the  Sea  of  Azof. 

SKJLITEKNO.  mo-le-t^R/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lagonegro.     Pop.  5000. 

MOLIVO.  mo-lc>e'vo.  (anc.  Methymfna,)  a  seaport  village  of 
.\siatic  Turkey,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Jlitylene. 
It  is  defended  by  a  fortress,  and  has  some  trade  in  olive  oil, 
fruits,  and  cotton. 

MOLKWEIIU.M,  molk'M-rrim,  a  small  maritime  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Friesland,  2  miles  N;K  of 
Stavoren. 

MOLK,  (M81k,)  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Melk. 

MOIjL,  moll,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  31  miles 
E.  of  .\ntwerp.     Pop.  4770. 

MOLLN,  (Miilln,)  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  5l0Liy. 

MOL'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MOLLHAUSEN,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg.    See  Ebhacsex. 

MOLLINA,  mol-yee'nj,  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  35 
miles  from  Malaga.     Pop.  1771. 

MOl/LINGTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  counties  of  Oxford 
and  Warwick. 

MOLLINOTON.  Gre.^t  and  Little,  townships  of  England, 
CO.  and  3  miles  S.N.W.  of  Chester,  with  a  station  on  the  rail- 
way thence  to  Birkenhead.  * 

MOLLIS,  mol'lis,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  4 
miles  N.  of  Glarus.     Pop.  2400. 

MOLLN,  molln,  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  circle  of  Traun. 
Pop.  1246. 

MOLL/TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
64  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

MOLLWITZ  or  MOLWITZ.  moll/wits,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  25  miles  .S.E.  of  Breishiu.  Pop.  535.  Here  the  Prus- 
sians defeated  the  Austrians  in  1741. 

MOLODETCUNO,  mo-lonUtch/no,  a  market-town  of  Rus- 

1219 


MOL 


MON 


e)an  Poland,  zorernment  and  37  miles  N.W.  of  Minsk, 
wnenoe  Xi<.p(pleon  dated  his  29th  bulletin,  3d  December, 
1812,  after  Wie  dispersion  of  his  powerful  army. 

M0L(X1A,  mo-lo'gd,  a  river  of  Russia,  jrovernments  of 
Tver,  Novgorod,  and  Yaroslav,  joins  the  Volga  on  the  left, 
near  Mologa,  after  a  N.  and  E.  course  of  250  miles. 

MOLUGA,  a  town  of  Kussia,  government  and  68  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Yaroslav,  on  the  Volga,  where  it  is  joined  by  the 
Mologa.    Pop.  2109. 

JIOLOKAI,  mo-lo-kl',  or  MOROTAT,  mo-ro-ti',  written  also 
MOKOTiJI.  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lat.  21°  9'  X..  Ion.  156°  51'  W.  It  is  apparently  formed  by 
a  chain  of  volcanic  mountains,  40  miles  long  and  from  7  to 
9  miles  broad.    Pop.  in  1853,  3565. 

MOLSEN,  (Miilsen,)  mijl'sen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
15  miles  S.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  956. 

.MOLSHEIM,  mols'hluie,  (Fr.  pron.  molsWm';  L.  MiH- 
themium,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  IJas-Rliin,  12  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852,  35S1.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  hardwares,  tape,  and  paper. 

MOLTOX,  XOllTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
MOLTOX,  SOUTH,  a  municipal  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  small  river 
Mole,  11^  miles  E.S.E.  of  Barnstaple.  Pop.  in  1861.  4482. 
The  town,  on  an  eminence,  with  well-paved  streets,  and 
liglited  with  gas,  has  a  spacious  market-place,  a  handsome 
church,  a  grammar-school  of  the  17th  century,  a  blue  coat 
Ecliool,  with  manufactures  of  woollens  and  lace. 

SIOLU.'V,  mo-loo'd,  a  nation  In  the  interior  of  Africa,  E. 
of  Congo,  with  whom  the  Portuguese  in  Angola  have  had 
communication,  with  a  view  of  establishing  commercial 
intercourse.  It  is  governed  by  a  prince,  entitled  Muata 
Yauvo,  or  Muropue.  to  whom,  in  1802,  the  Portuguese  sent 
two  native  mercantile  travellers,  who  reached  the  capital  by 
a  circuitous  route  of  77  d.ays  from  Pungo  Andongo,  (about 
150  miles  from  Loanda.)     Lat.  4°  5'  S.,  Ion.  19°  20'  E. 

MOLUCCAS,  mo-ltik'kaz,  or  SPICE  ISLANDS,  a  name  ap- 
plied to  the  islands  of  the  Malay  Arcbi|)elago,  between 
Celebes  and  Papua,  comprising  Qilolo,  Ceram,  Booro,  Am- 
boyua,  the  Banda  Islands,  Batshian,  Oby,  ^nd  \\  aigeoo. 
They  are  mostly  mountainous,  volcanic,  and  very  fertile, 
producing  nutmegs,  cloves,  and  other  spices,  sago,  as  the 
chief  article  of  nourishment,  and  fine  woods  and  fruits. 
Around  them  are  many  pearl  and  trepang  fisheries.  The 
Moluccas  have  been  for  centuries  alternately  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  and  Dutch;  but  were 
taken  from  the  latter  by  the  British,  in  1796,  and  restored 
to  them  in  ISol.  In  1810  they  were  again  captured  by  the 
British,  and  in  1814  again  given  up  to  the  Dutch,  in  whose 
possession  they  still  remain.  The  general  language  on  the 
coast  is  the  Malay.  The  population  consists  of  Malays, 
Papuans.  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  some  Europeans.  The 
Molucca  P.\s8voe  lies  between  Gilolo  and  the  X.  peninsula 
of  Celeljes.  Xear  its  centre  are  the  islands  of  Meyon  and 
Tyfore. 

MOLUCHES,  mo-loo'chSs,  a  warlike  tribe  of  Indians  in 
the  X.W.  part  of  Patagonia. 

MOLVIZAR,  mol-ve-thaR',  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
35  miles  from  Granada.    Pop.  2S06. 
MULWITZ.     See  Mollwitz. 

MOMBAKCARO,  mom-baR-kd'ro,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  division  of  Coni,  X.E.  of  Mondovi.     Pop.  1060. 
MOMBARUZZO,   mom-bd-root/so,   a   town  of  Piedmont, 
division  and  14  miles  S.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  2254. 

>10MB.\.-'IGLI0,  mom-bi-seel'yo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  6  miles  from  Mondovi,  on  the  Monza.     I'op.  1057. 

MO.VIBAS  or  -MOMBAZ,  mom-bis',  or  MOMBASA,  mom- 
bS'sd,  (the  former  the  common,  the  latter  the  literal  Arabic 
form;  in  the  language  of  tlie  native  race,  Mpiiza)  an  island 
and  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  lat.  4°  6'  S.,  Ion.  39°  49'  E. 
^Vhen  the 'Portuguese  first  arrived  here,  at  the  end  of  the 
15th  century,  they  found  a  large  and  well-built  town,  with  a 
great  deal  of  trade,  and  the  people  apparently  wealthy.  In 
1507,  Almeida  took  Mombas,  and  destroyed  it  by  fire.  In 
1588,  the  Portuguese  again  took  possession  of  the  island, 
and  appear  to  have  retained  it  till  about  1720.  During  this 
period  they  erected  the  fort,  castle,  great  tank,  and  other 
structures,  wliich  remain  more  or  less  dilapidated  to  the 
present  day.  The  castle  stands  on  a  rock,  cut  perpendicu- 
larly, and  is  still  capable  of  being  rendered  a  stronghold. 
Mombas,  at  the  present  day,  is  but  a  ruin;  its  inhabitants 
are  mostly  sunk  in  abject  poverty,  and  wretched  hovels  are 
now  scattered  among  the  crumbling  walls  of  stately  build- 
ings. A  few  stone  houses  still  remaining,  are  inhabited  by 
Arab  m\ircbant.s.  Immediately  outside  the  walls  of  the 
town,  on  the  X,  side,  is  Jokali,  a  Sawahili  village,  that  is, 
a  suburb  inhabited  only  by  Moh.ammedan  Africans.  At  the 
S.  end  of  tlie  island  is  another  village  of  mixed  population, 
Ciillwl  Kilendini.  The  whole  population  of  the  island,  pro- 
bably, does  not  exceed  6000.  The  harbor  of  Mombas  is  said 
to  be  quite  perfect,  secure,  commodious,  rooniv.  and  open  to 
the  sea-breeze.  Mombas  placed  itself  under  the  protection 
of  the  British  flag  in  1823.  was  immediately  tilled  with 
Banyans,  and  enjoyed  for  three  years  a  return  of  mercan- 
tile prosperity.  But  the  British  government  not  accepting 
1220 


the  cession  of  the  place,  the  flag  was  struck  in  1826,  when 
tlie  forces  of  Sultan  Seid  Said,  aidid  by  an  American  ad- 
venturer, with  a  heavily  armed  ship,  obtained  posse.'gjon 
of  the  town.  It  is  now  generally  called  by  the  natives  Vita, 
that  is.  Battle,  from  its  valiant  defence. 

MOMBELIA),  mom-b6l'lo,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province 
of  .Alessandria,  13  miles  E.X.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  23C1. 

MoMBEItCELLl.  inom-bCR-chil/lee,  a  village  of  I'iedmont; 
province  and  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Asti.     Pop.  2440. 

MOMBELTUAX.  mom-bJl-trdu'.  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Cas- 
tile, 32  mill's  S.S.W.  of  Avila.     Pop.  113;J. 

5I0J1BK10  DE  TARRAGOXA.  niom/bre-o  dA  taR-«a-go/na, 
a  town  of  Spain.  Cataionia.  on  the  Salado.     Pop.  1196. 

MO.MELLAXO.  mo-mSl-ld/no,  or  MOXMELIAXO,  mon-mA- 
le-d'no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Savoy 
Proper,  on  the  Isere. 
M(i/MEXCE,  a  post-township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 
MOMIGXIES,  mo'meeu'yee',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  llainaut,  36  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2490. 

MoMLIXG,(Momling,)mom'ling,orMoMLlXGEX,(Mi;m- 
llngen,)  mom'lin:.i;-en,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Lower  i'raucouia, 
district  of  Obernburg.     Pup.  1291. 

Mi  (MO,  mo'mo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  8  miles 
X.X.W.  of  Novara,  on  the  Agogiia.    Pop.  1297. 

M0.M1'.\XTER(J,  mom-pdn-tA'ro.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  province  of  Susa.     Pop.  1329. 

M0.MPI.\N0,  mom-pe-d'no,  a  village  of  Korthern  Italy, 
government  of  Milan,  3  miles  from  Brescia.     Pop.  2070. 

MOiiroXor  MOMPOJ,  mom-poH',  a  town  of  Xew  Gra- 
nada, province  and  140  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Santa  Marta,  on 
the  .Magdalena;  lat.  9°  15'  N.,  ion.  74°  30/  Vt .  The  slnets, 
which  extend  along  the  river  for  two  miles,  are  well  laid 
out,  but  the  houses  are  badly  built.  There  are  here  a  goi  d 
(juay  and  custom-house,  built  very  high  on  account  of  the 
periodical  floods  of  the  river,  which  take  place  in  December, 
and  raise  the  waters  12  or  13  feet  higher  than  their  usual 
level.  Mompox  is  the  depot  of  all  the  foreign  goods  destined 
for  the  consumption  of  the  valley  of  the  Magdalena.  Pop. 
10.000. 
JIOX.A.     See  ANGLE.SET. 

JIOX.A,  mo/nd.  a  small  island  of  the  AVest  Indies,  in  the 
Mona  Passage,  a  strait  80  miles  across,  which  separattS 
Ilayti  from  Porto  Rico.  The  island  is  7  miles  long  and  'Z 
miles  broad.  X.W.  of  it  is  the  islet  of  MoxiTA,  (mo-nee 'ta.) 
MOXACIII/)GDDU  or  MOXACIILOGDDEE,  mo-naK-log'- 
THee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

MONACO,  mon'd-ko,  a  small  principality  of  Xorth  Italy, 
under  the  prote(!tion  of  Sardinia,  which  maintains  in  the 
capital  a  garrison  of  300  men,  between  the  divisions  of  Nice 
and  Genoa,  and  bordering  the  on  Mediterranean.  Area  63 
Bcjuare  miles.  Pop.  6800.  The  prineij^ality  was  founded  in 
tbe  loth  century,  in  favor  of  a  member  of  the  house  of  Gri- 
maldi,  with  which,  though  with  partial  interruptions,  and  a 
change,  in  1731,  from  the  male  to  the  female  line,  it  has  since 
remained.  The  prince  resides  at  Paris  6  mouths,  and  at 
Monaco  the  other  6  months,  in  the  year. 

MONACO,  (anc.  I'ortus-Monceci  or  J'or/tus  Her>cuUs  Mo- 
nne'ci,)  the  capital  of  a  principality  of  its  own  name,  is 
situated  on  a  rocky  promontory,  in  the  Mediterranean.  8 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Nice.  Pop.  1200.  Its  fortifications  were 
erected  by  Louis  XIV. ;  the  palace,  and  a  fine  terrace  over- 
looking the  sea.  are  its  principal  objects  of  interest. 

MOXAD'XUCK  MOUNTAIN,  commonly  called  GRAND 
MONADNOCK,  is  situated  in  Cheshire  co.,  Xew  Uamjishire, 
22  miles  E.  of  Connecticut  River.  It  is  about  5  miles  in 
length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  and  3  miles  wide,  with  an  eleva- 
tion of  3718  feet  above  the  level  cf  the  sea. 
MON  AG  AY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster.  co.  of  Limerick. 
MONAGIIAN,  mon'a-Han,  an  inland  co.  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  Area  000  &iuare  miles,  or  320,000.  acres,  about 
20.000  of  which  are  waste.  Pop.  in  1841,  200,442;  in  lb51, 
141.758.  Surface  hilly,  iutersper.ied  with  many  bogs  and 
small  lakes.  'Ihe  Xorth  Blackwater  River  is  on  the  X. 
iKjundary.  Chief  crops,  flax,  oats,  wheat,  and  potatoes. 
Butter  is  made  in  large  quantities.  Limestone  is  the  prin- 
cipal mineral  product.  The  Ulster  Canal  traverses  the 
county.  Monaghan  comprises  5  baronies,  and  19  parishes 
in  the  diocese  of  Clogher.  Chief  towns,  Monaghan.  Clonee, 
and  Carrickmacross.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  both  for  the  county.  ^ 

MONAGIIAN,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the 
above  county,  on  the  road  from  Dublin  to  Londonderry,  and 
on  the  ULster  Canal,  68  miles  X.X.W.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in 
1851,  3484.    It  is  situated  on  the  borders  of  two  large  ponds; 
has  a  central  square,  a  diocesan  school,  national  schoo^ 
county  infirmary,  infantry  barracks,  and  market-house. 
MOXAGIIAN,  a  post-ofliice  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Jlissouri. 
MONALTY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath 
MON^ASTEli/EVEN,  a  market-town  of  Ireland.  Leinster, 
county  and  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kildare,  ou  the  Barrow,  here 
crosseil  by  2  bridges,  and  ou  a  brancii  of  the  Grand  Cau.il. 
I'op.  1097. 

MONASTERIO,  mo-nds-tA/re-o.  a  town  of  Spain,  proTinoe 
and  55  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  2804. 
MOXASTERIO  DE  KODILLA,  mo-nds-til're-o  dd  ro-Bo«0'- 


MON 


MON 


y&,  a  tow  a  of  Spain,  province  and  12  miles  X.E.  of  Burgos. 
Pop.  o"S. 

.MONASTKUO  D'ACQUI,  mo-nS.s-Wr<}  dj/kwee,  a  -village 
3f  the  Sardinian  States,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Aciiui,  on  the  West 
Bormida.     I'op.  lo9i. 

JlOXASTKllO Di  MONDOVI, mo-nds-tA/ro  dee  mon-do-vee', 
a  villa;<e  of  the  Sardinian  States,  4  miles  S.  of  Moudovi. 
Pop.  17  00. 

MONASTEIIOLO  DI  SAVIGLIANO,  mo-nds-t-i-rolo  dee 
s3-veel-y<i/uo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  8  miles  E.X.K. 
of  Saluzzo.     I'op.  1576. 

JlUN.\STIEK,  mo'nisHe-i/,  a  town  of  France,  departr 
meul  of  Haute  Loire,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Le  I'uy.  I'op.  in 
185-2,  3404. 

IIDNASTIR,  mo-nj.s-teer',  a  seaport  town  of  North  Africa, 
dominions  and  80  miles  S.E.  of  Tunis,  on  the  Uulf  of  Sidra. 
Pop.  12.000,  who  manufacture  woollen  and  camlet  fabrics, 
and  have  .<ome  maritime  trade. 

MONASTIR,  mo'uds-teer',  sometimes  written  MONAS- 
TEliR  or  VrrOLIA,  be-to^e•d.  a  city  of  European  Turkey, 
capital  of  Macedonia,  400  miles  \V.  of  Constantinople.  It  is 
built  at  the  W.  ed^e  of  a  fine  plain,  in  a  recess  formed  by  two 
lofty  mountains,  and  is  intersected  by  a  river,  crossed  by 
numerous  bridges.  The  strents  are  wide  and  well  paved,  and 
the  houses  neat  and  clean ;  the  mosiiues  and  minarets,  iuter- 
mi.xed  with  cypress  and  willow  foliage,  give  a  picturesque 
appearance  to  the  town :  and  the  well-frequented  bazaars 
are  remarkably  handsome.  Being  the  central  siuation  for 
all  military  operations  relating  to  Albania.  .Macedonia,  Thes- 
saly,  and  Bosnia,  it  is  a  place  of  remarkable  activity.  The 
majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Cireeks  and  Bulgarians,  the 
Turkish  residents  being  mostly  soldiers  or  officials.  I'op. 
about  15.000. 

MOXA.-iTOIlCIIIN.i,  mo-nds-toR-chee'nJ,  written  also  MO 
NASTYKCIITCUINA,  a  market>towu  of  Russia,  government 
and  00  miles  E.X.E.  of  Moheelev. .   I'op.  3000. 

MO.NBKLLIAKD,  C0MT£  DE,  k6>-<''ti'i/ deh  mA.\«'b?ne-aR/, 
an  ancient  district  of  France,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Vo.sges, 
between  Upper  Alsace  and  the  old  territory  of  Bale.  (Basel.) 
After  having  been  long  in  the  pos.sesslon  of  the  Dukes  of 
Burgundy,  it  pa.-^sed,  in  1419,  to  a  branch  of  the  house  of 
AViirteniberg.  and  continued  with  that  house  till  1793,  when 
it  was  ceded  by  treaty  to  France.  It  is  now  included  in  the 
department  of  Doubs. 

MON'CAD.4,  mon-kd'od.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
7  miles  N.  of  Valencia,  on  the  Jloncada.     i'op.  2720. 

MOXC.il'iJ,  mon-ki'o.  {Mons  Cuuiuis.)  a  mountain  of 
Spain,  about  55  miles  \V.  of  Saragos.sa,  on  the  boundaries 
of  -Vragon  and  Castile;  9600  feet  high,  and.  ne.xt  to  the 
Pyrenees,  the  highest  mountain  in  that  quarter.  On  its 
skirt.'i,  Tiberius  Sempronius  Uracchus  obtiiined  a  victory 
over  the  Celtiberians,  which  decided  the  fate  of  that  warlike 
nation. 

MoXCALIERI,  mon-kd-le-.-^'ree,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on 
the  Po,  4  miles  S.  of  Turin,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
railway.  Pop.  8002.  It  has  a  palace,  frequently  resorted  to 
by  the  royal  t'amily,  and  containing  a  fine  collection  of  por- 
traits, and  in  October,  one  of  the  largest  cattle  fairs  held  in 
Piedmont. 

M<JXCALYO,  mon-kdl'vo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division 
and  22  miles  \V.X.\V'.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  36.S0. 

MOX(,'AO,  (.Mon(;ao.)  mon-sowN"',  a  fortified  town  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  .Minho,  28  miles  X.  of  Braga,  on  the  Miuho. 
Pop.  1200. 

MUXyARAS  or  MOXSARAS,  mon-sd'rds,  a  town  of  Por- 
iugal.  province  of  .\lemtejo,  on  the  Guadiana,  28  miles  S.AV'. 
Of  Elvas.     Pop.  1500. 

MOXCEAUX,  m6N°^so',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Correze,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tulle.  Pop.  1780.  It  is  also 
the  name  of  a  suburb  of  Paris,  noted  for  its  fine  park. 

MONCII,  (Miinch.)  miJnK,  (i.e.  "'the  monk,'")  or  KLEIX 
EIGER,  kline  i'gher,  one  of  the  loftiest  Alpine  heights  of 
Switzerland,  t-anton  of  Bern,  on  the  borders  of  the  Valai.s,  o 
miles  X.E.  of  the  Jungfrau.     Height.  13,044  feet. 

MOXCUBriRU,  (Monchberg.)  miJnii'beRa,  a  market-town 
ot  Bavaria,  31  miles  W.  of  W  urzburg.     Pop.  1338. 

MOXCllEX-GLADBACII.    See  Gi..\duach. 

MOXCH'ES.  a  post>village  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin, 
in  the  plank-road  from  Milwaukee  to  Dodge  aiunty,  about 
28  miles  X.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

WOXCHIO,  mou-ke'o,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  32  miles 
S.  by  W".  of  Parma.    Pop.  2201. 

MOXCUIQUE,  mon-shee'kd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Algfixve,  13  miles  X.E.  of  Lagos.     Pop.  2760. 

MONCHOBOO,  MONCHABOO,  monVhp-boo'.  or  BION- 
CIIOBO.  monVho-by,  (allied  by  the  natives  MOKSOBO, 
mokVo-bo',  or  MOKSOBOO,  moksVboo',)  a  town  of  Burmah, 
recently  become  its  capital,  on  the  W.  Itank  of  a  considerable 
lake,  27  miles  X.  of  Ava.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Alompra, 
and  during  his  rule  it  was  also  the  se/it  of  government, 
which  has  since  been  alternately  transferred  to  Ava,  Sa- 
kaing.  and  -imarapoora.     Pop.  4000. 

MOXCILSKOTH,  (Miinchsroth,)  monKs'rot.  a  village  of 
Bavaria.  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Anspach.     Pop.  1014. 

llUXCLAll,  m6:\<!'klaii/,  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 


ment of  Tam-et-Garonne,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Montauhan 
Pop.  in  1852,  2108.  , 

MOXCLAR,  a  small  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
et-Garonne,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Villeneuve.     Ptip.  in  1852.  1084 

MOXCLOVA,  a  misspelling  for  MOXTELUVEZ,  which  see. 

MONCLO'VA,  a  post-township  of  Luca.s  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  788.. 

MOXCOXTOUR,  ni6.NG'k6.\-"'tooR/,  a  town  of  France,  d» 
partment  of  Cotesdu-Xord,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Brieuc 
Pop.  in  1852, 1678. 

MOXCOXTOUU,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vienno, 
9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Loudun. 

SIOXCORVO,  I'ortKgal.    See  Torre-de-Moxcorvo. 

MOXCOUTAXT,  moxo'koo^tixo',  a  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Di;ux-Sevres,  16  miles  X.W.  of  i'artheuay.     P.  2005 

MOXCRABEAU,  mAN='krd"ljO/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lut-et-Garonne.  7  miles  S.  of  Xerac.     I'op.  1144. 

MOX'CitlEFF  HILL.  Scotland,  2^  miles  S.  of  I'erth.  It» 
summit,  756  feet  above  the  sea,  commands  a  splendid  view 
of  the  river  Tay. 

MONCRIVELLO,  mon-kre-v?ino,  a  village  of  Piedmont, 
division  of  Novara,  22  miles  W.  of  Vercelli.     Pop.  2244. 

JIO.NCUCCO,  mon-kook'ko,  a  vill.age  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  .41essandria,  18  miles  N.X.W.  of  Asti.    Pop.  1611. 

MOXCUQ  or  .MOXTCUti,  mAN"'kuk',  a  town  of  Franco, 
department  of  Lot,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Caliors.     Pop.  2056. 

MUX  DA,  mon'dd,  (anc.  Munlda,)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  28  miles  W.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  3904. 

MOX'DAY  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Ilockhocking 
lliver,  a  few  miles  above  Athens. 

MOXDAY  CREEK,  a  township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Perry  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  1190. 

MOXDEGO,  mon-dA'go,  (anc.  MnnUla.)  a  navigalile  river  of 
Portugal,  rising  in  the  Serra  Estrella,  14  miles  S.W.  o' 
Guarda,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Cape  Moudego.  Length 
130  miles. 

MOXDEGO,  a  navigable  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Matto- 
Grosso,  separates  in  part  Brazil  and  I'araguaj',  and  joins  the 
Paraguay  on  the  left,  at  Fort  .Miranda.     Length,  ISO  miles. 

MOXDEJAR  or  MOXDEXAR,  mon-di-HaR/,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  31  miles  E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  2670. 

MOXDIM,  mon-dee.N"',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira-Alta,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lamego,  on  the  Tarouca. 
Pop.  065. 

MOXDI.M-DE-BASTO,  mon-ilees«'-d.-l-bds'to,  a  town  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Tras-o.s-Moutes,  on  the  Tamega,  68  miles 
S.W.  of  Braganza.     Pop.  1500. 

MOXDULEH,  mon-do'leh,  a  small  but  richly  wooded  and 
fertile  island  in  the  Bay  of  Amboises,  West  Africa. 

MOXDOLFO,  nion-dol'lo,  a  town  of  Central  Itiily,  in  the 
Marches,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Pesaro.    Pop.  about  2000. 

SIONDOSeDO,  mon-dAn-yi'Do,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  30  miles  N.X.E.  of  Lugo.  Pop.  6194.  It  has  a  cathe- 
dral, a  .seminary,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  cloths. 

MOXDOUBLKAU,  mi-NoMoo-blo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  I-oir-et-Cher,  14  miles  X.X.W.  of  Vendume.    P.  1671. 

MOXDOVI,  monnlo-vee'.  (L.  Muns  VOci  and  Muns  KejjMs,) 
a  town  of  Piedmont.  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Coni,  near  the  Ellero. 
Pop.  15,921.  It  is  divided  into  4  parts :  the  I'iazza.  on  a  hill 
enclosed  by  wall.s,  and  having  a  citadel,  and  the  suburbs  at 
its  foot;  Carassoue,  Breo,  and  I'iano  del  Valle.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  and  other  churches,  a  bishop's  palace.  4  hospi- 
tiUs,  2  asylums,  a  college,  a  diocesan  school,  silk-mills,  tan- 
neries. Iron  forges,  and  manufac-tures  of  woollen  and  cotton 
fabrics.  Here.  April  2-J.  1796,  the  French  under  Xapoleon 
totally  defeated  the  Sardinian  troops  under  Colli.  Moudov; 
w;us  al.so  sacked  by  Soult  in  1799. 

MOXDRAGOX,  mouHlrd-gon',  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Guipuzcoa.  and  33  miles  S.W.  of  Saint  Selmstian.  P.  2500. 

MOXDRAGOX,  mANo'drd^gix"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  arrondissement  of  Orange.     Pop.  2000. 

MOXDRAGOXE,  mou-drd-go'nA,  a  town  of  Xaplcs.  pro- 
vince of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Gaeta.     Pop.  2150. 

MOXDSEE,  moud'si\  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  N 
bank  of  a  lake  of  same  name,  15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Salzburg. 
Pop.  1170. 

MOXDSEE,  a  Lake  of  Upper  Austria,  about  6  miles  long, 
and  less  than  2  miles  broad,  is  about  1400  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  surrounded  by  mountains. 

MOXEAH,  mo'noe'a,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sone  and  Gauges,  2".. 
miles  AV.  of  Patua.  It  hiis  a  Mohammedan  tomb,  and  Hin- 
doo antiquities. 

MOXEDIE/,  mon'e-dee\  a  parish  of  Scotliind,  co.  of  Perth. 

MO'XEE/,  a  post-village  of  Will  co..  Illinois,  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  34  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Cliicago. 

MOXEEK',  a  post-office  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa. 

MONEGLIA,  mo-nJl'yd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  10  miles  E.S.E.  ot 
Chiavari.     Pop.  2-200. 

MOXEIX'^,  mo^n^N"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ba&ses-Pyreneos,  11  miles  W.  of  Pau,  on  the  JJaise.  Pop. 
1270. 

MOXEMVASIA  or  MOXEMBASIA,  mo-nJm-vd-see/d,  or 
NAl'OLI  DI  MALVASIA,  nd'po-le  dee  mdl-vd-see/d,  (anc. 
JfiMo'a,)  a  maritime  town  of  Greece,  Morua.  gnverumont  of 

1221 


MON 


MON 


Laccdiemon  on  ih  >  ^geaii  Se«,  20  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cape 
Mttli'a.  It  ^ian(^s  on  a  small  isl-.nd,  having  one  entrance 
by  »  bridge  from  the  mainland  (whence  its  name,  supposed 
to  I  >  derived  from  the  tjreek  fiovri,  mOne,  '•  only,"  "  single," 
and  t/iSaati,  embasis,  "entrance");  and  consists  of  a  fort- 
ress'sud  an  outer  town.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  Epi- 
da'Jrus  Lune'ra.    Pop.  2000. 

MONEMUGE,  a  region  of  East  Africa.    See  Moxomoezi. 

MOXEROO,  a  district  of  Australia.     See  Maneroo. 

MOXESIGLIO,  mo-uA-seel'yo.  a  village  of  tlie  Sardinian 
States,  17  miles  E.X.E.  of  Jloudovi,  on  the  Bormida.  I'op. 
liOO. 

MOXESTEE  or  MOXISTIQUE  KIVEK,  of  Michigan.  See 
Masistee. 

MONESTIER,  mo^nJsHe-ain',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Uautes-Alpes,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Brian90n.  Pop. 
ia  1S52,  2791. 

MOXESTlfiS.  mo'ui'.^He-.V.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn,  10  miles  X.X.■\^'.  of  Alby.     Pop.  in  18a2,  156-1. 

MOXEWDEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

MOX'EYiVSH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MOXEY  CREEK,  a  post-vUIage  and  station  of  McLean  co., 
rilinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  120  miles 
Irom  Chicago. 

MON/EY-GAIyL,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Leiuster, 
King's  CO.,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Roscrea.     Pop.  764. 

M0X'EYM011E\  a  market-town  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of 
Londonderry.  30  miles  S.  of  Coleraiue.     Pop.  942. 

MOXEYMUSK,  a  parish  of  Scotland.     See  Moxt.musk.  '  , 

MOXFALCONE,  mon-fSl-ko'nA,  a  fortified  town  of  lllyria, 

16  miles  X.W.  of  Triest,  near  its  gulf     Pop.  1360. 
MONFI.\.  mon-tee'a,  an  island  off  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 

Muscat  dominions.  75  miles  X.X.E.  of  Quiloa.  Lat.  7°  50'  S, 
Ion.  39=^  40'  E.     It  is  low  and  fertile. 

MOXFLAXQUIX  or  MOXTFLONQinN,  miNo'flS.vo'kiNo/, 
B  town  of  France,  department  of  Lci/^t-Garoaue,  10  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Villeueuve.  ^Pop.  in  1852,  4912. 

MONFORTE,  mon-foR/tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 

17  miles  W.  of  Alicante.    IV)p.  3188. 

MOXFORTE,  mou-foR't'l,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo,  17  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Portalegre.     Pop.  809. 

MONFORTE,  mon-foWtA,  a  town  of  the  Sanlinian  States, 
division  of  Coui,  9  miles  S.  of  Alba.     Pop.  2169. 

510XF0RTE.  mon-foa/t-l,  a  town  of  Brazil,  35  miles  N.  of 
Parii,  on  the  Island  of  Marajo,  on  a  height,  overlooking  the 
Bay  of  Para. 

MOXFORTE  DE  LEMUS,  mon-foR'ti  dA  lA'mooce.  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  25"  miles  S.  of  Lugo.     I'op.  4004. 

MOXFORTE  DE  RIO  LIVRE,  mon-foR/tA  dA  ree'o  lee'vrA, 
a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  S  miles  E. 
of  Chaves.     Pop.  450. 

MOXFRICI,  mou-free/chee.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of 
Girgenti,  11  miles  W.XJV.  of  Sci.icca.     Pop.  6000. 

MOXGARDIXO,  mon-gaR-dee'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  5  miles  S.  of  Asti.     Pop.  1080. 

MOXG.\T,  mon-gSt',  a  village  of  Spain,  on  the  Barcelona 
and  Miitaro  Railway. 

MONGjVTZ.  a  town  of  East  Hungary.     See  Mdnkacs. 

MOX'GAUP  VAfVLEY,  post-office,  Sullivan  co.,  New  fork. 

MOXGEIIAM,  (munj-am,)  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Kent, 

MOXGEIIAM,  LITTLE,  a  painsh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

MOXGE'VVELL,  miinj'wel,  a  p-arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

MOXGHIR,  M0N6IIYR,  or  MUXGEER,  mung-gheer',  a 
fortified  and  manufacturing  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  district  of  Eoglipoor,  on  the  S.  bank  of 
the  Ganges.  80  miles  E.  of  Patua.  Lat.  25°  2?J  X.,  Ion.  86° 
30'  E.  Estimated  pop.  30.000.  It  is  finely  situated  on  a 
rocky  height,  at  tlie  bend  of  the  river,  and  though  irregu- 
larly built,  has  some  flue  European  and  other  residences, 
Iiesides  .several  temples,  and  other  public  buildings,  includ- 
ing a  highly  venerated  Mohammedan  tomb.  It  was  for- 
merly an  important  frontier  fortress  of  the  British,  but  its 
citiidel  is  now  in  dec^y ;  it  is,  however,  still  a  military  sta- 
tion. Here  are  active  native  manufactures  of  guns,  other 
arms  and  cutlery,  carriages,  furniture  of  all  kinds,  army 
clothing,  ifcc.  and  the  town  has  several  native  schools,  and 
a  depot  of  the  British  Missionary  Society. 

MONGIARDIXO,  mon-jaR-dee'np,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  division  of  Genoa,  12  miles  from  Novi.   p.  18C0. 

MONGIBELLO,  a  name  of  Mount  Etna.     See  Etna. 

MOXOO,  mong'go,  a  mountain  range  in  West  Africa,  on 
the  mainland,  opj>osite  Fernando  Po,  its  highest  peak,  Mon- 
giMnasobah,  "God's  Mountain,"  being  subject  to  volcanic 
fruption. 
,  MO.XGOLI.A.,  mon-go'le-.>,  (Fr.  Mfmgolie,  mi.\o*goMee' ;  Ger. 
A/ongtiM.  mon'go-li\)  a  wide  region  of  Asia,  comprised  in  the 
Cliinese  Empire,  mostly  Ixitween  lat.  .37°  and  50°  N.,  and  Ion. 
88°  and  126°  E.,  having  K.  .Ma'nUhooria.  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  wooden  palisade,  S.  and  S.W.  China  and 
Chinese  Toorkistan.  and  N.  the  Khiiig-gan.  and  other 
mountain  chains,  dividing  it  from  the  Russian  government 
Irkootsk.  Estimated  area  1.400.000  square  miles.  Pop. 
supposed  2,000,000.  It  is  mostly  a  vast  desert,  its  central 
1J22 


p.irt  forming  the  E.  h.ilf  of  the  Gobi  (which  see);  thougli 
here  and  there  this  stony  and  sandy  rei;ion  is  interspersed 
with  some  productive  tracts,  feeding  large  herds  of  cattle 
belonging  to  nomadic  tribes,  and  where  also  some  wheat, 
barley,  and  millet,  are  raised.  In  tlie  N.  the  country  is 
richly  woodeil.  Its  rivers  are  mostly  affluents  of  the  .\nioor, 
Irkootsk,  or  Yenesei,  though  some  discharge  themselves  into 
extensive  lakes,  which  are  most  numerous  in  the  N.AV.,  the 
principal  lakes  being  tlio  Oobsa  Xor  and  Ike-Aral  Xor.  The 
trade  is  almost  exclusively  with  China  proper,  to  which  the 
Mongols  send  live  stock  of  all  kinds,  receiving  in  return 
large  quantities  of  brick-te,%  tobacco,  brandy,  silk,  cotton, 
and  woollen  fabrics,  boots,  and  metallic  wares.  The  Mon- 
gols have  a  peculiar  conformation,  which  has  been  taken  by 
ethnologists  as  the  type  of  a  great  subdivision  of  the  huniiin 
race  inhabiting  most  part  of  Asia  E.  of  the  Caspian.  They 
are  of  the  Boodhic  religion,  and  live  under  various  chiefs, 
who  pay  tribute  to  the  Cliinese  emperor,  but  receive  pre.simts 
from  him  in  return  to  a  much  greater  amount.  Slongolia 
is  divided  into  56  aiinaks,  or  cliiefships,  and  again  into  135 
•'banners,"  or  military  tribes,  again  subdivided  into  regi- 
ments, Ac.  The  supreme  adniinistratiqn  is  vested  in  the 
board  or  tribunal  of  foreign  affairs  at  Peking.  Chief  city, 
Oorga.  The  native  tribes  all  claim  descent  from  the  cele- 
brated .lenghis  Khan,  who  in  the  beginning  of  the  loth 
century  united  the  different  races  under  his  sway  ;  and  in 
the  course  of  his  devastating  conquests,  both  westward  and 
southward,  made  the  Mongols,  of  whom  little  had  been  pre- 
viously heard,  to  occupy  an  important  page  in  the  world's 
history.  The  conquests  of  Jenghis  Khan  were  extended 
by  his  son  Oktai.  who  subdued  the  whole  of  China,  and 
overthrew  the  caliphate  of  Bagdad,  while  other  hordes, 
under  the  khans  Manku  and  Batu,  forced  their  way  into 
Ilussia,  devastated  large  portions  of  it,  pillaged  Moscow, 
entered  Poland  in  1240.  and  were  threatening  all  Germany 
with  destruction,  when,  in  1241.  their  progress  was  arrest<>d 
by  their  signal  defeat  at  Walilstatt.  After  the  death  of 
Oktai  in  1243,  all  further  attempts  on  Europe  cea.sed ;  but 
nearly  half  a  century  longer,  the  empire  which  he  had 
established  continued  to  flourish,  and  stretch  from  the 
Chine.se  Sea  W.  to  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  and  from  II  in- 
dostan  N.  to  the  frontiers  of  Siberia.  At  a  late  period, 
under  Timur  or  Tamerlane,  the  Mongol  Empire,  which  had 
been  gradually  crumbling  to  pieces,  acquired  new  lustre. 
But  the  revival  proved  temporary,  and  at  his  death  a  com- 
plete disruption  took  place.  The  fragments,  however,  were 
so  large  as  in  some  instances  to  be  sufficient  to  found  new 
dynasties. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Mon/gol  and  Mongouan,  mon- 
gole-an. 

MO'X'GOQUIXONG',  a  post-village  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indi- 
ana,  155  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

MOXGR.A.XDE,  mon^grin'dA.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Turin,  7  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  3724. 

MOXGU.\'GOX,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan. 

MOXIIEIM,  mon'hinie,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Swabia,  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Anspach.     Pop.  1417. 

MOXIIEIM.  a  small  town  of  Germany,  Rhenish  Prussia, 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1312. 

MOX'IFIETH.  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Forfar,  with  a  station  on  the  Dundee,  Perth,  and  Aberdeen 
Kailwjiy,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arbroath.     Pop.  in  1851,  4207. 

MOXIKIE,  mon'e-kee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

MOX^IMAIiy,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  4  miles  W. 
of  Cupiir.  Here  is  Melville  House,  seat  of  Earl  Melville; 
also  the  Mount,  the  site  of  the  residence  of  the  celebrated 
satirical  poet.  Sir  David  Lindsay,  in  the  reigns  of  James  IV. 
and  \. 

MOX'IXGTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke 

MOXIXGTON  ON  WYE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

MOXISTIC.  a  river  of  ilichigan.    See  JUmsTEE. 

510XISTR0L,  mo^neesHrol',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-TjOire,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Yssengeaux,     Pop!  1112. 

MOXISTROI.rDE-MOXSERRAT,  mo-nees-trol'-d.A-mon-sfe- 
rdf,  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  27  miles  X'.W.  of  Barcelona, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Mountain  of  Monserrat.     Pop.  1299. 

MOXITEAU,  monVtO',  a  county  near  the  centre  of 
Missouri,  has  an  area  estimated  at  400  square  miles.  It  i» 
bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Missouri  River,  and  intersected  by 
Saline.  Jloreau,  and  Jloniteau  Creeks.  Limestone  under^ 
lies  part  of  the  county.  Stone-coal  of  fine  quality  is  abun- 
dant. Capital,  California.  Pop.  10,124,  of  whom  9.379  were 
free,  and  745  slaves, 

MOXITEAU.  a  small  villaffe  of  Moniteau  co..  Mis.souri. 

MOXITEAU  CREEK,  of  "Missouri,  enters  the  Missouri 
River  at  the  X.  extremity  of  Cole  county. 

MOXITEAU  CREEK,  of  Howard  co.,  "Missouri,  flows  into 
the  Missouri  from  the  left  at  Rocheport. 

MOXITOOWOC.    See  Manitoowoc. 

MOXIVAE,  mouVv-V,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Conn*  ight, 
CO.  of  Gaiway. 

JIOXaVAIKD'  AND  STROW'AX',  a  united  parish  of  Scot- 
land: CO.  of  Perth. 

MO.X.TOS  or  JIOXXOS,  Los.  loce  mong/Hocfe,  I  The 
Monks,")  4  small  low  islands,  iu  the  South  Pa».:^  I  i'<»aii, 


J 


MON 


MON 


extendinj?  nearly  5  miles  from  K.  to  TV.;  lat.  0°  57'  S.,  Ion. 
145°  41'  K. 

■MON'JM'OOR/,  a  town  of  Western  Ilindostan,  24  miles  S.E. 
of  Kahclunpcor. 

MONK-ltUKTTON,  England.    See  Bretton,  Monk. 

JU)XK'LAN  D,  a  purish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
^  MDXKb.WD,  NKW,  a  pariish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark, 
oontainin^^  ihe  borough  of  Airdrie.     See  Airdrie. 

MONKLAND,  OliD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark, 
adjoins  New  Monkland  on  the  S.W.,  alwut  8  miles  E.  of 
Glasgow,  with  which  it  is  connected  both  by  canal  and  rail- 
wa3'.    1*.  I'.TOQ.    It  has  many  valuable  coal  and  Iron  works. 

MONK'LKIGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SI()NK'.VASH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorifan. 

MONK'S  COU/NEllS,  a  post-oifico  of  Charleston  district, 
South  Carolina. 

SIONKSKATOX,  mOnks-ee/t^n,  a  township  of  England, 
00.  of  Xorlliuniberland. 

MDXK'.-^ILVKR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MONK'S  STOKE,  a  postoffice  of  Sampson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MONKS/TON  or  MONX/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

IMOXKSTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

JIOXK.-TOWN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Lcinster,  co.  of  Dul> 
liii,  comprising  Kingstown,  half  a  mile  W.  of  which  is  the 
hamlet  .Monkstown.  Here  are  also  several  villages  and  nu- 
merous hiinilsome  residences  on  Dublin  Bay. 

MONK?Tf)WN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 

JIOXKjfOWN  or  MONKS'LAND,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Wut-ilbrd. 

M<)NK'roN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MONKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  in  the  Isle 
of  Thanet. 

MONK'TON,  a  post-township  of  Addi.-ion  co.,  A'ermont, 
about  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.  Iron  ore  and  kaolin 
are  found  here.     I'op.  lliiii. 

MONK'T(JN  FKAR'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVilts!. 

MONKTON.  FORT.  England,  co.  of  Hants,  2  miles  S.  of 
Gosport.  defends  Spithead,  and  the  entrance  to  Portsmouth 
Ilarbor  on  the  W. 

MONKn'ON  WITH  JAR/ROW,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Durham,  parish  of  .larrow,  4  miles  E.  of  Gateshead.  The 
Venerable  Bede  was  born  here  in  673. 

MONKTON  MILLS,  Maryland,  a  post>v)llago  and  station 
of  Baltimore  co.,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna  Rail- 
road, 22  miles  from  Baltimore. 

JIONKTON  MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

MONKTON  NUN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Elding. 

MONK'TON  AN-n  PRESTnviCK,  a  united  parish  of  Scot- 
land, county  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Ayr,  with  a  station  on  the 
Glasgow  and  Ayr  Railway.  The  village  of  Monkton  lias  a 
han<isome  modern,  iind  2  very  ancient  dilapidated  churches, 
and  the  ruins  of  a  hosiiital  for  lepers. 

MONK'Ti  )N  TAR'llANT,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Dorset. 

MONKTi  >X.  AVEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MONK-WKAR/MOUTII.     See  Wearouth,  Su.vderla.nd. 

MDNUOdN,  mixoHiWN"',  a  town  of  Franco,  department 
of  Ilautes- Pyrenees,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Bagneres.    I'op.  132". 

MONMiiitK,  mon-mor',  the  largest  bog  in  the  county  of 
Clare.  Iri'laud.  extending  across  the  great  Clare  peninsula, 
from  Dunbig  B,ay  to  the  Shannon.     Aiva  9254  acres. 

MONMOUTH  or  SIONMOUTHSIIIRE,  mon'muth-shir,  a 
maritime  county  of  England,  having  S.  the  Bristol  Channel. 
Area  576  square  miles,  or  368,040  acres,  of  which  about 
280,000  are  cultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  157,418.  Surface  pic- 
turesciuely  varied,  with  hill  and  vale,  and  finely  wooded; 
bordering  the  Bristol  Channel,  it  is  in  parts  flat;  W.  of  the 
Usk,  comparatively  mountainous.  Chief  rivers,  the  Wye, 
Usk,  Monnow,  and  Komney.  Coal,  iron,  and  limestone 
abound,  and  are  extensively  wrought.  Canals  and  railways 
facilitate  access  to  the  mines.  The  Welsh  language  is  in 
common  use.  Slonmouth  comprises  6  hundreds.  Principal 
towns,  Jlonmouth,  .\ljergavenny,  Newport,  Caerleon,  and 
Usk.  The  county  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Under  the  Romans  and  Britons,  it  formed  a  part  of 
.  the  ancient  Gwent  or  Siluria,  which  the  Saxons  never  suo- 
ceetlod  in  conquering.  It  was  made  an  English  county  by 
Henry  VIII.  No  county  in  England  is  more  celebrated  for 
beautiful  scenery,  or  for  the  number  of  its  British  and  Ro- 
man mediaeval  remains. 

MONMOUTH,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  capitiil  of  the  above 
county,  in  a  beautiful  vale,  at  the  confluence  of  the  naviga- 
ble Wye  and  the  Jlonnow,  here  crossed  by  handsome  bridges, 
21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Gloucester,  and  17  miles  S.  of  Hereford, 
(with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway,)  and  115  miles  W.N.W. 
of  London.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1852,  5967.  It 
has  a  parish  church,  originally  a  priory ;  an  ancient  priory 
house,  a  curious  antique  chapel,  a  grammar  school,  founded 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.;  ruins  of  a  royal  castle,  erected 
before  the  conquest;  several  banks ;  manufactures  of  b.ar- 
iron,  tiii-piates,  and  paper ;  and  exports  of  bark  and  timber. 
The  borough  jolas  witk   Usk  and  Newport  in  sending  1 


member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  is  Troy 
House,  a  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  in  which  are  pro 
served  the  cradle  of  Henry  V.,  and  the  armor  he  wore  ut 
Agincourt.  Henry  V.,  and  Geoffrey  of  Monpaouth,  the  his 
torian,  were  natives  of  the  town. 

MONMOUTH,  mon'mCith.  a  county  in  the  E.  central^part 
of  New  Jersey,  has  an  area  of  about  810  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  .\tlantic  Ocean,  .and  on  the  N.  by 
Sandy  Hook  Bay  and  Raritan  Bay,  and  is  drained  by  Never- 
sink, and  Manasquan  P.ivers,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic,  and 
by  Crosswick's  and  Doctor's  Creeks,  which  fall  into  the  Dela- 
ware. Neversink  Hills  are  in  the  N.l':.  part.  The  whole  county 
is  of  alluvial  formation,  and  consists  of  clay  mingled  with 
sand,  gravel,  and,  in  low  places,  vegetable  mould.  In  1850, 
this  county  produced  773,272  bushels  of  potatoes,  the  greatest 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  United  States, 
except  Grafton  county.  New  Hampshire.  Slarl  Is  found, 
and  much  used  as  a  manure.  Capital,  Freehold.  Pop. 
39,346. 

MONMOUTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kennebec 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  Railroad, 
about  15  miles  S.W.  of  .\ugusta.    Pop.  1854. 

MONMOUTH,  a  po.st-village  of  .\dam8  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
St.  Mary's  River,  114  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

MON.MOUTH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Warren  co.,  Hli- 
nois,  on  the  Peoria  and  Burlington  Railroad,  120  miles  N.W. 
of  Springfield.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  and  beautiful  prairie, 
It  contains  a  college,  court-house,  7  churches,  1  bank,  and 
2  newsiJiiper  offices.    Pop.  of  township  2506. 

MON  MOUTIISHIRK,  a  county  of  England.  See  Monmoith. 

MONNAIE,  mon'nd',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  8  miles  N.N.I*;,  of  Tours.     Pop.  1550. 

MONNE.RICH.  mon'n..'r-iK\  or  MUNNERICH,  muii'ner- 
iK\  a  village  of  Dutch  Luxemburg,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Luxem- 
burg.   Pop.  1200. 

MONNIKEND.\M,  monVken-dJm',  (L.  Mrmaclindanum,) 
a  town  of  the  JJotherlands,  province  of  North  Holland,  with 
a  harbor  on  the  Zuyder-Zee,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Amsterdam. 
Pop.  2471. 

MON'NOW  or  MUN/NOW,  a  river  of  England,  joins  the 
Wye  near  Monmouth. 

M0N(K;'ACY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Lehigh 
In  Northampton  co. 

MONOCACY  RIVER,  is  formed  by  Rock.  Marsh,  and  Mid- 
dle Creeks,  which  rise  in  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvaiiia,  and, 
uniting  in  the  N.  part  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland,  the  river 
falls  into  the  Potomac,  near  the  boundary  l)etween  Frederick 
and  Montgomery  counties,  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

MONOGHAN,  mon/5-Hiin,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pena- 
sylvania.    Pop.  10.30. 

MONOK,  mon'ok',  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Zomplin,  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  25C2. 

MONOMOKZI,  mo-no-mo-A'zee,  (perhaps  more  correctly, 
MOENEMOEZI,  mo-fn'yA-mo-i/zeo;  generally  written  by 
the  Portuguese  of  the  lOth  and  17th  centuries,  MONK.MUOE, 
nio-nA-moo'/.hi,  or  MUNHEMUGE,  moon-yA-moo'zliA,)  a 
great  empire  of  East  .M'rica,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  great 
lake  called  Nyassa  or  the  sea.  The  same  name  was  given, 
by  early  writers,  to  the  sovereign  and  to  the  country,  though 
they  state  that  it  belongs  properly  to  the  former.  At  tlie 
present  day,  Monomoezi  is  no  longer  united  under  a  single 
ruler,  but  is  divided  into  several  kingdoms,  respecting  the 
relative  importance  of  which  we  have  no  information.  In 
the  16th  century,  when  the  empire  flourished,  it  was  said 
to  extend  S.  to  the  Maurusa.  (the  nation  of  Jlakfia,  opposite 
to  Mosambique.)  or  the  12th  parallel;  others  placed  its  S. 
limit  at  Mongalo,  lat.  10°  S.  In  tlie  N.  it  was  said  to  reacli 
Gurague,  in  Abys.sinia,  or,  according  to  the  maps  of  that 
day,  the  fourth  parallel  of  S.  lat.;  on  the  W.  it  had  the  lake ; 
and  on  the  E.  it  was  supposed  to  approach  the  coast  in  the 
direction  of  Quiloa.  According  to  our  recent  information, 
the  most  S.  kingdom  of  Monomoezi  Is  in  lat.  9°,  where  the 
lake  is  distant  about  450  miles  from  Quiloa.  The  most  N. 
countries,  Msarara  and  I'Oghe.  are  probably  under  the 
fourth  parallel,  and  600  or  700  miles  from  the  .sea.  As  to  the 
E.  frontier  of  Monomoezi,  we  only  know  that,  on  the  great 
caravan  route  from  the  coast  (lat.  B°  30')  to  Oha,  (lat.  7°  30',) 
it  is  reached  in  46  days;  the  distance  thence  to  the  lake 
being  24  days  more. 

Of  the  numerous  countries  included  under  the  general 
title  of  Monomoezi,  four  are  said  to  constitute  independent 
kingdoms,  namely.  Uranga,  (the  Ruenga  of  earlj  writers,) 
on  a  S.  branch  of  the  Lufiji,  lat.  8°  to  9°  S.;  XJvinza.  Ugiyi, 
Oha  or  Uha,  Usui,  and  Ueanga.  The  king  of  Oha  is  some- 
times represented  as  the  paramount  sovereign  of  Jlonomo- 
ezl.  The  peoj)le  of  Monomoezi  are,  collectively,  Mucaranga. 
This  name,  given  to  the  race  and  language  both  in  Mono- 
moezi and  Monomotapa,  signifies,  native  of  Uranga,  and 
points  out  that  country  as  the  cradle  of  the  widely-spread 
nation.  It  is  remarkable  that,  in  Monomotapa,  white  tho 
empire  existed  in  all  its  state,  the  chief  officers  of  the  king's 
guards  were  entitled  Mucamoegi,  evidently  in  allusion  to 
tlie  N.  and  original  home  of  the  race.  The  natives  of  Mono- 
moezi are  tall  and  well  made;  black,  but  not  with  exaggo 
rated  negro  features.    The  journey  between  Oha  and  the 

1223 


]MON 

ooASt  taV-ps  al)out  four  months  and  a  half,  and  six  weeks  or 
two  mouths  are  i-pent  on  the  sea-side,  so  that  the  expedition 
Uwn  and  back  ajiain  oeeupies  11  months.  The  number  de- 
icundinj;  annually  is  from  8000  to  10.000.  of  whom  the  great 
majority  encamp  on  tlie  coast  opposite  to  Zanzibar,  round 
the  mouth  of  the  Ituvu ;  a  few  go  to  Kilwa,  and  some  north- 
wards. The  opinion  prevails  in  Zanzibar,  that  the  kingdoms 
of  .'Monomoezi  are  now  recovering  their  former  prosperity 
and  power. 

MONOMiJTAPA,  monVmo-til/pii,  an  empire  of  East  Africa, 
of  great  relative  magnitude  and  power,  at  the  time  of  its 
discovery,  in  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century,  when, 
owing  to  the  ignorance  and  exalted  temper  of  the  age,  it 
was  described  in  very  exagijerated  t«rms.  It  was  said  to 
have  a  circumference  of  1000  leagues,  and,  even  at  the  pre- 
sent day,  the  estimated  length  of  the  river  Zambezi,  which 
gives  the  breadth  of  the  empire,  is  doubtless  double  the  truth. 
Tlie  name  Monomotapa.  or  more  correctly,  Moeile  Motapa.  sig- 
nifies the  Empire  or  Emperor  of  Motapa;  literally,  perliaps, 
Motapa  itself  or  himself  Tlu!  empire  apjiears  to  have  beoc 
co-extensive  with  the  diffusion  of  the  Mucaranga  race,  S. 
of  the  Zambezi;  it  reached,  therefore,  from  this  river  S.  to 
Inhambane,  W.  to  Mailisa,  but  did  not  go  beyond  the  basin 
of  the  Zambezi.  On  the  E.  it  extended  to  the  sea  in  Sofiila, 
but  did  not  embrace  the  mouths  of  the  Zambezi ;  its  N. 
boundary,  on  the  sea-shore,  Ijeing  the  river  Tendacdlo. 

MOXON,  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles  N.W. 
of  Monticello. 

MONO'NA,  a  county  of  Iowa.    See  MA^-o^-A. 

MOXON  A,  Clayton  co.,  Iowa.    See  Appendix. 

MOXOXGA-BE,  mo-non'gd  hi,  a  town  of  Madagascar, 
capital  of  the  Vronimes  tribe,  district  of  Ibara,  about  lat. 
22°  S.,  Ion.  46°  E.  It  consists  of  about  SOO  houses,  situated 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Manangara. 

MOXOXGAIIELA  (mo-nonVa-heena)  RIVER,  a  branch  of 
the  Ohio,  is  formed  by  the  West  Fork  and  Tygart's  Valley 
Rivers,  which  rise  in  Randolph  and  Lewis  counties  of  Vii^ 
ginia,  and  unite  1  mile  from  Fairmont  in  Marion  county. 
It  pursues  a  north-eastorl3'  course  to  the  mouth  of  Cheat 
River,  its  principal  tributary,  which  enters  it  near  the 
boundary  between  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  after  which 
its  general  direction  is  northward  until  it  unites  with  the 
Alleghany  at  Pittsburg.  Large  steamboats  ascend  this 
river  to  Brownsville,  Penn.sylvania,  and  those  of  medium 
size  to  Fairmont,  Virginia.  The  whole  length,  exclusive  of 
branches,  is  150  miles.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 
crosses  the  river  just  below  the  junction  of  its  branches  by 
a  wire  suspension  bridge.  It  is  about  400  yards  wide  at 
IMttsburg.  and  300  yards,  on  an  average,  below  the  mouth 
of  Cheat  River.  The  obstructions  caused  by  rapids  in  the 
lower  part  of  its  course  have  been  obviated  by  dams. 
Branches. — The  West  Fork,  also  called  West  Fork  River, 
rises  in  Lewis  county  Virginia,  flows  northward  and  north- 
eastward through  Harrison  county,  and  meets  the  other 
branch  in  Marion  county,  after  a  course  of  more  than  100 
miles.  Water-power  is  abundant  on  this  stream.  Tygart's 
Valley  River  will  be  described  under  its  own  head. 

MONOXG.\IIELA,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  1197. 

MOXOXGAIIELA  CITY,  formerly  WILLIAMSPORT,  a 
thriving  post-borough  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Monongahela  lUver,  about  20  miles  S. 
of  Pittsburg.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  active  trade  and 
flourishing  manufactures  of  glass  and  other  articles.  The 
railroad  which  is  in  progress  from  Wheeling  to  Greens- 
burg  passes  through  or  very  near  the  town.  Pop.  in  1860, 
999. 

MONOXG.IlLI.A.,  mo-non-g.^He-a,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of 
W.  Virginia,  bordering  on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  areji  of  630 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Monongahela  and 
Cheat  Hivers.  Laurel  Hill,  the  most  western  ridge  of  the 
Alleghanies,  passes  through  the  E.  part  of  the  county. 
Much  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad.  Stone-coal  is  abundant.  Formed  in 
1776.  Capital,  Morgantown.  Pop.  13,048 ;  of  whom  12,947 
were  free,  and  101  slaves. 

M0X0N70MY  POIXT  LIGHT,  on  the  extreme  southern 
point  of  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts.  A  nar- 
row channel,  of  sufficient  depth  to  be  navigated  by  small 
craft,  has  been  worn  across  the  neck  by  the  action  of  the 
sea,  separating  it  from  the  mainland.  The  lantern  has  an 
elevation  of  25  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  shows  a 
fixed  light.     Lat.  41°  33'  42"  N..  Ion.  70°  W. 

MOXOl'OLI,  mo-nop'o-le.  a  town  and  seaport  of  Naples, 
province  and  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bari,  on  the  Adriatic.  It 
ranks  as  a  fortress  of  the  third  class,  Ijeing  seated  on  an 
eminence,  walled,  and  defended  by  a  ca-^tle.  It  has  2  sub- 
urbs, consisting  of  well-built  houses ;  but  the  town  itself  is 
Indifferently  built:  the  houses  being  too  lofty  for  the  width 
of  the  streets,  render  them  dark  and  gloomy.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  and  numerous  other  churches;  2  harbors,  with 
great  depth  of  water,  but  imperfectly  sheltered ;  and  a  trade 
in  woollen  and  cotton  cloth,  (both  extensively  manufactured 
in  the  tfiwn.)  wine,  and  olives.     Pop.  16.000. 

MONOQUET,  mouVkJf,  a  post-village  of 
1224 


'  Kosciusko  CO., 


MON 

Indiana,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Warsaw,  and  115  milee  N.  of 
Indianapolis. 

MOXOR,  mo^noR',  a  town  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube, 
CO.  and  20  miles  8.E.  of  I'csth.     I'op.  5408. . 

MOXUSl'OK,  mo'nos'toR/,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither 
Danube.  27  miles  S.E.  of  Fiinfkirchen.     Pop.  1245. 

MUNOSTOK,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Theiss,  co.  of 
Temosvar.     Pop.  1720. 

.MONOSTOR,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  co.  of 
Pesth.  on  an  island  of  the  Danube.     I'op.  900. 

MOXOSTOR-APATI,  mohios'tOR/0h'pohHee\  a  village  of 
Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  co.  of  Szalad.     Pop.  S19. 

MJXOSTOR-BATH,  mo'nos'toR' b|t.  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Hither  Danube,  co.  of  Bacs,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube. 
Pop.  1179. 

MOXOSTOUSZEG,  mo'nos'toR'sJg',  a  town  of  Hungary, 
Hither  Danube,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  with  which 
a  navigable  canal  here  communicates,  41  miles  S.E.  of  Fiinf- 
kirchen.    I'op.  4249. 

.'MONOVAR.  nio-no-vaB',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  28 
miles  X.W.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Elda,  defended  by  a  castle 
and  a  fortified  hermitage,  which  are  perched  on  two  emi- 
nences.   Pop.  7590. 

MOXPAZIEK.  mAK°'pdV,e-A',  atownof  France,  department 
of  Dordogne.  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bersrerac.     Pop.  1061. 

MOX PE Y i;OUX-D K-BOSQU ET.  m6N°'p.^>oo'dvhbos'ki',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron,  8  miles  S.  of 
Espalion.    Pop.  1550. 

MOXl'OXT,  mAxo"p6N«',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne.  on  the  Isle,  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Riberac.     P.  1328. 

MOXQUHITTER,  mon^kit/ter,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Aberdeen. 

MONREALE,  mon-rA-JlA,  or  ?IOXTREALE.  mont-ri\-inA, 
a  town  of  Sicily,  intendency  and  4  miles  S.W.  of  Palermo, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  noble  road.  Pop.  13,000. 
It  stands  on  a  steep  hill,  and  has  a  remarkable  cathedral, 
and  an  export  trade  in  corn,  oil,  and  fruit,  raised  in  ita 
vicinity.  It  was  founde^l  in  the  beginning  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, by  the  Norman  prince,  William  II..  surnamed  the 
Good,  who  also  founded  its  magnificcut  cathedral,  and  the 
Benedictine  convent,  which  possesses  an  excellent  library. 
Monreale  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a  college.  Outside 
the  town,  picturesquely  situ.ateii  among  steep  rocks,  is  a 
royal  summer  residence,  called  Renna. 

MOXREAL  DEL  CAMPO,  mon-ri/il  d.M  kSm'po,  a  town 
of  Spain,  Aragon,  34  miles  N.N.W.  of  Teruel.     Pop.  1510. 

MONROE,  nion-rO',  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  alxiut  720  sqtiare  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  drained  by  the  Genesee 
River,  Allen's  and  Sandy  Creeks,  and  other  small  streams. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile.  In  1850  there  were  raised  1.441.653 
bushels  of  wheat,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any 
county  in  the  United  States.  Iron  ore,  sandstone,  and  gyp- 
sum are  found  here,  and  there  are  also  sulphur  and  salt 
springs.  The  Erie  Canal  traverses  this  county,  which  is 
also  partly  iuter.«ected  by  the  Genesee  Canal,  and  by  sere- 
ral  railroads  centering  in  Rochester.  Organized  in  1821, 
and  named  in  honor  of  James  Monroe,  fifth  I'resident  of  tha 
United  States.     Capital,  Rochester.     Pop.  100.64S. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  con- 
tains about  600  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Delaw.ire  River,  which  separates  it  from  New  .Jersey; 
on  the  N.W.  by  the  Lehigh,  and  al.so  drained  by  Tobyhanr.a 
and  Broadhead's  Creeks.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is 
mountiiinous ;  the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  productive.  Lime- 
stone and  slate  are  found  in  the  county.  Capital,  Strouds- 
burg.     Pop.  16,758. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  West  Virginia,  con- 
tains 450  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Greenbrier 
and  New  Rivers,  which  unite  on  its  N.W.  border.  The 
county  is  traversed  by  the  main  branch  of  the.  Alleghanies 
It  abounds  in  mineral  springs,  some  of  which  are  frequented 
as  watering-places.  Stone-coal  is  found.  The  Covington 
and  Ohio  Railroad  is  located  through  this  county.  Cftpital, 
Union.  Pop.  10,757,  of  wljom  9643  were  free,  and  1114 
slaves. 

MOXROE,  a  county  in  the  oenti^l  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  440  square  miles.  The  Ocmulgee  River  forms  its 
eastern  boundary,  and  the  Towaliga  River  flows  through  it  • 
into  the  Ocmulgee;  it  is  also  drained  by  the  Tobesofka, 
Shoal,  Rum,  and  Crooked  Creeks.  The  soil  varies  from  fer- 
tile to  barren.  In  1850  the  county  produced  724.670  liushels 
of  corn;  the  greatest  quantity  raised  in  any  county  of  the 
state.  Gold  has  been  found  in  several  localities,  and  iron, 
granite,  and  plumbago  exist.  Monroe  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Central  Railroatl.  Organized  in  1821.  Capi- 
tal. Forsyth.  Pop.  15,953,  of  whom  5776  were  free,  and 
10,177  slaves. 

MOXROE,  a  county  of  Florida,  forms  the  S.  extremity  of 
the  peninsula,  terminating  at  Cape  Sab'.e.  The  Gulf  of 
Mexico  washes  it  on  the  S.W.,  and  Lake  Okecliobf.e  on  the 
N.E.  Its  limits  comprise  numerous  islands  of  conil  forma- 
tion, named  the  Florida  Keys.  The  surface  o'  tho  main- 
land is  mostly  occupied  by  marshes  and  evergh  Je?  or  (shal- 
low lakes.    Nearly  the  whole  population  of  tlve  coiinty  is 


MON 

contained  in  the  city  of  Key  West,  which  is  the  seat  of  jus- 
tice, and  the  largest  town  of  Florida.  Pop.  2913,  of  whom 
2462  were  free,  and  451  slaves. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an 
area  of  1070  square  miles.  The  Alabama  Ui\er  flows  ulou!? 
its  N.W.  border.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level. 
I'ine  lumber  is  procured  from  the  forests.  Capital,  Clai- 
borne.    Pop.  15,067,  of  whom  6962  were  free,  and  8705 

MO.NROE,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Mississippi, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  about  950  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  bv  Tombigbee  River,  and  its  afflu- 
ents, che  Buttahatchee  and  Oktibbeha.  The  surface  is  a 
level  plain,  almost  entirely  destitute  of  trees,  and  covered 
with  rank  grass.  The  soil  is  a  black,  calcareous,  and  highly 
productive  loam.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  route 
of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Kailroad.  Capital,  Aberdeen.  Pop. 
21,283,  of  whom  8554  were  free,  and  12,729  slaves. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Arkansas,  contains 
1040  square  miles.  It  i.s  intersected  by  the  AVhite  and  Cache 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  is  partly  occupied 
by  cypress  swamps.  Capital,  Lawrenceville.  Pop.  5657,  of 
whom  3431  were  free. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  border- 
ing on  North  Carolina:  area  estimated  at  500  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Tellico  River,  and  the  Little  Tennessee 
forms  part  of  its  N.E.  boundary.  The  Unuka.  or  Smoky 
Mountain,  lies  on  its  S.E.  border.  The  great  railroad  of 
East  Tennessee  passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  Madi- 
eonville.    Pop.  12,607,  of  whom  11,007  were  free,  and  1600 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at  600  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  tlie  head  streams  of  Hig  Barren  River,  and 
the  S.E.  part  is  traversed  by  Cumberland  River.  The  sur- 
ftwe  is  diversified.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Limestone, 
suitable  for  building,  is  abundant.  Formed  in  1820.  Capi- 
t;il,  Tompkinsville.  Pop.  8551,  of  whom  7629  were  free,  and 
922  slaves. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  the  Ohio  Ilivor,  which  separates  it  from  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  about  420  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Little 
Sluskingum  River,  and  by  Seneca  and  Sunfish  Creeks,  all 
of  which  rise  within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and 
well  timbercil.  In  1850  this  county  produced  3.681 ,705  pounds 
of  tobacco,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  In 
the  state.  It  contains  large  beds  of  stone-coal,  and  some 
iron.    Organized  in  1813.    Capitol,  Woodsfield.    Pop.  25,741. 

MONROE,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Michi- 
gan, bordering  on  Lake  Erie,  contains  540  square  miles. 
It  is  traversed  by  Raisin  River,  boundetl  on  the  N.E.  by 
Huron  River,  and  also  drained  by  Macon  River,  and  Stony, 
Saline,  and  Swan  Creeks.  The  surface  in  the  N.  is  level  and 
heavily  timbered;  the  S.  part  consists  of  rolling  prairies, 
interspersed  with  groves  of  oak  and  hickory.  The  soil  is 
fertile.  The  valley  of  Raisin  River  is  noted  for  bcaxity  and 
fertility.  Limestone  and  other  good  building  stone  are 
found.  The  Southern  Railroad  passes  through  the  county. 
Organized  in  1817.    Capital,  5Ionroe  City.     Pop.  21,593. 

MONHOE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  420  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Salt  Creek  and 
Beanblossnm  Creek.  The  surface  in  general  is  hilly,  and 
the  soil  productive.  It  is  intersected  by  the  New  Albany 
and  Chiciigo  Railroad.  Organized  in  1818.  Capital,  Bloom- 
iugton.     Pop.  12,847. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  S  W.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  The 
Miss's.sijipi  Kiver  forms  the  boundary  on  the  W.  and  S.W. ; 
the  county  is  also  drained  by  Prairie  and  Eagle  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  hillv  in  the  west  part,  and  nearly  level  in  the 
east.  The  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Capital,  Waterloo.  P.  12,832. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Mis.sourI.  has  an 
area  of  alwut  620  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Salt 
River,  aftd  also  drained  by  the  Middle  Fork,  South  Fork, 
Elk  Fork,  and  Long  Branch,  afiluents  of  the  first-named 
river,  and  by  Crooked.  Otter,  and  Indian  Creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating,  and  consists  partly  of  prairies ;  the  soil 
is  very  productive.  Stone-coal  abounds  in  several  places; 
the  rocks  which  underlie  the  county  are  limestone  and  free- 
stone. Organized  in  1830.  Capital,  Paris.  Pop.  14,785,  of 
whom  11,764  were  free,  and  3021  slaves. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of 
430  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cedar  Creek,  and  the 
Des  Moines  touches  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  county,  which 
Is  also  drained  by  Miller's  and  Avery's  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  groves  of  timber,  and  fertile  rolling  prai- 
ries. Limestone  is  one  of  the  principal  rocks.  The  land  was 
relinquished  by  the  Indians  in  1842.  Capital,  Albia.  Pop. 
8612.  r       ,  ^■ 

MONROE,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  about  44 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1703. 

MONROE,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  CO..  Massachusetts, 
bordering  on  Vermont,  about  52  miles  N.N.W.  of  Spring- 
field.    Pop.  236. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fairfield  co., 


MON 

Connecticut,  on  the  ITousatonic  River  and  Railroad,  about 
•17  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  New  Haven.     Top.  1382. 

5I0NR0E,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  co..  New 
York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railro,id,  50  miles  from 
New  York  City.  Settled  in  1742.  Pop.  3975.  It  is  the  seal 
of  Broekport  Collegiate  Institute,  with  about  150  students. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jersey.  Popi 
3131. 

MONROE,  a  village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  3  miles  N.E. 
of  Morrlstown. 

MONROE,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvanijt 
Pop.  775. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  1249. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Del.aware  River. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1331. 

MONROE,  a  village  and  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 5  miles  S.E.  of  Carlisle.    Pop.  1849. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  National  Road,  about  180  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 
Laid  out  in  1820.    Pop.  about  400. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Peiinsylvanla. 
Pop.  814. 

510NR0E.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Union  co..  North  Caro- 
Una,  150  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh.  It  was  .selected  for  the 
county  seat  in  1844,  when  the  county  was  organized.  It 
contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  6  stores.  Free  Pop- 
ulation 239. 

MONROE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Walton  co..  Georgia, 
66  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville,  and  10  miles  from  the 
Georgia  Railroad.  It  presents  a  neat  appearance,  and  con- 
tains a  brick  court-house,  a  jail,  2  churches,  2  hotels,  and  2 
high  schools. 

3I0NROE,  a  post-ofUce  of  Morgan  co..  Alabama. 

MONROE,  a  post-office  of  Perry  CO.,  Mississippi. 

MONROE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wa.shita  parish.  Loui- 
sian.a,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Washita  River,  250  miles  by 
water  N.N.AV.  of  Baton  Rouge.  Steamboats  navigate  tho 
river  both  above  and  below  this  point.  The  route  of  the 
projected  railroad  from  Vicksburg  to  Sbreveport  passes 
through  Monroe. 

MONROE,  a  township  in  Lafayette  co.,  Arkansas. 

MONROE,  a  township  in  Sevier  co.,  .\rkansas. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  of  Overton  co.,  Tennessee,  106 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville,  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
county. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  in  Hart  co.,  Kentucky,  90  miles 
S.W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1206. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1515. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1610. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Oliio,  about  12  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Hamilton,  has  about  300  inhabitants. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1241. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1605. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  868. 

MONRO K,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1015. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  975. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1127. 

MONROK,  a  village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  14  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Hillsborotigh. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1035. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1085. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1137. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1299. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  368. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2774. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Muskingtnn  co.,  Ohio.    Pop  929. 

MONltOE,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1424. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio.    Pop  1798. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1507. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1765. 

MONROE,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Monroe  co., 
Michigan,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Raisin 
River,  2  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  and  .it  the 
E.  terminus  of  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.  40  miles 
S.W.  of  Detroit.  It  is  connected  with  the  lake  by  a  ship- 
canal,  and  is  the  terminus  of  two  plank-roads.  The  court- 
house, which  is  built  of  hewn  stone,  cost  $35,000.  The  town 
contains  6  churches,  several  of  which  are  handsome  build- 
ings, 2  or  3  banks,  and  3  newspaper  offices.  The  valley  of 
Raisin  River  is  said  to  bo  equal  in  fertility  to  any  part  of 
the  state.  Monroe  is  the  principal  market  for  the  wheat 
produced  in  several  adjoining  counties.  It  contains  manu- 
factories of  wool,  flour,  lumber,  and  leather.  The  Detroit 
Monroe  and  Toledo  Railroad  passes  through  it.  This  place 
was  settled  by  the  French,  about  1776,  but  the  present  town 
has  been  mostly  built  since  1835.  Pop.  in  1850,2813;  in 
1860,  3892. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  607. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indi.ana.    Pop.  610. 

MON  ROE,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  720, 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1679. 

1225 


MON 


MON 


MOXROE,  ii  tiiwnship  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1189. 
MOXEOE,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  961. 
MOXROE,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1344. 
MONROE,  a  townsliip  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1741. 
MOXROE,  a  townsliip  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1680. 

MONROE,  a  townsliip  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1090. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  759. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1616. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1312. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  906. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois. 

MONROE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Monroe  township, 
capital  of  Greene  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Southern  TVisconsin 
Railroad,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madison.  It  is  finely  situated 
on  a  fertile  rolling  prairio,  and  is  a  place  of  active  trade.  It 
has  1  newspaper  office,  2  churches,  7  stores,  and  2  steam- 
mills.    Pop.  about  1200 ;  of  the  township  2171. 

MONROE  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  "Waldo  CO.,  Maine, 
about  45  miles  E.N.E.  of  Augusta. 

MONROE  CENTRE,  a  postrvillage  in  the  N.  part  of  Ash- 
tabula CO.,  Ohio. 

MONROE,  a  postoffice  of  Laurens  district,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

MONROE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

MOXROETON,  mon-ro'ton,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Towanda  Creek,  about  130  miles  N.  of 
Harrisburg. 

MOXROETON,  a  postvillage  of  Rockingham  co..  North 
Carolina. 

MONROE  VILLE,  mon-ro/vil,  a  postoffice  of  Alleghany  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MONROE^^LLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama, 
10  miles  E.  of  Claiborne,  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 

MONROEVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ridgefield 
township,  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Huron  River,  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  and  on  the  Mansfield  and 
Sandusky  Railroad,  16  miles  S.  of  Sandusky.  It  is  a  place 
of  active  business,  and  of  rapid  growth.  It  contains  8  or  10 
stores,  and  a  union  school.  Pop.  1257. 

MONROEVILLE,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  about  24 
miles  N.W.  of  Steubcnville. 

MONROEYILLE,  a  village  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal,  130  miles  N.E.  of  Colum- 
bus. 

MONROEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 

MONROEVILLE,  a  post-town  of  Colusi  co.,  California,  on 
Sacramento  River.    Pop.  809. 

MONROE  AVORKS,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  New  Tork, 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  62  miles  from  New  York 
city.    Named  from  the  iron  works  in  the  vicinity. 

MONROIG,  mon-ro-eeg',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  13 
miles  ^V.  of  Tarragona.    Pop.  3092. 

MONRO'VIA,  the  capital  of  Liberia.    See  Appe:jdix. 

M(»XI{OVIA.  apostvillageof  Prederick  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  R.iliimnre  and  Ohio  Railroad,  50  miles  from  Baltimore. 

MOXROTI.i,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  24 
miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MONROYO,  mou-roy'o,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  80  miles 
S.E.  of  Saratrossa.    Pop.  1396. 

MONS,  misss,  (Flemish  Bergen,  b^R'Hen;  anc.  Mon>tes 
Hano'nia;,)  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Ilainaut,  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tournay,  on  the  railway 
from  Brussels  to  Valenciennes,  and  intersected  by  the  Trou- 
ille,  here  crossed  by  3  bridges.  It  has  5  gates,  and  is  com- 
manded by  a  castle,  '•Chateau-Lieu,"  built  on  the  site  of  an 
ancient  Roman  camp.  Two  lakes  interrupt  the  approach  from 
the  E..  and,  from  the  facilities  for  laying  the  whole  circum- 
jacent country  under  water  by  turning  the  river  from  its 
usual  course,  access  to  the  fortress  is  rendered  difficult.  The 
town  has  a  flourishing  appearance ;  its  principal  streets  are 
wide  and  straight,  though  occasionally  somewhat  steep ;  and 
some  of  its  8  square*  are  spacious,  and  lined  with  handsome 
houses  and  public  buildings.  It  has  5  churches,  those  of 
St.  Wardru  and  St.  Elizabeth  being  beautiful  structures;  a 
Gothic  town-hall,  civil  and  military  hospitals,  court-house, 
arsenal,  and  theatre;  a  school  of  arts,  academy  of  music; 
mineralogical,  architectural,  and  horticultural  societies: 
medical  seminary,  orphan  asylum,  a  deaf  and  dumb  insti- 
tution. 2  lunatic  asylums,  a  college,  and  numerous  public 
and  private  schools.  Its  manufactures  consist  of  linen, 
woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  fire-arms,  cutlery,  musical  in- 
Btrunients,  and  sugar;  it  has  also  copper,  lead,  and  pewter 
foundries:  several  breweries  and  bleach-fields;  an  active 
trade  in  timber,  coal,  building-stone,  and  corn,  the  transfer 
of  which  is  facilitated  by  a  canal,  connecting  with  the 
Scheldt.  In  1425,  Jean  iv„  Duke  of  Brabant,  aided  by 
Philip  the  Good,  Duke  -jf  Burgundy,  besieged  and  took  the 
town.  It  afterwards  sustained  several  sieges,  and  was 
alternately  in  the  hands  of  the  Austiiaus.  Spaniards,  and 
French,  till,  iu  1794.  it  fell  to  the  latter,  and  was  retained 
by  tlieni  till  1814,  when  it  was  ultimately  inc-oriX)rated  with 
Belgium.  Pop.  26,94.3.  This  district  of  country  is  called 
the  UoRi.v.\c.E,  and  the  miners  are  called  Bor.u.ns. 

MONS,  mAN"  or  m6Nss,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
1226  ^ 


Var,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Draguignan.    Near  it  is  a  magnificent 
grotto. 

MONSANTO,  mon-sSn'to,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Guardft,     Pop.  130a 
MONSARAS.  a  town  of  Portug.al.     See  Moxcaras. 
MONS  CADMUS.    See  Baba-Dagh. 

MONS£gUR.  mAxo^sAVtiR/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Dropt,  7  miles  N.E. 
of  La  Reole.     Pop.  1344. 

MONSELICE,  mon-s.i-lec/ch.i,  a  walled  town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  delegation  and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Padua,  on  the  Canal 
of  Monselice,  which  extends  from  Padua  to  Este.  Pop. 
6400. 

MONSERRAT,  mon-s^R-Rilt/,  or  MONTSERRAT.  mont-sJR. 
R3t',  a  mountain  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  proi  inco  and  19  miles 
N.AV.  of  Barcelona,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Llobregat.  It  is 
3300  feet  in  height,  and  consists  of  a  great  number  of  lofty, 
isolated  peaks,  between  which  the  ascent  is  made  witli  great 
difficulty.  About  midway  up  its  E.  side,  stands  the  famous 
monastery  of  the  same  name,  in  which  Charles  V,  spent  his 
last  days.  It  possesses  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  whose  alleged 
miraculous  powers  used  to  attract  vast  iiumliers  of  pilgrims; 
and,  perched  on  the  surrounding  rocks,  are  numbers  of  her- 
mitages, several  of  which  have  been  occupied  by  the  most 
distinguished  saints  of  the  Romish  calendar.  Asthe  moun- 
tain stands  in  the  lino  of  the  royal  road  from  Msmresa, 
across  the  Llobregat,  advantage  was  taken  of  its  strong 
natural  position  in  the  war  of  independence,  and  several 
fortifications  were  erected  upon  it. 

MON'SEY,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Rockland  co..  New 
Y'ork,  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  37  miles  from  New  York. 

MONSIIEIM,  (Monsheim.)  nilins'hime,  a  vill.age  of  'Wiir- 
temberg,  circle  of  Neckar,  on  the  Ki-euzbach.     Pop.  1011. 

MONSOL,  m6xo'sol',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Villefranche.    Pop.  1238. 

MON/SOX,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Piscataquis  River,  about  73  miles  N.N.E.  of  Augnsta. 
Pop.  708, 

MONSON,  a  postvillage  and  township  of  Hampden  co.. 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Chickopee  River,  on  the  New  Londoii 
Willimantic  and  Palmer  Railroad,  about  20  miles  E.  of 
Springfield.  It  contains  a  flourishing  academy,  and  haa 
several  satinet  and  cotton  mills.    Pop.  .3164. 

MON.STER,  mOn'ster,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
South  Holland,  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rotterdam.    Pop.  1540. 
MOX'SUM  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  York  co.,  Maine, 
falls  into  Kenuebunk  Harbor. 

MOXTA,  mon'td,  (L.  MonUiia.)  a  village  of  Piedmont,  di- 
vision of  Coni,  immediately  N.W.  of  Casale.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune, 2850. 

MOXTABAUR.  mon'ti-howR',  a  town  of  West  Germany, 
duchy  and  S  miles  X'^.  of  Xnssau.    I'op.  2727,    It  has  oil- 
mills,  and  manufactures  of  linen  and  paper. 
MOXTACUTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Somerset. 
MOXTACUTO,  mon'ta^koo'to,  a  market-town  of  Tuscany, 
42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Florence. 

MOXTAFUXERTHAL,  mon'ti-foo/ngr-tdr,  a  wild  and  ro- 
mantic valley  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  in  the  S.E.  of  Vorarlberg, 
near  St.  Peter,  and  traversed  by  the  111.  It  forms  a  district 
of  about  150  geographical  square  miles,  includes  10  parishes, 
is  governed  by  its  own  landamman,  and  has  a  population 
of  8900.     Its  chief  town  is  Schruns. 

MONTAGNA,  mon-tin'yj.  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  2 
miles  E.  of  Sondrio.    Pop.  1943. 

MOXTAGNAC.  niAso'tJuVilk',  a  town  of  South  France, 
department  of  Herault.  on  the  Herault,  21  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Montpellier.     Pop.  iu  1852,  3647. 

MONTAGXAXA,  mon-tSn-yd/nd,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
delegation  and  23  miles  S.M'.  of  Padua,  on  the  Frassina. 
Pop.  8200.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  linen  cloths,  hats,  and  leather. 

MOXTAGUE  (mon'tagu)  ISLAXD,  one  Of  the  New  He- 
brides, in  the  South  Pacific.  Lilt.  17°  20'  S.,  Ion.  168°  17'  E. 
MONTAGXES  ROCUEUSES.  See  Rocky  Mountai.ns. 
MOXT.iGUE,  mon'ta-gu,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Franklin  co..  Massachusetts,  about  36  miles  X.  of  Springfield. 
The  township  borders  on  the  Connecticut,  whicli  is  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge.  It  is  intersected  by  tlie  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts  Railroad.  A  dam  has  been  constructed  across 
the  river  at  Turner's  Falls,  in  the  X.  part  of  the  township, 
creating  an  immense  hydraulic  power.  Navigation  is  facili- 
tated by  a  canal  around  the  falls,  with  75  feet  of  lockage. 
Montague  has  manufactures  of  cutlery,  piano-fortes,  leather, 
rakes,  '&c.    Pop.  1593. 

MOXT.IGUE,  a  post-township  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  about  85  miles  N.  of  Trenton.  Pop, 
983. 

MONT.iGUE,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  Virginia,  64  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Richmond. 

MOXTAGUE  CAXAL.  a  post-village  in  Franklin  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  canal  around  Turiie~'s  Falls,  in  the  Con 
necticut.  about  85  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Boston. 

MONT.\GUE  (mon'ta-gu)  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  off  East  Australia,  lat.  3G°  18'  S.,  lov,  ISO'^  >4'  E. 
MONTAGUE  ISLAND,  an  island  iu  the  P«  .  f*  0  ean,  B  «*■ 


MON 


MON 


Slan  America,  Prince  William  Sound,  lat.  60°  N.,  Ion.  Ii6° 
60'  W.     Length  50  miles,  breadth  8  miles. 

MONTAGUE  and  BRISTOL  ISLANDS,  in  the  Antarctic 
Ocean,  Int.  58°  S.."  Ion.  27°  W. 

MOXTAGUE  ISLAND,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Australia ;  lat. 
86°  18'  S.,  Ion.  150°  24'  K. 

MONTAGUE  ISLAND,  on  the  E.  coast  of  China,  province 
of  Clie-kiiing;  lat.  (E.  point)  29°  10'  N.,  Ion.  122°  .V  E. 

MONTAGUE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Lslands,  in 
the  South  Atlantic;  lut.  5S°  27'  S..  Ion.  26°  W  W. 

MONTAGUE  SOUND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.W.  of  Austra- 
lia, lat.  14°  30'  S.,  Ion.  12.5°  30'  E. 

JIONT.\IGU,  mA.NO^ti^gu',  (Flemish  ScherpenJieuvd,  sk5r'- 
Pf  n-hii'veV;  the  signification  of  both  names  being  the  same — 
"  sharp  mountain,")  a  town  of  Uelgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant, 28  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2267. 

MONTAIGU,  mdNoH.Vgu',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Vendue,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bourbon- Vendee.    I'op.  1330. 

MONTAIGUT,  mA.\<i^t.'i'gii'.  or  MONTAIGU,  a  small  town 
of  France,  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  16  miles  N.  of 
Mois.sac.    Pop.  in  1852,  3279. 

MONTAIGUT,  mA.No'tVgii',  or  MONTAIGU,  a  small  town 
of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  24  miles  N.W.  of 
Riom.     Pop.  in  1852,  1652. 

MONTAILLEUR,  mA.No'tShVtm',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province  of  Upper  Savoy,  3  miles  from  Chambery. 
I'op.  1108. 

MONTAIMONT,  mANO^t\'mAN"/,  a  village  of  the  SardinLin 
States,  Savoy,  7  miles  N.  of  St.  Jean  de  Maurienne.    P.  1500. 

5KJNTALBAN,  mon-tAl-bJn',  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  18  miles  S.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  2794.  It  was  fortified  un- 
der the  Moors. 

MO.N'TALBAN.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  and  32 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Teruel.     Pop.  2902. 

MONT  ALBAN,  (il'ban.)  a  village  of  AVarren  Co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  railroad  from  Vicksburg  to  Jackson,  8  miles  E. 
of  the  former. 

MONTALBANO,  mon-tiil-bi'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Basilicata.  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Matera.     Pop.  2800. 

BIONTALBODO,  mon-tdl-bo/do,  a  village  of  Central  Italy, 
in  the  province  of  Aucona,  about  19  miles  W.  of  Anco:i». 
Pop.  4000. 

MONT-ALCINO,  a  town  of  Tuscanj.    See  Moste  Alciso. 

JIONTALDO-DI-MONDOVI,  mon-tll'do  dee  mon-do-vee',  a 
village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Coni,  6  mlleg 
S.  of  Mondovi.     Pop.  1S91. 

MONTALDO-D'ACQUI,  mon-tai'do  dik^kee,  a  village  of 
the  Sardiiiian  States,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  of 
Acqui.     Pop.  1020. 

MONTALDO-KOERO,  mon-til'do  ro-.Vro,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Coni,  6  miles  from  Alba.  I'op. 
1426. 

MONTALDO-SCARAMPI,  mon-ai'do  ski-rlm'pee,  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Asti.     Pop.  1055. 

MONTALEGUE,  mon-td-li'grA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Pard,  on  the  Amazon,  100  miles  W.  of  Almeirim.  Pop.  of 
district.  4000. 

MONTALEGUE,  mon-ti-l.VgrA,  a  marketrtown  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Tras-os-Montes.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chaves. 

M0NT,\LENG0,  mon-td-l4n'go,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  8  miles  S.  of  Ivrea,  on  the  Canal 
of  Caluso.     Pop.  1340. 

MONTALTO,  mou-tdl'to,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  1222. 

MONTALTO,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Nice.  12  miles  from  St.  Remo.    Jfi>p.  1050. 

MON  I'ALTO.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Turin.  2  miles  N.  of  Ivrea,  on  the  Dora.     Pop.  1320. 

MONTALTO,  a  town  of  Itjily,  in  the  province  of  Ascoli,  8 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ascoli.  It  is  a  bishop's  see.  Pope  Sixtus  V. 
Wiis  born  here.    Pop.  1500. 

MONTALTO,  (L.  liabia),  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  2430. 

MONT  ALTO,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

JIONTALVANKJO,  mnn-tai-vd-uA/Ho,  a  town  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  24  miles  from  Cuenca.     Pop.  1189. 

MONTALVAO,  mon-tai-vOwNO,/  a  small  fortified  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Porta- 
legre. 

MONTALVO,  mon-tjl'vo,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile, 
30  miles  from  Cuenca.     Pop.  1141. 

MONTANARO,  mon-ta-nd'ro.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  divi- 
sion, province,  and  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Turin.  Pop.,  includ- 
ing ooniinune,  4400.    It  has  a  i-astle  and  2  schools. 

MONTANCIIES,  mon-t3n'chJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Caceres,  with  a  town-house,  prison,  2 
professorships  of  Latin,  and  3  elementary  schools;  a  church, 
a  nunnt'ry,  and  several  fountains;  50  ilour  and  oil  mills. 
Many  of  the  iiih.ibitanta  are  engaged  in  different  kinds  of 
traffic,  exporting  chiefly  their  hung  beef  and  rich  hams, 
-which  are  much  est^'^med.    Pop.  5587. 

MONTARGIL.  mon-taR-zheel',  a  village  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo,  42  miles  S.W.  of  Portalegre.    Pop.  1311. 

MONTAKGIS,  mox'taiOzhee',  (L.  MontarfgiumVellrmodum.) 
1  town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  on  the  Loing,  at  { 


the  junction  of  the  canals  Brfare  and  Lolnff,  38  miles  E.  of 
Orleans.  Pop.  in  1852,  7527.  It  has  ruinij  of  walls,  and  of 
an  old  castle,  built  by  Charles  V.  of  France. 

MONT- ASTRUO,  mANt-as'triik',  a  villag'!  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Ilaute-Garonne,  lu  miles  N.E.  of  Touluuse.    P.  1200 

MONTATAIRE.  niAxoHd'taiR',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  arrondis.'^ement  of  Senlis.  with  important  iroo, 
copper,  and  zinc  works.     Pop.  in  1852.  2e67. 

M0NTAU15AN.  mAso'to'b6N«',  (anc.  Mrms  Alba/nus.)  a  town 
of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Tarn,  and  on  the  railway  from  lior. 
deaux  to  Cette,  110  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1852, 
24,726.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce, 
a  chamber  of  manufiictures,  a  seminary  with  Protestant 
faculty  of  theology,  normal  school,  and  library  of  10,000 
volumes.  Montauban,  founded  in  the  middle  of  the  12th 
century,  was  ineffectually  bo^ieged  by  .Moutluc  in  1580,  and 
by  the  troops  of  Louis  NIII.  in  1621.  It  was  one  of  the  first 
towns  which  embraced  the  Reformation ;  and  has,  in  conse- 
quence, been  often  subjected  to  the  most  cruel  persecutions. 

MONTAUD,  mANo'tiV,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire,  arrondissemcnt  of  St.  Etienne.  Pop.  in  1852, 
5726. 

MONT.\L"DIN,  mAso'toMix"'.  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  and  17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mayenne.     Pop.  1484. 

MON^T.iUK',  apostrvillage  of  Dent  co.,  Missouri,  110  miles 
S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

MONTAUK  POINT,  a  high  promontory  at  the  eastera 
extremity  of  I.ong  Island,  against  which  the  waves  of  the 
.\tlautic  beat  with  tremendous  violence.  It  contains  a  fixed 
light,  161  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  4'  12" 
N.,  Ion.  71°  51'  54"  W.  The  firm  sea  air  here,  together  with 
the  wildness  and  grandeur  of  the  scenery,  attracts  many 
visitors  during  the  summer  season. 

MONTAZZOLI,  mou-tdt/so-le,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Citra,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Vasto.     Pop.  2100. 

MONTBARD,  mA.No'baR',  (L.  Mons  Jiarrus,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Cote-d'Or,  on  the  Burgundy  Canal, 
and  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons.  9  miles  N.  of  Semur. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2719.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  naturalists 
Buffon  and  Daubenton. 

MONTBAZON,  mAN«'bd'zAx<:',  (L.  Mans-Bimmu,)  &  town  of 
France,  department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  on  the  ludre,  8  miles 
S.  of  Tours.     Pop.  1180. 

MONTlifiLIARD,  mANo'biMe-aR/,  or  MONTBELLIARD, 
mA-N'o^b^rie-aR/,  (L.  Jllrms-PiUiger ;  Ger.  Miimpelgard,  miim'- 
pel-gaRt\)  a  town  of  F'rance,  department  of  Doubs,  40  milea 
E.N.E.  of  Be.san^on,  on  the  Rhine  and  Rhone  Junction  Ca- 
nal. Pop.  iu  1852,  6144.  It  has  a  communal  college  and 
public  library,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fab- 
rics and  mu.'flins. 

MONT  BLANC,  mA.v"  blS.vo',  (It.  Nmte  liiancn,  mon/ti  be- 
dn'ko;  L.  Mmis  AVImx;  both  names,  as  well  as  the  French 
Mimt  BUinc,  signifying  " ANhite  Mountain,")  a  celebrated 
mountain  of  the  Alps  of  Savoy,  the  highest  in  Europe,  iu 
lat.  45°  49'  58"  N.,  Ion.  6°  51'  54"  E.  The  elevation,  as  given 
by  the  Italian  engineers,  is  15,810  feet;  but  this  varies  to 
an  extent  of  several  feet,  according  to  the  amount  of  con- 
densed snow  on  its  summit.  Limit  of  the  snow  line,  8000 
feet  above  the  sea;  34  glaciers  bound  the  chain  of  Mont 
Blanc,  occupying  a  surface  estimated  at  95  square  miles. 
The  largest  and  most  complex  of  these  is  the  ikr  de  Glace, 
(■'  sea  of  ice,")  the  lower  part  of  which,  called  the  Glacier  cits 
Bois.  (the  "glacier  of  the  woods,")  gives  rise  to  the  river 
Arvciron,  2  miles  above  Chamouni.  Mont  Blanc  was  first 
ascendeil  by  Paccard,  8th  August,  1786. 

MONTBLANCH,  mont-bldnk',  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  4114. 

M0NTBK£iIAIN,  mAK«:br;l^hix°/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  arrondissement  of  St.  Quentin.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2023. 

MONTBRISON,  mAN»'bree'zAN»',  (L.  Mmtbrismuim,)  a 
town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Loire,  234  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  5994.  It  has  a  normal  school, 
and  a  public  library  of  15.000  volumes,  but  no  manufactures. 
It  communicates  by  railway  with  the  Loire,  and  with  the  line 
from  Roanne  to  Lyons.     In  its  vicinity  are  mineral  springs. 

MONTBRON,  mAxo'brAN^',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Charente,  16  miles  E.  of  Angouleme.    Pop.  1235. 

MONTBKUN,  mA.No'brQxo/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-Garonne,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop. 
1570. 

MONTCALM,  mont-kdm',  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  cen- 
tral part  of  Michigan,  has  an  area  of  580  square  miles.  It 
is  principally  drained  by  Flat  and  Pine  Rivers,  and  Fish 
Creek.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Greenville  or  Stanton. 
Named  in  honor  of  General  Montcalm,  who  fell  in  the 
defence  of  Quebec,  in  1759.    Pop.  396.8. 

MONTCALM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Montcalm  co., 
Michigan,  .about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  364. 

MONTCALM,  a  post-ofBce  of  Bienville  parish.  Louisiana. 
MONTCEL,  raA.\-='sM/,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Savoy  Proper.  5  miles  from  Aix.     Pop.  1115. 

MONT  CENIS,  mAs"  sgh-nee',  (It.  Monte  Cenisin,  mon'ti 
ehi-nee'se-o,)  one  of  the  most  remarkable  summits  of  the 

12:^7 


J 


MOJg 


MON 


Ali;«,  ^n  the  limits  ol  Savoy  stnd  Piedmont ;  lat.  (of  hospice) 
4fj°  14'  8"  N.,  Ion.  6°  56'  1 1"  K.  The  road  in  the  pass  of  Mont 
Cenls,  madu  b}-  the  French  in  1808  to  ISll,  is  one  of  the  most 
frequented  across  the  Alps.  Uighest  point  6775  feet  above 
the  sea. 

MONT  CERVIX.  (Germ.  Matt^rltarn.)     See  CeRVIN. 

MOXTCOKXET,  mA.\o'koR'n.V,  a  market-towa  of  France, 
department  of  Aisne.     Pop.  in  1852,  1783. 

MOXTCUQ,  a  village  of  France.     See  MOSCUQ. 

MOXT-DAUI'IIIX,  m6xGMO'f4N«',  a  small  fortified  town 
of  France,  department  of  Ilautes-Aliies,  on  a  height  beside 
the  Durance.  10  miles  X.E.  of  Embrun.     Pop.  66!). 

MOXT-DE-MAUSAX,  miN^-deh-maR'sJ.No',  (L.  Mons  Mar- 
ticnii,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Laudes,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Douze  and  Midou,  which  here  form  the  navigable 
Midouze,  and  are  spanned  by  handsome  bridges,  62  miles 
E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1852,  4463.  It  has  a  communal 
college,  and  mineral  warm  batlis.  Manufactures  comprise 
common  woollen  cloths,  blankets,  sail-cloth,  and  leather, 
and  by  its  po.Mtiou  on  the  navigable  river  Midouze,  it  has 
become  an  entrepot  for  the  wines,  brandies,  wool,  and  agri- 
cultural produce  of  the  surrounding  country. 

MOXTDIDIKU,  mAx-oMee'de-A/,  (L.  Motis  Desidelrii.)  a 
market'town  of  France,  department  of  Somme,  21  miles  S.K. 
of  Amiens.  Pop.  in  1852,  4063.  It  has  remains  of  old  forti- 
fications, a  towu-hall,  a  prison,  communal  college,  and  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  hosiery. 

MOXTDIDIEK,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  arrondissement  of  Chateau-Salius. 

MOXT-DOR,  France.    See  Dor. 

MOXTDKAGOX  or  MOXDRAGON,  mANoMra'gijKo/,  (L. 
Mons  Draco>nis.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vaucluse, 
on  the  Lez.  20  miles  X.X.W.  of  Avignon.    Pop.  1769. 

MONTE  ALCIXO,  mon't.i  ai-chee'no.  or  MOXT-ALCIXO, 
mon-tjl-chee'no,  an  episcopal  city  of  Tuscany,  province  and 
20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sienna.  Pop.  3800.  It  has  a  fine  cathedral, 
restored  in  1832,  and  a  castle. 

MOXTE  ALEGKE,  mon'td  Mi/gr.i,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  30  miles  S.E.  of  Albacete,  in  a  narrow  valley, 
overlooked  by  a  ruined  Moorish  castle.     Pop.  3490. 

MONTE-ALTO,  monHrl-il'to,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Bahia.  comarca  of  Urabu. 

MOXTl-:-APERTO,  mon'tl-a-pjR'to,  a  village  of  SicUy,  pro- 
vince and  3  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Girgenti.     Pop.  1000. 

MOXTEBELLO,  mon'tA-b^mo,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
delegation  and  10  miles  S.W.  of  Yicenza.  Pop.  4000.  It 
has  2  castles,  and  several  churches. 

MOXTEBELIiO,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  Piedmont, 
division  and  23  miles  E.X.E.  of  Alessandria,  and  from  a 
victory  over  the  Austrians  near  which.  Marshal  Ijinnes 
derived  his  title  of  Duke  de  Montebello.  A  battle  was 
fbuiiht  here  between  the  Austrians  and  French  in  1812. 

M0XTE15ELLUXA,  mon'ti-li4l-Ioo'n,i  a  market-town  of 
Austrian  Italy,  delegation  and  13  miles  W.X.W.  of  Trevi.«o. 

M0XTEBE8CARIA.  mon^ti-b^s-ka're-3,  or  MOXTEBEC- 
CARIA,  mon^tA-bck-k4're-3,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Alessandria.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Pavia.    Pop.  2&41. 

MOXTE  BIAXCO.     See  Mom  Blaxc. 

MOXTKBOUUG,  mJs'i'teh-lwR',  (L.  Mmttis  Bur'gus,)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Cherbourg.     Pop.  in  1852,  2471. 

MOXTECALVO,  monH.Vkil'vo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Ultni,  14  miles  E.X.E.  of  Benevento.    P.  4900. 

MOXTE-CAVO  or  MOUNT  CAVO.    See  Alb.^no. 

MOXTECARLO,  monXA-kanlo,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  SO 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Florence.     Pop.  2960. 

MONTE-CAROTTO,  mon'tA-kl-rot'to,  a  town  of  Central 
Italv,  in  the  pro%ince  of  Anconii,  and  24  miles  W-S.W.  of 
Ancona.    Pop.  2800. 

MONTE-CASIXO,  mon'ti-kl-see'no,  a  celebrated  Benedic- 
tine abtiey.  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  on  a  moun- 
tain near  San  Gormano,  with  a  Hfcrary  of  19,000  volumes. 

5I0XTECASTELL0,  mon'tA-ki»-tel1o,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  Slates,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Alessandria,  on  the  Tanaro. 
Pop.  1200. 

MOXTE-CATIXI.  mon'td-kJ-tee'nee,  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
government  and  29  miles  W.  of  Florence.  Pop.  2600.  It 
has  tliermal  springs,  and  elegant  baths,  the  most  celebrated 
In  Tuscany. 

MONTECATIXI  DI  TAL  DI  XIEA-OLE,  mon^a-k3-tee'- 
nee  dee  vdl  de  ne-.Vvo-li,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province  of 
Florence.  S.E.  of  Pisa,    Pop.  2782. 

MOXTECCtllO.  mon-tJk'keK),  a  market-town  of  Modena, 
on  the  Enza,  8  miles  W.  of  Reggio. 

MOXTECCniO  MAGGIORE,  mon-tjknie-o  mdd-jo'rA,  a 
village  of  Austrian  Italy,  delegation  and  7  miles  S.W.  of 
Vicenza.     Pop.  4200. 

JIOXTE-CEUBOLI.  mon'tA-ch?Rnxi-le.  a  villace  of  Tus- 
cany, province  and  40  mil-.-s  S.S.E.  of  Pisa.  Near  it  are  the 
femous  borax  la^'oons  of  the  grand-duchy. 

MOXTECH.  m6x»'t^sh',  (L.  ifonlinium',)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne.  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montau- 
ban.  on  an  affluent  of  the  tiaroniie.    Pop.  1700. 

MOXTECUl  ARO,  mon'tA-ke-d/ro.  a  market-town  of  North 
Italy,  liou^bardy,  delegation  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Brescia,  on 
1228 


the  Chiese.    Pop.  6600,  who  manufacture  silk  stufTs.    Here 
the  Austrians  were  defeated  by  the  French  in  17V6 

MOXTECHIAKO  DASTI,  mon^ake-d'ro  dds/tw.  a  iovra 
of  -North  Italy.  Piedmont,  division  and  27  miles  W^X.W.  of 
Ales.<andria.     Poji.  2084. 

MONTECIIIARUGOIX),  mon'tA-ke-a-roo'go-lo.  a  village  of 
Italy,  province,  and  10  miles  S.E.  of  Parma,  on  the  Enza. 
Pop.  3967. 

MOXTE-CHRISTI,  mon'tVkris'tee,  a  maritime  town  of 
Ilayti.  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  on  its  X.  coa.'-t,  30  mile* 
E.  of  Cape  Ilaytien,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  on  the 
declivity  of  the  mountain  range  of  Monte-Christi,  whenc«« 
its  name.     Pop.  30iK). 

MOXTE-CIIRISTI  or  MOXTE-CRISTI,  mon't-i-kris'tee,  a 
town  of  South  .\merica.  Ecuador,  department  and  96  miles 
N.W.  of  Guavaijuil. 

MOXTh^CilKISTO,  xaoxCtk  kris'to,  (ane.  OgUtsa.)  an  island 
in  the  Mediterranean.  Wlonging  to  Tuscany,  province  of 
Sienna.  26  miles  S.  of  Elba. 

MOXTECRESTESE,  mon"tA-kr?s-tl's.A,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  Stites.  division  of  Xovara,  6  miles  from  Domo 
d'Ossola.    Pop.  1316. 

MCXTECUCCULO,  mon'tA-kook'koo-lo,  a  village  of  North 
Italy,  dominion  and  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Modena ;  the  birth- 
place of  Raymond  de  Moutecuccoli. 

M0XTE-DELL.\-SH5ILLA,  mou't.UlJria-se-bil'lil,  one  of 
the  .\peuiuuf  Mountains  uf  Central  Italy,  in  Umbria,province 
of  Spoleto,  and  20  miles  X.E.  of  Sixileto.    Height  7212  feet. 

MOXTE  FAXO,  mon't.-l-fd'no,  a  markot-town  of  It,ily,  in 
the  province  of  JIacerata,  and  8  miles  N.  of  Macerata. 
Pop,  3370. 

MONTEFALCO,  mon't.VfJnio,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
province  uf  Spoleto,  14  miles  N.X.W.  of  Spoleto.     Pop.  35.50. 

5I0XTEFALC0XE.  nion'td-fai-ko'nA,  a  town  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Molise,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Larino. 

MOXTEFALCOXE,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Capt 
tanata.  district  of  Bovina.     Pop.  3900. 

MONTEFALCIOXE.  mon'tA-lal-«ho'nA,  a  village  of  Xaples, 
PrinciiMito  Ultra.  5  miles  X.E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  2700. 

MOXTEFIASCOXE,  mon'tA-fe-3s-ko'nA,  a  town  of  Central 
Italy,  Pontifical  States.  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Viterbo.  Pop. 
4809.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  occupying  the  site  of  au  ancient 
Etruscan  city,  of  which  some  remains  exist;  its  cathedral 
cupola,  and  several  other  buildings,  are  the  works  of  San 
Michele. 

MONTE-FILTTRAXO,  mon'tA-fe-le-tra'no.  a  market-town 
of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Marches,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Ancona. 
Pop.  1200. 

JIOXTEFORTE,  mon'tA-foR'tA,  a  marketrtown  of  .Austrian 
Italy,  delegation  and  14  miles  E.  of  Verona.     Pop.  1700. 

MON'TEFORTE,  a  market-town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra.  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  .\vellino.     Pop.  3500. 

MONTE-FRIO,  mon'td-free'o,  a  (uoderu  town  of  .Spain,  pro- 
vince and  22  miles  W.X.W.  of  Granada.  It  has  8  Hour  and 
7  oil  mills,  3  manufactories  of  soft  soap,  a  brandy  distillery, 
and  4  fulling-mills.    Pop.  7903. 

M0XTEFUSC0,.mon't,A-foos1i0,atown  of  Xaples,  province 
of  Principato  Ultra,  9  miles  X.N.E.  of  Avellino.  I'op.  2200. 
It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  some  manufactures  of  woollen 
stuffs. 

MOXTEGICAR.    See  Moxtejic.^r. 

M0NTF.-G10RGI0.  mon'tA-joR/jo,  a  market-town  of  Cen 
tral  Italy,  in  the  Miirches,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Fermo.    P.  3660. 

MOXTEGO  (mon-tee^go)  BAY,  a  seaport  town  on  the  X.W. 
coast  of  Jamaica,  ca|iital  of  the  co.  of  Cornwall,  on  a  bay  of 
same  name,  with  a  harbor  protected  by  a  breakwater,  but 
still  somewhat  exposed  to  a  heavy  swell  from  the  X. ;  lat. 
(fort)  18°  29'  24"  X.,  Ion.  77°  56'  W.  It  is  defended  by  a 
battery,  has  a  courtrhouse,  where  the  assizes  are  held,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade.     Pop.  aliout  4000. 

MOXTJ-MJRAXARO,  mon'tl-grd-ni'ro.  a  village  of  Central 
Italy,  in  the  Marches,  about  6  miles  N.W,  uf  Fermo,  Pop. 
4000. 

MONTEGROSSO  D'ASTI,  mon'tA-gros'.'JO  dis'tee,  a  market- 
town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Alessandria,  6  miles  S.S,E.  of 
Asti,    Pop.  2177. 

'M0XT1;IIERM0S0,  mon'tA-^R-mo'so,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince  and  52  miles  X,  of  Caceres,     Pop.  2860, 

MOXTEITII  or  MEXTEITH,  mon-teeth',  a  pictuie.=que 
district  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.W,  part  of  the  co,  of  Perth,  on 
the  Teith.    Length  about  24  miles. 

MOXTEITII  or  MEXTEITH,  Port  of,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  in  a  district  of  same  name,  8  niilos  AV. 
of  Doune,  including  Lochs  A'ennachoir  and  Monieith ;  the 
latter  lake  has  a  circuit  of  alxiut  7  miles,  riihly  wooded 
banks,  and  beautiful  islands,  on  one  of  which  are  ruin?  of 
a  castle  of  the  ancient  Earls  of  Monteith  or  Meiiteith,  t 
branch  of  the  Graham  family.     Pop,  1446. 

MOXTEITII'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  StafTord  co.,  Virginia. 

MOXTEJ.\QUE,  mon-ti-nd'kA,  a  town  of  Spain,  proMiir* 
of  Mala^'a.  4  miles  W.  of  Ronda.    I'op.  1363. 

MONTEJICAR,  MOXTEGICAR  or  .MOXTEXICAR,  mnn-' 
t.A-He-kaR',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  27  miles  E,N,E.  of 
Granada.     Pop.  2455. 

MOXTELEOXE,  mon'tA-lA-«'n4,  (anc.  Hippo/mum  or  n/to.^ 


MOiV 


MON 


a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra,  11  milns  K.  of 
Tro|i«a.  Cop.  2500.  It  stands  ou  the  slope  of  a  hill,  com- 
manded by  a  fine  old  castle. 

MO.NTK  LEONE,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata, 
7  miles  S.VV.  of  Bnvino.     I'op.  2')00. 

MONTEIjIMAIIT,  mAx<''ti'Iee^maR/,(anf  Mons  Adhemari?) 
a  city  of  France,  department  of  Drome,  26  miles  S.  of  Va- 
lence, on  the  Houbinn,  and  on  the  railway  from  Lyons  to 
Avij^non.  Pop.  in  1852,  9862.  It  is  built  on  the  slope  of  a 
hill,  crowned  by  a  citadel,  and  has  a  communal  college. 
The  vicinity  is  covered  with  rich  vineyards,  plantations  of 
mulberry  trees,  and  orchards. 

Mi>X'rELL.\,  mon-t^l'ld,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Priucipatfi  Ultra,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  6S00. 

MOXTELtiANO,  mon-tjl-yd'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  :52  miles  S.S.K.  of  Seville.    Pop.  4013. 

M0NXEL,XO,u  post-village,  capital  of  Marquette  co.,  Wis- 
consin, in  Montello  township  and  on  i'ox  River,  .55  m.N.of  Ma- 
dison.   It  iiasichurches,  (■>  stores,  and  1  mill.   Total  pop. 767. 

MONTELOVEZ,  a  town  of  Mexico.    See  Cohahuila. 

MONTELUPO,  mon^t-l-loo'po,  a  marketrtown  of  Tu.scany, 
12  miles  VV.S.W.  of  Florence,  on  the  Arno.     Pop.  1370. 

MONTE  IjUPONE,  mon'tA  loo-po'nA.  a  market-town  of 
Italy,  in  the  province  of  Macerata,  C}^  miles  N.N.E.  of 
M;i<"<Tat,a.     Pop.  3660. 

MONTE  MAGGIORE,  mon'ti  mad-jo'ril,  a  market-town 
of  i<icily,  29  miles  S.E.  of  Palermo.     Pop.  5800. 

,AIONTEMA«NO,  mon'tA-man'yo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
State.=,  division  and  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alessandria.  Pop. 
2538. 

MOXTEMALE,  monHi-mJa'i,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Coni,  in  the  valley  of  the  Grana.  Pop. 
1515. 

MO.NTEM.A^RANO,  mon*t.i-mJ-r3/no,  a  town  and  bishop's 
see  of  Nat'les.  10  miles  E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  1800. 

JIONTIl-MARCIANO,  mon'tA-maR-chd'no.  a  market-town 
of  Central  Italy,  in  the  province  of  Ancona,  10  miles  W.N.W. 
ofAncfiiia.     Pop.  44S5. 

MONTE-MAYOR,  mon^tA-mi-oB',  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  3192. 

MONTE-MILETTO,  mon'ti-me-l^t/to,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Ultra,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Avellino.  Pop. 
2400. 

MONTEMILONE,  mon'tA-me-lo/n.A,  a  market-town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Ba.silicata,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Veno.sa. 

MONTE.MOLIN,  mon-ti-nio-leen',  a  village  of  Spain,  Estre- 
madura,  CO  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.  The  son  of  Don  Carlos 
takes  from  this  place  his  title  of  Count  of  Montemolin. 
Pop.  2220. 

MONTEMOR,  a  town  of  Brazil.    See  Mamanguape. 

MONTE-MORENO,  mon'ti  mo-rA'no,  a  conical  mountain 
of  Brazil,  forming  a  promontory  on  the  S.  of  the  Bay  of 
Espirito-Santo,  province  of  that  name. 

MONTEMOR-NOVO,  mon-tA-moR/  no'vo,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  and  60  miles  S.  of  Ccara.    Pop.  2000. 

MONTi:MOR-0-NOyO,  mon-t.i-moR^vno/vo,  (i.  e.  "New 
Montemor,"")  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  22 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Evora.     Pop.  3000. 

MONTE^IOR-O-VELIIO,  mon-tA-moRA>v?l'yo,  ("Old  Mon- 
temor,") a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  on  the  Mon- 
dego,  12  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Coimbra.     Pop.  2550. 

MONTEMURRO,  mon-tA-moon'Ro,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  I'asilicata,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  I'otenza.     Pop.  5IX>0. 

3IONTENAKEN,  mon't.^-uii'ken,  or  MONTENAEKEN, 
Trion'tVn.i"ken,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Limbourg, 
1.''  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ilasselt.  It  is  an  ancient  place,  was  once 
defended  by  a  strong  castle,  and  Is  memoral)le  for  a  great 
batt!e  fought  in  its  vicinity,  in  1213,  between  the  Liegeois 
«nd  Brabanijons,  when  the  latter  were  defeated  with  a  loss 
tf  3000  killed,  and  4000  prisoners.     Pop.  877. 

MONTENDRE,  mAN«H6Nd'r',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  11  miles  S.  of  Jonzac. 
Pop.  1041. 

MONTENEGRO,  monH;\-ni/gro,  t.  e.  "Black  Moimtain," 
(Turk.  Karadagli,  kS'rJ'ddg ;  Native  Cernognra  or  Tzernotjora, 
tsjR'uo-go'rd.)  a  small  independent  country  of  European  Tur- 
key, between  lat.  42°  10'  and  42°  56'  N.,  Ion.  18°  41'  and  20° 
22'  E..  biuuded  E.  by  Herzegovina  and  Austrian  Albania, 
(Cattaro,)  and  on  the  other  sides  by  Turkish  AUiania.  Area 
estimated  at  450  square  miles,  and  pop.  in  1S48.  at  100.000, 
mostly  belr.ngiiig  to  the  Greek  church,  ignorant  and  super- 
.<^itious.  The  sui-face  forms  a  series  of  elevateil  ridges  of 
limestone  rocks,  with  lofty  mountain  peaks,  some  of  wliich 
are  5000  or  6000  feet  in  elevation,  and  are  generally  covereil 
with  valuable  timber.  The  country  is  divided  into  8  depart- 
ments :  government  republican,  under  the  protection  of  the 
Ozar  of  ilussia.  The  Vladika  is  high  priest,  civil  governor, 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  army.  In  ancient  times  this 
country  formed  part  of  lUyricum  ;  it  was  afterwards  a  dis- 
trict of  Servia.  The  chief  families  of  Montenegro  have  been 
educated  in  St.  Petersburg  and  appointed  to  grades  in  the 
Russian  army;  and  the  annual  tribute  due  to  the  Porte 
(about  4000/.)  has  long  been  paid  by  a  remittance  from  the 
Emperor  of  Russia.  In  1853,  the  Turks  sent  an  army  of 
B4,000  men  against  Montenegro,  with  the  view  of  reducing 


it  to  complete  subjection;  but  after  some  sanguinary  "on- 
tiicts  the  Turks  were  induced  to  recall  their  army  without 
having  accomplished  the  object  of  the  expedition. 

M0.NTENF;R0,  monHA-n.Vro,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise,  11  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Lai-ino.     Pop.  2500. 

MONTENOTTE,  mon'tA-noft-i,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  diTi 
,«ion  and  26  miles  W.  of  Genoa,  in  the  .Apennines.  Here  the 
French  defeated  the  Austrian."!.  April  11,  1796. 

MONTEODORISIO,  a  town  of  Naples.     See  MontodorisiO. 

MONTE-PAG.\NO.  monHA-pJ-gd'no,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  near  the  Adriatic,  15  miles  E.  of 
Teramo. 

MONTEPELOSO,  monHA-pA-lo'so,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Basiiicata,  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  I'otenza.     Pop.  3100. 

MONTEPULCIANO.  mon'tA-pool-ohd'no.  a  town  of  Central 
Italy.  Tuscany,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Arezzo.  Pop.  2814.  It 
stands  on  a  mountain  enclo.sed  by  an  embattled  wall.  Car- 
dinal Bellarmine  is  said  to  have  been  born  here.  Monte- 
pulciano  is  an  ancient  Etruscan  city,  and  has  many  interest- 
ing remains. 

MONTEREALE,  mon'tA-rA-d'lA,  a  fortified  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Aquiia. 
Pop.  51500. 

MONTEREAU,  mAN«Heh-ro',  (ane.  Omdaltc  or  OnulafU  Sena- 
num.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Marne,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Seine  and  Yonne,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Melun, 
on  the  railway  to  Troyes.  Pop.  in  1852,  6545.  It  has  ex- 
tensive manufactories  of  earthenware.  Steamers  ply  hence 
to  Paris.   In  1814,  it  was  the  sceneof  lionaparte's  last  victory. 

MONTEHEGGIONE,  mon'tA-rJd-jo'nd,  a  walled  town  of 
Tuscany,  8  miles  from  Sienna. 

MONTEREY,  mon-tA-rA',  a  city  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, capital  of  New  Leon,  on  the  Tigre,  at  the  head  of  a 
large  and  beautiful  valley,  85  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Saltillo;  lat. 
26°  N.,  Ion.  100°  W.  It  ha^s  well-paved  streets,  houees  of 
sto7ie,  in  the  Moorish  style,  with  tlut  roofs,  and  is  the  most 
important  place  in  North  Mexico.  Near  it  are  gold,  silver, 
and  lead  mine.s.  Pop.  about  12,000.  It  was  taken  in  1846, 
by  the  United  States  army  under  General  Taj'lor. 

Monterey,  mon-teh-rA/,  a  county  in  the  western  portion 
of  California,  has  an  area  of  about  4000.  s<iuare  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  AV.  by  the  Pacific,  on  the  E.  by  the  coast 
range  of  mountains,  and  partly  on  the  N.  by  the  Pajaro  River, 
and  is  drained  by  the  Salinas  (or  S.an  Buenaventura)  and 
Carmel  Rivers,  and  by  the  Arroyos  of  San  Bruito  and  Nact 
miento,  with  their  tributaries.  The  county  is  naturally 
divided  into  three  valleys,  known  as  San  .Tuan.  Salin.as,  and 
Carmel.  The  first  of*thes«  has  an  extent  of  about  70  by  9 
miles,  the  second  about  18  by  12,  and  the  third  about  15  by  3. 
Much  of  the  soil  is  rich  and  productive.  Gold  has  been  found 
at  San  Antonio  and  in  Carmel  Valley,  and  silver  has  been 
discovered  In  small  quantities.  In  the  upper  portion  of 
Salinas  Valley  are  some  sulphur  springs.  Capital,  Monterey. 
Pop.  4739. 

MONTEREY,  a  post- township  of  Berk.shire  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, about  125  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufac- 
tories of  paper,  woollen  goods,  rakes,  &c.     Pop.  768. 

5I0NTEIIEY,  a  post-oflice  of  Dutchess  co..  New  Y'ork. 

MONTEREY,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn.sylvanla,  on 
the  Monongahela  River,  4  miles  above  Pittsburg. 

MONTEREY,  a  postrofflce  of  Berks  co.,  I'enn.^ylvania. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village,  capitAl  of  Highland  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Staunton  and  I'arkersburg  turnpike,  180  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Richmond.     Pop.  over  100. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-ofBce  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama. 

MONTEREY,  a  small  village  of  Itawamba  co.,  MississippL 

MONTEREY,  a  post-office  of  Rankin  co.,  Mississippi. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Texas,  at  the  N. 
end  of  Soda  Lake,  about  30  miles  N.W.  of  SUreveport,  in 
Louisiana.    It  is  a  shipping  point  for  cotton. 

Mi)NTEREY,  a  small  post-village  of  McNalry  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

MONTEREY,  a  thriving  village  of  Owen  CO.,  Kentucky, 
on  tb.e  Kentucky  River,  at  Lock  and  Dam  No.  3. 
'    MONTEREY,  a  post-offlce  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

MONTEREY',  a  township  in  Putnam  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  640. 

JIONTEREY,  a  post-oflTice  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-office  of  Puhiski  co.,  Indiana. 

MONTEREY,  a  small  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Illinois  River. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa. 

MONTEREY',  a  village  in  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  ou  the  Mississippi 
River,  90  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MONTEREY,  a  port  of  entry  and  city,  capital  of  Jlonterey 
CO.,  California,  situated  on  Monterey  Bay.  and  on  the  road 
from  San  Jo.se  to  Los  Angeles,  94  miles  S.S.E.  of  San  Eran- 
Cisco,  lat.  36°  35'  N.  A  mission  was  founded  hero  in  1776, 
by  Father  Junipero  Serra.  The  place  subsequently  became 
the  capital  of  California,  which  distinction  it  lost  in  1847 
A  city  charter  was  granted  April  30,  1S51.  and  a  second  May 
11, 1853.  The  harbor  is  open  to  N.  winds,  but  is  protected 
from  theS.  It  is  of  good  depth,  and  has  excellent  anchorage. 

1229 


MON 


MON 


Ihe  S-  Unas  Talley  depends  on  this  port  for  its  supplies. 
See  Apl'k.jjdix. 

MONTEREY  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Concordia  parish, 
I^ui-iiana. 

JIO.VTERODUNI,  mon-ti-ro-doo'nee,  a  town  of  Naples, 
prOTlnce  of  Sfolise,  4  miles  S.  of  Iseruia.     Pop.  17-10. 

MONTKRONI,  mon-t4-ro'nee.  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Otranto.  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lecce.    Pop.  2000. 

MOXTERONI,  a  town  of  Tuscany.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Sienna. 
Pop.  3307. 

MONTE-ROSA,  mon'tA-ro'si.  a  mountain  of  the  Pennine 
Alps,  inferior  in  elevation  onlv  to  Moiit-IUanc.  from  which 
If  is  distant  50  miles  E.N.E.,  on  the  boundary  between  the 
Valais  and  Piedmont,  lat.  45°  56'  1"  X..  Ion.  7='  52'  10"  K. 
Height  of  its  principal  summit  estimated  at  15.20S  feet^  It 
sends  out  ramifications  to  all  the  cardinal  points,  its  loftiest 
peaks  being  on  its  N.  and  S.  limbs. 

MONTE-KOSSO,  mon'tA-ros'so.  a  town  of  Naples,  Sicily, 
province  and  27  miles  ^V.N.W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  6600. 

MONTE-ROSSO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra,  district  and  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Monteleone.    Pop.  2200. 

MONTEKOSSO,  a  vilLige  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  4  miles  from  Levanto.     Pop.  1199. 

MONTEKOSSO.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
Pf  Coni,  on  the  Grana.    Pop.  1220. 

MONTy.-ROTONI)0,  mon't4-ro-ton'do,  a  town  of  Central 
Italy,  situated  26  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Rieti.    Pop.  1000. 

MONTE-ROTONDO,  the  loftiest  mountain  of  Corsica,  26 
miles  N.E.  of  Ajaccio.    Height  8763  feet. 

MONTE-RURBIANO,  mou'tA-roob-yi'no,  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Italv,  in  the  province  of  Fermo,  and  5  miles  S.  of  Fernio. 
Pop.  2o0b. 

MONTERRUBIO,  mon't?R-Roo'be-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
Tince  and  78  miles  E.S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  3206. 

MONTES.\.  mon-tA'sd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  38 
miles  S.  of  Aalencia. 

MONTE  SAN  fi I ULIANO,  mon'tA  sin  joo-le-S'no.  or  OLD 
TRAP.^NI,  trd-pd'nee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Trapani, 
on  a  high  mountain,  (the  ancient  E/ryx.)  27  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Marsala.  Pop.  7500.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  dilapidated  wall, 
ftnd  its  churches  and  convents  are  mostlj-  in  ruins.  On  the 
mountain  Eryx  once  stood  a  far-famed  temple  of  Venus,  of 
which  a  few  granite  pillars  remain. 

MONTES.\NO,  mon-tA-sd'no,  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Citra,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Diano.  Pop. 
6000. 

MONTE-SAN-SAVIXO,  mon'tA-san-sa-vee/no.  a  town  of 
Tuscany,  12  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Arezzo.*  Pop.  4098.  It  stands 
on  a  lofty  hill  enclo.<ie(l  by  walls. 

MONTE-SAN-SAVINO,  njon^t,A-sJn-sJ-vee'no,  a  town  of 
Tuscanv,  37  miles  S.E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  4121. 

MONTE  SANT'AXGELO,  mon'uisant-ah'j.A-lo,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Cnpitanata,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Jlount 
Gargano,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Foggia.  Pop.  (iOOO.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle, and  remains  of  a  Roman  temple. 

MONTE  SANTA  MARIA,  mon'tA  sdn'ti  md-ree/J,  a  town 
of  Central  Italy,  province  of  Perugia,  and  25  miles  N.N.AV. 
of  Perugiii.    Pop.  2000. 

MONTE  SANTO.    See  Athos,  Mount. 

MONTE-SANTO,  mon'tA-sin'to,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the 
province  of  Macerata,  and  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Macerata,  on 
a  hill  neai-  the  Adriatic,  where  it  has  a  small  haven  lor  fish- 
ing-boats.   Pop.  6818. 

MONTE-SANTO,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  province  of 
Spoleto.  and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Spoleto.    Pop.  1500. 

MONTE-SANTO,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  210  miles 
N.W.  of  Bahia. 

MONTE-SARCIIIO,  mon'tA-saP.'ke-o,  a  large  walled  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Avellino.     Pop.  4600. 

MONTE-SCAGLIOSO,  monHA-skll-yo/so,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  liasilicata,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Matera.     Pop.  6100. 

MONTE-SCUDAJO,  mon'tA-skoo-dd'yo.  a  village  of  Tuscar 
ny,  province  of  Pisa,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Leghorn.     Pop.  1053. 

MONTE-SCUDOLO.  m.in'tA-skoo'do-lo.  a  town  of  Central 
Italy,  Hbont  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Khnini.     Po)).  1915. 

MONTE-SI LVA  NO,  monHA-sil-vA/no,  a  village  of  Naple* 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Pescara.  Pop. 
1000. 

MONTESQUIEU.  raix='tfs'ke-Lh/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gers.  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Auch.    Pop.  2000. 

M0NTESQU1EU-LAURAGA18,  mA.NO^tJs'ke-uh'  loVdVA/. 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Garonne,  28  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Toulouse,  on  the  Arize.    Pop.  1320. 

MONTESQUI EU-VOLVESTRE.  m*N«H^s^ke-uh'  voP  vjsfr', 
«  town  of  France,  department  of  Garonne,  29  miles  S.  of 
Xouleuse.     Pop.  in  1852.  3918. 

MONTESSON.  mAN'^t^sVAsti',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seiu<-ct-Oise,  arrondi.-sement  of  Versailles.  P.  1706. 

MONTEUX,.mANoHuh',  (L.  Montilii.)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vaucluse,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Avignon.  Pop.  in 
1852.  4607. 

MOXTEU-DU-PO.  mAso'tuh'dU  po,  a  village  of  the  Partli- 
nian  States,  division  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Turin,  on  the  Po 
Pop.  1070. 

1230 


MONTEU-ROERO,  m^NO-tuh'  ro\A'ro',  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  division  of  Coni,  3  miles  from  Cansle.  Pop 
2600. 

MONTE-VAGO;  mon'tA-vd/go,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province 
of  Girgenti.on  the  Belici.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Sciacca.   P.  3000. 

MONTEVAL/LO,  a  post-village  in  Shelby  oo.,  Alabama,  on 
the  Alabama  and  Tennessee  Rivers  Railroad,  65  miles  N.W. 
of  Montgomery. 

MOXTEVAUCHI,  nion't.A-vap./kee,  a  town  of  Tuscany, 
province  and  24  miles  S.E.  of  Florence,  on  the  Arno.  Pop. 
3600.  It  is  commanded  by  a  castle  on  a  neighboring  height, 
and  has  a  college,  manufactures  of  silk,  twist,  woollen  stuffs, 
&c.  Here  is  the  Museum  of  the  Academy  Val  d'Ancose,  rich 
in  fossil  remains. 

MONTE-VECCIIIO,  mon'tA  vJk'kes),  a  village  of  Central 
Italy,  in  the  Marches,  province  of  Pesaro,  4  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Pergola,  with  1700  inhabitants. 

MONTE-VECCIIIO,  a  viUage  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Forli,  and  15  miles  S.E.  of  Forli,.on  tlie  Ma- 
recchia. 

MOXTRVERDE,  monHA-v^R/dA,  a  town  of  Naple.s  pro- 
vince of  Principato  Ultra,  on  the  Ofanto,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of 
St.  Angelodei  Lombard!.     Pop.  2000. 

MONTE-VERDE.  mon't.A-vlR'dA,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince and  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pisa. 

MOXTEVERDE  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Caroline  Islands,  in  lat.  3°  27'  N..  Ion.  156°  E.,  consisting  of 
30  low  islets,  named  after  their  discoverer,  in  1806. 

JIONTE-VETTOLIXI,  mon'tA-vJt-to-lee'nee,  a  town  'of 
Tuscany,  province  and  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Florence.  P.  2000. 

MOXTEVIDEO,  mon'te-vid'e-o.  (Sp.  pron.  mon'tl-ve-D.Vo ; 
Port.  Monte  Veo,  inon'ti  vA'o.)  a  seaport  city,  and  capital  of 
the  republic  of  Urugu.ay,  South  .America,  on  a  peninsula  in 
the  estuary  of  the  Plat.H.  105  miles  E.S.E.  of  Buenos  Ayres. 
Lat.  34°  53'  S.,  Ion.  56°  15'  W.  Pop.  37,787.(?)  It  is  sitiiated 
on  a  gentle  elevation,  at  the  extremity  of  a  small  peninsula, 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  mounted  with  guns, 
and  further  defended  by  a  citadel  or  castle,  of  indilTerent 
construction,  with  bulwarks  and  batteries.  It  is  j'retty 
regularly  built,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  but  is  ili- 
supplied  with  water,  and,  except  a  cathedral,  a  castle,  and 
the  governor's  residence,  it  has  no  buildings  of  imjortance. 
Climate  damp;  the  heat  of  summer  is  oppre^siTe.  and  storms 
are  fre<juent.  Its  port,  open  to  the  S.W.,  is  the  best  on  the 
Plata,  and  in  1848.  the  merchandise  exported  here  amount- 
ed to  $5,573,218,  of  which  hides  stood  for  .«4,]24,203,  the  re- 
maining goods  being  beef,  butter,  hair,  feathers,  and  other 
animal  products,  with  Chilian  copper,  and  Paraguay  tea. 
Imports  consist  chiefly  of  British  cottons,  woollens,  and 
hanlware,  flour,  wines,  colonial  produce,  salt,  and  manufac- 
tured goods. 

MONTEAID'EO.  a  post-village  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia,  90 
miles  N.E.  of  M ilU><lgeville. 

MONTE-VISO.  mon'ti-vee'.so.  one  of  the  principal  summits 
of  the  Alps,  at  the  junction  of  their  Maritime  and  Cottian 
divisions.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Turin.    Elevation  12,585  feet. 

MONTEZr'M.V,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cayuga 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Seneca  River,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal  with  the  Erie  Canal.  35  miles  W. 
of  Syracuse.  Fine  salt  is  prepared  from  springs  at  this 
place.  It  has  an  active  business  in  forwarding  jiroduce. 
The  Montezuma  or  Cayuga  Marshes,  from  2  to  3  miles 
wide,  extend  about  14  miles  along  the  outlet  of  Csyuga 
Lake  and  Seneca  River.     Pop.  1439. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Oglethorpe  branch  of  the  South-Western  Railroad,  about 
80  miles  S.W.  from  Milledgeville. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Covington  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  Conecuh  River,  about,  80  miles  S.  of  Mont- 
gomery. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  poet-village  of  McNairy  co.,  Tennessee. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  post-village  of  Union  eo.,  Kentucky. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Parke  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Wabash  River  and  Canal,  where  they  are 
crossed  by  the  plank-road  from  Indianapolis  to  Springfield, 
in  Illinois,  68  miles  from  the  tbrmer.  It  contained,  in  1851, 
10  stores,  and  over  400  inhabitants. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  postrvillage  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River,  58  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield.  It  is  a  land- 
ing-place for  steamboats. 

Montezuma,  a  i>ost-village,  capital  of  Poweshiek  co., 
Iowa.    Pop.  504.     See  Appendix. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  post-village  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MONTFAl'^ON,  mi'ise'foVsAs'',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot,  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cahors.     Pop.  1720. 

MONTFAU^ON.  a  village  of  France,  depHrtroent  of  Haute- 
Loire,  20  mile's  E.N.i;.  of  Le  Puv,  with  1136  inhabitants. 

JIONTFAU^ON.  a  s«iburb  of 'i'aris,  France  to  which  the 
refuse  of  thatcity  is  mostlv  carried. 

5I0NT-FEKRAND.     See  CLrBMONT  Ferr.an'D. 

MONTFEliR  AT.  mont-fiR-Rit'  or  mAN<="f:iOR.i'.  nn  old  mar- 
quisate  of  Northern  Itnly.  is  now  comprisoil  in  the  provincfjs 
of  Alessandria.  Coni.  Turin.  Novara,  and  Genoa,  (."^ardiniaJU 
dominions.)    Its  capital  was  Casale. 


L= 


MON 


MON 


MONTFERRIER,  mANo'feR^Re-il',  a  village  of  Frnnce,  de- 
pHrtment  of  Arlege,  11  miles  S.R.  of  Foix.     Pop.  1894. 

MONTKKaRIKK,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  lle- 
rault,  arroudis,sein'*nt  of  Moutpellier. 
MONTFL.WQUIN,  a  town  of  France.  See  Monflaxqcin. 
MONTFOORT,  mont'KRt,  a  town  of  the  Xetlierlands,  pro- 
vince and  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Utrecht,  on  the  Yssel.  Pop. 
1752.  It  liad  a  strong  fortress  of  the  l'2th  century,  demo- 
lished by  the  French  in  1672. 

MONT'FOiiD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MONTFOKT,  nnSN°'foH/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Landi's,  11  miles  E.  of  Dax.     Pop  in  1S52,  1(M4. 

M()NTF0IIT,  a  village  of  Dutch  Limburg,  near  Maestricht. 
Pop.  686. 

MONTKORT,  a  village  of  Wisconsin.    See  WixavatE. 

MOXTFOKT  LAMAL'liY,  miy<^HoBj  M'mo'ree/,  (U.  Mons 
Firrltis  Amalarlici,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Saine- 
efc-Oise,  14  miles  ^V'.S.^V.  of  Versailles.  Pop.  in  1852,  1700. 
Simon  de  Montfort,  who  headed  the  first  cruaede  against 
the  Albigeuses,  was  born  here  in  1165. 

MONTFOKT  SUR  MEU,  moN'oYoR'  sliR  muh,  (I..  Mims 
Fi/rllis,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  13 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Kenues,  on  the  Meu.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2072. 

MONTFRIN,  mAN'o^frSN"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Card.  11  miles  E.X.K.  of  \Imes.     Pop.  in  1852,  2669. 

MONTGKLLAFREY,  mAxoV.hJrii'frA',  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Savoy,  near  Saint  Jean  deMau- 
rienne.     Pop.  1000. 

MOXTciEI!(_)N,  mi!iN<:VIieh-r6N'>',  a  village  of  France,  on  the 
Paris  and  Ijyons  Railway,  11  miles  from  Paris. 

MOXTUIsCARD.  nii'iNoV.heese'kaR/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  llaute-Oaronne,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Villefranche, 
on  the  Canal  du  Midi.     I'op.  in  1852,  1325. 

JIO.NTOOMERY,  mont-gum'^ir-e,  or  MONTGOMERY- 
8UIRE,  mont-gum'er-e-shjr,  an  inland  county  of  North 
Wales,  having  on  the  N.  the  counties  of  Merioneth  and 
Denbigh,  E.  Salop,  S.  Radnor,  and  on  the  \V.  Cardigan. 
Area  Ihh  sq^uaro  miles,  or  483,200  acres,  about  half  of 
which  is  uncultivated,  and  not  more  than  80,000  under 
tillage.  Pop.  in  1851,  67,335.  Surface  very  mountainous, 
but  intersected  by  some  fertile  sheltered  vales,  and  well 
wooded.  The  mountain  Plinlimmon  is  partly  in  this 
county.  Principal  rivers,  the  Severn,  Vyrnwy,  Wye,  and 
Dee,  which  rise  in  the  county.  Agriculture  is  much  im- 
proved ;  the  mount.iins  are  chiefly  in  sheep-walks.  The 
pure  breed  of  Welsh  ponies,  or  "  Merlins,"  is  still  preserved 
in  this  county.  Slate  forms  the  general  basis  of  the  moun- 
tains, and  is  the  principal  mineral  wrought.  The  county 
is  the  chief  seat  of  the  Welsh  fl.annel  manufacture.  Mont- 
gomery is  divided  into  9  hundreds.  Principal  towns,  Mont- 
gomery, Welshpool,  Newtown,  and  Llanfyllin.  The  county 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  1  is  sent 
by  it«  borough.  During  the  Saxon  era,  it  formed  part  of 
the  Welsh  principality  of  Powis,  and  was  named  Mont- 
gomery after  one  of  its  Norman  conquerors. 

MONTOOMEltY,  a  parliamentary  l>orough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  North  ^Vales,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on 
the  Severn,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  of  the  parlia- 
mentary borough,  in  1851, 1248.  It  has  a  church,  a  venera- 
ble cruciform  pile;  guildhall, county  jail,  and  house  of  correc- 
tion, and  remains  of  a  stately  Norman  castle  in  which  the 
celebrated  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  was  born,  in  1583. 
With  the  contributory  boroughs  of  Llanidloes,  Welshpool, 
Llanfillyn,  Machynlleth,  and  Newtown,  it  sends.  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  tlie  vicinity  are  remains  of 
a  British  camp,  also  of  Cherbury  Priory,  founded  in  the 
reign  of  John.  The  last  battle  between  the  Welsh  and 
English  took  place  in  the  vicinity  in  1294. 

MONTCxOM/ililY.  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  400  .square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Mobawk  River,  which  is  -here  joined  by  the 
Schoharie  and  other  sni.aller  streams.  The  surface  is  uneven 
and' mountainous.  The  alluvial  lands  along  the  Mohawk 
are  abundantly  fertile,  and  on  the  adjacent  uplands  the  soil, 
though  rather  heavy,  is  very  productive.  This  county  is 
intersected  by  the  Erie  Canal,  and  by  the  Utica  and  Sche- 
nectafly  Railroad.  Organized  in  1772,  and  named  in  honor 
of  General  Richard  Slontgomery,  who  fell  before  the  walls 
of  Quebec,  in  the  year  1775.    Capital,  Fonda.    Pop.  30,866. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  S,E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
contains  450  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the 
Schuylkill  River,  and  drained  also  by  Perkiomen,  Slana- 
tawny,  and  AVissahickon  Creeks'.  The  surface  is  diversified 
with  beautiful  undulations.  The  soil  is  productive  and 
highly  improved.  In  IS.JO  this  county  produced  98.701  tons 
of  hay,  and  3,048.089  pounds  of  butter,  the  greatest  quan- 
tities of  each  raised  in  any  one  county  of  the  state.  Sand- 
stone and  shale  underlie  the  greater  part  of  the  county; 
limestone  is  found  in  the  S.E.  part,  and  extensive  quarries 
of  fine  marble  are  worked  in  the  same  vicinity,  about  12 
miles  frcm  I'liiladelphia.  Iron,  lead,  and  copper  are  found 
In  the  Vi  part,  near  the  river.  The  public  works  are  the 
Philadelphia  and  Norristown  Riiilroad,  the  Chester  Valley 
Railroad,  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad,  and  the 


Norfli  Pennsylvania  Railroad.    Formed  in  1784.    Capital. 
Norristown.     Pop.  70,500. 

MONTGO-UERV,  a  county  of  Maryland,  bordering  on  the 
district  of  Columbia,  and  on  the  Potomac  River,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Virginia,  has  an  area  of  about  660  square  miles 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.K.  by  the  I'atuxeut  River,  and  drained 
by  the  East  Branch  of  the  Potomac,  and  by  Seneca.  Rock, 
and  Watts  Creeks.  The  surface  is  moderately  liilly ;  the 
wjil  in  general  is  not  very  rich,  excepting  the  margins  of  the 
streams.  Tlie  rocks  which  underlie  the  count}-  are  gneiss, 
serpentine,  red  sandstone,  and  limestone.  A  gold-mine  was 
discovered,  in  1848,  near  Brookeville.  The  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  passes  along  the  S.\V.  border.  Capital.  Itock- 
ville.     Pop.  18,322,  of  wliom  12,901  were   free,  and  5421 

MO.NTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  New  River,  and  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the 
Staunton  or  Roanoke,  and  by  Craig's  Creek.  The  county  is 
situated  at  the  north-western  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
has  a  mountainous  surface.  The  soil  is  mostly  rocky  and 
unproductive,  excepting  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river.  Tbo 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad. 
Formed  in  1776.  Capital,  Cliristiansburg,  Pop.  10,617,  of 
whom  8398  were  free,  and  2219  slaves. 

MONTGO.MERY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
North  Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  550  square  miles.  The 
Yadkin  River  forms  the  W.  boundary;  the  Uharie  and  Little 
Rivers,  affluents  of  the  Y'adkin,  ttow  through  the  county. 
The  surliice  in  the  W.  part  is  mountainous ;  tlie  s  lil  of  the 
valleys  is  fertile.  Gold  is  found  in  several  places  near  the 
Yadkin.  One  steam-engine,  for  pounding  the  ore.  was  in 
operation  in  1851.  Formed  in  1779.  Capital,  Troy.  Pop. 
7649,  of  whom  5826  were  free,  and  1823  slaves. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Georgia,  lias  an  area  of  750  square  miles.  The  Ocmulgee 
River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.,  the  Little  Ocmulgee 
on  the  S.W.,  and  i'endletou's  Creek  on  the  N.E.  Th^  county 
is  traversed  bj'  the  Oconee,  which  unites,  on  its  southern 
border,  with  the  Ocmulgee,  forming  the  Altamaha.  The 
surface  is  level;  the  soil  \s  sandy,  and  generally  inferior, 
1  n  ISoO,  this  county  produced  292  bales  of  cotton ;  55,366 
bushels  of  corn;  and  28,710  of  sweet  potatoes.  Capital, 
Mount  Vernon.    Pop,  2997,  of  whom  2020  were  free,  aud 

MONTGOMERY',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Ala- 
bama, has  an  area  of  lOlO  square  miles.  The  Tallapoosa 
and  Alabama  Rivers  Jbrm  the  N.  Ixjundary  of  the  county 
It  is  also  drained  by  the  Catama  and  Pintelala  Creeks.  The 
soil  is  generally  fertile.  Cotton  and  Indian  corn  are  the 
staples.  In  18.50,  there  were  raised  25.326  bales  of  cotton; 
1.265,615  bushels  of  Indian  corn ;  293,488  of  sweet  potatoes ; 
and  191,853  of  oats:  the  greatest  quantities  of  each  pro- 
duced in  any  county  of  the  state.  The  county  is  partly 
traversed  by  the  Montgomery  and  West  Poi;it  Railroad,  aud 
another  railroad  extends  from  Montgomery  to  Pensaxiola 
Several  plank-roads  have  latelj'  been  made  in  the  county 
Montgomery  is  the  countj'-eeat,  and  the  capital  of  Ala 
bama.  Pop.  35,904,  of  whom  12,194  were  ffee,  aud  23,71C 
slaves. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Texas, 
contains  1200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  San  Jacinto 
River  and  its  affluent  creeks.  The  surface  is  an  alluvial 
plain;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Montgomery.  Pop. 5479, 
of  whom  2668  were  free. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
Arkansas.  Area  1100  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Washita  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  mountainous,  and 
adapted  to  pasturage  and  the  rearing  of  sheep.  .\n  exten- 
sive quarry  of  the  finest  slate  has  lieen  opened.  Cupital, 
Mount  Ida,    Pop.  3633,  of  whom  3541  were  free,  and  92 

Sl&iV'GS. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  eounty  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Tennes- 
see, bordering  on  Kentucky,  has  an  area  estimated  at  550 
.square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cumberland  lliver,  navi- 
gable by  steamboats,  and  also  drained  by  its  .affluent,  the 
Red  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  sill  fertile. 
In  1850  the  county  produced  3,454.745  pounds  of  tobacco, 
a  greater  quantity  than  was  raised  in  any  other  county  of 
the  state.  Capital,  Clarksville.  Pop.  20,895,  of  whom  11,341 
were  free,  and  9554  slaves. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  N.E,  central  part  of 
Kentucky,  has  an  area  estimated  at  2.30  squ.are  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Ilinkston  Creek,  The  SlE,  part  is  mountainous ; 
the  other'parts  generally  rolling  or  hilly.  The  soil,  except- 
ing the  mountains,  is  very  productive.  First  settled  about 
1790.  The  route  of  the  Lexington  and  Big  Sandy  Railroad 
passes  tlirongh  this  county.  Capital,  Mount  Sterling.  Pop. 
7859,  of  whom  5107  were  free,  aud  2752  slaves. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Ohio, 
contains  440  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Miami  and  Mad 
Rivers,  and  by  Twin  Creek.  The  surtace  is  pleasantly  diver- 
sified by  small  elevations.  The  soil  is  calcareous,  produc- 
tive, and  well  cultivated.  The  rock  which  underlies  the 
county  is  the  Trenton  limestone,  an  excellent  material  foj 

1231 


MON 


MON 


bnilding.  The  Miami  Canal  passes  through  the  county,  and 
six  important  railways  terminate  at  Dayton.  Slontgomery 
Is  among  tlie  most  wealthy  and  populous  counties  of  the 
state.     Capital.  Dayton.     Pop.  52,2-30. 

MONT(JOMEKV,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  In- 
diana, contains  alM)ut  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Sugar  and  Racoon  Creeks,  affluents  of  the  Wabnsh 
Klver.  The  surface  varies  from  level  to  undulating;  the 
Boil  is  fertile.  This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Louisville 
New  Albany  and  Chicago  IJailroad.  Organized  in  1S23. 
Capital,  Crawfordsville.  Population  in  ISoO,  18,084,  in  1860, 
20,888. 

MOXTGOMEKT,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  of  690  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
E.  and  ^^'.  forks  of  Shoal  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  partly  coverall  with  forests ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  A  large 
portion  of  the  county  is  prairie.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Alton  and  Terre  Uaute  Railroad.  Capital,  Hillsborough. 
Pop.  13,979. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Jlissouri.  has 
an  area  of  504  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  Missouri  River,  intersected  in  the  S.W.  by  the  Loutre 
or  Otter  Itiver,  and  in  the  N.E.  by  the  Riviere  an  Cuivre, 
or  Copner  River.  A  considerable  range  of  bluffs  extends 
through  the  S.  part,  parallel  with  the  Jlissouri.  Limestone 
underlies  the  county,  and  stone-coal  and  iron  ore  are  found 
in  it.  Capital,  DauvUle.  Pop.  9718  of  whom  8071  were 
free,  and  1&47  slaves. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  430  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  two 
branches  of  Xishnabatona  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Jlissouri. 
Capital,  Frankfort.    Pop.  1256. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  county,  Ver- 
mont, alwut  45  miles  X.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1262. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  post-tcwnship  of  Hampden  county, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  about  14  miles 
N.W.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  371. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange 
county.  X'ew  York,  on  the  Walkill  Creek,  about  88  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  .Albany.  The  village  has  churches  of  3  or  4  denomi- 
nations, an  academy,  and  8  or  10  stores.  Pop;  about  1200; 
of  the  township.  3973. 

MONTGOMKKY,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  Millstone  River,  and  on  the  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal,  about  16  miles  X.X.E.  of  Trenton.     Pop.  1975. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  3289. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1423. 

M0XTG(3MERY,  a  town.ship  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  998.     ■ 

MONTGOMERY,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  the  state  of 
Alabama,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Montgomery  CO.,  is  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  .\labama  River,  331  miles  by  water 
from  Mobile.  It  is  197  miles  by  the  road  N.E.  of  Mobile, 
and  839  miles  from  Washington.  Lat.  32°  21'  N.,  Ion.  86° 
25'  W.  Montgomery  is  the  second  city  of  the  state  in 
respect  to  trade  and  population,  and  is  one  of  the  most 
flouri^hinj  inland  towns  of  the  Southern  States.  It  possesses 
great  facilities  for  communication  with  the  surrounding 
country.  The  Alabama  River  is  one  of  the  best  in  the 
Union  for  steamboat  navigation.  As  it  is  never  closed  by 
ice,  and  very  rarely  affected  jby  drought,  large  steamers 
ascend  from  Mobile  to  this  place  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 
The  Coosa  River  is  navigable  for  large  steamboats  to  Wo- 
tumpka.  The  Montgomery  and  West  Point  Railroad,  of 
which  this  city  is  the  W.  terminus,  leads  to  Atlanta,  in 
Georgia.  .Another  railroad  has  been  commenced  which  will 
connect  the  city  with  some  point  on  Mobile  Bay.  Plank- 
roads  are  in  course  of  construction  to  the  Tennessee  River 
and  to  Tuscaloosa,  The  cotton  shipped  at  this  place  annually 
amounts  to  75,000  bales.  The  city  has  1  bank  and  6  news- 
paper offices.  The  public  records  and  offices  were  removed 
from  Tuscaloo.sa  to  Montgomery  in  November,  1847.  The 
new  state-hou.se  was  destroyed  by  tire  in  December,  1S49 ; 
another  was  erected  on  the  same  site  and  completed  in  1851. 
Pop.  in  ISoO.  4935;  in  1860,  8843. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
Montgomery  co.,  Texas,  50  miles  N.  of  Houston.  It  is 
situated  in  a  level  and  fertile  tract  of  land,  which  is  mostly 
occupied  by  thrifty  cotton  planters. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  postofflce  of  Trigg  co.,  Kentucky. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  postofflce  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 

MONTCiOMERY,  a  township  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.  P.  3501. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.  P.  3323. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  13 
miles  N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

MOXTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.1212. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1575. 

MOXTG  OMER Y,  a  post-townslxip  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1.324. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
895.  ^ 

MONTGOMERY,  a  post-village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Aurora  Extension  Railroad,  45  mUes  S.W.  of  Chicago. 
1232 


MONTGOMERY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Frankliu  co., 
Vermont,  about  45  miles  N.  of  Montpelier. 

MOXTGOMERY  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co., 
Ohio. 

.MOXTGOMERY  ISLAXDS,  a  group  of  six  small  rocky 
islets,  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia,  at  the  entrance  of 
Doubtful  Bay ;  lat.  15°  49'  S. 

MONT-GOJIERY'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MONTGOMERYSHIRE,  a  co.  of  England.  See  Mostgomert. 

MOXTGOMERY'S  POINT,  a  small  village  of  Desha  co, 
Arkansas. 

MONTGOMERYVILLE,  a  post>village  of  Montgomery  co, 
Pennsylvania,  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Norristown. 

MOXTGUVOX,  mAs'''gU'yA^•<=^  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of Charente  Inferieure,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Jonzac.  P.  1457. 

M0NT1I.\'L1.\.  a  post-otHce  of  Panola  co.,  Mississippi. 

MOXTIIEI.  mAso'ti/,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Valais.  at  the  entrance  of  tlie  valley  of  Lie,  near  the  Rhone, 
21  miles  W.  of  Sion.     Pop.  1623. 

MONTHERMfi,  mAs«HSR'niA/,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Ardennes,  on  the  Meuse,  8  miles  N^.  of 
Mezieres.     Pop.  in  1852,  2299. 

MOXTIIUREUX,  m6>o'tu'ruh',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mirecourt,  on  the  Sadne. 
Pop.  in  1852.  1693. 

MONTICELLI,  mon-to-chJllee,  a  village  of  Xaples,  pro- 
vince of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  district  of  Gaeta.     Pop.  1400. 

MOXTICELLI,  a  village  of  Italy,  Pontifical  State-s,  oo- 
marca  di  Roma,  district  of  Tivoli.     Pop.  1000. 

MONTICELLI,  mon-te-ch6l/lee,  a  town  of  the  Papal  States, 
19  miles  N.E.  of  Rome.     Pop.  1025. 

MONTICELLI,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  5  miles  N.  of  Flo- 
rence.    Pop.  1305. 

MONTICELLI,  a  village  of  the  Sanlinian  States,  division 
of  Coni,  province  of  Alba,  near  the  Tanaro.    Pop.  1663. 

MONTICELLI,  a  village  of  Northern  It;ily,  pi-ovince  and 
E.S.E.  of  Pavia.     Pop.  1261. 

MOXTICELLI-U'OGLIO,  mon-te-chjl'lee  dAl'-yo,  a  village 
of  Xorthern  Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  near  the  Oglio. 

MONTICELLI-DOXGINA,  mon-te-eliSl-loe  dou-jee'ni,  a 
village  of  Italy,  2S  miles  N.W.  of  PiU-ma.  Pop.  of  village, 
1000;  commune,  7802. 

MONTICELLO,  mon-te-chJllo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Como.    Pop.  1660. 

BIONTICEI/LO,  a  postrtownship  in  the  E.  part  of  Aroos- 
took CO.,  Maine,  bordering  on  New  Brunswick.    Pop.  483. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village  in  Thompson  township,  and 
capital  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York.  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Al- 
lany.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  churches 
of  4  or  5  denoiuinationR,  an  academy,  1  bank,  and  2  news- 
paper offices.     Pop.  estimated  at  1200. 

MONTICELLO.  mon-te-chJllo,  the  residence  of  Thomas 
Jefferson,  third  President  of  the  United  State."!,  is  in  Albe- 
marle CO..  Virginia.  It  is  beautifully  situated  3  miles  S.E. 
of  Charlottesville,  commanding  a  magnificent  view  of  the 
distant  mountains  and  of  the  Rivann.1,  which  flows  in  the 
immediate  vicinity. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-office  of  Guildford  co..  North  Car*. 
Una. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

M(_)XTICELLO,  a  village  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jasper  co,,  Geoi^ 
gia,  35  miles  X.W.  of  .Milledgeville.  It  contains  a  handsome 
court-house,  3  churches,  and  an  academy. 

MOXTICELLO,  »  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson  co., 
Florida,  29  miles  E.X.E  of  Tallahassee.  It  contains  a  court- 
hous.'.  and  a  few  stores.     Pop.  1083. 

MOXTICELLO,  a  post^ village  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama,  about 
•50  miles  S.E.  of  Montgomery.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  county. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lawrence  co., 
Mississippi,  on  Pearl  River,  85  miles  S.  of  Jackson.  It  haa 
a  court-house,  a  newspaper  office,  an  academv.  and  several 
stores. 

JIOXTICELLO,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Louisiana. 

Mt»NTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capita!  of  Drew  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, about  85  miles  S.S.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

MOXTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Putnam  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, alxjut  85  miles  E.  of  Xashville. 

MOXTICELI^,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wayne  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 100  miles  S.  of  Frankfort.  It  cont<iins  a  brick  court- 
house. 2  churches,  and  2  tanneries. 

MOXTICELLO.  a  village  of  Fairfield  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  Canal,  30  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

MOXTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  White  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Tippecanoe  River,  82  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis.  It 
Is  situated  on  the  border  of  Grand  Pniirie.  Population 
565. 

MONTICELLO,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois,  4  '>r  5 
miles  N.  of  Alton. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Piatt  co.,  Illinoii, 
near  the  N.  fork  of  the  Sangamon  River,  about  70  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Springfield.    Laid  out  in  1S38.    Pop.  570 


MON 

MONTICELLO,  a  small  village  of  Cliariton  co.,  Missouri. 

MOXTICELIX),  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lewis  co.,Missouri, 
on  tlu'  North  Fabius  River,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Quincy,  111. 

MOM'ICELLO,  a  post-ofSee  of  Joues  co.,  Iowa. 

JIONTlCKLliO,  a  postrvillage  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sladison. 

MONTICELLO,  a  township  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  459. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-oflBce,  Thurston  co.,  Utah  Territory. 

MONTICKLLO,  tlio  capital  of  Cowlitz  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  the  Columbia,  at  the  mouth  of  Cowelitz  lUver. 

MONTICELLO-BKUSATI,  mon-te-ch^'Io-broo-si/tee,  a  vil- 
lage of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  8  miles  from  Iseo. 

MONTICIAN'O,  mou-te-chd'no,  a  walled  town  of  Tuscany 
18  miles  from  Sienna.     Pop.  202t5. 

MONTlfiRENDKR,  mANoHe-AVft.voMaia',  a  market-town 
3f  France,  department  of  Haute-Marne,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Vassy.     Pop.  in  1852,  1496. 

M()NTIERS-.'iUR-SAULX,m4jr«He-A'suE-so',amarket-town 
of  France,  department  of  Meuse,  10  miles  S.  of  Ligny.  Pop. 
1204. 

MONTIERI,  mon-te-A'ree,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  19  miles 
B,W.  of  Sienna.     Pop.  1071. 

MONTIGLIX,  mon-te-gleen/,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
State.1,  division  and  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alessandria.  I'op. 
3060. 

JIi)NTIGLIO,  mon-teel'yo,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont, 
division  and  28  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alessandria,  Pop.  (with 
commune.)  3042. 

MONTlitNAO,  mANoHeenVdk',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Dordo-ne,  12  miles  N.  of  Sarlat.    Pop.  in  1852.  4146. 

MO.VTIliNo.-^OLUCCIIESE,  mon-teen-yo'so  look-kA'sl  a 
village  of  Tusrany,  duchy  of  Lucca,  3  miles  from  Massa- 
Durale.    Pop.  1465. 

MONTIGNY,  miNo'teen'yee',  numerous  small  villages  of 
France,  in  the  X.,  N.W.,  and  central  departments. 

MOXTIGXY-LE-ROI,  ni(Sx°'teenVee'-leh-rwd/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Haute-Marne,  arrondissement  of 
Laugres,  formerlv  fortified.     Pop.  1211. 

MOXTIGXV-LK-TILLEUL,  mAN^HeenVeeneh-teeriul/,  a 
vill.age  of  Relgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  on  the  Sambre,  24 
miles  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1452. 

MDNTIGXY-.SUR-SAMBRE,  m^iso'teenVee'sUr-iijMb'r,  a 
village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  2  miles  E,  of  Char- 
leroi.  on  the  Sambre.     Pop.  3812. 

MOXTIJO  or  MONTIXO,  mon-tee'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  16 
milef'  E.  of  Badajos,  on  the  Gnadiana.     Pop.  4150. 

MiJNTIJO(mon-tee'iio)15AY.XewOrenada,near80°W.lon. 

MOXTILL.A.  mon-teel'yi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
18  miles  S.E.  of  Cordova.  The  streets  are  broad,  clean,  and 
very  well  paved:  and  there  are  3  squares,  a  town-house,  a 
prison,  a  palace,  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  .Medinacell ;  a  pub- 
lie  .school  and  various  private  schools,  an  asylum  for  orphan 
girls,  a  poor-house  and  foundling  hospital,  a  hospital  for 
the  sick  poor,  a  pari.^h  church,  formerly  a  mosque;  a  chapel- 
of-ea.so,  7  hermitages  in  or  near  the  town,  3  convents,  and  2 
nunneries.  Montilla  wa-s  wrested  from  the  Mussulmen  by 
Ferdinand  III.,  who  peopled  it  with  Christians.  It  was  the 
native  place  of  the  great  Captain  Gonzalo  Fernandez  de 
Cordoba,  whose  family  were  the  lords  of  this  place.  Pop. 
13,224.  It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  linen  and  woollen 
cloths,  oil-mill«.  and  potteries,  and  was  formerly  fortified. 

MOXTILLAXA,  mon-teel-yd/nd,  a  village  of  Spain,  Anda- 
lu.-ia.  30  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1057. 

MO.NTIOVET  or  JIONT.IOVET,  mon-te-o-vJt/,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Aosta,  6  miles  from  Yerres, 
on  the  Dora  Baltea.     Pop.  1400. 

M()NTIRAT.  niAN<:HeoVd',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn,  arrondissement  of  Albi,     Pop.  in  1852,  22^39. 

MDNTIVILLIERS,  m4N<=Hee'veeV.V,  (L,  Mcmaste'rium  Vil- 
la/ris,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Soine-Inferieure,  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Havre.  Pop.  in  1852,  4195.  It  is  .situated  in 
a  pleasant  valley,  and  has  a  commun.al  college;  tanning, 
linen  bleaching,  and  sugar  refining  works. 

MOXTJALEIA,  mont-yd-lA'd,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Poltava,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Krementchoog. 
Pop.  1800. 

MONT.IEAX,  m4N"^zh6N'o/,  (L.  ilnns  JoTiantnis,)  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  Loire, 
13  miles  K.  of  BeauT)reau.     Pop.  1470. 

MO.NTJOIE,  moNii^zhwd/.  or  MONT.SCIIAN,  mont'shdn, 
;li.  Mons  Jri/vis.)  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  16  miles  S.S.E. 
*f  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  the  Ruhr.     Pop.  3000. 

MONTJOIE.  mA.vo'zhwl/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of -\riege.  1  mile  N.  of  St.  Girons.    Pop.  1820. 

MO-NT.IOYKT.  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Montiovet, 

MdXTLUfiRY,  mAjfi.Vree/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oi.«e,  15  S.W.  of  I'aris,  on  the  slope  of  a  hill, 
crowned  by  a  tower  commanding  a  good  view  of  Paris,  and 
its  environs.     Pop.  1400. 

?IOXTLIEU.  mAxiiMe-nh',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Jonzac.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1059. 

MON'TLOniS.  mAN'^loo'ee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  I'yrenees-Orientales,  40  miles  W,S.W.  of  Perpignan,  on  a 
4C 


MON 

steep  rock  close  to  the  Tet,  in  a  gorge  at  the  foot  :vf  thtj  PyT<« 
nees,  with  a  remarkable  .square  citadel.    Pop.  lOyO. 

MOXTLOUIS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et- 
Loire,  6^  miles  E.  of  Tours,  with  a  station  on  the  Orleans 
and  Tours  Railway. 

M»^NTLU('ON,  mANO^lu'siNo/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  A  lifer,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Cher,  close  to  the 
Canal  de  Berri,  38  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Sloulins.  Pop.  in  1852, 
8922.  It  is  crowned  by  a  ruined  castle,  has  remains  of  old 
walls  and  towers,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens. 

MOXTLUEL,  mi!i.N"Mu"iP,  (L.  Mons  LupeVU,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ain,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Trevoux.  Pop. 
in  18.52,  2800. 

MOXT.MARAULT,  mAN»'milVo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  16  miles  E.  of  Monti  u^on.  P.  in  1852,  1012. 
MONTMARTIX-SUR-MER,  mA.vu^maiiHJLMo'suR-maiR,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  clo.se  to  the 
English  Channel,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Coutance.s.   P.  in  1852,  856. 

MOXT.M.-VRTRE,  mA.Ni-^niaRt'r',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  .'^eine,  foruiing'a  N.  suburb  of  Paris,  within  the  new 
line  of  fortifications.  Pop.  in  1852,  23,112.  It  is  a  favorite 
Sunday  resort  for  the  Parisians,  and  has  many  inns  and 
villas,  with  an  asylum  for  the  aged,  2  schools,  oil-cloth  fac- 
tories, sca'j:liola  works,  woollen-mills,  and  gy])sum  quarries. 

M0XT.MCDY,  mA.No'miMee/,  (L.  Malediclas,)  a  fortified 
town  of  France,  department  of  Meuse,  on  the  Chiers,  25 
miles  N.  of  Verdun.  Pop.  in  1852,  2649.  It  is  defended  by 
extensive  outworks,  and  has  barracks,  military  hospital,  and 
prison. 

MOXTMEILLAN,  mAN°'miV8N°',  or  MOXTM  ELIAN, 
mA.\"^mi"le-5N"',  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  Isere,  7  miles  S.E. 
of  Chambery.  It  was  once  .so  strong  as  to  be  regarded  a« 
the  bulwark  of  Savoy,  and  the  key  of  its  Alps;  but,  after 
standing  several  siege.s,  its  fortifications  were  finally  demo- 
lished by  Louis  XIV..  in  1705,  and  its  famous  castle,  which 
crowned  a  rock  overhanging  the  town,  now  exists  only  in  a 
few  fragments,  overgrown  with  briars  and  nettles.  Pop., 
with  commune,  1325. 

MOXTMERLE,  m6s»'m5Rl',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  9  miles  N.  of  Trevoux,  on  the  Saone.  Pop. 
in  1852.  1888. 

MOXTMIRAIL,  m6N"'mee>llI',  (L.  Mons  MiraWlis.^  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Marne,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Epernay. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2570.  It  has  manufactures  of  cutlery,  copper 
and  tin  wares.  A  battle  was  fought  here,  17  th  i'ebruary, 
1814,  between  the  French  and  the  allies. 

MONTMORENCY,  mAN^'moVSNoVee',  or  ENGIIIEN,  Sno^ 
ghe-^N"',  (L.  Monvifyrenciacum,)  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pontoise.  Pop.  2144. 
Near  it  is  the  Hermitage,  a  favorite  residence  of  Rousseau. 

MONTMORENCY,  mont-mo-ren'se.  an  unorganized  county 
of  Michigan,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  lower  peninsula,  ha.-  an 
area  of  atx)ut  570  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Thunder 
Bav  River,  which  Hows  into  Lake  Huron. 

MOXT.MOREN'CY,  a  river  of  Canada  East,  which  joins 
tlie  St.  Lawrence,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec,  after  forming  a 
cataract  250  feet  in  height. 

MONT.MORENCY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Canjida 
East,  comprising  an  area  of  7465  square  miles,  is  bounded 
on  the  S.E.  bv  the  St.  Lawrence.    Pop.  9598. 

MOXTMOlilLLON,  mANo'mo'reeriJxo',  (L.  Mmis  Mauri 
ti'mis,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  17  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Poitiers.  Pop.  in  1852,  5228.  It  has  a  curious 
octagonal  temple,  built  over  a  sepulchral  cave ;  an  ecclesi- 
astical seminary,  and  a  hospital. 

MONTODINE,  mon-to-dee'n.i,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
delegation  and  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lodi,  on  the  Serio,  2i  miles 
above  its  junction  with  the  Adda.     Pop.  2000. 

M0NT(»DORISI0,  mon-to-do-ree'se-o,  or  MOXTEODORI- 
SIO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra.  3  miles 
W.S.W.  of  11  Vasto.    I'op.  2500. 

MONTOIRE,  m6x°HwdR',  (L.  Mms  Aureus,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  on  the  Loire,  near 
its  mouth.  29  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  in  1852,  5028, 
partly  employed  in  vitriol  works,  and  in  cutting  turf 

MONTOIRE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loir-et- 
Cher,  24  miles  W.X.W.  of  Blois.  Pop.  in  1852,  3180.  It  is 
commanded  by  a  ruined  castle,  and  has  cavalry  baiTacks. 

MOXTOLIEU,  m6x"Ho^le-uh',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Carcassonne.  Pop.  1760. 

MONTOX.\,  mon-to'nd,  a  town  of  Austria,  lUyria,  govern- 
ment of  Istria,  21  miles  S.  of  Triest.     Pop.  1100. 

MONTOXE.  nion-to'n.i.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Syra- 
cuse, 8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Modica.    Pop.  4000. 

MOXTONE,  (anc.  Wlis.)  a  river  of  Italy,  falls  into  tba 
Adriatic.  6  miles  X.E.  of  Ravenna ;  total  course  about  46  mile.s. 

MOXTOX'GA,  a  post-office  of  Drew  co.,  Arkansas.  ■ 

MOXTOPOLI.  mon-top'o-le.  a  walled  town  of  Tuscany,  24 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Florence.     Pop.  2574. 

MOXTORIO,  mon-to're-o,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,  3^  miles  S.E.  of  Larino.    Pop.  1500. 

MOXTORIO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra 
I.,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Teramo.     Pop.  2300. 

MONTORO,  mon-to'ro,  a  city  of  Spain,  And.alusia.  27  miles 
N.E.  of  Cordova,  on  a  rocky  and  uneven  peninsula  fonnod 

1233 


MON 

by  the'Gaadalquivir,  here  crossed  hj  a  fine  bridge.  It  has 
five  squares,  a  hospital,  one  of  tiie  jjest  institutions  of  the 
kind  in  Andalusia;  a  granary,  a  town-house,  a  foundling 
hospital,  a  college  for  young  ladies,  with  a  church  attached; 
and  variaus  public  and  private  schools  for  elementary  edu- 
cation. There  is  no  drinkable  water  in  the  city,  and  the  in- 
habitants are  obliged  to  supply  themselves  from  a  fountain 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  neighborhood  abounds 
with  quarries  of  millstone,  limestone,  rock-salt,  and  pitch- 
Bt0"ie,  as  well  as  mines  of  antimony,  copi)er,  and  cobtilt. 
Th^re  are  7  fulling-mills,  11  flour  and  numerous  oil  mills. 
Th^  principal  article  of  export  is  oil,  in  great  quantities. 
Pop.  10,732. 

MONTO'RO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra, 
11  miles  N.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  6200. 

MONTOUK,  mon-toor',  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  about  230  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  and 
drained  also  by  Chillisquaque  and  Jloariug  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  traversed  by  high  barren  ridges,  namely,  Mon 
tour's  Ridge,  from  which  the  name  is  derived.  Limestone 
Ridge,  and  Muncy  Hills.  The  intervening  valleys  are  fer- 
tile. Montour's  Ridge  abounds  in  limestone  and  excellent 
iron  ore,  yielding  large  quantities  of  iron.  The  county  is 
traversed  by  the  North  Branch  Canal,  and  the  Lackawana 
and  Bloomsburg  Railroad.  Formed  out  of  the  W.  part  of 
Columbia.    Capital,  Danville.    Pop.  13,053. 

MONTOUR,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  4S.i. 

MONTOUR'S  RIDGE,  a  mountain  ridge  forming  a  part  of 
the  S.  boundary  of  Montour  co.  Its  direction  is  nearly  east 
and  west.    Length  nearly  20  miles. 

MONTOURS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 3  miles  E.  of  Williamsport  It  has  an  active  trade 
in  lumber.    Pop.  369. 

?\tONTPELIER,  mont-peel'yer,  the  capital  of  Vermont, 
and  seat  of  justiceof  Washington  co.,  is  situated  on  the  Onion 
River,  and  on  the  groat  railway  thoroughfare  connecting  the 
Atlantic  at  Boston  witli  the  St.  Lawrence  Rjver,  200  miles 
N.AV.  of  Boston,  and85  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  Lat.  4-1°  17'  N., 
Ion.  76°  36'  VV.  It  occupies  a  centriil  position  in  the  state, 
and  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  active  trade  and  general 
improved  apjiearance.  The  state-house,  fronting  on  State 
street,  is  a  magnificent  granite  structure,  whicli  cost  upwards 
of  $130,000.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  150  feet  in  length, 
and  100  feet  deep,  including  the  portico,  which  consists  of 
six  columns,  each  6  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  36  feet 
high.  The  building  is  surmounted  by  a  dome,  the  apex  of 
which  is  100  feet  from  the  ground.  The  Court-house  is  also 
a  fine  building.  Montpolier  contains  2  b.anks,  5  churches, 
5  newspaper  offices,  an  academy,  and  about  30  sioros.  It 
became  the  capital  of  the  state  in  180.5.  and  of  the  county  in 
1811.  Pop.  in  1830.  1702;  in  IS-W,  3725,  and  in  ISfA  2411. 
Nov.  9,  1S4S,  East  Montpelier,  containing  in  1H50,  1447  in- 
habitants, was  organized  from  the  township  of  Montpelier. 

M0NTPELI15R,  a  postK)ffice  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia. 

MONXPELIEU,  a  post-village  in  Richmond  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

MONTPELIER.  a  post-village  in  Monroe  co.,  Georgia,  50 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

MONTl'KLIKU,  a  post-village  in  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 

MONTPELIER.  a  post-office  of  Adair  co.,  Kentucky. 

MONTI'KLTER,  a  post-office  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio. 

MONTPELIER,  a  post-villaire  of  Blackford  CO..  Indiana, 
on  the  Salamonie  River,  40  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Fort  AVayne ; 
was  first  settled  in  1839. 

MONTPl'LIER,  a  postofflee  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

MONTl'iCLIER.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa. 

MONTPELLIER,  mont-pM'le-er,  (Fr.  pron.  mAjiO^Jl'le-.V ; 
L.  Mons  PKs.vilahnis,)  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ilerault,  finely  situated  on  an  undulating  .icelivity, 
washed  by  the  L6ze,  about  6  miles  N.  of  the  Meditiu'ranean, 
and  76  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mar.seilles.  A  railway  from  Mont- 
pellier  extends  to  Ntmes,  connecting  with  the  Marseilles  and 
Lyons  Railway.  Montpellier  has  been  much  celebrated  for 
the  brightness  of  its  atmosphere,  and  the  mild  salubrity 
of  its  climate,  and,  in  consequence,  long  continued  to  be 
recommended  by  British  physicians  as  a  pro]ier  residence 
for  their  pulmon^iry  patients.  Montpellier  is  celebratt-d  for 
the  peculiar  richness  and  beauty  of  the  landscajie  of  the 
vicinity,  the  whole  district,  for  above  2  miles  around,  being 
studded  with  handsome  country-seats  embosomed  among 
trees,  or  surrounded  by  gardens,  orchards,  vineyards,  and 
olive-yards.  Tlie  city,  enclosed  by  an  old  wall  in  ruins,  and 
defended  by  a  citadel"  of  no  great  strength,  rises  In  the  form 
of  an  ampbitlieatre,  along  a  slope,  the  summit  of  which,  168 
feet  above  soa-lovel,  is  occupied  by  the  Place  de  Peyrou,  foim- 
ing  pai;t  of  the  splendid  promenade  of  the  same  name,  which 
has  been  laid  out  at  vast  expense,  and  with  much  good  taste, 
*  commands  magnificent  views,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
finest  promenades  in  Europe.  At  one  of  its  extremities  is 
the  Chateau  d'Eau.  a  kind  of  fountain-temple,  which  re- 
ceives its  water  from  a  noble  aqueduct  of  53  large  arches 
and  2>*9<)  fin-t  in  length,  led  across  the  valley  from  an  oppo- 
site hill,  and  sends  down  copious  supplies  to  every  quarter 
1234 


MON 

of  the  town.  Montpellier  is  irregularly  built,  and  most  of 
the  streets  are  steep  and  narrow.  The  principal  buildings 
deserving  notice  are  the  Cathedral,  a  large  edifice,  in  a  con 
fined  position,  and  not  of  much  architectural  merit;  seven 
other  Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  a  Protestant  church, 
the  old  Episcopal  Palace,  now  occupied  by  the  School  of 
Medicine,  the  Theatre,  Exchange,  with  a  fine  Corinthian 
colonnade ;  Palais-de-Justice.  and  triumphal  arch,  of  the 
Doric  order,  forming  the  gateway  of  Peyrou.  The  most  im- 
portant public  establislinients  are  the  Ecoie  de  Medicine,  a 
medical  school  of  great  celebrity  (said  to  have  beoi!  founded 
by  Arab  physicians  driven  out  of  Spain),  with  valualile  ana- 
tomical collections,  and  splendid  amphitheatre ;  the  Botan- 
ical Garden,  contilning.  in  an  arched  recess,  shaded  by 
cypress,  the  remains  of  Miss  Temple,  the  Narcis.sa,  whose 
early  death  and  funeral  are  so  impressively  described  in 
Young's  Night  Thoughts ;  the  Public  Library,  the  Musee 
Fabre,  a  piclare-gallery,  remarkably  rich  in  works  of  the 
be.st  masters;  several  large  and  weli-managed  hosjiitals, 
among  which  may  be  specified  the  General  Hospital  and  lift- 
tel  Dieu  St.  Eloi,  central  house  of  correction.  &c.  Montpel- 
lier is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  the  seat  both  of  a  high  court 
with  jurisdiction  over  the  departments  of  Ilerault.  Aveyron, 
Aude,  and  Pyrenfies-Orientales,  and  of  a  court  of  first  resort 
and  commerce.  It  also  possesses  a  Commercial  Chau'bor, 
an  Acadcmie  ITniversiknre,  College,  Diocesiin  Seminary,  and 
secondary  ecclesiastical  school,  faculties  of  medicine  and 
science,  special  school  of  pharmacy,  agricultural  and  an- 
tiquarian societies,  museums  of  painting  and  sculpture, 
a  library  of  30,000  volumes,  and  another  with  6000  vol- 
umes. It  h.is  manufactures  of  cotton  and  wixslleu  goculs, 
verdigris,  mineral  acids,  and  other  chemical  products,  corks, 
liqueurs,  perfumes,  several  tanneries,  sugar-refineries,  and 
numerous  distilleries  of  brandy  and  spirits.  The  harbor 
of  .luvenal,  formed  by  the  Lez.  and  not  a  mile  distant  from 
the  town,  gives  great  facilities  for  trade :  the  principal  arti- 
cles of  which  are  wines,  brandies,  spirits,  oliveoil,  fruits, 
leather,  wool,  copper,  verdigris,  &c.  Montpellier  was  built 
in  the  10th  century  out  of  tlie  ruins  of  Maugeloune.  Loui.? 
XIII.  took  it  from  the  Calvinists  in  1622.  Pop.  in  1852, 
37.611;  in  1861,51,865. 

MONTPELLIER,  COMTE  DE,  kANo'tV  dfh  mAsoYJl'le-.V, 
an  ancient  district  of  France,  formerly  dependent  on  the  pro- 
vince of  Lower  Languedoc,  but  previously  long  governed  l)y 
independent  counts.  It  now  forms  part  of  tlie  department 
of  Ilerault. 

MONTPENSIER,  mAN"'p^No'se-.V,  a  village  of  France,  do- 
partment  of  Puy-de-dome,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Riom.  It  gave 
the  title  of  Duke  to  the  youngest  son  of  the  ex-king  Louis 
Philippe. 

.MONT-PERDU.  m^.N-^'-pgRMii',  (Sp.  Monte  Pmlkh.  vnonl\A 
pJa-dee'Do:  both  names  signifying  "Lost  Mountain,"  pro- 
bably in  allusion  to  its  peak  being  lost  in  the  clouds,)  one 
of  the  highest  summits  of  the  Pyrenees,  .situated  in  Aragon, 
Spain.  Lat.  42°  36'  N.,  Ion.  0°  2'  E.  It  has  an  elevation  of 
10  960  feet 

MONTPEYROUX,  mixo'piVoo',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ilerault,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lodeve.     Pop.  1713. 

MONTPEYROUX,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron,  arrondissement  of  E.spallon. .  Pop.  2000. 

MONTPfiZAT,  m6.N'''p.iV,a',  (L.  Mms  Pensaltvs,)  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Ardeche,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ar- 
gentiere.     Pop.  in  1852,  2820. 

MONTPf.ZAT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Agen.     Pop.  1687. 

MONTPliZAT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Tam-ct- 
Garonne,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montauban.     Pop.  1099. 

MOXTPONT,  mAso'pA.N'o',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Macon.      Pop.  2259. 

MONTQUHI'TTER.  a  parish  of  Scotland.  See  JIonquhitter. 

MON/TRA,  a  post-oftice  of  Shelby  "county,  Ohio. 

MONTR  ADOK,  mon-tr,1-dok',  or  TRADOK.  trd-dok',  a  large 
village  on  the  island  of  Borneo,  on  a  plain  at  the  base  of  a 
mountain  range,  aV)Out  80  miles  S.E.  of  Sambas. 

MONTREAL.  m(!»,"Hr.^^iil',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  .Aude,  11  miles  W.  of  Carcas.sonne.  Pop.  in  1852.  3070. 

MONTRl%.\L.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers,  29 
miles  N.W.  of  Auch.    Pop.  in  1852,  2731. 

MONTREAL,  nion-tre-awl/,  (Fr.  Manlrenl,  ■  mh^<i'\T^AV ; 
Sp.  Monlereal.  mon-tA-r.A-il' ;  L.  Mims  RegaUis.  J.  f.'"  Mount 
Royal,")  a  city  and  river-iiort  of  British  America,  recently 
tlie  capital  of  Canada  Ea.st,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  ■Mon 
treat,  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  here  above  ."  miles  wide — 
.and  on  the  site  of  the  Indian  village  of  Hochelega.  180  miles 
S.W.  of  Quebec.  420  miles  N.  of  New  York,  and  COO  miles  from 
the  sea;  lat.  45°  30'  N.,  Ion.  7.3°  25'  W.  It  is  the  princip.al 
city  and  second  commercial  port  of  British  America,  is 
favorably  situated  for  intercourse  with  botii  provinces,  and 
with  New  York  and  Boston,  being  at  the  head  of  the  ordi- 
nary navigation  from  the  Atlantic,  and  at  the  foot  of  the 
grand  chain  of  canals,  which  conni>cts  the  great  I^akes  On- 
I  tario,  Erie.  Huron,  and  Superior  with  the  river  and  the 
ocean.  The  obstruction  to  the  navigation  of  the  river, 
j  caused  by  the  Lake  St.  Peter's,  a  broad-  shallow  part  of  the 
1  St.  Lawrence,  about  45  miles  N  E.  Horn  Montreal,  having 


only  a  depth  of  from  9  to  12  feet. — has  been  recently  re- 
nioveU  The  city  is  connected  by  railway  ivith  I'lattsburp, 
I'nrtlai'd,  Ifoston,  and  New  York.  It  is  also  counected 
through  Richmond  with  Quebec.  Lines  are  projected,  which, 
when  completed,  will  connect  5Iontreal  with  Kingston,  To- 
ronto, and  other  towns  in  Canada  West. 

The  Island  of  Montreal,  on  which  the  town  is  built,  is 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ottawa  with  the  St.  Law- 
rence. It  is  32  miles  long,  and  about  10  miles  broad  at  tVic 
widest  part ;  generally  level,  with  the  exception  of  the 
mountain  which  rises  N.W.  of  the  town,  and  is  watered  by 
numewus  snnill  streams.  The  .soil  is  for  the  most  part  fer- 
tile and  well  cultivated,  and  the  climate  particularly  favora- 
ble to  the  growth  of  apples  and  pears. 

Montreal  occupies  a  low  tract  of  land,  about  2  miles 
wide,  between  a  considerable  and  very  beautiful  eleva- 
tion, called  Roj'al  Mount,  and  the  river.  It  is  divided 
into  the  upper  and  lower  town,  in  the  latter  of  which  the 
stnsets  are  narruw  and  ill  paved;  the  houses  being  gene- 
rally in  the  French  style,  gloomy  in  appearance  and  with 
dark  iron  shutters.  The  uj'per  town  has  wide  street,',  with 
large,  well  built,  and  commodious  houses,  constructed  of  a 
grayish  lime.«tone,  and  roofed  with  tin  or  sheet-iron,  which 
glittering  in  the  sun,  and  combined  with  the  effect  of  the 
lofty  spires  and  towers,  gives  a  very  iujposing  appearance 
when  viewed  from  a  distance.  Notre  IJame  is  the  main 
street,  running  on  the  centre  of  the  ridge  on  which  the  town 
f  tauds,  but  St,  James  Street,  farther  west,  is  wider  and  more 
elegant.  The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water,  and  the  streets 
lighted  with  gas.  The  principal  public  buildings,  most  of 
■n  hich  are  in  the  Rue  Xotre  Dame,  are  the  Town-hall,  the  Se- 
minary of  St.  Sulpice,  the  Hotel  Dieu,  a  large  hospital  for  the 
reception  of  the  .sick  poor;  the  Convent  of  Notre  Dame,  de- 
signed for  female  instruction:  the  (Jener.al  Hospital,  two 
convents,  English  and  Scotch  churches,  the  Court-house,  New 
.Iiiil,  Government  House,  Nelson's  Jfonument,  the  Quebec 
Barracks,  the  new  Roman  Catholic  Cathedr.al.  (capable  of 
containing  from  10.000  to  12,000  persons,  esteemed  one  of 
the  finest  Gothic  buildings  in  North  .\nierica,  255^  feet  In 
eiigth  by  l.jlj  wide,  and  with  6  towers,  3  of  which  in  front 
are  220  feet  high,)  and  the  Market-house,  a  magnificent  pile 
with  a  lofty  dome,  fronting  the  wharf.  There  are  also  a 
library  and  reading-room,  a  Society  of  Natural  History,  a 
.^Icchanics'  Institute,  th(!  Canadian  Institute,  Merchants' 
Exchange,  Mercantile  Lihrary,  and  an  Agricultural  Asso- 
ciation. The  largest  banking-houses  in  British  North  Ame- 
rica have  their  head  offices  here,  which  are  mostly  situated 
in  the  Place  d'Armes.  The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  crosses 
tlic  St.  Lawrence  here  by  a  magnificent  tubular  bridge, 
called  Victoria  Bridge,  which  is  estimated  to  have  cost  from 
$l,r)O0,000  to  ,?2,000,000. 

The  harbor,  whicli  is  formed  towards  the  St.  Lawrence,  is 
Focure,  and  the  quays,  according  to  Andrews,  "are  unsur- 
passed by  those  of  any  city  in  America;  built  of  limestone, 
and  uniting  with  the  locks  and  cut-stone  wharves  of  the  La- 
chine  Canal,  they  present,  for  several  miles,  a  display  of  con- 
tinuous masonry,  which  has  few  parallels.  No  unsightly 
warehouses  disfigure  the  river  side.  A  broad  terrace,  faced 
with  gray  limestone,  the  p.irapets  of  which  are  surmounted 
with  n  substantial  iron  railing,  divides  the  city  from  the  river, 
throughout  it«  whole  extent.  It  is  proposed  to  form  a  new 
harbor  of  18  or  20  acres  in  extent,  between  Mun's  Island 
and  the  mjiinland,  the  estimated  cost  of  which  is  $300,000. 

Commerce. — The  following  shows  the  number  and  tonnage 
of  ocean  vessels  which  arrived  in  Jlontreal  up  to  the  ISth 
of  November,  1854,  for  the  last  ten  years.  The  increase  is 
chi(^fly  in  the  increased  capacity  of  the  ocean  ships: — 


Year. 

1845 
ISlfl 
18+7 
1848 
1849 


Vessels. 
.    l!i»    . 


Tonnage. 
.  51,093 
.  55,fi58 
.  Ri.oOS 
.  42,157 
.    37,782 


Tc.ir. 
1S50 

im 

18;Vi 
1853 
1854 


Ves 


Tonnage. 

.  58,785 
.  4«,7li7 
.     44,877 

.   5a.v!;9 

.    8«,8«:! 


The  duties  increased  from  191.856?.  in  1849,  to  478.360?. 
in  1854;  and  the  value  of  the  imports  was  respectively 
2.294.710?.  in  1851;  2..311.47U.  in  1852;  3,603.696?.  in  1853; 
and  4.682,403?.  in  1854.  The  value  of  the  leading  articles 
imported,  was,  in 


1852 


Sugar, £109,104 

Tea,    .    ■ 111,796 

Toba/"^co.  manufactured  J 

and  numanufactured,     ^  •    •    •    • 
Spirits:  brandy,  gin,  rum,  wine,  &a., 

Cotton 

Iron  and  hardware 


35,449 


Liuen, 

Silk 

ft'cml, 

trim:  bar,  rod,  sheet,  boiler,  &c., 
Railroad  bar 


53,739 
362,102 
180,301 
,39.216 
79,884 
378,163 
164,060 


1K3. 

£152.779 

13><,441 

42,184 

83,023 
618,,550 
258,574 

58,599 
137.293 
608,186 
311,842 

67.237 


Besides  these,  the  more  important  articles  imported — in  the 
wder  named — were  furs,  oil,  leather,  books,  tallow,  molasses. 
Jour,  pork,  steel,  paper,  dricid  fruit,  glass,  machinery,  her- 
rings, cotton  warp  and  yarn,  India  rubber,  spices,  rice,  &c. 


MOX 

The  Fur  Trade— The  fcllowing  table  exhibit-o  the  imjwr 
tation  of  furs  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  C^impany  (the  centre  of 
whose  operations  is  in  .IConti-eal)  for  three  years: — 


Badger ,    . 

Bear 

Fisher  .     . 

Fo.\— Silver 
"      Cross 
"      Red 
"      White 
"      Kitt 

Lynx     .    . 

Wartin  .    . 

Mink      .     . 

Musquash  . 

Otter     .    . 

Rabbit  .    . 

Wolf     .    . 

Wolverine 


52,659 

8<9 

4,092 

8,7-2 

388 

1,429 

7,:H95 

1 ,820 

'4.658 

4,169 

109,974 

37,015 

313.631 

10.,344 

82,814 

13,724 

740 


Sfilifi 
4,593 


1,004 

2,049 

3,0«7 

6,574 

4,3.36 

3,762 

5,569 

2,556 

8,932 

4,660 

73,422 

69,424 

30,407 

15,845 

510,665 

476.870 

11,278 

8,140 

82,4;W 

54.827 

6,650 

7,901 

The  amount  of  shipping,  however,  affords  an  imperfect 
view  of  the  trade  of  this  increasing  city,  from  the  circum 
stance  of  Quebec  engrossing  the  greater  part  of  the  timljei 
trade,  and,  conse<iuently,  having  a  much  greater  amount  of 
shipping;  and,  also,  from  the  obstruction  of  Lake  St,  I'eter, 
already  adverted  to,  causing  a  large  quantity  of  goods  to  be 
sent  to  Montreal  in  lighters. 

Manufacture.^. — Among  the  manufactures  are  foundries 
of  cast-iron,  distilleries,  breweries,  soap  and  candle  works, 
manufactures  of  hardware,  including  excellent  cutlery,  flocir- 
cloth,  carriages,  and  especially  beautiful  sledges,  or  sleighs, 
as  they  are  more  commonly  called.  In  1851  there  were  7 
iron  foundries  and  7  machine  factories. 

Climate. — The  climate  in  summer  is  hot,  often  reaching 
90°  in  the  shade;  and  the  winters  are  severe,  the  tempera- 
ture ranging  for  weeks  from  zero  to  10°  below  it. 

The  population  in  1844  was  44,093,  in  1851,  57.715,  and 
is  composed  mainly  of  French  Canadians,  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  and  Americans.  The  French  language  is  much 
spoken.    Pop.  in  ISGl,  90,.323. 

Ulucaticm. — The  educational  means  of  this  city  comprise 
a  French  College,  a  University,  with  5  professors,  open  to 
persons  of  all  religious  denominations,  a  Koman  Catholie 
theological  school,  a  high  school,  and  several  classical  and 
scientific  academies. 

General  Statistics. — According  to  the  Canada  Directory, 
there  were  in  Montreal,  in  1851,  1  Baptist,  1  Unitarian,  4 
Roman  Catholic,  5  Episcopal.  6  Presbyterian,  S  Methodist, 
2  Congregational  churches,  ana  1  Jews'  synagogue;  7  fire- 
engines  and  ,station.s,  4  banks.  3  .savings  banks,  32  insurance 
comp.inies,  and  agencies  of  foreign  insurance  companies,  3 
medical  schools,  1  general  hospital,  an  asylum  for  aged  and 
infirm  women,  2  orphan  and  2  Magdalene  asylums,  a  lying- 
in  hospital,  a  dispen.sary,  an  institution  for  the  treatment 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  a  ladies'  benevolent  society,  and  a  board 
of  trade,  (There  were  published  in  the  same  year,  3  daily,  3 
semi  and  6  tri-weekl}'.  8  weekly,  1  semi-monthly,  3  monthly, 
and  2  quarterly  newspapers  and  periodicals,  besides  other 
religious  and  scientific  journals.  At  the  same  date  Montreal 
had  19  hotels,  87  inns  and  taverns,  and  3  principal  markett), 
viz..  Bonsecours,  St.  Louis,  and  St.  Lawrence  Market.?. 

HLttfiry. — Montreal  was  founded  in  1640,  under  the  name 
of  Ville-Marie,  on  the  «ite  of  the  Indian  village  of  Iloche- 
laga.  In  1760,  it  was  taken  by  the  En.clish,  shortly  after 
the  surrender  of  Quebec.  In  1832,  the  cholera  raged  there 
with  great  violence,  carrying  off  1843  inhabitants,  in  a  po- 
pulation of  little  more  than  30,000.  A  political  mob  burnt 
the  Parliament  House  and  Library  adjoining,  April  26, 
1849,  in  consequence  of  which  the  seat  of  government  was 
removed  to  Quebec.  In  July,  1852,  a  destructive  fire  laid 
waste  a  large  part  of  the  city,  burning  1108  houses  and  de- 
stroying property  valued  at  340.816?. 

MON'TREAL',  a  county  in  the  western  part  of  Canada 
East,  is  composed  of  islands  situated  in  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  comprises  an  area  of  197  square  miles.  On  the  largest 
of  these  islands  is  the  city  of  Montreal,  the  capital  of  Ca- 
nada.    Pop.  77.381. 

MONTREALK.     See  Monreale. 

MONTREAL  ISLAND.    See  Montre.\i,  City. 

MONTREAL  RIVER,  forming  part  of  the  twindary  be- 
tween Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  flows  N.W.  into  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

MONTREDON.  mAN«'tr,4'di']N<!?,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Tarue,  17  miles  E.  of  Alby.  Pop.  in  1852, 
5648. 

JIONTREJEAU,  mANoHnVzhiy,  a  town  of  France.  depart> 
ment  of  HauteGaronne,  on  the  Garonne,  here  crossed  by  a 
marble  bridge  of  5  arches,  8  miles  W.  of  St.  Gaudens.  Pop. 
in  1852,  3777. 

MONTRELAIS,  mANoHreh-l.l',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire-InfiSrieure,  on  the  Loire,  9  miles  E.  of  Aneo- 
nis.     Pop.  in  1852,  2159. 

MONTRESOR.  mSNoHrdVoR?,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Lolre,  9  miles  E.  of  Loches.    Pop  700. 

1235 


MON 

MONTRKT'ItrSrE-MEK,  ni6xf''t)Tl'  slir-maiR,  a  town  of 
France,  departini'nt  of  I'as-de-Calais,  on  the  Canche,  8  niileg 
from  its  mouth,  with  a  station  on  the  Amiens  branch  of  the 
Northern  liailway,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  15ouloj;ne.  I'op.  in 
1S52,  3939.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  rampart,  and  defended  by  a 
strong  hill-fortress. 

MOXTKKUIL  Sous  Bois,  mAx=HruI'  soo  bwd,  (L.  ilm- 
tUrioltim.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine,  3i  miles 
K.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  3810,  employed  in  manufactures 
of  enamelled  leather  and  porcelain. 

MOSTKEUIL  BELL.W,  mA.N<='truI'  bJri.V,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  3Iaine-et-Loire,  on  a  cragfTy  height, 
near  the  Thoue.  9  miles  S.S.^V.  of  Saumur,  formerly  a  place 
of  sreat  strength.     Pop.  in  1852.  1884. 

MOXTREUIL  LF>  CHfiXIF,  mixo'truI'-leh-shVteeP,  a  vil- 
la'-;e  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  19  miles  W.S.W.  of 
JIamers.     Pop.  1240. 

MONTUEUX,  mu.No'truh',  aTillajeof  Switzerland,  canton 
of  \'aud.  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  14  mile.s  S.E.  of  Lausanne. 
Pop.  of  parish,  2600. 

MOXTREVAULT,  mAxo'treh-rO',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Maine-etrLoire,  arrondis-semeut  of  Beauprfan. 
Pop.  "SO. 

MOXTREVKL,  mAx"'treh-vll',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  arrondissement  of  Bourg,  on  the  Reyssouse. 
Pop.  1400. 

JIONTRICIIAKD,  miNoVee'shan',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loir-et-Cher,  on  the  Cher,  IS  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Blois.     Pop.  1200. 

MOXTKICOUX,  mixoVee'koo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Aveyron, 
13  miles  K.X.E.  of  Montauban.     Pop.  in  1S52,  loOO. 

MONTKIGACD,  mAxo^i-ee-go',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Valence.     Pop.  1560. 

MONTROSE,  mont-rOz',  a  royal  and  parliamentary  bo- 
rough. Seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  county  of  For- 
far, 34  miles  S.W.  of  Al>ertle«n ;  lat.  56°  42'  30"  N.,  Ion.  2°  28' 
W. ;  70  miles  N.E.  of  Edinburgh,  on  the  railway  from  Dun- 
dee to  Aberdeen.  The  appearance  of  the  to".vn  is  exceedingly 
pleasing;  the  .streets,  which  are  well  paved,  and  lighted  with 
gas,  being,  in  general,  spacious  and  cleanly,  and  the  houses 
substantial,  and,  in  some  localities,  elegant.  The  public 
buildings  are  the  Town-hall,  containing  a  court-ixiom,  new.s- 
room,  and  public  librarj' ;  the  lunatic  asylum,  .said  to  be  the 
first  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  kingdom ;  the  infirmary, 
house  of  refuge,  the  museum,  containing  a  valuable  collec- 
tion in  every  department  of  natural  history,  together  with 
a  variety  of  coins  and  relics  of  antiquity;  the  academy,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  town,  and  a  magnificent  chain  bridge, 
which  cro.sses  the  South  Esk.  It  has  a  parochial  and  2  Free 
churches.  2  United  Presbyterian,  an  Independent,  an  Engli.<h 
Kpiscopaliau,  a  Scotch  Epi.*eopalian,  a  Methodist.  2  Bajitist 
churches,  and  a  Glassitc  meeting-house.  The  educational  in- 
stitutions comprise  an  academy.  2  Free  Church  schools,  and 
about  30  others,  public  and  private,  besides  2  infant  schools. 
There  are  2  principal  libraries  in  the  town — one  containing 
10,000  volumes,  the  other  3000  volumes;  also  a  Jibrary  be- 
longing to  the  town  grammar  scliool.  The  principal  business 
in  Montrose  is  flax-spinning  and  weaving.  In  1851,  there 
were  5  spinning-mills,  consuming,  together,  5750 .tons  of  ttax, 
and  employing  2150  persons.  There  were  also  3  large  flax 
spinning-mills,  and  2  bleaching-works,  which  give  employ- 
ment to  500  work-people.  The  numl'er  of  persons  employed 
in  weaving  and  manufacturing  linen  is  estimated  at  1400.  the 
power-looms  at  130,  and  the  hand-looms  at  400,  together 
producing  1450  pieces  of  cloth  weekly.  Starch  of  a  superior 
quality  is  manufactured  to  a  considerable  extent,  there 
being  3  establishments  in  the  town  for  making  that  article ; 
also  2  iron  foundries,  a  corn  and  flour  mill,  and  a  little  ship- 
building is  carried  on.  The  harbor  of  Montrose  is  one  of 
the  b«'st  on  tlie  E.  coast  of  Scotland.  It  is  formed  by  the 
entrance  of  the  South  Esk  into  the  North  Sea,  where,  on  a 
rocky  prompntory  on  the  S.  side  of  the  river,  a  lofty  white 
beacon  is  erected.  Two  lighthouses,  one  45  feet,  the  other 
35  feet  high,  were  erected,  in  1818,  on  the  N.E.  side  of  the 
river.  The  quays  and  wet  dock  are  about  ly  miles  from  the 
en  trance  of  the  river ;  the  latter  is  capable  of  accommodating 
6000  tons  of  shipping.  In  1851,  there  entered  47,420  tons 
of  shipping,  8462  tonp  of  which  were  engaged  in  the  foreign 
traile ;  and  there  cleared  29,04?  tons,  of  which  1 2,509  belonged 
to  the  foreign  trade.  The  chief  imports  are  flax  and  hemp, 
coals,  and  herrings;  and  the  exports — manufactured  good.s, 
fcrain,  and  cattle.  Steamers  ply  between  Jlontrose  and 
London.  Leith,  Dundee,  and  Aberdeen.  Montro.se  unites 
with  Arbroath.  Brechin,  Forfar,  and  Bervie,  in  returning  a 
member  to  Parliament.  Here,  in  1296,  Baliol  is  said  to  have 
surrendered  the  Scottish  crown  to  Edward  I.  The  famous 
Marquis  of  Montrose  was  born  here  in  1612.  and  the  town 
now  gives  the  title  of  Duke  to  his  fiimilv.    P.  in  1851,  15.238. 

-MONTROSE',  a  post-l)orough  of  Hrldgewater  township, 
capital  of  Susquehanna  co.,Peunsylvania,  near  the  Delaware 
Lacknwan&  and  Western  Railroad,  165  miles  N.  bv  W.  of 
Philadelphia.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  hilly' region, 
near  the  sources  of  WytJ  using  Creek.  The  liouses"  are 
mostly  wood,  ana  painted  white.  Montrose  contains  a  bank. 

123a 


MON 

an  acaiieiiiy,  5  churches,  and  2  newspaper  ofl5ces.  Pop.  in 
1860, 1268. 

MONTROSE,  a  post-office  of  'Westmoreland  cc,  Virginia. 

MONTROSE,  a  post-village  -of  J.isper  co.,  Jli.ssissippi. 

MONTROSE,  a  postofRce  of  Smith  co..  Tennessee. 

MONTROSE,  a  po.'it-office  of  Summit  co..  (  hio. 

MONTROSE,  a  township  in  Gene.'iee  co.,  Michigan.   P.  389. 

5I0NTR0SE,  a  post-village  of  Lee  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  at  the  head  of  the  lower  rapids,  12  miles  above 
Keokuk.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  employeti  in  "  lighten- 
ing" steamboats  over  the  rapids,  which  obstruct  the  navi- 
gation of  the  river.  The  railroad  from  Keukuk  to  Fort 
Madison  ]i:issos  through  Montrose.     Pop.  19S8. 

5I0NTR0SE.  a  township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop.  856. 

MONTROSE  DEPOT,  a  post  office  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Penn.sylvania. 

MONTROUGE,  niAxo'roozh',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  forming  a  S.  suburb  of  Paris,  beyond  the 
fortifications.  Pop.  in  1852,  9223.  Here  ia  the  entrance  to 
the  catacombs,  extending  beneath  Paris.  The  commune  of 
Pelit-Mimtrnuqe  is  now  enclosed  by  the  fortifications. 

MONT-SAXONEX,  mont-sax-o-nJx',  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States.  Savoy,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Bonnevilie.    Pop.  1308. 

MONTSECII,  mont-s5k',  a  range  of  mountains  in  Spain, 
Catalonia,  province  of  Lerida,  stretching  from  E.  to  W.  about 
26  miles. 

MONrSERRAT'  or  MON'SERR  AT/,  one  of  the  British  W. 
India  Islands,  Leeward  group,  nearly  at  equ.al  distance  (30 
miles)  from  the  islands  of  Nevis.  Antigua,  and  Guadeloupe; 
lat.  (N.  point)  16°  50'  N.,  Ion.  62°  12'  W.  It  is  of  an  oval 
form,  10  miles  to  12  miles  long,  7i  miles  broad.  About  two- 
thirds  of  the  surface  is  mountainous  and  barren,  the  re- 
mainder is  well  cultivated ;  about  6000  acres  are  appropriated 
to  sugar,  2000  acres  to  cotton,  2000  acres  to  provisions,  and 
2000  acres  to  pasturage.  The  quantities  of  sugar,  rum.  and 
molasses,  which  form  the  chief  products  of  the  island,  ex- 
ported in  1849,  were : — sugar,  561  hogsheads,  230  tierces,  563 
barrels;  rum,  12  hogsheads,  30  puncheons;  molasses,  336 
puncheons.  Cotton,  wool,  arrow-root,  and  tamarinds  are 
also  among  its  exports.  The  government  of  the  island  ia 
vested  in  the  Governor-in<iiief  of  the  Leeward  Islands,  who 
is  represented  by  a  presiilent.  assisted  by  a  council,  and 
house  of  assembly.  The  island  was  discovered  and  named 
by  Columbus  in  1493.  Chief  town,  Plymouth,  on  its  S.W. 
coast.  On  February  8,  1843,  5Iontserrat  sustained  con- 
siderable damage  from  an  earthquake.  Pop.  in  1844,  7365, 
of  whom  not  more  than  150  are  white. 

M(>NTSHRR.\T.  a  mountain  of  Spain.     See  Moxserrat. 

MONT-ST.-AUBERT,  mAx«'sSxt'0'baiR',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Ilainaut,  33  mUes  W.N.W.  of  Mons.  Pop. 
1496. 

JIONT  ST.  JEAN,  mAxo  sJx"  zhSx".  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  South  Brabant,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Brussel.s.  imme- 
diately E.  of  the  field  where  was  fought  the  action  of  Water- 
loo, c.iUed  by  the  French  the  battle  of  Mont  St.  Jean. 

MONT  ST.  MICHEL.  mAx=  As"  mee'shSl',  a  picturesque, 
steep,  and  fortified  rock,  off  the  coast  of  Normandy,  in  Can- 
cale  Bay,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Avranches,  having  a  striking 
resemblance  to  St.  Michael's  Jlount,  off  Cornwall,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  English  Channel.  On  its  summit  is  an 
abbey,  founded  in  the  8th  century,  clustered  around  which 
is  an  irregular  town.     Pop.  1000. 

MONTSURS,  uiAxo'sur',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Mavenne,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Laval.     Pop.  1405. 

MONT-TENDRE.  mdixi't^xdV,  one  of  the  Jura  Mountains, 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  Lake 
Joux.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Lausanne.     Height  6.538  feet. 

MONT  TERRIBLE,  inA.\o  t^R'Reeb'l',  and  MONT  TON- 
NERRE,  mix"  ton'naiR',  two  former  departments  under  the 
French  Empire,  the  furmerjiartly  composed  of  the  N.W.  part 
of  the  SwisS  canton  of  Bern,  with  Porentruy  for  its  capital, 
and  named  after  a  mountain  3  miles  S.E.  thereof,  on  which 
are  vestiges  of  a  camp  establishett  by  Julius  Ca>sar.  The 
latter  is  now  mostly  comprised  in  Rhenish  Bavaria ;  capital 
city,  Mentz. 

MONTU-BECCARIA,  mon'too-bfkka/re-J,  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Alessandria,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Voghera.  on  the  Versa,  an  affluent  of  the  Po.     Pop.  2650. 

MONTU  DE  G.\BB1,  mSn'too  dA  gdiybee,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Alessandria.  15  miles  E.N.K 
of  Voghera,  on  the  Versa,  an  affluent  of  the  Po.     Pop.  1983. 

MONTUIRI,  mon-twee-ree',  a  town  of  the  Balearic  Isles^ 
Majorca.  17  miles  E.  of  Palma.      Pep.  2783. 

MONTU  RESVILLE.    See  Moxtoursville. 

MONTVILLK,  a  village  of  France.     See  MoxvTLlE. 

MONT'VILLE.  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co.,  Slaine.  about 
30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.  It  is 'well  supplied  with 
water-power,  employed  for  mills  of  different  kinds.  There 
are  3  post-offices  in  the  township,  but  no  large  village.  Pop, 
1682. 

MONTVILLE.  a  township  of  New  London  co..  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  right  bank  of  Thames  River,  intersected  by  the 
New  London  Willimantic  and  Palmer  Raiload,  al>out  38 
miles  S.E.  of  Hartford.  It  has  a  wire  factory  and  several 
cotton-mills.    Pop.  2141. 


MON 


MOO 


MOXTTTLLE,  a  villase  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York,  about 
20  miles  S.S  K.  of  Auburn. 

MONTVILLIO,  a  pnst-vil!ap;e  of  Morris  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  .Morris  Canal,'  24  miles  N.W.  of  Jersey  City. 

.MONTVILLK,  a  post-township  forming  tte  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Ooiiuna  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  760. 

MOXTVIhLK,  a  township  of  Medina  CO.,  Ohio.    I'op.  951. 

MONTZKN,  mAnt's('n  or  mAxt'sdN"',  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  and  21  miles  N.K.  of  Liege.     I'op.  1070. 

.M(  IN  L'CCO,  mo-nook'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Asti.     Pop.  1611. 

MOX'U.MKNT.  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  E.  .side  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  and  on  the  Cape  Cod 
Railroad,  .56  miles  S.K.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

MONUMKNT.  a  post-office  of  Pike  co..  Illinois. 

MOXU-MKNT  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York. 

MOXVILLE  or  MONTVILLR,  mANo'veel',  a  village  of 
France,  di^partment  of  Si'ine-lnfericure,  with  a  station  on 
the  Paris  and  Havre  Railway,  10  miles  N.  of  Rouen.  Pop. 
2543.     It  was  visited  by  a  destructive  waterspout  in  1845. 

M(JNY,  mo'neo/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise, 
about  6  miles  S.VV.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  2232. 

lMi).\'V.MUSK,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  county 
and  19  miles  W.X.W.  of  Aberdeen.     Pop.  895. 

MONZA.  mon'zi,  (anc.  Mndicia.)  a  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  government  and  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Milan,  on  the 
railway  to  Como,  and  on  the  Lambro,  which  divides  it 
into  two  parts,  and  is  here  crossed  by  three  bridges.  Its 
site  is  somewhat  elevated,  and  its  air  remarkably  pure  and 
healthy.  In  early  times  it  was  surrounded  by  walls,  flanked 
with  bastions,  and  defended  by  a  castle,  but  these  have 
almost  entirely  disappeared,  and  great  improvements  have 
been  made  by  levelling  and  planting  the  ramparts.  The 
streets  arc  regular,  and  paved  with  flints.  The  most  remark- 
able edifices  are  the  Cathedral  of  St.  John  Baptist,  originally 
founded  in  the  beginning  of  the  7th  century,  by  the  cele- 
brated I.iombard  queen.  Teodolinda.  sub.sequently  repaireil 
and  enlarged,  and  now  forming  a  beautiful  structure,  sur- 
mounted by  a  lofty  spire,  adorned  by  numui-ous  sculptures 
and  paintings,  and  so  rich  in  curious  and  Interesting  gifts 
bestowed  by  the  queen  and  others,  as  to  be  a  kind  of  medi- 
eval museum;  the  Church  of  San  Gerardo,  recently  finished 
in  the  form  of  a  rotunda,  and  several  other  handsome 
churches;  tlie  Broletto  or  Town-hall,  an  Italian  Gothic  struc- 
ture, attributed  to  Frederick  Barbaro.ssa;  the  Palace,  in 
which  the  Viceroy  of  Milan  usually  resides  in  summer;  the 
Barnabito  college,  diocesan  si»minary,  gymnasium,  han<i- 
Bome  theatre,  penitentiary,  house  of  industry,  mnnte-de- 
pitti:,  and  hospital.  In  the  town  and  immediate  neighlx)r- 
hood,  above  .5000  looms  are  employed  in  weaving  cotton 
goods,  of  various  descriptions,  but  especially  fustians.  There 
are.  also,  manufactures  of  hats,  leather,  bricks,  tiles,  and 
Baus.ages.  for  which  the  town  has  long  b<!en  famous.  Under 
the  Romans,  Monza  made  some  progress,  but  did  not  attain 
its  highest  prosperity  till  the  time  of  the  Lombards,  who 
fortified  and  embellished  it,  and  made  it  the  capital  of  their 
kingdom.  After  their  fiiU  It  w,as  for  a  time  independent, 
but  afterwards  became  a  dependency  of  Milan.    Pop.  15,587. 

MO.NZA.MHANO.  raon-zdm-bd'iio,  a  market-town  ofNorth- 
ern  Italy,  about  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mantua.  Pop.  2729. 
The  French  gained  a  victory  over  the  Austrians  here  in 

isoo. 

MONZE,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Monze. 

MONZIE,  mon'zee,  or  MONIE,  mon'nee,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Crieff. 
Pop.  1199.  It  has  several  ancient  remains,  including  the 
reputed  fort  of  Fingal.  tomb  of  Ossian.  and  Monzie  Castle. 

M<>\ZI.\GK.\,  mont'sing-en,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. .39  miles  S.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Nalje.     Pop.  1085. 

Mi)\Z')\.  mon-thon',  a  fortified  town  of  Sp.ain,  province 
and  ?.:!  miles  S.K.  of  Iluesca,  on  the  Cinca.     Vop.  2880. 

Mi).JAl{,  MDUAB  or  MUAB,  moo-db',  a  town  of  Arabia, 
Yemen.  60  miles  K.S.E.  of  Sana. 

MO  :)DA\IA.  MOUDANIA  or  MUDANIA.  moo-d;Vne-a,  a 
large  straggling  village  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Sea  of  >iar- 
mora,  15  miles  N,VV.  of  Bru.«a,  and  the  place  of  embarka- 
tion of  travellers  thence  to  Constantinopl-!,  with  which  city 
it  h.as  weekly  steam  communication.  It  contains  about  1000 
houses. 

MOODAPOOR,  moodi-poor',  a  trwu  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  66  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Dacc.i. 

MOODIIfLL',  a  town  of  British  Iidia.  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, district  and  62  miles  N,K,,  f.f  Darwar, 

MOOCVKKK,  a  village  of  >"orth-\Vestern  Ilindostan,  Raj- 
pontana,  .about  2S  miles  S.E  3'"Ferozepoor.  Pop.  6(100.  Here, 
In  1845.  the  first  action  took  place  between  the  Sikhs  and 
the  British  forces. 

MOOD'NA.  a  post-rffic«  rf  Orange  CO..  New  York. 

MOO'DUS,  f  wst-i'ir.axe  of  Middlesex  co.,  Connecticut, 
about  25  milos  S.S.E.  ct  Hartford.  It  contains  several  cot- 
ton factories. 

MOO'D^'i'P  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

MOO'ifiS,  R  pos'.-vUlage  and  township  of  Clinton  co.,  New 


York,  about  1(10  mile.s  N.  by  E.  of  Albany.  Tlio  village  ii 
situated  on  the  Northern  Itailroad,  where  it  is  cro»3i-d  ly 
the  Plattfiburg  and  .Montreal  Railroad,  and  contains  2  or  ,' 
churches,  about  half  a  dozen  stores,  an  i  ?everal  mills.  Pop 
of  township.  3926. 

MOOEKS  VILLAGE,  a  village  situated  on  the  Plattjburg 
and  Montreal  Railroad,  20  miles  from  Plattsburg, 

MOOJABAD,  moo-jdt-biid',  a  considerable  town  cf  Ilindos- 
tan, dominions  and  SOmiles  S.W.  of  Jeypoor,  with  a  mosque, 
some  good  gardens,  and  several  Jain  temples. 

MOOK,  mok,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Limburg,  30  miles  N,N,\V,  of  Venloo.  Louis  of  Nassau  was 
here  conquered  and  killed  by  the  Spaniards  in  1574, 

MOOKDEN,  MOUKDEN,  or  MUKDK.N,  mookVUn/,  SIHN- 
YANG  or  CHIN-YANG,  shin-yauW,  or  FUXG-THIAN,  fang'- 
t'he-in',  a  city  of  Mantchooria,  capital  of  the  province  of 
Leao-tong.  on  an  eminence  about  380  miles  N.E,  of  Peking. 
Lftt,  41^  50'  N,,  Ion,  123*^  20'  E.  It  was  the  last  residence  of 
the  Mantchoo  sovereigns,  before  their  conquest  of  China, 
and  the  place  where  the  early  emperors  of  the  reigning  dy- 
nasty are  buried.  It  is  now  the  seat  of  several  superior 
tribunals,  and  of  a  Chinese  viceroy  of  the  highest  rank. 

MOOLA  (moo'ld)  or  GUNDAVA  (grin-dd/vi)  PASS,  Beloo- 
chistan,  leads  fiom  Oundava  to  Kelat,  along  the  valley  of 
the  Moola,  an  affluent  of  the  Indus,  its  centre  being  in  lat. 
28°  N.,  Ion,  67°  E.,  and  its  extreme  elevation  4600  feet, 

MOOLA,  moo'ld,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  130  miles  S.E.  of 
Smyrna, 

MOOLKIER,  mool-keeu/,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  province 
of  Candeish.  on  the  Moosur,  which  here  forms  a  cataract, 
82  miles  E.S.E.  of  Surat. 

MOOLOOPETTA,  moo-loo  pJt/tJ,  a  maritime  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Madras,  124  miles  N.E.  of  Cape 
Comorin.  and  a  favorite  resort  of  invalids. 

MOOLTAN,  MOULl'AN  or  MULTAN,  mool-tdn',  an  an- 
cient  city  of  the  Punjab,  164  miles  S.W.  of  Lahore,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Chenaub.  from  which  it  is  distant  alxiut  3 
miles ;  lat.  30°  8'  N.,  Ion.  71°  28'  E.  It  is  upwards  of  3  miles 
in  circumference,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  dilapidated  wall, 
and  overlooked  on  the  N.  by  a  fortress  of  some  strength. 
The  houses  are  built  of  burned  brick,  have  fiat  roofs,  and 
sometimes  rise  to  a  height  of  6  stories,  their  loftiness  giving 
a  gloomy  appearance  to  the  narrow  streets.  The  bazaars 
are  extensive,  but  are  also  inconveniently  narrow.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  silks,  cottons,  shawl.s,  longeeg, 
brocades,  and  tissues.  Mooltan  has  an  extensive  foreign 
trade  with  the  countries  W.  of  the  Indus,  and  a  large  bank- 
ing business  is  carried  on  by  its  merchants.  The  fortress, 
built  in  1640,  on  the  site  of  the  old  city,  stands  on  a  mound 
of  earth,  and  is  an  irregular  figure  of  six  sides,  surrounded 
by  a  wall  aliout  40  feet  high  outside,  and  surmounted  bj'  30 
towers.  The  vicinity  is  covered  with  a  vast  quantity  of  the 
ruins  of  tombs,  mosques,  and  shrines.  Many  of  these  have 
been  sub.stantial  edifices,  and  all  tend  to  show  the  former 
extent  and  antiquity  of  the  city.  The  gardens  around  are 
numerous,  and  well  stocked  with  fruit  trees,  as  mangoes, 
oranges,  citrons,  limes,  &e.  Its  dategrovVis  also  yield  niucb 
fruit,  and  vegetables  are  grown  in  great  abundance,  Mool- 
tan is  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  in  India;  it  was  taken 
by  the  Jlohammedans  at  the  close  of  the  8th  century,  again 
at  the  commencement  of  the  lltli,  and  a  third  time  by 
Tamerlane  at  the  close  of  the  14th.  Latterly  it  fell  into  tb« 
hands  of  the  Sikhs,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1849.     Pop.  estimated  at  80,000. 

MOON  or  MOEN.  moon,  an  i.sland  of  Rus.«ia,  in  the  Baltic, 
at  the  N.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga ;  greatest  length  about 
9  miles,  breadth  6  miles, 

MOON,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co,,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  12  miles  below  Pittsburg.     Pop.  1148. 

MOON,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania.   Pop.  1484. 

MOONCHY,  moon'che,  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan, 
Nizam's  dominions,  on  the  Godavcry,  38  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Aurunsabad. 

MOON'DEIl  or  MOON/DRA,  a  large  village  of  Sinde,  30 
miles  N.  of  Sehwan,  on  the  route  to  Larkhana;  lat.  26°  47' 
N.,  Ion.  67°  54'  E. 

MOONE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  KiULare. 

MOO'NEY,  a  township  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop. 
325. 

MOONEY,  a  post-office  of  .Jackson  co.,  Indiana. 

MOON'S,  a  post-office  of  Favette  co..  Ohio. 

MOON'S  POINT,  a  small  village  of  Livingston  co.,  Tllinoig. 

MOONUK,  moo^nuk',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Sikh  terri- 
tory. 117  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi. 

MOON'ZIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife.  3  miles  N.N.AV. 
of  Cupar.  It  has  remains  of  a  fortress  of  the  Crawlbrds, 
and  Colluthie  House,  an  ancient  seat  of  the  Ramsays. 

MOOH.    .«ee  JIorocco. 

MOOR  or  MOR,  mor,  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  co,  and  16 
miles  N.W.  of  Stuhlwei.ssenburg.  Pop.  7000.  It  lias  a  citndel, 
a  Capuchin  monastery,  large  barr.acks,  several  Protestant 
churches,  and  a  trade  in  superior  wines. 

MOORAD  (MOURAD  or  MURAD)  CH.U,  moo-ri5d' chi, 
a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  the  E.  branch  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, rises  about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Mount  Ararat,  flows 

1237 


MOO 


MOO 


ttfpt-ward.  and  joins  thft  north  biju.«fi  or  Frat,  about  85 
milt."  N.N  \V.  of  Diiirbokir. 

MOOIl  A  FA,  MOUKAFA  or  MURAFA,  moo-riffL  a  markets 
town  of  Kus.-iian  I'oland,  government  cf  I'odolia,  37  miles  N. 
ofYampol.     l>op.  ]SUO. 

MOOUASIIKIXO,  MOUKACIIKIXO  or  MURASCHKIXO, 
moo-r.'ish-kee'no.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  and 
40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Xizhnee-Novgorod.  Pop.  0,000;  employed 
in  manufactures  of  leather,  soap,  and  hosiery. 

MOORBUKOi,  moK/booRG!  a  village  of  Germany,  in  the 

territory  and  J  niile.s  S.  of  the  city  of  Hamburg.     I'op.  1817. 

MOOH'BV.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  eo.  of  Lincoln. 

MODKDRECIIT,  moR'drJKt,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 

province  of  South  UoUand,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Rotterdam. 

Pop.  1904. 

MOORE,  mOr,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Ros- 
3ommon. 

MOOUE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  with  a 
station  on  the  London  and  North-\Vestern  Railway,  3  miles 
S.W.  of  M'arrington. 

MOORE  (mOr)  POINT,  of  West  Au.'tralia,  forming  the  S. 
extremity  of  Port  Grey :  lat.  28=  47'  S..  Ion.  114°  37'  40"  E. 

MOORE,  mor,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina ;  area  estimated  at  750.  siiuare  miies.  It  is  drained  by 
Beep,  Little,  and  Lumber  Rivers.  The  surface  is  diversi- 
fied. The  county  is  intersected  by  a  plankroad  leading  to 
Fayetteville.  Capital,  C-arthage.  Formed  in  1784.  and 
named  in  honor  of  Hon.  Alfred  Moore,  late  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  Pop.  11,427, 
of  whom  8909  were  free,  and  2.518  slaves. 

MOORE,  a  tijwnship  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2S97. 

MOORE'FIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hardy  co..  West 
Virginia,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  about  150  miles 
S.E.  of  Wheeling.  It  contuins  several  stores  and  mills,  and 
about  50  dwellings. 

MOOREFIEIiD,  a  post-village  of  Nicholas  co.,  Kentucky, 
66  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort. 

MOOREFIELD,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1312. 

MOOREFIELD,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Harrison 
CO.,  Ohio,  lOo  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus.  Pop." of  the  town- 
Bhip,  1172:  of  the  village,  about  400. 

MOOREFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana, 
9.1  miles  S.K.  of  IndianapolL^. 

MOOKE'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

MOORE'S,  a  post-olTice  of  Bowie  co.,  Texas. 

MOORES/BOROUQH,  a  post-viUage  of  Cleveland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MOORES/RURG,  a  village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 86  miles  W.N.W.  of  Harrisbui-g. 

M(X)RES1!URG,  a  post-village  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Danville. 

MOORESIUJRG,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee. 

M0()RESI5UR0.  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  CO.,  Indiana. 

MOORES  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  New  Ilauover  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

JIOORE'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Hardeman  co., 
Tennessee. 

JIOORE'S  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Ni?w  York. 

MOORESHILL,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  13  miles  N.M'.  of 
Lawreneeburg.     Pop.  in  1S50,  206. 

MOORE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  .lackson  CO., W.  Virginia. 

5I00R  ES  OR'DIN  All  Y,  a  post-office  of  Prince  Edward  co., 
Virginia. 

MOORE'S  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  .Teffer.son  CO.,  Illinois. 

-MOORE'S  RANCHE,  a  post-office  of  Colusi  co.,  California. 

MOORE'S  REST,  a  postofflce  of  Anderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

MOORK'S  SALT-WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co., 
Ohio.  130  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

MOORES  STORE,  pos^village,  Shenandoah  CO., Virginia. 

MOORESTOWN,  mOrz'town.  a  post-village  of  Chester 
township.  Burlington  eo..  New  Jersey,  on  the  road  from 
Cam<len  to  Jlouut  Holly,  9  miles  from"  each.  It  contains  5 
churches.  3  or  4  stores,  and  about  1200  inhabitants. 

MOORKSVILLE,  morz'vill.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.. 
New  York,  48  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

MOORESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  North 
Carolina.  75  miles  N.W.  of  R.ileigh. 

3I00RESV1LLE.  a  post-village  of  Limestone  co.,  Alabama, 
about  20  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Ilunt-sville. 

MOORESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  CO.,  Tennessee, 
63  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Nashville. 

MOORESVILLE.  a  flourishing  po8t-village  of  Morgan  co., 
Indiiina,  on  \\  hite  Lick  Creek,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Indiana- 
polis.    It  h.is  a  plank-road  leading  to  Franklin.     Pop.  780. 

SKWRE'S  VINEYARD,  a  post-office  of  Bartholomew  co.. 
Indiana. 

MOORETTOWN.  a  post-village. of  Montgomerv  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  turnpike  between  Phila-lelphia  and  Easton. 
11  miles  N.  of  the  former.  It  contains  1  church  and  about 
30  dwellin-rs. 

MOORE'VILLE.  a  small  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michi- 
Can.  on  ."'aline  River. 

'  MOORGHAUB,  moor'gawb/,  MOURGUAB  or  MURGHAB. 
1238 


moor'gSV.  written  .ilso  5I00RGAUB  and  MOURG  AB.  a  rircf 
of  Afghanistan  and  Independent  Toorkistan,  rises  in  the 
Huzareh  country,  flows  N.W.  into  Khiva,  and  beyond  MefT 
is  lost  in  the  sands,  after  a  course  of  about'250  miles. 

M00KG1I-\U1!.  a  town  of  Pei'sia,  province  of  Fars.  70  mileg 
N.E.  of  Sheeraz,  immediately  N.  of  the  ruins  of  Pasargada 
01  rhmrgadfe. 
MOORISH.    See  Morocco. 

MOOR/LINCH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
MOORLEY,  moor/lee,  or  JESSORE,  jjs-sor',  a  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  and.  province  of  Bengal,  capita, 
of  the  di.strict  of  Jessore,  66  miles  N.E.  of  Calcutta. 

MOORLEYDUR  SERAI,  moor-le-Uur/  s.VrI',  a  town  ot 
British  InUia,  presidency,  province  and  40  miles  E.  of  Agra. 
MOORO.M,  MOUROM  or  MUROM,  moo-rom',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Vladimeer,  on  the 
Oka.  Pop.  6500.  It  comprises  a  Kreml  or  citadel,  and  two 
other  quarters,  a  cathedral  of  the  IGth  century,  and  up- 
wards of  17  other  churches  and  several  convents;  manufac- 
tures of  linens,  leather,  soap,  and  earthenwares,  which  last 
articles,  with  a  considerable  quantity  of  corn,  are  exported 
to  St.  Petersburg. 

MOORS.\UM,  moor-sawm',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  29  miles  N.  of  Agra. 

3IO0RSEELE,  mor'sA-lv'h,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  4  miles  W.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  4000. 
MOORSEL,  moR'sel,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders.  IS  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2S07. 

MOORSUEDABAD,  moor"she-d.j-bdd',  a  city  of  British 
India,  presidency  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the  proviuco 
of  Bengal,  extends  along  the  Ganges  for  about  8  miles,  115 
miles  N.  of  Calcutta.  Lat.  24°  11'  N..  Ion.  88°  15'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  165,000.  It  is  meanly  built,  and  its  only  re- 
markable edifice  is  the  palace  of  the  nabob,  a  large  white 
building,  in  the  European  style.  It  has  many  mosques 
scattered  through  the  city,  and  here  are  the  ix-mains  of 
a  Mohammedan  palace,  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  Gour.  It 
is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  si.x  courts  of  circuit  under  the  Ben- 
gal presidency,  and  of  a  British  college,  founded  in  1826, 
and  having  an  annual  revenue  of  1650/.;  has  considerable 
manufactures  of  silk  and  other  fabrics.  The  district  Sloor- 
shedabad.  has  an  area  of  1870  square  miles.     Pop.  800,000. 

MOORSLEDE,  moRs'lA-deh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  ^\  est  Flanders,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Ypres.     I'op.  63;53. 
MOi'KS'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
MOORTOWN.  mor'towu,  a  station  on  the   Lincolnshire 
branch  of  the  Midland  Railway,  7  miles  N.  of  Market-Raisen. 
JIOOR/VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Itawamlia  co.,  Mississippi. 
MOORAVINSTOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 
MOORZOOK.  -MOURZOLK.  or  MURZUK,  moor'zook',  (anc. 
Garlama,  Gr.  Tapafxa.)  a  commercial  city  of  Africa,  capital 
of  Fezzan,  in  lat.  25°  54'  N.,  Ion.  14°  12'  E.     Pop.  estimated 
at  3500.     It  is  built  of  brick,  cemented  with  mud:  it  has  a 
mosque,  and  a  garrison  of  500  men.     It  is  the  residence  of 
a  Briti.sh  consul.     It  w-.hs  far  more  important  a  few  centuries 
ago  than  at  present.    Oarama  was  the  capital  of  the  Gara- 
man>le.s  mentioned  by  Virgil,  (.JCntid.  lib.  vi.  1.  794.) 

MOOSA,  MOUSA  or  MUSA.  moo'sd,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in 
Yemen.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Mocha.    It  has  a  garri.soned  fort. 

MOUSBL'Rli.  m0.s'bi)oR«.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 

Bavaria,  on  the  Isar,  29  miles  N.E.  of  Munich.     Pop.  1739. 

MOOSE,  moos,  a  river  of  British  North  America,  enters 

James's  Bay,  in   conjunction  with  the  Abbitibbe,  after  a 

north-eastward  course  estimated  at  250  miles. 

MOOSE  A  PECK  (moo-se-pfkO  LIGHT,  on  Sibley  Island,  at 
the  entrance  of  Machias  Bay.  Maine.  It  is  a  fixed  liuht,  65 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  44°  32'  N..  Ion.  67°  22'  W. 
MOOSEHEAD  (mooss'hed')  LAKE,  the  inrgest  lake  iu 
Maine,  between  Somerset  and  Piscataquis  countie.«.  It  is 
very  irregular  in  its  form.  Length  about  .35  miles,  greatest 
breadth,  including  its  principal  island,  about  10  miles.  The 
waters  are  deep,  and  abound  in  trout  and  other  fish.  There 
is  a  steamboat  on  the  lake, chiefly  used  for  towing  timber 
to  the  Kenoeliec  River.  A  hotel  has  been  erected  in  a  wild 
and  pictures(iue  situation  on  the  shores  of  the  lake,  for  the 
acconimrxlalion  of  persons  vi.*iling  here  in  the  summer. 

MOOSEHIOADVILLE,  moos/hed-vill,  a  post-office  of  Erie 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

moose' HI l/LOCK  MOUN/TAIN,  in  Grafton  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  about  60  miles  N.  of  Concord.  It  consists  of  two 
peak.s.  the  highest  of  which  rises  4636  feet  above  the  sea. 

MOOSE  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies,  liahamas, 
25  miles  S.E.  of  the  Great  Bjihama  Island. 

M(.>OSE  ME.\DOW.  a  postoffice  of  Tolland  CO.,  Covnecticnt. 
aiOOSE  RIVER,  of  Maine,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  l-'ranklin 
CO..  and,  flowing  through  Somereet  co.,  falls  into  M  loseheaU 
Lake. 
MOOSE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co..  Maine. 
MOOSE  RIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Vermont,  rises  in 
Essex  CO.,  and  falls  into  the  Passumpsic  in  Caledonia  county. 
MOOSE  ItlVER,  of  New  York,  rises  in  Hamilton  Co.,  and 
enters  Black  I{iver  in  Lewis  county. 

MOdSlI,  MOUSH  or  MUSILmoosh,  a  town  of  Turkish  Ar- 
menia,  pasbalic  and  83  mileg  S.SJi.  of  Erzroom,  in  »  fine 
plain  N.  of  the  Nipbates  Mountains.    I'op.  about  ~A)  i^t- 


MOO 


MOR 


Lammcdan  and  500  Armenian  families.  It  is  built  around 
a  conical  hill,  Hod  has  some  large  and  well  supplied  bazaars, 
7  nioS(iue3,  and  4  churches.  It  has  .«onie  trade  with  Con- 
Btantiiiople  and  Syria,  and  coarse  cotton  cloths  are  manu- 
factur.'il  here. 

MOO'.SKv  MOCXTAIX,  of  Penn.sylvania,  in  Luzerne  co.. 
extends  from  near  "VVilkesharre,  N.K.,  along  the  left  bank  of 
the  Susjuehanna and  Lackawanna  Itivers  above  30  miles.  Its 
avcrafre  hei^'ht  is  stated  to  be  about  1000  feet.  The  Moosic 
Mountain  may  properly  be  regarded  as  a  continuation  of 
tile  Wyoming  Mountain. 

JIUU.SOP,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Connecticut. 

MOO.SUL,  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  .^losuL. 

M(JOT,  MUUT  or  MUT,  moot,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pa- 
Shalic  of  Itch-eloe,  on  the  Ghiuk-.Sooyoo,  (anc.  Chlycuilnuj!.} 
22  miles  N.W.  of  Selef  keh,  on  the  route  from  Xiaraman.  It 
is  a  wretched  modern  village,  on  the  site  of  an  extensive 
Greek  cit3',  many  colonnades  of  which  still  exist,  as  also 
ruined  mosques  and  bath.s,  to  attest  its  subsequent  pros- 
perity under  the  Turkish  Karamauiaii  sovereigns,  iu  the 
I4th  and  lath  centuries.  It  stands  in  a  most  picturesque 
country,  is  governed  by  a  pasha,  and  has  a  fortress  and  a 
mosque. 

MOOTA-MOOLA,  moo'tl-moo'ld,  a  river  of  Ilindostan, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  .'Moota  and  the  Moola  at  the 
town  of  I'oonah,  joins  the  Beemab,  one  of  the  main  afflu- 
ents of  the  Kistna. 

MOOTAPILLY,  MOUTAPTLLY  or  MUTAPILLY,  moo-tJ- 
pillee,  written  also  MOTUPILLY,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  JIadras.  41  rriles  W.S.W.  of  Guntoor,  on  the 
Coromandel  Coast.     It  has  an  active  coasting  traile. 

MDOZ-TAGII,  mooz-tdg'.  a  portion  of  the  mountain  circle 
which  bounds  the  great  table-land  of  Eastern  Asia  on  the 
N.W.,  lying  between  Chinese  Toorkistan,  and  the  Thian- 
Shan  territory,  and  Khokan. 

MOQUEHUA,  (mo-k.Vwa(?))  a  maritime  department  of 
Peru,  occupying  the  S  extremity  of  the  rcjiublic.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  \.  by  Arequipa,  and  divided  into  the  pro- 
vinces of  Arica,  Moquehua.  and  Tarapaca.  Capital,  Tacana. 
Pop.  in  is:>0.  ril.43-2. 

MOQUDIIUA  or  MOQUEGA,  mo-kA'g3,  a  town  of  Peru, 
capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  a  fertile  valley  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ilo,  and  on  the  great  route  Vi'.  of  the 
Cordilleras,  In  lat.  17°  20'  S.  It  contains  a  good  church,  and 
Beveral  convents.  Pop.  about  10,000.  In  the  province  are 
many  large  vinej"ards  which  pro<Iiice  great  quantities  of 
wine  and  brandy;  it  also  abounds  in  fruit,  among  which 
are  olives  of  excellent  quality.    Pop.  in  1850,  32,380. 

MOQUELU.MNE,  (commonly  pronounced  uio-kalTim-ne.) 
a  river  of  California,  ri.ses  among  the  hills  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  flows  in  a  general  westerly  direction  till 
it  receives  the  waters  of  Dry  Creek,  when  it  turns,  and  after 
running  in  a  S.S.W.  course  between  San  .Toaquin  and  Sacra- 
nieuto  counties  for  some  distance,  falls  into  the  San  Joaquin 
lliver,  about  .50  miles  below  Stockton. 

MOQUELUMXK  IIILL.  the  mo.st  important  town  of  Cala- 
Teras  co.,  California,  is  situated  in  the  western  (or  W.  cen- 
tral) part  of  the  CO.,  about  1^  miles  S.  of  Moquelumne  lliver. 
See  Appendix. 

MOQtJI  uno-UeeO  IXBIAXS  or  MOQUIS,  mo-keez',  a  tribe 
of  Indians  in  the  AV.  part  of  New  Jlexioo. 

MOU.  a  town  of  Hungary.    .See  Moor. 

MOR.A..  mo'r;l,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Teruel.     Pop.  2056. 

MOU.i,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  30  miles  W.  of  Tar- 
ragona, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ebro,  with  3500  inhabit- 
ants, and  well-frequented  mineral  baths. 

MORA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Toledo.  Pop.  52iJ7.  It  has  a  castle.  Its  sword  factorj', 
once  celebrated,  has  now  fallen  into  decay. 

MOllA,  mo'ra,  the  capital  town  of  Mandara,  Central 
Africa,  founded  about  1814,  is  situated  in  a  basin  enclosed 
by  a  semicircular  ridge  of  mountains;  lat.  about  10-"  20'  N., 
lou.  14°  48'  E. 

5I0RA.  mo'rd.  a  river  of  Moravia,  joins  the  Oppa,  3  miles 
above  Troppau.  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles. 

MORAD.     See  Moa.U). 

Mi^RADAUAD,  moVi-dd-bid/,  a  district  of  CritLsh  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.  Upper  Provinces,  in  the  Doab.  Area 
2405  ,square  miles.     Pop.  861.146. 

MORADARAU,  a  town  of  British  India,  capital  of  the 
above  district,  on  a  ridge  between  the  Kamgunga  and 
Ganges,  90  miles  X.E.  of  Delhi.  Pop.  32,000.  It  is  irregu- 
larly and  ill  built,  and  it  has  no  public  buildings  of  import- 
ance; it  is.  however,  the  .seat  of  a  thriving  trade.  AV.  of 
the  town  are  cantonments  for  native  regiments. 

MORACiY,  mo'rodj',  or  MORATZ,  mo'rdts',  a  village  of 
Hungary,  4  miles  from  Battaszek.     Pop.  1466. 

MOR'AL,  a  township  of  .Shelby  co,,  Indiana.     Pop.  16i5. 

MORAL  DE  CALATRAVA,  mo-rdl/dA  kd-ld-trii/vi,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles  E.S.E,  of  Ciudad  lieal.  Pop. 
4612, 

MORALEJA  or  MORALEXA,  mo-rd-li'iij,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Botremadura,  48  miles  X,.N.W.  of  Caceres,     Pop,  1314, 

SIOil.ALEJA-D£  KNUEDIO,  mo-ri-la/ud  da  Jn-mi-dee'o,  a 


town  of  Spain.  New  Ciistile,  13  miles  S,Vr,  of  M.adrid,  Pop 
544. 

MORALEJA-DEL-VIXO,  mo-rdl.i'iii  dJl  vee'no,  a  vill.-vge 
of  Spain,  Leon,  14  miles  from  Zamora,     Pop.  329. 

MUliALES  (mo-rah'lez)  DE  LAVAC'CA,  a  post-office  of 
Jackson  CO..  Texas. 

MORALES-DE-TORO,  mo-rdlJs-di-to'ro,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Leon,  28  miles  E.  of  Zamora.     I'op.  887. 

MORALES  DE  ZAMORA,  nio-rdlt^s  dA  zd-mo'rd,  or  MO 
RALES  DEL  VIXO.  mo-rl'ljs  d4l  vee'no,  a  village  of  Spain, 
Leon,  4  miles  S.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  1085, 

MORAX',  a  village  of  JIackinac  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Strait  of  Mackinac,  The  inhabitants  procure  a  subsistence 
by  tishing. 

MORAXXES,  moVdnn',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  -Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  Sarthe,  20  miles  X.  of  Au- 
gers.    Pop.  1238. 

M()R.A..\0,  mo-rd'no,  (anc.  MurcUnum,)  a  town  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Calabria  Citra,  6  miles  X.W.  of  Castrovillari. 
I'op.  8000.  It  is  commanded  by  a  fine  Gothic  castle,  and 
has  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  and  woollen  fabrics. 

MOR.VXO,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Ales- 
sandria, li  miles  W.  of  Balzola,  on  the  Po.     Pop.  2204. 

MOR-iXT,  mo-rant',  a  river  of  Jamaica,  co.  of  Surrey,  en- 
ters Morant  Bay,  (an  inlet  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.)  22  miles 
E,S,E,  of  Kingston,  Morant  Point  is  the  E,  extremity  of 
the  i.sl.and,  in  lat,  17°  56'  X.,  Ion.  70°  11'  W.,  and  on  which 
a  cast-iron  lighthouse  has  been  erected;  12  miles  W.S.W.  ia 
the  inlet  Port  Morant. 

MOK.'VXT.  a  town  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  .Ta- 
maica,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Kingston,  on  the  bay,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  oonsiderablo 
and  increasing  trade.     Pop.  about  7000. 

MO'RAR/,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  co.  of 
Inverness,  l.i  miles  S.  of  Loch  Nevis.     Length  8  miles. 

MORARD-DE-GALLES.  mo'ritR'-tleh-gdll,  a  cape  of  South 
Australia;  lat.  36°  35'  S.,  Ion.  139°  52'  E. 

JIORAS,  moVif,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Drome,  25  miles  N.  of  V.alence.     Pop.  in  1862,  4400. 

MORAS,  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Mores. 

MORAT,  mo'rdt',(Ger.  Mitrtt-n.  mooii'tfn.)a8mall  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  8  miles  N.W.  of  Freyburg,  on  the 
S.E.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Moral.  Pop.  1853.  It  is  partially 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  Protestant  College  and  various 
other  schools,  an  active  transit  trade,  and  some  Roman  an- 
tiquities, whence  it  is  supjwsed  to  have  l)een  a  suburb  of 
the  ancient  Aventiciim.  Immediately  S.W.  of  it,  tho  Swi.ss 
tot;Uly  defeated  the  invading  army  of  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke 
of  Burgundy,  the  22d  June,  1476. 

MORATA",  mo-rit/td,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  25O0. 

MORAT.V-Dt;-JALOX,  mo-ri'td-dA-nd-lon',  a  town  of  Spain, 
Aragon,  31  miles  S.W.  of  .Sarago.ssa,  on  the  Jalon.  Pop.  1425. 

MOR.VT.VLLA,  mo-rd-tdl'14.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
45  miles  N.X.W.  of  Murcia,  ou  an  affluent  of  the  Seguna. 
Pop.  7988.  It  has  a  large  castle,  a  hospital,  3  brandy  distil- 
leries, and  numerjus  oil  and  Hour  mills. 

MORAT.  LAKK  OF,  (Ger.  Murtener  &<;  or  Miirlner  See, 
mooRt/ner-s.^,  a  small  lake  of  Switzerland,  cantons  of  Frey- 
burg and  Vaud.  2  miles  S.E.  of  the  l^ke  of  Xeufchiitel.  and 
connected  with  it  by  the  river  Broye,  which  traverses  the 
I..ake  of  Morat.  Length.  7  miles,  breadth  2  miles.  Banks 
low.  fertile,  and  agreeable.  Ou  its  E.  aud  S.  sides  are  tho 
towns  of  Morat  and  .4.veuche3. 

MORAU,  KLEIX,  kliue  mo'row,  a  village  of  Austria,  Mo- 
ravia, circle  of  Troppau.  bailiwick  of  Trendenthal.    P.  1217. 

MORAVA,  a  river  of  Austria.    See  March. 

MORAVA,  {tmc.  Mirif/un,)  the  princip:il  river  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Servia,  through  the  centre  of  which  it  tlovv.s, 
joining  the  Danube  6  miles  X.K.  of  Semendria.  It  is  form- 
ed by  the  junction  of  the  East  and  West  Morava,  33  miles 
W.ofXi.s.sa,  whence  the  resulting  stream  has  a  N.  direction, 
and  a  course  of  Ilo  miles,  its  two  heads  being  additionally 
each  about  130  miles  in  length.  Affluents,  the  Tempesca 
and  Xissava. 

MORAVI,  mo-rd'vce,  a  town  of  East  Africa,  a  little  S.  of 
Lake  Xyassi,  which  is  sometimes  called  the  Lake  of  .Moravi. 

M0R.\\1.\,  mo-rVve-.a,  (Ger.  Ma/iren,  ma'ren  ;  Fr.  Moravie, 
moVdVee';  L.  Mora'viu,)  a  province  of  the  Austrian  em- 
pire, which  with  .\ustrian  Silesia,  (incorporated  with  it  in 
17S3,)  lies  mostly  between  lat.  48='  40'  and  50°  20'  N  .  and  lou. 
15°  10' and  19°  E.,  having  E.Galicia  and  Hungary.  S.Austria. 
W.  Bohemia,  and  N.  Prussian  Silesia.  Area,  10.239  sijuaru 
miles.  Pop.  in  1857, 1,867,094.  Moravia,  like  Bohemia,  forms 
an  elevated  plateau,  inclined  towards  the  S.,  and  almost  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  having  S.  and  E.  the  Carpitliians,  X. 
and  W.  the  Moravian  Mountiiins,  and  X.E.  the  Sudetic  Moun- 
tains ;  it  belongs  almost  entirely  to  the  basin  of  the  I)anuV>e,  to 
which  most  of  its  waters  are  conveyed  by  the  March  or  Mora- 
va, except  in  the  E.,  where  the  Oder  and  some  of  its  branches 
rise.  Large  quantities  of  fine  flax  are  raiseil,  and  fruits  are 
so  plentiful  that  Moravia  is  styled  the  Orch.ard  of  Austria. 
Yinejards  were  formerly  so  extensive  that  in  1803  the  go- 
vernment prohibited  the  appropriation  of  more  land  for  tha 
viue.   Grazing  lands  are  extensive,  and  live  stock  of  all  kindj 

123» 


MOR 


MOR 


numerous.  The  principal  mineral  products  are  iron,  coal, 
Hud  cl<iy  for  pipe-bowls,  <Sic.,  with  some  copper  and  lead;  the 
gold  and  silver  mines  were  mostly  abandoned  in  the  luth 
ttaa  lOth  centuries.  Woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  fabrics  and 
thread  are  made  on  a  large  scale ;  other  manufactures  are 
01  silks,  leather,  paper,  potash,  plass  and  beet-root  sugar. 
Xr«de  is  focilitated  by  me.ans  of  the  railway  to  Vienna. 
Population  mostly  Slavonian,  but  aliout  4oU,000  are  esti- 
mated to  be  of  German  descent,  and  30.000  Jews.  Govern- 
ment administered  by  an  officer,  with  direct  authority  from 
Vienna,  but  the  marquisate  has  its  own  assemblj'  of  clergy, 
nobility,  kni;2;hts,  and  citizens,  who  meet  annually  to  appor- 
tion the  mode  of  raising  and  distributing  the  revenue.  It 
is  divided  into  8  circles,  in  each  of  which  is  a  secondary  tri- 
bunal, with  appeal  to  the  high  court  of  Briinn,  the  capital, 
next  to  which  t)luiutz,  Iglau,  Znaym,  and  Troppau  (Silesia), 
are  the  chief  cities.  In  the  9th  century,  Moravia  was  the 
centre  of  a  powerful  liingdom,  comjTising  also  Bohemia, 
Silesia,  and  parts  of  North  Germany  and  Hungary,  In  1805 
it  was  the  great  theatre  of  war  between  the  French  and 
Austro-Uussian  armies, — Adj.  and  inhab.  Mor.4VIAN,  mo-ri/- 
ve-an. 

MOKA'VIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cayuga  co., 
New  York,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Auburn,  The  township  bor- 
ders on  Owa.sco  Lake,  The  village,  situated  on  Owa.«co 
Inlet,  contains  -3  churches,  the  Moravian  Institute,  1  hank, 
1  newspaper  office,  and  2  flouring-mills.  Pop.  estimated  at 
700 :  of  the  township,  1917. 

MOKAVIA,  a  post-office  of  .\ppanoose  co,.  Iowa, 

MORAVIAN  MISSION,  of  Kanzas  Territory,  among  the 
Etockbridsre  Indians,  is  about  3  miles  S.  of  Leavenworth  City. 

M0R.4VICZA,  mo-id-vit's3,  a  town  of  Austria,  Croatia, 
S.W.  of  Carlstadt.     Pop,  202fi; 

5I0UA^VA.  a  river  of  Austria,     See  Mahch, 

MORAY,  (pronounced  and  often  written  MTTR'RAY,) 
MUKRAYSHIRE,  nuir're-shir,  or  ELGINSHIRE,  a  northern 
county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Moray  Frith,  E. 
and  S.E,  by  Banffshire,  and  for  25  miles  by  the  river  Spey,  S, 
and  W,  by  Inverness  and  Nairn  shires.  Area  473  square  miles, 
or  o02,72(J  acres,  of  which  120,000  acres  are  cultivated,  200,000 
uncultivated,  and  217,000  unprofitable.  Pop.  in  1851,  38,950 
The  county  consists  of  a  champaign,  alluvial,  and  fertile 
district,  on  the  borders  of  the  frith,  and  a  mountainous 
district  to  the  S,  and  S,W.  Primary  granitic  rocks  prevail 
in  this  latter  region,  and  old  red  sandstone,  limestone,  and 
traces  of  oolitic  strata  form  the  ba<is  of  the  low  aiuntry;  a 
deep  alluvial  clay  prevailing  along  the  valley  of  the  firth, 
and  a  gravel  and  conglomerate  forming  the  sub-soil  of  the 
interior.  Principal  rivers,  the  Spey,  Findhorn,  and  Lossie. 
Loch-in-dorb,  Loch  Spynio,  and  Loch-na-bo,  are  the  chief 
collections  of  water.  All  the  usual  agricultural  crops  are 
raised;  and  so  fertile  is  the  county,  that  it  fcrmerly  received 
the  name  of  the  "Gartlen  of  Scotland."  The  county  con- 
tains 2  royal  burghs,  Elgin  and  Forreg,  a  burgh  of  barony, 
Fochabers,  and  the  seaports  of  Garmouth,  Ix>ssiemouth, 
Burghead,  and  Findhorn.  It  sends,  along  with  Nairnshire, 
1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons,  The  ancient  Pro- 
vince OF  Moray  containetl,  besides  the  modern  county,  the 
county  of  Nairn,  and  part  of  Inverness  and  Banffshire, 

MORAY  (or  MURRAY)  FRITH,  the  Largest  indentation  on 
the  Scottish  coast,  the  entrance  from  Kinnaird  Head  in  the 
S.,  to  Duncansby  Head,  county  of  Caithness,  being  75  miles 
across.  The  Frith  extends  S.W.  for  about  75  miles,  Cromarty 
and  Beaulv  Friths  forming  branches. 

MORAZZONE,  mo-rdt-so'uA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Jlilan,  province  of  Como,     Pop,  1230, 

MORniXQUE,  moR^bJk',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord.  2  miles  S.  of  Hazebrouck.    Pop.  in  1S52,  3816, 

MORBEGNO,  moR-b^n'yo,  a  market-town  of  Northern 
Italy,  Valtellina,  on  the  Adda,  33  miles  N,E,  of  Como,  Pop. 
3300. 

MORBELLO,  moR-bfllo,  or  MCRBELLO,  mooR-bJno,  a 
village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Alessandria,  4 
miles  from  Ponzone,     Pop,  1000, 

MORBEYA,  morbA'.a,  (Moori.'ih  Vmm-er-r^bieh,)  a  river  of 
North-West  Africa,  rises  in  Mount  Atlas,  separates  the  king- 
doms of  Morocco  and  Fez,  and,  after  a  ■\V.N,W,  course  of  230 
miles,  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Azanior. 

MORBIER,  moR^be-.V,  a  village  of  Franco,  department 
of  Jura,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lons-le-Sauluier,     Pop,  2087, 

MORBIIIAN,  moR'bee*6N«',  a  maritime  department  in  the 
W,  part  of  France,  forme<l  a  part  of  the  old  province  of  Bre- 
tagne,  having  S.  the  Atlantic,  S.  and  W,  Fiuistire,  and  N. 
Cf(tes-<lu-Nord,  Area  2667  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861, 
486,504.  The  coasts  on  the  Atlantic  in  the  S.  are  much 
indented;  the  chief  bay  is  Morbihan,  from  which  the 
department  is  named.  Near  the  coast  are  the  islands  Groix, 
Belle-Isle,  Houat,  and  numerous  islets.  Climate  mild,  but 
humid.  Surface  traversed  by  ramifications  of  the  Mountains 
of  Arree  from  N,  to  S..  and  watered  by  the  Vilaine,  Oust, 
Blavet.  and  Scorff,  It  is  very  fertile  in  .some  parts,  but  nearly 
one-h.tlf  is  occupiiHi  by  vast  heaths,  intermixed  with  excel- 
lent pasturage.  Corn  is  raised  sufficient  for  consumption. 
Lint,  h<-nip,  inferior  wine,  cider,  butter,  and  honey  are  the 
princij-al  protlucts.  Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  are  extensively 
1240 


reared.  The  minerals  comprise  iron  and  lead ;  chief  Indus- 
try, iron  forging  and  manufacture  of  linen.  The  departmonf 
is  divided  into  the  arrondis.sements  of  Lorieut,  Ploermel, 
Pontivy,  and  Vannes,  the  capital, 

JMOR'BORN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

MOR'CIIAKD-lilSHOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MORCHEXSTERN.    See  Morgenstern. 

MORCLES,  DENT  DE,  dfts"  deh  moR^khV,  one  of  the  sum- 
mits of  the  Alps,  in  Switzerland,  between  the  cantons  of 
Vaud  and  Valais,    Elevation  of  the  Teto  Noire,  9757  feet, 

MORC*)NE,  moR-ko'nA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise.  21  miles  S,W,  of  Campoba.«so.  Pop.  5000,  It  is 
walled,  has  a  castle,  and  linen  and  cotton  manufactures. 

MOK'COTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Rutland, 

MOR/DANSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MOUDELLES,  moRMJU',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  8  miles  'W.S.W,  of  Rennes,  Pop.  in 
1852,  2714. 

MOR'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

MORDEN  STEE'PLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

MORDIFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford, 

MORDINtJEN,  (Mordingen,)  moR/ding-t>u,  or  MERDINQ- 
EN,  mjR'ding-en,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper  Rhine, 
7  miles  W,N,W,  of  Freiburg,    Pop.  1622. 

MOR'DINGTON,  a  m.^ritirae  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Ber- 
wick, The  coast  is  defended  by  bold  cliffs ;  and  here,  amongst 
other  antiquities,  arc  the  ruins  of  Edrington  Castle. 

MOI{/DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

MORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  S.alop. 

MOREA,  mo-ree'a,  or  PEL'OPONNiysUS,  (Gr.  UcXorov 
frjaos,  i.  e.  "Island  of  Pelops,")  a  peninsula,  the  S.  portion 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Greece,  separated  from  tlie  continent  by 
the  Gulfs  of  Patras,  Corinth,  and  Egina,  and  only  attached 
to  it  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  Its  length  is  near  160 
miles;  its  breadth  about  100  miles.  Area  estimated  at  8800 
square  miles.  In  shape  it  is  supposed  to  resemble  a  mul- 
berry-leaf. The  name  Morea,  according  to  some  authorities, 
was  given  by  the  Italians,  from  the  quantity  of  mulberries  it 
produces.  It  is  more  probably  derived  from  the  Slavonic  Mon;, 
''sea."  Itisnow  oneof  the  threegreat  divisions  of  the  king-  ■ 
dom  :  containing  the  names  of  Argolis,  Elis,  Achaia,  Arcadia, 
Messenia,  and  Laconia, Adj.  and  inhab.  MorkuT,  mo/re-ot*. 

MOREAU,  mo'ro',  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Saratoga  co..  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  about  .50 
miles  N.  of  Albany,  The  falls  in  the  Hudson  at  this  place 
furnish  an  immen.se  hydraulic  power.     Pop,  2210, 

3I0REAU  CREEK,  of  JIis.souri,  enters  the  Missouri  River 
5  miles  below  Jefferson  City, 

MOREAU  STATION,  a  post-office  and  station  of  .s.tratoga, 
New  York,  on  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  48 
miles  N.  of  Troy, 

MOItEAUVILLE,  mo-ro'vill,  a  post-office  of  Avoyelles  pa- 
rish, Louisiana. 

JIORE'BATII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon, 

MORE/RATTLE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Roxburgh, 

MORIVCAMBE-BAY  or  LANCASTER  BAY,  an  extensive 
inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the  W.  coast  of  England,  co,  of 
Lancaster,  having  the  peninsula  of  Furness  and  Walney 
Island  on  the  N,,  and  the  projection  of  coast  terminating 
near  Fleetwood  on  the  S.  Length  16  miles,  average  breadth 
10  miles.     It  receives  the  Leven.  Ken,  Lune.  and  Wyre, 

MOltfiE.  La,  la  vaoS-hl,  the  French  name  of  the  Mokea, 

MOltEET  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co,.  North  Carolina. 

MORE'FIEIjD,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  AVisoonsin. 

MOREHOUSE,  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  Louisiana,  bor- 
dering on  Arkansas,  contains  770  square  miles.  The  Wa.shita 
River  bounds  it  on  the  W.,  and  it  is  drain(!d  by  Bartholomew 
Bayou,  navigable  by  steamers.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Formed  from  jjart  of  Washita 
parish.  Capital,  Bastrop.  Pop,  10,357,  of  whom  3788  were 
free,  and  6569  slaves, 

MOREHOUSE,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co..  New  Y'ork. 
Pop.  228. 

SIOREaiOUSEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co ,  New 
York,  about  115  miles  N.W.  of  Albany, 

MOREISHWAR,  mo-rAsh-war',  a  considerable  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  34  miles  S.E.  of  Poo- 
nah.  and  having  a  remarkably  handsome  domed  edifice, 

MORE'L.\ND,  a  po.st-ofRce  of  Chemung  co.,  New  York, 

MORELAND,  a  post-township  in  the  S,E.  part  of  Lycom- 
ing CO..  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  781. 

MORELAND,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  PecnsjlTV 
nia.     Pop.  2236. 

MORELAND,  a  former  township  of  Pennsylvania,  within 
the  city  limits  of  Philadelphia. 

MOREL.\ND,  a  posiofflce  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia, 

MORELANDJ  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kentucky 
about  11  miles  N,E.  of  Lexington. 

MORE'LEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MORELL.V,  mo-rSl'yl,  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  pro- 
vince of  Castellon-tle-la-Plana,  45  miles  N.  of  Torfo.ss  od 
the  S.  skirt  of  a  high  mountain,  and  defended  by  strong 


MOR 


MOR 


fbrtiflpations.  During  the  last  civil  war,  the  walls  and 
magazines  of  the  citadel  were  destroyed.  There  are  several 
squares,  a  town-house,  2  hospitals,  several  churches,  and  3 
convents.  It  has  manufactures  of  blankets  and  sashes,  in 
which  about  1500  persons  are  employed.  In  1838,  Morella 
was  surprised,  iu  a  snowy  niglit,  by  Cabrera,  and  was  re- 
taltan,  after  a  very  brave  defence,  by  Espartero,  in  18-tO. 
Pop  3180. 

MOllK'.MAN'S  RIVER,  a  postrofflce  of  Albemarle  co., 
Virginia. 

MOR  EN  A,  SIERRA,  Spain.    See  Sierra  Morexa. 

MiJllKX'CI,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  has 
about  150  inhabitants. 

MORE-OKIIOSTSKOE,  a  sea  of  Siberia.    See  Okhotsk. 

MORES,  mo'r^s,  or  MORAS,  mo'rds,  a  villnge  on  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Ozieri.    Pop.  2116. 

MORESRY.  morz'boe,  parish  of  England,  co.  Cumberlatfd. 

MORBSXET.  moVJs'nd',  a -village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Liege,  with  extensive  zinc-works. 

MORESQUE.    See  Morocco. 

MORE'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

MORESTEL.  moVJs-tJl/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Is6re,  8  miles  N.  of  La  Tour  du  Pin.     Pop.  132(5. 

MORES'VILI/E,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  New  York, 
55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

MORET,  moVA',  a  walled  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marue,  on  the  Loing,  near  its  mouth,  and  on  junc- 
tion with  the  Seine,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montereau.  Pop. 
in  1852,  1027. 

MORETO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  with  a 
station  on  tlie  Loudon  and  South- Western  Railway,  7^  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Dorchester. 

ilORETO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

MORETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Notts. 

MORETON  (mOr'ton)  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Oceian, 
E.  of  Australia,  between  lat.  27°  30'  S.,  and  Ion.  153°  E. 
Length  70  miles.  It  is  sheltered  seaward  by  Moreton  and 
Btradbroke  Islands,  the  former  25  miles  in  length  by  5  in 
breadth;  and  it  contains  numerous  other  islands,  and 
receives  the  Brisbane  and  Logau  Rivers.  It  was  made  a 
convict  settlement  in  1849. 

MORKTON  OR'ISiiT,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MORETO.V-IIAMP'STEAD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Devon,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in 
1852,  1S58.  It  has  a  handsome  church;  the  ruins  of  2 
castles,  and  in  tlie  vicinity,  which  is  strewed  around  with 
huge  fragments  of  rocks,  are  several  Druidical  remains. 
Worsted  spinning  partlv  employs  the  population. 

MORETO.V-IN-TIIE-MAKSII,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  and  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gloucester,  on  the 
ancient  Roman  Foss-wa}',  and  connected  by  railway  with 
Stratford.     I'op.  1345. 

MORETON  MAIDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buck- 
ingham. 

JIORETON^,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

MORl'rrON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

MORETON  TAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MORETON  VALENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

MORETOWN,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Ver^ 
mont,  about  11  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .Montpelior.     Pop.  1410. 

MORET  ST.  MAMMES.  moVi'  sS-xa^  mimm',  a  village  of 
France,  on  the  Paris  and  Lyons  Railway,  43  miles  from 
Paris. 

M0RETTA,mo-r5t'td,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Coni,  on  the  Po,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Turin.  Pop.  3387.  It 
h-as  a  church,  much  visited  in  pilgrimage. 

M0RETTK3.  mo-rJt't^s,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Sao-Paulo,  on  the  Nhundiaguara,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Bay 
of  Paranagua;  principal  trade  in  Paraguay  tea  and  rum, 
ehipped  at  tlie  port  of  Paranagua, 

MO'RETZ  MILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Watauga  co..  North 
Carolina. 

MOREUIL,  moVul',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bomme,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Amiens.  Pop.  in  1852,  2243,  who 
manufacture  hosiery  and  paper. 

MOREVEB,  moVe-vee'.  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  Baroda 
dominions,  Uuzerat  peninsula,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Wankaneer. 

MOREW.VR  A,  moVe-wi'ri,  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  do- 
minions and  21  miles  N.W.  of  Rahdunpoor. 

MOREZ,  moW,  (L.  Aforiciun,)  a  market-town  of  France, 
Jepartraent  of  .lura,  on  the  Bieune,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lon^ 
le-Saulnier.     Pop.  in  1852.  3153. 

MORFASSO,  moR-fis'so.  a  village  of  Italy,  Parma,  on  the 
Lubiano,  23  miles  S.  of  Piacenza.     Pop.  3529. 

MORFKLDKN.(Morfeldea,)miiB'fM'den,orMERFELDEN, 
mJRY^lMen,  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darmstjidt,  province  of  Stark- 
euburg.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Langen.     Pop.  991. 

MOR'FIL  or  MOR'VIL,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

MOR'GAN,  a  county  forming  the  N.N.E.  extremity  of 
West  Virginia,  borders  on  the  Potomac  Ri ver.which  separates 
it  from  Maryland.  .Area  about  3.30  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected   by  Cacapou   River   and    Sleepy   Creek.     The 


surface  is  mountainous,  and  the  soil  generally  poo)-.  Th« 
county  contains  large  deposits  of  iron  and  stone-coal.  Th-« 
Berkeley  Spring  in  this  county  is  one  of  the  oldest  waterinji 
places  of  the  United  States.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail 
road,  and  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  follow  the  couist 
of  the  Potomac  River  along  the  boirler  of  the  county.  (,>r 
ganized  iu  1820,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Dania 
Morgan,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Capital, 
Bath.     Pop.  3732,  of  whom  3038  were  free,  and  94  slaves. 

MORG.AN,  a  county  idtuated  a  little  N.  of  the  centre 
of  Georgia,  contains  330  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Little  River,  and  the  affluents  of  the  Appalhchee  River, 
wliich  forms  the  N.E.  boundary.  The  surface  is  undulating. 
Efforts  are  being  made  to  restore  tlie  exhausted  land  to  its 
original  fertility.  Excellent  granite  is  abundant,  and  a 
little  gold  has  been  found.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Georgia  Railroad.  Capital,  M.ulison.  Pop.  9997,  of 
whom  2991  were  free,  and  7006  slaves. 

MORG.AN,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an 
area  of  750  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River  forms  its 
entire  boundary  on  the  N.,  and  the  Flint  River  flows  throu.ih 
the  county  into  the  former.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous; the  .soil  generally  fertile.  A  riiilroad  extends  from 
Decatur  in  this  county  to  Tuscumbia,  connecting  the  two 
points  on  the  river,  between  which  navigation  is  obstructed 
by  the  Muscle  Shoals.  Capital,  Somerville.  Pop.  11,335; 
of  whom  7029  were  free,  and  3700  slaves. 

MORGAN,  a  countj'  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tennessee ;  area 
estimated  at  650  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  Emory's  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  occupied 
by  the  Cumberland  ilountains  and  intervening  valleys,  and 
covered  with  extensive  forests.  Stone-coal  is  said  to  be 
abundant.  Capital,  Morgan  Court  House.  Pop.  3353,  of 
whom  32-33  were  fr(>e. 

MORGAN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  450  square  miles.  Licking  River  flows 
through  the  county,  and  Red  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Ken- 
tucky, rises  within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  diver.sifn-d  by 
hills  and  fertile  valleys,  and  extensively  covered  with  forests. 
Iron  ore,  stone-coal,  alum,  coppera.s,  and  oil  springs  are 
abundant  in  the  county.  Sandstone  is  the  principal  rock. 
Orgiinized  in  1S22.  Capital,  West  Liberty.  Pop.  9237 ;  of 
whom  9067  were  free. 

JIORG.AN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ohio,  contains 
about  360  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Muskingum 
River,  (navigable  by  steamboats.)  and  by  .Meigs  Crueli.  The 
surfiu;e  is  diversified  by  hills  of  moderate  height.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile.  Large  quantities  of  salt  and  oil  are  pro- 
cure<l  in  this  county  by  boring  info  strata  of  sandstone, 
which,  in  some  cases,  lie  more  than  SCO  feet  below  the  sur- 
face.   Capitiil,  McConnellsville.    Pop.  22,119. 

MORG.\N,  a  county  situated  near  the  centre  of  Indiana, 
contains  4.50  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  White  River 
and  its  affluents.  The  surface  in  the  S.  is  hilly,  and  in 
other  parts  nearly  level.  The  soil  is  excellent.  The  .Mar- 
tinsville Railroad  terminates  in  the  county.  Organized  in 
1822.    Capital.  Martinsville.     Pop.  16,110. 

MORO.AN,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  530  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Illinois  River,  and  also  drained  by  Apple, 
Sandy,  and  Mauvaiseterre,  (usually  called  Movistar.)  and 
Indian  Creeks.  The  county  consists  of  open  plains  or  pi-ai- 
ries.  slightly  undulating,  and  interspersed  with  small  groves 
of  trees.  It  is  among  tlie  most  thickly  settled  and  highly 
cultivated  in  the  state.  The  soil  is  a  black  loam,  nearly  two 
feet  deep,  frt>e  from  stones,  and  remarkable  for  fertility  and 
durability.  In  1850  this  county  producetl  the  largest  quan- 
tity of  corn  of  any  county  in  the  state,  excepting  Sangamon, 
and  was  exceeded  by  very  few  in  the  United  States.  The 
deficiency  of  wooil  is  corapensatijd  by  the  abundance  of 
stone-coal,  and  by  the  introduction  of  the  Osage  Orange  for 
hedges,  which  stretch  for  hundreds  of  miles  across  the 
boundless  prairies.  The  county  is  interswted  by  the 
Great  Western  Railroad.  Capital,  Jacksonville.  Popula- 
tion. 2J,U2. 

MORGAN,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  690  squares  miles.  The  Osage  River  washes 
its  southern  border.  It  is  drained  by  La  Mine  River,  and 
by  Haw  and  Big  Gravois  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified 
by  hills  and  ridges  of  moderate  height,  and  partly  covered 
with  forests.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  excepting  the 
highlands  in  the  S.  part,  which  contain  mines  of  lead. 
Stone-coal  and  good  limestone  are  abundant  Capital,  Ver- 
sailles.   Pop.  8202,  of  whom  7553  were  free,  and  649  slaves. 

MORGAN,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  about 
56  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  .548. 

MORGAN.a  township  ofGrcene  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1207. 

MORGAN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Ashtabula 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  591. 

MORG.AN,  a  township  of  Butler  cc,  Ohio.    Pop.  2014. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1399. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  697. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2119. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  686. 

MORGAN,  a  townsliip  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1110. 

1241 


MOK 


MOR 


MORGAN,  I  Sovmship  in  Porter  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  731. 

MOROAN.  a  township  in  Grundv  co.,  Illinois. 

MORGAN  CITY,  a  Tillage  of  Illinois,  on  the  Great  'West- 
ern i'aiiroad.  25  miles  from  Springfield. 

MORGAN  COURT  HOUSK,  a  post-Tillage,  capital  of  Mor- 
gan CO.,  Tennessee,  on  Emory's  RiTer,  156  miles  E.  of  Nash- 
ville. 

MOR'GANFIELD,  a  post-Tillage,  capital  of  Union  co., 
Kentucky.  205  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  2 
or  3  churclies,  and  2  academies.  Incorporated  in  1812. 
Pop.  about  400. 

MORGAN'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co..  Tennessee. 

MORGAN'S  FORK,  a  postoffice  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

JIORGAN'S  MILLS,  a  posfcoffice  of  Union  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

MORGAN'S  RIDGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  co.,  Virginia. 

MORG  ANSVILLE,  a  Tillage  of  Ohio.    See  Moro.\nville. 

MOR'GANTOWN,  a  post-Tillage  of  Caernarvon  township, 
Berks  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  12  miles  S.  of  Reading. 

MORGANTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monongalia  co„ 
West  Virginia,  is  finely  situated  on  the  Monongahela  River, 
about  65  miles  S.  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  facilities  for  trade  by 
the  steamboat  navigation  of  the  river.  Morgantown  con- 
tains a  court-house,  a  bank,  4  churches,  1  newspaper  oflBce, 
and  several  mills.     Free  population  741. 

MORGANTOWN,  a  beautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Burke 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  Catawba  RiTer,  20*0  miles  "W.  of 
Kaleigh.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  bank,  and  seTeral 
churches.    Pop.  in  1853,  about  500. 

MORGANTOWN,  a  post^village  of  Blount  co..  Tennessee. 

MORGANTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Butler  co..  Ken- 
tucky, on  Green  River,  141  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort  It  has 
a  court-house. 

MORGANTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Indian  Creek,  about  35  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Indi.anapoIis.  The 
railroad  from  Franklin  to  Martinsville  passes  thinugh  it. 

MOR'GANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michigan. 

MORGANVILLE  or  MORGANSVILLE,  a  posVvillage  of 
Morsan  co.,  Ohio,  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

5I0RG.A.RTEN,  moR^gaa'ten,  a  mountain  of  Switzerland, 
on  the  boundary  of  the  cantons  of  Schwytz  and  Zug.  5 
miles  N.  of  Schwytz.  Here,  on  loth  November,  1315.  1300 
Swiss  defeated  an  army  of  20,000  men  under  Leopold  of  Aus- 
tria, this  being  the  first  battle  fought  for  Swiss  independence. 
In  1798,  the  Swiss  also  defeated  a  French  force  here. 

MORGENSTERN.  moR/Gheii-st5Rn\  or  MORCHENSTERN, 
inoRK'en-st^Rn\  a  village  of  ijohemia,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Bunt- 
riau.    Pop.  2550. 

MORGES,  moRzh,  (Ger.  Morsee,  moR's4\)a  town  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  7  miles  W. 
of  Lausanne.  Pop.  in  1850,  3S41.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot 
of  a  height,  on  which  is  the  Castle  of  Wufflens,  founded  in 
the  10th  century. 

MOR'HAM.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington. 

MOKIIANGE.  moR^Sxzh',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Moselle.  24  miles  S.W.  of  Sarreguemines.    Pop.  1200. 

MORI,  mo'ree,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  about  2 
miles  from  Roveredo,  on  the  Adige,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Comeraso.     Pop.  4000. 

MORI'AII,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co.,  New 
York,  about  115  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albany.  The  township 
borders  on  Lake  Champlaiu.  •  The  village,  about  3  miles 
from  the  lake,  contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  an  academy. 
Pop.  alx)ut  loop ;  of  township  3466. 

MORIALME,  mo^ree'^armS',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  on  the  Sambre  and  Meuse  Railway,  17  miles  S.W.  of 
Namur.  with  important  iron-mines.    Pop.  1100. 

MOK'ICIi-TOWN.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

5I0RIC1IES.  mor'e-chez,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New 
York,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Riverhead. 

JIORIN,  mo-reen',  a  fortified  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  on  the  railway  from  Augsburg  to  Munich,  6 
miles  E.  of  Ingolstadt.    Pop.  1280. 

5I0RINGEN,  mo'ring-en,  a  walled  town  of  Hanover, 
35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hildesheim.     Pop.  1565. 

510'RINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  25  miles  N.  of  New  York. 

SIORINGVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Chatham  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MORKOWITZ,  moR/ko-«its\  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
Moravia,  12  miles  from  Wischau.     Pop.  1302. 

5I01tLAAS,  moRnis/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bas^s-I'yrenees.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Pan.     Pop.  in  1852,  1836. 

M0RLACCA.moR-iaWka.(Ger.r«He6itt,v?W&-bit\)adistrict 
Of  Austrian  Croatia,  consisting  of  the  mountainous  coast-line, 
comprising  the  towns  of  Carlopago  and  Zeng.  Its  inhabit- 
ants are  among  the  rudest  in  the  Austrian  Empire. 

MORLACCA.  STRAIT  OF,  three  miles  in  breadth,  sepa- 
rates the  lUyrian  and  Dalmatian  islands,  Veglia,  Arbe,  and 
Pago,  from  the  main  land. 

MOR  L ATX.  moanV,  (L.  MorWum,)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistere.  at  the  continence  of  the  Jarleau  and 
Kerlent,  which,  uniting  their  streams  as  they  fall  into  a 
small  estuary,  form  a  harbor  extremely  difficult  of  access, 
though  ge<-ur9  when  entered,  34  miles  XJi.  of  Brest.  It  is 
1242 


picturesquely  situ.ated  in  a  valley  so  narrow  as  only  to  admit 
the  stream.  The  principal  square  is  of  great  extent,  and 
adorned  with  some  fine  mansions;  but  the  oii!y  public  edi- 
fices deserving  of  notice  are  the  large  and  ele.;ant  buildings 
occupying  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hotel  de  A'ille.  and  contain- 
ing the  municipal  offices  and  law  courts,  the  linen  and  corn 
halls,  and  the  churches  of  St.  JIatthew  and  St.  Melaine. 
The  town  h.is  a  public  library  and  a  commuiial  college 
The  manufactures  are  linen,  oil,  candles,  and  totiacco.  for 
which  the  government  has  a  splendid  factory,  employing 
from  300  to  400  persons.  The  trade  is  in  leather,  agricultural 
products,  thread,  iileached  and  raw  paper,  wine  and  brandy. 
Pop.  in  1852,  12,393. 

MOR'LAXD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVestmoroland. 

MOR/LAN'S  GROVE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Wayne  co..  Illinois. 

MORLAXWELZ,  mor/ian-**lz\  a  village  of  Itelgium, 
province  of  Ilainaut.  15  miles  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1925. 

■JIOR'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MORLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Rid- 
ing, with  a  station  on  the  Leeds  and  Manchester  Railway 
4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  4087,  chiefly  employed  in  the 
woollen  manufacture. 

MORLEY,  a  post- village,  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York. 

MORLEY  ST.  BOTOLPII,  a  parish  of  Eucland,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

MORLEY  ST.  PETERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

MORMANNO,  moR-mdn'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra.  13  miles  N.AV.  of  Castrovillari.     Pop.  5800. 

MORMliNTZEL,  moR'ment-s5l\  a  hill  of  Austria.  Tran- 
sylvania, in  the  narrow  pass  of  Borso.  on  the  Great  Szamos, 
above  which  it  rises  more  than  1800  feet. 

MORMOIRON,  moR'mwS'nliN"',  (L.  Mo.rmurio.)  a  market- 
town  of  F'rance,  department  of  Vaucluse.  on  the  Auzon,  7 
miles  K.  of  Carpentras.     Pop.  in  1852.  2590. 

MORMON  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Sacramento.  California. 

JIORMON'S  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Marshall  co..  Iowa. 

MORN.\NT,  moR^nSs"/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  in  1852,  2370. 

MORNESE,  moR-nA'sA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa.  5  miles  from  Novi.     Pop.  1100. 

MORNICO,  moE'ne-ko,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan.     I'op.  1400. 

MORN'INGSIDE,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  2  miles  S. 
of  Edinburgh,  pari.^Jh  of  St.  Cuthbert's.  Pop.  1795.  It  has 
numerous  handsome  seats  and  Tillas.  and  i.i  much  resorted 
to  for  its  salubrious  air.  Here  is  the  city  and  county  lunatic 
asylum. 

MORN/ING  SUN,  a  post-office  of  Shelhv  co..  Tennessee. 

MORNING  SUN,  a  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  111 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

MORNING  SUN.a])ost-township  of  Louisa  co.,Iowa.P.]075 

MORNING-THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MORN/INGTON,  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Meath,  on  the  Boyne.  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Drogheda.  Pop. 
180.     It  gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  Welleslev-l'ole  familv. 

MORNINGTON  ISLAND,  the  most  northern  and  largest  of 
the  Wellesley  Islands.  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  North  Australia, 
in  lat.  lip  24'  S..  Ion.  1-39°  37'  E. 

MORNINGTON  PORT,  an  inlet  of  the  Red  Sea,  in  Nubia, 
lat.  18°  11'  N. 

MO'RO,  a  small  river  of  Arkansas,  enters  the  Washita  at 
the  S.W.  extremity  of  Bradley  county. 

MOROCCO,  mo-rok'ko,  or  MAROCCO,  (Arab.  lHarakash, 
mj-rd'k.^sh.  or  Maralsh,  mS-riksh';  Fr.  Mar<K^  m.-lVSk':  Sp. 
Man-wco,xa&B.-VMO-k'V.(x,  It.ifarncco,  mj-rok'ko;  L.  MarolcJd- 
um,)  the  capital  city  of  an  empire  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
N.  side  of  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain,  1450  feet  alK)ve  sea- 
level  ;  lat.  31°  37'  31"  N.,  Ion.  7°  35'  30"  W.  It  is  nearly  6  miles 
in  circuit,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  strongly-built  machico- 
lated  wall  of  teppia  work,  (lime'tieaten  with  earth  in  a  case 
or  frame,)  30  feet  high,  with  fo>indations  of  masonry  and 
square  towers  every  50  paces.  In  the  walls  there  are  11  gates. 
The  entire  space  within  is  not  generally  covered  with  build- 
ings, but  comprises  large  gardens  and  open  areas  of  from  20 
to  30  acres  in  extent.  The  streets  are  narrow,  irregular,  and 
unpaved.  The  houses  are  mostly  constructed  of  tabby  or 
tappia,  although  many  are  built  of  stone ;  they  are  generally 
of  one  story,  flat-roofed,  with  the  side  towards  the  street  plain 
and  whitewashed,  having  here  and  tliere  a  narrow  unglazcl 
opening  for  a  window.  "There  are  several  market-places,  an.l 
a  covered  bazaar,  at  which  a  great  variety  of  articles  ar* 
always  on  sale.  There  are  altogether  19  mosques  in  tho 
city,  of  which  6  are  remarkable"  for  their  size  and  archi 
tectural  elegance.  On  the  S.  of  the  city  stands  the  palace; 
comprising  a  spac«  of  about  150O  yards  long  by  60U  yards 
wide,  and  near  it  is  the  Jews'  quarter,  (El  Millah.)  a  walled 
enclosure  of  about  li  miles  in  circuit,  one-half  of  it  nearly 
in  ruins,  thronged  to  suffocation,  and  excessively  filthy. 
Moi-occo  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  the  species  of 
leather  to  which  the  town  gives  name.  One  establishment 
is  said  to  employ  1500  persons.  The  color  used  in  dyeing  th« 
morocco  is  confined  to  yellow.  There  are  the  ruins  of  ex  ten- 
sive aqueducts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town,  some  of  them  20 
miles  in  length.    Morocco  was  founded  in  l'>72.    It  has  long 


MOR 


MOR 


been  liHs^trtiiing  to  ileeay,  and  is  now  nearly  half  in  ruins, 
thu  result  of  war,  plaiiuo.  and  wretched  government.  Pop. 
In  1844,  estimated  at  100,000. 

MOKOCCO  or  .M.\KOCCO,  THE  EMPIRE  OF,  (anc.  Tinai- 
talna  Muurilahiia ;  .\rttbie,  SlngkreeiH:l-aksa,  mciH'reeVel- 
dk'sd,  i.  e.  "The  Extreme  West;"  Fr.  Empire  de  Maroc,  hyC- 
pecR'ueli  miVok';  Sp..Varr«eco.«,miii-Roo-i'koce,)  an  extensive 
maritime  country  occupying  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Africa, 
bounded  \V.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  N.  by  the  Mediterranean, 
K.K.  by  .\l<;eri»,  and  E.  and  S.  by  the  Sahara  or  Great  Desert ; 
lat.  2S^  to  m°  N.,  and  Ion.  0°  38'  to  11°  oS'  VV. ;  area  about 
222,560  square  miles,  consequently  exceeding  tliat  of  France. 
The  country  is  traversed  diagonally  from  X.E.  to  S.W., 
throughout  its  whole  extent,  by  the  great  mountain  chain  of 
Atlas,  on  the  N.W.  side  of  which  lie  the  territories  of  Fez  and 
Morocco;  on  tlie  opposite  side,  the  principalities  of  Talilelt, 
Draha,  (Daraa,)  El-llarish,  Adrar,  Gezulnh,  Soos,  and  Tesset 
or  S'oos-el-aksa,  that  is,  '■  the  extreme  or  furthest  limit."  The 
Empire  of  Morocco  is  not  divided  in  the  manner  of  European 
states.  The  division  best  known  in  it  is  that  derived  from 
the  occupying  tribe.*!,  and  with  which  we  are  very  imper- 
fectly acquainted ;  another  is  thatof  the  Ammala  or  districts, 
now  30  in  number,  but  fluctuating  and  very  une<iual,  some- 
times confined  to  a  single  town,  sometimes  embracing  an 
extensive  territory,  administered  each  by  a  ka'id,  whose 
chief  duty  it  is  to  collect  the  imposts. 

Natural  Re.gitms,  ifounlains,  &c. — Physically  considered, 
Morocco  falls  naturally  into  four  separate  regions: — 1.  The 
gr«a^  range  of  the  Atlas,  composed  of  two  or  more  parallel 
chains,  meeting  the  desert  of  Angad,  in  the  N.E.,  forms  a 
natural  frontier.  2.  Er-Ileuf,  (Er  Kif.j  or  the  northern  mari- 
time district,  comprising  the  chains  of  mountains  which  rise 
at  no  great  distance  from  the  Mediterranean  .Sea.  This  region 
Is  connected  with  the  former  by  an  elevated  tract  of  country 
W.  of  the  Mulweeyah.  (Muluia.)  .3.  The  wide  belt  of  fertile 
plain,  intermixed  with  gentle  hill  and  valley,  which  lies  be- 
tween the  two  preceding  ri^gions,  and  extends  from  the  Mul- 
weeyah to  .Mogadore,  a  distance  of  450  miles.  4.  The  plains 
and  valleys  S.E.  of  the  Atlas.  These  last  all  terminate  in  or 
adjoin  the  (ireat  L)e.scrt.  But  "here  the  landmarks  of  em- 
pire have  little  stability.  The  rulers  of  Morocco  exercised 
sovereignty,  at  one  time,  over  Tegorarin,  Tooat  or  Twat, 
Arooau  or  Arawan,  and  several  other  oases  in  the  heart  of 
the  desert;  they  even  carried  their  victorious  arms  across 
the  desert  to  Tiinbuctoo  and  Kn^ho.  .4t  the  present  day, 
however,  they  have  little  or  no  real  power  S.  of  the  Atla.s. 
In  this  portion  of  the  .\tlas  are  comprised  the  most  elevated 
points  known  in  Xorth  .'Vfrica.  Miltseen,  (.Miltsin,)  a  peak 
distant  about  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  city  of  .Morocco,  has  an 
absolute  height  of  11,500  feet,  thus  equalling  the  highest  of 
the  Pyrenees,  and  falling  but  little  short  of  the  limits  iu 
this  latitude  (31°)  of  perpetual  snow.  Adjoining  the  central 
chain  are  several  table-lands  of  great  extent,  consisting  of 
Irregular  plains;  and,  at  a  little  distance  X.  of  it.  extends 
the  maritime  chain  now  called  Er-Keef,  and  formerly  the 
Atljis  .Minor;  its  general  height  is  from  2500  to  3500  feet. 

Ifivers. — The  height  of  these  mountains,  and  the  general 
uniformity  of  their  slope  on  both  sides,  procure  for  Morocco 
the  distinction  of  having  the  largest  rivers  in  North  Africa. 
The  rivers  flowing  from  the  N.  side  of  the  .\tlas  have  a 
shorter  course  than  those  flowing  from  the  S.,  but  the  former 
have  their  channels  well  filled  with  water,  while  the  latter, 
whether  they  flow  circuitously  to  the  sea,  or  become  lost  in 
the  sands  of  the  desert,  are  dry  in  summer.  The  Mulwee- 
yah, rising  in  a  principal  knot  of  the  Atla.s,  nearly  in  lat. 
32^  30'  \.,  flows  N.E.  to  the  .Mediterranean,  with  a  course  of 
350  miles.  The  Seboo  descends  from  Mount  j-ililgo  W.  to  the 
Atlantic,  in  a  course  of  200  miles.  The  Omm-er-rebieh, 
('•mother  of  verdure,")  which  enters  the  sea  at  .\zamor.  lat, 
33°  17'  N,,  has  a  course  of  about  190  miles;  and  the  Tensift, 
which  passes  near  the  city  of  .Morocco,  has  a  length  of  about 
180  miles.  Of  the  rivers  which  discharge  their  waters  into 
the  desert,  the  Ouir,  the  most  K.,  seems  to  have  a  course 
S.S.E.,  occasionally  traceable  for  300  or  400  miles.  The  Ziz, 
which,  with  its  numerous  affluents,  waters  a  very  fertile  .and 
populous  country,  is  wholly  spent  before  it  attains  half  that 
length.  The  Draha  or  Daraa,  rising  in  the  central  and  most 
elevateil  portion  of  the  .^tlas,  (lat,  from  31°  to  32°  N„)  first 
runs  S,  for  nearly  200  miles,  forms  a  vast  lake  called  Ed-De- 
ba'ia,  having  three  times  the  .surface  of  Lake  Geneva,  and 
then,  turning  W.,  enters  the  ocean  in  lat,  28°  18'  N.,  after  a 
course  of  700  miles;  the  lower  portion  of  its  bed.  however,  as 
well  as  the  lake,  are  periodically  dry,  the  waters  of  the  latter 
giving  place  to  richly  cultivated  fields.  The  coast,  being 
generally  low  and  little  broken,  offers  few  good  harbors;  of 
these,  Tangier,  and  Mogadore  or  Sweera,  (Suira.)  are  the 
best;  the  rest,  as  El-Araish,  Sla  or  Salee,  and  Kabat,  Mehe- 
dia.  Azamor.  <fee,,  are  but  open  roadsteads  at  the  mouths  of 
rivers.  Alonu-  the  coast  are  numerous  sibkas  or  shallow 
poolc,  which  the  hot  season  converts  into  salt^iians. 
-  irwliir/;/,  MineraU.  &c. — Respecting  the  geology  of  this  re- 
markable region,  there  is  scarcely  anything  known.  Though 
tlie  summits  of  the  Atlas  offen  rise  into  peaks,  they  nc!ver 
exhibit  needles  or  Jugged  outlines,  with  acute  angles;  their 
eceuery  ii  ahsaanifinitai.  rather  by  rounded  heights  clothed 


with  luxuriant  forests,  than  by  rugged  and  precipitous 
forms.  Of  the  mineral  treasures,  the  richest  and  best  known 
are  the  copper  ores,  which  are  found  cliiefly  in  the  S,  rami- 
fications of  the  Atl.as,  S,  of  the  river  Soos,  near  29°  30'  N, 
lat,,  and  between  8°  and  9°  W.  Ion.  There  are  report?,  also, 
of  iron-mines  in  the  interior,  and  of  lead  found  in  the  vici- 
nity of  Temsna.  The  kliol  or  ore  of  antimony,  used  b> 
Moorish  ladies  for  darkening  the  eyebrows,  is  obtained  from 
Tedla.  Amethysts  of  great  size  and  beauty  have  been  found 
in  the  recesses  of  the  Atlas. 

Climate  ami  Vegntuble  Frrxluctinns. — TTie  extremes  of  tem- 
perature in  Morocco  lie  within  m(xlerat<!  limits,  the  thermo- 
meter, in  the  plains,  rarely  falling  below  4u°  Fahrenheit  in 
tie  winter ;  while  even  in  Tarodant,  the  chief  town  of  Soos, 
it  does  not  rise  above  95°  in  summer.  The  mean  annual 
temperature  of  the  city  of  Morocco,  at  an  ab.solute  elevation 
of  1384  feet,  is  about  64°.  Of  the  Flora  there  is  as  yet  but 
little  known.  The  forests  of  Er-Reef  contain,  among  other 
species  of  oak,  that  which  bears  edible  acorns,  and  also  that 
which  yields  cork.  I<i  the  higher  regions  of  the  Atlas  are 
found  the  Aleppo  pine,  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  many  varie- 
ties of  oxycedrus  and  of  juniper,  yielding  fragrant  gums. 
The  Phamix  dactyli/cra  or  date-palm,  and  the  CImmir.rops 
hamilis  or  dwarf-palm,  form  exteu.sivo  woods  E.  and  S.  of  the 
Atlas.  In  the  maritime  region  grows  the  Kleodnidron  argiln, 
from  the  olive-like  fruit  of  which  is  extracted  an  excellent 
oil,  called  arffdn,  consumed  in  large  quantities  iu  the 
country,  though  little  known  iu  Europe.  Among  the  wild 
plants  of  the  S.  provinces,  may  be  mentioned  the  caper  and 
archil,  the  latter  of  which  supplies  an  important  article  of 
commerce. 

Cullivcdion. — The  agriculture  of  Morocco  is  in  the  lowest 
possible  condition.  The  soil  is  but  rudely  scratched  with  a 
woo<len  plough;  neither  science  nor  capitfil  aid  the  labors 
of  the  husbandman ;  and  the  annual  production  is  calculated 
barely  to  suppJy  the  wants  of  the  country.  The  cereal  crops 
are  wheat,  which  is  e.xcellent;  barley,  of  inferior  quality; 
and  maize.  Durrah  or  millet  {Snrijhum  vulyare)  constitutes 
the  eliief  support  of  the  population,  though  beans,  the  escu- 
lent arum,  and  even  canary-seed,  are  consume<l  in  large 
quantities  by  the  poorer  classes.  The  vine  is  cultivated  only 
near  the  towns,  merely  for  the  .sake  of  the  fresh  grapes  and 
raisins.  All  the  fruits  of  Southern  Europe,  and  the  Canary 
Islands,  are  to  be  found  hero  in  sufficient  abundance,  A 
large  portion  of  the  population  leads  a  pastoral  life,  subsist- 
ing wholly  on  the  produce  of  their  herds  and  flocks. 

Animals. — The  lion  still  haunts  the  plains  on  the  sides  of 
Atlas,  followed  by  panthers  and  ounce.s.  The  wild  boar 
inhaiiits  the  woods.  Gazelles,  and  several  species  of  large 
antelope,  enter  the  country  from  the  desert.  But  more 
formidable  by  far  than  beasts  of  prey,  is  the  locust,  which, 
coming  from  the  desert,  lays  its  eggs  in  May,  and  the  young 
brood  taking  wing  in  July,  come  forth  in  countless  multi- 
tudes, spreading  desolation  over  the  fields,  and  terrifying , 
the  people  with  the  threat  of  pestilence  and  famine.  The 
ostrich  is  found  on  the  S.  fi-ontiers  of  Morocco,  and  the 
ostrich  feathers  brought  from  that  quarter  are  the  best 
known  in  commerce.  The  wealth  of  the  Arab  tribes  consists 
chiefly  in  their  droves,  herds,  and  flocks,  Ilorscs  of  an 
excellent  breed  are  numerous,  and  the  number  of  horned 
cattle  is  estimated  at  from  5,000,000  to  6,000  000,  Still  more 
important  are  the  sheep,  supposed  to  number  at  least 
45.000,000.  The  wool  is  fretjuently  of  the  finest  possible 
de.scription.  The  number  of  goats  is  estimated  at  from 
10,000,000  to  12,000,000. 

Manufactures. — In  general,  among  the  rural  population, 
each  family  supplies  all  its  own  wants.  Every  woman  spins, 
and  every  man  knows  how  to  weave  the  coarse  cloth  which 
forms  his  ha'ik  or  mantle.  In  the  towns,  however,  soma 
manufactures  have  sprung  up,  Fez  makes  and  exports 
great  quantities  of  the  cloth  caps  which  bear  the  name  of 
that  city.  The  tanners  of  Mequinez  have  a  great  reputa- 
tion; tho.se  of  Morocco  render  tlie  lion's  or  panther's  skin 
as  wiiite  as  snow  and  as  soft  as  silk.  Of  the  fine  Morocco 
leather,  Fez  furnishes  the  retl,  Tafllelt  the  green,  and  the 
city  of  Morocco  the  yellow.  The  Morocco  carpets,  called  by 
the  Moors  Sherbiah  and  Katifah.  and  much  esteemed  in 
Euroi>«,  under  the  name  of  Turkey  carpets,  are  made  chiefly 
in  the  province  of  Ducalla.  The  Jews  alone  do  business  as 
goldsmiths  and  jewellers. 

Commerce. — The  commerce  of  Morocco  may  he  classed 
under  three  heads: — 1.  Commerce  with  the  East,  carried  on 
by  means  of  the  caravans  to  Mecca,  which  have  af  once  a 
mercantile  and  a  religious  charivcter:  2.  With  Soodun  or 
Negrolaud,  across  the  Great  Desert ;  3.  The  maritime  trade 
with  European  states.  The  former  comprises  Persian  silks, 
perfumes,  spices,  and  some  Indian  goods;  to  which  are 
ailded  cotton  and  raw  silk  from  Cairo ;  the  whole  amount- 
ing in  value  to  abovit  $2,000,000.  The  goods  exported  by 
this  channel  are  cochineal,  indigo,  skins,  fine  leather,  wool- 
len cloths,  and  ostrich  feathers.  The  Kafi'.ahs  going  S.  are 
much  less  numerous  than  those  destined  fjr  Egypt  or 
Mecca,  yet  they  often  reckon  from  16,000  to  20,000  camels, 
and  500  or  000  men.  At  Timbuctoo,  they  meet  the  mer- 
chants from  the  S.,  and  dispose  of  their  goods,  chietiy  ijalt, 

1243 


MOR 

(Toollen  mantles,  sashes,  Turkey  daggers,  tobacco,  and  look- 
ing-glasses, for  ivory,  rhinoceros-horn,  incense,  gold-dust, 
OFtric.h  feathers,  gums,  nmlaghetta  or  Guinea  pepper,  carda- 
mum,  assafoe'liJa,  indigo,  and  slaves.  This  traffic  yields 
them  a  great  profit  Of  4000  black  slaves  annually  brought 
into  Morocco  by  the  Kafilahs  from  the  S.,  not  more  than 
half  remain  in  the  country ;  the  rest  are  profitaV>ly  disposed 
of  in  Algiers  and  Tunis.  The  capital  advanced  on  each 
expedition  to  Timbuetoo  is  estimated  at  $1,000,000,  and  the 
returns  are  said  to  exceed  in  value  tea  times  that  amount. 
The  trade  by  sea  with  European  states  is  said  to  have  been 
opened,  in  1551,  by  Thomas  Windham,  an  Englishman.  Of 
the  whole  of  this  commerce  with  Christian  states,  two-thirds 
in  amount  are  carried  on  with  Great  Britain ;  the  imports 
from  which  may  be  valued,  in  round  numbers,  at  $2.-l'20,000. 
Five  cities,  namely,  Fez,  Morocco,  Metjuinez,  Kabat,  and 
Tetuan  or  Tetewan  have  mints,  and  coin  gold,  silver,  and 
copper. 

Intiobitants,  Education,  Ac. — An  important  element  of 
weakness  in  the  social  and  political  constitution  of  Morocco 
Is  to  be  found  in  the  division  of  its  population  into  several 
distinct  races,  which,  so  far  from  uniting,  repel  one  another. 
The  Berbers,  the  oldest  inhabitants  of  the  country,  are 
divided  into  Amazig  and  Shelluh,  the  latter  of  whom  in- 
habiting the  recesses  and  liigh  plains  of  the  Atlas,  S.  of  the 
capital,  devote  themselves  to  agriculture.  The  Amazig 
inhabit  the  mountains  of  Er-Keef,  and  parts  of  Atlas.  The 
Arabs  form  the  bulk  of  the  rural  population  in  the  plains; 
some  of  them  are  cultivators ;  some  are  Bedouin ;  most  of 
them  entered  the  country  with  the  victorious  successors  of 
Mohammed ;  while  others  claim  Ilamyaritic  descent,  and  a 
much  more  ancient  settlement.  In  the  towns  along  the 
coast  we  find  the  Moors,  supposed  to  be  a  remnant  of  the 
Mohammedans  e.xpelleil  from  Spain  in  the  15th  century.  The 
chief  physical  characteristic  of  this  people  is  their  corpu- 
lence, and  it  is  said  that,  in  the  harems,  extreme  corpulence 
is  considered  by  the  ladies  as  the  first  of  personal  attractions. 
A  considerable  number  of  Jews  is  to  be  found  in  all  the 
commercial  towns  of  Morocco.  The  education  given  at  the 
schools  in  the  chief  towns  of  Morocco,  and  completed  at  the 
university  of  Fez,  entitled  Dar  el  llm  (-'the  abode  of  know- 
ledge,") does  not  go  beyond  the  theology  of  the  Koran.  The 
public  libraries,  once  famous,  are  now  dispersed ;  true 
icience  is  unknown,  and  whatever  monuments  of  art  are  to 
be  found  in  the  kingdom,  point  to  past  ages,  particularly 
to  those  when  literature  and  art  flourished  under  the  Ara- 
bian dynasties  in  Spain.  Music  is  the  only  art  for  which 
the  Moors  are  said  to  manifest  a  decided  taste. 

Goremnunt. — The  sovereign  or  Sultan  of  Morocco,  styled, 
by  Europeans,  Emperor,  bears  the  title  of  Emeer  el  Moome- 
neen,  or  ''  Lord  of  the  true  Believers."  He  is  ordinarily 
called,  by  his  subjects,  simply  Seid-na,  "  Our  Lord."  He  is 
absolute  in  the  strictest  sense ;  the  lives  and  properties  of  his 
subjects  are  at  his  disposal ;  from  him  alone  proceed  laws, 
which  he  makes  and  unmakes  at  his  pleasure.  The  Sultan's 
treasury,  situated  in  Mequinez,  and  called  the  BeU-d-mell, 
('•  House  of  the  fund?,")  is  a  mysterious  and  impenetrable 
structure,  guarded  by  2000  blacks.  It  is  supposed  to  contain 
money,  jewels,  and  bullion,  to  the  value  of  $50.(K)0,000.  It 
was  formerly  customary  to  put  to  death  immediately  the  pei^ 
sons  employed  to  deposit  treasures  within  its  walls.  The 
military  force  maintained  by  the  Sultan  does  not  ordinarily 
exceed  16,000,  of  whom  half  are  blacks,  and  of  the  remainder 
a  large  portion  are  Bedouins  from  the  S.  desert.  The  marine 
force  is  insignificant. 

For  an  estimate  of  the  population  of  Morocco,  there  are  no 
certain  data  whatever.  Jackson  assumes  it  to  be  15,000,000 ; 
GrAberg  de  Hem.so,  8,500,000.  There  is  reason,  however,  to 
believe  that  the  population  of  Morocco  is  about  double  of 
tliat  of  Algeria;  whence  we  mav  conclude  that  it  is  between 
6,000,000  and  8.000.000,  and  probably  does  not  much  exceed 
6,000,000.  The  Berbers  appear  to  be  much  more  numerous, 
and  the  black  population  much  less  so  than  has  hitherto 
been  supposed. 

History. — In  the  Mau'ri  or  Maurufsii,  ilas'syli,  MazlUxs. 
and  Gcetitfli  of  ancient  writers,  it  is  easy  to  recognise  the 
Moors  or  Moriscos,  the  Shelluh,  Amazig,  and  Gezulah  or 
Benoo  Godalah  of  modern  times.  The  Vandals,  who  held  the 
country  for  .some  years,  are  supposed  to  have  introduced 
Into  it,  at  the  end  of  the  5th  and  beginning  of  the  6th 
century,  the  piratical  habits,  which  afterwards  became  so 
characteristic  of  the  coasts  of  Barbary  and  Morocco.  In  the 
latter  part  of  the  7th  century,  the  Arabs,  fired  with  enthu- 
siasm, spread  over  North  Africa,  and  having  taken  posses- 
sion of  Mauritania,  penetrate<l  S.,  even  to  Soos  and  the 
borders  of  the  desert.  It  was  about  this  time  that  the  Jews 
were  expelled  from  Spain  by  decree  of  the  Council  of  Toledo. 
(a.  d.  694,)  and  sought  refuge  in  great  numbers  on  the  shores 
of  Africa. 

N'ear  the  close  of  the  8th  century,  a  descendant  of  Moham- 
med, na«icd  Edris,  was  made  sovereign  of  the  Berber  tribes 
In  and  alxtiit  .\tlas.  His  son  and  successor  founded,  in  80", 
the  city  of  Fez,  and  established  the  dynasty  of  the  E<lri8it«s. 
In  1035,  the  warlike  sect  of  the  Morabites  (El-Morabetoon. 
dgnifying  those  "  stricily  bound  by  reliirlon")  first  rose  into 
13M 


MOR 

existence  among  the  Gezulah,  and  on  the  borders  of  the 
desert.  In  1055,  their  chief.  Aba  Bekr  ben  Omarel-Lamtftiii, 
was  proclaimed  sovereign  of  Maghreb-el-aksa.  His  grandson 
crossed  the  mountains,  and  in  1072  laid  the  foundations  ot 
the  city  of  Morocco,  which  thus  arose  with  the  remarkable 
dynasty  of  the  Morabites  or  Almoravides.  In  the  time  of 
El-Watis,  tlie  founder  of  a  dynasty  bearing  his  name,  the 
expulsion  of  the  Moors  and  Jews  from  Spain  a.d.  14SSU-1501, 
added  800,000  souls,  it  is  said,  to  the  population  of  Majrhreb- 
el-aksa.  In  the  middle  of  the  16th  century,  a  new  dynasty 
commenced  with  the  descendants  of  the  Shereef  Hosein. 
The  fifth  of  this  family,  commonly  called  Ilamed  Shereef 
el-Man-soor,  towards  the  close  of  the  16th  century,  made 
himself  master  of  Morocco,  and  pushed  his  conquests 
through  the  desert  as  far  as  Timbuetoo  and  Kagho.  His 
reign  (from  1579  to  160a)  is  regarded  as  the  golden  age 
in  the  history  of  Morocco.  The  ninth  and  last  .Moroccan 
dynasty  is  that  founded  in  1648,  bj-  Mulai  Shereef  el  Fileli, 
or  King  of  Tafilelt,  who  was  remarkable,  among  other 
things,  for  his  numerous  posterity,  having  84  sons  and  124 
daughters.  From  him  the  pre.sent  (1S53)  Sult*n  of  Mo- 
rocco, Mulai  Alxi-er-rahman,  whose  reign  commenced  in 
1822.  is  the  tenth  in  succession.  His  predecessor  abolished, 
in  1814,  the  slavery  of  Christians  throughout  his  domin- 
ions; and,  in  1817,  he  disarmed  his  marine,  ami  strictly 
prohibited  piracy. — Adj.  Moorish,  moor'ish,  Moboc/cax.  and 
MOEESQL'E,  mo-rjsk';  (.\rab.  Moghrauee,  mo'(ihr3-bee\  in 
the  plural,  Mogharba,  mo'Ghan'bd;  Sp.  Marroqcin,  maft'BO- 
keeu';)  inhab.  JIoor  and  Moghrebin,  mo'gbreli-in. 

MOllOC'CO.  a  village  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana,  118  miles  N.W. 
of  Indianapolis. 

MOKOMANXO,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Mormaxxo. 

MORON,  mo-ron',  or  M0R0N-DE-L.\-FRONTERA,  mo  rOn/ 
dA-ld-fron-td/rd.  a  town  of  Spain.  Andalusia,  82  miles  N.E.  of 
Seville,  near  the  Guadaira.  In  the  principal  square  stands 
the  Town-house.  It  has  also  a  prison,  granary,  eight  pri- 
mary schools,  a  Latin  grammar  school,  a  hospitals,  a  fine 
church  with  3  naves,  and  sevei'al  convents  and  nunneries. 
On  the  hill,  E.  of  the  town,  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
castle,  for  several  centuri(?s  one  of  the  most  important 
strongholds  in  Spain.  It  was  blown  up  by  the  Frewh  in 
1812.  Agriculture  is  the  prevailing  occupation,  but  there 
are  also  4  manufactories  of  hats,  1  of  soft  soap,  several  of 
lime  and  gypsum,  5  potteries,  numerous  flour  and  oil  mills, 
and  a  few  looms  for  linens.  Moron  has  long  been  the  head- 
quarters of  gangs  of  robbers,  who  have  infested  this  part 
of  Spain.     Pop.  10.192. 

MORON  E,  mo-Totui,  or  MORRONE,  moR-Ro'ni.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Molise,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Larino.  Pop. 
3200. 

MOROS,  mo'roce,  a  village  of  Spain.  Aragon.  60  miles  from 
Saragossa,  with  a  church  and  hospital.     Pop.  1125. 

MOKOTAI.  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.     See  Moi/)KAl. 

MOROVSK  or  MOROWSK,  mo-rovsk',  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  and  36  miles  S.W.  of  Tchernigov,  on 
the  Desna.    Pop.  2500. 

MOROZZO,  mo-rofso,  a  marketrtown  of  Piedmont,  8  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Coni,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Tunaro.  Pop.  of  com- 
mune. 1685. 

MOR'PETII,  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland,  14  miles  N.  by 
\V.  of  Newcastle,  on  the  railwaj'  to  Berwick.  It  has  two 
principal  streets,  paved,  and  lighted  with  gas;  a  towu-hall, 
an  elegant  bridge  of  3  arches  over  the  Wansbeck,  a  prison 
and  court-house,  an  old  market-cross,  a  fine  old  parish  church, 
in  the  decorated  English  style,  a  handsome  chapel  of  ease, 
several  Dissenting  places  of  worship,  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
chapel;  a  grammar,  and  several  other  schools ;  a  mechanics' 
institute,  and  a  dispensary.  The  woollen  manufacture  and 
tojiuiog  are  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Dr.  Morrison,  the 
Chinese  scholar  and  missionary,  wa.s  a  native  of  Morpeth; 
it  also  gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  fauiily  of  How  ai-d. 
The  town  was  burned  down  by  its  own  iiihalitants.  in 
1215,  that  it  might  not  furnish  quarters  to  King  John. 
The  borough  returns  a  member  to  Parliament.  Pop.  in 
1851, 10,012 ;  in  1861, 13.796. 

MORPETH,  a  town  and  river-port  of  New  South  Wales, 
00.  of  Northumberland,  at  the  head  of  the  navigable  part 
of  the  Hunter  River,  78  miles  N.E.  of  Sydney.  It  has  an 
Episcopalian  church,  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  several  schools,  a 
steam  flour-mill,  a  soap  and  candle  manufactory.  Steamers 
and  sailing  vessels  constantly  ply  between  this  phice  and 
Sydney. 

MORPETH,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Kent, 
192  miles  from  Toronto,  and  61  miles  from  Loudon. 

MORR.\,  moR'Bd,  a  town  of  Italy,  Piedmont,  division  of 
Coni.  7  miles  S.W.  of  -■Vllia.  on  the  Tanaro.     I'op.  3318. 

MORR.\.  a  town  of  Italy,  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  3  miles  E.N."E.  of  Sa'nt'  Angelo-dei-Ix)mbardi.  P.  3300. 

.MOR'RIS.  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
has  an  area  of  about  760  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  .\.E.  by  the  Pixiuanock  River,  on  the  E.  and  S.E.  by 
the  I'assaic,  and  partly  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Musconetcong, 
and  is  draine'i  by  the  N.  and  S.  branches  of  the  tiaritan, 
and  by  Uockaway  River.    Schooley's  Mountain,  Iv  the  W., 


MOR 


MOR 


Trowbridge  Slountain,  near  the  centre,  and  Long  Hill,  in 
the  f*.  part,  are  the  principal  elevations.  Copper,  iron, 
eiuc,  sandstone,  and  limestone  are  abundant;  and  marble, 
plumbago,  manganese,  and  other  valuable  minerals  are 
found.  The  injn-miues  are  very  valuable,  and  great  num- 
bers of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  manufacturing  this 
metal.  The  Morris  Canal  traverse.s  the  county,  which  is 
also  partly  intersected  by  the  Slorris  and  Essex  Railroad. 
Organized  in  1738,  and  named  from  Lewis  Morris,  then 
govcrni  T  of  the  province.    Capital,  Morristown.  Pop.  34,677. 

MOi;  HIS,  a  township  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York.    Pop.  2320. 

MORTtIS,  a  township  of  Morris  Co.,  New  Jersey.  Pop.  o9S5. 

MOR  ItlS,  a  township,  Clearfield  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  85.3. 
,     MOKHIS,  a  township  of  Greene  CO.,  Pennsylvania.   Popu- 
lation, 1415. 

MORRIS,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1333. 

MORRIS,  a. post-township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania,  133 
miles  N.  <jf  Harrisbnrg.    Pop.  437. 

MORRIS,  a  village  and  township  on  the  S.  border  of 
Washingtim  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1148. 

MORRIS,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1013. 

MORRIS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Grundy  CO., 
Illinois,  on  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Ciinal.  C2  miles  S.W. 
of  Chicago.  It  is  the  prihciiuil  sliipjiing  point  for  Grtnidy 
county.  The  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Itailroad  i)a8ses 
through  it.  The  grain  shipped  hero  in  1864  was  estimated  at 
above  ^1,000,000.  Morri«  has  1  bank,  6  cliurches,  and  a  news- 
paper office.     Pop.  in  1860,  2105;  in  1865,  about  4000. 

AIORRIS  CIIUKCII,a  postoffice  of  Campbell  oo.,  Virginia. 

MORRIS  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Fayette  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MOR'RISDALE,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Clearfield  Turnpike,  110  miles  AV.N.W.  of 
Uurrisburg. 

MORHLS  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Virginia. 

MORVKiSlA'NA,  a  beautiful  and  nourishing  post-village 
of  Westchester  co..  New  York,  on  Harlem  River,  and  on  the 
Harlem  Railroad,  10  miles  N,  of  New  York.  It  contains 
14  churches,  a  public  library,  several  seminaries,  numerous 
stores,  and  many  elegant  country-seats,  the  residences  of 
persons  doing  business  in  New  Y^ork.  Also  2  iron  foundries, 
Bteel  works  and  gas  works.    Pop.  9245. 

MOIi'RISUN.  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

MORRISON'S,  a  small  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois. 

MORRISON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Warren 
CO.,  Tennessee. 

MOKlilSON'S  TAN  YARD,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg 
CO..  North  Carolina. 

Ml  IR'KISON  VILLE,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Clinton  co.,  New  York. 

MORRISON  VILLK,  a  post-office  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia. 

MURKIS  PL.^INS,  a  little  village  of  Morris  oo..  New  Jer- 
sey. 2  miles  N.  of  Morristown. 

MOR'RISTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lamoille 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Lamoille  Itiver,  about 
20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  several  manti- 
factories  of  woollen  goods,  starch,  leather,  boots,  shoes,  &o. 
Pop.  1751. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  post-village,  township,  and  river-port 
of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  York,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
about  14  miles  S.W.  of  Ogdensburg.  Black  I^ke  bounds 
the  township  on  the  E.  The  village  on  the  river  has  a 
wharf  where  steamboats  land,  and  several  warehouses.  It 
communicates  with  the  interior  by  a  plank-road.    Pop.  2284. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  post-village  and  capital  of  Morris  co., 
New  Jersey,  on  Whippany  River,  and  on  the  Morris  and 
Essex  Railroad,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Trenton,  and  32  miles  by 
railroad  AV.  by  N.  of  New  York,  It  is  situated  on  a  table- 
land, enclosed  by  ranges  of  hills,  and  presents  an  appearance 
of  neatness,  having  a  fine  public  square  in  the  centre.  It 
contains  a  handsome  court-house,  8  churches,  1  bank,  1  aca- 
demy, 4  hotels,  and  numerous  stores.  It  is  the  principal 
market  for  a  rich  and  highly  productive  agricultural  region ; 
2  newspapers  are  published  hero.  Morristown  has  manu- 
factures of  paper,  iron,  &c.  It  is  noted  as  having  been  the 
head-quart«rs  of  the  American  army  on  two  different  occa- 
sions. The  house  occupied  by  General  Washington  is  pointed 
out,  and  the  remains  of  an  old  fort  are  still  visible  in  the 
rear  of  the  court-house.    Pop.  estimated  at  3800. 

MOI'.liISTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co.,  Tennessee. 

MORRISTOWN.  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Tennessee,  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  a  fertile  valley  on  the  route  of  the 
East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Belmont  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  National  lioad.  21  miles  W.  of  Wheeling,  has  2 
churches,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

MOItRLSTOWN,  a  village  of  Clarke  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the 
railroad  Irom  Jeffersouville  to  Columbus,  20  miles  N.  of  the 
former. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  village  of  Randolph  co..  Indiana,  on 
ehe  Bellefontaine  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  about  65  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.    Laid  out  in  1851. 

3I0R1UST0WN,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  Blue  River,  and  on  the  railroad  from  Shelbyville  to 
Knightstown,  about  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 


MORRISTOWN,  a  pos(>village  of  Henry  co.,  Illinoii,  abom 
15  miUjs  E.  of  the  town  of  Rock  Island. 

JIORRISTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri 

JIORRISTOWN,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of 
Sidney,  on  the  St.  George  Bay,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Gull 
of  St.  Lawrence,  aliout  120  miles  N.E.  of  Halifax. 

MOR/RISVILLi;,  a  postrvillage  in  Morristown  township, 
Lamoille  co.,  A'ermont,  on  the  Lamoille  River,  which  fur« 
ni.>^hi>s  it  with  water-power,  about  20  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Montpelier.  It  contains  a  church,  an  academy,  1  printing- 
office,  and  1  grist  and  saw  mill.    Poj).  about  300. 

MOHRISVILLE,  a  thriving  post-iillage  in  Eaton  town- 
ship, and  capital  of  JIadison  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Cherry 
Valley  Turnpike,  about  100  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  a  bank,  3  churches,  and 
2  newsiHiper  offices.    Pop.  in  1855,  715;  in  1860,  about  1000. 

MORUISVILLE,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Bucks  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  River,  ojipo.site  Tn'nton,  30 
miles  above  Philadelphia.  The  railroad  from  I'hiladcl))Iiiii 
to  New  York  passes  through  it ;  and  a  bridge,  llOO  feet  long, 
connects  it  with  the  city  of  Trenton.  It  was  formerly  the 
residence  of  Robert  Morris,  the  eminent  financier.  Pop.  in 
1860,  784. 

MOHRISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  CO.,  Virginia, 
95  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

MORKISVILLE.  a  post-office  of  W.ike  CO..  North  Carolina. 

MOKRISVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 

MOHRISVILLE,  a  village  and  st.ition  of  Hendrick.s  CO., 
Indiana,  on  the  railroad  between  Terre  Haute  and  Indiana- 
polis, 2.')  miles  W.  by  S.  of  the  latter. 

MORR(>D»SA0-PAUL0,  (Jlorro-de-Sao-Paulo.)  moR'no- 
di-sowN»-p<")w'lo,  a  village  of  Brazil,  at  the  foot  of  a  ])ro- 
montory  on  the  N.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Tinliare,  S.  of  the 
Bay  of  All  Saints,  province  and  50  miles  S.W.  of  Bahia.  It 
is  defendeil  by  a  battery,  and  contains  a  church  and  a 
primary  school. 

.MORRO- GRANDE,  moR/RO-granMA,  a  village  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Mina.s-Geraes,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Cahete,  with  one 
of  the  most  Ijeautiful  churches  in  the  province.  The  inha^ 
bitants  are  almost  all  miners  or  laborers.     Pop.  5000. 

MOURO-GHANDK,  a  mountain  nange  of  Brazil,  which, 
after  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  provinces 
of  Goyaz  and  .Minas-Oeraes,  enters  the  latter,  and  becomes 
the  base  of  the  chain  known  by  the  name  pf  I'yrenees.  It 
here  forms  the  water-shed  between  the  waters  of  the  N.  and 
S.,  and  gives  rise  to  some  of  the  great  rivers  of  Brazil. 

MOI'.RONE,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Morone. 

MOIIROI'E,  moR'Ro-pA',  a  town  near  the  N.  extremity  of 
Peru,  on  the  Leche,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific. 

MOR'RUW,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  370  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Vernon 
River,  the  East  branch  of  the  Olentangy  or  Whetstone,  and 
by  Walnut  Creek,  all  of  which  rise  withjn  its  limits.  The 
soil  is  highly  productive.  A  large  quarry  of  freestone  haa 
been  opcne(l  at  the  county  seat.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  Ano- 
ther railroad  is  projected  through  it.  Formed  about  1848, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Governor  Morrow,  of  Ohio.  Capital, 
Mount  Gilead.     Pop.  20,445. 

MORROW,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Little  Miami  Railroad,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Zanesville 
and  Wilmington  Railroad,  37  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 
It  has  been  built  since  the  construction  of  the  railroad, 
(about  1844.)    Pop.  about  1500. 

MORS,  moRs,  or  MORSOE,  (Morsiie.)  moRs'oVh,  almost 
moRsKihVeh,  an  island  of  Denmark,  Jutland,  in  the  Lym- 
fiord,  and  forming  a  part  of  the  amt  of  Tbisted.  Length  23 
miles,  breadth  11  miles.  Pop.  6000,  mostly  engaged  in  agri- 
culture and  fi.shing.  Surface  level;  alx)ut  two-thirds  of  it  is 
fertile,  and  cultivated,  the  rest  marshy.  Principal  town, 
Nykiiibing,  on  its  E.  shore. 


E.N.E.  of  Constance.     Pop.  1320. 

MORSCII,  (JUirsch,)  miiRsh,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  l?hine.  N.W.  of  Ettlingen.   Pop.  1209. 

MORSCHEN,  ALT,  Sit  moR'shen,  is  a  village  of  Hesse- 
Cas.seL  5  miles  S.E.  of  Melsungcn. 

MORSE  CREEK,  a  postroffice  of  McNairy  co.,  Tennessee. 

MORSE'VILLE.a  post-village  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York, 
about  45  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

MORSIIANSK  or  MORSCHANSK.  moR-shJnsk',  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  56  miles  N.  of  Tambov,  on  the 
Tsna.  Pop.  5000,  partly  employed  in  manufactures  of  sail- 
cloth and  soap. 

MORSOE,  an  island  of  Denmark.    See  Mors. 

MORSSTON,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

MORSn."ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MORTAG.VE.  moR'tte',  a  town. of  France,  department  of 
Orne,  21  miles  E.  of  Alen^on.  Pop.  in  1852.  4948.  It  stands 
on  the  summit  and  side  of  a  steep  hill;  has  remains  of  old 
ramparts,  and  a  Gothic  church  with  a  lofty  tower.  Tho 
manufactures  comprise  linen  clothi  for  the  colonies,  pack 
ing  cloths,  calicoes,  porcelain,  and  leather. 

1246 


MOR 


MOS 


ttOKTAGNE,  s  ;  vn  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
arrondissi-ment  of  Valenciennes.    Pop.  1318.  • 

MOR'iWOXE  SUR  GIRONDE.  nioR'tdn'  PiiR  zheeVdNd',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  arron- 
diBsement  of  Saintes.     Pop.  1436. 

MORTAGN'E  SUR  SEVRE.  moR'tifi'  siiR  paiv'r,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Vendee,  arrondissement  of  Bourbon- 
Vendee,  with  mineral  springs.     Pop.  1404. 

MORT.\GO.\.  moR-td-f;o'a,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira-.\lta.  20  miles  N.X.E.  of  Coimbra.     Pop.  840, 

MOr.T.\IX,  moRHSkx"',  (L.  MnriUilium,)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  -Manche,  34  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  LO.   Pop.  2514. 

MOKT.-V.RA.  moR-td'rd,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Mortara  or  I.,omelliiia,  on  the  Arbogna.  26  miles 
N.N'.E.  of  Ales.sandria.  Pop.  5316.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  noble  residences,  public  schools,  barracks,  and  a 
theatre :  but  is  nearly  deserted  on  account  of  the  miasma 
from  its  rice  fields. 

MORTE.\U.  moR'tO'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Doubs,  Ifi  miles  N.E.  of  Pontarlier.     Pop.  in  1852,  1703. 

MOKTEFONTAIXE,  moRt'fAN<='U\n',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Oise,  an-ondissement  of  Senlis.  In  its  fine 
chateau  the  treaty  of  peace  between  France  and  the  United 
States  of  .\merica  was  signed  in  1800. 

MORTESO,  moR-t.^'so.  MORTERO,  moR-tVro,  or  MORTER, 
moR-taiR',  an  island  of  Austria,  in  the  Adriatic,  off  the  coast 
of  Dalmatia,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Zara.  6  miles  long,  and  2  miles 
broad.  Vo\>.  IISO.  On  it  is  a  village  of  the  same  name,  sup- 
posed to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  CblenHum. 

MOiiTES,  J;i0  DAS,  ree'o  dils  moR't^s,  a  river  of  Brazil, 
rises  in  the  province  of  Minas-Oeraes,  and  joins  the  Kio 
Grande  on  the  right,  near  the  small  village  and  port  of  Ma- 
caia,  after  a  course  of  120  miles. 

MOKTKS,  RIO  DAS,  a  river  of  Brazil,  ri.ses  in  the  province 
of  .MattoGrosso,  and,  after  a  navigable  course  of  about  400 
miles,  joins  the  arm  of  the  Araguay  which  flows  to  the  W. 
of  the  i,-laud  of  B:inanal.  or  Santa  .A.una,  in  lat.  12°  S. 

JIORTIIOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon, 

5I0RTIEU.  moRHe-V,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
9  miles  E.X.E.  of  Liege,  with  several  mills,  and  a  trade  in 
corn.     Pop.  1046. 

MORT [  El{.  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See  MoTin. 

MOK'TIMKI!.  a  village  in  Lake'co.,  Illinois,  45  miles  N, 
by  W.  of  Chicago. 

MOR/TIMEirs  CROSS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Herefjnl.  5i  miles  X.W.  of  Leominster.  A  pillar  commemo- 
rates the  victory  of  1461,  which  destroyed  the  power  of 
Henry  VI..  and  raised  Edward  IV.  to  the  throne. 

MORTIZZO.  moR-tit'so,  a  village  of  Italy,  Parma,  6  miles 
N.E,  of  Piacenza.  on  the  Po.    Pop.  2001. 

MOI{TL.\CII,  mort/laK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  and  formerly 
a  bishop's  see,  co.  and  29  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Banff.  Near  it 
Malcolm  II.  defeated  the  Danes  in  1010. 

MORT'L.VlvE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the 
Thames,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  London,  with  a  station  on  the 
London  and  Richmond  Railway. 

MORT'LOCK  ISLAXDS,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  N.  of  the  Solomon  Islands,  lat.  4°  55'  S.,  Ion, 
156°  10'  E. 

JKIIt'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MORTON^  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MOllTOX.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  2  miles 
W.X'.W.  of  Gainsborough.    Pop.  500. 

MORTOX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

MOHTOX.  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois. 

MOR'TOX  BAG'GOTT,  a  parish  of  Emrland.  co.  of  TTarwick, 

MOKTOX,  EAST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

MORTOX,  EAST  xyv  WEST,  a  to\fuship  of  England,  co. 
of  York.  West  Riding. 

MOKTOX .)  KF'FRIES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

MORrrv)X  MOK/KELL.  a  parish.  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

MORTOX  OX  THE  HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk, 

MORTON  PIXK'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

SIORTOX'S  CORNERS,  a  postoffice  of  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

MOIiTOX'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Alamance  co..  North 
Carolina. 

MOK/TOXSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Woodford  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 18  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Le.xington.  It  contains  a  church 
and  a  bagging  factory. 

MORTOX  VILLE.  a  post-villase  of  Orange  co..  New  York, 
about  94  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

SIORTOX  VILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
iylvania. 

MOKTRlliE,  moRHr.V,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  14  miles  X.  of  Alen^on.     Pop.  in  1852.  1482. 

MOKTSKL,  moRfsel  or  moRt'sM',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince and  5  miles  S.S.E,  of  Antwerp,  near  the  railway  to 
Mechlin.     Pop.  1413. 

MOR'TY  ISI<E,  Malay  Archipelago,  is  off  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Giloio.  lat.  2°  X.,  and  Ion.  128°  SC  E.  Length  60  miles,, 
average  breadth  25  miles.  Cliief  product,  sago. — The  Str.ut 
OP  .MoBTV.  between  it  and  Giloio,  is  30  miles  across. 

MORUI.M.  mo-roo-eex"',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
1246 


Sorgipe.  on  the  Ganhomoraba.  W.  of  Panto-Amaro.  It  haa 
a  parish  primary  school,  custom-house,  and  a  I'ort,  which  is 
the  entrepot  for  the  sugar  made  in  the  neighboring  districts 
sent  to  Bahia. 

MORUMBIDGEE.ariverof  Australia.  See MuRRiMurDGES. 

SIOlt'VAH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 

MvlHVAX.  moR^'^s"',  an  old  division  of  France,  in  the 
Xivernais,  now  partitione<l  among  the  departments  Nievre, 
Cote-d'(tr,  and  Saune-et-Loire, 

MOR/VAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 

JIOR/VEX  or  MOR'VERX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co,  of 
Argyle. 

MOR  YEN,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness,  parish 
of  Latheron.    Elevation  3000  feet.  '  i 

MORVEX,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  parish 
of  Logie-Coldstone.    Elevation  2700  feet. 

MOk'VEX,  a  post-oflice  of  Amelia  co.,  A'irginia. 

MORVEX,  a  post-village  of  Anson  co..  North  Carolina, 
115  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Raleigh, 

MORVEX',  a  post-offtce  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia. 

MORVEX.  a  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  on  Flatrook 
Creek,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Indianajiolis. 

MOR'VILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MORVILLAR.  moRVee'yaif',  a  vill.ige  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaut-Rhin.  7  miles  S.E.  of  lielfort.     Pop.  400. 

JIOR'VIX.  a  post-office  of  Clarke  CO..  Al.abama. 
_MORZASCO.  moRd-zJs'ko.  or  MURZASCO.  mooRd-zJs'ko,  s 
village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Ales.sandria.  pro 
vince  of  Acqui,  on  the  Bormida.     Pop.  1900. 

>I0RZ1XE,  moRd-zee'ni',  a  village  of  the  Sardini.nn  States, 
division  of  Savov,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  I.^  Biot,  on  the  Dranso, 
Pop.  2000. 

MOSA.    See  Meusr 

MOS'ALEM.  a  post-village  of  Dnbuqne  co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Mississippi  River,  75  miles  X.E.  of  Iowa  City.    Pop.  963. 

M<_)SALSK.  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  M.issALSK. 

MOS.VMBIQUE,  a  countrj'  of  Africa.    See  Mozambique. 

5I0SB.\CH.  mo<'b.<(K,  a  town  of  Germany,  grar!d<luchy 
of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Elz,  32  miles  E.S.E 
of  Mannheim.  Pop.  2400.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  ha* 
a  high  school,  and  manufactures  of  porcelain  and  paper. 

MOSB.iCH,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  on  the 
Rhine,  2  miles  S.  of  Wiesbaden. 

MOS'BOROUGH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MOSBURG.  mos'KMJRO.  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the 
Isar.  29  miles  X.E.  of  Munich.    Pop.  1739. 

MOSCIIA.     See  Miscat. 

MOSCHEL,  OBER.  o'ber  mosh'fl,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Palatinate,  25  miles  S.W,  of  Mentz.     Pop.  1477. 

MOSCUEXiTZA,mo3-kA-nit's3,amaritime  villitge  of  Istria, 
on  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Fiume. 

MOSCHI.^NO,  mos-ke-S'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  11  miles  X.E.  of  Teramo.     Pop.  1500. 

MOSl^lIIX,  mo-sheen',  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Posen.  circle  of  Schrimm.     Pop.  1020. 

MOSCHTIEXITZ,  OBER,  o'bgr  mosh'tee-nits,  a  village  of 
Moravia,  circle  and  17  miles  from  Prerau.    Pop.  1044. 

MOSCIAXA,  mo-shil'ni{,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Teramo.    Pop.  2450. 

MOSCISKA,  mos-tsees'kS,  a  town  of  .Austrian  Poland, 
Galicia,  16  miles  E.  of  Przemysl.    Pop.  2900. 

MOSCOW,  mos'ko,  (Russ.  MosIto,  mosk-vj/;  L.  Moficua 
or  Mos'cliia;  Fr.  Mnscnu,  mos'koo';  Ger.  Moslxtu,  mos'kow.) 
a  famous  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  its 
own  name,  and  formerly  of  the  whole  Russian  Empire 
is  situated  on  the  Moskva,  400  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  first-class  rail- 
wiiy ;  lat,  (Observatory)  55°  45'  21"  N.,  Ion.  37°  34'  E.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  wall  or  earthen  rampart,  20  miles  in  cir- 
cuit, of  a  very  irregular  shape,  and  altogether  useless  for 
any  purpose  of  defence.  The  tite  of  the  city  h.as  an  uneven, 
\indulating  surface,  and  is  traversed  by  the  navigable 
Moskva,  which,  entering  near  the  Tniddle  of  the  W.  side  of 
the  wall,  makes  a  series  of  serpentine  windings,  and  leaves 
it  at  the  S.E.  corner.  Within  the  city,  the  Moskva  receives  a 
small  tributarj-  from  the  N.E.  The  most  remarkable  eleva- 
tion is  the  hili  on  which  the  Kremlin  stands,  situated  near 
the  centre  of  the  city.  It  is  nearly  of  a  triangular  shape, 
and  surrounded  by  an  immense  white  wall.  60  feet  high, 
and  about  1  mile  in  circuit.  This  wall  is  flanked  by  embat- 
tled towers,  and  gives  access,  by  sever.il  gates,  to  the  interior, 
which  formed  the  origin.al  nucleus  of  the  cit}'.  an;l  is  still 
the  site  of  its  most  important  and  characteristic  edifices. 
Immediately  to  the  E.  of  the  Kremlin,  is  the  second  quar- 
ter, the  Kitai  Gorod.  or  Chinese  City,  fenced  round  by  a  wall, 
which  is  flanked  with  towers  and  buttresses.  .Ground  the 
Kremlin,  as  centre,  two  large  circles  have  been  drawn — the 
inner  one,  with  a  radius  of  1  mile ;  and  the  outer,  with  a 
radius  of  1^  mile  in  length.  The  circumference  of  each  cir- 
cle consists  of  a  wide  belt  of  finely-planted  boulevard.  The 
inner  circle  st<ips  short  at  the  N.  bank  of  the  river.  The 
outer  circle  is  completed,  proceeding  acros.s  the  river,  and 
enclosing  a  considerable  sp.ve  on  the  S.  bank.  1  he  zone, 
enclosed  between  the  Kremlin  and  the  Kitai  Goi-od.  and  the 
inner  boulevard,  is  called  the  quarter  of  the  PeVi  Gtrod  or 


MOS 


MOS 


White  City;  while  the  other  zone,  inpluded  hetween  the 
two  boulevards,  so  far  as  it  llos  N.  of  the  ri*er,  is  called  the 
quarter  of  the  Zmelnoi  Gorod.  All  the  enclosed  space 
beyond  the  four  quarters  now  described,  whether  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  or  the  S.  bank  of  the  Moskva,  is  regarded  as 
suburbs. 

Tlie  strange  irregularity  with  which  JIoscow  is  built,  is 
one  of  the  first  thini;R  which  forces  itself  on  the  notice  of 
the  visitor.  This  might  have  been  expected  to  be  remedied 
by  the  great  coiiflagration  of  1812:  but  though  the  incon- 
gruities are  certjiinly  fewer  than  they  were,  enough  still 
remains  to  give  the  city  its  old  characteristic  features.  Tlie 
streets,  in  general,  continue  uneven  and  tortuous;  nume- 
rous paltry  lanes  open  all  at  once  into  magnificent  squares; 
and  long  rows  of  little  yellow  wooden  houses  abut  on  vast 
colossal  structures.  In  order  to  describe  the  principal  edi- 
fices, we  must  again  return  to  the  Kremlin,  previously 
stopping  to  view  it  from  the  most  favorable  spot — thoi  S. 
siile  of  the  bridge  iloskva  Rekoi.  Here  it  seems  to  rise  out 
of  the  water,  picturesquely  adorned  with  turf  and  shrubs; 
while  above  its  snowy  wall  and  verdant  foliage,  palaces  ancl 
churches  rear  their  majentic  heads,  crowned  with  numerous 
cupolas  of  glittering  gold  and  silver,  and  presenting  one  of 
the  most  striking  views  of  which  any  European  city  can 
boast.  Entering  by  the  Spass  Vorata,  or  Gate  of  the  Re- 
d(«mer,  over  wliich  is  a  picture  of  our  Saviour,  the  object 
of  tlie  deepest  reverence,  and  through  which,  in  consequence, 
none  must  pass  without  being  uncovered,  we  are  at  once 
introduced  to  the  most  interesting  and  Important  buildings 
of  .Moscow.  The  first  we  notice  is  the  Terema  or  old  palace 
of  the  Czars;  it  consists  of  four  stories,  which  diminish  in 
ascending,  till  the  uppermost  contains  only  a  single  room, 
and  is  surrounded  with  balconies,  with  stairs  both  within 
and  without,  leading  to  each  separate  terrace;  the  lowest 
floor  contains  the  throne  and  audience  chambers;  the  higli- 
est  was  the  residence  of  the  czarinas  and  their  children ;  the 
walls  are  riclily  and  almost  grotesquely  decorated,  and  co- 
Tered  with  portraits  of  the  czars,  armorial  bearings,  Ac. 
The  main  body  of  this  palace  was  so  much  injured  by  the 
French,  that  repair  was  impossible,  and  its  place  has  been 
Bupplied  by  the  Bnlchoi  Dvoretz  or  Large  Palace,  built  by 
the  Emperor  .\le.Kander,  and  sometimes  called,  after  bira,  the 
Alexanderski  Dvoretz;  aci  immense  pile,  and  not  without 
an  imposing  effect;  but  its  modern  style  and  decorations  are 
iu  bad  keeping  with  the  venerable  structures  with  which  it 
is  associated.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Maloi  Dvoretz 
or  Little  Palace,  built  by  the  Emperor  Nicholas,  containing 
some  interesting  pictures  by  Bernatlo  Belotto  de  Canaletto, 
and  a  collection  of  all  the  works  that  have  been  written 
concerning  Mo.scow,  in  French.  Russian,  and  German.  The 
Babernoi  I'loschad,  or  Cathedral  Sfiuare,  situated  on  the 
summit  of  the  Kremlin,  and  enclosed  within  a  magnificent 
iron  railing;  contains  the  Upenski  Sabor  or  Cathedral  of 
the  Assumption ;  and  two  churche.': — the  Arkhangelsk!  Sa- 
bor or  Church  of  !St.  .Micliael,  and  the  Lady  of  the  Cave. 

The  Cathedral,  in  which  the  emperors  are  crowned,  boars 
no  resemblance,  either  without  or  within,  to  the  cathedrals 
of  Western  lOurope,  It  is  a  clumsy  building,  with  heavy 
pillars,  which  support  five  cupolas,  and,  like  the  walls, 
glittering  with  gold  from  top  to  bottom,  tlie  golden  ground 
covered  over  with  grotesque  frescoes  of  sacred  subjects;  it 
was  founded  in  lo2.5.  and  rebuilt  in  1472.  Immediately  be- 
hind the  Cathedral  is  the  Synodalni  Dom  or  House  of  the 
Holy  Synod,  so  called  because  a  section  of  the  Synod  has 
its  offices  in  it,  and  containing  the  Mir  or  Holy  Oil,  which 
is  used  in  the  baptism  of  all  Russian  children.  A  much 
more  valuable  treasure  of  the  Holy  Synod  is  a  library, 
remarkably  rich  in  rare  manuscripts.  The  Church  of  St. 
Michael  is  a  sombre  building,  lighted  by  windows  so  dimi- 
nutive, as  to  do  little  more  than  make  darkness  visible. 
Almost  all  the  Russian  sovereigns,  from  Ivan  Danilovitch, 
down  to  Peter  the  Great,  are  buried  here;  their  figures. 
natural  size,  are  painted  in  fresco  round  the  walls,  each 
over  against  his  own  tomb,  where  he  sits  wrapped  in  a  white 
mantle.  Immediately  adjoining  is  an  odd-looking  church, 
with  w,^lls  of  immense  thickness,  said  to  be  the  oldest  in 
Moscow,  and  constantly  thronged  with  devotees.  The 
Church  of  the  .Annunciation  is  paved  with  fine  pebbles  of 
jasper,  agate,  and  carnelian.  Within  the  Kremlin,  also,  is 
an  immense  pile  of  buildings,  lining  the  sides  of  a  triangle, 
one  side  being  occupied  by  the  Senate,  which  contains  the 
offices  of  the  various  local  departments,  and  the  other  two 
by  the  treasury  and  arsenal.  The  chief  attraction  here  is 
the  upper  story  of  the  treasury,  containing  the  crowns  of 
the  early  Czars,  arranged  in  regular  succession;  several 
thrones,  warlike  trophies,  and  miscellaneous  curiosities. 
The  arsenal  contains  100.000  stand  of  arms,  the  cannon 
fAken  from  the  French  during  their  disastrous  retreat,  and 
numerous  other  military  tropliies. 

Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  buildings  of  the  Kremlin,  now 
described,  and  far  overtopping  them  all,  is  the  famous  Ivan 
Veliki,  cr  Tower  of  .John  the  Great,  which  rises  without 
ornament  of  any  kind,  to  the  height  of  209  feet,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  gilded  dome,  on  which,  as  on  the  other  gilded 
domes  of  the  Kremlin,  the  cross  iii  displayed  above  the  cres- 


cent. It  is  ascended  by  »  good  staircage,  and  amply  reward* 
the  toil  of  ascent  by  the  magnificent  view  Avhich  it  commands. 
It  consists  of  several  stories,  in  ejicli  of  which  bangs  a  stu- 
pendous bell,  one  of  them  weighing  04  tons.  Another  bell, 
nearly  trebling  this  enormous  weight,  cjiUed  Czar  Kolokol 
or  the  Monarch,  stands  at  the  bottom  of  the.  tower,  on  a 
pedestal  of  granite,  to  which  it  was  raised,  iu  l^>:i7,  by  the 
Emperor  Nicholas,  after  having  remained  for  a  century  bu- 
ried on  the  spot  into  which  it  is  said  to  have  fallen,  v.hen 
the  tower,  in  which  it  was  suspended,  was  burned.  Its 
height  is  21.3  feet,  diameter  22.5  feet,  and  least  thickness  3 
inches.  A  huge  fragment  was  broken  from  it  by  the  fall. 
Immediately  to  the  E.  of  the  Kremlin,  between  its  walls 
and  those  of  the  Kitai  Gorod,  stands,  in  the  Krasnoi  Ploo- 
shad  or  Red  Place,  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Basil,  one  of  the 
strangest  specimens  of  architecture  anywhere  to  be  met 
with :  it  has  no  less  than  20  towers  and  domes,  all  of  differ- 
ent shapes  and  sizes,  and  colored  over  with  the  most  varied 
hues — some  green,  spread  like  net-work,  over  a  yellow 
ground;  one  red,  with  broad  white  stripes;  and  a  third, 
gilded.  The  whole  is  a  perfect  huddle ;  and  though  different 
accounts  of  its  origin  are  given,  the  most  credible  seems  to 
be.  that  it  was  a  whim  of  Ivan  the  Terrible,  to  try  how 
many  chapels  could  be  erected  on  the  same  spot,  and  under 
the  same  roof,  where  religious  service  could  bo  simultau<^- 
ously  performed  without  mutual  interference.  The  archi- 
tect was  an  Italian,  and  so  pleased  his  employer,  that  the 
savage  despot  put  out  his  eyes,  in  order  that  he  might  never 
be  able  to  build  another  like  it. 

It  is  impo.«sil>le  to  state  the  number  of  churches  in  Mos- 
cow, some  making  them  1.500,  and  others  reducing  them  to 
250.  The  smaller  number,  if  proper  churches  only  are 
included,  is  probably  the  more  accurate;  but  it  is  scarcely 
possible  to  traver.se  a  street,  in  which  clustering  domes  and 
minarets  do  not  meet  the  eye.  The  number  of  monasteries, 
also,  is  very  great.  Those  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the 
Donskoi,  situated  near  the  S.  barrier,  surrounded  witli  an 
eient  walls,  surmounted  by  battlements  like  those  of  the 
Kremlin,  and  containing,  within  its  enclosure,  six  churches 
and  chapels,  several  courts,  a  plantation  of  birchwood,  and 
dwellings  for  the  Archimandrite  and  monks;  the  Seniinov- 
skoi,  at  the  S.E.  corner  of  the  wall,  near  where  the  Moskva 
leaves  it,  having  more  the  appearance  of  a  fortress  than 
a  monasfcery ;  and  the  Devitchei  Convent,  at  the  S.W.  corner, 
with  walls,  flanked  by  16  towers;  several  cliurches,  one  of 
them  containing  the  tombs  of  several  czarinas  and  prin- 
cesses; and  a  churchyard,  beautifully  laid  out  with  shrubs 
and  flower.s,  and  containing  a  great  number  of  fine  monu- 
ments. Close  to  this  convent  is  the  Devitchei-foU,  or  ^laid- 
ens'  Field,  where  the  emperors,  on  their  coronation,  entoi^ 
tain  their  subjects.  The  Emperor  Nicholas  here,  on  that 
occasion,  dined  50,000  persons. 

Among  educational  establishments,  the  only  one  deserving 
of  particular  notice  is  the  University,  who.se  jurisdiction  is 
not  confined  to  the  city  or  government  of  Moscow,  but  ex- 
tends over  the  governments  of  Tver,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma. 
Vladimeer,  Riazan,  Tambov,  Orel,  Toola,  Kalooga,  and  Smo 
lensk.  It  was  established  by  the  Empress  Catherine,  in 
1755 ;  consists  of  4  faculties,  and  is  attended  by  about  900 
students.  Its  scientific  collections  are  poor,  compared  with 
the  best  of  those  in  the  W.  of  Europe;  but  it  is  tolerably 
rich  in  anatomical  preparatipus ;  in  connexion  with  it  is  a 
gymnasium,  a  library  of  50,000  volumes,  an  observatory,  bo- 
tanical garden,  &c.  Among  the  benevolent  establishments 
are  the  Alexander  Hospital  and  St.  Catherine's  Hospital, 
both  near  the  N.  barrier;  and  another  hospital  of  St.  Cathe- 
rine, near  the  N.E.  corner;  2  military  hospitals  in  the  E.,  a 
widow's  hospital  in  the  W.,  and  St.  Paul's  Hospital  and  the 
Galitzin  Hospital  in  the  S.  Another  hospital,  the  Foundling, 
."Situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  JMoskva,  a  little  to  the  E.  of 
the  Kitai  Gorod,  has  acquired  more  celebrity  than  all  the 
rest;  hut  whether  it  is  entitled  to  be  ranked  among  benevo- 
lent establishments,  is  questionable;  its  encouragement  to 
vice  being  palpable  and  notorious ;  as  all  children,  up  to  a 
certain  age,  are  received  on  presentation,  and  no  questions 
asked.  The  number  actually  iu  the  house,  or  supported 
in  some  way  or  other  by  the  institution,  is  upwards  of 
25,000.  Moscow  possesses  2  theatres — one,  where  the  pei^ 
formances  are  in  French ;  and  the  other,  or  Alexander  The- 
atre, where  they  are  in  Russian.  Among  the  other  buildings 
or  places  worthy  of  notice,  are  the  great  Ri'iing-School,  to 
the  W.  of  the  Kremlin,  suppa^ed  to  be  the  largest  building 
in  the  world  unsupported  by  pillar  or  prop  of  any  kind ;  the 
principal  bazaar,  or  Gostlunoi  Dvor,  in  the  Kitai  Gorod,  a 
colossal  building  of  3  stories,  where  wholesale  merchants, 
to  the  number  of  more  than  1000,  regularly  carry  ou  their 
trade;  the  Riadi,  an  open  space  in  the  same  vicinity,  occu- 
pied by  narrow  streets  of  shops ;  the  barracks,  along  the  E. 
side  of  the  inner  boulevard ;  and  the  Race-course,  a  large 
oval,  elongated  N.  and  S.,  and  almost  touching  the  S.  hairier 
The  number  of  open  and  planted  spaces  throughout  the  city 
is  very  great.  Several  of  these,  including  the  boulevards, 
have  been  already  mentioned;  and  we  may  now  add  the 
Princess  Galitzin's  gardens,  stretching  along  the  right  bank 
of  the  Moskva,  and  beautifully  laid  out,  but  now  partly 

1247 


MOS 

»ocupied  by  the  Empress's  yilla;  and  the  Sparrow  Hills  to 
the  3  W. 

Manufactures  of  various  kinds  are  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent  within  tlie  city;  but  bear  only  a  small  proportion  to 
those  which  are  carried  on  for  Moscow  in  the  surrounding 
tijwns  and  villages.  The  principal  establishments  are  for 
textile  fabrics,  chiefly  woollen,  cotton,  and  silk ;  in  all  of 
which,  much  steam-power,  and  the'most  improved  machine- 
ry, are  employ^ed ;  the  other  principal  articles  are  hats,  bard- 
ware,  leather,  chemical  products,  beer,  and  brandy.  From 
its  centi-al  position,  Moscow  is  the  great  entrepot  for  the 
internal  commerce  of  the  empire.  Great  facilities  for  this 
commerce  are  given  by  water  communication,  which  extends, 
on  one  side,  to  the  TSaltic ;  on  another,  to  the  Caspian ;  and, 
on  a  third,  to  the  Black  Sea ;  and  by  the  railway  to  St.  I'eters- 
burg.  Another  railway  is  projected  from  Moscow  to  Diina- 
burg,  at  which  point  it  will  connect  with  the  railway  now 
being  graded  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Warsaw.  In  winter, 
the  traffic  over  the  snow  in  sledges  is  enormous;  as  many 
as  3600,  loaded  with  goods  for  TitJis  alone,  have  been  known 
to  leave  the  city  in  a  single  year. 

Moscow,  for  administrative  purposes,  is  divided  into  21 
districts;  and  is  under  the  immediate  charge  of  a  general 
and  military  governor.  It  is  the  seat  of  important  civil 
and  criminal  courts,  and  of  various  superintending  boards 
of  police,  manufactures,  trade,  &c.;  and  has  several  literary, 
scientific,  and  other  .societies;  among  which,  one  of  the  mo.st 
prominent  is  the  Bible  Society,  established  in  1813.  The 
foundation  of  the  city  dates  from  1147.  Its  nucleus  was  the 
Kremlin,  which,  at  first,  was  nearly  surrounded  by  a  palisade, 
and  formed  an  important  military  station.  For  a  long  time 
it  continued  to  be  a  dependency  on  the  principality  of  Vla- 
dimeer;  and  in  123S,  when  the  cruel  Batou-Khan  devas- 
tated Russia,  it  was  sacked  and  burned.  In  1293.  it  was 
again  sacked,  and  the  inhabitants  were  dragged  away  into 
slavery  by  Khan  Nagai.  It  afterwards  became  a  prey  to 
intesti'ie  dissensions — several  princes  disputing  the  posses- 
sion of  it;  but  at  last  Dimitri.  surnamed  Donskoi,  became 
sole  master,  and  dietl  in  1389,  after  having  done  more  for  lt« 
prosperity  than  any  one  into  whose  hands  it  had  previously 
fallen.  From  this  time  its  prosperity  continued  to  advance, 
though  not  without  repeated  interruptions  b}"  fire,  pestilence, 
famine,  and  war.  It  now  t>ecame  the  capital  of  .Muscovy,  and 
afterwards  of  the  whole  Rus.sian  Empire ;  but  was  deprived 
of  this  honor  in  1703,  when  St.  Petersburg  was  founded, 
and  became  the  royal  residence.  It  still,  however,  possesses 
all  the  grandeur,  and  many  of  the  other  features  of  a  capital. 
Many  of  the  nobility  reside  in  it;  and,  both  in  salubrity 
and  central  position,  it  possesses  natural  advantages  which 
no  political  preference  can  ever  confer  on  St.  Petersburg. 
The  principal  event,  in  the  history  of  Moscow,  is  the  burn- 
ing of  it  in  1812,  for  the  purpose  of  disloilging  the  French 
from  their  winter  quarters.  The  damage  then  done  has 
been  long  since  repaired,  and  Moscow  has  again  risen 
from  her  ashes  more  beautiful  than  before.  Pop.  in  1840, 
&19,068 ;  in  IboS,  336,370. 

MOSCOW,  one  of  the  most  important  and  populous  of  the 
governments  of  Russia,  mostly  between  lat.  54°  50'  and  66° 
40'  N.,  and  Ion.  34°  50'  and  38°  50'  E..  enclosed  l>y  the  go- 
vernments of  Tver,  Vl.adimeer.  Hiazan.  Toola,  Kalooiia.  and 
Smolensk.  Area  12.609  sriuare  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1,348.041. 
Surface  an  extended  plain  with  few  undulations;  principal 
rivers,  the  Ivliasma,  Protwa,  and  Moskva,  (or  ^loskwa,)  afflu- 
ents of  the  Volga,  and  the  Oka.  Soil  very  fertile,  but  the 
com,  produced  is  insufficient  for  home  consumption.  Cattle 
and  horse  bree<ling  are  actively  carried  on.  Manufactures 
extensive  and  very  varied,  embracing  woollen,  cotton,  and 
silken  fabrics,  carpets,  gold  and  silver  wares,  paper,  <4c.,  em- 
ploying in  1840,  upwards  of  85,000  hands  in  1150  factories, 
and  at  least  120  steam-engines.  Next  to  Moscow,  the  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Kolomna  and  Dmitrov. 

MOSCOW,  mosHio,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  574. 

MOSCOW,  a  pnsi>village  of  Livingston  co..  New  York,  near 
the  Genesee  Valley  Can-al,  about  35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Roches- 
ter.    Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-olfice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

MOSCOW,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  Alabama. 

MOSCOW,  a  posfrofflce  of  Polk  co.,  Texas. 

5I0SC0W,  a  post-village  of  Hickman  co.,  Kentucky,  6 
miles  S.  of  Clinton,  has  2  store.s. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the 
Wolf  River,  and  on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad. 
40  miles  E.  of  Memphis. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  29  miles  above  Cincinnati,  has  several  stores.  Popu- 
lation 434. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsdale  co., 
Michigan,  on  a  branch  of  Kalamazoo  River,  about  60  miles 
S.  of  Lansing.  It  contains  3  stores  and  a  furnace.  Pop. 
about  300 :  of  the  township.  1078. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  40  miles 
K.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

MOSCOW,  a  small  villaze  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri. 

3J0SC0\V.  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Missouri. 
124S 


MOS 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  in  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  25  mDee 
E.S.E.  of  Iowa  City. 
MOSCOW  MILL?,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

MOSDOIv,  mos-dok',  a  town  of  Russia,  province  of  Cau- 
casus, 63  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oeorgievsk,  on  a  height  above  the 
Terek.  It  is  strongly  fortified  by  nature,  beiijg  only  acces- 
sible on  two  sides,  and  has  been  considerably  strengthened 
by  art.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic,  a  Greek,  and  an  Arme- 
nian church;  a  hospital,  merchant-house,  and  quarantine 
establishment;  and  mamifactures  of  morocco  leather  and 
brandy.    Pop.  5O00.         \ 

MOSE,  mo/sA,  an  island  of  the  Asiatic  Archipelago,  N.  of 
Timor-laut,  lat.  6°  20'  S.,  Ion.  131°  30'  E.,  and  20  miles  in 
circuit. 

MOSEIRAII,  an  island  of  Arabia.    See  M.\ssera. 

MOSEL,  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Moselle. 

MOS'ELEM,  a  post-offlce  of  Berks  co.,  PennS3'lvania. 

MOSELLE,  mo'z^ll',  (Ger.  Motel,  nio'zel;  anc.  MosdHa.)  a. 
river  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Europe,  rises  in  the  S.E.  of  the 
department  of  Vosges,  (France.)  passes  Remiremont.  Epinal, 
Toul,  Frouard,  Pont-a-Mousson,  Metz,  and  Thionville.  in 
France;  separates  the  duchy  of  Luxembourg  from  Rhenish 
Prussia,  and  joins  the  Rhine  on  the  left  of  Ooblentz.  It  is 
navigable  from  its  confluence  with  the  Meurtlie  near  Frou- 
ard. Chief  affluents  in  France,  the  Menrthe  and  Seille  on 
the  right,  and  in  the  Prussian  States,  the  Sarre  on  the  right, 
and  tlie  Sure,  Kyll.  and  Elz  on  the  left.  Total  course,  tor- 
tuously X.N.E.,  328  miles. 

MOSELL.E.  a  frontier  department  in  the  N.E.  of  France, 
formed  of  parts  of  the  old  provinces  of  Lorraine  and  French 
Luxembourg,  between  the  departments  of  Lower  Rhine, 
Menrthe,  and  Meuse,  bounded  on  the  X.  by  Belgium,  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  and  Bavaria.  Area  2034  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  446,457.  The  surface  is  partly  covered  with  contreforts 
of  tlie  Artlennes  and  Vosges  Mountains.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Moselle  and  Sarre.  It  has  mines  of  iron,  coal,  and  excellent 
lime,  and  several  salt  springs.  Forests  cover  a  great  part 
of  the  surface,  and  yield  excellent  building  timber.  Grain 
is  raised  sufficient  for  consumption,  and  the  wine  is  of  good 
quality.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arromlissements 
of  Metz,  (the  capital.)  Briey,  Sarreguemiues,  and  Thionville, 

MOSELLF;,  mo-zell',  a  post  village  of  Jo  Daviess  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, near  the  Missouri  River,  10  miles  S.  of  Ojilena. 

MOSELY  (mOz'lee)  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Dallas  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

MOSELY  HALL,  a  postoffice  of  Lenoir  co.,  North  Carolina. 

MOSELY'S.  a  post-offlce  of  .Madison  co..  Florida. 

MOSELY'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia. 

MOSilAISK.  a  town  of  Rus.si8.    See  Mozhaisk. 

MOSIIERVILLE,  mo'zhfr-vil,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co. 
New  York. 

MOSHKOVA.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Mutshkova. 

MOSIERTOWN,  mo/zher-t^wn,  a  village  of  Crawford  co., 
Pennsylvania.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Meadville. 

MO.SKE.N'iESOE.  mos'keh-n.AsVeh,  the  southmost  of  the 
Loffoden  IsKands,  Norway,  lat.  67°  50'  N.,  Ion.  12°  6'  E. 
Length  15  miles,  bi-eadth  8  miles.  Immediately  S.  of  it  is 
the  current  called  the  Mael-strom.     See  Loffodkn. 

M(»SK0X1SI,  mos-ko-nee'see.  an  island  of  Asia  Minor, 
Anatolia,  in  theGuif  of  Adramyti,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Mitylene. 
Length  4^  miles.  It  is  mountainous,  and  has  on  its  S.  side 
the  village  Mosko,  with  trade  in  fruit  and  cotton. 

MOSIvVA,  mosk'v."t.  or  MOSKWA.(Ku.-s.  pron.  mosk-ftJ',) 
a  river  of  Russia,  traverses  the  government  of  Moscow,  from 
W.  to  E.,  passing  Moscow,  Mozhaisk.  (.Mojaisk.)  Bronnitza, 
and  joins  the  Oka  at  Kolomna.  Total  course  200  miles. 
The  battle  of  Borodino,  called  by  the  Flench  the  battle  of 
Mnsl-va,  was  fought  on  the  Kolotza,  an  affluent  of  the 
Moskva.  September  7th.  1812.     See  BoROBlso. 

JIOSKVA  or  MOSKWA.    See  Moscow. 

MOS'LEY.  a  chapciry  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester,  with  a 
station  on  the  Bristol  and  Birmingham  Railway,  3  miles  S. 
of  Birmincham. 

JIOSLEY  or  MOSSLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  with  a  station  on  the  Leeds  and  Manchester 
Railway.  2  miles  from  Staleybridge. 

JIOSQUERELA,  mo.s-kA-rA/ld.  a  walled  town  of  Spain, 
Aragon.  36  miles  E..\.E.  of  Teruel;  with  a  church,  and  an 
old  palace  in  which  King  Jaime  I.  of  Aragon  used  to  spend 
the  hot  season. 

MOSQUITIA.    See  MosQtnro  Territort. 

MOSQUITO  (mos-kee'to)  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  tlie 
Ocmulgee  River  in  I'ulaski  county. 

MOSQUITO  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Mahoning 
River,  about  6  miles  from  Warren,  in  Trumbull  county. 

MOSQUITO  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  Ohio  in  Har- 
rison county. 

MOSQUITO  (mos-kee'to)  TERRITORY,  called  also  MOS- 
QUITIA. moH-kee/she-a.  an  extensive  but  not  wcll-definwl 
countrv,  oceupving  tlie  N.E.  projection  of  Central  AmerlcH, 
between  lat.  li°  and  16°  N.,  and  Ion.  83-  10'  and  86"  W., 
and  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  S.  by 
Costa  Rica,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  river  Saa 
Juan.  S.W.  by  Nicaragua,  and  W.  by  Honduras.  Area, 
including  some  contested  portions  claimed  by  Costa  Rio» 


MOS 


MOT 


and  Nicaragua,  34,000  square  mllps,  and,  excluding  them, 
about  2f).000  s()uare  miles.  The  surface  is  very  mountainous 
iu  the  \V.,  beitis  traversed  by  a  lofty  chain,  which  stretclies 
Bcross  the  country  in  a  N.  direction,  and  furnishes  the 
sources  of  all  its  important  rivers.  The  largest  of  these 
rivers  are  the  Roman  or  Aguan,  forming  the  boundary  of 
Moaiuitia  on  the  N.W.;  tlie  Tinto  or  Wanx,  and  the  Escon- 
diilo  or  Segovia.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  and  has  a 
most  lu-^curiiiut  tropical  vegetation,  producing  in  abundance 
all  the  staples  of  the  West  Indies,  large  quantities  of 
mahogany  and  other  cabinet  timber,  dye-woods,  drugs,  &c. 
The  climate  along  the  coasts  is  hot,  humid, and  unhealthy: 
on  the  highlands  it  is  cool  and  salubrious.  Valuable  mine- 
rals are  s.'iid  to  abound  in  the  interior,  and  aloiig  the  coast 
great  quantities  of  t<irtoise-shell  of  the  finest  quality  are 
obtained.  The  Mosquito  Indians,  the  native,  and  almost 
the  only  inhabitants,  are  an  active  and  daring  race,  tolerably 
expert  in  the  us'^  of  fire-arms.  Their  chief  assumes  the 
title  of  King  of  3Iosquitia.  They  have  considered  them- 
selves under  the  protection  of  the  Uriti-sh  government.  The 
government  of  New  Granada  claims  the  whole  country  as 
lielonging  to  the  territories  of  that  republic.  Capital,  Blue- 
fields  or  IJlewfields. 

MOSS,  moss,  a  seaport  town  of  Norway,  stift  of  Agger- 
shubs,  on  the  fioril,  32  miles  S,  of  Christiania.  Pop.  3132. 
In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  iron-mines. 

MOSS,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co..  Mobile. 

M0SS.\MKDP:S.  mos-si-m:\/dJs,  a  I'ortuguese  colony  in 
South  Africa,  with  a  town  and  fine  harbor,  170  miles  S.  of 
Benguda,  with  a  healthy  climate.     It  has  several  forts, 

MOS'SER'S  VALLEY,  a  small  village  of  Union  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

JIOSSET,  mosVsA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6- 
nfieS-Orientales,  5  miles  N'.N.W.  of  i'rades.     Pop.  1333. 

MOSSING  EN,  (Mii.ssingen.)  miis'sing-en,  a  market- town  of 
■Wilrtemburg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  on  the  Steiubach,  8 
miles  S.W,  of  Reutlingen.     Pop,  2744. 

MOS/SINGFOKD.  a  post-village  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  IMchmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  6  miles  from  Roan- 
oke. Sta,ges  connect  here  with  numerous  places  in  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina. 

MOSSKIRCir,  (Miisskirch.)  mUss'kiRk,  a  town  of  Baden', 
24  miles  N.  of  Constance.  Pop.  KiSO.  Here  tlie  French, 
under  Moreau,  defeated  the  Austrians,  under  Kray,  May 
5th,  1800. 

MOSSKIRCII,  a  market-town  of  Styria,  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Griitz. 

MOSSOCZ,  mosh'shots\  or  MOSONCZE,  mo^shont/siN  a 
market-town  of  Hungary.  17  miles  N.E.  of  Neusohl,  Pop. 
2755. 

MOS.'^aSANTA-MARIA,  mos/.so  sSn'td  mS-ree/l,  a  village 
of  riediiiunt.  18  miles  X.E.  of  Biella,     Pop,  2100, 

M(i.<S  .s^IDE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co,.  Pennsylvania. 

MOS'SY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co..  A'irginia. 

MOSSY  CREEK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.. 
Tennessee,  on  the  line  of  the  E,  Tennessee  and  Virginia 
Railroad,  about  212  miles  E,  of  Nashville.  It  is  liberally 
supplied  with  water-power  by  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  on 
which  there  are  2  cotton  factories. 

MOSTAG.\NEM,  mos-td-gd-ii5m',  a  town  of  Algeria,  pro- 
vince and  474  miles  E.N.E,  of  Oran,  about  IJ  miles  from  the 
Mediterranean,  It  possesses  strong  military  works,  and  ample 
accommodation  for  troops.  It  has  manufactures  of  carpets, 
coverlets,  woollen  cloaks,  and  jewelry,  and  a  consideralile 
trade  with  the  interior.  Pop,  in  1849,  6495,  of  whom  3377 
were  Europeans. 

MOSTAIt,  mos'tar',  ("Old  Bridge,")  a  walled  city  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  and  the  chief  town  of  Herzegovina,  on  the 
Narenta,  in  hit,  +3°  24'  N,,  Ion.  17°  68'  E.  Pop.  7300,  of  whom 
2tX)0  are  Turks.  3500  Greeks.  1440  Roman  Catholics,  and  300 
gipsies.  Mostar  is  celebrated  for  its  old  Roman  bridge,  a 
single  arch  of  95  feet  span.  The  hou.«es  are  mostly  of  stone, 
roofed  with  slabs.  Chief  exports,  hides,  wool,  fruit,  wax, 
tallow,  and  cattle, 

MOST.\RD.\S,  mos-taR/dJs.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Sao-Pedro-do-Rio-Grande,  60  mUes  S,S,E,  of  Alegre,  with 
a  church.     Pop.  3000, 

SIOS'TERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Dorset, 

MOSTOLES,  mos-to'lSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Madrid,     Pop.  1550, 

MOS'TON,  a  township  of  England,  co,  of  Lancaster. 

MO.S'TVN,  a  village  and  townsliip  of  North  Wales,  co,  of 
Flint,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dee.  about  4i  miles  N.W.  of  Ho- 
lywell, with  a  station  on  the  Chester  and  Holyhead  Kailway. 
Pop.  2091,     Steamers  ply  hence  to  Liverpool, 

MOSUL,  MOSEL.  mo/siil  or  moo'sul,  or  EL  MOSUL,  written 
also  MOUSUL,  MOUSEL,  and  MOSSOUL,  a  large  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of  a  pashalic  of  the  same  name,  plea- 
santly situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris,  220  miles  N,W, 
of  Bagdad,  It  rises  to  a  considerable  elevation  in  the  middle, 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  but  is  in  a  state  of  decay.  Its 
■yrincipal  ornaments  are  a  college,  the  tomb  of  Sheik  Abdul 
Ka-ssin.  and  the  remains  of  a  beautiful  mosque,  with  a  fine 
minaret.  The  coffee-houses,  baths,  khans,  and  bazaars,  are 
also  liaudsome  buildings.  The  city  has  declined  iu  commerce 
4D 


as  in  everything  else.  At  present  its  bazaars  are  small  and 
inferior  in  appearance,  and  its  streets  thronged  with  poor. 
In  point  of  tr.-ide.  it  is  chiefly  a  thoroughfare  for  the  traffic 
between  Bagdad,  Syria,  and  Constantinople,  It  has,  how- 
ever, considerable  commeri  ial  intercourse  with  the  interior 
of  Koordistan,  Its  principal  manufactures  are  napkins  and 
other  cotton  stuff.s,  such  as  chintz  shawls  for  turbans,  and 
calicoes.  It  was  iformerly  celebrated  also  for  its  muslins, 
(which  word  Is  derived  from  Mosul,)  the  manufacture  of 
this  description  of  fabrics  having  been  liere  carried  on  to  a 
greater  degree  of  perfection,  it  is  said,  than  In  any  other 
place  in  the  .Mohammedan  dominions.  The  climate  is  ex- 
tremely hot  in  summer,  the  winters  are  mild,  allhiugh 
there  is  sometimes  a  light  fall  of  snow.  In  the  vicinity  are 
several  warm  sulphur  springs,  also  some  extensive  quarries 
of  marble,  and  near  by,  on  the  E,  bank  of  the  river,  are  the 
recently-iliscovered  remains  of  ancient  Nineveh.  Tlie  city 
has  been  repeatedly  devastated  by  famine  and  plague.  On 
one  occasion  of  this  kind,  where  both  were  combined,  or 
quickly  followed  each  other,  it  is  said  that  100,000  persons 
were  cutoff.     Pop,  estimatetl  at  40.000, 

MOSUL,  MOSEL  or  EL  MOSUL,  a  pashalic  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  comprising  the  most  part  of  Turki.sh  Koordistan, 
between  lat,  35°  30'  and  38°  N.,  and  from  Ion.  42°  eastward, 
to  the  border  of  Persia,  having  on  other  sides  the  pushalics 
of  Van,  Diarbekir,  and  Bagdad,  Surface  mountainous,  e.spe- 
dally  in  the  N,  and  E,  Principal  rivers,  the  Tigris,  and  its 
affluents,  the  Great  and  IJttle  Zab.  and  the  Khaboor.  Be- 
siilos  Mosul,  the  capital,  it  comprises  the  town  of  Arbil, 
(Arbela),  and  the  ruined  Al-Hadhr. 

MOSCIyL.A,  mo-sul'li.  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Ghi- 
lan.  35  miles  W.  of  Reshd.     Pop.  2000. 

MOSiJR.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,    See  Mozyr, 

MOS/.L.WINA,  moss-li-vee'nd,  a  village  of  Austria,  SI*- 
vonia,  co,  of  Verocz,  on  the  Drave,  about  20  miles  from 
Siklos,    Pop,  1350. 

5I0SZYN,  mos'sin,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  12  milel 
S.S.^V.  of  *osen,  on  the  Warta.     Pop.  625. 

JIOTA  DEL  CUERVO,  mo'td  Ail  KwJr'vo,  a  modern  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  48  miles  S.S.W,  of  Cuenca,  on  the 
roaii  from  Madrid  to  Valencia.     Pop,  3712, 

MOTA  DEL  MARQUES,  mo'ti  del  milR'kJs,  a  village  pf 
Spain.  Leon,  27  miles  W,  of  Valladolid,  with  a  magnificent 
palace  of  the  Dukes  of  All)a,     Pop,  1892. 

MOTAGUA,  mo-td'gwd.  a  river  of  Central  America,  states 
of  Guatemala  and  Honduras,  rises  near  Quesaltenango,  and 
enters  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  15  miles  W.  of  Onioa.  In  it« 
upper  part  it  has  numerous  rapids  and  cataracts  ;  but  it  is 
navigable  for  boats  for  the  last  100  miles. 

MOT.^LA,  mo-t^/l.'t,  a  market-town  of  Sweden,  Ifen  and  23 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Linkiiping.  at  the  influx  of  the  Alotala 
River  into  Lake  Wetter.  Pop,  2000,  It  has  a  good  harbor, 
and  Its  inhabitants  are  partly  employed  in  ship-bnilding, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  cutlerj*. 

MOVCOMB.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Dorset. 

MOTHE  FENELON,  La,  \i  mot  fi^neh-lAN"'.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Lot,  arrondissenient  of  Gourtlon,  It 
is  named  from  the  family  of  the  Archbishop  of  Cambrai 
Fenelon  was  born  at  the  Chateau  Fenelon,  department  of 
Dordogne,  canton  of  Carlux, 

McyrilE  MONRAVEL.  La,  Id  mot  m<\NoV.?'v?l',  a  village 
of  France,  department  and  on  the  Dordogne,  21  miles  W. 
of  Bertrerac, 

MOTHE  ST.  HER  AY,  La.  Id  mot  sANO-hA'i-A/,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Deux-Sevres.  on  the  Sevre-Niortaise, 
17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Niort.     Pop.  in  1852,  2394. 

MOTHELL.  muth'fir,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  eo, 
of  Waterford. 

MOTH'ERBANK,  off  the  S.  coast  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 
is  a  shoal  between  the  mainland  and  the  l.sle  of  Wight, 
forming  the  N,W,  boundary  of  the  roadstead  of  Spithead, 

MOTH'ERKILL  CREEK,  of  Kent  co,,  Delaware,  enters 
Delaware  Bay. 

MOTH'ERS  AND  DAUGHTERS  or  STAP'PEN,  a  group  of 
islets  of  Norway,  not  far  from  the  North  Cape,  and  off  the 
N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Magercie.  They  consist  of  a 
central  island,  rising  precipitou.sly  to  a  great  height,  and 
other  three  also  precipitous, 

MOTH'ERWELL,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark, 
with  a  station  on  the  Caledonian  Railway,  7  miles  N.W".  of 
Carluke.  Pop.-  in  1851,  1274.  It  takes  its  name  from  a 
village  anciently  dedicated  to  the  Virgin. 

JlOTH'VEY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

"MOTIER.  mo-teer',  a  post-office  of  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky. 

MOTIERS  TRAVERS.  mo'te-A'  trdVaia/.  a  village  of  Switz- 
erland, canton  and  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Neufchatel ;  inhabited 
by  watch  and  lace  makers.  Here  Rousseau  resided  when  he 
wrote  his  Letlres  de  la  Mmitogne.     Pop,  700, 

MOTILLA  DEL  PALANCAN,  mo-teel/yd  dfl  pd-ldn-kdn',  ' 
a  town  of  Spain,  39  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  2890. 

MOTIR,  mo-teer/,  or  .MORTIER,  a  small  island  of  the  Mo- 
luccas, Malay  Archipelago,  S.  of  Tidor,  fertile  and  well  cul- 
tivated. 

MOT'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co..  Kentucky. 

MOTOLA,  mo'to-ld,  (L.  Moleola,)  a  walled  town  of  Naples 

1249 


MOT 

provinre  o(  Otranto,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Taranto.    It  is  an 
episcopal  si'.i.     Pop.  2500. 

MOTIUCl',  mo-tree'ko.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gui- 
puzcoii,  near  the  Jlediterranean,  20  miles  X.E.  of  Bilbao. 
Pop.  2.590. 

MOTHIL.  mo-treel'.  a  city  of  Spain.  Andalusia,  prOTince 
and  38  miles  S.S.K.  of  Granada,  about  1  mile  from  the  Me- 
diterranean. Lat.  3b°  45'  X. ;  Ion.  3°  34'  W.  It  is  irregu- 
larly built,  ha.s  a  town-house,  granary,  and  ill-proportioned 
colleffiate  church,  all  in  the  great  square;  also  barracks,  a 
nunnery,  with  a  pretty  church ;  several  suppressed  convents, 
whose  churches  are  used  as  chapels  of  case ;  and  various 
schools.  By  the  port  of  Motril  is  generally  understood  that 
of  Calahonda,  distant  2  leagues,  and  the  roads  of  Baradcro. 
where  vessels  under  500  tons  load  and  unload,  and  which 
are  defended  by  a  castle.  Motril  is  the  depot  for  the  e.xports 
and  imports  of  the  provinces  of  Granada  and  Jaen.  On  an 
average  of  the  two  years  1844  and  1845.  244  vessels,  of  6180 
tons,  entered  this  port,  and  232,  of  5059  tons,  cleared ;  the 
chief  articles  of  import  being  rice,  sugar,  cinnamon,  coco."i, 
coal,  leather,  iron,  and  cotton  and  woollen  tissues;  and  the 
chief  exports,  oil,  figs,  and  raisins,  oranges,  wine,  brandy, 
corks,  esparto,  lead,  antimony,  dye-wood,  &c.  There  are  2 
sugar  manufactories.  1  of  rum;  2  soap  works.  9  potteries, 
about  120  liinms  for  coarse  cottons,  18  bake-hotises,  4  flour 
and  4  oil  mills.     Pop.  10,170. 

SIOTSKI.  mot'skee,  a  market^town  of  Russia,  government 
and  167  miles  S.S.W.  of  Voronezh.    Pop.  1800. 

MOTTA  A  LCI  ATA.  moftd  dl-chS'ta.  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  province  and  about  7  miles  from  Biella.  Pop. 
1434. 

MOTTA  CARNASTRA.mot'titkaR-nas'tra.  a  town  of  Sicily, 
province  and  36  miles  S.W.  of  Messina,  near  the  N.E.  side 
of  Mount  Etna.     Pop.  1390. 

MOTTA-Di:-CONTI,  mot/t&-d.A-i;on'tee,  a  village  of  the 
Bartlinian  States.  9  miles  from  Vercolli.     Pop.  1280. 

MOTTA  DKIi  FRIULI,  mot/td  ai\  free'oo-le,  a  market- 
town  of  Austrian  Italy,  delegation  and  20  miles  X.E.  of 
Treviso.  on  the  Liven  za. 

MOTTAFEKXO.  mot'tl-fSR'no.  a  town  of  Sicily,  Messina, 
4  miles  X.W.  of  Mistretta.     Pop.  2000. 

MOTTA  SAX  GIOVAXXI,  mot'til  sdn  jo-vSn'nee,  a  town 
of  Xaples.  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Reggio.     Pop.  1140. 

MOTTA  SAXTA  LUCIA,  mot'tJ  sSn'td  loo-chee'i,  a  market- 
town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra,  9  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Xicastro.     Pop.  3000. 

MOTTA  SAXTA  AXASTASIA,  mot'ti  dn'tl  i-nis-Wi'e-l, 
a,  town  of  Sicily,  province  and  6  miles  W.X.W.  of  Catania. 
Pop.  1450. 

MOTTA  VISCOXTI,  moftS  vis-kon'tee.  a  town  of  Italy, 
province  and  X.W.  of  I'avia,  near  the  Ticino.     Pop.  2350. 

MOTTE,  La.  li  mott'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cotes<lu-Xord.  5  miles  X.  of  Loudeac.     Pop.  3097. 

MOTTE  ST.  JE.\X,  La,  Id  mott  s^y"  zh6x°,  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Sa6ne-et-Ixiire,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Loire  and  Arroux,  15  miles  W.X.W.  of  Charolles.  Pop. 
2000. 

MOTTE  SERA-OLLEX,  mott  s?R'vori.V,  a  village  of  Savoy, 
4  miles  X.W.  of  Chambery.     Pop.  3711. 

MOTTEVILLE,  mottVeel',  a  village  of  France,  on  the  rail- 
way from  Dieppe  to  Havre,  36  miles  from  the  latter. 

MOTT  IIAVEX.  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  Xew 
York,  on  the  Harlem  River  and  Railroad,  8  miles  from  Xew 
York.    It  has  manufactures  of  castings. 

MOTTIXGKX.  a  village  of  Germany,  on  the  railway  from 
Munich  to  Xuremberg.  near  Xordlingen. 

MOTI'ISFOXT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
MOT'TISTOX,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight 
MOTTLIXG,  mott'ling.  (L.  Metulum,)  a  small  town  of  Uly- 
ria.  Carniola,  on  the  Kulpa,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Xeustiidtl. 
Pop.  1000. 

M0T'TRA>I-IX-L0XG1)EX-DALE.  a  village  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  hundred  of  Macclesfield,  on  the 
Sheffield  and  Manchester  Railway.  10  miles  E.  of  Manches- 
ter. The  village  W.  of  the  river  Etherton,  consists  of  a  long 
and  well-paved  street,  with  houses  generally  of  stone  and 
slated,  a  grammar  and  numerous  other  schools,  and  exten- 
sive factories.  It  has  two  extensive  print  works,  and  seve- 
ral large  cotton  factories,  ia  which  the  great  body  of  the  in- 
habitants are  emplovetl. 

MOTI'RAM  ST.  AX7DREWS,  a  township'of  England,  co. 
of  Chester. 

MOTT'S  CORXERS,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co..  New 
York,  about  165  miles  W.  by.S.  of  Albany.  It  has  several 
mills. 

MOTT'VILLE  or  MOTTSmLLE.  a  post-village  of  Onon- 
daga CO.,  Xew  York,  on  the  outlet  of  Skaueateles  Lake,  about 
'   150  miles  W.  by  X'.  of  Albany.    It  has  an  iron  foundry  with 
a  machine  shop. 

MOTTVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Mottville  township.  St.  .To- 
eeph  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  St.  .Toseph  River,  ab.,ut  95  miles 
8.  by  W.  of  Lansing,  and  2  miles  X.  of  the  Southern  RaU- 
■oad.     Pop.  of  the  township,  734. 
MOTYCA.     SeeMODlCA. 
1;^ 


MOD 

MOTZIXGEN.  (Miitzingen,;  miit'sing-en,  a  village  of  WUiv 
temberg.  circle  of  Black  Forest,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Uerrenberg. 
Pop.  1028. 

MOUAB,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Mooab. 

MOUCHAMPS,  moo'shSx"',  a  market-town  of  France,  do- 
partuient  of  Vendee,  19  milts  E.X.E.  of  Bourbou-A'endea. 
Pop.  2186. 

MOUD.iXIA.  a  village  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Moodaxia, 

JIOUDOX.  mooMAN"',  (Ger.  Mildcn,  mil'den,  anc.  Minidu- 
num.)  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  14  miles 
X.X.E.  of  Lausanne.     Pop.  1400. 

MOUKDKX,  a  city  of  the  Chinese  Empire.    See  MooKDEX. 

MOULE.  Le.  leh  mool,  a  town  of  the  French  colony  cf 
Guadeloupe,  with  a  port  on  the  X.E.  coast  of  Grand  Terre. 
Pop.  10,021. 

MOULIX',  moolin.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

MOULIXETTE,  moo'le-nJtt',  a  post-village  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  Stormont,  7  miles  N.\V.  of  Cornwall,  and  43  miles  from 
Prescott.     Pop.  120. 

MOULIXS,  mooMAx^/,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Allier,  on  the  Allier.  and  on  railway  (in  pro- 
gress) from  Xevers.  Pop.  in  1852,  14,781.  It  has  2  large 
squares  adorned  with  handsome  fountains.  Principal  pub- 
lic buildings,  the  Cathedral,  never  completed,  a  modern 
Town-hall,  Court-house.  Xatioual  College.  2  large  hospitals, 
an  old  castle,  a  small  theatre,  a  public  library,  picture-gal- 
lery, public  baths,  and  large  cavalry  barracks.  In  the  sub- 
urbs along  a  river  are  well-planted  walks.  It  is  a  bishop's 
see,  and  tlie  seat  of  the  tribunal  of  commerce,  chamber  of 
manufactures,  and  societies  of  rural  economy,  natural  his- 
tory, and  fine  arts.  It  lias  manufactures  of  cutlery,  silk, 
woollen  and  cotton,  with  glass-polishing  works,  a  brisk  trade 
in  corn,  wine,  raw  silk,  timber,  and  live  stock.  It  owes  itk 
name  (MoULlxs  signifies  "  mills")  to  the  great  number  of 
water-mills,  formerly  on  the  Allier.  Marshal  Villars.  oppo- 
nent of  Marlborough,  and  the  Duke  of  Berwick,  natural  son 
of  James  II.,  were  born  here. 

MOULIXS,  Les.  14  mooMix"',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Xord,  arrondissement  of  Lille,  of  which  it  may  be 
considered  a  subvirb.     Pop.  in  1852,  4875. 

MOULIXS  EXGILBERT.  mooias^'  6x<;'zhec-rbaiR',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Xievre,  on  the  Gaza.  30  miles  K. 
of  Xevers.  Pop.  1542.  It  has  manufactures  of  hats,  earth- 
enware, and  leather. 

■jIOULMEIX  or  MOULMAIX.    See  Matjlmais. 

MOUySEY,  mOl'see,  (EAST),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey. 

MOULSEY,  (WEST),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

MOULSFORD,  molz'fonl,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

MOUL/POX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

MOULT.iX,  a  city  of  llindostau.     See  JIooltax. 

MOULTOX,  mol'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  rf  Lincoln. 

MOULTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

MOULTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

MOULTOX,  a  parish  of  lOngliind,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

MOULTOX  ST.  MICHAEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

MOULTOX  ST.  MICHAEL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding,  5  miles  X.E.  of  Richmond,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  York  and  Xewcastle  Railway. 

MOULTOX,  mol'ton,  a  post-village,  capital  of  L.iwrence 
CO.,  Alabama,  about  110  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Tuscaloosa.  It 
has  a  court-house,  several  stores,  and  a  newsjiaper  office. 

MOULTOX.  a  township  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  794. 

MOULTOX  BOROUGH,  mdi'ton-hur-rtih.  a  post-township 
of  Carroll  co.,  Xew  Hampshire,  bordering  on  the  X.W.  shore 
of  Winnipiseogee  Lake,  40  mile-s  X.  of  Concord.  Squam  Lake 
bounds  it  on  the  W.  It  contains  a  mineral  spring,  and  beds 
of  iron  ore.    Pop.  1448. 

MOULTOXVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 

MOULTRIE,  mul'tree,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part 
of  Illinois,  has  an  area  oif  320  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
bj'  Kaskaskia  River.  The  county  consists  partly  of  prairie 
and  partly  of  timbered  land;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  Alton 
and  Terre-IIaute  Railroad  passes  along  the  southern  border. 
Capit.il.  Sullivan.     Pop.  6385. 

MOULITIIE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MOULTRIE,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  66  miles  from  Cleve- 
land.   Pop.  279. 

MOUXA  ROA.    See  Macxa  Loa. 

MOUXD  BAYOU,  a  post.<)ffice  of  Tensas  co.,  Loui.sianv 

MOUXD  CITY,  a  post-office  cf  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas. 

MOUXDSVILLE,  Virginia.    See  Grave  Creek. 

MOUXD'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin 

MOU.NT.  a  parish  of  South  Wales.     See  MoEL-y-MocxT. 

MOUXT  A'BRAHAM,  a  mountain  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine, 
about  60  miles  X.X.W.  of  Augusta. 

MOUXT  AD'ASIS.  a  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  in 
Coos  CO..  X'ew  Hampshire.  It  is  the  second  X.  of  Mount 
Washington,  and  next  to  it  in  height,  having  an  elevation 
of  5759  feet 

MOUXT  ADA5IS  or  WACHU'SET  MOUNTA  J  X  Worcester 
co„  Massachusetts.    Height,  2018  feet 


MOU 


MOU 


MOUN'T'AIN',  a  townsliip  in  TVasTiington  co..  Arkatisa.". 
MOUNTAIN  CITY,  apost-village  of  Gilpin  co.,  Colorado. 
MOUNTAIN  COVE,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co,  West 
Viruinia,  on  the  Kanawha  River,  about  150   miles  S.  of 
Wheeling. 

MOUNTAIN  CREEK,  of  Culpepper  oo.,  Virginia,  falls  into 
the  Happahannock. 

JIOU.NTAIN  CKEEK,  a  post-office  of  Catawba  co..  North 
Carolina. 

MOUNTAIN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district. 
South  Carolina. 

MOUNTAIN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

MtJUNTAIN  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 
MOUNTAIN  GLEN,  a  small  village  of  Scott  co.,  Arkans.as. 
5I0UNTAIN  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co..  Virginia. 
MOUNTAIN  HOME,  a  postrvillage  of  McDowell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 
.^lOUNTATN  HOME,  apo.st-officeofliaiirenseo.,  Alabama. 
M(JUNTAIN  RIDGK,  New  York,  the  name  given  to  a  low 
ridge  extapding  nearly  parallel  to  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  On- 
tario, of  which  lake  it  is  supposed  to  have  once  formed  the 
beach. 

MOUNTAIN  SHOALS,  a  postK>fflce  of  Spartanburg  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 
MOUNTA INS  OK  THE  MOON.    Pee  Africa. 
MOUNTAIN  Sl'RING,  a  pust-office  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana. 
MOUNTAIN  STAND,  a  post-offlceof  Marshall  oo.,  Alabama. 
MOUNTAINTOP.  ;i  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virffinia. 
MOUNTAINTOWN  CREKK,  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia,  flows 
into  the  Coosawattee  River. 

MOUNT'AINVIEW,  a  pos^Tillage  of  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina. 
MOUNTAINVIEW.  post-office.  Santn  Clara  co..  California. 
MOUNT  AIIt/Y,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  CO.,  N(jw  Jersey, 
16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Trenton  :  it  has  1  church. 
MOU.NT  .VIRY.  a  post-village  of  Rerks  co.,  Pennsylvani.a. 
MOU.VT  AIRY,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  lialtimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

MOUNT  .\IRY.  a  post-village  of  I'itt.sylvania  co.,  Virginia, 
14,')  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond.    It  has  several  churches  and 
mills. 
MOUNT  .\IRY,  apostrvillage  in  Surrey  co..  North  Carolina. 
MOUNT  AIltY,  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe  co.,  Tennes.see,  113 
mill's  S.S.E.  of  Na.-hville. 
MOUNT  AIRY,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 
MOUNT  AIRY,  a  small  village  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois. 
JIOUNT  AIRY,  a  jiost-office  of  Randolph  co..  Missouri. 
Jl!)UNT  AIy'I5.\N,  Mississippi,  a  station  on  the  A'icksburg 
and  .Jackson  Railroad.  6  miles  from  Virksburg. 

M;)UNT  .MiTl.  ii  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  I'ennsvlv.ania. 
MOUNT  AN'DRKW.  a  post-office  of  Harbour  co.,  Al.almma. 
MOUNT  AURRY.  nw'bree,  a  village  of  Lehigh  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh  River,  1  mile 
ftViove  .Mlentown.     The  uew  Alleutown  iron  works  are  osta- 
bli.^h.-d  here.     Pop.  200. 

MOUNT  AU'BURN.  a  lioautiful  cemetery,  situated  about 
a  mile  W.  of  Harvard  University.  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. It  wa.s  l.Hid  out  in  18."1.  .and  comprises  an  area  of 
about  100  acres.  The  surface  is  beautifully  diversified  with 
hill  and  dale,  portions  of  it  rising  to  an  elevation  of  about 
125  feet  above  the  level  of  Charles  River.  A  natural  growth 
of  forest  trees  cover  a  large  ywrtion  of  the  grounds,  adding 
a  siin|>le.  majestic,  and  most  appropriate  ornament  to  this 
hallowed  spot,  over  which  are  scattered  tombs  and  monu- 
ments of  the  most  various  and  exquisite  workman.ship.eur- 
rouudeii  and  adorned  with  every  variety  of  .shrub  and  flower. 
Near  the  entrance  of  the  cemetery,  which  is  by  a  massive 
gateway  in  the  Egyptian  style,  stands  the  chapel,  a  hand- 
some granite  edifice,  in  which  are  performefl  the  funeral 
services.  The  first  interment  at  Mount  Auburn  was  that 
of  Mrs.  Hannah  Adams,  one  of  the  earliest  female  writers 
of  New  Euirland. 

MOUNT  AUBURN,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana, 
about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Shelbyville. 

MOUNT  AUBURN,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Illinois. 
MOUNT  B.\'KER,  a  peak  of  the  Cascafle  Range,  on  the 
northern  border  of  Oregon,  about  90  miles   E.  from  the 
mouth  of  Fraxer's  River. 

MOUNT  BKTH'EL.  a  little  village  of  Somerset  co.,  New 
Jersev,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Somerville. 

MOUNT  BKTHEL.  a  post-village  of  Northampton  oo., 
Pennsylvania.  120  miles  E.N.K.  of  Harrishurg. 

MOUNT  BETHEL,  a  post-office  of  Newberry  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MOUNT  BIG'ELOW,  on  the  boundary  line  between  So- 
merset and  Franklin  counties,  Maine,  alx>ut  70  miles  N.N.W. 
of  .\ugusti>. 

MOUNT  BLAN'CHARD,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co., 
Ohio,  on  Blanchard  River,  85  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 
Pop.  about  250. 

MOUNT  BRIGGS,  a  village  of  Potawatamie  co.,  Iowa,  12 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Council  Bluffs. 
MOUNT  CAL'VARY,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa. 


MOUNT  CAM'RRIA,apost-office  of  Niagara  co..'N'ewTork. 
MOUNT  CAMPBELL,  a  post  office  of  York  CO.,  Pennsyl 

vania. 
MOUNT  CAR'BON,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,  West 

Virginia. 

MOUNT  CAR'MEL,  a  post-township  of  Northumberland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  10S8. 

MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  :o..  Virginia 

.  MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  small  village  of  Abbeville  di.sfrict, 
South  Carolina. 
MOUNT  CARIMEL,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia. 
MOUNT  CA1!:MEL.  a  post-vill.age  of  Covington  co.,  Jlissis- 
aippi,  55  miles  S.S.E.  of  .lackson. 

.MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  post  office  of  Smith  <;o.,  Texas. 
MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennessee 
MOUNT  CARMEL.  a  post-village  of  New  Haven  co.,  tyyn- 
necticut.  9  miles  bv  railroa<i  N.  of  New  Haven. 

MOUNT  CARMEL.  a  ipost-village  of  Fleming  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 81  miles  K.N.E.  of  Frankfort.  It  has  I  clnirci,  and 
2  stores. 

MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.;  Ohio, 
12  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati.     Poj).  257. 

MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana, 
75  miles  S.E.  from  Indianapolis. 

AIOUNT  CAR.MKL.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wabash  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Waba.sh  lliver,  opposite  the  mouth  of  White 
IMver.  160  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield.  It  has  a  beautiful 
situation  and  advantages  for  manufacturing,  with  a  dam 
across  the  river,  a  mile  above  the  village,  producing  inox 
haustible  water-power.  The  place  is  remarkably  healthy, 
having  entirely  escaped  the  cholera  when  it  prev,aile(l  In 
the  vicinity.  It  contains  6  churches  and  2  newspaper 
offices.     Pop.  in  1800,  l:{9:;. 

MOUNT  C  ARM1;L,  a  post-office  of  Cooper  CO.,  Missouri. 

MOUNT  CAR'ROLL,  a  thiiving  post-village,  capital  of 
Carroll  co..  Illinois,  on  Carroll  Creek.  lilO  mile«  N.  of  Spring- 
field. It  ha.s  5  churches,  1  national  bank.  1  newspaper 
office.  1  seminary,  and  1  flouring-mill.  Laid  out  'n  1843. 
Pop.  i;!2n. 

MOUNT-CHARLES,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co. 
and  4  miles  W.  of  Donegal,  on  the  N.  side  of  Donegal  Bay. 
Pop.  539. 

:M0UNT  clem/ens,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  is  plea.santly  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  Clinton  River.  6  miles  from  its  entrance  into  I>ake 
St.  CTair,  and  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  20  miles 
N.N'.K.  of  Detroit.  A  branch  of  the  Onind  Trunk  Railroad 
connects  it  with  Detroit,  Port  Huron.  Ac.  A  number  of 
tlie  inhabitants  are  employed  in  ship-building.  Steamboats 
ply  daily  between  this  and  Detroit.  It  contains  4  churchca, 
^2  newspajier  offices,  an  oil  refinery,  and  several  steiun  mills. 
Pop.  in  l.'ilU.  about  2.500. 

MOUNT  CLIF'TON,  a  post-village  of  Shenandoah  co.,  Vir- 
ginia.    Free  population,  477. 

MOUNT  CLINTON,  a  village  of  Bergen  CO..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  about  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Jersey 
Citv. 

MOUNT  CLI'O,  a  post-village  of  Sumter  district.  South 
Carolin.a. 

Mount  COM'FORT.  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee. 

MOUNT  COMFORT,  a  post-offire  of  Hancock  co..  Indiana. 

MOUNT  CR.\B.  a  post-office  of  Brown  co..  Penn.svlvania. 

JIOUNT  CRAWFORD,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co., 
Vir'.:inia. 

.MOUNT  CRO/GHAN,  a  post-office  of  Chesterfield  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MOUNT  DEFI'ANCE.  a  high  eminence  in  Essex  co..  New 
York,  overlooking  the  site  of  Fort  Ticondero'.ra. 

MOUNT  DESERT,  diz'ert.  an  island  of  the  United  States, 
on  the  coast  of  Maine,  in  Frenchman's  Bay.  40  miles  S.E. 
of  Bangor.  15  miles  long  and  12  miles  broad.  It  has  several 
excellent  harbors,  and  employs  a  considerable  amount  of 
shipping  in  the  coasting  trade,  and  the  fisheries.  The  island 
constitutes  a  township  of  Mount  Desert  Island.     Pop.  916. 

MOUNT  DEStIRT  RtXIK,  20  miles  S.  of  Mount  Desert 
Island,  JIaine.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light  50  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.     Lat.  43°  58'  30''  N.,  Ion.  68°  8'  W. 

MOUNT  DKSERT  BOCK,  a  new  township  of  Hancock 
CO..  Maine.    Pop.  5. 

MOUNT  EATON,  ee'ton,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co,  Ohio. 
18  miles  S.E.  of  Woostef. 

MOUNT  E'DEN,  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co.,  Kentucky. 

MOUNT  EDEN  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster 
CO..  Pennsvlvania. 

MOUNT  KDGKCUMBE.  Jj'knm,  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
is  a  hilly  promontory,  with  the  fine  seatof  the  Earl  of  Mount 
Edgecuml)e.  3  miles  S.W.  of  Plvmo<ith. 

MOUNT  EDGECUMBE.  a  mountain  of  New  Zealand, 
North  Island,  in  lat.  38°  S.,  Ion.  177°  E.,  and  about  10,000 
feet  aViove  the  sea. 

MOUNT  EL'BA,  a  post-office  of  Bradley  co..  Arkan.sas. 

MOUNT  E/LON,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district.  South 
Carolina. 

MOUNT  EM'MONS,  a  peak  in  Hamilton  co.,  New  York. 
Height  about  4500  feet  above  the  sea. 

1251 


MOU 


MOU 


MOUNT  E'XON,  a.  village  of  Richmond  co.,  Georgia,  15 
miles  S.  ol  Augusta. 

.MOUNT  ENTERPRISE,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  eo.,  Texas. 

MOUNT  EO'LlA,  a  post-offlee  of  Union  co.,  Georgia. 

MOUNT  EPURAIJI,  ee'fram,  a  small  village  of  Guernsey 
eo.,  Ohio. 

MOUNT  EPHRAIM,  a  small  pos1>village  of  Noble  co., 
Ohio. 

JIOUNT  ETNA,  a  mountain  of  Sicily.    See  Ets.\. 

MOUNT  ET'NA.  a  post-village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Salamouie  River,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  Pop. 
about  200. 

MOUNT  ETNA,  a  small  Tillage  of  Rush  eo.,  Indiana,  6 
miles  N.  of  Rushville. 

MiJUNT  EUTO'PIA.  a  post  office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 

MOUNT'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Susse.'C. 

MOUNT  FREE'DOM,  a  post-office  of  Pendleton  co.,  W. 
Virsrinia. 

MOUNT  FREEDOM,  a  post-village  of  Jessamine  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

MOUNT  GAL'LAGIIER,  a  post-village  of  Laurens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MOUNT  OIL'EAD,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia, 
155  miles  N.  of  KichmonJ.  It  stands  on  an  eminence  com- 
manding a  beautiful  view  of  the  Blue  Kidgo. 

MOUNT  GILEAD,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  North 
Carolina.  12o  miles  from  RaleiLih. 

MOUNT  G1LE.\D,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  CO.,  Arkansa.«. 

MOUNT  GILi:.\D,  a  postrvillage  of  Mason  co.,  Kentucky, 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Maysville. 

MOUNT  GILEAD,  a  small  village  of  Pulaski  co..  Kentucky. 

MOUNT  GILEAD,  a  flouri.shing  postrvillage  of  Giiejid  town- 
ship, capital  of  Morrow  co,,  Ohio,  on  the  K.  branch  of  Olen- 
tnngy  River.  42  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus.  The  railroad 
which  connects  Cleveland  and  Columbus  passes  IJ  miles 
west  from  this  place.  It  contains  1  national  bank,'  1  other 
bank,  5  cliurches,  and  4  mills,  which  are  moved  by  water- 
power.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  It  has  a 
union  school.     Pop.  788. 

.MOUNT  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Davis  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

MOUNT  HAW/KINS,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois, 
about  10  miles  E.  of  Pinckneyville. 

MOUNT  IIAW'LEY,  a  posboffice  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois. 

MOUNT  IIKAl/THY,  a  post-vill.age  of  Uamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
110  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 

MOUNT  HEALTHY,  a  post-office  of  Bartholomew  co., 
Indiana. 

MOUNT  IIETBRON,  a  post-office  of  Green  co..  Alabama. 

MOUNT  HKIVON,  a  post-office  of  Darke  co..  Ohio. 

MOUNT  HICK'ORY,  a  post-office  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia. 

MOUNT  HICKORY,  a  post-office  of  Chambers  co..  Alabama. 

MOUNT  HIGH,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MOUNT  IIILL.  a  postoffice  of  Morgan  eo.,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  HILL'IAKD,  a  post-offlee  of  Pike  CO.,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  HILL  IRON-WORKS,  a  small  village  Of  Cumber- 
land CO..  Pennsylvania. 

MOUNT  HOI/LY,  a  post-township  of  Rutland  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  about  06 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  2  churches,  4 
stores,  and  6  factories  and  mills.     Pop.  1522. 

MOU.VT  HOLLY,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  town- 
ship, and  capital  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the 
north  branch  of  Rancocus  Creek.  19  miles  S.  of  Trenton. 
It  is  pleasantly  situated  amidst  a  fertile  and  populous 
country,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  7 
churches,  2  banks, :;  boarding-schools.  2  newspaper  offices,  a 
wix)llen  factory,  and  several  mills.  A  branch  railroad  con- 
nects it  with  Burlington,  from  which  it  is  7  miles  distant. 
The  name  is  derived  firom  an  eminence  which  rises  about 
200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Pop.  in  1860,  estimated 
at  2500. 

MOUNT  HOLLY,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Wnlhonding  River,  about  60  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It 
contains  1  woollen  factory,  a  flouriiig-mill,  an  iron  fouu- 
drv,  Ac. 

-MOUNT  HOLLY,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Ohio. 

MOUNT  liOL\''OKE,  (ho/le^korhOI'yok.)  in  Iladley  town- 
ship, Hampden  co.,  Massachusetts.  3  miles  E.  of  Northamp- 
ton. The  summit  is  830  feet  above  the  Connecticut  River, 
affording  a  magnificent  view.  The  Mount  Ilolyoke  Female 
(.Manual  Labor)  Seminary,  in  the  vicinity,  is  considered  one 
of  the  best  educational  institutions  in  the  United  States. 

MOUNT  HOLYOKE.  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee. 

MOUNT  IIiXJD.  Oregon,  one  of  the  summits  of  the  Cas- 
cade Range,  about  70  miles  E.  of  Oregon  City.  Height  about 
14.000  feet. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  beautiful  eminence  of  Bristol  co..  Rhode 
Island,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Mount  Hope  Bay.  celebrated  as 
having  been  the  residence  of  the  famous  King  I'hilip. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  co.. 
New  Y^ork.ontheShawangunk  Kill.a  fine  midstream,  about 
130  miles  S..S.\Y.  of  Albany.  The  village  contains  a  church. 
]2o2 


a  hotel,  a  Store,  and  about  150  inhabitants.  The  townsnip 
is  intersected  by  the  New  Y'ork  and.  Erie  Uailroad,  on  which 
is  a  station  at  Otisville.  Tliere  are  also  two  otlier  villages, 
viz..  I'iuchville  and  New  Vernon.  The  Sliawaugunk  i\ill 
affords  motive  power  for  1  clover-mill,  3  flouring-uiills,  a 
woollen  manufactory,  and  4  saw-mills.  The  schools  of 
Mount  Hope  are  among  the  most  prosperous  in  the  couuty. 
Pop.  of  township,  1575. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Penn.sylvnnia, 
U  miles  S.E.  of  Ohambersburg.  It  contains  a  mill.  Pop. 
about  200. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  small  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
svlvania. 
■  MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co,,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co,,  Tennessee, 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-offlee  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-tnshp.of  .McLean  co..Illinois.  P.893. 

MOUNT  HOi'E,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri. 

JIOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa. 

MOUNT  HOPE  BAY.  the  north-ea.'stern  arm  of  Narragan- 
set  Bay,  e.xleuding  throuLrh  Bristol  couuty,  Rhoije  Island, 
into  Bristol  countv.  Massjichu.-ietts. 

MOUNT  IIO'REB,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia,  111 
miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

-MOUNT  I'DA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montgomery  cc., 
.\rkansa.s,  on  the  Brushy  Fork  of  Washita  Biver,  about  90 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Little  Rock.  It  is  situated  in  a  hilly  re- 
gion, which  abounds  in  valuable  minerals. 

MOUNT  IDA.  a  jiost-office  of  Montffomery  co.,  Kentucky. 

MOUNT  INDEPEN/DENCE,  in  Rutland  c<i.,  Vermont, 
about  2  miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Ticonderoga.  It  is  chiefly  distin- 
guished as  having  contained  important  military  fortifica- 
tions in  the  early  history  of  the  country. 

MOUNT  IS.ABEL,  iz'a-b6l,  a  postoffice  of  De  Soto  CO.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

MOU.N'T  JACK/SON.  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Hi -kory  Creek.  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pittsburg. 

MOUNT  JACKSON,  a  post-village  of  Sbenaudoiih  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Valley  Turnpike  from  Stauntou  to  Winchester, 
13  miles  S.W.  of  Wood.stock.  Mill  Cieek  affonls  water-power, 
which  has  been  somewhat  improved.    Pop.  1316. 

MOUNT  JEF'FERSON.  a  peak  of  the  White  Mountains, 
in  Coos  CO.,  New  Hampshire,  situated  immediately  N.  of 
Mount  AVashington.  between  it  and  Mount  --Vdams.  Height 
5657  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

-MOUNT  JEFFEUSON,a  village  of  Shelby  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
state  road  from  I'iijua  to  Fort  M  ayne. 

MOUNT  JEFFERSON,  a  pt)st-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana. 

MOUNT  JOR/D-\N,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Texas. 

MOUNT  JOY,  a  township  of  Adam.s  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1111. 

MOUNT  JOY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lancaster 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Harrisburg  Bail- 
road.  12  miles  N.W.  of  I..ancaster.  The  village  is  situated 
in  a  rieh  and  populous  district,  and  contains  2  churches  ami 
1  seminary.    Total  population,  3S79. 

MOUNT  KING'STON,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Illinois,  72  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

.MOUNT  KIS'KO,  a  post-office  of  Westchester  eo.,  New 
Y'ork. 

-Mi.tUNT  LAFAYETTE,  (laf'a-yflt',)  a  peak  of  the  White 
Mountiiins,  of  New  Hampshire,  in  Grafton  co.,  about  75 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord.     Height  about  5500  feet. 

MOUNT  LAN'DING,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co.,  Virginia. 

MOUNT  LAN/GUM,  a  post-office  of  Iroquois  co.,  llliuois. 

>IOUNT  L.4U/REL,  a  post-office  of  Burlington  co..  New 
Jersey. 

MOUNT  L.^^UREL,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  co.,  Virginia. 

MOUNT  LEB'.4N0N,  a  small  village  of  Spartanburg  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

MOUNT  LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  Claiborne  p&rish, 
I.«uisiana.  about  200  miles  N.N.W.  of  Baton  Bouge. 

MOUNT  LEINSTER,  leen'ster.  a  mountain  of  Ireland, 
Leinster,  co.  of  Carlow,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Borris.  Elevation 
2610  feet. 

MOUNT  LEA''EL.  a  post-village  of  Dinwiddie  oo.,  Virginia. 

MOUNT  LIB'ERTY,  a  post-vUlage  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

MOUNT  LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois. 

JIOUNT  LINN,  a  peak  of  the  Coast  Range,  in  California, 
in  about  40°  N.  lat..  and  123"  W.  Ion. 

MOUNT  Mac'INTIRE,  New  York,  a  summit  of  the  Adiron- 
dack group,  situated  N.E.  of  Mount  Tahawus.  Height  about 
6180  feet. 

MOUNT  MADISON,  a  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  in 
Coos  CO.,  New  Hampshire.  It  is  immediately  S.  of  .Mount 
Washington,  and  elevated  5415  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea. 

MOUNT  MANS'FIELD,  of  Vermont,  the  highest  peak  of 
the  Green  Mountains,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier. 
Elevation,  4359  feet. 
.     MOUNT  MAKCY',  New  York.     See  Mount  T.^nvwu" 

MOUNT  MFJGS.  (mjgz.)  a  post-viihige  in  .Moutgonier/  oo- 
Alabama,  IS  miles  E.  of  Montgomery. 


MOU 


MOU 


MOUNT  MELIMOYU,  (m51e-mo-yoo',)  a  mountain  peak 
of  the  Andes,  in  Jfatai^ouia,  near  the  W.  coast.  Lat.  44°  S. 
lleii^lit  7400  fuot. 

MOUNT  MKL'LICK,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Leinstor, 
Queei^s  CO.,  on  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Canal,  6  miles  N.W. 
of  Maryborough.  Pop.  in  1852,  3651,  emploiyed  in  cotton 
and  woollen  manufactures,  iron  and  brass  works,  and  pot- 
teries.    It  has  a  branch  bank,  and  2  weekly  markets. 

MOUNT  .MKItlD'I.'VV,  a  small  po.st-villuge  of  Augusta  co., 
Virginia.  118  miles  N.W.  of  Kichmond. 

M  >UNT  MintlDlAN,  asmall  po.st-village  of  Putnam  oo., 
Indiana,  ou  the  National  Koad,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Ureeucastle, 
and  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

MOUNT  MILT.SIN,  in  North  Alri<a.     See  MtlTSEEX. 

M')UNT  MIS'lOltV,  a  little  village  of  Burlington  cc,  New 
Jersey.  17  miles  K.S.K.  of  Mount  Holly. 

MOUNT  MITCli'KLL  or  MITCIIKLL'S  PKAK,  of  North 
Carolina,  is  a  peak  of  the  Black  Mountain,  situated  alout  1 
mile  N.ol  the  pijiiit  where  an  outlying  ridge  connects  lilack 
Slounfain  with  the  lilue  liidge.  This  mouutaiu  ilses  07ii2 
feet  above  the  .sea.  and  wa.s  supposed  to.be  the  highest  land 
E.  of  the  Missi.ssippi,  till  the  llon.Thos.  L.Clinpman.  in  !^e|^t. 
lS5-'i.  ascended  another  peak  of  lilack  Mountain  lying  about 
3  miles  N.  of  this,  whose  altitude  he  ascertained  to  be  0941 
feet.  The  former  was  named  in  honor  of  I'rof.  Mitchell,  of 
the  University  of  North  Carolina,  whi>  was  the  first  to  deter- 
mine its  hei:.;ht;  the  latter,  for  a  similar  reason,  is  called 
Clingman's    I'eak. 

MOUNT  MITCH'ELL,  the  loftiest  summit  of  the  Darling 
Downs,  Kast  Australia;  lat.  28°  S.     Height  4100  feet. 

MOUNT  MORI'All,  in  Coos  co..  New  Hampshire,  one  of 
the  pe.tks  of  the  White  Mountains,  is  situated  in  Shelburne 
townsliip. 

.MOUNT  JIORIAH,  a  small  village  of  McDowell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MOUNT  MORI  AH,  a  post-village  of  Wilcox  co.,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  MOHIAH,  a  post-office  of  Uempsteacf  co.,  Ar- 
kaiisjis. 

MOUNT  MOUIAH,  a  post-office  of  Brown  co.,  Indiana. 

MOUNT  MOU'ltlS,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  hiving- 
et«n  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal,  36  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Rochester.  The  Genesee  River  flows  through 
the  township,  and  by  means  of  a  dam  and  raceway,  which 
extends  to  the  village,  affords  an  abundant  hydraulic  power. 
Tins  village  contains  1  bank,  5  churches,  an  academy,  a 
newspoijir  office,  mimerous  stores,  a  large  foundry,  and 
several  mills  and  f  ictories.    Pop.  Sil&i. 

MOUNT  MORRIS,  a  iiost-village  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania on  Dunkard's  Creek.  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Waynesburg. 

MOU.NT  MOIIKIS, a  post-village  and  township  in  Ogle  co., 
Illinois,  177  miles  N.  of  Springfield,  and  alxmt  0  miles  W. 
of  Rock  Uiver.  The  village  contains  a  flourishing  seminary 
and  a  newspaper  office.     Pop.  1898. 

Mi>UNT  MOURNE,  a  postoffice  of  Iredell  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

MOUNT  NE'BO,  an  eminence  in  Mlddlebury  township, 
Adilison  co.,  Vermont,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  Luke 
Champlain. 

MOUNT  NEBO,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  oo.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MOUNT  NEliO.  a  village  of  Lebanon  co..  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  state  road  from  Harrisburg  to  Pottsville.  It  contains 
about  a  dozen  houses. 

.MOUNT  NKHO,  a  post-office  of  Yadkin  co,,  North  Carolina, 

MOUNT  NKIii),  a  post-office  of  Ynllobushaco,,  .Mississippi. 

Mt)UNTNKS'.SlNG,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Essex, 

MOUNT  NILES,  a  post-office  of  St,  Clair  co.,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  OF  OiyiVES.  a  celebrated  hill  of  Palestine,  alwut 
half  a  mile  K.  of  Jerusalem.  Its  sumrait'commands  one  of 
the  finest  views  that  Ciin  be  obtained  of  the  aijjacent  city. 

JIOUNT  OL'IVE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  co.,  Maryland. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  i».,  North  Carolina. 

JI'  )UNT  OLIVE,  a  postniffice  of  Coosa  co..  Alabama. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Izard  co..  Ar- 
kansas, on  White  River,  alx)ut  100  miles  N.  of  Little  Rock. 

JIOUNT  OLIVE,  a  po.st-office  of  Clermont  co..  Ohio. 

JIOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-office  of  Elkhart  co„  Indiana, 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  ro„  Illinois, 

MOUNT  OLIVKR.  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, is  on  a  high  hill,  about  2  miles  S.  of  I'ittsburg.  Pop. 
about  160. 

MOUNT  OLIVET,  a  post-offlce  of  Bracken  co.,  Kentucky. 

MOUN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Monmouth. 

MOUNTON.  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

MOUNT  PACARAl.MA  or  SERRA  I'ACARAIMA,  sJR'Ra 
p3-ki-rl'mj.  an  isolated  mountain  of  Brazil,  near  the  Parima, 
Lat.  3°  3S'  N.,  Ion.  fi3°  8'  W.     See  Serra  Pac\raima, 

MOUNT  PA17ATINE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co,,  Illi- 
nois, 12  miles  S.E.  of  Hennepin.  Judson  College,  at  this 
place,  was  founded  by  the  Baptists. 

JIOUNT  PAR/THENON,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Ai^ 
kaiisa-s. 

MOUNT  PE'LIA  or  MID'DLEHURG,  a  post-village  of 
Weakly  co.,  Tennessee,  135  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

MOUNT  PEIVKY,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio. 


JIOUNT  PETRE'A,  a  post-office  of  Do  Witt  co.,  Texas. 

JI'»UNT  PIKRCK.  a  post-offlce  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virgini.i. 

JIOUNT  PI.N'SON,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Alabama 

JIOU.VT  PI.N'SON,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Arkansas. 

JIOUNT  PINSON.  a  pijst-office  of  Madison  co.,  Tennessee. 

JIOUNT  PISGAH,  (plz'gah.)  a  post-offlce  of  Alexander  ca. 
North  Carolina. 

JIOUNT  PISG.1.II,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio, 
about  20  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati. 

JIOUNT  I'ISGAH,  a  post-office  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indian*. 

JIOUNT  I'1.SG.\I1.  ft  small  villasre  of  D.alla-s  co.,  Jlissouri. 

JIOUNT  PLEAS'ANT,  a  post-offico  of  Saratoga  co.,  Ne» 
York. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River.    Pop.  4517. 

MOUNT  PLKAS.\NT,  a  post-village  of  Alexandria  town- 
ship, in  the  western  part  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
abdut  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Klemington. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey,  10  miles  N.  of  FreehoM. 

.MOUNT  PljK.\S.\NT,  a  village  of  Jlorris  CO.,  New  Jersey, 
13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jlorristown. 

JIOUNT  PLKASANT,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1766. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  vill.age  and  township  of  Columbia 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  3  or  4  miles  N.  of  Hloomsburg,    Pop,  770. 

JIOUNT  PLEAS.tNT,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co,, 
Pennsylvania. 

JIOUNT  PLE.\SANT.  a  post^village  and  township  of  Wash- 
ington CO,,  Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  S.W,  of  Pittsburg. 
Pop,  1348. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  town.ship  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  2.S35. 

.MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  flourishing  post-borough  and 
township  of  Westmoreland  co..  Pennsylvania,  about  40  miles 
S.K.  of  I'ittsburg.  It  contains  sciveral  churches,  is  one  of 
the  largest  towns  of  the  county,  and  has  considerable  trade. 
Incorporated  in  1828,  Pop,  abontoSO;  of  the  township,  2966. 

JIOUNT  PLEAS.A.NT,  a  post-village  in  Frederick  co,,  Jlury- 
land. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  of  Spottsylvanla  co., 
Virginia.  5  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Kichmond. 

JltlUNT  PLEAS.ANT,  a  pcist-village  ofCabarras  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  or  near  the  North  Carolina  Railroad,  136  miles 
W.  of  Haleigh. 

MOUNT  I'LEASANT,  a  small  post-village  of  Monroe  co., 
Alaliam.a. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-offico  of  Caldwell  parish, 
Louisiana. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Titus  co., 
Texas,  on  the  road  from  Clarksville  to  Jefferson,  320  miles 
N.E.  of  Austin  City.     Laid  out  in  1846. 

J1<JUNT  PLE.4S.\NT,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Arkansas. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jlaury  co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  turnpike  leading  from  Nashville,  52  miles 
S.S.W.  of  that  cfty.     Pop,  alxiut  4tiO, 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  small  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  liar- 
Ian  CO.,  Kentucky,  is  situated  on  the  ('umberland  River, 
near  its  source.  170  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  turnpike,  10  miles  N,  of  Cincinnati.  It  has  several 
hundred  inhabitants. 

-MOUNT  PLEAS-\NT,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Jefferson  co..  Ohio,  al)Out  130  miles  E.  of  Columbu,s. 
The  village  has  an  active  trade,  and  contains  2  banks,  6 
clnirches.  a  b(iarding-school,  a  woollen  factory,  and  several 
mills.  The  yearly  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends  is  held 
at  this  place.  One  newspaper  is  is.sned  here.  Pop.  of  the 
village,  about  1000;  of  the  township,  If.gt. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  postvillage  in  Oakland  co.,  Jlichi- 
gan.  41  miles  from  D<(troit. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  township  in  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1375. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  JIartin 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  36  miles  E.  of 
Vincennes,  was  the  capiUal  of  the  county  for  several  years 
previous  to  1840,     It  is  a  shipping  point  for  produce, 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-offlce  of  Union  co.,  Illinois, 
160  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  township  in  Lawrence  co.,  Jlis- 
.souri. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  township  in  Scotland  CO..  Jlissouri. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  ot 
Ileni-y  co.,  Iowa,  28  miles  by  railroad  W.N.W.  of  Burliiigtfm, 
It  contains  the  Iowa  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  the  Wesleyan 
University,  11  churches,  a  union  school,  a  seminary  for  girls, 
2  banks  and  1  newspaper  office.     Pop.  3538. 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Ra- 
cine CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  a  plank-road,  4  miles  W.  of  Racine. 
Pop.  1SI«, 

JIOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  in  the 
united  counties  of  Wentworth  and  Halton,  5  miles  fiom 
Brautford  and  30  miles  from  Hamilton.    Pop.  about  200. 

1253 


MOU 


MOU 


MOUXT  PLEASANT  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Snyder  cc, 
Pennsvlvania. 

MOUNT  POLK,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co.,  Alabama. 

MOUNT  PHOS'l'KCT.  a  postK)fflt-e  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee. 

MOUNT  I'KOSl'ECT,  a  po.«t-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 

MOUNT  PROSl'ECT.  a  post-office  of  WhiU\sidosco..  Illinois. 

MOUNT  I'ULAS'KI,  a  post-village  ol  Logan  county,  Illi- 
nois, is  situated  25  miles  E.N.K.  ol  Springfield.     Pop.  hOO. 

MOLiiS T  KAlN'l  Eli.  a.  puak  of  the  Cascade  liange.  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  Oregon,  in  lat.  about  46°  50'  N.,  Ion.  121°  30' 
W.     Height  about  12,000  feet. 

MOUMVllATII.  a  market-town  of  Ireland.  Lt^inster. 
Queen"s  co..  near  the  proposed  line  of  the  Cork  Railway,  14 
mi'es  E.N.E.  of  Koscrea.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  mona.'story 
ana  nunnery,  several  schools,  with  manu&ctures  of  cottons 
and  worsteds.    . 

MOUNT  RKPUIVLTC.  a  pcsfc-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 170  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

MOUNT  ROCK,  a  small  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

MOUNT  ROSE,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  CO.,  New  Jersey. 

JIOUNT  ROSK.  a  post-office  of  Summit  CO.,  Ohio. 

MOUNT  S.i/LEM,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

MOUNT  S.VLEM.  apost-office  of  Kanawha  co., W.Virginia. 

MOUNT  S.\  V'AG  K,  a  post-office  of  .\lleghany  co.,  .Marvland. 

MOUXT  SAVAGE,  a  post-office  of  Carter  ca,  Kentucky. 

MOUNT'S  C.W,  an  inlet  of  the  .Atlantic,  on  the  extreme 
B.W.  coast  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  between  the  two 
large  promontories.  {Horns  of  Cornwall.)  respectively  termi- 
nating in  the  Laud'8  End  and  Lizard  Point.  la  it  is  St. 
Michael's  Mount. 

MOUNT  SCOTT,  a  village  in  Cass  co.,  Iowa,  200  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

MOUNT  SERENE,  (se-reen',)  a  post-office  of  Barbour  co., 
Alal)ama. 

MOUNT  SEW'ARD,  Franklin  co..  New  York,  about  l.SO 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  A  Ibany.  It  is  a  branch  of  llie  .Adirondack 
Range,  having  au  elevation  of  4S00  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

MOUNT  SID'NEY.  a  post-vill.^ge  of  Augu.sta  co.,  Airginia, 
on  the  stage-road  from  Winchester  to  Staunton,  10  mile.s 
N.E.  of  the  latter.  It  contains  1  church  and  1  academy. 
Pop.  estimate*!  at  oOO. 

MOUNT  SlIVNEV,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Muscakilmk  River.  80  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

MOUNT  SI'NAI.  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

MOUNT  SINAI,  in  Arabia.    See  Sinai. 

MOUNT  SlWLOX.  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co..  Virginia, 
about  110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Itichmond.  It  ha.s  a  fine  watet^ 
power,  and  contains  a  paper-mill,  a  flour-mill,  an  iron 
furnace,  and  rollini;-milI. 

MOUNT  SOR'UEU,  (properly  MOUNT  SOAR-HILL.)  a 
markettown  of  England,  co.  of  Li-icester,  on  the  Soar,  here 
ci-ossed  by  a  bridge,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Midland  Counties 
Railway,  7  miles  N.  of  Leicester.     Pop.  15IJ6. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELI'AS.  (anc.  Tm/i/Hus.)  *  mountain  of 
Gniece.  Morea,  government  of  La(^ouia,  in  Maina.  10  miles 
S.W.  ofMLstra.     Ih-ight  7829  feet. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELIAS.  (anc.  Cfcha.)  a  mountain  of  Greece, 
near  tlie  S.E.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Eubita.  Hei-'ht  4607 
feet.  Here  have  been  discovered  the  remains  of  a  temple  of 
Neptune. 

Mount  ST.  ELTAS,  a  mountain  of  Greece,  island  of  Ceos. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELl.\S.  a  mountain  of  Oreece,  island  of  Melos. 

MOUNT  ST.  EUIAS,  a  mountain  of  Greece,  island  of 
Paros,  Grecian  Archi^H'lago. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELI.4S.  a  mountain  of  Greece.  Santa  Manra, 
Ionian  Islands,  ii  miles  S.W.  of  Amaxichi.   Height 3000  feet. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELIAS.  a  volcanic  mountain  of  North 
America,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
British  and  Ku.s.«ian  territories.  Lat.  60°  18'  N..  Ion.  140° 
80'  W.  Estimated  height  17,900  feet  It  is  said  to  be  per- 
ceptible 120  miles  off  at  .sea. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELIAS.  the  highest  peak  of  the  island  of 
San torini, Grecian  Archipelago,  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the 
island :  lat.  36°  22'  N. ;  Ion.  2o°  28'  45''  K.  It  is  of  limestone 
or  marble  formation,  and  1S.S7  feet  hiirh. 

MOUNT  ST.  ELIAS.  a  peak  on  the  S.  part  of  the  island 
of  .feina.  1752  feet  hisih. 

MOUNT  STER'LING,  a  post-village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 125  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Montsomery. 

SIOUNT  STERLING,  a  small  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montgo- 
mery CO..  Kentucky,  on  Hinkston  Creek,  near  its  source.  60 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  several  churches, 
a  banks,  an  acjulemy,  and  the  Highland  Institute;  al^o 
numerou.s  mechanics"  shcps.  The  court-honse  and  other 
buildings  were  burned  by  the  rebels.  Poimlation  in  1860. 
754. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Madison 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  turni.ike  from  Columbus  to  Washington, 
ftbout  22  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

MOUNT  STElilJNG.  a  village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio, 
en  the  National  Koad,  46  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 


MOUNT  STERLING,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  co^ 
Indiana.  4  miles  from  Aevay. 

MOUNT  STIRLING,  a  ^M^lS^viHage.  capital  of  Brown  co., 
Illinois.  77  miles  W.  by  N.  of  SpriugfieM.  It  is  j.lea.<antly 
situated  on  the  border  of  a  prairie.    Pop.  of  town-sliij^  1826 

MOUNT  STJiltLING,  a  post-oflice  of  Gasconade  co.,  Mifc 
souri. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Wis- 
consin, alwut  2.j  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Prairie  du  Chieu.    P.  50. 

MOUNT  ST.  HELEN'S.     See  St.  II klex's. 

MOUNT  ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE.  See  EMMErrsBUP.o, 
Maryland. 

MOUNT  SUM'NER.  a  post-vill.age  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 155  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

MOUNT  SURPRISE/,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MOUNTS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia, 
150  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

MOUNT  SYI/VAN,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  MIr- 
sissippi. 

-MOUNT  SYLYA'NIA,  a  post-office  of  Wa.shicgton  co., 
Oregon. 

MOUXT  TA/BOR,  a  township  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont 
Pop.  358. 

.MOUNT  TABOK,  a  post-village  of  Union  district.  South 
Carolina. 

M<.>UNT  TABOR,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Beanblossom  Creek.  11  miles  N.W.  of  Itloominston. 

MOUNT  TAHAWUS.  ta-haw'wii.s,  or  MOUNT  .AlAR/CY, 
New  York,  the  highest  summit  of  the  Adirondack  group, 
situated  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Essex  county.  It  hji*  an 
elevation  of  5467  feet  above  the  sea. 

.MOUNT  TIR'ZAIl,  a  post-office  of  Person  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Raleiirh. 

iMOUNT  TOM.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
Hampdeu  co.,  Massachusetts,  has  au  elevation  of  1214  feet 
above  the  sea. 

MOUNT  UI/LAH,  a  post-office  of  Rowan  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

MOUNT  U'NION,  a  pos^village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Juniata  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad, 
80  miles  W.  of  Harrisbunr. 

MOUNT  UNION,  a  small  po.«t-village  of  Stark  co..  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  134  miles  N.E.  of 
Columbus. 

MOUXT  UPTOX,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  township, 
Chenango  co..  New  York,  on  Unadilla  River,  100  miles  ^Y. 
by  S.  of  .Albany. 

MOUNT  VER'NON.  a  ro.'t-town.ship  of  Kennebec  Co., 
Maine,  on  a  fine  mill-stream,  about  20  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Augusta.     Pop.  1464. 

MOUNT  VERXOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hills- 
borough CO.,  New  Hampshire,  about  22  miles  S.  by  AV.  of 
Concord.     Pop.  725. 

MOUXT  VERNON,  a  post-office  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  new  and  flourishing  post-village  of 
Westchester  CO.,  New  York,  on  Bronx  River,  and  on  the 
New  Haven  and  Harlem  Railroad,  20  miles  N.  of  New  York. 
Pop.  about  2(KiO. 

MOUNT  A  EKXON.  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 72  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-office  of  Kowan  co..  North  Car 
rolina. 

MOUXT  VERNON,  Virginia,  the  former  residence  of 
General  AVashington,  on  the  AV.  Aile  of  the  Potomac.  8 
miles  below  .Alexandria.  It  contains  the  Mansion  and 
Tomb  of  the  '•  Father  of  his  Country." 

MOUXT  A'ERXOX.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montgomery 
CO..  Georgia.  1  mile  from  the  Oconee  River,  and  100  miles  AV. 
of  Savannah,  is  surrounded  by  sandy  pine  barrens. 

MOUNT  VERXOX.  a  post-village  of  MobUe  co.,  Alabama, 
150  miles  S.AV.  of  Montcomerv. 

.MOUXT  VERNON,  a  post-village  of  Titus  co..  Texa-s 
about  300  miles  N.E.  of  .Austin,  is  .<itiiated  on  the  bonier 
of  a  prairie,  and  has  a  boarding-school  for  girl.«. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  .St  Francis 
CO.,  Arkan.«as.  115  miles  E.N.E.  of  Little  Rock,  and  4  milei 
W.  of  St.  Francis  River. 

MOUNT  A'ERNON,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Tennessee. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rockcastle 
CO..  Kentucky,  about  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fiankfc  rt.  It  has 
4  chunhes,  several  stores,  and  about  300  inbabitun*,?. 

MOUNT  A'ERNON.  a  flouri.-hing  post-village  or  city,  cv 
pitil  of  Knox  CO..  Ohio,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  N 
bank  of  A'emon  River.  45  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  Is 
compactly  built  on  ground  gently  ascending  from  the  river, 
and  contains  a  nnml>er  of  elegant  dwellii-irs.  It  is  sur 
rounded  by  a  fertile  and  well-improved  country.  an:l  h.a» 
an  exten.slve  trade.  Main  street,  the  principal  business 
street,  is  aliout  one  mile  long.  The  river  affoids  ample  and 
permanent  water-i)ower.  The  railroad  fr'^ni  Sandu.sky  to 
.\ewaik  here  intersects  the  Springfield  Mt.A'enion  and  Pitts- 
burg R.R-.,  (uufiuished.)    It  coutaius  1  Catholic  and  10  I'ro- 


MOU 

testant  chui-ches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  fine  Union 
school-house,  55  stores,  2  iron  foundries,  1  woollen  factory, 
and  2  flouring-mills.  Laid  out  in  1805.  Pop.  In  1S50, 3711 ; 
in  1S(;0,  4202. 
MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 
MOUNT  VERNON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Posey  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  ]{iver,  200  miles  S.W.  of 
Indianapolis.  It  carries  on  an  active  trade,  which  has 
lately  been  increased  by  the  construction  of  a  plank-road  to 
New  Harmony.  Slount  Vernon  lias  o  or  4  churches,  an 
academy,  and  a  newspaper  office.     Pop.  1994. 

MOUNT  VEKNON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson  co., 
Illinois,  135  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springfield.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, o  or  more  churches,  and  several  stores.    Pop.  707. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village  and  township.  ca))ital  of 
Lawrence  co.,  Missouri,  190  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 
Pop.  2220. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-offlce  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa. 
MOUNT  VERNON,  a  thriving  village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa. 
MOUNT  VERNON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Dane  co., 
Wisconsin,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.    It  has  a  fine  water- 
power,  and  good  materials  for  brick. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-office  of  Wabashaw  co.,  Min- 
nesota. 

MOUNT  VER/NON  TAN/NERY,  a  post-office  of  Frederick 
CO.,  Virginia. 

MOUNT  VIEW,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Missouri,  80 
miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Jefierson  City. 

MOUNT'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania,  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Railroad,  8  miles 
W.  of  Lauca.'iter.    Pop.  325. 
Mi)UNTVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Loudon  CO.,  Virginia. 
MOUNTVILUi,  a  post-village  in  Laurens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

MOUNTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia,  9 
miles  E.  of  La  Orange. 
MOU  .\'T  VIN'CO,  a  post-oflice  of  Buckingham  co.,  Virginia. 
MOUNT  VISION,  (vizh'gn.)  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co., 
Kew  York.  78  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

MOUNT  WASII/INOTON,  the  highest  peak  of  the  White 
Mountains,  and  the  most  elevated  land  in  New  England,  is 
situated  in  Coos  co.,  New  llanip.«hire,  alxiut  85  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Concord.  It  is  5850  feet  above  the  Connecticut  River 
at  Xjancaster,  and  6226  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Its 
summit  much  of  the  time  is  concealed  from  view  among  the 
clouds.  The  sides  are  remarkably  steep,  and  for  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  di.stance  to  the  top  covered  with  a  thick  growth 
of  trees.  The  pinnacle  is  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  and  consists 
of  a  mass  of  broken  rocks.  Within  a  few  years  Mount 
Washington  has  become  a  popular  place  of  fashionable 
resort.  It  is  ascended  from  the  W.  by  a  winding  pathway 
for  horses,  and  during  the  warm  season,  parties  of  50  or  00 
gentlemen  and  ladies  visit  the  summit  daily. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  co  , 
Massachusetts,  forms  the  S.AV.  extremity  of  the  state.  It 
contains  Mount  Witshington,  the  most  elevated  peak  of  the 
Taghanic  or  Taconic  Range,  2624  feet  high.     Pop.  321. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  a  post-olfice  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  a  high  hill  in  the  rear  of  South  Pittsburg. 
Here  are  a  number  of  country  seats,  overlooking  the  city 
of  I'ittsburg. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  formerly  VERNON,  a  beautiful 
postrvillage  of  Bullitt  co.,  Kentucky,  near  Salt  River,  21 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Louisville.  It  is  the  largest  place  in  the 
county,  and  contains  3  churches  and  6  stores.  Pop.  In  1860, 
estimated  at  1000. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  a  post-villace  of  Hamilton  co., 
Ohio.     It  is  a  suburb  of  Cincinnati. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  In- 
diana. 

Mount  WII/LING,  a  postoffice  of  Orange  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

MOUNT  WILLING,  a  post-vUlage  in  Edgefield  district. 
South  Carolina. 

MOUNT  WILLING,  a  post-village  in  Lowndes  co.,  Ala- 
bama, 40  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

MOUNT  WILLING,  a  post-office  of  East  Feliciana  parish, 
Louisiana. 
MOUNT  WOLF,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
MOUNT  YO'NAII,  a  post-village  of  Habersham  co.,  Georgia, 
15  rmles  W.  of  ClarksvlUe.    It  has  1  church,  3  stores,  and 
near  100  inhabitants. 

JIOUNT  Zl'ON,  a  post-office  of  Lebanon  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
MOUNT  ZION,  a  post-offlce  of  Campl)ell  co,,  Virginia. 
MOUNT   ZION,  a  thriving   post-village  of   Hancock  co., 
uieorgia,  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  .Milledgeville.     It  has  a  flourish- 
ing seminarv  and  3  churches.     Pop.  about  400. 

MOUNT  ZION,  a  nos^oi^ite  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 
MOURA,  moo'rd.  (Port.  pron.  miVrd  or  miVoo-rd,)  a  walled 
town  of  I'ortugal,  province  of  Alemtejo.  near  the  Guadiana, 
32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Evora,  with  4000  inhabitants. 

MOURA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  I'ara,  on  the  Rio 
Negro,  47  mUes  VV.N.W.  of  Ayrao. 


MOW 

MOURAO,  (Mouriio.)  mo-rowso/,  a  walled  town  of  Portu 
gal,  province  of  Alemtejo,  near  the  Guadiana,  29  miles  S.E, 
of  Evora.     Ptp.  2200. 

MOUR.\D,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Moorad. 

MOURCOUliT,  mooR^kooR/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  33  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1738. 

MOURIES,  mooVe-.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Remy.     I'op.  2000. 

MOURNE,  morn,  a  river  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal, 
runs  8  miles  N.N.E.  and  joins  the  Foyle  at  Liltord. 

MOURNE  AB'BEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Mutister,  co.  of 
Cork,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mallow.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a  pro- 
ceptory  of  the  Knights  Templars. 

MOURNE  MOUNTAINS,  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Down, 
extend  about  11  miles  from  E.  to  W.  Vietween  Newcastle  on 
the  Irish  Sea,  and  Carlingford  Bay.  Their  highest  summits 
ri.se  to  between  2000  and  3000  feet  above  the  sea. 

MOUROM,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Moorom. 

MOURROUX,  mooR-Roo/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Marne,  2  miles  W.N.W.  of  Coulomraiers,  on  the 
Grand-Morin.    Pop.  2010. 

MOU'RYTOWN,  mo/ri'-town,  or  MOURYSTOWN,  a  post- 
village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  14  miles  S.W.  of  llillsborougli. 

MOURZOUK,  a  town  of  Fezzan.     See  MooRZOOK. 

MOUSA,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  MooSA. 

MOUSCRON  or  MOESKROON,  moos/kron,  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  near  Menin,  on  the 
railway  from  Ghent  to  Lille.  The  French  defeated  the 
Austrians  here  in  1794. 

MOUSE/HOLE,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  the  sea-shore  opposite  to  St.  Clement's 
Isle,  about  3  miles  S.  of  Penzance;  destroyed  by  the  Sjia- 
niards  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  in  1595.  The  port  is 
defended  by  two  batteries.     I'op.  1014. 

M0US80UL,  Asiatic  Tufkey.     See  Mosul. 

MOUSTIER,  moosHe-,V,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  on  the  Ronne,  and  on  the  railway  from  Brussels 
to  Namur,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1113.3. 

MOUSTIP]RS,  moosHe-.'l',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Basse.s-Alpes,  16  miles  S.  of  Digne,  picturesquely  situated 
at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of  precipitous  rocks.     Pop.  1589. 

MOUS'WALD,  moos'wold,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries. 

MOUT.V,  moo't3  or  miVtS,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo.  on  a  creek  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus,  10 
miles  S,E,  of  Lisbon.     I'op.  1900. 

MOUTAl'ILLY,  a  town  of  India.     See  Mootapillt. 

MOUTH  OF  CARD,  a  post-oflice  of  Pike  co.,  Kentucky. 

MOUTH  OF  HIWAS'SEE,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

MOUTH  OF  IN'DIAN,  a  post-office,  Monroe  co.,  Virginia. 

MOUTH  OF  LITTLE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Blount  co., 
Tennes.see. 

MOUTH  OF  PO'CAH,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Virginia. 

MOUTH  OF  SAN'DY,  a  post-offlce  of  Henry  co.,  Tennes8<!e. 

MOUTH  OF  SEN'ECA,  a  pos(>offlce  of  Pendleton  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

MOUTH  OF  WIL'SON.  a  post-offlce  of  Gravson  co.,  Virginia. 

MOUTH  OF  YELLOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  Ohio. 

MOUTIER-GRANDVAL,  moo'teni/  grftxo'vil',  or  MUN- 
STER,  niUn'ster,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  22 
miles  N.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1298. 

MOUTIERS.  mooHe-,V,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  Isore,  30 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Chambery.  I'op.  2330.  It  has  hot  mineral 
springs.     It  was  the  birth-place  of  I'ope  Innocent  V. 

MOUVEAUX,  moo'vo/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  in  1852.  2233. 

MOUX,  moo.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nifevre, 
13  miles  N.E.  of  Chateau-Chinon.     Pop.  1570. 

MOUY,  mooV'e',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ol.ae,  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Beauvais,  on  the  Therain.    Pop.  in  1852,  2766. 

MOUZANGiVY'E,  moo-zdn-ghr/4(?)  a  maritime  town  of 
Madagascar,  on  its  W.  coast,  N.E.  of  Bembatooka  Bay. 

MOUZAY,  mooV.V,  (L.  Mosom'agus  h'emr/rum.)  a  village  ot 
France,  department  of  Mouse,  9  miles  W.S.W,  o*"  Slontmedy. 
Pop.  1810. 

MOUZON,  moo'zAN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  oj 
Ardennes,  on  the  Meuse,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Sedan.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2390. 

MO'VILLE.  a  small  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Donegal,  on  Lough  Foyle,  18  miles  N.N.E.  oi 
I^ondonderry.  Pop.  of  the  town,  595.  Steamers  ply  to  Lon- 
donderry during  the  summer, 

MOVILLE,  (UPPER.)  a  p.nrish  of  Ireland,  adjoining  the 
above,  on  the  S. 

MOVISAS  or  MOVIZAS,  mo-vee/zJz,  a  people  dwelling  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  Africa. 

MOW,  several  towns  of  India.     See  Mhow. 
MOW  AH,  mOw/d,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  N,  of  the  Ganges.  37  miles  E,  of  I'atna. 

MOW.\H,  a  frontier  village  and  port  of  British  IndLi, 
dominions  and  70  miles  N.E.  of  .Feypoor, 
MOWE.VQUA.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois, 
MOWEE,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.    See  -M  tui. 

1266 


MOW 


MSK 


MOW.VA  (MAUN'A)  KEA  and  MOWXA  ROA,  two  Tol- 
CBmtjs  of  Hawaii.    See  Hawaii. 

MOXACAK,  a  city  of  Spain.    See  Mojacar. 

JIOXADOS,  a.  town  of  Spain.     See  Mojados. 

MOXKNTK,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  JIooente. 

MOXOS  or  MO.IOS.  mo'noce,  a  subdivi.'iim  of  Bolivia,  in 
Its  N.  part,  mostly  between  lat.  10°  30'  and  IS'  8..  and  Ion. 
67°  40'  and  60°  W.',  havini:  N.  and  E.  the  territories  of  Brazil 
(from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Itenez  or  Guapore)  and 
South  Peru.  It  comprises  the  towns  or  villages  of  Exaltii- 
cion.  Trinidad.  I.K3reto,  arid  Concepcion.  though  chiefly  inha- 
bited by  the  Mojos,  a  tribe  of  roving  Indians. 

MOY,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which,  after  a  course  of  about 
40  miles,  enters  Killala  Bay.    It  i.s  navigable  to  near  Ballina. 

MOY,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  eo.  of  Tyrone,  G 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Armagh.  Pop.  857.  The  Jloy-V alley  .sta- 
tion. Midland  Great  Western  Railway,  is  5^  miles  E.  of  Kiu- 
negad.  and  30g  miles  W.  of  Dublin. 

MOYA.  mo'yi.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  30  miles  N. 
of  Barcelona.  Pop.  2649,  mostly  employed  in  making  cheese, 
whieh  is  of  high  repute. 

MOV.\,  a  town  of  Spain,  pi-ovince  and  42  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Cueuca.     Pop.  1396. 

MOYA,  a  town  composed  of  a  multitude  of  villages  on 
the  island  of  Grand  Canary,  with  two  primary  schools,  an 
oratory,  and  7  mills  for  grinding  toasted  millet.     Pop.  3706. 

MOY'ACO.MBE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leiuster,  counties  of 
Cai'low,  We.xford.  and  Wicklow. 

MOY^AMKN'SING.  formerly  a  district  of  Philadelphia  co., 
Pennsylvania,  now  included  within  the  chartered  limits  of 
the  city  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  the  county  prison. 
Pop.  in  1850.  26,979.    See  Phil.\delpuia. 

MOY-AND-DALAROS/SIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  counties 
of  Inverness  and  Nairn. 

MOYAR'TA  or  MOYFESTA,  ayarisb  of  Ireland,  Munster, 
oo.  of  Clare. 

MOYCUIVLEX,  a  parish. of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 

MOYE.X.MOUTIEil,  moi'6.No'moo^te-i',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Vosges,  6  miles  N.  of  si  Die.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2532. 

MOY'EXNEVILLE,  moi^JnnVeel',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Somme.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Abbeville.     Pop.  1100. 

MOYEN  VIC,  moi^d^o^veek',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Meurthe,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Chateau  Salins.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1072.    Near  it  is  the  largest  salt-mine  in  France. 

MOYEUVRE  LA  GRANDE.  moi^uvV  Id  gr^Nd,  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Moselle,  on  the  Orne,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Thionville.     Pop.  in  1852.  1578. 

MOY'L/GKOVE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

MOY'LOUGU,  a.  parish  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of 
Galway. 

MOYNE  (moin)  RIVER,  a  river  of  South  Australia,  falls 
into  Port  Fairy,  at  the  town  of  Belfast.     Lon.  142°  15'  E. 

MOYOBAMBA,  mo-yo-bdm'bl  a  town  of  North  Peru,  de- 
partment of  Trujillo.  province  and  40  miles  E.  of  Chaclia- 
poyas,  ou  the  Moyobamba  River,  an  atUueut  of  the  Iluallaga. 
Pop.  5000. 

MOY'RUS,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway. 

MOZ,  moz,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  "Tras-os-Montes, 
6  miles  E.  of  Moncorvo.     Pop.  420. 

MOZAMBIQUE  or  MOSA.MBltiUE,  mo-zam-beek',  (called 
by  the  natives  .Mas\\mbeek'  or  Maz'amuekk'.)  a  city  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Africa,  and  the  metropolis  of  the  I'ortuguese  posses- 
sions in  that  quarter;  lat.  15°  3'  S.,  lon.  40°  49'  E.  The  har- 
bor, to  which  this  place  owes  all  its  importance,  is  an  inlet 
of  the  sea  in  the  mainland.  5  miles  deep,  and  5  J  miles  wide. 
Three  small  rivers  flow  into  it  at  it.s  head,  while  across  its 
entrance  extend  three  small  islands,  which,  with  reefs  and 
shoals,  break  the  swell  of  the  ocean,  and  render  the  anchor- 
age within  perfectly  safe  in  the  worst  weather.  On  the 
middle  i-land,  which  is  about  If  miles  long,  and  hardly 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  stands  the  city.  The  other  two- 
islands,  St.  George  on  the  N.,  and  St,  Jago  on  the  S.,  are 
both  uninhabited.  They  are  covered  with  trees  and  ver- 
dure, while  the  sandy  area  of  Mo.sambique.  in  the  middle. 
is  entirely  occupied  by  the  city  and  its  defences.  The  fort 
of  St.  Sebastian,  at  the  N.  end  of  the  island,  built  about 
the  beginning  of  the  18th  century,  is  a  great  work,  mount- 
ing 80  guns.  At  the  other  end  of  the  island  is  Fort  St.  Lo- 
renzo. .Mosambique  contains  the  Governor's  Palace,  a  large 
edifice;  the  Custom-hou-se.  2  churches,  and  5  chapels;  the 
quays  and  wharfs  are  all  constructed  in  a  style  of  solidity 
far  beyond  the  present  importance  of  the  place,  which  is 
rapidly  sinking  into  decay.  It  is  still  the  seat  of  a  bishopric, 
subordinate  to  Goa,  but  religion  is  little  thought  of.  The 
peninsula  on  the  N.  side  of  the  bay  belongs  to  the  Portu- 
gue.se.  On  the  isthmus  wliich  joins  it  to  the  continent,  at 
the  head  of  the  bay,  stands  the  vilUage  of  .Mesuril.  where 
the  trade  is  carried  on  with  tlie  natives,  who  come  down 
from  the  interior  at  certain  se;tsons,  bringing  ivory,  skins, 
wax.  &c.  Nem-er  to  the  island  is  C.ibeceira  Grande,  where 
the  Portuguese  officers  and  merchants  have  their  villas  and 
ip-rdens:  and.  at  the  end  of  the  peninsula,  the  village  of  Ca- 
beeeira  Peouena  contains  the  dwellings  of  Mohammedan 
Inhabitants  of  the  place.  The  Banyans,  through  whoso 
1256 


hands  passes  all  the  trade  with  the  inteiior,  reside  at 
Lumbo,  a  village  between  the  latter  two.  The  Portuguese 
dominion  does  not  extend  t)eyond  this  narrow  territory; 
and  even  the  safety  of  Mozambi(jue — the  metropiilis  of  the 
captaincy-general  of  liast  .\frica — has  been  threatened  more 
than  once  by  the  petty  chiefs  in  the  neighborho'jd.  Pop. 
of  the  island,  about  COOO;  of  which  not  quite  400  are  free. 
Of  these  about  30  are  Portuguese,  the  remainder  being 
Canarccns  (Portuguese  Creoles  from  Goa),  Arabs,  Banyans, 
and  blacks.  Until  1759,  the  governor  of  Mozambique  was 
subordinate  to  the  viceroy  of  India;  but  in  that  year  the 
Captain-geueralcy  of  East  Africa  was  se\ercd  from  India, 
and  placed  immediately  under  the  crown. 

The  Country  (or  Territory)  of  Mozambiqce,  in  other 
woi-ds.  the  country  claimed  by  the  Portuguese,  extends  from 
the  Bay  of  Louren(,-o  Marques,  (Delagoa  Bay.)  in  lat.  26°  S.,  to 
Mazimbi  or  the  Brooks,  about  40  miles  S.  of  C.ipe  Delgado. 
At  Mazimbi  there  is  an  .■Vrab  fort,  bearing  the  ilag  of  the 
Sultan  of  Muscat.  The  settlements  on  this  long  line  of 
coast  are  at  Delagoa  Bay,  Inhamban,  Sof;ila,  Quiliinane, 
and  Mozambique.  In  none  of  these  settlements  is  there 
any  occupation  of  territory  beyond  the  protection  of  the 
fort.  Besides  these,  the  settlements  ou  the  river  Zambezi, 
extending  up  about  500  miles,  (according  to  I'ortuguesa 
estimates,  700  miles  or  even  1500  miles.)  and  comprised 
under  the  title  of  Rios  de  Sena,  are  nominally  included  in 
the  government  of  Mozamliique.  These  sidtlements  are  Sena, 
about  100  miles  W.  of  Quiliniane,(150  by  the  river.)  Zumbo, 
150  miles  still  further  up  the  river;  and  Maijii,a,  the  source 
of  the  gold,  probably  250  miles  S,W.  by  AV.  of  Tete.  The 
growing  power  of  the  Sultan  of  Muscat,  residing  at  Zanzi- 
bar, and  the  commercial  activity  fostered  within  his  rule, 
and  also  the  advance  of  the  emigrant  Boers  from  the  Cape 
Colony  N.  to  Mafiica,  (it  is  said  that  some  have  even  reached 
the  Zambezi.)  have  contributed  to  divert  the  native  trade 
from  its  old  channels  and  the  Portuguese  settlements. 
Ivory  is  the  staple  production  of  these  countries;  and  about 
250.000  lbs.  weight  of  it  are  exported  from  Mozambique  an- 
nu.ally,  chiefly  to  India.  Coir,  orchil,  and  m.anna.  are  also 
collected  along  the  coasts.  The  collee  of  Sena  is  said  to  be 
excellent,  but  is  little  known  in  commerce.  The  gold-dust 
of  Sofiila  is  now  reduced  to  a  trilling  quantity. 

MOZAMBIQUE  CllAX.NEL,  a  strait  of  the  Indian  Ocep.n, 
between  lat.  12°  and  25°  S..  and  lon.  35^  and  49°  E.,  sepa- 
rating Madagascar  from  the  mainland  of  East  Africa. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  1000  miles,  breadth  250  miles  in 
its  centre,  and  about  600  miles  at  each  outlet.  Coasts  a  good 
deal  broken,  but  only  the  inlets  of  Mozambique  and  Sofala 
are  of  much  size.  It  receives  the  Zambezi  Kiver,  and  on  it 
are  the  chief  towns  of  the  Mozambique  dominions,  with  Mou- 
rondaya,  Boyana,  Bembatooka,  Nareenda.  and  Passandava. 
In  its  N.  outlet  are  the  Comoro  and  Oucrimba  island  groups. 

MOZDOK.  moz-dok',  a  town  and  fortress  of  South  jtussia, 
government  of  Caucasus,  on  the  Torek,  85  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Gleorgievsk,  on  the  route  into  Georgia.  Pop.  5000.  of  a  very 
mixed  descent,  but  chiefly  Armenians.  It  is  enclosed  by 
g.irden,s.  and  regularly  built  of  wood ;  has  (ireek.  Armenian, 
and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  some  distilleries,  and  colored 
leather  factories. 

MOZ-GIIAR,  moz'gan',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  principality 
and  S.W,  of  Bhawlpoor,  defended  by  a  lofty  fortress. 

MOZ,  POltTO  DE,  poR'to  d:i  moz.  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro* 
vince  and  230  miles  W.S.W.  of  I'ara,  on  the  Xingu.  about 
16  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Amazon  ;  with  a  hand- 
some church,  a  prison,  and  a  port.     Pop.  4000. 

JIOZET,  mo-zil'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  4  miles 
E.  of  Namur.  on  the  Sam.son.     Pop.  1731. 

5I0ZHAISK.  M0.7A1SK,  mo-zbisk'.  or  MOSCHAISK,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  63  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Moscow, 
capital  of  a  circle,  on  an  alflueiit  of  the  Moskva.  Pop.  4000. 
It  has  a  .strong  citadel,  a  cathedral,  and  extensive  salt  maga- 
zines. Near  it.  on  the  7th  September,  1812,  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Borodino  was  fought. 

MOZYR  or  MoZIR,  mo-zeeR'.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  146  miles  S.E.  of  Minsk,  on  the  I'ripets.     P.  3000. 

5I0ZZATE,  mot-sS't.i,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  province  of  Como.  near  the  Bozzente.   P.  1611. 

MRICNA.  m'rits'nj.  or  SMERICXA.  smer-its'ni  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow,  on  a  small  stream,  2  miles 
ftwm  Starkenbach.    Pop.  1171. 

MKIN',  m'rin  or  mVeen,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tchernigov,  on  the  Oster.  an 
affluent  of  the  Desna.     Pop.  ISOO. 

MRi  )CZEX.  m'rotch'Jn,  a  town  of  Prussian  i'oland.  19  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Bromlierg.     Pop.  1380. 

MSCHIT,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia.     See  Msket. 

MSEXO,  m'sA'no,  or  MSCHENO,  m'shd'no,  ^Cer.  Wems- 
sen.  <^^m'sen,)  a  town  of  Bohemia.  13  miles  W.  of  Buntzlau. 
Pop.  1814." 

.MSILA,  m'seel3,  a  town  of  Algeria,  in  the  Sahara,  119 
miles  S.E.  of  Algiers,  intersected  by  the  Wady  Msila.  It 
has  some  jewellers,  dyers,  and  wool  carders,  all  Jews.  Pop. 
alx)ut  1500. 

JISKET.  m'skft,  MTSKHETT,  n,  HK.H/ee,  or  MESCUITI, 
mgs-kee't«e,  written  also  MSCHIX  and  MlSKEXl    h  rory 


MST 


MUH 


ancient  town  of  KuFsia,  Georgia,  in  the  angle  formed  by 
the  confluonce  of  tlie  Aragvi  witli  the  Koor,  10  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Teflis.  It  is  said,  when  formerly  the  capital 
of  Georgia,  to  hare  been  20  miles  in  circuit,  and  to  have 
contained  80,000  men  capable  of  bearing  arms.  It  now 
con.-'ists  of  mean  houses,  many  of  them  half,  and  some  of 
them  whollj'  under  ground,  but  has,  among  other  remains 
of  ancient  ma/nificence,  a  spacious  and  beautiful  cathedral. 
Other  objects  of  interest  are,  the  ruin.i  of  the  ancient  palace 
of  the  Georgian  princes,  and  an  old  castle.  Msket  is  sup- 
posed to  be  tlie  Artanissa  and  MisleUa  of  Pompey,  and  Ilar- 
mastis  of  Pliny. 

MSTA,  m'stlti>r  MASTA,  mj-sti',  a  river  of  Russia,  govern- 
ments of  Tver  and  Novgorod,  enters  Lake  Ilnien  a  little  S. 
of  Novgorod,  after  a  tortuous  N.  and  W.  course  of  250  miles, 
for  most  part  of  which  it  is  navigable;  and  at  Voltchok  a 
canal  proceeds  to  connect  it  with  the  Tvertsa,  and  thus 
unite  the  Baltic  and  Lake  Ladoga  with  the  Volga  and  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

MSTISLAYL,  m'stis-ldvK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  54  miles  K.N.E.  of  Jloheelev,  on  the  Sozh,  an  affluent  of 
the  Dnieiter.  X'op.  4300.  It  has  a  Unitarian  and  numerous 
Greek  churches,  a  synagogue,  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic 
monasteries,  a  Jesuit  college,  school  for  nobles,  and  trade  in 
hemp  and  grain. 

MTSKIIK'l'I.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia.    See  Mseet. 

MTZI-;NSIC,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Mzensk. 

MUAB,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Moo.^b. 

MUI5ARKEZ,  EL.  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Mkbarrez,  El. 

MUDANIA,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Mooda.ma. 

MUCH,  mook,  INFERIORE,  in-fi-re-o'rA,  and  Scperiore, 
soo-pA-re-o'rA,  two  nearly-contiguous  villages  of  Dalmatia, 
9  miles  from  Spalato,  near  the  Dobratz,  with  a  court  of 
justice,     l^op.  looO. 

MUCIIAMIEL,  moo-chJ-me-M',  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  7  miles  N.K.  of  Alicante.  Pop.  3654.  The  wine  of  its 
vicinity  is  of  superior  quality. 

MUCIIKIA',  (Jliichcln.)  miiK'fln,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony.  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Merseburg,  on  the  Qeis- 
Belbach.     I'op.  10S6. 

MUCII'ELNKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MUCIllNIP'l'E,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio. 

MUCII-WE.N'LOCK,  a  town  of  England.    See  Wedlock. 

MUCK,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  Scotland,  co.  of  Ar- 
gyle,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  hlgg.     Length  about  2  miles. 

MUCli'AIKN',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 

MUCK'ALEl-i'CRKKK. Georgia,  enters  Kinchafoona Creek 
from  the  N..  about  1  mile  from  Flint  River,  at  Albany. 

MUCK'AKT,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

MUCK'l.NG,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

MUCKMSll,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal, 
5  miles  S.  of  Dunfanagliy.  Its  sides  are  very  steep,  and  the 
Bumniit  2190  feet  above  the  sea. 

JIUCKL1';ST0X,  mCik/els-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  cos. 
of  Salop  and  Stafford. 

MUCK'.NO,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Monaghan. 

MUCKRAN.\.  mtik-krd/nd,  a  town  of  North  Western  lUn- 
dostan,  Kajpootaiia.  35  miles  N.AV.  of  Ajmeer.  It  has  some 
trade  in  the  white  marble  of  its  neighborhood. 

.  MUCK'RDSS.apeuinsulaoflreland,  Munster,  CO.  of  Kerry, 
between  the  middle  and  lower  lakes  of  Killarney,  with  ruius 
of  an  abbi^y  founded  in  1440. 

MUCIv'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

MUCKUDDKA,  mtik-kiid'dra,  a  village  of  Ilindostan, pro- 
vince of  .Malwah.  118  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Oojein,  in  a  circular 
basin  enclosed  by  steep  hills. 

MICUKI,  moo-koo-ree',  a  river  of  Brazil,  falls  into  the 
channel  between  the  reef  of  Paredes  and  the  mainland,  in 
lat.  18°  6'  S.    Total  cour.se  150  miles. 

MUCirWANl'OOR'.  a  strong  hill- fortress  of  Nepaul,  18 
miles  S.  of  Khatmandoo. 

MUD  BRIDGK.  a  post-office  of  Cabell  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

MUD  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Fayi^tte  co.,  Alabama. 

MUD  CREI-iK,  Texas.    See  Angelix.a  River. 

MUD  CREEK,  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana,  flows  Into  the  Tip- 
pecanoe. 

SIUD  CREEK,  a  post-oflSce  of  Henderson  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

MUD  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  McNalry  co..  Tennessee. 

MUD  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan. 

MUD  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois. 

MUD'DY,  a  township  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  772. 

MUDDY  CREEK,  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
the  Susquehanna. 

.MUDDY  CItEEK.  of  Kentucky,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween liutler  and  Muhlenburg  counties,  until  it  joins  Green 
River. 

MUDDY  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  Sandusky  Bay  of 
)jake  Erie. 

MUDDY  or  BIG  MUDDY  CREEK,  of  Illinois,  fiills  into 
Mississippi  River,  in  Union  county. 

MUDDY  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  into  Crooked  Fork 
»f  Grand  River,  in  Grundy  co.,  a  few  miles  S.  of  Trenton. 

MUDDY  CRKKK.  of  Missouri,  enters  Lamina  River,  near 
the  ^V■.  boi-der  of  Cooper  county. 


MUDDY.  CREEK,  a  village  and  township  on  the  W.  boj 
der  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1005. 

MUDDY  CREEK,  a  post-<iflice  of  Chanii>aign  co.,  Ohio. 

MUDDY  CREEK,  a  postoffice  of  Preston  co.,W.ViiKini'\ 

MUDDY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Forsyth  CO.,  North  Oa 
rolina. 

MUDDY  CREEK  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Penn 
sylvania. 

MUDDY  FORK,  a  creek  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Walhonding 
River,  in  Holmes  county. 

MUDDY  FORK,  a  post-offlce  of  Cleveland  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

-MUDDY  LANE,  a  post-village  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois. 
80  miles  VV.  by  S.  of  Peoria. 

MUiyi'ORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

MUD  LICK,  a  post-offlce  of  Chatham  co..  North  Carolina. 

MUD  SI'RING,  a  post-office  of  Denton  co.,  Texas. 

MUD  SPRING,  a  post-offlce  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California. 

MUFF,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

MUGARDOS,  moo-gaR/docc,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain.  Gall 
cia,  N.E.  of  Corunna,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Kias  (ree'ds)  O. 
"  Estuary"  of  Ferrol.     Pop.  1782. 

MUGDUL,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  Muktul. 

MUGE,  moo/zhA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estre- 
madura,  11  miles  S.  of  Sanfarem,  on  a  stream  of  the  same 
name,  an  affluent  of  the  Tagus.     I'op.  1070. 

MUGELN,  (Mugeln.)  a  town  of  Saxony.  29  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Leipsic.    Pop.  2205.    Near  it  is  a  fine  castle. 

MUUGENDORF,  mOiV«h?"-*lf>Rf',  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
Upper  F'ranconia,  27  miles  N.E.  of  Nuremberg. 

MUGGEXSTURM,  mdog'ghen-stooRm\  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Duke  of  Baden's  Railway,  1] 
miles  from  Baden.     Pop.  1534. 

MUGGIA,mood'j.i.  a  town  and  .seaport  of  .\ustria.  lUyria, 
government  of  I  stria,  on  the  Gulf  and  5  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Triest.     Pop.  1437. 

MUG'GINOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

MUGLITZ,  (Miiglitz.)  miir.'lits.  (Moraiian  Muliel nice,  moh- 
M-neet'.s,A,)  a  town  of  Moravia,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Olmutz,  on 
the  March.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
stuffs. 

MUGNANO,  moon-y3'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  and  5 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Naples.     Pop.  3000, 

MUGRON,  mii^grra"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Landes,  9  miles  W.  of  St.  Sever.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2188. 

MUIIALITCII,  miih-a-leetch',  or  MIKIIALITCII,  miK^hd- 
leetch',  (improperly  MOIIALITZ,)  a  town  of  Asia  Jlinor, 
Anatolia,  13  miles  S.  of  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  37  miles  W. 
of  Brusa.  Pop.  11,000.  It  exports  silk,  wool,  valonea,  and 
fruits  to  Constantinople,  and  imports  foreis;n  goods,  chiefly 
overland  from  Smvrna,  to  about  tOOOi.  in  value  aiinuily. 

MUIILBACU,(Mlihlbach.)mul'biK,amarket-town  of  Ger- 
many. Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  40  miles  E.S.E, 
of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder. 

MUHLBACII,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Tyrol,  13  miles 
W.  of  Brunecken.     Pop.  620. 

MUIILBERG,  (MUhlberg,)  mtil'bJRG,  a  town  of  Prus.'ian 
Saxony.  53  miles  E.  of  Merseburg,  on  tie  Elbe.  Pop.  3320. 
Here  Charles  V.  obtained  a  victory  over  the  Elector  of  Sax- 
ony in  1547. 

MUHLBERG,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  11  miles  S.W. 
of  Erfurt.     Pop.  1345. 

MUHLBURG,  (MUhlburg.")  miil/boilRa,  a  town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  about  1  mile  W.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop. 
1450. 

MUHLDORF,  (MUhldorf,)  mUl'doRf.  a  town  of  Upper  Ba. 
varia.  on  the  Inn,  46  miles  E.N.E.  of  Munich.     Pop.  1590. 

MUHLENBACH,  (Milhlenbach,)  mii'len-bdK\  or  SIUL- 
LENBACH,  m«l'len-bi(K\  (Ilun.  &asz-»bes,  i'ii'S-F'\'hhh\)  n 
town  of  Transylvania.  Saxon-land,  on  the  Miiblenbach,  29 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Ilermannstadt.  Pop.  4200.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  Roman  Catholic,  Greek-United,  and  Lu- 
theran churches,  manufactures  of  woollen  clolh,  and  brew- 
erics,  and  around  it  are  numerous  vineyards. 

MUHLENBURG,  mu'len-btirg.  a  county  in  the  W.  central 
part  of  Kentucky.  Area  estimated  at  500  square  miles. 
The  Green  River  flows  along  its  northern  and  eastern  bor- 
ders. The  surface  in  the  S.  is  broken,  in  the  N.  undulating. 
The  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Coal  is  abundant,  and  tliere  are 
rich  iron-mine.s  near  Green  River.  Capital  Greenville.  Pop. 
10,725 ;  of  whom  9141  were  free,  and  1584  slaves. 

MUHLENBERG  a post-i:>ffice of  Lnzerneco.,Penn.sylvania. 

MUllLEXBKR'.i.n  township  of  Pickaway  co.,01iio.  P.  894. 

MUIILHAUSEN.  (MUhlhausen,)  muPhow/zen,  (Fr.  Muld- 
house.  miiUooz',)  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  government  and 
29  miles  N.W.  of  of  Erfurt,  in  a  fertile  district,  on  the  Un- 
strut.  It  has  4  churches,  a  gymn«sinm.  3  hospital.s.  an 
orphan  asylum,  workhouse,  and  an  institution  for  the  edu- 
cation of  neglected  children ;  manufactures  of  linen  and 
woollen  cloth,  leather,  and  tobacco;  and  several  breweries, 
distilleries,  and  oil-mills.  Copper  and  iron  are  worked  in 
the  neighborhood.  Munstar,  the  fanatical  AnabaiUist.  who 
collected  a  deluded  host  of  30  000  men.  and  induced  tba 
Tburin/ian  peasants  to  rise  in  revolt,  in  1524,  hud  his  head- 
quarters here.    Pop.  13,723. 

1257 


MUH 


MUL 


MUIITJIAUSEN,  a  town  of  East  Prugeia,  49  miles  S.W. 
Ot  Konigslierj;.     Pop.  1600. 

MUHLUiUSEN,  (anc.  Melidunumf)  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
16  mik',s  W.N.W.  of  Tabor.     Pop.  2194. 

MfllLIIAUSEN,  a  market-town  of  Bararia,  12  miles  S.W. 
of  IJaniberg.     Pop.  770. 

MUIILIIEIM.  (MUhlheim.)  mul'hlme,  a  town  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  on  the  Danube,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Tuttlingen,  with  850 
Inhabitants.  2  castle.',  and  a  church. 

MUIILHEIM,  a  village  of  Germany,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
proviuee  of  Starkenburg,  on  the  Rodaubach,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Main.     Pop.  1296. 

MUIILIIOUSE.  a  town  of  Germany.     See  Muhlhausen. 

MUIILIXGEN.  (Miihliniien.)  mU'Iing-en.  is  the  name  of 
two  coiitis;uous  villages  of  Anhalt-Bernburg. 

MUIILTRUKF,  (Miihltruff.)  mul'troof,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Plauen.     Pop.  1702. 

MUIIR.  a  river  of  Austria.     See  MuR. 

MUHKINGEN,  mii'ringen,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  9 
miles  S.W.  of  Kotenburg.    Pop.  1080. 

MUIDEN.  moi'den.  a  fortifirtl  town  of  the  Netherland.*, 
province  of  North  Holland,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Amsterdam,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  A'echt,  in  the  Zuyder  Zee.     Pop.  1650. 

MUIDERBEKG,  moi'der-b^RG',  is  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lancl3,'2  miles  E.  of  Muiden. 

MUILREA  or  MULREA,  mtirrd/,  a  mountain  range  of  Ire- 
laud,  CO.  of  Mayo,  screening  the  N.  side  of  Killery  Harbor. 
Elevation  of  highest  summit  2688  feet. 

MUIRAVONSIDE.  miir-i'v^n-slde,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Scotlimd.  CO.  of  Stirling,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Falkirk.  Pop.  in 
1851,  2647.  It  has  many  elegant  mansions,  an  ancient  cas- 
tle. (Almond,)  and  much  romantic  .scenery.  The  Edinburgh 
and  Glasgow  Railway  is  here  carried  across  the  Avon  on  a 
Buperb  viaduct. 

MUIRHtJUSE.  a  parish  of  Scotland.     See  Murroes. 

MUIRKIRK.  niUr'kirk,  a  large  village  end  parish  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  and  21  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ayr,  with  which  town  it 
communicates  by  railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  3423 ;  partly  em- 
ployed in  extensive  iron  smelting  works. 

MUKALLAH,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Makallah. 

SlUKDEX,  a  city  of  Mantchooria.     See  Mookdex. 

MU'IvER,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

MUIvER,  a  post-office  of  Washington  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

5IUK.HMAS,  milk-mas',  (probably  the  Mkh'mash  of 
Scripture.)  a  cx>nsiderable  and  flourishing  village  of  Pales- 
tine, pashalic  of  Damascus,  7  miles  E.X.E.  of  Jerusalem, 
surrounded  by  fig  and  olive  plantations,  but  without  any 
vestiges  of  antiquity. 

MUKKUD,  miik-kud',  a  town,  capital  of  the  country  of 
the  Sagri  Patans,  in  the  N.W.  of  the  Punjab;  lat.  33°  10'  N., 
Ion.  71°  50'  E.,  on  the  Indus,  about  20  miles  above  Caulabagh. 

MUKR.AN,  a  province  of  Beloochistan.     See  Mekran. 

MUKTCL.  muk-tal',  or  MUG'DUL,  a  town  of  Ilindostan, 
Kiz.im's  dominions.  88  miles  S.W.  of  Hyderabad,  and  an 
important  British  military  station. 

ML'K'WA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waupaca  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Wolf  River,  an  aifluent  of  the  Xecnah.  P.  961. 

MUKWAN'AGO,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  AVauke- 
Bha  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  I;i73. 

MULA,  moo'li,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles  W. 
of  Mureia.  Pop.  6228.  It  has  manufactures  of  pottery,  and 
In  its  uei'jhborhood  are  warm  mineral  baths. 

MULAIIACEN,  moo-ld-d-thSn'.  or  MULHACEX,  mool-J- 
thjn',  in  Granada.  Spain,  is  the  highest  mountain  summit 
in  the  Spanish  peninsula,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Alps,  the  highest  in  Europe,  having  an  elevation  of  11,65S 
feet  alx)ve  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  37°  10'  N..  Ion.  3°  28' 
W.  It  is  perpetually  covered  with  snow  above  the  height 
of  9500  feet.     See  Sierra  Nevada. 

MULAYNE,  moo^lin',  a  large  village  of  Hindostan,  king- 
dom of  Oude.  N.W.  of  Lxicknow. 

MULBAR'TON,  a  paris^h  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

JIUL'BERRY,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Carolina. 

MULISERRY',  a  post-office  of  .Tackson  co.,  Georgia. 

S1ULBER15Y,  a  post-office  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama. 

SIUliBERRY,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Arkansas. 

ML'LBEKKY,  atownshipiu  Johnson  co.,  Arkansas. 

MULBERRY,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

MULBERRY,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

MULBERRY  CORNERS,  a  postofBce  of  Geauga  co., 
Ohio.  6  . 

MULBERRY  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  enters  the 
Catawba  from  the  N.,  in  Burke  county,  near  Morgan- 
town. 

MULBERRY  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  into  Chattahoochee 
River,  near  the  S.W.  corner  of  Harris  county.  It  furnishes 
fine  water-power  at  Troy.    The  Indian  name  is  Catadla. 

MULBERRY  CREEK,  of  Alabama  forms  the  line  between 
Autauga  and  Dallas  counties,  and  enters  Alabama  River  14 
miles  above  Sclma.  Little  Mulberry  Creek,  of  Autauga 
county,  enters  thH  river  just  above. 

MULBERRY  GAP,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Tennes- 
see, near  a  pass  through  Powell's  Mountain,  about  280  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 
1258 


MULBERRY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  NortL 
Carolina. 

MULBERRY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Harris  co..  Georgia. 

MULBERRY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

MULBERRY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Bond  co„  Illinois. 

MULBERRY  RIVER,  of  AluUima,  one  of  the  head  forki 
of  the  Tuscaloosa. 

MULDE,  muol'deh,  a  river  of  Saxony.  Prussia,  and  An- 
halt-Dessau,  rises  in  the  Erzgebirge.  and  after  a  N.  course 
of  130  miles,  joins  the  Elbe  on  the  left,  at  Dessau. 

MULE  CREEK,  (ieorgia.  a  station  on  the  railway  from 
Macon  to  Columbus,  21  miles  from  Macon. 

MUL'GR.WE,  a  cape  and  port  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Rus- 
sian Ameriimand  Bhering"s  Strait.  The  y)ort,  lat.  59°  33'  N., 
Ion.  139°  Hi'  W.,  has  anchorage  for  large  vessels. 

MUI/GRAVE  ARCHIPELAGO,  Pacific  Ocean,  comprises 
various  groups  between  lat.  3°  S.  and  12°  N.,  and  Ion.  160° 
and  177°  E.,  including  the  Radack,  Ralick,  Piscadores,  Mar- 
shall, and  Mulgrave  Islands. 

MULGRAVE  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  above  the  Archipelago,  about  lat.  6°  14'  N.,  and  Ion. 
171°  56'  E. 

MULH.iCEN,  a  mountain  of  Spain.    See  Mulahaces. 

M  U  1.H A  USEN,  miil'how'zgn,  (I'r.  Mulhnuse,  miirooz' ;  anc. 
Arialnnumf)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haut-Rhin, 
61  miles  S.S.W.  of  Strasbourg,  on  the  railway  to  Bale,  (Ba.'«I.) 
It  is  divided  into  the  old  and  the  new  town.  The  former 
stands  on  an  island,  formed  by  the  111,  which  here  divides 
into  several  branches,  and  is  cj-osscd  by  four  bridges.  The 
streets  are  generally  winding,  bnt  tolerably  wide,  well  paved, 
and  clean,  and  lined  with  well-built  houses.  The  principal 
buildings  are  the  Reformed  and  Roman  Catholic  churches. 
Hotel  de  Ville,and  college.  The  new  town.  .S.E.of  theold,  e.x- 
tends  from  the  right  bank  of  the  111  to  the  Rhone  and  Rhine 
Canal,  which  has  here  a  capacious  basin.  The  streets  are  spa- 
cious and  regular.  Till  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  the 
only  manufacture  of  any  conseiiueuce  in  the  town  was  wool- 
len cloth;  but  the  manufacture  of  cotton  prints  and  muslins 
having  l>een  introduced,  has  made  such  rapid  progre.'^s,  that 
MUlhausen  now  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  important  manu- 
facturing towns  in  France.  In  addition  to  the  branchei 
already  mentioned,  others  have  U^en  introduced,  particu- 
larly flowered  silks,  damask  and  other  linen,  hosiery,  straw 
hats,  stained  paper,  starch,  parchment,  and  cbeuiic:il  pro- 
ducts. There  are  also  numerous  worsted  and  flax  mills; 
exten.sive  engine  works,  and  tannerie.s.  The  trade  is  very 
important,  and,  in  addition  to  the  articles  of  manufacture, 
includes  corn,  wine,  brandy,  groceries,  and  raw  cotton. 
MUlhausen  poj^sesseg  a  court  of  cominerie. consulting  cham- 
ber of  manufactures,  consnil  de  prud'/toinmi'^,  industrial 
sin'iety.  and  communal  college.  For  many  centuries  it  was 
the  capital  of  a  small  republic,  belonging  to  the  Swiss  Con- 
federation;  but,  in  1798.  it  dissolved  it";  connexion  with  the 
Confederation,  renounced  its  independence,  and  became  in- 
corporated with  France.  The  celebrated  matheuiatician, 
Lambert,  was  born  here,  and  a  column  has  been  erected  to 
him  in  one  of  the  squares  which  bears  his  name.  Pop.  in 
1862.  29.674. 

MULII-AUSEN.  (Miilhausen.)  miil'how'zen,  a  town  of 
WUrtemberg.  circle  of  Xeekar,  situated  on  the  Enz.   Pop.  939. 

MULHAIJSEX,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on  the  Neckar, 
bailiwick  of  Cannstadt.     Pop.  8u7. 

MULHEIM  or  MULLHEIM,  (MUlheim.')  miil'hTme.  a  towp 
of  Baden,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Freiburg,  on  the  railway  to  Bale, 
(Basel.)     Pop.  2592. 

MULHEIJl-A.M-RHEIN.  (MUlheim-am-Rhein.)  mUlHirme 
3m  rhin,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Pru.ssia.  government  and  3 
miles  N.E.  of  Cologne,  on  the  Rhine,  here  crossed  by  a 
suspension  bridge.  It  has  2  churches  and  a  synagogue, 
.ship-building  docks,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  cassi- 
mere.  leather,  vinegar,  and  brandy ;  and  a  trade  in  corn  and 
timber.     Pop.  5643. 

MULHEIM-AM-RUHR.  (MUlheim-am-Ruhr,)  miilTiIme 
iva  rooR,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  and  15 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  Ihe  Ruhr,  which  here  becomes 
navigable,  and  is  crossed  by  a  ch.iin  bridge.  It  has  3 
churches,  a  synagogue,  and  casino;  manutactures ol  woollen 
and  linen  cloth,  paper,  tobacco,  green  soap,  starch,  and 
gunpowder;  a  large  factory,  at  which  steam-<!ngiiips  are 
made;  an  extensive  cotton  spiuning-uiill  and  shii)-l),iildinf[ 
yards;  and  an  important  trade,  particularly  in  coal,  vhich 
is  worked  in  the  neighborhood.     Pop.  10,181. 

MULHOUSE,  a  town  of  France.     See  MuLilAUSEJf. 

MULK,  raulk  ?  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  62  miler 
S.W.  of  .Angora,  with  some  curious  caverns. 

MULKAPOOR,  mCil-k^-poor'.  a  fortified  town  of  India 
Nizam's  dominions.  84  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ellichp<x)r. 

MULL,  mull,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Hebrides  Islands,  off 
the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  sep.-irftled  from  thi 
mainland  by  the  Sound  of  Mull.  Lat.  of  centre  56°  SC  N., 
Ion.  6°  W.  Length  30  miles,  breadth  25  milr  s.  Pop.,  with 
surrounding  islets,  in  1851,  15,189.  Surfa<  e  ruggeu,  and 
chiefly  moorland.  Mount  Benmore  exceef's  300O  foet  in 
height.    Principal  town,  Tober  Mory. 


MUL 


MUN 


MULL.  Sound  of,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  18  miles 
In  Iciiitth.  axerage  breadth  2  miles,  separfites  this  island 
from  the  district  of  Jlorven,  and  connwts  Lochs  Linnhe  and 
Suimrt. 

MUL'LACKEW^,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth,  8  miles 
B.W.  of  Dundalk.     Pop.  600. 
MUIjLAGII,  mul'lan,  a  parish,  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  Cavan. 
MUL'LA(JIU{RACk\  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulst(!r,  co.  of 
Artnairh.  contaiiiiuf;  a  part  of  the  town  of  Markethill. 

MULU/AlillMilRK'.  Ireland,  a  promontory  of  Connaujrht, 
CO.  and  13  miles  N.  of  Sli-ro,  projecting  N.  into  Donegal  Bay. 
Its  proprietor.  Lord  Palmerston,  has  built  a  harbor  and  a 
Bmall  fishing  village  on  its  E.  side. 

MULLAXGUK,  mulMln-gur',  a  town  of   India,   in    the 
Deccan,  Nizam's  dominions.  88  miles  N.E.  of  Hyderabad. 
BIULLENBACII.  a  town,  Transylvania.   See  Muiilexuach. 
JIUL'LET.  a  peninsula  of  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Mayo,  connected  with  the  mainland  by  a 
nari'ow  isthmus. 

MUL'LETT  laVER,  a  small  stream  of  Sheboygan  co., 
Wisconsin,  flows  into  Sheboygan  Kivcr,  7  miles  from  its 
moutli. 

MULLETT'S  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  enters  Huron  Kiver 
8  miles  from  Ann  Arbor. 
MULLIIEIM,  a  t«wn  of  Baden.    See  MuLnEiM. 
M  (jL'LlCA,a  township  of  Atlantic  co.,New  .Tersey.  P.  1600. 
MULLICA  IIILL,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  township, 
Gloucester  Co.,  New  Jersey,  17  miles  8.  by  W.  of  Camden. 
It  contains  4  churches  and  aliout  90  liouscs. 
MULLTCUS  RIVER.    See  Little  Ego  Harbor. 
MULLlrtAUM,  murie-gdwm'.  or  MALLIAGAUM,  mdlMe- 
gawm',  (Hindoo  Muligrama.  mi-le-gri'md,)a  town  and  strong 
fort  of  British  India,  presidency  and  IfiO  miles  N.E.  of  Bom- 
bay.   Surrendered  to  the  British  in  1818. 

MUL'LIXGAR',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Leiiister,  capital  of  the  county  of 'Westmeath,  on  the  Brosna 
and  the  Roy.'il  Canal,  (by  which  it  is  almost  surrounded, 
and  which  connects  it  with  both  Dublin  and  the  Shannon,) 
60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dublin,  by  the  Midland  Great  Western 
Kailway.  I'op.  of  the  town  in  1851.  4789.  It  has  a  handsome 
parish  church,  and  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral;  a  convent, 
2  large  schools,  county  infirmary,  large  in&ntry  barracks, 
and  market-house. 

JIUl/LKNAIIONE',  a  marketrtown  of  Ireland,  co.  and  26 
miles  K.  of  Tipiierary.     Pop.  1200. 

MUL'LINAVAT',  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  and  20  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Kilkenny.     Pop.  500. 
MUL'IilXS,  a  post-oilice  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama. 
SlUL'lvlOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 
ML'L'I^OY'S.  a  post-office  of  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee. 
MUIiLROSE,  (Miillrose,)  mUirro'zeh,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg.  10  miles  "S.W.  of  Frankfort,  on 
the  Canal  of  Miillrose,  which  unites  the  Oder  and  Spree. 
Pop.  isyo. 
MULREA  MOUNTAINS,  of  Ireland.    See  Muilrea. 
MUL'ROY  BAY,  a  deep,  sinuous  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  N. 
coast  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  between  Sheepbaven  Bay  and  Lough 
Swilly.     Length  about  12  miles,  average  breadth  1  mile. 

MULSEN  SANKT  JACOB,  (Mulseu.)  miil'sen  sjnkt  yJ'- 
tob.  a  village  of  Saxonv.  4  miles  E.  of  Zwickau.     Pop.  3149. 
MULSEN  SANKT  NIKLAS,  mul'sgn  sinkt  nik'Hs,  a  vil- 
lage of  Saxony,  contiguous  to  the  above,  i\  miles  E.  of 
Zwickau.     Pop.  2055. 
SIULTAN,  a  city  of  Punjab.    See  Mooltau. 
51ULTED3,  mool-fclMo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  about  6  miles  from  Genoa.     Pop.  1595. 

MUL'TIKARN'IIAM,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Westmeath. 

MULTO/NA  SPRINGS,  a  vUIage  and  watering-place  of 
Attala  CO.,  Mississippi. 

MULWEEYA  or  MULUIA,  mrx.l-wee/ya,  (anc.  MaVva,) 
written  also  MOLOIA,  the  principal  river  ol"  Morocco,  rises  in 
the  Atlas,  near  32=  30'  N.  lat.,  and  about  4°  20'  W.  Ion.,  and 
flows  N.E.  to  the  Mediterranean,  after  a  course  of  350  miles. 
MUM'BLES    IIKAD,  Wales,  co.   of  Glamorgan,  bounds 
Swansea  Bay  on  the  W.,  and  has  a  lighthouse,  114  feet  in 
heiglit.  in  lat.  51°  34'  3"  N..  Ion.  3°  58'  10"  W. 
MUM'UY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
MUM'FORD,  a  post-office  of  Monri^  co.,  New  York. 
MUMLISWEIL.  (MUmliswcil.)  mUm'lis-*ir,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  12  mil^sN.N.E.  of  Soleure.   P.  1381. 
MLM'MASBUKG.  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania.  on  Little  Marsh  Creek,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Gettysburg. 
ML'NA.'^.SA.  moo-niis'sa,  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  97 
miles  E.  of  Odeypoor:  comprises  upwards  of  1000  dwellings. 
MUN'CASTER,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 
Ml'NCIIBEHG,  (MUuchberg.)  mUnK'bi-RO,  a  walled  town 
Of  Germany.  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia.  on  the  Puls- 
Uitz.  and  with  a  station  on  the  Neumarkt  and  llof  Railway,  19 
Eiies  N  N'.K.  of  Baii-euth.  Pop.  22(30.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  a  hospital,  and  manufactures  of  cottons  and  linens. 
MUNCIIKBURG.  (Muncheburg.)  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Drandenburg,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Frankforton-the- 
Odi'.r,  lietween  2  lakes.     Pop.  1580. 
liUNCUEN,  (MUnchen,)  a  city  of  Germany.    See  Munich. 


MUNCHENBERNSDORF,  (Munchenbernsdorf,)  mUnK'gn 
bJRnsMoRf  a  market-town  of  (jermany,  Saxe-Weimar,"  8 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Gera.     Pop.  1833. 

MUNCriE^BUCHSEE.  (Miinchenbuchsee.)  munK/en- 
bOoK-sd/,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  5  miles  N.'of 
Bern.     E'op.  2216. 

MUNCH  ENGRATZ,  (MUnchengratz,)  mUnK/fn-grSts,  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Buntzlau.  on  the  Iser. 
Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  handsome  palace,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  cotton,  and  linen  stuffs.  The  Enip<;rors  of 
Austria  and  Russia  and  the  King  of  I'russia  met  here  in 
1833. 

MUNCHINGEN,  (MUnchingen.)  mlluK/ing-en,  a  market- 
town  of  Wiirtemberg,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  1428. 
MUNCHWEILER,  mUnK'<viMer,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Ba- 
varia, 18  miles  N.E.  of  Deux-Ponts. 

MUNCHWEILER,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  al.so  called  Vili.ars-le-moink. 

MUN'CIE  or  MUX'CIETOWN,  a  thriving  post-village, 
capital  of  Delaware  co..  Indiana,  on  the  White  River,  and 
on  the  Indianapolis  and  Bellefontaine  Railroad,  54  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  is  plea.santly  situated  in  a  fer- 
tile country,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  a 
few  churches,  a  bank,  and  2  newspaper  ofliccs.  Population 
in  1800, 1782.  Hero  was  formerly  a  town  of  the  Muncie 
Indians. 
MUNCIE,  a  post-office  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin. 
MUNCIE  CENTRE,  a  township  in  Delaware  county, 
Indiana. 

MUNCIE  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  White  River  in 
Delaware  county. 

MUN'CY,  a  post-township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  12  miles  below  Wil- 
liamspnrt. 

MUNCY,  formerly  PENNS'BOROUGH,  a  post-borough  of 
Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  situatetl  in  a  jilcasant  valley 
Cidled  Muncy  Slanor,  1  mile  E.  of  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Suscjuehanna  River  and  Canal,  and  14  miles  E.  of  Wil- 
liam.sport.  Muncy  Creek  affords  a  fine"  water-power,  which 
is  employed  in  mills  of  various  kinds;  and  the  lumber  bu.si- 
ness  is  carried  on  extensively  here.  Muncy  has  communi- 
cation by  railroad  with  Philadelphiii,  and  is  a  place  of  active 
business.  Incorporated  in  1826.  It  contains  5  phuies  of 
worshij),  15  stores,  1  seminary  for  girls,  1  newspaper  office, 
and  2  iron  foundries.     Pop.  1085. 

SIUNCY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  W.  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna  in  Lycoming  co. 

MUNCY  CREEK,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  2457. 
MUNDA.    See  Monda. 

MUNDAC  A,  moon-dd'k.'l.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province 

of  Biscay,  13  miles  N.  of  Bilbao,  with  a  small  port.   P.  1728. 

MUNDATTA,  mun-ddt'td,  a  town  of  India,  province  of 

Malwah,  dominions  and  60  miles  S  E.  of  Indore,  on  an  island 

in  the  Nerbudda.    It  has  a  remarkable  pag<xla. 

MUND.\WUL,  mfinMa-wril',  a  town  of  India,  province  of 
Malwfih.  17  miles  N.W.  of  Maheidpoor. 

MUN'DAY'S  LAN'DING,  a  post-office  of  Woodford  CO., 
Kentucky. 

MUNDEAII,  mrm'de-a,  a  town  of  India,  Cutch.  on  its  S. 
coast,  25  miles  E.  of  Mandavee,  is  a  place  of  some  trade. 

MUNDELSHEIM,  moon'dfIs-hrme\  a  market-town  of  Wiir- 
temberg. 9  miles  S.  of  Heilbronn.  on  the  Neckar.  Pop.  1720. 
MUNDEN,  (MUnden.)    miin'den,   a  town    of   Hanover, 
principality   and  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Giittingen,   at  the 
confluence  of  the  Fulda  and  Werra  Rivers,  here  forming 
the  Wcser.     Pop.  4001.    It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  an 
old  castle,  a  gymnasium,  numerous  churches,  and  manu- 
factures of  tobacco  and  earthenwares.     Miinden  used  to  be 
one  of  the  greatest  linen  marts  in  Germany,  the  annual 
sales  within  it  amounting  to  the  value  of  above  lOO.OOQZ. 
MUN'DEN,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 
MUNDEN.  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Hertford. 
5IUNDENHEIM,  (MUndenheim.)  mUn'den-hime.  a  village 
of  Bavaria,  Palatinate,  district  of  Mutterstadt.     Pop.  1240. 
SIUNDER,  (MUnder.)  mUn'der,  a  town  of  Hanover,  princi- 
pality of  Kalenberg,  on  the  Uamel,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of 
llildesheim.     Pop.  1996. 

MUNDERKINGEN,  mi5Sn'der-kingVn,  an  ancient  walled 
town  of  Wiirtemberg,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Ehingen,  on  the 
Danube.     Pop.  2000. 

MUNDESLEY,  mUndz'lee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

MUNDESSOR,  manM?.s-sor/,  a  walled  town  of  India, 
Gwalior  dominions,  75  miles  N.W.  of  Oojein. 

MU.ND'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
MUND/HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
MUXUIIAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
MUNDI,  mfin'dee,  a  town  of  the   Punjab,  capital  of  a 
rajahship,  in  the  Jullinder  Doab,  (British  territory.)  near 
the  head  of  the  Beas,  120  miles  E.  of  Amritseer,  with  a 
massive  palace,  and  a  pretty  well-stocked  bazaar. 

MUNDLAH.  mund'ia,  a  town  and  fort  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal.  135  miles  N.E.  of  Nagpoor. 
HUNDLEYSIR,  mundUe-seer',  s  town  of  Uimlostan,  pro 

1259 


MUN 


MUN 


vincc  cf  3[al«'aTi,  on  the  Nerbudda,  here  crossed  Dy  a  ferry, 
5  miles  E.  of  Mhcysiir.  It  Is  enclosed  by  a  mud  wall, 
defended  by  a  well-built  stone  fort,  and  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade,  being  the  great  commercial,  as  well  as 
military  thoroughfare  between  Uindostau  Proper  and  the 
Deccan. 

5IUXD0.  moon'do,  a  river  of  Spain,  falls  into  the  Segura 
In  the  district  of  Lietor ;  total  course  about  60  miles. 

MUN'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Essex. 

MUX'DY,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Genesee  co., 
Michigan.     Pop,  12'28. 

MU.VEKPOOK,  a  proTinee  of  India.     See  Cassat. 

MUNERA.  moo-n.Vrd,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province 
and  31  miles  W.X.W.  of  Albacete.     Pop.  2690. 

MUNKVILLE-LE-BIXGARD,  mUnVeel'-leh-bSx^'gaR/,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  arroudi?semeut  of 
Coutances.     Pop.  luOO. 

MUX'FORDSMLLK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hart  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  right  bank  of  Green  Kiver,  100  miles  S.W. 
of  Frankfort.  The  river  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats 
during  part  of  the  year.  Xear  this  vilhige  a  circular  orifice 
extends,  in  the  form  of  a  funnel,  towards  the  centre  of  the 
earth,  to  an  unknown  depth.  Pop.  about  400.  See  Ken- 
mcKr,  '•  Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists." 

MUXG  .\SIIT.  moonVishf(?)  a  strong  fortress  of  Persia,  pro- 
Tinee of  Khoozistan,  on  the  Jerahi,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Shooster, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Mungasht  Mountains,  a  continuation  of 
the  Zagros  chain. 

MUXGKltSDORF,  (MUngersdorf.)  mung'ersKloRf\  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  on  the  railway  from  Aix-la-Chapelle  to 
Cologne.  5  miles  from  Cologne. 
MUXG'EK'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Shannon  co..  Missouri. 
MUXGIIUK,  mQng^grir',  a  walled  town  of  AVest  Ilindostan, 
Odeypoor  dominions,  with  4000  inhabitants,  and  a  large 
annual  fair  for  cattle. 

>IUXHJUI.\.,  moon-ghee'l,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of 
Biscay,  9  miles  X.E.  of  Bilbao.    Pop.  2010. 

MUXOULtjHEREE,  miing-gul-ghJr'ree.  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidencv  of  Madras,  12  miles  X.E.  of  Guntoor. 

MUXXJULHAUT/,  a  considerable  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  IS  miles  N.  of  Rungpoor. 
Lat.  25°  59'  X..  Ion.  Sg''  20'  E. 

MUXGULWAR.\,mung-grd-wd'ri,  a  walled  town  of  India, 
Sattarah  dominions,  50  miles  X.X.W.  of  Bejapoor. 

MUXICII,  mu'nik,  (Ger.  M ilnchen,  milu'Ken;  Sp.  Uo- 
tMchio,  mo-US' che-o;  It.  Munica,  moo-neeOid;  L.  Mmadti- 
um.)  the  capital  city  of  Bavaria,  and  of  the  province  of 
Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  Isar,  here  crossed  by  3  bridges,  225 
miles  W.  of  Vienna,  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Augsburg.  Lat. 
(of  Frauenkirche,  1690  feet  above  the  sea)  48°  8'  20"  N.,  Ion. 
11°  34'  42"  E.  Population  in  1361,  148,201,  including 
23,479  military.  Mean  temperature  of  year  4S°.4,  win- 
ter 32°.5,  summer  6o°.6  Falu-euheit.  It  is  finely  situ- 
ated in  a  pliiin,  and  witliin  the  present  century,  its  ex- 
tent has  been  doubled  by  the  addition  of  new  quarters 
end  suburbs  around  the  walled  city  :  it  has  a  handsome  and 
lively  general  appearance.  In  the  old  city  numerous  streets 
diverge  from  a  central  square,  the  Haupt-'PlaU ;  in  tlie  other 
quarters  are — ilax-Jospphs-Platz.  one  of  the  finest  squares 
in  Europe,  a  fine  broad  line  of  street  extending  from  X.W. 
to  S.E.  On  its  W.  and  X.  sides  are  most  of  its  principal 
structures;  these  comprise  the  new  PinacoUieca  and  Gli/pto- 
Vieca,  or  museums  of  painting  and  ancient  sculpture,  rich  in 
choice  works  of  art.  the  former  containing  300,000  engrav- 
ings. The  new  Royal  Palace :  the  Catliedral,  built  1468,  and 
having  two  towers  3;)3  feet  in  height,  and  a  fine  monument 
of  the  Emperor  Louis  of  Bavaria;  the  churches  of  the 
Theatine.s.  Jesuits,  St.  Louis,  All  Saints.  St.  Kajetan,  Lud- 
wig"s  Kirche.  and  the  Basilica,  all  richly  ornamented  with 
fresco  painting  and  stained  glass;  Protestant  and  Greek 
churches,  a  synagogue,  a  fine  opera-house,  and  new  post- 
office.  In  one  square  is  an  obelisk  100  feet  in  height,  partly 
formed  of  cannon  taken  by  the  Bavarians,  and  in  another 
is  an  e<iuestrian  statue  by  Thorwaldsen  of  the  elector  Jlaxi- 
milian  I.  Adjacent  to  the  palace  is  the  Un/i/artai.  a  space 
suiTounded  by  arcades,  and  near  this  is  a  public  park. 

Among  the  public  estjiblishments  are  the  Leuchtenberg 
G.illery,  formt-d  by  Prince  Eugene  Beauharnois.  an  academy 
of  art.s.  with  a  triennial  exhibition,  salaried  professors  and 
pensioned  students,  a  magnetical  and  meteorological  ob- 
servatory. The  University,  removed  from  Landshut  in  1826. 
had,  in  1847,  76  professors  and  1471  students,  a  library  of 
200,000  volumes  and  400  manuscripts,  and  attached  to  it  2 
colleges,  and  philological  and  theological  .schools,  a  poly- 
technic, and  numerous  other  schools  of  art  and  science.  Tlie 
Koyal  Library,  occupying  a  stately  new  building,  was  said  to 
have,  in  1846,600.000  printed  volumes,  and  18.600  raanu- 
Bcripts.  Here  is  also  the  Brazilian  collection,  made  by  Spix 
and  Von  Martins.  Munich  i*  the  residence  of  ambassadors 
and  ministers  from  all  the  different  courts  of  Europe;  the 
Beat  of  the  high  courts  of  legislature  and  of  law,  and  of  all 
the  more  important  offices  of  the  state.  Except  some  bronze 
and  iron  works,  silk-mills,  and  sugar  refineries.  Munich  has 
tew  mercjintile  factories  of  consequence,  but  its  telescopes  and 
mathemuticid  instruments  are  deservedly  famotis,  and  it  is 
1260 


greatly  resorted  to  by  the  admirers  and  cultivators  of  the 
tine  arts.  Many  newspapers  and  magazines  are  printed 
here.  In  a  meadow  to  the  W.  is  the  colossal  brcnze  statue 
of  Bavaria,  by  Schwanthaler,  84  feet  high.  Xear  it  Is  tbe 
'•Ilall  of  Fame."  Munich  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from 
having  been  founded  (in  962)  on  a  site  belonging  to  .■»  fra- 
ternity of ;«««/.«,  (in  German  MUnchcn  or  Mi'mchen.)  It  was 
walled  by  Otho  IV.  in  1157,  and  taken  by  the  Swedes  tinder 
Gust.ivus  Adoiphus  in  1632. 

MUXIESA,  moo-ne-A'si,  a  town  of  Spain,  Aragon,  50  miles 
from  Teruel.    Pop.  1148. 

MUXILLA,  moo-neel'yi.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  2S 
miles  S.S  E.  of  Logrofio.    Pop.  1817. 

MUXK.VCS,  moon^kStch',  a  market-town  of  East  Iluugary, 
on  the  Latorczii,  80  miles  X.E.  of  Debreczin.  Pop.  3223.  It 
has  a  strong  hill  fortress,  now  used  as  a  state  prison.  Greek, 
Roman  Catholic.  Calvinistic,  and  Lutheran  churches,  and 
manufactures  of  ho.-iery  and  alum.  In  its  vicinity  are 
mines  of  crystal,  called  Hungarian  diamonds.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Imperialists  in  1087,  after  a  sieire  of  3  years. 

MUXICZWALM.  munk'zw,4lm,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Zwalm.  16  miles  S.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1241. 

MUXLOCHY,  mQn-loK'ee,  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Ross,  onan  iuletof  Mor.av  Frith.  13  miles  S.W.  of  Cromarty. 

MUXXERSTADT,  (Miinnerstadt.)  nnin'ncr-stitt\  a  town 
of  Bavaria,  on  the  Lauer,  35  miles  X.X.E.  of  M'Urzburg. 
Pop.  1579. 

MUNXIPOOR.  MUXIPOOR,  MUXXEEPOOR.  mfinVpoor', 
or  MUXIPOORA,  munVpoo'r.i.  a  town  of  India,  capital  of 
Cassay.     Lat.  24°  45'  X.,  Ion.  94°  E. 

MUXXIPiWR,  MUXli'OOR  or  MUXXEEPOOR,  a  state  of 
Farther  India.     See  Cassat. 

MUXXS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Madison  co..  New  York, 
about  lOU  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Albany.     Pop.  in  1855,  287. 

MUXXTOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Penns}"lvania. 

MUXXVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

MCXO.  mii'no,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Luxem- 
bourg, 32  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Arlon.    Pop.  1557. 

MUXSIXGEX.  (MUnsingen.)  mUn'sing-en,  a  town  of  Wiir- 
temberg,  23  miles  W.  of  Ulm.    Pop.  1600." 

MUXSIXGEX,  (Milnj.i'.gen,)  mtin'.sing-fn,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  and  noted  in 
modern  Swiss  history  as  tlie  place  of  a  meeting  whicli 
effected  many  popular  reforms  in  1831. 

MUXS'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

MUXS'LOW,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

MUX'SOX,  a  township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1006. 

MUX'SOXVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Clieshire  co.,  Xew  Hamp- 
shire, aljout  36  miles  W.S.W.  of  Concord. 

MUX'STER,  (L.  Momnfma.)  the  most  S.  and  largest  of  the 
four  provinces  of  Ireland,  having  X'.  Connaught.  X.E.  Lein- 
ster,  and  on  other  sides  St.  George's  Channel  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Area  9476  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1841,  2.396.161 ;  iu 
1851,  1,857.244.  Surface  highly  diversified.  Silurian  rocks, 
old  red  sandstone  and  limestone,  form  the  basis  of  the  district^ 
Coal  is  found  in  Tipperary.  Kerry,  and  Cork.  The  X.  part 
is  watered  by  the  Shannon  River,  and  the  E.  by  the  Suir. 
Several  parallel  mountain  ranges  separate  the  basins  of  the 
Blackwater,  Bandon.  Lee,  and  Laune,  terminating  in  rocky 
peninsulas  on  the  W.  coast,  bounding  Dingle,  Kenmore, 
Bantrj-,  Dunmanus.  and  other  bays.  Lough  Deirgeart  is  on 
the  X.  border,  and  the  Liikes  of  Killarney  are  in  this  part 
of  Ireland.  The  province  is  divided  into  the  counties  of 
Cork.  Clare,  Kerry,  Limerick,  Tipperary,  and  Waterford. 
Before  the  X^rman  conquest,  it  was  separated  into  the  king- 
doms of  North  and  South  Munster. 

MUXSTER,  (Munster.)  miin/ster,  (L.  Mmaste'riiim,)  a 
town  of  Prussia,  capit.il  of  the  province  of  Wcstph.ilia 
and  of  a  government  of  its  own  name,  in  a  wide  plain  on 
the  Aa,  78  miles  X.X.E.  of  Cologne,  with  which,  ami  with 
Hanover,  it  is  connected  by  railway.  It  was  once  fortified, 
and  is  still  entered  by  eight  gates,  though  the  fortifications 
have  been  levelled  and  planted,  and  now  form  agreeable 
promenades.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  Cathedral,  an 
ancient  Gothic  structure:  the  three  other  churches  of  01>er- 
wasser,  St.  Leger,  and  St.  Lambert,  all  in  the  purest  Gothic, 
particularly  the  last,  on  the  tower  of  which  still  hang  the 
iron  cages  in  which  John  of  Leyden  and  the  other  two  Ana- 
baptist leaders  were  suspended  previous  to  their  execution 
in  1 5.35 ;  the  Townhouse,  also  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Gothic, 
and  a  fine  hall,  called  the  Frieden  Saal.  from  the  peace  of 
Westphalia  having  been  signed  in  it  in  1648  ;  the  Exchange, 
Museum,  Theitre.  House  of  Correction,  and  an  old  castle, 
formerly  the  bishop's  palace,  and  now  occupied  as  the  go- 
vernor's residence.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  important 
courts  of  law.  one  of  which  lias  jurisdiction  over  the  whole 
province.  It  is  also  the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
and  pos.«esses  a  Roman  Catholic  high  school,  with  philoso- 
phical and  theological  faculties,  a  gymnasium,  deaf  anc 
dumb  institution,  veterinary  school,  school  of  design,  nor- 
mal seminary,  and  society  for  the  encouragement  o;  domes- 
tic history  and  antiquities.  The  manufactures  consist 
chiefly  of  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  goods,  leatiu-r.  i  tarchi 


MUN 


MUR 


tobacco,  and  refined  sugar.  The  trade,  which  is  considera- 
ble, includes,  besides  the  above  articles  of  manufacture, 
wine,  bacon,  bams.  &c. 

MiiMstur  was  long  governed  by  independent  bishops,  in 
wbom  a  warlike  was  often  much  more  con.spicuous  than  a 
Christian  spirit;  but  t>he  most  memorable  events  in  the 
history  of  the  town  occurred  in  ]5ao-:?6,  when  it  fell  into 
the  h.'liids  of  tlie  fanatics,  John  of  Leyden,  Bernhard  Knip- 
perdollin;;,  and  IJernhard  Krechting,  who,  under  the  pretext 
of  Christiin  freedom,  tau^^bt  the  wildest  doctrines,  and 
practised  the  j;ros.sest  abominations.     Pop.  in  1861,  •i::,3:'>0. 

MU.NSThJR,  a  government  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia, 
bounded  N.  by  Hanover.  Area  2820  square  miles.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Ems  and  the  Lippe.  The  chief  minerals 
are  iron  and  coal.  About  six-.seventbs  of  the  whole  inlia- 
bitaiits  are  lloman  Catholics.     Pop.  in  18+'.»,  421.93.5. 

MUNSTER,  (.MUnster.)  miin'ster,  a  village  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, proviuce  of  Starkenbach,  liear  OITenliach.     Pop.  1886. 

MUNSTKR.  muxo'stalR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaut-Kbin,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Colmar.    Pop.  in  1852,  4046. 

MUN'STEU,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
4  miles  E.  of  Ebensburg.    Pop.  692. 

MU.VSTERBERO,  (.MUnsterberg.)  mUn'ster-bJRo\  a  town 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  35  miles  S.  of  Breslau."  on  the  Ohlau. 
Pop.  4UU0.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  breweries,  manu- 
factures of  plush,  and^otton  stuffs. 

MUNSTERElt'EL,  (.MUnsterelfel.)  raUn'stei^rfel,  a  town 
of  Rhenish  Prussia,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cologne,  on  the  Erft. 
Pop.  1570. 

MUXSTERII.WSEN,  (Miinsterhausen.)  mlln'stgr-hOw^- 
zen,  a  market-town  of  ISavaria,  circle  of  Swabia,  on  the 
Mundel.  22  miles  W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1270. 

MUNSTER- .M .VYFELD,  (MUnster-Jiayfeld.)  mlln'st»r-mT'- 
fJlt,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Coblentz. 
Pop.  1650. 

MUNSTERTHAL,  (Mlinsterthal,)  mUn'ster-tai',  two  val- 
leys of  Switzerland,  one  in  the  canton  of  Orisons,  the  other 
in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern,  where  the  battle  of 
St.  .lacob  was  fought  between  the  Swiss  and  the  French  in 
1 444,  which  terminated  in  the  almost  entire  destruction  of 
the  former  combatants. 

JIU.NTE,  raun'tyh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders.  9  miles  S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  lO'.'S. 

SIUNTOK,  mun-tok',  a  furlifled  seaport-town  of  the  island 
of  lianca.  capital  of  a  Dutch  residency  on  the  S.W.  coast. 

MUNNVPODR,  a  town  of  India.    Sec  .Mu.n.vipoor. 

WU-NZENBERO,  (MUnjienberg,)  nUint/sen-b2Ro\  a  town  of 
Germany,  llesso-Darmstadt,  province  of  Upper  Ilessen,  10 
miles  S  E.  of  Oiessen. 

MUXZKSUEIM,  (MUnze.sheim,)  milnVsi's-hime*,  a  village 
of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Kreich.    I'op.  1145. 

MUNZl  FAY,  moont's:l-fr,  (L.  Mnns  Mt'gi.)  a  town  of  Boh(f- 
mia,  circle  of  Rakonitz,  with  a  town-house  and  hospital. 
Pop.  1346. 

MUNZKIRCHEN,  (MUnzkirohcn.)  mUnts'ke6RK-en,  an 
ancient  village  of  Upper  Austria,  circle  of  Inn,  district  and 
near  A'iechtenstein.    Pop.  900. 

MUONIO,  moo-o'ne-o,  a  river  of  Russian  Lapland,  joins 
the  Tornei  River,  after  a  S.  course  of  150  miles. 

MUONli)NISK.\,  moo-os'kl.  a  village  of  Russia.  Finland. 
212  miles  X.  of  Uledborg  on  the  Muonio,  which  has  here  a 
cascade  100  feet  bigh. 

51U0TTA-THAL,  moo-ofta-tdP,  a  lofty,  secluded  valley  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Schwytz,  traversed  by  the  river,  and 
having  for  its  chief  place  the  village  of  Muotta,  4  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Schwytz.  In  this  valley,  a  sanguinary  struggle  took  place, 
in  1799,  between  the  French,  under  Lecourbe,  Mortier,  and 
Massena,  and  the  Russians,  under  Suwarrow.  The  latter  was 
nearly  hemmed  in  on  all  sides,  but  valiantly  cut  his  way, 
and  made  a  most  masterly  retreat.     Pop.  1555. 

MUK  or  MUIIR,  mooR,  a  river  of  the  -Austrian  Empire, 
lises  in  Salzburg,  traverses  Styria  throughout,  and  joins  the 
Drave  on  the  left,  in  Hungary,  25  miles  E.  of  Warasdin, 
after  a  S.E.  course  of  230  miles. 

MUR.  miiR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote.s-du- 
Nord.  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  I>oudeac.     Pop.  in  1852,  2403. 

MUR,  a  town  of  iTrance,  department  of  Aveyron,  arron- 
di.ssement  of  Espallon.     Pop.  in  1852,  1622. 

MURAD-CIIAI,  a  river  of  Turkey.    See  Moorad-Ch.«. 

MURAFA.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  MiWR.iF.\. 

MURANO,  moo-rJ'no,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  on  an 
Island  1  mile  N.  of  Venice,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  It  has 
manufactures  of  mirrors  and  other  glass  wares,  now  de- 
c.iyed.  In  the  loth  century  it  had  a  population  of  30,000, 
and  its  glass  works  have  been  celebrated  since  the  11th 
century. 

MUliAXUM.  a  town  of  Southern  Italy.    See  Morano. 

MUl!.\NV.\LTi.\,  mooVOnYonoy,  a  village  of  Hungary, 
oo.  of  Ij.irmiir,  40  miles  from  Rosenau.    Pop.  1213. 

MUKASCHKINO.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Moorashkino. 

MUR.VSSO.V,  n'UVds\sA.\<i/.  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  .\veyrou,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Affrique.  P.  2631. 

MUR.VT,  mllVi',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cantal, 
near  the  Alagnon,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Aurillac,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  CauUl.    Pop.  in  1852,  2699. 


MURAT,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn,  30  miles 
E.  of  Castres.     Pop.  iti  1852,  2S83. 

MU'R.Vr,  a  post-office  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio. 

MUR.\U.  moo'rOw.  a  town  of  Styria,  on  the  Mur.  23  miles 
W.  of  .Tmlenburg.  with  extensive  iron  works.     Pop.  1200. 

MURAVERA,  moord-vA'rit.  MURERA.  moo-r;l/rd.  or  MO 
RER  A.  mo-nVrd.  a  village  on  the  island  of  SarJinia,  division 
and  IS  miles  N.K.  of  Cagliari.     I'op.  1980. 

MURAZZANO.  moo-rjt-s3'no,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont, 
division  of  Omi.  11  miles  N.E.  of  .Mondovi.     Pop.  2257. 

MURCA  DE  PAXOIAS,  mooR/sd  d\  pd-no'yds,  a  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Beira-.ilta,  15  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Villa 
Real.  '  Pop.  800. 

MURCHAIvOORorMURCIIACUR,  moorVhJ-koor',  a  large 
village  of  Persia,  35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ispahan. 

MURCH,  raur'she-a.  (Sp.  pron.  mooR'the-d;  Fr.  Murcie, 
miiR'see/ ;  ane.  f'err/ilia,)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  an  ancient 
kingdom  and  modern  province  of  its  own  name,  30  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cartagena.  lat.  .38°  N..  Ion.  1°  10'  W.,  on  the  Segura, 
which  divides  tliie  town  into  two  unequal  portions,  connected 
by  a  handsome  bridge  of  two  arches.  The  city  is  surrounded 
by  a  brick  wall,  erected  during  the  late  civil  wars,  and  is  en- 
tereil  by  three  princip.al  gates.  The  streets  are  generally 
broad,  straight,  and  well  paved ;  and  the  houses  are  mostly 
two  stories  liigh.  Among  the  principal  public  buildings 
may  be  mentioned  the  Cathedral,  a  fine  edifice,  begun  in 
1353.  The  belfry,  finished  in  1766,  rises  in  compartments 
like  a  drawn-out  telescope,  and  is  crowned  with  a  dome.  It 
commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  Imerla  (plain)  of  Murcia, 
studded  with  farms  and  drooping  palm  trees,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  city,  with  its  fiat,  blueish  roofs  and  cane  pigeon-houses. 
The  seat  of  the  bishop,  who  is  suffragan  to  Toledo,  was  trans- 
ferred to  Murcia  from  Cartagena,  from  which  latter  he  still 
t,akcs  his  title.  In  the  plaza  stands  the  capacii>us  Episcopal 
Palace,  built  in  1752,  one  of  the  finest  edifices  of  its  class 
in  .Spain;  and  in  close  proximity  to  it.  the  Collegi'S  of 
St.  Fulgentius  and  St.  Isidore.  The  other  puldic  edifices 
and  instituti<ms  consist  of  the  College  of  St.  Leander.  which 
is  an  academy  of  music  connwtcd  with  the  Cathedral; 
the  Hospital  of  St.  John,  having  in  connexion  with  it  a 
ho.spltal  for  convalescents;  a  House  of  Refuge,  a  Foundling 
Hospital,  the  Town-house,  granary,  town  seminary,  an  in- 
stitute, founded  in  1837,  with  chairs  of  Latin,  (Jreek,  mathe- 
matics, mental  philosophy,  morals,  theology,  natural  his- 
tory, physics,  geography ,  and  history,  which  were  attended, 
in  1847,  by  223  students ;  a  Normal  School,  numerous  private 
elementary  schools,  in  wliich  are  educated  about  1050  boys 
and  600  girls;  a  School  of  Design,  with  four  professors,  and 
about  150  pupils;  eleven  parish  churche.a,  with  .several  nun- 
neries, hermitages,  oratories,  and  numerous  suppressed  con- 
vents; a  bull-ring,  and  a  gootl  botanical  garden.  The  town 
has  manufactures  of  coar.se  cloths  and  biiize.  of  diHerent 
colors,  of  silk  stuffs,  linens,  hats,  gloves,  salt|x>tre.  also  dye 
works,  potteries,  tanneries,  soap  works,  and  31  flour-mills. 
Considerable  commerce  is  carried  on  in  raw,  spun,  and  dyed 
silks,  and  in  .some  of  the  other  manuf^ictures  abijve  men- 
tione<l.  as  well  as  in  gi-ain  and  fruits.  The  first  undoubted 
mention  of  Murcia  occurs  at  the  division  of  Spain  into  pro- 
vinces, by  Yoosuf,  (Yusuf,)  in  747 ;  and  it  soon  after  figures 
.as  one  of  the  principal  Moorish  cities  in  Spain,  under  the 
name  of  Mursiah.  It  was  wrested  from  the  Moors  hy  St. 
Ferlinand,  in  1240.  It  w.as  sacked  by  the  French  during 
the  I'eninsular  War,  and  denuded  of  its  wealth  and  works 
of  art.     Pop.,  inclu'Iing  the  suburbs.  109,446. 

MURCIA,  an  old  kingdom  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Spain, 
bordering  on  the  Mediterranean,  now  divided  into  the 
modern  provinces  of  Murcia  and  .Albacete.  united  area 
11,688  square  miles,  and  pop.  595,531.  Surface  traversed 
by  several  mountains.  Soil  ill-watered  and  infertile,  but 
contains  iron-mines.  Climate  hot :  the  palm  and  carob  grow 
freely.  Chief  cities,  5Iurcia,  Albacete.  Cartagena,  Elche, 
and  Lorca.  After  passing  through  the  hands  of  the  liomans 
and  Goths,  it  was  conquered  by  the  .Moors  in  712,  and  con- 
tinued, with  a  slight  interruption,  to  \>e  suliject  to  the  Ca- 
liphs of  Cordova,  till  12.39.  when  it  was  raised  by  .Mohammed- 
ben-.\lee  (called  by  Castilian  writers  Iludiel)  to  the  dignity 
of  a  kingdom ;  but  in  tlie  following  year  it  was  declared  a 
dependency  of  Castile,  with  which  it  has  over  since  been 
united. — Ailj.  and  inhab.  Murcian,  mur'she-an,  (Sp.  McKp 
ciAXO.  mooR-the-d/no.) 

MUR  DE  B-ARREZ,  mllR  deh  bdn'R.V,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Aveyron,  34  miles  N.N.B.  of  Kodez.  Pop.  in 
1852.  1622. 

MUR'DER  CREEK.  Alabama,  fiows  southward  through 
Conecuh  county  into  Conecuh  River. 

MURDER  ISLAND,  Madagascar.    See  First  Island. 

MUR'DERKILL.ahundredin  Kentco..  Delaware.  P.  7130. 

MUR'D()CKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania.  2-30  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

MURE.  La,  Id  miiR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Isire,  19  miles  S.  of  Grenoble.  Pop.  in  1852.  3*548,  chiefly 
employed  in  manufactures  of  packing-cloth  and  nails. 

MURELTjO,  moo-rjl'lo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,, 
division  of  Coni,  about  7  miles  from  Saluzzo.     Pop.  1662. 

MURERA,  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Muravera. 

1261 


MUR 


MUR 


MTJRET,  tnooV.V,  (L.  Murdlum,)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ilaute-Garouue,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse. 
l>oi>.  ill  1S5J.  4213. 

MUR'KEK'S  DKPOT.  a  postoffice  of  Southampton  co.,  A'ir- 
flnia.  with  a  .«tation  on  the  Seaboard  and  Koanoke  Railroad, 
il  miles  from  I'ort.smouth. 

.MUR'FRKKSBOROUGH.  mftr'frJz-bur-ruh,  a  post-villajre 
In  Hertford  co..  North  Caroliaa,  on  .Meherriu  River.  110 
miles  .\.L\  by  K.  of  Italeigh,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navi«ta- 
tiou.    It  lias  ill!  active  tnuleiucuttou,  tar,  itc.    1- lee  pop.  406. 

MURKREKSBOROUGIl,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pike 
CO.,  Arkansas,  about  125  miles  'VV.S.W.  of  Little  Rock.  It 
fci  situated  in  a  mountainous  region,  which  contains  iron, 
lead,  zinc,  silver,  stone-coal,  Ac 

MURKRKKSBOKOUGll.  a  handsome  post-village,  capital 
of  Rutherford  co..  Tennessee,  on  the  railroad  from  Nash- 
ville to  Charleston,  in  South  Carolina.  30  mile-s  S.K.  of 
Nashville.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  plain,  surrounded 
by  a  healthy  and  fertile  country.  The  Union  University  at 
this  place  is  a  flourishing  institution,  founded  by  the  Bap- 
tists, in  ls41.  There  is  also  a  female  institute,  1  bank,  6 
churches,  and  1  or  2  newsp:iper  offices.  Murfreesboro'  was 
the  capital  of  Tennessee  from  ISIV  to  1827.  Pop.  2861.  A 
great  battle  was  fought  here  Jan.  1-3,  1863,  between  Gen. 
Ko.-^ecraus  and  Gen.  Bragg,  who  was  compelled  to  retreat. 

MURG,  mooRQ,  a  river  of  South  Germany,  Wiiriemlierg 
and  Baden,  to  a  circle  of  which  latter  it  formerly  gave  name, 
rises  in  the  Black  Forest,  and  after  a  N.  course  of  40  miles 
joins  the  Rhine  4  miles  X.  of  Rastadt. 

MURG,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurgau,  joins 
the  Thar,  I5  miles  N.  of  Frauenfeld. 

MURG.  a  village  of  Baden,  33  miles  S.  of  Freiburg,  on 
the  Rhine.     Pop.  1000. 

MURG  IS.    See  Almeri.1. 

MURI,  moo'ree,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  2 
miles  S.E.  of  Bern.  Here  Charles  X.  resided  during  a  part 
of  the  French  revolutionary  period. 

MURI,  a  village  of  .Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  18 
miles  S.k.  of  Aargau,  with  a  rich  Benedictine  Abbey,  and 
gome  silk  miinufactures.     Pop.  1900. 

MURIAHf;,  moo-re-d-hA'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
Serra  do  I'ico,  province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  joins  the  Pa- 
rahiba  on  the  left. 

MURIALDI.  moo-re-il!'do.  a  town  of  North  Italy,  division 
of  Genoa,  4i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Millesimo.    Pop.  2500. 

MURIhLO  DiiGAIXEGO,  moo-reel'yo d.\  gdl-y.Vgo.  a  town 
of  Spain.  Aragon.  44  miles  X.  of  Saragossa,on  the  Gallego. 
here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge  of  three  arches.  It  is  one  of 
theoldcwt  towns  in  Aragou.     Pop.  648. 

MURILLO  DE  RIO  DE  LEZA,  moo-reel'yo  d.i  ree'o  di  W- 
thd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Ca.stile,  7  miles  S.E.  of  LogroBo,  on 
tJie  I^eza.    Pop.  1163, 

.MURILLO  EL  FRUTO.  moo-reel'yo  M  froo'to,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Navarre,  on  a  height  above  the  Aragon, 
21  miles  S.E.  of  I'amploua.     Pop.  654. 

MURISENGO,  moo-re-ssn'go,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  14  miles  from  Casalc,  on  the  East  Stura.  Pop. 
2000. 

MURITIB.A.,  moo-re-tee'ba,  or  PASSE.  prls-sV,  a  village 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Baliia,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Cachoeira,  with 
2  handsome  churches,  and  a  primary  school. 

MURITZ,  (Muritz.)  mU'rits,  LAKE.  {Ger.  Miiritzee.  mu'- 
rils-s;i'.)  a  lake  of  North  Germany,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
imuieiliately  S.  of  Waren.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  19  miles. 
It  communicates  on  the  N.  with  Lake  F'lesen. 

MURLO  DI  VESCOVADO,  mooBlo  dee  v^s-ko-vi'do,  a  vil- 
lage of  Tuscany,  13  miles  from  Sienna,  with  a  castle.  Pop. 
2349. 

MURNAU.  moor.'ndw.  a  market-town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
38  miles  S.S.W.  of  Munich.     Pop.  1500. 

MURO,  moo'ro.  a  town  of  Naple.s.  province  of  Basilicata, 
19  miles  N.W.  of  Potenia.     Pop.  2000. 

MURO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  and  8  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Otranto.     I'op.  1600. 

MURO,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Alicante.     Pop.  2786. 

MURO.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Majorca.  25  miles  N.E.  of 
Pal  ma.     Pop.  2300. 

MUROM,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  MooROM. 

MUROS.  moo'roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Corunna, 
30  miles  W.S.^V.  of  Santiago.     Pop.  3912. 

MUROS.  a  Uiwn  of  Sjjain,  Asturias,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ovieilo,  on  the  Nalon.  near  its  mouth.    Pop.  1076. 

MURI'IIREE'S  (mur'freez)  VAL/LEY,  a  post-offlce  of 
31ount  CO..  Alabama. 

MURl'IIY.  mTu-'fee.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cherokee  co.. 
North  Carolina,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hiawassee  and  A'alley 
Kivers,  and  on  the  West<;rn  Turnpike.  373  miles  W.  by.  S. 
of  Raleigh.  It  contiuns  a  court-house,  1  newspaper  office, 
and  several  stores. 

MUR'PIIYSBOROUQII.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  Big  Muddy  River,  about  15  miles  E.  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  178  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

MURM'llY'S  CAMP,  a  post-town  of  Calaveras  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, in  the  western  part  of  the  county,  abcut  13  miles 
N.  of  the  Stanislaus  Kiver.  It  was  built  up,  and  is  now 
1262 


principally  sustained  by  miners,  who  are  numerous  in  th€ 
vicinity. 

MURPIIYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Mason  co.^  Kentucky, 
9  miles  S.  of  Maysville. 

MURRAY,  a  county  of  Scotland.    See  Moray. 

MUR'RAY  is  the  principal  river  hitherto  discovered  in 
Australia,  and  formed  by  the  junction  of  numerous  streams 
W.  of  the  Australian  Alps,  whence  it  proceeds  very  tortu- 
ously westwai-d  through  9  degrees  of  longitude;  and  after 
passing  through  Lake  Victoria,  it  enters  the  ocean  (Encoun- 
ter Bay)  in  Int.  35°  20'  S.,  Ion.  139=  E.  Affluents,  the  Bay- 
ungun.  Murrumbidgee.  with  the  Lachlan.  and  probably  the 
Darling.  It  is  navigable  in  a  great  part  of  its  e.xtent,  and 
in  its  lower  part  is  a  noble  river,  but  its  mouth  is  too  shal- 
low to  be  enteretl  by  large  ships.  The  counties  of  New  South 
Wales  and  West  Australia  have  this  name. 

MUR'RAY.  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Georgi.i.  boi^ 
deriiig  on  Tennes.see,  has  an  area  of  6C>0  square  miles.  The 
Coo,sawattee  River  forms  part  of  the  southern  boundary,  the 
Connasnuga  traverses  the  county  from  N.  to  S.,  and  unites 
with  the  other  on  the  border,  to  form  the  Oostenaula ;  it  ig 
also  drained  liy  lloUy,  Sumach.  Rocky,  and  Mill  v^reeks. 
The  surface  is  elevated.  The  Cohuttah  and  Chattoogata 
Mountains  are  remarkable  for  their  grand  and  picturescjue 
scenery.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Gold,  silver,  lead, 
zinc,  and  hydraulic  limestone  are  fuund  in  the  county.  Since 
the  Western  and  Atlantic  Uaiii-oad  was  opened,  the  popular 
tion  has  iucrejused  rapidly.  Organized  in  1832,  and  niimed 
in  honor  of  Thomas  W.  Murray,  a  ffirmer  member  of  the 
Georgia  legislature,  and  Speaker  of  the  House.  Capitivl, 
Spring  Place.  Pop.  70S3,  of  whum  5641  were  free,  and  1442 
slaves. 

MURRAY,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co..  New  York,  In- 
tersected by  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Rochester  Lockport 
and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad.  5  miles  E.  of  Albion.    Pop.  2612. 

MURR.\Y,  a  post-offlce  of  Panola  co..  Texas. 

MURRAY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Callaway  co..  Ken- 
tucky, is  situated  near  Clark's  Kiver,  250  miles  AV.S.W.  of 
Frankfort.     Pop.  about  300. 

MURRAY,  a  post-village  of  Wills  co..  Indiana. 

MURRAY  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  Torres  Str.ait.  lat.  9°  5& 
S.,  Ion.  144°  6'  E. 

MURRAY'S  FERRY,  a  postoffice  of  Williamsburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

MURR  A  YSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.    See  Morat. 

MURRAY  SOUND  axd  HARBOR  are  among  the  Amherst 
Islands,  off  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Corca. 

MUR'RAYSVILLE,  A  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  21  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

MURRAYSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  co.,  Virginia. 

MURR.WSVILLE.  a  village  in  Hall  co.,  Georgia.  100  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

MURR.\V.>^VILI,i;.  a  po.et-office  of  Clark  co.,  Mi8sis.sippi. 

MUR'KELLS  SHOP,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia. 

MURRHAltDT,  mooR'haRt.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg.  circle 
of  Neckar.  on  the  Murr.  an  affluent  of  the  Neckar,  24  miles 
N.E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  2400.  It  was  almost  wholly  de- 
stroyed by  tire  in  1765. 

M'UR'RINSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Peun.syl- 
vania.  about  21  miles  N.  of  Butler. 

MUR'ROES  or  MUIRIIOUSE,mur'house,  a  parish  cf  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Forfar. 

MUR'RUM  BID'GEE  or  5I0'RUMBID'GEE.  a  river  of  South 
East  Australia,  ri.ses  under  the  meridian  of  149°  E.,  at  a 
distance  of  about  80  miles  from  the  si-a.  It  flows  in  a  S.W. 
direction,  and  is  joined  by  the  Lachlan,  at  lat.  34°  25'  S., 
latterly  taking  a  S.AV.  course,  and  falling  into  the  Murray 
at  lilt. "34°  45'  S.  Its  whole  course  is  upwards  of  400  miles; 
and  it  is  naTij»We  up  nearly  to  it^  sources. 

MURRUMHID(iEK  or  MOKUMBIIKiEE.  a  district  of 
New  .South  Wales,  between  Ion.  141°  and  147°  10'  K..  hav- 
ing the  river  Murraj-  on  the  N..  and  the  Murrumbidgee  on 
the  S.,  and  containing  12,000.000  acres. 

MURS.  uiiiR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Maine- 
etrLoire.  5  miles  S.  of  Angers,  on  the  Lubancy.    Pop.  171KI. 

MURSAor  MURSIA.    See  Eszkk. 

MUR.S'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.-of  Bucks. 

JIURSTONJ  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

MURSUK,  a  town  of  North  Africa.    See  MooRZOoK. 

MURTAS,  mooR'tJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  48 
miles  S.E.  of  Granada.    Pop.  2StO. 

MURTEN,  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  Morat. 

MUitTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumbe^ 
land. 

MURU,  mooVoo',  a  small  town  of  Japan,  on  the  isl.ind  of 
Niphon.  situated  on  the  Strait  of  >Iatson  sinii-nada.  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Sikokf  Its  harbor  is  mui^h  frequented  by 
oo.asting  vessels,  being  very  secure  and  well  sheltered  by  S 
lofty  mountain. 

MURUSURA  or  MURUQUR.A^.  moo-roo-soo/rj,  a  river  Df 
East  Africa,  of  which  little  is  known. 

MURUTSI,  moo-ront'see,  or  MORUTST,  mo-root'sfe,  an 
African  trilte.  N.W.  of  Delagoa  Bay,  near  lat.  25°  S.,  and  Ion. 
28°  E.  They  have  made  considerable  progress  in  civiliza- 
tion.   They  manufacture  Iron  and  copper,  converting  tho 


li__ 


MUR 


MUS 


former  into  excellent  cutlery,  and  even  castings;  and  the 
latter  inti)  line  wire,  out  of  whicli  they  make  beautiful 
clastic  chains.  They  are  also  ingenious  workers  in  wood. 
cultiT.ate  tobacco  ami  sugar-cane,  in  addition  to  tlie  ordinary 
crops  of  beiu).'*,  corn,  millet,  <fec.,  and  have  immense  droves 
of  cattle.     Their  capital  is  Ivurreechane. 

MUilUT.  motvrut'(:o  a  walled  town  of  North-West  Ilindos- 
tan.  principahty  and  S.W.  of  Bhawlpoor.  It  is  a  place  of 
Importance,  being  both  a  military  station,  and  the  emporium 
of  a  lar.'e  trade  in  jjrain. 

MUR/\  ALL.  a  postnjfRce  of  Rusk  co.,  Texa.«. 

MURVIKORl),  mooR-ve-4Mro,  (auc.  Sagun'lum,)  a  fortified 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  14  miles  X.X.K.  of  Valencia,  on 
the  Canales,  o  mile.-!  from  the  .Mediterranean.  I'op.  7470. 
It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  along  which  run  long 
lines  of  wa'.ls  and  towers;  and  is  noted  for  its  Koman  anti- 
quities, comprising  the  remains  of  a  theatre  and  a  circu.s. 
Here  are  also  a  strong  .Moori.'sh  ca.stle,  a  convent  on  the  site 
of  a  temple  of  Diana,  and  some  Moorish  cisterns,  &c.  Sa- 
guntum  was  founded,  u.  c.  13S4,  bj-  the  (ireelis  of  Ziicy  nthus, 
(Zante.)  It  was  then  a  seaport,  but  the  land  has  since 
gained  upon  the  sea,  which  is  now  above  3  miles  distant. 
iiein;;  th<!  first  frontier  town,  and  allied  to  Home,  and  being 
also  extremely  rich,  it  Wiis  attacked  and  destroyed  by  Han- 
nibal, B.  c.  219.  It  was  reliuilt  by  the  Romans,  and  became 
a  municipium.  Of  its  firmer  grandeur,  but  few  and  slight 
traces  remain,  as  it  has  been  ever  since  used  as  a  quarry  by 
Goth.  Moor,  and  .Spaniard. 

MURVIKL.  miiRVe-L'l'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault.  S  miles  N.W.  of  Hezieres.     Pop.  in  1852.  1601. 

MURZUIv.  a  town  of  North  Africa.     See  Moorzook. 

MURXZCSCIILAG,  mJoRt's"-<">sh-Uo\  a  village  of  Styria, 
on  the  Murz,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Briick,  with  a  station  on  the 
railway  between  Vienna  and  Cilly.  It  contains  a  Francisian 
convent.     I'op.  900. 

MU;>.\.XD.\.M,  a  headland  of  Arabia.    See  Mussendom. 

MUSU.\.CII,  moosblK,  or  MUSCHB.A.CI1.  moosh'blK,  a 
market-town  of  Rhenish  Uavaria,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Spires. 

MUS'liURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

MUSBURY,  a  township  of  hlngland,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

MUSCAT,  MASKAT,  or  MASC-Vf,  miis-kaf,  (Arab.  pron. 
mj.s-kdy;  Fr.  Mascate,  mJs'kdt';  anc.  Mi>s'clta,)lbe  chief  city 
of  Oman,  capital  of  the  States  of  the  Imam  or  Sultan  of 
Muscat,  and  a  seaport  of  great  commercial  importance,  on 
the  Indian  Ocean,  near  the  E.  angle  of  .\rabia.  Lat.  23°  34' 
N.,  Ion.  68''  51)'  E.  The  Cove  of  .Muscat,  as  the  harbor  is 
called,  is  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
long,  with  half  that  width,  opening  N.W.,  and  conse<iuently 
completely  sheltered  from  the  prevailing  Windsor  monsoons. 
Immediately  W.  of  this  inlet  is  a  more  capacious  Imy  facing 
N.E..  and  therefore  exposed  to  the  winter  monsoon,  but 
capable  of  alfordiiig  shelter  to  shipping  under  those  circum- 
stances of  weather  whirh  render  it  difUcult  to  enter  the 
cove  of  Muscat.  The  city  of  Mu.scat  stands  at  the  S.  side 
of  the  cove,  in  a  hollow,  under  cliffs  400  or  500  feet  high, 
and  debarred  even  from  the  view  of  the  sea  by  the  sur- 
rounding high  rocks.  1  ts  appear,ance  by  no  means  corres- 
ponds with  its  wealth  and  importance.  A  few  good  houses, 
in  the  I'ersian  style,  occupy  the  narrow  space  at  the  water 
side;  but  large  and  stately  buildings  are  few,  and  the  Sul- 
tan's palace,  (a  plain  edifice.)  the  governor's  house,  and  a 
few  minarets  alone  rise  above  the  humble  mass  of  tlat^ 
roofed  huts  or  houses.  The  streets  are  extremely  narrow, 
so  that  a  few  palm-leaves  laiil  across  between  the  hou.ses 
al)Ove  completely  .screen  them  from  the  sun.  Mu.scat  Ls  one 
of  the  hottest  placi'S  in  the  world.  The  thermometer,  in 
the  shade,  rarely  descends  below  90°.  To  Europeans  the 
climate  is  insupportiible.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  the  ex- 
cellence of  the  port,  and  its  convenient  position  near  the 
entrance  of  the  rer.sian  Gulf,  will  always  make  it  iuiport- 
ant  as  a  stition  for  shipping.  It  is  also  naturally  strong, 
and.  in  European  hands,  could  be  made  impregnable.  Of 
water  a  autficient  supply  is  obtained  from  wells  about  40 
feet  deep.  At  the  bottom  of  the  bay,  on  the  W.,  is  the 
town  of  Muttra.  distant,  by  land,  aljout  three  miles  from 
Muscat,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  as  a  suburb,  and 
little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  it  in  population.  Here  are  the 
docks  for  building  and  repairing  shipping.  Muscat  is  the 
grand  emporium  of  l'>ast  .\rabia.  and  the  key  to  the  entrance 
of  the  i'ersian  Gulf  Imports  have  been  estimated  at  about 
$4,000,000  in  value  annually,  and  consist  chiefly  of  almonds. 
aloes,  a.ssaf  etida.  gum  ammoniac,  sulphur,  nitre,  gum  copal, 
frankincense,  coffee,  pearl.«,  ivory,  horns,  hides,  wax  from 
Persia  and  Africa,  most  of  which  are  re-exported  to  India 
and  the  East;  the  returns  thence  being  made  in  British  and 
Indian  cotton  goods,  shawls,  and  China  manufactures. 
Large  quantities  of  date.s,  as  also  wheat,  horses,  salt,  and 
dried  fish,  are  among  the  principal  exports.  The  port  is 
usually  touched  at  by  ve.«sels  going  up  the  Persian  Gulf 
The  combined  population  of  Muscat.  Muttra.  and  interven- 
ing villiiges,  has  been  variously  estimated  from  25,000  to 
60,000. 

In  the  latter  half  of  the  last  century,  Muscat  had  already 
attained,  under  a  ruler  who  bore  the  religious  title  of  Imam, 
the  eminence  to  which,  as  a  seaport,  it  is  entitled,  for  its 


security  and  convenient  situation.  In  ISOS.  Seld  Saeed.  the 
present  ruler,  succeeded  to  the  sovereignty,  having  removed 
his  cousin  Bedr,  who  had  a  prior  title,  by  assassination. 
His  dominion  is  somewhat  .singular  in  its  nature,  and  almost 
wholly  maritime.  It  commences  on  the  E.  coast  of  .4.frica, 
at  the  river  Mozimbue,  about  60  miles  S.  of  Cape  Delgado, 
and  continues  N.  as  far  as  the  e<iuutor.  This,  however, 
does  not  imply  any  territorial  possession  beyond  what  is 
ueci'ssary  to  secure  the  trade  of  the  coast.  A  large  portion 
<if  the  coast  of  the  Persian  Gulf  likewi.se  acknowledges  his 
sway;  so  th.it  Oman  and  the  African  islands.  Zanzibar, 
Monfia,  and  I'emba  included,  the  coiists  ruled  by  him, 
(though  for  the  most  part  only  commercially,)  cannot  have 
an  extent  of  less  than  3000  miles.     (See  next  article.) 

MUSCAT  or  MUSKAT,  IMAMAT  OF,  the  name  by  which 
is  commonly  known  an  extensive  and  powerful  state  of 
Arabia,  comprising  the  E.  portion  of  that  peninsula,  its  au- 
thority also  extending  over  its  S.E.  coast  nearly  as  far  as 
Aden,  and  over  parts  of  the  coast  of  Persia  on  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  that  of  East  .\frira  from  the  equator  S.  to  Cape 
Delg.ido.  Area  and  population  not  ascertained.  Besides 
.Muscat,  the  capital,  this  dominion  comprises  the  towns  of 
Ilostjik  and  Muttra  in  Arabia,  and  .luba,  .Meliiida,  Mombas, 
.M.agadoxo,  Bravnh,  Quiloa,  and  Lindy  in  Africa,  with  the 
islands  of  Zanziliar,  Socotra,  &c.  It  has  an  active  trade 
with  all  the  adjacent  countries,  and  wi(h  Briti.sh  India.  The 
lm6m,  (or  Iniaum.)  or.  more  properly  speaking,  the  Sultan, 
has  a  patriarchal  and  despotic  sway.  In  order  to  enforce  his 
authority  over  this  widely-spread  empire,  he  has  provided  a 
naval  force  unexampled  in  the  East.  He  pds.sesses  an  84 
gun  ship,  two  74's.  several  frigates,  and,  alti  gether,  50  or  60 
square-rigged  vessels  carrying  guns,  and  most  of  them  built 
at  liombtiy,  after  European  models. 

Although  his  government  is  commonly  known  as  the 
Imamat  of  Muscat,  it  should  be  oliseived  that  Sultan  Seid 
Saeed  has  never  assumed  the  religious  title  of  Im&m.  which 
is  often  erroneously  bestowed  on  him.  nor  does  he  style  him 
self  Sultan  of  Muscat.  Indeed  the  island  of  Zanzibar  has 
now  become  the  seat  of  his  central  government,  his  chief 
source  of  revenue,  and  principal  residence. 

MUSCAT' ATUC  or  MUSliAKMTUCK.  a  river  of  Indiana, 
rises  in  Ripley  co.,  and  flowing  south-westerly,  enters  the 
Driftwood  Fork  of  AVhite  River,  near  the  S.  boundary  of 
Jiickson  CO.  The  Indian  name  is  Mesh-ca-que-tuck,  i.  e. 
"  Pond  River." 

MUSCATINE,  mils'k.ateen/,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of 
Iowa,  bordering  on  Illinois,  has  an  area  of  450  square  miles. 
The  Mi.ssissippi  River,  whiih  makes  a  great  bend  opposite 
the  county,  forms  its  south-eastern  boundary  for  a  distance 
of  about  40  miles,  and  it  is  intersected  V)y  Red  Cedar  Kiver. 
Thi?  surface  is  generally  rolling,  and  diversified  with  groves 
of  trees  and  extensive  prairies ;  the  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile. 
Extensive  bcils  of  stone-co.al  and  quarries  of  freestone  and 
limestone  are  found.  This  county  is  traversed  by  ihe  Mis- 
sissippi and  Jlissouri  Iliver  Railroad.  Capital,  Muscatine. 
Poi>.  16.444. 

MUSC.\TINE,  formerly  BLOOM^NGTON,  a  flourishing 
city  and  river-port  of  Iowa,  capital  of  Muscatine  co.,  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  300  miles  above 
St.  Louis,  and  26  miles  below  Davenport.  Commencing  at 
the  head  of  the  upper  rapids  of  the  Mississippi,  the  river 
may  be  traceil  in  a  direction  almost  due  west  for  more  than 
40  miles,  until  it  strikes  a  series  of  bi  Id  rocky  bluffs,  by 
which  its  course  is  suddenly  turned  towards  the  S.  At  the 
apex  of  this  bend,  on  the  summit  of  these  bluffs,  is  situated 
the  city  of  Muscatine.  The  place  was  first  settled  by  the 
whites  in  1836.  previous  to  which  time  it  had  been  an  Indian 
trading  post,  known  by  the  name  of  Manatheka.  It  is  now 
one  of  the  most  populous  and  commercial  towns  of  the  state, 
and  is  the  shipping  point  for  an  extensive  and  fertile 
territory.  In  consequence  of  the  bend  in  the  river,  Musca- 
tine is  nearer  the  centre  of  the  state  than  the  other  ports 
on  the  Mississippi,  and  it  naturally  commands  the  tr.ide  of 
two  great  fluvial  divisions  of  Iowa,  namely,  the  valleys  of 
the  Red  Cedar  and  Iowa  Rivers.  There  are  two  steam  saw- 
mills in  the  city,  that  turn  out  about  4.000,000  feet  of 
lumber  annually.  The  logs  are  obtained  chiefly  from 
Wisconsin,  above  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  About  10,000,000 
feet  of  lumber  are  sold  hcie  yearly,  besides  large  quantities 
of  laths,shingles,and  wooden  ware.  The  pork  and  grain  trade 
of  Muscatine  is  also  very  considerable.  About  70,0i.i0  hogs 
were  slaughtered  and  packed  at  this  point  last  season  (IStiJ). 
Tlie  cky  lias  superior  railroad  advantages,  having  two  lines 
completed  to  the  interior  of* the  State — one  via  Iowa  City 
to  Grinnell,  and  the  other  to  Washington.  A  railroad 
directly  North,  up  the  Cedar  Valley,  has  been  commenced, 
and  another  to  Galesburg.  Illinois,  is  projected.  Muscatine 
has  a  good  landing  for  steamboats  navigating  the  Missis- 
sippi. 'The  town  contains  about  13  churches  of  9  or  10  de- 
nominations, 2  or  3  banks,  several  academies,  about  CO 
stoi-es,  and  numerous  factories  and  mills;  2  newsiiapers 
are  published  here,  one  of  which  is  a  daily.  ln<'orporated 
a  city  in  1853.  Population  in  18C0,  532^1,  in  lS6,=i,  about 
7600. 

MUSCLE  Craiis'sgl)  SHOALS,  a  term  applied  to  an  exten- 

1263 


MUS 


MUS 


dve  eerips  of  rapids  In  the  Tennessee  River,  between  Laucler- 
dale  aiKl  Lawrence  counties.  Alabama.  Tiie  river  has  a 
dcscrtut  of  al)Out  lIXl  feet  in  the  cour.«e  of  20  miles,  and  no 
boat«  can  pnss  over  the  shoals  except  in  the  hiirhest  stages 
of  water.  The  channel,  at  this  place,  varies  from  1  to  2 
miles  in  width,  but  at  the  lower  termination  of  the  shoals 
it  is  contracted  to  half  a  mile.  The  bluffs  on  each  side  are 
composi-d  of  an  upper  stratum  of  flint,  and  a  lower  stratum 
of  fine  limestone.  About  the  year  1840,  a  canal.  12  miles 
long,  was  constructed  around  the  shoals  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  river;  but,  unfortunately,  the  locks  were  made  too 
short  to  admit  even  the  smallest  steamboats  that  navigate 
the  river.  It  was  soon  abandoned,  and  the  channel  hsis 
been  fiUiuK  up  for  the  hist  10  years.  Thousands  of  wild 
geese  and  ducks  re.=ort  to  this  locality  to  feed  on  th«  species 
of  shell-t).sh.  from  wliich  the  name  of  Muscle  Shoals  is  deriveil.  I 

MCSCO'D.4^,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grant  co.. 
Wisconsin,  on  the  left  bank  of  Wisconsin  Kiver,  and  on  the 
Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien  Railroad,  oO  miles  N.X.K; 
of  Lancaster,  and  6i  miles  W.  of  Madison.  The  village  has 
3  stores.     Total  pof.ulation  668. 

MUSCOGEE,  mus-ko'ghee,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of 
Georgia,  contains  about  400  square  miles.  The  Chatta- 
hoocliee  Kiver  forms  its  W.  boundary,  and  separates  it  from 
Alabama,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Upatoi,  Randall's,  and 
Nocheefalooohee  Creeks.  The  soil  varies  from  the  richest 
mould  to  the  poorest  sand.  The  county  contains  granite, 
hornblende,  iron,  agate,  jasper,  chalcedony,  and  other 
miner.ils.  This  county  is  the  most  populous  in  the  state 
except  Chatham.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Muscogee  Rail- 
road, which  terminates  at  Columbus,  the  county  seat. 
Organized  in  1826,  and  named  from  a  tribe  of  the  Creek 
Indians.  Population,  16.584,  of  whom  913i)  were  free,  and 
7445  slaves. 

JICSCOXET'CONQ,  a  river  in  the  N.W.  part  of  New 
Jersey,  issues  from  Hopatcong  Pond,  between  Morris 
and  Sussex  counties,  flows  south-westward,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Warren  county  on  the  right,  and  Morris 
and  Hunterdon  on  the  left,  and  empties  itself  into  the 
Delaware  about  10  miles  below  Easton.  The  length  is  near 
50  miles.  It  drains  a  narrow  valley,  bouuded  by  parallel 
ridges,  and  affords  extensive  water-power. 

JIUS'COVY,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  Russia,  derived 
apparently  from  Moscow,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  empire. 
See  RcssiA. 

MUSEilOS,  moo-si'roce,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and  6 
miles  v.  of  Valencia,  about  1  mile  from  the  sea.     Pop.  1000. 

.Ml'S'GK.WE,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  West- 
moreland. 2  miles  W..S.W.  of  Brongh.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  Musgrave  family,  who  came  into  England  with 
William  the  Conqueror. 

MUSH,  a  town  of  Asi.itic  Turkey.    See  Moosh. 

MUSHAKH,  mush'dk'.  a  group  of  islands  in  Africa,  off  the 
E.  coast  of  Abyssinia :  lat.  11<=  43'  X.,  Ion.  i3P  19'  E. 

MUSHAX'XON  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in  the 
central  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  the  ^Vest  Branch  of  the 
Susfjuehanna  Kiver. 

ML'^il  CUEEK,  a  postofflce  of  Greenville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ML'SIIKD,  a  city  of  Xorth-East  Persia.    See  Meshed. 

MUSHKD-I-SIR,  mrih-shed'ee-seer,  a  maritime  town  of 
Persia,  province  of  Mazanderan,  10  miles  X  of  Balfroosh. 
consisting  of  aliout  200  houses  scattered  around  the  Babel 
River  at  its  mouth  in  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lat.  36°  45'  X.,  Ion. 
52^  50'  E. 

MUSIl'KEE  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin.   See  Mautaisk  River. 

MUSHU'LAVILLE,  post-village,  Xoxnl.ee  ro..  Mi-^sissippi. 

MUS.JID.  mus'jid\  or  MESJID  ALI,  written  also  MUS- 
JEED.  i  anc.  Akxanhiria  f)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic 
of  Bagdad,  28  miles  S.  of  the  ruins  of  Babylon.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls  flanked  with  towers  .ind  a  ditch,  end  is  mostly  built 
Of  brick.  Principal  edifice,  the  tomb  of  AH.  which  continu- 
ally attracts  hither  numerous  pilarrims  of  the  Sheeah  (Sbiah) 
sect.  Under  the  name  of  Hira.  this  town  was  the  capital  of 
Arab  and  Christian  dynasties,  until  taken  by  the  Saracens 
in  032. 

MU.S.7ID  HOSSEiy,  mus'jid^  hos's^ine.  or  KEKBELA. 
ker-bi'll  (anc.  Vologefsia.)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  28  miles 
N.W.  of  Babylon,  in  a  well-cultivated  tract,  and  containing 
the  mosque  and  tomb  of  Hossein,  son  of  Ali,  greatly  vene- 
rated bv  the  Sheeahs. 

MUSiCAKITUCK.    See  Mcscatatpc. 

MUSK.\U.  mOC.s'kow,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  67  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Liegnitz,  capital  of  a  principalitv  on  the  Xeisse. 
Pop.  2037.  It  has  a  palace  of  Prince  Pukl'er  Muskau,  also 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  and  mineral  springs. 

MUSKEli/GO,  a  township  of  Watikesha  co.,  AVisconsin. 
Pop.  1384. 

MUSKEEGO  CEXTRE,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Muskeego  Lake,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  plank-road. 

MUSKEEGOO,  a  post-office  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MUSKh'GOX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Muskegon   CO., 
Michigan,  on  a  river  ol  the  same  name,  5  miles  from  Lake 
Michigan.    It  has  5  chtirches,  1  bank,  Ac.    See  Appendix. 
1264 


MUSKER/RT,  -»  mountainous  district  of  Ireland,  In  the 
centre  of  the  county  of  Cork.  Area  alwut  311.000  acres. 
Pop.  90.511.  It  is  divided  into  the  bai-onies  of  East  and 
West  Muskerry. 

JU'SK'KT.  a  post-office  of  Navarro  co..  Texas. 

MUSK'HAM,  .North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

MUSKHAM,  South,  a  parish  of  En.dand.  co.  of  Notts. 

MUSKIL/LO,  NAMOO,  XAMOU.  nd'moo'.  or  ODIA.  o'de-a, 
an  island  group  in  the  North  Pacific,  belonging  to  the  Mul- 
grave  -Archipelago,  about  lat.  8^  N.,  and  Ion!  16.S°  E. 

MUSKINGUM,  miis-king'gCim,  a  river  of  Ohio,  and  one 
of  the  largest  atfluents  which  the  Ohio  Kiver  i-eceives  from 
that  state.  Its  main  branches,  the  Tuscarawas  and  Wal- 
honding  Rivers,  rise  in  the  X.  part  of  the  stat'?  and  unit© 
at  Coshocton.  From  that  point  the  course  of  the  river  is 
nearly  S.E.,  and  it  flows  through  a  beautiful,  fertile,  and 
populous  region,  (in  many  jxtrts  of  which  stone-coal  is  abun- 
dant.) nntil  it  enters  the  Ohio,  at  Marietta.  The  main  stream 
is  about  110  miles  long,  and  225  yards  wide  near  its  mouth. 
Steamboats  ascend  as  hiirh  as  Dresden,  a  distance  of  about 
95  miles.  The  navigation  has  been  improved  by  the  con- 
struction of  dams,  and  a  sidecut  has  been  opened  "from  Dres- 
den to  the  Ohio  Canal. 

MU.-^KIXGUM.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ohio, 
has  an  area  of  610  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to 
S.  by  the  .Muskingum  River,  and  also  draiueil  by  Licking 
River,  .ind  by  Wills.  Tomoka.  and  Jonathan  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  agreeably  diversified.  The  soil  contains  a  large 
portion  of  clay,  and  is  very  productive.  Bituminous  coal 
and  iron  ore  abound  in  this  division  of  the  state.  Salt  is 
procured  by  boring  into  strata  of  sandstone  to.  the  depth  of 
several  hundred  feet.  The  county  is  intersected  bv  the  Ohio 
Catial.  and  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  in  part  "by  2  other 
railroads  extending  to  Cincinnati,  Pittsburg,  &c.  Capital. 
Zanesville.    Pop.  44,416. 

MUSKIXGU.M,  R  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Mtiskin- 
gum  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1230. 

MUSO  or  MUZO,  moo'so.  a  .small  town  of  New  Granada, 
derartinent  of  Boyaca,  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tunja,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Magdalena. 

MUSONE,  moo-so^nA,  a  small  river  of  Austrian  Italy, 
enters  the  A'enetian  lagoon  3  miles  W.  of  Venice,  after  a 
S.E.  course  of  35  miles;  one  arm  of  it  joining  the  Brenta 
Canal. 

MUSONE.  a  small  river  of  Central  Tt.aly,  JIarches,  enter* 
the  Adriatic  12  miles  S.E.  of  .Ancona,  after  an  E.  course  of 
35  miles.  Under  the  French,  it  gave  name  to  a  department, 
having  for  its  capital  Macerata. 

MUSK.    See  Egypt. 

MUSS.AL.A,  mtts-s.'lll,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  Senegambia, 
on  the  Senegal,  8  miles  E.  of  Fort  St.  Joseph. 

MUSSBACH.  moos'bdK,  a  village  of  Bavaria.  10  miles  S. 
of  Xeustadt.  in  the  midst  of  vinevards.     Pop.  2088. 

MUSSELBUKGH.  mris/.-;el-bur-rrih,  formerly  ESKmOUTII, 
a  royal  and  parliamentary 'borough  and  seaport  town  of  Scot- 
Land.  CO.  and  6  miles  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  in  1851.  7090. 
It  st.tnds  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  estuary  of  the  Esk, 
and  has  three  bridges,  (one  supixised  to  be  a  Koman  struc- 
ture.) connecting  with  it  the  suburb  of  Fisher-Row;  a  cu- 
rious Tolbooth.  built  in  the  year  1590,  of  materials  from  the 
ancient  .Scottish  chapel  of  IjOretto.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures of  .sailnloth,  hair-cloth,  hat.i,  and  leather.  Exports 
chiefly  of  coal,  wrought  in  the  vicinity.  The  l>orongh  unites 
with  Leith  and  Portobcllo  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  The  battle  of  Pinkie,  in  which  the 
English  defeated  the  Scotch,  A.  r>.  1547,  was  fought  in  the 
imnuM.iiate  vicinity;  also  that  of  Preslonpans. 

MU.SSEXDO.M.  mus'sfn-doin'.  MUSSELDU.M.  miisVl-dom', 
or  MUSAXDAM,  moo-s3n-ddm',  CAPE,  a  headland  of  Arabia, 
on  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf  lat.  26° 
24'  N..  Ion.  56°  34'  E.  It  is  an  abrupt  basaltic  rock,  200  feet 
above  the  sea. 

MUSSID.AN,  miis^seeMSy"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Dordoene.  19  miles  S.W.  of  Perigueux,  on  the  Isle.  Pop. 
in  1852,  1744. 

MCSSOMELLT.  mtis-so-mfllee.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province 
and  19  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Caltanisetta.     Pop.  <J2yO. 

SnJSSOX,  miis'sAx"'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxemburg,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  .Arlon.     Pop.  1455. 

MUSSY-SUR-SEIXE.  miis'see'-suR-.siln.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Aube.  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bai^sur-Seine.  Pou 
1795. 

.MUSST-SOUS-DUN,  mUsVe'-soo-driN".  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Saone-et- Loire,  14  miles  S.  of  CharoUes.  Pop. 
1580. 

MUS^TANO'.  a  post-office  of  Lavacca  co.,  Texas. 

MUSTANG  BAY'OU,  (bi'oo.)  of  Brazoria  co.,  Texas,  flows 
through  Chocolate  Bav  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

MU^l'.ANG  CREEK,  Texas  flows  into  the  Navidad  from 
the  N.E..  a  few  miles  above  Te.xana. 

MUSTAPHABAD.  mtis^i-fi-bid'.  a  consider.ible  town  of 
N.M'.  Hindostun.  Sikh  territorv.  25  miles  E..S.E.  of  Umballah. 

MUSTAPHA  PASHA,  mii.^'til'fi  pl'sha\  a  town  of  Eurt.>- 
pean  Turkey,  Room-Elee,  on  the  Maritza,  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Adrianople.    Pop.  2000. 


MUS 


MYS 


MUSTAPIIA  rASHA.  (PAi.\?fKA,)  mfis'ti^fa  pil'shi^  pj- 
Iln'ki,  a  town  of  Eavopean  Turkey,  Room-Klee,  on  the  Nis- 
sava,  20  miles  B.E.  of  Nissa.     Pop.  2000. 

MUSTON,  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Leice.«ter.  5f  miles 
W.N.W.  of  (Jr.uitham.  The  poet  Crubbe  died  rector  of  this 
parish  in  1S33. 

MUSTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Ridinff. 

MUSTUXG,  masHaug'.  a  town  of  Tliibet,  near  the  sup- 
posed source  of  the  Guixluck.    Lat.  29='  52'  N.,  ion.  83°  .5'  E. 

MUSTUNO,  mrisHuiip:',  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  province 
of  Sarawan,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Kelat.  on  the  route  to  Shawl, 
and  consisting  of  about  400  houses. 

MUSZYXA.  moo-sho(?'n.i,  a  town  of  Austrian  Oalioia.  circle 
and  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sandec,  on  the  Poprad.     Pop.  1700. 

MUTAPILLY,  a  town  of  India.    See  Mootapii.ly. 

MCTKi>DU,  moo-te-o-doo'(?)  a  town  of  South  India,  Mysore 
dominions.  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chitteldroop;. 

JIUT'FORB,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  with  a 
station  on  a  branch  of  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  4j 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Beeclcs. 

MUT'IIILL.  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
4  miles  8,  of  Crieff,  beautifully  .situated,  and  remarkably 
well  built.  Pop.  of  the  village  about  1000,  In  its  vicinity 
are  the  fine  remains  of  Drummond  Castle, 

MUTII'VEY,  three  small  rivers  of  Wales,  counties  of 
Carmarthen.  Cardigan,  and  Merioneth:  the  two  former 
tributary  to  the  Towy,  the  last  to  the  Avon, 

MUTIGNAN'O,  moo-teen-y.Vno,  a  town  of  Naple.s, province 
of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Teramo,    Pop,  1500. 

MUTINA.     See  Modk.va. 

MUTOVA,  moo-to'vd(?)  one  of  the  Koorlle  Islands,  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean,  belonging  to  Russia,  nearly  intermeili- 
ate  between  Japan  and  Kamtchatka.  Length  20  miles.  It 
has  an  .active  volcano  and  fertile  valleys. 

MUTSCIIEN.     See  Mutzche.\. 

MUTSIIKOVO,  mootsh-ko/vo,  called  also  MOSHKOVA,  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Tver,  22  miles  N,  of 
Staritsa.     Pop.  2100. 

MUTTR,\,  a  town  of  India,     See'MATEiURA. 

BIUTTERSDORK,  moot'ters-doRf^  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia, circle  and  27  miles  \V,N,W,  of  Klattau,  on  the  Gold- 
brunnenbach.     Pop.  994. 

MUTXEKSHOI.Z,  moot/ters-h<ilts\  (Fr.  pron.  mUtH^R^- 
hol/,',1  a  village  of  B'rance,  department  of  Bas-Khin,  on  the 
111.     Pop.  1980. 

MUTl'KRSTADT,  moot/ter-stidtt'.  amarkeUown  of  Rhe- 
nish Bavari.a,  6  miles  S.W.'of  Mannheim.    Pop.  2700. 

MUTTN'E,  moot/nA^,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  and  about 
10  miles  from  Arva,     Pop.  13i38. 

MUTTOX  ISLAND,  a  fortified  islet  in  Galway  Bay,  Ire- 
land, Connausht.  co.  and  Ij  miles  S.  of  Galway.  It  has  a 
lighthouse,  with  a  fixed  light.  Lat.  53°  15'  14"  N.,  Ion,  9°  3' 
26"  W. 

MUTTRA.  mut'tra,  MATTRAII,  mlt'trl,  or  MATARAII, 
mS'tA-rJ.  a  populous  town  of  East  Arabia,  dominions  and  3 
miles  .S.VV.  of  Muscat. 

MU/TUAL,  a  pnst-ofBee  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio. 

MUTWAL,  mutVjl/,  (Hindoo  Miihativdram.  moo-h,'lt-w3- 
rim',)  an  island  of  Iliudostan,  in  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  sepa- 
rated from  Calpentyn  by  a  narrow  strait,  about  10  miles 
long,  and  from  2  to  3  miles  broad. 

BIUTZIG,  miit'zeeg'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bas-Rhin.  on  the  Bruche,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Strasbourg. 
Pop.  in  1S54,  3S68,  many  of  whom  are  employed  in  a  na- 
tional manufactory  of  fire-arms. 

MUTZCHEN,  nioot'shen,  or  MUTSCIIEX,  moflt'chen,  a 
town  of  Saxony.  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leipsic.     Pop.  1522. 

MUY,  Le,  leh-mwee.  (L.  CasHrnm  Je.  Modi'not)  a  town  of 
Fraice,  department  of  Var,  5  miles  S.E,  of  Draguignan.  It 
contains  a  famous  tower,  in  which  seven  Provencals,  after 
failing  in  au  attempt  to  assassinate  the  Emperor  Charles  V., 
shut  themselves  >ip.  and  defended  themselves  against  his 
army  until  five  of  them  were  mortally  wounded.    Pop.  1899. 

MUYSEN,  moi'zen,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant, on  the  Dyle,  near  the  railway  from  Louvain  to  Mech- 
lin, 13  miles  N.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  1760. 

MUZAR,  mooV.ar'(?)  a  town  of  Bokhara,  on  the  canal  and 
12  miles  E.S.E,  of  Balkh,  consists  of  about  500  houses, 

MUZILL.\C,  miiV.ee^yJk',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  >iorbihan,  14  miles  S.E.  of  A'iinnes,  and  about 
3  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  AMlaine,     Pop,  1213, 

MUZI),  a  town  of  New  Granada,     See  Muso, 

JlUZirPFERNUGGER,  moo-zuf ffr-nQg'gher,  a  populous 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  Upper  Pro- 
vinces. 44  miles  S.  of  Seharunpoor. 

MUZUFFIRABAD,    See  Mazufurabad. 

MUZUFFERPOOR,  moo-ziif-fer-poor',  a  town  of  British 
India,  province  of  B.ahar,  35  miles  N,N.E.  of  Patn.a, 

MYACONDA,  mi-d-kon'da,  a  town  and  fort  of  India,  My- 
sore dominions,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chitteldroog. 

]MYAN-AONG,  nii-.^n'd-ong',  or  MEYAIIOON,  ml'd-hoon', 
a  decayed  town  of  the  Burmese  dominions,  province  of 
Pegu,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Irrawaddy,  38  miles  S.S.E,  of 
Prome. 

MYCEN  j;,  mi-seo'nee,  (Gr.  Mux/jtai,  Mukenai,)  a  ruined 
4E 


city  of  Greece,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Argos 
situated  in  the  Morea.  (Peloponnesus,)  government  and  5 
miles  N,>r.E.  of  Argos,  near  the  village  of  Krabata.  and  with 
Tiryns,  only  a  few  miles  distant,  presenting  some  of  the 
most  remarkable  Pelasgian  remains  extant,  comprising  the 
whole  circuit  of  the  ancient  citadel,  the  treasury  of  Atreua, 
and  some  smaller  buildings.— -Adj.  and  inhal)  MvCKNiAX, 
mf-se-nee'an, 

MYCUNUS,  mik'o-nus,  5IIC0NI,  MYCONI  or  MYCONE, 
raik'o-uee,  (Gr.  M'KOvns,  MakOniJs.)  au  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  government  of  Syra,  among  the  North  Cyclades, 
5  miles  S.E.  ofTinos.  Area  45  square  miles.  Pop.  6000;  of 
whom  about  5000  are  in  the  town  of  Mycone,  on  its  W.  side. 
The  island  is  of  granite  formation,  and  produces  only  a  little 
corn,  but  has  an  active  export  tra<le  in  wine,  figs,  and  hides, 
and  abounds  with  game.  It  has  several  good  ports,  viz., 
those  of  the  town  of  Jlycone,  Onos,  Port  Palermo  on  the 
N.,  iind  St.  Anne  on  its  S.E.  side. 

MYU'Jll.M,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

MYDRECUT.  mi'drSKt,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince and  14  miles  N.N.W,  of  Utrecht,     Pop.  2359. 

MYEK,  miAr,  MYIIAR,  mi/har\  or  MYIIUR,  miaiQr\  a 
town  of  llindiisttm,  presidency  of  Bengal,  province  and  105 
miles  S.W.  of  Allahabad.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  mud  wall,  and 
defended  by  a  small  but  strong  fort, 

JIV'ER.s'lJUR(),  a  pos^office  of  Bradford  co..  Pa, 

MYKRSCOUGII,  mi/ers-koff,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

MYEirs  MILL,  a  village  in  Potawatomie  co.,  Iowa,  40 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Council  Bluffs. 

.MVER/S  BULLS,  a  po.st-ollice  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinoi.s. 

MV'iOltSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  turnpike  from  Lebanon  to  Reading,  31  miles 
E.  of  Ilarrisburg,  It  is  surrounded  by  rich,  well  cultivated 
farms.     A  newspaper  is  published  here.     Pop.  1035. 

MY'ERSVILLE,  a  post-ofiico  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 

MYGONIUM.    See  Mauathosisi. 

MYL.E.    See  Milazzo. 

MYL.VU,  mee'low,  or  MUIILAU,  moolclw,  a  town  of  Saxo- 
ny. 10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Plauen.     Pop.  2011, 

MY  LOR/,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

MYLOS.  mee'los,  a  village  of  Greece,  Morea,  government 
and  i\  miles  S.  of  Argos,  near  the  Lernean  Marsh,  (where 
Hercules  destroyed  tlie  Hydra.)  Here,  in  the  late  Greek 
struggle,  Ypsilanti,  with  600  men,  defeated  Egyptian  troops 
of  double  that  force. 

M  YMU.N'SINGII,  ml-man-sing',  a  district  of  British  India, 
intersected  by  the  Brahmapooti-a,     Area  5000  sijuare  miles, 

MYMUNSINGH  or  NU.S.SERABAD,  nus-ser-d-bld',  the 
chief  town  of  the  above  district,  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Brahmapootra,  84  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dacca. 

MYN  VDD.MAEN,  mm'iTU-min\  a  hamlet  of  England,  cc. 
of  Monmouth. 

MYNYDUYSLWYN,  mjuMTn-dis^win,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Moumovith. 

MYO,  mi'o,  a  small  island  of  the  Mal.ay  Archipelago,  be- 
tween Celebes  and  Gilolo.     Lat.  1°  10'  N.,  Inn.  126°  40'  E, 

MYOO,  mi'oo/,  a  river  of  Aracan,  British  India,  enters  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  about  20  miles  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ara- 
can River,  after  a  S,  course  of  110  miles,  navigable  for  tha 
last  30  for  vessels  of  between  150  and  200  tons. 

MYOS  HORMOS,  mi/os  hor'mos,  a  port  of  Egypt,  on  coe 
Red  Sea,  nearly  opposite  its  bifurcation  into  the  Gulfs  of 
Suez  and  Akabah,  and  anciently  famous  as  an  emporium 
of  the  trade  between  Egypt  and  India,  but  now  wholly 
uninhabited. 

MVRA.  mee'r3(?)  a  decayed  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  its  S. 
coast,  lat.  36->  17'  -N.,  Ion.  30°  3'  E. 

MY'R.\.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama, 

>IYR/ICK'S,  a  station  of  the  Fall  River  New  Bedford  and 
Taunton  Railroad,  12  miles  from  Fall  River. 

MY'ROSS.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co,  of  Cork. 

MYRTILIS.    See  Mertola. 

MYRTLE  BAYOU,  (bl'oo.)  of  St,  Mary's  parish,  Louisiana, 
flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

MYRTLE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Douglass  CO.,  Oregon. 

MYRTLE  SPRINGS,  a  post-ofllce  of  Bowie  co.,  Texas. 

MYSLENICE.  mis-lA-neet'si,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland, 
Galioia,  18  miles  S.  of  Cracow.     Pop.  2000. 

MYSLOWITZ,  mis1o-«;its\  a  market-town  of  Prussian  Si- 
lesia, government  of  Oppcln,  on  the  Polish  frontier,  and 
with  a  station  on  the  Breslau  and  Cracow  Railroad,  116 
miles  S.E.  of  Breslau.  Pop.  2580.  Near  it  are  mia'-s  of  coal 
and  zinc. 

MYSOL,  mrsol',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  N. 
ofCeram.  Lat.  2°  S.,  Ion.  1.30°  E,  Length  50  miles,  breadth 
15  miles.  It  has  several  villages  and  harbors,  and  exports 
birds,  pearls,  shells,  and  slaves. 

ilYSORE,  mrsor',  (Hindoo  Mahtshasno'ra).  a  state  of  .South 
India,  subsidiary  to  the  British,  consisting  of  a  table  land 
between  lat.  11°  35'  and  l.'S°  N.,  and  Ion.  74°  45'  and  78°  45'  R. 
Enclosed  everywhere  by  the  Madras  territories,  and  bounded 
E.  and  W.  by  the  Ghauts.  Surface  generally  undulating, 
and  at  Bangalore  3000  feet  above  the  sea.  Area  30.886  square 
miles.  Pop,  3,000,000.  The  principal  rivers,  (the  Cavery,  and 

1265 


MYS 

othm-s.)  have  all  a  N.K.  or  S.  E.  course.  Much  of  the  country 
Is  overrun  with  jungle.  The  .''.i!  consists  of  a  vegetable 
mould,  100  feet  thick,  an  inexhaustible  source  of  fertility. 
Rice,  sesamum,  betel,  sugar,  tobacco,  ginger,  fruits,  variuus 
drugs",  and  some  European  grains,  are  raised.  Iron,  granite, 
and  po(>stone,  are  abundant.  The  inhabitants  are  ni'istly 
Hindoos,  but  in  and  about  the  towns  are  many  Mohamme- 
dans. Annual  revenue  estimated  at  800.000/.  Subsidiary 
to  the  Anglo-Indian  army,  400  cavalry,  and  4  regiments  of 
infantry  are  maintained  for  home  service.  Chief  cities  and 
towns,  Seringapatam,  (the  capital,)  Bangalore,  (the  resi- 
dence of  a  British  commissioner.)  Mysore,  Bednore,  and 
Chitteldroog.  Ilyder  Ali  resisted  the  British  power  in 
this  part  of  India  from  1780;  on  the  death  of  his  son,  Tip- 
poo  Saib,  in  1799,  a  large  extent  of  territory  was  ceded;  the 
Btate  became  subsidiary  to  the  British,  and  the  young  heir 
of  the  ancient  Ilajahs  was  restored. 

MYSOllE,  a  town  of  South  India,  state  of  Mysore,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Seringapatam.  Under  Ilyder  Ali  and  Tippoo,  it  fell 
Into  decay,  but  it  has  latterly  regained  importance,  and  con- 
sists of  a  well-built  native  town,  a  fort,  and  a  good  suburb, 
in  which  is  the  British  residency. 
MYSORE  ISL.\ND.  See  Schouten  Island. 
MYSTIC,  mis'tik,  a  river  of  New  London  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, unites  with  the  sea  5  miles  W.  of  Stoningtoa.  It  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  400  tons  to  Mystic  Bridge. 

MY'STIC,  a  pleasant  and  thriving  post-village,  New  Lon- 
don CO.,  Connecticut,  on  both  sides  of  Mystic  Kiver,  and  on 
the  railroad  from  New  London  to  Stonington,  about  8  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  the  former,  and  'i  miles  from  the  sea.  There  are 
two  poft-offlces  in  tlie  village,  namely,  "  Mystic  River,"  in 
Groton,  and  " Mystic  Bridge,'  in  Stonington.  The  E.  part 
is  in  the  township  of  Stonington,  and  the  W.  part  Ls  in  Gro- 
ton. The  river  is  navigable  to  the  village  for  vessels  of  400 
tons,  and  the  chief  industry  of  the  inhabitants  is  directed  to 
commerce  and  ship  building.  Slany  steamboats  are  built 
here.  A  bridge  across  the  river  connects  the  two  portions 
of  the  village.    Mystic  contains  4  churches,  2  baulss,  4  ship 


NAD 

yards,  1  woollen  factory,  and  several  machine  shops  and 
foundries.     Pop.  about  5000. 

MYSTIC,  a  post-village  of  New  London  co.,  Connecticut, 
sometimes  calleil  "  IIe:i<l  of  Mystic,"  is  situated  at  the  head 
or  N.  end  of  Mystic  Kiver,  (an  inlet  of  the  sea)  about  10 
miles  E.N.E.  of  New  London.  It  contains  a  bank  and  3 
churches,  and  has  some  manufactories.  Tlio  name  of  the 
post-iillice  is  Mystic. 

MYSTIC  BRIDGE,  a  post-oflRce  of  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  E.  side  of  .Mystic  Kiver,  in  Stonington  town- 
ship. 

MYSTIC  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, near  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  its  own  name,  in 
the  village  of  Mystic. 

.MYSTIC  VILLAGE,  a  manufacturing  village  of  New 
London  co.,  Connecticut,  on  Mystic  River,  N.  of  Mystic 
Bridge. 

MYSZYNIEC,  me-shin'y?ts,  or  MYSZNIEC,  mlsh/ne-StsX?) 
a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Plock,  25  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ostrolenka. 

MYTICIIY,  me-teo'chee',  a  village  of  Ru.ssia.  government 
and  14  miles  N.E.  of  JIoscow,  which  is  hence  supplied  with 
water  by  means  of  an  aqueduct. 

MYTILENE,  an  island  of  Greece.    See  Mitylen'e. 

MY\VOOULA,  a  small  island  of  the  Feejee  group;  lat.  18° 
50'  S.,  Ion.  1780  10'  E. 

MYZUM,  mifsoom,or  MYZUN,  mifsoon,  a  village  of  Aus- 
tria, Galioia,  circle  and  about  40  miles  from  Stry,  with  iron- 
mines  and  malleable  iron  works. 

MSZKZOXOW,  mshrl-zo'uov,  sometimes  written  MZCZA 
NOW,  niv>z-chi/nov,  or  .MZCZOXOW,  a  town  of  Kus.sian  Po- 
land, 30  miles  S.W.  of  Wur.saw,  with  the  old  castle  of  Radzie- 
lowice.     Pop.  1050. 

MZCZAXOW  or  MZKZONOW.    See  Mszrzo.now. 

MZEXSK  or  MTZENSK,  m"tsin.sk,  a  town  of  i.jssia,  go- 
vernment and  30  miles  N.E.  of  Orel,  on  the  Mzena.  Pop. 
0000.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  corn  and  hemp,  and  waa 
formerly  important  as  a  military  post. 


N 


NAAI5,  n.Jh,  or  NAB,  n3b,  (Ger.  pron.  njp.)  a  navigable 
river  of  Bavaria,  joins  the  Danube,  3  miles  \V.  of  Katis- 
bon,  after  a  S.  course  of  90  miles. 

NAAF,  ndf,  or  TEK-NAAF,  tJk-n.if.  a  river  of  British 
India,  Aracjin,  enters  the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at 
Mungdoo,  after  .i  S.  course  of  50  miles.  It  is  broaii,  navi- 
gable, and  has  densely  wooded  banks. 

NAAGIII,  n.i'ghee.  a  vill.ige  of  Afghanistan,  17  miles 
S.W.  of  Bjyoor."  Lat.  34°  49'  N.,  Ion.  71°  15'  E.  Some  au- 
thorities have  supposed  it  to  be  the  Aornus  of  the  histo- 
rians of  Alexander,  the  capture  of  which  was  one  of  his 
most  extraordinary  exploits. 

NAALDWYK  or  NAALDWIJK,  n|lf wlk.  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  13  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  3305. 

NAAMAN'S  (uA/manz)  CREEK,  a  post-village  and  rail- 
road station  of  New  Cistle  CO.,  Delaware,  on  the  Philadelphia 
Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad. 

NA.\KDE\.  ndR'den,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Holland,  capital  of  a  district  near  the 
Zuyder-Zee.  12  miles  E..S.E.  of  Amsterdam.     Pop.  2590. 

NAAS,  n.ice.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  Lein- 
gter,  CO.  of  Kildare,  on  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Canal,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Dublin.  .  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  2971.  It  gives 
the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Earl  of  Mayo. 

NAAST,  ndst,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilalnaut, 
on  the  Senne,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1458. 

NAATJ'SAY,  a  post-township  in  Kendall  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1021. 

NAB-LIGHT,  a  floating  beacon  in  the  English  Channel, 
2  miles  off  the  E.  end  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

NABAJOA,  ni-vd-Ho'd,  a  river  of  Upper  California,  joins 
the  Colorado  Kiver,  lat.  37°  N..  Ion.  112°  W.,  after  a  west- 
ward course  estimated  at  250  miles. 

NABAJOA  INDIANS,  a  tribe  of  California,  dwelling 
principally  on  the  banks  of  the  above  river. 

NABAIj,  ni^bil',  a  maritime  town  of  North  Africa,  domi- 
nion and  43  miles  S.E.  of  Tunis,  on  the  Gulf  of  Sidra.  Near 
It  are  vestiges  of  the  ancient  Neaj)>oUs. 

N.^BBUKG.  nip'pooRO,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Palatine,  on  the  Naab.  31  miles  N.  of  Hatisbon.     Pop.  1000. 

NABLOOS,  NABLOUS  or  NABLUS,  nd'bloos/,  written 
also  NAIJULUS,  XAl'LOUSE  and  NAPOLOSE,  (anc.  Slie- 
diem.  .S/c/iem  or  Sycliar,  afterwards  NmplolU,)  a  city 
of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  and  anciently  the  capital 
of  Samaria.  33  miles  N.  of  .lerusalem,  lat.  32°  12'  N., 
Ion.  35°  28'  E.  It  is  long  and  narrow,  stretching  along  a 
small  valley  on  the  N.K.  base  of  Mount  Gerizim;  streets 
dose,  but  houses  lofty,  and  well  built  of  stone,  with  dora(Hl 
roofs.  Estimated  population  8000,  comprising  about  500 
1260 


Greek  Christians,  and  150  Jews,  descendants  of  the  an- 
cient Samaritans;  the  latter  occupy  the  S.W.  quarter,  where 
they  have  a  synagogue,  with  a  collection  of  ancient  mana 
scripts.  Here  are  sever.al  mosques  and  baz.tars,  a  Greek 
church,  manufactures  of  sujierior  soap,  and  cotton  &bric8. 
Dam.oscus.  and  the  .Mediterrauean  ports,  receive  hence  sup- 
plies of  oil,  cotton,  and  other  agricultural  products,  its  vici- 
nity being  well  cultivated.  Near  it  are  various  Scripture 
localities,  including  .Jacob's  Weil,  and  a  holy  place  of  the 
Samaritans,  on  Jlount  Gerizim,  on  which  also  are  the  ruins 
of  a  fortress  erected  under  Justinian. 

NABON,  nd^bou',  a  river  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  enters 
the  Persian  Gulf,  opposite  Cape  Nabon,  160  miles  S.E.  of 
Bushire,  after  a  S.  course  of  115  miles.  On  it,  near  its 
mouth,  is  the  village  of  Nabon.  or  Nabeud. 

NAliULCS,  a  city  of  Palestine.     See  Nauloos. 

N  ACH-VR,  nd'char',  a  vilLage  of  North  Western  India,  state 
of  Bussaher,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Simla. 

NACII'KS,  a  post-ofliee  of  Houston  co.,  Te.xas. 

NACHOD,  ndK'od.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  19  miles  N.E.  of 
Koniggrktz.  on  the  Mettau.     Pop.  2186. 

NACIMENTO,  nd-the-mJn'to,  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
province  and  about  24  miles  from  Almeria.     Pop.  3000. 

NACKEL,  NAKEL,  ndk'kfl,  or  NAKLO,  ndk'lo.  a  town 
of  Prussian  Poland,  18  miles  W.  of  Bromberg,  on  the  Netze. 
Pop.  2138. 

NACKENHEIM,  ndk'ken-hime\  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darm- 
stailt.  Rheinhe.ssen,  near  Oppenheim.    Pop.  1123. 

NACK'IXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

NACOGDOCHES,  nakVdo'chiz.  a  county  in  the  E.  part 
of  Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  930  square  miles.  The  An- 
gelina River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  At- 
toyac  on  the  E.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  is  pro- 
ductive, and  well  timbered.  Capital.  Nacogdoches.  Pop. 
8292,  of  wliom  5933  were  free,  and  2359  slaves. 

NACOGDOCHES,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Nacogdoches 
CO.,  Texas.  250  miles  N.E.  of  Austin.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  col- 
lege founded  in  1845,  and  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, several  churches  and  stores. 

NACOO'CHEE.  a  post-village  of  Habersham  co.,  Georgia, 
145  miles  N.  of  ililledgeville.  It  is  situated  in  a  narrow, 
fertile,  and  beautiful  valley  of  its  own  name.  More  than 
$1,200,000  worth  of  gold  has  been  found  in  this  valley 
The  village  has  1  church  and  3  stores. 

N  ACTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

NACUNDI,  nd-krin'dee.  a  town  on  the  island  of  Nlikulau, 
one  of  the  Feejee  group,  on  a  stream  about  20  milts  above 
Rewah.  Pop.  alwut  600. 

NADAU.V,  niMawn'.  NAUDAUN,  nawMawu',  or  \ADAN. 
nd*ddu',a  town  of  Iliudostau,  Punjab,  on  tho  Geo*;  S4  miles 


NAD 

B  N.K.  of  Amrltseer.  Lat.  31°  46'  N.,  Ion.  76°  18'  E.  It  is 
celebrated  for  fine  {tJirdens. 

NADIN'AL,  nA'de-ii3l\a  town  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  about 
12  miles  X.W.  of  Ab->,  on  a  lake.     Pop.  800. 

NADUDA'AR,  niih'doodVaR/,  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Szabolc.*,  "21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Debreczin.     I'np.  6171. 

NADWi^K.VA,  nrtd-M'oii'nd,  a  marke^town  of  Austrian 
Qalicia,  22  miles  S.  of  Stanislowow. 

Nyj:FELS  or  NAt'KLS,  (Xafels,)  n.Vfels,  a  villase  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton  and  4  miles  N.  of  OlaruS,  on  the  Liuth.  I'op. 
1900.  It  is  famous  for  an  action  fought  April  8tli,  1388.  be- 
tweim  1300  Swi.ss  aud  6000  Austrian  troops;  the  latter  were 
totilly  defeated.  .. 

N.ERl.M  or  NAFUM,  n.Vrim,  a  maritime  parish  of  Nor- 
way, stift  of  Christiansaiid,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Stavanger,  oa 
the  North  Sea.     Pop.  1700. 

NAFELS,  (Nafels.)  a  village  of  Switzerland.    See  N.iifels. 

NAF'FEKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

NAGAMANOALUM,  n.i  ga-min-ga-Uim',  or  NAGAMAN- 
GAL.\M,  ni-gd-mdn-gd-ldm',  a  fortified  town  of  India,  in  the 
Decoan,  Mysore  dominions,  28  miles  N.  of  Scringapatam.  Its 
citadel  contains  two  temples,  and  a  ruined  palace. 

NAOAR,  n^Var',  a  small  town  or  village  of  Central  Asia, 
capital  of  a  petty  state,  also  CiiUed  Nagar. 

NAGARA,  nd-gd'rd,  a  town  on  the  i.-^land  of  Borneo,  in 
Banjermassin.  It  has  considerable  trade  in  deer's  flesh  and 
deer's  horns. 

NAGARA,  a  river  of  Banjermassin,  an  affluent  of  the 
Banjer,  which  it  joins  about  35  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  town  of 
Banjermassin,  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of  above  100  miles. 

N.V(iAR.\NU,  nd-gd-ri-noo'.  a  town  of  llindostan,  king- 
dom of  Oude.  about  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lucknow.    Pop.  6000. 

N.\G.\SAKI,  nd'g.-i-sd'ke,  improperly  written  NANGA- 
SAKI,  the  principal  seaport  and  commercial  city  of  Jar 
pan,  situated  on  tlw  S.W.  side  of  the  island  of  Kioo- 
Sioo,  in  lat.  32^  44'  8"  N.,  Ion.  V2a<^  51'  53"  E.  Estimated 
population  from  60,000  to  70.000,  including  about  GOOO 
priests.  It  stands  on  a  hili-slope,  facing  the  harbor,  is 
regularly  built,  and  clean.  The  houses  are  of  one  story, 
built  of  clay  and  wood,  coated  with  cement,  furnished  with 
verandahs  and  Venetian  blinds,  and  having  olletl  paper  in 
placo^)f  glass.  The  chief  edifices  are  the  palac<>s  of  the  go- 
vernors, and  other  grandees,  the  Dutch  and  Chinese  facto- 
ries, arsenal,  several  theatres,  ami  upwards  of  60  temples, 
ciiclo.seil  by  gardens,  which,  with  numerous  tea-houses,  form 
the  favorite  public  resorts  of  the  ^lopulation.  The  harl«3r 
is  about  7  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in  breadth,  and  ships 
lie  securely  sh(?ltered  in  5  or  6  fathoms  water.  I'revious  to 
the  treaty  which  has  recently  been  concluded  between  the 
United  States  and  Japanese,  this  was  the  only  port  of  Ja- 
pan open  to  foreign  traders,  and  the  Dutch  and  Chinese, 
who  resorted  to  it,  were  confiu<?d  under  strict  supervision 
to  the  strongly-fortified  and  artificial  island  of  Desima,  only 
COO  feet  in  length  by  240  feet  across,  off  the  shore.  The 
shops  are  numerous  and  well  sujiplie*!,  and  there  are  many 
breweries  for  rice-beer.  The  Dutch  imports  Into  Nagasaki, 
consisting  chiefly  of  sugar,  Netherlaud  broad-cloths,  and 
cotton  goods,  sandal  wood,  buffalo  hides,  ivory,  cloves,  tin, 
Bengal  piece-goods,  and  other  manufactured  wares,  amount- 
ed in  value  to  about  $150,000  yearly,  for  which  returns  were 
made  iu  camphor,  cotton  fabrics,  drugs,  toys,  silks.  Ac,  to 
the  value  of  alxmt  .*200.000. 

NAGG.\R,  ndg'gar',  (anc.  Mi/hat)  a  considerable  walled 
town  of  Afghanistan,  in  the  plain  of  Bauoo,  Co  miles  S.W. 
cf  I'eshawer.     It  has  a  good  baz.iar. 

NAGGRKE,  ndg'gi-ee/,  or  NAGRI-KOTE,  nd'gree'  kot,  a 
fort,  and  important  military  station  of  North  Ilindostiin, 
state  and  26  miles  S.E.  of  Sikkim,  lat.  26°  56'  N.,  Ion.  88°  8'  E. 

NAGIIERY,  nd-ghJr'ee,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  58  miles  W.N.W.  of  Madras. 

NA'GLESVIIiLE.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NAGOLD,  nd'golt.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg.  circle  of  Black 
Forest,  on  the  Nagold,  16  miles  \V.  of  Tubingen.    I'op.  2397. 

NAGONE,  nd'gOn',  or  NAGOONA,  nd-goo'nd,  a  lai-ge  vil- 
Inge.of  llindostan,  province  and  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  AUaha- 
YaA,  lat.  24°  37'  N.,  Ion.  80°  35'  E. 

!•?  AGORBUSSY,  nd-gor-bus'see,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Patna. 

NACiORK,  nd-gur',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
and  province  of  Bengal,  district  of  Birbhoom,  of  which  it 
Tas  once  the  capitAl,  117  miles  N.\V.  of  Calcutta,  on  the 
route  to  Patna,  and  seated  in  the  midst  of  an  area  10  miles 
in  diameter,  enclosed  by  a  mud  rampart  and  trench ;  lat.  23° 
W  N..  Ion.  87°  20'  E. 

NAGORE,  a  t/>wn  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
district  and  48  miles  E.  of  Tanjore,  on  the  Velloor,  or  Nagore 
River,  a  branch  of  the  Cavery,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  aud  here  crossed  by  a  fine  nine-arche<l  bridge;  lat. 
10°  49'  N.  It  is  populous,  busy,  and  well  built.  Chief  edi- 
fices, its  mosques,  and  a  siiuare  tower,  150  fe<;t  in  height. 

NA(!t)RE.  a  town  of  British  India,  liajpootana,  capital  of 
1  district,  dominions  and  70  miles  N.E.  of  .loodpoor.  It  is 
(irtified,  and  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  brass  and  iron 
varea.     Pop.  about  40,000. 


NAH 

NAGOTAMA.  3-go-td'm.d,  a  con.siderable  town  of  Britihli 
Indiii,  presidency  of  Bombay,  district  of  Concan,  37  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Homlray,  on  a  river  here  crossed  by  a  noble  stono 
bridge,  480  feet  in  length,  constructed  by  a  Mohamuiedau 
prince  at  a  cost  of  30.000/.;  lat.  18^  30'  N.,  Ion.  73^  16'  v. 

NAG!)WIC'lv.\  LAKE,  Wisconsin,  in  Waukesha  coum/. 
Length  2  miles  and  a  quarter,  breadth  three-quarters  of  a 
mile. 

NAGPOOR,  NAOPOUR,  ndg'poor/,  or  NAGPORE.  ndg^ 
por',  (Hindoo  A'ligapooh-a,  "the  town  of  serpent.^".)  is  the 
Ciipital  of  a  territory  of  its  own  name,  situated  loO  mileji 
E.  of  Kllichpoor.  Lat.  21°9'  N.,  Ion.  79°  11'  K.  It  is  about  5  miles 
iu  circumference,  and  enclosed  by  walls,  but  meanly  built. 
In  1825,  it  was  estimated  to  have  115,000  inhabitants,  and 
27,000  houses,  of  which  only  1300  were  of  nia.-ion  won., 
the  rest  being  mere  mud-huts,  collectod  on  a  swampy  sito 
and  interspersed  with  dense  groves.  It  has,  however,  a  con- 
siderable transit  trade,  with  some  manufactures  of  silk  and 
cotton  goods,  arms,  and  superior  native  cutlery,  besides  two 
palaces,  aud  outside  of  its  walls  some  gardens  of  the  Rajah, 
and  other  wealthy  inhabitants. 

NAGPOOR  or  BE'RAR/  DOMINIONS,  a  territory  of  India, 
in  the  Deccan,  under  the  British  protection,  comprising  a 
part  of  Berar  province,  with  a  large  part  of  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Gundwanah,  the  whole  between  lat.  18°  and  23° 
N.,  and  Ion.  78°  and  83°  E..  having  S.W.  the  Nizam's  do- 
minions, and  on  other  sides  the  presidencies  of  B(?ngal  ana 
Madras.  Area,  76,4:32  square  miles.  Pop.  4,650.000.  The 
country  appears  to  be  pretty  well  governed.  The  Rajaii 
pays  an  annual  subsidy  of  80,000Z..  and  is  bound  to  furnish 
to  the  Bengal  army  a  contingent  of  lOOO  cavalry.  Standing 
army,  about  tKWO  men.  I'rincipal  towns,  Nagpoor,  Chan- 
da,  Chamoory,  Ryepoor,  and  ]{uttunpoor. 

NAGRI-KoTE,  a  fort  of  India.     See  Naooree. 

jV.lGl",  nOdj.  an  Ilungariau  word,  signifying  "great," 
prefixed  to  many  jilaces  iu  Hungary  and  Trau.sylvania.  For 
those  not  undermentioned,  see  sulditional  name. 

NAGY  .\BO.NY,  nOdj  oh^ban',  a  town  of  West  llunfjary, 
CO.  and  49  miles  S.E.  of  Pcstli.     i'op.  7527. 

NAGY  AG,  niklj  dg,  a  village  of  Tran.sylvanla,  co.  of 
Ilunyad,  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vajda-IIunyad.  The  popular 
tion  are  employed  in  the  adjacent  mines,  which  furnish 
an  average  of  gold  and  silver  to  the  value  of  20,000  gulden 
(about  $9000)  annually. 

NAGY  ARAN  YOS.  a  village,  Ti-;»nsylvania.  See  Reulmare. 

N.\GY  BA.IOM,  nOdj  bOh'yom',  a  village  of  Transylvania, 
CO.  of  Sumegh.    Pop.  2054. 

N.\GY  B.\.\YA,  nodj  bOn'yoh^  t.  e.  the  "Great  Mixes," 
(Ger.  AeudfuU,  noi'stdtt.)  a  town  of  East  Hungary,  circle 
and  32  miles  IJ.S.E.  of  Szathmar,  in  a  deep  valley  near  the 
Transylvanian  fnuiticr.  Pop.  5.500.  It  has  churches  of  vari- 
ous sects,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  College,  and  is  the  capital 
of  one  of  the  principal  mining  districts  of  Hungarj-.  most 
of  its  inhal)itauts  being  employed  in  mining  industry. 

NAGY  BIl'TCSA,  nodj  bitt/choh\  a  town  of  Hungary  co. 
of  Trentshin.     i'op.  2980. 

NAGY  DIZNOD,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  IIeltau. 

NAGY  ENYED,  niidj  Jn'yJd',  (Ger.  I>jidstadtA'eh\t-stitt\) 
a  market-town  of  Transylvania,  on  the  Maros,  17  ujiles 
N.N.E.  of  Ivarlsburg,  with  6448  inhabitants,  a  Protesbint 
College,  a  museum,  cavalry  barracks,  and  public  library. 

NAtiY  GYOR,  (Gycir,)  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  lixAU. 

NAGY  K.'VLLO.     See  Kallo,  Nagv. 

NAGY  KANISA.    See  Kanisa,  Naot. 

N.\GY  KAKOLY,  nOdj  kChVil',  a  market-town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, CO.  of  Szathmar,  37  miles  E.N.E.  of  Debrecziu. 
Pop.  12,065. 

NAGY  Iv.\TA,  nOdj  koh'toh\  a  market-town  of  Transyl- 
vania. CO.  and  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pesth,  with  4000  inhabit- 
ants, a  castle,  Protestant  church,  and  large  cattle  markets. 

NAGY  MIHALY,  nodj  mee'hdl',  (Ger.  Gross-ilichel.  gtoco- 
mee'Kel,)  a  market-town  of  Transj'lvania,  co.  aud  20  miles 
E.N.E."  of  Zemplin.  Pop.  1600. — The  NAOt,  a  river  of  Tran- 
sylvania, circle  of  Marmaros.  joins  the  Theiss  near  Huszth. 

N A(  i  Y  SZEBKN,  a  town,  Transylvania.  See  Hermanxstadt. 

NAGY  SZOMBATH,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Tvrsac. 

NAGY  VAR.'VD.  a  city  of  Hungary.     See  Grossw.^rdein. 

NAIIAN,  nd'hdn/,  a  town  of  North  llindostan,  Gurwhal, 
capital  of  the  rajahship  of  Simore,  46  miles  N.W.  of  Seha- 
runpoor;  lat.  30°  33'  N.,  Ion.  77°  16'  E. 

N  AH  AN  PARA,  n.'i-hdn-pd'ra.  a  town  of  North  llindostan, 
Outle  dominions,  78  miles  N.E.  of  Lucknow. 

NAHANT/,  a  post-village,  township,  and  noted  waterings 
place  of  Essex  county,  Massachusetts,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Bos- 
ton. It  consists  of  a  narrow  peninsula,  about  SJ-  miles  in 
length,  projecting  from  tlie  mainland  of  Lynn  into  Jlassa^ 
chusetts  Bay.  Near  its  eastern  extremity  is  an  extensive 
hotel,  and  in  other  itortions  are  numerous  cottages,  chiefly 
occupied  by  the  citizens  of  Boston  as  summer  residences. 
Nahant  is  one  of  the  oldest  watering-places  in  New  England, 
and  thousands  resort  to  it  during  the  sultry  months  to  enjoy 
the  sea-breeze  and  ocean  scenery.  At  this  season  steamboats 
ply  constantly  between  Boston  and  the  peninsula,  and  be- 
tween this  place  and  Salem,  Lynn,  &c.  The  township  was 
incorporated  from  Lynn,  in  1854.    Pop.  380. 

1267 


N.^n 


NAM 


NAIIf?,  iil'fh;  (unc.  Nafta.)  a  river  of  West  Germany, 
joins  On  Khine  Ht  Bingen,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  tH)  miles 
betwei'u  the  territories  of  Ssxe-Coburg,  Khenisli  Bavaria, 
and  11  ;f^«-e-l)arni!:tadt.  on  the  S.  and  E..  and  |>arts  of  Olden- 
burg ani  I'russia  on  the  N.  iind  W.  It  is  navigable  for  20 
miles.     Affluents,  the  Ulan  and  Simmer. 

NAHK-EL-KKBKKRor  NAllll-EI^KKBIR,  nar-el-ke-beer/, 
H  river  of  A:?iiitic  Turkey,  .Syria,  enters  the  Mediterranean 
20  miles  N.  of  Tripoli,  after  a  westward  course  of  35  miles. 

NAIIKAWAN.  ni-r^-wdn',  was  an  ancient  canal,  in  As- 
syria and  Babylonia,  which  proceetled  from  the  Tigris,  near 
tile  continence  of  the  Zab,  for  450  miles  towards  the  Persian 
Gulf,  with  a  breadth  of  from  120  to  130  yards,  still  discerni- 
ble. 

NAIIUXT.V,  a  post>village  of  Wayne  co..  Xorth  Carolina, 
on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldou  Kailroad,  61  miles  from 
Kwleigh. 

XAIAD,  ni'ad,  a  group  of  low  coral  islands  In  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean:  lat.  6°  39'  N..  Ion.  15.3°  32'  K.  Between  this 
group  and  that  of  Young  William  there  is  a  paa-*age  6  miles 
wide. 

X.\TLA,  nild,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Fran- 
conia. -27  miles  N.N.E.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1610. 

N.AIL  FACTOKY,  a  post-offloe  of  Gaston  oo..  North  Carolina. 

NAILIjOUX,  nJliVoo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Garonne,  18  miles  S.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  1">61. 

NAILS  CKBKK.  a  post-oftice  of  Franklin  co..  Georgia. 

NAIl/SEA,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer- 
set, with  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  8  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Bristol.  Pop.  in  ISol,  2543.  It  has  large  manu- 
factures of  crown-glass,  and  extensive  coal  works. 

NAIiysTONE,  a  pari.'Jh  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

NAILS'WORTII.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester, 
2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jlinchinhampton.  Population  employed 
in  manufactures  of  woollens. 

NAIMAX,  ni^mjn',  a  walled  town  of  Central  Asia,  khanat 
and  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Khiva,  on  a  canal  from  the  .\moo. 

NAIN,  ntn.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  kingdom  of  Oude.  dis- 
trict of  Salon,  about  45  miles  N.W.  of  AUuliabnd.    P.  10.000. 

NAIX,  ni'in,  (.\rab.  JVein.  n:\n.)  a  hamlet  of  Palestine, 
pashalic  and  24  miles  S.E.  of  Acre,  now  insignificant,  but 
memorable  as  the  place  of  the  miracle  recorded  in  St,  Luke. 

NAIH  or  XEIR,  nir.  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Decean,  Ni- 
zam's dominions,  52  miles  S.E.  of  Ellioh(X)or. 

NAIRAI.  ni'ri,  one  of  the  Fe»'jee  i.'ilands,  Sonth  Pacific 
Ocean,  famous  for  its  manufacture  of  mats,  baskets,  &c. 

NAIRN,  nArn,  or  NAIRNSHIRE,  nirn'shir,  a  small 
mjiritime  county  of  Scotland,  having  N.  the  Moray  Firth. 
Area,  including  detached  di-^tricts  in  Elgin,  Inverness, 
and  Ross,  estimated  at  195  square  miles,  aliout  twtvthirds 
of  which  are  cultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  99  6.  Surface 
mostly  rugged  and  mountainous,  except  along  the  coast. 
Principal  rivers,  Nairn  and  Findhorn.  It  is  under  one  she- 
rilT  with  Elgin,  and  unites  with  that  county  in  sending  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.    Chief  town,  Nairn. 

NAIRN,  a  royal  and  contributory  parliamentary  burgh 
and  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the 
al)ove  county,  on  the  small  river  Nairn,  at  its  influx  in  the 
Moray  Firth,  15  miles  N.E,  of  Inverness.  Pop.  in  1851,  3420. 
It  is  lighted  with  gas,  has  a  stone  bridge  across  the  Nairn, 
county  hall,  with  court-hou«e  and  jail:  an  academy,  large 
hotel,  baths,  3  branch  banks,  and  a  harbor  for  small  vessi-ls 
mostly  employed  in  fisheries.  The  burgh  unites  with  In- 
verness. Forres,  and  Fortrose,  in  sending  one  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  is  C«wdor  Castle,  which 
gave  title  of  Thane  to  Macbeth,  and  now  gives  that  of  Earl 
to  a  branch  of  the  Campbell  family, 

NWIRN,  a  post-office  of  Scioto  co,,  Ohio. 

NAIRNSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland,    See  N.iirn. 

NAISSUS.     See  Niss.v, 

N*AIX,  ni,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mense, 
arrondissement  of  Bar-le-Duc,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
I^'a>sium.  Here  numerous  fine  statues,  and  other  Roman 
antiquities  have  been  discovered, 

N  AIZIN,  nd'zAxo'.  a  villase  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan,  8  miles  S.E,  of  Pontivy.     Pop^  2003. 

NA.T.AC.  nSVhdk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Avey- 
ron.  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Villefranche.  on  the  Aveyron.  P.  2139. 

NA.IERA.  NAGERA  or  XAXERA,  vi-nA'ri,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Logroflo.  on  the 
Najerilla.  Pop.  2746.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain  range,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river, 
and  though  once  the  seat  of  the  court  of  Navarre,  is  now 
in  decay.  It  is  remarkable  in  history  as  the  scene  of  an 
Oljstinate  battle  between  the  troops  of  Peter  the  Cruel  and 
his  brother  Henry,  on  the  2d  of  April.  13C7, 

NAJERILLA,  NA6ERILLA  or  NAXEKILLA,  nl-nA-reel'- 
yS,  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  mountains  W,  of  .Mmarza, 
province  of  Burgo.s,  and  flows  N.N.E,  into  the  Ebro,  10 
miles  below  Najera;  course  40  miles, 

NAKAB-AL-H.\JAR,  nii'kilb'dl-hri'jar',  a  ruined  city  of 
Ponth  .\rabia,  Hadramaut,  in  Int,  14="  40'  N„  Ion,  47°  35'  E„ 
in  a  fertile  valley,  consisting  of  remains  of  towers,  enclosed 
by  a  wall,  and  supposed  by  Wellsted  to  date  from  a  Tery 
remote  period 
1268 


N.\KEL,  a  town  of  Prussia,    See  Nac¥EL. 

NAKHCHIVAN  or  NAKllSIUVAN,  niUVhee-vJu'.  (ano. 
Arxluta  or  jya:Tiui'na.)  '•  first  place  of  descent,"  a  town  of  .Asia- 
tic Russia,  Transcaucasia,  capital  of  a  province  near  the  Aras, 
83  miles  S,E.  of  Erivan.  The  population  in  1S30  consisted  of 
2000  Mohammedan  and  800  or  900  Armenian  tamilies;  ijut 
it  was  mostly  ruined  during  the  last  Russian  and  Persian 
war.  and  at  the  above  dat«  was  in  a  deplorable  condition.  It 
claims,  however,  the  repute  ol"  being  "  the  oldest  city  in  the 
world ;"  its  .\ruieiiian  name  and  tradition  implying  that  thi' 
tenants  of  the  ark  first  resided  here  after  the  flood ;  and  Ua 
vicinity  is  so  fertile  in  fruits,  especially  grapes,  as  to  deserve 
the  repute  of  being  the  region  where  "  Noah  began  to  be  a 
hu.sbaudmau,  and  planted  a  vineyard,"  (Gen.  ix.  20.)  But 
it  is.  however,  noted  for  insalubrity.  The  province  of  Nakli- 
chivan,  separated  southward  from  Per,sia  by  the  .4ras,  has 
on  other  sides  the  provinces  of  Erivan  and  Karabagh,  and 
comprises  also  the  towns  of  Abbasabad,  Mergeri,  and  Terra 
Kali, 

NAKHITCHEVAN  or  NAKHIT.SCHEWAN,  nil-kect-she- 
vin',  a  town  of  Kussi.i,  government  of  Yekaterinoslav,  on 
the  Don,  18  miles  S.W,  of  Novo-Tcherkask.  Pop,  10,000.  It 
was  founded  by  an  Armenian  colony,  iu  1780,  and  is  the 
re.<ideuceof  the  Armenian  patriarch  iu  Russia.  It  is  built  in 
the  oriental  style.  Principal  ediflws,  several  handsc>me  Arme- 
nian chun'hes,  convents,  and  a  bazaar.  It  has  manufactures 
of  silk  and  cotton  stulTs,  soap,  and  leather,  with  numerous 
distilleries,  and  an  extensive  trade,  being,  with  the  contigu- 
otis  town  Rostov,  a  principal  entrepot  of  the  Don,  and  of  the 
commerce  from  Tangaurog  to  the  interior  of  Russia. 

NAKlKlDEH.  nd'KoMSh,  a  large  village  of  Persia,  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  S,S,W,  of  Ooroomeeyah,  formerly  the  see  of  a 
Christian  bishop, 

NAKILO,  nd'ke-lo',  NAKILOO  or  NACKILOO.  nd'ke-loo', 
a  maritime  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Laristan,  on  the 
Persian  Gulf,  60  miles  W,N.\V,  of  Ch.irrack,  with  a  fort  and 
a  pearl  fishery :  lat,  26°  52'  N.,  Ion.  53°  30'  E, 

NAKLO,  a  town  of  Prus-sia.    See  N.*ck£L, 

NAKO,  ni'ko\  a  village  of  Thibet,  di.«trict  of  Piti  or  .Spiti, 
among  the  West  Himalayas,  12.000  feet  above  the  sea-level, 
and  on  the  shoulder  of  the  great  mountain  Porgyul,  which 
has  an  additional  height  of  10,000  feet,  103  miles  N.E,  of 
SimLa.  • 

N.\KO-NAKO,  ni'ko-naMvO,  a  group  of  small  i,«lands  off 
the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra,  W.  from  the  island  of  Nias,  lat,  0^ 
50'  N. 

N.^KSKOV,  a  town  of-  Denmark.    See  Naskov. 

NAL,  ndl,  a  walled  town  of  Beloochistan,  on  the  W.  route 
from  the  Sonmeanee  to  Kelat.  Lat.  27°  3.5'  N.,  Ion.  65°  59' 
E.  It  is  said  to  be  a  ttiwn  of  much  antiquity,  and  has  a  fort, 
the  stronghold  of  the  Bezunja  tribe  of  B»?Ioochistan. 

NALABU,  ni-l.-i-boo',  or  ANALABU,  d-nii-ld-boo'.  a  sea^ 
port  town  of  Sumatra,  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  kingdom 
of  Acheen ;  lat.  4°  8'  ".0"  N.,  Ion.  96°  8'  E, 

N.\LB,  ndlb,  OiiER,  o/l)er,  and  Uster,  oon'tfr,  two  places 
of  Lower  Austria,  nearly  contiguous,  about  5  miles  from 
Jetzelsdorf, 

NALCHA,  ndl'chS,  a  town  of  India.  Gwalior  dominions, 
near  Hindia,  with  remains  of  some  fine  edifices ;  lat,  22° 
25'  N,.  Ion.  75°  29'  E.    . 

NALDA,  uiVdL  a  town  of  Spain.  Old  Castile,  province 
and  8  miles  S.S.W,  of  Logrofio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Iregua,     Pop,  4732, 

N.\LDROOG.  nil-droog'.  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Decean, 
Xizam's  dominions,  80  miles  W.  of  Beetler. 

NALGONDA,  ndl-gon'da,  or  NELGOONDA,  nJl-goon'da,  a 
town  of  Hindostan,  Nizam's  dominions,  68  miles  E.S,E.  of 
Hyderabad. 

"nALINNES.  nS^Ieen'.  a  village  of  Belgiiun,  province  of 
Ilainaut.  27  miles  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1818. 

NALLIERS.  niryA/  or  niihVi',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vendee,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Bourbon-Vendee. 
I'op.  1070. 

NALON,  ni-lon',  a  river  of  Northern  Spain,  rises  near 
Tarna  in  Asturias,  and  after  a  N.W.  course  of  ii2  miles  past 
Oviedo.  enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay  near  Muresr. 

NAM.\II'KIN,  a  post-office  of  Marquette  co,,  Wiscon,sin. 

NAMALOUK  (n,i-mi-look')  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  several 
islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean;  lat,  6°  55' N,,  Ion.  153°  16' E. 
They  are  numerou.sly  inhabited. 

NAMAQUA  (n.4-mii'kwd)  COUNTRY,  the  W.  and  mari- 
time portion  of  the  Hottentot  country.  South  Africa,  the 
CJreat  Namaqua  Land  being  N.,  and  the  IJttle  Nam,aqua  Ter- 
ritorv  S.  of  O'-ange  River. 

NAMAQUAS,  nd-m:l'kw3z.     See  IIottestots. 

NAMCOaL,  ndm'kool/,  or  NAMCULD,  ndm'koold'f?),  a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  Ma- 
dura. 45  miles  N.W.  of  Trichinoi>oly. 

N.\MiiCHE.  ni^m.Ash',  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  the  Na- 
mur  and  Liege  Railro.id.  7  miles  from  Namur. 

NAMEKA'GON,  a  small  river  of  La  Poiute  co.,  Wisconsic, 
flows  into  St.  Croix  River. 

N  AMEN,  a  citv  of  Belgium,    See  Namur. 

NAMESZTO,  n6h'm^s,s'to\  a  market-town  of  North  Hun- 
gary.  co,  of  Arva,  16  miles  N.NJiof  Also-K.ubin.    Pop.  468S. 


NAM 


NAN 


NAMIKSCIIT,  ni'meesht,  a  town  of  Moravia,  27  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Zuaym,  on  the  Oslava,  here  crossed  by  a  hand- 
some .itone  bridjro,  ornamented  with  '20  statues.  Pop.  2200. 
It  has  manufactures  of  tine  woollen  cloths  and  linen. 

NA.MIK.SCllT,  a  market-town  of  Moi-avia,  8  miles  W.  of 
Olniutz.     I'op.  800. 

A.VM.\>;TES.     See  Xantf.3. 

XAJIUNOUITO,  nd-mo-noo-ee'to,  a  coral  island  group,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean ;  lat.  8°  3a'  to  9°  X.,  Ion.  149^  47'  to  150° 
31'  B. 

NAMOUKA,  Friendly  Islands.    See  Axnamooka. 

NAMOZIN'K,  na  mo-zeen' (if j,  a  post-office  of  Amelia  co., 
Virginia. 

NAMOZINE  CREEK,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  flows 
N.K.  along  the  boundary  between  Amelia  and  Dinwiddle 
counties  until  it  enters  the  Appomattox  Hiver. 

N.WISLAU,  nim'sluw.  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
30  miles  E.  of  Ureslau,  on  the  Weida.  I'op.  4000.  It  is  en- 
closed by  double  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  linens  and 
woollens;  breweries,  and  considerable  cattle  fairs. 

NAMUK,  mi/mur,  (anc.  Namurlcum ;  Vr.  pron.  nS^miiR'; 
Flam.  Namen,  nd/men.)  a  strongly  fortified  city  of  lielgium, 
capital  of  a  province,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sambre  and 
Meu#e,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Bru.ssels,  with  which,  and  al.so  with 
Liege,  it  is  connected  by  railway.  J*op.  25,883.  It  has  a 
fine  cathedral,  churches  of  St.  Loup  and  Notre  Dame,  a  new 
town-hall,  and  a  public  library;  its  fortress  is  situated  on 
a  rock  which  comuu-inds  the  Aleuse  and  the  Sambre.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  cutlery,  and  has  manufactures  of  iron, 
Bteel,  and  bronze  articles,  foundries,  glass  works,  and  tan- 
neries. It  has  sustained  numerous  sieges,  was  taken  by 
Louis  XIV.  in  person  in  1(392.  by  the  English  and  Dutch 
under  William  III.  in  lfi95,  and  again  by  French  armies  in 
1701  and  1740.  Under  the  French  Empire  it  was  the  capital 
of  the  department  of  Sambre  and  Meuse. 

NAMLlll,  a  province  of  Belgium,  bounded  on  the  S.  and 
S.W.  by  France,  and  intersected  by  the  Meuse.  Area  1413 
square  miles.  It  is  rich  in  mines  of  iron,  lead,  copj)«T,  and 
coal.    Chief  towns,  Xaniur  and  Dinant.    P.  in  1802,  304,268. 

NANAFA'LIA,  a  post-village  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  Tombigbee  Jtiver,  100  miles  S.  of  Tuscaloosa.  Here 
Is  a  8teamlx)at  landing. 

NA.XAS,  noh^nosh/,  a  market-town  of  Central  Hungary, 
circle  of  Szabolcs,  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dehreczin.    Pop.  7737. 

NANAU'PY.  a  post-office  of  Fond  du  I>ac  co.,  Wiscon.sin. 

NAX'CES  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  (Jeorgia. 

NAN-CHANO  or  NAX-TOUANG,  ndnV-hSng',  a  city  of 
China,  capital  of  the  province  of  Kiang-see.  on  the  Knn-kiang 
Kiver,  285  miles  S.W.  of  Nan-king,  in  lat.  28°  35'  N.,  Ion. 
116°  E. 

NANCIIE,  nSnV'h.i',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Che-ki- 
ftng,  about  40  miles  W.  of  Yen-chow-foo.  It  appears  to  be 
about  3  miles  in  circuit,  and  to  carry  on  a  very  extensive 
trade,  the  river  being  covered  with  boats  which  are  con- 
stantly plying  between  it  and  Yen-chow,  Hang-chow,  and 
many  other  places  both  above  and  below.  I'op.  about 
200.000. 

NANCOWHY,  ndn-kdw/ree,  one  of  the  Nicobar  Islands. 
Bay  of  Bengal;  lat.  7°  67'  N.,  Ion.  93°  43'  E.,  about  25  miles 
In  circujnference. 

NAN'CY,  (Fr.  pron.  nflN»'see/,  L.  Nancct'um  or  Nanrelinm.) 
a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Meurthe, 
29  miles  S.  of  5Ietz,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Meurthe.  and 
on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852, 
45,129.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  and  best  built  towns  of 
France.  In  the  Place  KoyaU  is  the  Town-hall,  bishop's 
palace,  and  a  bronze  statue  of  Stanislaus,  ex-king  of  Po- 
land, who  embellished  the  town.  The  chief  liuiklings  are 
the  Cathedral,  church  of  lion  Secours,  barracks,  and  hos- 
pitals. It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has'  an  acadcmie  unx- 
versitaire  for  the  departments  of  Meurthe,  Meiise,  and  Vos- 
ges,  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  national  college,  normal 
school,  and  library  of  26.000  volumes;  cabinet  of  natural 
history,  and  a  botanic  garden.  Its  embroidery  is  cele- 
brated, and  it  has  manufactures  of  cloths  and  candles. 
Nancy  was  taken  by  Charles  the  Bold  in  1475.  and  he  was 
killed  while  besieging  it  in  1477.  Louis  XIII.  took  it  in 
1634.  Its  cita<lel  is  still  preserved,  but  its  fortifications  were 
destroyed  by  Louis  XIV.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  General 
Druot. 

NANDAIIl,  a  town  of  India.     See  Nandere. 

NANDAN-SAK,  ninMin'  sar.  a  small  lake  of  Ca,«hmere, 
held  in  high  reverence  by  the  Hindoos;  lat.  33°  21'  N.,  Ion. 
74°  26'  E. 

NANDERK  or  NAND.4IR.  ninMAr/,  a  town  of  India, 
Nizam's  dominions,  on  the  Godavery,  148  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Hyderabad;  lat.  19°  3'  N.,  Ion.  77°  38'  E.  It  has  a  Sikh 
College,  which,  in  1818,  was  inhabited  by  300  students.  It 
is  a  place  of  Sikh  pilgrimage. 

N.\NDODE.  nin'dOd'.  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan,  do- 
minions and  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Baroda. 

NANEE,  nd'nee/.  a  town  of  Afghanistan.  10  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Ghuznee,  on  the  route  to  Kandahar;  lat.  33°  25'  N.,  Ion. 
n'8°  12'  E.     Elevation  7502  feet, 

NAN-UAN,  niu^gdn',  a  city  of  China>  province  of  Kiang- 


see.  capital  of  a  department  on  the  Kiang,  180  miles  X  N.E 
of  Canton. 

NANGASAKI,  a  city  of  Japan.    See  Nagasaki. 

NANGIS,  n6N°'zhee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-etrMarne,  13  miles  W.  of  Provins.  Pop.  in  1852,  2267- 
It  has  extensive  markets  for  the  supply  of  Paris  with  meat, 
butter,  eggs,  cheese,  vegetables,  and  fruit. 

NAN^ISEE',  a  post-office  of  Wapello  co..  Iowa. 

NANMEMOY',  a  post-village  iu  Charles  co.,  Maryland,  55 
miles  S.W.  of  Annapolis. 

NANJINGODE,  ndn'jin-god'.  a  village  of  Ilindostan,  in 
the  Deccan,  province  and  15  miles  S.  of  Mysore,  on  tho 
Kapini.     The  village  contains  a  celebrated  temple  of  Seeva. 

NAXKA  (ndn/k^)  ISLANDS,  three  islands  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  strait  of  Gaspar,  between  the  islands  of  Billi- 
ton  and  Banca,  4  or  5  miles  from  Banca  shore.  Great  Nauka, 
tho  largest,  alxjut  IJ  miles  in  extent,  is  in  lat,  2°  25'  S.,  Ion. 
106°  48'  30"  E. 

NAXKIN',  a  post-village  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  88  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

NANKIN,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Wayne 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  2410. 

NANKING,  ndn'king'.or  NANKIN, ndn'kin'  or  can'keen', 
the  "Southern  Capital,"(called  also  KIANG-NING,)  as  dis- 
tinguished from  Peking,  the  "  Northern  Capital,"  a  cele- 
brat(^d  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province  of  Kiang-soo,  and 
anciently  of  Southern  China,  is  situated  near  the  right  bank 
of  the  Yang-tse-Uiahg,  about  90  miles  from  its  mouth,  56C 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  i'eking ;  lat.  32°  2'  X.,  Ion.  118°  49'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  400,000.  Its  ancient  walls  can  be  traced  over  hill 
and  dale  for  35  miles,  but  Nanking  has  so  greatly  declined 
since  the  transference  of  the  seat  of  empire  to  Peking  by 
Kooblai-khan,  in  the  13th  century,  that  the  modern  walls 
are  of  much  less  extent,  and  the  city  scarcely  occupies  one- 
eighth  part  of  the  surface  which  they  enclosed.  The  river, 
oppo.'iite  Nanking,  is  li  miles  broad.  25  fathoms  deep,  with  a 
rocky  tottom,  and  a  current  from  3  miles  to  5  miles  an  hour. 
The  city  is  situated  3  miles  S.  from  the  Yang-tse^Kiang,  but 
a  part  of  its  walls  approaches  witliin  700  paces  of  the  water. 
The  principal  streets  are  of  moderate  breadth,  clean,  well 
paved. and  lined  with  handsome  shops;  but  the  houses  are, 
in  general,  mean,  and  only  one  story  high.  The  view  of 
the  city  from  the  porcelain  tower  is  said  to  be  exceedingly 
pleasing ;  the  whole  interior  of  the  city  being  visible,  and 
the  houses  so  closely  packed  that  the  streets  can  fs'arccly  be 
traced,  while  the  large  tent-like  roofs  of  the  temples,  and 
the  curious  gable-ends  of  the  pawnbrokers'  .shops  shine  out 
in  their  various  gaudy  colors,  amid  the  sea  of  houses  which 
surrounds  them.  The  part  of  the  city  occupied  by  the 
Mantchoos  is  separated  by  a  cross  wall  from  the  Chinese 
town.  The  great  extent  of  the  wall  renders  the  defence  of 
the  city  difficult ;  besides  which  it  is  overlooked  from  tho 
hills  on  the  E.  On  that  side  there  are  three  gates ;  tlie  land 
towards  the  river  is  marshy,  and  the  gates  are  approached 
on  stone  causeways.  A  deep  canal  or  ditch  runs  up  from 
the  river  directly  under  the  walls,  on  the  W..  serving  to 
strengthen  the  approaches  on  that  side.  The  most  remark- 
able structure  now  existing  in  Nanking  is  the  Porcelain 
Tower,  called,  by  the  Chinese,  the  Recompensing  Favor  Mo- 
nastery, built  1411-32,  |ire-emiuent.  above  all  other  simi- 
lar buildings  in  China,  for  its  completeness  and  elegance. 
It  is  of  an  octagonal  form,  261  feet  high,  and  consists  of 
nine  stories,  of  equal  height,  each  adorned  with  a  cornice 
and  gallery,  and  covei-ed  with  a  roof  of  green  tiles,  which 
after  the  Chinese  fiisliion  projects  some  feet  over  the  outside, 
and  under  it  is  a  passage  round  the  tower.  At  the  pro.ject- 
ing  corners  of  each  roof  are  fastened  small  bell.«,  which 
sound  with  the  slightest  breeze.  On  the  top  of  the  tower 
is  a  pinnacle  in  the  shape  of  a  pine-apple,  surmounted  by  a 
golden  ball.  A  sjdral  staircase  in  the  inside,  of  190  steps, 
carries  the  visiter  to  the  summit.  In  the  interior  are  some 
apartments,  richly  gilt,  and  otherwise  elaborately  adorned. 
The  material  of  which  the  walls  are  constructed  is  said  to 
be  a  kind  of  white  brick,  made  of  fine  clay;  the  entire  cost 
of  the  edifice  is  stated  at  from  $35,800,000  to  $40,000,000. 
Among  the  other  objects  may  be  mentioned  the  "tomb  of 
the  kings,"  supposed  to  be  of  the  Ming  Dynasty,  A.  D.  1328 
to  1621 ;  leading  to  it  is  a  fine-paved  road  with  an  avenue 
of  gigantic  armed  figures;  the  government  palace  and  an 
observatory  are  also  worthy  of  note.  Nanking  has  iuijior- 
tant  manufactures  of  crape,  satin  of  the  finest  quality, 
paper,  artificial  flowers.  China  or  Indian  ink,  and  it  gives 
its  name  to  the  well-known  "  Nankeen"  cotton  cloth, 
which  is  also  made  throughout  the  whole  province.  It  is 
the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  trade,  and  by  the  great  canal, 
which  crosses  the  Yang-tse-kiang.  about  50  miles  eastward, 
it  communicates  directly  with  Peking,  to  which  city,  among 
other  articles,  a  good  deal  offish  is  sent.  It  is  also  the  resi- 
dence of  a  grand  viceroy,  with  authority  over  the  Kiang 
provinces,  of  a  great  military  depot,  and  the  chief  seat  of 
literature  in  the  empire.  The  British  forces  remained  before 
it  from  the  10th  to  the  29th  of  August,  1842.  on  which  last 
day  the  final  treaty  between  China  and  Kngland  was  signed 
and  ratified. 

NAN-LING,  nln'ling'.  a  mountain  chain  in  Chin.i,  lat. 

1269 


NAX 

26°  X.,  and  between  Ion.  104°  and  118°  E.,  separates  the 
biisins  of  the  Yang-tse-kiang  and  Kan-kiang  Itivers,  north- 
ward from  tl  "it  of  the  Ilong-kiang  and  its  affluents  south- 
ward, and  the  Quang  provinces  from  those  of  Koei-Choo  and 
Ht>o-nan. 

N  AXXERCn,  nan'nJrK,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  counties 
of  Flint  and  Denbigh. 

NaX'XET.  n  post-office  of  Rockland  co..  New  York. 

IfAX-XGA>0,  nSn^ngdiig',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Kiung-see.  capital  of  a  department,  on  Lake  I'ho-yang,  230 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Xanchang. 

XAX-XIXVi,  nJn'niug',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Quang- 
see,  capital  of  a,  department,  TO  miles  X.  of  the  Gulf  of  Tou- 
quin. 

XAXOOKI  or  XAXOUKI,  nl-noonsee,  an  island  in  the 
Pacific  Oceau,  lat.  0°  11'  X.,  Ion.  173°  39'  20"  E.,  (^  miles 
long,  and  5i  miles  wide  at  the  E.  end,  diminishing  to  2 
miles  at  the  W.  end. 

XAXOOTI  or  XAXOUTI,  nil-noo'tee,  or  SYTVENHAM 
ISLAXD.  in  the  Pouth  Pacific,  one  of  the  group  of  Iti.shop'8 
Islands ;  lat.  0°  45'  S.,  Ion.  174°  31'  E.     Length,  19  mfies. 

NAXPHIO.    See  Anapiii. 

NAX'SEMOXD  RIVER,  Virginia,  in  Nanremond  co.,  en- 
ters Hampton  Roads.  It  is  navigable  for  small  vessels  20 
miles  to  Suffolk. 

X-iXSEMOXD,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  bor- 
dering on  Xorth  Carolina  and  the  Dismal  Swamp;  the  area 
Is  400  square  miles.  Hampton  Hoads  are  situated  on  the 
N.  bord^jr  of  the  county,  and  it  i.'*  partly  traversed  by  Xan- 
semond  River,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  The  surface 
is  fcvel ;  the  soil  is  sandy,  and  partly  covered  with  forests 
"of  cypress,  juniper,  and  pine.  Tlie  I'ortsmouth  and  Roan- 
oke Railroad  pa-sses  through  the  county.  The  county  ex- 
isted as  early  as  1C40,  under  the  name  of  Upper  Norfolk ; 
the  present  name  M'as  given  iu  1645.  Capital,  Suffolk.  I'op. 
13,693,  of  whom  8212  were  free,  and  5481  slaves. 

X.4XT.  nOs",  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron, 
11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Millau.      Pop.  in  1852,  30.38. 

XAXTAI.S.    See  Nantes. 

X  AXTAS'KET,  a  narrow  peninsula  of  Plymouth  CO.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, extending  about  5  miles  in  a  X.N.W.  direction 
into  Massachusetts  Ray.  At  its  X.E.  extremity  is  Point  .\1- 
erton,  aud  X.W.  the  ancient  town  of  Hull.  12  miles  S.E. 
of  Boston.  Xantasket  Reach  is  much  resorted  to  by  the 
citizens  of  Boston  for  sea  air  and  bathing. 

XANTASKET  ROAD.  Ma.«sachu»etts,  one  of  the  main 
entrances  to  Boston  Harbor. 

NAXT-CHAXO,  a  town  of  China.    See  Xas-Chaso. 

NAXTEXLLEW,  nan-tenthlu,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Cardigan. 

XAXTERRE.  n6s«'taiH',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine.  7  miles  S.  of  St.  Denis,  on  the  railway 
from  Paris  to  St.  Germain.  Pop.  in  1852,  2770.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  glue  and  chemical  products. 

XAXTES,  nants,  (Fr.  pron.  nftxt;  anc.  Omdivin'cttm, 
afterwards  yamneltes,)  a  populous  city  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Loire-Iuferieure.  on  the  river  Loire,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Krdre  and  Sevre-Xantai.se,  2C9  miles 
S.W.  of  Paris,  with  which  it  is  connected  bv  railway.  Lat. 
47°  30'  X.,  Ion.  1°  32'  W.  The  city  is  built  partly  on. 
several  islands  in  the  Loire,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
means  of  16  bridges,  several  of  them  handsome  structures. 
The  banks  of  the  rivers  are  here  lined  with  spacious  quays, 
for  an  extent  of  nearly  two  miles.  They  are  finely  planted 
and  adorned  with  elegant  mansions,  forming  a  splendid 
promenade,  while  the  shipping  which  crowds  the  harbor  of 
La  Fosse,  and  the  vessels  ever  in  motion  on  the  Loire,  give 
great  animation  to  the  scene.  Xantes  is  one  of  the  best- 
built  cities  in  France ;  several  of  its  squares  would  lose  but 
little  by  a  comparison  with  stime  of  the  finest  in  the  capital. 
The  public  edifices  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Cathe- 
dral, possessed  of  a  richly  sculptured  portal ;  the  Castle  of 
the  ancient  dukes,  an  enormous  mass  of  irregular  buildings, 
flanked  with  round  towers ;  the  Castle  of  Bouffay.  with  a 
lofty  polygonal  tower;  the  Hotel  de  la  Prefecture,  regarded 
as  the  finest  edifice  of  Nantes:  the  Exchange,  with  a  peri- 
style of  10  Ionic  pillars,  supporting  an  entablature  adorned 
with  10  statues;  the  old  mint,  now  occupied  by  the  courts 
of  justice,  the  Town-hall  and  theatre.  Nantes  "is  noted  for 
iLs  public  squares  or  promenades,  the  principal  of  which, 
l)esides  the  promenade  of  La  Fosse  above  mentioned,  are 
taose  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Andrew,  opening  into  each  other: 
of  Henry  IV.  and  of  the  People.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
and  possesses  a  court  of  first  resort,  a  tribunal  of  commerce, 
a  cnmeil  de  prtuFliomnm,  minL  national  college,  diocesan 
seminary,  and  secondary  ecclesiastical  school,  sifcondary 
school  of  medicine,  hydnigraphii-al  school  of  the  first  clivss. 
agriculturaL  horticultural,  and  industrial  societies;  public 
library  of  30.000  volumes,  observatorv.  botanic  garden,  and 
a  magazine  of  munitions  for  the  marine.  Merchant  vessels 
of  1000  tons  are  built  here,  besides  which  the  town  has  nu- 
merous manufactures  of  cottons,  muslins,  and  woollens; 
cannon  foundriesi.  sugnr  refineries,  potteries,  distilleries,  Ac. ; 
and  an  extensive  maritime  commerce.  The  trade  is  facili- 
tated l)0th  by  the  Loire  and  by  a  canal  which  communicates 
1270 


NAN 

'  with  Brest,  and,  more  recently,  l>y  the  railway  which  con- 
j  nects  I'aris  with  the  W.  coast :  it  includes  a  great  variety  of 
articles  toth  for  the  home  consumption  and  foreign  mar- 
kets. In  the  extent  of  its  coast  trade,  Nantes  ranks  as  the 
fifth  port  in  the  empire.  Its  harbor,  however,  .iduiits  ves- 
sels of  only  200  tons:  large  vessels  unlade  at  I'aiiiilxieuf. 

Before  the  conquest  of  Gaul  by  the  Romans.  Condivin- 
cnm  was  the  capital  of  the  Namnetes.  In  445,  it  valiantly 
withstood  a  siege  of  60  days  by  the  Huns.  During  the  ninth 
century,  it  was  thrice  taken  by  the  Normans,  and  almost 
entirely  ruined.  During  the  Engli.-h  wars  in  France,  it  suf- 
fered much,  repeatedly  falling  into  the  hands  of  opposite 
parties.  In  1498.  Anne  of  Brittany  (Bretagne;  h.iving  here 
married  Louis  XII.,  it  pas^ed,  with  the  re.st  of  her  posses- 
sions, to  the  crown  of  France.  The  most  memorable  event 
.since  connected  with  its  history  is  the  famous  edict  issued 
at  Nantes  by  Henry  IV.,  April  30,  1598,  securing  to  the 
Protestants  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion,  and  making 
them  eligible  to  all  civil  aud  military  employments.  Its  , 
revocation  by  Louis  XIV.  involve"!  the  kingdom  in  disas- 
ters from  which  it  has  never  completely  recovered.  Nantes 
was  the  birth-place  of  Anne  of  Brittany,  Fouch6,  and  Boug- 
ner  the  mutheuiaticiau.  Pojj.  in  IhOi,  113,625. — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Naxtais,  nSNo'tV;  feminine  Nantaise,  ndso^taz/. 

NANTEL'IL.  nSN<iUli'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Oi.*e.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Seulis.     Pop.  16iX). 

N.A.NT'GLYN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

N.-VNTICOKE,  a  river  of  Delaware  and  Maryland,  rises  in 
Sussex  county,  of  the  former  state,  flows  S.W.  into  Mary- 
land, and,  after  forming  the  boundary  between  Dorchester 
and  Somerset  counties,  enters  Fisliiiig  ]!ay.  an  arm  of  the 
Chesapeake.   The  valley  of  this  river  is  about  50  miles  long. 

NANTICOKE,  a  township  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 
Pop.  797. 

NANTICOKE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Luzerne  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  1  mile  S.  of  the  Susquehanna  River, 
104  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg.  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Wilkes 
barre.  It  is  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of  Wyoming,  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  rich  coal-mines. 

NANTICOKE,  a  hundred  in  Sussex  co.,  Delaware.  Pop. 
2008. 

XAXTICOKE  MOUXTAIX,  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
the  name  of  the  S.W.  portion  of  a  ridge  extending  fur  25  or 
30  miles  along  the  N.W.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna.  The 
N.E.  part  of  this  riilge  is  called  Shawnee  Mountain,  The 
average  height  is  about  SOO  feet. 

NANTIC(,)KE  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  and  place  of  resort 
in  Broome  co..  New  York,  about  140  miles  W.S.W  .  of  Albany. 

N-\N'TIH.\'L.\,  a  post<iffice  of  Macon  CO..  North  Ciirolina. 

NAX^TIXAX'  or  NAN^'ENAXT/,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Munster.  co.  of  Limerick. 

NANT'ME.\L.  a  former  township  in  Chester  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, now  divided  into  East  and  West  .Naiitmeal. 

NANT'MEL,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

N.\NTU.\.  nix'^HwA/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ain,  17  miles  E.  of  Bourg.  at  the  S.  side  of  the  Lake  of 
Nantua.  Pop.  in  1852.  3746.  Chief  industry,  cotton  aud 
woollen  spinning,  tanning,  and  paf-er  making.  It  has  a 
considcraijle  transit  trade  between  France  aud  S\iitzerland. 

NANTrCK'ET.  the  most  S.E.  county  of  Massachusetts, 
has  an  arim  of  about  60  square  miles.  It  consists  of  Nan- 
tucket Island,  Tucanuck  Island,  Muskejet  Island,  and  the 
(Jravel  Islands,  lying  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  30  miles 
S.  of  Barnstable  county.  Nantucket,  the  principal  island,  is 
of  a  triangular  form,  about  15  miles  long,  with  an  average 
breadth  f>f  from  3  to  4  miles.  Area  50  siiuare  miles.  The 
surface  is  level  in  the  S.  part,  and  hilly  in  the  N.  The  soil 
is  generally  sandy,  but  affords  some  pasture.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  principally  engaged  in  navigation  and  the  fisheries; 
espe<'ially  the  whale  fishery.  Organized  iu  1659.  Capital, 
Nantucket.    Pop.  6094. 

NANTUCKET,  a  post-town,  port  of  entrv',  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Nantucket  county,  Massachusetts,  is  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  a  deep  bay  on  the  N.  side  of  Nantucket  l.sland, 
about  105  miles  S.E.  bv  S.  of  Boston,  and  .")0  miles  S.E.  of 
New  Bedford;  lat.  41°  "l6'  56"  N.,  Ion.  70°  6'  12"  W.  The 
harlior  is  excellent,  being  capacious,  deep,  and  nearly  land- 
locked by  two  projei'ting  points  of  beach,  the  extremities 
of  which  are  only  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  apart.  The 
village  is  compactly  built  mostly  of  wood,  with  narrow 
streets.  It  contains  8  or  9  churches,  a  bank  with  a  capita! 
of  $200,000,  an  Athenwum.  (a  handsome  building.)  and  2 
newspaper  offices.  Besides  a  library  of  about  2500  volumes, 
the  .Mhenaeum  has  a  valuable  a)llectioii  of  euriusities.  The 
inhabitants  of  Nantucket  have  been  long  and  suci-essfully 
engaged  in  the  whale  fishery,  but  this  branch  of  industry 
has  been  almost  entirely  neglecteil  since  iH-troleuin  has 
come  into  general  use.  The  shipping  of  the  poit,  June 
30,  1863,  amounted  to  au  aggregate  of  4407  tons  registered, 
and  1448  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  registered  ton- 
nage. 3739  tons  were  employed  iu  the  whale  tislieiy;  and 
of  the  enrolled  and  licensed,  1351  tons  were  employetl  in 
the  coast  trade,  97  tons  in  the  co<t  and  mackerel  fisheries, 
and  481  tons  in  steam  navigiition.  In  1853,  l.t  vt^sels 
engaged  in  the  wlialw  fishery  arrived  at  Nantucket,  bring- 


-J 


NAN 

ing  19,232  barrels  of  sperm  oil,  7598  barrels  of  whale  oil, 
and  43,700  pounds  of  whalebone.  The  number  of  vessels 
which  arrived  at  this  port  during  the  year  ending  June, 
18t)3,  was  only  3.  There  are  liere  about  a  dozen  boot  and 
shoe  factories,  and  several  soap  factoiies.  On  July  13, 1846, 
Nantucket  Wiis  visited  by  a  fearful  conflagration,  which 
destroyed  not  less  than  350  buildings,  including  2  banks, 
a  church,  the  Athenasum,  and  7  oil  and  candle  manufac- 
tories. The  loss  was  estimated  at  $1,000,000.  It  is  stated 
that,  in  consequence  of  the  decline  of  tlie  whale  fisheries, 
multitudes  of  tlie  inhabitants  an;  removing  from  the  island. 
Pup.  in  1860,  inchidiiijr  the  entire  county,  6094. 

NANTUCKET  HAKBOR  LIGIITIIOU.SK,  Is  on  the  S.  side 
Ctf  the  harbor,  and  contains  a  fixed  light  70  feet  high. 
NANTUCKET  ISLAND.    8ee  Nantucket  (County.) 
NANTUCKET  SHOALS,  situated  .S.E. of  Nantucket  Island, 
cover  an  area  of  about  45  by  50  miles.     Here  many  vessels 
have  been  wrecked  and  lives  lost. 
NANTUXET,  a  village  of  New  Jersey.    See  Newport. 
NANTWICII,  nanfich,  a  market-town  and  pari.«h  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  and  I85  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chester,  on  the  IJirming- 
ham  and  Liverpool  Canal,  and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Crewe.     I'op. 
In  1851,  5426.    The  town  is  irregularly  built,  houses  mostly 
old.   It  h,is  a  handsome  bridge  across  the  river  Weaver,  and 
manufectures  of  shoes,  silk,  cottons,  and  salt.     In  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.,  300  salt  works  were  in  operation  here,  but 
now  only  one  salt  spring  is  worked. 

N.\N-VAN(},  uin  ydng',  a  city  of  China,  province  and  158 
miles  N.E.  of  Canton,  capital  of  a  department,  with  battle- 
mented  walls. 

NAOi)R,  XAOUR  or  NAUR.  nA'ooa',  a  market-town  and 
fort  of  South  Russia,  government  of  Caucasus,  on  the  Terek, 
30  miles  K.  of  ilozdok.  In  its  vicinity  are  sulphur  springs. 
Pop.  2000. 

NAOS,  ni'oce,  a  port  of  the  Canary  Islands,  on  the  S.E. 
coast  of  Lanzarote,  and  a  cape  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island 
of  Ferro. 

NAOUR,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Naoor. 
NAOURS,  ud^ooii',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Somnie,  10  miles  N.  of  Amiens.     Pop.  1918. 

NAl'A.  nah'pa.  a  river  of  Napa  co.,  California,  rises  In  the 
N.  part  of  Napa  Valley,  and  running  in  a  general  southerly 
course,  falls  into  San  Pablo  Bay.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels 
of  5  feet  draft  12  miles  from  its  mouth. 

NAl'A,  a  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  California,  has 
fin  area  estimated  at  above  800  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Napa  River,  which  flows  near  the  western  Iwundary, 
and  Ijiis  I'utas  River,  which,  after  flowing  in  an  K.  direction 
through  the  beautiful  ISorryessa  Valley,  loses  itself  In  the 
Tule  Mar.shes.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  N.  part 
mountainous.  Mount  St.  Helen,  situated  at  the  head  of 
the  valley  of  Napa,  serves  as  a  landmark  to  travellers.  The 
soil  is  .;;enerally  fertile,  and.  except  in  the  N.  part,  well 
adaiited  to  cultivation.  Gold  has  been  found  in  this  county. 
A  mine  of  quicksilver,  situated  about  14  miles  above  the 
town  of  Napa,  is  supposed  to  be  very  rich.  This  county 
contains  several  mineral  springs.  The  Warm  Springs,  25 
miles  above  Napa,  are  found  to  pos.sess  high  medicinal 
qualities,  having  been  tested  by  invalids.  The  Hot  Sul- 
phur Springs,  (or  Geysers,)  about  70  miles  above  Napa  City, 
are  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  of  the  country.  For  a 
description  of  them,  see  California.  "  Objects  of  Interest  to 
Tourists"  page  338.    Capital,  Napa  City.    Pop.  5521. 

NAPA  (or  NAl'PA)  CITY,  a  post-town  of  Napa  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  W.  bank  of  Napa  River,  12  miles  from  its 
mouth,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Benicia.     Pop.  2378. 

NAPAGKDL,  nd^pJ-ghSd'P,  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  8 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilradisch,  on  the  March,     i'op.  2580. 

N.\PA-KI.4NG,  ni'pd-ke-Ang'.  the  principal  seaport-town 
of  the  Loo-Choo  Islands,  China  Sea,  in  lat.  26°  12'  20"  N., 
Ion.  127°  35'  57"  E.,  and  having  a,  secure  harlx>r. 

NAP'ANEE',  a  thriving  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
of  Leimox,  situated  on  the  Napauee  River,  and  on  the  main 
road  from  Kingston  to  Toronto,  25  miles  from  Kingston, 
and  25  miles  from  Belleville.    It  contains  numerous  stores, 
hotels,  and  mills.     Pop.  about  1000. 
NAl'ANOCK.    See  Naponock. 
NAI*'.\S1IA\  a  post-offlce  of  Dodge  CO.,  Wisconsin. 
NAPEII  MEW,  nd'peh  mu,  a  frontier-town  of  Burmah, 
on  the  Aeng  Road  from  Ava  into   Aracan,  32  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Saleu. 

N.VPIER,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1680. 

NA'PIERVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Du 
Page  CO.,  Illinois,  on  Du  Page  River,  about  30  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Chicago,  16  miles  from  the  Illinois  Canal.  It  contains  a 
•jourt-house  and  a  number  of  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper 
nflices,  and  several  mills  moved  by  water-power.  Pop.  of 
tviwnship,  2=99. 

NA'PIKRVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Huntingaon,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  several 
stores  and  hotels.     Pop.  aliout  900. 

NAPLES.  nA'pelz,  (Fr.  pron.  ndp'l:  It.  Xapoli.  nd'po-le; 
Sp.  and  Port.  NdpoUs.  n3'po-les ;  Ger.  Neupel,  n.VS'pel :  anc. 
FartJtA»})ope.  and  Neaplulis,)  the  most.populous  city  of  Italy, 


NAP 

the  former  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  tH/»  •  re^oi;* 
capital  of  the  State  of  Napoli,  on  the  N.  siuc  ui  the  B,iy  of 
Naples,  at  the  foot  of  Vesuvius,  118  miles  S.E.  of  Rome.  Lat. 
of  observatory,  40^  51'  8"  N.,  Ion.  14°  15'  5"  E.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  excellent  climate;  mean  temperature  of  year.  59".6; 
winter,  47°.6,  summer,  73°.l  Fahrenheit.  Tiie  city  is  beau- 
tifully situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  vast  and  pictviresiiue 
bay  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  It  extends  partly  along  the 
shore,  and  partly  up  the  acclivity  of  the  adjacent  moun- 
tains, being  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  picturesque  height 
of  Pausiiippo,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  lofty  tops  of  Vesuvius, 
wliile  the  surrounding  country,  rich  in  natural  beauty,  do- 
rives  additional  attractions  from  the  numerous  villas,  and 
other  objects  with  which  human  art  has  embellished  it. 
The  best  distant  view  of  Naples  is  obtained  in  approach- 
ing  it  from  the  sea,  and  on  passing  the  beautiful  islands 
which  guard  the  entrance  to  its  bay.  Naples  is  surrounded 
with  walls,  and  protected  by  three  forts  or  casth  s,  St.  Elmo, 
the  largest  of  the  three,  occupying  a  hill  on  the  N.\V„  con- 
taining excavations,  and  other  works,  hewn  out  of  the  rock 
Castello  Nuovo,  between  the  royal  pala<«  and  the  sea,  and 
Castello  del  Ovo  on  a  rocky  i.'-let,  connected  by  a  jetty  with 
the  land.  Immediately  adjoining  is  a  large  ar.*erial,  and  can- 
non foundry,  which  has  the  appearance  of  a  fortification, 
being  flanked  with  bastions.  The  great  mass  of  the  build- 
ings of  which  the  city  consists,  fijrms  an  irregular  oblong ; 
its  greatt'st  length  from  N.  to  S.  is  3  miles,  the  breadth 
from  E.  to  W.  about  Ij  miles,  and  the  circuit  nearly  8 
miles.  By  including  the  suburbs,  whicli  encroach  so  clo.-^ely 
upon  the  town  as  hardly  to  hti  distinguished  from  it,  the 
circuit  \?ill  l)e  nearly  doubled.  Some  of  the  gates  are  now 
near  the  centre  of  the  city ;  of  these,  the  only  one  deserving 
of  notice  is  the  Gate  of  Capua,  with  reliefs  by  Benedetto  da' 
Majano. 

The  streets  of  Naples  are  tolerably  regular,  generally  clean, 
and  admirably  paved  with  square  blocks  of  lava,  so  exactly 
fitted  that  not  the  least  inequality  can  be  discerned,  but 
they  are  for  the  most  part  inconveniently  narrow.  The 
houses  are  large,  substantial,  and  lofty,  averaging  not  li?ss 
than  five  or  .six  stories,  with  flat  roofs,  covered  with  a  com- 
position of  puziiolano,  and  by  the  number  of  plants  crowd- 
ed upon  them  converted  into  a  kind  of  domestic  sbrubtery, 
to  which  the  inmates  often  resort,  to  enjoj*  the  breeze.  They 
are  generally  provided  with  balconies,  and  other  projection.?, 
which,  like  the  roofs,  are  crowded  with  plants  and  shrubs. 
The  street  whii'h  forms  the  principal  thoroughfare,  is 
called  Toledo.  Commencing  at  the  extreme  N.,  it  traverses 
the  middle  of  the  city  throughout  its  whole  length,  terminat- 
ing at  the  palace,  not  far  from  the  .shore.  There  are  numerous 
squares,  which  are,  however,  generally  of  small  dimensions 
and  irregular  in  form.  The  principal  are  the  Largo  de  Palazzo, 
chiefly  occupied  by  the  palace,  which  gives  it  its  name,  and 
a  large  modern  church,  in  imitation  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome, 
the  Largo  de  Castello,  planted  with  trees,  and  the  Piazza 
di  Mercato,  or  Market-place,  already  mentioned.  Many  foun- 
tiuns  of  excellent  water  are  scattered  over  the  ditlereut 
quarters  of  the  city,  and  fine  promenadi^s  are  furnished  by 
several  of  the  quays  along  the  shore.  The  Spiag^ria  (spe- 
id'ji,  i.  e.  "  strand  or  shore,")  is  of  great  length,  extending 
from  the  Castello  del  Ovo  to  the  'romb  of  \irgil.  and  the 
Mole.  It  is  adorne<l  with  numerous  marble  statmw;  in  the 
evenings  it  is  crowded  with  equipages,  often  of  an  elegant 
and  often  also  of  a  very  grotesque  description,  every  Neapo- 
litan, who  can  muster  any  sort  of  conveyance,  disdaining 
to  appear  on  foot. 

The  public  edifices,  most  deserving  of  notice,'  are  the 
Cathedral,  a  large  Gothic  building,  erected  on  the  site  of 
a  Temple  of  Apollo,- and  held  in  high  veneration  in  conse- 
quence of  possessing  the  relics  of  St.  .Tanuarius,  or  Genaro; 
among  others  the  phial  of  his  blood,  the  annual  melting  of 
which,  on  the  19th  of  September,  is  regarded  as  a  miracle 
by  the  credulous  populace;  the  church  dei  .Santi  Apostoli, 
said  to  have  been  originally  founded  by  Constantine  the 
Great,  on  the  site  of  a  temple  of  Mercury,  and  though 
subsequently  rebuilt,  still  very  ancient;  the  church  of  St. 
Paul,  a  hand.some  edifice,  internally  faced  with  marble;  the 
churches  of  St.  Martin.  Del  Parto,  San  Severo,  St.  Philip  de 
Neri,  and  other  churches,  to  the  number  in  all  of  ne.trly 
300,  several  of  them  of  architectural  merit,  and  almost 
all  of  them  richly  decorated. 

Among  the  edifices  devoted  to  secular  purposes  in  Naples, 
may  be  mentioned  the  Palazzo  Reale.  (Royal  Palace.). an 
immense  building  of  three  stories,  each  of  a  different  order 
of  architecture,  only  partially  completed  according  to  the 
original .  design,  but  richly  fitted  up,  and  adorned  with 
paintings:  the  Palace  of  Capo  di  Monte,  forming  the  usual 
summer  residence  of  the  kiiig,  situated  without  the  walls 
of  the  town,  on  an  eminence  of  that  name,  commanding 
magnificent  views,  and  it  is  adorned  with  fine  sculptures, 
paintings,  and  articles  of  virtu,  belonging  to  the  cele- 
brated Farnese  Gallery,  and  surrounded  by  beautiful  gar- 
dens; the  old  palace,  where  the  courts  of  justice  now  hold 
their  sittings;  the  Palazzo  Degli  Studij  Publici.  (pS-lit/- 
so  dSl'yee  stoo'de-e  poob'le-ohe.)  erected  in  the  eaily  part 
of  the  17th  century,  originally  intended  and   used  for  a 

1271 


NAP 


NAP 


■unirersUy,  but  afterwards,  in  1790,  converted  into  a  great 
national  museum;  this,  called  Museo  Borbonico,  (moo-.sA/o 
boR-bou'e-ko.)  is  said  to  be  unrivalled  in  its  coJIoction  of 
various  antiquities,  consisting  of  gems,  bronzes,  vases,  &c., 
chiefly  obtained  from  the  excavations  of  Pompeii  and  Uer- 
culaneum.  It  contains  also  the  Koyal  Library  open  to  the 
public,  having  165,000  volumes,  and  many  rare  manu- 
scripts. There  are  seven  theatres,  of  which  that  of  San  Carlo 
Is  remarkable  for  its  mngnitioence,  and  is  said  to  tie  the  largest 
in  existence,  though  its  claims  are  disputed  by  that  of  Mi- 
lan. Naples  is  the  usual  residence  of  the  sovereign,  seat  of 
an  archbishop,  and  of  the  central  administration  of  the 
kingtiom,  and  has  a  commercial  tribunal,  ship-building 
yards,  and  a  royal  marine  hospital.  The  city  possesses  a  great 
number  of  institutions  for  education,  among  which  we  may 
•  cite  the  University,  founded  in  122-t:  this,  since  its  removal 
from  the  Palazzo  Degli  Studij,  occupies  the  buildings  of  an 
old  convent,  and  is  attended  by  about  1500  students;  the  Ly- 
ceum del  Salvatore ;  an  establishment  for  unrolling  and  de- 
ciphering the  manuscripts  found  at  llerculaneum  and  other 
ancient  towns ;  a  medico-chirurgieal  school ;  a  veterinary 
school;  deaf  and  dumb  Institution;  royal  military  school; 
schools  of  design  and  music,  and  a  '■  Koyal  House  for  the 
Poor,"  where  nearly  6000  children  are  taught  the  different 
arts  and  trades,  at  the  expense  of  the  government.  There  are 
also  many  public  schools,  but  education  is  of  the  lowest 
kind,  and  not  generally  dilTused. 

Among  the  literary  .and  scientific  institutions  are,  a  royal 
society  of  arts,  sciences,  and  antiquities,  an  observatory,  a 
botanical  garden,  one  of  the  richest  in  Italy,  an  aw-icultu- 
ral  society,  physical,  chemical  and  mineralogieal  Abinets, 
and  five  public  libraries.  The  benevolent  endowments  in- 
clude several  large  hospitals,  among  which  may  be  named 
the  De'Incurabiii  and  I)ella  .Vnnunziata,  the  latter  partly 
for  foundlings ;  the  Reclusoria.  or  Albergo  dei  Poveri,  an 
orphan  asylum,  or  house  of  refuge,  on  a  very  extensive 
scale ;  a  M'int  de  PicU.  and  a  deaf  and  dumb  asylum ;  but 
notwithstanding  its  benevolent  institutions,  the  streets  of 
Naples  are  infested  with  mendicants  of  all  ages,  and  of  both 
sexes.  That  portirm  of  the  population  called  Lazzaroni  live 
without  domicils,  in  a  state  of  the  most  degrading  filth, 
poverty,  and  wretchedne.ss. 

The  manufactures  of  Naples  include  a  great  variety  of 
articles.  The  first  in  importance  are  maccaroni  and  vermi- 
celli, constituting  the  principal  food  of  the  great  body  of 
the  people.  Next  to  it  are  silk  stuffs,  and  especially  Gros  de 
Naples,  which  owes  its  name  to  the  extent  and  superiority 
of  its  manufacture  in  this  city.  The  other  leading  articles 
are  fire-arms,  porcelain,  tobacco,  chemical  products,  lace, 
gloves,  soap,  carriages,  violins  and  other  musical  instru- 
ments, hats,  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  stuffs.  There  are 
also  royal  type-foundries,  iron  and  glass  works,  and  a  mirlt. 

Notwithstanding  the  extent  of  the  Bay  of  Naples,  the  ac- 
tual harbor  is  of  small  dimensions,  being  formed  by  a  mole, 
which  projects  nearly  from  the  centre  of  the  city.  The  water, 
though  deep  at  its  outc-r  extremity,  becomes  so  .shallow  near 
the  town  as  to  float  only  small  vessels.  It  seems,  however, 
to  sufHce  for  all  the  trade  which  is  carried  on.  In  184:7,  there 
entered  456  vessels  of  74.288  tons,  and  cleared  456  vessels 
of  73,641  tons.  The  exports  consist  chiefly  of  bones,  cream 
of  tartar,  hoops,  linseed,  hemp,  wheat,  figs,  gloves,  liquorice, 
madder,  coral,  maccaroni,  oil,  wine,  wool,  tallow,  rags,  and  of 
raw,  dyed  and  manufactured  silk.  A  railway  to  Nocora,  21 
miles  S.E.,  with  a  branch  to  Castel-a-mare,  was  opened  in 
1839;  and  one  to  Capua,  19  miles  N.,  in  1840.  From  the 
latter,  a  branch  extends  E.  10  miles,  to  Nola. 

Naples  was  founded  by  the  Greeks,  who  called  it  Par- 
thenope,  from  a  siren  of  that  name,  who  was  fabled  to 
have  been  cast  upon  the  coast  near  this  place.  It  after- 
wards took  the  name  of  Neapolis,  and  is  said  to  have 
retained  strong  traces  of  its  Grecian  origin  to  a  late  period 
of  the  Koman  Empire.  It  was  indebted  to  the  Emperors 
Adrian  and  Constantine  the  Great  for  numerous  embel- 
lishments, and  became  a  luxurious  retreat,  to  which  many 
of  the  wp.althier  Romans  were  accustomed  to  resort.  It 
was  here  that  Virgil  studied.  In  536  it  was  pillaged  by 
Belisarius.  and  a  few  years  after,  when  it  had  been  rebuilt, 
the  same  disaster  again  befell  it  at  the  hands  of  Totila.  It 
was  afterwards  successively  under  the  sway  of  the  \ormans, 
the  Emperors  of  Germany,  and  the  Kings  of  France  and 
Spain.  Under  the  latter  it  became  the  capital  of  an  inde- 
pendent kingdom.  It  has  often  suffered  from  earthquakes, 
and  from  eruptions  of  Vesuvius.  The  French  took  it  in 
1799,  and  again  in  1805.  Joseph  Bonaparte  was  made  King 
of  Naples,  but  was  replaced  by  Murat  in  1808,  and  the  latter 
was  driven  from  it  by  the  Austrians,  in  1814.  Naples  was 
the  scene  of  a  most  disgraceful  outrage  in  May,  1848.  when 
It  was  plundered  by  the  lazzaroni.  and  1500  lives  were  Inst. 
Among  the  numerous  objects  of  interest  in  the  vicinity  are 
Vesuvius,  Pompeii,  and  llerculaneum,  and  the  Isle  of  Capri, 
in  Its  b.iy.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Neapolitan,  nee'a-pol/e-tan,  (It. 
and  Sp.  NAP0I.ITAXO,  nd-po-le-tl/no-;  Fr.  Napoutaix,  n^po*- 
lee  ta.\='.  It  IS  important  to  observe  that  Neapolitan  refers 
proiierly  to  the  city  of  Naplrf,  and  not  to  the  whole  king- 
dom an  is  asserted  by  some  persons.  Pop.  418,968. 
1272 


NAPLI5S,  BAY  OF,  (anc.  Si'nus  PatfiMnus,  called  also 
Cra'Ur  Si'nus  by  some  authorities,)  a  celebrated  semicircn 
lar  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Italy, 
adjacent  to  the  city  of  its  own  name.  It  is  about  22  miles 
ill  length,  from  Cape  Miseno  on  the  N.W.,  to  Cape  Campa- 
nella  on  the  S.E.,  and  about  10  miles  in  breadlh;  having 
on  its  shores,  besides  tlie  capital  cily.  Pozzuolo.  Portici, 
Castel-a-mare,  Vico,  Sorrento,  and  Massa;  eastward,  A'esu- 
vius  bounds  the  prospect,  and  westward  is  ^fciutenuovo: 
while  on  its  surface  are  the  isles  Ischia  and  Procida  at  its 
N..  and  Capri  at  its  S.  side. 

NAPLES,  KINGDOM  OF,  (It.  Segno  di  Napoli,  r.in'yo  dee 
ni'po-le,  or  Hegno  delle  due  fiicilie,  rAn'yo  dul'la  doo'A  se chee'- 
le-i;  Fr.  Hoyaume  des  Deux  Sidles,  roj^Om'  dd  dub  see'seel'; 
Sp.  Heino  de  JVapules,  rd'e-no  dd  n^po-16s;  Ger.  Ki}niijreiek 
beider  Sicilicn,  ko'nig-rik  bi'der  sit-see'le-en.)  a  former 
kingdom  formed  of  the  S.  part  of  Italy,  and  the  island 
of  Sicily,  with  its  appendant  groups,  from  which  circum- 
stance it  is  frequently  called  the  Kingdom  of  the'J'wo  Sicilies 
— Sicilia  di  qua  del  Faro,  (se-chee'le-3.  dee  kwi  d?l  fi'ro;  i.e. 
"  Sicilia  on  this  side  of  the  Strait.")  or  Continental  Naples; 
and  Sicilia  di  la  del  Faro,  (se-eheele-i  dee  Id  del  fu/ro,  '•  Si<  ily 
beyond  the  Strait,")  or  Sicily  Proper.  As  Sicily  i.s  d(!scribed 
under  its  own  head,  the  present  article  will  be  limited  for  the 
most  part  to  the  continental  part  of  the  kingdom,  con.-^isting 
of  the  ankle,  spur,  heel,  and  foot  of  the  boot,  to  which  Italy, 
as  a  whole,  bears  so  striking  a  re.^emblauce.  The  kingdom 
of  Naples,  thus  limited,  extends  from  lat.  37'^  55'  to  42"  55' 
N.,  and  Ion.  13°  15'  to  18°  30'  E. ;  and  is  bounded,  N.  by  the 
Adriatic  and  the  Papal  States ;  N.W.  by  the  Papal  States ;  W., 
S.,  and  S.E.  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  N.E.  by  the  Adriatic; 
greatest  length  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  345  miles ;  average  breadti, 
about  95  miles;  estimated  area  32,571  square  miles. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  coast,  who  e  washed  by  the 
Adriatic,  is  generally  low  and  unbroken,  exhibiting  only 
one  very  marked  projection  in  the  spur,  formed  by  Mount 
Gargano,  from  which  the  shore,  in  proceeding  N..  has  a 
graceful  curve,  nearly  in  the  shape  of  an  arc ;  towards  the 
S.  it  first  forms  the  large  Gulf  of  Manfredonia.  and  then 
traces  a  continuous  line,  almost  free  from  curvature,  as  far 
as  the  town  of  Otrauto.  The  Mediterranean  shore  is  of  a 
different  character,  being,  for  the  most  part,  bold  and  rocky, 
broken  into  numerous  bays,  with  projecting  headlands ;  and, 
in  the  S.E.,  so  deeply  indented  by  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  as  to 
form  two  very  remarkable  peninsulas — the  less,  on  the  E.. 
between  that  Gulf  and  the  Adriatic,  and  the  other,  stretch- 
ing far  to  the  S.,  between  the  same  gulf  and  the  opiX)site 
shore  of  Sicily.  The  principal  capes  are  Sorrento,  Gaeta, 
Vatlcano,  Nau,  and  Leuca;  the  gulfs  besides  those  above 
mentioned  are  Gaeta,  Salerno,  Policastro,  St.  Eufemia,  Gioja, 
and  Squillace.  The  interior  is  generally  mountainous,  being 
traversed  by  the  Apennines,  which,  entering  it  from  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  proceed  first  in  a  S.E.  and  then  in  a  S.  direction, 
till  they  reach  its  extremity  near  the  Strait  of  Jlessina,  at  the 
same  time  throwing  off  numerous  branches,  which  intersect 
the  country  in  all  directions.  In  the  Abruzzi  provinces,  where 
it  attains  its  greatest  height,  the  chain  separates  into  three 
lateral  branches  which  reunite  near  Isernia;  at  Slonte 
Caruso  it  again  divides  into  two  branches,  the  most  elevated 
of  which  traverses  Calabria.  Several  of  the  loftiest  summits 
of  the  Apennines  are  situated  in  Naples;  among  others 
Monte  Corno,  the  culminating  point  of  the  whole  range, 
9519;  Monte  Amaro,  9131;  and  Monte  Veliuo,  8174  feet  in 
height ;  the  volcano  Vesuvius  on  the  Bay  of  Naples  rises  3948 
feet.  Between  the  highest  ridges,  valleys,  generally  narrow, 
but  often  of  great  length,  intervene.  Among  the  lower 
ramifications,  where  the  hills  assume  rounded  forms,  large 
undulating  tracts,  equally  distinguished  by  beauty  and 
fertility,  are  found;  and,  towards  the  coast,  both  on  its  E. 
and  W.  side,  the  hills  in  many  places  altogether  disappear, 
and  are  succeeded  by  extensive  plains.  The  largest  of  these, 
called  the  plain  of  Apulia,  is  on  the  E.  side,  in  the  provinces 
of  Capitanata,  Barri,  and  Otranto;  but  the  most  celebrated 
is  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  (the  Campania  Fdix  of  the  Komans.) 
which  here  forms  a  deep  alluvial  flat,  stretching  N.  from  the 
capital  along  the  shore  for  40  miles,  with  an  average  breadth 
of  nearly  20  miles. 

Geology. — Granite,  gneiss,  and  mica  schist,  are  the  predo- 
minating rocks. towards  the  S.  extremity  of  Naple.s,  and  are 
continued  N.  with  few  interruptions,  occupying  the  greater 
part  of  the  toe  of  the  boot.  Patches  of  Jura  limestone 
appear  in  the  same  quarter;  but  the  prevailing  strata  are 
modern,  and  consist  chiefly  of  the  marls,  travertin,  and 
sandstone,  of  the  tertiary  formation.  The  .same  formation 
is  largely  developed  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  utianlo, 
from  which  it  proceeds  N.N.W.,  covering  a  great  part  of  '.he 
shore  of  the  Adriatic.  It  is  overlain  by  cretaceous  strat.a, 
which  form  a  long,  narrow  belt  on  the  W.  side  of  it,  and 
are  succeeded  by  tlie  Jura  limestone.  This  formation  occu- 
pies two  very  extensive  tracts — one  extending  over  a  large 
space  in  the  N.  part  of  the  kingdom,  and  the  other,  stretcli- 
ing  along  the  W.  coast,  between  the  Gulfs  of  Policastro  and 
Salerno.  Another  tract  covers  the  gri^ater  part  of  the  pi'o- 
vince  of  Bari.  The  volcanic  formation  stretcdies  along  the 
Gulf  of  Naples,  and  part  of  that  of  Gaeta,  and  covei'S  a 


NAP 


NAP 


large  part  of  the  province  of  Terra  di  Lsvoro  with  the  de- 
sompoped  lavas,  to  which  it  owes  its  remarkable  fertility. 

Minerals. — The  minerals  of  the  kingdom  have  not  been 
properly  explored;  there  are  few  indications  of  metals,  but 
{)eds  of  rock-salt  are  found  chiefly  in  Calabria,  sulphur  in 
the  volcanic  region,  and  alum,  sulphur,  and  salti)etre  in 
several  district." ;  the  quarries  furnish  excellent  uiarVile 
and  lava,  whioli  are  extensively  used  both  for  building  and 
pavement. 

Mivers. — The  rivers  of  Naples  are  very  numerous,  but 
rising  for  the  most  part  in  the  Apennines,  at  no  great  dis- 
tance from  the  coast,  they  are  seldom  of  much  magnitude. 
To  the  Adriatic  lielong  the  Vomano,  I'escara,  Saugro,  Trigno, 
Biferno,  i'ortore,  Candelaro,  Orvaro,  Carapella,  and  the 
Otiinto;  to  the  Mediterranean,  the  Garigliano,  Volturno, 
Sele,  Basiento,  and  Bradano.  The  principal  lakes  are  the 
Celano  or  Fucino,  in  Aliru/.zo  Ultra:  and  the  Siilt  la;,'Oons 
of  Lcsina  and  Varano,  in  the  province  of  Capitanata,  near 
the  shores  of  the  Adriatic. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  divided  into  three  regions  accord- 
ing to  elevation;  in  the  lower  region  the  temperature  is  so 
mild  that  vegetation  is  never  interrupted ;  in  the  middle 
region  snow  otxa.sionally  falls,  but  goon  disappears;  in  the 
elevated  regions  of  the  Abruzzi,  cold  is  sometimes  severe 
and  long-continued  :  snow  lies  on  Monte  Corno  nine  months 
in  the  year.  Naples  is  unhealthy  in  the  marshy  districts, 
and  during  the  prevalence  of  the  sirncoo  from  July  to  Sep- 
tember, when  the  heat  is  excessive,  the  average  duration  of 
human  life  is  reckoned  lower  here  than  in  any  other  country 
of  Europe.  The  tiorai»ha.s.  in  addition  to  the  plants  common 
to  Italy,  sevcTBl  tropical  products,  including  cotton,  the 
sugar-cane,  pistachio-nuts,  and  dates. 

Animals. — The  wild  boar,  porcupine,  and  game  of  all 
kinds  abound  in  the  forests,  and  the  coasts  have  always 
been  celebrated  for  fish.  The  domestic  animals  comprise 
sheep,  goats,  and  pigs;  cattle  are  not  numerous;  horses  are 
of  a  small  breed,  but  active;  buffaloes  pasture  in  herds  in 
the  marshes;  sheep  are  extensively  reared  in  the  plains 
of  Capitanata,  and  hogs  and  goatfl  are  numerous  on  the 
shores  of  the  Adriatic.  Various  reptiles,  and  other  animals, 
many  of  them  venomous,  infest  the  more  S.  parts  of  the 
kingdom;  and  stinging  insects  exist  in  great  numbers, 
during  the  warm  montlas. 

Agriculture,  &c. — A  considerable  proportion  of  the  moun- 
tainous regions  are  occupied  by  forests,  in  which  magnifi- 
cent timber  abounds;  the  remainder,  consisting  of  ex- 
tensive tracts  of  natural  pasture,  is  devoted  chiefly  to  the 
rearing  of  horned  cattle,  slieep,  and  goats.  In  the  central 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  the  gonial  but  occasionally  oppressive 
warmth  of  the  climate  secures  a  large  amount  of  produce, 
though,  with  a  few  rare  exceptions,  the  system  of  agricul- 
ture pursued  is  wretched  in  tlie  extreme.  The  crops  follow 
each  other  without  any  regular  rotation,  and  tlie  imple- 
ments are  of  the  most  antiquated  and  inefficient  description. 
Husbandry  o<"cnpies  the  greater  portion  of  the  population. 
Of  the  19,985.522  acres,  the  total  area  of  Naples  according 
to  the  governmental  returns  of  1850,  11.7G1.;192  acres  were 
under  culture,  and  2,334,676  acres  in  wood.  The  chief  crops 
are  wheat,  maize,  cotton,  melons,  rice,  oil,  wine,  hemp,  lint, 
tobacco,  and  fruits.  The  olive  is  extensively  cultivated  in 
Otranto,  Bari.  and  Calabria.  The  culture  in  which  the 
greatest  skill  is  displayed  is  that  of  the  vine,  which,  though 
seldom  seen  in  extensive  vineyards,  is  generally  mingled 
in  other  crops  in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  wines  of 
Naples  are  the  best  in  Italy,  but  are  inferior  to  those  of 
France  and  Spain,  with  the  exception  of  the  celebrated  Lor 
grima  di  Cristo.  a  red  wine  grown  in  vineyards  on  the  flanks 
of  Vesuvius,  which  belong  to  the  crown.  Oranges  and 
lemons  are  grown  in  Capitanata,  saffron  in  Ba.silicata,  the 
Abruz/.i  and  Calabria  Ultra:  lint  and  hemp  are  raised  in 
most  of  the  provinces  to  a  considerable  extent.  Manna  is 
an  important  product  of  Calabria,  and  is  monopolized  by 
the  government.  Silk  is  au  important  product,  especially 
in  the  Terra  di  Lavoro.  the  I'riucipati  provinces,  and  Cala- 
bria. The  tunny,  anchovy,  mullet,  and  coral  fisheries  em- 
ploy many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  coasts,  but  the  produce 
is  not  exported. 

Munu/actures. — ManuCictures  in  Naples  have  not  made 
much  progress.  lu  some  places  large  factories  exist;  but. 
In  general,  artisans  work  at  home.  The  most  important 
industrial  product  is  silk,  which  is  not  only  extensively 
spun,  but  woven  into  excellent  fabrics.  The  other  principal 
articles  are  woollens,  linens,  hosiery,  straw  hats,  sausages, 
and  maccai'oui.  Paper,  glass,  and  cutlery  are  made  to  a 
email  extent. 

Commerce. — The  foreign  commerce  of  Naples  is  not  ext»n- 
Mve.  The  exports  consist  principally  of  agricultural  pro- 
duce, wine,  oil,  liquorice,  coral,  lamb  and  kid  skins,  macca- 
roni,  rags,  and  bones;  and  the  imports,  of  colonial  and 
manufactured  goods,  iron,  and  cutlery.  In  1S60,  there 
arrival  in  Neapolitan  ports,  22,264  vessels,  of  which  3271 
were  foreign;  aggregate  tonnage.  :i00.607 ;  and  there  cleared 
the  same  year.  22,150  vessels,  of  which  32S6  were  foreign ; 
tonnage.  3(1". 6.59.  In  1851,  the  mercantile  marine  included 
10,50s  vessels ;  tonnage,  221,749 ;   being  an  increase,  over  , 


1S39,  of  3565  vessels,  and  55.226  tons.  Tn  carrying  on  this 
trade,  Naples  has  the  advantage  of  a  great  number  of  excel- 
lent harbors,  but  is  greatly  h.ampcred  by  the  want  of  suffi- 
cient means  of  internal  communication.  The  only  railways 
yet  completed  extend  from  the  capital — one  line  stretching 
from  it,  in  a  S.E.  direction,  close  to  the  coast,  and  as  far  as 
the  town  of  Salerno,  and  another  extending  N.  to  the  town 
of  Capua.    There  is  also  a  branch  line  to  Nola. 

Onernment. — The  government  of  Naples  is  an  here<litary 
monarchy,  which,  from  the  absence  or  inefficiency  of  con- 
stitutional checks,  makes  a  very  near  ajiproach  tfi  despotism. 
A  nominal  parliament  holds  its  sittings  n-gularly  at  N.aples, 
but  its  privileges  are  so  restricted  that  all  power,  legislative 
as  well  as  executive,  virtually  centres  in  the  crown.  Pre- 
vious to  1837,  the  two  kingdoms  of  Naples  and  Sicily  had 
each  a  species  of  provincial  council  called  O'tisultn.  btit 
these  have  been  since  united  in  the  Cmuulta  generale  com- 
mon to  both  kingdoms.  Numerous  courts,  ascending  gra- 
dually to  a  supreme  court  of  cassation,  have  been  erected 
for  the  administration  of  justice,  which  they  tire  said  to 
di.«pense  with  considerable  impartiality,  when  the  questions 
to  be  decided  are  strictly  private ;  but  when  they  happen 
to  have  a  political  bearing,  the  judges  become  mere  tools  of 
the  court;  indeed  it  is  beyond  a  doubt  that,  in  regard  to 
political  liberty  and  political  justice,  no  country  of  Europe 
stands  lower  in  the  scale  than  Naples.  The  total  number 
of  criminal  offences  in  1S50,  was  16,626.  Of  these,  4016 
cases,  involving  5805  accu.sed,  were  brought  before  the  high 
court,  when  1792  were  liberated,  and  4513  condemned.  The 
number  of  accusetl  in  1835,  was  5617,  being  larger  in  ]>ro- 
portion  to  the  population  than  in  1850.  The  Roman  Catho- 
lic is  the  established  religion,  and  is  nominally  professed  by 
almost  all  the  inhabitants.  Convents  and  nunneries  are 
very  numerous,  and  it  is  estimated  that,  throughout  tha 
country,  there  is  1  monk  for  every  250  inhabitants.  Edu- 
cation is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  priests;  the  grossest 
ignorance  and  bigotry  everywhere  prevail,  and  all  the  tho- 
roughfares swarm  with  mendicants.  The  revenue,  obtained 
partly  by  indirect  taxes,  but  chiefly  by  an  enormous  land 
tax,  amounting  to  a  fourth  of  the  rent,  was  estimated,  in 
184S,  at  $18,5.36,885.  The  army,  raised  partly  by  conscrip- 
tion and  partly  by  voluntary  enlistment,  niiml)ered  in  1S51 
106,519  men.  The  navy  in  1851  comprised  3  .ships  of  the 
line,  2  of  them  having  80  guns  each ;  5  frigates,  2  of  50  gung 
e.ach.  1  of  4S  and  2  of  46  each  ;  2  corvettes,  one  with  22  and 
the  other  with  14  guns;  and  6  smaller  vessels ;  besides  these 
th(Te  are  12  steam-frigates  and  12  other  steam-vessels: 
total  40. 

Divisions.^— For  administrative  purposes,  Naples  was  divi- 
ded into  15  provinces,  of  which  the  names,  area,  population, 
Ac,  are  exliibited  in  the  following  Table: — 


Provinces. 

Area  In 
Sq.  Miles 

Popiilafn, 
1S50. 

Chief  Cities. 

Populafn, 
1»50. 

Abnizzo  Citra    .  .  . 

1,248 

31. ',399 

Chietl  .  .  . 

17,734 

Abruzzo  Ultra  I.  .  . 

I, '-'42 

229,7-8 

Teramo  .  . 

15,609 

Abnizzo  Ultra  II.    . 

2„W0 

sjii.isi 

Aquila  .  .  . 

1I,16» 

Biiri  (Terra  di)  .  .  . 

■i,;«is 

4»7,4:<2 

liari  .... 

27,297 

Basilicata 

4,162 

501,222 

Potenza  .  . 

12.362 

Calabria  Citra  .  .  . 

2.6:i0 

435.hu 

Coseiiza .  . 

13,847 

Calabria  Ultra  I.  .  . 

2, 20:5 

3I9,«62 

Reggio  .  .  . 

18,483 

Calabria  Ultra  II.    . 

2,072 

.3N1,H7 

Cutiinzaro 

14,765 

Capitanata 

2,!»-'S 

318,415 

Foggia.  .  . 

24,058 

LsToro  (Terra  di)   . 

2,505 

752,012 

Caserta  .  . 

25.780 
(iu  18i>l) 

.  Maplea 

382 

8-22,142 

Naples .  .  . 

416,475 
(IS.iO) 
19,.397 

Otranto  (Terra  di)  . 

i,883 

409,000 

Lecoe  .  .  . 

Priucipato  Citra  .  . 

2,271 

55»,S09 

Salerno  .  . 

18,892 

Principato  Ultra  .  . 

J,3«2 

383,414 

Avellino.  . 

22,873 

Molise  or  Sannio  •  • 

1,785 

3()0,549 

CampobaAso 

Total 

32,571 

6,010,873 

It  would  seem  that  the  natural  advantages  of  the  country 
are  so  great  as  to  cause  a  continued  increase  of  population, 
in  circumstances  where  it  might  almost  be  expected  to  retro 
grade.  In  1835.  the  population,  N.  of  the  Straits  of  Messina, 
was  5.946,000;  in  1845,  6,238.618;  in  1850,  as  seen  above, 
6.610,873 ;  and  in  1861,  6,612,892.  Pop.  of  the  whole  king- 
dom, including  Sicily,  in  1851,  8,704,472. 

i/ts/o/-,!/.— Continental  Naples  corresponds  nearly,  in  its  N. 
part,  to  the  ancient  Campalnia  and  Sam'nium.  and,  in  its  S. 
part,  to  ApuUia,  Lucalnia,  Messalpia.  and  BruHium.  The  last 
four  are  often  comprehended  under  the  name  of  Magna 
(iR.ECiA,  given  to  them  because  long  occupied,  if  not  origin- 
ally peopled,  by  colonies  from  Greece.  Shortly  after  the  defeat 
of  I'yrrhus,  the  country  was  annexetl  to  the  Koman  Republic, 
and  long  formed  one  of  its  most  valuable  portions.  On  the 
breaking  up  of  the  Roman  Empire,  it  was  overrun  by  hordes 
of  barbarians,  and  passed  successively  under  the  dominj^- 
tion  of  the  Goths,  Lombards,  Arabs,  and  Normans.  In  more 
modern  times,  also.  It  has  been  sulgected  to  numerous  vicis- 
situdes. In  the  early  part  of  the  liith  century,  it  came  into 
the  possession  of  Spain,  which  retained  it  for  nearly  two 
centuries,  and  governed  it  by  viceroys.  In  1734.  it  was 
erected  into  an  independent  monarchy,  in  favor  of  the  In- 

1273 


NAP 

fante  Dou  CVrlos,  or,  as  he  is  sometimes  called,  Charles  of 
Bourbon,  wfc'j,  on  his  accession  to  the  throne  of  Spain,  in 
I'o'J,  bestowed  the  kingdom  on  his  third  son  Ferdinand, 
then  only  in  his  eighth  year,  upon  the  condition  that  it 
should  never  ag<ain  be  annexed  to  the  Spanish  crown.  Dur- 
Inii  the  French  conquests  in  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century.  Napoleon  declared  the  reigning  dynasty  in  Naples 
at  an  end,  and  placed  his  brother  Joseph  upon  the  Neai)oIitan 
throne.  Upon  Napoleon's  downfall  in  1815,  Ferdinand  re- 
turned to  his  former  possessions,  and  made  many  liberal 
promises,  which  were  not  fulfilled.  During  the  remainder 
of  his  reijn,  the  abuses  of  the  old  regime  were  scarcely 
diminished.  The  King  was  expelled  by  the  revolutionists 
under  Garibaldi  in  Feb.  1861,  since  wiiich  date  Naples  forms 
pait  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Italy. 

NA'PIiE.S,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  55 
miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1219. 

NAPLKS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontario  co..  New 
York,  on  the  inlet  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  about  40  miles  S 
by  E.  of  Rochester.  The  village  contains  churches  of  4  de- 
nominations, an  academy  and  6  or  8  stores.  It  has  cloth 
works,  flouring-mills,  tanneries,  diatillerios,  &c.  Pop.  of 
the  township  2067. 

NAPLES,  a  thrinng  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Illinois  Kiver,  55  miles  W.  of  Spring- 
field. It  is  tlie  western  terminus  of  the  Great  Western 
Kailroad,  which  conno<ts  it  with  Springfield,  and  will  pro- 
bably be  extended  to  Hannibal  on  the  .Mississippi.  Large 
quantitiesof  grain,  pork,  Ax.,  are  received  here,  and  shipped 
by  steamboats.  If  contains  2  churches,  1  drug-store,  6  other 
Htures  1  hotel,  and  5  groceries. 

N.iPLOUSE,  a  town  of  Palestine.    See  Nabloos. 

NAPO,  ni/po,  a  river  of  South  America,  Ecuador,  rises  on 
the  N.  side  of  Cotopaxi,  flows  E.S.E..  and  joins  the  Amazon, 
lat.  3°  40'  S.,  Ion.  73'^  20'  W.,  after  a  total  course  estimated  at 
600  miles.  Affluents,  the  Coca,  Aguarico,  and  Curaray.  On 
it.  near  its  source,  is  the  village  of  N.vpotoa,  140  miles  S.E. 
of  Quito. 

NAPO'LEON,  a  post  village,  capital  of  Desha  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  about 
125  miles  by  land  S.E.  of  Little  Kock.  The  buildings  are 
chiefly  of  wood.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business.  Steam- 
boats run  three  times  a  week  from  this  place  to  Little  Rock. 
The  United  States  government  has  built  here  a  fine  marine 
hospital.     Pop.  alK)ut  1000. 

NAPOLEON,  a  post-village  of  Gallatin  co.,  Kentucky,  56 
miles  N.  of  Frankfort,  contains  1  church  and  a  store. 

NAPOLEON,  a  post-village  and  township,  cjipital  of  Henry 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Maumee  River,  40  miles  above  Toledo,  and  154 
miles  N.W.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1139. 

NAPOLEON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan,  about  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  802. 

N.APOLEON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  plank-ro.id  from  Madison  to  Greensburg,  60  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  in  1860,  estimated  at  600. 

NAPOLEON-VENdCe.    See  Bourbon- Vexd£e. 

NAPOLEOXVILLE,  a  town  of  France.    See  PoNTivr. 

NAPO'LEONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Assumption  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  Bayou  la  Fourche,  72  miles  S.  of  Baton  Rouge, 
has  1  newspaper  office. 

NAPOLI,  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Naples. 

NAPO'LI,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Cattaraugus 
CO.,  New  York,  about  50  miles  S.  of  Buflfalo.    Pop.  1238. 

NAPOLI  DI  ROMANIA,  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Naoplia. 

NAPOLI  DI  MALVASIA.    See  Monemvasia. 

NAPOLOSE,  a  city  of  I'alestine.    See  Nabloos. 

NAIVONOCK,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York,  on 
Rondout  Creek,  near  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  about 
80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

N.\POTOA,  a  village  of  Ecuador.    See  Napo. 

NAPTON-ON-THE-HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

NAR,  Italy.    See  Nera. 

NAK  or  NARO,  Dalmatla.    See  Narexta. 

NARA.  nS'rd,  a  town  of  Japan,  Island  of  Niphon,  25  miles 
N.E.  of  Miako. 

NARANJO,  PUERTO,  a  harbor  of  Cuba.  See  Puerto 
Naranjo. 

N.\RANJOS,  nJ-ring%oce,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Bay 
of  Panama,  South  America. 

NARANJOS,  a  river  of  Eucador,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Gu-.yaquil,  lat.  2°  28'  S.,  Ion.  79°  45'  W. 
„J!',^'**^•^'•'*^^'  nl-rdng/Hoce,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in  the 
Philippines,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  Luzon ;  hit.  12°  29'  N.. 
Ion.  12o°  54'  E.  ' 

a  w^'^o^.'-'  "*-''»^''l''  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Oude,  6  miles 
B.w.ofjtajapoor,  and  almost  surrounded  by  British  territo- 
ries.    Pop.  WOO. 

NAR/BERTII,  a  pariiamentary  borouah,  market-town. 
at:d  par  sh  of  .South  Wales,  county  and  Hi  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Pembroke.  Pop.  of  parliaraeuiary  borough,  in  1851,  1392. 
The  town  is  neatly  built;  has  ruins  of  a  castle,  and  manu- 
tactures  of  hits.  It  joins  Haverfonl-west  and  Fish-'uanl 
in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  ° 

1274 


NAR 

NARBOLTA,  naR-bo-lce/i.  or  NURAPOLIA,  noo-ri5-p>lee'il, 
a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province  of  JiusachL 
Pop.  1UG9. 

NARBO  MARTIUS.    See  N.arboxxe. 

NARBONENSIS  PRIMA.     See  Langcedoc. 

NAUBONNE.  uaR^bonn',  (anc.  NaHbo  Martfivs.)  a  city 
of  France,  department  of  .\ude,  32  miles  E.  of  CRrcassonne, 
on  the  railway  from  Bordeaux  to  Cette.  Pop.  in  1852, 13.06(5, 
It  has  a  line  Gothic  cathedral,  and  numui-ous  remains  of  an- 
tiquity. The  canal  of  Narbonne  traverses  the  town,  and 
communicates  with  tlie  Mediterranean,  and  with  the  Canal 
du  Midi.  It  has  commerce  in  honey,  for  whi^h  it  is  cele- 
brated, wine,  oil.  brandy,  and  salt.  .Narbonne  is  one  of  the 
oldest  cities  of  Gaul;  it  received  a  Roman  colony  in  121  b.  c, 
and  was  made  the  metropolis  of  Southern  Uaul.  which  the 
Romans  called  Gallia  jVurbonctisis.  At  that  time  it  had  a 
port,  which  does  not  now  exist. 

NARBOROUGU,  naWbur-ruh,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

NARBOROUGU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  with 
a  st;ition  on  the  East  .\nglian  Railway,  5j  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Swaffham. 

NARBOROUGU  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Galapaoos  Islands. 

N.\RBOKOUGirS  ISL.\NDS,  a  group  in  the  South  Pacific, 
off  the  W.  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  al)out  lat. 
52°  S.,  and  Ion.  75°  E. ;  consisting  of  8  or  10  principal  islands 
and  app."irently  hundreds  of  smaller  ones. 

NARCISSUS,  nar-sis/sus,  CLERKE  ISLAND,  or  TATA- 
COTO,  tii^ta-ko'to.  South  Pacific;  lat.  17°  20'  S.,  Ion.  13S°  2^ 
W.    It  is  al)out  4  miles  long  by  1  mile'broad. 

NARCOND.\M,  uar-kon-diim',  a  small  but  conspicuous 
island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  70  miles  E.  of  the  N.  point  of 
North  Andaman  Island,  rising  couically  to  2500  feet  above 
the  sea;  lat.  13°  26'  N..  Ion.  94°  18'  E. 

N.\RDA.  a  town  of  Majorca.     See  ART.A. 

NARDINPETT,  nar-din-p^tt',  a  town  of  India,  Nizam's 
dominions,  29  miles  S.E.  of  Hyderabad. 

NARDO,  nao'do,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  8 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Gallipoli.  Pop.  80O0.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a 
hospital,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  goods  from  cotton 
raised  in  the  neighborhood. 

NARE,  ni/rA,  a  river  of  South  -America,  New  Granada, 
after  an  E.  course  joins  the  Magdalena  at  Nare,  65  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Honda;  aflluents,  the  .Saman.-t  and  Nus. 

NAKENT.\,  nil-rjn'td,  (anc.  iVaro  or  \ar.)  a  river  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  Herzegovina,  rises  in  the  Dinaric  Alps, 
passes  Mostar,  traverses  the  S.  of  Dalmatia.  and  enters  the 
Channel  or  N  arexta,  a  gulf  formed  by  the  .-Vdrialic  lietween 
the  coa-st  of  Dalmatia  and  the  i>eninsula  of  Sabioucello. 
Length  140  miles. 

NAilENT.4,  (the  Xanilna  of  the  Romans.)  a  town  of  Bos- 
nia, 27  miles  W.  of  Seraievo.  It  was  occupied  by  the  Ve- 
netians in  987.  and  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1479. 

N.^RIiW,  nilriiv,  or.NAREV,  a  river  of  Russia  and  Poland, 
rises  in  the  government  of  Grodno,  traverses  the  provinces 
of  Bialystok,  Aiigustowo,  and  Plock,  and  joins  the  Bug  at 
Sierock,  18  miles  N.  of  Warsaw,  after  a  W.  and  S.W.  courM 
of  200  miles.    Chief  aflluent,  the  Bober. 

NaR'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

N.\RG  EN.  iiaR/gh^n.  two  islands  of  the  Russian  dominions, 
one  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Revel,  5  miles 
in  length,  wootied,  and  having  a  lighthouse  on  the  N. 

NARGHUR,  nar^gur',  a  town  of  India,  Malwah,  16  miles* 
N.E.  of  Mundessor. 

NARI,  ni/ree,  a  river  of  Beloochistan,  has  its  origin  In 
Sewistan,  about  lat.  30°  N.,  Ion.  68°  E. ;  and  flowing  S.  for 
about  50  miles,  is  joined  by  the  Kauhee  or  Bulan,  lat. 
29°  26'  N.,  Ion.  67°  58'  E.  The  united  stream  continues 
to  flow  S.,  and  is  finally  lost  in  tlie  arid  plain  of  Cutch 
Gundava. 

N.^RIM,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia.    See  Nartm. 

NARIM.  (Narim.)  a  parish  of  Norway.     See  NiERlM. 

NARLAH,  nar'li,  a  town  of  India,  province  of  (Jrissa,  3i 
miles  E.  of  Bustar. 

N.'VUM.\DA,  a  river  of  India.     See  Nfrbudda. 

N.\11M.\TS0  or  NARM.\TZO,  naR-m3t'.so,  a  large  village 
of  Russia,  government  and  .'58  miles  from  Kazan.  Pop.  4600. 
Here  is  a  palace  of  Prince  Kulautschakov,  to  whom  the  vil- 
lage p.irtly  belongs. 

N.\RNI,  naR'nee,  (anc.  Narfnia  or  NequVnum.)  a  town  of 
Central  It-ilv.  State  of  Umbria,  on  a  height  aliove  the  Nera, 
45  miles  N.E.  of  Rome.  Pop.  3260.  It  has  a  cathedral,  5 
convents,  and  an  aque(:uct  supplying  several  fountains. 

N.\RNOUL,  nar-iiool'.  a  town  of  Ujndostan,  dominions 
and  80  miles  N.E.  of  Jeypoor. 

NARO.    See  Narenta. 

N.\RO,  ni'ro,  a  town  of  Sicilv.  on  the  Naro,  intendenry 
and  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Girgenti.  Pop.  10.000.  It  has  a 
royal  college,  an  asylum,  and  stime  trade  In  oil.  wine,  and 
sulphur.  Here  have  been  found  many  medals,  tombs,  and 
other  antiquitie.'. 

NARO.  (anc.  Hyp'sa.)  a  river  of  Sicily,  rises  16  miles  S.W, 
of  Caltanisettji.  and  after  a  S.W.  course  of  23  miles,  enters 
the  Me<llt«rrftnean  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Girgenti. 

NAROV  or  NAROW,  nd-rov',  a  market-town  of  Rui«.>«, 


NAR 

govo.rnmont  of  Minsk,  on  the  Prlpets,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Moxyr.     Cop.  1800. 

NAROVA  or  N.\ROWA,  ni'ro-vd\  or  nlro'vd,  a  river  of 
Eussia,  rises  in  Lake  I'eipus,  flows  between  the  govern- 
ments of  St.  I'etersburg  and  Ksthonia,  and  enters  tiie 
Gulf  of  Finland  at  the  villaije  of  Narovskaia,  after  a  N. 
course  of  40  miles  past  Narva,  to  which  town  It  is  uavigable 
frora  (he  sea. 

NAltOVTCII.VT,  XAKOWTSCHAT,  nil-rov-chaf,  or  \0- 
KDVTOIIAT,  no-rov-clidf,  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  78  miles  N'.AV.  of  I'enza.     I'op.  27uO. 

NAR/JIA,  two  branches  of  the  Indus  River,  above  its 
delta.  The  East  N.\rra  leaves  the  main  stream  at  Roree, 
flows  very  tortuously  south-eastward  past  Umerkote,  and 
after  crossinj;  the  Runn  of  Cutch  and  the  Ullah-bund.  enters 
the  sea  by  the  Koree  Jlouth.  The  \Ve.st  Narra  leaves  the 
Indus  2.5  miles  N.E.  of  Sukkur,  and  flows  into  Lake  Jlan- 
cbar,  which  again  communicates  with  the  main  stream.  It 
encloses,  with  the  Iudu.s,  a  highly  fertile  tract,  and  during 
the  rains  is  preferred  to  the  main  ubaunel,  for  the  purpose 
of  n.avigation. 

NARRAGAX'SKT  BAY,  a  large  body  of  water,  extending 
N.  from  the  Atlantic  into  Rhode  Island,  between  Point 
Juditii  on  the  W.,  and  Seconnet  Rocks  on  the  E.  Length 
28  miles,  breadth  from  3  to  12  miles.  It  receives  several 
considerable  rivers,  and  contains  a  number  of  beautiful 
islands,  the  principal  of  which  is  Rhode  Island,  16  miles 
long,  Canonicut  and  Prudence  Island.^. 

NARRAGANSET,  a  postofflco  of  \Vashington  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

NARRAGU.MORE,  narVah-mor',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Kildare. 

NARRAGUA'GUS  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Maine,  rises  in  Hancock  co.,  and  falls  into  Narra- 
guagus  Bay,  in  Washington  county. 

NARR.\GUAGUS.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

NAR/R.\U,  a  town  of  Central  India,  Nagpoor  dominions, 
45  miles  S.E.  of  Ryepoor. 

NARU.\It,  a  town  of  India,  dominions  of  Berar,  97  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Sumbhulpoor. 

>iARR.A.I.\GllUR,  nar'rln-gilr',  a  town  of  India,  in  the 
protected  Sikh  territory,  near  Umballah. 

NARR.\IXGUXGE,  nar'rIn-gCinj',  a  considerable  trading 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  and  jirovince  of  Bengal, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Dai«a.  E.stimated  population  15,000,  who 
carry  on  an  active  trade  in  gait,  corn,  and  tobacco.  It  has 
numerous  indigo  factories. 

NARRIMA.N.narVe-mdn',  NAROOMAK,  NAROUMAK  or 
N.\RUM.\K,  nd^roo-nidk/,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  capital 
of  a  sanjak  of  the  same  name,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Olti, 
near  the  W.  frontiers  of  Georgia.  It  is  very  ancient,  and  was 
once  a  place  of  great  importance,  but  has  lalleu  into  decay. 

N.\RR01I0TK,  nar^ro-hof,  a  town  of  Hiudostan,  domi- 
nions and  36  miles  E.  of  Baroda. 

NAR'RUWS,  of  New  York,  a  strait  separating  Long  Island 
from  Stat<m  Lsland,  and  connecting  New  York  Bay  with 
New  York  Harbor.  It  is  about  li  miles  wide  in  the  nar- 
rowest part.  On  either  side  have  been  erected  strong  forti- 
fications for  its  defence. 

NARROWS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  New  Y'ork. 

NARROWS,  a  postK)llice  of  Pike  co..  I'ennsylvani.a. 

NARROW.*,  a  post-office  of  Nodawav  CO.,  Missouri. 

NARUt>WSBURG,  formerly  BIG  EliOY,  a  pleasant  post- 
village  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York,  on  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad,  123  miles  from  New  York  city.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  contraction  in  the  Delaware  River,  between 
two  points  of  rock  .at  this  place. 

NARROW  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co.,  Alabama. 

NARSIXGAH,  nar-sing'ga.  a  town  of  British  India,  pi^ 
sldency  of  Bengal,  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cuttack. 

N.\RSIPOOR,  nar^se-poor',  a  maritime  town  of  British 
India,  presiden<  y  of  Madras,  40  miles  E.  of  Masulipatam, 
on  the  Godavery.  at  the  mouth  of  its  W.  branch. 

NARVA,  nau'vj,  a  fortified  tbwn  and  river-port  of  Russia, 
government  and  81  miles  W.S.^V.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  the 
Narova.  9  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
Pop  3000.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town ;  the  for- 
mer, founded  in  1123,  has  a  town-hall,  exchange,  and  the 
fortress  of  Ivangorod.  Th<!  new  town  is  enelosetl  by  fortifi- 
calions.  Narva  has  a  salmon  fi.shery.  Near  it  Charles  XII.. 
ai  the  head  of  8000  Swedes,  defeated  an  army  of  80,000 
Kassians,  on  the  30th  November  1700. 

XARWAH,  a  small  town  of  Portuguese  India,  4  miles 
from  Goa. 

NARWAR.  narSvJr'.  or  NURWUR,  niirVfir/,  a  town  of 
Central  India,  dominions  and  4&  miles  S.  of  Gwalior,  on  the 
Bind  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Ganges. 

NARYM  or  N  ARIM,  nd-rim',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Tomsk,  on  the  Obi,  225  miles  N.W.  of  Tomsk. 
Pop.  KiUO. 

XARYM,  a.riverof  Asiatic  Russia,  tributary  to  the  Irtish, 
on  the  Chinese  frontier. 

N.\RZOLE,  naRd'zo-lii,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Coni.  province  and  about  15  miles  N.  of  Mon- 
de vi,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tanaro.    Pop.  3659. 


NASBINALS,  nds'bee'^ndP,  a  village  of  Fnn-o,  depart- 
ment of  Lozere,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Marvejols.     Pop.  1022. 

NASEBY,  ndz/bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  12  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Northampton.  The  troups  of  Charles  I  >vfre 
totally  defeated  here  by  the  Parliamentary  an-vj   iu  1640 

NASH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  oi  i  -cuicroK* 

NASH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mopmouth. 

NASH,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina; area  estimated  at  600  sc^uare  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Tar  River  and  Sandy  Creek,  and  bounded  on  the  S.^V. 
by  Contentny  Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil 
generally  poor.  Capital,  Nashville.  Formed  in  1777,  and 
named  in  lienor  of  General  Francis  Nash,  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Qermantown.  Pop.  11,6S7,  of  whom  7007  were 
free,  and  4680  slaves. 

NASHAWN'  or  NASIIAW/AN  ISLAND,  one  cf  the  Elizar 
beth  Islands,  Massachusetts,  is  8  miles  long,  and  near  2 
miles  wide. 

NASH  ISLAND,  in  Pleasant  River  Bay,  about  20  miles 
^V.  by  S.  of  Machias  Bay,  Maine.  It  contains  a  fixed  light 
of  deep  red  color,  47  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  lat.  44° 
25'  N..  Ion.  67°  37'  W. 

NASllO'BA,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Mis.-^is- 
sippi,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Pearl  River.  A  largo  part  of  the  land  is  un- 
cultivated. Cajiital,  PhilailolpUiu.  Pop.  8343,  of  whom 
6131  were  free,  and  2212  slaves. 

NASH'PORT,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  Canal  and  Licking  River,  54  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

NASH'S  FORD,  a  post-ofjice  of  Russell  co.,  Virginia. 

NASH'S  STREAM,  ot  Coos  county,  New  Hampshire,  flows 
into  the  Upper  Ammonoosuck. 

N.\SII'UA,  formerl3'  DUNSTABLE,  an  importjint  manu- 
facturing post-town  of  Hillsborough  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire, 40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boston,  is  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Nashua  River  with  the  Merrimack,  and  at  the 
terminus  of  the  Ijowell,  the  Woirester,  the  Wilton,  and  the 
Concord  Railroads,  by  which  it  has  communication  with  the 
principal  cities  and  towns  of  New  England.  The  Nashua 
River  hits  a  fall  at  this  place  of  65  feet  in  about  2  miles, 
affording  a  vast  hydraulic  power,  which  has  been  greatly 
improved  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Its  volume  is  180 
cubic  feet  per  second  in  the  dryest  season.  A  canal,  con- 
necting the  waters  of  this  stream  above  the  falls  with  those 
of  the  Merrimack,  was  constructed  in  1825,  and  opened  for 
the  transportation  of  goods  in  the  spring  of  1826.  The  locks 
are  Ot  solid  stone,  24  feet  high,  each  lift  being  10  feet  wide, 
and  82  feet  long.  Nashua  has  long  been  distinguished  for 
its  manufactures,  which  are  very  extensive,  and  embrace 
articles  of  almo.st  every  description.  Among  the  numerous 
corporations  may  be  mentioned  the  Nashua  Manufacturing 
Company,  charteretl  in  1823,  with  a  capital  of  S300,000, 
which  hiis  since  "been  increased  to  $1,000,000.  The  canal, 
which  supplies  water  to  its  factories,  is  about  3  miles  in 
length,  50  feet  wide,  and  6  feet  deep,  and  affords  a  head  and 
fall  of  about  36  feet.  This  company  ha.s  at  present  four  ex- 
tensive mills,  which  give  employment  to  about  1000  opera- 
tives, having  charge  of  37,450  spindles,  1089  looms,  consum- 
ing annually  10,000  balesof  cotton,  and  producing  13,000,000 
yards  of  prints,  shirtings,  ic.  The  company  also  have  a 
large  machine  shop,  iu  whicli  several  hundred  hands  are 
employed.  The  sales  of  the  Nashua  Iron  Company  amount 
to  $175,000  per  annum.  The  entire  quantity  of  cotton  fab- 
rics annually  produced  is  about  18.000,000  yards,  and  the 
total  capital  employed  $1,480,000.  The  other  manufactures 
of  Nashua  comprise  ste;im  engines,  machinists'  tools,  mill- 
work,  iron  castings,  iron  forgings,  edged  tools,  shuttles,  bob- 
bins, loeks,  farming  implements,  &c.  The  total  capital  in- 
vested in  the  various  manufac^tures  is  upwards  of  $2,000,000, 
and  the  number  of  operatives  engaged  about  1000  males 
and  1300  females.  The  receipts  of  the  post-office  amount  to 
about  $3000  a  year.  There  are  in  Nashua,  7  churches,  3 
newspaper  offices,  a  bank,  and  a  savings  institution  con- 
nected with  the  Nashua  Manufacturing  Company.  In  1842 
the  township  was  divided,  and  the  part  lying  chiefly  on  the 
X.  side  of  Nashua  River,  received  the  name  of  Nashville. 
Nashville  also  has  1  bank.    Pop.  10,065. 

NASHUA,  a  post-township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 

N.\SHU.i  RIVER,  rises  near  the  centre  of  Mas.sachusetts, 
In  Worcester  co.,  and  flowing  in  a  north-easterly  direction, 
falls  into  the  Merrimack  at  Nashua,  New  Hampshire. 

NASH'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 

NASHVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Hillsborough  co..  New  Hampshire,  is  situ.ated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Nashua  River  with  the  Merrimack,  opposite 
Nashua,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  bridges.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  Jackson  Company,  which  has  a  capital  of 
$480,000,  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  sheetings 
and  shirtings,  of  which  it  produces  about  5,000.000  yards 
annually;  also,  of  the  Machine  Shop  of  the  Nashua  and 
Lowell  Railroad  Company,  having  convenienc-es  for  the 
manufactures  of  locomotives;  besides  which  are  varioue 
other  establishments.  Nashville  contains  churches  of  3  or  4 
denominations,  a  bank,  and  a  savings  institution  connected 
with  the  Jackson  Company. 

1275 


NAS 


NAS 


NASnviLLE,  a  postoffioe  of  Chautauqua  co.,  \ew  Tort. 

NASIIVILLK,  a  post-Til]a(re,  capital  of  Nash  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Tar  Kiver,  45  miles  E.X.E. 
Of  Ealeiirh. 

NASHVILLE,  a  villa^re  of  Ix)wnclea  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
Tombiffbee  River,  140  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

NASIIVILLK.  a  po.etrTilla«te  of  Milam  co..  Texas,  on  the 
Brazos  River,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Austin.  It  was  formerly  the 
county  seat. 

NASHVILLE,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  city,  capital  of 
the  State  of  Tennessee,  and  of  Davidson  county,  is  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  Cumberland  River,  200  niiU-s  from  its 
mouth.  230  milM  E.N.E.  of  Memphis,  206  miles  .S.W.  of 
Lexinirton,  in  Kentucky,  and  684  miles  from  Washington. 
Lat.  36°  9'  N..  Ion.  86°  49'  W. ;  elevation  alxive  the  sea.  460 
feet  It  is  the  most  wealthy  and  populous  city  of  Tennes- 
see, and  is  distinguished  for  its  enterprising  spirit,  literary 
ta.ste.  and  polished  society.  Many  of  the  private  residences 
are  built  on  a  scale  of  palatial  magnitude  and  splendor,  and 
the  public  buildings  exhibit  a  corresponding  character.  The 
new  Capitol,  which  stands  on  a  commanding  eminence,  175 
feet  above  the  river,  is  one  of  the  most  noble,  niagniticent, 
and  costly  structures  in  America.  The  m.iterial  is  of  a  fine 
limestone,  which  was  quarriwl  on  the  eyot.  and  nearly  re- 
sembles marble.  The  dimensions  are  240  feet  by  1.35.  and 
the  estimated  cost  $1,000,000.  It  is  built,  as  it  is  stated, 
entirely  of  stone  and  iron,  without  any  wood  about  it.  ex- 
cept the  plank  on  which  the  copper  roofing  is  fastened :  the 
floor  and  inner  walls  are  of  dressed  stone.  The  foundation 
of  the  cnpitol  was  laid  in  1845.  A  lunatic  asylum,  on  a  large 
scale,  has  recently  Ijeen  erected  in  the  vicinity.  The  State 
Penitentiary  at  this  place  is  310  feet  by  50,  containing  200 
cells.  The" University  of  Na.shville  was  founded  in  1806. 
The  Medical  College  connected  with  the  University  was 
opened  in  1851 :  it  occupies  a  capacious  building,  and  h.is 
about  100  students.  There  are  also  a  number  of  female 
Beminaries.  the  largest  of  which  is  attended  by  above  300 
pupils.  About  12  newspapers  are  published  here.  5  or  6  of 
which  are  dailies.  Nashville  contains  3  banks,  with  a  total 
capital  of  $5,181,500.  and  about  14  churches.  The  mineral 
cabinet  of  the  late  Dr.  Troost  contains  the  largest  private 
collection  in  the  United  States.  The  Cumberland  River  is 
crossed  by  a  magnificent  wire  suspension  bridge,  recently 
built  at  a  cost  of  .^100.000.  The  city  is  lighted  with  gas, 
and  supplied  with  water  raised  from  the  Cumberland  Kiver. 
Nashville  has  expended  large  sums  in  the  construction  of 
macadamized  turnpikes.  8  of  which  radiate  in  different 
directions.  The  river  is  navigated  during  high  water  by 
large  steamboats  from  its  mouth  to  this  point,  and  a  num- 
ber of  splendid  packets  are  owned  here.  The  shipping  of 
the  port.  .Tune  30.  1852.  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  4083 
tons,  enrolled  and  licensed,  all  of  which  were  employed  in 
steam  navigation.  During  the  year.  5  steamlxiat.'s.  with  an 
aggregate  burthen  of  479|  tons,  were  admeasured.  This 
city  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade,  and  the  seat  of  manu- 
factures of  various  kinds.  Nashville  is  the  terminiis  of  the 
Na,«hville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad.  150  miles  long,  which 
was  finished  in  1852.  at  an  expense  of  about  $3,000,000. 
The  road  is  built  in  a  very  substantial  manner,  and  com- 
pletes the  connection  with  Charleston  and  Savannah. 
Other  railroads  connect  this  city  with  Louisville,  Menii)his, 
New  Orleans.  &c.  Ni>shville  w^.as  taken  by  the  Union  army 
about  Feb.  24, 1862.  Here  Gen.  Geo.  H.  Thomiis  gained  a 
decisive  victory  over  the  Rebel  general  Hood  on  the  l-5th 
and  16th  of  December,  1n(U.  Pop.  in  1845, 12,000;  in  1860, 
exclusive  of  Edgefield,  16,988. 

NASHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Holmes  co..  Ohio,  82  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  has  3  churches,  and  about  400  inha- 
bitants. 

N.VSimLLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Brown  co.,  Indians, 
40  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis.     Settled  in  1837. 

NASHVILLE,  a  village  of  Hancock  CO..  Indiana,  on  Sugar 
Creek.  .33  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NASHVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Washington  co., 
niinois.  lis  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Springfield.  It  is  situated  on 
a  rich  prairie.    Pop.  872. 

NASHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Boone  CO..  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  26  miles  above  JelTerson  City.  It  has  a 
landint;  for  steamboats,  and  a  few  warehouses. 

N.\SHVILLE,  a  village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mlesls- 
rippi  River.  10  miles  a1)ove  KeoKuk. 

NASHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  El  Dorado  CO..  California. 

NASIELSK.  n4'se-^lsk\  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of 
Plock.  26  miles  N.  of  Warsaw.  Pop.  12(i0.  mostly  Jews. 
Here  tlie  French  defeated  the  Russians  In  1806. 

NA'SlNil.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

NASIRABAD.  nns'ir-a-bid'.  or  NESSERABAD.  nfsVivi- 
bjd'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  kingdom  of  Oude,  65  miles  S.'S.E. 
of  Lucknow.     Pop.  3000 

NASKA.  nif^L  or  CABALlA">S.  ki-B-ll/yoce.  a  maritime 
town  of  I'eru.  department  of  Lima,  on  the  Pacific,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Na*k;i,30  miles  8.E.  of  Pnlpa. 

NASKOV  or  NASKOW,  ni»'kov,  written  also  NAKSKOV, 

nifes'kov'.  (L.  Niutyi/ria.)  a  town  of  Denmark,  the  largest 

and  most  important  on  the  island  of  Laaland,  on  a  fiord  , 

127« 


of  the  same  name.  Near  it,  finely  situated  on  the  fiord,  is 
the  old  castle  of  Aalholm  or  Christiansholm.  once  a  place 
of  great  strength,  which  figures  much  in  the  early  history 
of  Denmark.    Pop.  in  1851,  2955. 

N.4S0,  na'so.  (anv.'A(ittlliytn)unt  f)  a  town  of  Sicily,  intenil- 
ency  and  44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Messina,  on  the  Naso.  near  it* 
mouth.  Pop.  4400.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  2  churches. 

NA'.SONVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Burrillville  townihi,). 
Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island,  alont  26  miles  N.W.  of  Provi- 
dence.    It  contains  1  hoe  and  axe  factory. 

NASSABERG.  n3s's.'l-lieRG\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia, 
circle  and  8  miles  S.  of  Chrudim.  with  a  castle.     Pop.  561. 

NASSAU,  nas'saw,  (tier. pron.  nls's<"iw  :  Fr.  pron.  nSsVO/ :  L, 
Xasso'vta,)  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  its  own 
name,  sittiated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lahii.  25  miles 
N.W.  of  Wiesbaden.  Pop.  1600.  The  ruined  castle  of  Nas- 
sau, on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  gives  title  to  the  reigiv 
ing  family. 

NASSAU,  Drcnr  of,  a  state  in  the  W.  part  of  Ger- 
many, between  lat.  49°  66'  and  50°  52'  N..  and  Ion.  7°  3(y 
and  8°  30'  E.,  Vxiunded  E.  by  Hesse-Darmstadt,  the  Prus- 
sian district  of  Wetzlar,  Hesse-IIomburg,  and  the  territory 
of  F'rankfort,  S.  by  the  Khiuu  and  Main  which  separate  it 
from  Hesse-Darmstadt.  W.  and  N.  by  Rhenish  Prussia,  from 
which  it  is  partly  separate*!  by  the  Rhine.  Ai-ea  1751  s<|uare 
miles.  I'op.  in  1853.  429.341.  mostly  Protestants.  Surface 
mountainous,  traversed  in  the  N.  by  the  Westerwald,  and 
in  the  S.  by  the  Taunus  Mountains.  Soil  fertile,  with  excel- 
lent pasturage.  The  rivers  belong  entirely  to  the  basin  of 
the  Rhine ;  the  chief  are  the  Rhine,  I^hn.  and  Sieg.  The 
duchy  produces  excellent  wine  in  the  district  called  the 
Rheixoau.  and  in  the  vineyairls  of  Steinberg,  Rudeshoim, 
Hockheim.  and  especially  Johanni.sK-rg.  Mines  of  iron, 
copper,  and  silver  are  worke<l.  coal  is  found  in  the  A\  cstep- 
wald.  and  the  mineral  waters  of  Wiesbaden.  Nieder-Selters, 
and  Ems  are  in  high  repute,  and  extensively  exported.  The 
chief  means  of  transport  are  the  navigable  rivers  Rhine 
and  Lahn.  and  the  railway  from  Frankfort  to  Wiesbaden. 
In  1806.  the  states  of  Nassau  were  divided  into  two  branches!, 
Nassau  Usikoen,  (oo'sing-gn.)  and  Nassau  Wkiibirg  (wll'- 
bWKG.)  both  of  which  formed  portions  of  the  Confederation 
of  the  Rhine.  The  first  became  extinct  in  1816,  and  was 
incorporated  with  the  second.  It  now  forms  a  constitu- 
tional monarchy,  hereditary  in  the  male  line.  As  part  of 
the  German  Confederatiotu  it  unites  with  Brunswick  and 
h.as  the  13th  vote,  but  in  the  plenum  its  vote  is  the  14th. 
Us  contingent  of  men  to  the  Confe<ler«tion  is  3028.  The 
founder  of  the  reigning  family  was  Otho.  brother  of  the 
Emperor  Conrad  I.  Capital.  Wiesbaden  :  but  Biberich  and 
Weil  burg  are  the  usual  residences  of  the  Duke. 

NASS.4U.  (commonly  pronounced  nas-saw'.>a  post-village 
and  township  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York,  about  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Albany.  The  village  contains  churches  of  3  or  A 
denominations,  an  academy,  and  about  half  a  dozen  stores. 
Pop.  of  the  townsliip.  3039. 

N.\SS-\U.  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Florida, 
bordering  on  the  Atlantic,  has  an  area  of  970  square  miles. 
It  is  boun<led  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  the  St.  Mary's  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Georgia,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Nas- 
sau River.  The  surface  is  level,  the  soil  sandy.  In  1850, 
this  county  produced  404,305  pounds  of  rice,  the  greatest 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  Capital, 
Na.ssau  Court-House.  Pop.  o64-t,  of  whom  2032  were  fre«, 
and  1612  slaves. 

NAS»SAU.  a  village  in  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des  Moines 
River.  100  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

NASS.AU,  the  capital  of  New  Providence,  Bahama  Is- 
lands, on  a  declivity  near  the  N.  coast.  Lat  of  light- 
hou.se.  25°  5'  6"  N..  'ion.  77°  21'  2"  W.  Pop.  7000.  It  is 
regularly  and  well  built,  defended  by  two  forts,  and  has  a 
handsome  governor's  residence,  w)me  barracks,  a  pri.sou, 
hospital,  agricultural  society,  and  a  barlior  sheltered  north- 
ward by  Hog  Island,  and  having  two  entrances  p!is.sable  by 
vessels  drawing  from  13  to  14  feet  of  water. 

N.\SS.\U.  FORT.  British  Guiana,  the  former  capital  of  the 
colony  under  the  Dutch,  is  on  the  Berbice  River,  45  miles 
from  the  sea. 

NASSAU  ISLES.  Eastern  Archipelago.    See  Poggt  Isles. 

NASS.^U  RIVER,  North  Australia,  enters  Nassau  I!ay, 
Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  latter,  near  Lit 
15°50'S..  Ion.  141°  35' E. 

NASSAU  RIVER.  Florida,  forms  the  S.  border  of  Nassau 
CO.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  near  the  S.  end  of  Amelia 
Island. 

NASSERABAD.  nJs-sfr-J-biid',  a  village  of  Beloochisfan, 
25  miles  S.W.  of  Kedje,  on  the  route  to  Gwetter.  Lat.  20P 
13'  N..  Ion.  61°  57'  E. 

NASSER  KIT,  nas'seh-rit\  a  village  of  Tyrol,  near  Tniift 
Pop.  1.306. 

NAS'SINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  .of  NortUnintv- 
ton. 

NjISSOONE.  nis'soil'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxemburg.  36  miles  N.  of  Arlon.     Pop.  1000. 

NASSUCK,  nds'sUk',  a  large  town  and  place  of  iiilgriui- 


NAS 


NAU 


ago.  in  British  Tiidia,  presidency  and  95  miles  X.K.  of  Bom- 
bay. Lat.  19°  50'  N.,  Ion.  73°  56'  K.  Pop.  30.000  Near  it 
are  soniu  extensive  cave  temples  of  purely  Boodhic  charac- 
ter, bat  the  town  itself  is  the  centre  of  Brahmiuism  iu  the 
Deo.'an. 

N.VST .\TTEN,  (Nastatten,)  nSs'tJeten,  a  town  of  West 
Germany,  duchy  of  Nassau,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the 
Miihnj;ich,  19  miles  N.\V.  of  Wiesbaden,  with  many  mineral 
Bprir.gs.     Pop.  1557. 

N'AT.\.  ni'ti,  a  town  of  South  America.  New  Grenada, 
and  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  64  miles  S.W. 
of  Panama. 

N.\T.\L.  nj-til'.  a  colonial  possession  of  Great  Britain,  on 
the  S.K.  coast  of  Africa,  between  lat.  27°  40'  and  30°  40'  S.. 
and  Ion.  •2»°40'  and  31°  10'  K.,  havini;  S.E.  the  Indian  Oean, 
Vi'.  the  Drakeuber}<  or  Kahlamba  Mountains,  separatinj^  it 
from  the  territory  Ijetween  the  Orange  and  Vaal  Rivers,  re- 
cently annexed  to  the  Cape  Colony,  and  N.E.  the  Buffalo 
and  Tu^ela  Kiver.s,  dividing  it  from  the  Zooloo  country. 
Estimated  area  18,(X)0  square  miles.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, well  watered,  and  mostly  covere<i  with  tall  grass. 
In  tlie  interior,  timber  grows  only  in  clumps,  but  tlie  sea- 
ooast  is  bordered  by  a  belt  of  mangroves.  The  climate  is 
most  heultliy,  and  the  soil  is  reported  to  be  far  more  fertile 
than  in  the  Cape  Colony.  Cotton  and  Indigo  grow  wild,  and 
tlie  former,  of  the  finest  quality,  has  b«!en  produced  for  ex- 
portation. Sugar,  coffee,  wheat,  oafs,  beans,  and  tobacco  are 
Important  crops.  Superior  coal  has  been  found  in  the  inte- 
rior ;  building  stone  is  found  all  over  its  surface,  and  iron 
ore  is  abundant.  Down  to  Septeml;er,  1847,  the  land  let  by 
the  government  had  fetched  34,995/.,  of  which  10.312/.  were 
for  lands  rented  within  that  year.  Butter,  corn,  hides, 
ivory,  tallow,  tobacco,  and  wool,  were  lately  among  the 
chief  exports.  In  1S49,  the  value  of  imports  was  46,204/.; 
and  of  exports,  10.860/..  confined  to  three  articles  of  protluce 
—ivory,  2y,.321  lbs.,  cotton,  13,931  lbs.,  and  wool,  2927  lbs. 
In  18.J1.  the  imports  were  38,544/.,  but  the  exports  fell  to 
3607/.  Tlie  territory,  which  is  a  dependency  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  is  administered  by  a  lieutenant  governor, 
a.ssist('d  l)y  a  board  of  officers;  and  it  is  subdivideil  into  the 
districts  of  D'Urbiin,  Pietermaritzburg,  Umvoti,  Impafane, 
Upper  Tugela,  and  Umziuy.ati.  exclu.'iive  of  a  tract  in  the 
S.,  liitherto  without  an  established  magistracy.  Pieterma- 
ritzburg, the  capital,  is  50  miles  inland  from  Port  Natal. 
which  is  near  the  centre  of  the  coast  line.  Pop.  of  the 
colony  about  121.000,  of  whom  only  6000  are  white;  and 
the  remaining  115,000  Zooloo  Kaffres,  who  have  renounced 
allegiance  to  their  own  chiefs,  and  have  now  the  privileges 
of  liritish  snlijects. 

NATAL,  ni-t:il',  (formerly  Cidade  dog  Jieis,  se-diM.i  doce 
rA'es  or  rAs.j  a  town  of  Brazil,  capital  of  the  province  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Norte,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Poteugi  or  Rio 
Grande  in  the  Atlantic;  lat.  of  its  fort  5°  45'  S.,  Ion.  35°  15' 
W.  Pop.  in  1845,  10.000.  It  was  formerly  an  important 
military  post,  and  it  has  3  handsome  churches,  a  governor's 
residence,  and  a  harbor,  fitted  for  vessels'  below  150  tons 
burden,  with  an  export  trade  in  superior  Brazil  wood. 

NATAL  or  NATAR,  nd-taR',  a  town  of  Sumatra,  on  its 
S.W.  coast;  lat.  0°  33'  N.,  Ion.  99°  0'  K.  Ne.ar  it  are  some 
gold-mines,  and  it  has  an  export  trade  in  gold-dust,  cam- 
phor, wool,  &c. 

NAT'CUAUG'  RIVER,  the  largest  branch  of  the  Shetucket 
River,  falls  into  it  in  Windham  co.,  near  Willimantic,  in  the 
N.E.  part  of  Connecticut. 

NATCHEZ,  naUih'iz,  the  most  populous  and  commercial 
city  of  Mississippi,  aud  capital  of  Adams  county,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  279  miles  above  New  Orleans, 
and  100  miles  S.W.  of  Jackson.  Lat.  31°  34'  N.,  Ion.  91°  25' 
W.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  bluff  which  ri.ses  about 
200  feet  above  the  river,  affording  an  extensive  view  of  the 
immense  cypress  swamps  of  Louisiana.  The  surface  of  the 
ground  in  the  city  and  in  the  adjacent  country  is  undu- 
lating, and  presents  a  striking  contrast  with  the  flat  surface 
of  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  streets  of  Natchez 
are  wide  and  rectangular,  and  some  of  the  public  buildings 
are  handsome.  The  private  residences  are  mostly  built  of 
Wood,  and  many  of  them  have  flower-gardens  and  orange- 
groves  adjoining.  Among  the  public  buildings  are  the 
Court-house,  5  or  6  churches,  a  hospital,  Orphan  Asylum, 
and  Masonic  Hall.  Three  or  four  newspapers  are  published 
here.  Within  a  few  years  Natchez  has  increased  considera- 
bly, in  consequence  of  its  numerous  flourishing  seminaries, 
ind  its  public  school,  which  is  supported  by  a  general  taxa- 
tion of  the  citizens.  The  latter  averages  about  500  pupils 
innually.  Natchez  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade,  of 
which  cotton  is  the  principal  article.  Steamboats  are  con- 
stantly aniving  at  and  departing  from  its  wharves.  The 
heavy  sliipping  business  is  transacted  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  town,  called  Natchez-under-the-IIill.     Pop.  6612. 

NATCHEZ,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  opposita  New  Martinville,  23  miles  below  Wheeling. 
It  has  a  good  lauding  for  steamboats.     Laid  out  in  1850. 

NATCHEZ,  a  village  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  turn- 
pike from  New  Albany  to  Vincennes,  56  miles  W.N.W.  from 
the  former. 


NATCIIITOOIIES.  natch-i-totch/Jz,  (often  pronounced 
nak-e-tash'.)  a  parish  in  the  N.W.  pari  of  Louisian:i,  lias  an 
area  of  2260  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Jied  River, 
and  contiiins  numerous  small  lakes  connected  with,  thai 
stream.  The  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river  is  fertile,  pro- 
ducing cotton  and  Indian  corn.  Steamboiits  na\igato  Red 
River,  through  this  parish,  from  New  Orleans  to  Shreveport. 
Capital,  Nacbitoches.  Pop.  16,699  ;  of  whom  7265  were  tree, 
and  9434  slaviis. 

N.ATCUITOCIIES,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Natchitoches 
parish,  Louisiana,  on  Red  River,  about  500  miles  by  water 
W.N.W.  of  New  Orleans.  Several  steam-packets  make  re- 
gular passages  between  this  place  and  New  Orleans  in  al.' 
stages  of  water.  The  village  is  picsasantly  situated  betweeu 
the  shore  and  the  pine-clad  blulTs,  which  approach  very 
near  the  river.  It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  coiuaiuing  a 
Uniteil  States  Land-Office,  a  newspaper  office,  aud  several 
ch  urches. 

NATE'LY  LEWIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

NATHLY,  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants 

NA'TUAN'S  CREEK,  a  postroffice  of  Ashe  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

NAI'HANSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Conecuh  co .  Alabama. 

N  ATHDORA,  ndt'do'rd,  (Hindoo iVu</(a-</cr«?-a,  ndt'h'd-dv'h- 
vd/rd,)  "  the  temple  of  the  Ueity,")  a  town  of  West  Hindostan, 
Rajpootana,  dominions  and  about  28  miles  N.  of  Odeypoor, 
lat.  25°  8'  N.,  lat.  74°  11'  E.  It  has  a  Hindoo  temple  of  high 
sanctity,  and  an  active  trade  with  Guzerat  and  feinde. 

NATICK,  nd/tik,  a  post-village  "and  township  of  Middlesex 
CO.,  ;Massaihu.setts,  on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  liailroad, 
17  miles  W.S.  W.  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  aud  shoes.  Pop.  in 
1850,2744;  in  1860,  5.^5. 

N.\T1CK,  a  post-village  of  Kent  CO.,  Rhode  Island,  on 
Pawtuxet  River,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Providence.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  prints,  muslins,  ic. 

NWTIOLU.M.    See  Gjovenazzo. 

NA/TION  EORU,  a  postoffice  of  York  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

NATIVIDAD,  nd-te-ve-ddd',  a  small  island  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, in  the  Pacific,  immediately  opposite  the  pi'omontory 
of  -Morro  Hermoso. 

N.\TIV1D.\D,  a  village  of  the  Me.xican  Confederation, 
state  of  .Me.xiuo,  near  Tezcuco. 

NATIVlB.iDE,  nd-te-"ve-ddMi,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Goyaz,  on  the  river  Luiz  Antes,  75  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ar- 
rayas.     Pop.  2000. 

N.\TOLIA,  A.sia  Minor.    See  An.\toi,ia. 

N.\'TRON-LAKES  OE  EGYPT,  are  situated  in  a  valley  of 
the  Libyan  De.sert  called  the  Natron  Valley,  about  tX)  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Cairo,  and  consist  of  8  pools,  many  of  them 
rich  in  natron,  the  collecting  of  whicli  occupies  about  300 
pei-sons. 

NATTAM,  ndt^tdm',  NUTTAM,  nutH.^m',  or  NUTTOM', 
a  considerable  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
district  and  22  miles  N.  of  Madui-a;  lat.  10°  12'^N.,  Ion.  78° 
19'  E. 

NATTORE,  ndtHor',  (Hindoo  Nathaver,  ndfh-d'vfr.)  a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  49  miles  N.E.  of 
Moorshedab.id;  lat  24°  25'  K.,  Ion.  88°  55'  E.  It  h;is  a  pretty 
good  native  schooL 

NATTRADACOTTA,  ndt-trd-dd-kot/tl,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  68  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Com<;rin. 

NATLINA.S,  nd-too'uds,  several  groups  of  islands  off  the 
N.W.  coast  of  Borneo,  in  the  China  Sea.  The  Gre.at  Natuna 
Island,  lat.  4°  N.,  Ion.  108°  E.,  is  40  miles  in  length. 

NATUNS,  nd'toon.s,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  circle  of 
Botzen.  in  the  valley  of  the  Etsch  or  Adige.     Pop.  1450. 

N.\TUNZ,  nd^toonz/(?),  a  town  of  I'ersia,  province  of  Trak- 
Ajemee,  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ispahan,  about  lat.  33°  26'  N.,  Ion. 
51°  56'  E.     Fruits  are  raised  in  this  vicinity. 

NAT'URAL  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  .lefferson  co.,  New 
York,  25  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Watertown.  Hero  is  a  natural 
bridge  over  Indian  River. 

NATURAL  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

NATURAL  BRIDGK  SeeViROisiA;  "  Objects  of  lnta-(si 
to  Tourists."  page  2047. 

NATUR-iL  CANAL,  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New  .York,  con- 
nects the  Osw^atchle  with  Grass  JUver.  Length  about  6 
miles. 

NATURAL  DAM,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Arkansas. 

NATURAL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Williamsburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

NAUDAUN,  a  town  of  the  Punjab.    See  Nadaux. 

NAUDERS,  now/ders,  and  NAUDERSBERG,  now'ders- 
bJRG',  two  contiguous  villages  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Swiss 
frontier.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Glurns. 

N'.\UEN,  now'en,a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Potsdam,  on  the  Hamburg  and 
Berlin  Railway.     Pop.  4300. 

NAUGARD,  now/gant,  a  town  of  Prussia.  Pomerania.  29 
miles  N.E.  of  Stettin,  between  two  lakes.  It  has  2300  inha- 
bitants, and  an  old  castle. 

NAU^GATUCK/,  a  fine  mill-stream  of  Connecticut,  rises  In 

1277 


NAU 


NAV 


T.ilchfieW  county,  and  flowing  Boutherly.  falls  into  the  Hou- 
gnfiinic.  In  New  Haven  countj':  length  50  miles. 

Jf  AUGATUCK,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of  New  ITaven  CO., 
Connecticut,  on  the  above  liver,  and  on  the  Naiigatiirk  R.R., 
i7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bridgeiwrt.  It  has  manufiictnres  of  but- 
ton?, outlery.  forks,  castings,  machinery,  cotton  and  woollen 
goods.  *c.     Here  are  4  churches.     Pop.  of  township  2590. 

NAUOHTON,  naw/ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

NAUHEIM,  uow'hime,  a  village  of  Germany.  Ilesse-Cassel, 
province  and  13  miles  X.N.W.  of  Ilauau,  with  important 
e.iline  pprings  and  baths.  Pop.  1424.  The  springs  yield 
annuallv  17.000  cwt  of  salt. 

N-VU-MBUUG,  nowmlxViRO.  a  town  of  Germany.  Prussian 
Saxony,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Merseburg.  on  the  Saale.  and  on 
the  railroad  from  Ilalle  to  Gotha.  Pop.  12.700.  It  h.as  3 
suburbs,  a  castle,  a  cathedral,  and  4  other  churches,  an 
hospital,  a  gymnasium,  and  manufactures  of  leather,  linen, 
and  woollen  stuffs.  The  Kiudersfest,  an  annual  festival, 
takes  place  here,  in  memory  of  the  termination  of  the  IIus.«- 
Ite  siege,  in  1432. 

NAUMBUKG.  a  town  of  Germany,  Ilesse-Cassel,  on  the 
Eder,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  1788. 

NAUMIiUKG,  a  town  of  Germany,  Prussian  Silesia,  33 
miles  \V.  of  Llegnitz.  on  the  Queiss.     Pop.  1750. 

NAUilBUr.G.  a  town  of  Prussia,  59  miles  N.W.  of  Lleg- 
nitz, on  tlie  right  bank  of  the  Bober.     Pop.  873. 

NAUMI'OOlt.  nawm^poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  93  miles  S.E.  of  Surat. 

NAUNDOOR,  nawnVIoor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombav,  42  miles  S.W.  of  Aurungabad. 

NAUNDOORBAU,  nawn-di>or-bar',  a  town  of  Briti,«h  Indi.i, 
presidency  of  Bombay,  87  miles  E.X.E.  of  Purat.  lat.  21°  22' 
N.,  Ion.  74°  18'  E.,  with  the  tomb  of  a  Slohammedan  saint, 
greatly  resorted  to  bj*  pilgrims. 

NAUNDORF.  n5wn'doRf,  a  village  of  Saxony,  30  miles  N. 
of  Dresden.     Pop.  1197. 

NAUNHOF,  nuwnOiof.  a  town  of  Saxony,  10  miles  E,S,E. 
of  Leipsic,  on  the  I'aanle,    Pop.  1042. 

NAUNTON,  nawn't^n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

NAUXTON  BEAUCHAMP,  nawn'tpn  beech'am,  a  parish 
of  England,  co,  of  Worcester. 

NAUPACTUS.    See  Lepaxto. 

NAUPinO,  an  isl.ind  of  Greece.    See  Axaphi. 

NAUPLTA,  naw'ple-a,  or  NAPOLf  DI  ROMANIA,  nl'po-le 
dee  ro-mS-nee'd,  (anc.  Kau'j^ia,  Fr,  ..Vau/rfi,  n(Vplee',)  a 
fortified  seaport  town  of  Greece,  in  tlie  Morea,  capital  of 
the  government  of  Argolis,  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Nauplia.  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Argos.  Lat,  37°  33'  36"  N.,  Ion. 
22°  48'  1^;,  Population  in  1861,  6024.  It  is  enclosed  by 
Venetian  fortifications,  with  several  batteries,  and  has 
two  fortresses,  one  of  which,  on  a  jirecipitous  rock,  is 
almost  impregnable.  The  town,  recently  laid  out  in  modern 
European  style,  has  a  gootl  main  street,  some  squares,  and 
the  church  where  Capo  d'Istria  was  assassinated  ii)  1 831,  It 
has  a  good  roadstead,  and  atone  time  carrieil  on  an  extensive 
traffic  iu  silk,  oil,  wax,  wines,  corn,  cotton,  and  sponge,  but 
its  commerce  has  of  late  years  very  much  declined. 

XAUPLIA  orNAP0LI,orLFOF.(anc,  ArgdHcits  SUnuf), 
an  inlet  of  the  JIgean  Sea,  Greece,  between  the  two  E.  arms 
of  the  Morea.  Length  30  miles,  breadth  20  miles  at  its 
entrance.  It  contains  several  small  i.slands,  the  chief  being 
Spezzi.i,  at  its  mouth.  It  receives  the  Xeria  River,  on  which 
Argos  is  situated. 

N.\Un.  a  town  of  Russia.    Set  ir^nX)!?. 

NAITSETT'  BEACH,  the  E.  side  of  Cape  Cod,  Massachu- 
setts. On  it  are  three  lighthouses,  150  feet  apart,  lat.  41° 
51'  35"  N  .  Ion,  69°  57'  IS"  W. 

NAUT.\,  now't3,  a  town  of  Ecuador,  on  the  Amazon,  a 
little  above  the  confluence  of  the  Ucavale,  about  lat.  4°  30'  S., 
Ion.  72°  40'  W.    It  was  founded  in  1830,     Pop.  about  6000, 

NACTIIPOOR,  nawfh'poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Benstal,  district  and  42  miles  N,N,\V.  of  Purneah. 
lat,  26°  17'  N„  Ion.  87°  3'  E. 

NAUTKILLE,  n!>-.v-trill',  a  post-ofllce  of  Bremer  co,,  Iowa. 

NAU'VOO'.  a  post-office  of  'i'inga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NAUVOO  CITV.  of  Hancock  CO.,  lUinoi.s,  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  near  the  head  of  the  l.)wer  rapids,  52  miles  above 
Quincy,  and  220  miles  above  Si,  Louis,  It  was  founded  by 
the  Mormons  iu  1840,  and  or,.'e  contained  from  15,000  to 
18,000  inhabitants.  The  situaiion  is  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful on  the  river.  The  ground  rises  gradually  from  the 
water's  edge  to  an  unusual  height,  presenting  a  smooth  and 
regular  surface,  with  a  broad  plain  at  the  summit.  Nauvoo 
was  laid  out  on  an  extensive  plan,  with  broad  rectangular 
stri.-ets,  Tlie  dwellings  were  mostly  log  cabins,  or  small 
frame  houses.  The  >Iormon  Temple,  built  of  compact  po- 
lished limestone,  was  130  feet  long  by  88  feet  wide,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  costly  edifices  in  the  West,  In  the  ba.«ement 
there  whs  a  baptistry,  a  large  stone  basin,  supported  by  12 
coIosshI  oxen.  In  Otober,  1848,  this  temple  was  fired  by  an 
incendiary,  and  re'luced  to  ruins.  About  that  time  the 
Mormon  population  were  expelled  from  the  state  by  force  of 
arms,  and  emigrated  to  Utah,  leaving  the  greater  part  of 
their  bous<!s  unoccupied.  A  company  of  French  Socialists, 
1278 


under  M.  Cabet,  have  recently  established  themselvei  here, 
having  purchased  the  site  of  the  temple  and  otlier  pniperty. 
Their  number  is  stated  to  be  about  400.  Nauvoo  has  a  good 
steamboat  landing.     Pop.  1394. 

NAVA.     See  Nahe. 

NAVACONCE.IO  or  NAVACONCEXO,  na-vi-kon-th.VHO, 
a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadura.  province  and  N.N.E.  of 
Caceres,  near  the  Jerte.     Pop.  1096. 

NAVA  DE  LA  ASUNCION,  na'vd  d.i  Id  a-soon-the-on',  or 
NAVA  DE  COCA,  ni/vd  Ah  ko/k((.  a  town  of  Spain,  New 
Castile,  province  and  2o  miles  N.W.  of  Segovia.     Pop.  1209. 

NAVA  DEL  IIEY.  nd'vd  dJl  rA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid.  It  has  a  fine  church,  and 
4241  inhabitants. 

NAVA  EL  MANZANO,  ndM  M  man-thd'no.  a  village  of 
Spain,  New  Castile,  province  and  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Segovia. 
Pop.  12t)7. 

NAVA  HERMOSA.  nd'y^  fR-mo',sd.  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  25  miles  S.AV.  of  Toledo,  with  2060  inhaViitants. 

NAVAL,  nd-v;(l',  a  town  of  Spain.  Aragon.  province  and 
E.  of  Hucsca.  Tlie  innccessiWe  steep,  on  which  the  centre 
of  the  town  is  situated,  makes  it  a  kind  of  natural  fortn  ss. 
In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  salt  works,  which  are  considered 
the  best  in  Spain.     Poji.  1650. 

NAVALC.\N,  n3-vdl-k3n',  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile, 
province  and  W.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  1299. 

NAV.\IX'.\RNERO.  nd-vdl-kaR-mVro,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madrid.  J'op.  3375.  It  hag 
an  active  trade  in  the  supply  of  the  capital  with  provisions. 

NAVALMORAL,  nS-val-mo-riil'.  a  town  of  Spain,  New 
Castile,  province  and  aliout  17  miles  from  Avila,     I'op.  14.35. 

NAVAI,MORAL  DE  LA  MATA.  nd-v.^l-mo-ril'  dA  Id  md'tl, 
a  town  of  Sjiain,  province  and  62  miles  N.E.  of  Caceres.  P.  30tK). 

NAVALMORAL  DE  PUSA,  n(i-vai-mo-rdl'  dd  potM,  a 
town  of  Spain.  New  Castile,  province  and  38  miles  S.W.  of 
Toledo.     Pop.  2130. 

NAVALUCILLOS,  na-vlloo-theel'yoce.  a  village  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  province  and  atwut  o8  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo. 
Near  it  are  iron  works  employing  300  men  and  boys,  and 
alxiut  as  many  horses  and  mules. 

NAVALVILLAR,  nd-vai-veel-yaR',  or  NAVALVILLAB 
DE  PELA,  na-vdl-veel-yaR/  dA  -pkni,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  67  miles  E.N.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  2390. 

N.W'AN,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Jleath,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Boyne  and  Blackwater.  28 
miles  N.W.  of  Dublin,  to  which  a  railway  is  projected.  Pop. 
of  town,  in  1851.  3979.  It  has  a  court-house,  corn  and  pajier 
mills,  manufactures  of  sacking,  and  considerable  exports  of 
agricultural  produce  by  the  Boyne. 

\AVAHI\0,  nd-va-ree'no,  NAVARIN,  na-vj-reen'.  Ol 
NK()CASTKO.  nA-o-kds'tro,  Cmodern  Greek,  ^coxaaroov.  ni- 
o'kastron.')  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Greece,  in  the  More.i.  on 
a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean.  6  miles  N.  of  Modon.  It  consi.sts 
of  about  200  well-lmilt  stone  hoiises.  and  100  wooden  h.ibit.v 
tions.  Near  it.  on  the  \.,  are  the  rninsof  Old  Navarino.  the 
ancient  Pi/lnn.  The  harbor,  sheltered  by  the  island  of  Sph.ijrfa, 
is  a  noble  basin,  famous  in  antiquity  for  a  total  defe.it  of  the 
Spartan  by  the  .\thenian  navy,  and  in  modern  times  fur  the 
victory  of  the  Enclish.  French,  and  liussi.in  fleets  over  those 
of  the  Turks  and  Eg^ptinns.  October  20,  1827, 

N.WARI'NO,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York. 

NAV.iRRE,  n.s[-var',  (Fr.  pron.  nd'vaR';  Sp.  Kavarra, 
na-vaR'Ra.)  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded  N.  by  the  Sledi- 
terranean  and  France.  .\rea  4069  Sfjuare  miles.  Pop.  in 
1849,  280,000.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Pyrenees,  which  here 
form  several  fine  valleys.  The  summits  of  tlie  mount.iins 
are  in  general  rugged  and  bare;  lower  down,  they  are 
covered  with  wood,  and  afford  excellent  pasturage.  The 
grain  and  wine  produced  are  insufficient  for  consumption. 
Chief  rivers,  the  Ebro  and  Bidassoa,  The  greater  portion 
of  the  population  speak  the  Basque  language,  Nav.irre, 
which  was  never  completely  sui>jugated  to  the  Arabs, 
formed  a  distinct  kingdom  at  the  end  of  the  9th  century, 
and  was  united  to  Aragon  from  1070  to  1134.  The  kings  ol 
France  held  it  for  a  short  time  at  the  end  of  the  13tli  cen 
tury.  It  was  taken  by  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  in  1.012, 
and  united  to  Sp.iin.  A  small  part  of  the  country,  called 
Basse-Navarre,  remained  to  Catharine  of  Navarre,  and  vaa 
united  to  the  crown  of  France  in  1589,  From  that  lime  tin. 
the  revolution  of  18.30.  the  kings  of  France  took  the  title 
of  King  of  Navarre.  It  retains  peculiar  privileges,  and  in 
the  new  divi.sion  of  the  country  (183.'))  it  retained  its  ancient 
lx)undarics.  Capital.  Pamplona. — Adj.  aud  inhab.  Navar- 
RF.sK.  na'var-reez',  (Sp.  Navarro,  na-vdR'RO,  or  Navarres, 
na-vaR-R?s'.) 

NAV,\KRE,  BASSE,  bdss  nd^vaR',  was  an  ancient  division 
of  France,  in  the  old  pi-ovince  of  IWarn, 

N.WARUE.  NEW,  is  a  portion  of  the  Mexican  Confeder- 
acy, now  comprised  in  the  department  of  Sonora. 

"N.\V.\RKE,  na-var',  a  post-ofiice  of  .Stark  co..  Ohio. 

NAVARRE,  a  vilfcige  in  Des  Moines  co..-Iowi,65  miles 
S.E.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

NWVAKRENX.  ndS-an'rSso',  a  fortified  towu  of  France, 
department  of  Basses-Pyrfn^s,  20  miles  W'.  of  Pan.  Pop. 
in  1852.  15a% 


NAV 

NAVAKRES,  nd--vrfR-RJs'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
g.S.W'.  of  Valencia.     I'op.  1653. 

N-WAIIKKTE,  nJ-vdR-luk/ti,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  5  miles  AV.  of  Logrofto.     I'op.  2015. 

NAVAU'RO,  a  county  of  Texa.i,  situated  in  tlie  N.E. 
central  part  of  the  state.  Area  about  900  square  miles. 
Trinity  Kiver  wa.-'hcs  its  N.E.  border,  and  it  is  drained  by 
the  I'ecan  Creek.  The  county  is  partly  occupied  by  fertile 
prairies,  and  is  liberally  supplied  with  fine  timtier.  Organ- 
ized in  1846,  or  since  that  time.  Named  in  lionor  of  Joso 
Antouio  Navarro,  a  distinjfuished  Mexican  patriot.  Capital. 
Corsicana.  i'op.  5996 ;  of  whom  4106  were  free,  and  1890 
elavea. 

N.4VARU0,  a  post-offico  of  fieon  co..  Texas. 

NAA'AS-DE-JOlUiUEUA,  (or  XOKQUEKA.)  na'va.s-tii-H0R- 
kA'rd.  a  village  of  Spain,  Murcia,  province  and  18  miles 
from  .^Ibacete.     I'op.  870. 

NAVAS  DEL  MADRONO,  nj'vils  dil  md-drAn'yo,  a  town 
of  Sjjain,  pi-ovince  and  19  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cac«res.    P.  3840. 

NAVAS  DEL  M.VKQUK/,  niiMs  dil  maR-kJth',  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  24  uilles  K.S.K.  of  Avila.    I'op.  3000. 

NAVAS  DE  SAN  ANTONIO,  njl'vis  dh  sdn  in-to'ne-o.  a 
village  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province  and  20  miles  from 
Segovia.     I'op.  890. 

NAVAS  DE  SAN  JUAN,  ni'viis  dA  fin  Hoo-Jn',  (almost 
Hwdn.)  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  35  miles 
from  Jaen.     I'op.  1450. 

NAVAS  DE  TOI.OSO,  na/v^s  dA  to-lo'so.  a  small  village  of 
Spain.  Andalusia,  province  and  39  miles  N.  of  Jaen.  Here, 
in  1212,  a  victory  was  obtained  by  the  King  of  Castile.  Ara- 
gon,  and  Navarre,  over  the  Moors,  who  were  commanded  by 
Slohamet  Ibn  Abdallah.  King  of  Morocco.  The  Spaniards 
claim  the  whole  merit  of  the  victory,  although  they  were 
assisted  by  100,000  foreign  crusaders,  chiefly  English  and 
French.  H  is  said  that  200,000  of  the  infidels  were  sLiin, 
and  only  725  Christians. 

NAVAS  FRl AS.  nd'vas  froe'as.  a  town  of  Spain,  Leon,  pro- 
vince and  S.W.  of  Salamanca.     I'op.  820. 

NAVASO'TO,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  in  Limestone 
county,  and  flowing  southward,  enters  the  Brazos  at  Wash- 
ington, after  forming  the  boundary  between  Robertson  and 
Brazos  counties  on  the  W.,  and  Leon  and  Grimes  on  the  E. 

N.\V.4ZA,  nd-vd'.sd.  a  small  Lshind  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Ilayti.  at  tlie  S.\V.  entrance  of  the  Wind- 
ward Passage;  lat.  18°  25'  N.,  Ion.  75°  2'  W. 

NAVE,  na/v.A,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  5  miles  N.E. 
of  Brescia.     Pop.  1500. 

NAVELLI,  nd-vM'lee,  a  village  of  Italy.  Naples,  province 
of  Abru/.zo  Ultra  11.,  19  miles  .S.E.  of  Aquila.     Pop.  1200. 

NA'VENBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NAVEK,  LOCH,  loic  nA'ver.  a  lake  of  .Scotland,  co.  Df  Suth- 
erland, near  its  I'entre.  Length  6  miles,  breadth  1  mile.  On 
a  small  island  in  the  lake  are  the  remains  of  a  I'ictish  fort. 

NAVES,  ndv.  a  villiige  of  France,  department  of  Correze, 
8  miles  N.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  2170. 

NAVESTOCK,  n.Av'stok.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

N.\VIA,  nd've-d.  a  river  of  North  Spain,  rises  in  Galicia, 
province  of  Lugo,  flows  N.N.E.  past  a  village  of  its  own 
name,  and  after  a  course  of  Co  miles,  enters  tlie  Bay  of 
Biscny.     It  has  an  excellent  salmon  fishery. 

NAVIA,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  river  Navia.  about  a 
mile  from  its  mouth.    It  has  Roman  antiquities.    I'op.  1600. 

NAVIA  DE  SUARNA,  nd've-d  d.A  swaR'nd  or  soo-aii'nd,  a 
gmall  town  of  North  Spain,  province  and  40  miles  N.W.  of 
Oviedo.  on  the  Navia.     I'op.  1200. 

N  AVID  AD',  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  in  Fayette  county, 
and  flows  southward,  until  it  falls  into  the  Lavacca,  a  few 
miles  S.  of  Texana. 

NAV'IG.VroR'S  or  SAMO'AN  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  N.E.  of  the  Friendly  Islands:  lat.  13°  30'  to 
14°  30'  S.,  Ion.  168°  to  173°  W.  They  are  eight  in  number— 
the  principal  being  Savaii,  Upolu,  Tutuilla,  and  Manua; 
area,  2650  square  miles.  They  are  of  volcanic  formation, 
having  coral  reefs,  within  which  their  harbors  are  usually 
situated.  The  climate  is  variable;  during  the  winter 
months,  long  and  heavy  rains,  attended,  at  times,  with  high 
winds  and  northerly  gales,  are  frequent.  The  soil  of  all  the 
islands  is  rich,  and  is  chiefly  formed  of  decompo.sed  volcanic 
rocks,  yielding  bread-fruit,  of  which  there  are  liere  twenty 
varieties,  bananas,  taro,  pa])er-mulberry,  tacca,  from  whiih 
arrow-root  is  made;  sugar-<'ane,  colTee,  sweet  potato,  pine- 
apple, yams,  papaya,  and  tobacco.  Tree-ferns,  banyan  trees, 
pandanus,  several  sjjecies  of  palms,  the  cocoa-nut,  and  the 
wild  orange,  are  also  found  in  greater  or  less  abundance. 
Rdftans.  90  feet  in  length,  may  be  seen  running  over  the 
trees ;  bamboos,  wild  sugar-cane,  wild  ginger,  and  wild  nut- 
meg also  abound.  There  are  no  native  quadrupeds  on  the 
islands,  but  swine,  cattle,  and  hor.ses,  have  been  introduced, 
and  are  rapidly  increasing.  l'<mHry  is  plentiful.  Fish  are 
taken  in  great  abundance.  In  personal  apjjearance,  the  men 
of  the  Samoan  group  are  in  general  superior  to  the  women, 
there  being  among  the  furmer  many  specimens  of  manly 
beauty,  while  the  latter  are  rather  ill-formed  and  stout, 
though,  when  very  young,  they  are  both  lively  and  pretty. 
In    disposition,    the    Samoaus    are    kind,    good-humored, 


NEA 

intelligent,  fond  of  amusements,  desirous  of  jileasing,  and 
very  hospitable.  Their  language  is  soft  and  smooth,  and  i« 
the" only  one  of  the  Polynesian  dialects  in  wliich  the  souiid 
of  S  is  found.  Nearly  all  the  foreigners  resident  on  these 
islands  are  subjects  of  Great  Britain.  The  whole  of  the 
population  of  Jlanua,  and  nearly  all  that  of  Tu:uilhi,  have 
embraceil  Christianity.  A  few  snnill  vessels  trade  from 
Sydney,  but  the  wants  of  the  people  are  principally  supplied 
by  American  whalers,  conveying  to  them  blue,  white,  and 
unbleached  cotton,  printed  calicoes,  hardware,  muskets, 
fowling-pieces,  powder,  shot,  axes,  <S:c.  The  islands  are 
populous,  but  no  estimate  can  be  made  of  the  number  of 
inhabitants.  The  Dutch  and  French  contest  the  claim  to 
their  di.scovery. 

NAW.\DA,  nd-wd'dd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  lieniral.  district  and  20  miles  S.  of  Bahar. 

NAWAURGUNGE,  nd-wdr-gunj',  a  town  of  India,  Oudo 
dominions.  38  miles  N.E-  of  liucknow. 

NAWOltTII  (naw'worth)  CASTLE,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumbtirland.  The  castle,  erected  by  the  Dacre  family, 
in  the  14th  century,  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice  inaccessible 
on  three  sides,  is  a  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  and  one  of 
the  finest  border  fortresses  still  in  repair. 

NAX'OS  or  NA.XIA,  nd.x-ee';i,  (anc.  Xaxos.)  an  island  of 
the  Grecian  Archipelago,  the  largest  and  most  fertile  of  the 
Cyclades,  in  lat.  37°  N.,  Ion.  25°  31'  E.  Length  19  miles, 
breadth  15  miles.  I'op.  19,912.  Surface  mountainouH. 
Chief  products,  wine,  fruits,  olive  oil,  and  cheese.  The 
island  Wiis  formerly  consecrated  to  Bacchus.  In  the  13th 
century,  it  formed,  with  the  neigliboring  islands,  the 
Venetian  duchy  of  Naxos.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
the  15th  century.  It  now  forms  a  government  of  the  king 
doin  of  Greece.  Chief  town,  Naxia,  (anc.  A'ltxos.)  with  a  port 
on  the  N.W.  coast;  it  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  and  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  bishop.     I'op.  2000. 

NAXOS  or  NAXIA,  a  ruined  city  of  Sicily,  on  the  E.  coast, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Onobala. 

N.\.\UANA.    See  NAKHcmv.vy. 

NAY,  nA,  a  town  of  i'rance,  department  of  Basses-Pyrfe- 
nees,  on  the  Gave-de-Pau,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pan.  Pop.  in 
1852,  3278.  It  has  njanufactures  of  broiidcloth,  serge,  drug- 
gets, blankets,  and  hosiery,  and  tanneries. 

N.'VYE.  nl'A,  a  village  of  West  Africa,  Bondoo,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Faleme;  lat.  14°  20'  N.,  Ion.  13°  15'  W. 

N.W'LAXD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of 
Suffolk,  on  the  navigable  Stout,  heiv  crossed  by  a  bridge.  14 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Ipswich.     Pop.  1114. 

NAY'liOU'S  STOKE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Mis- 
souri. .38  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis.    . 

NAVNTIVOE,  an  island  near  Ceylon.     See  IIaarlkm. 

NAYOE  or  NAYOO,  ni'oo',  a  group  of  four  or  five  islands, 
Malay  Archipelago,  N.  coast  of  Celebes,  off  the  Bay  of 
Meniulo. 

N.VZ'ARKTII,  (Arab.  Fn-JVasirah,  fn-nd-soe'ra.)  a  small 
town  of  Palestine,  piuihallc  and  17  miles  .S.E.  of  Acre.  Esti- 
mated population  3000,  mostly  Christians,  but  comprising 
500  Turks.  It  stands  on  a  declivity,  and  is  generally  well 
built,  with  flat-roofed  stone  houses.  Its  principal  edifice  is 
the  Latin  Convent,  with  a  richly  decorated  church,  reputed 
to  be  on  the  site  rend<'red  memorable  as  the  scene  of  the 
Annunciation  and  the  birth-place  of  Christ.  The  population 
is  mostly  agricultural,  but  partly  employed  in  weaving. 

NA7,.\REriI.  nd'zd'r^f,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent,  on  the  rail- 
way to  Brussels.     Pop.  !)o43. 

NAZ.^RETII,  nd-8d^rjf ,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  on 
the  left  Viank  of  the  Jaguaripe,  40  miles  from  its  mouth,  in 
the  Atlantic.     Pop.  2000. 

NAZ'ARETII,  a  pleasant  post'Village  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania,  59  miles  N.  of  I'hiladelphia,  and  about  9 
miles  X.W.  of  Easton.  It  contains  a  large  church,  nnd  a 
flourishing  academy  for  boys,  conducted  by  the  Moravians. 
This  village  was  first  begun  by  the  celebrated  George 
Whitcfield.  in  1739.  lie  commenced  a  buiWing.  yet  stand- 
ing, which  he  intended  as  a  school  for  African  children; 
but  before  it  was  finished,  he  dispose<l  of  it  to  Count  Zin- 
zendorf,  a  Moravian,  who  completed  the  edifice.  Pop.  in 
1850,  408.  in  1860,  781. 

NAZE,  (nd'zfh,)  The.  a  cape,  forming  the  S.  extremity 
of  Norway,  on  the  North  Sea,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Ska- 
ger-rack.     Lat  57°  67'  N.,  Ion.  7°  2'  E. 

N,\ZE,  The,  a  headland  of  England,  forming  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  CO.  of  Suffolk,  5  miles  S.  of  Harwich. 

NAZE,  The,  a  headland,  Seue^ambii,  36  miles  S.E.  of 
Cape  Verd. 

N'DIANGUI,  n'de-ang'ghee\  written  also  GUIANGUE(?) 
a  village  of  West  Africa.  Wallo  country,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Senegal.  Lat.  16°  25' N.,  Ion.  15°  50' W.  This  rapidly 
rising  village  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Wallo. 

N  E.  nA,  (L.  Ifea,)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  province  and  about  8  miles  from  Chiavari,  on  the 
Graveglia,     Pop.  3563. 

NEABS/CO  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Prince  "William  co., 
Virginia. 

NEAF'U,  uA-d-fbo',  a  village  on  the  island  of  Vavao,  one 

1279 


NEA 

of  the  Friendly  Islands,  about  lat.  19°  4'  S.,  Ion.  17-1° 
'  30'  W. 

N'EAGII.  LOUGH,  ISh  nA,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  province  of 
Ulster,  on  the  S.W.  border  of  the  co.  of  Antrim.  I^jnjrth  17 
miles,  brciulth  10  miles.  Area  153  square  miles.  Mean 
depth  40  feet.  Besides  minor  streams,  it  receives  the  Upper 
Bann  and  BKickwater  from  the  S.,  and  disdiarges  its  sur- 
plus waters  on  the  >'.  by  the  Lower  Bann,  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

NKAL  DOW,  neel  dow,  a  post-office  of  Cobb  co.,  Georgia. 
n£AXT.  n.V6>°/,  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan.  7  miles  X.E,  of  Ploermel.     Pop.  Iti47. 
NKAPOLIS,  North  Africa.     See  Nab.\l. 
NEA I'OLIS.  Syria.     See  Xabloos. 
NEAl'OLIS!  Italy.    See  Naples. 
NKAPOLl.**.  island  of  Sardinia.     See  Oristano. 
NEA  I'OLIS,  Asia  Minor.    See  ScAU  Nova. 
NEATES1IE.A.D,  neetsOiSd,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

NE.\TII,  neeth,  (anc.  NidumT)  a  parliamentary  and  muni- 
cipal lx)rough,  river-port,  market-town,  and  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Glamorgan.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Swansea,  on  the 
navigable  river  Neath,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  Pop.  of 
parliamentary  borough,  in  1851,  5S41.  It  has  a  town-hall, 
a  union  workhouse,  extensive  copper  and  iron  foundrie.s, 
and  collieries,  the  produce  of  which,  .is  well  as  the  mining 
produce  brought  from  the  interior  by  canal,  is  largely  ex- 
ported. The  borough  unites  with  Swansea.  Ac.  in  sending 
one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Near  it  are  the 
remains  of  Neath  Castle  and  Abbey,  both  erected  in  the 
12th  century. 

NEATH,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  rises  near  Ystradfellte, 
and  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of  20  miles,  enters  the  Itristol 
Channel.  21  miles  S.  of  Neath,  to  which  it  is  navigable  from 
the  sea  for  vessel.s  of- 300  or  400  tons.  Throughout  most  of 
its  len'.rth  it  is  accompanied  by  the  XeatU  Canal. 

NE.VrSVlLLE.  neets'vil,  a  post-village  of  Adair  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Green  River.    It  has  4  stores,  a  grist-mill,  and  a 
carding-machine. 
N  fi  A  r,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Ecpex. 
NEAVES,  neevs,  a  town-'hip  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  906. 
NE'Bi),  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co.,  Kentucky. 
NERO,  a  postoflSce  of  .Teffer.son  co.^Ohio. 
NEBUA.  n.Vbrd,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  19  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Merseburg.  on  the  Unstrut    Pop.  1746. 

NEBKAS'KA,  a  territory  of  the  United  Stiites  of  North 
America,  is  bounded  on  tlie  N.  by  the  territory  of  Dakotii, 
on  the  E.  by  Iowa  (from  which  it  is  separated  1)3-  the  Mis- 
souri River),  on  the  S.  by  Kansas  and  Color.ido,  and  on  the 
W.  by  Colorado  and  Dakota.  It  extends  from  40°  to  43°  N. 
Lat.  and  from  95°  25'  to  104°  W.  Lon.  Its  gi-eatest  length 
from  E.  to  W.  is  about  455  miles,  and  its  breadth  about  210 
miles.  The  area  is  estimated  at  75,000  square  miles,  or,  ac^ 
cording  to  one  authority,  63,300  square  miles. 

Face,  nf  the  Country,  Minerals,  rfc. — Considering  its  wide 
extent  this  country  is  less  varied  in  its  surface  than  might 
be  expected.  It  has  an  eiistern  dip  from  the  direction  of  the 
mountains  towards  the  Missouri  River.  The  greater  part  of 
Nebraska  is  elevated  and  undulating  prairie.  It  contains 
no  mountains  or  liigh  hills.  The  bottom  lands  lying  along 
the  rivers  are  generally  level.  Above  these  bottoms  from 
40  to  100  feet  are  second  bottom  lands  or  table  lands  sloping 
back  to  the  summits  of  the  bluffs,  which  range  with  the 
general  level  of  the  country.  These  bluffs  are  in  some  ca-ses 
several  hundred  feet  highei  than  the  river.  Next  to  these 
two  kinds  of  surface  is  the  undulating  prairie,  well  watered 
with  springs  and  running  streams,  and  coverwl  with  gra.s8. 
The  undulating  prairie  is  described  as  resembling  the  snt- 
face  which  would  be  produced  "  if  a  heavy  ground  swell  ot 
the  ocean  liad  been  suddenly  arrested  and  converteti  by  the 
w.and  of  some  enchanter  into  solid  and  fixed  toil."  In  the 
western  part  of  Nebraska  is  au  extensive  tract  known  as 
Mauvaises  Ttrres  or  "bad  lands,"  which  is  thus  described 
by  D.  D.  Owen  in  his  geological  report: 

"  After  leaving  the  locality  on  Sage  Creek,  crossing  that 
stream,  and  proceeding  in  the  direction  of  White  River, 
about  12  or  15  miles,  the  foimation  of  mauvaises  terres 
proper  bursts  into  view,  disclosing,  as  here  depicted,  one  of 
the  most  extraordinary  and  picturesque  sights  that  can  be 
found  in  the  whole  Missouri  country.  From  the  high  prai- 
ries that  rise  in  the  background  by  a  series  of  terraces  or 
benches  towards  the  spur  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the 
traveller  looks  down  into  an  extensive  valley  that  may  be 
said  to  constitute  a  world  of  its  own,  and  which  appears  to 
have  been  formed  partly  by  an  extensive  vertical  vault, 
partly  by  the  long  continued  influence  of  the  scorching 
action  of  denudation.  The  width  of  this  valley  may  be 
about  30  miles,  and  its  whole  length  about  90,  as  it  stretches 
aw.iy  westwardly  toward  the  base  of  the  gloomy  and  dark 
range  of  mountains  known  as  the  Black  Hills.  Its  most 
depressed  portion,  300  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the 
surrounding  country,  is  clothed  with  scanty  gra,sse8,  and 
covered  by  a  soil  similar  to  that  of  the  higher  ground. 

"To  the  surrounding  country,  however,  tlie  mauvaises 
terres  present  the  most  striking  conti-ast.   From  the  uniform 
12&0 


NEB 

aionotonous  open  prairie,  the  traveller  suddenly  descends 
one  or  two  hundred  feet  into  a  valley  that  looks  "as  if  it  had 
sunk  away  from  the  surrounding  world,  leaving  standing 
all  over  it  thousands  of  abrupt  irregular  prismatic  and  co- 
lumnar masses,  fi'equently  Ciipped  with  irregular  pyramids, 
and  stretching  up  toa  height  from  one  to  two  hundred  feet 
or  more;  so  thickly  are  these  natural  towns  studded  over 
the  surface  of  this  extraordinary  region,  that  the  traveller 
threads  his  way  through  deep  confined  labyrinthine  piis-sages, 
not  unlike  the  narrow,  irregular  streets  and  lanes  of  some 
quaint  old  town  of  the  European  continent.  Viewed  in  the 
distance,  indeed,  these  rocky  piles  in  their  endless  succes- 
sion, assume  the  appearance  of  massive  artificial  structures, 
decked  out  with  all  the  acces.sories  of  buttress  and  turret, 
arched  doorway  and  elusteretl  shaft,  pinnacle  and  tapering 
spire.  One  might  almost  imagine  one's  self  api>roaohing 
Bonie  magnificent  city  of  the  dead,  where  the  labor  and  the 
genius  of  forgotten  nations  had  left  behind  them  a  multi- 
tude of  monuments  of  art  and  skill.  On  descending  from 
the  heights,  however,  and  proceeding  to  thread  this  vast 
labyrinth,  and  to  inspect  in  detail  its  deep  intricate  recesses, 
the  reiilities  of  the  scene  soon  dissipate  the  delusions  of  the 
distance.  The  castellated  forms  which  fancy  liad  conjured 
up,  have  vanished,  and  around  one  on  every  side  is  bleak 
and  biirren  desolation.  Then,  too,  if  the  exj)loration  be 
made  in  midsummer,  the  scorcliing  rays  of  the  sun  pointing 
down  in  the  hundred  defiles  that  con<luct  the  wayfarer 
through  this  imtlilcss  waste,  are  reflecte<l  back  from  the 
white  or  ash-colored  walls  that  rise  around,  unmitigated  by 
a  breath  of  air  or  the  shelter  of  a  solitary  shrub." 

It  is  stated  that  coal  hiis  been  found  in  the  valley  of  the 
Platte,  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri,  and  in  other  parts  of 
the  territory.  Limestone  and  sandst-ne  are  abundant  in 
the  easternand  central  portions  of  Nebraska.  In  the  south- 
eastern part  are  numerous  salt  springs,  from  which  im- 
mense quantities  of  good  salt  can  be  procured. 

Jiivers. — The  principal  Rivers  are  the  Missouri.the  Platte, 
or  Nebraska,  the  Niobrara,  the  Loup  Fork  of  the  Platte,  the 
Elkhoru,  the  Republican  Fork  of  the  Kansas,  the  Big  Blue, 
and  the  Nemaha.  The  Missouri  River  forms  the  entire 
boundary  of  Nebraska  on  the  E.  and  N.E.  The  Platte,  an 
affluent  of  the  Missouri,  is  formed  by  a  junction  of  its  North 
and  South  Forks,  which  unite  near  the  central  part  of  Ne- 
braska. It  fio ws  generally  eastward.  As  its  name  indicates, 
it  is  broad  and  shallow.  The  length  of  this  river,  including 
its  North  Fork,  is  estimated  at  1200  miles.  It  is  navigable 
by  small  steamers  in  high  water.  The  northern  part  is 
dnviued  by  the  Niobrara,  which  flows  eastward  and  enters 
the  -Missouri  River.  The  Loup  Fork  of  the  Platte  rises  in 
the  W.  central  part,  flows  in  an  E.S.E.  direction,  and  enters 
the  Platte  River  near  the  S.W.  corner  of  Platte  county. 
The  N.E.  part  of  Nebraska  is  drained  bj'  the  Elkhorn  River, 
an  affluent  of  the  Platte.  Its  direction  is  nearly  southeast. 
The  Republican  Fork  of  the  Kansas  River  flows  eastward 
through  the  southern  part  of  this  territory  for  a  distance 
of  more  than  250  miles,  and  makes  its  exit  across  the 
southern  boundary.  The  southeastern  part  of  Nebraska  is 
drained  by  the  Big  Blue  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Kansas, 
and  by  the  Nemaha  River.  There  are  no  lakes  of  consider- 
able size  in  this  territory. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  said  to  be  milder  than  that  of 
Eastern  States  which  are  in  the  same  latitude.  It  is  sttited 
that  the- Legislature  once  held  its  session  out  of  doors  on 
the  1st  of  January.  The  summer  is  vei-y  hot.  but  the  heat 
is  generally  relieved  by  cool  winds  from  the  prairies.  The 
quantity  of  rain  which  falls  in  a  year  is  less  than  that  which 
falls  in  the  Atlantic  States.  The  western  part  is  especially 
deficient  in  rain,  and  consequently  is  not  capable  of  sup- 
porting an  agricultural  population. 

Siiil,  Timber  arid  Productions. — The  soil  In  the  eastern 
and  east  central  parts  is  very  deep  and  very  fertile.  The 
prairies  are  covered  with  a  sod,  the  matted  growth  of  ages, 
re(|uiring  two  or  more  yoke  of  oxen  to  break  it  ui>.  After 
this  process  is  performed,  the  soil  is  easy  of  cultivation, 
being  light  and  mellow. 

The  rivers  of  Nebraska  are  bordered  with  groves  of  trees, 
including  the  oak,  walnut,  cottonwood,  elm,  hickory,  ash 
and  willow.  Dense  forests  of  cottonwood  grow  along  the 
Missouri  River  above  the  mouth  of  the  Platte.  Some  parts 
of  this  territory,  however,  are  not  favored  with  an  abun- 
dance of  timber.  The  staple  productions  of  the  soil  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  butter,  potatoes,  &c.  According  to 
the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Nebniska  118.789  acres  of 
improved  land,  and  512,425  acres  of  unimproved  land.  It 
produced  in  1860,  1,482,080  bushels  of  Inili.'in  corn,  147,867 
liushels  of  wheat,  74,502  bushels  of  oats,  lt.2,188  bushels  of 
potatoes,  24,458  tons  of  hay,  and  342,541  pounds  of  butter. 
There  were  in  Nebraska  4449  horses,  6t)95  milch  cows,  12,594 
working  oxen,  17,608  other  Ciittle,  2356  sheep  and  25,369 
swine. 

Animals. — This  country  is  the  paradise  of  the  hunter  and 
trapi^er.  Vast  herds  of  Buffalo  roam  over  its  prjiiries, 
though  now  rapidly  diminishing  in  numbers.  Lewis  and 
Clark  have  stated  that  at  times  the  Missouri  was  backed  up 
as  by  a  dam,  by  the  multitude  of  these  animals  crossing. 


NEB 


NEC 


The  grizzly  bear,  Rocky  Mountain  goat,  sheep  and  antelope 
infest  the  slopes  of  the  Kocky  Mountains;  and  the  heaver  in 
former  times  existed  in  great  numbers,  thougli  tlie  trappers 
are  now  tiist  tliiniiing  tliom  out.  Otters  also  are  found. 
Panthers  were  met  with  by  Lewis  and  Clark  and  others; 
also  black  bears,  deers,  elks  and  wolves. 

Internal  Improvements. — The  Pacific  Railroad,  which  is 
in  course  of  construction,  will  jwi-ss  through  Nebraska,  ex- 
teniling  from  the  Missouri  River  westward.  It  is  designed 
to  connect  with  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  of  California. 

Eilucatiiin. — According  to  the  census  of  I860,  Nebraska 
Territory  had  85  public  schools,  with  .3078  pupils,  $11,619 
income,  of  which  $6620  was  from  taxation,  and  $J006  from 
public  funds ;  2  academies,  with  65  pupils,  and  $600  income ; 
it  had  also  61  libraries,  embracing  10,742  volumes,  of  which 
63  were  pviblic,  with  8862  volumes. 

Jieliffiinif  Dennmimitvina. — Of  the  63  churches  in  Nebraska 
In  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  3;  Christians,  2;  Congregational- 
ists,  4;  Episcopalians,  3;  Lutherans,  2;  Methodists,  32; 
Presbyterians,  14;  Roman  Catholics,  3;  giving  1  church  for 
every  635  inhabitants.     Value  of  church  property,  $42,716. 

Purifnticals. — In  1860  there  were  published  in  Nebraska, 
1  bi-weekly  and  12  weekly  newspapers  and  1  monthly  peri- 
odical. All  of  these  are  political  except  the  last.  The  whole 
number  of  copies  issued  annually  was  519,000. 

Counties. — .Nebraska  is  divided  into  about  45  counties, 
viz:  Blackbird,  Buffalo,  Burt,  Butler,  Calhoun,  Cass, Cedar, 
Clay,  Cuming,  Diikotji,  Dawson,  Dixon,  Dodge,  Douglas, 
I'ilhnore,  Gage,  Green,  Hall,  Izard,  Jefferson,  Johnson, 
Jones,  Kearney,  Lancaster,  L'Eau  qui  Comt,  Madi.son,  Mer- 
rick, Monroe,  Nen)aha,  Nuculls,  or  Nuckolls,  Otoe,  Pawnee, 
Platte,  Pierce,  Polk,  Richardson,  Saline,  Sarpy,  Saunders, 
Shorter,  \^  ashington,  West,  Wilson  and  York. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  principal  cities  are  Oniaha  City, 
population  in  1860  1S8S,  Nebraska  aty,  population  1912, 
Brownsville,  Bellevue  and  Plattsmouth.  Capital,  Omaha 
City. 

Government. — The  Governor  is  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent, and  holds  ollicff  for  four  years.  lie  receives  a  salary 
of  $2500.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  council  of  13  mem- 
bers and  a  house  of  representatives  consisting  of  not  less 
than  26  nor  more  than  39  members.  The  members  of  the 
couLcil  h<dd  office  for  2  year.s,  and  the  representatives  for  1 
year.  The  judicial  power  of  the  territory  is  vested  in  a 
supreme  court,  district  courts,  probate  courts,  and  justices 
of  tlie  peace.  The  supreme  court  consists  of  a  chief  justice 
and  2  associate  justices,  who  hold  their  offices  during  a 
period  of  4  years.  One  term  of  the  supreme  court  must  be 
held  annually  at  the  seiit  of  government  of  the  territory. 
For  district  court  purposes  Nebraska  is  divided  into  3  judi- 
cial distiicts,  in  each  of  which  one  of  tlie  justices  of  the 
supreme  court  holds  a  session.  The  supreme  and  district 
courts  possess  chancery  as  well  as  common  law  jurisdiction. 
The  salaries  of  the  chief  justice,  of  the  two  associate  jus- 
tices, and  of  the  attorney-general  are  the  same,  viz:  $2000. 
In  September,  1866,  there  were  in  Nebraska  2  national  banks 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $100,000. 

Population. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  the  popula- 
tion of  Nebraska  amounted  to  28,841,  of  whom  16,689  were 
white  mules,  12,007  white  females.  07  free  colored  persons, 
63  Indians  and  15  slaves.  Of  the  total  popuhition  1656  were 
born  in  Illinois,  1993  in  Indiana,  1588  in  Iowa,  1623  in  Mis- 
souri, 2322  in  New  York,  3116  in  Ohio,  2048  in  Pennsylvania, 
745  in  Virginia,  346:5  in  territories  of  the  United  States,  1742 
in  Germany,  1471  in  England,  1431  in  Ireland. 438  in  British 
America,  283  in  ."cotland,  151  in  France  and  228  in  Switzer- 
land. Of  the  entire  poj)nIation,  3982  were  fanners,  525 
miners,  379  carpenters,  200  merchants,  130  lawyers,  123 
physicians,  149  shoemakers,  <Sc. 

History. — The  valley  of  the  Missouri  was  first  visited  by 
Father  Miirqnelte,  in  the  last  half  of  the  17th  century.  La 
Salle  followed  him  in  1681-2.  Nebraska  formed  a  part  of 
the  great  grunt  of  the  Mississippi  A'alley  to  Crozart,inl712; 
and  was  part  of  the  territory  included  in  Law's  celebrated 
Mississippi  Scheme.  This  territory  came  into  possession  of 
the  United  States  in  1803,  as  a  portion  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase,  and  successively  formed  parts  of  that  and  the 
Missouri  and  Indian  territories.  In  1804-5  an  expedition, 
commanded  by  Lewis  and  Clark,  under  the  direction  of  the 
United  States  government,  ascended  the  3Iissouri  River, 
wintered  at  Fort  Mandan,  and  the  next  spring  crossed  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  present  state  of  Oregon,  and  are 
believed  to  hiive  been  the  first  explorers  of  the  interior  and 
western  parts  of  Nebraska.  In  1864  a  bill,  called  the  Ne- 
braska  Bill,  passed  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  with 
reference  to  the  organization  of  the  territories  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska.  This  bill,  by  which  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise was  repealed,  was  the  occasion  of  great  excitement 
and  controversy  between  the  partisans  and  opponents  of 
blavery.  In  May,  1854,  Congress  erected  this  region  into 
•I  separate  territory,  reserving  however  the  right  to  subdi- 
Tide  it. 

The  limits  of  Nebraska  were  greatly  reduced  by  the  for- 
mation of  Dakota  in  1861.  The  progress  of  settlement  in 
this  territory  was  slow  for  some  years  after  its  organization, 
41' 


because  emigrants  were  attracted  elsewhere  by  discoveries 
of  precious  metals,  but  the  population  of  Nebraska  is  uo» 
increasing  more  rapidly. 

NEUKASKA,  a  post-office  of  Venjingo  co.,  Pennsylvania 

NEBilASK.\,  a  station  on  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Rait 
road,  in  Fountain  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Lafayette. 

NEUKASKA,  a  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  62  miles  W.  of  Cincin- 
nati, 

NEBRASKA,  a  township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois.  Pop, 
607. 

NEBRASKA,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Iowa. 

NEBRASKA,  a  township  of  Page  CO.,  low^i.     Pop,  422. 

NEBR.\SKA,  a  small  village  of  Pottawattoniie  co.,  Iowa. 

NJSBRASKA,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
about  15  miles  E.  of  Downieville. 

NEBRASKA,  a  river  of  North  America.    See  Platte. 

NEBRASKA  CENTRE.a  post-office  of  Nebraska  Territory. 

NEBRASKA  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Otoe  county, 
Nebraska  issituatc^l  on  the  right  i.W.j  bank  of  the  Missoui\i 
River,  28  miles  below  the  month  of  the  Platte,  and  about 
46  miles  by  the  road  (or  96  miles  by  the  river)  S.  of  Omaha 
City.  Lat.  40°  40'  8"  N.;  Lon.  95°  41'  44"  W.  The  Mis- 
souri River  is  navigable  for  large  steamers  during  5  months 
of  the  year  to  a  point  more  than  50  miles  above  this  city. 
The  average  date  of  the  opening  of  navigation  for  a  period 
of  11  years,  1854  to  1861),  was  March  8th.  The  average  date 
of  its  close  was  November  20.  The  site  of  this  city  is  undu- 
lating and  well  adapted  to  drainage.  The  buildings  are 
mostly  of  wood.    It  contains  a  court-house,  2  public  Iialls, 

7  churches  (6  of  whi(  h  are  Protestant),  1  n.ational  bank, 
and  several  other  banking-offices,  4  public  schools,  2  hotels, 
which  are  styled  flrst-cl.oss,  3  other  hotels,  2  grist-mills,  &c. 
One  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  published  here. 
The  principal  business  of  the  inhabitants  is  trade  with  the 
plains  andmountiiiusand  transporting  freight  to  the  West- 
ern territories.  The  Secretary's  Report  to  the  Board  of 
Trade  for  1864  gives  the  followiug  figures  for  the  carrying 
business :  Total  amount  transported  13,337,734  pounds,  re- 
quiring 1792  men,  1410  mules,  13,808  oxen  and  1587  wagons. 
The  total  amount  received  for  transportation  was  $2,134,037, 
There  are  valuable  salt  springs  in  the  W.  part  of  Otoe 
county.  Pop.  in  I860,  1922;  in  December,  1864,  it  was  etsti- 
mated  by  a  correspondent  at  3800. 

NEBRISSA.     .See  Lebrija. 

NKCA/DA  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Adams  co.,  Wlsconslii, 
enters  the  Yellow  River. 

NKCESSIDADES,  nA-sSs-se-dJ'dJs,  or  SANTO  ANTONIO, 
sin'to  dn-to'ne-o,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Santa  Ca- 
tharina.  6  miles  N.  of  Desterro.     Pop.  300. 

NECHAMTZ.  njK'a-nits\  or  NEU-NECllANITZ,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of 
K3niggr.itz.     Pop.  1054. 

NECH.\R.\.  n.A-chd/ri.  a  large  village  of  Beloochistan, 
province  and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Kelat. 

NECIIES,  nJtch'iz,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  in  Van 
Zandt  county,  and  empties  itself  into  Sabine  Lake,  near  the 
S.?^  extremity  of  the  state.  Its  general  course  is  S.S.E. 
Durins:  high  water  boats  can  ascend  it  more  than  100  miles. 

NECIIOW,  n.Vchiiw',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Che- 
kiani;,  on  the  main  road  between  Hoei-choo  and  Ning-po. 
Pop.  from  -20,000  to  30,0(X). 

NECKALOFA,  njk-ka-lo'fi,  or  NIUKALOFA,  ne-oo-kj- 
lo'fj,  a  town  on  the  island  of  Tonga,  one  of  the  Friendly 
Islands.  The  houses  are  of  an  oval  form,  and  have  large 
pillars  supporting  a  roof  also  oval.  The  most  conspicuous 
objects  are  two  churches,  under  the  direction  of  Wesleyan 
missionaries,  who  have  long  had  a  station  here.  Pop. 
2000. 

NECKAR,  nJk'kar.  or  NECKER,  nJk'kgr,  (anc.  NUcer,)  a 
river  of  Germany,  rises  In  the  mountains  of  the  Schwarz- 
wald,  (WUrtemberg.)  on  the  frontiers  of  Baden,  flows  gene- 
rally N.  and  W.  to  M.annheim,  where  it  joins  the  Rhine  on 
the  right.  Length  210  miles.  It  is  shallow,  and  difficult 
of  navigation.    Chief  affluent,  the  Jaxt,  on  the  right. 

NECKA  R  AU,  n  JkHiJ-row^  a  vill.age  of  Baden,  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  on  an  island  in  the  Rhine,  ne.ir  the  confluence 
of  the  Neckar.  2j  miles  S.  of  5Iannheim.     Pop.  1631. 

NECKAR-GEMUND.  (Neckar-GemUnd.)  n.^k/kar  ghfh- 
miinf,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Elsenz  with  the  Neckar,  17  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Mannheim.     Pop.  2159. 

NECKARREMS.  nJk'kaR-R?ms\  a  village  of  WUrtemberg, 

8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  813. 
NECKAR-STEINACII.  nJk/kar  stT'niK.  n  walled  town  of 

the  grand-duchy  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Starken- 
burg.  6  miles  E.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  1521. 

NECKARSULM,  n?k'kar-soolm\  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg. 
circle  of  Neckar,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Pulm  with  the 
Neckar,  30  miles  N.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  2402.  It  has  a  cas- 
tle, and  manufactures  of  leather  and  tobacco. 

NECKARTENZLINGEN,  nJk'kar-t^nt-slingVn,  a  village 
of  Wiirtemberg.  circle  of  Schwarz'wald,  on  the  Erms,  near 
NUrtingen.     Pop.  1018. 

NECKARTHAILFINGEN,  nJk'kaRt-hlPfing-?n.  a  vllhjge 

1281 


NEC 


NEH 


tf  WUrtemterg,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Niirtingen.  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Xeekar.     Pop.  1060. 

XECKKK.  nfk'kfT.an  island  in  the  Pacific. lat.  23°  34'  X., 
Ion.  1(>4'^  37'  W..  a  mere  rock,  about  oiK)  yards  long,  and  jl60 
feet  high.  It  was  discovered  by  La  Perouse,  Nov.  1,  17S6, 
and  was  covered  with  guano. 

NHCKKK.  a  river  of  Germany.     See  Xeckak. 
NECOSTA.  a  new  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mirhi- 
gan.  has  an  area  of  840  square  miles.     It  is  intersected  in  the 
K.W.  by  the  Maskego  River,  by  whose  tributaries,  together 
with  the  head  waters  of  Chippewa  Kiver,  it  is  principally 
drained.    Capital  Big  Kapids.    Pop  970. 
NECOT',  a  post-office  of  Linn  eo..  Iowa. 
NECTDX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
NEDDAMUXGALU-M,   njd-dd-mtin-gd-lum',   a    town    of 
British  India,  province  of  >Iadras,  district  and  22  miles  S.W. 
of  Tanjore,  and  having  several  Hindoo  temples. 

NEDDE,  nMd,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Vienne,  28  miles  K.S.E.  of  Limoges.     Pop.  1640. 

NEDEXAES  or  XEDENES.  n4'deh-n^s\  an  amt  or  baili- 
wick of  Norway,  having  S.E.  the  Pkager-rack.  Area.  4650 
square  miles.  Pop.  53.932.  Chief  towns.  Arendal,  Grimstad. 
and  Lillesand. 

NEDERBRAKEL,  ni'der-brJ'kel,  a  town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  "l7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
3807. 

XEDERIIASSELT,  n.Vder-his'sflt,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Moleubeek,  22  miles  S.&.E. 
of  Ghent.     Pop.  1517. 

NEDERL.\XDE\.  See  Xetherl.^nbs. 
NEDERWEEKT.  n4/dgr-*aiRt\  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
yince  of  Limburg.  12  miles  W.X.W.  of  Roermond.  Pop.  540. 
XEDG'IXG.  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
XEDJED,  n^d'jid,  or  XEJD,  n^'d,  (i.  e.  "elevated 
country,")  the  general  name  applied  to  the  central  portion 
of  the  Arabian  peninsula.  Some  Arab  writers  use  the  name 
in  an  abstract  sense,  and  speak  of  the  Xe<Ijed-el-Hej;iz  or 
the  Xedjel-el-Yuiuen.  that  is  to  say.  the  inland  and  elevated 
region  of  IIej;iz  or  Yemen;  but  ordinarily  the  word  Xecijed 
is  employeil  without  an  expletive,  to  signify  the  country  in 
the  interior,  enclosetl  by  Hej.4r,  Yemen,  lladramaut,  Oman, 
Lahsa.  and  the  Syrian  Desert.  A  great  part  of  its  surface 
Is  sandy  desert,  interspersed  with  fertile  spots.  The  hills 
are  generally  wootletl.  but  its  characteristics  are  very  little 
known.  It  furnislies  dromedaries  and  horses  of  an  excellent 
breed.  The  Wahabees.  who  had  subjugated  all  the  tribes  of 
the  Xedjed.  were  vanquished  by  the  troops  of  the  Yiceroy 
of  Egypt,  but  he  has  not  been  able  to  maintain  his  power  in 
the  country. 

XEDKIGAILOV  or  XEDRIGAILOW,  n4-dre-ghMov/.  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  100  miles  W.X.W.  of  Khar^ 
kov,  on  the  S<Kila.     Pop.  3800. 

NED'S  POIXT,  the  E.  side  of  Mattapoise  Harbor,  Bus- 
tard's Hay,  Massachusetts.    It  contains  a  fixed  light,  40  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
NEDOOXTIVOE,  tn  island  near  Ceylon.    See  Delft. 
NEEDE.  n.Vdch,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Gelderland.  18  miles  E.  of  Zntphen.     Pop.  2612. 
NEED'H.\M,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Norfolk. 
NEED'lIAM  M  AR'KET.a  small  market-town  andchapelry 
of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  with  a  station  on  the  East  Union 
Railway.  9  miles  N.X.W.  of  Ipswich.     Pop.  1353. 

NEED'HAM.  a  post-township  in  Norfolk  co.,  Ma-ssachu- 
setts,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston,  intersected  by  the  Boston 
and  Worcester  Railroad.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and 
shoes,  hats,  cotton.  &c.    Pop.  26.18. 

NEEDLES.  ( nee'dl'/..)  The.  a  cluster  of  three  pointed  rocks 
in  the  Enirli.sh  Channel.  W.  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  The 
Needles  Lihut.  on  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Isle  of  Wieht,  is 
in  lat.  ^(P  39'  54"  N..  Ion.  1°  34'  W."   Elevation.  469  feet. 

NEEDMVOOD,  an  ancient  royal  forest  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford.    It  presents  some  fine  remains  of  forest  scenery. 

NEE'LEY'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Cape  Girardeau 
eo..  Missouri. 
NEET/iHERRY.  mountains  of  India.    See  NETLnnERRT. 
NEEI/S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Indiana. 
NEELUXG.  XI LUNG  or  NILUX.  nee'liing' or  nee'loong'. 
a  village  of  Thibet,  in  lat.  31°  6'  N.,  Ion.  78°  69'  E.,  11,127 
feet  above  the  sea. 

NEE'LYSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Morean  co..  Ohio. 
NE1:M.\HE1RA.  nee-ma-hj'ri.  a  town  of  Hindostan.  Raj- 
poqtana,  20  miles  S.  of  Chittore :  lat.  24°  38'  N..  Ion.  74°  SC  E. 
NEE.MUUCU.  fiA-Jm-boo-koo',  or  PIL.\R.  pe-laR',  a  port 
of  entry,  military  depot,  and  the  principal  port  of  Paraguay, 
In  a  marshy  tract  on  the  Parana,  170  miles  (or  about  220  by 
water)  W.S.W.  of  Asuncion. 

NEEMLA.  neem'li.  XIMB.\..  nim^bi.  a  town  of  Afghan- 
istan, 5  miles  E.  of  Gundamuck  :  lat.  34°  18'  X..  Ion.  70°  8' 
E.     Here,  in  1S09,  Shah  Soojah  was  defeated  and  expelled 
from  Cabnol  by  the  troops  of  Futteh  Khan. 
NEEM'KA.  a  village  of  Sinde,  44  miles  X.  of  Larkhana. 
NEEML'TCII,  nee'miich',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Rajpoo- 
ttna.  36  miles  S.E.  of  Chittoor:  lat.  24°  27'  X.,  Ion.  75°  E. 
It  has  a  good  bazaar,  N.W.  of  which  is  a  British  cantonment. 
KEE'N  AH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winnebago  CO., 


Wisconsin,  on  the  Fox  or  Neenah  Eiver,  and  on  the  Chicago 
and  N.  Western  Railroad.  36  miles  S.W.  of  Green  Bay.    Th« 
river  affords  good  water-power.   The  village  contains  4  tiour- 
ing-mills.l.T  stores.  2  printing  offices.  &c.    See  Appesdix. 
NEENAH  RIVER,  Wisconsin.    See  Fox  River. 
NEEX  SAVAGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
NEEX  SOI/LARS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
NEEXTOX,  a  parish  of  Englan!^,  co.  of  Salop. 
NEEP.ATOOR,  nee'p4-toor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  on  the  Punnair,  86  miles  N.W.  of  Pondi- 
cherry. 

XEER.  naiR.  a  village  of  the  Xetherlands,  province  of  Lim- 
burg. on  the  Jleuse.  4  miles  X.  of  Roermond.     Pop.  14o5. 

NEER'GOOXIV,  a  strong  hill-fort  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  district  and  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Darwar. 

NEERHEYLISSEM.  naiR'hi'lis-sem.  a  village  of  Belgium, 
South  Brabant,  31  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1314. 

NEERLIXTER.  naiR'lin'tf  r,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  South  Brabant,  30  miles  E.  of  Bru.-^sels.     I'op.  IhSS. 

NEERMUL,  neer'mtii'.  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the 
Deccan.  dominions  and  120  miles  N.  of  Hyderabad. 

NEEROETEUEN.  n.-iVoo'teh-rfn.  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Limburg.  on  the  cansil  from  Maestrieht  to  Bois- 
le-Duc.  60  miles  X.E.  of  Hasselt.    Pop.  1275. 

NEERPELT.  naia'pt'lt.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limburg.  on  the  Dommel,  55  miles  X.  of  Ihusselt.  Pop.  1160. 
NEEliSVlLLE.  a  post-office  of  Ixiudon  co..  Virginia. 
XEERWIXDEX.  naiR'winMen.  or  XEERWIXDE,  naiR/- 
win'deh,  a  village  of  lielgium,  pi-oviuce  of  Liege,  2  miles  N,AV. 
of  Lauden,  memorable  for  the  victory  of  liie  Marechal  de 
Luxembourg  over  the  army  of  ^Villiam  111.  of  England,  29th 
July.  1693.  and  for  the  defeat  of  the  French  under  Dumouriez, 
by  the  Austrian.s,  18th  March,  1793. 

NEERYSSCHE.  nA'rls'Kfh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Louvain.     Pop.  1225. 
NEETUM.     See  Noio. 

NEF'ERX\  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 
NEFFS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 4j  miles  X.  of  Lancaster. 

XEFT.  n^ft.  or  XEFTA,  nbPti,  a  town  of  North  Africa, 
dominions  of  Tunis,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  lake  Sibkah.  (or 
Lowdeah,)  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tozer;  lat.  34°  12'  N..  Ion.  7° 
55' E. 

NEFTENBACH,  nJPten-blK\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  N.N.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Tiiss.  Pop.  1452. 
NEFYN,  a  town  of  Wales.  See  Nevis. 
NEGAPATAM,  nJg\a-p.'j-t,lm'.  a  decayed  maritime  town 
of  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  and  48  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Tanjore,  on  the  Coromaudel  Coast.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  Dutch  posses-sions  in  India,  but  taken  by  the 
Briti.sh  in  1781. 

NEGO.M'BO,  a  town  of  Ceylon,  on  its  W.  coast,  IS  miles 
N.  of  Colombo.  Its  vicinity  protluces  large  quantities  of 
rice,  with  pepyier.  cocoa-nuts,  betel,  and  coffee. 

NEGVWAC',  an  Indian  village  of  Xew  Brunswick,  eo.  of 
Northumberland,  at  the  N.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Mirami- 
chi  Bay. 

NEGRAIS.  negVIce',  an  island  and  harbor.  Burme.se  do- 
mir.ions.  kingdom  of  Pegu,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bassain 
River,  an  arm  of  the  Irrawaddy. 

NEGRAR,  ni-graR',  a  town  and  parish  of  Austrian  Italy, 
province  and  N.  of  Verona.     Pop.  3475. 

NEGREPELISSE.  n.Vgreh-peh-lees',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  on  the  Aveyron.  S  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Montauban.  Pop.  1224.  It  has  never  recovered 
its  all  but  entire  destruction  by  Louis  XIII.,  in  consequence 
of  the  firm  adherence  of  its  inhabitants  to  Protestantism. 

XEGKIL,   ne-gril',  NORTH  and  SOUTIL  two  headlands 
of  .Tamaica.  8  miles  apart;  the  latter,  in  lat,  18°  Id'  X.,  Ion. 
78°  22'  W.,  forms  the  W.  extremity  of  the  island. 
NEGRO,  a  river  of  Naples.     See"  Cau)RE. 
NEGRO  FOOT,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  A*irgiuia. 
NEOROPOXT.    See  Eubiea  and  Ch.u-cis. 
NEGRO,  RIO.  a  river  of  South  America.    See  Rio  Negro. 
NEGROS,  nA/groce,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands.  Malay 
Archipelago,  separated  by  narrow  channels  from  I'anay  on 
the  N.W.  and  Zebu  on  the  S.E.,  and  extending  from  lat. 
9°  3'  to  10°  58'  N..  Ion.  122°  28'  to  123°  29'  E.;  length  130 
miles,  average  breadth  25  miles. 

NEGY'ED,  njd'y^'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  county  and  30 
miles  from  Neutra,  on  the  ANaag.     Pop.  3226. 

XEII.  nth,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  and  175  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Yezd. 

NEHAVEND.  nA^hi-vfrnV,  or  NEHAWUND.  n:l'h:i-wrin4' 
a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee.  50  miles  S.  of 
Hamaxlan.  Here  the  Arabs  obtained  a  memorable  victory 
over  the  Persians,  A.  D.  638. 

NEHEIM,  nililme,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphiilia,  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Arnsberg,  at  the  confluence  of  the  \V6hne 
and  lluhr.     Pop.  1970. 

x£H0U,  nA^hoo/,  a  village  of  France,  le))artment  of 
Manche.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Valognes.  Pop.  2000,  cliicf  ic  *m- 
ployeti  in  manufacturing  coarse  earthenwares 

XEHREX,  nA'rjn.  a  village  of  Wiirteniberg.  circle  of 
Schwarzwald,  near  Tubingen.    Pop.  400. 


NEH 

NKTTTiXJNO,  (FniscHE  and  Curische.)  See  Frische-IIaff 
and  Cuuische-IIaff. 

N  Kl  lis U  iOI.M.  nIbs'hTme.  a  Tillage  of  Baden,  circle  of  Mid- 
dle Khiiie.  bailiwick  of  Urctten.     I'op.  1213. 

XKlDKN'ltUKG.  nT'df'n-b("K')RG\  a  town  of  Kast  Prussia,  24 
miles  S.  of  Kiiniursberg.  Pop.  2742.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  leather. 

NKKJUltOKVlLLE,  ni/bpr-vii,  a  post-office  of  Morris  CO., 
New  Jersey. 

N Kl  LGUKRKY.  or  NEELOIIKKI! Y (neerphJr'ree)  MOUN- 
T.AINS.  calliHl  also  the  NElUillKU'KIKS,  a  mountain 
ranire  of  Southern  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  K.  and  W.  (Jhauts,  where  they  ociupy  an  an^a  of 
about  700  square  miles,  situated  in  the  district  and  N.W.  of 
Coimlwitoor,  havinjr  on  the  S.  the  remarkable  Paulghautch- 
erry  Pass.  Elevation  of  hij^hest  jieak.  8800  feet:  several 
others  rise  to  between  6000  and  6000  feet.  Amoni;  these 
hills  are  the  stations  of  Ootacimund.  Kotaiiherry.  Uiinhutty, 
and  Coonoor.  resorted  to  by  Europeans  on  account  of  the  emi- 
nent salubrity  of  their  climate.    .See  M.\harlkshwi-r  Hills. 

NEILI/S  (neelz)  CREEK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Cumberland  co., 
North  Carolina. 

NEILS'TON,  a  villatre  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ren- 
frew. :j  miles  S.  of  Paislev.     Pop.  of  the  villaire  in  ISol,  2075. 

NEIRAI  or  NAIRAI.  ni'rf,  written  also  XIRIE,an  island 
of  the  South  Pacific.  Feejee  group,  S.  of  (ioro.  At  Vene- 
mote.  on  the  W.  sicie,  there  is  a  liarlior  and  anchorage  in 
15  fathoms,  about  onehalf  a  mile  from  the  shore. 

NEIROXE.  nA-e-ro'nft.  a  villajre  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Chiavari.  4  miles  from  Cicagna.     Pop.  3015. 

NEISSK,  ni'seh.  a  river  of  Germany,  joins  the  Oder,  21 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Frankfort,  after  a  N.  course  of  115  miles. 

NEISSE.  a  river  of  Prus.sian  Silesia,  also  joins  the  OJer 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Oppeln,  after  a  rapid  N.E.  course  of  98  miles. 

NEISSE,  a  fortified  town  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia,  on  the 
Neisse.  30  miles  S.AV.  of  Oppeln,  and  connected  by  railway 
with  Rrieg.  29  miles  distant.  Pop.  in  1849.  17.164.  It  has 
a  larje  castle,  a  fialnce,  a  commanriant's  residence,  circle 
hall.  7  Roman  Catholic,  and  2  Luthertin  churches,  convents, 
extensive  barracks,  powder-mill.s  and  arsenals,  a  theatre, 
gevenil  ho.spltals,  a  ISoman  Catholic  college,  and  an  asylum 
for  jKior  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  printing  establishments, 
laannf  ictures  of  linens  and  woollens,  and  several  di«tilleries. 

NEITIIORP.  nl'thorp.  a  hamlet  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Oxford. 

NETVA.  .NEVA,  n.VvS.  NITSA  or  XTJ'/A.  nit'.sd.  a  river  of 
Russia,  government  of  Perm  and  Tobolsk,  rises  in  the  E. 
slope  of  the  Uml  .Mountains.  35  miles  N  Vi'.  of  Yekaterin- 
lx)org.  flows  E.S.E..  and.  after  a  course  of  about  300  miles, 
joins  the  Toora. 

N  El  V.\.  a  town  of  .South  America.     See  Neyva. 

N  E I V  E.  nA'e-ViV.  or  N  EZ  E.  nAd'/.d.  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
Piedmont,  division  of  Coni.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Alba.    Pop,  2400. 

NE.ID.  a  district  of  Arabia.    See  Nedjed. 

NE.IIX.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Nezheen. 

NEKIIVOROCIITCIIA.     See  Nekvoroktcih, 

NEK'IMI  or  NEK'AMA,  a  post-township  in  'Winnebago 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1102. 

NEK'l.MI,  a  thriving  post-village  in  the  above  township, 
15  milvs  ."'.S.W.  of  Osbkosli.  It  contains  3  churches,  2  stores, 
4  hotels,  and  about  150  (hvellhifrs.     Pop.  700. 

NEKORZ.  n.A/koRts.  Obf.r.  o'bt-r.  and  Unter,  oon'ter,  two 
contiguous  villaires  of  liohemia,  about  4  miles  from  (jeiers- 
bere:.     I'op.  1460. 

NEKX'OROKTCHA,  nek-vo-rok'ch3,  written  al.so  NEKII- 
VOKoniTCII.V,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  and 
32  miles  8.  of  Poltava,  on  the  Orel.     Pop.  1570. 

NELG()(1XDA.  a  town  of  India.     See  Naloonoa. 

NEI,1;*I;ER.  n.Vle-seer'.  written  also  NELISURAJI  and 
NEI,LISUR.\M.  a  small  maritime  town  of  British  India, 
presiiiencv  of  Bombav.  district  of  Malabar,  near  the  coast, 
30  mill's  N.N.W.  of  C'an.-inore. 

NELLEMBOOR,  n?l-l^m-boor'.  an  inland  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  province  of  Malabar.  31  miles 
E.  of  (\tlicut. 

Nl'.fJ.ORE.  niM^lor',  a  town  of  British  India,  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  own  name,  is  on  the  Pennar,  13J  miles  from  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  and  98  miles  N,N.AV.  of  Madras.  Lat.  12^  49' 
N.,  Ion.  80°  1'  E.  In  the  Last  century  it  was  an  important 
fortress;  it  is  at  present  a  busy  and  populous  town,  with 
extensive  suburbs,  but  no  remarkable  public  building.  In 
1784.  mnny  Roman  coins  of  the  second  century  were  dis- 
eovi'red  here,  under  the  ruins  of  a  Hindoo  temple. 

NEI.EORE.  a  district  of  Briti.sh  India,  on  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal.    Area  12.000  square  miles.     Pop.  846.572. 

NEL'.SON.  a  county  a  little  S.E.  of  the  centre  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  340  square  miles.  James  River  washes 
tl  c  S.E.  border:  it  is  also  drained  by  Roekfi.sh  River.  The 
I'lue  Ridge  forms  the  entire  boundary  on  the  N.W.,  and 
the  surface  is  geneiully  occupied  by  hills  and  valleys.  The 
soil  is  fi'rtile.  The  canal,  which  extends  along  James  River, 
connects  the  county  with  Richmond.  Formed  in  1807,  and 
ii:uned  in  honor  of  Thomas  Nelson,  Governor  of  Virginia, 
in  :7sl.  County-town,  Lovingston.  Pop,  13,015,  of  whom 
0777  were  free,  and  6J38  slaves. 

NELSON,  a  county  near  the  middle  of  Kentucky,  has  an 


NEN 

area  estimated  at  300  sqnare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  fh« 
Rolling  Fork  and  Beech  Fork  of  Salt  River,  and  by  Pottin- 
gers  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  in  general 
is  excellent.  Blue  limestone  underlies  a  portion  of  the  sur- 
face, affording  a  good  material  for  building.  The  cimnty  is 
intersected  by  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Turnpike,  and 
by  the  Louisville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  now  in  pro- 
gress of  construction.  Formed  in  1781.  Capital,  Bardstown. 
Pop.  15,799,  of  whom  I0,2t  9  were  free,  and  5530  slaves. 

N  ELSON,  a  post-township  of  Cheshire  CO.,  New  Hampshire, 
40  miles  S.W,  of  Concord,    Pop.  699. 

NELSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Madison  co., 
New  York,  about  25  miles  S.E.  of  S.vracuse.    I'o)!.  1797. 

NELSON,  a  post-township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NELSON,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.  cxtruniity  of 
Portage  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  i:{u|. 

NELSON,  a  river-port  of  New  Brunswick,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Miramichi.  about  20  milea 
from  its  entrance  into  Miramichi  Bay,  and  130  miles  N.N ,E 
of  St.  John's. 

N EL'SON,  an  island  of  Chagos  Archipelago,  Indian  Ocean, 
lat.  5°  40'  .30"  S.,  Ion,  72°  22'  E. 

NELSON,  a  pfirt  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  Australia,  between 
Brunswick  Bay  and  Prince  Regent  J'.iver;  lat.  15°  6'  S.,  Ion. 
125°  4'  E. 

NELSON,  a  district  of  West  Australia,  lat,  34°  S.,  Ion. 
116°  E..  having  N.  Wellington  district. 

NEI.,SON.  a  settlement  of  New  Zealand,  on  Ta.sman  Bay, 
Middle  Island.     Pop.  2915, 

NELSO.V  CAPE,  South  Australia,  bounds  Portland  Bay 
westward ;  lat.  38°  25'  54"  S..  Ion.  141°  28'  E. 

NEL'SON  CIIAN'XEL,  between  Van  Diemen's  Land  and 
King's  Island,  60  miles  across,  connects  Bass's  Strait  with 
the  Southern  Ocean. 

NELSON  ISLAM),  of  the  South  Shetland  group.  South 
Atlantic Dcean,  lat.  62°  15'  S.,  Ion.  58°  50'  W, 

NELSOX  LAKE,  of  British  America,  is  an  enlargement 
of  Churchill  River. 

NEL'SOXPORT.  a  post-office  of  Potter  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

NELSON'S  RIVER,  of  British  North  America,  flows  N.E., 
and  enters  Hudson's  Bay  near  Fort  York. 

NELSOX'S  LANDING,  a  .small  village  of  CWppewa  co, 
Wisconsin. 

NEl/SOXVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Athens  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Hockhocking,  f;0  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

NEMAUR,  a  district  of  India.    See  NiM.tR. 

NEMAUSU.S.     See  NImes. 

NE.MBRO,  nJm'bro,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  5  miles  N.E. 
of  Bergamo,  on  the  Serio,     Pop.  2000. 

NEMB-SHEHR.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Neu-Siiehr. 

NEM'EA,  a  village  of  Greece,  in  the  Slorea.  government, 
and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Corinth,  with  the  remains  of  a  temple 
of  Jupiter,  and  other  anti(|uities. Adj.  Nemean.  njm'e-an. 

NEMETACUM.     See  Arras. 

NKMETES.     .«eeSpKVER. 

NEMETHT-SZATIIMAR.  Hungary.     See  SzATnMAR, 

NEMETH-UJVAR,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  GisiixG. 

NEMET(X;EXNA.     SeeARRA.«, 

NEMEZE,  n;\'m?-Os»h,  a  village  of  Austria,  Slavonia,  on 
the  Bossut.     Pop.  1315. 

NEMl,  n.Vmce,  a  lake  and  village  of  Central  Italy,  Ponti- 
fical States,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Rome,  beside  the  Appian  Way, 
I  and  Ijetwoen  Albano  and  Velletri.  The  lake  is  the  crater 
'  of  an  extinct  volcano,  5  miles  in  circumference,  and  sur- 
t  rounded  by  thick  woods,  which  were  in  ancient  times 
I  famous  for  the  worship  of  Diana.  The  village  on  its  N.E. 
margin,  pop.  1100,  is  overlooked  by  a  feudal  castle. 

NEMIROV  or  NEMIROW.  nA-me-rov',  a  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  province  of  Bialystok,  on  the  Bug,  23  miles  S.E.  of 
I  Drohitshin.     Pop.  3876. 

NE.MIROV  or  XEMIROW.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Podolia.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Bratslav.  Pop.  2o6o. 
It  has  a  college,  opened  in  1838,  and  manufactures  of  linen 
cloths  and  leather. 

NEMOURS.  neh-mooR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-etrMarne,  19  miles  S.E.  of  F'ontainebleau.  Pop.  in 
1852.  3935.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  Canal  du  Loing,  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  hits  a  fine  old  castle ;  manufactures  of 
hats,  tanneries,  bark  and  corn  mills,  marble  works,  brick 
and  lime  kilns.  Nemours  was  a  seignory  given  to  the 
House  of  Orleans  by  Louis  XIV. 

NEMP'NET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

NEMZA,  a  town  of  Moldavia.     See  Niamtz, 

NEN.  a  river  of  England.     See  Nene. 

NENAGH,  nA'na.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Ireland, 
Munster.  co.  of  Tipperary.  near  the  Nenaj;h  River,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Shannon,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Newport.  I'op.  9540.  It 
is  situat<'d  in  a  district  of  great  beauty  and  fertility :  is  well 
built,  clean,  and  thriving;  has  fine  remains  of  a  Norman 
castle,  and  some  ruins  of  a  monastery. 

NEXDAZ.  nJn'ddts.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Valais.  3  miles  S.W.  of  Sion,     Pop.  1459. 

NENE  or  NEN,  n^n.  a  river  of  England,  rises  in  the  \V. 
of  the  CO.  of  Northampton,  flows  N.F!.,  and  enters  the  North 
Sea  at  ibe  Wash,  after  a  course  of  90  miles  by  a  tidal  chiui- 

1283 


KEN 


NER 


ti«l  itoently  formed  at  a  jost  of  about  200,000?.  It  is  navl- 
givljle  for  vessels  of  >niiill  draught,  and  conimuiiicates  by  the 
NVisbeath  Cnual  with  the  (tuse,  and  in  tlie  upjjor  part  of  its 
course  by  canals  with  all  the  central  naviiratiou  of  i-lngland. 

NKXlvL'It,  nc^n^kur/,  a  village  of  i-inde,  5  miles  N.  of 
Sehwan:  lat.  20°  24'  X..  Ion.  eT*^  oi'  K. 

XENNDOHy,  nJnn/doRf.  a  village  of  Germany,  Ilesse- 
Cassel,  province  of  Nieder-IIessen,  10  miles  N.K.  of  Rlnteln. 

NK.XOK.^SK  or  NEXOKAZK,  nA-no-kdsk',  a  small  sea- 
port of  Kussia,  government  and  40  miles  W.  of  Archangel, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  which  falls  into  the  bay  of  the 
name  name. 

XKXTKKSIIAUSEN,  nJn'tws-howV.en,  a  village  of  Ilesse- 
Cassel,  Xieder-Hessen,  9  mile's  froniKothenburg.   Pop.  1062. 

XEXT'lIOKN.  a  parish  of  i^cotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

XEXZIXG,  nJnt'sing,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  Vorarl- 
berir,  2  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Feldkirch.     Pop.  1137. 

K^EO-diSAREA.     See  Niksar. 

NEO-CASTKO.    See  Xavarino. 

NEOGKAU,  niUo-grdf,  (Ilun.  Nngrad,  no'grld',)  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Central  Hungary,  27  miles  N.of  Pesth.   P.  1500. 

XE0M.4lGUS.     See  Lisiklx. 

NEO'SIIO,  a  river  of  the  Indian  Territory,  joins  the  Ar- 
kansas on  the  right,  just  above  Fort  Gibson. 

NEOSHO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Newton  co  ,  Missouri, 
200  miles  S  W.  of  Jefferson  City.  Extensive  lead-mines  have 
been  opened  about  6  m.  from  this  place.  Pop.  of  tushj).,  1 622. 

NEOSHO,  a  post-village  of  Itodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Rubi- 
con Rivei',  12  miles  S.E.  of  Juneau.  It  has  2  ciiurchcs,  4 
stores  and  2  mills. 

NEOZELI.  ni-od-zdiee,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
province  of  Uusachi.     Pop.  1028. 

NEPAUL.  ne-pawl',  written  also  NEPAL,  (Hindoo  Nn- 
paUi.  nipd'U.)  an  indepeudent  country  of  Hindostan,  com- 
prising the  southern  slope  of  the  Himalayas,  between  lat. 
20°  30'  and  30°  uO'  N.,  and  Ion.  80°  and  88°  E.,  having  W. 
and  S.  British  India  and  Onde,  E.  Sikkim,  and  N.  Thibet. 
Length,  from  W.  to  E.,  450  miles,  brnidth  100  miles.  Area 
estimated  at  53,000  square  miles,  and  population  at  2,000,000. 
The  S.  part  of  the  country  is  an  undulating  and  densely 
wooiled  tract,  called  the  teii-uini ;  further  northward,  the 
surface  consists  of  a  succession  of  mountains  and  narrow 
valleys,  in  wliich  many  affluents  of  the  Goggra.  Gunduck, 
Koose,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Ganges  havtj  their 
sources,  itice.  maize,  wheat,  barley,  cotton,  and  sugai^cane, 
are  among  the  chief  crops;  in  the  mountain  re;;ion,  agricul- 
tural produce  is  raised  on  artiticial  terraces  along  the  sides 
of  the  declivities.  Fruits,  drugs,  dyeing  materials,  and  tim- 
ber are  abundant.  The  native  animals  comprise  horses  and 
large  dogs  of  superior  breeds,  shawl  goats,  and  sheep,  which 
are  employed  as  beasts  of  burden.  Jlany  coi>iier  and  iron 
mines  are  wrought;  lead  and  zinc  are  amongst  the  mineral 
prwlucts.  The  principal  manufactures  are  of  cotton  cloths, 
ill  which  most  of  the  population  are  clad;  metallic  goods, 
salt,  and  nitre.  Among  the  e.xports  are  elephants,  ivory, 
rice,  timber,  hides,  ginger,  catechu,  turmeric,  fruits,  and 
spices,  with  Thibet  horses  and  sheep,  small  bullocks,  Iwnjx, 
salt,  sulphur,  and  miiicral  preparations  brought;  from  Boo- 
t«in  and  Thibet,  and  sent  into  the  Bengal  territory,  in  return 
for  Indian  and  British  nianuiacture.s.  and  the  native  pro- 
ducts of  Hiudostan.  A  portion  of  the  transit  trade  between 
Cashmere  and  the  Chinese  Empire  passes  through  Xepaul. 
The  population  consists  of  several  tribes,  partly  of  Mongol 
origin  and  Boodhi.^ts,  but  chiefly  of  Hiud(X)  faith  and  de- 
scent. The  government  is  vested  in  the  tribe  of  the  Gork- 
has,  who  conquered  the  country  about  the  middle  of  the 
last  century.  The  principal  towns  are  Khatmandoo,  (the 
capit<il.)  Lalita  Patah,  Bhatgong.  and  Kirthipoor.  After  the 
termination  of  the  war  of  1814-16,  the  Gorkhas  ceded  to 
the  British  all  the  countries  situated  between  the  Sutlej 
and  the  Kali  Rivers,  and  agreed  to  evacuate  the  territory  of 
the  Rajah  of  Sikkim.  Since  that"  time,  jjeace  iias  been  pre- 
served.— .4dj.  and  inhab.  Nepaulkse,  njp^awlcez'. 

NEPAWAX,  nep-.vw6n'.  a  post-office  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wis- 
consin.     Has  been  discontinued. 

NEPEAN,  nep-e-dn'.  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lat.  29°  2'  S.,  Ion.  167°  48'  E. 

NEPEAX,  an  island  in  Torres  Strait;  lat.  9°  34'  S.,  Ion. 
143°  42'  E. 

NEPEAX,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  British  North  Ame- 
rica, lat.  53°  32'  X.,  Ion.  127°  30'  W. 

NEPEAX,  a  large  steep  bluff  of  Russian  America,  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Admiralty  Island ;  lat.  57°  10'  N.,  Ion.  133°  54'  W. 

NEPEAX,  a  river  of  East  Austiidia,  New  South  Wales, 
flows  north-westward  between  the  counties  of  Camden  and 
Cumberland,  and  joins  the  Warra-gamba  to  form  the 
Hawkesbury. 

NEPEAN  BAY,  South  Australia,  is  on  the  N.E.  side  of 
Kangaroo  Island.  70  miles  S.W.  of  Adelaide. 

NEPEAX,  POIXT.  is  at  the  entrance  of  Port  Philip,  40 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Melbourne. 

NEPEUSKIN,a  post-village  and  township  of  Winnebago 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  90  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Madison.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  987. 

NEPER  AX',  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co.,  New  York. 
12S4 


NEPKTE.  NKPE  or  NEPET.    Pee  Nepi. 

NE'PHI  CITY,  a  village  of  Utah,  capital  of  Yuab  «o., 
about  65  miles  N.  of  Fillmore  Citv. 

NEI'HIX.  niPin,  and  XEPiriXBEG',  two  mountains  of 
Ireland,  Connanght,  co.  of  Mayo;  the  former  altout  6  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Crossmolina.  Height  above  the  sea  2t'46  feet;  the 
latter  9  miles  X.W.  of  Newport.     Height  2U65  feet. 

NEPI,  ni/pee.  (anc.  A'e)>ete,  Nepe  or  Ntpet.)  a  town  of 
Central  Italy,  Pontifical  States.  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Viterbo, 
on  the  road  to  Rome.  Pop.  1790.  It  is  enclosed  by  ('otliio 
walls,  erected  on  Etruscan  foundations.  It  has  an  anc'eat 
church  and  town-hall,  but  most  of  its  public  buildings  were 
ruined  by  the  French  in  1799. 
NEPIS.S1XG.  a  lake  of  Canada  West.  Pee  Nipissino. 
NEPO.MUCK  or  XEPOMUK.  nA-po'mook,  I'O.MLK,  po'- 
mook,  a  small  town  of  Bohemia,  55  miles  S.W.  of  Prague, 
ftimous  as  the  birthplace  of  St.  John  of  Nepomuck.  the 
patron  saint  of  Bohemia,  al)Out  the  year  1330.     Pop.  1485 

XEI'OX'SET  RIVER,  a  tine  mill-.»tream  of  Norfolk  co.,  in 
the  E.  part  of  Massachusetts,  falls  into  Boston  llaj-bor.  It 
is  naviirable  to  Milton  Mills. 

NEPOXSET  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Ma.s- 
sachnsetts.  pleasantly  situated  on  Uorchester  Ray,  near  thfl 
mouth  of  Xeponset  River,  and  on  the  Old  Colony  Railroad, 
5  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade,  and  a  port  of  delivery  for  the  collection  district  of 
Boston. 

NEI'TUXE,  a  small  village  of  .\uglaize  co.,  Ohio. 

NEPTUXE,  a  pi^st-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio,  115  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

NEPI'UXE  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  idands  off  the  coast  of 
South  Australia,  near  the  entrance  of  Spencer  Gulf.  45  miles 
N.W.  of  Kangaroo  Island ;  lat.  35°  22'  S.,  Ion.  136°  7'  K. 

NEQUIXU.M.     See  Xar.m. 

NERA,  n.-1'rd,  (anc.  Kar.)  a  river  of  Italy,  Pontifical 
States,  passes  Terni  to  Narni,  near  which  it  joins  the  Tiber 
on  the  left.  I^ength  60  miles.  On  its  affluent,  the  Velino, 
is  the  famous  cataract  called  the  Cascaia  IiEL  MAR.M0iUJ. 
(See  Velino.) 

N  IRA,  a  lake  of  Russi.a.    See  Nero. 

N15k.\C,  na^rik',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  an  arron- 
dissement,  department  of  lx>t-et-Gai-oniie.  15  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Agen.  on  the  Bayse.  Pop.  in  1S52,  7194.  It  has  a  tribu- 
nal of  commerce,  and  a  fine  ch.'iteau.  in  which  Henry  IV. 
held  his  court,  when  he  w>is  only  King  of  Navarre.  Here 
Calviti  and  several  other  distinguished  ri'formers  found  an 
asylum  from  persecution  at  the  court  of  the  celebrated  Mar- 
garet of  Valois,  Queen  of  Navarre.  It  has  manufactures  of  ' 
starch,  corks,  cordaire.  druggets,  and  linens. 

NERBL'DUA.  NERUUDDAlI,  NURBUUDAH,  niir-bad'- 
da.  or  NARM.\D.\.  nar-md'dd.  (anc.  yinna><ius.)  a  river  of 
India,  and  next  to  the  Indus,  the  principal  one  having  a  west- 
ward course,  rises  in  Gundwana.  near  the  sources  of  the  Sone, 
flows  through  the  British  dominions,  and  enters  the  Gulf 
of  Cambay,  28  miles  W.  of  Baroach.  Total  course  upwards 
of  620  miles.  It  is  600  yards  across  in  its  upper  part,  near 
Jubbalpoor.  and  sometimes  3  miles  in  width  near  Baroach; 
but  its  navigation  is  impeded  by  rocks,  islands,  shallows, 
and  cataracts.  It  separates  the  Deccan  from  Hiudostan 
Proper. 

NERCn.A.U,  n?R/K(iw,  a  town  of  Saxony,  17  miles  E.  of 
Leipsic,  on  the  Mulde.     Pop.  721. 

NERCHINSK,  a  town  of  .\siatic  Russia.   See  Xertcfiixsk. 

NEREKUTA,  XERECHTA.  nil-r^s'ti,  or  XERECHTAR, 
ni-rjK-taR/,  a  town  of  Kussia,  government  and  28  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Kostroma,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Aolga.    Pop.  2000. 

NEItESHElM,  u4'res-hrme\  a  townof  WUrtemberg.  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Danube,  30  miles  N.X.E.  of  Ulm.   *op.  1010. 

NERESI,  nA-rA'see,  the  principal  town  of  the  Island  of 
Brazza,  Dalmatia,  12  miles  S.  of  Spalato.     Pop.  1556. 

NERETO,  nA-ri'to,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Teramo.     Pop.  1110. 

NERIAD,  nA-re-ld',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bombay.  28  miles  X.E.  of  Cambav. 

NERIGOX  or  NERIGOXIA.     See  NoRW.AT. 

NIMtlXM.IPETn'AH,  a  .small  townof  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  N.E.  of  Coimbatoor,  on  the  rivor  Cavery. 

NERIS,  nA^rees',  (anc.  A'qKn'  Xdra:?)  a  small  town  and 
watering-place  of  France,  department  of  .illiesr.  4  mile.s  S.E. 
of  Montlui,x)n.  Pop.  1432.  It  has  a  curious  church,  modern 
bath  establishment,  hotels,  and  boarding-houses ;  its  warm 
springs  are  resorted  to  from  May  to  October.  It  was  a  favor- 
ite place  of  resort  under  the  Itomans.  and  has  remains  of 
an  amphitheatre,  and  various  other  antifiuities. 

NERIUM  PROMONTORIUM.     See  C\^e  Fi.\!8t£re. 

NERJ.\  or  NERX.\.  ueR'iia.a  town  of  Spain,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  small  river  Xerja,  in  the  Mediterranean,  province  and 
27  miles  E.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  5000. 

NERL,  n^Rl,  (Grkat  and  Litti.i;,)  two  small  rivers  of 
Ptussia.  both  take  their  rise  in  the  district  of  PereslaVl, 
government  of  Vladinieer.  The  Great  Nerl  issues  from 
Lake  Plestcheievo,  flows  N.W.,  enters  the  government  of 
Tver,  and  joins  the  Volga  on  the  right.  The  Little  .Nerl 
flows  along  the  S.  frontier  of  Yaroslav,  and  joins  the  Kliasma, 
below  Vladimeer. 


NER 


NET 


NKRO,  ni'ro,  NKRA,  nA'ri,  or  ROSTOV,  ro?-tov',  a  small 
lake  of  icu.ssia,  in  the  S.  of  the  government  of  Yaroslav, 
about  10  miles  lonjr  from  ^.E.  to  S.W..  and  nearly  5  miles 
broad.    The  town  of  Rostov  stands  on  its  N.W.  chore. 

NK'HO,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

NEROIjA,  n;l-ro'l4,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  on  a  small 

affluent  of  the  Tiber,  23  miles  N.K.  of  Rome,  with  an  old 

feudal   castle  of  tho   Barberini   family,   and   supposed   to 

occupy  the  site  of  IlegU'lum,  the  place  from  which  Appius 

.  Clauiiius  migrated  to  Home.     Pop.  3(10. 

n£uOM)K,  n.Vr6Nd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire,  16  miles  S.K.  of  IJoanue.     Pop.  IJiOO. 

NERDNUKS,  n.VrA.Nd',  a  marketrtown  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Cher,  witli  a  station  on  the  Hourges  and  Nevers 
Railway,  20  miles  K..S.I';.  of  Bouri;es.     Pop.  1298. 

NEKOOi^A,  NER0U8.\  or  NERU.SA,  nA-roo'sd.  a  river  of 
Russia,  rises  in  the  (lovernment  of  Orel,  about  9  miles  N.  of 
Dimitrovsk.  flowsN.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  80  miles 
joins  the  Desna  opposite  to  Troobtchovsk. 

NEIlTCIIAorNERT;<ClIA,  nuR'chd.  a  river  of  .Siberia,  rises 
on  the  E.  fnjnliers  of  Irkootsk,  Hows  circuitously  S..  and  after 
a  course  of  about  14  miles,  joins  tho  Shilka  at  Nertcbinsk. 

NEKTCHIXSK  or  NERT.SClII.\Slv,  nJa-chinsk'.  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  government  and  540  miles  K.  of  Irkootsk.  on 
the  .Shilka.  the  principal  affluent  of  tho  Amoor.  Pop.  3000. 
It  is  tlie  capital  of  a  district  rich  in  mines  of  lead  and  silver, 
In  wlii'-h  many  exiles  are  employed.  It  has  a  citadel,  and 
trade  in  furs. 

NE''i{U.S.\,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Xeroosa. 

NERVA,n^it/vd,or.\ERVION,n?R-ve-on'.orIBAIZABAL, 
6-Bl-thi-ii41',  a  river  of  Spain,  province  of  Bi-scay,  flows  N.W. 
and  fails  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  near  Portugalete;  its  total 
course  is  about  50  miles. 

NERVI,  ufa'vee,  a  seaport  town  of  North  Italy,  province 
and  5  miles  S.E.  of  Genoa.  Pop.  40S9.  It  is  agreeal)ly  situ- 
ated on  the  shore,  witli  a  small  port  on  tlie  (iulf  of  tJenoa. 
and  has  manufactures  of  silk  and  woollen  fabrics,  a  brisk 
coasting  trade,  and  productive  fislieries. 

NEPvVlA,  ni-u'vo-i.  a  small  river  of  North  Italy,  division 
Df  Nice,  near  Yintiuiiglia. 

NERVl.\NO.  nJRve-d'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince and  11  miles  N.\\'.  of  Milan,  on  the  Olona.    Pop.  2600. 

NEltVION,  a  river  of  Spain.     See  Nekva. 

NERWINDE.  a  village  of  Belgium.     See  Neerwindeu. 

NERX.\,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Nerja. 

NES,  n^s.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Friesland, 
Island  of  Ameland.    Pop.  570. 

NES,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Friesland,  22  miles 
N.E.  of  Lceuwarden.     I'op.  538. 

NES.\CJUAKE.  nes-ij-quaik',  a  village  in  the  township  of 
Smithtuwn,  Suffolk  co.,  New  York,  on  Nesaquake  Creek, 
which  Hows  northward  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

NE.-^CHIN,  a  town  of  Ru.s.<i.'i.     See  Nkzheen. 

N  ESCHTIX,  u^sh-teen/,  a  village  of  Austria,  Slavonia,  co. 
of  Syrmia,  on  the  Danube.     Pop.  1427. 

NES/OOPEOK,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co„  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Susiiueliann.a  River,  at  the  moutli  of  Nescopeck  Creek, 
about  90  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg.  A  bridge  across  the  river 
connects  it  with  Berwick. 

NESCH'ECK.  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Luzerne 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  873. 

NESCOPECK  CREEK,  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
Into  the  North  Branch  of  the  Su.>;quehanna  River. 

NESCOPECK  or  BUCK  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  Lu- 
zerne CO..  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Nescopeck  Creek,  extends 
parallel  to  the  Wyoming  Mountain  in  a  regular  and  iilmost 
unbroken  ridge  from  the  Susquehanna  nearly  to  the  Ix-high, 
a  di-tance  of  above  20  mile.s.     Height  about  1000  feet. 

N  i:SH.\.M'lN  Y  CREEK,  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  enters 
the  Delaware  lielow  Biistol. 

NESHAN'NOCK  CREEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
enters  the  Shenango  River  at  Newcastle. 

NESH.\N'NOCK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  Co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1009. 

NESIIKO'RO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Marquette 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  70  miles  N.  of  Madison.  The  village 
contains  4  stores  and  2  mills.     Total  population  498. 

NESHOBA.     See  Nashob.a. 

N  ESIIONOC,  post-tnshp..  La  Crosse  co.,Wisconsin.   P.  619. 

NESUO'TO.  a  po,st-village  of  Manitoowoc  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  the  We.xt  Twin  River,  100  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has 
several  saw-mills  moved  by  water-power. 

NESLS.     See  Nisita. 

NESLE,  nail  or  nil,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somme,  on  the  Ingon.  29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Amiens.  Pop.  in 
1852. 1 850.  Nesle  is  the  name  of  numerous  other  communes 
jf  France. 

NESMY,  nJii'mee'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vendee,  li  miles  S.  of  Bourbon- Vendee.     Pop.  1072. 

NESUCHA'QUE  RIVER,  of  New  Jersey,  a  branch  of 
Little  Egg  Harbor  River,  rises  in  Camden  co.,  flows  in  an 
iJ.S.E.  course,  and  unites  with  the  other  branches  near  Plea- 
sant Mills. 

NESQUAL'LY  or  NISQUAL'LY.  a  river  of  Washington 
territory,  flows  between  Pierce  and  Thurston  counties  into  | 


the  S.E.  extremity  of  Puget  Sound.  The  valley  of  this 
stream  is  very  rich,  but  so  heavily  timbered  as  to  be  an 
obstacle  to  settlement. 

NESQUALLY  or  NISQUALLY,  a  settlement  in  Pierce  co., 
Washington  Territory,  on  I'uget  Sound. 

NESQUEIlO'NlNa,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NESSE,  nfs'seh,  or  NESSA,  njs'si,  a  river  of  Germany, 
rises  a  little  W.  of  Erfurt,  in  Prussian  Saxony,  and  after  a 
course  of  about  45  miles,  joins  the  Werra. 

NESSERABAD,  a  town  of  Hindostan.     See  Nabirabad. 

NES.S.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

NESSLAU,  n^ss'low,  a  town  and  pari.<h  of  Switzerlaniv 
canf/jn  and  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  2028. 

NES.S.  LOCH,  loK  n^".*.  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  and  6  miles 
S.W.  of  ln\erneps,  forming  a  portion  of  the  Caledonian  Canal. 
Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  about  23  miles;  average  tircadtli 
li  miles.  It  discharges  itself  into  the  Moray  Firth,  by  the 
river  Ness,  8  miles  in  length. 

NESSO,  nJs'so,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of 
Como,  on  a  hill  near  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Como,  in  a  wild 
and  romantic  ravine,  where  the  Latta,  a  tributary  of  tho 
Lacco,  forms  a  magnificent  waterfall  nearly  200  feet  high. 
Pop.  1019. 

NESTE  or  NESTES,  n?st.  a  river  of  France,  department 
of  Hautes-Pyrenees,  flows  first  N.  and  then  E.,  and  joins  the 
Garonne  near  Mazeres,  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

NEbT/ING,  LUNNAST/ING,  and  WHAf./SAV,  a  united 
pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Shetland,  comprising  several 
islands  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Mainland.     Pop.  2294.  " 

NES/TON,  GREAT,  a  market-town  and  pari.'-h  of  England, 
CO.  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Chester,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Dee. 
I'op.  of  tlie  town  in  1851,  1524. 

-NESTON,  LITTLE,  a  township  of  England,  in  the  above 
parish. 

NEST'ORVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Barbour  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

NEST  US.     See  Kara  Soo. 

NESTVED  or  NjESTVED.  nJsfvfd,  a  town  of  Denmark, 
on  tlie  i-^land  of  Seeland.  13  miles  N.W.  of  Prar-stoe,  and  on 
the  Suus-aa,  near  its  mouth.     I'op.  2300. 

NESVIZII,  NESVIJ.  or  NESVISH.  n5s-vizh'.  written  also 
NIESWIEZ  and  NIE/.WITSCII.  a  frontier  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  and  58  miles  S.W.  of  Minsk,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Nicmen.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  a  fine  palace  of 
tho  Radzivil  family.  Its  fortifications  were  levelled  by  the 
Swedes  in  1706. 

NETIIE  or  NEETHE,  n.Vlfh,  a  river  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Antwerp,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Great  and 
Little  Nethe.  wliich,  after  a  W.  course,  unite  at  Lierre. 
whence  it  has  a  W.S.W.  and  navigable  course  of  8  mile.s, 
ami  joins  the  Ruppel  3  miles  S.  W.  of  Boom.  Under  tho 
French  tlie  present  province  of  .Antwerp  was  entitled  the 
department  of  Deux-Ndthcs.  (The  "Two  Nethes.") 

NETHEN.  nA'ten.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant, 18  miles  K.S.E.  of  Brussels.     I'op.  1230. 

NETIl/ER-AV/ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NETU'ERHURY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

NETIl'ERBV,  a  townsliip  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

NETH'ERE.X.  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

NETII'ERLA.VD.  a  post-office  of  Overton  co.,  TenneB.«!ee. 

NETHERLANDS,  m^TiiVr-l.Hiidz,  or  The  LOW  COUN- 
TRIES. (Dutch  Sejkrlanile.n,  ii.Vder-Un'den;  Vr.  Pays-Bas, 
pi-ee/  bd,  or  JSie.rluude,,  n.'iV'RMiSNd';  Ger.  Niederlande,  nee'- 
der-ldn'deh;  Sp.  J'aises  liajos,  p.l-ee'sfs  lid'Hoce:  Port.  I'aizes 
BaiT'is.  pd-ee'sis  bi'shoee;  It.  J'liesi-Jiagsi,  pd-.A'sfce  bds'see; 
L.  lieVgicx  I'roviiilcim.)  a  country  in  the  AV'.  of  Europe, 
formerly  comprising  the  whole  of  the  present  kingdom  of 
Netherlands,  together  with  that  of  Belgium.  The  appella- 
tion of  Netherlands,  as  well  as  the  name  of  this  country  in 
each  of  the  other  European  liinguages  above  cited,  signifies 
'•  low  countries"  or  '•  low  lands,"  the  surface  of  a  large  por- 
tion being  a  dead  level,  and  much  of  it  lying  actuallj'  below 
the  level  of  the  sea.  (See  next  article  ••  Face  nf  the.  Oiuntry  ;"' 
also  Belgium.) — Adj.  Netiierla.ndish  (Dutch  Nederlasscb, 
n.Vder-ldnsh^ ;  Ger.  Niederlandisch,  nee'der-L^nMish ;  Fr. 
N£erlani)ais,  n<V^RMSN"M.i'.) 

NETIIERLAND.S,  KINGDOM  OF  THE.  called  also  the 
KINGDOM  OF  HOLLAND  (Dutch  Kmhigryk  der  Nederlan- 
den.  ko'ning-rlk^  d^r  nAfJer-ldnMen :  Ger.  Kijnigreich  der 
Niederlande,  kiJ'niG-rTK*  dJr  nee'der-ldnMeh ;  Sp.  lieinn  de 
OUmda.  r.Veno  ddo-ldn'dd;  It.  liegnn  di  Olanda.  rdn'yo  dee 
o-ldn'dd ;  Fr.  Jioi/aume  des  Pays  Bus.  roi'om'  dd  pAee'  bd,  or 
Boyaume  de  HiiUawle,  roi^om'  deh  hoPldNd'),  a  country  of 
Europe,  embracing,  at  the  present  Any.  the  N.  and  smaller 
half  of  the  numerous  provinces  formerly  combined  under 
the  same  denomination,  and  lies  between  lat.  ?>\°  10'  and 
53°  3(J'  N.,  and  Ion.  3°  20'  and  7°  20'  E.  On  the  W.  and  N.  it 
is  bounded  by  the  North  Sea;  on  the  E.  by  Hanover  and  Prus- 
sia, and  on  the  S.  by  Belgium.  The  river  Ems  marks  the 
boundary  towards  Hanover;  but  between  the  Netherlands 
and  the  Pru.s.<ian  province  W.  of  the  Rhine,  the  collimitary 
line  is  fixed  by  conventions,  rather  than  by  nature;  on  the 
S.  also,  the  boundary  towards  Belgium,  from  the  left  bank 
of  the  Mense  or  Maas  to  the  sea,  though  defined  accurately 
by  the  treaty  of  November,  1831,  to  which  the  chief  powers 

1285 


NEr 


NET 


«f  Kill  )pe  were  pnrties,  is  not  marked  by  any  natural  fea- 
tures. Tb'«  .ffluntry  thus  markeJ  out  has  an  extent,  from 
N.  to  !.,  of  150  miles;  with  a  breailtli,  from  W.  to  E.,  of  120 
niilef  firou^^hout;  area  13.643  square  miles. 

Face  ofl/ie  Omiitry. — The  Netherlands  (or  Low  Countries, 
as  th!  name  im])lies)  form  the  most  characteristic  portion 
of  the  ;;reat  plain  of  West  and  North  Europe.  From  the  middle 
of  Belgium,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Brus.'iels,  the  country  N.E. 
becomes  a  dead  level,  extending  in  mouotonous'siindy  flats, 
tiirou^'.i  Hanover,  .Jutland,  lioL^tein,  and,  with  little  inter- 
rnptior.,  through  Prussia  into  Russia.  But  the  lowest  part 
of  this  immense  level,  and  that  which  has  most  recently 
emerged  from  the  sea.  is  undoubtedly  the  country  lying  be- 
twi-en  the  mouths  of  the  Scheldt  and  Ems;  within  this 
distance,  the  IJhine,  joined  by  the  Meuse,  Yssel,  and  other 
rivers,  enters  the  sea  through  a  number  of  arms,  and  slug- 
gish, winding  channels,  which  by  no  means  represent  the 
magnituile  of  the  main  stream  as  it  appears  higher  up.  The 
delta  of  the  1  thine  may  be  conceived  to  have  been  in  early 
ages  liable  to  perpetual  change  of  form,  as  new  mud-banks 
weni  deposited,  blocking  up  the  old  channels,  and  lejuling 
to  the  formation  of  now  ones.  Besides,  it  is  obvious  that 
the  river-tioCKls,  in  forming  a  domain  of  alluvial  deposits, 
had  to  contend  with  the  sea,  which  washed  away  the  accu- 
mulations of  mud,  or  covered  them  with  sand,  according  to 
the  vicissitudes  of  weather  and  .season.  The  soil  of  the 
Netherlands  shows  everywhere  the  proofs  of  this  struggle 
between  the  ocean  and  the  river,  in  the  alternation  of  salt 
and  fresh-water  deposits.  It  al.so  bears  evidence  to  the  fact 
that  those  changes,  effected  by  the  floods  of  the  Khine.  or 
by  eruptions  of  the  sea,  occurred  frequently,  long  after  the 
country  had  become  inhabited.  Remains  of  forests  now  lie 
buried  under  the  waves  of  the  German  Ocean ;  paved  roiida, 
traces  of  villages  and  of  cultivation,  are  found  beneath  the 
niorassB.s  on  the  banks  of  the  Ems.  and  many  similar  proofs 
can  be  .adduced  of  great  physical  changes,  respecting  which 
history  is  silent.  For  the  purpose  of  securing  the  permv 
nence  of  their  territorial  poases,dons,  the  early  occupants 
of  this  country  had  recourse  to  embjinkments,  high  and 
strong  enough  to  protect  them  under  ordinary  circumstances 
from  the  waves:  and,  placing  wind-mills  on  the  embank- 
ments, e.xposed  to  the  sea-breeze,  they  worked  the  pumps 
which  drained  the  enclosed  lands.  At  the  present  day,  the 
Notheriands  present  to  our  view  an  artificially  constructed 
jountry.  some  porticns  of  which  are  10  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  sea.  and  nearly  all  too  low  for  natural  drainage. 
The  whole  country  is  divideil  by  dikes,  some  of  them  60 
feet  high,  which  protect  portions  of  laud  from  the  sea,  lakes, 
or  rivers.  These  enclosed  lands  are  called  Polders.  On  the 
chief  dikes  are  roivds  and  canals ;  the  latter  join  the  rivers, 
and  are  generally  large  enough  to  be  navigable. 

There  are  no  mountains  nor  rocks  in  the  Netherlands. 
The  only  heights  are  the  sand-hills,  about  100  feet  high, 
along  the  coast  of  Holland:  and  a  ch:iin  of  low  hills,  of 
perhaps  similar  origin,  which  extend  from  the  middle  of 
the  province  of  Utrecht  into  Gelderland.  In  the  ab,-<ence 
of  mountains  and  hills,  there  are  of  course  no  valleys; 
whatever  portion  of  the  surface  is  not  marsh,  river,  or  canal, 
must  fall  under  the  denomination  of  sandy  waste,  dike,  or 
polder.  The  work  of  reclaiming  the  waste  is  constantly  going 
forward :  in  the  provinces  of  Nortli  and  South  noUand  alone 
about  91)  lakes  have  been  drained.  The  drainage  of  the  Sea 
■"f  Haarlem,  begun  in  1839,  was  completed  in  1S52;  and  the 
same  yi;ar  extensive  operations  were  commenced  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Zealand,  island  of  South  Beveland.  under  the  auspi- 
ces of  Sir  John  Rennie,  having  for  their  object  the  reclama- 
tion of  35.000  acres,  which  are  covered  several  feet  deep  at 
high  water;  yet  still  the  waste  lands  are  said  to  exceed  a 
fifth  of  the  whole  area.  The  polders  probably  form  one-half 
of  the  whole  territory. 

The  chief  features  of  the  country  are — the  wide  estuaries 
W.  and  E.  of  the  Scheldt,  and  of  the  Meuse,  which  latter 
bear  off  also  the  waters  of  the  Rhine ;  N.  of  the  Meuse,  the 
Znider  Zee,  which  was  formed  by  an  irruption  of  the  sea  in 
the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  now  covers  an  area  of 
1200  square  miles.     Between  the  mouths  of  the  Meuse  and 
the  entrance  to  the  Zuider  Zee.  a  distance  of  75  miles,  the 
coast  is  chiefly  formed  of  sand-hills  or  downs,  frequently 
180  feet  high,  dreary  and  sterile  to  the  laist  degree:  and  I 
separating,  with  their  bioad  band  of  irreclaimable  desert.  | 
the  low  fertile  meadows  on  the  one  side,  from  the  waves  of  ; 
the  ocean  on  the  other.    In  a  line  with  these  down.s,  beyond  I 
the  mouth  of  the  Zuider  Zee.  runs  a  chain  of  islands,  namely,  j 
Texel,  Vlieland.  Ter-Schelling.  Anieland.  &c..  which  seem  to  ! 
indicate  the  original   ine  of  the  coast  before  the  ocean  broke  I 
in  upon  the  low  lands.    The  coast  of  Friesland,  opposite  to  ! 
these  islands,  depends  for  its  security  altogether  on  artifi-  ' 
cial  embankments.     The  Lnuwer  Zee.  a  deep  bay  on  the  I 
confines  of  Friesland  and  Oroningen.  also  owes  its  origin  to  i 
an  irruption  of  the  ocean ;  and  again  the  Dollart.  a  gulf  i 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Ems.  N.  of  Groningen.  was  formed  I 
about  half  a  century  later  than  the  Zuider  Zee.  and  by  a 
similar  convulsion,  which  is  said  to  have  swept  away  70  vil-  i 
lages  and  100,000  people.     From  the  left  bank  of  the  Ems,  ' 

thb  Rourliinger  Morass,  an  irreclaimable  peat  marsh, extendi  i 
1286 


[  about  40  miles  S.AV.,  towards  the  Zuider  Zee;  the  Veel,  a 
marsh  of  like  nature  but  less  extent,  lies  near  the  left  baub 
of  the  Meu.*e,  on  the  E.  side  of  North  Brabaut. 

liivers  and  OinaU. — The  chief  rivers  of  the  Xetherlandf 
are  the  Rhine,  Meuse,  ScheUlt,  Yssel,  Vecht,  and  Ilunse. 
The  Rhine  is  above  half  a  mile  wide  where  it  enters  the 
Netherlands;  it  soon  divides,  the  S.  and  principal  arm  tak- 
ing the  name  of  Waal,  and  uniting  with  the  Meuse.  while  the 
N.  arm,  communicating  with  the  Yssel,  takes  the  nauie  of 
Leek ;  a  branch  from  it,  named  the  Kromme  [Crooked] 
Khein,  winds  by  Utrecht  to  the  Zuider  Zee,  while  another 
very  diminished  stream,  called  the  Old  Rhine.  Hows  from 
Utrecht  by  Leyden  to  the  .sea  at  Katwyk.  The  Old  7{hine 
was  formerly  choked  with  sand  a  little  below  Leydea ;  its 
present  channel  to  the  sea  is  recent  ai;d  artificial.  The 
Meuse,  entering  the  Dut<-h  Netherlands  from  Belgium,  re- 
ceives the  Ruhr.  (Roer);  of  the  Scheldt,  only  the  mouths, 
the  E.  and  the  W.,  or  Old  Scheldt,  lie  within  the  Outeh 
boundary.  The  Yssel  and  Vecht.  flowing  from  Germany, 
botli  enter  the  Zuider  Zee  at  no  great  distance  asunder ;  the 
former  ig  navigable  up  to  Deventer.  the  latter  to  Zwolle. 
The  Huiise,  I'isingin  tlieBourtanger  Mar.'h,  flows  through 
Groningen  to  the  hauwer  Zee.  The  canals  of  the  Nether- 
lands are  collectively  more  important  than  the  rivers,  on 
which  iudeed  they  depend,  but  they  are  so  numerous  as  to 
defy  detailed  description — every  little  village  has  its  canals. 
It  will  be  sufficient,  therefore,  to  mention  unly  the  chief, 
namely,  the  North  Holland  Canal ;  a  wonderful  work,  con- 
structed Itetween  1819  and  1823;  the  largest  Sflilps  pass 
through  it  l)etween  Amsterdam  and  the  Ilelder,  a  distance 
of -W  mile.s,  thereby  avoiding  the  intricate  navigation  of  the 
Zuider  Zee.  The  VVinschoten  Canal,  also  for  ship.s,  18  milei 
long,  connects  the  Dollart  with  Groningen;  the  Canister- 
Diep,  of  equal  magnitude,  runs  from  Groningen  to  the  sea 
at  Delfzyl.  Harlingen.  on  the  Zuider  Zee,  is  al.so  connected 
with  Groningen  by  a  great  canal  which  pa.^ses  by  Fraueker 
and  Leeuwarden.  The  Nieuwer  Slujs  unites  Utrecht  with 
Amsterdam,  while  the  latter  city  communicates  with  Rotter- 
dam by  a  canal  which  touches  at  Hiiarlom,  Leyden.  and 
Delft,  passing  al.so  near  the  Hague.  The  Dutch  canals  are 
all  navigable,  and  the  slowness  of  the  Trekschuvts  or  boats 
is  compensated  in  some  measure  by  their  punctuality.  In 
winter  their  frozen  surface  offers  convenient  roads  to  skaters. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  the  Netherlands  is.  from  the 
maritime  exposure  and  marshy  character  of  the  itountry, 
extremely  humid,  changeable,  and  disagreeable;  violent 
winds,  with  varying  temperature,  frequently  blow  from 
S.W.  or  N.W.,  and  heavy  sea-fogs  are  driven  in.  which  injure 
vegetation.  The  mean  temperature  is  not  lower  tliaii  in 
like  latitudes  in  the  British  I>lands,  and  the  quantity  of 
rain  (26  inche.«)  is  somewhat  le.ss;  but  the  winter  is  much 
more  severe,  and  the  sky  is  almost  always  overcast  and 
troubled.  The  bright  days  hardly  exceed  40  in  the  year. 
Low  fevers  visit  the  marshy  districts  in  autumn,  but  the  dry 
cold  of  winter  restores  the  pea.>:ant's  health;  and  although 
the  climate  of  the  Netherlands  is  to  strangers  cheerless  and 
distressing,  yet  its  noxious  qualities  are  unable  to  cope  with 
the  countervailing  influence  of  good  food  and  clothing,  and 
habitual  cleanliness;  the  Dutch  give  particular  attention  to 
these  domestic  .safeguards,  and.  notwithstanding  the  uii- 
genial  climate  in  which  ihey  live,  longevity  is  not  rarer 
among  them  than  elsewhere. 

Zixilnf/i/. — The  wild  animalsare  few  and  unimportant — rab- 
bits burrow  in  the  extensive  sand-downs,  ana  hares  on  the 
wastes  extending  from  Utrecht  to  the  Bourtanger  JIarsh. 
Feathered  game — partridges,  snipes,  lic. — is  not  abundant. 
Migratory  water-fowl  visit  the  Dutch  rivers  and  lakes,  at 
certain  sea.sons,  in  great  numbers;  but  the  stork,  protected 
by  the  popular  feeling  in  its  favor,  is  the  only  undonies- 
ticatod  bird  so  frequent  as  to  be  a  characteristic  of  the 
country.  A  swan-fair  is  held  annually  at  Alkmaar.  and 
attracts  buyers  from  all  parts  of  Europe.  Fish  of  various 
kinds  are  taken  in  the  river.s,  lakes,  and  on  the  coasts  of  tlu 
Netherlands,  in  sufficient  but  still  declining  quantity';  the 
home  fisheries  are  now  of  little  commercial  value. 

Vegeialiim  and  Agrictdture. — The  flora  of  the  Netherlands 
is  equally  limited.  Nature  h.'is  given  nothing  in  the  way  ol 
woods,  or  rank  thicket.s,  or  flowery  fields.  Rut  art,  on  the 
other  hand,  has  done  wonders.  Gardening  and  agriculture 
have  attained  in  this  naturally  unproductive  country  a  high 
degree  of  perfection.  Yet  the  latter  holds  a  subordinate  place 
in  rural  industry.  Wheat,  of  excellent  quality,  is  grown  only 
in  favored  portions  of  the  S.  provinces.  Rye,  oats,  and  buck- 
wheat, with  horse-beans,  beet,  madder,  and  flax  are  mon;  com- 
mon crops:  and  tobacco  is  cultivatetl  in  the  (irovlnces  of  Gel- 
derland. South  Holland,  and  Utrecht.  Culinary  vegetables 
are  raised  on  a  much  larger  scale,  not  merely  for  supply- 
ing the  internal  demand,  but  also  for  the  exportation  of  the 
seeds,  which  form  an  important  article  of  commerce.  Dutch 
seeds,  particularly  flax,  cauliflower,  and  cabbage-seeds,  are 
everywhere  preferre<l;  their  superiority  being  attributable 
probably  rather  to  the  habitual  attention  and  neatness  of 
the  Dutch  husbandman,  than  to  any  advantage  to  be 
derived  from  the  flatness,  the  shelter,  or  acquii-ed  richness 
of  the  polders.    The  flowers,  also,  of  Holland  and  adjoiiu'ig 


Ji 


NET 


NET 


proTinco?,  enter  into  the  foreisn  trade.  But  it  is  in  stock 
and  dairy  produce,  in  particular,  that  the  rural  industry  of 
the  Ni.Mherhmds  shows  its  strength.  The  Dutch  horses  are 
remiirkiiljie  for  size  and  strength,  and  mucli  souijht  after; 
but  ill  the  number  and  excellence  of  their  horned  cattle,  the 
Dutc.li  are  (luite  unrivalled.  The  quantity  of  stock  owned 
in  the  Netherlands  in  1851,  was  as  follows:  horses.  237,127; 
horned  cattle,  1.248,893;  sheep,  811.643;  and  piu's,  269,t)57. 

The  poultry-yard,  and  every  object  of  husbandry  which 
demands  care,  is  to  the  Dutch  farmer  a  .source  of  wealth. 
Bee-<ulture  is  likewise  actively  carried  on;  the  quantity  of 
honey  iiroduced  in  the  province  of  North  lirabant  alone,  in 
18,il,  vv.a.s  476,854  lbs.  The  quantity  of  cheese  and  butter 
brought  to  market  is  amazing.  The  butter  sold  annually 
In  the  markets  of  Leyden  and  Delft,  which  have  the  highest 
reputation  for  that  article,  amounted,  in  1849.  to  alH)ve 
18,0(j0  cwt.  An  enormous  and  increasing  quantity  of  rhi'ese 
Is  annually  brought  to  market.  Tlie  quantity  brought  to 
the  seven  principal  markets  in  1851.  was  as  follows :  to 
Alkmaar,  9.750.754  lbs. ;  Iloorn.  6,574,552  lbs.;  I'urmerend, 
3,143.304  lbs. ;  Knkhuizen,  1,510,302  lbs. ;  Kdam,  902.103  lbs. ; 
Monii-kendam,  750,195  lbs.;  Medemblik,  2,016,487  lbs.;  total, 
24,<o3.7o7  lbs. 

Munujactiires,  Cmnmerce,  Ac. — Living  along  the  estuaries 
of  great  rivers,  and  on  the  shores  of  a  sea  alxjunding  in  fish, 
the  Dutch  soon  became  a  sea-faring  people;  and  as  produc- 
tive industry  developed  in  the  more  favorably  situated 
Flemish  provinces,  the  population  of  the  coast  gradually 
engaged  in  the  occupations  of  commerce.  This  reacted  as 
a  powerful  stimulus,  directing  the  efforts,  and  calling  forth 
all  the  energies  of  the  p<'0|iie.  In  the  extraordinary  de- 
velopment of  industry  wliich  characterizes  the  .Netherlands, 
there  is  notliing  more  remarkable  than  the  harmonious 
blending  of  the  several  interests.  Tillage  here  cheerfully 
took  the  subordinate  place  which  nature  as.signeil  it.  and 
agriculture  felt  neither  fear  nor  jealousy  in  the  presence  of 
trade  and  manufactures.  Indeed,  the  bold  outlay  of  capital 
necessary  to  make  the  land,  as  we  may  say,  was  clearly  due 
to  the  S|iirit  and  genius  of  commerce;  for  Great  liritain.  in 
the  19th  century,  with  its  network  of  costly  railroads,  is  a 
le.ss  wonderful  spectacle  "than  were  the  Seven  United  l^ro- 
Tlnees  in  the  17th,  with  their  dikes,  canals,  and  quays  well 
lined  with  shipping.  In  sucli  a  country,  manufactures 
flourished  in  a  remarkable  degree,  though  they  never 
affectetl  to  be  a  predominating  interest.  The  linen  and  the 
paper  of  the  Dutch  Netherlands  have  long  held  the  first 
rank — the  principal  bleach-greens  are  at  Haarlem,  the 
paper-mills  at  Za;irdam.  Tlie  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth 
centres  in  Leyden,  Gouda,  and  Utrecht,  which  last-named 
place  is  famous  also  for  its  silk  velvet.  The  distilleries  of 
Sehiedauj  are  well  known;  (iouda  supplies  tobacco-pipes,  the 
best  of  tlieir  kind;  and  the  same  praise  m.iy  be  bestowed  on 
the  leather,  the  refined  sugar  of  the  Dutch,  and  many  other 
articles  intended  for  continent.il  u.se.  The  absence  of  coal 
and  the  prevalence  of  strong  winds  have  led  to  the  adoption 
of  the  windmill,  which  is  universally  employed  as  a  motive 
power  in  all  kinds  of  work. 

The  commerce  with  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  Kast 
Indies,  particularly  Java,  is  of  great  and  continually  in- 
creasing importance.  The  manufactured  goods  exported 
annually  to  the  M.,  amount  in  value  to  about  $50,000,000, 
while  the  imports  from  the  same  quarter  are  probably 
worth  §15,000.000.  The  following  Tables  exhibit  the  pre- 
sent state  of  the  trade  of  the  Netherlands: — 

Prixcipal  Exports  and  Imports  tn  1851. 


Butter lbs. 

Drugs $ 

Cottou  Yarn,  and  Thread     .    .    .    Ihs. 
Wheat bushels 


Rve. 


bushels 


Barley.    .    .    , busticls 

Buckwheat bushels 

Oats bushels 

Pig  Iron S 

Iron  Manufactures S 

Indigo lbs. 

Cheese lbs. 

Cotton,  unspun lbs. 

Coffee lbs. 

Silk.  Cotton,  Ac.,  Manufactures    .    .    S 

Wool  and  Cloth lbs. 

Oil  (Vegetable) casks 

Rice lbs. 

Cattle nuiuhcr 

Sheep uunilier 

Raw  Sugar cwts. 

Refiued  Sugar outs. 

Wine  in  Cask casks 


Imports.         Exports. 


374,«5:) 

l,;US,728 

29,011,874 

l,987,7BO 

i,808,240 

1,087,520 

628.080 

•M.OHO 

l,(i58.963 

814,107 

l,64o,.Vf2 

»l3,tf.Sl 

27,772,107 

n9..i7:i,7tl 

7,272.12+ 

1,210,825 

i;i,I80 

62,026,«9 

3,234 

5,560 

J,3«K.774 

•25,109 

9«,*:»5 


28,182,.382 

1,019.918 

19,054,523 

1,724,480 

B93,lfia 

670,000 

2,160 

l,055,3fi0 

1,039, 0«5 

587,179 

1,987,4.13 

49,390,286 

27,426,955 

101,417.705 

5,BT».638 

288,664 

32,117 

24,142,93-2 

59,1147 

167,304 

602.320 

1,163,H92 

24,238 


The  annexed  Table  exhibits  the  principal  countries  with 
which  the  Netherlands  has  commenrial  relations,  and  the 


trade  with  each  in  1852. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Tr.l%i 

Austria 

645.440 

1,492,782 

2,l38..-2-J 

Belgium 

10,602, S24 

9,826,132 

20,428,956 

Brazil 

553,952 

68,4«» 

622,440 

Bremen 

461, 3«0 

315,140 

776  520 

Canary  Islands 

2.374.764 

86,704 

2,461,463 

China 

1,000,292 

1,461,176 

2,461  468 

Cuba 

777.464 

87,164 

864J)-28 

Denmark 

8«t.S04 

510,436 

1.395,-240 

Krance    

5,124.396 

4,124,44H 

9,248,844 

German  Zollverein  .... 

21,401,057 

44,698,227 

6(>.0d9,284 

Great  Britain 

33,4K:i,416 

24,408.976 

j7, 892,39-2 

Hamburg 

1,285,944 

3,032.|HH 

4,31K,132 

Hanover  and  Oldenburg  .    . 

2,040.096 

925,916 

-i, 966.012 

Java 

30,126,540 

7,533,436 

37,669,976 

Naples  and  Sicily     .... 

573,588 

1,469,444 

2,043,032 

Norway  

1,817,220 

294, HS8 

2,112,108 

Russia 

7,347,112 

2,07  .-,908 

9,420,02C 

Surinam 

1,928,940 

586,844 

2,515,784 

Sweden 

198,980 

1-2S,I92 

327,172 

Turkey  and  Greece .... 

1.0h9,244 

1,473,685 

2,562,9-29 

United  .States 

3,734.309 

2,157.3S9 

5.891.698 

The  internal  trade  and  communication  give  employment 
to  5000  trekscbuyts  or  packet  boats,  and  1500  barges. 
Facilities  for  the  transit  of  goods,  &c.,  are  afforded  also  by  a 
railway  proceeding  from  Uotterdam  through  the  Hague  and 
Haarlem  to  Amsterdam,  and  continued  thence  through 
Utrecht  to  Arnheiii.  and  ultimately  intended  to  join  the 
Prussian  lines  on  the  Uhine. 

The  men  antile  marine  of  the  Netherlands  numbers  about 
2000  ships,  averaging  180  tons.  The  movement  of  vessels 
in  her  ports,  at  dilferent  periods,  Is  shown  in  the  following 
Table:— 

Nu.MBER  of  Vksskls,  mtd  their  Tonxaoe,  that  Entbrkd  cmd  Clbarko 
at  the  Ports  of  the  Netiikrlanos  in  the  yeara  specified. 


Entered. 

Cleared. 

Laden. 

Ba 

last. 

Laden.        |        BallasU 

Vess. 

■    Tons. 

Vess. 

Tons. 

Vess.  1  Tons.     Vess. 

Tons. 

1842 
1844 
1S46 
1848 
18.50 
1851 

5.928 
5,522 
7„552 
5,8:i5 
6,346 
6,449 

930,034 

857,219 

1, 106,243 

9I6,6.S4 

1,0-29,573 

1,089,884 

398 
309 
492 
485 
615 
511 

23,657 
19,572 
,58,195 
66,442 
70,098 
74,'256 

3.541  i  5:19,328    2,8-26 
3,608  i  556,064    2,279 
4.2-26  1  642,8:15    3,8->9 
3,973  1  632,SS0     2,751 
4,741  1  772,6:13    2,.9l) 
4,338     754,631    2,839 

442,081 
.358,732 
514,906 
389,067 
:i64,031 
461,937 

Fiiitical  Divisions. — The  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  is, 
at  the  pre.sent  day.  ro<Iuced  to  nearly  the  original  limits  of 
the  Seven  United  Provinces  in  the  16th  century.  The  pro- 
vinces now  composing  the  Netherlands,  properly  so  called, 
are  the  first  ten  given  in  the  accompanying  Table : — 

The  Provixcim  of  the  Nkthkrlands,  their  Abba  and  Popolatiom 
in  1853  i  thowiiig  aUo  the  Numbkr  of  Public  .Schuuls  in  each  Pro- 
vince, with  their  Average  A-ttendancb,  in  1851. 


Pkovi.vces. 

Area  In 
sq.  miles. 

Population. 
1853. 

Schools. 

ia5i. 

Attendance. 
1.851. 

North  Brabant . 

ig.'^s 

40.5,52.5 

403 

41,6.34 

Uelderlaud   .    , 

1972 

,S.S7,423 

4M 

3!l,098 

Sooth  Holland  . 

1180 

591,493 

4(j0 

6.3,911 

North  Holland  . 

9(56 

.'514,7.55 

530 

61,782 

Zealand    , 

644 

165,075 

155 

6,034 

Utrecht     ,    .    . 

5.-i-Z 

l.W,.*$24 

1.53 

16,771 

Frie3l.\nd .    .    , 

1272 

2.59,.508 

355 

34,118 

Overvs.sel      .    . 

1312 

227,683 

Zis 

34,805 

Groningea    .    . 

90S 

197,101 

246 

31,706 

Dreuthe    .    .    . 

lira 

87,944 

140 

11,965 

Liiuburg  .    . 

8.56 

211,401 

210 

19,191 

Total 

12,602 

3,767,671 

3295 

361,015 

Grand      Duehy~) 

of  Luxemburg,  V 

981 

194,619 

ISol     .    .    .     J 

Total 

13,613 

3,962,290 

AvEBASG  Value  of  the  Total  Imports  and  Exports  for  four  years  end- 
ing 1849,  Mid  the  Tot.l  Value  for  1850,  1851,  and  1852. 

Imports.  Exports.  Total. 

$107.:i09.982  .  .  .  $92,767,452  .  .  .  $200,077,434 
97,619,261  .  .  .  97.907.072  .  .  .  J 95,, 5,56,. 133 
121. .197. -289  .  .  .  97.097.922  .  .  .  218,695.211 
129,087,823  .  .  .    108,l»3.8o4  .  .  .     238,081,677 


Average,  1846-1850  . 

Total 1850  . 

Total isol  . 

Total 1852  . 


Limburg  and  Luxemburg,  though  annexed  to  the  crown, 
are  not  incorporated  in  tlie  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  but 
are  held  under  a  separate  administration,  and  are  regartled 
as  fiets.  by  virtue  of  whirh  the  king  is  constituted  a  member 
of  the  German  Confederation.    Pop.  in  1803,  3,607,866. 

In  addition  to  her  Kuropean  territorie.s,  the  Netherlands 
pos.sesses  a  wide  extent  of  colonies  and  deptmdencies  in  Asia, 
Africa,  and  America,  with  which  she  carries  on  an  exten- 
sive commerce,  and  whicli  contribute  materia'ly  to  her 
greatness.  They  are  enumerated,  with  their  area  and 
population,  in  the  following  Table;  the  population  of  .Tava, 
Sumatra,  Banca,  and  IJilliton,  being  according  to  the  ofliciaJ 
returns  of  December  31, 1852. 

1287 


NET 


NET 


Asia: — 
Java  and  the  adjacent  islands,  22  provinces 
Sumatra,  Governnieut  of  W.  coast    .     .     . 
Beukoeleu 

*'  Lanipong  districts 

"  Fnlembang 

"  Kingdom  of  Indragiri      .... 

**  Kingdom  of    .\ssahan,   Batoe,  ) 

Bar.i,     Sirdau,     Delli,    and  J- 

I-angkat ) 

Banca,  governoKjut  of 

Riouw,  do.  

Borneo,  province  Sambas 

"  "  \V.  coast 

"  "  S.  and  E.  coast.     .    .     . 

Celebes,  government  Macassar      .... 

Aniboiua,  proviuvo 

Menado,  do.        .     ,     • 

Ternate,         do 

Bauda,  do 

Timor.  do.        ,     • 

Bali  and  Loml>o1c 

Papua  or  New  Guinea,  part  of 

Billitou 

AMKRrcA  :— 
Guiana     ..*.. 

Isiauds  of  Curacao,  St.  Eustatius,  &c.  .     . 

Africa  : — 
Co^st  of  Guinea 


U,436 

T,5-.i* 

7.59« 
3.168 
5.;12 
54.fiiS 
140,112 
45.**M 
10.216 
27.032 
24.100 
8.772 
22.. '40 
4.0»4 
6.^4H 
1.150 


556,522 

60,000 

37.' 

60,372 
10,664 


9.950.000 
1,015.000 
110.000 
.54.000 
805,000 
60,000 

100,000 

47.000 
30.000 
46.M9 
304,076 
311.100 
1,56<I.000 
277,508 
1«3,000 
»7.3l'9 


765 


1.057,800 

1,105.000 

'.fOO.OOO 

5.700 


90,581 
100.000 


Sdmmary.— Total  Aria    and    Popclatios  o/  the  Kisodom  o/  tk« 
NETHfiBLANna,   including  the    Grand  Dtcur  o/   Luxsxbuso,  th» 

CoLONlKS,  alld  DEPKNItBNCIKS  : — 


xnrope   

Asia 

America 

Afrioa 

sq'm."    POP"'*'-"- 

13.643 
556.522 
60,372 
10,661 

S.9R-',290 

16,974,097 

90,581 

Total 

641.201 

Oovemment.  4c. — The  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  as  it 
now  exists,  is  a  heroditAry  constitutional  monarchy.  The 
e.xecutlve  power  is  vested  wholly  in  the  kin^.^.  who  shares 
also  the  work  of  leii.slation  with  the  States-tJeneral.  This 
coii.sists  of  two  chambers — the  upper  with  25.  and  the  lower 
with  55  members — who  assemble  for  (lelil)eratioii  at  the 
Ila^ue,  ('S  "Jravenhaai;.)  the  capital  of  the  kin',;dom.  or.  more 
correctly,  the  royal  residence.  The  members  of  the  upper 
chamber  are  nam'ed  by  the  king  for  life:  the  others  are 
elected  by  the  I'rovincial  States,  whose  principal  functions 
are  of  a  local  nature.  The  government  is  strong,  and  the 
administration,  in  every  department,  is  simple  and  econo- 
mical. Dutch  India  is  ruled  by  a  (ilovernor-OSeneral.  re.siding 
at  Batavia.  under  whom  are  the  governors  and  residents  at 
the  various  insular  .settlements. 

The  revenue  of  the  Netherlands,  asestimatcil  in  the  budset 
brought  forward  in  lSo4,  was  $17,958.4:58.  of  which  .?4.V15.219 
was  derived  from  direct  taxes.  .44.904.824  from  customs. 
$1,181,915  from  tolls  on  vessels.  $337,500  from  the  postM>fflce, 
$2,450,000  from  the  extra  contributions  from  the  colonie.s. 
and  $1,175,000  from  the  colonial  administration  fund  at 
home.  The  total  expenditures  according  to  the  same  esti- 
mate, amounted  to  $17,675,928,  of  which  $2,600,000  was  for 
the  army.  $1,413,750  for  the  navy,  and  $9,052,371  for  interest 
on  the  stiit.3  debt,  wliich  at  this  d;itearaounte<J  to  $-300,247,075. 
The  revenue  of  the  Kast  Indian  colonies  in  1S52.  was  esti- 
mated at  $17,485,698.  and  expenditures  at  $17,113,230.  The 
•  revenue  from  the  other  colonies  amounted  to  $309,682,  and 
the  expenditures  to  .$413,031. 

Army  aivl  X'lvi/. — The  armv  in  1852  amounted  to  .57.959 
men,  including  1669  officers,  the  artillery  numbered  10.994 
men.  The  n.ivy  in  1854  comprised  5  ships  of  the  line.  2 
carrying  84.  and  3  carrying  74  guns  each.  13  friu'ates 
with  from  38  to  60  guns  each.  12  corvettes  of  from  18  to  28 
guns  each.  83  other  sail-vessels.'  including  14  brigs  and  49 
schooners;  17  steam-ships  of  from  170  to  300  horse-power 
each,  and  9  other  steamers,  making  the  total  number  of 
war  vessels  140,  carrying  2174  guns,  and  manned  by  6760 
men ;  besides  which,  there  were  two  companies  of  marine 
infantry,  compri.sing  15SS  men. 

BluciUnn,  Reliijion.  &c.. — Th-^  Dutch  provinces,  taken  col- 
lectively, form  the  most  civilized  portion  of  Kurope:  for 
what  they  want  in  social  brilliancy  and  attraction,  is  amply 
made  up  by  the  g«neral  diffusion  of  inti-lli/ence  among  all 
(.lasses:  and,  among  the  wealthier  rlasses.  there  is  no  want 
of  Koli  1  and  extensive  learning.  There  were,  in  1851,  3295 
schools  for  popular  instruction,  attended  bv  361.015  pupils, 
being  equal  to  above  a  half  of  the  total  population  between 
the  ages  of  5  aud  15  years,  [tee  Ihble,  page  1287 ;]  and  3 


universities — at  Leyden,  Utrecht,  and  Groningen.  attended 
by  1119  .students — besides  numerous  academies  of  an  intei^ 
nietiiate  c harat'ter.  The  majority  of  the  p<ipnlation  are  J'ro- 
testants  of  various  sect? — Lutheran  and  Calvinistic — the 
latter  predominating;  the  Mennonites  (Anabaptists)  also 
form  a  numerous  body :  above  a  third  part  are  liouiau 
Catholics,  and  there  are  a  large  number  of  Jews.  All  reli- 
gious sects  and  persuasions  are  pr)litirall}'  on  a  perfectly 
equal  footing.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  Roman 
Catholic  archbishop  of  Utrecht,  and  the  bi.shop  of  Haarlem 
and  Deventer.  are  lx)th  Jansenisls,  and  admini.-ter  their 
sacred  offces  without  the  sanction  of  the  Pope.  In  their 
charitable  institutions,  al^^o,  the  Dutch  arc  exemplary;  and 
in  the  management  of  their  poor,  they  have  shown  equal 
wisdom  and  liberality.  The  rel.itive  proportions  of  the 
Protestants.  Uoman  Catholics,  and  Jews  in  the  Netherlands, 
exclusive  of  Luxeiuburg,  are  exhibited  in  the  accompanying 
Table  :— 

PopDLATioN  0/  the  Nethiblakds  occvTcUng  to  Kkuoions. 


Benominationa.      {        1840. 

1 

1850. 

Proportion  to 
UK.HJ, 

1,704,275 

1,10(1,(!16 

52,245 

3,314 

1,8.'52,63S 
1,164,142 

5;V-!8 
1,369 

1S40. 

IS.'iO. 

Protestants    .    . 
Roman  Catholics 
Israelites  .    .     . 
Unnamed .    ,    . 

597 
385 
18 

600 

3S1 

19 

1    2,860,430 

3,056,667 

Language,  Literature,  &c. — ^The  language  of  the  Nether- 
lands or  Dutch,  a.s  we  call  it.  is  derived  from  the  Piatt 
Deutwh  "^f  North  tJermany.  which  never  received  any  lite- 
rary cultivation ;  for  huther  and  the  Keformation  turned  the 
scales  against  it;  and  German  or  Iloch  Deutsch  (Iliih)  Dutch 
gained  the  ascendant  in  Germjiny  .just  when  the  popular 
language  liegan  to  be  employed  as  the  ordinary  vehicle  of 
thought.  The  Piatt  Deutscli  disappearing  from  the  field  of 
view,  a  very  wide  cb.asm  remains  lietween  the  kindred  lan- 
guages of  Germany  and  the  Netherland.s — the  High  and  Low 
Dutch.  From  the  latter  h.is  branched  olT  the  Flemish,  scarcely 
differing  from  the  Dutch,  yet  cultivated  now  as  if  it  were 
quite  distinct  from  the  cognate  tongue.  The  Frisians,  also, 
have  a  peculiar  dialect.  re.sembling,  in  some  res|>ects.  the 
Anglo-Saxon.  The  Dutch  is  softer  in  sound  than  the  High 
German,  and  po.sse.sses  fully  the  iinmciis<»  resources  of  that 
langu.age.  in  its  natural  copiousness,  flexibility,  and  the  faci- 
lity of  tbrming  new  terms  from  native  rfKits.  There  is  uo Eu- 
ropean language  which  borrows  so  little  from  Greek  or  Latin 
as  the  Dutch.  The  literature  of  the  Netherlands  reaches  a 
long  way  back;  many  chronicles  exist  in  it  of  the  i:3th  and 
14th  centuries:  and  as  to  the  vjilue  of  that  literature,  it 
will  be  suflficiently  warranted  by  pointing  to  the  names  of 
the  great  writ<irs  which  the  country  ha.s  produced,  as  Era* 
mus.  Grotius,  Swammerdain.  Bnerhaave.  Huygens,  &0. 
Ilooft  and  Van  den  Vondel,  in  the  17th  century,  cultivated 
the  drama  with  great  success.  Cats,  an  amusing  and  in- 
structive poet  of  the  greatest  genius,  acquired  and  main- 
tains a  populitrity  like  that  of  La  Fontaine.  The  last 
century  pn)duced  many  Dutch  authors  of  gi-eat  eminence 
— Feith.  Bilderdyck,  Ileliners,  !>pandaaw.  Van  Jv.-unpen, 
Van  Hall,  and  Van  Leunep;  and  the  present  age  is  no  less 
prolific.  Dutch  literature,  a.s  it  gives  expression  to  the  sen- 
timents of  an  orderly,  practical,  and  well-educate<l  people, 
has  generally  a  sol)er  and  solid  character;  but  it  is  not  defi- 
cient in  the  grace,  novelty,  and  vivid  coloring  which  render 
even  the  gravest  themes  attr.ictive. 

History. — The  Biit.ivi  (or  Batavians)  were  already  known 
to  the  Roman.s,  in  the  time  of  Julius  C.^sar.  as  a  warlike  na- 
tion. Their  neighbors,  the  Belgse,  .seem  to  h.Hve  been  distin- 
guished, even  in  that  early  age.  fur  that  inclination  to  coni- 
merce  which  afterwards  exerteil  such  an  influence  on  the 
history  of  the  Netherlands.  It  was  in  the  year  9  B.  c,  that 
Drusus  joined  the  Kbine  and  Yssel  by  a  canal,  (now  called  the 
New  Yssel.)  and  set  the  example  of  those  great  works  which 
have  chanired  the  face  of  the  whole  country.  Under  AdrinD 
and  Septiuiius  Severus.  the  Batavi  shared  the  imperi.tl  favor, 
and  probably  advanced  in  civilization  by  contact  with  the 
Romans.  .A.bout  the  lieginning  of  the  fourth  century,  they 
united  with  the  Frisians,  a  p<!Ople  of  kindred  origin.  The 
sixth  century  witnessed  their  subjugation  by  the  Fr.tnks; 
and,  in  the  middle  of  the  ninth,  they  were  incorporated  in 
the  empire  founded  by  Charlemagne.  Soon  after  this,  the 
whole  country  was  parcelled  out  info  small  principalitieH, 
in  accordance  with  the  feudal  spirit  of  the  age.  These  prin- 
cipalities were  as  follows: — The  duchies  of  Gueldn-s.  Brsp 
bant.  Luxemburg,  and  Limburg :  the  marquisate  of  Anvers, 
(.Antwerp;)  the  counties  »f  Holland.  Zealand.  Zutphen, 
Flanders.  Artois,  Ilainaut.  and  Namur;  with  the  lordships 
of  Utrecht,  Overyssel.  Groningen.  Frie^land.  and  Mechlin. 
Such  was  the  origin  of  the  Seventeen  Provinces,  afterwards 
grouped  together  as  the  NetherUnds,  Pays  Bas.  or  Low 
Countries.     Among  these  petty  states,  Flanders  held  tiia 


NET 


NEU 


furumogt  rank ;  and  when,  in  the  14th  century,  the  estates 
of  the  Count  of  Klauders  passed,  by  matrimonial  alliance, 
to  the  house  of  JUirguiidy,  the  paramount  authority  in  the 
Ketherlauds  passeil  with  them.  In  like  manner,  these 
estates  passed  from  the  house  of  Burgundy  to  that  of  Austria, 
and  Charles  V.  inherited  the  sovereignty  of  the  Seventeen 
Provinces.  But  his  son  and  successor,  Philip  II.,  having 
deeply  olTended  the  people  by  an  attempt  to  establish  the 
Imiui.-ition  among  them,  and  by  various  oppressive  acts, 
seven  of  the  states,  namely,  llolland,  ZeaJand,  Utrecht, 
Oelderland,  Overyssoi,  Uroningen,  and  Friesland,  united  in 
defence  of  theii;  libertirs.  and  formed  a  federal  republic,  at 
the  head  of  which  they  (ilaced,  with  the  title  of  Stallhouder, 
(Stadtholder.)  William  of  Nassau,  I'rince  of  Orange.  At  the 
end  of  the  Itith  century,  the  Dutch  gained  the  possession 
of  the  Molucca  Islands,  and  secured  a  monopoly  of  the  spice 
trade.  At  the  eud  of  the  17  th  century,  they  owned  nearly 
half  of  the  shijiping  of  Kurope,  but  in  con.se<iuenceof  the  wars 
In  which  they  were  engaged,  and  the  increase  of  the  mei^ 
cautile  navies  of  other  countries,  they  lost  their  commercial 
pre-eminence.  The  country  was  invaded  by  Louis  XI V,  but 
the  inhabitftiits,  taking  refuge  in  their  shipping,  broke  down 
the  dikes,  and  he  was  compelled  to  retire.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  French  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  and 
in  1795  it  formed  the  liatitvian  Itepublic.  It  was  erected 
into  the  Kingdom  of  Holland  in  1806,  but  in  1810  became 
incorporated  with  tlie  French  Kmpire.  In  the  mean  time 
its  commerce  was  ne!>rly  annihilated,  and  tlie  Dutch  colonial 
possessions  were  seized  by  the  British.  At  the  establish- 
ment of  peace  in  1811,  the  I'rince  of  Orange  resumed  his 
authority,  the  colonial  pos.sessions,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Cape  of  Uood  Hope.  Ceylon,  Demerara,  Essequibo,  and 
Berbice,  were  restored,  and  a  period  of  commercial  prosperity 
succeeded.  By  the  act  of  the  Allied  Powers,  tlie  Prince  of 
Orange  was,  in  ISKi,  elevated  to  the  rank  of  King  of  the 
Netherlands,  with  increased  territories,  extending  over  the 
present  kingdom  oT  Belgium.  In  18o0,  a  revolt  took  place 
in  Belgium,  the  inhabitants  of  which  never  willingly  sub- 
mitted to  the  sway  of  their  Dutch  neighbors,  and,  after  a 
ehort  struggle,  the  latter  were  compelled  to  evacuate  tlie 
country.  Belgium  was  then  erected  into  a  kingdom ;  and 
the  present  limits  of  the  ICingdom  of  the  Netherlands  were 

defined    by  trefity  in    1838. Adj.   N£Therl.4,ndish,  and 

Dutch:  inhab.  Dutchma.v.    (See  Holland.) 

NKTII'KK  PK0V1DKNCE,  a  township  of  Delaware  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1497. 

NETIIOU,  PIC,  peek  nt/h'too/,  and  MALADETTA.  mMi- 
dJt'td,  the  highest  peak  of  the  Pyrenees,  or  rather  two 
neighboring  p.  aks.  on  the  frontiers  of  Spain,  near  lat.  32° 
40'  X..  Ion.  0°  45'  V..     Height,  11,168  feet. 

NET'LEY  AB'BEY,  a  fine  ruin  of  England,  co.,  and  3  miles 
S.E.  of  Southampton,  on  the  E.  side  of  Southampton  Wafer. 

NETO,  nA'to,  or  XIETO,  ne-A'to,  (anc.  KecrOius.)  a  small 
river  in  the  S.  of  Italy,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Tarauto  near 
89°  15'  N.  latitude., 

NE  rOLITZ,  n;l/to-lits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  14  miles  N.W. 
of  Budweis.     Pop.  2312. 

NETllO,  n.Vtro,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Turin,  province  of  Biella.     Pop.  2123. 

NETTKOW,  nJtt'kov,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Si- 
lesia, government  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Oder.     Pop.  1125. 

NETTIiEBED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NETTLECARKIEll,  a  post-office  of  Overton  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

NET'TLEC0:MBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

NET/TLE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  l;i98. 

NETTLEIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NET'TLK  LAKE,  a  post-offlce  of  Williams  CO.,  Ohio. 

NETTLKSTEAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

NETTL1-;.STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

NETTLESWKLL.  a  i>arish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

NET/TLETON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NEXT  LET!  )N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NETTLINGP;N,  nJtt'llng-en,  a  village  of  Hanover,  princi- 
pality and  9  miles  E.  of  Ilildesheim.     Pop.  1056. 

NETTSTAL.  nitt'stril,  a  town  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  and  1  mile  N.  of  Glarus,  on  the  Linth.  Pop. 
2028. 

NETTUNO,  nJt-too'no,  a  Seaport  town  of  Italy,  Pontifieal 
States,  31  miles  S  S.E.  of  Rome.  Pop.  1800.  It  has  the  ruins 
of  a  temple  of  Neptune,  (whence  its  name,)  and  is  supposed 
to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Oseino,  the  port  of  Autium. 

NETUM.    See  NoTO. 

NETZE.  nSfseh,  a  river  of  Prussia,  joins  the  Warta  6 
,niles  ]•;.  of  Landsberg.     Total  course  about  140  miles. 

NETZSCHKAU,  nJtsh'kow,  a  town  of  Saxony,  13  miles 
&W.  of  Zwickau.     Pop.  KiOO. 

KECT,  noi.  or  NEUEN.  noi'en,  a  German  word,  signifying 
new,  prefixed  to  many  places  in  Germany,  as  Neu-Markt, 
New  Market,"  Neu-Burg.  '•  New  Castle,"  &c. 

NEU-BISTRITZ,  noi-bis/trits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  32  miles 
S.E.  of  Tabor.     Pop.  3660. 

NEUBKRG,  noi'bfao  a  village  and  parish  of  Styria,  N.N.E. 
Qf  Brack.    Pop.  1488. 


NEUBOURG,  nuh'booR',  a  market-town  of  France,  d» 
partment  of  Eure,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Evreux.     Pop.  2341. 

NEU-BRANDEXBURG.  noi-brdn'd?n-bOonG\  a  town  of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  on  the  Lake  Toliens,  17  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Neu-Strelitz.  Pop.  6000.  It  has  a  ducal  palace,  several 
churches,  and  manufactures  of  tobacco,  chemical  products, 
playing-cards,  cottons,  and  woollens. 

NEUBICUCK,  (Xeubruck,)  noi'briik,  (Polish  Noioymost^ 
no've-most,)  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  35  miles  N.W.  of 
Posen.  on  the  Warta. 

NEUBRUCK,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, government  of  Frankfort,  circle  of  Crossen. 

XEUBRUXN.  noi'brOon,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Lower  Fran- 
conia,  district  of  Ilomburg.    I'op.  1124. 

NEU'BCRG,  (Ger.  pron.  noi'lxViRG,)  a  town  of  Bavaria, 

circle  of  Swabia,  formerly  capital  of  a  duchy  of  its  own 

name,  on   the  Danulx;,   here   crossed  by  tv>'0   bridges,  29 

miles  N.X'.E.  of  .Augsburg.     Pop.  6352.     It  has  remains  of 

ancient  fortifications,  a  castle,  containing  a  theatre  and 

!  museum,  an  arsenal,  barracks,  a  church  with  a  fine  painting 

'  by  Rubens,  and  a  royal  institute,  (college  of  nobles,)  several 

'  superior  .schools,  breweries,  and  distilleries. 

I      X  EUBURG,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  near  the  Rhine, 

!  15  miles  S.E.  of  Landau.    Pop.  1480. 

I      XEL'BURO-VOR-DEM-WALDE.    noi'MoRQ  TOR-dJm-*ai'- 

I  deh,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Schwarzach,  27  miles  N.N.E. 

of  Ratisbon.   Pop.  2036.   See  Klo.stkrxeuiiuro,  Korneuburo. 

NEL'D.iMM,  noi'ddmm,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  2430. 

NEUDEK,  nolMJk,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  N.  of 
Elbogen,   on  the  Rohla,  with  2  castles.     Pop.  2000. 

NEUDENAU,noi'deh-nOw\  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Ja^t, 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Wimpfen.     Pop.  1250. 

NEUDORF,  noi'doKf,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  9  milerS. 
of  Vienna.     Pop.  2024. 

NEUDORF,  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia,  circle  of  Ura- 
disch.     i'op.  1560. 

NEUD;)RF,  a  town  of  North  Hungary.    See  Igi.0. 

NEUDORF,  a  village  of  Austria.     See  KiiNiosFELD. 

NEUDORF,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  42  miles  S.  by  E.  cf 
Olmutz.    Pop.  917. 

NEUDORF,  a  village  of  Germany,  Anhalt-Bernburg,  near 
Harzgerode.  In  the  vicinity  are  thi;  PfafTenberg  and  VVeisa- 
berg,  the  two  most  important  silver-mines  of  Lower  Han 
Pop.  819. 

NEUDORF,  a  village  of  Moravia,  circle  of  BrUnn. 

NEUDORF  or  WALTERSDJRF,  wal'tfrs-donf,  a  village 
of  Germany,  Moravia,  circle  of  Brilun.     i'op.  1510. 

NEUDORF,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow,  on 
the  Popelka,  alxiut  9  miles  from  Git.schin.    Pop.  1194. 

NEUEN.     Sch;  Xeu. 

NEUENBURG,  Switzerland.    See  Neifchatel. 

NEUEXBURG,  noi'fn-buoRoN  a  town  of  Germany,  West 
Prussia,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Marienwerder,  on  the  Vistula. 
Pop.  2960. 

NEUENBURG,  a  town  of  Germany,  WUrtemberg,  on  the 
Enz,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  1554. 

NEUE.NBURG,  a  town  of  Germ.tny,  grand-duchy  of  Baden, 
on  the  Rhine,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Freiliurg.     Pop.  1120. 

N  EUEN  DORF,  noi'en-doRf  \  a  village  of  Germany,  Rhenish 
Prussia.  2  miles  N.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1880. 

NEUENDORF,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Anlmlt- 
Kiithen.  N.W.  of  GUsten. 

NEUENECK  or  NEUENEGO,  noi'en-Jk',  a  village  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton  and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Bern.     Pop.  IsSO. 

NEUENHAUS.  noi'en-liows'.  a  town  of  Hanover,  50  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Osnaburg."  Pop.  1462. 

NEUENHAUS,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Saxe-Meinin- 
gen,  E.N.E.  of  Coburg.  about  1100  feet  al)0ve  the  sea.    P.  610. 

NEUENKIRCHEN,  iioi'en-keeRKVn.  a  villajre  of  Hanover, 
government  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Osiiaburg.     Pop.  1144. 

NEUENICIRCHEN,  a  market-town  of  Prussia,  Westpha- 
lia, 37  miles  S.S.W.  of  Minden.     Pop.  1370. 

NEUENRADE,  noi'en-ri'deh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  West- 
phalia. 14  miles  S.W.  o'f  Arnsberg.     Pop.  13t;o. 

NEUENSTADT  or  NEUENSTADT-AM-iCOCHER,  noi'gn- 
stitt'im-ko'Ker,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on  the  Kocher,  8 
miles  N.E.  of 'Heilbronn.     Pop.  1421. 

NEUEXSTEIN,  noi'en-stine\  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on 
the  Eppach.  31  miles  X.W.  of  IJllwangen.     Pop.  1486. 

NEUERBURG.  noi'fr-b(55Ra\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
23  miles  N.W.  of  Treves.     I'op.  1730. 

NEUEltX,  noi'frn,  (Ober,  (/her.  and  Unter,  iWn'ter,)  two 
contiguous  small  towns  of  Bohemia,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Klat- 
tau.     United  pop.  1250. 

NEUFAHRWASSER.  noi'faR-*asW,  a  village  of  West 
Prussia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  W.  arm  of  the  Vistula.  4  miles 
N.  of  Dantzic,  of  wliicli  it  is  the  port.  It  has  a  lighthouse, 
and  is  defended  by  a  fort. 

NEUF-BRISACH,  a  town  of  France.    See  Breisach. 

NEUFCHATEAU,  nurshiHo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vosges.  on  the  Mouzon,  close  to  its  junctiiai  with 
the  Meuse.  35  miles  X.W.  of  Epinal.  Pop.  in  1852.  3735.  H 
has  a  communal  college,  public  library,  and  manufactures 
of  coarse  woollens,  doe-skins,  and  cotton  quilts. 

1289 


NE0 

NKUFCPJ  TEAX:,  ncfsha'to/,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
^■f  I^uskemly  urg.  i9  miles  S.W.  of  Bustogne.     I'op.  lt)48. 

XKIFOIiaTEL  or  NKUCUaTEL,  nush'dHel',  (Ger.  A^eu- 
trdmrg.  uoi'eQ-boORo\)  a  frontier  cauton  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Switze.-laud,  having  ou  the  S.K.  the  Lake  of  Neufchatel,  and 
on  oilier  sides  fraiiee  and  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Vaud. 
Area  iSl  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1860,  87,369.  mostly  Protes- 
taut,'.  The  Jura  Mountains  intersect  it  from  S.  to  X.,  and 
the  river  Uoubs  bounds  it  on  the  ^■.^^".  Pastures  occupy 
most  part  of  the  surface.  Except  wine,  kitchen  vege- 
table*, and  hay,  the  vegetable  products  ai-e  insufficient  for 
home  consumption;  corn  is  imported  from  the  cantons  of 
Bern  and  Ba.-el.  Many  cattle  are  reared,  and  cheese  is 
an  important  export.  From  18,000  to  20.000  hands  are 
more  or  less  employed  in  watchmaking,  in  both  the  urban 
and  rural  districts.  Cotton  fabrics,  hosiery,  cutlery,  and 
metallic  wares  generally,  are  the  other  chief  manufactures. 
Until  1S4S  Neufchatel  acknowledged  the  sovereignty  of  Prus- 
sia, but  a  revolution  having  then  occurred,  it  is  now  a  demo- 
cratic member  of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  in  which  it  holds 
the  21st  place.  The  principal  towns  are  Neufchatel,  the 
capital,  Chaux-de-i'onds,  VnJengin,  and  lie  Locle. 

NEUFCU.\TJt;L,  ((jer.AeueiU/ur(/,uoilvn-hoC>Ka,)  a  town  of 
Switzerland,  capital  of  the  above  canton,  on  the  N.W.  shore 
of  the  Lake  Xeufchatel,  2.3  miles  W.  of  Bern.  Pup.l0.3S2.  It 
has  an  ancient  caj^tle,  the  former  residence  of  the  Dukes  of 
Meufchatel.  a  cathedral  of  the  12th  century,  a  town-hall,  with 
a  public  library,  au  orphan  asylum,  founded  in  1722,  several 
hospitals,  a  college,  and  a  collection  of  natural  history.  It  is 
the  chief  entrepot  of  the  canton,  and  has  considerable  trade 
ia  wine,  corn,  cattle,  watches,  lace,  cotton  stuffs.  <!tc. 

SEUFCU.\TEL,  LAKE  (Jf,  one  of  the  larger  lakes  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  \V.  part,  18  miles  N.  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
enclosed  by  the  cantons  of  Keufchatel,  Vaud,  Freyburg  and 
Bern  Length  24  miles,  average  breadth  4  miles.  Esti- 
mated area  90  square  miles,  height  above  the  sea  143  feet, 
and  depth  420  feet.  It  receives  several  rivers;  the  Broye 
brings  to  it  the  surplus  waters  of  Lake  Moral,  and  it  dis- 
charges its  own  towards  the  N.  by  the  Thiel  through  the 
Lake  of  Bienne  into  the  Aar.  Its  scenery  is  less  sublime 
than  that  of  the  other  Swis.s  lakes,  but  its  banks  an:  pleasant, 
and  on  them  are  the  towns  of  Neufchatel  and  Vverdun,  be- 
tween which  a  steamer  plies  daily. 

NEUFCI1ATKL-E.\-Bi;AY,  msh'^HM'  5.V  bri.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  freiue-luferieure,  25  miles  N.E.  of 
Kouen,  on  the  Bethune,  and  on  the  railway  from  I'aris  to 
Calais.  Pop.  in  1852,  otJ02.  It  is  fauied  for  its  cheese,  in 
which,  witll  butter  and  flour,  it  has  a  considerable  trade. 

NEUFFEN,  noif'f^n,  a  town  of  \\  urtemberg,  9  miles  NJi. 
of  Keutlingen.     Pop.  2000. 

NELFKA,  noi'fri.  a  niarketrtown  of  Uohenzollern-Sigma- 
ringen,  on  the  Fehl.     I'op.  1230. 

NELGtUEIN,  noi'gheh-diue\  or  KDYNIE,  kdin'yA,  a 
market-town  of  Bohemia,  14  miles  V,'.  of  Klattau.  Pop. 
1813.  It  has  one  of  the  most  important  woollen  manufac- 
tories in  the  kingdom. 

NEUUUEX  or  XEUQUE,  river  in  La  Plata.   See  Diamante. 

NEUIIAUS,  noi'hows,  a  town  of  Germany,  Bohemia,  23 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Tal>or.  Pop.  7604.  It  has  a  handsome  pa- 
htce  of  Count  Czeruin,  a  Jesuit  college,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  linen,  and  paper. 

KELUAUS,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  40  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Minden,  on  the  Lippe.     Pop.  1410. 

NEUU.4L'S,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hanover,  24  miles  N.W, 
of  Stade,  with  a  port  on  the  Uste.    Pop.  1513. 

XELli.\U8EL,  noi'hoiVel,  (llun.  Krsek-ljvar,  Iv^shliil- 
Co'ee-vda',)  a  market-town  of  North-West  Hungary,  co.  and  22 
Dsiles  S.  of  Neutra,  on  the  Xeutra  River,  and  on  the  railway 
from  Vienna  to  Szolnok.  Pop.  6780.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a 
Btrong  fortress,  and  manufactui-es  of  woollens. 

NElUAL'SEX,  noi/howVen,  or  NEUUALSEX-AUF-DEN- 
FELDKliX,  norliow'zen  Ow'f  den  fel'deru,  a  market-town  of 
Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Xeckar,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Esslingen. 
Pop.  2170. 

XEUIIAUSEX,  a  market-town  of  Wiirtemberg,  on  the 
Erms.  N.W.  of  Urach.     Pop.  1201. 

XEUIIAUSEX  or  NF^UHAUSEX-OB-ECK,  noiOiow'zen  ob 
Jk,  a  market-town  of  W  urtemberg,  5  miles  E.  of  Tuttliiigen. 
Pop.  1015. 

NEUUOF,  noi/hif,  several  marketrtowna  of  Central  and 
South  Germany,  the  principal  in  ilesse-Cassel,  province  and 
7  mile."  S.S.W.  of  Fulda.     Pop.  1700. 

NEVIIOF.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  X.  of  Czaslau,  with  a  mag- 
nificent castle,  surrounded  with  fine  gardens,  and  possessing 
a  library  of  25.000  volumes.     Pop.  791. 

XEUlIUrr EN,  (Xeuhutten,)  uoi'hUtHgn,  a  Tillage  of  Bo- 
hemia- circle  of  Kakouitz.     Pop.  998. 

XEUlLLfi-POXT-PlEKKE.  nuh'yA'  pAs''  pe-aiR/,  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  13  miles  N.X.W. 
of  Tourii.    Pop.  1570. 

NEUILLY,  nchVee/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute- .^larne.  6  miles  E.  of  Laiigres.     Pop.  1240. 

NEUILLY-EN  TlIEUJi,  nihVee/  Sn"   tJU,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Oise,  capital  of  a  canton,  13  miles  W. 
Of  Sealis.     Pop.  1300. 
1290 


NEU 

NEUILLY-LES-R£AL.  nrhVee'  li  rJ'il/,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  AUier,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Moulina. 
Pop.  1222. 

XEUlLLY-LE-VENDIX,nuhVe'leh  v8NoMiN<=/,  a  vUlaje 
of  France,  department  and  IS  miles  X.E.  of  Mayeune.  Pop. 
1571. 

XEUILLY-L'EVEQUE,  (Xeuilly-l'Eveqne,)  nrh^ee'  li'- 
vek',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  4  miles 
S.E.  of  Isigiiy.     Pop.  1213. 

XEUILLY-SAIXT-FROXT,  nch^ee'  sA.no  friso.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne,  11  miles  X.W.  of  Chateau- 
Thierry.     l>op.  1S02. 

XEUILLV-SCK-SEIXE,  nuhVee'  siiR  sin,  a  town  of 
France,  department  and  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  here 
crossed  by  a  noble  stone  bridge  of  5  arches,  I5  miles  from 
the  \\.  e.xtremity  of  Paris,  and  on  the  road  to  St.  Germains 
Pop.  in  18.52. 15,897.  chiefly  employed  in  manufuctures  of  por- 
celain and  starch,  chemical  works,  and  liqueur  distilleries. 
It  has  a  haud^ome  church,  fine  modern  villas,  and  pictu- 
resque well-wooded  suburbs.  The  royal  chateau  of  Xeuilly, 
buiit  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV..  was  till  lately  the  favorite 
summer  residence  of  Louis  Philippe,  but  was  destroyed 
during  the  Revolution  of  1848.  The  park  extends  some 
distance  along  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  and  into  the 
wooded  islets  that  divide  the  sti-eam. 

XEUKALDEN,  noiTidl'dyn.  a  walled  town  of  Germany, 
Jleckleuberg-Schwerin,  duchy  and  26  miles  E.  of  Gustrow, 
on  l.ake  Cumerow.     Pop.  2150. 

XEUKIKCII,  noi'keeRK,  a  town  of  PruR.sian  Silesia,  go- 
vernment of  Oppeln.  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leobschiitz.     P.  1040. 

XEUKIKCII,  four  small  villages  and  parishes  of  Switzer- 
land, the  largest  in  the  canton  of  Lucerne.     Pop.  22t)4. 

XEUKIKCII,  (XlEDER,  neo'der,  ai;d  GBtR,  o^ber,)  a  town 
of  Prussia,  government  and  S.AV.  of  Liegnitz. 

XEUKIRCIIEX,  noi'keeRKVn,  a  village  of  Upper  Austria, 
circle  of  Traun.     Pop.  1003.  . 

XEUKIRCIIEX,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government 
and  13  miles  S.  of  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  972. 

XEUKIRCIIEX,  a  town  of  Ilesse-Cassel,  on  the  Grenft,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Ziegenhain.     Pop.  2057. 

XEUKIRCIIEX-BEIM-HEILIGEX-BLUT,  noi'keeRKVn 
bim  hilig-fn  bloot,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  X.W. 
of  Passau.     Pop.  1510. 

XEUKLOSTER,  noiTvlos^ter,  a  village  of  Mecklenberg- 
Schwerin.  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wismar.     Pop.  717. 

XEULAXD,  noilint,  a  village  of  Prus.sian  Silesia,  go- 
vernment of  Oppeln,  circle  of  Xeisse.     Pop.  1046. 

XEULERCHEXFELD.    See  LKRcuEXFttn. 

XEULISE,  nuhUeez/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire,  on  the  railway  fi-om  Lyons  to  Roanne,  about  7  miles 
S.E.  of  Roanne.    I'op.  1033. 

XEUMAGEX,  noi'md-ghen,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
14  miles  X.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Moselle.     Pep.  1370. 

XEUM.^IUv,  noi'maak,  a  walled  town  of  West  Prussia, 
36  miles  S.E.  of  Marieuwerder,  on  the  Dreweuz.     Pop.  loOf , 

XEUMAKK,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  34  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Xeu-Saudec. 

XEUM.\RK.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  and  16  mUe.i 
M'.S.W.  of  Klattau.    Pop.  1133. 

XEUMARKT,  noi'maukt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  It 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  railway  to  Glogau.  Pop 
4100.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  mauulactures  ot 
woollens  and  linens. 

XEUMARKT,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Suiz,  21  miles 
S.E.  of  Xuremberg.  I'op.  3085.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
has  manufactures  of  silk  and  toliacco. 

XEUMARKT,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  13  miles  X.E.  of 
Salzburg.     Pop.  700. 

XEUMARKT.  a  town  of  Germany,  Illyria,  24  miles  X  J»  .W. 
of  Laybach.    Pop.  1440. 

XEUMARKT,  Transylvania.    See  Maros-Vasaehelt. 

XEUMARKT  or  XEU.MARKT-AX-DEK-OLKZA,  noi'- 
maRkt  dn  d^r  olkt/sd.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Styria, 
S.W.  of  Juder.burg.     Pop.  1195. 

XEU.M.\KKT.  (It.  Egna,  en'ya.)  a  marketrtown  of  Austria, 
Tyrol.  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Botzen,  on  the  Adige.    Pop,  1548. 

XEUMUULEN,  (Neumlihleu.)  noi'muMen,  a  village  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Ilolstein.  near  Kiel.     Pop.  900. 

XEUMUXSTKK.  (Xeumiinster,)  noi'mun'ster.  a  village  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Holstein,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiel,  on  the 
Hamburg  Railway. 

XEUXBURG-VOR-DEM-AV.A.LD.  noin'booRG  voR  dem  *dlt, 
a  town  of  Bavaria.  27  miles  X..N.E.  of  Katisbon.    Pop.  2030. 

XEUXDORF.  noin'doRf,  a  village  of  Bihemia,  circle  of 
Buntzlau.     Pop.  1003. 

XEUXDORF,  Gross,  groce  noi'doiif,  a  village  of  Prussiaa 
Silesia,  government  of  Oppeln.  circle  of  Xeisse.     Pop.  1025. 

XEUNKIRCH,  uoiu'keeKK.  atowii  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  and  6  miles  W.  of  Schaffhausen.     Pop.  1400. 

XEUNKIKCHEN.  noin'keeUKVn,  a  market-town  of  Rhe- 
nish Prussia,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Treves.     Pop  2U20. 

XF:UNK1KCIIEN,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  XeustaUt,  on  the  railw  ay  to  Glocknita.  Pop. 
2200. 

NKUfAKAtJ,  noi'pd'kow,  or  PAKAU,  pd/Kow,  a  town  at 


-^ 


NEU 

Bohemia,  57  miles  N.K.  of  Pmgue.  Pop.  2482,  mostly  em- 
liloytcl  iu  extensive  cotton  fju^tories. 

NKUQUH,  a  river  of  La  Plata.    See  Diamante. 

NKUUKIISCH,  noi'roish.  written  also  NOWARZTSSE.  a 
market-town  of  Austria,  Moravia,  circle  of  Iglau,  6  miles 
from  SclielletJiu.     Poj).  1240. 

NKUKcjUl-:.  noi'ro-<leli.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  46  miles 
S.W.  (if  Breslau.  I'op.  5300.  It  hag  an  ancient  castle,  and 
maniifiictures  of  flannels. 

NEU.SALZ,  uoi'sAlts,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  48  miles 
N.N.W.  of  laepnitz,  on  the  Oder.  Pop.  3.370.  It  was 
founded  by  a  colony  of  Moravian  brethren,  (IhrmhuUrs.) 
and  has  ship-building  docks,  and  manufactures  of  linen 
and  'ace. 

XH;UJ>.\TZ,  noi's3ts,  (Ilun.  If/videh,  oo'ee  veeMaik'.) a  town 
of  llun;.rary.  Hither  Danube,  co.  of  Bacs,  on  the  Danube, 
oppf^site  to  Peterwardi-in,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a 
bridje  of  boats.  Till  the  late  (1849)  Hungarian  war,  when 
it  was  almost  completely  destroyed,  it  was  a  large  fortified 
town  of  17.400  inhabitants,  and  carrieti  on  an  im|iortant 
trade,  being  a  common  entrepot  for  Germany,'  Hungary, 
and  Turkey. 

NKUSCHLOTT,  a  town  of  Finland.    See  Xy.slott. 

NKUSE,  nuss,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  ri.ses  in  Person 
county,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state.  Ne.xt  to  Cape  Fear 
Hiver,  it  is  the  largest  stream  which  rises  and  terminates 
in  North  Carolina.  The  whole  length  is  aljout  .300  miles, 
and  the  general  direction  is  south  eastward.  After  pass- 
ing by  Waynestorough,  Goldsborough,  and  Newbern.  it 
empties  itself  into  tlie  W.  extremity  of  Pamlico  Sound, 
through  an  estuary  which  is  several  miles  wide,  and  more 
than  25  miles  long.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats  for  eight 
montlis  of  the  year  from  its  mouth  to  AVaynesborough,  over 
100  miles;  smaller  bdats  have  ascended  about  200  miles. 
After  it  passes  the  middle  part  of  its  course,  the  river  flows 
through  sandy  plains,  wliich  are  occupied  by  extensive 
forests  of  pitch  pine. 

NEI'-SHKIIR,  (Nefi-Shchr,)  ni-oo'shfh'r',  written  also 
NKMI!-.<HKHR,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  120  miles  N.E. 
of  Kiinieh,  lat.  38°  37'  X..  Ion.  34°  37'  K.  It  stands  at  the 
heiglit  of  3940  feet  above  the  level  of  tlie  sea,  with  a  bold 
ravine  in  front,  and  a  back  ground  of  high  cliffs  of  volcanic 
rock,  contiiining  about  3000  hou.ses,  two  large  mosques,  a 
Greek  church,  and  a  quailrangular  castle  with  round  towers 
at  the  corners.     Pop.  15,000. 

NEU8IEDL,  (noi'seetl'l,)  LAKE  OF,  (Hun.  Fi'ii!!  Jhva, 
fjR'ti?  tdh'voh',)  a  lake  of  Hungary,  near  its  western  fron- 
tier, Ixitween  the  counties  of  Oeilenburg  and  Weiselburg, 
19  miles  S.S.W.  of  I'resburg.  Length  23  miles,  average 
')reailth  7  miles,  depth  from  9  to  13  feet.  It  receives  tlie 
Vulka  Kiver,  and  the  town  of  Uusth  is  on  its  \V.  side,  where 
its  banks  are  well  wooded;  on  the  E.  the  country  is  low  and 
marshy,  and  here  its  waters,  during  its  sudden  and  irregu- 
lar inundations,  are  carried  to  the  Kabnitz  by  a  canal  cut 
by  a  prince  of  the  Esterhazy  family,  who  resides  in  its 
vicinity. 

NEUSIEDL-AM-SEE,  noi'seed'l  Am  si,  (Hun.  NeMder, 
nA'zeeMair',)  a  market-town  of  West  Hung.iry,  co.  of  Wle- 
sulliurg,  on  l^ake  Neusiedl.  19  miles  S.W.  of  Presburg.  P.  203ii. 

NEII80HL,  noi'zol.  (Hun.  BtsiUrcze-lkinya,  b^ss't^Rt'sA' 
bdn'yc"ih\)  a  town  of  North  Hungary,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Sobl.  on  the  Gran,  at  the  influx  of  the  Bestritza,  80  miles 
N.  of  I'esth.  Lat.  48°  40'  N..  Ion.  19°3'  E.  Pop.  3600.  or  with 
adjf'ining  villages,  12,000,  nearly  half  of  whom  are  Protest- 
ants. It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  numerous  churches,  in 
one  of  which  is  a  bell  weighing  6  tons,  a  hospital,  Homan 
Catholic  and  Lutheran  colleges,  several  superior  schools, 
manufactures  of  sword-blades  and  beet-nx)t  sugar,  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  linens  and  beer,  and  one  of  the  largest 
smelting  houses  in  Hungary,  it  being  the  seat  of  a  mining 
council  and  tribunal.  The  Herrengrund  Mines  near  it  yield 
annually  1500  cwts.  of  copper. 

>'  EUiSS.  noiss.  (anc.  Nnve^sium  or  Nnha-OisHra,)  a  fortified 
town  of  Hhenish  Prussia,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  tlie 
Erft,  and  on  a  canal  which  joins  the  Khine.  Pop.  8S30.  It 
has  numerous  manufa'tories  of  woollen  and  cotton  cloths, 
starch,  leather,  dyes,  ribbons,  and  velvets.  In  451  it  was 
sacke<J  by  Attila;  in  1254  it  joined  the  Hanseatic  league. 
In  it,«  vicinity  numerous  urns  and  Koman  medals  have  been 
found. 

NEU.ST.\DT,  nu'stdtot  noi'statt.or  PRUDNIK.  prixSd'nik, 
a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  government  and  29  miles  S.S.W. 
of  (ippeln.  It  is  tolerably  well  built,  has  a  Protestant  and 
three  J{oman  Catholic  churches,  a  synagogue,  two  hospitals, 
iind  a  convent  of  the  Brothers  of  Charity,  provincial  and 
citv  courts.     Pop.  6797. 

NEU:<TADT,  noi'stJtt.  or  WIENEK-NEUSTADT,  ftee'ner- 
noi'stitt,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  13  miles  S.  of  Vienna, 
near  the  Hungarian  frontier,  on  the  railway  to  Gratz,  on 
the  small  river  Kerbach,  and  oa  the  canal  to  A'ienna.  Lat. 
47°  48'  N..  Ion.  16°  13'  E.  Pop.  9323,  exclusive  of  military. 
The  town  is  regularly  built,  surrounded  by  walls,  and 
entered  by  four  gates.  It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
emperors"  and  has  a  cathedral  of  the  13th  century  with  two 
tall  towers,  an  old  royal  castle,  a  gymnasium,  a  Cistertian 


NEU 

abbey  with  a  library  of  20.000  volumes,  and  musouns; 
military  academy,  with  models  and  instruments,  and  » 
library  of  8000  volumes.  It  has  extensive  suirar  refineries, 
cotton  manufactures,  breweries,  ami  papt-r-nnlls. 

NEUSTADT.  noi'stjtt,  or  NOWEM I  E.-^TO.  no-vSm-ydsTo,  a 
walled  town  of  Bohemia,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Kiiniggriitz.  Pop. 
1750. 

NEUSTADT.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  28  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Oppeln,  on  the  Braune.  Pop.  2648.  It  is  enclosed  by 
earth  ramparts,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen,  linens, 
and  lace,  with  some  trade  in  Ilunirarian  wine. 

NEUSTADT.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  2  miles  N.  of 
Magdeburg,  of  which  it  is  considered  a  suburb.     Pop.  6700. 

NEUSTADT.  a  town  ef  Rhenish  I'russia,  32  miles  E.  of 
Colosine.     Pop.  1208. 

NEUSTADT  or  AVETIIERSFR  EI,  *i'ers-fri^.  a  town  of  West 
Prussia.  24  miles  N.W.  of  Dantzic,  on  the  Rehde.   Pop.  2050 

NEUSTADT,  a  town  of  Gertnany,  Ilesse-Cassel.  province 
of  Ober-IIessen,  on  an  island  formed  by  an  affluent  of  the 
Schalm.  17  miles  R.  of  Marburg.     Pop.  1792. 

NEUSTADT,  a  town  of  Germany,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
on  the  Elde.  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Schwerin.     Pop.  1771. 

NEUSTADT.  a  town  of  Germany,  Baden,  on  two  small 
rivers,  IS  miles  E.S.E.  of  Freibnrg.     Pop.  1710. 

NEUST.\DT.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on  the  Kocher,  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Heilbronn.     Pop.  1400. 

NEUST.\DT.  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  1077. 

NEUSTADT,  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Ilolstoin,  on 
the  Baltic,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lilbcck,  with  2/U7  inhabit- 
ants, a  harbor  for  small  vessels,  and  some  trade  in  ship- 
building. 

NEUSTADT,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Naqt  Banta. 

NEUSTADT,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  near  ICronstadt 
Po)>.  2846. 

NEUSTADT,  a  town  of  Moravia,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Olmntz.  with  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Prague.  Pop.  4000. 

NEU.STADT,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  Brunswick,  at 
the  terminus  of  the  Ilarzburg  Railway,  24  miles  S.  of  Bruns- 
wick.    Pop.  900. 

NEUSTADT-AM-KULM,  noi/stJtt  Km  kcVilm,  a  town  of 
Bavaria.  14  miles  S.E.  of  Baireuth.    Pop.  1000. 

NEU.STADT  AM  RUBENBERGE.  noi'^tdtt  am  roo/bfn- 
b?RgVh.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Hanover,  on 
the  lA-ine.     Pop.  1500. 

NETISTADT-AN-DER-ATSCn,  noi'stitt  in  d?r  Tsh.  a  town 
of  Bavaria,  on  the  Aisch.  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  .\nspach.  Pop. 
3061.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  has  2  castles,  and  manufac- 
tures of  leather,  and  cotton  and  woollen  cloths. 

NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HARDT.  noi'stdtt  in  dfr  hantt,  a 
town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  county,  on  a  .email 
affluent  of  the  Rhine.  12  miles  N.  of  Liindau.  Pop.  6088, 
employed  in  manufactures  of  muskets,  paper,  woollen  cloth, 
chemical  and  vineirar  factories,  and  oil  and  L'unpowder  mills. 

NEUSTADT-AN-DER-HEIDE,  noi'stitt  4n  d?r  hT'deh,  a 
town  of  Germanv.  duchv  of  Saxe-Coburg,  principality  and  9 
miles  .V.E.  of  Coburg.     Pop.  2000. 

NEUSTADT-AN-DER-ORLA,  noi'st.^tt  in  d?r  or^3.  a  town 
of  Germanv,  grand-duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar.  principiility  and 
24  miles  .S.E.  of  AVeimar,  on  the  Orla,  an  affluent  of  the 
Saale.  Pop.  4250.  It  has  a  ducal  residence,  and  manufao- 
tures  of  woollen  cloths,  linens,  and  leather. 

NEUSTADT-AN-DER-SAALE.  noi'stdtt  in  d?r  sj'ifh,  a 
town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Saale,  40  miles  N.E.  of  Wiirzburg. 
Pop.  U.IO. 

NEU8TADT-AN-DER-WALDNAB.  noi'stJtt  dn  dfr  ^iW- 
n^b,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  31  miles  S.E.  of  Baireuth.  Pop. 
1560. 

NEUSTADT-BEI-STOLPEN.  noi'stdtt  bT  stol'pen,  a  town 
of  Saxon  v,  21  miles  E.  of  Dresden,  on  the  Polenz.    Pop.  2122. 

NEUSTADT-EBERSWALDE.  noi'stdtt  A/ber.s-ftdrdeh,  a 
town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  I'innow 
Canal,  and  on  the  railway  to  Stettin.  24  miles  N.E.  of  Ber- 
lin. Pop.  5360.  employed  in  manufactures  of  porcelain, 
ivory,  brass,  iron,  and  steel  wares,  and  woollen  and  linen 
fabrics. 

NEUSTADTEL-BEI-SCHNEEBERG.  noi'stft-tel  bl  sbni/- 
b^RO.atown  of  Saxonv.  n  miles  S.E.  of  Zwickau.   Pop.1775. 

NEUSTADTL.  (Neustiidtl.l  RUDnLPHSWEKTH.  roo'dolfs- 
waiRt\  or  NOVOMES'TO.  a  town  of  Illyria,  38  miles  S.E.  of 
Laybach.  on  the  Gurk.     Pop.  1751. 

NEUST.\DTL,  (Bohemian  Nmonmresto,  no-vlm-yjs'to.')  a 
town  of  Moravia,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Iglau.  Pop.  1814.  It  has 
a  castle  and  iron-mines. 

NEUST.^DTL.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  40  miles  N.W. 
of  Liecnitz.     Pop.  1500. 

NEU.STADTL,  CNeustadtl )  noi'st?tfl.  (Hun.  Kissrueza 
Vjhely.  kis'soo^A'zd'  ooVe  hi^I',)  a  town  of  North  TTnngary, 
CO.  of  Trent.schin,  45  miles  N,  of  Kremnitz.     Pop.  2500. 

NEUSTADTI.rAN-DER-WAAG.  (Neiistiidtl-ai'-fl.M-Waag.) 
noi'stett'I  iu  d?r  *dg,  (Hun.  Vitgh-Ujhely,  vrig-ooWhSI',  a 
market-town  of  Xorth-West  Hungary,  co.  and  33  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Neutra,  on  the  Waag.  Pop.  5500.  It  has  a  nianu- 
factorv  of  woollen  cloth. 

NEUSTADTL,    BOHMISCH,   (Bohmisch,)   bo'mish    noi'- 

1291 


NEU 


NEV 


st^tt'l,  is  a  toTn  of  Bohemia,  Buntzlau,  12  miles  X.N.E.  of 
KeidieDlierir.     Pop.  2496. 

NKL'STKTTIX.  noi^st^t-teen',  a  town  of  Prussia.  Pomera- 
liia.  39  miles  S.S.K.  of  Coslin.     Pop.  4000. 

NEUST)  FT,  noi'stift,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Tyrol, 
11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Innspruck.     Pop.  1470. 
NKUSTI  FT.  a  town  of  Bohemia.  20  miles  E.  of  Tabor. 
NEUSTIFT.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Styriii,  16  miles 
S.W.  of  Marbur-r.     Pop.  140. 

NEU-STKELITZ,  uoi  strd/lits,  a  town  of  Xorth  Germany, 
capital  of  the  grauct-duchy  of  Mefklenburg-Strelitz,  between 
Lakes  Zierker  and  Glombeck,  60  miles  N.X.W.  of  Berlin. 
Pop.  6484.  It  is  the  usual  residence  of  the  grand  duke  and 
court,  and  has  a  theatre,  college,  mint,  and  other  govern- 
ment offices,  a  public  library  of  50.000  volumes,  and  a  col- 
lection of  antiijuities.  Its  inUabitiiuts  are  mostly  supported 
by  supplying  the  government  establishments. 
NEUSTKIA  or  XEUSTKIE.  See  Normaxdt. 
NEUTEICII.  noi'tiK,  (I'olish.  Kitych,  nee'tiK,)  a  town  of 
West  Prussia.  21  miles  S.E.  of  Dantzic.     Pop.  16.50. 

NEUTITSCIIEIN.  noi'tit-shIue\  or  XOAVY-GYillX,  no'fte- 
ghlr'in.  a  town  of  Moravia,  26  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Prerau.  Pop. 
9000,  many  of  whom  are  emplojed  in  woollen  weaving,  and 
making  flannel.     Near  it  is  a  mineral  spring. 

NEUTKA,  (Ilun.  A^yitra.  fiee'troh'  or  uyee'troh\)  a  river 
of  Hungary,  rises  in  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  county  of 
Neutra.  flows  circuitously  S.S.W.,  and.  after  a  course  of  alwve 
100  miles,  joins  the  AVaag  on  the  left,  above  its  confluence 
with  the  Danube. 

NEUTRA.  noi'trd,  a  town  of  Xorth-AVest  Hungary,  on  the 
Neutra,  46  miles  E.X.E.  of  Presburg.  Pop.  4090.  It  has  a 
strong  castle  and  cathedral. 

NEUTK.\.  a  county  of  Hungary,  bounde<l  X.  and  N.AV. 
by  Jloravia.    The  capital  is  Xeutra.    I'op.  383.500. 

XEUVE-EGLISE.  nuv  A'gleez',  a  villace  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  9  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Flour.     Pop.  2216. 

NEUVKVILLE,  nuv'veel',  (Ger.  Xeuenstadt.  noi'en-stitt\) 
a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  X.'W.  shore 
of  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  9  miles  S.AV.  of  Bieune.  Pop.  1200. 
NEUVIC.  nchVeek'.  a  town  of  France,  departrnent  of  Dor- 
dogne,  on  the  Isle,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Perigueux.  P.  2257. 
NEUVIC.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Correze,  12 
miles  S.  of  Ussel.    Pop.  in  1852,  3350. 

NEUVIC,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne, 
17  miles  S.K.  of  Limoges.     Po)).  1770. 

NEUVILLE,  nuh*veel/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  j 
Vienne.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  1140. 

NEUVILLE  or  XEUVILLE-.\U-BOIS.  nch'veel'  0  bwi.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  13  miles  X.E.  of  Or- 
leans.    Pop.  1228. 

NEUVILLE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  ar- 
rondissement  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  2250. 

NEUVIIiLES.  nuh'veel',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut.  10  miles  X.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1941. 

NEUVILLE-.SUR-SAOXK,  (Xeuville-sur-Saone,)  nt'h'veeV 
sUr  son.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rhone,  on  the 
Saone.  8  miles  X.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  1600. 

NEUVILLY.  nchVee\vee/.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  X^ord.  alx)ut  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  'M^'2. 

NEUVY,  nuh'vee'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Saone- 
et-Loire,  18  miles  W.X.W.  of  CharoUes.    Pop.  1200. 

NKUVY-LE-KOI,  nuhVee'  leh  Rw3,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Tours.  Pop. 
1605. 

NEUVY  SAUTOUR,  nnhVee'  so'tooR',  a  town  of  France, 

department  of  Yonne.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Tonnerre.     P.  1600. 

NEUVY-SAINT-SfiPULCRE,  nuhVee'  sAs"   sA'-pUlk'r/,  a 

town  of.  France,  department  of  Indre,  8J   miles  M'.  of  La 

Chatre.     Pop.  2040. 

NEUVY-SUR-LOIRE.  nuhVee'  stiR  \wiR,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Xievre,  near  the  Loire,  8  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Cosne.     Pop.  1350. 

XEUWALDIi,  noi'*drdeh,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
government  of  Oppeln,  circle  of  Xeisse.     Pop.  1247. 

NEUW.\R1',  noi'waRp,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Po- 
merania.  25  miles  X.W.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  1800. 

NEUWtlDEL,  noi'wiMel,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg.  78  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  3000. 

NEU  W  EI ER.  noi'wrer,  a  villaire  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle 
Rhine,  bailiwick  of  BiilU.     Pop.  1013. 

XKUWI  KD.  nu'weed  or  noi'weet,  called  also  WIED-XEU- 
WIED,  weet  noi'weet,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  8  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Coblentz,  capital  of  a  principality,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine.  Pop.  6100.  It  was  founded  early  in 
the  18th  century,  and  is  well  built ;  principal  edifices,  the 
ancient  Castle  of  the  Counts  of  AVied,  with  a  museum  of 
natural  history,  a  library,  and  exten.sive  gardens;  Cal- 
Tinist,  Roman  Catholic,  Anabaptist,  and  various  other 
churches,  a  synagogue,  gymnasium,  normal  school,  several 
private  l>oarding  and  educational  establishments,  a  library 
of  10,000  volumes,  and  a  prosperous  Mora\ian  establish- 
-ment.     It  has  also  a  coflection  of  Roman  antiquities. 

NEUZKLLE.  noiH,sM'leh.  Prus.sia.  a  station  on  the  railway 
Bum  Berlin  to  Breslau.  IS  miles  fi-om  Frankfort. 
NEUZEV,  a  town  of  Holland.    See  Tbrneuse. 


NE'VA,  (Rus.  pron.  ni-vj',)  an  important  river  or  strait 
of  Russia,  government  of  St.  Petersburg,  connecting  the 
Lake  of  Ladoga  with  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Length  40  miles 
from  Schliisselberg  on  the  former,  to  St.  Petersburg  at  the 
head  of  the  latter,  which  city  it  separates  from  its  N. 
suburbs;  breadth  1.500  feet:  depth  in  the  channel  about  50 
feet.  It  is  the  great  minlium  of  comuiunic.-ition  between 
the  internal  parts  ot  Xorth  Russia  and  the  s^a,  though 
usually  frozen  up  from  October  to  April ;  it  has  been  found 
to  carry  into  the  gulf  116.000  cubic  feet  of  water  in  a  second. 

XEVA,  a  river  of  East  Russia.     See  Xeiva. 

NEVADA.  SIERRA.     See  Sierra  Xkvada. 

XEVADA.  nA-vJ'dd,  a  county  towards  the  X.  part  of  Call- 
fbrnia,  contains  about  900  square  miles.  Drained  by  the 
Middle  and  South  Yuba,  which  afford  valuable  water-power. 
The  surface  in  the  E.  part  is  mountainous,  beini;  traversed 
by  the  Sierra  Xevada  or  Snowy  Range  of  California.  Gold 
is  abundant  in  this  countv.  lioth  in  quartz  veins  and  in 
placers.    Capital,  Xevada  City.    Pop.  16,446. 

NEVADA,  ue-viUi'd.},  a  post-office  of  Wyandot  county, 
Oliio. 

NEV.\D  \,  Story  county.  I'lwa.    See  Appendix. 

XEVAD.\,  a  post-village  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin,  9  mileg 
E.  by  X.  of  Monroe. 

XEV.^D.i  CITY,  a  past-town,  capital  of  Nevada  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. ISO  miles  X.E.  of  San  Francisco.     Pop.  3679. 

NEVADO.  ni-v^'Do.  NEVADA,  nli-\li'i^L  a  Spanish  word 
signifying  •■  sno»v-clad."  and  forming  a  part  of  the  name  of 
various  mountains  in  Spain  and  Spanish  Americii;  as, 
Sierra  Xevada.  •'  snow-clad  ridge." 

XEV.tXS,  a  township  of  Vigo  co.,  Indian.^.     Pop.  996. 

NEVEL  or  XEWEL,  nji-vel',  a  tewn  of  Russian  Poland, 
government,  and  54  miles  .\.  of  Vitebsk.     Pop.  4000. 

XEVELE,  n.-l'vA-leh.  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  i:ast  Flanders,  8  miles  W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3500. 

XEV/EXDOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

NEVERX,  a  parish  of  Wales.     See  Xeferx 

NEVERS.  neh-vaiR/,  (anc.  Xovindu'num,)  a  city  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Xievre.  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Loire,  here  cros.sed  by  a  stone  bridge  of  20  arches,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Xievre,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Branch 
Railway  du  Centre,  35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bourges;  lat.  46°  59' 
X.,  Ion.  32  10'  E.  Pop.  in  1852,  17.045.  It  is  a  tribnnjil  of 
commerce,  and  has  a  communal  college,  with  a  library  of 
7000  volumes,  and  a  fine  cathedral.  It  has  manufactures 
of  iron  and  steel  goods,  porcelain,  and  jewelry.  Previous  to 
1789,  it  was  tlie  capital  of  the  province  of  Xivernois.  In  its 
vicinit}'  are  the  forges  of  Fourchanibault.  the  copiH>r  works 
of  Imphy,  and  the  foundry  of  La  Cbaussade,  for  cables  and 
anchors  for  the  national  marine.  Near  it  are  the  mineral 
waters  of  Pouges. 

NEV'ERSIX'^K,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Sulll. 
van  CO.,  New  York,  on  Neversink  River,  45  miles  S.W.  of 
Albany.     I'op.  ^I'-R. 

NEVERSIXK  HILLS.  Xew  .Tersey.    See  HiGnLAXDS. 

NEVERSINK  RIVER.  Xew  Jersey.     See  Xevisi.nk. 

NKVERSIXK  RIVER  rises  in  Uls'ter  county,  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Xew  York,  and  running  through  Sullivan  county, 
falls  into  the  Delaware,  near  Port  Jervis. 

XfiVEZ,  ni'va'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Finis- 
terre,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Quimper.     Pop.  1920. 

XEVIAXO-DEGLl-ARDUIXI,  n.-i-ve-d'no  dfl'yee  aR-doo- 
ee'nee,  a  village  of  Italy,  16  mile^  S.  by  E.  of  Parma.  Pou 
3602. 

XEVIAXSK,  n,\-ve-ilnsk',  (New  and  Old.)  two  towns  ot 
Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Perm,  35  miles  N.  of  Y'eka- 
terinlioorg. 

XEVIGKS.  n.i've-ffhe.s.  a  village  of  Prussia,  government 
and  E.  of  Dusseldorf  '  Pop.  IS-'SS. 

XEVIL  BAY,  British  America,  is  an  inlet  on  the  W.  side 
of  Ilud.son  Bay. 

XfiVILLE,  nAVeel'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-Inferieure,  28  miles  X.W.  of  Rouen.     Pop.  1590. 

XEV'ILLE  I'ORT,  an  inlet  of  Xorth  America,  X.  of  Van- 
couver's Island:  lat.  50"^  32'  X..  Ion.  125°  W. 

XEV'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Clermont  county,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  33  miles  above  Cincinnati.     Pop.  404. 

XEV'IX  or  XEF'YX,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Xorth 
Wales.  CO.  and  on  the  Bay  of  Carnarvon,  54  miles  W.X.W 
of  Pwllheli.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851,  18.54. 
It  has  a  harbor,  but  no  trade.  It  joins  with  Carnarvon, 
Bangor.  Conway,  Criccieth.  and  Pwllheli  in  sending  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

NEV'IX,  a  jw)st-office  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

XEVIS,  n.Vvis.  a  town  of  Austria,  in  "Tyrol,  on  the  Avisio 
Pop.  1953. 

XEV'IS,  a  West  India  Island  belonging  to  Great  Brit.iin, 
leeward  group,  in  lat.  17°  10'  X'.,  Ion.  62°  40'  AV.,  separated 
from  the  S.  end  of  St.  Christopher's,  by  a  channel  2  miles 
acro.ss.     Area  about  20  square  miles.     Pop.  in  1S52,  10.200. 

XEV1SIXK  (or  XEVl-MtSINK)  RIVKR,  of  Monmouth  co., 
New  Jersey,  flowg  north-eastward,  and  empties  itself  into 
the  southern  part  of  Sandy  Hook  Bay,  at  the  base  of  th" 
Neversink  Hills.  Above  tide-water  it  is  callud  awiramin|i 
River. 


TSTEW 


NEW 


NEW-AB'BEY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirk-  ' 
cudbrislit 

NE\V  ARERDEENV,  a  post-Tillafre  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  , 
TVateiloo.  8  miles  from  (ialt.  and  70  from  Goderirh.     I'.  125. 

NEWA'GOor  .VEWAY'GO.  a  new  county  in  tiie  W.  part  \ 
of  !Mie'iigan,  contains  about  550  pquare  miles.     It  is  inter-  j 
pected  by  the  JIaskego  Kiver.  and  also  drained  by  the  head-  [ 
waters  of  Notipeskaifo  and  White  Rivers,  and  .«everal  smaller 
BtreaniB.   The  soil  is  .said  to  be  of  e.\celk'nt  quality.  Capitiil, 
Newavgo.     Pop.  27tK>. 

N  KWAGO,  or  NEWAYGO.     See  AppEymx. 

NEW.MIY.n.i-wd'hee.  a  town  of  India,  dominions  and  35 
miles  S.E.  of  Jeypoor,  on  an  abrupt  rock,  near  the  strong 
fort  of  Nars-'hur.     Lat.  20°  33'  N.,  Ion.  75°  44'  E. 

NEWAKY,  ni-wd/ree,  a  town  of  India,  16  miles  S.E.  of 
Dewass. 

NEW  AL'B.VNY,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NEW  ALBANY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Pontotoc  co., 
Mississippi,  on  the  Tallahatchie  River,  near  its  source,  about 
21  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Pontotoc.  Cotton  is  shipped  here  by 
means  of  small  boat.s. 

N  KW  A  LBAN Y,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,  has  about 
200  inhabitants. 

NEW  ALBANY,  a  post^village  of  Mahoning  CO.,  Ohio,  158 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

NEW  ALBANY,  a  post-township  of  Floyd  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1714. 

Sew  ALBANY,  a  flourishing  city,  Ciipital  of  Floyd  co., 
Inili.ina,  on  the  right  bank  of  tlie  (Jliio  Kiver,  8  miles  below 
the  Falls,  5  miles  below  Louisville,  and  VM'  miles  below  Cin- 
cinnati. Lilt.  3S°  18' N.,  Ion.  85°  51' W.  It  ix  tlie  Houtlieru 
terminus  of  the  Louisville,  New  Albany,  and  Chicago  llail- 
ruad,  which  extends  to  Michigan  City,  287  miU-s.  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  rapid  growth  and  active  trade;  in  fact,  it 
may  be  considered  the  most  commercial  town  in  tlie  state. 
Steamboats  arrive  and  depart  daily  Irom  and  to  ,ill  points  on 
the  Ohio  an<l  Mississippi.  The  streets  are  wide  and  straight, 
furnished  with  pleasant  sidewalk9,and lighted  with  gas.  The 
town  contains  18  churches,  a  CoUegiate  Institute,  a  Pres- 
byterian Theological  Scminaiy,  4  banks,  and  5  large  |iublic 
gcbo"l  houses.  Tw'o  newspapers  are  published  hero.  Steam- 
boat building  is  carried  on  more  extensively  here  than  at 
any  other  place  on  the  Ohio,  e.\cepting  Cincinnati.  Twenty- 
six  steambcjats  were  launched  here  in  1864.  New  Albany  has 
6  i-teHmboat  yards,  4  flouriiig-mills,  2  rolliiig-niills,  2  brass 
foumlrie.s.  2  iron  foundries,  o  manufactories  of  steam  engines, 
and  1  of  loconjotives,  and  1  woollen  factory.  Laid  out  in 
1813.  Population  in  1840,  4226;  in  1850,  8181;  in  1860, 
12.647;  in  18t;5,  about  ls,000. 

NE\V  .AL'BION,  a  post-township  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  Now 
Y'ork.  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  about  25  miles  S.E.  of  Dunkirk. 
Pop.  i679. 

NEW  ALBION,  the  name  formerly  given  by  Sir  F.  Drake 
to  California,  and  part  of  the  coast  of  Oregon.  Hvtniboldt 
limits  the  name  to  that  part  of  the  coast  extending  from  lat. 
43°  to  48°. 

NEW  ALEXANHJER,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co., 
Ohio. 

NEW  ALEXAN7DRIA,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  West- 
moreland CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Loyalbanna  Creek,  and 
on  the  turnpike  from  Blairsville  to  Pittsburg,  36  miles  E. 
of  the  latter.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  places  in  the  county, 
and  has  an  active  trade. 

NEW  ALKXANDRIA.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  .\L'SACE,  a  thriving  po.st-village  of  Dearborn  co., 
Indiana,  80  S.E.  of  Indianapolis,  is  surrounded  by  a  rich 
farmin;^  district. 

NEW  AL'STEAD,  a  post-village  of  Cheshire  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

NEW  AM'STERDA^I,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Ohio  River,  125  miles  S.  of  Indianipolis. 

NE\V  AMSTERDAM,  a  seaport-town  of  South  America, 
British  Guiana,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Berbice  where  joined 
by  the  Cange  River,  lat.  6°  14'  51"  N.,  Ion.  57°  31'  8"  W., 
originally  founded  by  the  Dutch.  The  houses  are  built  of 
wood,  and  the  town  intersected  by  canals.  Three  strong 
batteries  in  the  vicinity  protect  the  entrance  of  the  river. 

NEW  AN/TIOCII,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 

NEWAKDIPOOR  or  NEWARDIl'UR.  ne-warMepoor/, 
written  also  NEORDEPOOR,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  king- 
dom of  Oude,  about  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lucknow.  Pop.  3000. 
NEWARK,  a  parliamentary  and  muni'ip,al  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  county  and  17  miles  N.E.  of 
Nottingham,  on  a  railway  thence  to  Lincoln,  also  on  the 
line  of  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  and  on  the  Newark 
River,  a  navigable  branch  of  the  Trent.  It  is  well-built, 
has  in  its  centre  a  spacious  market-place,  and  is  approached 
from  tile  N.  by  a  long  raised  causeway  on  numerous  arches; 
ItB  streets  are  paved  and  lighted  witli  gas.  It  lias  a  respect- 
able Town-hall,  a  large  and  elegant  crucifiirm  church,  with 
a  graceful  tower  and  lofty  spire ;  places  of  worship  for  the 
Baptists,  Independents,  Calvinists,  Primitive  and  Wesleyan 
Methodists,  and  Roman  Catholics ;  a  free  grammar  school, 
several  almshouses,  and  various  other  charities;  a  large 


linen  manufactory;  and  a  trade  in  corn,  coal,  cattle,  wool, 
malt,  and  tiour;  50,000  quarters  of  the  lust  are  Rent  an 
nually  to  Manchester.  Liverpool,  and  London.  Larcre  and 
commodious  wharves  have  been  constructed  on  thi<  Trent, 
which  afford  facilities  for  navigation.  On  the  N.W.  of  tho 
town  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  rebuilt  in  the  rcigr 
of  Stephen,  and  hence  called  the  Newwork— whence  th.> 
name  of  the  town.  The  castle  was  di.smantled  liy  I  he  par 
lianientary  army,  and  is  now  a  stately  ruin;  in  it  King 
.7ohn  died  in  1216.  Newark  sends  2  members  to  the  Ilousf 
of  Commons.     Pop.  of  the  borough,  in  1851,  11,333. 

NEWARK,  a  (lost-township  in  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont, 
44  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  567. 

N  EWARK,  a  township  of  Tioga  co..  New  York.    Pop.  2169 

NEWARK,  a  tlouri.-ihing  post-village  of  Arcadia  township, 
Wayne  co..  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Ro 
Chester  and  SyrVuse  Railroad,  (direct.)  31  miles  E.  by  S.  o1 
R(jcliester.  It  contains  4  or  5  churches,  2  banks,  a  largr- 
Union  school-house,  which  cost  Sj^iOO,  and  several  largt> 
warehouses.  The  new  Presbyterian  clnu'ch  cost  from 
$10,000  to  .S12,000.     Pop.  in  ISOo,  estimated  at  1700. 

N  EWARK,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Es- 
sex CO.,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Pas- 
saic Kiver,  about  4  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Newark  Bay, 
and  on  tlie  railroad  connecting  New  Y'ork  with  Pliiliidelphia, 

9  miles  W.  of  the  former,  and  78  miles  N.E.  of  tlie  latter; 
lat.  40°  45' N.,  Ion.  74°  10' W.  This  city,  the  largest  in  the 
state,  is  built  cliiefly  on  a  plain,  terminated  on  the  W.  by  an 
elevation,  or  ridge  of  land,  extending  from  tlie  norlliern  to 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  town.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
for  the  most  part,  with  wide,  straight  streets,  intersecting 
each  other  at  riglit  angles.  Broad  street,  the  principal  tho- 
roughfare and  seat  of  business,  is  one  of  the  finest  avenuea 
anywhere  to  be  met  witli.  It  is  upwards  of  120  feet  in 
breadth,  shaded  with  elegant  elms,  and  extends  throughout 
the  eutii'e  length  of  the  city,  dividing  it  into  two  nea rly  equal 
parts.  Near  its  centre  it  is  intersected  by  JIarliet  street, 
wliicli  is  also  an  important  thoroughfare,  communicating 
with  the  principal  railroad  depot.  North  of  this,  and  bor- 
dering on  Broad  street,  are  two  beaxitifnl  public  squares, 
calliHl  the  Upper  and  Lower  Parks,  each  adorned  witli  ma- 
jestic elms.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  city  is  the  Soutli  Park, 
another  beautiful  square.  In  the  vicinity  of  these  parks  are 
some  of  the  finest  residences  in  Newark.  Among  the  public 
buildings  deserving  of  notice,  may  be  mentioned  the  Court- 
Ilouse,  a  large  brownstone  edifice,  in  tlio  Egyptian  style,  at 
the  intersection  of  Market  with  High  street.  The  Library 
Building,  in  Market  street,  is  one  of  the  finest  edifices  in 
the  city,  and  contains  besides  tlie  apartment  for  the  library, 
a  large  hall  for  public  lectures,  concerts,  &c.  The  literary 
institutions  of  Newark  comprise  the  Library  Association, 
occupying  the  library  building  above  referred  to,  with  a  li- 
brary of  over  12,1100  volumes;  the  New  Jersey  ilistoiical 
Society,  founded  in  1845;  its  meetings  are  held  alternately 
at  Newark  and  Trenton ;  it  has  a  library  of  2{X)0  volumes, 
and  the  Essex  County  Teachers'  Institute,  meeting  semi- 
annually, founded  in  March,  1853.  Tlie  Academy  has  a  fine 
brick  building,  situated  on  the  most  elevated  part  of  High 
street.  From  the  grounds  is  obtained  a  beautiful  view  of 
the  city  and  of  the  Passaic  Vailej-  for  many  miles.  The  in- 
stitute numbers  upwards  of  .300  pupils,  and  is  in  a  most 
prosperous  condition.  Tlie  Mutual  Benefit  Life  Insurance 
Company  occupy  the  finest  building  in  the  state.  It  is  a 
stone  edifice  of  massive  proportions  and  elegantly  finished. 
The  Mechanics'  Bank,  Newark  Banking  Comjnmy,  Newaj'k 
Savings  Institution,  Newark  City  Bank,  McGregor  Hall,  and 
Kremlin  Place  also  occupy  elegant  edifices.  The  U.  S.  Cus- 
tom House  and  Post-Office  occupy  a  massive  stone  edifice 
erected  at  a  cost  of  over  $150,000.  The  City  Hall  is  also  a 
fine  structure.  Many  of  the  churches  are  splendid  edifices. 
Tlie  Catholic  in  Washington,  Higli,  Warren,  and  Lafayette 
streets,  tlie  Metliodist  in  Market  street  below  Broad,  and 
Broad,  corner  of  Marshall,  the  B'irst  Baptist  in  Academy 
street,  and  Third  Baptist  in  Orange  street,  and  the  Presby- 
terian churches  near  the  Lower  Park  and  in  High  street, 
some  of  which  have  recently  been  erected,  are  scarcely  sur- 
passed by  any  similar  buildings  in  the  country.  Several  of 
thein  are  especially  remarkable  for  their  lofty  and  graceful 
spires.  There  are,  in  all,  about  75  churches  of  the  various 
denominations.  Abotit  $70,000  are  annually  appropriated 
by  tlie  city  for  the  support  of  popular  education.    There  are 

10  fine  brick  public-school-houses,  one  in  each  ward  of  the 
city ;  each  of  these  contains  2  schools,  one  for  either  sex,  and 
a  high-school.  Number  of  pupils  attending  school,  about 
600O.  Four  newspapers  are  published  in  the  city,  all  of 
which  are  dailies.  There  are  7  banks,  with  a  capital  of 
about  $2,700,000,  and  several  insurance  companies.  Gas  is 
used  to  light  the  streets.  There  is  a  good  supply  of  water, 
and  ample  sewerage;  paid  fire  depivrtment  with  several 
steam-engines ;  excellent  police  and  other  arrangements. 
The  debt  of  the  city  in  1864  was  $484,498  for  city  purposes, 
and  $550,000  was  debt. 

The  rapid  growth  of  Newark  is  chiefly  owing  to  its  manu- 
factures, for  which  it  has  long  been  distinguished.  Thia 
department  of  industry  is  not  generally  controlled  by  mam- 

1293 


NEW 


NEW 


moth  corporations,  as  in  some  of  the  towns  of  New  England, 
but  includes  a  great  number  of  enterprising  persons,  wlio, 
with  a  moilerate  capital,  employ  a  few  hands  and  do  a  pro- 
fitable business.  There  are,  however,  several  very  extensive 
establishments,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  those  for  the 
production  of  India-rubber  goods,  carriages,  omnibuses,  ma- 
chinery and  castings,  Ac,  Ac.  In  the  manufacture  of  jewel- 
ry this  city  is  perhaps  not  surpassed  by  any  other  in  the 
United  States.  Leather,  boots,  shoes,  saddles,  harness,  and 
clothing,  have  always  constituted  an  important  part  of  New- 
ark manufactures,  the  various  branches  of  which  comprise 
nearly  every  article  in  use.  The  amount  of  manufactures 
in  647  establishments,  according  to  the  census  of  1860,  was 
$23,264,313.  Newark  is  the  See  of  a  Roman  Catholic  Bishop, 
and  has  a  large  foreign  population.  There  are  several  hand- 
some cemeteries  in  the  vicinity.  Newark  contains  many  old 
and  elegant  trees, which  add  beiiuty  to  the  t6wn.  There  are 
also  beiiutiful  drives  on  the  outskirts,  the  famous  "  Llewel- 
lyn Park  "  lying  near.  Brownstone  quarries  are  also  worked 
In  the  vicinity.  The  commerce  of  the  port  is  limited  chiefly 
to  the  coast  trade.  June  30, 1864,  its  shipping  amounted  in 
the  aggregate  to  227  tons  registered,  and  7856  tons  enrolled 
and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  all  was  employed  in  the  coast 
trade,  and  2861  tons  in  steam  navigation.  The  foreign  arri- 
vals for  tlie  year  were  20  (tons  2026),  and  the  clearances  3 
(tons  414).  Railroad  cars  leave  for  New  York  every  half- 
hour  during  the  greater  part  of  the  day.  The  Morris  and 
Essex  Railroiid  also  passes  through  the  city  from  Iloboken 
[For  continuation,  see  Aim'EXDIX.] 

NEW.\RK,  a  post-village  of  Newca.«tle  co.,  Delaware, 
on  the  Wilmington  and  Biiltimore  Railroad,  12  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Wilmington.  It  has  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  a  bank, 
end  is  the  seat  of  Delaware  College,  which  wa«  founded  in 
J8;i3.     Pop.  787. 

NEW.\KK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Ma- 
ryland, about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis.  It  has  4  stores 
and  2  hotels. 

NEW.\IiK,  a  post-offlce  of  Wirt  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

NKW.\I{K,  a  small  post^village  of  White  co.,  Tennessee. 

KEW.\KK.  a  hand.some  and  flourishing  town  in  Newark 
township,  and  capital  of  fjcking  co..  Ohio,  is  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  three  forks  of  Licking  River,  and  on  the 
Ohio  Canal,  3"  miles  E.  of  Columbus,  and  24  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Zanesville.  A  railroad.  117  miles  long,  connects  the 
town  with  !»andnsky  city.  The  site  of  Newark  is  level, 
the  streets  are  wide,  and  the  houses  well  built.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  fertile  and  populous  country,  and  has  an 
active  trade.  Newark  contains  10  churches,  3  newspaper 
offices,  a  flourishing  union  school.  2  banks,  and  .several  fac- 
tpries.  This  place  at  present  is  the  southern  terminus  of 
the  Sandusky  Mansfield  and  Newark  Railroad,  which  is  to 
lie  extended  to  I'ortsmouth.  on  the  Ohio  River.  The  Central 
Ohio  liailroad  connects  it  with  Columbus  on  one  hand,  and 
Wheeling  on  the  other.  Quarries  of  sandstone  are  found  in 
the  vicinity,  and  there  is  a  large  mine  of  cannel-coal  8  miles 
S.E.  of  the  town.  Laid  out  in  1801.  Pop.  in  1850,  3654; 
In  18t  0,  4675. 

NEW.^RK,  a  township  in  Alleean  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  816. 

NEW.VHK.  a  post-viilage  of  Warrick  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Waba.sh  and  Erie  Canal,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Evansville. 

NEW.XRK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kendall  co..  lllinoLs, 
on  the  Chicago  and  Aurora  Railroad,  62  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Chicago,  and  2  miles  E.  of  Fox  River.  It  is  situated  on  a 
fertile  prairie.     It  is  incorporated.     Pop.  in  1853.  aliout  400. 

NEW.MtK,  a  small  village  of  Andrew  co.,  51issouri. 

NEW.\RI{,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Slissouri,  near  the 
South  Fabius  River,  about  100  miles  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 
It  has  a  church  and  2  stores. 

NEWARK,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on  Cedar  River, 
25  miles  N.  by  AV.  of  Iowa  City. 

NEWARK,  a  post-villaite  and  township  of  Rock  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 78  miles  W.S.W.  of  Milwaukee.     Pop.  1136. 

NEWAHK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  West  Bend  township, 
Washington  co..  Wisconsin,  on  Milwaukie  River,  about  38 
miles  N.N.W.of  Milwaukie  Citv.  The  river  furnishes  water- 
power  near  the  village.  It  has  4  stores.  Its  name  has 
been  changed  to  B  \rto\. 

Ni;W.\I!K.  a  village  of  Canada  West.    See  Niagara. 

NEWARK  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Newark  township, 
Tioga  CO..  New  York,  on  Owezo  Creek,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Oweiro.    It  contains  several  churches. 

NEW  ASH'FOIvD.  a  post-township  in  Berkshire  co..  Mas- 
sachusetts, 125  miles  W.  by  .\.  of  Boston.     Pop.  239. 

NEW  ATM'ENS.  a  post-offlce  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NEW  ATIIKNS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Harrison  co. 


NEW  BALrriMOUE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Green 
CO.,  New  I'ork,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Hudson  River,  16  miles 
below  Albany.     I'op.  2512. 

NEW  B.\LTIMORE,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  county, 
*  irglnia,  lOu  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond.    It  has  1  church 
and  1  academy. 
12S4 


NEW  BALTIMORE,  a  small  village  of  namllton  co., 
Ohio. 

NIIW  BALTIMORE,  a  postrvillnge  of  Stark  co..  Ohio. 

NEW  BARBADOES,  (bar-bd/dpz,)  a  township  of  Bergen  co. 
New  .lersey.     Pop.  3558. 

NEW  BAR'OAIN  or  NEW  BARGATNTOWN.  a  village  of 
Monmouth  county.  New  Jer-'ey,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Frwliold. 

NEWBAT'TLE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh,  1 
mile  S.  of  Dalkeith.  Here  is  Newbattle  Altbey,  fomurly  a 
monastery,  founded  in  1140,  now  the  seat  of  the  Marquis 
of  lyothian.     Its  park  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  trees. 

NKW  BAVA/RIA,  a  postoffice  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  BKA'CON.  otherwise  calle<l  GRAND  SA'CHEM.  the 
highest  summit  of  the  Highlands,  is  situated  in  Dutchess 
county.  New  York,  and  has  an  elevation  of  1685  feet.  It 
commands  a  very  extensive  view  of  the  adjacent  mountains, 
and  of  the  Hudson  River.  The  name  is  due  to  the  circum- 
stance that,  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  beacons  were 
erected  on  its  top.  as  well  as  on  those  of  the  neighboring 
hills. 

NEW  BEDFORD,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  half  capital  of 
Bristol  CO.,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  Buzzard  Bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  Acushnet  River,  65  miles  S.  of  Boston.  Lat.  41° 
38'  N.,  Ion.  70°  55'  W.  The  city  is  handsomely  situated  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  harbor,  regularly  laid  out,  and  is  noted  for 
the  elegance  of  its  private  residences.  It  was  cut  ofl'  from 
Dartmouth  in  1787,  and  incori)orated  as  a  city  in  1847.  The 
principal  public  buildings  are  the  city-hall,  one  of  the  hand- 
somest structures  of  the  kind  in  New  England,  built  of  gran- 
ite,in  the  Doric  style,  at  a  cost  of  $60,000;  the  custura-honse, 
almshouse.  Unitarian,  and  North  Congregational  chtn-ches, 
also  of  granite;  and  the  free  public  library,  erected  in  1857, 
and  house  of  correction,  of  brick.  The  Point  road  is  a  broad 
drive  4  miles  long,  made  at  the  expense  of  the  citj',  around 
Clark's  Point,  and  commanding  a  tine  view  of  the  bay.  At 
the  extremity  of  this  point  the  United  States  is  erecting  a 
strong  fort  of  granite,  which,  when  completed,  will  mount 
78  guns.  Fort  Phoenix,  a  small  work  on  the  opposite  side 
of  tlie  harbor,  aids  in  its  defence,  and  other  works  are  con- 
templated. New  Bedford  is  more  largely  engaged  in  the 
whale  flsherj'  than  any  other  place  in  the  world.  This  was 
pursued  here  as  early  as  1755.  At  the  Revolution  there 
were  from  50  to  60  vessels  in  the  business.  In  1778,  this  port 
was  occupied  by  a  British  land  and  naval  force,  and  a  large 
number  of  buildings  and  70  vessels  were  btirned.  The  busi- 
ness afterwards  revived,  bnt  was  again  prostrated  by  the 
war  of  1812.  It  received  a  new  impulse  in  1818,  and  con- 
tinued to  flourish  till  about  1867,  since  which  it  has  been  on 
the  decline.  In  1844,  219  whaling  vessels,  averaging  69,803 
tons,  belonged  to  the  port;  in  1857,  329  vessels,  measuring 
111,364  tons;  and  in  1865,  only  175  vessels,  measuring  58,082 
tons,  and  to  the  district,  200  vessels,  meas.tring  (53,949  tons, 
being  72  per  cent,  of  all  the  whaling  vessels  in  the  U.S.  The 
imports  of  products  of  its  fishery  into  the  district  in  1864, 
were  65,000  bbls.  sperm  oil,  73,000  bbls.  whale  oil,  and  780,000 
lbs.  whale  bone,  "rhe  average  importations  for  5  years,  end- 
ing with  18.59,  were  62,212  bbls.  sperm,  120,072  bbls.  whale, 
and  1,463,310  lbs.  bone;  for  5  years,  ending  with  1864,  52,089 
bbls.  sperm,  67,132  bbls.  whale,  and  563,650  lbs.  bone.  En- 
tries in  thedistrict  in  1864,  including  the  foreign  and  coasting 
trade,  were  165;  clearances,  134;  duties  collected,  $15,287. 
Here  is  some  ship-building.  Since  the  whaling  business 
declined,  New  Bedford  has  entered  more  largely  into  manu- 
facturing. There  are  1  cotton-mill,  with  a  capital  of$l,0(»,00O, 
and  running  31,500  spindles,  to  which  a  large  addition  has 
recently  been  made,  not  at  present  in  operation;  a  rolling- 
mill,  tamiery,  Prussian-bine  factory,  cordage  ftictory,  drill 
factory,  gas  company,  sheathing-copper  factory,  foundry  and 
machine-shop,  2  flouring-mills,  2  shoe  factories,  3  carriage 
factories,  and  several  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of 
whale  and  petroleum  oils,  soap,  and  candles.  There  are  4 
banks,  2  savings  institutions,  with  deposits,  iu  1864,  of  over 
$3,000,000,  1  fire  and  4  marine  insurance  companies,  2  daily 
and  2  weekly  newspapers,  and  a  weekly  shipping  list.  The 
number  of  religious  societies  is  22,  viz.,  3  Baptist,  3  Christian, 
4  Orthodox  Congregationalist,  1  Episcopal,  2  Friends,  G  Me- 
thodist, 1  Roman  Catholic,  1  Unitarian,  and  1  Universalist. 
Among  the  charitable  institutions  are  a  Port  Society,  main- 
taining a  Betliel  for  seamen,  Bible  Society,  Domestic  Mission- 
ary Society  and  4  chapels,  and  an  Orplun  s  Home.  The  luiblic 
school  system  comprises  a  high  and  37  schools  of  lower  grades, 
and  there  are  a  Friends'  academy  for  boys  and  girls,  and 
numerous  private  schools.  The  Social  Library  was  estab- 
lished in  1803,  and  in  1862  was  merged  in  the  Free  Public 
Library,  which  has,  in  1865,  about  18,000  volumes.  New 
Bedford  communicates  with  Boston  by  2  railroads,  the  New 
Bedford  and  Taunton,  and  the  Fairhaven  Railroads,  and  with 
Fairhaven  by  a  ferry  and  a  bridge  over  4000  feet  long.  A 
steamboat  runs  to  Edg.artown.  A  railroad  is  projected  to 
Fall  River,  and  also  the  introduction  of  water  into  the  city 
from  a  distance  of  about  5  miles.  New  Bedford  is  one  'jf  the 
richest  cities,  in  proportion  to  its  population,  in  tlie  ooi  ntry. 
The  valuation  in  1864  was,  real  property,  .$8,108,."i00,  per- 
sonal, 810,935,000;  total,  .S19,093,600. 

As  the  commerce  of  New  Bedford  has  declined  iu  soma 


NEW 


NEW 


respects  within  the  last  few  years,  it  may  be  interesting  to 
give  the  most  important  commercial  statistics  for  a  previous 
decade.  The  sliipiiing  of  the  district  of  New  Bedford,  June 
30,  1852,  amouiited  to  an  aggregate  of  139,0621^  tons  regis- 
tered, and  lu.l-to^^  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  for- 
mer, 125,.53uJ^  tons  Wf re  employed  in  the  whale  lishery ; 
and  of  the  latter,  9039}^  tons  in  the  coast  trade.  The  for- 
eign arrivals  for  the  year  were  113  (tons  27,9-1:0) ;  the  clear- 
ances for  foreign  ports,  192  (tons  68,340),  of  which  174  (tons 
55,347)  were  by  American  vessels.  Tlie  whole  number  of 
American  vessels  arrived  at  New  Beilford  during  the  year 
ending  December  31,  1852,  were  99,  of  which  59  were  em- 
ployed in  the  whale  fisheries.  The  value  of  sperm  oil  en- 
tered at  the  custom-liou.se  during  the  year  was  $1,927,511; 
of  wliale  oil,  $1,040,829 ;  and  of  whalebone,  S444,318 ;  total, 
$3,412,658. 

The  average  annual  receipts  for  the  10  years  ending  1852, 
were,  sperin  oil,  115,454  libls. ;  whale  oil,  240,459  blils.;  and 
of  wlialeboue,  2.064,700  lbs.  Tlie  receipts  for  1851,  being 
e9,.591  bbls.  of  sperm  oil ;  328,483  bbls.  of  whale  oil ;  and 
3,916,500  lbs.  of  whalebone;  and  in  1852,  only  7S,S72  bbls. 
of  sperm  oil ;  84,211  bbls.  of  whale  oil ;  and  1,259,900  lbs.  of 
whalebone.  There  were  no  exports  of  whale  oil  from  New 
Bedford  iu  1^52  and  1853.  The  exports  in  gallons  lor  the 
8ix  i)revious  years,  were  as  follows: 

1851.        1850.        1849.        1848.        1847.  1846. 

813,401    100,491     233,775    538,446    319,486     1,004,661 

The  amount  of  duties  collected  on  imported  merchandise, 
iu  1852,  wa-s  $24,979.95.  New  Bedford  is  connected  by  r.'iil- 
road  with  i'all  liiver,  Providence,  and  Boston.  Pop.  in  1830, 
692;  in  1840,  12,087;  in  1850,  16,44:3;  in  1860,22,300.  It 
has  probably  somewhat  diminished  since  the  last  date. 

NK\V  BEDFORD,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  county, 
Pennsylvania,  about  240  miles  W.N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 
Pop.  235. 

N  E\V  B  EDFOHD.  a  post-ofRce  of  Monmouth  co..  New  .Jersey. 

NEW  liKDFi)llD.  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  99 
mi'.es  E.N'.F;.  of  Columbus. 

NKW'DKlUi,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Cass  co., 
Michigan.     I'op.  861. 

N  i;\V  liElt'LIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Uiiadilla  Kiver,  95  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 
The  village  has  1  bank,  4  or  5  churches,  an  academy,  ar>d 
manufacturesof  cotton,  iron,  Ac.  Pop.  of  the  township,  261 7. 

NEW  BEKLIN,  a  post-borough  of  Union  co„  Pennsylvania, 
on  Penn's  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Susquehanna  liiver,  60 
miles  N.  of  IIurrisliurK.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  fertile 
valley.  It  contains  5  churches  and  several  stores,  and  is 
the  seat  of  Union  Seminary,  a  tlourishing  Institution,  founded 
in  1856,  by  the  Evangelical  Association.  (" Allaights"  or 
Oerman  ^l.'tUodi.sts.)  Laid  out  about  the  vear  1800.  and 
formerly  called  Ijongstown.     Pop.  in  1850,  741 ;  in  1860, 672. 

NEW  BERLIN,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  124  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus. 

NEW  BEKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

NEW  BERLIN,  a  townsliip  in  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  1903. 

NEW  BERLIN  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Clienango  CO, 
New  York. 

N  EW'BERN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pulaski  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad,  and  the  stage-route 
from  Baltimore  to  Nashville.  222  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 
The  situation  is  elevated  and  pleasant.  The  town  has  an 
active  trade,  and  contains  2  churches.  Pop.  from  300  to  400. 
New  liiver,  near  Newbern,  pauses  along  a  vertical  wall  of 
rock,  about  500  feet  high  and  several  miles  in  length,  called 
the  ■•Glass  Windows." 

NEWmERN  or  NEW  BERNE,  a  port  of  entry  of  North 
'  Carolina,  and  capital  of  Craven  co.,  is  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Neuse  and  Trent  Rivers,  about  120  miles 
S.E.  of  Raleinh,  and  50  miles  above  Pamlico  Sound.  Lat. 
35°  20'  N..  Ion.  77°  5'  W.  It  was  for  many  years  the 
capital  of  the  state.  The  Neuse  River,  which  is  more  than 
a  mile  wide  at  this  place,  is  navigated  by  steamboats  about 
8  months  of  the  year.  The  entrance  from  the  sea  is  through 
Ocrac«ke  Inlet.  Newbern  has  a  considerable  trade.  The 
chief  articles  of  export  are  grain,  lumber,  turpentine,  tar, 
and  naval  stores.  The  shipping  of  the  port  June  30,  1852, 
amounted  to  1179^  tons.  regi.<tered,  and  4055^  tons,  enrolled 
and  licensed ;  of  the  latter,  3814^  tons  were  employed  in 
the  coast  trade,  and  230f  in  steamboat  navigation.  The 
foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were  22,  tons  2822.  The  clear- 
ances for  foreign  ports  were  24,  tons  3151;  all  of  which 
were  in  American  bottoms.  During  the  year  3  vessels,  with 
an  aggregate  burthen  of  252|  tons,  were  admeasured. 
Newbern  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  .several 
churches.  2  hanks,  and  a  theatre.  Two  or  three  newspapers 
are  pulilished  here.     Pop.  in  1860,  5432. 

NEWBERN.  a  post-village  in  Greene  co.,  Alabama,  80  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Montgomery. 

NEWBERN,  a  postoffice  of  Dyer  co.,  Tennessee. 

NEWBERN,  a  post-villacre  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana, 
01.  Ciifty  Creel    9  mii(!g  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 


NEWBERN,  a  post-office  of  .Jersey  co.,  Illinois. 

NEW  BERN,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa. 

NEWBERRY,  a  district  in  the  N.W.  centriLJ  part  of  ?outh 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  010  square  mile.s.  It  is  boiuuled  on 
the  E.  by  Broad  River,  on  the  S.  by  the  Saluda,  and  drained 
by  Ennoree  and  Little  Rivers.  The  surface  is  divers^ified  by 
hill  and  dale ;  the  soil  is  fertile,  aiid  well  watered.  This  dis- 
trict is  intersected  by  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad. 
Capital,  Newberry.  Pop.  20,879,  of  whom  7184  were  freeu 
and  l.",fi95  slaves. 

NEWBERRY,  a  post^village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 3  miles  W.  of  Wiliiamsport.  It  has  several  stores, 
and  near  300  inhabitants. 

NEWBERRY,  a  township  of  York  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2587. 

NEWBKRRY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Newberry  district, 
South  Carolina,  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  liaihiiad, 
45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia.  Granite,  of  a  beautiful  gray 
color,  i^ abundant  in  the  vicinity.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
a  bank,  a  newspaper  office,  and  a  number  of  stores. 

NEWBERRY,  a  post-village  of  M'ayne  co.,  Kentucky.  120 
miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

NEWBERRY,  a  town.ship  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2868. 

NEWBERRY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  10  miles  S.  of  Bloom- 
field. 

NEW'BERRYTOWN,  a  post^village  of  York  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  about  150. 

NEW  BETH'EL,  a  post-oltice  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 
•    NEW  BETHEL,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Michigan  Road,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  BKTIl'LEHEM,  a  post-village  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Red  Bank  Creek,  about  60  miles  N.E.  of  Pitts- 
burg.    Pop.  380. 

NEWBIG'OIN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

NEWBIGOIN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

NEWBIOGTN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVestmoreland. 

NEW'BLISS,  a  thriving  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Monaghan,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Clones.     Pop.  500. 

NEW  BLOOM'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NEW  BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 15  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

NEW'BOLD-ON-A'VON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 

NEWBOLD  PA'CEY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Warn  ick. 

NEWBOLD  VER'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 

NEWBOLD  AXD  DUNSTAN,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Derby. 

NKWiiOLD  ASTOJURY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

N  E W'BORN,  a  postrvillage  in  Newton  co.,  Georgia,  50  miles 
N,W,  of  Milledgeville. 

NEW'BOROIIGII,  a  post-villago  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Leeds,  on  the  Rideau  Canal. 

NKW/BOROUGU-LLAN-BEDR.  (LanTjJd'r,)  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  North  A\'ales,  co.  of  Anglesea,  on  the  Irish  Sea, 
4  miles  A\'.N.W,  of  Carnarvon. 

NEWBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northamp- 
ton. 

NEWBOROUGIL  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

NEW  BOS/TON,  a  post-township  in  llill.'.borough  county, 
New  Hampshire,  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Concord.  It  contain* 
several  churches,  and  an  insurance  comjiany.     Pop.  1369. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  post-village  in  Berkshire  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, about  125  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Windham  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  Quinebaug  River,  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hartford. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Lewis  co..  New  York. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Henrv  co.,  Tennes.see. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  village  of  Highland  eo.,  Ohio,  C4  mile* 
E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Slercer  county, 
Illinois,  is  situated  on  the  Missis-sippi  River.  156  miles  N.W. 
of  Springfield.  It  is  a  place  of  much  activity  in  business, 
at  which  a  large  quantity  of  produce  is  bought  and  shipped. 
The  adjacent  country  is  fertile,  and  rapidly  improving.  Pop 
583. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  post-village  in  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  90  miles 
S.  of  Iowa  City. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  town  of  Kansas,  on  the  Kansas  River, 
between  Lawrence  and  Topoka. 

NEWBOTTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

NEWBOTTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

NEW'BOURN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

NEW  BRAINTREE,  a  township  of  Worcester  co,.  Mass* 
chusetts,  PO  miles  W.  of  Boston,     Pop.  805. 

NEW  BRAUN'FELS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Comal  eo., 
Texas,  on  Guadalupe  River,  32  miles  N.E.  of  San  Antonio. 

NEW  BRE'MEN.  a  post-township  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Martinsburs.     Pop.  1786. 

NEW  BREMEN,  a  post-village  of  Auglaize  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Miami  Canal,  about  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

1295 


NEW 


NE^V 


NKW  BREMEN,  a,  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois.  |      Gedogy,  Ac— Along  the  shores  of  Chaleiir  Bay  and  the 

NKWBRIDGE,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Leiuster,  co.  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  gray  faudstoue  and  gray  clayslata 
and  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kildare,  on  the  LifTey.  Pop.  700.  It  predominate,  with  detached  rocks  of  granite,  quartz,  and 
Las  lartru  cavalry  barracks,  and  near  it  the  ruins  of  Great  ironstone;  on  the  S.  coast,  limestone,  graywacke,  clayslate, 
Couueli  Abl.i«y.  •     ]  with  sandstone,  interrupted  occasionally  by  gueissl  trap, 

Xi-WBliluCiK,  a  village  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  on  '  and  granite.  Specimens  of  amethyst,  tar'ueliau.  jasper,  Ac, 
both  sides  of  the  Talf,  here  crossed  by  a  celebrated  bridge  have  been  picked  up  \a  various  places.  Coal  is  pltiitiful, 
called  I'out-y-Pridd,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mertliyr-'fydvil.  It  and  iron  ore  abundant;  the  former  is  said  to  extend  over 
has  recently" sprung  up,  and  attained  some  importance  in  10,000  square  miles,  or  above  one-third  part  of  the  whole 
c^nisequeuce  of  the  miueral  treasures  in  its  vicinity.  It  has  area  of  the  province.  Copper  and  manganese  also  abound. 
» church,  several  Dissenting  chapels,  a  school,  manufactories  A  large  deposit  of  the  former  has  Ix-eu  discovered  on  the 
of  chain-oaliies  and  siuiilar  articles,  and  of  railway  plates,  banks  of  the  Nipisiguit  River,  which  falls  into  iiaiburst  Bay, 
and  tin  mills,  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  world.  i  and  another  of  plumbago,  within  half  a  mile  of  St.  John. 

NEW  BKlDviE,  a  little  village  of  Bergen  CO.,  New  Jersey,  !  The  supply  of  the  latter  is  said  to  \>e  iue.xhaustible;  the 


about  14  mile.s  X.  by  W.  of  Jersej-  City. 

>E\V  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  in  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia. 

NEW  BRIDGE/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  I'ennsyl- 
Tania. 

NEW  BRIGHTON,  bri'ton,  a  post-village  of  Richmand  co., 


surface  of  the  earth  being,  for  2  miles,  coated  with  it. 
Gypsum,  limestone,  freestone,  and  griridsione  abound.  Salt 
springs,  strongly  saturateil,  are  numerous;  and  some  sul- 
phureous springs  have  al.«o  been  discovered. 

Rivers,  Bays,  and  Lakes. — New  Brunswick   can   every- 


New  York,  beautifully  situat^^l  on  the  N.W.  and  N.  shore  where  be  penetrated  by  its  stream.i.  In  some  parts  of  the 
of  Staten  Island,  6  miles  S.W.  of  New  Y'ork,  with  which  it  interior,  by  a  portage  of  only  3  or  4  miles,  a  canoe  may  be 
is  connected  by  a  ferry.  It  contains  many  fine  eountry  i  floated  either  to  the  Bay  of  Chaleur.  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence, 
resideni-es,  a  seminary,  and  several  hotels.  The  acclivity  {  or  down  the  St.  John  to  the  Bay  of  lundy.  The  latter 
on  which  the  village  is  built  affords  a  magnificent  view  of  i  river  flows  450  miles  from  its  source  at  the  Metjarmette 
New  Y'ork  City,  with  its  bay  and  environs,  and  of  the  Jersey  |  Portage  to  the  ocean.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  100  torn 
shore.  I  to  i'redericton,  the  seat  of  government.  90  miies  from  the 

NEW  BRIGHTON,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Beaver  \  sea.  Above  thLs  point  small  steamers  ascend  65  miles  to 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  Beaver  River,  |  Woodstock,  and  occasionally  make  trips  as  far  as  the  To- 
about  3  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  <'>hio.  28  miles  N.W^  bique.  75  miles  further.  About  225  miles  from  the  sea  are  the 
of  Pittsburg.  It  is  connected  with  Pittsburg  by  the  Pitts-  I  Grand  Palls  of  the  St.  John,  a  magnificent  cataract  of  70  or 
burg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  and  with  Lake  ■  80  feet  jierpendicular  descent,  alwve  which  the  river  has 
Erie  by  canal,  and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  The  river  i  heen  navigated  by  a  steamer  40  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
furnishes  abundant  water-power.  Abridge  connects  the  river  Madawaska;  from  this  point  boat.s  and  canoes  may 
town  with  Fallston  on  the  opposite  bank.     New  Brightf.n     ascend  almost  to  its  sources.    The  Madawaska  River  is  also 


"iglii  - 
contains  several  churches.  1  bank,  and  mills  and  factories 
of  various  kinds.    Pop.  in  1850, 1443;  in  1860,  2034. 

NEW  BRIGUTON,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

NEW  BRIT'AIN,  a  post-borough  and  township  of  Hart- 
ford county,  Connecticut,  on  the  Boston  and  Erie  Railroad, 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford,  and  connected  with  the  Hurt- 
ford  and  New  Haven  Railroad  by  a  branch  extending  to 
Berlin.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  flourisliing  borough.  Its 
manufactures  are  very  extensive,  consisting  of  stockinet 
goods,  bank  and  safe  locks,  jewelry,  liooks  and  eyes,  cabinet 
hardware,  hiu-ness  trimmings,  rules,  plumbs  and  levels, 
locks,  house  trimnungs,  and  general  hardware.  It  contains 
6  churches,  1-  bank,  1  savings  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  and 
is  the  seat  of  the  State  Normal  School.  The  borough  is 
lighted  with  gas,  and  is  amply  supplied  with  water  from  a 
reservoir  of  175  acres,  at  an  elevation  of  2tK1  feet,  giving  a 
head  sufficient  for  the  purpose  of  extingTiishing  fire,  and 
entirely  superseding  the  necessity  for  fire  engines.  Total 
Pop.  in  ISiO,  3029;  in  1S60,  5212;  "of  the  village  about  40O0. 

NEW  BRITAIN,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  New  Y'ork. 

NEW  BRITAIN,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1639. 

NEW  BRIT/AIN.  .in  archipels^.  Pacific  Ocean,  between 
latitude  4='  and  6°  30'  S..  and  Ion.  149°  and  162°  E.    It  con 


navigable  for  small  steamers  30  miles  to  Lake  Temiscouata, 
a  sheet  of  water  27  miles  long,  from  2  to  6  miles  broad,  and 
of  great  depth  throughout.  From  the  upper  part  of  this 
lake  to  the  river  St  Lawrence,  the  distance  is  only  about  18 
miles,  and  between  the  two  it  is  proposed  to  establish  com- 
munication either  by  railway  or  canal.  The  country 
drained  by  the  St.  John  and  its  tributaries  comprises  about 
9.000,000  acres  in  New  Brunswick.  2.000.U0O  in  Canada,  and 
6.000,000  in  the  United  States.  The  valley  is  remarkable 
for  its  fertility  and  picturesque  beauty.  The  Peticodiac,  a 
large  river  flowing  into  the  Bay  of  Fuudy  near  its  N.E.  ex- 
tremity, is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  size  25  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  for  schooners  of  70  to  80  tons  12  miles 
further.  After  the  St.  .Tohn,  the  largest  river  of  New 
Brunswick  is  the  Miramichi.  flowing  N.E.  into  an  extensive 
bay  of  its  own  name.  It  is  225  miles  in  length,  and  9  miles 
wide  at  its  mouth.  The  tide  flows  up  it  40  miles,  SO  of 
which  it  is  navigable  for  ships  of  700  tons.  The  entrance 
to  the  Restigouche  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Clialeur  is  3 
miles  in  width,  with  9  fathoms  of  water.  Above  tide  the 
river  separates  into  6  principal  branches :  its  Indian  name, 
Restigouche.  is  said  to  signify  '■  the  river  which  divides  like 
the  hand."  The  main  stream  is  over  2oO  miles  in  length. 
From  Dalliousie  to  Campbellton,  the  distance  by  the  river  is 
about  IS  miles,  through  the  whole  of  which  the  channel 


eists  mainly  of  2  large,  mountainous,  wooded,  and  populous  I  has  a  depth  of  from  4  to  8  fathoms.     The  tide  flows  6  miles 


Islands,  discovered  by  Dampier  in  1699. 

NEW  BRITAIN.    See  British  .\merica. 

NEWBROUGII,  new'bruh,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland.  • 

NEW  BRUNS'WICK,  (Fr.  Kouveau  Brunstvick,  nooVo/ 
bruxsVeek',)  a  British  colonial  territory  of  North  Ame- 
rica; Ixiunded  on  the  N.W.  by  Canada  East,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  river  Restigouche;  N.  by  Chaleur 
Bay;  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence  and  Northumber- 
land Strait,  the  latter  separating  it  from  Prince  Edward's 
Island ;  S.  by  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  part  of  Nova  Scotia : 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  sUte  of  Maine,  irom  which  it  is 
partly  separated  by  the  St.  Croix  and  St  John  Rivers ; 
extending  from  lat.  45°  5'  to  48°  40'  N..  Ion.  63°  50'  to  08^ 
W. 


further,  but  large  vessels  do  not  asi-end  above  Campbellton. 
The  Restigouche,  with  its  tributaries,  drains  over  40o0  square 
miles  of  fertile  and  finely-timbered  country.  There  are  also 
many  other  rivers  of  navigable  importmce.  The  tide  flows 
up  the  Riehibucto  25  miles,  for  15  of  which  the  depth  in 
channel  is  from  4  to  6  fathoms.  Among  the  numerous  bays 
with  which  the  coast  is  indented,  the  most  important  is  the 
Bay  of  Chaleur.  an  immense  haven.  90  miles  in  length,  and 
from  12  to  25  miles  in  breadth,  formii.g  the  N.  boundary 
of  the  province.  Throughout  its  whole  extent  there  is 
neither  reef,  rock,  shoal,  or  any  impediment  whatever  to" 
navigation.  Within  it  are  Gi-eat  and  Little  Shippigan, 
Bathurst.  and  other  fine  harlx)rs,  each  the  seat  of  an  ex- 
ten.»ive  trade  in  timlier  and  fish.    Besides  the  Miramichi, 


W. ;  greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  230  miles;  breadth  190  1  already  mentioned,  the  principal 
miles :  area  27,700  square  miles.    Its  coast-line  is  about  500  !  Riehibucto.  Buctouche,  Cocagne, 


bays  on  its  E.  coast  are 

,  _     ,    _  _    ^  _  ,  and  Shediac;   on  the   S. 

miles  iu  length,  iuterrupted  only  at  the  point  of  junction  !  coast  are  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  separating  New  Brunswick  ■ 
with  Nova  Scotia,  where  an  isthmus  of  not  more  than  10  j  from  Maine.and on  the  S.W., St.  John's  liaiborandChignecto 
miles  in  breadth  connect*  the  two  territorie.s,  and  separates  Bay.  The  lakes  are  numerous,  but  generally  of  small  ex- 
the  waters  of  Northumberland  Strait  from  those  of  the  Bay  tent.  The  principal  is  Grand  I^ke.  30  niiles  long,  and  from 
of  Fundy,  and  which  it  is  proposed  to  unite  by  means  of  a  3  to  9  miles  wide,  communicating  with  the  river  St.  John  ; 
'^'i^'     f  I  ^^^^  '°  order  are  Lake  Temi.scouata.  before  mentioned,  and 

J-ace  of  tJie  0>u/i<ry.— The  general  surface  of  the  country  '  Grand  Lake,  lying  on  the  boundary  between  New  Brun» 
presents  a  series  of  bold  undulations,  sometimes  rising  into  i  wick  and  Maine. 

mountains  or  continuous  ridges  of  high  land.  The  latter  j  C/ini(((e.— The  climate  of  New  Brunswick  is  subject  to 
"""^i.  .  . '"^  "if  ""^  con.siderable  height ;  but  their  precipitous  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold :  the  thermometer  sometimes 
acclivities,  sharp  outline,  and  deep  ravines,  give  them  an  rising  to  100^  Fahrenheit  during  the  day.  and  falling  in  the 
Alpine  and  picturesque  character,  that  finely  and  .strikingly  I  forest  during  the  night  of  the  same  day.  to  50°.  The  sever- 
contrasts  with  the  rich  valleys  and  sheltered  plains  which  I  est  cold  of  the  winter  usually  contiuue"s  fnm  Deceml>er  21 
alternate  with  the  more  rugged  si-enery.  The  shores  of  the  to  March  21.  The  prevailing  summer  winds  are  from  the 
Unit  ot  ft  Lawrence  and  Northumberland  Str.'iits  abound  W.S.W.  and  S.;  when  from  the  S.W.,  dense  fogs  are  otVi; 
in  fine  ship  harljors,  (each  at  the  mouth  of  a  considerable  produced  on  the  shores  of  the  Bav  of  Fundv,  and  extend 
river.)  Irom  whih  is  exported  much  fine  Umber.  For  about  from  15  miles  to  20  miles  inland.  In  the  interior,  the  cJi- 
U  miles  inland  the  country  is  low  and  skirted  with  ex-  mate  is  said  to  have  been  greatly  ameliorated,  in  conso- 
tonsive  ™^|"es.  |  queuce  of  the  clearing  away  of  the  forests,  by  which  the 


NEW 


NEW 


snn'g  rays  an?  permitted  to  reach  the  surface  of  the  earth, 
whore  the  heat  thus  absorbed  is  ajrain  diffused  by  radiation. 
The  autumn  is  a  reason  of  exceeding;  beauty,  the  air  being 
dry  and  clear,  and  tlie  woods  glowing  with  innumerable 
tints  of  the  richest  and  most  brilliant  hues. 

Veyctatirm.  Agriculture,  &c. — Of  the  soil  and  capabilities  of 
New  Brunswick,  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  speak  too  hijrhly. 
Tlie  mineral  matters  produced  by  the  decomposition  of  the 
rocks,  contain  every  ingretlient  reciuisite  for  the  formation 
of  good  soil.  Few  countries  are  more  plentifully  watered, 
or  Ix'tter  wooded.  A  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  covered 
with  dense  forests  of  pine,  hackmatac,  cedar,  &c.,  which 
furnish  immense  'luantities  of  timber,  both  for  export  and 
shipbuilding.  Plants  which  ripen  more  slowly  in  a  warmer 
region,  require  to  be  gradually  acclimated  before  they  can 
accommodate  themselves  to  the  short  seasons  of  New  Hruns- 
wick.  The  ordinary  fruits  of  the  Northern  United  States, 
with  the  exception  of  tlie  peach,  thrive  here;  and  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  province  Indian  corn  is  grown.  The 
smaller  cereals,  such  as  oats,  rye,  barley,  and  summer  wheat, 
ripen  perfectly,  and  are  of  excellent  quality.  The  potatoes 
raised  in  New  Brunswick  are  thebest  in  the  world.  Turnips 
of  every  variety  grow  well,  and  pea.se,  beans,  and  other 
leguminous  plants  thrive  admirably.  The  most  profitable 
crop,  however,  is  grass,  which  occupies  about  four-fifths  of 
the  land  on  every  large  farm.  Hay  is  a^eatly  in  demand  to 
supply  the  teams  employed  in  lumbering;  and  pressed  hay 
is  also  exported  to  the  United  States.  Agriculture  in  the 
province,  however,  has  hitherto  made  but  slow  progress; 
and  the  demand  for  food  in  ordinary  years  is  far  beyond  the 
supply  raised  on  the  soil.  The  inhabitants  generally  find  it 
more  profit.able  to  follow  the  lumbering  business.  The 
number  of  acres  under  culture  in  1840  was  426,611,  and  in 
1851.  64.3.9,54.  or  about  l-28th  part  of  the  whole  surface. 

Manufactnras. — The  manufactures  of  New  Hrunswick, 
with  the  exception  of  ship-building  and  the  sawing  of  lumber, 
are  limite<l  almo.st  exclusively  to  articles  of  primary  necca- 
sity.  In  1851  there  were  in  the  province  52  weaving  and 
carding  mills,  employing  953  persons,  5475  looms;  11 
foundries,  employing  242  persons  ;  125  tanneries,  employing 
'^55  persons ;  8  breweries,  employing  96  persons ;  261  grist- 
mills, employing  366  persons;  and  584  .saw-mills,  employing 
4302  persons;  218  saw-mills  and  147  grist-mills  were  situated 
upon  tributaries  of  the  t>t.  John.  The  amount  of  water- 
,'Ower  alTonled  by  these  streams  is  incalculable,  and  but  a 
(mall  part  of  it  is  yet  used.  The  quantities  of  timl>er  and 
lumber  floated  down  the  St. , John  in  1852,  were  as  follows: 
white  pine  timber,  100,000  tons;  hackmatac  timber,  10,000 
tons;  white  pine  logs,  50,000.000  cubic  feet;  spruce  logs, 
20.000,000  cubic  feet;  pine  boards.  5,000,000  superficial  feet; 
cedar  and  pine  .shingles,  15,000.000;  claplxiards.  5.000,000 
pieces;  the  whole  valued  at  $1,940,000.  Ship-building  is 
chiefly  carried  on  at  St.  John  lliramichi,  and  St.  Andrew's. 
The  total  number  of  vessels  built  in  1851  was  87,  with  an 
aggregate  burden  of  34.350  tons. 

Fisheries. — The  rivers,  lakes,  and  sea-coasts  of  New 
Brunswick  abound  with  fish  of  almost  every  variety.  In 
the  Ray  of  Chaleur  immense  shoals  are  seen,  darkening  the 
iurface  of  the  water.  The  liay  of  Fundy  has  long  been 
celebrated  for  its  fisheries.  There  were  employed  at  Campo 
Bello  in  1850,  11  vessels  and  50  boats,  manned  by  162  men, 
besides  21  w'eir.s,  attended  by  100  men;  the  whole  taking 
6340  quintals  of  pollock,  1750  of  cod,  5100  barrels  of  herrings, 
480  of  mackerel,  150  of  pickled  haddock  and  cod,  120 
barrels  of  oil.  and  40,000  boxes  of  smoked  herrings.  At  the 
We.-t  Isles  there  were  27  fishing-vessels,  200  boats,  and  7 
weirs,  employing  C91  men.  The  catch  was  20,800  quintals 
of  pollock  and  hake,  3750  of  cod,  3500  barrels  of  herrings. 
800  b  irrels  of  pickled  cod  and  haddock,  450  barrels  of  oil,  and 
6000  boxes  of  smoked  herrings.  In  the  harbor  of  St.  John 
there  were  about  200  boats  with  500  men.  taking  40,000 
salmon,  14.000  barrels  of  alewives.  and  1200  of  shad.  In 
Cumberland  Hay  525  men,  in  213  boats,  took,  among  other 
fish,  41,000  barrels  of  .shad.  There  were  24  vessels  and  94 
boats  with  573  men  at  Grand  Menan,  and  numerous  vessels 
and  boats  at  smaller  stations  on  the  coast.  The  total  value 
'  of  the  New  Brunswick  fisheries  within  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
in  1850  was  $263,500.  This,  however,  conveys  but  a  very 
imperfect  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  fisheries  in  tho.se  waters, 
as  vessels  from  the  United  States  are  much  more  numerous 
here  than  those  belonging  to  New  Brunswick. 

Oimmerc/;. — The  great  extent  of  sea-coast,  with  its  nume- 
rous bays  and  the  navigable  rivers  flowing  into  them,  fur- 
nish admirable  facilities  for  commerce.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  fish,  hackmatac  knees,  spars,  and  other  timber, 
deals,  plauks,  boards,  shingles,  laths,  staves,  pickets,  Ac, 
Iron,  coal,  gypsum,  .sheepskins,  potatoes,  oats,  and  hay. 
The  chief  imports  are  wheat  and  wheat  flour,  corn-meal, 
corn  and  otlier  grain,  salted  meats,  cofl'ee,  sugar,  molasses, 
tobacco,  woollen,  cotton,  and  silk  manufactures,  haber- 
dashery, manufactures  of  iron,  leather,  and  India  rubber, 
Stationery,  soap  and  candles,  and  cordage.  The  total  value 
of  the  commerce  of  New  Brunswick  in  1849  and  18.50,  and 
the  countries  with  which  It  is  carried  on,  is  exhibited  in 
the  ibllowing  Table : 

40 


Conn  tries. 

1849. 

1850.       ; 

Imports. 

Exports.      Imports. 

Exports,  i 

Great  Dritain  .    . 

British  Colonies: — 
West  Indies 
Br.  N.  America 

$1,507,340 

5,.560 
517,300 

$2,319,070  $1,988,195  $2,447,755 

.57,3fi0         11, .505         90,350 

270,475        674,685        297,800 

6,260          2.5,i:i5            8,105 

257,910     1,310,740        887,000 

90,235          67,335         59,020 

$3,007,310  j  $4,077,655  |S3,290,090 

Unitod  St.ates  .    . 
Foreign  States 

Total,    .    .    . 

1,322,810 
114,825 

$3,467,835 

Tlie  following  comparative  statement  exhibits  the  valua 
of  fish  exported  in  1850, 1851,  and  1852 : 


Couuti-Ies. 

1S50. 

1851. 

1852. 

fireat  Britain     . 
N.  A.  Colonies    . 
United  States     .■ 
Other  Countries 

$9,400 
55,200 
41, .500 
30,100 

$13,0(K)" 

H2,rm 

71,200 
27,400 

$30,800 
4S,7(K) 

ni,.v»o 

Total  .    .    . 

$136,200 

$194,100 

$229,.500 

.    The  following  Table  shows  the  principal  ports,  and  the 
trade  of  each,  in  1851 : 


St.  John     .... 

$2,0.M,130 

St.  Andrew's      .    . 

270,000 

Miramichi     ,    .    . 

411,700 

Ualhousie      .    .    . 

152,015 

liathurst    .... 

11.5,090 

Kiohibucto     .    .    . 

133,155 

Imports. 


$3,749,585 
225,(J00 
347,999 
128,.570 
77,850 
109,000 


The  total  number  of  ves.sels  owned  in  New  Brunswick, 
Doc.  31,  1850,  was  807,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  121,996 
tons.    .See  St.  Joira's. 

Interniil  Cnminunicatinn . — There  are  several  railways  in 
New  Brunswick  either  in  course  of  construction  or  projected. 
The  Fast  and  North  American  Railway  is  proceeding  K.  from 
St.  .Johns  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  frontiers  of 
Nova  .Scotia,  to  meet  the  line  now  in  progress  northward  from 
Halifax.  A  large  porti<m  of  the  rails,  and  most  of  the  irou 
liridges  are  already  received,  and  it  is  thought  this  jxirtion 
will  be  completed  during  the  year  1856.  From  the  (xiint  of 
union  it  is  proposed  to  carry  the  line  N.N.W.  to  the  river 
St.  Lawrence,  along  the  S.  shore  of  which  it  is  to  proceed  to 
Quebec.  A  railway  is  projected  from  St.  Audrews  northward 
to  Woodstock,  and  thence  along  the  valley  of  the  St.  John's, 
whence  it  is  intended  ultimately  to  communicate  with  Que- 
bec. The  European  and  North  American  liailway  is  design- 
ed to  connect  the  British  province  of  Nova  Scotia  ajid  New 
Brunswick  with  the  system  of  railways  in  the  United  States, 
at  Bangor.  This  is  an  enterprise  that  has  long  been  contem- 
piatetl,  and  portions  of  the  road  are  now  under  contract. 
Telegraphic  wires  connect  New  Brunswick  with  the  United 
States  on  the  one  hand,  and  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince  Edward's 
Island  on  the  other.  Communication  with  the  latter  Lsland 
is  effected  by  means  of  a  submarine  cable,  extending  from 
Cape  Tormentina  to  Cape  Travers,  a  distance  of  9  miles. 
The  wires,  by  a  similar  means,  are  also  about  being  extend- 
ed to  Newfoundland,  distant  from  Prince  Edward's  Island 
150  miles. 

Divi/ri/ms,  PrrpvJation,  &c. — New  Brunswick  is  divided  into 
14  counties,  the  names  of  which,  and  papulation  in  1851, 
with  their  capitals,  are  exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table : 


Counties. 

Population. 

Capitals 

Albert     .... 

6,313 

Hopewell. 

Chrletou      .    .    . 

11,108 

Woodstock. 

Charlotte    .    .    . 

19,938 

St.  Andrews. 

Gloucester .    .    . 

11,704 

Bathnrst. 

Kent 

11,410 

Liverpool. 

King's     .... 

18,842 

Kingston. 

Northumberland 

15,064 

Miramichi. 

Queen's  .... 

10,631 

Gagetown. 

Kestigouche    .    . 

4,161 

Dalhousie. 

St.  John       .    .    . 

38,475 

St.  John. 

Sunbury      .    .    . 

6,;101 

>Iagerville. 

Victoria       .     .     . 

6,408 

Perth. 

Westmoreland     . 

17,814 

Dorchester. 

York 

17.628 

Frederictori. 

Total    .    .    . 

193.800 

NEW 


NEW 


TJ'e  chief  part  of  the  inhablcants  are  emigrants  from 
Great  Britain,  aud  their  deseemlaiits.  There  are  a  few  in- 
habitant^  of  Frencli  extraction  settled  chiefly  on  the  Bay 
of  Cbaleur.  and  In  the  valley  of  the  Madawaska.  There  are 
also  a  small  number  of  Miemacs,  Melicetes,  and  other  In- 
dians, in  the  X.  part  of  the  province. 

In  each  county  are  several  grammar  and  parish  schools. 
King's  College,  at  Fredericton,  receivefi  an  annual  grant  of 
about  $10,000  from  the  government.  There  are  also  other 
schools  for  instruction  in  the  higher  branches.  The  Church 
of  England,  the  established  and  free  churches  of  Scotland, 
Reformed  Presbyterians,  Congregationalists,  Wesleyan  Me- 
thodists. Baptists,  and  Roman  O&tholics  have  in  all  about 
450  churches. 

Government,  &c. — The  affairs  of  the  province  are  admiuia- 
tered  by  a  lieutenant-governor,  aided  by  an  Executive  Coun- 
cil, consisting  of  8  members;  a  Legi.'slative  Council,  of  17 
members;  and  a  House  of  Assembly,  of  39  representatives 
cf  the  people.  The  judicial  department  compri.»e.-J  a  supreme 
court,  with  a  chief  and  3  puisne  judges :  a  court  of  chancery, 
one  of  marriage  and  divorce,  and  one  for  the  trial  of  offences 
committed  at  sea;' over  these  three  courts  the  lieutenant- 
governor  presides.  The  revenue  for  the  five  months  ending 
May  31,  1853.  amounted  to  $328,500,  an  increase  of  $6800 
over  the  corresponding  period  of  the  previous  year.  Of  the 
total  amount.  .*196,500  was  derived  from  the  customs.  The 
provincial  legislature  meets  at  Fredericton. 

History. — New  Brunswick  was  first  settled  by  the  French 
in  1639.  It  continued,  with  Nova  Scotia,  to  form  part  of  .4.ca- 
dia  or  New  France,  till  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British, 
after  the  connuest  of  Quebec.  The  first  British  settlers  in 
New  Brunswick  emigrated  from  Scotland  to  .Miramichi.  in 
1764;  and,  in  1784,  New  Brunswick  was  separated  from 
Nova  Scotia,  and  formed  into  a  distinct  province,  in  1825, 
the  standing  timber  in  the  district  around  Miramichi  Bay 
took  fire,  and  enveloped  an  area  of  60O0  square  miles  in 
flames,  consuming  4  thriving  towns,  many  large  vessels 
lying  in  Miramichi  River,  and  destroying  500  human  beings. 

N  EW  BKUNS'WICK,  a  city,  capital  of  Middlesex  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  right  or  S.W.  bank  of  the  Raritan  River, 
and  on  the  New  .Jersey  Railroad,  26  miles  N.N.E.  of  Trenton, 
and  30  miles  S.W.  of  New  York.  Lat.  40°  30'  N.,  Ion.  74° 
30'  W.  The  ground  is  low  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
rtver,  but  rises  rapidly  as  it  recedes.  The  upper  part  of  the 
town  is  laid  out  with  wide  streets,  and  contains  many  hand- 
gome  buildings.  Rutgers  College,  of  this  place,  was  fouudetl 
in  1770.  The  building  is  of  dwk  red  freestone.  The  2ity 
contains  the  theological  seminary  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church,  1  Roman  Catholic  and  12  Protestant  churches,  3 
banks,  and  several  seminaries  for  girls.  Three  newspapers 
are  published  here.  The  New  Jersey  Railroad  crosses  the 
Raritan  by  a  bridge  at  this  phice,  connecting  it  with  New- 
York  and  Philadelphia.  New  Brunswick  is  at  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  river,  and  the  eastern  terminus  of  the 
Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,  extending  to  Bordentown,  42 
miles.  This  canal  is  75  feet  wide  and  7  deep,  and  is  navi 
gated  by  steamboats  and  sloops  of  100  or  150  tons.  Among 
the  manufactories  of  tliis  city  are  a  large  paper-mill  and  2 
manufactories  of  India-rubber,  which  employ  numerous 
operatives.  I'opulation  in  1860,11,256;  and  in  1865,  esti- 
mated at  13.500. 

NRW  BRUNSWICK,  a  Tillage  of  Boone  oo.,  Indiana,  on 
the  State  Road  from  Lebanon  to  Danville,  8  miles  S.  of  the 
former.  • 

NEW  BRUNSWICK,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Eel  River.  75  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis 

NEW  BU'D.A..  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co..  Iowa,  was 
settled  by  a  company  of  Hungarians  under  General  Ujhazy. 
Pop.  about  500. 

NEW  BUF'F.\LO.  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  Jtiver,  19  miles 
above  llarrisburg.     Pop.  about  250. 

NEW  BUFF.\LO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berrien 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Michi;ran.  at  the  mouth  of  Galien 
River,  and  at  the  point  where  the  Central  Railroad  first 
touches  the  lake,  63  miles  E.  of  Chicago.  It  is  a  depot  of 
lumlier  and  fruit  for  the  Chicago  market.     Pop.  832. 

NEW  BUFFALO,  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  1181. 

NEW'BURfr,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
•bout  48  miles- ,N.E.  of  August*.     Pop.  1305. 

NEWBUK6.  a  post-town,  semi-capital  of  Orange  co..  New 
York,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  84  miles  S.  of 
Albany,  and  61  miles  N.  of  New  York.  Lat.  41°  31'  N..  Ion. 
74°  1'  W.  The  ground  on  wliich  it  is  built  rises,  as  it  re- 
cedes from  the  river,  to  the  height  of  about  300  feet,  com- 
manding a  fine  view  of  the  Highlands,  and  of  the  river, 
whi -h  is  here  1  mile  wide.  The  appearance  of  the  town,  as 
seen  from  the  water,  is  highly  prepossessing.  A  steam-ferry 
connects  it  with  Fishkill,  on  the  opposite  bank,  which  is 
intended  to  be  the  terminus  of  the  Providence  Hartford 
and  Fishkill  Railroad.  A  branch  railroad  extends  from 
Newburg  to  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  at  Chester. 
Newliurg  is  well  built,  and  contains  about  12  churches,  of 
which  the  Presbyterians  have  the  greatest  number;  1 
1238  ' 


!  national  bank,  3  other  banks,  an  acivdemy,  a  theological 
seminary  of  the  Associate  Reformed  Church,  and  many 
fine  residences.  Three  or  four  newspapers  are  published 
here.  It  has  large  manufactories  of  cotton,  wool,  ma- 
chinery, and  flour,  with  plaster-mills,  foundries,  tanneries. 
&c.  Large  quantities  of  grain,  flour,  and  dairy  products 
are  brought  here  and  shipped  in  steamlioata  and  sloops. 
The  adjacent  country  is  noted  for  its  extensive  dairies,  and 
the  superior  quality  of  the  butter  produced  in  them.  New- 
burg wiis  the  theatre  of  many  important  events  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  it  waa  here,  at  the  close  of  that 
struggle,  that  the  American  .army  was  disbanded,  June  23, 
17 S3.  .Pop.  of  the  township  15,''96. 

NEWBURG.  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  20  miles  S.W!  of  Carlisle. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  of  Huntingdon  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  90  miles  W.  of  llarrisburg,  and  near  the  base  of 
Broadtop  Mountain. 

NEW15UKG,  a  post-village  of  Friinklin  co.,  Alabama. 

NEWBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  I^ewis  co.,  Tennessee, 
72  miles  S.3.W.  of  Nashville.  It  was  laid  out  in  1850  or 
1851.  at  the  organization  of  the  county. 

NEWBURG.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cuyahoga  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  railroad.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Cleveland.    Pop.  2810. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  9  or  10  miles  above  Steubenville. 

NEWBURG,  a  township  iu  Miami  co..  Ohio. 

NEWBURG,  a  township  of  Ctuss  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  861. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Shiawassee  River,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Corunna. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana,  on  Coal 
Creok.  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Covington. 

N  E  WBUKG,  a  township  in  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana.   P.  740. 

NEWBURG,  a  thriving  post-viilage  of  Warwick  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  River,  13  miles  alx)ve  Evausville.  It 
is  the  largest  place  iu  the  oountj'.    Pop.  999. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  iu  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  near  Kish- 
waukee  River,  85  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

NEWBURG,  a  post-village  iu  Pike  co.,  IlUuoia,  70  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

NEWBURG,  a  small  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri 

NEWBURG,  a  postrvillage  of  Washington  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  River,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 
It  has  2  mills,  2  churches,  6  stores,  and  2  hotels.    Pop.  600. 

NEWBURG  H,  nu'bur-r&h,  a  parish  and  seaport  town  of 
Scotland,  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  co.  of  Fife,  on  the 
Tay,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Perth.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  26:3.8. 
The  town  has  a  good  harbor  for  shipping:  and  2  brauL'h 
banks.  Coarse  linen  weaving  is  largelj'  carried  on.  and 
considerable  trade  in  wootl,  gr.iin,  coals,  and  lime.  Steamers 
ply  daily  to  Perth  and  Dundee.  The  town  wa.«  f.iunded  iu 
the  12th  century  by  the  abbots  of  Liudores,  the  ruins  of 
which  mouastei-y,  founded  1178,  are  m  the  vicinity.  Mug- 
drum  house  is  in  the  parish;  also  2  ancient  crosses,  called 
Mugdrum  (St.  Magretlen)  and  Macduff's  Crosses. 

NKWBURGII,  nu'burg,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
of  Addington,  on  the  Napanee  River,  23  miles  from  Kingston, 
6i  miles  from  Napanee.  It  contains  several  mills  and  an  iron 
foundry.     Pop.  about  700. 

NEW  BUIVLINGTOX,  a  pos(>vmage  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  BURLINGTON,  a  po.st-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 
See  BURUNGTOX. 

NEW'BURX,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  File. 

NEWBUllN,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  oo.  of  Northumberland. 

NEWBURN  HALL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland. 

NEWBURY,  a  municipal  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Berks,  on  the  Kennet,  here  crossed 
by  a  stone  bridge,  on  the  Ken  and  Avon  Canal,  and  on  the 
Hungerlbrd  branch  of  the  Great  Western  Railway.  16  miled 
W.S.W.  of  Reading.  I'op.  of  the  borough  in  1851,  6574. 
The  tovra  is  well  built,  with  broad  paved  sti-eets.  It  has 
a  church  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  and  several  well- 
endowed  poor's  hospitals;  some  manufactures  of  riblwns, 
and  numerous  corn-mills  and  malt-kilns.  It  was  formerly 
noted  for  its  manufiictures  of  woollens.  The  house  and 
factory  of  its  famous  clothier,  "Jack  of  Newbury."  who 
liberally  aided  Henry  VIII.,  aud  was  a  great  benefactor  of 
the  town,  are  still  standing.  Two  severe  actions  were 
fought  in  the  vicinity,  in  1643  and  1644.  Donnington  Castle, 
on  the  N.,  was  the  property  of  the  poet  Chaucer,  who  ilied 
here  A.  D.  1400.  The  N.  part  of  the  tow^n,  Speeuhauiland, 
was  the  ancient  Spiine. 

NEWBURY,  apost-township  in  Merrimack  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, 25  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Concord.     Pop.  698. 

NEWBUItY,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Orange  CO., 
Vermont,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut  Kiver.  25  mileii 
S.E.  of  Moutpelier.  It  has  several  churches,  an  academy, 
and  some  manufactures  of  leather,  boots  aud  b]"-^s,  paper, 
starch,  aud  rakes.     Pop.  2549. 

NEWBURY,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Mas.<i!ichu.setts, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Merrimack  River,  34  miles  X.  by  E.  of 
Boston,  and  intersected  by  the  Eastern  Riiilrosid.  It  U  the 
seat  of  Dummer  Academy,  an  institution  of  high  clinri-cter, 
and  the  oldest  of  the  kind  in  the  stete,  having  'oeen  >  loor- 


NEW 


NEW 


ponital  in  1756.  Newbury  also  has  the  merit  of  possessing 
til'  liif-t  toll-bridiie  erected  in  the  state.  It  also  had  the 
first  gu.spension  chain-bridge  in  the  United  States,  and  one 
of  the  tirst,  if  not  the  very  first,  incorporated  woollen  factory 
in  the  state.  The  area  of  the  township  has  recently  been 
very  much  diminished,  reducing  the  population  from  4426, 
in  1850,  to  1444  in  1860. 

XEWBUKY,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Tennsylvania. 

NKWliUltY.  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of 
Geauga  co..  ( ihio.     Pop.  1048. 

N  KVV15URY,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  La  Gr.ange  co., 
Indiana.     I'op.  740. 

NEWBUUYl'OUT,  nu'bfr-e-port.  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and 
one  of  the  capitals  of  Kssex  couiity,  Massachu.setts.  34  miles 
X.  by  K.  of  Itoston,  is  situated  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the 
J/errimack  Hiver,  and  at  the  union  of  tlie  Newburyjiort 
with  the  Eiustorn  Kailroa<l;  lat.  42°  48' 32"  X.,  Ion.  7(i°  62' 
IT"  W.  It  stands  on  a  gentle  acclivity,  commanding  a  beau- 
tiful prospect,  and  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity,  in  the 
form  of  a  parallelogram.  Near  its  centre,  at  au  elevation 
of  CO  fe(!t  above  the  surface  of  tlie  river,  is  a  small  pond, 
comprising  an  area  of  about  6  acres.  This  has  been  sui^ 
rounded  with  a  wall  and  terraceil  promenade,  rendering  it 
one  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  the  place.  The  har- 
bor of  Xewburyport  is  spacious  and  safe,  but  obstructed  at 
its  entrance  liy  a  gliifling  sandbar.  The  town  is  considered 
one  of  the  pleasante.st  in  New  England.  The  pi'incipal  pub- 
lic buildings  are  the  Custom-house,  a  large  granite  structure, 
with  au  elegant  Grecian  portico;  the  Court-hou.se;  tlie  new 
City  Hall,  a  beautiful  edifice,  cost  $:io,000;  and  tlie  churches, 
of  which  there  are  16  of  the  various  deuomination.s.  lk>- 
[iides  18  primary  and  10  grammar  schools,  there  are  2  lilie- 
rally-endowed  free  schools,  one  for  males,  and  one  for  females. 
The  I'utnam  Free  School,  dedicated  April  12th,  1848,  has  a 
permanent  fund  of  $50,000,  the  income  of  which  is  appro- 
pri.-ited  to  the  benefit  of  pupils,  without  regard  to  residence 
Tile  newspaper  press  consists  of  2  daily,  a  semi-weekly,  and 
a  weekly  issue.  The  city  contains  a  Lyceum,  provided  with 
lectures,  and  an  excellent  library,  just  established.  There 
are  3  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $650,000,  and  a 
.savings  institution,  with  deposits  amounting  to  about 
§6011,000.     Gas  light  has  recently  been  introduced. 

Newburyport  formerly  suffered  severe  commercial  reverses, 
but  for  many  years  pa,st  its  traiie,  both  foreign  and  coast- 
wise, has  been  steadily  increasing.  About  $1,000,000  is 
employed  in  the  coast  trade,  and  $200,000  in  the  fisheries. 
The  shipping  of  the  district.  .Tune  30.  lS54.  amounted  fo  an 
aggregate  of  27,986  tons  registered,  and  9S14  tons  eurollfd 
and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  4787  tons  were  employed  In 
the  eo.ist  trade,  and  7575  tons  in  the  cod  and  mackerel 
fisheries.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were  82,  (Ions. 
55+2.)  of  which  76  (tons,  4775)  were  by  foreign  vessels.  The 
clearances  for  foreign  ports  were  90 — tons.  10,261,  ot  which 
4830  tons  were  in  foreign  bottoms.  During  the  year.  14 
Vessels,  (10  of  them  ships.)  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
8817  tons,  were  admeasured. 

Tliere  are  in  the  city  5  manufacturing  corporations,  em- 
ploying an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,180,000,  and  from  1500  to 
1600  iKinds,  who  run  63,884  spindles.  Steam  is  used  to  the 
extent  of  about  840  horse-power.  The  principal  articles  are 
cotton  goods,  of  which  about  12.000.000  yards  are  annually 
produced.  Tliere  are  also  manufactures  of  iron,  machinery, 
leather,  boots,  shoes,  &c.  Incorporated  as  a  town  in  1764; 
and  in  1851  chartered  as  a  city,  including  in  its  limits  two 
adjoining  villages.  The  celebrated  George  Whitefield  died 
in  Newburyport,  Septeml)er  30th,  1770.  Pop.  in  1850, 11,318 ; 
in  in  1S60, 13,401, 

NKWIiURYPOKT  LIGHTS,  on  the  N.  end  of  Plumb 
Island,  Newburyport  Harbor.  Mas.sachusetts.  They  are  fixed, 
tjvo  in  number,  and  so  constructed  as  to  be  easily  moved, 
a  circumstance  rendered  necessary  by  shiftiugs  of  the  bar  at 
the  mouth  of  the  harbor.  Lat.  42<5  48'  N.,  Ion.  70°  49'  30"  W. 

NKW/UY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West 
Biding, 

NE\V11Y'S  BRIDGE,  a  postxifficeof  Perquimang  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

NEAV15YTIIR,  nu-bTth.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  31 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Al)erdeen.     Pop.  1396. 

NEW  CALEDONIA,  kal  e<lo/ne-a,  (Fr.  N'^nvelJe  CaUdonie, 
nooVcll'  kd^hi'do'nee'.)  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
beloiiffing  to  France,  between  lat.  20°  and  22°  30'  S..  and  Ion. 
164°  and  167°  E.  Lennth  from  N.VV.  to  S.E..  220  miles; 
breadth,  30  miles.  Surface  mountainous,  rising  in  the 
c°ntie  to  nearly  8000  feet  in  elevation.  The  population  are 
Papuans.     The  island  was  discovered  in  1774. 

NEW  C.A^LEDONIA,  a  name  formerly  given  to  that  por- 
tion of  North  America  AV .  of  the  Kocky  Mountains,  between 
iat.  48°  and  57°  N. 

N  EW  CALIFOli/NIA,  a  post-oihce,  Jackson  co.,W.Virginia. 

NEW  CALIFOKNIA,  a  post-office  of  Union  CO.,  Ohio. 

NEW  0  VLIFOKNIA,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin. 12  miles  E.  of  Lancaster. 

NEW  CANAAN.  (kA'n.an.)  a  post-township  of  Fairfield 
CO..  Connecticut,  about  35  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  New  Haven. 
Pop,  2771. 


NEW  CANANDAIGUA,  kan-an-dA/gw.i,  a  rostofhoe  of 
Oakland  co.,  llichigan. 

NEW  CANTON,  a  post-village  of  Buckingham  co.,  Virgi- 
nia, on  James  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of  Slate  Kiver,  63  miiis 
W.  of  Uichmond. 

NEW  CANTON,  a  post-village  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee, 
275  miles  E.  of  Na.sliville. 

NEW  CARLISLE,  kar-lil',  a  flourishing  post-village  of 
Bethel  township,  Clarke  co.,  Ohio,  is  situated  in  a  lieauliful 
and  fertile  country,  55  miles  W.  of  Columbus.  The  village 
has  4  or  5  churches.    Pop.  in  1850,  634  ;  in  1860,  812. 

N  EW  CARLISLE,  a  post-village  in  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana, 
145  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  CARI^ISLE.  a  seaport-town  and  port  of  entry  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Bonaventura,  on  the  Bay  of  Clialeurs, 
lat.  48°  3'  N.,  Ion.  65°  19'  W.  It  is  the  most  import.-nit  fi.-h- 
iiig  station  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  bay.  In  1851,  the  imports 
amounted  to  $53,680. 

NEW  CARTHAGE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  parish,  Lou- 
isiana, on  Mississippi  River,  240  miles  above  Baton  Rouge. 

NEW  CASTINE,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  12  miles 
S.  of  Greenville. 

NEWCASTLE,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

NEWCASTLE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

NEM'CAS'TLE,  a  town  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  and  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Limerick.  Pop.  in  JS51,  2719.  It  has  a  neat 
church,  a  large  Roman  Catholic  chapid,  an  Infantry  barracks, 
union  workhouse,  and  a  market-house.  Adjacent  is  tlie 
mansion  and  demesne  of  Castle  Courtenay,  originally  built 
by  the  Knight.s  Templars. 

NEWC.\STLE,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of 
Down,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Downpntrick.  Pop.  in  1851,  879. 
It  is  much  frequented  as  a  watering-place. 

NEWCASTLE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Lim- 
erick. 

NEWCASTLE,  a,  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

NE^\■CASTLE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  AVater- 
ford. 

NEWCASTLE,  Lower,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow. 

NEWCASTLE,  Uppkb.  a  i>aiisli  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow. 

NEWCA.STLE  or  NEWCASTLE-LYONS,  a  parish  of  Ii* 
land,  CO.  of  Dublin. 

NE^\CASTIjE,  a  borough  of  New  South  Wales,  East  Aus- 
tralia. CO.  of  Northumberland,  on  Port  Hunter,  70  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Sydney.  It  has  valuable  coal-mines,  which  annu- 
ally yield  large  quantities  of  coal. 

NEW  C.\.STLE,  nu'kns'sel,  the  northernmost  county  of 
Delaware,  bordering  on  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  con- 
tains about  520  s(iuare  miles.  The  Delaware  River  and  Bj«y 
form  its  eastern  boundary,  soiiaratiug  it  from  New  Jersey. 
It  is  drained  by  Hrandywine,  Christiana,  Redclay,  Wliitl>- 
clay,  Appotiiiinniiiiink,  Blackbird,  and  Duck  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  diversifiefl  with  hill  and  dale;  the  soil  Is  produo- 
tive  and  well  cultivated.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oat:',  hay, 
potatoes,  butter,  and  fruits  are  the  st.iplcs.  In  1860.  this 
county  produced  1,06().377  bushels  of  corn;  319,012  of  wheat; 
483.987  of  oats:  121,846  of  potatoes;  24,417  tons  of  hay; 
and  766,803  pounds  of  butter.  The  quantities  of  wheat, 
oats,  potatoes,  hay,  and  butter  were  the  greatest  proiluced 
by  any  county  in  the  state.  The  county  Is  Intersected  by 
the  Philadelphia  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  the 
Frenchtown  and  New  Castle  Railroad,  and  by  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Delaware  Canal.  New  Castle  is  the  most  populous 
county  In  the  state.  Capital,  New  Castle.  Pop.  54,797,  of 
whom  54.543  were  free,  and  254  slaves. 

NEW  CASTLE,  a  post-township  in  l.,incoln  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Damariscotta  River,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Au- 
gusta.    Pop.  1791. 

NEW  C.\STLE,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Ilamiifihire,  44  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.  It  occupies  an  island 
comprising  458  acres,  situated  in  Portsmouth  Harbor,  aud 
connected  with  Portsmtmlh  by  a  bridge.     Pop.  692. 

N  EAV  CASTLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Westchester 
CO.,  New  York,  on  tlie  Harlem  Railroad,  40  miles  N.N.K.  of 
New  Y'ork.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1817. 

NEW  C.\STLE,  a  post-borougli.  capital  of  Lawrence  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Shenango  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Ne- 
shaniiock  Creek,  and  on  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  44  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  The  Shenango  River  unites,  abcait  2 
mile^  below,  with  the  Slaboning,  and  forms  the  Beaver 
River.  The  Pittsburg  and  Erie  Railroad  connects  here 
with  the  New  Castle  and  Beaver  Valley  Railroad  (both 
finished).  New  Castle  contains  10  churches,  2  banks,  and  3 
newspaper  olBces;  also  1  iron  furnace,  several  iron  found- 
ries, nail  factories,  gl.oss  works,  flouring.mills,  and  2  exten 
sive  rolling-mills.  Incorporated  in  1825.  Pop.  in  1850, 1614 ; 
in  1860, 1882.  Tlie  population  of  the  borough  and  suburbs 
in  1865,  is  estimated  by  a  corrospoiident  at  7000. 

NEW  CASTLE,  a  post-borough  and  township  of  Schnyl- 
kill  county,  Pennsylvania,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Pottsville,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  Populatiou  of  the 
township,  2.814. 

NEW  CASTLE,  a  post-borough  and  port  of  entry,  capital 
of  New  Castle  co.,  Delaware,  on  Delaware  River,  5  miles  S 

1299 


NEW 


NEW 


of  VTilminpton  and  42  miles  N.  of  T>oTer.  Tt  is  the  pustern 
terniinuf!  nf  the  New  Cnslle  and  Frenchtown  liailrnad.  It 
contains  a  coiirt-lwupe.  town-hall,  a  hank,  a  puhlic  lihrary. 
j,i.d  churches  for  the  Methodist*.  Presbj-terians.  Kpisco- 
j  lilians.  and  Roman  Catholics.  Here  is  a  large  manufactory 
of  locomotives  and  other  mnchinerv.  .^hippine  owned  in 
1854.  4281  tons.     Pop.  in  IH'M.  1202:  in  18fiO,  U»02. 

NKW  CASTLE,  a  post-villajie.  capital  of  Craig  co.,  Virp- 
nia,  at  the  fork  of  Craitc's  Creek,  19a  miles  W.  of  Kichmond. 
It  contains  I  or  2  churches,  and  an  academy.  Free  pop.  225. 

NK\VCASTLK,apo8t-villageof  Wilkes  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

NEW  CAi^TLb:,  a  post-village  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennes,«ee. 

NEW  CASTLE,  a  thriving  post-villa^'e,  capital  of  Henry 
CO..  Kentucky.  L*  situated  near  Drennou's  Creek,  26  miles 
N.W.  of  Frankfort,  and  4  miles  from  the  Louisville  and 
Frankfort  Kailroad.  It  Is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming 
community.  Here  is  a  .seminary  for  young  ladies,  haviug 
Hbout  100  pujiils;  also  a  flourishing  male  academy,  and  4  or 
5  churches.     Pop.  519. 

NEW  C.ASTLE,  a  po-strvillase  and  town.ship  of  Coshocton 
CO.,  Ohio,  71  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  989. 

NEW  C.ASTLE,  a  small  villaire  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  C.ISTLE,  a  village  of  Kichmond  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  CASTLE,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  768. 

NEWCASTLE,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Henry 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Blue  River,  42  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Indian- 
apolis. It  is  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Cliic;\go  Air  Line  Kail- 
road,  98  miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  5  churches, 
1  bank,  and  1  newspaper  ortice.  The  Blue  River  affords 
an  excellent  water-power.  Another  railroad  is  in  progress 
from  this  point  to  ConnersviUe.  Pop.  in  1850,  C06;  in  1S65, 
about  16(X). 

NEW  CASTLE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois. 

NE^V  CASTLE,  a  post-office  of  Gentry  co.,  Mi.ssouri. 

NEWCASTLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, 25  miles  \\'.  of  Col>ourg,  47  miles  from  Toronto.  It  con- 
tains several  mills,  and  an  iron  foundry.  Bond  Head.  1 1 
miles  distant,  is  the  port  for  Newcastle,  and  may  be  looked 
upon  as  a  part  of  it.    Pop.  of  Newcastle,  050 ;  Bond  Head,  200. 

NEWC.VSTLE.  a  river-port  of  New  Brunswick,  oo.  of 
Northuniberlaud,  on  the  left  of  the  Miramichi.  about  18 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  Miramichi  Bay,  and  130  miles 
N.X.E.  of  St  .lohn. 

NEWCASTLE  BAY,  Australia.  N.E.  coast,  .it  the  \.  end  of 
Cape  York  Peninsul.i,  12  miles  in  width  and  alx)Ut  8  miles 
in  depth  inland.     Lat  10°  50*  S.,  Ion.  142°  35'  E. 

NEWCAS'TLhMN-EM'LYN,  a  market-town  of  South 
■Wales,  CO.  of  Carmarthen,  delightfully  situated  on  the  Teify, 
9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cardigan.  Pop.  1200.  It  has  a  union  work- 
house, and  ruins  of  a  castle. 

NEWCASTLE  (nu-kas's.'l)  UPON-TYNE,  (anc.  Bms  ^Slii. 
afterwards  Afonkchefter,)  a  city  and  river-port  of  England, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Xorthunil)erland.  on  the  left  l^ank 
of  the  Tyue,  alx)ut  8  miles  above  its  mouth,  in  the  German 
Ocean ;  and  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle.  Newcastle  and 
North  Shields,  and  the  York  Newcastle  and  Berwick  Kail- 
wavs,  5-3  miles  N.E.  of  Carlisle,  lat.  (bridge,  N.  end)  54°  58' 
42'' N.,  Ion.  1°  35'  30"  W.  It  occupies  the  sides  and  sum- 
mits of  three  accliTities,  which  rise  steeply  from  the  river, 
extends  about  2  miles  along  its  bank,  and  communicates  by 
an  elegant  stone  bridge,  of  nine  elliptical  arches,  with  the 
town  of  Gateshead,  which  may  be  regarded  as  its  suburb. 
It  was  once  surrounde<J  by  a  wall  and  a  deep  fosse,  the  for- 
mer 8  feet  thick  and  12  feet  high,  and  flanked  by  numerous 
towers.  The  fos-se  has  been  completely  filled,  but  fragments 
of  the  walls  and  towers  are  still  seen.  In  the  older  parts 
of  the  town  the  streets  are  narrow  and  winding,  and  the 
houses  of  an  irregular,  and  in  many  cases  very  antique 
appearance;  extensive  improvements  however  hi»ve  Injcn 
made  here  in  recent  years.  In  the  newer  parts  of  the  city 
many  streets  and  squares,  lined  with  elegant  mansions 
scarcely  equalled  out  of  the  metropolis,  have  risen  up,  while 
whole  suburbs  of  villas  have  spread  in  all  directions,  espe- 
cially towards  the  W.  Grey  Street,  both  from  Its  width 
and  the  style  of  its  architecture,  is  very  imposing,  and 
would  do  honor  to  any  capital.  The  whole  town  Is  well 
paved  and  lighted,  but  the  sewerage  continues  somewhat 
imperfect.  By  an  Act.  obtained  in  1845.  the  deficiency  of 
good  water  has  been  effectually  supi>licd:  the  water  being 
conveyed  to  the  city  through  a  pipe  11  miles  in  length. 

Among  the  most  remarkable  public  buildings  may  be.men- 
tioned  the  Church  of  St.  Nicholas,  an  ancient  spacious,  and 
handsome  structure,  chiefly  in  the  de<-orated  English  style, 
■with  a  tower,  crowned  by  octasronal  turrets,  from  which  four 
buttresses  rise,  and  terminate  in  a  sm.iU  crotched  spire,  the 
whole  193  feet  high,  and  almost  unequalled  for  its  graceful 
proportions ;  the  Church  of  All  Siiints.  a  handsome  Grecian 
edifice,  with  a  Doric  portico,  a  circular  interior,  and  a  tower, 
terminating  in  an  elegant  spire.  202  feet  high  ;  the  Church  of 
St.  Andrew,  a  very  ancient  structure,  partly  Norman,  with 
a  Large  but  low  embattled  tower :  the  Church  of  St.  John,  of 
ancient  date  and  large  dimensions,  with  some  interesting 
monuments:  the  Church  of  St  Peter,  an  elegant  modern 
building;  the  Church  of  St  Thomas,  buiit  in  the  early  Eng- 
lish style,  with  a  lofty  embattled  tower,  and  graceful  mina- 
1300 


rets;  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  of  St.  5Iary,  a  magnificent 
motlern  building,  in  the  early  English  style;  and  nume^ 
ous  Dissenting  chapels;  the  (Jentral  Exchange  and  News- 
room, forming  a  spacious  semicircular  Ionic  building;  the 
Guildhall  or  original  Exchange,  the  Merchants'  Court,  the 
Corn  Exchange,  the  Assembly-rooms,  the  Court-hou.-e,  in 
which  the  assizes  for  the  county  of  Northumberlancl  are 
held,  a  handsome  range  of  buildings,  situated  within  the 
precincts  of  the  ancient  castle,  and  erected  at  an  expense  of 
52  000/. ;  the  Castle  itself  is  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  cas- 
tellated Norman  architecture  in  England  ;  the  .lail  and  House 
of  Correction,  completed  ou  the  most  improved  principles;  an 
elegant  theatre,  barracks  for  ItKX)  men,  &c.  Another  struc- 
ture, for  which  Newcastle  has  recently  biicome  celebrated, 
is  the  magnificent  double  bridge  erected  across  the  Tyue, 
partly  as  a  common  thoroughfare,  and  partly  for  the  rail- 
w.ay,  at  an  expense  of  2:>4.45b/. ;  and  to  it  may  be  added  the 
Central  Railway  Station,  one  of  the  most  magnificeut  build- 
ings of  the  kind  in  the  kingdom. 

The  njore  important  literary  and  other  institutions  are 
the  Free  Grammar  School,  the  Koyal  .lubilee,  national, 
infant,  and  many  other  schools;  the  Northern  Counties' 
Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dunili;  the  School  of  Maiiciue 
and  Surgery,  the  lectures  of  which  qualify  for  the  diploma 
of  the  I/oniion  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  license  of  the 
Apothecaries"  Company ;  the  Literary  and  Philosophic^ 
Society,  occupying  a  handsome  Doric  building,  iu  which 
a  museum  and  library  are  included;  the  Natural  History 
and  Antiquarian  Societies,  both  with  valuable  collections; 
the  Botanical  and  Horticultural  Society;  the  Institution  for 
the  promotion  of  the  Fine  Arts;  the  Mechanics'  InsMtution; 
the  Infirmary,  occupying  a  large  and  handsome  building, 
which  has  just  been  enlarged  at  a  cost  of  8000/. ;  the  Victo- 
ria Blind  .\sylum,  the  hospital  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene,  the 
Keelman.  Jesus",  and  several  other  hospitals  and  charitable 
endowments. 

The  manufactures  are  very  extensive,  and  possess  un- 
wonted facilities,  both  from  the  means  of  transport  and  the 
unlimited  supplies  of  excellent  and  cheap  coal,  obtained 
from  the  neighlx>ring  collieries.  Within  the  city,  or  iu  its 
imme^liate  vicinity,  are  numerous  bl.ast-furnaces,  and  im- 
portant malleable  and  other  iron  works.  Iron  gootis,  also, 
including  hard*are.  and  large  castings,  are  made  at  a  great 
number  of  exten.sive  establishments.  The  other  most  im- 
portant staples  are  locomotive  and  other  machinery,  earthen- 
ware, glass,  chemical  products,  shi-et  and  pipe  lead,  cordage 
and  cables,  painters  colors,  .so.ap.  railway  and  other  car- 
riages, brassware,  patent  .-hot,  bricks  and  tile.s.  I'aper,  sail- 
cloth. Ac.  There  are,  also,  large  flax  and  spinning  mills; 
flour.  1x)ne,  oil,  and  saw  mills ;  and  extensive  l)uildlng-yard8, 
at  which  great  numbers  of  sailing  vessels  and  steamers,  loth 
in  wood  and  iron,  are  constructed. 

The  coasting  and  export  trade,  including  both  the  alwve 
articles  of  manufacture,  and  grindstones,  salt,  and  more 
especially  coal  and  coke,  is  most  important.  The  following 
are  the  quantities  shipped  coastwise  and  foreign,  for  the 
last  four  years  ending  5th  .January,  1853,  independent  of 
an  immense  quantity  sent  by  railway : — 


CoiU 

Coke.                         1 

Coastwise, 

Foreign, 

Coastwise. 

Foreign. 

Tons. 

1850  .  2.127.557 

1851  ,  -2,252.29^ 
1K52  .  2,049.846 
1853 .  2,157,273 

Tons. 
1850  .      7!H).150 
l»ul  .  1,001,169 

1852  ,  1.00S,)<I9 

1853  .  1,051,685 

Tons. 
1850  .  .  15.»22 
11*51    .    .   18,066 
1S52    .    .    17,-66 
1853   .  .  18,581 

Tons. 
IKO  .  .  52,5«3 
l»5l  .   .  81U07 
1.^52  .   .  85,7«4 
1S53  .    .  79,233 

Of  the  coals  exported  to  foreign  parts,  in  1852,  the  follow- 
ing ports  received  above  40<J0  tons  each : — 


Aden   ,    .    .  . 

Alexandria .  . 

Algiers    .    .  . 
Amsterdam 

Barcelona    .  . 

Boulogne     .  • 

Bremen  .    .  . 

Brest        .     .  . 

Bordeaux    .  . 

Caen    ,    .    .  - 
Cadii  .... 

Calcutta .    .  . 
Carthagena 

Ceylon     .    .  . 
Constantinople 

Copenhagen  • 

Cronstadt    .  . 

Dieppa     .    .  . 

Dort         ,     .  . 

Elsinore       .  . 

Fecamp    .     .  . 

Galatz      .    .  . 

(leu'ia      .     .  . 
Gothenburg 

Guernsey     .  . 


Tods. 
5,(MS 
12,307 
6,759 
6,.s79 
20,901 
9.161 
9,957 
10..5,<1 
11.447 
4,4-29 
9,tilW 
6,595 
4,098 
5,490 
23,61,S 
3t>,Wl 
46,4.37 
22,9H4 
8,248 
86.052 
6,321 
5.637 
18,095 
15,633 
16,316 


Tons. 

Harahurg 107,147 

Hartteur 6,51)1 

Havre      . ' 31,793 

Havana t',oi7 

Jersey      ......  11,897 

Lisljou 7,416 

JIalta 4,2.-{7 

Marseilles 16,102 

Messina 4,4.53 

Naples     ,..,..  17,786 

New  York 7,425 

Nieuwe  Diep  ....  4,739 

Odessa 4,135 

Philadelphia    ....  5,787 

Quebec 0,172 

Rouen 54,740 


Rotterdam 

Riga    .    .  . 

Schiedam  . 

Stockliolm  . 

Stettin     .  . 
Su'inemunda 

Triest      .  . 

Toulon     .  . 
V<giic« 


27.3*1 
S,<>"J3 

35,074 
5,S,i9 

1.S922 

3;i,(W 
8,l.'i0 
7.04C 

13,«-.' 


NEW 


NEW 


The  more  important  imports  are  corn,  clover,  and  other 
seeds;  flax,  hemp,  oak-bark,  fruit,  wine,  spirits,  colonial 
prcKluce,  tallow,  hides,  tar  and  pitch,  oil,  brimstone,  bones, 
biisLlep.  ra;;s.  timbL'r  and  cabinet-wood,  pig-iron.  &c.  The 
value  of  exports,  which,  in  1840,  was  (3S6.925/..  was,  in  1848, 
704.191/.;  1111849,780,390/.;  and  in  1850,  920,068/.  The  num- 
ber of  ves.sels  belonging  to  the  port,  in  185 1,  was  938  (179,536 
tons).  In  the  same  year,  the  number  of  vessels  entered  and 
cleared  was  3S17  British,  and  3389  foreign.  The  inland  trade 
is  also  very  important,  and  has.  in  recent  times,  been  greatly 
augmented  by  the  different  railways.  Steamers  ply  rogu- 
liirly  to  Shields,  Lieith,  and  other  places  X.  and  S.  of  Tyne- 
miiuth.  Besides  the  regular  weekly  markets  for  provisions, 
there  are  large  corn  and  cattle  markets,  and,  among  the 
general  horse  and  cattle  Clirs,  one  held  in  October  lasts  eight 
days. 

.Newcastle  appears  to  have  derived  its  ancient  name.  Pons 
Jfilii^  from  a  liridge  erected  over  the  Tyne,  by  the  Emperor 
Adrian.  The  Kom,iu  wall,  built  by  Severus,  passed  through 
it,  and  terminated  at  Wallsend,  about  3  miles  E.  In  after- 
times  it  became  so  famous  for  its  monastic  estalilishments, 
that  it  took  the  name  of  MimJcchester,  and  was  the  resort  of 
numerous  pilgrims,  who  came  to  visit  the  holy  well  of  Jesus 
Mount  now  Jesmond,  about  1  mile  N.K.  It  owes  its  name 
of  Newcastle  to  a  fortress,  built  by  Kobert,  eldest  son  of 
William  the  Conqueror.  It  was  first  surnmnded  by  walls 
in  tlie  reign  of  Edward  I.  During  the  reign  of  Ch.arles  I., 
it  was  surprised  and  taken  by  the  Scottish  army,  under 
Leslie.  Among  its  eminent  natives  are  Duns  Scotus.  Akon- 
side  the  poet.  Ilutton  the  mathematician,  the  Earl  of  Eldon, 
the  celebrated  Engli.sh  Chancellor,  and  his  scarcely  less  cele- 
brated brother  liaron  Stowell,  judge  of  (he  admiralty  court, 
Admiral  CoUiugwood,  and  the  celebrated  wood-engraver 
Bewick.  It  returns  two  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  lx)rough  is  divided  into  eight  wards ;  and  the 
municipal  government  is  vested  in  a  .Mayor,  14  Aldermen, 
and  4-J  Councillors.     I'op.  of  borough,  in  1861,  109  201. 

NE\VCASTLE-U.\DEK-LIME  or  LYNE.»  a  parliamentary 
and  municipal  borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
and  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stafford,  and  about  4  miles  N.E.  of 
the  Whitmore  Station  of  the  London' and  North-Western 
Kailway.  I'op.  of  borough  in  18C1 12,938.  .The  houses  are 
mostly  ancient,  but  the  streets  are  paved.  It  has  2  churches, 
a  very  handsome  Itomau  Catholic  chape],  a  grammar  school, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth;  almshouses,  and  nume- 
rous other  charities ;  a  guildhall,  market-house,  theatre, 
public  library,  literary  institution,  public  promenade,  union 
workhouse;  extensive  manufactures  of  hats,  some  silk  and 
cottim  factories,  and  in  the  vicinity  potteries,  iron  works, 
and  large  collieries,  A  branch  canal  connects  it  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  Navigation.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House 
of  Commons.  It  is  a  polling  place  for  the  county,  and  gives 
the  title  of  Duke  to  the  Telham-CIinton  family.  Of  the 
ca-stle  built  here  by  the  Earl  of  Chester,  in  1180,  and  whence 
the  town  takes  its  name,  but  slight  traces  remain.  Near  it 
is  Trentham.  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Sutherland. 

NEW  CEN/TRE,  a  post-office  of  York  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

NEW  CENTREVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York. 

NEW  CENTREVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Jennings  co.,  In- 
diana. 

NEW  CIIAMBERSBURG,  (chim^ers-burg,)  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  CUK.S/TKK,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Uarrisburg.     Pop.  about  200. 

NKW'CIIURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

NEWCilUllCII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

NEWCHUKCII.  a  parish  of  England,  Isle  of  Wight. 

NEWCIIURCII,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
5  miles  W.  of  Colne,  with  a  station  on  the  East  Lancashire 
Railway. 

NEWCIIURCII,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

NEWCIIURCII,  a  parish  of  .South  Wales,  co.  and  3^  miles 
N.W.  of  Carmarthen,  with  traces  of  a  Roman  encampment. 

NEWCUURCII-IN-ROS/SENDALE,  a  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lancaster. 

NEWCIIURCH-IN-PENDLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

NEAV  CHURCH,  a  po.sf^office  of  Accomack  co.,  Virginia. 

NEW  CriW,  a  village  in  Clarkstown  town.ship.  capital  of 
Rockland  co..  New  York,  .35  miles  N.  of  New  York  City. 

NEW  CtJLUM'BIA,  a  post-village  of  Union  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  West  Branch  of  Susquehanna  River,  16  miles 
above  Sunbury. 

NEW  COLU.M'BUS,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  240. 

N  E\V'COMB.  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Essex  co..  New 
Toik.    Pop.  157. 


•  It  appears  from  old  records  that  an  ancient  forest  on  the 
orders  of  Cheshire  was  called  Lyme  or  Lime  (probably  from 

"f«jf.v,  a  "boundary"):  from  their  pro.ximity  to  which,  a  num- 
ler  of  places  are  supposed  to  have  received  the  addition  to  their 

.tiuues  of  ujider  lyiite  or  Ij/iie. 


NEW/COMERSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-Tillage  of  O.vf.uv 
township,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Tuscarawas  Rivor 
and  on  the  Ohio  Canal,  85  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     P.  577 

NEW  CON'CORD,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Kentucky 
about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Murray. 

NEW  COXCOHD,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio 
15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zanesville. 

NEW  COR'NER,  a  post-oflice  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 

NEW  COR/WIN,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  COR/YDON,  a  post-village  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  cs 
the  Wabash  River,  105  miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  CREEK,  a  iiost-otliceof  Ilam|ishireco.,W.  Virginia 
NEW  CREEK  DEPOT,  a  po3t-<im(-e  of  Hampshire  co.,  W 
Virginia,  with  a  stition  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, 5  miles  E.  of  Piedmont. 

NEVV'-CROSS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  counties  of  Kent  and 
Surrey,  3  miles  S.E.  of  London,  and  having  an  important 
sUition  on  the  London  and  Itrighton  Railway. 

NEW  CUM/BERLANU,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cumber- 
land CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  4 
miles  below  Uarrisburg.  It  has  a  nail  fact<jry,  and  several 
ilouring-mills.     Pop.  394. 

NEW  CU.MBERLAND,  a  post-vill;ige  of  Hancock  co.,  V^. 
Virginia,  near  the  Ohio  River.  The  manufacture  of  flr* 
bricks  is  carried  on  extensively  in  the  vicinity. 

NEW  CUMBERL.A.ND,  a  post-village  of  Tusear.awas  co, 
Ohio,  110  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbfis.    Pop.  aix)ut  2.-,0. 

NEW  CUMUKRLAND,  a  vill.age  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana,  ou 
the  Jlississinewa  River,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Marion.  It  lia. 
about  100  inhabitants. 

NEW  DAN'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  cc,  Texas. 

NEW  DER/RY,  a  pos^village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.,  45 
miles  E.  of  Pittsburg. 

NEW'DIGATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

NKW  DIG'GINGS,  a  post-township  in  Lafayette  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  1689. 

NEW  DIGGINGS,  a  thriving  post-village  in  the  above 
township,  near  Fevre  River,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Galena,  in 
Illinois.  It  is  situated  in  the  lead  region,  and  many  miners 
are  employed  in  the  vicinity.  It  contains  3  churches,  4  dry- 
goods  stores,  1  smelting  furnace,  and  1  mill.  Pop.  in  1800 
about  400. 

NEW  DUB'LIN,  a  postoffice  of  Simpson  co.,  Mississippi. 

NEW  DUNGE.NESS,  (duu'jj^nSss',)  a  settlement  of  Jeifer- 
son  Co.,  Washington  territory,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Straits 
of  Juan  de  I'uea.  It  is  pi-incipally  inhabited  by  coopers, 
and  persons  engaged  in  salmon  tishing. 

NEW  DUR/HA.M,  a  post-township  in  Strafford  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Cocheco  Railroad,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Con- 
cord.    I'op.  1173.  * 

NEW  DURHAM,  a  thriving  po.st-village  of  Hudson  co., 
New  Jersey,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Newark.  It  has  2  or  3  churches, 
and  about  6u0  Inhabitants. 

NEW  DURHAM,  a  small  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  New 
Jersey,  34  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton. 

NEW  DURH.\.M,  a  post-township  of  Laporte  co.,  Indiana, 
Pop.  IS'.is. 

NEW  DURHAM,  a  post-village  of  Laporte  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  S.  of  .Michigan  City. 

NEW  ECHU'TA,  a  small  village  of  Gordon  co.,  Georgia,  at 
the  conHuenco  of  Coosiiwattee  and  Connasauga  Rivers,  about 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Atlanta.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
the  Cherokee  Nation. 

NEW  ED/E\BOROUGH,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia, 
CO.  of  Digby,  at  the  entrance  of  Sisseboo  River  into  St.  Ma- 
ry's Bay,  about  125  miles  W.  of  Halifax.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  fishermen. 

NE\Y  E'tJYl'T,  a  post-village  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey,  lU 
miles  S.E.  of  Trenton.    It  has  2  or  3  stores.    Pop.  about  000 

NEW'ELL,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

NEW/ENDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  cf  Kent 

NEW  ENGLAND.    See  United  Sutes. 

NEW  ENGLAND,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  CO.,  New 
Jersey,  on  Cohans<;y  Creek,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Salem. 

NEW  ENGLAND,  a  small  village  of  Blount  co.,  Tennessee, 
S.  of  Knoxv  jlle.    It  has  a  water-power  and  a  woollen  factory. 

NEW  ENGL.4.ND  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Worcester 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

NEW'ENH.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

NEW'ENT,  a  market>town  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  and 
9  miles  N.W.  of  Gloucester.     Pop.  in  1850,  1547. 

NEW  E'RIN,  a  po.st-village  in  Stephen.son  co.,  Illinois,  13a 
miles  W.N.W^  from  Chicago. 

NEW  FAIR'EIELD.  a  post-township  in  Fairfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, 04  miles  S.AV.  from  Hartford.     Pop.  915. 

N  l.W'FANE,  a  township  in  Windham  co.,  Vermont,  100 
miles  S.  of  Mantpelier.     Pop.  1192. 

NEWFANE,  a  post-township  of  Niagara  co..  New  York, 
bordering  on  IJake  Ontario.     Pop.  3;3C3. 

NEWFANE,  a  piist-otfice  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin. 

NEW  FARM'INGTON,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  In 
diana. 

NEWFIELD,  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Maine,  77  milej 
S.W.  by  W.  of  AugusU.    Pop.  1349. 

1301 


NEW 


NEW 


NfWFIEI.i),  n  poat-townsliip  in  the  S.TT.  part  of  Tomp- 
kins CO.,  New  icrlc  Pop.  3816.  It  contains  a  Tillage  of 
the  same  name. 

NKW  FLOK/KN'CE,  a  small  Tillage  of  'Westmoreland  co- 
Pen  n«Ylvania,  on  the  Central  Kailroad  and  PennsylTania 
Can>il.  about  64  milas  K.  of  Pittsburg. 

NEW  FOR'EST,  a  rojal  forest  and  hundred  of  England, 
occupying  most  part  o'f  the  S.W.  portion  of  the  county  of 
Hants,  W.  of  Southampton-water.  Circumference  of  the 
forest  about  50  miles.  It  is  divided  into  bailiwicks,  under 
foresters,  wood-  wartls.  and  rangers,  the  whole  under  a  lord- 
warden,  who.se  foiest-courts  are  held  at  Lyndhurst.  It 
abounds  in  game,  red-deer,  ho^s,  semi-wild  horses,  and  ex- 
cellent timber,  especially  Taluable  from  its  proximity  to 
Portsmouth  dook'ai-d. 

NEWFOUNDIiAXD,*  nu'f^nd-Iand',  (L.  Te7-'ra  K(^ra; 
Fr.  Terre-Xeuve,  taiR  nUT;  Ger.  2\eu-Fowtdland,  noV  foOnt- 
\hiV.)  a  large  island  of  British  North  America,  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
and  nearer  to  Britain  than  any  other  part  of  America — 
the  distance  from  the  port  of  St.  John  to  the  harlwr  of 
Galway,  in  Ireland,  being  only  about  166-5  miles.  Its  N, 
part  is  separated  from  the  coast  of  Labrador  by  the  Strait 
of  Belle  Isle,  and  its  S.W.  extremity  from  Cape  Breton  and 
Nova  Scotia,  by  the  main  entrance  into  the  Gulf;  hit.  40° 
37'  to  61=  40  N.,  Ion.  52°  40'  to  59°  31'  W.;  greatest  length. 
N.  to  S.,  350  miles;  average  breadth  130  miles;  area  57 ,000 
tquare  miles.  It  is  extremely  irregular  in  form,  with  a 
coast-line,  particularly  on  the  S.E.  and  S.,  broken  in  a  re- 
markable manner  by  broad  and  deep  bays,  harbors,  coves, 
inlets,  and  lagoons.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  inden- 
tations are  Hare,  White,  and  Notre  Dame  Bays,  Hay  of  Ex- 
ploits, Bonavista,  Tninity,  and  Conception  Ba.ys,  on  the  E. 
coBvSt ;  St.  Mary's  Bay,  Fortune  and  Placcntia"  Bay,  on  the 
S.  coast,  and  St.  George's  Bay,  and  Bay  of  Islands,  on  the 
■H'.  There  are,  besides  these,  lunumernble  smaller  bays  and 
harbors.  Many  of  these  are  extensive,  commodious,  and 
well  sheltered,  with  numerous  rivulets  running  into  them; 
while  most  of  the  harbors  have  complete  anchorages,  with 
cli'ar  and  good  channels.  The  interior  of  the  island,  of 
which  little  was  known  previous  to  1823,  appears  to  be 
rocky,  with  numerous  tr.vts  of  moss,  much  intersected  by 
rivers  and  lakes,  and  but  thinly  wooded,  except  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivers.  Great  Iwulders,  or  loose  rocks,  scattered 
over  the  country,  iQcrea.«e  its  general  roughness.  Hills  and 
Talleys  continually  succeed  each  other,  the  former  never 
rising  into  mountains,  (the  highest  not  exceeding  1500  feet) 
and  the  latter  rarely  expanding  into  plains.  The  "Bar- 
rens"' of  Newfoundland  are  those  districts  which  occupy  the 
BUBimits  of  the  hills,  and  ridges,  and  other  elevated  and 
exposed  tracts.  They  are  covered  with  a  thin  and  scrubby 
Tegetation,  consisting  of  berry-bearing  plants  and  dwarf- 
bushes,  of  various  kinds.  Bare  patches  of  gravel  and 
boulders,  and  crumbling  fragments  of  rock  are  frequently 
met  with  on  the  "  barrens,"  which  are  gener,tlly  destitute 
of  vegetable  soil.  The  sea-cliffs  are.  for  the  most  part,  bold 
and  lofty,  with  deep  water  close  to  the  shore. 

Kivers  and  lakes  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them  of  con- 
siderable A7.6.  The  largest  of  the  former  are  Ilumber  River 
and  the  Kiver  Exploits,  both  ia-suing,  like  all  the  other 
streams  in  the  island,  from  lakes  or  ponds  in  the  interior, 
some  of  which  are  of  great  extent ;  the  largest,  ctilled  Grand 
r-^nd.  being  from  50  to  60  miles  long,  and  5  miles  broad; 
while  the  ne.\t  in  dimensions,  Indian  I.ake,  is  30  miles  long 
and  from  5  to  6  miles  broad.  Ponds,  or  small  lake.s,  are 
found  everywhere  over  the  whole  face  of  the  country,  not 
only  In  the  valleys  but  on  the  higher  lands,  and  even  in 
the  hollows  of  the  summits  of  the  ridges  and  the  very  tops 
of  the  hills.  The  surface  covered  with  fresh  water  has 
been  estimated  at  one-third  of  the  whole  island.  The  preva- 
lent formation  of  Newfoundland  is  granite,  and  in  .some  parta 
tiorphyry.  quartz.  gneis.s.  mica,  and  clay  slate,  with  second- 
ary formations.  The  minerals  of  the  island  comprise  coal, 
gypsum,  copper,  le.-ui,  and  it  is  said  iron.  Salt  springs  are 
reported  near  the  W.  coa.st.  The  whole  of  the  land  in  and 
alx)ut  the  neighborhood  of  Conception  Bay — very  probably 
the  whole  Island — is  ri.sing  out  of  the  ocean  at  a  rate  which 
threatens,  at  no  very  distant  day,  materially  to  affect  many 
of  the  best  harbors  on  the  coast.  At  Ponte-de-firave.  in  Con- 
ception Bay.  several  large  flat  rocks,  over  which  schooners 
might  pass  some  30  Tt  4(5  years  ago  with  the  greatest  faci- 
lity, are  now  approaching  the  surface,  the  water  bein<' 
scRi-cely  navigable  fcr  a  skiff. 

The  climate,  though  severe,  is  healthful;  the  mortality 
among  the  inhabitant  being  on  a  lower  scale  than  in  anv 
portion  of  the  BritisI  North  American  colonies-the  deaths, 
accordmg  to  Uie  cen-  us  return.s,  being  only  1  in  76— while 

*«wl'L'. ".*""*»  '"  nniversally  pronounced  by  the  inhabiLints 
Jjith  the  accent  on  the  lirst  and  last  svllables;  when,  however, 
dor  "'Inr..?!?"  adjective,  as  in  the  phrase  "a  Newfonndland 
pennltima.  The  same  rule  seems  to  hold  with  respect  to  some 
other  name-: :  Leghorn  and  Cashmere,  as  nouns  are  usually 
^My  r  the^firsl'^  '^  '^"''"^' '''"  "  adje«th"«^  aJmo.trva'- 
1302 


in  BO  other  country  is  old  age  attended  with  gi-eater  bodily 
visror  and  mental  animation.  Winter,  whic-h  consists  of  it 
series  of  storms  of  wind,  rain,  and  snow,  lasts  from  the-be 
ginningof  December  until  the  middle  of  April.  January  and 
February  are  the  coldest  months.  Snow  does  not  lie  long  on 
the  ground,  and  the  frost  is  less  intense  than  in  West  Caujida, 
though  the  thermometer  frequently  falls  30  deg»-ees  below  the 
freezing  point.  The  summer  is  short  and  wai-m.  1  n  May.  and 
the  beginning  of  Jnne,  dense  fogs  prevail  on  '•  The  iskuks" 
and  neighboring  shores;  but  they  do  not  appear  to  be  in  the 
least  prejudicial  to  health.  The  principal  trees  are  spruce, 
birch,  larch,  willow,  and  mountain-a.sh.  1  n  some  pl.aces.  where 
thev  have  been  undisturbed  by  the  axe.  trees  of  a  fair  girth 
and  height  are  found,  but  generally  the  wood  is  of  small 
and  stunted  growth,  consisting  chiefly  of  fir  trees,  of  from 
20  to  30  feet  in  height,  and  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter.  These 
usually  grow  so  close  together  that  their  branches  interlace 
from  top  to  bottom.  Recumbent  and  trailing  evergreens  are 
met  with  iu  great  variety,  and  the  berry-ljeuiing  shrubs 
clothe  every  swamp  and  open  tract.  European  and  Amo- 
rican  grasses  of  various  kinds  abound,  as  also  red  and 
white  clover,  and  vetches.  Agriculture  employs  a  large 
portion  of  the  inhabitants.  The  crops  generally  are  abun- 
dant, particularly  potatoes.  Grain  crops  also  thrive  well, 
wheat  having  l>een  known  to  yield  50  bushels  per  acre:  but 
both  climate  and  soil  are  more  lavorable  to  pasturage  and 
green  crops  than  to  grain. 

The  wild  auim.ils  are  the  deer,  bear,  wolf,  hare,  beaver, 
marten,  dog.  wild-cat,  rat,  and  mouse.  The  pure  breed  of  New- 
founillaud  dog.s  so  much  celebrated  for  tlieir  size,  sagwity, 
and  fidelity,  is  now  rareh'  to  be  met  with,  those  generally 
seen  in  the  island  being  crosses  of  every  conceivable  variety. 
Birds  are  numerous,  both  land  and  aciuatic.  On  the  coasts, 
the  morse  or  sea-horse  formerly  abounded,  but  has  l)een 
nearly  aniiihilatMl.  Seals  are  numerous  on  the  coasts,  as 
are  also  whale-s.  grampuses,  and  pt>rpoi;;es ;  Uie  famous  Grand 
Ba-NK  of  Newfoundland  swarms  with  cod  and  almost  every 
other  variety  of  fish.  These  banks  form  the  most  extensive 
submarine  elevation  on  the  globe;  in  their  full  extent  they 
occupy  0°  of  longitude  and  nearly  10°  of  latitude,  and  are 
between  600  and  700  miles  in  len^rth.  with  a  depth  cf  water 
varying  from  10  to  llX)  fathoms,  40  being  suppo.sed  the  mean 
depth.  In  Newfoundland  the  term  '•fish'  is  understood 
to  mean  codfish,  that  being  the  great  stjijile  of  the  island. 
Every  other  description  of  iish  is  designated  by  its  particular 
name.  This  fishery  is  either  prosecuted  iu  large  open  ves-el.s, 
on  the  Great  Bank,  or  else  in  boats  or  shallops,  near  the 
coast  of  the  island;  the  two  modes  of  fishing  are  respectively 
designated  the  "bank  fishery"  and  the  ■•shore  fi^her}•. ' 
The  shores  of  Newfonndland  abound  with  cod  no  less  than 
the  lumks,  and  are  preferreil  by  the'Euglish  as  fishing 
ground,  being  more  convenient  for  curing  and  drying  their 
fish,  and  less  exposed  to  fogs,  rain,  and  sleet.  The  cod 
fishery  opens  at  the  beginning  of  June,  and  lasts  tiU  alxiut 
the  middle  of  October,  and  may  be  said  to  form  the  staple 
occupation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony. 

The  herring  fishery  has  been  almost  wholly  neglected, 
though  the  shores  of  Newfoundland  swarm  with  that  valu- 
able fi.-h;  and  the  salmon  fi.sliery  is  not  more  energetically 
prosecuted.  The  seal  fishery  is  next  in  importance  to  th« 
cod  fishery.  Iu  1845, 12C  vessels,  tons  11,863,  were  fitted  out 
at  the  port  of  St.  John  alone,  for  this  busines^s.  These  wer< 
manneil  by  3805  men.  who  took  302J303  seals. 

The  following  exhibits  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  staplf 
articles  of  produce  exported  fix)m  Newfoundland  iu  the  years 
1849  and  ISoO. 

~  ^1 


Dried  Fish,  quintals 
Oil.  gallons   .     .     . 
Seal  Skins,  number 
Salmon,  tierces     . 
Herrings,  barrels  . 


Quantity,  i     Value. 


l,17o.lfi7 

2,2s->,4!i6 

S06.072 

5.911 

11,4T1 


S2.S-25.89-l 

1,0>5,961 

lO-'.l-M 

51,»]3 

I         27,3-20 


Quantity.       Value. 


l,0>i(.lS-2 

^,636.800 

440,8-28 

4.800 

la,i66 


$".658,251 
l,4b;,654 
31S.4S0  ' 
44.1«0 
46.93!)  I 


The  total  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  Newfound- 
land, in  the  years  1849,  1850,  and  1851,  was  as  follows : — 


Import! 
Kxport* 


83.700,912       |i4,lfi3.116       S4,fi09.291       $3.S,il,4B8 
4,-207,521         4,ti83,ti96         4,270,876         4,30t>.3i6 


I 

Of  the  whole  population  of  the  island.  (101,600.)  all  but 
about  aXiO  arc  fishcrmeu  aud  fishing  servants  or  laborer.?, 
incln<ling  a  limited  number  dependent  upon  agr'cultural 
pursuits.  In  1845  the  number  of  fishing  boats,  &c.,  was  as 
follows : 

Boats  from  4  to  15  quintals «./! 


15  "  30 


:o25 


upwards      ....      972 

Kumber  of  cod  seines 879 

"        "    sealing  nets 4588 


— y 


NEW 


NEW 


The  T.ilue  of  the  annual  produce  of  the  colony  of  New- 
fouudlaiid  has  thus  been  stated  on  an  average  of  -t  years, 
ending  in  1849,  by  the  Hrilish  (.olouial  authorities: — ■ 


949,1f>9  quiatals  of  fish  exported    .    .    .    .  $i 

4010  tierces  of  salmon 

14.475  barrels  of  lierriugs 

508,446  seal  skins 

6J00  tons  of  seal  oil  .    .    .    .  ' 

3990    "     •'    cod  oil 

Fuel  and  skins 

Bait  annually  sold  to  the  Prencd   .... 
Value  of  agricultural  produce 1 


Game — venison,  partridges,  and  wild  fowl 
Timber,  boards,  house-slutl',  staves,  hoops,  &c. 
FisU,  fresh,  of  all  kinds  used  by  the  iuhubitants 

Fish,  s.alted 

Oil  consumed  by  the  inhabitants  .    . 


,610,000 

60,500 

42,500 

254,000 

850,000 

525,000 

6,000 

59,750 

,011,770 

300,000 

40.000. 

250,000 

1-25,000 

175,000 

42,500 


Total $6,352,020 

The  average  value  of  property  engaged  in  the  fisheries 
during  the  same  period  is  thus  stated  : — 

.141  vessels  engaged  in  the  seal  fishery $1,023,000 

81'        "             "           "       coasting  and  cod  fishery  80,000 

lO.OSg  boats      '•            "       cod  tishery 7.56.675 

Stages,  hsh-houses,  and  flakes l25,0tXI 

45«B  nets  of  all  descriptions 6S,,500 

879  cod  seines 110,000 

VaU  for  making  seal  oil 250,000 

Fishing  implements  and  casks  for  liver      ....  150,000 

Total $2,563,175 

The  sf'al  fishery  in  1852  employed  367  vessels,  of  an  aggre- 
gate burden  of  35,700  tons,  manued  by  about  13.000  men. 
The  whole  number  of  seals  taken  was  about  550.000.  Dur- 
ing the  vear,  7333  tons  and  220  gallons  of  seal  oil,  (valued 
at  Sl^lfS-oOO,)  387  tons  and  237  gallons  of  blubber  and 
dregs,  and  534.378  seal  skins  were  exported,  the  whole 
valued  at  $2,085,100. 

Tlie  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Newfoundland,  supposed 
not  to  be  numerous,  are  remarkably  shy  of  intercourse, 
confining  themselves  wholly  to  the  interior  of  the  island, 
with  which  settlers  have  little  or  no  communication.  A  large 
proportion  of  the  settlers  are  natives  of  Ireland,  and  of  the 
islands  of  Guern.sey  and  Jersey, and  their  descendants;  but 
many  are  also  from  other  parts  of  the  United  liingdom. 
The  jKJople  have  retained  the  habits  of  their  old  country 
to  a  greater  degree  tlian  in  other  North  American  wttle- 
ments. 

The  government  of  Newfoundland  is  administered,  under 
a  constitution  granted  in  1832.  by  a  governor,  an  executive 
council  consisting  of  9  members,  who  also  compose  tlie  le- 
gislative council,  and  a  house  of  assembly  consisting  of  15 
representatives.  Justice  is  dispensed  by  a  chief  justice  and 
an  assistant  judge ;  and  the  police  is  under  the  management 
of  one  chief  and  two  junior  magistrates.  The  most  perfect 
toleration  is  here  extended  towards  all  religious  sects.  The 
Roman  Catholics  are  the  most  numerous,  amounting  to 
46,785  persons;  the  Church  of  England  next,  34,281;  and 
the  Wesleyans,  third,  14,239.  The  educational  institutions 
consist  of  a  m.ale  orphan  a-sylum,  with  470  children ;  6  gram- 
mar schools  and  academies,  under  the  control  of  the  local 
government;  40  sohools  established  by  the  "  Newfuundland 
and  British  North  American  School  Society,"  on  the  Madras 
system,  with  2784  male  and  female  pupils  in  1848;  8 
schools  under  the  AV^esleyan  Methcxlists;  and  a  convent 
school,  with  400  female  children.  Klementary  schools  have, 
besides,  been  established  in  every  district  in  the  island  by 
the  local  legislature. 

Newfoundland  is  supposed  to  have  been  discovered  by  the 
Norwegians,  or  Northmen,  about  the  year  10(X);  it  was  re- 
discovered by  John  Cabot  on  the  24th  June,  1497  ;  a  settle- 
ment was  subsequently  formed  here  by  some  Portuguese 
adventurers,  who  were  in  turn  expelled  by  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  After  this  period,  nume- 
rous English  colonies  were  estahlLshed  from  time  to  time 
along  the  E.  coast,  and  several  French  along  the  S.,  in  the 
Bay  of  Placentia.  Hut.  in  1713,  Newfoundland  and  its  de- 
pendencies were  declared,  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  to  belong 
wholly  to  Great  Britain ;  the  French  re.«erving  a  right  to  fish 
on  certain  parts  of  the  coast.  The  only  note-worthy  town 
on  the  island  is  St.  John's,  the  capital.  Pop.  in  1845,  96.295; 
in  1851.  101.600. 

NEWFilUND'L  AND,  a  post-office  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey. 

NEW  FK.VNK'EN,  a  post-office  of  Brown  co.,  Wiscon.sin. 

NEW  FKANK'FOUT.  a  post-village  in  Scott  co.,  Indiana, 
B5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  FRANK/LIN,  a  villiige  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 4  miles  S.E.  of  Chambersburg.    i>.  in  1853,  about  200. 

NEW  FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  60 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

NEW  FRANKMN.  a  post-office  of  Wayne  CO.,  Illinois. 

NEW  FItKE/DOM.  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NEW  FREEPORT.  a  post-office ofGreene  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

NEW  GALLOWAY,  Scotland.    See  G.u.low.^t.  (New.) 

NEW  GAR'DKN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.part  of  Chester 
CO  ,  Peausylvanla.    Pop.  1540. 


NEW  GARDEN,  a  post  office  of  Russell  co.,   /irgmift. 
NEW  GARDEN,  a  post-village  of  Guilfor''  M.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 98  miles  W.  by  N.  of  iJaleigh. 

NEW  GARDEN,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  CO.,  Ohio. 
145  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  about  2LrJ- 

NEW  GARDEN,  a  post-township  in  Wayne  c>).,  _3Qiacit 
Pop.  1370. 
NEW  GARDEN,  a  post-village  in  Wayne  co.,  Indiana. 
NEW  GAS'CONY,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Arkansas. 
NEW  GENliyVA,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania,  on  the  Monongahela  Hiver,  195  miles  ^\'.  by  S.  ot 
Harrisburg.     It  has  a  manufactory  of  glass,  and  several 
stores. 

NEW  GER'MANTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Tewksbury  town- 
ship. Hunterdon  CO.,  New  Jersey.  35  miles  N.  of  Trenton, 
contains  2  cliurches,  sevciral  stores,  and  about  70  houses. 

NEW  GEi>RGI.\.  nu  jor'je-a,  is  a  name  applied  to  thfc 
coast-line  of  North  America,  oii  the  Pacific,  conipri,-ing  A'an- 
couver  Island  and  the  adjacent  mainland,  with  the  Oregon 
territorv.  as  far  S.  as  the  river  Columbia. 

new"  GEItMANTi>WN,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  45  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

NEW  GEIIM.A.NTOVVN,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana. 

on  the  railroad  from  Indianapolis  to  Lafayette,  19  miles 

N.W.  of  tlie  former. 

NEW  GER.MANY,  a  postroffice  of  Franklin  co..  Mis.«ouri. 

NEW  GI  lyi'iAD,  a  post-village  in  Moore  co..  North  Carolina 

NEW  GL.VRUS.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Greeu  co., 

Wisconsin,  15  miles  N.  of  Monroe.    It  has  1  church,  and 

about  25  dwellings.     I'op.  960. 

HEW  GLAS'GOW,  a  small  post-village  of  Amherst  co., 
Virginia,  119  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

N  J•:^V  G  LAS'GO^V,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Two 
Mountains,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  1400. 
NKW  GLOIJCKSTER,  glos'ter,  a  post-township  in  Cum- 
berland CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Rail- 
road, 38  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  16.54. 

NEW  GO'SIIEN,  a  post-nfflce  of  A'igo  Co.,  Indiana. 
NEW  GO'SIIENUOP/PEN,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Perkiomen  Creek,  about  21  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Norristown. 
NKW  GOTTINGEN,  a  post-office  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio. 
NKW  GR-EF'ENBERG,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
York. 

NEW  GRAN.\D.4,  nu  grd-nd'dd,  (Sp.  Nmra  Granada,  nw.V- 
vd  grd-nd'di;  Fr.  jVnuvelle.  Grenadi'.,  nooVJil'  gr^'h-ndd';  Ger. 
A'eu-Granada.  noi-grd-ud'dd;  L.  CastW Ui  Auf rea)  an  independ- 
ent reimblic  of  South  .Vmerica,  formerly  a  viceroyalty  under 
the  Spanisli  crown,  but  subsequently  part  of  the  Republic  of 
Colombia,  the  middle  and  W.  provinces  of  whiih  it  now  em- 
braces. It  has  the  Caribbean  Sea,  with  the  Gulfs  of  Santa 
Martha  and  Darien,  on  the  N.,  and  on  the  W.  the  Pat  ific  <  Icean, 
with  the  liays  of  I'anama  and  Choco.  Between  the  two  seas, 
on  the  N.W.,  it  is  bounded  by  Costa  Rica;  A  enezuela  and  Brazil 
confine  it  on  the  E.  and  S.E.,  and  the  Republic  of  lOcusulor  on 
the  S.  It  extends  from  the  equator  to  12°  20'  N.  lat..  and  from 
m°  10'  to  82°  45'  W.  Ion.;  greatest  length  from  N.  to  ,'<.,  845 
miles:  greate.st  breadth  measured  on  a  parallel  of  latitude, 
675  mill's;  estimated  area,  480,000  miles.* 

Face  of  the,  Gnuntry,  Mnuntains,  &c. — This  country  is  the 
most  ecjually  diversified  in  soil  and  climate  of  all  the  South 
American  States.  Neither  plaiu  nor  mountain  can  be  said 
to  preilominate;  the  seii-coasts  are  ample  and  commodiou.s, 
and.  owing  to  the  wide  ramifications  of  the  Andes,  there  is 
a  great  extent  of  country  at  an  elevation  of  from  5000  to 
10.000  feet,  which,  in  such  a  latitude,  is  most  favorable  to 
industry  and  the  progress  of  civilization.  Yet  the  insa^ 
lubrity  of  tlie  zone  surrounding  this  favored  region,  the 
comparative  inacce.ssibility  of  the  temperate  valleys,  and  the 
great  difficulties  which  the  first  efforts  of  industry  have  to 
encounter  ia  a  country  where  every  natural  feature  is  on  u 
vast  scale,  liave  hitiierto  counterbalanced  its  apparent 
advantages,  and  prevented  the  development  of  its  varied 
!  and  abundant  resources. 

;  A  little  N.  of  the  town  of  I'asto,  on  the  borders  of  Ecuador, 
(lat.  1°  2t)'  N.,)  the  ridge  of  the  Andes  separates  into  two 
branches,  the  western  of  which,  running  parallel  to  tlie  sea- 
shore, is  called  La  Cordillera  de  la  Costa ;  the  other,  on  the  E., 
contains  several  paramos  or  high  plains,  and  the  sources  of 
the  rivers  Putumayo  and  Japura,  which  join  the  Marailon ; 
the  further  N.,  from  the  paramo.s  of  Las  Papas  and  Socf>boni, 
spring  the  great  rivers  Cauca  and  M.^gd.alena.  Hewing  N. 
Here,  in  lat.  1°  60'  N..  the  East  Cordillera  again  divides,  and 
forms  two  chidns  nearly  parsillel,  between  whicli  extends 
the  broad  valley  of  the  Magdaleiia.  The  most  E,  of  these 
chain.s,  stretching  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Magdalena 
to  the  sierra  Nevada  of  Merida.  is  called  the  East  Cordillera 
of  Cundinamarca;  the  Central  Cordillera  separates  the 
valleys  of  the  Magdalena  and  the  Cauca,  whi:e  the  West 
Cordillera  divides  the  valley  of  the  Cauca  from  the  metalli- 

*  This  is  only  an  appro.\imate,  as  the  boundary  is  very  indefi- 
nitely settled,  especially  on  the  side  towards  Central  .\mericii, 
I  the  government  of  New  Grenada  claiming  the  whole  of  the  Mos- 
I  quite  Coast  to  Cape  Gracias-a-Dios. 

1303 


NEW 


NEW 


for(>as  districts  of  Choco.  The  first  of  these  mountain  chains 
b  by  Koine  called  the  Cordillera  de  la  Suma  Paz,  from  the 
colossal  group  of  this  name  near  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota;  the 
second  is  often  called  the  Quindiu  Chain,  while  the  third 
takos  tlie  name  of  Choco.  So  long  as  the  middle  chain  rises 
to  the  height  of  perpetual  snow,  the  Kast  Cordillera  never 
exceetls  an  elevation  of  13,000  feet;  but,  at  the  point  (lat. 
5°  6'  N.)  where  the  West  Xevados  cease,  it  becomes  col- 
lectively the  loftiest  of  the  three  chains,  except  the  I'eak 
of  Tolima,  (lat.  i°  •16'  X.),  which  belongs  to  the  Middle 
or  Quindiu  Chain,  and  is  the  loftiest  summit  of  the  Andes 
in  New  Granada,  reaching  the  absolute  height  of  18,270 
feet  The  Sierra  Nevada  of  Santa  Murto,  extending  along 
the  coast  between  the  Cordilleras  of  Cundinamarca  and 
Quindiu,  is  not  considered  as  belonging  to  the  Andes.  It 
rises  abruptly  about  30  miles  from^  the  sea-shore,  from  the 
level  plains  which  extend  between  the  Gulf  of  Darien  and 
the  Sea  of  Maracaybo,  to  the  height  of  at  least  19,000  feet 
These  mouutains  all  present  serious  obstacles  to  internal 
communication.  The  Choco  or  maritime  chain,  though  com- 
paratively low,  have  but  few  and  difficult  passes.  The 
roads  from  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota  to  Popayan,  by  the  passes  of 
Guanacas  and  Quindiu,  are  dangerous  from  their  height  and 
liability  to  snow-storms.  The  province  of  Antioquia,  rich  in 
mineral  treasures,  is  hardly  accessible  without  the  aid  of 
native  carriers. 

Valleys. — A;tcrnating  with  the  mountain  chains  here 
described,  are  plains  and  valleys,  all  luxu'riant,  but  varying 
much  in  character  according  to  circumstances.  The  W. 
coasts,  and  the  isthmus  generally,  are  covered  with  im- 
penetrable forests,  and  are  but  imperfectly  known.  The 
continual  lieavy  rains,  and  noxious  climate,  discourage 
European  settlors.  Hence  no  advantage  lias  been  taken  of 
the  circumstance  that  the  Atrato.  which  fall.s  into  the  Gulf 
of  Darien,  rises  in  a  swampy  plain,  often  iuundateil,  where 
its  waters  mingle  with  those  of  the  San  Juan,  which  flows 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  By  mc^ns  of  a  canal,  cut  in  the 
ravine  of  Raspadura,.  between  the  two  rivers,  under  the 
direction  of  an  active-minded  monk,  the  navigation  between 
the  two  seas  has  been  practicable  here  for  boat.s,  at  all 
seasons,  since  1788.  On  the  E.  .side  of  New  Granada,  the 
plains  or  llanos,  extending  to  the  Orinoco,  are  alternately 
Bwamps  or  hard  and  sun-burnt  deserts.  The  intervening 
valleys  of  the  Cauca  and  JIagdalena  have  a  middle  character 
between  those  of  the  W.  coast  and  the  llanos,  growing  con- 
tinually more  equable,  humid,  and  insalubrious  towards 
the  \V.  and  N. 

Minerals. — The  mineral  wealth  of  New  Grana<la  is  various 
and  abundant  though,  as  yet,  imperfectly  explored.  Fine 
coal  occurs  on  the  plain  of  Bogota,  8000  feet  above  the  sea. 
Platina  is  found  in  Choco,  but  only  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Cordillera ;  wliereas  gold  is  collected  both  on  the  E.  and  W. 
sides,  in  Antioquia,  and  the  valley  of  the  Cauca.  The  annual 
produce  is  worth  about  half  a  million  sterling.  It  is  said 
that  rich  veins  of  silver  ore  exist  at  Marquetones,  and  else- 
where in  New  Granatla ;  but  the  mines  are  not  worked. 
There  was  formerly  a  pearl  fishery  at  Kio  de  la  Ilacha.  The 
chief  emerald-mines  are  situate  iu  the  valley  of  Tunja,  near 
Bogota,  in  strata  of  argillaceous  schist.  Small  diamonds  are 
found  with  the  gold  of  .\ntioquia ;  and  in  the  same  district 
the  sulphate  of  mercury  is  abundant.  Tliese  productions 
are  either  wholly  neglected,  or  very  indolently  sought  after. 
The  civil  wars  exhausted  all  the  capital  of  the  country,  and 
left  the  business  of  mining  to  the  poor  and  ignorant. 

Jiivers  and  Lakes. — The  chief  rivers  of  New  Granada  are 
the  Magdalena  and  the  Cauca,  both  of  which  rise  in  the 
Cordillera,  iu  lat.  2°  X.,  pursue  a  nearly  parallel  course  till 
they  unite  in  lat.  9°,  reaching  the  Caribbean  Sea  through 
many  mouths,  iu  lat.  11°.  The  Magdalena,  which  has  a 
course  of  about  900  miles,  is  navigable  in  flat-bottouied 
boats,  up  to  Honda,  in  lat  5°  N.  The  Cauca,  though  a  great 
rirer,  descends  with  the  impetuosity  of  a  mountain  torrent, 
its  valley  lieing  generally  1500  or  2000  feet  above  that  of  the 
Slagdalena.  The  numerous  streams  which  flow  from  the 
West  Cordillera  into  the  I'acific  Ocean,  are  unimportant. 
The  East  Cordillera  sends  the  Guaviare,  Vichada.  and  Meta 
to  the  Orinoco,  whiie  the  Uaupe  and  Rio  Negro  flow  into  the 
MaraSon.  The  Funza  or  river  of  Bogota,  which  flows  by 
the  capital,  is  famed  for  its  cataract  at  Tequendama,  wliere 
it  fJiUs  at  once  from  the  region  of  oaks,  willows,  and  wheat, 
to  that  of  palms  and  sugar-cane.    It  is  supposed  that  the 

Cin  of  Bogota,  8600  feet  al)ove  the  sea,  was  formerly  the 
I  of  a  lake,  and  was  drained  by  the  opening  of  the  chasm 
—the  work  perhaps  of  an  earthquake— through  which  the 
river  now  descends.  Small  lakes  are  numerous  throughout 
the  Cordilleras.  Into  one  of  these,  the  Ijike  of  Gnatavita, 
not  far  from  Santa  Fe,  the  Indians  flung  all  their  treasures 
when  aliout  to  abandon  the  country  to  the  conquerors.  The 
attempts  made  to  drain  it  have  not.  we  believe,  succeeded ; 
but  many  curious  and  valuable  articles  have  been,  at 
different  times,  drawn  from  its  depths. 

CT(Hi«te.— The  climate  of  New  Granada  presents  the  most 
remarkable  contrasts.     At  Honda,  nearly  lUOO  feet  above  sea- 
level,  so  intense  Is  the  heat  that  the  hand  cannot  be  held  on 
a  stona  exposed  to  the  sun's  rays,  and  eveu  the  waters  of  the 
1304 


Magdalena  are  lukewarm.  At  Mompox.  near  the  head  of  the 
delta  of  the  Magdalena.  the  sea-breeze  ceases,  ai;d  the  re- 
mainder of  the  •yoyuge  up  to  Honda.  3o0  miles,  is  made  under 
the  most  oppressive  atmosphere  conceivable,  and  through 
myriads  of  mosquitoes,  aud  other  stinging  insects,  the  attacks 
of  which  allow  no  respite;  the  banks,  at  the  same  time, 
being  guarded  by  caymans  or  alligators,  jaguars,  venomouii 
snakes,  and  hoas.  The  water  of  the  Magdalena  is  said  to  be 
productive  of  goitre,  with  which  the  inhabitants  or  Mompox 
are  afflicted.  Among  the  scanty  population  of  the  valley, 
higher  up  towards  Honda,  malignant  ulcers  are  frequent. 
The  yellow  fever  is  endemic  at  Cartagena,  and  on  the  W. 
coasts.  But  in  the  elevated  country,  tlie  air  is  perfectly  sa- 
lubrious, and  the  temperature  (from  56°  to  70°  Fahrenheit) 
seems  that  of  perpetu.al  spring.  Here  the  rains  in  the  wet 
season  darken  the  sky  only  fur  a  few  houi-s  daily  in  the  after- 
noon. At  Mompox,  the  day  is  always  cloudy,  the  night  clear. 
The  summits  of  the  Cordilleras  are  often  shrouded  in  mists; 
torrents  of  rain  fall  unceasingly  in  the  forests  of  Darien; 
the  Gulf  of  Choco  is  perpetually  vexed  with  violent  storms; 
but  these  excesses  of  the  elements  are  all  unknown  iu  the 
middle  regions  or  Templadas,  aud,  excepting  the  earth- 
quakes, which  have  left  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  Andes, 
deep  traces  of  their  destructive  visitations,  there  is  nothing 
which  detracts  from  the  general  benignity  of  nature.  Even 
up  to  the  limits  of  perpetual  congelation  the  climate  con- 
tinues healthy,  though  it  may  cease  to  be  agrei-able. 

Zofilngy. — To  the  stranger  ascending  the  Magilalena.  the 
alligators  seem  entitled,  by  their  numbers  and  frnmidable 
appearance,  to  be' considered  as  the  true  possessors  of  the 
country,  though  the  flies  levy  the  heaviest  tribute  on  the 
new  comer;  pumas,  jaguars,  and  several  smaller  species  of 
the  feline  tribe,  occasionally  show  themstdves  in  the  forests; 
but  they  are  few  iu  comparison  with  the  pl.igues  of  tho 
river.  These,  however,  cease  to  annoy  at  an  elevation  of  a 
few  thousand  feet,  while  the  woods  are  still  densely  peopled 
with  monkeys,  of  which  the  New  World  has  many  species, 
all  peculiar  to  it;  in  general  less  strong,  fierce,  aud  mis- 
chievous than  those  of  Africa  and  Asia.  At  the  height  of 
3000  teet,  where  the  boa  constrictor  and  crocodile  cease,  the 
tapir,  the  largest  wild  quadruped  of  the  country,  makes  its 
appearance.  The  sloth,  armadillo,  ant-eater  (a  bear),  and 
Ciivy.  inhabit  the  lowland  forests;  deer  of  different  species 
are  distributed  at  all  heights;  bears  and  marmots  approach 
the  limits  of  perpetual  suow.  The  condor  soars  above  tlie 
snowy  heights;  while  countless  varieties  of  the  feathered 
tribes  animate  the  woods  below.  The  tropiale.  {Oriolus,)  the 
nightingale  of  these  countries,  de.serves  esj>ecial  notice. 

lioUiny. — The  remarkable  equability  of  the  climate  iu  this 
part  of  the  world,  where  the  seasons  differ  little  from  each 
other,  seems  unfavorable  to  the  multiplication  of  vegetable 
species.  Each  kind  seizes  on  some  locality  or  region,  wherein 
it  predominates,  to  the  almost  total  exclu.sion  of  other.s.  Ou 
the  plains  of  Bogota,  in  the  region  of  perpetual  spring, 
though  vegetation  is  most  luxuriant,  the  s^iecies  are  not 
numerous.  Yet  the  woods,  imperfectly  expU)rBd.  teem  with 
valuable  productions.  The  wax  palm,  200  feet  high,  clotheg 
the  sides  of  Tolima  to  an  elevation  of  8000  feet.  The  forest* 
of  Pop,iyan  yield  china  or  cinch(ma  (tho  cascarilla  or  Jesuit's 
bark  of  commerce)  in  abundance.  Rice,  cotton,  tobacco, 
cocoa,  sugar-cane,  with  all  tropical  fruits,  are  among  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  coast;  while  the  elevated  plains  yield  maze, 
wheat,  and  all  the  fruits  of  Europe.  With  nature  so  bounti- 
ful, the  wants  of  the  population  so  few,  and  the  demands  of 
commerce  very  moderate,  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  \a 
carried  on,  as  might  be  expected,  very  remissly,  and  the 
reclaimed  land  bears  but  a  small  pro|iortion  to  the  whole. 

Agriculture,  Manufactures,  <tc. — The  industry  of  New. 
Granada  amounts  to  little.  In  the  llanos,  towards  the 
Orinoco,  the  people  are  o<>cupied  wholly  with  the  rearing  of 
cattle  and  horses.  The  Llaneros  are  mostlj'  Crer.les.  Agri- 
culture is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the  converted  Indians,  who 
evince  a  decided  predilection  for  these  tranquil  labors. 
Manufactures  can  hardly  be  said  to  exist  in  the  state. 
Straw  hats,  carpets,  and  some  other  articles,  are  indeed 
made  in  Bogota,  and  the  other  chief  towns;  but  in  no 
case  does  the  native  industry  satisfy  the  demand  of  the 
country,  and  nearly  all  the  manufactured  articles  in  use  are 
imported.  The  principal  porfs  are  Santa  Marta,  Cartagena, 
Rio  Hacha,  Porto  Bello.  Chagres,  and  .\s]iinwall,  on  the 
Caribbean  Sea;  and  Buenaventura  and  Panama,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  The  only  railroad  yet  constructc"!  is  the 
I'anama  Railroad,  about  50  miles  in  length,  extending  acro»«i 
the  isthmus  from  Aspiuwall  to  Panama;  opeued  February 
17th.  1855. 

G<n-ernment,  Heligion.  Ac. — When  New  Granada  became, 
on  the  dissolution  of  the  Colombian  Republic,  in  1832,  an 
independent  state,  it  retiined  the  form  of  government  which 
had  been  devised  for  the  latter,  and  whieli  was  a  clf-se  copy 
of  the  constitution  of  the  United  Stites  of  North  .\me'-icu. 
It  has  a  president,  senate,  ana  congress  of  represenUti^es, 
all  elected,  and  admits  no  hereditary  rank  or  oftice.  AJ1 
races  and  colors  are  politirally  c>qual,  but  the  influentH)  of 
the  white  men  still  predominates.  Slavery  hi».s  cea'wri 
entirely  in  the  state ;  and  care  has  been  takea,  so  far  as  it 


NEW 


NEW 


lieg  within  the  power  of  le^rislation,  to  secure  the  equal 
lights  and  liberty  of  all.  Tlie  freedom  of  tlie  press,  the 
iuviolaWlity  of  the  private  dwelling,  trial  bj-  jury,  and 
religious  toleration,  are  all  established  by  law.  The  religion 
of  the  state  is  the  Roman  Catholic ;  but  the  Pope's  supremacy 
is  denied,  and,  in  New  Granada,  the  head  of  the  church  is 
the  Archbishop  of  Bogota.  The  constitution  provides  for 
the  support  of  public  schools ;  the  Lancasterian  system  is 
generally  adopted.  There  are  two  colleges  in  Itogota  and  a 
public  library.  Among  the  ornaments  of  the  churches  of 
ISogota,  not  the  least  remarkable  are  the  paintings  by 
Basques,  a  native  artist,  who  studied  in  Italy,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  last  century,  and  attained  a  hiijh  degree  of 
excellence.     The  legislature  meets  at  Santi*  Fe  de  Bogota. 

Divisutns,  Populatinn,  &c. — New  Granada  is  divide<.l  into 
7  departments  and  2  territories,  subdivided  into  36  provinces. 
The  names  and  population  of  the  departments  and  terri- 
tories, according  to  statistical  information  for  1853,  is  as 
follows : — 


Departments.     Whites. 

Indians.  Negroes. 

Mizea 
raoes. 

Total. 

Isthrao      .    . 
Cauca  .     .     . 
Antioqui.1     . 
Cuudiuamarca 
Boyaca     .     . 
Ouaneta  .     . 
Magdalona  . 
Goajlra,  ter.  of 
Mooua      "     " 

14,000 
49,000 
,50,000 
137,790 
102.210 
67,000 
30,000 

14.000 
25,000 
12,IW0 
137,290 
105,710 
20,400 
19,360 
20,0(K) 
67,000 

3,.500 
.3S,000 
1.5.«(K) 

6,100 
740 

3,500 
13,500 

~""'gq 

112,608 
164,249 
]44,4.-57 
2*4,775 
215,-x.O 
90,900 
190,421 

144,108 
276,249 
292,(«7 
5<)4,9.t5 
424,210 
319,974 
253,521 
20,000 
68,010 

3 

937 

505,003 

421,000 

80,000 

1,412,051 

2,363,054 

Of  the  Indians,  301,000  were  set  down  as  civilized,  and 
120,000  savage ;  and  of  the  mixed  races  .30,05-t  were  quad- 
roons, 998,997  mestizoes,  2S3,000  mulattoes,  and  100,000 
zamboes.  The  total  population  in  1825  was  1,228.259,  in 
1835,  1,686,038,  and  in  1853,  as  seen  above,  2,363,054.  At 
Cartagena,  and  other  places  on  the  coast  of  New  Granada, 
tlie  white  population  generally  exhibit  the  effects  of  the 
pestilent  climate,  in  complexion  and  in  want  of  energy. 
Their  teetli  decay  at  an  early  age.  On  the  plains  of 
Bogota,  on  the  other  hand,  the  ladies  are  famed  for  their 
fine  complexion.  In  the  city  of  Bogota  the  better  class 
dress  in  the  French  fashion ;  the  ladies,  however,  go  bare- 
foot in  the  house,  and  the  gentlemen  often  wear,  for  morn- 
ing dress,  a  great  cloth  oloak,-which  hides  their  deshabille. 
But,  from  the  capital  down  to  the  sea-coast,  the  dress  and 
domestic  habits  vary  much,  according  to  local  situation  and 
class  of  life.  Tlie  Llanero  is  full  dressed  in  light  drawers 
and  shirt,  wide  straw  hat,  and  sandals  of  bark.  lie  rides 
without  a  saddle,  and  lives  on  beef,  tiiking  the  wild  bullocks 
with  the  lasso.  Jted  pantaloons,  great  boots,  and  spurs, 
with  enormous  rowels,  a  broad-brimmed  hat,  and  ample 
mantle,  distinguish  the  high-bred  cavallero.  At  Cartagena 
and  Morapux  the  day  is  u.«ually  spent  in  the  hammock,  the 
night  in  the  open  air.  The  inhabitants  of  the  highlands 
incline  to  the  imitation  of  European  manners.  In  one 
respect  all  are  alike ;  the  love  of  gaining  is  universal,  and 
cock  fighting,  in  particular,  is  the  favorite  sport  of  all  classes. 

History.— \ew  Granada  was  discovered  i)y  Alonzo  de 
Ojeda,  who  sailed  along  the  N.  coast  of  South  America  in 
1499,  and  in  a  subsequent  voyage  to  the  Gulf  of  Darieu. 
This  country  was  at  first  included  by  the  Spanish  con- 
querors under  the  general  name  of  Tierra  Firnie.  which 
is  applied  at  the  present  day  only  to  the  K.  part  of  the  coast 
of  Venezuela.  I\ing  Ferdinand  named  it  Castilla  d'  Oro, 
(the  Golden  Castile,)  a  title  which  gave  place  to  that  of  the 
New  Kingdom  of  (iranada;  but  the  vioeroyalty  includei), 
besides  the  territories  of  the  present  republic,  the  kingdom 
of  Quito  also,  which  now  forms  the  Republic  of  Ecuador. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1510,  at  Santa  Maria  la 
Antiqua,  on  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  It  was  not  till  near  the 
middle  of  the  16ih  century,  that  the  interior  was  conquered 
by  Benalcazar  and  Ximenes  de  Quesneda,  who  founded  the 
town  of  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  in  1 545.  The  country  continued 
subject  to  Spain  till  1811,  when  it  became  independent.  In 
1819  New  (iranada  and  Venezuela,  being  united  into  one 
republic,  adopted  a  constitution  at  the  Congress  of  Rosario 
de  Cucuta,  in  1821,  and  received  into  the  union  (iuito  and 
Panama,  in  1823.  This  union  was  dissolved  in  1831,  and 
the  republic  of  Colombia  divided  into  the  three  republics  of 
V^enezuela.  New  Granada,  and  Quito  or  Ecuador. 
_  NEW  GRANADA,  (or  NEW  GRENADA.)  a  post-village 
'2  Fulton  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Sideling  Hill  Creek,  about 
ol  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg.     It  h.as  a  fine  water-power. 

NEW  GI!,.'\^NAD.\.  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

NEW  (jRET'X  A,  a  post-oflice  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey. 

NEW  GUIL'FDRD.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ponn- 
sylvauia.  143  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  has  about  100 
inhabitiints. 

NEW  GUIh'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

N  E W  G  UINEA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.   See  Papua. 


NEW  HACK'ENSACK,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.,  Now 
York. 

NEW  HAGERSTOWN,  Ohio.    See  IlAOERSTowif. 

NEW'HALL.  a  township  of  England,  eo.  of  Chester. 

NEW  IIAM/BUUG,  a  post^village  of  Dutchess  co.,  Ne.v 
York,  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  near  the  mouth  of 
Wappinger's  Creek,  66  miles  N.  of  New  York. 

N  ji  W II  AM  BURG,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  (hamp'shir,)  one  of  the  New  England 
States,  and  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  American 
Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Canada  East.  E.  by 
Maine  and  the  Atlantic,  S.  by  Massachusetts,  and  \\'.  t)y 
Vermont,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Connecticut 
River.  It  lies  between  42°  40'  and  45°  25'  N.  lat.,  and  70° 
40'  and  72°  35'  W.  Ion.,  being  nearly  triangular  in  shape, 
having  its  base  on  the  S.,  where  it  is  about  90  uiiUs  in 
breadth,  from  whence  it  gradually  tapers  to  the  N..  with  an 
average  breadth  of  about  45  miles;  il-s  extreme  length  from 
N.  to  S.  is  near  185  miles,  and  its  area  9280  square  miles,  oi 
6,939.300  acres,  of  which  2,367 ,(»;>4  only  were  improved  in  1860 

Face  of  Oie  Ctmntry. — New  IJampshire,  with  one  exception, 
contains  the  most  elevated  land  E.  of  the  Mississippi ;  Mount 
Washington,  the  higliejit  peak  of  the  White  Mountains,  rises 
6226  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  White  Mountains 
proper  extend  only  from  14  to  20  miles;  but  isolated  and 
detached  groups  of  the  chain  extend  from  the  N.  of  New 
Hampshire  even  into  Connecticut.  The  \\  hite  Mountains, 
wliich  on  account  of  their  sublimity  and  grandmir,  have 
given  to  this  region  the  cognomen  of  the  "  Switzerland  of 
America,"  lie  in  Coos  county,  N.E.  from  the  centre  of  the 
state.  There  are  several  peaks  in  this  group,  viz.,  Mount 
JetVerson,  5657  feet;  Mount  Adams,  5759  feet;  and  Mount 
Madison,  5415  feet,  N.E.  of  Mount  Wa.shington;  and  Mount 
Monroe,  5349  feet;  Mount  Franklin,  4850  feet;  and  Mount 
Pleasant,  4712  feet;  besides  several  neighboring  peaks  little 
inferior  In  altitude.  In  another  group,  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Mount  Washington,  is  Mount  Lafayette,  about  5500  feet 
high,  the  .second  in  point  of  interest  in  the  White  Mountain 
range.  The  whole  state  may  be  said  to  be  mountainous, 
hilly,  and  broken,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  portion  in 
the  S.E.,  which  extends  from  20  to  80  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  is  either  level  or  gently  undulating.  Of  the  mountains 
outlying  from  the  great  central  nucleus,  there  are  the  Blue 
Hills,  ill  the  S.E.,  1151  feet  above  the  sea;  Chocorua.  in  Car- 
roll county,  3358  feet;  Carrs,  in  Grafton  county.  1381  feet; 
Kearsarge,  in  Hillsborough  county,  3067  feet;  Moiiadnock, 
in  Cheshire  county,  3718  feet;  Andover,  in  Merrimaclt 
county,  2000  feet;  Pcquaquet,  3367  feet;  and  Moosehillock, 
4636  feet. 

GeiHiigy. — The  mountainous  portions  of  New  Hampshire 
are  mostly  cfmiposed  of  granite  and  mica  slate  ro<:ks.  Gra- 
nite predominates  in  the  White  Mountains  jiroper,  and  mica 
slate  ill  the  southern  mountains,  particularly  in  the  (ireat 
Mouadnock  and  the  neigliboring  summit.'.  According  to 
Gomlrich,  "Porphyritic  granite  occurs  abo  in  boulder,  and 
in  rolled  masses  E.  of  the  southern  ridge.  A  beautiful  fine- 
grained granite;  is  found  in  many  places,  as  at  Concord.  Ros- 
ea wen,  and  Ilopkinton.  and  affords  admirable  building-stone. 
East  of  this  great  ridge,  mica  slate,  gneiss,  and  greenstone 
occur.  In  passing  from  Oncord  ea-«terly  to  Portsmouth,  the 
following  succession  of  rocks  may  be  observed :  granite,  4 
miles;  gneiss,  11  miles;  mica  slate,  14  miles;  granite  15 
miles;  then  gneiss,  and  lastly  greenstone.  The  direction  of 
the  strata  is  nearly  N.E.  and  S.W.  There  is  a  remarkable 
alluvion  formation  through  which  the  Merrimack  passes, 
and  which  embraces  all  the  sandy  plains,  which  are  covered 
with  pine  and  black  timber,  in  the  neighb(>rhood  of  the 
river.  This  formation  extends  through  Clielinsford  to  Cam- 
bridge and  Boston  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  it  fol- 
lows the  course  of  the  river  quite  to  the  ocean,  embracing 
large  tracts  of  land  on  either  side.  Rocks  in  some  places 
break  through  this  alluvial  deposit,  but  they  form  no  very 
high  hills." 

Minerals. — Of  the  metallic  ores,  iron  abounds,  especially 
at  Lisbon;  the  other  ores  are  copper,  lead.  zinc,  and  graphite, 
or  plumbago.  Iron  is  most  abundant  at  F'ranconia,  at  Pier- 
mont,  near  Haverhill,  and  in  the  town  of  Bartlett.  Deposits 
of  lK>g-ore  are  numerous  throughout  the  state;  the  localities 
in  which  lead  is  found  also  are  various.  The  ore.  however, 
is  nowhere  of  the  richest  character,  or  the  veins  of  great 
e.xtent.  so  far  as  discovered.  Silver  has  recently  been 
found  in  two  localities  near  Pittstield.  The  non-metallic 
minerals  are  a  fine  building-granite,  gneiss,  crystallized 
quartz,  talc,  steatite,  tourmalins,  ochres,  limestone,  dillerent 
kinds  of  spar,  terra  sienna,  sulphur,  magnesia,  beryls,  gar- 
nets, jasper,  manganese,  asbestus,  and  amethysts.  'J'here  are 
mineral  springs  of  some  note  in  several  parts  of  the  state. 

Rivers  awl  Lakes. — The  great  river  of  New  Hampshire,  ag 
of  all  New  England,  is  the  Connecticut,  which  rises  in  the 
extreme  N.,  and  forms  nearly  the  whole  western  boundary 
of  the  state.  The  Merrimack  rises  in  the  White  ^lountains, 
and  runs  S.  through  the  middle  of  New  Hampjihire  into 
JIassachusetts.  furnishing  an  abundant  supply  of  watep 
power  to  JIanchester  and  other  ninnufacturing  towns  on  its 
banks.    The  Salmon  Falls  and  the  Piscataqua  (which  is  a 

1305 


NEW 


NEW 


m  1  •  wMening  of  the  farmer  river  near  its  mouth)  form  part 
ol  the  boiu  dary  betw  en  Maiue  and  New  Hampshire,  and 
on-pty  iut<  the  Atlar  tic  Oeean.  The  Androscoggin  has  a 
small  fart  )f  its  course  in  the  N.E.  of  this  state,  and  the 
Saeo  also  has  its  source  amon^  the  White  Mountains,  and 
ruis  S.K.  into  Maine.  The  passage  of  the  Saco  near  its  head 
wa-,ers.  tlirough  the  mountains,  forms  the  celebrated  Notch. 
The  Upper  and  Lower  Ammonoosuck  in  the  N.,  and  the 
Ashuelot  in  the  S.,  are  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Con- 
necticut from  this  state.  Tlie  Margalloway,  a  feeder  of  Lake 
XJmbagog,  has  part  of  its  course  in  the  N.E.  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. The  Ontoocook,  Souhegan,  and  Nashua  are  tributa- 
■ries  of  the  Merrimack  from  the  W.  The  last  two  have  their 
origin  in  Ma<sachusett.s.  The  Winnipiseogee  (the  outlet  of 
the  lake  of  that  name)  and  the  Pemigew.isset  are  the  chief 
sources  of  the  Merrimack.  The  Cocheco  is  a  branch  of  the 
Salmon  Falls.  The  Lamprey  ar.d  Exeter  discharge  their 
■waters  into  the  Piscataqua  proper.  The  Merrimack  and  ite 
branches,  and  the  Salmon  Falls,  abound  in  cataracts,  that 
furnish  great  water-power,  which  has  been  extensively 
applied  to  manufacturing  purix>ses  at  Manchester,  Dover, 
Nashua,  and  other  towns  on  their  banks. 

Prominent  among  the  lakes  of  New  Hampshire  is  Lake 
VTinnipiseogee,  tlie  largest  and  most  picturesque  in  the 
state.  It  is  very  irregular  in  its  shape,  being  indented  with 
numerous  bays.  It  is  about  25  miles  long,  by  from  1  to  10 
In  width.  It"  lies  E.  of  the  middle  of  the  state,  is  very  deep, 
has  very  pure  and  clear  water,  and  is  thought  by  some  to 
rival  Loch  Lomond  in  picturesque  beauty.  Urabagog  Lake, 
about  18  miles  long  by  10  wide,  the  source  of  the  Andros- 
coggin, on  the  boundary  between  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine;  Connecticut,  the  source  of  the  river  of  that  name, 
in  the  X. :  Squam  Lake,  a  tributary  of  the  Merrimack,  in 
the  middle;  Sunapee,  an  affluent  of  the  Connecticut,  in  tlie 
S.W.  of  the  state,  and  Ossipeo,  discharging  itself  into  the 
Saco,  are  the  other  principal  lakes  in  New  Hampshire. 

The  widmilng  of  the  Piscataqua,  and  a  sheet  of  water 
connected  with  it.  are  the  only  bays  of  importance. 

Iskoidx. — A  group  of  small  islauds  in  the  Atlantic,  about 
18  miles  from  the  shore,  called  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  belongs 
to  New  Hampshire. 

Objects  iif  Interest  to  Trmrists. — New  Hampshire  stands 
pre-eminent  in  this  respect  among  the  states  E.  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  The  White  Mountains,  already  referretl  to, 
attract  more  tourists  than  any  other  natural  object  in  the 
Dnitetl  states,  excepting  only  Niagara  Falls.  The  traveller 
•may  journey  for  weeks  through  its  wild  scenery,  with  a 
oonstant  succession  of  grand  objects  to  interest  his  mind. 
The  fashionable  route  is  to  enter  New  Hampshire  by  the 
Boston  and  Montreal  Railways  to  Wier's,  on  Lake  Winnipi- 
seogee ;  then  take  the  .steamlx>at,  and,  having  made  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  lake,  enter  the  stage  for  Conway,  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  White  .Mountains,  and  from  thence,  by  another  stage, 
through  the  celebrated  Not.ch,  to  the  Notch  Hou.se,  which 
stands  in  the  very  jaws  of  the  pass.  The  return  is  by  the 
Franconia  Notch,  (about  26  miles  S.W.  of  the  White  Moun- 
tain Notch.)  and  S.  down  the  valley  of  the  Pemigewassett, 
to  Plymouth,  or  hack  to  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  according  as 
the  tourist  wishes  to  direct  his  steps  thereafter.  The  White 
Mountain  Notch  is  a  pass  of  great  celebrity.  Coming  from 
the  N.  or  W..  you  enter  it  by  an  opening  only  23  feet  in 
width,  between  two  perpendicular  rocks,  one  20.  and  the 
other  12  feet  high.  The  infant  Saco  trickles  its  way  through 
this  narrow  opening,  gradually  expanding  as  it  proceeds 
down  the  pass,  and  receiving  other  tributaries  from  the 
mountain-sides,  wliich  form  the  walls  of  the  gorge,  and 
which  tower  to  the  height  of  about  2000  feet  above  the  bed 
of  the  Saco.  In  this  pass  occurred,  in  1826,  the  landslide 
which  destroyed  the  W'illey  family.  The  more  wild  and 
abrupt  parts  of  the  Notch  extend  for  2  or  3  miles  from  its 
entrance  at  the  Notch  House.  Mount  Washington  is 
ascended  on  hor.seback  from  flie  Notch  House,  by  a  bridle- 
path, tirst  climbing  Mount  Clinton — in  immediate  proximity 
to  the  hotel — for  2j  miles,  and  then  coasting  the  E.  side  of 
the  peaks  of  Jlount  Pleasant,  Mount  Franklin,  and  Mount 
Monroe,  for  4  miles  further.  occa.«ionally  ascending  a  rough, 
■teen  riilge.  and  again  de.seending,  now  riding  on  the  verge 
of  a  vast  ravine  of  several  hundred  feet  in  depth,  and  now 
on  the  crest  of  a  ridge  commanding  a  view  of  l)Oth  sides  of 
the  chain — we  arrive  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington,  1500 
feet  in  pfrpenrUcuiar,  and  alx)ut  one  mile  in  incUnexl  ascent, 
above  the  base  of  the  cone  or  peak,  and  6226  feet  at)ove  the 
sea.  This  is  the  most  difficult,  thottgh  scarcely  dangerous, 
part  of  tlie  ascent  as  it  is  little  else  than  riding  on  horse- 
back over  a  pile  of  rocks  of  every  variety  of  size,  cast  toge- 
ther as  if  hurled  there  by  the  Titans,  "in  war  or  at  play. 
Froti  the  summit,  if  the  day  be  clear,  is  affonied  a  view 
unequallwl,  purhaps,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  North  Ame- 
rican continent.  Around  you.  in  every  direction,  are  con- 
fuse<l  musses  of  mnuntjiins.  bearing  the  appearance  of  a  sea 
of  molten  lava  suddenly  cooled,  wiiilst  its  ponderous  waves 
were  yet  in  commotion.  On  the  S.E.  horizon  gleams  a  rim 
of  sUver  light— it  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  6a  miles  distant- 
laving  the  fhores  of  Maine,  i^akes— of  all  sizes,  from  Lake 
Wiuuipiseogee  to  mere  mountaia  ponds — and  "  mountains 
1306 


beneath  you  gleam  misty  and  wide."  Far  off  to  the  N.E.  is 
Mount  Katahdin.  In  the  western  liorizon  are  the  Green 
Mountains  of  Vermont,  and  to  the  S.  and  S.W.  are  Mount 
Mona<lnock  and  Keai-sarge  or  Kiarsage,  while  the  space  be- 
tween is  tilled  up  with  every  variety  of  landscape,  mountain 
and  hill,  plain  and  valley,  lake  and  river. 

Tho.se  to  whom  it  is  an  object  to  reach  Mount  Washington 
with  as  little  stage-riding  as  possible,  may  be  landed  at  Gor- 
ham  by  the  Portland  and  Montreal  Railway  cars,  within  5 
miles  of  the  base  of  the  mountain.  The  Franconia  Notch 
is  deemed  by  many  quite  as  interesting  as  the  White  Moun- 
tain Notch.  Near  it  are  many  agreeable  acce.ssories  not  to  be 
found  in  the  latter:  among  wliich  are  Echo  Lake,  just  at  the 
northern  entrance  of  the  gorge,  and  the  •'  Old  Man  of  the 
Mountain,"  a  well-defined  profile  of  a  human  face,  1000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  pass.  The  R<asin.  4  miles  S.  of  the 
Notcli,  is  a  pool  of  beautifully  transparent  water.  One  mile 
below  this,  .again,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Flume  Ilou.se.  is  the 
celebrated  Fiunie,  a  narrow  gorge  or  opening  in  the  rocks, 
only  a  few  feet  in  width,  and  from  TO  to  120  feet  in  height, 
through  which  flows  a  small  tributary  of  the  Pemigewass-ret; 
below  this  is  a  cascade  of  616  feet  in  length,  wliich  in  the 
.spring  and  fall  freshets  is  an  object  of  great  interest.  In  the 
same  neighborhood  is  the  Pool,  (a  l«.siu  formed  by  a  small 
fall  in  the  Pemigewasset,)  which  is  alxjut  bO  feet  in  diameter, 
and  40  feet  deep,  surrounded  by  mural  precipices  150  feet 
in  height.  The  Flume,  the  Basin,  and  the  I'ool,  all  within 
an  agreeable  walking  distance  of  the  Flume  House,  make 
this  one  of  the  most  agreeable  stopping-places  among  the 
mountains.  Mount  Lafayette — only  700  feet  inferior  In  alti- 
tude to  Mount  Wa.sbiugton — is  also  a.sceiided  from  the  same 
house,  which  has  the  further  advantage  of  being  within  a 
tive-miles  ride  of  the  Franconia  Notch.  The  other  detached 
mountains  scattered  over  New  Hampshire,  would,  in  any 
other  state,  not  overshjwlowed  by  Mount  Washington  and 
his  court,  merit  conspicuous  notice.  Dixville  Notch,  about 
46  miles  N.  of  Lancaster,  is  said  to  be  but  little  inferior  to 
the  two  great  passes  already  described.  New  Hampshire 
shares  with  Vermont  the  beautiful  river  Connecticut,  whose 
shores  are  often  grand,  and  seldom  tame.  IJellows  Falls,  in 
this  river,  on  the  S.W.  lx>rder  of  the  state,  are  formed  by 
the  contraction  of  the  river  bed  to  about  20  feet  on  the  W. 
side  at  low  water,  through  which  the  stream  rushes  with 
great  violence.  At  high  water  it  Hows  in  the  eastern  as  well 
as  western  channel.  These  beds  are  separated  by  a  huge 
rock.  The  entire  descent  in  half  a  mile  is  42  feet.  At 
Amoskoag.  the  Merrimack  descends  50  feet  in  three  succes- 
sive pitches  In  the  White  Mountain  Notch  is  a  cascade 
which  winds  down  the  face  oY  the  mountain,  through  a  fall 
of  800  feet,  giving,  after  copious  niins,  an  additional  inter- 
est to  the  scene,  as  it  glides  or  leaps  over  the  different 
stages  of  its  descent.  There  are  two  interesting  falls  In  the 
Ammonoosuck,  within  a  pleasant  drive  from  'the  Notch 
House. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  New  Hampshire  is  severe,  and 
the  winters  long,  but  less  subject  to  frecjuent  changes  tlian 
in  other  Northern  States  of  a  lower  latitude.  The  suoW 
lies  late  among  the  mountains,  and  exercises  .some  effect  on 
the  temperature  of  other  parts  of  the  state.  In  the  higher 
gorges  it  may  be  found  in  patches  of  half  .an  acre's  extent 
in  July.  The  snow  begins  to  fall  and  the  rivers  to  freeze  in 
November.  The  snow  lies  into  .\pril  in  the  S..  and  often 
till  May  in  the  N.  The  springs  are  damp  and  foggy,  but 
the  state  enjoys  a  bracing  and  healthy  air,  and  is  remark- 
ably free  from  epidemics. 

Si>il  and  J'rndtictions. — The  soil  of  this  state  generally  is 
not  of  a  highly  fertile  character,  though  New  England  in- 
dustry and  economy  have  wrung  from  its  stony  bo.som 
valuable  products.  The  best  lands  are  in  the  valleys  of  the 
rivers,  which  are  occasionall}'  overflowed,  especially  in  the 
valley  of  the  Connecticut.  The  northern  portion  is  I)ut 
little  cultivated.  The  hills  afford  valuable  p!istura'.re  fo» 
cattle  and  sheep.  Wheat,  rye.  oats,  Indian  corn,  liarley 
buckwheat.  Irish  potatoes,  peas,  beans,  fruits,  butter,  cheese 
hay.  hop.s,  wool,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey  are  pro 
duced  in  considerable  quantities,  and  some  tobacco,  wine, 
grass-seeds,  flax,  silk,  and  molivsses.  In  1S60  there  were  in 
New  Hampshire  2..367,034  acres  of  improved  land,  (1,.377,591 
being  unimproved.)  producing  238,965  bushels  of  wheat; 
128,247  of  rye;  1,414,02S  of  Indian  corn:  1,329,233  of  oats; 
79,454  of  peas  and  beans :  4,137,543  of  Irish  potatoes ;  121,103 
of  barley;  89,996  of  buekwhetit;  1,160,222  jiounds  of  wool; 
6,956,764  of  butter;  2,232.092  of  cheese;  130.428  of  hops; 
2,255,012  of  maple  sugar:  49.36  of  beeswax ;  125,142  of  honey; 
value  of  live  stock,  S10,924,627;  orchard  iiroducts,  S559,931; 
market  products  $76,256;  and  slaughtered  animals  at 
$:i,787,5O0.  There  were  in  tliis  state  41,101  horses,  94,880 
milch  cows,  169,587  other  cattle,  310,534  sheep,  and  51,933 
swine. 

Purest  Treei. — There  is  a  dense  growth  of  forest  trees  on 
the  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains,  consisting  of  oak,  white 
pine,  fir.  hemlock,  beech,  maple,  walnut.  &c.\  while  on  the 
lowlands  grow  elm.  birch,  poplar,  ash,  cherry,  locust,  horn- 
beam. &e.  The  rock  maple  yields  abundance  of  suga  %  and 
the  pine,  of  which  there  are  eeveral  varieties,  furnis'aes  aa 


NEW 


-NEW 


atnp'e  S"pply  of  lumber.  The  latter  tree  often  attains  the 
heiirht  of  200  feet. 

Manufactures. — New  Hampshire  i.s  largely  enprased  in 
manufiictures.  great  water-power  being  furni.';hed  by  tlie 
Merrimack.  CcK^heco,  and  other  rivers,  on  wliose  banks  are 
the  flourishing  manufacturing  towns  of  Manche.ster,  Dover, 
Nashua.  Nashville,  and  others.  By  tlie  census  of  1860,  there 
were  3211  establishments  engaged  in  mining,  manufacturing, 
and  the  mechanic  arts,  each  producing  $500  ami  upwards 
annually,  employing  $23,274,094  capitalaud  18,379  mule  and 
13,901  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $20.- 
639,857,  and  yielding  products  valued  at  $37,586,453.  Of 
these  37  were  cotton  factories,  employing  $12,539,080  capi- 
tal and  3808  male  and  8901  female  hands,  consuming  raw 
material  wortli  $7,101,436,  and  producing  stufls  and  yarn 
valued  at  $13,658,564 ;  39  woollen  tiictories,  employing  $1,- 
297,300  capital  and  789  male  and  699  female  hands,  consum- 
ing raw  material  worth  $1,469,548,  and  producing  stuffs  val- 
ued at  ^2.3S8,143;  337  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes, 
employing  $704,955  capital  and  3479  male  and  1365  female 
hands,  consuming  raw  materijd  worth  .$2,327,371,  and  pro- 
ducing hoots  and  shoes  valued  at  $3,864,866 ;  23  iron  foun- 
dries, employing  $o;;5,100  capital  and  610  hands,  and  pro- 
ducing castings,  gas-pipo,  Ac,  valued  at  $5S6,419,and  96  tan- 
neries, employing  $486,618  capital  and  472  hands,  and  pro- 
ducitig  leather  valued  at  $1,962,015.  Hume-made  manufac- 
tures valued  at  $251,052  were  also  produced. 

Internal  Improvements. — New  Hampshire  is  crossed  by 
railroads  in  all  directions,  by  lines  uniting  Jioston  with 
Montreal  and  Portland,  and  Portland  again  with  Montreal. 
8onie  connect  with  railroails  to  New  York  City  and  Albany, 
giving  the  citizens  of  New  Hampshire  access  to  all  the 
intermediate  towns  of  importance  iu  Vermont,  Massachu- 
eetts,  and  Connecticut,  while  others  interlock  with  iron 
roads  leading  to  most  of  the  important  places  in  New  Kng- 
lanil.  In  January,  1855,  there  were  in  this  state  512  miles 
of  railroad  completed,  aud  34  in  course  of  construction;  be- 
sides 11  miles  of  canal. 

Otmmtirce. — Though  New  Hampshire  has  one  of  the  best 
harbors  in  the  United  States,  she  has  but  little  foreign  com- 
merce— less  indeed  than  in  former  years.  Nor  has  she  any 
river  favoring  internal  navigation  in  ve.ssels  larger  than 
keel-boats  for  any  considerable  distance.  The  Connecticut 
and  Meri'imack,  by  aid  of  locks,  may  be  ascended,  the  for- 
mer for  270  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound,  and  the  latter 
for  40  miles  within  the  state.  The  foreign  exports  from 
New  Hampshire  in  the  fiscal  year  of  1854  amounted  only  to 
$1031,  and  imports  to  $:j4,505.  Tonnage  entered  in  18-04, 
3877;  clearetl  4167.  i)i  course  this  only  includes  the  im- 
ports and  exports  of  her  own  ports,  but  a  much  larger 
amount  doubtless  passes  through  the  ports  of  neighboring 
states.  This  state,  iiowever,  possesses  a  considerable  amount 
of  shipping,  and  builds  and  sends  forth  a  large  number  of 
vesstls  that  are  owned  elsewhere.  Tonnage  owned  in  the 
Btiite  24,456,  of  which  1877  were  engaged  in  the  cod  and 
mackerel  fisheries.  The  number  of  vessels  built  was  2, 
having  an  aggregate  capacity  of  563  tons.  The  principal 
articles  of  export  are  lumber,  live  stock,  wool,  fish,  beef, 
pork,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  granite. 

Educati'in. — Po))ular  education  is  under  the  direction  of 
county  school  commissioners,  who  form  a  state  board  of 
education.  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in 
New  Hampshire  2  colleges,  having  390  students,  $26,390  in- 
come, $9370  of  which  was  from  endowments ;  and  2301  pub- 
lic schools,  having  70,509  pupils,  $218,244  income,  of  which 
$180,372  was  from  taxation, $22,386  from. public  funds,  $2447 
from  endowments;  208  academies  aud  other  schools,  having 
11,4-14  jiupils,  $126,331  income,  $39,581  from  tiixatiou,  $23,- 
991  fioni  endowments,  and  $11,002  from  pubhc  funds.  It 
has  306  libraries,  comprising  237,312  volumes.  According 
to  the  National  Almanac,  there  wore  in  this  state,  in  1862, 
2352  school  districts.  The  average  attendance  of  scholars 
during  the  year  was  58,464,  aud  the  whole  nmnlier  of 
scholars  4  years  old  and  upward  attending  school  was 
84,787.  The  amount  of  money  raised  by  town  tax  for  the 
support  of  schools  in  that  year  was  $218,628.  Tiie  total 
amount  of  money  appropriated  for  public  schools  was 
$274,023.  The  average  wages  of  male  teachers,  including 
board,  was  $24  a  month.  The  National  Almanac  reports 
that  this  state  had,  in  1863,  1  college,  attended  by  307  stu- 
dents ;  3  theological  seminaries,  attended  by  about  100  stu- 
dents; and  1  medical  college,  attended  by  60  students. 

Re.ligi'ius  Denominations. — Of  681  churches  in  New  Hamp- 
shire in  I860,  the  Baptists  owned  92;  tree  Will  Baptists,  97  ; 
Christians,  33;  Congregationalists,  179;  Episcopalians,  17; 
Friends,  12 ;  Methodists,  117 ;  Presbyterians,  16 ;  Roman 
Catholics,  12;  Unionists,  35 ;  Unitarians,  15 ;  tlniversalists, 
42;  minor  sects,  14 ;  giving  1  church  to  every  479  persons. 
Value  of  church  ])roperty,  $1,913,692. 

Periodicals.  —  There  were  published  in  this  state  in  1860, 
35  weekly  newspapers,  30  of  which  were  political,  3  re- 
ligicms.  and  2  literary.  In  the  Preliminary  Report  of  the 
Eighth  Census,  the  whole  number  of  copies  issued  annually 
is  stated  at  1,024,400.  but  it  would  appear  that  a  number  of 
papers  were  not  refwrted. 


Public  Insliiutions.~  fhe  Kfar  ^iajpsnir"  taylnm  for 
tlie  Insane  at  Concord  had,  on  the  1st  of  May,  1863,  204 
patients  —  94  nuiles  and  110  females  — 101  having  been  ad- 
mitted in  the  preceding  year.  The  State  Prison,  wliich  is 
at  Concord,  had  101  inmates  on  the  1st  of  May,  1863,  and  a 
library  of  some  800  yolumes  for  the  use  of  the  prisoners. 
In  1850,  there  were  in  the  state  47  public  libraries,  with 
42,077  volumes ;  73  school  and  Sunday-school  libraiies,  with 
21,317  volumes;  3  college  libraries,  with  19,976  volumes: 
aud  1  church  Ubrary,  witli  2450  volumes.  The  state  co.i- 
tributed  $6772  in  1863  for  educating  the  deaf,  dumb  and 
blind  in  institutions  of  other  states.  The  New  Hampsliiro 
Historical  Society  was  incorporated  in  1823.  [For  statistics 
of  libraries  in  1860,  see  iilucatiim.] 

Counties. — New  Hampshire  is  divided  into  10  counties,  viz., 
Belknap,  Carroll,  Cheshire,  Coos,  Grafton,  Hillsborough, 
Merrimack,  Rockingham,  Straflbrd,  and  Sullivan. 

Citiu  and  Towns. — The  principal  towns  in  New  Hamp- 
shire are  Manchester,  with  a  i)opulation  in  1860  of  20,107, 
(1.3,932  in  1850;)  Concord,  10,896;  Nashua,  10,065;  Ports- 
mouth, 9o35;  Dover,  8502;  Somersworth,  4787  :  Kecne,  4320; 
Claremont,  4026;  Rochester,  33s4;  Exeter.  3809:  Gilford, 
2hll;  Sanbornton,  2743 ;  and  Gre.at  Falls.  The  population 
mostly  includes  that  of  the  entire  township  in  which  each 
town  or  village  is  sitiuited.*    Ciipital  Concord. 

Government,  Finances,  &c. — The  governor  is  elected  by  the 
people  annually,  and  receives  a  salary  of  $1000  per  annum. 
The  Senate  consists  of  12.  and  the  Hou.se  of  Representatives 
of  286  members,  also  chosen  annually  by  the  i>eopI«.  The 
legislature  meets  on  the  1st  Wednesday  iu  June.  The 
judiciary  consists — 1,  Of  a  supreme  court.  oompoRed  of  one 
chief  aud  three  associate  judges,  which  holds  its  sessions 
twice  a  year  at  Concord.  2.  Of  courts  of  common  pleas, 
and  courte  of  probate.  The  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  receives  .$1400:  and  each  of  the  others,  aud  tlje  cir- 
cuit justices  of  the  common  pleas.  $1200  per  auuum.  The 
judges  of  the  common  pleas  receive  $3  per  day  during  the 
se.«sion  of  the  courts,  and  ten  cents  per  mile  for  travel.  The 
superior  court  has  chancery  powers,  and  determines  ques- 
tions of  law,  and  receives  petitions  for  divoice.  Two  judges 
of  this  court,  or  one  superior  and  one  cirf;iut  judge,  must 
be  i)resent  at  the  trial  of  capital  Ciises.  The  state  debt  is 
small.  New  Hampshire  having  been  free  from  debt  in  1860. 
The  exi)enditures  for  1862-63  were  abo'jt  $380,000,  inclu- 
ding aid  to  volunteers'  families.  $181,fo5.  In  Dtcember, 
1863,  there  were  in  this  state  51  bank?,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $4,628,700,  a  circulation  of  $4,104,036,  aud  $283,- 
624  in  specie. 

Pi/puiation. — The  original  population  of  New  Hampshire 
was  almost  exclusively  of  English  discent,  and  the  rural 
districts  still  remain  without  much  intermixture;  but  in 
the  large  towns  foreigners  are  creeping  in  to  .some  exteut 
This  state  had  141.899  inhabitants  in  1790;  18.3,762  in 
1800;  214.360  in  1810;  244.161  in  1820;  269.328  in  1830; 
284,574  in  1840;  317.976  in  1850.  In  1860,  326,073,  of  wliom 
325,579  were  whites  and  494  colored.  Population  to  square 
mile  35.  Representative  population  326,073.  Of  the  popu- 
lation, 256,982'were  born  in  the  state,  48,153  in  other  states, 
20,938  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  2291  were  born  in  Eng- 
land, 12,737  in  Ireland,  741  in  Scotland,  14  in  Wales,  4468  in 
British  America,  412  in  Germany,  103  in  France,  aud  172  in 
otlier  foreign  countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading 
pursuits,  3r',392  were  farmers,  10,152  farm  laborers,  9257 
laborers,  7241  shoemakers,  6487  servants,  6261  factory  hands, 
3266  weavers,  3075  carpenters,  2635  teachers,  1655  black- 
smiths, 1356  clerks,  1292  spinners,  1282  merchants,  1260 
machinists,  1246  housekeepers,  1228  stHdent8,1100  mechanics, 
1006  seamstresses,  1023  painters,  588  physicians,  375  law- 
yers, 574  masons,  407  tailors.  335  cabinet-makers,  334  coop- 
ers, lie.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred 
44CS  deaths,  or  139  in  every  thousand.  The  number  of 
deaf  and  dumb  was  163,  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume 
on  Population  of  the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.,)  142 
blind,  506  insane,  336  idiotic. 

HisUn-y. — Now  Hampshire  was  first  settled  near  Ports- 
mouth iu  1623,  aud  was  several  times  connected  with  Mas- 
sachusetts up  ia  1679,  when  it  became  a  royal  province,  but 
renewed  its  connexion  with  Massachusetts  in  1689,  and  was 
for  a  short  time  attached  to  New  York ;  but  finally,  in  1741, 
became  an  entirely  separate  province,  and  so  remained  till 
the  Revolution.  New  Hampshire  was  much  harassed  by 
the  Indians,  and  in  1689  a  party  of  them  attacked  Dover, 
(in  revenge  for  some  executions  of  part  of  their  number  .13 
years  before,)  killed  many  of  the  whites,  and  burnt  tlie 
town.  Even  as  late  as  1714  there  were  but  8  townships  in 
the  colony.  No  important  action  took  place  on  the  soil  of 
this  state,  either  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution  or  that  of 
1812. 

NEW  HAMP/TON,  a  po8t-town,ship  of  Belknap  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  left  side  of  the  Merrimack  River,  33  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1690. 


•  The  eilimateil  population,  in  f»65,  of  Manchester,  Portsmouth, 
Nashua,  and  Concord,  ui4.y  bo  silled  respectively  at  23,000,  10,00(4 
12,300,  aud  12,000. 

1307 


NEW 


NEW 


NEW  IIAirPTON',  a  post-Tillage  of  Orange  co.,  Xew  York,    on  all  rides,  except  in  the  direction  of  the  harbor,  by  an 


cm  the  W.  bank  of  the  VValkill  Hirer,  where  it  is  crupsed  by 
the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  "i  miles  from  New  York 
City. 

NEW  HAMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  New  Jersey  Central  Ila.ilroad,  about  16  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Flemington. 

NEW  HA.Ml'TON  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY.  See 
IlAXOVER,  New  Hampshire. 


amphitheatre  of  hills,  two  of  which,  presenting  ru;.r.ired  and 
perpendicular  precipices  from  300  to  400  feet  in  iiciirht.  lire 
called  East  and  West  Roi-ks.  Three  small  streams,  the  t^uine- 
piack  on  the  E.,  with  Mill  River  flowing  into  it  alioiit  h.ilf  a 
mile  from  it«  mouth,  and  the  West  River  on  the  ri^ht.  inter- 
8i!ct  this  plain,  discharging  their  waters  into  tlie  liay.  Of  the 
two  former,  the  first  forms  the  eastern  limit  M'  the  town, 
and  the  other  of  the  city.   Several  bridges  have  been  thrown 


NE\\'  HAX'OVEK,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  North  i  acToss  these  streams,  one  of  which,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Carolina,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  j  Quinepiack.isacovered  drawbridge,  leading  from  the  steam- 
Fear  River;  area  estimated  at  1000  square  miles.  Cape  i  boat  landing  to  East  Haven.  The  chartered  limits  of  the 
Fear  and  South  Rivers  form  the  S.W.  boundary,  and  the  city  extend  3  miles  from  E.  to  W..  and  2  miles  back  from 
North  Branch  of  the  former  flows  through  the  county.  The  the  harbor.  This  area  is  regularly  laid  out  with  streets, 
Burfaee  is  level ;  the  soil  is  sandy  and  rather  poor,  excepting  I  usually  4  rods  broad,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles. 


the  margins  of  the  rivers.  The  cx)untv  is  intersected  by  the 
Wnldon  and  Wilmington  Railroad.  "Capital,  Wilmington. 
Formed  in  1728.  Pop.  15,429,  of  whom  8326  were  free,  and 
7103  slaves. 

NEW  HANOVER,  a  township  of  Burlington  co^  New 
Jersey.     Pop.  2r)29. 

NEW  HANOVER,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania.  C4  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  1873. 

NEVV  HAR'MONY.  a  post-office  of  Brown  CO.,  Ohio. 

NEW  HARMOXY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Posey  county. 


Chapel  Street,  the  fashionable  promenade,  extends  from  Mill 
River  in  a  W.N.W.  direction,  throughout  the  entire  length 
of  the  city. 

New  Haven  is  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  the  United 
States.  In  nearly  every  portion  it  exhibits  a  uniform 
neatness  and  elegance.  The  private  residences  are  mostly 
detached,  standing  in  court-yard.s,  beautifully  adorned  with 
fruit-trees,  ganlens.  and  shrubliery.  In  Hill  House  Avenue, 
a  delijrhtful  suburb  on  the  N.,  the  dwellinus  are  nearly 
concealed  from   view  amid   the   profusion   of  foliage  and 


Indiana,  on  the  Wabash  River,  15  miles  N.  of  Mount  Ver-  flowers.  Probably  in  no  other  city  are  to  Vie  found  so 
non.  It  was  first  settled  in  1814  by  Frederick  Rapp  and  a  ;  many  and  such  lofty  elms.  Temple  Street  and  .oeverai 
colony  of  Germans  from  Pennsylvania.  They  purchased  1  others  are  so  thickly  shaded  as  almost  entirely  to  shut  out 
a  large  tract  of  rich  land,  planted  orchards  and  vineyards,  j  the  sun.  From  the  great  abundance  of  the.se  tret^s.  New 
erected  mills  and  manufactories,  and  built  about  200  j  Haven  has  been  familiajly  denominated  the  "City  of  Ehns." 
dwellings.  In  1825.  Robert  Owen  purchased  the  town  for  Another  scarcely  less  prominent  or  attractive  feature  are  the 
the  purpose  of  making  an  experiment  in  Socialism.  As  public  squares,  the  princi|ial  of  which,  commonly  called  the 
might  have  l>een  expected,  it  was  entirely  unsuccessful.  A  :  '-Green,"  and  lying  about  I5  miles  NW.  of  the  stcamtxiat- 
plank-road  extends  to  Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  in  1853,  about  landing,  is,  with  its  ornaments,  one  of  the  finest  in  New 
400;  inl860,  8'25.  1  England.    It  includes  an  area  of  about  16  acres,  bordered 

NEW  HAR'RISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  j  on  all  sides  with  majestic  elms.    Wooster  Square  is  a  bean- 
6  miles  N.W.  of  CarroUton.  I  tiful  enclosure  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city,  comprising  5 

NKW  HARRISON,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Darke  CO.,  Ohio.  acres  of  ground,  handsomely  laid   out  and   ornaniented- 

NEW  H.\RT'FORD,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  [  Besides  these,  there  are  York  Square,  and  others  of  less  pro- 


of Litchfield  co..  Connecticut,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Farming- 
ton  River,  about  20  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Hartford.  It  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  8  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  27;">8. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oneida 
CO.,  New  York,  near  the  Chenango  Canal,  4  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Utlca.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and  cotton 
Jactories.    Pop.  estimated  at  1000 ;  of  the  township,  4395. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  a  post-village  in  Pike  co.,  Illinois, 
about  80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

NEW  HARTFORD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield 
CO.,  Connecticut,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford. 

NEWHART'S,  a  postofflce  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

NEWHA'VEN,  a  small  seaport  and  parish  of  England,  co. 


minence.  The  city  burial-ground  lies  opposite  the  northern 
angle  of  the  old  town-plot,  and  contains  about  18  acres,  di- 
vided by  avenues  and  alleys  into  family  lots,  32  feet  long 
and  18  feet  broad.  It  is  beautifully  adorned  with  various 
kinds  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and  In  the  summer  sea.son  flow- 
ers are  cultivated  along  the  borders  of  the  walks,  and  on 
many  of  the  graves.  The  entire  grounds  are  securely 
enclosed  on  three  sides  by  a  high  wall  of  stone  masonry, 
and  in  front  by  a  massive  iron  fence.  There  are  al.-^o  three 
or  four  other  cemeteries  in  different  sections  of  the  city. 

-Among  the  principal  public  edifices  may  be  mentioned  the 
state  house,  standing  in  the  western  section  of  the  Green. 
It  Is  a  large  stuccoed  building,  modelled  after  the  Parthenon, 
and  contains,  besides  the  legisl.itive  halLs.  apartments  for 


of  Sussex,  on  the  Ouse,  at  i'.s  mouth  In  the  English  Chan-  the  supreme,  superior,  .and  county  courts.  The  new  railroad 
nel.  and  on  a  branch  of  the  South  Coa*t  Railway.  Pop.  in  depot,  recently  erected  in  Chapel  Street,  near  Stnt<i  Street, 
1851, 1358.  The  town  is  neatly  built,  has  a  church,  a  draw-  ;  is  a  fine  brick  structure,  with  towers.  It  is  the  termi- 
bridge  across  the  Ouse,  small  fort,  and  pretty  good  harbor.  1  nus  of  all  the  railroads  conducting  to  the  city.  The  state 
It  exports  agricultural  produce,  and  imports  coal  and  hospital,  erectetl  in  1832,  is  a  handsome  stone  e<lifice.  well 
foreign  timber.  |  situated  on  high  ground,  about  half  a  mile  S.W.  of  the 

NEWHAVEN,  a  quoad  sacra  parish  and  marine  village  ;  central  square.  Many  of  the  churches,  of  which  the  city 
of  Scotland.  2  miles  N.  of,  and  connected  with.  Edinburgh.  \  contains  atxmt  22.  are  justlj-  admire^!  for  their  neatness  arxl 
by  the  Northern  Railway.  Pop.  2100.  There  is  a  good  stone  elegance.  Trinity  Church,  and  St.  Paul's  Chapel,  lieautiful 
pier  and  a  chain-pier  at  Trinity  500  feet  long.  The  village  '  stone  edifices,  have  their  walls  and  roofs  thickly  covered  with 
belongs  to  the  city  of  Edinburgh ;  1  mile  W.  is  Granton.  a  |  creepers.  The  Ontral  Clnirch,  North  Church,  C<iurt  and 
village  with  a  Splendid  pier  and  harbor,  erected  by  tlie  Duke  College  Street  Churches  (Congregationnl").  and  the  Methodist 
of  Buccleuch,  and  frequented  by  the  London  steam  packets  church,  are  all  fine  brick  buildings,  with  lofty  spires.  The 
and  steamboats  on  the  passage  of  the  Edinburgh  Dundee  j  three  last  have  been  erectc<l  within  a  few  years, 
and  Perth  Railway.  New  Haven  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  literary  advan- 

NEW  HA'VEN,  a  county  In  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Con-  j  tages,  and  ii>r  Uie  intellectual  and  moral  character  of  its 
necticut,  has  an  area  of  alx)ut  620  square  miles.  It  is  1  citizens.  At  the  college  and  the  various  female  schools,  there 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  S.W.  !  are  prf)bably  not  le.ss  than  a  thousand  pupils  from  abroad, 
by  the  Housatonic  River,  and  is  drained  by  the  Naugatuck  In  regular  attendance.  Yale  College,  which  at  the  present 
and  Qulnepiack  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  streams.  The  sui^  j  time,  and  for  many  years  past,  has  imparted  instruction  to 
face  Is  uneven,  and  in  some  parts  hilly.  The  soil  is  various,  !  a  greater  numlier  of  academical  students  tJian  any  otfcer 
but  generally  good.  This  county  has  some  excellent  harbors,  j  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States,  was  originally 
affording  great  advantages  for  navigation  and  the  fisheries.  |  founded  at  Kiilingwortb  in  the  year  1700.  and  named  in 
The  Housatonic  Itiver  is  navigable  for  steamboats  12  miles  honor  of  its  princijial  foreign  donor.  Klihu  Yale,  governor 
to  Derby.  Tlie  county  is  traversed  by  the  New  Haven  Hart-  of  the  East  India  Company.  It  was  chartered  in  1701; 
ford  and  Springfield,  the  New  Haven  and  Northampton,  and  removed  to  Say  brook  in  171)7.  and  to  New  Haven  in  1716. 
the  Naugatuck  Railroads,  and  partly  intersected  by  connect-  i  It  has  always  sustained  a  high  reputation,  and  at  present 
Ing  lines  of  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  and  New  ILiven  ;  embraces  five  departments,  viz..  an  academical,  a  theologicaJ, 
and  New  London  Railroads.  Capital,  New  Haven.  Pop.  ,  a  medical  college,  a  law  schix>l.  and  a  school  for  the  cultiva- 
an  1S60,  97,345.  I  tionof  philosophy  and  the  arts,  each  havinir  its  own  faculty. 

NEW  H.WEX.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Addison  ,  The  latter  department  has  4  professors  and  46  studenls,  who 
CO  ,  Vermont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  and  ;  also  receive  instruction  from  members  of  the  other  faculties. 
on  the  N.  side  of  Otter  Creek,  about  32  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  j  The  buildings  of  the  institution  occupy  almost  an  entire 
Monipelier.     Pop.  1419.  j  square,  which  lies  immediately  W.  of  the  public  green,  and 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  seat  of  justice  of  a  !  is  separated  from  it  by  College  Street.  Fronting  E.S.K. 
county  of  it-s  own  name,  and  semi-capital  of  Connecticut,  i  stands  a  row  of  eisrht  brick  edifices,  five  of  tliem  tour  stories 
is  situated  In  a  beautiful  plain,  at  the  head  of  New  Haven  high. containing  study  and  sleeping  rooms  for  the  students. 
Bay.  4  miles  from  its  entrance  Into  Ix)ng  Island  Sound.  It  Of  the  remaining  three,  each  of  which  is  adorned  with  a 
Is  160  miles  S.W  .  of  Boston,  and  76  miles  N.E.  of  New  York,  tower  or  spire,  one  is  the  chapel,  another  the  observatory, 
being  in  a  direct  line  between  the  two  cities.  Lat.  41°  IS'  and  the  thir.1.  called  the  Lyceum,  Is  used  for  reclt.Htions.  Ill 
13  J.,  Ion  ( 2°  66  30"  W.  Tlie  plain  on  which  New  Haven  the  rear  of  these  Is  a  second  range,  oonsistinjc  of  the  chemioa 
standa  Jaclipes  gently  towards  the  water,  and  is  environed'i  laboratory,TrumbullGallery,oneapartmentofwliichisocoiir 


NEW 


NEW 


pied  by  the  historical  and  other  paintings  of  Colonel  John 
'I'rumliuU,  the  other  chioHy  by  the  portraits  of  the  officers 
and  benefuctors  of  the  college;  and  a  lari^e  buildiug,  con- 
taiuin.;  on  the  first  floor  the  philosophical  apparatus,  and  on 
tlie  second  the  ciibiiiet  of  minerals,  one  of  the  larjrest  and 
choicest  collections  in  America.  Still  farther  in  the  rear, 
neftr  the  W.  side  of  the  square,  stands  the  library  building, 
a  costly  Gothic  structure,  (fire-proof,)  160  feet  in  length, 
devoted  to  college  and  societies'  libraries.  A  little  X.  of  this 
is  another  spacious  stone  edifice,  recently  completed,  calle<l 
Alumni  Hall,  in  which  are  apartments  for  the  Linouian  and 
Brothers"  Societies,  and  a  large  hall  for  the  general  purposes 
of  the  institution.  The  analytical  laboratory  of  the  philo- 
sophii-al  department  is  at  present  in  a  wooden  building  near 
the  north  college.  The  Medical  College,  a  handsome  granite 
structure,  containing  the  anatomical  museum,  library,  lec- 
ture rooms,  Ac.  is  situated  at  tlie  head  Of  College  .Street, 
alxiut  J  of  a  mile  X.N.K.  of  the  college  proper.  There  are 
also  several  literary  associations  formed  for  the  benefit  of  the 
sitizens.  one  of  which,  called  the  Young  .Men's  Institute, 
lias  a  valuable  library,  and  maintains  an  able  course  of 
lectures.  Liberal  means  are  likewi.se  provided  for  the  support 
of  populMr  education.  The  Webster  Scliool.  in  George  stn'et. 
is  considered  one  of  the  best  in  the  state;  and  a  fine  edifice, 
in  which  to  establish  another  school  on  a  similar  plan,  has  just 
been  completed  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  city.  There  are 
4  newspaper  offices.  'A  of  which  issue  daily,  semi-weekly,  and 
weekly  editions.  The  other  publications  are  the  .American 
Jonrnal  of  Science  and  .\rts,  (edited  by  l'rofe.s.sors  Silliman 
and  Dana :)  the  New-Knglander.  a  liter,ary  and  religious  quar- 
terly of  elevated  character,  and  the  Yale  Literary  Magazine, 
conducted  by  the  students  of  the  college.  The  American 
Journ,-«l  of  Science  and  Arts,  issued  six  times  per  annum, 
is  a  work  of  high  reputation  both  at  home  and  abroad. 

New  Haven  has  extensive  railroad  communiration  with 
the  interior  and  cities  along  the  seaboard.  A  daily  line  of 
steamboats  also  connects  it  with  New  York.  The  facilities 
of  the  jiort  for  marine  commerce,  however,  are  somewhat 
limiteil.  its  harbf)r.  thousrh  sufficiently  capacious  and  well 
protected,  being  t*50  shallow  to  admit  vessels  of  a  large  class. 
To  obviate  as  far  as  practicalile  this  difficulty,  a  whart^ — the 
longest  in  the  United  .states — has  been  extended  into  it  3493 
fm'.t;  yet.  from  the  filling  up  that  is  continually  going  on. 
tliere  is  said  to  be  less  depth  of  water  now  at  its  termination 
than  when  its  length  was  only  20  rods,  Further  to  facilitate 
the  navii'ation  of  the  harbor,  the  United  States  governicent 
have  recently  made  considerable  expenditi\res  in  removing 
the  obstructions  at  its  entrance.  A  lightlMJu.se.  exhibiting 
a  fixed  light  '.io  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  has  also  been 
erected  on  Fivemile  I'oint,  about  -l  miles  S.  of  the  wharf. 
The  foreign  commerce  of  New  Haven  is  chiefly  carrie-l  on 
with  the  VVest  India  Islands,  to  which  were  formerly  shipped 
great  numbers  of  cattle,  horses,  and  mules.  Of  late,  how- 
ever, this  branch  of  tr.ade  has  very  much  declined,  no  cattle, 
and  but  fe*  horses,  having  been  sent  out  for  the  last  16 
years,  though  mules  still  constitute  an  important  part  of 
ihe  foreign  e.tports.  The  shipping  of  the  port.  June  30th, 
1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  ti092j  tons  registered,  and 
13,42.5^  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  tlie  latter,  IS.UTu^ 
tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  and  llGl  tons  in 
steam  navigation.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were 
110,  (tons  21,350,)  of  which  77  (tons  14,395)  were  by  Ame- 
rican vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  were  1U8.  (tons 
20,680.)  of  which  13,874  were  in  American  bottom,<i.  During 
the  year  3  ships,  4  schooners,  and  2  sloops,  with  an  aggregate 
burthen  of  1195i  tons,  were  admeasured.  The  manufactures 
of  New  Haven  are  extensive,  and  furnish  employment  to 
about  one-fourth  of  the  entire  population.  The  principal 
articles  pro'luced  areairri.ages  and  clocks,  India  rubber  goods, 
iron  ware,  boots,  shoes,  &c.  There  are  5  banks  in  the  city, 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  upwards  of  $2,000,000.  and  a 
savings'  institution  having  $S35,112  on  deposit.  Gsvs  is 
employed  to  light  the  streets.  It  is  also  contemplated  to 
supply  the  city  with  water,  to  be  brought  by  means  of  an 
aqueduct,  either  from  Mill  River  at  Whitneyville,  or  some 
other  available  source.  New  Haven  was  settled  as  an  inde- 
peudeiit  colony  in  April,  1(538,  by  a  company  froni  London, 
of  whom  Theophilus  Eaton  and  the  Kev.  John  Davenport 
were  the  leaders.  In  1784  it  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 
I'op.  of  the  township  in  1830, 10,678 ;  in  1840,  14,390 ;  in  1850, 
22,529 ;  of  whom  20,341  resided  in  the  city.  Pop.  of  the  city, 
iu  ISfiO,  39,2BT. 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oswego  co., 
Now  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.     Pop.  2073. 

NEW  II.WEX,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  loft  bank  of  the  I'oughiogheny  River,  44  miles  S.  E. 
Pittsburg;  it  has  inanulactures  of  woollen,  glass  and  paper. 

NE^V  IIAYEN,  a  postrvillage  of  Nelson  co..  Kentucky,  on 
the  Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River,  54  miles  S.^\■.  of  Frankfort, 
has  2  churches,  several  stores,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  about  17 
miies  X.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEW  H.iVliX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Huron  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Mansfield  and  Sandusky  Railroad,  83  miles  N. 
I'V  E   if  Columbus.    Pop.  about  600;  of  the  township,  1367. 


NEW  HAVEN,  a  post-office  of  .Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 

NEW  H.WEN,  a  township  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Jlichigar 
Pop.  448. 

NEW  II.WEX,  a  post-office  of  .\llen  co..  Indian*. 

NEW  H.WEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Gallatin 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Little  Wabash  River,  about  5  miles  frott 
its  month.     Pop  200. 

NEW  H.WKN,  »  post-office  of  Olmstead  CO..  Minnesota. 

NEW  HAVEN  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Addison  co.,  Ver- 
mont, almut  40  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Montpelier. 

NEW  IlElt'RIDES,  an  island  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  lat.  14°  and  20°  S.,  and  Ion.  168°  and  170°  E.,  and 
E.  of  New  Caledonia  and  the  Mallicollo  (Jroup.  The  princi- 
pal islands  are  Ambrini,  Annatoui,  Erromango,  Tauna,  and 
Aurora.     The  natives  are  of  the  I'apua  race. 

NEW  HE'URON,  a  small  postrvillage  of  Crawford  co.,  llli 
uois. 

NEW  HELVETIA.    See  Nueva  Helveti.^. 

NEW  HIIJ,,  a  post-office  of  Wake  co..  North  Carolina 

NEW  HILLS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

NEW  HOLLAND.     See  Austr.*u.\. 

NEW  HOL'LAND,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 49  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Harrisliurg.  It  contains  2  or 
3  churches,  and  several  stores. 

NEW  IIOLL.\ND,  a  post-office  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  Hl>LLAND,  a  post-office  of  Wabash  co..  Indiana. 

Nl'iW  HOiysTEIN.  a  post-office  of  Calumet  co..  Wisconsin. 

NEW  IIOI'E,  a  pleasant  post-borough  of  Uucks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  tho  Delawiire  River,  32  miles  by  the  road  N.N.E. 
of  Philadelphia,  and  15  miles  above  Trenton.  It  is  situated 
in  a  rich  and  populous  farming  district.  A  fine  bridge 
connects  the  town  witliLiimbertville,  on  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  river,  and  with  the  Belvidere  Delaware  Railroad. 
New  Hope  has  1  academy,  a  cotton  factory,  3  flouring-mills, 
and  a  manufactory  of  agricultural  imi)lements.  Pop.  in 
1850,1144;  in  1860, 1141. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co.,  Maryland. 

NKW  IIOI'K,  a  postrvillage- of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia,  114 
miles  X.W.  of  Kichmond;  has  1  church. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Iredell  co..  North  Carolina. 

NEW  I10PE,a  post-village  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

NKVV  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Madi.son  CO.,  Alabama. 

N  KW  HOPE,  a  postoffice  of  Marshall  CO.,  Tennessee. 

NKVV  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Kentucky. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  postrvillage  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  on  White 
Oak  Creek,  alraut  7  miles  N.  of  Georgetown ;  has  about  200 
inhabitants. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-officeof  Spencer  co.,  Indiana. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Waba.sh  co.,  Illinois. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  postrvillage  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  55 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Water- 
loo, 5  miles  N.W.  of  Gait,  and  9  miles  from  Guelph.  H 
contains  several  stores  and  mills.     Pop.  about  230. 

NEW  HOPE  RIVER,  of  North  Can>lina,  rises  in  Orango 
CO.,  and  falls  ii»to  Cape  Fear  Kiver,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of 
Pittsbo  rough. 

NEW  liolVTON,  a  seaport  of  New  Brunswick,  co.  of  Al- 
bert, on  the  Cumlwrland  Rasin,  about  85  miles  N.E.  of  St, 
John  :  lat.  45°  4o'  N.,  Ion.  6-1°  27'  W.- 

NEW  HOUSE,  a  post-village  of  York  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

NEW  HUD'SON.  a  post-township  on  the  W.  border  of 
Alleghany  co..  New  Y'ork.     Pop.  1316. 

NEW  HUDSON,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

NEW  HUR'LKY',  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Xewburg. 

NEW  IBE/RIA,  a  post-village  in  St.  Martin's  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

NEW/ICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

NEW'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  8  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Rochester.  Many  Roman  antiquities  have  been 
found  here. 

NEW'INGTON,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  PLscataquis  River,  40  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Concord.     Pop.  475. 

NEWINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  CO..  Connecticut, 
on  the  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad,  10  miles  S.  of 
Hartford. 

NEWINGTON,  a  parish  of  Engiand,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NEW1NG1"0N  BAG-PATH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

NEWINGTON-NEXT-HYTHE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent. 

NEWINGTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ox- 
ford. 

NEAV  IPS/WICH,  a  po.«trvillage  and  township  of  Hillsbo- 
rough CO.,  New  Hampshire,  about  40  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of 
Concord.  The  village  contains  a  bank,  an  academy,  and 
several  cotton-mills.    P<^.  1701. 

NEW"  IN'STITUTE,  postoffice,  Iredell  co..  North  Carolina. 

NEW  IRE/LAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific,  forming 
the  N.E.  side  of  St.  George's  Channel,  lietween  lat.  2°  3^ 
and  5°  2'  S.,  Ion.  160°  30'  and  152°  50'  E.    It  is  about  200 

1309 


KE^Y 


NEW 


mile"  long  from  W.X.W.  to  E.S.E.,  by  about  20  miles  avernpce 
breadth.  The  hills  rise  from  1600  le«t  to  2000  feet,  and  are 
clotlicd  with  the  most  luxuriant  forests.  Two  of  its  most 
conspicaus  peaks  are  termed  the  "  Mother  and  Daughter." 
The  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Australian  negro  race,  and 
aiv  reinark.ible  tor  their  excessire  jealousy,  and  the  scru- 
pulous cleanliness  of  their  villages. 

>  1-;\V  .1  .\S'l'KR,  Greene  co.,  Ohio.     See  Appexdix. 

NliW  JEF'FKIJSON,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  11 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Cadiz. 

NKW  JhnitvEY,  (jer/zee.)one  of  the  Middle  States  of  the 
North  American  Confederacy.andoneoftheoriginal  thirteen, 
is  ixjunded  on  the  X.  by  New  York;  E.  by  New  York  (from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Uud.«on  River)  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean ;  S.  by  Delaware  Bay ;  and  W.  by  the  Delaware  Kiver, 
which  separates  it  from  the  states  of  Delaware  and  Penn- 
sylvania, It  lies  between  alwut  38'^  60'  and  41°  '21'  N.  lat, 
and  l)etween  7-4^  and  75°  33'  W.  Ion.;  being  about  168  miles 
in  extreme  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  37  to  70  miles  in 
breadth,  incluiJing  an  area  of  8320  square  miles,  or  5,324,800 
acres,  of  which  1.914.441  only  were  improved  inlS60. 

Face  of  the  Country. — The  southern  and  middle  portions 
of  New  .Jersey  are  mostly  flat  and  sandy,  but  in  the  north 
It  becomes  hilly,  and  even  rises  into  low  mountains.  Some 
ridges  of  tlie  Alleghany  range  cross  from  Pennsylvania,  in 
a  N.K.  direction,  into  New  York,  bearing  in  New  Jersey  the 
local  names  of  Schooley's  Mountain,  Trowbridge.  Itamapo, 
and  Second  Mountjiins.  The  Blue  Mountains  cross  the  ex- 
treme N.W.  portion  of  the  state.  Below  liaritan  Bay  is  a 
group  of  hills  of  from  300  to  400  feet  high,  called  Nevisink 
Hil's,  was^hed  by  an  inlet  from  Itaritan  Bay.  commanding 
a  wide  sweep  of  ocean,  and  furnishing  a  beacon  to  mariners, 
to  whom  they  are  generally  the  first  and  last  seen  of  the 
shore  of  New  Jersey,  on  their  voy.-jges  in  and  out  of  the  port 
of  New  York.  A  range  of  trap  rock,  varying  from  2oo  to 
500  feet  high,  and  known  as  the  Pali-sades,  coasts  tlie  Hudson 
for  20  miles  on  the  N.E.  of  the  state.  The  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  S.  of  Sandy  Hook  are  lined  with  a  series  of  inlets 
and  i.slands,  which  are  constantly  changing.  Tlie  country 
for  some  distance  back  is  generally  marshy  or  sandy. 

Gtoloff!/. — We  abstract  from  Goodrich's  Geograpiiy  a  por- 
tion of  the  following  brief  sketch  of  the  geology  of  New 
Jersey : — The  central  and  southern  portions  of  the  state  are 
composed  of  the  new  secondary  or  cretaceous  group,  covered 
with  sund  and  gravel,  and  containing  valuable  Ix-ds  of  green 
Band  or  marl,  so  important  to  the  agriculttire  (»f  this  state, 
and  which  has  worked  sucli  wonders  in  the  improvement 
of  the  soil  in  latter  years,  and  so  enhanced  the  value  of  the 
land.  In  the  central  and  western  parts  especially,  the  marl 
is  abundant,  and  lies  near  the  surface.  In  the  secondary 
region  are  fimnd  occasionally  tertiary  beiis,  oomposeti  of 
cLiys  containing  fossil  shclis.  In  one  of  these  tertiary  Ijeds, 
near  Long  Braucli.  was  found  a  nearly  perfect  skeleton  of 
the  mastodon.  About  the  great  l>end  in  the  Delaware,  near 
Borden  town,  commences  a  hilly  and  broken  region,  the 
prevailing  rock  of  which  is  the  red  sandstone,  containing 
shales,  sandstones,  and  conglomerates  in  alternation,  and 
covered  by  a  calcareous  conglomerate  which  forms  a  good 
building  matei'ial,  similar  to  the  I'otomac  breccia.  The  Pa- 
lisade range  is  composed  of  gneiss,  traversed  by  dikes  of 
greenstone,  while  the  valleys  of  West  Jer^■ey  consist  of  altei^ 
Hating  strata  of  slate,  argillaceous  sandstones,  and  lime- 
stone. The  Blue  Mountains  are  coniposeil  of  red  and  gray 
sandstones,  and  the  valleys  west  of  them  of  fossiliferous 
limestones  and  calcareous  sandstones. 

Mhierals. — The  mineral  resources  of  this  stat«  consist  in  the 
extensive  beds  of  marl  referred  to  atiove,  in  valuable  iron  de- 
posits, (liog  in  the  .?..  and  hematite  and  magnetic  in  the  N..) 
Bine  and  copjier  in  the  same  region.  besidt)j<^<i  red  saiKlstone. 
(much  exported  for  building.)  marble,  limestone,  slate,  a 
very  fine  sand,  (exported  for  making  glass.)  found  in  the 
S.W.,  near  Maurice  Iliver,  extensive  beds  of  peat,  copperas. 
and  alum  earth.  The  zino-niines  of  Sussex  county  are 
among  the  richest  in  the  United  States,  and  are  now  exten- 
sively worked.  The  New  Jersey  Zinc  Companv's  Works,  in 
Sussex  county,  produced  2.425.506  pounds  in  ISffi,  and 
4.043.415  pounds  in  1853.  In  the  same  vicinity  as  the  zinc, 
are  rich  mines  of  a  peculiarly  valuable  species  of  iron  ore 
called  Kranklinite.  There  were  in  Morris  county,  in  1853. 
about  50  furnaces,  with  9U  fires,  each  producing  "75  tons  of 
blooms  and  bar  iron  annuallv:  5  rolling-mills  employed  600 
hands,  and  workuni  iip  16.000'  tons  of  iron  in  7  months. 

Hivers.  JIai/x.  Jslamh.  Ac— Washed  by  the  Delaware  River 
and  Bay  on  the  W.  and  S.,  and  by  the  Hudson  River  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  E..  New  Jersrv  forms  a  sort  of 
peninsulji.  go  to  spetik.  Were  it  not  that  its  trade  is  mono- 
polize<l  by  New  York  and  Pliiladelpliia.  New  Jersey  has 
great  advantages  in  position  Tor  a  Commeirial  state.  The 
Delaware  is  navigable  120  miles  from  the  sea  for  ocean  craft 
of  the  smiller  kind,  and  for  ships  for  96  miles:  while  on 
the  Atlantic  side,  for  more  than  half  il^  extent  there  are 
numerous  inlets  and  lagoons  admitting  smaller  vessels; 
and  on  the  N.E..  Rarit«n  and  Newark  Bavs.  and  Iludstm 
River,  accessible  to  vessels  of  heavy  tonnaire:  so  that  there 
is  nothmg  Irat  the  circumstance  menUoHed  above  t©  prevent 


New  Jersey  becoming  a  great  entrepot  of  foreign  an  i  i-oust- 
ing  trade.  Besides  the  rivers  mentioned  as  laving  tlie  sliorod 
of  the  state,  are  a  number  of  smaller  streams  traversing 
the  interior;  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  i'a.s.'^aic 
and  Ilackensack,  emptying  into  Newark  Bay,  in  the  N.E.; 
Raritan  River,  draining  the  northern  and  central  portions, 
and  pouring  its  waters  into  the  baj-  of  the  same  name; 
Maurice  Kiver.  in  the  S.W.,  di.scharging  it.--elf  into  the  De- 
laware Bay,  and  Great  Egg  Harbor  Kiver.  emptying  directly 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The*e  are  severally  navigable  foi 
coasters,  in  the  onler  named,  10,  15,  17,  and  the  liu-t  two  20 
miles  each.  Raritan  Cay  and  Arthurkill  Sound  cut  off 
Staten  Island  from  New  Jersey.  This  island,  politically, 
belongs  to  New  York,  but  by  position,  to  New  Jersey.  There 
are  a  number  of  low  sandy  islands  along  the  Atl.-intic,  cut 
off  from  the  mainland  by  lagoons.  These  are  generally 
unfertile,  and  of  little  value. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — The  Atlantic  shores  of  New 
Jersey  are  renowned  for  their  sea-bathing  resorts.  The 
most  imjiortant  of  these  is  Cape  May,  at  its  soutliern  extre- 
mity, whicli  is  probably  more  frequented  than  any  bathing- 
place  in  America.  Its  beach  slopes  gradu:\lly,  and  being 
covered  with  a  fine,  hai-d,  white  sand,  forms  a  deiighifui 
promenade  and  drive  when  the  tide  is  out.  Here  are  aliout 
10  or  12  hotels,  capable  of  receiving  from  200  to  2UU0  guests 
each;  liesides  smaller  hotels  and  boarding-houses  without 
number.  Long  Branch,  a  few  miles  below  Sandy  Hook, 
ranks  next  in  the  number  of  its  visitors ;  but  Deal,  Squan 
Beach,  and  Tuckerton  are  also  much  trequented.  A  rail- 
road ha,s  recently  been  completed  to  Abseeom  Beach,  (a 
popular  bathing  resort,)  40  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  May. 
Schooley's  Slountain,  in  Morris  county,  1100  feet  high, 
with  a  mineral  spring  on  its  summit,  and  commanding 
some  very  fine  prospects,  has  long  l*en  much  visited 
in  the  summer  season.  Brown's  Mills,  20  miles  E.  of 
Burlington,  situated  among  the  pines,  is  considered  par- 
ticularly beneficial  to  consumptive  patients.  Among  its 
natural  objects,  the  Passaic  Ealls.  in  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  deserves  particular  mention.  They  are  situated  near 
the  village  of  Paterson.  which  owes  its  importance  as  a 
maiiufacturiBg  town  entirely  to  these  falls,  which  are  70 
feet  ill  perpendicular  height,  and  form  (when  the  river  is 
full)  an  imposing  scene.  In  the  ordinary  season  of  visiting, 
the  water  do<>s  not  run  over  the  falls  to  any  great  extent, 
being  drained  off  by  tje  mills.  It  ha.s,  however,  at  all 
times,  a  wild  and  romantic  aspect.  New  Jersey  shares  with 
Pennsylvania  another  still  more  interesting  object,  in  the 
pas.sage  of  the  Delaware  through  the  Blue  Mountains — 
generally  called  the  Delaware  Water  Gap.  (See  I'tN.v-iVLV.v- 
xi.\.)  In  Warren  county,  15  miles  N.  of  Belvidere.  there  is 
a  small  mountain  lake,  perhaps  2  miles  in  circumference,  at 
an  elevation,  it  is  said,  of  near  14U0  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  Delaware  River.  It  is  known  to  be  very  deep,  and 
alxiunds  with  sunfi.sli,  perch,  and  other  fish.  The  lake 
seems  to  lie  almost  on  the  summit  of  the  mountain,  and 
from  its  immediate  vicinity  is  obtained  a  magnificent  view 
of  the  river  below,  and  of  the  surrounding  country  for  a 
distance  of  many  miles.  The  Nevisink  llill.s,  already 
noticed,  near  Sandy  Hook,  command  extensive  views  loth 
seaward  and  landward,  and  are  crowned  with  a  light- 
house. Weeliawken  Heights,  near  Iloboken.  (the  (!0m- 
mencement  of  the  celebrated  Palisades.)  are  the  termination 
of  such  a  promenade  as  is  seldom  offered  in  the  vicinity  of 
any  great  capital.  They  command  a  near  view  of  New  York 
City  and  Harlem,  and  a  more  remote  one  of  Staten  I.sland 
and  the  Narrows,  through  which  may  be  caught  a  ftiint 
glimpse  of  the  o<-ean. 

Climate. — The  severity  of  the  climate  is  somewhat  miti- 
gated in  the  southern  portion  by  its  proximity  to  the  sea; 
while  in  the  N.it  partakes  of  the  characteristics  of  the  S.  of 
New  Y'ork  and  the  N.  of  Pennsylvania.  According  to  the 
meteorological  tables  kept  at  Lambertville.  by  L.  H.  Parsons, 
in  the  year  ending  June  SO.  1854.  the  mean  hei^rht  of  the 
niercurV  at  2  P.  M.  for  Julv.  was  85^.04:  Auuust  84'^.92; 
September.  7S°.63;  October. "52°.42:  Novenibt^r';  b3".50:  De- 
cember.  39^.31 :  January,  37°.27  :  February.  40°.16;  March, 
47'^-76;  April.  630.44;  !*Iay,  73^.6;i:  and  June,  84°.  Average 
for  the  year,  61''.72;  maximum,  (June  27th.)  98°;  minimum, 
1°.75.  (January  3d.)  There  were  42  perfectly  clear  d.iys; 
cloudy,  44;  and  rain  or  snow  on  Kll  days.  Wafer  fell  46.84 
inches.  The  peach  and  cherry  blossomed  on  the  6th  of  May; 
the  apple  on  the  9th. 

Srril  and  Productions. — The  soil  of  New  Jersey  in  the 
central  and  southern  portions  has  much  of  it  lieen  under- 
ratwi:  though  naturally  light  and  sandy,  and  in  many 
pUices  poor,  it  is  very  easily  improvetl.  easily  worke  I.  and 
by  (he  aid  of  the  mari  which  it  emlxiwels  in  large  quantities, 
may  be  made  to  produce  good  crops  of  wlieat,  Indian  orn, 
and  potatoes.  Where  the  white  sand  prevails,  as  it  doe*  in 
some  parts  of  the  centre  and  S..  and  near  the  se.t-coc.st.  the 
soil  is  worth  but  little,  llie  shore  on  Long  Brancn  and 
Deal  Beaches  is  said  to  be  the  only  fertile  territory  tmm^ 
diuteJy  on  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Georgia.  Thy  norti  erii 
portion  is  well  adapted  both  to  tillage  and  pastnritge,  and 
is  of  moderate  fertility.    Some  of  the  productions  of  this 


NEW 

Btate  art'  of  particular  importance  to  the  great  cities  on  her 
borilBrs,  as  tliey  furnish  them  with  the  greater  portions  of 
their  musk  and  water  melons,  and  a  great  quantity  of  sweet 
potatoes  and  market  vegetables.  The  staple  productions  are 
wheat,  rye,  Indian  corn,  oats,  Irish  potatoes,  and  butter. 
be»ide8  large  quantities  of  sweet  potatoes,  peas,  beans,  wool, 
buckwheat,  orchard  and  market  products,  cheese,  butter, 
bay,  beeswax,  honey,  gra.«s-seeds,  and  flax;  and  some 
tobacco,  barley,  wine,  hops,  silk,  and  maple  sugar.  In  18G0 
there  were  in  New  Jersey  1,914,441  acres  of  improved  land, 
(1,339,084  b<'ing  unimproved,)  producing  1,763,218  bushels 
of  wheat ;  l,4.3it,497  of  rye ;  9,723,^36  of  Indian  corn ;  4,539,132 
of  oats;  27,674  of  peas  and  beans;  4,171,690  of  Irish  pota- 
toes; 1,0.34,832  of  sweet  potat<)es;  877,386  of  buckwlieat; 
124,613  of  grass  seeds ;  349,250  pounds  of  wool ;  10,7 14.447  of 
butter ;  182,172  of  cheese ;  149,485  of  tobacco ;  48,651  of  flax ; 
8130  of  beeswax ;  185,925  of  honey ;  508,726  tons  of  hay. 
Value  of  live  stock,  .Sl6,134,693 ;  orchard  products,  $129,402 ; 
market  products,  $1,541,995;  and  slaughtered  animals, 
$4,120,275.  There  were  in  the  state  79,707  horses,  138,818 
milch  cows,  and  99,976  otlier  cattle. 

Forget  Trees. — There  are  extensive  forests  of  pine  in  the 
Bouthern  and  central  parts  of  the  state,  much  of  which  is 
convertixl  into  charcoal,  and  sold  in  the  Philadelphia  market. 
In  the  S.  are  some  valuable  cedar  swamps.  The  other 
forest  trees  are  tho.«e  peculiar  to  the  Latitude,  a.s  various 
species  of  oak,  hickory,  sycamore.  sas.«afras,  dojrwood,  &c. 
New  Jersey  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  peach,  and  the 
vicinity  of  Newark  and  Eliza bethtown  for  its  apple  orchards. 
Plums,  apricots,  cherries,  Ac,  are  the  other  fruits. 

Muinifactures. — New  Jersey  is  extensively  eng."»ged  in 
manufactures,  for  which  it  enjoys  great  Cicillties  in  its 
abundance  of  water-power  and  fuel,  and  in  its  nearness  to 
great  markets.  In  1S60  there  were  in  the  state  4173  esta- 
blishments, each  producing  S500  and  upwards  annually, 
engaged  in  mining,  manufactures,  and  mechanic  arts,  em- 
ploying .•?40,52],048  capital  and  43,198  male  and  12,829  female 
hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  §41,429,10(1  and  pro- 
ducing annually  good.s  valued  at  $7 6,306,104;  of  tliese  44 
were  cotton  factories,  employing $1,320,550  capitaiand  1006 
male  and  1524  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$l,165,4.35,'and  producing  goods  valued  nt  $2,217,728;  35 
woollen  factories,  employing  S683,400  capital  and  532  male 
and  303  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $548,- 
678,  and  producing  stuffs  valued  at  Sl,08o,104;  58  manufac- 
tories of  hats,  employing  8752,250  capital  and  2010  male  and 
771  female  liiinds,  and  producing  hats,  &c.,  valued  nt$3,725,- 
928;  397  flour  ami  grist-mills,  employing  $2,719,185  capital 
and  747  hands,  and  producing  flour  and  meal  valued  at 
$0,047,515;  58  iron  foundries,  employing  $1,651,050  capital, 
and  producing  castings  valued  at  $2,198,531 ;  26  manufac- 
tories of  bar,  sheet,  and  railroad  iron,  the  annual  products 
of  which  were  valued  at  $1,1,17.519,  and  21S  manufactories 
of  carriages,  employing  $091,075  capitjU.  and  producing  an- 
nually carriages  valued  at  $2,264,.5;iO.  Home-made  nianu- 
faxtnres,  the  estimated  value  of  which  was  $27,588,  were 
also  produced  in  the  same  year.  At  Paterson  there  are 
mills  for  the  manufacttire  of  silk,  employing  some  700 
hands,  and  said  to  be  the  most  extensive  in  the  United 
States. 

Internal  Tmprovements. — Lying  in  the  direct  line  of  com- 
munication between  the  two  greatest  cities  of  America,  as 
well  as  in  the  regular  route  of  travel  between  the  North  and 
South,  New  Jersey  was  among  the  first  of  the  states  to  be 
traversed  by  railway.  I'our  lines  of  railroad  cross  the  en- 
tire stato;  one  of  which  unites  Jersey  City,  (a  suburb  of 
New  York.)  through  Trenton,  with  Philadeiphia:  a  second. 
Elizal)ethtown  with  Easton :  a  third.  South  Amboy  with 
Camden,  opposite  Philadelphia,  and  a  fourth  run's  from 
Camden  to  the  sea-shore,  at  Absocom.  A  liranch  from  .Jersey 
City  intersects  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  at  Kanuvpo, 
another  diverges  from  the  same  place  to  Dover,  in  Morris 
county;  a  branch  from  Freehold  meets  the  Camden  and 
Amboy  Railroad  at  Jamesburg.  and  one  is  in  course  of  con- 
struction from  Camden  to  Cape  May.  Trenton  is  united 
with  Haston,  Pennsylvania,  and  with  lielvidere.  Resides 
these  there  are  some  short  branch  roads  of  a  few  miles  only 
in  length.  In  .Tan.  1855,  there  were  in  this  state  437  miles 
of  railw.^y  completed. 

New  Jersey  is  also  traversed  by  two  canals,  having  a  total 
length  of  147  miles;  one  of  which,  connecting  New  Bruns- 
wick with  Bordcmtown.  opens  an  internal  navigation  be- 
tween New  Y'ork  and  Philadelphia,  and  is  the  track  of  an 
Immense  transit  trade  between  the  two  great  cities  and  other 
towns  further  east  and  south.  Easton  and  Newark  are  also 
united  liy  a  canal  whicJi  is  the  channel  of  a  great  coal  trade. 
The  annual  report  of  the  State  Directors  of  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Railroad  for  1854.  gives  the  gross  receipts  of  the 
Company  at  $1 .682.436.  and  the  expenditures  at  $1,132,029. 
showing  an  e.tcoss  of  $552,456.  The  net  earnings  of  the 
Delaware  and  Karitan  Canal  for  the  year  were  };"03.1S6. 
The  whole  revenue  .accruing  to  th"  state  for  the  year  1854 
from  all  sources  was  $134,071.  of  which  j!61.175  accrued  from 
transit  duty  ou  the  railroad :  the  sum  of  §44.035  for  transit 
•duty  on  the  canal.     During  the  year  the  Belvidere  Railroad 


NEW 

has  been  opened  to  Easton,  and  the  Flemington  Raflroad 
from  Flemington  to  Jjiml)ertville.  The  number  of  passen- 
gers carried  ou  the  road  has  been  as  follows:  In  the  Cam- 
den and  Amboy  Railroad  train.s.  between  Philadelpliia  and 
New  York.  83,447  first  class,  and  53.748  emigrant  passen- 
gers, exclusive  of  way-travellers. 

In  1853.  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  (from  Jersey  City  to 
Bordentown,  via  Trenton)  carried  2,170,243  passengers,  of 
every  grade,  way  and  through  passengers,  and  48.1(i7  tons 
of  freight  The  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  receipt.s  for 
the  same  year  amounted  to  $1,744,207. 

Commf.rce. — Tiie  direct  trade  of  New  .Jersey,  thouith  sur- 
rounded by  navigable  waters  on  all  sides  but  one,  is  veiy 
small.  Ijeing  almost  wholly  carried  on  through  the  ports  of 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  though  this  stite  has  several 
ports  of  entry.  Her  internal  ami  transit  trade,  however,  is 
very  great,  being,  as  before  remai-ked,  tlie  higliway  between 
the  two  greatest  cities  in  the  Union.  A  large  amount  of 
coal,  too.  crosses  the  state  from  the  mines  of  Pennsylva- 
nia to  the  city  of  New  York  and  other  places.  The  British 
line  of  steamers  has  its  entrepot  at  Jersey  City,  iu  this  state. 
The  tonnage  of  New  Jersey,  in  1863,  was  138,046,  and  the 
nunil)er  of  ves.sels  built  30,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of 
4758.  Value  of  foreign  imports,  $:!61 6 ;  of  exports,  !?53,192; 
tonnage  entered,  1676;  tonnage  cleared,  7820. 

In  1853,  there  were  transported  on  the  Raritan  Con.il 
(extending  across  the  state  from  the  Delaware  River  to  Ra- 
ritan Bay)  nearly  1,000,000  tons  of  coal.  13.500.000  feet  of 
timber  and  lumber,  1,150.074  bushels  of  grain  and  feed; 
93.301  barrels  of  flour,  34,728  tons  of  iron,  and  143,u00  tons 
of  general  merchandise;  and  in  1854,  1.283,148  tons  of  coal, 
and  1.386,860  cubic  feet  of  timber;  do.  luuU>er,  12,270..3rt6 
do.;  do.  grain  and  feed,  1.069,700  bushels;  do.  flour.  20t>,097 
barrels,  carried  through.  Amount  of  iron,  36.699  tou8. 
Through  merchandise,  not  included  above.  176.;jS2  tons. 

The  following  Table  shows  the  quantity  of  way  freight 
carrietl  on  the  Camdou  and  Amboy  Railroad  iu  the  years 
named: 

Tons.  Tons.  Tons. 


1835     . 

.       1,451 

1R4T      . 

.     lfi,892 

1R51      . 

.    21,474 

1S40     . 

.      8,S56 

IMS      . 

.     15.095 

185  J      . 

.    ^1.305 

1K45      . 

.       7.489 

1849      . 

.     ll,»15 

1853       . 

.    47.4i4 

1W6      . 

.     13,IBtt 

1K50      . 

.     20,503 

1854      . 

.     43,134 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  wore 
in  New  Jcr.sey  5  colleges,  having  775  students,  $59,500  in- 
come, $11,000  of  which  was  endowments ;  1496  public 
schools,  having  $110,320  ijupils,  $536,^51  income,  $331,413 
of  which  was  from  taxation,  $108,983  from  public  funds 
and  $5406  was  endowments;  251  academies  and  other 
schools,  having  12,892  pupils,  $262,098  income,  $14,080  o' 
which  was  from  public  fuut'.s,  $7000  was  endovnnents,  ana 
$i312  from  taxation  ;  there  are  also  in  the  state  725  libra- 
ries. 402  of  which  are  publl;,  embracing  250.485  volumes ;  9 
public,  277  Sunday-school,  5  college,  and  32  chtirch  libra- 
ries, conii)risitig  4;i3,321  v,)lHmes.  New  Jersey  College  at 
Princeton  is  one  of  the  old  ^st  seats  of  learning  in  the  United 
States,  and  one  of  the  highest  in  reputation;  here  have  been 
educated  some  of  the  leading  men  of  the  nation.  A  State 
Normal  School  w^as  established  near  Trenton  in  1855.  The 
whole  number  of  pupils  that  had  received  instruction  in 
tliat  institution  in  1802  was  611.  The  number  of  graduates 
was  1.57,  of  which  number  115  were  engaged  in  leaching. 
The  whole  number  of  children  in  the  state  attending  school 
in  1862  Wiis  132,590;  average  daily  attendance,  58,720. 

lidigious  Denominatiims. — Of  the  1123  churches  in  New 
Jersey  in  1860,  the  Eiiptists  owned  130 ;  Christians.  10 ;  Dutch 
Reformed,  84;  Episcopalian.s,  105 ;  Friends,  61 ;  Lutherans, 
17;  MethotUsts,  404 ;  Presbyterians,  211 ;  Roman  Catholics, 
61 ;  Unionists,  11 ;  the  remaining  ones  are  held  by  the  Con- 
gregationalists,  German  Reformed,  Mormons,  and  various 
other  minor  sects ;  1  church  to  every  598  persons.  Value  of 
church  property,  $7,762,705. 

Jr'erinUeah.  —  There  were  published  in  New  Jersey  in 
1860,  15  daily,  1  bi-weekly,  70  weekly,  and  3  monthly 
newspapers  and  magazines,  with  an  aggregate  annual  cir- 
culation of  12,801,412. 

Public  Institutions. — New  Jersey  has  a  fine  state  prison 
near  Trenton,  conducted  on  the  solitary  system,  in  which 
there  were  in  January,  1855,  206  prisoners.  The  prison 
yields  a  revenue  to  the  state.  There  is  a  library  of  1029 
volumes,  for  the  use  of  the  prisoners.  A  house  of  refuge 
was  commenced  at  Kingston,  in  Middlesex  county,  but  after 
an  expenditure  of  $20,331.  the  work  was  discontinued.  The 
noblest  institution  in  New  Jersey  is  her  in.«ane  asylum, 
which  was  opened  in  May,  1848,  and  is  under  excellent 
management.  The  number  of  patients  remaining  Jan.  1,1863, 
was  325 — 157  males,  and  168  females.  The  whole  number 
admitted  since  the  opening  of  the  asylum  was  2076,  of  which 
841  recovered.  There  were  in  New  Jersey,  in  1850,  77  public 
libraries,  with  43.903  volumes:  45  school  and  Sunday-school, 
with  12.664;  4  college,  with  24.000  volumes;  and  2  church 
libraries,  with  338  volumes.  The  Historical  Society  of  New 
Jersey,  at  Newark,  has  a  library  of  1811  volumes,  »ud  has 
published  7  volumes  of  transactions. 

I'opiilation. — New  Jersey  was  originally  settled  by  Dufadi 

Ull 


NEW 


NEW 


in  the  N.K..  English  in  the  central,  and  Swedes  in  the  south- 
WBStern  part ;  hut  of  these  the  Kngli.sh  portion  preilominated. 
and  gave  tone  to  the  rest.  At  present,  with  tlie  same  pre- 
dominancy, it  partakes  of  the  usual  mixed  character  of  the 
population  of  the  Union.  In  1790,  it  numbered  18-4.139 
inhabitants;  2U.949  in  1800;  245.555  in  1810;  277,575  in 
1820;  320,823  in  1830;  37.3,306  in  1840;  489,6.5o  in  1850.  In 
1860,  072,035,  of  whom  646,699  were  whites,  25,318  free  col- 
ored, and  18  slaves.  Population  to  square  mile,  80.  Rep- 
resentative population,  672,027.  Of  the  populatson  467,015 
were  born  in  the  state;  80,212  in  other  states ;  12,tKX)  in  fo- 
reign countries,  of  whom  15,852  were  bnrn  in  England.  62.006 
in  Ireland,  3556  in  Scotland,  371  in  Wales,  1144  in  British 
America,  33,772  in  Germany,  2408  in  France,  and  3681  in 
other  foreign  countries.  Of  the  jiopulation  in  the  leading 
pursuits  3 1 ,649  were  laborers,  30,.325  farmers,  21.843  servants, 
18,429  farm  laborers,  7444  carpenters.  5960  clerks,  5708  shoe- 
malcers.  4113  apprentices,  3373  blacksmiths,  2951  merchants, 
2894  tailoresses,  2541  tailors,  2230  seamstresses,  21 98  masons, 
2086  teachers,  2035  mariners,  2027  factory  hands,  Ac,  &c. 
In  the  year  ending  June  Ist,  1860,  there  occurred  7525  deaths, 
or  11.4  in  every  thousand.  The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb 
■was  212  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population 
of  the  Eighth  Omstig,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  hi,  &c.);  blind,  208;  in- 
sane, 589 ;  idiotic,  365. 

Counties. — New  Jersey  is  divided  into  21  counties,  viz.: 
Atlantic,  liergen,  Burlington,  Camden,  Cape  May,  Cumber- 
land, Essex,  Gloucester,  Hudson,  Hunterdon,  Mercer,  Mid- 
dlesex, Monmouth,  Morris.Ocean,  Passaic,  Salem,  Somerset, 
Sussex,  Union,  and  "Warren.    Capital,  Trenton. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Notwithstanding  New  .Jersey  lias  on 
its  borders.iutheneighboringstatesof  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania, tilt  two  greatest  cities  in  America,  it  is  studded 
with  populous  and  thriving  towns  and  villages.  The  largest 
of  these  is  Newark,  with  a  population  in  1860of  71,914,  (es- 
timated at  38,893  in  1850,)  besides  which  there  are  Jersey 
City,  29,226;  Paterson,  19,586;  Trenton,  17,228;  Camden, 
14,358;  Elizabeth.  11,567;  New  Brunswick,  11.256;  Hobo- 
ken,  9662;  Orange, 8877;  Morristown,  about  4000 ;  Hudson, 
7229;  Rahway,  7130;  Hackensack,  5488 ;  Burlington,  5174; 
Bridgeton,  about  4000:  Bloomfield,4790;  Middletown,4112; 
Newton,  4055:  Bordentown,  4027;  Belleville,  3969;  Mill- 
ville,  3932;  Phillipsburg,  3741;  Princeton,  about  3000; 
Beverly,  1220;  Woodbury,  1534 ;  Mount  Holly,  3000 ;  Som- 
erville,  and  Fleinington. 

Government,  Finances.  Banks,  &c. — The  Governor  of  New 
Jersey  is  elected  for  three  years,  by  popular  vote,  and 
receives  $1800  salary  and  fees.  The  Senate  is  composed  of 
20  members,  elected  for  three  years,  and  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  60,  elected  annually.  The  legislature 
meets  tha  first  Tuesday  in  January.  The  judiciary  consists 
— 1.  Of  a  court  of  errors  and  appeals,  composed  of  a  chan- 
cellor, the  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  six  other  judges 
appointed  by  the  governor,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate,  for  6  years,  one  judge  retiring  each  year.  The 
pardoning  power  lies  in  this  court  in  conjunction  with  the 
governor.  2.  A  court  of  chancery,  which  holds  3  sessions 
annually  at  Trenton,  the  chancellor  or  judge  of  which  is 
appointed  by  the  governor  for  7  years;  and,  3.  Of  a  supreme 
court,  composed  of  one  chief  and  four  associate  justices,  who 
are  nominated  by  the  governor,  and  appointed  by  him.  witli 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate.  4.  Of  circuit  courts 
and  courts  of  oyer  and  terminer,  held  by  the  justices  of  the 
supreme  court  in  each  county  3  times  a  year.  5.  Of  courts 
of  common  pleas,  composed  of  5  judges  appointed  by  the 
legislature,  for  5  years,  who  receive  fees,  but  no  salaries. 
The  other  judges  receive  from  §1400  to  sJlSo'j  per  annum. 
Any  white  male  citizen,  21  years  of  age,  who  has  resided  in 
the  state  one  year,  and  in  the  county  five  months  next  pre- 
ceding an  election,  is  entitled  to  vote.  New  Jersey  has  5 
members  in  the  national  House  of  Representatives,  and  7 
votes  for  President  of  the  United  States.  The  public  debt 
In  January,  1863,  was  $886,100,  against  which  the  state  had 
assets  in  the  treasury  to  the  amount  of  $243,566.  The  ordi- 
nary expenditures  for  1863  amounted  to  $186,073.  The 
amount  raised  by  taxes  for  schools  in  1862  w;is  $368,966. 
The  amount  of  bounties  paid  to  volunteers  and  their  fami- 
liesin  1862  was  over $1,000,000.  In  January,  1863,  there  were 
in  the  state  43  incorporated  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $7,152,682,  a  circulation  of  $8,381,578,  and  $1,001,489  in 
Bpecie.  There  were  11  other  banks,  which  had  a  circnlatioii 
of  $826,778,  and  securities  deposited  in  the  state  treasury  to 
the  amount  of  .$982,333. 

History. — Settlements  were  made  in  New  Jersey,  soon 
after  their  arrival  in  New  York,  by  the  Dutch,  at  Bergen, 
between  the  years  1614  and  1624.  A  Swedish  colony  was 
founded  in  the  S.AV.  in  1627,  nea-  the  shores  of  the  Dela- 
ware Kiver.  In  1664  this  state  fell  with  New  York  into  the 
hands  of  the  Duke  of  York,  who  assigned  it  to  Lord  Berke- 
ley and  Sir  (}eorge  Carteret.  In  compliment  to  the  latter, 
who  was  an  inhabitant  of  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  in  the  English 
Channel,  it  received  its  name.  Penn  and  Carteret  divided 
the  state  into  East  and  West  Jersey,  (more  properly  North 
and  South.)  in  1676,  Fenn  taking  West,  and  Carteret  East 
Jersey.  The  latter  sold  his  share  to  twelve  Friends  in  1683. 
1312 


The  fir.it  General  Assembly  was  held  in  New  Jersey,  in  1861 : 
li^t  and  West  Jersey  were  united  eleven  years  after,  aud 
formed  part  of  New  York  till  1702.  when  they  were  restored 
to  the  crown.  This  colony  escaped  the  inroads  of  the  savages, 
which  so  afflicted  most  of  the  older  settlements.  It  was, 
however,  the  .scene  of  several  engagements  in  the  Revolu- 
tion, the  most  important  of  which  were  the  capture  of  900 
Hessians  by  Washington,  at  Trenton.  Decemlier  26,  1776, 
the  battle  of  Princeton,  a  few  days  after;  and  the  battle  of 
-Monmouth,  in  June,  1778,  all  of  which  resulted  favorably 
to  the  American  cause,  and  in  all  of  which  Washington 
was  present.  The  American  army  wintered  at  Morristowa 
in  1776-77. 

NKW  JERU'SALEM,  post-office.  Berks  co..  Pennsylvania. 

NEW  KKNT.  a  county  in  the  K.S.K.  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  area  of  190  square  miles.  The  Pamunkey  Kiver  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  N.E.,  and  the  Chickahominy  on  the 
S.W.  The  surface  is  moderately  hilly,  and  the  soil  of  mid- 
dling quality.  The  Pamunkey  or  York  River  is  navigable 
on  the  border  of  the  countv.  Formed  in  1654.  Capital, 
New  Kent  Court  House.  Pop.  5884,  of  whom  2510  were 
free,  and  3.'i74  slaves. 

NEW  KKNT  COURT  HOUSE,  the  capital  of  New  Kent 
CO.,  Virginia.  .30  miles  E.  of  Richmond.  It  contains,  besides 
county  buildings,  a  few  stores. 

NKW  KlNGSrrON,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NKAV  KINGSTON,  a  postoffice  of  Delaware  co..  New  York. 

NEW'KIRK'S  MILLS,  post-office,  Fulton  co..  New  York. 

NEW  LAN'CASTKR,  a  post-offic-e  of  Tipton  Co.,  Indiana. 

NEW  L.\NCASTEK,  a  po.^t-village  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  road  from  Peoria  to  Burlington,  in  Iowa. 

NEVV'L.\ND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

NEWL.\NDS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  and  6  miles  N.W.  ■ 
of  Peebles.  Here  are  the  remains  of  Drochil  Castle,  built  by 
Morton,  regent  of  Stx)tland. 

NEWLAXD  SIDE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

NEW  LKB'.\NON,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Columbia  co..  New  York.     Pop.  2187. 

NEVv  LEBANON,  a  Shaker  village  of  Columbia  co..  New 
York,  2  miles  S.  of  New  Lebanon  Springs.  It  contains  10 
or  12  large  dwellings,  occupied  hy  the  society  in  common ; 
also  various  smaller  dwellings  and  shops.  The  Shakers 
possess  over  2000  acras  of  laud  in  the  vicinity  of  the  village. 
They  manufacture  a  number  of  small  articles,  iu  which 
they  exhiliit  much  ingenuity  and  skill. 

N  EW  LK|{.\XOX.  a  postofflce  of  Mercer  co..  Pennsylvania. 

NE\V  LEB.A.XOX.  a  post-vill.age  of  Camden  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, near  Pasquotank  River,  at  the  S.  terminus  of  Dismal 
Swamp  Can.-il.  155  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Raleigh. 

NEW  LEB.\XON.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  LEB.\NON.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana, 
110  miles  S.W.  of  Indi.inapolis. 

NEW  LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Hlinois, 
60  miles  W.X.W.  of  Chicago. 

NEW  LEBANON  CEXTRE.apost-villageofColumhU  co- 
New  York. 

NEW  LEBANON  SPRINGS,  a  beautiful  post-village  of 
Columbia  co..  New  Y'ork,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Albany.  Here 
are  mineral  springs  and  several  hotels,  much  fre(iuented 
as  a  summer  resort.  The  village  contains  a  bank,  and  a 
large  manufactory  of  thermometers,  producing  about  25,000 
annually.    Baronielers  are  also  made  here. 

NEW  LKlN.STER,(lin'ster,)an  island  of  the  New  Zealand 
group,  (which  see.) 

NKW  LEN/OX,  a  post-township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
907. 

NEW  LE'ON.  (Sp.  Nueeo  Leon,  nw.Vvo  l.i-on',)  a  state  of 
the  Mexican  Confitleration.  between  lat.  24"  and  27°  30'  N., 
and  Ion.  99°  and  100°  40'  W.,  enclosed  by  Tamaulipas,  San 
Luis  Potosi.  Zacatecas.  and  Cohahuila.  Area  16.687  square 
miles.  Pop.  133,361.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous; 
principal  river,  the  Tigre.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  mineral 
products  comprise  le.ad.  gold,  silver,  and  salt.  The  chief 
towns  are  Monterey  (the  capital,)  Florida,  Saltillo,  and 
Linares. 

NEW  LEXaNGTON,  a  postoffice  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NEW  LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Ala- 
bama, 130  miles  N.W.  of  Montgomery. 

NEW  LE.VINGTOX.  a  vUlage  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  60 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEW  LKXIXGTOX.  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio,  50 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  812. 

NEW  LEXINGTON',  a  village  of  Van  Buren  CO.,  Iowa,  OR 
Des  Moines  Itiver.  80  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

NEW  LIIVERTY.  a  post-village  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky, 
33  miles  N.  of  Frankfort. 

NEW  LIBERTY,  a  small  post-village  of  Pope  ca,  IIUnoi«, 
on  the  Ohio  River. 

NEW  LIGHT,  a  post-village  of  Wake  eo..  North  Carolina. 

NEW  LIM'EKICK.  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine, 
125  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  226. 

NEW'LIN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  791. 


NEW 


NEW 


NEW  LTS'BON,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  co.  New  York, 
16  miles  S.W.  of  Cooperstown.     Pop.  1733. 

NEW  LISBON,  a  post-office  of  Burlington  CO.,  New  Jersey. 

NKW  lil.SBON,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Columbiana 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  Little  Beaver  River,  and  on  the  Sandy 
and  Bfaver  Canal,  155  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus,  and  56  miles 
N.W.  of  PittsburiT.  The  town  is  neatly  and  compactly 
built.  The  surrounding  country  is  fertile,  populous,  and 
highly  improved.  The  extensive  water-power  of  the  river 
is  partially  employed  in  miiis,  &c.  The  Sandy  and  Beaver 
C!aual  extends  from  the  Ohio  Canal  at  Bolivar  to  the  Ohio 
Kiver.  This  town  is  in  the  midst  of  the  great  wool-growiug 
resrion  of  Ohio.  It  contains  6  churches,  -  newspaper  offices, 
3  hotels,  alioiit  20  stores  besides  groceries,  a  large  woollen- 
factorv.  and  a  steam-mill.    Pop.  about  20OO. 

NEW  LISBON,  a  post-village  in  Henry  co.,  Indiana,  50 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  LISBON,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana, 
89  miles  E.N.K.  of  ludiauapolis.     It  w.is  laid  out  in  1850. 

NEW  LIV'EFtPOOL.,  a  suiall  village  of  Canada  East,  co. 
of  Dorchester,  situated  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
Kiver,  7  miles  S.  of  Quebec. 

NEW  LON'DON,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Connecticut,  has  an  area  of  about  650  square  miles.  It  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  I'awcatuck,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  Connecticut  Kiver,  and  is  principally  watered  by  the 
Thames  River  (which  traverses  it  nearly  N.  and  S.)  and  its 
branches.  It  borders  on  I^ng  Island  Sound  for  about  25 
miles,  affording  great  facilities  for  navigation  and  the  fish- 
eries, the  latter  of  which  are  carried  on  to  a  considerable 
extent.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  the  S.W.  part  moun- 
tainous. The  soil  is  fertile,  but  more  adapted  to  grazing 
than  tillage.  The  Connecticut  River  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats along  part  of  the  western  border  of  tiiis  county,  and 
the  Thames  River  is  navigable  for  sloops  to  Norwich  City. 
Tlie  county  is  traversed  by  the  New  London  Nortlicrn  Rail- 
road, and  partly  intersected  by  the  Norwich  and  Worcester 
Railroad,  and  New  Haven  and  New  London  Raili'oad.  Seats 
of  justice,  Norwich  and  New  London.     Pop.  61,731. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-township  of  Merrimackco.,  New 
Hampshire.  ."?(!  miles  W.N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  952. 

NKW  LONDON,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  semi-capital  of 
New  London  county,  Connecticut,  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Thames  River,  3  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  50 
miles  E.  of  New  Haven.  Lat.  41°  22'  N.,  ion.  72°  9'  W.  It 
is  built  on  a  declivity  facing  the  S.  and  E.  The  site  being 
.lonsitlerably  encuml)ered  with  granite  rocks,  it  was  not  laid 
out  with  any  great  regard  to  regularity,  though  within  a 
few  years  much  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  grading  and 
other  improvements  to  overcome  the  original  inequalities 
of  the  surface.  The  elevation  back  of  the  city  affords  an 
extensive  and  varied  prospect.  Among  the  public  buildings 
maj'  he  mentioneil  the  custom-house,  a  fine  granite  edifice, 
the  court-house,  the  churches,  of  which  the  Baptists  have  3, 
the  Congregationalists  2,  the  Methodists  2,  the  Episco- 
palians 1,  the  Catholics  1,  and  the  Universalists  1,  in  all 
10,  and  tha  City  Hall.  The  principal  edncational  institu- 
tions are  the  New  London  Female  Academy,  tJie  Bartlett 
High  School,  and  16  public  schools,  including  tlie  different 
grades.  Increased  attention  has  of  late  been  paid  to  the 
subject  of  education,  and  the  schools  gonenilly  are  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  Four  newspapers  are  published  here, 
of  which  2  are  dailies. 

The  harbor  of  New  London  ig  one  of  the  best  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  3  miles  long,  5  fathoms  deep,  and 
seldom  obstructed  with  ice.  It  is  environed  by  hills,  and 
defended  by  Fort  Trumbull  and  Fort  Griswold,  the  former 
of  which  is  garrisoned.  The  inhabitants  have  long  Deeh 
extenj^ively  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery,  which  employs 
about  1500  men  and  a  large  amount  of  capital.  The  coast 
trade  and  the  other  fisheries  are  also  very  important.  The 
shipping  of  the  port,  June  'M,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  23.281  tons  registered,  and  18,229j  enrolled  and 
licensed.  Of  the  former.  15,961  tons  were  employed  in  the 
whale  fishery;  of  the  latter,  11,517}  were  employed  in  the 
coast  trade,  and  6276  in  the  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries; 
12  steamers  are  also  owned,  with  an  aggregate  burthen  of 
4253  tons.  The  receiiits  from  the  whale  fishery  for  the  year 
were  $1,349,872.  During  the  year  1853,  21  whalers  arrived 
here,  bringing  1107  bbls.  of  sperm  oil,  45,900  of  whale  oil, 
and  1.881.200  lbs.  of  whale-bone;  the  quantities  of  the  two 
latter  were  the  greatest  received  at  any  port  in  the  United 
Stiitos,  except  New  Bedford.  The  value  of  the  foreign  im- 
ports, in  1852.  was  $28,904,  and  of  the  exports.  S78.3S3.  The 
vessels  built  during  the  year  1852-3  were  2  ships,  6  schoon- 
ers. 4  .sloops,  and  1  steamer.  Several  extensive  manufacturing 
establishments  have  recently  commenced  operations,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  the  Alberton  and  Douglass  Ma- 
chine Company,  with  a  capital  of  $60,000 ;  the  New  London 
Foundry  and  Machine  Works,  with  a  capital  of  $t5,000,  the 
Nameaug  Manufacturing  Company,  formed  in  1853,  having 
a  capital  of  S70.000,  and  the  Thames  Glass  Works.  Tlie 
New  London,  Willimantic  and  Palmer  Railroad  Company 
was  organized  in  1848,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  chiefly 
owned  in  New  London.  There  are  5  banks,  with  an  aggre- 
4H 


gate  capital  of  about  $600,000,  and  a  savings  institution 
with  $700,144.67  on  deposit.  Tlie  streets  are  lighted  witli 
gai5.  The  city  has  railroad  communication  with  .New  Haven 
and  the  principal  towns  of  the  interior.  New  I^ondon  was 
settled  in  1644,  by  John  AN  inlhrop,  son  of  Oovernor  Win 
throp,  of  Massachusetts.  I'op.  in  IboO,  4336;  in  1840,  5519 
in  1860,  8991 ;  in  1860,  10,115. 

NEW  IjONDON,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Erie  Canal,  7  or  8  miles  W.  of  Rome.  It  has  several 
warehouses. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-town.ship  on  the  S.  border  of  Ches- 
ter co.,  Penn.sylvania.     Pop.  943. 

NEW  LONDON  Or  NKW  LONDON  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post 
village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  74  miles  S.E.  of  Har- 
risburg. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  sm.ill  village  of  Mercer  eo.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NKW  LONDON,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Marjland. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co.,  Virginia, 
110  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Kichmond. 

NKW  LONDON,  a  piost-office  of  Union  co.,  Arkansas. 

NEW  LO.NDON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  in 
Huron  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad  from  ("leveland  to  Colum- 
bus, 47  miles  S.W.  of  Cleveland.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  country,  and  is  a  place  of  rapid  growth.  The 
village  is  sometimes  called  King's  Corneus.     I'op.  1482. 

NEW  London,  a  pb.st-village  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana,  8 
or  9  miles  S.W.  of  Kokomo. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ralls  co..  Mis- 
souri, about  2  miles  S.  of  Salt  River,  and  98  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Jefferson  City.  It  contains  a  brick  court-house,  1  or  2 
churches,  and  several  stores. 

NKW  LONDON,  a  post-oflice  of  Ashtabula  eo..  Ohio. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  19 
miles  by  railroad  W.N.W.  of  Burlington.    See  Appendix. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  seaport  on  the  N.  coast  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island,  Queen's  co.,  at  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  to 
Greenville  Bay ;  in  lat.  64°  3.3'  N.,  Ion.  63°  32'  W. 

NEW  LONDON  LIGHT'HOUSE,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  the  Thames  River,  Connecticut.  It  exhibits  a 
fixed  light  80  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  18' 
54"  N.,  Ion.  72°  5' 48"  W. 

NEW  LYME,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ashtabula 
CO.,  Ohio.  195  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,     i'op.  694. 

NEW^LYN',  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

NEW  MAD'ISON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Darke  co., 
Ohio,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

NEW  M.\DISON,  an  improving  village  of  Madison  co., 
Indiana,  on  Pipe  Creek,  13  miles  N.  of  Anderson. 

NEW  MAD/RID,  a  county  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Mi.s.souri,  l)ordering  on  the  Missis,sippi  River,  which  .sepa- 
rates it  from  Tennessee  and  Iventucky,  ha.s  an  area  of  880 
square  miles.  The  Whitewater,  an  affluent  of  the  St.  Fran- 
cis, flows  along  the  W.  border.  The  surface  is  an  alluvial 
plain,  which  does  not  contain  a  rock  of  any  description. 
The  soil  is  highly  productive.  It  was  severely  injured  by 
tlie  earthquakes  of  1811  and  1812,  by  which  about  half  of 
its  area  was  sunk  several  feet  and  covered  with  water.  'J"he 
shocks  were  attended  with  loud  explosions;  and  chasms 
were  opened  in  the  ground,  from  which  volumes  of  water 
and  steam  were  discharged.  Islands  in  the  Missi.ssipjii  wore 
sunk;  the  current  of  the  river  was  driven  back  for  several 
hours  by  the  elevation  of  its  bed,  and  overflowed  the  adja- 
cent land.  One  of  the  lakes  formed  at  this  time  is  said  to 
be  nearly  60  miles  long,  and  several  miles  wide.  The  legis- 
lature of  Mis.souri,  during  the  se.=sion  of  18.50  and  1851, 
made  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  the 
sunken  lands  of  this  and  the  adjoining  counties.  Capjital, 
New  Madrid.    Pop.  5654,  of  whom  3877  were  free,  and  1777 


NKW  M.\.DRID,  capital  of  New  Madrid  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  280  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City.  It 
does  a  large  bu.siness  in  shipping  corn,  lumber,  and  cattle 
for  Southern  markets.  The  houses  are  mostly  built  of 
wood,  on  account  of  the  frequency  of  earthquakes,  by  which 
this  town  was  greatly  injured  in  1811.  A  newspaper  is 
published  here.     Settled  in  1780.    Pop.  610. 

NEW  MAHO'NING,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NEWMAN'S  MILLS.    See  C.^noe  Pl.ice. 

NEW/MAN  STOWN,  a  village  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 37  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  233. 

NEWMANSYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee. 

NEW  MA'RION,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co..  Indiana,  on 
Graham's  Creek,  and  on  the  Michigan  Road,  75  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Indianapolis.    Pop.  near  300. 

NEWJIAR/KET,  a  market-town  of  England,  counties  of 
Suffolk  and  Cambridge,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cambridge,  and 
65g  miles  N.N.E.  of  London,  with  which  it  communicates 
by  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  and  a  branch  from  Ches- 
terford.  Pop.  in  1851,  3356,  nearly  half  of  whom  are  train- 
ers, jockies,  stable  keepers,  and  grooms.  The  town  is  lery 
well  built,  having  many  splendid  residences  of  noble  and 
wealthy  patrons  of  '-The  Turf,"  elegant  rooms  belonging 
to  the  Jockey  Club,  numerous  hotels,  and  immense  ranges 

1313 


J 


NEW 

of  stflWins;.  The  famous  races  of  Newmarket  are  held  on 
ii  beautiful  heath  W.  of  the  town.  The  course,  upwards  of 
4  miles  in  length,  belongs  to  the  Jockey  Club,  and  is  con- 
Piaercd  the  best  in  England.  The  training  ground,  on  a 
slope  S.  of  the  town,  is  also  very  fine.  Seven  race  meetings, 
each  lasting  3  days,  are  held  yearly. 

NK\V'M.\UK1;T,  a  small  marketrtown  and  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Flinti. 

NKWMARKET,  a  markettown  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co. 
of  Cork. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co.,New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  and  Maine,  and  Portsmouth  and 
Ctoncord  Railroads.  25  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.  It  is  the  seat 
of  the  New  JIarket  Manufacturing  Company,  who  have  here 
three  large  cotton-mills.     Pop.  2034. 

NEW  MARKET  or  SXY'DERTOWN,  a  village  of  IIuntei> 
don  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad, 
9  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Flemington. 

NEW  M.\KKET,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  New 
Jersev,  about  7  miles  N.  of  New  Brunswick. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland,  30 
miles  N.  of  Baltimore. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  CO.,  ;Maryland, 
near  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  10  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Frederick. 

NEW  .MARKET,  a  post-village  of  Nelson  co.,  A'irginia,  on 
James  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Tye  River,  108  miles  W.  of 
Richmond,  contains  a  tobacco  warehouse  and  2  mills.  The 
postHiffice  is  named  Tye  River  Warehouse. 

NEW  MAl'.KET,  a  post-village  of  t>henandoah  co.,  Tir- 
"ginia.  150  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond.  It  is  delightfully  situ- 
ated in  the  Great  Valley,  between  the  Massanutten  and  North 
Mountains.  There  are  several  forges  and  factories  in  the 
vicinity,  which  abounds  in  iron  ore.  It  contains  3  or  4 
churches.     Pop.  1422. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-village  in  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina. 

Ni;W  MARKET,  a  post- village  in  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

NEW  MARKET,  formerly  GUL'LETTSVITXE,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Monroe  co.,  Georgia.  35  miles  N.W.  of  Macon. 

NEW  M.\UKET.  a  pnst-village  in  Madison  co.,  Alabama, 
about  200  miles  N.  of  Montgomery. 

NEW  M.VKKET,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Jefferson 
county,  Tennessee,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  East  Ten- 
nessee and  Virginia  Railroad,  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Knoxville. 
It  stands  in  a  long  and  very  productive  valley,  and  contains 
llolstein  College,  chartered  in  1832;  also  a  female  institute. 
A  railroad  depOt  will  be  established  here. 

NEW  MAllKKT.  a  post-village  of  Marion  CO.,  Kcntuckr. 
on  the  Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River,  66  mUes  S.  by  W.  of 
Krankfort. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  thriving  post-vill.age  and  township  of 
Highland  co.,  Ohio,  6S  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  125o. 

NKW  M.\RKET,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River.  35  miles  below  Louisville.    Pop.  about  300.' 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-village  in  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  80 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  M.\RKET,  a  post-office  of  Sebastian  co.,  Arkansas. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri,  210 
miles  AS'.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

NEW  >I.\RKET,  a  post-village  in  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
near  Des  Jloines  River,  70  miles  S.W.  bv  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

NEW  .MAR'KET,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
York,  30  miles  N.X.W.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  several 
Btoros.  hotels,  and  a  foundry. 

NEW.MARKET-OX-FER/GUS,  a  market-town  of  Ireland, 
Munster.  co.  of  Clare.     Pop.  1526. 

NEW  MAl'vl/BOROUGH.  a  ppst-township  of  Berk.=hlre  co., 
M.issachusetts,  about  120  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
17S2. 

NEW  MAR/TINPBURG,  a  small  village  of  Fayette  co., 
Ohio,  on  Walnut  Creek,  about  50  miles  S.AV.  of  Columbus. 
Laid  out  iu  18:39. 

NEW  MARTINSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wetzel 
CO.,  W.  Virgini,%  on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  month  of  Fi.shing 
Creek,  40  miles  below  Wheeling.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
a  few  stores,  and  several  hundred  inhabitants. 

NEW  M.\S',^ILLON,  a  small  village  of  Wayne  co..  Illinois. 
on  the  Little  Wabash  River,  is  situated  near  the  border  of 
a  fine  prairie. 

NEW  -MATAMOmA,  a  po.st-o£Rce  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  JI.VYS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indi- 
ana. 14  miles  N.E.  of  Grecncastle. 

NEW  MAYSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois. 

NEW  MEX'ICO,  (Sp.  Suevo  Mexico  or  Mejico,  nw,Vvo 
moh'iie-ko;  Fr.  Knui'cuu  iiejciqm,  t\oo\ol  mjx^eek';  Ger. 
Xtu-Mea-io).  noi-mj.x'e-ko.)  a  territory  of  the  United  Sf.ates 
of  North  America,  and  a  portion  of  the  tract  actiuired  from 
Mexico  bv  the  treaties  of  1848  and  1854,  extends  from  31° 
20'  to  37''  N.  lat.,  and  from  103°  to  109°  W.  Ion.,  being  about 
400  miles  in  extreme  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  350 
miles  in  breadth  from  E.  to  W.,  inclnding  an  area  of  about 
124,500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Colorado,  E.  bv 
1314  '         ' 


NEW 

Texas,  S.  by  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Arizona.  Pr«. 
vious  to  1863  it  extended  from  31°  20'  to"  38°  N.  lat.,  and 
from  103°  to  117°  W.  Ion.,  and  was  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Utah  and  Colorado,  on  the  E.  by  Texas  and  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory, on  the  S.  by  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  on  the  W.  by 
California.  (*g-,\ll  the  census  statistics  of  the  territory 
for  1860  have  reference,  of  course,  to  the  boundaries  existiu"- 
previous  to  1863.) 

Face  nftht  Coimtrr/,  tfc.— This  extensive  tract  is  for  the 
most  part  a  high  table-land,  crossed  by  several  ranges  of 
mountains,  and  generally  destined  to  hopeless  sterifity.  The 
valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries  occupy  the 
central  part  of  New  Mexico,  and  lie  between  and  among 
different  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain,  which  crosses 
the  territory  from  N.  to  S.  The  western  limit  of  the  Rio 
Grande  Vailley  is  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains,  and  the  east- 
ern the  Jumanes,  the  Del  Cabello,  and  other  ranges  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Much  the  larger  portion  of  the  territory 
lies  E.  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains.  The  mountain 
ranges  in  the  E.  are  the  Guadalupe,  Sacramento,  Organ 
(Sierra  de  los  Organos),  Sierra  Blanca,  Hneca,  and  otlier 
divisions  which  diverge  from  the  main  chain  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  pass  off  into  Texas,  forming  the  western 
boundary  of  the  valley  of  the  Pecos.  Mount  Taylor,  in  a 
S.W.  direction  from  Santa  Fe,  among  the  Sierra  Madre 
Mountains,  has  been  computed  at  10,000  feet  elevation  above 
the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  itself  a  high  table-land  of  6000 
feet  in  the  N.  part,  4800  feet  at  Albuquerque,  and  3000  feet 
at  El  Paso.  AVest  of  the  Sierra  Madre  are  several  detached 
ranges  of  which  we  know  but  little,  and  which  traverse  a 
country  for  the  most  part  sterile,  except  in  occasional  nar- 
row valleys,  which  border  the  streams. 

Minerals.— It  is  highly  probably  that  New  Mexico  abounds 
in  the  precious  metals,  but  owing  to  the  jealonsy  of  the 
aborigiues,  and  the  nnskilfubiess  with  which,  even  when 
worked  at  all,  tliey  have  been  managed,  they  have  not,  so 
far  as  we  are  informed,  hitherto  produced  abundantly ;  yet 
gold  and  silver  are  kiiown  to  exist,  and  mines  of  both 
metals  have  been  worked.  Gold  has  been  found  in  several 
places,  and  the  indications  are,  that  the  precious  ore  will,  at 
a  future  day,  be  largely  produced  hero.  Mines  of  this  metal 
have  been  worked  in  a  district  among  the  Placer  Moun- 
tains, 40  miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Fe;  but  it  is  said  to  be  found 
most  abundantly  about  the  San  Pedro  River,  wliich  emptier 
into  the  Gila  from  the  S.  Silver  mines,  80  miles  N.E.  of  El 
Paso,  and  near  Dona  Ana,  are  reputed  to  be  the  richest  in 
New  Jlexico.  Iron  occurs  in  abundance,  and  gypsum  it. 
large  quantities  has  been  found  near  Algadonos ;  "copper  is 
plentiful,  and  mines  of  that  metal  were  extensively  worked 
in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  Fort  Webster,  previous  to 
1838,  when  the  forays  of  the  Indl;ius  caused  their  abandon- 
ment. Gold  is  found  in  the  same  vicinity.  Some  coal  is 
found,  arid  salt  lakes,  about  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  Santa  Fe, 
have  been  resorted  to  for  that  necessary  culinary  article. 
Recent  reports  state  that  silver  mines  have  been  discovered 
about  IS  miles  E.  of  Fort  Fillmore.    Le;id  is  also  found. 

liivers.  —  The  Rio  Grande,  or  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte,  as  it 
was  formerly  called,  which  crosses  the  entire  territory  from 
N.  to  S.,  is  tlie  largesfriver  of  New  Mexico,  and  drains  the 
great  valley  which  lies  between  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains 
on  the  W.,  and  the  Jumanes,  and  the  Sierra  Iluecii  or  Waco 
Blonntains  on  the  E.  The  Pecos  River  drains  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  same  mountiins,  and  passes  off  into  Texas. 
The  Puerco,  a  river  of  200  miles  in  length,  is  the  principal 
tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande  from  the  W. ;  but  in  the  hot 
season  it  is  often  completely  evaporated  iu  the  lowei'part 
of  its  course,  rendering  no  tribute  whjitever  to  the  parent 
stream.  The  Canadiiin  River  has  its  sources  in  the  N.E.  of 
New  Mexico,  from  which  it  runs  in  a  S.E.  direction,  to  join 
tlie  Arkansas.  The  Gila,  which  rises  on  the  western  slope 
of  tlie  Sierra  Madre,  rung  almost  directly  W.  to  its  mouth 
in  the  Colorado.  The  Salinas,  one  of  its  tributaries  from 
the  N.,  unites  with  the  San  Francisco  and  falls  into  the 
Gila  near  112°  W.  Ion.  The  San  Pedro  is  the  most  import- 
ant affluent  from  the  S.  The  San  Francisco  empties  itself 
into  the  Salinas.  The  Colorado  is  formed  by  the  Green  and 
Grand  Rivers,  which  unite  in  about  36°  N.  lat.,  and  running 
S.W.  for  about  150  miles,  receives  the  Virgen,  turns  to  the 
S.,  forming  the  former  W.  boundary  of  the  territory,  from 
35°  N.  lat.  to  20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  GiUi.  (The 
Colorado,  Gila,  Salinas,  Rio  Virgen  and  San  Pedro  are  not 
included  within  the  new  boundaries  of  New  Mexico.)  With 
the  exception  of  the  Colorado,  these  rivers  are  of  very 
little  importance  to  navigation,  seldom  being  deep  enough 
for  any  craft  beyond  a  canoe  or  flat-boat.  Indeed,  for  a  great 
part  of  the  year,  the  tributary  rivers  have  either  dry  chan- 
nels, or  are  a  succession  of  pools.  Major  Emory  found  the 
Rio  Grande  itself  but  25  j'iirds  wide,  and  hub-deep  at  Albu- 
querque, 300  miles  from  its  source.  He  also  states  that  it 
seldom  rises  more  than  two  feet.  Lieutenant  Simpson  found 
it  200  yards  wide,  and  four  feet  deep  150  miles  further  S., 
in  September,  1849.  He  afterwards  rfientions  crossing  iu  a 
ferry  at  Albuquerque. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tnurisf". — Crossed  as  New  Mexico  i8 
by  lolty  chains  of  mountains,  it  cannot  (ail  to  possess  many 


NEW 


NEW 


objects  of  striking  interoet  in  its  scenery ;  but  thpy  have 
been  hitherto  imperfectly  explored  west  of  tlie  Rio  Grande. 
Among  and  beyond  the  'Sierra  Madre  Mountains,  are  vast 
caflons  ikan-yOns'),  i.e.  deep  channels  in  the  earth,  mostly 
forming  tlio  beds  of  streams,  often  two  or  three  hundred 
feet  in  deptli,  and  almost  sliut  out  from  the  liglit  of  day. 
In  the  same  region  are  found  steep  Iduffs  of  red  and  white 
sandstone  rock,  worn  by  the  action  of  the  elements  into 
very  striking  resemblances  of  fortresses,  castles,  &c.  Lieu- 
tenant Simpson  has  given  sonie  sketches  of  the  most  re- 
markable, in  his  work  on  New  Mexico.  One  curiosity  of  the 
country  is  the  deserted  pueblos,  or  Indian  villages,  which  give 
evidence  of  having  been  the  abode  of  a  much  more  dense 
population  than  subsists  there  at  present,  (^ee  Pupulatirm.) 

"Cascade  Gi'otto,"  says  Lieiitenant  Whipple,  "is  too 
wildly  beautiful  to  pass  unnoticed.  A  series  of  cascades, 
formiMl  by  a  mineral  spring,  which  gushes  from  the  moun- 
tain, leap  from  cliff  to  cliff,  until  they  join  the  Gila,  1000 
feet  below.  Beneath  the  first  waterfall  is  a  charming  cave, 
filled  with  petrifiicti6iis.  Among  the  Organ  Mountains 
(themselves  an  object  of  great  interest,  rising  as  tliey  do 
3000  feet  above  the  river),  a  little  stream  whose  source  is 
far  witlun  a  defile,  tumbles  over  the  rocks  in  a  single  fall  of 
50  feet."  The  celebrated  Captain  Walker  reports  two  ex- 
traordinary falls  in  the  lUo  Virgen,  one  200  miles  from  its 
mouth,  with  a  perjiendicular  descent,  in  one  uiiljroken 
sheet,  of  1000  feet,  where  the  stream  is  narrowed  to  oO  or  40 
yards,  and  the  caflon  rises  on  each  side  to  a  nearly  perpen- 
dicular height  of  200  feet ;  and  a  second  fall  of  200  or  ;!00 
feet,  about  30  miles  higher  up.  The  same  authority  thus 
speaks  of  the  great  cafion  of  the  Colc)ra<lo:  "One  of  the 
most  extraordinary  natural  features  on  the  Continent,  which 
extends  for  300  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Virgen  River, 
with  lofty  and  almost  perpendicular  sides,  suggesting  the 
ideii  that  the  river  had  cleft  its  path  entirely  through  the 
mountain.  The  vi'aters  wash  up  against  the  walls  of  the 
precipice,  leaving  not  a  foot  of  space  between."  From  the 
same  source  we  learn  that  "the  country  is  entirely  cut  up 
with  rocky  ravines  and  fissures."  A  caBon  tllat  Captain 
Walker  traversed — apparently  the  bed  of  a  spring-torrent — 
in  one  instance  entirely  closed  over  his  head,  forming  a  nat- 
ural tunnel  200  feet  deep.  (The  course  of  the  Rio  Virgen 
is  now  chiefly  included  within  the  limits  of  Arizona.) 

'Climate.  —  The  h.abitable  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Gr.ande  lies  in  the  latitude  of  the  northern  and  central  por- 
tions of  the  Southern  States;  but  the  temperature  is  Very 
much  modified  by  its  great  elevation,  giving  it  a  temperate 
but  constant  climate.  The  mercury  sometimes  rises  to  100°, 
but  the  evenings  are  always  cool.  Some  of  the  higher  peaks 
of  the  mountiiins  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  Con- 
siderable rain  falls  between  July  and  October,  but  New 
Mexico  has  essentially  a  dry  atmosphere,  the  soil  being 
most  of  the  year  parched  whore  there  is  no  irrigation. 

Sitil  anil  Pirxluclions. — We  have  already  chai-acterized  the 
soil  as  generally  hopelessly  sterile,  but  this  generalization 
is  not  without  considerable  exceptions,  as  many  parts  of  the 
valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  .and  of  other  streams,  are  highly 
productive,  and  yield  fine  crops  of  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and 
other  grains,  besides  apples,  peaches,  melons,  apricots,  and 
grapes.  Ainong  the  valleys  of  the  Sierra  Blanca,  in  the 
N.K.  of  New  Mexico,  the  pasturage  is  excellent;  and  the 
■  large  vallej-  of  San  Luis  in  the  same  region,  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  in  the  territory.  But  in  most  places  irrigation 
is  necessary  to  successful  agricultural  operations.  Durir)g 
the  dry  season,  however,  in  some  districts,  even  this  resource 
fails,  from  the  total  evaporation  of  the  streams.  On  the 
table-lands,  which  are  utterly  useless  for  agriculture,  there 
grows  a  peculiar  grass,  which  in  the  dry  season  cures  and 
preserves  its  nutritious  qualities.  On  this  cattle,  sheep, 
horses,  and  mules  feed  all  the  winter,  and  preserve  them- 
selves in  good  condition.  The  mutton  of  New  Mexico  is 
excellent.  The  Indians  on  the  Gila  cultivate  cotton,  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  beans,  melons,  and  other  vegetables,  by  means 
of  irrigation,  and  a  small  quantity  of  buckwheat,  wine, 
butter,  potatoes,  and  molasses.  According  to  the  census  of 
1800,  there  were  in  New  Mexico  149,27 -1  acres  of  improved 
land  (1,265,6.'55  acres  being  unimproved),  producing  434,309 
bushels  of  wheat,  709,304  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  7246  bush- 
els of  oats,  38,514  bushels  of  peas  and  beans,  5223  of  Irish 
potatoes,  7044  pounds  of  tobacco,  492,645  of  wool,  37,240  of 
cheese,  13,259  of  butter;  live  stock  valued  at  $4,499,746; 
orchard  products  valued  at  $19,651 ;  inarket-garden  pro- 
ducts valued  at  $17,654:  and  slaughtered  animals  valued  at 
5347,105. 

Fared  Trees.  —  Only  a  small  portion  of  the  surface  is 
covered  with  forests,  and  the  country  is  almost  entirely 
destitute  of  the  hard  woods.  Some  of  the  streams  are 
ringed  with  cottonwood,  and  pine  of  an  inferior  quality 
rt';curs  on  the  mountains.  Sycamore,  ash,  cedar,  walnut, 
evergreen  oak,  and  willow,  are  found  in  small  quantities. 

Jnimat:. — Tho  deer,  mountain-sheep,  wild-hog,  antelope, 
cougar,  ocelot,  lynx,  brown,  black,  and  grizzly  bear,  coyote, 
wolf,  marmot,  skunk,  weasel,  hare,  rabbit,  squirrel,  beaver, 
AT'd  elk,  are  the  princii)al  quadnipeds  N.  of  the  Gila;  tur- 
key, geese,  brant,  swans,  ducks,  scorpions,  and  lijsardis  are 


met  with  in  this  territory,  though  animal  life  docs  not  ap- 
pear to  be  more  prolific  than  veget;ible  life  in  this  region. 

Manufactures.  —  Eighty-two  establishments,  each  pro- 
ducing $500  and  upwards  annually,  were  reported  by  the 
census  of  1860  as  engaged  in  manufactures,  mining,  and  tho 
mechanic  arts,  employing  $2,00S,.3a0  capital,  1074  hands,  and 
raw  material  worth  $367,892,  yielding  products  valued  at 
$1,249,123.  Domestic  manufactures  were  produced  to  the 
value  of  $26,406, 

Education. — On  this  head  there  is  little  to  be  said  at 
present,  but  to  speak  of  its  absence,  and  to  urge  its  intro- 
duction. According  to  the  census  rejiort  of  1S60,  there  were 
■in  New  Mexico  1  college  with  170  students,  17  i)ublic  schools 
with  235  pupils,  and  2  academies  with  110  pupils.  There 
were,  in  1850,  25,089  adults  who  could  not  read  and  write, 
of  whom  660  were  of  foreign  birth. 

Religious  Denominalirms. — In  1860  there  were  97  churches, 
all  belonging  to  the  Roman  Catholics.  Value  of  chur<:h 
proi)erty,  $429,460. 

I'erindicah. — In  1860  th  ere  were  published  in  New  Mexico, 
2  weekly  newspapers,  with  an  aggregate  annual  circulation 
of  59,800  copies. 

Population. — The  population  of  New  Mexico  is  of  a  very 
mixed  character,  but  composed  for  the  most  part  of  domes- 
ticated nomad  Indians,  with  an  intermixture  of  Mexicans 
and  Americans.  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there 
were  93,516  inliabitants,  of  whom  43,699  were  white  males, 
and  39,280  females;  45  free  colored  males,  and  4o  females; 
10,452  Indians;  30  were  deaf  and  dumb,  147  blind,  "7  insane, 
and  39  idiots.  In  the  twelve  months  preceding  June  1, 1860, 
there  occurred  1:;05  deaths,  or  about  19  in  every  one  thou- 
sand persons.  Population  to  square  mile,  about  -45.  Of 
the  whole  population,  84,4^7  were  born  in  the  territories, 
2155  in  other  parts  of  the  United  States,  145  in  Kngland, 
827  in  Ireland,  49  in  Scotland,  509  in  Germany,  108  in 
Francb,  and  4815  in  Mexico.  Of  the  jiopulation,  there  were 
5922  farmers,  917  miners,  287  carpenters,  3n1  laundresses, 
551  teamsters,  412  shepherds,  and  74  in  the  learned  profes- 
sions. The  Indian  population,  according  to  the  estimate  of 
the  Indian  bureau  at  Washington,  wjis  45,000  in  1853. 

AccoriUng  to  Mr.  Bartlett,  "In  the  district  of  country 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  west  by 
the  Colorado  River,  the  south  by  the  river  Gila,  and  extend- 
ing northward  about  300  miles,  there  exist  many  Indian 
tribes  which  have  attained  a- higher  rank  in  civilization 
than  any  other  aborigines  of  the  Nortli  American  Continent 
north  of  the  Valley  of  Mexico.  The  tribes  of  which  I  am 
speaking  cultivate  the  soil;  raise  wheat,  corn,  and  other 
articles  for  their  subsistence;  cotton,  which  they  spin  and 
weave  into  garments  to  cover  their  bodies;  horses  and  cat- 
tle; and  the}-  erect  their  own  dwellings.  In  their  pottery 
and  household  implements,  too,  they  are  before  all  others. 

"There  is  now  in  ruins  (situated  on  the  Chaco,  a  branch 
of  the  San  Juan),  the  Pueblo  Pintado,  built  of  tabular  pieces 
of  hard  gray  limestone,  three  stories  high,  and  containing 
on  the  ground-floor  54  apartments,  some  of  them  not  more 
than  5  feet  stjuare,  and  the  largest  12  by  6;  also  the  Pueblo 
Wegi-gi  with  a  circuit  of  700  feet,  and  containing  99  apart- 
ments on  the  first  floor;  the  Pueblo  Una-vida  witli  a  circuit 
of  994  feet;  tho  Ilungo-Pavie  with  a  circuit  of  872  feet,  and 
72  rooms  upon  the  ground-floor;  and  the  Pueblo  Chettro- 
Kettle,  with  a  circuit  of  1300  feet,  and  124  apartments  on  the 
ground-floor.  These  several  buildings  were  of  three  or  four 
stories,  one  receding  from  the  other,  and  all  built  of  stone. 
Near  tlio  latter  is  a  ruined  edifice,  about  1300  feet  in  circuit, 
which  had  been  four  stories  high,  with  139  rooms  on  the 
ground-floor.  Allowing  each  story  to  recede  as  before,  and 
the  upper  apartments  to  correspond  with  those  below,  this 
building  contained  not  less  thjin  641  apartments.  Two  miles 
beyond  this  are  the  ruins  of  a  still  larger  building,  Ciilled 
the  PeBasca  Blanca,  having  a  circuit  of  1700  feet. 

"  The  Pueblo  of  Taos,  in  New  Mexico,  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  now  existing.  It  consists  of  an  edifice  about 
400  feet  long  by  50  wide,  and  is  divided  into  long  ranges  of 
apartmeflts  one  above  the  otiier,  forming  a  pyramidal  pile 
of  50  or  60  feet,  and  five  or  si.x  stories  in  height.  This  build- 
ing affords  halJitations  for  five  or  six  hundred  people. 

"The  second  class,  where  the  tribe  or  community  live  in 
a  village,  consists  of  buildings  generally  of  one  story,  but 
sometimes  of  two.  When  of  the  latter,  the  entrance  is  by 
Ladders  from  the  outside,  as  before  mentioned.  The  object 
of  this  is  to  render  them  perfectly  isolated,  and  to  afford 
them  protection  from  an  enemj'.  To  render  these  dwellings 
more  secure,  villages  and  large  edifices  are  usually  built 
upon  the  summit  of  a  rock,  or  hill,  and  when  this  is  not 
convenient,  on  the  open  plateau,  where  there  is  neither  tree, 
bush,  nor  rock  to  conceal  an  enemy.  These  people  often 
choose  a  spot  near  some  eminence  which  may  command  a 
view  of  the  adjacent  country,  where  they  may  establish  a 
look-out,  and  place  a  sentinel  to  give  warning,  if  an  enemy 
should  approach." 

Oiunties.  —  There  are  ten  counties  in  New  Mexico,  viz. : 
Bernalillo,  Dona  Ana,  Mesilla,  Rio  Arriba,  Santa  Anna, 
Santa  B"e,  San  Miguel,  Taos,  Valencia,  and  Socorro.  Capital, 
Santa  I'e. 

1315 


NEW 


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Tmans. — The  principal  settlements  (we  use  this  term  be- 
cause the  limits  of  tlie  towns  are  not  defined  with  miith 
a'^curacy)  are  Santa  Fe,  population  4638;  Albuquerque, 
IMi;  Mesilla,  2420;  Valencia,  1101 ;  Las  Vegas,  1094;  Zufli 
Or  Tufii  (an  Indian  puebla  or  village),  and  Tuckelata. 

Gdvtrnnunt. — New  Jlexico,  in  common  with  all  other  ter- 
ritories of  the  United  States,  has  a  governor  appointed  by 
th«  President  and  Senate  of  the  United  States,  who  is 
al;  o  sui^rintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  and  receives  a  SJtlary 
of  $2500  per  annum.  It  has  a  council  of  13  members  elected 
for  two  years,  and  a  house  of  representatives  of  26  members. 
elei-teJ  annually.  The  judiciary,  appointed  by  the  President 
of  the  United  S'tates,  witli  the  advice  of  the  Senate,  is  com- 
posed of  a  chief  and  two  associate  judges,  receiving  $2000 
each  per  annum.  Assessed  value  of  property  ia  1850. 
$5.116.3.474.     Banks,  none. 

Jlixttiry. — Lvini;  in  the  interior,  and  possessing  no  very 
great  Inducements  to  tempt  emigration  thither,  New  Mexico 
has  not  been  the  theatre  of  many  striking  events  in  history. 
As  elsewhere  stated,  traces  exist  in  the  deserted  and  ruined 
puel)los  of  a  much  more  dense  Indian  or  Aztec  population 
in  former  times  than  at  present.  It  formed  a  Mexican  pro- 
vince or  department  until  the  conquest  of  Mexico  by  the 
Americans,  when,  in  Sept.  1S50,  it  was  constituted,  with  a 
portion  of  Upper  California  and  Texas,  a  territory  of  the 
United  State.*,  under  its  present  title.  In  1854,  its  area  was 
still  further  increased  by  the  purchase  of  a  portion  of  the 
N.  part  of  Mexico,  thus  extending  its  southern  lioundary 
in  one  instance  to  31°  20'  N.  latitude.  The  inhabitants  are 
very  much  harassed  by  inroads  from  the  Indians,  who  fre- 
quently attack  the  settlements,  murder  or  c^rry  off  the  men, 
women,  and  children,  and  drive  off  the  Cocks. 

XKW  MICII'IGAN'  a  post-office  of  Livingston  CO.,  Illinois. 

NEW  MID'DLETON,  a  postMjffice  of  lUudoIph  co.,  In- 
diana. 

NEW  MIDDLETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  co., 
Ohio,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Canfield. 

NEW  SlIL't'OKD.  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township 
of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  IIous;itorfic  lUver  and 
Kailroad,  near  the  intersection  of  the  latter  with  the  for- 
mer, and  35  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Bridgeport.  The  village  is 
very  liandsome;  it  has  broad  streets,  bordered  with  tasteful 
residences,  several  churches,  a  bank,  and  manufactories  of 
carriages,  hats,  boots  and  slioes,  &c.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
S535. 

NEW  MILFORD,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York. 

NEW  MILFOKD,  a  small  village  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jei^ 
sey,  on  the  llacUensack  Uiver,  IS  miles  N.  of  Jersey  City. 

.NEW  MILFOI'lD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Susque- 
hanna CO..  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  K.  of  Montrose.     P.  1929. 

NEW  MTLFOltD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Winne- 
biigo  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Kishwaukee  River,  about  7  miles 
S.  of  Kockfortl.  It  has  a  flouring-mill,  and  about  200  inha- 
bitants.    Pop.  of  the  township,  893. 

NEW  MILL,  a  vill.ige  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff,  on  the 
Isla.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Fochabers.    Pop.  450. 

NEW'MILLS  or  TOIi'KY,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife, 
on  the  Burn,  IJ-  miles  E.  of  Culross.     Pop.  420. 

NEW.^IIL^lS.  nu-milz',  a  burgh  of  barony  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Ayr,  ou  the  Irvine,  2j  miles  E.  of  Galston.  Pop.  in  1851, 
2211. 

NEW  MILLS,  a  village  and  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby,  on  the  Guyt,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stockport.  It  consists 
principally  of  a  cluster  of  houses  and  factories,  which  ex- 
tend along  the  crags  and  the  turnpike  road,  and  has  a  hand- 
some distri't  church,  in  the  pointed  style.  Primitive  and 
Weslej'an  Methodist,  Independent  and  lioman  Catholic 
chapels.     Pop.  3595. 

N  EAV  MIf  ,TON,  a  post-office  of  Doddridge  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

NEW  MILI/rOWX,  a  postH)ffice  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NEAV'MO.AT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

NEW  MOS'COW,  a  post-offlce  of  tto.shocton  co.,  Oliio. 

NEW  MOUNT  PLEAS/ANT,  a  post-office  of  Jlonroe  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

NEW  MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  in  Jay  co.,  In- 
diana. SO  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Indianapoli.s. 

NEW  MUNSTER,  an  island  of  the  New  Zealand  group. 
See  New  Zkaland. 

NEW'N.\N,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Coweta  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  railroad  from  Atlanta  to  La  Grange.  40  miles 
S.W.  of  the  former.  It  contains  a  brick  cour(>house,  2 
churches.  2  academies,  and  a  newspaper  office.  The  rail- 
road, which  was  opened  in  1852,  connects  at  the  city  of 
Atlanta  with  the  principal  railways  of  the  state.    P.  2546. 

NEW'N.\NSA'ILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alachua  CO., 
Florida.  120  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tallahassee. 

NEWN'IIAM,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
and  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Gloucester,  on  the  Severn.  Pop.  in 
1851. 1288.  The  town  was  anciently  of  importance.  A  sword 
of  st:.te.  presented  to  it  by  King  John,  is  still  preserved. 

Nl'.\\  NHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

NEWNH.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

NKWMIAM,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

NFAVN'H  AM  COUUT/NEY,  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford. 
IS  16 


NEWNHAJr,  KINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wat- 
wick,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  liugbv;  it  ha.«  chalyteate  springs. 

Ni;WN/ll  AM  MUIWEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford. 

NEW  OIII'O,  a  post-office  of  Broome  co.,  New  York. 

NEW  OKK'.XEY,  an  island  grovip  in  the  South  Atlantic, 
forming  a  part  of  .South  Shetland,  S.E.  of  Cape  Horn.  Chief 
islands.  Pomona  and  Melville. 

NEW  OK'LEANS.*  (,Fr.  SnurdJe-Orlmiis,  nooVJlV  OR'la'- 
fiH"';  Ger.  NeurOrUuns.  noi  oR/li-dns.)  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and 
seatof  justice  of  Orleans  pari.«h,  Louisiana,  is  situated  on  tlie 
left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  about  100  miles  from  its 
mouth;  1663  miles  S.W.  of  New  York;  1438  miles  S.W.  of 
Washington;  879  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Charleston;  2025  miles 
S.S.W.  of  I'ittsburg;  1628  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago;  1200 
miles  S.  of  St.  Louis;  and  about  2000  miles  S.  by  E.  of  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  Lat.  29°  58'  N.,  Ion.  90°  7'  W.  New 
Orleans  is  built  around  a  bend  in  the  river,  from  which 
circumstance  it  has  been  denominated  the  "  Cresoeut  City." 
The'site  inclines  gently  from  the  margin  of  the  .Missi.s.sippi 
towards  the  marshy  ground  in  the  rear,  and  is  from  2  to  5 
feet  lielow  the  lev<'l  of  the  river  at  the  usual  spring  freshets. 
To  prevent  inundations,  an  embankment  or  levee,  about  15 
feet  wide  and  6  feet  high,  h.as  been  raised,  extending  120 
miles  above  the  city,  and  to  Port  Plaquemine,  4:}  miles  be- 
low it.  This  forms  a  delightful  promenade.  In  i-onsequeuce 
of  the  change  in  the  course  of  the  river  opposite  New  Oi^ 
leans,  large  quantities  of  alluvion,  swept  from  the  north 
and  held  in  suspension  by  the  current,  are  here  depositetl. 
New  formations  from  this  cause  in  front  of  that  portion  of 
the  quay  most  used  for  the  purposes  of  commence  have 
been  so  rapid  that  it  has  been  necessjiry  within  a  few  years 
to  build  piled  wharves  jutting  out  from  50  to  100  feet  into 
the  Mississippi.  The  levee  here  hiis  also  been  gradually 
widened,  so  that  an  additional  tier  of  warehouses  has 
recently  been  erected  between  the  city  and  the  river.  The 
old  city  proper,  originally  laid  out  by  the  French,  is  in  the 
form  of  a  jiarallelogram,  1320  yards  long  and  700  yards 
wide.  Above  this  are  what  were  formerly  the  faubourgs 
of  St.  Mary,  .\nunciation,  and  La  Course;  below,  Marigny, 
Dounois,  and  Declouet;  and  in  the  rear,  Treme  and  St. 
John's.  Lafayette,  till  recently  under  a  separate  govern- 
ment, is  immediately  above  the  city.  In  1836,  New  Orleans 
was  divided  into  3  municipalities  by  act  of  the  As.sembly, 
each  with  distinct  municipal  powers.  Again  in  .\pril,  1852, 
these  and  Lafayette,  with  the  faubourgs  and  other  depend- 
encies, extending  from  6  to  7  miles  along  tlie  river,  and 
about  5  miles  back  to  Lake  Pontch.irtrain,  were  consolidated 
under  one  charter,  the  city  assuming  the  debt.s. 

The  streets  of  New  Orleans  are  of  convenient  breadth, 
well  paved,  and  usually  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles. 
Canal  Street  is  the  broadest,  being  190j  feet  in  width,  with 
a  grassplot  in  the  middle  about  25  feet  wide,  extending 
throughout  its  entire  length.  Most  of  the  buildings  are 
constructed  of  brick,  and  are  generally  low,  except  in  the 
business  portion,  where  they  are  usually  5  or  6  stories  high. 
The  dwellings  in  the  suburbs,  many  of  them,  particularly 
in  Lafayette,  are  surrounded  with  spacious  yards,  beauti- 
fully decorated  with  the  orange,  lemon,  magnolia,  and  other 
ornament.al  trees.  A  basement  about  6  feet  high  constitutes 
the  onl)'  cellar,  as  none  are  sunk  below  the  surface  on  ac- 
count of  the  marshy  chai-acter  of  the  ground.  In  different 
sections  of  the  city  are  several  public  squares,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  Jackson  Square,  formerly  Place  d".\rmes, 
occupying  the  centre  of  the  river  front  of  the  old  town  plot, 
now  the  First  District.  It  is  ornamented  with  shell,  walks, 
shrubbery,  statuettes,  &c.,  and  is  mucli  frequented  for  recre- 
ation. Lafayette  Square,  in  the  Second  District,  is  finely 
laid  oxit,  and  adorned  with  a  profusion  of  shade-trees. 
Congo  Square,  in  the  rear  of  the  city,  is  also  a  handsome 
enclosure. 

PuUic  Buildings. — The  United  States  Custom-house  now 
in  process  of  erection  at  New  Orleans,  when  completed  will 
be  the  largest  building  in  the  United  States,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Capitol  at  AVashington,  covering  an  area  of 
87,333  superficial  feet.  Its  dimensions  are — Canal  Street 
front,  334  feet;  Custom-house  Street,  252  feet;  New  Levee 
Street,  310  feet;  Old  Levee  Street,  297  feet;  height.  82  feet. 
The  general  business  room  is  116  feet  by  90,  and  has  50 
windows.  The  material  is  from  the  Quincy  quarries  of 
Mas.sachusetts.  The  United  State's  Branch  Mint  in  New 
Orleans  is  at  the  corner  of  Esplanade  and  New  Levee  Streets, 
near  the  river.  It  is  a  massive  structure,  282  feet  long,  108 
feet  deep,  and  3  stories  high,  with  2  wings,  each  81  feet  by 
29.  Tlie  Municipal  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  St.  Charles  and 
Hevia  Streets,  opposite  Lafayette  Square,  is  a  l)eautiful 
marble  edifice  in  the  Grecian  style  of  architecture.  It  is 
principally  occupied  with  public  offices,  among  which  are 
several  of  the  city  government.  The  Odd  Fellows'  Hall, 
erected  in  1852,  on  Camp  Street,  opposite  Lafayette  Square, 
and  the  Merchants'  Exchange  on  Royal  Street,  near  Canal, 
are  both  extensive  buildings,  chiefly  devoted  to  public  uses. 
Tlie  latter  contains  the  City  Post  Office  and  Merchanta' 
Reading  Room. 


*  See  not«  to  Oblkiks,  pa^  1404. 


NEW 

Many  of  the  churches  are  large  and  costly  structures. 
The  Cliurch  of  St.  Louis,  opposite  Jacksou  Square,  is  a 
splimdid  edifice,  adorned  with  a  lofty  tower  on  either  side 
of  the  niaiu  entrance.  The  building  was  erected  in  1860, 
on  the  site  of  the  old  church,  which  was  pulled  down.  On 
the  right  and  left  of  this  edifice  are  2  handsome  buildings 
in  tbo  Tuscan  and  Doric  orders,  devoted  to  various  purposes 
of  the  city  government.  The  Jewish  Synagogue,  formerly 
the  Canal-street  JOpiscopal  Church,  is  ornamented  in  front 
with  a  handsome  colonnade.  The  Presbyterian  Church,  op- 
posite Lafayette  Square,  the  new  Kpiscopal  Church,  on 
Canal  Street,  and  St.  Patrick's  Church,  on  Camp  Street,  are 
elegant  edifices,  each  adorned  with  a  graceful  spire.  The 
latter  i.s  a  conspicuous  object  to  one  approaching  the  city 
from  the  river.  Of  the  35  churches  in  the  city  in  1853,  12 
were  Koman  Catholic,  7  Episcopal,  6  Presbyterian,  5  Sletho- 
dist,  3  Lutheran,  2  Baptist;  besides  3  Jewish  synagogues. 

The  hotels  of  New  Orleans  are  conducted  upon  a  scale  of 
magnitude  scarcely  equalled  in  any  city  of  the  Union.  The 
St.  Charles  Hotel,  situated  on  St.  Charles  Street,  was  com- 
pleted in  the  autumn  of  1852,  at  an  entire  cost  of  ui)wards 
of  $600,000.  It  occupies  the  site  of  the  former  building, 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  hou.«e  has  been  leased  for  a  term  of 
7  years,  at  the  rate  of  .$30,000  per  annum,  till  1855,  and 
$40,000  for  each  succeeding  year.  The  annual  rent  of  the 
basement  is  estimated  at  $16,000.  The  St  Ix)uis  Hotel,  on 
St.  Louis  Street,  and  the  Verandah  Hotel,  on  Common 
Street,  are  also  costly  establishments.  The  city  contains  4 
or  5  theatres,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  St.  Charles,  the 
Orleans,  and  the  American.  The  first  of  these,  situated  on 
St.  Charles  Street,  is  132  feet  long  by  170  deep,  and  cost,  at 
the  time  of  its  erection,  about  $350,000.  At  the  Orleans 
Theatre  the  dramatic  representations  are  in  French.  Among 
tlie  most  remarkable  bank  edifices  may  be  meutjoned  the 
City  Bank,  on  Toulouse  Street,  Canal  Bank,  on  Magazine 
Street,  and  the  Bank  of  Louisiana.  Several  of  the  market- 
houses  are  deserving  of  notice.  St.  Mary's  Market,  in  tho 
Second  District,  is  480  feet  long  and  42  feet  wide.  The 
Jleat  Market,  on  the  Levee,  and  Washington  Market,  in 
the  Third  District,  are  also  extensive  buildings.  The  cotton 
presses  of  New  Orleans,  about  20  in  number,  are  objects  of 
much  interest;  each  of  these  usually'  occupies  an  entire 
block.  The  centre  building  of  the  New  Orleans  Cotton  Press 
is,  3  stories  high,  and  surmounted  by  a  dome,  the  summit 
of  which  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  city.  Not  less  than 
15(1.0(10  bales  of  cotton,  on  an  average,  are  annually  pressed 
at  this  establishment. 

JnstUuti(/ns. — The  benevolent  institutions  of  New  Orleans 
are  among  the  most  extensive  and  best  conducted  in  the 
United  States.  The  Charity  Hospital,  situated  on  Common 
Street,  between  St.  Mary  and  CJironde  Streets,  is  a  magnifi- 
cent structure,  290  feet  long,  and  3  stories  high.  It  is 
adorned  with  a  cupola,  and  enclosed  by  beautiful  grounds. 
The  admissions  to  the  hospital  fur  the  year  1852,  as  reports 
by  the  board  of  administrators,  were  18,470,  of  which  15,989 
were  discharged,  and  1S84  died.  Sixteen  thousiind  medical 
cases  were  treated;  there  were  also  nearly  2500  surgical  pa- 
tients. The  United  States  Naval  Hospital  is  a  handsome 
(edifice,  devoted  to  the  purposes  indicated  by  its  title.  It 
has  a  deliiihtful  situation  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
a  short  distance  above  Algiers.  Of  the  other  medical  esta- 
blishments may  be  mentioned  Stone's  Hospital,  in  the  rear 
of  the  city,  on  Canal  Street,  and  the  Fr.inklin  Infirmary, 
fronting  on  the  Pontcharti-ain  Hailroad,  each  a  fine  build- 
ing, affording  excellent  accommodations  for  the  sick. 

The  literary  and  eduaitioual  institutions,  many  of  which 
have  been  recently  established,  are  for  the  most  part  iu  a 
liighly  prosperous  condition.  "The  University  of  Louisiana, 
organized  in  1849,  has  connected  with  it  a  law  school  and  a 
tlourisbing  medical  college.  The  buildings  are  situated  on 
Common  Street,  between  Baronne  and  St.  Philippi  Streets, 
niid  occupy  the  entire  front  of  the  block.  The  Medical  Col- 
lege stjinding  in  the  centre  is  100  feet  front  and  104  feet 
de(!p.  More  than  1200  matriculants  for  the  ensuing  .season, 
ha<l  been  enrolled  on  its  lists  in  September,  1853.  This  de- 
liartnient  was  founded  in  1835.  and  lias  been  fostere<l  by 
the  liberal  acts  of  successive  legislatures,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  an  appropriation  of  $25,000  for  the  purchase 
of  apparatus,  paintings,  drawings,  plates,  &c..  illustrative 
of  the  various  branches  of  medical  science.  Its  museum 
of  anatomy  is  very  extensive.  The  pathological  department 
is  enriched  by  large  collections  from  England  and  France, 
representing  di-seases  of  the  eye  and  skin.  The  students 
of  the  college  enjoy  every  facility  for  practice  in  the  Charity 
Hospital,  which  is  tlie  largest  institution  in  America  for  the 
reception  and  treatment  of  patients. 

The  number  of  school-houses  in  the  city  (as  appears  from 
the  mayor's  message  in  1853)  is  40,  attended  by  10.885 
<iu|iils.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  pupils  for  the  last 
welve  months  has  been  2094,  eciual  to  23.9  per  cent.  Num- 
l>er  of  teachers.  211.  Of  the  40  school-houses,  17  belong  to 
th<'  city,  and  23  are  rented.  The  amount  appropriated  for 
scluxil  purposes  during  the  year  was  $188,020.  New  Orleans 
is  distinguished  for  the  ability  displayetl  in  the  management 
of  its  public  journals.    About  20  newspapers  are  published 


NEW 


in  the  city,  9  or  10  of  which  are  dailies.  Several  are  printed 
in  the  French  language.  De  Bow's  Review,  a  work  of  tli* 
highest  character,  devoted  chiefly  to  the  interests  of  com- 
merce, is  issued  monthly. 

The  following  statement  represents  the  condition  of  the 
eight  banks  of  New  Orleans  on  the  15th  of  May,  1854.  iw- 
hilities.  —  Aggregate  circulation  of  $8,127,840;  depo.sit.s. 
$12,077,613.  Cash  a.ssets,  .specie,  $8,195,295;  loans  on  depo^ 
sit,  $17,409,767  ;  foreign  and  domestic  exchange.  .$;?.S57.612. 
The  assessed  value  of  real  and  personal  property  in  New 
Orleans,  for  1852,  amounted  to  $70,194,930.  Of  this. 
$56,103,475  was  real  estate,  $10,494,755  capital,  and  $3.59G.70Ci 
slave  property.  The  revenue  from  the  sale  of  licenses 
amounted  to  $105,181. 

The  deposits  at  the  mint  for  the  year  ending  December 
31,  1852,  as  given  in  Hunt's  Magazine,  were  $7,656,909  of 
United  States  gold,  and  .$140,352  of  other  gold ;  total, 
$7,797,261,  against  $3,585,032  thi»  previous  year.  The  de- 
posits at  the  mint  for  1854,  amounted  to  $2,450,898,  and  ths 
coinage  to  $4,620,500. 

Onninerce. — New  Orleans  possesses  unrivalled  natural 
advantages  for  internal  trade.  The  Mis.sissippi  Kiver  and 
its  tributa-ries  afford  not  less  than  15,000  miles  of  navigable 
waters,  communicating  with  a  vast  extent  of  country,  illi- 
mitable in  it«  resources,  exhaustless  in  fertility,  and  em- 
bracing nearly  every  variety  of  climate.  Every  description 
of  craft  is  employed  in  transporting  the  rich  products  of 
the  upper  regions  of  the  "  Father  of  Waters,"  to  this  gi-eat 
southern  emporium.  .\t  one  portion  of  its  levee  may  bo 
seen  hundreds  of  flat-boats  grounded  on  the  "  batture."  and 
filled,  some  with  fat  cattle,  horses,  mules,  hogs,  and  sheep; 
others  with  hay,  corn,  potatoes,  butter,  cheese,  apples,  and 
cider.  The  quay  here  is  piled  with  lumber,  pork,  flour,  and 
every  variety  of  agricultural  produce,  as  if  the  Great  Valley 
had  emptiol  it)<  treasures  at  the  door  of  New  Orleans.  Far- 
ther on  is  the  steamboat  landing,  a  distinctive  feature  of 
this  metropolis.  Here  all  is  action  —  the  very  water  is 
covered  with  life.  Vessels  of  immense  size  move  upon  its 
bosom,  acknowletlging  none  of  the  powers  of  air.  One  is 
rounding-to  in  the  stream,  seeking  a  mooring.  She  is 
covered  all  over,  a  mountain  of  cotton — 3000  bales,  worth 
$180,000.  Twenty  more,  freighted  with  the  same  national 
commodity,  are  discharging  their  cargoes  at  the  wharves, 
while  huge  piles,  bale  upon  bale  and  story  above  story, 
cover  the  levee.  New  Orleans  is  the  greatest  cotton  market 
in  the  world.  Immediately  above  and  below  the  flat-lmat 
and  st<'amboat  landings  is  the  foreign  and  coast-wise  ship- 
])ing,  extending  two  and  three  tier  deep  for  nearly  four 
miles.  Here  may  be  seen  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  each  bearing  at  its  masthead  the  ensign  of  the  re- 
spective nation  to  which  it  belongs. 

Notwithst;inding  many  remarkaVjle  evidences  of  prosper- 
ity, the  merchants  and  business  men  of  the  South,  for  seve- 
ral years  past,  have  seriously  complained  that  in  commer- 
cial importance  New  Orleans  was  continually  falling  behind 
her  sister  cities  at  the  North  and  West,  and  that  her  former 
rank  could  only  be  regaimxl  by  the  wisest  and  most  liberal 
management.  Upon  this  subject  one  of  her  citizens,  in  Ja- 
nuary. 1852,  held  the  following  language: — "What,  then, 
must  be  done  for  New  Orleans?  She  must,  by  a  wise  and 
liberal  stroke  of  policy,  regain  a  part,  if  not  the  whole  of 
the  trade  she  has  supinely  lost,  and  open  new  sources  of 
opulence  and  power,  which  are  abundant  all  around  her. 
She  can  do  this  by  dianging  and  modifying  her  laws  bearing 
unecjually  and  h.irdly  upon  capital  and  enterprise  —  by 
cheapening  her  system  of  government — by  affording  greater 
facilities  and  presenting  less  restrictions  to  commerce — by 
establi.^hing  manufactures,  opening  steamship  lines  to  Eu- 
rope, and  conducting  a  foreign  import  trade;  and  finally, 
and  what  is  of  first  importance,  she  should  precede  every 
effort  by  munificent  appropriatirms  to  railroads  branching  to 
lite  West,  and  the  North,  and  the  East,  from  a  terminus  at  her 
centre,  or  from  termini  on  such  interior  streams  and  rivers  as 
are  necessarily  tributary  to  her.  Now  is  the  accepted  time 
for  action.     To-mnrrow  will  be  too  lute!" 

Much  that  is  here  recommended  has  already  been  accom 
plislied.  Her  laws  have  Ijeen  modified;  the  public  debt, 
which  in  March,  1852,  amounted  to  $7,702,329,  $2,000,OOC 
of  which  was  past  due,  had,  through  the  improved  credit 
of  the  consolidated  city,  April  1,  1853,  been  reduced  tc 
$3,182,516,  while  $437,320  still  remained  in  the  hands  of 
the  commissioners.  In  addition  to  the  several  railroads 
communicating  with  various  points  in  the  state,  are  two 
ext.ensive  lines  now  in  process  of  construction,  one  c.illcd 
the  New  Orleans  Opelousas  and  Great  Western  Kailroad, 
extending  through  Loui.siana  into  Central  Texas,  and  the 
other  the  New  Orleans  Jacksou  and  Great  Northern  Rail- 
road, designed  to  connect  with  the  railway  system  of  Teii- 
nessee  and  of  the  North- Western  states.  A  charter  has  also 
been  granted  and  a  company  organized  for  constructing  & 
road  to  communicate  with  Mobile  throuirh  the  Poiitohar- 
train  Kailroad.  In  all  these  New  Orleans  has  a  primary  and 
paramount  interest:  and  although  the  increased  fnci  ities  of 
communication  between  the  Western  and  the  Northern  At- 
lantic cities  will  doubtless  divert  a  portion  of  the  trade  from 

1317 


lU 


NEW 

its  natural  hanri^il  this  will  probably  be  more  than  com- 
pcnsatt-i!  bi  the  growing  wealth  of  the  states  west  of  the 
Mii'sissipf.i,  «^hicL  will  be  constantly  ad  ling  to  the  iilready 
iue.-:hauslible  resources  of  the  vast  JIissis.sippi  valley. 

The  foreign  ar.d  coastwise  arrivals  at  the  port  of  New 
Orleans  lor  tile  year  ending  August  31,  1853,  were — ships, 
TS2;  barques,  447;  brigs,  2i>5;  schooners,  596;  steamships, 
'i44;  and  steamboats.  3253;  total,  5617;  being  an  increase 
of  4S8  vessels  over  the  previous  year.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  there  were  1044  arrivals  of  flat-toats,  laden  with 
cattle,  lumber,  and  other  produce,  175  of  which  were  from 
Penn.oylvania.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1852,  according  to  the  statistics  furnished  by  the 
treasury  departmeut,  were  972,  (tons  423,358,)  of  which  573 
(tons  253,009)  were  by  American  ve.ssels.  The  clearances 
for  foreign  ports  were  1115,  (tons  644,482.)  of  which  718 
(tons  370,741)  were  by  American  vessels.  The  shipping  of 
the  district,  at  the  above-u«imed  date,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  81,500J  tons  registered,  and  184,512^  tons  enrolled 
and  licensed;  total.  266,013  tons.  Of  the  enrolled  and 
licensed  tonnaga,  178,766j-  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast- 
trade,  and  162.6361  tons  in  steam  navigation. 

The  annexed  Table  exhibits  the  principal  articles,  with 
their  estimated,  averaged,  and  total  value,  received  at  New 
Orleans  from  the  interior,  during  the  two  years  (inclusive) 
ending  August  31,  1853 : — 


Apples,  bbls 

Bacou,  as'd,  hhds.  &  cks. 
Bacon,  as'd,  bxs.  .  ,  , 
KacoD.  hams,  bhds,,  &  tcs. 
Bucou  iu  bulk,  Iba.  .  .  . 
Hugging,  pieces  .... 
Rale  rope,  coils   .... 

Beans,  bbls 

Butter,  kgs.  and  f  kins.    . 

Kuttur,  bbls 

lieeswax,  bbls 

Beef,  bbls 

Beef,  tierces 

Beef,  dried,  lbs 

Biitfalo  robes,  pks.  .    ,    . 

Cotton.  i)ale3 

Cornmeal,  bbls 

Corn  iu  ear,  bbls,  ,  ,  . 
Corn,  shelled,  sacks  .  . 
Cheese,  boxes  .... 
Candles,  boxes    .... 

Cider,  bbls 

Coal,  western,  bbls,  .  , 
DrM  apples,  peaches,  *'  . 
Feathers,  bags  .... 
Flaxseed,  tierces     .    .    . 

Flour,  bbls 

Furs,  bhds.,  bdls.,  and  bxs. 

Hemp,  bales 

Hides 

Hay,  bales 

Iron,  pig,  tons  ,  .  .  . 
I.ard,  bbls,  and  tcs.      .     . 

I.ard.  kegs 

Leather,  bundles  .  .  . 
l.imc,  western,  bbls.    .     . 

Lead,  pigs 

Lead,  bar,  kgs,  and  bxs,  . 
Lead,  white  ..-,.. 
.Molas.<<es.  crop,  gals.  .  . 
Oats,  bbls.  and  sks,      .    . 

Onions,  bbls 

Oil,  linseed,  tbls.    ,    .     . 

Oil,  castor,  bbls 

Oil,  lard,  bbls 

Potatoes,  bbls 

Pork,  tcs.  and  bbls,      .    . 

Pork,  boxes 

Pork,  hhds 

Pork  in  bulk,  lbs.  .  .  . 
Porter  and  ale,  bbls.  .  . 
Packing  yarn,  reels  .  . 
Skins,  deer,  packs  .  .  , 
IS.  bear,  packs  .    .    . 

Shot,  kegs 

Soap,  boxes 

Staves,  M 

Sugar,  est.  crop,  hhds,  . 
Spanish  moss,  bales     .     . 

Tallow,  bbls 

Tobaoco,  leaf,  hhds.     .    . 
Tobacco,  strips,  hhds. 
Tobacco,  stems,  hhds. 
Do.,  chewing,  kgs,  and  bxs. 
Twin  J,  bdls.  and  b.\3,  .     . 

Vinegar,  bbls 

Whiskey 

Window  glass,  bxs.      .    . 
Wheat,  bbls.  and  sks.  .     . 
Other  vario(  s  articles,  esti- 
mated at 


483-->R 
60:U7 

4009 
4286k 

laiaoo 

64144 

1-2 1553 

94<)4 

44444 

2184 

l<t4 

48565 

302i« 

18!)00 
1 
1664864 

1788 

n«-2o 
r2>.So:)l 

3U49' 
68796 
36 
TOOOOl) 
4237 
2042 


17648 
1014611 
175000 
121 
118243 
159672 

6:11 »» 
33s:)8 

210J8 

157 

725 

25700(X)0 

444i956 

17718 

508 

4742 

14K'<5 

204327 

316:)U2 

2074 

2547 

12985 'ilO 

1140 

2811 


30  00 
3  00 
41)  00 
48  00 
3702  10  00 
4.11SI24  00 
63260S100, 
10050,  130. 
ITOO  20  00 
108WJ  25  00 
4544'  8  00 
142<  6  00 
138515!  8  00 
13408,  S  00 
47238    1  75 


3  00 

70  00 

:tO  00 

65  00 

13  00 
8  00 
7  00 
6  00 
28  00 
iO  00 
13  DO 
18  50 
8>i 
75  00 
41  00 

3  00 
75 

1  30 

4  00 
6  50 
3  00 


144984 

3524-290 

120270 

2786420 

9401 

a«H72 

972424 

66458 

266664 

6115: 

9700 

6:il34 

569181 

1606 

2775 

68259424 

5.364 

1321ii 

1592540 

157988 

447174 


1  50 


17  00 

2  00 

3  00 
40  00 
■J6  00 

5  50 
30  ».> 
1  25 

4  00 

5  00 
4  00 
•  20 

1  00 

2  00 
36  00 
38  00 


14  00 
30  00 
0  00 


108 

350000 

8948 

816.80 

10232 

3639024 

300000 

300016 

202920 

5250t)0 

4840 

3074318 

878106 

189270 

42297 

841148 

3925 

2900 

5140OOO 

4469.56 

3.5436 

15240 

18019H 

4699 -'0 

408654 

4432288 

62220 

178290 

844077 

11400 

19677 

12750 

435 

6699(1 

20733 

240000 

15452688 

370  JO 

316:12 

6326000 

i:W6.-)00 

34000 

2721.50 

;46352 

1452 

1108120 


20156 
46734 
3626 
38488 
2812NO 
60044 
9027 

6598 

44786 

17 

171 

41227 

11528 

26100 

1300 

1429183 

2514 

163008 

1397132 

72441 

539)6 

300 

850000 

804 

2065 

519 

927212 

2136 

17149 

12368' 

53434 

62 

1J5496 

157689 

7572 

4-2305 

267561 

1138 

136H 

18300000 

463273 

171S4 

758 

4-291 

14114 

228095 

276606 

303 

2478 

8300000 

406 

2003 

998 

16 

2T04 

5:«)8 

7319 

23654 

4372 

130-; 

75816 
11741 
2118 
4779 
2331 
9'. 
146.352 
19l.'51 
64918 


6000000  5500000 


61068 

3505050 

1-26910 

2694160 

2-.'.502 

780572 

677040 

65980 

358-288 

63340 

7695 

494724 

172845 

•2068 

97500 

48592-222 

7542 

114105 

1676558 

25454;< 

3-23616 

9tlO 

4-25000 

4020 

72275 

5190 

8703H18 

1000000 

257235 

247374 

160302 

1860 

3137400 

788445 

189;{00 

5-2881 

856204 

2-2760 

4104 

4026000 

347464 

84368 

19703 

1-20148 

395192 

455190 

44-25696 

10605 

19H240 

616000 

4060 

14651 

24950 

230 

67600 

15924 

278122 

11827.350 

81976 

•26140 

5686200 

14676-25 

4--'360 

9S580 

18728 

•252 


Total  value  in  1853-4  . 
Total  in  18o-2-1  .  .  . 
Total  In  1851-2  .  .  . 
Total  in  1850-1  .  . 
Total  in  I819-c4>   . 
1318 


.  $115,336,793 
,  134,228,735 
.  108,051,708 
.  106,9-24,083 
,   Wi,8t7,873 


NEW 

The  falling  off  in  the  total  receipts  from  the  interior  in 
1S53-4,  as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  is  mainly  attri- 
butable to  the  reduced  crops  of  cotton  and  tobacco;  the 
stock  of  the  former  received  up  to  Deccmlwr  23,  being  only 
187.528  bales,  against  457.4:;!4  bales  during  the  same  time 
the  previous  year;  and  of  the  latter  only  7273  hogsheads 
against  the  corresponding  period  iu  1853.  The  imports  of 
coffee  from  .Tuly,  1852,  to  July,  1853.  direct  from  lUo,  were 
344.515  bags;  from  Rio  coastwise.  26,370  bags;  and  direct 
from  Cuba,  10.628  bags;  total,  381,513  bags— Ixiing  an  in- 
crease of  27,897  bags  over  the  previous  year.  The  first  coffee 
brought  from  Kio  de  Janeiro  to  this  port  was  in  1835,  In 
18.52  the  quantity  of  Kio  coffee  taken  for  consumption  in 
the  whole  United  States  was  estimated  at  845,000  bags, 
nearly  half  of  which  was  furnished  through  the  New  Ur- 
leans  market.  The  aggregate  salfts  of  coffee  for  the  year  at 
this  depot  amounted  to  upwards  of  $6,000,0(X). 

The  exports  of  cotton  for  the  year  ending  August  31, 
ISo'J;  were  772,242  bales  to  Great  Britain;  196,254  to  France; 
75,950  to  the  N,  of  Europe ;  134,657  to  the  S,  of  Kurope  and 
China;  128,629  to  Boston;  101,938  to  New  York;  15.594  to 
Philadelphia,  and  15.041  to  other  places  in  the  United 
States;  total.  1,435,815  bales,  ag.Hin.'it  997.458  the  previous 
year.  The  other  leading  exports  were  flour.  544.711  barrels ; 
bacon,  50.303  hogsheads;  laiil,  792,643  kegs;  corn.  874.774 
sacks;  tobacco,  93,715  hogsheads,  (an  increase  of  39,214 
hogsheads  from  the  previous  year,)  of  which  76.516  hoirs- 
heads  were  for  foreign  ports ;  sugar,  50,793  hogsheads  and 
6534  barrels;  mola.sse.s,  (up  the  river  excepted.)  583  hogs- 
heads and  94,107  barrels  ;  pork,  172.748  barrels;  beef,  38,'207 
barrels;  leail,  256,939  pigs,  of  which  149,781  went  to  New 
York;  and  whiskey,  81,160  barrels.  The  total  value  of 
American  produce  exported  from  New  Orleans  during  the 
year,  according  to  the  custom-house  records,  was  $76,344,669, 
of  which  amount,  $48,076,197  was  to  foreign  countries,  and 
$28,268,327  coastwise.  The  value  of  foreign  merchandise 
exported  during  the  same  period  was  $44,780,  making  a  sum 
total  of  $76,389,349.  The  following  results  have  been  ob- 
tained from  an  official  statement  of  the  exports  of  the 
growth,  produce,  and  manufactures  of  the  United  States, 
and  foreign  merchandise  from  the  district  of  New  Orleans, 
for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1853 : — Value  of  American 
produce  exported  to  foreign  countries  in  American  vessels, 
$47,628.019 :  in  foreign  ves.^els.  $'20,140,607  ;  total,  $67,768,626. 
Coastwise.  $30,695,466;  exports  of  foreign  produce  to  foreign 
countries  in  American  vessels,  $459,304;  in  foreign  ve-^sels, 
$64,630;  total,  $523,934:  sum  total,  $98,988,026.  against 
$76,389,349  for  185'2,  and  $81,216,925  for  1851.  These  re- 
sults, as  compared  with  the  previous  year,  show  an  increase 
of  $19,692,429  in  the  exports  to  foreign  countries,  and 
$2,4-27.139  coastwise. 

Algiers,  a  flourishing  village,  or  rather  suburb  of  New 
Orleans,  is  situated  opposite  to  the  city,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  ferry.  It  has  several  shipyards  and  manu- 
facturing establishments.  At  New  Orleans  and  at  these 
yards  were  built,  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1852,  1 
brig,  11  schooners,  and  4  steamers,  with  an  aggregate  bur- 
then of  1284J  tons. 

G:is  was  first  employed  to  light  the  city  in  1834;  and 
during  the  same  year  water  was  introduced  from  the  51is- 
sissippi.  It  is  raised  from  the  river  by  steam  to  an  elevated 
reservoir,  whence  five  or  six  millions  of  gallons  are  daily 
distributed  to  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Any  description  of  New  Orleans  would  be  incomplete 
without  some  notice  of  its  cemeteries,  many  of  which  are 
unique  in  plan  and  method  of  interment,  '•l-.iach  is 
enclosed  with  a  brick  wall  of  arched  cavities,  (or  ovens,  as 
they  .are  here  called.)  made  just  large  enough  to  admit  a 
single  coffin,  and  raised  tier  upon  tier,  to  a  height  of  about 
twelve  feet,  with  a  thickness  of  ten.  The  whole  enclosure 
is  divided  into  plats,  with  gravelled  paths  intersecting  each 
other  at  right  angles,  and  is  densely  covered  with  tombs 
built  wholly  above  ground,  and  from  one  to  three  stories 
high.  This  method  of  sepulture  is  adopted  from  necessity, 
and  burial  under  ground  is  never  attempted,  excepting  in 
the  'Potter's  Field,'  where  the  stranger  without  friends, 
and  the  poor  without  money,  find  an  uncertain  rest:  the 
water,  with  which  the  soil  is  always  saturated,  often  forcing 
the  coffin  and  its  contents  out  of  its  narrow  and  shallow 
cell,  to  rot  with  no  other  covering  than  the  arch  of  heaven." 

From  its  low  situation  and  warm  climate.  New  Orleans  is 
subject  to  annual  visitations  of  the  yellow  fever,  which 
have  had  the  effect  of  greatly  retarding  the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  the  place.  Statistical  tables  show  that  oftho.se 
who  are  born  and  reared  in  the  city,  as  large  a  proportion 
live  to  old  age  as  of  the  inhabitants  of  other  places  that  are 
generally  deemed  healthy.  Hut  the  yellow  fever  is  particu- 
larly fatal  to  the  unacclin)ated,  and  especially  to  tho.se  who 
have  been  from  infancy  accustomed  to  a  northern  >-iimnto. 
This  circumstance .  operates  us  a  formidable  check  on  the 
influx  of  strangers,  to  which  our  great  comm  r<' id  cities 
owe  so  large  a  proportion  of  their  population  ai  J  activity 
During  the  winter  and  spring.  New  Orleans  may  be  regarded 
as  a  healthful  residence  for  all,  whether  natives  or  strangers ; 
and  hopes  were  entertained  that,  with  the  iniprovemeuts 


^ 


NEW 


NEW 


in  the  sanitary  regulations,  there  woulcl  be  a  gradual  and 
9tendy  ailvauce  in  the  health  of  the  city  during  the  warm 
months;  but  the  year  1853  disappointed  those  hopes,  the 
epidemic  having  then  appeared  in  a  form  more  malignant 
than  was  ever  before  known.  Its  introduction,  however, 
it  is  said,  can  be  traced  to  an  infected  vessel  from  South 
America,  where  a  fever  of  an  unusually  fatal  character  pre- 
vailed. It  is  estimated  that  not  less  than  9500  persons  fell 
victims  to  this  terrible  scourge  during  the  season.  For  seve- 
ral weeks  the  number  of  deaths  averaged  near  200  per  day. 

History. — New  Orleans  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1717. 
In  1723  it  contained  about  100  cabins,  and  a  population  not 
exceeding  200  souls.  In  1727  the  Jesuits  and  Ursuline  nun.s 
arrived;  the  former  remained  until  the  expulsion  of  their 
order  from  France,  Sjiain,  and  Xaples,  in  1703,  compelled 
them  to  leave  Louisiana ;  their  entire  property  was  con- 
fiscated; their  lands,  which  were  then  .sold  by  the  court  for 
about  $186,000,  are  now  probably  worth  not  less  than 
$20,000,000.  In  1709  occurred  the  first  visitation  of  the  yellow 
fever,  which  was  introduced,  it  is  said,  by  an  English  vessel 
with  a  cargo  of  slaves  from  Africa.  The  first  regular  com- 
mercial intercourse  between  New  Orleans  and  the  ports  of 
the  United  States  was  commenced  in  1777,  by  Oliver  Pollock, 
a  citizen  of  Baltimore.  March  21,  1778,  the  city  was  visited 
by  a  fierce  conflagration,  which  destroyed  900  houses  and  a 
vast  amount  of  other  property.  In  1785,  New  Orleans  had 
a  population  of  4700.  The  city  militia,  to  the  number  of 
700,  were  organized  for  drill  in  1792.  In  1794,  the  first 
newspaper,  called  "  Le  Jloniteur,"  was  published.  In  1702, 
New  Orleans  was  conveyed  to  the  Spanish,  reconveyiid  to 
the  French  in  1800,  and  included  in  the  purchase  of  Louisi- 
ana by  the  United  States  in  1803.  At  this  time  it  contained 
a  population  of  SOOO.  Its  commerce  extended  to  all  the  West, 
to  the  Eastern  States,  and  to  Europe.  The  exports  of  1802 
were  50,000  barrels  of  flour;  3000  barrels  of  beef  and  pork; 
2000  ho^rsheads  of  tobacco ;  34,000  bales  of  cotton ;  4000  hogs- 
heads of  sugar,  and  800  casks  of  molasses.  New  Orleans  is 
famous  in  history  as  the  place  designated  to  become  the  seat 
of  the  monarchy  intended  to  have  been  established  by  the 
treason  of  .\aron  Burr.  During  the  mouth  of  January,  1804, 
the  citizens  were  in  a  state  of  continual  alarm:  volunteer 
companies  and  other  troops  constantly  patrolled  the  streets, 
ready  to  suppress  the  first  attempt  at  insurrection.  This 
year  it  was  made  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  next,  (1805,)  New 
■  Orleans  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  In  1810,  seven  years 
after  it  was  received  Into  the  United  States,  its  population 
had  Increased  to  17,242.  January  8,  1815,  General  I'aken- 
ham,  commanding  the  English  forces,  made  an  attack  on  the 
city,  approaching  it  through  Lakes  Borgue  and  Pontchar- 
train,  and  was  signally  defeated  by  the  Americans  under 
General  Jackson.  The  loss  of  the  English  in  killed  and 
wounded  was  nearly  3000;  the  American  loss  was  only  7 
men  killed  and  6  wounded.  It  was  not  till  after  peace  was 
established  by  the  Treaty  of  Ghent,  that  New  Orleans  began 
to  reap  the  full  advantages  of  a  steam  navigation  on  the 
Mississipjji,  and  to  hold  that  commercial  pre-eminence  she 
now  enjoys.  Named  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  re- 
gent of  France  during  the  niinoritv  of  Louis  XV.  Pop.  in 
1820,  27,176;  1830,  46,310;  1840,102,193;  1850,126,375;  in 
1S60,  168,675.  The  great  naval  victory  gained  (April  2u) 
by  Com.  Farragut  oijeued  this  city  to  the  Union  arnij-,  by 
which  it  was  occupied  May  1,  l.Sti2. 

NEW  OX'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NEW  PAL/ESTINH.  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  I'ALTZ,  (pAlts,)  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of 
Ulster  CO..  New  York,  on  Walkill  River,  72  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Albany.     It  has  a  bank  and  an  academy.     Pop. 2023. 

NEW  PALTZ  LAND/]  NU,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  II\idson  River  opposite  Poughkeepsie. 

Ni;W  PAK'IS,  aflouri.shing  post-village  of  Jefferson  town- 
ship, Preble  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E.  fork  of  Whitewater  Kiver, 
67  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cincinnati.  It  ix)ssesses  fine  water-power, 
and  contains  a  woolleu  factory  and  several  flouring-mills. 
Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

NEW  PA  lilS,  a  post-village  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana,  about 
7  miles  S.  of  Goshen,  the  county-seat.  Population  about 
200. 

NEW  PAT'EKSON,a  village  of  Sussex  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  Swartw'out's  Lake.  5  miles  W.  of  Newton. 

NEW  PEN/NINGTON.  a  post-ofiice,  Decatur  co.,  Indiana. 

NEW  PE'TERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Highland  Co., 
Ohio,  70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  over  300. 

NEW  PIIILADEL'PIIIA.  a  village  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  railroad  which  leads  from  Pottsville  towards 
Tamaqua.  about  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  the  former. 

NEW  PIIILADELPIII.i,  Kentucky,  a  station  on  the 
Covington  and  Lexington  Railroad.  13  miles  from  Covington. 

NEW  PHILADELPHIA,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Go- 
shen township,  and  capital  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Tuscarawas  River,  100  miles  E,N.E.of  Colum- 
bua  It  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  plain,  in  the  midst  of  a 
fertile,  highly-cultivated  country.  A  branch  of  the  Cleve- 
land and  Pittsburg  Railroad  terminates  here.  The  Ohio 
Canal  passes  within  a  mile  or  two  of  the  village.  Coal  and 
iron  ore  are  abundant  here.    It  contains  6  churches,  1  bank. 


2  newspaper  offices,  a  large  iron  foundry  and  machine-rfhop, 

and  several  manufactories.    Settled  in  1804.     Pop 1850, 

1415 ;  iu  18t>4,  about  3000. 

NEW  PHILADELPHIA,  a  post-village  of  Wa«biiii,'ton  o\, 
Indiana,  90  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  PHILADELPHIA,  a  post-ofBce  of  Pike  co.,  Illinoisi 

NEW  PHILIPPINES.    See  Caroli.ve  Isla.nds. 

NEW  PITT.<'BURO,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio 
about  90  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

NEW  PLA'TO,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

NEW  PLYM/OUTH,  a  settlement  of  New  Zealand.  N. 
island,  on  its  W.  coast,  150  miles  S.S.W.  of  Auckland.  Pup 
1155. 

NEW  PLYJIOUTII,  a  small  post-village  of  Vinton  co., 
Ohio. 

NEW  POINT,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Indianapolis  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad.  55  miles  from  Cincinnati. 

NEW  POINT  COJI'FORT,  Chesapeake  Bay,  the  N.  side  of 
the  entrance  to  Mobjack  Bay,  about  18  miles  N.  of  Old 
Point  Comfort.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light,  60  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

NEWPORT,  new'port,  (L.  No>viis  Burlr/us,)  a  parliamentary 
and  muuicipal  borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of  linghind, 
CO.  of  Hants,  iu  the  centre  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  of  which  it  is 
the  capital,  on  the  navigable  Medina  River,  at  the  head  of  its 
navigation,  and  here  crossed  by  an  old  stone  bridge,  17  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Southampton.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  iu 
1851,  8047.  It  is  delightfully  situated;  and  has  an  ancient 
church,  in  which  was  buried  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Charles 
I.,  (who  died  a  prisoner  in  Carisbrooke  Castle,  after  her 
father's  execution,)  a  grammar  school,  founded  by  James 
I.,  and  within  which  Charles  Land  the  parliamentary  com- 
missioners concluded  the  "  Treaty  of  Newport ;"  an  ancient 
guildhall  and  market-house,  borough  and  county  jail,  2 
assembly  rooms,  a  neat  theatre,  excellent  public  library, 
literary  and  mechanics'  institutions.  2  or  3  bank.s.  and  a 
manufactory  of  lace.  Newport  is  tiimous  for  its  agricultural 
implements.  In  the  vicinity  is  the  grand  military  depot  of 
Parkhurst  Barracks,  now  in  a  great  measure  converted  into 
a  national  model-prison,  and  opposite  to  it  a  large  house  of 
industry  for  the  whole  island.  Quarter  sessions  are  held  here, 
also  an  ancient  governor's  court,  having  exten.sive  power 
over  the  whole  island.  Newport  sends  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

NEWPORT,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  boroiigh,  and 
river-port  town  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth,  on  the  Usk, 
here  crossed  by  an  excellent  stone  bridge,  about  4  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Monmouth  and  Car- 
diff Railway,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Monmouth.  Pop.  in  1851, 
19,323.  The  chief  buildings  are  the  ancient  parish  church, 
erected  at  various  epochs,  and  the  ruined  castle|  built  by 
Robert  Fitzroy,  son  of  Henry  I.,  remains  of  a  monastery,  a 
union  workhouse,  several  schools  and  chapels,  maguificeut 
new  docks  and  wharve.s,  with  yards  for  ship-building,  irou 
foundries,  and  immense  exports  of  coal,  iron,  and  tin, 
brought  to  it  by  canals,  or  tram  railways.  The  port  is  ac- 
ce.ssible  to  very  large  vessels.  Registered  shipping,  in  1847, 
11,042  tons.  The  borough  unites  with  Monmouth  and  Usk 
in  sending  1  memlier  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

NEWPORT,  a  market-town,  seaport,  and  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Pembroke,  on  the  Iri.sh  Sea,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Fishguard.  Pop.  in  1851,  1716.  The  town  is  a  nominal 
municipal  borough.  Its  bay,  of  .same  name,  forms  an  excel- 
lent harbor,  whence  slates  and  agricultural  produce  are 
exported.     The  chief  imports  are  coal  and  timber. 

NEWPORT,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop,  on  the  Strine,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop, 
2497.  It  has  a  branch  bank,  considerable  malt  works,  and 
in  the  vicinity,  mines  of  coal  and  iron.  It  is  connected  by 
canals  with  Shrewsbury,  Birmingham,  and  Liverpool. 

NE'SVPORT,  a  suburb  of  Launceston,  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall. 

NEWPORT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  with  a 
station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  5  miles  S.  of 
Chesterford. 

NEWPORT,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife, 
parish  of  Forgan. 

NEWPORT,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Nieuport. 

NEW'PORT,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Rhode  Island,  has  an  area  of  about  125  square  miles.  It 
consists  of  sevenal  small  islands  in  Narraganset  Bay.  with 
a  portion  of  the  mainland  on  its  eastern  shore.  It  enjoys 
great  facilities  for  navigation  and  the  fi.sheries,  and  consi- 
derable attention  has  recently  been  paid  to  manufactures. 
The  surface  is  moderately  uneven,  and  the  .soil  generally 
fertile.  Large  quantities  of  coal,  and  some  blacklead,  are 
found  in  this  county.    Capital,  Newport.     Pop.  21.896. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  55 
miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1403. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Sul- 
livan CO.,  New  Hampshire,  about  35  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of 
Concord;  it  has  a  bank,  4  churches,  1  newspaper  office,! 
scythe-factory,  4  woollen  factories,  and  2  tanneries.  P.  2077, 

N  EWPORT.  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  neat 
Memphremagog  Lake,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.  P.  119' 

1319 


NEW 


NEW 


NEWPOKT.  a  post-town,  port  of  entry,  feat  if  justice  of 
^^ewpo^t  county,  Khode  Isiand,  and  semi-capital  of  the 
state,  is  ."situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  Khode  Island,  5  miles 
from  the  ocean  by  ship-channel,  and  28  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
I'rovidence:  lat.  -11°  29'  X_  Ion.  71°  19'  12"  W.  The  harbor 
is  one  of  the  best  on  the  United  States  coast,  being  capa- 
cious, safe,  easy  of  access,  and  of  sufficient  depth  for  the 
lar>;est  ship.s.  It  is  defended  by  Fort  Wolcott,  on  Goat  Island, 
and  Fort  .Adams,  a  fortificjition  of  great  size  and  strength, 
onBrenton'sPoiutjabout  H  miles  S.W.  of  the  town.  New- 
port has  a  beautiful  site  on  an  acclivity  facing  the  harbor. 
Within  a  few  years  the  town  has  been  greatly  improved, 
both  with  regard  to  its  streets  and  buildings.  Its  fine  sea- 
air  and  varied  scenery  have  rendered  it  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  watering-places  in  Xew  England.  Several  splen- 
did hotels  have  been  built,  and  wealthj'  persons  from  other 
cities  have  erected  many  handsome  edifices  for  summer  re- 
sidence. The  principal  public  buildings  are  the  State-house, 
a  commodious  brick  structure,  adorned  with  an  octagonal 
cupola,  and  containing,  besides  the  legislative  halls,  apart- 
ments for  the  several  courts  of  the  county,  state,  and  United 
States,  a  custom-house,  and  a  market-house.  The  Redwood 
Library  is  a  very  handsome  Doric  edifice,  built  in  1788  by 
Harrison,  one  of  the  architects  of  Blenheim  Hou.se.  The 
library  contjiins  about  15,(K)0  volumes,  besides  numerous 
pictures  and  busts.  There  are  about  15  churches  in  New- 
port of  the  various  denominations.  The  Friends'  meeting- 
house was  erected  in  the  year  1700,  at  which  date,  it  is  said, 
that  about  one-half  of  the  entire  population  belonged  to  that 
society.  The  Synairogue  is  a  fine  brick  building,  kept  in 
repair  by  endowment,  though  seldom  opened.  The  Jewish 
burjing-ground  in  the  same  street,  has  been  celebrated  by 
Longfellow  in  a  noble  strain  of  poetic  thought.  Among  the 
hotels,  the  Ocean  House  and  the  liellovue  House  may  be 
mentioned  as  the  most  e.xtensive.  It  has  manufactories  of 
carriages,  cabinet-ware,  clocks,  oil,  soap  and  candles,  calicoes, 
muslins,  &c.  The  town  contains  seven  banks,  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  altout  S'HO.OOO,  three  savings  institutions, 
and  an  academy.  One  daily  and  one  weekly  newspajier  are 
issued  here. 

For  a  long  period  after  the  first  settlement  of  the  colonies, 
Newport,  in  commercial  importance,  was  the  rival  of  Bos- 
ton and  New  York,  and,  until  the  Kevolution,  it  ranked 
among  the  first  commercial  cities  of  Xew  England ;  but  by 
that  event  its  commerce  wa-s  entirely  destroyed,  and  its 
population  reduced  from  about  10,000  to  .5500.  Since  then 
it  has  never  lieen  able  to  recover  its  former  rank.  The  ship- 
ping of  the  district,  June  30,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  6301  tons  registered,  and  4699^  tons  enrolled  and 
licensed.  Of  the  former,  1851  tons  were  employed  ia  the 
whale  fishery ;  and  of  the  latter,  3785y  were  employed  in 
the  coast  trade;  560  tons  in  the  cod  and  mackerel  fishe- 
ries, and  255|  tons  in  steam  navigation.  The  foreign  arri- 
vals for  the  year  were  28 — tons  4833,  and  the  clearances  20, 
— tons  4337 ;  of  which  4287  were  in  American  bottoms.  Dur- 
ing the  rebellion,  Newport  has  been  the  seat  of  the  Naval 
Academy  of  the  Unitetl  States.  The  assessed  value  of  taxa- 
ble property  for  the  town  is  about  $5,000,000.  Newixirt 
has  regular  steamboat  communication  with  Pro^^dence  and 
New  York.  It  is  also  connected  with  Fall  Kiver  by  an  ex- 
tension of  the  Boston  and  Old  Colonv  Railroad.  (For  his- 
tory, see  Rhode  Island.)  Population  of  the  township  in  1830 
8010;  in  1840.  S:;33;  in  1850,  9563;  in  1855,  about  10,000. 
and  in  ISiVi,  10,508. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer  co., 
New  York,  on  West  Canada  Creek,  about  85  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Albany.  The  village  contains  4  or  5  churches,  and 
several  stores  and  factories.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2113. 

NEAVPORT  or  NANTUXET,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland 
CO..  New  Jersey,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Salem. 

NEWPORT,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  620. 

NEWPORT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Oliver  township. 
Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jnniata 
River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad.  24  miles  N.W.  of  IlarrLs- 
burg.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  is  a  general  depot 
for  grain,  which  is  exported  by  the  Pennsvlvania  Canal. 
Pop.  649. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware,  on 
the  AVilmiugton  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  4  miles  W.  of 
Wilmington. 

NE\VI'ORT,  a  post-village  in  Charles  CO.,  Maryland,  50 
miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Annapolis. 

NEWPORT,  a  village  of  Augusta  CO.,  Virginia,  18  mUes 
W.  of  Staunton,  the  county  seat,  has  2  stores. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co..  Virsinia. 

NEW  PORT,  a  post-village  of  Wakulla"  co.,  Florida,  on 
App.ilachee  Ray,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Mark's  River,  about  3 
m:les  alwve  St.  Mark's.  A  plank-road  is  in  progress  from 
this  place  to  the  boundary  of  Georgia.  A  newspaper  is  pub- 
lished here.   Pop.  441. 

NKWI'ORT,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Alatoma. 

Nl-.\\  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Attala  co..  5Iississippi. 

NEW  PUI;T.  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Arkansas. 

^''■''^^  1'9^^'  *  POst-viUage,  capital  of  Cocke  co.,  Tennessee, 


on  the  French  Broad  River,  47  miles  E.  of  Knoxville,  con- 
tains 2  or  3  churches  and  an  academy. 

NEWPORT,  a  flourishing  and  beautiful  city  of  Campbell 
CO.,  Kentucky,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  Cin- 
cinnati, 80  miles  N,N.K.  of  Frankfort,  and  ju.st  above  tho 
mouth  of  Licking  River,  which  separates  it  from  Covington. 
It  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  importance  chiefly  to  its 
proximity  to  Cincinnati,  and  the  beauty  of  its  situation. 
Newport  and  the  villages  of  Jamestown  and  Bnxiklyn. 
occupying  about  2000  acres,  in  a  few  years  will  be  united 
as  one  town,  a  great  part  of  which  will  be  eouiposed  of 
elegant  mansions  and  cottages  of  wealthy  citizens  and  per- 
sons who  have  retired  from  busines.s.  It  contains  several 
extensive  rolling-mills,  iron  foundries,  and  steam-mills,  and 
a  manufactory  of  silk  goods;  also  1  bank,  12  churches  aud 
1  newspaper  office.    Pop.  10,046. 

NEWPORT,  a  village  of  Shelby  co..  Ohio,  on  tfie  Miami 
and  Erie  Canal,  112  miles,  by  canal,  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-vUlage  and  town.ship  of  Washington 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  14  miles  above  JIarietta.  The 
village  has  an  active  business,  and  contains  about  6U0 
inhabitants.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1824. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  of  ilonroe  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Erie,  8  miles  N.E.  of  .Monroe  City.  Oak  timber  and 
staves  are  shipped  here. 

NEWI'ORT.  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  St.  Clair  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Belle  River.  45  miles 
N.E.  of  Detroit.    It  contains  several  stores' and  mills. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Vermilion  co., 
Indiana,  on  Little  Vermilion  River,  1  mile  from  the  Waba.sh 
River,  and  75  miles  W.  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  2  chu'-ches, 
and  a  flouri.shing  seminary. 

NEWPORT,  a    flouri.<hing    post-village    of  Wayne    co, 
Indiana,  on  the  plank-road  fi-om  Richmond  to  Winchester, 
10  miles  N.N.W.  of  the  former. 
NEWPORT,  a  small  village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois. 
NEWPORT,  a  village  of  Greene  co..  Illinois,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Illinois  River.  14  miles  W.X.W.  of  CarroUton. 
NEWPORT,  a  post-township  in  Lake  co.,  Ulinoi.s.   P.  1170. 
NEWPC)RT,  a  small  village  of  Franklin  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  67  miles  by  land  W.  of  St.  Loui.s,  waa 
formerly  the  county  seat 
NEWPORT,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa. 
KEWPOKT,  a  township  of  Columbia  county,  Wisconsin. 
Population  1020. 

NEWPORT,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Hanta,' 
on  an  arm  of  Jlines  Bay,  opposite  Falmouth  and  ailjoining 
Windsor  the  county  seat,  about  30  miles  X.X.W.  cf  Halifax. 
NEW  POKT/AGK,  a  post-village  of  Summit  co .  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  Canal,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and  ZanetvUle  RaU- 
roa<l.  119  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

NEW /PORT  CENTRE,  a  postoffice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 
NEWPORT  CENTRE,  a  postoffice  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa. 
NEW  PORT'LAND,  a  post-township.  Somerset  co..  Maine, 
on  Seven  Jlile  Brook,  (which  with  its  tributaries  here  aflorda 
good  water-power,)  abotit  50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Augusta.    A 
bridge  has  been  built  across  the  river  here,  at  a  cost  of 
S3IXK).     The  township  contains  two  villages,  one  called  West 
Village,  (name  of  post-office.  Xew  Portland.)  and  the  other 
North  Portland.    SVest  Village  has  3  churches  and  3  stores. 
Pop.  about  200 ;  of  the  township.  1664. 
NEW  PORTL.\ND,  a  postK)ffice  of  Stewart  CO..  Tennes,«ee. 
NEW  PORTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Ralls  co..  Missouri,  on 
Salt  River,  about  95  miles  X.X.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

NEWPORT  NEWS,  a  post-office  of  Warwick  co..  Virginia. 
NEW'POUT-PAG'XELL.  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Buckingham,  on  the  Ouse.  crossed  here  by 
two  stone  bridges,  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  AVolverton.  Pop.  of 
the  town  in  1851,  3312.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace,  em- 
ploying a  large  part  of  the  population. 

NEAVPORT    PRATT,   a    seaport-town   of  Ireland.  Con- 
naught.  CO.  of  Mayo,  on  the  Newport  River,  8  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Castlebar.     Pop.  1091.     The  harbor  is  spacious  and  safe. 
NEWPORT  RIVERS.  North  and  South,  two  small  streams 
of  Liberty  co.,  Georgia,  flowing  into  St.  Catharine's  Sound. 
NEWPORT  TIP,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tippe- 
rary,  on  the  Mulkern,  9^  miles  X.E.  of  Limerick.   Pop.  1000. 
NEW'PORTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania. 116  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Harrisburg. 
NEW  POTO'SI.  a  post-office  of  .Mncon  co..  Alabama. 
NEW  PRESTON,  a  post-village  of  Washington  township, 
Litchfield  co..  Connecticut,  about  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  New 
Haven.    See  ■\V.\shixgton. 
NEW  PRINCET'ON,  a  post-office  of  Coshocton  co..  Ohia 
NEW  PROS/PECT.  a  post-village  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jot. 
sey.  22  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Jersey  City. 

NEW  PROSPECT,  a  post-village  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

NEAV  PROSPECT,  a  village  in  Greene  co..  Alabama,  100 
miles  X.W.  bv  W.  of  Montgomery. 

NEW  PROSPECT,  a  post-office  of  Winston  co.,  Mississippi. 
NEW  PROSPECT,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  Ohio. 
NEW  PROSPECT,  a  village  of  Orange  co..  Indiana,  oi»  tho 
New  Albany  and  Vincennes  Turnpike,  8  miles  W.  of  funU 


NEW 


NEW 


NEW  PROVIDEXCE,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Union  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Passaic 
River,  about  13  miles  W.  of  Newark.    Pop.  1308. 

NEW  PROVIDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
Fylvaniii. 

NEW  PROVIDEXCB,  a  post-offlce  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

NEW  PROVIDKXCK,  a  po.<t-village  of  Montjjromery  co., 
rennessee,  on  tlie  Cumtjerland  River,  47  miles  by  the  road 
N.W.  of  Nashville.  It  is  a  depot  for  tobacco  and  other  pro- 
duce, which  is  forwarded  by  steamboats  down  the  river. 
Pop.  about  tX)U. 

NEW  I'ROVIDEXCE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  New  Albany  and  Salem  Railroad,  19  miles  N.X.W. 
of  New  Albanv. 

NEW  PROVIDENCE,  the  most  important  of  the  Bahama 
Islands,  between  Eleuthera  and  Aiidros;  lat.  25°  5'  N., 
Ion.  77°  21'  W.  It  is  17  miles  long  from  E.  to  W.,  and  7 
miles  across  in  its  widest  part,  which  is  in  the  middle.  It 
Is  mostly  flat,  and  covered  with  brushwood  and  extensive 
lagoong.  On  the  N.  side  is  the  harbor  and  town  of  Nirssiiu, 
tlie  seat  of  government  of  the  Bahamas.  The  harbor  is 
nearly  laud-locked,  being  sheltered  on  the  N.  by  Hog  Island. 
Kew  Providence  was  colonized  by  the  English  in  1029,  but 
they  were  expelled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1041.  It  subse- 
quently fell  again  into  the  hands  of  the  English,  and  was 
again  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  but  was  eventually  restored 
to  the  former  at  the  peace  of  1783. 

NEW  QUAV,  a  small  seaport  of  Wales,  co.  and  on  the 
Bay  of  Cardigan,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lampeter.  About  70 
vessels  of  40  or  50  tons  belong  to  the  port. 

NEW  RETREAT/,  a  post-offlce  of  Washington  co.,  In- 
diana. 

NEW  RICII'LAND,  a  post-offlce  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  RICII'MOND,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania. 

NE\V  RICHMOND,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Ohio  town- 
ship, Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  20  miles  above 
Cincinnati.  It  is  the  most  populous  village  in  the  county, 
It  has  9  churches  a  town  hall,  a  Union  school,  10  dry-goods 
Btores,  1  woollen-factory,  1  brewery,  and  several  steam-mills. 
Popubition.  2211. 

NEW  RIcmiOND,  a  village  of  .tlontgomery  co.,  Indiana, 
12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Crawfordsville. 

NEW  RIVEK.  of  Virginia.     See  Kavawra. 

NEW  lUV/EK,  of  North  Carolina,  a  small  stream  which 
rises  near  the  N.W.  corner  of  Onslow  co..  and  flowing  south- 
ward, enters  the  Atlantic  through  New  River  Inlet. 

NEW  RIVER,  of  Beaufort  district,  South  Carolina,  flows 
southward,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  the  state. 

NEW  RIVER,  of  Alabama.    See  Sipset. 

NKW  RIVEli,  of  Louisiana,  flows  into  Lake  Maurepag 
from  the  W. 

NE\V  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Florida. 

NEW  HIVER,  a  iiost-office  of  Ascension  parish,  Ixtuisiana. 

NKW  ROAD,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  New  York. 

NEW  ROCHE L[/l!;,(ro-sh^ll',)  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Westchester  CO.,  New  York,  on  liOng  Island  Sound,  and 
on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  20  miles  N.E.  of 
New  York.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  contains 
6  or  7  churches,  about  a  dozen  stores,  and  several  boarding- 
houses.     Pop.  estimated  at  2400;  of  the  township,  3519. 

NEW  ROCU'ESTER,  a  post-village  of  Wood  co..  Ohio. 

NEW  ROCK'FORD,  a  village  of  Jackson  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  E.  fork  of  White  River,  and  on  the  railroad  from  Jeffer- 
sonville  to  Ccilunibus,  tx)  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis.  Popu- 
lation fstiniatud  at  300. 

N  KW  Kdi;.  rO,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Kentucky. 

N  K\V  l!(JSS.  a  postrvillage  in  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana,  30 
miles  \.W.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  RU.Ni'LEY,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  128 
miles  K.N.H  of  Columbus. 

NEW  RUS^SIA,  a  postrofflce  of  Essex  co.,  New  York. 

NEWK  Y.  nu're(!,  a  parliamentary  borough,  river-port  town, 
and  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  counties  of  Down  and  Armagh, 
on  the  Newry  Water,  here  crossed  by  8  bridges,  6  miles 
above  its  fall  in  Carlingford  Bay,  and  on  the  Newry  Canal, 
which  forms  a  navigation  between  the  bay  and  Longh 
Neagh,  34  miles  S.W.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  in  1851.  24,809.  It  is 
well  built,  with  the  exception  of  some  parts  of  the  old  town; 
has  2  handsome  cliurchof!,  2  l.^rge  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  a 
convent,  a  pvepa'^story  seminary  for  Maynooth  College, 
various  minor  schools.  *  town-hall,  2  jails,  large  Infantry 
barracks,  a  union  workhouse,  assembly  rooms,  a  custom- 
house, and.  a  court  and  market  house.  The  port  admits 
large  vessels  to  Wsrren^^dnt.  about  4  miles  below  the  town ; 
4nd  the  canal,  vessels  of  600  tons  burden.  The  principal 
exports  are  linen,  grain,  provisions,  cattle,  eggs,  and  butter, 
Alefly  to  England,  but  it  trades  also  with  North  America, 
theBalticund  the  Levant.  Registered  8hipping(1847) 21,394 
'ous.  The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

NEWRY,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  50  miles 
^.W.  of  .\ugusta.     Pop.  474. 

NEWRY,  a  post-village  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania,  125 
miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 


NKWRY,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  5lKf 
catatuc  River,  16  miles  E.  of  Brownstown. 

NEWS,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois. 

NEW  SA'LEM,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ma.ssa 
chusetts,  70  miles  AV.N.^V.  of  Boston.     Pop.  957. 

NEW  S.\LEM,  a  post>office  of  Albany  co..  New  York. 

NEW  SAI,EM,  a  postrvillage  of  Payette  co.,  Pen^'sylvania 
about  50  miles  S.  of  Pittsburg,  and  190  miles  W.  by  S.  ol 
Harrisburg,  has  about  50  houses. 

NEAV  SALEM,  a  post-borough  of  Salem  township.  West 
moreland  co.,  I'enn.sylvania.  on  the  Northern  Turnpike  from 
Pittsburg  to  Harrisburg,  28  miles  E.  of  the  former.  The 
post-office  is  called  Salem  Cross  lioads.     Pop.  about  300. 

NEW  SALE.M,  Harrison  co.,  W.  Virginia.    See  Appendix. 

NKW  SALEM,  a  post-village  in  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolin.i. 

NEW  SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas,  about  240 
miles  N.E.  of  Austin. 

NiiWSALKM.a  post-villageof  Fairfield  CO., Ohio,  11  miles 
N.E.  of  Lancaster. 

NEW  SAljEM,  a  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  47 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  SALE.M,  a  village  of  Edwards  co.,  Illinois,  8  miles 
N.  of  Albion,  the  county  seat,  is  settled  by  Germans. 

NEM'  SALEM,  a  post-village  of  I'ike  co.,  Illinois. 

NEW  SALlSIiURY,  (sawlzAbfr-re,)  a  post-village  in  Har- 
rison CO..  Indiana,  110  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  SANT.\  FE,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri. 

NEW  SANTANDElt,  a  department  and  town  of  Mexico. 
See  Tamal'lipas  and  Nuevo  Santander. 

NEW  SARUM,  a  city  of  England.    See  SAUsnirRT. 

NEW  SCOT'LAND,  a  post-township  of  Albany  co..  New 
York,  9  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany.    Pop.  3304. 

NEW  SCOTTS'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Beaver  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NEW  SEW/ICKLY,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Peun- 
svlvania.    Pop.  1785. 

NEW  SIIA'RON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin 
CO.,  Maine,  on  Sandy  River,  6  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  28 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Augusta.  The  falls  of  Sandy  River  here 
afford  a  superior  water-power,  which  is  partly  improved  by 
a  large  manufactory  of  siishes,  and  blinds,  by  manufactories 
of  bedsteads  and  chairs,  machine-shops,  carding-mill,  and 
saw,  grist,  and  shingle-niiUs.  The  river  is  crossed  here  by 
a  large  stone  briifge,  costing  about  S7000.  Tlie  village  con- 
tains 4  churches,  a  library,  newspaper  office,  5  boot  and 
shoe  factories,  a  tannery,  carriage  factory,  potash  factory, 
and  clothing  factory  employing  about  100  females.  Fine 
granite  is  olitained  from  a  quarry  in  the  vicinity.  New 
Sliaron  has  a  larger  amount  of  capital  invested  in  trade 
and  niannfactures  tlian  any  other  township  in  the  county. 
Since  1850  its  business  has  increased  50  per  cent.  Popula- 
tion, 1731. 

N  l-;w  SUA  RON,  a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jersey, 

NEW  SHKF'KIELD.  a  post-village  of  Heaver  co.,  Penngyl- 
vani.1,  about  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Pittsburg. 

NEW  SHORE'HAM,  a  post-townsbip  of  Newport  CO., 
Rhode  Island,  comprising  Block  Island,  which  lies  30  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Newport.    Pop.  1320. 

NEW  SlftE'RIA,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
off  the  N.  coast  of  Siberia,  government  of  Yakootsk.  in  which 
they  are  comprised,  between  lat.  73°  12'  and  76°  20'  N..  and 
Ion.  135°  20'  and  150°  20'  E.  They  consist  of  Kotelnoi.  Fa- 
dievskoi,  New  Siberia,  Liakhow,  and  .«ome  smaller  islands. 
New  Siberia,  the  most  E.  of  these  islands,  is  75  miles  in 
length  and  oO  miles  in  breailth.  and  presents  some  curious 
vegetable  and  animal  fossil  remains.  It  was  discovered  by 
Hedenstroem  in  1809. 

NEW  SJIYR'NA,  a  post-offlce  of  Orange  co.,  Florida. 

NEW  SOM'ERSET,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio, 
143  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

NEW'SOM'S  DEPOT,  a  postofflce  of  Southampton  co., 
Virginia. 

NEW'SON,  a  post-office  of  Bibb  co.,  Louisiana. 

NEW  SOUTH  GEORGIA.    See  South  Shkti.and. 

NEW  SOUTH  SHETLAND.    See  South  Shktianb. 

NEW  SOUTH  WALKS,  (Fr.  Nouvellp-GdlUs-du-Stid,  noo'- 
vjll'  gin  dii  sUd.)  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  forming  the 
whole  of  the  S.E.  p.art  of  Australia,  stretching  along  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  from  Hervev  Bav,  in  iat.  26°,  to  Cape 
Howe,  lat.  37°  31'  S.;  and  W.  from  Ion.  153°  45'  to  146°  E,; 
greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.,  about  800  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  about  450  miles;  area,  estimated  at  350.000  s(iuar6 
miles.  Only  a  small  portion  of  this  immense  territory, 
extending  from  about  lat.  32°  to  36°  S..  and  from  the  ocean 
to  Ion.  148°  30'  E.,  is  regularly  settled.  The  coast-line 
presents,  in  general,  bold  perpendicular  cliffs  of  sandstone, 
in  horizontal  strata.  Occasionally  the  cliffs  are  interrupted 
by  low  sandy  beaches,  some  of  which  stretch  to  a  considerable 
distance  inland,  and  appear  to  have  been  covered  by  the  sea 
at  no  very  remote  period.  The  indentations  of  the  coast  are 
more  remarkable  for  their  number,  and  the  excellent  harbors 
which  they  form,  tlian  for  the  space  which  they  occupy 
Next  to  Hervey  Bay,  which  is  by  far  the  largest,  but  .scarcely 
included  within  the  limits  of  the  colony,  is  Moreton  Bay, 

1321 


NEW 

lilt.  27°  ;iO!  S.,  formed  between  the  mainland  and  Moreton 
and  St}  »:lt"roke  Islands,  the  two  largest  on  the  coast.  S.  of 
tliis,  tU?  first  bay  of  any  note  that  occurs  is  Port  Stephens, 
in  lat.  V-'-P  27'  S..  which  is  followed  by  a  succession  of  noble 
natural  harbors,  destined  sooner  or  later  to  become  great 
commercial  emporiums.  The  most  conspicuous  are  Port 
Huutei,  Port  Macquarie,  Broken  Bay,  Port  Jackson,  Botany 
Bay.  Jfcrvis  Bay,  Sussex  Haven,  and  Twofold  Bay. 

Phi/sicul  F<:aiures. — The  surface  of  the  country  is  much 
diver.^ified,  and  presents,  in  its  general  features,  a  succession 
of  hills  and  valleys,  mountains  and  plains.  A  mountain 
range,  varying  in  height  from  3000  feet  to  6000  feet,  extends 
N.  and  S.  nearly  parallel  to  the  coa,st,at  the  distance  of  from 
SO  miles  to  50  miles  inland;  in  the  X.  it  takes  the  name  of 
Liverpool  Range;  in  the  centre,  that  of  the  Blue  Mountains; 
and  in  the  S.,  that  of  the  Australian  Alps.  The  intervening 
space  between  the  mountains  and  the  sea  is  partly  broken 
by  spurs  and  ramifications,  but  descends  from  the  W.  w^ith 
more  or  less  rapidity,  and  has  a  generally  undulating  sur- 
fece,  intersected  by  watercourses;  well  wooded  in  some 
places,  and  in  others  covered  with  dense  brushwood. 

Geology. — As  a  general  rule,  the  prevailing  rock  on  the  E. 
eide  of  the  mountains  is  sandstone,  and  on  the  W.  gnuiite. 
Above  the  granite,  quartz  and  sieuite  are  seen  forcing  their 
vay  to  the  surface;  greenstone  and  porphyry  oft«n  form 
lofty  summits.  On  Mount  Kosciusko  in  the  S.W.,  granite 
forms  a  base  2000  feet  above  sea-level,  while  sienite  and 
quartz  attain  an  additional  height  of  4500  feet,  making  the 
whole  elevation  of  this  mount,  which  seems  to  be  the 
culminating  point  of  the  chain,  6500  feet.  On  the  same 
mount,  mica  schist,  and  chlorite,  and  argillaceous  slates,  are 
thrown  into  positions  almost  vertical ;  while  in  other  places 
the  strata,  though  evidently  upheaved,  remain  nearly  hori- 
fontal.  In  the  X.,  where  the  chain  takes  the  name  of  the 
Liverpool  Range,  greenstone  is  seen  raising  itself  in  bare  arid 
fantastic  peaks  to  the  height  of  4700  feet.  Further  S.,  at  Cul- 
lenbulk'u,  lat.  33'^  30'  S.,  the  chain  becomes  granitic,  but  .sends 
iff  towards  the  E.  a  very  remarkable  basaltic  spur,  which  has 
Shrown  the  sedimentarj'  rocks  into  the  wildest  confusion, 
producing  frightful  rents  and  gorges.  It  is  remarkable, 
that,  notwithstanding  the  numerous  indications  of  tre- 
mendous volcanic  agency  in  almost  every  mountain  district, 
no  active  volcano  is  known  to  exist,  except  in  the  single 
Instance  of  Mount  Wingen,  situated  near  the  sources  of 
Uunters  River.  In  connexion  with  the  granite, limestone, 
both  granular  and  foliated,  occurs  in  abundance,  and 
besides  being  often  hollowed  out  into  stalactitic  caverns, 
sometimes  passes  into  a  beautiful  close-grained  marble,  as 
»  hite  as  that  of  Carrara.  This  limestone  is  most  extensively 
developed  on  the  Upper  and  Lower  Ilunter  Rivers,  and  be- 
tween Wellington  and  Mount  Cauobolas.  In  some  places  it 
becomes  of  a  jetrblack  colour,  traversed  by  white  veins,  and 
at  others,  is  finely  variegated. 

Minerals. — Much  of  the  sandstone  E.  of  the  mountains, 
belongs  to  the  carJwniferous  system,  and  is  accompanied 
with  workable  seams  of  excellent  coal.  One  field,  to  which 
the  name  of  Newcastle  has  been  appropriately  given,  is  said 
to  vie  in  quality  with  that  which  has  made  the  English  New- 
castle so  famous,  and  contains  no  fewer  than  ftve  seam.s — 
two  of  5  feet  and  three  of  3  feet  in  thickness,  and  are  worked 
to  some  extent  by  tlie  Australian  .Agricultural  Company. 
Other  fields,  equally  valuable,  give  indications  of  containing 
an  abundance  of  iron  ore.  Copper  ore.  of  the  richest  quality, 
has  been  found  in  such  quantities,  that  the  veins  are 
believed  to  extend  in  every  direction  over  many  miles  of  the 
Wellington  districts;  and  one  high  hill  presents  indications 
of  being  one  solid  mass  of  metal.  Numerous  varieties?  of 
finer  pebbles  are  found  in  many  district',  and  are  so  abund- 
ant in  Hunter's  River,  that  it  is  said  to  flow  for  a  consider- 
able distance  over  rocks  of  jasper,  beautiful  agates,  opal,  and 
chalcedony.  Tlie  first  discovery  of  gold  In  Australia  oc- 
curred in  New  South  Wales  in  May.  ISol,  and  the  great 
numljer  of  places  in  which  it  has  since  been  found,  indicate 
its  existence,  in  greater  or  less  (iuantitie.«,  over  the  whole 
colony — in  the  S.,  the  centre,  and  the  N.  The  actual  quan- 
tity of  gold  hitherto  obtained  within  the  proper  limits  of 
the  colony  cannot  be  accurately  a.scertained ;  but  the  amount 
of  gold  exported  from  Sydney,  chiefiy.  it  is  to  bo  presumed, 
from  New  South  Wales,  though  partly  also  from  Victoria, 
yras,  up  to  January  20,  1853,  estimated  at  3,570,105i.— 
(See  Australia.  Minerals,  page  134.) 

Hiverx. — The  mountain  chain  above  described  forms  the' 
great  water-shed  of  the  colony.  The  country  continues 
rugged  and  mountainous  for  a  considerable  distance,  and 
at  last  assumes  the  form  of  an  elevated  plateau,  the  greater 
part  of  which  remains  unexplored,  W.  of  the  mountain 
range.  Several  considerable  rivers  descend  from  its  W. 
slope,  but  have  only  the  early  part  of  their  course  in  New 
South  Wales.  The  more  important  are  the  Murrumbidgee 
and  its  tributary  Lachlan,  which  Iwth  join  the  Murray;  tlie 
Boian,  .Macquarie,  and  I'eel.  apparently  affluents  of  the 
Darling  and  the  Ondamine.  The  comparatively  narrow 
dpace  intervening  tetween  the  mountains  and  the  Pacific, 
leaves  little  room  for  the  development  of  large  rivers.  Many 
of  them  are.  for  a  great  part  of  the  year,  either  altogether 


NEW 

dry,  or  form  only  a  succession  of  deep  ponds  or  water-holeg. 
The  most  deserving  of  notice  are,  the  Hunter  which  falls 
into  the  tine  port  of  that  name  at  Newcastle,  and  is  n.ivigable 
for  50  miles  above  its  mouth  by  small  craft  of  00  or  40  tons; 
the  Hawkesbury,  falling  into  Broken  Bay,  and  navigable  by 
vessels  of  100  tons,  as  far  as  AVindsor.  a  distant  e  of  14U  miles ; 
the  Paramatta,  important  only  as  giving  a  navigable  com- 
munication into  Sydney  Cove;  George  lUver,  which  has  its 
mouth  in  Botany  Bay,  and  is  navigable  by  small  vessels  to 
Liverpool,  a  distance  of  24  miles ;  the  Shoalhaven,  navigable 
for  20  miles,  for  vessels  of  70  or  80  tons;  the  Clyde, 
falling  into  Bateman's  Bay,  lat.  35°  45'  S.,  described  as  a 
fine,  clear,  capacious  river,  with  9  feet  water  on  the  bjir,  and 
a  deptli  within  of  7  fathoms ;  in  the  N.,  the  chief  rivers  are 
the  Hastings,  which  falls  into  Port  Macquarie,  after  a  course 
of  about  100  miles;  and  the  Clarence,  entering  Shoal  Bay, 
lat.  29°  30'  S.;  the  last  is  remarkable  for  its  great  breadth 
and  large  volume  of  water  compared  with  most  Australian 
streams,  and  navigable  for  large  steamers  for  a  considerable 
distance,  and  by  small  craft  for  nearly  90  miles. 

Climate. — The  seasons  of  New  South  Wales  are  the  very 
reverse  of  those  of  the  United  States,  the  month  of  January 
here  being  midsummer,  and  that  of  July  the  dead  of  winter. 
The  average  annual  temperature  is  64° ;  that  of  spring  being 
65°  5';  of  summer,  72°;  of  autumn,  60°;  and  of  winter,  55°. 
It  thus  appears  that  the  annual  average  range  of  the 
thermometer  does  not  exceed  17°.  The  air  in  general  is 
remarkably  elastic  and  salubrious,  and  instances  of  great 
longevity  are  not  uncommon.  At  Sydney,  no  fewer  than 
241  days  are  fine,  and  only  48  are  rainy.  It  would  seem, 
however,  that  when  rain  does  fall  it  descends  in  almost  con- 
tinuous torrents,  and  that  hence,  while  the  annual  fall  Is 
only  about  33  inches  in  New  York,  it  exceeds  52  inches  at 
Port  Jackson,  and  62  Indies  at  Port  Macquarie.  The  pre- 
vailing winds  at  Sydney  are  N.E.,  S-W.,  and  W.  Of  the.«e, 
the  most  annoying  are  the  siroccos  or  liot  W.  winds,  which 
are  supposed  to  originate  in  the  central  deserts,  and  raise 
the  temperature  to  such  an  intensity,  that  the  thermometer 
in  the  shade  stands  at  117°  or  120°.  When  continuing  for 
any  length  of  time,  the  green  leaves  turn  yelhiw,  the  grass 
becomes  dry  like  hay,  the  red  and  blue  grape  shrivel  up  and 
lose  their  color,  and  the  most  promising  harvest  is  frequently 
ruined.  It  is  s;iid,  however,  that  these  hot  wind.*,  being 
free  from  deleterious  gases,  have  no  injurious  effect  oa 
human  healtli. 

Vegetatum,  Agriculture,  and  Manufactures. — For  the  pecu- 
liar productions  of  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdom,  see  Aus- 
tralia. The  soil,  where  the  substratum  is  sandstone,  has  more 
or  less  of  a  clayish  texture ;  where  the  substratum  is  whin- 
stone,  it  is  invariably  a  light  black  mould.  Both  soils  are 
possessed  of  gretit  natural  fertility.  Many  crops  have  been 
taken  in  succession  without  nianuriug,  and  without  any 
apparent  diminution  of  productiveness.  The  fruits  of  na- 
tive growth  are  neither  numerous  nor  valuable,  but  the 
tiest  of  those  of  Europe  have  long  l)een  acclimated,  and  are 
everywhere  seen  in  abundance.  In  the  more  southern  parts 
of  the  colony,  the  fruits  include  apples.  |>ears.  peaches,  apri- 
cots, nectarines,  cherries,  plums,  oranges,  figs,  grapes,  me- 
lons, mulberries,  gooseberries,  currants,  &c. ;  and.  in  the 
more  northern  parts,  the  banana  is  equally  abnudant.  The 
peach  thrives  remarkably  well,  and  farmers  sometimes  feed 
their  pigs  with  the  windfalls  of  their  ordiards.  The  rear- 
ing of  silk-worms  on  the  mulberry  has  attracted  considera- 
ble attention ;  and  the  vine,  in  1849,  was  under  culture  on  887 
acres,  the  produce  from  which  was  97.300  gallons  of  wines 
of  good  quality,  and  1163  gallons  of  brandy.  In  1852,  82,110 
acres  were  in  wheat,  producing  l,407.4ii5  husliels;  25,019 
acres  in  maize,  producing  717.053  bushels;  6725  acres  in 
barley,  producing  133,944  bushels;  2407  acres  in  oats,  pro- 
ducing 49,069  bushels;  245  acres  in  rye.  yielding  4891  bush- 
els; 54  acres  in  millet,  yielding  731  "bushels:  4079  acres  in 
potatoes,  yielding  13.644  tons ;  731  acres  in  tob.icco.  yielding 
12.530  cwt. ;  27,598  acres  in  wheat,  barley,  and  oats  for  hay, 
yielding  31.894  tons,  and  3028  acres  in  sown  grasses,  yielding 
4711  tons  of  hay.  Tot.il  number  of  acres  in  crop.  152,057 
Cotton  is  grown  to  a  limited  extent.  The  principal  revenue, 
however,  is  obtained  from  the  pastures,  chiefly  in  the  form 
of  wool  and  tallow.  The  almost  unprecedented  increase  of 
live  stock  appears  from  the  fact,  that  the  number  of  horses, 
horned  cattle,  and  sheep,  which,  in  1825.  were  respwtively 
6142. 134.519,  and  337.622.  had  increased  to  113,895, 1.752,852, 
and  11.660.819.  respectively  in  1848.  In  the  same  year,  the 
number  of  swine  was  70.875.  The  great  increase  of  horses 
is  partly  owing  to  a  demand  for  cavalry  and  hor.«e  artillery 
in  the  F^«t  Iridies.  where  the  horses  of  the  colony  are  found 
well  suited  for  the  trying  climate.  Horned  cattle  also  ar» 
largely  exported,  and  considerable  attention  ha»  recently 
l^een  paid  to  the  curing  of  animal  food.  The  only  mana- 
tacture  that  htis  as  yet  made  much  progress  is  that  of  leathp*" 
which,  in  1848.  employed  33  tanneries:  and  woollens,  o) 
which  175,088  yards  were  woven  in  1847.  The  whale  and 
seal  fisheries,  though  somewhat  diminished  of  late  yeai-a, 
still  form  one  of  the  great  interests  of  the  colony  and  ii 
1848  amounted  in  value  to  68.969<. 

awnnierce.— The  total  value  of  goods  hmported  into  New 


NEW 


NEW 


Smith  VValfiS,  in  1851,  amounted  to  1,563. 931?.,  and  in  1852, 
to  l,y'JJ,i;i»i?. ;  the  value  of  exports  rose  from  1.790.912Z.,  in 
ISol,  to  4,GU4,03«.,  in  1852,  being  an  increase  of  2,807,122?. 
Tlie  trade  i.'*  chiefly  with  Great  Britain.  Tlie  quantity  of 
wool  exported  in  1828,  was  834,3i3  pounds;  and  in  1848, 
22,969.7U  pounds,  valued  at  1,240,144?.  In  1852,  the  quan- 
tity of  wool  exportiid  reached  only  11,966.211  ]X)unds,  valued 
at  688,317?.  In  1843,  the  exports  of  tallow,  obtained  chleHy 
by  what  is  called  the  IxrUing  down  system,  was  6680  cwt., 
valued  at  9639?.;  in  1848,  98,213  cwt.,  valued  at  140,579?.,  and 
in  18.")2,  130.330  cwt,  valued  at  174,731?.  The  number  of 
vessels  that  arrived  in  1851,  was  553,  (tons  153,002;)  in  1852, 
721,  (ti)ns  197,366 ;)  the  number  of  clearances  in  1851,  was 
503,  (tons  139,020,)  and  in  1852,701,  (tons  175.960.)  In  1852, 
direct  steam  communication  was  established  between  New 
South  Wales  and  Great  liritaiu. 

G'lvernmi'.nL  &c. — By  an  act  pas.«ed  in  1850,  Port  Phillip, 
which  foraierly  depended  on  New  South  Wales,  was  ere<'ted 
into  a  separate  colony,  under  the  name  of  Victoria,  and  in- 
dependent legislatures  established  in  both.  In  New  South 
Wale.s  the  Le;;islative  Council  consists  of  such  a  uuml)er  of 
members  as  the  governor  and  council  shall  determine;  of 
which  iaeml>ers  one-third  shall  be  nominated  by  the  Crown, 
and  two-thirds  by  the  male  inhabitants,  natural  born  or 
naturalized  British  subjects,  21  years  of  age,  and  qualified 
to  vote.  The  laws  enacted  within  the  colony  mu.st  not  be 
repuj;nant  to  the  laws  of  Great  Britain.  In  each  county 
are-cnurts  of  requests;  and  circuit  and  sessions  courts  are 
neld  at  Goulburn,  Paramatta,  Bathurst,  Maitlaud,  and  Syd- 
ney, which  last  town  is  the  seat  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
the  capital  of  the  colony.  The  colony  is  sulxllvided  into  the 
dioceses  of  Newcastle,  Sydney,  and  Melbourn(!.  The  total 
Orcjinury  revenue,  in  1851.  amounted  to  311, .538?.,  and  in 
1852,  to  438,391?.,  of  which  156,939?.  was  duties  on  spirits 
Imported,  as  well  as  made  in  the  colony,  and  217,021?.  from  the 
customs,  exclusive  of  the  duties  on  spirits  distilled  in  the 
colony.  The  crown  revenue  amounttil  to  238,502?.,  and  the 
expenditures  to  253,934?.  The  expenditure  for  military  pur- 
poses was  7939?. 

Iiiliabitants,  Education,  &c, — Since  the  first  establishment 
of  the  colony,  in  1787,  the  number  of  convicts  sent  Into  it 
from  Great  Britain,  up  to  1840.  when  the  importation  ceased, 
was  54.383 ;  of  the.se  only  2.387  were  living  in  New  South 
Wales  on  December  31, 1852.  In  1829,  capital  punishment  was 
Inflicted  in  52;  and  in  1852,  only  in  5  instances;  in  1839, 
the  convicted  felonies  amounted  to  768,  and  in  1852,  to  only 
422.  Much  of  the  improvement  is  probably  due  to  mere 
physical  causes,  the  abundant  supply  of  the  necessaries  of 
life  extinguishing  many  of  the  strongest  incentives  to  crime 
in  older  and  more  densely  peopled  countries;  but  much  of 
it  is  also  due  to  the  enlightened  efforts  which  have  been 
made  to  communicate  instruction,  and  awaken  or  strengthen 
religious  impressions.  A  University  was  established  at  Syd-, 
ney.  October  11, 1852.  The  number  of  pupils  attending  school, 
in  1852.  wiis  21,065;  in  1846,  the  number  of  pensons  between 
the  ages  of  6  and  21  who  could  not  read,  was  36,603;  and 
above  21,21,405;  making  a  total  of  38,000,  or  nearly  one- 
fifth  of  the  then  existing  population.  According  to  the 
census  of  1852,  New  South  Wales  is  at  present  divided  into 
68  counties,  and  numerous  squatting  districts.  The  num- 
ber of  clergymen,  in  1852,  was  163.  and  the  ecclesiastical 
revenue,  38,196?.  The  population,  December  31,  1852,  was 
estimated  at  208,254. 

llid'irij. — Captain  Cook,  after  sailing  round  the  E.  coast 
of  .\ustralia,  in  1770.  landed  on  a  low  swampy  tract,  to 
which,  from  the  nnmber  of  plants  found  in  it,  he  gave  the 
name  of  Botany  Bay;  while  to  the  whole  coast  along  which 
he  bad  sailed,  he  gave  the  name  of  New  South  Wales,  from 
a  fancied  resemblance  in  its  physical  features  to  that  part 
of  .South  BriUin.  In  1788,  Captain  Arthur  Phillip,  the  first 
governor,  arrived  and  cast  anchor  in  Botany  Bay,  having 
with  him  757  convicts.  The  principal  historical  events,  since 
that  period,  have  already  been  mentioned. 

NEW  SI'KING'FIELt),  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  CO., 
Ohio,  12  miles  S.K.  of  Canfield. 

NEW  STAND,  a  post-office  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa. 

NEW  STANTON,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsvlv«nia.  173  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

NBW'STEAD,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh,  1 
mile  E.  of  Jlelrose,  on  the  Tweed.  Pop.  2.50.  Near  it  are 
traces  of  a  lloman  camp,  and  remains  of  an  ecclesiastical 
edifice  nf  early  date. 

NEWSTIiAD,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Erii>  CO..  New  York.     l*op.  8162. 

NEWSTEAD,  a  post-offlce  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky. 

NEWSTEAD  ABBEY.  England,  co.  and  8i  miles  N.W,  of 
NottiiiLrham,  in  the  vicinity  of  Sherwood  Forest,  memorable 
as  the  family  residence  of  the  celebrated  poet  Byron,  founded 
In  1170.  as  a  priory  of  Black  Canons.  It  stands  on  the  verge 
of  a  small  lake,  among  grounds  of  great  l»auty;  and  hav- 
ing been  carefully  improved  by  its  present  owner,  it  is  per- 
ha;is  the  finest  of  the  antique  monastic  jiiles  remaining  in 
England.  Numerous  relics  of  the  poet  are  carefully  pre- 
served here.  The  At  hey  was  founded  by  Henry  II.,  and 
granted  to  Sir  John  Byrou  at  the  Keformation. 


NEW  STOr.E.  a  posf-ofRce  of  Buckingham  co..  Tirginia. 

NEW  SWE'DEN,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Clinton 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Au  S.ible  River,  130  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

NEWTEE',  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bombay.  38  miles  N.N.W.  of  Goa. 

NEW  TEX'AS,  a  village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania,  5 
miles  from  Allentown. 

NEW  TIM'BER,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Sussex. 

NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Camljridge. 

NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on  the 
Manchester  and  Sheffield  Railway,  5$  miles  N.E.  of  Stockport. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

NEWTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

NEWTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  360  square  miles.  It  is  liounded  on  the  S.W.  by 
South  River,  intersected  by  the  Y'ellow  and  Alcovy  Rivers. 
The  county  contains  an  abundance  of  fine  granite  and  iron 
ore.  Gold  is  found  in  small  quantities.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Georgia  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  Sergeant  John 
Newton,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution.  Capital.  Covington. 
Pop.  14,320,  of  whom  7862  were  free,  and  &458  slaves. 
•  NEWTON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Mississippi, 
has  an  area  of  about  680  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  a 
branch  of  Chickasawha  River.  Capital,  Decatur.  Pop. 9661, 
of  whom  6282  were  free,  and  3379  slaves. 

NEWTON,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Texas,  bor- 
dering on  the  Sabine  River,  which  separates  it  from  Louisi- 
ana, has  an  area  of  about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Caney  and  Big  Cow  Creeks.  Capital,  Burkeville.  Pop. 
8119,  of  whom  2106  were  free. 

NEWTON,  a -county  in  the  N.N.W.  of  Arkansas,  con- 
tains 800  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  streams 
of  Bulfulo  i'ork  of  White  River.  Capital,  Jasper.  Pop.  3393, 
of  whom  3369  were  free. 

NEWTON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  the  Indian  Territory.  It  has  an  area  of  750  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Shoal,  Oliver,  and  Centre  Creeks. 
Lead-mines  have  recently  been  opened  6  miles  from  Neosho, 
(the  capital.)    Pop.  9319,  of  whom  8893  were  free. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  Rockingham  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, intersected  by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  40 
miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  850 

NEWTON,  a  flourishing  post-town.ship  of  Middlesex  co., 
JIa.ssachusetts.  intersected  by  two  railroads  foiming  .separate 
lines  connecting  Boston  and  New  York,  8  miles  W.  of  the 
former.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W.,  S.W.,  and  S.  by  Charles 
River,  on  which,  in  this  part  of  its  course,  are  two  flourish- 
ing manufacturing  villages,  about  two  miles  ap.irt,  called 
respectively  Newto.v  Upper  F.\r.i,s  and  Newton  Lower  Fails. 
The  former  has  a  nail  mill,  rolling  mill,  paper  mill,  cotton 
factorj'.  and  machine  shop;  the  latter  7  paper  mills  and  a 
machine  shop.  The  v.alue  of  piper  annually  made  amounts 
to  from  $600,000  to  $800,000,  which  is  about  efjual  to  all  the 
other  manufactures.  Newton  Centre  is  the  seat  of  a  -well- 
endowed  theological  seminary,  under  the  control  of  the  Bap- 
tists; and  at  West  Newton  an  institution  called  the  West 
Newton  F^ngli.sh  and  Classical  School  has  bi>en  est.-iblished  in 
the  building  recently  occupied  by  one  of  the  State  Normal 
Schools,  (removed,  1853.)  There  are  also  2  other  incorpo- 
rated academies  at  Auburndale.  and  2  high  schools  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  township,  which  contains  11  churches, 
viz.:  4  Congregational,  3  Baptist,  2  Unitarian.  1  .Methodist, 
and  1  Episcopalian,  2  banks,  and  a  savings  institution.  There 
are  11  stations  on  the  above  railroads  within  this  town- 
ship. The  many  attractions  which  Newton  possesses  as  a 
pl.ice  of  residence,  and  its  facilities  for  communicMting  with 
Boston,  have  induced  many  of  the  merchants  of  that  city  to 
move  here  with  their  families.  The  population  con.sequently 
increases  more  rapidly  than  the  business.  Pop.  in  1840, 
3340,  in  1850,  5258,  and  in  1860,  8382,  which  is  distributed 
into  seven  vill.iges,  as  follows:  —  Newton  Corner,  (post- 
oflice  of  Newton.)  1600;  Newtonville.  500;  West  Newton, 
1.300;  Auburndale,  400;  Newton  Upper  Falls,  1400;  New- 
ton Lower  Falls,  800;  and  Newton  Centre,  1000. 

NEWTON,  township  Camden  co  ,  New  Jersey.  Pop.  4055. 

NEWTON,  a  post^borough  and  town.ship,  capital  of  Sussex 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Paulinskill  Creek,  68  miles  N,  of 
Trenton.  The  borough  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  contains 
a  new  court-house,  5  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices, 
I  pulilic  library,  and  2  foundries.    Pop.  2274. 

NEWTON,  a  township,  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  916. 

NEWTON,  a  post-olfice  of  Kanawha  co.,  W.  A'irginia. 

NEWTON,  a  thrivin"  post-village,  capital  of  Cat.iwba  co.. 
North  Carolina.  175  miles  W.  of  Raleigh,  is  situated  in  a  fer- 
tile and  lieautiful  counti-y,  and  has  an  active  trade.  The  Ger 
man  Reformed  Church  are  about  to  establish  a  college  here. 

NEWTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Baker  co..  Oeorrfa.  on 
Flint  River,  130  miles  S.S.W.  of  Milledgeville.     Pop.  3225. 

NEWTONT,  a  small  village  of  Bibb  CO.,  Georgia. 

NEWTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

1323 


NEW 


NEW 


fTEWTOX  n  post-village,  capital  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama, 
lJ)out  85  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montgomery. 

NEWTOX,  a  township  of  Licking  CO.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Columbus  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.    Pop.  1310. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  21-18. 

NEWTON,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Mnsldnguni  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2340. 

NE\VTON,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  956. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  Trumbull  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1495. 

NEWTON,  thriving  village  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Col  umbus.    1 1  has  1  or  2  churches  ami  several  .stores. 

NEWTi  'N,  a  po.st-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Calhoun 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  884. 

NEW^TON,  a  post-township  in  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.  P.410. 

NEWTON,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Jasper 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Embarras  River.  130  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Springfield.  The  village  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, 1  or  2  churches  and  several  stores. 

NEWTOX,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co.,  Illinois. 

NEWTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa,  35 
miles  E.  of  Des  Moines.  It  has  5  churches,  1  bank,  &c.  See 
Appendix. 

NEWTON,  a  post-township  in  Manitoowoc  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Lake  Michigan.     Population,  1.390. 

NEWrrON-AB'BOT  with  NEWTON-BUSHELL.  (bo<58h/gl,) 
a  market-tuwn  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Teign,  with 
a  station  on  the  Exeter  and  Plymouth  Railway,  5  miles  S.W. 
of  Teiguraouth.    Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  3147. 

NEWTON'-OPOX-AYR,  a  burgh  of  barony  of  Scotland,  co. 
and  opposite  Ayr,  on  the  Ayr,  and  on  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 
Pop.  of  the  burgh,  in  1851,  4814.  It  has  a  parish  church,  and 
a  council-hall,  with  ship-building  docks,  rope-walks,  manu- 
factures of  sail  cloth  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  several  iron 
and  brass  foundries.  The  harbor  has  been  improved,  and  a 
lighthouse  erected  on  its  N.  side.  Considerable  quantities 
of  coal  are  exported.  The  constitution  of  the  burgh,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  originally  granted  by  Robert  Bruce,  has 
many  curious  peculiarities. 

NEWTON  BLOS/SOMVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks. 

NEWTON  BRIDGE  and  NEWnON  JUNCTION,  England, 
are  stations  on  the  North-Westeru  Railway,  between  War- 
rington and  Liverpool. 

NEWrrON  BROMS'HOU),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

NEWTON  BYrrOFT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NEWTON  CEN'TRi:,  a  post-village  in  Newton  township, 
Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 
Here  is  the  Newton  Theological  Seminary.    See  Newtox. 

NEWTUN  COR'NER,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  7  miles  W. 
of  Boston.  It  contains  several  churches  and  schools.  The 
name  of  the  post-office  is  Newto.v,  which  see.  P.aboutlOOO. 

NEWTON  DEPOT,  (dee'po.)  a  post-office  of  Rockingham 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  and  Maine  Raikoad, 
about  40  miles  N.  of  Boston. 

NEWTON  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia, 
about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

NEWTON  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Newton  township, 
Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Mahoning  River,  and  on  the 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Cleveland. 
It  hfis  several  mills,  and  about  600  inhabitants. 

NEWTON  FER/RERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

NEWl'ON  FLOT'.MAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

NEWTON  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Sampson  co.,  North 
Carolin.\. 

NEW/TON  IIAMAILTON  or  HAM1LT0NYILLE.  a  post- 
borough  of  Jlifflin  CO.,  Pennsylvania-  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Juuiata  River,  90  miles  by  railroad  W.N.W.  of  Ilarris- 
burg.  It  is  connected  by  canal  and  railroad  with  Pittsburg 
and  Phihulelphia.     Pop.  306. 

NEWTO'NIA,  a  post  office  of  Milkinson  co..  Mis.sissippi. 

NEWTON-iN-THE-lSLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

NEWTON  KYME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

NEWTON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

NEWl'ON  LONG'VILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Bucks. 

NEWTOX  LOWER  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Cliarles  I'.iver.  11  miles  W.  of  Boston. 
It  has  a  church.  7  paper  mills,  and  amachine  shop:  a  branch 
railroad  connects  it  with  the  Boston  and  \Vorc^ster  Ra'lroad. 

NEWTON-ix-MACK'ERFIELD,  a  market--town  of  Eng- 
land,  CO.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  Manchester  and  Liverpool  aiMl 
Grand  Junction  Railways,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Manchester. 
Pop.  in  1851,  3719.  It  has  engine  factories,  with  manufac- 
tures of  fustian  and  glass  works. 

N  EWTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NEWTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

NEWTON  NOT/TAGE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamorgan. 

NEWTON.  OLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

NEWTON-os-OUSE,  (ooz,)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 


York,  North  Riding. 
1324 


NEWTON  POP'PLEFORD.  a  chapelry  of  England,  oo.  of 
Devon,  on  the  Otter,  here  crossed  by  a  three-arched  iron 
bridge.  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Sidmouth. 

NEWTOX  POT/TER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

NEWrroX  PUR'CELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NEWTOX  RIG'XV,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Cumberiand. 

NEWTOX-SIIAW  or  NEWTON-OF-SAUCHIE,  (.soK'ee.)  a 
thriving  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Clackmannan,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Kincardine.     Pop.  798. 

NEWTON  SOl^NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

NEWTOX,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NEWTON  ST.  CYRES,  (seers,)  a  pari,sh  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon. 

NEWTON  STEW/ART  or  XEWTOX-DOUGLAS,  (dtiglas,) 
a  burgh  of  barony  and  town  of  Scotland,  county  and  S  miles 
N.  of  Wigton.  chiefly  on  the  right  bank  of  tbe  Crec.  here 
cros.sed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge.  Pop.  in  1851,  2599.  It 
mostly  consists  of  one  street,  and  has  a  very  elegant  Gothic 
church,  endowed  and  other  schools,  a  town-house,  market- 
house,  subscription  library,  public  reading  rooms,  a  masonic 
lodge,  weavers',  horticultural,  and  agricultural  sorieties; 
some  manufactures  of  leather,  hand-looms,  and  a  flourish- 
ing trade  in  wool  with  Lancashire,  and  exports  of  pork  for 
the  English  markets. 

NEWTON  STEWART,  a  village  of  Orange  CO.,  Indiana, 
112  miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEWTON  ST.  LOE,  (sent-lo',)  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset,  3^  miles  W.  of  Bath.  Remains  of  a  Roman  villa 
have  been  discovered  here. 

NEWTON  ST.  PET'ROCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

NEWTON-!iE.\R-SUD/BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

NEWTONSTILLE.  a  post-office  of  Attala  co.,  Missis.*iippi. 

NEWTONSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

NEWTON-i.viHE-THISTLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Warwick. 

NEWl'ON  TO'NEY.  a  parish  of  EngLind,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NEWTON  TRA'CEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

NEWTON-ON-TRENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NEWTON  UPPER  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co., 
Miissachusetts,  on  Charles  River.  9  miles  W.  of  Boston.  It  is 
the  terminus  of  the  diaries  River  Railroad.    See  Xewiox. 

NEW/TON  VAL/EXCE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

NEWTONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Albany  co..  New  York 

NEWTOXVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Faj'ette  co..  .Vlaliama. 

NEWTONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  .Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 8  miles  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  about  500. 

NEWTON  WATER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hun- 
Ungdon. 

NEWTON  WELSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ilt-reford. 

NEWTON  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
*    NEWTON-ox-THE-WOLDS,  a  parish   of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

NEWTON  WO0D,a  pari.<ih  of  England,  co.  of  North  .impton. 

NEWTOWN,  a  parli.imentary  borough,  market-town,  and 
parish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  and  8  miles  S.AV.  of  Montgomery, 
on  the  Severn,  here  crossed  by  abridge  of  three  arclies,  and 
on  the  Montgomery  Canal,  which  connects  it  with  the  inte- 
rior n.ivigation  of  England.  Pop.  3226.  It  has  an  iincient 
church,  town-hall,  and  a  flannel-hall,  and  extensive  m.inu- 
factures  of  flannel.  Newtown  unites  with  .Montgomery, 
Llanfyllin,  Llanidloes.  Machynlleth,  and  Welshpool,  in  send- 
ing 1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

NEWT(.)WN,  a  decayed  lx)rou-h  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
parish  of  C.Tlbourne,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Newport.  Newtown 
was  burnt  bv  the  French  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 

NEWTi:)W"N,  a  beautiful  village  of  New  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Cumlieriand,  3  miles  from  Sydney.    Pop.  1215. 

NEWTO^VX.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath. 

NEWTOWXi  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Westmeath,  with 
the  town  of  Tyrrell's  Pass,  and  some  villages, 

NEWTOWN,  a  village  of  Duke's  co,,  Mas-'achusetts,  about 
75  miles  S.E,  by  S,  of  Boston,  It  contains  a  flourishing 
academj-, 

NEWTOWN,  a  post-borough  and  township  of  Fairfield  co,, 
Connecticut,  on  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  24  miles  W,X,W, 
of  New  Haven,  The  borough  consists  of  one  long  street, 
and  has  4  churches  and  aU>ut  80  dwellings.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  357 S. 

NEWTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Queen's  CO., 
New  York,  on  the  East  River,  alxjut  150  miles  S.  of  Albany. 
The  village  has  3  churches.     Pop.  13,725. 

NEWTOW  N,  New  Jersey,  a  stittion  on  the  Camden  and 
Amboy  Railroad,  7  miles  from  Bordentown. 

N  EWTOW'N,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,Pennsylvania. 
Population,  'ZSeS. 

N  l:WTOWN.  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.,  Pennsylvnnia. 
Population,  830. 

NEWTOWN,  a  post-villa.ge  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsjivauia, 
on  Whitely  Creek,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Wayncsburg. 

NEWTOWN,  a  pleasant  post-borough  and  township  of 
Bucks  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  near  Neshaminv  Cn'-'k, 
20  miles  N,E,  of  Philadelphia,    Newtown  was  the  co  uty 


NEW 


NEW 


neat  for  several  years  previous  to  1812.  It  has  2  or  3  places 
of  worship,  1  academy,  and  a  national  banlc.  Pop.  of  the 
townsliip.  1652;  of  lli'e  Uorotigli,  600. 

N  KW  i'ljWN,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NKWTOWN,  a  flourishing  post-villapje  of  Worcester  co., 
Maryland,  on  the  K.  side  of  the  Pocoinoke  River,  15  miles 
S.W.  of  Snow  Hill.  It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  containing 
i  churches,  6  stores,  2  steam-mills,  and  2  hotels.  Pop.  in 
ISeO,  estimated  at  800. 

NEWTOW.V  or  STE'PIIEXSBURG,  a  neat  and  thriving 
post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Virginia,  on  the  turnpike  lead- 
ing from  Winchester  to  Staunton,  8  miles  8.  by  E.  of  the 
former.  It  is  especially  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  war 
■50ns.  The  place  w.as  settled  in  1758.  It  contains  2  churches, 
a  market-house,  and  over  100  dwellings. 

NEWTOW.V,  a  post-village  of  Kin,£>  and  Queen  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 38  miles  N.li.  of  Richmond,  contains  1  church. 

NblWTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
Pearl  River,  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Jackson. 

N  KWTi  >\V.\,  a  post-village  of  Scott  CO.,  Kentucky,  22  miles 
E.  of  Frankfort,  haa  2  or  3  churches  and  about  200  inhabit- 
ants. 

N  KWTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
E.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEWTi>\VN,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Fountain  co.,  In- 
diana, 14  miles  E.X.Ei  of  Covington,  stands  on  the  border 
of  the  large  and  rich  Shawanee  Prairie.     Pop.  about  500. 

NEWTOWN  ACAD/EMY,  a  post-office  of  ilonroe  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

NEW/TOWN-ARDES,(ardz.)  a  borough,  seaport  town,  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  at  the  \.  extremity  of 
Lough  Strangford,  10  miles  E.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  town,  in 
1851.  10,750.  It  is  regularly  and  well  built;  it  has  a  very 
ancient  church,  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle,  and  of  various 
monastic  buildings;  a  large  endowed  school,  a  spacious 
town-liall,  and  infantry  barracks.  The  weaving  and  em- 
broidery of  damask  muslins  for  Glasgow  are  carried  on  to  a 
con.'iiderable  extent. 

NE\V'TO\V'N  B.\R'RY,  a  m.arket-town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, Leiiister,  co.  of  Wexford,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Clady  with  the  Slaney,  3  miles  S.  of  Clonegal.  Pop.  of  the 
town,  11.37. 

NEWTOWN-CLONEBURN,  (klon'bQrn,)  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, Leiuster,  co.  of  Meath. 

NEWTOWN  CREEK,  of  Long  Island,  flows  Into  the  East 
River,  opposite  New  York. 

NEWTOWN-CROM'MOLIN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Antrim,  with  a  village  3  miles  N.E.  of  Clough.  Pop. 
of  the  villivge,  175. 

NEWTOVVN-FORBES,  (forbz.)  a  parish  of  Ireland,  T^in- 
ster,  CO.  of,  J^ongford. 

NEW'TOWN-HAM'ILTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Armagh.     Pop.  of  the  town.  1219. 

NEWTOWX-LEN/NANT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperary. 

NEW'TOWN-LTMUVAD/DY,  a  disfranchised  borough  and 
market- town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Ixin- 
donderry,  on  the  Roe,  here  crossed  by  a  stone. bridge.  Pop. 
of  town,  in  1851,  3206.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  a  ses- 
sion.s-house,  bridewell,  union  workhouse,  distilleries,  and  a 
market-house,  with  an  increasing  trade  in  wheat  and  flax. 

NEWTOWN  LIX'FORD,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Leicester. 

NEWTOWN,  MOUNT  KEX'NEDY,  a  market-town  of  Ire- 
land. Leinster,  co.  and  8  miles  N.X.W.  of  Wicklow.    Pop.  800. 

NEV\/TOWN-N£.\B-NEW/BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hants. 

NEWTOWN-SQUARE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NEWTOWN-STEWART,  (formeriy  LIS'LAS.)  a  market- 
town  of  Ireland,  Ulster  co.,  Londonderry,  on  the  Mourne, 
5  miles  AV.  of  Gorton.  Pop.  1-105.  Near  it  are  remains  of  a 
castle  of  the  5tli  ceutury,  and  various  other  antiquities,  and 
about  Ih  miles  S.W.  of  the  town  is  Baron's  Court,  the  seat 
of  the  ilarquis  of  Abercorn. 

NEW  TREX'TON,  a  small  village  of  .Tefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  TRENTON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana, 
SO  miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEW  TKl'ER,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co..  Illinois. 

Ni;W  TI!ll'/OLI.  a  post^village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, So  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ilarrisljurg. 

NEAV'TYLE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Dundee,  with  which  and  with  Forfar  and  Perth,  it 
is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  12t>4,  of  whom  465  are  in  the 
village. 

NliW  ITLM,  a  post-office  of  Austin  co.,  Texas. 

NEW  UP'TON,  a  post-office  of  Gloucester  co.,  Virginia. 

NEW  UTRECHT,  new  u'tr^kt,  a  township  of  King's  co.. 
New  York,  forms  the  W.  extremity  of  Long  Island.  Pop. 
27^1. 

NEW  ULSTER,  an  island  of  the  New  Zealand  Group, 
(which  see  ) 

NEW  A  ER'X^ON,  a  post-village  in  Mount  Hope  township, 
Orange  CO.,  New  York,  about  65  miles  N.AV.  of  New  York 
City. 


NEW  VEKNON,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey, 
5  miles  S.  of  Morristown. 

NEW  VERNON,  Pennsylvania.    See  Appendix. 

NEW  VIEN'NA,  a  post-village  of  CUnton  co.,  Oliio,  11 
miles  S.E.  of  Wilmington.     Pop.  56o. 

NEAV  VII/LAGE,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  Y'ork 

NEAV  A'ILL.\GE,  a  post-villiige  of  AVarren  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, 52  miles  N.N.AA'.  of  Trenton. 

NEW'A'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York 
about  65  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Albany. 

NEAVVILLE,  a  post-borough  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania,  on  the  Cumberland  A'alley  and  Franklin  Itailioad.  12 
miles  S.AA'.  of  Carlisle.  It  contains  2  churches  and  a  na- 
tional bank.     Pop.  in  185(1,  715;  in  ISCO,  885. 

NEWAILLE,  a  post^jffice  of  Sussex  Co.,  Airginia. 

NEAAVILLE,  a  llniving  post-village  of  Richlaiul  county, 
Ohio,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Clear  Fork  of  Mohiccaa 
River,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Mansfield. 

NEAVA'ILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  De  Kalb  co., 
Indiana.     Pop.  711. 

NEWA'ILLE,  a  village  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Wji- 
bash  River,  about  100  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapoli.s. 

NEW'  A'INE,  a  post-office  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa. 

NEW  AINE'YARD,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  CO., 
Maine,  about  48  miles  N.AV.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  864. 

NEAV  A'lRGIL,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

NEAV  AVWKE'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  AVashington  CO., 
Alabama,  164  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

NEW   AVASH'INGTON,  a   post-village  of  Clearfield  co, 
Pennsylvania,  on   the  AVest  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  about  135  miles  AA'.N.AA'.  of  Ilarrisljurg. 
'  NEW  AVASHINGTON,  a  small  post-village  of  Crawford. 
CO..  Oliio.   Pop.  221. 

NEAV  AVASH'INGTON,  a  pleasant  po.st-village  of  Clarke 
CO.,  Indiana,  18  miles  S.AV.  of  Madison.  It  has  a  flourishing 
academy,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

NEAV  AVATERFORD,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

NEAV  AVAY,  a  post-office  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 

NEAV  AVEST/VILLE.  a  post-office  of  I'reble  co.,  Ohio. 

NEAV  AVIiy.MlXGTOX,  a  post-township  of  Lawrence  co., 
Pennsylvania,  7  miles  N.  of  New  Ca.stle. 

N>;W  AVIL.AIINGTON,  a  village  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
line  between  Mercer  and  Lawrence  counties,  8  miles  S.AV. 
of  Mercer. 

NEAV  AVIN'CIIESTER,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 

NEW  AVlNCHIvSTER,  a  post-village  of  Hendricks  co., 
Indiana.  27  miles  AV.  of  Indianapolis. 

NEW  AVIND'SOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Newburg  Branch  Railroad,  and  on  the 
Hudson  River,  about  85  miles  below  Albany.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cottons,  woollens,  Ac.  and  is  said  to  be  the  birth- 
place of  De  AVitt  Clinton.     l'op.'2452. 

NEAV  AVIXDSOR,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland, 
about  30  miles  N.AV.  of  Baltimore. 

NEAV  AVIXD.SOR,  a  small  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis.souri. 

NEAV  AVINE,  a  village  in  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  25  miles  AV. 
by  N.  of  Dubuque. 

NEAV  WOOD'STOCK,  a  post-village  in  Cazenovia  township, 
Madison  co..  New  York,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Syracuse. 

NEAV  YE.\R'S  ISLAND,  two  small  islands  off  the  S.  coast 
of  Australia;  lat.  139°  40'  S.,  Ion.  143°  4!t'  E. 

NEAV  YEAR'S  ISLAND.  North  Australia,  is  off  the  coast 
of  .\rnhem's  Land,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Port  Essiugton;  lat. 
10°  55'  S.,  Ion.  133°  3'  E. 

NEAV  YEAR'S  ISLANDS,  South  Atlantic,  are  in  lat.  54=" 
41'  S..  Ion.  64°  28'  AA'.,  and  were  so  named  by  Cook. 

NEAV  YEAR'S  RANGE.  Central  Australia,  is  a  mountain 
tract,  lat.  30°  21'  S.,  Ion.  146°  33^'  E. 

NEAV  YORK,  one  of  the  Sliddle  States  of  the  United 
State.s,  and  the  most  populous  of  the  confederacy,  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  Canada 
East;  on  the  E.  by  A'ermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecti- 
cut ;  on  the  S.  by  the  Atlantic,  (if  we  include  Long  Island,) 
by  New  Jersey  and  Penn.sylvania ;  and  AV.by  Pennsylvania, 
Lake  Erie,  and  Niagara  River.  This  state  is  separated  on 
the  AV.  and  N.AA'.  from  Canada  AVest  by  Lakes  Erie  and  On- 
tario, and  by  the  Niagara  and  St.  Lawrence  Rivers;  and 
partly  from  Vermont  by  Lake  Champlain.  It  lies  between 
40°  30'  and  45°  N.  lat.,  and  between  (if  we  include  Long 
Island,  a  dependency  of  the  state)  72°  and  79°  55'  AV.  Ion.  Its 
extreme  length,  from  E.  to  AA'.,  exclu.sive  of  Long  Island, 
is  about  335  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S., 
about  308  miles,  including  an  area  of  47,000  square  miles, 
or  30,800,000  acres,  of  which  14,358,403  only  were  improved 
in  1860,  showing  a  great  capacity  for  increase  of  population, 
even  in  the  older  and  more  densely  inhabited  states  of  North 
America. 

Tace  of  the  Country. — New  York  presents  every  variety 
of  surface,  from  the  rich  plains  of  the  western  part  of  the 
state  to  the  rugged  mountains  of  the  E.  and  N.E.  Tho 
Appalachian  or  Alleghanian  chain  of  mountains  enters  the 
S.E.  of  New  York  (in  two  separate  ridges)  from  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania.  That  from  the  former  state  cros.=es  the 
Hudson  River  at  and  around  AA'est  Point,  about  50  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  forms  the  far-famed  Highlands  of  the 

132o 


NEW 

Hudson  wblch  hare  given  this  rirer  a  celebrity  only  second 
to  the  i;hine.  After  passing  the  Hudson  Rifer,  this  range 
pursues  a  northerly  course,  under  the  name  of  the  Taconic 
or  Taglchaunuc  mountains,  to  join  the  Green  Mountains  in 
Connecticut  and  Massachusetts,  \rhere  the  Highlands  are 
cut  through  by  the  Tludsou  River,  they  are  perhaps  20  miles 
in  brea,lfh.  but  seldom  reach  an  altitude  of  ISCiO  feet; 
thouirh  in  one  instance,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  near 
Fishkill.  they  attain  an  elevation  of  nearly  1700  feet.  N.W. 
of  the  Highlands,  and  running  nearly  parallel,  are  the  Sha/- 
wangunk  Mountains,  which  are  followed  in  turn  by  the 
far-famed  Catskill  Mountains,  which  approach  the  Hudson 
Uiver  from  the  S.W.,  run  nearly  parallel  with  it  for  perhaps 
20  miles,  then  trend  off  to  the  X.W.  toward  the  Mohawk 
River.  In  the  latter  part  of  their  course  they  are  known  as 
the  Helderbei^  Hills.  The  hi,j:hest  summit  of  the  chain  is 
ISoundtop,  in  Greene  county,  ?.804  feet  in  altitude.  Delaware 
county  is  traversed  by  a  ridge  called  the  Oquago  Branch. 
IJut  bv  far  the  grandest  chain  of  mountains  (or  rather 
assemblage  of  groups  and  ranges)  lie  N.  of  the  Mohawk 
River,  and  between  Lake  Ontario  on  the  W.,  and  Lakes 
Champlaiu  and  George  on  the  E.  The.se  traverse,  under 
various  local  names,  and  in  different  directions,  (hut 
mostly  N.  and  K.E.,)  the  counties  of  Herkimer.  Fulton, 
Montgomery,  Saratoga,  Warren.  Essex,  Clinton,  Franklin, 
Hamilton,  and  St.  Lawrence.  The  most  important  group, 
chiefly  Iving  in  Essex  county,  is  the  .\dirondack,  the  high- 
est peak  of  which,  Mount  Marcy  or  Tahawus,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  5467  feet,  and  is  the  loftiest  summit  in  the  state. 
The  Catskill  or  Helderberg  Mountains  seem  to  resume  their 
cour.se  beyond  the  Mohawk  River,  in  Herkimer  county,  and 
to  extend  beyond  the  St.  Lawrence  Into  Canada,  under  the 
name  of  the  Chateaugay  Raugt^.  There  are  other  ranges  of 
highlands  in  Oneida  and  Lewis  counties.  Speaking  of  the 
western  p<irtion  of  the  state,  (i.  e.  W.  of  Lake  Cayuga.)  Pro- 
fes.sor  Hall  remarks — "  This  district,  bordering  Lake  Ontario 
on  the  X.,  is  a  low  plateau,  gradually  rising  to  the  S..  for  a 
distance  varying  from  4  to  8  or  9  mile.«,  where  we  abruptly 
ascend  a  terrace,  which,  at  its  western  extremity,  attains  a 
height  of  200  feet,  but  which  slope  gently  down  almost  to 
the  general  level  farther  E.  From  the  top  of  this  terrace, 
we  pas-s  over  a  broad  plateau  of  nearly  level  country,  slightly 
depressed  towards  the  centre,  but  rising  gently  again  to  the 
S.,  till  we  come  to  the  h>ase  of  a  second  terrace,  having  a 
general  height  of  60  feet  or  more  above  the  country  on  the 
N.  Beyond  the  ten-ace  la,«t  mentioned,  the  country  is  level, 
and  generally  even  for  several  miles,  when  we  commence  .^ 
gradual  a.scent  to  higher  ground.  Although  the  country  to 
the  S.  of  this  is  hillv.  and  in  some  parts  rising  to  an  eleva- 
tion of  2500  feet  above  the  ocean,  and  from  600  to  1000  feet 
above  the  deepest  valleys,  yet  it  must  lie  remembered  that 
there  are  no  ranges  of  mountains.  We  must  fancy  this 
whole  southern  border  of  the  state  as  having  once  been  a 
high  and  broad  plateau,  and  that  from  denudation,  the 
breaking  up  of  the  strata  in  some  places,  together  with  the 
action  of  waves  and  currents,  has  resulted  this  irregular 
and  uneven  surface."  The  first  ridge,  near  Lake  Ontario, 
forms  the  falls  of  the  Genesee  at  Rochester,  and  the  second 
ridge  those  in  Alleghany  county. 

Geoltigy. — Though  New  York  has  undergone  the  most 
complete  geological  survey  of  any  state  in  the  Union,  \>y  a 
corps  of  competent  geologists  and  naturalists,  who  have 
ably  reported  their  prt)ceedings  in  a  number  of  ponderous 
volumes,  the  character  of  our  work  does  not  admit  of  giving 
more  than  a  brief  outline  of  the  geology  of  the  stat*?.  Com- 
mencing in  the  N.E.,  the  greater  portion  of  the  district  N. 
of  the  Mohawk  and  E.  of  l-ake  Ontario  is  primary  in  forma- 
tion, with,  however,  a  belt  of  I'otsdam  sandstone  on  the  N.. 
which  is  in  turn  separated  from  the  St.  Lawrence  by  a 
second  belt  of  calciferous  i^lime-producing)  sandrock.  Be- 
tween T>.ike  Ontario  and  the  primary  tract  named  above,  in 
the  order  named,  proceeding  S.  to  Oswego,  are  groups  of 
Potsdam  sandstone,  calciferous  sandrock ;  Bliick  River, 
Birdseye,  and  Trenton  limestone;  Utica  slate.  Helderberg 
limestone,  (including  grits  and  sandstones.)  and  gray  sand- 
stone. S.  of  l,ake  Ontario,  narrow  belts  succeed  each  other 
in  the  following  onler: — 1.  Of  the  Medina  sandstone,  (usu- 
ally a  red  sandstone,  sometimes  variegiited,  and  giving  origin 
to  salt  springs:)  2.  Of  the  Clinton  group,  (a  variable  com- 
position of  sjjndstones.  shales,  impure  limestones,  iron  ores. 
Ac,;)  3.  Of  the  Niagara  group,  (a  limestone  resting  upon 
shale,  and  firming  the  eelebrate<l  cataract  of  that  name :) 
4.  Of  the  Onondaga  salt  group,  (.limestone  and  slate,  with 
salt  springs;)  5.  Of  Helderberg  limestone;,  and  6.  Of  the 
Hamilton  group,  (composed  of  calcaneus,  sandy,  or  fossili- 
ferous  shales.)  A  witle  y.oue  of  the  Port^e  and  Chemung 
groups  (composed  mjiinly.  the  former  of  flagstones  and 
shales,  and  the  latter  of  highly  fossiliterous  shales  and  thin 
bedded  sandstones)  occupy  the  S.W.  portion  of  the  state, 
extending  into  Pennsylvania,  and  (sending  off  a  narrow  arm 
to  near  Ciitskill,  on  the  Hudson,  where  it  bends  to  the  S.W.. 
surrounding  on  the  N.  and  S.K.  a  large  tract  of  red  sand- 
stone lying  tietween  itself  and  the  Susquehanna  River.  E. 
of  the  narrow  arm  just  descrilied.  and  between  it  and  the 
Hudson,  are  narrow  'jclts  of  the  Hamilton  group,  Ilelder- 
1-326 


NEW 

berg  limestone,  Medina  sandstone,  and  gray  sandstone 
^Vashington,  Rensselaer,  Columbia.  Schenectady,  parts  of 
Saratoga,  Albany.  Montgomery,  Putnam,  Orange,  Ul.ster, 
and  Dutchess  counties,  are  occupied  by  the  Hudson  River 
group,  (compo.sed  mostly  of  shules  and  shaly  .sandstone, 
with  thin  courses  of  limestone.)  Westchester,  most  of  Put- 
nam, and  parts  of  Dutchess  and  Orange  counties,  are  pri- 
mitive. Long  Island  is  diluvial  on  the  N.,  and  alluvial  on 
the  S.  side. 

Minerals. — New  York,  though  deficient  in  coal,  ("the  geo- 
logical formation  lieing  too  old  for  its  production.)  abounds 
in  that  most  u.seful  of  all  minerals,  iron.  Hematite  ore* 
occur  in  extensive  beds  in  Columbia  and  Dutchess  counties; 
and  magnetic  ores  in  Putnam,  Orange,  and  West'hest«r. 
Act»rding  to  Whitney  the  larger  portion  of  the  X.  part  of 
New  Y'ork,  extending  from  Lake  Chnmplain  to  I^ake  Onta- 
rio, is  rich  in  specular  and  magnetic  onrs,  particularly  in 
Essex  and  Clinton  counties.  The  western  counties,  too, 
have  valuable  deposits  of-iron  in  the  strata  of  the  Clinton 
group.  A  company  has  been  formed  with  a  capital  of 
$600,000,  for  working  the  iron-mines  in  Rockland  county. 
Coal  was  discovered  in  1854  in  Steulien  county.  L)?."!!!  exists 
in  great  quantities  in  St.  Lawrence  county  ;  and  mines  have 
been  recently  opened  in  Ulster.  It  is  also  found  in  Sullivan, 
Columbia,  Washington,  Dutchess,  Rensselaer,  and  West- 
chester counties.  Zinc,  copper,  and  titanium  exist  in  seve- 
ral counties.  Molybdenum,  m.anganese,  arsenic,  cerium, 
silver,  cobalt,  and  bismuth  are  occasionally  fonnd.  The 
central  and  some  of  the  western  counties  contain  abundance 
of  gypsum,  which  is  largely  useil  as  a  manure,  and  exten- 
sively exported.  Our  geological  article  shows  there  is  no 
scarcity  of  lime,  especially  in  tlie  central  and  western  coun- 
ties. Marble  of  fine  quality  is  exported  from  Sing-Sing. 
Sulphuret  of  iron  is  found  in  St.  Lawrence,  and  carburet  in 
Es.sex,  Clinton,  and  Dutchess  counties.  Gneiss,  Simdstone, 
and  limestone,  suitable  for  building,  are  abundant.  New 
York  is  especi.nlly  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs,  parti- 
cularly its  medicinal  springs,  the  most  noted  of  which  are 
those  of  S.iratoga.  Ballston,  New  Lebanon.  Sharon,  and 
.\von  Springs.  Onondt^a  yields  annually  from  4.000.000  to 
5.000.000  bushels  of  table  salt :  5,083.369  "bushels  were  pro- 
duced in  this  county  alone  in  1849.  There  are  also  s!»lt 
springs  in  Erie,  Genesee>  and  Orleans  counties.  Natural 
issues  of  carbureted  hydrogen  exist  in  several  coupties. 
The  village  of  Fredonia.  in  Chautauqua  county,  is  lighted 
from  one  of  these,  as  is  the  lighthouse  of  Barcelona,  in  the 
same  county. 

Riverg.  liukes,  &c. — New  York  posses.ses  a  greater  amount 
of  navigable  waters  than  any  other  state  of  the  Union.  On 
the  E.  is  the  Hudson,  traversing  the  stite  for  about  350 
miles.  150  of  which  are  navigable  for  large  steamers  and 
schooners,  .and  120  for  ships;  on  the  N.E.,  Lake  Champliiin, 
navigalile  for  120  mile.s;  and  on  the  W.  and  N.W.,  Liakes 
Erie  and  Ontario,  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  all  navigable 
for  large  steamers,  and  Ontario  and  Erie  for  ships  of  heavy 
tonnage.  In  the  S.E.  of  the  state  rises  the  Delaware,  and 
in  the  interior,  the  Susquehanna,  which  pass  S.  into  Penn- 
sylvania, and  float  down,  in  the  high  waters  of  spring  and 
autumn,  lumber  and  other  products  of  New  York,  to  the 
markets  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mar\iand.  The 
W.  of  the  state  is  crossed  by  the  Genesee,  which  furnishes, 
by  its  numerous  cataracts,  immense  water-power,  though  it' 
is  only  navigable  for  small  steam  or  keel  boats,  and  for  those 
only  by  stages  between  the  falls.  The  Oswego  is  the  outlet 
of  the  central  lakes,  and  affords  valuable  water-power.  The 
two  rivers  last  mentionetl  and  the  Black  River  flow  into 
Lake  Ontario.  The  Oswegatchee,  Grass.  Racket,  and  St. 
Regis  Rivers,  each  of  about  1.50  miles  in  length,  join  the  St. 
Lawrence;  and  the  .Saranac  and  Au  Sable  empty  themselves 
into  Lake  Chaniplain.  AH  these  river*  are  in  the  N.E,  of 
the  state.  The  Mohawk,  an  aflluent  of  the  Hudson,  about 
160  miles  in  length,  drains  the  central  counties  of  Eastern 
New  York.  New  Y'ork  abounds  in  small  and  picturesque 
lakes.  In  the  E.  is  Lake  George,  so  celebrated  for  the 
grandeur  of  its  scenery;  in  the  centre  are  Lakes  Oneida, 
Skaneateles.  Owasco.  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Crooked,  and  Canan- 
daigua;  in  the  S,W.,  Chautauque;  and  in  the  N.E.,  Bl»ck, 
S.ni-anac.  and  Long  Lakes;  besides  many  other  small  but 
beautiful  sheets  of  water.  The  larger  of  these  lakes  v^ry 
in  length  from  10  to  38  miles.  The  principal  bays  are  New 
York  Bav.  opening  into  the  Atlantic,  and  Sacketfs  Harbor, 
at  the  E.  end  of  "L.ike  Ontario.  Long  Island  Sound,  120 
miles  long,  .separates  Long  Island  from  Connecticut. 

Jshinds. — There  are  several  important  islands  Monging 
to  this  state,  chief  among  which  is  Long  Isl.ind,  about  115 
miles  in  length,  lietween  I^ong  Island  Sound  and  the  At  an- 
tic Ocean,  and  S.  of  Connecticut;  Staten  Isl.and,  (emViracini? 
Richmond  county,)  between  New  York  B.ay  on  the  E.,  and 
Uai-itan  Bay  and  Arthurkill  Sound  on  the  S.  and  W.,  an4 
Grand  Island,  in  the  Niagara  River. 

Ohjects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Under  this  heading  New 
York  may  justly  claim  a  large  space.  On  her  western  Imr- 
der,  in  a  river  or  strait  of  34  miles  in  length,  running  from 
Lake  Erie  to  Ontario,  and  pouring  the  waters  of  the  Greit 
Lakes  over  a  precipice  of  1C5  feet  in  perpemUcubir  bcigU^ 


t^ 


NEW 


NEW 


thunders  the  far  famed  and  unriralled  cataract  of  T'iagara, 
in  « br^e  pi  isence  all  stand  dumb,  with  no  power  to  de- 
scribe, but  only  to  wonder  and  adore.  The  fall.s  are  about 
20  mile.s  below  the  entrance  to  tlie  strait,  at  the  N.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Erie,  and  14  miles  above  its  junction  with 
Lake  Ontario.  About  3  miles  below  its  commencement,  the 
river  divides  into  two  arms,  which  embrace  an  island,  called 
Grand  Island,  12  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  7  miles  wide. 
Tiie  banks  of  the  upper  portion  of  Niagara  River  are  low, 
not  usually  exceeding  20  or  30  feet,  and  the  current  is  com- 
paratively moderate.  Nearly  3  miles  below  Grand  Island 
the  rapids  (scarcely  less  interesting  than  the  falls  them- 
selves) commence,  and  after  a  course  of  rather  more  than  a 
half-mile,  terminate  in  the  great  cataract.  Goat  Island,  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  wide,  and  half  a  mile  long  from  N.  to  S., 
extends  to  the  very  brow  of  the  precipice,  and  divides  the 
falls  into  two  portions,  the  higlier  of  which  is  on  the  Ame- 
rican side,  but  the  greiiter  body  of  water  on  the  Canadian. 
The  American  fall  is  again  subdivided,  very  unequally,  by 
Iris  Island,  with  the  greater  of  these  subdivisions  nearest 
the  New  York  shore.  Below  the  falls,  the  river  runs  be- 
tween per])endicular  cliffs  for  3  or  4  miles,  in  a  channel  of 
from  300  to  800  feet  wide,  with  great  force  and  impetuosity, 
till  it  is  released  from  its  narrow  and  rocky  bed,  below  the 
Queenstown  Heights,  from  whence  it  flows  tranquilly  into 
I-ake  Ontario.  Between  the  falls  and  Queenstown  (where 
navigation  commences)  occur  two  rapids,  caused  partly  by 
the  narrowing  of  the  bed  of  the  river,  and  partly  by  the 
rocks  at  the  bottom.  At  the  head  of  the  first  rapids,  two 
miles  below  the  falls,  the  river  is  spanned  by  a  suspension 
bridge  800  feet  in  length,  and  230  feet  above  the  water.  At 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  first  rapids,  an  angle  in  the 
river  causes  a  reflex  in  the  current,  which  forms  a  number 
of  edUie.s,  commonly  called  "The  Whirlpool,"  more  remark- 
able for  the  heaping  up  of  the  waters  in  the  middle  of  the 
river,  by  the  impetus  of  the  current,  than  for  any  peculiar 
violence  of  the  whirlpools  themselves.  Below  this  pool  is 
another  rapid  of  about  half  a  mile  in  extent. 

In  any  slate  but  New  York  its  other  falls  would  rank 
as  prime  objects  of  interest.  The  Cohoes  Falls,  in  the 
Mohawk,  about  3  miles  from  its  mouth,  have  a  perpendicu- 
lar descent  of  70  feet,  and  when  the  river  is  full,  in  the 
spring  and  autumn,  form  a  grand  cataract.  Little  Falls, 
about  12  miles  below  Utica,  are  formed  by  the  passage  of 
the  Mohawk  through  the  mountains,  where  the  river  de- 
scends 42  feet  in  one  mile,  frowned  on  from  above  by  the 
rugged  and  picturesque  walls  of  this  mountain  gorge. 
Fifteen  miles  N.  of  Utica,  in  West  Canada  Creek,  (a  tribu- 
tary of  the  .'Mohawk.)  is  a  series  of  cascades  and  rapids, 
known  as  Trenton  Falls,  that  extend  over  a  space  of  two 
miles,  in  a  cliaunel  which  the  river  has  cut  from  the  solid 
limestone  rock  to  a  depth  varying  from  100  to  150  feet, 
forming  a  clean  limestone  trough,  the  middle  of  which 
only  (in  summer)  is  occupied  by  a  narrow  stream  of  water, 
almost  as  black  as  ink.  Proceeding  up  this  narrow  gorge, 
with  perpendicular  sides  of  solid  rock,  a  series  of  rapids  and 
fulls  are  passed  at  considerable  intervals,  presenting  a  great 
variety  of  cascades,  of  from  8  or  10  to  100  feet  in  height. 
The  Genesee  River  has  a  series  of  cataracts,  surpassing  in 
altitude  those  of  the  Rhine,  the  boast  of  Europe.  One,  at 
the  city  of  Rochester,  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  97  feet, 
which  gives  motion  to  the  machinery  of  its  cehdirated  flour- 
mills  and  factories.  There  are  other  falls  within  the  vici- 
nity of  Rochester,  making  a  total  descent  of  226  feet.  Near 
its  sources  in  Alleghany  county,  the  Gene.see  descends  hy 
S  falls  of  00.  90.  and  110  feet,  within  the  space  of  2  niilcs. 
through  a  gorge  worn  in  the  solid  rock  to  the  depth  of  400 
feet.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Ithaca  are  a  number  of  cas- 
rades.  one  of  which  has  a  perpenitlcular  pitch  of  110  feet. 
Baker's,  Hadley's.  Jessup's,  and  Glen's  Falls,  all  near  the 
sources  of  the  IIud.son  River,  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 
There  are  two  interesting  fiiUs  in  the  strait  leading  from 
Lake  George  into  Lake  Champlain,  also  one  near  Hudson, 
another  near  West  Point.  Lake  George  stands  prominent 
among  the  lakes  of  the  United  States  for  the  boldness  of  its 
shores,  and  the  transparency  of  its  waters.  It  is  studded 
with  beautiful  islands,  and  shut  in  by  precipitous  high- 
lands, reaching  in  one  instance  an  elevation  of  2000  feet. 

Among  the  places  of  fashionable  resort,  first  on  the  conti- 
nent of  America,  stands  Saratoga,  visited  annually,  during 
the  summer  months,  by  its  thousands  in  pursuit  of  health, 
and  by  its.  tens  of  thousands  seeking  pleasure  and  excitx!- 
ment.  Saratoga  Springs  are  in  Saratoga  county,  in  the  E. 
of  the  state.  Its  waters  are  of  great  variety,  and  of  very 
active  properties.  Sharon  Sulphur  Springs,  in  Schoharie 
county,  are  much  visited  by  invalids,  and  have  the  advan- 
tage over  Saratoga  in  the  picturesqueness  of  the  surround- 
ing scenery.  New  Leb.anon,  celebrated  for  its  warm  springs, 
is  situatwl  in  Rensselaer  county,  near  the  boundary  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. Avon  Springs,  20  miles  S.  of  Rochester,  are 
much  resorted  to.  Ballston  Spa,  7  miles  from  S.iratoga,  is 
less  celebrated  than  formerly.  (For  full  descriptions,  see 
separate  articles.)  The  scenery  on  the  Hudson  River  has 
long  constituted  one  of  the  great  attractions  of  tourists  to 
New  York.   Directly  after  leaving  New  York  City,  you  come 


upon  the  Palisades,  on  the  New  Jersey  shore,  composed  of 
p(;rpendicular  walls  of  trap-rock  of  from  200  to  500  feet  it! 
heiuht.  These  lose  thcm-'elves,  about  .35  miles  up  the  river, 
in  the  Highlands  Proper,  which  iiave  a  base  of  about  20  miles. 
Here  the  Hudson  has  burst  its  way  at  some  distant  period 
through  the  mountains,  leaving  on  each  side  a  rampart  of 
almost  perpendicular  hills,  of  from  600  to  1700  feet  in  eleva- 
tion above  the  level  of  the  river.  About  100  miles  nbnve 
New  Y'ork,  we  come  abreast  of  the  Catskill  Mountains,  which 
present  a  very  abrupt  front  to  the  river,  and  run  nearly 
parallel  to  it  for  about  20  miles.  These  mountains  are  not 
of  great  elevation,  but  their  grandeur  consists  in  the  ex- 
tended and  unbroken  views  afforded  from  the  piazza  of  the 
Pine-Orchard  Jlountain  House.  (2276  feet  above  the  sea.)  up 
and  down  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  for  70  miles  in  each 
direction,  and  across  to  the  Green  Mountains,  in  MassHchu- 
setts.  At  Kauterskill  Falls,  three  miles  S.W.  from  the  hotel, 
a  small  stream  is  precipitated  180  feet  into  a  circular  amphi- 
theatre of  great  wildness,  from  whence  it  takes  a  second  leap 
into  another  chasm.  The  Adirondack  Mountains,  the  highest 
in  the  state,  have  been  as  yet  but  little  visited  by  fashionable 
tourists.  Mount  Tahawus,  or  Marcy,  5400  feet  high,  com- 
mands an  extensive  panortima  of  mountains,  among  whicb 
repose  30  visible  lakes  and  ponds.  The  completion  of  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railway  has  laid  open  some  fine  scenery,  but 
little  known  to  the  public  heretofore.  The  passage  of  the  road 
along  the  shores  of  the  Delaware  Kiver,  and  through  Orange, 
Rockland,  and  Sullivan  counties,  offers  the  boldest  views. 
In  Manlius,  Onondago  county,  are  the  "  Green  Lakes,"  sup- 
posed to  be  of  volcanic  production,  one  of  which  is  on  the 
top  of  a  hill,  with  banks  200  feet  high,  and  with  beautifully 
green  water  to  the  depth  of  400  feet.  This  lake  was  once 
known  to  rise  suddenly  and  overflow  its  banks,  but  the  wa- 
ter .soon  receded  to  its  ordinary  level. 

Climate. — New  York  presents  considerable  diversities  of 
climate.  In  the  N.  the  winters  are  long  and  severe,  some- 
what mitigated  in  the  western  part  by  the  proximity  of  the 
great  lakes  and  the  prevalence  of  S.W.  winds,  and  varied 
again  in  the  S.E.,  below  the  Cat.skill  Mountains,  by  the 
effect  of  the  .sea  air,  which  tempers  the  heats  of  summer 
and  chills  the  air  of  .spring.  At  Buffalo  there  is  great  irre- 
gularity in  the  time  of  the  ice  leaving  the  harbor.  '•  Some 
12  or  15  years  since."  writes  a  correspondent,  "  their  harbor 
was  completely  blocked  up  by  ice  till  May,  no  steamboat 
having  left  the  harbor  till  the  15th  of  that  month:  but  this 
is  very  unusual."  According  to  observations  kept  b.y  Lean- 
der  Wetherell,  Esq.,  at  Rochester,  during  10  years  the  ave- 
rage mean  temperature  was  47°.36;  the  highest  point  of 
the  mercury,  102°;  lowest.  9"  below  zero;  average  fall  of 
rain  and  melted  snow,  33.30  inches. 

Sriil  and  Prnrludiwis. — The  soil  of  this  great  state  is  very 
variiius.  The  western  parts,  known  as  the  Genesee  Flats, 
and  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk,  have  excellent 
.soils,  while  much  of  the  N.E.  of  the  state  is  poor  and  cold. 
No  general  description  would  give  a  correct  idea  of  the  soils, 
as  in  the  same  county  may  be  found  parts  that  arc  hilly 
or  mountainous,  and  comparatively  sterile,  while  the  soil 
of  the  valleys  is  a  rich  alluvion.  New  York,  however,  on 
the  whole,  may  be  safely  called  a  fertile  state.  The  excep- 
tions are  mostly  in  the  mountainous  portions.  The  descrii> 
tions  of  the  counties  in  this  as  well  as  in  other  states,  will 
best  give  the  qualities  of  the  soil  in  particular  localities. 
Long  Island  is  easily  improved  in  the  western  part,  though 
it  is  not  naturally  very  fertile.  It  is  very  important  for  its 
market  pro<lucts.  The  eastern  portion  is  poor  and  sandy. 
Great  attention  is  paid  in  this  state  to  scientific  agriculture, 
and  endeavors  made  t»  introduce  a  better  mode  of  culture ; 
to  promote  which  end,  agricultural  societies  have  been 
formed,  and  journals  establislled  devoted  to  this  subject 
New  Y'ork  is  first  of  the  states  of  the  confederacy  in  the 
amount  of  five  stock,  oats,  Irish  potatoes,  grass-seeds,  or- 
chard products,  products  of  market  gardens,  butter,  cheese, 
hay,  hops,  maple  sugar,  beeswax,  honey,  and  slaughtered 
iinimals  produced;  second  in  the  amount  of  wool  and  rye. 
Besides  these,  large  quantities  of  Indian  corn,  wheat,  bar- 
ley, buckwheat,  beans,  peas,  flax,  and  maple  molasses, 
with  some  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco,  wine,  hemp,  and  silk 
were  produced.  The  fruits  are  apples,  pears,  grapes,  cher- 
ries, plums,  and  peaches,  with  various  kinds  of  berries. 
In  1800,  there  were  in  New  York  14,358,403  acres  of  im- 
proved land  (6,016,555  being  unimproved),  producing 
8,681,105  bushels  of  wheat,  4,786,905  of  rye,  20,061,049  of 
Indian  corn,  35,175,134  of  oats,  1,609,339  of  peas  and  beans, 
26,447,394  of  Irish  potatoes,  4,186,668  of  barley,  5,126,307 
of  buckwheat,  188,559  of  grass-seeds,  3,564,793  tons  of  hay, 
9,454,474  pounds  of  wool,  103,097,280  of  butter,  48,548,289  of 
cheese,  9,671,931  of  hops,  1,518,025  of  flax,  10,sl6,419  of 
maple  sugar,  121,020  of  beeswax,  2,369,751  of  honey;  livestock 
valued  at  $103,856,296 ;  orchard  products,  $3,726,380 :  market 
products,  $3,381,596;  and  slaughtered  animals,  815.841,404. 
Jihrest  Trees. — The  forest  trees  are. several  varieties  of 
oak,  pine,  spruce,  tamarack,  larch,  hemlock,  fir,  walnut, 
sugar-maple,  chestnut,  ash,  elm,  beech,  butternut,  syca- 
more, alder,  cedar,  locust,  laurel,  mulberry,  sassafras,  birch, 
tilia,  poplar,   cherry,  hornbeam,  sumach,  cucumber   tree. 

1327 


NEW 

cwtepple,  and  thorn.  The  forests  about  the  Susquehanna 
and  Delaware  furni?h  large  quantities  of  pine  for  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Baltimore  markets. 

Animals. — The  forests  of  New  York  were  formerly  ranged 
1>y  the  moose,  stag,  and  reindeer;  but  these  are  now  seldom 
if  ever  met  with.  Among  the  existing  animals  are  the 
Ameriran  deer,  black  Ijear,  panther,  wild-cat,  wolf,  (gray  and 
bHik)  wolverines,  otters,  minks,  beavers,  muskrats,  ermine 
weasels,  racoons,  skunks,  marmots,  rabbits,  hares.  s<iuirrels, 
and  a  number  of  tlie  smaller  quadrupeds.  Among  the  birds 
are  the  golden  and  bald  eagle,  various  species  and  varieties 
of  hawks,  owls,  and  buzzards,  wild  turkeys  and  pigeons, 
quail,  grouse,  woodcock,  willet,  snipe,  coot,  grebes,  dipper, 
petrel,  cormorant,  pelican,  gannet.  skimmer,  tern,  gull, 
sheldrake,  canvas-back  and  other  wild  ducks,  teal,  widgeon, 
wild  goose,  swan,  and  brant,  with  an  endless  variety  of  the 
order  Passcres,  or  small  birds. 

Manii/j((un;f. — Xew  York,  though  extensively  engagi^d 
in  manufactures,  does  not  maintain  the  relative  pre-emi- 
nence in  this  respect  that  she  holds  in  commerce  and  agri- 
culture: falling  behind  Pennsylvania  in  the  amonnt  of 
capital  invested,  though  exceeding  that  state  in  the  value 
of  manufactured  products.  In  1860,  there  were  in  the 
state  22.624  establishments^  each  producing  $.500  and 
upwards  annually,  engaged  in  manufactures,  mining,  and 
the  mechanic  arts,  employing  $172,8;t5,652  capital  and  176,- 
8Sa  male  and  53,227  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $214,813,053,  and  yielding  products  valued  at  :?378,- 
870,039.  Of  these  79  were  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton,  employing  $5,383,479  capital  and  3107  male  and  45.52 
female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $3,061,105, 
and  producing  annually  gootls  valued  at  $6,676,878;  140 
woollen  factori^'S,  employing  $3,115,700  capital  and  2504  male 
and  1716  female  hands ;  1234  flour-mills,  emiMoying  $11 .312,- 
0S6  capital,  and  producing  flour  and  meal  valued  at  $34,- 
636,764 ;  2277  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes,  employing 
$3,298,323  capital,  and  producing  boots  and  shoes  valued  at 
$10.925,173 ;  184  manufactories  of  steam-engines.  &c..  em- 
ploying a  capital  of  $5,840,415,  and  producing  engines  and 
nuichinery  valued  at  $10,037,193 ;  727  tanneries,  employing 
$10,866,829  capital  and  5948  hands,  consuming  raw  materiiU 
worth  $14,277,863,  and  producing  leather  valued  at  $20,778,- 
017 ;  195  iron  foundries,  employing  $2,974,036  capital  and 
3480  hands,  and  producing  castings  valued  at  $4,342,244,  10 
rolling-mills,  emplo>'ing  $939,750  capital,  and  producing 
bar-iron,  ic.  valued  at  $2,251,250;  890  manufactories  of 
carriages,  employing  a  capital  of  32,263,611,  and  producing 
annually  carriages  valued  at  $4,117,236;  and  563  cabinet 
shops,  producing  annually  fiu-niture  valued  at  $5,674,427. 
Home-made  manufactures  valued  at  $717,898  were  produced 
in  the  same  year. 

Internal  ImprovemenU. — Xew  York,  headed  by  her  great 
statesman,  De  AVitt  Clinton,  has  the  honor  of  taking  the 
lead  in  iuternal  improvements,  from  which  enterprise  she 
Is  now  reaping  an  ample  reward  in  her  commercial  pre- 
eminence and  Wealth.  In  1817  was  commenced  the  great 
work  of  connecting  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  with  the  gre.Ht 
lakes,  by  breaking  the  soil  for  the  Erie  and  Hudson  Canal, 
which  is  364  miles  long,  and  (originally)  forty  feet  wide.  It 
was  completed  in  1825,  at  a  cost  of  about  $7,000,000.  In 
1853,  this  and  the  branch  canals  delivered  at  tidewater,  pro- 
perty valued  at  $73,683,044,  and  in  1854.  SV3,797.064,  or  in 
weight  2.505.797  tons  in  the  first  year,  and  2.465,866  in  the 
lust ;  while  the  clearances  from  Albanv — for  the  Champlain 
Canal  alone--am<nmted,  in  1853,  to  $33,733,154.  Besides 
the  Champlain  Canal,  there  are  various  branches  connecting 
with  the  Erie  and  Hudson,  viz.  one  from  Utica  to  Bing- 
hamton;  one  from  Syr.vuseio  Oswego;  one  from  Geneva  to 
Montezuma,  and  one  from  Rochester  to  Danville.  The  other 
canals  are  the  Delaware  and  Hudson,  connecting  the  Hudson 
River  with  the  coal-mines  in  the  N.E.  of  Pennsvlvania;  the 
Chcuiuug.  connecting  Seneca  Lake  with  Elmira.  and  the 
Crooked  Lake,  uniting  Penn  Yan  with  Dresden.  The  Black 
Eiver  and  Genesee  Yalley  Canals  are  not  yet  fiui.shed.  New 
York  owus,  therefore,  877  miles  of  completed  canal,  with  the 
exception  of  portions  of  the  Black  River  and  Genesee  Aalley 
Canals.  There  are,  besi.le.s,  119  miles  not  belonging  to  the 
state.  In  connexion  with  internal  improvements  it'may  be 
proper  to  state,  that  there  are  365  miles  of  lake  coast.  206  miles 
of  interior  lake,  and  245  miles  of  river  navigation  in  the 
*'*5-:,  "^^^  '^""**  ^'•'t'*^'  September  30.  1854,  amounted  to 
$18,731,269 ;  the  canal  revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  the 
same  date,  $2,773.56(5 — a  decrease  on  former  years.  The 
canal  tolls  varied  between  $1,056,922  in  1830.  and  $3,492,541 
in  1851— the  highest  amount;  but  the  latter  included  about 
$tH:i0,000  railroad  tolls.  The  canalliug  of  Xew  York  has  been 
done  by  the  stat«;  but  private  enterprise  has  added  a  much 
greater  amount  of  nul  way.  According  to  the  census  of  1860, 
till*  stat<;  had  2701  nillaa  r>f  •■u:i..„.,,i    n.„ » .: > 


NEW 

of  any  considerable  importance,  either  directlv  or  throngh 
braach  roads.  By  union  with  Canada  railro.ids.  and  rail- 
roads on  tbe  S.  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  a  communication  is 
opened  with  all  the  lake  states.  There  are  various  cross 
railroads  from  the  Central  to  the  Xew  York  and  Erie  Hail- 
way,  uniting  Buffalo,  Lockport.  Rochester.  Canandaigna, 
Oswego,  Syracuse.  Utica.  and  smaller  places,  with  Ilornels- 
ville.  Corning,  Elmira,  Owego,  Binghamton,  and  Philadel- 
phia :  the  Lost  through  the  coal  region  of  Xnrth-East  Penn- 
sylvania. Ogdensburg,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  connected 
with  Rouse's  Point,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Champlain.  openin"  a 
northern  route  to  Niagara  and  the  West.  Utica  and  Rome 
are  connected  northwai-dly  with  Watertown,  Cape  Yincent, 
and  Og<len8l)urg;  and  another  road  contiimes  this  con- 
nection to  Potsdam  and  the  Xorthern  Railroad.  Roads  are 
also  projected  from  Alliany  to  BInghampton,  from  Sodus 
Bay,  on  Lake  Ontario — through  .Auburn,  Ithaca.AVilkesharre, 
Ac— to  I'hiladelphia;  and  from  Buffalo  and  Attica  to  Pitts- 
burg. _  Several  branch  rAads  from  Xew  York  City  connect 
with  lines  through  Long  Island.  Connecticut.  Massachusetts, 
and  Rhoile  Island  to  Boston.  In  short,  the  great  commercial 
metropolis  of  the  state  enjoys  a  connected  intercourse,  by 
railway,  with  almost  every  important  town  in  this  or  in  the 
neighlx)ring  states.  There  were  in  New  York,  in  October, 
1852, 19  plank-roads,  with  an  aggregate  of  2106  miles,  costing 
$-j,s60,2y_s.  In  the  preliminary  ■rep<jrt  on  the  Eighth  Census, 
the  amount  of  freight  transported  on  the  niilroads  of  Xew 
York  is  estimatefl  at  3.556,3;W  tons.  The  value  of  the  pro- 
perty transported  was  estimated  at  the  enormous  sum  of 
$579,681,790. 

Omimerce. — Xew  York  enjoys  great  facilities  for  both 
foreign  and  domestic  commerce,  and  surpasses  every  other 
state  in  the  United  States  in  the  absolute  amount  of  tonnage 
owned  by  her  citizens,  though  that  of  Massachusetts  is 
relatively  greater.  The  tonnage  of  .\ew  York  in  1S6.3,  WiW 
l,8S9,19ll  tons;  of  which  848,328  wa.s  registered,  and  •321,714 
employed  in  steam  navigation.  The  numlier  of  vessels  built 
in  the  state  during  the  same  year  was  733,  of  which  118 
were  steamers.  I'he  total  tonnager  w'as  114,063.  Great 
as  is  tlie  tonnage  of  New  York,  it  does  not  fairly  repre- 
sent her  proportion  of  commerce,  since  many  vessels  built 
and  owned  in  other  states,  are  employed  "in  the  carry- 
ing trade  of  her  commercial  metropolis.  The  share  of 
this  state  in  the  trade  of  the  lakes  is  immense.  There  was 
landed  at  Buffalo  alone  from  the  lakes  in  1853.  property 
valued  at  $36.881.2.30,  and  at  $42,207,409  in  1854:  exported 
in  the  latter  year  bv  lake.  $75.iXX).000:  arrived  by  canal  in 
1853,  proiierty  valued  at  $'^^•612,102.  and  at  $77,035,271  in 
1854:  exported  $26,936,707  in  the  last-named  year.  Total 
imports  at  Buffalo,  in  18-54,  bv  lake,  can.al.  and  railway, 
$149,184,219,  and  exported  $124,204,978.  Exports  to  Canada, 
$1,071,091;  duties  collected.  $99,633.  The  can.il  trade  of 
IJochester  amounted  in  18-53.  in  value  to  $4,780.4:i!0  cleared, 
and  to  $5,128,059  left  at  that  city.  A  very  large  transit 
trade  is  done  over  her  c.inals  and  railroads ;  the  total  ton- 
nage movement  of  fitiight  on  the  former,  in  1853,  was 
4.247,853  tons— equal  to  700.000,000  tons  for  one  mile,  and 
over  the  railroads  2.831,3:56  tons. 

The  freight  tonnage  on  the  canals  for  1854  was  4.165,862 
tons,  a  decrease,  on  1853,  of  81.991  tons;  which,  however,  is 
more  than  made  up  by  the  increase  (316,452)  tons  on  the 
three  trunk  railways.  The  river  commerce  of  .Albany  em- 
ployed 849  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of  88.266  ton.s,  in  1854 ; 
and  in  the  15  years  preceding  1855,  the  annual  tonnage 
varied  from  39,416  to  97,019  tons. 


Tons  of  2000  lbs.  each. 

Value  in  Dollars. 

Articlei. 

1853. 

1854. 

1853. 

1854. 

Furs  and  peltry     . 

425 

283 

$928,833 

652,952 

Products  of  wood  . 

1,821,100 

1,768,462 

13,072,673 

13,731,833 

AGRICULTtJRK: 

Product  cranimals 

70,612 

78.684 

12.8.39,744 

11.666,296 

Vegetable  food    . 

1,071,300 

903,::^ 

43,134,406 

3*,33 1,500 

Other  agricultural 

products .    .     , 

9,0I2 

10,420 

l,5as.665 

1.9«3.0fi.8 

Manufactures    .    . 

!30,o:«fi 

258.021 

8.091.10(1 

9.T96.420 

Merchandise      .    . 

45.S,S27 

406.022 

11.8.317.856 

123.167.863 

Other  articles   .     . 

587,0*1 

740,235 

9,286,29:! 

10,954,3f« 

Total 

4.247,853 

4.165.862 

Si07, 179,570 

S210,-.'84,S12 

Tolls  received  .    . 

83,204,718 

82,778,566 

Total  value,  proper- 

ty left  at  tidewater 

$73,688,044 

$73, 797 ,06*1 

1 

Bouthern  tier  of  counties— with  Buffalo,  via  Albanv,  Utica, 
Syracuse,  Rochester,  and  various  iutermedi,ate  points-  with 
Montreal,  by  roads  partly  in  New  York  and  partiv  in  Ver- 
mont; and.  in  short,  with  almost  every  villa-e  in  the  state 


The  foreign  imports  of  the  state  amounted  to  $195,427,933 
in  1853-4,  and  $192,404,797  in  1862-3;  the  exports  amounted 
to  $122,534,646  in  1853-4,  and  $247,-507,226  in  1862-3.  The 
tonnage  entered  for  the  first  period  was  3,188,354 ;  and  fo." 
the  second  period  4,947,647 ;  the  tonnage  cleared  in  1853—1 
was  2,95-3,471,  and  in  1S62-.3,  4,871,409,  showing  an  increase 
during  the  last  decade  of  about  two-fifths  of  the  entire 
amount.    See  New  York  (City),  Alb.int,  and  Buff.^lo. 

£UuccUion. — This  g^eat  state  has  taken  an  at  Uve  interest 


NEW 

in  providinjr  an  ednoatlon  for  all  olnoses  in  the  elementary 
branches  of  learnino;.  The  Ilnn.  Horace  JIaiin  and  Hon. 
Henrj'  Itarnard,  the  two  lii;.'hcst  anthoritii's  in  this  country 
respeotins;  any  question  of  education,  both  <rave  it  as  their 
opinion,  in  1845,  that  New  York  was  oarryinji  on  the  work 
of  public  education  more  rapidly  than  any  other  state  in  the 
Union,  or  any  otiier  country  in  the  world.  AcrorUing  to 
the  census  of  18i50,  there  were  in  New  York  17  colleges 
«  ith  '^970  students,  SI 40,177  income ;  of  whicli  $29,802  was 
from  endowments;  10,6i)0  pnlilic  schools,  with  677,283  pu- 
pils. S3,341.0S8  income;  of  which  §1,89.3.02.3  was  from  taxa- 
tion: 910  academies  and  other  schools,  with  8C,066  jjupils, 
$1,576,706  income,  of  which  $75,144  was  endowmejits :  it  had 
also  8360  liliraries  comprising  2,436,.'i76  volnnies,  of  which 
744  are  pnMic.  6321  school,  1140  Sunday-school.  31  college, 
and  124  church  liliraries.  According  to  the  National  Al- 
manac this  state  had,  in  186.3,  20  colleges,  11  theoloerical 
Beminarics,  and  10  medical  schools.  Sixteen  of  the  colleges 
were  attended  by  3536  students. 

The  Normal  scliool,  at  Albany,  went  into  operation  in 
1814,  being  among  the  first  institutions  of  the  kind  estab- 
lished in  the  United  States.  It  instructs  annually  about 
275  students,  from  all  parts  of  the  state,  in  the  best  method 
of  teaching;  1313  graduates  have  completed  a  full  course, 
while  3S54  have  attended  partial  course*  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  school;  number  of  stmlents  in  1862,  99  males 
and  194  females;  total,  293.  The  number  of  pupils  who 
graduated  in  1862  Avas  54,  of  whom  22  were  males  and  32 
females.    The  number  admitted  during  the  year  was  190. 

A  collegiate  institute,  termed  the  Teojilo's  College,  was 
established  in  1857  at  Havana,  in  Schuyler  county.  It  pos- 
Bessol,  in  1863,  property  to  the  amount  of  S100,000,  and  was 
attended  by  45  students.  The  object  of  this  institution  is 
to  give  a  course  of  instruction  fitting  the  graduates  lor  the 
practical  pursuits  of  life.  The  New  York  .State  Agricultural 
College  Wiis  established  at  Ovid,  in  Seneca  county,  in  1859. 
Besides  the  Free  Academy,  in  New  York  (see  New  York  City), 
there  are  other  free  academies  in  different  parts  of  the  state : 
one  at  Lockport  had  400  pupils  during  the  year  1852,  and 
another  is  in  process  of  organization  af  Utica.  Geneva  Col- 
lege has  become  a  free  college,  under  the  name  of  the  Holiart 
Free  College.  Columbia  College  receives  a  certain  number 
of  pupils  from  the  free  schools  in  New  York  City  every  year, 
and  it  is  proposed  to  make  other  colleges  and  academies  par- 
tially free  by  state  appi-opriations.  Among  the  educational 
Institutions  in  New  York  is  the  New  York  Conference  Aca- 
demy, in  Charlotteville,  Schoharie  county,  which  gives  an 
academical  education  at  a  very  moderate  expense,  and  under 
such  regulations  as  to  l)o  highly  advantageous  to  youth  of 
moderate  means.  An  act  was  passed  in  1853  for  the  esta- 
blishment of  union  free  schools. 

The  whole  .amount  apportioned  by  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools,  in  1854.  was  $1,055,000,  of  which  $800,000 
was  raised  by  a  general  tax ;  and  $2.55.000  was  the  income 
of  the  School  Fund,  the  principal  of  which  amounted.  Janu- 
ary 1.  1865.  to  $6,708,351.  m.^de  up  of  the  Common  School 
Fund.  $2,425,211,  the  United  States  Deposit  Fund,  $4,014,520, 
and  the  Literary  Fund.  $268,620.  The  whole  amount  ex- 
pended in  1854,  for  public  schools,  was  $2,606,609,  of  which 
$1 .929.884  was  paid  to  teachers,  and  $47,057  expended  for 
school  libraries,  which  contained  an  aggregate  of  1,572,270 
volumes.  There  were  also  in  the  same  3ear  8  colleges  with 
883  students,  7  thtologicnl  schools  with  250  students.  4 
medical  schools  with  692  students,  and  1  law  school  with 
50  students.  Of  the  adult  population  in  1850.  98.722  could 
not  read  and  write;  of  these  68,052  were  of  foreign  birth. 

Religious Di'.nomiwdinns. — Of  5287  cluiiclieri  in  New  York 
in  1S60,  the  Baptists  owned  705,  Free  Will  Bapti.sts  75,  the 
Seventh  Day  Baptists  24,  Christians  102,  Congregationalists 
231,  Dutch  Reformed  287,  Episcopalians  411,  Friends  110, 
Univei-s;ili3ts  14S,  Jews  20,  Lutherans  137,  Methodists  1683, 
Prcjibyterians  715,  Roman  Catholics  360,  Unionists  121, 
various  minor  sects  92,  giving  1  church  to  734  persons. 
Total  value  of  church  propertj',  $35,125,257. 

P'ri(idicaU. — There  were  published  in  this  state  in  1860, 
74  daily,  7  tri-weekly,  10  bi-weekly,  and  366  weekly  news- 
papers ;  69  monthly,  10  quarterly,  and  6  annual  raaga/.ines. 
The  circulation  of  the  d;iily  papers  was  487,340  a  day,  of  the 
werjkly  2,600,925  a  week,  and  of  the  monthly  2,045,000  a 
montli.    The  whole  annual  number  was  320,930,884. 

Public  Institutions. — New  York  has  3  penitentiaries,  lo- 
cated at  Sing-Sing,  at  Auburn,  and  at  Clinton,  in  Clinton 
county.  On  the  30tli  of  September,  1861,  they  contained 
2674  convicts,  of  which  1375  were  at  Sing-Sing,  797  at  Au- 
burn, and  502  at  Clinton.  The  whole  number  in  September, 
1863,  Wiis  2081.  Out  of  2674  convicts  confined  in  1861, 1073 
were  foreigners.  The  amount  expended  in  the  year  at  Sing- 
j)ing,was  $123,623;  at  Auburn,  $87,251;  at  Clinton,  $63,857 
The  convicts  at  Sing-Sing  earned  $125,531 ;  those  at  Auburn, 
$102,002;  and  those  at  Clinton,  $39,200.  There  is  a  House 
of  Refiige  at  New  York  City,  which,  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1863,  had  475  inmates.  During  the  previous  year  it  received 
290  boys  and  116  girls.  The  Western  House  of  Refuge  at 
Rochester  had,  in  January,  1863, 402  boys,  of  whom  179  were 
received  during  the  previous  year.  The  State  Lunatic  Asy- 
41 


NEW 

Inm  at  Utica,  was  opened  in  1843.  In  1S63  there  were  treated 
in  it  819  patients,  of  whom  287  were  adtnitted  during  the 
year.  The  number  remaining,  November,  30,  1863,  was  514. 
Since  the  asylum  was  opencd.li629  patients  have  been  treated, 
2634  of  whom  recovered.  This  asylum  is  selt'-sustaining,  only 
receiving  from  the  State  Treasury  the  salaries  of  its  officers 
"The  American  Journal  of  Insanity,"  a  quarterly  period! 
cal,  is  edited  by  the  medical  officers  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Asylum,  and  now  dates  an  existence  of  more  than  twenty 
years.  It  is  said  to  be  the  first  periodical  devoted  exclu- 
sively to  the  interests  of  psychological  medicine  ever  pub- 
lished. Further  provision  lor  the  insane  is  made  at  the 
Blo<jmingdale  Asylum,  near  New  York,  and  at  the  Flatbush 
Asylum.  There  is  also  an  asylum  for  insane  convicts  at 
Auburn,  and  an  asylum  for  idiots  at  Syracuse.  The  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind,  at  New  York,  had  in  1863, 151  pupils,  7 
of  whom  were  fi'om  New  Jersey.  21  pupils  were  admitted 
during  the  year.  20  teachers  (13  of  wliom  are  blind)  are 
employed  here.  The  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  iu 
New  York  City  is  said  to  be  the  most  extensive  in  the  world, 
both  with  respect  to  the  accommodations  and  the  number 
of  pupils.  The  number  of  pupils  in  Decemb<;r,  1863,  was 
332.  The  other  charitable  and  public  institutiohs  will  be 
described  in  their  respective  localities. 

Pitjndatinn. — Though  originally  settled  by  the  Dutch,  and 
having  some  of  its  oldest  and  most  respectable  families  of 
that  descent,  the  great  infusion  of  New  Kngland  popula- 
tion, since  the  Revolution,  has  given  to  the  inhabitants  of 
New  York  more  of  the  characteristics  of  New  England  than 
of  Holland.  According  to  the  census  of  1790.  this  state  had 
340.120  inhaliitants ;  586,756  in  1800;  959.049  in  1810; 
1.372812  in  1820;  1,918,608  in  1830;  2,428,921  in  1840; 
3,094,390  in  1850;  and  3,880,735  in  186»J;  of  whom  3,831,590 
were  whites,  49^005  colored,  and  141  Indians.  Population 
to  the  square  mile,  82.  Representative  population,  3,880,735. 
Of  the  population,  2,602,460  were  born  in  the  state,  279,635 
in  other  states,  998,640  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  106,011 
werfc  l)orn  in  England,  498,072  in  Ireland,  27,041  in  Scotland, 
7998  in  Wales,  55,273  in  British  America,  256,252  in  Ger- 
many, 21 ,826  in  France,  and  25,567  in  other  foreign  countries, 
or  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  254,786  were 
farmers,  159,077  laborers,  166,282  servants,  115,728  farm 
laborers,  49,597  clerks,  38,897  carpenters,  25,755  shoemakers, 
21,677  merchants,  19,137  tailors,  18,841  seamstresses,  18,628 
teachers,  17,763  blacksmiths,  14,101  tailoresses,  12,745 
painters  and  varnishors,  12,141  mariners,  12,052  mantua- 
makers,  12,745  masons,  11,228  apprentices,  9817  grocers,  9385 
coopers,  9273  boatmen,  8520  butchers,  8774  machinists,  8646 
carters,  8746  laundresses,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st, 
1860,  there  occmred  46,941  deaths,  or  12-2  in  every  thou- 
sand. The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  1579,  (see  I\- 
TRODUCTio.v  to  the  volume  on  Prpulation  of  tlie  Kiyldk 
Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  ic.,)  blind,  1768;  insane,  4137;  and 
idiotic.  2314. 

Ct>i(M<i«i.— New  York  is  divided  into  60  counties,  vii.: 
Albany,  Alleghany,  Broome,  Cattaraugus,  Cayuga,  Chau- 
fjiuqua,  Chemung,  Chenango,  Clinton,  Columbia,  Cortland, 
Delaware,  Dutche.'^s,  Erie.  Essex.  Franklin,  Fulton,  Genesee, 
Greene,  Hamilton,  Herkimer,  Jefferson,  Kings,  Lewis,  Liv- 
ingston, .Madison,  Monroe,  Montgomery.  New  York,  Niagara, 
Oneida.  Onondaga.  Ontario,  Orange,  Orleans,  Oswego.  Ot- 
sego, Putnam,  Queens.  Rensselaer,  Richmond,  Rockland, 
Saratoga,  Schenectady,  Schoharie,  Schuyler,  Seneca,  St. 
Lawrence,  Steuben,  Suffolk,  Sullivan,  Tioga,  Tompkins, 
Ulster,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  Westchester,  Wyo- 
ming, and  Yates. 

cities  and  Towns. — New  York  is  filled  with  populous  and 
thriving  towns,  and  her  inland  cities  and  villages  exhibit, 
in  their  great  warehouses  and  elegant  private  residences, 
such  indications  of  wealth  and  taste  as  are  only  looked  for 
in  seaport  towns  or  great  capitals,  in  other  countries.  Popu- 
lation of  New  York  City  in  1800,  was  805,658.  The  other 
important  towns  are,  Brooklyn,  with  a  population  of  266,661 ; 
Buffalo,  81,129;  Albany,  62,367;  Rochester,  48,204;  Troy, 
39,235;  Syracuse,  28,119 ;  Oswego,  16,816;  Kingston,  16,640; 
Newburg,  15,196 ;  Poughkeepsie,  14,720 ;  Lockport,  13,523 ; 
Yonkers,  11,848 ;  Auburn,  10,987 ;  Flushing,  10,188 ;  Brook- 
haven.  9923;  Schenectady,  9679 ;  Fishkill,  9546;  Saugerties, 
9537;  Morrisiana,  9245;  Owego,  8935;  West  Troy,  8820; 
Cohoes,  8800;  Elndni,  8682;  Binghamton,  8325;  Plattsburg, 
3648;  Watertown.  7572;  Saratoga  (Springs),  7496;  Ogdens- 
burg  City,  7409;  Hudson,  7187;  Canandaigua,  7075;  Ithaca, 
6843;  Caslleton,  6778;  Niagara,  6603;  Malone,  6565;  Cats- 
kill,  6276;  Rome,  6246;  Middletown,  6243 ;  Watervliet,  6229 ; 
Corning,  6003;  Dunkirk,  5616;  North  Hempstead,  5419; 
Geneva,  about  5600;  Canton,  6379;  Fulton,  about  3500; 
Batavia,  3316 ;  Bath,  5129;  besides  various  others,  number- 
ing each  from  2000  to  3000  inhabitants.  A  new  census  of 
the  state  of  New  Y'ork  has  just  been  taken  (1865),  the  re- 
sults of  which  show  a  great  increase  in  the  population  of 
many  of  the  towns,  but  for  the  sake  of  a  just  comparison 
with  the  towns  of  other  states  we  have  preferred  to  follow 
the  census  of  1860.     Capital  Albany. 

Government,  Fmancef,  d/:. — New  York,  almost  an  empire 
in  resources  and  population  within  itself,  is  ruled  by  a  go- 

1329 


NEW 


NEW 


venior  and  lieui  nant-govemor,  each  elected  by  the  people 
for  tvTO  years,  nn-l  by  a  Senate  of  32,  and  a  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  128  members,  the  former  elected  for  two  years,  I 
and  the  latter  annually,  by  the  people.  The  governor  re- 
ceives a  salary  of  $40(>9  per  annum,  and  the  lieutenant- 
governor  Sf*  per  diem  during  the  sessions  of  the  Senate,  of 
whii'h  he  is>  ex  officio  president.  The  members  of  the  legis- 
lature receire  $3  per  diem,  and  $1  for  every  ten  miles  travel. 
The  judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  court  for  the  trial  of  impeach- 
ments, comjjosed  of  the  President  of  the  Senate,  (who  is  also 
president  of  the  court.)  and  the  whole  or  a  majority  of  the 
Senate,  and  the  whole  or  a  m.ijority  of  the  court  of  appeals. 
If  tlie  governor  is  impeached,  the  lieutenant-governor  can- 
not act  as  a  member  of  the  court.  Two-thirds  of  the  mem- 
bers present  must  concur  for  a  conviction,  and  their  judg- 
ment only  extends  to  removal  from  office.  2.  Of  a  court  of 
appeals,  which  is  composed  of  eight  judges,  of  whom  four 
ore  elected  by  the  people,  for  S  years,  and  four  selected  each 
year  from  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  having  the  short- 
est time  to  serve.  Of  the  judges  elected  by  popular  vote, 
one  is  chosen  in  every  second  year,  and  the  one  having  the 
shortest  time,to  serve  is  chief  judge.  This  court  has  power 
to  rever.se 'the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court,  or  the  old 
supreme  court,  and  court  of  chancery.  3.  Supremo  and 
circuit  courts,  composed  of  32  judges,  for  the  election  of 
whom  the  state  is  divided  into  8  judicial  districts,  each  one 
of  which  elects  4  judges  for  8  years;  one  judge  goes  out  of 
office  every  second  year.  Four  terms  of  the  supreme  court, 
at  least,  are  held  in  each  district  every  year,  and  one  .spe- 
cial term  and  two  circuit  courts.  The  supreme  court  has 
jurisdiction  in  law  and  equity,  and  power  to  review  judg- 
ments of  the  county  courts,  but  the  circuit  courts  are  only 
for  the  trial  of  issues  of  fact.  4.  County,  or  surrogates' 
courts,  which  have  the  usual  jurisdiction  of  courts  of  pro- 
bate. 5.  Criminal  courts,  compo.sed  (except  in  the  city  and 
county  of  New  York)  of  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court,  the  county  judge,  and  two  justices  of  the  peace,  chosen 
members  of  the  court  of  sessions.  In  New  York  city  and 
county,  to  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  this  court  adds  any 
two  of  the  following  officers,  viz.,  judges  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  mayor,  recorder,  and  aldermen.  Courts  of 
sessions  are  composed  of  one  countj' judge  and  two  justices 
of  the  peace.  6.  Courts  of  Xew  York  city  and  county,  viz., 
a  superior  court,  a  court  of  common  pleas,  and  a  marine 
court.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals  and  the  supreme 
court  have  salaries  of  $2500  each :  of  the  superior  court  of 
New  York  city,  $3500 ;  of  the  common  pleas.  $3000,  and  of 
the  marine  court,  $2000.  The  judges  of  all  these  courts  are 
elective.  Every  male  citizen  of  the  age  of  21  years,  who 
shall  have  beeu  a  citizen  ten  days,  (i.  c.  all  foreigners  whose 
citizenship  or  probation  of  five  years  shall  have  been  ma- 
tured ten  days.)  and  au  inhaliitant  of  the  state  one  year, 
of  the  county  four  months,  and  of  the  election  district  30 
days,  shall  be  intitled  to  a  vote.  But  no  man  of  color  may 
vote,  till  he  has  been  three  years  a  citizen,  and  possessed  of 
a  freehold  estate  of  the  value  of  $250. 

New  York  is  entitled  to  31  members  of  the  national  house 
of  representatives  and  33  votes  for  president. 

The  assessed  value  of  property  in  New  York  for  1854,  was 
$1,364,154,625,  and  for  1862,  $1,454,454,817.  The  funded 
debt  of  the  state,  September  30, 18^3,  was  $-29,773,964,  of 
which  $23,268,310  was  canal  debt.  The  amount  of  the 
school  fund  was  $2,694,552.  In  1863,  $3,000,000  were  appro- 
priated for  bounties  to  volunteers.  The  tax  levied  in  1863 
amounted  to  $7,272,274.  On  the  30th  of  September,  1863, 
there  were  in  the  state  309  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capi- 
tal of  $109,258,147,  a  circulation  of  $35,159,586,  and  .?:31,071.759 
in  specie.  Fortj--one  of  these  were  owned  by  individual 
bankers.  In  December,  1S54,  there  were  324  banks,  of 
which  47  were  about  closing  np,  with  an  aggregate  cajiital  of 
$83,268,866,  a  circulation  of  $27,917,8.39,  and  $13,470,879  in 
coin.  In  185.>,  26  savings  banks  reported  to  the  state  gov- 
ernment $26,391,713  on  deposit ;  but  there  were  a  large  num- 
ber of  country  institutions  which  did  not  report ;  and  of  those 
niiiking  returns,  four  were  not  exclusively  savings  banks. 

History. — Henry  Hudson,  an  Knglishman  in  the  employ 
of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  first  ascended  the  Hudson 
Uiver  in  1609,  but  no  permanent  settlement  was  made  till 
1614.  when  the  Dutch  foundi-d  Fort  Orange,  now  Albany,  and 
New  .\msterdam,  now  New  York  City.  The  English  claimed 
the  right  of  prior  discovery,  which  led  to  frequent  conflicts. 
in  1664,  the  colony  surrendere<l  to  the  Duke  of  York, 
was  re-taken  by  tho'Dutch  in  1673,  but  surrendered  finally 
to  the  English  in  1674.  The  first  h>gislative  assernblv  was 
convoked  in  1683.  New  York  suWred  considerably" from 
Indian  depredatiorrs  in  the  wars  wasred  between  France  and 
England  in  1690, 1702.  and  1744.  In  1090.  Schenectady  was 
taken  and  burnt  by  the  savages,  and  many  of  the  inhabit- 
fiuts  massacred.  The  shores  of  Lake  George  and  Champlain 
have  been  made  classic  by  the  struggles  they  have  witnessed 
between  the  Fivnch  and  English  previous  "to  the  American 
Revolution.  The  massacre  of  the  garrison  at  Fort  William 
Henry  by  the  Indians,  in  1757.  will  long  be  rememliered  in 
the  annals  of  New  York.  This  state  took  an  active  part  in 
the  war  of  independence,  was  the  theatre  of  many  military 
1830  ' 


engagements,  and  gave  Jay  and  Hamilton  to  the  couuMls  of 
the  nation  in  that  period  of  trial  and  doubt.  The  defeat  of 
Washington  on  Long  Island  and  at  White  I'iaini;  in  the 
autumn  of  1776,  the  surrender  of  IJurgoyne  in  Octol»er.  1777, 
and  the  taking  of  Stony  Point  by  Wayne  in  July.  1779.  are 
the  most  important  actions  that  took  place  on  the  soil  of  this 
state  during  the  Kevolutionary  contest.  The  sanguinary 
naval  battle  on  Lake  Champlain.  in  the  war  of  1812.  in 
which  McDonough  defeated  the  British  after  a  hard  fought 
action,  and  several  other  minor  engagements,  took  place 
within  the  limits  of  New  York  in  the  last  struggle  with 
Great  Britain. 

NEW  Y(^KK,  (Fr.  New-Tarl;  nuh'yoRk/;  Sp.  Xtier-a  York, 
nwi/vS  j'ORk ;  It.  Numa  York.  noo-o'vA  yonk ;  L.  JS'th-um  EI,o- 
raleum.)  the  metroiiolis  of  the  above  state,  the  most  populous 
city  and  the  greatest  emporium  in  the  New  ^\orld,  and 
(with  its  suburbs,  Brooklyn,  M'iliiani.aburg.  Jersey  City, 
and  Hoboken)  the  third  in  "point  of  wealth  and  population 
of  the  cities  of  Christendom,  is  sitn;ited  on  the  southern 
extremity  of  5Ianhattan  Island,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hud- 
son and  East  Rivers,  aboxit  18  miles  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean;  87  miles  N.E.  of  Philadelphia:  187  miles  N.E.  of 
Baltimore;  226  miles  N.E.  of  Washingtoi* ;  1428  miles  N.E. 
of  Xew  Orleans;  1046  miles  E.  of  St.  Louis:  722  miles  E. 
of  Cincinnati ;  340  miles  S.  of  Montreal;  145  miles  S.  of 
Albany :  and  207  miles  S.W.  ■  of  Boston.  The  city  and 
county  have  the  same  limits,  composing  the  whole  of  Man- 
hattan Island.  13j  miles  in  length,  and  about  2  in  its  great- 
est breadth.  The  densely  inhabited  parts  of  the  city  occupy 
about  4  miles  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  i.*land,  The 
City  Hall  is  in  lat.  40°  42'  43"  N.,  and  74°  0'  3"  W.  Ion. 
Though  the  site  of  New  York  is  nearly  level,  there  is  suffi- 
cient descent  in  the  ground  from  liroadway  towards  each 
river  to  furnish  good  drainage. 

Otneral  Aspuct. — In  the  old  or  southern  quarter  of  the 
city,  the  streets  are  for  the  most  part  narrow  and  irregular, 
but  crowded  with  immense  hotels,  warehouses,  .stores,  and 
the  public  buildings  necessary  in  a  great  mart  of  trade. 
Many  of  these  are  costly  structures  of  m.-irble,  granite,  or 
brownstone,  from  4  to  8  stories  in  height;  or,  if  public 
buildings,  displaying  various  orders  of  architectural  style, 
adorned  with  columns,  porticoes,  Ac.  The  northern  or  newer 
part  of  the  city  is  reguKarly  laid  out  with  wide  and  spacious 
streets  and  avenues,  which,  in  the  fashionable  ([uarter 
west  of  Broadway,  are  lined  with  palatial  ret^idenres  and 
sumptuous  churches  of  brick,  sandstone,  and  marble,  giv- 
ing a  display  of  wealth  nowhere  to  be  found  but  in  the 
imperial  cities  of  Europe,  and  unequalled  even  there,  except 
in  the  abodes  of  royalty  and  nobility.  Broadway,  the  prin- 
cipal street,  and  one  of  the  finest  "to  be  seen  in  anj'  city 
in  the  World,  is  80  feet  \\  iile,  and  about  4  niilfs  long.  Com- 
mencing at  the  Battery,  (an  open  space  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  island.)  it  extends  N.N.E.  for  about  2J 
miles  to  Grace  Church,  where  it  bends  slighth-  to  the  N.W., 
and,  with  a  short  interruption,  (from  Union  Park.)  continues 
on  in  this  direction  beyond  the  densely  built  portions  of  the 
city.  Broadway  may  be  cotnpared  to  a  great  river;  the 
streets  which  terminate  in  it,  and  those  which  it  intersects, 
being  tributaries  that  supply  a  constantly  increasing  throng 
of  people  and  vehicles  of  every  description,  as  we  approach 
its  southern  extremity.  Perhaps  the  most  important  of 
these  affluents  is  Chatham  Street,  which  forms  the  outlet 
of  the  Bowery,  East  Broadway,  and  several  other  consider- 
able streets,  and  terminates  at  the  lower  end  of  the  Park. 
From  the  cupola  of  the  City  Hall,  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
from  the  Battery,  a  bird'.s-eye  view  may  be  had  of  New 
York,  its  harbor  and  environs.  Looking  to  the  S..  we  have 
beneath  us  the  warehouses,  banking  establishments,  insur- 
ance offices.  Custom-house,  Exchange,  and  other  buildings, 
wherein  are  transacted  the  commercial  operations  of  this 
great  centre  of  trade.  Terminating  this  scene  on  the  S.  is 
the  Battery,  and  beyond  it  stretches  out  New  York  Bay  for 
6  miles,  till  the  view  is  shut  in  by  the  picturesque  heights 
of  Staten  Island  on  the  S.AV.,  while  on  the  S.  the  Narrows 
open  a  vista  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Turning  to  the  S.E. 
and  E.,  we  look  over  a  strait  of  from  one-third  ic  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  literally  crowde<l  (on  the  New 
York  shore)  with  a  dense  forest  of  masts,  bearing  aloft  the 
flags  of  every  civilized  maritime  nation  on  the  earth.  Be- 
yond this  strait  (commonly  called  the  East  River,  and  con- 
necting New  York  Bay  with  Long  Island  Sound,)  is  Brook- 
lyn, itself  a  large  city,  presenting  in  one  part  a  Viold  bhtff 
crowned  with  stately  dwellings,  and  overlooking  the  city  of 
New  York,  its  harbor  and  bay,  and  Staten  Island— taking 
in  a  panorama  unrivalled  in  the  world,  except  at  Naples, 
(if  indeed  we  must  make  that  exception,)  and,  perhaps.  Rio 
Janeiro.  Further  N.,  on  the  same  shore  with  Brooklyn,  we 
have  Williamsburg,*  a  suburb  larger  than  New  York  at  the 
Revolution,  and  between  them  the  United  Stites  Navy-yard 
and  the  United  States  Naval  Hospital.  On  the  W.  is  the 
noble  Hudson,  expanding  itself  to  l-J-  miles  in  width  ere  it 
is  lost  in  the  bay,  and  separating  New  York  from  the 
flourishing  suburbs  of  Jersey  City  and  Hoboker..    At  the 

*  Incorporated  with  Brvokl/n  in  1854. 


NEW 


NEW 


wharves  on  this  ejAs  we  may  see  a  scarcely  less  crowded 
forest  of  masts  than  on  the  B.  shore:  and  peerinR  up  amid 
this  leafless  forest,  may  be  observed  t!ie  black  jiipes  of  the 
preatnst  steamers  on  the  globe,  wliether  we  regard  tliose 
that  navigate  the  river  and  sound,  or  those  tliat  traverse 
the  ocean.  Turning  to  the  N.,  we  have  a  sea  of  houses, 
chwrclies,  and  pulilic  buildings  of  various  kinds,  extending 
over  four  miles,  terminated  by  the  southern  extremity  of 
Central  Parle,  and  on  the  Jersey  shore  by  the  heights  of 
Weehawken.  TIii«<  bird's-eye  view,  while  it  shuts  out  many 
defects,  snch  as  filthy  and  irregtilar  streets,  mean  houses, 
the  abodes  of  poverty  and  wretchedness,  (which_  alloy  the 
pleasure  of  visiting  every  great  capital,)  conceals  also  many 
beao'Jri.  The  principal  seat  of  business  is  south  of  the 
Cicy  ^±p11,  although  many  magnificent  stores,  both  whole- 
sale ar.d  retail,  have,  within  a  ffAV  years,  been  established 
far  t'.  tlie  north  of  this  point.  Among  the  mo^t  important 
Btcfets  in  the  lower  (southorn)  portion  of  the  city,  is  a 
Qa.-r  jw  one  running  E.  from  Broadw;iy.  about  a  quarter  of 
a  ir..ile  above  the  Battery.  'This  is  the  Rialto  and  Lombard 
Bti'oet  of  New  York — the  grand  heart  whence  pulsate  the 
financial  movements  of  North  America.  This  street  is 
lined  with  banking-honses,  insurance  and  brokers' offices ; 
and  hi're  too  are  the  Kxchange  and  (old)  Custom  House, 
Bror.dway,  above  th"  City  Hall,  is  occupied  for  two  miles 
wi'.l)  magnificent  stores,  interspersed  with  immense  hotels, 
(such  as  are  seen  nowhere  but  in  America,)  with  theatres, 
concert  and  lecture  halls,  and  other  jilnci'S  of  amusement 
and  instruction.  The  business  portion  of  New  York  is 
divided  by  Canal  street.  (120  feet  wide);  which  crosses 
Broadway  somewhat  ob!if|uely  about  a  mile  ami  a  quarter 
from  the  Battery,  Above  Canal  street  the  buildings  devoted 
to  trade  are  chiefly  fashionable  retail  stores,  of  every 
variety,  whose  shelves  are  laden  with  the  most  costly 
fabrics.  South  of  Canal  street,  on  Broadway  and  the  inter- 
secting or  adjacent  streets,  are  the  importing  and  wholesale 
houses  fur  dry  goods,  silks,  &c.,  while  in  the  (dder  and  more 
southern  portions  of  the  city  are  situated  the  houses  devoted 
to  wholesale  groceries,  provisions,  shipping,  Ac.  Broadway 
is  much  fiequente<l  throughout  as  a  fashionable  promenade, 
and  with  its  splendid  stores,  its  crowds  of  well-dressed 
ladies,  and  constant  rush  of  men  in  the  eager  ]uirsuit  of 
business,  with  its  incessant  throng  of  elegant  equipages, 
and  of  vehicles  of  every  kind,  it  presents  a  most  interesting 
and  animated  spectacle.  The  newer  or  northern  portion 
is  traversed  in  a  north  and  south  direction  by  ft)  spa- 
cious avenues  of  100  feet  in  breadth,  10  of  which  fcomniene- 
ing  at  a  distance  of  from  2  to  2\4  miles  from  the  Battery, 
extend  the  whole  length  of  the  island.  Four  of  the  shorter 
avenues,  on  the  East  River,  are  named  A,  B,  C,  and  P.  The 
rest,  excepr  Lexington  and  Sladison  Avenues,  which  ex- 
tend but  a  short  distance,  are  named  numerically,  com- 
mencing at  the  cast  side  and  numbering  to  14th  Avenue. 
These  are  crossed  at  right  angles  by  streets  from  GO  to  100 
feet  in  width,  and  at  distances  of  about  200  feet  from  eacli 
other,  also  named  numerically  uv  to  229th  Street,  though 
the  dense  population  does  not  (iS65)  extend  much  altove  50th 
street,  rifth  Avenue,  the  very  centre  of  fashion,  is  a  street 
of  sumptuous  and  costly  dwellings  of  large  size,  a  great 
portion  of  which  are  constructed  of  brown  stone,  and  some 
of  white  marble;  exhibiting  architectural  varieties  sufficient 
to  gratify  the  most  diverse  tivstes.  On  this  street,  too,  Is  a 
number  of  costly  churches,  with  towering  spires  and  tur- 
rets, and,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  constructed  of  stone. 

Vf/rnce. — New  York  is  strongly  defended  both  \>y  nature 
and  art.  The  entrance  to  the  upper  bay  is  through  a  strait 
called  the  Narrows,  about  one  mile  in  width,  and  is  com- 
manded on  the  Long  Island  side  by  Fort  Lafayette,  situated 
in  the  water  200  yards  from  shore,  and  Fort  Hamilton  on 
Long  Island.  The  latter  is  faced  with  an  immense  water- 
battery  of  recent  constinicti'^n.  armed  with  guns  of  a  vast 
size.  Here  is  mounted  the  famous  20-inch  gun,  throwing 
1020  pound  shot;  it  was  con'^trueted  at  Pittslurg,  in  ISI-t. 
On  the  Staten  Island  side  of  the  Narrows,  nearly  opposite, 
is  Fort  Richmond,  situated  on  the  lieight  and  communicat- 
ing Vvdth  the  water-battery  below  by  subteiTanean  passages. 
The  entrance  from  Long  Island  Sound  is  protected  by  forti- 
fications on  Throg's  neck. 

Piihh'c  f^qnares,  Pmnlmns,  (f:c. — New  York  contains  a 
number  of  fine  parks,  squares,  &e.  Of  these  by  far  the 
most  extensive  and  important  is  the  Central  Park,  in  the 
northern  portion  of  the  city.  It  is  a  mile  and  a  ii.alf  long 
and  nearly  threi^uarters  of  a  mile  wide,  and  is  tastefully 
laid  out  and  embellished  at  a  cost  already  exceeding  fifteen 
millions  of  dollars.  No  more  attractive  sight  can  be  pre- 
sented to  the  stranger  visiting  New  York  than  this  park, 
with  its  variegated  surface,  its  rich  verdure  interspersed 
with  rude  masses  of  native  rock,  and  adorned  witli  an  end- 
less variety  of  flowers  and  ornamental  trees ;  with  its  wind- 
ing footpaths,  its  elegant  bridges  in  various  styles  of  atclii- 
tecturft.  and  its  magnificent  macadamized  roads,  wliidi, 
towards  the  close  ;f  the  day,  when  the  weather  is  fine,  are 
constantly  thronged  with  people,  and  with  elegant  equipages 
of  every  description.  Tiie  park  also  contains  several  beauti- 
fhl  ponds  or  lakes,  which,  in  winter,  are  much  frequented  by 


skaters  of  both  sexes.  The  entire  grounds  of  the  park  arn 
now  (1.S6.5)  being  surrounded  by  a  substantial  stone  wuJl, 
6  feet  in  height.  Washington  Square,  a  parallel ocrani  of 
12  acres,  Tomjikins  Square,  Stuyvesanr  Square,  Union  Park, 
an  ov,'U  piece  of  ground  with  fine  jets  d'eau,  interruptin"' 
Broadway  at  Fourteenth  Street;  Gi-amercy  Park,  an4 
Madison  Sqiiare,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  city,  are  all  witln-' 
the  densely  peopled  portions  of  New  York."  They  are  not 
large,  but  are  less  needed  in  this  long  and  comparativolj 
narrow  city,  surrounded  by  its  harbor,  and  refreshed  by 
sea-breezes,  than  in  most  other  towns  of  its  size.  About 
tliree-fourtlis  of  a  mile  from  the  Battery,  is  "  the  Park,"  a 
triangular  jiiece  of  gionnd,  of  about  11  .acres,  containing 
the  City  Hall,  occupied  by  courts,  city  offices,  &c.  Bowling 
Green,  in  Broadway,  near  the  Battery,  is  a  small  circular 
space,  enclosed  by  a  railing,  and  having  a  fountain.  The 
Battery,  an  open  place  planted  with  trees,  at  tlie  southern 
extremity  of  Broaxlway,  was  formerly  much  frequented  as 
a  delightful  promenade,  but  it  is  now  nearly  or  quite  de- 
serted. Castle  Garden,  an  old  fort,  adjoining  the  Battery, 
was  formerly  used  as  a  place  for  public  exhibitions,  concerts, 
fairs,  &c. 

Crolon  Aqttfducl.  —  Among  the  public  works  of  New 
York  the  Croton  aqueduct  may  be  said  to  hold  (he 
first  rank.  It  is  superior  to  nio'tliing  of  the  kind  in 
modern  times,  and  is  only  surpassed  by  the  aqueducts  of 
ancient  Rome.  The  water  is  brought  to  the  city  from 
Croton  River,  40^  miles  above  the  distributing  reservoir, 
and  iS]A  miles  from  the  City  Hall.  The  dam  on  Croton 
River  is  40  feet  high,  and  160  above  tide.  The  water  is  con- 
veyed in  a  covered  canal  of  brick  and  stone,  tlirough  16 
tunnels  of  an  aggregate  length  of  0S41  feet  to  Harlem  liiver, 
which  it  crosses  on  a  bridge  1450  feet  long,  elevated  11  i 
feet  above  tide.  About  5  miles  above  the  City  Hall  is  the 
receiving  reservoir,  covering  38  acres,  and  with  a  capacity 
for  1.50,000,000  gallons.  Between  2  and  3  miles  below  this, 
on  Fifth  Avenue,  is  the  distributing  reservoir,  a  solid  piece 
of  masonry,  covering  420  feet  square,  including  4  acres,  in 
two  divisions,  with  massive  walls,  44J4  feet  high  above  the 
street,  and  37  feet  deep.  Capacity,  20,000,000  gallons.  In 
18.54, 2"63/<i  miles  of  pipe  had  Iteen  laid  on  the  island.  Total 
original  c'ost  of  construction,  .?9,000,000.  The  aqueduct 
can  supply  60,000,000  gallons  daily. 

Cemfiti-ries. — About  3  miles  S.E.  of  Fulton  Ferry,  Brook- 
lyn, is  Greenwood  Cemetery,  occupying  an  area  of  400  acres, 
forming,  perhaps,  the  most  extensive  iilace  of  sepulture  in 
modern  times.  It  is  an  hours"  ride  simply  to  make  the 
circuit  of  tlie  grounds,  without  threading  its  alleys,  or  eJt- 
annning  its  great  variety  of  monuments,  and  other  testi- 
monials to  the  dead.  Tlio  grounds  are  as  varied  as  exten- 
sive, and  are  composed  of  delightful  alternations  of  bill  and 
dale,  of  wood  and  water.  The  cemetery  is  traversed  by 
winding  patlis  and  avenues,  amid  every  variety  of  me- 
morial, from  the  simplest  tombstone  to  the  georgcous 
mausoleum.  There  are  a  nnmlier  of  other  cemeteries  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  city,  but  our  limits  preclude  any  particular 
description  of  them. 

Public  BuihUngs. — New  York  is  fast  approaching  the  capi- 
tals of  Europe  in  the  stateliness  of  its  private  mansions, 
and  tlie  solidity  and  grandeur  of  its  public  buildings,  tliough 
in  many  cases  they  fail  in  producing  their  proper  effect  from 
the  badness  of  their  location.  Beginning  at  the  Battery, 
and  proceeding  up  Broadway,  (omitting  any  mention  of  the 
immense  warehouses  and  stores  which  lino  every  siep  of 
the  way,)  we  come  first  to  Wall  Street,  running  E.  from 
Broadway,  turning  down  which,  a  white  marble  building 
of  the  Doric  order,  after  the  model  of  the  Parthenon,  situ- 
ated at  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Broad  Streets,  first  attracts 
the  eye.  This  is  the  old  Custom-house,  now  used  as  a 
United  States  suli-treasury  office.  It  stands  on  sloping 
ground,  fronting  Broad  Street,  and  occupies  the  site  of  the 
old  Federal  Hall,  from  tlie  balcony  in  front  of  which  Wash- 
ington delivered  his  first  inaugural  address.  It  is  ascended 
from  Wall  Street  by  eighteen  marble  steps,  while  the  Pino 
Street  frimt  h;is  but  four.  The  length  of  the  building  is 
200  feet,  width  90  feet,  and  height  80'feet,  with  a  portico  at 
each  end,  supported  by  eight  massive  columns.  The  great 
Iiall  for  the  transaction  of  business  is  circular,  surmounted 
by  a  dome,  supported  by  sixteen  Corinthian  columns  30  feet 
high.  Entire  cost  of  the  building,  including  the  grounds, 
$1,175,000. 

The  former  Merchants'  Exchange,  also  in  Wall  Street,  is 
one  of  the  most  imposing  buildings  in  the  country.  It 
occupies  an  entire  block,  200  feet  long,  by  144  to  177  feet 
wide,  77  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  cornice,  and  124  to  ihe 
summit  of  the  dome,  wliich  is  a  prominent  object  in  tlie 
view  coming  up  the  bay.  This  structure  is  of  Quincy 
granite,  no  wood  being  used  except  in  the  doors  and  win- 
dows. Each  column  of  the  j)ortlco  is  composed  of  a  solid 
block  of  granite  38  feet  high,  i]/,  feet  in  diameter,  and 
weighing  upwards  of  40  tons.  Entire  cost  of  building  and 
grounds  about  l?l,800,000.  This  building  has  recently  been 
purchased  by  the  United  States  government  for  a  Custom- 
house. Leaving  Wall  Street,  with  its  comjiact  mass  of 
banking-houses,  insurance  and  brokers'  offices,  mostly  of 

1331 


NEW 


NEW 


marWe,  granite,  or  sandstone,  we  Tirill  retur^i  to  Broadway. 
As  we  do  so,  we  have  the  steeple  of  Trinity  Cliurcli,  tlio 
highest  in  the  United  Sfeites,  if  not  in  America,  immediately 
in  front  of  us.  This  church,  whicli  is  built  of  light  red 
sandstone  to  the  top  stono  of  the  steeple,  is  189  feet  long  by 
Si  wide,  and  64  feet  liiah,  and  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the 
finest  specimens  of  iQothic  architecture  in  the  United 
gfcites.  The  tcfwer,  (which  is  furnished  with  a  fine  chime 
of  bella  and  a  clock,)  inchiding  the  spire,  is  264  feet  in 
height.  The  cost  of  the  building  is  stated  at  S400,000. 
Proceeding  up  Broadway,  on  the  right,  in  the  centre  of  the 
Park,  stjinds  the  City  Hall,  an  edifice  of  mixed  Corinthian 
and  Ionic  orders,  216  feet  long  by  105  wide,  and  65  feet 
higli.  including  the  attic.  The  S.  front  and  the  ends  are  of 
.  white  marble,  but  the  N.  front  is  of  red  sandstone,  causing 
a  want  of  harmony,  which  considerably  impairs  the  effect 
of  the  builiUng.  A  new  City  Hall  is  now  (ISCo)  in  course 
of  erection  on  Chambers  Street,  the  northern  limit  of  '■  the 
Park."  It  is  to  be  of  white  marble,  and  it  is  estimated 
th.it  it  will  cost  $5,000,000. 

Opposite  the  lower  end  of  the  Park  is  the  Astor  House, 
(see  H'llel.t,)  the  American  and  Irving  Houses,  and.  at  the  N. 
end,  Stewart's  stoi-e.  Continuing  up  Broadway,  we  have  on 
the  left  the  City  Hospital,  Prescott  ll.ni>e.  St.  Nicholas, 
and  New  York  Hotel,  on  the  right  the  Masonic  Hall,  Broad- 
way Theatre.  Society  Library,  Carlton  Hoiuie,  Callamore 
House.  Church  of  the  Divine  Unity,  the  Metropolitan  Hotel, 
and  Church  of  the  Messiah.  At  the  angle  made  by  the  de- 
clination of  Broadway  to  the  N.'SV.,  and  2'4  miles  from  the 
Battery,  stands  Grace  Church,  an  impoising  structure  of 
white  marble,  with  a  tower  and  .spire  surmounted  by  a  cross 
of  the  same  material,  and  producing  a  marked  effect  by  its 
peculiar  position,  visible  from  almost  every  ])art  of  Broad- 
way. The  Odd  Fellows"  Hall,  a  large  building  of  brown- 
stone,  corner  of  Centre  and  Grand  Streets,  is  an  imposing 
structure,  and  the  principal  edifice  belonging  to  the  order 
of  that  name.  The  Bible  House,  occupying  the  space  bounded 
by  Third  and  Fourth  Avenues,  aiid  Eighth  and  Ninth 
Streets,  is  more  note<l  for  its  vast  extent  and  the  purijoses 
to  whicli  it  is  devoted,  than  for  any  claims  it  has  to  archi- 
tectural effect.  This  immense  brick  pile  extends  232  feet  on 
Ninth  Street,  and  77  on  Third  Avenue,  being  6  stories  high, 
and  having  a  street  frontage  of  700  feet.  "In  the  colossal 
rooms  of  tliis  vast  structure  are  conducted  all  the  operations 
of  printing,  stitching,  gilding,  binding,  &c.,  necessary  in 
book-making.  The  Baptists  have  recently  erected  a  Bible 
House  in  Nassau  Street.  Scattered  over  the  city,  in  various 
directions,  are  different  bnilding-a  of  a  public  nature,  which 
will  be  alluded  to  under  the  heivd  of  benevolent  societies, 
churches,  &c.  The  New  Armory,  built  of  bluestone,  in  the 
Gothic  style,  extending  131  feet  on  White,  and  8i  feet  on 
Elm  street,  is  intended  for  a  receptacle  of  the  artillery  of 
the  First  Division  of  New  York  StJite  Militiii.  It  is  con- 
structed so  as  to  be  particularly  available  as  a  defense 
against  mobs.  There  is  a  second  Arsenal  3  or  4  miles  N.  of 
the  City  Hall. 

HiMs.—K  peculiar  feature  of  New  York  is  its  hotels, 
which  perhaps  surpass  in  number,  extent,  and  in  the  ex- 
pensiveness  of  their  equipments,  those  of  any  city  in  the 
world.  Among  the  most  important  are  the  Fifth  Avenue, 
St.  James,  Hoffman  House.  Metropolitan,  St.  Nicholiui. 
Astor  House,  Earle's  International.  Merclwnts",  La  Farge 
House,  Prescott  House.  New  York  Hotel,  Smith.soniau 
House,  Astor  Place  Hotel,  St.  Denis,  Union  Pbice,  Brandreth 
House,  Gramercy  Hotel,  Sweneys  Hotel,  French's  Hotel, 
Lovejoy's,  United  States,  and  many  others  less  prominent. 
The  first  three  mentioned  are  of  recent  construction,  the 
most  fa.shionable  in  New  York,  and  contiguously  situateil 
at  the  int^'rsection  of  Broadwsiy,  Fifth  Avenue,  Twenty- 
tliird,  and  Twenty-fourth  Streets.  They  are  of  pure  white 
marble,  six  stories  in  height,  and  present  an  imposing  ap- 
pearance, being  situated  opposite  Madison  Square,  and  in 
the  centre  of  the  most  fashionable  section  of  the  city.  The 
Astor  House,  opposite  the  Park,  is  a  massive  structure,  of 
Quincy  granite,  whose  solidity  will  probably  give  it  a  dura/- 
tion  beyond  several  successions  of  its  more  flaring  rivals. 
It  is  201  feet  on  Broadway,  185  and  186  on  A'ezey  and  Bar- 
clay Streets,  is  six  stories  high,  and  has  326  chambers. 

Strires  and  WureJinuses. — It  has  not  been  usual,  in  a  work 
of  this  kind,  to  take  any  particular  notice  of  such  buildings, 
but  in  the  United  States,  where  the  leading  object  of  pur- 
suit is  commerce  and  trade,  money  is  expended  and  taste 
displayed  on  stores,  warehouses,  &c.,  which  in  other  coun- 
tries would  be  devoted  to  objects  of  quite  a  different  char- 
acter. Great  injustice  would  therefore  be  done  to  the  ap- 
pearance of  our  great  cities  to  omit  mention  of  these  temples 
dedicated  to  trade  by  the  wealthiest  portion  of  our  commu- 
nity, who  are  no  longer  content  to  transact  their  business 
in  dark  and  narrow  alleys,  and  in  mean  warehouses.  I'ro- 
mment  among  the  class  of  buildings  referred  to  is  Stewart's 
store,  a  white  marble  building,  8a  feet  high,  occupying  an 
entire  block,  152  feet  on  Broadway,  and  100  feet  deep.  There 
JS  a  irreat  hall,  100  feet  by  40,  and  80  feet  high;  2000  panes 
of  plate  glass  are  distributed  over  the  building;  those  in 
the  windows  ou  each  side  the  principal  entrance  aie  134  by 


84  inches.  The  store  is  lighted  up  by  400  gas-bamers. 
Lord  &  Taylor's  store,  in  Grand  Street,  is  only  secjr.d  to 
Stewart's,  and  has  a  front  of  from  80  to  100  feet.  The  base- 
ment is  of  iron,  surmounted  by  an  immense  story  facd  with 
sandstone.  Several  other  stores,  scarcely,  if  at  all,  i'jferior 
to  these  in  magnificence, have  been  erected  within  the  last 
few  years. 

C/iurclies. —  According  to  New  York  City  Dir'jctory  of 
18f>5,  there  are  32  Baptist,  5  Congreg-ational,  21  Dutch  Ke- 
formed,  3  Friends,  24  Jewish  synagogues,  9  Lr.theran,  35 
Methodist  Episcopal,  3  African  Methodist  }piscopal,  .2 
Methodist  Protestant,  43  Presbyterian,  0  United  Presin  ter- 
ian,  1  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian,  5  Relonned  Pres- 
byterian, 58  Protestant  Ejjiscopal,  32  Roman  CaOiolic,  3 
Unitarian,  4  Universalist,  and  25  ot  miscellaneous  denomin- 
ations, making  a  totjil  of  311  churches.  The  most  conspicu- 
ous of  these,  for  architectural  effect,  are  (besides  Trinitv  and 
Grace  churches,  already  referred  to)  the  Baptist,  corner  of 
Elizabeth  and  Broome;  Trinity  Chapel,  the  Church  of  the 
Ascension,  Calvary,  Holy  Communion,  Dii  Saint  Esprit,  St. 
George's  —  all  Episcopal;  Presbyterian  churches  on  Uni- 
versity Place,  5th  Avenue  and  16th  Street,  and  5th  Avenue 
and  12th  Street ;  the  Congi-egational  church  of  the  Puritans, 
on  Union  Square;  Dutch  Reformed,  one  on  5th  Avenue 
and  29th  Street,  and  another  on  Washington  Square;  the 
Catholic  church  of  St.  Patrick,  the  Unitarian  church  of  the 
Messiah,  on  Broadway,  and  another  on  4tli  Avenue;  and 
the  Universiilist  church  of  the  Divine  Unity,  on  Broadway. 

IfofpUals,  Public  Charities,  Prisims,  <£>•. — While  there  is 
much  of  wretclisdness  and  depravity  in  New  York  to  depress 
the  mind  of  the  philanthropist,  its  numerous  and  richly 
endowed  charitiible  institutions  restore  his  eiiuanimity,and 
present  the  redeeming  side  of  human  nature.  First  to  be 
enumerated  in  this  list  is  the  New  York  Hospital,  occupying 
a  lot  on  Brc^adway  opposite  Pearl  Street,  with  an  extensive 
yard  in  front.  It  is  of  graystone,  124  feet  long,  50  feet  wide, 
and  3  stories  high,  with  accommodations  for  200  patient.'?, 
who  receive  here  the  most  judicious  nursing  and  the  most 
skilful  medical  treiitment.  On  the  same  grounds  is  the 
-Marine  Department,  rebuilt  in  1854,  in  the  most  complete 
manner — with  reference  to  the  wants  of  such  an  institution 
— of  any  building  of  the  kind  perhaps  in  the  world.  It  ia 
126  feet  long  by  8S  wide,  and  5  stories  high.  In  1863  there 
were  treated  in  the  New  York  Hospital  3147  piitients,  of 
whom  1919  were  cured,  421  relieved,  leaving  in  the  institu- 
tion, Dec.  31st,  1863. 304  invalifls.  The  Blot^mingdale  Luna- 
tic Asylum,  a  branch  of  the  above,  is  located  near  the  Hud- 
son River,  about  7  miles  N.W.  of  the  City  Hall,  on  an  area 
of  about  40  acres,  laid  out  into  walks,  pleasure-grounds,  &c. 
The  building  is  of  hewn  stone,  composed  of  a  centre  and  two 
wings,  211  feet  long.  There  are  two  detached  buildings  of 
brick,  one-third  the  size  of  the  main  edifice.  A  new  build- 
ing, 3  stories  high,  and  110  feet  long  by  42  feet  wide,  has 
recently  been  erected.  The  situation  is  healthful,  and  com- 
manding a  fine  prospect, calculated  to  cheer  and  soothe  the 
mind  so  far  as  scenery  and  air  are  concerned.  This  asylum 
treated  272  patients  during  the  year  18(i3,  of  whom  53  re- 
covered. St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  St.  Vincent's  Hospital, 
in  East  ISth  Street,  are  under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity.  The  New  York  Institution  for  the  Blind  occupies 
the  entire  block  between  Sth  and  Uth  Avenues,  ami  ;'.3rd  and 
34th  Streets.  The  building  is  composed  of  a  centre,  117  feet 
long  by  60  wide,  and  two  wings,  each  130  feet  long  b.v  29 
wide.  The  entire  length  is  175  feet,  and  height  3  stories. 
It  is  constructed  of  blue  limestone,  in  the  castellateil  Go- 
thic style.  A  workshop  of  brick,  887^  feet  long  and  60  feet 
deep,  hiis  recently  been  erected  on  Sth  Avenue.  The  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Asylum,  in  162nd  Street,  near  Bloomingdale  ' 
Road.  The  buildings  ai-e  very  commodious,  and  afford  a 
homo  and  instruction  to  each  pupil  at  $180  per  annum. 

New  York  abounds  in  institutions  for  the  relief  of  suffer- 
ing poverty,  decrepitufle,  and  misfortune  of  every  kind; 
among  them  maybe  mentioned  the  Anu'iican  Female  Guar- 
dian Society  and  Home  for  the  Friendless,  where  females 
out  of  employment  or  a  home  may  find  shelter,  and  have 
their  children  taken  care  of.  till  suitable  places  can  be  found 
for  them.  It  has  under  its  care,  in  diflerent  parts  of  the 
city,  5  industrial  schools.  The  Children's  Home,  situated 
on  Randall's  Island,  is  designed  as  a  home  for  all  the  father- 
less, motherless  and  neglected  children  in  the  city.  The 
Colored  Orphan  Asylum,  temporarily  located  'at  Carmans- 
ville.  The  home  of  the  children  of  this  institution  having 
been  destroyed  by  a  mob  in  July,  1S63,  $72,000  hi»s  recently 
been  paid  by  the  city  as  damages,  and  a  new  building  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  children  is  about  to  be  erected  on 
the  old  grounds  on  I'iith  Avenue.  Total  number  admitted 
since  the  first  opening  of  the  institution,  1310;  j>re>ent 
number  of  inmates,  209.  Another  important  and  charita- 
ble, extremely  useful,  institution  is  the  Juvenile  Asylum, 
which  provides  a  home  and  instruction  for  the  '•  poor  and 
erring  cliildren"  of  the  motrojwjlis.  The  last  Report  says  : 
'■The  wants  in  which  our  institution  originated  are  per- 
petually renewed.  The  work  of  rescuing,  training,  »nd 
raising  up  the  poor  and  erring  children  of  a  great  metn  po- 
lls is  never  done.    But  if  the  field  is  boundless  and  tbt  1»- 


NEW 


NEW 


bor  endless,  it  is  far  from  fruitless.  Every  year  has  its  har- 
vest; every  year  accumulates  proofs  of  the  wisdom  tliat 
founded  the  Juvenile  Asylum.  They  are  seen  in  that 
crowning  result,  the  ever-increasing  number  of  prosperous 
and  well-conditioned  men  and  women  who  have  pa-ssed 
througli  its  discipline.  During  the  year  1863  we  have  had 
an  average  of  5^9  children  constantly  under  instruction, 
while  more  than  sixteen  hundred  have  shared,  to  some  ex- 
tent, in  the  advantages  of  the  institution.  The  whole  num- 
ber received  since  the  organization  has  been  9467."  The 
age  of  the  children  ordinarily  ranges  from  9  to  15  years, 
there  being  but  a  sni;ill  proportion  younger  or  older.  The 
New  York  Oi'i>han  Asylum,  on  lilooniingdale  Road,  is  a  fine 
building,  120  feet  by  (iO,  with  8  acres  of  ground.  The  Uml- 
Bon  River  Industrial  School  educates  poor  children  living 
on  the  outskirts  of  the  city.  The  Jews'  Widows'  and  Or- 
jihans'  Asylum,  the  Lying-in  Asylum,  Montefiore  Widows' 
and  Orphans'  Asylum,  and  the  Working  Girl's  Home,  are 
am(ing  the  other  important  asylums  in  IS'ew  York.  Closely 
allied  to  these  are  tlie  clispensaries,  of  which  there  are  6,  viz., 
the  New  York,  the  Northern,  the  Eastern,  the  Northeai^tern, 
the  Northwestern,  and  the  Demilt,  corner  of  Second  Avenue 
and  Twenty-third  Street,  besides  several  Ilomoeopathio  dis- 
pensaries. Of  the  other  institutions  we  may  name  the  New 
York  Eye  Infirmarj',  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital. 
The  People's  Uathing  and  Washing  Establishment  is  fur- 
nished with  all  the  materials  for  washing,  drying,  and  iron- 
ing clothes,  which  are  let  out  at  throe  cents  an  hour  to  each 
individual.  There  are  several  establishments  for  tlie  relief 
of  disabled  seamen,  for  providing  comtbrtable  and  suitable 
boarding  for  them  while  in  port,  and  for  the  education  of 
their  children ;  among  these  are  the  '•  Sailor's  Home."  It 
has  accommodations  for  250  boarders.  Tliere  is  also  a 
"Colored  Sailor's  Home,"  and  a  Seaman's  Savings  Biink. 
The  American  Widows'  Relief  Society,  the  Mariner's  Fam- 
ily Industrial  Society,  the  Prison  Association  of  New  York 
for  furnishing  jibices  to  released  convicts,  the  Home  for 
Females  released  from  Blackwell's  Island  Penitentiary,  the 
Magdalene  Female  Asylum,  the  Five  Points  (the  St.  Giles 
of  New  York),  Mouse  of  Industr3',  the  Association  for  tite 
Improvement  of  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  which  assisted 
19,9S6  por.sons  in  January,  1855,  besides  42  religious  societies 
with  receipts  of  more  than  $2,000,000  annually,  and  25 
foreign  and  other  l)eneficial  societies,  constitute  other  prac- 
tical evidences  of  the  private  beneficence  of  this  great  me- 
tropolis. 

Almshouse,  (6c. — The  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Public 
Charities  and  Correction  liave  under  their  charge  the  fol- 
lowing institutions:  The  Almshouse,  Bellcvue  Hospital, 
City  t'emetery.  City  Prison,  Colored  Home,  Colored  Orphan 
Asylum,  Island  Hospital,  Nursery  Hospital,  tlie  City  Peni- 
tentiary, Penitentiary  llosjjital,  (me  branch  of  the  Alms- 
house, Lunatic  Asylum,  and  Workhouse,  and  the  Out-door 
poor.  Bellevue  Hospital,  situated  at  the  foot  of  East  27th 
Street.  The  total  number  of  admissions  to  this  institution 
during  tlie  j'ear  1864  amounted  to  6912  (this  includes  416 
births):  the  total  number  of  patients  treated  din'ing  the 
year  was  7401 ;  of  these  5997  were  discharged  as  cured  or 
relieved,  aiid  846  died.  The  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  had 
admitted  to  it  during  the  year  1864.  147  |)atients;  whole 
numlier  under  treatment  during  the  year,  401 ;  number  of* 
deaths,  57.  The  Almshouse  admitted  during  the  year  1804, 
3153  persons;  the  whole  number  in  the  institution  for  the 
same  year  was  4.551 ;  2J34  were  discharged,  and  820  died. 
Of  those  admitted,  1891  were  foreigners,  and  1500  were  na- 
tives of  Ireland;  n/ the  ailnlts  mriri-  than  nine-tenths  wei'e 
foreigners.  Of  the  1262  native  inm.ates,  914  (almost  three- 
fourths)  were  children.  The  entire  expense  of  the  institu- 
tion for  the  year,  $S9,.530.  There  were  committed  to  the 
various  city  prisons  of  New  York,  during  the  year  1864, 31,- 
231  persons,  of  whom  22,383  (being  considerably  more  than 
two-thirds  of  the  entire  number)  were  of  foreign  liirth,  and 
17,740  (rather  more  than  one-half)  were  natives  of  Ireland. 
The  most  important  of  the  prisons  (the  First  District 
Prison,  Hall  of  Justice,  or  Toml)s,  as  it  is  popularly  called) 
occupies  a  low  site  near  the  City  Hall,  but  is  a  building 
of  considerable  pretensions,  being  in  the  Egyptian  style, 
253  feet  by  200,  and  constructed  of  light-colored  granite. 
This  prison  received  the  greater  part  of  the  commitments. 
A  very  extensive  building  has  recently  been  erected  on  Ran- 
dall's Island,  as  a  House  of  Refuge.  The  length  of  the  boys' 
department  is  590  feet,  composed  of  a  centre  and  two  wings — 
the  centre  86  feet,  and  the  wings  6'i  feet  high  ;  and  a  girl's 
department,  250  feet  long,  of  like  breadth  and  height.  Tliere 
are  two  centre  wings  to  the  boys'  department,  besides  end 
buildings  to  eiich  wing,  56  by  50  feet,  and  a  number  of  out- 
buildings, such  as  shops  and  kitchens,  &c.  Of  the  Out-door 
poor,  15,034  persons,  including  10,150  children,  were  in  1S64 
relieved  by  donations  of  money ;  and  43,248,  of  whom  28,0'26 
were  children,  were  relieved  by  supplies  of  fuel. 

Ediiratinn. — The  free  schools  of  New  York,  previous  tolSo.S, 
consisted  of  two  departments,  one  under  the  direction  of  the 
Public  School  Society,  having  111  schools  under  their  care; 
and  89  ward  Schools  under  the  direction  of  the  Hoard  of  Edu- 
cation. But  in  the  year  above  named,  the  Public  School  Socier 


ty  was  dissolved;  and  in  1S64  there wsre  257  schools,  an  fol 
lows :  1  free  academy,  or  high-school,  49  grammar  schools  for 
boys,  48  grammar  schools  lor  girls,  89  primary  schools,  10  co 
lored  schools,  12  corporate  and  asylum  schools,  and  48  even- 
ing schools,  including  4  for  colored  people,  with  (1865)  an 
aggregate  attendance  of  189,814.  The  schools  named  below 
and  connected  with  the  following  institutions,  draw  more 
or  less  of  their  support  from  the  public  fund,  and  have  (1865) 
an  aggregate  attendance  of  11,310,  as  follows:  New  York 
Orphan  Asylum,  185;  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum, 
1010;  Protestant  Half-orphan  Asylum,  337;  House  of  Re' 
fuge,  1034;  Leake  and  Watt's  Orphan  House,  209;  Colored 
Orphan  Asylum,  256;  American  Female  Guardian  Society 
and  Home  Industrial  School,  2321;  New  York  Juvenile 
Asylum,  991 ;  House  of  Reception  of  the  same,  1137 ;  La- 
dies' Home  Missionary  Societv,  859;  Five  Points'  House  of 
Industry,  1085 ;  Children's  Aid  Society,  1880.  The  whole 
amount  drawn  from  the  City  Chamberlain  in  1864,  for  all 
puri)oses  connected  with  education,  was  {1,450,058.35;  in 
1854  it  was  $768,813,  Crowning  the  system  of  public  school 
education  is  the  Free  Academy,  established  in  1848,  and 
combining  the  characteristics  of  academy,  high-school,  poly- 
technic school  and  college.  This  institution  is  situated  cor- 
ner of  Lexington  Avenue  and  23rd  Street.  The  ground  was 
I)urchased,  the  buildings  erected,  furnished  with  the  neces- 
sary apparatus,  library,  &c.,  at  a  cost  of  $162,500.  The  edi- 
fice, though  of  brick,  is  large  and  imposing,  being  in  Gothic 
style,  with  turrets,  &o.  The  annual  expense  of  the  academy 
is  now  (I860)  about  $56,000,  On  January  1st,  1865,  there 
were  365  students  attending  the  institution;  there  were 
10,515  volumes  in  the  library,  and  about  12,0(X)  text-books 
and  books  of  reference.  The  full  course  requires  6  years, 
but  it  is  at  the  option  of  the  student  whether  he  will  pur-^ue 
a  full  or  partial  course;  he  may  also  choose  between  the 
ancient  and  modern  languages.  The  faculty  consists  of  14 
professors,  aided  by  13  tutors,  whicli  latter  number  is  varied 
as  occasion  may  require.  The  principal  receives  $3000,  the 
other  professors  from  S2000  to  $25oO  per  annum,  and  the 
tutors  receive  from  $000  to  $15(X).  The  war  has  doubtless 
interfered  sensildy  with  the  attendance,  as  it  was  consider- 
ably greater  ten  years  ago;  in  1854  there  were  583  students 
attending  the  institute..  There  are  in  this  city  3  colleges, 
2  theological  seminaries,  and  5  medical  schools.  Colum- 
bia College  occupies  a  pile  of  buildings,  the  main  one  of 
which  is  200  feet  by  50,  surrounded  by  extensive  open 
grounds,  between  Barclay  and  Church  Streets.  This  an- 
cient seat  of  learning  was  founded  in  1764,  and  was  called 
King's  College  till  the  Revolution,  Number  of  alumni  up 
to  1852,  1450;  students  in  1853,  157;  and  lt),000  volumes  in 
its  library.  The  faculty  consists  of  a  president  and  12  pro- 
fessors. 

The  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  occupies  a  beau- 
tiful while  marble  structure  on  Washington  Square.  It  is 
lliO  feet  long  by  luO  in  width,  and  in  the  English-CoUego- 
Gothic  style.  This  college  was  founded  in  1831.  In  18(i4 
the  number  of  iirofessors  and  tutors  was  25;  students,  336; 
and  hiis  5000  volumes  in  the  library.  Connected  with  the 
University  is  a  Medical  School,  located  in  Fourteenth  Street. 
This  department  was  founded  in  1837,  and  had  12  profes- 
sors and  192  students  in  1864,  It  has  a  fine  library  and 
physiological  collection,  and  its  graduating  class  in  1855 
numbered  lu6.  The  New  York  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  was  founded  in  1S07,  It  has  a  good  library  and 
anatomical  museum.  The  New  York  Medical  College,  a 
new  and  flourishing  institution,  was  founded  in  1851,  It 
admits  5  students  from  the  I'ree  Academy  gratuitously. 
The  College  of  Pharmacy,  for  the  graduation  of  ap<.)ttieca- 
ries,  closes  the  list  of  medical  schools.  The  General  Theo- 
logical Seminary  of  the  ProtesUvnt  Episcopol  Church  in  the 
United  Stjites  occupies  two  stone  buildings  in  West  Twen- 
tieth street,  each  110  feet  by  50,  It  was  founded  in  1817,  and 
had  5  professors,  and  73  students,  and  14,000  volumes  in  its 
library,  in  1863;  and  had  educiited  a  total  of  784  students. 
The  Union  Theological  Seminary,  No,  9  University  Place,  is 
under  the  direction  of  Presbyterians,  though  it  receives 
students  from  all  evangelical  denominations.  It  was 
founded  in  1836,  and  had  5  professors,  90  students,  and 
25,000  volumes  in  1863,  and  had  educated  642  young  men. 
The  Rutgers  Female  Institute  occupies  a  fine  builjling  in 
Madison  street.  This  institution  was  incorporated  in  1838, 
and  gives  a  thormigli  e<lucation  to  young  ladies  in  history, 
general  philosophy,  astronomy,  chemistry,  matheniiitics, 
and  belles-lettres.  It  has  generally  about  500  pupils,  St, 
George's  Pai'ish  Schocd  admits  about  100  pupils  of  a  lower 
grade  than  usually  attend  the  public  scliools.  The  Indus- 
trial school  of  the  fourth  ward  receives  vagrant  children, 
and  is  usually  attended  by  from  300  to  400  pupils. 

Libraries. — New  York  has  a  number  of  extensive  libraries. 
The  largest  collection  of  books  will  be  in  the  Astor  Library, 
a  new  institution,  founded  by  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor, 
who  left  a  fund  of  !&4O0,000  for  that  purpose.  This  library 
was  opened  in  1853,  in  a  fine  building,  65  feet  by  120,  erected 
fur  the  purpose,  in  the  Moorish  style,  in  Lafayette  Place, 
The  building  cost  about  $70,000,  and  opened  with  about 
80,000  volumes,  to  be  increased  from  time  to  time  from  the 

1333 


NEW 


XEW 


Interest  of  the  fnnd  remaining  after  the  library  goes  into 
operation.  This  library  is  fre.e  to  all  persons  resorting  there- 
to, but  books  are  not  to  be  taken  out.  It  has  (1865)  about 
loO,000  Aohunes.  The  New  York  Society  Library  Wiis  founded 
in  1700,  and  h:vs  about  60,000  volumes.  It  is  temporarily 
looated  in  the  Bible  IIou.se.  The  New  York  Mercantile  Li- 
brary, founded  in  1820,  has  been  recently  removed  to  the 
late  Astur  Place  Opera  House,  vrhich  has  been  appropriately 
fitted  up  for  the  purpo.«e.  In  January,  1855,  there  were  5515 
members,  a  large  portion  of  whom  were  merchants'  clerks, 
and  42,795  volumes  on  the  shelves,  besides  44  daily,  55 
weekly,  84  monthly,  and  50  quarterly  publications — 100  of 
■which  were  foreign — in  the  readin,g-room.  It  has  about 
65,000  volumes.  The  Apprentices'  Library,  located  at  No. 
33  Crosby  Street,  in  Mochanica'  Hall,  has  about  20,000  vol- 
umes. The  New  York  Historical  Society  has  its  rooms  at 
present  in  the  buildings  of  the  New  York  University;  but 
the  society  are  about  erectiuR  a  building  on  Second  Avenue. 
This  iastitution  was  founded  in  1804,  and  has  a  valuable 
librai-y  of  above  30,000  volumes,  including  some  rare  books, 
pamphlets,  maps,  charts,  and  a  collection  of  antiquities, 
coins,  medals,  &c.  Sir.  Peter  Cooper  is  establishing  an  in- 
stitution for  the  purpose  of  public  lectures,  reading,  and 
exhibition  rooms,  Ac,  which  he  intends  to  be  free,  and  for 
which  he  appropriates  about  $300,000.  The  edifice,  situated 
opposite  the  Bible  House,  is  195  feet  on  Tliird  Avenue,  155 
on  Fourth  Avenue,  143  on  Eighth,  and  86  on  Seventh  Street, 
end  5  stories  high.  The  basement  and  two  lower  stories 
are  to  be  rented,  the  income  of  which  is  to  support  the 
"  People's  Union,"  as  the  establishment  is  to  be  called.  The 
Lyceum  of  Natnral  History,  in  a  part  of  the  building;  occu- 
pied by  the  medical  department  of  the  New  Y'ork  tluiver- 
Eity,ha5  a  library  of  2000  volumes,  .and  an  exten.sive  cibinet 
of  natural  history.  The  American  Institute  of  the  City  of 
New  York  was  incorporated  in  1829.  for  the  encouragement 
of  commerce,  agriculture,  and  manutiicturos.  The  institute 
is  located  at  Sol  Broadway,  where  they  have  a  library  of 
7000  volumes,  repository  for  models,  reading-room.  &c.  The 
Mechanics'  Institute,  at  the  corner  of  Division  Street  and 
the  Bowery,  has  a  library  of  5000  volumes,  a  reading-room, 
a  valuable  collection  of  philosophical  and  chemical  appara- 
tus, and  a  male  and  female  school  at  fciched.  Among  the  other 
libraries  are  the  Printers'  Free  Lilirary,  with  3000  volumes ; 
the  libi-ary  of  the  General  Theological  Seminarv,  with 
U.OOO;  the  Free  Academy,  with  3000;  New  York  Law  In- 
stitute, with  4700;  and  the  Library  of  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital, with  5800  volumes;  be.side3  other  libraries,  having  a 
total  in  all  of  .300,000  volumes. 

Banks. — In  October,  1865,  there  were  in  New  York  68 
banks,  with  a  capital  of  $S4,065.013,  circulation.  $14,812.955 ; 
specie,  4:11.840,492;  due  depositors,  $221,461,179;  loans  and 
Jiscoiints,  8138,251,191.  Among  the  most  conspicuous  there 
were  also,  56  national  banks  in  September,  with  a  capital  of 
$72,207,00<) ;  another  was  organized  in  September,  capital, 
$200,000. 

New  York  has  23  savings  banks,  viz.:  Atlantic,  Bleeker 
Street,  Bowery,  Broadway.  Citizen's.  Dry  Dock,  Ea>-t  River, 
Emigrant  Industrial.  Franklin,  German,  Greenwich.  Harlem, 
1  for  Merchants'  Clerks.  Irving,  Manhattan,  Metropolitan. 
Market.,  Mechanics',  New  York,  Seaman's.  Sixpenny.  Third 
Avenue.  Union  Dime :  it  has  also  124  Fire  Insurance,  32  Life 
Insurance,  and  13  Marine  Insurance  Comp.inies. 

Manufacturer. — We  have  no  regular  statistics  as  yet  of 
the  particulars  of  the  m.anufactures  of  New  York ;  hut  if 
the  census  report  is  to  be  relied  on,  this  city  is  not  only 
the  commercial,  but  the  manufacturing  centre  of  the  United 
States.  The  census  of  1860  gives  to  New  York  ?61 .212,757, 
and  6.5,483  male  and  24.721  female  hands  emjiloyed  in  man- 
ufactures, employing  190,177.038  worth  of  raw  niateri.al.  and 
producing  machinery,  stuffs.  &c.,  to  the  value  of  159.107,369. 
Among  these,  the  iron  foundries  and  machine  shops  are 
conspicuous.  From  the  Xovelty,  Allaire  and  other  works 
are  turned  out  certainlj-  the  finest  specimens  of  steam  ma- 
chinery for  steamboats  and  steamships  produced  in  the 
United  States,  if  not  in  the  world.  In  the  business  of  sugar 
refinery  alone  there  was  invested  a  capital  of  $3,949,000, 
employing  raw  material  worth  SI  6.173.510  and  producing 
refined  sugar  to  the  value  of  $19,312,.50O.  Ship-building  is 
carried  to  a  degree  of  perfection  unsurpassed  in  the  world, 
both  for  beauty  of  model  and  speed,  particularly  in  the 
steamers,  acknowledged  to  be  the  largest  and  fleetest  in  the 
world,  though  the  contest  is  very  close  between  the  Ameri- 
can and  British  vessels  in  this  respect. 

Oimmercf.  and  Trade.'—It  is  as  the  great  centre  of  com- 
merce for  half  a  continent  that  New  York  derives  its  highest 
claim  to  i)re-eminence.  Surrounded  by  one  of  the  most 
capacious  harbors  in  the  world,  within  two  hours'  sail  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  communicating  with  the  New  England 
States  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  with  the  interior  of  New 
York  State  by  the  Hudson  Hivor,  which  is  in  turn  con- 
nected with  the  great  lakes  l>y  the  Erie  Canal,  it  presents 
facilities  for  internal  and  foreign  navigation  unrivalled  by 
any  commerci.al  emporium  of  this  or  any  former  period. 
Nor  have  her  merchants  been  satisfied  to  repose  on  her 
natural  advantages^  but  have  connected  her.  bv  iron  arms  I 
1334  '    '  • 


with  every  great  point,  north,  south,  east,  or  west,  which 
deposit  on  her  docks  and  in  her  depots  the  cotton  and  rice 
of  the  South,  the  grain,  lead,  tobacco,  and  pork  of  the  West, 
and  the  wool,  wheat,  lumber,  and  flour  of  the  North  pnd 
East.  New  York  is  now  only  surpassed  by  London  and 
Liverpool  as  a  seat  of  trade,  and  in  another  centurj-  will 
probably  be  the  commercial  centre  of  the  world.  Along  its 
whai'ves,  in  every  direction,  may  be  seen  forests  of  masts, 
where  countless  vessels  of  every  description,  and  from  every 
quarter  of  tlie  globe,  pour  their  rich  tribute  into  the  lap  of 
this  queen  of  commercial  cities.  Steamers  of  such  size, 
splendor,  and  speed  as  the  world  has  never  before  seen, 
forming  regular  lines  of  packets  to  Liverpool,  Southampton, 
Havre,  Glasgow,  Bremen,  San  Francisco,  {via  Panama  and 
San  Juan,)  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  Savannah,  Charleston  and 
all  other  important  points  alon.g  the  coast,  arrive  at  and 
depart  from  its  docks  almost  daily,  freighted  with  mer- 
chandise and  crowded  with  passengers.  But  we  will  let 
figures  tell  the  facts  of  the  case. 

The  following  were  some  of  the  articles  received  at  the 
port  of  New  York  in  the  yesu-s  1863  and  1S64 : — 


1863. 

1 
1661. 

Ashes 

W,l« 

17.181 

4,574,059 

17,937.856 

11.076.035 

14,243.599 

129,611 

3.547 

4,663 

11.187 

11.795 

426.981 

206.519 

46:1,995 

518,537 

798,070 

400.928 

41,144 

261.B14 

15,778 

3,967.717 

13.453,135 

12.J52,23S 

7,164.895 

190,911 

6.760 

4,139 

19. 128 

6,964 

332,454 

209,654 

268,417 

551,153 

756,872 

186,000 

16,104 

289,481 

Wheat  Flour 

Wheat 

Oats 

Cotton 

Crude  Turi.,nrii.e.... 

bales 

bbls. 

Tar 

Pork 

. 

Beef. 

Cut  Meats 

Butter 

Cheese 

Lar.l 

.ics.  and  libls. 
ke?s 

I.ard 

Whisky 

The  following  were  some  of  the  articles  exported  from 
the  port  of  New  York  in  the  years  1863  and  1864 : — 


1863. 

1864. 

A  shes^pots 

Ashes— rearls 

....bbls. 

9.146 

1,264 

170, 2;y) 

2,527,338 

15,424.889 

416,369 

7,533.431 

13,945 

22 

884 

4.172 

8.184 

269,634 

510.648 

803.469 

17,344 

192,903 

41.632 

62.868 

183319.060 

23.060.799 

40,781,168 

120,881,862 

43.487,731 

3,542,210 

259,185 

8,847 

l,5a3 

465.667 

l,918..-,93 

12,193,433 

583 

846,831 

26,765 

770 

433 

2.207 

1,771 

421,931 

1,366,159 

129.529 

79,244 

130,672 

36,548 

49,299 

93.800,258 

14,174,861 

49,7.55,842 

53,436.128 

31,987,976 

5,2,50.014 

509,646 

Beesuai 

Wheat  Flour 

...bbls. 

Wheat 

Rye 

...bush. 

Spirits  Turpentine 

Rosin 

Tar 

Oils     whale 

..  -alls. 

Oils— sperm 

Oils— linseed 

Pork 

Beef. 

Beef 

Cheese 

Lard    

Tobacco— manufactured 

Whalebone 

The  total  amount  of  petroleum  taken  for  consumption  at, 
and  exported  from  New  Y^ork,  during  1863  and  1864,  was  aa 
follows : 


1863. 

1S64. 

Eiporled 

bbls 

488,690 
314.481 

533,.334 
•42, 187 

775,567 

803,171 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  value  of  the  most  im- 
portant articles  imported  into  the  port  of  New  Y^o  k,  for  the 
year  1864: 

Alabaster  Ornaments $6.9141  ChinawDre t348.7$T 

Baskets 116.485' Earthenware 1,205.473 

Buttons 415.863lGlass .      3S2.1C9 

Cheese 59.207  Glassware 181,540 

GiassBotllet 2t,S56lGlaisi)late .      i'A,ii* 


^ 


NEW 


Cigm $7f8.237 

Coal 693,268 

Corks 230.159 

Cotton 11,157,449 

Cocca 155,966 

Coffee 14.613,955 

Dru|?«,  Stc— 

Aniline  colors »!37,238 

Brilnnlone 221.218 

Camphor.. ., 1U,818 

-        ntartar 150,-187 


Cochineal 

G»nibier 

Gum  Arabic, 

Indigo  

Ippecacuanha. 
Licorice  root. 
Licorice  paste 

Madder 

Nitrate  of  Sod 
on.  linseed... 
Oil,  olive 


213,430 
246,244 
22:5,221 
706,!-0« 
49,696 
48,433 
363,S93 
810.066 
298,904 
161,128 

„..,„,..« 202,831 

Opium 311,087 

Paints 4.35,763 

Peruvian  bark 267,525 

Quicksilver 134.198 

Saltpetre 122,091 

Soda,  bicarbonate....        206.323 

Soda,  sal 109.874 

Soda,  caustic 151,949 

Soda,  ash 680.056 

Vanilla  beans 29.485 

Fancy  Goods 1,749,028 

Tans 12,613 

Feathers 281,601 

Fire  Crackers 41,847 

FisI 502,472 

Flax 115.016 

Furs 2,053,780 

Banana 41,963 

Citron 70,911 

■ -1.772 


Iron,  hoop ??8,4Gl 

Iron,  piir 803,788 

Iron,  railroad 3,687,970 

Iron,  sheet 383,973 

Iron  lubes 148,403 

Iron,  other 3,427,850 

Lead,  pigs 2,68->,319 

Nails 67.919 

Needles 147,335 

Nickel 124.168 

Plated  ware 14,079 

I'latina 96,551 

Percussion  caps &1.261 

Saddlery 63,383 

Steel $2,012,197 

Speller 336.&10 

Tin  plates 2,904,646 

Tiu  slabs 556,778 

Wire «.332 

Zinc 370,675 

Machinery 213,836 

Marble  and  manuf.  do...       94,269 

Molasses 3,496,790 

Oil  Paintings 209,482 

Paf>er  hangings 30,455 

Perfumery 103,756 

Personal  effects 202,602 

Pipes 208,047 

Potatoes 90.080 

Provisions 21,5,289 

Rags 648,054 

Rice 591,77.5 

56,788 

Salt 448,199 

Seeds,  unspecified 145,457 

Castnrseed 40,817 

Linseed 914,447 


Dried  Fruits 15,510 

Lemons 199,579 

Nuts 637,127 

Orangel 4,37,043 

Plums 60,078 

Prunes 58,196 

Raisin 873,244 

Furniture 16,736 

Grain 15fl,9.36 

Gunny  Cloth 51,562 

Guttapercha 47,016 

Hemp 1,533,949 

Honey 127,798 

India  rubber 1,196.781 

Ivory 37,637 

Instruments — 

Chemical 1,948 

Mathematical 9,695 

Musical 229,224 

Nautical 8.35 

Optical 95,975 

Surgical 7.575 

Jewelry 726,919 

Watches 1,450,166 

Leather,  Hides,  &c 

Boots  and  shoes 25.506 

Bristles 181,812 

Hides,  dressed, 1,157,663 

Hides,  undressed 5,829,337 

Leather,  patent 34.347 

Liquors,  wines,  &c 3,182,836 

Metals,  fee- 
Brass  goods 41,471 

Bronie 60.688 

Copper 680,048 

Copperore .355,563 

Cutlery 1,157,424 

Gun 219,756 

Hardware 578,094 


Soap. 
Spices — 

Cassia 

Cinnamon. 


150.676 


12,254 
2,678 
78,170 

Ginger 63,972 

Mustard 12,140 

Nutmegs 78,617 

Pepper 286,394 

Pimento 39,090 

Stationery,  Ac- 
Books 327,716 

Engravings 89,309 

P,iper 2.36,790 

Other  slatioDery 181,640 

Statuary 85,074 

Sugar , 15,938,756 

Tar 106,278 

Tapioca 17,824 

Teazles 2.240 

Trees  and  plant 24,946 

Tea 8,172,072 

ine 24,842 

Toys 427,246 

Tobacco 625,472 

Turpentine 297,265 

Whalebone 61.844 

Wax 23,159 

Woods — 
Box  wood... 
Brazil  wood. 

Cedar 

Cork 

Ebony  

Fustic 

Lignum  vitas.. 


1,886 
«,406 
211,067 
68,143 
5,817 
S2,S32 
12,886 
Logwood 830,937 


Mahogany 


Sapan  ' 

Willov 

Wool... 


84.356 

79,508 
91,542 
139,532 

2,960 

26,809 

9,428,409 


The  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  port  of  New 
York  for  186-1  was  as  follows : 


January.... 
February.. 

March , 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August.... 
September. 
October... 
November. 
DeceDiber. 


$18,977,394 

$17,609,749 

21,643,937 

17,211,776 

23.667,119 

16,883,236 

26,168,631 

19,751,062 

23,973,144 

21,682,209 

23,926,314 

25.887,531 

22,383,299 

33,5a5,866 

18,223,463 

29,977,982 

10„539,4.59 

21,7.39,828 

10,088,308 

•    20,431,789 

8,597.594 

20,473.699 

9,935,098 

27,410,438 

«?I8,125,760 

$272,648,163 

Entered  at  New  York,  from  foreign  ports,  during  the 
year  1863. 


Nation. 

N'.'mber  of 
Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Number  of 
Seamen. 

American  vessels 

?S73 
2959 

1,340,248 
1,214,610 

36,396 

47,115 

Total 

5331 

2,554,858 

83,511 

NEMT 

Tlie  statement  of  the  vessels  entered  at  the  same  port, 
during  185-t,  is  as  follows : 


American  vessels. 
Foreign  vessels... 

Total  entered.... 


263« 
1411 


Tonnage. 


1,442,282}^ 
«7,034Ji 


l,919,317>i 


43.779 
23,296 


67,075 


Cleared  at  New  York,  for  foreign  ports,  during  the  year  1S03. 


Nation. 

Number  of 
Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Number  of 
Seamen. 

American  vessels., 

1908 
S125 

1,174,092 
1,380,773 

31,5.33 
47,260 

Total 

6033 

2,554,864 

78,798 

In  1854  the  statement  was  as  follows . 


Nation. 

Number  of 
Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Number  of 
Seamen. 

American  vessels 

1945 
1333 

1,082,799H 
445,305 

35,179 
18,071 

3278- 

1,528,104« 

63,260 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  tonnage  belonging  to 
the  port  of  New  York,  June,  1863.  Registered — Permanent, 
609,025 ;  temporary,  257,420.  Enrolled— Permanent,  745,.'a0; 
temporary,  17,334.  Total,  1,624,000.  There  was  besides, 
97,485  Bte4im  tonnage. 

Miscellaneous  Statistics. — According  to  the  United  States 
Census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Now  York  813,669  persons ;  of 
whom  391,522  were  white  males,  409,573  were  white  females, 
5,468  were  colored  males,  and  7,106  were  colored  females. 

Number  of  marriagfS  in  a  yetir,  3,272 ;  number  of  births, 
6,424 ;  number  of  deaths,  25,196. 

There  are  9  marriages  diiily;  17  births;  and  69  deaths 
daily. , 

Of  the  population,  429,952  wore  bom  in  the  United  States, 
and  383,717  were  born  in  foreign  countries,  of  38  different 
nationalities. 

There  are  54,338  dwellings,  and  155,707  families.  There 
are  on  an  average  nearly  3  families,  or  15  persona  to  every 
dwelling. 

The  Number  of  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  citv  is  4,259 

Capital  invested $00,484,307 

Cost  of  nvr  material 88,564,8I» 

M.ale  and  female  hands  employed S8,.5&t 

Value  of  annual  product $158,030,561 

Aggregate  value  of  proportv  in  the  city  and  county  of  New 
York  for  lSt>4,$634,495,040.    Taxes  for  1864, Si 3,705,092  86. 

The  annual  expense  of  lighting  the  city  is  $420,000.  The 
New  York  Gas  Company,  openiting  below  Grand  Street,  has 
1.30  miles  of  mains  of  various  sizes.  The  Manhattan  Gas- 
light Company,  operating  above  Grand  Street,  has  4S0  miles 
of  street-mains,  lights  30,000  street  lamps,  and  supplies  gas 
to  over  50,000  stores  and  dwellings,  and  manufactures 
2,000,000,000  feet  of  gas. 

For  the  distribution  of  Croton  water,  there  are  290  miles 
of  pipe  laid. 

The  City  Directory  contains  152,552  names. 

The  number  of  streets,  avenues,  squares,  places,  etc.,  bo- 
low  Fifty-fourth  Street,  is  493. 

The  number  of  piers  on  the  North  River  is  62,  and  on  the 
East  River.  70 :  total,  132. 

The  number  of  copyrights  entered  during  the  last  year,  in 
the  United  States  District  Court  in  this  city,  is  11)99. 

Tlie  number  of  depositors  in  Savings  banks  in  tlie  State 
of  New  York  (the  princip.il  portion  of  which  arc  situated  in 
the  city  of  New  York)  was,  in 

1S6I,  depositors 310,698;  deposits $67,450,379 

1862,  depositors 300,511  :  deposits 64.083,150 

1S6.3.  depositors 347.184;  deposits 76.5aS'.38S 

1864,  depositors 400,194;  deposits 93,786,394 

The  rate  of  deaths  in  the  city  of  New  York  has  increased 
froml  in  46i^iii  the  year  1810.  tolin  35  at  the  present  time. 

It  is  supptjsed  thsit  for  every  detith  there  are  28  cases  of 
sickness ;  this  would  give  us  700,000  cases  of  sickness  in  New 
York  in  one  year.  It  is  believed  by  some  eminent  physi- 
cians that,  by  proper  measures,  the  rate  of  niortah'ty  could 

1335 


NEW 

» 

be  brought  down  30  per  cent. ;  such  a  reduction  ■would  save 
7,000  lives  and  200,000  cases  of  sickness  during  the  year. 

The  number  of  policemen  in  the  city  is  1,S00.  The  annual 
cost  of  their  support  and  incidental  expensesis  $1,836,120  67. 

Arreiti  by  the  police  during  the  last  year  for  offences 

against  the  perion 52.976 

•'        "     property 8.91i        «1,888 

Of  whom  were,  malei 38,948 

"  femalet 22,9J0        61,888 

Of  whom  were  malei  under  15  years  of  age 3,152 

females        "  "  437  J,589 

Of  perauu)  arrested,  burn  in  United  States 18,109 

"  "         born  in  foreign  countries 43,&>9        61,S£8 

Of  the  persons  arrested,  could  read  anil  write 17,19^ 

"  '■  could  not  read  and  write U,046 

"  "  could  read  only 650      61,888 

There  hare  heen  arrested  by  the  Metropolitan  police,  for 
crimes  of  violence  of  a  serious  character,  in  1863  and  1861 
respectively,  as  follows : 

1863.  1S6<. 

For  felonious  assault 343 462 

For  assaults  on  policemen 19 35 

For  attempt  at  rape ^ >....  23 29 

Forinsuliiug  female*  in  the  street..............  S3 88 

For  murder 79 48 

Formaiming 8 6 

For  manslaughter.  „ 1 10 

For  rape 21... 14 

For  Ibreateniog  life 12 30 


NEW 


Total SST 


742 


Lodgings  furnished  at  the  police-stations  during  the  year 68,254 

Lost  children  sent  to  the  central  office 3,502 

Lost  children  restored  to  parents 3,878 

Abandoned  infants  found,  and.  sent  to  the  central  office 89 

Number  of  ConTictions  by  Court  of  Special  Sesnons •    3,816 

Number  of  cnuvictjous  by  Courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  Gen. 

eral  Sessions 451 

Number  of  persons  passing  through  Almshouse  in  the  year  4,350; 

present  number 1,398 

Number  of  children  passing  through  RandalTs  Island  in  the  year, 

8,015;  present  number 1,033 

Number  of  persons  passing  through  City  Frisoji  in  the  year 32,593 

Of  these,  present  number  in  Ci'v  Prison,  207;  in  Peni- 
tentiary.  278;  in  Workhouse, '815;  in  Hospital,  601: 

total  present  number 1,901 

Number  of  persons  iu  Lunaiic  Asylum  during  the  year,  1,U1; 

present  number 771 

Number  of  persons  in  Bellevue  Hospital  during  the  year,7,645; 

deaths,  864;  present  number 760 

Numher  of  boys  and  girls  passing  through  the  House  of  Refuge 

during  the  year 1029 

Remaining  on  hand 644 

Number  of  boys  and  girls  passing  through  Juvenile  Asvlum 

during  the  year,  1,633;  on  hand '. 528 

The  annual  expenses  of  the  Department  of  Charities  and  Cor* 

rections «. $700,000 

There'  are  about  as  many  Germans  in  New  York  as  in 
Hamburg;  twice  ns  many  Irish  as  in  Belfast;  and  twice  as 
many  Jews  as  in  all  the  land  of  Palestine. 

There  are  published  in  New  York  155  newspapers  and  71 
magazines. 

There  are  300  religions  and  benevolent  societies,  hospitals, 
dispensaries,  asj-lums,  etc. 

Passengers  transported  by  the  different  ferry  companies 
during  the  year,  56,853,500. 

At  one  place  in  Broadway  there  were  counted  14,060  car- 
riages which  passed  during  12  hours,  that  is  about  20  each 
minute. 

The  New  York  city  meat  bill  for  one  year  is  reckoned  as 
follows,  at  wholesale  prices : 

263,229  beef  cattle,  700  lbs.,  each,  9H  cts.  per  lb.  $17,504,728  50 

36.298  caW-5,  at  $7  25 263,060  50 

622,311  sheep  and  lambs,  at  $4  25 2.219.821  75 

1,096,773  hogs,  at  $9  75 10.693,586  75 

Total (30,681,147  50 

Total  number  of  fires  in  the  city  of  New  York  last  year 
268 ;  total  losses,  $1,191,922. 

There  are  265  license  jtmk-shops ;  33  licensed  intelli- 
geneeoffices;  64  license<l  pawnbrokers;  209  licensed  second- 
hand dealers;  397  licensed  stages;  431  special  coaches;  601 
hackney  coaches;  450  city  cars;  6,381  public  carts;  631  ex- 
press wagons;  497  dirt  carts;  and  773  venders. 


Total,  878  66,086 

By  a  late  report  of  Captain  Lord  of  the  Sanitary  police, 
"The  total  number  of  tenement-houses  is  given  at  12,374, 
with  a  population  of  401.376,  of  whom  22/)y5  live  in  cellars, 
R  subl  !rrnnet)us  population  large  enough  for  a  small  city  in 
Itself.  A  little  more  than  two-thirds" of  the  houses,  namely, 
8,546,  Kith  a  population  of  253,901,  are  provided  with  good 
means  of  escape  in  case  of  fire;  while  3,801  houses,  inhab- 
ited b^f  125,3*^0  persons,  are  deficient  in  this  respect.  The 
ventilation  of  8,126  houses,  containing  23S,113  persons,  is 
reported  as  good  and  4,221  honses,  contiiining  141,168  per- 
sons, are  batily  ventilated.  The  following  is  an  exhibit  of 
the  number  of  cubic  feet  to  each  person: 
1336 


HaTing  from  100  to  300. 

"  300  to  400, 

"  400  to  500. 

•*  500  to  600. 

"  600  to  700. 

"  700  to  600. 

"  800  to  1,000. 

Total 


1,909 
3,031 
2,560 
1  661 
1,100 
798 
t,288 


12,347 


Population. 


102.348 
78.751 
4S,342 
31.752 
22,281 
32,809 


379,281 


There  have  been  (1865)  320,846  trees  and  shrubs  of  all 
kinds  planted  in  the  Central  Park;  number  planted  last 
ye.ar,  79,904, 

The  sum  expended  last  year  in  the  construction  and  main- 
tenance of  the  Central  Park,  $504,335  60. 

The  number  of  interments  in  Greenwood  Cemetery,  up  to 
the  last  year  was  101,591,  increasing  at  the  ri.te  of  7,000  and 
more  a  year. 

The  official  statement  of  the  Commissioners  of  Emigra- 
tion, Otstle-garden,  New  York,  places  the  number  of  emi- 
grants arrived  at  that  place  during  the  yesir  1804,  at  1»2.916; 
showing  an  increase  over  the  year  1S03  of  25,000,  and  being 
as  large  a  number  as  for  any  year  since  1854. 

It  is  said  that  for  Januiiry  31 , 1 865,  during  ten  days  an  exact 
record  was  kept  of  the  weight  of  mail  matter  "forwarded 
from  the  New  York  Post-oflBce  over  internal  routes.  The 
amount  was  418,744  lbs.,  or  more  than  20  tons  per  day.  It 
is  estimated  that,  including  foreign  steamer  mails  and  aU 
other  matter,  tlie  clerks  in  this  oiEce  receive  and  send  out 
about  45  tons  per  day. 

PopM/a/ion.— Perhaps  no  city  in  the  world  numbers  so 
great  a  variety  of  foreigners  among  its  i-eaitleiit  population 
as  New  York,  including  among  them  active  and  enterpris- 


period  it  becime  the  largest  city  in  the  Union :)  202,589  in 
1830;  312,710  in  1840;  515,.^47  in  1850;  ami  S13,669.in  1860. 


G</rernmenl,  cfc. — New  York  is  divided  into  twenty-two 
wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  common  council. 
The  mayor  is  elected  by  popular  vote,  and  holds  office  for 
two  years.  The  common  council  is  composed  of  two  bairds, 
one  cjtlled  the  boiird  of  aldermen,  and  the  other  the  board 
of  assistant  .•ildermen,  one  member  for  each  board  being 
elected  from  every  ward  annually. 

History. — ^Tlie  first  knowledge  we  have  of  New  York  Bay 
and  Manhattan  Island,  the  site  of  the  iire.»ent  city  of  New 
York,  is  firom  Ilenry  Hudson,  an  English  navij.'ator  in  tht 
emplo}'  of  the  Kat^t  India  Company  of  Holland,  who  visited 
them  in  ltX)9.  and  proceetied  up  the  river  which  now  bears 
his  nam«.  No  settlement  was  however  made  till  three 
years  afterwards,  when  a  fort  was  built  on  the  southern 
extremity  of  Manhattan  I.'^land  by  the  Dutch,  and  thus 
commencetl  the  settlement  of  New  Anifterdom.  which,  in 
1648.  containd  about  1000  inhabitants.  In  16W  it  was  sur^ 
rendered  to  the  Briti.*h,  and  came  into  the  hands  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  taking  the  name  of  New  York;  but  was  re- 
taken by  the  Dutch  nine  j'ears  afterward.-s.  who  however 
held  it  but  a  single  year.  In  1677  there  were  384  houses, 
and  iu  1696  the  city  owned  40  ships,  62  sloops,  and  GO  boats. 
In  1700  the  population  was  tWO.  In  1711  a  slave  market 
was  established  in  Mall  Street.  The  New  York  Gazette,  a 
weekly  paper,  appeared  in  1725,  First  stage-mute  to  Phil.v 
delphia  established  in  1732,  and  stages  departed  for  Bo.'ton 
monthly,  taking  a  fortnight  on  the  route.  Negro  insur- 
rections occurred  in  1712  and  1741-2.  In  the  former  the 
negroes  fired  the  city,  and  killed  a  number  of  people,  for 
which  119  of  them  were  executed.  The  imports  of  1769 
amounted  to  $839,782.  Ii>  1V83.  after  a  long  jiossession, 
the  Britiiih  troops  evacuated  New  York.  In  1MI7  the  first 
steamboat  was  built  at  this  port  to  navigate  the  Iludiion. 
The  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  in  1825  gave  a  great  impetug 
to  New  York,  and  made  it  the  first  city  of  the  Union.  In 
1837  the  Croton  Aqueduct  was  commenced,  and  on  the  4th 
of  July.  1842.  the  pure  waters  of  the  Croton  lUver  were  l^t 
into  the  Distributing  Keservoir. 

The  years  1853-4  will  be  memoralde  in  the  history  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  for  the  exhibition  denominated  the 
World's  Fair,  held  in  a  spacious  iron  and  glass  building, 
called  the  Crystal  Palace,  erected  adjacent  to  the  Distri- 
buting Reservoir.  The  edifice  was  in  the  form  of  a  Greek 
cross,  the  length  of  each  diameter  of  wliich  was  3654  feet. 
The  dome  was  100  feet  in  diameter  and  123  feiit  high.  In 
the  construction  of  the  palace  1800  tons  of  iron.  55.000 
square  feet  of  glass,  and  750.1XH)  square  feet  of  lutnlicr  were 
useii.  The  aggregate  flooring  c('Vercd  ii  acres.  The  jiro- 
portions  of  this  buildingwen-beaiitiful.  and  were  thought  by 
many  to  surpass  the  London  Crystal  I'alac-e  In  archllectunil 
elTect.  The  exhibition  was  officially  opened  Jidy  15.  18o3, 
in  the  presence  of  the  President  of  the  Cnited  States,  and 
other  dignitaries  of  our  country,  and  of  the  commisaionta^ 
from  foreign  governments.    The  collectiou  comprised  ep* 


■7m  ■- 


NEW 

cimens  of  the  industrial  and  fine  arts  from  almost  every 
country  of  Jiurupe,  from  the  British  Colonies,  West  Indies, 
and  Mexico. 

Fires. — New  York  has  eeveral  times  been  visited  by  very 
destructive  confiasrations;  the  most  remarkable  occurred 
on  the  nif^ht  of  December  16,  1835,  consuming  648  houses 
in  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  city,  and  destroying  pro- 
perty to  the  amount  of  $20,000,000;  another  in  July,  1845, 
raged  chiefly  between  Broadway  and  Broad  Street,  involving 
a  loss  of  property  to  the  amount  of  $7,000,000. 

I'estilences. — 'I'lie  yellow  fever  has  several  times  visited 
tliis  city,  and  wiu«  particularly  fatal  in  1798.  Tlie  cholera 
ravaged  ^Cew  York  in  1832,  carrying  off  2621  persons,  again 
in  1849,  when  its  victims  numbered  more  than  5000,  and  a 
third  time  in  1S64.  when  nearly  3000  died  of  it 

NKW  YOKK,  a  post-office  of  J-umter  co.,  Alabama. 

NEW  YOUK,  a  post>offlce  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

NKW  YORK,  a  post> village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Cumberland  Kiver,  about  55  miles  by  land  W.  by  N. 
of  Nashville. 

NEW  Y'ORK,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Ohio  Kiver,  8  miles  E.  of  Vevay. 

NEW  YOKK,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois,  on  Crooked 
River.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Mount  Stirling. 

NEW  YOKK,  a  thriving  settlement  of  Pierce  CO.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  near  Elliott  Bay,  on  the  E.  side  of  Admi- 
ralty Inlet. 

NEW  YORK  MILLS,  a  post^vUlage  of  Oneida  co.,  New 
York,  on  Sadanuada  Creek,  about  95  miles  W.N.W.  of  Al- 
bany. It  has  several  churches,  and  a  cotton  factory,  said  to 
be  one  of  the  largest  in  the  state. 

NEW  ZEALAND,  zee'land,  (Fr.  Kouvelle  Zilande,  nooVSU 
z.Vli'ixd';  Ger.  XeM-tiiiaml,  nor-s.VMnt,)  a  group  of  islands 
belonging  to  Great  Britiiiu.  iu  the  South  I'aciiic  Ocean,  ex- 
teudiug  from  34^^  22'  to  47°  30'  S.  lat.,  and  from  1GG°  to  177° 
E.  Ion.  It  consists  chiefly  of  two  principal  islands — the  one 
calleti  North  Island,  New  Ulster,  or  Eaheinomauwe ;  and  the 
other  Middle  Island,  New  Munster,  or  Tavai-l'oenamoo  ;  and 
of  a  much  smaller  island,  called  New  Leiuster,  Stewart,  or 
Soijtli  Island;  length  of  the  whole  group  from  N.  to  S. 
measured  on  a  line  curving  nearly  through  tlieir  centres, 
about  1200  miies;  area  estimated  at  105,113  square  miles. 

New  Ulster  or  Eaiieixomauwe,  e-»i-lu'no-mOw'wee,  writ- 
ten al.so  IKA-XA-MAUWE,  (Er.  Tasmanie-durNord,  tis^md^nee' 
dii  noR,)  the  most  N.  of  the  group,  is  separated  from 
New  Slunster  by  Waikua  or  Cook's  Strait,  which,  where 
narrowest,  is  alx)ut  25  miles  wide.  This  i^and  is  remarka- 
bly irregular  iu  shape,  and  may  be  considered  as  consisting 
of  a  nucleus  or  main  body,  and  four  great  ptiuinsula-s.  Its 
greatest  length,  from  Cape  Otou  or  Cape  North  to  Cape  Pal- 
liser  or  ICawa-Kawa  at  its  S.  extremity,  is  about  575  miles; 
and  its  greatest  breadth,  from  Cape  Egremont  on  the  W., 
to  Cape  Wai-Apoo  or  East  Cape,  about  275  miles;  esti- 
mated area,  48.710  square  miles.  Of  tlie  four  peninsulas, 
by  far  tlie  most  remarkable  extends  from  Port  Taurayga  iu 
the  Bay  of  Plenty  on  the  E.,  and  Port  Aotia  on  the  \\ .,  in 
a  N.N.W.  direction  for  280  miles.  At  its  base  the  width  is 
not  more  than  55  miles,  and  near  its  extremity  only  about 
8  miles.  In  its  S.  part,  it  is  nearly  cut  througli  by  Ilauraki 
Gulf  or  the  Frith  of  Thames  on  the  E.,  and  Manukuo  or 
Symond.s'  Harbor  on  the  W. ;  the  only  land  whicli  preserves 
the  continuity  of  tlie  island  being  the  narrow  isthmus  on 
which,  like  that  of  ancient  Corinth,  the  town  of  Auckland 
has  been  built.  Its  AV.  coast,  with  the  exceptions  already 
mentioned,  and  the  harbor  of  Kaipara,  is  almost  a  continu- 
ous straight  line,  whereas  the  whole  of  the  E.  coast  is  a 
constant  succession  of  bays  and  promontories,  including  the 
Bay  of  Islands,  Wangari  Bay,  Wangarou  Harbor,  Doubtless 
Bay,  <S:c.  The  second  of  the  four  peninsulas  stretches 
E.N.E.,  between  the  Bay  of  I'lenty  on  tlie  N.,  and  Ilawke 
Bay  on  the  E.  It  is  much  more  compact  than  the  former, 
having  both  a  shorter  length  and  a  greater  width ;  and 
besides  llawke  Bay  itself,  has  no  marked  indentation,  except 
that  of  Poverty  Bay  on  the  E.  The  third  peninsula  forms 
the  S.  extremity  of  the  island,  and  stri'tches  for  130  miles, 
between  Ilawke  Bay  and  the  W.  part  of  Cook's  Strait,  to  its 
termination  at  Cape  Palliser.  The  fourth  peninsula,  which 
projects  less  than  any  of  the  other  three,  is,  in  some  re- 
spects, the  most  conspicuous  of  all,  in  consequence  of  con- 
taining the  lofty  volcanic  mountain  of  Egmont  or  Taranaki, 
and  being  partly  composed  of  the  streams  of  lava  which  at 
EOQie  remote  period  have  flowed  from  its  sides. 

The  main  body  of  the  island,  as  well  as  its  peninsulas, 
has,  for  the  most  part,  a  very  rugged  and  mountainous  sur- 
face; besides  being  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by  a  great  moun- 
tain chain,  which  takes  successively  the  names  of  the  Ran- 
gitoto,  the  Kua  Wahine,  and  the  Tararua  Jlountains,  and 
throws  off  several  transverse  branches.  It  presents  a  num- 
ber of  lofty,  if^olatcd  peaks,  among  which  the  most  conspicu- 
ous are  Mount  Edgecumbe,  towering  above  the  Bay  of 
Plenty  to  the  height  of  10.000  feet:  and  Mount  Egmont, 
which  has  a  height  of  8340  feet.  Sedimentary  rocks,  chiefly 
of  gray  amdstone,  are  often  seen,  both  among  the  ridges  of 
the  interior  and  on  the  coast,  where  they  frequently  form 
precipitous  cliffs ;  but  the  far  greater  part  of  the  rocks  are 


NEW 

crystalline,  and  so  evidently  volcanic,  that  their  sides  have 
all  the  appearance  of  continuous  lava  streams ;  while  the 
intervening  valleys  and  plains  are  in  many  instances  lite- 
rally covered  with  pumice-stones.  In  tlie  truncated  cone  ot 
Tongariro,  situated  at  the  height  of  6200  feet,  the  volcanic 
force  is  still  active.  Since  1846,  numerous  shocks  of  earth 
quakes  have  lieen  felt,  particularly  at  Wellington,  wher««, 
in  October,  1848,  they  were  so  violent  as  to  shatter  most  of 
the  houses  and  public  buildings. 

Tlie  streams  whicli  descend  from  the  mountains  are  ex- 
tremely numerous ;  several  of  them  are  of  considerable 
extent,  tliough  in  general  tliey  are  mere  mountain  torrent*, 
totally  unfit  for  any  navigable  purjjose,  both  from  the  rac 
pidity  of  their  current,  and  the  rugged  nature  of  their 
channel,  and  still  more  from  the  immense  deposits  of  shin- 
gle at  their  mouths.  The  largest  of  the  rivers  are  th« 
Waikato,  augmented  by  the  Waipa;  and  the  Alauawatu. 
The  former  rises  in  the  snows  and  glaciers  of  Mount  Kua- 
pehu,  (9000  feet  high,)  one  of  the  loftiest  summits  of  the 
central  cliaiu ;  it  flows  circuitously  N.N.W.,  and,  after  a 
course  of  about  250  miles,  discharges  itself  into  Waikato 
Harbor,  on  the  W.  coast.  It  is  navigable  for  lUO  miles  by 
vessels  of  30  tons.  The  Slanawatu,  rising  in  the  .same  cen- 
tral chain,  takes  an  opposite  direction,  and  falls  into  Cook'g 
Strait.  At  its  mouth,  it  has  a  width  of  300  yards  at  half- 
tide  ;  but  is  encumbered  by  a  liar  which,  at  ebb,  has  net 
more  than  7  feet  of  water.  Within,  the  channel  deepens, 
and  is  navigable  by  small  vessels  for  50  miles.  The  only 
other  considerable  streams  are  the  Wanganui,  the  I'akura- 
tahi  or  Hutt,  the  Waiwairoa,  the  Itangitaiki.  and  Wakatane, 
which  fall  into  tlie  Bay  of  PJenty ;  and  the  Waiho  or  Thames. 
Most  of  the  streams  have  their  sources  in  lakes,  many  of 
them  obviously  filling  the  craters  of  extinct  volcanoes;  and 
though  generally  not  of  great  extent,  are  so  embosomed 
among  mountains  and  magnificent  forests,  as  to  present 
scenery  of  extraordinary  grandeur  and  tieauty.  Tlie  largest 
is  Lake  Taupo,  of  an  irregular  triangular  shape,  about  3($ 
miles  long  by  25  miles  broad,  situated  near  the  centre  .if 
the  island.  Abtjut  35  miles  N.E.  of  it,  is  l,ftke  Koto-itua, 
which  forms  a  nearly  perfect  circle  of  8  miles  in  diameter; 
and  is  remarkable  for  the  number  of  hot  springs  w  Iiich  rise 
close  to  its  banks.  Wairarapa,  and  several  other  lakes  near 
the  S.  extremity  of  the  island,  cover  an  area  of  about  60,000 
acres.  In  the  same  locality  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  plains 
of  the  island,  occupying  an  area  of  aliove  600  square  miles. 

New  Muxsiek,  Middle  Island  or  Tavai  Poknajioo,  td-vi/ 
poo'nd-moo',  (Fr.  Tavo'i-I'ounainuiou,  td^vi/  jKMj^ndm'moo/,  or 
'Ihsiuanie-du-SiMl,  tds'mi^nee'  dii  siid.)  is  of  a  much  more 
compact  sliape,  and  may  be  considered  as  forming  a  paral- 
lelogram, extending  about  520  miles  from  N.N.E.  to  S.S.W., 
with  a  medium  breadth  of  120  miles;  area  about  55.00^ 
square  miles.  In  tlie  N.,  where  it  Is  separated  from  New 
Ulster  by  Cook's  Strait,  the  surface  is  very  rugged,  and  so 
much  resembles  the  opposite  coiuit  as  to  lead  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  two  islands  were  at  one  time  contiguous. 
Except  tlie  N.  coast,  and  a  remarkable  spur  on  the  K.  called 
Banks'  Peninsula,  the  coast-line  presents  but  few  indenta- 
tions deserving  of  notice.  The  principal  are  Queen  Char- 
lotto's  Sound,  Admiralty  Bay,  and  Blind  Bay,  with  its 
branch  Massacre  Bay  in  the  N. ;  .Millbrd  Haven.  Doubtful 
Sound,  Breadsea  Sound,  Dusky  Bay,  and  Chalky  Bay,  a 
number  of  narrow  sea-arms,  penetrating  the  land  for  sev^ 
ral  miles,  in  the  S.W.;  Tewywys  Bay  and  Howell  Port,  on 
I'oveaux  Strait,  in  the  S. ;  and  Port  Otago  or  Otako,  Akaro 
Harbor  in  Banks'  Peninsula ;  and  Pegasus  Bay  on  the  E. 
Its  interior,  as  far  as  it  has  been  explored,  presents  physical 
features  similar  to  those  of  New  Ulstor.  It  is  traversed 
from  N.  to  S.  by  a  lofty  central  cliain,  which  is  evidently  a 
continuation  of  that  which  terminates  on  the  opposite  coast 
of  the  northern  island.  This  chain  has  an  average  height 
of  about  8000  feet*  but  Mount  Cook,  near  the  W.  coast,  in 
lat.  4G°  30'  S.,  has  two  peaks,  the  one  12,200  feet,  and  the 
other  13,200  feet  high.  The  geological  structure  of  New 
Munster  is  nearly  identical  with  that  of  New  Ulster. 
The  drainage  of  the  island  is  effected  by  numerous  streams 
whicli  flow  directly  E.  or  W.  to  the  sea,  and  seldom  lose  the 
character  of  Impetuous  mountain  torrents. 

New  Leinster,  Sxewart  Island  or  Rakiura,  rd-ke-oo'rd,  the 
third  island  of  the  group,  and  far  inferior  in  dimensions  to 
the  other  two,  lies  S.  of  New  Munster,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  Foveaux  Strait,  about  15  miles  wide.  It  is  of  a 
triangular  shape,  about  46  miles  long  from  N.  to  S..  with  an 
extreme  breadth  of  36  miles,  and  an  area  estimated  at  1400 
square  mile.s.  Its  shores  have  a  very  pleasing  appearance, 
woods  extending  down  to  the  water's  edge,  while  numerous 
bays,  separated  by  rocky  headlands,  indent  the  coast.  The 
largest  of  these  indentations  are,  I'aterson's  Inlet,  a  noble 
harbor  on  the  N.E.,  and  the  fine  harbor  of  Pegasus  Bay  on 
the  S.E.  The  interior  is  moiiutainous,  but  none  of  the 
summits  exceed  3200  feet. 

A  great  number  of  smaller  islands  belong  to  the  New 
Zealand  group,  and  are,  for  the  most  part,  situated  at  a 
short  distance  from  the  shores  of  the  .North  and  Middle 
Islands,  though  many  surround  the  S.  Island.  The  largest 
of  these  are  Otea  or  Great  Barrier  Island  and  Shoutnui'ou, 

1337 


NEW 


NGA 


in  the  mouth,  and  Waiheki  Roef,  in  the  interior  of  the  Frith 
of  Thiunrs-  Kiipiti  or  Entry  Island,  In  Cook's  Strait;  I>'Ur- 
•fiUe  at  the  N  K.  entrance  of  Wind  Bay,  Kesolution  on  the 
p.W.  const  of  the  Middle  Island,  and  the  Snares  on  the 
parallel  of  48°,  S.S.W.  of  New  I.einster. 

Geohifft/. — It  is  not  probable,  from  the  geological  structure 
of  New  Zealand,  that  minerals  of  much  value  will  be  disco- 
vered. Rumors  have  repeatedly  been  heard  of  rich  auriferous 
deposits,  but  hitherto  gold  has  not  been  found  in  suflRcient 
quantity  to  render  its  extraction  profitable.  Copper-mines 
have  been  opened  in  the  vicinity  of  Auckland  with  satisfac- 
tory results ;  sulphur  also  is  very  abundant,  and  titanifer- 
ous  iron  is  found  in  various  places.  There  are  also  indica- 
tions of  tin,  lead,  silver,  bismuth,  and  nickel. 

Climate. — The  characteristic  feature  in  the  climates  of  both 
the  principal  islands  is  humidity.  At  Auckland  the  annual 
quantity  of  rain  is  51.84  inches,  whereas  in  New  York  it  is 
only  about  33  inches.  Throughout  the  N.  Island,  the  mean 
annual  temperature  calculated  on  observations  made  at  the 
Bay  of  Islands,  Auckland,  and  Wellington,  is  rather  more 
than  6()°,  and  the  range  of  the  thermometer  is  very  limited. 
At  the  Bay  of  Islands  it  is  only  20°,  varying  from  55°  in  the 
coldest,  to  75°  in  the  warmest  months,  and  at  Wellington 
22°,  ranging  between  48°  and  70°.  Sevei"al  of  the  mount;iins 
are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  prevailing  winds  are 
from  the  N.W.  and  the  S.E.,  and  are  accompanied  with 
frequent  hurricanes,  particularly  in  Cook's  Strait,  which 
acts  as  an  immense  funnel  through  which  the  tempest  rages 
almost  without  intermission,  and  at  all  seasons.  The  sum- 
mer mouths  of  December  and  January,  and  the  autumn 
months  of  February,  March,  and  April,  are  the  driest.  The 
olimateon  the  whole  is  remarkably  healthful. 

VegeiUion. — New  Zealand,  with  the  adjoining  groups  of 
Chatham,  Auckland,  and  Macquarie,  constitutes  a  botanic 
centre  from  which  a  peculiar  class  of  vegetable  forms  is  sup- 
posed to  have  issued.  The  species  at  present  known  are  632, 
nearly  equally  divided  between  the  monocotyledonous,  the 
cellular,  and  the  dicotyledonous  plants.  To  the  cellular  be- 
long numerous  varieties  of  alg(v,  Hchens.fungi,  and  more  espe- 
cially ferns,  which,  replacing  the ^)•a»l^)^«8of  other  countries, 
form  almost  the  only  vegetation  over  immense  districts. 
Some  of  these  are  more  than  30  feet  high,  and  are  remark- 
able for  the  elegance  of  their  forms.  One  of  the  most  com- 
mon is  the  IHeris  esctdenta,  the  root  of  which  is  usetl  as  food 
by  the  natives.  Another  remarkable  plant  of  great  econo- 
mical value  is  the  flax-plant,  (Pliornmtm  tenax,)  which  is 
found  in  almost  all  situations,  on  the  driest  hills,  in  swamps, 
and  on  the  sea-shore,  within  reach  of  the  spray.  One 
species  of  the  Phormium  has  leaves  12  feet,  and  flower-stalks 
80  feet  long.  The  finest  fl»x  is  obtained  from  a  cultivated 
▼ariety.  Of  the  dicotyledonous  plants  the  most  remarkalile 
belong  to  the  Oonifera  and  Taxuleee,  and  furnish  valuable 
de.scriptions  of  timber.  Among  others  is  the  Kowrie,  Kauri, 
or  Demara  Aitstricus,  with  a  smooth  gray  columnar  trunk, 
from  30  to  40  feet  in  circuit,  and  nearly  of  the  same  girth 
through  its  whole  height  of  from  GO  to  90  feet.  It  is  con- 
fined to  a  comparatively  small  part  of  the  North  Island,  and 
to  land  which  seems  specially  rugged  and  unfertile. 

Anitnals.— The  animal  kingdom  is  extremely  limited. 
Captain  Cook  found  no  trace  of  any  quadrupeds  except  a 
•ort  of  fox  dog,  and  a  few  rats,  and  no  others  have  since  been 
discovered.  Of  the  animals  which  have  been  introduced, 
the  hog  thrives  best  and  multiplies  prodigiously,  finding 
abundance  of  food  in  the  fern  root,  and  occasionally  varying 
it  with  the  oysters  and  immense  cockles  strewn  xipou  the 
ehore.  AH  the  other  common  European  quadrupeds  appear 
to  be  easily  acclimated.  Birds  are  not  remarkable  either  for 
variety,  song,  or  plumage,  but  exhibit  in  the  .\pterix,  so  called 
from  having  no  wings,  one  of  the  most  curious  and  gigantic 
class  of  birds  in  existence.  New  Zealand,  however,  appears 
to  be  rich  in  remarkable  fossils  of  birds.  Of  these  the  most 
extraordinary  is  the  Gigantic  Moa,  {Dinnmis  Giganteus,) 
Bome  species  of  which  must  have  been  from  10  to  14  feet 
high.  The  natives  affirm  that  it  is  not  extinct,  and  that 
living  specimens  of  it  still  exist  in  the  almost  inaccessible 
forests  of  the  interior.  Several  varieties  of  whales  and  seals 
were  abundant  on  the  coasts  when  first  visited ;  but  their 
capture  has  been  pursued  so  ruthlessly,  without  sparing  the 
breeding  whale  and  her  young,  that  the  fisheries  have  been 
almost  destroyed.  The  coast  still  teems  with  minor  fish, 
among  which  one  of  the  best  is  the  Hapulca,  resembling 
the  cod,  and  weighing  from  10  to  70  lbs.,  and  occasionally 
100  lbs.  •' 

Commerce.. — The  commerce  of  New  Zealand  is  chiefly 
carried  on  with  Great  Britain,  the  British  colonies,  and  the 
United  States.  The  total  value  of  imports  in  1850  amounted 
to  240.2U3L,  and  in  1851,  to  349,53M.;  exports  in  1850,  to 
115.414?..  and  in  1851  to  8i,158i!.  Number  of  arrivals  in 
1850.  188  ve.ssels,  tons  49.747;  in  1851,  253  vessels,  tons 
67,85C;  (38  vessels,  tons  11,387,  the  former,  and  57  vessels, 
tons  19.055,  the  latter  year,  being'from  the  United  States.) 
Number  of  clearances  in  1850,  194,  tons  48.549;  in  1851,  236, 
tons  64.734. 

Inhahitonts.—.'The  natives  of  New  Zealand,  who  are  sup- 
posed to  belong  to  the  Malay  family,  furnish  some  of  the 


finest  specimens  of  the  savage  race.  The  men  are  t»P. 
strong,  and  active;  the  women  often  haudsonie,  and  both 
sexes  are  almost  uniformly  well  sliajx^l.  ^Vith  the  f  xcep- 
tion  of  cannibalism  and  infanticide,  whicli,  tliough  oTice 
common,  have  been  almo.st  extirpated,  they  Jiave  either 
never  been  addicted  to,  or  have  ceased  to  practise,  the  vices 
common  among  savage  tribes.  Their  dre.«s  consi.^ts  of 
mats  of  various  kinds,  made  from  the  native  flax,  braidei 
by  the  hand;  some  are  very  co.arse,  others  finer  than  carpctK 
ing.  They  are  filthy  in  their  habits,  and  Beldom  bathe 
themselves,  or  wa.«h  their  clothes,  which  are  usually  worn 
till  they  drop  ott'  from  age.  The  New  Zealanders  iiractise 
tattooing,  and  form  designs  over  their  botliea  of  remarkable 
elegance.  They  usually  live  in  villages,  or  "  pahs,"  situated 
in  many  cases  on  an  eminence,  and  generally  .surrounded 
by  a  palisade,  sometimes  strengthened  so  as  to  form  a 
tolerably  strong  defence  against  infantry.  Though  esteemed 
intelligent,  they  evince  much  less  skill  than  other  islanders 
of  the  South  Pacific,  in  the  construction  of  their  houses, 
which  are  small,  low,  begrimed  with  soot,  aiid  everywhere 
abound  with  filth.  The  dwellings  of  the  chiefs  are  generally 
larger  than  those  of  the  people,  and  are  often  ornamented 
in  front  with  rude  and  grotesque  carviri.js.  Owing  to  tlio 
exertions  of  the  missionaries  who  have  l.ing  lalxired  among 
them,  the  natives  have  generally  exchanged  their  supersti- 
tions for  Christianity. 

History. — New  Zealand  was  fir.?t  dis"  overcd  by  Tasman, 
in  1642.  (whence  this  group,  with  aiiveial  adjacent  i.-slands, 
is  called  by  some  of  the  French  ^geographers,  Tasmanie.) 
Little,  however,  was  known  of  it  till  the  visits  of  C(X)k,  in 
1709  and  1774.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made  in 
1815,  when  a  missionary  station  wa-T  (f.taWi.-'hed  in  the  Bay 
of  Islands.  In  1840  it  was  erected  into  a  colony,  subordinate 
to  the  government  of  Now  South  Wali.s,  from  which  it  was 
formally  separated  in  1841,  and  placed,  under  its  own  inde- 
pendent governor.  The  principal  settlements  yet  made  are 
these  of  Auckland,  (the  capital.)  New  Plymouth  and  Well- 
ington in  New  Ulster;  and  of  Nelson,  Canterbury,  and  Otago 
in  New  Jlunster.  The  total  population  is  estimated  at 
160.000.  The  white  population  in  1851,  was  20.656,  of  whom 
10.962  were  in  New  Ulster,  and  15.694  in  New  Munster.    Of 

the  whites,  14.991  were  males,  and  11,660  females. Inhab 

New  Zka'lander. 

NEW  ZION,  a  post-ofiice  of  Sumter  co..  South  Carolina. 

NEXOE,  (Nexiie.)  nJx'iiVh,  a  sf-aport  towu  of  Denmark, 
on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Bornholm.    Pop.  14iX). 

NEXON,  nhx^dyt,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Haxite-Vienne,  10  miles  S.  of  Limoges.     Pop.  2461. 

NEY,  nA,  a  post-oflfic«  of  Defiance  co..  Ohio. 

NEY,  a  small  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co..  Illinois. 

NEYVA  or  NEIVA,  ni'e-vd,  a  town  of  South  America, 
New  Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarca,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Magdalen.a,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Neyva  River,  132  miles  S.W.  of  Bogota.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  cocoa ;  the  Indians  also  resort  to  it  foi 
knives,  mirrors,  and  trinkets.  It  suffered  severely  from  an 
earthquake  in  1827. 

NEYVA  or  NEIVA,  a  town  of  Ilayti,  70  miles  E.  of  Port- 
au-Prince,  in  a  plain  watered  by  the  river  Neyva,  which 
enters  Neyva  Bay  on  the  S,  coast,  aftc-  a  coui-se  of  75  miles. 
A  small  river  of  Portugal  has  this  name. 

NEZIIKEN  or  NEJIN,  nA-zheen',  written  also  NESCinN, 
NIESIllN  and  NIl'JIN,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
86  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tchernlgov,  on  the  Oster.  Pop.  16,000.  It 
is  enclosed  by  ramparts,  and  has  a  cathedi'al.  numerou? 
other  churches,  some  convents,  a  hospital,  a  high  school, 
and  a  college  founded  in  1789;  also  manufactures  of  soap, 
leather,  presei-ves,  and  liquors. 

NEZ  PERCfi.  nA  p^R'si',  (usually  pronounced  nay  per'cy,) 
or  SAPTIN  INDIANS,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Oregon,  between  Clark's  River,  and  the  N.  branch  of 
Saptin  or  Lewis  River.  The  name,  ?!aj  percS,  signifies,  in 
French,  "pierced  nose."  There  does  not.  however,  appear 
to  be  any  peculiarity  in  their  customs  to  justify  this  apjiel- 
lation. 

NGAMI,  n'gJ'mee,  a  lake  In  the  interior  of  South  Africa, 
about  lat.  20°  30'  S.,  Ion.  23°  E.  It  has  been  known  vaguely 
from  report  ever  since  the  establishment  of  intercourse  be- 
tween the  Cape  Colony  and  the  Bechuanas.  N.  of  the  rivei 
Orange.  In  June,  1849,  Mr.  Cotton  Oswell  and  the  Rev.  Daniel 
Livingstone,  travelling  northward,  came  upon  the  Zooga, 
(Zouga,)  a  river  which  flows  from  the  lake  alwiit  250  miles, 
irregularly  E.  and  S.E.,  until  it  spreads  out  into  a  lagoon, 
and  is  wastdl  in  the  sands.  Following  this  river  upwards, 
they  arrived  at  the  village  of  the  Batooani.  a  branch  of  thu 
Bamangwato  tribe,  who  are  settled  on  Lake  Nirami,  in  lat 
20°  23'  S.,  Ion.  23°  30'  E.  From  the  shores  of  the  lake,  S.W 
of  the  village,  no  land  could  be  descried  over  it  to  the  W. 
and  N.W.  Northwards,  its  width  seemed  to  be  14  miles. 
The  natives  stated  that  it  was  a  three  days'  journej', 
(about  75  miles,)  along  its  S.  and  W.  shore,  to  the  point 
where  a  river  enters  it  from  the  N.W.  This  river  (the  Tso) 
flows  so  rapidly,  that  canoes  cannot  ascend  it  by  paddling. 
The  Zooga,  issuing  from  the  lake,  is  at  first  a  tiny  rivr, 
from  300  to  500  yards  wide ;  lower  down,  it  becomus   arrow  r, 


NGA 


NIA 


witli  hiij'i  banks;  again  it  spreads  out,  divides  into  rlTulets, 
and  di&upfK.'ar.'i  in  the  plain. 

The  Oanks  of  tlie  Zooga  are  generally  of  a  calcareous  tufa, 
a,nd  are  lined  with  trees  of  stately  growth ;  some  of  these 
appear  to  be  varieties  of  the  Uaobab,  (Adansonia ;)  with 
wliicli  are  also  banyans,  like  those  of  India;  and  Palmyra 
palms,  t-onie  of  the  native  tribes  make  cloth  of  two  kinds 
of  cuttiiii,  the  produce  of  a  tree  and  bush,  and  dye  it  with 
the  iudi.i^o  that  grows  wild  everywhere. 

The  boatmen  of  the  lake,  who  chiefly  inhabit  its  banks 
and  islands,  are  of  Hottentot  race,  apparently  from  the  W. 
coasts,  iiud  are  called  Uakhoba,  (serfs;)  and  also  ]$atletle  or 
Uaclecle,  evidently  a  ISechuana  attempt  to  utter  the  Hot- 
tentot clucking  sound,  f/ar/a,  (men.)  These  liakhoba  are 
describetl  as  superior  to  the  15echuana  in  vigor  and  intel- 
ligence. The  people  alx)Ut  the  lake  and  further  N.  live,  to 
a  great  extent,  on  fish,  which  are  brought  down  in  abun- 
dance by  the  floods.  The  Bakhoba  possess  well-made  nets, 
their  cordage  being  spun  of  wild  flax.  The  root  of  a  kind 
of  flag,  |K>unded,  yields  a  farinaceous  substance,  not  much 
inferior  to  wheaten  flour.  The  tuberous  root  of  a  water-lily 
is  among  the  articles  of  food.  Besides  garden  produce,  wild 
fruits,  and  fish,  the  natives  have  also  game  in  plenty,  (chiefly 
anteloijes,  hijjpoix)tami,  and  elephants,)  taken  in  pit-falls 
along  the  river. 

The  natives  stilted  to  the  company  that  Ngami  was  merely 
a  reservoir  for  the  surplus  waters  of  a  periodic»lly  iuundated 
couutry,  about  200  miles  further  ou,  which  country  they 
designate  by  the  name  of  Lipokanoka  or  "  riverg  on  rjvers." 
In  1851,  therefore,  the  same  enterprising  travellers,  starting 
from  Kolobeng,  a  missionary  station  on  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Limpopo,  directed  their  course  N..  and,  crossing 
extensive  salt-pans,  in  wliii-h  the  Zooga  seems  to  termin,ate, 
arrived  at  the  banks  of  the  Cholw,  in  lat.  18°  20'  S.,  Ion.  20° 
E.,  above  2000  miles  from  Cape  Town.  This  river,  from  12 
to  15  feet  deep,  is  connected  with  I.iake  Ngami  by  a  canal  or 
transverse  channel,  named  Tamunakle.  About  100  miles 
N.E.  of  the  Cholje,  is  Sesheke,  situated  in  lat.  17°  28'  S.,  on  a 
large  river,  from  300  to  500  yards  wide,  with  a  great  volume 
of  water.  Fifty  miles  above  8esheke,  on  this  river,  stands 
Barotse,  the  capital  of  the  chief,  who  is  called  Sibatoani. 
Below  Sesheke,  (Sandbanks,)  the  river  .is  joined  by  the 
Chdbe;  and  at  the  distance  of  80  miles,  forcing  its  way 
through  hills,  it  is  precipitated  over  rocks ;  the  falls  being 
named  Mosi  wa  thunya,  (or  Hearing  A'apors.)  It  afterwards 
receives  another  river,  the  Mauinchi,  from  the  N.,  and  then 
takes  the  name  of  Zabeza  or  Zambeze.  All  these  rivers, 
namely,  the  Maninchi,  Se.sheke,  Chobe,  with  the  Teoge  and 
Tso  flowing  into  Lake  Ngami,  are  represented  as  being  con- 
nected together  by  transverse  canals,  which  form  one  system 
of  waters  of  great  extent,  the  breadth  of  the  region  inter- 
sected being  at  lea.st  400  miles.  Very  little  rain  falls  in  the 
couutry  near  Lake  Ngami,  aud  the  rivers  are  never  affected 
by  it.  Here,  as  in  Egypt,  the  floods  descend  in  the  dry 
season.  The  waters  begin  to  rise  in  June,  and  reach  their 
greatest  height  in  the  beginning  of  August.  Tlie  source  of 
the  Se.shuke,  according  to  the  natives,  is  in  Lobale,  the  same 
country  from  which  the  Lulua,  the  main  branch  of  the 
Zaire,  itesaoiils  in  the  opposite  direction. 

In  1802,  I>ake  Nga/ini  was  again  visited  by  a  tratling  party. 
The  oxen.  37  in  number,  wagons,  and  other  baggage,  were 
conveyed  in  canoes,  along  the  river  Zooga,  300  miles,  to  the 
lake.  The  party  walked  round  the  lake,  and  found  it  to  be 
CO  mile.s  in  length,  aud  1-1  miles  broad.  The  river  Teoge, 
one  of  its  aflluents,  was  also  ascended  for  about  150  miles, 
when  the  ravages  of  the  Tsetse  fly  among  the  cattle  com- 
pelled a  return.  Everywhere  were  found  traces  of  Portu- 
guese traders. 

NGAXAITI.  South  Pacific.    See  Bvam  M.^rtis's  Island. 

NGAX-UOEI,  ngJu^ho-i/,  or  GAN-IIWAY,  gdn^hwA/,  an 
inland  ))rovince  of  China,  between  lat.  29°  and  34°  N..  and 
Ion.  ll.j°  and  119°  E.,  enclosed  by  Kiang-soo,  Che-kiang, 
Kiang-see,  Hoope,  and  Hoo-nan.  Pop.  34.1(58.059.  Surface 
mostly  plain,  and  traversed  by  the  rivers  Yang-tse-kiang, 
iind  the  Hoai-ho,  with  its  affluents.  The  products  com- 
prise the  precious  metals,  copper,  salt,  green  tea  from 
the  S.  districts,  to  from  6  to  7  million  taels  annually, 
ink,  varnish,  and  other  produce. 

NOAN-KIXG,  ngSn^kiug',  the  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, is  ICO  miles  S.S.W.  oi  Nanking. 

NGOIJI^'.A,  or  NGOOSA,  ngoo\sd',  a  small  town  of  Algerian 
Sahara,  oasis  and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Onargla,  lat.  32°  22'  N., 
Ion.  4°  20'  E.,  defended  by  a  wall  crowned  by  23  or  30  small 
square  forts,  and  entered  by  5  gates.     Pop.  1000. 

NGUNUAVAM.  ngun^ldVdm',  a  town  on  Viti  Levu.  one 
of  the  Feejee  Islands,  near  lat.  18°  S.,  Ion.  178°  W.  In  1848, 
it  was  vi.sited  by  Captaiu  Worth,  of  the  Engli.sh  war  vessel 
Calypso,  to  demand  the  delivery  of  the  murderers  of  two 
Europeans;  which  being  refused,  the  town  was  bombarded 
and  I'Urneil  down. 

NH.i-TliAXG,  ni-trang'.  NUIATRAXG,  ne-aHrdng',  or 
YATP..\.XG,  yi'trang',  a  seaport  town  of  Anam,  capital  of  a 
province,  with  a  good  harbor  at  a  river's  mouth,  in  lat.  12'' 
19' X.,  Ion.  109°  20' E. 

NIIO,  no  or  n'hof.  written  also  NOUH,  noo,  a  town  of 


British  India,  district  of  Agra,  lat.  27°  51'  N.,  Ion.  77°  3,V± 
It  has  a  manufactory  of  salt  from  springs  in  its  vicinity. 

NIAGARA,  ni-ag'a-rah,*  (originally  ne-it-gd'ra,  or  rathf 
nee-d'gd'rd',)  a  river  of  North  America,  forwiing  the  outlet  o. 
Lake  Erie,  and  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  UnitH 
States  and  Canada.  It  commences  at  Black  Hock,  2  U)iles  N 
of  Buffalo,  and,  flowing  northward,  enters  J^ake  Ontario  after 
a  course  of  about  34  miles.  About  3  miles  below  its  south- 
ern extremity  it  divides  into  two  arms,  which  embrace  an 
island,  called  Grand  Island,  12  miles  long,  and  from  2  to  7 
miles  wide.  Two  or  three  miles  below  Grand  Island,  the 
entire  waters  of  the  Niagara  are  precipitated  over  a  ledge 
of  rocks  about  160  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  forming  the 
Niagara  Falls,  the  most  stupendous  cataract  on  the  globe. 
The  rapids  above  the  falls  have  a  descent  of  57  feet  in  about 
half  a  mile.  See  New  York,  page  1327.  The  river  is  navi- 
gable 7  miles  to  liewiston,  and  above  the  falls  for  small 
boats  from  the  old  Fort  Schlosser  to  Lake  Erie,  near  20  miles, 
Two  miles  below  the  cataract  the  river  is  spanned  by  a  mag- 
nificent suspension  bridge,  800  feet  in  length.    See  Sus- 

PKNSIOX  BtilDQE. 

NIAGARA,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Ngw  York,  has  an 
area  of  about  490  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  X.  by 
Lake  Ontario,  \V.  by  Niagara  River,  and  8.  by  Tonnewanda 
Creek,  and  is  drained  by  Willinks  and  Tuscarora  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  undulating  in  some  parts,  in  others  nearly 
level.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Extensive  beds  of  gyp- 
sum, or  plaster,  have  been  discovered.  The  county  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Erie  Canal,  and  by  the  Rochester  Lockport 
and  Niagara  Falls,  and  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Rail- 
roads, and  partly  Intersected  by  several  shorter  lines.  Or- 
ganized in  1808,  having  been  formed  out  of  part  of  Genesee 
county,  and  named  from  Niagara  River  and  Falls,  which 
arc  situated  on  its  western  borders.  Capital,  Lockport. 
Pop.  50,399. 

NIAGARA,  a  town.ship  of  Niagara  county.  New  Y^ork,  on 
the  river  of  its  own  name,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Buffalo.  Pop. 
6603. 

NIAGARA,  formerly  NEW/AHK,  Canada  West,  the  capital 
of  the  unito<l  counties  of  Lincoln  and  Welland,  situated  in 
Lincoln  co.,  on  Lake  Ontiirio.  at  the  mouth  of  Niagara  River, 
36  miles  from  Toronto,  and  60  miles  from  Hamilton.  It 
contains  several  stores  and  hotels.  Pop.  3000.  Niagara  it 
an  electoral  district,  returning  one  member  to  the  Provin- 
cial I'arliament. 

NIAG.\H.\  FALLS,  »  post-village  of  Niagara  county,  New 
York,  is  situated  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  tlie  great 
cataract,  to  which  circumstance  it  owes  its  origin  and  in- 
crease. Distance  from  Buffalo  by  railroad,  22  miles;  from 
Rochester,  76  miles.  It  contains  1  Catholic  and  4  Protestant 
churches.  2  dry-goods  stures,  and  8  hotels,  of  which  2  are 
styled  "first  class;"  also  a  paper-mill,  iron-foundry,  a  flonr- 
ing-mill,  and  2  largo  imldic  school-hou.ses.  Three  or  four 
railroails  meet  at  this  point.  Population  in  1866,  estimated 
at  3000.    See  Si:gPENKioN  Bridge. 

NIAGARA  FALLS  or  FALLS  OF  NIAGARA.  See  Nbw 
York,  page  1327. 

NIAMREI,  ne'dm-ri'  or  ne-Sm-ri/e,  a  large  village  of 
West  Africa,  25  miles  E.  by  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  SenegaL 
Pop.  about  3500. 

NIANGUA,  ne-ang/gwj,  a  river  of  Missouri,  rises  near  the 
S.E.  corner  of  Dallas  co.,  and,  flowing  nearly  northward, 
falls  into  the  Osage  at  Erie,  Camden  county.  It  receives  the 
Little  Niangua  from  the  left,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

NIAXT'IC,  Connecticut,  a  station  ou  the  New  Ilbven  and 
New  London  Railroad,  10  miles  from  New  London. 

NIAS,  or  POOLO-XIAS,  poo'-lo-ne'^s/,  an  isUcd  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  and  one  of  the  largest  skirting  the  W. 
coast  of  Sumatra;  lat.  1°  30'  N.,  Ion.  97°  16'  E.  Length 
70  miles,  average  breadth  16  miles.  The  soU  is  fertile,  and 
produces  large  quantities  of  rice.  On  its  E.  coa.ft  is  a  village 
or  town  of  the  same  name. 

NIAUMELSAKAS,  ne-Ow-niJl-si/kds,  a  r<!markable  watei^ 
fall,  Sweden,  on  the  LuleS,  la'n  of  North  Bothnia.  The 
river,  where  about  400  yards  broad,  procipitates  itself  over  a 
height  of  above  100  yards.  During  winter  an  immense  arch 
of  ice  is  formed  over  the  fall,  and  adds  to  its  magnificence. 


*  It  is  a  remarkable  confirmation  of  the  position  laid  down  in 
our  Introduction,  (saction  II.,  0))S.,)  tliat  "  scarcely  an  instance 
can  be  pointed  out  wherein  anv  good  poet  lias  misaccentuated 
a  name  with  the  sonnd  of  whiefi  he  ivas  familiar;"  that  Moore, 
the  only  eminent  English  poet  that  has  been  in  America,  and 
visited  Niagara,  is  the  only  one  (so  far  as  we  are  aware)  who 
has  pronounced  this  name  with  its  proper  aocent,  thereby  au- 
thorizing the  oonclusion   that  those  who  have  accentuated  it 
differently,  have  done  so  through  ignorance,  aud  not  from  care- 
lessness, or  in  virtue  of  that  imaginary  prerogative  styled  a 
"poet's  license."    The  name  in  qnestion  occurs  several  times  in 
Moore's  poems,  and  afways  with  the  same  accent ;  but  we  select 
the  following  passage,  as  showing  his  accentuation  in  a  manner 
so  clear  as  to  leave  not  the  least  room  for  doubt,  or  equivocation : 
"  1  could  fancy,  almost,  he  and  I  were  a  pair 
Of  unhappy  young  lovers,  who  thus  side  by  side 
Were  taking,  instead  of  rope,  pistol,  or  dagger,  a 
Desperate  dash  down  the  fails  of  Niagtirn." 

J\ulge  Family  in  i'ari*— I-ettor  V 
13;W 


NIA 

inATTi,  niMiwR',  or  AXGOUR,  Jn-goor'.  the  most  W.  of 
the  I'elew  Islauds,  North  Pacific;  lat.  G°  53' 55"  X.,  Ion.  134° 
6'  24'  E.     Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.AV..  about  4  mile*. 

IVIAZEPJiTKOVSlv,  ne-d-zi-pi-troTsk/,  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Perm,  on  the  Oofa,  80  miles  K.S.K.  of 
Krasno-Oofimsk,  with  extensive  iron  works. 

K  lliBI.A.NO,  nil»-be-d'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  sitatt- 
te(I  S  miles  S.  of  Piacenza.     Pup.  7*20. 

NIBBIAXO,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  delegation  and  10 
miles  U.S.E.  of  Como. 

NIBE,  nee'bA,  a  town  of  Denmark,  province  of  Jutland, 
12  miles  \V..S.W.  of  Aalborg.  on  the  Lymfiord.    Pop.  1200. 

NIIVLEY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

NICiEA,  North  Italy.    See  Nice. 

NIC.EA,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Izseek. 

KICAR.\GUA,  (nik-ar4'gwd,)  REPUBLIC  OF,  formerly  a 
state  in  the  Ceutral  American  Confederation,  from  which  it 
withdrew  in  1852;  extends  from  the  Bay  of  Conchagua,  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  Mosquito  territory,  mostly  from 
lat  11°  to  13°  45'  N.,  Ion.  83°  40'  to  87°  35'  W.;  h.aving  W. 
the  North  Psicific  Ocean,  E.  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  part  of 
the  Mosquito  territory,  N.  the  state  of  Honduras  and  San 
Salvador,  and  S.  Costa  Rica ;  area  about  39,000  square  miles. 
A  range  of  hills  run  along  its  'VV.  coast,  at  the  distance  of  a 
few  miles  from  the  sea,  attaining  no  great  height  until  they 
approach  the  confines  of  Costa  Rica,  where  they  ri.se  to  an 
elevation  of  from  5000  to  ll,tK)0  feet.  Between  this  ridge 
and  the  lakes  of  Nicaragua  and  Leon,  the  land  is  moderately 
level ;  but  along  the  borders  of  Honduras  and  San  Salvador, 
lofty  ridges  again  occur,  running  in  various  ilirections.  The 
central  part  of  the  state  is  occupied  by  a  vast  plain,  known 
as  the  plain  of  Nicaragua,  comprising  the  lake  of  the  game 
name.  There  are  several  volcanoes  in  the  state,  all  towards 
the  sea,  standing  alone,  or  but  slightly  connected  with  the 
main  ridge ;  but  none  of  them  are  of  any  great  elevation, 
the  highest  probably  not  much  exceeding  6000  feet.  There 
are  numerous  rivers ;  but  none,  except  the  San  Juan,  are  of 
much  navigable  importance;  the  principal  are  the  Segovia 
or  Kscondido,  the  Lama  or  Siquia,  all  flowing  K,  The  lakes 
are  Nicarairua  and  Ijeon  or  Slanagua.  Veins  of  silver  and 
copper,  however,  exist  in  many  parts,  but  they  remain 
almost  all  of  them  either  unexplored,  or  only  superficially 
worked.     Gold.  also,  is  said  to  occur. 

The  climate  is,  on  the  whole,  healthy,  though  various. 
In  the  interior  and  mountainous  parts,  the  temperature  is 
more  dry  and  cool  than  on  the  coasts,  where  it  is  hot,  and 
rather  approaching  to  humid.  By  far  the  greater  portion 
of  Nicaragua  consists  of  plains  and  gentle  slopes,  formed  of 
a  rich  black  loam.  Agriculture,  however,  is  at  a  very  low 
ebb,  and  but  a  small  portion  of  the  land  is  made  available. 
The  productions  are  indigo,  of  which  from  800  to  1000 
Reroons  are  manufactured  yearly;  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  and 
cotton,  the  last  of  superior  quality,  and  formerly  raised  in 
large  quantities,  but  now  almost  wholly  neglected.  Maize, 
rice,  beans,  and  plantains,  the  staple  food  of  the  people,  are 
raised  in  abundance,  and  sold  very  cheap.  Some  wheat, 
al-'o,  is  grown  in  the  mountainous  and  cooler  parte  of  the 
country.  Fruits  of  various  kinds  are  plentiful,  including 
excellent  oranges  and  lemons.  One  of  the  principal  sources 
of  wealth  consists  in  cattle,  of  which  there  are  great  num- 
bers in  all  parts,  particularly  in  the  districts  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  lake,  where  extensive  and  excellent  pasturage  is  met 
with.  The  chief  exports  are  indigo.  Brazil-wood,  and  hides. 
The  imports  of  British  and  North  American  manufactures 
are  estim.<ited  in  value  at  $100,000  annually,  the  British  im- 
ports forming  two-thirds  of  the  whole.  Some  silks,  gloves, 
and  wines,  are  received  from  France;  linens  and  glasswares 
from  Germany;  the  other  imports  are  chiefly  from  Peru, 
Chili,  &c.  The  chief  cities  are  Leon,  (the  capital.)  Granada, 
and  Nicaragua.  Principal  port,  Realejo.  Owing  to  perpe- 
tual revolutions,  this  has  become  the  most  wretched  and 
impoverished  stjite  of  Central  America,  and  in  1846,  its  an- 
nual public  revenue  was  estimated  at  only  $50,000.  Pop.  in 
1850.  estimated  at  235.000. 

NICAR.AGUA,  a  town  of  the  Republic  of  Nicaragua,  on 
the  W.  shore  ut  Lake  Nicaragua,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Granada. 
Pop.,  upwards  of  SiXK) 

NICAKAGUA,  LAKE.  (Sp.  Lago  de  yicaragua,  Id'go  di 
ne-kd-ri/gwi.)  an  extensive  sheet  of  water,  in  the  republic 
of  same  name.  Centrsd  America.  90  miles  long  from  N.W. 
to  S.E.;  greatest  breadth  40  miles:  mean  breadth  30  miles; 
128  feet  above  the  Pacific,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
line  of  active  volcanoes.  The  river  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua 
flows  from  its  S.E.  extremity  into  the  Cariblwan  Sea.  and. 
at  its  N.W.  extremity.  It  is  connected  with  the  smaller  lake 
of  .Managua  or  l^eon,  by  the  river  Penalova.  About  100 
yards  from  the  beach,  there  is  generally  a  depth  of  about  2 
fathouiE ;  in  other  parts,  all  the  intermediate  .soundings 
between  5  and  15  fathoms  are  found.  Water-fowl  and  ex- 
cellent fish  are  abundant:  alligators,  also,  of  great  size,  are 
numerous.  It  contains  some  islands  and  several  groups  of 
islets,  all  of  volcanic  origin,  of  the  former.  Zapatera.  Ome- 
tepe.  and  .Madora.  are  the  largest,  being  several  miles  in 
circuit  T'.apatera  is  mountainous,  rising  nearly  to  atOO  feet 
in  height,  and  is  uninhabited;  but  Ometepe  is  occupied  by 


NIC 

an  industrious  race  of  Indians,  who  raise  maize.  Ac,  and 
possess  some  cattle.  Jliidera  is  joined  to  Omete|)e  by  a  low 
neck  of  land,  which  is  fre«iueutly  overflowed ;  in  fo-m,  it  id 
a  huge  mound  of  more  than  4000  feet  high,  covered  with 
cediir-wood.  The  islets  are  generally  conicaliu  shape,  and 
seldom  exceed  3  or  4  acres  in  area;  they  are  covered  with 
verdure,  and  on  many  of  them  are  cultivated  patches  of 
ground;  and  on  such,  generally  crowning  their  summits, 
relieved  by  a  dense  green  background  of  plantations,  aad 
surrounded  by  palms  and  the  papaya  with  its  great,  golden 
fruit,  are  the  picturesque  cane  huts  of  the  inhabitants.  On 
one  of  the  smaller  islands.  Pensacola,  numerous  relics  of 
antiquity  have  been  recently  found,  consisting  of  huge, 
elaborately-^culptu^ed  stones,  massive  idols,  and  figures  of 
monstrous  animals.  The  material  is.  in  every  case,  black 
basalt  and  the  cutting  exhibits  great  freedom  and  skill;  in 
workmanship  and  style  differing  materially  from  those  of  Yu- 
catan. It  has  long  lieen  contemplated  to  establish  through 
it  a  navigable  communication,  by  means  of  a  .ship  canal,  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  A  contract  for  this 
undertaking  was  entered  into  on  the  27th  of  August.  1849, 
between  th(j  Republic  of  Nlcara-;rua  and  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific Ship  Canal  Company  of  New  York :  but.  owing  to  the  in- 
terference of  the  British  government  the  work  has  not  been 
commenced.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  canal  was  $20,000,000; 
and  the  time  neccssarv  for  its  completion  12  years. 

NICAR.A^GUA,  SANJUAN  DE.     See  Gbet  Towx. 

NIC.UIIA  or  NIKARIA,  ne-kd-rec/l  (anc.  /iyana  or 
Ica'ria.)  an  island  of  the  Grecijm  Archipelago,  belonging  to 
Turkey,  12  miles  W.  of  Samos;  lat  37"  35'  N..  Ion.  20°  10'  K 
Area  50  square  miles.  Pop.  1000.  It  is  famous  in  mj-thology 
for  the  death  near  it  of  Icarus,  after  his  reputed  aerial  tlight, 
(whence  its  name.) 

NiC.\STRO,  nt^k.i.s'tro.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Apennines,  24  miles  S.  of  Cosenza.  Pop.  10.000.  It  is  strag- 
gling and  mean,  but  enclosed  by  walls,  outside  of  which  are 
many  olive  grounds  and  orchards.  In  its  castle.  Henry,  the 
son  of  the  Emperor  Frederick  II..  was  confined.  It  is  an 
archbishop's  see.  Near  it  are  some  mineral  baths.  It 
sutfered  greatly  by  the  earthquake  of  1(88. 

NlC.W.Vltl.  one  of  the  Nicobar  Islands.     See  C.^mort.v. 

NIC'COITOO',  a  post-village  of  Arkansas  co.,  Arkansas. 

NICE,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Izneek. 

NICE,  neess,  (Ital.  i\'i«a,  nit'si;anc.  jVi'Cff'u.)  an  episco- 
pal city  and  seaport  of  Italv,  Sardinian  States,  OS  miles 
S.W.  of  Turin,  lat.  43°  42'  N..  Ion.  7°  17'  E.  It  is  beautifully 
situated  near  the  French  frontier,  in  a  small  plain,  which  it 
almost  covers,  at  the  foot  of  the  Maritime  .Alp's.  The  waters 
of  the  Mediterranean  wash  its  walls  on  the  8. ;  on  the  N. 
and  the  E.  the  mountiins  enclose  it,  in  the  form  of  an  am- 
phitheatre, (and  on  the  W.  it  is  bounded  by  the  Paglion.) 
The  highest  in  the  rear  is  crowned  by  an  old  "castle.  enclo.«ed 
by  bastionod  walls.  The  city  is  divided  into  the  old  and  new 
town.  The  streets  of  the  former  are  narrow  and  mean-look- 
ing, compared  with  those  of  the  latter,  in  which  the  liouses 
look  handsome,  being  more  nuKlern,  and  painted  externally 
in  fresco.  Nice  has  two  noble  squares,  one  of  them  surrounded 
with  porticoes;  and  adjacent  to  the  other  is  a  raised  terriice, 
which  serves  as  a  defence  for  the  town  against  the  sea.  and 
affords  a delijrhtful  promenade.  The  Cathe<^lral  or  church  is 
in  the  ordinary  Italian  style,  nor  have  any  of  the  other 
churches  any  peculiar  architectural  merit  There  are  a 
theatre,  hospital,  public  library,  baths,  &c..  and  a  pretty 
large  library,  containing  manuscripts.  Nice  possesses  some 
silk,  cotton,  and  paper  mills;  many  oil-mills,  and  small 
manufactures  of  tobacco,  leather,  soap,  and  paper.  The  har- 
bor or  port  lies  three-fourths  of  a  mile  E.  of  the  Paglion ;  it  is 
small,  and  open  to  the  S.E.  Betwe»m  the  piers  are  only  15 
feet  water,  and  the  anchorage  before  the  town  is  unsafe. 
The  exports  consist  principally  of  oil.  wine,  and  .silk,  with 
essences,  perfumes,  &c.  The  number  of  vessels  that  entered 
the  port  in  1840  was  2600,  tonnage  155.764;  cleared  in  the 
same  year,  2583;  tonnage  153.635.  Nice  is  much  resorted 
to  in  winter  by  foreigners,  particularly  English,  whose  num- 
bers have  been  estimated  at  from  5000  to  6tKX),  befides 
French,  Germans,  Russians,  and  Poles,  and  for  whom  ample 
accommodation  is  provided.  Nice  was  ceded,  with  some  ad- 
jacent territory,  to  France  about  1861,  and  is  now  the  capital 
of  the  de]iartmcnt  of  the  Maritime  Aljis.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  painter  Vanloo,  and  the  astronomer  Cassiui. 
Marshal  Massena  was  born  in  its  vicinity.    Pop.  25,000. 

NICEPHORIUM.    See  Rakka. 

NICER.    See  Nkck.\r. 

NICHOLAS,  nik'o-lfis.  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  W. 
Virginia,  has  an  area  of  600  square  miles.  The  Kanawha 
River  washes  its  S.W.  border;  it  is  traversed  from  E.  to  W. 
by  the  Gauley  River,  and  also  drained  by  Me.iduw  Itirer 
and  Buffalo  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous, 
and  covered  with  extensive  forests.  A  large  part  of  the 
land  is  unproductive.  A  railroad  is  projected,  which,  when 
finished,  will  connect  the  county  with  the  Ohio  River. 
Formed  in  IRIS.  Capittl,  Summerville.  Pop.  4627,  of  whom 
4473  were  free. 

NICHOLAS  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  ha« 


NIC 


NIE 


an  area  estimated  a<  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Licking  Kiver  proper,  and  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the 
South  Licking.  The  surface  is  diversified;  tlie  S.  part  of 
the  county  i.s  gently  undulating,  and  very  productive;  the 
other  parts  are  more  broken.  Tlie  surface  rock  is  limestone 
of  goal  quality.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  railroad 
liitely  coiuniunced  between  Maysville  and  Lexington.  On 
the  bank  of  Licking  Kiver,  la  this  county,  is  the  JSlue  Lick 
Spring,  a  watering-place  of  much  celebrity.  Formed  in 
17'J'J,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Ueorge  Nicholas,  an 
oiiicer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Capital,  Carlisle.  I'op. 
ll,0;'.O.  (if  whom  WlTi  were  free,  and  161-1  slaves, 

NICHOLAS,  a  town  of  i'lacer  county,  California,  situated 
on  tlie  left  bank  of  Feather  Kiver,  below  the  mouth  of  Bear 
Kiver,  and  35  miles  iu  a  straight  line  nearly  N.  of  Sacra- 
mento City. 
NlCUdLAS  COURT  HOUSE.  See  Summerville. 
NICII'OL ASTON,  a  parish  of  South  ^Valus,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

NICIIOLASVILLE,  nik'o-las-vil,  a  thriving  post-village, 
capital  of  Jessamine  county,  Kentucky,  on  a  small  affluent  of 
Kentucky  Kiver,  and  on  the  railroad  and  turnpike  from  Lex- 
ington to  Dauville,  12  miles  S.  of  the  former.  Tlie  surround- 
ing country  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated.  It  contains  a  fine 
court-house,  4  churches,  2  academies,  and  a  deposit  bank. 
I'upillation,  SCO. 

MCIIUI^FOREST,  nik/pl  for'est,  a  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cumljerlaiid. 

NICHOLS,  nik'ylz,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga 
CO..  New  Vork,  on  the  Susquehanna  Kiver,  about  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Owego.     Pop.  19.32. 

NICHOLSON,  nik'9l-E9n,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Penn- 
aylvania.     Pop.  1323. 

NICHOLSON,  a  post-township  forming  thp  N.E.  extremity 
of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1141. 

MCIK  )LSON  KIVEll,  North  Australiii,  flows  into  the  Gulf 
of  Carpentaria,  W.  of  Albert  Kiver.  It  was  discovered  by  Dr. 
Leichhardt. 

NICHOLSON'S  STOKE,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

NICHOLSON VILLE,  nikVl-89n-vil,  a  post-office  of  Putnam 
CO.,  Indiana. 

NICHOLSVILLE,  nik'plz-vil,  a  post-village  of  St.  Law- 
riuce  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  branch  of  St.  Kegis  River, 
about  31  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Canton. 

NICHOLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  ro.ad  from  Batavia  to  the  Ohio  River,  about  24  miles  E. 
of  Cincinnati. 
NICK'ATONN  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Ulaine. 
NICK'ELLS  MILLS,  a  post-office,  Monroe  co.,W.Virginia. 
NICK'ELSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Scott  co..  Virginia. 
NICKEKIE,  nik'ki-h-ree\  a   district   of  Dutch    Guiana, 
forming  the  W.  portion  of  Surinam,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Corentyu  and  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic.     It  is  chiefly  in- 
habited by  English  and  Scotch  settlers. 

NICKOL.\r.  nik'ko-lr\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  58  miles 
S.E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  3320. 

NIC'OBAK'  ISLANDS,  (called  by  the  Malays,  Ptmht  ,Samhil- 
hng,  poo'lo  sdm-bil-loug/,  "  Nine  Islands,")  a  group  of  islands 
iu  the  Indian  Ocean,  S.  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  between  lat.  (5° 
40'  and  9°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  92=  50'  and  94"^  E.  They  consti- 
tute, with  the  -indamaiis,  the  extension  of  the  great  volca- 
nic band  of  Sumatra  and  Java.  In  the  S.  group,  Great 
Nicobar  has  an  area  of  1258  square  miles,  and  Little  Nico- 
lj!ir  86  square  miles.  Caniorta,  Chowry,  and  the  other 
islands  of  the  N.  group,  are  all  smaller.  They  are  all 
covered  with  trees,  and  very  fertile,  yielding  in  abundance 
cocoa-nuts,  oranges,  sugar,  tobacco,  and  bamboos.  The  ani- 
mals comprise  .scorpions,  crocodiles,  serpents,  rats,  pigs,  dogs, 
and  cats.  Mean  annual  temperature,  70°  Fahrenheit.  The 
islands  are  exposed  to  frequent  hurricanes ;  the  rainy  sea- 
son lasts  for  nine  months,  and  the  unusual  phenomenon  of 
frequent  rain  iu  the  dry  season  (from  December  to  February) 
renders  them  most  unhealthy.  Repeated  attempts  at  colo- 
ni/,alion  have  failed,  on  occount  of  the  prevalence  of  yellow 
fever.  The  group  belongs  to  Denmark. 
NICOJACK,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Tennessee. 
NICOJACK  CAVE.  See  Oeokgi.\,  "  Objects  of  Interest  to 
Tourids.'^  page  741. 

NICOLAS-b'ALIERMONT,  nee'ko'U'  ddne-jB^mAN"',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Seiue-Inferieure,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Dieppe.  Pop.  1956. 
NIC'OLA'US,  a  post-town  of  Sutter  co.,  California.  P.  556. 
NICOLET,  nee'ko'lA.'(?)  a  central  county  of  Canada  East, 
scmprises  an  area  of  487  square  miles.  The  Becancour  River 
Intersects  this  county,  and  the  St.  Lawrence  washes  its  N. 
torder.     Capital,  Nicolet.     Pop.  19.057. 

NICOLICT,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Nicolet, 
84  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montreal.  It  contains  several  stores, 
hotels,  and  a  mill.  It  has  a  college,  with  about  130  pupils. 
NICOLLET,  nikVli',  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of 
Miri  »es<-)ta,  has  an  area  of  about  450  square  miles.  It  is 
bouide.l  on  the  E.  by  the  Minnesota  or  St.  Petei-'s  River, 
and  on  tUe  S.W.  by  the  same  river.  The  county  contains 
several  small  lakes.    The  surface  is  undulating  or  level; 


the  soil  in  some  parts  is  productive.  This  county  is  not 
included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Capital,  St.  Peter.  Popu- 
lation, 3773. 

NICOLLET  LAKE,  a  small  lake  in  the  E.  part  of  Ynab 
(Juab)  county,  Utah,  about  125  miles  S.AV.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 
Length  26  miles;  greatest  breudth  12  miles.  It  receives 
the  watere  of  Nicollet  Kiver,  but  has  no  outlet. 

Nl(^(tLOSI,  ne-ko-lo'see:  a  town  of  Sicily,  8  miles  N.W.  of 
Catania,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Etna.    Pop.  3ti00. 
NICO.MEDIA.     See  IsMEEi/. 
NICON'ZA,  a  post-office  of  Miami  CO.,  Indiana. 
NICOPOLIS,  ne-kop/o-lis,  N1C(J1*ULI,  ne-kop/o-le,  or  NICO- 
POL,  ne-ko'pel,  (anc.  yicoj>>oUs  ad  Js'trum.)  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  Bulgaria,  capital  of  a  sanjak,  on  the  Danube, 
50  miles  W.ofKoostchook.    Pop.  estimated  at  lO.OOO.   It  wh.« 
founded  by  Trajan,  and  occupies  a  height  enclosed  by  ram- 
parts, mounting  large  cannon,  and  further  defended  by  a 
castle.     It  has  some  large  edifices,  mo.squos,  balhs,  Ac,  but 
is  generally  ill-built,  and  its  trade  is  not  thriving.     Here 
the  Turks  defeated  the  Hungarians  under  Sigismund,  28th 
September,  1396. 

NICOPOLIS,  an  ancient  city  of  Epirus;  it?  remains,  con- 
sisting of  a  theatre  and  an  amphitheatre,   are   situated 
about  3  miles  N.  of  Prevesa. 
NICOl'OLIS,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Tikxova. 
NICOPOIjIS,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Prevksa. 
N1C0PO1..LS,  a  town  of  fulestine.     See  Emmaus. 
NICOSI.\,  ne-ko-see'd,  a  city  of  Sicily,  14  miles  N.E.  of 
Castrogiovanni.     Pop.  13,000.     It  has  several  church(>s  and 
convents,  but  few  manufactures,  and  trade  in  the  cattle 
and  corn  of  the  fertile  surrounding  district. 
NICOSIA,  the  capital  city  of  Cyprus.    See  Lefkosia. 
NICOTEKA,  ne-ko-ti^rd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  11.,  near  the  Gulf  of  Gioja,  13  miles  S.W.  of 
Tropea.    Pop.  3800.    It  consists  of  an  upper  town,  with  a 
castle  and  an  epi.«copal  palace,  and  a  lower  town,  chiefiy 
inhabited  by  fishermen.    It  was  partially  destroyed  by  the 
earthiiuake  of  1783. 

NlCOi'A,  ne-ko'yd,  a  peninsula,  bay,  river,  and  two  towns 
of  Central  America,  state  of  Costa  Jiica.  The  peninsula,  in 
lat.  O-*  40'  N.,  Ion.  85'^  W.,  bounding  westward  I  lie  bay  which 
receives  the  river;  and  the  two  towns  respectively  fo  miles 
W.N.W.  and  96  miles  W.  of  Cartage;  the  latter  on  the 
peninsula,  with  3000  inhabitants,  engaged  in  weaving,  ship- 
building, and  trading  iu  sugar,  &c. 

NICUM.-V.\,  ne-koo-mdii/,  or  NIMEN,  ne-min',  a  river  of 
China,  province  of  Mantchooria.  rises  near  lat,  52'^  N,,  Hows 
.S.S.W.,  and  joins  the  Amoor  after  a  course  of  aljout  220 
miles.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Tcholanki,  which  joins  it 
on  the  right. 

NIDA.  nee'dd.  a  river  of  Russian  Poland,  flowing  S.S.E., 
joins  tlie  Vistula  on  the  left,  after  a  course  of  75  miles,  partly 
navigable. 

NIDAU  or  NYDAU,  nee'dow,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  at  tlie  N.  extremity  of  the 
Lake  of  Bieune.     Pop.  1228. 

NIDU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest  Riding. 
NIDDA.  nid'dd,  a  river  of  Central  Germany,  after  a  S.W. 
course  of  50  miles,  joins  the  Main,  at  Hochst,  8  miles  W. 
of  Fnmkfort. 

N1DD.\,  a  walled  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Ober-IIessen,  on  the  Nidda,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Giessen.  Pop. 
1871. 

NIDDER,  nid'der,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  flows  S.W.,  and  joins  the  Nidda  7  miles  N.E.  of 
Frankfort.     Total  course  45  miles. 

NID/DKY,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow,  2  miles 
W.  of  Kirkliston,  on  the  Union  Canal  and  the  Edinburgh 
and  Glasgow  Railway. 

NID-ELV,  nid-^lv,  a  river  of  Norway,  after  a  S.W.  course 
of  about  70  miles  falls  into  the  Skager  Rack,  opposite  to  the 
island  of  Tromoe. 

NIDGULIj,  nid*gull',  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the  Dec- 
can,  dominions  of  .Mysore,  45  miles  E.  of  Chitteldroog. 

NIDOKI,  no-do'kee,  a  market-town  of  Russian  I'oland, 
government  and  49  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  IGOO. 

NIDlilAS,  nee/dre-ds,  a  village  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio 
del  Norte,  in  the  interior  of  the  territory  of  New  Mexico. 

NIEBEKT,  nee'bert,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince and  10  miles  'VV.S.W.  of  Uroningen.    Pop.  714. 

NIEBLA,  ne-A'uld,  (anc.  HijM?)  a  decayed  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Iluelva,  on  tlie  Rio  Tinto.  Pop. 
983.  It  has  a  very  ancient  bridge,  a  ruined  castle,  and  some 
other  fortifications.     Near  it  are  extensive  cojiper-mine*. 

NIED.  ne-d/,  a  river  of  France  and  Rhenish  Prussia, 
commencing  in  the  department  of  .Moselle,  12  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Jletz.  flows  N.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Sarre.  Length  45  miles. 
NIJiDEU,  nee^der,  a  German  word,  signifying  "lower," 
prefixed  to  numerous  places  iu  Germany,  as  Nieder  Wesel, 
NiEUEU  IxoELHEiM,  &c.  For  thosc  uot  und(!rmeutioned,  see 
additional  name. 

NIEDEKAULE,  nee'der-owUeh,  a  market-town  of  IlesM- 
Cassel,  province  of  Fulda,  circle  of  Hersfeld.     Pop.  1311. 

NIEDERBKECHEN,  nee'dgr-bresVu,  a  village  of  Nassau, 
bailiwick  of  Limburg.    Pop.  1044. 

1341 


NIE 

NIKDERBRONX,  ne-i'dJK*bronn',  a  market-to'WTi  of 
Prauoe,  department  of  Bas-KbiQ,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Stras- 
Umrg.  i'op.  iu  ISoi,  o224.  It  is  situaWd  in  a  vaUey  of  tho 
Vosges  Mountains,  aud  has  well-fre^ueuttid  mineral  springs, 
the  wat«r  of  which  is  collected  into  two  basins  covered  with 
a.  stone  pyramid.  It  has  also  establishments  for  preparing 
steel  and  bar-ii-on,  heavy  articles,  of  machinery,  and  large 
pieces  of  artillery.  ' 

MKUEUGllA.ND,  neeMer-grJnt\  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
(?ir<'le  of  Leitmeritz,  about  01  miles  X.  of  I'rague.  Pop.  1618. 
NIEOliKUALL,  nee/ujT-hiir,  a  town  of  \Vurtemberg,  cir- 
frle  of  Jaxt,  bailiwick  of  Kuuzelsau,  on  the  Kocher.  1'.  1663. 
MKi)i;it-UEs&Ji.\,  nee'dyr  hes'sen,  (-'Lower  Hesse,")  a 
province  of  the  electorate  of  Uesse-Cassel.  Area,  (with 
S^chaumliurtt.)  20S0  s(iuare  miles.     Pop.  366,663. 

MKDEUHOF.  nee'dgr-hof,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Bidschow.     Pop.  1117. 
KIEOEHLANDE.    See  Xetherlaxbs. 
MKDKKNEUKIKCII    AM    IIOCUWAIDE,   nee'der-noi'- 
keeRK  am  hoK'wI-d^'h,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Bautzen. 
Pop.  1969. 

MKl)t:U0LM,  nee'der-olm\  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
Ilheiuhessea.  circle  of  iientz.     Pop.  1230. 

MEiiiiKltAD,  nee'dur-rat\  a  village  belonging  to  the  free 
town  of  Fraukfort-ou-tiie-Main.     Pop.  lCO-1. 

MKDKiLSrETTK.V,  nee/dei^stJl"ten,  a  town  of  Wiirtem- 
berg.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Mergentheim.    I'op.  Ij09. 

MEDEKsrOXZlXGKN,  iiee'ds-r-stotMug-gn,  a  village  of 
Wurtemberg,  circle  of  Danube,  between  the  Danube  aud 
Brenz.     Pop.  loTO. 

KIliDJviiZWEllKEX,  nee'dgr-tswiV^n,  a  village  of  llesse- 
Cassei.  .Niederhesseu.  circle  of  Cassel.     Pop.  1373. 

XlEDEKZ\VO-\lX/i,  (.Niederzwouitz,)  nec-'ds!r-ts*o^ni{s,  a 
village  of  J>axony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  so  near  the  town  of 
Zwouitz  as  to  be  almost  its  suburb.     Pop.  20-45. 

XIEDOKP,  nee'doHp,  two  contiguous  villages  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  North  Holland,  9  milti  X.E.  of 
Alkmaar.     United  pop.  1416. 

NlEKliKN,  nee'tVru.  a  town  of  Germany,  Baden,  on  the 
KnK,  19  miles  E.S.K.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1279. 

NIEIIEIM.  uee'biuie,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  18 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Paderborn.    Pop.  1473. 

MEUL,  neel,  a  village  of  Kheuish  Prussia,  6  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Cleves.     Pop.  1220. 
MFiJlN  or  iME^lllN,  a  townof  Russia.    See  Nezhees. 
NIEL,  neel,  a  village  of  ISelgriim,  province  and  10  miles 
S.  by  \V.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Kupul.    Pop.  2867. 

MELLA-15ELB0,  ne^l/U  bel'bo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian' 
States,  division  of  Coni,  province  of  Alba,  on  the  Belbo.  Pop. 
i'77. 

NIELLA-TAXAR0,ne4l'iatl-na/ro,  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  division  of  Coni.  province  and  16  miles  X.E. 
of  Mondovi.  on  the  Taiiaro.     Pop.  2010. 

XIEMEC/AX,  ne-a-UK>tck'in,  written  also  XIirMEXT- 
CIIl.N.  a  markeMowu  of  Russia,  government  and  lo  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  1800. 

XIE.MKGK,  ueu/mek,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 27  mile.s  S.S.  VV.  of  Potsdam.     Pop.  2310. 

MEMKX.  nee'men.  (Pol.  pron.  ny^m'eu;  Pr.  Xiimen,  ne- 
4*m4n'.)  or  ME.MEl\.  mem/el,  or  mi'mel",  (anc.  CiiriJnus?)  a 
river  of  Russian  I'olaud,  rises  in  the  government  of  Jliusk, 
flows  X.W.  through  the  government  of  Grodno,  between 
Vilna  and  Augustowo,  and  through  East  Prussia,  and 
under  the  name  of  the  Memcl,  enters  the  Curische-llaff  by 
the  Itass  and  Gilge  mouths,  30  miles  W.  of  Tilsit,  after  a 
total  course  estimated  at  400  miles.  Principal  aflluouts, 
tbe  Vilia  and  Szesohuppe.  It  is  always  navigable,  and  is 
the  main  channel  for  the  trade  of  Lithuania  aud  Volhynia. 
Near  Unxlno  a  canal  connects  it  with  the  Bolxjr  aud  Vistula ; 
and  near  Tilsit,  Napoleon  and  Alexander  of  Russia  held  a 
memorable  interview  on  its  waters  in  June,  18o7. 

XIKMK.S.  ne-A'nit^s.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau, 
18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  3336. 

XIK-MIHOW,  ne-A-nie-rov',  amarket-town  of  Austrian  Po- 
land, Galicia,  25  miles  \V.  of  Zolkiew.   Pop.  1900. 

XIK.MOKSTZY.  ne-A'mokst'zee.  or  XIEMUKCHTY,  ne-i'- 
moksh'tee.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Vilna, 
15  miles  W.X.W  of  Rosstena.     Pop.  1700. 

NIEMTSCIIITZ.  ne-.>ui'tshits,  a  market-town  of  Moravia, 
11  miles  .N.E.  of  Wischau.     Pop.  1400. 

XIE.NBUUG.  neeu'booRO.  a  town  of  Hanover,  30  miles 
N.W.  of  Hanover,  capital  of  the  county  of  Uoya,  on  the 
Weser,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  stone,  and  joined  by  the 
Meerbacb.  on  the  Hanover  and  Bremen  Railway.  Pop.  4100. 
It  has  manufactures  of  lineu  and  vinegar,  some  trade  in 
tlmlvr.  and  a  transit  trade  by  the  river. 

XIEXBaitG,  neen'bvKJRG,  or  NIEXBOKG,  neenljoRO,  a 
town  rf  Prussia,  Westphalia,  '25  miles  N.W.  of  MUnster. 
Pop.  1000. 

XIEXBUUG  MOXCH.  (Monch.)  neen'bdoEO  miinK,.  or 
KLOSTEK-XIEXBUKG.  klos't^'^neen'boi.KG.  a  walled  town 
of  Germany,  duchy  of  Anhalt-Kothen,  on  the  Saale,  here 
joined  by  the  Boder,  10  miles  X.W.  of  Kiithen.  Pop.  lOO'.i. 
XIEI'PES,  n-v^pp',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Xord,  18  miles  r,.  of  llazebrouek.  Pop.  in  lSi2,  3582. 
1342 


NIG 

,  NIERS,  neeRS,  or  XEERS,  nins.  a  river  of  Rhenisti  Prus- 
sia and  the  Netherlands,  after  a  X.W.  course  of  60  mileg 
joins  the  Meuse,  2  miles  W.  of  Gennep. 

NIERSTEIX,  neeR'stine,  a  market-town  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt,  province  of  Rhein-Hessen,  on  tho  Rhine,  9  miles  rf.S.E. 
of  .Mentz.  Pop.  2-201.  In  the  vicinity  numerous  Roman 
coins  have  been  found. 
NIESHIX,  a  town  of  Russia.  See  Xezheex. 
NIESKY,  ne-^sTtee,  a  village  and  Moravian  colony  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Gorlitz.    Pop.  640. 

NIESOOOHATSCHI.  ne-i-soo-Kit'shee.  written  also  XIE- 
SCCHATSCIII  and    NEISOUKHOIJI,  a  market  t<iwn   of 
Russia,  gorernment  of  Volhynia,  10  miles  N.X.E.  of  Kovel. 
Pop.  1500. 
NIESAVIEZ,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Nestizh. 
NIETO,  a  river  of  Italy.     See  X'eto. 
NIEUKIRK,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  See  Xefkirchen. 
NIEUPORT,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Nieuwpoort. 
_KIEl'^\',  nytiw,  or  SIEUWE,  nyii'wth,  a  Dutch  word, 
signifying  "  new,"  forming  the  prefix  of  various  names  iu 
tho  Netherlands,  as  Nieuwpoort.  (».  c.  •'  New  Port,"')  Jic. 

NIEUWE-DIEP,  llET,  h^t  nyii'veh-deep,  a  village  of  Hol- 
land, province  of  North  Holland,  about  1  mile  E.  of  llelder, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  row  of  houses.  It  lies  at 
the  entrance  to  the  great  Amsterdam  Ship  C'aual,  and  pos- 
sesses a  safe  harbor.     Pop.  3186. 

XIEUWEXDA.M,  nyu'«-eu-ddm\  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  Xorth  Holland,  S.S.W.  of  Hoorn.     Pop.  829. 

NIEUWENHOORX,  nyu'#en-hGRN'\  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  S.  Holland,  3  miles  S.  of  BrieL    Pop.  1019. 

NIEUWERlvERK-lX-DUlVELAND,  nyu'wer-K^iiK'  in 
doi'vfh-ldut*,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zea- 
land, 3  miles  E.  of  Zierikzee.     Pop.  983. 

XIEUWERKERK-OP-DEX-YSSEL,  nyu'*er-KjRK'  op  dfn 
is/sel,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Hol- 
land, 6  miles  X.E.  of  Rotterdam.    Pop.  1170. 

NIEUWERKIKKEX.  nyu/wcr-kC'6RKVn.  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  East  Elanders,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Ghent 
Pop.  2484. 
XIEUWKERK,  a  town  of  Netherlands.    See  Xtkerk. 
NIEUWKOOP,  nyU<?'kop.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  South  lloUand,  12  miles  E.  of  Leyden.     P.  1462. 
NIEU WKUIK,  nyliw'koik,  a  village  of  the  Netberlandsi, 
province  of  North  Br.ibant.  6  miles  W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.   P.  97S. 
XIEUWOLDK,  nyu'wolMeh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  and  17  miles  E.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  1315. 

NIEUWPOORT,  nyU\«'p5rt,  a  small  fortified  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  on  the  Lech,  16  miles  E.  of  Rotterdam.  P.  626. 
NIEUWPOORT,  nyuw'p5rt,  sometimes  called  in  English 
NEWPORT,  (Fr.  Xieuport,  ne-uh^poR/;  L.  ^ufvus  rorUus,)  a 
fortified  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  I'lauders,  on  the 
Yperlee,  near  its  mouth  in  the  North  Sea,  10  miles  s.W.  of 
Ostend.  Pop.  3393,  engaged  in  ship- building,  rope-m.iking, 
and  fi.shing.  A  navigable  canal  connects  it  with  Osiend  and 
Bruges.  It  has  been  often  besieged,  and  repeatedly  taken  by 
the  English  and  French. 

NIEUW-RHODE  or  NIEDWKODE,  nyU^-ro/deh,  a  villago 
of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabiint,  22  miles  X.E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1065. 

NIEUWSTAD,  nyUw'stJtt,  a  village  of  the  Nethorliinds, 
province  of  Limburg,  11  miles  N.i;.  of  .Maestricht.    Pop.  799 
NIEUWVELU,  nyiiw'vjlt,  a  mountain  range   of  South 
Africa,  Cape  Colony,  between  lat.  32^  and  33<^  S.,  and  up- 
wards of  10,000  feet  in  elevation. 

NIEVRE,  ne-ajvr',  a  small  river  of  France,  department  of 
Nievre,  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  joins  the  Loire  on  tho 
right'^at  Xevers.    Course  southward.     Length  -25  miles. 

NIEVRE,  a  department  in  the  centre  of  France,  formed 
of  the  Old  province  of  Nivernois,  and  part  of  Orleannois. 
Area  2595  square  miles.  Pop.  iu  1861,  332,814.  Surface 
mountainous  and  infertile  in  the  E.,  but  there  are  rich 
plains  in  the  W.  It  is  watered  by  the  Loire,  and  its  afflu- 
ent the  Allier,  which  separates  it  from  the  departments  of 
Cher  and  Allier.  The  ionne  ri.<es  in  the  department,  and 
the  Canal  of  Nivirnois  (Xivernai.s)  connects  it  with  the  Loire. 
It  has  several  mineral  springs.  Chief  industry  iu  iron  .ind 
steel  works.  Linen,  porcelain,  and  jewellery,  are  manufac- 
tured. The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrouilissementg 
of  Nevers,  Chateau-Chiuon,  Clamecy,  the  Cosne.  Capital, 
Nevers. 
NIEZWITSCH,  a  town  of  Russia.  See  Nesvizh. 
NIGDEH,  nig/deh,  NIlvDE,  uik'deh,  orNIDECII.  nee/dech, 
(anc.  Qjuiyiiaf)  a  tiown  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  uf  Karamania, 
47  miles  N.E.  of  Ereglee.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  the  resi  bnce  of 
a  pasha,  and  has  3  fortresses,  some  mosques,  and  a  Turkish 
college,  some  remarkable  excavations,  and  various  aiitiiiiii- 
ties.  i'he  plain  of  Nigdeh  extends  S.W.  from  it  for  about 
50  miles. 

NIGER,  nl/jer,  or  QUOR'RA,  written  al.so  KWARA,  KO- 
WAKA,  aud  KOUARA,  (anc.  Xi'yeir,  Ai'i/ir,  or  ^V'/'yts,  Or. 
Ntyip  or  N«>^«p,)  called  .JULIB.\,jol/e-b3,  in  the  ni'j.er  part 
of  its  course,  a  great  river  of  Western  Afriai,  or  Guineit 
rises  in  the  country  of  the  Mandingoes,  and  tiowinir  X.  and 
X.E.  towards  the  desert,  afterwanls  turns  S-E.  an!  S.,  and 
enters  the  sea  through  many  mouths  in  the  bight  of  Btuin. 


NIG 

Its  source,  accordini?  to  Major  Laing,  is  at  Mount  Loma,  in 
Hbout  Ion.  9'^  45'  W.,  lat.  9°  25'  N.,  1600  feet  above  sea-level ; 
but  there  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  the  Niger  rises 
muuh  further  to  S.  and  Ej  in  the  Kong  Mountains.  At  its 
source  it  is  called  Tembie,  that  is,  '•  water,"  in  the  Kisse 
lanj^uage.  but  lower  down  in  Uambarra,  it  is  entitled  JSabaa, 
"dreat  Uiver."  or  .Joliba,  that  is,  the  river  of  the  Joli,  or  Red 
Men,  who  are  the  inhabitants  of  Joli-uliendu,  (Ked  Man's 
Laud.)  the  Jallonkandoo  of  I'ark.  It  becomes  uavigable  at 
liummakoo.  100  miles  above  Sego  in  Uamburni,  and  at  the 
latter  place  it  is  about  150  yards  wide.  Lower  down  it 
enters  a  level  country,  and  divides  into  several  arms  enclos- 
ing extensive  islands,  on  one  of  which  stands  Jenne,  or 
Oinue,  (properly  Giuewa.)  the  great  emporium  of  Negroland, 
and  from  which  the  whole  country  bas  derived  its  com- 
mercial name,  (Guinea.)  The  river  then  enters  a  territory 
In  which  the  i'oolah,  i'illani,  or  i'ellatah,  are  the  rulers, 
whilo  the  indigenous  population  are  called  Songay,  and 
sjieak  the  Sonnay  or  Kissoor  (Nklsar)  language,  within  the 
domain  of  which  the  river  is  called  Issa.  Ii^  its  course  down 
to  Giune,  the  .loliba  receives  several  accessions  from  the  S. 
Further  on,  it  turns  northwards,  in  a  very  winding  course 
between  low  banks,  crossing  Debo,  or  lilackwater  Lake,  and 
receiving  on  the  right  numerous  streams  from  the  moun- 
tainous country  of  the  Songay.  At  Kabra,  the  port  of 
Tiuibuctoo,  it  probably  reaches  its  highest  latitude,  (about 
17*^  X.,)  it  then  runs  E.  along  the  desert  for  6  days,  and  S.K. 
for  about  15  days  to  the  frontiers  of  Uoujisa.  From  Ginne 
to  Sai,  opposite  to  Iloussa,  a  di.stauce  of  from  800  to  lUOO 
miles,  the  Songay  language  is  spoken  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  river,  and  from  Sai  also  it  extends  on  the  left  bank 
eastwards  to  A.sben,  or  Agfadez,  on  the  borders  of  the 
desert. 

In  the  Iloussa  country  the  great  river  is  known  as  the 
Gulbi-nkowara,  that  is,  the  "Kiver  Kwj'ira,"  or  Kowara, 
(Quorra,)  and  further  S.  iu  Xyffe,  where  it  is  often  a  league 
wide  or  nior»,  it  is  entitled  the  sea  or  lake  of  Nyffe,  or 
Kwara,  the  Lake  Kura  of  Arab  geographers.  The  very 
active  commerce  which  here  animates  in  the  heart  of  Africa 
the  broad  waters  of  the  Kwara,  or  Quorra,  fully  justifies  the 
celebrity  of  its  name.  Through  Iloussa  and  Xyffe  flow 
several  streams  from  the  heights  which  divide  those  coun- 
tries from  IJornoo,  while  on  the  western  side,  through 
Guinea  and  Bergoo,  the  Kwiira  receives  the  small  rivers 
which  descend  from  the  mountains  of  the  Songay.  At  the 
southern  extremity  of  Nyffe,  (lat.  7°  46'  N.,)  the  Niger  unites 
with  its  chief  tributary,  the  Tchadda,  descending  with  a 
navigable  stream  from  Adamawa,  whore  it  is  called  the  Baro. 
The  united  stream  then  flows  S.  by  \V.  betweon  Yariba  (Yo- 
riba)  on  its  right  bank,  and  Attah  (Iddah)  on  the  left;  and 
here  with  a  changed  language,  it  is  called,  Ujimini  Fufu,  or 
■\Vhitc' Water;  the  Tchad-la  being  styled  Ujimini  Dudu,  or 
Black  Water.  The  Del(^  of  the  Niger  commences  near  Abfih, 
about  SO  miles  above  the  sea.  It  is  little  known;  the  only 
chaniiel  through  it  hitherto  explored  by  Europeans,  being 
that  of  the  Nun.  which,  with  an  estuary  Ij  miles  wide,  con- 
tracts, a  short  distance  up,  to  12 )  yards.  The  bar,  ou  which 
there  ie  a  violent  surf,  presents  a  great  difBculty  to  sailing 
vessels.  It  is  supposed  that  the  Kwara,  (Quorra,)  or  Niger, 
is  connected  with  the  Calabar,  by  Cross  Kiver,  and  it  is  cer- 
tiiin  that  on  the  W.  there  are  navigable  channels  from  it  to 
\\'arree  and  Benin.  The  whole  course  of  the  great  river 
from  Mount  Loma  to  the  mouth  of  the  Nun.  without  regard 
to  sinuosities,  is  about  20U0  miles ;  if  traced  from  the  moun- 
tains further  S.E.,  and  through  all  the  details  of  its  wind- 
ings, it  would  lUU  little  short  of  ."000  miles.  It  was  de- 
sceude<l  by  Mungo  Park  from  Sego  to  Boossa,  a  distance,  on 
the  river,  probably  of  from  1500  miles  to  ISOO  miles.  On 
the  other  band,  it  has  been  ascended  from  the  sea  by  5Ir. 
Becroft,  in  a  steamer,  as  for  as  Lever,  40  miles  or  50  miles 
from  Boossa;  the  intervening  distance  is  s.aid  to  be  diflicult 
at  all  seasons,  owing  to  rocks  and  rapids.  The  scenery 
near  the  Delta  is  of  the  wildest  f()rest  character. 

NIGG,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine. 

MGG,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  counties  of  Ross 
Bud  Cromarty,  occupying  a  peninsula  between  the  friths  of 
Aloray  and  Crcruiarty,  2j-  miles  N.  of  Cromarty.  On  the 
roast  are  traces  of  a  fort  of  the  12th  century,  and  some  obe- 
lisks, with  hieroglyphics. 

NIGHT  ISLAND,  Australia,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Cape 
York,  S.  of  Cape  Direction ;  lat.  13°  10'  S.,  Ion.  143°  22*  E. ; 
2  miles  long  l)y  half  a  mile  broad. 

NIGHT'S  I'UAIRIE,  a  po.st-offico  of  Hamilton  co.,  Illinois. 

NIGIK  or  XIGltlS.    See  Niger. 

NIGRITIA,  NIGRITIE  or  NIGRITIEN.    See  Soodan. 

NIGU.\,  nee'gwrl.  a  small  maritime  town  of  Hayti,  on  its 
S.  coast.  10  miles  S.W.  of  San  Domingo,  and  near  the  mouth 
of  the  river  -Nigua,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

XIGUAUDA.  ne-gw^R'do,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  pro- 
vince and  3  miles  X.  of  Milan.     Pop.  1701. 

NldUKLAS,  ne-ga/l^s.  a  hamlet  of  Spain.  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince and  10  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1272. 

XIIIAU.  nee'huw',  or  ONEEOW,  o-nee'ow',  one  of  the 
S.indwich  Islands;  lat.  22°  N.,  Ion.  160°  35' W.;  about  18 
miles  long  and  8  miles  broad.    Pop.  1000. 


NIL 

NIJAR  (NIXAR)  or  NLTAR-Y-nUEBRO.  ne-HaR'  e  nw.V- 
bro,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  13  miles  E.X.E.  of  Al- 
meria.     Pop.  6820. 

N1.JEIIASKE  or  XTIIKIIASKE,  ni'hahas'keh.  a  village 
of  Holland,  province  of  Friesland,  2  miles  VV.  of  lleerenveiin. 
Pop.  1105. 

NI.IKERK,  a  town  of  Holland.    See  Ntkerk. 

JViJy^lf.  For  places  with  this  prefixed  name,  se\'  Nizhneb. 

NIK  ARIA,  an  island  of  Greece.     See  Nicaria. 

NIKISII,  nee'kish\  or  NIKSIKI,  nik^see'kee,  a  village  of 
European  Turkey,  34  miles  X.K.  of  Cattaro,  on  the  boundary 
line  betweon  Montenegro  and  Herzegovina.  Pop.  of  district, 
6000. 

NIKITA,  nee'ke-tA\(?)  a  village  of  Southern  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Taurida,  26  miles  S.  of  Simferopol.  It  has  a 
fine  imperial  garden. 

NIKITINSKAIA,  ne-ke-tin-ski'd,  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  40  miles  E.N.K.  of  Orenboorg. 

NIKITOVKA  or  NIKITOAVKA,  ne-ke-tov/k(t,  a.m.irket- 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  34  miles  W.N.VV.  of  Khar- 
kov.    Pop.  1600. 

NIKIT(-)VKA  or  NIKITOWKA,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Voronezh,  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Valooiki  (\'a- 
luiki).     Pop.  1400. 

NIKOBAR  ISLANDS.    See  Nicobar. 

NIKOLAIEV  or  NIKOLAIEW,  ne-ko-ir'ev/,  written  al.^o 
NIKOL.MEF,  a  fortilied  town  of  Russia,  government  and  39 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Kherson,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ingul 
and  the  Bug,  20  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter,  in  the 
estuary  of  the  Dnieper.  Pop.  3.'?,.')04.  It  was  founded  in 
1790,  is  enclosed  by  walls,  well  built,  and  is  the  station  of  a 
Russian  admiral  and  fleet.  Principal  edifices,  the  Cathe- 
dral, town-hall,  admiralty  house,  with  museums  and  librae 
ry,  scliools  for  pilots,  and  for  the  daughters  of  soliliers,  an 
observatory,  liospitals,  and  docks. 

NIKOLAIKEN,  neehco-lPken,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  on 
the  Lake  Spirding,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sensburg.     Pop  2040. 

XIK'OLSBURU,  (Ger.  pron.  nee'kols-bOoRG'.)  NIKLAS- 
BURG,  nee'klas-boORG,  or  MIKULOW,  mee'koo-lov,  a  town 
of  Moravia,  28  miles  S.  of  Briinn.  I'op.  8000.  among  whom 
are  many  Jews.  It  has  a  splendid  castle,  and  grounds  be- 
longing to  Prince  Dietrichsteiii,  with  a  library  of  20,000 
volumes,  many  valuable  manuscripts,  and  collections  of 
natural  history;  a  philosopliical  academy,  and  several  other 
public  scliools,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  and  other 
stuffs. 

NIKOLSK,  ne-kojsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
194  miles  E.  of  Vologda,  on  the  Yoog.     Pop.  1000. 

NIKOLSKAIA,  NIKOLSKA.JA,  ne-kol-ski'4,  STANITZA, 
stil-nit'za,  or  NOVAIA-KARGATA,  no.vi'a  kaK-gi'ta,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  E.S.K.  of  Orenboorg,  on 
the  Ural.     Pop.  2000. 

NIK(JOLEKNO,  NIKOULIXO  or  NIKULINO,  ne-koo-lee'- 
no,  some  small  places  in  Russia,  government  of  Tver,  E. 
of  Staritza ;  and  Russian  Poland,  governmeut  of  Moheelev, 
N.E.  of  Babinovitchi. 

NIKOPOL,  ne-ko'pol,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
67  miles  S.S.W.  of  Yekaterinoslav,  on  the  Dnieper.     P.  3470. 

NIKOPOLI.  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Xicopolis. 

NIKSAR,  nik^sar',  (anc.  Ncncasarea,)  a  town  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, pashalic  of  Seevas,  30  miles  N.E.  of  T'okat,  on  the  route 
to  Erzroom.  It  stands  on  a  gentle  eminence  at  the  foot 
of  a  more  N.  range  of  mountains,  surroun<led  by  orchards ; 
it  comprises  about  800  houses,  and  has  a  citadel  containing 
the  chief  bazaars  and  buildings. 

NIKULINO,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Nikooleeno. 

NIL,  a  river  of  Egypt.    See  Nile. 

NILAB.  neeHib',  a  small  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Indus,  a  short  distance  below  Attock;  lat.  33"^ 
46'  N.,  Ion.  72°  17'  E. 

NILE,  nil,  (Fr.  Kile,  neel;  Ger.  Nil,  neel;  Sp.,  It,  and 
Port.  iV(7o.  neelo ;  Arab.  Bahr  Nil,  bdH'r  neel ;  anc.  NiUus,) 
a  great  river  of  East  Africa,  and  the  moat  celebrated  river 
of  the  ancient  world,  is  formed  by  two  head  stroam.s — the 
Bahr-el-.\zrek  (or  Blue  River)  and  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  (or 
White  liiver) — which  unite  at  Khartoom,  lat.  15°  37'  N, 
Each  of  these  streams  has  been  claimed  as  the  true  source 
of  the  river.  It  receives  its  last  tributary,  the  Atbara.  (anc. 
Asktblnras.)  in  lat.  17°  42'  N..  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  pe- 
ninsular tract,  (sometimes  calletl  the  Island  of  Meroe,)  and 
thence  flows  N.  in  a  single  stream,  without  the  least  acces- 
sion, through  12°  degrees  of  latitude,  or,  following  its  wind- 
ings, at  least  1300  miles  to  the  Sea.  Below  its  junction  with 
the  Atbara,  the  Nile  has  on  the  W.  or  left  bank  the  desert 
of  Bahiooda;  on  the  E.,  Mekheyi-,  which  is  commonly  called 
Berber;  lower  down,  it  forms  several  islands,  one  of  which 
bears  the  name  of  Kandake,  (Caudace,)  and  also  one  or  more 
cataracts:  it  then  bends  W.  by  S.,  and  passes  by  Jebel  Bar- 
kal,  where  stand  the  remains  of  a  temple,  repaired  by  Tir- 
haka,  (700  li.  c.)  but  probably  1000  years  older.  Resuming  its 
X.  course,  it  enters  the  plains  of  Dongola.  and  forms  several 
islands  of  great  extent.  Quitting  these  plains  by  a  cataract, 
the  river  flows  through  the  districts  of  Mahas,  Sukkot, 
Wady  Kenooz.  and  Batn-el-Hajar,  (the  "Glen  of  Rocks,")  at 
the  head  of  which  is  the  second  or  great  cataract,  and  enl«r- 

1343 


NIL 

lug  Egypt  at  Pbilae — the  K-lakh  or  limit  of  the  Egyptians, 
It  descends  the  last  (the  first  in  ascending)  cataract  to  Syene 
or  Assw.i:i.  which  is  in  iat.  24°  6'  N. 

From  Philje,  Iat.  24°  3'  X.,  the  Xile  flows  through  Egypt 
in  a  single  stream,  as  far  as  Batn-el-Bakara,  the  ancient  Cer- 
casorum.  at  the  head  of  the  Delta,  in  Iat.  StP  15'  N.,  where 
it  divides  into  two  brauche.-;.  leading  respectively  to  Rosetta, 
(Ka.sheed.)  and  Damiecta.  (Damiat.)  entering  the  sea  iu  about 
Iat.  31°  3d'  N.  Thus  the  Xile  has  a  course  in  Egypt  of 
about  7i  degrees,  or.  following  the  windings  of  the  stream, 
of  about  700  miles.  From  the  junction  of  its  head  streams 
to  its  delta,  its  basin  is  formed  by  two  parallel  chains  of 
mountains,  which  in  some  places  close  upon  it  and  produce 
the  rapids  above  mentioned,  and  in  others  recede  and  leave 
fine  plains  between  them  and  the  river.  Its  banks  are  gene- 
rally elevated  in  Nubia,  they  are  less  so  in  Middle  Egypt, 
and  absolutely  flat  in  the  Delta.  From  Asswan  to  the  sea, 
the  average  fell  is  2  inches  to  a  mile,  and  its  mean  velocity 
is  about  3  miles  an  hour.  At  the  Delta  its  waters  spread 
out  into  numerous  streams  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  ex- 
tending at  its  base  on  the  .Mediterranean,  over  a  space  of 
120  miles,  between  the  W.  or  Kosetta  branch,  and  the  E.  or 
Damietta  branch.  The  two  arms  of  the  Xile,  which  still 
remain  navigable  to  the  sea,  are  supposed  to  coincide  with 
tlie  two  artilioiaj  branches  of  the  ancients,  namely,  the  Bol- 
bitine  and  i'hatuitic.  The  other  ancient  arms,  where  not 
wholly  effaced  by  time,  are  but  partially  traceable  in  the 
various  canals  of  irrigation  which  intersect  the  Delta.  The 
ordinary  width  of  the  Xile  in  Egypt,  al)ove  the  Delta,  is 
about  Too  yards.  The  branches  tlirough  the  Deltti  are  much 
narrower,  and  so  shallow  in  the  dry  season,  that  ves.sels  ex- 
ceeding 40  ions  burden,  cannot  pass  through  them.  During 
the  flood,  armed  brigs  can  ascend  to  Cairo. 

The  Xile  is  the  only  great  tropical  river  which,  by  its  peri- 
odical inundations,  fertilizes  a  country  surrounded  through- 
out a  great  part  of  its  couj-.-se  by  sandy  de.«ert«.  As  rain  scarcely 
ever  fells  iu  the  valley  of  the  Xile  from  the  ISth  nearly 
to  the  3uth  parallel,  and  very  scantily  even  lower  down,  the 
river  owes  its  supplies  wholly  to  the  copious  ruins  of  the 
countries  wherein  it  rises.  It  begins  to  iucrea.-*  in  June, 
attains  its  greatest  height  about  the  autumnal  eijuinox.  and 
theu  subsides  as  gradually  as  it  rose.  The  ordinary  rise,  at 
Cairo,  is  about  40  feet.  During  the  flood,  a  great  portion  of 
the  Delta  and  of  the  Valley  of  Egypt,  higher  up,  is  inun- 
dated. In  .Sennaar,  also,  and  Dcmgola  extensive  tracts  are 
watered  immediately  by  the  river;  but.  iu  genenil,  the 
banks  of  the  Xile  above  Egypt  are  irrigated  by  means  of 
the  water-wheel. 

The  Bahr-el-Azrek  or  Blue  River,  unites  with  the  Bahr- 
el-Abiad  or  White  River,  in  hit  15°  37'  X.  Its  sources  are 
in  Iat.  10°'oS'-X.,  Ion.  30°  50'  E;  but  its  spiral  course,  traced 
downwards,  through  all  its  windings,  will  pi-obably  exi-eed 
800  miles.  In  this  distance,  it  de.s<,'ehds  with  immense  im- 
petuo.sity,  from  xn  elevation  of  9000  feet,  to  one  of  1500  fe»^t 
collecting  the  waters  of  a  txisin,  the  elevated  uiai-giu  of 
which  has  an  extent  of  at  least  1000  miles.  The  Blue  River 
is  navigable  up  to  Fazogle,  under  the  12th  parallel,  1500 
miles  at  least  from  Rosetta. 

The  sources  of  the  Bahr-el-Abiad  or  White  River  are  not 
yet  ascertained.  Report  places  them  in  the  mountains  of 
Gomberat,  under  the  equator,  about  250  or  300  miles  S.E. 
of  Chanker,  a  point  on  the  river,  iu  the  country  of  Berry, 
(■ituated,  according  to  Arnaud's  Observations,  iu  Iat.  4° 42'  X. 
Ion.  31°  40'  E.  From  Berry,  the  river  flows  through  the 
countries  of  the  Kyks,  Xouers,  and  soma  other  pastoral 
tribes,  in  a  very  winding  and  divided  channel,  inclining  X.W. 
by  X.  At  the  9tb  parallel  it  suddenly  bentis  to  the  E.,  and 
expands  to  a  width  of  5  or  6  miles,  forming  an  open  basin, 
which  has  been  called  Lake  Xoo  (Xu).  A  river  or  drain, 
entering  this  lake  from  the  X.W.,  has  been  raised  into  im- 
portance by  speculative  geographers,  and  named  the  Keilak. 
Further  E.,  and  just  as  the  river  resumes  its  X.  course,  be- 
tween the  Dinka  on  the  E.,  and  the  Shillooks  on  the  W..  it  is 
joined  by  the  Sobat,  a  considerable  stream,  which  is  said  to 
have  its  sources  at  no  great  distance  from  those  of  the  White 
River  itself.  On  the  W.,  also,  a  river,  not  navigable,  named 
by  different  tribes  the  Loori  or  the  Moj,  is  reported  to  rise  in 
the  Gomberat  Mountains,  and  to  join  the  main  stream  in 
Iat.  7°.  Lower  down,  about  the  13th  parallel,  it  increa-ses 
much  in  width,  often  resembling  a  great  lake ;  and  here, 
as  well  as  between  the  8th  and  9th  parallels,  it  lias  no  per- 
ceptible current,  except  during  the  floods. 

The  White  River  has  Ijeen  navigated  at  least  1000  miles 
above  its  confluence  with  the  Blue  River;  and  the  whole 
distance  from  its  rise  in  the  Gomterat  .Alountains  to  the  sea, 
lo  lowing  the  windings  of  the  channel,  probably  does  not 
tall  short  ot  3000  miles.  For  some  hundreds  of  miles  of  iU 
upper  course,  it  seems  to  be  only  the  chief  drain  of  inter- 
minable marshes,  overgrown  with  tall  reeds.  The  Sobat 
and  the  Loon,  the  tributaries  already  mentioned,  flowing 
neariy  pjirallel  to  the  main  stream,  cut  it  off  from  acces- 
Bions  on  Ijoih  sides.  As  to  the  river  (the  Keilak)  supposed 
to  enter  it  in  Iat  9°.  jliere  is,  in  reality,  no  evidence  I^  its 
existeuee.  In  this  pirt,  as  well  as  lower  down,  towards  its 
jmictjon  with  the  Blue  River,  it  stagnates  iu  the  dry  sea- 


NI» 

son,  and  becomes  offensively  fetid.  In  comparison  with  tht 
Blue  River,  which  is  an  immense  torrent,  the  While  Rivei 
resembles  a  great  standing  water.  Its  floods  reach  Khar- 
to<3m,  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers,  usually  a  month  cr 
three  weeks  later  than  those  of  the  Blue  Uiver. 

It  seems  quite  probable  that  from  the  towns  which  covet 
its  banks,  and  many  other  circumstance.s,  the  Xile  of  th* 
ancients,  above  Jleroe,  was  the  Bahr-el-Azrek,  (Blue  River,) 
which  is  still  the  Xile  of  the  natives. 

Its  sources  in  the  country  of  the  Agows  were  heard  of  by 
Cosm.is  ludicopleustes  early  in  the  0th  century:  and  they 
were  represented,  with  many  correct  particulars,  by  Fra 
Mauro,  in  the  middle  of  the  15th.  The  companions  of  Al- 
varez visited  them  early  in  the  16th  century ;  and  about  a 
century  later  they  were  viewed  by  Pedro  Vaez,  whose  ac- 
count of  them  is  copied  by  Tellez,  with  little  change.  Then 
came  Bruce,  who,  treading  in  the  steps  of  the  Jesuit  father, 
boasted  of  .having  discovei-ed  the  fountains  of  the  Xile. 
The  White  River,  explored  iu  1827.  by  M.  Liuaut,  as  far  as 
El  Ais,  was  asceoded  in  1839  by  a  Turco-Egyptian  Expedi- 
tion up  to  Iat.  0°  3U'  X.,  and,  in  the  following  year,  to  Chan- 
ker, in  the  country  of  the  Berry,  whither  trading  expeditious 
are  now  despatched  annually.  A  fort  or  factory  tias  been 
there  erected  by  European  traders,  and  Roman  Catholic 

missionaries  are  lo<ated  iu  the  vicinity Adj.  Njlot'ic. 

XILE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Xew  York. 
NILE,  a  township  in  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1176. 
NILES,  nllz,  a  post-township  in  the  8.E.  part  of  Caynga 
CO.,  New  Vork,  liordering  on  ( iwasco  Lake.    Pop.  2013. 

X'lLES,  a  postrvillage  of  Trumbull  co.  Ohio,  on  the  Maho- 
ning Kiver,  and  on  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Warren,  contains  a  furnace,  a  rolling-mill,  and 
a  nail  factory.    Pop.  in  18G0,  about  OiK). 

X ILES.  a  post-viliage  and  township  in  the  S. E.  part  of  Ber- 
rien CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  St.  Josepii"s  River, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Michigan  Cen  I  ral  Railroad.  191  miles 
W.  bj'  S.  of  Detroit,  and  90  miles  E.  of  Chicago.  It  is  the  largest 
town  of  the  couuty,  and  the  principal  market  in  Western 
Jlii-liigan.    The  river  is  navigable  for  smail  steamboats,  and 
affords  abuudanl  water-power.    Ailes  contains  a  branch  of 
the  State   University,  5  churches.  2  banks,  2  newspaper 
offices,  and  a  Union  school.    Settled  in  1S>31.    Population 
in  lSt)0,  2826. 
NILES,  a  post-tovmship  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1 170. 
XILES.  a  post-township  of  Cook  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  1346. 
NILKAXTHA,  nil-kin't'hd,  a  town  of  Nepaul,  37  miles 
N.  of  Khatmaudoo,  Iat.  28°  22'  X.,  Ion.  85°  4'  E.,  and  greatly 
resorted  to  by  Hindoo  pilgrims. 
XILO.  a  river  of  Egvpt    See  Nile. 

XlL-ST.-VlXCENT-&i'.-.MAKTlX, ueel  sLn"  vIno'sSso/  ails' 
maK^tiA'o',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  ou 
the  Xil,  21  miles  b.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1348. 
XILUX,  a  village  of  Tiiilxjt.    See  Xeeluso. 
XILC'S.    See  Nile. 

X1M.\K,  ne'mar',  or  NEMAUR,  ni^mawr',  a  district  ol 
India,  comprising  most  part  of  the  ludoie  dominions,  wi^h 
portions  ot  other  territories.  Area  7000  sqnai-e  miles.  Pop. 
250,000. 

XIMBURG,  nimTjooRG^  or  LYMBURG,  lim'booRQ,  (Boh. 
Wicieiniloiv,  we-ch.'l'me-lov,)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  an  islan  j 
formed  by  the  Kibe,  Iti  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buntziau.  Pop.  2700, 
MM£:gUE  orNIMEGUKN.  See  Xvmwegen. 
XIMES  (XTmes.)  or  XISMES,  neem,  (_anc.  ^'emau'sus.)  a 
town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Gard,  on  the 
railway  from  Beaucaire  to  Cette,  and  at  the  head  of  a  branch 
iiue  to  Alais,  30  miles  X.E.  of  Montpellier.  Pop.  in  1S62, 
57,129.  The  older  part  is  irregularly  and  poorly  built,  the 
modern  is  well  laid  out,  in  straight  and  sjiacious  streets.  It 
hits  an  imposing  Gothic  Cathedral,  an  old  citadel,  and  a  fine 
promenade.  Xo  town  in  France  has  so  masiy  fine  Roman  re- 
mains :  the  most  remarkable  of  these  are  the  Amphitheatre, 
{les  Arenes,  l4z  dVAn'.J  437  f'jet  long,  332  feet  broad,  and  70 
feet  high ;  the  beautiful  Corinthian  temple  called  the  Maison- 
carrce,  (in,VsiN"'  kdu'Ri/,)  which  is  restored,  and  the  interior 
serves  for  a  mviseum  of  antiquities;  and  the  ruins  of  a 
superb  nymphaeum,  or  bath,  called  the  Tempk  of  Diiina; 
lo  miles  X.E,  are  the  remi^ins  of  a  magnificent  aqueduct, 
called  the  Pont-du-Gard,  (p6}i<^dii-gaR.)  Ximes  is  the  seat 
of  a  bishop,  and  possesses  an  appeal  court  tor  the  depart- 
ments of  Gard,  Lozere,  and  Vaucluse;  courts  of  first  resort 
and  commerce,  chamber  of  commerce  and  exchange,  conseil 
de  prud'-hommes,  athenaeum,  academie  universitaire,  college, 
diocesan  seminary,  and  secondary  ecclesiastical  school ; 
schools  of  design  and  medicfne,  a  medical  society,  an  agri 
cultural  society,  and  a  public  library  of  30,0u0  volumes. 

The  manufactures  consist  principally  of  silk  and  cotton 
goods,  fancy  and  mixed,  such  as  taffetas,  shawls,  cravats, 
scarfs,  hosier^ ,  Jic.  Cotton  handkerchiefs,  also,  are  made  to 
a  great  extent.  There  are  likewise  numttrous  tanneries, 
dye-works,  silk,  lace-thread,  and  other  spinning  mills, 
and  a  trade  in  raw  silk,  for  which  this  town  is  tlie  great 
entrepot  of  the  S.  of  France  :  wine,  vinegar,  oleaginous 
seeds,  medicinal  and  dye  plants.  &c.  Ximes  is  a  very  an- 
cient town,  having  been  subjugated  by  the  Koiuaus  120 
years  B.  c;  it  was  successively  ravaged  by  the  Franks,  Vai»- 


NIM 


NIO 


dais,  and  Normans.  In  the  14th  century,  it  was  ruined  by 
civil  and  religious  wars.  It  rose  from  its  ashes  by  the  aid 
of  Franci.s  I.,  but  in  tlie  ICtli  century  it  again  suffered  on 
account  of  its  inhabitants  having  embraced  I'rotestantism. 
In  1815,  on  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  it  was  the 
scene  ot  a  di.-:graceful  persecution  of  the  Protestants.  NImes 
Is  the  birth  place  of  ^icot,  who  introduced  the  use  of  to- 
bacco {Uiliacuiii  yicotiana)  into  France. 

NI.MKTZKI-GRADETZ.     See  GraTZ. 

NI5IFI,  nini'fee,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Ana- 
tolia, about  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Smyrna.  Near  this  town 
the  monument  hewn  by  order  of  Sesostris,  and  described 
by  Herodotus,  has  recently  been  discovered.  It  consists  of 
a  gigantic  human  figure,  sculptured  in  ba.s-relief  on  the  face 
of  a  rock. 

NI.vriSIIIL'LEN,  a  creek  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Tuscarawas  Kiver. 

NIMISIlILfiKX,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2704. 

NIM'ISIL'A,  a  post-village  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio. 

Xl.MijA,  a  town  of  Afghanistan.     See  Neemla. 

MMOIiJN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  post-office,  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 

NIMI'TSCII,  nimt^ih,  a  town  of  Pru.«siau  Sifesia,  29  milee 
S.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Lobe.  Pop.  2000.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of  Silesia. 

N'lM'ROU.  a  post-office  of  Copiah  CO.,  Mississippi. 

M.MllOOD  or  NIMKOUD.     See  Nineveh. 

NlMi-M.\ISliiHE.S,  nee^mee'  m.Vze-aiR',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  llainaut,  2  miles  N.  of  Mons,  on  tlie  Ilaine. 
Pop.  220.O. 

NIM\VKGEN,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.   See  Nymwegen. 

NINE  EAGLES,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa,  145 
miles  S.W.  by  \V.  of  Iowa  City. 

NINE/IIEAD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

NINE'MILE.  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe  co.,  Tennessee. 

NINEMTLE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois. 

NINETYSIX,  a  pos^offl(■e  and  .station  of  Abbeville  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  41 
miles  from  Augusta. 

NIN'EVEII.  (Ij.  Ni'nus;  Gr.  Nivoj,  iWn<5s,)  a  celebrated 
city  of  anti(iuity.  capital  of  the  Assyrian  Empire,  (See  Gene- 
sis X.  11 ;  also  Jonah  iii.  3,  and  iv.  11,)  the  ruins  of  which  are 
situated  in  Asia'ic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Mosul,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Tigris,  along  which,  and  opposite  to  tlie  town  of  Mosul, 
it  appears  to  have  extended  for  a  liistanceof  about  18  miles, 
with  an  average  breadth  of  12  miles,  containing  an  area  of 
not  less  than  216  square  miles.  For  ages  the  position  of  tlie 
ancient  capital  of  As.syria  was  unknown.  About  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century,  travellers  bad  their  at- 
tention arrested  by  a  series  of  vast  mounds  along  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tigris  and  to  a  considerable  distance  inland,  on 
what  was  usually  supposed  to  be  the  site  of  Nineveh.  Their 
great  extent,  and  other  remarkable  circumstances,  led  to  the 
conclusion  that  they  probably  occupied  the  site  of  Nineveh, 
if  they  did  not  actually  contain  the  remains  of  its  ancient 
structures;  no  serious  attempt,  however,  was  made  to  inves- 
tigate the  subject  till  1841,  when  M.  Botta,  shortly  after  his 
appointment  as  French  consul  at  Mosul,  commenced  ope- 
rations on  Kouyuujik,  immediately  opposite  to  that  town. 
He  liad  only  obtained  a  few  fragments  of  brick  and  alabas- 
ter, when,  on  information  which  promised  a  richer  har\'est, 
he  removed  to  Khorsabad,  about  12  miles  to  the  N.E.,  and 
was  soon  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  probably  the  first 
Assyrian  edifice  which  had  been  exposed  to  the  view  of  man 
since  the  fall  of  the  Assyrian  Empire.  The  attention  of  Mr. 
Layard,  who  had  travelled  much  in  the  East,  had  previou,sly 
been  directed  to  the  mounds,  and  he  had  resolved  to  take 
the  fir.st  opportunity  of  exploring  them;  but  his  resolution 
was  still  slumbering  when  the  discoveries  of  M.  Botta  were 
made  known,  whereupon,  obtaining  the  necessary  requisites, 
he  proceeded  without  delay  to  the  lofty  mounds  of  Nimrood, 
(Nimroud,)  situated  about  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mosul,  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  Tigris  and  the  confluence  of  the  Great 
Zab,  and  commenced  his  first  operations.  His  success  was 
immediate  and  complete.  The  excavations  of  the  very  first 
day  put  him  in  possession  of  a  chamber  lined  with  slabs,  in 
good  preservation,  and  covered  with  cuneiform  or  arrow- 
headed  inscriptions,  and,  ever  after,  his  treasures  continued 
to  multiply  upon  him.  Among  other  things,  he  has  disco- 
vered gigantic  emblematic  figures — winged  bulls  and  lions, 
with  human  heads,  and  winged  sphinxes,  placed  as  guar- 
di.ans  over  the  entrances  of  magnificent  palaces.  The  fire 
by  which  the  palaces  had  been  destroyed,  had  so  calcined  the 
stone  and  other  materials  of  which  they  are  composed,  that 
in  many  cases,  on  the  least  exposure  to  the  air,  they  have 
crumbled  to  pieces,  sometimes  Isefore  even  an  accurate 
sketch  of  them  could  be  obtained ;  and  hence  many  objects 
Interesting  as  works  of  art,  and  containing  inscriptions  in 
all  probability  still  more  interesting,  have  been  seen  only 
to  be  lost  for  ever.  In  other  parts,  and  more  especially  in 
the  N.W.  palace,  where  the  fire  has  not  so  much  affected 
the  buildings,  28  rooms,  in  excellent  preservation,  have 
been  opened,  and  numerous  bas-reliefs,  figures,  and  orna- 
ments, rich  in  information  as  to  the  state  of  art  and  pro- 
gress of  civilization  at  the  period  when  they  were  made, 
have  been  exhumed.  From  Nimrood  Mr.  Layard  proceeded 
4K 


to  Kouyunjik,  where  he  has,  if  possible,  been  still  mora 
successful.  In  the  courj'e  of  a  month,  nine  chambers  were 
explored,  one  of  them  130  feet  long  l)y  3o  feet  wide,  and 
equally  rich  with  those  of  Nimrood  in  bas-reliefs  and  in- 
scriptions. 

In  1847,  Jlr.  Layard  returned  to  England;  but,  in  1849, 
he  resumed  his  labors,  both  at  Kouyunjik  and  Nimrood, 
which  have  continued  to  yield  up  their  treasures  as  if  tbey 
were  never  to  be  exhausted.  I'revious  to  Jlr.  Layard's 
labors,  the  Assyrian  antiquities  of  tlie  British  Mu.seum 
were  contained  in  a  ca.se  alx)ut  three  feet  square;  they  now 
form  one  of  its  largest,  and  are  certainly  among  its  most 
important,  collections. 

Apart  from  tlie  value  which  attaches  to  these  remains 
considered  .simply  as  antiquities,  they  possess  a  far  higher 
ialue  on  account  of  the  remarkable  confirmations  wliich 
the  in-scriptions  afford  of  the  truth  of  Scripture  history. 
Our  limits,  liowever,  forbid  us  to  do  more  than  allude  to  this 
interesting  subject:  for  further  and  full  information,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  different  works  of  .Mr.  Layanl.  and 
other  recent  publications,  treating  particularly  of  these 
late  discoveries,  which  are  undoubtedly  among  the  most 
wonderful  that  have  been  made  in  modern  times. 

NIN'EVEII,  a  post-village  of  Broome  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Susfjuehanna  River,  Iti  miles  E.N.E.  of  Binghamton. 

NINEVEH,  a  posf>-offlce  oT  Warren  co.,  Virginia. 

NINEVEH,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  879. 

NINEVEH,  a  posfrvlllage  and  township  of  Johnson  co., 
Indiana,  30  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iiidian.ipolis.     Pop.  1761. 

NINEVEH,  a  post-office  of  Adair  co.,  Slissouri. 

NIN'FIIOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

NING-HEEA  or  NING-HIA.  ning'hee'd,  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Kan-soo,  near  the  Great  Wall,  210  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Lan-Choo. 

NING-KOOE,  NING-KOUE,  ning'koo'i/.  or  NING-KOOE- 
FOO,  NING-KOUE-FOU,  ning'koo\'iYoo/,  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Ngan-hoei,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Yang-tse-kiang, 
75  miles  S.  of  Nanking;  hit.  31^  N.,  Ion.  118°  38'' E. 

NINGO,  ning'go,  a  decayed  Danish  settlement  on  the 
Guinea  coast,  38  miles  E.N.E.  of  .\ccra,  adjacent  to  which 
latter  is  the  village  of  Little  Ningo. 

NIXGOOTA  or  NINGOUTA,  ning-goo'tj,  a  considerable 
town  of  Mantchooria.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Amoor,  145  miles 
N.E.  of  Kirin-oola,  and  stated  to  have  been  the  original  seat 
of  the  reigning  dj'nasty  of  China. 

NING-PO,  formerly  LIAMPO,  le-am'po,  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Che-kiang,  and  one  of  the  5  ports  recently 
opened  to  foreign  trade,  on  tlie  Takia,  or  Ning-po  River,  the 
mouth  of  wliich  is  directly  opposite  Chusan,  95  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Hang-ohow-foo,  on  a  tongue  of  land  at  the  influx  of  an 
affluent  into  the  river,  here  cro.ssed  by  a  bridge  of  boats; 
lat.  29°  51'  N.,  Ion.  121°  32'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  between 
200.000  and  300.000.  The  city,  6  miles  in  circumference, 
enclosed  by  walls  25  feet  in  height,  and  entered  by  6  gates, 
is  surrounded  by  a  fine  plain  covered  with  villages  and 
watercourses.  It  has  well  supplied  shops,  a  temple  of 
large  size,  hexagonal  tower,  150  feet  high;  a  mia^ionary 
hospital,  opened  in  1843;  an  active  trade  in  junk-building, 
and  a  large  manufacture  of  silks  for  export  to  Japan.  It 
has  lieen  reported  that  about  670  junks  come  to  it  annually 
from  Shan-toong  and  Leao-tong,  with  oil.  provisions,  fruits, 
cap.s,  cordage,  horns,  drugs,  rice,  and  silk;  560  from  Fokien 
and  Hai-nan,  with  sugar,  alnm,  pfjpper,  black  tea,  indigo, 
salt,  rice,  and  dye-woods ;  from  Canton  and  the  Straits, 
some  vessels;  and  from  the  interior  aljout  4000  small  craft 
yearly ;  the  total  imports  being  estimated  at  $7,650,000  an- 
nually. It  exports  large  quantities  of  wood  and  charcoal 
to  Shanghai,  the  trade  of  which  part  it  has  crippled,  from 
being  by  several  days  nearer  to  the  green  tea  districts.  It 
was  taken  by  the  British,  without  resistance,  in  1841.  when 
was  captured  a  ponderous  bell,  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

NINGTHEE,  a  river  of  India.     See  Khyes-Dwem. 

NINOSE,  ne-no'si,  a  village  of  Japan,  island  of  Kioosioo, 
near  which  is  a  camphor  tree  mentioned  by  Ka?mpfer  in 
1091  as  celebrated  for  its  size,  hollow  from  age,  and  supposed 
to  measure  6  fathoms  in  circumference.  It  was  visited  by 
Siebold  in  1826,  and  found  to  be  still  healthy  and  rich  in 
foliage.  He  gives  16,884  metres  (about  60  feet)  as  its  eip- 
cumference. 

NINOVE,  ne-no'vA,  or  NINOVEN,  ne-no'vjn,  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Dender.  20  miles 
S.E,  of  Ghent.  Pop.  4500.  It  has  a  fine  abbey  and  church, 
breweries,  and  manufactories  of  linen  yarn. 

NINUSi    See  Nineveh. 

NIO,  nee'o,  (anc.  Ins,)  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
government  and  17  miles  S.W.  of  Naxos.  Area  20  square 
miles.  Pop.  3700.  I^ength  11  miles,  breadth  5  miles.  The 
surface  is  mountainous  and  rugged,  but  some  cotton,  corn, 
oil.  wine,  and  honey,  are  produced.  Homer  is  stated  to  have 
died,  and  been  buried  here,  but  of  his  tomb  no  vestiges 
remain.  On  the  W.  side  of  the  island  is  the  town  Nio,  with 
the  liest  harbor  in  the  Archipelago,  aud  some  remains  of  tho 
ancient  los. 

NIONS,  a  town  of  France,    See  Ntons. 

1S15 


NIO 


NIX 


NIORX  n<>i.>B/,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  JDeux-S^vres,  on  the  S^vre-Niortaise,  34  miles  E.A'.E. 
of  La  Koohelle.  Pop.  in  1852,  1S.727.  It  is  agreeably 
situated  on  the  slopes  of  two  hills,  enclosed  by  well-planted 
promenades.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  a  Gothic  church 
built  by  the  English,  a  markel/hall,  2  hospitals,  barracks,  a 
theatre,  large  public  liljrary,  public  baths,  a  communal  col- 
lege, athenajum,  and  botanic  garden,  with  manufactories  of 
woollen  stuffs,  gloves,  shoes,  leatlier,  and  confectionary ;  it  is 
an  entrepot  for  the  wines  of  the  Uirondo,  timber,  wool,  hides, 
and  cattle. 

MPE,  (neo'p.i,)  BAY  OF,  Cuba,  N.E.  coast,  S.E.  of  Nar 
ranjo;  lat.  20'""  45'  N.,  Ion.  75°  30'  W.,  easy  of  entrance,  and 
capable  of  holding  all  the  fleets  of  Europe. 

iSilI'HATES,  ne-U/tii,  a  mountain  chain  of  Armenia, 
forming  an  eastward  prolongation  of  the  Taurus,  and  divid- 
ing the  basin  of  the  Tigris  from  that  of  the  Moonid-chai. 

>;  I  PH'ON'  or  X I  P^O.V,  (i.  e.  "  fountain  or  source  of  light,") 
the  principal  island  of  Japan :  lat.  of  S.  piu-t,  33°  2G'  N..  and 
Ion.  135°  30'  E.,  separated  X.  by  the  Strait  of  Matsmai  from 
the  island  of  Yesso,  S.  by  narrow  straits  from  the  islands  of 
Kioo-Sioo  and  Sikokf,  and  S.W.  from  Corea  by  the  Strait  of 
Corea,  120  miles  across.  It  is  of  a  long,  narrow,  and  curved 
form,  lying  JS'.E.  and  S.W.,  about  900  miles  in  length,  by 
280  miles  in  breadth  at  the  broadest  part.  The  coasts  are 
indented  with  a  great  number  of  bays,  especially  on  the  S. 
side ;  and.  from  the  numerous  rocks  and  islands  with  which 
they  are  fringed,  and  the  extreme  shallowness  of  the  sea, 
are  very  difficult  of  access.  A  mountain  chain  traveniies  the 
island  lengthways,  its  principal  peak,  Foosiyama,  rising  to 
12,000  feet  in  height;  its  elevation,  however,  is  mostly  mode- 
rate, and  its  slopes  are  cultivated  with  care.  Mphon  contains 
the  principal  river  of  Japan,  the  sacred  lake  Fakonea.  and 
several  volcanoes.  The  island  is  superabundantly  supplied 
with  hot  sulphureous  springs;  and  earthquakes  are  of  fre- 
quent occurrence.  The  difference  of  temperature,  in  the 
extreme  of  summer  and  winter,  is  excessive,  and  storms  of 
rain  and  thunder  are  both  frequent  and  terrible;  still  the 
Island  is  generally  healthy.  The  soil  has  been  rendered 
very  productive  by  the  untiring  industry  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  palm,  the  banana,  the  myrtle,  &e..  are  found  in  Mphon. 
In  some  parts  the  sugar-cane  is  brought  to  considerable  per- 
fection, and  two  crops  of  rice  are  gathered  annually.  Near 
Sendai,  a  town  lying  in  lat.  38°  16'  X.,  Ion.  140°  50'  E.,  rice 
is  produced  in  such  abundance  that  the  locality  is  termed 
the  granary  of  Yeduo.  ^Vheat  and  barley  also  are  grown, 
the  latter  mainly  for  feeding  the  cattle;  the  wheat  is  chiefly 
used  for  cakes  and  soy.  Beans  are  cultivated  with  great 
care,  as  is  also  the  mulberry,  for  feeding  the  silk-worm. 
The  principal  object  of  cultivation,  however,  is  the  tea-plant, 
which  was  introduced  from  China  in  the  beginning  of  tlie 
9th  century.  Pepper,  ginger,  aud  camphor,  vith  pearls  and 
ambergris,  are  also  obtained ;  and  there  is  an  excellent  breed 
of  horses.  The  minerals  comprise  gold,  silver,  copper,  coal, 
naphtha,  and  porcelain  clays.  Tlie  island  is  subdivideil 
into  53  provinces;  in  it  ai'e  Yeddo  and  Miako,  the  two 
capitals  of  Japan,  and  the  seaport  towns  Osaka,  Fitats,  and 
I'oyama. 

NIP/ISSIXG\  or  NEP/ISSIXG\  LAKE,  Canada  West,  is 
situated  X.E,  of  Lake  Huron,  nearly  midway  between  it  and 
the  Ottawa  River.  The  shape  is  irregular;  the  shores  are 
bold.  Length  50  miles,  greatest  breadth  35  miles.  It  con- 
tains many  islands,  and  discharges  itself  into  Georgian  Bay 
(Lake  Uuron)  by  French  Kiver,  the  navigation  of  which  is, 
however,  impeded  by  numerous  rapids ;  but  eastward  it  is 
separated  by  only  a  short  portage  from  Turtle  Lake  and 
Little  Kiver,  a  tributary  of  the  navigable  Ottawa. 

NIP/PEXOSE,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ly- 
coming CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  430. 

XIPPEXOSE,  the  name  of  a  remarkable  valley  in  the 
S,^V ,  part  of  Lyooming  eo„  Pennsylvania.  It  is  of  a  regular 
oval  shape,  being  about  10  miles  long  and  4  broad,  forming 
a  basin  surrounded  by  a  rim  of  high  and  steep  mountains. 
The  only  easy  access  to  it  is  by  a  deep  gap  in  the  Bald  Eagle 
Mountain,  opposite  Jensey  Shore.  The  bed  of  this  valley  is 
composed  of  limestone,  containing  fissures  and  caverns 
beneath  the  soil,  into  which  the  streams  that  descend  from 
the  mountain  sink  and  disappear;  but.  uniting  their  waters 
m  those  subterranean  passages,  the  whole  body  gushes  forth 
m  one  enormous  spring  near  the  gap  in  the  mountain,  pro- 
ducing a  powerful  stream,  which  passes  through  the  gap. 
and  falls  into  the  river  above  Jersey  Shore. 

NlliaOA,  neeR/gwd,  a  town  of  South  America,  A'enezuela, 
province  of  Carabobo,  50  miles  \V'..S,W.  of  Valencia, 

MK13,  ne&'ris.(?)  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  S5 
miles  L.  of  Sheeraz,  with  manufactures  of  arms,  and  iron- 
mines. 

X1S.\0,  ne-sil/o,  a  river  of  the  island  of  Ilayti,  issues 
from  a  lake,  tlows  S.S.E..  and  falls  mto  the  sea  near  a  head- 
VT^.  l^?  """^  ,°'^'"'''  *f'«''  '^  <=»"'•««  of  'ibout  55  miles. 
MSAl.I.  no-s.i'ree,  or  NICKKO,  ne-cli,Vro,  an  island  of  the 
arecian  Archip<lago ;  lat,  30°  35'  30"  X.,  Ion.  27°  11'  B 

AISIIAPOUR,  nish^a-poor/,  a  city  of  Persia,  province  of 
Khorxssan,  and  in  one  of  its  finest  vallevs,  40  miles  W  S  W 
Bt  Sleshcd.    Pop.  estunated  at  8000.    It  U  enclosed  by  a 
1346 


rampart  and  trench,  about  2  miles  in  circuit.  It  is  partly 
in  ruins,  but  has  a  special  trade  in  turquoises,  obtained 
from  mines  about  40  miles  W.X,VV.  Iron  and  salt  are  also 
products  of  its  district. 

XISUXABATO'XA  RIVER,  rises  in  the  S,W.  central  part 
of  Iowa;  flowing  south-westerly,  it  enters  Missouri  near  ita 
X'.AV.  extremity,  and  then  assuming  a  S.E,  direction,  it  lallfi 
into  the  Missouri  River  in  Atthison  couuti', 

JVISHJVU,  a  prefix  to  the  names  of  several  towns  of  Rus- 
sia, for  which  sc'e  Xizhnek, 

XISHOWKA,  no-show'rd,a  large  village  of  India,  Punjab, 
37  miles  X,\V,  of  Lahore, 

XISI,  nee'see,  a  river  of  Sicily,  intendency  of  ilessina, 
enters  the  Mediterranean  near  Ali,     Length  10  miles, 

XISI,  nee'see,  a  village  of  Greece,  Morea.  government  of 
MesBeuia,  7  miles  W.  of  Calamata, 
XISIB,  a  village  of  Svria,  See  JTizeeb, 
N1S/IBIX\  X1S/SIBIX\  (nis'se-been/y)  or  NIZIBIX^  (anc, 
JVMlhs,)  a  town  or  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  and 
90  miles  S,E,  of  Diai'bekir,  It  has  an  ancient  triumphal 
arch,  a  church  of  St,  James,  and  some  other  antiquities. 

XISITA.  nee'se-td,,  ^auc.  AVsis,)  an  island  of  Xaples,  o  miles 
S,E.  of  Pozzuoli,  in  the  Gulf  of  Xaples,  Marcus  Brutus 
had  a  villa  on  the  island,  which  is  new  occupied  by  a  qua- 
rantine establishment, 

XIS'KAYU'X  A,  a  post-township  forming  the  E.  extremity 
of  Schenectady  co.,  Xew  York.     Pop.  789. 

XISMES,  neem,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  38 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Xamur,  on  the  Eau  Noire.     Pop.  1026. 
XISMES,  a  city  of  Southern  France.     See  Ximes. 
XISSA,  nis/s<t,  (anc.  JS'cMus,  A'aissus  or  ^'a'siis,)  a  fortified 
city  of  Servia,  on  the  Xissava,  an  affluent  of  tlie  East  Mo- 
rava,  130  mhos  S.E.  of  Belgrade.     Pop.  4000. 

XISS.WA,  nis-sd'vd,  a  river  of  Servia,  after  a  W.  course 
of  SO  miles,  joins  the  Morava  S  miles  W.  of  Xissa, 
XISSIBIX,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  See  Xisibin. 
XlSSUM-FIORl),  uis'sooin-fi.yord',  au  inlet  of  Denmark,  on 
the  W,  coast  of  Jutland,  15  miles  N.  of  Ringkiobiug,  13  miles 
in  length  by  4  in  breadth,  aud  with  the  village  of  South 
Xissum  on  its  S,  side, 

XISTELRODE,  nis/tel-roMeh,  a  parish  and  village  of  the 
Xetherlauds,  province  of  Xorth  Brabant,  12  miles  E,  of  Bois- 
le-Uuc.     Pop.  2136. 

XlTClIEGUOX,  nitchVgwc5n',  a  lake  of  Labrador,  about 
midway  between  James'  Bay  and  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean. 

XITII,  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  the  county  of  Ayr,  and 
after  a  S.E,  course  of  about  60  miles,  joins  Solway  Frith  8 
miles  S.  of  Dumfries,  by  an  estuary  5  miles  in  width, 

NITI-GIIAUT  or  Xj:,TEE  GUAUT,  nee'tee-gawt/,  a  pass 
across  the  Himalayas,  between  Thibet  and  the  British  dis- 
trict of  Kumaon,  aud  in  one  part  16,814  feet  in  elevation. 
The  village  of  Xili,  on  its  S,  side,  is  in  latitude  30°  47'  X,, 
Ion.  79-'  56'  E, 

XITIXAT,  nitVuat',  or  BERKELEY  (berklee)  SOUND, 
X'orth  America,  an  extensive  inlet  filled  with  islands,  on  the 
W,  coast  of  Vancouver's  Island ;  lat.  48°  50'  X.,  Ion.  125°  24' 
W.    It  is  about  12  miles  wide  at  its  entrance  between  Terron 
Point  on  the  N,  and  Carrasco  Point  on  the  S.E, 
NI'TOX,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Might,  at  its  S.  extremity. 
XIT/SIIILL,  a  village  of  Scotland,  county  and  4  miles  S,E. 
of  Renfrew.    Pop.  800. 
NIT'TAXY,  a  post-office  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Xiri'AXY  MuUXTAlX,  Pennsylvania,  a  ridge  extending 
through  the  E.  part  of  Centre  co.,  into  Union. 

Xli'i'EXAU,  uit'teh-uow\  a  marketrtown  of  Bavaria,  Up- 
per Palatinate,  on  the  Regen,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  16 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop,  1020, 

XITTUITZ,  nlt/trits,  a  village  of  Prussian  ?ilesi.i,  govern- 
ment of  Lieguitz,  circle  of  Griinberg.     Pop.  1006. 
XIUKALOF.\,    See  Xbckalofa. 

NIVE,  neev,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and, 
after  a  X,X.\V.  course  of  45  miles,  joins  the  Adour. 

XIVELLE,  neeVfill',  a  village  of  France,  dej  artment  of 
Nord,  25  miles  E.X.E.  of  Valenciennes.     Pop.  1570. 

XIVELLE,  neeVi'U',  or  XIVOXNE,  nce^ouu',  a  river 
rising  within  the  limits  of  Spain,  flowing  X.AV.,  falls  into 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  France. 

XIVELLES,  noeV^ll',  (Flemish  Ni/vd,  ni'vgl.)  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  17  miles  S.  of  Brussela. 
Pop.  7920.  It  has  a  fine  church,  with  a  colossal  statue  of 
Jean-de-Nivelles;  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  coarse 
lace,  cotton  and  linen  cloths. 

XI VERXOIS  or  XI VERXAIS,  neeVSn'ni',  au  old  province 
of  France,  near  its  centre,  now  composing  the  department 
of  N  icATe,  and  part  of  Cher.  'J^he  Canal  of  Xi  vernois,  ( N  iver- 
nais,)  45  miles  in  length,  connects  the  Loire  with  the  Youue 
aud  the  Seine, 
XIVERX  UX.    See  Neveks. 

Xl/VEHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Xew  York. 
XIVILLAC,  uee^vee\dk/.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan,  27  miles  S.E,  of  Vauues.     Pop.  2890. 

NIVOX.N'E,  a  river  of  France  and  Spain.     See  Xivelle. 
XJX/BCRG,  a  post-village  of  Coosa  co,,  AJaljama,  37  miles 
N,  by  K,  of  Montgomery. 
XIXDORF,  Groou,  groce  nix'doaf,  a  village  of  P<ohemia, 


NIX 


NIZ 


S3  miles  X.N.E.  of  Leitmeritz.    Pop.  5090.    It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollens  aud  linens,  and  mineral  bath?. 

NIXDOUi*',  Klkix,  kliue  rux/doRf,  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
adjacent  to  the  above. 

A'IZA,  noefzi,  a  town  of  Portugal,  proving  of  Aleratejo, 
21  miles  S.W.  of  I'ortalegre,  near  the  Tagus.     Pop.  2250. 

XIZA,  or  NITZA,  nif.td,  a  village  of  Jiuropean  Turkey, 
Albania,  on  the  Bay  of  Delvino,  opposite  Corfu. 

MZUMPATA.W  or  XIZW.MPATXA.M',  a  maritime  town 
of  Uritif^h  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Guntoor. 

MZAM'3  DOMIXIOXS  or  IIYDKRABAD,  the  largest 
native  state  in  lliudostan,  subsidiary  to  the  British,  and 
occupying  the  centre  of  the  Beccau ;  lat.  lo'^  to  2F  30'  N., 
Ion.  Ib"^  to  81"  30'  K.,  including  the  old  provinc<^s  of  Hydera- 
bad and  Beoder,  with  part  of  Auruiignbad,  Candei.-^h,  and 
Berar ;  bounded  on  the  X.  by  portions  of  the  territori<?8  on  the 
Nerlmddah,  belonging  to  the  British  and  to  Scindia,  together 
with  the  British  district  of  Oandeish ;  W.  by  the  presidency 
of  Bombay,  S.  and  S.K.  by  that  of  Madras.  On  the  E.  and 
X.E.  it  is  partly  separated  from  J}erar  or  Xagpoor  by  the 
rivers  Wurdah  and  Uodavery.  Beugth,  fi-om  N,  to  S.,  about 
3S0  miles  ;  greatest  breadth,  from  K.  to  W.,  320  miles ;  area 
95,337  square  miles.  It  is  chiefly  a  table-laud,  from  IMOO  feet 
to  2000  feet  above  the  sea,  with  a  surface  hilly  and  undulat- 
ing, rather  than  mountainous.  Some  granitic  ranges,  rising 
occa-sioually  to  2500  feet,  run  X.W.  to  S.K. ;  and  abrupt 
rocky  heights,  as  also  dikes  and  ravines  of  greenstone,  are 
interspersed  throughout  this  region.  The  Godavery  Kiver 
flows  tortuously  through  the  centre  of  the  country,  and 
the  Kistuah  similarly  winds  tlirou.:h  its  S.  part ;  other  prin- 
cipal streams  are  the  Payngunga,  Manjera,  Beemah,  and  the 
Toombuddra,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  .S.  boundary ;  all  the 
rivers  hold  au  E.  direction.  The  climate  is,  on  the  whole, 
temperate,  and  in  some  parts  even  cool ;  near  Hyderabad, 
in  the  S.,  the  thermometer  often  descends  as  low  as  40^^  or 
So'^  l-'ahrenheit ;  at  Secunderabad,  the  aunuiil  mean  is  81° 
6';  at  Jaulnah,  in  the  hot  season,  from  March  to  June,  the 
heat  ascends  to  90^  or  100'='  Fahrenheit. 

The  soil  is,  in  most  parts,  very  rich  and  fertile ;  and  ex- 
cept where  the  tanks  Iwive  been  allowed  to  decay,  the  coun- 
try is  very  well  watered.  At  least  8  varieties  of  rice  are 
grown,  and  two  crops  are  often  raised  on  the  same  field  in 
Civorable  ye;irs.  Barley,  chenna,'  oil  plants,  cucumbers, 
gourds,  hemp,  cotton,  sugar-cane,  betel,  tobacco,  sweet  pota- 
toes, and  other  culiuary  vegeUibles,  fruits,  and  aromatic 
seeds,  are  the  principal  articles  of  culture,  together  with 
jowary  (Indian  millet)  and  bajree  or  bajury.  (Hnlcus  spicor 
tus ;)  which  grains  form  the  chief  sustenance  of  the  laboring 
classes.  E.xcept  along  some  of  the  hill  ranges,  there  are  no 
extensive  jungles,  and  large  forest-trees  scarcely  e.xist,  except 
in  the  X.,  though  date  and  other  palm  groves  are  common. 
The  export  of  opium,  formerly  extensive,  has  ceased  since  the 
British  have  possessed  the  coast  distrii^t  in  the  Deccan.  The 
lands  are  mostly  held  by  militjiry  tenure ;  and  so  great  has 
been  the  oppression  of  the  jaghiredars,  or  holders  of  the 
feudal  fief-!,  that  in  no  part  of  the  peninsula  are  the  pea- 
santry so  impoverished. 

The  best  horses  in  the  Deccan  were  formerly  reared  in 
this  territory;  their  numbers  have  now  greatly  decreased. 
Sheep  are  pretty  numerous.  The  cattle  are  generally  small ; 
the  export  of  their  hides  has  latterly  ceasetl,  a  circumstance 
held  to  be  a  fivorable  index  of  the  spread  of  ag;riculture,  as 
leather  is  used  in  the  construction  of  nearly  every  farm 
implement.  The  tiger,  leopard,  panther,  bear,  antelop<!S, 
and  wild-hogs  are  numerous;  wild  buffaloes  are  met  with 
in  the  X.  Beer  and  buffalo  horns,  and  the  mi/Jalms  cichm-ei, 
an  insect  with  blistering  ctualitie.s,  reported  to  be  superior 
to  those  of  cantharides,  are  animal  products  of  some  mer- 
cantile importance.  Iron  ore  is  plentiful,  and  in  the  Xirmal 
Hills  it  is  magnetic.  Coal  is  found  near  the  junction  of  the 
rivers  Crodttvery  and  ^Vurdah.  Near  the  Godavery,  also,  are 
gome  mines  of  garnets:  at  Purteeal,  near  Coudapilly,  are 
diiimoad-mincs,  from  which  the  tre;isury  of  Golconda  was 
formerly  supplied;  they  are  mere  pits,  from  10  to  12  feet 
deep,  and  their  working  is  now  discontinued.  The  Xizam 
possesses  a  celebrated  diamond  weighing  1108  grains.  At 
Aurungaba<l.  nearly  1000  looms  are  employetl  in  the  manu- 
facture of  silks  and  brocades;  at  Warrangul  about  200 
looms  are  engaged  in  carpet- weaving;  at  Khummun,  in  the 
S.K.,  calico-printing  is  carried  on  by  means  of  wooden  blocks, 
as  at  Masulipatam,  &c.,  in  the  Madras  presidency.  Imports 
from  the  East  India  Company's  territories  are  copper,  textile 
fabrics,  sugar,  spices,  sandal- wrtod,  and  salt:  from  Cashmere, 
ihawls;  from  Malwah,  opium;  from  Marwar,  camels  and 
blankets.  Chief  exports: — steel,  cotton,  excellent  teak  tim- 
ber, and  agricultural  produce.  Although  the  reigning  dy- 
nasty is  Mohammedan,  not  more  than  one-tenth  of  the 
people  are  Mussulmen ;  except  in  the  capital,  where  they 
predominate,  the  m;ijority  of  the  population  are  Mahrattas 
and  Telingas,  with  Bheels  in  the  \V.,  Gonds  in  the  E.,  and  \ 
some  other  wild  races.  After  the  capital,  (Hyderaba<l.)  the  \ 
chief  towns  are  Elhchpoor,  Aurungabad,  Beeder,  Warran-  j 
eul,  Jaulnah,  Nandair.  Kurnool,  Golconda,  and  Secundera- 
Lad,  the  place  of  a  British  subsidiary  force.    The  famous  1 


sculptured  caves  of  Elora  are  in  the  X.'W.  part  of  Ihe  Xi- 
zam's  Uomiuions 

This  region  formed  one  ot  tne  great  soubahs  or  viceroyal 
ties  under  the  Mogul  Empire.  During  the  decline  of  ili.it 
power,  after  the  irruption  of  Xiulir  t^hali,  the  soubahdar, 
Xizam-ul-Mulk,  erected  it  into  an  independent  sovereignty 
which,  at  his  death,  in  1718,  extended  from  the  -Nerbuddiih 
to  Trichinopoly,  and  from  Ma,sulipatam  to  Bejapoor.  In 
1766,  after  a  hostile  invasion  of  the  Carn.atic  by  the  Nizam, 
the  British  obtuiued  from  him  the  cession  of  the  .Northern 
Circars;  and  about  ISOO  the  first  subsidiary  alliance  between 
the  East  India  Company  and  any  Indian  state  was  con- 
cluded with  the  Nizam.  In  18o8,  it  was  stipulated  by 
♦>-outy,  that,  while  the  Nizam  nomimxted  his  own  vizier  or 
premier,  the  British  resident  at  Ilyderaiiad  should  appoi;;t 
the  effective  minister.  In  addition  to  a  British  force.  th« 
Xizam  is  bound  to  support  a  .subsidiary  army  of  2750  caval- 
ry, 5700  infantry,  and  other  troop.s,  in  all  amounting  tc 
9400  men,  oilicered  from  the  several  Britisli  presidencies, 
and  costing  annually  30  lacs  of  rupees,  (300,0UOi.)  In  fur- 
ther addition,  he  maintaiiis  au  irregular  army  of  Rohillas, 
Arabs,  I'atans,  &c.,  comprising  from  30,000  to  35,000  men, 
at  a  cost  of  about  64  lacs,  or  640,000/.  annually,  and  who 
are  frequently  turbulent  and  clamorous  for  arre.ars  of  pay. 
The  expense  of  the  .soldiery  is  supposed  to  absorb  nearl}' 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  revenue,  which  has  been  estimated 
at  1,500,000^  annually.  The  population  has  been  variously 
estimated ;  in  the  llepmt  on  tlie  Tngonumetncal  Survey  aj 
India,  it  is  given  at  10,666,080. 

NIZEKB  or  N'LSIB,  ne-zeeb',  a  village  of  Xorthern  Syria, 
pa.sh.ilic  and  63  miles  N.E.  of  Aleppo,  W.  of  the  Euphrates. 
Hero  Ibrahim  Pasha  defeated  a  Turkish  force  in  1839. 

NIZIINKDVITZH,  N1SHNI:DE\V1TZK,  or  NIJXEDE- 
WITZK,  nizh/ni-di-vitzk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Voronezh.     Pop.  1900. 

XIZHNKE-LOMOV  or  XlJNIl-LOMuV,  nizh'neeMo-mnv', 
written  also  NISCHXlI-liK.MUW,  nish'nee'lo-mov',  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  &i  miles  X,\\'.  of  Penza.  Pop. 
6990.  It  has  an  annual  fair  in  July,  for  leather,  furs,  wax, 
and  drugs. 

XI/.HXEE-XOVGOnOD  or  XIJXII-XOVOOROD,  nizh'nee^ 
nov'go-rod',  written  also  NISCHXU  or  XI.SHNEl-XOVGO- 
ROD,  a  government  of  Central  I'ussia,  mostly  between  lat. 
54°  26'  and  57°  6'  X.,  and  Ion.  41°  40'  and  46°  38'  K.,  having 
on  the  E.  tlie  government  of  Kazan,  S.  Tambov,  Simbeersk, 
and  Penza,  W.  A'ladimcer,  and  on  the  X.  Kostroma.  Area 
18,636  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1850, 1,202,000.  Surface  mostly 
level ;  soil  very  fertile.  Principal  rivers,  the  Volga^with  ils 
affluents,  the  Oka,  Vetlooga,  and  Plana,  i'orests  are  exten- 
sive, the  produce  of  corn  considerably  exceeds  the  consump- 
tion, hemp  and  flax  are  cultivated  in  large  quantities,  and 
great  numbei-s  of  cattle  and  horses  are  reared.  Manufac- 
tures of  coarse  linens,  canvass,  cordage,  &c.,  are  considera- 
ble, as  are  also  the  iron  works,  distilleries,  tanneries,  soap 
works,  glass  works,  &c.  Principal  exports  are  corn  and 
flour,  cattle,  horses,  leather,  tallow,  linen,  canva.ss,  cord.age, 
iron,  timber,  potash,  and  glass.  Principal  towns.  Xizhneo- 
Xovgorod.  liaiakhna,  and  Arsamas. 

NIZHXEK  (XIJNII-  or  X1SGHXIT-)  XOVGOROD,  a  town 
of  Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  its  own  name,  near 
the  angle  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Oka  with  the 
Volga,  265  miles  E.N.E.  of  Moscow,  Lat.  56°  19'  43"  X., 
Ion.  44°  0'  5S"  E.  Pop.  in  1S.''>S,  36,354;  but  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  its  great  fair,  from  200,000  to  300,000  persons 
ai-e  here  collected  from  all  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  It 
consist*  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  town;  the  former,  or  cifci 
del,  on  a  height  S.  of  the  Volga,  is  imposing  in  appearanc-e, 
and  has  some  good  streets,  2  cathedrals,  the  governmei-.t 
oflices,  several  convents,  public  schools,  and  churches,  with 
an  obelisk  76  teet  in  height.  The  lower  town,  extending,  on 
flat  ground,  along  the  Volga,  is  chiefly  built  of  wood,  and 
communicates  by  a  bridge  of  boats  across  the  Oka,  where 
are  some  vast  iron  and  stone  bazaars,  erectotl  by  the  Empe- 
ror Alexander,  divided  into  various  sections  for  separate 
goods,  and  surrounded  l>y  the  rivers  and  a  canal.  Here  is 
held  the  largest  fair  in  the  world,  for  8  weeks  from  the  1st  cf 
July,  annually,  (removed  from  Slacariev  in  1817.)  It  is  held 
on  a  triangular  space,  formed  bj'  the  junction  of  the  left  banlt 
of  the  Oka  with  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga,  and  so  low  as  to 
be  often  completely  inuudateil.  This  danger  is  avoided  Iiy 
holding  the  fair  in  July  and  August,  the  driest  .season  of  the 
year.  At  all  otlier  times  the  space  remains  unoccupied,  and 
is  as  silent  and  lifeless  as  if  it  were  in  the  heart  of  a  steppe; 
but.  as  the  period  for  the  f?dr  approaches,  an  immense  town 
suddenly  starts  np  as  if  by  magic — not  mere  booths,  where 
merchandise  may  be  advantageously  displayed,  but  a  regu- 
lar town,  with  churches,  hospitals,  barracks,  and  theatres, 
built  of  cour.se  of  wood,  but  in  a  substantial  manuer.  Sn 
important  is  the  business  of  the  fair  deemed  to  be.  that  a 
handsome  building  is  erected  in  the  centre,  in  which,  dur- 
ing its  continuance,  the  governor  of  the  town,  with  a  nu- 
merous tr:iin  of  officials,  resides.  The  scene  on  the  river, 
as  witness^  from  the  Oka  bridge,  is  most  curious  and 
amusing.  So  numerous  are  the  vessels  of  every  description, 
engaged  in  delivering  or  seciu'ing  cargoes,  that  the  water 

1347 


:iiz 


NOG 


lan  scarcely  be  ?eei' ,  while  lu  other  parts  regular  towns 
i>f  boats  are  formed  and  oocuiaed  by  a  most  heterogeneous 
aquatic  cominuuitj',  to  the  number  of  about  40.UUO  souls. 
The  fair  is  laid  out  iu  regular  quarters,  each  allotted  to  a 
particular  species  of  goods.  In  one  quarter,  tea;  iu  another, 
co.stly  shawls,  carpets,  and  siili  goods;  and  in  others,  skins 
and  furs  from  almost  every  animal  that  lives  within  the 
arctic  circle.  A  large  quarter  is  set  apart  for  the  sale  of 
biberjan  iron,  and  contains  long  streets  piled  on  either  side 
with  that  metal,  in  every  variety  of  form,  raw  and  manu- 
factured. The  total  value  of  merchandise  exposed  for  sale 
^t  the  fair  of  1849  wfts  estimated  at  $01,71u,0oO,  of  which 
$.J9.oS0,0U0  was  domestic  produce,  and  $12,130,000  foreign. 
The  sales  of  domestic  produce  were, — rawmaterials.»;!>,o8d,OOU, 
provisions  $i,29U,0U0,  and  manufactures  $19,900,000,  total 
$33,775,000.  Of  the  foreign  merchandise,  there  were  sold 
$2.4(>8,60O  worth  of  European  raw  materials;  $1,024,000 
worth  of  European  manufactures;  and  $7.7Uti,00U  worth  of 
Asiatic  produce ;  total,  $ll,28S,0o0.  Total  sales,  $4o,063,000 ; 
leaving  $0,047,000  unsold.  At  all  sea.-<ons,  an  internal  com- 
merce of  almost  unparalli.'led  extent  is  in  active  operation, 
including  every  article  which  the  dilferent  quarters  of  the 
world  interchange  with  each  other.  Mzhnec-Novgorod  has 
ecclesia.stical  !\nd  military  academies,  various  other  public 
institutions,  and  some  manufactures  of  linens  and  leather. 
Steamers  were  established  on  the  Volga  to  Astrakhan  iu 
1820,  and  by  the  Kama  to  Perm,  1847. 

MZllNEE-TAtJUlhSlv,  ^"lJ.NIl-TAGmLSK,  or  XIJNY- 
TAGIhSK,  nizh'nee  td-ghilsk',  a  town  of  Kussia,  in  the 
Ural  llountaius,  goverumeut  and  loo  miles  Iv.  of  Perm,  is 
well  built,  and  has  hospital.-*,  schools,  .in  observatory,  exten- 
sive forges,  and  manufactures  of  machinery.    I'op.  22,000. 
MZIUI.V,  a  town  of  Turkey,    isee  Nisimx. 
MZMOW,  uiz'ne-ov\  a  village  of  Austrian  Galicia,  77 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Lemberg,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dniester. 
MZZA,  a  city  of  Ittdy.     See  Nice. 

NlZZA-.AlONi'KRllATO,  uif.sd  mon-fjR-ld'to,  or  XIZZA- 
DEhL,.\-i'AGLlA,  nif si  ddl'li  pll'yd,  a  town  of  Piedmont, 
division  and  17  miles  S.W.  of  Alessandria,  on  the  lielbo. 
Pop.  437ii.  It  has  some  industry  in  silk  spinning,  and  a 
brisk  trade  iu  wine,  raised  iu  its  neighborhood. 

N  JUKUNDA,  nyoo-roon'di,  a  river  of  Sweden,  lieu  of  Hcr- 
uosanJ,  after  an  K  course  of  170  miles  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  8  miles  S.£.  of  Sundsvall.  At  its  mouth  are  the 
viliage  and  harbor  of  Mjurunda. 

2\U'AH,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana. 

NUAiiiLliS,  no^il',  a  markot-towu  of  France,  department 
of  Ui.se,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Beauvais.     Pop.  900. 

XUAKOTK  or  NOACOTE,  no'd-kot',  (Xuva  cata,  "the 
new  fort,'')  a  town  of  North  Uindostan,  Nepaul,  17  miles 
N  \V.  of  Khatmandoo;  lat.  27°  53'  N.,  Ion.  85"  50'  E. 

.\OALE,  no-d'lA,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy,  14  miles 
N.E.  of  Padua.    Pop.  3300. 

XOAhliJO  or  XUALKXO,  no-a-l.VHo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Andalusia,  proviuce  and  22  miles  from  Jaeu.     Pop.  23^5. 

NUANAGCR,  no-d-na-gdr',  a  town  of  West  Uiudostan, 
Baroda  dominions,  in  the  province  of  Guzerai,  22  miles  S.NV. 
of  Jooria.  Lat.  22^^  56'  X.,  Ion.  70->  14'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  cloth  and  dye-works. 

XUANK',  a  post-village  in  Groton  township.  New  London 
CO.,  Connecticut,  at  the  mouth  of  .Mystic  Kiver,  2  miles 
below  Mystic  Bridge.  It  has  a  church,  a  ship-yard,  and 
several  stores.    Pop.  about  500. 

NOAPOORA,  no-d-poo'ri,  a  town  of  West  Hindostan,  Ba- 
roda dominions,  00  miles  K.  of  Surat. 

NOB'BEK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath. 

XOBEM)-JAN,  no-b^ml'jan/,  a  ruined  city  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Khoozistau,  N.  of  Kazeroon. 

NO'BLE,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an 
area  of  about  440  square  mil>-s.  It  is  drained  by  Wills,  Se- 
neca, and  Duck  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  and  well 
timbered;  the  soil,  being  of  limestone  formation,  is  durable 
and  highly  productive.  The  county  contains  quarries  of 
building  stone,  and  large  beds  of  stone-coal.  The  Central 
Ohio  Kailroad  touches  the  northern  border  of  this  county. 
Noble  county  was  formed  in  1851,  by  a  division  of  Monroe, 
Morgan,  and  Guernsey  counties.  Capital,  Sarahsville,  Pop. 
20.751.  • 

NOBLE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
430  square  railea.  It  is  drained  by  the  Elkhart  River.  The 
surface  is  diversified  with  slight  inequalities.  The  soil  is  a 
fertile,  sandy  loam.  lion  ore  is  tbund  in  large  quantities. 
Organized  in  183(5.    CapiUil,  Albion.    Pop.  14,915. 

NOBLE,  a  township  in  Defiance  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  770. 

NOBLE,  a  township  in  Noble  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1226. 

Nt  iBLK,  a  township  in  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 

NOBLE,  a  township  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  642. 

NOBLE,  a  township  in  Cass  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1047. 

NOItLE,  a  township  in  Jay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  954. 

NOBLE,  a  township  in  Laporte  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1231. 

NOBLK,  a  post-township  in  Noble  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  806. 

NOBLE,  a  post-township  in  Rush  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1193. 

NOBLE,  a  township  iu  Wabash  co.,  Indiana.    -Pop.  3650. 

NOBLE,  a  post-othce  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois. 

liU^LEBvjROUGII,  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 


on  the  E.  side  of  the  Damariscotta  Kiver,  24  niUes  S.E  of 
August.i.     Pop.  14:iS. 

NOBLE  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan, 
105  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing. 

NOBLE  IRON-WOItKS.  a  post-office  ot  Noble  co.,  Indiana, 

NOBLEJAS  or  NOBLEX.\S,  no-blA-ads/,  a  town  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  province  and  E.N.E.  of  Tole'lo.     Pop.  1008. 

NO'BLESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Peunsyl. 
Tania,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  about  300  inha- 
bitants. 

NO'BLESVILLE,  a  township  in  Hamilton  co.,  Indiaiuk 
Pop.19.i4. 

NUBLESVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Ha- 
milton CO.,  Indiana,  on  \\hite  liiver,  and  on  tbe  Peru  and 
Indianapolis  Railroad,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  It 
is  situated  on  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain,  and  is  a  place 
of  active  business,  which  has  lately  b>;eu  increased  by  the 
opening  of  the  railroad.  'The  vili.ige  has  3  or  4  churches,  a 
countv  .seminarv,  a  newspaper  office,  and  sevenil  hotels. 
Settled  in  1S21.  "  Pop.  iulSRO,  664;  in  1863,  about  1500. 

NOBLEYILLE.  a  post-office  of  Noble  co..  Ohio. 

NO'BODY'S  TURNOLT,  New  York,  a  stoUou  on  tho  Erie 
Railroad,  88  miles  from  Binghamton. 

NOBOSQUE  (no'bosk')  I'OINT,  at  the  entrance  of  Buz- 
zard's Bay,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Massachusetts.  It  containa 
a  fixed  light,  SO  feet  aliove  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  4P 
31'  5"  N.,  Ion.  70°  39'  53"  W. 

XOBRA,  no/bra,  or  NUBBRA,  nuVbri  a  divi.»ion  of 
Middle  Thibet,  elevation  mostly  above  11,000  feet,  but  popu- 
lous, well  cultivated,  and  having  a  fort  and  village  iu  lat. 
34°  38'  N.,  Ion.  77°  10'  E. 

NOBRESSART,  no'brJs'saB',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pi-o- 
vince  of  Luxemburg,  6  miles  N.W.  of  .\rlon.    Pop.  1329. 

NOCEDA  DEL  VIERZO,  uo-thd'od  dil  vfe-aia/tho,  a  village 
of  Spain,  province  and  50  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1206. 

NOCEI{.\,  no-chi/rd,  (anc.  Nucrlria  C<iindla>ria,)ii  decayed 
town  of  Central  Italy,  state  of  Umbria,  21  miles  E.  of  Peru- 
gia. Pop.  1114.  In  antiquity  it  was  famous  for  a  nianufao- 
tory  of  wooden  vessels.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  "oishopric,  founded 
A.  J).  402.    Near  it  are  some  mineral  baths. 

NOCERA.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I., 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Nic-astro.     Pop.  2300. 

NOCEK  A,  no-ch,Vrd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  II.,  district  and  13  miles  N.W,  of  Nicastro.    Pop.  2893. 

NOCERA  DEI  PAG  AN  I.  no  chi'rd  dX'e  pd-gd'iiee,  (anc 
Sucefria  Al/ater'na.)  a  town  of  .Naples,  province  of  Priucipato 
Citra,  on  the  Sarno,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Salerno.  Pop.  7400.  It 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  overlooked  by  the  citadel  and 
walls  of  the  ancient  city,  has  some  monasteries,  a  hospi^, 
cavalry  barracks,  several  public  schools,  and  manufactures 
of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics. 

NOCETO,  no-ch.Vto,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  6  miles 
W.  of  Parma,  on  the  Recchio.     Pop.  5753. 

NOCU'WAY,  a  post-office  of  Raudoli>h  co.,  Georgia. 

NOCI.  no'chee,  a  town  of  Naples,  pi-ovince  and  29  miles 
S.E.  of  Bari.  Pop.  6000.  It  h,is  a  large  hospital,  and  an 
active  trade  in  wine,  oil,  silk,  and  corn. 

NOCKWMIX'ON,  a  town.ship  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvauia. 
Pop.  1630. 

NOCK'IIOLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

NO  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

NOC'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NOIVAW.^Y,  a  small  river  of  Iowa  and  Missouri.  Rising 
in  the  S.W.  part  of  Iowa,  it  flows  southward  into  Missouri, 
and  forms  the  boundary  between  Atchison  and  Holt  counties 
on  the  right,  and  Nodaway  and  Andrew  on  the  left,  until 
it  enters  Missouri  River,  about  20  miles  above  St.  Joseph. 

NODAW  A  Y,  a  new  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Mis.souri, 
bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Nodaway  River,  from  which 
the  name  is  derived,  and  also  drained  by  the  head  streams  of 
the  Little  Platte  and  the  One  Hundred  and  Two  River. 
Capital,  Mary  ville.  Pop.  5252,  of  whoui  5125  were  free,  and 
127  slaves. 

NOD.\WAY,  a  post-office  of  Andrew  co.,  Missouri. 

NODAW.\Y,  a  post-office  of  Page  co.,  Iowa. 

NODUWEZ-LINSMEAU,  noMiiVd'  l.^Ns'mo',  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Brussels.     Pop.  1451. 

NOEL,  UO-&V,  or  MONI,  mo'nee,  an  island  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Java. 

NOEL,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  the  Sandwich 
group. 

NOELGUNGE,  no-Jl-gunj'.  a  fortified  town  of  Hindostan, 
dominions  of  Oude,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lucknow ;  lat.  26°  47' 
N..  Ion.  80°  33'  E. 

NOERDLINGEN.    See  Norduxoe-V, 

NOESSA-LAUT,  no-Js'sd-lawt,  a  small  island  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  S,  of  Ceram  ;  Kit.  3^  40'  S., 
Ion.  128°  50'  E.  The  clove  culture  is  actively  carried  on, 
and  the  inhabitants  all  profess  Ch»'«tianity. 

NOFELS,  no'fels.  a  village  of  .\ustria,  Tyrol,  circle  of  Vo- 
rarlburg.  about  2  miles  from  Feldkirch. 

NOGAISK,  no-ghlsk',  OBITOSUXEI  or  ORITOCHNE,!. 
o-be-tosh-nA'e,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  laurida.  iju 


NOG 


NOO 


Uie>  y«a  of  Azof,  65  miles  S.S.E.  of  Orikhov.  Pop.  3000, 
mostly  Nogais  Tartiirs. 

N(  »(jr  AKU,  no^gdVo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
on  the  Midou,  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  Auch.     I'op.  1390. 

NOGAT,  no'gilt.  the  K.  arm  of  the  river  Vistula,  as  its 
delta  ill  Went  Prussia,  leaves  the  main  stnam  12  miles  N. 
of  Marieuwerder,  and  after  a  N.N. 15.  course  of  33  miles, 
eut'ers  the  Frische-lialf  by  several  mouths. 

NUGENT,  no^zhrtN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute- \larue,  11  miles  N.  of  Lanicres.     Pop.  in  l}<5i,  3098. 

NUGENT-LK-BEKNAKD,  no'i:h6x<'/  leh  WR'naR',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  9  miles  S  K.  of  Mamers. 
Pop.  30;i0.  * 

NOGENT-Lf>R<)I,  no'zhSxo'  leh  rwl,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Drcux,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Eure.     Pop.  1320. 

NuGEXT-LK-llOTKOU,  uoVhdN"'  Ifh  roHroo',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Eure-et-Loir,  31  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Chartres,  on  the  lluine.  Pop.  in  1852,  6983.  It  is  built  in 
a  curious  form,  having  only  4  streets  with  a  meadow  in  the 
centre.  It  lias  a  communal  college  at  the  foot  of  a  height 
crowned  by  the  ruins  of  a  huge  ancient  fortress,  which  was 
iuliabited  by  Sully.  Nogent  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1428. 

NOGENT-SUK-.MAKNE,  no  zlibx"'  sliii  maRn,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine,  5  miles  E.  of  Paris,  on  the 
Marne,  with  manufactures  of  chemical  products,  and  a 
steam-engine  for  supplying  the  water  of  the  Marne  to  the 
neighboring  cantons.    Pop.  2S34. 

N>AiEN'i'-SUU-SKlNE,no'zhdx<''sUR  .sin,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Aube,  29  miles  W.N.W.  of  Troyes,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  and  on  the  railway  to  Montereau. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3469.  It  has  considerable  trade  in  timber  for 
the  provisioning  of  Paris,  and  tiour-mills.  Near  it  are  the 
ruins  of  Paraclet,  a  monastery  f  mnded  by  Abelard  in  the 
12th  century.     It  was  taken  by  the  Allies  in  1814. 

NO  Glli>VE,  a  post-office  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

NOGUEIRA  DO  CUAVO,  no-g.Ve-rd  do  kr.l'vo,  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Ueira  Uaixa,  about  40  miles 
from  Coimbra.     Pop.  850. 

NOGUERA  PALLAllESA,  no-g.Vrd  pal-li-rVsd,  a  river  of 
Spain,  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  near  the  Val  d'Aran,  in  Catalo- 
nia, Hows  S.S.W.  and  joins  the  Segre  20  miles  N.E.  oSLerida. 
Total  course  about  80  miles. 

NOGL'ERA-RiVAGORANZO,  no-g.Vrl  re-va-go-rdn'tho,  a 
river  of  Spain,  rising  in  the  Pyrenees,  near  the  Val  d'Aran, 
flows  S.,  forms,  for  a  considerable  part  of  its  course,  the 
boundary  between  Aragon  and  Catalonia,  and  falls  into  the 
gegre,  15  miles  S.  of  Lerida.     Total  course  80  miles. 

NV)llCACAR,(y)  nOh-kd-kdb',  a  village  of  Mexico,  Yucatan, 
lat.  20^  30'  N.,  ion.  89*^  35'  W.,  in  an  extensive  plain,  with  a 
large  church,  a  town-house,  and  a  large  school-house.  Near 
it  are  remains  of  an  ancient  city  of  same  name.    Pop.  about 

couo. 

NOIIOVALL.  no'ho-vaP,  or  NOUGIIILL,  nSii'ill,  a  parish 
of  Ireland.  Eeinster,  counties  of  Westmeath  and  Longford. 

NOIIOVALL  or  NOUGIIILL.  a  parish,  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

NOIIOVALL  or  NOUGIULL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Muuster, 
CO.  of  C<3rk. 

NO'IIi)VALL^-DAL'Y,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  coun- 
ties of  Cork  and  Kerry. 

NO'IIOVALL^-KER/KY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co. 
of  Kerry. 

NOIA,  two  towns  of  Naples.    See  Noja. 

NOI  IIOLITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  IIOLITZ. 

NOIR,  nwia,  an  island  of  South  America,  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Terra  del  Fuego,  lat.  54'^  30'  S.,  Ion.  73*^  5'  40"  W., 
about  600  feet  in  heigiit.  In  tlie  S.W.  it  terminates  in  a 
lofty  rock  like  a  tower  or  steeple,  which  bears  the  name  of 
Cape  Noir.  On  the  E.  is  an  excellent  roadstead,  with  a  clean, 
sandy  bottom,  and  safe  from  all  winds  between  N.  and  S. 
by  W.,  but  the  channel  between  the  island  and  the  main- 
land is  obstructed  by  numerous  rocks,  and  very  dangerous. 

NOIRE-FONTAINE,  nwdR  fAx«H:ln/,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Luxemburg,  33  miles  W.N.W.  of  .\rlon.    P.  1159. 

NOIRMONT,  nwdR^niAN'i/,  or  SCHWAUZENBERG, 
shwdRt'sen-bjRG',  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton and  io  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1121. 

NOIRMOOTIERS,  nwdR'mooUe-.V,  an  island  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, on  the  coast  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  separated 
from  the  continent  by  a  narrow  channel;  length  12  miles, 
greatest  breadth  3  miles.  It  has  rich  saline  marshes;  soil 
very  fertile.  It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1674,  and  by  the 
Vendeans  in  1793.  Pop.  in  1852,  8262.  Noirmoutiers,  the 
capital,  is  situated  on  the  N.E.  coast,  with  a  fortress  and 
harbor.     Pop.  2338. 

NOISY-LE-GRAND,  nwd^zee/  leh  grSjfo,  (L.  Noisiacum,,)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Seine,  on  the  right  bank  of 
tJie  Marne.  about  9  miles  from  Paris.     Pop.  1079. 

NOISY-LE-SEC,  nwd'zee/  leh  sjk',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Stras- 
bourg Railway,  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  1170. 

NO.I.A..  no'yd,  or  NOIA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  and  9 
miles  S.E.  of  Bari.     Pop.  5400. 

NOJA  or  NOIA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata, 
lapital  of  a  canton,  13  miles  S.S.\V.  of  'i'ursi.    Pop.  1350. 


NOKK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NOKEllE,  no^kaia/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  on  the  Zandbeek,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
1723. 

NOKUNDA,  no-kun'dd,  or  NOKUNDEII.  a  town  of  Persia, 
province  and  about  30  miles  W.  of  Astrabad,  iu  the  bay  of 
that  name,  on  the  S.E.  shores  of  the  Caspian. 

NOLA,  no'ld,  a  city  of  Italy,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoroj 
14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Naples,  in  a  wide  and  fertile  plain.  Pop, 
6400.  It  has  16  churches,  several  convents,  2  hospitals,  » 
royal  college  and  seminary,  large  cavalry  barracks,  an  old 
palace,  and  a  large  market-place.  Nola  was  anciently  one 
of  the  largest  cities  of  Mayna  Grncia,  besieged  by  Hannibal, 
after  the  battle  of  Cannae,  and  was  the  j.lace  where  Augus- 
tus Csesar  and  Marcus  Agrippa  died.  But  it  has  few  re- 
mains of  antiquity,  all  its  marbles  having  been  used  for  the 
construction  of  modern  buildings. 

NOLACIIUC/KY  or  NOLICHUCKY,  a  river,  rises  near 
the  N.W.  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  Yancey  co.,  in  the  W. 
part  of  North  Carolina.  F'lowing  into  Tennessee,  it  enters 
the  French  Broad  River  at  th"  W.  extremity  of  Greene 
county.  Its  general  direction  is  westMtfird,  and  its  whole 
lengtli  is  estimated  at  150  miles.  This  river  affords  im- 
mense water-power,  and  flows  among  mountain  ridges  which 
abound  in  iron  ore. 

NO'LAND'S  FERRY,  a  post-oSice  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia, 
161  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

NOLAND'S  FORK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Randolph  co.,  flows 
through  Wayne  co.,  and  enters  the  W.  fork  of  Whitewater 
River,  a  few  miles  above  Connersville. 

NOL.\ND'S  RIVER,  Texas,  a  small  stream  which  rises 
near  the  S.  lino  of  Tarrant  co.,  and  flows  southward  into 
Brazos  River. 

NOLAY,  no'l.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote- 
d'Or,  on  the  Cuzance,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Beaune.  Pop 
2241. 

NOL.\Y,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nievre,  11 
miles  N.E.  of  Nevers.    Pop.  1730. 

NOLI,  no'lee,  a  town  of  North  It.a1y,  division  of  Genoa, 
province  and  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Savoua,  on  the  Gulf  of  Ge- 
noa.   Pop.  1975. 

NOLIN  CREEK,  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
rises  iu  Hardin  co.,  flows  S.\V.,  and  enters  Green  River  at 
Brownsville,  in  Edmondson  county. 

NOLINSK.  no-leen.sk'  or  no-linsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment and  62  miles  S.  of  Viatka.     Pop.  1870. 

NO'LINSVILLE  or  NO'LKNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Williamson  co.,  Tennes.«ee.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

NO'IjIN,  a  postrofflco  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky. 

NOL'Tl)N,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

NOLY'E,  noHi',  a  town  of  Hindost.^n,  Gwalior  dominions, 
29  miles  W.S.W.  of  Oojein.     Lat.  23°  3'  N.,  Ion.  75°  27'  E. 

NOMBl'lLA,  nom-biVld,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  pro- 
vince of  Toledo,  near  the  Alberche,  S.E.  of  Madrid.     P.  1233. 

NOMBRlvDE-DIOS,  nom'bri  d;l  dee'oce,  a  town  of  the 
Jlcxican  Confederation,  department  and  60  miles  E.  of  Du- 
rango.     Pop.  6800.     Near  it  are  some  rich  silver-mines. 

NOMBRE-DE-DIOS,  nom'br.i  dd  dee'oce,  a  port  of  America, 
New  Granada,  deiJartment  of  IstmOj-on  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Panama. 

NO-MENY,  no'meh-nee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  capital  of  a  canton,  on  the  Seille,  here  crossed  by 
a  seven-arched  bridge,  14  miles  N.  of  Nancy.     Pop.  1324. 

NOM'INY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

NOMO,  no'mo,  or  NOMOS.\KI,  no-mo-sd^kee,  a  remark- 
able headland,  Japan,  on  the  W.  of  the  island  of  Kioosioo 
forming  the  S.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Nagasaki;  lat.  32°  35' 
N.,  Ion.  129°  43'  E.  Near  this  cape  is  the  small  island  of 
Kawasima,  and  to  the  N.W.  the  rocks  called  by  the  Japanese 
Mitsu-se,  and  by  the  Dutch  De  Hen  metde  Kuikens,  (or  The 
lien  and  Chickens.) 

NONA,  no/nd,  (ane.  MnonaT)  a  decayed  town  of  Dalmatia, 
9  miles  N.  of  Zara,  with  a  small  port,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
Pop.  500. 

NONANCOURT,  no'n5N<!'kooR/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  on  the  Avre,  18  miles  S.  of  Evreux.     P.  1410 
NONANTOLA.  no-ndn'to-ld,  a  town  of  Nortii  Italy,  situ-, 
ated  9  miles  N.E.  of  Modena,  on  the  Panaro. 
NONC  LO'V A,  more  properly  MONCLOVA,  Lucas  co.,  Ohio, 

NONCON'NOR,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee. 

NONE,  no'nd,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin, 
province  of  Pinerolo,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2538. 

NON'INGTON,  a  pariish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

N0NNF;NWEIER,  non/nen-^viVr,  a  village  of  Baden,  cir- 
cle of  Jliddle  Rliine,  on  the'  Rhine.     Pop.  1080. 

NONNENWERTH  ISLAND.     See  RoL.<.ND8WERTn. 

NONP.VREIL,  non-pd-rjll',  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

NONTRON,  nAxo'trON"',  a  town  of  I>ance,  department  of 
Dordogne,  on  the  Bandiat,  23  miles  N.  of  Perigiieux.  Pop. 
in  1852,  3758.  It  has  a  church,  college,  and  hospital,  large 
hot-blast  furnaces,  and  manufactures  of  cutlery. 

NOOKAHEEVA,  NOUKAIUVA  or  NUKAllI  VA.  noo-kd- 
hee'vd,  the  largest  of  the  Marquesas  Isles,  Pacific  Ocean 
near  the  centre  of  the  group,  lat.  of  W.  point,  8°  53'  6.,  Ion 

1349 


NOO 

13!^' WW  Length,  18  milt's.  The  surface  is  mountainous, 
and  richly  .vooded.     Pop.  18.000.(?) 

NOOKiUJR,  Jioo'kfir',  a  town  of  Biiti.sh  India,  presidency 
of  Uenjral,  1"  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Seharunpoor. 

NOOX,   N'  )UN    or  NUN.   noon,    or  AKASSA.   a-ka-'s-sS', 
WaD'Y  N0<»N,  a  river  of  Morocco,  formiiiR  a  part  of  its  S. 
houndary,  outers  the  Atlantic  after  a  W.  course  of  130  miles. 
NOOX,  NOUN  or  NUN,  noon,  a  river  of  Mantchooria, 
East  Asia,  after  a  generally  southward  course  of  500  miles 
joins  the  Soongan.^i  about  20  miles  N.  of  Petoone.    On  its 
hanks  are  the  towns  of  Mermen  and  Tsitsikar. 
NOONDAY,  a  po.»t-office  of  Cohh  co..  Grori;ia. 
NOONIVAK.  NOUNIVAK  or  NUNIVAK.  noo'ne-vik',  an 
island  of  Russian  America,  in  Behrinj;  Sea,  off  Cape  Van- 
couver.   Lat.  60°  N.,  Ion.  165°  to  167°  W.    Length,  70  miles ; 
mean  breadth,  about  30  miles. 

JVOOIi.    See  Nor. 

NOORA,  NOURA  or  NURA,  noo'rj,  a  river  of  Siberiii, 
rises  near  the  S.W.  frontier  of  the  government  of  Omsk, 
flows  N.W.  and  unites  with  the  Little  Noora  from  Lake 
Kurgaldjira,  and  with  the  Kuzakutchiu,  forming  the  Ishim. 

NuORAUAD,  nooVa-bdd',  ('•  the  abode  of  light,")  a  viUage 
of  India,  dominion  "and  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Gwalior. 

NOUKCONDY,  noor-kou/dee,  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deo- 
can,  38  miles  S.8.W.  of  Bigapoor,  with  a  large  stone  fort. 

NOORDBROEK,  nORt'brOok,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  and  13  miles  E.  of  (ironingen. 

.NOOKDIIORN,  nOut'horu,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  and  IS  miles  W.N.W.  of  tironingeu.     Pop.  808. 

NOOIIDWOLDE,  nuRf  wol-deh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Frieslaud,  12  miles  S.K.  of  lleerenveeu.  Pop. 
1792. 

NOORDWYKERUOUT,  noRfwi-ker-howt\  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  8  mile.s  N.W.  of 
Levden.     Pop.  832. 

NOORDWYK-BINNEN,  noRt'wik  bin'uen.  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  7  miles  N.W.  of 
Leyden.  Pop.  2000.  Nordwyk  or  _KoKUWYK-AM-ZtE,  uort/- 
^ik  im  zk,  is  a  village  near  the  above.    Pop.  700. 

NOOUDZEE.  DE.    See  North  Sjja. 

NOOltJA,  nooR'ja,  a  considerable  village  of  Sinde,  14  miles 
N.  of  Sehwan,  and  3  miles  W.  from  the  Indus;  lat.  26-^  32' 
N.,  Ion.  67'=  53'  E. 

NOJT/KA-SOUND,  an  inlet  of  British  America,  on  the 
''V.  coast  of  Vancouver  Island,  lat.  49^  35'  N.,  Ion.  126°  34' 
W.,  forming  an  excell "nt  harbor  10  miles  across,  with  deep 
water,  and  numerous  i.'dets. 

AOK,  nor,  or  JS'OOU,  noor,  a  Tartar  word,  signifying 
Lake,  &c. 

NORA,  no'ri,  a  town  of  Central  Sweden,  ten  and  18 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Orebro.    Pop.  900. 

NO'KA,  ai)o.'*t-village  and  township  of  Jo  Daviess  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Central  Railroad,  30  miles  E.  of  tjalena.  Pop. 
in  18t)0,  950. 

NORBA  C^ESAREA.    See  Alcvntaka. 

NORBERU,  noR/bJuu,  a  mining  town  of  Sweden,  lain  and 
36  miles  N.N.W.  of  Westerns. 

NOR'BURY',  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

NORBUIIY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

NOKliURY,  a  parhsh  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

NOUBURY^,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

NORCIA,  noR'chd,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  state  of  Um- 
bria,  IS  miles  E.  of  Spoleto.  Pop.  3530.  It  is  situated  in 
a  high  valley,  near  the  source  of  the  Nera,  and  has  trade  in 
wine,  oil,  and  agricultural  produce.  It  is  identical  with 
thti  ancient  JVurlsia,  noted  by  Virgil  for  the  coldness  of  its 
climate. 

NORD,  noR,  a  department  of  France,  so  named  from  its 
position  in  the  N.  of  that  country,  formed  of  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Klander.s,  on  the  frontiers  of  Belgium.  Area  2170 
B.iuar«  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  1,303,380;  being,  aft*;r  the  de- 
partment of  Seine,  the  most  populous  in  France.  The  sui^ 
face  is  generally  flat,  and  watered  by  numerous  streams, 
among  which  are  the  Aa,  the  Scheldt,  and  its  atBuents  the 
Scarpe  and  Lys,  the  Deule  and  Sambre,  all  navigable,  and 
generally  united  by  cjinals.  It  has  rich  mines  of  cual,  iron, 
turf,  and  bitumen.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  the  best 
cultivated  in  France.  Fishing  is  actively  pursued  on  the 
coasts.  The  department  of  Nord  is,  also,  the  most  indus- 
trious in  France;  it  is  covered  with  manufa':tures  of  every 
kind,  of  which  the  most  celebrated  are  thread,  cambric, 
linen,  lace,  and  beet-root  sugar.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  arrondissenients  of  Avesnes,  Carabrai,  Douai,  Dun- 
kerque,  Ha/.ebrouck,  Lille,  and  Valenciennes.    Capital,  LiUe. 

NOUD-AMEUIKA.    See  North  Am£uica. 

NOUDBORG.  noRd'hoRO,  or  NOKBURG,  noR'WoKG.  a  town 
of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick,  on  the  island  of  Alsen,.13 
miles  E.N.K.  of  Apenrade.  in  Sleswick.     Pop.  1100. 

NOKDEN,  noK'd^n,  a  town  of  Hanover,  14  miles  N.W.  of 
Anriih.  joins  the  German  Ocean  bv  a  canal.     ]>up.  5050. 

NOUDUXBURG.  noR'den-br:ORG\a  town  of  East  Prussia, 
48  miles  S.K.  of  Kanigsberg.  on  a  small  lake.     Pop.  2350. 

N01U)i:i;-HAUG,  noRMfr-howg\?)  a  parish  of  Norway, 
Btift,  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Christiauia,  with  a  villaKo  ou  the 
river  Beina.    Pop  6400. 


NOR 

NORDERNEY,  noE'der-ni\  an  island  in  the  Norlii  Sea, 
20  miles  N.W.  of  Aurich.  with  an  area  of  4  square  mile«.  It 
has  sea-batliing  establL-^hmcuts,  and  a  fi.vhing  pop.  of  C20. 

NORDEIl  OUG,  noR'dtT  oG,  and  SUDER  0>Kl,  .soo'der  oG, 
are  islands  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick,  in  the  North 
Sea,  W.  of  Pelworm. 

N0RDj;k\VY'K,  noRMer-wrk\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Antwerp.    J'op.  1136. 

NORDHALBEN,  noRt/hdrben,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  Rodach,  30  Ui-'^s  N.  ofBaireuth.     Poj).  1354. 

NORDHAUSEN,  m  ftl/how'^en,  a  fortified  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  38  mile/  N.N.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Zorge.  Pop. 
17,496.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  flanked  by  towers,  and 
it  has  numerous  Lutheran  churches,  a  Roman  Catholic 
chapel,  3  hospitals,  an  orphan  asylum,  and  a  theatre.  The 
manufactures  comprise  woollen  and  linen  cloths,  sealing- 
wax,  soap,  and  leather,  and  it  has  numerous  distilleries 
and  oil-mills. 

NOllDllEni,  noRt'hmio,  or  NORT'HEIM,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, Hanover,  Vl  miles  N.  of  Gottingen,  on  the  Kuhme. 
Pop.  4033.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  manufactures 
of  tobacco. 

NORDHEIM,  NORTIIEIM  or  KALTEN-NORDHEIJI, 
kdl'tcn-noufhime,  a  town  of  Germany,  Saxe-Weimar,  ou 
the  Fulda,  N.E.  of  Eisenach.     Pop.  1480. 

NORDIIEI.M,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Lower  Franconia,  on 
the  iluiu.     Pop.  1038. 

NORDHEIM,  a  village  of  Germany,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  pro- 
vince of  Slarkeuburg,  near  Heppenheim.     Pop.  1U30. 

NORDHEIM,  a  village  of  Germany,  AVilrtemburg,  baili- 
wick of  Brackenheim.     Pop.  1242. 

NORDIIORN,  noRt/hoRu,  a  town  of  Hanover,  44  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Osnaburg,  ou  the  Vechte.     Pop.  1411. 

NORDKOPING,  (Nordkiiping,)  a  town  of  Sweden.    See 

NORRKJiil'ING. 

NORDKYN,  noRt'kiu\  the  most  N.  point  of  the  mainland 
of  Europe,  45  miles  E.  of  North  Cape.     Lat.  71^  6'  N. 

NORDLAND,  noRd/lind,  or  NORR/LAND,  u  diocese  or 
great  division  of  Norway,  mostly  between  lat.  05"  anil  70° 
i\.,  and  Ion.  12°  and  22°  E.,  having  W.  the  Atlantic.  Area, 
comprising  the  Loffoden  Islands,  14,337  square  miles.  Pop. 
65,512.   Xhief  town,  Bodiie. 

NORDLAND  or  NORRLAND,  the  N.  division  of  Iceland. 

NORDLINGEN,  (NiirdUngen,)  or  NOERDLINGEX,  noRt'- 
ling-en,  almost  uuRt/ling-en,  a  fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Goldbach,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Nuremberg,  with  a  station  on 
the  railway  between  Donauworth  and  Oettiugen.  Pop.  6464 
It  is  enclo.sed  by  ancient  hastioned  ramparts,  and  was  form- 
erly a  free  imperial  town.  It  has  a  hand.some  Gothic  cathe- 
dral, with  many  curious  monuments  and  paintings,  and  a 
tower  345  feet  in  height,  .'several  other  churches,  a  towii-hall 
ornamented  with  fresco  paintings,  an  or])han  a.'<yium,  and 
considerable  manufactures  of  leather,  linen,  and  woollen 
stuffs,  carpets,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  feathers,  gee.se,  and 
hogs.  In  1634,  the  Austrians  and  Bavarians  defeated  the 
Swedes  and  their  allies  here,  and  in  1796,  the  French  here 
defeated  the  Austrians. 

NORDSTRAXD,  noKt'strJnd,  an  island  of  Denmark,  off 
the  W.  coast  of  Sleswick,  15  miles  N.E.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Eder.  Area  20  sijuare  miles.  Pop.  JJUOO,  comprising  many 
descendants  of  Bx-abanters  who  settled  here  about  1652.  N. 
of  it  is  the  islet  Norustraxdisoh-Moor,  noRt/strind-ish  moE, 
foi'merly  a  part  of  this  island. 

NORE,  THE,  a  part  of  the  estuary  of  the  Englii-h  River 
Thames,  E.  of  Sheerness,  is  thus  named.  The  Nure  light 
floats  on  a  sandbank,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Sheerness.  Lat.  51° 
29'  N.,  lun.  0°  48'  W. 

NORENBERG,  no'rgn-bjRG\  a  town  of  Prussia,  Pomerania, 
40  miles  E.  of  Stettin,  on  Lake  Enzig.     Pop.  1760. 

NORFOLK,  nor'tyk,  a  largo  maritime  county  of  England, 
having  N.  and  E.  the  North  .Sea,  and  ^Y.  the  Wash.  Area 
2116  square  miles,  or  1,345,240  acres,  of  which  about  1,200,000 
are  in  grass  or  arable.  Pop.  in  ISoi,  442.714.  Surface  level, 
or  gently  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  the  Great  and  Little 
Ouse,  and  Yare.  Soil  in  a  few  parts  marshy,  but  mo.-tly  a 
light  sandy  loam.  Parks,  woods,  and  rabbit  warrens  are 
numerous.  Vast  quantities  of  turkeys  and  geese  are  riared 
for  the  Loudon  market.  Marl  is  the  only  mineral  of  conse- 
queni^e.  The  Norfolk  Railway,  and  branches  of  the  East 
Anglian  and  East  Counties  Railway,  traverse  this  county. 
Chief  towns,  Norwich,  Yarmouth,  Lynn,  and  Thetlbrd.  Its 
E.  and  W.  divisions  each  send  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  8  members  are  sent  by  the  above-named 
boroughs.  Under  the  Britons,  Norfolk  formed  a  part  of  the 
territory  of  the  Ice'ni,  and  under  the  Saxons,  if  the  king- 
dom of  East  Auglia.  It  gives  the  title  of  Premier,  Duke, 
and  Peer  of  England  to  the  Howard  family,  as  desisiudauts 
of  the  -Mowbrays. 

NORFOLK,  nor'fok,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  7.\a  sachu- 
sotts,  has  an  area  df  about  520  square  miles.  It  it,  bounded 
on  the  N.E.  by  Massachusetts  Bay  and  Boston  Harbor, 
and  is  watered  by  the  Charles,  Neponset,  and  other  s-'nnller 
rivers,  which  furnish  valuable  water-power.  The  surface  ifl 
uneven,  and  in  the  N.E.  mountainous.  The  soil  is  fortile,  and 
iu  the  eastern  portions  iu  a  high  staty  of  cultivation,  furniab- 


J 


NOR 


NOR 


Ing  the  pr!nc))>al  sources  for  the  supply  of  fruit  and  vegeta- 
bles to  the  Bot^ton  markets.  The  celebrated  Quiucy  granite 
is  obtained  in  this  county,  and  from  the  quarry  a  railroad 
(the  first  laid  in  the  United  Stales)  exti^uds  to  Neponset 
Kiver.  Norfjlk  county  is  traversed  by  railroads  connecting 
Boston  and  I'lymouth,  with  i'ro^idence,  and  with  Wor- 
cester, and  partly  intersected  by  two  or  three  other  railroads. 
Organized  in  1793,  (having  previously  formed  a  part  of 
Suffolk.)  and  named  from  Norfolk,  a  county  in  England. 
Capital,  Dedbam.    Pop.  109.950. 

NOKFOLIC,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  hoi-der- 
Ing  on  Xorlh  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  480  square  miles.  It 
is  situated  on  the  western  shore  of  Chesapeake  I!ay,  on  the 
estuary  of  James  River,  which  is  called  Hampton  Koads. 
The  county  is  drained  by  Deep  Creek  and  Klizabeth  and 
North  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  generally 
eand3'  or  swampy.  A  large  portion  of  the  Dx.«mal  Swamp 
is  comprised  wilhin  its  limits.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal,  which  connects  the  Chesapeake 
with  Albemarle  Sound,  and  by  the  Portsmouth  and  Roanoke 
Railroad.  Capital,  Portsmouth.  Pop.  30,227,  of  whom 
27,223  were  free,  and  9004  slaves. 

NORFOLK,  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
about  30  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  1S03. 

NORFOLK,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  St.  Lawrence, 
CO.,  New  York.     Pop.  2329. 

NOUFOLIv,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Norfolk  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, is  situated  on  the  right  or  N.  bank  of  Klizabeth  Kiver, 
8  miles  from  Hampton  Roads,  32  miles  from  the  sea,  ICO 
miles  by  water  or  106  miles  by  laud  S.E.  of  Richmond. 
Lat.  30°  51'  N.,  Ion.  76°  19'  W.  The  river,  which  is  seven- 
eighths  of  a  mile  wide,  separates  it  from  Portsmouth.  Next 
to  Richmond,  Norfolk  is  the  most  populous  i:ity  of  Virginia. 
It  has  more  foreign  commerce  than  any  other  place  in  the 
Etate,  and  tt>gether  with  Portsmouth  is  the  most  important 
naval  station  in  the  Union.  See  Poutsmol'TH.  The  harbor 
is  large,  safe,  and  easily  accessible,  admitting  vessels  of  the 
largest  class  to  come  to  the  wharves.  The  site  of  the  city  is 
almost  a  dead  level;  the  plan  is  somewhat  irregular;  the 
streets  are  wide,  mostly  well  built  with  brick  or  stone 
houses,  and  lighted  with  gas.  Tlie  most  conspicuous  public 
buildings  are  the  City  Ilall,  which  has  a  granite  front,  a 
cupola  110  feet  high,  and  a  portico  of  six  Tuscan  columns; 
its  dimensions  are  80  feet  by  60  :  the  Norfolk  Military  Aca- 
demy, a  Doric  structure  91  feet  by  47,  with  a  portico  of  six 
columns  at  each  end  :  the  Mechanics'  Ilall,  a  Gothic  building 
90  feet  by  60:  Ashland  Hall,  and  a  Baptist  church,  witl],a 
steeple  200  feet  high.  A  new  custom-house  is  being  elected, 
at  a  cost  of  aliout  $140,000.  It  contains  14  churches,  9 
seminaries,  an  hospital,  an  orphan  asylum,  3  Kinks,  and  2 
reading-rooms.     Five  newspapers  are  published  here. 

The  trade  of  Norfolk  is  facilitated  by  the  Dismal  Swamp 
Canal,  which  opens  a  communication  between  Chesapeake 
Btiy  and  Albemarle  Sound,  and  by  the  Seaboard  and 
Roanoke  Railroad,  which  connects  it  with  the  towns  of  North 
and  South  Carolina.  The  canal,  constructed  with  great 
labor  through  the  Dismal  Swamp,  is  navigable  by  schooners, 
and  brings  to  this  place  a  very  extensive  trade  in  corn  and 
lumber.  Within  a  few  years  past,  many  substantial  ware- 
houses and  handsome  dwellings  have  been  erected,  giving 
evidence  of  its  increased  prosperity,  con.«equent  on  these 
Internal  improvement.s.  Norfolk  communicates  witli  New 
York  and  I'hiladelphia  by  regular  lines  of  ocean  steamers. 
A  railroad  is  completed  from  this  city  to  Petersburg.  The 
entrance  of  the  harbor  is  defended  by  Forts  Calhoun  and  j 
Monroe.  The  capital  invested  in  manufactures  is  about 
$570,000,  and  the  value  of  the  annual  productions  is  esti- 
mated at  Sl.140.000.  Vast  quantities  of  oysters,  vegetables, 
and  poultry  are  annually  shipped  here,  amounting  in  value 
to  about  ,*»0.000.  About  ISUO  barrels  of  eggs,  valued  at 
$36,000,  avid  1,000,000  pounds  of  r.igs,  worth  §45,000,  were 
shipped  at  Norfolk  in  1852.  The  as.sessed  value  of  real  estate 
is  S5,),000.0ii0.  The  shipping  of  the  port,  June  30,  18.4. 
amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  13.254  tons  registered,  and 
16.180  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  14,636 
tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  and  1500  tons  in 
steam  navigation.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were 
126.  (tons.  57,883,)  of  which  93  (tons,  4892)  were  by  .American 
vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  were  129,  (tons, 
24.447.)  of  which  94  (tons,  17,886)  were  by  American  ve.ssels. 
During  the  year,  2  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  Inirden  of 
1096  tons,  were  admeasured.  Norfolk  was  laid  out  in  1705, 
Incorporated  as  a  iiorough  in  1736,  and  as  a  city  in  1845. 
In  1776  it  was  burnt  by  the  British.  Pop.  in  ISuO,  14,326; 
In  I860,  14.620. 

NOR'FOLK.  a  co.  of  Canada  West,  bonlering  upon  I>ake 
Erie,  comprises  an  area  of  600  square  miles.  This  county 
Is  watered  by  several  small  streams  Hewing  into  Lake  Erie. 
Capital,  Sinicoe.     Pop.  21,281. 

NORFOLK,  a  township  and  fort  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 54  miles  E.S.E.  of  London,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Lake  Erie. 

NOR'FOLK  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  district  of  Richmond.  20  m.  E  of  Ilobart-Town, 
and  nearly  land-locked  by  Forrestier  and  Tasman  Penin- 
sulas.   It  has  deep  water,  and  contains  several  islets. 


NORFOLK  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  between  New  Zealand 
and  New  Caledonia,  in  lat.  29°  S.,  Ion.  168°  10'  E.,  .ibout  1200 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Sydney ;  length  6  miles,  breadth  4  miles.  Ic 
its  centre  is  Mount  Pitt.  The  island  is  well  watered  and 
fertile.  Climate  healthy.  It  was  discovercu  by  Captain 
Cook,  and  is  appropriated  as  a  penal  colony  tor  the  most 
heavily-sentenced  British  convicts. 

NORFOLK,  NEW,  a  district  of  Van  Dieman's  Land,  having 
N.E. and  S.  the  distrietsClyde,  Richmoud,:indIlolait-'Io\vn. 
Area  about  1500  square  miles.  Surface  in  a  great  part  rockj 
and  barren,  but  it  conipri.«es  some  fertile  tracts  along  the 
.Jordan,  and  the  Derwent.  which  is  its  chief  rivir,  and  on 
which  are  the  settlements  of  Hamilton  and  New  Norfolk, 
21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hobart-Town.  A  hundred  and  parish  of 
the  district  have  the  same  name. 

NORFOLK,  NEW,  a  name  formerly  applied  to  the  coast  line 
of  Russian  .America,  from  .^.dniiralty  Bay  to  Baranov  Island. 

NORFOLK  PLAINS,  a  district  of  Van  Dieman's  Land, 
having  N.  Bass'  Strait.  Area  2250  square  miles.  I'rlncipal 
rivers,  the  Mersey,  Rubicon,  West  River,  and  Liffey.  Prin- 
cipal towns,  Latour  and  "Westbury.  On  its  coiist  are  Fort« 
Frederick  and  Sorell. 

NORFOLK  SOUND,  on  the  coast  of  Russian  America,  is 
a  bay  on  the  W.  side  of  King  George  III.  Archipelago,  on 
which  is  the  Russian  town  of  Sitka,  or  New  Archangel. 

NORGE,  a  country  of  Europe.     See  Norway. 

NOR'IIAM  or  NORHAMjSIURE,  nor'am-shir,  a  parish  of 
England,  forming  with  Islandshire  a  detached  part  of  the 
county  of  Durham,  in  the  N.  of  the  county  of  Northumber- 
land, on  the  Tweed.  It  has  fine  ruins  of  a  castle,  tamous 
in  the  Border  wars,  and  described  in  Scott's  •'  Warmion." 

NOR'IC  ALl'S,  (L.  Jl'jies  Aor'iccr.)  that  portion  of  the 
great  .Vlpine  chain  stretching  from  the  Rhictian  .\!ps.  about 
Ion.  12°  15'  E.,  in  an  E.  direction  to  Vienna  and  Presburg, 
and  covering,  with  its  ramifications,  Styria,  .Salzburg.  South 
Austria,  and  a  part  of  Carintbi.a.  all  which  provinces  were 
comprised  in  tlie  ancient  A'or'tciim. 

N0RIMBERG.\.  a  town  of  Germ.iny.    See  Nuukmbekg. 

NORINSK.  no-rinsk'.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Volhynia. 

NORK.\.  noR/k3,  a  large  villase  of  Russia,  government  of 
Saratov.     Pop.  4.500.  mostly  Lutherans. 

NOR'LAND,  township  of  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

NOR/LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co..of  Chester. 

NOll'.MAL  COLLEGE,  a  post-'offlce  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina. 

NOR'JIAX  or  NORMAN'S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Virgin 
Islands  of  the  West  Indies,  N.E.  of  St.  John,  2  miles  long, 
and  under  1  mile  broad;  lat.  18°  19'  N.,  Ion.  64°  32'  W.  On 
its  W.  side  is  JIan-of-War  Bay. 

NOR/M-iNBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NORMANBY,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

NORMAXBY,  a  maritime  county  of  Au.stralia,  A'ictoria, 
100  miles  W.  of  I'ort  I'hillip.  Area  3125  square  miles.  Pop. 
2207.     Chief  towns,  Portland,  Belfast,  and  Warnambool. 

NORMANBY-ON-THE-WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

NOROI.XNDY,  (Fr.  Kormamlie,  noR'm6N°Mec' ;  L.  Nor- 
manhiia  or  Nnu'slria.)  an  ancient  |)rovince  of  F'rance,  was 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Normandy,  and  was  bounded 
N.  and  W.  by  the  English  Channel.  Area  10.634  square 
miles.  On  the  decline  of  the  Roman  Empire,  it  was  seized 
by  the  Franks,  and  afterwards,  in  the  9th  century,  wrested 
from  them  by  the  Normans,  front  whom  it  has  derived  its 
name.  When  William  the  Conqueror  mounted  the  English 
throne,  in  1006.  it  was  incorporated  with,  and  continued  to 
form,  an  important  part  of  the  English  monarchy.  The 
capital  was  Rouen  till  1204,  when  it  was  united  to  France 
by  Philip  Augustus.  It  was  again  taken  by  the  Flngli.sh  in 
1419,  and  retained  by  them  till  1425.  when  it  was  .again 
joined  to  France  under  Charles  VII.  It  is  now  divided  into 
the  departments  of  Scine-Inferieure,  Eure.  Calvados.  Manche, 
and  Orne.  Normandy  occupied  the  central  portion  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Neu'stria,  (Fr.  Ncudrie.)  niisUree',)  one 
of  the  parts  into  which  the  empire  of  Charlemagne  was 
divided,  and  which  extended  from  the  mouths  of  the  Rhine 
to  the  Bay  of  Biscay.    See  Osteasib. 

NOR'.MANDY,  a  post-village  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
40  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

NOR'M.-iN  ISLES  conipri.se  the  Channel  Islands.  .Jersey, 
Guernsey,  &c.,  which  see.  They  are  the  sole  portions  of 
Normandy  yet  remaining  to  England,  to  which  kingdom 
they  have  uninterruptedly  belonged  since  the  Conquest. 

NORMAN'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  -MKany  co..  New  York. 

NORM.W'S  KILL,  a  sm.ill  mill  stream,  enters  the  TTndson 
River,  about  one  and  a  h.ilf  miles  below  Albany,  New  York. 

NOR'.MANTON,  a  parish. of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

NORM.\NT0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

N0RM.\NT0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

NOR.MANTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest 
Riding,  3j  miles  E.N.E.  of  Wakefield,  and  connected  with 
York,  kc.  by  the  North  Midland  Railway. 

N01O1.A.NT0N-0N-S0AR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

1361 


KOR 

NORM  A'iJTON.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derliy. 
KOKMANTON  ox-TKENT,  a  parish  of  Kugland,  co.  of 
Notti. 

NOKOr-LE-BOURG.  no'rwi/  leh  booR,  a  market-town  of 
I  rauce,  'lepartment  of  Ilaute-Saone,  7  miles  E.  of  Vesoul. 
Pop.  1233. 

XORR,  noR.  a  market-town  of  Biugia,  gOTernmeut  and 
circle  of  Yaroslav,  on  the  Volga.     I'op.  1500. 

XORREXT-FONTES,  uor'rSW  fi.Nt,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  I'as-de-Calais,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bethune. 
top.  1480. 

XORRIDGEWOCK,  nor'rij-wi.k\  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship, capital  of  Somerset  co..  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec  River, 
here  crossed  by  a  toll-bridge,  about  28  miles  \.  of  Augusta. 
The  village  contains  2  churches,  a  court-house,  jail,  and  the 
Norridgewock  Female  Academy.  The  township  is  crossed 
by  the  Somerset  and  Kennebec  Railroad,  which  is  eom- 
pleted  to  Skowhcgan,  about  5  miles  from  Norridgewock 
village.    Pop.  of  tlio  township,  1898. 

v  NOR'RIESTOWX,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  8 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Stirling.  Pop.  750. 
IsOR'RIS  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  CO.,  Tennessee. 
NOKUIS  F.\LLiS,  a  manufacturing  village  of  Cuyahoga 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  a  branch  of  Rocky  River. 
NORRIS  FORK,  a  postoffice  of  Henry  co.,  Jlissouri. 
NOR'RISTOWX,  a  handsome  town,  capital  of  >Iontgomery 
county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuylkill 
River,  91  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg,  and  16  miles  N.VV.  of 
Philadelphia,  viith  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  The 
situation  is  elevated  and  beautiful;  the  town  is  regularly 
planned,  and  built  in  a  neat  and  substantial  manner.  Brick 
and  stone  are  the  materials  employed  almost  exclusively. 
The  court-house,  which  was  completed  in  1S55,  is  one  of 
the  most  splendid  and  costly  buildings  of  its  class  in  the 
United  States.  The  material  is  a  native  marble,  of  a  light 
gray  color.  The  town  contains  a  handsome  county  prison, 
2  banks,  a  public  library,  1  Catholic  and  10  Protestant 
churches,  and  3  flourishing  boarding-schools,  2  of  which 
have  hirge  and  elegant  buildings  situated  on  high  ground 
in  the  E.  part  of  the  town ;  4  newspapers  are  published  here. 
The  Schuylkill  River  is  crossed  by  two  substantial  covered 
bridges,  which  connect  this  town  with  the  borough  of  Bridge- 
port. Gaslight  Wiia  introduced  during  the  year  1853.  Norris- 
town  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Chester  Valley  lUiilroad,  22 
miles  in  length,  which  intersects  the  Central  Railroad  at 
Downintrtown.  The  improved  navigation  of  the  »iver 
affords  facilities  for  the  trade  of  this  town.  The  Reading 
Railroad  which  passes  along  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river, 
opens  a  ready  communication  to  the  coal-mines  of  Schuyl- 
kill county.  Nine  cotton  and  woollen  factories,  3  rolling- 
mills,  1  furnace,  and  1  nail  factory  furnish  employment  to 
several  hundred  operatives.  Population  in  1850.'  602-t :  in 
1860,  8448. 

NORRISTOWN,  a  post-village  in  Pope  co.,  Arkansas,  on 
Arkansas  River,  65  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Little  liock. 

NORRISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  130 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 
NORRISTOWN,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana. 
NOR/RISVILLE,  a  village   in  Wilcox  co.,  Alabama,  65 
miles  S.W.  by  ^V.  of  Jlontgomery. 

NOR'RITOX,  a  township  in  Montgomery  co.,  Penngylvar 
ni.'i,  on  the  Schuylkill,  adjoining  Norristown.  Population, 
1406. 

NOR'RITONVILLE,  a  post-villaste  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  3  or  4  mil^p  X.  of  Norristown, 

NORRKJOPIXO,  (Norrkjoping,)  noR'chii'plng,  or  NORD: 
KOPIXG,  (Xordkdping,)  noRd'chii'ping,  a  town  and  port  of 
Sweden,  hen  of  I^inkiiping,  on  the  Jlotala,  here  crossed  by 
several  bridges,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic  So  miles  S.W. 
of  Stockholm.  Pop.  21,579.  It  h.is  numerous  manufactures 
of  brass  and  hardwares,  linen,  cotton,  and  coarse  woollen 
fabrics,  gloves,  starch,  paper,  and  leather,  sugar  refineries, 
oil-mills,  ship-building  docks,  and  a  considerable  salmon 
fishery.  Its  quay  is  commodious,  and  admits  of  vessels 
coming  close  to  it. 
NORRLAXD.  of  Norw.Hy  or  Iceland.  See  Norduvd. 
NORRSKA  FIELLEX,  noRs'kd  fyjl'len.  or  XORWEGIAN 
(noR-wee'jan)  RANGE,  a  name  .sometimes  employed  by  geo- 
graphers to  designate  the  ma.ss  of  mountains,  which,  com- 
mencing near  the  Dovrefield  Mountains,  occupies  more 
than  three-fourths  of  the  S.  part  of  Norway.  It  there  in- 
cludes the  ranges  known  by  the  names  of  Langfield,  Sogne- 
field.  Fillefield,  Byglefield,  and  Voklelield.  Its  loftiest  sum- 
aiits  a.e  in  the  N.,  where  Sneo  Braen  is  7000  feet, 

NORRTLEJE.  noRt'KVyA,  written  also  NORTELJE,  a  sea- 
port town  of  Sweden,  1,-en  and  37  miles  N.E.  of  Stockholm, 
on  the  Baltic.     Pop.  1050. 

NOKT,  noR.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lolre-TnfS- 
vm;T?T  *'"!  *-'■'*'■?•.  ^^  •""«*'  ^'•^■••^-  "<■  N»"tes.     Pop.  1600. 
xi^HS'  *  *«^*"^'"P  of  Harrison  co ,  Ohio.    Pop.  1073. 
t)ll^l]l'  *  !"""i''l'  i"  I'"ke  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop  728. 
NORTH,  a  township  in  Cook  CO.,  Illinois.    Pon  589 
NORTH  ABMX0.TOX.  a  village  of  Plymouth  co.   Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Old  Colony  Railroad,  1^  mUes  S  S  E    of 
Boston, 

1352 


NOR 

NORTH  ACTON,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  Maine. 
NORTH  .\IVAMS,  a   flourishing   post-village  of  Adamt 
township,  Berkshire   co.,  Massachusetts,  on    the   Hoosick 
River,  at  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Pitslield  and  North 
Adams  Railroad.  20  miles  N,  by  E.  of  I'itstield,  and  by  rail- 
raad  171  miles  W.  by  N,  of  Boston,     It  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  mo.st  prosperous  manufacturing  villages  in  the  county. 
It  contains  numerous  priut  works,  and  cotton  and  woollen 
mills,  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes,  iron.  sa.«h,  and 
blinds,  Ac;  also  6  churches,  a  bank,  a  savings  institution, 
and  1  printing-office,  issuing  a  weekly  uewsijuper.     Pop 
about  4r,00, 
NORTH  ADAMS,  a  postvillage  of  Jefferson  co..  New  Yort 
NORTH  ADAM.<,  a  post-office  of  Hill.stlale  co.,  Michigan. 
NORTH  A'DRIAX,  a  post-office  of  Lemtwee  co.,  Michigan, 
NORTH  AI^BAX  Y,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 
NORTH'ALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 
NORTHALL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  3  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ivin^hoe.     Pop.  600. 

NORTHAL'LERTON,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  and  30  miles  N.X.W.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Grbat  North  of  England  Rail- 
way, i'op.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851,  4995.  It 
stands  in  the  beautiful  vale  of  the  Wiske,  It  sends  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  vicinity  is  ••  Stanilai-d 
Hill,"  so  •ailed  from  the  famous  "  Battle  of  the  Standard,"  in 
which  the  English  defeated  the  Scotch  in  1138. 
NORTH  ALM'OND,  a  post  office,  Alleghany  co..  New  Y'ork. 
NOR'l'HA.M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
NORTH  AME'XIA,  a  village  of  Dutchess  CO.,  New  York. 
NORTH  AM KRICA.  See  Amkrica.  paL'e  70. 
NORTH  AMHKRST,  (am'erst.)  a  post-village  of  Amherst 
township.  Hampshire  CO..  ilassachusetts.  has  sineral  factories 
NOItTHAMl'TOX  or  NORTIIAMPTOXSIIIRE.  north- 
amp'ton-shir.  a  central  county  of  England.  Area,  9*5  square 
miles,  or  630,400  acres,  about  half  of  which  is  grass  land. 
Pop.  in  1851,  212,380.  The  surface  Is  finely  diversified  with 
gentle  hills  and  vales,  richly  wooded,  and  adorned  with  an 
unusual  number  of  mansions  and  parks.  Principal  rivers, 
the  Nene,  Welland,  and  Ouse.  Soil  mostly  a  stiff,  productive 
loam.  \Vhoat  and  beans  are  the  principal  crops,  but  the 
breeding  of  heavy  black  horses,  short-horned  cattle  and 
sheep,  and  the  feeding  of  cattle,  forms,  with  the  dairy,  the 
chief  object  of  husliandry.  The  Grand  Junction  4>nd  Grand 
Union  Canals,  and  the  Loudon  and  Birmingham,  and  North- 
ampton and  Peterborough  Railways,  traverse  the  county. 
Chief  towns,  Northamidon,  Peterborough,  Higham-Ferrers, 
Brackley,  and  Wellingborough.  It  sends  4  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons  for  the  county,  besides  4  for  its  boroughs. 
Under  the  Briton.s,  this  county  was  inhabited  by  the  Cori- 
tani;  under  the  Saxons,  it  formed  a  part  of  .Mercia. 

N0RTH.\MPTOX,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
and  town  of  England,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  a  slirpe, 
rising  from  the  left  bank  of  the  navigable  Nene,  here  cro.^sed 
by  two  stone  bridges,  and  on  a  branch  canal,  connecting  the 
Nene  with  the  Grand  Junction  Caual,  and  on  the  J'eter- 
borough  branch  of  the  London  and  North  Western  Railway, 
60  miles  .\.W,  of  Ix)ndou.  It  is  built  of  a  reddish  stone, 
obtained  in  the  vicinity;  and  has  four  principal  streets, 
meeting  in  a  large  open  market-place,  one  of  the  finest  in 
England. 

The  ecclesiastical  edifices  include  8  churches  of  the  Esta- 
blishment, and  numerous  Di.s.senting  chapels,  of  which  the 
Baptists  have  5,  the  Independents  3,  the  \Vesleyiin  Methoil- 
ists  3,  and  the  Friends,  Primitive  Methodists,  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  Unitarians,  1  each.  Among  the  churches  may  be 
mentioned  Ail  Saiuts',  rebuilt  in  1680,  after  the  designs  of 
Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  having  in  the  centre  a  statue  of 
Charles  11.;  St.  Katharine's,  a  neat  edifice,  in  the  Gothic 
6t}-le;  St.  l'eter'.s.  admired  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  spe- 
cimens of  decorated  Norman;  and  St.  Sepulchre".*,  supposed 
to  have  been  built  by  the  Templars,  on  the  motiel  of  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem.  Among  the 
Di.ssenting  chapels,  that  of  the  Independents  on  (.'.istle  Hill 
deserves  notice,  as  having  been,  for  20  years,  the  scene  of 
the  lal)or8  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Doildridge,  who  also  presided 
over  a  theological  academy  in  the  town.  The  principal  lite- 
rary and  educational  institutions  are  the  free  gr.^mmar, 
blue-coat,  green,  national,  British,  infant,  and  other  schools; 
the  Mechanics'  Institute,  which  possesses  a  library  of  10,000 
volumes;  the  Religious  and  Useful  Knowledge  Society,  with 
a  library  of  4000  volumes;  an  athenseum,  an  archaeological, 
and  au  architectural  society.  The  benevolent  institutions 
include,  in  addition  to  the  infirmary,  a  general  and  lunatic 
asylum,  the  Royal  Victoria  Dispensary,  St.  John's,  and 
Thoma-s-a-Becket  Hospitals,  &c. 

The  staple  manuf  icture  is  boots  and  shoes,  which  are  made 
very  extensively  for  the  supply  of  the  army,  and  of  the 
London  and  other  markets,  and  also  for  export.  The  num- 
ber of  hands  employed  is  about  9000,  nearly  one-third  of  the 
whole  inhabitants.  The  currying  of  leather  is  also  carried 
on  on  a  large  scale.  Hosiery  and  lace,  once  important 
branches  of  industry,  have  greatly  declined.  The  only  other 
important  industrial  establishmerts  are  iron  and  bra3« 
foundries,  breweries,  and  paper  au'^  corn  mills     Tile  town 


NOR 


NOR 


ha^  seTeral  banks  and  newspapers,  barracks,  com  exchange, 
yesti.?es  of  a  castle  built  at  the  Conquest,  and,  about  half 
a  mile  S.  of  the  town,  one  of  the  most  perf<!ct  of  the  funeral 
crosses  erected  by  Edward  I.  in  honor  of  his  queen.  North- 
ampton is  the  principal  place  of  election  for  the  county,  and 
geuds  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Several  par- 
liaments have  been  held  in  Northampton,  which,  for  a  brief 
perioil,  was  the  seat  of  a  university.  In  1460,  the  Karl  of 
Warwick  gained  here  a  great  victory  over  the  l^ancjistrians. 
In  the  meadows  on  the  .N'ene,  immediately  S.  of  the  town. 
In  164:2,  the  town  was  fortified  by  Lord  Brooke  for  the  Par- 
liament. In  1675,  it  was  mostly  destroyed  by  fire,  i'letcher 
the  dramatist  was  born  here  in  1576.     Pop.  in  1861,  22,813. 

NORTII.\MP'TOX,acounty  in  the  E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  New  .lersey,  has  an  area  of  370  square  miles. 
The  Delaware  River  forms  the  entire  E.  boundary:  the 
Lehigh  flows  through  the  S.  part  of  the  county,  which  is 
drained  also  by  Martin's,  Monocafy,  Saueon,  and  Bushkill 
Creeks.  The  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain  forms  its  bound- 
ary on  the  N.W.,  and  the  South  Mountain  on  the  S.E.  The 
greater  part  of  the  county  consists  of  the  valley  between 
these  mountains.  The  surface  of  the  valley  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  highly  productive,  and  mostly  well  cultivated. 
The  valley  is  occupied  by  beds  of  limestone  of  good  quality; 
the  county  contains  valuable  quarries  of  slate,  and  several 
mines  of  iron  are  worked.  The  Delaware  Canal  and  that  of 
the  Lehigh  meet  at  Easton,  and  contribute  greatly  to  the 
wealth  and  prosperity  of  the  county.  The  Central  Railroad 
of  New  Jersey  extends  from  Easton  to  New  York  city,  and 
another  railroad  connects  Easton  with  Philadelphia.  Or- 
ganized in  1752,  and  named  from  Northampton  county, 
England.    Capital,  Easton.    Pop.  47,904. 

NORTIIA.MPTON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
Is  situated  on  the.  eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and 
forms  tlie  S.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  which  extends  be- 
tween that  bay  and  the  sea.  The  length  is  36  miles,  and 
the  area  320  square  miles.  It  is  Indented  by  numerous 
Inlets  on  each  side.  The  surface  is  level;  the  soil  light  and 
sandy.  Northampton  was  one  of  the  eight  original  shires 
fornied  in  1634.  Capital,  Eastville.  Pop.  7832,  of  whom 
39i;0  were  free,  and  3872  slaves. 

NORTII.\>H>T()N,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  bordering  on  Virginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at 
350  square  miles.  The  -Meherrin  River  washes  the  N.E. 
border,  and  the  Roanoke  forms  the  boundary  on  the  S.W. 
for  a  distance  of  above  50  miles.  The  surface  is  diversified; 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Roanoke  River  is  navigated  by 
steamboats  on  the  border.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Sealward  and  Roanoke  Railroad,  and  by  the  Greenville 
and  Roanoke  Railroad.  Capital,  Jackson.  Forme<l  in  1741. 
Pop.  l.S.:!72,  <if  whom  6568  were  free,  and  6804  slaves. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a  teautiful  post-village  and  township, 
seat  of  justice  of  Hampshire  county,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  Connecticut 
River  Railroad,  at  the  northern  terminus  of  the  New  Haven 
an.l  Northampton  Railroad.  17  miles  N.  of  Springfield.  The 
village  is  delightfully  situated  on  rising  ground,  alx)ut  a 
mile  W.  of  Connecticut  River,  and  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  9  churches,  S  banks,  witii  an  aggregate 
capital  of  $700,000;  a  savings  institution,  an  insurance  com- 
pany, a  gas-light  company,  incorporated  in  1853,  2  news- 
paper offices,  and  the  State  Hospital  for  Lunatics.  The 
schools  here  are  very  flourishing.  West  of  the  village  the 
ground  rises  into  a  considerable  elevation,  called  Hound 
Hill,  which  is  the  site  of  several  splendid  residences,  and 
has  on  its  summit  an  extensive  water-cure  establishment. 
Northampton  is  celebrated  for  its  healthy  atmosphere,  and 
magnificent  scenery — Mount  Tom  and  Mount  ilolyoke  being 
in  full  view.  A  stream  of  water  flows  through  the  town- 
ship, aftbrding  water-power  employed  for  mills  of  various 
kinds.  The  township  is  thickly  settled,  highly  cultivated, 
and  has  important  manufactures  of  woollen,  cotton,  and 
silk  goods,  iron,  paper,  sewing-silk,  rifles,  baskets,  &c.  The 
Florence  Sowing  Machine  Company,  located  here,  employ 
a  capital  of  $240,000.  Large  quantities  of  sewing-silk  are 
made  here.  A  bridge  1080  feet  long  here  spans  the  Con- 
necticut, connecting  Northampton  with  Hadlev.  Settled  in 
1853.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840,  3750 ;  in  1850,  5278 ;  in 
1860,  6788. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Fulton  CO.,  New  York.     Pop.  1937. 

NOIll'H  AMPTON.  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, about  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Trenton.    Pop.  2997. 

NORTHAMPTON,  Pennsylvania.    See  Allentowjj. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Doylestown.     Pop.  2047. 

NORTHAMPTON, a  township  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

NORTHAMPTON,  atown6hip,Summitco., Ohio.  Pop. 972. 

NOKTH.IMPTON,  a  village  in  the  S.  part  of  Saginaw  CO., 
ilichigan. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois. 

NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.    See  Northampton,  England. 

NORTH  AN'DOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Es- 
■ex  CO.,  Massachusetts,  23  miles  N.  of  Boston.  Near  the 
Mirthern  part  of  the  village  is  Great  Poud,  the  outlet  of 


which  flowing  into  the  Merrimack  affords  water-power. 
Pop.  2343. 

NORTH  AN'NA,  a  small  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, rises  in  Louisa  and  Orange  counties,  flows  south-east- 
ward, forming  the  boundary  between  Louisa  and  Hanover 
on  the  right,  and  Spottsylvania  and  Caroline  on  the  lefl 
unites  with  South  Anna  River  a  few  miles  above  Hanover 
Court-IIouse,  and  forms  the  Pamunkey.  The  North  Anna 
affords  a  copious  supply  of  water-power. 

NORTH  AX'SON,  a  post-township  of  Somer.set  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Kennebec,  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Augusta. 
It  has  manufactures  of  edged  tools  and  starch.     Pop.  2000. 

NORTH  AN'VILLE,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1944. 

NORTH  AP'i'LETON,  a  post-oflico  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  ARGYLE.  (ar-ghll',)  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO.,  New  Yorji,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany. 

NORTH  ASII'FORD,  a  post-village  in  Ashford  township, 
Windham  co..  Connecticut,  17  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Brooklyn. 

NORTH  ATTLEBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Attleborough 
township.  Bristol  co.,  Ma.ssachusetts,  .30  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  ALVBURN,  Miune.    See  Appendix. 

NORTH  AUGUSTA,  a  village  of  De^  Moines  co.,  Iowa, 
near  Des  Moines  River,  70  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

NORTH  AUSTRALIA,  that  part  of  Australia  lying  N.  of 
lat.  26°  S.,  and  E.  of  Ion.  129°  E.,  having  N.  the  Gulf  of  Car- 
pentaria, and  W.  the  Gulfs  of  Van  Diijmen  and  Cambridge. 
This  vast  region  has  not  a  single  permanent  settlement,  ths 
hot  and  unhealthy  government  station  at  Port  JJssington, 
on  Coburg  Peninsula,  having  been  abandoned  in  1849. 

NORTHAW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

NORTH  BAN'GOR,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  BANGOR,  a  post-oflice  of  Franklin  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  BARN'STEAD,  a  post-oflice  of  Belknap  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

NORTH  BAR/RINGTON,  a  postK)fflce  of  Strafford  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

Nt)RTH  BARTON,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  B.\.Y,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  BEAA'ER,  (bee'ver.)  a  township  of  Lawrence  CO, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Beaver  River.     Pop.  2009. 

NORTH  BKCK'KT.  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  co.,  Mass.v 
chusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad.  70  miles  from  Boston. 

NORTH  BELGRADE',  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine 

NORTH  BEL'LEHICA  or  BILLKRICA  MILLS,  a  thriving 
manufacturing  ix)st-village  of  Middlesex  county,  Mas-sachu- 
setts,  on  the  Concord  River,  and  on  the  Boston  and  Lowell 
Railroad,  21  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Boston.  It  contains  a  wool- 
len-mill, turning  out  430.000  yards  of  flannel  annually,  and 
dye-works,  consuming  monthly  about  1800  tons  of  dye- 
woods.     Pop.  about  300. 

NORTH  BELLKVILLE,  (bSll'vil.)  a  village  of  Hendricks 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis  Railroad, 
19  miles  W.  by  .S.  of  Indianapolis. 

NORTH  BKL'LINGHAM,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co., 
Massachusetts,  about  25  miles  S.W^.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  BEL/MONT,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  CO.,  Maine. 

NORTH  BKND,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Alabama. 

NOIvTH  BEND,  a  post-township  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.4,'>0. 

NORTH  BEND,  of  Hamilton  county,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  16  miles  below  Cincinnati.  It  is  a  beautiful  spot. 
which  derives  its  interest  from  having  been  the  residence 
o(  General  William  Henry  Harrison,  late  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  house  now  occupied  by  his  widow  is  of 
wood,  and  painted  white.  The  tomb  of  Harrison  is  a  few 
rods  from  the  bank  of  the  river. 

NORTH  BEND,  a  small  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois. 

NORTH  BEND,  .Jackson  co..  Wisconsin.     See  Appexmx. 

NORTH  BEND  JttlLLS,  a  post-office  of  Tyler  co.,  West 
Virginia. 

NORTH  BEN'.NINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Bennington 
township,  Bennington  co.,  Vermont,  on  the  Western  Ver- 
mont Railroad,  and  on  Paran  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Wal- 
lomscoik,  about  4  miles  N.W.  of  Bennington  Centre.  It 
contains  a  church,  academy,  6  stores,  a  number  of  cotton- 
mills,  and  several  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of 
carpenters'  steel  squares.  The  first  manufactory  of  the  kind 
in  the  United  States  was  established  here  in  1820.  These 
squares  are  said  to  be  superior  to  any  imported,  and  to  su- 
persede the  foreign  article  in  the  market.     Pop.  about  300.  • 

NORTH  BKN'TON,  a  postoffice  of  iMahoning  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  BENTONSPORT,  a  village  of  Van  Buren  county, 
Iowa,  on  Des  Moines  River,  75  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

NORTH  BER'GKN,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co..  New 
York,  240  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

NORTH  BERGEN,  a  township  of  Hudson  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  Northern  Railroad 
nearly  opposite  New  York  City.     Pop.  6335. 

NtiRTH  BER/NARDSTON,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co., 
Massachusetts. 

NORTH  BKRWICK,  Scotland.    See  Berwick.  North. 

NORTH  BKR'VVICK,  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Portland  Saco  and  Portsmouth  Railroad,  90  miles 
S.W.  of  Augusto.    Pop.  1492. 

1353 


NOR 


NOK 


NMiTn  Hiim:i'EL,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 
NORTH  BLACK'STONE.  a  post-Tillage  of  \yorcester  CO., 
Wassjtcha'  etts,  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  BL.^X'FOItD,  a  post-village  of  Hampden  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  or  near  the  Western  KailroaJ,  about  120  miles 
W.  of  Boston. 

XOUTH  BLENHEIM,  (blSn/hlme.)  a  post-village  of  Scho- 
harie CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Schoharie  Hirer,  about  40  miles 
W.S.AV.  of  Albany. 

NOBTH  BLOOM'FIELD,  a  post-vill.Tge  of  Ontario  CO.,  New 
York,  on  Honeoye  Creek,  about  210  miles  'W.  of  Albany. 

NORTH  BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1300. 

NORTH  BLOOMFIELD.  a  post-office  of  Trumbull  CO.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  BLUE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  BOOTH'BAY,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  CO.,  JIaiue, 

about  Go  miles  S.E.  of  Augusta.    It  contains  2  churches,  a 

fine  town-house,  and  3  stores. 

NOKTH'BOROUGII,  a  pariah  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

NORTH/BOROUGH,  a  township  of  AVorcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 35  miles  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.l5C5. 

NORTH  BOSQUE  (bosk)  CREEK,  Texas,  enters  the  Brazos 
Eiver  from  the  N.W.,  in  McLennan  co. 

NORTH  BOSTON,  a  postoffiee  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

NORTH'BOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

NORTH  BRANCH,  a  post^)ffice  of  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

NORTH  BRANCH,  a  postoffice  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
York. 

NORTH  BRANCH  or  BAILIE'S,  (bVlJz.)  a  sm.-Ul  post-vil- 
lage and  railway  station  of  BriJgewater  township,  Somerset 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  5  miles  N.W.  of  Somerville. 

NORTH  BRANCH,  a  post-office,  lialtimore  co.,  Maryland. 

NORTH  BRANCH,  a  post-office,  Calaveras  co.,  California. 

NORTH  BRANCH,  a  post<iffice  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa. 

NORTH  BRAN'FORD,  a  post-township  of  New  Haven  co., 
Connecticut,  8  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  1060. 

NORTH'BRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  AVorcester  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, intersected  by  the  Blackstone  River,  and  by  the 
Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad.  It  has  manufactures 
of  shirtings  and  prints.     Pop.  2633. 

NORTHBRIDGE  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Worcester 
CO.,  Mass:u husetts.  in  the  above  township,  38  miles  S.W.  by 
W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  BRIDGEn^ON,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine. 

NORTH  BRIDGE'WATER.  a  flourishing  post-village  and 
township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Old  Colony 
and  Newjjort  Railroatl,  21  miles  S.  of  Boston.  It  contains 
7  churches,  1  bank,  40  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes,  7 
of  shoemakers'  tools,  1  of  patent  lesither,  2  of  musical  instru- 
ments, and  3  of  tinware.  Population  of  the  township, 
65S4. 

NORTH  BRIDGEWATER,  a  posfroface  of  Oneida  co.,  New 
York. 

NORTH  BRIGHTON,  bri'tpn,  a  post-office  of  Livingston 
CO.,  Michicran. 

NORTH  BROADAI^BIN,  a  post-village  of  Broadalbin  town- 
ship. Fultou  CO.,  New  York. 

NORTH  BROOK/FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  55  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.    Pop.  2760. 

NORTH  BROOKFiELD,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co..  New 
York. 

NORTH  BROAVN,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  BROWNS/VILLE,  a  postKjffice  of  Piscataquis  co., 
Maine. 

NORTH  BRUNS/WICK,  a  township  of  Middlesex  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  liaritan  River,  contains  the  city  of  New  Bruns- 
wick.    Pop.  12,301. 

NORTH  BUCIiS/PORT,  a  post-village  of  Bucksport  town- 
Bhip,  Hancock  CO.,  Maine,  about  8  miles  8.  of  Bangor. 

NORTH  BUF'FALO,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Peun- 
sylvaiiia.     Pop.  1175. 

NORTH  BUT'LER.  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania.  contains  Butler,  the  county  seat. 

NORTH  CAMBRIDGE,  (kim/brij,)  a  postroffice  of  LamoUle 
CO.,  Vermont. 

NORTH  tIAMBRIDGE,  of  JIassachusetts.    See  Cambridge. 
.NORTH  CAJIBRIDGE,  a  post-viUage  of  Cambridge  town- 
ship, Washington  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  CAM'DEN,  a  post-office  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  CAM'ERON,  a  postofflce,  Steuben  co.,  New  York. 

NORTH  CAMERON,  a  postoffice  of  Ivent  co.,  Michigan. 

NORIII  CAN'TON,  a  post-viUage  of  Canton  township, 

NORTH  CAN'iONMLLE,  a  post-offi.«s  of  Umpqua  co., 
Oregon.  '^^  ' 

.f^''^'^'^7L^^'**^^.^^'^'^(''^'"'°l''"?-)  o°e  of  the  original 
states  of  the  American  Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  tlfe  N. 
l)y  \irgm.a,  E.  and  S.E.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.  by  South  Caro- 
Ima  and  Georgia,  and  N.W.  by  Tennessee,  from  which  it  is 
lleparated  by  Iron  Mountain  and  others  of  the  Appalachian 
chain.  It  lies  between  about  33°  53'  and  30=  33'  .\  lat  and 
between  ,  u°  25'  and  84°  30'  \V.  Ion.,  being  about  450  miles  in 


length,  and  180  in  its  greatest  breadth,  including  an  area 
of  60,704  square  miles,  or  about  32.450,600  acres,  of  which 
only  6,ol7,2S4  were  improved  in  1860. 

Face  of  Vie  Onuntry,  and  Mountains. — The  S.E.  and  E. 
portion  of  North  Carolina  is  level  and  sandy,  and  often 
marshy,  interspersed  with  shallow  lakes,  especially  between 
Albemarle  and  I'amlico  Sounds.  A  chain  of  low  islands,  or 
sandbanks,  lines  the  whole  coa-st,  cutting  off  x  series  of 
shallow  sounds,  or  lagoons,  of  difficult  navigation.  The 
Great  Dismal  Swamp,  partly  in  the  N.E.  of  this  state,  and 
partly  in  Virginia,  is  a  spongy  mass,  that  is  said  to  be 
higher  than  the  surrounding  country,  and  to  liold  the 
water  by  capillary  attraction.  The  Little  Dismal  Swamp 
lies  between  the  two  great  sounds.  The  level  region  ex- 
tends about  60  miles  from  the  coast,  and  is  succeeded  bv 
the  hill  country  in  the  centre,  which  is  followed,  in  turn, 
by  the  mountainous  region  of  the  west,  formed  by  the  pass- 
age of  several  ridges  of  the  great  Alleghany  range  in  a 
S.W.  direction  through  the  state.  These  mountains  vjiry 
from  800  to  above  COOU  feet  in  elevation.  Black  Mountain  is 
in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  state,  and  contains  Cliiigman's  I'sak, 
6941  feet,  and  Mount  Mitchell.  0732  feet,  the  highest  land 
E.  of  the  Mississippi  River.  The  other  con.Mdeiable  peaks 
are  liojin  Mountain,  0270  feet.  Grandfather  Mountain,  57t'8 
feet,  and  Grandmother  Mountain,  25U0  feet  high.  That  part 
of  the  Alleghany  range  which  separates  Tennessee  from 
North  Carolina  goes  under  various  local  names,  such  as 
Iron,  Stone.  Smoky,  Bald,  and  Uuaka  Mountains.  Between 
these  .and  the  Blue  Ridge  is  a  table-land  elevated  from  2000 
to  2500  feet  above  the  sea. 

Minerals. — North  Carolina  is  rich  in  mineral  treasures, 
especially  in  gold,  copper,  iron,  and  coal.  The  McCuUock 
gold  and  copper  mine,  near  Greenslx)rough,  has  fur  some 
time  attracted  much  attention.  K  recent  report  of  the  pre- 
sident of  the  company  working  the  mines  claims  for  it 
■•  that  nothing  on  this  continent,  in  the  shap<i  of  mining 
enterprise,  can  compare  with  that  of  the  McCullock  Copper 
and  Gold  Company,  in  position  and  resources."  This  is,  no 
doubt,  highly  colored,  but  has,  probably,  consideral>le  foun- 
dation in  fact.  Tlie  report  also  states  "that  the  gold  refuse 
will  yield,  by  aid  of  crushere,  $2.75  per  bushel  on  the  aver- 
age, and  fresh  gold  ore  $12,  and  that  3  negroes  can  take  out 
10  tons  of  copper  ore  in  a  day.  The  Union  Gold  .Mine  yields 
about  $00  of  pure  metal  to  a  busliel  of  ore.  ProfessorJack- 
son  (a  more  impartial  authority)  considers  the  copper  region 
of  North  Carolina  unparalleled  in  richness.  There  weri 
coined  at  the  Branch  Mint,  at  Charlotte  in  this  state,  be- 
tween th<i  ye.irs  1838  and  1863,  (both  inclusive.)  gold  of  the 
value  of  $3,790.033; — the  highest  coinage  in  one  year  being 
$390,734  in  1852.  Coal,  both  bituminous  and  anthracite, 
exists  in  large  quantities,  the  former  of  the  best  quality! 
The  greatest  known  coal-fields  in  North  Carolina  are  tlie 
Deep  River,  extending  from  Granville  county  S.W.  into 
South  Carolina,  and  the  Dan  River  in  Rockingham  and 
Stoke  counties.  This  coal,  it  is  said,  can  be  lirought  to 
tidewater  at  an  expense  of  $1  per  ton,  whence  it  can  be 
easily  and  cheaply  transhipped  to  the  different  ports  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  The  coal,  however,  is  most  ahundant  on 
the  Deep  River,  and  extends  at  least  for  .30  miles,  is  near 
navigable  water,  and  could  be  carried  easily  to  any  market 
on  the  coast.  Profes.sor  Emmons  says  of  the  Deep  River 
coal,  "its  qualities  are  such  as  to  give  it  the  highest  place 
in  the  market,  being  adapted  to  all  jjurposes  for  which  the 
bituminous  coals  are  sijecially  employed."  The  same  autho- 
rity remarks,  '•  iron  occupies  an  important  place  in  North 
Carolina,  and  its  advantages  for  making  bar-iron  of  the  best 
quality  are  verj-  great."  JIarl  is  also  abundant,  being  found 
in  the  coast  counties  from  Virginia  to  South  Carolina,  usfar 
from  tlie  coa.«t  as  Nash  county.  Large  supplies  of  limestone 
(from  Danbury.  in  Stokes  county,  to  King's  Mountjiin.  South 
Carolina)  and  freestone  (soft,  and  easy  to  work,  but  which 
hardens  on  exposure)  are  furni.shed  in'inexliaustible  quan- 
tities on  the  Dan  and  Deep  Rivers;  grindstones  of  the  best 
quality,  and  millstones,  (as  good  as  the  French  burr.)  on 
Deep  River.  Magnetic  iron-ore,  some  silver,  lead,  manga- 
nese, gypsum,  and  salt  h.ive  also  been  found. 

Hivers,  Lakes,  and  Sounds. — There  are  two  shallow  sounds 
— Albemarle  in  the  N.E.,  and  Pamlico  in  the  K.  of  the  state 
— which  are  cut  off  from  the  ocean  by  long  and  narrow 
sandbanks  or  islands,  through  which  there  are  inlets  to  the 
sea:  but  these  are  constantly  changing — the  old  fiPing  up 
with  the  sliifting  sands,  and  new  ones  beimr  opened  by  the 
beating  of  the  surges.  The  principal  at  the  presert  time 
are  Ocracoke  and  Itoanoke  Inlets.  Albemarle  Soui  d  ex- 
tends about  60  miles  westward,  with  a  varying  breadtli  of 
from  4  to  15  mile.s.  It  has  several  arms  or  bays,  and  com- 
municates with  Pamlico  Sound,  which  extends  80  miles  in  a 
S.W.  direction,  parallel  with  the  coast,  having  a  somewhat 
greater  breadth  than  Albemarle  Sound,  and  20  feet  depth 
of  water.  The  Hatteras  Banks,  which  cut  it  off  fiom  the 
ocean,  extend  far  out  to  sea  in  the  well-known  and  danger- 
ous point  of  Cape  Hatteras.  Further  down  the  coast  are 
the  prominent  points  of  Cape  Lookout  and  Cape  Fear  In 
the  low  marshy  grounds  between  these  sounds  are  several 
small  lakes.    A  chain  of  low  islands,  or  sajidbauks,  extendi 


NOR 


NOR 


to  fbe  Tiouth  of  Cape  Fear  River,  cutting  jff  several  small 
BouikIs  and  lagoons.  Xorlli  Carolina  is  traversed  by  seve- 
ral oxteiij^ive  rivers,  all — with  the  exc<;plion  of  a  few  small 
tributaries  of  the  Tennes?:ee — runuing  in  a  S.E.  direction 
through  the  state,  and  diseliargiug  themselves  into  the  At- 
lantic, after  courses  of  from  about  200  to  400  miles.  Com- 
mencing on  the  N.E..  tho  Chowan  and  Koauoke  rise  in 
Virginia,  and  empty  into  Albemarle  S<jund.  The  Tar  and 
the  Neuse  ri.se  in  the  N.  of  North  Carolhia,  and  empty  into 
Pamlico  Sound.  The  Cape  I'ear,  the  lai-gest  river  that  has 
its  whole  course  in  the  state,  rises  iu  the  N.,  and  empties 
into  the  Atlantic  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  state.  The  Yad- 
liin  and  Catawba  rise  in  the  N.W.,  and  pass  into  South  Ca- 
rolina, wliere  the  former  takes  the  name  of  the  Groat  I'edeo, 
and  the  latter  of  tlie  \\ateree.  The  Wacamaw,  also  an 
eastern  tributary  of  the  Great  Pedee,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
this  state,  liesides  these,  there  are  a  number  of  tributa- 
ries of  the  Tennessee,  Cougaree,  and  other  rivers,  already 
named.  The  rivers  of  North  Carolina  are  so  obstructed  by 
sandbanks  at  their  moutlis,  and  by  rapids  and  falls  farther 
up,  as  not  to  be  navigable  for  vessels  of  a  large  class.  The 
Cape  Fear  is  navigable  40  miles  to  Wilmington  for  vessels 
drawing  10  or  12  feet  water,  and  to  Fayetteville  for  steam- 
boats. Steamboats  ascend  the  Neuse  120  miles  to  Waynes- 
borough.  The  Tar  is  navigable  for  steamboats  100  miles  to 
Tarborough;  the  Koanoko  for  small  sea-craft  30  miles,  and 
for  steamboats  120  miles  to  Halifax ;  and  the  Chowan  for 
steamboats  75  miles. 

Ohjp.cls  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — We  cannot  pretend  to  do 
any  ju.stico  to  North  Carolina  iu  this  respect,  as  the  facili- 
ties for  travelling  in  that  state  are  very  poor  in  the  region 
Df  her  finest  scenery.  Of  Black  Mountain,  or  Mitcliell's 
Peak,  the  highest  point  E.  of  the  Mississippi,  we  have  but 
little  to  state,  except  its  situation  between  Yancey  and  Mc- 
Dowell counties,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Asheville,  and  its  height, 
6476  feet.  It  commands  a  magnificent  view  of  Swannanoa 
Gap,  a  pass  in  the  mountain.s  between  Morgantown  and 
A.shville.  Near  it  are  the  picturesque  Catawba  Falls.  Pilot 
Mountain,  in  Surrey  county,  rises  in  the  midst  of  a  nearly 
level  country,  in  a  cylindrical  form.  It  received  its  name 
from  having  served  as  a  beacon  to  guide  the  path  of  the  In- 
dians. In  Buncombe  county,  on  the  French  Broad  River, 
iu  the  midst  of  wild  and  romantic  mountain  scenery,  are 
the  'Warm  Springs.  Tlie  principal  hutel  at  this  place  is  280 
feet  in  length.  Painted  Rock,  a  lofty  precipice,  from  200  to 
SoO  feet  high,  and  a  rock  called  the  Chimneys,  are  in  the 
same  vicinity.  The  Gingercake  Uock,  in  Burke  county,  on 
the  top  of  a  mountiiin  of  the  same  name,  is  a  curious  pile 
of  stone  in  the  form  of  an  inverted  pyramid,  29  feet  high, 
which  supports  a  natural  slab  of  stone  32  feet  long  and  2 
feet  thick,  projecting  about  half  its  length  beyond  the  edge 
of  the  inverted  pyramid,  and  resting  with  the  most  perfect 
stability,  though  apparently  just  reiuly  to  fall.  The  view 
from  this  point  is  very  fine,  looking  down  a  ravine  of  from 
800  to  1200  feet  in  depth,  with  a  river  at  its  bottom,  d.ash- 
Ing  over  its  rocky  bed,  and  a  clilf,  called  the  Hawk's  Bill, 
projecting  over  it  at  an  elevation  of  1500  fi-et.  About  5 
miles  from  the  same  point  may  te  seen  Table  Kock,  a  conical 
eminence  of  2500  feet,  rearing  itself  from  the  valley  of  the 
Catawba  River. 

Cliiiiale. — The  climate  in  the  low  counties  is  hot  and  un- 
healthy in  summer,  bilious  and  intermittent  fevers  prevail- 
ing; but  the  middle  and  western  sections  are  temperate 
and  healthy.  Wheat  is  harvested  in  June,  and  Indian  corn 
in  September.  According  to  meteorological  observations 
made  at  Chapel  Hill,  by  Professor  Phillips,  in  1851-2,  the 
monthly  mean  for  June  was  72"^,82;  for  July.  79°.46;  Au- 
gust, 70°.05;  September,  68°.07 ;  October,  59'^.18 ;  Novem- 
ber, 46'^.92 ;  December,  39°.45 ;  January,  36°.02 ;  February, 
4o°.58;  March,  530.72;  April,  56°.50;  May,  68^84.  Mean 
for  the  yfear,  58°.46.  First  frost,  October  24.  Frogs  singing. 
11th  February.  Hottest  day,  July  27—102'^  at  3  p.  M. ;  cold- 
est day,  January  20 — 22°  at  3  P.  M.  It  rained  on  102  days  ; 
there  were  some  clouds  on  32(3  days:  and  perfectly  clear  40 
days.  The  apricot  bloomed  the  29th  of  February,  and  the 
apple  the  12th  of  JIarch. 

Soil  and  PnKluctions. — The  soil  possesses  every  variety, 
from  the  sands  and  marshes  of  the  coast  to  the  rich  allu- 
vions of  the  river  bottoms.  Some  of  the  smaller  marshes 
that  have  been  drained  have  proved  highly  productive  in 
rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  Indian  corn.  Much  of  the  low 
Faiidy  section,  extending  60  miles  from  the  coast.  Is  covered 
with  extensive  forests  of  pitch  pine,  that  furnish  large 
quantities  of  lumber,  tar.  turpentine,  and  resin,  which  are 
exported  to  the  Northern  cities.  In  parts  of  this  region, 
fotton,  rice,  and  indigo  grow  well;  but  the  higher  grounds 
are  better  adapted  to  wheat,  Indian  corn,  hemp,  tobacco, 
rye,  and  oats.  The  staples  are  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  and 
sweet  potatoes.  In  the  laiter  article  North  Carolina  is  only 
exceeded  by  three  states;  in  tobacco,  by  five;  while  it  ex- 
ceeds every  other  other  state  in  peas  and  beans.  Large 
iluautities  of  wlieat,  rye,  oats,  Irish  potatoes,  cotton,  wool, 
rice,  fruits,  butler,  cheese,  garden  vegetables,  hay,  flax, 
grass-seeds,  beeswax,  honey,  and  souie  barley,  buckwheat, 
wine,  hops,  hemp,  silk,  and  maple  sugar  are  produced. 


According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  'n  North 
Carolina,  6,517,284  acres  of  improved  land,  (17,246,oSS 
being  unimproved),  there  were  produced  4,743,706  bushels 
of  wheat;  436,856of  rye;  30,078,5t>4  of  Indian  corn ;  2,781,860 
of  oats;  1,932,204  of  peas  and  beans;  830,565  of  Irish 
potatoes;  6,140,0.39  of  sweet  potatoes;  7,593.976  pounds 
of  rice;  32,853,250  of  tobacco ;  883,473  of  wool;  4,735,49/ 
of  butter;  51,119  of  cheese;  216,490  of  flax;  170,495  of 
beeswax;  2,055,969  of  honey;  145,514  bales  (of  400  pound* 
each)  of  cotton;  181,365  tons  of  hay;  54,064  gallons  of 
wine ;  live  stock  valued  at  $31,130,805 ;  orchard  products  at 
$643,688;  market  products,  $75,t63,  and  slaughtered  ani- 
mals, $10,414,546. 

JtWest  Trees. — In  the  upland  country  are  oaks  of  several 
species,  hickory,  maple,  ash,  walnut,  and  lime;  in  the  low 
country,  pine ;  and  in  the  swamps  also  pine,  cedar,  cypress, 
with  some  maple,  white  oak,  poplar,  and  an  undergrowth 
of  vines,  briers,  ic,  so  dense  as  to  be  impa,ssable.  In  the 
drier  parts,  white  and  red  oaks  llourish.  Among  the  fruits 
are  apples,  pears,  peaches,  cherries,  grapes,  and  strawbeirios. 

Manufactures. — Professor  Emmons,  in  his  geological  re- 
port of  1852,  remarks — "  The  -water-power  is  immense,  and 
the  improvements  on  Cape  Fear  and  Deep  Rivers  will  fur- 
nish water  for  ."overal  Lowells."  North  Carolina,  however, 
has  not  yet  applied  much  of  her  great  and  extended  supply 
of  water-power  to  manufacturing  purpo.ses.  By  the  cen.sus 
of  1860  she  had  3689  establishments  engaged  in  mining,  me- 
chanic arts  and  manufactures,  each  producing  $500  and  up- 
wards annually  and  employing  $9,693,703  capital  a:id  14,217 
hands,  consuming  raw  material  wortli  $10,203,228,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  goods  valued  at  $16,678,698;  39  of  these 
were  cotton  factories,  employing  $1,272,750  capital  and  1755 
hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $622,36.3,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  stuffs  valued  at  $1,046,047 ;  7  woollen  fac- 
tories, employing  223,000  capital,  and  producing  stuffs  val- 
ued at  $291,000;  171  tanneries,  employing  $34.s,959  capital, 
consuming  raw  material  worth  $226,096.  and  producing 
leather  valued  at  S413,364 ;  639  flouring  and  grist-mills,  em- 
ploying $1,719,823  capital,  and  producing  flour  and  meal 
valued  at  $4,354,309  ;  461  turpentine  distilleries,  employing 
$1,113,778  capital,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $2,992,&i7, 
and  producing  turpentine  valued  at  $4,358,878;  330  saw- 
mills, employing$742,420  capital  and  1039  hands,  consuming 
raw  material  worth  $494,(  39,  and  producing  lumber  valued 
at  §1,074,003;  97  tobacco  manufactories,  employing  capital 
to  the  amount  of  $646,730,  and  producing  tobacco  valued  at 
$1,117,099,  and  92  manufactories  of  carriages,  employing  a 
cai)it.al  of  $441,469,  and  prodticing  carriages  valued  at 
$589,839.  Home-made  manufactures  valued  at  $2,045,372 
were  also  produced  in  the  same  year. 

Internal  Improvements.  —  The  great  Southern  Railroad 
crosses  the  entire  state  of  North  Carolina,  having  its  termi- 
nus at  Wilmington.  There  is  also  a  railroad  from  Gaston 
to  Raleigh,  and  ono  from  Weldou  to  Portsmouth,  in  Vir- 
ginia. In  1860,  this  state  had  889  miles  of  railroad  com- 
pleted, including  the  North  Carolina  Railroad,  which  ex- 
tends from  Goldsboro'  via  lialeigh,  Greensboro',  and  Salis- 
bury to  Charlotte;  and  110  miles  of  the  Wilmington  Char- 
lotte and  Ilutherfordton  Itailroad,  of  which  ^Vilmington  is 
the  East  terminus.  The  Western  North  Carolina  Railroad 
is  completed  from  Salisbury  to  Morgantown,  and  is  in 
progress  of  construction  to  Asheville.  Railroads  are  in 
operation  from  Wilmington  to  Manchester,  South  Carolina, 
and  one  from  Charlotte,  North  Carolina,  to  Columbia, 
South  Carolina.  The  Dismal  S\yamp  Canal  unites  the 
Piisquotauk  with  the  Elizabeth  River,  in  Virginia.  Com- 
panies have  been  formed  for  the  improvement  of  the 
navigiition  of  the  Cape  Fear,  Roanoke,  and  Neuse  Rivers, 
to  all  of  which  the  state  is  a  subscriber.  The  Club-foot 
and  Harlow  Creek  Canal  connects  the  Neuse  with  Beaufort 
Harbor. 

Omimerce. — As  has  been  elsewhere  stated,  the  rivers  of 
North  Carolina  are  obstructed  at  their  mouths  by  shifting 
sand-bars,  which  prevent  the  entrance  of  large  vessels;  and 
hence  the  commerce  of  the  state  is  limited  to  the  export  of 
her  products  to  the  ports  of  neighboring  states  in  coasting 
vessels.  Her  exports  consist  mainly  of  lumber,  pitch,  tar, 
and  turpentine,  with  some  rice,  cotton,  and  other  products. 
The  export  of  naval  stores  (pitch,  tar,  resin,  and  turpen- 
tine) exceeds  that  of  any  other,  if  not  all  the  states,  in  the 
Union.  About  800,000  barrels  of  turpentine  are  annually 
exported.  The  product  of  cotton  for  the  three  years  1851-2, 
'3,  and  '4,  was  respectively  16.242,  11,524,  and  2.J.496  bales  of 
400  pounds  each.  The  tonnage  of  North  Carolina  at  the 
terminations  of  the  fiscal  years  1852,  '3,  and  '4.  was  50,621, 
56,374,  and  57.800,  of  which  about  three-fifths  was  engaged 
in  the  coasting  trade ;  tonnage  entered  fur  the  same  year.s, 
32,295,  21,450,  and  17,289  tons;  cleared  5.3.099,  37,903.  and 
30,832  tons;  number  of  vessels  built  in  the  same  years  32.  ton- 
nage 2228 ;  22,  tonua;.;e  1746 ;  and  38.  with  a  tonnage  of  2531. 
Foreign  imports  for  the  same  periods.  $735,858,  g271  238,  and 
$214,860;  and  exports  $576,399,  $314,142,  and  $391,897. 

Education. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  North  Carolina  16 colleges,  having  1510  students,  $101,760 
income,  of  wliich  $7200  was  endowments ;  2994  public  schools, 

1355 


NOR 

having  105,025  pupils,  $268,719  Income,  of  which  $153,979 
was  from  public  funds,  $85,800  from  taxation,  and  S21,462 
from  endowments;  434  academies  and  other  schools,  having 
13,169  pupils,  $387,965  income,  of  which  $16,940  w:is  from 
endowments,  and  $10,620  from  public  funds.  There  are 
also  in  the  st;ite  301  libraries,  containing  190,091  volumes, 
of  which  2<i3  were  public,  5  school,  21  Sunday-school,  7  col- 
lege, and  5  church  libnirles. 

Ifeliijwus  Dennminaiinns. — Of  tlie  2270 churches  in  North 
Carolina  in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  741,  Free  Will  Biiptists 
37,  Christians  3ii,  Episcopalians  81,  Friends  22,  German  Re- 
formed 15,  Lutherans  88,  Methodists  966,  Presbj-terians 
4S2,  Roman  Catholics  7,  Unionists  93,  minor  sects  2,  givinjj 
1  church  to  every  437  persons.  Value  of  church  property, 
$1,999,227. 

J\ruidicals.—Thero  were  published  in  tliis  state  in  1S60, 
8  daily,  1  tri-weekly,  4  bi-weekly,  57  weekly,  and  4  monthly 
newspapers  and  periodicals,  of  which  60  were  political,  6 
religious,  and  7  literary.  The  whole  number  of  copies 
issued  annually  was  4,862,572. 

Public  Inslitutums. — A  state  insane  asylum  is  now  in 
course  of  erection  near  Raleigh.  A  special  tax  has  been 
levied  for  this  purpo.se,  which  is  expected  to  yield  in  four 
year.s  $80,000.  The  North  Carolina  Institution  for  educating 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  was  commenced  at  the  same  place  in 
1848,  towards  which  the  state  has  contributed  $30,000.  .\c- 
cording  to  the  census  of  18.50.  there  wore  in  North  Carolina 
4  public  libraries,  with  2500  volumes ;  20  school  and  Sun- 
day-school, with  3852  volumes;  5  college,  with  21,593  vo- 
lumes; and  9  church  libraries,  with  1647. 

Pojml.ation. — \t  the  first  national  census,  in  1790,  North 
Carolina  h.id  393,751  inhabitants;  478,103  in  1800;  555.500 
in  1810;  638.829  in  1820;  737,987  in  1830;  753.419  in  1840, 
868,903  in  1850;  in  1860,  992,62-2,  of  whom  629,942  were 
whites,  30,463  free  colored,  331,059  slaves,  and  115S  Indians. 
Population  to  square  mile,  19 ;  representative  population, 
860,197.  Of  the  free  population,  634,220  were  born  in  the 
Btate,  24,044  in  other  states,  3299  in  foreign  countries :  of 
whom  729  were  born  in  England,  889  in  Ireland,  637  in 
Scotland,  20  in  Wales,  48  in  British  America,  765  in  Ger- 
many, 44  in  France,  and  167  in  other  foreign  countries.  Of 
the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  85,198  were  farmers, 
21,092  servants,  19,119  farm  laborers,  18,630  laborers,  5019 
seamstresses,  3217  carpenters,  2675  housekeepers,  3162 
merchants,  1936  teachers,  1882  overseers,  1706  blacksmiths, 
1626  clerks,  1547  students,  1320  mechanics,  1310  coopeirs, 
1123  shoemakers,  1121  mariners.  Sec.  In  the  year  ending 
June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  12,600  deaths,  or  12-9  in  every 
thousand.  Of  468  deaf  and  dumb,  106  were  slaves.  (See 
IxTRODCCTiON  to  the  Volume  on  Popiilali'm  of  the  Eighth 
Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi.)  Of  5^1  blind,  189  were  slaves ;  of  060 
Insane,  63  were  slaves;  of  980  idiotic,  241  were  slaves. 

Counties. — North  Carolina  is  divided  into  86  counties,  viz., 
Alamance,  Alexander,  Alleghany,  Anson,  Ashe,  Beaufort, 
Bertie,  Bladen,  Brunswick,  Buncombe,  Burke,  Cabarrus, 
Caldwell,  Camden,  Carteret,  Caswell,  Catawba,  Cliatham, 
Cherokee,  Chowan.  Cleveland,  Columbus.  Craven,  Cumber- 
land, Currituck,  Davidson,  Davie,  Duplin,  Edgecombe.  For- 
sythe,  Franklin,  Gaston,  Gates.  Granville,  Greene,  Guilford, 
Halifax,  Harnett,  Haywood,  Henderson,  Hertford,  Hyde, 
Iredell,  Jackson,  Johnston,  Jones,  Lenoir,  Lincoln.  Mc- 
Dowell, Macon.  Madison  ,  Martin,  Mecklenburg,  Mont- 
gomery, Moore,  Nash,  New  Hanover,  Northampton,  Onslow, 
Orange,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Person.  Pitt,  Polk,  R.-in- 
dolph,  Richmond,  Robeson,  Rockingham,  Rowan,  Ruther- 
ford, Sampson,  Stanley,  Stokes,  Surry,  Tyrrel,  Union, 
Wake,  Wiu-ren,  Washington,  Wataugii,  Wayne,  Wilkes, 
Wilson,  Yadkin,  Yancey. 

CUies  ami  Towns. — Wilmington  is  the  largest  and  most 
commercial  town  in  the  state;  population,  in  1860,9552; 
Newborn  5432,  Fayetteville  4790.  Itileigh  4780,  Salisbury 
2420,  Charlotte,  2265.  Henderson  lOtil,  Elizabeth  City  1798, 
Beaufort  1610,  Warrenton  1520,  Kingston  1333,  Tiirboro' 
1048,  Wilson  960,  Goldsboro'  885,  Oxford  878. 

Gm:ernm,mt,  Finances,  <tc.— In  addition  to  the  asual  divi- 
sions of  governmental  power,  there  is  in  North  Carolina  a 
Council  of  State,  consisting  of  7  persons,  receiving  §3  per 
day  while  in  service,  and  a  like  sum  for  every  30  miles 
travelling.  The  governor  is  elected  by  the  people  for  two 
years,  and  receives  $2000  per  annum,  with  the  use  of  a  fur- 
nifhed  house.  The  Senate  is  composed  of  50  members, 
elected  for  two  yeai-s.  by  freeholders  possessing  50  acres  of 
land  each,  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of  120  mem- 
bers, elected  also  for  two  years,  by  popular  vote.  The  ses- 
sions of  the  Legislature  are  biennial,  and  commence  on  the 
third  Jlonday  in  November.  Every  white  male  citizen,  over 
.Jl  years  of  ao;e,  and  who  has  resided  in  the  state  a  vear,  is 
entitled  to  a  vote.  The  judiciary  consists,  first,  of  a  su- 
preme court,  composed  of  a  chief  justice,  and  two  associ- 
ates, receiving  each  $2500  per  annum.  This  court  holds  3 
sessions  annually.  2d.  Of  superior  or  circuit  courts,  com- 
posed of  ,  circuits  of  10  counties  each,  which  hold  courts 
twice  a  year  m  every  county.  Tlie  judses  of  the.se  courts 
receive  $19o0  B,ilary  each.  The  judges  of  both  courts  are 
Chosen  by  the  legislature,  and  hold  office  during  good  be- 


KOR 

havior.  North  Carolina  is  entitled  to  8  members  in  the 
National  Hou.se  of  Representatives,  and  to  10  electoral  votes 
for  President  of  the  United  States.  This  stat«  is  undergo- 
ing a  geological  and  botanical  survey,  by  order  of  the  go- 
vernment. 

The  receipts  for  1854  amounted  to  $1,221,338.  and  dis- 
bursements to  $1,605,409.  The  public  debt,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  1855,  was  $3,409,63.3,  of  which  $731,000  consi.sts 
of  bonds,  sold  for  the  benefit  of  internal  improvement  com- 
p.^nie8,  viz.,  §250.000  to  the  Wilmington  and  Raleigh  Rail- 
road Company;  $111,000  to  the  Weldon  and  Gaston  Railroad, 
and  Neuse  and  Tar  River  Railroad,  and  $370,000  to  the  North 
Carolina  Railroad. 

Value  of  projterty,  according  to  the  census  of  1850, 
$212,071,413;  estimated  or  real  Viilue,  $226,800,472.  The 
state  expenses  for  1852,  amounted  to  $161,472.  Ordinary 
expenses,  exclusive  of  schools  and  debt,  to  $75,000  annually. 
The  state  owns  about  *6(X),000  in  railroad  and  other  int^-rnal 
improvements.  In  November.  1854,  there  were  in  North  Ca- 
rolina 10  banks  and  16  branches,  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $5,205,073,  a  circulation  of  $6,667,762,  and  $1,290,436  in 
coin. 

History. — Attempts  were  made,  under  the  auspices  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  to  settle  North  Carolina  as  early  as  between 
1585  and  1589 ;  but  in  one  year  after  no  trace  of  the  colony 
could  be  found.  The  first  permanent  settlement  was  made 
on  the  banks  of  the  Roanoke  and  Chowan,  by  some  emi- 
grants from  Virginia,  in  1653.  .John  Culpepper  rebelled 
again.<!t  the  arbitrary  government  of  Miller,  in  1678,  and 
held  the  government  for  2  years.  In  1693,  North  and  South 
Carolina  were  separated.  In  1711  the  Tuscarora.s.  Corees, 
and  other  savages  attacked  and  massacred  112  settlers,  prin- 
cipally of  the  Roanoke  and  Chowan  settlements;  but  the 
following  year  the  united  forces  of  the  two  Carolinas  com- 
pletely routed  them,  killing  300  savages.  The  same  year 
the  yellow  fever  raged.  In  1729,  the  pn>prietors  sold  their 
rights  to  the  crown.  A  party  of  malcontents,  in  1771,  rose 
against  the  royal  governor,  but  after  2  hours'  contest,  fled 
with  considerable  loss.  A  severe  conflict  with  the  North- 
west Indians  occurred  in  1774,  on  the  Kanawha  River, 
which  resulted  in  the  abandonment  of  the  ground  by  the 
savages.  North  Carolina  took  an  early  and  active  part  in 
the  events  of  the  Revolution,  and  within  her  borders  took 
place  sanguinary  conflicts  at  Guilfonl  Court  House,  Brier 
Creek,  Cedar  Springs.  Fishing  Creek,  and  other  places.  The 
Mecklenburg  Derlaration  of  Independence  was  made  May 
20,  1775  :  so  North  Carolina  has  the  honor  to  have  first  pro- 
posed a  separation  from  Great  Britain. 

NORTH  CAR/VER,  a  postroffice  of  Plymouth  co.,  "Slas^ar 
chusetts. 

NORTH  CASTINE,  (kas-teen',)  a  post-village  of  Hancock 
CO..  Maine,  60  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 

NORTH  CASO-LE,  a  post-township  of  Westchester  co..  New 
York,  35  miles  N.N.K.  of  New  York.    Pop.  2487. 

NORTH  CEN'TRE  11  ALL.  a  thriving  village  of  Centre  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Bellefonte  and  Kishicoquillas  turnpike, 
78  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

NORTH  CHAP'EL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

NORTH  CHARLES^rON,  a  post-village  in  Sullivan  cO., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Sullivan  Railroad,  50  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Concord. 

NORTH  ClIAT'HAM,  a  post-viUage  in  Barnstable  co, 
Massachusetts,  on  Pleasant  Bay.  80  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  CllATHAJI,  a  postrvillage  of  Columbia  co..  New 
Y'ork,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Albany. 

NORTH  CHATHAM,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania. 

NORTH  CHELMSFORD.  chJmz'f^rd.  a  post-village  of  Mid- 
dlesex CO..  Massachusetts,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  CHEl/SEA.  (chjl'see.)  a  post-township  of  Suffolk 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Eastern  Railroad,  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Boston.     Pop.  921. 

NORTH  CHEMUNG,  she-mting',  »  post-office  of  Chemung 
CO..  New  York. 

NORTH  CHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont 

NORTH  CHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Hampden  c«,  Jlassa- 
chusett'. 

NORTH  CHES/TERVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co., 
Maine. 

NORTH  CHICHESTER,  (chitch'es-ter,)  a  post-villnge  in 
Merrim.ick  CO..  New  Hampshire,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Concord. 

NORTH  Ciri'I.r.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

NORTIl'CHURCH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

NORTH  CLAR'ENCE,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  CLAR'ENDON.  a  post-village  of  Rutland  co.,  Vf;r. 
mont,  with  a  station  on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Rail- 
road. 50  miles  from  Bellow's  Falls. 

NORTH  CLARK'SON,  a  postoffice  of  Monroe  co.,  New 
York. 

NORTH  CLAYrrON.  a  post-office  of  Miami  co..  Ohio. 

NORTH  CODO'RUS,  a  township  of  York  i-o.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  22.=)7. 

NORTH  COHAS/SETT,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 15  miles  S.  E.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  COHOCTON,  a  post-office,  Steuben  oo..  New  York, 


NOR 


NOR 


NOr.TII  COLE'BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
flcc-tii'ut. 

M JKTII  COX'CORD.  a  station  on  the  Boston  Concord  and 
Montriiil  Haih-oad,  5  miles  fi-om  Concord. 

XOUTll  CON'WAV,  a  postofRce  of  Carroll  co.,  New  Hamp- 
Bhire. 

NORTH  COPAKE,  (ko-paili',)  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co., 
New  York. 

NOItTIE  CORN'WAIiL,  a  post-village  in  Cornwall  town- 
ship, Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut,  aliout  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Litciifiild.     It  contains  an  academy  an<l  a  lock  factory. 

NuKTlI  COVK,  a  post-village  of  McDowell  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

NORTH  COTE  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  enters  the  Ca- 
tawba from  the  N.,  in  Burke  county. 

NORTH  COV/KNTUY,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Peunsyl- 
vaiiia.     I'op.  1(».=1S 

NORTH  CRAFTS'BURY,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co.,  Yer- 
mont. 

NORTH  CREEK,  a  pos(><>fflce  of  Laurens  district,  Sovh 
Carolina. 

NORTH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

NORTH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 

NORTH  CRKEiv,  a  town.-^hip,  Orundy  co.,  Illinois. 

NORTH  CROSS  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Stewart  co., 
Tennes-iee. 

NORTH  CUT'LER.  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  DANS'VILLE,  a  township  of  Livingston  co.,  New 
York,  contains  the  village  of  Dansville.     Pop.373S. 

NORTH  UAN'VERS,  a  post-village  in  Essex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  E.>isex  Railroad,  18  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Bos- 
ton. It  liius  6  churches,  a  bank,  above  20  manufactories  of 
boots  and  shoes,  and  several  of  carriages  and  of  hats. 

NORTH  DAN'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co.,  Ver- 
mont, contains  a  church  and  3  stores. 

NORTH  DART/.MOUTII,  a  post-village  in  Bristol  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 50  miles  S.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  DIGUTON,  (di'tgn,)  a  post-office  of  Bristol  co., 
Massachusetts. 

NORTH  DIX'MONT,  a  post-village  in  Dixniont  township, 
Penobscot  county,  Maine,  about  44  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 
It  contains  2  stores. 

NORTH  UOR'.">ET,  a  post-office  of  Bennington  CO.,  Vermont. 

NORTH  DO'VER,  a  postoffice  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

Niilirn  DUANK.SBUKG,  (du-aiuz/biirg,)  a  post-office  of 
Scliciii'ctady  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  DUNBAIVTON,  a  post-village  in  Merrim.ack  co.. 
New  Ilauip-hire.  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Concord. 

NOItTH-EAST,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dutchess 
CO.,  New  York,  about  95  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York  City. 
The  township  is  intersected  by  the  Harlem  Railroad.  Pop. 
1735. 

NORTH-EAST,  a  flourishing  post-borough  and  township 
of  Erie  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  bake  Erie,  and  on  the  Buffalo 
und  Erie  Railroad,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Erie.  The  village  is  sur- 
rouiided  by  a  rich  farming  country,  and  is  an  important 
port  for  the  sln'pment  of  staves  and  lumber.  It  is  included 
in  the  collection  district  of  Presque  Isle.  Pop.  in  1850,  387 ; 
in  1S60, 1854. 

N0ET1I-E.\ST,  a  post-village  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  river  of  its  own  name,  and  on  the  railroad  between 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  46  miles  N.E.  of  the  latter. 

NORTl  l-l';ASI',a  township  of  Orange  co.,Indiana.  Pop,982. 

NORTH-EAST,  a  township  of  Adams  CO.,  Illinois.    P.  1122. 

NORTII-EAPT  CAPE.    See  Sevtoo  Vo.stokhnoi. 

NORTH-EAST  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York. 

NORTH  EAST'HAM,  a  post-office  of  Barnstable  cc,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

NORTH  E.-^STON.  a  post-office,  Bristol  co..  Massachusetts. 

NORTH  EASTOX.npoot-offlce.  Washington  CO.,  New  York. 

NORTH-EAST  PASS  or  BALIZE,  b.vleez/,  a  village  of 
Plaquemine  parish,  Louisiana,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  pass  of  its  own  name. 
It  is  cbicily  inhabited  by  pilots  and  their  families. 

NORTH-EAST  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Cecil  co.,  Mary- 
land, flows  into  the  head  of  Che.sapeake  Bav. 

NORTH-EAST  STA'TION,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co.. 
New  Y'ork. 

NORTH  EATON,  a  postoffice  of  Lorain  eo.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  EDUE'COMBE,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  EG'REMOXT,  a  post-village  in  Berkshire  co., 
.Massachusetts,  about  170  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

NORTHEIM,  a  town  of  Hanover.     See  Nobdheim. 

NORTHEL'BA,atownshipofEssexco..New  York.  P.  366. 

NORTH  ELLS'WORTH,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co., 
Maine,  about  75  miles  E.N.E.  of  Augusta. 

NORTHEX,  (Niirthen,)  niiR/ten,  and  PE/TERS-SWIFT.  a 
village  of  Hanover,  principality  and  7  miles  N.  of  Giittiugen, 
Uearthe  Leine.     Pop.  1000. 

NORTH'Eii.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

NORTH  END,  a  post-office  of  JIatthews  co..  A'irginia. 

NORTH  EN'EIELD,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  co..  New 
nampsUire. 


NORTH  ENGLISH,  (ing/glish.)  post-office.  Iowa  co..  Towa 

NORTU/ERN  CIliCARS,  (sir-kars',)  a  province  of  Biitisc 
Indiii,  extending  along  the  W.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
fmm  lat.  15^  to  20°  N.  Area  17.000  square  miles.  Pop. 
about  2.095.500.  The  province  was  annexed  to  Briti^ 
India  in  1705,  by  Lord  Clive. 

NORTH'ERN  LIB/ERTIES.  formerly  a  district  of  Phila- 
delphia CO.,  now  included  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  situated  on  the  Delaware  River,  im- 
mediately N.  of  the  city  proper.  Pop.  in  1850,  47,223.  Sea 
Philvdelphia. 

NORTH  EVANS,  (iv'anz,)  a  post-office,  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

NORTH  FAIlfFAX,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont. 

NORTH  FAIR'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  CO., 
Maine,  18  miles  N.  of  Augusta.  In  the  vicinity  is  a  prosper- 
ous society  of  Friends. 

NOJiTH  FAIRFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  FAIRIIA'VEN,  a  post-village  in  Bristol  co.,  Mas- 
safhusetts.  about  55  miles  S.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  FAUMOUTH.  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  co., 
Mas.sachusetts,  about  02  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  FARM'IXGTO.V,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co., 
Michigan.  21  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit. 

NORTH  PAYETTE,  (fi-yStt',)  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine. 

NORTH  FAYETTE,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1172. 

NORTH  FEiyRISBURQ,  a  post-village  of  Addison' co., 
Vermont,  with  a  station  on  tile  liutland  and  Burlington 
Railroad,  15  miles  S.  of  Burlington.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollens,  leather,  cabinetware,  sash  and  blinds.  &c. 

NORTH/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

NORTHFIELD.  a  township  in  Merrimack  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Merrimack  River,  and  intersected  by  the 
Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad]  153  miles  N.  of 
Concord.     Pop.  1051. 

NORTHFIELD.  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  in 
Washington  CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad, 
about  10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  The  village  con- 
tains 4  woollen  factories,  a  numlier  of  machine-shops  at- 
tached to  the  railroad,  2  manul'actories  of  roofing-slate,  1 
bank,  0  churches,  17  stores,  and  1  academy.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  4329. 

NORl'HFIEbD.  a  post-village  and  township  in  Franklin 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the 
Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Rjiilroad,  100  miles  W.  by  N, 
of  Boston.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  town-hall,  public  li- 
brary, and  4  stores.  Corn  brooms  and  pails  are  manufac- 
tured to  a  considerable  extent.  There  are  3  ferries  here 
across  the  Connecticut  River,  which  is  also  spanned  by  a 
biidge.     Pop.  1712. 

NORTHFIELD  or  NORFIELD,  a  village  of  Fairfield  co., 
Connecticut.  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Haven. 

NORTHFIELD.  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 27  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Richmond 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Staten  Island.     Pop.  4841. 

NOUTIIFIELD,  a  village  of  Essax  co.,  New  Jersej",  8  mileg 
W.  of  Newark ;  has  1  church. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Summit 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1340. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Wash- 
tenaw CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1373. 

NORTIIFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Jlichigan  Road,  19  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Cook  co,, 
Illinois,  about  20  miles  N.X.W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1534. 

NORTHFIELD.  a  post-office  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa. 

NORTHFIELD  FARMS,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  B^attleborough  branch  of  the  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  Railroad,  82  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  FLAT,  a  post-office,  'Wyoming  co.,  Penn.»ylvania. 

NORTH'FLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
Thames,  I5  miles  W.  of  Gravesend.  It  has  docks  for  ship- 
building, and  adjoining  it  is  Rcsherville,  a  place  of  summer 
resort. 

NORTH  FOLDEN,  (folMen,)  a  fiord  of  Norway,  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  Nordland,  opening  from  the  'VA'est  Fiord.  Its 
mouth  is  about  12  miles  wide,  and  a  little  beyond  it  divides 
into  two  large  branches,  called  respectively  the  North  and 
South  Folden.  The  former,  communicating  by  some  small 
passages  with  the  Ilolmack  Fiord,  isolates  a  large  tract  of 
Nordland. 

NORTH'FORD.  a  post-village  of  North  Branford  township. 
New  Haven  eo.,  Connecticut,  12  miles  N.E.  of  New  Haven. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co.,  North  Carolina, 
214  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  post-township  of  Izard  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  313. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Mason  co.,  Kentucky. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  township  of  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Ozark  co.,  Mis.-^ouri. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois,  125 
mileg  E.  by  N.  of  Springfield. 

1367 


NOR 

NORTII VB  AN'K'FORT,  a  post-village  of  Walclo  co.,  Maine, 
Ou  the  Penobscot  Kiver,  62  miles  E.N.E.  of  Augusta. 

NOUTII  FllANK'LlX,  a  post-office  of  Xew  London  po., 
Connecticut.  ,  ,. 

NOKTU  FRAXKLIX,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  ^ew 
rork,  7S  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.  ,  «  ,    ^ 

KOUTU  FRVEBURG,  (fri'biirg.)  a  post-office  of  Oxford 
c-»..  JIaiue.  ^.       _    . 

XORTH  GAGE,  a  past-office  of  Oneida  CO.,  Xew  TorK. 

NORTH  GAL'WAV,  a  po.^t-offlce.  Saratoga  co..  New  \ork. 

XOIITII  G-4.K'0EX,  a  po.-t-office,  Albemarle  co.,  A  irgima. 

XUKTII  tiKOKGETOWX,  Ohio.     See  Georoetowx. 

XOKTU  GLOUCESTF.R.  (glos/t^r.)  Cumberland  CO.,  Maine, 
a  station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  KaUroad,  22  miles  from  Port- 

XORTH  GO'.SniiX.  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, about  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford. 

NOKTU  UKAX/BV,  a  post  village  of  Hartford  CO.,  Connec- 
ticut. 20  miles  X.X.W.  of  Hartford. 

NORTH  GR.\X'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  VTashington  co., 
New  York,  aljout  65  miles  X.X.E.  of  Albany.  It  contains 
1  bank  and  several  facttTies  and  mills. 

NORTH  GRAY,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  GREECE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  Y'ork. 

NORTH  GREEX'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  li^aratoga  co.,  Xew 

NORTH  GREENWICH,  (green'ich.)  a  post-village  of  Fair- 
fi-j'd  CO.,  Connecticut.  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Haven. 

NORTH  GREENWICH,  a  post-office  of  AVashington  co.. 
New  York.  „ 

NORTH  GROrrON,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  CO.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

NORTH  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Ogle  co.,  Hlinois. 

NORTH  GUILFORD,  (ghil'tord.)  a  post-village  of  New 
Haven  co.,  Connecticut.  12  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Haven. 

NORTH  GL'ILFOltD,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co.,  New 
York,  about  nO  miles  S.  by  W.  of  IJtica. 

NORTH  HAD'LEY,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire  co.,  5Ias- 
sachu.-etts,  about  90  miles  W.  of  Boston.  The  Inhabitants 
are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  corn  brooms. 

NORTH  H.\M'BUkG,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co., 
Miehi'zan. 

NORTH  H.\M'DEX,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  CO.,  New  Y'ork. 

NORTH  H.\MI"TON.  a  post-office  of  I'enobscot  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  H.\Ml>TOX,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co., 
New  Hampsliire,  45  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Concord,  intersected 
by  tlie  Ea,<tern  Railroad,     l'op.771. 

NORTH  HAMPTOX.  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Ohio,  53 
miles  W.  of  Columbus.     I'op.  about  200. 

NORTH  H.VMl'TOX,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois, 
18  miles  X.  of  I'eoria. 

NORTH  H.\X'COCK,  a  postoffice  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  H.\X'SON.  a  village  of  Plymouth  CO.,  Massjichu- 
setts.  on  the  Old  Coloiiv  Railroad,  14  miles  from  Plymouth. 

NORTH  HAR'PER^'fIELD,  a  post-village  of  Delaware 
CO.,  New  York,  about  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Delhi. 

NORTH  HART'LAXD,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  CO.,  Ver- 
mont, with  a  station  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  9 
miles  from  Windsor. 

NORTH  HA'VEN,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Maine, 
comprising  the  Xorth  Fo.x  Island,  in  Penoljscot  Bay.  about 
75  miles  E.S.E.  of  Augusta,  It  contains  a  Baptist  church 
and  5  stores.  The  fisheries  employ  20*)  men  and  1000  tons 
of  .shipping,  which  is  owned  in  the  island.  Incorporated  in 
1846.     Pop. '951. 

NORTH  H.WEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New 
Haven  Co.,  Connecticut,  on  Quiiiepiack  Rivijr,  and  on  the 
Hartford  and  Xew  Haven  Railroad.  5  miles  N.  of  New  Ha- 
ven. It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  an  academy,  and  several 
stores.    Large  quantities  of  brick  are  m.-ule  here.    Pop.  1499. 

NORTH  HAVERHILL.*  a  post-village  of  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad. 
45  miles  W.  Irv  N.  of  Concord. 

NORTH  HAWERSTRAW,  a  post-office  of  Rockland  co.. 
New  York. 

NORTH  HE'BRON.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  New 
York.  5.i  miles  X.N.K.  of  Albanv.    It  has  an  academy. 

NORTH  HK' 'TOR,  a  post-v"illago  of  Schuyler  co.,  New 
York,  near  Peneca  Lake,  .ibout  22  miles  W.X.W.  of  Ithaca. 

NORTH  IlEIDKLBKRG,  (lii'del-berg.)  a  township  of  Berks 
CO..  Pennsvlvania.  10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Reading.    Pop.  956. 

NORTIIHKMP'STEAD,  a  post-township,  capital  of  Queen's 

CO.,  Xew  York,  on  Long  Island,  about  20  miles  E.  of  Xew 

Y'ork  City.     It  is  interse-ted  by  the  Long  Island  Railroad, 

and  bounded  on  the  X.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  which  here 

forms  several  bays.     It  contains  the  villages  of  RosLTX,  Max- 

lUSSET  Vai-Let.  Manhasset.  and  several  hamlets.     Pop.  5419. 

NORTH  HKN'DKRSOX,  a  post-township  of  Mercer  CO., 

Illinois,  135  miles  X.W.  of  Springfield. 

NORTH  IIKR'.MAX,  a  ixist-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  HE'RO,  a  postvillage  and  township,  capital  of 

Orand  Isle  co.,  Vermont,  on  an  island  of  its  o\vn  name  in 

Lake  Champlain.  60  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  594. 


1S5S 


*  See  Haverbill,  page  834. 


NOR 

NORTH  HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

NORTH  HILL,  a  post  office  of  Wayne  co..  Kentucky. 

NORTH  HOtiAX,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

NOItTH  HOO'SIC.  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
Y'ork,  with  a  station  ou  the  Troy  and  Boston  Railroad,  27 
miles  fi-om  Troy. 

NORTH  UOPF;,  a  small  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NORTH  HVD'SON.  a  post-village  of  Essex  co..  New  Y'ork, 
105  miles  X.  of  .\lbiiny.     Pop.  297. 

NORTH  HUXT'IXGDON,  a  township  of  W'estmoreland  CO., 
Pennsvlvania.     Pop.  798. 

NORTH  HYDEL'ARK,  hld'park',  a  post-village  in  Hvdo- 
park  township,  Lamoille  co.,  Vermont,  about  3o  miles  N.  cf 
.Montpelier. 

NORTH'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

NOKTH'ILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Be-lford. 

NORTH  IX'DCSTKY,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co..  Maine. 

NOKXH  IXDUSTRY,  a  post-village  of  Stark  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Nimishillen  Creek.  4  miles  S.  of  Canton. 

NORTH'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Hants. 

NOKTUIXGTON.  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co..  North 
Carolina,  50  miles  S.  of  Raleigh. 

NORTH  JACK'SON.  a  post-office  of  Mahoning  co..  Ohio. 

NORTH  .JAXES'VILLt;,a  post-office.  Koc^k  «>..  Wisconsin. 

NORTH  J.A.V'.\,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  KEX/XEBUXK  PORT,  a  post-village  of  York  co., 
Maine.  So  miles  S.S.W.  of  Augusta. 

NORTH  KIiyLIXGLY',  a  post-village  in  Windham  co., 
Connecticut,  48  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Hartford. 

XORTH  KIXGS/TOX.  a  "post-township  in  Washington  CO., 
Rhode  Island,  ou  Narragauset  Bay,  intersected  by  the  StO 
niugtou  Railroad,  IS  miles  S.  of  Providence.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton  and  woollen  good».  sash  and  blinds.  &c. 
It  contains  Wickford,  and  several  other  villages.    Pop.  3104. 

NORTH  KIXG^TOX.  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co..  Uliucis. 

NORTH  KORT'RIGHT,  a  postofflce  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York. 

NORTH  LAN'SING,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
York,  alxjut  14  mile;  N.  of  ithaca. 

NORTH  LAW/REXCE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  Xew  Y'ork,  on  Deer  River,  where  it  is  crossed,  35 
miles  E.  of  Ogdeusburg.  It  is  a  place  of  active  busiue.=s, 
and  contains  a  depot  100  feet  by  50, 3  saw-mills,  one  of  which 
has  a  gang  of  30  saws,  and  numerous  new  stores  and  dwell- 
ings. 

NORTH'LEACH.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  in  ISol,  1352. 
It  has  a  handsome  church,  a  grammar-school,  and  some 
manufactures  of  woollens. 

NORTH  LEB'ANON,  a  village  and  towTiship  of  Lebanon 
CO.,  Pennsylvani.i,  on  the  Union  Canal.  25  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Harrisburg,  and  contiguous  to  the  borough  of  Lebanon. 
The  extensive  furnace  at  this  place  is  capable  of  producing 
near  2'iO  tons  of  pig  iron  per  week.    Total  pop.  3191. 

NORTH  LEEDS,  a  post-vilKtge  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
with  a  station  on  the  Androscoggin  Railroad,  10  miles  from 

NORTH  LEOMINSTER.  Umlnster,  a  post^village  of  Wop. 
cester  co..  Massachusetts,  42  miles  W.X.W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  LKV'KRETT.  a  post-village  in  I'rankliu  CO.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 82  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Bostou. 

NORTH  LEW'ISBURG.  a  post-office,  Champaign  CO..  Ohio. 

NORTH  LIB'ERTY.  apost-office.  Mercer  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

NORTH  LIBERTY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Adams  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  plank-road  from  Ripley  to  Locust  Grove,  84 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.    Laid  out  in  1847. 

NORTH  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  in  the  N.  part  of  Knox 
CO.,  Ohio.     It  contains  1  church,  and  4  stores. 

NORTH  LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  St.  .Joseph  CO..  Indiana. 

NOKTU  LI'.M.i.  a  post-village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  LIM'IXGTOX,  a  post-village  of  York  co..  Maine, 
in  the  township  of  Limington,  3  miles  N.  of  Limiugton  vil- 
lage.    It  contJiins  a  church,  and  2  stores. 

NORTH  LINCOLN',  link'on,  a  post/offlce  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Penolacot  River. 

NORTH-LINED  (northUfnd')  LAKE  or  ISLAND  LAKE,  a 
lake  of  British  America,  on  the  '-line"  or  limit  where  the 
woods  disappear,  in  consequence  of  the  high  latitude. 

XORTH  LIXKL.iEX,  (liuk'laiu\j  a  post-office  of  Chenacgc 
CO.,  Xew  York. 

NORTH  LITTLETON,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  ca,  New 
Hampshire. 

NORTH  LIVERMORE,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin 
CO.,  Maine,  25  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Aucusta. 

NORTH  LOXDOXDER/RY,  a  small  post-village  of  Rock- 
land CO.,  New  Hampshire,  ou  the  Manchester  aud  Lawrenct 
Railroad.  25  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Concord. 

NORTH  LOV'ELL,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  LY/M.\N,  a  post-oilice  of  Grafton  co..  New  llamjv 
shire. 

NORTH  LYME,  a  post-village  in  New  London  co,  Coti- 
necticut.  36  miles  E.  by  N.of  New  Haven. 

NORTH  MAD/ISON,  a  postrvillage  of  New  Hnvea  no, 
Connecticut^  17  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Haven. 


NOR 


NOR 


XOKTII  MADISON,  a  new  and  thriving  post-Tillage  of 
Jefferson  co.,  Imiiana.  on  the  railroiul,  2  miles  N.of  Matlison 
City,  and  S-l  miles  tf.S.E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  upper  depot 
of  the  railroad  is  at  this  place.    Pop.  in  18S0,  676;  in  1860, 

NORTH  MAIIO'NING,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
Bvlvania.     Pop.  IX'n. 

'  NORTH  MA.N'CFIi;STER.  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co..  In- 
diana, on  Eel  Kiver.  about  105  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

NORTH  MANHEI.M,  man'hime,  a  township  of  Schuylkill 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  3  or  4  miles  S.  of  I'ottsville.     Pop.  3196. 

NORTH  MAN'fJI'S.  a  post-office.  Oubncla^a  co..  New  York. 

NOltTII  M  A I ;  1  'A  Vl  I.LK,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  .Miiine. 

NOItTIl  .MAIl'.-llAU,.  a  post-office,  Calhoun  co..  Michigan. 

NORTH  >1AII.SH'F1ELI),  a  po.-it-villa-e  of  I'lymouth  co., 
Jl.issachusetts.  on  North  River,  21  miles  S.E.  of  iSoston. 

NORTH.MA'VKN  or  NOia'HMA'VINE,  a  parish  of  Sco^ 
land,  CO.  of  Shetland,  compriping  the  N.  part  of  Mainland, 
and  a  number  of  environing  islands.  Kona's  Hill,  in  this 
parish,  is  about  2000  feet  in  elevation. 

NORTH  ME.WDON,  a  village  of  Monroe  co..  New  York,  10 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  liocliester. 

NORTH  MID'DLEnOROUGH,  a  post-village  in  Plymouth 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  35  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  .MIU'DLKTON,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania.     I'op.  1016. 

NORTH  .AIIDDLETON,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  co.. 
Kentucky,  10  miles  E.  of  Paris.  It  contains  1  academy  and 
2  diurclies. 

N0I;TI  I  MON/MOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  MONROE,  (mpn-ro'.)  post-office,  Waldo  co„  Maine. 

N(tR  I'll  MO.NTl'E'LIER,  a  post-office  of  \\ashiugton  co., 
Veniii>nt.  6  miles  N.  of  Moutpelier. 

NOKTII'MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NOK  I'll  MORK'LAND,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

N»JltTH  MOUNT' AIN,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  at  the  N. 
extremity  of  Columbia  co..  being  partly  in  this  and  partly 
in  Lycoming  county.  North  Mountain  is  also  the  name 
sometime.^  applied  to  the  northernmost  ridge  of  the  Allegha- 
nies,  in  Pennsylvania,  as  contradistinguished  from  the 
South  Mountain. 

NOHTIl  JIOUNJAIN,  a  post-village  of  Berkeley  CO.,  W. 
Virginia,  with  a  station  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, 2ti  miN's  from  Harper's  Ferry. 

NORTH  MOUNT  PLEAS'ANT,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Marshall  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the  stage-road  from  Holly  Springs 
to  .Memphis,  (in  Tennessee.)  15  miles  N.W.  of  the  former. 

NOinil  NASSAU,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  CO.,  New  York. 

NOKl'H  NE W'BURU.  a  post-olBce  of  I'enobscot  CO..  Maine. 

NOl'.TH  N  KW'BURY,  a  post-office  of  Ueauga  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  N  EW'PORT,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine. 

NORTH  NEW  PORT'OAXD.  a  post-village  of  .Somerset  co., 
Maine,  about  .50  miles  X.M'.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  5  stores, 
and  several  manufactories.    Pop.  about  2u0. 

NORTH  XEW'RY,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  XIOW  SA/LEM,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Ma.ssachusetts,  75  miles  W.  by  N'.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  Nt)It/WAY,  a  po.st-office  of  Oxford  co..  Maine. 

NORTH  XOR/WICH,  a  po.st-towuship  iri  the  N.E.  part  of 
Chenango  co.,  New  York,  has  a  village  of  the  s.ime  name  on 
the  Chenango  Canal,  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Utica.     I'op.  1171. 

NORTH  NORWICH,  a  post-office  of  Huron  co..  Ohio. 

NOR'l'H'Ol',  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

Ni>RTH  OR'.VXGE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 72  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 

NOR'THORl'E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  with 
a  station  on  the  lancolnshire  Railway,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Gainsborough. 

NORTH  OR/WELL,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
Peiiiisvlvania,  about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Towanda. 

NORTH'OVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

NORTH  O.X'FORD,  a  post-village  in  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 50  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  PALER/MO,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  I'Ali'IS.  a  post-village  of  Oxford  CO.,  MaiTie,  on 
the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  55  miles  N.  by  W. 
Ot  Portland. 

NORTH  I'AR/MA.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  I'AR'SOXFI  ELD,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  ilaine, 
80  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta. 

NORTH  I'EM/BROKK.  post-office.  Gene.see  co..  New  Y'ork. 

NORTH  PENN.  a  township  within  the  chartered  limits 
of  Philadelphia  city,  Pennsylvania,  3  or  4  miles  N.  of  the 
Ft-ite  House.  * 

NOirni  Pi:XOn'SCOT,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

NOirni  PER'RY.  a  post-office  of  Lake  co..  Ohio. 

NORTH  PINE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  CO.,  Penn- 

vlv;ll:ia. 

'  XOKTH  PITCH'ER,  a  post-office,  Chenango  co.,  New  York. 

XOKTH  PITT'SON.  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  PLAIXS,  a  post-town.ship  forming  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Ionia  co..  Michigan.     Pop.  954. 

NORTH  PLYMPrrON.  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mas- 
pacha»etts,  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston. 


NORTH  POINT,  on  the  N.  side  ef  the  entrance  to  the 
Patapseo  River,  Maryland.    On  it  are  two  lighthouses. 

NORTH  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Arkansas. 

NORTH  PORT,  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Prince 
Edward,  situ.'^ted  on  the  Bay  of  Quintu,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Belleville,  and  14  miles  from  I'icton.     Pop.  about  225. 

NORTH'PORT,  a  post-township  in  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  44  miles  E.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  1178. 

NORTHPORT,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on 
the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  40  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  York. 

NORTHPORT.  a  post-village  in  Tuscaloosa  co..  Alabama, 
on  Blackwarrior  River,  105  miles  N.W.  of  Montgomery. 

NORTHPORT.  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
North  Fork  of  the  Elkhart  River,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Albion. 

NORTH  PORTER,  a  post-office  of  Oxfoi-d  co.,  JIaiue. 

NORTH  POTTS'DAM,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  CO., 
New  York.     See  R.vcketville. 

NORTH  POW'NAL,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  POWNAL,  a  postroffice  of  Bennington  co.,  \  er- 
mont. 

NORTH  PRAIRIE,  pr.i'ree,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co., 
Illinois,  50  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Peoria. 

NORTH  PRAIRIE  ST.A.TION.  a  post-village  of  Waukesha, 
CO.,  'Wisconsin.  31  m.  S.W.  of  Milwankio.    It  has  70  houses. 

NORTH  PRES/COTT,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire  oo., 
Massachusetts.  75  miles  W.  by  N.  of  ISoston. 

NORTH  PROS'PECT.  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  PROV/IDEXCE,  a  township  of  Providence  CO., 
Rhode  Island,  bordering  on  Massachusetts,  4  miles  N.  of 
Providence,  intersected  by  the  Boston  and  Providence  Rail- 
road. It  comprises  the  greater  part  of  the  town  of  Paw- 
tucket.     Pop.  11,818. 

NORTH  RAISINVILLE,  (r.Vzin-vil,)  a  post-office  of  Mon- 
roe CO.,  Michican. 

NOltTH  RAY'.MOND.  a  post-office,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  READIXG,  (rJd'ing,)  a  post-village  and  town.ship 
of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  Ipswich  River,  and  on 
the  Salem  and  Lowell  Railro.-ul,  17  miles  N.  of  Boston.  Inr 
corpnrated  in  1853.   Pop.  1203. 

NORTH  R  E  A  DING,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  Y'ork. 

NORTH  REHO'BOTH,  a  post-village  of  Bristol  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 38  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH-RE I'P.S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

NORTH  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York. 

NOltTH  RIDGK'VILLE,  a  post-offite'of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  RIDGliyWAY,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co..  New 
York. 

NORTH  RIVER,  a  small  stream  formed  by  the  junction 
of  its  E.  and  W.  branches,  which  rise  in  Windham  co.,  A'er- 
mont,  falls  into  Deerfield  River,  in  Franklin  county,  Mas- 
saihuvetts. 

NORTH  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Plymouth  co.,  in  the 
E.  part  of  Massju'husetts,  flows  into  the  .Atlantic  Ocean. 
■     NORTH  RIVER,  New  York.     See  Hlhso.n  Rivku. 

NORTH  RIVER,  in  the  central  part  of  Virginia,  ri.ses  in 
Augusta  CO.,  among  the  -Alleghany  .Mountains,  Hows  south- 
ward through  Rockbridge  county,  passes  by  Lexington,  and 
enters  .lames  River  immediately  above  its  passage  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  near  the  northern  extremity  of  Bedford 
county.  This  stream,  in  its  upper  part,  is  called  the  Calf- 
pasture  River.    The  whole  length  is  about  100  miles. 

NORTH  RIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia.  This  name 
is  frequently  applied  to  the  Rappahannock,  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Rapidan.  It  is  formed  by  Iledgmau's  and  Thorn ton'c 
Rivers,  which  unite  on  the  boundary  between  Culpepper 
and  F'auquier  counties.     See  R.^pp.iHAXXOCK. 

NORTH  RIVER,  of  Hampshire  co.,  W.  Virginia,  is  an 
affluent  of  the  Great  Cacapon  River. 

NORTH  RIVER,  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia,  one  of  the 
head  streams  of  the  Shenandoah  proper,  flows  south-cast- 
ward  and  unites  with  the  Middle  and  South  Rivers,  near 
Port  Republic,  in  the  county  just  named.  It  furnishes 
excellent  water-power. 

NORTH  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Alabau^a,  flows  into 
Blackwarrior  River,  a  few  miles  above  Tuscaloosa. 

NORTH  RIVER,  Iowa,  sometimes  called  UPPER  THREE, 
rises  in  the  W.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  Des 
Moines  River  in  Polk  county. 

NORTH  RIVER,  a  post-ollice  of  Tuscaloosa  co..  Alabama. 

NORTH  RIVER  MEET/ING  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Hamp- 
shire CO.,  W.  Virginia. 

NORTH  RIVER  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co., 
W.  Virginia,  about  14  miles  E.  of  Romney. 

NORTH  ROCH'ESTER,  a  post-village  in  Plymouth  CO., 
Massachusetts,  40  miles  S.  by  E  of  Boston. 

NORTH  ROME,  a  eauill  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NORTH  ROY'ALTON,  a  postofflce  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio. 

Nt)RTH  RUS/SELL,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York. 

NORTH  SA'LEM,  a  postrofflce  of  Rockingham  co.,  X'ew 
Hampshire. 

NORTH  S.VLESI,  a  po.st-village  and  town.ship  of  West- 
chester CO.,  New  York,  about  110  miies  S.  by  E.  of  Albany 

1359 


NOR 


NOR 


The  Tl;.'sf:e  mis  seTeraV  churches,  and  an  academy.  The 
Harlom  Itallroad  runs  along  the  >¥.  border  of  the  township. 
Pop  1497. 

NOKTII  SALEM,  a  post-Tillage  of  Hendricks  co,,  Indiana, 
30  miles  W.N'.W,  of  Indianapolis, 

XDUIU  SALU'D.A.,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

NOKTIC  SAN'BORNTON,  a  post-office  of  Belkn.ip  co,,  New 
Il.impsliire. 

XOUTII  SAXDnnCII,  a  post-village  in  Carroll  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

XOKTH  SANDWICH,  a  postrvilUago  in  Barnstable  co,, 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Cape  Cod  Railroad,  58  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Boston. 

NORTH  SCITtJATE.  (sif  u-it.)  a  post-village  in  Plymouth 
CO.,  Ma-sachusetts,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  SCITU.\TE,  a  post-village  in  Providence  CO., 
Rhode  Island.  10  miles  W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  an 
academy,  and  has  extensive  print-work.s,  and  manufactures 
muslin  de  laines,  &c. 

XOKTH  SEA  or  GER'MAN  OCEAN  (Ger.  DeiUsches  Meer, 
doitsh'.'S  malR ;  Dutch  M>}-d  Zee,  noRt  z^ ;  Fr.  Mer-du-Nord, 
maiR  dii  noR;  anc.  GermanHeum  Ma're  or  Germanlicus  Oce>- 
anus,)  an  arm  or  portion  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  extending 
from  the  .Strait  of  Dover  to  the  Shetland  Islands;  bounded  K. 
by  Norway  and  Denmark,  S,  by  Hanover,  the  Netherlands, 
Belgium,  and  Prance,  and  W.by  the  British  Islands;  length 
700  miles,  extreme  breadth  420  miles.  On  the  N.E.  it  forms 
a  wide  arm  called  the  Skager-rack,  60  miles  broad,  which 
separates  Norway  from  Denmark.  This  again  communicates 
south  want  with  the  Cattegat  or  Kattegat,  a  great  arm  of  the 
North  Se;t.  between  Sweden  on  the  E.,  the  Danish  Islands  on 
the  S..  and  the  peninsula  of  .Jutland  on  the  W.  The  Cattegat 
communicates  with  the  B.-)ltic  by  the  3  strait*  called  the 
Sound  or  Ore  .Sund.  and  the  Great  and  Little  ISelts,  and 
contains  the  islands  Lessiie,  Anholt,  and  Samsoe,  near  which 
latter  is  the  small  island  of  Kyholm,  which,  since  1831,  has 
been  a  groat  quarantine  station  for  all  ships  entering  the 
Danish  seas.  The  shores  of  all  the  countries  tliat  surround 
the  X'orth  Soa  are  deeply  indented  with  bays,  fiords,  inlets, 
and  large  estuaries.  The  water  is  deepest  on  the  Norwegian 
side,  where  the  soundings  give  190  fathoms;  but  the  mean 
depth  of  the  whole  basin  may  lie  stated  at  no  more  than  31 
fathoms.  The  bed  of  this  sea  is  traversed  by  several  enor- 
mous banks,  one  of  which,  occupying  a  central  position, 
trends  from  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Scotland,  in  a  N.E.  direction, 
to  a  distance  of  110  miles;  others  run  from  Denmark  and 
Jutland  upwards  of  105  miles  to  the  N.W. ;  while  the  greatest 
of  all.  the  Dogcer  Hank,  occupies  the  centre  of  the  sea.  from 
lat.  54°  10'  to  57°  24'  X..  and  Ion.  1°  to  6°  7'  E.  The  great 
oceanic  tidal  wave,  which  origin.ates  in  the  .\tlantic,  having 
swept  the  W.  coasts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  enters 
the  X.  extremity  of  the  North  Sea,  giving  high  water  nearly 
simultaneously  to  the  opposite  shores  of  Scotland  and  Nor- 
way. Pursuing  Its  course  along  the-  coasts  of  the  former 
and  of  England,  on  which  it  strikes  very  directly,  and  with 
great  force,  it  rules  the  tides  as  far  S.  as  the  Thames,  making 
the  tour  of  Great  Britain  in  18  hours.  It  determines  al.so 
the  tides  of  Belgium,  from  Ostend  to  Dunkirk:  and  does 
not  cease  to  affect,  though  it  does  not  rule,  the  tides  of  the 
continent  through  the  channel.  On  entering  the  Nortfi 
Sea.  on  the  N.  of  Scotland,  the  tidal  wave  does  not  exceed 
12  feet,  but  gra-Jually  increases  to  14,  16,  IS,  and  on  the 
number,  to  20  feet;  a  difference  of  height  depending  on  the 
figure  of  the  shore,  the  form  of  the  bottom,  and  the  direction 
of  incidence  of  the  wave.  The  fisheries  in  this  sea  are  exten- 
sive, as  well  on  the  Dogger  Bank,  celebrated  for  its  cod 
fishery,  as  on  all  the  shores  that  bound  It :  they  are  still 
greater  at  it^  X'.  extremity,  in  the  direction  of  the  Orkney 
and  Shetland  Isles. 

NORTH  SEAKS'MONT,  a  post-village  in  Waldo  CO.,  Maine. 

NORTH  Sfc;AUS'l'()RT,  a  postoffice  of  Waldo  CO.,  Maine. 

NORTH  SEDCJ'WICK,  a  postoffice  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  SEWHCKLEY,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of 
Beaver  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  Beaver  River.     Pop.  1337. 

NORTH  SHAl'LEIGH,  (shap/lee,)  a  post-office  of  York  co., 
Maine. 

NORTHSHF.F'FIELD,apost-officeof  Ashtabula  CO.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  SHKryDON.  a  post-office,  Wvoming  co..  New  York. 
-  NORTH  SHEXAN/GO,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  861. 

NORTH  SHEIVBURNE,  a  post-office  of  RuUand  co., 
Vermont. 

NORTH  SHORE,  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  SIDNEY,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co..  Maine. 

NvtRTH  SLJIVPERY  ROCK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

NORTH  SMITH'FIELD,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradford 
00..  i'ennsvlvania. 

NORTH'  SOMERS,  (slim'^rz,)  a  post-village  of  Tolland  co^ 
Connecticut,  .about  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hartford. 

NORTH  Sl'AR'TA.  a  post-office,  Livingston  co.,  New  York. 

NORTH  Sl'EN'CER,  a  post-village  in  Worcester  CO.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 53  miles  W'.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

KOKTH  SPRING,  a  postrofflce  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee. 
1360 


NORTH  SPRINQTIELD,  a  post-offlce  of  Windsor  eo, 
Vermont. 

NORTH  SPRIXGFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio 

NORTH  STAM'FORD.  a  post-village  in  Fairfield  CO.,  Con- 
necticut,'40  miles  S.K.  by  E.  of  New  Haven. 

NORTH  STAR,  a  post-office,  Washingt<iu  co..  Pennsj-lvania. 

NORTH  STAR,  a  postrofflce  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  STEPHEXTOWN,  (stee/vfn-tOwn,)  a  post-office  of 
Rensselaer  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  STER/LIXG.  a  po.stoffice,  Cavug»  co.,  New  York. 

NORTH  STOCK'HOLM,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
New  Y^ork,  located  at  Knapp's  Station,  on  the  Northern 
Railroad,  about  8  miles  N.E.  of  Potsdam. 

NORTH  STO'XINGTON,  a  post-township  of  New  London 
CO..  Connecticut.  17  miles  N.E.  of  Xew  London.     Pop.  191.3. 

XORTH  STRABAXE,  (stra-bJn',)  a  township  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  I'ennsvlvania,     Pop.  1213. 

NORTH  STliAF/FORD,  a  post-office  of  Strafford  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

NORTH  STUKELEY,  stfiklee.  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Shefford,  24  miles  W.  of  Sherbrooke,  and  66 
miles  from  Montreal,     Pop.  of  the  township,  about  2100. 

NORTH  SUDBURY,  (sud'bere.)  a  post-village  in  Middle- 
sex  CO.,  >Lissachusetts,  23  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  SULl'HUR,  a  post-office  of  Fannin  co,  Texas. 

NORTH  SWANSE.\,  swan'see,  a  post-village  in  Bristol  co., 
Massachusetts,  46  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  TEWKSISURY.  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  25  miles  X.N.W.  of  Bostofi. 

XORTH  THET'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  Ver- 
ment,  with  a  station  on  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsio 
Rivers  Railroad.  3  miles  from  Thetford. 

NORTH  TOWAX'DA,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co^ 
PeniLSvlvania,  alwut  2  miles  N.  of  Towauda.     Pop.  .'J82. 

NORTH  TROY,  a  post-offlce  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont 

NORTH  TRU'RO,  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  co.,  Ma.«g»- 
chusetts.  60  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  TURX'BRIDGE,  a  post-offlce,  Oxford  co.,  Vermont 

NORTH  TUlfXER.  a  post-village  in  Turner  township, 
Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  on  Martin's  Stream,  which  enters  .Seventy 
Mile  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Androscoggin.  It  contains  1 
store,  a  large  shoe  factory,  saw  and  grist  mill,  shingle 
machine,  carding-mill,  and  machinerv  for  carriages  and 
sleighs.     Pop.  al)Out  200. 

NORTH  TURNER  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  in  Turner 
township,  Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin,  which  is 
here  crossed  by  a  toll  bridge.  It  contains  a  store,  and  100 
inhabitants. 

NORTH  TWO  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  a  small  stream  rising 
in  the  X.E.  part  of  the  stale,  and  flowing  throu^'h  Marion 
CO.,  into  the  Missis.sippi,  3  miles  above  Marion  City.  The 
South  Two  River  enters  the  Mississippi,  half  a  mile  farther 
down. 

XORTHUMBERLAN'D,  nor-thum'ber-land,  (L.  Xorthtcm/- 
bria.)  the  most  X.county  of  England,  having  X.W.  Scotland, 
and  E.  the  North  Sea.  Area  1952  iiquare  miles,  or  1.197,4-10 
acres.  alx)ut  150.000  of  which  are  arable.  Pop.  in  1851.  303,568. 
Surface  in  the  W.  occupied  by  the  Cheviot  Mountains  and  by 
wild  moorlands,  spurs  of  which  stretch  eastward  through 
the  county,  but  are  separated  by  fine  valleys,  which  on  the 
E,  coa.st  expand  into  broad  level  tracts.  Coast  line  in  parte 
very  bold  and  rugged;  in  other  parts  indented  by  noble 
estuaries.  Chief  rivers,  the  Tyne,  Coquet  Alne,  Blyth, 
Wansbreck,  and  Till.  The  principal  mineral  is  coal,  for  the 
export  of  which,  this  county  is  pre-eminently  noted.  Lead 
and  iron  are  also  wrought.  Manufactures  chiefly  confined 
to  Newcastle.  The  Newcastle  and  Carlisle.  Great  North  of 
England,  Newcastle  and  Berwick,  and  Caledonian  Railways 
traverse  this  county,  and  many  small  railways  connect  the 
coal-pits  with  the  rivers.  Principal  towns,  Newcastle? Tyne- 
mouth.  North  Shields,  Alnwick,  Hexham,  and  Morpeth. 
The  X,  and  S.  divisions  of  the  county  each  send  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Common.s,  and  its  boroughs  (exclusive  of 
Berwick)  send  4  members.  Under  the  Britons  Xorthum- 
berland  formed  part  of  the  confederacy  of  the  Brigantes: 
under  the  Heptarchy  it  formed  a  p.irt  of  the  kingdom  of 
Northumbria.-  After  the  conquest,  it  was  granted  to  the 
illustrious  family  of  Percy,  toade.scendantof  whom,  through 

a  female  branch,  it  still  gives  the  title  of  Duke. Adj.  and 

inhab.  XoRTHUJiBRlAy,  nor-thum'bre-an. 

NORTHU.M/BERLAND,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part 
of  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  500  square  miles.  The 
West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River  washes  its  W.  bor- 
der, and  the  Xorth  Branch  of  that  river  flows  through  the 
midille;  these  two,  uniting  at  Xorthuml>erland,  form  the 
Susquehanna  proper.  It  is  also  draineti  by  Shamokin,  Ma- 
hanoy,  and  Mahantango  Creeks.  The  southern  part  of  the 
county  is  traversed  by  barren  mountain  ridges,  nanieti  Sha- 
mokin Hill,  Mahanoy  and  Line  Mountflins.  Some  of  the 
valleys  are  highly  productive.  Extensive  beds  of  anthracite 
coal  are  worked  near  Shamokin,  in  the  S.E.  part.  Iron  or* 
and  limestone  are  abundant.  The  North  Branch  Cana. 
passes  through  the  county,  and  connects  near  Sunbury 
with  the  West  Branch  Canal.  This  county  is  intersected 
by  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  by  the  Lackawanna 


NOR 


NOR 


and  Bloomsburg  Kailroad,  and  by  the  Northern  Central 
Bailroad.  Organized  in  1772,  and  named  from  Nortlniniber- 
land,  a  county  of  England.  Capital,  Stinbury.  Population 
28,922. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Chesapeake  Bay  and  on  the  estuary  of  the  I'o- 
tomac  Kiver,  has  an  area  of  150  square  miles.  Its  eastern 
outline  is  indented  by  several  inlets,  two  of  which  are  called 
the  Coan  and  Wiconiicxj  Rivers.  The  surface  Is  somewhat 
undulating,  and  the  soil  of  medium  quality.  Formed  in 
lt)4S.  Capital,  Ileathsville.  Pop.  7531,  of  whom  4092  were 
free,  and  ;«3'.t  slaves. 

NOUTIIU-MHKKLAND,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of 
Coos  CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut 
River,  and  on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  about 
110  miles  N.  of  Concord.    Pop.  736. 

NORTHUMBEIt LAND,  a  post-township  on  the  E.  border 
of  Saratoga  co..  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  inter.sected 
by  the  Saratoga  and  ^Vashington  Railroad,  -10  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1666. 

NORTIIL'.MBKRLANI),  a  post-borough  of  Nortlninibei^ 
land  CO..  Pennsylvania,  is  built  on  tlie  p'oint  of  land  formed 
by  the  confluence  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Susquehanna 
Kiver,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  K.R.,  56  miles  N.  of 
Harrisbnrg.  Itoccupies  one  of  the  most  beautiful  situations 
in  the  state,  combining  the  charms  of  river  and  mountain 
scenery  in  a  high  degree.  It  contains  a  town-hall,  7  churches, 
1  bank,  and  an  academy.  The  Northern  Central  Railroad 
passes  through  this  place.  Here  are  2  bridges  across  the 
branches  of  the  river.  Population  in  1850, 1041;  in  1860, 
1108. 

NORTirCM'BERLAND,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  lying 
upon  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  compri.ses  an  area  of 
730  square  miles.  Rice  Lake  is  in  the  N.  part  of  this  county, 
and  numerous  small  streams  flow  thence  to  Lake  Ontario. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  2  railroads  leading  from  Peter- 
borough to  Lake  Ontario,  and  one  leading  from  Kingston 
to  Toronto.     Capital,  Cobourg.     Pop.  31,229. 

NORTHUM'BERLAND.  an  extensive  maritime  county  of 
New  Brun.^wiik,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  It 
Is  drained  by  the  beautiful  river  Miramlchi,  forming  at  its 
mouth  the  extensive  harbor  of  the  same  name.  The  river 
Is  9  miles  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  navigable  for  vessels  of 
the  largest  class  30  miles.  Northumberland  is  one  of  the 
best  watered  and  most  heavily  timbered  counties  in  New 
Brunswick,  and  its  commerce,  already  extensive,  is  annu- 
ally increasing.     Capital,  Miramlchi.     Pop.  in  1851,  15.064. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  a  maritime  county  of  New  South 
Wales,  F.iist  Australia,  having  on  the  N.  the  Hunter  River, 
S.  the  Hawke.sbury  River,  and  on  the  E.  the  ocean.  Area 
2342  square  miles.  Pop.  13.335.  Surface  mountainous. 
Co.al  is  a  higlily  important  product,  and  exported  from  New- 
castle, on  the  Hunter;  besides  which  town,  this  county 
cont:iins  Maitland.  Singleton,  Morpeth,  &c.  It  returns  2 
members  to  the  New  Soxith  Wales  Legislative  A.ssembly,  1 
for  the  county,  and  1  for  its  boroughs. 

NORTHUAi'BERLAND  IN/LET.  British  North  .\merica.  a 
bay  W.  of  Cumberland  Island,  and  N.  of  Frobi.sher  Strait, 
its  entrance  in  lat.  65°  N.,  Ion.  6.')°  W. 

NORTHUM'BERLAND  ISLANDS,  are  off  the  E.  coast  of 
Australia;  lut.  21°  30'  S.,  Ion.  150°  E. 

NORTHUMBERLAND  STRAIT,  of  British  North  America, 
separates  Prince  Edward's  Island  from  New  Brunswick  and 
Kova  Scotia. 

NORTHUMBRTA.    See  Northumberland. 

NOItTH  U'.MOX,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  oo.,  Maine. 

NORTH  UNIO.V.  a  post-office  of  Washington  eo.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  UNIONTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

NORTH  URB.VNA,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

NORTH  U.VBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
lacbusetts. 

NORTH  TAS'SALBOROUGII,  a  postKjfflce  of  Kennebec 
CO.,  JIaine. 

NORTH  VER/NON,  a  post-office,  Shiawassee  co.,  Michigan. 

NORTH  VEPiXON,  a  village  of  Vernon  township,  Jen- 
nings CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Rail- 
road, where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Ohio  and  ilississippi  Railroad, 
V3  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  778. 

NORTH  VIL'LAGE,  a  village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas.sachu- 
Betts,  on  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad,  15  miles  from 
Worcester. 

NORTH'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, IS  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Danb'ury. 

NORTHVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Cayuga  co..  New 
York,  2  miles  E.  of  Cayuga  Lake,  and  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Auburn.     The  name  of  the  post-office  is  King's  Ferry. 

NORTHVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  Siicondaga  River,  55  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

NORTHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NORTHVILLE,  a  village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts, 
«n  a  branch  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad,  5  miles  from  Bridge- 
water. 

NORTHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  township, 
Wayne  co..  Michigan,  on  the  W.  branch  of  Rouge  River,  27 
ulles  W.N.AV.  of  Detroit.  The  extensive  water-power  of 
4L 


the  river  gives  motion  to  mills  and  factories  of  various  kind& 
The  village  has  seyeral  churches.     Pop.  020. 

NORTHVILLE,po8t-to\vnship,La  Salle co.,Illinois.  P.1270. 

NORTHVILLE.  a  post-vtllace  of  La  Salle  co.,  Hlinols.  near 
Fox  River.  65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chicaen. 

NORTH  WAKEFIELD,  (w.Ak'feeld,)  a  post-office  of  CarroU 
CO..  New  Hampshire. 

NOliTH  WAiyOOnOROUCir.  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  CO., 
MaioB.  2')  miles  E.S.E.  of  .Auirusta. 

NORTH  AV  A  LES.     See  Wa  iks. 

NORTH  WARDS'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Windham 
CO.,  Vermont.  It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  cabinotware, 
and  carriages. 

NORTH  WASHINGTON,  a  post-office,  Lincoln  CO..  Maine. 

NORTH  WASHINGTON,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 14  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Butler. 

NORTH  WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  25  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Pittsburg. 

NOI!Tll"WATERFORD,(wa/tgr-fiird.)  a  post-officeof  Oxford 
CO.,  Maine. 

XOKTH  WAYXE,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  WEARK.  Wilr,  a  )>ost-village  of  Hillsborough  co.. 
New  H.anipshire.  on  the  Merrimack  and  Connecticut  Rivera 
Railroad.  19  miles  from  Manchester. 

NORTH-WEST,  a  post-township,  forming  the  N.W.  extre- 
mity of  Williams  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  lUiS. 

NORTH-WEST,  a  township.  Orange  co.,  Indiana.   P.  840. 

NORTH-WEST  BRlD(iE'\VATER,  a  post-office  of  Ply- 
mouth CO..  Massachusetts. 

NORTH-WEST'ERN,  a  post-office.  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

NORTH-WEST  MINE,  a  post-office  of  Houghton  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

NORTH-WEST  RIVER  BRIDGE,  a  postofflce  of  Norfolk 
CO.,  A'irginia. 

NORTH-WEST  TER'RITORY,  the  name  originally  given 
to  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin. 

NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY,  the  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  British  America,  Vi'.  of  Cauada,  the  great  lakes 
and  Moose  River. 

XORTH  WETH'ERSFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  eo., 
New  York. 

NORTH  WEY5I0UTH,  w.Vmoth,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk 
CO.,  Mas.sachu.setts,  on  the  South  Shore  Railroad,  18  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Boston.     It  has  several  boot  and  shoe  factories. 

NORTH  WH.'VRn'ON,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NORTH  WHITE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO.,  New  York,  alxmt  36  miles  N.E.  of  Albany.  It  contains 
churches  of  4  or  5  denomination.s,  and  several  stores  and 
factories.     Pop.  alx)ut  800. 

NORTH  WHITE'FIELD,  a  postoffioe  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 

NORTH  WHITE/HALL,  a  posUownship  of  Lehigh  co., 
Pennsylvania.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Allentown.     Pop. 4152. 

NORTH/WICH,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  and  17i 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Chester,  on  the  river  Weaver  and  the  Grand 
Trunk  Canal.  Pop.  in  1851,  1377.  It  has  a  large  ancient 
church,  grotesquely  decorated,  a  grammar  school,  a  union 
workhouse,  branch  bank,  large  dock-yards  for  building  flats 
employed  in  carrying  salt,  with  very  extensive  manutao 
tiires  and  exports  of  that  article  obtained  from  contiguous 
mines,  and  very  productive  brine  springs. 

NORTH  WIUXA,  a  post-viUage  of  Wilna  township,  Jef 
ferson  co..  New  York,  about  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Watertown. 

NORTH  Wir^TOX,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  Wl  LTON.  a  postoffice  of  Fairfield  co..  Connecticut 

NORTH  WIND'HAM,  a  post-office.  Cumberland  CO.,  Maine. 

NORTH  WINDHAM,  a  post-village  of  Windham  oo.,  Con- 
necticut. 30  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 

NORTH  WIN'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
York. 

NORTH  WOTJURN,  a  postoffice  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

NORTHMVOLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

NORTH  WOLF'BOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

NORTH/WOOD,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

NORTH/WOOD,  a  township  of  Rockingham  CO.,  New 
Hampshire,  20  miles  E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1502. 

NORTHWOOD,  a  village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio,  64  miles  N.W. 
of  Columbus,  contains  a  college  and  female  seminary. 

NORTH  WOOD'BERRY,  a  township  of  Blair  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

NORTH  WOOD'STOCK,  a  post-office  of  Oxfonl  co.,  Maine. 

NORTH  WOODSTOCK,  a  post-vUlage  of  Windham  co,, 
Connecticut.  46  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hartford. 

NORTH  WRENTH'AM,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad.  23  miles 
S.W.  of  Boston. 

NORTH  YAR/MOUTH,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Maine,  on  Casco  Bay,  44  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Augusta, 
intersected  by  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad. 
Pop.  1076. 

NORTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 
4  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Sheffield,  has  a  fine  old  church  rf  the 
15th  century,  Wesleyan  and  Uuitariau  chapels.    Sir  Francis 

1361 


NOR 


NOR 


Chantrey,  the  f*iulptor,  was  born  and  is  buried  at  Norton,  r     NORTELL,  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  co.,  Michip;au. 

Po,).  in  ISfil,  1908.  I      NOIIWALK,  iior'wok,  a  river  of  Connecticut,  fulls  into 

NORTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and  16  ^  Long  Island  Sound,  a  few  miles  below  Norwalk. 

jciles  N.E.  of  York,  on  the  Derwent,  opposite  to  Malton.        N01i\V.'\LIv,  a  post-borough  and  townsliip  of  Fairfield  co., 

Pop.  1644.  Connecticut,  on  both  sides  of  Norwalk  }{iver,  at  the  junction 

NORTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford.  i  of  the  Danbury  and  Norwalk  Railroad  with  the  New  York 

NORTON,   a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West    and  New  Haven  Railroad,  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Haven 


Riding. 

NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
NORTON,  a  pari.'^h  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
NORTON,  a  parish  of  lingland,  co.  of  Northampton. 
NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
NOIvTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVorce.ster. 


A'essels  drawing  6  feet  of  water  come  up  to  the  borough 
It  has  8  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  4  or  5  banks,  and  3 
Union  school-houses,  among  which  is  one  of  the  finest  edi- 
fices in  the  state.  The  township  contains  manufactories  of 
hats,  woollen  goods,  straw  goods,  locks,  &c.  Totixl  popula- 
tion, 7582. 

NORWALK,  a  handsome  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Huron  county,  Oliio,  on  tlie  Cleveland  Norwalk  and 
Toledo  Railroad,  100  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus.  The  vil- 
lage extends  along  a  sandy  ridge,  and  is  built  principally 


NORTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding,  on  a  single  street,  which  is  shaded  with  a  double  row  of 
Ibrmingasuburbof  New  Malton,  with  which  it  is  connected  maple  trees.  Much  taste  is  displayed  in  tlie  construction 
by  a  bridge  over  the  Derwent.  of  churches  and  private  residences.    The  village  is  also  noted 

NORTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor.  for  its  educational  advantages;  the  Norwalk  Institute  and 

NOR'TON,  a  township  of  Essex  county,  Yermont,  on  the  !  the  Norwalk  Female  Seminary  are  well-conducted  and 
Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad.  |  flourishing  institutions.     It  contains  2  banks,  2  newspaper 

NORTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bristol  co.,  Mas-  j  offices,   and  the  machine-shops  of  the  railroad  company. 


eachusetts,  on  the  Taunton  Branch  Railroad,  27  miles  S.W 
of  Boston.  It  contains  a  thriving  female  seminary,  and  hag 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods  and  other  articles.    Pop.  1848. 

NORTON,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  on  tho 
Whetstone  River,  34  miles  N.  of  Columbus. 
,    NORTON,  a  township  of  Suulmit  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1524. 

NORTON,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ottawa  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

NORrrON-BAVANT',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NORTON-BISH'OPS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NORTON-BRIZE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NORTON-BY-KEM/SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

NORTON-CANES,  nor'ton-kAnz,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Stafiford. 

NORTON-CAN'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

NORTON-CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio,  120 
miles  N.K.  of  Columbus. 

NORTON-CHIl'/PING,  a  parish,  borough,  and  marketr 
town  of  England,  co.  and  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Oxford.  Pop. 
of  borough  in  1851,  2932.  The  town  consi.sts  of  pne  large 
street,  with  a  fine  Gothic  church,  free  grammar  school,  and 
almshouse.  Throe  miles  W.  are  some  curious  Druidical  re- 
mains. 

NORTON-DIS'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

NORTON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

NORTON-FITZ/WARREN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

NORTON  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  New  York. 

NORTON-HOOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NORTON-IN-HALES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

NORTON-KINGS.    See  Ki.ng's  Norton. 

NOR/TON-LIND'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

NORTON-MAUREWARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 

.  NOR/TON-MAN'DEVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 

NOR/TON-MID'SOMER,  a  village  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset,  9  miles  S.VY.  of  Bath.     Pop.  3509. 

NORTON-ON-THE-MOORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

NOR/TON-PUD/DING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

NOR'TON  SOUND,  a  large  inlet  of  Behring  Sea,  Russian 
America,  between  lat.  62-^  and  65^^  N.,  and  Ion.  161"  and 
167°  \Y.  It  is  formed  Ijy  Cape  Rodney  on  tho  N.,  and  Cape 
Romanoff  on  tho  S.,  between  which  its  width  is  200  miles. 
It  penetrates  inland  for  atwut  200  miles,  gradually  narrow- 
ing till  it  terminates  almost  in  a  point.  It  was  discovered 
by  Captain  Cook  in  1778. 

NOIt/TON'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Ontario  co..  New  York. 

NOR/TON  ST.  PH1I7IP,  a  small  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Batli. 

NORTON-SUB/COURSE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

NOR'TON  8 VILLE.  a  postrofflce  of  Albemarle  co..  A'irginia. 

NOR/TON-TAL'GATE,  an  extra  parochiid  district  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Middlesex,  1^  miles  N.K.  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 

NOR'TON-u.NDER-HAMB'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset. 

NOR'TONVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan, 
about  96  miles  N.W.  of  Lansing. 

NORUICG.'V,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Norway. 

NORUNGA,no-rring'gd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  province  and  district  of  Bahar,  80  miles  S.S.W. 
of  I'atna. 

NORUXGABAD,no-rung-ga-bail',  a  town  of  British  India, 
Upper  I'rovinces,  district  and  5  miles  S.E.  of  Mathura. 

NOR'VAL,  a  nost-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Halton, 
SI  miles  W.  of  Toronto,  and  34  miles  from  Hamilton.  Pop. 
about  3U0. 

NORVHGE  and  NORVEOIA.    See  Norway. 

NOIIVEGIEN,  NORVEGIANO.    See  Norway. 
13f.:J 


Pop.  of  the  township  in  1S50,  2013 ;  of  the  village.  1440 ; 
total  population  in  1860,  2839.  ' 

NORWALK  LIGHT,  at  the  entrance  of  Norwalk  Harbor, 
Connecticut.    Lat.  41°  2'  50"  N.,  Ion.  73°  25'  35''  W. 

NORWAY,  nor'w.1,  (Nor..  Dan.  and  Sw.  Hiorgc,  noR'gd ;  Gar. 
Korwegen,  noR'<vi'glien ;  Dutch,  Noorwcijen,  noR'wi-ghfu; 
Fr.  Norvigt  or  Norwige,  noR^vaizh';  Sp.  Noi~ncga,  noR-wA'gJ; 
It.  Nnrvegia,  nor-vd'je-d  ;  L.  Norwe>gia;  anc.  Aerig/miaf)  a 
country  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Euroi>e'.  and  occupy- 
ing the  N.W.  and  W.  part  of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula. 
It  extends  from  lat.  51°  to  71°  11'  40"  N.,  and  from  Ion.  3°  50' 
to  30°  50'  E. ;  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Russian  Lapland,  E. 
by  Sweden,  and  washed  on  all  other  sides  Ijy  tlie  sea — by 
the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  N..  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the 
North  Sea  on  the  N.W.  and  V,'.,  and  by  the  Skager-liack  on 
the  S.  It  is  remarkable  among  all  the  countries  of  Europe 
for  its  great  lengtli  in  proportion  to  its  breadth ;  from  the 
Naze  or  Cape  Liudesnaes  on  the  S.,  to  a  point  adjoining  the 
North  Cape,  the  length  from  S.S.W.  to  N.N.E.  is  about 
lOSO  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  measured  nearly  on  the  parallel 
of  60°,  is  aljout  275  miles;  but,  towards  the  N.,  its  breadth 
in  some  pl.oces  is  contracted  to  20  miles;  area  estimated  at 
12.3,386  square  miles. 

The  coast-line  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  bold  precipi- 
tous cliffs;  and  is  remarkable,  both  for  tlie  innumcralile 
islands  by  which  it  is  lined,  and  the  bays  or  fiords,  which 
deeply  indent  it  in  all  directions,  but  generally'  from  W.  to 
E.,  in  tlie  direction  in  which  tho  great  ocean-wave  is  dashed 
upon  it.  The  chief  of  these  are — from  S.  to  N.,  the  Bukko 
fiord,  Hardanger,  Trondhjem,  Saltens,  Ofoden,  Porsang,  and 
A'aranger  fiords.  The  most  extensive  gulf  on  the  S.  coast 
is  that  of  Christiania.  Numerous  peninsulas  separate  the 
fiords ;  among  the  most  rem  irkable  of  which  are  Cape  Nord- 
Kyn  on  the  N.,  and  Cape  Stadt  on  the  W.  coast.  Some  of 
the  fiords  form  excellent  harbors;  but  the  immense  num- 
Ix'r  of  mountainous  islands  and  rocky  islets  which  border 
tile  coast,  render  access  difficult.  The  largest  of  these  archi- 
pelagoes are  the  Loffoden  Islands,  separated  from  the  conti- 
nent by  the  Vest-fiord;  and,  further  N.,  the  islands  of  Ma- 
geriie,  Sorcie,  Ringvalsiie,  Hvaliie,  and  Senjen.  Between 
these  island  groups  and  the  continent,  tliere  is  a  wide  passage 
for  coasting  vessels. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Mountains,  &c. — The  surface  of  Nor- 
way is  very  mountainous,  particularly  in  the  AV.  and  N., 
where,  in  many  places,  are  lofty  summits,  rising  abruptly 
from  the  surrounding  levels;  but  mountain  chains,  properly 
so  called,  have  no  existence,  and  the  true  character  of  the 
surface  is  tiiat  of  a  series  of  elevated  plateaus,  from  which 
mountain  masses  rise  with  the  greatest  irregularity,  and  so 
isolated  from  each  other,  th.at  it  is  impossible  to  point  out 
any  central  axes  of  which  the  other  mountains  in  their 
vicinity  can  be  considered  as  ramifications.  The  plateaus 
referred  to  seem  to  admit  of  being  reduced  to  six : — 1.  The 
Plateau  of  Finmark.  2.  The  Plateau  of  Nordland  and 
Troudlijem,  extending  to  the  Trondhjem  fiord  and  Lake 
Storsjiin.  Its  loftiest  summits  are  in  the  vicinity  of  the  icy 
mountiiin  of  Sulitelma,  the  top  of  which  is  6342  feet  high. 
Though  not  one  of  the  loftiest,  yet  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable-looking mountains  in  this  plateau,  is  tliat  of 
Kilhorn,  shooting  up  in  a  pyramidal  form,  with  a  bare, 
jagged,  and  sharp  peak;  at  about  three-fourths  of  its  height 
occurs  a  large  perforation,  producing  a  very  extraordinary 
effect  when  the  sun  is  seen  streaming  through  it.  3.  Tho 
Dovrefield  Plateau,  with  il«  lofty  peaks  of  Sneehwt<>n, 
(8115  feet,)  Skrimkolla.  Stenkolla,  and  Nunsfield,  the  lowest 
of  which  is  nearly  7000  feet  in  elevation.  4.  The  Plateau  of 
Langfield,  containing  the  Galdhoppigen.  stated  by  De  L.i 
Roijuette  to  be  about  8785  feet  high,  making  it  the  loftiest 
in  tile  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  tliougii  this  distinction  has 
hitherto  been  assigned  to  Skagtiils  tind,  8390  feet  in  lieight. 
The  Ilornelen  is  a  cuiious  isolated  mass,  terminating  in  % 


NOR 


NOR 


sharp,  jaaced  peak.  2705  feet  high,  and  nearly  orerhansing 
the  sea,  at  the  K.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Uremanger. 
5.  The  Plateau  of  Fillefield.  situated  between  the  Soa-ne-Fiord, 
the  Valley  of  Valdie,  the  fiords  of  Kand  Tyri  and  Chiistiania, 
the  Skat;er-Uaitk,  and  the  German  Ocean.  This  plateau  is 
much  less  elevated  than  the  others  already  mentioned;  the 
whole  country  fjradually  slopes  from  the  X..  towards  the  E. 
and  S.E..  and  ultimately  subsiding  so  much  as  *q  some  places 
to  assume  the  appearance  of  moderately  elevated  plains.  Its 
loftiest  summits — the  Sliojjshorn,  Uogloftsteg,  and  Oousta 
— are  all  about  6000  feet;  and  several  others  exceed  5000 
feet;  but  the  averaj^e  heigUt  is  very  much  lower.  6.  This, 
which  may  be  called  the  East  Plateau,  lying  still  more  in 
the  direction  of  the  general  slope,  is  the  lowest  of  all,  and 
is  continued  into  Sweden,  where  its  direction  may  be  traced 
by  the  chain  of  lakes  which  stretch  across  that  country, 
and  by  several  wide  valleys,  with  so  little  declivity  as  to 
render  the  streams  which  water  them  comjiaratively  sluggish. 
In  general,  however,  the  face  of  the  country  is  rugged;  tlie 
valleys  are  short  and  abrupt;  and  the  streams,  dashing 
down  impetuously  through  rocky  gorges,  form  numerous 
cascades;  while  the  fiords,  overhung  by  lofty  precipices  or 
towering  forests,  and  the  deep  and  extensive  lakes,  embo- 
somed among  tlie  mountains,  furnish  alpine  scenes  of  the 
wildest  magnificenco.  A'ast  glaciers  descend  from  tlie  South 
Plateau;  the  largest  of  these  are  the  Folgefoudnn,  in  Ilar- 
danger,  lat.  60°  X.,  which  descends  to  olOO  feet,  and  tlie  Snae- 
brfen,  X.  of  Sogne-Fiord.  The  only  plains  are  those  formed 
by  the  table-lands  between  the  stifts  of  Aggershuus  and 
Bergen,  which  extend  from  60  to  80  miles  in  length,  and 
have  an  elevation  of  from  3600  to  4620  feet.  The  isolated 
mountain  peaks  on  these  table-lauds  ri.'^e  far  above  the  snow 
line.  The  principal  valleys  are  confined  to  the  E.  side  of  the 
peninsula;  the  longest  is  the  Osterdal,  watered  by  the 
Glommen,  which,  with  its  continuation,  the  Solii  and  Oudal, 
is  280  miles  in  length.  The  next  in  extent  aud  the  most 
fertile,  is  the  Guldbrandsdal,  watered  by  the  Lougen.  Nar- 
row belts  between  the  coasts,  and  the  commencement  of  the 
plateaus,  are  the  only  low  lands  in  Xorway;  the  most  ex- 
tensive of  these  surrounds  the  Gulf  of  Trondhjem. 

Geolngy  and  Minerals. — The  prevailing  rocks  of  X'orway 
are  gneiss  and  mica-slate,  of  which  all  the  loftier  mountains 
are  composed.  Granite  is  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence. 
On  some  of  the  plateaus,  blocks  of  conglomerate  occupy  a 
large  part  of  the  surface.  Porphyry,  argillaceous  schist, 
and  limestone  occur,  hut  in  very  limited  quantities;  and 
rocks  of  volcanic  f  jrmation  are  so  rare,  that  their  existence 
was  at  one  time  altogether  denied.  It  would  seem,  however, 
that  trap,  apparently  formed  out  of  aucient  lava,  is  met 
with;  and  some  geologists  have  even  thought  that  they 
have  discovered  visible  traces  of  volcanoes.  The  minerals 
are  both  numerous  and  abundant;  and  where  the  means 
of  transport  exist,  can  generally  be  worked  to  great  advan- 
tage, both  from  the  facilities  which  the  nature  of  the  ground 
affords  for  draining  mines,  without  expensive  engines,  and 
the  inexhaustible  supplies  of  fuel  furnished  by  the  forests; 
the  very  refuse  of  which,  after  the  finer  timber  has  been 
carried  away,  thus  forms  an  item  of  no  small  value.  The 
only  mines  in  operation  are  tliose  of  silver,  copper,  iron, 
cobalt,  nnd  chrome.  The  chief  product  is  iron,  the  mines 
of  which  are  situated  mostly  in  the  Gulf  of  Christiunin; 
the  silver-mine  of  Ivongsberg  is.  at  present,  one  of  the  ricliest 
in  Europe,  and.  next  to  the  copper-mine  of  Roraas,  the  most 
important  in  tlie  kingdom.  The  other  minerals  worthy  of 
notice  are  alum  and  marble, 

liivers  and  Lal-rs. — The  short  distance  at  which  the  \V. 
elope  of  the  E.  plateau  lies  from  the  W.  coast,  leaves  little 
room  for  the  development  of  large  rivers,  but  gives  rise  to 
an  immense  number  of  minor  streams,  which  proceed  di- 
rectly to  the  shore,  or  the  numerous  fiords  which  penetrate 
it.  On  the  E,  slope,  again,  the  streams  do  little  more  than 
commence  their  course  in  Norway,  and  do  not  properly 
assume  the  character  of  rivers  till  they  have  run  a  consider- 
able part  of  their  course  in  Sweden.  Owing  to  this,  Xorw.ay 
canuot  claim  any  large  river  as  exclusively  her  own.  The 
few  that  are  of  importance  have  a  S.  direction,  in  accordance 
with  the  general  slope  already  referred  to,  and  discharge 
themselves  into  the  Skager-Rack;  of  these,  the  most  deserv- 
ing of  notice  are  the  Glommen,  and  its  affluent  the  Lougan  ; 
the  Beina,  Lauven,  SkienXid,  and  Torrisdal.  Ships  enter 
the  mouths  of  some  of  these  rivers  for  5  or  10  miles,  but 
none  of  them  are  navigable  on  account  of  numerous  water- 
falls, (fos,)  which  all  of  them  form :  of  these  the  more  cele- 
brated are  the  Sarpenfos  on  the  Glommen,  near  Frederieks- 
stad,  and  the  Rukaufos,  in  the  district  of  Tellemarken,  which 
falls  513  feet  perpendicular.  Viiringsfos,  in  the  district  of 
Hardanger,  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  from  870  to  920  feet. 
Th(!  most  important  rivers  in  the  N.  are  the  Tana,  which 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Russia  and  Norw.ay, 
and  falls  into  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  and  the  Namsen,  flowing 
into  the  Atlantic.  The  river  systems  of  Xorway  are  of  the 
titmost  importance  in  the  economy  of  the  country;  the 
smaller  streams  are  employed  in  driving  the  machinery  of 
mines,  corn  and  .saw  mills,  and  in  floating  timber  to  the 
lirgei  rivers ;  these  serve  also  as  the  chief  means  of  com-. 


munication  in  winter,  when  they  are  covered  with  strong 
ice. 

The  same  causes  which  prevent  Xorway  from  having  large 
rivers  are  favorable  to  the  formation  of  lakes ;  tne  isolated 
bases  of  the  mountains  constituting  numerous  and  extensive 
reservoirs,  in  wliich  the  waters  are,  in  the  first  instance, 
accumulated ;  accordingly,  they  are  scattered  over  every 
part  of  the  country.  Among  the  principal  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Rys  Vand,  Snaa'ssen  Vand,  and  Miijsen  ,Vand. 
Many  of  them  are  situated  at  great  elevations  in  the  table- 
land :  among  these  the  liygdinsee,  from  15  to  20  miles  long, 
is  3490  feet  al)Ove  the  sea. 

Olimatf.. — Nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  of  Norway  is  situ- 
ated within  the  frozen  zone,  aud  the  northern  extremity  1.^ 
within  tlie  region  of  perpetual  snow.  A'arious  causes,  how- 
ever, contribute  to  modify  the  temperature.  One  of  these  is 
the  great  extent  of  sea-coast,  and  the  large  extent  of  surface 
occupied  by  water,  and  more  especially  by  the  fiords  which 
are  in  immediate  communication  with  the  ocean;  the  tem- 
perature of  which,  naturally  higher  than  that  of  the  land 
during  the  season  of  winter,  is  further  increased  by  the 
Gulf  stream,  the  influence  of  which  is  sensibly  felt  on  the 
W.  coast.  The  snow  line  is  much  higher  here  than  in  cor- 
ri'.sponding  latitudes  in  other  countries:  in  lat.  61°  it  is 
5500  feet;  and  in  lat.  70°,  3500  feet  above  the  sea.  In  Sibe- 
ria, the  cultivation  of  grain  ceases  at  lat.  60°;  while  iu 
Norway  it  extends  to  lat.  70°  N.  The  sea  never  freezes, 
even  at  North  Cape,  but  the  shallow  water  of  the  Skager- 
Rack  is  occasicmally  frozen  in  winter.  The  following  Table 
gives  the  mean  temperature  at  several  places  in  Norway, 
in  different  latitudes,  for  the  year,  for  the  winter,  and  for 
the  summer : — 


North  Latitude. 

Year. 

Winter. 

Summer.   | 

North  Cape 
Trondlyem 
Ullensvang 
Christiania 

71° 

KP  30- 
60° 

5!)"  5t'  42" 

32°.  1 
4-.'0 

230 
24° 
30" 
41° 

440 

69° 

60° 

The  year  is  nearly  divided  between  winter  and  summer; 
spring  is  almo.st  unknown,  and  the  autumn  is  cold  and 
i-igorous;  snow  covers  the  ground  from  the  beginning  of 
November  till  the  end  of  March.  In  January  and  February, 
the  temperature  is  usually  from  14°  to  18°,  and  often  aa 
low  as  2°  Fahrenheit.  Summer  lasts  from  May  to  Septem- 
ber, during  which  the  temperature  is  often  as  high  as  lOS'^ 
Fahrenheit.  In  the  month  of  March  the  surface  is  strewed 
with  ashes,  earth,  or  sand,  by  which  means  the  snow  ig 
melted,  and  from  this  process,  combined  with  the  great  heat 
and  the  length  of  the  day.  8  to  12  weeks  are  .sometimes 
sufficient  for  sowing,  ripening,  and  reaping,  the  crops  in  the 
interior.  The  climate  of  the  W.  coast,  though  milder  than 
that  of  the  S.  or  the  interior,  is  deteriorated  by  excessive 
humidity;  the  W.  wind,  blowing  over  the  Atlantic,  carries 
moisture,  which  is  intercepted  by  the  mountains,  and  pre- 
cipitated in  the  form  of  rain,  to  the  amount  of  80  iuches 
annually;  while  the  E.  wind  brings  extreme  drought. 

VeyKtaUon,  Agriculture,  &c. — 'I'he  large  portion  of  the 
country  situated  within  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow,  and 
the  sterile  and  rugged  nature  of  a  still  larger  portion, 
greatly  limits  the  range  of  vegetation  and  of  regular  cul- 
ture. Among  trees,  the  pine  tribe  are  the  most  numerous, 
and  clothe  the  mountain  slopes  with  magnificent  forests. 
The  fir,  which  is  found  in  lat.  60°  20',  at  an  elevation  of  4000 
feet;  and  the  pine,  {pinus  sylvestris.)  form  vast  aud  valuable 
forests  in  Aggershuus,  Christiansand,  and  Trondhjem.  The 
forests  of  fir  extend  N.  to  the  polar  circle,  and  those  of  pine 
beyond  it.  The  oak  forms  fine  forests  in  the  amts  of 
.Tarl.sberg-Laurvig,  and  especially  in  Christiansand.  The 
birch  attains  the  highest  northern  latitude.  F'ruit  trees 
are  not  indigenous  in  Xorway,  although  the  wild  apple  is 
common  in  the  lower  regions,  and  the  clierry  is  widely 
distributed.  Flowers  are  successfully  cultivated  in  the  gar- 
dens of  the  S.  and  W.  AVhere,  from  the  combined  causes 
of  a  high  latitude  and  great  elevation,  the  ordinary  pasture 
grasses  become  scanty,  mosses  supply  their  place,  and  furnish 
a  valuable  source  of  subsistence,  and  even  of  wealth,  in  the 
numerous  herds  of  reindeer  which  they  maintain. 

The  principal  grain  of  Xorway  is  barley,  which  is  grown  in 
the  highest  northern  latitude,  and  at  the  greatest  elevation  : 
in  lat.  59°  25',  it  is  cultivated  at  a  height  of  2838  feet ;  the  ex- 
treme limit  of  its  culture  is  lat.  70°,  but  there  it  only  ripens 
at  an  elevation  of  65  to  100  feet;  its  profitable  culture  is 
confined  to  a  narrow  belt  of  coast  land,  and  to  the  agricul- 
tural colonies  of  Molselv  and  liarodal,  in  X'ordland.  Rye 
is  cultivated  up  to  69°  N.  latitude;  oats  to  68°;  but  wheat 
not  beyond  64°  N.  latitude,  and  that  only  in  the  most  favor- 
able  seasons.  Another  most  valuable  crop  is  potatoes,  growu 
with  success  even  in  Finmark.  Hemp  and  flax,  particularly 
the  latter,  are  generally  cultivated;  and  in  the  S.  part  of  tha 
country,  some  tobacco  is  grown.  The  quantit}'  of  land  capable 
of  being  brought  under  culture  has  been  roughly  estimated 
at  one-sixth  of  the  whole;  yet,  la  1845,  according  to  the  evi- 

1363 


NOR 

aence  ;f  oSHcia"  documents,  the  actual  cultivation  did  not 
exceed  1  loTtli  of  the  whole.  Most  of  the  land  thus  culti- 
vated is  of  a  light,  .^audy  texture,  which,  even  under  good 
juanageniuut,  could  not  yield  heavy  crops;  and  under  the 
fintiqiiated  routine  which  the  JJorwcgians  generally  pursue, 
often  fails  to  return  much  more  than  the  seed.  Ihe  grain 
rai.--od.  accordingly,  falls  very  far  short  of  the  consumption; 
and  the  quantity  which  reiiuires  to  be  regularly  imported 
has  nearly  doubled  since  1799.  • 

One  of  the  most  extensive  and  profitable  branches  of  rural 
econ  luiy  is  the  rearing  of  cattle,  for  which  many  parts  of 
the  country  are  well  adapted.  The  inhabitants,  like  tlie 
Swiss,  leave  the  villages,  and  spend  the  summer  with  their 
flocks  and  herds  in  the  upper  valleys.  The  breeds,  however, 
are  very  inferior.  The  milk  of  the  cows  is  said  to  be  very 
rich,  and  enters  largely  into  the  food  of  the  inhabitants; 
but  the  produce  must  be  deficient,  as  lioth  butter  and 
cheese,  as  well  as  beef,  form  large  and  increasing  articles  of 
import.  .Sheep  are  less  numerous  than  goats,  but  yield 
an  abundance  of  coarse  wool ;  swiue  appear  not  to  be  viewed 
with  much  favor.  The  horses  are  vigorous  and  sure-footed, 
but  of  a  diminutive  size;  the  ponies,  in  wliich  large  size  is 
of  less  consequence,  or  is  rather  considered  a  drawback,  are 
among  the  best  of  their  kind,  and  are  often  exported  to  other 
countries.  Another  domestic  animal  of  gre.^t  value  is  the 
reindeer,  which  forms  the  principal  stock  of  the  X.  provinces. 
The  whole  number  in  the  country,  in  18-15,  was  90,273;  of 
which  Fiumark  possessed  74,480.  This,  however,  must  ne-. 
cessarily  be  understood  only  of  those  domesticated;  many 
still  exist  in  a  wild  state,  whose  numbers,  of  course,  cannot 
be  known.  The  most  destructive  wild  animals  are  the  brown 
boar,  wolf,  and  lynx;  these,  with  the  fox  and  others,  are 
hunted  for  their  skins.  The  eagle  is  so  destructive  to  sheep 
and  lambs,  that  a  private  company  is  establislieil  for  its  ex- 
tirpation. Game  of  all  kinds  is  abundant,  and  there  are  no 
game-laws.  The  chief  objects  of  the  chase  are  the  deer,  elk, 
reindeer,  and  hare ;  the  seal,  which  abounds  on  all  the  coasts, 
the  flsh-otter ;  and  among  birds,  the  grouse  and  the  caperkail- 
zie.  The  coast  literally  swarms  with  sea-fowl :  the  wild  goose 
and  eider  duck  are  numerous ;  the  swan  appears  on  the  S. 
const  in  winter,  and  ducks  of  various  kinds  abound  on  the 
coasts  and  in  the  lakes  and  rivers.  In  the  small  uninha- 
bited Isles  off  the  X.  coast,  vast  numbers  of  the  eggs  of  sea- 
fowl  are  procured. 

The  fisheries  of  Norway  are  of  very  great  value.  Wliales 
still  occasionally  appear;  but  are  too  few  to  be  of  much 
economical  imjKJrtance.  A  far  more  valuable  source  of  re- 
venue is  furnished  by  the  cod  and  herring  fisheries,  which 
have  been  estimated  to  yield  a  gross  amount  of  nearly 
$5,000,000.  The  cod  fishery  is  carried  on  chiettv  in  the  N.; 
the  herring  fishery,  from  the  point  of  Stadt,  la't.  62°  10'  N., 
and  all  along  the  coast  to  the  S.  Tlie  rivers  and  lakes 
abound  with  salmon  and  sahnon-trout,  and  make  Norway 
one  of  the  best  angling  countries  in  the  world.  There  are 
extensive  beds  of  oysters  on  all  the  coasts,  and  the  pearl 
oyster  is  found  in  many  of  the  rivers. 

.Manufactures.— yia.nnhctuTe!^  have  made  very  little  pro- 
gress. Cotton,  woollen,  flax,  and  silk  tissues,  are  produced 
to  some  extent,  but  only  for  home  use,  and  there  are  several 
large  tobacco-ftictories  and  sugar-refineries.  Brandy-distil- 
leries and  saw-mills  are  the  only  extensive  branches  of 
industry;  next  to  these  are  f Tges  and  metal  foundries,  the 
produce  of  which  is  exported  in  a  raw  state,  except  what  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  arms  at  Kougsberg,  and  in  the 
manufactures  of  iron  wire  .ind  nails.  The  manufactures  of 
cloth,  linen,  and  cottcm,  as  well  as  the  preparation  of  skins 
and  leatlier,  are  almost  entirely  domestic.  The  other  manu- 
factures compri.«e  those  of  glass,  paper,  oil,  gunpowder,  soap, 
tobacco,  and  sugar  refining.  Owing  tn  the  difficulty  of 
transport,  all  the  seats  of  industry,  and  the  only  towns,  are 
on  the  coast,  and  chiefly  on  the  Gulf  of  Christiania.  Ship- 
building is  actively  carried  on  in  the  ports. 

Commerce. — In  the  middle  ages,  the  commerce  of  Norway 
consisted  exclusively  in  the  exportation  of  fish,  and  this 
i^  still  the  most  important  article  of  trade.  Next  to  this 
is  the  exjiort  of  timber,  which  was  commencisd  by  the 
I>ncch  in  the  16th  century;  and,  tistly,  the  products  of  the 
mines  and  metal  forges.  The  timber  exported  annually 
amounts  to  200,000  lasts,  value  1.C85.000  dollars.  Holland 
IS  now  the  chief  market  for  Norwegian  limber.  Fish  is  ex- 
ported from  all  the  towns  on  the  ^V.  coast,  but  Bergen  is 
the  chief  entrepot.  The  most  important  branches  of  this 
trade  are  dried  fish,  and  salted  herrings.  The  export  of 
mineral  pralucts  is  less  than  might  be  expected,  from  {tie 
number  of  mines :  the  principal  are,  iron,  copper,  and  silver. 
The  cbi.?f  imports  are  gr.ain,  butter,  beef,  v.arious  tissues  of 
wool,  cotton,  flax,  and  silk;  raw  wool,  hemp  and  flax,  salt, 
sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  wine,  brandy,  and  vinegar.  This 
trade  is  chiefly  concentrated  in  the  towns  of  Bergen,  Chris- 
tiania, and  Trondlijem,  though  Drammen,  Christiansand, 
and  Arend.il.  likewise  have  a  considerable  share;  and  em- 
ploys, in  addition  to  foreign  shipping,  atout  2730  Norwe-nan 
vessels  of  all  sizes,  carrying  about  1W,000  tons,  Thi.s°was 
the  amount  in  184.5;  but  as  the  number  of  vessels  in  1816 
was  only  1 640,  and  the  increase  has  ever  since  continued 
1304 


NOR 

without  interruption,  a  considerable  addition  to  the  nnmbor 
must  have  been  made  .since  1845.  Be.«ides  the  sbippini;  trade, 
an  internal  trade  of  great  importance  is  carried  on  with 
Sweden.  Tlie  following  Table  gives  the  number  and  ton- 
nage of  ve.ssels  which  entered  and  cleared  at  i>orts  in  Nor- 
way, in  each  of  the  following  years : — 


Years, 

Kntered. 

Cleared. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

IMS 
1,*46 

1»47 
1H48 
1849 

7T97 
871.5 
8590 
7754 
7969 

805.859 
&i8,9-i3 
804.38-2 
745.4(i6 

772,885 

7S68 
8593 
6590 
7727 
8160 

808,fl43 
8-21,812 
806,9K» 
72-i,S97 
806,766 

Commerce  in  the  interior  of  the  country  is  greatly  impeded 
for  want  of  means  of  communication:  none  of  the  rivers  are 
navigable  except  ne.ir  their  mouths.  Good  roads  exist  only 
between  the  towns  of  the  S.  coast  and  the  principal  valleys 
in  Nordland  and  Finniark:  the  usual  communication  is  by 
sea.  Among  the  numerous  islands  on  the  W.  coast,  there 
are  violent  .and  irregular  currents,  whicli  render  the  coast 
navigation  dangerous.  Among  these  is  the  celebrated  Mai- 
Strom,  or  Mal-Striim,  the  danger  from  which  has  been  greatly 
e.xaggerated,  since  it  can,  except  at  particular  times,  be 
pa.ssed  over  even  by  open  boats,  Kegular  communii-ations 
have  successively  been  established  between  the  principal 
towns  on  the  coast  from  Christiania  to  H.ammerfest,  and 
steam  vessels  ply  in  the  Gulf  of  Clnistiania,  and  on  the 
Lakes  of  Miiisen  and  Tyrifiord,  Norway  has  a  national  dis- 
count bank,  establi.shed  in  1817,  which  has  the  exclusive 
right  of  issuing  iiaper  money. 

Divisions,  J'npulation.  dv. — Norway  is  divided  into  five 
provinces  or  dioceses,  subdivided  into  seventeen  bailiwicks. 
These,  with  their  area,  population,  Ac,  are  exhibited  in  tlie 
following  Table. 


Provinces 
or  Dioceses. 

Amis  or  Bailiwicks. 

Area, 
sq.  m. 

Pop.  in 
1845. 

Chief  Towns. 

.4gger3huu3      .    . 

2,027 

109,432 

Christiania 

Sniaalchuen     .     , 

1, 685 

73.42L: 

Friedrickshall 

Aggershnns 

Hedemarlien    .    , 

10,389 

87,118 

or 

■   Christiana-amt     . 

10,475 

102.730 

Chriatiama 

Buskerud     .    .     . 

5,800 

83,918  Drammen 

Jarlsberg-Laurvig 
'.Bradsherg   ,    ,     . 

896 

63,070, Laurvig 

5,419 

7--',89I:Skien 

C  Nedenaes     .    .    . 

4,650 

53.932, Arendal 

Christiansand 

<  Mandal    .... 

2,069 

61,918  Christiansand 

(  Stavauger    .    .    . 

3,540 

78,210  Stavauger 

C  Sondre  Bergeniiuus 

5,824 

lI6,989iBergen 

Bergen   .    . 

■<  N'ordre  Bergenhuus 

6,7ft-i 

77,9-Hi 

(  Romsd.ll  .... 

6,058 

81.3l4irhrlstiansund 

Trondlijem 

5  Sondre  Trondhjem 
I  \ordre  Trondhjem 

7,210 

8,832 

89.3j»;Troudhjem 

66,57u 

J  Nordland     .    .     . 
\  Kiumarlt .... 

14,337 

65,512| 

27,412 

43,938  Tromsoe 

123,386 

1,328,271 

1 

Government. — Norway  is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy, 
united  with  Sweden  as  a  free,  independent  indivisible  king- 
dom, under  one  commmon  male  sovereign,  of  the  Lutheran, 
or.  as  it  is  called.  Evangelical  Lutheran  religion.  The  legis- 
lative assembly,  or,  as  it  is  called,  StftrViing,  (from  star,  great, 
and  thing,  court.)  is  elected  by  the  citizens  possessing  a  certain 
qualification,  and  exists  for  three  years,  when  a  new  election 
must  take  place.  It  is  subdivided  into  two  chamber.s — one, 
consisting  of  one-fourtli  of  the  members,  and  called  the 
Laglhing ;  and  the  other,  of  the  remaining  three-fourths, 
and  called  the  Oddsthing.  These  chambers  meet  separately, 
and  eacli  nominates  its  own  president  and  secretary.  Every 
bill  must  originate  in  the  Odelsthing,  but  may  be  proposed 
either  by  the  members  or  by  the  government.  The  veto  of  the 
king  becomes  ineffectual  against  any  measure  which  h.isbeen 
adopted  without  modification  by  three  successive  storthings. 

T'evemtc,  Army.  rfV. — The  revenue  and  expenditures  for 
18.54  were  each  estimated  .at  J3, 290,000.  The  customs  yield 
nbiut  $2,000,000.  The  debt  amounted  to  $9,661,000.  The 
.irmy  .at  the  above  date  numbered  23,484  men.  The  navy 
comprises  4  frigate.s,  4  corvettes,  and  7  smaller  vessels,  besides 
5  steamers  and  136  gunboats. 

Sdigion  and  Edticaiion. — The  Lutheran  is  the  religion 
of  the  state,  and  is  professed  by  the  great  body  of  the  people. 
Other  religionists  are  tolerated,  although  Jews  and  Je.-niits 
are  excepted.  The  government  offices  are  open  only  to 
members  of  the  P^stablished  church.  Education  is  very 
generally  diffused,  and  is  conducted  on  a  national  system, 
according  to  which  gratuitous  instruction,  of  an  elementary 
kind,  is  placed  within  the  reach  of  all  capable  of  receiving  it; 
and  all  chiMren,  of  seven  years  complete,  in  towns,  and 
eight  years  in  the  country,  are  required  to  b"  in  attendance 
at  scliool  till  confirmation,  which  usually  takes  place  between 
the  ages  of  14  and  17,  The  law  forbids  the  marriage  of  any 
one  who  cannot  procure  a  certificate  of  confirmati- 10.  and  t  hi;: 


XOR 


NOR 


Is  only  given  to  those  who  can  read.  Every  individual  of  the 
age  of  UO  not  coufirmcd,  is  liable  to  be  sent  to  a  house  of  cor- 
rection to  receive  the  necessary  instruction.  The  sciiool.s, 
desiijuated  by  the  name  of  al/uue  skaler,  or  people's  scliools, 
are  stationed  in  all  towns  and  parishes.  In  towns,  the  in- 
Btruclion  is  not  only  elementary,  but.  in  certain  degrees,  is 
Fuperior.  In  the  country',  the  instruction  is  only  elementa- 
ry; but  in  the  sclioolg  themselves,  an  important  di.-tiuction 
is  made,  some  being  what  is  called  Jast  skokr.  or  stationary 
schools,  and  others,  omganys  skoler,  or  ambulatory  schools. 
The  latter,  as  their  name  implies,  shift  about  at  certain 
periods  of  the  year  from  place  to  place,  in  the  more  tliinly- 
peoijlel  and  isolated  districts;  and  thus  have  tlie  effect  of 
bringing  education  to  those  who.  but  for  this  wise  and  be- 
nevolent arrangement,  would  be  doomed  to  live  without  it. 
The  towns  possess,  in  suldition  to  these  peoples  sch(;ols,  what 
are  called  middle  schools,  middle  and  royal  schools,  burgher 
schools,  hatin  or  learned  scliools,  in  all  of  which  superior 
instruction  is  given.  There  are  also  four  cathedral  schools; 
one  each  in  the  towns  of  L'hristiania,  Bergen,  Trondhjcm, 
and  Christiaiisand.  There  is  a  military  school  at  Christi- 
ania,  and  a  school  of  marine  at  I'rederikshavn.  Six-nor- 
mal schools  are  supported  by  the  state.  At  the  head  of  all 
the  educational  establishments  is  the  University  of  Christi- 
ani;i.  at  wliiih  complete  courses  of  lectures  are  delivered,  to 
qualify  for  the  diUerent  learned  professions,  and  the  higher 
grades  of  official  employments.  There  are  excellent  public 
libraries,  museums,  and  scientific  collections  in  the  different 
towns.  There  are  hospitals  in  all  the  principal  towns  and 
in  the  provinces.  Kacli  commune  is  bound  to  maintain  its 
owi:  poor,  and  mendicity  is  punished  as  a  crime.  The  state 
maintains  m.aga/,ines  of  reserve  fir  grain,  which  is  supplied 
to  the  inhabitants  on  payment  of  a  fixed  amount  of  interest. 

Inhaiiitanls,  Ac. — The  population  of  Norway  is  divided  as 
follows : — Norwegians  Proper  or  Normaend,  1,309,582 ;  Finns 
or  Lapons,  14,4iU;  and  Qvaens,  4425.  The  Norwegians  Pro- 
per are  generally  tall  and  vigorou.s,  and  distinguished  by 
the  lightness  of  their  hair,  particularly  in  childhood.  They 
show  a  strong  passion  for  a  sea-life,  and  make  excellent  sail- 
ors ;  in  this  respect  proving  themselves  the  descendants  of 
those  who,  under  their  sea  kings,  equipped  powerful  fleets, 
and  spread  the  terror  of  their  name  over  all  the  sliores  of 
Northern  Europe.  Tbeir  most  marked  national  virtues  are, 
high  regard  for  the  laws,  love  of  liberty,  and  respect  for  re- 
ligion, unalloyed  by  degrading  superstition.  The  Finns  or 
La|ions  dwell  in  Nordlaiid.  and  more  especially  in  Finmark, 
•ind  bear  little  resemblance  ti>  the  Norwegians  Proper. 
Qvaeiis.  though  dwelling  in  the  same  localities  with  the 
Finns,  are  very  easily  distinguished  from  them  botji  by  phy- 
siial  features  and  haliits;  being  generally  tall  and  well-pro- 
portioned, and  remarkalile  for  their  cleanliness.  A  vice, 
common  to  all  these  classes,  is  an  excessive  fondness  for  ar- 
dent spirits.  The  Norwegian  language,  which  is  sometimes 
represented  as  merely  a  Danish  dialect,  justlj-  claims  for 
itsell  a  more  venerable  origin,  and  is  radically  identical  with 
the  Icelandic,  which  still  bears  so  much  aiTinity  to  it,  that, 
in  some  districts  of  Norway,  the  inhabitants  have  no  dilH- 
culty  in  reading  and  understanding  Icelandic  books.  In 
other  districts,  where  Danish  or  Swedish  intiuence  has  pre- 
vailed, tlie  language  has  become  so  adulterated  as  almost  to 
lose  its  original  character.  No  works  of  very  high  reputa- 
tion have  appeared  in  it.  unless  it  be  allowed  to  claim  the 
writers  of  Iceland,  which  having  been  originally  settled 
from  Norway,  must  also  have  derived  its  language  from  it. 
The  principal  literary  productions  of  Norway  are  periodicals. 

History. — The  early  history  of  the  Norwegians  is  enve- 
loped in  fable.  The  historic  period  commences  with  the 
reign  of  ilarald,  Harfagar,  or  llasirfagar,  who  died  in  9o.'?. 
His  son  Erick.  surnamed  Ulodoxe,  (Dloody  Axe,)  because  of 
his  cruelties  w.is  ultimately  driven  from  the  throne,  and 
found  an  .asylum  with  Athelstan  of  England.  His  crown 
was  seized  by  his  brother,  Ilako  I.,  who  was  brought  up  in 
England  with  Athelstiin.  and  hiid  embraced  Christianity. 
He  governed  wisely,  and.  for  the  mo.st  part,  peacefully, 
enacting  many  valuable  laws ;  and,  though  he  tailed  in  a 
direct  attempt  to  make  his  subjects  renounce  paganism, 
undoubtedly  paved  the  way  for  its  final  overthrow.  The 
first  distinguislied  name  which  occurs  among  his  succe.ssors, 
is  that  of  Magnus  I.,  surnamed  Den  Gode,  (the  Good,)  the 
son  of  St.  Olaf  and  Alfhild.  an  English  lady  of  distinguished 
birth.  He  was  called  to  the  throne,  by  elction,  in  1036; 
and  haviTig,  in  1042,  succeeded  also  to  the  throne  of  Den- 
mark, united  both  under  one  monarchy.  He  possessed 
great  talents,  military  and  civil,  and  studied  the  interests  of 
his  subjects.  On  his  death  the  crowns  of  Xorway  and  Den- 
mark were  again  separated. 

In  the  12th  century,  the  Norwegians  had  carried  the  terror 
of  their  arms  to  distant  lands  and  islands;  and  swayed  tlie 
eceptre  not  over  Norway  merely,  but  over  many  parts  of  the 
(Xiasts  of  Britain  and  the  adjacent  islands,  more  especially 
the  Orkneys,  on  the  N..  and  the  Hebrides  on  the  N.W.  of 
Scotland.  In  the  time  of  Magnus  IV.,  who  reigned  towards 
the  close  of  the  loth  century,  tlie  Hebrides  and  the  Isle  of 
Van  were  ceded  to  the  Scottish  King,  Alexander  III.  In 
1319,  the  crowns  of  Norway  and  Sweden  became,  for  a  short 


time,  united  in  the  person  of  Magnus  V.  The  next  nam» 
of  importance  among  the  sovereigns  of  Norway  is  that  of 
Erick  of  Pomerania.  He  succeeded,  by  separate  titles,  tr" 
Norway,  Sweden,  and  Denmark;  and  in  1397,  was  formallj 
crowned  king  of  the  three  kingdoms  of  the  North.  Soon 
after  Sweden  again  became  a  separate  kiiigdom;  but  the 
union  between  Denmark  and  Norway  was  drawn  closer  and 
closer,  very  much  to  the  disadvautajte  of  the  latter,  which 
was  robbed  of  its  rights,  and  iiltimately  degraded  into  a  mer; 
dependency  of  the  former.  Its  subsequent  history  for  a  con- 
siderable period,  becomes  merely  a  part  of  that  of  Denmark, 

When  the  coalition  was  formed  against  Napoleon,  Sweden 
stipulated  that,  in  the  event  of  success  attending  the  arms 
of  the  Allies,  Norway  should  be  united  with  her  under  one 
monarchy,  a  stipulation  which  was  carried  into  effect  in 
1814,  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel.  The  summary  manner  in  which 
Norway  was  tlius  bartered  away,  could  not  but  be  extremely 
mortifying  to  its  inhabitants,  and  a  determination  to  resist 
was  soon  manifested.  At  a  diet  held  at  Eidsvold,  and  at- 
tended l)y  deputies  from  all  the  districts,  a  limited  monarchy, 
with  a  strong  infusion  of  the  democratic  princijile,  was 
almost  unanimously  adopted  as  the  form  of  government; 
and  Christian  Frederick,  who  liad  previously  been  the  re- 
gent, and  was  presumptive  heir  to  the  throne  of  Dennitirk, 
accepted  the  crown.  His  obvious  want  of  ability  soon  brought 
matters  to  a  crisis;  and  the  Swedish  king,  the  renowned  IJer- 
nadotto.  who  had  used  his  military  success  with  great  mode- 
ration, having  offered  to  accept  the  constitution  of  Eidsvold, 
with  some  slight  modificatiou.s,  all  resistance  to  him  cea.sed; 
and  by  the  convention  of  Moss  (August,  1814)  the  two  crowns 
were  declared  indiiisolubly  unite<l,  though  each  kingdom  re- 
tained its  separate  con.stitution.  His  foreign  origin,  and  in- 
ability to  speak  the  language  of  Norway,  notwithstanding  the 
ability  and  justice  of  his  meiLsures.  were  serious  obstacles  to 
his  popularity  ;  but  tliese  have  disappeared  in  the  person  of 

his  son.  Oscar  I.,  who  succeeded  to  tlie  tlirone  in  1S44. 

Adj.  Norwegian,  nor-wee'jan,  (Norw.  Norsk,  noEsk ;  Fr. 
NoRV/^MlKN  or  Nottwf  GlE.v,  noRViVzhe-lN"';  Ger.  Norwegisch, 
noR/wAghish;  Sp.  Norukoo,  nor-wA'go;  It.  Nouwegian,  nor- 
v.A-je-d'no ;  L.  Norwegia'nus.)  Inhab. — In  English.  French, 
Spanish,  and  Latin,  the  adjective  is  used  also  fur  the  name 
of  tlio  inhabitjints,  (Norw.  Normaend,  noa'mjnd,  Ger.  Noft- 
WEGEB,  noR'vi'A  glier.) 

NOIUVVAY,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Oxford  CO., 
Maine,  45  miles  Vi .  by  S.  of  Augusta.  Two  papers  are  issued 
here.  It  has  also  manufactures  of  iron  aud  other  articles. 
Pop.  ins2. 

NORWAY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer  CO., 
New  York,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Utica.     Pop.  1105. 

NORWAY,  a  village  of  White  co..  Indiana,  on  Tippecanoe 
Uiver.  85  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

NORWAY,  a  post-office  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinoi.i. 

NORWAY,  a  post-villagi;  and  townsliip  of  Racine  co.,  Wis- 
ponsin.  about  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madison.  The  plank-road 
from  Mihv.Mukee  to  K'icbi'ster  passes  near  the  village.    P.  971. 

NORWEGIA.  NOKWKGE,  NOKWEOEN.     See  Norway. 

NORWEGIAN,  NOKWEGISCH,  NOKWEGEK,  &c.  See 
Norway. 

NOKWE/GIAN,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  3071. 

NORWICH,  nor'rij.  (anc.  Vcnita  Iccnnlnim,)  a  city,  muni- 
cipal  and  iiarliamentary  borough,  and  bishop's  see  of  Eng- 
land, capital  of  the  county  of  Norfolk,  agreeably  situated  on 
the  sloping  banks  of  the  Wensum,  which  is  here  crossed  by 
nine  bridges,  and  immeiliately  below  joins  the  Yare,  98  miles 
N.N.K.  of  London,  with  wliich  it  communicates  by  the 
Eastern  Counties  and  the  Eastern  Union  Itailway.  It  was 
formerly  surrounded  by  w.ills,  fragments  of  which  still  exist, 
flanked  with  numerous  towers,  and  entered  by  12  gates. 
Owing  to  the  quantity  of  ground  occupied  by  gardens  and 
orchards,  Norwich  has  much  more  of  a  rural  appearance, 
and  covers  a  much  larger  area  tlian  is  usual  in  places  of  the 
same  magnitude.  Numerous  improvements  have  recently 
been  effected,  and  many  new  streets  aud  handsome  rows  of 
houses  have  risen  up  in  different  quarters,  particularly  in 
the  suburbs  beyond  the  precincts  of  the  ancient  walls;  but 
taken  as  a  whole,  the  city  is  still  very  indifferently  built. 
Not  a  few  of  its  streets  are  narrow,  winding,  and  are  either 
un paved  or  p.ived  badly;  and  the  houses  which  line  them, 
or  rather  overhang  them,  with  their  rude  pointed  gables, 
are  generally  of  brick,  and  far  more  remarkable  for  their 
antiquity  than  for  the  merits  of  their  architecture.  An 
exception,  however,  should  be  made  in  favor  of  the  market-- 
place, which  ranks  as  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  the 
kingdom. 

Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  well  deserving  of  notice. 
The  Cathedral,  founded  in  1094,  and  originally  Norman, 
thougli  now  exhibiting  a  Eomewliat  incongruous  mixture  of 
styles,  is  a  cruciform  structure,  with  a  lofty  tower  and  spire, 
rising  from  the  intersection  of  the  nave  and  tran.septs  tu  the 
height  of  315  feet.  Few  cathedrals  surpass  it  in  the  imposing 
effect  produced  by  its  interior,  in  tlie  grandeur  of  its  roof, 
divided  by  14  semicircular  arches,  and  rendered  almost  ui)i(iU8 
by  the  328  figures  of  scriptural  subjects,  elaborately  sculp- 
tiu'ed  upon  it,  aud  in  the  embellishments  auddiniensious  of 

13lJ5 


NOR 

its  clo:si  J  A  St.  Peters  Church,  ^lancrofl.  a  large  and  hand- 
Dome  itruiiform  structure  of  the  15th  century,  with  a  noble 
tower  98  I'ect  high,  containing  a  peal  of  12  bells,  i.s  con.sidered 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  kingdom.  Besides  the  Cathedral 
and  St.  Peters.  Norwich  pos.-es.«es  40  churches,  and  about 
22  Dissenting  chapels.  The  other  principal  building  are, 
the  Castle,  a  noble  feudal  relic,  originally  founded  by  Lffa 
in  576,  and  greatly  improved,  fir.st  in  t)42  by  Anna,  and 
afterwards  in  872  liy  Alfred  the  Great,  finely  situated  near 
the  centre  of  the  city,  on  a  lofty  eminence  with  precipitous 
sides,  and  still  surmounted  by  it.s  mas.*ive  donjon  tower, 
but  otherwise  altered,  to  adapt  it  to  its  present  use  as  a  jail ; 
the  Shirehall.  built  on  the  inner  vallum  of  the  ca.«tle;  the 
bishop's  palace,  and  the  deanery,  large  irregular  piles  adjoin- 
ing the  cathedral,  and  like  it,  approached  through  what  is 
called  the  Erpiugbam  Gate,  a  remarkable  structure  consist- 
ing of  a  lofty  pointed  arch,  flanked  with  semi-octangular 
buttresses,  and  enriched  with  columns,  mouldings,  and  38 
male  and  female  statues  in  canopied  niches;  the  Guildhall,  a 
large  building  at  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  market,  partly  fitted 
up  as  a  court-house,  where  the  a*isizes  and  quarter  sessions 
are  held;  St.  Andrew's  Hall,  a  noble  fabric,  originally  the 
nave  of  the  Church  of  the  Black  Friars'  Convent,  but  now 
fitted  up  so  as  to  form  one  of  the  large.<t  and  nio.'t  splendid 
halls  for  municipal  purposes  in  Great  Britain,  and  adorned 
with  a  lai-ge  and  interesting  collection  of  civic  portraits. 
Among  the  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  New  Jail  and 
House  of  Correction,  presenting  a  massive  front,  supported 
by  rusticated  Tuscan  columns;  the  Workhouse,  originally 
the  choir  of  the  Black  Friars'  Church;  the  Corn  Exchange, 
a  large  building  in  the  Grecian  style;  the  Cavalry  Barracks; 
the  Theatre  and  As.*embly  Kooms,  the  Training  College  of 
Pchoolmistresse.«,  and  tlie  Diocesan  Training  Institution; 
the  Grammar  School,  situated  within  the  precincts  of  the 
cathedral,  and  occupying  what  was  formerly  the  charnel- 
house  ;  the  Government  School,  for  modelling  and  design ; 
the  Children's  IIospit.il,  Norman's  Charity,  City  Charity, 
Briti.-^h  and  Foreign,  National,  Infant,  and  various  other 
pchools;  St.  Giles',  Doughty's,  Cook's,  and  the  Norfolk  and 
Norwich  Hospitals,  the  last  occupying  a  spacious  structure 
of  red  brick,  well  fitted  up  for  the  convenience  and  comfort 
of  patients;  the  Lunatic  and  Blind  Asylums;  and  the 
Infirmary.  In  addition  to  tlie  benevolent  endowments 
already  mentioned,  are  numerous  parochial,  voluntary,  and 
other  charities.  The  city  is  the  seat  of  a  triennial  musical 
festival.  The  literary  and  scientific  institutions  include  a 
public  library  of  al)Out  18,000  volumes;  a  literary  institu- 
tion, with  a  well-selected  library  of  about  11,000  volumes, 
a  mechanics'  institute,  a  young  man's  institute,  a  people's 
college,  and  a  museum,  occupying  a  handsome  modern 
l)uilding.  and  possessed  of  several  valuable  collections. 
There  are  also  several  public  gardens,  Iwwling-greens,  &.C. 

"he  manufactures  of  Norwich  are  very  extensive,  and 
employ  far  the  larger  part  of  the  population.  Worsted  gootls, 
of  which  a  coarse  description  appears  to  have  been  made 
even  before  the  Norman  conquest,  were  greatly  improved 
by  the  arrival  of  Dutch  and  Flemish  settlers  at  different 
times;  and  have  ever  since  continued  to  form  the  most 
important  staple  of  the  town,  though  they  have  assumed  a 
vast  variety  ot  forms,  and  become  greatly  intermixed  with 
cotton,  silk,  and  other  materials.  The  leading  articles  at 
present  are  shawls,  crapes,  and  bombazines ;  and  to  these 
may  be  added  mousseline  de  laine  and  other  imitations  of 
French  fabrics,  light  cotton  gootls,  damask,  camlets,  gros  de 
Naples,  and  Bandana  handkerchiefs,  and  I'aramatta  cloth, 
by  which  bombazine  has  been  greatly  superseded.  The 
looms  eu\ployed  in  the  town  and  neighborhood  are  esti- 
mated at  upwards  of  14.000.  The  other  industrial  establish- 
ments include  extensive  woi-sted  tiictories,  silk-mills,  dye- 
works,  corn-mills,  vinegar  works,  breweries,  iron  foundries, 
4c.  The  trade,  in  addition  to  the  large  export  furnished 
by  the  above  manufactures,  and  by  agricultural  produce, 
consists  of  considerable  imports,  chiefly  of  wine  and  oil  from 
the  continent,  and  of  yarn  from  Ireland.  In  carrying  on 
this  trade,  facilities  are  afforded  both  by  the  railways  already 
mentione<l,  by  the  river,  navigated  chiefly  by  wherries  of 
from  15  to  40  tons,  and  by  regular  steamers  to  Yarmouth, 
and  by  the  Norwich  and  Lowestoft  navigation,  by  means  of 
which  vessels  of  small  tonnage  have  direct  access  to  the 
town  from  the  se.a.  The  weekly  market  for  cattle  is  the 
largest  in  the  kingdom,  with  the  single  exception  of  that  of 
London.  The  town  contjiins  a  branch  of  the  Bank  of  Eng-  j 
land,  several  private  banks,  and  a  large  insurance  company.  [ 
Norwich  appears  to  have  been  founded  in  446.  On  the  j 
departure  of  the  Romans,  it  was  seizeil  by  the  Saxons;  and  | 
in  575  had  risen  to  be  the  capita!  of  the  kingdom  of  East  j 
Anglia.  In  1002,  it  was  atticked  by  the  Danish  fleet,  com-  j 
mandi'd  by  Sweyn  their  king,  captured,  and  laid  in  ashes. 
In  1328.  the  foundation  of  its  jirosperity  was  laid  by  Edward 
111.,  who  made  it  a  staple  town  for  the  counties  of  Norfolk 
and  Suffolk,  conferred  upon  it  other  important  privileges, 
and  indu'-ed  great  numbers  of  Flemings  to  settle  in  it.  A 
titili  grcat<'r  numlx-r  arrived  at  a  later  period  during  the 
reign  of  ElizaWth;  and  the  inhabitants,  not  only  profiting 
by  the  lessons  thuB  taught  them,  but  improviug  upon  them, 
littid 


NOS 

ultimately  surpassed  their  masters,  and  made  their  manu- 
factures famous  throughout  the  world.  Norwich  has  given 
birth  to  several  distinguished  individuals — among  others. 
Dr.  Matthew  I'arker,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury ;  Dr.  Kay 
and  Dr.  Samuel  Clark,  the  celebrated  divii:e.  It  sends  2 
members  to  Parliament.     I'op.  in  1861,  74,414. 

NOUWICH,  nor/wich  or  nor'rich.  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Windsor  CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Connec- 
ticut River,  and  on  tlie  Connecticut  and  I'assumpsic  I'.ivera 
liailroad,  43  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Norwich  University,  founded  in  1834,  and  has  manufocfurea 
of  boot*  and  shoes,  leather,  and  cabinet-waxe.     Top.  1759. 

NOKWICII,  a  post-township  in  Hampshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 103  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

NORWICH,  a  city  and  semi-capital  of  New  London  co., 
Connecticut,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Thames  Kiver, 
where  it  receives  the  Yantic,  13  miles  N.  of  New  London; 
lat.  41°  33'  N.,  Ion.  72°  7'  W.  This  is  a  beautiful  city,  built 
on  a  steep  acclivity  tacing  the  S.  and  on  an  extensive  plain 
stretching  toward  the  N.  It  is  noted  for  its  bejiutifnl  resi- 
dences and  various  manufactures.  It  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  a  high-school,  40  public  schools,  an  acade- 
my, ly  churches,  7  banks,  3  savings  bank.s,  and  4  insurance 
companies.  One  daily  and  2  weekly  papers  are  published 
here.  There  are  nearly  100  manufactories  of  cotton  and 
woollen  goods,  paper,  fire-arms,  machinery,  &c.,  almost  all 
supplied  with  water-power  by  falls  on  the  Y'antic  and  She- 
tucket  rivers,  which  here  unite  to  form  the  Thames.  The 
Norwich  Arms  Company  employ  al-out  350  men  in  making 
fire-arms  for  the  government.  The  city  has  comnumication 
with  the  seaboard  and  interior  by  two  lines  of  railway — the 
Norwich  and  Worcester,  and  the  New  I^ondon  Northern 
Railroads.  Steamers  also  ply  regularly  between  this  place 
and  New  York.  Pop.  of  the  township'iu  1S30,  5179 ;  1840, 
7-239 :  1^50. 10,265 ;  in  1860. 14,048. 

NORWICH,  a  flourishing  postrvillage  and  town.sliip, 
capital  of  Chenango  co.,  New  Y'ork,  is  situated  on  the  Che- 
nango River  and  Canal,  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Utica.  The 
village  is  the  largest  in  the  county,  and  contains,  besides 
the  county  buildings,  4  churches,  an  academy  with  about 
200  students,  2  banks.  3  newspaper  offices,  32  stores,  a  noted 
manufactory  of  hammers,  employing  50  hands,  and  a  piano 
factory,  turning  out  one  instrument  per  day.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  43.'.6;  of  the  village,  estimated  at  2400. 

NORWICH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  McKean  c«.. 
Pennsvl vania,  about  190  miles  N.W.  of  Uarrisburg.  l'op.322. 
NORWICH,  a  township  of  Franklin  county,  Ohio.   Popu- 
lation 1495. 

NORWICH,  a  township  of  Huron  county,  Ohio.  Popu- 
lation 1-2.50. 

NORWICH,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Union  town.ihip, 
Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad,  and 
National  Road,  74  miles  E.  of  Columbus.  It  has  2  churches 
and  several  stores.     Pop.  near  400. 

NORWICH  FALLS,  Connecticut,  a  station  on  tlie  New 
London  Willimantic  and  Palmer  Railroad,  1  mile  N.  of 
Norwich. 

NOR'WICIITOWN,  a  pleasant  po.ot-village  of  New  London 
countv,  Coniieoti^-ut,  on  the  New  London  Northern  Rail- 
road, 2  miles  N.W.  of  Norwich.  In  the  centre  is  a  large 
triangular  public  green,  fronting  which  is  thd  principal 
church.    The  village  contains  several  manufactories. 

NORAVICHVILLE.  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Oxford, 
95  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  17  miles  from  Woodstock.  It 
contains  several  stores,  hotels,  and  an  iron  foundry.  Pop. 
about  450. 

NOIVWOOD,  a  parochial  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Mid- 
dlesex. 

NORWOOD,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  large  villages  of 
England,  co.  of  Surrey,  6  miles  S.  of  London,  with  a  .station 
on  the  London  and  Croydon  Railw.iy.  United  population 
6046.  They  have  numerous  elegant  villa.s.  two  handsome 
district  churches,  a  large  school  of  industry  for  destitute 
children  from  the  metropolis  modern  cemetery,  and  very 
beautifully  laid  out  public  gardens. 

NORWOOD,  a  post-village  in  Stanley  co..  North  Carolina. 
NORWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Peter- 
borough. 30  miles  N.N.E.  of  P<'terboi-ough. 

NOS-liEH,  nos/bA,  NOSSI-Bfi.  nos'see-bA.  or  VARIOU-BE, 
vi-re-oo'b.i,  an  island  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Madagjiscar.  be- 
longing  to  France,  forming  the  N.  entrance  of  the  Bay  of 
Passandava :  lat.  13°  20'  S.,  Ion.  48°  20'  E.  It  is  the  largest 
island  on  this  part  of  the  coast;  has  a  finely  diversified 
surface,  and  is  evidently  of  volcanic  formation.  The  best 
cultivate*.!  spots  are  along  the  .shore,  and  produce  rice,  maize, 
potatoes,  banaii.is,  and  mauioc  far  beyond  the  wants  of  the 
inhabitant.'.     Pop.  15.178. 

NDSCHKNRODE,  (No.*«henrode.)  niish'en-roMeh,  a  village 
of  Prussian  Saxony,  government  of  Magdeburg,  so  near 
Wernigerode  as  to  be  pnperlv  its  suburb.     Pop.  1009. 
NOSSA-SENHORA-DODKSTERRO.     i:'ee  1'e.stebbo. 
NOSSA  SENHORA  DA  PKMIA.nos^si  sjnyo/rii  da  p.^nya, 
or  TAPAGIPE,  ti-pd-zhee'pa.  a  village  of  Brazil,  near  Bahia. 
NOSSEN,  nos'sen,  a  town  of  Saxony.  19  ni-les  W.  of  Dres- 
den, on  the  Muldu,  with  a  i-uyal  residence,    i^>f  -iAX 


NOS 


NOT 


NOSS-IIEAD.  a  bold  rocky  point  on  the  E.  coast  of  Scot- 
laml,  CO.  of  CttitlinuPS,  3i  miles  N.K.  of  AVick.  Under  it  is 
a  vast  cavern,  and  westward  is  a  ruined  stronghold  of  the 
former  Karls  of  Caithness.  It  lias  a  lighthouse  in  lat.  68°  28' 
iJ8''  N..  Ion.  3^  3'  5"  W.,  lijrht  revolving,  elevation  175  feet. 

NOSSI-Iil-;,  an  island  of  .Matlagnscar.     See  Nos-Bkh. 

NOSSI  IBK-iUlM,  an  island  near  Madagascar.  See  Sainte 
Mabie. 

NO.S.-j-ISLAXD,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  E.  of  Brossay, 
and  separated  from  it  liy  a  narrow  and  dangerous  sound. 
Circunifeivnte  about  6  miles. 

N(JTAKK.SC(>,  no-td-r^s'ko,  a  village  of  Naple.9,  province 
Of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  10  miles  E.S.K.  of  Teramo.     Pop.  1680. 

NO'iWSU lyGA,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama,  on 
the  railroad  which  leads  from  Montgomery  to  ^Vest  I'oint, 
47  miles  E.X.E.  of  the  former. 

NOT'OKOVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

N()T'LKY,  Black,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

NOTLEY,  White,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

NOTO,  no'to,  a  city  of  Sicily,  16  miles  S.VV.  of  Syracuse. 
Pop.  10,770.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  hill  about  2 
miles  from  the  sea.  It  has  several  haud.some  churches  and 
convents,  a  council-house,  hospital,  lyceuui,  and  a  consider- 
able trade  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and  sulphur,  the  produce  of 
Its  neighborhood.  About  3  miles  W.  of  the  town  are  ruins  of 
an  amphitheatre,  and  of  a  gymnasium,  almost  the  only  re- 
mains of  ancient  Netum.  destroyed  liy  an  earthquake  in  1693. 

NOTO,  a  town  and  a  hcailland  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon. 

NOTO,  V'AL  Dl,  vdl  dee  no'to,  an  old  division  of  Sicily, 
comprising  its  S.E.  portion. 

NOTRE  U.\ME,  n6t'r  ddui,  a  post-offico  of  St.  Joseph  co., 
Indiana. 

NOTUE  DAME  BAY,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
is  between  lat.  49^  30'  and  50°  N.,  and  Ion.  56°  and  50°  W., 
bounded  N.  by  Cape  St.  John. 

NOTRE  DAME  DK  BONDKVILLE,  not'r  Aim  deh  bANd'- 
vcel',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-lnferieuro, 
arrondissemeut  of  Rouen.     Pop.  1918. 

NOTRE  DAME  DE  CENILLY,  not'r  Alva  deh  seh-nee'yeo', 
R  village  of  Erance,  department  of  Manche,  arrondissement 
of  Coutances.     Pop.  20U0. 

NOTRE  DAME  DE  MONT,  not'r  ddm  d(.h  mAN«,  a  village 
of  Fiance,  department  of  Veudee,  arrondissemeut  of  Les 
Sables.     Pop.  2500. 

N(yrRE  DAME  DE  LIESSE,  not'r  ddm  deh  le-Jss',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  arrondissement  of  Laou, 
near  the  left  bank  of  the  Souche.     Pop.  1224. 

NOTRE  DA.ME  DES  MILLIERS,  not'r  ddm  d.i  meePy.V  or 
moe'yA',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Upper 
Savov,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Isere,  6  miles  E.  of  Evian. 
Pop.  "1030. 

N0XTAU'.\S.4G.\,  notrtij-wa-saw'ga,  a  river  of  Canada 
West,  district  of  Home,  after  a  N.  course  of  more  than  60 
miles,  enters  Nottawasaga  Bay  by  an  inlet  at  the  S.  end  of 
Georirinn  Bay,  Lake  Huron. 

N()T'TAWA  or  NOT'TAWAY,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E. 
central  part  of  St.  Joseph  co..  Michigan.     Pop.  ilS.5. 

NOTTAWA  or  NOTTAWAY  CREKK.  of  St.  Joseph  CO., 
Blichigan,  Hows  into  the  St.  Joseph  River. 

NOTT.\W.-VY,  Virginia,  See  Nottowat. 

NOTTEROE,  (Notterije.)  not'teh-roVh.  an  island  of  Norway, 
In  Christiania-fiord.  immediately  S.  of  Tiinsberg.  Length  7 
miles,  average  breadth  3  miles. 

NOTTINGHAM,  not/ting-.jm.  or  NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, 
not'ting-amshir,  otherwise  called  the  County  of  N(JTTS.  a 
central  county  of  England,  having  N.  the  county  of  York. 
Area,  822  square  miles.  or526.080acres,  of  which  about  470,000 
are  estimatetl  to  be  in  grass,  or  arable.  Pop.  in  IS-il,  270.427. 
Surface,  except  in  the  vale  of  Trent,  diversified  with  gentle 
hills,  and  here  anil,  there  exhibiting  considerable  remains 
of  its  ancient  famous  royal  forest,  or  Shire-wood.  I'rin<^pal 
rivers,  the  Trent,  and  its  affluents,  the  Soar  and  Idle.  Soil 
mostly  a  light  sandy,  or  a  rich  clayey,  loam.  Limestone 
and  coal  are  abundant.  The  county  is  tlie  principal  seat 
of  the  cotton  hosiery  and  lace  manufactures  in  England. 
It  is  traversed  by  branches  of  the  North  >Iidland.  Sheffield 
and  Lincoln,  and  Great  Northern  Railways.  Chief  towns, 
Nottingham,  Newark,  East  Bedford,  and  Mansfield.  It  sends 
10  members  to  the  House  of  Commons ;  viz.  2  for  the  N. 
and  2  for  the  S.  divisions  of  the  county,  and  6  for  its 
boroughs.  This  county  formed  a  part  of  the  Saxon  kingdom 
of  Merci.i. 

NOTTINGII.^M,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  lx>rough 
and  manufacturing  town  of  England,  capital  of  the  above 
county,  and  a  county  of  itself  on  the  Leen,  close  to  its 
junction  with  the  Trent,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge 
of  19  arches,  and  also  on  the  Nottingham  Canal  and  the 
Midland  Railway,  108  miles  N.N.AV.  of  London.  It  occu- 
pies a  picturesque  site  on  the  broken  declivities  and  at  the 
foot  o^  a  sandstone  rock  overlooking  the  green  meadows  and 
vafe  of  Trent;  and,  from  wnatever  quarter  it  is  approached, 
presents  a  striking  and  attractive  appearance;  its  castle 
alwa>'"  forming  a  conspicuous  object.  The  town,  however, 
U  on  tne  whole  visry  indifferently  built;  the  houses,  most  of 
wliich.  are  brick,  being,  especially  in  the  central  and  ancient 


quarters,  huddled  together  in  narrow  streets,  and  often 
pliiced  back  to  back.  New  streets  and  hand.some  villas  have, 
however,  recently  risen  up  in  all  quarters,  and  are  still  con- 
tinuing to  spread  with  wonderful  rapidity.  The  burgess- 
land  of  about  1000  acres,  which  formed  a  belt  round  the 
town,  has  recently  been  enclosed,  under  the  General  En- 
closure Act,  and  part  of  it  sold  for  building-ground  ;  a  large 
portion  has,  liowever,  Ix-en  reserved  for  pleasure-grounds, 
promenades,  &c.,  and  tastefully  planted;  and,  in  ail<lition. 
18  acres  have  been  formed  into  an  Arboretum  for  the  u.-« 
of  the  inhabitants,  to  whom  it  is  open  three  days  each  week. 
free  of  charge.  Considerable  progress  lias  already  (1853) 
been  made  in  supplying  the  Arboretum  with  plants,  which 
are  arranged  alphabetically.  The  inhabitants  have  also  tlie 
free  use  of  a  park  of  130  acres,  belonging  to  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle,  which  is  much  resorted  to  as  a  promenade  by  all 
classes  of  the  community.  Another  open  space  much  fre- 
quented as  a  public  resort  is  the  market-place,  which,  covi-r- 
ing  a  triangular  area  of  nearly  6  acres,  surrounded  liy  lofty 
houses  and  arcaded  .shops,  strikingly  contrasts  with  the 
confined  streets  in  its  vicinity,  and  almost  deserves  the 
description  given  of  it  by  Leland  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII., 
that  '-it  is  the  fairest  without  exception  in  all  England." 

Among  the  public  buildings,  the  most  remarkable  is  the 
Castle,  which  crowns  the  suinmit  of  a  precipitous  rock  rising 
133  feet  above  the  level  of  the  meadows.  Its  naturally 
strong  position  appears  to  have  marked  it  out  for  a  fort  in 
the  time  of  the  Danes,  but  it  first  a.ssumed  the  form  of  a 
castle  in  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror,  who  erected  it 
as  a  means  of  overawing  and  repressing  the  bold  outlaws 
frequenting  the  recesses  of  the  old  forest.  In  the  great  civil 
war  it  was  selected  by  Charles  I.  on  whieli  to  erect  his 
standard;  and  not  long  after,  when  he  had  evacuated  it.  it 
stood  a  memorable  siege,  and  effectually  resisted  all  the 
attemjits  of  the  Royalists  to  regain  its  posses.'^ion.  It  wad 
dismantled  during  the  Protectorate,  and  subsequently  I'e- 
came  the  pro|ierty  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  who,  in  1674, 
covered  its  site  witli  a  largo  mansion  having  nothing  of  a 
castle  but  the  name.  Even  this  is  now  a  ruin,  and  of  the 
ancient  castle  only  a  few  vestiges  now  remain.  Tlie  places 
of  worship  include  8  churches,  and  about  23  Dissenting 
chajiels:  of  which  7  are  Baptist,  6  Methodist,  4  Independent, 
and  Friends.  Unitarian,  Roman  Catholic.  Irvingite.  and 
Swedenliorgian,  1  each.  The  Jews  also  have  a  synagogue, 
and  the  Latter-Day  Saint.s,  or  Mormons,  hold  meetings  in  an 
old  Methodist  chajiel.  The  other  buildings  deserving  of 
notice  are  a  large  convent,  built  in  1846;  the  Exchange; 
County-hall;  Guildhall;  Ilouseof  Correction,  built  on  the  site 
of  a  convent  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John;  Union  Workhouse ; 
Corn  Exchange:  the  Barracks;  As.sembly-rooms:  Mechanics' 
Hall;  and  a  very  paltry  theatre.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
town,  on  Sion  Hill,  a  general  cemetery,  containing  12  acres, 
was  formed  in  1836. 

The  principal  e<l ucation.il  and  literary  institutions  are  the 
Free  Grammar  School,  well  endowed,  and  occu)iyiiig  a  largo 
and  handsome  building  with  a  Gothic  front:  the  Blue-coat 
School,  which  clothes  and  educates  60  boys  and  20  girls:  the 
People's  College,  founded  by  subscription  in  1846,  to  afford 
superior  instruction  to  the  working  classes,  and  0(  cupying 
a  large  brick  buiMing  of  (iothic  arcliitecturo ;  the  Unitarian 
F'ree  School,  the  British,  national,  infant,  and  raggcl  schools, 
the  Government  School  of  Di'sign,  the  Mechanics'  Institute, 
the  Bromley  House  Subscription.  Law,  Artisans'  and  other 
libraries.  .Vmong  the  charitable  institutions,  are  the 
General  Hospital,  the  Dispen.sary.  the  General  Lunatic 
A.syluin,  with  accommodation  for  160  patients,  the  Midland 
In.«litute  for  the  blind.  Pluinptre's.  Collins's  and  Lambley's 
Hospitals,  and  AVilloughby"s  Handley's,  and  various  other 
almshouses  and  benevolent  foundations. 

The  staple  manufactures  to  which  the  town  owes  its  pros- 
perity and  rapid  increase,  are  hosiery  and  lace.  The  former 
first  began  to  assume  importance  alwut  the  middle  of  the 
18th  century,  and  tlie  latter  about  30  years  after,  in  1778, 
when  the  point-net  machine  was  invented.  The  bobbin-net 
machine  was  invented  about  1799.  but  did  not  come  into 
general  use  till  1823.  These  manufactures  were  long  carried 
on  exclusively  in  the  homes  of  the  workmen,  but  large 
factories,  employing  steam-power,  have  recently  been  erected, 
and  will  soon  apparently  almost  entirely  supersede  domestic 
labor.  In  addition  to  the  staple  manufactures,  including 
the  machine  shops,  and  other  industrial  establishments 
more  immediately  dependent  on  them,  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  hands  is  employed  in  the  cotton  and  woollen  manu- 
factures, in  silk,  worsted,  and  cotton  .spinning  mills,  and  in 
making  articles  of  malleable  and  cast  iron,  wire,  pins,  brass 
fenders,  Ac,  The  trade  in  corn  and  cattle  is  very  important, 
the  malting  business  is  extensively  prosecuted,  and  the 
breweries  have  long  been  famous  for  their  ale.  Of  four 
annual  fairs,  one,  called  the  Goose  Fair,  is  so  celebrated,  and 
forms  such  an  era,  that  a  large  portion  of  the  inhabitant* 
date  all  the  events  of  the  year  from  it. 

Nottingham  was  in  early  times  a  great  resort  of  the  Druids. 
Under  tlie  Saxon  Heptarchy  it  belonged  to  the  kingdom  of 
Mercia,  and  after  its  dissolution  ranked  as  a  Danish  borough. 
Several  parliaments  have  been  held  in  if,  and  from  this 

1367 


NOT 

v.wn  Kichfird  ITT.  mnrched  with  his  forces  to  Bosworth  field 
In  1483.  ]t  comuiuuicates  by  a  canal  with  the  Coduor  iron 
and  coal  district.  Colonel  IIutchin.<on,  the  gallant  defender 
of  the  castle  in  the  civil  war.  and  Henry  Kirke  AVhite,  were 
natives  of  Nottingham.  The  borough  i.s  governed  by  a 
mayor,  14  aldermen,  and  42  councillors,  and  sends  2  mem- 
bers to  I'arliament.  Pop.  of  Parliamentai-j'  borough  in  1861. 
T4,531 ;  population,  including  suburbs  of  Radford,  Sueinton. 
lljson  Green.  Ac,  upward."  of  100,000. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  post^township  in  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  23  miles  K.S.K.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1297. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  township  of  Mercer  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the'Delaware  Kiver,  and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal, 
about  3  miles  S.  of  Trenton. 

NOTTINGH.AM,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  916. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylvania. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  post-village  of  I'rince  George  co.,  Slary- 
land'.  near  llie  Patuxent  Kiver.  25  miles  S.K.  of  Washington. 

NOTTINGH-VM,  a  postrtownship  in  the  S.W.  central  part 
of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1059. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  posMownship  in  Wells  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1056. 

NOTTINGHAM,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co..  Iowa. 

NOTTINGHAM  SQUARE,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  New 
Jerse3',  6  miles  E.  of  Trenton. 

NOT/TINGUAM  TURN'PIKE,  a  post-office  of  Rockland  co., 
New  York. 

NOT'TING-HILL,  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  is  a  suburban 
hamlet  of  Loudon,  on  the  Western  Road,  4j  miles  from  St. 
Paul's,  and  on  the  N.  side  of  Holland  Park.  It  comprises 
a  square  on  elevat«d  ground,  numerous  detached  villas,  and 
some  handsome  terraces. 

NOT'TI  NGTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  parish 
of  Broadway,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Weymouth.     Pop.  120. 

NOT'TL.\,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North  Carolina. 

NOTrrOWAY  or  NOTTAWAY,  a  river  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Virginia,  rises  in  Nottoway  co.,  and  flowing  in  a  winding 
course  along  the  border  of  Dinwiddle,  and  through  Sussex 
and  Southampton  counties,  unites  with  the  Meherrin,  to 
form  the  Chowan  River  in  Gates  county,  North  Carolina, 
after  a  course  of  upwards  of  110  miles. 

NOTTOWAY,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  area  of  330  square  miles.  The  Nottoway  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  S.  The  surface  is  uneven;  the  soil  is 
moderately  fertile.  The  Petersburg  and  Lynchburg  (South 
Side)  Railroad  connects  with  the  Richmond  and  Danville 
Railroail  at  Rurkville.  in  this  county.  Formed  in  1788.  and 
named  from  the  Nottoway  Indians.  Capital,  Nottoway  Court 
House.     Pop.  8836,  of  whom  2368  were  frea,  and  6468  slaves. 

NOTTO^^■AY  COURT  HOUSE,  capital  of  Nottoway  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  Southside  Railroad.  9  miles  from  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Richmond.     Pop.  about  200. 

NOTTS'VILLE,  a  village  of  Daviess  CO.,  Kentucky,  13  miles 
E.  of  Owensborough. 

NOTTULN,  noftooln,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  gov- 
ernment of  MUnster.     Pop.  1140. 

NOTTWEIL.  nott'wil.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne.     Pop.  1123. 

NOU.\ILLE,  L.<L,  lit  noo^il',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Creuse,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Aubu.sson.    Pop.  1440. 

NOUIC,  nooVek',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Uaute- 
VJenne,  "j  miles  S.W.  of  Belktc.     Pop.  1500. 

NOUKO.  an  island  of  Russia.     See  NuKO. 

NOUN,  a  river  of  .Mantchooria.    See  Noon. 

NOU.V,  a  cape  and  river  of  Morocco.     See  NoON. 

NOURSE,  noors,  a  river  of  South-West  Africa,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  near  lat.  17 '^  20'  S.  It  appears  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Bembaroughe. 

NOUSHEKA,  noo-sh.Vrd,  a  village  and  fort  of  Hindostnn, 
in  the  Punjab,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Mazufurabad ;  lat.  34°  7'  N., 
Ion.  73°  7'  E. 

NOUSHEKA,  a  village  of  Hindostan.  in  Sinde,  division 
of  Khyerpoor;  lat.  27°  48'  N..  Ion.  68°  39'  E. 

NOUSHERA,  several  small  towns  and  villages  of  the  Pun- 
jab. Afirhanistan,  &c..  the  principal  on  the  Cabool  River,  20 
miles  N.W.  of  Attock,  lat.  34°  3'  N.,  Ion.  72°  2'  E..  and  where 
the  .\fghans  were  routed  by  Kunjeet  Singh,  in  1823. 

NOUVEAU,  nooHiV,  (feminine  NOUVKLLE.  nooWU.)  a 
French  word  signifj-ing  new,  and  forming  a  part  of  nume- 
rous ge<^graphical  names  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  as 
NouvELLK-ORLf;AN.s,  (New  Orleans.)  Ac. 

NOUVEAU-BKUNSWICK.     See  New  Brcnswick. 

NOUVEAU-ME.VIQUE.    See  Nkw  Mexico. 

KOUVELLE.     See  Xouvk.kc. 

NOUVELLE,  nooSJll',  a  villagti  and  fishing  station  of 
Canada  East.  co.  of  Bonaventura.  at  the  entrance  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name  Into  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  about  10  miles 
E.N.E.  of  New  Carlisle. 

NOUVELLh;-BI{ET.\GNE.     See  New  Brit\ix. 

NOUVELI.K.-CALEDJNiE.     See  New  Caledosia. 

NOUVELLE-i:C0SSE.     See  Nova  Scon\. 

NOUVELLE  GALLES-DU-SUD.    See  New  South  Wales. 

NOU VELI.E-G  REN ADE.    See  Nkw  Giu.xAtA- 


NOV 

NOUVELLK-GUTNfiE,  ("  New  Guinea.'")    See  PAPtJA. 

NOUVELLIK)I!L£anS.    See  New  Orleans. 

NOUVELLE-ZluLANDE.    See  Nkw  Zealand. 

N0UVELLE-7.EMBLE.    See  Nova  Zembla. 

NOUVION.  nooS-e-^N"'.  a  town  of  Fi-ance,  department  of 
Aisne.  24  miles  N.E.  of  St,  Quentin.     Pop.  in  1852.  3296. 

NOUZON,  nooV.ANO'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardennes,  on  the  MeiLse,  here  crossed  by  a  suspension 
bridge,  20  miles  f;.S.E.  of  Mezit^res.     Pop.  2575. 

NO'VA,  a  post-office  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio. 

NOVA-FRIBURGO,  no'vd  fnvbooR'go.  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  and  120  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  Janeiro. 

NOVAIA,  no-vi'S,  a  market-town  of  Kus.sJa,  government 
and  87  miles  W.S.W.  of  Koorsk.    Pop.  1000. 

NOV  ALAISE,  no-vi-KAz,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Savoy  Proper,  8  miles  W.  of  Chanibery.  Popula- 
tion. 1809. 

NOVALESA,  no-vd-l,Vsil,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Stfttee, 
division  of  Turin.  3  miles  N.  of  Susa.    Pop.  985. 

N0V,4RA,  no-vd'rd,  (anc.  yova'ria,)  a.  city  of  North  Italy, 
Piedmont,  on  a  hill  between  the  Agogna  and  Terdoppio,  27 
miles  W.  of  Milan  ;  lat.  45°  27'  N.,  lou.  8°  3S'  E.  Pf,p.  14,395. 
It  is  partly  enclosed  by  ramparts  and  ditvhes,  defended  by 
a  castle,  and  has  a  noble  cathedral,  with  a  tine  baptistery; 
about  10  other  churche.s,  14  convents,  a  large  hospital,  i 
colleges,  a  hall  of  commerce,  and  theatre,  with  niauufaeturea 
of  silk  and  linen  fabrics,  hats,  and  leather. 

NOV.\  SCOTIA,  no'v.a  sko'she-a.  (Fr.  JVoinvMe-E-Osse,  noo^' 
vJll'  A^koss', — originally  Aaulie,  I'kdMee';  Ger.  Xeti-Sclioit- 
land,  noi  shotfldnt; — these  names  signify  alike  "New  Scot- 
land,'") a  colonial  province  of  British  North  .America,  forming 
a  long  narrow  peninsula,  lying  nearly  parallel  to  the  main- 
land of  New  Brunswick,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an 
isthmus  only  15  miles  wide,  separating  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
from  Northumberland  Strait.  It  extends  from  lat.  43°  26' 
to  45°  55'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  61°  to  60°  10'  W. ;  bounded  N.  by 
Northumberland  Strait,  which  separates  it  from  I'rince  Ed- 
ward Island;  N.E.bytheGutofCanso  flowing  between  it  anil 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  (now  included  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Nova  Scotia,)  S.  and  S.E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  W. 
by  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  N.W.  by  New  Brunswick.  Greatest 
length  from  S.AV.  to  N.E.,  280  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about 
120  miles;  area,  15,627  square  miles,  or,  including  Cape 
Breton,  18.746  square  miles.  Its  S.E.  coast  is  remarkable  for 
the  number  of  its  capacious  harbors;  there  being  no  fewer 
than  12  ports  capable  of  receiving  ships  of  the  line,  and  14 
of  sufficient  depth  for  merchantmen,  between  Halifax  and 
Cape  Canso,  a  distjince  of  not  more  than  110  miles.  Ther<* 
are  no  mountains  of  great  magnitude  or  reraarkalile  eleva- 
tion in  the  province.  A  broad  belt  of  high  and  broken 
land  extends  along  the  .\tlautii'  shores  from  Cape  Canso  to 
Cape  Sable.  The  breadth  of  this  belt  or  range  varies  from 
20  to  60  miles.  Its  average  height  is  about  500  feet;  it  is 
rugged  and  uneven,  and  compo.sed  chiefly  of  granite  and 
primary  rock.s.  Similar  formations  occupy  nearly  two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  peninsula.  The  surface  is  undulating 
throughout,  and  beautifuUj-  picturesque.  The  hi;hest  land 
is  Ardoise  Hill,  which  rises  only  810  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  From  Briar's  Island,  at  the  extremity  of  Digby 
Neck  to  Capes  Split  and  Blomidon,  a  distance  of  130  miles 
along  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  extends  a  ridge  of  mural  preci- 
pices, in  many  places  presenting  overhanging  masses  ot 
trap  rocks  from  100  to  600  feet  high.  The.se  frowning  crags, 
with  their  crowded  forests  of  fir,  are  first  seen  by  the 
mariner  in  crossing  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  their  height  serves  to 
priJtect  the  interior  from  the  driving  fogs  of  the  bay.  Be- 
yond this  barrier  lies  the  rich  and  beautiful  valley  of  the 
Annapolis. 

Ixih-es.  Biii/s,  and  Jiivers. — Nova  Scotia  is  beautifully 
diversified  with  rivers  and  lakes,  covering  an  area  estimated 
at  3000  square  miles.  The  latter  are  generally  of  small 
extent,  but  lie  thickly  scattered  over  the  sui'faec,  in  some 
instances  as  many  as  lOO  occurring  within  the  space  of  20 
square  miles.  The  largest  are  Lake  Kosignol,  abo\it  80  miles 
long ;  Great  Lake,  discharging  its  wahirs  northward  through 
Shubenacadie  River  to  Cotxiquid  Baj*;  and  College  I.ake.  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  peninsula.  The  most  remarkable 
body  of  water  in  Nova  Scotia  is  Mines  Bay,  the  E.  arm  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  penetrating  .60  miles  inland  and  terminating 
in  Cobequid  Bay.  The  tides  here  rush  in  with  great  impe- 
tuosity, and  form  what  is  called  the  bore.  At  the  equinoxes 
they  have  been  known  to  rise  from  60  to  70  feet,  while  in 
Halifax  Harbor,  on  the  opposite  coast,  the  spring-tides  rise 
only  from  6  to  9  feet.*  The  other  principal  hays  are  St. 
George  Bay  and  Chedabucto  Bay  in  the  E.,  connected  by 
the  Gut  of  Canso,  St.  Mary's  Bay  and  Town.send  Bay  in 
the  extreme  W.  of  the  peninsula,  and  JIahone  and  St.  Jlar- 
garet's  Bays  on  the  S.  coivst.  The  principal  river  is  the 
Annapolis,  which  rises  in  the  Ganlen  of  .\cadie.  and  flows 
S.W.  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  length  about  100  miles;  the 
Shubenacadie,  which,  by  means  of  a  c.-inal,  opens  com- 
muuicatiou  between  Cobequid  Bay  and  Halifax  Harbor:  the 
musket  and  the  Clyde  in  the  extreme  S.V\   of  the  peninsula, 

» IUuut'8  Coast  rUot 


NOV 


NOV 


the  river  Jfersey  falling  into  Liverpool  Harbor,  and  the 
Musquodoboit  and  St.  Jlary  falling  into  the  Atlantic,  E.  of 
Halifax ;  the  latter  forms  the  outlet  of  College  Lake. 
Most  of  these  rivers  are  navigable  a  short  distance  from 
their  mouthc.  Large  vessels  ascend  the  Annapolis  40  miles 
from  the  sea.  Mines  Hay  receives  a  multitude  of  small 
rivers;  the  principal  of  which,  called  the  Avon,  is  navi- 
gable. Pictou  Harbor  in  the  N.  is  also  the  reservoir  of  a 
great  number  of  small  streams,  and  the  harbors  generally, 
for  which  the  coasts  are  so  remarkable,  have  one  or  more 
Btreams  falling  into  tliem. 

Genlngy  ami  Minerals. — Nova  Scotia  is  rich  in  geological 
resources,  all  tlie  rocks  from  the  crystalline  granites  up  to 
the  new  sandstone  series  being  here  met  with.  In  the 
isthmus  connecting  the  peninsula  to  the  mainland,  the 
underlying  rocks  consist  of  gray,  red,  and  buff-colored 
sandstones  of  the  coal  measures,  containing  innumerable 
Beams  of  good  bituminous  coal,  many  of  which  are  of  suffi- 
cient magnitude  to  be  profitably  worked.  Lofty  cliffs 
abutting  upon  the  sea-coast  at  the  South  Joggins.  present 
the  most  beautiful  sectional  profiles  of  the  coal-bearing 
strata,  with  curious  fossils  both  of  vegetable  and  animal 
origin.  Large  trunks  of  trees,  such  as  are  at  present  un- 
known in  a  living  state,  are  here  seen  at  various  points 
standing  at  right  angles  to  the  sandstone  strata.  Alternate 
beds  of  excellent  bituminous  coal  are  seen  cropping  out 
along  the  shore,  and  the  British  North  America  Mining 
Company  has  already  opened  and  is  now  working  extensive 
mines  (the  Cunilierland  5Iines)inoneof  thesecoal-bed.i.  The 
rocks  of  this  coal  formation  also  furnish  an  abundance  of 
excellent  materials  for  building  and  for  grindstones.  Largo 
quantities  of  beautiful  and  compact  gray,  buff-colored,  and 
blue  sandstones  are  annually  exported  to  the  Atlantic 
cities  of  the  United  States,  and  an  immense  number  of 
grindstones  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  Union.  Coal  is  else- 
where found  more  abundantly  in  Pictou,  New  Caledonia, 
Glasgow,  on  the  East  lUver,  and  ia  various  parts  of  the 
great  coal  basia  wliiih  lies  on  the  northern  coast  of  the 
peninsula.  The  Albion  Mines  near  Pictou  are  profitably 
worked,  and  contain  ten  strata  of  coal;  the  main  coal  band 
being  33  feet  in  thickness,  with  24  feet  of  good  coal.  The 
quantity  of  coal  raised  in  the  province,  in  1850,  is  stated 
at  114,9'J2  chaldrons. 

In  Nova  Scotia  the  coal  is  very  near  to  her  vast  beds  and 
veins  of  irou  ore,  and  to  her  copper-bearing  rocks.  Iron 
ores  of  the  very  best  quality  are  abundant  near  Mines  Bay 
and  near  Annapolis,  at  Nictau  and  Clements,  on  Digby 
Neck,  and  also  near  the  coal-mines  of  Pictou.  Native 
copper  and  silver  are  found  in  the  trap,  breccia,  and  amyg- 
daloid of  the  N.  mountains  of  the  peninsula,  in  numerous 
places  from  Digby  Ne<'k  to  Cape  D'Or;  and  there  are  also 
beds  of  sandstone  which  contain  rich  ores  of  copper.  Ores 
of  lead  are  found  near  the  Shubenacadie  lUver,  and  in  other 
limestone  rocks  of  the  province.  Manganese  is  as  abundant 
as  .shore-pebbles  at  Quaco  and  other  parts  of  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,  and  veins  of  tliis  ore  are  also  found  in  the  l!me$tone 
rocks  of  the  province.  Gypsum  is  extensively  worked  near 
Windsor  and  other  places,  and  is  exported  in  large  quantities 
to  the  United  St;ites.  The  quantity  of  gypsum  quarried  in 
1850  was  79,795  tons ;  in  the  same  year  there  were  28,603 
casks  of  lime  burned,  and  nearly  3,000,000  bricks  manu- 
factured. The  slate-bills  furnish  good  roofing  slates,  and 
hones  of  a  superior  quality  are  obtained  in  some  of  the  slates 
of  the  coal  series.  Beautiful  agate.",  amethysts,  chalcedonies, 
ja.«pers.  cairngorms,  and  the  entire  group  of  zeolite  minerals 
abound  in  the  amygdaloida!  trap  along  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Climute.. — Tile  climate  of  Nova  Scotia  is  remarkably  tem- 
perate, considering  its  northern  latitude ;  the  almost  insular 
position  of  the  province,  and  the  proximity  of  tbeGulf  Stream 
serving  to  render  the  temperature  more  mild  tlian  that  of 
Canada.  The  springs  are  tedious,  but  the  summer  heats 
being  for  a  brief  season  e.xcessive,  vegetation  is  siogularly 
rapid,  and  the  autumn  is  delightful.  Dense  fogs  are  preva- 
lent along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Agriculture. — The  soil  of  Nova  Scotia  varies  greatly  in 
quality.  Some  of  the  uplands  are  sandy  and  poor,  while 
tlie  tops  of  the  hills  are  often  highly  productive.  The  por- 
tion best  a^lapted  to  agricultural  pursuits  is  its  north-eastern 
eection,  which  rests  upon  the  sandstones,  and  other  rocks  of 
the  coal  formation.  Its  most  valuable  portion,  however,  is 
upon  the  up|ier  part  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  where  there  are  deep 
and  extensive  deposits  of  rich  alluvial  matter,  thrown  down 
by  the  action  of  the  extraordinary  tides  of  this  extensive  bay. 
lOiese  deposits  have  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea  by  means 
of  dikes:  and  the  "'diked  marshes,"  as  they  are  termed,  are 
the  richest  and  most  wonderfully  productive  portions  of  Bri- 
tisli  North  America.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  agricultural 
resources  of  the  country  are  very  great  The  quantity  of 
land  under  culture  in  1851,  was  539,322  acres,  of  which 
40.012  acres  was  diked  land.  Tlie  quantity  of  agricultural 
products  in  bushels,  the  same  year,  were  as  follows:  wheat, 
267,157;  barley,  196.097;  rye,  67.438;  oats,  1..384.4:35;  buck- 
vlieat,  170,301 ;  Indian  corn,  37.475 ;  pea.se  and  beans.  21,638 ; 
era-ss-seed,  3686;  potjitoes,  1,986,789;  turnips.  467.127  ;  other 
roots,  32,325,  and  287,837  tons  of  hay,  besides  which  there 


were  made  3,613.890  pounds  of  butter,  652,096  «■  -heeso 
and  110,441  of  maple  sugar.  According  to  tht^so  sturns, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  the  pro<luction  of  wheat,  surpassed  5  of  thv 
New  England  States,  and  12  of  the  more  recently  settled 
states  and  territories;  in  the  growth  of  oats,  .she  surpasseo 
13;  in  rye,  16;  in  buckwheat,  23,  and  in  barley,  every  state 
and  territory  in  tlie  Union,  except  Ohio  and  New  York. 
Still  the  quantity  of  grain  raised  falls  far  short  of  the  home 
consumption,  the  deficit  being  made  up  by  Import-sition 
from  the  United  States.  The  apple  orchards  of  the  western 
counties  are  very  product!  ve,and  extend  along  the  roadside  in 
an  unbroken  line  for  30  miles.  Apples  and  cider  are  annually 
exported,  and  the  domestic  supply  is  cheap  and  abundant 

Great  improvements  liave  recently  been  made  in  the  live 
stock,  both  by  means  of  cattle-shows,  and  by  importations 
of  the  best  breeds  from  England.  In  1851,  there  were  iu 
the  province  28.789  horses,  156,857  neat  cattle,  86,856  milch 
cows,  282,180  sheep,  and  51,531  swine. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  of  Nova  Scotia  are  yet 
but  very  limited.  Coarse  cloths,  called  "homespuns,"  are 
made  by  the  peasantry,  and  are  generally  worn  by  that 
class.  Coarse  flannels,  bod-linen,  blankets,  and  carpets  are 
also  manufactured.  Tanning  is  carried  on  to  some  extent; 
and  in  the  towns  and  villages  boots,  shoes,  .saddlery,  har- 
nesses, household  furniture,  and  agricultural  implements  are 
made  in  large  quantities.  Bonnets  of  bleached  grass,  and 
hats  of  straw,  are  made  in  many  of  the  rural  districts;  and 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Halifax  tobacco,  confectionery,  print- 
ing and  wrapping  paper,  hats,  and  some  other  articles,  are 
manufactured.  In  1851,  there  were  in  Nova  Scotia  1153 
saw-mills,  employing  1786  men;  398  grist-mills,  employing 
437  men  ;  10  steam-mills,  or  factories,  237  tanneries,  9 
foundries,  81  carding  and  weaving  cstjiblishments,  17  brewe- 
ries and  distilleries,  and  131  otlier  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. Ship-building  is  very  extensively  carried  on,  but 
no  statistics  of  the  amount  of  business  done  have  hitherto 
been  published  up  to  1862. 

Fisheries. — The  fisheries  on  the  colonial  coasts  have  been 
prosecuted  to  a  greater  ext<mt  by  the  people  of  Nova  Scotia 
than  tliose  of  any  other  colony,  except  Newfoundland.  In 
1851,  they  employed  812  vess<?l.s,  (tons  43,333,)  manned  by 
3681  men;  5161  boats,  manned  by  6713  men,  and  30,154  nets 
and  seines.  The  i)roduce  of  the  fisheries  the  same  year 
amounted  to  190,434  quintals  of  cod,  dried ;  1669  barrels  of 
salmon;  3530  of  shad;  100,047  of  mackerel;  53,200  of  her- 
ring; 5343  of  alewives,  and  15,409  boxes  of  smoked  herring, 
the  whole  valued  at  $869,080.  There  were  also  obtained 
189,250  gallons  of  fish-oil,  worth  $71,016,  making  the  total 
value  of  the  produce  of  the  fisheries,  in  1851,  $939,096. 

Omimerce. — Possessing  above  1200  miles  of  sea-coast,  every- 
where penetrated  by  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  and  open 
to  navigation  throughout  the  year.  Nova  Scotia  enjnys  faci- 
lities for  commerce  surpassed  by  no  other  country  on  thr 
globe.  Availing  themselves  of  these  advantages,  the  people- 
of  the  province  not  only  conduct  a  profitable  fishery  and  ar 
active  coasting  and  foreign  trade,  but  enter  largely  into  the 
carrying  trade  of  otlier  countries,  competing  successfully  on 
this  extended  field  of  rivalry  lx)th  with  the  British  ship- 
owners and  with  the  mercantile  marine  of  the  United  States. 
The  numlier  of  vessels  actually  employed  in  the  fisheries, 
commerce,  and  the  carrying  trade,  increased  from  2583,  (tons 
141,093.)  in  1840,  to  2943,  (tons  189,083,)  in  1852,  the  tonnage 
being  nearly  one-third  as  much  as  that  of  France,  and  69.000 
more  than  that  of  the  Austrian  Empire.  There  are  in  all 
43  free  ports,  for  which  custom-house  officers  are  appointed. 
The  names  of  these,  with  the  value  of  imports  and  exports 
at  each,  for  the  year  ending  December  31, 1852,  is  exhibited 
in  the  subjoined  Table : 


Canada  Creek. . 
Canso,  (Cape). . 
Church  Pcint . . 
Clemenw  Port . 
Cornwallu  . . . . 

DiRbj . .  , 

Gujsborough. , 


Morton 

Jogsrins 

Le  Have 

Liverpool. .  ^  . 
Londonderry. . 
Lunenburg. . . 
Maitland  . .  . . 


Import 


Exports. 


J21,8C0 
101 .8iX) 
8fi,W» 
99,655 
49,885 

8,3C5 
19,885 
85,230 
12.220 

9,875 
75,286 
67,190 
10.870 
2,941,030 
14,620 
SO.ISO 
10.585 
16.850 
80.306 
13.«90 

3.710 
19,075 


Parrahorough. . 


Port  Hood .  .  . . 
Port  Mcdway .  . 

Pnbuico 

Pugwaah  

Ragged  Islands. 
Shi-lburne  .  .  . . 
Stierbrooke  . . . 
Sheet  Harbor . . 
Ship  Harbor,  .. 
Sjdnej,  C.  B. . . 
Tatamagoucbe . 
Tusket.  ...... 

Wallace 

Welton 

West  Port  . . . . 
Wevtnouth  . .'. 

Wilmot 

Windsor 

Yarmouth  . . .  ■ 

Total 


Imports. 


$10,505 

217,985 

4.245 

1,285 


1,050 

690 

29,2«« 

85,215 

8,240 
13,505 
14,780 

8,400 
80,570 
43,320 
a:!.085 
48,530 
163,235 


Exports. 


$6,969^96  t4,7^,*0 

Of  the  total  v.alue  of  imports,  g2.137.660  was  from  Great 
Britain,  SI -21 5,206  from  British  North  America.  $109,690  from 
the  British  West  Indies,  $1,739,215  from  the  United  States. 
$769,095  from  other  countries:  and  of  the  exports,  4-313.375 
was  to  Great  Britain,  $1,760,925  to  British  North  America, 
$1,065,170  to  British  West  Indies.  $1,289,245  to  the  United 
States,  and  $425,175  to  other  countries.    The  leading  arti- 

1369 


NOV 


NOV 


cliu  at  irn^rrt  gjid  export,  with  the  value  o'f  ench,  were  as 
follow?:  Inipoits. — Cordage,  $104,330;  cotton  manufactures, 
$1,039,675 ,  codfish,  $227,000 ;  fishing  tackle.  $104,130 ;  flour, 
$l,0oS,y5o  hardware,  $146,780  ;  iron  and  ironmongery, 
$127,070  ;  molasses,  $291,985 ;  sugar,  $308,440 ;  tea,  $340,720. 
Exports.— Butter,  $150,310 :  coals,  (tons  112.669.)  $284,535 ; 
codfish,  (quintals  316.705,)  $815,040 ;  cotton  and  woollen  man- 
ufactures, $158,225 ;  herrings,  $327,540 ;  horned  cattle,  (num- 
ber 4247,)  $134,575;  mackerel,  (97,163^  barrels.)  $509,415; 
molasses,  $136,085 ;  oils,  $156,150 ;  potatoes  and  turnips, 
(404.S66  bushels,)  $140,905;  sugar,  $275,805,  and  wood, 
$122,325. 

The  following  is  the  return  of  shipping  for  1S50 : 


Countries. 

Iu\rard. 

Outward. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Great  Britain  .    . 
British  Colouies   . 
United  States  .    . 
Poreign  States      . 

139 
1963 
2896 

254 

65,b6+ 
136,99:2 
281,340 

!5,509 

164 
21^4 
2595 

157 

71,589 
167.915 
24o,7J6 

15,907 

Total    .    . 

5255 

509,705 

5102 

501,237 

Bailways. — The  work  on  the  North  American  and  Euro- 
pean Railway  was  commenced  at  Halifax  on  the  8lh  of , Tune, 
1854.  A  section  of  10  miles  was  under  contract,  to  be  opened 
during  the  year,  and  an  additional  section  of  15  miles  in  1856. 
The  first  25  miles  forms  a  common  trunk  for  lines  running 
to  Amherst,  to  Windsor,  and  to  Pictou.  The  main  trunk,  it 
is  thought,  will  be  constructed  to  the  frontiers  of  Xew  Bruns- 
wick, where  it  is  to  form  a  junction  with  the  railway  now 
proceeding  E.  from  St.  John,  as  soon  as  that  portion  of  the 
line  is  completed. 

Inhabitants,  Government,  &c. — The  population  of  Xora  Sco- 
tia is  now  chiefly  composed  of  a  native  race,  sprung  directly 
Dr  indirectly  from  the  three  great  families  of  the  United 
Kingdom — English,  Irish,  and  Scotch.  The  Irish  are  found 
in  large  numbers  only  in  the  capital ;  the  Scotch  chiefly  in 
the  eastern  counties.  The  western  and  midland  counties 
are  principally  occupied  by  the  descendants  of  American 
refugees.  The  county  of  Lunenburg  is  inhabited  by  a  race 
sprung  from  a  body  of  German  and  Swiss  Protestants,  who 
emigrated  from  Rotterdam  in  1753.  There  are  also  several 
settlements  of  French  Acadians.  But  the  descendants  of 
all  form  only  one  race,  and  are  known  by  but  one  name,  the 
whole  living  in  perfect  harmony.  The  Indians  are  still  a 
distinct  people;  but  there  are  only  a  few  hundreds  of  them 
left  in  the  province.  The  religious  divisions  here  are  those 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  of  North  America  generally. 
The  five  largest  religious  bodies  are — Episcopalians,  I'res- 
byterlans,  Roman  Catholics,  Methodists,  and  Baptists.  Of 
these,  the  most  numerous  are  the  Presbyterians,  next  the 
Episcopalians,  then  the  Roman  Catholics  and  Baptists.  Edu- 
cation has  been  pretty  widely  and  equally  diffu.sed  among  the 
inhabitants.  The  public  affairs  of  the  colony  are  administer- 
ed by  a  governor,  (styled  lieutenant-governor,)  Council,  and 
House  of  Assembly ;  the  last,  consisting  of  40  members,  has 
entire  control  over  the  provincial  revenue.  The  laws  are 
dispensed  by  a  court  of  king's  bench,  and  district  courts,  as 
in  Canada.  The  laws  in  force  are  the  common  and  the 
statute  law  of  England,  and  the  statute  law  of  Nova  Scotia. 
The  revenue  rose  from  $270,895  in  1842,  to  $405,195  in  1852. 
Public  debt,  December  31, 1852,  $435,446. 

I>irisirins,  Plypidation.  &c. — Nova  Scotia,  with  Cape  Breton, 
is  divided  into  IS  counties,  the  names,  population,  and  capi- 
tals of  which,  according  to  the  census  of  1851,  were  as  fol- 
lows : — 


Counties. 

Population. 

Capitals. 

Population. 

Annapolis     .    . 

J4,2S5 

Annapolis     •    • 

l.-.'OO 

«Cai.e  Breton  . 

17,580 

Svdney     .    .    . 

1,000 

Colchester    .    , 

15,469 

Truro   .... 

1,000 

Cumberland 

14,339 

Amherst  .    .    . 

500 

Digby   .... 

12.251 

Digby   .... 

1,000 

Guj-sborough    . 

10,838 

Guvsborongh    . 

1,000 

Halifax     .    .    . 

39,113. 

Halifax     .    .    . 

26,000 

Hants   .... 

14,330 

Wiudsor  .    .    . 

1,000 

•Inverness   .    . 

16,917 

Tort  Hood     .    . 

500 

King's  .... 

14,138 

Kentville .    .    . 

500 

Lunenburg   .    . 

16.395 

Lunenburg    .    . 

500 

25,593 

Pictou  .... 

2,000 

7,»6 

Liverpool      .    , 

1,000 

in.ssi 

l.JOO 

Shelliurne     ,    . 

lO.fi.'S 

Sbelburne     •    . 

1.000 

Sydney      .    .    . 

13,467 

Antigonish    .    . 

1,500 

10,000 

300 

Yarmouth     .    . 
Total    .    .    . 

13,142 

Yarmouth     .    . 

600 

276,117 

■nn-"('"'^'~^'°''*  ^"'°*'*  ^^''  *''"^*  visited  by  the  Cabots,  in 
149 1,  but  was  not  colonized  by  Europeans  till  1604,  when 


_*  Situated  in  the  island  of  Cape  Breton. 


De  Monts,  a  Frenchman,  and  his  followers,  and  s'"n'e  JosuitiV 
attempted  for  eight  years  to  form  settlements  in  Pen  Royal, 
St.  Croix.  <ic.,  but  were  finally  expelled  from  the  country  by 
the  English  governor  and  colonists  of  ^'u-giuia,  who  claimed 
the  country  by  right  of  the  discovery  of  Sebastian  Cubot 
In  1G21,  Sir  Milliam  Alexander  ai)plied  for,  and  obtained 
from  James  I.,  a  grant  of  the  whole  country,  which  he  pro- 
posed to  colonize  on  an  extensive  scale,  and  in  1023  the  at- 
tempt Wiks  made ;  but  the  proposed  colonists  finding  the 
various  points  where  they  wished  to  establish  themselves, 
thronged  by  foreign  a»lventurers,  did  not  think  it  prudent 
to  attempt  a  settlement,  and  therefore  returned  to  England. 
During  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  the  Nova  Scotia  baronets  were 
created,  and  their  patents  ratified  in  parliament;  they  were 
to  contribute  their  aid  to  the  settlement,  and  to  have  por- 
tions of  land  allotted  to  them;  their  number  was  not  to 
exceed  150.  In  1054,  Cromwell  sent  out  an  armed  force, 
and  took  pos.sessiou  of  the  country,  which  remained  with 
the  English  till  1667,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Prance  by  the 
treaty  of  Breda.  But  the  English  from  time  to  time  attjicked 
the  French  colonists  at  various  pdints,  and  ravaged  their 
settlements,  continuing  to  harass  and  annoy  them  till  1713, 

when  the  country  was  finally  ceded  to  England. luhub. 

Nova  Scotian,  no^va  sko'she-jn. 

NOVA  SCOTIA,  'a  village  of  Ingham  eo.,  Michigan,  on 
Grand  River,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Lansing. 

NOVATE,  Bo-vd'ti,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  6  miles  N.W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  1943. 

NOVAWETZ,  nol\Sr-whg\  NOVAAVESZ,  no'va-<vfss\  or 
NEUENDORF,  noi'en-doKf',  a  town  of  Prussia,  government 
of  Potsdam,  on  the'llavel.     Pop,  1712. 

NOVA  ZEMBLA.  uo'va  zfuiA)!?,  (Russ.  Xovaia  Zemlia,  no- 
vT'd  zJm'le-d ;  Fr.  KnuveU'e-Zemhlej noo^yilV  zftMb'l.)  two  large 
islands  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  belonging  to  Russia,  and  forming 
a  dependency  of  the  government  of  Archangel ;  lat,  71°  to  77^ 
N.,  Ion.  53°  to  77°  E.  They  are  separated  from  each  other 
by  the  narrow  strait,  Matotshkin  Shar;  and  from  the. isle  of 
A'aigats  on  the  S.  by  Kara  Strait,  and  from  the  mainland  on 
the  E.  by  the  Sea  of  Kara;  greatest  length,  N.E.  to  S.W.  635 
miles;  breadth,  170  miles.  The  far  greater  part  of  the 
interior  is  unexplored ;  and  even  the  N.  and  E.  coasts,  where 
ice  makes  aci-ess  almost  impossible,  are  verj-  imperfectly 
known.  The  S.W.  and  W.  coasts  which  have  been  examined, 
are  in  the  former  direction  gener-illy  low  and  flat;  and  in 
the  latter,  bordered  by  sandstone  cliffs,  which,  though  not 
elevated,  are  very  precipitous.  The  general  slope  of  both 
islands  appears  to  be  towards  Matotshkin  Strait,  on  which 
the  mouthsof  at  least  16  small  streams  have  been  counted. 
Lakes  also  are  numerous.  The  whole  territory  is  wild  and 
desolate  in  the  extreme  The  coasts  swarm  with  seals, 
various  kinds  of  fish,  and  vast  fligbt,s  of  water-fowl.  The 
interior,  which  is  partly  covered  with  stunted  shrub.s.  short 
grass,  and  moss,  is  frequented  by  reindeer,  white  bears, 
ermines,  and  Arctic  foxes.  Nova  Zembl.i  has  no  permanent 
inhabitants,  but  is  visited  bj-  Russian  hunters  and  fishers. 

N0V£aNT,  noVa'6x<i',  a  villa.se  of  France,  with  a  station 
on  the  Paris  and  Strasbours  Railroad.  16  miles  from  Nancy. 

NOVEGRAD.  no/v!l-gr3d\  or  NOVIGRAD.  no've-grdd',  a 
village  of  Austria.  Dalmatia.  30  miles  N.E.  of  Zara.     P.  860. 

NOVELDA,  no-vJl'di.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  13 
miles  W.  of  Alicante.  Pop.  8095,  p.trtly  engaged  in  distilling, 
and  in  manufactures  of  lace  and  confectionery. 

NOVELLARA.  no-vM-ld'rl,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy.  16 
miles  N.W.  of  Modena.  Pop.  4070.  It  is  the  capital  of  a 
principality,  annexed  to  Modena  in  1737,  and  has  a  hos- 
pital, jxxiestd's  palace,  some  manufactures  of  sUk  and  leather, 
weekly  markets,  and  a  large  annual  fair. 

NOVELLO,  no-v5l'lo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Coni,  province  of  Alba.    Pop.  ISOO. 

NOVEMIASTO  or  NOWEMIASTO.  no-v^m-ySs'to.  a  town 
of  Poland,  government  and  47  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Warsaw. 
Pop.  2100.  It  has  a  fine  palace  and  grounds,  and  a  Capu- 
chin monasterv. 

NOVEMIASTO  or  NOWEMIASTO,  a  town  of  Poland,  pro- 
vince and  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Plock.    Pop.  500. 

NOVEJIIASTO  or  NOWEMIASTO.  no-vjui-yds'to.  a  town 
Of  Prussian  Poland.  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  Posen.    I'on.  2400. 

NOVEMIASTO.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  32  miles  S.E. 
of  Posen.  on  the  Warta.     Pop.  lOiX). 

NOVEMIASTO  or  NOWE.MIASTO,  no-vfm-yds'to,  a.  town 
of  Austrian  Poland.  Galicia.  31  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sanok. 

NOVEMIASTO  KORCZYN,  no-v^m-ySs/to  koR-Vhin,  a  town 
of  Poland,  39  miles  S.  of  Kielce.  on  the  Vistula.     Pop.  lluO. 

NOVEMIESTO  or  NOWEMIESTO,     See  Neust.^et. 

NOVENTA,  no-vJn'tS,  a  village  and  parish  of  Anstria» 
Italy,  government  of  Venice,  province  and  16  miles  S.W.  o| 
Vicenza.  on  the  Pioveso.    Pop.  3890. 

NOVENTA  DI  P]  AVE,  no-vjn'ta  dee  pe-S'v.A.  a  vilUge  o/ 
Austrian  Italy,  on  the  Piave,  17  miles  N  .E.  of  Venice.  I .  'i^Miy. 

NOVES.  no-vis/,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15  raih* 
N.W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  2460. 

NOA'ES,  nov.  a  maiket-town  of  France,  dei^artmt  it  o* 
Bouches<lu-Rhone,  on  the  Durance.  19  miles  N.E.  of  Aries. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2162.  It  Is  enclosed  by  high  walls,  flanked  by 
square  towers,  and  has  silk-mills. 


NOV 


NOW 


NOVGOTIOP  nov'goVod,  or  NO^VOGOROD',  a  government 
of  Uussiii,  bHtweun  at.  57°  and  01°  X.,  aud  Ion.  :H)°  and  40° 
E.,  bai  iiig  E.  the  goveruiuents  of  Vologda  and  Yaroslav,  S. 
Tver,  W.  aud  >'.  Pskov,  i<t.  Petersburg,  and  Olonets.  Area 
estimated  at  47,350  »iuare  miles.  I'op.  in  1851,  934,633. 
The  surface  has  a  gradual  de.sceut  towards  the  N.E.  Prin- 
cipal rivers,  the  Volkhov,  >lsta,  Shek.sna,  Mologa,  and  Lo- 
vat.  and  it  comprises  the  lakes  liielo-Ozero,  Vozh,  (Voj,)  and 
Ilmen.  The  chief  erop.s  are  rye,  oats,  and  barley.  •  A  ijuan- 
tity  of  hemp  and  flax  are  raised  for  e.xportation,  but  timljer 
constitutes  the  principal  product.  Few  cattle  are  reared. 
Many  of  the  population  are  employed  in  fishing.  The 
manufacture.s  are  uuiuiport;vnt.  It  has  a  few  copper,  glass, 
tile,  leather,  and  woollen  cloth  factories.  Principal  towns, 
Novgorod,  Valdai,  and  Tikhvin. 

KOVUOROL).  or  VEhlKEH  (VKLIKI)  NOVGOROD, vA-lee'- 
kee  nov'go'rod,  (''Great  Novgorod,")  a  citi'  of  Russia,  capital 
of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Aolkhov,  near 
the  point  where  it  issues  from  Lake  lluien,  103  miles  S.S.E. 
of  .St.  Petersburg.  It  stands  in  a  plain,  aud  is  divided  by 
the  river  into  two  parts,  whicli  communicate  by  a  handsome 
wooden  bridge  of  12  arches,  supported  by  pillars  of  granite. 
The  portion  on  the  right  bank  occupies  a  large  e.xteut  of  sur- 
face, indicating  at  ouce  its  former  importance,  and  present 
comparative  insignificance.  It -contains  a  great  number  of 
mean  houses  or  rather  huts,  and  has  streets  which  in  many 
places  are  grown  over  with  gra.is,  and  almost  without  excep- 
tion unpaved.  The  only  buildings  here  which  attract  notice 
are  a  kind  of  palace,  forming  the  Governor's  Residence,  and  a 
sail-cloth  and  a  tallow  factory.  The  portion  of  the  town  on 
the  left  bank  is  surrounded  by  an  earthen  rampart,  and  con- 
tains in  its  centre  the  Kremlin  or  citjidel.  AVithin  it  is  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  .Sophia,  built  after  the  model  of  St.  Sophia 
at  Constantinople;  besides  which  there  are  sixty-one  other 
churches,  the  Archbi.shop's  Palace,  and  numerous  nun- 
neries and  monasteries,  one  of  which,  the  Monastery  of  the 
Annunciation,  is  a  remarkably  elegant  structure.  The 
manufactures  are  of  little  importance,  and  consist  of  sail- 
cloth, leather,  tobacco,  caudles,  and  vinegar.  The  trade  in 
corn,  flax,  and  hemp,  carried  on  chietiy  with  the  capital,  is 
considerable ;  and  there  are  two  large  annual  fairs.  Nov- 
gorod was  in  early  times  the  capital  of  an  independent  state. 
During  the  l'2th,  13th,  and  14th  centuries  it  was  a  grand 
commercial  entrepot,  and  so  famous  throughout  a  wide 
extent  of  country  that  a  Russian  proverb  ran,  "  Who  can 
prevail  against  the  gods  and  the  great  Novgorod?"  Its 
population  is  said  to  have  once  amounted  to  400,000,  and  it 
carried  on  an  extensive  trade.  So  great  was  Us  riches,  that 
in  1480,  .lohu  111.,  after  he  had  conquered  the  republic  of 
Novgorod,  despatched  from  the  city  to  Moscow  throe  hun- 
dred chariots  laden  with  articles  of  silver  and  gold.  Pop. 
about  15,000.  The  Ca.nal  op  Novgohod,  which  joins  the 
Msta  and  Volkhov  Rivers,  is  5  miles  in  length,  aud  obviates 
the  navigation  of  Lake  Ilmen. 

NOVGOROD,   NIZIINEE,   (or   NIJNII.)     See    Nizhnee- 

NOVGOROD. 

NOVGOROD-SEVERSKOIE,  nov'go'rod  sA-vjR-sko'yd,  or 
NOVOHOD-SIEVERSKOI,  no-vo-rod'  se-A-v^R-skoi/,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  aud  109  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tchernigov, 
on  the  Desna.  Pop.  8000.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  corn, 
hemp,  and  lime,  and  three  large  annual  fairs. 

NOVGRAU-VOLVNSKI,  novVrdd'  vo-lin'skee,  or  NOVI- 
GRAD-VOLYXSlv,  no-ve-grid'  vo-linsk',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  oi"  Volhynia,  on  the  Slootch,  02  miles  W.N.VV. 
of  Zhitomeer.     Pop.  4800. 

NOVI,  no/vee,  a  town  of  Italy,  Sardinia,  division  of  Genoa, 
In  the  plain  of  Marengo,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Alessandria,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
road; lat.  43°  47'  N.,  Ion.  8°  48'  E.  Pop.  10,278.  It  has 
several  churches,  a  college,  and  hospital,  with  manufactures 
of  silk  thread,  and  an  active  trade,  it  being  an  entrepot  for 
goods  passing  between  Genoa  and  Turin.  On  the  adjoining 
plain,  the  French,  under  Joubert,  were  defeated  in  1799  by 
the  Austro-Russian  army  under  Suwarrow. 

NOVI,  a  town  of  Italy,  20  miles  N.  of  Modena.   Pop.  2500. 

NOVI,  a  town  of  Italy,  Naples,  province  of  I'rincipato 
Citra,  18  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Capat-cionuovo.     Pop.  2000. 

NOVI,  no/vee,  a  town  of  Bosnia,  40  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Banialuka,  on  tlie  Unna. 

NOVI,  a  maritime  town  of  Hungarian  Croatia,  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Zengg.  and  the  residence  of  its  bishop.     Pop.  2000. 

NO'VI,  a  post-village  aud  township  of  Oakland  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  W.  branch  of  liouge  Kiver,  25  miles  N.W.  of 
Detroit.     Pop.  1465. 

NOVI-BAZAR,  no/vee  bdVaR',  a  town  of  Bosnia,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  .Morava,  130  miles  S.E.  of  Bosua-Serai.  Esti- 
3nat«d  pop.  8000.  It  bias  a  castle  in  its  centre,  17  mosques, 
and  some  shops,  but  it  is  generally  wretched  and  filthy,  built 
of  little  else  than  m  ud.  and  none  of  the  windows  being  glazed. 

NOVIUVOR  or  NOWIDWOR,  no-vid'vor,  a  market-town  of 
Polai-.d,  3(5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bialystok,  with  1500  inhabitants. 

NOVIGRAD,  no-ve-gr2d'.  a  small  seaport  town  of  the  Hun- 
garian Littorale,  on  the  Morlacca  Channel,  22  miles  S.E.  of 
Fiumo.     Pop.  2500. 

NOVIGRAD.  ft  yiilaci  of  Austria.    See  Novegrad. 


NOVIGRAD- VOLYNSK.  Russia.     See  Novgrad-  .  .'.ixsn. 

NOVILLE-LES-BOIS,  no^•eel'  lA  bwd,  a  villagB  ^f  Bel- 
gium, province  and  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Namur.    Pop.  2131. 

NOVIODUNUM.     See  Nkver-s. 
'NOVIODUNUM.     SeeNtos. 

NOVIOMAGUS,  Gaul.     See  NoTON. 

NOVIOMAGUS,  Belgic  provinces.     See  Nymwegew. 

NOVIOMAGUSJ  Germany.     See  Spkyer. 

NOVITA,  no-vee'ti,  a  town  of  South  America,  New  Gra 
nada,  department  of  Cauca,  50  miles  E.  of  the  Pacific,  and 
130  miles  S.W.  of  Antioquia.     Pop.  2000. 

NOVO-ARKIIANGELSK,  Ru.ssian  America.     See  SiTKi. 

NOVO-BIELITZA.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Bielitza. 

NOVOCHECIIMIXSK.    See  Novosheshminsk. 

NOVOCHOPERSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Novokhopersk 

NOVODMITRIEVSKOE,  no-vod-me-tre-^v/sko-A\  or  YE 
LAN,  yi-ldn',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  105  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Saratov.    Pop.  2100. 

NOVO-DOOBOSARY  or  NOVOI-DUBOSSARII.    See  Doo- 

B08ART. 

NOVOEVANOVKA,  no-vo-i-va-novnia,  or  TCIIERNIAN- 
KA,  chCR-ne-dn'ki,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
and  82  miles  S.E.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Oskol.     Pop.  1470. 

NOVOFEDOROVKA  or  NOWOFEDOROWKA,  no-vo-fl-do- 
rov'kd,  or  BEZtilllNA,  bJ'Z-ghee'nd.  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  93  miles  S.E.  of  Koorsk.     Pop.  lOSO. 

NOVOGOROD.    See  Novgorod. 

NOVOGRODEK,  no-vo-gro-dek',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  80  miles  E.  of  Grodno,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Ni»- 
men.  Pop.  41o0.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  above  the 
town  is  an  ancient  castle. 

NOVOI-OSKOL,  no-voi'  os-kol',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  92  miles  S.E.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Oskol.     Pop.  5000. 

NOVOKHOPERSK  or  NOVOCHOPERSK,  no-vo-KO-p^Rsk/, 
a  town  of  Rus.sia,  government  aud  110  miles  E.S.E.  of  Voro- 
nezh, on  the  Vorona.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  fosse  and  a  rampart 
flanked  with  four  bastions,  and  in  its  docks  are  built  vessels 
to  navigate  the  Black  Sea.     Pop.  1800. 

NOVOLI,  no'vo-le,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto, 
district  and  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Leece.    Pop.  3100. 

NOVOMESTO,  no-vo-m*s/to,  or  N0Y0M1AST<),  no-vom- 
yds'to,  a  town  of  Russia,  goverament  and  76  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Tchernigov,  on  the  Ipoot.     Pop.  2000. 

NOVO.MIRGOROD,  no/vo-meeR-go-rod',  a  fortified  town  of 
Rus.sia,  government  and  155  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kherson. 
Pop.  3000. 

NOVOMOSKOVSK  or  NOWOMOSKOWSK,  no-vo-mos- 
hovsk',  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  government  and  IS  miles 
N.E.  of  Y'ekaterinoslav,  on  the  Samara.     Pop.  7380. 

NOVOPETROVSKOF^,  uo-vo-pii-trov/sko-i\  a  marketrtown 
of  liussia,  government  and  55  miles  N.W.  of  Kherson,  on 
the  Bug.    Pop.  1730. 

NOVO  REDONDO,  no'vo  ri-don'do,  a  seaport  town  and  fort 
of  the  Portuguese  possessions  of  South-West  Africa,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Redondo  in  the  Atlantic,  in  lat.  11°  12' 
S.,  Ion.  13°  44'  40"  E.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  summit 
of  a  r<Kk  150  feet  above  the  sea.  in  a  fertile  district.  The 
population  are  all  free  negroes  except  8  or  10  Europeans. 

NO\  OKOD-SIEVERSKOI,  a  town  of  Russia.  See  Novgo- 
kod-Severskoie. 

NOVOROSSISK,  no-TO-ros-sisk',  a  small  seaport  town  of 
Russia,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tsemesse,  and  S.  of  Anapa.  The  town  is  built  on  a  slope 
terminating  in  lofty  heights,  and  is  defended  by  two  forts. 

NOVORZHEV  or  NOVOIUEV,  no-voR-zhOv',  written  also 
NOWORSCHEW,  no-voR-shJv/,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  68  miles  S.E.  of  Pskov.     ]>op.  2000. 

NOVOSELITZA,(?)  no-vo-sA-lit/sl,  a  town  of  South  Russia, 
province  of  Bessarabia,  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cljotyn.     P.  3500. 

NOVOSHESHMINSK,  NOVOCHECHMINSK  or  NOWO- 
SCHFjSCHMINSK,  no-vo-shJsh-minsk',  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  and  95  miles  S.E.  of  Kazan.    Pop.  1800. 

NOVbSIL  or  NOWOSIL,  no-vo-sil'or  no-vo-.seel',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  86  miles  S.W.  of  Toola.    Pop.  2000. 

NOVO-TCHERKASK,  no'vo-chSR-kdsk',  a  town  of  Russia, 
capital  of  the  country  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  on  the  Don,  240 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Yekaterinoslav.  Pop.  17,800.  The  town, 
founded  in  1806,  is  generally  well  built,  and  has  a  fine 
cathedral,  with  numerous  other  churches,  a  large  market- 
place, and  a  college  with  a  library  of  1200  volumes. 

NOVUM  FORUM.    See  Fornovo. 

NOWAGHUR,  no-wd-grir',  two  small  towns  of  India, 
Nagpoor  dominions,  respectively  48  miles  S.E.,  and  47  milea 
S.W.  of  Ruttunpoor. 

NOW-AGUR,  no-wd-gur',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province 
of  Gundwana,  on  the  Mahanuddy  River,  110  miles  S.W.  of 
Sumbhulpoor,  lat.  20°  49'  N.,  Ion.  82°  43'  E. 

NOW-CIlOW,  now-chOw,  an  island  of  China,  Gulf  of 
Tonquin,  off  the  N.E.  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Looee-Choo, 
lat.  20°  58°  N.,  about  6  miles  long  by  5  miles  broad.  The 
harbor,  though  difficult  of  entrance,  is  well  sheltered,  and 
has  long  been  a  noted  resort  of  Ladrone  pirates. 

NOWEMIASTO,  several  towns  of  Poland.   See  Novemi.asto 

NOWEMIESTO.    See  Neustadt. 

NOWIDWOR,  no-Wid/wor,  a  town  of  Poland,  govern" 

1371 


NOW 


NUE 


numt  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Warsaw,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Vistula  and  the  But;.     Pop.  1500. 

SS'OWO,  for  numerous  Russian  and  Polish  names  with 
this  prefix,  see  Novo  and  its  compounds. 

XOWOSIL,  a  town  of  Kussia.     See  NOTOSIL. 

NOWeUAKHA,  now-shar'rd,  a  town  of  Sinde,  70  mile» 
B.K.  of  lioree,  on  the  route  thence  to  Hyderabad. 

NOWSIIAKR.V,  a  village  of  the  Punjab.     See  Xoushera. 

NOWY-GYRIN,  a  town  of  Moravia.    See  Xeutitschein. 

KOW/ZKK,  a  village  of  Sinde,  Tj  miles  S.E.  of  Shikarpoor, 
lat.  27°  50'  N.,  Ion.  08°  40'  E. 

NOXAPAX'TO,  a  post-office  of  Winston  co.,  Mississippi. 

KOi'LUKE  (KlvtR)  or  IIUXAWAV  CKEEK,  of  Missis- 
sippi and  Alabama,  rises  in  Choctaw  co.,  of  the  former, 
and  passing  into  Alabama,  enters  theTombigbee  in  Sumter 
county,  near  Gainesville.  It  is  navigable  by  small  steam- 
boats about  50  miles. 

NOXUBEE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Mississippi,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  about  720  Sfjuara  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Noxubee  Itiver,  (called  also  Runaway 
Creek,)  from  which  it  derive.s  its  name.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  a  dark-colored,  heavy,  and  adhesive 
loam,  possessing  great  strength  and  fertility.  The  Noxubee 
River  Ls  navigable  by  small  steamers.  The  Mobile  and  Ohio 
Bailroad,  now  in  progress,  will  probably  |)ass  through  the 
county.  Capital,  Macon.  Pop.  20,667,  of  whom  5171  were 
free,  and  15.496  slaves. 

NOVA,  no'yd,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Co- 
runna,  21  miles  W.  of  Santiago,  at  the  bottom  of  an  inlet 
called  the  Ri.\  de  Noya,  receiving  the  river  Tambre.  Pop. 
1600.  It  lias  a  small  ship-building  yard,  fisheries,  and  a 
trade  in  pilchards. 

KOYAL-.MUZILLAC,  no'y^l'  mu  zeeVak/,  (or  mU'zeerySk/) 
a  Tillage  of  France,  depai'tmeut  of  Morbihan,  14  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Vannes.     Pop.  23S0. 

KOYAL-MUZILLAC-PONTIVY,  no\vil'  mu'zeeryak'piNo'- 
tee^vee',  a  marketrtown  of  France,  department  of  Morblhau, 
8  miles  E.  of  Poutivy.     Pop.  in  1852,  3505. 

NOYAL-MUZILLAC-SUR-VILAINE,  noVlP  mU'zeel'yak/ 
»Ue  vee'bin',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vi- 
laiue,  6  miles  E.  of  Renues.     Pop.  3307. 

NOYELLK,  no^ell',  a  village  of  France,  with  a  station  on 
the  railway  from  Boulogne  to  Amiens. 

NOY'EN,  noi\ix=',  a  market-towu  of  France,  department 
Of'Sarthe,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Le  Mans.    Pop.  1247. 

NOYERS,  noi^aia',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Yonne.  on  the  Serin,  10  miles  S.  of  Tonnerre.  Pop.  1768. 
It  is  prettily  situated  in  a  fertile  vine-country,  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  mauutactures  of  serges,  coarse  flannels,  and 
worsted  hosiery. 

NOY'ES'  TCRN,  a  railroad  station  in  Steuben  co..  New 
York,  on  the  New  i'ork  and  Erie  Railroad,  2y5  miles  tiova 
New  Y'ork  City. 

NOYESVILLE,  noiz'vil,  a  postK)ffice  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

NOl'ON,  nOh*yA:<"',  ^anc.  Nuviointagus.)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Uise,  42  miles  E.N.E.  of  Beauvais,  with  a 
station  on  a  branch  of  the  Northern  Railway,  N.E.  of  Creil, 
lat  49°  35'  N.,  ion.  3=  1'  E.  Pop.  in  1852,  6322.  It  is  well 
built,  enclosed  with  gardens,  has  a  large  old  cathedral, 
bishop's  palace,  a  hospital,  seminary,  several  handsome 
public  fountains,  manufactures  of  fine  linens,  tulle,  cottou 
hosiery,  leather,  and  a  brisk  general  trade.  Calvin  was  bom 
here  Ibth  July.  1509. 

NOZAXO,  nod-zd'iio.  a  market-town  of  Italy,  duchy,  and 
4' miles  W.S.W.  of  Lucca,  on  the  Serchio.    Pop.  24o0. 

KOZ-W,  no'zA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Inferieure.  24  miles  N.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1S52,  3309. 

NOZEUOY.  ndi'z^h-rwi'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Jura,  IS  miles  E.S.E.  of  Poligny.    Pop.  800. 

NUIVBIN  RlDGE,  a  postt>tfii"e,  llardeman  CO.,  Tennessee. 

NUBBRA,  a  district  of  Ladak.     See  Nobra. 

NUBIA,  nu'be-a,  (Fr.  AuOie,  nii'bee' ;  Ger.  li'ubien, 
ncHybe-en,)  a  country  of  East  Africa,  on  the  Red  Sea! 
situated  between  lat  11°  and  24°  N.,  and  Ion.  28°  and 
S9°  E.,  bounded  E.  by  the  Red  Sea,  S.  by  Abyssinia,  VT.  of 
Darfoor  and  the  Great  Desert,  and  N.  by  Egypt  Area  esti- 
mated at  35,000  square  miles,  and  population  at  4iX),000.  It 
Is  divided  into  Lower  Nubia,  extending  from  the  frontier 
of  Egypt  to  Dongola,  (lat  18°  N.,)  and  Upper  Nubia  from 
Dongola  to  Abyssinia.  Nubia  Is  situjited  almost  entirely  in 
the  valley  of  the  Nile,  which  is  here  so  narrow  as  to  leave 
no  space  for  cultivation  on  its  banks,  and  the  productive 
districts  occur  in  the  gorges  between  the  mountains,  and 
on  the  islands.  A  desert  of  sand  and  rocks,  with  some  small 
fertile  oases,  exteuds  E.  from  Lower  Nubia  to  the  Red  Sea.  In 
Upper  Nubia  the  country  is  more  varied,  Uie  Nile  here  re- 
ceives its  affluent,  the  Atbara,  or  Tacazze,  165  wiles  below 
the  junction  of  the  White  and  Blue  Rivers;  between  these  j 
rivers  are  situated  the  regions  of  Shendv.  Unlfay.  and  Sen- 
naar,  which  contain  vast  fertile  plains.  The  ^ilimate  of 
Nubia  is  extremely  hot  and  dry.  but  on  the  whole  healthy ;  ! 
the  plague  is  said  never  to  have  penotrat^U  S.of  the  second 
aitaract  (lat  22°  N.)  Besides  the  animals  common  to 
Egypt,  Xubia  has  the  giraffe,  and  several  species  of  ante-  \ 
lopes  and  birds  wliich  belong  to  the  central  plateau  of  Af-  I 


rica.  Agriculture  employs  most  of  the  population  on  the 
lianks  of  the  Nile  and  its  tributaries,  and  artificial  .rriga- 
tion  is  resorted  to  as  in  Egypt  Chief  products,  durrah, 
barley,  cotton,  indigo,  tobacco,  seuna,  coffee,  and  dales. 
Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  are  reared  by  the  Arabs  of  tho 
neighboring  deserts.  Manufactures  are  limited  to  objects, 
for  domestic  use.  An  extensive  transit  trade  is  carriei'  ou 
with  the  interior  of  Africa  and  Egypt,  in  slaves,  gold-dust, 
seuna,  and  ostrich  feathers.  Suakin,  on  the  Red  .^ea,  is  the 
only  port.  The  Nubians  belong  to  the  Arabian  and  Ethio- 
pian races.  They  are  a  handsome  people,  of  dark-brown 
complexion,  bold,  frank,  cheerful,  hud  more  simple  and 
incorrupt  in  manners  than  their  neighbors,  either  up  or 
down  the  river.  In  Egypt,  where  they  ai-e  culled  Beraber, 
(Berbers.)  they  are  preferred  as  porters  and  domestic  ser- 
vants. The  pastoral  tribes  ou  the  banks  of  the  Tacazze  and 
Upper  Nile  speak  the  Arabic  language,  liemaius  of  am  lent 
editices  occur  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  valley,  but 
chielly  below  Dongola.  The  most  remarkable  are  the  Tem- 
ple ot  Ivelabshi,  (^anciently  'J'alinis.)  the  sculptuies  of  which 
represent  the  expeditiou  of  Sesostris;  that  of  Dakkeh;  the 
excavated  Temple  of  Ipsambool,  a  little  below  Wadi-lialfah ; 
and  the  Temple  of  Semne,  a  little  above  it  In  Dongola. 
some  colossal  figures  of  granite  lie  prostrate  in  the  isle  of 
Argo.  Previous  to  the  conquest  of  N  ubia  by  1  brabim  Pasha, 
in  1821,  it  was  governed  by  a  multitude  of  independent 
chiefs ;  since  then  it  has  been  under  the  dominiou  of  Egypt 
Adj.  and  inbab.,  Nubian,  nu'be-an. 

NUBLADA,  noo-bl4'ui,  or  SAN  BENEDICTO,  s.^u  bi-n4- 
deek'to.  an  island  of  the  North  Pacific,  Revillagigedo  group; 
lat.  19°  22'  40"  N.,  Ion.  110°  44'  W.  Length,  from  N.E.  to 
S.W.,  6  miles;  breadth  about  3  miles. 

NUBLE,  noo/bld,  a  river  of  Chili,  rises  in  the  W.  slops  of 
the  Cordillera  of  the  Aude.s,  near  lat.  36°  N.,  flows  W.S.W., 
and  after  a  course  of  about  SO  miles  unites  with  the  Chilan 
to  form  the  Itata. 

NCCEKIA  CAMELLART.\.    See  Nocer.a. 

NUCKO.  an  island  of  Russia.     See  NuKO. 

NUDDEA,  niid'de-.x,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  in  the  delta  of  the  Ganges.  Area  3105  square 
miles.  Pop.  estimated  at  1,187,000.  Principal  town,  Nuddea, 
the  capital,  ou  the  lloogly,  54  miles  N.^^■.  of  Calcutta. 

NUDLINGEN,  (Nudliugen,)  niid'ling-v'n,  a  village  of  Ba- 
varia, near  Miiunerstadt     Pop.  1220. 

N  UECES,  nwi'cc'S,  a  river  of  Texas,  rises  in  Bexar  county, 
in  the  ^V.  part  of  the  state,  and  flows  into  a  bay  of  its  own 
name,  near  27°  30'  N.  lat,  and  98°  W.  Ion.  Its  course  is  very 
circuitous,  and  the  whole  length  is  estimated  at  350  miles. 
It  is  stated  that  boats  can  ascend  it  100  miles  from  its  mouth. 

NUECES,  a  county  in  the  south  part  of  Texas,  bordering 
on  the  Gtilf  of  Mexico,  contains  about  3200  square  miles. 
The  Nueces  River,  from  which  the  n^me  is  derived,  forms 
its  N.  boundary;  the  Laguna  del  Madre  washes  its  eastern 
border,  and  is  separated  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  long 
narrow  island.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  sandy 
and  poor,  excepting  in  the  vicinitj'  of  the  river.  Capital, 
Corpus  Cliristi.     Pop.  2906,  of  whom  2690  were  free. 

N  UEIL-SOUS-PASSAVANT,  nU'Al'  soo  pJsVd'vo.N"',  a  mar- 
ket-town of  France,  department  of  Maine  et-Loire,  on  the 
Layon,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Sauniur.     Pop.  1800. 

NUEVA  CARTEYA,  nw.'t'vd  kaR-t.VyS,  a  villasre  of  Spain, 
Andalusia,  about  24  miles  from  Cnrdova.     Pop.  lOSS. 

NUEVA  ECl.I.A,  nw.i'vil  A'se-n^  a  province  of  the  island 
of  Luzon,  extending  along  part  of  its  E.  coast  Bougabon  is 
the  capital.     Pop.  23.308. 

NUEVA  HELVETIA,  nwA'vi  Jl-v.Vte i  or  NEW  UEIr 
VETIA,  (hil-vet^she-a.)  a  former  Ameiican  st-ttlement  or 
colony  in  California,  near  the  junction  of  the  Rio  Sacramento 
with  the  .\merican  River,  a  little  above  tiie  site  of  the  present 
Sacramento  City,  founded  in  1838-9  by  Captain  Sutter  of 
Mi.s.souri.  It  was  one  of  the  most  important  and  prosperous 
of  the  early  settlements  in  California.     See  S.\cka.mexio  Citv. 

NUE  t'A  PROVINCIA,  nwi'vi  pi-o-veeu'se-i  a  province  of 
the  island  of  Ltizon. 

NUEVA  SEGOVIA,  nwi/vds.l-go've-a,  or  NEW  SEGO'VIA, 
a  small  town  of  Central  America,  state  of  Nicar.igua,  on  the 
Segovia  River,  llo  miles  N.N.E.  of  Leon. 

NUEVA  SEGOVIA,  uwA'vi  s.Vgo've-A,  or  CACERES.  kj'. 
sA-rJ.«,  a  pretty  town  on  the  Tajo,  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
island  of  Luzon. 

NUEVA  SEGOVIA,  a  name  of  the  Bluefields  River,  Cen- 
tral Anieiica.     See  Barquesimeto. 

NUEVAS  GRANDES.  nwA'vds  grin'd^s,  a  port  on  the^. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba. 

N U KVX  TABA  UCA.    See  T.tB.AncA. 

NUEV.\  VISCAYA,  nwA'vi  veeth-ki'A,  a  province  of  the 
island  of  Luzon.    Pop.  22.2:i:i. 

NUEVIT.4.S,  l^KS,  lis  nwA-vee'tis,  or  NUEVITAiB  DEL 
PRINCIPE,  nwA-vee'tis  d^l  prin'sepA,  (or  preon'se-pA,)  a 
town  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Culia,  E.  of  I'uerto  Principe,  of 
which  it  is  the  port,  and  with  which  it  is  connectt-d  by  a 
railroad  44  miles  in  length.  The  harbor  is  about  15  miles  in 
length  by  half  as  much  in  breadth;  it«  entrance  is  threa 
f  juiths  of  a  mile  across.  Its  shores  are  low  and  s;«ndy.  Pc  p. 
in  1853,  820;  of  the  jurisdictiou,  4800,  (1742  buiug  slavea.) 


NUE 


NUR 


NUEVO-LEON,  a  department  of  Mexico.    See  Xew  Leox. 

MJEVO-SANXAXDKIi,  nw;l/vo  sAn-tin-daiR',  a  town  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation,  situated  in  the  state  of  Tam- 
aulipas,  on  the  river  .Santander,  120  miles  N.W.  of  Tampico. 
It  is  well  built  and  populous. 

NUK'FIKLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

NU-GAUIKI',  nu-i;i-re-^p',  a  river  of  South  Africa,  be- 
tween the  territory  of  the  Cape  Colony  and  the  Hottentots, 
after  a  N.VV.  course  joius  the  Gariep  or  Orange  Itiver,  near 
lat.  29'^  5'  S.,  Ion.  24^  23'  E.  It  drains  the  divisions  of 
Qraaf  Reinet,  Colesberg,  and  Cradock. 

NUtiOEENA,  ntig-ghee'nd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Uengal,  Upper  I'rovinces,  47  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Moradahad. 

NUGGUR,  nfig'grir.  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Ilindostan, 
province  of  Rajpootana,  67  miles  S.  of  Jeypoor. 

XL'GGUR,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  Bundelcund,  81  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Chatterp<x)r. 

NUGtIEUU,  noo-ghi-doo',  a  village  of  the  li?land..of  Sar- 
dinia, division  of  Sassari,  province  and  S.  of  Ozieri.  I'op* 
1736. 

NUITS,  nwee,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote-d'Or, 
on  the  Meu/.in.  and  on  the  Paris  and  Lyons  Railroad,  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Beaune.  Pop.  in  lSo2,  3317.  It  is  situated  in 
the  midst  of  a  fine  wine  country,  and  has  manufactures 
of  woollen-cloth,  serges,  klrschwasser,  hats,  leather,  and 
vinegar. 

NUJIFGIIUU,  noo-jif-grir',  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  district  and  2U  miles 
S.E.  of  Cawnpoor,  on  the  Ganges. 

NU.niIAl!AD,  noo-je-hd-bM',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  in  the  district  of 
Moradubad.  92  miles  N.E.  of  Delhi. 

K  UK,\III  VA,  one  of  Marquesas  Islands.   See  Nookaheeva. 

NUKKRKB.  nU'k^R^keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Klanders.  18  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2411. 

NUKO,  XOUKO,  noo/ko,  or  iNUCKO.  nook'ko,  an  island 
cf  Russia,  .S.W.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  between 
the  mainland  of  the  government  of  Esthonia  and  the  island 
of  Worms,  about  9  miles  long  by  3  miles  wide.     Pop.  450. 

NULCUITTY,  nul-chit'tee,  a  Village  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency and  province  of  Bengal,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Backer- 
gunge,  on  an  arm  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  the  chief  trading 
mart  of  its  district,  being  frequented  by  numerous  Aracan- 
ese  boats,  which  bring  teak,  timber,  and  iron,  and  take  back 
In  return  rice,  betel  leaf,  and  cocoa-nuts.  It  has  also  a  con- 
traband trade  in  opium  and  salt. 

KULDINGAII,  ni'il-ding'gd,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  74  miles  N.N.E.  of  Calcutta. 

NULES.  noo'lis,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  12  miles 
S.W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  2873. 

NULIIIO'GAN  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Essex  co.,  Ver- 
mont, falls  into  the  Connecticut. 

NULL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana. 

NULVI,  nool'vee,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  province  and  11 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  2780. 

NO'MA.  a  small  post-village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Waba><ii  and  Erie  Canal,  11  miles  X.  of  Terre  Haute. 

NU.MANSDORP,  a  village  of  Holland.     See  BuitensluiS. 

NU.M'BEROXE,  a  post-ofllce  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

NUMBER  TWO.  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

NUMBER  THREE,  a  post-offlce  of  Aroostook  co..  Maine. 

NU.^IIDIA,  nu-mid'e-a,  (Fr.  Numiilie,  nii'meeMee';  L. 
NamiiVia;  Gr.  fiDvpniia.  Koumidia or  No/J'J/'ki  yoiiiadia,) 
an  ancient  country  of  North  Africa,  corres|)onding,  in 
the  main,  with  the  modern  -Vlgeria.  The  name  was  given 
on  account  of  the  nomadic  or  wandering  habits  of  the  in- 
habitants.  Adj.  and  inhab.  Numidiajj.  nu-mid'e-an. 

NU.MIDIA.  nu-mid'e-a,  a  village  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsyl- 
yania,  about  17  miles  S.E.  of  Danville. 

NUMIDIE.    SeeNcMiDiA. 

NU.MMUL,  ntim^mul',  a  thriving  town  of  the  Punjab,  on 
the  Indus,  24  miles  E.  of  Kala  Bagh;  lat.  S2^  55'  N.,  Ion. 
723  E. 

NUN,  a  cape  and  river  of  Morocco.    See  Noos. 

NUN,  a  river  of  Mantchooria.     See  Noos. 

NUX,  noon,  one  of  the  principal  branches  or  outlets  of  the 
Niger,  passing  into  the  Atlantic  from  between  Capes  Nun 
iind  Formosa,  about  lat.  4°  21'  N.,  Ion.  6°  6'  E.     See  Niger. 

NUX-BURN7HULME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

NUNDA.  commonly  pronounced  niln-d.V.  a  beautiful  post- 
Tillage  and  town.ship  of  Living.<ton  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Buffalo  and  New  York  City  Railroad.  67  miles  E.S.E.  of  Buf- 
falo. The  village  contains  churches  of  4  or  o  denominations, 
an  academy,  a  newspaper  office,  and  has  manufactures  of 
woollens,  iion,  &c.  Pop.  of  the  township,  2849 ;  of  the  vil- 
lage, iu  1865,  about  2000. 

NUNDE.VL,  nun-d.\-dl',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  district  and  73  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cudilapah. 

NUNDERBAR.  nun  dJr-b.ar',  a  town  of  Briti.><h  India,  pre- 
ridency  of  Bombay,  district  of  Candeish,  87  miles  E.  of 
gurat:  lat.  21'^  25'  N.,  Ion.  7i°  15'  E. 

NUNDYDROOG,  nun-de-droog',  a  strong  hill-fort  of  South 
India,  dominions  of  Mysore,  31  miles  E.  of  Bangalore;  lat. 


13°  22'  N.,  Ion.  77°  44'  E.  It  was  stormed  and  taken  by  the 
British  in  1791. 

NUNEATON,  nun'e-tpn,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of 
England,  co.  of  Warwick,  witli  a  stiition  on  the  Trent  Tal 
ley  Railway,  14  miles  N.AV.  of  Rugby.  I'op.  of  town  in  1851, 
4859.  It  has  a  Gothic  church,  a  grammar  school,  and  a  free 
school.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  an  olil  abbey,  whid 
was  destroyed  in  the  civil  wars  by  Oliver  Cromwell. 

NUNEHAM  COURTNAY,  England.     See  New.nham. 

NUXEX,  nii'neu,  a  village  of  the  Netherlaud.s,  province 
of  North  Brabant,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Einhoveu.     Pop.  707. 

NUNEZ,  nooWz',  or  KAKUNDV,  kd-kun'dee,  a  river  of 
West  Africa,  Seneg.ambia.  after  a  \\.  course  enters  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  in  lat.  10'^  40'  N,,  Ion.  14°  40'  M  .  Us  banks  are 
densely  wooded,  and  on  them  from  70  to  80  miles  from  the 
sea  are  the  settlements  of  Walkeria,  C'as.-'a.^ez,  and  Debucko. 

NUN^GATUCK',a  post-offic/j.  New  Haven  co., Connecticut. 

NUMVACK,  an  island  in  Behring's  Sea.     See  Noomvak, 

NUN-KEE/LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  i"ork.  East 
Riding. 

N  UNKUNONO,  nun-koo-no'no,  or  DUKE  OF  CLAR/ENCE, 
an  island  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean  ;  lat.  9°  6'  S..  Ion.  171° 
38'  W.,  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  7  miles,  breadth  5  miles. 

NUN'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

NUX'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Hiding. 

NUN'S  ISL.iND,  Hebrides,  close  to  lona. 

NUN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

NUORO.  nooVro,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  78 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Cagliari.  Pop.  3071.  It  has  a  cathedral  and 
a  Jesuits'  college. 

NU/QUIN,  a  river  of  Utah  territory,  falls  into  Nicollet 
River. 

NUR.  nooR/,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Plock,  on  the 
Bug,  63  miles  E.N.E.  of  Warsaw. 

NURA,  noo'rd,  a  river  of  North  Italy,  rises  in  the  Apen- 
nines, and  after  a  N.N.E.  coui-se  of  45  miles  joius  tue  Po,  7 
miles  E.  of  Piacen/a. 

NURA  PONTE,  noo'rd  pon'tA,  a  village  of  North  Italy, 
on  the  JEmilian  Way,  and  the  Nura  River,  6  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

NURAGUO,  noo-rS'gwo,  a  village  of  the  i.sland  of  Sardinia, 
province  of  Isili,  in  a  valley  between  the  Giara-di-Gestum, 
and  the  Saradano.     Pop.  lOOO. 

NURAMINIO,  noo-ra-mee'n&o,  a  town  of  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  division  and  N.N.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1525. 

NUREMBERG,  nu'rem-berg,  (Ger.  Niirnboy,  niiRu/bSRa ; 
Dutch  Neurenlmrg ,  niVrf n-buKG' ;  L.  and  It.  Norbnbenja, 
no-rim-b^R'gd;  Sp.  Nuremberya.  noo-rJm-bSR/gd,)  a  city  of 
Bavaria,  Middle  Franconia,  the  third  city  in  the  kingilom, 
and  once  the  greatest  and  most  wealthy  of  all  the  free 
imperial  cities  of  Germany,  on  the  Pegnitz,  the  Ludwig 
Canal,  and  the  Great  Bavarian  Railway,  from  Augsburg  to 
the  frontiers  of  Saxony,  95  miles  N.  of  Munich.  Lat.  49'- 
27'  N.,  Ion.  11°  a  E.  It  stands  in  a  somewhat  sandy,  but 
well-cultivated  plain;  and  from  whatever  point  it  may  be 
viewed,  but  more  especially  from  the  surrounding  heights, 
and  the  towers  of  several  of  its  churches,  presents  a  very 
striking  appearance.  It  is  surrounded  by  ancient  walls, 
flanked  with  towers,  and  enclosed  by  a  ditch  100  feet  wide, 
and  50  feet  deep ;  is  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  square,  and, 
exclusive  of  suburbs,  has  a  circuit  exceeding  3  miles.  The 
Pegnitz,  traversing  the  town  from  E.  to  W.,  divides  it  into 
two  nearly  equal  parts — the  N.  or  Sebaldersuite,  and  the 
S.  or  Lorenzerseite,  which  communicate  by  numerous  .stone 
and  wooden  bridges.  The  characteristic  feature  of  the  town 
is  the  venerable  air  of  antiquity  which  invests  it.  Its  arched 
gates  are  flanked  by  four  massive,  cylindrical  watch-towers; 
and  the  stranger  who  threads  its  narrow  and  irregular 
streets,  lined  with  solid  but  quaint  gable- faced  houses,  stand- 
ing entire,  as  they  were  originallj'  built,  might  fancy  himself 
carried  back  several  centuries.  It  is  only  lately  that  some 
of  the  streets  have  been  widened  and  renewed,  so  as  to  wear 
a  modern  appearance. 

Of  the  public  squares,  which  are  numerous,  the  largest  la 
the  Ilaupt,  (or  Green  Market.)  adorned  with  the  Beautiful 
Fountain  iu  the  form  of  an  open  Gothic  obelisk  or  fpire; 
and  containing  on  its  W.  side  the  house  in  which  Albert 
Dlirer  and  Wilbald  Pirckheimer  were  born.  Another  square, 
called  the  Aegidien  Platz,  (St.  Giles'  Square.)  is  adorned  with 
a  statue  of  Melancthon  by  Burgschmiet.  The  most  remark- 
able edifice  is  St.  Sebald's  Church,  which  gives  its  name  to 
the  N.  division  of  the  town,  a  Gothic  structure  of  great 
elegance  externally  and  internally,  with  a  richly-carved 
portal,  a  massive  crucifix  of  bronze,  one  of  the  earliest  spe- 
cimens of  Nuremberg  art,  a  curious  bronze  font,  numerous 
old  paintings,  fine  stained  glass,  and  above  all,  the  tomb  or 
shrine  of  St,  Sebald,  executed  in  bronze  by  Peter  Viseher, 
who,  with  his  five  sons,  labored  upon  it  for  13  years,  and 
adorned  it  with  nearly  100  figures,  among  which  those  of 
the  Apostles  are  conspicuous  for  size  and  beauty.  Other 
buildings  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Church  of  St.  Lorenz, 
with  a  fine  porch  flanked  by  two  lofty  towers,  and  containing 
a  remarkable  pix.  by  Adam  Krafft,  exquisitely  sculptured 
in  white  stone,  64  feet  in  height;  the  Town-house,  an  Italian 

1373 


NUR 


NYM 


iKii  flJM?  of  three  stories,  with  a  fine  front,  and  a  great  hall, 
the  walls  of  w  hich  are  decorated  with  paintings  in  oil.  many 
of  them  by  DUrer ;  the  Keichsschloss,  or  Imperial  Castle,  in 
the  X.W.  corner  of  the  town,  towering  above  all  it.s  other 
house:^.  and  cont«iniug  within  its  court  a  reniarltable  linii!- 
tree  said  to  h.ire  been  planted  by  the  hands  of  Queen  Kuni- 
gnuda.  and  now  above  70U  years  old;  the  Aegidien  Church, 
(Church  of  St.  Giles.)  a  handsome  modern  Italian  building, 
enclosing  a  very  ancient  chapel,  originally  founded  by  the 
Emperor  Conrad  III.  for  some  Scotch  Benedictine  monks; 
the  pai-sonage  of  St.  Sebald's,  with  a  beautiful  oriel  window, 
and  near  it  tlie  Gotliic  chapel  of  St.  Maurice,  now  converted 
Into  a  picture-gallery.  Nuremberg  lias  a  gymnasium,  founded 
by  the  reformer  Melancthou.  whose  statue  is  placed  on  its 
frcnt;  a  scliool  of  the  fine  arts,  polytechnic  school,  com- 
mtrcial  academy,  and  many  libraries,  museum  of  natural 
history,  and  numerous  associations,  religious,  literary,  and 
artistic. 

Nurembefig  ha.s,  from  the  remotest  times,  been  celebrated 
for  its  industry,  and  for  the  inventions  and  /.Mil  of  its  arti- 
sans. Almost  all  the  streets  derived  their  names  from 
the  particular  brandies  of  industry  carried  on  in  them, 
and  m;iny  important  inventions  had  their  first  existence 
here.  Of  tlie.se  inventions  may  be  specified  wire-drawing, 
watches,  and  fire-arm.s.  The  first  paper-mill  in  tiermany  was 
estiiblished  here  in  1390.  Here  also  the  first  gun  carriages 
were  made,  and  the  first  railway  in  Germany  was  opened 
fioui  N  uivmberg  to  Flirth  in  1836.  It  is  now  the  great  centre 
of  the  manufacture  of  German  wooden  clocks  and  toys,  which 
are  circulated  to  all  parts  of  the  globe;  its  other  manu- 
factures comprise  jewellery,  trinkets,  telescopes,  mathe- 
matical and  musical  instruments,  sealing  wax,  black-lead 
pencils,  lac(iuered  wares,  articles  in  ivory  and  horn,  paper, 
and  parchments.  In  these  various  manufactures  13.000 
people  were  employed  in  1846.  Its  commerce,  favored  by  its 
position  on  the  Canal  of  the  Rhine  and  Danube,  is  still  con- 
siderable. N  uremberg  w.is  founded  in  905,  and  in  938  it  was 
the  seat  of  the  first  German  diet.  It  was  greatly  enlarged 
by  Conrad  III.,  and  received  several  embellishments  and 
important  privileges  from  Frederick  Barbarossa.  In  1219, 
it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  free  city  of  the  empire.  Its 
iuhabitanta  early  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation, 
and  in  1532.  the  assembly  was  held  here  at  which  the  treaty 
of  toleration  was  signed.  In  1806  it  was  formally  taken 
possession  of  by  Bavaria.  JIany  distinguished  individuals 
have  been  born  here.  Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the 
poets  Fenzing  and  Hans  Sach.s,  the  mathematician  Behaim, 
the  painter  Albert  Diirer,  whose  house  is  still  preserved  in 
the  principal  sijuare,  and  the  sculptors  Peter  Yischer  and 

Adam  KralTt.    I'op.  02,797. Inhab.  Nu'remberg*£R,  (Ger. 

Nu.rnberge.r,  nuRn'ti^RGVr.) 

NUR'NEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Cailow. 

NURXEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  and  S.W.  of 
Kildare. 

NUKXEY,  a  parish,  Irel.siid.  3  miles  N.X.W.  of  Carbery. 

NURI'UR,  ntir^pur',  atownof  the  Punjab,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Himalaya  Mountains,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Amritseer:  lat.  32°  12' 
N.,  Ion.  75°  -to'  E.  Pop.  from  6000  to  8000,  comprising  many 
Cashmeriang  employed  in  shawl  weaving.  It  has  a  stone 
fort  and  a  gooil  bazaar. 

NURKI,  nooR'Reo,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  pro- 
vince and  8  miles  E.  of  Islh.     Pop.  2154. 

NURSINGIIUU,  nur'sing-giir'.  a  town  of  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  38  miles  X.E.  of  Saugur. 

NURSINGHUU,  a  petty  state  of  India,  province  of  Mal- 
■wah,  50  miles  X.E.  of  Oojein. 

NURSINGPOOR,  a  town  of  India,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
91  miles  E.S.K.  of  I'oonah. 

NUUS'LIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

KUR'STED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

NURTIXGKX,  (Niirtingen.)  nUR'ting-en,  a  town  of  Wlir- 
temberg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  on  the  Neckar,  13  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  3982. 

NURWUK,  a  town  of  India.    See  X'arwar. 

KUS,  noos,  or  XUZ,  nutsf  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  8  miles  N.E.  of  Aosta.  on  the  Dora.     Pop.  2059. 

NUSCO.  noos'ko,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  6  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Angelo  dei  Lombardi.  Pop.  4000. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  convents. 

XUSLAU,  noOs'luw,  or  NUSlIiAW,  noo'se-lJv\  a  markets 
town  of  Austria,  Mnravia,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brunn.    P.  1198. 

NUSL<)C1I,  noos'loK,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Lower  Rhine,  6  miles  S.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  2054. 

NUSSBAOH,  nOT.s'b.^K,  or  ALU.V.  d'loon,  a  village  of  Aus- 
tria, Transylvania,  about  24  miles  from  Kronstadt,  near  the 
Alt.     Pop.  1097. 

NDSSBACII.  a  village  of  Transylvania.    See  Magtaros. 

NUSSDOKP',  nfios'doRf,  a  village  of  Austria,  below  the 
Ens,  so  near  Vienna  as  to  be  almost  one  of  its  suburlia.  P.  2000. 

XUSSDORF.  (llun.  Also-Dws,  OPsho'  dee'osh'.)  a  village 
of  West  Hungary,  co.  and  26  miles  X.E.  of  Presburg.  Pop. 
1096 

NUSSDORF,  (Hun.  Fdso-Diot,  fil'sho^  dee'osh',)  adjacent 
to  the  above.     Pop.  1306. 

^USSE^•;KABAD,  nus*8ee-r4-bid^,  or  NUS'SERABAD',  a 
1374 


'  town  of  British  India,  Upper  Provinces,  district  and  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Ajmeer. 

NUS'SEERPOOR',  a  town  of  Sinde,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Hy- 
derab.Hd. 

XrSSERABAD  or  XUSSEERABAD.     Soe  Mymcxsisoh. 

XUT'ISUSII.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Xorth  Carolina. 

NUT'KIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

NUT'H.ALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

NUT'HUUST.  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Sus.sex. 

NUT'EKY,  a  paiLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

XUTTAM  or  XUTTOM.     See  Xattam. 

NUTTOM,  a  town  of  Indi.%.     See  Xattam, 

NUYTS,  nits(?1.  a  headland  of  South  Australia,  in  lat.  32^ 
2'  18"  S..  Ion.  132°  25'  E.  The  Xuyts  Archipelago  stretches 
along  the  coast  X.  of  lat.  33°,  and  mostly  between  Ion.  133° 
!  and  134°  E.     Principal  island,  St.  Francis. 

XUZ.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States.     See  Xcs. 

XY'.\CK.  a  post-village  of  Rockland  county,  Xew  York, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  Hudson  River,  here  called  the  Tappan 
Sea,  29  miles  N,  of  Xew  York  City.  It  contains  4  or  5 
churches  and  a  bank,  and  ha,s  a  laiidlng  for  steamboats  on 
the  river.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  800. 

XY'ACK  TURX'PIKE,  a  post-office  of  Rockland  co.,  Xew 
York. 

NYAMTZ,  ne-amts',  NEMZA,  njm's^.  or  XIATZU,  ne-if- 
Roo,  a  town  of  Sloldavia,  (i2  miles  X.N.W.  of  Ya.'sy.  It  has 
large  annual  fairs  and  markets,  and  a  shrine  of  the  Virgin, 
which  attracts  numerous  pilgrims. 

NY.^PiPET.  nT-dr-pJt/.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
and  65  miles  X.W.  of  Madras. 

NYASSI,  ne-^s'seei  ('•  the  sea,")  X'YASSA  or  MARA■\^.(?) 

(writt<?n  also  M.\R,\B.VI.)  a  considerable  lake  of  South  East 

I  Africa,  supposed  to  extend  between  Ion.  30°  and  35°  E..  and 

i  its  centre  being  about  lat.  10°  S.,  and  apparently  identical 

with  the  Lake  Maravi  of  old  maps,  but  our  knowledge  of 

it  is  yet  very  deficient. 

I      XY'ATT  POIXT  LIGHT,  on  the  W.  side  of  Narraganset 

Bay.  9  miles  S.  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island;  lat.  41°  43'  30" 

X..  Ion.  71°  20'  48"  W. 

NYBORG  or  NYEBORG,  nli/boRO,  (Dan.  pron.  nu'boRO  or 
nli'eh-bORQ.)  a  fortified  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  island  of 
Funen,  IS  miles  E.S.E.  of  Otlense,  on  the  Great  Belt.  Pop. 
in  1851,  3059.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong  citadel,  and  has 
ship-building  docks.  All  vessels  which  pass  the  Great  Belt 
pay  their  dues  here.  In  1059,  the  Danes  gaiuetl  here  an 
important  victory  over  the  Swedes,  and  thereby  freed  their 
country  from  a  foreign  yoke. 

XY'CKS,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NYE'S  (niz)  CORXER.  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..  Maine, 
on  the  W.  side  of  Kennebec  P.iver.  8  miles  N.  of  Watenille. 

NYFFE  or  NIFFI.  nif'fee*  a  kingdom  of  West  Africa,  be- 
tween the  Quorra  and  the  Tchadda  Rivers. 

NYH.-VMM,  nii'hdmm,  a  port  on  the  E.  coast  of  Sweden, 
la»n  of  Geflcborg,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ljusne  in  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia. 

XYIXIAIl,  Bin'ee-J,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  district  of 
Koranko,  N.E.  of  Sierra  Leone ;  lat.  8°  45'  X.,  Ion.  11°  28' 
W..  on  the  route  between  Rokelle  and  Falaba. 

NYIR  BATHOR,  iteeR  boh'toR',  a  market-town  of  Hun- 
parv,  CO.  of  Szabolcz,  30  miles  X.E.  of  Debreczin.  Pop. 
3250. 

XYIREGIIYHAZA,  Hee'r&dj'ha'zohN  a  market-town  of 
East  Hungary,  co.  of  Szabolcz.  29  miles  X.  of  Debreczin. 
Pop.  15.740.  It  has  Roman  Catholic,  Greek,  Lutheran,  and 
Calvinistie  churches,  and  some  soda  and  salt  works. 

NYITTR.\,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Neutra. 

XYKERK,  nr'ktaii,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Gelderland,  near  the  Zuyder  Zee,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Har- 
derwyk.     Pop.  3800, 

NYKERK,  a  village  of  the  X^etherlands.  province  of  Fries- 
land.  N.E.  of  Dokkum.    Pop.  250. 

NYKOPINO,  (Xykijping.)  or  NYKJOPING,  nti'chli'ping, 
(almost  nee'chupMng.)  a  lipn  or  district  of  Sweden,  in  the 
E.,  having  S.E.  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  X.  the  I*ikps  M.il.ar 
and  Ilielraar.  Area  2516  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1850, 120.113. 
Chief  town,  Xykijping. 

NYKOPI.NG,  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a 
]a;n,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic.  58  miles  S.W.  of  Sfo<'kholm. 
Pop.  3486.  It  is  one  of  the  finest  towns  of  the  kingdom, 
and  has  two  castles,  several  churches,  and  hospitals,  with 
manufactures  of  brass  wares,  woollen  and  cotton  stuffs, 
hosiery,  toliacco,  paper,  and  stirch,  saw-mills,  and  ship- 
buikling  docks,  and  a  brisk  export  trade. 

NYK.JOBING.  (Nykjiibing,)  nli-kyii'bing,  a  small  seaport 
town  of  Denmark,  stift  and  island  of  Seeland.  on  the  Ise 
fiord,  38  miles  W.N.W.  of  Copenhagen.     I'op.  900. 

XYK.TOBING.  a  small  seaport  town  of  Denmark.  Jutland, 
44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Aalborg,  on  the  Lvm-fiord.     Pop.  1106. 

NY'.MET-ROW'LAXD.  a  parish  of  Knsrland,  co.  of  Devon. 

NYMPHKXBURG.  nim'fen-booRc/,  a  village  of  Upper  Bar 
Taria,  4  miles  X.N.W.  of  Munich,  with  a  female  asvlum, 
manufactures  of  porcelain,  and  a  royal  summer  resilience, 
Pop.  1119. 

NYMPS/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glouco  <oi. 


KYM 

NYMPTON  BISH'OPS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  DcTon. 

NYMl'TllN  KINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

N'YMWWJKN  or  MJ.M\Vi;(}KN,nim'wA'!^liJn  or  nim'wi'- 
phen,  written  aisn  NI.MKOUl':.^  and  NYMKGEN,  (Fr.  ^'i^ 
mciju/;  nee'imiij;';  Oer.  Nimwe.gcn,  nim-*.i'f;hi.'n  ;  anc.  No- 
vii'imlaoios.)  a  fortified  t«wn  of  the  Netherland.s.  province  of 
Gueldiirland,  on  the  left  l)ank  of  the  \\ual,  here  crossed  by 
a  tiviug  bridge,  9i  miles  S.  of  Arnhem ;  lat,  51°  51'  N.,  lou. 
b°  51'  E.  Pop.  22,140.  It  has  a  liilly  situ,  and  is  irregularly 
built;  the  public  edifices  comprise  some  Koinan  and  Carlo- 
vingian  defensive  works,  with  a  fine  old  town-house,  and 
Home  handsome  churches.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  commercial 
tribunal,  agricultural  commission,  a  brunch  of  the  society 
of  public  good,  and  has  au  extensive  manufactory  of  pale 
ale.  with  others  of  l'ru.ssian  blue,  glue,  and  leather.  It  was 
formerly  a  free  iiuperiiil  town,  and  is  celebrated  for  the 
treaty  of  1678.    It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794. 


OAK 

NYNARCOIL,  ni-nar-koil/,  a  town  of  British  India,  pro 
sidency  of  Madras,  17  miles  X.W.  of  Kamnad. 

NYON  or  NION,  nce'A.N"',  (auc.  Nwiodaliium.)  a  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  2\  miles  S.W.  of  Lausauus 
on  the  N.AV.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva.     Pop.  24(54. 

NYONS,  nee'ibx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Urume. 
on  the  Aigues,  33  miles  N.E.  of  Avignon.  Pop.  in  ISo"^ 
3590.     It  is  enclosed  by  walls,^nd  divided  into  3  quarters. 

NYSLOTT,  nu'slott,  written  also  NEISIILOT  and  .SAWO 
LINNA.  a  town  of  Finlaud,  laen  and  SO  miles  M.  of  Yiborg. 
Pop.  5U0. 

NYSTED  or  NYESTED.  nU'stfd,  (i.  e.,  "New  Town,")  a 
small  maritime  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Laalaud.     Pop.  lUuO. 

NYSTAD,  nii'stdd.  a  seapurt  town  of  Finland,  l.-en  and  38 
miles  N.^V.  of  Abo,  on  the  Gulf  of  liothnia.     Pop.  2000. 

NYVEL,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Mvelles. 


0 


Oa  Hungarian  word,  signifying  "old,"  prefixed  to 
,  many  places  in  Hungary;  as,  O'Var,  (i.  e.,  "Old 
Fort,")  O'Arad,  {i.  «.,  "  Old  Arad,")  &c. 

OADIJY.  od'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

OAHU,  wd/hoo,  written  also  WAIIOO  and  WOAHOO,  one 
of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  21°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
157°  37'  W.;  40  miles  long,  by  20  miles  broad.  It  i.s  of 
volcanic  origin,  and  though  exhibiting  few  signs  of  cultiva- 
tion, is  in  some  parts  fertile,  prixlucing  indigo,  cotton,  sugar, 
Ac,  and  .some  coffee.  In  the  N.  there  is  much  fine  scenery. 
Pop.  in  1853,  19,126;  of  whom  1311  were  foreigners. 

OAHTOtJAH,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific.     See  Upolc. 

OAJAOA  or  OAXAGA.  wA-Hd'ki,  written  also  GUAXACA, 
a  state  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  comprising  the  S. 
portion  of  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  and  the  table-land 
of  Mixteeapan;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  department  of 
La  Puebla,  N.  by  Vera  Cruz,  E.  by  Tabasco,  Chiiipa.  and  tlie 
Central  American  state  of  Guatemala,  and  on  the  S.  by  the 
Pacific:  lat.  15°  40'  to  1S°  20'  xV.,  Ion.  91°  15'  to  98°  15'  \V.; 
length  270  miles  along  the  shores  of  the  Pacific;  breadth, 
at  the  widest  part.  170  miles;  area  31,822  square  miles.  It 
is  of  uneven  surface,  and,  in  many  parts,  mountainous; 
but  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  best-cultivated  districts 
in  Mexico.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Alvarado,  whi(!h 
rises  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  and.  after  a  winding 
course,  terminates  in  a  lake  in  Vera  Cruz;  the  liio  Grande 
and  \'erde,  both  of  which  fall  into  the  Pacific.  At  the  E. 
end  are  several  smaller  streams,  most  of  which  fall  int<i  the 
Gulf  of  Tehuantepec.  The  mines  of  silver  ami  gold  are  not 
important.  The  climate  is  agreeable  and  sivlubrious.  and 
the  soil  remarkably  fertile.  Its  productions  are  wheat, 
indigo,  cochineal,  cottou,  sugar,  honey,  cocoa,  plantains, 
and  other  fruits.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Indians.  Pop. 
in  1850.  525,101. 

OAJACA  or  OAXACA,  a  city  of  Mexico,  capital  of  the 
above  state,  near  the  Kio  Verde,  210  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mexico, 
4S00  feet  above  the  sea ;  lat.  17°  3'  N.,  l<m.  97°  15'  \V.  It  is 
well  built,  of  an  oblong  fonn,  about  2  miles  in  length  by  1 J 
miles  in  breadth,  including  the  suburbs,  which  are  full  of 
gardens  and  plantations  of  cochine.il,  for  which  this  city  is 
celebrated.  It  is  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  the  Con- 
federation. Principal  edifices,  the  Bishop's  Palace,  Cathe- 
dral, 2  colleges,  numerous  convents,  and  the  City-hall.  It 
lias  manufactures  of  chocolate,  soap,  and  perfumery,  and 
au  active  trade  in  sugar  and  cochineal.     Pop.  25,000. 

OAK,  a  post-office  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio. 

OAKACHICK.VMA.  o-k.vchik'.vmaw,  a  post- village  of  Yal- 
lobusha  CO..  .Mississippi. 

OAK  BLUFF.asmall  post-village  of  Greene  CO.,  .Arkansas. 

0.\K  libUFt'S.  a  post.-ofRce  of  Carroll  co.,  Louisiana. 

O.A.K  B:>\V'KIIY,  a  pos^offlce  of  Chambers  co.,  Alabama. 

0.\K  CRKEK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.E.  p.^rt 
of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin,  90  miles  E.  of  Mailison.   P.  2222. 

0.\K'DALK,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachusetts, 
on  the  Worcester  and  Nashua  Kailroad,  10  miles  from  Wor- 
cester. 

0.\KD.\LE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn.'ylvania. 

OAKDALE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri,  about 
100  miles  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

0.\.iv'D.\.M,  a  post-offioe  of  Vanderburg  co..  Indi-ana. 

0.\KK.  ok,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

OAK./KY  STIIEAK,  a  post-offlje  of  Butler  CO.,  Aliibama. 

OAK'FIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co^ 
New  York,  about  250  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.    Pop.l59T. 

OAKFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Perry  CO.,  Ohio. 

OAKFIELD,  a  post-township,  Kent  Co.,  Michigan.  P.  1078. 

OAKFIELD,  a  post-village  of  FrankUu  co.,  JUssoiu-i,  35 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Loius. 

OAKFIIiLD.  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Fond  du 
Lac  CO..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1146, 

OAK  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Pendletou  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 


O.IK'FORD,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co,  of  Devon. 

OAK  FOll/EST,  a  postoffice  of  Cumberland  eo.,  Virginia. 

OAK  FOKEST,  a  post-office  of  Iredell  co..  North  Carolina. 

0.\K  FOKEST,  a  postroflice  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana 

OAKFUSKEE  (ok-fus'kee)  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  hows 
into  Tallapoosa  River,  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Tallaiwosa 
county. 

OAKFUS'KEE  or  OAKFUS'KY,  a  post-office  of  Randolph 
CO.,  Alabama. 

OAK  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Westmon;land  CO.,  A'irginia. 

O.VK  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Korth  CaroUuh. 

0.\K  GKOVE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama. 

OAK  GKOVE,  Mobile  co.,  Alabama,  a  station  on  the  Mo- 
bile and  Ohio  Railroad,  14  miles  from  Mobile. 

O.^K  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Jelferson  co.,  Tennessee. 

OAK  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  210  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

OAK  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  CO.,  Michigan. 

O.VK  GKOVE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  21 
miles  S.E.  of  Independence. 

0.\K  GKOVE,  a  post-office  of  Lian  co.,  Iowa. 

0.\K  GKOVE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  central 
part  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  .Madison. 
Pop.  2023. 

OAK  HALL  ACADEMY,  a  pos^office  of  Yallobiisha  co., 
Mississippi. 

O.VKU.\M  or  OKEHAM,  o/kam,  a  market-town  and  pa- 
rish of  England,  capital  of  the'  county  of  Rutland,  with  a 
station  on  the  East  Midland  Railway,  11  miles  W.X.W.  c' 
Stamford.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  2800.  It  is  neatly  built, 
has  a  fine  cliurch,  a  grammar  school  founded  in  1584.  and 
endowed  with  numerous  exhibitions  to  the  universities. 
It  Iws  a  branch  bauk.  A  canal  connects  it  with  Melton- 
Mowbray. 

0-VK/lI.\M,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 55  miles  W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  959. 

O.A.KH.VMl'TON,  Ok-hamp/ton,  a  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Ocke,  22  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Exeter.  The  town  is  irregularly  built,  and  baa 
ruins  of  a  castle  of  the  Earls  of  Devon. 

OAKHAMPTOX,  Monk,  a  parish.  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  with 
a  station  on  the  Kennebec  and  Portland  Railroad,  23  miles 
from  Portland. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  station  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  6 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Hudson,  New  York. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  New  i'ork,  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

0-VK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

O.VIi  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co.,  North  Carolina. 

O.VK  IITLL,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia,  142 
miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

OAK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Alabama. 

OAK  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Overton  co.,  Tennessee. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky. 

OAK  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Scioto  and  Hocking  RailroaS,  87  miles  S.S.W'.  of  Columbus, 
has  about  100  inhabitants. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  post-village  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  near  the 
W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

O.VK  HILL,  a  post-offlc<  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsiu.' 

OAKIXGHAM,  England.    See  Woki.\gh.\m. 

O.VK'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  aud-4.j  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cambridge,  with  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Wis- 
beach. 

0-VK'L.VND,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Michignn,  con- 
tains about  900  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Clinttjn,  Shiawassee,  Flint,  and  Kouge  (or  Ked)  Rivers. 
and  by  W'oodruff  Creek.  The  county  is  sprinkled  over  b> 
multitudes  of  small  lakes  of  pure  waf«r,  the  largest  of 

13i5 


OAK 

whi.'h  are  1  or  2  miles  in  extent.  The  number  of  these  is 
not  less  tlian  50.  The  surface  in  the  N.  is  hilly ;  the  S.  part 
18  rolling,  and  heavily  limbered.  The  soil  is  generally  fer- 
tile, and  well  cultivated.  Oakland  is  the  most  populous 
couutv  in  the  sta.te,  excepting  Wayne.  By  the  census  of 
IS.OU,  "it  produced  more  wheat,  corn,  oats,  hay,  and  wool 
than  any  other  county  of  ilichlgan.  There  were  raised  in 
tlmt  year  5S6,oie  bushels  of  wheat;  48S,Slb  of  corn ;  278,382 
of  oats ;  63,206  tons  of  hay ;  and  293,981  pounds  of  wool.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Kailroad.  Capi- 
tal, Poutiac.    Pop.  38,261. 

OAKLAND,  a  village  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  1  woollen- 
mill,  emploviug  110  hands. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  New  York, 
about  260  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

OAKL.WD,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

OAKLA.ND,  a  township  of  Veuaugo  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1076. 

OAKLAND,  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  30  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Chatham  co..  North  Carolina. 

OAKLAND,  post-office,  iidgetield  district.  South  Carolina. 

OAKL.\^ND,  a.  post-office  of  i>audenlale  co.,  Alabama. 

OAKLAND,  a  post  village  of  Yallobusha  CO.,  Mississippi, 
139  miles  N.  of  Jacksou. 

OAKLAND,  a  po^t-offlce  of  Lavacca  CO.,  Texas. 

OAKL.VND,  a  post-office  of  bt.  Francis  co.,  Arkansas. 

0AKL.4ND,  a  posl^village  in  Fayette  CO.,  Tennessee. 

OAKLAND,  Indiana,  a  station  on  the  Indianapolis  and 
Bellefoutaine  Railroad,  14  miles  from  Indianapolis. 

0.4KL.\ND,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co,,  Ohio, 

OAKLAND,  a  pos^village  of  Fairfield  co,,  Ohio,  12  miles 
SW.  of  Lancaster.  The  post-office  is  called  Clear  Creek, 
Pop.  200. 

OAKL.\ND,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Oakland 
CO.,  .Michigan.     Pop.  1070. 

JAKLAN  D,  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co,.  Indiana. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Coles  co,,  Illinois,  95  miles  E. 
by  S.  of  ^^priugtield. 

JAlvLAND,  a  post-office  of  La  Clede  co.,  Missouri. 

O.VKL.VND,  a  post>office  of  Dubuque  co,,  Iowa. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsiti,    Pop,  1195. 

0.\KLAND,  a  post-town  of  Alameda  co.,  California,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  bay  from  San  F'rancisco,  The  bay 
is  here  about  7  miles  wide,  and  is  crossed  in  half  an  hour 
for  fifty  cents.  The  location  is  very  desirable  for  those  who 
are  not  engaged  iu  active  pursuits.  One  newspaper  is  pub- 
Ushed  here.  Incorporated  a  city  March  26,  Iboi.  Pop.  in 
ISOO,  1543. 

OAKLAND,  a  township  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-office  of  Umpqua  co,,  Oregon. 

O.-VKLAND,  a  small  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co,  of 
Oxford,  7  miles  S,  of  Brautford,  and  14  miles  from  Simcoe. 
It  contains  several  mills  and  hotels. 

OAK'LAND  COL/LKGK,  a  post-village  Of  Claiborne  co., 
Mississippi,  about  70  miles  S.W.  of  Jackson.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Oakland  College,  founded  in  1831, 

O.-VKLAND  tiKuVji,  a  post-office  of  Prairie  co,,  Arkansas. 

OAKLAND  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co,,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

O-V-K  L.iWN,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co,,  Virginia. 

O.VK  LAWN,  a  post-office  of  Cabarrus  co.,  North  Carolina. 

OAK  LJiV'KL,  a  post-olhce  of  Henry  co,,  Virginia. 

O-VK  LKVEL,  a  postoffice  of  Benton  CO.,  Alabama. 

0-AK'LKV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

OAKLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

0.\KLEY,  a  pari.-ih  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

OAKLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

OAKLEY,  (jRiiAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

O.VKLEY,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Essex. 

0.\KL;CY,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  CO.,  Virginia. 

0.\KLEY,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama. 

OAKLEY,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Illinois. 

O.VKLEY,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Missouri. 

OAKLEY,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Louisiana. 

OAKMULUEE,  a  river  of  Georgia.     See  Ocmdlgee. 

O.-VK.MULGEE,  ok-mul'ghee,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co,, 
Virginia. 

OAKMULOEE  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  into  Cahawba 
River,  about  12  miles  N,  of  Cahawba. 

O.VIOOII.VY/,  a  postolfice  of  Covington  co,,  Mississippi. 

0.\K  Oli'ClIAUD,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co..  New  York, 
on  the  creek  of  the  same  name,  about  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Rochester. 

OAK  ORCHARD,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland. 

OAlv  OliCilAliD  CREEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  New  York, 
rises  in  Geuesee  co..  Hows  through  Orleans  co.,  and  falls  into 
Lake  Ontai-io  about  10  miles  N.  of  Albion. 

OAltoVi'Ul,  ok'o-ver,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

OAK  PL.VINS.  a  postoffice  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan. 

0.4K  POINT,  a  post-office  of  St.  {.awrence  co..  New  York. 

OAK  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Van  Uurun  co.,  Iowa. 
1376  ' 


OBA 

OAK  POINT,  a  'post-office  of  Thurston  co.,  'Washington 

Territory. 

OAK  RIDGE,  a  postoffice  of  Guilford  co,.  North  Carolina. 

O.VK  RIDOE,  a  post-office  of  Meriwetlier  co.,  Georgia. 

OAK  RIDGE,  a  small  village  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia. 

OAK  RlDGli,  a  small  post-village  of  Greene  cu,,  .Vrkansas. 

OAK  RIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky. 

O.VK  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio. 

OAK  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Cipe  Girardeau  co.,  MissourL 

OAK  RI DGE,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Galena  and  Chicago 
Union  Railroad,  8  miles  from  Chicago. 

OAKS,  a  small  village  of  Limestone  CO.,  Alabama. 

OAKS,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co,,  New  York, 

OAK'S  COlt/NERS,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co,.  New  York. 

OAKSEY,  ok'see,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Wilts. 

OAK  SHADE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

0.\K  SH.VDE,  a  post-office  of  Culpepper  co,,  Virginia. 

OAK  SPRING,  a  village  in  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  85  miles  S.W. 
of  Iowa  City. 

OAK  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa. 

OAK'S  SHOP,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

OAK'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Tuolumne  co.,  California. 

OAKS/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co..  New  York. 

OAKTIIORPE,  ok'thorp,  a  hamlet  of  England,  counties  of 
Leicester  and  Derby,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Ashby-de-la-Zouch. 

OAKTIBBEHA.     See  Oktiuiieua. 

O.VKT'ON,  a  post-village  of  Slassac  co.,  Illinois,  20  milefl 
\V.  by  S.  of  Golconda. 

OAKTUPPA  (Ok-tup'pa)  CREEK.  Alabama,  flows  through 
Washington  co.,  and  enters  Tombigbee  liiver  from  the  right. 

OjVKVILL,  a  post-oflice  of  New  Haven  co.,  Connecticut. 

0.\K'VILIjE,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  about 
70  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

OAKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
with  a  station  on  tlie  Cumberland  Valley  and  Frankhn 
Railroad,  near  Shippinsburg. 

OAKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  CO.,  Maryland. 

O.A.KVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Appomattox  co.,  Virginia, 
103  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

O.VKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  North  Cai'oUna, 
180  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

O.VKVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Lexington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

O.VKA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Alabama, 
about  110  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

0.\KVILLE,  a  village  of  Madison  co,,  Tennessee,  14  miles 
N.W.  of  Jackson. 

OAKVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  36 
miles  S.AV.  by  W,  of  Detroit. 

O.VKVILLE,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  near  the 
Mississippi  Itiver,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

OAKVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Canada  West, 
ao.  of  Halton,  situated  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  at  the 
outlet  of  the  Sixteen-mile  Creek,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toronto, 
and  20  miles  from  Hamilton.    Pop.  about  700. 

OAK'WOOD,  a  post-oflice  of  Weakly  co,,  Tennessee. 

OAlv'WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Fleming  co.,  Kentucky. 

OAKWOODS.  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana, 

OANNA,  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Prince  op  W.\les  1si,.\nd. 

O.VRE,  or,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

O.VRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 

OA.'ilS,  o'j-sis  or  o-A'sis,  (Arab.  Wah,  w;l;  Gr,  Oaffjj.)  a 
word  signifying  "  a  fertile  tract  surrounded  by  a  desert,"  but 
applied  especially  to  those  in  the  Lybian  desert,  under  the 
Egyptian  dominion ;  the  Great  Oasis  being  1 20  mil»s  W,  of 
Thebes;  the  Western  Oasis  40  miles  further  W.;  and  the 
Lesser  Oasis  100  miles  S,W.  of  Fayoom,  They  were  used,  it 
is  said,  as  places  of  exile  under  the  Romans. 

O.VSIS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waushara  CO., 
Wisconsin,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Sacrnnitfuto. 

O.-VTAFU,  an  island.  South  Pacific.    See  Duke  of  York. 

OATHLAW,  Oth'law,  (formerly  FINHA'VEN,)  a  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar.  In  its  vicinity  are  remains  of  a 
large  Roman  camp. 

O.VTLAND,  ot/land,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia, 
on  Goose  Creek,  loO  miles  N.  of  Richmond.  It  has  several 
mills. 

OATL.VNDS,  ofl^ndz,  a  district  of  Van  Dieman's  Land. 
Area  900  sijuare  miles.  Chief  towns,  Oatlands,  (40  miles  N, 
of  Hobart-Town,)  and  Jericho. 

OAT  ME.VL,  a  post-office  of  Burnet  co,,  Texas. 

OAXACA,  a  state  of  Mexico.    See  0.\Jac.v. 

OB,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Obi. 

OBAIX,  o'bA',a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut 
19  miles  E,N,E,  of  .Mons,     Pop.  1093.' 

O'BAN,  a  parliamentary  borough  and  seaport  town  of 
Scotland,  co,  of  Argyle,  ou'Oban-Bay,  20  miles  N.W.  of  In 
verary.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851.  1742.  It 
is  a  handsome,  thriving  town;  the  harbor  is  exceii>;nt,  and 
the  bay  has  a  depth  of  from  12  to  24  fathoms  of  water.  It 
has  manufactures  of  silk,  and  straw  hats,  ami  exports  pii?- 
iron,  whiskey,  wool,  fish,  kelp,  and  slates.  Steamers  ply  to 
Glasgow,  Greenock,  Tobermory,  Inverness,  Liverpool,  and 
the  Western  Islands.  The  borough  unites  with  Ayr,  Irvinn, 
Campbellton,  and  Inverary  in  sending  1  member  to  tlie 


OBA 


OBI 


ITouse  of  Commons.  Three  miles  X.  of  the  town  stand  the 
ruins  of  the  royal  palace  of  Duustaffnage,  and  to  the  N.AV. 
la  UuiioUy  Castle. 

OliANOS.  o-Bi'noce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre, 
S.S.W.  of  I'iimplnna.     Pop.  1294. 

OIJDOUSK.  ob-clnusk',  or  OBDORSKOI,  ob-doR-skoi'.  the 
most  N.  station  in  the  government  of  Tobolsk,  Siberia,  on 
the  Obi.  near  its  mouth  ;  lat.  66"  30'  .\.,  Ion.  67°  20'  E. 

OBDORSK  MOU.N'TAINS.    See  Ural  Mountains. 

01515.  n  river  of  Siberia.     See  Obi. 

0-Bl5cSK,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Uacz-Broze. 

0I5EID,  o-bid'  or  o-b.Veed.  called  also  EI^OBEID  or  -AI^ 
ORIOII).  the  capital  town  of  Kordofan,  in  Africa,  in  a  plain, 
240  miles  S.W".  of  Sennaar.  Lat.  13°  11'  N.,  Ion.  .30°  8'  K. 
Kstimated  pop.  30.000,  it  having  doubled  since  1828.  The 
dwellinirs  are  mostly  built  of  reeds  or  straw,  and  in  the 
shape  of  corn-stacks,  and  a  few  of  sun-dried  bricks.  There 
are  5  mosques  in  the  town,  3  barracks,  a  hospital,  and  go- 
vernor's residence,  one  of  the  largest  buildings  in  Obeid ; 
and  a  m.irket-place,  which,  during  tlie  day,  presents  a  scene 
of  great  bustle  and  animation.  As  soon  as  night  sets  in. 
there  is  a  furious  howling  of  wild  beasts,  leopards,  and 
hyenas,  all  round,  who  are  kept  off  by  strong  abattis  of 
tliorns,  with  which  the  houses  are  surrounded,  and  behind 
whi(-h  the  dogs  yell  them  defiance.  Water  sometimes  is 
very  .scarce,  and  the  wells  are  nearly  100  feet  deep.  The 
exports  comprise  gold,  silver,  hides,  ivory,  gum-aral>ic.  and 
slaves.  Seven  miles  S.K.  is  the  village  of  .Milbess,  finely 
situated,  and  the  summer  residence  of  the  government  ofR- 
cers  of  the  pa«ha. 

OBER,  o'bf r,  (i.  e.  "  upper,")  a  prefix  to  the  names  of 
numerous  places  in  Germany,  ns  Ober-Glogau;  for  those 
not  undermentioned,  .see  .idditional  name. 

OliKH-ACIIER.V,  o/her  d'K?rn,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Middle  Khine,  bailiwick  of  Achern.     Pop.  1126. 

OltEllALP,  o'bfr-illp\  a  pass  and  small  lake  of  Switzer- 
land, at  the  .S.W.  extremity  of  the  canton  of  Uri. 

OBKHItURO,  o'ber-baORu^  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  11  miles  X.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1907. 

OUEKDEKDIXGEN,  Wiirtemhurg.    See  Dermnoev. 

OlJiiltDOKF.  o'lier-doRf\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  ot 
Swabia.  37  miles  N.W.  of  Wiirzburg.     Pop.  1001. 

OliKR-URAlIUlKG,  o'bgr  drow'booRO,  ("Upper  Drave- 
castlo,")  a  market-town  of  Illyria,  42  miles  W.  of  Villach, 
on  the  Drave,  with  the  ruins  of  a  fortress.     Pop.  30l5o. 

0BIC11GE:^TELKN,  o'ber-ghfs/t.Vlpn,  and  OBf^KWALD, 
o'bgr-wdlt\  the  two  highest  villages  in  the  valley  of  the 
Rhone,  Upper  Aalais,  SAvitzerlaud;  the  former  4300  feet 
above  the  sea. 

OBEIt-IIASLl,  Switzerland.     See  IIasu. 

OBERIHUSEM,  o'bw-howVen.  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the 
Rhine,  and  on  the  railroad  from  Dusseldorf  to  Dortmund,  5 
miles  S.AV.  of  Etteubeim.     Pop.  1838. 

OBEHII.■VUi^  EN.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine, 
13  miles  S.  of  Mannheim.     Pop.  1186. 

OBER-IIESSKX,  o'ber  hfs'sen.  (i.e.  " Upper  Ilesse,")  the 
north-eastern  ijrnvtiice  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.    Pop.  310,141. 

OBEltilOLFABltUX,  o'ber-hoM-bror)n\  a  market-town 
of  Lower  Austria.  28  miles  N.W.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  2C88. 

OBER-K.VUFUNGEN,  o'b^r  kow'foongVn,  a  market-town 
of  Ilessi^Cassel,  7  miles  R.S.E.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  2161. 

OBERKlUCil.  o'ber-k6eRK\  an  old  walled  town  of  Baden, 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Offenburg.    Pop.  1200. 

OBERLATBACU,  Neu,  noi  o'ber-li'biK.  a  market-town  of 
Austria,  Carr.iola,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Laybach.     Pop.  1346. 

O'BEHLAND,  TiiE,  (Ger.  pron.  o/ber-ldnt^— the  "Upper 
country,")  in  Switzerland,  comprises  all  the  canton  of  Bern 
S.  of  the  Lake  of  Thun,  with  adjacent  parts  of  Unterwalden 
and  Uri.  In  a  more  restricted  sense  it  is  applied  to  the 
valleys  of  Ilasli,  Grindenwald,  and  Lauterhrunnen. 

O'BEIxLl.N.  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  So  miles  S.W.  of 
Cleveland,  and  8  miles  from  Elyria.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  collegiate  institute,  named  in  honor  of  John  Frederick 
Obeilin,  p.astor  of  Walbach,  Switzerland.  This  institution, 
founded  in  1834,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Evangelical 
Cougregatioualists.  It  occupies  7  commodious  buildings, 
has  20  mstnicturs,  a  library  of  about  9000  volumes,  and  230 
graduates  from  the  Theological  department,  460  from  the 
'L'oHege  department,  and  34o  from  the  Young  Ladies'  depart- 
"lent.  In  lS63-i  it  wa-s  attended  by  901  stvidents  of  both 
sexes.  The  object  of  this  college  is  to  afford  an  economical, 
education  bj'  combining  manual  labor  with  study.  No 
person  is  excluded  from  this  institution  on  account  of  color. 
The  village  contains  a  large  brick  church,  capable  of  hold- 
ing 3000  persons,  2  other  churches,  1  national  bank,  1  news- 
paper office.  2  book  stores,  and  seveial  other  stores.  When 
Oberlin  College  was  fiist  established,  the  country  was  a 
wilderness,  without  a  single  inhabitant.  Pop.  in  1860,  2115 : 
in  1865,  about  3000. 

OBERMORLEN,  o^bgr-moRMgn,  a  village  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, province  of  Ober-llessen,  16  miles  S.  of  Giessen.  Pop. 
\72S. 

OBKRNAI.  o'bfB'nA/,  or  OBEREHNHEIM,  o'bgr-Jn'hime, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  14  miles  N.  of 
4M 


Sch61estadt.  Pop.  4823.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and 
active  manufactures  of  plain  and  printed  calicoes.  In  its 
vicinity  is  an  enclosure  known  as  the  Pagans'  Camp. 

OBERNBEUG,  o'bern-bt'RG\  a  market-town  of  Upper  Aus- 
tria, circle  of  Inn,  on  the  Inn,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Jtied.  Pop- 
1740. 

OBERNBURG,  o'bern-hdoRoV  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Lower  Franeonia,  on  the  Main,  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  WUriS- 
burg.     Pop.  1773. 

OBERNDORF,  o^iern-doRr,  a  town  of  WUrtemburg,  on 
the  Neckar,  43  miles  S.W.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  16.54.  Its 
ancient  Augustine  Abbey  is  now  used  for  a  gun  factory  and 
cannon  foundry. 

OBERN'IK,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.     See  Ohornik. 

OBERXKTBCIIEN,  o'beni-ke6RK\'n,  a  town  of  Germany, 
Hesse-Ciissel.  9  miles  E.  of  .Minden.     Pop.  1862. 

OBERXZELIj,  a  village  of  Bavaria.     See  Hafnerzeli.. 

OBEKI'AIILEX'^,  o'bgr-pd'Ien,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Livonia,  52  miles  K.X.E.  of  Pernau.  with  a 
strong  castle,  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Duke  of  Hol- 
stein. 

ORERPERFUSS,  o'bgr-pSR/foos\  a  village  of  Tyrol,  circle 
of  Imst.     Pop.  1063. 

OBERRAD,  o'beR-nJt\  a  village  belonging  to  the  free  town 
of  Frankfort.  It  lies  on  the  Main,  and  on  the  road  to  Offen- 
bach.    Pop.  1378. 

OBERRIED,  otieR-Reet^,  a  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  St.  Gall,  in  its  E.  part,  4  miles  S.  uf  Altstetten.    Pop.  3890. 

OBERRIEDKX,  o'beB-ReeMen,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Zurich,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich. 
Pop.  762. 

OBERSITZKO,  o'ber-sits'ko,  written  also  OBERSITSKO, 
OBKltSYCKO,  and  OBERZYKO.  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Poland, 
28  miles  N.W.  of  Poscm.     Pop.  2000. 

OBEKSTDORP.  o'berst-doKf\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  lller,  29  miles' E.S.E.  of  Lindan.     Pop.  1910. 

OBERSTEIN,  o'bfr-stine\  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of 
Oldenburg.  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Birkenfeld.     Pop.  2261. 

OBEKSTENFELD,  o'ber-stJii>fiMt,  a  village  of  Wtlrtem- 
berg.  circle  of  Neckar,  S.E.  of  Heilbronn.     Pop.  1432. 

OBERUZWEIL,  o'beh-ro(Jt.s'*Tl.  a  vill.age  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  7  miles  N.W,  of  St,  Gall.   Pop.  2175. 

OBERAVEIL  or  OBERWYL,  o'ber-<*Il\  several  places  of 
Switzerland,  particularly  a  village  and  parish,  canton  and 
20  miles  S.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1423. 

OBERWEISSBACH,  o'bo.r-wi.sM)aK,  a  village  of  Schwarz- 
burg-Rudolstadt,  bailiwick  and  near  Rudolstadt.    Pop.  1716. 

OBERWESEL,  o'ber-ft.'lVsel,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Coblentz.'on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  2300. 

OBERWIESENTHAL,  o%r-*ee/zen-tai\  a  town  of  Saxo- 
ny, 31  miles  S.  E.  of  Zwickau."  2800  feet  above  sea  level.  I'op. 
1897. 

OBERWINTER,  o'bfr-*in'ter.  a  villase  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, on  the  Rhine,  10  miles  S.S'.E.  of  Bonn.     Pop.  960. 

OBERWINTERTHUR,  o'bei^-»in'tgr-tooR\  a  village  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Zurich. 
Pop.  2089. 

OBEKWTSEL,  o'ber-'ftiVel,  a  town  of  Nassau,  baiHwick 
of  Kiinigstein.  on  Mount  Taunus.     Pop.  1952. 

0-BE8SEN0VA.  o-bfeh'sh.-V'no'voh',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co,  of  Torontal,  on  the  Aranka,  about  9  miles 
from  Nagy-Szent  Miklos.     Pop.  7217. 

OBT,  Oi$Y,  OBE,  o'bee,  or  OB,  oh,  one  of  the  great  rivers 
of  Siberia,  governments  of  Tomsk  and  Tobolsk.  It  rises  by 
two  principal  sources  in  the  Little  Altai,  near  lat.  51°  N., 
Ion.  89°  E ,  flows  tortuously  N.W.  to  Samarova.  and  thence 
generally  N.,  in  a  double  channel,  to  the  Gulf  of  Obi,  which 
it  enters  near  lat.  67°  N.,  Ion.  72°  E.,  after  a  total  course  of 
2000  miles.  Tributaries,  the  Irtish  with  the  Tobul  and 
Ishim,  the  Tom,  and  the  Tchulim,  Its  b.asin,  estimated  to 
comprise  l,.j57,000  square  miles,  is  .situated  between  that  of 
the  Yenisei  and  the  Ural  Mountains. 

OBI,  Gulp  of  the  wide  estuary  of  the  above  river,  form- 
ing an  inlet  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  between  lat.  67°  30'  and 
T2°  .30'  N.,  and  Ion.  72°  and  77°  E.  It  receives  the  Obi  at  its 
S.E.  extremity,  and  on  Its  E.  it  has  an  arm  called  Tazovsk 
Bay, 

OBIDOS,  o-bee'doce,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  Estro- 
madura,  E.  of  Peniche,  and  45  miles  N.  of  Lisbon.  Pop. 
3000.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  extennive  remains  of  a  Roman 
aqueduct.  An  engagement  betwe(!n  the  English  and  French 
took  place  under  its  walls  in  1808. 

OBIDOS.  o-bee'doce,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para, 
on  the  loft  bank  of  the  Amazon,  at  the  head  of  its  tide- 
water. Here  the  river  is  nan-owed  in  the  Strait  of  Pajixis 
to  about  1  mile  across.  Lat.  1°  50'  S.,  Ion.  55°  18'  W.  It  Ls 
regularly  built,  and  has  some  trade  in  cotton  and  cocoa. 
Pop.  6000. 

OBTES  (o'beez)  RIVER,  sometimes  written  O'BED'S  or 
O'BEY'S.  of  the  N.  part  of  Tennessee,  ri.ses  in  B'entress  county, 
among  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  and  flowing  north-west- 
ward, enters  Cumberland  River  near  the  N,W.  extremity 
of  Overton  county.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats  60  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  its  whole  length  is  probably  above  ICO 
miles.    In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  passes  through  a 

1377 


OBI 


OCH 


rteep  en(  -u  the  mountain,  and  is  remarkable  for  beautiful 
scenerj 

015 11"4,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Avila. 

OBION,  o'be-on,  a  river  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Tennepsee,  Is 
formed  by  three  branches,  the  North,  South,  anil  Kuther- 
ford  Forks,  which  unite  in  Obion  count}-,  a  few  miles  S.E. 
of  Xroy.  It  flows  thence  south-westward  through  Dyer 
county  into  the  Missia-ippi.  Its  whole  length,  including 
cue  of  the  branches,  is  estimated  at  150  miles. 

OBION,  a  county  tbrming  the  N.AV.  extremity  of  Tennes- 
see, bordering  on  Kentucky  and  Mis.souri.  Area  estimated 
at  (550  square  miles.  The  Jlissis-sippi  forms  its  entire  \V. 
boundary,  and  Obion  River,  from  which  the  name  is  derived, 
flows  through  the  county.  The  surface  is  nearly  level. 
Cipital,  Troy.  Pop.  12,817,  of  whom  10,418  were  free,  and 
2a!)9  slaves. 

OBISPO,  o-bees'po,  a  small  river  of  the  Isthmiis  of  Pa- 
nama, joins  the  Chagres  near  Cruces. 

OBITOSIINEI  or  OBIXOCIINEJ,  a  town  of  Russia.    See 

KOOAiSK. 

OBLIGADO,  o-ble-gj'do,  a  village  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. (La  Plata.)  on  the  river  Parana,  near  Buenes  Ayres. 
The  combined  British  and  i'rench  fleets  bombarded  it  and 
silenced  its  batteries,  28th  November,  1840. 

OB'LONcJ,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

OBLO.NO.  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Illinois. 

OBNOOIVBY,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana.    P.  394. 

OBOIANor  OBOJAN..  See  Ouoyan. 

OBOL,  o-bol',  a  river  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Vitebsk,  flows  S.W.  past  Dubovski,  and  after  a  course  of 
about  75  miles,  joins  the  Dwina  12  miles  above  I'olotzk. 

OBOOKUOV,  OBOUKIIOT  or  0BUCII0\V,  o-boo-Kov',  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government  and  25  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Kiev.     I'op.  2000. 

OBORNE,  o'born,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

OBORNIK,  o/bor-nik\  OBERNIK,  o/ber-nik\  or  OBOR- 
NIKI,  o-bor-nee'kee,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  18  miles 
K.N.W.  of  Poseu,  on  the  Warta.    Pop.  1550. 

OBOUKHOV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Obookhov. 

OBOYAN,  OBOIAN  or  OBOJAN,  o-bo-ydn',.a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  32  miles  S.  of  Koorsk,  capital  of  a 
circle,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Oboyanka  and  Psiol.  Pop. 
6500.  It  was  founded  in  1(350,  as  a  bulwark  against  the 
incursions  of  the  Crim  Tartars,  and  has  several  churches, 
schools,  and  charitable  institutions,  with  a  brisk  trade  in 
cattle. 

OBUA,  ob'ri,  a  river  of  Prussian  Poland,  rises  near  Kos- 
min,  and  after  a  W.  and  N.W.  course,  joins  the  Warta,  a 
little  W.  of  Schwerin.     Length  130  miles. 

0BRA.7Ii,L0  or  OBIIAXILLO,  o-Bra-ne».l/yo,  a  town  of 
Peru,  department  and  60  miles  N.E.  of  Lim:^  in  the  moun- 
tains. It  consists  of  about  100  grouud-tloor  cottages,  enclosed 
by  gardens. 

O'BRIEN,  o-bri'gn,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  about  580  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  one 
of  the  branches  and  some  of  the  affluents  of  the  Little  Sioux 
River,  and  also  by  Floyd's  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Missouri. 
This  county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Named 
in  honor  of  Smith  O'Brien,  the  Irish  patriot.    Pop  8. 

O'BRIEN  ISLANDS,  South  Shetland,  South  Atlantic 
Ocean,  are  in  lat.  61°  32'  S.,  Ion.  55"  22'  \V. 

O'BRIEN'S  BRIDGE,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Munster,  co.  of  Clare,  4  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Kilaloe.  The  vil- 
lage stands  on  the  Shannon,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  14  arches.    Pop.  435.    It  has  a  good  quay. 

OBRINGA.    SeeAAR. 

OBRITZ,  o^rits,  or  OBRECHTS,  o^brJKts,  a  small  town 
or  village  of  Lower  Austria,  near  the  Pulkau.  Pod. 
1030.  *^ 

OBROWITZ,  o'bro-fiits\  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia,  so 
near  Brilnn  as  to  be  properly  one  of  its  suburbs.    Pop.  913. 

OB.SCIIA,  ob/shJ,  or  MEGA,  md/gS,  a  river  of  Russia, 
rises  in  the  government  of  Smolensk,  flows  AV.,  and  joins 
the  Dwina  20  miles  above  Velizh.  Total  course  80  miles, 
part  of  which  is  navigable. 

OBSERVATZII.  ob-s^r-vdt/see,  a  cape  of  East  Asia,  Gulf 
Of  Anadeer.  lat  64°  47'  58"  N.,  Ion.  177°  39'  55"  E. 

OBCCIIOW.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Oiiookhov. 

OBVA,  OBWA,  ob'vj,  or  OBVINSK,  ob-vinsk'.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  57  miles  N.W.  of  Perm,  on  the 
Obva,  an  affluent  of  the  Kama.    Pop.  3000. 

OBY,  R  river  of  Siberia.     See  Obi. 

OBY,  o'bee,  written  also  UBI,  a  small  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  Siam,  15  miles  S.  of  the  point  of  Cambodia;  lat  8°  25' 
N.,  Ion.  104°  54'  E. 

OBY,  sometimes  called  FALSE  OBY,  an  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  Siam.  48  miles  N.  of  the  above;  lat.  8°  56'  N.,  Ion.  104° 
38'  E.,  about  IS  miles  from  the  mainland. 

OBY,  GREAT,  an  island  of  Pitt's  Passage,  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, about  50  miles  long,  and  10  to  2o  miles  broad- 

OBY,  LITTLE,  an  island  of  Pitt's  Passage,  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, situated  ofl-  the  W.  end  of  Great  Oby ;  lat  1°  26'  S 
Jon.  127°  17'  E.  j  '  ■> 

OCAN.I  o-kdn'yj  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  30  mileg 
E.  of  Toledo.    Lat  39^  56' N.,  Ion.  3°  31' W.    Pop.  4789.    It 


is  enclosed  by  ruined  walls,  and  in  decay.  Principal  edi- 
fices. 4  parish  churches,  a  hospital,  cavalry  barracks,  and  au 
aqueduct  of  Roman  construction.  Here,  on  lUlh  Novem- 
ber, 1809,  the  Spanish  troops  under  Areizaga  were  totally 
defeated  by  the  French  under  Marshal  Mortior. 

OCANA,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and  31  miles  N.  ol 
Almeria.     Pop.  20u0. 

OCANA,  a  town  of  South  America,  New  Granada,  depart- 
ment of  Magdalena,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Pamplona.  Pop.  5000. 
It  exports  goods  by  the  river  Canaveralos. 

(JCCIUOBELLU,  ok-kc-o-bfWo,  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
Italy.  13  miles  S.W.  of  Rovigo,  on  the  Po.     Pop.  32(X>. 

OCCIM ANO,  ot-che-mi'uo,  or  OCCI.MIANO,  ot-chi^me-J'no, 
a  village  of  Piedmont  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Alessandria,  near 
the  Grana.    Pop.  2014. 

OCyCOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

OCCOQUAN,  ok'ko-kw5n,  a  river  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, is  formed  by  Broad  Run  and  Cetlai  Run,  which  unite 
near  Bretitsville,  in  Prince  William  county.  It  flows  first 
eastward  to  the  boundary  between  that  county  and  Fairfax, 
then  runs  south-eastward  along  the  lx)uud.iry  until  it 
enters  the  Potomac  River,  25  miles  below  Washington.  It 
has  a  fall  of  72  feet  in  a  distance  of  1|  miles,  affording-  fine 
sites  for  manufactories. 

OCCOQUAN,  a  post-village  of  Prince  William  co..  Virginia, 
c-Q  the  Ocooquan  River.  99  miles  N.  of  Richmond.  It  has 
extensive  water-power,  with  several  mills  and  a  cotton 
factory.     Pop.  from  300  to  400. 

OCCUPA/CIA,  a  post-offlce  of  Essex  co.,  Virginia. 

OCE.\N,  o'shun.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
has  an  area  of  about  1150  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Metetecunk  and  Tom's  Rivers,  and  OJar  Creek ;  its  E. 
border  is  washed  by  the  Atlantic  Oce.in.  from  whence  it 
derives  its  name.  The  sea-coast  consists  of  a  sandbeach  of 
from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  wide,  through  which  the  tide 
passes  by  Barnegat  Inlet,  and  forms  two  lagoons,  or  salt- 
water lakes,  called  Barnegat  Bay  and  Little  Egg  Harbor 
Bay.  The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  a  large  portion 
covered  with  pine  forests.  The  soil  is  of  alluvial  formation, 
and  consists  of  clay  mingled  with  sand  and  gravel.  Marl  is 
abundant  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  and  iron  is  found 
in  the  northern  part,  where  large  quantities  of  the  metal 
are  manufactured.  Organized  in  1850,  having  been  formed 
from  the  southern  portion  of  Monmouth  countv.  Capital, 
Toms  River.    Pop.  11.176. 

OCEAN,  a  new  township  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey, 
Bordering  on  the  Atlantic.   It  includes  Sandy  Ilook.   P.  4316. 

(X;EAN  or  CUlif;,  kooW.  an  island  of  the  Pacific;  lat.  28'' 
77'  N.,  Ion.  178°  23'  30"  E. 

OCE.VN.  a  group  of  three  islets,  sometimes  called  the 
Kivadelen  or  Catherine  Islands ;  lat  9°  14'  N..  Ion.  167°  2'  B. 

OCEAN  or  PA.\NOPA.  pi/no^d,  an  island  of  the  Pacifio 
Ocean ;  lat.  10°  52'  2"  S.,  ion.  168°  24'  25"  W. ;  10  to  15  miles 
in  circuit.    Pop.  450. 

OCK.\NA,  o-she-ah'na.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Michi- 
gan, has  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Lake  Miihigan,  and  intersected  by  White 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Maskego  River,  (which  flows 
through  the  S.E.  corner.)  with  several  smaller  streams  fall- 
ing into  Lake  ilichigan.  It  is  saii}  to  contain  excellent 
land.    C.-ipital,  Clay  Bank.    Pop.  1816. 

OCEANIA,  o-she-ah/ne-,>,  or  OCEANICA,  o-she-an'e-ka,  (Pr. 
Oci'am'e.  oVA\'i^nee',)  a  name  given  by  modern  geographers 
to  a  fifth  division  of  the  globe,  comprising  West  Oceauia,  or 
Malaisia.  (See  Malav  Archipelago.)  Central  Oceania,  or  Aus- 
tralia, (See  AcsTRALiA,)  and  E.  Oceania,  or  Polynesia,  (See 
Polynesia.) 

O'CEANPORT,  a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 

O'CE.tNVILLE.  a  village  of  Galloway  township,  Atlantic 
CO..  New  Jersey,  about  16  miles  E.  of  May's  Landing,  has  1 
church. 

OCELLUM  DDRII.    See  Fermoselle. 

(XIEOLA,  os-e-c/la,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co..  Missouri. 

OCEOLA,  a  post'-ofRce  of  St.  Jo.seph's  CO..  Indiana. 

OCEOLA  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Mississippi. 

OCIIA,  a  river  of  Siberia.    See  Osha. 

OCIIA.  a  mountain  of  Euboea.    See  Mount  St.  Elias. 

OCIIAG.WIA,  o-chi-gd've-.j,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Navarre,  32  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pamplona.    Pop.  1342. 

0C1I.\NDI.\N0,  o-ch£n-de-d'no.  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Biscay,  S.W.  of  Bilbao.     Pop.  1104. 

OCII.iNSK,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Okhansk. 

OCHIL  (o'Kll)  HILLS,  a  range  of  mountains  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  I'erth,  commencing  about  2  miles  from  the  river  Forth, 
near  Stirling,  and  extending  N.N.E.  to  the  Frith  of  Tay. 
I/ength  about  24  miles,  average  breadth  about  12  miles. 
The  highest  summit,  Bencleugh,  2300  feet  in  height,  is  at 
the  S.W.  end.  The  Ochils  are  formed  of  greenstone  and 
basiUt,  and  intersect  the  coal  formations  on  tl-e  S.,  and  the 
old  red  sandstone  on  the  N.E.  They  contain  silver,  copper, 
and  iron  ores; 

OCHILTREE.  o'Kil-tree,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  oo.  of  Ayr. 

0CH0T8K.    See  Okhotsk. 

(XJHRIDA,  oK're-dd,  (anc  Lynhnidm.)  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  Albania,  capital  of  a  pashalic,  pu  tlio  N.  bank  of 


OCH 


ODE 


Lake  Ochrida.  100  miles  N.  of  Yanina.    Pop.  1000.    It  is  a 

OCUKIBA  or  UKIIRIDA,  LAKE  OF,  (anc.  Lychnitis  La- 
eus.)  the  principal  lake  of  AlViania,  Kuropean  Turkey,  in 
lat.  41°  N.,  Ion.  iU^  45'  E.  Length,  from  N.  to  8.,  18  miles, 
extreme  breadth  8  miles.  It  is  surrounded  by  lofty  moun- 
tains, and  is  hijjhly  picturesque. 

OCILSENUOllf,  ok'sen-doRf \  or  BOITZA,  boit'sd.  a  village 
of  Austria,  Transylvania,  ou  the  frontiers  of  Wallacliia. 
top.  1955. 

OCIlSKXFUItT,  ok'sRn-fodRt\  ("  Ox  ford,")  a  town  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Main.  11  miles  S.K.  of  WUrzliurg.     Top.  2250. 

OCllSi';.NHAU.SE.\,  ok'sen-how'z^n.  a  yillajje  of  \\  Urteni- 
berg,  on  the  Kottum,  8  miles  E.S.K.  of  Biberach.  I'op.  1350. 
It  has  an  ancient  Benedictine  abbey. 

OOHSE.WVAHDliK,  (Uchsenwiirder,)  ok'sen-*ARMer,  a 
free  town,  territory  and  S.E.  of  Hamburg,  t»n  a  marshy 
island  of  the  Elbe.     Pop.  2U00. 

OtiHTA,  a  market-town  of  Ilussia.    See  Okhta. 

OCllTltUP.  OK'truop,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  25 
miles  X.W.  of  Miinster,  on  the  Vechte.     I'op.  1000. 

UCIL'LA,  a  small  river  which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Geor- 
gia, passes  into  Florida,  and  forms  the  boundary  between 
Jell'erson  and  Madison  counties,  until  it  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

OCK,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  after  an  £.  course 
of  20  miles  joins  the  Thames  near  Abingdon. 

OCK'BltOOlv,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and  5 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Derby,  on  the  Midland  Hallway  and  the 
Derby  Canal.  Adjoining  the  village  is  a  Moravian  settle- 
ment.    I'op.  1705. 

UCKE  or  OKK,  ok,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Devon, 
flows  into  the  Torridge.  near  Hatherleigh. 

OCKEK,  ok'ker,  or  OKKK,  o/ker,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises 
in  the  llarz,  flows  N.  past  Brun.swick,  and  joins  the  AUer. 
10  miles  W.  of  Gif  horn.  length  GO  miles.  The  village  of 
Ocker,  on  the  river,  4  miles  N.W  .  of  Ilarzbiirg,  pop.  424,  has 
copper  and  bullion  refining  works. 

UCK'llAM,  a  parish  of  llngland,  co.  of  Surrey. 

OClv'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

OCK'LtK;KON'.\EE  or  OCK'LOClvO'XY  RIVER,  of  Geor- 
gia and  Florida,  rises  in  Irwin  county  of  the  fi^rmer,  and 
passing  through  Florida,  flows  into  Appalachee  Bay.  between 
Leon  and  Gailsden  counties. 

OGK^LOCK^NEY,  a  post-office  of  Thomas  co.,  Georgia. 

OCL.^SKER,  ok-14-seer',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  J5ombay,  5  miles  S.  of  Baroacb,  on  the  Xerbuilda. 

OCLAU  (ok'law)  CKEEli,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Ocmulgee, 
in  Pulaski  county. 

OGLE  PITCIIAKD,  o'kel  pitch'.ard,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Hereford. 

OCMULGEE,  ok-mCiPgliee,  or  OAKMUI/3'EE,  a  river  of 
Georgia,  a  branch  of  the  Altamnha,  formed  by  three  small 
streams,  the  South,  Yellow,,  and  L'lcofawhachee  branches, 
which  rise  in  the  N.  central  part  and  unite  near  the  8.  extre- 
mity of  Newton  county.  Its  general  direction  is  S.S.E.  It 
flows  through  a  hilly,  granitic  region  to  the  city  of  Macori, 
■where  there  is  a  considerable  fall,  affording  extensive  water- 
power,  lielow  this  point  it  traverses  a  level  and  sandy 
country,  in  which  extensive  forests  of  pine  are  found.  The 
length  of  this  river  probably  exceeds  30ti  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable by  small  steamboats  to  JI;icon.  The  Little  Ocmulgee 
enters  the  main  stream  from  the  N.W.,  aljout  10  miles  above 
its  junction  with  the  Oconee. 

OOMUL'GEEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Telfair  CO.,  Georgia. 

OCO'A,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Tennessee. 

OCO'L.\,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Florida,  180  miles 
S.E.  of  Tallahassee. 

OCONA,  o-ko/ui,  a  town  of  Peru,  department  and  90  miles 
W.  of  Arequipa,  on  the  Pacific. 

OCO'-NA  LUFTY,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

OC'O'XEfi.  a  river  of  Georgia,  rises  in  the  auriferous  high- 
lands of  Hall  county,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state,  and 
flowing  in  a  general  S.S.E.  direction,  passes  by  .\thens  and 
Milletlgeville,  and  unites  with  the  Ogeechee  to  form  the  Al- 
tamaha.  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Tatuall  county.  Small 
Hteauiers  once  navigated  the  river  to  Milledgeville,  which  is 
ftlxiut  300  miles  from  the  sea;  but  the  use  of  these  is  now 
superseded  by  railways. 

tiCONEE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co..  Georgia,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  147  miles  N  VV.  of  Savannah. 

OCO'-SEE  SXA'TION',  a  post-village  of  Pickens  co.,  South 
Carolina. 

OCOXOJI'EWOCS  a  creek  of  Wisconsin,  rises  among  the 
small  lakes  of  Waukesha  co.,  and  enters  Block  River,  in  Jef- 
ferson CO.,  about  8  miles  above  Watertown. 

OCON'OME  woe,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Waukesha 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  and  on  the  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  32  miles  W.  by  K.  of  Mil- 
waukee. The  village  haa  4  churches,  20  stores,  2  mills,  1 
bank.  1  foundry,  and  about  250  dwellings.  Total  pop.  1499. 
OCON'TO,  a  small  river  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin,  rises  in 
the  N.li.  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  first  southward  and 
'hen  eastward,  enters  Green  Bay. 


OCONTO,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  border 
iiig  on  Michigan  and  Green  Bay,  contains  about  4000  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.K.  by  the  Menomonce  River, 
on  the  S.E.  by  Green  Bay,  and  dr.ained  by  the  Oconto  and 
Piijhtego  Rivers.  The  surface  is  occupied  by  forests  of  pine. 
Oconto  was  separated  from  Brown  county  in  1850.  Capital, 
Oconto.     Pop.  3592. 

OCONTO,  capital  of  Oconto  co.,M'isconsin.    See  Appendix. 

OCOPA,  o-ko'piL  a  town  of  Peru,  department  and  43  mileii 
N.N.E.  of  Iluancavelica. 

OCOPIL'CO  CREEK,  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia,  flows  S.K 
into  the  Withl.^coochee  River. 

OCOSIN'GO,  o-ko-sing'go.  a  ruined  city  of  the  ^fexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Chiapas,  (55  miles  S.  K.  of  Ciudad  Real,  with 
remains  described  in  Stephens's  Central  America. 

OCRAKOKK,  o/kra-kok,  a  post-vill.ige  and  port  of  entry  of 
Hyde  CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  an  ifland  of  the  same  namt, 
35  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Cape  Hivtteras.  The  shipping  of  the  port, 
June  30,  1832,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  1540  tons,  en- 
rolled and  licensed,  all  of  which  was  employed,  in  the  coast 
trade. 

OCRACOKE  INLET,  North  Carolina,  an  entrance  into 
Pamlico  Sound. 

OCRACOKE  LIGHTHOUSE,  on  the  W.  end  of  Ocracoke 
Island,  with  a  revolving  light  7a  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.     Lat.  35°  5'  30"  N.,  Ion.  75°  59'  W. 

OCRICULUM.     See  Otricou. 

OCTEVIlyLE,  ok'teh-veel',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Manche,  1  mile  S.W.  of  Cherbourg. 

OCTEVILLE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
Inferieure,  5  miles  N.  of  Havre. 

OCTODURUS.    See  Martigny  (La  Ville). 

OCTOGESA.    See  Mequixe.nza. 

OCTORAU.\,  ok-to-rah'ra  a  creek  rising  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  I'enn.sylvania,  drains  Chester  and  Lanc.ister  counties, 
and  enters  the  Susquehanna  near  Port  Deposit 

OCTORARA,  a  small  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

OCZ.MCOW.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Otchakov. 

ODAHR,  o-dd'h'r,  or  ODARHA,  odaR/hd,  a  town  of  India, 
kingdom  of  Ovide,  SO  miles  N.  of  Lucknow.     Pop.  3000. 

ODALENGO,  o-dJ-lSn'go,  GRANDE,  grdu'dil.  ("Great,") 
and  PICCOLO,  pik'ko-lo.  ("  Little,")  two  contiguous  villages 
of  I'iedmont,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  and  W.  of 
Casale.    United  p"p.  1903. 

ODAWARA,  o-da-wd'ri,  or  W0DAWAR.4.  wo-dd-warra,  a 
bay  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  forming  the  entrance  by 
which  the  town  of  Yeddo  is  reached.  It  lies  in  lat.  35°  10' 
N.,  and  Ion.  139°  C  E. 

OD'COMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

OD'DINGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

OD'DINOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ODDINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ODD-ltODE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

ODD/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Kentucky. 

ODELL/,  a  parish  of  Flngland.  co.  of  Bedford. 

ODELL',  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  on  a 
railroad  10  miles  N.E.  of  Pontiac. 

ODEMES,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Demish. 

ODEMIR.\.  o-dA-mee'rd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo,  58  miles  S.W.  of  Bcja,  on  the  Odemira,  thence 
navigable  to  the  .sea.  Pop.  20O0.  The  Odemira  rises  in  the 
Serra  de  Monchique.  and  after  a  W.  course  of  25  miles,  fall* 
into  the  Atlantic,  5  miles  below  Villanova. 

O'DEX,  a  township  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas.    Pop.  1173. 

ODENBACH,  o'den-b!iK\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  the  Pala- 
tinate, circle  of  LauterecUen.     Pop.  1113. 

ODENHEIM,  o'din-hIme\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine.  21  miles  N.E.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  1924. 

ODEXKIKCHEN,  o'den-keeRKVn,  atown  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, 17  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  Niers.     I'op.  1100. 

ODEXSE,  o'den-seh,  (Dan.  Oilins-<>..  i.  e.  "Odin's  Island;'- 
L.  Othenfaia.)  a  town  and  seaport  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the 
island  of  F'unen.  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Odense-Aa,  near 
the  fiord  of  same  name.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
provincial  towns  in  the  kingdom,  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and 
the  residence  of  the  authorities  on  the  island.  It  is  well 
built,  has  a  small  royal  palace,  a  large  Gothic  Cathedral, 
one  of  the  finest  in  Denmark,  founded  in  1086,  comjileted 
in  1301,  and  the  burial-place  of  several  of  the  Danish  kings; 
two  other  churches,  a  fine  old  council-house  or  state-hall,  a 
large  and  richly-endowed  hospital,  an  arsenal,  and  barracks; 
important  manufactures  of  cloth,  an  extensive  iron-foundry, 
and  a  considerable  trade,  much  facilitated  by  water  commu- 
nication, and  several  harbors,  one  near  the  town,  for  vessels 
drawing  only  8  to  15  feet.  Odense  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  by  Odin,  B.  c.  70.  It  early  received  the  Refornxa- 
tion,  and  in  the  17th  century  was  thrice  ravaged  by  the 
plague.     Pop.  in  1800.  14,255. 

ODENSE-FIORD.  o'den-seh  fi>ord',  on  the  N.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Funen,  has  a  length  of  atout  9  miles,  with  a 
breadth  varying  from  H  to  nearly  5  miles.  Its  entrance  is 
about  1000  yards  wide,  and  18  feet  deep.  The  small  canal 
of  t)dense  connects  the  town  with  the  Fiord,  but  only  admits 
vessels  drawing  8  feet. 

1379 


Vi= 


ODE 


ODE 


ODEXSIIOLN'.  o'dei'S-holm^  an  islet  at  the  entrance  of 
the  UuU  of  t'inldud.  ^8  miles  S.W.  of  P.evel,  with  a  light- 
house ir,  lat.  (i9°  18'  45"  N.,  Ion.  23°  25'  25"  E. 

ODENUALD,  o'den-walt\  a  mountain  i-«irion  of  West 
Germany.  llesse-Darmstadt.  extending  for  45  miles  N.  to  S., 
b«t\reen  the  Neckar  and  Main  liivers,  and  rising  in  the 
Katzenhiickel  to  2300  feet  above  the  son.  On  it  are  many 
reujaiusof  lioman  forts.  The  Bkrgstrasse,  (i.e.  "mountain 
road,")  on  which  are  the  towns  of  Laugen,  Darmstadt,  and 
Henslielm,  borders  it  on  the  W. 

ODER,  o'der,  (aaic.  Vialdrus,)  a  large  river  of  Germany, 
traversing  the  centre  of  the  I'russian  dominions,,  rises  in  tlie 
Carpathian  Mountains,  near  Olniutz,  Hows  N.,  and  afier- 
wards  N.W.  through  Prussian  t-ilesia,  Brandenburg,  ajid 
I'omeraiiia,  traverse.^  tlie  Stettiner  Half,  and  enters  the  Baltic 
by  3  branches,  the  Dievenovy  on  the  E..  the  Swine  in  tlie 
middle,  and  the  Peene  on  the  W.  Length  ulxiut  550  miles. 
It  is  of  great  commercial  importance,  and  is  navigable  for 
barges,  of  from  40  to  50  tons,  from  the  Baltic  to  Bre.^lau. 
Principal  tributaries,  the  'W'arta,  witli  the  Kctze,  the  Bober, 
Neisse,  and  Ihna.  It  is  connected  with  the  llavel  and  Elte 
by  the  Fiuow  Canal,  with  the  Spree  by  B'rederick  William's 
Canal  at  Miillrose,  and  with  the  Vistula  by  a  canal  from 
Nakel  on  the  ^etze  to  Bromberg. 

ODER,  a  river  of  Hanover,  rises  in  the  Ilarz.  and  after  an 
E.  course  of  30  miles  joins  the  Leine  near  ^'ordheim,  the 
chief  town  on  its  banks. 

ODEllAU,  o'der-ow',  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  19  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Troppau,  on  the  Oder.     Pop.  2890. 

ODEKBEKCt,  o'der-bJRG\  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  54  miles  N.E.  of  Potsdam,  ou  the  Oder. 
Pop.  2500. 

ODEKBERG,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Teschen,  on  the  Oder.     Pop.  840. 

OUERNHEIM,  o'dern-hime\  or  GAU-ODERXIIEIM,  gow 
o/dern-hIme\  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
province  of  Rheia-IIessen,  on  the  Selz,4  miles  N.E.of  Alzey. 
Pop.  1698. 

ODKRXIIEI.M,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  <xn  the  Glan, 
22  miles  N.  of  Kaiserslautern.     Pop.  1192. 

ODEKZO,  OKlCRt/so,  (anc.  OpiteHgium,)  a  town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Treviso.  Pop.  4700,  who  manufac- 
ture hats  and  liqueurs,  and  trade  in  wine. 

ODES'SA,  a  city  and  flourishing  seaport  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  on  a  fine  bay  formed  on  the  N.W.  shore  of 
the  Black  Sea,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Dnieper  and 
Dniester,  about  90  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kherson,  and  390  miles 
N.  of  Constantinople;  lat.  iOP  28'  64"  N.,  Ion.  30°  44/  30"  E. 
The  various  quarters  of  this  great  and  constantly  increasing 
;ity  cover  a  portion  of  a  broad  plateau,  which,  at  this  point 
rising  nearly  perpendicularly  from  the  sea  to  the  height  of 
about  80  feet,  spreads  out  into  immense  steppes  and  deserts. 
Being  thus  entirely  exposed  from  all  quarters.  Odessa  is  en- 
veloped throughout  the  summer  in  whirling  clouds  of  dust. 
Although  the  latitude  under  which  it  is  situated  is  generally 
temperate,  the  winter  is  more  rigorous  than  is  observed  else- 
where under  the  same  latitude;  while,  on  the  contrary,  in 
summer,  the  heat  may  be  compared  to  that  of  the  torrid 
zone.  This  results  from  the  complete  nakedness  of  the 
country  of  which  Odessa  is  the  capital ;  and  it  may  he  added, 
that  these  unfavorable  conditions  are  common  to  all  the  cities 
upon  these  endless  stepi)es. 

Odessa  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  and  a  fosse,  and  is  otherwise 
strongly  fortified.  It  is  laid  out  in  squares,  with  broad, 
straight  streets,  well  pave<.l,  and  planted  with  rows  of  acacia 
trees.  The  houses  are  generally  two  stories  in  height,  and 
are  substantially  built  of  a  soft  calcareous  stone.  The  fine.st 
buildings  are  situated  in  those  quarters  nearest  the  sea.  A 
long  and  niHJestic  terrace  overlooking  the  bay  is  lined  with 
public  edifices,  hotels,  and  stately  mansions,  the  full  effect  of 
which  can  only  be  realized  by  one  approaching  the  citv  from 
the  sea.  On  the  summit  of  the  cliff,  throughout  its' whole 
extent,  is  planted  an  avenue  of  young  trees  with  their 
branches  arching  together;  in  the  centre  of  this  promenade, 
and  in  the  midst  of  a  crescent  of  fine  mansions,  stands  a 
bronze  statue  of  the  Due  de  Richelieu,*  a  monument  of  the 
gratitude  of  the  city  to  his  creative  genius.  From  the 
J''ot  of  the  statue  descends  a  gigantic  flight  of  steps,  already 
(1853)  far  advanced  towards  completion;  when  finished,  i't 
will  connect,  by  steps  100  feet  wide,  the  grand  terrace  with 
the  lower  quay,  and  beneath  these  steps,  which  are  to  be 
supported  by  a  series  of  open  arches,  gradually  rising  in 
height,  the  various  carts  and  conveyances  going  to  and  from 
the  port  will  freely  pass.  Near  the  Richelieu  Monument  is 
the  governor's  house,  a  large  mansion,  containing,  in  addi- 
tion to  public oflices.  a  small  but  select  librarv.and  a  museum, 
particu.arly  rich  in  the  antiquities  dug  up  from  the  sites  of 
he  numerous  colonies  which  the  ancient  Greeks  planted  in 
this  part  of  the  country. 
In  other  portions  of  Odessa  there  are  but  a  very  few  build- 


rot..1:,^r  „f  fh„  „f  "•"*  T^^^'  ■"■'?""*  '""''  "Itimately  made  him 
v^v     1      ,  .V        ?  /•  ^"?  «;hose  judicious  administration  is  uni- 
mei^ 'ai  /^.l^perity^      ^  ^^^'^  '"'"^  "'"  foundation  of  its  com- 
1380 


ings  of  a  striking  character,  although  spacious  streets,  cire- 
fuily  paveil  and  planted,  traverse  the  length  and  Vneadth  of 
the  city.  A  theatre,  a  number  of  fine  churclies,  extensive 
squares,  bazaars,  and  a  few  rich-looking  shops,  attract  the 
atteulion  in  the  midst  of  a  number  of  houses  generally  of  a 
very  humble  character.  The  more  crowded  portion  of  the, 
city  is  that  adjoining  Richelieu  Street,  the  finest  and  most 
populous  in  Ode.s.sa.  In  numerous  shops  along  this  street 
are  spread  out  for  sale  the  varied  produce  of  every  country 
in  Europe,  a.sseinbled  thither  under  the  fostering  protection 
of  the  free  port  of  Odessa.  ^\moiig  the  edifices  most  deserving 
of  notice,  may  be  mentioned  the  Cathedral  or  Church  of  St. 
Nicholas,  the  Admiralty,  Custom-house,  Exchange,  the 
French  and  Russian  theatres,  the  "le  petit  Palais  Koyal," 
used  as  a  bazaar,  and  the  princely  mansion  of  Count  V\  oron- 
zow,  finely  situated  at  one  extremity  of  the  Boulevard.  In 
1846,  Odessa  possessed  22  churches,  16  barracks,  and  30 
bridges,  of  which  10  were  stone  and  14  wood. 

Tlie  literary  and  scientific  institutions  comprise  the  Col- 
lege of  Richelieu,  founded  in  1817,  and  having,  in  1846,  32 
instructors  and  191  students;  an  ecclesia.stical  seminary,  a 
law  school,  a  school  for  the  study  of  the  Oriental  language.s, 
founded  expressly  for  the  purpose  of  ed  ucating  interpreters ; 
a  scliool  for  noble  youug  ladies,  the  Richelieu  Lyceum,  or 
royal  school  of  commerce;  a  school  of  navigation,  and  a 
botanic  garden  of  celebrity.  There  are  also  a  hospital  and 
several  other  benevolent  institutions.  The  city  contains 
the  Imperial  Bank  of  Commerce,  a  tribunal  of  commerce, 
chamber  of  commerce,  and  an  assurance  c-onipany. 

In  commercial  importance,  Odessa  holds  the  first  rank  in 
the  Black  Sea.  It  was  declared  a  free  port  in  1S17,  and  has 
since  continued  to  make  almost  unexampled  progress.  Its 
harbor  is  formed  liy  two  moles,  one  of  them  in  the  form  of  a 
quadrant,  with  regular  parapets  and  embrasures  for  cannon, 
and  subdivided  by  two  smaller  moles,  forming  separate  docks, 
capable  of  containing  300  vessels.  One  of  these  is  for  the  re- 
ception of  vessels  in  quarantine;  the  two  others  admit  the 
ships  of  the  imperial  navy,  and  trading  vessels  not  coming 
from  a  quarantine  port.  The  harbor  atfords  good  anchorage 
for  ships  of  a  large  burthen,  but  they  are  much  exposed 
during  gales  from  the  ¥j.,  and  especially  from  the  S.E.  'i'hese 
terrible  winds  drive  impetuous  waves  into  the  Bay  of  Odessa 
with  a  fury  which  nothing  can  withstand;  a  succession  of 
these  storms  continually  sweep  across  the  Black  Sea.  in  the 
direction  of  its  longest  diagonal.  The  harbor  is  defended  by 
strong  works,  and  has  at  one  extremity  the  citadel,  and  at 
the  other  the  lazaretto.  A  lighthouse  has  been  erected  at 
the  extremity  of  the  longest  mole.  The  trade  includes, 
among  other  articles,  corn,  linseed,  wool,  iron,  liides.  copper, 
wax,  caviar,  isinglass,  potash,  furs,  cordage,  sailcloth,  tar, 
beef,  butter,  and  tallow.  The  last  is  the  second  great  staple ; 
but  the  first,  and  that  for  which  Odessa  is  celebrated,  is  grain. 
Of  this.  Great  Britain  hits  long  been  an  imjKsrtant,  and,  since 
the  repeal  of  the  corn  laws,  has  become  by  far  the  most  pro- 
fitable customer.  The  following  Table  gives  a  good  idea  of 
the  progress  of  the  trade  of  Odessa : — 


The  Number,  Tonnagk,  and  Valuk  of  Cargoes  of  VKssEi-g  Entkrxo 
ayid  Cleaukd  at  the  1'ort  of  Odkssa,  in  1840-1849. 


Kutered. 

Cleared, 

Vessels 

.  Tons. 

Val.  of  Cargoes, 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Val.  Of  Cargoes. 

IMO 

641 

il54,2U 

$4,800,000 

711 

175,490 

$11,900,000 

un 

568 

il43,J32 

558 

141,283 

5,740,000 

1843 

745 

1204,006 

4,110,000 

737 

L01,3'25 

10.280,000 

1844 

919 

•J55,itl6 

4,680,000 

895 

247,673 

16,036,000 

)Wo 

1192 

301,113 

6,430,000 

1181 

297,980 

15,945,000 

1846J     14;5 

369,616 

6,194,000 

1356 

351,738 

20,0l5,0I)0 

1847i    Jo81 

417,338 

9,106,000 

1646 

434,010 

31,315,000 

1S4.S     1063 

283,475 

7,173,000 

1041 

277,610 

17,925,000 

1S49'      878 

233,916 

8,035,000 

893 

2,38,779 

13,855,000 

Odessa  has  two  steam  navigation  companies :  one  for  the 
Black  Sea,  the  Sea  of  Azof,  and  the  Dnieper;  and  the  other 
for  Constantinople  and  the  ports  of  the  Danube.  It  is  also 
proposed  to  construct  a  railway  to  Kharkov,  crossing  the 
Dnieper  at  Ivreineetchong  (?)  above  the  rapids.  Odessa  has 
but  comparatively  few  manufactures.  The  principal  articles 
produced  are  soap  and  candles,  tallow,  cordage,  spirits,  silk 
and  felt  hats,  cabinetware.  and  wool-washers. 

The  same  customs  prevail  at  Odessa  as  are  observed  in  all 
the  southern  countries  of  Europe — the  morning  is  devoted 
to  business,  and  the  middle  of  the  day  to  repose.  This 
habit,  which  the  heat  of  the  climate  seems  to  dict.ate,  gives 
a  melancholy  and  deserted  appearance  to  the  city  during  a 
great  part  of  the  day.  In  the  evening,  however,  outward 
signs  of  animation  again  break  forth;  the  theatre  is  much 
frequented,  and  the  cafes  and  clubs  are  crowded.  There  the 
nobles  assemble,  further  on  the  merchants — Turks.  Arme- 
nians. Jeft's  even;  every  class  has  its  place  of  meeting,  and 
in  each  of  these  resorts,  open  to  quiet  conversation,  the  Joujj 
pipe  of  the  East  spreacls  its  perfumed  clouds  over  the 
assembly. 

The  town  suffers  from  the  want  of  good  wnt#r  In  pome 
instances  artesian  wells  have  been  sunk  to  the  depth  of  M^ 


ODE 


OFF 


feet  without  success.  In  the  rear  of  the  city  are  large  tanks. 
Odessa  was  founded  by  Catharine  II.  in  1792.  In  1802, 
its  iiopulation  was  only  90ii0;  in  1837  it  had  increased  to 
68,80.3;  in  1846  it  was  70,877;  in  ISuO,  71,392;  and  in  1858, 
104,lfi9.     In  1840  tlicie  were  built  20  great  maa:azine.<!. 

ODJiS'-S  A  ,a  post-village  of  Newcastle  co.,Delaware,24  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Dover.  It  contains  a  bank  and  3  churches.  P.  (;86. 
Oi)KSSA.  a  township  of  Ionia  co.,  Micliigah.    Pop.  484. 

ODi-.Vl'aOR..  o-dA-poor/,  or  ODKVl'OKK,  o  di-pOr/,  a  state 
of  West  lliiidostau,  subsidiary  to  the  IJritisli,  its  celitre  near 
lat.  24°  X.,  Ion.  74°  E.  Kstimateii»  area  11,780  square  miles, 
and  pop.  30U.000.(y)  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  well  watered. 
'J'lie  products  comprise  sugar,  indigo,  tobacco,  rice,  wheat, 
timber,  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  sulphur.  In  prosperity  and 
power  this  state  is,  however.  iiiCerior  to  .leypuor  and  Jood- 
poor.  Priucipal  cities,  Odeypoor  and  Chittoor.  Odeypoor, 
the  capital,  in  a  hollow  surrounded  by  rugged  hills,  145 
miles  5>.\V.  of  Ajmeer,  and  N.K.  of  Ahuiedabad,  lat.  24°  35' 
N.,  Ion.  73°  44'  E..  has  externally  a  noble  appearance,  its 
marble  buildings  skirting  a  lake,  from  which  it  is  protected 
by  an  embankment,  and  it  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
toys,  images,  and  carvings  in  stone  and  marble. 

ODKVl^OlJlt  or  UDEYl'OKE.  a  town  of  Hritish  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  86  miles  N.W.  of  Sumbhulpoor. 

ODKVPOOR  or  ODKYl'UKE,  a  town  of  the  Gwalior  do- 
minions. 27  miles  JO.  of  Seronge. 

O'DIIIAM,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  near  the  .South  Western  Hallway,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Wimhcsrer.  Pop.  ip  1851,  2811.  The  town  has  an  alms- 
house, and  other  cliarities,  some  remains  of  a  royal  palace 
and  park,  and  in  the  vicinity,  the  ruins  of  a  ca,stle  in  which 
David  I.,  king  of  Scotland,  was  confined  for  11  years,  after 
his  capture  at  Neville's  Cross.  Lilly,  the  celebrated  gram- 
marian, was  born  here  in  1468. 

ODOIJEKE,  oMo'baiii/.(?)  a  village  of  considerable  size  of 
West  Africa.  Foota-Damga,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Senegal; 
lat.  15°  14'  i\..  Ion.  12°  42'  W. 

ODOIKV  or  ODOJEV,  o-do-yjv',  a  fortified  town  of  Rus.sia, 
government  and  40  miles  S.W.  of  Toola,  on  the  Oopa.  1*.  3000. 

O'DOR'NEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry. 

ODOWAR.\.  o-do-wd'rd.  a  maritime  town  of  Japan,  i.sland 
of  Niphoii,  on  the  E.  coast,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Yeddo,  stated 
to  contain  lUOO  houses. 

ODR.'VN,  o'driln,  a  walled  town  of  Austria,  Moravia,  27 
miles  l';..\.E.  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  2230. 

ODKINKA,  o-drin'k^,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Kharkov.     Pop.  1800. 

ODHZYPOL,  od-zhce/pol,  or  ODRZIWOL.  od-zhee'*ol,(?)  a 
town  of  Poland,  palatinate  of  Saudomier,  16  miles  N.E.  of 
Dpoczno.     Pop.  700. 

ODS.\K,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  IIods.\k. 

OD/STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
,.  OK*  for  names  commencing  thus,  and  not  found  below,  see 
0,  as  Oerebro.   See  Urebro. 

(E.\SO.    See  Oy.\rzun. 

OKBISI'ELDE,  o'bi.s-ffil'dgh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment and  34  miles  N.W.  of  Magdeburg,  ou  the  Aller.  Pop. 
1625. 

OEDELKM,  o'deh-l?m\  a  parish  and  village  of  Pelgium, 
province  of  W'est  i'landers,  6  j  miles  K.S.E.  of  Bruges.  Pop. 
3500. 

OEDELSIIEIM,  o/delshTme\  a  village  of  Ilesse-Cassel, 
Niederhessen,  circle  of  Hofgeismar.    Pop.  1022. 

OEDEN BURG, ii'den-lKioRG', (Hun.  fii)2n-o/?y.shoYron/;  anc. 
Snpro'Hium.(^  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county, 
near  Lake  Neusiedl.  37  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vienna,  with  a  station 
on  the  Raab  Branch  of  the  Vienna  and  Cilly  Railway.  Pop. 
4500,  chiefly  of  German  descent.  Of  its  ancient  fortifica- 
tions, only  a  huge  watch  tower,  the  loftiest  in  Hungary, 
remains.  It  has  sev(!ral  fine  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a 
Calvinist  church.  Dominican  and  Ursuline  convents,  Roman 
Catholic  and  Lutheran  colleges,  hospitals,  barracks,  a  riding 
school,  military  academy,  and  theatre,  with  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  potash,  nitre,  tobacco,  and  re- 
fined sugar.  It  is  an  extensive  mart  for  wine  grown  in  the 
vicinity,  corn,  tobacco,  wax,  honey,  and  cattle.  Numerous 
Roman  antiquities  have  been  discovered  in  and  near  the 
town. 

OEDERAN,  o'deh-ri!n\  a  town  of  Saxony,  32  miles  N.E. 
of  Zwickau.  Pop.  4586,  chiefly  occupied  in  woollen  and  cot- 
ton weaving. 

OEDHEl.M.  odiilme,  a  village  of  Wlirtemberg,  circle  of 
Neckar.  bailiwick  of  Neekarsulm.     Pop.  1592. 

OEDT.  (itt.  a  villasre  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  and 
18  miles  N.W.  of  Dvisseklorf,  on  the  Niers.     Pop.  1195. 

OEKKELT.  oo'felt.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Brabant,  27  miles  E.  of  Boisle-Duc,  on  the  Meuse. 
Pop.  010. 

OEG.STGEEST.  ooGst'nAst\  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  South  Holland,  3  miles  N.W'.  of  Leyden.     Pop.  '631. 

*  It  may  be  observed  that  in  German  and  most  of  the  Teutonic 
languages,  ce,  tie,  and  ««  are  respectively  equivalent  to  ji,  d.  and 
a.  But,  ,T3  it  is  inconvenient  to  place  the  two  dots  above  a  capi- 
tal letter;  when  this  diphthong  begins  a  worcj,  it  is  Renerally 
customary  to  employ  Ae,  Oe,  Ue,  instead  of  A,   0,  and  U. 


OEIIRINGEN,  e'ring-en,  a  town  of  Wtirtemherg.  on  the 
Ohr,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Heilbronn,  with  3150  inhabitauiij.  u 
palace,  the  residence  of  the  Prince  of  Hoheiilohe  OetiiiLigeu. 
a  lyceum.  and  manufactures  of  cottons  and  carpets. 

OEIRAS,  o->Ve-rds.  almost  way/rds,  a  town  of  Portugal 
province  of  Estremadura,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lisbon,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tague,  and  of  the  small  river  (Jeiras.     P.  SOf  0. 

OEIRAS,  o-4'e-rds,  a  city  of  Brazil,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Piauhi,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Parnahiba,  near  lat.  7°  5'  S.. 
Ion.  42°  40'  W.     Pop.  5000. 

OEIRAS,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  and  about  140  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Para. 

OELAND,  an  island  of  Sweden.    See  Oi-and. 

OELDE,  iil'deh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  25  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Munster.     Pop.  1700. 

OELEGHE.M,  oo'leh-ghJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  9  miles  E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1158. 

OELK,  a  town  of  East  Prussia.    See  Lick. 

OKLS,  ols,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Breslau,  cdpital  of  a  mediatised  principality  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick,  on  the  Oels.  I'op.  6010.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  ducal  castle,  with  a  liljrary  and  museums. 
Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  churches,  a  theatre,  a  gym- 
nasium, and  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens,  and  paper. 

OI'ILS,  a  market- tow  n  of  Moravia,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Briinn. 
Pop.  1750. 

OELS,  bis,  or  OKLSE,  ol'.sfh,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Silesia,  government  and  S.W.  of  Bre.slau.     Pop.  1120. 

OELSNITZ.  bls'nits,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Elster,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Plauen.  Pop.  4187.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollens,  cottons,  and  leather. 

OENO  (o-d'no)  ISLAND,  I'acific  Ocean,  90  miles  N.  of  Pit- 
cairn's  Island,  is  in  lat.  24°  1'  S.,  Ion.  130°  4P  W. 

(ENUS.    See  Inn. 

(ENUSSA.    See  Sp.\i.mat)0!!E. 

OERDINGEN.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Uermngen. 

OEREBRO.     See  Orebro. 

OKI! ESUXD.    See  Sou.Ni),  The. 

O^SCUS.    Spe  ISKER. 

OESEL.  iJ'.sfl,  (Esthonian,  KinTf-Saar,  kooR'Rph-s.fR,)  an 
island  of  Russia,  government  ofLivonia.  in  the  Baltic,  mostly 
between  lat.  57°  40'  and  5S°  14'  N..  and  Inn.  21°  40'  and  23°  K. 
Area,  about  1200  square  miles.  Pop.  40,000,  mostly  Luther- 
ans, with  .wme  German  landed  proprietors,  and  a  few  Swedes. 
The  surface  is  generally  level;  the  soil  tolerably  fertile. 
Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats.  pe.»s.  i-c.  are  pi-oduced.  Rearing 
cattle,  horses,  and  sheep,  and  fishing  form  the  principa' 
occupatir>ns  of  the  inhabitants.     Princip.'il  town,  Arensburg. 

OESSELGEM,  iis'sel-r,ii?ni\  a  village  of  Belgium,  West 
Tlanders.  on  the  Lys.'22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bruses.     Pop.  1 183. 

OESTERREICH.  OESTRETCH,  OESTERIiEICHISCH, 
Ot:STEFKEICHKR.     See  Ai'stria. 

OE.STOR  K.  es'toRp.  or  OKSDORF.  iis'dnnr,  a  village  of  Ger- 
many, principality  of  Waldeck.  E.  of  Pyrmont.     Pop.  1163. 

OESTRICH,  os'triK.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  Nas.sau, 
on  the  Rhine,  11  miles  W.  of  Mentz.     Pop.  1751. 

OESTRINGEN,  (js'tring-yn,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Bruchsal.     Pop.  2267. 

0<;TA,  ee'ta,  a  mountain  of  Greece,  government  of  Phthio- 
tis,  is  9  miles  W.  of  Thermopyte,  and  consists  of  a  chain, 
the  principal  elevations  of  which  are  Katabothra  and  Ani- 
nos,  7061  feet  above  the  sea,  and  commanding  magnificent 
views  over  Hellas,  Euboea,  and  Thessaly. 

OETINGHEN,  oo'ting-en,  a  village  of  Belgium,  Brabant, 
on  the  frontier  of  East  I'ianders,  16  miles  S.NV.  of  Brussels, 
Pop.  1552. 

OETISHEIM,  6'tis-hlme\  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle 
of  Neckar.    Pop.  1125. 

GETTING,  a  town  of  Bavaria.    See  Alt-Oettixo. 

OETTINGEN,  ot'ting-en,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Wep- 
nitz,  and  on  the  railway."  25  miles  S.  of  Anspach.  Pop.  3270, 
It  has  2  palaces  of  the  princes  Oettlngen-Spielberg. 

OETTINGEN,  Neu,  noi  ot'ting-jn,  a  markeWown  of  Bo- 
hemia, about  18  miles  from  Tabor.    Pop.  1306. 

OETZ,  ots,  a  village  and  parish  of  the  Tyrol,  8  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Tmst.     Pop.  1292. 

OEUDEGHIEN,  cd^ghe-lx"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Ilainaut,  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2007. 

OFANTO,  o-filn'to,  (anc.  Aufjklus,)  a  river  of  Naples,  rises 
in  the  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  6  miles  E.  of  Jlonte 
Mar.ano,  flows  E,N,E.,  separating  the  provinces  of  Basilicata 
and  Bari  from  Capitanata,  and  enters  the  Adriatic  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Barletta.  Length  75  miles.  On  its  right  bunk 
near  its  mouth,  was  the  scene  of  the  famous  battle  of  Gt)i 
nw.  in  which  the  troops  of  Hannibal  totally  defeated  the 
Romans, 

OPEN,  Hungary.    See  Buda  and  Alt-Ofen. 

OFFAGNA,  of-fin'yi.  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
Marches,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Ancoua,  near  the  Musoiie.  Pop. 
1300. 

OFFANENGO,  of-fS-nSn'go.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  Lodi,  on  the  Serio-Morto.     Pop.  2122. 

OF'F.\'S  DYKE,  an  intrenclunent  traceable  through  ths 
English  and  AVelsh  counties  of  Herefoid,  Shroitshire,  Mont- 
gomery, Denbigh,  and  Flint,  from  the  Wye  to  the  Dee,  con- 

1381 


OFF 

stnict«(l  by  ntti.  King  of  Mercia,  to  separate  England  from 
Ihe  Welsh  principalitius. 
OKK'ClIUKCil,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  \\arwick. 
Ol'FEXKACil,  of'tVn-b^K',  a  town  of  llesseDurmstadt, 
province  of  Starkeuburg,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Main,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop. 
16,685.It  has  a  castle,  the  residence  of  the  princes  Isenburg- 
Birstein,  several  Lutheran  churches,  schools,  and  cabinets 
of  natural  history.  It  is  the  chief  manufacturing  town  of 
the  duchy,  having  manufactures  of  hosiery,  cotton  fabrics, 
carpets,  and  other  woollen  fabrics,  carriages,  pipes,  musical 
instruments,  and  jewelry. 

01-  FEXBACII,  of'fen-bdK\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  the  pala- 
tinate, 5  miles  E.  of  Landau,  on  the  Spiegel.    Pop.  19S4. 

OFFENBURO,  of'fen-biirg  or  of'fen-bOoBo\  a  town  of  Ba- 
den, circle  of  Middle  Khine.  ou  the  Kiuzig,  with  a  statiou 
on  the  Basel  (Biile)  and  Mannheim  Railway,  17  miles  S.S.AV. 
of  Carlsruhe.  Fop.  3705.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has 
a  gymnasium,  a  Franciscan  convent,  hospital,  theatre,  and 
a  brisk  transit  trade. 

OFFE.NBURI}.  a  village  of  Transylvania,  on  the  Aranyos, 
with  adjacent  gold,  silver,  and  antimony  mines. 
OF'FEMIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
OF/FEKLANE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Queen's  county. 
OKF'H.'V>L  a  parish  of  Fingland,  co.  of  Kent. 
OFFIDA,  of  fe-dd,a  village  of  C<'iitral  Italy,  in  the  Marches, 
6  miles  N.E.  of  Ascoli.    Pop.  12u0. 

UFFINGEN,  of'fingen,  or  JIARKT-OFFIXGEX,  maRkt 
offing-en,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of 
jSordliugen.     Pop.  689. 

OFFIXGKN,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Danube, 
N.W.  of  Biborach. 
OFF'LKY,  GRE.A.T,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
OFFLEY,  Hiail,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Statford. 
OFF/ORD  CLU'NY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ilunting- 
don. 

OFF'ORD  DAR/CY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon, 
eontiguous  to  the  above. 

OFFR.\NVILLE,  of'frAxoH'eel'.  a  niarket-towij  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  4  miles  S.  of  Dieppe,    l^op. 
In  1852,  1684. 
OFF'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
OFF/WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
OU.\HDE.\,  o-gaMeu',  a  province  of  East  Africa,  in  Adel; 
lat.  7°  to  8°  30'  N.,  Ion.  45°  to  49°  E. 

OOAL'LY,  a  small  post-village  of  Chippewa  co,,  'Wisconsin. 

OG'BOURN  ST.  ANDREW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 

Wilts. 

OGBOURX  ST.  GEORGE,  a  pari.xh  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

OG'DEN,  a  post/township  of  Monroe  co.,  New  York.  12 

miles  W.  of  Rochester,  intersected  Ijy  the  Erie  Canal.   P.  2712. 

OGDEN,  a  township   in   the   S.E.  part  of  Lenawee  co., 

Michigan.    Pop.  1033. 

OGDEN.  a  postrvillage  in   Henry  co.,  Indiana,  ou  the 
Indiana  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis. 
OGDEN,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  CO.,  Illinois. 
OGDEN,  a  post-village  of  New  Madrid  co.,  Missouri,  about 
140  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Louis. 

0(iDEN  CITY,  a  village  of  Weber  co.,  Utah,  185  miles  N. 
of  Fillmore  City.     Pop.  1464. 

OG'DENSBUllG,  a  flouri;ihing  post-town  and  port  of 
entry  of  Oswegatchie  township,  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York, 
on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswegatchie, 
and  opposite  I'rescott.  in  Canada,  about  200  miles  N.N.\V. 
of  Albany;  lat.  44°  41'  N.,  Ion.  75°  32'  W.  The  Northern 
Railroad,  of  which  this  is  the  Western  terminus,  extends  to 
Rouse's  Point,  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  connects  it  with 
Boston  and  New  Y'ork.  Another  railroad  extends  to  the 
Central  Railroad  at  Rome.  The  village  is  situated  on  a  plain 
immediately  N.  of  the  Oswegatchie  River,  is  rtgularly  liiid 
out,  and  handsomely  built.  The  Presbyterians,  Baptists, 
Episcopalians,  Methodists,  and  Roman  Catholics  liave  e;ich 
one  or  more  churches  in  the  place.  It  contains  2  banks,  an 
academy,  attended  by  258  students  in  1852,  and  6  flourishing 
graded  schools,  four  of  which  occupy  fine  edifices.  In  1852 
a  lyceum  was  established  and  provided  with  lectures,  a 
library,  and  a  reading  room.  Here  arc  2  newspaper  oflices, 
each  of  which  issue  a  daily  and  a  v»'eekly  paper.  Among 
the  hotels,  the  Seymour  House  has  a  front  of  132  feet  ou 
State,  and  94  feet  on  Ford  street,  and  contains,  besides 
public  halls,  parlors,  Ac,  86  sleeping  apartments.  The 
Northern  Railroad  Company  have  hero  a  freight  and  pas- 
senger station,  305  feet  by  84;  one  freight-house,  402  feet 
by  82;  a  fire-proof  engine-house  for  6  locomotives,  and 
numerous  other  buildings,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned tlie  grain-house  and  an  elevator,  built  on  piles  in 
14  feet  water,  and  containing  42  bins,  each  capable  of  hold- 
ing 4000  bushels  of  grain.  This  elevator  was  unfortunately 
burned  in  1864.  The  elevators  are  driven  by  a  steam-engine 
of  15  hoi-se-power,  and  are  cjipable  of  raising  from  16,000 
to  18,000  Inishels.  Vessels  laden  with  grain  on  the  upper 
lakes  are  here  unladen  with  grcjit  facility.  In  1852  the 
Company  owne<i  4534  feet  of  wharves,  docks',  and  piers.  The 
commerce  of  Ogdensburg  is  flourishing  and  extensive.  Large 
quantities  of  freight  find  their  way  into  this  port  from  all 
1382 


OGL 

parts  of  the  Upper  Lakes,  and  of  Canada,  for  tJ-an.smisslon 
to  various  marts  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  lai-ge 
amounts  of  merchandise  from  New  Y'ork  and  Boston  are 
thence  distributed  through  the  different  lake  ports,  both  of 
Canada  and  the  United  States. 

The  following  statistics  show  the  comparative  imports 
coastwise  at  Ogdensburg,  in  a  few  of  the  principal  articles, 
for  the  years  specified. 


Articles. 

•1847. 

1&48. 

1850. 

1851. 

Flour,  bbU 

5,000 

4,600 

158,600 

375,000 

Whiskev,  bbls.    .    .    . 

1,217 

1,157 

45i 

1,291 

Pork,  bbl3 

?,000 

2,500 

2,612 

2,887 

Beef,  bbU 

2,758 

6,034 

Irau,  (Pig,)  tons      .     . 

300 

350 

SIM) 

100 

Coal,  tuua 

3,000 

3.054 

490 

371 

Wheat,  bui 

V  000 

25.000 

149.310 

S77,7-.:5 

Cora,  bus 

S^TO 

4.000 

31,934 

82,458 

Salt,  bbU 

lo.noo 

15,000 

10,3«9 

14,287 

Tea,  chests    .... 

10,000 

15,000 

78 

44 

The  total  value  of  imports  coastwise  in  1851  was  $2,424,145; 
foreign,  $214,520;  exports  coastwise,  $918,387;  foreign, 
i618.648.  The  value  of  goods  arriving  at  the  port  in  bond, 
in  1852.  was  SS0S,732;  in  1853,  Sl.DU.OSfi;  and  in  lf<54, 
.^1.922.518.  Amount  of  drawback  duty  rose  from  $09,935 
iu'lSSl,  to  $505,279  iji  1854. 

The  following  is  the  report  of  the  inward  and  outward 
bound  vessels  for  1850  and  1851. 


Vears. 

Number 

or  Kiuries. 

Tons. 

Men. 

Number  of 

CleHi-auce.<. 

Tons. 

Men. 

15.iO 
l»jl 

699 
lOOi 

242, 7«0 
351,427 

12,4B4 

i»,5;w 

B55 
9T3 

242.931 

359,287 

12,218 
19,341 

In  1854.  5  steamboats  and  7  sail-vessels  (total  tonn.ige, 
4210)  were  owned  here.  In  1831,  the  Oswegatchie  Naviga- 
tion Company,  with  a  capital  of  $5000.  was  incorpoi-at(?d  for 
the  purpose  of  improving,  by  means  of  locks  and  canals,  the 
navigation  of  the  Oswegatchie  River  to  Black  Lake,  and  the 
Natural  Canal  connecling  the  Oswegatchie  with  Grn.ss  River. 
Steamboats  ply  regularly  to  the  various  ports  on  l^ake  On- 
tario. About  tlie  year  1836.  measures  were  adoi)ted  to  im- 
prove the  hydraulic  power  of  the  Oswegatchie  at  Ogdensburg, 
by  the  purchase  of  water-privilege  and  the  erection  of  mills. 
A  canal  has  been  extended  down  below  the  bridge,  and  with 
the  exci'ption  of  a  few  weeks  in  summer,  affords  au  ample 
supply  for  the  extensive  mills  and  manufactories  upon  it. 
The  princi|pal  articles  are  tiour,  lumber,  iron,  machinery, 
leather,  &c.  Ogdensburg  was  founded  upon  the  site  of  Fort 
Oswegatchie.  A  destructive  fire  ou  the  nights  of  April  16 
and  17,  1839,  laid  nearly  half  of  the  town  in  ashes,  destroy- 
ing property  to  tlie  value  of  nearly  $100,000.  Another 
destructive  tire  occurred  September  1,  1852.  Pop.  in*  1855, 
7057:  in  1860,7409. 

OGDENSBURG,  a  village  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey,  about 
22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Morristown. 

OGEECHEE,  o-ghee'chee,  a  river  of  Georgia,  rises  in  Talia- 
ferro or  Greene  co.,  flows  south-eastward,  and  enters  the 
Atlantic  through  Ossabaw  Sound,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Sar 
vaunuh:  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  250  miles.  It  is 
navigable  by  sloops  for  30  or  40  miles. 

OtiEl.CHKE,  a  post-office  of  Scriven  co.,  Georgia. 

OGKMAW,  o'ghe-maw,  a  new  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part 
of  Michigan,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Riile  River.  The  county  is  not  named  in  the  census  of 
1860,  and  has  few.  if  any,  civilized  inhabitants, 

OGGEBIU,  od-j.Vbe-o,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
divisiou  of  Novara,  6  miles  S.  of  Canobbio,  ou  Lake  Maggiore. 
Pop.  1030. 

OGGEKSHEIM,  og'ghgr8-hime\  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Speyer,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1650. 

OGGIONO.  od-jo/no,  a  town  of  Kortheru  Italy,  13  miles  E. 
of  Como.    Pop.  2908. 

OGLASA,  (IsLA.ND.)    See  Montechristo. 

OGLE,  o'g'l,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  760  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Bock  River, 
dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  parts:  and  is  also  drained  by 
Leaf  River,  and  Elkhorn  and  Pine  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating,  and  the  .soil  very  fertile.  The  county  contains 
exteu.sive  rolling  prarixs.  with  a  fair  prt)portion  of  timber. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Galena  Branch  of  he  Central  Rail- 
road. Named  in  honor  of  i-omu  uiemberof  the  Ogle  family, 
which  was  distinguished  among  the  early  S'.ttlers  of  Uliuoig. 
Capital.  Oregon  Cily.     Pop.  22,188. 

0G1..E,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania 

OGLE,  a  post-village  of  Ogle  co.,  lliiuois,  abuui,  17.8  milos 
N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

OGLE  POINT.  North  America,  lat.  68°  14'  N. 

OGLETHOIil'E.  o/g'l-tlinvp.  a  county  in  tho  N.E  part  of 
Georgia,  has  an  area  of  480  square  mi  e.<.  The  Bro'.'l  Ifivnr 
forms  part  of  the  northern  boundary ;  Ute  Oconc>e  wajihes  ilK 


OQL 


OIII 


Soutti-westom  border,  and  it  is  drained  by  the  S.  fork  of 
Broad  River,  and  by  Beaverdam,  Cloud's,  Millstone,  and 
Lojit;  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is 
fertile.  Iron,  jasper,  agate,  and  abundance  of  fine  granite 
are  found.  On  the  farm  of  Oovernor  Gilmer  thei'e  i.<  an  im- 
mense mass  of  trrunite,  so  nicely  balanced  on  another  rock 
of  the  siime  kind,  that  a  child  can  move  it.  Gold  has  been 
found  on  Lon;^  Creek.  (White's  istatislics.)  The  creeks  above 
named  furni.^l^  immense  water-power.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Athens  Branch  of  the  Georgia  Kailroad.  Organized  in 
1703,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  .James  Oglethorpe,  who 
founded  the  colony  of  Georgia  in  1733.  Capital.  Le.xiugton. 
Pop.  l],.'i-10,  of  whom4  '."5.  were  free  and  751-4  slaves. 

OGLETII')lll'i;,  a  flourishing  city  of  Macon  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Flint  Kiver,  at  the  terminus  of  the  t-outh-wester^ 
Railroad;  50  miles  S.W.  of  JIacon.  The  raih-oad  connects 
at  Macon  with  two  of  the  principal  railways  of  Georgia,  and 
it  is  proposed  to  e.xtend  it  southward  to  Fort  Gaines.  Ogle- 
thorpe was  commence!  in  1S50,  and  its  growth  has  been 
very  rapid.  It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and  an  important 
depot  for  cotton.     E'op.  in  1S60,  45-1. 

OGLKTUOIU'K  COLLEGE.    See  Mii.i.EDr.Evii,LE,  Georgia. 

OGUN'QUIT,  a  post-office  of  York  eo.,  JIaine. 

OGLIANICO,  ol-yii'De-ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  about  20  miles  from  Turin.     I'op.  1200. 

OGIjI.A..sri{0.  Al-yd.'f'tro.  a  village  of  Sicily,  intendancy 
and  12  miles  S.8.E.  of  Palermo.    Pop.  1800. 

OGLIO,  6l'yo,  or  OLLIO,  Alle-o,  (anc.  Ol/lius.)  a  river  of 
Xorthren  Italy,  rises  in  the  Klia;tian  Alp.s,  flows  through 
the  Lake  Isco.  and  after  a  eour.w  of  130  miles,  joins  the  i'o 
at  Torre  d'Oglio,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Mantua.  During  winter 
it  floods  the  surrounding  coiuitry,  and  the  depth  of  its 
chainiel  exceeds  20  feet. 

OG/MORE.  a  river  of  So\4h  Wales,  rising  in  the  centre 
of  the  county  of  Glamorgan,  flows  S.S.W.  into  the  Bristol 
Channel.    Chief  afliuent,  the  Ewenny. 

OGOX/NELr.OE  or  O'GO/MLLOE,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Muustpr,  CO.  of  Clare. 

OG0J«O,  o-gAu'yo,  a  cape  of  Spain,  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  province  of  Biscay,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Bilbao ; 
lat.  43^  2.3'  N.,  ion.  2°  35'  W. 

OGUIJIN.  o-goo-leen',  a  market-town  of  Austria.  Croatia, 
23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlstadt,  on  the  Dobra.     I'op.  2400. 

OGUR.VPoORA,  o-goo-rd-poo/r3,  (Hindoo  Agoorapoora,)  a 
town  of  Rritish  India,  pre.<idency  of  Bengal,  province  of 
Orissa.  75  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cuttack. 

OG'WELL,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

OGWEIiL,  WEi5T,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

OGY,  oV.hee',  a  viU.lge  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
25  miles  .N.N.W.  of  M<m,s.     Pop.  1304. 

OH-VIN,  o'lhin',  a  village  of  ijelgium,  province  of  Brabant, 
11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2330. 

OIIAXEZ,  o-d-uoth',  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  and 
19  miles  X.W.  of  Almeria,  on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Sierra  Xe- 
vada.     Pop.  2340. 

01I.VS.\K.\,a  town  of  Japan.    See  Osaka. 

OHETERO.A,  o-hi-tA-rofa,  or  ROUROUTON,  roo-roo-ton', 
an  island  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  22°  34' S.,  Ion. 
150°  13' W.;  about  12  miles  in  circumference.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Cook. 

OHIO,  o-hi/o,  one  of  the  most  important  rivers  in  the 
United  States,  is  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany 
and  Mononi;.ahi'la  at  Pittsburg,  in  the  western  part  of  Penu- 
gylvania,  and  flowing  in  a  south-westerly  dire<:tion,  dividing 
Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  right  from  Virginia  and 
Keutuckj'  on  the  left,  enters  the  Missis.sippi  1216  miles  from 
Its  mouth.  Lat.  37°  X'.,  Ion.  89°  10'  W.  The  French  called 
this  stream  La  IkUe  Riviere,  ''the  beautiful  river;"  which 
signification  corresponds,  it  is  stated,  to  the  Indian  appel- 
lation "  Ohio."  The  entire  length  of  the  Ohio  is  upwards 
of  9.50  miles,  and  of  the  valley,  not  following  the  windings 
of  the  stream,  about  614  miles.  Its  principal  tributaries 
are  the  Muskingum,  Great  Kanawha,  Big  Sandy,  Scioto, 
Miami,  Green,  Iveutucky,  Wabash,  Cumberland,  and  Teu- 
ne.ssee.  Of  the.se,  the  most  importaut  are  the  last  three,  of 
which  the  Tennessee  is  the  largest.  Immediately  below  the 
junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela,  the  Ohio  is  a 
placid  and  beautiful  stream,  600  yards  wide,  which  maj-  be 
considered  as  near  its  m'olium  breadth.  At  Pittsburg  its 
elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea  is  680  feet ;  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Muskingiim,  541  feet;  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Scioto,  4tU  feet;  opposite  Cincinnati,  414  feet;  and  at  its 
confluence  with  the  Mississippi.  324  feet;  making  the  ave- 
rage descent  less  tiian  >.  inches  to  the  mile.  The  current  is 
very  gentle,  being  about  3  miles  per  hour;  at  high  water 
its  velocity  is  greater,  but  during  the  dry  season  a  floating 
Bubstance  would  not  move  more  than  2  miles  an  hour.  The 
only  fails  of  much  note  are  those  at  Louisville.  Kentucky. 
The  obstruction  to  navigation  here  has  been  partially  over- 
come by  a  canal  admitting  the  passage  of  small  steamboats. 
The  descent  is  22i  feet  in  two  miles,  producing  a  very  rapid 
current,  which,  howver.  is  sometimes  ascended  by  steam- 
boats at  hi'ili  water. 

The  Ohio  River  cont^fins  as  many  as  100  considerable 
felands,   bo.*ides  a,  great    number    of  tow-heads,   or   low, 


sandy  islands,  covered  with  willows,  and  Incapable  of 
cultivation.  The  navigation  of  the  river  is  usually  more 
or  less  obstructed  above  Louisville  during  the  dry  seas<m, 
by  the  numerous  sandbars  either  extending  across  tlie 
stream  or  projecting  into  it.  Steamboats  becoming  grounded 
on  these,  not  un frequently  are  obliged  to  remain  until  r* 
lieved  by  the  periodical  rise  of  the  waters.  Another  oiistade 
is  the  floating  ice,  which  usually  continues  5  or  6  weeks 
during  the  winter  season.  Like  other  western  rivers,  the 
Ohio  is  suhJBct  to  groat  elevations  and  depressions.  The 
average  range  between  high  and  low  water  is  generally 
about  50  feet;  but  in  a  few  instances,  as  in  1832,  the  riso 
has  been  over  60  feet.  'Wlion  at  its  lowest  stag(!,  it  may  be 
forded  in  several  places  between  Cincinnati  and  Pittsburg. 
The  n.avigable  waters  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributary  streams 
are  estimated  Jit  not  less  than  5000  miles;  and  the  extent 
of  area  drained,  at  200,000  square  miles.  Descending  the 
river  from  Pittsburg,  thie  scenery  is  highly  picturesque  and 
beautiful.  The  hills,  two  and  three  hundred  feet  high,  and 
covered  with  the  verdure  of  an  almost  unbroken  fore.'-t.  ap- 
proach the  stream,  and  confine  it  on  eitlier  side.  But  the,>-e 
fine  features  imperceptibly  fade  away,  and  long  before  reach- 
ing tlie  Mississippi,  entirely  disappear. 

OHIO,  one  of  the  Western  States  of  the  Xorth  American 
Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  the  X.  by  Michigan  and  Lake 
Erie,  E.  by  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  S.  by  Virginia  and 
Kentucky,  (from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Ohio  River,) 
and  W.  by  Indiana.  It  lies  between  38°  32'  and  42^  X.  lat., 
and  between  80°  35'  and  84°  40'  W.  ion.,  being  about  200 
miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  X.  to  S.,  and  about  195  in  ex- 
treme width,  covering  an  area  of  about  39,9t>4  square  miles, 
or  25,576,060  acres,  of  which  12,025,304  were  improved  in 
I860. 

Face,  nfthe  Country. — Although  Ohio  has  no  mountains,  the 
centre  of  the  state  is  elevated  about  UiOO  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  there  are  other  portions  from  600  to  800  feet 
in  elevation.  A  ridge  of  highlands,  north  of  the  miildle  of 
the  state,  separates  the  rivers  flowing  X.  into  Lake  Erie  from 
those  running  S.  into  the  Ohio  River.  The  tributaries  of  the 
Ohio  have  a  much  longer  course  and  much  greater  volume  of 
water  than  those  flowing  into  Lake  Erie.  The  Ohio  slope 
is  interrupted  by  a  second  ridge,  about  the  middle  of  the 
state,  south  of  which  the  surface  Is  diversified  by  hills  and 
valleys.  The  summits  of  the  abrupt  hills,  several  hundred 
feet  high,  which  border  the  Ohio,  (and  the  rivers  of  tiie  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  generally.)  are  nearly  on  a  level  with  the 
surrounding  country,  through  which  the  rivers  have  exca- 
vated their  channels  in  the  lapse  of  ages.  The  middle  por- 
tion of  the  state  is  generally  an  elevated  plain,  with  occa- 
sional marshes,  which  become  more  frequent  and  extensive 
farther  north ;  but  it  is  remarkable  that  these  are  on  the 
higli  grounds,  while  the  banks  of  the  rivers  are  compara- 
tively firm  land.  In  the  X.W.  is  .an  extensive  tract  of  great 
fertility,  crdled  the  Bl.ick  Swamp,  much  of  which  is  yet 
covered  with  forest.  In  the  centre  and  X.W.  are  some  prai- 
ries, though  the  state  was  originally  well  timbered.  The 
plains  of  Ohio,  as  well  as  those  of  other  Western  States,  are 
covered  with  large  stones  (almost  rocks)  called  boulders, 
which  appear  to  have  been  carried  by  the  icebergs  of  an 
early  sea,  and  dropped  at  random  as  the  ice  melted. 

OentDipj. — The  great  bituminous  coalfield  of  Pennsylvania, 
Virginia,  and  Kentucky,  extends  into  Oliio  from  the  S.K., 
occupying  the  eastern  and  S.E.  portions  of  the  state,  from 
the  X.  angle  of  Trumbull  county  to  near  Portsmouth,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  and  covering  an  area  of  11,900  square  miles. 
Tlie  X.W.  boundary  of  this  great  coal  deposit  runs  near  tlie 
villages  of  Wooster,  Xewark,  and  Lancaster,  forming  a  slight 
curve.  This  is  succeeded  by  a  very  narrow  belt  of  the  under- 
lying coal  conglomerate,  which  forms  a  rim  round  the  coal- 
bed.  The  Great  Chemung  and  Portage  Groups  (the  former 
composed  of  thin  bedded  sandstones  or  flagstones,  with  in- 
tervening .shales,  and  frequently  beds  of  limestone  rendered 
impure  by  organic  remains;  and  the  latter  of  shale,  and 
flagstones,  and  towards  the  upper  part  some  thick  bedded 
saudstonej  enter  the  state  from  New  York  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  fill  up  the  whole  bn^adth  between  the  coal-bed.  and  tho 
rim  of  conglomerate  spoken  of  alxivi^,  and  Lake  Erie  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Huron  River,  where  they  turn  almost  directly 
S..  and  strike  the  Ohio  River  in  the  S.E.  of  Adams  county. 
This  is  followed  by  a  very  narrow  belt  of  the  Hamilton 
group,  (composed  of  dull  olive  or  bluish-gray  calcareous 
shales,  sometiines  changed  by  the  atmosphere  to  an  ashen, 
and  at  others  to  a  brown  tint.)  which  passes  under  Lake 
Erie  from  the  S.  of  Buffalo,  Xew  York,  and  re-issues  in  Ohio, 
W.  of  Huron  River.  All  the  state  W.  of  this  is  occnpie  i  by 
the  Helderberg  Limestone  Group,  (which  includes  some  grits 
aud  sandstones,)  except  in  the  S.W.,  in  Warren.  Butler.  iTaui- 
ilton,  Clermont,  and  parts  of  Brown,  Highland,  Clinton, 
Greene,  Montgomery,  and  Preble  counties,  whicli  are  covered 
with  a  bed  of  Black  River,  Birdseyeand  Trenton  limestone, 
surrounded  by  a  rim  of  the  conglomerate  coal  formation. 

Minerals. — The  variety  of  minerals  in  Ohio  is  not  lai-ge,  but 
she  possesses  in  great  abundance  those  most  impijrtant  ones, 
coal  and  iron.  The  amount  of  bituminous  coal  dug  in  l^.")4, 
in  17  of  the  principal  coal-producing  counties,  was  estimated 

1383 


=i! 


OIII 


OIII 


Ht  l/{,  HO.OW.hushols;  and  the  amount  delivered  at  6  of  the 
;:riu<'a pal  cities  at  15,C.iO,000  bushels;  but  this  is  very  im- 
V^rfijet  evidence  of  the  abundance  of  coal  iu  a  state  where 
wood  as  a  fuel  is  still  so  cheap.  This  valuable  mineral  is 
jouud  in  20  counties,  mostly  those  in  the  K.  and  S.K.  portions 
of  the  state.  The  coal  region  commences  at  the  Uhio  lUver, 
Had  extends  in  a  belt  between  the  Scioto  and  Muskingum 
Kivers,  inclining  a  little  E.  of  X.  near  to  Lake  Erie.  I'rofessor 
Mathiir  computes  the  (juautity  enibowelled  beneath  the  soil  in 
Tuscarawas  county  alone,  at  80,0tK),000,000  bushels.  The 
iron,  which  is  found  running  through  Lawrence.  Gallia,  Jack- 
Bon,  Meigs,  Vinton,  .\thens,  and  Hocking  counties,  in  a  bed 
100  miles  long  by  12  wide,  is  said  to  be  superior  to  any  other 
in  the  United  States  for  the  finer  castings.  In  1850  there 
were  shipped  by  canal  16,179,227  pounds  of  iron,  from  dif- 
ferent ptiints  in  the  state.  The  blnst.-furnaces  along  the 
Scioto  and  Uocking  Valley  Railroad  have  iucreased  from  7 
to  19,  since  the  opening  of  a  portion  of  that  road.  In  Law- 
rence county  alone  28,000  tons  of  pig  iron  were  estimated  to 
have  been  produced  in  1853.  Salt  springs  are  frequent, 
(550,-350  bushels  of  salt  were  manufactured  iu  1S50,)  aud 
marble  and  lime  abound. 

Jiivers,  Lakes,  &c. — .A.s  has  been  already  stated,  the  Ohio 
River  ooasts  the  entire  southern  and  S.K.  border  of  the  state, 
opening  to  it,  by  its  connexion  with  the  Mississippi  River, 
the  i»mmerce  of  the  great  Mississippi  Valley.  The  Ohio 
comes  abreast  of  the  state  to  whirh  it  gives  its  name,  about 
60  miles  below  Pittsburg,  where  the  Alleghany  and  Mo- 
nongahela  lUvers  pour  together  their  united  tribute  to  form 
that  be;iutiful  and  majestic  stream,  to  whose  volume  the 
state  of  Ohio  adds  the  waters  of  the  .Musliingum,  Scioto,  and 
Miami,  besides  .several  smaller  streams.  These  rivers  have 
courses  varying  in  length  from  110  to  200  miles.  The  Ohio 
River  is  navigable  during  half  the  year  by  steamboats  of 
the  first  class,  to  its  head,  at  Pittsburg,  and  at  all  seasons, 
with  short  exceptions,  for  boats  of  lighter  draught  The 
Muskiugum  River  is  navigable,  by  means  of  dams  aud  locks, 
to  Zanesville.  70  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  at  times  of  high- 
water,  30  miles  farther  to  Coshocton.  The  Scioto  is  not 
navigable  to  any  extent.  The  Muskingum,  Scioto,  and 
Miami  enter  the  Ohio  in  the  order  named,  (descending 
from  Pittsburg,)  and  drain  the  centre  and  S.^V.  of  the 
state.  The  chief  rivers  of  the  northern  slope,  beginning  at 
the  N.W.,  are  the  Maumee,  the  Sandusky,  Huron,  and  Cuy- 
ahoga, all  emptying  into  Lake  Krie,  and  all  (with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Maumee  Hlver,  which  rises  in  Indiana)  having 
their  entire  course  within  the  state.  The  Maumee  River  is 
navigable  IS  miles  for  lake  steamers,  and  still  farther  for 
small  boats.  The  other  rivers  Ijave  rapid  courses,  and  are 
chiefly  valuable  for  mill-sites.  Lake  Erie  ooasts  the  state 
for  about  150  miles  on  the  N.E.  and  N.,  affording  several 
harbors.  At  the  VV.  end  of  the  lake  are  Maumee  and  San- 
dusky Bays,  the  principal  on  the  Ohio  shore.  Sandusky 
Bay  extends  alxiut  20  miles  inland.  There  are  several  small 
islands  iu  the  W.  end  of  the  lake,  belonging  to  Ohio. 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Though  not  lacking  in  pic- 
turesque beauty,  Ohio  has  no  striking  natural  phenomena 
within  its  limits,  and  is  rather  interesting  for  its  economical 
resources  than  for  its  physical  wonders.  The  shores  of  the 
Ohio  River  have  been  much  admired  by  travellers  for  their 
gracefully  rounded  and  lofty  hills,  and  the  interior  streams 
have  some  pleasant  cascades,  which  will  be  noticed  in  de- 
scribing their  respective  localities.  There  are,  however, 
some  earth-works  in  the  neighborhood  of  Circleviile,  (to 
■which  they  give  name,)  which  have  claimed  the  attention 
of  antiqu.irians  for  half  a  century  or  more.  Works  of  a 
similar  character,  of  greater  or  less  extent,  are  scattered 
over  the  state.  Among  the  most  remarkable  is  a  mound 
near  Marietta,  30  feet  high,  enclosed  by  an  elliptical  wall 
2.30  by  215  feet:  Fort  .incient.  in  Warren  county,  has  nearly 
4  miles  of  embankment  from  18  to  20  feet  high;  Clark's 
Works,  in  Ross  county,  iu  form  of  a  parallelogram,  2SO0 
feet  bj'  1800  feet,  enclosing  several  smaller  works  and 
mounds,  which,  altogether,  m:ike  3.000,000  cubic  feet  of 
embankment.  &e. ;  and  many  others,  which  the  nature  of 
this  work  will  not  allow  us  to  describe.  At  Bryan,  iu  Wil- 
liams county,  the  inhabitants  are  favored  with  natural 
fountains,  supposed  to  proceed  from  a  subterranean  lake. 
as  water,  when  bored  for,  is  found  in  great  abundance,  for 
several  miles  round.  The  fluid  is  reached  at  a  depth  of  from 
40  to  50  feet.  The  supply  is  never  affected  by  droughts  or 
rains.     Small  fish  are  sometimes  thrown  up. 

Vlimntc,  Siil,  and  PrmloKtions. — It  is  under  this  heading 
tliat  Oliic  will  exhibit  the  sources  to  which  she  owes  a  rise, 
(unexampled  in  the  history  of  the  world  except  in  the 
t'nited  Stat(!s.)  in  a  little  more  than  half  a  century,  from  a 
mere  wilderne.-s  to  rank  among  the  first  of  the  state*  of  tlie 
Ameiicaii  Confederacy,  and  t«  equal  some  of  the  kingdoms 
of  Europe  in  wealth  and  populousness.  She  is  posse-sed 
of  tliat  happy  meilium  of  soil  and  climate,  which,  while 
not  so  luxurious  as  to  tempt  to  indolence  and  inertness,  is 
yet  sufficient  to  call  foi-th  and  richly  reward  energy  and 
industry.  The  climate  iu  the  S.  part  of  the  state  is  mild, 
and  snow  seldom  lies  long  enough  to  make  good  sleighing; 
but  iu  the  \.  the  temperature  is  as  rigorous  as  iu  the  same 
1384 


latitude  near  the  Atlantic.  Ohio  has  sometimes  fUfTered 
from  great  droughts,  but  perhaps  not  to  a  greater  degree  on 
the  whole  than  the  neighboring  states. 

There  is  very  little  of  this  state  that  is  not  available  for 
agricultural  purposes;  so  that  it  stands  among  the  first  in 
the  products  of  the  soil;  the  very  first  in  wool ;  only  second 
in  Indian  corn,  cheese,  and  live  stock ;  and  third  in  wheat, 
oats,  Irish  potatoes,  buckwheat,  orchard  products,  butter, 
hay.  niiiple  sugar,  and  grass-seeds.  The  soil  may  be 
generally  characterized  as  fertile,  and  much  of  it  highly 
so,  especially  on  the  river  bottoms.  Besides  the  pro- 
ducts named,  tobacco  and  oats  are  staple  articles;  barley, 
rye,  peas,  beans,  buckwheat,  fruits,  grass-seeds,  hops,  mo- 
lasses, beeswax,  and  honey  are  produced  in  large  quantities, 
and  sweet  potatoes,  wine,  hemp,  and  silk  to  some  extent 
In  1860  there  were  in  Ohio  12,025,.'594  acres  of  improved  land 
(7,S46,747  being  unimproved),  producing  15.11y,u47  bushels 
of  wheat ;  (83,086  of  rye ;  73,543,190  of  Indian  corn ;  1 5,40H.234 
of  oats;  102,511  of  pe:is  and  beans;  8,695.101  of  Irish  pota- 
toes ;  304,445  of  sweet  potatoes ;  1,663,^68  of  barley :  2,370.660 
of  buckwheat;  298.479  of  grass  seeds;  242.420  of  flax  seed; 
25,092,581  pounds  of  tobacco;  10,608.927  of  wool ;  48,543,162 
of  butter;  21.618.893  of  cheese;  27,9-^3  of  hoiw;  882,423  of 
flax;  3,345,508  of  maple  sugar;  53,786  of  beeswax;  1,4-59,601 
ofhoney;  568,617  gallons  of  wine;  370,512  of  maple  molases; 
779,076  of  sorghum  moliisses;  1,564,502  tons  of  hav;  live- 
stock valued  at  $80,384,819 ;  orchard  products  at  Sl,929,.309; 
market  products  at  S907,513 ;  and  slaughtered  animals  at 
$14,725,945.  There  were  in  the  state  62o,;>46  horaes.  676,585 
milch  cows,63,078  working  oxen,895,077  other  cattlc.3,646,767 
sheep,  and  2.251,653  swine.  Near  Cincinnati  are  extensive 
vineyards,  which  nroduced  in  1860  353.818  gallons  of  wine. 

Forest  Trees. — The  forest  trees  of  Ohio  are  several  varie- 
ties of  oak,  hickory,  sugar  and  other  maples,  beech,  poplar, 
ash,  sycamore,  pawpaw,  buckeye,  (which  gives  its  soubri- 
quet to  the  state.)  dogwood,  cherry,  elm,  hornbeam,  and 
some  cypres-s,  though  evergreens  generally  do  not  flourish 
in  the  state.  Ginseng,  (latterly  an  article  of  export  to 
China,  as  a  substitute  for  opium.)  valerian,  Colombo,  snake, 
and  blood  roots  are  medicinal  plants  indigenous  to  the  state. 

Manufactures. — Ohio  has  now  attained  that  degree  of  ad- 
vancement that  enables  a  state  to  cultivate  other  Jhan  its 
agricultural  resources.  Though  her  manufactures  are  ne- 
cessarily in  their  infancy,  yet  in  l^GO  there  were  11,123  es- 
tablishments in  the  state,  producing  cwh  $500  and  upwards 
annually,  engaged  in  manufactures,  mining,  and  mechanic 
arts,  employing  an  aggregate  capital  of  $57,295,303  and  75,- 
602  hands,  consuming  raw  material  valued  at  $69,800,270, 
and  producing  annually  goods  valued  at  S121,691,148.  Of 
these  115  were  woollen  factories,  employing  $658,750  capital 
and  728  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $47 6,833,  and 
producing  annually  goods  valued  at  S825,231 ;  7  cotton  fac- 
tories, employing  $262,00t)  capital  and  837  hands,  consum- 
ing raw  material  worth  $;i60,t)00,  and  producing  stnft's  val- 
ued at  $705,500;  67  iron  foundries,  employing  $1,125,400 
ciipitiil  and  1414  hands,  and  producing  castings  valued  at 
$1,588,560;  48  furnaces,  employing  $3,654,000  capital  and 
3119  hands,  and  producing  pig-iron  valued  at  $2,697,366;  13 
rolling-mills,  employing  $961,800  capital  and  1326  hands, 
and  producing  bar.  sheet  and  railroad  iron  valued  at  $2,860,- 
200;  106  distilleries,  emi)loying  $2,723,200  capital,  consum- 
ing raw  material  worth  $4,270,466,  and  producing  distilled 
liquors  valued  at  $6,176,437;  149  breweries,  employing 
81,713,362  capital,  and  producing  malt  liquors  valued  at 
$1,936,552;  516  tanneries,  employing  $2,113,878  capital, 
consuming  raw  material  worth  $1,832,080,  and  producing 
leather  valued  at  $3,058,097 ;  1223  flour  and  grist-mills,  em- 
ploying $8,066,196  capitiil,  and  producing  flour  and  meal 
valued  at  $24,772,936;  and  302  cabinet  shops,  producing 
furniture  valued  at  $2,621,682.  Home-made  nnuiiifiicturcs 
valued  at  $596,197  were  also  produced  in  the  same  year. 

Internal  Improvements. — In  respect  to  opening  ways  of 
internal  communication,  Ohio  has  shown  a  spirit  of  enter- 
prise worthy  her  New  England  origin.  In  1860,  there  were 
in  the  state  2999  miles  of  railway  completed,  being  the  gi-eat- 
est  amount  of  any  state  of  the  Union.  The  construction 
and  equipment  of  these  railroads  cost  $111,896,351.  A 
complete  line  of  canal  connects  the  Ohio  River  at  Ports- 
mouth with  Cleveland,  on  Lake  Erie,  following  the  Scioto 
river  nearly  to  Columbus,  then  crossing  to  the  Muskingum, 
which  it  coasts  for  perhaps  50  miles,  when  it  crosses  to  the 
Cuyahoga,  which  it  follows  to  Cleveland;  thus  opening  an 
inland  water  cnmmunication  between  the  commertial  me- 
tropolis of  the  Union  and  the  principal  city  of  Ohio.  Alxiut 
100  miles  of  the  canal  connecting  Toledo  with  Terre  Haute, 
in  Indiana,  runs  near  the  Maumee  in  the  N.W.  of  this  stiite. 
Another  canal  connects  Cincinnati,  through  Dayton,  with 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal;  and  a  third.  Cincinnati  with 
Cambridge  City.  Indiana.  Altogether,  with  the  branches, 
then!  are  921  miles  of  canal  in  this  youthful  state. 

Two  lines  of  railway  cross  the  entire  state  to  Sandusky 
City,  and  Cleveland  on  Lake  Erie,  and  3  from  Welbville. 
Steulienville,  and  Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio,  westward  to  To- 
ledo. Fort  Wayne,  Terre  Haute,  and  Cincinnati,  and  tlirongh 
(Xinuexions  with  other  railroado,  with  Detroit,  Chicagii,  Ga 


OHI 

Icna,  Rork  Island,  Alton,  and  all  important  intermediate 
{ilaces.  EiiKtwai'd  there  Is  uninterrupted  communication  by 
railway — more  or  less  directly — witli  Boston,  New  York, 
Philadelphia.  Baltimore,  and  towns  and  villages  innumera- 
ble on  the  routes,  iind  on  intersecting  roads.  ]{ailrouds  re- 
cently completed  have  nnitetl  Cincinnati  more  directly  with 
Baltimore,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Fort  AVayne,  and  Toledo. 

The  following  towns,  in  addition  to  those  already  named 
within  the  state,  are  connected  with  the  commercial  empo- 
rium of  Ohio  by  railway,  viz. :  Columbus,  Dayton,  Zanesville, 
Chilicothe,  Springfield,  Lancaster,  Circleville,  Hamilton.  Ur- 
bana,  Bellefoutuiue.  Kenton,  Tiffin,  Korwalk,  Mansfield, 
Wooster,  Newark,  Mast;illon,  Akron,  and  in  short,  neayly 
every  important  village  in  the  state. 

Commeice. — The  lake  and  river  trade  of  Ohio  is  immense. 
According  to  Andrews's  licport,  Ohio  exported  of  do-" 
mestio  produce  in  1851,  wheat  and  flour  ecjuivalent  to 
3,000,000  barrels;  corn,  5,000,000  bushels;  small  grains, 
300,000 ;  wool,  7,000,000  pounds  ;  pork.  300.000  barrels ;  lard 
and  lard  oil,  130,000  barrels;  beef,  50,000  barrels;  10,000,000 
pounds  of  cheese,  8,000,000  of  butter,  1.500,000  of  caudles, 
300,000  of  soap;  whiskey,  300,000  barrels;  to  which,  if  we 
add  smaller  articles  and"  manufactures,  we  make  a  total 
amount  of  about  $-10,000,000.  The  aggregate  trade  of  all  the 
ports  of  Ohio  he  computes  at  $120,000,000.  Tliis  is  proba- 
bly much  too  low  fur  1853,  as  the  trade  of  the  Sandusky  dis- 
trict alone  for  that  year  has  been  given  at  $05,099,487,  an 
amount  nearly  treble  that  of  1851. 

The  foreign  exports — a  mere  fraction  of  the  trade  of  Ohio 
^amounted  in  the  liscal  year  ls63,  to  $1,849,025,  and  the 
imports  to  $221,947;  tonnage  entered,  84,707  ;  clo;ired,  t)5,588 
tons;  vessels  built,  79,  whose  aggregate  burthen  was  20,088 
tons;  and  tonna^'e  owned  in  the  state,  t76,4.'S6,  of  which 
nearly  half  was  steam-tonnage.  The  imports  (mostly  do- 
mestic) of  Cincinnati,  amounted  in  tlie  years  terminating 
August  31, 185-2-0,  4,  respectively,  to  $41,260,199,  $51,230,044, 
and  $05,730,029 ;  and  the  exports  to  $33,234,809,  $;J0,260,108, 
and  $45,432,780;  arrivals  of  steamlwats  in  the  first  two 
years  were  3075,  and  4058;  clearances,  3011,  and  4113  steam- 
boats. There  also  arrived,  in  1853,  6880  flat  boats,  and  4970 
in  1854.  Tile  leading  articles  imported  at  Cincinnati  were, 
colfee,  flour,  hog's  lard,  merchandise,  molasses,  pork,  iron, 
sugar,  tobac(»,  whiskey,  and  lumber;  and  exported,  were 
beef,  butter,  cheese,  candles,  flour,  iron,  lard,  lard  oil,  pork, 
starch,  sugar,  wliiskey,  and  miscellaneous  merchandise. 
Cleveland's  imports,  in  1853,  were  domestic,  $54,801,174,  and 
foreign,  $170,008 ;  exports,  domestic,  $32,320,521,  and  foreign, 
$397,209,  besides  an  estimated  trade  by  railways,  amounting 
to  $15,000,000,  making  a  total  trade  of  $101,909,512;  and 
in  1864,  the  total  trade  of  the  same  port,  by  lake,  canal,  and 
railway,  was  §200,039,006,  including  transit  trade.  The 
flour  and  grain  receipts  of  Toledo,  reduced  to  bu-shels  of 
wheat,  varied  iu  the  8  years  preceding,  and  including  1853, 
between  1,297,849  bushels,  and  3,269,208  bushels.  The  arri- 
vals at  the  s;ime  port,  in  1853-64,  respectively,  were  (in  tons) 
231.205.  and  420.508,  and  the  clearances  103,278.  and  89,057. 
The  lard,  both  solid  and  in  oil,  exported  from  Cincinnati, 
Toledo.  Sandusky,  Cleveland,  and  I'urtsmo.uth,  in  1854,  was 
estimated  at  29.200,000  pouuds.  The  number  of  hogs  packed 
iu  Ohio  was  547,373,  iu  1851-52,  and  603,152,  in  1852-53. 

Education. — In  respect  to  the  great  cause  of  popular  educa- 
tion, Ohio  is  among  the  foremost  states  in  the  Union.  An 
act  was  passed,  March  14, 1853,  reorganizing  the  entire  school 
system  of  the  state,  and  providing  for  the  election,  once  in 
three  years,  of  a  State  Commissioner  of  Common  Schools. 
The  state  has  a  school  fund  of  $1,754,322.  made  up  of  certain 
trust  funds,  the  interest  of  the  .sale  of  the  salt  land,  the 
balance  of  the  surplus  revenue  fund,  the  interest  of  the 
same  paid  to  counties,  taxes  on  pedlers'  and  auction  licenses, 
taxes  on  lawyers,  physicians,  banks.  Ac;  raised  by  assess- 
ment for  common  schools,  $1,180,793,  and  $59,339  for  di.strict 
school  libraries  and  the  purchase  of  apparatus.  Special  and 
trust  funds  iu  the  treasury,  November  15,  1853,  .$1,988,323. 
Total  amount  appropriated  by  the  state  for  school  purposes 
in  1854,  $2,200,457.  The  number  of  youths  in  the  state  be- 
tween the  ages  of  5  and  21  years,  as  gathered  from  the  returns 
of  the  County  Auditors,  was  816,408,  or.  according  to  the 
State  Board  of  Education,  817,106.  There  were  1514  Boards 
of  Education,  11.365  districts,  13,914  common  schools,  and 
612,185  pupils.  In  1853,  there  were  52  union  schools.  The 
State  University  had  102  students,  August.  1853.  According 
to  the  American  Almanac,  there  were  in  1854,  in  Ohio,  12 
colleges  with  674  students,  7  theological  schools,  and  4 
medical  schools. 

According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Ohio,  45 
colleges  witlx  7077  students,  $205,885  income,  of  whicli 
$'S2,600  was  endowments;  11,783  public  schools,  having 
590,549  pupils,  $2,551,8-14  income,  of  which  $1,515,720  was 
from  taxation,  $870,709  from  public  funds,  and  .$69,660  from 
endowments ;  131  academies  and  other  schools,  having  54,035 
pupils,  $274,041  income,  of  which  $63,658  was  frcmi  taxation, 
f25,726  from  public  funds,  and  $16,617  from  endowments. 
Tliere  are  also  in  this  state  3082  libraries  containing  790,666 
volumes,  of  which  4u9  were  pul)lic,  1990  school,  500  Sunday- 
gchool,  21  college,  and  9  church  libraries. 


OHI 

Rdiginus  Denominations. — Of  the  5210  churches  in  01  o 
in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  489.  C'lristians  365,  Congregatiou- 
allsts  142,  Episcopalians  93,  Friends  92,  German  Ileformed 
115,  Jews  8,  Lutherans  374,  Metl  lOdists  2341,  Presbyterians 
631,  United  Presbyterians  82,  KoDian  Catliolics  222,  Sweden 
borgians  5,  Unionists  66,  Uuiversidists  57.  The  rest,  128. 
were  owned  by  minor  sects,  including  Moravians,  Dutch 
Ileformed,  Menonites,  Tunkers,  and  Free  Clinrch.  Thit 
will  give  1  church  to  every  449  persons.  The  total  value 
of  church  property,  $12,988,762. 

J'eriiidicaU. —  In  1860,  there  were  published  in  Ohio  24 
daily,  8  tri-weekly,  4  bi-weekly,  and  260  weekly  pewsi)apev8; 
and  41  monthly  and  3  annual  magazines  or  reviews.  Of 
tliese  256  were  political,  37  religious,  and  24  literal y.  The 
number  of  copies  is-sued  annually  was  71,767,742. 

I'uhllc  Insliluiiims. — Ohio  luis  4  lunatic  asylums,  viz.,  the 
Soutliern  Asylum  located  at  Dayton,  tlie  Central  at  Colum- 
bus, the  Northern  at  Newberg,  and  the  Longview  Insane 
Asylum  at  Mill  Creek,  near  Cincinnati.  The  number  of 
patients  remaining  November  1,  18G2,  was  161  in  the  South- 
ern, 260  in  the  Central,  141  in  the  Northern,  and  346  in  tlie 
Longview  Asylum;  total,  908.  Tliere  are  institutions  for 
the  Blind,  and  for  Deaf  Jliites  at  Columbus;  432  blind  per- 
sons were  trained  in  tlie  former  between  1838  (when  it  was 
founded)  and  1862.  The  State  Penitentiary  at  Columbus 
contiiined  768  prisoners  on  the  1st  of  November,  1862.  The 
number  committed  during  the  year  was  237.  Expenditures 
for  the  year,  $93,444;  amount  receive<l  for  the  labor  of  con- 
victs, $61,504.  There  is  a  library  of  8000  volumes  for  the 
use  of  tlie  convicts.  [For  the  statistics  of  libraries  in 
1860,  see  Education.^  In  1850  Ohio  liad  6.')  public  libraries, 
with  65,703  volumes;  201  school  and  Sunday-school,  with 
63,573;  22  colleges,  with  5ii,6"8;  f»i(l  4  cliurch  libraries, 
with  976  volumes.  The  Ohio  Historical  Society,  origi- 
nated in  1830,  is  located  at  Cincinnati,  and  has  a  library 
of  above  1000  volumes.  A  second  deaf  and  dumb  .asylum 
was  recommended  by  a  committee  of  the  legislature  in 
1854. 

Chunties. — There  are  in  Ohio  88  counties,  viz.,  Adams, 
Allen,  Ashland,  Ashtabula,  Athen.s,  Auglaize,  Belmont, 
Brown,  Butler,  Carroll,  Champaign,  Clark,  Clermont,  Clin- 
ton, Columbiana,  Coshocton,  Crawford,  Cuyahoga,  Darke, 
Defiance,  Delaware,  Erie,  F'airfield,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Ful- 
ton, Gallia.  Geauga,  Greene,  Guernsey,  Hamilton,  Hancock, 
Hardin,  Harrison,  Henry,  Highland,  Hocking,  Holmes, 
Huron,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Knox,  Lake,  Lawrence,  Licking, 
Logan,  Lorain,  Lucas,  Madi.son,  Mahoning,  Marion,  Medina, 
Meigs,  Mercer,  Miami,  Monroe,  Jlontgomery,  Morgan,  Blor- 
row,  Muskingum,  Noble,  Ottawa,  Paulding,  Perry,  Picka- 
way, Pike,  Portage,  Preble,  Putnam,  Kichland,  Uos.s.  San- 
dusky, Scioto,  Seneca,  Shelby,  Stark,  Summit,  Trumbull, 
Tuscarawas,  Union,  Van  Wert,  Ainton,  Warren,  '\\'ashiui;- 
ton,  Wayne,  Williams,  Wood,  and  Wyandott. 

Cities  atid  Tmvns.— Ohio  surpas.ses  all  the  states  of  the 
Mi.ssissippi  valley  in  the  numlier  and  populousness  of  its 
towns.  Cincinnati,  called  the  Qu(!en  of  the  West,  is,  with  the 
exception  of  New  Orleans,  the  largest  town  W.  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains;  and  if  we  include  its  suburbs  in  Ken- 
tucky, we  probably  need  not  make  that  excepticju.  It» 
population  in  1860  was  161,044.  Cleveland  had  43,417; 
Dayton.  '20,081;  Columbus,  1S,554;  Toledo  City,  13,7G>; 
Zanesville,  i'229;  Sandusky,  840S;  Chillicothe,  7626;  Ham- 
ilton, 72'23;  Springfield,  7002;  Portsmouth,  0208  ;  Stcnben- 
ville,  6154;  Springfield,  554s ;  Brooklyn,  5358;  Newark, 
4675;  Xenia,  4668;  Piqna,  4616;  Mansfield,  4581 ;  Circleville, 
43^3;  Marietta,  4323;  Lancaster  City,  4303;  Mount  Vernon, 
4202;  Canton,  4041;  Tiffin,  3992;  Delaware,  3889:  Salem, 
3863:  Massillon,  3819;  Ironton,  3691;  Fremont,  3510; 
Akron,  3477 ;  Urbana,  3429 ;  Pomeroy,  Bellefontaine,  and 
Ravenna.    Capital  Columbus. 

Papulation. — This  state,  now  the  third  in  point  of  popula- 
tion and  wealth  of  the  members  of  the  American  Confederacy, 
hud  no  white  settlements  till  five  years  after  the  close  of 
the  American  Revolution.  In  1800  it  numbered  only  46,365 
inhabitants;  230,760  in  1810;  5S1,4:;4  in  1820:  937,903  in 
1830 ;  1,619,467  in  1840 ;  1,980,329  in  1850.  In  1860,  2.339,511, 
of  whom  2,302,808  were  whites,  36,673  free  colored,  and  30 
Indians.  Population  to  the  square  raile,  68.  Representative 
population,  2,339,611.  Of  the  population,  l,52;t,5tjO  were 
born  in  the  state,  481,697  in  other  states,  328,254  in  foreign 
countries;  of  whom  32,700  were  born  in  England;  76,826 
in  Ireland;  6635  in  Scotland;  8305  in  W'ales;  7082  in  British 
America;  168,210  in  Germany;  12,^70  in  France;  11,078  in 
Switzerland;  1756  in  Holland;  519  in  Belgium;  407  in  Italy; 
452  in  Russia;  326  in  I'oland,  and  209  in  Sardinia.  Of  the 
population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  223,485  were  farmers, 
78,623  laborers,  76,484  farm  laborers,  33,679  servants,  21,571 
carpenters,  11,396  shoemakers,  10,962  clerks,  10,501  teach- 
ers, 10,088  blacksmiths,  8602  merchants,  7160  seamstresses, 
5912  coopers,  5550  tailors,  4923  students,  4150  apprentices, 
3706  painters  and  varnishei-s,  37ti5  masons,  3502  millers, 
3059  cabinet-makers,  2927  clergymen,  2537  lawyers,  2487 
machinists,  «S:c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1,  1860,  there 
occurred  24,726  deaths,  or  107  in  every  thousand.  The 
number  of  deaf  and  diunl)  waa  959  (see  Introduction  to 

1385 


OHI 


om 


the  volume  on  Populatinn  of  the  Eighth  Oinsxis,  pp.  liv,  Iv, 
Ivi,  ic);  lilitid,  899;  insiine,  2-2!'3;  idiotic.  1T8S. 

Government,  Rinances,  Banks,  Ac. — The  Governor  and 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  Ohio  are  elected  by  the  people  for 
two  year.:!,  the  former  receiving  $1800  per  annum,  »"d  the 
latter,  who  is  ex  officio  the  president  of  the  .senate,  $5  per 
diem  during  the  session  of  the  legislature.  The  Senate  con- 
sists of  35.  and  the  House  of  Kepre.^entatives  of  100  mem- 
ber.«,  elected  for  two  years  by  popular  vote.  The  legislature 
meets  biennially  the  first  Monday  in  January.  A  board  of 
public  works,  consisting  of  3  members,  is  elected  for  three 
years,  in  such  a  manner  that  one  new  member  comes  in 
annually.  The  state  cannot  contract  any  debt  for  internal 
improvement,  nor  even  for  deficits  in  the  revenue,  or  any 
other  purposes,  beyond  $750,000,  except  to  repel  invasion,  or 
to  redeem  the  pre.«ent  outstanding  debt.  The  judiciary 
consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court,  comprsed  of  5  judges, 
elected  by  the  people  for  five  years,  one  judge  being  elected 
each  year.  The  judges  receive  $1700  per  annum.  2.  Of 
courts  of  common  pleas,  divided  into  nine  districts,  each  of 
vhlch  is  subdivided  into  three,  presided  over  by  one  judge, 
elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  his  particular  division  for  five 
years.  3.  Of  district  courts,  composed  of  the  judges  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  of  the  respective  districts,  and  of  the 
judges  of  the  supreme  court,  any  three  of  whom  may  hold 
a  court  in  each  county  at  least  once  a  year.  4.  (Ka  probate 
court  in  each  county  held  by  one  judge,  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple for  three  years.  Kvery  white  male  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  21  years  of  age,  resident  in  the  state  one  year  next 
preceding  an  election,  and  in  the  county,  town,  or  ward  in 
which  he  lives  such  time  as  the  law  may  prescribe,  may  be 
a  voter.  The  assessed  value  of  property  in  the  state  for 
1862,  was  S8S9,2.S5.2i>2,  and  the  amount  of  taxes  levied 
(1863)  was  $4,129,473.  The  funded  public  debt  in  December, 
is62,  was  S14,141,H62,  of  which  $13,283,778  wa.s  foreign  debt. 
After  this  debt  was  reduced  by  the  payment  of  .'$676,752, 
there  remaineti  in  the  treasury,  November  15, 1 863,  $423,786. 
There  were  in  the  state  in  November,  1863,  56  banks  with 
an  aggi-cgate  capilal  of  S5,0o2,940,  a  circnlation  of  S6,652,311, 
and  $1,828,691  in  specie.  Ohio  sends  19  members  to  the 
national  House  of  Kepresentatives,  and  casts  21  electoral 
votes  for  presiilent. 

Histnr;/. — Ohio  fully  bears  out  the  adage,  that  prosperous 
communities  have  but  few  materials  of  history.  The  settle- 
ment of  this  state  commencing  subsequently  to  the  Uevolu- 
tion.  she  had  little  to  do  but  to  subdue  the  forest,  and  deve- 
lop her  resources.  On  .^pril  7,  1788,  five  years  after  the 
close  of  the  Kevolution,  a  company  of  New  Englanders  made 
the  first  white  settlement  in  Ohio,  at  Marietta.  A  terri- 
torial government  had  been  established  in  1781  over  this 
region,  called  the  territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio  lUver ; 
from  which,  in  1802,  the  present  sovereign  state  of  Ohio  was 
Beparateil.  The  inhabitants  were  much  annoyed  by  iucur- 
Bions  of  the  Indians,  who  had  successively  defeated  General 
Harniar  and  General  St.  Clair,  (the  latter  with  great  slaugh- 
ter of  his  troops,  leaving  scarcely  one-fourth,)  in  1791  and 
1792,  but  were  themselves  in  turn  utterly  routed  by  General 
Wayne,  in  August,  1794.  Fort  Sandusky,  in  this  state,  in  the 
war  of  1812,  was  successfully  defended  by  Major  Croghan,  a 
youth  of  twenty-one  years,  with  160  men,  against  an  attack 
by  General  Proctor,  with  500  regulars  and  as  many  Indians. 

OHIO,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  Viigiiiia,  boriUring 
on  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  Ohio  River,  contains  about  140 
square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  separates  it  from  the  state 
of  Ohio,  and  it  is  drained  by  Wheeling  Creek.  The  surface 
is  hilly ;  the  soil  fertile,  well  watered,  and  adapted  to  pas- 
turage. Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  butter,  and  wool 
are  the  .staples.  The  hills  contain  rich  mines  of  bituminous 
co.al.  which  is  extensively  used  in  manufactories.  Capital, 
Wheeling.  Pop.  22,422,  of  whom  22,322  were  free,  and  100 
slaves. 

OHIO,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  625  square  miles.  The  Green  River 
bounds  it  on  the  S.  and  W.,  and  Rough  Creek  flows  through 
it.  The  surfoce  is  undulating,  and  partly  covered  with 
dense  forests.  The  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  Iron  ore  and 
stone-coal  are  abundant.  Green  River  is  navigable  by 
•teamtKjats  along  the  border.  Organized  in  1798.  Capital, 
Hartford.  Pop.  12,209,  of  whom  10,917  were  fiee,  and  1292 
•laves. 

OHIO,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering  on 
the  Ohio  River,  is  the  smallest  in  the  state,  containing  about 
90  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Laughery  Creek.  The 
surfa,'e  is  diversified  by  hills  of  considenible  height,  but 
mostly  capable  of  cultivation,  and  the  soil  is  good  both  on 
the  hills  and  bottoms.  The  lilue  limestone  is  abundant. 
Organized  in  1844.    Capital,  Rising  Sun.    Pop.  5462. 

OHIO,  a  post-township  of  Herkimer  co.,  New  York,  18 
Biles  N.K.  of  Utica.     Pop.  1135. 
_  OHIO,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop. 

OHIO,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
OHIO,  a  township  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop  3204. 
OHIO,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  893. 
OHIO,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.    Pen.  2170. 
1386 


OHIO,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Tndiana.  Pop.  480 

OHIO,  a  townshi)!  of  Warwick  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  1259. 

OHIO,  a  pi>st-offlce  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 

OHIO  CITY,  a  post-village,  formerly  a  suburb,  but  now 
inclnded^within  the  limits  of  Clevel.\"xd,  which  see. 

OHIO'CITV.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jlissi.-^sippi  co.,. 
Missouri,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio,  al>out  170  miles  below  St.  Louis. 

OHIO  FAR.M,  a  post-village  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois.,  50 
miles  S.M'.  of  Chicago. 

OHIO  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  65 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

■OIII/OPYLE  FALLS,  on  the  Yonghiogheny  liiver,  in  Fay- 
.ette  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  These  falls  form  the  limit  of  navi- 
gation, and  are  about  60  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

OHIO  UNIVERSITY.    See  Athkns,  Ohio. 

OHIOVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Beaver. 

OHIO  WESLEYAN  UMVKRSITY.     See  Del.\w.\hf.,  Ohio. 

OHIVAOA,  o-he-vd-o'd,  an  island  in  the  Pacific.    See  Do- 

MIMC.\. 

OHLAU  or  OLAU,  o/low,  or  OLAWA,  o-W'kL  a  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Breslau,  with  a  station  on 
the  railway  to  Vienna,  on  the  Oder.  Pop.  4800.  It  has  a 
royal  jialace,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  paper, 
vinegar,  and  tobacco.  Its  fortifications  were  demolished  in 
1741. 

OHL'S  TOWN,  a  post-oflfice  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

OIIO<J'PEE,  a  river  of  Georgia,  which  rises  in  Washing- 
ton CO..  and  flowing  S.E.,  enters  the  Altamaha  about  15  mileij 
S.  of  Reidsville.  The  Little  Ohoopee  falls  into  it  in  Emar 
nuel  county. 

OIIOMURA,  o-ho-moo'rl,  a  town  of  Japan,  i.s!and  of  Kioo- 
sioo,  province  of  Fizen,  on  the  E.  .side  of  the  hay  of  same 
name;  lat.  32°  55'  27"  N.,  Ion.  V2^°  50'  E.    Pop.  2u.u00. 

OIIOMURA  BAY,  is  about  20  miles  long  and  14  miles 
broad,  but  so  shallow  as  only  to  be  navigable  for  sni.iU  craft. 

OIIRDRUFF,  oR/droOff,  a  fortified  to^i-n  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  Saxe-Coburg,  8  miles  S.  of  Gotha.  Pop.  4311.  it 
has  a  palace,  a  lyceum.  and  manufactures  of  linen  and 
woollen  stuffs,  and  porcelain,  and  trade  in  timber  and  cattle. 
In  the  vicinity  are  iron  and  copper  forges  and  mines. 

OlIRE,  o'rgh,  a  river  of  Germany,  I'rus.^ian  Saxony  and 
Brunswick,  joins  the  Elbe,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Magdeburg, 
after  an  E.  course  of  65  mile.s. 

OHKX.  oRn,  a  small  stream  of  WUrtemherg,  an  affluent 
of  the  Kocher. 

OIAT  or  OJAT,  o-ydf,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  the  governments  of  Novgorod  and  Olonets,  and  flows 
W.N.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  alx)ut  100  miles,  joins  the 
Sveer  9  miles  above  its  mouth,  in  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  La- 
doga. 

OI'BO  or  IBO,  ee/bo,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Ibo,  (which 
see,)  belonging  to  the  Portuguese.  S.  E.  of  Africa;  lat.  12'-^ 
20'  S.,  Ion.  40°  30'  E.  It  is  defended  by  a  large  and  two 
smaller  forts,  and  has  a  harbor. 

OICII,  LOCH,  loK  oiK,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness, 
forming  the  summit  level  of  the  Caledonian  Canal.  Length, 
from  N.E,  to  S.W.,  6  miles,  average  Vireadth  1  mile.  It  re 
ceives  the  Glengarry  River,  and  empties  itself  into  Loch 
Ness  by  the  river  Oich.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Glengarry 
stand  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle,  and  near  it  the  present 
mansion  of  Invergarry,  residence  of  the  late  Macdouald  of 
Glengarry. 

OIGXIES,  wSn'yee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xamur.     Pop.  1128. 

OIGNON,  wdiiVAN"',  or  OO.VON,  an^yAx"',  a  river  of 
France,  between  the  departments  of  Haute-Saone  and 
Doub.s.  joins  the  Saone.  9  miles  N.  of  Auxouue,  after  a 
W.S.AV.  cour.<e  of  80  miles. 

Ol'l^EL  or  OI'KELL.  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  the  pa- 
rish of  Assynt,  co.  of  Sutherland,  and  traversing  two  small 
lakes,  flows  mostly  eastward  into  the  Frith  of  Dornoch, 
after  a  circuitous  course  of  32  miles.  Princijial  alHuents, 
the  Ca.s.sley,  Shin,  and  the  Carron.  The  upper  part  of  itH 
course  is  interrupted  by  a  series  of  wild  cataracts,  but  the 
lower  is  navigable  by  boats  from  the  Sea  to  Rose  llaU. 

OIL  CREEK  rises  in  the  N.W.  part  of  I'enns}  Ivania,  and 
enters  the  Alleghany  River  in  Venango  county.  Vast  quan- 
tities of  petroleum  are  obtained  by  boring  through  rocki 
near  the  banks  ot  this  creek. 

OIL  CREEK,  of  Perry  co.,  Indiana,  flows  into  the  Ohit 
10  miles  above  Rome. 

OIL  CKEEK,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1593. 

OIL  .MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Kentucky. 

OIL  MILL  VIL'LAGE,  a  post-village  of  Hillsborough  co.. 
New  Hampshire. 

OIL  TROUGH,  a  small  post-village  of  Independence  cc 
Arkansas. 

OIN.  a  small  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  Cashmer-^  irou 
tier,  and  on  the  Jhylum.  lat.  31°  40'  N.,  Ion.  73°  50'  E. 

OIRA.  a  town  of  Southern  Italy,  Naples.    See  Ori.\. 

OIRSCHOT,  oia'sKot.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  provlnee 
of  North  Brabant,  13  mUes  S.  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  3997 


OIS 


OLA 


OISK.  vir.,  aln.ost  wTze,  (anc.  Tsara  ?)  a  river  of  France, 
rises  by  two  KtreaniF.  one  near  Chima}-  in  Belgium,  and  tlie 
otlier  near  Rocroy  in  Ardennes,  (France.)  It  flows  S.W. 
past  Cliauny,  (wiiere  it  becomes  navigable,)  anrt  joins  tlie 
Seine  on  tbe  right  aiiove  ConUans ;  length  158  milfS.  Afflu- 
ents, on  the  left  the  Ain.on  the  riglit  the  'i'heraiu.  It  com- 
municates  by  canals  with  the  S^anibre.  Scheldt,  and  Somme. 

OISIO,  a  di'partmcnt  of  France,  in  the  y.E.,  formed  of  the 
old  provinces  of  1  le-de- France  anil  Picardie.  Area  2218 
square  miles.  I'op.  in  18U1, 401.417.  It  belongs  almoct 
entirely  to  the  basin  of  the  Seine,  and  is  wat<.'rcd  by  the 
Oise  and  its  affluents,  the  Ain  and  Tlierain ;  the  Fpte  on  the 
W.  separates  it  from  the  department  of  Kure.  and  the  Ourrq 
traverses  it  in  tiie  S.K.  Surface  generally  flat.  Agriculture 
is  in  a  very  advanced  state,  and  grain  is  cultivated  more 
than  required  for  consumption.  A\  iue  is  made  of  inferior 
quality,  and  cider  and  beer  are  extensively  usei.1.  Tile  depart- 
ment contains  several  large  forests,  the  largest  biding  that 
of  Compiegne.  Cattle  and  .sheep  are  numerous.  The  prin- 
cipal manufactures  are  woollen  goods,  carpets,  linens,  calico, 
and  lace.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrondisse- 
ments  of  Beauvais,  Clermont,  ConipiOgne,  and  Sculis.  Capi- 
tal, Beauvais. 

OTSSKAU,  wds'so',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
and  4  miles  N.  of  Mavenne.     I'op.  in  1852,  3912. 

OISSEL-SUB-SKINK,  wd.sVl'  suR  sin.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-lnferieure,  on  the  I'ari.s  and  Havre 
Kailwav,  8  miles  S.  of  Kouen.     Pop.  in  1852,  3482. 

OISTEKWI.IK  or  OISTERWYK,  ois'tfr-«'ik\  a  market- 
town  of  Holland,  province  of  North  Brabant,  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  1560. 

OISY,  wa^zee'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pas-de- 
Ca'.ais.n  miles  K.S.E.  of  Arras.     Pop.  in  1852,  2070. 

OITS  M1TS(J0,  (or  MITSU,)  oils  mit^soo/,  or  BIWAKO,  be- 
wd'ko.  agreat  lake  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  situated  about 
10  miles  E.  of  Miako.  said  to  liave  been  formed  in  one  night. 
In  286  B.  c,  by  an  enormous  depression  of  the  ground,  which 
vv^curred  simultaneously  with  the  upheaving  of  the  moun- 
tain Koosiyiima,  the  loftiest  of  all  the  mountains  of  Japan. 
It  is  said  to  measure  about  70  miles  from  S.  to  N.,  and  21 
miles  from  H.  to  W. 

OJAL  A  VA,  o-yi-WvL  or  OYOLAVA,  o-yo-ld/vJ,  one  of  the 
Navigator's  Islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  14°  2'  40"  S., 
Ion.  171°  22'  W. 

OJAT,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  OlAT. 

O.TE.V  or  OXFIN,  o-hJn',  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and 
2S  miles  W.S.W.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  1800. 

OJIJ.'VKKS  orOXIXARES,  o-iie-ii4'res.  is  the  namcof  two 
contii;uous  ^illages  of  Spain.  S.W.  of  Granada,  on  the  Genii, 

0.1 1  iU!  i. W  A  Y.     See  CuiPPF.w.\r. 

0K.\,  o'kd.  an  important  river  of  Central  Ru?.«ia,  rises  in 
the  government  and  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Orel,  flows 
through  the  iiovernmentsof  Toola.  Kalooga.  Moscow.  Hiazan, 
Vladimeer.  iind  Nizhnee-Novgorod,  and  joins  the  Aolga  at 
Nizhnec-Novgorod,  after  a  course  of  660  miles.  Its  basin  is 
estimated  to  comprise  127.(K)0  square  miles,  of  the  richest 
part  of  the  Russian  dominions.  It  n-ceives  the  Oopa,  Zhiz- 
dra.  (Jizdra,)  Moskva,  Zna,  and  Kliazma  Rivers.  Though 
rapid,  it  is  navigable  for  almost  its  wliole  course;  and  at 
Toola  it  is  connccte<l  with  tlie  Don  by  the  Ivanovska  Canal. 

0K.\.  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Irkootsk,  joins  the 
Angara  at  lirutskoi.    Course  N.  500  miles. 

OKA.MIJNUKL  or  OKHAMUNDEL.  o-kd-mrm'dJl,  a  dis- 
trict of  West  Hindostan,  forming  the  W.  part  of  Guzerat. 

0'KAXA(;'i).\  or  OltOXAGON,  a  river  of  North  America, 
rises  in  the  British  territory,  and  flowing  almost  due  south 
falls  into  the  Columbia  in  about  48°  N,  lat.  I^ength  above 
200  miles. 

OK.\NDA,  o-k3n'di,  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon, 
50  miles  E.N.E.  rf  Y'etldo. 

OKASAKI.  o-k3-sd'kee,  a  town  of  Japan,  on  a  river  near 
the  Gulf  of  Ovari.  132  miles  S.W,  of  Yeddo,  and  stated  to 
have  a  citadel  and  ISOO'  houses. 

O'KAU  or  O'KAW,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  14  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Nashville. 

OK.^UCHEE.  o-kaw'chee.  a  post-village  of  Wankesba  co., 
Wifcons-iu.  on  the  outlet  of  Okauchee  Lake. 

OKEIiURN,  a  parish  of  England,     See  Ogbourx. 

OKECIKJHKE,  o^ke-cbo'bee,  a  lake  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Florida.     Length  about  20  miles. 

OKEK'CHE  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  eastward  through 
Sumter  co.  into  the  Tombiirbee. 

OKEFINOKEE,  oMte-fin-0/kee,  written  also  OKEFONOCO, 
ari  cxten.sive  swamp,  or  rather  series  of  swamps,  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Georgia.  The  circumference  is  estimated  at  180 
miles.     See  Guorgia, 

OKEFOKP-KITZPAINE,  ok'ford  flts'pdn,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Dorset. 

OKENDOX,  (o'kgn-djn,)  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  cJ  Essex 

OK  EXDOX.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

OK  ER.  a  river  of  Germany,     See  Ocker, 

OKEWAL'KEE  CREEK,  of  Georgiii,  enters  the  Oconee 
from  the  right  in  Montgomery  county. 


OKHANSK,  or  OCHANSK,  o-K^rsk'.  a  town  of  Russia 
government  and  40  miles  W,S.W.  of  Perm,  on  the  Kerma 
Pop.  2000. 

OKHOLM,  ok-holm',  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  SW 
wick,  with  a  small  harbor  on  the  North  Sesi,  5  miles  N.W 
of  Brested. 

OKHOTA,  o-Ko't3,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Ok- 
hotsk, after  a  southward  course  of  about  200  miles  from  the 
Stanovoi  Mountains,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Okhotsk,  at  Ok- 
hotsk.   It  is  navigable  onlv  for  boats. 

OKHOTSK  or  OCIKJTSK,  o-Kotsk',  (Rus.  pron.  o-notsk',)  a 
province  of  East  Siberia,  extending  along  the  W.  coast  of 
the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  between  lat.  67°  and  Oe°  X.,  and  Ion. 
133°  30' and  166'  E.,  htvving  E.  Kamtchatka  and  the  Tchook. 
tehee  country,  and  ^^'.  and  X,  tlie  government  of  Vakoot.'-k- 
I^ength  from  W,  to  E,  1100  miles,  average  breadth  150  miles. 
It  is  traversed  throughout  liy  the  Stanovoi  Mountains,  anil 
has  only  some  short  rivers,  the  chief  being  the  Okhota,  Cli- 
mate severe;  reindeer  and  dogs  are  the  only  domestic  ani- 
mals.    I'rincipal  products  are  furs  and  timber. 

OKHOTSK,  the  capital  of  the  above,  isa  maritime  town,  on 
a  surf-l«>aten  and  shingly  beacli  bordering  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk, 
lat.  59°  20'  N.,  Ion.  143°  14'  E.  Pop.  800,  formerly  2000.  It 
is  now  a  wretched  place,  constructed  of  wood,  but  has  a  go- 
vernment house,  admiralty  hospital,  and  largo  storehouses, 
it  being  the  principal  station  of  the  Russo-American  Com- 
pany, and  the  chief  entrepot  for  the  Kus.siaa  trade  with 
Kamtchatka  and  North  West  America. 

OKHOTSK,  Sk.\of,  or  MORE  OKHOSTSKOE,  mo^ri^  o- 
Kot'sko-A*,  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  between  lat.  61°  and 
60°  N.,  and  Ion.  137°  and  155°  E.,  having  E,  Kamtchatka, 
W,  and  X.  the  island  of  Sagliailin.  and  Eastern  Siberia.  It 
receives  tlie  waters  of  the  Amoor,  and  many  smaller  rivers; 
and  at  its  N.E.  end  are-the  Gulfs  of  Jijiginsk  and  Penjinsk. 
It  contains  a  few  islands,  and  its  navigation  is  generally 
safe,  but  its  N.  shores  are  frozen  up  from  November  to 
April. 

OKHRIDA,  a  town  of  Albania.     See  OCHRID.A. 

OKHTA  or  OCHTA,  okHL  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment and  1  mile  E,  of  St,  Petersburg,  on  the  Neva. 
Pop.  3000,  mostly  employed  in  the  dock-yards  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  in  powder-mills,  and  imperial  cannon  foundrie.s, 

OKI,  o/kee,  an  island  of  Japan,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Niphon, 
lat.  36°  10'  N.,  Ion.  133°  E,  Length  10  miles,  by  5  miles  In 
breadth. 

OKI  BEN,  o'ke-Wn',(?)  an  island  in  the  Behrlng  Sea,  lat. 
64°  55'  N.,  Ion.  172°  20'  E. 

OKLADNIKOVO  or  OKLADNIKOWO,  ok-iadne-ko/vo,  a 
lake  of  Russia,  government  of  Archangel,  40  miles  E.  of 
Mezen ;  length,  from  E.N.E.  to  W.S.W.,  about  30  miles, 
breadth  nearly  9  miles.  It  receives  several  small  streams, 
and  discharges  itself  by  the  Loktura  into  the  Peza,  an  affluent 
of  the  Mezen. 

OKNA,  ok'nj,  a  small  town  of  European  Turkey,  Mol- 
davia, on  the  Tatros,  75  miles  S.W.  of  Yassy. 

OKNA.  a  small  town  of  European  Turkey,  Great  AVallachia, 
N.E.  of  Kimpina. 

OKNA-MARE,  ok'n,^  md/rd.  a  small  town  of  European 
Turkey.  Little  Wallachia.-  5  miles  S.W.  of  Rimnik,     P,  2000. 

OKOLO/XA,  a  post-village  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi, 
abotjt  170  miles  N.X.E.  of  Jack.son.  is  on  the  route  of  the 
Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad.    It  contains  a  newsp.aper  office. 

OKi>XOKO,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,  Virginia. 

OKOXAGAX.    See  Okan.agon. 

OK(JSEER  or  OKOSIR,  o'ko-seer',  a  small  uninhabited 
island  of  Japan,  W.  of  Yes.so;  lat.  42°  4'  X.,  Ion.  139°  24'  E. 

OKTIBBEHA,  ok-tib'be-haw,  a  small  river  of  Mississippi, 
enters  the  Chickasawha  from  the  N.  in  Clarke  county. 

OKTIBBEHA,  a  river  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Mississippi,  risefl 
in  Pontotoc  co.,  and  flowing  south  easterly,  enters  the  Tom- 
bigbee  in  Lowndes  co..  a  few  miles  above  Columbus. 

OKTIBBEHA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  .Mississippi,  has 
an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Noxubee  River,  and  the  Oktibbeha,  from  which  it  derives 
Its  name,  flows  along  its  X.E.  border.  The  sfiil  is  produc- 
tive. Capital,  Stiuksville.  Pop.  12,977,  of  whom  5346  were 
free,  and  7631  slaves. 

OLAMOX,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co,,  Maine,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Penobscot  River,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 

0/L.\ND  or  OELAND,  iVldnt,  an  island  of  Sweden,  near 
its  S.E,  extremity,  in  the  Baltic,  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  Kalmar  &)und.  Length  85  miles,  average  breadth 
7  miles.  Area  008  square  miles.  Pop.  31.000,  The  W.  shore 
is  low,  the  E.  hilly;  except  a  small  portion  of  land  around 
the  coast,  the  surface  is  principally  appropriated  to  pasturage. 
J'ishing  and  navigation  form  the  cliief  occupations  of  its 
inhabitants.  The  forests  are  rather  extensive.  About  300 
hands  are  employed  in  an  alum-mine,  the  most  important 
in  Scandinavia,  and  the  produce  of  which  is  estimated  to 
be  worth  $50,000  annually.  Principal  town,  Borgholm,  the 
capital,  on  its  E.  side. 

OLAXD,  LITTLE,  an  island  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  between  the  mainland  and  the  island  Fiihr, 

OL.\RGUES,  oHaRg',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault,  11  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Ponfc  on  the  Saur.    I'op.  1298, 

1387 


OLA 

JiARlO.    See  Ol£rox. 
oLAC,  a  town  of  I'russia.    See  Ohlac. 
OLBA,  f.i'ba.  a  town  of  Spain.  Aragou.  province  and  about 
60  miles  from  Teruel,  on  the  Jlijares.    Pop.  1446. 

0L15EGA,  ol-ba/gd.  a  village  of  Spain,  Old  Castile,  province 
and  24  miles  E.  of  Soria.     I'op.  lotiO. 

OLBERMlAU,ol'bern-how\a  marketrtown  of  Saxony,  22 
miles  S.E.  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  2503. 

OLBERSDOKF,  ol'bersclORf\  a  walled  town  of  Austrian 
Silefia,  22  miles  X.AS'.  of  Troppau,  on  the  Oppa.    Pop.  700. 
OLBIA.    See  Terra  Nova. 

OLCENENGO,  ol-cbA-nJn'go,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Xovara,  3  miles  from  Sau  Germane.    Pop. 
1020. 
OLCIXIUM.    See  Dilcigno. 

OI/COTT,  a  post-village  in  Newfane  township,  Niagara  co., 
Kew  York,  on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  Eighteen  Mile 
Creek,  about  14  miles  N.  of  Lockport.    It  is  comprised  in 
the  collection  district  of  Niagara,  and  lias  a  harbor,  several 
■warehouses,  and  considerable  trade. 
OLD  or  AVULD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
OLD  ALEX.A.N'DKIA.  a  post-oftice  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri. 
OLDBElt'ROW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
OLD  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Hackensack  River. 

OLD  BHIIXjE,  a  pos{> village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  South  Itiver,  6  miles  S.E.  of  New  Brunswick. 

OLDBURG,  oldlitlrg  a  towTi  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  on 
the  Birmingham  Canal,  5  miles  N.'VV.  of  Birmingham.  It 
lias  several  spacious  modern  streets;  Indejieudent,  Baptist, 
*nd  Wesleyan  chapels,  an  endowed  school,  and  a  prison. 
Pop.  in  1851,  6114. 
OLD/BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
OLDBUKY-ON-THE-HILL,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
ccstcr* 

OLD/BURY-AN-SEVERN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 
OLD-CALABAR,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  Caiabak. 
OLDCASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 
OLDCAS/TLE  orCLOTYNGE,  klo/tiuj.  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Meath.  12  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Kells.    Pop.  of  town,  in  1851, 1072.    It  has  extensive  corn- 
mills  in  the  vicinity,  and  the  largest  yarn  trade  in  the 
county. 
OLD  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia. 
OLIVCOTT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
OLDEBUORN,  ol'doh-bORn^  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  FriesUind.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Leeuwarden.   P.  1630. 
OLDEBROEK,  ol'deh-bniOk',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Uelderland,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Elburg.    Pop.  3770. 
OLD  EC'K1CUK\  a  town  of  Guinea,  on  the  Old  Calabar 
Eiver,  lat  6°  40'  N.,  8"=  10'  E. 

OLDEIIOVE,  ol'deh-ho'veh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Groningen. 

OLDEM.iRK,  ol'deh-maBk*.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Overys.«el,  N.E.  of  Kuinre. 

OLDENBURG,  ol'den-burg.  (Ger.  pron.  ol'den-bo<>RQ\)  a 
grand-duchy  in  the  N.  of  Germany,  forming  the  20th  state 
of  the  German  Confederation;  bounded  N.  by  the  North 
Sea  or  German  Ocean,  E.  by  Hanover  and  Bremen,  S.  and  W. 
by  Hanover;  greatest  length,  from  N.to  S.,  61  miles;  greatest 
breadth  44  miles ;  area  2149  square  miles.  This  forms  Olden- 
burg proper;  but,  in  addition  to  it,  the  duchy  po6ses.«es 
three  separate  patches  of  territory,  distinct  lioth  from  it  and 
each  other,  namely,  two  in  Holstein,  forming  the  princi- 
pality of  Lubeck,  with  an  area  of  180  square  miles;  and 
Birkenfeld,  in  the  S.  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  with  an  area  of 
143  square  miles;  thus  making  the  whole  area  2472  square 
miles.  Oldenburg  proper  is  flat  thrtiugbout,  excepting  in 
the  S.  extremity,  wliere  some  low  hills  appear.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  AVeser,  the  Hunte,  its  utttuent;  the  Jahde, 
Haase,  Soeste,  Vehne,  and  Leda.  There  are  no  lakes  of 
great  extent.  Storm?  often  blow  from  the  sea ;  and  frequent 
fogs  prodncu  a  cold  damp  air,  wliich  oecasionallj'  robs  even 
summer  of  its  proper  warmth.  The  surface,  in  respect  to 
soil,  is  divided  into  marshy  and  sandy  land.  The  former 
has,  in  many  inst.Hnces,  been  in.'covered  from  the  sea,  and 
still  is  only  protected  from  it  by  means  of  dikes  similar  to 
those  erected  in  Holland  and  Ifolstein.  It  consists  gene- 
rally of  a  heavy  alluvium,  capable,  when  properly  laid  dry,  of 
yielding  heavy  crops  of  wheat,  beans,  and  hay.  The  sandy 
land  is  very  light,  and  of  little  fertility,  and  not  unfrequently 
is  left  in  a  state  of  nature,  forming  extensive  tracts  of  bar- 
ren heath.  A  considerable  part  of  the  sandy  districts  were 
once  covered  with  wood.  .Much  of  it  has  disappeared,  but 
there  are  still  several  extensive  forests.  Agriculture,  em- 
ployed in  raii^ing  not  only  ccrn.  but  rape,  hemp,  and  flax, 
and  including  the  reaving  of  horses  and  cattle,  is  the  prin- 
cipal source  of  sul^istence.  Manufactures  and  trade  have 
made  comparatively  little  progress.  Oldenburg  is  governed 
by  a  graud-duke.  whose  power,  theoretically,  is  almost  abso- 
lute. The  inhabitants  are  generally  a  patient  and  industri- 
ous race,  but  habits  of  iDtoxication  are  very  prevalent. 
For  administrative  purpofes,  the  duchy  proper  is  dividc<l 
into  seven  circles — Oldenburg,  Neuenburg,  Ovelgiinne,  Del- 
13S8 


OLD 

menhorst.  Vechta.  Klippenburg.  and  Jovor.  Oldenliurj  's 
the  capital.  Pop.  in  lh.'i2.  2u2,t)it9.  Pop.  ol  Lubeck  in  l&tO 
22.140.     Pop.  of  Birkenfeld  iu  1849,  30,9ii6. 

OLDENBCitG,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  uboM' 
grand-duchy.  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  B*remen.  on  tlie  lluntr, 
which  here  receiving  the  Uaaren.  forms  a  barlx  r.  It  has  a 
castle  of  the  grand-duke,  a  palace  of  the  prince.*,  tiie  church 
of  St.  l.ambert.  and  several  other  churches,  college,  library 
of  15,000  volumes,  picture-galleiy.  gymi;a.'-iiim,  barracks, 
normal  and  military  schools,  several  hospitals;  manufac- 
tures of  refined  sugar,  spap,  and  musical  in.stniments; 
numerous  breweries  and  distilleries;  and  a  trade  in  wood, 
wool,  and  cattle.    Pop.  7829. 

OLDENBURG,  ol'den-booRQ\  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Holstein,  on  the  Little  Briikaue,  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lu- 
beck.    Pop.  2400. 

OL/DENBURG,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Brookville. 

OLDENDuRF.  ol'dfU-doRr,  a  town  of  Central  Germany, 
in  a  detached  part  of  the  Ilesse-Cassel  territory,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Weser.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Hanover.     Poji.  1363. 

OLDENSWORTH.  ol'dens-«oKt\  a  village  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Sleswick,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Husum.  A  convention 
was  concluded  here  between  Peter  the  Great  and  Frederick 
IV.  of  Denmark,  in  1713. 

OLDEN ZAAL,  ol'dfnt-zAP,  a  town  of  the   Netherlands, 
province  of  Overvssel.  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Delden.    Pop.  2882. 
OLDESLOE,  (Oldesloe)  ol'des-liiVh,  or  OLDESLO,  ol'des-lii', 
a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Holstein,  on  the  Trave,  24  miles 
N.E,  of  Hamburg.     Pop.  3000.     Near  it  are  sjiline  batbs,  and 
royal  salt  works,  producing  annually  7000  tons  of  salt 
OLD  F.\RM.  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co..  Illinois. 
OLIVFIELD  FORK  OF  ELK,  a  post-oBice  of  I'ocahontas 
CO.,  \\ .  Virginia. 

OLDFIELD  POINT  LIGHTHOUSE.  Ix>ng  Island,  opposite 
Stratford.  Connecticut,  shows  a  fixed  light  67  fitet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  40°  58'  30"  N..  Ion.  73"  7'  30"  W. 
OLD  FXIRGE,  a  post-oftice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
OLD  FORT,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  77 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 
OLD  FORT,  a  post-village.  McDowell  co..  North  Carolina. 
OLD  FRANlv/LlN,  a  post-oflice  of  Howard  co.,  Missouri. 
OLD  FUR'NACE.  a  post-oflice,  Gaston  co.,  Nortb  Carolina. 
OLDH.\M.  old'.HUi.  a  parliamentary  borough  and  market- 
town  of  England.  Lancashire,  on  an  elevated  site  near  the 
source  of  the  Irk,  a  liitle  above  its  junction  with  the  Med- 
lock.  and  on  the  North-Western  and  Lancashire  liailways, 
6  miles  N.E.  of  Manchester,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
a  canal.  It  isof  comparatively  recent  origin,  and  ha.-;  sjirung 
up  with  wonderful  rapidity.  chieUy  in  consequence  of  the 
valuable  coal-mines  in  its  vicinity,  and  the  facilities  thereby 
afforded  for  the  establishment  of  numerous  and  extensive 
cotton-factories.  In  1760  it  contained  only  tiO  dwellings, 
almost  all  merely  straw-thatched  huts;  and  has  .'■ince  in- 
creased so  as  to  become  a  large  and  leading  manufacturing 
towh.  irregular  in  its  construction,  but  containing  many 
well-built  and  several  handsome  sti-eets.  The  more  important 
public  buildings  are.  the  chunhes  of  St.  Mary,  (a  handsome 
modern  structure,  with  a  square  tower,  containing  12  fine- 
toned  bells:)  St..Tames,and  St.  I'et<-r:  variouschapels belong- 
ing to  the  Wesleyan  and  Primitive  Methodists,  Independents, 
Moravians,  Baptist*,  Friends.  Kilhamites,  Roman  Catholics, 
and  Unitarians;  and  the  Town-hall,  which  is  at  once  hand- 
some and  commodious.  The  chief  educational  and  literary 
establishments  are  the  Blue-Coat  School,  occupying  an  ele- 
gant building  in  the  early  English  style,  erected  by  subscrip- 
tion, and  liberally  endowed  by  bequests  of  Thomas  Ilenshaw, 
amounting,  with  accnmulations,  to  more  than  UW.OOU/. ;  the 
Free  Grammar  School ;  the  National  .*nd  Infant  Schools,  for 
which  commodious  buildings  have  recently  been  erected; 
the  Lyceum.  Mechanics'  Institute,  and  Subscription  Library. 
The  cotton  is  by  far  the  most  important  manufacture  of 
the  town,  and  employs  the  greater  part  of  the  mills,  which, 
including  those  of  the  vicinity,  amount  to  about- 150,  and 
are  all  moved  by  steam.  They  are,  for  the  most  part  only 
spinning-mills  ;  but  there  are  also  numerous  weaving-facto- 
ries, producing  fustians,  velveteens,  and  cotton  and  woollen 
corduroys.  Hats,  which  once  formed  an  important  staple, 
are  still  made  to  a  considerable  extent ;  and  there  are  seve- 
ral large  machine  shops,  iron  and  bra.ss  foundries,  tanneries, 
roperies,  bleach-work.1,  gas-meter  works.  &e.  OldUam  is 
governed  by  commissioners,  under  the  Police  Act  of  1828, 
and  was  first  erected  into  a  lorough  by  the  Reform  Act. 
under  which  it  sends  two  members  to  Parliimient.  P(p.  of 
the  parliamentary  borough,  including  tt)wnships  of  Cbadder- 
ton  and  Crompton,  and  chapelry  of  Itoyton.  in  1801,  72.334. 
OLD'HAM,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  liorder- 
ing  on  Indiana,  has  an  area  estimated  at  220  square  miles. 
The  Ohio  River  forms  its  N.W.  boundary.  The  surface  near 
the  river  is  hilly ;  the  remainder  mostly  undulating.  The 
soil  is  based  on  limestone.  The  .county  is  inter«eeted  by  the 
Louisville  and  Frankfort  Railroad.  Formed  in  Ib-iH.  and 
named  iu  honor  of  Colonel  William  Oldham,  who  was  kilbd 
at  St.  Clair's  defeat  by  the  Indians.  Capital,  La  Grange. 
Pop.  7283,  of  whom  4802  were  free,  and  2431  slave* 


OLD 


OLE 


OLDHAM,  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas. 

OLD'lIAMBUHG.  a  post-office  of  Oldham  co..  Kentucky. 

OLD'H.\M'S  CKOSS  KOADS,  a  posfcoffice  of  Westmoreland 
CO.,  Virjrinia. 

OLD'l  I A  .M.STOCK  S.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  counties 
of  Ilaildini^ton  and  Berwick. 

OLD  UICK/OilY,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
I'ennsylvimia. 

OLD  IllCKOKY,  a  post-office  of  Botetourt  co.,  Virginia. 

OLD  IHCKOKV,  a  post-office  of  Simpson  co.,  Mississippi. 

OLD  HlC'KOItV,  a  post-office  of  Weakly  co.,  Tennessee. 

OLD  HICKORY,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

0LD1.-Li:iti;.\,  ol'dis-l.Vben,  a  villaj:e  of  Saxe-Weimar,  on 
the  Unstrut,  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Weimar.     Pop.  1396. 

OLD  JKK'FKKSON,  a  village  in  Saline  co.,  Missouri,  75 
miles  X.W.  hy  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

OLD'L.WD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

OLD  MAN'S,  a  village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New  Y'ork,  on  the 
harbor  of  its  own  name. 

OLD  MAN'S  CKKKK,  of  New  Jersey,  forms  the  (greater 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Gloucester  and  Salem  counties. 

OLD  MAN'S  CRKKK,  Iowa,  flows  into  Iowa  Kiver,  in 
Johnson  co.,  about  12  miles  below  the  capital. 

OLD  .MINES,  a  post-village  in  Washington  co...  Missouri, 
about  liio  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

OLD  MLSSION,  mish'un,  a  post-office  of  Winneshiek  co., 
Iowa. 

OLD'NEY  ISLAND  and  BAY.  Scotland,  co.  and  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Sutherland.  The  island,  1  mile  in  length,  lies 
about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  from  the  coast. 

OLD  POINT  COM'FORT.  a  post-village  and  watering-place 
of  Elizabeth  City  co.,  Virginia,  12  miles  N.  of  Norfolk,  situ- 
ated at  the  entrance  of  Ilampt<jn  Koads,  on  James  Kiver. 
I'bo  entrance  is  defended  hy  fort  Monroe.  The  beach  in  the 
vicinity  afford.-*  excellent  bathing-ground.  Here  is  a  fixed 
light.  50  feet  above  the  sea.     Lat.  37°  N.,  Ion.  70°  22'  W. 

OLD  PROVIDENCE,  an  island  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  be- 
longing to  New  Granada,  100  miles  E.  of  the  Mosijuito  coa.st. 
Lat.  of'its  centre,  13°  21'  N.,  Ion.  81"  22'  W.  Length  ii  miles ; 
breadth  25  miles.  Pop.  350.  Surface  hilly,  but  fertile;  pro- 
visions are  plentiful,  and  about  30.000  pounds  of  cotton,  with 
lortoi.«e-she!i  and  hides,  are  exported  annually.  On  its  N. 
side  is  the  village  of  Isabel,  with  the  chief  anchorage.  This 
island  was  a  noted  station  in  the  times  of  the  buccaneers. 

OLD  RICII'.MOND.  a  post-office  of  For.syth  co.,  Virginia. 

OLD  K1I"LKY,  a  post-office  of  Bond  co.,  Illinois. 

OLD  RIV'KR,  a  township  in  Arkanf<as  co.,  Arkansa.-i. 

OfjD  RIVER,  a  township  in  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas. 

OLD  SAY/BROOK.  a  flourishing  and  wealthy  town.ship  of 
Middlesex  co.,  Connecticut,  bounded  S.  by  Long  Island 
Sound,  and  E.  by  Connecticut  Itiver,  and  intersected  hy  the 
New  Haven  and  New  London  Itailroad,  31  miles  E.  of  New 
Haven.  Two  ferries,  one  fi.ir  tlie  railroad,  connect  it  with 
Lyme  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Say  brook  Light  house 
stands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Connecticut,  contiguous  to 
tlie  liarbor.  The  shad  fisheries  of  Saybrook  are  much  the 
most  extensive  in  the  state.  Commerce  and  shipliuilding 
are  also  leading  interests.  One  of  the  e.arlie.st  settlements 
in  Connecticut  was  made  in  the  southern  part  of  this  town- 
ship, where  are  the  remains  of  Old  Saybrook  Fort,  the 
tomb  and  monument  of  Lady  Fenwick ;  also,  the  former  site 
of  Yale  College,  continued  here  from  1707  to  1716,  when  it 
was  remove<l  to  New  Haven.  Old  Savbrook  Was  incorporated 
from  Saybrook  in  1862.    Pop.  1105. 

OLD  TOWN,  a  tliriving  post-village  and  township  of  Penol> 
scot  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Penobscot  Kiver,  at 
the  northern  terminus  of  the  Bangor  and  Piscataquis  Kail- 
road,  70  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  6  churches,  an 
afademy.  a  bank,  and  from  25  to  30  stores:  The  inhabitants 
are  extensively  engaged  in  the  lumlier  business,  about  half 
of  the  vast  quantities  of  lumber  received  at  Bangor  being 
manufactured  in  Old  Town.  The  Penobscot  here  has  a  fall 
of  about  20  feet  in  the  distance  of  100  feet,  affording  the 
best  water-power  on  the  river.  The  Penobscot  Boom  Corpo- 
ration have  works,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  logs  floated 
down  the  stream,  that  cost  above  $100,000.  This  Is'probably 
the  most  extensive  organization  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
States.  Two  bridges  here  span  the  Penobscot;  one  a  covered 
toll  bridge,  and  the  other  (now,  March  1S55,  nearly  or  quite 
completed)  for  the  Old  Town  and  Lincoln  Kailroad.  Pop.  of 
the  township.  3860. 

OLD  TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  left  bank  of  tiie  Potomac  Kiver,  U  miles  S.E.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

OLD  TOWN,  a  village  in  Forsyth  co.,  North  Carolina. 

OLD  TOWN,  a  p(>siK)fflce  of  Stokes  co.,  North  Carolina. 

OLD  TOWN,  a  postrvillage  of  Claiborne  co.,  Tennessee,  40 
miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  of  Knoxville. 

OLD  TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Greenup  co.,  Kentucky. 

OLD  TOW.V.  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 

OLD  TOWN  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  Tombigbee 
River  from  the  N.W.  ne.ir  Cotton  Giu  Port,  in  Monroe  co. 

OLD  TOW.V  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Missis- 
Bipp" 

OLD  TOWN  ISLAND,  in  Penobscot  River,  about  a  mile  N. 


of  the  village  of  Old  Town.  Penobscot  co ,  Maine.  On  it  is 
an  Indian  settlement,  containing  a  numbeiefframt  houses, 
a  Catholic  chapel,  and  about  400  Indians. 

OLD  WASH'INGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Alabama.  The  county  sent  was  located  hei-e  recently. 

OLEAN,  o-)e-an',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cattarau- 
gu.s  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Alleghany  River,  at  the  .southern 
terminus  of  the  Genesee  Canal,  and  on  tlie  New  York  and 
Erie  Kailroad,  395  miles  from  New  York  city.  An  extensive 
trade  is  carried  on  at  this  place  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Great  quantities  of  lumber  are  sent  annually,  both 
over  the  New  York  aud  Erie  Kailroad,  and  down  the. Alle- 
ghany to  the  Ohio  Kiver.  Olean  contiuiis  0  churches,  a  town 
hall,  and  an  academy.  It  is  tlie  proposed  terminus  of  several 
projected  railroads.  The  earliest  settUinent  made  in  this 
region  was  at  Olean.  Pop.  of  tire  township,  in  1S60,  2706; 
of  the  village,  about  2200. 

OLEAN,  a  postoffice  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

OLEANVDtR,  a  small  post-village  of  Jlarshall  co.,  Xktr 
bama. 

OLEAROS.    See  Antiparos. 

OLKERA,  o-lee/id,  a  town  of  British  India,  Sinde,  6  miles 
N.  of  Khyerpoor.  on  the  route  from  Shikarpoor. 

OLEGGlO,  o-l6d'jo,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  Piedmont,  10 
miles  N.  of  Novara.     Pop.  7420. 

OLEGGlO  CASTELLO,  o-led'jo  kSs-tJl'lo,  a  commune  in 
the  same  province,  has  805  inhabitants. 

OLEIKO,  a  town  and  se.iporl  of  Spain.    See  Cddillero. 

OLEIROS,  o-liVe-roce,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portug.al,  ■ 
province  of  Beira  Baixa,  near  Castello-Branco.     Pop.  1690. 

OLEKMA,  o-lJk'md,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Ya/- 
kootsk,  after  a  N.  course  of  nearly  400  miles,  joius  the  Lena, 
opposite  the  village  of  Olukminsk. 

OLLKMINSK,  o-ltk-minsk'.  a  town  of  Siberia,  government 
and  350  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vakootsk,  on  the  Lena;  founded  ia 
1783.     Pop.  1059. 

OLE'NA,  a  post-office  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio. 

OLENA,  a  small  post-village  of  Henderson  co.,  Illinois, 
120  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

■OLENEK,  o-l;V-nJk'  or  o-len-ek',  a  river  of  Siberia,  govern- 
ment of  Yakootsk,  enters  the  Arctic  Ocean,  110  miles  AV.  of 
the  W.  mouth  of  the  Lena,  after  a  N.  course  of  800  miles. 
At  its  mouth  is  the  village  of  Oost-Olensk,  aud  on  it  Mik- 
hailova. 

OLENII,o-lA'nee,(?)  a  he-adland  AV.  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Tobolsk,  on  the  Arctic  Ocean,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf 
of  Obi.  lat.  72°  40'  N.,  Ion.  73"  30'  E. 

OLENTAN'GY  or  WHET/STONE  KIVER,  of  Ohio,  rises  in 
the  N.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  southward, 
enters  the  Scioto  Kiver  at  Columbus. 

OLEOZ-NA,  a  Norwegian  colony,  recently  founded  by  Ole 
Bull,  the  celebrated  violinist.  It  is  situated  in  the  S.E.  cor^ 
ner  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania,  and  comprises  a  tract  of 
about  14  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  12  from  east  to  west, 
or  120,000  acres.  Oleona  and  New  Bergen  are  small  villages 
belonging  to  the  settlement  on  Kettle  Creek,  an  affluent  of 
the  West  Branch  of  Susquehanna  River. 

OLl^RONiO'LiVAji"'.  sometimes  written  OLOKON,  oMoVAn".', 
(anc.  UUarus  or  Olario)  an. island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Franco, 
departmentof  Charente-Infcrieure,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Charente.  Lat.  46°  11'  N.,  and  Ion.  1°  20'  W.  Length  20 
miles,  breadth  5  miles,  having  at  its  N.W.  extremity  the 
lighthouse  of  Chassiron,  which  marks  the  entrance  to  the 
Strait  of  Antioche,  dividing  it  from  the  island  of  Re.  Pop. 
16,908.  On  its  S.E.  side  is  the  capital  town  Chateau 
d'Oleron. 

0L1^R0N,  a  town  of  Fr.-vnce.     See  Oloron. 

0l£R0N  (GAVE  D',)  gdv  doMeh-rAx"',  a  river  of  France, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Gaves  of  Ossan  and  Aspe,  flow- 
ing N.W.  joius  the  Pau,  on  the  frontiers  of  the  department 
of  Landes.     Total  course,  45  miles. 

OLESA,  o-lA'sd,  or  OLESA-DE-MONT-SERRAT,  o-U'sa  dd 
mont-s^R-uit',  (anc.  Buhricata  ?)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  18  miles  K.W.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Llobregat,  Pop. 
2634. 

OLESKO,  o-lJs'ko,  a  village  of  Austrian  Poland,  Galicia, 
27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.  1250.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  King  John  Sobieski. 

OLESNO,  a  town  of  Pru.ssla.    See  Rosenberg. 

OLETTA,  o-lef td,  a  village  of  Corsica,  7  miles  S.W,  of 
Bastia. 

OLETTE,  oHJtt',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6- 
nees-Orientales,  on  the  Tet,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Prades.  Pop, 
1069. 

OLETZKO.  o-lStsHvO,  or  MARGGRABOWA,  maRg-gri-ho/- 
<^i,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  41  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gumbinnen, 
on  Lake  Oletzko.     Pop.  2950. 

OLEVANO.  o-lA-vi/uo,  a  town  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States, 
comarca  and  29  miles  E.  of  Rome.  Pop.  3500.  It  is  situated 
on  a  rocky  hill,  amidst  fine  scenery.  Principal  etlitices,  a 
castle,  a  church,  and  the  ruins  of  an  imperial  villa. 

OLEVANO,  a  town  of  Italy,  N'aples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Citra,  15  miles  E.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  1900. 

OLEVANO,  a  marke^town  of  Italy,  Piedmont,  4  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Mortara.    Pop.  1165. 

13S9 


dLE 


OLM 


■iI.EVSK',  o-l?Tsli',  a  mnrket-town  of  Kussian  Poland,  go- 
v'cmineut  of  Volbynia,  100  miles  N.X.W.  of  Zhitoaieer. 
Pop.  1600. 

O'f  KY,  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  10 
milei!  E.  of  Reading.     Pop.  W.'iR. 

OLFEX.  oVfen.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  goremment 
and  2(1  miles  S.^V.  of  Mtinster.    Pop.  1200. 

OLGIATE,  ol-je-d'ti  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  ()  miles  W.S.W.  of  Como.    Pop.  1671. 

OLGIATE-OLOXA.  ol-je4'tA  o-lo'nl,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy.  i)rovince  and  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  142.3. 

OLGIXATE,  ol-je-nd/ti,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  15  miles  E.  of  Como,  near  the  Adda.     Pop.  1430. 

OLGOO-V  or  OLGOUX.     See  DcLriGNO. 

OLGOPOL.  ol-go/pol,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Podolia,  110  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kamieiiice,  on  the 
Savranka.     Pop.  1700. 

OLUAO,  (Olhiio,)  ol-yowW,  a  town  and  parish  of  Por- 
tugal, on  the  .sea-coast.  4  miles  E.  of  Faro.     Pop.  5900. 

OLIAKOS,  Gre'ian  .\rehipeIago.     See  Axtip.^ros. 

OLTENA,  o-le-.Vnd,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sanlinia,  di- 
vision of  Cagliari,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Nuoro.     Pop.  2874. 

OLIF.TE.  o-lc-.Vt-l,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  44  miles 
N.E.  of  Teruel.     Pop.  2012. 

OL'IFANT'S  RIVER  or  EL'EPIIANT'S  RI\T:R,  a  river 
of  South  .Africa.  Cape  Colony,  district  of  Clan  William,  enters 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  lat.  31°  38'  S.,  Ion.  18°  12'  W.  Length 
probably  150  miles.  Its  mouth  is  greatly  clogged  by  rocks. 
Chief  affluent.s,  the  Great  Doom  and  Ilantam. 

OUF.\NT'S  RIVER,  a  river  of  South  Africa.  Cape  Colony, 
district  of  George,  tributary  to  the  Gauritz,  which  it  joins 
after  a  W.  course  of  157  miles. 

OLIXDA.  o-lin'da  or  o-leen'dS,  a  city  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Pernambuco,  and  formerly  its  capital,  4  miles  X.  of  l!e- 
cife.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  heautifuUy.situated  on  a  wooded  hill, 
and  has  many  white  and  massive  buildings,  with  a  cathe- 
dral, and  several  other  fine  •iiurches,  a  bishop's  palace,  hos- 
pit.ll,  and  botanic  garden;  a  school  of  law,  with  a  public 
library,  and  a  Jesuit  college.     See  Krcife. 

OLIX'D.V,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co..  Alabama. 

O'LIO,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana. 

OLIO,  a  post-office  of  Stoddard  co.,  Slissouri. 

OLISIPO.    See  Lisbon. 

OLITE,  o-lee'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarra,  27 
miles  S.  of  Pamplona.  Pop.  2748.  It  has  vestiges  of  old 
walls,  an  old  royal  palace,  and  two  annu.al  fairs. 

OLITT.\,  o-lit'ti.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government 
ami  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  A'ilna,  on  the  Niemen.     Pop.  2000. 

OLTOOTORSK,  OLTOUTORSK,  or  OLIUTORSK,  oMe-oo- 
toKsk',  written  also  OLUTORSK,  OLUTORSKY,  and  OLU- 
TOKSKOI,  a  village  of  Kamtchatka.  on  its  N.E.  coast,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Oliootorsk  River,  in  Oliootorsk  Bay,  which 
is  bounded  E.  by  Cape  Oliootorsk,  in  lat.  59°  67'  N.,  Ion.  170° 
19' E. 

OLIVA.  o-Iee'vi.  (anc.  Ad  Stat'uasf)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  4,'5  miles  N.E.  of  Alicante,  on  a  hill  side,  fij  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  5615.  It  has  a  hospital,  an 
ancient  palace,  and  manufactures  of  hempen  and  linen 
cloths. 

OLIVA,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Lanzarote,  one  of  the  Cana- 
ries.   Pop.  2132. 

OLIV.V.  a  village  of  West  Prussia,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Dant- 
zic.  Pop.  1765.  A  peace  between  the  Swedes  and  Poles  was 
eoncluiled  here  In  1660, 

OLIVA,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Fuerteventura,  one  of  the 
Canaries,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name.  •  Pop. 
2132. 

OLIVA  DE  JEREZ,  o-lee'vj  dA  HJl-rJth',  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  30  miles  S.  of  IJadajos.     Pop.  4098. 

0L1V.\RES,  o-le-vj'rjs.  a  town  of  Spain,  X^ew  Castile,  pro- 
vince and  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  1122. 

0LIV.\RE8,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  10  miles  W.  of 
Seville.     Pop.  1946, 

OrVIVE,  a  post^township  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York,  12  miles 
W,  of  King.-itun.     Pop.  ui;62. 

OLIVK  a  townshii)  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1560. 

OLIVE,  a  post-township  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,     Pop.  1669, 

OLIVE,  a  small  villiige  of  Noble  Co,,  Ohio,  about  6  mileti 
8.  of  Sarahsville. 

OLIA'  K,  a  township  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  991. 

OLIVE,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana. 

OLIVK  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Be  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 

OLIVE  BRAXCII.  a  post-office  of  Clermont  CO..  Ohio. 

OLIVK  BRAXCII.  a  post-office  of  Holt  co.,  MlssourL 

OLIVE  BIUDGE,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  CO.,  New  York. 

OLTVE  GROVK,  a  post  office  of  Decatur  co„  Georgia. 

OLIVK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  I'erson  eo„  North  Carolina, 

OLIVK  HI  Li.,  a  iX)st-office  of  Carter  co.,  Kentucky. 

OLIVETR.\,  o-le-Vi-l'e-rd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes,  traversed  by  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  40 
mile.s  S.  of  Tamandua.     Pop.  1600. 

0L1VKIR.\-D-AZKMEIS.  o-le-vA'e-rJ  di-zh-mhs^  or  dj-z.^- 
m.V(.'es,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro, 
on  thf  .\iitua,  24  miles  S.  of  Oporto.     Pop.  2000 

OLIVKIRA  DO  BAIRRO,  o-le-vi'e-ri  do  biR'RO,  a  village 
1390  " 


of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Avciro. 
Pop.  2000. 

OLIVKIRA  DO  COXDE.  o-le-v.Ve-rd  do  kon'd.A.  a  village 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  16  miles  S.W.  of  A'iseu,  with 
2600  inhabitants,  and  a  Irf«lin  school. 

OLIVKIRA  I»i»  HOSPITAL,  o-le-vd'e-rS  do  hos-pe-til/,  a 
town  and  parish  of  I'ortugal.  province  of  Beira  Bai.\a,  about 
30  miles  from  Coimbr.a.     Pop.  1200. 

OLIVEXZA  or  OLIVENCA.  o-le-vJn'sa,  (Sp.  pron,  o-le- 
vJn'thi,)  a  fortified  town  oT  l^pain.  proviuce  and  16  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Badajos.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Guadiana,  near 
the  Portuguese  frontier.  Pop.  7587.  It  stands  in  a  fertile 
plain,  and  has  a  brisk  trade  in  wines,  oil,  and  corn.  From 
the  treaty  of  its  cession  to  Spain  hy  Portugal  in  1801,  Godoy 
acquired  his  title  of  "  Prince  of  Peace,"  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1811, 

OLIVENZA  or  OLIVEXZA,  o-le-vfn'sl,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  and  130  miles  S,S.W.  of  Bahia,  on  the  Atlantic. 
Pop.  1500. 

OLIVER,  a  township  of  Mifflin  co,,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Juniata  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad.     Pop.  1684. 

OLIVER,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  inter- 
sected by  the  Juniata  River  and  Central  Railroad.      P.  1436. 

OLIVK/RIAX  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Grafton  co..  near 
the  centre  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  into  the  Connecticut 
River. 

OiyiVER'S,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

OLIVER'S  PRAIRIE,  a  postvillago  of  Newton  eo.,  Mis- 
souri. 12  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Neosho. 

OiyiVESBURG.  a  small  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio, 
76  miles  X.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

OLIVET,  o^leeVA',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Ix)iret,  3  miles  S.  of  Orleans,  on  the  Loirct.     Pop.  1179. 

OL'IVET,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  eo..  Pennsjlvania, 

OLIVET,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co..  Alabama. 

OLIVET,  a  post-office  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan. 

OLIVETO,  o-le-v4'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Citra,  6i  miles  E,N,E,  of  Campagna,     Pop.  3700. 

OLIVETO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba.silicata,  25 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Matera,     Pop.  900. 

OLIVIERI,  o-le-ve-A'ree.  a  village  of  Sicily,  N,  coast,  pro- 
vince and  27  miles  W,S.W.  of  Messina.  A  little  X.AV,  are 
the  ruins  of  Tyndaris. 

OLIVIOPOL.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Olviopol. 

OLKANSK.MA.  o-kdns-ki'd.  a  fort  of  Russia,  government 
of  Orenlx)org,  9  miles  W.  of  Boozoolook.  on  the  (ilkanka. 

OLKIION.  ol'Kon,  the  principal  island  in  the  Lake  Baikal, 
Siberia,  government  and  140  miles  N.W.  ofIrkoot.sk.  Length, 
N.  to  S.,  45  miles,  breadth  15  miles. 

OLKOVATK.\.  ol-ko-vdt/kA,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment and  59  miles  E.N.X.  of  Kharkov.     Pop.  1900. 

OLKOVKA  or  OLIvOWKA.  ol-kov'kd,  a  market-town  ot 
Russia,  government  ?.n4  130  miles  S.S.W.  of  Saratov. 

OLKUSZ,  ol'koosh,  or  OLKASZ,(?)  ol'kdsh,  a  town  of  Po- 
land. 23  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cracow.    Pop.  1300. 

OLLAXT,    See  Holland, 

OLLAP,  ol12p,  one  of  the  Caroline  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lat.  7°  37'  17"  N.,  Ion,  149°  30'  E, 

OLLERI.\,  ol-yA-ree'd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  45 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Valencia.  Pop.  3662.  It  has  2  parish 
churches:  manufactures  of  linens,  and  brandy  distilleries. 

OL'LERTOX.  a  market-town  of  England,  co,  of  Notts, 
parish  of  E<.lwinstowe,  19  miles  N.N,E,  of  Nottingham. 
Pop.  777. 

OLLIERGUES,  oPle-aiRg',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Pi»v-de-Dome,  10  miles  N.W,  of  Ambert,     Pop.  2043. 

OLLI'JXIES,  olMeeiiVee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  on  the  Dender.  17  miles  N.N.W,  of  Mons,  Poij. 
1493, 

OLLTO,  a  river  of  Italy,     See  Oglio, 

OLLIOULES,  oPle-ool',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Var,  4  miles  W,  of  Toulon,  at  the  foot  of  a  defiL 
called  the  Vaux  d'Ollimiies,  (vo  dorie-ooP.)    P,  in  1852, 3258. 

OLLIUS,    See  Or.Lio. 

OLLMUTZ.     See  Olmut?!. 

OLLOX",  oPIAn"'.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Vaud.  2  miles  S.E.  of  Aigle.    Pop.  2692. 

0L5I,  olm,  NiEDER,  nee'der.  and  Ober,  o'ber,  two  conti- 
guous villages  of  Germany,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Rbenish  Ilessen,  7  miles  S.S.W,  of  Mentz.  United  popula- 
tion 2:350. 

OLMEDO.  ol-mA/Do,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  25  milee 
S.  of  Valladolid,  enclosed  by  ruined  walls,  and  in  decay. 
Pop.  1855. 

OLMKN,  ol'men,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  33 
miles  E.  bv  S,  ofAntwerp,  on  the  Great  Nethe.     Pop.  1-368. 

OLMETO,ol-mA/to,  orOLOMKTO.  o-lo-m.A'to,  a  town  of  the 
island  of  Corsica,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  .\jaccio.     Pop  2010. 

OL.M'STEAD,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Cuyahoga 
CO,,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad,     Pop,  1414. 

OL/MUTZ,  (Oer.  OlmiU!  or  OUmvtz,  oll'miits:  Moravian 
Holomauc.  holo-mowts*;  L.  OlomuUium  or  J-'fnirum,)  a 
strongly  fortified  city  of  Moravia,  (and  formerly  its  caiiital.) 
on  the  March,  and  on  the  railway  from  Breslau  to  Vienna^ 


OLM 

40  niilps  N.E.  of  Briinn.  Pop.,  excluding  parrison.  12.5fi0. 
Its  fortifi.'atioiis  are  very  extensive,  nnil  the  city  is  well  Imilt. 
The  principal  eilifices  are  a  fine  Gothic  cathedral,  with  the 
(omb  of  its  founder.  Wenceslaus  III.  of  li(jheuiia.  and  several 
other  hand.some  churches,  the  archbishop's  palace,  deanery, 
town  hall,  theatre,  arsenal,  barracks,  several  hospitals  and 
oriihan  a.«yluins,  and  a  larjie  conventual  establishment. 
Its  university,  founded  in  1.^81.  and  restored  in  1827.  has  a 
library  of  60,0(»0  volumes  and  TUtK?)  manuscripts,  ami  in 
J84'2  was  attended  by  5.79  students.  Here  are  also  a  college, 
diocesan  school,  academy  for  nobles,  military  and  various 
otlier  schools,  manufactures  of  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton 
ftibiics,  earthenware.  leather,  and  vincfiar.  and  a  transit 
trade  in  cattle.  Olmutz  was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in  the  30 
years'  war,  and  besiejjed  by  Frederick  the  Great  in  1758.  La- 
fayette was  confined  in  it  for  many  years  from  1794.  It  was 
the  place  of  refuse  of  tlie  late  Kmperor  of  Austria,  in  his 
second  flight  from  Vienna,  and  here  he  abdicated  on  2d 
December.  1848. 

OLXK.  ol'neh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and  8  miles 
E.S.K.  of  I/ie|:;e.  on  the  Vesdre.     Pop.  3156. 

OL'XKY  or  CUL'NEV,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Bucks,  on  the  Ouse.  here  crossed  l)y  a  4  arched 
bridge,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bedford,  and  with  a  station  on 
a  branch  of  the  London  and  North- Western  Railway.  Pop. 
in  1851,  2.'{29.  The  town  has  a  large  Gothic  church,  with  a 
lofty  spire.  Silk  weaving,  with  manufactures  of  hosiery 
and  lace,  employ  the  jwpulation.  The  poet  Cowper  long 
resided  at  Weston,  in  the  vicinity. 

()I/\EY.  a  post-village  within  the  chartend   limits  of 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  about  7  miles  N.E.  of  the  State 
House. 
OliXKV.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Maryland. 
OljN'HY.  a  post-ofllce  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 
OLNEY,  a  neat  post-village,  capital  of  Kichland  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  railroad  from  St.  Louis  to  A'incennes,  130  miles 
8.E.  of  Springfield.     It  was  settled,  about  1845,  by  people 
from  the  Eastern  Slates.     Pop.  of  Olney  township.  1499. 

OLXEY  FUIIXACE,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
evlvania. 

"  OL'XEYVILLE  or  OLNEYSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village 
of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Islatul.  about  li-  miles  W.  of  I'ro- 
videuce.    It  contains  4  cotton-mills. 

OLOX'A,  f)-lo'nd,  a  river  of  Lombardy.  enters  the  canal 
Naviglio  Grande,  near  Slilan.  Under  the  French  it  gave  its 
name  to  a  department  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 

OLOXETS  orOLOXETZ,  o-lo-njts'.  a  government  of  North 
Russia,  between  lat.  60°  and  64°  3U'  N.,  and  Ion.  29°  and  41= 
30'  E.,  having  N.  Archangel,  S.  Vologda,  and  W.  Finland. 
Area  estimated  at  59,567  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851. 
263,409.  Surface  in  the  N.  and  W.  marshy,  and  covered 
with  vast  forests.  Principal  rivers,  the  Oitega.  Slmoya.  Soona. 
(Suua,)  and  Sveer,  (Svir.)  It  cont.ains  numerous  lakes,  the 
principal  being  Onega  and  Vigo.  Ilemp  and  fiax  are  raised, 
but  not  for  exportation,  and  the  extensive  forests  form  the 
principal  sources  of  wealth  derived  from  the  land.  Iron, 
copper,  silver,  marble,  and  granite,  are  found,  but  are  little 
turned  to  advantage,  and  except  a  roynl  cannon  foundry, 
and  a  few  tanneries  and  forges,  no  manufacturing  establish- 
ments exist  here.  Raw  produce  is  exporter!  to  St.  Petersburg 
and  Archangel,  whence  corn,  s.ilt,  spirits,  and  colonial  and 
manufacturing  goods,  are  imported.  The  inhabitants  mostly 
belong  to  the  Greek  or  Lutheran  churches,  but  some  remain 
Pagans.  The  government  is  subdivided  into  7  districts. 
The  principal  towns  are  Petrozavodsk,  Olonets.  and  Kargopol. 
OLOXET.S,  the  c.ipitnl  of  the  above  government,  is  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  two  river.'!,  tributaries  to  Lake  Ladoga, 
110  miles  X.E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Pop.  3000,  exclusive  of  "its 
suburbs.  It  has  8  churches,  a  custom-house,  and  various 
public  magazines.  The  first  building-dock  in  the  Russian 
Empire  was  established  here  by  Peter  the  Great,  and  some 
vessels  are  still  built  at  it.  . 

OLOXNE,  oUonn',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Vendee,  near  the  Atlantic.  3  miles  N.  of  Les  Sables 
d'Olonne,  with  a  small  port.     Pop.  19uo. 

0L0XZ.4C,  oUAxa'zik',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Horault,  on  the  Canal  du  Midi,  15  miles  VV.N.AV.  of  Nar- 
bonne.     Pop.  1347. 
OLOOSIXOA.    See  Oroseng.\. 

OLOHOX,  oMo'rixo/,  or  OLfiltON,  o'lAVixo/,  (anc.  lluro,)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Basses-Pyrenees,  15  miles 
S.W^.  of  Pan.  at  the  confluence  of  the  .\spe  and  Ossau.  Pop. 
in  1852,  6388.  It  is  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  has  trade 
in  wool,  horses,  and  timber  for  tl>e  marine. 
OLORON,  an  island  of  France.  See  Ol£rov. 
OLOT,  o-lof,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  21  miles  N.W. 
of  Gerona,  on  the  Fluvia.  Pop.  12,070.  It  is  .situated  at  the 
foot  of  a  range  of  volcanic  hills,  and  has  several  good  squares 
and  streets.  2  parish  churches,  cavalry  barracks,  and  a 
hospital,  with  active  manufactures  of  cotton  good*  and 
woollen  caps,  tanneries,  soap  factories,  and  paper-mills. 
Near  it  are  numerous  cavern.s,  and  extinct  volcanic  craters. 
14  distinct  cones  being  found  close  to  the  town,  the  largest 
1  mile  in  circumference  and  445  feet  in  depth.  A  destructive 
«arthquake  occurred  here  in  1421. 


OMA 

OI/PAK',  (ITindoo  Uluparn.)  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bomb.ay,  7  miles  N.  of  Surat. 

OLPK,  ol/peh.  a  town  of  Prussia,  Mestphalia,  28  mile? 
S.S.W.  of  Arn'slierg.     Pop.  1950. 

OL/RICK  or  OL'RIG,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  ca 
of  Caithness. 

OL.SA,  ol'.sj.  a  river  of  Austria,  rises  near  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Jloravia,  flows  N.N.W.  through  Austri."vn  Silesia,  and 
joins  the  Oder  on  the  right  after  a  course  of  about  t'O  miles. 
OLSKNE,  olMn'  or  ol-sA'n<;h,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Lys,  w  ith  a  station  on  the 
railway  to  Tournay,  14  miles  S.S.\^ .  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2100. 

OLSIIANA  or  OLCIIANA,  ol  shJ'n.i  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  and  15  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Kharkov.  Pop. 
•2000. 

OLSIIAXA  or  OLCIIAX^^,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment and  89  miles  S.S.K.  of  Kiev. 

OLSIIAXSK.  oPshlnsk',  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  68  miles  S.S.W.  of  Voronezh.     Pop.  1700. 

OLSIIAXY  or  OLSZAXY,  ol  shi'nee,  a  market-town  of 
Rus.sian  Poland,  government,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Vilna. 
Pop.  1800. 

OLS.\XSK.  ol-s3nsk'.  a  village  of  Siberia,  government  and 
about  180  miles  X.X.E.  of  Irkootsk.  on  the  road  to  Yakootsk. 
OLST,  olst,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Overyssel,  6 
miles  X.  of  Deventer.    Pop.  823. 
OLSTYXEB,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  IIohenstein*. 
OLSZAXY.    See  Olsiiany. 

OLTKX,  ol/ten,  a  small  but  flourishing  town  of  Switzer- 
land. 20  miles  E.X.E.  of  Soleure.  on  the  Aar.    Pop.  1500. 

OLTKXITZA.  ol-tg-nifsd.  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  on 
the  Danube,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Bucharest.  Here  the  Turks 
defeated  the  Russians  in  Xoveniber,  1853. 

OLTI.  ol'tee,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  70 
miles  X'.E.  of  Erzroom.  on  the  Olti.     It  is  a  very  ancient  but 
decayed  pl.ice.  defended  by  a  citadel,  and  once  the  residence 
of  the  -\tabegs.  who  ruled  the  country.     Pop.  about  1500. 
OLTIS.    See  Lot. 

OLUXSIIAX  or  OLUNCIIAN,  o'lfin'shdn',  a  mountain  of 
China,  province  of  Yunnan,  lat.  23°  20'  N.,  Ion.  100°  4'  E. 
It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 
OLUSTICE.  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Florida. 
0LU.«;TEE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama 
OLUTORSKOI.     See  Oliootor.sk. 

OLVA.  ol'vd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  22  miles  S.E. 
of  Teruel,  on  the  Mijares.     Pop.  1011. 

OLVEXSTADT,  ol'veii-s(3tt\  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
4  miles  W.X.W.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  2100. 

OLVKR.\,  ol-viVrd.  (anc.  Ilipa.  ?)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  67  miles  X.E.  of  Cadiz.     Pop.  61 1 6. 

OL'VKSTOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co,  of  Gloucester. 
OLVIOPOL.  ol-ve-o/pol.  sometimes  written  OLIVIOP0L,a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  137  miles  N.W.  of  Kherson, 
on  the  Rug.     Pop.  2C0U. 

OLYiCi,  ol'e-ki,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Volhy- 
nia.  about  100  miles  N.W.  of  Zhitomeer.     Poji.  3600. 

OLYM/PIA,  a  thriving  town,  port  of  entry,  seat  of  justice 
of  Thurston  county,  and  capital  of  Washington  Territory,  is 
situati-d  on  the  E.  side  of  Tcnalquets  or  Shute's  River,  at 
its  entrance  into  the  head  of  Budd's  Inlet,  at  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  Pngot  Sound.  The  surrounding  country  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  whole  territory.  The  town 
is  rapidly  rising  in  importance,  and  is  probably  destined,  at 
no  distant  period,  to  be  the  commercial  centre  of  an  exten- 
sive region,  it  contaiueil  in  1804,  2  newspaper  offices,  5 
general  stores,  2  book-stores.  &c. 
OLYMPIAN  SPRIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co..  Kentucky. 
OLYM'PTJS,  a  post-office  of  Overton  co..  Tennessee. 
OLYJIPUS,  (o-Jim'pus.)  (Gr.  OXtinwj,  Olumpos ;  Turk.  Ser 
mnrat-Evi,  sA-ma-vdt/  ee'vee.  i.  e.  the  "  abode  of  the  Celes- 
tials.") a  mountain  range  of  Thessaly,  on  the  border  of  Jlace- 
donia.  Its  summit,  famed  by  Homer  and  other  poets  as  the 
throne  of  the  gods,  is  30  miles  N.  of  Larissa,  in  lat.  40°  4' 32" 
X..  Ion.  22^  25'  E.     Estimated  heidit.  9745  feet. 

OLY'MPUS,  (Mount,)  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  8  miles  S.W. 
of  Brusa. 

OLZAI,  ol-zT',  a  village,  island  of  Sardinia,  33  miles  N.  of 
Cagliari.    Pop.  1060. 

6m,  om.  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Tomsk, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  330  miles,  joins  the  Irti.sh  at  Omsk. 

OMAGII,  o^m^',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Tyrone,  27  miles  S.  of  Londonderry.  Pop.  in 
1851,  3016.  It  is  on  a  steep  declivity,  and  mo.stly  well  built 
and  clean.  It  has  the  remains  of  an  old  castle,  which  gave 
name  to  the  town,  an  elegant  county  court-house  of  Grecian 
architecture,  county  jail,  barracks,  workhouse,  fever  hospital, 
with  a  flourishing  linen,  corn,  and  general  trade.  The  town 
was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1689,  and  again  in  1743. 
OMAGUWS,  o-md'gwds.  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  ICcuadrr. 
OMAHA  (o'ma-haw')  C1TY%  the  capital  of  Nebraska,  is 
situated  on  the  Missouri.     See  Afw;.\dix. 

OMAX,  o'mdn'.  (anc.  Ornana  or  U.'iinnnm,)  a  country  of 
Arabia,  in  the  S.E.,  between  the  Persian  Gulf  and  .Arabian 
Sea,  or  Sea  of  Oman,  and  forming  the  central  part  of  the 
Muscat  dominions.    It  is  "a  desert  thickly  studded  with 

1391 


OMA 


ONE 


cases,"  having  among  its  mountains  many  fertile  valleys, 
thou'.'h  f>nly  a  small  proportion  of  its  extent  is  cultivable. 
Towns,  Bostak,  Muscat,  and  Minnah  (with  copper  mines.) 

tOl.VN'NiiV.  (Cape.)  Uussian  America,  Is  the  S.  point  of 
King  George  III.  ArchipelaOT.  at  the  entrance  to  Chatham 
Sound.     Lat  56°  10'  X.,  Ion.  VU°  S4'  W. 
OMAXOO.'V.U,  an  i.'land  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.    Sec  Maxca. 
UMA.XUM  or  OMAXA.    See  Oman. 

OOIAR.  a  postrvillage  of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  about 
160  miles  X.W.  of  Albany. 

OMATE,  o-md'ti,  a  volcanic  summit  of  the  Ande.'.  in  the 
S.  of  i'eru.  department,  aud  50  miles  S.E.  of  .irequipa. 

OMBAY,  om^bl'.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  X. 
of  Timor.  Lat.  S'^  15'  S.,  Ion.  125^  E.  Length  from  K.  to 
W..  50  miles;  greatest  breadth,  30  miles. 

OMBEilGSIIKDEX,  om'bergs-hAMen,  a  village  of  Sweden, 
lasn  of  Carlstad.  in  the  Fryksd-il.  on  the  W.  side  of  a  lake. 
Its  annual  fair,  held  for  8  days,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Swe- 
den, aud  attracts  from  12.000" to  13,000  persons. 
OM'BElli^LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
OMBLIE,  om'ble-.v.  a  parish  of  Xorway.  stift  of  Christian- 
sand,  23  miles  X.W.  of  Areud.al. 

OMBOE,  om'be'fh,  an  island  of  Norway,  in  Bukkeflord, 
20  miles  X.E.  of  Stavanger. 

O.MBRONE,  om-bro'nl,  (anc.  Pni'bro,)  a  river  of  Italy,  Tus- 
cany, enters  the  .Mediterranean  10  miles  below  Grossetto, 
after  a  course  of  75  miles. 

OMEE'X.A.,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Michigan. 
Area  e.stimated  at  500  square  miles.    It«  northern  border  is 
washed  by  Grand  Traverse  Bay  of  Lake  Michigan. 
O.ME'GA,  a  post-office  of  ILnlifax  co.,  Virginia. 
OMEGA,  a  post-oflice  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 
OMEQX.\,  o-mJn'yl,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Xovara.  at  the  X.  e.xtremity  of  Lake  Orta.     Pop.  1459. 

OMEKOX,  o-m.A-kon',  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Ya- 
kootsk.joins  the  Indi.:hirka.  after  a  courseof  nearly  100  miles. 
OMEXAK'S  FIOKD  or  JACOBS  BIG  IIT,  a  noted  se:it  of 
iceberg  growth  and  distribution,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Green- 
land, in  lat.  70°  40'  N.    Dr.  Kane  counted  here  at  one  time, 
from  the  deck  of  his  vessel,  240  icebergs  of  primary  magni- 
tude.   The  inland  termination  of  the  fiord  has  never  been 
reached;  by  many  it  is  supposed,  in  connection  with  the 
sounds  on  the  opposite  coast,  to  form  a  continuous  water 
communication  through  the  heart  of  the  peninsula. 
OMEKKOTE.  a  town  and  fort  of  Sinde.    See  Amebkotb. 
0>U;RKUXTUC, o-mJr-kun-tak',  (Hindoo,^»Hara  Gintaca, 
a'ml-ra  kSa-ti'ki.)  a  famous  place  of  IIind>x>  pilgrimage, 
in  the  centre  of  the  Deecan,  Indi.a,  dominions  of  Berar,  28 
miles  X.W.  of  Kuttunpoor. 

OMETA,  o-mi'ti,  a  town  of  British  India,  province  of  Gu 
rerat.  20  miles  E.  of  Camb.ay. 

OMETEPE.  o-m.Vt4-p.V,  OMETEPET.  o-mS-t.'l-pSt', or  OMO- 
.TEPE.  o-mo-tdpA',  a  volcanic  island  of  Central  America,  in 
the  Lake  Xicaragua,  towards  its  S.W.  side.   Length.  20  miles; 
breadth,  from  7  to  8  miles.    It  consists  of  two  granitic  moun- 
tains, one  rising  to  5252  feet  ab»ve  the  Atlantic.    On  it  are 
the  two  villages  Ometepe  and  Muyagalpa,  with  a  population 
of  1700,  and  numerous  ancient  Mexican  sepulchres. 
O'.MEY  or  UM'MA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  ex  of  Galway. 
OMMEX,  om'meu,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Oveiyssel,  on  the  Vecht,  14  miles  E.  of  Zwolle.     P.  2066. 
OMOA,  o-mo'd,  a  maritime  village  of  Central  .\merica,  state 
of  Honduras,  on  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  15  miles  E.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Motagua;  lat.  15°  47'  X.,  Ion.  88°  3'  W. 
Most  of  the  imports  destined  for  Guatemala  and  San  Salva- 
dor, are  received  at  this  port.     Population  chiefly  mulattoes. 
OMOE,  o'mo'fh,  an  islet  of  Denmark,  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
Great  Belt.     Length,  5  miles;  breadth.  1  mile.     Pop.  200. 

OMOLOX,  o'mo-lon',  a  river  of  East  Siberia,  joins  the 
Kolyma,  SO  miles  S.W.  of  its  mouth  iu  the  .\rctic  Ocean. 
OMOTEPE,  an  island  of  Central  America.    See  Ometepe, 
OMOULEV or OMOULEFF, a riverof Prussia.  SeeOMOlEW. 
O-MPO-MPONOCSUC  or  O.MPOMPAXOO'SUCK  KIVER,  a 
fine  null-stream,  enters  the  Connecticut  in  Windsor  co.,  Vt. 
OMRAH,  om'rd,  a  fortified  town  of  Ilindostan,  dominions 
of  Jaloun,  2(5  miles  E.  of  Ditteah. 

0>rRI  or  OM'RO,  post-village,  Winnebago  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Fo.\  River,  11  miles  W.  of  Oshkosh.  Pine  lumber  is  made 
here  in  large  quantities.  Omri  has  3  churclies,  1  newspaper 
office,  and  3  mills.  Pop.  about  1500 ;  of  Omro  township.  2012. 
OMSK,  Omsk,  a  fortified  town  of  Asiatic  Russi.i,  formerly 
capit.al  of  a  government,  now  divided  between  those  of  To- 
bolsk .and  Tomsk,  in  a  sandy  treeless  plain,  on  the  Irtish,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Om.  Lat.  54°  57'  N..  Ion.  73°  40'  E. 
Pop.  11,340.  many  being  European  exiles.  It  has  a  military 
Bchotil.  founded  hy  the  Emperor  Alexander,  for  250  pupils, 
who  .are  instructed  in  the  Kirgheez  and  Mongol  languages, 
drawmg,  and  geography;  a  Cossack  school,  a  hospital,  ma- 
nufectures  of  military  clothing,  and  some  handsome  public 
buildings.  In  civil  jurisdiction  it  is  subordinate  to  Tobolsk, 
,.."  .  o.l''***""'y  superseded  that  city  as  the  virtual  capital 
of  «  est  Ml.>ena.  and  the  seat  of  government  -'for  the  gra- 
oual  subjugation  of  the  Kirgheez." 

ftA?mH''L5'v^ '  "rl^.^Zl^t-J^"^-  P""'""-  o-moo^Jv.'*  written  also 
1392'  *^^^*^^^*^*^*^'  »  '*'■«'■  of  ^'^^  Prussia,  govern- 


ment of  Kanigsherg;  flows  S.E..  enters  Poland,  and  joins  the 
Narew  on  the  right;  total  length  about  70  miles. 

OMU.X.  o*nioon'.(?)  a  town  of  Guinea.  ca|>ilal  of  a  territory 
on  an  island  in  the  Old  Calabar  or  Cross  River.  Lat.  ti"^  y 
N..  ion.  8°  15'  E.     Estimated  pop.  5000. 

OMZIMKOLO.     See  Umzimkulu. 

ON  A,  o'ni.  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  on  the  S.W.  frontieru 
of  the  government  of  Irkoutsk.  flows  clrcuitnusly  N.X.W., 
and  after  a  conrse  of  alout  2^0  miles  unites  with  the  Tchoona 
In  forming  the  Tasieva.  an  affluent  of  the  Yenisei. 

OXACUS.V,  an  island  in  the  Pacific.  See  UrNTta's  Island. 

OXAIL.  o'nil',  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  province  of  .Malwah, 
Gwalior  dominions.  18  miles  X.  N.W.  of  Oojein. 

ONALAS'KA,  a  post-villau'e  of  La  Ciosse  co.,  Wisconsin. 

OXALASKA  ISLAXD      See  Oosalaska, 

OX  A  LEGO,  o-n^-li'go,  one  of  the  Marquesas  Islands,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

OXAN'COCK.  a  post-village  in  Accomac  co.,  Virginia,  100 
miles  E.  by  X'.  of  Richmond. 

ONAR'GA.  Illinois,  a  village  and  station  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad.  85  miles  from  Chicago.     See  Apfexwx. 

OXASEUSE,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Husteb 

ISLANnS. 

OR.\TE,  on-yj't^,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gnipuscoa, 
20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bilbao.  Pop.  4236.  It  has  a  fine  town- 
hall,  3  parish  churches,  a  hospital,  university,  and  col- 
lege. Iron  is  wrought  in  the  neighboring  mountains,  and 
within  the  town  are  iron  foundries,  nail  factories,  aud  gun 
manufactories. 

ONDA,  on'dS,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  10  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  4517. 

ONI).\R.\.  on-dd'rd.  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  province 
and  alx)ut  CO  miles  from  Alicante.     Pop.  1280. 

OXD.\REE,  on'd3-ree\  a  small  island  of  Hindostan,  out- 
side the  harlx)r  of  Bombay,  about  1  mile  fi-om  the  mainland. 

OXD.\RRO.\,  on-dilR-Ro'd.  a  ni.aritime  town  of  Sjwun.  pro- 
vince of  Biscay,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Bilbao,  on  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay.   Pop.  1173. 

bXEA  IIALGAN,o-ni'a  h&i^gin'.  or  simply  IIALGAN,  an 
island  iu  the  South  Pacific,  forming  the  most  northern  of  the 
large  Islands  of  Loyalty  Group.  Lat  20°  33'  33"  S.,  Ion. 
166°  26'  14"  E. 

0'XE.\L'S  (o-neelz')  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Troup  co., 
Georgia. 

OXE  AND  A  HALF  DEGREE  CHAX'XEL.  a  passage 
through  the  Maldive  Islands,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  It  has 
a  width  of  about  50  miles,  and,  being  the  sjifest  channel  of 
the  Maldives,  is  frequently  used  by  vessels  proceeding  to 
Ceylon,  in  the  W.  monsoon. 

0NE.4T.\.  o-nA-3'td,  one  of  the  smaller  Feejee  Islands. 
Lat.  18°  24'  S.,  Ion.  178°  31'  W. 

ONECHO,  o-nee'cho,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 30  miles  N.W.  of  Nashville. 

ONECHOW  or  ON EECIIOW.    See  Nihau. 

ONE'CO.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Stephenson  co., 
Illinois.  222  miles  N.  of  Sprinsfield. 

O'NECOTE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.,  of  Stafford. 

OXE/GA,  (Russian  pron.  o-nA/gS.)  a  river  of  Russia,  go- 
vernments of  Olonets  and  Arctiangel,  rises  in  the  Lake 
Latcha,  and,  after  a  N.  course  of  250  miles.  ent«>rs  the  Gulf 
of  Onega  at  its  S.E.  extremity.  Numerous  falls  render  it  inna- 
vigable, but  in  .spring  many  rafts  are  floated  on  it  to  the  sea. 

ONEGA,  L.\KE,  a  lake  of  Russia,  the  next  in  .«ize  to  that 
of  Ladoga,  from  which  it  is  distant  S5  miles  N.E..  in  the 
centre  of  the  government  of  Olonets,  mostlv  between  lat 
60°  52'  and  62°  53'  N..  and  Ion.  34°  15'  and  36°  12'  E.  Length 
140  miles;  breadth  from  30  to  45  miles.  Area  estimated  at 
3400  square  miles.  It  is  of  a  very  in-egular  shape,  particu- 
larly towards  the  N.,  where  it  is  much  indented,  and  forms 
numerous  creeks  and  b.iys.  Its  shores  are  generally 
rocky,  and  its  waters  beautifully  clear,  well  supplied  with 
fish ;  navigation  much  impeded  by  shoals  and  sandbanks. 
In  it  are  numerous  i.«lands  near  its  N.  extremity.  It  re- 
ceives 10  streams,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Migra,  the 
Shooya,  (Shuia,)  the  Vodla.  and  Vytegra.  Its  only  eutlet  is 
the  Sveer,  by  which  it  discharges  its  waters  into  Lake  Ladoga; 
but  the  Murinskoi  Canal,  by  connecting  its  afliuent  th? 
Vytegra  with  the  Kayla,  an  affluent  of  Lake  Bielo,  has 
brought  it  into  communication  with  the  bo.«in  of  the  Volga. 

ONEO.\,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  85  miles  S.W 
of  Archangel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Onega  River,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Onega.     Pop.  1800. 

ONEOLIA,  o-njl'yft.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion and  41  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nice,  is  the  capital  of  a  pro 
vince,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  Pop.  5500.  It  has  remains 
of  fortifications,  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1792.  some  de- 
caying churches  and  convents,  a  college,  and  a  small  port 
Andrea  Doria,  the  celebrated  Genoese  admiral,  was  born  here. 

ONE  HORSE  TOWN,  a  small  mining  settlement  of  Shasta 
CO.,  California. 

ONE'HOUSE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ONEID.V.  o-ni'da.  a  lake  in  the  N.  central  part  of  New 
York.  Its  length  is  about  20  miles;  greatest  breadth  6  or 
7  miles.  The  outlet  of  this  lake,  called  dneida  River.  1? 
miles  long,  flows  westerly,  and  joins  the  Seneca,  to  form  tU« 


ONE 


ONS 


Oswego  Kirer.  Oneida  Lake  abounds  with  fish,  gnch  as 
salmon,  Oswoj;c  bass,  trout,  salmou-trout,  pike,  &c.  The 
Fhores  of  the  lake  are  generally  low,  and  the  surrounding 
lands  level  and  fertile. 

ON  KII)A,  H  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  area  of  about  1200  square  miles.  Oneida  Lake  lies 
on  part  of  its  western  border.  It  is  drained  by  the  Jlohawk 
and  Ulack  Hivers,  and  Oneida  and  Oriskany  Creeks,  with 
several  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant  water- 
power.  The  inhabitants  of  this  county  are  largely  engaged 
in  manufactures,  and  the  agricultural  interests  are  al-i^o  in 
a  flourii'hing  condition.  'J'he  Long  Level  on  the  Krie  Canal 
of  fjOj  miles  passes  through  it.  The  surGice  is  generally 
undulating,  in  some  parts  more  hilly,  and  in  others  almost 
level.  The  soil  is  of  various  qualitil^s,  but  everywhere  ridi. 
In  18.50,  this  county  produced  167,017  tons  of  hay,  3,9e)3,:!92 
pounds  of  liutter,  and  5,218,734  of  cheese.  The  quantities 
of  h«y  and  Imtter  were  each  the  greatest  produced  iiy  any 
county  iu  the  United  States,  and  the  quantity  of  cheese  the 
gri'atest  pn^duced  by  any  in  the  United  States,  except  Her- 
kimer county.  New  York.  This  county  contains  iron  ore, 
pottiT's  clay,  gypsum,  water-limestone,  and  marl.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  ihe  Erie  Canal  and  the  Central  New  York  Rail- 
i-oad.  and  partly  intersected  by,the  Black  River  and  Che- 
nango Canals,  and  by  the  Watertown  and  Kome  Rail- 
road, and  the  Black  River  and  Utica  Railroad,  Organ- 
ized in  1786,  having  iireviously  formed  part  of  Herkimer 
county.  Seats  of  justice,  Rome  and  AVhitesborough.  Pop. 
10.'),-202.  ♦ 

ON  KIDA.  a  township  of  Katon  co..  Michigan.    Pop.  1382. 

OXKTDA.  a  small  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Duck  Creek. 

ON  KIDA  CASTLE,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
on  Oneida  Creek,  20  miles  W.  of  Utica.  It  has  2  or  3 
churches,  and  several  stores. 

ON  KIDA  CREKK,  of  Central  New  York,  flows  north-west- 
ward, and  forms  the  boundary  between  Madison  and  Oneida 
counties,  until  it  enters  the  Oneida  Lake.  It  is  navigable  a 
few  miles. 

ONKIDA  DEPOT,  a  post-village  and  station  of  Madison  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Utica  Railroad,  and  on 
Oni'ida  Creek.  26  miles  E.  of  Syracuse. 

O.NKID.V  L.ilvE,  a  post-office  of  Mailison  co.,  New  Y'ork. 

ONKIDA  MILLvS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

ON  KIDA  KI V KR.    See  O.veida  Lake. 

ONKIDA  VALLEY,a  post-office  of  M.adison  co..  New  York. 

O'NEIL.STON,  o-neels't9n,  a  small  village  of  Barnwell  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

ONKlvtJTAN.  0-n.vko-tdn',  or  ONAKUTAN,  o^nj-koo-trln', 
jne  of  the  Koorile  Islands,  off  the  S.  e.xtremity  of  Kam- 
tchatka,  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Sea  of  Okhotsk ;  lat. 
49°  24'  N.,  Ion.  155°  E.  Length  30  miles,  breadth  15  miles. 
Near  it  are  3  extinct  volcanoes. 

ONKLEY,  ijnlee,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Northivmpton, 
parish  of  Barley,  7  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Daventry.     Pop.  600. 

ONEMEN,  0-n.a-mfn',  a  river  of  Siberia,  flows  N.E.,  and, 
after  a  course  of  about  90  miles,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  forming  the  estuary  of  the  Anadeer,  (Anadir,)  in 
Dehring's  Sea. 

ONEMULE  TOWN,  a  small  mining  settlement  of  Shasta 
CO..  California. 

O'NEON'TA,  a  post-village  and  town.shlp  of  Otsego  co.. 
New  Voik,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  on  the  Albany 
and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  SO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 
The  village  contains  4  chuiches,  1  newspaper  office,  and 
several  fouudries,factories,and  mills.   Total  popnlation,.2158. 

ON'UAR.  CIIIP'PINCt,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  (>f  Esse.K.  on  the  Roding.  here  crossed  by  a  3  arched 
bridge,  lOj^  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chelmsford.  It  has  a  market- 
hou^e.  union  workhouse,  and  some  vestiges  of  a  castle. 

ONOAK.  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ONOIIIN,  on-gheen'.  a  river  of  Mongolia,  rises  about  lat. 
46°  N.,  Ion.  104°  E.:  flows  S.E.,  and  discharges  itself  into 
the  lake  Kooragan-Oolan-Nor,  (Kuragan-Ulan-Nor,)  on  the 
N.  of  the  Desert  of  Gobi;  total  course  200  miles. 

ONGLAIIY,  a  river  of  Madagascar.    See  Daktmouth. 

ONGOLE,  ongVol',  or  ANGULA,  dn-gooHa,  a  town  of  Bri- 
ti.-h  India,  presidency  and  170  miles  N.  of  Madras,  irregu- 
larly and  meanly  built,  but  having  a  stone  fort  on  the  mar- 
gin of  a  fine  lake. 

ONGOLOGUR.  ong-go-jo-ghhr',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  pro- 
vince of  Orissa,  59  miles  W.  of  Cuttack ;  lat.  20°  32'  N.,  Ion. 
85°  U'  E. 

O'NTBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

ONIIIOW.     See  NliiAU. 

ONIivSZTI  or  ONIKSIITI.  o-niksh'tee,  written  also 
ONIKCIIT.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government 
and  65  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  1650. 

ONIL,  o-neel'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  25  miles 
N.W.  of  Alicante.     Pop.  2090. 

ONION  (un'yun)  RIVER,  or  WINOOSKI,  win-noo.s'kee,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Vermont,  rises  in  Caledonia  co.,  and 
running  first  iu  a  north-westerly,  then  in  a  westerly  course, 
after  passing  Montpelier.  the  capital,  falls  into  Lake  Cham- 
Dlain,  about  5  miles  N.W.  of  IJurlington.  It  hag  several 
4N 


falls,  in  the  most  remarkable  of  which  the  water  descend< 
about  500  feet  in  30  rods.  That  part  of  the  Northern  Rail- 
road betweei-  the  capital  and  Builington  passes  along  th<j 
banks  of  this  stream  for  nearly  the  whole  distance. 

ONION  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin.  risi'S  in  Sheboygan  co.,  and 
falls  into  Sheboygan  River,  6  miles  from  its  mouth. 

ONION  RIVER,  a  post-oifice  of  Shelwygnn  co.,  AVisconKin. 

ONIS,  o-neess',  or  ONS.\,  on'.sd,  an  island  of  Spain,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Pontevedr.a,  lat.  42°  20'  N.,  Ion. 
S°  55'  W.  Length  2  miles,  breadth  1  mile.  The  surface  is 
uneven:  the  shoies  steep,  and  it  lias  several  harbors  de- 
fended by  batteries. 

ONKERZEELE,  Ank'er-ziVleh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  E.  I'lnnders.  on  the  right  hank  of  the  Bender,  27 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1157. 

ONNAING,  on'nlNo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Valenciennes.  Pop.  3420.  Chiccory  is 
extensively  grown  in  its  vicinity,  its  cultivation  in  France 
having  been  first  attempted  here. 

O'NO,  the  largest  of  one  of  the  groups  of  the  Friendly 
Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  18°  55'  S.,  ion.  178°  25'  W. 

ONO,  a  village  of  Ed^ar  co.,  Illinois,  120  miles  E.  of 
Springfield. 

O.VO.  a  post-office  of  Lebanon  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

ONOBA.    See  Uuei.va. 

ONOD.  o'nod',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Borsod, 
on  the  Sajo,  an  aftluent  of  the  Theiss,  40  miles  N.W.  of 
Debrecziu.  Pop.  2840.  It  is  memorable  for  a  sanguinary 
battle  with  the  Tartars  in  1241,  and  a  gathering  of  liakotzl 
insurgents  in  1707. 

O^NON',  a  river  of  Mongolia  and  Asiatic  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Irkootsk,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  .380  miles  joins  the 
Ingoda,  40  miles  W.  of  Nertchinsk,  to  form  the  Shilka,  a 
tributary  of  tlie  Amoor. 

ONONDAGA*  (on-on-dawrga)  LAKE,  called  also  SALT 
L.\KE,  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  New  York,  and  in  the 
centre  of  the  county  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  It  is  a 
small  collection  of  impure  water,  5  or  6  miles  long,  and 
perhaps  1^  miles  wide.  Near  the  N.E.  border  are  the  cele- 
brated Saline  Springs.    See  Sali.na. 

ONOND.\GA,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Oneida  Lake  and  River,  and  is  drained  by 
Seneca  River,  Chittenango,  Onondaga,  and  Oneida  Creeks, 
and  other  sm.aller  streams.  It  contains  Cro.ss,  Onondaga, 
and  Otiseo  Lakes,  and  includes  a  part  of  Skaneateles  Lake. 
The  Long  Level,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  of  C9j  miles,  ha.s  its 
western  extremity  near  Syracuse,  in  this  county.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  uneven,  and  in  some  parts  hilly.  The  soil 
is  principally  a  fertile  calcareous  loam.  Gypsum,  water 
cement,  and  limestone  are  found;  and  near  Onondag:i  i.al-u 
are  numerous  salt  springs,  from  which  great  qu.intili.s  <<{ 
salt  are  manufactured. — See  Svracusk.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Erie  Canal,  and  by  several  railroads,  the  names  of  which 
may  be  found  under  the  head  of  Syracuse,  the  capital. 
Pop.  90,686. 

ONONDAGA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  central 
part  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York,  132  miles  W.  Iry  N.  of 
Albany.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  hill.  It 
was  formerly  the  county  seat.  It  has  churches  of  3  or  4 
denominations,  a  bank,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  5113. 

ONONDAQ.V,  a  post-townslilp  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan. 

ONONDAGA,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana. 

ONONDAGA  CASTLE,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co.,  New 
York. 

ONONDAG.A  CREEK,  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York,  flows 
northward  and  enters  the  lake  of  the  same  nanle. 

ONONDAG.\  VAL'LEY,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co. 
New  York,  on  Onondaga  Creek,  4  or  5  miles  S.  of  Syracuse. 
It  contains  an  academy,  several  churches,  and  mills.  Pop. 
estimated  at  900. 

ONORE,  o'nor',  a  seaport  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of 
Canara,  lat.  14°  16'  N.,  ion.  75°  82'  E. 

O'NOVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  Co.,  New  York. 

ONRUST,  on'rust.  a  small  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
off  the  N.  coast  of  Java,  near  Batavia,  with  the  Netherlands 
government  ship-building  yard. 

ONSLOW,  onz'lo,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  Onslow  Bay.  Area  estimated  at  600 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  New  River.  The  surfiice 
is  level,  and  extensively  covered  by  marshes  and  pine  for- 
ests. "The  soil  is  sandy.  Capital,  Onslow  Court  House 
Formed  in  1734,  and  named  in  honor  of  Arthur  Onslow 
speeiki-r  of  the  British  House  of  Commons.  Pop.  8856,  of, 
whom  5357  were  free,  and  3499  slaves. 

ONSLOW,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Colchester 
on  the  estuary  of  Salmon  River,  opposite  Truro,  the  county 
seat,  about  55  miles  N.  of  Halifax.  The  inhabitants  aia 
mostly  fishermen. 

ONSLOW  B.\Y.  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  extends 
for  80  miles  between  Capes  Fear  and  Lookout. 

*  This  is  a  purely  Indian  word,  signifying  a  "  swamp  at  the 
foot  of  a  hill." 

1393 


oxs 


OOK 


OS  SLOW  COVnr  house,  a  post-Tillasre,  capital  of  Onslow 
CO.,  Nortli  Carolina,  on  New  Kiver,  145  miles  fe.K.  of  Kaleigh. 

ONSTWEUDK,  Anst/wcd'dj'h.  a  villajre  of  the  Netherlands, 
prOTince  and  25  miles  S.K.  of  Groningi-n.     I'op.  Sy3. 

ONTARIO,  on-tik/reo,  the  smallest  and  most  easterly  of 
the  five  great  lakes  which  communicate  with  the  river  St. 
Lawien'e,  is  situated  between  43'^  10'  and  44^^  10'  N.  lat., 
and  Te''  and  iHP  W.  Ion.  It  divides  the  state  of  New  York 
from  Canada  on  the  N.,  the  line  of  its  greatest  extent 
running  nearly  due  K.  and  W.  Length  about  190  miles; 
greatest  breadth  55  miles.  The  entire  area  is  estimated  at. 
5400  square  miles.  The  surface  is  334  feet  below  that  of 
Erie,  and  about  230  above  the  tide-water  in  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  Hudson.  Its  greatest  depth  is  upwards  of  600  feet,  and 
it  is  navigable  in  every  ^art  for  vessels  of  the  largest  cla.«s. 
It  is  never  entirely  closed  with  ice,  and  rarely  freezes  even 
in  the  severest  weather,  except  in  shallow  places  along  the 
shore.  Lake  Ontario  receives  its  chief  supply  from  the 
great  lakes  through  Niagara  Kiver,  though  considerable 
accessions  are  brought  to  it  by  the  Genesee,  Oswego,  and 
Black  Rivers,  and  numerous  smaller  streams.  It  discharges 
its  waters  by  the  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  connected  with  Lake 
Erie  by  the  Welland  Canal,  28  miles  long,  with  about  30 
cut-stone  locks,  150  feet  long  by  26^  wide,  capable  of  passing 
propellers  and  sail  craft  of  about  500  tons  burden.  In  1851, 
17  steamers  were  owned  at  the  various  American  ports  on 
the  lake  and  emploj-ed  on  its  waters ;  and  the  value  of  mer- 
chandise entered  and  cleared  at  these  ports,  was  estimated 
at  $30,000,000.  Lake  Ontario  contains  a  great  variety  of 
fine  fish,  among  which  may  be  named  the  salmon  and  the 
Oswego  bass. 

ONTARIO,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  area  of  about  670  square  miles.  It  is  partly  hounded 
on  the  E.  by  Seneca  Lake,  and  is  drained  by  Canandaigua 
Outlet,  Mud  and  Flint  Creeks,  and  other  smaller  streams, 
which  supply  motive  power  to  numerous  mills.  It  contains 
Canandaigua  and  Iloneoye  Lakes.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, and  in  the  S.  part  somewhat  hilly.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally a  rich  sandy  loam,  well  adapted  to  the  production  of 
fruit.  In  1S50,  this  county  produced  1,047.782  pounds  of 
butter,  and  402.955  of  wool,  the  greatest  quantity  produced 
by  anj'  county  in  the  state.  Water  limestone,  gypsum,  and 
some  iron  are  found.  A  branch  of  the  Centiiil  Kailroad 
traverses  this  county ;  the  Canandaigua  and  Elmira  Rail- 
road and  the  Canandaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad  meet 
at  the  county  seat;  and  the  Erie  Canal  touches  its  northern 
border.  The  limits  of  this  county  originally  comprised  the 
territory  of  several  of  the  now  adjacent  counties,  and  ex- 
tended to  Lake  Ontario,  whence  its  name.  Capital,  Canan- 
daigua.   I'op.  44,6C3. 

jONTARIO,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  up<in 
Lake  Ontario,  has  an  area  of  Sol  square  miles.  This  county 
is  watered  by  several  small  streams  flowing  into  Lake  On- 
tario, also  into  Lake  Simcoe,  which  forms  its  north-western 
boundary.  The  railroad  leading  from  Kingston  to  Toronto 
traverses  this  county.    Capital,  Ashawa.     Pop.  30,576. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-townshiji  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Wayne  co..  New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.     Pop.  2320. 

ONTARIO,  a  small  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-office  of  Iji  Grange  co..  Indiana. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  13  miles  N. 
of  Knoxville. 

ONTENIENTE,  on-ti-ne-Jn't.^  a  town  of  Sptiin,  province 
of  Valencia,  11  miles  S.W.  of  San  Felipe,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Clariano.  Pop.  9508.  It  has  several  parish  churches, 
decayed  convents,  hospital,  and  college,  and  a  residence  of 
the  l)uke  of  Almo<lovar;  also  active  manufactures  of  linen 
and  woollen  fabrics. 

ONTON.-VG'ON  or  TENAN/GON,  a  river  of  Michigan,  the 
largest  affluent  of  Lake  Superior  from  the  S.,  rises  in  Onto- 
nagon county  in  the  Upper  Peninsula,  and  flowing  nearly 
N.,  enters  the  lake  in  lat  46°  62'  N. 

ONXONAG'ON,  a  newl.v  formed  county  of  Michigan,  forms 
the  western  extremity  of  the  Ujiper  Peninsnla,  l)ordering 
on  Lake  Superior.  Area  estimated  at  2300  square  miles. 
The  Montreal  Kiver  forms  its  S.W.  boundary,  and  separates 
it  from  Wisconsin;  and  it  is  drained  by  the  Ontonagon  Kiver. 
The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  The  Porcupine  Moun- 
tains, in  the  N.  part,  rise  about  12lX)  feet  above  the  lake. 
The  county  contains  an  abundance  of  pure  copper.  Capital, 
Ontonagon.     Pop.  in  1860,  4568. 

ONTi.»NAGON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ontonagon  co., 
Michigan,  on  Lake  Superior,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ontonagon. 
It  has  4  churches  and  1  newspaper  office.     See  Appenkix. 

ONT'WA,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  879. 

ON'WARD,  a  post-office  of  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee. 

ONZAIN,  A.^•o'zl^<!/,  a  village  of  France,  on  the  railroad 
from  Orleans  to  Tours,  46  miles  from  Orleans. 

00,  o,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Garonne, 
4  miles  AV.  of  Hagneres-de-Luchon,  singularly  situated  at 
the  foot  of  the  Port,  or  Col  dOo.  a  pass  of  t'he  Pyrenees, 
9848  feet  above  the  sea.  Near  it  is  a  cascade  853  feet  hi"h. 
I'op.  430.  many  of  whom  are  employed  as  guides.  ° 

OOANEE,  oo'a-nee\  a  small  village  of  West  IlindosUn, 
province  of  Guzerat,  50  miles  S.E.  of'Surat. 


OOANLTN.    See  Wanlin. 

OOBA,  CUBA  or  UBA,  (xAii,  a  river  of  Silerin,  porem- 
ment  of  Tomsk,  flows  W.S.W..  and  joins  the  Irtish.  Length, 
above  100  miles. 

OOUSA  (OUBSA  or  UBSA)  NOR,  ooVsJ  nor.  a  lake  of  the 
Chinese  Empire,  Khalkas  Territory.  Lat.  40°  30'  N.,  Ion.  92° 
E.  Length,  75  miles;  breadth,  25  miles.  It  receives  many 
small  rivers.  Large  sturgeons  and  other  fish  are  found  in  it. 

OOCH,  ootch.  a  fortified  town  of  North-West  Hindostan, 
dominions,  and  35  miles  S.W.  of  Bh.awlpoor.  near  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Chenauh  and  Sutlej.  Lat.  29°  11'  N..  lou.  70°  50' 
E.     Pop.  20.000.     It  has  an  active  trade. 

OOCIIEE,  OUCIII  or  UCIII.  oo'chee,  written  alsoTOUNG- 
NING,  YUN-PIN  or  FOU-IIOA,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkis- 
t.in,  230  miles  N.E.  of  Kgshgar.    It  has  an  imperial  mint. 

OODABAD.  OUDABAD  or  UDABAD,  oo-dil-bad',  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Kussia,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Nakhchevan.  Pop . 
6000.  (?) 

OOD.A.,  OUT) .4.  or  UDA,  oo'dj,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the 
S.E.  slope  of  the  Stanovoi  Mountains,  flows  E.N.E.,  and  falls 
into  a  large  bay  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  opposite  the  island 
of  Feklistoo ;  total  course  200  miles. 

OODAI,  OUDAI  or  UD.\I,  oo-dl',  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  S.W.  part  of  the  government  of  Tchernigov.  flows  S.E., 
and  above  Loobny  joins  the'Soola  on  the  right;  total  course 
160  miles. 

OOUANA,  oo-d3/n3,  a  large  village  of  Beloochistan,  18 
miles  E.  of  Gundava,  on  the  route  to  Shikarpoor;  lat.  2S" 
30*  N.,  Ion.  67°  49'  E.  Seven  miles, E.  of  this  place  are  the 
ruins  of  Old  Oodana. 

OODAPEE,  ooMJ-pee',  written  also  T7DIPU,  a  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  Canara,  near 
the  Malabar  coast,  32  miles  N,N.W.  of  Mangalore,  and 
having  some  remarkable  Hindoo  temples  and  colleges.     • 

OODEENUGGUR.  oo^lee-nug'gfir,  a  collection  of  ruins  in 
the  Punjab,  on  the  Jhylum,  (anc.//j/rfa.9pes.)  near  Julalpoor, 
conjectured  by  Burnes  to  mark  the  site  of  Xiccra.  founded 
by  .Alexander  after  his  victory  over  Porus. 

OODEEPOOR,  oo-dee-poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  100  miles  N.E.  of  Surat;  lat.  22°  12'  N., 
Ion.  74°  7'  E.     It  Is  reported  to  comprise  1000  houses. 

OODEEPOOR  or  ODKYPOOR.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  150 
miles  S.  of  Gwalior;  lat.  23°  52'  N.,  Ion.  78^  9'  E. 

OODIPOOR.  a  town  of  Hindo-^Jtan.    See  Oueypoor. 

OCtDINSK.  OUDINSK  or  UUINSK.  oo'dinsk'  or  oonlecnsk', 
a  town  of  Siberia,  government  of  Irkootsk.  on  the  ()oda,  E. 
of  Lake  Baikal.  SO  miles  N.E.  of  Selenghinsk.     Pop.  3000. 

OODOO-DA-KOTE.  oo'doo-dS-kot.  a  village  of  India,  in  the 
Punjab.     I^t.  3o°  30'  N.,  Ion.  71°  14'  E. 

OODSKOI,  OUDSKO:  or  UDSKOI.  ood-skoi',  a  village  of 
East  Siberia,  on  the  Ooda,  (Uda.)  near  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 

OOFA,  OUFA  or  UFA,  oo'fi,  a  river  of  European  Russia, 
government  of  Orenboorg,  rises  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  flows 
S.W.,  and  joins  the  Belaia  near  Oofo.     Length.  400  miles. 

OOF.A.,  OUF.\  or  UF.A.,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  Orenboorg,  on  the  Oofii  and  the  Belaia,  200 
miles  N.  of  Orenboorg.  Pop.  5900.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  a  mosque,  and  manufactures  of  various  descriptions. 

OOGLITCH,  OUGLITCII  or  UGLITCH.  oogMi'.eh' or  oog'- 
leetch',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  6<J  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Yaroslav,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.  Pop.  8000. 
It  is  enclosed  by  earthen  ramparts,  and  has  a  ruined  citadel, 
a  monastery.  30  churches,  and  several  schools.  It  is  men- 
tioned in  Ru.ssian  history  as  early  as  121S. 

OOGRA,  OUGRA  or  UGR.\.,  oo'grl.  a  river  of  Rus.«ia,  go- 
vernment of  Kalooga.  joins  the  Oka  about  9  miles  above  the 
town  of  Kalooga.     Total  course  about  200  miles. 

001,  OUI  or  UI,  oo'ee,  a  river  of  West  Siberia,  between 
the  governments  of  Orenboorg  and  Tobolsk,  rises  in  the 
Ural  Mountains,  and  after  an  E.  course  of  200  miles,  joing 
the  Tobol  at  Oost-Ooiskaia. 

OOJAK  or  OUJAK,  ooj3k',  a  bay  of  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  on  the  AV.  shore  of  the  island  of  Kodiiik,  about  12 
miles  N.  of  the  Russian  Company's  establishment  of  Carluok, 
near  lat.  57°  14'  N.,  and  Ion.  152°  W. ;  extending  27  miles 
S.S.E. 

OO.IEIN,  oo'jAn',  written  also  OOJAIN.  OUGEIN.  OVJEIN 
and  UGEIN,  (anc.  Ozena?)  a  fortified  city  of  Central  Hin- 
dostan, 254  miles  S.W.  of  Gwalior,  and  the  former  capital  of 
its  dominions.  Lat.  2.3°  11'  N.,  Ion.  75°  51'  E.  Its  walls  are 
about  6  miles  in  circumference,  the  town  being  compactly 
built  on,  though  the  public  ways  are  stated  to  be  airy,  paved, 
and  clean.  Principal  edifices,  several  mosques  and  mauso- 
leums, the  palace  of  Dowlut  Row  Sindia.  and  some  Hindoo 
structures,  in  one  of  which  is  a  remarkable  s-ulptured  image 
of  the  bull-god  Nuudi,  The  city  has  an  active  trade;  im- 
ports being  fine  white  cloths,  turbans,  and  dyed  goods,  with 
assafivtida  from  Sinde,  and  European  and  Chinese  produce 
from  Surat;  exports,  cotton,  coarse  cloths,  Miilwah  opium, 
and  diamonds,  in  transit  from  Bundelcund  to  Surat.  Around 
it  are  various  temples  and  palaces;  and  1  mile  N  extensive 
remains  of  a  more  ancient  city  have  been  di.scovered. 

OOKIANG  or  OU-KIANG,  oo'ke-Jng,  a  considerable 
river  of  China,  provinces  of  Koei-chw  and  Sechuen,  joint 
the  Y'aug-tse-kiang,  after  a  N.  course  oi  500  miles. 


OOK 

OOKESTMA,  OUKESIMA  or  UKESTMA,  oo-kJ-sec'md,  an  i 
inland  of  Anam,  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  lat.  18°  50'  N.,  Ion.  100° 
20'  E..  and  25  milos  in  circuit. 

OO'LA  or  XJL'LA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munstcr,  co.  of 
Limerick,  witli  a  station  on  the  Limorick  and  Waterford 
Kailwav.  5  miles  X.W.  of  Tipperary. 

OOLAN-,  (OULAX-  or  ULAN-)K1I0T0N,  ooMin'  koUon',  a 
town  of  Mongolia,  near  the  Chinese  frontier,  120  miles 
N.N.W.  of  I'eking. 

O0LAX-,  (OULAX-,  or  TJLAy-)OBO,  ooMdn'  o/bo\  a  moun- 
tain of  Monjjolia,  Ivhalkas  country.  It  rises  out  of  a  plain 
200  miles  S.E.  of  Oorga. 

OOLASH,  OULASII  or  XJLASH,  ooMSsh',  an  Armenian 
village  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Seevas. 
Near  the  village  are  some  extensive  government  salt  wvirks. 

()()I.KD-.JKLr.AT  or  OULED-DJELL.\T,  oo'l^d' jelMdf.  a 
town  of  Alserian  Sahara,  35  miles  W.  hy  S.  of  Hiskra.  1'.  2750. 

OOIJASSOOTAl,  OULIASSOUTAI.  or  UUASSUTAI.  oo'- 
le-ds-soo-tl',  a  considenble  town  of  Mongolia,  on  the  Oolias- 
pootai  liiviT,  near  lat.  47°  35'  N.,  Ion.  96°  E.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  Mantchon  general,  and  the  place  of  a  Tartar  garrison. 

OOiymENSI'r,AAT,01t'HSns  plat',  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands. 8outIi  Holland,  on  OverHakkee  Island.     Pop.  1260. 

OOMA.X,  OU.MAN  or  UMAX,  oo^min',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  115  miles  S.  of  Kiev.  Pop.  3500.  It  is  en- 
closed bv  earthern  ramparts,  and  has  several  churches. 

00!\I.\AK  or  OU.MX  AK.  oom^nik',  one  of  the  Fox  Islands, 
North  Pacific  Ocean,  S.W.  of  Oonalaska,  50  miles  long,  12 
miles  hroad.     It  has  a  volcano  which  ejects  hot  water. 

()OX,  oon,  a  town  of  Western  Hindostan,  15  miles  X.  of 
Bahdunpoor.     Lat.  24°  15'  N..  Ion.  71°  45'  E. 

OONALASKA,  OOXALASHKA,  UXALAPCIIKA  orUXA- 
LASIIKA,  oo-na-ldsh'ka,  oneof  thelarcrest  of  the  Fox  Islands. 
North  Pacific  6cean;  lat.  of  Port  IlUiluck.  53°  52' X..  Ion! 
166°  32'  W.  Length.  75  miles:  greatest  breadth.  20  miles. 
Surface  mountainous,  and  rising  to  the  volcano  Makon- 
cliinsk,  in  its  centre.  The  island  is  thinly  pef)pled,  but  it 
can  supply  ships  with  all  necessaries  except  wood. 

OOXEI'POOIl,  oo'ner-poor',  a  large  Village  of  Sinde,  20 
miles  X.  of  Hyderabad,  on  the  route  thence  to  Pehwan. 

OONOA  or  OUXGA,  oon'ga.  an  island  of  Russian  America, 
off  the  S.  extremity  of  the-peninsula  of  Aliaska.  Lat.  55° 
SO'  N.,  Ion.  160°  to "161°  W.     Length,  25  miles. 

00N1.\U.4,  oo-ne-3'rj,  a  walled  town  of  Hindostan,  pro- 
vince of  Rajpontana.     Lat.  25°  51'  N..  Ion.  75°  52'  E. 

OOXILAorOUNTLA.oo-nil'll.avillageofliussia.Finland. 

OOXIMAK  or  OUNIMAK,  oo-ne-mSk',  one  of  the  largest 
of  the  Fox  Islands,  Xorth  Pacific  Ocean.  Length.  65  miles; 
breadth.  25  miles.  Surface  mountainous  and  rugged,  with  3 
active  volcanoes,  the  principal  rising  to  S083  feet  aliove  the  sea. 

OONZIfA,  OU.XJA,  oon'zh.?,  or  UNSCHA.  a  river  of  Russia, 
Kostroma,  after  a  S.  course  of  250  miles,  joins  the  Volga. 

OO.N'ZH A,  OUX,TA  or  UNSCHA.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Kostroma,  on  the  above,  12  miles  X.E.  of  ^Lnkariev. 

00P.\,  OUPA  or  UP  A,  oo'p3,  a  river  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Tcola,  flows  W.  and  S.,  and  joins  the  Oka  38  miles 
S.  of  Kalooga.  Course  130  jniles.  At  Toola  it  is  connected 
with  the  Don  by  a  canal,  which  thus  establishes  a  water 
communication  between  the  Black  and  Cas|>ian  Seas. 

OORALSK,  OURALSK  or  URALSK,  oo-r.^lsk',  a  town  of 
Bussia,  government  of  Orenboorg,  on  the  Ural,  1.55  miles 
W,S,W.  of  Orenlworg.  Pop.  13.000,  mostly  Cossacks  of  the 
Ural.  It  is  the  residence  of  their  attaman,  or  chief,  and 
has  5  churches,  a  war  office,  and  various  factories. 

OORALSK, VERKIINliEorURALSK.  A-ERKHNIL  vJrk'- 
nee  oo-r,ilsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Orenlworg, 
capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Ural,  125  miles  E.d.E.  of  Oofa. 
Pop.  3S0(). 

OOR.VTEPE.  OUR.'VTEPE.  or  UR.4TEPE,  oo-ri-tA'pi  writ- 
ten also  0R.4  TUBE,  a  town  of  independent  Toorkistan, 
Bokhara,  near  the  Khokan  Frontier,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Sa- 
marcand.  and  stated  to  be  as  iarge  as  tliat  city.  It  stands 
at  the  foot  of  a  castle-crowned  hill,  is  enclosed  bj'  walls,  has 
broad  stivets.  earthen  houses,  and  about  10  mo.sques.  Popu- 
lation mostly  Oozlieks.  and  said  by  Helmersen  to  be  more 
polished  than  those  of  the  capital;  they  are  engaged  in 
manufactures  of  fine  sliawls,  cloaks  of  goats'  hair,  and  cot- 
ton goods,  and  have  an  active  trade  with  Russia  and  Kho- 
kan. goods  coming  from  which  countries  here  pay  toll. 

0  )1!CIL\.  a  raj.ihship  of  India.    See  Tirhke. 

OORCH.V.  oor'chj,  an  ancient  town  of  Hindostan,  pro- 
vince of  liundelcund.  on  the  BetwahS  miles  S.  of  Jhansi; 
lat.  2.5°  26'  N..  Ion.  78°  38'  E. 

OORni;OHEM  or  OORDEGEM,  oR'deh-gh?m\  a  village 
of  IJelirium.provinceof  East  Flanders.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  2100. 

■  OORFA,  OURFA,  URFA.  ooR'f^,  written  al.»o  ORFAII. 
n'fi.  and  RO/II.\,  (anc.  £>fe'.«a.)  a  fortified  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  78  miles  S.W.  of  Diarbekir:  lat.  37°  8'  X..  Ion.  38° 
la'  E.  Estimated  population  30,000,  a  mixture  of  Turks, 
tlr(>eks.  Arabs,  .■Vrmenians,  and  Jews.  It  stands  on  both  ile- 
clivities  of  a  valley,  is  substantially  built,  and  flourishing, 
having  numerous  handsome  mosques,  several  Greek  and 
Armenian  churches,  and  bazaars,  brisk  manufactures  of 
cotton  goods,  goldsmiths'  wares,  and  morocco  leather,  con- 


oos 

giderable  commerce  in  British  manvifarttiTes.  {."■ti'r.o;',  'iy 
way  of  .Meppo,  a  large  trade  in  corn,  rais<?d  in  it<  vicinity. 
and  sent  to  North  Syria,  and  a  transit  trade  between  thai 
country  and  Mesopotamia.  Oorf.\  is  supposed  to  be  on  or 
near  the  site  of  the  Ur  of  ilie  Cliuldees  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
ture, (Genesis  xi..  28.) 

OORGA,  OURGA  or  URGA.  oor^gJ,  a  city  of  Mongolia, 
capital  of  the  Khalkas  country,  on  the  Toola,  (Tula.)  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Orkhon,  and  on  the  grand  route  from  Kiaklitato 
Peking,  165  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiakhta;  lat.  4S«  X.,  Ion.  108°  E. 
■Population  many  years  ago  estimated  at  7000,  of  wliom  a 
fifth  were  priests.  It  has  a  large  open  space,  surrounded 
with  temples.  Merchant*'  quarters  are  larger  than  that  at 
Kiakhta.  but  its  buildings  are  mostly  of  wood,  and  many  of 
its  inhabitants  dwell  in  tents.  It  i.-^Sshut  in  on  the  S.by  the 
lofty  mountain  Khan-oola.  which  tends  to  render  its  climato 
cold  and  damp.  It  has  a  college  of  .Mongolian  priests,  and  is 
the  seat  of  the  KootooKUtn,  or  deified  Lama  of  the  .Mongols. 

OORGHEX.L  OUIiGHKND.).  UROENJ  or  Ul'.GHE.XD.IE, 
ooR'ghi^iij',  written  also  OROUX  J.  (New,)  a  village  of  Ceutnd 
Asia,  Khiva  dominions. on  a  canal  near  the  Oxu.s,  110  miles 
X.E.  of  Khiva,  with  500  houses,  and  formerly  of  commercial 
importance. 

OORGIIEXJor  OURGIIEXDJ,  (Olt>,)  a  village  of  Central 
Asia,  Khiva  dominions,  67  miles  X.W.  of  Khiva. 

OORIOOPIXSKAIA.  OURIOUPINSKAIA  or  URIUPINS- 
KAIA,  oo-re-oo-pin-ski'd.  a  markettown  of  .South  Russia, 
Don-Cossack  territory,  on  the  Ivhoper,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Xo- 
vokhopersk.  Here,  from  the  20th  of  September  to  the  15th 
of  Octoijer.  is  held  the  largest  annual  fair  in  the  govern- 
ment, at  which,  in  1837,  37.000  persons  attended. 

OORLOOJAH,  OURLOUD.IAH  or  URLU.IAH,  ooR'loo'jl  a 
ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia,  near  its  S.W.  coast,  35 
miles  N.E.  of  Makree.  with  remains  of  temples,  an  aqueduct, 
and  sarcophagi,  mostly  ornamented  with  figures  of  lions. 

OORMA,  OURMA  or  URMA,  ooR'niJ,  a  river  of  Siberia, 
issues  from  a  lake  in  the  N.W.  of  the  governmeht  of  To- 
bolsk, flows  E.,  and  falls  into  the  W.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of 
Obi.    Total  course  90  miles. 

OOROOMEEVAH,  OUROUMIYAH,  URUMIYAII  or 
URUME.\,  oo-roo-mee'y.a,  written  also  URMIAH  or  OUR- 
MTAH,  a  fortifieit  town  of  Nortli  Persia,  province  of  Azer- 
baijan, in  a  fine  plain  12  miles  W.  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah, 
and  64  miles  S.W.  of  Tabreez.  Estimatwl  pop.  25,000.  It 
is  the  see  of  an  Armenian  blsliop,  supposed  to  be  the  The- 
barma  of  Strabo.  and  the  reputwl  liirth-place  of  Zoroaster; 
but  it  is  said  to  have  no  remains  of  antiquity. 

OOROO.MEEYAII,  (LAKE  OF,)  or  SllAHEE,  shii'hpe\  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Tabreez,  Is  70  miles  long  and  30  miles  broad. 
It  receives  several  rivers,  contains  numerous  small  islands, 
and  has  waters  so  salt  as  to  be  unable  to  support  any  but 
the  lowest  kinds  of  animal  life. 

OOltOOMTSEE,  OUROUMTSEE,  URUMPTSI,  oo-roomt/- 
see*,  (Chinese  Tihoa.  te-ho'i.)  a  city  of  the  Chinese  Empire, 
Soongaria,  in  a  volcanic  district  immediatelj' N.  of  the  Thian- 
shan  Mountains,  on  the  Eelee  River,  and  on  the  route  be- 
tween Khamil  and  Eelee,  in  kit.  43°  45'  X..  Ion.  88°  50'  E.  It 
is  large  and  thriving,  and  has  several  temples  and  publiu 
colleges.  It  is  reported  to  be  the  scat  of  a  considerable  trade, 
and  a  large  Chinese  garrison.  Coal  beds  exist  in  its  vicinitj'. 
It  is  a  place  of  exile  for  state  criminals  from  the  Chinese 
province  of  Kan-soo. 

OOltOOP.  OUROUP,  URUP  or  OURUP,  oo-roop',  one  of 
the  Koorile  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  claimed  l)y 
Russia,  and  immediately  N.  of  tlie  Japanese  island  Itooroop. 
Lat.  45°  3tK  N.,  Ion.  149°  34'  E.  Length,  N.E.  to  S.W.,  50 
miles,  Ijreadth  12  miles.  It  is  a  mass  of  lofty  mountain.s, 
and  deep  glens,  clotlied  with  long  rank  grass  and  large  tim- 
ber trees.  The  mineral  jiroducts  comprise  copper,  sulphur, 
and  quartz.  Off  its  X.  side  are  4  small  islands,  producing 
a  good  supply  of  vegetables  for  shipping. 

OORUX,  ooViiu',  a  town  of  British  India,  province  of  Al- 
lahabad, 25  miles  S.E.  of  Banda. 

OORZHOOM,  0URJ0U3I.  UiUUM,  oonVhoom',  written 
also  UliSHUM,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  85  miles 
S.  of  Viatka,  on  the  Oorzhoomka,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Viatka.     Pop.  1950. 

OOSA,  OUS.\,'or  USA.  oo's3,  a  river  of  Rvis.sia.  rises  in  the 
W.  slope  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  flows  S.S.E.,  and  joins  the 
Petchora.  at  the  town  of  Oosa.    "Total  cour.se,  200  miles. 

OOSAKI,  oo-s4'kee,  a  town  of  Japan,  Island  of  Xiphon, 
S.E.  extremity,  near  the  Kino  Channel,  250  miles  S.W.  of 
Yeddo. 

OOSBEKS  or  OOSBECKS.    See  Oozbeks. 

OOSC.\T.  a  town  of  .Asia  Minor.     See  Yoozgat. 

OOSCOTTA,  oos-kot'tJ,  a  town  of  India,  Mysore  dominions, 
18  miles  X'.E.  of  Bansralore. 

OOSH.  OUCH;  USCH,  oosh,  or  OUCIII.  oo^shee.  a  town  of 
Chinese  Toorkistan,  near  the  Khokan  frontier,  75  miles  W. 
of  Aksoo.     Pop.  mostly  Oozbeks. 

OOSHITSA,  OUCHltZA  or  USCHITZA,  oo-shifsil  or  oo- 
slieet's.'i.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia, 
on  the  Dniester,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kamieniec.     Pop.  2000. 

OOSHXEI,  OUSHXEI  or  USIIXEI,  oosh^nd',  a  town  of 
North  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Azerbaijan,  in  a  fine  plain 

1305 


oos 

♦0  milos  *.  of  Ooromeey.ih.    It  was  formerly  important,  but 
now  comprises  only  about  200  bouses. 

OOSIMA,  oo-see/mj.  a  Somali  but  populous  island  of  Japan, 
off  the  S.K.  coast  of  Nivhon. 

OOSIMA,  a  town  of  Japan,  Xiphon,  on  its  E.  coast. 
OOSMAN,  OUSMAN   or  USMAX,  oos-mdn',  a  town  of 
Russia.  85  miles  S.W.  of  TamhoT,  on  the  Oosman.    P.  4000. 

OOSOO'LA,  a  po;,-t-offlce  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 
OOS^OOR',  a  town  of  India,  15  miles  S.  of  Bangalore. 

OOSOOKEE.  OUSOUKI  or  USUKI,  oo'soo'ree'.  a  river  of 
Man tchooria,  joins  the  Amoor  on  the  right,  Lenjfth.  340  miles. 
OOST,  OUST  or  UST.  cost,  (probably  from  the  Latin 
Ostium  or  Ostia ;  Gr.  Slcrria,  "mouth"  or  ••mouths,")  a 
Russian  prefix  to  the  names  of  various  towns  situattjd  at  the 
mouth  of  rivers;  as.  Oostioog,  '■  loog-mouth,"  (Yoog-mouth;) 
Oo.ST-:<YSOi.SK,  '•Sy.wla-mouth,"  Ac,  situated  respectively  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yoog  and  S3'sola. 

OOSIWCKER,  os't3k'l<er,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  2  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  5200. 

OOSTBUKO.  OsVbup.o,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.  Zealand, 
island  of  Cad.'iand,  5  miles  E.X.E.  of  Sluis.     Pop.  1428. 

OOSTCA.Ml',  Osfkimp^  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  3  miles  S.  of  Burges,  near  the  railway  and 
canal  to  Ghent.     I'op.  4623. 

OOSTDUY.XKERKE,  Ost'doin-kftRKVh.  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  canal  from  Fumes 
to  Xieiiwport,  "24  miles  M'.S.\V.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1057. 

OOST-EECLOO,  ost  i-klo',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Han'lcrs,  10  miles  N.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1862. 

OU;-TENAU'L.\,  a  river  in  the  X.  part  of  Georgia,  rises  in 
Gilmer  co.,  flows  nearly  south-westward,  and  unites  with 
the  Etowah  at  Rome  to  form  the  Coosa. 

OOSTERBEEK,  os'ter-bAk\  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderlanil.  3  miles  "W,  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  1524. 

OOSTERHOUT,  os't^r-howr,  a  market-town  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, province  of  Xorth  Brabant.  5  miles  X.E.  of  Breda. 
Pop.  77119,  including  282  military.  It  has  manufactures  of 
tiles  and  pottery,  and  a  Latin  school. 

OOSTERLAXD,  os'ter-liint\  a  village  of  the  NetherlanJs, 
province  of  Zealand,  island  of  Duiveland,  6  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Zierikzee.     Pop.  917. 

OOSTERZEELE,  os'tfi^z.Vleh.  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders.  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent.     P.  2850 

OOSTIOOG  VELIKKE,  OUSTIOUG  VELIKI  or  LSTIUG 
VELIKI,  oos-teoog/  va-lee'kee,{or  the  "Great  Oostioog.")  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Vologda,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Yoog  and  Sookhona,  affluents  of  the  Dwina.  580  miles 
E.X.E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Pop.  13.000.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  and  has  3  cathedral.*",  "28  other  churches,  several  mo- 
nasteries and  nunneries,  a  government  bank  and  post-office, 
a  large  e.xchauge,  with  manufactures  of  taliow,  .soap,  candles, 
leather,  tiles,  jewellery,  and  silver  goods,  and  some  .saw- 
mills. Its  inhabitants  carry  on  a  trade  with  Asia,  as  far  as 
Kiakhta.  in  corn,  lard,  linen,  ship  timlier,  and  sail  cloth.  It 
has  an  impor'ant  annual  fair  on  the  Sth  July. 

OOSTIOOZIIXA,  OUSTIOUJXA,  oos-te-oozh'nj,  written 
also  USTIUSCUNA,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  200 
miles  X.E.  of  Xovgorod.  on  the  Mologa.     Pop.  2900. 

O0ST.M.\LLE,  osfmdrieh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1115. 

OOSTXIEUWKERKE,  osfnyu'kJRK^h,  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  20  m'iles  S.  bv  E.  of  Bru- 
ges.    Pop.  2.347. 

OOSTROM,  OUSTROM  or  U3TR0M,  oos'trom'.  a  village  of 
Austrian  Silesia,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Teschen,  on  the  A'istula. 
Pop.  1800. 

OOSX-  (OUST-  or  UST-)  SYSOLSK,  oost'se-soIskN  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  4-20  miles  N.E.  of  Vologda,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Sysola  and  the  A'ytchegda.     Pop.  2400. 

OO.ST-(OUST-orUST-)OOISKAIA,oostoofrski'd,  a  fort  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Oreuboorg,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Ooi  (Ui)  and  the  Tobol. 

OOSTVLETEREX,  ost/vli'teh-ren,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Yser,  28  miles  S.W.  of 
Bruges.     Pop.  1038. 

OOSTWIXKEL  or  OOSTWYXKEL,  osfiVin'kgl,  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Lleve.    P.  1086. 

OOT.  Ot,  two  villages  of  Beloochistan,  28  miles  N.  of  Lyaree, 
on  the  route  thence  to  Belah. 

_  OOTACAMUXD,  ooHd-kd-mund',  a  principal  sanatory  sta- 
tion of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  in  the  Xeil- 
gherry  Hills,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  My.sore  table-land, 
62  miles  E.X.E.  of  Calicut:  lat.  11°  20'  N.,  Ion.  76°  50'  E.; 
elevation  7400  feet,  and  having  a  European  climate. 

00-T('HOO  or  OU-TCIIOU,  oo'ohoo'.  a  city  of  China,  pro- 
i'i."';'',  ""^  Quang-sce,  capital  of  a  department,  130  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Canton. 

OOTKGIIEM,  iyteh-gh5m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
pf  West  Flanders,  7  miles  E.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  2398. 

00-riI<X>.<IIA.\  or  OU-THOU-CHAN,  oo  t'hoo  shin,  a 
mountam  of  Chnia,  province  of  Kan-Soo;  lat.  35°  7'  N.,  Ion. 
104°  5   K.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow 

OOTM.A.RSUM,  or  OOTMAKS.SUM,  Ofmita'sum.  a  small 
frontier  town  of  the  Xetherlan.ls.  province"  of  Overyssel,  10 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Almelo.    Pop.  1JT4. 
1396 


OPO 

[      OOTRADROOG,  oo'frj-droog',  a  town  of  Hindostad,  My- 
sore dominions,  48  miles  X.E.  of  Seringapatam. 

OOTKIVALOOR,  oo'tre-v.l-loor'.  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  47  miles  S.W.  of  JIadras. 

OOTUL,  oo'tuP,  a  town  of  Beloochistan.  province  of  Ltjou, 

30  miles  S.E.  of  Belah ;  lat.  25°  44'  X.,  Ion.  60°  33'  E.    P.  •HiCA). 

OOVELKA,  OUVELKA,  or  CVELKA,  oo-vfl/kit,  a  r.vor 

of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg,  joins  the  Ooi  at  Vrjitsk. 

Total  course  90  miles. 

OOZBEKISTAX.    See  Bokhar.i. 

OOZBKKS.  OUZBEKS  or  UZBECKS,  ooz'bcks',  written 
also  USBKCKS,  a  people  of  Independent  Tartary.  in  Bok- 
hara, which  is  sometimes  called  Oozbekistan,  or  the  ••coun- 
try of  the  Oozbeks." 

OOZEN,  OUZEX  or  CZEX,  oo-zSu',  (Bolchoi.  bol-ohoi', 
and  Maloi,  md-loi',)  two  rivers  of  European  Russia,  go- 
vernments of  Saratov  and  Oreuboorg,  flow  parallel  to  each 
otlier,  S.K..  for  about  250  miles,  and  from  10  to  30  miles 
apart,  and  finally  lose  themselves  in  salt  lakes,  100  miles 
from  the  Caspian. 

OOZIi,  OUJ  or  UJ,  oozh.  written  .ilso  USCII  and  USII,  a 
river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Pripets,  a  little  above  its  junction 
with  the  Dnieper,  after  a  course  of  125  miles. 

Oi'ALEXITZ,  o'pd-lA'nits.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  23 
miles  W.S.AV.  of  Po.sen.     Pop.  1345. 

OPAI/IK.i,  a  post-office  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia. 

Ol'ALlX,  o-pd  lin'  or  o-pd-leen',  a  market-town  of  Ru.ssian 
Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  on  the  Bug,  47  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Vladimeer.     Pop.  1600. 

OP.\RO,  o-pd'ro,  or  RAPA,  rd/pi,  an  island  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Dangerous  Archipelago,  lat.  27°  38'  S.,  Ion.  144°  3'  W. 

OP  AT  A  U,  o'pd-t«w\  or  OPATOW,  o'pd-tov^  a  market-town 
of  Austria,  Moravia,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Iglau.     Pop.  1201. 

Ol'.iTOW,  o-pd'tov,  a  town  of  Poland,  palatinate  and  20 
miles  X.W'.  of  Sandomier,  on  the  Opatowka,  (Opatovka,) 
an  affluent  of  the  Vi.stula.     Pop.  2360. 

OPBRAKEL,  op'brd'kgl.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  F'landers,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Audenanle.     I'op,  2300. 

OPEl/IKA,  a  post-village  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
railroad  between  Montgomery  and  West  Point,  67  miles 
X.E.  of  the  former.    Another  railroad  extends  to  Columbus. 

OPELOUSAS,  o-p<>loo's;js,  a  post-village,  capital  of  St. 
Landry  parish,  ]x>iisiana^  on  the  New  Orleans  Opeloustui 
and  Great  Western  Railroad.  60  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  of 
Baton  Rouge,  and  7  miles  from  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  Courtableau.  It  is  situated  in  one  of  the  most  fertile 
and  picturesque  portions  of  Louisiana.  It  is  the  seat  of 
F'ranklin  College,  founded  in  1839,  and  contains  a  court- 
liouse  and  2  iiewsiainr  olliceg.     Free  population,  786. 

OPEX  POXD,  a  post-office  of  Alabama.    See  W  oouviile. 

OP'EXSII.AW,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

O'PEQUAX  CREEK,  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Frederick  county,  flows  north-eastward,  forming  the  bound- 
ary of  Clarke  and  Jefferson  counties  on  the  right,  and  F'rede-  • 
rick  and  Berkeley  on  the  left,  until  it  falls  into  the  Potomac. 

Ol'UESSELT.  o-f^s'sflt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  F'landers,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent,     i'op.  1236. 

O'PIIIR,  an  ancient  country  mentioned  in  the  Scriptures, 
and  renowned  from  the  earliest  times  for  its  gold.  Some 
suppose  it  to  be  the  same  as  the  modern  Sofala;  others  con- 
jecture that  it  was  situated  in  the  East  Indies :  probably 
in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  known  to  the  ancients  as  the 
'•  Golden  Chersonesus,"  (Cliersonesus  Aurea.) 

OPIIIR,  o'f  ir,  a  gold  district  of  New  South  Wales,  Batburst 
CO.,  118  miles  W.X.W.  of  Sydney. 

CPIIIR,  a  post-township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.    P.  1229. 

OPHIR,  a  post-office  of  Mariposa  co.,  California. 

OPIIIR.  -MOUXT,  an  isolated  mountain  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, in  lat.  2°  30*  N.,  Ion.  102°  28'  E..  45  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Malacca,  having  a  tripfe  peak,  and  estimated  to  rise  5G93 
feet  alx)ve  the  sea.  Most  of  the  gold  obtained  in  the  penin- 
sula is  found  around  its  base. 

OPHIR,  MOUXT,  a  mountain  of  Sumatra,  near  its  W. 
coast,  70  miles  X.W.  of  Padang.  Lat  0°,  Ion.  100°  E.  Esti- 
mated height  13.800  feet. 

0/PHIRVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Placer  co.,  California. 

OPHIUSA.    See  Formemera. 

OPHOVEX,  o-fo'ven,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limbourg,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Meuse,  24  miles  X.E.  of 
Hasselt.     Pop.  1135. 

OPl,  o'pee,  a  market-town  of  X'aples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  II.,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Lake  Fuciuo.    Pop.  1800. 

OPIXU.M.    See  Oppido. 

OPITERGIUM.     See  Oderzo. 

0PL.\DEX,  op'ld-den,  a  town  of  RhenLsh  Prussia,  15  miles 
S.Fl.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  Wipper.     Pop.  1190. 

OPL.A.IX,  a  river  of  Illinois.    See  Des  Plaines. 

OPOCHXIA,  o-potch'ne-d.(?)  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  and  2ii  miles  X.  of  Poltava.     Pop  3000. 

Ol'OCZXO,  o-potch'no,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  c* 
Sandomier.  at  the  confluence  of  two  rivers,  37  miles  W.  of 
Radom.     Pop.  4110. 

OPOCZNO,  o-ptch/no,  OPOTSCHXA  or  OPPOTSCIIXA, 
op-potch'nd,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  X.E.  of  Kijuiggratz.  with 
a  castle.    Pop.  1500. 


J 


OPO 


ORA 


OPOCZNO  or  OPOTCHXO,  o-potoh'no.  s  town  of  Russian 
Poland.  68  miles  S.S.W.  of  Warsaw,  on  the  loft  bank  of  the 
Drzewica.  A  battle  was  fought  here  iu  1655,  between  the 
Poles  and  Swedes.     Pop.  1475. 

OPOLK,  o-po'l.i,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  28  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Lublin,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Vistula.     Pop.  1910. 

OPORTO,  o-poR/to,  (i.  e.  "The  port,")  or  POK/TO,  (L.  PoH- 
ius  Cu>le.  or  FurUus  Ojleiilsis).  the  second  city  of  Portugal  in 
rank  and  commercial  importance,  capitn)  of  the  province  of 
Douro,  on  the  rii^Iit  bank  of  the  river  Douro,  2  miles  from  its 
moutli,  and  175  miles  N.K.  of  Lisbon.  Lat.  41°  9'  X.,  Ion.  S° 
37'  W.  This  is  said  to  be  the  cleanliest  and  most  afrreeable 
city  in  Portugal.  It  extends  above  a  mile  along  the  N.  bank 
of  the  river,  and  up  a  steep  acclivity;  the  streets  risini?  in 
terraces  one  above  the  other,  commanding  prospects  of  great 
beauty.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Douro  are  the  e.\ten.sive 
suburbs  of  Villa  Nova  do  I'orto  and  O.aya,  between  which  are 
the  immenseVari'houses  for  storing  wine.  Oporto  is  for  the 
most  part  well  built,  and  is  enclosed  by  walls  flanked  with 
towers,  and  further  protecteil  by  a  fort.  From  the  strand 
rises  abroad  well-paved  street,  with  causeways  on  each  side, 
leading  to  two  equally  handsome  oblicjue  streets.  On 
the  side  of  the  hill  the  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  and 
dirty,  but  on  the  summit  they  are  generally  spacious  and 
cleanly,  and  contain  many  elegant  mansions.  The  houses 
in  some  plai-es  on  the  E.  side  of  the  town  are  built  on  so 
steep  an  acclivity  as  to  be  accessible  only  by  steps  cut  in  the 
rock.  There  are  in  all  11  public  squar«;s,  called  cumpos. 
many  of  which  are  ornamented  with  fountains.  The  most 
conspicuous  public  buildings  are  the  General  Hospital. 
Town-hall,  with  some  spacious  apartments,  a  large  and  fine 
Cathedral.  80  other  churches,  1  of  which  was  founded  in 
559,  the  Episcopal  Palace,  many  handsome  belfries,  the 
English  I'actory,  (a  fine  building  of  white  granite.)  New 
Exchange.  .Mint,  Barracks.  Italian  Opera-house,  and  a  hand- 
some new  suspension  bridge.  .Many  of  llie  dwellings  have 
gardens  attached,  and  its  public  fountains,  like  most  of  the 
older  public  edifices,  are  ornamented  with  arabesfjue  carv- 
ings. One  of  the  most  striking  architectural  objects  in 
Oporto  is  the  Torre  dos  Chrigos,  (Tower  of  the  Clergy,) 
attached  to  the  church  of  the  same  name.  Near  it  is  the 
market  called  Cordoaria,  which  is  well  suppliiKl  with  fish, 
ft-uit,  and  vegetables — the  venders  all  women.  The  city  had 
formerly  numerous  convents,  but  many  of  these  were 
destroyed  during  its  siege  by  the  troops  of  Don  Pedro  in 
1832.  and  others  have  been  appropriated  to  secular  purjioses. 

Oporto  is  the  seat  of  a  medical  college,  and  other  sujterior 
schools,  and  has  a  foundling  hospital,  numerous  other 
hospitals,  a  public  library  and  gallery  of  paintings,  com- 
mercial as.sociation,  several  clubs,  banks,  insurance  offices, 
and  a  steam  navigation  company.  Many  silk  factories  are 
established  in  and  around  the  city,  which  has  also  manu- 
factures of  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  goods,  shawls,  leatlier, 
earthenwares,  and  soap,  ship-building  yards,  and  iron 
foundries.  Oporto  being  the  chief  manufacturing  city  in 
Portugal,  upwards  of  20  English  mercantile  firms  are  esta- 
blished here,  who  have  large  warehouses  along  the  bank  of 
the  river,  and  by  whom  the  greater  part  of  the  foreign  trade 
is  conducted. 

The  harbor  is  safe  when  once  gained,  but  its  entrance 
is  obstructed  partly  by  rocks  and  partly  by  a  shifting  sand- 
bar. It  is  accessible  however  from  the  sea  for  vessels  of 
from  200  to  300  tons,  and  the  Douro  is  navigable  for 
river-craft  to  100  miles  above  the  city.  The  quay  extends 
the  whole  length  of  the  town,  having  on  one  side  a  street, 
and  on  the  other  a  wall,  raised  for  the  purpose  of  fastening 
ships'  cables.  The  Douro  is  subject  to  extraordinary  and 
dangerous  freshets  by  the  rains  or  melting  of,4he  mountain 
snows.  On  these  occasions  booms  are  placed  on  the  quay  to 
secure  tlie  safety  of  vessels,  as  no  cables  will  then  hold 
them.  The  principal  trade  of  Oporto  is  in  wine,  white  and 
red,  but  chiefly  the  latter.  The  lesser  articles  of  export  are 
bullion,  oil,  sumach,  lemons,  oranges,  wool,  refined  sugar, 
cream  of  tartar,  salt,  leather,  cork,  and  linen.  The  chief 
imports  are  corn,  beef,  sugar,  coffee,  deals,  woollen  and 
cotton  fabrics,  and  hardware  from  England ;  fish,  both  from 
England  and  Newfoundland;  hemp  and  flax  from  the  Baltic, 
and  rice  from  the  United  States.  The  trade  in  wine  is 
monopolizetl  by  the  Douro  Wine  Company.  The  shipments 
of  red  port  wine,  in  1848,  amounted  to  30.024  pipes ;  of  which 
23,354  were  for  Great  Britain;  the  remainder  went  chiefly 
to  Brazil  and  the  United  States.  In  1849,  the  shipments 
amounted  to,  41,588  pipes;  of  which  25,424  were  tor  Great 
Britain.  Near  the  city  are  mines  of  co.al.  copper,  and  anti- 
mony, but  they  are  at  present  little  if  at  all  wrought, 
blood  roads  connect  Oporto  with  Braga  and  Viana,  and  it 
bus  been  proposed  to  construct  a  railway  to  Lisbon,  and  also 
to  extend  the  line  northward  to  Spain. 

The  climate  of  Oporto  is  damp  and  foggy  in  winter.  The 
unhealthy  .season  is  from  the  beginning  of  July  to  the  end 
of  August.  The  heat  during  the  day  is  quite  oppressive, 
although  a  cold  wind  prevails  on  the  river,  and  a  chilling 
liea-fog  comes  up  the  Douro  every  evening  at  the  turn  of  the 
tide. 

Oporto  was  capital  of  Portugal  till  1174,  when  the  seat  of 


government  was  transferred  to  Ijisl)on.  Ib  1805,  it  was 
taken  and  sacked  by  the  B'rench,  who  retained  possession  of 
it  till  1809,  when  the  British  crossed  the  Douro,  and  com 
pelled  them  to  retire.  Having  sided  with  Don  Miguel,  it  waif 
besieged  in  1831-2  above  a  year  by  the  troops  of  Don  Pe<lro, 
when  much  of  it  was  destroyed,  and  its  trade  was  for  the 
time  aunihilated.  In  1847,  it  declared  in  favor  of  the 
insurrection  again.st  the  government  of  Donna  Mari.a.  Pop 
estimated  at  80,000;  of  which  about  25,000  are  in  the  suburbs, 

OPOK'TO,  a  piost-office  of  St.  Joseph  co..  Michigan. 

OPOS'SUM  CHEEK,  an  affluent  of  Conewago  Creek,  ip 
Adams  co..  Pennsylvania. 

OPOTCHKA  or  OPOTSCHKA,  o-potch'ka,  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  79  miles  S.  of  Pskov,  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Velikaia.     Pop.  2265. 

OPOTCIINO,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  Opoczxo. 

OPOTSCHNA,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Opoczno. 

OPPA,  op'pd,  a  river  forming  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween Prussian  and  Austrian  Silesia,  joins  the  Oder,  8  milei 
S.W.  of  Oderberg,  after  an  K.S.E.  course  of  60  miles. 

OPPELX,  op'peln,  a  government  of  Prusssia.  forming 
nearly  the  whole  of  Upper  Silesia;  area  estimated  at  51S4 
square  miles.     Pop.  in  1849,  905.912. 

OPPELN,  op'peln.  (Slav.  Qppnlie.  op-pol'yi,)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  on  the  Oder,  51  miles  S.E.  of  Breslau,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  Pop.  7600.  It  is  enclo.sed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  strong  cnstle  on  an  island  formed  by 
the  river,  an  old  Gothic  cathedral,  several  other  churches,  a 
synagogue,  royal  salt  magazine,  society  of  public  gooti,  a 
gymnasium,  numerous  schooKs,  and  manufactures  of  leather, 
ribbons,  linen,  and  earthenware. 

OPPENAU,  op'peh-now\  a  walled  town  of  Baden,  circle 
of  .Middle  Rhine,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  OfTenburg.  P.  2100. 

OPPIC.NHEI.M,  op'i)i,'n-hfme\  a  town  of  the  grand-duchy 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Khein-Hessen,  cayjital  of  a 
county,  on  the  lihine,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mentz.  l^op.  2."00. 
It  was  formerly  an  imperial  free  town,  of  some  importance, 
and  it  h.as  several  very  fine  churches,  (that  of  St.  Sebastian 
Ix'ing  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  Germany,)  a  synagogue,  a 
hospital,  and  the  ancient  Castle  of  Landskron. 

OPI'ENHEIM,  op'pi;n-liime\  a  post-township  forming  the 
W.  extremity  of  I'ulttin  co.,  New  York,  about  TO  miles  N.W. 
of  Albany.    Pop.  2363. 

OPPIDO,  op'pe-do,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  I.,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  I'almi.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishol)- 
ric.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  cathedral,  8  other  churches,  and 
2  large  monasteries. 

OPPIDO,  (anc.  OpHnum.)  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilirata.  13  miles  N.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  3400. 

OPPIDOLO,  op-pee'do-lo,  is  the  capital  town  of  Pantellaria, 
an  island  in  the  .Mediteranean. 

0PPOT.<CH.\A,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Opoczno. 

OPPKEBAIS,  op'preh-b.V,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  on  the  tjreat  Geete,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels, 
Pop.  1<)13. 

OPSLO.  op'slo,  an  old  town  of  Norway,  now  forming  an 
E.  suburb  of  Christiania.. 

i)PUS,  o/pof)s,  a  petty  town  of  Dalmatia,  67  miles  S.E.  of 
Spalatro,  on  the  Narenta.     Pop.  800. 

O'PUS,  an  ancient  town  of  Greece,  the  traces  of  which  are 
near  the  channel  of  Talanta,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Thermopylae. 

OPWVCK  or  OPWIJK,  op'wik,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  3566. 

oyUA'GO  RIVHR,  New  York.    S<>e  Coquago. 

OUUAWKA,  o-kw;l'ka,  a  flourisliing  post-village,  capital 
of  Henderson  co..  Illinois,  on  the  E  bank  of  the  .Mississippi 
River,  132  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield,  and  5  miles  from  the 
Peoria  and  Oquawka  Kailroad.  It  has  an  active  business 
10  shipping  produce;  and  contains  4  churches  and  1  news- 
paiier  office.     Pop.  1641. 

OH.  OR.  a  river  of  Asia,  rises  in  Independent  Ta>"tary.  near 
lat.  49°  30'  N.,  Ion.  59°  E..  flows  N.,  and,  after  a  course  of 
about  160  miles,  joins  the  left  bank  of  the  Ural,  near  Orsk. 

ORADOUIl  ST.  GENEST,  oVi'dooR/  s^x"  zheh'nA/,  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Haute-Vienne.  8  miles  N.  of 
Bellac.     l>op.  1338. 

OHADOUK-SUR-GLANE,  oVdMooR/  siiR  glin,  a  village  of 
France,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Hochechouart.     Pop.  1740. 

OHADOUH-SUR-VAYKES,  oVd'dooR/  sUa  vaiR.  a  village  of 
Frauee.  6  miles  S.  of  Hochechouart.     Pop.  in  1852,  3446. 

OHAGAWA,  o-rd-gd'wd.  a  town  of  Japan,  on  a  bay  on  tli# 
S.K.  side  of  the  island  of  Nlphou,  about  25  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Yeddo.     Pop.  about  20,000. 

ORAGEUSE,  oVd'zhuz',  (t.  e.  "stormy,")  an  island  of  th« 
Pacific,  near  New  Ireland. 

ORAI,  oVi',  a  small  town  of  Uindostan,  province  of  Agra, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Jaloun. 

OR-AISON,  oV.i'i«!iN«',  a  market-town  of  France,,  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Alpes,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Digne.     Pop.  1890. 

ORAISON  or  ANTHONY  KAAN.  an  island  of  the  South 
Pacific,  off  the  E.  coast  of  New  Ireland.  15  miles  in  circuit. 

ORAIvH,  oVSk',  a  pretty  town  of  Wallachia,  on  the  Ja- 
lomnitza,  7  miles  W.  of  its  junction  with  the  Danube,  oppo- 
site Hirschova. 

OIVAMKL^  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co..  New  Y'ork. 

la97 


ORA 

Or.AX.o^iii',  a  foi-V  fled  town  of  Algeria,  capital  of  its 
V,'.  pz-ovince,  2tiJ  miles  W.S.W.  of  Algiers,  on  the  Mediter- 
rauean;  lat.  35°  44'  N.,  Ion.  0°  41'  W.  Top.  in  1S49,  24.845, 
of  >\hom  17.281  were  Europeans.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot 
of  a  hill  called  Peak  *t.  Croix,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small 
stream  in  a  climate  extremely  hot,  but  healthy;  its  harbor 
is  very  bad,  but  the  povt  of  ilers-el-Kebeer,  3  miles  distant, 
is  the  best  in  Algeria,  and  admits  larjro  vessels.  Oran  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1509,  ruined  by  an  earthquake 
in  1790,  and  abandoned  in  1792.  Under  the  Spaniards  it 
was  greatly  embellished,  and  surrounded  by  strong  fortifi- 
cations. Of  these  only  the  citadel  was  left  erect  after  an 
earth<;uake.  It  was  taken  by  the  i'rench  in  1830,  and  occu- 
pied by  them  in  1831. 

OK.\N,  oVdn',  a  province  of  Algeria,  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  -Morocco.     Area  38,899  square  miles.     Pop.  000,000. 

O'RAX,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  CO.,  New  York,  about 
120  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

OK.\X,  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana. 

OKANGK.  or'inj,  GAREEP  or  GARIEP,  gSr-eep/,  a  river 
of  South  Africa.  Hottentot  country,  is  supposed  to  rise  in 
the  mountain  chain  bounding  on  the  W.  the  settlement  of 
Port  Natal,  flows  W.  and  enters  the  Atlantic  near  lat.  2S<^ 
38'  S..  Ion.  10°  28'  E.  Near  its  mouth  it  has  been  found 
450  yards  across  in  October.  Its  banks  abound  with  ebony, 
mimosa,  and  willow  trees,  and  around  it  I'ich  copper  ores 
are  said  to  exist;  but  the  country  between  it  and  the  Cape 
Colony  is  an  irreclaimable  desert.     Chief  affluent,  the  Vaal. 

ORANGE,  or'inj,  (Fr.  pron.  o'rS.Nzh';  anc.  Ai-auhio,)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Vaucluse,  on  the  Aigues,  12 
miles  N.  of  Avignon.  Pop.  in  1852,  9824.  Streets  narrow, 
crooked,  and  ill-paved  ;  but  it  has  some  good  squares 
adorned  with  fouutalTis.  several  parish  churches,  a  Protes- 
tant church,  communal  college,  and  hospital,  with  manufac- 
tures of  handkei'cbiefs,  colored  linens  called  toiles  d'Orani/K, 
serge,  and  s':lk  twist.  Its  chief  glory,  however,  is  its  Roman 
antiquities,  the  principal  being  a  splendid  triumphal  arch, 
about  64  feet  in  length,  breadth,  and  height,  having  three 
arched  passages,  the  centr.il  and  largest  of  which  is  28  j  feet 
high,  the  whole  flanked  by  fluted  Corinthian  columns,  and 
profusely  ornamented  with  sculptured  groups,  Ac.  There 
are  remains,  sflso,  of  a  theatre,  and  other  Roman  buildings. 
Orange  wjis  long  the  capital  of  a  principality,  which  gave 
title  to  the  family  now  on  the  thrones  of  Holland  and  Nas- 
sau. The  King  of  the  Netherlands  still  retains  the  title 
of  I'rince  of  Orange;  b;it  the  town  and  territory  were  ceded 
to  Louis  XIV.  at  the  pea.-e  of  Utrecht. 

ORANGE,  a  district  in  the  S.E.  of  France,  which  originally 
formed  part  of  Gallia  JVarOcnensis,  but  now  forms  part  of 
the  department  of  Vaucluse.  Its  capital  was  the  above  town 
of  Orange. 

OR.^XGl:.  or'inj,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Vermont,  has 
an  area  of  about  640  square  2iiles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  is  watered  by  the  First, 
Second,  and  Third  Branches  of  White  River,  and  other 
smaller  streams,  which  furnish  motive  power  to  numerous 
mills.  The  surfiice  is  uneven  and  mountainous  in  the  N; 
part.  The  soil  is  fertile,  but  more  adapted  to  grazing  than 
tillage.  This  county  abounds  in  iron  ore.  slate,  and  granite, 
and  some  lead  ore  has  been  found.  The  Connecticut  River 
(navigable  by  means  of  canals  round  the  falls)  and  the 
Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Railroad  run  along  its 
border,  and  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad  crosses  its  W.  ex- 
tremity.   Organized  in  1781.    Capital,  Chelsea.    Pop.  26,455. 

ORANGE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  York,  hag  an 
area  of  aliout  770  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  state  of  New  Jersey, 
and  is  drained  by  Walkill  and  Shawangunk  Rivers,  and 
other  smaller  streams,  whicjj  afford  valuable  water-power. 
The  surface  in  the  S.E.  parts  is  mountainous,  and  the  Sha- 
wangunk rapge  paE.ses  through  the  western  portion.  The 
other  parts  of  the  county  are  generally  but  moderately  un- 
even. The  soil  is  for  the  most  part  fertile,  and  well  adapted 
to  grazing,  and  the  "Orange  county  butter"  is  celebrated  in 
the  New  York  markets.  Iron  ore,  marble,  limestone,  and 
sandstone  are  abundant.  The  Delaware  and  IIud.«on  Canal 
and  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  traverse  this  county, 
which  is  al.«o  partly  intersected  by  the  Newburg  Rranch 
Railroa'l.    Seats  of  justice.  Goshen  and  Newburg.    P.  63,812. 

OUAXGE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an  area 
of  230  .square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Rapidan, 
and  draineil  by  the  head  streams  of  North  Anna  River.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  the  soil  fertile  and  well  watered.  The 
county  contains  limestone,  iron  ore,  and  small  quantities  of 
gold  are  found.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Orange  and  Alex- 
andria Railrnail.  The  name  of  the  county  was  derived  from 
the  color  of  the  soil  in  the  highlands,  which  were  included 
in  its  ori'iinal  »>oundarles.  Capital,  Orange  Court  House. 
Pop.  10,S.t1.  of  whom  4740  were  free,  and  6111  slavi-s. 

ORANGE,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, has  an  area  estimate*!  at  650  square  miles.  The  Neuse 
River  flows  through  the  N.E.  part.  It  is  also  drained  by  the 
Eno  and  Newhojie  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the 
soil  fiTtile.  Sandstone  underlies  n  part  of  the  surface.  The 
Central  Railroad  of  North  Caroliua  is  to  pass  through  the 


ORA 

county-seat,  romied  in  1751,  and  named  in  honor  of  Wil- 
liam, Prince  of  Orange  and  King  of  England.  Capital, 
Hillsborough.  Pop.  16,947,  of  whom  11,839  were  free,  and 
5108  slaves. 

ORANGE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Florida,  a  few  miles 
from  the  Atlantic,  has  an  area  estimated  at  2700  sq.  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  St.  John's  River.  The  surface  is 
level,  and  is  covered  with  extensive  pine  forests,  interspersed 
with  numerous  ponds,  cypress  swamps,  and  savannas  or 
grassy  plains.  Many  small  eminences  called  "linmmocks" 
occur,  which  produce  the  Mve-oak  and  other  trees.  The  soil 
is  generally  sandy.  The  orange  and  lemon  flourish,  and  the 
sugar-cane  and  Indian  corn  are  cultivated.  Capital,  Mellon- 
ville.    Pop.  987,  of  whom  824  were  free,  and  163  slaves. 

ORANGE,  a  new  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  The  Sabine  River  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  E,,  the  Neches  on  the  W.  and  S.W.,  and 
SaJnne  Lake  on  the  S.  The  surface  is  nearly  fevel,  and  con- 
sists mostly  of  prairie.  Orange  county  was  formed  since 
1850.  by  a  division  of  Jefferson  county,  which  it  resembles 
in  soil  and  productions.     Pop.  1916. 

ORANGE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Indi.ana,  has  an  area 
of  400  square  milts.  It  is  drained  by  Patoka  and  Lost 
Rivers,  and  by  Salt  Creel;.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  the  S., 
and  undulating  in  the  N.  part.  The  soil  is  mostly  fertile. 
The  carboniferous  linu-stone  underlies  the  county,  in  which 
several  caverns  are  fouii'l.  It  is  plentifully  supplied  with 
springs,  and  the  greater  part  of  it  is  well  timbered.  The 
New  .\lbany  and  Salem  Railroad  pas.ses  through  the  N.E. 
part.    Organized  in  1816.     Capital,  I'aoli.     Pop.  12,076. 

ORANGE,  a  township  in  Grafton  co.,  New  Hampshire,  38 
miles  N.W.  of  Concord,  intersected  by  the  Northern  Railroad, 
Pop.  382. 

ORAXOE,  a  post-township  In  Orange  co.,  A'ermont,  11 
miles  S.K.  of  .Montpelier.     Pop  936. 

ORANGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  CO., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Railroad, 
70  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1622. 

ORANGE,  a  post-township  of  New  H.aven  co.,  Connecticut, 
intersected  by  the  Wopewaug  River,  6  miles  W.  of  New 
Haven.     Pop.  1974. 

ORANGE,  a  post-town.ship  on  the  E.  border  of  Steuben  co., 
New  York,  about  200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2364. 

OR.VNiJE,  a  flourishing  post-town  of  Essex  CO.,  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad.  3  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Newark.  It  contains  7  or  8  churches,  2  banks,  1  newsp.iper 
office,  6  boarding  schools,  about  IS  stores,  and  numerous 
manufactories  of  hats  and  shoes.  A  horse  railroad  extends 
from  this  pliice  to  Newark.     Pop.  about  6000. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  930. 

OR.\NGE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ORANGE,  a  post-village  in  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia,  110  miles 
N.W.  by  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

OR.\NGE,  a  township  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1735. 

tJR.'VNGE.  a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  about  90  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  300. 

OR.\NGE,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1284. 

OK.^NGE,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and 
Cincinnati  Railroad,  16  miles  from  Columbus. 

ORANGE,  a  tt)wn.-'hip  of  Cuyahoga  CO.,  Cdiio.     Pop.  2574. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  990. 

0R.4NGE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  987. 

OR.A,NGE.  a  post-office  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Meigs  CO.," Ohio.    Pop  934. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  941. 

ORANGK,  a  township  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan.    J?op.  801. 

ORANGK,a  post-township  of  Fayette  co..Iiidiana.  Pop.761 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1277. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Rush  '-o..  Indiana.     Pop.  1362. 

ORANGE,  a  small  village  of  Benton  co ,  Missouri 

ORANGE,  a  po.st-oflice  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 

ORANGE  BAY,  Terra  del  Fuego.  E.  side.  Hardy  Penin- 
sula ;  lat.  56°  31'  S.,  Ion.  68°  2'  30"  W.  It  is  one  of  the  few 
excellent  harbors  on  this  coast:  and.  while  l.nrge  enough  to 
contain  a  .squadron  of  line-of-battle  ships,  is  not  more  com- 
mo<lious  than  safe.  The  depth,  clo.se  to  the  shore,  is  three 
fathoms,  and  nowhere  exceeds  twenty  fathoms,  with  a  fine 
sandv  iHjttom. 

ORANGEBURG,  or'inj-bnrg,  a  district  in  the  S.W.  central 
part  of  South  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  1438  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  tlie  N.K.  by  the  Congaree  •■•nd  Sant<'e  Rivers, 
on  the  S.W.  by  the  South  Edisto.  and  intersected  by  the 
North  Edisto.  The  surface  is  .somewhat  diversified;  the 
soil  is  moderately  fertile.  Lumber  and  turpentine  are  pro- 
cure<l  from  the  pine  forests  of  the  district.  It  is  intersocted 
by  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  and  in  part  by  the  Coujn> 
bia  Branch  Railroad.  Capital.  Orangehurir  Court  Ibmse. 
Pop.  24,896.  of  whom  8313  were  free,  and  16,5S3  slaves. 

ORANtJEBURG.  a  post-village  of  Maripn  co.,  Missisf^ppi, 
80  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jackson. 

ORANGEBURG,  a  post-village  of  Ma.soi  co..  Kentucky,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Mavsville. 

t)RAXt;EBUR('i  (X)URT  HOUSE,  capital  of  Orangeburg 
district,  South  Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  uf  North  Ediiit^ 


ORA 


ORE 


River,  44  inilps  S.  by  E.  of  ColumMa.  It  is  connected  hj 
riiilrdiiil  with  Columbia  and  Ciiai'leston,  and  has  considera- 
ble business. 

OKA^GE  COURT  HOUSE,  capital  of  Orange  co.,  Vii-pinia, 
on  the  OraD};e  and  Alexandria  i'.ailroad,  80  miles  N.W.  of 
Riclmiond.  and  92  miles  from  AVasbinj;ton.  It  contains  2 
churches,  and  aViout  500  inhabitants.  Four  miles  from  this 
place  is  Montpelier,  the  former  residence  of  James  Madi.son. 

OR'ANGE  iACTORY,  a  pos^office  of  Orange  co.,  Korth 
Carolina. 

ORANGE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Florida. 

OK-^XGi;  LAKE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

OR'AXGKl'oUT,  a  post/-ofRce  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York. 

OltANGli  KIVEH,  Republic  of,  a  recently  settled  por- 
tion of  Soiitli  Africa,  beyond  the  N.E.  frontier  of  Cape  Colo- 
ny, apparently  comprised  between  the  Nu  Gariep  on  the  S., 
and  the  Ky  Gariep  or  Vaal  on  the  N. ;  length  375  miles; 
area  about  50.000  square  miles.  It  is  characterized  by  im- 
men.'-e  flats,  covered  with  a  mixture  of  sweet  and  sour  grass; 
has  numerous  stn^ams,  suppljing  sources  both  of  natural 
and  artificial  irrigation ;  and  is  admirably  adapted  for  the 
rearing  of  cattle  and  woolUd  sheep.  The  iuhabitants  de- 
clared their  iadependence,  and  established  a  republic  in 
1854,  previous  to  which  the  executive  government  was  in 
the  liands  of  a  liritish  resident,  who  presided  also  over  a 
legi^'lative  council,  composed  of  the  resident  magistrates  and 
sundry  representatives. 

ORANGE  SI'I!1\(!S,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  Tirginia, 
104  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

ORANGE  .SI'l;iNG.S,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

OR'ANGETOWX  or  OU'ANGE,  a  township  of  Rockland 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hud.son  River,  and 
on  the  New  York  and  Eric  Railroad,  about  28  miles  N.  of 
New  York.    It  contains  the  village  of  Piermont.    Pop.  4769. 

OR'ANGEVILLK,  a  post-township  of  Wyoming  co.,  New 
York,  7  miles  W.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  1438. 

ORANGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  Fishing  Creek,  about  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilarri.sburg. 

ORANGEVILLE.  a  post  office  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

OKANGEVILLE;  township,  Barry  co.,  Michigan.     P.  364. 

ORANGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Orange  Co.,  Indiana,  on 
Lost  River.  8  miles  N.W.  of  I'aoH. 

OltANGEVlUvE,  a  post-office  of  Stevenson  co.,  Illinois. 

ORANGO,  o-ring'go.  the  largest  and  southernmost  of  the 
Bissagos  Islands  of  West  Africa,  lat.  11°  10'  N.,  Ion.  16°  W. 
Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  25  miles;  breadth  10  miles. 

ORANI,  o-r3'nee,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
sion a»d  40  milt^a  X.  of  Cagliari.     I'op.  1840. 

ORANIDO,  o-rd-nee'do,  a  valley  iu  tho  N.  of  Montenegro, 
near  the  frontiers  of  Herzegovina,  and  the  scene  of  many 
desperate  combats  between  the  Montenegrins  and  Turks. 

OHANIENBAUM,  o-rd'ne-en-bownO,  ('•  Orangetree,")  a 
town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Anhalt-De.ssau,  8  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Dessau.  Pop.  2010.  It  has  a  handsome  palace,  witii  parks 
and  orange  groves,  (whence  its  name.) 

ORANIENBAUM,  o-r4'ne-en-l)owra\  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  19  miles  W.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Cronstadt.  I'op.  1400.  It  has  a  large  imperial  palace,  and 
a  marine  hospital. 

OUANIlONliUKO.  o-rS/ne-en-bo(5RG\  or  RANIENBURG, 
ri/ne-en-booR()\  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  90  miles 
S.S,E.'of  Riazan,  with  3080  inhabitants,  some  remains  of 
fortifications,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn. 

OR.^NIENBURG,  o-rd'ne-?n-bo6RG,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Potsdam,  on 
the  Havel.     Pop.  2990. 

ORANMORE,  o'ran-mOr/,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Connaught,  county  and  6  miles  E.  of  Oalway,  at  the  head 
of  Oranmore  Bay.  Pop.  of  town,  800.  It  has  a  handsome 
parish  church,  a  large  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  castle  of 
the  15th  century,  and  a  considerable  traffic  in  turf,  sea 
manure,  and  fish.  . 

0RAN8AY  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Hebrides.     See  Oronsay. 

ORATOV  or  ORATOW,  o-rS-tov',  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government  and  93  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiev.     Pop.  1500. 

ORAVICZA,  o-rd-vit'sd,  (Hun.  Nemtt-Oravicza,  n.i'mjf 
o'r6h'veet's<ih\)  a  town  of  S.E.  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Krasso. 
63  miles  S.S.E.  of  Temesvar,  with  silver,  iron,  and  copper 
mines.     Pop.  3793. 

0KB.  orb  or  oRp,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  Fran- 
conia,  on  the  Orb,  42  miles  N.W.  of  Wiirzburg.  Pop.  4469. 
it  has  mineral  springs  and  salt  miaes,  yielding  30,000  cwt. 
Df  salt  annually. 

ORB,  oKb.  (anc.  Olhrisf)  a  river  of  France,  department 
of  Herault.  rises  near  Roumieres,  on  tho  boundary  of  the 
department  of  .\veyron,  flows  8.  past  Beziers,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  Canal  du  Midi,  and  7  miles  below  enters  the 
Mediterranean  after  a  course  of  60  miles. 

0K'I3ANSAY  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  Scotland,  E. 
of  the  N.  I'ciiinsula  of  Barra.   Length  three-fourths  of  a  mile. 

C>RI!A.-^SANO.  oR-bd.s-si'no,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  province 
nd  8  miles  S.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2061. 

'"•RBE.  ORb  or  oR/beh,  (anc.  Ifrbigenum  t)  a  town  of  Switzeiv 
innU,  canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  river  Orbe,  here  crossed  by  two 
tingle  arched  bridges,  a  miles  S.^V.  of  Yverduu.     Pop.  2000. 


It  lias  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  .otnrmed  and  take 
by  the  Swiss  in  1475,  and  which,  in  the  middle  ages,  wasi  a 
residence  of  the  Burgundian  kings. 

ORBEC,  OR'bJk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados, 
on  the  Orbec,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Lisicux.  Pup.  in  1852.  344-1 
It  has  manufactures  of  niousselines  de  laiue,  fine  cashmeres-, 
tapes,  and  cotton  umbrellas. 

OliBEY.  oR'b.V.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Haut-Rhin,  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Colmar.  Pop.  in  1S52,  5556 
It  has  active  manufactures  of  printed  cotton  and  muslin 
goods,  fine  earthenware  and  glass. 

ORBISO'NIA,  a  post-village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 81  miles  W.  of  Harri.sburg. 

ORBITELLO,  oR-be-tMno,  or  ORBETELLO,  on-bA-teino.  a 
fortified  town  of  Tuscany,  on  a  prnniontory,  and  near  the 
Lake  of  Orbitello.  49  miles  S.E.  of  Piombino.  Pop.  2500, 
It  has  a  commodious  port  for  small  vessels,  defended  by 
several  batteries. 

ORBITELLO,  LAKE  OF,  of  Tuscany,  about  5  miles  in 
length  by  3  miles  in  width,  communicates  S.W.  by  a  narrow 
outlet  with  the  Mediterranean,  and  abounds  with  lish. 

Oli'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ORC.\,  oR'kd,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piodmont, 
flows  E,S.E.  from  the  Alps  to  the  Po,  which  it  joins  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Turin.    Total  course,  50  miles. 

ORCADES,  or'k.j-dez,  ancient  name  of  the  Ork.n'ET  Isi..\nd3. 

ORCE,  oii'thil,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  SO  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Grenad.i,  near  the  source  of  the  Orce.  an  affluent 
of  the  Guadalquivir,  and  having  2310  Inhabitants,  a  garri- 
soned fort,  and  military  mag.aziiies. 

ORCIIA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Orsiia. 

OR'CHARD,  EAST,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

ORCHARD  PORT/MAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

ORCHARD,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dor-set. 

OR'CHARDLEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

OR/CHESTON  ST.  GEORGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

ORCHESTON  ST.  MARY,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ORCHIES,  oRVhee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1852,  .3508.  It  is  enclosed  hy 
a  w;dl  and  fos.«e,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton  fabrics, 
coarse  earthenware,  and  soap. 

OliCHlLLA,  OR-cheel'yd,  or  URCHILLA,  ooR-cheel'yi,  a 
small  island  of  the  CaribVjean  Sea.  belonging  to  Venezuela, 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Tortuga.  Lat.  11*^  50'  N.,  Ion.  00°  14'  W. 
Length,  about  S  miles;  surface  low;  soil  arid. 

ORCHO.MENUS,  oi-kom'e-ntis,  a  mined  city  of  Greere, 
government  of  Boeotia.  Its  remains  j^re  on  the  W.  .shoreof 
the  Lake  Topolias.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Livadia. 

ORCIANO.  oR-chd'no.  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province  of 
Pisa.  11  miles  S.E.  of  Leghorn.     Pop.  1650. 

ORClftllES,  oR'se-aii!'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Hautes-Alpes,  on  the  Drac.  14  miles  N.E.  of  Gap.     Pop.  1477. 

OHCO,  a  river  of  Italy.     See  Orca, 

OR'COP.  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Ilei-eford. 

OR'CUT  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradfc-<-d  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

OR'CUTTVILLE,  a  village  of  Staff'ord  township.  Toll.ind 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  London  and  Nor; hern  Rail- 
road, 53  miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  London.  It  contains  a 
woollen  factory,  sbingle-mill,  and  saw-mill. 

ORI)ESALL."ord'sal.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

OR'DINARY  SPlUNfiS.  Shenandoah  Co..  Virginia. 

ORDK^UIIILL,  or'dik-hiir.  i.arish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff. 

ORD-OF-CAITH'NESS.  a  stupendous  granitic  mountain 
on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Scotland,  between  Caithness  and  huti.- 
erland,  1200  feet  iu  heiglit,  and  crossed  by  the  high  road 
into  Caitliness. 

ORDUN.V.  oR-doon'y3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Alava, 
22  miles  N.W.  of  Vitoria,  in  a  fine  mountain  valley,  on  the 
Nervion.  Pop.  3400.  It  is  enclcsed  by  Moorish  walls,  flanked 
by  towers,  and  has  a  hospital,  a  custom-house  for  dues  on 
goods  entering  Castile,  and  an  extensive  trade  with  Bilbao. 

ORE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

OltEBlKJ  or  a;REBRO,  ii'ri\-broo\  a  la'n  or  province  of 
Sweden,  mostly  between  lat.  59°  and  C0°  N..  and  Ion.  14" 
and  16°  E.  Area  3264  square  miles.  Pop.  137.600.  Prin- 
cipal towns.  Orebro,  Nora.  Linde.  and  Askersund. 

UREBRO.  the  capit.al  of  the  province  of  the  same  name, 
situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Lake  Hjelmar.  104  miles 
W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop.  4317.  It  is  built  of  timber,  bouses 
painted  deep  red.  streets  wide  and  paved.  Its  ancient  castle 
is  surrounded  by  handsome  promenades.  In  the  principal 
church  is  a  monument  to  Engelhardt,  and  here  is  also  tho 
small  house  which  was  occupied  by  Gustavns  A'asa,  at  his 
election  to  the  throne,  in  1523.  (Ither  buildings  are  the 
Town-hall.  House  of  Assembly,  and  a  hospital ;  and  it  has 
manufactures  of  woollens,  wax-cloths,  stoi  kings,  vitriol,  and 
snulT.  and  an  active  trade  with  Stockholm. 

ORE  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  enters  the  Shiawassee  River 
in  Gene.'ee  county. 

OREEHINA.     SeeLnHUA. 

OREE'NO.  a  town  of  Uindostau,  Bundelcund,  23  miles 
N.E.  of  Ditteah. 

1399 


ORE 

ORKTIELb,  n  post-office  of  I.ehigh  po.,  Pennsylvania. 

OREGON',  or'c-gon,  a  state,  forming  tlie  most  western 
portion  of  tlie  domain  of  the  United  States  of  Nortli  Ame- 
rica, is  bounded  on  tlie  N.  by  Washington  Territory,  on  the 
B.  by  Idiiho,  on  the  S.  by  California  and  Nevada,  and  on  tlie 
W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  lies  between  42°  and  46°  20'  N. 
lat.,  and  between  116°  31'  and  124°  30'  W.  Ion.,  being  about 
395  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  295  miles  in  width. 
The  area  is  estimated  at  101,400  square  miles. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Mountains,  rf-c.  — Oregon  Is  usually 
divided  into  three  portions,  viz.,  the  Lower  Country,  or  por- 
tion next  the  ocean;  the  Middle  Country,  or  that  part  which 
lies  between  the  Cascade  Kange  and  the  Blue  Mountains; 
and  tlie  Upper  Country,  or  tliat  portion  whicli  lies  between 
the  Blue  and  Kooky  Mountains.  On  appro.aching  Oregon 
from  the  sea,  it  presents  the  same  boUl,  iron-bound  co;ist  as 
California,  but  with  this  difference,  that  the  coast  nuigc, 
instead  of  running  parallel  with  the  Pacific,  is  composed  of 
a  series  of  higlilauds,  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  shore, 
through  whose  valleys  the  streams  of  the  Callapooya  or 
Callapuya  Mountiiius  (tlie  western  limit  of  the  Willamette 
Valley)  descend  to  the  ocean.  The  first  section  is  from 
75  to  120  miles  in  breadth,  and  includes  the  Willamette, 
Umpqua,  and  Rogue  River  Valleys,  the  first  running  psu-- 
allel  with  the  sea,  and  the  others  at  right  angles  to  it.  The 
last  are  S.  of  the  Willamette  A'alley.  TUe  large  valleys 
vary  in  length  from  40  to  150  miles,  and  from  5  to  85  miles 
in  width.  One  remarkable  feature  of  the  Willamette  Valley 
is  the  Buttes,  high,  conicil,  insulated  hills,  about  1000 
feet  in  height.  The  Middle  section  covers  a  breadth  of  160 
miles,  and  is  mostly  an  elevated  plateau.  The  Upper  Coun- 
try occupies  the  western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
is  mostly  a  sterile  and  dreary  region,  covered  with  lava, 
through  which  the  rivers  cut  their  channels  to  a  great 
depth;  in  many  places  their  rocky  beds  are  inaccessible  to 
man  or  beast.  Oregon  may  be  emphatically  called  a  moun- 
tainous country.  About  half-way  between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Pacific  are  the  Blue  Mountiuns,  running 
nearly  N.  and  S.,  but  still  sending  off  ridges  in  different 
directions.  These  mountains  sometimes  rise  to  the  snow 
region,  but  are  generally  from  3000  to  4000  feet  in  height. 
The  Cascade  Range,  having  the  loftiest  known  peaks  of  any 
mountains  in  the  United  States,  extend  from  00°  N.  latitude 
(nearly  parallel  with  the  Pacific)  to  the  southern  part  of 
Old  California,  at  distances  (in  Oregon)  varying  from  about 
80  to  140  miles.  Mount  Hood,  Mount  Jefferson,  Mount  Pitt 
or  McLaughlin,  are  the  principal  peaks  in  Oregon,  of  which 
the  first,  14,000  feet  in  elevation  above  the  sea  level,  is  the 
highest,  and  seems  to  be  a  dormant  volcano,  i'inally  comes 
the  coast  range,  called  in  Oregon  the  Callapooya  Mountains ; 
these,  as  has  been  stated,  send  off  sxjurs  at  right  angles 
with  the  ocean. 

Minerals. — The  mineral  resources  of  Oregon  have  scarcely 
begun  to  be  developed;  but  gold  has  been  found  in  various 
places,  from  Port  Orford  to  Burnt  and  Powder  Rivers.  A 
number  of  gold  mines  have  been  worked  with  success  E.  of 
the  Cascade  Range  of  mountains  on  the  Powder  and  John 
Day  Rivers.  It  is  stated  that  the  annual  product  of  gold 
in  Oregon  has  steadily  increased  for  the  last  five  years. 
Copper  ore  has  been  discovered  on  the  John  Day  River,  and 
the  quantity  of  this  ore  is  said  to  be  inexliaustible.  A  com- 
pany has  been  formed  for  working  a  copper  mine  in  tluit 
part  of  the  state.  Fremont  found  in  lat.  4514°  N.,  Ion.  122° 
W.,  a  sti-atum  of  coal  and  forest  trees  embedded  between 
strata  of  alternate  clay.  This  mineral  is  also  known  to 
exist  in  Willamette  Valley,  100  miles  above  Oregon  City. 

ItivKTS,  Bays,  and  Lakes. — There  is  no  very  considerable 
bay  in  Oregon.  The  Columbia,  the  greatest  river  on  the 
Pacific  slope  of  the  Continent,  forms  about  three-fourths  of 
the  northern  boundary,  from  the  point  where  it  strikes  the 
46th  parallel  to  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific  Ocejin.  Its  great 
branch,  the  Snake  or  Lewis  River,  and  its  tribubiries,  the 
Powder,  Malheur,  and  Owyhee,  drain  the  great  valley  be- 
tween the  Rocky  and  Blue  MounUiins.  Lewis  River  forms 
more  than  half  of  the  eastern  boundary,  flowing'  in  a  north- 
erly direction  in  this  part  of  its  course.  The  Wallawalla, 
Umatilla,  John  Day,  and  Fall  Rivers,  E.  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, and  the  Willamette,W.,  are  the  other  principal  affluents 
of  the  Columbia  from  this  state.  The  Umpqua  and  Rogue's 
River  (entirely  in  Oregon),  and  the  Klamath,  which  pa^es 
into  California,  flow  directly  into  the  Pacific  from  the  8.W. 
of  this  state.  There  are  several  small  hikes  between  the 
Cascade  and  Blue  Mountains.  The  principal  of  these  are 
Klamath,  Abert,  I'itt's,  Salt,  ajid  Sylaiiilles.  The  Columbia 
18  navigable  to  the  Cascade  Kange,  about  130  miles  from 
the  sea,  lor  large  vessels,  and  above  the  Qwciides  lor  steam- 
boats. The  \V  illamette  is  navigable  to  Portland,  and  some- 
times even  to  the  Falls,  for  ocean  craft.    Above  the  Falls, 


""?■  "f, 'r'"^*  ""■■'  «"ierii8  uiouiii.  TUe  Klamath  is  also 
navigal.le  tor  a  short  dist;uice.  There  are  few  capes  or  hiir- 
bors  on  tlie  coiist  ol  Oregon,  whieh  is  remarkably  free  from 
great  sinuosities.  The  most  important  capesare  Cape  Blanco, 
or  Orlord,  Capo  ioulweather,  and  Point  Adams.    The  liar- 


ORE 

bore  are  the  Columliia  River,  much  obstructed  by  sandbar* 
and  shoals,  but  admitting  vessels  of  16  feet  draught,  and 
the  Umpqua  River,  which  may  be  ascended  by  vessels  draw- 
in;i  S  feet  water  lor  a  short  distance. 

Objects  of  Jiiteresl  to  Tourists. — What  we  have  already  said 
of  the  mountains  is  perhaps  sufficient,  without  this  head- 
ing; but  Oregon  has  other  objects  of  interest  independent 
of  her  sublime  mountain  scenery  —  first  among  which  are 
the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia  River,  a  narrowing  of  the  chan- 
nel to  100  yards  between  basaltic  rocks,  for  the  distance  of 
half  a  mile,  through  which  the  river  rushes  with  great  vio- 
lence, descending  50  feet  in  two  miles.  In  freshets  the  wa- 
ter rises  60  feet,  and  at  such  times  it  is  safe  to  pass  in  boats, 
but  many  serious  accidents  have  occurred  from  attempts  to 
pass  them  at  low  water.  Foitj'  miles  below  the  Dalles, 
where  the  river  breaks  through  the  Cascade  Rauge,  the 
channel  again  narrows  to  150  yai'ds,  where  the  water  de- 
scends 40  feet  in  two  miles.  The  Falls  of  the  Willamette, 
on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  are  about  25  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  the  same  number  of  feet  in  height.  Here  is  a 
favorite  salmon  fishery,  whore  that  fish  is  stopped  on  ita 
course  up  the  Willamette,  in  the  spawning  season.  The 
American  Fall,  in  the  Lewis  River,  near  its  head  waters,  is 
of  considerable  elevation.  From  one  i>oiut  in  the  AVilla- 
nietfe  Valley,  near  the  Riekreal  River,  seven  peaks  of  the 
Cascade  Rauge,  covered  with  everlasting  snow,  can  be  seen 
at  one  view. 

Climate. — In  common  with  the  western  shore  of  all  con- 
tinents, Oregon  has  a  milder  climate  than  the  eastern  side 
of  North  America.  The  coast  region  is  the  mildest,  and 
the  upper  country  the  most  rigorous  in  temperatm'e.  In 
the  first,  the  winters  generally  are  short,  though  some  snow 
falls  nearly  every  winter.  S.  and  S.W.  winds  prevail  at  thia 
season,  mitigating  the  severity  of  the  climate.  From  April 
to  November  but  little  rain  falls.  At  Fort  Vancouver,  from 
June  to  September,  the  mean  temperature  was  67°,  maxi- 
mum 98°,  uiinimum  51°.  Of  106  days,  76  were  fair,  19 
cloudy,  and  11  rainy.  The  winter  of  18o2--3  was  very  severe, 
and  much  snow  fell,  the  stock  dying  by  thousands,  as  they 
are  unhoused,  and  no  fodder  is  ever  prepared.  In  the  mid- 
dle region,  the  summers  are  much  drier  and  the  winters 
colder  than  E.  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  the  extremes 
varying  from  18°  to  105°.  Daily  range,  40°.  No  dews  fall 
here.  The  upper  country  is  variable,  having  often  in  each 
day  all  the  changes  of  the  seasons,  and  is  therefore  unfitted 
for  agricultural  operations.  Indian  corn  is  liable  to  be 
Ciiught  by  early  frosts.  The  winter  winds  ai-e  from  the  S. 
and  E.,  occasionally  veering  to  S.AV.  The  time  of  the  setting 
ill  of  these  is  very  irregular,  varying  from  October  1st  to 
January  1st.  They  always  bring  with  them  copious  raiua, 
which  last  two  or  tlu'ee,  and  even  four  or  five  mouths,  from 
November  to  April,  and  constitute  the  rainy  season.  These 
storms  are  more  violent  on  the  coast,  and  more  rain  falls 
than  in  the  Willamette  Valley.  A  period  of  fine  weather 
often  occurs  in  February,  sometimes  in  Marcii,  but  is  gene- 
rally followed  by  three  or  four  weeks  of  culd,  chilly  rains 
from  the  S.W.  During  the  latter  part  of  wiuter  there  are 
light  falls  of  snow.  Though  the  winters  are  chilly,  the 
thermometer  seldom  sinks  to  the  freezing  point.  The  mer- 
cury has  sometimes  fallen  to  5°  below  zero  in  the  Willamette 
Valley,  and  to  15°  at  the  Dalles,  beyond  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains. From  what  has  been  said  it  will  be  seen  tliat  there 
is  great  irregularity  in  the  winters  of  Oregon,  but  mildness 
is  the  general  characteristic.  In  the  middle  region  the  rains 
are  lighter  and  less  constant,  and  continue  for  a  shorter 
period.  The  country  between  the  Blue  and  Rocky  Moun- 
tains is  very  chy,  with  a  great  difference  between  the  tem- 
perature of  day  and  night. 

/:^l  and  Productions. — It  will  be  inferred  from  what  has 
been  said  of  the  face  of  the  country,  that  much  of  Oregon 
is  unfit  for  tillage ;  in  the  upper  country,  or  eastern  portion, 
it  is  almost  wholly  so,  as  far  as  known,  both  from  the  aridity 
of  the  soil  and  the  irregularity  of  the  climate.  TUe  central 
portion,  though  not  generally  cultivable,  affords  in  many 
places  excellent  i>astuiage;  but  even  the  pastoral  portion 
is  but  a  small  part  of  the  whole.  The  gre;it  resource  of  the 
Oregonian  farmers  is  the  country  W.  of  the  Cascade  iiange, 
especially  iu  the  Willamette,  Umpqua,  and  Rogue's  River 
Valleys.  The  former  is  rarely  surjiassed  in  fertility.  Wheat 
is  hei-e  the  staple ;  the  cool  evenings  and  the  drought  in  the 
latter  pjirt  of  summer  being  unfavoiablo  to  ludiau  coi'n. 
Besides  wheat,  oats,  barley,  turnips,  and  most  of  the  fruits 
and  vegetables  of  the  Middle  States  lioiuish.  The  imligenous 
fruits  are  the  crab-apple,  a  large  red  plum,  strawberries, 
raspbeiTies,  and  other  berries.  The  bottoms  of  fit  Ooiumbia 
are  a  very  rich  alluvion,  but  incapable  of  cultivation,  from 
their  liability  to  be  overflowed;  they  may.  however,  form 
good  pasture-lands  for  stock.  Those  portions  which  are 
bejond  the  reach  of  overflow  (as  the  district  about  Fort 
Vancouver)  are  exceedingly  productive.  On  the  tiiangle 
formed  by  the  Columbia  on  the  N.  and  the  Pacific  on  the 
W.,  is  a  tract  of  land  of  grejit  fertility,  extendhg  back  '2a 
miles  to  the  mountains.  This  is  not  suited  to  ftlieat,  but 
very  fruitful  in  potatoes,  oats,  peas,  turnips,  ai>d  other  vege- 
tables, and  is  excellent  lor  pasturage.    Accuiding  to  Um 


ORE 

census  of  1860,  tliero  were  in  Oregon  896,414  acres  of  im- 
proved laad,  (1 ,104,125  being  unimproved,)  producing  826,776 
bushels  of  wlieat;  2704  of  rye;  76,122  of  Indian  corn; 
885,673  of  oiits ;  34,407  of  pens  and  bejins :  303,319  of  Irish  po- 
tatoes; 219,012  pounds  of  wool;  1,000,157  of  butter;  105,379 
of  cheese;  live  stocli  valued  at  $5,940,255;  orcliard  pro- 
ducts valued  .at  $478,479;  market  products  at  $75,605 ;  and 
slaughtered  animals  at  $648,465. 

Purest  Trees.  —  Oregon  is  particulai'Iy  celebrated  for  its 
forests  of  gigantic  pine.  A  species  of  fir,  called  Lambert's 
pine,  grows  in  the  lower  region  to  an  enormous  size,  some- 
times attaining  a  height  of  nearly  300  feet,  and  a  girth  of 
40  feet,  and  often  from  24  to  36  feet.  This  is  the  great  tim- 
ber of  the  country,  and  is  largely  exported  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands  and  to  California.  The  other  timber  is  the  hemlock, 
cedar,  oak,  ash,  maple,  laurel,  pine,  willow,  balm  of  Oilead, 
dogwood,  Cottonwood,  and  alder.  The  oak,  next  to  the  fir, 
is  the  most  valuable  wood,  and  is  found  mostly  in  the  Wil- 
lamette and  Umpqua  Valleys.  In  the  middle  region  timber 
is  scarce,  and  consists  mostly  of  soft  wood;  pine  and  fir 
grow  on  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Animals.  —  The  wild  animals  are  deer,  black  and  grizzly 
bears,  elks,  foxes,  wolves,  antelopes,  beavers,  muskrats,  and 
martens.  The  beavers  are  fast  diminishing.  In  spring  and 
fall,  geese,  ducks,  and  other  waterfowl  are  abundant.  Large 
quantities  of  salmon  are  caught  in  the  Columbia  River  and 
its  tributaries,  and  are  of  excellent  qualitj-.  Among  the 
other  fish  are  sturgeon,  cod,  carp,  sole,  flounders,  ray,  perch, 
herring,  and  smelt,  with  crabs,  clams,  oysters,  and  mussels 
in  abundance. 

Manufactures. — In  this  department  of  industry  it  is  liardly 
to  be  supposed  that  this  new  region  has  made  much  "pro- 
gress, though  it  has  every  fiicility  for  carrying  on  manu- 
factures when  the  time  comes  for  doing  so.  In  1800  there 
were  309  estJiblishments  engaged  in  mining,  manufacturing, 
and  the  mechanic  arts,  employing  $1,337,238,  and  96S  male 
and  10  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$1,431,952,  and  yielding  products  valued  at  §2,976,761. 

Internal  Imprrivanenls  are  chiefly  limited,  as  yet,  to  com- 
mon and  plauk  road  making.  l)r.  Kvans,  geologist  to  Gov. 
Stevens'  exploring  expedition,  reports  a  now  route  S.  of  the 
Missouri  Kiver,  feasible  for  a  railroad  through  the  Black 
Keet  Pass,  down  the  Bitter  Boot  Kiver,  crossing  the  moun- 
tains of  the  same  name  to  Fort  Wallawalla  and  the  Dalles. 

Ciimmnrce. — We  have  but  few  facts  on  this  subject.  The 
foreign  imports  amounted  in  1862-3  to  $112,903,  and  the 
exports  to  $42,9.13.  The  number  of  vessels  that  entered  in 
that  year  was  19;  the  number  that  cleared  27.  Several 
steamers  ply  from  Portland  to  different  points  on  the  Co- 
lumbia, besides  a  regular  line  of  steamers  to  Siin  Francisco. 
Oregon  exports  to  California  lumber,  stock,  hogs,  beef, 
butter,  eggs,  chickens,  pork,  flour,  &c.  Large  quantities  of 
cattle  are  driven  S.  to  the  mines  of  California.  Trade  is 
carried  on  with  Rio  Janeiro,  Europe,  and  the  Sandwich 
Islands. 

lUucation. — The  census  report  of  1860  gives  to  Oregon  5 
colleges,  with  447  students,  $12,986  income,  of  which  S5600 
was  endowments;  339  public  schools,  with  8158  pupils, 
$49,302  income;  15  colleges  and  other  schools,  with  1654 
pupils  ;  11  librariea,  embracing  5300  volumes. 

Heligious  Denominations. — Of  the  75  churches  in  Oregon 
in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  8,  the  Christians  6,  Kpiscop.i- 
lians  4,  Methodists  32,  Presbyterians  6,  Roman  Catholics  7, 
various  minor  sects  12,  giving  one  church  to  every  700  per- 
sons.    Value  of  church  property,  $195,695. 

Periodicals.  —  In  1800  there  were  published  in  Oregon  2 
daily  and  12  weekly  newspapers,  1  quarterly  magazine,  and 
1  annual.  The  whole  number  of  copies  issued  annually 
was  1,074,640. 

Populalifin.  —  The  population  of  Oregon,  including  the 
present  Territory  of  Washington,  was  in  1850,  13,294,  of 
whom  8133  were  white  males,  4949  females;  120  colorefl 
males,  and  87  females;  besides  various  tribes  of  Indians  not 
enumerated,  but  estimated  by  the  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs,  in  1853,  at  23,000  for  Oregon  and  Washington  united. 
The  population,  in  1860,  was  52,465,  of  whom  31,451  were 
white  males,  and  20,709  white  females,  besides  128  free  col- 
ored persons  and  177  Indians.  Population  to  ten  square 
miles,  2-3;  representative  population,  62,465.  Since  1860 
large  numbers  of  emigrants  have  been  attracted  to  this 
state  by  discoveries  of  precious  metals.  At  an  election  for 
member  of  Congress  held  in  June,  1864,  14,821  votes  were 
polled.  Of  the  population,  16,564  were  born  In  the  state, 
30,^79  in  other  states  of  the  Union,  690  in  England,  1266  in 
Ireland,  249  in  Scotland  and  Wales,  6<i3  in  IJritish  America, 
1078  in  Germany,  198  in  France,  425  in  China,  and  652  in 
other  countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits, 
7861  were  farmers,  1849  laborers,  1793  miners.  1260  farm 
laborers,  761  carpenters,  446  merchants,  343  blacksmiths, 
J12  servants,  206  teachers,  198  clerks,  135  wheelwrights,  125 
clergymen.  119  teamsters,  115  physicians,  Ac.  In  the  year 
ending  June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  300  deaths,  or  5'8  in 
every  thousand.  The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  15  (see 
IxTRODUCTlON  to  the  volume  on  Pojndatinn  of  the  Eighth 
Census,  pp.  Uv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &c.),  blind  9,  insane  23,  idiotic  15. 


ORE 

Counties. — Oregon  is  divided  into  20  counties,  viz..  Baker, 
Benton,  Clackamas,  Clatsop,  Columbia,  Coos,  Curry,  Dou 
glas,  Jackson,  Josephine,  Lane,  Linn.  Marion,  Multnomiih, 
Polk,  Tillamook,  Umatilla,  Wasco,  Washington,  and  Yam 
Hill. 

Towns.  — The  principal  towns  are  Poitland,  Oregon  City, 
Salem,  Albany,  Corvallis,  and  Eugene  City.    Capital,  Salem. 

Government. — The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  and  trea- 
surer are  elected  by  the  people  for  4  years.  The  senate  it 
composed  of  18  members,  elected  for  4  years ;  the  house  oC 
representatives  is  composed  of  34  or  37  members,  elected 
for  2  years.  The  legislature  convenes  biennially  ou  tho 
second  Monday  in  December. 

Ifistory.  —  Oregon  seems  to  have  been  first  trodden  by 
European  feet  about  1775.  when  a  Spanish  navigator  visiteC 
Juan  de  Fuca  Straits.  Cook  coiisted  along  its  shores  in 
1778.  The  Columbia  River  is  believed  to  have  been  first 
made  known  to  the  civilized  world  in  1791,  by  Captain  Gray, 
of  the  ship  Columbia,  of  Boston,  United  States,  who  saw  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  but  did  not  enter  it  till  May  of  the  next 
year,  when  he  gave  it  the  name  of  his  ship.  From  this  time 
up  t<j  1804,  the  coast  of  Oregon  Wiis  occasionally  visited  by 
British  and  American  fur-traders.  In  that  year.  President 
Jefferson  sent  out  an  exploring  party  under  Lewis  and 
Clarke,  who  passed  the  winter  of  1805-0  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia.  After  this  period,  overland  expeditions  by 
fur-traders  became  common,  and  these,  with  the  British 
Hudson  Bay  Company,  held  joint  possession  of  the  country 
(but  not  without  jealous  rivalries  and  bloody  contests)  till 
the  treaty  of  1846,  which  gave  all  below  49°  N.  latitude  to 
the  United  States.  Emigration  from  the  United  States,  for 
the  purpose  of  settlement,  connnenced  in  1839.  Its  growth 
for  the  time  is  probably  retarded  by  the  gold-mines  of  Cali- 
fornia attracting  nearly  all  travellers  and  settlers,  but  their 
ultimate  prosperity  will  most  likely  be  mutual,  the  mining 
population  of  the  one  fmuishing  a  market  for  tho  agricul- 
tural products  of  the  other.  There  is  no  doubt  that  in 
future  times  Oregon  will  play  an  important  part  in  the 
commerce  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  particularly  tlwt  of  the 
Polynesian  groups.  Oregon  was  admitted  into  the  Union 
its  a  state  Feb.  14,  1859. 

OR/EGON,  a  county  In  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  bordering 
ou  Arkansu*,  contains  about  li)5u  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
liy  tlip  sources  of  the  Eleven  Points  and  Spring  Kivfers,  which 
flow  S.K.  into  the  Big  Black  River.  Capital,  Alton  or 
Thomasville.     Pop.  30O9.  of  whom  2!*83  were  free. 

OREGON,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New  York. 

OREGON,  a  small  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Peungyl 
vania. 

OREGON,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Alabama. 

OREGON,  a  postofflce  of  Rockingham  co..  North  Carolina. 

OKtXrON,  a  small  village  of  Yell  co.,  Arkansas. 

OREGON,  a  post-otfice  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee. 

ORKGON,  a  thriving  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Kentucky  Kiver,  at  the  head  of  slack-water  navigation, 
about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Lexington.  Beef  and  pork  are  packed 
here  and  shipped  in  8t«amboat8. 

OREGON,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  4.36. 

OREGON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Sandusky  City,  168  miles 
from  the  former.     Pop.  about  400. 

OREGON,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio. 

OREGON,  a  township  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  523. 

OREGON,  a  post-township  of  Clarke  co..  Indiana.   P.  12.')3. 

OREGON,  a  township  in  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  747. 

OREGON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri,  210 
miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

OREGON,  a  small  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Missouri. 

OREGON,  a  post-village  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  12  miles 
S.  of  Madison.    Pop.  of  Oregon  township,  1259. 

ORKGON  CITY,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Ogle 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  right  bank  of  Rock  River,  176  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Springfield.  It  is  handsomely  situated  between 
the  shore  and  a  bluff,  which  rises  in  the  form  of  an  ampbi- 
thcati-e,  at  the  distance  of  about  a  mile.  It  contains  2 
churches,  a  graded  school,  and  a  new.-^paper  office.  Pop.  in 
1850,  .')40;  in  1860,  934. 

OREGON  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Clackamas  county, 
Oregon,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  about 
50  miles  below  Salem.  It  is  situated  in  a  cailon.  (pro- 
nounced kan-yon' — a  narrow  river  valley  shut  in  by  high 
banks  or  walls.)  and  has  great  manufacturing  facilities,  a 
fall  in  the  river  at  this  place  affording  immense  water-power 
Oregon  City  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  territory.  One 
or  two  newspapers  are  published  here.     Pop.  about  1000. 

OKKGO'NIA,  a  post-office  of  Tuscaloo,sa  co.,  Alabama. 

OREGRUND,  o'ri-groond\  a  small,  but  strongly  fortified 
seaport  town  of  Sweden,  lasn  and  70  miles  N.K.  of  Stock- 
holm, with  a  harbor  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.     Pop,  680. 

OUK  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

OREKHOV,  OKECHOW.  o-rA-Kov',  or  ORIKIIOV,  o-re- 
Kov',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Taurida,  on  th* 
Konskaia,  an  affluent  of  the  Dsieper,  73  miles  S.S.E.  oi 
Yekaterinoslav.     Pop.  1600. 

OREL,  {ythV,  or  OKHK,  or-lik/  or  or-leek',  a  sluggish, 

1401 


ORB 

mnclily  Ive.  of  Kussia,  rises  near  the  S.  frontiers  of  the 
troT>!rnat!Mt  of  Kharkov,  flows  S.W.  across  the  government 
of  Poltava,  and  joins  the  Dnieper  on  the  left,  3d  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Yekaterinoslav  ;  total  course  130  miles. 

ORKL,  o-rJl',  OKLOV,  OKLOW,  oRnov',  or  OKLOF,  a  go- 
Ternment  of  Kussia,  mostly  between  lat.  51°  SC  and  54°  N., 
and  Ion.  33°  and  39°  K.  Area  18,393  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1851, 1.406.571.  Surfiiee  undulating.  The  rivers  are  afflu- 
ents of  the  Dnieper,  Don,  and  Volga.  Soil  very  fertile,  and 
agriculture  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants. 
Principal  products,  after  corn  and  fiour,  are  hemp,  flax,  lin- 
Beed,  honey,  bristles,  timber  and  cattle,  with  iron,  copper, 
millstones,  nitre,  and  lar^^e  quantities  of  turf  '  The  govern- 
ment is  divided  into  12  districts.    Capital,  Orel. 

OREL,  a  town  of  Ru-^sia,  capital  of  the  government  of 
same  name,  is  situated  on  the  Oka,  here  joined  by  the  Orel, 
168  miles  N.W.  of  Voronezh.  Pop.  ^,630.  It  is  mostly 
built  of  wood,  enclosed  by  a  palisade,  and  defended  by  an 
ancient  citadel ;  and  it  has  numerous  churches,  several 
convents,  an  ecclesiastical  seminary,  college,  and  various 
other  si'hools  and  institutions.  It  is  in  a  most  favorable 
position  fir  commerce,  being  connected  by  rivers  and  canals 
with  the  Baltic,  Black,  and  Caspian  Seas ;  and  it  may  be 
considered  the  entrepot  of  the  commerce  between  North 
and  South  Russia.  It  exports  much  rural  produce  to  Mos- 
cow and  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton, 
woollen  cloth,  and  linen  stuffs,  with  tanneries,  distilleries, 
tallow-houses,  rope-walks,  &c..  and  several  important  annual 
fairs.    It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  7th  June,  1848. 

O'REL,  a  postxjffice  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgia. 

ORELL.\N'A.    See  Amazon. 

ORELLANA  LA  SIERRA.  o-rJl-yJ/na  Id  se-?R'Ra,  a  village 
of  Spain,  province  of  Badajos,  3  miles  S.E.  of  OreUana  la 
Vieja. 

ORELLAXA  LA  VIE.TA,  o-rM-yi/na  Id  ve-i'Hj,  a  market- 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  63  miles  E.  of  Badajos.    P.  1990. 

OREMARRAH,  a  headland  of  Beloochistan.  See  Ras- 
Arcbah. 

ORENBOORQ,  ORENBOURG  or  ORENBURG,  o'ren- 
booRG',  a  government  of  Russia,  mostly  comprised  in  Europe, 
but  partly  in  Asia,  between  lat.  47*^  10'  and  56°  25'  N.,  and 
Ion.  48°  20'  and  65°  E.,  having  on  the  S.  and  S.E.  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  and  Klrgheez  Territory.  Area  estimated  at  144,924 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1,712,718,  including  the  Cos- 
sacks of  the  Ural.  Surface  mostly  mountainous,  its  centre 
being  covered  with  the  S.  ranges  of  the  Ural,  but  both  in 
the  E.  and  the  S.  are  extensive  desert  steppes.  Principal 
rivers,  the  Ural,  Belaia,  and  Samara  in  Europe,  and  in  Asia 
several  affluents  of  the  Tobol.  Salt  lakes  are  numerous  in 
the  steppes.  The  principal  wealth  of  the  population  con- 
sists in  cattle,  gheep,  horses,  camels,  Ac,  herds  often  com- 
prising from  200  to  2000  horses,  and  from  500  to  4000  head 
of  horned  cattle.  Caviare,  made  from  fish  taken  in  the  Ural 
and  other  rivers,  is  an  important  article  of  trade.  The 
mineral  products  consist  of  gold,  copper,  iron,  salt,  aind  some 
sulphur,  vitriol,  &c.  Trade  principally  with  Asia,  by  means 
of  caravans  of  camels,  of  which,  In  some  years,  as  many  as 
2550  arrive.  The  government  is  divided  into  12  districts. 
Capital.  Oofa. 

ORENBOOUG  or  ORENBURG,  a  fortified  city  of  European 
Russia,  capital  of  a  district  in  the  government  of  same  name, 
on  the  Ural,  in  lat.  51°  48'  N.,  Ion.  55°  12'  E.  Pop.  6000.  ex- 
cluding a  garrison  of  9000  men.  It  is  well  built  and  paved. 
Principal  edifices,  2  cathedrals,  a  Tartar  mosque,  exchange, 
the  Custom-house,  government  offices,  barracks,  and  house 
of  correction.  It  has  a  museum,  and  a  Jlohammedan  school ; 
and  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Ural  is  a  large  bazaar,  the 
place  of  an  extensive  trade  with  Central  Asia,  imports  con- 
sisting of  silk,  gold  and  silver,  jewels,  Chinese  produce,  and 
colonial  goods  received  overland  from  India;  and  exports 
comprising  woollen  cloths,  leather,  pearls,  cutlery,  Ac.  In  the 
vicinity  is  an  immense  smelting-house,  in  which  is  melted 
down,  in  the  course  of  a  summer,  the  tallow  of  50,000  sheep. 

ORENOtiUE.    See  Orinoco. 

OREXSE,o-rin's.i,  (anc.  Alqum  OiVida.  Cdicfrumf)  a  town 
of  Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Orense,  on  the  Minho, 
46  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lugo.  Pop.  4840.  It  is  gloomy  and  Ill- 
built,  but  has  a  large  cathedral,  and  other  churches,  an  or- 
Shan  asylum,  hospital,  seminary,  hou.se  of  industry,  and 
ighly  reputed  thermal  springs,  with  manufactures  of  cho- 
colate, and  a  triide  in  haiiis,  both  in  high  repute  throughout 
Spain.  A  cathedral  dedicated  to  St.  Martin,  was  built  so 
early  as  550;  but  the  Moors,  in  716,  levelled  Orense  to  the 
ground,  and  it  remained  a  heap  of  ruins  till  832.  when  it 
was  rebuilt  by  Alonzo  el  Casto.  The  present  Gothic  Cathe- 
dral was  erecU'd  by  Bishop  Alonzo  in  1220.  From  Orense, 
Sor.U  inva<led  Portugal  with  20,000  men,  and  78  cannons; 
»nO  thither  he  retreated  two  or  three  months  after,  hotly 
pursued  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington ;  his  army  reduced  to 
19,.5(X)  stragglers,  unarmed  and  almost  naked. 

OKEXSE,  o-r4n'si  a  province  of  Spain,  Galicia,  bound'xl 
8.  by  I'ortugal ;  area  2588  square  miles.  Capital,  Orense. 
Pop.  about  38(1,000. 

OREIK),  o-rA'ro,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
Of  Genoa,  province  and  8  miles  from  Chlavarl.    Pod.  1900 
1402  ^ 


ORI 

ORESTAONI.    See  Oristano. 

ORESTE,  o-rJs/t-i,  a  town  of  the  Papal  States,  24  miles  N. 
of  Rome,  on  a  mountain  of  the  same  name,  the  ancient 
Soratte.  about  2000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     Pop.  1400. 

ORESTIAS.  (or  HADRANOPOLIS.)     See  Adrianople. 

OP.F.\  or  01'>F.\II.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Oorpa. 

OR/FORD,  a  dec.iyed  borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Aide  and  Ores 
near  their  mouth  in  the  North  Sea,  18  miles  K.N.E.  of 
Ipswich.  Pop.  1109.  It  has  a  large  ancient  church,  an 
old  town-hall,  assembly  room,  and  fine  remains  of  a  Norman 
castle,  with  some  fisheries,  chiefly  of  oysters.  The  port  w:i» 
formerly  of  importance,  but  the  sea  has  receded.  The 
borough  is  still  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  until  disfran- 
chised by  the  Reiform  Act,  sent  2  mcimbers  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  the  vicinity  are  Sudbourne  Hall,  and  2  light- 
houses, well  known  as  •'  Orford-ness  Lights,"  83  feet  above 
the  sea.     Lat.  52°  4'  8"  N.,  Ion.  1°  34'  2"  E. 

ORFORD,  a  post-township  of  Grafton  CO.,  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  which  is  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge,  and  on  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic 
Rivers  Railroad,  66  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1406. 

OR'FORDVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  60 
miles  N.W.  of  Concord. 

ORFUI,  or'fwee'.  calle<l  also  RAS  HAFOON,  rSs  hd^foon/, 
a  cape  of  East  Africa,  about  100  miles  S.  of  Cape  Guardafni. 

OR/G^N  CHURCH,  post-office.  Rowan  co..  North  Caroliu.-*. 

ORGAOS,  SERRA  DOS,  s^r/rJ  doce  oR-giM.vss.  (Organ 
Mountains.)  a  mountain  cordillera  of  Brazil,  extends  from 
E.  to  S.W.  in  the  provinces  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro,  Sao  Paulo, 
and  ^ Santa  Catharina.  One  portion  of  this  chain,  more 
particularly  called  the  Organ  Mountains,  is  situated  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Rio  Janeiro,  so  named  from  their  peaks,  ag 
seen  from  Rio,  resembling  the  pipes  of  an  organ.  Highest 
point  3800  feet. 

OR/GARSWICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ORGAZ,  0R-g3th',  (anc.  Altltcv'a.)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Toledo.  Pop.  2670.  It  has  a  castle 
and  a  hospital. 

ORGELET,  oR^zhgh-lA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Jura,  near  the  source  of  the  Velouze,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Lons-le-Saulnier.     Pop.  in  1852,  21 23. 

ORGEVAL,  0R'zbeh-v3l',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Versailles      Pop.  1040. 

ORGH  END-AB,  a  river  of  Afirhanist.tn.    See  Uro  huxdacb. 

ORGUESAN,  or'gheh-sdn'.or  URGHESAN,  fir'gheb-sin',  a 
river  of  Afghanistan,  rises  in  the  mountains  of  tjhuznee, 
flows  W.,  and  after  a  course  of  above  100  miles,  joins  the 
Turnuk,  an  atfiueut  of  the  Urghundaub. 

ORGIANO,  OR-jifno,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Venice,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vicenza.    Pop.  2000. 

ORGIVA.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Objiba. 

ORGON,  OR'gANo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bouches- 
du-Rhone,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Durance.  21  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Aries.     Pop.  in  1852.  3089. 

ORGOSOLO,  oR-go-so/lo,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardi- 
nia, province  and  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nuoro.     Pop.  2000. 

ORI  A.  o're-d,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  40  miles  N. 
of  Almeria.     Pop.  5670. 

ORIA,  o're-a,  or  URITANA,  oo-re-ti'ni.  (anc.  Vria  or 
Hi/i-ia,)  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  22  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Brindisi,  on  a  hill  between  2  small  lakes.  Pop, 
4300.    It  has  a  cathedral,  several  convents,  and  a  hospital. 

ORIENT.  L',  a  town  of  France.     See  Lorient. 

O'RIENT,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine,  100 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  205. 

ORIENT,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on  Oys- 
ter Pond  Harbor,  100  miles  K.  by  N.  of  New  York. 

ORIONY.  o'reen^yee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne,  on  the  'Thon,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Vervins.     Pop.  1457. 

OllIGNY  SAINTE  BE.NOITE,  o^reenVee'sJ,Ntbehnwat/,  n 
village  of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  8  miles  E.  of  St. 
Quentin.    Pop.  in  1852,  2372. 

ORIHUA,  one  of  the  S,andwich  Lslands. 

ORIHUELA.  o-re-wMd,  a  city  of  Spain,  province  and  32 
miles  S.W.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Segura.  Pop.  17.452.  It 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a  ridge  of  rocks,  in  a  tract  termed, 
from  its  fertility,  "the  garden  of  Spain."  Principal  build- 
ings, a  cathedral,  and  10  other  churches,  2  hospitals,  a  found- 
ling ifsylum,  public  granary,  and  cavalry  barracks.  It  has 
a  University  College,  with  16  professors,  and  manufactures 
of  linens  and  hats,  tanneries,  corn,  and  oil-mill.s. 

ORIKHOVA.  o-re-Ko'v^.  or  TKAJANOl'OLlS.  trd-jinop/.w 
lis,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  Room-Elee,  sanjak  of  GaJ- 
lipoli.  18  miles  N.W.  of  Ipsala.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Qrees. 
archbishop. 

OKILLIA,  o-ril'le-a,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of 
Simcoe,  situated  at  the  northern  extremity  of  Lake  Slmcoe. 
85  miles  N.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  l.')0. 

OKINO'CO,  o-re-no/ko,  (i.e.  in  the  Indian  language,  "coiled 
serpent,")  (Fr.  Orenof/ue,  oVA'nok\)  one  of  the  princi)>al 
rivers  of  South  America,  ranking  in  size  and  importance 
immediately  after  the  Amazon  and  Plata.  It  rises  in  tho 
Sierra  Nevada  of  Venezueljtn  Guiana,  winds  succelffive/y  W., 
N.,  and  E.,  through  the  centre  of  the  Venezuelan  teiiitory, 


ORl 


ORL 


Rnd  eiitors  tt.e  Atlantic  by  numerous  mouths,  in  lat.  8°  40' 
N.,  and  Ion.  01''  W.  Totnl  course  estimated  at  lOOO  mile«,  for 
more  than  the  latter  lialf  of  which,  or  to  the  rajiiils  of  Atures, 
it  is  uninterruptedly  navigable.  Area  of  its  basin  25'J.OOO 
square  miles.  The  priueipal  affluent*,  in  descending,  are, 
from  the  left,  the  united  stream  of  the  Atabnpo  and  Guaviare, 
which  .loins  it  aViout  lat.  4°  X..  Ion.  08°  10'  \V. ;  the  Meta  at 
lat.  0''  20'  N.;  the  Aurauca  at  lat.  7°  10'  N.,  and  the  Apure 
at  lat.  7^  38'  N.  Three  of  the  tributaries  are  larger  than  the 
l>anulie.  Those  from  the  right  are  the  Ventuari,  which  joins 
tlie  Orinoco  about  40  miles  E.  of  the  junction  of  the  Atabapo, 
ths  Caura,  and  the  Caroni.  which  unite  with  it  at  lat.  7°  4.i' 
and  8'^ 6'  N.  respectively.  J5y  tlieCassiquiare,  ithasa  singular 
navigable  communication  with  the  Kio  Xegro  and  Amazon. 
At  200  leagues  from  the  ocean,  its  breadth  is  about  3  miles, 
ond  at  Angostura.  alx)ut  250  miles  from  its  mouths,  to 
which  place  the  tide  reaches,  it  is  4  miles  across,  and  when 
lowest,  OS  fathoms  deep. 

Two  remarkable  rapids  occur  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
Orinoco,  called  the  Atures  and  Maypures.  or  Apures,  the  one 
iu  lat.  5^  8'  N.,  or  about  80  miles  below  the  junction  of  the 
Atabapo  and  Guaviare  witli  the  Orinoco,  the  other  about  36 
miles  lower  down.  These  rapids  con.sist  of  a  countless  num- 
ber of  little  cascades  succeeding  each  otlier  like  steps,  and 
where  numerous  islands  and  rocks  so  restrict  the  bed  of  the 
river,  that  out  of  a  brcaiJth  of  8000  feet,  tliere  often  only 
remains  an  open  channel  of  20  feet  in  width.  Its  waters 
rbe  from  April  to  October,  attaining  their  greatest  height  in 
July  and  August,  which  in  the  Upper  Orinoco  is  from  30  to 
80  feet,  and  at  Angostura  from  24  to  25  feet ;  but  in  one  con- 
fined place  they  are  said  to  rise  120  feet  alx)ve  the.  usual 
level.  The  vast  plains  tlirough  which  the  river  flows  are 
at  this  sea.son  to  a  great  e.xtent  overflowed.  IJoth  banks  of 
the  stream  are  densely  wooded,  and  like  the  river  itself  full 
of  animal  life.  The  numerous  channels  by  which  the  Ori- 
noco latterly  finds  its  way  to  the  .sea,  begin  to  branch  oil 
from  the  main  stream  upwards  of  100  miles  from  the  coast. 
The  most  .S.  and  widest  of  these  branches  runs  directly  K., 
and  reaches  the  ocean  by  the  mouth  called  Itoca  de  Navios, 
or  Cano  Navios,  between  Point  IJarima  on  the  S.,  and  the 
Islands  of  Cangrejos  on  the  N.,  which  are  more  than  20 
miles  apart.  In  front  of  this  mouth  is  a  bar.  on  wiiich  is 
17  feet  water,  and  which  is  supposed  to  be  nearly  3000  fath- 
■>ms  across.  In  the  month  of  April,  when  the  water  is 
'owest,  the  tides  ai-e  perceiitible  in  the  river  as  far  up  as 
Angostura,  a  distance  of  250  miles  from  the  sea.  The  other 
branches,  which  run  N.,  and  divide  the  delta  of  the  Orinoco 
into  numerous  low  islands,  are  imperfectly  known. 

OKiNOCO,  (Department  of,)  one  of  the  great  divisions  of 
the  republic  of  Venezuela,  consisting  mainly  of  what  was 
"brmerly  known  as  OilomWan  Guiana,  and  bounded  N.  by 
vhe  river  Orinoco.  Kstimated  pop.  185,000.  Chief  towns, 
V'arinas,  Angostura,  (IJolivar  city,)  and  San  Fernando  de 
Apure. 

OKIO,  o>Te-o.  a  market-town  of  Spain, province Guipuzcoa, 
6  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Orio,  in  the  Bay  of  liiscay. 

OHIO,  a  village  of  Lonibarily,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lodi. 

OKIOLO,  o-ree'o-lo,  (anc.  Fi/rum-Claufdii f)  a  village  of 
Italy.  Pontifical  States,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Home.    Pop.  1108. 

OUiOIjO,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  11  miles  N.W.  of  lloseto.     Pop.  2t»00. 

OKI'ON,  a  small  post- village  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama,  near 
the  Coneculi  Uiver. 

OKION,  a  post-office  of  Ashley  co.,  Arkansas. 

OH  ION,  a  post-town.«hip  in  Oakland  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1292. 

ORJON,  a  post-otTice  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois. 

ORION,  a  small  post-village  in  the  S.  part  of  Richland  co., 
Wisconsin. 

ORIS'KANY,  a  creek  in  the  central  part  of  New  York, 
rises  in  Madison  co.,  and  joins  the  Mohawk  at  Oriskany. 

ORISivANY,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Erie  Canal,  and  the  Syracuse  and  Utica  Railroad,  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Utica.     It  has  several  extensive  woollen  factories. 

ORISKANY  F.\LLS,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  township, 
Oneida  co.,  New  York,  on  Oriskany  Creek  and  on  the  Che- 
nango Canal,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Utica.  It  has  several  facto- 
ries moved  by  water-power. 

OKISSA,  oris'sd,  a  province  of  Hindostan,  between  lat, 
18°  and  23°  N.,  and  Ion.  83°  and  87°  E.,  having  E.  the  Bay  of 
bengal,  and  now  wholly  included  in  the  Rritish  presiden- 
cies of  liengal  and  Madras,  Orissa  Proper  forming  the  dis- 
trict of  (Juttack. 

ORISTANO,  o-ris-ta'no,  or  OKISTAGNI,  o-ris-tan'yee,  a 
town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Cagliari,  capital 
of  the  province  of  ISusachi.  on  the  Oristano,  3  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  55  miles  N. N.W.  of  Cagliari.  Pop.  10.000.  It  is 
situated  in  a  marshy  plain,  enclosed  by  lofty  walls,  and  has 
a  handsome  cathedral,  an  archbishop's  palace,  hospital,  and 
Piarist  College.  Its  port,  at  the  river's  mouHi,  is  large  and 
Pt'cure,  protected  by  a  mole ;  and  near  it  are  2  corn-ware- 
hous^ss  and  a  large  tower.  The  exports  comprise  large  quan- 
tities of  corn;  also  salt,  salt  fish,  and  the  much-esteemed 
wine  of  Vernaccia. 

OKLSTANO.  GULF  OF.  island  oi  Sardinia,  between  Capes 


Frasca  and  San  Marco.  It  is  10  miles  in  length  by  5  milc» 
in  breadth,  and  receives  the  river  Oiistano  or  Tirsi,  which 
enters  it  after  a  S.W.  course  of  80  miles. 

ORIVAL,  oVee\dl',  a  village  of  France,  department ot 
Seine-Inferieure,  12  miles  S.S.E,  of  Rouen,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Seine.    Pop.  1014. 

ORIVESI.  o-re-vA/see.  a  lake  of  Enssia,  Finland,  contain- 
ing several  large  islands. 

ORIX.A,  an  island  of  Seychelle  Archipelago.    See  Denis. 

OKI.XIMINA,  a  river  of  Brazil.     See  Thombetas. 

ORIZABA,  o-re-zah'ba.  a  post-office,  Tippah  co.,  Mississippi. 

0R17..\liA,  o-re-s3'nd,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  CAj,fe(i,>ra- 
tion,  state  and  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  25  miles 
S.  of  the  volcanic  peak  of  Orizaba,  (elevation  17,380  feet.)  in 
a  highly  fertile  and  richly  wooded  valley.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  coarse  cloths,  and  a  large  government  tobacco  fa> 
torv.     Pop.  15.000. 

O'R.IIBA,  ORXIBA,  oR-nee'Ba.  or  0R,JIVA.  ORGIVA.  or- 
Hee'vd,  a  town  of  .'<pain,  pr<ivince  and  32  miles  8.E.  of  Gra- 
nada, on  the  Gnadalfeo.  Pop.  3220,  employed  in  manufac- 
tures of  earthenware,  and  in  linen  weaving. 

OIUITZA,  a  town  of  Russia,     Sec  (»rzhit.sa, 

ORKIIET,oR'Kl,  0RGinEVorORGIEV,oR-ghe-?v',  a  town 
of  South  Russia,  province  of  Bessarabia,  25  miles  N.  of  Kisi>- 
enov. 

ORKHON,  or'Kon',  a  river  of  Mongolia,  joins  the  Selenga 
a  few  miles  S.W.  of  Kiakhta.  in  about  lat.  .50°  N..  Ion.  105° 
30'  E.,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  nearly  380  miles.  Chief  afflu- 
ent, the  Khara. 

OltK/NEY  ISLANDS,  (L.  Orcndea,  or/kii-dez)  an  archipo- 
lago  off  the  N.  coast  of  Scotland,  between  lat.  58°  47'  and  59° 
20'  N.,  and  Ion.  2°  4'  and  3°  23'  W,,  separate"!  from  the  county 
of  Caithness  by  Pentland  Frith.  Aggii-gate  area  (iOO  squaro 
miles,  or  384.000  acres,  of  which  alxnit  84.000  are  under  cul- 
ture. Pop.  in  1861,31,455;  of  whom  16.757  are  in  Mainland, 
anil  14.698  in  the  North  and  South  isles.  There  are  67  islands 
and  islets;  the  principal  are  Pomona  or  Mainland.  South  Ro- 
naldsliay.  Hoy,  Flotta,  Grff'msay,  Eday,  Ronsay,  Sanda,  Sha- 
pinshay,  Stronsay,  and  Wcstray.  Of  the  whole.  alx)ut  27  aro 
usually  inhabited,  although  the  number  varies  frequently, 
in  consequence  of  single  families  taking  up  their  alwides  in 
them  for  a  year  or  two,  and  thende.serting  them.  Hoy  is  the 
only  island  of  the  group  that  can  be  called  mountainous, 
and  here  tlie  highest  elevation  is  but  1600  feet.  None  of 
the  rest  have  hills  of  any  considerable  hc-ight.  Nearly  all 
the  larger  islands  are  of  exceedingly  irregular  form;  being, 
in  many  instances,  so  worn  and  penetrated  by  tlie  .sea,  as  to 
present  rather  a  series  of  crooked  and  shapeless  peninsulas, 
projecting  in  all  directions,  than  a  group  of  compact  insular 
bo<lies.  In  some  cases,  the  coa.sts  of  these  islands  are  flat 
and  sandy;  in  others,  bold  and  rocky.  The.=e  precipices  are 
highest  on  the  W,  side,  reaching,  in  the  island  of  Hoy,  the 
height  of  lfX)0  feet  perpendicular.  Little  snow  falls  in  win- 
ter, but  the  summers  are  chill  and  moist.  Mean  tempera- 
ture of  year,  4ti°.2;  summer,  54°;  winter  39°.7  Fahrenheit 
Annual  rain,  29  inches.  Agriculture  is  very  backward. 
Oats,  barley,  potatoes,  and  turnips  are  the  chief  crops.  Most 
of  the  land  is  nominally  freehold,  but  burdened  with  very 
heavy  payments  to  the  crown,  or  the  Earl  of  Zetland.  A 
small  breed  of  cattle  is  reared,  and  about  60,000  sheep  pas- 
ture on  the  hills  and  common  moors.  Rabbits  and  poultry 
are  numerous.  Hunting  for  wild  birds  and  egg.s,  and  fishing, 
partly  employ  the  population,  and  about  100,000  lobsters 
are  shipped  annually  for  the  London  market.  The  manu- 
factures of  kelp  and  linen  have  declined,  I'laiting  from  rye 
straw,  and  some  distilling,  are  the  principal  manufactures. 
Exports  of  all  produce  amounted  in  1833,  to  OO.OOO/.  These 
islands  were  examined  by  Agricola  a.  n.  84.  In  the  middle 
ages  they  belonged  to  Norway,  but  in  1468  were  annexed  tc 
the  Scottish  crown,  and  formed  an  earldom.  Chief  town,. 
Kirkwall,  which  was  formerly  the  see  of  a  bishoiiric. 

ORK'NEY  and  SHET'LAND,  the  most  N.  county  of  Scot- 
land, comprising  the  islands  of  the  above  names.  Area  1'280 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  62,533.  The  county  is  divided 
into  42  pari.shes.  Chief  towns.  Kirkwall  and  Lerwick.  It 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

ORKUB,  or-koob',(?)  or  PREKOP,  pr.i-kop',  a  town  of 
European  Turkey,  Room-Elee,  on  the  Jlorava,  19  miles  S.W, 
of  Nissa. 

ORLAMUNDE,  (Oriamiinde,)  ORia-mlin^eh,  a  town  of 
Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  on  the  Saale,*  here 
joined  by  the  Orla,  43  miles  S.W.  of  Kahla.     Pop.  1164. 

OR/LAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hancock  co., 
Maine,  on  the  E,  side  of  Penob.scot  River,  55  miles  N.E.  by 
E.  of  Augusta.  It  Is  one  of  the  most  thriving  places  in  the 
county,  the  inhabitants  being  largely  engaged  in  commerce 
and  the  lumbering  business.     Pop.  1787. 

ORLAND,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Crooked  Creek,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Angola. 
ORLAND,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 
ORL.\N/DO,  a  post-office,  Philadelphia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
ORLEANNOIS  or  ORLEANNAIS.  oRn.Wn'nA/,  an  old  pro- 
vince of  France,  had  for  its  capital  Orleans;  It  now  forms  the 
gri'ater  part  of  the  departments  of  Loiret,  Eure-et-Loii,  and 
Loir-et-Cher. 

14')3 


z^S* 


ORL 


OIIN 


ORLEANS,  orHe-anz*  tut  or-leenz',  (Fr.  pron.  oR'i3'*ox«', 
Pp.  Orieanes.  ou-Xk-K-nM,  It.  Orleana,  or-lA-J'ii3,)  a  city  of 
France,  cjipital  of  the  department  of  Loiret,  on  the  ri.:rht  bank 
nf  the  Loire,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  9  arches,  68  TaV.e^ 
S.S.W.  of  I'aris,  witli  which  it  is'connected  by  railroad.  Pop. 
in  ISfii.  50.70S.  It  is  very  ancient,  and  has  many  fine 
eciunres,  hut  is  in  general  ill  built.  The  chief  edifices  are 
the  Cathedral  or  Church  of  St.  Croix,  one  of  the  fine.«t  in 
France;  and  the  Town-haU.  an  edifice  of  the  16th  century. 
It  has  an  Aaidanie  Uviversilaire.  for  the  department.s  of 
Loiret,  Loir-et-Chcr,  and  ludre-et-Loire,  a  national  collep:e. 
a  primary  normal  school,  a  secondary  medical  school,  a  pub- 
lic libr-iry  of  25.000  Tolumes,  museums  of  natuiTil  history, 
a  Ixitanic  garden,  and  a  theatre.  Its  industrial  establi.«h- 
ments  comprise  manufactures  of  hosiery,  woollens,  cottons, 
pottery-ware,  vinegar,  and  saltpetre,  sugar  refineries,  brew- 
eries, and  metal  foundries,  and  it  has  an  extensive  com- 
merce in  the  wine,  brandy,  and  vinegar  of  its  district.  Or- 
leans was  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Genabum.  after- 
wards Aurdliani.  Taken  and  destroyed  by  Cwsar,  it  took 
the  name  of  Aurdlahii  or  Aurdiahium  in  honor  of  the  Km- 
poror  Aurelian,  by  whom  it  was  embellished.  It  was  capital 
of  the  first  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  and  since  the  time  of 
Philip  de  Valois,  it  gave  the  title  of  Duke  to  a  member  of  the 
royal  family.  In  1428.  Orleans  was  besieged  for  six  months 
by  the  Kngiish,  and  delivered  by  the  heroism  of  Joan  of  Arc. 
who  hence  was  called  the  •'  Maid  of  Orleans."  In  1567,  it 
was  taken  and  pillaged  by  tlie  Gilvinists.  Eleven  councils 
have  been  held  here.  It  was  the  birth-pl.ace  of  Robert,  king 
of  France,  of  Pothier,  and  of  the  physician  Petit. 

ORLEANS.  FOREST  OF,  extending  N.  and  N.E.  of  the 
town,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  France. 

ORLEANS,  CANAL  OF.  connects  the  Loire,  by  means  of 
the  Canal  of  Loing,  with  the  Seine.  The  valley  of  Orleans 
was  devastated  by  an  inundation  of  the  Loire  in  1846. 

OIVLEANS,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Vermont,  has  an 
area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
waters  of  the  Lamoille  and  Missisque  Rlver.s  and  by  the 
Black.  Barton,  Clyde,  and  other  smaller  streams,  which 
afford  valuable  water-power.  It  contains  numerous  ponds, 
and  a  part  of  Lake  Meniphremagog  lies  within  its  borders. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven,  the  soil  is  fertile  and  easily 
cultivated,  and  although  almost  too  cold  for  Indian  corn, 
produces  the  ether  grains,  grasses,  and  fruits,  in  abundance. 
Wheat,  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  and  grass  are  the  staples. 
OrlciBs  county  abounds  in  iron  ore,  ehromate  of  iron,  and 
other  valuable  minerals.    Capital.  Irasburg.    Pop.  18,981. 

ORLEANS,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  New  York, 
has  an  area  of  379  square  miles.  It  is  Iwunded  on  the  N. 
by  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  principally  drained  by  Oak  Orchard, 
Johnson's,  and  Sandy  Creeks,  which  afford  valuable  water- 
power.  The  surface  in  the  N.  part  is  gently  undulating, 
more  elevated  in  the  S..  the  Mountain  Ridge  passing  through 
it.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  adapted  to  grass  and 
grain.  Bog  iron  ore.  and  some  sulphur  and  salt  springs  are 
found.  The  Erie  Canal  and  the  railroad  connecting  Rochester 
and  Niagara  Falls  traverse  this  county.  Organized  in  1824. 
having  previously  formed  part  of  Genesee  county,  and  named 
from  Orleans,  a  town  of  France.  Capital,  Albion.   Pop.  2^.717. 

ORLEANS,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ix>uisiana,  has  an 
area  of  about  150  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  River  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  S..  Lake  Pontchartrain  on  the  N.,  and 
Lake  Borgue  on  thei  E.  The  surface  is  level,  the  greater 
part  consisting  of  a  morass,  covered  with  coarse  grass,  and 
overflowed  daily  by  the  tide.  The  river  is  bordered  with 
fertile,  arable  land,  which  produces  sugar-cane,  Indian  corn, 
and  fruits  for  the  New  Orleans  market.  Several  railroads 
are  in  course  of  construction,  a  notice  of  which  may  be  found 
in  the  article  Nkw  Orleans.  Capital,  New  Orleans.  Pop. 
174,491,  of  whom  160.iKi7  were  free,  and  14.484. 

ORLEANS,  a  postrtownship  in  Barnstable  co.,  Mas.°a- 
chu-setti,  75  miles  in  a  direct  line,  or  100  miles  following  the 
windings  of  the  peninsula,  S.E.  by  E.  of  Boston.  It  has 
several  manufactories  of  wooden  ware;  and  in  1851. 5  vessels, 
(tons  336,)  manned  by  54  persons,  were  employed  in  the 
mackerel  fishery.     Pop.  1078. 

ORLEANS,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  14 
miles  N.  of  Watertown.    Pop.  2934. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co.,  New  York,  on 
Flint  Creek,  190  mUes  W.  of  Albany. 

OK  LEANS,  a  postoffice  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland. 

ORLEANS,  a  poEtK)fHce  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia,  112 
milos  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

ORLEANS,  a  township  of  Ionia  CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  85". 

ORLE.\NS,  a  post-township  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana. 

ORLEANS,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Orange  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  New  AUmny  and  Salem  Railroad,  66  miles 
N.W.  of  New  Albany.    Pop.  1798. 


I  i*,'*'^  ."!!'■ !""'  8f>eake.-«  concur  In  making  this  name  a  trisvl- 
laUe  with  the  accent  on  the  fir^t.  This  is  evidently  the  manner 
)D  rnicn  Shakspi'nre  pronounced  Orleans. 

-— . "Th(«<lrendfnl  lord 

Retiring  from  the  eioge  of  Oki.eans." 
*•  Was  not  the  duke  of  Oblea-NS  thy  foe?"— 
,  j^,  'Uenry  VI.,  Part  I. 


ORLEANS,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co..  Mis.«ouri.  on  the  E. 
fork  of  Sac  River,  about  120  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City, 

ORLEANS.  ISLE  OF.  Canada  K-i.<  situated  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence River.  N.W.  of  Quebec,  is  20  miles  in  length,  fri'm  S.W. 
to  N.E.,  and  6  miles  in  greatest  breadth.  Soil  fertile,  and 
well  wooded. 

ORLEANS  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co  , 
New  York. 

ORLESTONE.  orlz't^n.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

ORLETON.  orl'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

OR'LINGBURY.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ORLOF  or  ORLOV.    See  Orel. 

ORLOF  or  ORLOA',  or-lov'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Viatka,  on  the  Viatka.    Pop.  SCOO. 

ORIXIF  or  ORLOV.  a  town  of  Iiu.iisia.  government  and  19 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Voronezh,  on  the  Oosman.  I'op.  3500.  It 
was  founded  in  the  17th  centurv. 

ORLOVKA  or  ORI/JWKA.  oR-lovHiJ.  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Tchernigov,  32  miles  S.W.  of  Novgo- 
rod-Severskoie.    Pop.  15t30. 

ORMEA.  oR-mA/d,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Coni, 
18  miles  S.  of  Mondovi.  on  the  Tanaro.  Pop.  4750.  It  is 
enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  linen  and 
hempen  cloths.  It  was  nearly  depopulated  by  the  plague 
in  1630. 

ORME'S-IIEAD.  (ormz  hfd.)  GREAT,  a  peninsular  head- 
land of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon,  projecting  into  the 
Irish  Sea.  5  miles  N.N.W".  of  Conway,  and  forming  the  W. 
side  of  the  inlet  called  Orme's-Bay,  the  opposite  E.  point 
being  Little  Orme's-IIead.  On  each  of  these  headlands  is  a 
lighthouse.  Lat.  of  Great  Orme's-IIead,  53°  20'  N..  Ion.  3° 
51'  2"  W. 

ORME'S  (ormz)  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 125  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Nashville. 

OK'MISTON,  a  villI^:e  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Had- 
dington, on  the  Tj-ne,  25  miles  S.  of  Tranent.  Pop.  of  vil- 
lage in  1851.  730.  It  has  an  old  cross,  occupying  the  site 
of  an  ancient  Roman  Catholic  chapel:  in  the  pari.«h  is  Or 
miston  Hall,  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Hopetoun. 

ORM'SA  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Hehridtvs,  Scotland.  N.  of 
Lunga.  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  sound.  It  is 
Ij  miles  in  circuit.     A  lighthouse  stands  on  its  W.  coast. 

ORMS'BY,  a  parish  of  FIngland.  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

ORMSBY.  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ORMSBY.  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ORMSBY  ST.  MARGARET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ORMSBY  ST.  MICHAEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ORM'SIDE,  Geeat.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  W  estmore- 
land. 

ORMS/KIRK,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster,  with  a  station  on  the  East  I>ancashire  Rail- 
way, 13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Liverpool.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851, 
5548.  It  is  well  built,  has  a  town-hall,  a  large  church,  a 
grammar  school,  alm.shou.ses.  and  manufactyres  of  cottons, 
silks,  and  hats,  and  in  the  vjcinitv  large  collieries. 

OR'MLS  or  OR'MUZ.*  (Persian  7/o)m«)?  or  /fnrmwi,  hor'- 
mooz/;  anc.  OxyrisT  or  Orffana?)  an  island  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  on  its  N.  side,  near  its  entrance.  45  miles  duo  N.  of 
Cape  Musseiidom,  Arabia,  and  now  belonging  to  the  Sultan 
(or  Imam)  of  Muscat,  who  is  stated  to  rent  it  of  the  Shah 
of  Persia.  Lat.  27°  5'  N.,  Ion.  56°  29'  E.  It  is  a  mere  barren 
rock  about  12  miles  in  circumference,  but  important  ag 
having  been  formerly  one  of  the  richest  commercial  empo- 
riums in  the  east.  It  has  an  extraordinary  appearance  from 
the  sea,  its  mountains  being  of  variegated  colors  from  ex- 
tensive impregnations  of  salt,  sulphur,  iron,  and  copper, 
which  first-named  mineral  yields  a  considerable  revenue  to 
the  Sultan.  On  its  N.  side  is  a  town  with  a  good  harbor, 
and  a  garrisoned  fort,  which  formerly  comprised  4000  houses 
and  40.000  Inhabitants,  but  is  now  in  total  decay.  Ormug 
was  captured  in  1607.  by  the  I'ortnguese  under  Albuquerque, 
but  taken  from  them  by  the  British  and  I'ersians  in  16J2, 
when  its  trade  as  a  depot  for  the  produce  of  India.  China, 
&c.,  was  transferred  to  Gombroon. 

ORMUS.  GULF  OF,  a  term  sometimes  applied  to  the  S.E. 
portion  of  the  i'ersian  Gulf. 

ORMUS,  STRAITS  OF.  connects  the  Persian  Gulf  with 
the  Arabian  Sea.  Length  about  150  miles,  breadth  30 
miles. 

ORNAIN.  OR'nSso'.  a  river  of  France,  ri.«es  rear  Ncnvllle, 
In  the  department  of  Haute-Marne.  Hows  N.W.,  and  join* 
the  Saulx  on  Its  right  bank.     Length  P5  miles. 

ORNANS,  0R'n6s«'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Doubs.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Besan^on,  on  the  Lou6.  Pop-  in 
1852,  34^-3. 

ORNAVASSO.  OR-ni-viis'so.  a  market-town,  of  Piedmt  Jt. 
division  of  Nofara,  province  of  Pallauza,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Dome  d'Ossola.    Pop.  1652. 


•"  High  on  a  throne  of  rnval  state,  which  far 
Uulihone  the  we.iltli  o(  Okstus  or  of  Ind— " 

Milton's  Paraditt  Lost^  Book  II 


ORN 


OUT 


ORJiTR,  oRn,  a  department  of  France,  in  the  N.W.,  formed 
of  viart  of  Normandy.  Alea  2329  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  42:5,0.50.  The  surface,  agreeabl3-  (liversifled  with  ranges 
i)f  low  hills,  presents  along  the  river  courses  rich  pasture 
land;  a  considerable  part  of  it  i.s  sanJy  and  sterile.  Chief 
rivers,  the  Orne,  Touijues,  llille,  Eure,  Sarthe,  and  Mayenne. 
The  principal  minerals  are  iron,  black-lead,  and  j^ranite. 
Hemp,  apples,  and  pears  are  abundant.  Ilurses,  among  ttio 
best  in  France,  are  reared  in  the  department,  and  cattle 
are  extensively  fattened  for  the  Paris  markets.  I'owls  and 
^gs  are  important  objects  of  commerce.  Its  manufactures 
conipri>ie  pins,  needles,  linens,  cotton,  and  lace.  The  de- 
partment is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Alen(;on, 
Argentiin,  Domfront.  and  Mortagne.    Capital,  Alencjon. 

OKNE,  (anc.  OUna?)  a  small  river  of  France,  rises  near 
Seez,  in  tlie  department  of  Orne,  flows  past  Argeiitan. 
Kcouche,  and  Caen,  where  it  becomes  navigable,  and  enters 
the  Englisli  Channel.     Length  80  miles. 

OKNEVILLE,  oru'vil,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co., 
Maine,  70  miles  N.K.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  512. 

ORNOVASSU,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.    See  Orna- 

VASSO. 

OKOATIS.    See  Tab. 

OltO.MOC'TO,  a  village  of  New  Brunswick,  co.  of  Sunbury, 
on  tlie  right  bank  of  the  St.  John,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Oromocto  lUver,  about  9  miles  S.K.  of  Fredericton.  On  the 
borders  of  Grand  I.ake,  on  the  opposite  .«ide  of  the  St.  John, 
are  extensive  coal-mines,  from  which  large  quantities  of 
coal  arc  annually  raised. 

O'llONO,  a  post-township  in  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
^y.  side  of  the  I'euobscot  Kiver,  75  miles  N.!'].  of  Augusta, 
Intersected  by  the  Bangor  and  l>i.<cataquis  P.ailroad.  The 
inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  lumber  business. 
Orono  liii.s  1  bank.     Pop.  2533. 

OKONO'CO,  a  post-office  of  Amherst  co..  Virginia. 

OIIONOKO,  a  township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1249. 

0'llONS.A.Y,  a  small  island  of  the  Hebrides,  immediately 
S.  of  the  island  of  Colonsay,  and  having  on  it  some  tine 
remains  of  an  ancient  priory. 

OIWNTKS.  o-ron'tez.  (called  by  the  Arabs,  EL  AASY,  el 
id'w^e,  "  the  rebellious,")  a  river  of  Xortli  Syria,  pashalics 
of  Dam.iscus  and  Aleppo,  rises  in  Anti-libanus,  flows  N. 
through  Lake  Kadez  or  lioms,  and  to  near  Antakia  {Anliocli,) 
where  it  suddenly  turns  W.S.W.,  and  soon  enters  the  Medi- 
terranean. 40  miles  N.  of  Latakeea,  (Latakieh,)  after  an  inna- 
vigable course  of  240  miles. 

OKOPESA,  a  city  of  South  America.    See  Cochabamb.v. 

OIIOPESA,  o-ro-pi/si,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  65 
miles  N.K.  of  Caceres,  with  a  fine  old  castle  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Frias. 

OllOPESA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  13  miles  N.E. 
of  Castellon  de  la  Plana,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

OllOPO,  o-ro'po,  (anc.  Orolpus,)  a  village  of  Greece,  govern- 
ment of  Attica,  on  the  Asopo,  near  its  moutli  in  the  llurlpus, 
24  miles  E.  of  Theljes,  witli  remains  of  ancient  fortifications. 

OROSEI,  o-ro-sA'e,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  18 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Nuovo,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Orosei. 
Its  port  is  almost  useless.     Pop.  1703. 

OROSENOA,  o-ro-sfng'gi,  or  OLOOSINGA,  o-loo-sing/gi, 
one  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  South  Pacific,  belonging  to 
Navigators'  Group.  Lat.  14°  14'  S.,  Ion.  169°  34'  W.,  about  3 
miles  long. 

OROSIIAZA,  o^ro8h'hd'zoh\  a  large  village  of  East  Hun- 
gary, county  and  27  miles  S.W.  of  Bekes,  in  a  fertile  region. 
.Pop.  9581. 

OROTAVA,  o-ro-tl/vj,  a  town  of  the  Canary  Islands,  on 
tlie  N.  coast  of  Teneriffe,  below  the  Peak.  Pop.  8315.  It 
has  several  churches  and  convents,  the  governor's  residence, 
mole,  and  citadel.  Its  harbor  is  bad,  liut  it  has  an  active 
trade  in  wine,  and  extensive  fisheries. 

OROTELLI,  o-ro-t^l'lee,  or  ORTELLI,  OR-tJl'lee,  a  village 
of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  province  of  Nuoro,  on  the  left 
oank  of  the  Pirso.     Pop.  1385. 

O'ROUKE'S,  o-rooks',  a  post-olfice  of  St.  Tamany  parish, 
Louisiana. 

OliPH.VNO,  OR^fJ-no,  a  maritime  village  of  European 
Turkey,  Macedonia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Orpliaiio,  50  miles  E.  of 
Salonica.  Lat.  46°  49'  N.,  Ion.  23°  55'  E.  It  has  a  fortress, 
and  its  vicinitv  is  fertile. 

ORPHAXO.'GULF  of,  called  also  GULF  OF  CONTES/SA, 
(anc.  Strymmificus  Si'nus,)  a  gulf  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
N . W.  of  .\Iount  Athos ;  greatest  length  about  20  miles,  breadth 
perhaps  10  miles. 

0R/P1I.\N'S  ISLAND,  at  the  entrance  to  Penobscot  River, 
opposite  the  town  of  Bucksport,  I'enobscot  co.,  Maine.  It  is 
4  miles  long,  and  contains  about  5000  acres. 

OR'PniR,  a  maritime  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  Orkney  Islands, 
comprising  a  part  of  Mainland,  and  the  small  island  of  Cava. 

01l'Pl\(il'0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ORP-LE  <1  RAND,  oRp  leh  grSu",  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant.  29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1473. 

OR'itELL,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Ivincaster,  with 
a  itation  on  the  Lanca-ster  and  Yorkshire  Railway,  2i  miles 
■yV.ofWigan.     Pop.  2478. 

OlVPvERY  AND  KILMORE',  a  barony  of  Ireland,  Munster, 


CO.  of  Cork,  in  Its  N.  part.    Pop.  34,l.'i4.    It  gives  the  titio 
of  Earl  to  the  Boyle  family,  Earls  of  Cork. 

OR/lllN,  a  river  of  Scotland,  rises  in  the  S.E.  of  the  co 
of  Ross,  flows  mostly  E.,  and  joins  the  Conan,  after  a  cour.-x 
of  alxiut  27  miles. 

OR'ltlN  GLEN,  a  post-ofiice  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa. 

OK/RINOTON,  a  post-township  in  Penoliscot  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Penobscot  River,  5  miles  helovr  Bangor,  and  66  mil  -i 
E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.  It  confciins  1  Congregational  and  3 
Methodist  churches,  a  high  school,  and  8  stores.  The 
streams  afford  motive  power  for  6  saw-mills,  which  cut 
annually  aliout  2,000.000  feet  of  lumber,  several  shingle- 
mills,  lath-niills,  and  turning-mills,  and  a  paper-mill.  There 
is  also  a  steam  saw-mill,  turning  out  about  700,000  feet  of 
lumber  annually.  About  20  vessels  are  owned  here  and 
employed  in  the  West  India  and  coastwise  trade.  A  fen-y 
connects  Orrington  with  Hampden,  on  tlie  opposite  side  of 
the  I'enobscot.     Pop.  1950. 

OR'RINGTON  COR/NER,  a  village  in  the  above  township, 
contains  a  church,  2  stores,  and  the  Orrington  post-oflice. 

ORROLI,  oR'Ro-le,  a  filthy  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  and  N.N.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop,  1704. 

ORRS'TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
10  niilos  from  Chambersburg.  It  is  handsomely  built 
Pop.  35(1. 

ORRSVILLE,  a  post-village.  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ORRSVILLE,  a  village  of  Gwinnett  co..  Georgia,  on  tlie 
Chattahoochee  River,  105  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

01;  U  VI LLE,  a  post-office,  Mecklenburg  co.,  North  Carolina. 

Or.liVlliLE,  a  post-t)flice  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama. 

OHRVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

ORS.V,  oR'sd,  a  village  and  parish  of  Sweden,  lain  and  52 
uiilt'S  N.W.  of  Falun,  on  Lake  Orsa. 

ORSAltA,  oB-sd'rd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata, 
5  mill's  N.W.  of  Bovino.     Pop.  4200. 

Olt.^CIIEL,  NIEDER,  nee'df  r  oBsli'el,  a  village  of  Prussia 
province  of  Saxony.     Pop.  1C02. 

OR'SET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

ORSHA,  or  ORCII.i,  or'shd,  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  44  miles  N,  of  Moheelev,  on  tlie  Dnieper,  here  joined  by 
the  Orzhitza,     Pop.  2000. 

ORSK,  ousk,  a  fort  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  and  155 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Orenboorg,  on  the  river  t'ral.  I'op.  1260.  It 
is  a  custom-house  station  Ibr  caravans  entering  European 
Ru.ssia.    Jasper  is  abundantly  obtained  in  its  vicinity. 

ORSOVA,  (oR'»o'voh\)  NEW,  or  ADUSKELIA,  a-doo.s-k'A/- 
le-J,  a  frontier  town  of  Little  Wallachia.  on  an  island  in  the 
Danulie,  4  miles  above  the  '-Iron-gate,"  and  36  miles  E.  of 
Jloldova,  on  the  borders  of  Hungary.  It  is  a  station  for 
steam  packets,  and  for  travellers  on  the  Danube  to  cross  to 
or  from  Servia,  and  re-embark  after  a  land  journey  to  avoid 
the  innavigable  p.irt  of  the  river. 

0RS0V,4^  (oR'so'voh\)  OLD,  a  village  of  Hungary,  3  miles 
S.W.  of  New  Orsova,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube.     P.  990. 

ORSOY,  oR/soi,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  21  miles 
N,N.W.  of  Dus.seIdorf.  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1625. 

ORS/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

ORT,  oRt,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  16  miles  E.S.K. 
of  Vienna,  on  the  Danube.     Pop.  1400. 

ORTA,  oR/ti,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  and 
25  miles  N.N.W.  of  Novara,  above  the  ^\'.  sliore  of  Lake 
Orta.    Pop.  1137. 

ORTA,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata. 
13  miles  S.E.  of  Foggia.    Pop.  1500. 

OR'T.\,  LAKE  OF,  (anc.  Lalctis  Culsius ?)  of  Piedmont,  divi- 
sion of  Novara,  is  7  miles  W.  of  the  Lago  Maggiore,  into 
which  it  discharges  its  surplus  waters.  Length  8  miles, 
breadth  Ij  miles.     It  is  highly  picturesque. 

ORTE,  oR/t.A,  a  decayed  town  of  Italy.  I'ontiflcal  States.  15 
miles  E.  of  A'iterbo,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tiber.     P.  2339. 

OR/TELSBURG,(Ger.  pron.  OR/tels-b06R(i\)  a  town  of  East 
Prussia,  82  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiinigslierg,  beside  a  lake.  It  has 
a  castle  and  1520  inhabitants. 

ORTENBEHG.  oR/ten-b^RoV  a  town  of  Germany,  grand- 
duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Ober-IIessen,  on  the 
Nidder,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Frankfort.    P.  1097. ' 

ORTENBERG.a  village  of  Germany,  grand-duchy  of  Ba- 
den, circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Kinzig.     I'op.  981. 

ORTENBURG.  oR/ten-b<5oRG\  a  market-town  of  Lower  Ba- 
varia, 10  miles  W.  of  "Passau,  with  an  old  castle.    Pop.  1000. 

ORTHEZ  or  ORTIlfiS,  OR'iV,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Basses-l'yrenees,  on  the  Gave  de  Pan.  crossed  here 
by  an  old  bridge,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Pau.  Pop.  in  1852,  9948.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  copper  and  iron  wire, 
copper  wares,  and  leather,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  Bayonne 
hams,  goose-feather.s,  and  cattle.  Near  this  town,  on  27th 
February,  1814,  the  French  under  Soult  were  defeated  by 
the  .'Vnglo-Spanish  army  under  Wellington. 

ORTLER,  oRt/ler,  ORTELER,  OR/teh-ler,  or  ORTLER- 
SPITZE,  oR^er-spiVseh,  the  loftiest  mountain  of  the  Tyrol, 
and  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  is  situated  in  the  Rhictian  Alps, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Gliirns.     Elevation  12.852  feet. 

ORTNERI,  ORt-n.Vree,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  of  Cagliari,  E.N.E.  of  Oristano.     Pop.  1690. 

OR'TON   or  O'VERTON,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of 

1405 


ORT 


OSH 


England,  co.  of  ■Westmoreland,  SJ  miles  S-S-W.  of  Appleby. 
Pop.  ill  1851,  1456.  It  is  irregularly  built;  near  it  is  a  cop- 
per mine. 

OK'i'OX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

OKTO.N-LO.NGUEVXLLJ;,  or'ton  long'vil,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
lanil.  CO.  of  Hunts. 

OKTOX-ON-rilK-IIILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Leicester. 

OUTO.VWATEKVILLE,  a  pari:;h  of  England,  co.  of  Hunts. 

OllTONA,  OR-to/ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  8  miles  N.  of  Lauciauo,  on  the  Adriatic,  where  it  has 
a  small  port.  Pop.  6900.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  a  consi- 
derable trade  in  winC. 

OKTOXOVU,  oR-to-uo'vo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa,  14  miles  from  Levante.    Pop.  2150. 

OKTOXVILLE,  a  post>office  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York. 

ORTl'vAND,  oRt/rdnt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  76  miles 
E.  of  Merseburg.     I'op.  1820. 

ORUBA.  an  island  of  the  West  Indies.    See  Arub.^. 

OKUXK,  o-roo/uA.  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  pro- 
rince  and  X.X.E.  of  Xuoro.    Pop.  ISOa. 

ORUKO,  o-roo'ro.  a  town  of  Bolivia,  100  miles  N.W.  of 
Sucre,  with  5000  inhabitants,  and  many  cbui-ches  and  con- 
vents. The  department  of  Oruro,  enclosed  by  those  of  Po- 
tosi,  Paz,  and  Lamar,  is  chiefly  in  pasturage,  on  which  large 
numbers  of  cattle  are  reared. 

ORUST,  o'roost.  an  island  of  Sweden,  stift  and  28  miles 
N.W.  of  Gottenburg.  in  the  Cattegat.  Length  14  miles, 
breadth  10  miles.  The  surface  is  leve],  and  the  population 
are  employed  in  raising  hops,  rearing  cattle,  and  fishing. 

OIWAX.  a  township  of  i'ulton  co.,  Illinois. 

ORVIETO,  oK-ve-.-i'to,  (anc.  Urbs  Vdtus  or  Herbalnum.)  a 
cfty  of  Central  Italy,  .-tiite  of  Unibria,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Paglia  and  Cliiana.  affluents  of  the  Tiber,  60  miles  N.X.W. 
of  Rome.  Pop.  U210.  It  stands  on  a  scarped  rock,  and  has 
a  tine  cathedral,  rich  in  works  of  art.  archbishop's  and  papal 
residences,  a  remarkable  well,  and  Etruscan  remains. 

ORYIGO.  oK-vee'go.  or  OKBIGO,  or-Bee'go.  a  river  of  Spain, 
rises  in  the  X.  of  Leon,  flows  S.,  and  joins  the  right  bank  of 
the  Esla;  total  course  80  miles. 

OR/VILLE.  a  village  of  Ohio,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio 
and  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Cleveland  Zanesville  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railr6ads,  64  miles  from  Crestline. 

Oll'WELL.  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  rises  near 
Felsham,  flows  generally  south-eastward,  and  joins  the 
Stour  at  Harwich,  the  harbor  of  which  town  is  formed  by 
their  unit<.'d  estuary.  The  site  of  the  old  town  of  Orwell,  at 
its  mouth,  is  now  covered  by  the  sea. 

ORWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

ORWELL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kinross. 

OK'WELL.  a  post-town.ship  of  Rutland  co..  Vermont,  near 
Lake  Chauiplain.  46  miles  S.\V.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  seve- 
ral ehurclies,  and  a  bank. 

OK  WELL,  a  post-township  in  the  K.E.  part  of  p.swego  co.. 
New  Vork.  abdut  160  miles  W.X.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1435. 

ORWELL,  a  post-township  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Bradford 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1420. 

ORWELL,  a  j>ost-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ashtabula 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  961. 

OR'W  IGSBURG.  a  post-borough  of  West  Branswick  town- 
ship, Schuylkill  co.,  Penn.sylvania.  on  the  railroad  leading 
from  Reading  to  Pottsville,  9  miles  S.E.  of  the  latter.  It 
w.is  fonui-rly  the  county-seat.  Jt  contains  3  churches  and 
1  academy.     Pop.  828. 

ORZIIiTSA  or  OUJITZA.  oE-zhit'sd,  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  86  miles  W.X.W.  of  Poltava.    Pop.  1450 

OUZIXOVI,  oRd-ze-no^'ee,  or  ORCIXOVI,  oR-che-no/vee,  a 
village  of  Xorthoin  Italy,  province  and  IS  miles  S.W.  of 
Bre.-ciii.  near  the  Oglio.     Pup.  4430. 

ORZI-VECCHI,  oRd'zee  vSk'ltee,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  about  3  miles  N.E.  of  Orzi-Novi, 
hat  a  church,  sanctuary,  ajid  oratory,  and  the  remains  of  an 
old  fortress.     Pop.  1322. 

OSACC.\,  a  town  of  Japan.    See  Os.tK.'i. 

OS.iSCO,  o-sda^ko.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Pied- 
mont, 2  miles  S.  of  Pinerolo,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Clu- 
Bone.     Pop.  1000. 

OSASIO,  o-s;l/.=e-o,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion and  S.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1400. 

0'S.\Ghy.  (Fr.  pron.  o'zizh'.)  a  large  river,  which  rises  in 
the  E.  part  of  the  Indian  Territory,  and  entering  Missouri, 
near  the  X.AV.  (orner  of  Bates  co.,  falls  into  the  Missouri 
River  10  miles  I  elow  Jefferson  City.  Its  general  direction  is 
nearly  eastward,  and  its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  500 
miles.  It  1.S  the  largest  nflluent  which  the  Missouri  River 
receives  m  this  state.  Boat-  of  moderate  size  can  ascend 
ZOO  mi  es  or  n.ore,  when  the  water  is  high.  The  region 
draine.1  by  this  river  is  occupied  by  fertile  prairies  inter- 
spersed with  woodlands. 

OSAGE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  pjirt  of  Missouri,  con- 
tains about  bM  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
nL  in^r  h"7.""  *''»  ^-^V.  by  the  Osage  River,  and 
t  .      i      .mv\,""'r^"'^;"!"^.*'*"'l  -^1'"*"  «»^«".    The  sur- 

^:ii:T:::^k^x^  '■"'"■  ''"^-  '''^^  '^^  -'-•»  ^^-^ 

OsAGE.  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Arkansas. 
1400 


L 


OSAGE,  a  post-township  in  Carroll  co.,  Arkans,is. 

OSAGE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Missouri,  91  miles 
S.E.  of  Jeffer.son  City. 

OSAGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa. 

OSAGE  FORK,  of  Gasconade  River,  Missouri,  rise*  in 
Texas  co.,  and  unites  with  the  main  stream  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  La  Clede  county. 

OS.\GE  FORK  of  Maramec  River.     See  M.\r.*mec. 

OSAGE  INDIANS,  a  tribe  formerly  dwelling  in  the  Indian 
Territory,  S.  of  the  Osage  River. 

OSAGE  MILLS,  a  post-village  in  Benton  co.,  Arkansas. 

OSAKA  or  OSACCA,  o-Sil/ki,  written  also  SAKAIR,  SA- 
KAE  or  OIIOSAKA,  a  .seaport,  and  one  of  the  5  great  impe- 
rial towns  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  on  it.-i  S.'W.  coast,  S3 
miles  from  Miako,  of  which  it  is  the  port;  lat.  34°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
135°  25'  E.    It  has  a  strong  citadel,  and  an  extensive  trade. 

0S.\NIIVPA.  a  post-office  of  Chambers  co.,  Alaliama. 

OSBALIVESTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

OSBALD'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

OSBORN.  of  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Sandusky  and  Dayton 
Railroad,  10  miles  from  Dayton. 

OS/BORNE,  the  marine  residence  of  the  Queen  of  Great 
Britain.  Isle  of  Wight.  Ij  miles  from  West  Cowes. 

OSBORNE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  28 
miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

OSBORNE  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  Admiralty  Gulf,  off  thfe 
N.W.  coast  of  -Australia. 

OSBORN  MILL,  a  district  in  Harris  co..  Georgia. 

OSBORN'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  New  York. 

OSBORN'S  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Virtrinia. 

OSBORN'S  HOLLOW,  a  post-village  of  Broome  co.,  New 
York,  loO  miles  W,  by  S.  of  Albany. 

QSBOURNBY,  oz/burn-be,  a  parish  of  Englan*,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

OSCA.     See  IIuEsc.i. 

OSCACASALE.  os-kS-ki-sill  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy, 
province  and  12  miles  N.W.  of  Cremona.     Pop.  1180. 

OSCARSTAD,  os'kaR-stddN  or  ARVIKA,  aR-vet'kd.  a  town 
of  Sweden,  lien  and  40  miles  N.W.  of  Carlstad.  Founded 
in  1811,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  son  of  Bernadotte. 

OSCEi  )LA,  os'se-o'la,  a  recently  organized  county  in  the 
N.W.  central  part  of  Michigan,  contains  576  square  miles. 
It  is  hiteisected  by  the  Maskegon  River.    Pop.  in  1860,  27. 

OSCEOL.i,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering 
on  the  state  of  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  aliout  535  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  waters  of  the  Little  Sioux 
River,  which  flows  into  the  Missouri.  This  county  is  not 
included  in  the  census  of  1S60.  Named  in  honor  of  the 
celebrated  Seminole  chief,  Osceola. 

OSCEOLA,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
.  of  Lewis  CO.,  New  York.    Pop.  595. 

OSCEOL.\,  a  post-office  of  lioga  co..  Pennsylvania. 

OSCEOL.V,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  Alal>auia. 

OSCEOLA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mississippi  co..  Arkan- 
sas, on  the  Mississippi  River.  87  miles  above  Jleniphis. 

OSCEOLA,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  70  miles 
N.  of  Columbus. 

OSCEOIy.\,atown8hipof  Livingston  CO.,  Michigan.  P.  1084. 

OSCEILA,  a  post-township  of  Stark  co.,IlIinois.  Pop.]0(T0. 

OSCEOLA.apost-Tillage,  capital  of  St.  Clair  CO..  Mo.,  on  the 
Osage,  132  miles  M'.S."W.  of  Jefferson  City.    It  lias  a  bank. 

OSCEOLA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about 
45  miles  S.  of  Des  Moines. 

OSCEOL.\,  a  post-offlce  of  Fond  du  Lac  co..  Wi-consin. 

OSCEOLA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co., 
Michigan.  50  miles  N.W'.  by  W.  of  Detroit. 

O.SCEOLA  MILLS,  a  village  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin.      . 

OSCH.  0SK-,  a  market-town  of  the  Netherland.s.  province 
of  North  Brabant.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Boi.«-le-Duc. 

OSCII.'^TZ,  o'shats.  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  railway  from 
Leipsic  to  Dresden,  31  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leipsic.  Pop.  5300. 
It  is  enclosed  bv  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollens. 

OSCHERSLEBEN,  osh'ers-li'ben,  a  walled  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  on  the  Bode,  19  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Magdeburg, 
with  a  station  on  the  railway  to  Brunswick.  Pop.  3850.  It 
has  a  castle,  and  some  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

OSCUIRI,  os-kee'ree,  or  OSKERI.  o.i-k.VriH',  a  village  of 
the  Island  of  Sardinia,  division  and  29  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sag- 
sari.     Pop.  1993. 

OSCHITZ.  osh'its,  a  municipal  town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Reichenlierg.     Pop.  950. 

OSCO'DA.  a  new  and  unorganized  county  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  Michigan,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Aux  Sable  River,  which  flows  from  W.  to  E.  The  am- 
sus  of  1860  gives  no  returns  for  this  county. 

OSERO,  (anc,  Apsorus.)  an  i.sland  of  Illyria.     See  LosstM. 

OSERO,  o-s.A/ro.  a  maritime  town  of  Illyria,  on  tlie  W.  cido 
of  the  island  of  Cherso,  in  the  Adriatic,  opposite  the  islind 
of  Lossini,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  bridge.  Pop 
1500.    It  has  a  fine  cathedral. 

OS'G.VrilORPE,  a  parish  of  Enzland.  co.  of  Leiceste-. 

OS/GODBY  WITH  KIRK'BY.  a  parish  of  Englar.d.  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

OSHA,  OSCHA  or  OCHA,  o'shi,  a  liver  of  Siberia,  issne 


OSII 


OSS 


from  Lake  Teniz,  government  of  Tobolsk,  and  joins  the  Ir- 
tish. 30  miles  lielow  Tara.    Total  course,  140  miles. 

OS'IIAUKU'TA  or  HILL'S  CORXKKS,  a  small  post-village 
of  Oilurabia  co..  Wisconsin,  30  miles  N.  of  Madison. 

OJ^HAWA,  o-sh4'wd;  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  York,  33  miles  N.K.  of  Toronto.  It  contains 
Beveral  stores,  hotels,  and  mills.     Pop.  ahout  1150. 

(tj'lIKOSII,  the  capital  ot  AVinnt-ljiigo  co.,  Wisconsin,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Fox  River,  at  its  entrance 
into  Lake  Winnebago,  on  ground  that  slopes  gradually  to- 
wards the  lake  and  river,  affording  good  drainage  for  the 
whole  city.  Immediately  above  this  place  the  river  widens 
out  into  Lake  Butte  des  Morts.  Owing  to  the  proximity  of 
BO  much  water  the  heats  of  summer  are  much  tempered 
and  the  nights  in  particular  are  always  cool  and  pleasant. 
Lumber  and  agricultural  machinery  are  the  principal  man- 
fKor  continuation,  see  .Appexmx.] 

OSIIMOONKYN  or  ACILMOUXEYN,  osh-moo-nan',  writ- 
ten also  KSCIIMUNEIN  or  ESUMOUNKYN,  a  large  vil- 
lage of  Egvpt,  W.  of  the  Nile,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
UnrmnpfiUs' Magna,  lat.  27°  50'  N.,  Ion.  about  30°  50'  E.  I'op. 
estiaia'ed  at  from  4000  to  10,000.  In  its  vicinity  are  some 
highly  interisting  ruins. 

CSII'TK.MO.  a  township,  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1239. 

OSIECZNU,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  S^ol!CH^EST. 

OSIULIA,  o-seel'yd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Genoa,  about  24  miles  from  Savona.     Pop.  1400. 

OSILO,  o-see'lo,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari, 
6  miles  E.  of  Sa-^sari.     Pop.  2000. 

OSl-MA,  o-see'm,i.  a  .small  island  of  Japan,  40  miles  AV.  of 
Matsmai.  on  the  island  of  Y'es.so. 

OSI  MX,  a  bay  of  Japan.     See  Odawara. 

OSIMO.  os/e-mo,  (anc.  Auxiinum.)  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
Pontifical  States,  on  a  bill  near  the  Musone,  9  miles  S.  of 
Ancoiin.     Pop.  13.430. 

OSIO-DI-S!Jl'KA,  o'se-o  dee  so/prJ,  and  OSIO-DI-SOTTO, 
o'.se-o  dee  sot'to,  two  adjacent  villages  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  llergamo.     United  pop.  2800. 

OSIOOT.  a  town  of  Uiipcr  Kgyjjt.     See  SlooT. 

OSKALOo'SA.  a  ftourisliing  i>ost>village,  capital  of  Ma- 
haska county,  lowii,  on  the  Des  Mnincs  Valley  Railroad,  100 
miles  N.W.  of  Keoknk,  and  4  miles  N.  of  the  Des  Moines 
River.  It  has  an  elevated  and  healthy  situation  in  the  midst 
of  a  fertile  country.  It  contained  in"lS64,  8  churches,  a  col- 
lego,  1  national  bank,  1  state  bank,  and  1  woollen  factory. 
Two  newspapers  are  publi.shed  here.  The  Yearly  Mlictiiig 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  for  the  state  of  Iowa  is  held  here. 
Laid  out  in  1844.  Population  June,  1851,  916;  in  1860, 
4393. 

OSKOL,  os-kol',  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government 
of  Koorsk,  Hows  generally  S.,  and  in  the  government  of 
Kharkov  joins  the  Donets  on  the  left,  about  15  miles  below 
Izioom.    Total  course,  partly  navigable.  210  miles. 

OSKOL  N'OVOI,  os-kol'  no-voi',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Koor.sk.  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Oskol,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Donets  92  miles  S.E.  of  Koorsk. 

OSKOL  STAROI,  os-kol' .st4-roi'.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Koorsk.  on  a  hill.  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Koorsk. 

OSLAUAN,  os'low-an\'or  OSL.\.WA.\Y,  os-ia-<N'd'nee,  a 
market-town  of  Austrian  Moravia,  12  miles  W.S.W,  of 
Briinn,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Oslawa.     Pop.  1162. 

OSMA,  os'nid.  (anc.  Oxnmaf)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  26  miles  S.W.  of  Soria,  on  the  Ucera.  Pop.  617.  It  has 
a  fine  cathedral,  and  some  Roman  antiquities. 

OSMA,  (anc.  O.^htms.)  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  Bulga- 
ria, joins  the  Danube  near  Xicopolis.     Length  100  miles. 

OSM.'VN.  os^rnSn'.  a  town  of  India,  Punjab,  between  the 
Indus  and  .Ihylum  Rivers;  lat.  33°  53'  N.,  Ion.  72°  52'  E. 

0SMA.\-1!.VZ.\R,  os-mdn'  bi-zar',  a  town  of  European 
Turkey.  Buliraria,  32  miles  W.  of  Shoomla. 

OSMAX.IIK  OP  OSMAXDJIK,  os-nidn-jeek',  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Seevas.  54  miles  W.X.VV.  of  Ama- 
Hia.  on  the  Kizil-irmak,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  10  arches. 
It  h.as  a  ruined  fortre.'s.  It  is  unhealthy  from  its  low  situ- 
ation and  lad  water. 

O.^'.M  VSrON,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

OS'.MIXOTOX.  a  pari.'^h  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

OSMOTII'ERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Ridinc. 

OSMUS.    See  Osma. 

OSXABRUCK,  (Osnabrlick.)     See  OsN-.\BUlta, 

OSX.\BKUCK,  os'ni-briik\  an  extensive  district  or  Innd- 
drostei  of  Hanover,  bounded  W%  by  Holland.  Area  2411 
square  miles.     Pop.  261,965. 

O.S'.XABUliG.  (Ger.  Osnabrnck,  os'nd-briik\)  a  town  of 
Hanover,  capital  of  the  above  district,  on  the  Hase,  an 
affluent  of  the  Ems.  74  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hanover.  Pop. 
16,1.S0.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  entered  by  5  gates,  and  con- 
nists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town.  Principal  edifices,  the  old 
pjilace.  Town-hall,  in  which  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  was  con- 
cluded in  lt)4S.  Court-house,  Cathetiral,  several  Lutheran  and 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  2  gymnasia,  a  Lutheran  or- 
phan asylum,  numerous  bospital.s,  and  a  workhouse.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  tobacco,  chiccory.  soap, 
paper,  and  leather.    Its  chief  trade,  the  export  of  linen 


fabrics,  and  cattle,  is  favored  by  its  position  en  thf<  higrh 
route  betweeif  Bremen  and  the  Lower  Rliine.  Osnabvirg 
was  erected  into  a  .see  by  Charlemagne,  in  888;  and  in  1082 
it  was  surrounded  >)y  walls.  The  negotiations  for  the  peace 
of  Westphalia,  which  ended  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  were 
carried  on  here.  The  l)lshoprio  was  secularized  in  1803,  and 
incorporated  with  Hanover. 

OS.XABUKG,  an  island  of  the  Society  group,  called  also 
MAITEA.  (which  see.) 

OS'XAliURG.  a  jiost-village  and  town.ship  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  124  miles  X.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  2ir26. 

OS'XABURGH  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  21°  54'  S-,  Ion. 
138"  59'  34"  W.,  is  14  miles  long,  and  well  wooded, 

OSXAIO  or  OSNAJO,  os-nd'yo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Conio.     Pop.  1362. 

OSO'LO,  a  township  in  Elkhart  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  763. 

OSOPl'O,  o-sop/po,  a  t<iwn  of  Austrian  Italy,  province  of 
Friuli.  15  miles  X.N.W.  of  Udine.     Pop.  1250. 

OSORNO,  o-soR/no,  a  volcano  of  Patagonia,  W.  coast,  op- 
posite the  island  of  Chiloe,  lat.  41°  S..  Ion.  70°  40'  W". 

OSORXO,  o-soR'no,  a  river,  lake,  and  ruined  town  of  Chili, 
province  of  Valdivia.  The  river"rises  in  the  large  lake  at 
its  foot,  flows  N.W.,  and  enters  the  Pacific  34  mile*  S.W.  of 
Valdivi.a,  having  the  ruins  on  its  bank. 

OSORNO  MAYOR.  o-soR/no  ml-oit/,  a  village  of  Spain, 
Leon,  province  and  32  miles  N.  of  Pnlencia. 

OSPEDALETTO,  os-pA-dd-lft'to,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  9  miles  S.E.  of  Lodi,  near  the  Lambro.  Pop. 
1573. 

OSPEDALETTO  or  OSPITALETTO.  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  and  8  miles  W.  of  Brescia.     I'op.  1645, 

OS'PRINGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  2  miles 
U'.S.W.  of  Feversham.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  hospital, 
founded  by  Henry  111. 

OSS  or  OS,  OS.  (formerly  OSCII,  osK.)  a  market-town  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  13  miles  N.E. 
of  Bois-li!-Duc.-  Pop.  1113. 

OS'SA,  (Gr.  0<j-<ra ;  modern  Kisnolrn.)  a  mountain  of  Thcs- 
saly,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Pencils,  immediately  N.  01 
Mount  Pelion,  and  iKiunding,  with  the  opposite  chain  of 
Mount  Olympus,  the  reputed  vale  of  Tempe. 

OSSA,  os'.si,  a  river  of  West  Prussia,  joins  the  Vistula 
near  Graudenz,  after  a  W.  course  of  45  mile.s. 

OSSA,  os'sd,  a  bay  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Gilolo.  with  the  village  of  O.^sa  on  its  S.  coast. 

OSSA,  os'sd,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  68  miles 
S.W.  of  I'erm.  on  the  Kama.     Poji.  about  2000. 

OS'SAB.\W'  ISLAND,  of  Bryan  co.,  Georgia,  at  the  mouth 
of  Ogeecliee  Kiver.  is  about  10  miles  long.  Ossabaw  Sound 
is  situated  immediately  N.  of  the  island. 

OSSABLl  K(JV0  or  OSSABLIKOWO,  os-sd-ble-ko/vo.  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and -S.E.  of  Vladimeer.     Pop.  2860. 

OSSAtiO,  os-sd/go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  5  miles  S.  of  Lodi.     Pop.  1296. 

OSSAIA,  os-si/d,  (t.  e.  '•  the  bones,")  a  frontier  village  ol 
Tuscany,  province  of  Arezzo,  3  miles  S.  of  Cortona.  and  N. 
of  the  Lake  of  Perugia,  (anc.  TUrasyinrlntts.)  From  the  num, 
ber  of  human  remains  found  ht^e.  it  it  supposed  to  t;e  the 
site  of  the  famous  victory  giiined  by  the  Carthaginians  un- 
der Hannibal,  over  the  Romans  under  Flaminius,  li.  c.  217. 

OSSAU,  GAVE  DE.    See  Gave  D'Ossau. 

OSSA/W.\,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Michigan. 

OSSEG  or  OSSEK,  os'sik,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  22  miles 
N.AV.  of  Leitmeritz,  with  a  magnificent  abbey,  which  has  a 
librarv  of  40,000  volumes. 

OS'SEO  or  bS'CEO,  a  village  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Southern  Railroad,  5  miles  E.  of  Hillsdale,  has  about 
100  inhabitants. 

OSSERO,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea.    See  Lo.s.si\-i. 

OS/SETT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West  Riding. 

OSSI,  os'see.  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division  and  4  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  2297. 

OSSIAX,  osh'yan,  a  post-village  and  township  at  the  N.E. 
extremity  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  Y'ork,  about  233  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Albany. 

OSSIAN,  a  village  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana,  11  miles  N.  of 
Bluflfton. 

OSSIAN,  a  post-office  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa. 

OS'SIN,  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows  into  Rock  River, 
in  Dodge  co.,  near  the  S.  end  of  W  innebago  Marsh. 

OSSIXG  en,  os'sing-en,  a  vilVage  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  1177. 

OS'SIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

OS'SIXIXG,  a  township  of  Westchester  co.,  New  York,  ou 
the  Hudson  River  and  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  32 
miles  N.  of  New  York.  It  contains  the  village  of  Sing  Sing. 
Total  population,  6766. 

OS'SIPEE.  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Carroll 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  W.  side  of  Ussipee  Lake,  45  milet^ 
N.N.E.  of  Concord.  '  Pop.  1997. 

OSSIPEE  LAKE,  in  the  E.  part  of  New  Hampshire,  id 
Carroll  co.  It  is  nearly  circular,  being  about  6  miles  in  \U 
greater,  and  4  or  5  miles  in  its  smaller  diameter. 

OSSIPEE  MOUNTAIN,  of  Grafton  co..  New  Hampshire,  s 
range  lying  Immediately  W.  of  Os.-ipee  Lake. 

1407 


OSS 

OSSrPEE  RITER,  forms  the  outlet  of  Ossipee  I-ake,  in 
Strafford  co.,  New  Hampshire,  and  flowing  easterly  into 
Maine,  after  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  York 
and  Oxford  counties,  falls  into  the  Snco  River. 

OSS^OXA.  os-so'nd.  a  village  and  parish  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  I'avia.  8  miles  X.  of  Abbiate  Grasso.     Pop.  14<j9. 

OSSORKK,  os-so'ree.  (Hindoo  Asooree  or  Asiiri.)  a  large  ril- 
Lige  of  Hiudostan,  Mysore,  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Xundydroog. 
Near  it  is  a  noble  reservoir,  connected  with  the  town  by  an 
avenue  of  trees. 

OS'SORY,  an  old  principality  and  a  diocese  of  Ireland, 
Leinster,  co.  of  Kilkenny,  and  Queen's  and  King's  counties. 
Since  1S33,  the  Protestant  as  well  as  r.oinan  Catholic  see  has 
had  its  seat  at  Kilkenny. 

OSSORY,  Upper,  formerly  a  barony  in  Queen's  co.,  Ireland. 

OSSUN,  osVux"/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jlautes- 
Pyreuees,  10  miles  S.\V'.  of  Tarbes.  I'op.  29(5-1.  Near  it 
a  famous  battle  with  the  Saracens  took  place  in  the  8th 
century. 

OSSCnA.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Oscka. 

OSTASIIKOV  or  OSTASCHKOW,  os-tJsh-kov/,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  lOi  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tver,  on 
Lake  Salig.  Pop.  8990.  It  is  built  mostly  of  wood,  but  its 
public  edifices  are  handsome  stone  structures,  and  comprise 
eeveral  churches  and  hospitals,  and  an  extensive  bazaar. 
It  has  large  salt  and  spirit  magazines,  malt-houses,  tanneries, 
soap  works,  and  ship-building  docks. 

OSTK.  os'teh,  a  river  of  Hanover,  n.^es  in  the  W.  of  the 
principality  of  Liineburg.  flows  X.W.  and  enters  the  estuary 
of  the  Kibe,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Otterndorf ;  length  80  miles. 

OSTEXD,  o»-tSnd',  (i'r.  Ostende,  os't^Nd',)  a  fortified  sea- 
port town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  ilanders,  on  the 
North  Sea.  60  miles  N.  of  the  North  Foreland  (in  Kent).  Lat. 
51°  14'  1"  N.,  Ion.  2°  55'  5"  E.  Pop.  17.159.  It  is  regularly 
and  neatly  built,  and  its  houses  are  painted  of  dilferent 
wlors.  Principal  eilifices,  the  citadel,  and  a  good  bathing- 
nousc,  it  being  a  wat«ring-place  sometimes  resorte<J  to  by 
the  Belgian  court.  It  has  a  large  inner  harbor,  which  is 
however  not  always  accessible;  some  sugar  and  salt  re- 
finerie.s,  sailcloth,  soap,  and  other  factories,  rope-walks, 
building-docks,  active  cod  and  herring  fisheries,  and  a  large 
trade  in  agricultural  produce.  It  has  regular  steam  com- 
munication with  I/Ondon  and  Dover,  and  is  connected  with 
Antwerp  by  the  great  Belgian  Railway,  and  with  Bruges 
by  the  Osteud"  and  Bruges  Canal.  A  submarine  electric 
telegraph  connects  it  with  England.  Ostend  was  founded  in 
the  9th  century,  walled  in  1445,  and  regularly  fortitied  in 
15S5,  by  the  Prince  of  Orange.  It  sustaiuetl  a  memorable 
siege  from  1001  to  1604,  during  which  it  lost  about  50.000, 
and  the  Spanish  besiegers  more  than  80,000  men.  In  1S26, 
a  great  part  of  the  town  was  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of 
a  powder-magazine. 

OSTEND,  a  post-oflRce  of  Washington  CO..  Ohio. 

OSTEXD.  a  postotfioe  of  JlcIIenry  co.,  Illinois. 

OSTEXFELD,  os'ten-f  ^lt\  a  village  and  parish  of  Denmark, 
duchy  and  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sleswick. 

OSTEli,  os'ter.  or  O.STR,  os'fr,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  government  of  Tchernigov,  flows  W.  and  joins  the  Desna, 
at  the  town  of  Oster;  total  cour.se  100  miles. 

OSTER,  cs/ter,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  44  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Tchernigov,  on  the  Desna,  here  joined  by  the 
Oster.    Pop.  2000. 

OSTERBURG.  os'ter-booRo\  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
on  the  railway  from  Slagdeburg  to  Hamburg,  47  miles  N. 
of  M.Hgdeburg.    Pop.  22S6. 

OSTERBY,  os'ter-bU\a  small  town  of  Sweden,  Iwn  and  29 
miles  N.X.E.  of  UpsaJ.  It  has  foi^es  and  smelting  houses 
for  the  iron  from  the  famous  adjacent  mine  of  Danneniora. 

OSTERFELD,  os'ter-f^lt\  a  town  of  Germanv,  Prussian 
Saxony,  '20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  970. 

OSTERHOFEX,  os'ter-hoYen.  a  town  of  Germany,  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Lower  Bavaria.  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Landau.     P.  592. 

OSTERODE.  os'teh-ro'deh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  on  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Leine,  at  the  foot  of  the  Harz.  51  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Hanover.  Pop.  5197.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  several 
churches  and  liospitals,  a  gymnasium,  and  a  castle  now  used 
as  a  royal  granary  for  the  supply  of  corn  to  the  miners  of  the 
Harz.  It  has  active  manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton 
goods,  with  others  of  table  linens  and  long  cloths,  tobacco, 
soap,  white-lead,  and  metallic  and  wooden  wares,  with 
breweries,  distilleries,  and  tanneries. 

OSTERODE,  a  town  of  East  Prussia.  75  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Kiinigsberg,  on  Lake  Drcwenz.    Pop.  2610. 

OSTEROE,  os'ter-ii'  or  os/terniVh.  one  of  the  FiSriie  Islands. 

OSTER-RIPOER.  os'ter  ree'sciVr.  a  seaport  town  of  Noi> 
way,  stift  and  60  miles  N.E.  of  Christiansand,  on  a  penin- 
Bula  in  the  Cattegat.  Pop.  1700.  It  has  an  export  trade 
In  timber  and  iron. 

OSTERKKICH,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Austria. 

0.-.TEBSLXD.  o.s'ter-soond\  a  town  of  North  Sweden,  capi- 
tal of  a  Ift-n.  112  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hemiisand.     Pop.  1600. 

OS■rER^UXD,  a  la-n  of  Sweden.  Area  19.-208  square  miles. 
I'op.  49.0,1.     See  .lEMTLASD. 

OSTEIIWICK,  os/t»r^ik\  a  frontier  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Magdebvrg.    Pop.  3350. 


OST 

OSTHAMMER,  ost-hjm'mer,  a  small  seaport  town  of 
Sweden,  Isen  and  65  miles  N.  of  Stockholm.     Pop.  1000. 

OSTHEIM.  GROSS,  gi-oce  ost/hlme,  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
Lower  Franconia,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Aschaffenburg.     Pop.  2100. 

OSTHEIM,  KLEIX,  kline  ost/hlme.  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  Main.  4  miles  X.W.  of  Aschaffenburg. 

OSTHEIM-VOR-DER  HHON,  (Rhon,)  osfhime  voR  dJr 
riin.  a  town  of  Saxe-Weimar,  principality  and  87  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Eisenach.  It  is  enclosed  with  walls,  and  has  a  college 
and  hospital.    Pop.  2600. 

OSTHOFEX,  ost/ho'fen,  a  market-town  of  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Rhein-llessen,  near 
the  Rhine,  6  miles  N.X.W.  of  Worms.     Pop.  -2750. 

OSTIA,  os/te-5,  a  village  of  Central  Italv.  Pontitical  States, 
at  the  S.  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rome.  The 
chief  edifice  is  a  castle  founded  in  the  15tli  centui-y.  The 
ancient  city,  li  miles  distant,  was.  in  former  times,  the  prin- 
cipal port  of  Rome,  but  was  wholly  destroyed  in  'he  middle 
ages.     From  its  site  many  sculptures  have  been  recovered. 

OSTIAKS,  o.s/te-aks".  a  people  in  the  S.  part  of  Siberiai, 
between  the  Irtish  and  Yeni.sei  rivers. 

OSTIANO,  os-te-S'no.  or  USTIANO,  oos-te-i'no.  a  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Canneto.     Pop.  3400. 

OSTIGLI.i,  08-teel'yd,  (anc.  Hoslilia,)  a  town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mantua,  on  tlie  Po.    Pop.  3000. 

OSTR,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Osier. 

OSTR A.  os'trj,  OSTR AU,  os/trOw.  or  OSTRAWA,  os-tr3'wl, 
a  town  of  Moravia,.6  miles  S.S.M'.  of  Hradi.^^ch,  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  March.  Pop.  2430.  Here  is  a  castle,  the  pro- 
perty of  Prince  Liechtenstein. 

OSTRASIA,  o.s-trA'.<he-.H,  (Fr.  Ostrasie,  osHri'zee'.)  or  AL'S- 
TRASIA,  aws-tr,Vshe-.a,  (Fr.  Aimtrasie,  bsHri'zce/,)  the  most 
eastern  of  the  portions  into  which  the  empire  of  Charle- 
magne was  divided  by  his  successors.  It  appears  to  have 
extended  from  the  Meuse  on  the  west  to  the  Biihmerwald 
Mountains  on  the  east,  and  to  have  included  the  W.  part 
of  the  archduchy  of  Austria.  The  name  is  derived  from  the 
Teutonic  ost  or  oster,  "eastern,"  being  from  the  same  root  as 
Austria,  (Oesterreich :  i.  e.  "eastern  Kingdom.")  In  like 
manner  Neustria  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  icftt.  (Fr. 
Quest,)  the  initial  iV  being  prefixed  perhaps  for  the  sake  of 
euphony,  or  for  more  dearly  marking  the  distinction  be- 
tween this  name  and  Austria  or  Oytrasia. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
OsTR.fciAN,  os-trA'she-an,  or  Austrasiax,  aws-trA'she-.?n. 

OSTKAII,  os/trow,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  Ostrawitza, 
30  miles  N.E.  of  Weisskirchen.     I'op.  1690. 

OSTRAAVITZ.  os'tra-*its\  a  village  of  Moravia,  on  the 
Ostrawitza,  20  miles  from  Freiberg.    Pop  1317. 

0STR1N.\.  os-tree/ud.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Grodno.    Pop.  1700. 

OSTRITZ,  os'trits,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  NeLsse,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Zittau.    Pop.  1470. 

OSTROG,  os-trog',  (i.  e.  n  "  palisaded  fort,")  a  town  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,governmentof  Volhynia.  ontheGorin,  100  miles 
W.  of  Zhitomeer.  Pop.  6400.  of  whom  many  are  Jews.  It 
consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  and  has  an  ancient  castie. 

OSTROGOISK,  OSTROGOJSK,  os-tro-goisk/,  or  OSTRA- 
GASCHESK,  os-trd-gd-sh5sk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  59  miles  S.  of  Voronezh,  on  the  Sosna.  Pop.  4400.  It 
has  large  magazines,  and  extensive  horse  and  cattle  fairs. 

OSTROGOmilA,  (Ger.  Ostergotland,  os'ter-got'Unt,)  an 
old  province  of  Sweden,  now  the  laen  of  Linkiiping. 

OSTROK.  os-trok',  a  remarkable  convent  of  Montenegro, 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Cattaro,  near  the  borders  of  Herzegovina. 
It  is  built  in  a  spacious  cavern,  on  the  side  of  a  cliff,  whii  h 
rises  400  feet  atove  it,  and  is  the  great  stronghold  and  chief 
powder  magazine  of  the  Montenegrins.  In  1768  it  was  de- 
fended by  30  men  against  30.000  Turks. 

OSTROLEXKA,  os-tro-l^n'kd.  a  town  of  Poland,  province 
and  80  miles  N.E.  of  Plock,  on  the  Narew,  here  crossed  by 
a  wooden  bridge.  Pop.  1850.  Near  it  an  engagement  look 
place  between  the  Poles  and  Russians  in  1831. 

OSTROPOL.  os-tro'pol,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 

government  of  Volhvnia,  59  miles  S.W.  of  Zhitomeer.  P.  1920. 

O.STROV  or  OSTROW.  os-trov',  (i.e.  "island.")  a  town  of 

Russia,  government,  and  35  miles  S.  of  Pskov,  on  an  island 

formed  by  the  A'elikaia.  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge. 

Pop.  1500.     It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  inostly  built  of  wood, 

but  has  a  palace,  and  a  cathedral  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

OSTROV,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Ostrow. 

OSTROA'ITZ.  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Ostrovizza. 

OSTROVIZZA.  o.s-tro-vit/sd,  »  market-town  of  Dalmatia, 
25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zara. 

OSTROVIZZA.  os-tro-vit/sJ.  or  OSTROVITZ,  os'tro-vits'', 

a  market-town  of  European  Turkey.  Bosnia,  on  the  TJnna. 

OSTROVNO.  os-trov'no.  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 

90  miles  N.X.W.  of  Moheelev.  on  the  South  Dwina.  Pop.  200a 

Here  the  Russians  were  defeated  by  the  French  in  1812 

OSTROVO,  os-tro/vo.  a  small  town  of  European  TurKey, 
Macedonia,  on  the  shore  of  a  lake  of  its  own  name,  31  miilrf 
E.  by  S.  of  Monastir.  ' 

OSTROW.  os/trov,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Siedler. 
19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Radzyn.    Pop.  1.500. 

OSTROWIEC,  os-trdv'yJts.  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of 
Sandomier,  10  miles  N.  of  Opatow     Pop.  20G0. 


OST 

OSTROWO,  os-tro'<^o.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  67  miles 
S  E.  of  Posen.  Pop.  4510.  It  has  Lutheran  and  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

Oc^'lKUM.^A,  os-troom'jd,  a  t<jwn  of  European  Turkey, 
Macedonia,  5.3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gliiustendil. 

OSTRZKSZOW,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  ScniiDBERO. 

0?T.SKK  or  OESTSKE.  (EAST  .'^EA.)    See  Baltic  Sea. 

OSTIJXI,  os-too'nee.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto. 
24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Krindisi.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  a  bishop's 
iee,  and  has  numerous  churches  and  convents. 

OSUN'A,  o-.soo'nd,  or  OSSUN'A,  os-soo^ui,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  43  miles  E.  of  Seville.  Pop.  17,556.  It  stand.i 
on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  crowned  with  a  castle;  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  good  public  walks,  and  has  4  ho.«pitals.  and  two 
sets  of  barracks;  it  had  formerly  a  university  in  considi»ra- 
ble  repute,  and  it  is  important  as  a  military  post.  Trade 
chiefly  in  corn,  oil,  wine,  fruit,  rush  wares,  and  capers. 

OSVEIA  or  OSVEJA,  o.s-vil'yd,  a  market-tow^n  of  Kus.«ia, 
government  and  98  miles  >;.W.  of  Vitebsk,  on  the  Lake 
Osveja.     Pop.  ISOO. 

OSnVALDKIUK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Biding. 

0£'\V'ALTD\riSTLE,  township  of  England,  co.  Lancaster. 

OSWATO,  o»-wi'o,  a  creek,  which  rises  In  the  N.  p.irt  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  joins  the  Alleghany  Hivor  in  Xew  York. 

OSWAY'O,  a  post-township  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Potter 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.*  Pop.  5S1. 

OSWEGATCIIIE,  (osVe-gatch'e,)  a  river  of  Xew  York,  rises 
in  Lewis  co..  and  flowing  through  St.  Lawrence  county, 
empties  itself  into  the  St.  Lawnince  Itiver,  at  Ogdensburg. 
Its  whole  length  is  about  120  miles.  The  outlet  of  Black 
Lake  enters  it  about  4  miles  fi-om  its  mouth. 

OSWEGATCIIIE,  a  township  and  collection  district  of  St. 
Lawrence  co.,  Xew  York,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  Kiver.  Pop. 
of  township,  including  Ogdensburg,  10.821 . 

PSWE'GO,  a  river  of  New  York,  a  stream  forming  the 
outlet  of  all  the  small  lakes  in  Western  Xew  York.  The 
Seneca  Iliver,  after  having  received  the  Canandaigua,  the 
Cayuga,  and  Owasco  outlets,  the  Oneida  Kiver,  and  many 
other  smaller  streams,  all  discharge  their  waters  into  the 
Oswego,  which  flows  in  nearly  a  straight  course  X.X.W.  to 
Lake  Ontario.  Length  24  miles;  breadth  about  200  yards. 
It  is  a  very  powerful  stream,  and  falls,  during  Its  entire 
course,  above  120  feet,  of  which  34  feet  are  within  the  city 
limits  of  Oswego.  The  Oswego  Canal  is  formed  principally  by 
■"•   the  improvement  of  the  natural  course  of  the  (Mwego  Kiver. 

OSWEGO,  a  county  in  the  N.X.E.  part  of  Xew  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  960  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.W.  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  in  part  on  the  S.  by  Oneida  Lake 
and  Kiver,  and  is  drained  by  the  Oswego  and  Salmon  Rivers, 
and  other  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant  water- 
power.  The  surface  is  level  or  undulating ;  soil  generally 
fertile.  This  county  contains  iron  ore  and  sandstone,  and 
some  very  valuable  salt  springs  are  situated  in  it.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Oswego  Canal,  by  the  Syracuse  and  Oswego 
Railroad,  and  by  the  Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad.  Or- 
ganized In  1816.  Seatsof  justice,  Oswego  and  Pulaski.  Pop. 
75,958 

OSWEGO,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  semi-capital  of  Oswego 
CO.,  Xew  York,  is  situated  on  tlie  S.E.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario, 
and  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  Kiver,  35  miles  X.N.W.  of 
Syracuse,  and  208  miles  by  canal,  183  miles  by  the  Oswego 
and  Central  line  of  railroads,  and  170  miles  by  the  surveyed 
route  of  the  Oswego  and  Troy  Railroad,  W.N.AV.  of  Albany. 
Lat.  43"  28'  X.,  Ion.  76°  35'  W.  It  is  the  most  populous  and 
flourishing  town  (belonging  to  the  United  States)  on  Lake 
Ontario,  and  is  very  advantageously  situated  for  trade.  The 
harbor  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  one  of  the  best 
on  the  lake,  and  has  been  improved  by  the  United  States 
government,  with  a  pier  1259  feet  in  length  on  its  W.  side, 
and  200  feet  on  its  E.  side.  It  is  defended  by  Fort  Ontario, 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river.  The  water  within  the 
pier  is  from  10  to  20  feet  deep.  The  principal  harbor  light 
is  on  the  pier-head  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance.  The 
Oswego  Canal,  and  the  Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad,  of 
which  this  is  the  northern  terminus,  connect  at  Syracuse 
with  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  Central  Railroad,  and  also  with 
the  Syracuse  and  Bingbamton  Railroad,  which  communi- 
cates at  Binghamton  with  the  line  running  S.  to  Philadel- 
phia. This  line  shortens  the  distance  l)etween  Oswego  and 
Philadelphia  100  miles,  as  compared  with  the  lurmer 
travelled  route,  and  connects  the  commerce  of  Lake  Ontario 
with  that  city  by  the  shortest  pos.sible  route. 

Oswego  is  handsomely  built  with  streets  about  100  feet 
wide,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  river 
divides  it  into  two  neiirly  equal  parts,  which  are  connected 
by  two  bridges  above  ship  navigation.  The  principal  public 
buildings  are  the  Market-house,  with  the  City  Hall,  a  fine 
Court  House,  City  Custom-House,  Prison,  and  10  churches: 
?iz.,  2  Presbyterian.  2  Episcopal,  2  Baptist,  2  Methodist,  and  2 
Roman  Catholic.  There  is  a  large  building  called  Doolittle's 
Block,  which  contains  one  of  the  most  extensive  halls  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state.  The  city  has  several  large  ho- 
tels. 4  national  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  .$725,000,  .an 
insurance  company,  and  agencies  of  many  of  the  insurance 
40 


osw 

companies  of  the  state  and  Xew  England,  and  about  150 
stores.  The  schools  of  the  city  are  free,  and  organized  under 
a  special  act  of  the  legislature,  with  one  high  school  in  which 
the  languages  and  higher  branches  of  education  are  taught 
Connected  with  the  school  department  is  a  public  library, 
A  donation  has  also  recently  been  received  from  the  Hon. 
(ieri-it  Smith  toward.s.  e.stabli.-hing  another  public  library. 
Two  daily  and  two  weekly  newspapers  are  published  here. 

Oswego  posses.oes  unrivalled  facilities  for  manufacturing. 
The  river,  swelled  by  the  waters  of  Oneida,  Cayuga,  Seneca. 
Onondaga,  and  several  other  lakes,  besides  numerous  tribu- 
tary streams,  has  a  fall  of  34  feet  within  the  city  limits,  fui^ 
nishing  an  immense  hydraulic  power.  This  has  been 
rendered  available  by  cutting  a  canal  on  each  side  of  the 
river,  and  is  partially  employed  for  numerous  flouring-niilU 
and  other  establishments,  and  in  elevating  grain  from  vessel* 
in  the  harbor.  In  the  summer  of  18,')4  there  were  in  Oswege 
18  flnuring-mills,  with  an  aggregate  of  100  run  of  stone.s,  and 
a  capacity  for  turning  out  10,000  barrels  of  flour  every  24 
hours.  In  1851  there  were  manufactured  here  511.000  barrel* 
of  flour,  a  greater  amount  than  was  produced  at  any  other 
place  on  the  continent,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of 
Rochester.  The  mills  and  warehouses  iipon  the  harbor  are 
capable  of  elevating  from  vessels,  40,000  bushebs  of  grain 
per  hour,  and  of  storing  225.000  bushels.  There  were  tiUo 
in  the  city  at  the  above-named  date,  4  iron  foundries  and 
machine  shops,  1  cotton  factory,  1  woollen  factory,  and  an 
establishment  which  annually  consumed  alxiut  200,000 
bushels  of  Indian  corn,  in  the  production  of  starch,  which 
is  noted  for  its  very  superior  quality. 

The  commerce  of  Oswego  is  very  extensive  and  rapidly 
increasing.  This  port  is  the  greatest  wheat  market  in  the 
state,  and  its  Canadian  trade  is  nearly  one-half  of  the  entire 
commerce  of  the  United  States  with  Canada.  The  annexed 
Table  exhibits  a  few  of  the  leading  imports  for  three  years 
ending  1862 : — 


Flour,  Lbls.. 
Wheat,  bush 
Corn,  do. 
Oals,  do. 
Rye.  do. 
Bailey,  do. 


121,399 

9.651,564 

6,019,400 

388,416 

244,311 

1,3;%,915 


119,056 
10,1-21,446 

4,61i,J62 
116,3*1 
381,687 

1,173,551 


235,382 
10,982,132 

4,528,962 
187.284 
130,175 

1,050,364 


Among  the  imports  at  Oswego  in  1863  were  115,292  barrels 
of  flour,  8,785,425  bushels  of  wheat,  2,676,367  bushels  of 
Indian  corn,  423,147  bushels  of  oats,  and  1,824,667  bushels 
of  barley.  The  exports  of  flour  in  1853,  by  canal,  rail- 
road, and  lake,  exceeded  a  million  of  barrels.  The  total 
value  of  imports  in  1851  amounted  to  $7,807,448.  of  which 
$6,083,030  were  coastwise,  and  Sl.784,412  from  Canada.  The 
total  value  of  exports  the  same  year,  was  $14,678,882,  of 
which  $11,471,071  were  coa.stwise.  and  $3,207,811  to  Canada, 
$2,291,911  being  the  value  of  domestic,  and  .$915,900  that  of 
foreign  goods  to  the  latter  country.  The  four  most  important 
articles  exported  coastwi.«e,  were  railroad  iron  to  the  value 
of  $1,737,11-0;  sugar,  $677,270;  cofl'ee,  $338,080;  and  .«a!t, 
$328,941.  The  Oswego  Canal  forms  one  of  the  principal 
outlets  to  the  great  s.alt  district  of  the  state.  The  entire  com- 
merce of  Oswego,  including  imports  and  exports,  amounted 
in  1840,  to  $9,.502.9S0;  in  1851,  to  $22,546,330;  and  in  1853, 
to  above  $40,000,000. 

In  1854  tiiere  were  about  100  lake  vessels  of  all  classes 
registered  and  enrolled  at  the  port,  having  an  aggregate 
burden  of  about  30.000  tons.  The  total  number  of  vessels 
which  entered  during  the  year  1863-4  was  2598,  with  an 
aggregate  of  465,604  tons,  employing  23,437  men.  The 
number  of  arrivals  from  Canada  during  the  year  ending 
June  30th,  1854,  were  593  (tons  65,213),  and  of  clearances 
573  (tons  61,719).  During  the  year  1863-4,  8  schooners,  239 
sloops  and  canal  boats,  and  3  steamers,  were  built  in  the 
district. 

Oswego  is  among  the  oldest  settled  places  on  the  continent, 
the  French  having  established  a  trading  post,  and  erected  a 
fort  here  soon  after  the  settlement  of  Quebec.  In  1724  it 
fell  into  the  bands  of  the  English,  who  in  that  year  erected 
a  fort  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river.  In  1755  another  fort  was 
built  upon  the  E.  side  of  the  river,  on  the  high  ground  at 
the  entrance  to  the  harbor,  where  Fort  Ontario  now  stands. 
The  garrison  at  this  date  numbers  200  men.  The  next  year, 
17,56,  the  place  was  taken  by  the  French  under  Montcalm, 
but  was  subsequently  surrendered  again  to  the  English,  who 
retained  it  till  given  up  to  the  United  States  under  the  Jay 
treaty  in  1796.  Its  remarkable  commercial  prosperity  dates 
from  the  opening  of  the  Welland  and  Oswego  Canals.  Pop 
in  1840.  4065;  in  1850.  12,205;  in  1860,16,816. 

OSWEGO,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  at  the 
outlet  of  Tippecanoe  Lake,  113  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis, 
Pop.  about  250. 

OSWEGO,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  post-village  and 
township,  canital  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois,  is  finely  sitnateil 

1409 


osw 


OTT 


on  the  left  .-■.'ink  of  Fox  River,  45  miles  W.S.'U'.  of  Chicago. 
Fox  River  is  a  beautiful  and  rapid  stream,  affording  almost 
unlimited  hydraulic  power.  The  Chicago  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad  passes  through  or  very  near  tliis  place.  The 
village  contains  a  handsome  stone  court-house,  several 
churches,  a  large  stone  edifice  for  schools,  8  or  10  stores,  a 
mechanics'  hal  1,  and  several  mills.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about 
1200;  of  the  township,  2109. 

OSWEGO,  a  post-ofliee  of  Clackamas  county,  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  Oregon. 

OSWEGO,  a  post-township  of  Oswego  county.  New  York, 
on  Lake  Ontario,  near  the  mouth  of  Oswego  River,  adjoin- 
ing Oswego  City. 

OSWEGO  VILLAGE,  a  small  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.. 
New  York. 

OSWESTRY,  oz'es-tre,  a  municipal  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  with  a  station  on  the 
Shrewsbury  and  Chester  Railway,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Shrews- 
bury. Pop.  of  borough  in  1S51,  4S17.  The  town,  formerly 
enclosed  by  walls,  has  a  venerable  and  picturesque  church, 
an  ancient  grammar  school,  a  national  school,  several  consi- 
derable charities,  a  town-hall,  prison,  theatre,  and  some  re- 
mtiiusof  a  strong  castle  erected  in  the  reign  of  Stephen  on  the 
site  of  an  earlier  structure.  Its  name  is  derived  from  that  of 
Oswald,  the  Christian  king  of  Northumbria,  slain  hero  in  642. 

OS^VICH'EE,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama. 

OSWIKCIX,  Austrian  Poland.    See  ArscnwiTz. 

OSYK,  o/sik,  written  also  OSJK  and  WOSJK,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  on  the  Desna,  7  miles  from  L(>itomischel.    P.  1059. 

O'SYTII  ST.  CHICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

OTABALO,  a  town  of  Ecuaxior.     See  Otavalo. 

OTAGO,  o-td'go,  or  OTAKO,  o-td'ko.  a  colonial  settlement 
of  New  S^alanj,  on  Otago  Bay.  on  the  S.E.  side  of  Middle 
Island  or  New  Munster,  320  miles  S.W.  of  Port  Nicholson, 
established  1848,  and  composed  chiefly  of  Scotchmen.  Lat. 
42°  53'  S.,  Ion.  170°  50'  E.  The  soil  of  the  plains  is  very  fer- 
tile, the  pasturage  abundant,  and  all  kinds  of  European 
crops  can  be  raised.  Dunedin,  the  town,  is  rapidly  on  the 
increase;  during  the  years  1848-9,32  vesscLs.  aggregate  bur- 
den 1739  tons,  entered,  and  39  vessels,  aggi'egate  burden 
6310  tons,  left.  Port  Chalmers.     Pop.  in  1851,  1740. 

OTAII.\,  o'td-hd\  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean, 
N.  of  Raiatea. 

OTAHEITE,  the  largest  of  the  Society  Islands.  See  Tahiti. 

OTAKI,  o-td'kee.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  province  of  Be.s- 
garabia.  on  the  Dniester,  3  miles  S.  of  Moheelev.     Pop.'1570. 

OTAVALO,  o-a-vd'lo,  or  OTABALO,  o-ti-Bilo,  a  town  of 
Ecuador,  40  miles  X.N.E.  of  Quito.    It  is  said  to  be  populous. 

OTCHAKOV.  OCZAKOW  or  OT-^SCHAKOW,  ofch-a'knv, 
written  al,«o  OTCUAKOF  and  OTSIIAKOV.  (anc.  Jxiaca') 
a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Kherson,  on  the  right  hank 
of  the  Dnieper,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Bl.ack  Sea,  40  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Otlessa.  It  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Russians  from 
the  Turks  in  1737,  and  again  in  1788.  The  town  has  since 
gone  into  complete  decay.     Pop.  1000. 

OTEA,  o-WL  or  GREAT  BARRIER  ISLAND,  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  New  Zealand,  forming 
the  E.  entrance  of  Ilauraki  Gulf  or  the  Frith  of  Thames, 
about  20  miles  long,  N.  to  S..  by  8  broad. 

OTE'GO  CREKK,  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  flows  south- 
ward into  the  Susquehanna  River. 

OTEGO,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Otsego  CO.,  New  York,  about  25  miles  S.S.AY.  of  Cooperstown. 
The  village  has  3  or  4  churches,  1  bank,  and  about  half  a 
dozen  stores.    Pop.  1957. 

OT'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

OTII'.\M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

OTIl'ERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

OTIPRYS,  MOUNT,  a  mountain  chain,  forming  the  N. 
frontier  of  Greece,  about  lat.  39°  N.,  and  between  Ion.  21  i° 
and  2.3°  E.,  and  connected  westward  with  the  Pindus  chain. 
Height  from  4500  to  5700  feet.  This  range  conisists  mostly 
of  limestone,  with  much  iron  ore  intermi.Ked. 

WTIS,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co..  ilaine,  70  miles 
E.N'.E.  of  Augu.sta.     Pop.  210. 

OTIS,  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  115 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.    Pop.  998. 

OTIS'CO,  a  small  lake  in  Onondaga  co.,  New  York,  about 
4  miles  E.  of  Skaneateles  Lake.    Length  about  4  miles. 

OTISCO.  a  post-township  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York,  15 
miles  S.W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  1848. 

OTISCO.  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Ionia  CO..  Michigan.     Pop.  1349. 

OTISFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co..  Maine, 
separated  from  Harrison  on  the  W.  by  a  fine  mill-stream, 
rallcHl  Crookeil  River,  36  miles  N.N.W.  of  Portland.    P.  1199. 

0T1SV1IJ,E,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  New  York,  on 
the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  85  miles  from  New  York 
City.  .\ame<l  in  honor  of  Isaac  Otis,  its  first  settlor.  The 
milk  trains  for  New  York  start  from  this  place. 

OTI  VAR.o-te-vaa'.  a  vilUge  of  Spain.  Andalusia,  province 
»nd  about  30  miles  from  (iranada.     Pop.  1313. 

OT'LKY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
«"v,  '  y'"'  """"-'•  f'J  miles  N.W.  of  Leeds.  Pop.  in  1851, 
46:.:..    ITiH  town  is  boautifally  situated  In  the  vale  of  the 


Wharfe.    It  is  well  built,  ha.s  a  spacious  church,  a  smsU 
grammar  school,  and  a  mech.inics'  institute. 

OT'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

OTOMACOS.     See  Ottomacs. 

OTOQUE.  o-to'kA,  a  small  island  of  South  America,  in  the 
Bay  of  Panama.  Pacific  Ocean ;  lat.  8°  30'  N..  Ion.  80°  20'  W. 

OTRAXT0.o-tr,4n'to,(Fr.  Otrante,  oHrSxt/;  anc.  ITyrlrurt/. 
turn.)  a  seaport  town  of  Naples,  on  the  Strait  of  Otranto, 
opposite  Cape  Linguetta.  (in  Albania.)  23  miles  S.E.  of  Lecce 
Lat.  40°  9'  X.,  Ion.  18°  29'  E.  Pop.  4500.  Its  castle,  the 
citadel  of  the  town,  is  rendered  famous  by  the  i-nmance  of 
Horace  Walpole,  and  it  has  an  ancient  cathedral,  an  arch- 
bishop's palace,  and  some  Roman  antiquities.  In  1480,  it 
was  sacked  by  the  Txirks.  Under  Napoleon,  it  gave  the 
title  of  Duke  to  Fouch§. 

OTRANTO.  CAPE,  on  the  Strait  of  Otranto.  which  connects 
the  Adriatic  with  the  Mediterranean  Sea ;  lat.  40°  8'  N..  Ion. 
18°  29'  E. 

OTRANTO,  STRAIT  OF,  connects  the  Adriatic  with  the 
Mediterranean  Sea ;  length  about  80  miles,  breadth  40  miles. 

OTRANTO,  TERRA  DI,  t^R'ad  de  o-triin'to,  a  province  of 
Naples,  forming  the  heel  of  the  boot  which  Italy  so  remark- 
ably resembles.  Area  2883  square  miles.  Csipital,  Lecce. 
Pop.  in  1850,  409,000. 

OTRAR,  ot-rar',  a  town  of  Independent  Toorkistan,  kha- 
nat  of  Khokan.  on  the  Sihon,  93  miles  N.W.  of  Tunkat;  lat 
44°  N.,  Ion.  67°  E. 

OTRICOLI,  o-tree'ko-le,  a  village  of  Central  Italy.  State 
of  Umbria,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Spoleto,  on  a  hill  beside  the 
Tiber.  Pop.  800.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
Ocric'ulum,  the  first  Umbrian  city  which  voluntarily  sub- 
mitted to  Rome.  In  its  vicinity,  December  1798.  the  French 
under  Macdonald,  completely  routed  a  Neapolitan  army 
under  Mack. 

OTSCIIAKOW,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Otchakov. 

OTSDAWA.  ots-d^/wa.  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co..  New 
York,  about  85  miles  W'.  bv  S.  of  Albfiny. 

OTSE'GO  LAKE,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  in  the  E.  cen- 
tral part  of  New  York,  and  in  the  N.  part  of  Otsego  co.,  is 
about  9  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  broad.  It  is  the 
source  of  the  Susquehanna  River. 

OTSEGO,  a  county  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  950  sqiiare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  the  Unadilla  River,  and  drained  by  the  E.  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna,  and  by  Butternut,  Shenevas.  and  Otcg(» 
Creeks,  which  supply  motive  power  to  numerous  mills 
Canaderaga  and  Otsego  Lakes  are  comprised  within  its 
limits.  The  surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  'The  soil  is  various. 
Iron  ore,  sand.stone,  limestone,  and- marble  are  its  principal 
mineral  productions.    Capital.  Cooperstown.    Pop.  50.157. 

OTSEGO,  originally  called  OKKUDDO,  an  unorganized 
county  in  the  N.  part  of  Michigan;  area  estimated  at  .576 
square  miles.  It  is  tirained  by  the  Sheboygan  River,  which 
flows  northward  into  Lake  Huron.  The  census  of  1860  fur- 
nishes no  returns  for  this  county. 

OTSEGO,  a  township  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Otsego  Lake.     Pop.  2706. 

OTSEGO,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  73  miles 
E.  of  Columbus. 

OTSEGO,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  .•Vllegan  co., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Kalamazoo  River.     Pop.  1428, 

OTSEGO,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.1107. 

OTSEGO,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  42  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 
.  OTSEGO,  a  post-office  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri. 

OTSEGO,  a  post-vill.ige  and  township  of  Columbia  co , 
Wiisconsin.  about  15  miles  S.E.'of  Portage.     Pop.  1068. 

OTSE'LIC,  a  river  rises  in  Madison  co..  near  the  centre  of 
New  York,  and  flowing  nearly  south-westward,  falls  into 
Tioughnioga  River,  in  IJroome  county. 

OTSELIC,  a  post-township  of  Chenango  co..  New  York, 
about  85  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .Albany.     Pop.  1752. 

OTSIIAKOV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Otchakov. 

OTSOD,  (Otsiid,)  ot'siid'.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bckii, 
on  the  Kiiriis.  73  miles  S.AV.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  4311. 

OTSQUA'OO,  a  postoffice  of  ^Montgomery  co..  New  York 

OTTAIANO,  OTTA.IANO,ot-tii-ya/no,orOTTO.TANO.  ot-tr 
y3'no,  (anc.  Ociavia'num  >)  a  town  of  Italy,  at  (he  N.E.  too 
of  Mount  Vesuvius,  12  miles  E.  of  Naples.     Pop.  14,000. 

OTTAKRIXG,  oft.ik-ring\  written  also  OTTOKRIN  or 
ADERKLING,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  3  miles  W.  of 
Vienna.     Pop.  3690. 

OTTAWA,  of  ta-wA,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Ohio, 
bordering  on  Lake  Erie.has  an  area  of  256  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  Portage  River  and  Toussaint  Creek.  San- 
dusky Bay  washes  its  S.E.  border.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level;  the  soil  fertile.  Indian  corn,  wheat  oats.  hay.  cattle, 
and  swine  are  the  staples.  It  is  intersected  by  the  railroad 
from  Cleveland  to  Toledo.    C.ipital.  Port  Clinton.    Pop.  7016. 

OTTAWA,  a  county  in  the  AV.  part  of  Michigan,  bordering 
on  Lake  Michigan,  contains  about  800  square  miles.  It  is 
intersectcHl  by  the  Grand  and  Maskego  Rivers,  and  also 
drained  by  Black  River  an(»  Crockery  Creek.  Tlie  surface 
is  mostly  undulating  or  rolMng.  and  is  corereci  with  forests 
of  pine  and  other  timber.    >he  soil  is  a  rich,  sandy  loam. 


OTT 


OTT 


L-iimVior  is  one  of  the  chief  articles  of  export.  Iron  ore  is 
foiniil  ill  the  cojint)'.  Steamboats  navigate  the  Grand  lliver. 
Capital,  Grand  Haven.     Pop.  13.215. 

OTTAWA,  a  post-ofBce  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio. 

OTT.WVA,  a  townsliip  of  Ottawa  Co.,  Micliigan.  Pop.  13.57. 

OTTAWA,  a  flonrisliing  citj-,  capital  of  La  Salle  Co.,  Illi- 
nois, is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Illinois  Hiver,  just  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Fox  River,  and  on  the  Chica.co  and  Rock 
Island  Railroad,  84  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cliicago.  The  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Canal  connects  it  with  Chicago.  Ottawa  con- 
tains 7  churches,  3  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  7  large 
public  school-houses.  The  city  is  lighted  with  gas.  There 
are  8  large  steam  elevators.  The  value  of  the  grain,  &c., 
shipped  at  this  port  in  1801  was  cstimattd  at  $.3,000,000.  The 
Fox  River  at  this  place  has  a  fall  of  about  29  feet,  produ- 
cing a  water-power  which  is  saiil  to  be  unsurpassed  by  any 
in  the  state.  Among  the  manufactories  of  Ottawa  are  1 
large  corn-starch-mill,  4  manufactories  of  reapers,and  4  flour- 
ing-mills.  Richbedsof  coal  are  found  in  the  vicinity.  The 
supreme  court  for  the  north  division  of  the  state  is  held 
here.  Population  in  1850,2783;  in  1860, 6.041 ;  in  1865,  about 
10,000. 

OTTAWA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waukesha  co., 
Wisconsin,  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Slilwaukee. 

OTTAWA  or  GRAND  RIVER,  a  large  river  of  Canada, 
rises  in  lat.  48°  SO'  N.,  Ion.  80°  W.,  flows  K.S.E.,  dividing 
Upper  and  Lower  Canaila,  and  enters  the  Lake  of  the 
Slountains  formed  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  40  miles 
W.  of  Montreal,  after  a  total  course  of  at  lea>t  800  miles. 
It  traverses  Lakes  Temisoaming,  Grand  Lake,  and  several 
other  small  lakes,  and  is  conneotL-d  with  Lake  Ontario  by 
the  Rideau  Canal.  Its  navigation  is  much  impeded  by 
rapids  and  cataracts.  Amon'jr  these  may  be  mentioned 
Carillon  Falls,  a  series  of  rapids  12  miles  in  length,  near 
Bignald  and  Chaudiere  Falls,  (Indian  name  Kanejo,  "  tlie 
Boiling  Pot,")  about  90  miles  fioui  its  mouth.  The  fall 
hew!  in  no  place  ex»'eds  40  feet;  the  rapids  extend  6  miles. 
In  its  cpurse  through  the  taV>le-land,  the  banks  are  gene- 
rally high,  but  below  the  Chaudiere  they  are  muoh  less  ele- 
vated, and  often  inundated.  It  is  now  navigable  from  its 
juncticm  with  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  la.st  falls  above  named. 
This  river  is  of  great  importance,  from  the  immense  quan- 
tity of  fine  timber  cut  on  its  banks,  and  on  those  of  its 
tributaries.  In  its  lower  part  it  gives  name  to  a  district  of 
Canada  West,  on  its  S.  bank. 

OTTAWA,  a  county  in  the  N.AV.  part  of  Canada  East, 
has  an  area  of  31,500  .square  miles.  The  Ottawa  river  forms 
it.s  S.  and  S.W.  boundary.  Tliis  county  is  watered  by  the 
rivers  I'etit  Nation,  Lievres,  and  many  small  streams.  Capi- 
tal, Avlmer.     Pop.  22,903. 

OTTAWA  CENTRK,  a  po.st-oflHce  of  Ottawa  co..  Michigan. 

OTTAWA  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Ottawa  co..  Ohio. 

OTTAWA  CRKKK,  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Auglaize  River, 
near  Kalida.  in  Putnam  county. 

OTT.\WA  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  ilichigan. 

OTTAWA  RIVKR,  of  Ohio,  rises  near  the  X.  line  of  Lucas 
CO.,  and  enters  Maumee  Ray,  at  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Erie. 

OTTKNAU,  ot'tvh-now\  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Mid- 
dle Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Gernsbach.     Pop.  1161. 

OTTIiNBACH.  ot/ten-b,lK\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Reu.ss.  It  was  almost 
entirely  burnt  down  by  three  successive  tires  in  1758,  1789, 
1790.  and  has  since  been  rebuilt.     Pop.  19.59. 

OTTENHKIM,  ot'ten-hlme^,  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
Upper  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  6  miles  W.N.W'.  of  Lintz. 
Pop.  1250.     It  has  a  fine  castle,  and  some  alum-mines. 

OTTKNIIEIM.  a  m.irket-town  of  Baden,  circh;  of  Mid- 
dle Rhine.  6  miles  X.AV.  of  Lahr.  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  1340. 

OTTKNSEN,  ot'ton-sen.  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Ilolstein,  2  miles  W.  of  Altona.  Pop.  1.500.  It  contains 
many  summer  residences  of  Altona  and  Hamburg  mer- 
chants. In  its  church-yard  are  the  tombs  of  the  poet  KIop- 
stook,  and  of  Duke  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  who  died  here 
after  the  battle  of  Jena. 

OTTKNSTEIX.  ot'ten-stTne\  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
•  duchy  of  Brunswick,  on  the  Weser,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Rodcn- 
werde^.     Pop.  1200. 

OTTENSTKIN.  a  market-town  of  Germanv.  Prussian  West- 
phalia. 30  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Munster.     Pop."  940. 

OT'TKR,  a  river  of  England,  county  of  Devon,  enters  the 
English  Channel  nearOtterton.     Total  length  24  miles. 

OTTIOR,  a  river  of  Germany,  Rhenish  Bavaria,  joins  the 
Rhine. 

OTTKRBACH.  ot/ter-bSK".  (O'nrR  and  Xiedke.  nee'der,)  two 
eontiguous  villages  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on  the  Otter,  S.  of 
Landau.  Pop.  of  Ober  Otterbach,  1756;  of  Xieder  Otter- 
bach.  421. 

OTTERBERG,  ofter-h^RC.',  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
capital  of  a  county,  .33  miles  X.W.  of  Speyer.  Pop.  25S0.  It 
has  Lutheran,  Roman  Catholic,  and  Calvinist  churches, 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  leather,  and  trade  in 
cuttle. 

OTTRRBEUREX,  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  Ottoheurex. 

OTTEitBIEU,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Missouri. 

OT'TERBOUKXE,  a  parish  of  England,,  co.  of  Hants. 


OTTER  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Tirginia. 

OT'TERBURX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthum- 
berland,  20  miles  N.X.W.  of  Hexham.  Otterburn  Tower  is 
an  intere.'ling  ancient  mansion.  About  half  a  mile  from 
the  village  is  an  obelisk  marking  the  spot  where  Earl  Dou- 
glas fell  in  the  battle  of  Chevy  Chase,  in  13S8. 

OT/TERBURNE,  a  small  village,  Lafayette  eo.,  Wisconsin. 

OTTER  CBEEK  ri.«es  in  Bennington  county,  in  the  W.XW. 
part  of  Vermont,  and  tiowing  in  a  X.X.W.  course  through 
Rutland  county,  falls  into  Lake  Ch.-implain  in  Addison 
county.  At  several  of  the  towns  on  its  banks  there  are  ex- 
cellent mill-seats.  Its  whole  length  is  about  90  miles,  siid 
It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  from  the  lake  to  Vergennes, 
about  8  miles  from  its  month. 

OTTER  CREEK,  Texas,  flows  into  Trinity  River  from  the 
N.  in  Anderson  county. 

OTTER  CBEEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  into  the  Waba.sh  .about 
10  miles  N.  of  Terre  Haute. 

OTTEK  CREEK,  of  Monroe  CO.,  Missouri,  flows  eastward 
into  the  X.  fork  of  Salt  liiver,  a  few  miles  above  Florida. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  township  in  Vigo  co.,  Indiana.    P.  974. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois,  38 
miles  N.X.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

OTTKR  CREKK,  a  jiost^ffice  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa. 

OT/TKRDEX.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

OTTERFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

OT'TKRHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

0TTERHAM1"'T0N.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

OT/TEIilNGTON,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

OTTERINGTON,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

OTTER  XDORF.  ot/tern-doEr,  a  town  of  Hanover,  28  miles 
N,W.  of  Stade.     Pop.  iK04. 

OTTER  PEAKS,  Virginia.    See  Peaks  of  Otter. 

OTTEli  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia, 
rises  in  Bedford  county,  at  the  l>ase  of  the  celebrated  Peaks 
of  Otter,  and  flowing  south-eastward,  falls  into  Staunton 
River,  in  Campbell  county. 

OTTER  RIVER,  of  Mi.ssouri.    See  Loutre. 

OTTKliSBEKO,  ot/ters-biRG\  a  viUage  of  Hanover,  15 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Bremen.     Pop.  1056. 

OT'TERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

QTTER  VIL'LAGE.  a  pos(>village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana, 
alx)ut  .50  miles  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

OTTKRVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York. 

OTTERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  eo.,  Missouri,  50 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

OTTKR VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  Ox- 
ford, 100  miles  S.E.  of  Toronto,  and  19  miles  fVom  Wood- 
stock.   Pop.  alwut  180. 

OTTERY  ST.  >IARY.  a  market-town,  hundred  and  pa- 
H.^'h  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Otter,  12  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Exeter.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  2534.  It  has  a  fine  ancient 
church,  a  small  grammar  school,  founded  by  Henry  VIII., 
and  remains  of  the  mansion  of  Sir  AValter  Raleigh.  It  is 
the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Coleridge. 

OTTIGLIO,  ot-teel'yo.  a  vill.age  of  Piedmont,  division  of 
Alessandria,  province  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Ca.sale.     Pop.  1757. 

OTTIGXIES,  otHeen\yee',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant.  19  miles  S.E.  of  Brus.sels.     Pop.  1075. 

OTT.MACH.\U,  ott/mdK-ow\  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia,  37 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Opflpln,  on  the  Neisse.     Pop.  2740. 

OTTO,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Cattaraugus  co., 
New  York.    Pop.  1075. 

OTTO,  a  posf-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  57  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  knoxville. 

OTTOBEUREX.  ot'to-hoiVen.  or  OTTERBEUREN,  ot/ter- 
boiVgu,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Augsburg.  Pop. 
1430. 

OTTOBIANO,  ot-to-he-3'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Novara,  about  6  miles  S.  of  Mortara. 
Pop.  2150. 

OTTOBTNE,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co..  Virginia. 

OTTOCHACZ.  ot'to-Kats\  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Cro- 
atia, 48  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlstadt.    Pop.  500. 

OTTOJANO.    See  Ottaiano. 

OTTO'KEE,  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.    See  Appendix. 

OTTOMACS  or  OTTOMAQUES,  ofto-mSks',  (Sp.  Otoma- 
COS.  o-to-md'koce,)  a  degraded  and  ferocious  race  of  Indiana 
in  the  W.  part  of  Venezuela. 

OTTOMAN  EMPIRE.    See  Turkey. 

OTTOXE.  ot-to'nA.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
and  25  miles  X.E.  of  Genoa,  near  the  TrebbSa.    Pop.  4280. 

OTTOMAQUES.     See  Ottomacs. 

OTTOSCHWANDEX,  ot'tosh-«ifnMfn,  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  near  Emmendingen.     Pop.  1190. 

OTTRIXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East 
Riding. 

OTTS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
112  miles  E.  of  Harri.sburg. 

OTTUMWA,  oftum-w;i\(?)  a  thriving  post-village,  capital 
of  Wajiello  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Des  Moines  Riv- 
er, 75  miles  N.W.  of  Keokuk,  and  about  80  S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

1411 


OTT 

The  Burlingto  i  and  Missouri  Railroad  here  crosses  the  Des 
Moines  A'allcy  Railroad.  Ottumwa  contains  7  churches.  1 
bank,  and  35  stores.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here. 
Pop.  in  1S60,  1632 ;  in  1S65,  about  2.i00. 

ijTTWJilLEIl,  ott/wi'ltT,  a  town  of  Khenish  Prussia,  33 
itiles  S.E.  of  Treves.    I'o'p.  2260. 

OTUMBA,  o-toom/bS,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, stat«  and  35  miles  N.E.  of  Mexico. 

OXUKA.  o-too'ri,  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province 
and  S.  of  (iranada.     Pop.  1290. 

OTWAY,  PORT,  ot/wd,  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  about  15 
milis  \.E.  of  Cape  Tresmoutes;  lat.  46°  49'  30"  S.,  Ion.  75"^ 
Ih'  15"  W. 

OTWAY  WATER  is  a  considerable  inland  sea  of  Terra 
del  Fuego. 

OUACHITA,  a  river  of  Ark.insas.    See  Washita. 

OL'ACHITA  (pronounced  and  sometimes  written  WASIT- 
ITAW)  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Union  parish.  Louisiana,  on 
the  Washita  River,  aliout  200  miles  K.N.W.  of  Raton  Rouge. 
A  newspaper  is  published  here. 

OUAIl,  El,  f  1  oo^id',  or  OU  ED,  oo'Sd',  a  village  of  Alge- 
rian Sahara,  district  of  Souf^  119  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Biskra. 
Pop.  2000. 

OUAD-EL-nABID.     See  WAD-EL-IlABin. 

OUADINOUN  or  OUADYNOUX.     See  Wamxoos. 

OUAD-MEDIXA,  a  town  of  Egypt.    See  Wad-Medina. 

OUAINE,  ooViu',  or  OUAXNE,  oo*2nn'.  a  river  of  Erance, 
rises  in  the  department  of  Yonne.  and  after  a  W.  course  of 
45  miles  joins  the  Uoing  near  Montargis,  in  the  department 
of  Loiret. 

OUAIXE  or  OUANXE,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Yonne.  at  the  source  of  the  river  of  same  name,  12 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  1233. 

OUALAX,  UALAX,  oo-J-iau',  or  STROXG'S  ISLAND,  an 
island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Carolines.  Mont  Crozet,  2156  feet 
In  height,  is  in  lat.  5°  30'  N.,  Ion.  163°  30'  E.  Length  about 
10  miles,  by  7  in  breadth.    Estimated  pop.  under  1000. 

OUAXLIN  or  OOAXLIX.     See  Wanu.v. 

OUARGLA,  oo-aK'gld;  a  town  of  Algerian  Sahara,  oasis  of 
the  same  name,  92  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Gardaia;Jat.  32°  6'  N., 
Ion.  4°  20'  E.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  ditch  and  battle- 
meuted  wall,  crowned  by  40  two-storied  forts,  and  entcre<l 
by  6  gates.  It  contains  a  citadel  and  about  500  or  600 
houses. 

OUASDOTEO.    See  Wasseu. 

OUCH,  a  town  of  Toorkistau,     See  OosH. 

OUCUE,  oosh,  (anc.  Os'caf)  a  river  of  France,  department 
of  Cote-d'Or,  flows  N.E.  and  S.E.  past  Dijon,  and  joins  the 
SaOne  near  St.  Jean-de-Losne.  Length  50  miles.  The  Canal 
of  Burgundy  accompanies  it  throughout, 

OUCHE,  an  ancient  district  of  Upper  Xormandy,  France, 
now  included  in  the  departments  of  Eure  and  Orne. 

OUCHES,  Les,  lAz  oosh,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny,  about  3  miles  from  Chamouni, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Arve,  about  3000  feet  above  the  sea. 
Pop.  1713. 

OUCUOUGANAT,  oo'slioo-gd-n3t'.(?)  or  5I0UXT  ST.  AU- 
QtJSTlX,  (.4.Nt  o'giLs'tJNo/,)  an  island  of  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  off  Russia  America ;  lat  69°  22'  X.,  Ion.  153°  W. 

DUCHY,  oo^hee/,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud. 
on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  immediately  S.  of  Lausanne,  of 
which  it  is  the  port. 

OUCKEXE.  owk'kA-neh,  a  viU^e  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  17  miles  S.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  21S5. 

OUCQUES,  ook.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher,  16  miles  N.  of  Blois.     Pop.  1362. 

OUD.\,  a  river  of  Siberia.    See  Ooda. 

OUD.\BAD,  a  town.  Itussian  Transcaucasia.    See  Oodabad. 

OUDAXULL.\,  oo-da-niiiaj.  a  small  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Gauges,  a  little  S.  of  Rajmahal; 
lat.  24°  46'  X..  Ion.  87°  52'  E.  Hcre^Tossim  Ali  Khan  erected 
extensive  military  works,  forced  by  the  British  In  1764. 

OUDAY.  a  kingdom  of  Africa,    See  Wadat. 

|.>UDE,  owd,  (native  AyiMya,  d-yod'hyd,)  a  kingdom  of 
Ilindostan.  under  British  proteotion ;  lat.  25°  20'  to  30°  N., 
Ion.  79°  40'  to  82°  30'  K.;  bour.ded,  X.  by  Xepaul.  and  else- 
where surrounded  by  the  X.W.  provinces  of  the  presidency 
of  Bengal :  length,  from  X.  to  S.,  about  230  miles;  greatest 
breadth.  180  miles ;  area,  23,738  stiuare  miles.  The  surface  is 
mostly  level, and  highly  fertile;  it  is  watered  by  the  Goggra, 
Gfomty,  Sye,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Ganges.  Wheat, 
liarley,  rice,  sugar,  indigo,  and  others  of  the  richest  products 
Of  India,  are  rai.sed  in  large  quantities;  and.  in  some  districts, 
a  vast  amount  of  nitre  and  other  salts  eflloresce  on  the  soil. 
Among  the  inhabitants  are  numerous  Rajpoots;  and  many 
of  the  population  are  Mussulmen:  the  ruling  dynastv  being  I 
Miihammedan.  Oude  w.is  formerly  a  Mou'ul  province  It 
bwaxae  subortlinate  tothe  British  atU-r  the  battle  of  Kalpee, 
In  1,05.  In  1819,  the  Vizier  threw  off  his  nominal  de- 
rondenee  on  the  Mogul  sovereign,  and  assumed  the  title  of 
King  1  olitlcal  relations  are  conducted  through  the  British 
resident  at  Lu.know,  the  capital ;  after  whi.h  citv  the  chief 
I'oV'l  970*000'^"''^'''  '^'^'''  "'""''^«'  """i  Pert-iubghur. 

OUDE.  formerly  the  capital  of  the  above  state,  extends  fcr 


OUR 

some  distAnce  along  the  S.  bank  of  the  Goggra.  here  crossal 
by  an  English  iron  bridge.  77  miles  E.  of  t,ucknow.  It  is 
large,  and  greatly  venerated  by  Hindoos,  but  much  of  it  is 
in  ruin.«,  and  all  its  chief  edifices  are  Mohanime<!an. 

OUDKXARDE.  a  town  of  Belgium     See  Audknarpe. 

OUDEXBOSCH.  oo'den-bosK\  a  marKet-town  of  the  Xether 
lands,  Xorth  Brabant,  11  miles  W.  of  Breda.     Pop.  2640. 

OUDEXBOURG,  oo'dONo'booR\  a  village  of  Belgium,  p«v 
vince  of  AVest  Flanders,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bruzes.     P.  1553. 

OUDERKKRK.  ow/der-kJRk\  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
South  Holland.  6  miles  E.  of  Rotterdam.    Pop.  1440. 

OUDEHKERK,  a  village  of  the  Xetherlands,  parish  of 
Ouderamstel,  Xorth  Holland,  3  miles  S.  of  Amsterdam,  with 
a  Jewish  cemetery. 

OUDE-SCHILD.  HET,  hit  dw'deh-sKilt.  a  village  of  Hol- 
land, province  of  North  Holland,  island  of  Texel.   Pop.  1058. 

OUDEWAXKR.  ow'deh-*d'ter,  a  town  of  the  Xetherlands, 
province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  Yssel,  IS  miles  E,X.E. 
of  Rotterdam.  Pop.  2000.  Arminius  (Hermeusen)  wag 
born  here  in  1660. 

OUUKYPOUR.     Se»0DETP00K. 

OUDGIIIR,  ood-gheer',  (anc.  Vdayaghiri^  a  village  and 
port  of  India,  in  the  Deccan,  dominions  of  Hyderabad.  43 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Beeder;  lat.  18°  IS'  N.,  Ion.  77°  16'  E. 

OUDIXSK.  a  town  of  Siberia.     See  Oodinsk. 

OUDOX,  ooM6so/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Inferieui-e,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  14  miles  X.E.  of 
Nantes.     Pop.  1600. 

OUDOX,  a  liver  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne.  joins 
the  Mayenne.  10  miles  below  Segr^.     Length  40  miles. 

0UDSH0<JHX.  owd-Zlioun,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  Old  Rhine,  7  miles  E.  ot 
Levden.     Pop.  1691. 

OUESSAXT  ISLAXD,  France.    See  Ush.\st. 

OUF.\.  a  river  and  town  of  Russia.     See  Oofa. 

OUGIITER,  LOUGH.  iSn  ftu'ter.  a  lake  of  Ireland,  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Cavan.  Length  5  miles,  breadth  3  miles.  Area  3335 
acres.     It  is  formed  by  an  expansion  of  the  Erne. 

OUGHTERARD,  dnVr-ard',  a  market-town  of  Ireland, 
Connaught,  co.  and  16  miles  X.X.W.  of  Galway.  on  the  W. 
shore  of  Lough  Corrib.  Pop.  650.  In  the  vicinity  are  good 
marble  quarries  of  large  extent. 

OUGHTERARD,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  KU- 
dare. 

OUGLITCH,  a  town  of  Rusi^ia.    See  Oogutch. 

OUGRA,  a  river  of  Rus.-ia.    See  Oogra. 

OUGRfcE,  oo^grd/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  3 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Liege,  with  which  it  has  communication  by 
railway,  on  the  Meuse.     Pop.  1580. 

OUI,  a  river  of  Siberia.    See  Ooi. 

OUJ.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  OozH. 

OU-KI.\XG,  a  river  of  China.    See  Oo-Kiano. 

OULASH,  a  village  of  .\sia  Minor.     See  Ooiash. 

OULEAI  or  OULLEAY  (oo-le-I')  GROUP,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  consisting  of  22  islands,  the  S.  point  of  the  most  E. 
of  the  group,  Raour,  in  lat.  7°  20'  X..  Ion.  143°  5.3'  E. 

OULEOUT,  ow/le-owt,l?)  a  post-ofiice  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York. 

OULLIXS,  ooI'IIn'o',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  with  a  station  on  the  Lyons  and  St.  Etienne  Rail- 
way, 3i  miles  S.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  in  1852.  4566. 

OULTOX,  ol'tpn.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

OULTOX.  a  pari.sh  of  Enirlnnd.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

OULTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding, 
parish  of  Rothweil.  5  miles  X.X.E.  of  Wakefield.  Its  beau- 
tiful church  is  a  cathedral  in  miniature.  Dr.  Richard  Bent- 
ley,  the  celebrated  scholar  and  critic,  was  born  here  in  1601. 

OULTRE,  owl't'r  or  ool'l'r,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Molenbeek,'24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ghent 
Pop.  1760. 

OULX,  00,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin,  pro- 
vince and  12  miles  S.W.  of  Susa,  on  the  Dora,  near  its  source 
in  the  Alps.     Pop,  1392. 

OUM.\X,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Oomax. 

OUMXAK  and  OUXALASKA,  two  of  the  Fox  Islands, 
North  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Oomxak  and  Oonalaska. 

OUXD.  oond,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, 5  miles  N.W.  of  Poonah.  has  a  fine  Hindoo  temple. 

OUXDLE.  im/dfl,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Northampton,  on  the  Xen,  here  crossed  by  2  g(X)d 
bridges,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Peterborough,  and  with  a  station 
on  a  branch  of  the  Loudon  and  Xorth  Western  Rtiilw.iy. 
Pop.  3037.  The  town,  nearly  environeii  by  the  Xen,  is  very 
neatly  built ;  has  a  fine  spacious  church,  in  the  early  Eng- 
lish style;  2  ancient  grammar  scbools,  and  poor's  hospitals, 
a  union  workhouse,  branch  bank,  and  good  maiket-housa. 

OUNIL.\.  a  village  of  Russia.     See  OosiL.i. 

OUP.\..  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Oopa. 

OURAL  MOUXTAIXS  and  RIVER.     See  UR.\fc. 

OUR.\LSK.  two  towns  of  Ru.s.Kia.     See  Oorau-k. 

OURATEPE,  a  town  of  Independent  Toorkistan.  See 
Ooratepe. 

OURCE.  O0II.SS,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  IL-iute- 
Manie.  Cflte-d"Or.  and  .\ube.  after  a  N.W.  course  of  40  miles 
joins  the  Seine  near  Bar-sur-Seine. 


OUR 

OURCQ,  ooRk,  a  rircr  of  France,  rises  In  tho  department 
of  Aisno,  and  after  a  S.VV.  course  of  30  miles,  joins  the 
Marne  near  Lizy. 

OUJtCa,  CANAL  OB',  (Fr.  Canal  d'Ourcq,  kd'njl'  dooRk/,) 
wliich  supplies  I'aris  witii  water,  bianclies  from  the  river 
Ourcq  at  Seulis,  and  terminates  in  the  liasin  de  la  Villette, 
N.E.  of  I'aris.     Total  length  584  miles. 

OUllJiM,  0-r^x'i',  a  town  of  Portugal,  Estremadura,  capital 
of  a  comarca,  ou  a  hill,  15  miles  t^.K.  of  Leiria.  I'op.  3720. 
'It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  castle. 

OUIlK.M,o-re.No',  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  province  and 
65  miles  K.  of  Para. 

0  Git  FA.    See  Oorf.v 

OURtjtA,  a  city  of  Mongolia.    See  Oorqa. 

OUKGUKNJ  or  OUKGIIEiNDJ,  two  villa'ges  of  Central 
Asia.    See  Oorouexj. 

OURIOUI'IXSKAIA,  a  town  of  South  Russia.    See  Oori- 

OOPINSKAIA. 

OURIQUE,  oo-ree'kd  or  o-ree'kA,  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Alemtejo,  30  miles  &.\\\  of  lieja.  Pop.  2300.  in 
the  plain  of  Ourique,  on  its  N.  side,  Alphonso  I.  defeated 
the  .Moors  in  1139. 

OUR.IOUM,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Oorzhoom. 

OUKIiOUJAII.  a  city  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Oorloojah. 

OUKMA,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Uorma. 

OUUMIA  orURMlAlI.    See  OoROOiiiiEyAH. 

OUROK,  oo'roVh,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  liso-fiord, 
an  inlet  of  Seeland,  29  miles  W.N.W.  of  Copenhagen.  Length 
4  miles,  breadth  3  miles. 

OUROI.MADOU,  ooVoi-rai-doo',  a  village  of  West  Africa, 
Seuegambia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Faleme,  about  lat.  l-i'* 
30'  N.,  Ion.  12°10' W. 

OURi)  PRKTO,  O/roprA'to,  (formerly  A'lLLA  RICA,)  a  city 
of  Brazil,  capital  of  the  province  of  Miiias-Gerues.  It  is 
situateil  on  several  hills,  at  an  elevation  of  4000  feet 
above  the  sea,  200  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Pop. 
of  the  district,  8000.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor 
of  the  province,  and  seat  of  the  provincial  as.cembly,  and  has 
several  churches,  a  governor's  palace,  mint,  and  theatre,  a 
coUegio,  or  Latin  school,  with  a  school  of  pharmacy  and 
anatomy,  a  public  library  and  botanic  garden,  and  an  agri- 
cultural normal  .school,  founded  in  1S40.  It  is  supplied  with 
excellent  water,  and  has  an  active  commerce  with  Rio  de 
Janeiro.-  It  was  founded  in  1099,  and  called  Villa  Rica, 
from  the  rich  gold-mines  in  its  vicinity;  it  was  erecteit  into 
a  city  in  1822,  when  its  original  name,  Ouro  Preto,  was  re- 
stored. Its  gold-mines,  though  nearly  exhausted,  are  still 
worked  by  Kuglisli  companies ;  before  their  decline  it  had 
30,000  inhabitants. 

OURUU.MIYAII.    See  Ooroomeeyah. 

OUKUMPT SI,  a  city  of  China.     See  Oroomtsee. 

OUKOUP,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands.     See  Ooroop. 

OUHTIIK  or  OURTE,  uoRt,  a  river  of  Belgium,  provinces 
of  Luxembourg  and  Liege,  joins  the  Meuse,  after  a  ;\.  course 
of  80  miles,  for  the  last  55  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

OURVILLE,  ooRVeel',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieurc,  10  miles  \.W.  of  Vvetot.  Pop.  1290. 

OU'RY'S,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

OUSA.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  OosA. 

OUSBY,  ooz'bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

OUS'DES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

OUSE,  ooz,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  York,  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Swale  and  Ure,  flows  tortuously  S.  K.,  and 
unites  with  the  Trent  to  form  the  estuary  of  the  llumber. 
Total  course  about  UO  miles,  for  the  last  45  of  which,  or  to 
York,  it  is  navigable  for  large  vessels,  and  for  barges  as  far 
as  Linton.  Principal  affluents,  the  Wharfe,  Aire,  and  Don. 
from  the  W.,  and  Derwent  from  the  N. 

OUSE,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  enters  the 
English  Channel  near  Seaford. 

OUSE,  a  river  of  Canada  West  districts  of  Gore  and  Nia- 
gara, has  a  tortuous  S.E.  course;  its  basin  lying  E.  of  that 
of  the  Thames,  and  enters  I^ake  Erie  at  Sherbrooke.  Total 
course  at  least  130  miles,  for  the  last  30  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. It  is  connected  with  Lake  Ontario  by  the  Wellaud 
Canal,  which  commences  at  its  mouth. 

OUSE,  GREAT,  a  river  of  England,  rises  near  Brackley, 
and  flows  very  tortuously  through  the  counties  of  North- 
ampton, Bucks,  Bedford,  Huntingdon,  Cambridge,  and  Nor- 
folk, and  enters  the  Wash  at  King's  Lynn,  after  a  course  of 
about  100  miles,  for  the  latter  two-thirds  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. Below  St.  Ives  it  has  been  diverted  from  its  old 
course  past  Ely  by  the  New  Bedford  Canal,  a  straight  rut 
20  miles  in  length.  Chief  affluents,  the  Ivel,  Cam,  Larkc, 
"little  Ouse.  Stoke,  and  Nar.  all  from  the  E.  or  S. 

OUSE,  IITTLE,  or  BRANDON  RIVER,  joins  the  Great 
Mse  from  Suffolk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Stoke  New  Bed- 
ford Canal  aiid  the  Wisbeach  Canal,  which  connects  the  Nen, 

OUSE'BURN,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

OUSE  BURN,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

OUSHXKI,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Ooshn'ei. 

OUS'LEY'S  BAR,  a  small  town  of  Yuba  co.,  California, 
is  situated  on  Yuba  River,  14  miles  above  its  junction  with 


OVE 

Feather  River,  about  110   miles  N.N.E.  of  Eeuicia.    Pop 
3'JO. 

OUSMAN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Oosman. 

OUSuURl,  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Oosooree. 

OUSSOUK,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  OosooR. 

OUST,  oost,  arivernf  France,  joins  the  Vilaine  near  Rerton 
after  a  S.E.  cour.se  of  70  miles.  In  the  mo.st  part  of  its  cnuvs<i 
it  is  accompanied  by  the  canal  between  Nantes  and  Brest. 

OUST,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ariege,  8  miles  S.E. 
of  St.  Oirons.     Pop.  1650. 

OUfiT.  a  Russian  prefix.    See  Cost. 

OUSTIOUG,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Ooswooo. 

OUSTlOUJNA,  a  town  of  liussia.    See  Oostioozhna. 

1>US'T0N.  a  (larish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

OUST-OUSlvAIA,  a  fort  of  Russia.    See  Oost-Oosk.\ia. 

OUSTROM,  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia.     See  Oostrom. 

OUST  SYSOLSK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Oosi  Sysolsk. 

OUST  VILIOUISK.    See  ViuooisK,  OosT. 

OUTACiA.MIE.  oo'ta-ga-mee'.(?)  county  in  the  N.E.  central 
part  of  Wisconsin,  contains  675  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Fox  (Neeuah)  and  AVolf  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests  of  pine  and 
other  timber,  from  whieh  large  quantities  of  lumber  are 
procured.  The  soil  is  moderately  productive.  The  Fox 
River  furnishes  abundant  water-power.  Outagamie  w.a?, 
separated  from  Brown  co.  in  1850.  Capital,  Ai)iileton.  P.  95S7. 

OU-TCH ANU-KOU,  a  city  of  Chin.a.     See  Han-Kkoo. 

OUTEIRO,  6-ti'e-ro,  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  7  miles 
S.E.  of  Bragan^a,  with  a  strong  Mooiish  castle.     Pop.  1600. 

OU'TERBY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

OU  Till  lU  CHAN.     See  Oo  Thoo  SHA>f. 

OUTLAW'S  BRIDGE,  a  postnjffice  of  Duplin  co..  North 
Carolina. 

OUT'LET,  a  post-office  of  Lake  CO..  Indiana. 

OUTRAGH.  (5w-trdji',  or  OUTRATII,  Ow-tr^th',  a  parish 
of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  of  Leitrim,  including  the  town 
of  Balinamore. 

OUTRAGH  or  OUTRATII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperary. 

OUTRAGH  or  OUTRATU,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Kilkenny. 

OUTREAU,  ooHro',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas- 
de-(,'alais,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Boulogne.    Pop.  2368. 

OUTREFURENS.  ootr'fii'raN"'',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire,  half  a  mile  E.  of  St.  Etieune.     Pop.  1339. 

OUT'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Cambridge 
and  Norfolk. 

OUT'WOOD,  a  hamlet  of  Engl.^nd,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on 
the  Irwell  and  the  .Manchester  and  Bolton  Canal,  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Manchester.     I'op.  2000. 

OUVELKA.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Ooveika. 

OUYA,  oti-yiJ,  or  OYAK.  oV^k',  a  river  of  French  Guiana, 
flows  N.N.E.,  and,  separating  the  island  of  Caj'enne  from  the 
mainland,  enters  the  Atlantic,  after  a  course  of  70  miles. 

OUZBEKS.     SeeOoZBKKS. 

OUZBIN,  ooz'beeii',  a  village  of  Afghanistan,  35  miles  E. 
of  Cabool,  in  a  small  elevated  valley  of  the  same  name. 

OUZKN,  two  rivers  of  Rnssia.     See  OOZE.V. 

OUZOUER  LE  MARCUf:.  ooV.oo-i/ leh  maR'sli.V,  several 
villages  of  France,  of  which  the  principal  is  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret-Cher,  17  miles  W.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  1246. 

OV.'V.D.\.  o-vd'di,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  division 
and  '20  miles  S.  of  Alessandria,  on  the  Orbe.  Pop.  6177.  It 
was  formerly  fortified. 

OVAR,  o-vaR',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira.  on 
the  Ovar,  at  the  head  of  its  estuary,  15  miles  N.  of  Avciro. 
Pop.  5000. 

OVARI  or  OWARI  (o-vd'ree)  BAY  OF.  called  also  ISENO 
U.MI,  an  inlet  on  the  .S.  side  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  Japan. 
Length  25  miles ;  greatest  breadth  20  miles.  Nagoya,  the 
prin<ipal  town  on  its  shores,  is  the  capita,l  of  the  province 
of  Ovari. 

OVEI/iONNE,  (Ovelgiinne,)  o'vel-giin'neh,  a  market-town 
of  Oldenburg,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  AVeser,  16  miles  N.E. 
of  Oldenburg.     Pop.  973. 

0' VEXDEN.  a  township  of  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

OV/EXS  (uv'enz)  RIVER.  S.i:.  Australia,  joins  the  Hume 
to  form  the  Murray,  in  lat.  34°  48'  S.,  Ion.  146°  15'  E.,  where 
it  is  of  less  size  than  the  Hume  liiver,  but  of  equal  velocity. 

O'VER,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  England,  eo.  and  15 
miles  E.  of  Chester.     Pop.  3224. 

OVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

O'VERALLS.  a  post-ofRce  of  Warren  co..  Virginia. 

OVERBOELAERE.  o'ver-boo-liVreh,  a  villagt!  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Dender,  15  miles  S.E  of 
Audonarde.     Pop.  10;J7. 

O'VERBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

O'VEUKIELD,  a  post-offloe  of  Barbour  co.,  AV.  A'irginia. 

OVERFLAKKEE,  o'ver-fl3k'keh,au  island  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South'  Holland,  between  two  arms  of  the 
Ithine,  (or  M.a.as,)  the  Haring-vliet,  and  Flakkee,  at  their 
entrance  into  the  North  Sea.  Length  25  miles,  breadth  7 
miles. 

OVERILL.  a  post-office  of  Upshur  co.,  West  A'irginia. 

OVEIUJSSEL.    See  Overyssel. 

1413 


OVE 


OWE 


on  F.lilAvVD  ]i01/TE,  the  name  commonlj- given  to  the 
tate  Ihio  Kurope  to  India,  across  Kgypt,  via  Alexandria, 
Cairo,  and  Suez,  and  thence  by  steamers  through  the  Ked 
Sea  aud  Straits  of  Bali-el-JIaudeb.  tteamers  from  the  ports 
of  Englaikl  rtud  France  proceed  to  Alexandria,  stopping  ou 
tJje  way  to  Malta,  i'rom  Alexandria  passengers  were  for- 
merly conveyed  in  boats  by  the  Mahmoodeeyah  Canal  to 
Atfeh,  thence  by  steamboats  on  the  Nile  to  Cairo.  From 
Cairo  they  are  conveyed  across  the  Desert  in  omnibuses  (or 
ou  camels  or  horses,  at  their  option)  to  Suez.  There  are 
stations  for  changing  horses  every  few  miles;  the  central 
station  beiug  well  provided  as  a  hotel.  A  railroad  has  re- 
cently been  completed  from  Alexandria  to  Cairo. 
O'VERMANS  i'KlUlY,  a  postroffice,  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa. 
OVEKMEIllK,  o'ver-miVeh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  lOmiles  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3132. 

OVEKl'ELT,  o'ver-p^lO,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limbourg,  on  the  liommel,  19  miles  N.  of  llasselt.  Pop.  1400. 
OVEKSCHIE,  o/ver-SKee^,  a  parish  and  village  of  the  Ne- 
fberlauds,  province  of  South  Ilollaud,  3  miles  S.^Y.  of  Rot- 
terdam.   Pop.  2440. 

O'VERSnOLZHIIiLE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

OVERSLAUGH,  o'ver-slaw,  New  York,  in   the  Hudson 
River,  3  miles  below  Albany.     The  channel  of  the  river  here 
is  obstructed  by  sandbars,  rendering  the  navigation  difficult 
at  low  tide. 
O'VEllSrONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
O'VERSTOWEY,  a  parish  of  Lnglaud,  co.  of  Somerset. 
O'VKRSTRAXD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
O'VERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
OVEllTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  I'ork,  North  Riding. 
OVERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
OVEKTON,  a  borough  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Flint,  on  the  Dee,  here  crossed  by  an  elegant  bridge,  15  miles 
S.  of  Chester.    Pop.  of  borough  in  1851,  1479.     It  has  a 
venerable  church,  surrounded  by  yew  trees  of  great  size. 
The  borough  unites  with  Flint,  &c..  in  sending  1  member 
to  Parliament.    It  is  also  a  polling-place  for  the  county. 

OVEKTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering ou  Kentucky,  area  estimated  at  TOO  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Obie's  or  Obed's  Kiver,  an  affluent  of 
Cumberland  River,  which  flows  along  the  N.W  border.  The 
surface  is  mountainous,  especially  in  the  E.  part.  The  soil 
is  mostly  fertile.  Iron  ore  and  stone-coal  ai-e  abundant.  It 
is  well  timbered,  and  is  amply  supplied  with  water-power. 
Obie's  River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  60  miles  in  this 
county.  Capital,  Livingston.  Pop.  12,637,  of  whom  11,550 
were  free,  and  1087  slaves. 
OVERTON,  a  small  village  of  Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana. 
OVEKYSSCH!i-NOTKE-DAME-AU-BOIS,  oVeh-reesh' 
nofr  d.im  o  bwl,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant, 
on  the  Yssche,  about  9  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  45S7. 

OVERYSSEL  or  OVERIJSEL,  o/ver-is's,4,  a  province  of 
the  Netherlands,  E.  of 'the  Zuyder  Zee,  and  enclosed  land- 
ward   by   the    provinces  of   Gelderland,  West    Friesland, 
Drenthe,  and   Ilanover  and   Rhenish  Prussia.     Area  1312 
square  miles.    Pop.  in  1863,  244,541.    Surface  almost  wholly 
level,  and  in  great  part  marshy  or  heath  lands,  but  along 
the  Yssel  is  some  fertile  soil,  producing  rye,  buckwheat, 
hemp,  and  fruits.    Cattle  rearing  and  digging  turf,  are  the 
principal  branches  of  industry.    Manufactures  of  linen  and 
.  c»tton  twist  and  fabrics,  wicker  wares,  mats,  and  iron  goods 
are  carried  on,  but  the  exports  consist  mainly  in  rural 
produce. 
OVER  YSSEL.  a  river  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Y'ssel. 
OVETUM.    See  Oviedo. 

O'VID,  a  beautiful  post-village  and  township,  semi-capital 
of  Seneca  co..  New  York,  on   the  dividing  rid^e  between 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lakes,  aliout  190  miles  W.  of  Albany. 
The   village  is  delightfully  situated  on   the   W.  slope  of 
the  dividing  ridge,  about  3^  miles  from  either  lake.     It 
conmiands  a  beautiful  view  of  Seneca  Lake  and  the  sur- 
rounding country.    It  contains  a  court-house,  an  incorpo- 
rated  academy,   3  meeting-houses,   a  newspaper   office,  3 
public-houses,  a  steam-mill,  and  8  stores.    Pop.  about  700: 
of  the  township,  2538. 
OVID,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 
OVID,  a  post-township  in   the  S.E.  part  of  Branch  co., 
Michigan.*   Pop.  1199. 
OVID,  a  post-village  in  Madison  co.,  Indiana. 
OVID,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois. 
OVIDIOPOL,  o-ve-de-o/pol,  (L.  Ocidirip'oUs.)  a  fortified  sea- 
port town  of  South  Russia,  government  of  Kherson,  on  the 
estuary  of  the  J)niester.  opposite  Akerman,  and  20  miles 
S.W .  of  Odessa.     Pop.  1400.    It  has  a  custom-hou.-*  and  a 
lazaretto,  it  being  a  station  of  the  Russian  fleet  in  the 
Black  Sea. 

O'VID  LAND'ING.  of  New  York,  on  the  Cayuga  and  Sus- 
quehanna Railroad.  36  miles  N.  of  Owego. 

OVIEDO,  o-ve-4/Do,  (anc.  LtiJcus  As'turum,  afU-rwards 
OveUum,}  a  city  of  Spain,  in  the  N.W.,  capital  of  a  province. 
near  the  conttui-nce  of  the  Ovia  and  Nora  Rivers,  61  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Leon,  and  57  miles  E.  of  the  I'ortuguese  frontier; 
LiL  43^  22'  N.,  lou.  6"^  57'  W.    Pop.  J,384.    The  chief  edifices 


are  the  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  Spain,  the  ex-college 
of  San  Vicente,  now  used  for  government  offices,  the  convent 
of  San  Pelayo,  the  university  buildings,  the  castle,  and  the 
general  and  military  hospital.  Its  educational  establish- 
ments comprise  the  university,  with  400  to  5C«)  students, 
and  a  library  of  10,000  volumes,  a  normal  school,  and  4  pri- 
mary schools.  It  has  a  theatre,  a  fortress  of  the  luth  cen- 
tury, and  11  public  fountains,  supplied  with  water  by  2 
aqueducts,  one  of  which  has  41  arches.  Oviedo  has  manu- 
factures of  arms,  hats,  and  leather.  It  was  the  chief  place 
of  refuge  for  the  Christian  clergy  during  the  early  domi- 
nion of  the  Moors.  In  its  vicinity  are  hot  mineral  springs 
and  baths. 

OVIEDO,  a  p|t)vince  of  Spain,  Asturia-s,  bounded  N.  by 
the  Bay  of  Biscay.     Area  4216  square  miles.     Pop.  510.000. 

OVIGLIO,  o-veel'3"o,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  province  and  7 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  2200. 

0'\'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

OVINO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

O'VINGDEAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

CVINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

O'VINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

OVINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

OVINGTOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

OVO'CA  or  AVO'CA,  a  river  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of 
Wjcklow,  formed  by  the  "  Meeting  of  the  \Aatei-s,"  Avonbeg 
and  Avonmore,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  6  miles  enters  the 
Irish  Sea  near  Arklow.  the  chief  town  on  its  banks.  Ita 
vale  is  highly  celebra"ted  for  picturesque  beauty. 

OVOLAlI,o'vo-low\oueof  the  Feejee Islands. iu  the  South 
Pacific ;  lat.  17°  41'  S.,  Ion.  178°  52'  W.,  about  8  miles  long 
and  7  miles  broad. 

OVOS,  ILHA  DOS,  eel'yd  doce  o'voce,  an  island  of  Brazil, 
N.  of  the  province  of  Maranhao,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay 
of  Cuma:  lat.  2=4'  S. 

OVROOTCH,  OVROUTGH,  or  OTRUTSCH,  o-vrootch',  a 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  on  the 
Mariuna,  82  miles  N.  of  Zhitomeer.     Pop.  2500. 

OWASCO  (o-w6s'ko)  LAKE,  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Ca- 
yuga CO.,  New  York,  is  about  11  miles  long,  and  from  one- 
third  to  three-quarters  of  a  mjle  wide.  It  discharges  its 
waters  by  an  outlet  into  Seneca  River.  Its  shores  abound 
with  picturesque  scenery. 

OWASCO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cayuga  co..  New 
Y'ork,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Owasco  Lake,  about  100  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Albany.     I'op.  1351. 

OWASCO  CREEK,  of  Cayuga  CO..  New  Y'ork,  is  the  outlet 
of  Owa.-^X)  Lake,  fiowiug  into  Seneca  River. 

OWASCO  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York. 

O^VASSO,  o-w6s'so,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Shia 
wa.ssee  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  Shiawassee  River.  27  miles  N.E. 
of  Lansing.  The  village  has  6  churches,  and  1  bank.  See 
Owosso  iu  Appexdix. 

OWEGO,  o-wee'go,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  post- village 
and  township,  capital  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Owego  Creek  with  the  Susquehanna  River,  where  - 
the  former  is  crossed  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad, 
247  miles  from  New  York  City.  The  inhaWtants  are 
extensively  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade.  The  village  con- 
tains, besides  tne  county  buildings,  7  churches,  2  banks,  an 
academy,  a  ladles'  seminary,  also  numerous  stores,  2  print- 
ing-offices issuing  newspapers,  and  several  flour,  plaster, 
and  woollen  mills,  besides  other  esttiblishments.  A  wooden 
bridge  unites  it  with  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river.  Owe- 
go is  connected  with  Ithaca,  30  miles  distant,  by  the 
Cayuga  and  Susquehanna  Railroad.  Settled  in  1791,  and 
incorpoRited  in  1827.  Pop.  of  the  township,  8935'  of  the 
village,  about  5000. 

OWE/GO  CREEK,  of  New  York,  is  formed  by  the  East 
and  \Vest  Branches,  which  unite  in  Tioga  county.  It  flows 
nearly  southward,  and  enters  the  E.  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna River  at  Owego. 

OWEN,  o'wen.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Danube, 
on  the  Lauter,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Stuttgart. 

O'WEN.  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  300  square  miles.  The  Kentucky  River  bounds 
it  on  the  W.,  and  the  Eagle  Creek  washes  part  of  its  eastern, 
and  all  of  its  north-western  border.  The  surfiice  is  undu- 
latini;,  and  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  subjacent  rock  is  the  blue 
limestone.  The  navigation  of  the  Kentucky  River  has  been 
improved  by  locks  and  dams  on  the  border.  Formed  in 
1819,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Abram  Owen,  who  fell 
at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Capital,  Owenton.  Pop.  1 2,719, 
of  wliom  11,059  were  free,  and  1060  slaves. 

OWEN,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  West 
F'ork  of  Mhite  Kiver.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating, 
excepting  the  river  bottoms,  which  are  large  and  fertile. 
The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  also  good,  and  adapted  to  wheat, 
corn,  oats,  and  grass.  The  i-ounty  contains  extensive  beds 
of  coal  and  iron  ore,  which  yields  about  40  per  cent,  of  me- 
tal. The  river  is  navigiiti-d  by  small  steamers  through  thig 
county,  during  high  water.  Organized  in  1819.  Capital, 
Spencer.     Pop.  14.y76. 

OWEN,  a.  township  of  Dallas  co.,  Arkansas. 


=^ 


OWE 

OWEN,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  705. 
OWKN,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  801. 
OWEN,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1662. 
OWEN,  a  township  of  Vauderburg  co.,  Indiana. 
OWENBOKOUGII,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Da- 
viess erf.,  Kentucky,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  Kiver,  165  miles 
below   Ixiuisville.     The   navigation  is   seldom   obstructed 
either  by  ice  or  by  low  water  below  this  place.    Owenbo- 
rough  is  the  principal  shipping  port  of  the  county.     It  con- 
tains a  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  a  branch 
bank.     One  newspaper  is  published  here.    Pop.  2308. 
OWENSHOROUGII,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana. 
0\VEN'.S  L.\KE,  near  the  centre  of  California,  is  situated 
in  about  30"  05'  N.  lat.,  and  117'^  50'  W.  Ion.     It  is  about  10 
miles  long  by  6  miles  wide,  and  receives  Owen's  Kiver. 
OWEN'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Buckingham  co.,  Viririnia. 
OWEN  SOUND,  or  SYD'ENIL\M,  a  thriving  post  villai;e 
in  the  township  of  Sydenham,  Waterloo  co.,  Canada  West, 
on  Georgian  Bay.  110  miles  N.W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  HiiO. 

OWEN'S  KIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Mariposa  and  Tulare 
counties,  California,  flows  into  Owen's  Lake. 

O'WENSVILLE,  a  village  of  Westchester  co.,  New  York, 
on  Croton  Hiver,  about  112  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

OWENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sampson  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, 84  miles  S.S.E.  of  Raleigh. 
OWENSYILLE,  a  po.st-village  of  Saline  CO.,  Arkansas. 
OWENSVILLB,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ofcio. 
OWENSYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  9 
miles  S.W.  of  Princeton.     Pop.  in  1860,  491. 

OWEXSYiLLE,  a  small  village  of  Clay  co.,  Slissourl. 
OWENSYILLE,  a  village  of  Canada  We.st,  co.  of  Prince 
Edward,  10  miles  S.  of  Belleville.     Pop.  about  100. 

O'WENTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Owen  CO., 
Kentucky,  28  miles  N.  of  i'rankfort.  It  is  connected  by 
turnpike  with  Warsaw,  on  the  Ohio  Kiver;  it  contains  3 
churches.     Settled  in  1828. 

O'WKR-MOIGNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 
O'WHKSBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
OWIIYllEE.     See  Hawaii. 

O'WING'S  LANDING,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  Missouri. 
O^VING'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co..  Mary- 
land, on  the  Westminster  Branch  Railroad,  17  miles  N.W. 
of  Baltimore. 

O'WINGSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bath  CO.,  Ken- 
tucky, about  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Lexington,  hus  a  fine 
court-house  and  two  or  three  churches. 

OWLA,  fSw'ld,  or  AULA,  a  decayed  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Bare'ily,  on  the  S.W.  of  the  Nawaul  Nullah.     In 
the  environs  are  various  ruins  of  palaces  and  mosques. 
OWL  CREEK,  Ohio.    See  Verno.n  River. 
OWL'l'EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
OWL  PRAI'RIE  TOWN,  a  po.st-village  of  Daviess  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  16  miles  N.  of  Wash- 
ington, the  county  seat. 

OWL'S  HEAD,  a  headland  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance 
of  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light,  elevated 
147  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  44°  N.,  Ion.  68°  58'  W. 
OWM'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
OWRA,  ow'ri,  a  town  of  India,  province  of  Malwah,  on 
the  Chumbul,  75  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kotah ;  lat.  24°  12'  N.,  Ion. 
75°  26'  E. 

0W7RAM,  NORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

OWRAM." SOUTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 
OWS'LEBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
OAVS'LEY.  a  county  situated  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ken- 
tucky, has  an  area  estimated  at  460  square  miles.     It  is 
drained  by  the  Kentucky  River  and  its  three  forks,  which 
unite  ne.ir  the  centre.   The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous, 
and  mostly  covered  with  forests;  the  soil  is  rather  poor,  ex- 
cepting near  the  streams.    Coal  and  lumber  are  the  chief 
articles  of  export.    Extensive  mines  of  iron  ore  and  stone- 
coal  have  been  found.   Formed  in  1842,  and  named  in  honor 
of  AVilliam  Owsley,  late  governor  of  the   state.    Capital, 
Booneville.  Pop.  5335,  of  whom  5223  were  free,  and  112  slaves. 
OW'STON.  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  I,incoln. 
OWSTON.'a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West  Riding. 
OW/TIIORNE,  a  maritime  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork, 
East  Riding,  on  the  North  Sea.    The  sea  has  made  great 
Inroads  here,  and  covers  a  submarine  forest. 
OWI'IIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 
OWYHEE,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.     See  IIawaii. 
0WY''1IEE  RIYER,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Oregon,  rises 
on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  falls  into  the 
South  Branch  of  Lewis  River. 

OX'BOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
OX'BOW,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York,  on 
Oswegntcbie  River,  about  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Watertown. 
OXBOW,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co..  Pennsylvania. 
OXBOW,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Illinois. 
OX'COMB,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
OX'ENDEN,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 


OXP 

OXENDEN,  LITTLE,  is  a  locality  2  miles  S.W.  of  Mar'KOt- 
Ilarborough,  England. 
OX'ENllALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
O.X'ENUOPE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  York,  WeM 
Riding. 
OX'ENTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
O.X/FOKD  or  OXFORDSHIRE,  ox'ford-shir,  a  central 
county  of  Enj;land,  having  S.  the  county  of  Berks,  from 
which  it  is  wholly  separated  by  the  Thames.  Area  739  square 
miles,  or  472,960  acres,  of  which  upwards  of  400,000  arc  under 
cultivation.  Pop.  in  1851, 170.439.  Surface  mostly  levil.  or 
undulating,  except  in  the  S.,  where  it  is  traversed  by  the 
Cbiltern  Hills.  Soil  in  the  N.  a  fertile  loam,  elsewhere  gra- 
velly, or  thin. and  on  a  limestone  subsoil.  I'rimipal  rivers, 
the  Thame.  Cberwell,  Windrush.  and  Evenlode.  afUucnls  of 
the  Thames.  Barley,  wheat,  and  turnips  are  the  main  crops. 
Dairy  produce  of  excellent  quality.  Stock  of  sheep  large, 
especially  on  the  Chiltern  Range.  'I'he  Oxford  Canal,  91  miles 
in  length,  traverses  the  county  from  N.  to  S..  connecting  the 
Thames  with  the  Coventry  Canal,  and  through  it  willi  the 
Mersey,  Severn,  and  Trent,  and  a  branch  of  the  Great  West- 
ern Hailwiiy  extends  in  the  same  direction.  Principal  towns, 
Oxford.  Banbury,  Wootlstoik. and  Uenley.  The  county  sends 
Smemburs  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and  6  are  sent  by  its 
boroughs  and  university.  The  aboriginal  inhabitan  ts  of  tliii" 
county,  the  Dobuni.  are  said  to  have  welcomed  their  Roman 
conquerors,  and  always  to  have  lived  contenteilly  under 
them.    Roman  remains  are  numerous  in  the  county. 

OX/FORD,  (L.  Oxo'ma.)  a  city,  parliamentary  borough,  and 
the  seat  of  one  of  the  principal  universities  of  England, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Oxford,  between  the  junction  of  the 
Isis  and  Cherwell,  here  crossed  by  numi^rous  bridges,  55 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Ixindon.  on  the  Great  Western  Railway, 
an<l  branch.  Lat.  51°  45'  55"  N.,  Ion.  1°  15'  29"  W.  Area  of 
parliamentary  borough,  2930  acres.  Pop.  in  1851,  27.843. 
It  stands  in  an  undulating  amphitheatre,  surrounded  by 
wooded  meadows,  and  encompassed  on  the  W..  S.,  and  E.,  by 
hill.s,  but  opens  towards  the  N.  into  a  champaign  country, 
and  presents  a  magnificent  appearance,  with  its  numerous 
spires  and  domes ;  that  of  the  Raddiffe  Library  being  tho 
most  conspicuous.  The  High  Street,  proceeding  from  E.  to  W., 
and  entered  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge  over  the  Cherwell, 
is  one  of  the  noblest  thoroughfares  in  Europe.  In  it  are 
Magdalen,  -A^ll  Souls,  Queen's,  and  University  Colleges,  and 
the  University  Church.  At  right  angles  with  this  street, 
is  another  line  upwards  of  1  mile  in  length.  In  this  are 
Chrlstchurch  College  and  the  Town  Hall,  and  its  N.  part  is 
very  broad,  and  ornamented  with  rows  of  elms.  Tarallel 
to  High  Street,  is  Broad  Street,  in  which  are  Baliol.  Trinity, 
and  Exeter  Colleges,  the  Ashmolean  Mu.senm,  Clarendon 
Rooms,  Seldonian  Theatre,  and  near  it  the  Academic'il 
Schools,  with  tho  Bodleian  Library  and  Picture  Gallery. 
Several  of  the  streets  are  lineil  with  substantial  private 
residences,  and  a  new  and  handsome  suburb  has  been  built 
within  the  last  25  years. 

The  Cathedral  of  Oxford,  attached  to  Christchurch  College, 
and  on  the  site  of  a  priory  founded  in  the  8th  century,  is 
an  edifice  of  different  styles,  between  the  12th  and  ICth 
centuries,  with  a  spire  146  feet  in  height.  Its  see  comprises 
the  county  of  Oxford,  and  the  archileaconries  of  Berks  and 
Bucks.  Revenue  of  hi.shopric  in  1847,  2500?.  St.  Jlary's 
Church,  used  for  academical  services,  has  a  spire  of  180  feet 
in  height,  and  is  a  fine  structure,  though  di.sfigured  by  a 
heavy  porch.  Carfax,  or  St.  Martin's,  is  the  corporation 
church.  St.  Peter's  in  the  East  is  the  oldest  existing  church 
in  Oxford,  (supposed  to  have  been  built  about  the  9th  cen- 
tury ;)  its  older  parts  are  Saxon,  and  it  has  a  crypt  of  the 
same  architecture.  St.  Mary  Magdalen  is  a  handsome  church 
in  the  decorated  style.  St.  John's,  All  Saints',  and  St  Giles', 
also  deserve  notice.  In  the  city  are  also  10  other  benefices. 
Besides  the  colleges,  several  of  which,  as  Christchurch,  New 
College.  All  Souls,  Slagdalen,  and  Queen's,  are  cf  imposing 
architecture,  and  have  rich  internal  ornaments;  the  other 
principal  buildings  are  the  town  and  county  hall,  music  hull, 
city  bridewell,  .sessions  hou.«e,  and  county  jail,  a  Gothic 
embattled  structure  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  castle,  the 
market-houses,  Radcliffe  infirmary,  house  of  industry  for  11 
parishes,  many  almshou.ses,  and  chapels  for  Roman  Catliolics, 
Methodists,  Independents,  and  Baptists. 

Oxford  has  large  diocesan  and  national  schools,  numerous 
charitable  endowments,  several  banks,  and  it  had  formerly 
many  flourishing  hotels,  and  was  a  centre  of  a  good  deal  of 
stage  coach  traffic.  It  is  at  present  chiefly  supported  by  its 
University,  though  it  has  some  transit  trade  in  coals  and 
corn,  facilitated  by  wharves  and  quays  on  the  Isis.  It  is 
governed,  exclusive  of  the  University,  by  a  mayor,  9  alder- 
men, and  30  councillors,  and  is  the  seat  of  quarter  and  petty 
sessions,  a  mayor's  court,  and  court  of  hustings,  and  of 
assizes  and  monthly  courts  for  the  county.  It  sends  2  mem- 
bers to  the  House  of  Commons  for  the  town,  and  2  members 
for  the  University. 

The  University  of  Oxford  consists  of  19  colleges,  and  5  halla. 
Their  names  and  date  of  foundation  are  a.s  follows  • — Uni- 
versitv  College,  reputed  to  have  been  founded  in  872.  rev  ived 
in  1249 ;  Baliol,  foutided  between  1263  and  1268,  and  of  \n  hicli 

1415 


OXF 


OXF 


Wiokllffe  WRS  once  ma-'ter;  Morton,  founded  at  Maiden  in 
Surrey,  iu  1204,  and  removetl  to  Oxford  in  1274;  Exeter, 
founded  1314;  Oriel,  a  h.ind.^ome  and  richly  ornamented 
e<lifiie.  dating  from  1326;  Queen's,  founded  in  1340,  the 
buildings  of  which  are  among  the  finest  in  the  city;  New 
College,  13S6,  with  the  most  gorgeous  and  elegant  chapel  in 
the  University;  the  garden  of  this  college  is  beautifully  laid 
out.  and  interspersed  with  majestic  trees ;  Lincoln,  founded 
1427 ;  All  Souls'.  1437,  with  a  noble  hall,  and  a  library  of 
40,000  volumes;  Magdalen.  1456,  at  the  entrance  of  the  city 
from  London,  with  much  fine  Gothic  architecture,  and  a 
hall  th.it  has  been  the  banqueting  room  of  many  English 
sovereigns;  it  is  remarkable  for  the  extent  and  beauty  of 
its  meadows,  gardens,  and  walks;  but  chiefly  for  its  tower, 
an  exquisite  specimen  of  rather  late  perpendicular,  and  one 
of  the  most  gracefully  proportioned  buildings  in  the  king- 
dom :  Brazen  Xose.  founded  in  1.509 ;  Corpus  Christi,  in  1516 ; 
Christchurch,  originally  founded  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  in  1525, 
and  with  by  far  the  most  extensive  buildings  and  grounds 
belonging  to  any  of  the  colleges,  a  AV.  front,  382  feet  in  length, 
a  tower,  containing  the  '•  Great  Tom,"  a  bell,  weighing  17.000 
pounds;  magnificent  hall,  picture  gallery,  library,  &c. ; 
Trinity,  founded  in  1554 ;  St.  John's,  in  1557,  with  handsome 
buildings  in  the  X.  part  of  the  city ;  Jesus,  founded  in  1571 ; 
M'adham,in  1613;  Pembroke,  in  1620;  'Worcester  College,  in 
1714;  and  SI.  JIary's,  Xew  Inn,  St.  Alban,  Magdalen,  and  St, 
Edmund's  Halls,  which  two  last  are  unendowed  academical 
houses.  Total  number  of  members  iu  the  University  in 
184S,  6020, 

Besides  the  buildings  of  each  individual  college  and  hall, 
are  others  even  of  a  more  magnificent  description,  belonging 
to  all  in  common,  or  to  the  University  properly  so  called. 
Of  these  the  most  remarkable  are  the  Theatre,  built  by  Sir 
Christopher  Wren,  and  usetl  by  the  University  on  great 
public  occasions,  and,  though  only  80  feet  long  by  70  feet 
broad,  so  arranged  as  to  accommodate  nearly  4000  iiersons; 
the  buildings  called  the  Schools,  used  for  the  examination 
of  candidates  for  degrees,  and  similar  purpo.ses,  and  con- 
sisting of  a  hand.-:ome  quadrangle,  of  late  or  del>ased  Gothic, 
they  partly  form  a  picture-gallery,  and  parti}-  accommodate 
the"  rich  treasures  of  tlie  Bodleian  Library,  which  occupies 
one  side  of  the  quadrangle ;  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  which, 
tltough  neither  in  extent  nor  value  what  might  be  expected 
in  such  a  localit)'.  is  remarkable  as  beiug  the  earliest  pulilic 
museum  established  in  the  kingdom,  and  as  containing  the 
,:ollections  of  the  Tritdescauts,  Elias  Ashmole,  Ac;  the  K.id- 
clifTe  Library,  a  splendid  structure,  crowned  by  a  dome, 
which  forms  a  conspicuous  feature  in  every  view  of  Oxford, 
and  contrasts  somewhat  strangely,  though  not  unpleasantly, 
with  the  Gothic  edifices  around  it :  the  KadclifTe  Obsi-rvatory, 
con.sisting  of  wings  and  a  light  and  elegant  centre,  sur- 
mounted by  a  tower,  in  imitation  of  the  Temple  of  the 
Vinds  at  Athens:  the  Clarendon,  originally  built  a,s  a 
printing-office  for  Loi-d  Clarendon's  works,  but  now  used  as 
a  geological  museum,  lecture-rooms,  and  public  ofSces;  Uni- 
versity I'rintiug  Office,  a  very  extensive  building  by  Blore: 
and  the  Taylor  and  Randolph  Institution,  a  magnificent 
range  of  buildings  by  Co<'kerell,  recentlj'  complet*Kl.  partly 
for  the  custody  and  exhibition  of  works  of  art,  and  partly 
as  a  foundation  for  the  teaching  of  modern  languages.  In 
connexion  with  the  University  may  lie  mentioned  the  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  probably  the  oldest,  but  by  no  means  one  of 
the  best,  in  the  kingdom ;  but  lately  much  improved,  and 
enriched  with  the  extensive  Fielding  Herbarium,  in  addition 
to  the  valuable  collections. before  pos.«essed. 

The  University  is  governed  by  its  own  statutes,  .idminii*- 
tered  by  a  chancellor,  a  resident  vice-chancellor,  who  is  a 
magistrate  for  Oxford,  and  the  counties  of  Oxfonl  and  Berks, 
2  proctors,  and  some  subordinate  officers.  The  corporate 
business  is  conducted  by  tha  House  of  Congregation,  com- 
pose-l  of  the  resident  doctors,  heads,  and  profes-sors  of  col- 
leges, and  the  House  of  Convocation,  comprising  all  those 
whose  names  remain  on  the  Ixwks  of  the  University,  whe- 
ther resident  or  not.  Public  professorships  are  of  royal  or 
private  endowment ;  and  in  all  there  are  28  professors  and 
readers,  some  of  whom  lecture  in  the  '■  Schools,"  the  build- 
ings of  which  have  been  already  noticed.  The  fellowships 
and  scholarships  are  chiefly  reserved  for  parties  who,  by 
birth  or  interest,  rather  than  learning,  accjuire  a  title  to 
them ;  but  at  Baliol,  Oriel.  Lincoln,  and  Wadham  Colleges, 
they  have  been  thrown  open  to  competition.  Most  of  the 
colleges  have  exhibitions,  with  stipends  from  public  bodies 
elsewhere,  and  at  Christchurch  is  a  body  of  sen-ilm-s.  similar 
to  the  sizars  of  Cambridge.  The  Bodleian  Library,  con- 
nected with  the  University,  comprises  220,000  volumes,  and 
20,000  manuscripts,  and  is  entitled  to  a  copy  of  all  new 
works  published  in  the  United  Kingdom.  There  are  besides 
aViout  23  other  libraries.  Total  revenues  of  the  University 
estimated  at  4.')7,490f, 

University  College  claims  to  have  heev  founded  by  Alfred, 
Tt  is  certain  that  Oxford  was  a  seat  of  learning  as  early  as 
the  time  of  IMward  the  Confessor,  It  was  a  principal  resi- 
dence of  numerous  Saxon.  Danish,  and  Norman  monarchs. 
In  the  civil  war,  the  members  of  its  university  sided  with 
the  king,  and  they  have  generally,  to  the  present  day, 
1416 


espoused  high  church  and  tori'  principles.    The  University 
hiis  sent  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons  since  the 

time  of  Edward  I. A  student  of  Oxford  is  called  an  Oxo- 

MAN,  ox-o'ni'-an. 

OXI'OKD,  a  county  in  the  'W.  part  Df  Maine,  has  an  area 
of  atx)Ut  1700  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  the  Andros- 
coggin, Margallaway.  Saco,  and  other  smaller  rivers.  In 
the  N.  part  are  several  lakes  connected  with  Umbagog  Lake, 
one  of  the  principal  sources  of  the  Androscoggin  River, 
Some  parts,  especially  in  the  N.  and  N.AV.,  are  rough  and 
mountainous,  but  a  large  portion  is  fertile,  and  well  adapted 
to  cultivation,  particularly  along  the  banks  of  its  many 
lakes  and  rivers,  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  wool,  and  grass 
are  the  staples.  The  Atlantic  and  St,  I^wreuce  Kailroad 
passes  through  this  county.    Capital,  Paris.     Pop.  36,698. 

OXFOBD,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  36  miles 
S.W.  of  Augusta,  intersected  by  the  Atlantic  and  St  Law- 
rence Kailroad.     Pop,  1281. 

OXFORD,  a  thriving  post^village  and  township  of  Wor- 
cester CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  .Norwich  and  ^Vorcester 
Railroad,  11  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Worcester,  It  contains  a 
bank,  6  churches,  cottoii-mills,  5  woollen-mills,  and  num»> 
roiis  boot  and  shoe  factories.    Pop.  of  the  township,  3034. 

OXFORD,  a  post-township  of  New  Haven  CO.,  Connecticut, 
intersected  by  the  Naugatuck  Railroad,  15  miles  N.W.  of 
New  Haven.     Pop.  I'2ti9, 

OXt'Oiy),  a  post- village  and  township  of  Chenango  co,. 
New  York,  on  the  Chenango  River  and  Canal,  110  nules  by 
land,  or  170  miles  by  canal  W,  by  S,  of  All/any,  The  vil- 
lage is  beautifully  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge,  and  on  the  projected  railroad  from 
Binghamton  to  Utica,  33  miles  N.N,E.  of  the  former,  and 
60  miles  S.S.W,  of  the  latter.  It  contains  churches  for 
the  Congregational ists.  Baptists,  Methodi.st.s,  Episcopalians, 
Uuiversalists,  and  Catholics;  a  bank,  an  acjidemy  founded 
in  1795,  2  priuting-oflices,  from  which  2  weekly  newspapers 
are  issued,  "23  stores,  and  the  Oxford  Hoe  and  Edge  Tool 
Company.  This  company  «mploy  about  50  hands,  and 
furnish  hoes  and  edge  tools,  especially  the  former,  to  every 
part  of  the  United  States.  A  new  academic  edifice  and  2 
boarding  nails  have  recently  been  erected,-  at  a  cost  of 
$20,000,  The  stirrounding  county  is  a  rich  iigricultural 
region,  famous  for  its  butter.  Pop.  of  the  townsliip,  3290; 
of  the  village,  about  1600, 

OXFORD,  a  postrvillage  of  Orange  co..  New  York,  on  tho 
New  York  and  Erie  Kailroad,  52  miles  from  New  York  City. 

OXFORD,  a  township  of  Warren  co,,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Delaware,  48  miles  N.N.W.  of  Trenton.  It  contains  Belvi- 
dere.  the  county  seat,  and  the  small  village  of  Oxford.  P.  2350. 

OXFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Adams  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  turnpike  road  from  York  to  Gettysburg,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  the  latter.     Pop.  1201. 

OXFORD,  a  post-liorough  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsylr.ania,  69 
miles  S,E,  of  Ilarrisburg,  It  is  situated  in  a  wealthy  and 
populous  neighborhood.     Pop.  482. 

OXFORD,  a  township  included  within  the  chartered 
limits  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware 
River,  6  miles  N.E.  of  the  State  House. 

OXFORD,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Talbot  co., 
Maryland,  at  the  mouth  of  Treadhaven  Creek,  a  iiavigabla 
arm  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Easton,  has  a 
flourishing  military  academy.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  ports 
of  entry  in  the  state.  The  shipping  of  the  district,  Jupe 
30,  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  133  tons  registered 
and  12.452  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  During  the  year,  19 
schooners — aggregate  burthen  of  1320  tons — were  built, 

OXFORD,  a  jiost-oilice  of  Ritchie  co.,  W,  Virginia, 

OXFORD,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Granvillb 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  45  miles  N,  of  Raleigh,  and  12  miles  W. 
of  the  Gaston  and  Raleigh  Railroad,  The  situation  is  beau- 
tiful and  healthj',  Oxford  is  a  place  of  some  importance  for 
its  educational  establishments,  having  in  successful  opera- 
tion an  academj'  for  each  sex,  and  a  IJaptist  female  college, 
which  was  opened  in  1851.  It  also  contains  3  or  4  churches, 
and  1  newspaper  ofRce.     Pop.  in  1850,  1978  ;  in  1860,  878. 

OXFORD,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Newton  CO.,  Georgia, 
2  miles  N.  of  the  Georgia  Railroad,  and  132  miles  W.  of  Au- 
gusta. It  is  the  seat  of  Emory  College,  founded  in  1837,  by 
the  Methodists, 

OXFORD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Benton  co„  Alabama, 
on  the  route  of  the  railroad  now  in  progress  from  Selma  to 
Gadsden,  110  miles  N,  by  E,  of  Montgomery.     Pop.  300. 

OXFORD,  a  pleasant  and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
I-afayette  co.,  Mississippi.  180  miles  N,  of  Jackson.  It  Is 
considered  one  of  the  healthiest  places  in  the  state,  Thti 
State  University,  which  is  situated  one  mile  from  the  vil- 
lage, is  well  endowed  and  flourishing,  and  the  ImiMings  are 
excellent.  It  has  4  or  5  churches,  2  seniinarits  for  lioys 
and  2  for  girls ;  2  newspapers  are  published  here.  The  On*- 
tral  Railroad  of  Missi.ssippi  passes  through  Oxford. 

OXFORD,  a  post-village  of  Scott  CO.,  Kentucky,  22  miles 
E.  liy  N.  of  Frankfort. 

OXFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  f>f  Butler  co..  Ohiix 
on  the  Junction  Railroad.  105  miles  W.S.W.  of  »\ilumbu«. 
The  village  is  the  seat  of  Miami  Uuiveisity,  founded  in 


OXF 


OZO 


1809,  which  has  6  professors,  and  a  lihrary  of  9000  volumes. 
This  institution  is  supported  by  the  Income  arising  from  a 
large  grant  of  land  from  the  governmeut.  Oxford  contains 
7  cliurches,  3  feiiuilo  seminaries,  and  I  newspaper  office. 
Pop.  abont  2000;  of  the  township,  2413. 

OXl'OllD,  a  town.sliip  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.,  intersected 
by  tlie  Tuscarawas  Iliver  and  Ohio  Canal.    I'op.  1049. 
OXFORD,  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    See  Ashley. 
OXFOKD,  a  township  of  Delaware  co..  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Kailroad.    P.  1133. 
OXFORD,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Mansfield  and  Sandusky  City  Railroad.     Pop.  1487. 
O.XFORD,  a  town.«hip  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1857. 
OXfc'OKD,  a  villa'.'e  of  Holmes  do.,  Ohio,  on  Killbuck Creek, 
82  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

OXFOItD.a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Tu.scarawas  River  and  Ohio  Canal.     I'op.  1525. 

OXFOKD,  a  post-township  iu  the  N.E.  part  of  Oakland 
CO.,  Michifjan.     Pop.  1402. 

OXFOKD,  a  tliriving  post-village,  capital  of  Benton  co., 
Indiana,  88  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis,  is  surrounded  by 
extensive  prairie.s. 

OXFOKD,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois,  about  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Cambridge. 

OXFOKD,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Canada  West,  has 
an  area  of  710  .square  miles.  The  railroad  from  Duiidas,  at 
the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  to  Windsor,  on  the  Detroit  River, 
traverses  this  county,  passing  through  Woodstock  its  capital. 
Pop.  32.038. 

OXFOl'.D,  a  town  of  Canada  West,  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lon- 
don, on  the  Thames. 

OXFORD  DKPOT,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York, 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  52  miles  from  New 
York.   • 

OX'FORD  FUR/NACE,  a  small  post-village  in  Oxford  town- 
ship, \\arren  co..  New  Jersey,  has  an  iron  furnace,  and  10 
or  15  dwellings. 
OX'KORD  VAI/LEY,  post-office,  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
OX'lIKY,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  and  20  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Hertford.     Pop.  750. 
O.V'IIIIiL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 
OXIA,  ox-ee'a,  one  of  the  smaller  Ionian  islands,  off  Cape 
Skropha,  Acarnania.     Length  4  miles,  breadth  1;  miles. 
OXI.E.    See  Kurzolaki. 

OX'LEY'S  TABLE-LAND,  Central  Australia,  an  elevated 
and  verdant  region,  lat.  30°  S..  Ion.  145°  43'  E. 

OX'NA,  one  of  the  Shetland  Island.s,  Scotland,  parish  of 
Tingwall,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Scalloway,  3  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence.    Pop.  19. 

OX'NAM,  formerly  OX/ENHAM,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Roxburgh. 
OX  XE.VD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
OX'.N  EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
OXOMEKIA.  o.K-o-m.'l-ree'd.  a  maritime  town  on  the  W. 
«hore  of  the  island  of  Tinos,  Grecian  Archipelago.    Pop.  2000. 
OXONIA.    See  Oxford. 

OX'TEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 
OXTON,  a  village  of  Scotland.    See  Chan.nel  Kirk. 
OXTON",  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
OXTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
OX'US.  called  also  AMOO,  AMOU  or  AMU,  i'moo'.  .TE- 
IIOON,  JIIIOON,  je-hoon',  or  GIHON,  je-hou',  and  AMOO 
DAKIA,  one  of  the  great  rivers  of  Central  Asia.  Independent 
loorkistan,  rises  in  a  lake  in  the  table-land  of  Pameer,  in  lat. 
87°  27'  N.,  Ion.  73°  40'  E.,  and  15,600  feet  above  the  sea,  flows 
mostly  nortli- west  ward,  through  the  dominions  of  Khoo- 
loom.  Bokhara,  and  Khiva,  and  enters  the  Sea  of  Aral  on  its 
S.  side  by  numerous  mouths.  Lat.  4.3°  N.,  and  Ion.  58°  to  59°  E. 
vOtal  course  estimated  at  1300  miles.     It  receives  some  con-  I 
nderable  affluents,  but  for  the  most  part  it  traverses  n  sandy 
tnd  unproductive  region.     It  formed  the  N.  limit  of  the  do- 
minions of  Cyrus  and  Alexander. 
OX'WICH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 
OX'WICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
OYAK,  a  river  of  French  Guiana.     See  OUVA. 
OYAPOK  or  OYAI'OC,  o'y4-pok',  a  river  of  South  America, 
separating  Frencli  Guiana  from  Brazil,  joius  the  Atlantic  by 
an  estuary  18  miles  across.  70  miles  S.E.  of  Cayenne,  in  lat.  4° 
N.,  after  a  X.E.  course  of  180  miles,  for  the  last  30  of  which  it 
»s  navigable.    On  it,  25  miles  from  the  sea,  Is  the  village  of 
Oj'aiiok  or  St.  Louis. 

OYAUZUN,  o-j-aR-thoon',  (anc.  (Kj'so  or  (Bas'so.)  a  town  of 

Spain,  prc^ince  of  Guipuzcoa,  7  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Sebastian, 

at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  the  river  Oyarzun.   Pop.  3238. 

OYCKE,  o-Tk'keh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 

Flanders,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  J321. 

OYE,  w3.  almost  wl,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pas-de-Calais,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Omer.     Pop.  1640. 

OYE.  a  commune  of  France,  department  of  Saone-et- Loire. 
Pop.  1140. 

OYG  HEM.  o-I'ghem.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Lys,  19  miles  S.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  1221. 

OYLEWORTH,  oil'w9rth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 


OYNE,  oin.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen.  Garioob, 
6  miles  N.  of  Monymusk.  Here  are  two  Druidic  temples,  one 
of  them  of  great  extent. 

OYOXNAX,  o^yon'nd',  a  market  town  of  France,  depart 

mcnt  of  Ain,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Nantua.     Pop.  in  1852.  3245 

It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  horn  and  wooden  artiiles. 

OY'STEIt,  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  off  the  Aracan 

coast:  lat.  20°  12'  N..  lat.  92°  32'  E. 

OY'STER,  an  island  in  the;  China  Sea.  a  little  N.E.  (.f  the 
island  of  Quemoy,  lat.  24°  38'  N..  Ion.  118°  39'  E. 

OYSTER  BAY,  of  New  York,  extends  from  Long  Island 
Sound  into  Queen's  county. 

OYSTER  BAY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Queen's 
county.  New  York,  on  the  bay  of  that  name,  about  30  miles 
E.  of  New  York.  The  township  extends  from  Long  Island 
Sound  to  Great  South  Bay,  and  is  intersected  by  Long  Island 
Railroad.  The  village  is  plca.santly  situated,  contains 
churches  of  4  or  5  denominations,  and  has  steamboat  com- 
munication with  New  York.     Pop.  9168. 

0YST1;R  bay,  Tasmania,  is  on  the  W.  coast  of  Yan  Die- 
men's  Land,  iu  lat.  42°  40'  S.,  Ion.  148°  2'  E.,  and  gives  name 
to  a  district  of  that  colony. 

OYSTER  CI!  J;eK,  Texas,  flows  nearly  parallel  with  Brazos 
River,  through  Fort  Bend  and  Brazos  counties,  and  enters 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
OYSTER  CltEEK.  a  post-office  of  Brazoria  co.,  Texas. 
OYSTER  HARBOR,  South-AVest  Australia,  is  an  inlet  of 
King  George's  .Sound,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Albany. 

OYSTER  ISLAND,  British  India,  province  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Aracan. 

OYSTER  ISLAND,  of  Ireland,  Connaught,  co.  and  4  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Sligo,  in  Sligo  Bay,  IJ-  furlongs  fiom  the  nearest 
part  of  the  mainland.  It  has  a  beacon,  and  the  two  light- 
houses of  Sli',ro  Port. 

OY'STERMOUTH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan, 5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Swansea,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  railway.  Pop.  1482. 
OYSTER  POND,  New  York.  See  Orient. 
OY'STERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  township, 
Barnstable  county,  Massachu.setts,  on  the  S.  side  of  Capa 
Cod,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

OZAMA,  o-sd'mJ,  a  river  of  Ilayti,  rises  in  the  central 
range  of  the  island,  flows  first  S  E.,  then  S.AV.,  and  enters 
the  sea  at  San  Domingo,  after  a  course  of  above  50  miles. 
OZ.\N,  a  township  in  Hempstead  co.,  Arkan.sas.     P.  1547. 
OZ.\R.\.  a  market-town  of  Hungary.     See  OzoR.\. 
OZARK',  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  bordering 
on  Arkansiis,  contiiins  al)Out  700  square  miles.     It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  North  Fork  and  Bryant's  Fork  of  White 
River,  which  unite  in  the  S.  part  of  the  county,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Little  North  Fork  of  the  same  river,  and 
Beaver  Creek.    The  surface  is  hilly,  or  rather  mountainoub 
and  covered  by  extensive  forests  of  the  yellow  )iine,  which 
attains  a  great  size.     The  soil  in  the  valleys  and  along  the 
streams  is  fertile.    The  streams  furnish  a  copious  supply  of 
water-power.  Capital, Gainesville.    Pop.  244 <, of  whom 2404 
were  free,  and  43  slaves. 
OZ.\K(v,  a  post-office  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi. 
OZARK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co.,  Arkansas, 
on  the  Arkansas  River,  121  miles  W.N  W.  of  Little  Rock. 
It  contains  a  court-house  and  several  stores. 

OZARK,  a  post-village  of  Christian  co.,  Missouri,  on  Finley 
Creek,  14  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 
OZ.\RK.  a  post-office  of  .lackson  co.,  Iowa. 
OZAKK  MOUNTAINS,  a  chain  of  the  United  States,  W. 
of  the  Mississippi,  in  Arkans;is  and   Missouri,  extending 
N.E.  and  S.AV'.,  between  the  .\rkansas  and  Missouri  Rivers. 

OZAU'KEE,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Wiscon.sin,  bor- 
dering on  I.^'ike  Michigan,  contains  about  225  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Milwaukee  River,  and  also  drained 
by  Cedar  Creek.    The  surface  is  rolling  and  heavily  tim- 
bered; the  soil  fertile.     Formed  out  of  Washington  county 
in  1853.  Cajiital,  Ozaukee,  or  Port  Washington.   Pop.  15,682, 
OZAUKEE,  a  village  of  Wisconsin.  See  Port  Washinotox. 
OZAUKEE,  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas.     See  .Appendix. 
OZEGN  A.  od-z^n'yj,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Stateg,  dlvt 
gion  of  Turin,  province  and  about  10  miles  from  Ivrea. 
OZl'.NE.     See  Oojeim. 

OZEKNAIA,  o-zJR-ni'i.  two  forts  of  Russia,  government 
of  Orenlioorg.  on  the  Ural,  the  one  about  75  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Orenboorg,  consists  of  about  200  houses;  the  other,  distin- 
guishc-d  by  the  name  of  Nizhneeozernaia,  is  about  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Orenboorg. 

OZIEKI.  o-ze-A'ree.  or  OTHIERI,  o-te-A'ree.  a  town  of  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari.  capital  of  a  province 
and  district,  29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sassari.  Pop.  of  commune, 
7890.  It  occupies  the  slopes  of  several  hills  and  the  bottom 
of  a  narrow  valley,  and  has  a  church,  3  convents,  and  a 
Jesuit  college  and  hospital. 

OZORA,  o'zo'rOh\  or  OZARA,  o'zoh'roh\  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Tolna.  on  the  Sio,  an  affluent  of  the  Dauube,  30 
miles  S.  of  Stuhlweissenburg.     Pop.  3406. 

OZOKKOW  or  OZOIiKOV,  o-zoR/kov.  a  town  of  Poland, 
government  and  76  miles  W.S.W.  of  Warsaw,  on  the  Bzura- 
Pop.'SOeO. 

1417 


PA 


PAC 


rA.,  pi,  1  town  of  China,  province  of  Se-chuen,  capital  of 
a  di*  dct,  neat  lat.  31°  50'  N.,  Ion.  106°  50'  E. 

PA  or  BA-THAXG  or  BATAN,  blHSng',  a  town  of  East 
Thibet,  on  the  Upper  Yang-lse-kiang,  near  lat.  29°  N.,  Ion. 
99<^E. 

PAAL,  a  -village  of  Beldum.    See  Pael. 

PAAXOPA,  pi-no'pS.  or  OCEAN  ISLAND,  In  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  0°  50'  N;,  Ion.  1G7°  40'  E.,  of  a  circular 
form,  about  15  miles  in  circumference. 

PAAR,  pin,  a  river  d  Bavaria,  rises  near  Friedburg,  flows 
N.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Danube  on  the  right,  5  miles  below 
Xngolstadt.    Total  course,  70  miles. 

PAASDORF,  p.is'doRf,  or  PADORF,  pJ'doRf,  a  village  of 
JiOwer  .\ustria,  S-frailes  N.N.E.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1081. 

PAB'BA  or  PAB'BAY,  au  islet  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Inverness,  at  the  N.W.  end  of  the  Sound  of 
Uarris,  3 J  miles  N.  of  Bernera.  Length,  2^  miles;  breadth, 
li  miles.    Pop.  350.    It  has  a  peak  1000  feet  in  height. 

P-iiyB-i,  an  islet  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  In- 
Temess,  6i  miles  S.  of  Barra,  divided  from  Sandeni  by  Pabba 
Sound.    Length  and  breadth,  about  H  miles.    Pop.  25. 

PABBA,  an  islet  of  the  Hebrides,  ia  Scotland,  co.  of  In- 
verness, in  Broadford  Bay.  Isle  of  Skye.    Pop.  21. 

PABILLONIS,  pi-bil-lo'nis.  or  PAVILLONIS,  pa-vil-lo/nis, 
a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Cagliari,  aVwut 
20  miles  S.  of  Oristano.  on  the  Sairo.     Pop.  1309. 

PABLO-DE-LOS-MONTES,  pd'blo-dA-loce-mon'tSs,  a  village 
of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  about  28  miles  from 
Toledo.    Pop.  1512. 

PACAJA,  pi-kd-zha/,  PACAJAZ,  pi-U-zhiz',  or  PACAYA, 
pi-kd-yi',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  joins  the  estuary 
S.  of  the  island  of  Jlarajo,  and  W.  of  Oeiras,  after  a  N. 
course  of  150  miles. 

PACA JES  or  PACAXES.  pl-kj'njs,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  de- 
partment, and  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  La  Paz,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince, on  an  affluent  of  the  Desaguadero. 

PACAJKS  or  PACAXES,  SIERRA  DE,  se^R'nl  dA  pJ-kS- 
hJs',  not  far  from  the  above,  connected  with  the  Cordilleras 
of  the  Andes,  rises  to  15.100  feet. 

PACARAI.MA,  SIKRRA.    See  Sierr.4  Pacaraima. 

PAC.\.YA.  a  river  of  Brazil.     See  Pacaja. 

PACAUDlJiRE,  LA,  id  pd'koMe-aiR/,  a  markettown  of 
France,  department  of  Loire,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Eoanne. 
Pop.  in  1852.  1858. 

PACE,  pd\s.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ille-«t- 
Vilaine.  4$  miles  N.W.  of  Rennes.     Pop.  2600. 

PACECO.  pd-chi/ko,  or  PACIIECO  (?)  a  town  of  Sicily,  4 
miles  S.E.  of  Trapani.     Pop.  2000. 

PACEXTRO,  pd-chJn'tro,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  4  miles  E.  of  Sulmona.    P.  2540. 

PA'OES,  a  post-oflice  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

PACIIA.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Pasha. 

PACHAC.'VCA,  a  river  of  Peru.     See  Pachucaci.- 

PACHACAMA,  pl-cha-kd-md/,  or  PACIIACAMAC.  pl-ohS- 
ki-mdk',  a  village  of  Peru,  department,  and  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Lima,  with  a  ruined  t«mple,  from  which  immense  treasure 
was  taken  by  Pizarro.  Opposite  the  coast  here  are  the 
islands  of  Pachacama. 

PACIIECO,  pi-chA/ko,  a  modem  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  18  miles  S.E.  of  Murcia.    Pop.  4933. 

PACIIECO,  a  town  of  Sicily.    See  Paceco. 

PACHETE,  pd-cheef .  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  province  of  Bahar,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Rogonautpoor. 

PACIIINO,  pJ-kee'ao,  a  village  of  Sicily,  int«ndancy  of 
Syracuse,  district,  and  12  miles  S.  of  Nota,  4  miles  N.AV.  of 
Cape  Passaro,  (anc.  ftchyfnum  Promcmu/rium,)  whence  the 
name  of  the  town.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  fort,  and  a  tuuny 
fishery. 

PACHITEA,  pd-che-t.Vd,  a  river  of  Peru,  rises  in  the  E. 
elope  of  the  Andes,  about  lat.  11°  S.,  flows  circuitously  N., 
and  joins  the  Ucayale  on  the  left,  after  a  course  of  200  miles. 

PACIIIT'LA  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Ichawaynoch- 
away  River  in  Baker  county. 

PACUITTA.  a  postrvillage  of  Early  co.,  Georgia. 

PA-CIIOO,  pd'choo',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Pe-chee-lee, 
capital  of  a  district,  50  miles  S.  of  Peking. 

P.iCIIUCA,  pd-choo'kd,  a  town  of  the  .Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, state,  and  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mexico,  on  the  rout« 
to  Tampico.  It  has  a  fine  church.  In  its  vicinity  are  silver- 
mines,  which  were  firmerly  of  high  importance. 

PACIIUCACA.  pd-ehoo-kd/kd,   or   PACHACACA.  pd-chd- 
kd'ki,  a  river  of  Peru,  department  of  Cuzco.  rises  in  Ljike 
Pachucaea.  in  the  Andes,  and  joins  the  Apurimac,  after  a  N. 
course  estimated  at  IHO  miles. 
PACHYNU.M  PllOMONTORIUM.    See  Cape  Passaro. 
PACXKMC,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Washington  Terri- 
tory, has  an  area  estimated  at  above  800  square  miles.     It 
is  I>ouuded  on  the  W.  by  the  I'acific.  from  which  it  takes  Its 
name,  and  on  the  S.  by  tlie  Columbia  River.    Cape  Disap- 
pointment is  situated  on  its  W.  border.    Formed  6ince-1850. 
Capital,  Pacific  City.    Pop.  420. 
141S 


PACIFIC,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co..  North  Carolina. 

PACIFIC  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Pacific  co.,  Wash 
ington  Territory,  on  Baker's  Bay.  an  expansion  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  Columbia  River,  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
Pacific  Oce.an. 

PACIF'IC  O'CEAN.  or  the  GREAT  SOUTH  SEA.  (h.Malrt 
Pdcipcum;  Fr.  Oclan-Auiiral,  oW&Ng'  OsHrdl'.  Mer-dit-Siid, 
maiR-dii-stid,  or  Grand-Ocean-Pacjiqw.  grSwd  oV.V6xg'-pd'- 
see'feek';  Sp.  Jl/ar  Jhci/ico.maR  pl-see'fe-ko ;  It.  Mare  Pan- 
^co.  md'rd  pd-chec'fe-ko ;  Ger.  &'m</.'!''A  siid-sA,  Gtos.fiT-Ocean, 
gros'sgr  ot/s.'l-dn,  or  Stilh'S-Meer,  stilles-mair:)  by  far  the 
largest  of  the  great  divisions  of  water  on  the  surface  of 
the  globe,  extends  from  the  Arctic  to  the  Antarctic  Circle, 
over  133  degrees  of  latitude;  and  from  the  W.  coast 
of  America  to  Australia,  Papua,  Flores,  Sumbawa,  Java, 
Sumatra,  and  the  E.  coast  of  Asia,  or  through  nearly 
160  degrees  of  longitude.  Area,  estimated  at  70.000.000 
square  miles,  exceeding  that  of  all  the  dry  land  on  the 
globe.  In  its  widest  part,  at  the  equator,  it  is  10.000  miles 
across ;  towards  the  circles  its  breadth  is  diminished,  espe- 
cially in  the  N.,  where  it  communicates  with  the  Arctic 
Ocean  by  Behring  Strait.  It  is  usually  divide<l  >iy  geographi>rs 
into  tlie  North  and  South  Pacific,  separated  from  each  other 
by  the  equator.  Another  division,  marked  by  great  physical 
features,  is  into  three  regions — the  first  extending  from 
Beliring's  Strait,  or  the  Arctic  Circle,  to  the  Tropic  of  Cancer ; 
the  second,  or  equatorial,  including  the  whole  expanse  be- 
tween the  tropics;  and  the  third  extending  from  the  Tropic 
of  Capricorn  to  the  Antarctic  Circle.  The  most  distinguish- 
ing features  of  the  Pacific  are  the  countless  number  of  com- 
paratively small  islands  spread  over  its  surface,  more  espe- 
cially of  its  equatorial  region,  and  the  immense  chain  of 
volcanoes  which  stretch  almo.st  continuously  along  its 
shores,  forming  one  vast  volcanic  circle.  In  the  S.  it  is 
Separated  from  the  Antarctic  Ocean  only  by  an  arbitrary 
line;  but  in  other  directions,  both  its  boundaries  and  its 
communications  with  other  oceans  are  well  defined.  Its 
coast-line  on  the  American  side,  though  generally  bold,  is 
very  little  broken  by  inlets.  On  the  Asiatic  side  it  is  very 
irregular:  thechief  inlets  are  the  Celebes,  China,  and  Yellow 
Seas,  with  the  Seas  of  .Tapan,  Okhotsk,  and  Kamtchatka. 
Its  principal  i.sland  groups,  proceeding  from  W.  to  E..  are 
the  Ladrone.s,  Carolines,  Solomon,  Queen  Charlotte's,  New 
Hebrides.  Feejee.  Friendly,  Society.  Low,  Marquesas.  Sand- 
wich, and  Galapagos  Islands,  and  New  Zealand,  besides  a 
vast  multitude  of  .solitary  i.«lands,  reefs,  and  .sandbanks. 

The  mean  level  of  the  Pacific,  as  ascertained  by  measure- 
ments taken  in  the  Bay  of  Panama  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
is  supposed  to  be  3j  feet  above  that  of  the  Atlantic.  Its 
depth  has  not  heen  ascertained,  though  there  seems  no  reason 
to  doubt  it  descends  much  further  below  than  the  loftiest 
mountain  heights  ascend  above  its  surface.  Owing  to  the 
vast  extent  of  the  Pacific,  the  operations  of  nature  on  its 
bosom  are  carried  on  on  the  most  extensive  scale;  and  the 
general  laws  by  which  tides,  wind.s.  and  currents  are  regu- 
lated suffer  fewer  modifications  than  in  narrow  seas.  The 
tidal  wave,  commencing  at  the  equator,  diverges  from  it 
towards  the  poles,  and,  proceeding  with  vast  velocity,  and 
without  obstruction,  is  scarcely  perceptible  among  the  central 
islands  of  the  Pacific.  Hence,  in  the  Low  Archipelago,  at 
Bow  Island  and  Tahiti,  the  ri.se  is  only  1  foot,  and  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands  2  feet.  It  is  only  when,  by  the  proximity 
of  a  mainland  diminishing  the  depth  of  the  water,  or  by  any 
similar  cause  the  natural  course  of  the  wave  is  changed,  or 
obstacles  to  its  progress  are  interposed,  that  an  accumulation 
takes  place,  and  high  tides  are  formed.  In  the  Pacific,  how- 
ever, these  never  attain  the  maximum  heights  for  which 
.some  parts  of  the  Atlantic  and  Indi.an  Oceans  are  remarkable. 
In  the  solitary  instance  of  Fort  Nicolaefsky.  in  Cook's  Inlet, 
the  rise  is  as  high  as  28  feet :  but  on  all  the  W.  coast  of 
America  it  is  usually  below  10  feet,  and  only  in  the  Bay  of 
Panama  it  varies  from  12  to  24  feet. 

The  prevailing  winds'  of  the  Pacific,  like  those  of  other 
great  seas,  are  divided  into  regular  or  trade-winds,  and 
variables ;  the  former  blowing  from  the  S.E.  on  the  S..  and 
from  the  N.E.  on  the  N.  side  of  the  equator,  generally  within 
the  tropics,  tliouzh  sometimes  extending  as  f;ir  as  .30  degrees 
on  either  side  of  it.  In  the  W.  and  N.W.  parts  of  the  Pacific 
the  influence  of  the  monsoonsof  the  Indian  Ocean  is  strongly 
felt ;  and  violent  typhoons,  for  which  the  China  Sea  is  noted, 
are  not  unfrequent.  In  the  E..  along  the  whole  of  the  W 
coast  of  America",  the  winds  differ  greatly  both  in  direction 
and  character.  Between  Behring's  S<>a  and  lat.  30°  N.,  tlie 
winds  blow,  in  all  seasons,  in  every  direction,  and  no  kind 
of  regularity  can  be  traced.  From  "lat.  30°  to  5°  N..  the  pre- 
vailing winds  strongly  resemble  mon.soons.  blowing  gene- 
rallv.  from  November  to  April,  from  the  N.W.  and  N.E.,  and 
from  May  to  October,  from  the  S.  or  P.AV.  and  S.E.  The 
regions  within  the  sphere  of  these  winds  are  subject  to 
violent  storms  and  tornadoes.  From  lat.  5°  N.  to  30°  S., 
the  prevailing  winds  have  the  character  of  trade-winds;  aod 


PAC 


PAD 


from  lat.  "0°  S.  to  Cape  Horn,  the  North  and  South  mon- 
Boons  recommence,  often  blowing  with  great  violence,  par- 
ticuisrly  from  the  S.  As  the  Cape  is  approached,  the  prevail- 
ing winds  become  S.W.  and  N.W.,  and  convert  the  whole  tract 
within  their  .sphere  into  a  region  of  storms  and  tempests. 

The  currents  of  the  Pacific,  being  exhibited  on  a  much 
larger  scale  than  tho.se  of  the  Atlantic,  are  not  generally  .so 
strongly  marked  as  the  currents  of  that  ocean.  The  Ant- 
arctic drift  current,  flowing  apparently  from  the  icy  barriers 
of  an  antarctic  continent,  enters  the  Pacific,  and.  after  pro- 
ceeding N.  to  New  Zealand,  trends  E.,  and  retains  that 
direction  till  it  impinges  on  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia.  The 
ol)stacIe  thus  encountered  divides  it  into  two  branches,  the 
smaller  of  which  takes  a  S.  direction,  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
by  doubling  Cape  Horn.  The  Kirger  branch,  to  which  the 
name  of  the  I'eruvian  or  Humboldt's  Current  has  been 
given,  proceeds  N.  along  the  coa.st  of  South  America,  till  it 
meets  a  new  obstacle  in  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  Thence 
it  turns  W.,  and  proceeds,  under  the  name  of  the  South 
equatorial  current,  acro.ss  the  whole  width  of  the  Pacitic. 
without  meeting  with  any  obstacle,  till  its  reaches  its  AV. 
boundaries,  when  one  part  striking  the  coast  of  Australia, 
turns  S.,  and  forms  the  Australian  current;  another  part, 
forcing  its  way  between  the  dilTerent  i.sl.ands,  enters  and  is  lo.st 
in  the  Malay  Archipelago;  and  a  third  part,  reflected  by  the 
coast  of  China,  turns  N..  and,  on  reaching  the  Isles  of  Japan, 
contributes  to  form-  what  is  called  the  Japanese  current. 
The  configuration  of  the  islands  and  the  K.  coast  of  Siberia, 
as  well  as  a  strong  current  which  sets  in  from  the  N.  through 
Behring's  Strait,  concur  in  giving  it  an  I-;,  direction,  which 
agains  carries  it  across  the  Pacific  to  the  North  .\merican 
coast,  to  be  there  again  deflected,  first  S.  along  the  shores  of 
the  Atlantic,  and  then  K.,  when  it  finally  becomes  merged 
in  what  is  called  the  North  equatorial  current.  Between 
the  North  and  South  equatorial  currents,  another,  occupying 
a  i:arrow  zone  between  them,  has  been  traced,  and,  from 
pursuing  an  opposite  direction,  has  received  the  name  of  the 
equatiirial  counter-current.  The  influence  of  these  currents, 
particularly  that  of  the  Peruvian  or  Humboldt's  current,  in 
lowering  the  tempei-ature  of  the  warmer  regions  into  which 
It  is  carried,  is  very  marked.  'While  the  temperature  with- 
out the  current  ranges  from  7S°-8  to  S3°-3  Fahrenheit,  it 
ranges  within  it  from  59°-9  to  C0°-8  Fahrenheit;  and  while 
the  mean  temperature  of  12°  S.  is  in  .air  79°'34,  and  in  ocean 
793-70  Fahrenheit,  that  of  Callao,  under  the  same  latitude, 
was,  during  its  warmest  months,  found  to  have  a  mean 
temperature  of  only  68°-36  in  air,  and  65°-C6  Fahrenheit 
in  ocean.  The  differences,  amounting  respectively  to  10°-9S 
and  14°-4  Fahrenheit,  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  the 
modifying  influence  of  the  current. 

The  Pacific  was  seen  for  the  first  time  by  Europeans  in 
1513.  V.asco  NuBez  de  Balboa,  the  Spanish  governor  of 
Dajien,  proceeding  on  native  information,  set  out  on  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  across  the  isthmu.s,  and,  having  ascended 
a  hill,  saw  the  boundless  ocean  spread  out  before  him.  As 
his  view  extended  chiefly  to  the  S.,  he  gave  it  the  name  of 
the  Mar  del  Zur,  or  South  Sea.  It  received  its  present 
name  from  the  celebrated  navigator,  Fernando  de  Jlagel- 
lan,  who  sailed  across  it  in  1521.  In  Jhe  eighteenth  cen- 
tury its  different  parts  w-ere  explored  by  Behring,  Anson, 
Byron,  Bougainville,  Cook,  Vancouver,  Broughton,  La  Pe- 
rou,se,  &c. ;  in  the  present  century  by  D'Entreeasteaux, 
Krusenstern,  Beechey,  Fitzroy,  D'Urville,  Wilkes,  and  Sir 
James  lloss. 

PACKANfl  A,  pSk-k3ng'g3,  a  town  of  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  in  lat.  3°  30'  N. 

P.\.CK'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Leicester  and 
Derby. 

PACKINGTON,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 

PACKTNGTON,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Warwick. 

PACK'S  FKRHY,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Virginia. 

PAClvS'VILLE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

PACKWAXJ'KEE.  a  post-village  of  Marquette  co..  Wis- 
consin, on  the  N.  shore  of  Buffido  Lake,  about  55  miles  N. 
of  Madison.  It  has  3  stores  and  Imill.  Pop.  of  township,  627. 

PACK'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

P.\CO.  pi'ko,  a  large  and  handsome  village,  in  the  island 
of  Luzon,  in  the  environs  of  .Manila.  Many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  artists,  house-painters,  and  builders.    Pop.  ti500. 

PACOBAIIIBA,  pd-ko  bd  heeOja,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Briizil.  province  of  Kio-de-Janeiro,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mage. 
Pop.  2000. 

l'-\CA)LET,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the 
W.  part  of  North  Carolina,  and  flowing  through  Spartan- 
burg and  Union  districts  of  South  Carolina,  enters  Broad 
River  at  Pinckneyville.  Its  general  covirse  is  E.S.E.,  and 
Its  length  perhaps  100  miles.  The  South  Pacolet  is  a  small 
stream  which  enters  the  former  about  12  miles  N.  of  Spartarir 
burg  Conrt-IIouse. 

PACOLICT  M^LLS,  a  post-office  of  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 

PAC01i.\.  pJ-ko-r3',  a  river  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  in 
New  Granada,  unites  with  the  ludio  to  form  a  considerable 


river,  which  enters  the  Pacific  E.  of  Panama,  an''  is  navi- 
gable for  large  ships  to  Sambaja,  and  for  canoes  to  the  town 
of  Pacora. 

PACTOLUS,  pak-to'IHs.  an  ancient  river,  Cwhose  modern 
name  is  SARABAT.  ft^-ri-HV,  or  BAOOOLEE.  BAOOULY, 
bi5'gooMee\)  in  Asia  Minor,  joins  the  Ilermus  §0  miles  E.  of 
Smyrna,  and  was  anciently  famous  for  the  gold  found  in  its 
sands. 

PACTO'LUS,  a  post-office  of  Pitt  co..  North  Carolina. 

PACUIII,  p.Vkoo-ee',  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas-Geraes,  flows  AV.  about  80  miles,  and  joins  the  Sao 
Francisco  on  the  right. 

PACUIII,  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  forming  part  of  the 
boundary  between  the  province  of  M inas-Geraes  and  Bahia 
and  joins  the  Rio-A'erde,  a  tributary  of  the  Sao  Francisco. 

P.\CY-SUR-EURE,  pS'see'-sfin-UR,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Eure,  on  the  Euro,  which  here  becomes  navi- 
gable. 10  miles  E.  of  Evreux.    Pop.  in  1S52,  1597. 

PADANG,  pd'ddng',  a  Dutch  settlement  of  Sumatra,  on 
its  W.  coast,  in  Menancabow  Territory,  1  mile  from  the  sea, 
in  lat.  0°  48'  S.,  Ion.  100°  20'  E.  Opposite  the  coast  here  are 
the  rocky  irroups  named  the  Padang  Isl.inds. 

PAB.VONG.  pJMii-ong',  or  PAD'ANG'  MEW,  a  town  of  the 
Burmese  dominions,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Irrawaddy,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Prome. 

P.\I)'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buckingham. 

PAIVDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
forming  a  N.W.  suburb  of  London,  RJ-  miles  W.N.W.  of  St. 
Paul's.  Pop.  46,350.  It  contains  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and 
Sussex  Squares,  and  Westbourne  Terracei  also  the  basin  of 
the  I'addington  Canal,  and  the  terminus  of  the  Great 
Western  Railway. 

P.\B'niNGTON.  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

PAD'BLESWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

PADDOCK-wiTn-MARSH,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  near  lluddersfield.     Pop.  3530. 

PAPBOCK'S  GROVE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Madi.son  co.,  Illinois. 

PAD'DY  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Shenandoah  co.,  A'irginia. 

PADDY'S  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

PAD'DYTOWN,  a  village  of  Hampshire  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  North  Branch  of  Potomac  River,  about  210  miles  N.W. 
of  Richmond. 

PADKNGHE,  p3-dfn'gS.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Rrescia.  5  miles  from  Louato,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake 
Garda.     Pop.  14S5. 

PADERBORN,  pJ'der-boiin\  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
phalia. 41  miles  S.  of  Minden,  on  the  railway  from  Berlin  to 
the  Rhine.  Pop.  8720."  It  is  the  seat  of  a  bishopric,  erected 
by  Charlemagne,  who  resided  hero  some  time,  and  has  a 
gymnasium  and  an  ecclesiastical  seminary.  In  the  Middle 
Ages  it  formed  part  of  the  Hanseatic  League. 

P.\DERNO.  p.d-d?R/no.  a  village  ofNorthernlfaly,  province 
of  Milan,  6  miles  E.  of  Monza,  on  the  Seveso,  with  a  church. 
Pop.  1473. 

PADERNO,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Cre- 
mona, 10  miles  E.  of  Pizzighettone.     Pop.  1987, 

PAD'FII'LD,  a  township  of  Ilngland,  co.  of  Derby. 

P.^D'^I.\M,  a  township  of  Engl.'ind,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PADILL.\.  pd-deel'yd,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confederar 
tion,  state  of  Tamaulipas,  12  mileB  W.N.W.  of  New  Santan- 
der.  Iturbide,  ex-emperor  of  Mexico,  was  shot  here,  19th 
July.  lS-24. 

PADITTAS,  a  villiige  in  the  interior  of  the  territory  of 
New  IMexico,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte. 

PADORF,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Paasdorf. 

PADOVA  and  PADOUE.  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Padua. 

P.\DRI.\,  pd'dre-2,  a  village  of  Sardini.i,  division  of  Sas- 
sari.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Alghero.    Pop.  1S50. 

PADROES  (Padroes)  pd-dro/Jxs,  or  PADRO'NES,  a  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Algarve,  19  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Ouri- 
que,  on  the  Oeiras.    Pop.  1370. 

P.ADRON,  pd-drOn'.  (anc.  I'ria  Fla'via,)  a  town  of  Spain, 
provinceof  Corunna,  19  miles  S.S.W.of  Santiago,  on  the  Siir. 
Pop.  6090.  It  has  a  fine  collegiate  church.  Being  the  place 
where,  according  to  monkish  tradition,  the  body  of  St. 
James  landed  itself,  it  is  greatly  resorted  to  in  pilgrimage. 

PAD'SHAPOOIV,  a  village  ofHindostan,  province,  and  87 
miles  S.W.  of  Bejapoor.  on  an  aflJuent  of  the  Ki.stnah.  It  is 
built  of  stone,  and  defended  by  a  fort  situated  on  a  height 
near  its  centre. 

PAD'STOW,  (corrupted  from  Patudc-Stmee.)  a  seaport, 
market^town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  on 
the  Camel,  at  its  mouth  in  St.  George's  Channel.  29  miles 
N.N.E.ofFiilmouth.  Pop.  in  1851,2224.  The  town  is  in  a  rich 
vale,  sheltered  by  rocky  hills,  h.as  narrow  streets,  .and  many 
ancient  houses,  a  church  of  an  anti(iue  structure,  contain- 
ing monuments  of  the  Prideaux  family,  a  custom-house, 
with  imports  of  iron  and  coal,  and  exports  of  tin.  slates, 
and  vast  quantities  of  sand,  which  accumulates  in  the  har- 
bor, and  is  used  for  manure.  The  harbor,  which  affords  the 
only  good  shelter  on  the  dangerous  tOast  between  the  Land's 
End  and  HartLand  Point,  has  fjom  13  to  IS  feet  at  spring 
ebbs,  but  the  access  is  difRcult.  Registered  shipping  in 
1847,  6829  tons.  The  learned  Dr.  Prideaux  was  born  here 
in  1648. 

1419 


PAD 

PADUA,  padua,  (Tt.  Padova,  pl'dord;  Fr.  P.'dnut,  piP- 
doo'.  anc.  P^ta'tittni.)  a  fortified  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
Lomliardo -Venetian  kin«rdom,  capital  of  a  delegation,  22 
miles  W.  of  Venice,  on  the  Baechiglione,  and  on  the  rail- 
wav  between  Vicenza  and  Venice.  Lat.  45°  23'  41"  N^  Ion. 
11°  52'  43"  K  Pop.  53,584.  It  is  of  a  triangular  form,  is 
surrounded  By  walls  and  fosses,  and  has  seven  gates.  Among 
the  chief  objects  of  interest  are  the  vast  and  curious  place 
called  Pi-atcKldla-ValU,  where  the  fair  is  held,  and  which 
contains  an  island,  encircled  by  a  canal,  the  banks  of  which 
are  decorated  bv  numerous  statues:  a  cathedral,  with  a 
monument  to  Petrarch,  the  Church  of  San  Antonio  richly 
decorated,  the  Palace  dd  Bn  or  of  the  University,  and  many 
private  palaces,  a  university  with  a  botanic  garden,  a  gym- 
nasium, and  an  ecclesiastical  seminary,  an  ob.servatory,  a 
cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  a  library  of  100.000  volumes. 
The  celebrated  Uuivei-sity  of  Padua,  founded  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  had.  in  former  times,  students  from  every  part  of 
Europe,  and  their  number  frequently  amounted  to  18,000. 
Among  these  were  Ta-sso  and  Columbus.  Padua  has  manu- 
factures of  silks  and  ribbons,  and  its  manufacture  of  cloth 
was  formerly  extensive.  It  was  anciently  the  most  import- 
ant town  ofVenetia,  it  was  sacked  by  Alaric  and  by  Attila. 
It  came  under  the  power  of  the  Venetians  in  1405.  Under 
the  I'rench  it  was  capital  of  the  department  of  the  Brenta. 
Livy  the  Roman  historian,  and  the  traveller  Belzoni,  were 

born  here. Adj.  and  jnhab.  Padua>,  pad'u-.nn;  (It.  Pabo- 

TAXO,  p3-do-vi'no.) 

PADUA  or  PADOVA,  a  delegation  of  Itily,  in  the  Lom- 
bardo-Venetian  kingdom.  Capital,  Padua.  Area,  836  square 
miles.     Pop.  312,765. 

PAD'UA.a  post-township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois.    P.  765. 

PADU'C.ill,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  McCracken 
CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River,  just  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee  River,  and  340  miles  below  Louisville. 
The  navigation  of  the  river  is  seldom  closed  by  ice  or  ob- 
structed by  low  water  below  this  point.  Paducah  is  the 
shipping  port  for  the  exports  of  the  county,  which  consist 
of  tob.icco,  pork,  mules,  horses,  &c.  It  has  a  fine  range  of 
warehouses  fronting  the  river,  and  contains  4  or  6  churches. 
2  banks,  and  2  or  3  newspaper  offices.  A  marine  bospibil  is 
about  being  erected  here.  The  name  of  Paducah  was  derived 
from  an  Indian  chief  who  once  resided  in  this  vicinity.  Pop. 
in  1850.  242>^;  in  1860,  4590. 

PADUL,  pi-Dool',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  10  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Granada,  S.  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.    Pop.  2700. 

P.\DULA,  pi-doo'ld.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Citra,  54  miles  S.E.  of  Salerno.  In  the  vicinity  is  a 
magnificent  Carthusian  convent    Pop.  8000. 

PADUL.\,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  I..  11  miles  W.  of  Teramo. 

PADULI,  p3-doo^lee'.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Otra.  district  of  Rossano.    Pop.  1800. 

P.\DULI,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra, 
11  miles  W.  of  Ariana     Pop.  2900. 

PADUS.     S.ee  Po. 

PAD'WORTU  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

P^J.ENE,  PAE.TAENE,  pft-yft'nfh,  or  PAIJENEJ^ARWI, 
pI-y.VnA  y-Wvee,  a  lake  of  Finland,  mostlv  in  the  province 
of  Nyland.  between  lat.  61°  and  62°  27'  N.."  and  Ion.  25°  and 
25°  50'  E.    Length.  90  miles;  greatest  breadth,  20  mUes. 

P.VEL  or  PAAL,  pSI.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limbourg,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Ilas-selt.     Pop.  2093. 

PAES.W'.A.  pi-A-si'n3.  a  market-town  of  Sardinia.  13  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Saluzzo.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po.    Pop.  6118. 

PAESl  BASSI.    See  Netherlands. 

PiE?TAXUS  SINUS.    See  Saijjixo,  Guif  of. 

P.5:STUM.    See  Pesto. 

PAETE.  pa-.Vti.  or  PAITA,  pi'ti  a  village  of  the  Philip- 
pines, on  the  Island  of  Luzon,  province  of  Laguna,  on  the 
W.  shore  of  I.jike  Bay.     Pop.  3305. 

PAGAIIMIOU.  a  town  of  Burmah.    See  Pagham-Mew. 

PAGANICO.  p2  gd'ne-ko,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  5  miles  E.  of  Aquila.    Pop.  2100. 

PAG.\NICO,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  11  miles  X.N.W.  of  Aquila. 

PAO.\NICO,  a  small  town  of  It.ily,  in  Tu-scany,  province, 
and  28  miles  S.  of  Sienna,  on  the  Ombrone.    Pop.  1600. 

PAGANO.  pj-gi'no,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  19  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Treviso.     Pop.  1200. 

PAGE,  a  county  toward  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  con- 
tains about  .300  square  miles.  This  county  occupies  the 
entire  breadth  of  the  valley  between  the  Massanutten  Moun- 
tain and  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  Shenandoah  River  flows 
through  its  entire  length.  The  soil  is  of  limestone  forma- 
tion, a-nd  is  highly  productive.  Iron  ore  and  fine  marble 
are  abundant;  copper  and  lead  are  also  found.  Formed  in 
1831,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Page,  formerly  governor 
of  the  state.  Capital,  Luray.  Pop.  8109,  of  whom  7259  were 
free,  and  850  slaves. 

PAGE,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering 
on  Missouri,  Ilts  an  area  of  about  550  square  miles.  The 
Nodaway  River  flows  through  it  from  N.  to  S.  The  soil  is 
good.  Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Page,  who  was  mortally 
wounded  at  Palo  Alto.    Capital,  Clarinda.    Pop.  4419 


PAI 

PAGE'S  CORNER  S.  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York 

P.^/GESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  NewbeiTy  district.  South 
Carolina. 

PAGE'VILLE,  a  village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  28 
miles  .S.W.  of  Erie. 

P.\GKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

P.AG'IIAM,  a  ptirish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.se.x,  5  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Chichester.  A  marshy  iulet  of  the  English  Chan- 
nel here  forms  a  harlor  for  vessels  of  40  tons. 

PAGHAM-MEW  or  PAGAIIMIOU,  prgim'yoo'.  a  ruined 
town  of  Farther  India,  in  the  Burmese  dominions,  on  the 
Irrawaddj',  110  miles  S.W.  of  .\marapoora.  Its  former  im- 
portance is  attested  by  numerous  mouldering  temples. 

PAGLESIIAM,p.Vg"helz-.>m.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

PAGLIA,  pdl'yl,  (anc.  JWlia,)  a  river  of  Central  Italy, 
rises  in  the  provijice  of  Sienna,  Tuscany,  and  after  a  S.E, 
course  of  30  miles,  joins  the  Tiber  at  Orvieto. 

P.^GLIETA,  pal-yil'tl  a  town  of  Naple.s.  province  of 
Abruzzo  Citra,  20  niiles  S.E.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  34u0. 

PAGLIONE,  pdl-yo'nA.  a  river  of  the  Sai-diiiian  States, 
flows  S.S.W.,  travei-ses  the  city  of  Nice,  and,  a  little  to  the 
W.,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 

PAGNAXO,  pIn-yS'no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Como,  aliout  S  miles  fi-om  Canzo.  Pop.  1200.   . 

PAGNY-SUR-MOSELLE.  pdnVee'-.'-UR-mo'zJll',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Meurthe,  on  the  Paris  and  Stras- 
bourg Railroad,  12  milts  from  Metz.     Pop.  1019. 

PAGO,  pJ'go,  an  island  of  D.almatia,  circle  of  Zara.  in  the 
Adriatic,  separated  from  the  Croatian  mainland  by  the  Mor- 
lacca  Channel,  from  2  to  3  miles  across.  Lat.  about  44°  SC 
Ion.  15°  E.  Length.  37  miles :  breadth,  6  miles.  Area,  106 
square  miles.  Pop.  5000.  Ne.ir  its  centre  is  the  lake  or  inlet 
of  Zascha.  SurCtce  arid,  but  it  exports  considerable  quan- 
tities of  wine  and  salt. 

P.\GO,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  island,  on  Lake  Zascha, 
near  the  E.  coast.     Pop.  3790. 

PAGO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province' of  Principato  Ultra,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Ariano.    Pop.  2200. 

PAGSANJAN.  p3g-s.^n-jan',  a  town  ot  the  Philippine 
Isl.inds.  in  Luzon,  capital  of  the  province  of  Laguna,  on  the 
Pasig.  above  JIanila.     Pop.  4C66. 

P.\GUENEM.\..  pi-g4-nif'mil,  a  group  of  5  small,  low.  coral 
islands  in  the  Piicific  Ocean,  extent  about  5  miles  by  3. 
Tagaik,  the  Lir":est,  is  in  lat.  7°  4' 40"  N..  Ion.  167°5ti'  30"  E. 

PAIIANG,  pa-liing',  a  state  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  ex- 
tending along  its  E.  coast,  mostly  between  lat.  2°  and  4°  N., 
and  Ion.  103°  and  104°  E.  Estimated  pop.  40.0o0.  mostly 
Malays  and  Chinese.  The  products  comprise  gold  and  tin; 
the  latter  is  mostly'  exported  to  Singapore.  The  imports 
thence  and  from  Malacca  consist  of  opium,  silk,  rice,  to- 
bacco, salt,  cloths,  iron-wares,  and  agricultural  implements. 
Principal  towns,  Pah.ing,  Kuantan.  and  Undowe. 

P.\IIANG,  the  capit.ai  of  the  above  state,  is  on  both  sides 
of  a  broad  and  shallow  river,  which  divides  the  Malay  and 
Chinese  qu.irters.  about  5  miles  from  its  mouth ;  lat.  3°  34' 
N..  Ion.  103°  24'  E. 

PAIIAQU.AR'RY,  a  township  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  465. 

P.AIIARPOOR,  pi'har-poor',  a  considerable  town  of  Af- 
ghanistan, near  the  Indus.  22  miles  N.  of  Dera  Ismaeel- 
Khan.  and  scnrcelj-  less  in  size. 

PAHARPOlMt.  a  village  of  the  Punjab.  24  miles  P.  of  Uia. 
PAII  UTAH  (pi  u'tl)  INDIANS,  a  tribe  dwelling  along 
the  S.  border  of  tlie  Great  Basin. 
PAIJE.\1->J  AR  WI,  a  lake  of  Finland.    See  P-CJ^ene. 
PAII/TON.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  5  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Rugby.     I'op.  602. 

PAIMBCEUF,  pXxo'bcrf',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
I/oire-Inferieure,  21  miles  W.  of  Nantes,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Loire,  near  its  mouth.  Pop.  in  1S52.  42.31.  It  has  a 
communal  college,  a  school  of  hydrography,  and  a  well-fre- 
quented harbor,  at  which  large  ships  unload.  It  hag 
building-yards  for  large  vessels  and  steam-packets. 

PAIM(JGO.  pT-mo'go.  a  market-town  of  Spain.  42  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Huelva.  on  the  route  to  Seville.     Pop.  2.310. 

PAI  M  POL,  pSx='pol',  a  maritime  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Nord,  22  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Biieuc,  on  the 
English  Channel.     Pop.  in  1852,  2146. 

P.\IMPONT.  p5x<:'pON"'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ille^.>t-Vilaine.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Montfort.  P.  3668l 
PAIN'COURT,  (Fr.  pron.  pAs^'kooR',)  a  post-village,  capital 
of  .\.ssumption  parish,  Louisiana,  on  Bayou  La  Fourche,  15 
miles  below  its  egre.«s  from  the  Mississippi  River,  and  67 
miles  S.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

PAINE'S  (p.'^nz)  HOLLOW,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co., 
New  York,  about  75  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 
PAINE'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Otrle  co..  Illinois. 
P.\IXESVILLE,  pinz'vil,  a  post-village  of  Chittenden  co., 
Vermont. 

PAINESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia,  4€ 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

P.VINESVILLE.  a  handsome  post-village  in  Paine.sville 
township,  and  capital  of  Lake  co..  Ohio,  --^  the  railroad  from 
Erie  to  Cleveland,  where  it  crosses  Grand  River,  29ndli<« 
M.£.  of  Cleveland,  and  3  miles  from  Lake  Ene.    It  is  bea* 


PAI 


PAK 


tifully  situated  about  100  feet  above  the  lake  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  river,  which  flows  in  a.deep  and  picturesque 
valley.  Near  the  centre  of  the  village  is  a  haudsome  public 
park.  Paine«ville  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  The  railroad  crosses  the  river  on  a  stone  bridge 
8(X)  feet  long,  resting  on  5  piers  75  feet  high.  It  contains  6 
churches,  a  Union  school,  a  bank,  a  newspaper  office,  the 
L<ike  Krie  Female  Seminary  with  15o  pupils,  i  flouring-mill, 
2  machine-shops,  1  barrel-factory,  1  iron-foundry,  and  20 
stores.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  Geauga  Turnace  Compa- 
ny's wtirks.  Total  population,  207(5,  or  according  to  another 
statement  4975. 

PAI.NG'TO.V,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

P.A.IXS\VICK,  p.inz'wib,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  CO.,  and  <)  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  3464. 
The  town,  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill,  crowned  by  the  ancient 
Roman  camp  of  KimAury,  is  irregularly  built ;  it  has  a 
spacious  church,  an  endowed  school,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths. 

PAINT,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

P.4iINT,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1037. 

PAINT,  a  towu-ship  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio    Pop.  1729. 

PAINT,  a  township  of  Highland  Co..  Ohio.    Pop.  2645. 

PAINT,  a  township  of  Holmes  Co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1586. 

PAINT,  atownsliipof  Itoss  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1220. 

PAINT,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1490. 

PAIXT  CllUKK,  of  Ohio,  rises  iu  the  S.AV.  central  piirt  of 
the  state,  and  Hows  into  the  Scioto  lUver,  3  miles  below 
Chillicothe.  Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Kocky  Fork, 
Uattlesnake  Fork,  and  the  North  Fork. 

P.^INT  CIIKBK,  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  flows  into  Clin- 
ton Kiver  at  Rochester. 

PAINT  CIIKKK,  a  post-oiBce  of  Kanawha  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

PAINT  CIIUKK,  a  post^oflice  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 

P.AINTKD  POST,  a  post-village  of  Krwintown.sliip,  Steuben 
CO.,  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  the  Conhocton  and  Tioga 
Rivers,  and  on  the  Krie  Railroad,  about  2  miles  W.  of 
Corning.  It  has  2  churches,  a  bank,  5  stores,  and  a  large 
iron  foundry.  Ac.  A  painted  pod  here  marks  the  site  of  a 
revolutionary  battle.    Pop.  about  800.    See  Corning. 

PAINTKR  CIIKKK,  a  post-ofBee  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

PAINTKKSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio. 

PAI.XT  LICK,  a  post-village  of  Q.irrard  co.,  Kentucky, 
has  between  lOO  and  200  inhabitants. 

PAINT  ROCK,  a  pi>st-office  of  Cocke  co.,  Tennessee. 

PAINT  lli)CK,  a  post-ofliee  of  .A.llomake8  Co.,  Iowa. 

PAINT  ROCK  RlVEIl,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Tennessee 
River  from  the  N.K.  about  20  miles  S.  of  Hunt.sville. 

PAINTVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Johnson  Co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Paint  Creek,  140  miles  K.  by  ,4.  of  Frankfort.  It 
h;is  a  brick  court-house.  5  stores,  and  about  200  inhabitants. 
Coal  is  abundant  in  the  vicinitv. 

PAISKS  BA.IOS.    See  Netherlands. 

PAISIIAWUR.    See  Peshawer. 

PAI8LKY.  pilzlee,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh, 
manufacturing  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Henfrew, 
7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Glasgow,  on  the  White  Cart,  about  3  miles 
above  the  confluence  of  the  united  White  and  Black  Cart 
with  the  Clyde,  and  on  the  railway  from  Glasgow  to  Green- 
ock and  Ayr.  Lat.  55°  51'  N.,  Ion.  4°  20'  W.  Pop.  of  the 
parliamentary  burgh  in  1861,  47,952.  It  consists  of  an  old 
town  and  a  new  town,  the  former  on  the  W.  and  the  latter 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  communicating  by  three  bridges. 
The  old  town  is  indifferent  in  its  appearance,  with  mean 
houses,  often  of  a  single  story,  and  covered  with  thatch, 
standing  intermingled  with  others  of  a  more  substantial 
description.  The  new  town  is  well  built ;  all  the  streets  are 
lighted  with  gas,  and  tolerably  well  paved.  The  former  de- 
ficiency of  water  has  recently  been  entirely  removed  by  the 
introduction  of  an  abundant  supply  from  the  hills  of  Glen'ifler. 

Among  the  public  edifices  of  Paisley,  the  first  place  is  due 
to  the  abbey,  founded  iu  1163,  by  Walter,  .son  of  Alan,  the 
first  of  the  house  of  the  Stewarts,  for  a  priory,  with  a  very 
liberal  endowment ;  at  the  Reformation  it  was,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Kelso,  the  most  opulent  monastery  in  the  S.  of 
Scotland.  Its  buildings  at  this  time  formed  a  magnificent 
pile,  with  an  enclosure  of  above  1  mile  in  circuit.  Subse- 
quent to  the  expulsion  of  the  monks,  the  abbey  had  been 
converted  into  an  almost  princely  residence;  but  at  present 
forms  little  else  than  an  interesting  ruin.  A  portion  of  the 
church,  however,  consisting  of  a  nave  and  two  aisles,  sepii- 
rated  from  it  by  ten  massive  clustered  columns,  still  re- 
mains, and  forms  a  truly  splendid  parish  church.  It  con- 
tains a  remarkable  monument,  called  Queen  Rleary's  Tomb. 
Besides  the  abbey,  Paisley  contains  6  other  churches  be- 
longing to  the  Kstablishment,  6  to  the  Free  Church,  6  to 
the  United  Presbyterian,  3  Independent.  2  Baptist  churches, 
1  Reformed  Presbyterian,  1  Episcopal,  1  Wesleyan  Methodist, 
1  Ivomau  Catholic,  1  Unitarifin,  and  1  New  Jerusalem. 
After  the  abbey  church,  the  only  edifices  p.irticularly  de- 
Serving  of  notice  are  the  county  buildings,  forming  a  quad- 
rangular pile  in  the  castellated  style,  containing  in  its  W. 
division  a  court-house,  county-hall,  town-house,  &c.,  and  in 
its  E.  range,  a  house  of  correction  and  common  jail.  The 
scholastic  and  literary  establishments  of  Paisley  include  » 


grammar  school,  town,  infant,  ragged,  industrial,  and  various 
other  schools,  a  government  school  of  design,  Neilson's  educa- 
tional institution,  Hutchison's  Charity  School,  an  athenwum, 
a  mechanics'  and  a  philosophical  institute,  the  latter  wini  a 
valuable  library  of  scientific  works,  and  a  museum,  a  lite- 
rary as.sociation,  an  artisans'  institution,  theological,  law, 
and  medical  schools,  and  a  suliscription  librarj'.  The  Neil 
«on  Institution  was  founded  from  a  bequest  of  about  20,000i. 
left,  in  18.39,  by  John  Neilson.  Esq.,  of  Netherwood,  ancl 
opened  in  1S52;  it  supplies  gratis  an  English  commercial 
and  classical  education  to  the  children  of  parents  resideni 
not  less  than  three  yeiu's  in  Paisley,  and  who  have  diea 
without  leaving  means  to  provide  a  suitable  education  fot 
their  family.  The  building  is  a  large,  massive  edifice  in  the 
form  of  a  Greek  cross,  surmounted  by  a  magnificent  dome. 
The  principal  charitable  institutions  are  the  town's  hospi- 
tal, with  a  lunatic  asylum  attached,  a  dispensary  and  house 
of  recovery,  a  society  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  a  widow  and  orphans'  society,  a  female,  benevolent, 
and  various  other  societies. 

Paisley  early  distinguished  itself  by  its  manufactures, 
and  its  staples  is  still  unsurpassed  by  any  town  in  the 
kingdom.  As  early  as  1784,  silk  gauze  alone  is  said  to 
have  been  produced  to  the  annual  value  of -"oO.OOO?.,  and  to 
have  employed  5000  looms  in  the  town  and  vicinity.  The 
shawl  trade  was  first  introduced  about  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  and  though  the  prosperity  of  the  other 
branches  of  manufacture  prevented  it  for  a  time  from  at- 
tracting much  attention,  it  continued  steadily  to  advance; 
and  now.  as  much  from  the  excellence  of  the  products  as 
from  their  value,  stands  at  the  head  of  all  the  other  stiples. 
The  shawls,  chiefiy  in  imitation  of  those  of  India,  are  made 
of  silk,  soft  and  spun,  cotton  and  wool,  either  separately  or 
in  mixtures.  Genuine  Cashmere  shawls  are  manufactured, 
equal  in  texture,  it  is  said,  to  the  most  celebrated  produc- 
tions of  the  East,  and  far  superior  to  them  in  beauty  of  de- 
sign. The  other  most  important  articles  of  manufacture 
are  cotton  thread,  embroidery,  different  kinds  of  tartan 
cloth,  and  carpets ;  shawl-prititing  is  also  carried  on.  There 
are  also  several  cotton  factories,  a  large  foundry,  with 
steam-engine  manufactories,  with  machine  shops  attached' 
a  .silk-throwing  mill,  an  extensive  tannery,  a  siiap-work, 
several  breweries  and  distilleries,  bleachfields.  and  building- 
yards,  chiefly  for  river  steamers.  The  port  of  Paisley  is  pn> 
perly  at  Renfrew  Ferry,  3  miles  below  the  town,  where  the 
Cart  joins  the  Clyde;  the  Cart,  however,  is  navigable  to  Pais- 
ley for  vessels  of  80  tons.  The  Gla.sgow,  Paisley,  and  John- 
stone Canal  passes  the  town.  Coal,  ironstone,  and  fire  and  • 
potters'-clay  are  raised  in  its  vicinity.  The  burgh  ."ends  ] 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  celebrated  Pro- 
fessor Wilson,  the  American  ornithologist,  Alexander  Wil- 
son, and  Robert  Tannahill,  the  poet,  were  born  here.  The 
town  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Roman  stutiou  of 
Vanilwiii. 

PAIT.-\,  a  village  of  the  Philippines.    See  Paete. 

PAJARES-DE-LOS-OTEROS.  pa-ud'rJs-dA-loce-o-tVroce,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  S.S.E.  of  Leon.     Pop.  1145. 

PAJ.\RITO,  pdh-iti-ree'to,  a  village  on  the  right  bank  of 
Rio  del  Norte,  in  the  territory  of  New  Mexico. 

PAJ.AlRO,  pah'H3-ro,  a  river  of  California,  rises  on  the 
slope  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  flowing  westerly,  falls  intc 
Monterey  Bay.  It  forms  the  boundary  between  Monterey 
and  Santa  Cruz  counties. 

P.\KA,  pj'kd,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow,  57 
miles  N.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  2300. 

PAKEFIELD,  pAk'feeld,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

P.\KENU.\M,  pd^gn-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

P.\KENH.\M.  pi/ken-jra,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Lanark,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bytown, 
and  12  miles  from  Fitzroy  Harbor.  It  contains  three  mill* 
and  several  stores.     Pop.  about  250. 

PAKLA.  pik'ia,  (X)SOP  or  USOP,  oo-sop*,  a  river  of  North- 
east Siberia,  in  the  country  of  the  Tchooktchees,after  a  course 
of  about  200  miles,  forms  a  common  estuary  with  the 
Tchaoon.  in  the  bay  of  that  n.ime. 

PAK-NA5I,  pdk^nim',  a  town  of  Siam,  on  the  Menam, 
about  4  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Bang-kok,  and  stated  to  extend  for  2  miles  along  the 
bank  of  the  river. 

PAKOSK,  pd-kosk',  a  small  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
province  of  Posen,  23  miles  S.  of  Bromberg.     Pop.  900. 

PAK-PATTAN,  pdk-pdt-tan',  or  PANK-PET^TEM',  a  town 
of  the  Punjab,  near  a  greatly-frequented  ferry  over  the  Ra- 
vee,  and  95  miles  S.W.  of  Lahore;  Lit.  30°  20'  N.,  Ion.  7.3° 
13'  E.  Here,  it  is  conjectured,  the  colossal  altars  were 
erected  by  Alexander  the  Great  to  mark  the  E.  boundary 
of  his  conquests. 

PAKR.\CZ,  pdkVdts',  a  market-town  of  Slavonia.  co.,  and 
23  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Posega,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Save. 
Pop.  1120.    It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop. 

PAKROJ.'VNTY,  pdkro-yin'tee,  a  market  town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government,  and  119  miles  N.W.  of  Vilna.  Pop.  1650. 

PAKS,  pOksh,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Tolua,  62 
miles  S.  of  Buda,  on  the  Danube.    Pop.  8700. 

1421 


PAK 


PAL 


PAKWAV.  pSVwJn',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Che- 
kiang.  on  the  banks  of  a  river  which  £ills  into  the  bay  of 
Hans-chow. 

•AKWAUKEE.  Wisconsin.    See  Packwadkee. 

PALACIIY.  pi-U'chee.  or  PALLAN'CIIKE.  a  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Madras,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Coimba- 
toor.  Here,  in  1800,  were  dug  up  many  coins  of  Augustus 
and  Tilierius. 

PALACIOS.  Los,  loce  p3-li'the-oce,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  12  miles  S.  of  Seville.     Pop.  1S35. 

PAL.VCIO.S.  pS-ld'se-oce.  a  villaze  of  Matagorda  co.,  Texas, 
on  a  p<iint  which  projects  between  Mafcigorda  and  Trespa- 
lacios  Bavs.  alx)ut  'ioO  miles  S.E.  of  Austin  City. 

PALACIOS  DE  LA  VALDUERXA.  paii'the-oce  dA  \i  vdl- 
doo-ia'ni.  a  town  of  Sp.iin.  province,  and  27  miles  S.W.  of 
Leon,  near  the  Duerna.     Pop.  1746. 

PALACIOS  DEL  SlI^  pj-ll'theoce  dJl  seel,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province  of  Leon,  on  the  Sil.     Pop.  1S27. 

PAL^WA  (UaXaia)  and  PAL^'O  (UaXaio)  are  Greek 
terms  sij:nifyin<r  ••  ancient,"  and  applied  to  numerous  sites 
and  places  in  the  East. 

PAL.f.A.  ACII.-VI'A  is  the  name  of  the  remain.s  of  the  an- 
cient Oymo  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea.  government  of  Aphaia, 
18  miles  S.W.  of  I'atras,  on  the  S.  side  of  its  gulf. 

P.\LJ;'C>C.A.S'TKO,  (t.  e.  "ancient  camp  or  station,")  the 
remains  of  two  ancient  towns  of  Greece,  in  Aearnania,  near 
.Stos,  and  in  Phocis. 

PAL  J3  JCASTKO,  tlie  remains  of  the  ancient  GyVi'ium  of 
Maina.  X.  of  Slarathouisi,  and  comprising  a  theatre  and 
some  Ivon^an  baths. 

PAL-IJOCASTRO,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Crete. 

PAL.EOPOLIS,  pi-leK)p'o-Iis,  (t.  e.  "ancient  city.")  (anc. 
K'lis.)  a  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  on  the  edge  of  the  plain 
where  the  Peneus  issues  from  the  hills,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Gastouni. 

PAL.EOVOUNI,  a  mountain  of  Greece.    See  HElicoy. 

PAL.ESTIXA.    See  Palestine. 

PALAKSTRO.  pl-li-^s'tro,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Xovai-a,  province  of  Lomellina,  on  the  Sesia. 
Pop.  2103. 

P.A.LAFOLLS.  p.i-1,4  f  >Ts',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
province,  and  40  miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1130. 

PALAFUKGEL  pi-U-fooR-nJl',  or  PALAFURGELL  (?)  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gerona,  near 
the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  3700. 

PALAGi)NI.\..  pi-Id  go'ne-a,  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Catania.     Pop.'4000. 

P.VLAIS.  Le.  leh  pi'lV,  a  seaport  town  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Morbihan.  on  the  X.  side  of  the  island  of  Belleisle. 
Pop.  1790.  It  has  a  small  port,  defended  by  a  citadel,  and 
an  active  trade  in  salt  and  fish.     . 

P.\LAIS,  Le,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  near  the  Bidouze,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Bayonne. 
Pop.  1619. 

PAL.\ISE.\U,  piMi^zo',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine«t-Oise,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Paris.     Pop.  1716. 

PALA,T.\.  pl-13'yi,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province,  and  IS 
miles  S.E.  of  Pisa.     Pop.  1213. 

PALALAWAXG,  piMAi-wiag',  an  important  market- 
town  in  the  island  of  Sumatra,  province  of  Padang, 

PAL'AMCOTTA,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
5Iadi-as.  district  of  Tinnevelly,  45  miles  X.X.E.  of  Cape 
Comorin. 

PALAMCOTTA,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madra.s,  47  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pondicherry. 

PALAMOS.  pi'13-moce'.  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Gerona,     Pop.  2000. 

PAL.\.MO\V,  palVmow'.  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal.  SS  miles  W.N.W.  of  Itaniihur, 

PALjiXCIA,  pi-lJn'tht>i,  (anc.  i^^Mn'^io,)  a  river  of  Spain, 
In  Valencia,  rises  about  4  miles  W,  of  Bexis,  flows  past  Jerica, 
(Xericji)  and  .Segorbe.  and  after  a  S.E.  amrse  of  45  miles, 
enters  the  Mediterranean  4  miles  E.  of  Murviedro.  Its  wa- 
ters serve,  by  means  of  canals,  to  irrigate  several  thousand 
acres  of  land,  otherwise  almost  incapable  of  cultivation. 

PALAXKA,  p6hMdn'k0h\  (Neu,  noi.  Dectsch,  doich.  and 
Alt,  dlt.>  three  contiguous  villages  of  South  Hungary,  co., 
and  12  miles  S.W.  of  Bacs,  on  the  left  bank  of  the' Danube, 
with  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches.  United  pop.  6697. 

P.VL.VNPORE.  pdran-p<5r'.  a  populous  town  of  Ilindostau. 
province  of  Gu7.erat,  12  miles  E.  of  Deesa.  It  is  the  capit;il 
of  a  small  Mohammedan  principality  tributary  to  the 
Gulcowar.  Chintz  counterpanes  are  manufactured  heie. 
Pop.  .3U.0<K). 

PALWXTOXG',  a  town  of  Farther  India,  in  Cassay,  60 
miles  S.E.  of  Munijjoor. 

PALWI'ETTY.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras  52  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Trichinopoly. 

PAL.VT'IX.Vri-:,  (Ger,  ly.dz.  pfilts.)  .an  old  division  of 
Oermany,  consisting,  first  of  the  Lower  Palatinate,  or  Palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine:  chief  towns,  Mannheim,  Heidelberg, 
Mmmern,  and  Deux  I'onts;  and  se<ondlv  of  the  Upper 
Palatinate,  in  the  X.  of  Bavaria.  The  whole  of  the  upper, 
and  part  of  the  lower  portion,  is  now  incorporated  with  Ba- 
1422 


raria:  the  remainder  is  divided  among  the  states  of  Bhe- 
nish  Prussia,  Baden,  itfid  Hesse-Darmstadt. 

PALATINE,  pal'a-tlne,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Moliawk  River,  and  on  the  New  Y^ork 
Central  Railroad,  about  55  milea  W.N.W,  of  Albanv,  Pop. 
2605. 

P.iL.iTXNE,  a  thriving  post-vill^e  of  Marion  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  right  bank  of  Monongahela  River,  opposite 
Fairmont.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  crosses  the 
river  at  this  place  on  a  tine  suspension  bridge.  Free  pop.  452. 

PALATINE,  a  post-township  of  Cook  CO..  Illinois.  P.  1402. 

PALATLNE  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  to., 
New  Y'ork,  on  the  left  or  N.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  and  on 
the  New  Y'ork  Central  Railroad,  about  55  miles  W.  by  N,  of 
Albany.    It  has  a  bridge  across  the  river, 

P.4L\\Uii',  a  river  of  South  Ilindostan,  rises  in  Mysore, 
flows  througli  the  districts  of  Arcot  and  Chingleput,  (Madras 
presidency.)  and  'enters  the  Indian  Ocean  42  miles  S.W.  of 
Madras,  after  a  course  of  190  miles.  It  separates  the  dis- 
tricts of  X'orth  and  South  Arcot, 

PALAWAX.  p.MI-wan',  or  PARAGUA,  pJ-ra'gwi,  an 
island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  between  Borneo  and  the 
Philippine  Islands,  in  lat.  8°  37'  to  11°  30'  X..  Ion.  117°  to 
120°  E..  separating  the  China  and  Sooloo  Seas,  .and  having 
S.  the  B.alabac  Pas.sage.  Ijength  from  X.E.  to  S.W..  about 
260  miles :  average  breadth,  30  miles.  Surface  mountainous 
in  the  interior;  its  coasts  are  flat,  but  it  has  been  little 
explored.  Cowries,  gold,  ebony  and  other  fine  woods,  are 
among  its  products. 

PALAZZAGO,  pailt-sJ'go,  a  village  of  Northern  It.ily, 
province  of  Bergamo,  2  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Almeno.  Pop.  1557. 

PAL.4ZZ0,  pj-iafso.  a  town  of  Xaple.s,  province  of  Basili- 
cata,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Melfi.     Pop.  3700. 

PALAZZO-ADRIAXO,  pdrlSt'so-a  dre-d'no.  a  town  of  Sicily, 
intendaiicv  of  Palermo.  12  iniles  S.S.E.  of  Corleone.  P.  5000. 

PALAZZIlLO.  pl-Ut'so-lo.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  Mil.an,  6  miles  S.  of  Barjassiua,  on  the  Seveso. 
Pop.  1049. 

P.\L.\ZZ0LO.  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  province  of 
Friuli,  with  3  churches  and  an  oratory.    Pop.  1300. 

PAL.\ZZUOLO,  pl-l.at-soo-o'lo.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  13  miles  S.  of  Soi-a,  on  a  hill.     Pop.  1250. 

PALAZZUOLO  or  PALAZZOLO,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendancy  of  Symcuse,  13  miles  X.W.  of  Xoto.  Pop.  8600. 
Near  it  are  extensive  remains  of  the  ancient  Acrm. 

PALAZZUOLO  or  PALAZZOLO,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  on  the  Oglio,  5  miles  N.W.  of 
Chiari.    I'op.  3000. 

PALEMBAXG,  panlm-bing',  a  town  in  the  E.  part  of 
Sumatra,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  c  wn  name,  extends  for 
about  3  miles  along  both  sides  of  the  Palemliang  or  Moosee 
River,  here  200  yards  across.  50  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the 
Strait  of  Banca.  Lat.  2°  47'  S.,  Ion.  102°  26'  E.  Pop.  25,000, 
partly  inliabiting  houses  raised  on  posts,  and  partly  living  on 
rafts  moored  in  the  river.  It  has  a  sultan's  palace,  enclosed 
by  a  brick  wall,  and  some  good  dwellings  of  .\rab  and  Chinese 
merchants;  its  port  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago. An  active  trade  is  carried  on  here  with  .Java.  Malacca, 
Penang.  and  Rhio,    Coal  was  discovered  near  it  in  1S48. 

P.\Lii;MB.\NG,  formerly  a  kingdom,  now  a  Dutch  pro- 
vince of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  on  the  S.  coast,  bounded  E 
by  the  Strait  of  Banca. 

PALEX.4.  pi-hl/na,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Citra,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lanciano,    Pop.  2000. 

PALEXCI.\,  pd-l^n'the-d,  (anc.  Pillan'tia.)  a  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  a  province,  and  114  miles  N.W.  of  Madrid,  on 
the  Carrion,  an  affluent  of  the  Pisuerga.  Pop.  11,470.  It  is 
surrounded  by  an  old  wall,  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  a  fine 
Gothic  cathedral;  and  manufactures  of  woollens  ami  leather. 

PALEXCIA,  a  province,  Spain  Old  Castile,  It  is  fertile, 
watered  by  the  Carrion,  and  I'isuerga  Rivers,  Area,  2766 
square  miles.     Pop.  about  180.000. 

PALEXQUE.  pJ-Mn'kA,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state  of  Chiapas,  100  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ciudad-Real, 
About  7  miles  S.W,  of  it  are  some  of  the  most  extensive 
and  magnificent  rnins  in  Central  America.  The  principal 
of  these,  called  the  "  Pal.ace,"  is  22>1  feet  in  length,  by  ISO 
feet  in  breadth,  with  numerous  sculptures,  &c, 

P.VLEXVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  G reene  co.,  Xew  York, 

P.\LE.XZUEL.\,  pi-lJn-thwAli,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Palencia,  on  the  Orliinza,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Burgos. 
Pop.  1562. 

PALERMO.  pi-l?R'mo,  (Fr.  Pilenne, paU?Rm';  anc.  Panor*- 
mus,)  a  fortified  city,  capital  of  Sicily,  with  a  port  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  island,  in  a  rich  valley.  Lat.  of  light-house,  3S-  8' 
2"  X.,  Ion.  13°  22'  2"  E.  Pop.  in  1862,  167,025,  It  is  regarded 
as  the  second  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sinlies,  is 
built  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  facing  the  sea.  ai.d  is  en- 
closed by  an  old  wall.  Adjoining  the  water  is  the  strc-ng  fort 
of  Casteilamare.  The  city  is  ornamented  by  nuraeifus  fouu 
tains,  and  li;is  many  handsome  edifices,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  a  cathedral  of  the  tenth  century,  surmounted 
with  a  modern  cupola,  and  containing  many  fine  s-  puli  hral 
monuments  in  porphyry,  among  which  are  tlio.^c  of  the 
Emperor  Frederick  II.,  and  of  King  Roger  the  Norman ; 


PAL 

the  nwgniflcent  church  of  St.  Peter;  a  royal  palace  in  the 
Norraau  and  Saiacenit;  style,  and  possessinf?,  smon;;  other 
oliji'Cts  of  interest  and  attraction,  the  chapel  of  King  Roger, 
rich  in  mosaics,  the  picture-gallery,  the  armory,  and  the 
observatory,  from  which  Piazzi  discoveied  the  planet  Ceres ; 
tlie  archiepiscopal  palace,  the  mint,  custom-house,  public 
library,  and  3  theatres.  In  1852,  there  were  64  convents; 
of  which,  23  were  for  women,  and  41  for  men.  The  port 
is  enclosed  by  a  mole  1300  feet  in  length,  terminated  by 
a  li;,'ht-house  and  a  battery ;  a  second  interior  port  is  re- 
Rerved  for  the  marine.  Palermo  is  the  residence  of  the  mili- 
ary commandant  of  the  island,  and  has  an  arsenal  and 
ship-building  yards.  Its  university,  founded  in  1394,  had, 
some  years  since,  a  library  of  40,000  volumes,  and  735  stu- 
dents. The  town  has  a  botanic  garden,  and  numerous 
learned  societies.  The  chief  benevolent  institutions  are  a 
royal  hospital  and  a  foundling  hospital.  The  manufactures 
consist  chieHy  of  .silks,  cottons,  oil-cloth,  leather,  glass,  and 
.tloves  made  from  a  material  furnished  l^y  the  pinnamariwi. 
The  trade  has  the  advantage  of  an  excellent  roadstead  and 
harljor,  and  has  in  recent  times  greatly  increased.  The 
principal  articles  of  e.xport  are  sumac,  wine  and  spirits, 
fruit,  sulphiir,  skins,  oil,  essences,  linseed,  cream  of  tJirtar, 
liiiuorice,  and  manna;  of  import,  colonial  produce,  woollen, 
cotton,  linen,  and  silk  tissues,  hardware,  earthenware,  &c. 
The  fisheries  on  tho  coast  are  very  productive,  and  carried 
on  with  great  activity,  and  give  employment  to  nearly  4000 
hands.  Founded  by'the  Phenicians,  Panormus  became  the 
capital  of  the  Carthaginian  possessions  in  Sicily.  Il  ippears 
to  have  been  a  place  of  considerable  consequence  in  ancient 
times;  the  name,  (I'anormus.)  signifying  ••All-port,"'  may  Ije 
regarded  as  indicating  its  early  commercial  importance.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Itoraans  250  B.C. ;  it  was  afterwards  capital 
of  the  .Saracen  states  in  the  island.  The  Normans  took  the 
city  in  1072.  In  1'282  it  was  the  scene  of  the  massacre  called 
the  "Sicilian  Vespers."  The  court  of  Naples  resided  here 
from  1S06  to  1815.  During  an  insurrection  which  took  place 
in  January,  184S,  the  town  was  bom  larded,  and  partially 

destroyed  by  the  king's  forces. .A.dj.  and  inh.ab.  Paler- 

MITAN(:'),  pa'Ier'me-tiin?;  (It.  Palermitano,  p4-liR*me-ti'no.) 

PALERMO,  a  province  in  the  N.  of  Sicily,  bounded  .\.  by 
the  Tyrrhene  Sea.     Area,  1988  square  miles.     Pop.  5.S4,929. 

PALKR/.MO,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  CO.,  Maine,  10 
miles  E.N.K.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1372. 

PALKRMO.  a  post-township  of  Oswego  co.,  New  York,  18 
miles  K.S.K.  of  Oswego.    Pop.  2088. 

PAliKR'MO,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  in  the  uniteil 
counties  of  Wentworth  and  Halton,  15  miles  N.  of  Hamil- 
ton, and  32  miles  from  Toronto.  It  contains  2  saw  mills. 
Pop.  about  200. 

PAhKSTINE,  pal'es-tine.  (L.  PakesWna.  PhUisHxa.  t^n^Jii- 
dai'a.  sometimes  written  Jwlea,)  or  the  HOLY  LAND,  (L. 
Terra  Suncta;  Fr.  Ttrre  Saint',  taia  slNt;  Sp.  Tie)-ra  SmUi. 
te-Sn'Ri  sdn'td;  It.  T<^ra  Stinta,  t^ii/Rd  sitn'td.)  a  coiintry 
of  South-west  Asia,  comprising  the  S.  part  of  Syrifi,  and 
forming  the  modern  pashalics  of  Acre  and  Gaza,  and  the 
S.  part  of  the  pashalic  of  Damascus,  extending  between  lat. 
30°  40'  and  33°  82'  N.,  and  Ion.  33°  35'  and  35°  4S'  E., 
having  N.  the  pashalic  of  Tripoli,  W.  the  Mediterranean, 
andS.  andS.E.  the  Arabian  Desert.  Length,  from  .Mount 
Ilermon  in  the  N.  to  Kadesh-Barnea  in  the  S.,  193  miles; 
average  breadth,  75  miles.  Area,  11,000  square  miles.  Thesur- 
Cice  is  generally  mountainous,  being  traversed  by  branches 
from  the  chain  of  Lebanon,  one  of  which  stretches  S.  in  a 
direction  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
forming  the  water-shed  between  its  hasin  and  that  of  the 
Dead  Sea;  while  another,  turning  more  to  the  E.,  extends 
along  the  left  side  of  the  valley  of  the  .lordan.  These  moun- 
tains attain  their  greivtest  height  (about  lO.tlOO  feet)  in  Mount 
Ilermon,  where  they  first  become  detached  from  the  princi- 
pal chain.  None  of  the  others  exceed  30(K)  feet;  but  many 
of  them  have  acquired  great  celebrity  from  the  frequent  men- 
tion made  of  them  in  Holy  Writ,  or  the  wonderful  events 
of  which  they  have  been  the  theatre.  The  most  remarkable 
are  Carmel.  forming  a  promontory  in  the  Mediterranean,  on 
the  S.W.  side  of  the  Hay  of  Acre;  Tabor,  or  the  modern 
Jebel  Toor,  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  plain  of  Esdraelon : 
Ebal  and  Gerizim,  in  the  valley  of  Samaria;  Oilead  .and 
Nebo  or  I'isgah,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Jordan ;  and  Zion,  Mo- 
riali,  and  the  ^^ount  of  Olives,  in  and  near  Jerusalem.  The 
latter  has  an  elevation  of  '2536  feet.  The  country  generally  is 
of  trap  fi)rmation,  with  volcanic  rocks  in  several  localities, 
as  in  the  valley  of  the  Dead  Sea.  An  oolitic  limestone  and 
indurated  chalk  rock  prevails,  in  which  are  numerous 
caverns  W.  of  the  Jordan,  and  is  common  in  the  locality  of 
JerHs.alem.  The  mountains  are  separated  by  deep  valleys 
or  level  plains,  and  the  whole  country  is  rich  in  natural 
bflauty.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile  in  the  valleys  and 
on  the  sides  of  the  mountains ;  but  as  the  climate  refjuires 
Irrigation,  and  careful  culture  is  wanting,  tlie  land  is  com- 
paratively desolate  and  Karren;  yet  the  fertility  which  it 
displays  wherever  it  is  under  regular  culture,  fully  justifies 
the  early  description  given  of  it  as  a  land  flowing  with  milk 
and  honey.  It  is  watered  by  numerous  streams,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  the  Jordan,  flowing  iu  a  valley  re- 


PAL 

markahle  for  Its  depth,  the  Lake  of  Tiberias,  from  which  It 
issues,  being  84  feet,  and  that  of  the  Dead  Sea,  into  which 
it  fiills,  being  1337  feet  below  sea-level.  Tlie  other  principal 
rivers  are  the  Jarmuth.  an  affluent  of  the  Jordan,  tlie 
Kishon,  which  flows  into  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  Nahr 
Naman,  or  Belus.  The  climate  in  the  dry  season  is  very 
fine,  with  a  blight  sky  and  no  rain.  Gentle  rains,  with 
W.  winds,  commence  in  October,  and  fall  regularly  in  No- 
Tember  and  Decemijer.  Rain  continues  at  intervals  more  or 
less  till  March,  after  which  none  talis  during  all  the  har- 
vest, which  is  in  May  and  June,  or  in  the  summer  which 
succeeds.  Winter  frosts  are  slight,  except  in  high  positions, 
where  snow  occasionally  falls;  the  heat  of  summer  in  the 
low  valleys  is  very  great,  but  not  oppressive  in  other  situa- 
tions. 

The  name  Palestine,  derived  from  the  Hebrew  Pdesjhdh, 
and  meaning  the  land  of  the  Philistines,  does  not  occur  in 
Scripture,  and  is  properly  appliKible  only  to  the  S.W.  part 
of  the  country,  stretching  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. It  appears  to  have  been  first  used  by  Greek  au- 
thors, and  derived  additional  currency  from  its  adoption  by 
Josephus  and  fhilo.  Its  most  ancient  name  was  C.'inaan, 
which  it  evidently  owed  to  the  descent  of  its  inhabitants 
from  Canaan,  the  fourth  son  of  Ham,  and  a  grandson  of 
Noah.  When  thus  named,  in  the  time  of  the  patriarchs,  il 
was  parce!le(^out  among  a  number  of  independent  tribes  or 
nations:  the  Kenites,  Kenizzites,  and  Kadmonites,  on  the 
E.  of  the  Jordan ;  the  IIittit«s,  Perizzites,  Jebusites,  and 
Amorites,  in  the  hill  country  of  the  S.;  the  Canaanites  pro- 
per in  the  centre,  from  the  Jordan  to  the  (lOast;  the  Gir- 
gashites  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Tiberias;  the  Hivites 
on  the  N.,  among  the  ramificatiims  of  Lebanon;  the  Philis- 
tines on  the  S.,  and  the  Phoenicians  on  the  N.  coast.  In  the 
time  of  Moses,  th»country  E.  of  the  Jordan  was  conquered 
and  divided  among  the  tribes  of  Reuben  and  Gad.  and  the 
half-tribe  of  Manasseh.  Under  Joshua,  the  work  of  con- 
quest was  carried  on  to  the  W.  of  the  Jordan;  and  the 
whole  territory,  though  not  to  the  extent  originally  pro- 
mised, allotted  to  the  remaining  half  tribe  of  Manass.'h  and 
the  otlier  ten  tribes;  the  larger  portion  of  the  S.  filling  to 
the  tribes  of  Judah  and  Benjamin.  Under  Solomon,  the 
work  of  conquest  appears  to  have  been  completed,  and  all 
the  land  which  was  originally  promised  was  included 
within  the  limits  of  his  kingdom.  By  the  folly  of  his  son 
Rehotxiam,  the  kingdom  was  rent  in  twain,  and  sulidivided 
into  the  separate  kingdoms  of  Judah  in  the  S.,  and  Israel 
in  the  N.  The  latter  kingdom  w.is  often  designated  by  the 
name  of  Samaria,  its  capital.  The  division  of  the  country 
into  tribes  was  completely  broken  up  by  the  captivity, 
which  carried  aw.ay  ten  of  them  to  Babylon,  and  supplied 
their  place  by  a  new  colony.  After  the  destruction  of  the 
Babylonian  Empire,  Palestine  fell  under  the  dominion, 
first  of  the  Persians,  and  then  of  the  Jlacedonians.  In  the 
time  of  our  Saviour,  when  the  Romans  had  established 
their  ascendancy,  it  was  divided  into  tlie  four  provinces  of 
Galilee  in  the  N.j  Samaria  in  the  centre,  Judiea  in  the  S., 
and  I'eraea,  which  included  all  the  country  E.  of  the  Jordan. 
Under  Constantine,  Palestine,  now  regarded  a.s  the  Holy 
Land,  awjuired  new  interest,  and  recovered  in  some  degree 
from  the  ailamities  by  which  it  had  been  laid  desolate; 
and  in  396,  on  the  divi.sion  of  the  Roman  Empire  by  Theo- 
dosius,  Palestine  became  a  province  of  the  eastern  division 
of  the  empire. 

In  the  fifth  century,  the  country  was  divided  ecclesiasti- 
cally into  the  first,  second,  and  third  Palestine;  the  1st, 
comprising  Judica,  capital,  Ca^sarea:  2d,  Samaria,  capital, 
Scythopolis  or  Bethsheey,  Galilee,  &c. ;  and  the  3d  the 
countries  E.  and  S.  of  the  Dead  Sea,  capital,  Petra,  over 
all  which  sees,  Jerusjtlem  was  subsequently  erectiid  into 
a  patriarchate.  Palestine  continued  a  Roman  province 
till  the  spread  of  Islamism,  to  which  it  soon  fell  a  prey ; 
and  Omar,  iu  f)36,  after  taking  possession  of  its  capital, 
converted  it  into  one  of  the  provinces  of  his  caliphate. 
The  severities  exercised  towards  the  Christians  having 
roused  the  indignation  of  Europe,  gave  rise  to  the  Crusades, 
and  Jerusalem  became  for  a  time  the  capital  of  a  Christian 
kingdom.  Ultimately,  however,  Mohammedanism  prevailed, 
and  Palestine  sunk  into  a  degraded  state ;  from  which,  as 
yet,  it  has  not  shown  any  symptoms  of  recovering.  The 
sultans  of  Egypt  ruled  it  till  1617.  when  it  w.as  taken  by 
the  Ottoman  prince,  Selim  I.,  and  incorporated  with  the 
Turkish  Empire.  At  present,  the  whole  of  I'alestine  W.  of 
the  Jordan  is  divided  into  seven  districts ;  El-Kods.  includ- 
ing Jerusalem,  Jericho,  .and  about  200  villages;  Hebron  or 
El-Khiileel.  and  the  S.  part  of  Judea;  Gaza,  on  the  S.  coast. 
with  the  towns  of  Gaza  and  Jaffa;  Lood  (or  Lud,)  or  the  en- 
virons of  ancient  Lydda;  Nabloos  or  ancient  Sychar,  and  Sa- 
maria; Areta,  including  Mount  Carmel,  and  a  part  of  the 
plain  of  Esdraelon;  and  Safed  or  Saphet,  nearly  identical 
with  ancient  Galilee. 

P.^LESTINE,  pal'gs-tine,  a  post  Tillage  in  Greenbrier  CO., 
W.  Virginia,  about  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lewisburg. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-  office  of  Henton  co.,  .\labama. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-ofHce  of  Adams  co,  Mississippi. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-office,  Washington  parish.  Louisiana 

1423 


t= 


PAL 

Palestine,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Ander- 
sen CO.,  Texas,  200  miles  N.K.  of  Austin  City,  and  10  miles 
E.  of  the  Tiinitj'  lUver.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  fer- 
tile and  undulating  region,  and  is  a  place  of  active  trade. 
The  steamboats  which  navigate  the  Trinity  lUver  have  as- 
cended as  high  a-s  Magnolia,  the  landing-place  of  Palestine. 
An  active  emigration  has  been  directed  to  this  vicinity 
since  1847.  It  contains  12  stores,  2  large  seminaries,  and  4 
or  5  places  of  worship.  A  newspaper  is  published  here. 
Palestine  was  commenced  in  1840. 

PALKSTIXE,  a  post-village  of  Hickman  co.,  Tennessee,  68 
miles  from  Nashville. 

PALESTINE,  a  village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Biver,  10  miles  above  Cluciunati,  has  a  brick-yard  and  a  few 
stores.     Pop.  about  300. 

PALESTINE,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Uailrojid,  165  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

PALESTINE,  a  village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  100  miles  W. 
of  Columbus. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-village  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  20  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  61  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-village  in  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  100 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

PALESTINE,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Bloomington. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  county,  Illinois, 
2  or  3  miles  W.  of  the  Wabasli  River,  and  155  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Springfield.  It  is  situated  on  the  border  of  a  prairie,  and 
contains  a  L'nited  States  land-office,  several  churches  and 
stores.    Pop.  540. 

PALESTINE,  a  township  in  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

PALESTRINA,  p3-lJs-tree'ni,  (anc.  iS-ffcies'/e,)  an  episco- 
pal city  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  22  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Rome.  Pop  4630.  Its  walls  present  successively  the 
architecture  of  the  Pelasgie  era,  and  of  the  Roman  periods. 
The  modern  town  is  built  on  the  site  of  the  Temple  of  For- 
tune, erected  by  Sylla.  It  has  some  interesting  churdies,  an 
old  palace  of  the  Rarberini  family,  and  a  castle,  once  the 
chief  strouLjhold  of  the  Colonna.  to  whom  the  town  belonged. 

PALESTRIN  A,  an  island  of  Italy.    See  Pelestrin.\. 

PAL'OKAVK,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Suffolk. 

PALIIANI'OOR,  pdrhln-poor',  a  fortified  town  of  Ilin- 
dostan.  in  the  Baroda  dominions.  84  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ahraed- 
abad.  lat.  24^  11'  N.,  Ion.  72°  20'  E.  Pop.  30,000. (?)  It  is  an 
important  frontier  town. 

PAL1.\N0,  pd-led'no,  a  fortified  town  of  Central  Italy,  in 
the  Pontifical  States.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Anagni.  Pop.  3688.  It 
is  enclosed  by  strong  walls,  and  accessible  only  on  one  side. 

PALIBOTIIRA.     See  Patna. 

PALKtG  FANO,  p3-lid-jd/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  13  miles  ^V'.N.^V.  of  Taranto.     Pop.  2000. 

PALIGHAUT,  British  India.    See  Paulghautcherrt. 

PALIXUKUM  PKO.MONTORIUM.    See  Cape  Palinuho. 

PALINUKUS  SHOAL,  Arabia.   See  Abd-el-Kooree. 

PALISADES,  palVsAdz',  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jersey,  a 
range  of  basaltic  rocks,  rising  precipitously  along  the  W. 
shore  of  the  Iluason  River,  to  the  height  of  400  or  500  feet. 
They  extend  from  Piermont  S.  about  20  miles. 

PALISEUL  pSMee'suP,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxembourg  35  miles  AV.N.W.  of  .\rlon.    Pop.  1089. 

PALISSE,  La.  IS  pdUeess',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Allier,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Moulins.     Pop.  in  1852,  2696. 

PALK'S  (p,awks)  STRAIT,  is  that  portion  of  the  Indi.an 
Ocean  separating  Ceylon  from  the  mainland  of  Ilindostan, 
in  lat.  10^  N.,  Ion.  80°  E.,  and  where  narrowest  40  miles 
across.  It  is  bounded  S.  by  the  island  of  Ramisseram,  and 
the  shnal  called  Adam's  Bridge;  in  it  are  some  pearl  fisheries. 

PAlXi-EN.Tl.    See  Cassandra. 

PALLANCIIEE,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  P.ttACHT. 

PALLANTIA,  a  city  of  Spain.    See  Palexcia. 

PALLANTI.i,  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Paia>xia. 

P.^LLANZA,  pll-Iin'zS,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  a  tongue 
of  land  in  Lago  Maggiore,  5  miles  E.  of  Gravellona.  Pop.  2044. 

PAL/LAS-KEN'RY.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.,  and  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Limerick.     Pop.  700. 

PALLEE,  pjl'lee,  a  large  commercial  town  of  Ilindostan, 
dominion,  and  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Joodpoor,  on  an  aiiiuent 
of  the  Loony  Kiver.  It  is  a  great  entrepot  for  Malwah  opium 
in  its  transit  to  Bombay,  &c.,  and  it  has  a  considerable  im- 
port trade  in  chintz  and  European  manufactures. 

P.VLLIA,  p4l'le-a,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Sinde,  84 
miles  S.E.  of  Hyderabad. 

P.\LLIA.  a  river  of  Italy.    See  P.\gija. 

PAiyLlCE,  or  I'AI/LAS.  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Longford,  1 J  miles  S.E.  of  Ballymahon.  Oliver  Gold- 
smith was  born  here  in  1731. 

PALLICOONDA,  pil-le-koon'da,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  28  miles  W.  of  Arcot. 

PAl/LIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

PAL'LISF.R,  CA1>K,  the  S.  extremity  of  New  Zealand, 
North  Island.     Lat.  41^  38'  S.,  and  Ion.  175°  21'  E. 

PAL'LISKR   ISI-AXDS,  a  group  in    the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Low  Archipel^tgo,  lat.  10°  S.,  Ion.  145°  W. 
1424 


PAL 

PALL  5IALL,  a  post-office  of  Fentress  co..  Tennessee. 

PALLO,  pSl'loN  or  RAB'BIT  ISLAND,  a  small  island  Of 
JIalay  Archipelago,  S.  of  Sangir  Island.  Lat.  3°  5'  N.,  Ion. 
125°  30'  E. 

PALLIA,  p.4l'm3,  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estro 
madura,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Alcacer  do  Sal. 

PALMA,  pdl'mi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  26  miles 
N.E.  of  Huelva.     Pop.  31330. 

PALMA,  piVmL  a  town  of  Sicily,  near  its  S.W,  coast,  in 
tendancy,  and  13  miles,  S,E.  of  Qirgenti.  Pop.  8000.  It  lias 
an  active  trade  in  almonds,  dried  fruits,  soda,  wine,  and 
sulphur. 

PALMA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  4 
miles  S.  of  Nola.     Pop.  60<J0. 

PALMA,  pdl'niS,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Balearic  Islands, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  and  of  the  province  of  ]?»■ 
leares,  with  a  fin*  harbor  in  the  Bay  of  Palmas,  on  its  S.W. 
coast,  1.30  miles  S.  of  Barcelona.  lat.  39°  34'  N.,  Ion.  2°  4^ 
E.,  in  the  bosom  of  a  bay,  12  miles  long,  and  16  miles  broad. 
Pop.  40,514.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre, 
and  surrounded  by  a  wall,  36  feet  thick,  with  13  bastions,  and 
8  gates,  3  fronting  the  sea,  and  6  facing  the  land,  on  which 
side  the  wall  is  girt  with  a  dry  ditch,  while  a  faussebraye 
protects  the  seaward  portion.  The  streets  are  straight,  but 
mostly  narrow ;  many  of  them  are  paved,  and  provided  with 
footwalks,  laid  with  tiles.  The  principal  pxiblic  buildings 
are  the  cathedral,  founded  by  Jaiii\e  the  Conqueror,  the 
exchange,  a  splendid  structure  in  the  Geruiano-CJothie 
style,  begun  in  1426,  and  finished  in  1448;  the  palace  of  the 
governor,  and  the  town-house;  the  last  contains  a  gallery, 
with  portraits  of  eminent  natives  of  the  island.  There  are 
7  parish  churches,  a  great  number  of  convents,  several  cha- 
ritalile  institutions,  a  lazaretto,  and  a  general  hospital, 
founded  in  1456  by  Alonzo  V.  Among  the  educational  in- 
stitutions may  be  specified  the  Academy  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery ;  another  called  the  Chirurgical,  a  normal  school, 
for  primary  instruction;  an  institute  where  the  higher 
branches  of  education  are  taught;  a  nautical  school:  the 
Colegio  de  Sapienza,  for  poor  young  men  who  devote  them- 
selves to  the  church;  a  school  for  orphan  girls;  the  Colegio 
de  Crianza,  founded  in  1510.  for  the  education  of  young 
ladies  of  rank ;  the  Colegio  de  Pureza,  founded  in  1809,  also 
for  females,  and  about  30  private  schools.  The  town  has 
2  public  libraries,  and  a  museum  of  paintings.  At  the 
centre  of  the  port  rises  the  celebrated  mole,  wliich  extends 
from  the  bastions  facing  the  S.  about  500  yards  into  the  sea; 
on  each  side  of  it  are  the  ship-building  yards,  which  employ 
numerous  hands  in  the  construction  of  the  swift  lateen 
vessels,  so  well  known  and  highly  prized  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. Two  light-houses  stand  at  the  entrance  of  Porto  Pi, 
a  narrow  road,  where  the  larger  vessels  anchor.  On  an 
eminence,  about  midw.ay  between  the  city  and  Porto  Pi,  is 
the  Castle  of  Bellver.  The  entrance  to  the  bay  on  the  side 
of  St.  Carlos  Point  is  commanded  by  a  fort. 

Palma  is  the  port  for  the  whole  island.  On  an  average  of 
the  two  years,  1844-5,  the  number  of  vessels,  with  their 
tonnage,  entered,  was — vessels.  9S3;  tons,  50,493.  Departed 
— vessels,  917 ;  tons,  46.882,  The  manufactures  comprise 
linen,  woollen,  and  silk  tissues,  soap,  glass,  brandy,  thread, 
besides  a  number  of  oil  and  flour  mills.  Palma  is  the  resi- 
dence of  the  captain-general  of  Majorca, 

PALJIA,  pSl'mi,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands  in  the  Atlan- 
tic, its  \V.  extremity  being  in  lat.  28°  45'  N..  Ion.  17°  50'  W. 
Estimated  area,  333  square  miles.  Pop.  33,089.  It  is  re- 
markable for  its  great  elevation,  several  of  its  peaks  being 
upwards  of  7000  feet  in  height.  The  valleys  are  highly  fer- 
tile, and  the  i.slaud  is  well-wooded.  Principal  products, 
wine,  fruits,  honey,  wax,  silk,  and  sugar.  Some  tafietas 
and  other  fabrics  are  made;  but  fishing  is  a  much  more 
general  occupation.  Principal  town.s,  Santa  Cruz  on  the  E., 
and  Tazacorte  on  the  W.  coast. 

PALMA,  pdl'md,  a  small  town  of  New  Granada;  and  a 
river  and  cape  of  Cuba. 

PAL.MA  DEL  RIO,  pJl'md  d?l  ree'o,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Cordova,  on  the  Guadalquivir, 
at  its  confluence  with  the  Genii,  (Xenil.)     Pop.  552S. 

I'ALMA  NUOVA,  pdl'md  noo-o'vd,  a  forliiied  town  of 
Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  12  miles  S,S,E.  of 
Udine.  on  the  Roja,     Pop,  2800. 

PALMAR,  pdl-maB',  or  LUGAR  DE  SAN  JUAN,  loo-gaR/ 
dA  .sin  Hwdn  or  Hoo-3n',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  3 
miles  S.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  5951. 

PALMARIA,  pdl-md-ree'l,  an  islet  of  North  Italy,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  promontory  of  Porto- Yevere,  1  mile 
long,  celebrated  for  its  fine  black  marble  with  golden  veins. 
It  bounds  the  Gulf  of  Spezzia  on  the  S.W, 

PALMAS,  a  small  island  of  South  America.  NewGraneda, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Buenaventura,  in  the  Bay  of  Choco,  Pacific 
It  was  discovered  by  Pizarro  in  1527. 

PALMAS,  a  river  of  Zanguel>ar,  East  Africa,  and  a  hai^ 
bor  of  Soutli  America,  Ecuador,  ttnder  the  equator, 

PALMAS,  Las,  a  city  of  Grand  Canaria.    See  Las  Pauias. 

PALMAS,  GULF  OF,  Sardinia,  is  on  its  S.W.  coast  be- 
tween this  island  and  Sant  Antioco. 

PALMAS  POINT,  Yucatan,  on  its  W.  coast  near  SisaL 


PAL 


PAL 


PATiME,  (p3lin,)  Laooon  op,  France,  departmpnt  of  Aiide, 

14  miles  S.  of  Narbonne,  is  separated  from  tliR  IMwliter- 
raneaii  by  only  a  narrow  island,  and  united  with  it  by 
the  Straits  of  Jonsrausse  atid  Frauqui.  Leni;th.  from  N.to 
S.,  about  2^  miles:  breadth,  about  2  miles.  On  the  AV. 
bank  is  the  villaijce  of  Palme. 

PALMRIl!  A  S.  pSl-m.VrJs  or  pSl-m.Ve-r3s,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Sao  I'aulo.  near  Ciiritiba.     Pop.  21 -'lO. 

PAIiMKLLA.  p3l-m?11i,  a  town  of  Portuiial,  province  of 
Estreniadura,  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Lisbon.     Pop. 3700. 

PAT/.MKK.  a  post-Tillafje  and  township  in  Ilanipdon  CO., 
Massachusetts,  16  miles  E.X.E.  of  Sprinrfield.  Tlie  town- 
ship is  Intersected  by  the  Western  l?aiIroad,  and  the  New 
London  Northern  Railroad  forms  a  junction  with  the  Am- 
herst and  lielchertown  Railroad  at  Palmer  Depot.  It  has 
several  cotton  and  woollen-mills,  manufactures  of  boots  and 
shoes,  castings,  &c.  In  1853,  a  state  almshouse  was  esta- 
blislied  here.     Pop.  4082. 

PALMER,  a  village  of  Michigan.    See  St.  Cum. 

PALAI  lOR  DEPOT,  (dee'po,)  a  flourishing  village  of  Hamp- 
den county,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  at  its 
junction  with  the  New  London  Northern  and  the  Amherst 
and  Belchertown  Railroads,  15  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Spring- 
field. A  newspaper  is  published  hero.  It  has  several  ho- 
tels and  stores. 

PALMER'S  LAND,  Antarctic  Ocean.  S.  of  the  Potith  She^ 
land  Islands.     Lat.  (E.  extremitv)  *i3°  25'  S..  Ion.  57°  55'  W. 

PALMER'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
Tirsini;!. 

PALMER'.«  STORE,  a  post-office,  Weakley  co,.  Tennessee 

PALMEliSTON  (p^'mers-ton)  ISLAND,  Pacific  Oce.in,  is 
In  lat.  IR'^  4'  S..  Ion,  103°  10'  W. 

PALMERSTOX.  CAPE,  a  headland.  East  Australia,  lat. 
21°30'S..  lon.14<)°.30'E. 

PALMEISSTOWN.  pa'mers-tf5wn.  a  Tillage  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Dublin,  adjoining  Phenix  Park. 
Pop.  of  villa^'e  200.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the 
Temple  family, 

P.\LMKT'TO,  a  small  river  of  Georgia,  flows  through 
Laurens  countv  into  the  Oconee  from  the  riirht. 

PALMETTO,  a  post-office  of  Kershaw  co..  South  Carolina. 

PA L:\IETtO.  a  post-village  in  Campbell  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Atlanta  and  La  Grange  Railroad,  25  miles  S.W.  of  At- 
lanta.    Free  pojjulation,  1.526. 

PALMETTO,  a  post-office  of  Coweta  CO.,  Georgia. 

PALMETTO,  a  post-ofRce  of  Pickens  CO.,  Alabama. 

PALMETTO,  a  post-ofjice  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Jlississippl. 

P.\LMI.  pdl'mee,  a  roval  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Ca- 
labria Ultra  I..  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Reggio.  Pop.  6200.  It  has 
a  port  on  the  Gulf  of  Gioja.  and  an  active  trade. 

P.\LMOLr.  p3l'nio-le,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Citra.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  II  Yasto.    Pop.  2500. 

PALMSTOWX,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

PALMYRA,  pal-ml'ra.  ("the  "  7J/(7m or"  of  Scripture;  Gr. 
naA/«,vpa.  Palmfira;  L.  Piilmj/'ra:  Fr.  Ftilmyre.  pSrmoeR'.l 
a  ruined  citv  in  an  oa.sis  of  the  Syrian  Desert,  pashalic,  and 
120  miles  N.'E.  of  Damascus.  Lat.  34°  1 8'  N..  Ion.  38°  1 3'  E. 
Its  remains,  which  cover  a  surface  of  about  3  square  miles, 
are  situated  near  the  E.  declivity  of  a  mountain  range,  and 
consists  of  a  groat  number  of  columns,  portions  of  a  Temple 
of  the  Svm,  occxipying  a  quadrangular  space  of  220  square 
yards,  .and  which  had  390  columns,  60  of  which  still  re- 
main ;  fragments  of  some  other  temples,  several  gateways, 
traces  of  an  aqueduct,  and -numerous  .sepulchres  on  the 
sides  and  summits  of  the  adjacent  heights,  most  of  which 
edifices  appear  to  have  been  constructed  during  the  three 
first  centuries  of  the  Chiistian  era.  This  ancient  city  was 
founded  by  Solomon,  and  called  in  Hebrew,  T.ahmor.  that  is, 
the  '•  city  of  palm-trees,"  of  which  the  Greek  Tla\pirpa.  is  a 
translation.  In  the  third  century,  it  w.as  the  capital  of  Queen 
Zenol.ia.    It  continued  to  be  inhabited  till  it  was  taken  and 

plundered  by  Timur  (Tamerlane)  about  the  year  1400. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  P.^lmtren'E.  pal-me-reen'. 

PALMY'U.\,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co..  Maine,  In- 
tersected by  the  Sebasticook  River,  about  44  miles  N.E.  by 
N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1597. 

PALMYR.^,  a  handsome  post-village  in  Palmyra  town- 
ship, Wayne  CO.,  New  Yorl},  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  ^lud 
Creek,  half  a  mile  from  the  Rochester  and  Syracuse  Direct 
Railroad,  and  22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Rochester.  It  contains  1 
Presbyterian,  1  Episcopal,  1  Baptist,  1  Methodist  church, 
and  a  Friends'  meeting-house;  a  Union  school-house,  which 
cost  $  1 1 ,000 ;  2  banks,  several  manufactories,  and  from  30  to 
40  stores  of  diflerent  kinds.  Two  weekly  newspapers  are 
published  liere.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860, 4232 ;  of  the 
village,  about  3000. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-office  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-village  of  Lebanon  Co.,  Pennsylvania, 

15  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  3S5. 

PALMYRA,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  492. 

PALMYRA,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
2660. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fluvanna  co.,  Vir^ 
giuia,  on  the  Rivanna  River,  60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rich- 
4P 


mond.  It  has  a  handsome  bridge  across  the  river,  an(l 
contains  a  brick  court-house,  1  church,  and  2  or  3  mills. 

PALMYRA,  a  po.st-villase  of  Halifax  co..  North  Carolina. 
about  S5  miles  E.X.E.  of  Haleigh. 

P.\LMYPi.\.  a  post  villa-re  in  Lee  co.,  Georgia,  125  miles 
S.W.  by  S.  of  Miliedgeville.' 

PALMYR.4.,  a  post -office  of  Warren  co.,  Mississippi. 

P.\LMYRA.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co..  Tennessee, 
on  the  Cumberland  River,  about  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nash- 
ville. 

P.\LMYR.\.  a  post-r>ffice  of  Simpson  co.,  Kentucky. 

PALATYR.^,  a  small  villaire  of  'Trimble  co.,  Kentucky. 

PAL"\1YR.\,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Portagfl 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1031. 

P.\LMYR.\.  a  pnst-village  of  Deerflcld  township,  Warren 
CO..  Ohio,  on  the  turnpike  from  Cincinnati  to  Colnmbus,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  the  former.     It  contains  2  or  3  churches. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-village  and  townfbip  of  Lenawee  co., 
Michis.an.  on  the  Raisin  River,  and  on  the  Michicran  South- 
ern and  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  60  miles  S.W.  of  De- 
troit. The  village  contains  a  few  stores  and  mills.  Pop.  of 
the  township  1655. 

P.\LMYRA.  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  about 
10  miles.  N.  of  Corvdon. 

P.\LMYRA,  a  village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles  S.  of 
Rushville. 

P.VLMYRA.  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Marion 
CO.,  Missouri,  100  miles  N.E.  of  .Tefferson  City.  The  situa- 
tion is  high  and  healthy;  the  water  is  excellent.  Marion 
City,  the  landing-pl.ice  of  Palmyra  on  the  Mississippi,  is  6 
miles  distant.  'The  railroad  wliich  e.xtemls  from  Hannibal 
tt)  St.  Joseph  passes  through  Palmyra.  This  village  con- 
tains 5  large  brick  churches,  several  respectable  schools,  a 
United  States  land-oflice,  1  or  2  newspaper  offices,  and  1 
bank.    Pop.  in  1850,  1284 ;  in  1860,  199li. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa. 

P.\LMYRA,  a  post-villa.ge  and  township  of  Jefferson  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Pran'ie  du  Cliien  Rail- 
road, 42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Milwaukee.  The  village  has  3 
churches,  4  dry-goods  stores,  and  2  hotels.  Pop.  SCO ;  of 
township.  1579. 

PAHIY'RAS  POINT,  a  headland  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency, and  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Braminy,  57  miles  S.E.  of  Balasore.  All  ships  for 
Calcutta  endeavor  to  make  this  point,  off  which  they  are 
met  bv  pilnts. 

PALMYRE.  a  ruined  city  of  West  Asia.     See  PaI.mth.^. 

PALO.  El.  IX  pSlo.  a  scattered  village  of  Spain,  province, 
and  2  miles  from  ^falaga.     Pop.  1S46. 

PALO,  prllo.  a  city  of  Naples,  province,  and  11  miles  S.W. 
ofBari.     Pop.  5500. 

PALO,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prlncipato 
Citra.  9  miles  of  Campagna.     Pop.  2600. 

P.\TyO.  pahlo,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  CO.,  .Alabama. 

P.4LO,  a  post-village  in  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  35  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Iowa  Citv. 

PALO  ALTO.  pJ/lo  ai'to.  a  noted  battle-field,  situated 
near  the  S.  extremity  of  Texas,  between  Point  Isabel  and 
Matamoras,  about  9  miles  N.E.  of  the  latter.  Here,  on  Iho 
Rth  of  May.  1846.  the  Americans.  numl)ering  12111.  under 
General  Taylor,  defeated  6000  ^Mexicans,  commanded  by  Ge- 
neral Arista.  The  loss  of  the  former  was  32  killed,  famong 
whom  was  the  brave  Major  Ringgold.)  and  47  wounded; 
that  of  the  latter,  2.';2  killed. 

PALO  .ALTO,  pahio  al'to.  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part 
of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  550  square  miles.  It  is  inter.sected 
in  the  E.  by  the  Des  Moines  River,  and  in  the  W.  by  Lizard 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  first-mentioned  stream,  and  .also 
drained  by  two  small  tributaries  of  the  Des  Moines,  one  of 
which  rises  from  a  lake  In  the  W.  part  of  the  county.  It  is 
not  included  in  the  census  of  18-50.    Pop.  in  1860,  132. 

PALO  ALTO,  a  post-offlce  of  Highland  co.,  Virginia. 

PALO  ALTO,  a  post-office  of  Onslow  co.,  North  Carolina. 

P.ALO  ALTO,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Georgia,  44  miles 
N.W.  ofMilledgeville. 

PALO  ALTO,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chickasaw  CO., 
Mis.eissippi.  22  miles  S.E.  of  Houston. 

P.ALO  ALTO,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co..  Tennessee. 

PALO  ALTO,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Illinois. 

P.ALO  ALTO,  a  post-villace  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Iowa  River,  48  miles  S.S.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

PALOAN  ('pJ-lo-Sn')  BAY.  a  bay  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  ^lindoro.  It  lies  S.S.E.  of 
Point  Calivite,  is  of  a  semi-circular  foi-m.  with  an  entrance 
4  miles  wide,  and  extending  N.  inland  3  miles. 

PALOMARES-DEI.-CA:mPO,  paio-ma'rSsKlM-kam'po.  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  5  miles  N.E. 
ofCuenca.     Pop.  360. 

P.ALOMB.ARA.  pS-lom-b3'rl.  a  market-town  of  Central 
Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  8  miles  N.  of  Tivoli.    P.  2694. 

P.ALOMB.AR.A,  in  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Lanciano.     Pop.  1500. 

PALO'NA,  a  post-ofBce  of  Greenville  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

PALOO,  PALOU  or  PALU,  p^'loo/,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Tur 

1425 


PAL 


PAN 


key,  pashalic,  an/  55  miles  \.  of  Diarbekir,  on  the  Moorad 
Chai.  the  E.  arm  of  the  Euphrates.  Pop.  estimated  at  1000 
families  of  whom  400  are  Armenian,  and  GOO  Mohammedan, 
the  former  emploj-ed  in  cotton-weaving,  dveinsr.  tanning, 
and  other  manufacture.s;  the  latter  in  agriculture. 

PALOOXSHAII,  p3-loon'shd.  a  town  of  India,  in  the 
Nizam  dominion!:.  1.50  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Hyderabad,  and 
seated  in  a  fine  valley,  but  now  in  decay. 

PALOS,  pi/loce,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Celebes.  It  gives  its  name  to  ,i  fine  bay  in  the  Strait  of 
JKcassar,  and  to  an  isthmus  which  joins  the  X.  peninsula 
to  the  S.  part  of  Celebe-«. 

PA'LOS,  a  post-office  of  iliami  co.,  Indiana, 

PALOS,  a  post-township  of  Cook  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  1019. 

PALOS,  PORT  OF,  Spain.     See  MooDER. 

PALOTA.  p3^1o't<ih\  a  villtipe  of  llungarv,  in  Thither 
Theis.s.  CO.  of  Csanad.  26  miles  W.X.W.  of  Arad.     Pop.  3667. 

PALOTA,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co..  and  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Veszprim.  Pop.  4994.  It  was  ravaged  by  the  Turks 
In  1603. 

PALOX'Y  CREEK,  Texas,  enters  the  Brazos  River  from 
the  W.,  in  the  X.  central  part  of  the  state. 

PALPA,  pil'pJ,  a  town  of  North  Hindostan,  in  Nepanl, 
near  the  Gunduck,  68  miles  W.  of  Gorkha. 

PALPA,  a  maritime  village  of  Peru,  department  of  Lima, 
province,  and  GO  miles  S.E.  of  lea,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  near 
its  mouth  in  the  Pacific. 

PALS,  p3ls,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and 
19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gerona.     Pop.  1329. 

PALTB  or  PALTEH,  pJl'tA  or  pil'tJh.  (written  also 
TAMBRO)  LAKE,  a  remarkable  lake  of  East  Thibet.  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Las.sa-  It  is  nearly  circular.  40  miles  in  diameter, 
and  contains  a  large  central  island,  in  which  is  a  Thibetan 
temple. 

PALUAU,  pj'lii'6',  a  villajre  of  France,  department  of  In- 
dre.  20  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Chateauroux,  on  the  Indre.    P.  19S0. 

PALU.\U,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Bourton- Vendee.    Pop.  550. 

PALUD,  La,  \Sl  pJMii',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse,  13  miles  N.X.W.  of  Orange,  on  the  rail- 
way from  Lyons  to  A»ignon.     Pop.  in  1852.  25S6. 

PALCT)!.  p3-loo'dee.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Rossano.     Pop.  1770. 

PALVS  M  J.OTIS.    See  Azof,  Se.v  OF. 

PAIjL'7.Z.\,  pi-loot'sj,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
government  of  Venice,  33  miles  N.W.  of  I'dine.     Pop.  1800. 

PALY  AD.  pS-le-dd',  an  inland  town  of  West  Hindostan, 
Baroda  dominions!,  64  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Cam  bay. 

PAOI.\H,  a  village  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa.  85  miles  N.  by  E. 
oflowaCitv. 

PAMAK  ASSAN.  p3'm3-k3ss3n'.  a  town  of  the  Dutch  Ea.st 
Indies,  on  the  S.  co;ist  of  the  island  of  Madura.  It  is  the 
residence  of  a  native  prince. 

PA5I.\LANG,  pi'mi-ling',  a  town  and  river  of  Jara.  on 
the  N.  coast  of  the  province  of  Ti^al,  75  miles  W.  of  Sa- 
marang. 

PAMALANG,  s  cape  of  Java,  12  miles  E.N  JE.  of  the  above 
town. 

PA.MANOEKAN  or  PAMANUKAN,  prm3-noo-kln',  n 
town  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Java,  70 
miles  E.  of  Batavia. 

PAM'BER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

PAMB(X)K  (or  PAMBUK)  KALEH.     See  IIierapolis. 

P.\MBU.  pdm-boo'.  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Bahia,  on  the  river  Sao  Francisco,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sante 
Maria.     It  has  an  electoral  collese,  instituted  in  1S43. 

PAMEEU.  PAMERE  or  PAMIR,  pd-meer',  an  extensive 
table-land  of  Central  Asia.  Its  highest  point,  called  by  the 
natives  the  "roof  of  the  world,"  in  lat.  37°  27'  N..  Ion.  73° 
40'  E..  is  15,B00  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  bounded 
S.  by  the  Hindoo  Kocish  Mountains.  Lake  Sir-i-Kol,  which 
gives  origin  to  the  Oxus  River,  is  situated  in  Pameer.  Here 
is  found  the  Pameer  sheep  or  rass. 

PAMEL,  pfymfl,  a  village  of  Belirium.  province  of  Brabant, 
on  the  Dender,  12  miles  W.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2840. 

PAMICLIA,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York,  on 
Black  Rivet,  opposite  Watertown.     Pop.  2789. 

PAMELIA  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  postrvilLage  of  Jefferson 
CO.,- New  York,  about  166  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

P.^MIERS,  pi'me-A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ariege,  10  miles  N.  of  Foix.  on  the  right  l«nk  of  the  Ariege. 
Pop.  in  18,V2,  7770.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  comt6  of  Foix. 

PAMIH,  a  table-land  of  Central  Asia.    See  Pameer. 

PAMLICO,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  in  the  upper  part 
of  Its  «.urse  called  Tar  Rivkr.  It  rises  near  the  W.  bor- 
der of  Gr.-»nville  county,  and  flowing  S.E.,  passes  by  Tarbo- 
rough.  Greenville,  and  W.-lshington.  and  enters  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Pamlico  Sound,  through  an  estuary  which  is 
several  miles  wide  and  nearly  40  miles  long.  It  is  naviga- 
ble by  small  boats  to  Tarborough. 

L,n7on '/ri ''Jh'"T'II*^^'^'^-  ^"'^^  Carolina,  a  point  of 
lind  on  the  S-  side  of  the  entrance  to  Pamlico  RiveV^  about 
Vi.    .^    ;  "^  ^  ashlngton.    It  contains  a  fixed  li-ht  30  feet 
Buore  the  level  of  the  sea.  " 

142S 


PA5ILIC0  SOUND,  situated  on  the  E.  coa.«t  of  North  Ca- 
rolina, is  a  shallow  body  of  water  about  80  miles  long,  and 
from  10  to  25  miles  wide,  separated  from  the  ocean  by  low 
and  narrow  islands.  The  general  depth  is  aliout  20  ft-et.  but 
numerous  shoals  occur  in  it.  It  communicates  vrith  Albf>- 
marie  Sound  on  the  N..  and  receives  the  Neu.se  and  Pamlico 
Rivers  at  its  W.  extremity.  It  is  slightly  affected  by  the 
tide,  which  flows  throu-'h  Ocracoke  Inlet. 

PAMPA  GRANDE,  pjm'pd  gran'dA,  (the  "great  plain,'^ 
South  Peru,  is  a  level  .sandy  desert,  between  Are<iuipa  and 
the  ocean,  2000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  destitute  of  water  or 
vegetation. 

PAMPANGA,  p.im-p3n'gj.  a  province  of  the  Philippines, 
in  the  isl.and  of  Luzon,  N.W.  of  Manila.  Length,  from  N, 
to  S.,  about  60  milos ;  breadth,  about  45  miles.  Capital, 
Bacolor.     Pop.  177.045. 

PAMPARATO.  para-pa-ri'to,  a  Tillage  of  North  Italy,  ir 
Piedmont.  10  miles  S.  of  Mondovi.    Pop.  2505. 

P.\MI'AS,  pAm'pis,  a  n.ime  given  to  some  of  the  vast  plains 
of  South  .\merica,  particularly  the  plains  stretching  from 
Terra-del-Fuego  N.  through  Patagonia  and  part  of  La  Plata, 
over  27°  of  lat.,  or  1900  miles,  where  they  meet  El  Gran 
Chaco.  and  from  the  E.  slope  of  the  Andes  to  the  .shores  of 
the  Pl.ita  and  Atlantic:  area.  1,6211,000  squ-ire  miles,  an  ex- 
tent so  great,  (hat  while  their  N.  margin  is  bordered  by 
palm-trees,  their  S.  extremity  is  almo.st  continually  covered 
with  ice  or  snow.  Immen.se  portions  of  this  great  plain, 
particularly  N.  of  the  Colorado,  and  extending  for  1000  miles 
from  E.  to  W.,  .ire  nearly  as  level  as  the  sea.  and  without  a 
stone,  or  any  other  object,  except  a  solitary  tree,  (the  omli6.) 
which  is  seen  at  vast  distances,  rising  like  a  great  land 
mark. 
PAMPAS,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co..  Illinois.  Pop.  1298. 
PAMPAS  DEL  St^CUAMEXTO.  pduVpasdM  sa-krj-mfiv'to, 
vast  plains  in  the  N.E.  of  Peru,  covering  an  area  of  alx)ut 
60.000  S()u.-ire  miles.  They  are  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by 
the  Ucayale.  and  though  in  parts  almost  without  trees,  are 
in  others  covered  with  immen.se  and  magnificent  forests. 
Several  parts  of  them  have  lieen  brought  under  cultivation, 
but  in  general  they  remain  in  a  .state  of  nature,  and  are  oc- 
cupied by  various  tribes  of  Indians. 

P.\MPATAR,  pJm-pd-taR'.  a  maritime  village  of  South 
America,  in  Venezuela,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Mar- 
garita, fortified,  and  h.-\ving  a  pretty  good  harlor. 

P.\MPELONNE.  i)3M'pt-h-lonn',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  ou  the  Via'ur,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Alby.    Pop. 
2025. 
PAMPELUNA,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  P.\MPLCjr.v. 
P.VMPER.  a  town  of  Cashmer^     See  Pami'IR. 
P.\MPILHOZ.\.  pdm-peel-yo'za.  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  r.i'ira-l'aixa,  N.  of  Thomar.     Pop.  24''.2. 
PAM'PISFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Cambridce. 
PAMPLEMOUSSES.  pSxi'ple-moi^'.  a  village  of  the  Mauri- 
tius, near  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  about  7  miles  from 
Port  Louis. 

PAMPLONA.  pJmplo'na.  or  PAMPELUNA.  pam-pA-loo/- 
nS.  (Fr.  I\tmpJune  or  Pamjidune,  pi^upMUn';  anc.Pom'pelon 
or  Pijmpeirq)'olis,)  a  fortified  town  of  Sjiain,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Navarre,  on  the  -^gra.  an  affluent  of  the  Ai-agon, 
195  miles  N.N.E.  of  Madrid,  and  20  miles  from  the  French 
frontier.  Pop.  11.000.  It  has  a  fine  promenade  and  public 
fountains,  supplied  by  a  noble  aquetlut-t.  an  ancient  cathe- 
dral, palaces  of  the  viceroy  and  of  the  bishop,  a  Latin  college, 
and  several  other  schools.  The  manufactures  comprise  paper, 
leather,  and  coarse  woollens,  apd  it  has  an  active  commerce 
with  France  in  wool  and  silk,  and  a  celebratefl  annual  fair  in 
June.  It  was  taken  from  the  Arabs  by  Charlemagne  in 
778.  In  800  it  was  made  the  capital  of  Navarre,  of  which 
Count  Garcias  took  the  title  of  king.  The  French  took  it 
in  180S,  and  held  it  till  1813,  when  it  surrendei-ed  to  the 
Duke  of  Wellington. 

PAMPLONA,  pdm-plo'nl,  a  town  of  South  .America,  in 
New  Gransida,  department  of  Boyhca.  capit.il  of  the  province, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Zulia  River.  200  miles  N.E.  of  Bogota. 
Pop.  3200.  It  is  well  built.  Principal  edifices,  its  churches 
and  convents,  one  of  which  latter  is  very  richly  decorated. 
Near  it  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

P.\MPROUX,  p5M'proo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Deux-S^vres,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Melle.    Pop.  1350. 

PAMPUR,  pim'p&r,  or  PAMPER,  pira'per.  a  town  of 
Cashmere,  on  the  Jhylum.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  seve- 
ral arches,  5  miles  W.  of  Serinagur,  and  comprising  between 
300  and  400  houses,  a  b;iza."U".  and  2  M(*ammedin  shrines. 
PA.MUN'KEY  or  PAJIUNKY  RIVER,  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Virgini.-u  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  North  and  South 
Anna  Rivers,  on  the  border  of  Caroline  and  Hanover  coun- 
ties, and  flowing  in  a  genei-al  S.E.  direction,  joins  the  .Matta- 
pony  to  form  the  York  River.  Its  whole  length  is  prob;ibly 
not  less  than  75  miles.  This  river  separates  King  William 
county  fi-om  Hanover  and  New  Kent  counties. 

P.^M'REPAU,  a  small  village  of  Bergen  township,  Bergen 
CO..  New  Jersey. 

PAXAGUR."pJ-n-'-?fir'.  an  ancient  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  W.  of  the  ceded  districts,  11  miles  If. 
of  Gurrah,  and  having  several  temples. 


PAN 

PANAMA,  p3n-a-in3/,  a  fortified  seaport  city  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Istmo,  on  the  Gulf  and  S.  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 
Lat.  8°  56'  X.,  Ion.  79°  31'  2"  \V.  It  stands  on  a  penin.salar 
tongue  of  land,  across  which  its  streets  e.\tend  from  sea  to 
sea.  Pop.,  with  suburbs,  aljout  (i<)00.  It  has  a  beautiful 
cathedral,  various  convents,  a  nunnery,  Jesuits'  college,  and 
a  large  edifice,  also  intended  for  a  coUefre,  but  which  has 
not  been  finished.  Its  harbor  is  protected  by  numerous 
Islets,  and  alTords  secure  anchorage.  The  couiitiy  around  is 
rertile.  The  city  has  some  trade  in  South  American  pro- 
duce, especially  gold-dust,  pearl.s.  shells,  hides,  and  coffee, 
which  are  exported  to  Kurope.  chiefly  by  way  of  Chagres,  on 
the  opposite  coast.  It  is  also  on  the  route  to  California,  and 
Is  now  a  station  for  the  mails  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific coasts  of  the  United  States,  and  between  Great  Britain, 
I'e'-n.  and  Chili.  It  is  the  Pacific  terminus  of  the  Panama 
Ilailroad,  which  connects  this  place  with  Aspinwall,  on  the 
Atlantic  side  of  the  Isthmus.  This  road  has  just  been 
(February,  1855)  completed. 

PAN'AMA'.  a  post-<iffice  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York. 

PAN  AM  .\.  a  post-office  of  Defiance  co..  Ohio. 

PANAMA,  ISTHMUS  OF,  called  formerly  the  ISTHMUS 
OF  DAKIKN,  (d.i're-fn  or  dd-re-Jn',)  the  connecting  link  be- 
tween North  and  South  America,  separating  the  Atlantic 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  extends  from  lat.  7°  l!0'  to  9^  40'  N., 
Ion.  77°  to  81°  W.  It  also  forms  a  department  of  New  Gr.a- 
nada,  called  Istmo.  It  has  the  shape  of  an  arc.  curving  round 
from  K.  to  AV.  for  about  3ij0  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying 
from  30  to  70  mile.s,  and  presenting  its  convex  side  to  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  while  its  concavity  is  occupied  by  the  large 
Bay  of  i'anama,  setting  up  from  the  Pacific.  This  bay,  at 
its  mouth,  is  105  miles  across,  and  penetrates  inland  about 
120  miles.  Its  shores  are,  for  the  most  part,  low  and  swampy, 
aud  noted  for  their  unhealthines.s.  It  contains  numerous 
islands,  partirularly  on  its  K.  side,  where  the  group  called 
Pearl  Islands  covers  about  400  square  mile.s.  It  is  in- 
dented by  several  harbors,  of  which,  Panama,  in  the  N., 
and  San  Miguel,  in  the  E.,  are  best  known.  The  bay  is 
usually  tranciuil,  and  not  disturbed  by  much  wind  or  sea, 
but  destructive  tempests  occasionally  occur,  and  during  the 
rainy  season  W.  winds  send  in  a  heavy  swell.  The  tide 
rises  from  2  to  4  fithoms.  On  the  N.,  or  convex  coast,  the 
most  remarkable  indentation  is  the  Gulf  of  Daiien,  near  its 
E.  extremity:  Port  Escoces.  and,  in  its  immediate  vicinity, 
Caledonia  Bay ;  and  Limon  or  Navy  Bay,  a  little  E.  of 
Chagres.  In  approaching  the  N.  coast  from  the  Atlantic, 
a  range  of  lofty  heights  is  seen,  stretching  apparently  in  an 
unbroken  chain,  .at  a  short  distance  from  the  shore  :  and  it 
was  long  sujiposed  that  the  barrier  thus  presented  was 
char.acteristic  of  the  whole  isthmus,  and  precluded  the  idea 
of  forming  great  thoroughfares  across  it  to  accommodate  the 
traffic  of  the  two  oceans;  but  it  is  now  ascertained  that  a 
large  part  of  the  isthmus  consists  of  low  hills,  valleys,  and 
flat  or  undulating  plains,  watered  by  considerable  streanis, 
generally  well  covered  with  excellent  timber,  and  capable 
of  yielding  all  the  more  valuable  tropical  productions  in 
tfileraMe  abundance.  The  minerals  are  also  important, 
and  include,  in  addition  to  gold,  which  was  long  worked  to 
advantage,  rich  veins  of  iron  and  copper.  The  most  uufa- 
vor.able  feature  is  its  climate.  A  great  quantity  of  rain 
falls  throughout  the  year,  and  in  the  months  of  July,  Au- 
gust, and  September  it  rains  almost  incessantly.  A  con- 
nection between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans  across  the 
isthmus  has  at  different  times  been  proposed,  .and  a  railway 
was  completed  February  17,  1855,  extending  from  As- 
pinwall, on  Navy  Bay,  to  Panama.  From  recent  surveys 
it  has  been  ascertained  that  Port  Escoces  is  an  excellent 
harbor,  and  Caledonia  B.ay  an  ample  and  commodious  road- 
stead: and  to  meet  the  wants,  not  of  any  individual  state, 
but  of  the  whole  mercantile  world,  it  has  also  been  proposed 
to  cut  a  gigantic  canal,  stretching  from  ocean  to  ocean,  from 
Port  Escoces,  in  a  S.S.W.  direction,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Sa- 
vanna, in  the  harbor  of  Darien,  communicating  with  the 
Gulf  of  San  Miguel.  The  dimensions  proposed  are  140  feet 
wide  at  the  bottom,  and  .30  feet  deep  at  low  tide.  The  sum- 
mit level,  between  the  two  points,  is  said  to  be  only  150 
feet,  and  the  cost  of  the  work  is  estimated  at  $00,000,000. 
The  .\tlantic  coast  of  the  idthmus  was  discovered  by  Chris- 
topher Columbus  in  1502,  but  the  comparatively  short  dis- 
tance across  it  was  not  ascertained  till  1513,  when  A'asco 
Nunez  di  Balboa,  Governor  of  Darien,  at  the  head  of  a  party 
of  which  Francisco  Pizarro  w.as  one,  set  out  on  an  exploring 
expedition,  and.  from  the  top  of  a  hill,  obtained  the  first 
view  of  the  Pacific. 

P.\N.\MGOODY,  p3-nJm-goo'dee,  a  town  of  Hindostan.  21 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Cape  Comorin.     Lat.  8°  21'  N.,  Ion.  77°  53'  E. 

PANANICII.  a  vill.age  of  Scotland.     See  Paxxamch. 

P.\N.\.ON,  pd-ni-on',  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands  in  the 
Surigao  Passage,  between  the  islands  of  Leyte  and  Minda- 
nao.    Lengtli,  18  miles. 

P.ANAR.\GA,  pi-ni-ri'gL  a  town  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
island  of  Java,  S.E.  of  Soerakarta. 

PANARANO,  pd-nd-rd/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Avelliuo.    Pop.  1300. 


PAN 

PANARIA,  p3-nd-ree'd,  (ane.  ITicsia,)  one  of  the  Liimn 
Islands,  in  the  Mediterranean,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Lipari.  It  is 
about  7  miles  in  circuit,  fertile,  and  well  cultivated,  and  con- 
tains many  volcanic  products.  On  its  S.  side  is  a  good  port. 
Pop.  200.    It  has  several  remains  of  antiquity. 

P.\N.ARO,  pi-n3'ro,  (auc.  Sculte'na,)  a  river  of  North  Italy, 
rises  in  Monte  Cimoiie,  and  flows  N.  between  the  province 
ofModenaand  that  of  Bologna.  It  becomes  navigable  at 
lionporto,  where  the  Canal  of  Modena  joins  it  to  the  Sec 
chia;  .and  it  enters  the  Po  on  the  right,  12  miles  .N.W.  of 
Ferrara.  Length,  75  miles.  Under  the  French  it  gave  the 
name  to  a  department  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  now  com- 
prised in  the  duchy  of  Modena. 

PANAROKKAN  or  PANAROOCANjpd-nd-roo-kdn',  a  town 
of  Java.  85  miles  B.S.E.of  Soerabaja. 

PANAUR,  a  river  of  India.     See  Punn.ur. 

P.\N  AY  or  PAN  Y,  pd-ni'.  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  in 
the  Mahiy  Archipelago.  Lat.  10°  24'  N.,  Ion.  122°  6'  E.  Esti 
mated  area,  45C0  .square  miles.  It  is  fertile,  but  is  stated 
to  be  unhealthy,  aud  is  thinly  cultivated.  On  it  are  the 
Spanish  settlements  of  Iloilo  and  Antigua.     SeePniLiPPiNKS. 

PANB.\N,  pdn'bin'.  a  village  of  Hindostan,  in  the  island 
of  Kaniisseram,  opi)osite  the  mainland. 

PANBKIDE,  pan'brid',  a  maritime  village  and  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  F'orfar.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Arbroath.  Pop.  in 
1>'51,  1372,  of  whom  about  130  are  in  the  village.  In  the 
N.E.  of  the  parish  is  the  mansion  of  the  Earl  of  I'anmure, 
and  near  it  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  feudal  castle. 

PANCALIERI,  pdn-kd-lt-il'ree,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  18  miles  S.  of  T>u-in.     Pop.  2S38. 

PANCHSHIll,pdnsh-sheer'(?)avalleyof  Catool,  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  about  70  miles  long  from  .S.W.  to 
N.E. ;  breadth,  usually  Ij  miles.  It  is  watered  by  a  stream 
of  the  same  name. 

PAN'COASTliURG,  a  post-office  of  Favette  co.,  Ohio. 

PANCOR  VO,  pdn-koit/vo,  or  PANCOU'BO,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  31  miles  N.E.  of  Burgos,  in  a  mountain  defile, 
at  the  entrance  of  which  was  a  fortress  which  the  French 
held  from  ISOS  to  1813,  and  demolished  in  1823.     Pop,  1217. 

PAN'CRASSWEEK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PANCSO  V  A,  pdn'choHdh'.  a  fortified  market-town  of  South 
Hungary,  in  the  Banat,  the  head-quarters  of  a  German 
regiment,  with  a  steam-packet  station  on  the  Danube,  62 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Temesvar.  Pop.  11,710.  It  has  Roman 
Catholic  and  Greek  Churches,  mathematical  and  German 
schools,  and  an  active  trade. 

PA.ND,\CAN,  pdn-dd-kdn',  a  village  of  the  Philippines,  in 
the  island  of  Luzon,  province  of  Tondo.     Pop.  4622. 

PANDAT.'i.RIA.     See  Vendoteke. 

P.\ND1N0,  pdn-dee'no.a  townof  Northern  Italy,  province, 
and  8  mill's  N,N.K,  of  Lodi.     Pop,  1750. 

PANDO'RA,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Tennessee, 

PAN'EAS  or  BAXIAS,  bd'ne-.as.  (anc.  Casarda  Philipipi.) 
a  village. of  Palestine,  pashalic,  and  43" miles  W.S.W.  of  Da- 
mascus, near  the  sources  of  the  Jordan.  It  comprises  alout 
150  houses,  and  has  on  its  N.  side  a  well-built  bridtre,  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  town,  a  cavern,  (the  Panium  of  jose- 
phus.)  and  some  traces  of  a  temple  erected  by  Herod  in 
honor  of  Augustus. 

PANGANSANE,  PANGANSENE.  pdng^gdn-sdn',  or  PAN- 
J.ASANG,  pdn^yd-.sang',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
off  the  S.E,  extremity  of  Celebes,  about  lat,  5°  S,,  Ion,  122° 
30'  E,  Length,  from  N,  to  S.,  CO  miles;  aver.age  breadth,  16 
miles. 

PANGAR.AN,  pdng'gd-rdn',  a  village  in  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon, on  the  Mahavill.vgunga,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Kandy. 

PANGASINAN,  pdn-gi-se-ndn',  a  province  of  the  Philip- 
pines, in  the  island  of  Luzon,  N,W.  of  Manila.     Pop,  221,805. 

PANG'BORNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks, 

PANGONG,  pdngVong',  a  salt  lake  in  West  Thibet,  100 
miles  E,  of  Leh,  14.000  feet  aliove  sea-level.  Length,  100 
miles;  breadth,  from  3  to  4  miles. 

PANGOOTARAN  or  PANGOUTARAN.  pdng-goo-td-rdn', 
an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the  Sooloo  group. 
I.«at.  6°  15'  N.,  Ion.  120°  40'  E,  Length,  10  miles:  bieadth, 
4  miles.  It  is  of  coral  formation,  and  abounds  with  cocoa, 
palms,  and  live-stock. 

PANI.VNY,  a  town  of  British  Indi.a,     See  Ponant, 

PANICOCOLO,  pd-ne-ko/ko-lo,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince, and  12  miles  N.W,  of  Naples.     Pop.  2250. 

PANIPUT,  pdnVpQt/,  written  also  PANNIPUT.  (Hindoo 
Panipata,  pd-ne-pd'td,)  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  55  miles  N.N.W.  of  Delhi.  l>at, 
29°  22'  N.,  Ion.  70°  51'  E.  It  is  4  miles  in  circuit,  enclosed 
by  a  decayed  wall,  has  a  remarkable  Mohammedan  shrine, 
and  had  formerly  a  coiisideraljle  trade. 

PANISSI£RE,  pd'nis'se-aiR',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Loire,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Montbrison.  Pop 
1160. 

PANJAB  or  PENJ.4B.  a  territory  of  India.    See  Punjab. 

PANJANG,  pdn'jdng/,  or  POOLO  PANJANG,  poolo  f)ac'. 
jdng',  an  isLand  off  the  W.  coast  of  the  Mal.ay  Peninsula 
Lat.  9°  18'  N.,  Ion.  103°  36'  E.  It  is  20  miles  inlength,  from 
N.  to  S.,  by  4  miles  in  average  breadth,  and  similar  in  most 
respects  to  the  island  of  Juukceylou,  from  which  it  is  12 

1427 


PAN 

miles  E.  Some  islets  in  South  Madura,  North  Papua,  and 
Kast  Borne-j  have  the  same  name. 

rA.>  J  I.M,  pdn'zheeA"',  or  NEW  GOA,  go'L  a  t-own  of  Por- 
tuguese Uindostan,  5  miles  AV.  of  Goa,  mostly  inhabited  hy 
native  Cliristians.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  Portutruese 
viceroy,  and  many  of  the  principal  Europeans  in  the  settle- 
ment. 

PANKER.  pdnk'er,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  IIol- 
stein.  17  miles  E.  of  Kiel.     Pop.  9i0. 

PANKOTA.  prtn'ko''toh\  (0  and  Uj,  oo'ee.)  two  nearly 
adjacent  villajies  in  Uungaiy,  eo.  of,  and  about  10  miles  fram 
Arad.     Pop.  7200. 

PANKOUH,  pln-koor',  a  small  island  in  the  Strait  of  Jla- 
lacca.     Lat.  4P  16'  N.,  Ion.  100°  58'  E. 

PANNAII,  pin'nd,  or  PUNNAII,  pun'uah.  (probably  the 
PLfnuJM  of  Ptolemy.)  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the  Bun- 
delcund  table-land,  110  miles  S.W.  of  Allahabad.  It  is  large, 
has  numerous  temples,  and  is  known  for  its  diamond-mines, 
which,  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Akbar.  (about  A.  D.  1600,) 
yielded  an  annual  revenue  estimated  at  80.000^. 

PAN'iV  ALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding, 
2J  miles  S.E.  of  Harrogate,  with  a  station  on  the  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  Railway. 

PAXNANICII  or  PANANICII,  pan'na-niK\  a  village  and 
celebrated  mineral  spa  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  39  milfs  W.  of 
Aberdeen,  on  the  Dee.  Its  waters  strongly  resemble  the 
German  Seltzer  waters,  and  are  numerously  frequented  by 
invalids,  for  whose  accommodation  several  houses  have  been 
erected  by  the  proprietor. 

PAXNIPUT,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  PANiPtrr. 

PAN.NUNIA.     See  Huxoakt. 

PANO'LA,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Mississippi,  has 
an  area  of  al)out  800  st^uare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  TiU- 
lahatchie  River,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Coldwater 
Creek.  The  surface  is  partly  level  and  partly  rolling.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  what  are  called  the  swamp-lands. 
This  county  forms  part  of  the  country  ceded  to  the  state  by 
the  Chickasaw  Indians.  It  w.vs  organized  in  1836.  Capital, 
Panola.  Pop.  13,794,  of  whom  o237\vere  free,  and  8557  slaves. 

PANOLA,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Texa.s,  border- 
ing on  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  840  square  miles.  It  is  inttM-- 
sected  by  the  Sabine  River.  The  surface  consists  partly  of 
pr.'iiries  and  partly  of  woodlands.  Capital,  Carthage.  Pop. 
8475,  of  whom  5417  were  free. 

PA\OL.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Panola  co..  Mississippi, 
on  the  Tallahatchie  River.  100  miles  N.  of  Jack.son.  It  is 
situated  in  a  fertile  and  well-watered  region.  It  has  a  new.s- 
paper  office  and  several  churches. 

PANOLA  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Woodford  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  40  miles  S.  of  LaSalle. 

PANOPOLIS.     See  Akhmym. 

PAN'OUMOS,  pd-noi-'mo.s,  a  maritime  town  on  the  N.E. 
shore  of  Tinos,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  with  the  best 
harbor  in  that  islandT    Pop.  2500. 

PAN0II>1US.  Sicily.     See  P.\lermo. 

PANTALARl.A.,  an  island  of  Italy.    See  Pantellaria. 

PANTAR,  pdiiHdr',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
separated  on  the  E.  from  Ombay  by  the  Strait  of  Pantar, 
and  on  the  W.  from  Lomblein,  by  the  Strait  of  Alloo.  Lat. 
8°  10' S.,  Ion.  124  E.  Length, from  N.  to S.,  30 miles;  breadth, 
15  miles. 

PANTEAGUE,  pan-teeg',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

PA.XTE'OO,  a  post-ofRce  of  Beaufort  co..  North  Carolina. 

PANTELLARIA,  pdn-tjl-li-ree'l  written  al.so  PANT.V 
LAR1.\,  (anc.  O^ssj/'ra.)  an  island  of  Naples,  in  the  Jlediter- 
rauean,  province  of  Girgenti,  60  miles  from  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Sicily,  its  chief  town  being  in  lat.  36°  61'  15"  N.,  Ion.  11°  54' 
29"  E.  Shape  oval ;  circuit  about  30  miles.  Pop.  5000.  It  is 
wholly  of  volcanic  formation,  presenting  vestiges  of  oi-aters. 
with  lava,  pumice,  hot  springs,  &c.  It  produces  fine  fruit, 
especially  grapes,  but  not  enough  corn  for  its  own  consump- 
tion, and  its  principal  product  is  a  fine  breed  of  asses.  At 
its  N.W.  point,  at  the  head  of  a  cove,  is  the  town  of  Oppi- 
dolo,  which  has  a  convenient  port  for  small  vessels,  with 
some  export  trade  in  wine,  oil,  cotton,  orchil,  and  raisins. 

l^VNT'b'TELU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PAN'TIIER,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas. 

PANTHKR  CREEK,  of  Kentucky,  rises  near  the  N.E. 
border  of  Ohio  county,  and  flowing  in  a  N.W.  eour.se  through 
Da»ies.s  county,  enters  Green  River  about  14  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Owenbcirough. 

PANTHER  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Surrey  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

PANTHER  CREEK,  a  post-viUage  of  Cass  co.,  Illinois, 
about  2  miles  fi-oni  Sangamon  River. 

PANTIlEli,  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa. 

PANTHER  FORK,  a  post-offtce  of  Greenville  district, 
fciouth  Carnlina. 

PANTIU-.R'S  CREEK.  Ohio,  falls  into  the  West  Branch 
of  .Miami  Hiver,  in  Miami  county. 

I' A  NTH  E  KS  G  A  1>,  a  postoflice  of  Rockbridge  CO..  Virginia. 

[•ANTHER  SPRINGS,  a  thriving  po.s^village  of  Jefferson 
CO..  Teiuitrssee,  is  finely  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  and  on 
the  road  from  Jinoxvilie  to  Jonesborough,  220  miles  E.  of 


PAP 

Nashvile.  Part  of  the  village  is  in  Granger  county.  It 
contains  an  excellent  male  and  female  academy.  The  East 
Tennes.see  and  Virginia  Railroad,  now  In  progrtSA  will  pass 
thi'ough  the  villaire. 

PA.N'TIIEKSViLLE,  a  district  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia, has 
a  post-office  of  the  same  name. 

PANTICO,  a  post-office  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York. 

PANTICOSA,  pdnti»ko'.sd.  medicinal  baths  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  40  miles  N.  of  Iluesca,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Jaca,  near 
the  village  of  Panticosa.  It  is  one  of  the  highest  inhabited 
spots  in  the  Pvrenees,  being  about  8500  feet  aliove  tlie  .^ea. 

PANTIN,  p6n<'HSs«'.  a  market-town  of  Prance,  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Paris,  near  the  Canal  de 
rOurcq.     Pop.  in  1852,  2341, 

PAN'TON,  a  p.irish  of  Emiland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

P.iN'TON,  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont.  be> 
tween  Lake  Chaniplain  and  Otter  Creek,  about  38  miles  S.Sv, 
by  W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  511. 

PANTURA,  pdn-too'rd,  a  maritime  village  of  Ceylon,  or 
the  W.  coast,  12  miles  S.  of  Colombo.    Pop.  1109. 

PANUCO,  pd-noo'ko.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederacy, 
department  of  A' era  Cruz,  on  the  Montezvima  or  l>annco 
River.  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  near  Tamaulipas.  It  had 
formerly  a  trade  in  fustic,  but  this  has  declined.  On  the 
banks  of  its  river  some  curious  Mexican  antiquities  bare 
been  discovered. 

PANAVELL,  panVJll',  or  PAUNWELLY,  pawn-wMlee,  a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency,  and  21  miles  E.  of  Bom- 
loay.  Lat.  18°  59'  N..  Ion.  73°  15'  E.,  on  a  river  which  flows 
into  its  harbor,  with  an  active  trade. 

PANY,  one  of  the  Philippines.    See  P.iJS'.w. 

PAO,  pd'o,  a  river  of  Aenezuela,  flows  120  miles  S.SJ]., 
and  joins  the  Conjede. 

PAO  (Pao)  D'ALHO,  pCwNO  djl'yo,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  40  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Peruambuco,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Caparilie.     I'op.  14t:0. 

P.\0  D'ASSUCAR,  pOwN"  dJs-soo/kar,  (•'  Sugar  Loaf")  Bra- 
zil, an  enormous  rock  of  pure  granite,  devoid  of  vegetation, 
rising  up  abruptly  from  the  soa  to  the  height  of  IKIO  feet, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  into  the  Bay  of  Rio-de-Janeiro. 
On  this  rock  stands  the  tort  of  Sao-.Toao. 

PAO-KllING,  p3/o-king'  or  pCw'king',  a  town  of  China^ 
province  of  Hix)-nan,  capital  of  a  department,  in  lat.  27°  N., 
Icn.  111°  12'  E. 

PAOLA.  pd'o-ia.  or  PAULA,  pfiwOd,  (anc.  FUtycns  or  Pa- 
tyoiis.)  a  city  of  Naples,  jirovince  of  Calabria  Citi-a.  on  a  height 
near  the  sea.  13  miles  W.N.AA'.  of  Cosenza.  Pop.  5<iOO.  It  is 
defended  seaward  by  a  fortress  and  2  towers:  has  several 
churches  and  convents,  2  hospitals,  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloths  and  silks,  and  earthenware. 

PAOLI.  ptA-olee,  a  post-village  and  railroad  station  of  Ches- 
ter CO.,  Pennsylvania,  19  miles  AV,  by  N.  of  Phil.Hdi-lphia. 
Near  this  place  General  AVayne  was  surprised.  S'pfeniber, 
1777,  by  a  superior  British  force  under  Oeneial  (ire}-,  on 
which  occasion  a  numlier  of  the  Americans  were  massiicred 
after  they  had  laid  down  their  arms.  A  monument  has 
been  erected  on  the  spot  to  the  memoiy  of  tliose  who  tell. 

PAOLI.  a  post-village  and  the  rapital  of  Oi-ange  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  turnpike  from  A'incennos  to  New  Albany,  40 
miles  N.AV.  of  the  latter.  The  village  was  first  .settled  in 
1816.  It  contains  good  public  buildings,  2  or  3  churches,  a 
county  seminary,  a  bank,  and  a  newspaper  office.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  2207. 

PAO-NING.  pi'o-ning',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Se- 
chuen,  capittU  of  a  department.    I,at.  31°  32'  N..  Ion.  106°  E. 

PAOO.  PA(iU,  pi'oo,  PAAV,  SANDALAAOOD,  or  TACA- 
NOA'A,  td-kd-no'va,  one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  Pei'jee 
Archipelago,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  J-at.  17°  S.,  Ion.  179°  E. 
It  is  stated  to  be  130  miles  in  circumference,  populous,  and 
densely  wooded.     Sand.il wood  is  one  of  its  chief  products. 

PAO-TING.  pd'o-ting'.  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Po-chee- 
lee.  capital  of  the  department,  95  miles  S.AV.  of  Peking.  It  is 
second  in  its  province  after  the  capital,  .and  is  the  seat  of  the 
provincial  viceroy. 

PAPA.  p4'p<Sh\  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co.,  and 
26  miles  N.AV.  of  A'eszprim,  on  an  aflluent  of  the  Marczal. 
Pop.  16.409.  It  has  a  castle  and  grounds  belonging  to 
Prince  Esterhazy ;  Roman  Catholic,  Lutheran,  and  Calvinist 
churches :  two  synagogues*  several  convents  and  hospitals, 
a  gvmnasium.  and  schools  for  the  poor. 

PA PA-ADASST  or  PA  PA-DONISl  A.     Seo  Pi!TNK!ro.s. 

PAPAGAIO,  p3-piS-ghro.  or  PAPAGAYOS.  pii  pd-ghi'oce,  a 
group  of  islets  of  Bi-azil.  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  province  of 
Rio-de-Janeiro,  between  Capes  Prio  and  Busios. 

PAPAG.WO,  p3-pd-ghi'o.  a  gnlf  and  volcano  of  Central 
America,  state,  and  S.AV.  of  the  Lake  of  N icsmigua ;  the  gulf 
an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  volcano  on  its  N.E 
shore.  It  is  also  the  name  of  the  southernmost  point  of  Lan- 
zarote.  Canary  Islands. 

PAP.-VL  STATES,  Italy.    See  Pontificat.  States. 

PAPA'.NA,  a  village  of  AVhitlev  co.,  Indiau;i,  10  milea 
N.AV.  of  Columbia. 

PAPAXDAYAXG,  pa-pdn-dd-yang'.  a  volcano  of  Java,  87 
miles  S.E.  of  Batava.  A  violent  and  destructivt  eruption 
oc<;urred  in  it,  August  llth  and  12th,  1772. 


PAP 


PAP 


PAPAXTLA,  pj-pjnt/l3,  a  villase  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Vera  Cruz.  125  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tampieo. 
It  h.\s  a  tradt!  in  maize,  tobacco,  red-pepper,  and  vanilla. 

PAl'Alil,  pd-pS-ree',  a  village  and  parisli  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Hio-Grande-do-Xorte.  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  4 
miles  S.  of  Xatal. 

PAPA.SQUIEltO.  pi-p3s-ke-.Vro,  a  town  of  Mexico,  state, 
and  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Durango,  on  tlio  Culittin.  Pop. 
abont  3S0U. 

PA'l'A-.STOUR,  ohe  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  in  Scotland, 
parish  of  Walls,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  entrance  of  St.  Magnus 
Bay.  r.ien_'th.  2i  miles.  I'op.  aV^out  400,  mostly  fishermen. 
Another  small  island  in  Shetland  bears  ihij  name  of  Pap.\. 

PA'I'A-STRONVSAY.  an  island  of  the  Orkney  KTOup,  in 
Scotland,  parish,  and  X.E.  of  Stronsay,  about  3  miles  in 
circumference.  Pop.  alx)ut  30.  Here  are  several  remains 
of  old  ecclesiastical  edifices. 

PAl'A-W'KST'l'AY,  an  island  of  the  Orkney  group,  in 
Scotland.  U  mile.^N'.K.of  Westray.  Length.  ;ii  niiles.    P.400. 

PAIVCA.STLK-AND-GOAT,  a  township  of  Kugland,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

PAPKITI,  pd-pi-ee'tee,  written  also  PAPIETE,  a  village 
of  the  Society  Islands,  on  the  X.W.  caast  of  Tahiti. 

P.VPKNIiUKG.  p;l'peu-M6uo\  a  town  of  Hanover.  21  miles 
S.S.K.  of  Emden,  and  united  to  the  Kms  by  several  canals. 
Pop.  .j020.  It  has  ship  building  docks,  and  manufactures 
of  tobacco,  chicojrv,  and  linen  fabrics. 

PAI'ENDIiKCnt.  pd'pen-drL^Kt',  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  ou  the  Waal,  1  mile  S.K. 
of  Dnvt.     Pop.  1S5G. 

P.\'l*ER  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co..  Maryland. 

PA'l'KKMILL  VILLAGE,  a  postrvillago  in  Cheshire  co., 
New  Hampshire. 

PAI'EK.MILL  VILL.\GE.  a  vjll.age  in  Bennington  town- 
Fhip.  Bennington  co.,  Vermont,  about  115  miles  S.W.  by  S. 
of  .Montpelier.     It  contains  2  large  paper  mills. 

P.\'1'K)IT0WX,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylv.ania.  7  niiles  S.  of  Carlisle. 

I'A'l'EUVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee, 
290  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 

PAIMI  IS.  an  .ancient  city  of  Cyprus.     See  B.VFFA. 

P.\  I'l  E'l'I.  a  village  of  Tahiti.    See  Papeiti. 

PA'l'INS villi;,  a  post-village  of  Bates  county,  Mis- 
sonri.  on  tlie  O.sage  River,  i:iO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson. 

PAI'LEWICK,  pap'gl-wick,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Nottingham. 

PAl'LtUASIK.    See  Papua. 

PAPOVKA  or  PAPOWKA.  pi-pov'kl  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  i'  miles  X.W.  of  Kharkov.  P.  1520. 

PAP0Z7-.\.  pi-pot'sd.  or  I'AI'OZZK,  pjl-pot/s.i  a,  village  of 
Austrian  Italy.  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Adri.a,  on  the  Po.     P.  2400. 

P.\l'l'KXIIEIM,  pdp'ppn-hlme\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Altmiihl,  '-n  miles  S.W.  of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  21*50. 

P.\l'l{.\.  p.i'prd.  a  small  town  of  Lower  Siam,  district  of 
Salang.  8  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Phoonga  or  Ponga.  Lat.  8°  15' 
N..  Ion.  9S^  l(j'  E. 

PAI'R.^BXO.  poh'prM'no',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Trentschin.  aliont  24  miles  from  Szolna.     Pop.  2o77. 

P.\l'.S-oF-.TU'R.\.  three  conical  heights  near  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  the  island  of  .Tura,  in  the  Hebrides.  B£\.AXOiii, 
the  most  lofly,  rises  to  2420  feet  above  the  sea. 

PAPS-oF-JIATANE,  mj-tan',  two  mountains  of  Canada 
East,  county  of  Rimouski.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  estuary  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.     Lat.  4S0  4.3'  N..  Ion.  67°  30'  W. 

PAPUA,  pap'oo-a  or  pi'pi^L  PAPOJALAND,  or  NEW 
GUIX'KA.  {Vr.  Pttpouasie.  piJ'poo^iV.ee'.  or  Noiivelle  Gainie, 
noo'vJU' ghee' nA'.)  a  great  Island,  immediately  S.  of  the  Equ.a- 
tor.  and  X.  of  .Australia,  between  the  .\si;itic  Seas  on  the  W., 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  E..  and  connecting  the  Malty 
Arcliipi'lago  on  the  one  side,  with  the  Polynesian  groups  on 
the  other.  The  general  direction  of  the  island  is  W..X.W.  and 
E.S.E.  Its  northernmost  point  is  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in  lat. 
0°  10' S.:  its  westernmost  point.  Cape  Salu,  (Salou.)  opposite 
to  Salawatti  Island,  from  which  it  is  .separated  by  the  Straits 
of  Gallowa.  about  100  miles  S.AV.  from  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is 
in  Ion.  l.jl"  2'  E.  The  most  southern  point  which  is  also  the 
most  eastern  point  of  the  island  is  in  lat.  10°34'S.,  Ion.  151°  12' 
E.  The  length  of  Papua,  from  Cape  Salu  to  its  S.E.  extremity, 
is  about  1500  miles.  Its  breadth  varies  greatly,  deep  inlets,  at 
theW.  end  of  the  island,  dividing  it  into  narrow  peninsulas; 
but  from  Ion.  1.30°  to  146°  E.,  it  is  compact,  and  has  a  breadth 
of  from  200  to  400  miles :  its  area  may  therefore  be  estimated, 
in  round  numbera.  at  250,000  square  miles.  This  vast  island 
is  as  yet  known  chiefly  through  the  reports  of  navigators, 
will)  have  s.iiled  along  its  shores;  no  Europeans  have  ex- 
plored its  interior,  or  penetrated  above  a  mile  or  two  from 
its  sea-shore,  and  that  only  at  a  few  points.  The  country 
Inland  has  been  observed  to  rise  into  mountain  chains  of 
considerable  height,  and  app.arently  to  the  snow-line,  and 
most  part  of  the  surface  yet  seen  appears  to  be  covered  with 
timlier  of  large  size.  In  152S,  .Mva  de  Saavedra  touched 
upon,  and  gave  his  name  to  the  N.  coasts  about  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  S.iavedr.i"s  Land  extends  about  100  miles  from 
'he  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  when  the  coast  turns  nearly  S.  at 
the  commencement  of  a  deep  bay.    A  little  S.  of  the  pro- 


montory thus  formed,  stands  the  village  of  Dori.  a  I'Oint 
where  recent  voyagers  have  gathered  much  of  their  iufonn- 
ation.  Cape  D'Urville,  alxmt  200  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Dori, 
forms  the  E.  termination  of  the  great  luay,  which  extends  S. 
about  200  miles,  and  is  named-after  Oeelvink,  who  ran  along 
its  E.  shores  in  17o5.  At  the  bottom  of  this  bay.  lat.  4'-"  25' 
S..  Ion.  lo5°  40'  E.,  Xew  Guinea  is  reduced  to  an  isthmus  not 
above  20  miles  wide,  which  may  be  considered  as  dividing 
the  island  into  two  portions;  the  K..  tolerably  compact,  and 
extending  through  10°  of  Ion.,  the  W.,  5°  in  length,  is  more 
broken.  A  great  inlet,  discovered  by  M'Cluer,  in  1791.  pene-' 
trates  this  portion  from  W.  to  E.,  about  100  milts,  reaching 
to  within  40  miles  of  the  W.  shores  of  (Jeelvink's  Bay  on  the 
opposite  side.  The  S.W.  coast  of  New  Guinea,  from  its  W. 
extremity  to  the  141st  meridian,  was  formally  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Captain  Steenboom  for  the  Dutch,  in  1828. 
The  Dourga,  a  .str.ait  about  90  miles  long,  on  this  coast, 
insulates  the  tract  called  Prince  Frederik  Ilendriks  Island, 
which  terminates  in  Capo  False;  lat.  8°  24'  S.,  Ion.  I:i7°a8' 
E.  E.  of  Torres  Strait,  (Ion.  14"°  E..)  which  separates  New- 
Guinea  from  Australia,  the  co;ist  forms  a  deep  bay  facinjr 
the  S..  extending  through  7  degrees  of  longitude.  On  the  E. 
side  of  this  bay  the  shore  is  lined  f  n-  abont  150  miles  with  a 
barrier  of  coral  reefs  from  5  miles  to  15  miles  distant,  -with 
many  opening.s,  enclosing  within  them  secure  and  capacious 
harbors.  This  coast  is  in  some  parts  bold.  Mount  Astrolabe, 
the  highest  summit  of  a  group  rising  close  to  the  shore, 
3S()0  feet;  but  behind  these,  at  a  distance  of  250  miles  in  thfe 
inteiior,  a  much  loftier  chain  of  mountains  may  be  dis 
tinctly  traced  in  favorable  weather.  These  mountains  sink 
to  the  shore  at  Heath  B.ay;  lat.  10°  30' S.,  Ion.  150°  40' E. 
The  chief  summits  are  Mount  Suckling,  lat.  9°  45'  S..  Ion. 
140°  E.,  11.220  feet  high:  and  Mount  Owen  Stanley,  lat.  8" 
54' S.,  Ion.  147°  30' E.,  13.-205  feet  in  height.  The  W.  side 
of  Great  Bay,  adjacent  to  Torres  Strait,  Captain  Blackwood 
found  to  be  a  great  marshy  tial,  covered  with  dense  forests, 
and  intersected  by  innumcralilo  fresh-water  channels,  form- 
ing a  network  of  canals,  of  all  sizes,  from  that  of  a  mere 
ditch,  to  a  width  of  5  miles,  and  depth  of  5  fathoms.  This 
coast,  for  a  length  of  70  or  SO  miles,  has  all  the  characteristics 
of  the  delta  of  a  great  river.  The  whole  coast  is  formed 
by  immense  mud-b:inks.  extending  10  or  12  miles  out  to 
sea,  and  having  a  general  depth  of  only  two  fathoms.  The 
rivers  tiowing  tlirough  these  numerous  channels  seem  to  be 
always  full,  and  influence  the  se;i  to  a  great  distance.  K 
long  tract  of  co.ast  N.  of  the  Dourga,  or  Princess  Marianne's 
Strait,  as  It  is  now  called,  has  a  similar  character.  Thi^  mud- 
banks  extend  .so  f:)r  out.  that  even  a  Ein.'ill  vessel,  can 
hardly  approach  within  10  miles  of  land.  Froifl  the  istli- 
mus  S.  of  Geelvink's  Bay,  high  mountains  are  visible  to 
the  E.,  but  as  the  general  direction  of  these  chains  seems 
to  be  from  W.  to  E.,  they  recede  from  the  S.  coast,  and  soon 
disappear.  The  N.  coast  of  .New  Guinea  is  said  to  be  gene- 
rally mountainous,  as  well  as  the  W.  peninsular  portion. 

Climate. — Respecting  the  climate  of  Xew  Guinea,  we  pos- 
sess but  few  and  scattered  notices.  The  atmosphere  is  said 
to  be  as  rem.-irkable  for  its  humidity  as  that  of  the  m-igh 
boring  continent.  .-Vnstralia,  is  for  its  dryness.  This  diflei-- 
ence  is  to  be  ascribed,  not  only  to  its  position  close  to  the 
line,  and  within  tlie  range  of  the  monsoons,  and  the  e(iua- 
torial  stream  of  v.-ipor,  but  also  to  its  lofty  mountains. 
Hence  it  is,  tliat  Torre.s  Strait  seems  to  separate  two  worlds 
of  totally  diiTerent  aspects;  the  one  a  dry  desert,  with  scanty 
vegetation,  and  scarcely  a  palm-tree;  the  other,  covered 
with  dense  and  varied  forests,  and  spreading  out  into  vast 
alluvial  plains,  formed  by  the  continued  deposit  of  great 
rivers. 

Pkmh. — The  forests  of  New  Guinea  abound  in  trees  of 
gigantic  size;  among  them  is  the  Dri/obaUinopit.  or  camphor- 
tree,  (of  Sumatra.)  On  the  low  S.E.  shores,  the  sago-palm 
lines  the  banks  of  the  rivers.  The  natives  cultivate,  with 
more  or  less  care,  rice,  maize,  yams,  cocoa-nuts,  sago,  sugar- 
cane, and  at  least  three  species  of  banana.  Wild  nutmeg 
and  other  spices  are  found  in  the  woods;  but  tlie  only 
productions  of  those  forests,  sought  aftei-  at  present,  are  the 
liark  of  the  Piilmmrie  and  M^ssoi/,  which  are  cjirried  l)y  the 
Malays  to  Japan  and  Chin.a.  where  they  are  esteemed  for 
their  supposed  febrifuge  and  other  medicinal  properties. 

Animals. — The  mammals  of  Xew  Guinea  appear  to  be  few 
in  number.  Of  the  species  hitherto  collected,  the  greater 
number  belong  to  the  marsupial  animals,  like  tIio.se  of  Ans- 
ti-alia.  The  kangaroos,  however,  are  specifically  distinct, 
and  two  species  {Dtndrnlagns)  have  the  peculiar  habit  of 
living  in  trees.  In  birds,  this  island  appears  to  be  mora 
rich :  .-ibout  60  species  are  already  known.  Brilliant  feathers, 
partii'ularly  those  of  the  bird-of-paradise,  are  among  the 
articles  exported  by  the  Malays.  The  most  numerous  tribe 
is  that  of  the  parrots,  and  New  Guinea  may  without  impro- 
priety be  called  the  Land  of  Cockatoo.s. 

Tnfuxbitants. — The  AV.  shores  of  New  Guinea  have  been 
visited  for  ages  bj'  Malays,  chiefly  from  Ceram.  who  have  in 
some  places  settled  on  the  coasts,  and  intermarried  with  thd 
natives,  whom  they  call  Orang  Papua:  that  is.  men  with 
frizzled  hair.  The  Papuans  are  negroes  of  small  stature, 
distinguishable  from  the  African  negroes  bv  I  he  narrow- 

1429 


PAP 


PAR 


ness  and  lateral  compression  of  the  head;  by  the  smallness, 
and  almost  disappearance  of  the  chin ;  by  the  excessive 
thickness  of  the  lijis  and  breadth  of  the  nostrils,  the  nose 
Ixyng  often  curved  downwards  by  the  weight  of  the  orua- 
ttn-nts  atfciched  to  it.  The  natives  of  New  Guinea,  however, 
art  3viden*ly  a  m'xed  people;  greiit  variety  of  features, 
(Jliay,  Je-.vish,  and  Papuan.)  as  well  as  of  color,  being 
often  Icund  in  the  same  community.  The  general  opinion 
that  the  inhabitants  of  the  i.sland  are  in  the  lowest  stage 
of  sav age  existence  seem-  to  be  unfounded.  Even  on  the 
•coasts  most  remote  froii  those  habitually  visited  by  the 
Malays,  the  Malayan  arts  of  boat  and  house-building  are 
■well  understood.  The  natives  at  the  K.  end  of  the  island 
have  large  canoes,  with  outriggers,  and  douMe  lateen  sails 
of  matting.  Their  dwellings,  raised  above  the  ground,  on 
four  posts,  are  firmly  and  neatly  constructed;  and  on  the 
low  coast  visited  by  Captain  Blackwood,  where  the  people 
seem  to  be  unusually  barbai-ous.  there  was  seen  a  house  100 
feet  long,  with  an  arched  roof  of  bamboo,  well  thatched. 
The  men  are  nearly  naked,  hideously  painted  and  tattooed. 
The  women  wear  petticoats  made  of  shreds  of  pandanus- 

leaf. Adj.  Papuan,  pap'oo-an;iuhab.P.iPnA,  pap/oo-a,  and 

Papuan. 

PAPUDO  (pii-poo'do)  I'.AY,  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
in  Chili.  45  miles  N.E.  of  Valparaiso. 

PA1"\V0KTII  ST.  AG'XES,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of 
Cambridge  and  Huntingdon. 

PAl'UOltTH  ST.  EV/ERAKD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  cos.  of 
Caml)ridge  and  Huntingdon. 

PAQUKTA.  pdkA/tl  an  island  of  Brazil,  in  theBayofRio- 
de-Jaui>i,ro.  about  4  miles  long,  and  |  of  a  mile  broad. 

P.\1!A.  pi-r,4',  (••  father  of  waters  ?")  the  name  originally 
applied  to  the. river  .\mazon.  South  America,  but  now  em- 
ployed to  designate  its  S.  arm  or  estuary,  which  receives  the 
Tocantins  River.  It  has  a  direct  length  of  about  200  mile.s, 
with  a  breadth  varying  from  12  to  40  miles,  where  it  is  the 
widest.  At  its  entrance,  on  its  E.  side,  is  the  city  of  Pari.  It 
is  in  this  mouth  of  the  Amazon  that  the  bfire  is  chiefly 
Bianife.-ited,  the  tide  rising  to  high-water  in  a  few  minutes 
before  the  new  and  full  mw^ns,  by  a  vast  wave.  1-5  feet  in 
height  followed  sometimes  by  three  others,  which  enter  the 
estuary  with  irresistible  violence. 

P.\li.\,  a  vast  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  in  the  N.. 
nominally  comprising  neiirly  all  the  Brazilian  territory 
watered  by  the  Amazon,  Kio  Negro,  and  their  tributaries, 
and  extending  N.  from  lat.  9°  S.,  and  \V.  from  Ion.  45°  W. 
Area,  estim.ited  at  983,898  square  miles.  Pup.  205.000,  of 
whom  10,000  are  supposed  to  be  Indians.  The  greater  part 
of  this  region  is  covered  with  dense  primeval  forests.  Its 
valuable  products  are  in  immense  variety;  the  chief  articles 
of  commerce  are  rii'e,  manioc  millet,  cotton,  sugar,  caout- 
chouc, cocoa,  sarsaparilla,  cloves,  balsams,  gums,  medicinal 
plants,  and  Brazil  nuts.  Para  is  divided  into  six  comarcas, 
subdivided  into  20  municipal  districts,  named  after  the 
principal  towns  which  they  contain.  It  sends  three  deputies 
to  the  General  Legislative  .\ssembly,  and  apjxiints  one  sena- 
tor. The  Provincial  Assembly  con.sists  of  28  members,  and 
holds  its  sittings  in  Pari,  (Belem.)  In  the  interior  are 
some  scattered  villages,  mostly  on  tributaries  of  the  Ama- 
zon ;  along  the  main  stream,  the  traveller  will  scarcely  see 
60  houses  in  300  miles. 

P.\RA,  p3-r4',  or  BELEM,  bA-l^No',  a  seaport  city  of  Brazil, 
capital  of  tlie  above  province.  70  miles  from  the  Atlantic,  lat. 
of  Fort  Sao  Pedro  1°  28'  S.,  Ion.  4S°  30'  5"  VV.  Pop.  estimated 
at  10.000,  mostly  of  European  descent.  It  stands  on  elevated 
ground,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Gu.ijara,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Para,  or  Tocantins,  and  has  a  fine  appearance 
from  the  river.  Chief  edifices,  the  governor's  palace,  cathedral, 
several  other  churches,  convents,  barracks,  arsenal,  episcopal 
palace  and  seminary,  formerly  a  Jesuits'  college ;  a  prLson,  and 
an  unfinished  theatre.  Vessels  of  large  draft  can  lie  near 
the  city,  and  the  cocoa,  caoutchouc,  isinglass,  rice,  and  drugs 
exported  from  Brazil  are  chiefly  from  Para.  It  has  also  a 
trade  in  cotton,  vanilla,  annatto.  dye-woods,  honey,  wax. 
and  a  great  variety  of  other  vegetable  and  animal  products. 
The  trade  is  mostly  with  Liverpool,  London.  Barbadoes,  Cay- 
enne, and  the  North  American,  and  other  Brazilian  ports. 

PAR.ABIAGi"),  p4-rd-be-i'go.  a  market-town  of  Lombardy. 
13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  3000. 

PARABIAGO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  9 
miles  E.  of  GallipoH. 

PAltABUTI.  p6hV6h'boo'tee\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Bacs.  29  miles  W.  of  Peterwardein.     Pop.  3409. 

PAKACATU,  pj-rd-sa-too',  (written  also  PARAZATU.)  a 
river  and  city  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Geraes.  The 
river  joins  the  Sao  Franci.sco  near  lat.  16°  20'  S.,  after  an  E. 
course  of  220  miles.  On  it.  near  its  head,  is  the  city  of 
ParaQstu,  having  a  Latin  school,  and  mines  of  gold  and 
dianioiids  in  its  vicinity.     It  exports  sugar  and  colTee. 

PAKACELS.  pd-rd-sJls',  a  group  of  islets  and  reefs  of  the 
China  Sea.  mostly  l.etwcen  lat.  10°  and  17°  N.,  and  Ion.  112° 
and  11.3°  30'  E.,  1,W  miles  E.  of  CochinChina. 

PAKACLET  piV^kld/,  a  h»mlet  of  France,  department 
Of  Aube.  2i  miles  E.S.K.  of  Nogent-eur-Seine.  Here  are  the 
nuns  of  a  convent  founded  by  Abelard  in  the  twelfth 


century,  and  of  which  Heloise  was  abbess  for  32  years. 
The  remains  of  Aljelard  were  deposited  in  it  in  1142.  The 
tomb  of  both,  a  fine  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture,  haa 
been  removed  to  the  cemetery  of  P6re-la-Chaiso.  Paris. 

PAR'ACLIFTA,  a  pos^village.  and  the  capital  of  Sevier 
CO..  Arkansas.  106  miles  S.W.ol  Little  Rock. 

PAK'ACOMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

]'.\RAD.\.S,  pd-rd/i)ds,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  25 
miles  E..S.E.  of  Seville,  deriving  its  name  from  the  ancient 
Castle  of  Paradas,  belonging  to  the  Dukes  of  Arcos.  Pop. 
4.306. 

PAR.\DEIS,  p,^'r3-dlce\  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria, 
circle,  and  near  Juden burg.    Pop.  1180. 

PARADE.  La,  Id  pdVdd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Marniande.     Pop.  1121. 

P.A.R'.\DISJi,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lancaster  CO., 
Penn.sylvania.  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Lancaster  Turnpike, 
10  miles  E.  of  Lancaster.  The  townsUp  is  intersected  by 
the  Columbia  Railroad.    Pop.  2081. 

P.\RAUIS£,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  700. 

PARADI.se,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1209, 

P.\1{ADISE,  a  post-ollice  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia. 

P.\RADISE,  a  small  village  of  Macon  co.,  Tennessee. 

PAR.\DISE,  a  post-oflice  of  Muhlenbnrg  co..  Kentucky. 

P.ARADISE.  a  small  village  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

P.\RADISE,  Ohio,  a  st^ition  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  6  miles  from  Wooster.- 

PARADISE,  a  post-village  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois,  SO  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

PARADISE  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pennsj'lvania. 

PARADISE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

PAR.-VDISE  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Penn- 
sj'lvania. 

PARADOMIN,  pd-rd-Jo-min',  or  pd-rd-do-meen',  a  mark- 
et-town of  Russia,  government,  and  10  miles  S.  of  Yilna. 
Pop.  1500. 

PAR'ADOX  LAKE,  in  the  S.  part  of  Essex  oo.,  New  Y'orb. 
Length.  4  miles. 

PAR^TOMl^M.    SeeBARETOOS. 

PARAGAU.  pd-rd-gow',  a  river  of  South  .\merica.  rises  in 
Bolivia,  and  proceeding  N..  forms  part  of  the  boundary  lie- 
tween  that  country  and  Brazil,  and  joins  the  Guapore.  Lat. 
13°  39'  S. 

PAR.\GU.\,an  i.'landof  Malay  .Archipelago.  See  Palawan. 

P.\R.\GUA.  a  river  of  Venezuela,  and  department  of 
Orinoco,  tributary  to  the Carony, lias  aN. course  of  220 miles 
On  it  is  the  town  of  Barcelonetta. 

PAKAGUAgU  or  PARAGUAZU.  pd-rd-gwd-soo',  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Bahia.  after  a  tortuous  K.  course  of  260 
miles  enters  the  Bay  of  Todos-os-Santos.  35  miles  AV.N.W.  of 
Sao   Salvador.    Chief  affluent,  the  Jacuhype. 

PARAGU.\NA,  pd-rd-gwd'nd.  a  peninsula  of  South  Ameri- 
CJ».  in  Venezuela,  department  of  Zulia.  province,  and  22  miles 
N.W.  of  Coro.  extending  into  the  Caribbean  Sea.  in  lat.  12° 
N.,  Ion.  70°  W.  Length  and  breadth  about  40  miles  eachi 
The  surface  Is  mountainous  in  the  centre,  whence  it  slopes 
gradually  to  the  coasts. 

P.\R.\GU.4Y,  pd-rd-gw.V  or  pd-rd-gwi',  a  large  river  of 
South  -America,  and  one  of  the  principal  streams  uniting  to 
form  the  Iji  Plata :  rises  by  numerous  heads  in  the  Bra- 
zilian province  of  Matto-Gro.sso,  near  the  sonices  of  the 
Guapore.  Tapajos.  and  Xingfi.  tributaries  of  the  Amazon, 
in  lat.  13°  S..  Ion.  between  55°  and  58°  AV.  It  thence 
flows  mostly  S.,  between  the  territories  of  Bolivia  and  the 
Plata  Confederation  on  the  W..  and  those  of  Brazil  anj 
Paraguay  eastward;  and  near  Corrientes,  lat.  27°  20'  S.,  ii 
unites  with  the  Paranfi.  Length,  lOfiO  miles:  throughout 
nearly  all  which,  to  the  influx  of  the  Jaui'fl.  it  is  navigable. 
It  receives  from  the  E.  the  Porrudos  and  Tebifin.ary.  from 
the  W.  the  Sipotuba.  Jaurti.  Galdan.  Pllcomayo.  and  Ver- 
mejo.  Between  lat.  17°  and  19°  S..  it  traverses  a  wide  region 
of  swamps,  which  during  the  rains  form  a  great  inland  sea. 

PAR.-VGU.\Y^,  a  name  at  one  time  applied  to  the  whole  of 
the  immense  regions  of  South  .\meiica,  between  lat.  lii°  S., 
and  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  and  between  Chili  and  Peru  on 
the  W.,  and  Brazil  on  the  E. ;  but  now  confined  to  the  re- 
public of  Parairuay,  included  mostly  lietween  lat.  19°  and 
27°  35'  S..  and  Ion.  54°  10'  and  58°  40'  "VV..  and  neariy  en- 
closed by  the  Parana  and  Paraguay  Rivers,  which  separate 
it  from  the  Plata  Confederation  on  the  W..  and  from  the 
Brazilian  province  of  Sao  Paulo  on  the  E. :  on  the  N.  it  hag 
the  Brazilian  province  of  Matto-Grosso.  The  space  thus  en- 
closed forms  a  compact  territory  nearly  in  the  shai)e  of  a 
parallelogram,  averaging  about  470  miles  in  length,  and  200 
miles  in  breadth.     Area,  estimated  at  84.000  square  miles. 

Mice  of  the  Country,  IHrers,  it-c. — A  mountain  range  of 
considerable  elevation  stretches  nearly  through  the  centj-e 
of  the  country  from  N.  to  S..  between  the  ParanSand  Para- 
guay, sending  the  drainage  in  opposite  directions.  From 
the  mountain  regions  the  surface  first  presents  a  succession 
of  finely  diversified  lower  heights,  and  then  stretches  out 
into  rich  alluvial  plains.     Tlie  distance  from  the  water- 


PAR 


PAR 


shed  to  either  river  scarcely  anywhere  exceeds  100  miles: 
hence,  the  tributaries  by  which  the  drainage  is  effected^ 
though  exceediugly  numerous,  have  comparatively  short 
courses.  liy  far  the  largest  is  the  Tibicuari,  which,  owing 
to  a  bend  in  the  wat«r-shed,  has  its  course  considerably  pro- 
longed. The  I'ai-aguay,  which  forms  the  houndary  of  the 
republic  tlirouglioul  its  entire  extent  of  about  600  miles, 
rises  ia  lirazil,  in  about  lat.  13°  S.,  traversing  the  rich  pro- 
vinces of  .Matto-Urosso  and  Cuyaba.  From  the  influx  of  the 
Jauifl  in  lat.  1<P  to  the  mouth  of  the  La  I'lata,  a  distance 
Of  19^  of  latitude,  measuring  in  a  Etrait  iine,  there  is  not  a 
rapid  to  impede  tlie  unvigatiou.  Tlie  Parana  rises  at  two 
seasons  in  the  year,  viz.  during  the  tropii^l  rains,  and  in 
the  summer,  from  the  melting  of  the  suow.s  on  the  Andes ; 
the  heaviest  floods  talie  place  during  the  summer  months, 
commencing  with  Decemlier.  Its  average  annual  rise  at  this 
8ea.son  is  about  0  feet.  The  Paraguay,  owing  to  its  lofty 
heights  and  to  its  narrower  channel,  rises  to  a  much  great- 
er extent.  (Jn  the  il.,  near  the  Jesuit  mission  of  GuaranS, 
the  Parana  brealis  tlirough  a  mountain  range  called  Sierra- 
de  .Manicay  or  Cordillera-de-Maracaya,  forming  a  remarkable 
cataract.  The.  river,  which  above  the  rapids  is  12,000  teet 
wide,  suddenly  contracts  to  ISO  feet,  and  plunges  its  im- 
mense flood  down  a  deep  rocky  gorge;  for  100  miles  after- 
wards, it  presents  little  else  than  a  succe.s.sion  of  falls  and 
rapids;  but  below  Candelaria,  where  it  trends  westward,  it 
flows  on  in  a  smootli  and  uninterrupted  channel. 

CinrutU,  Vi'getation,  (£-c.-^The  climate,  though  for  the  most 
part  tropical,  has  its  excessive  heat  greatly  modified  by  tlie 
inequalities  of  the  surface.  In  July  and  August,  frosts 
occasionally  occur.  The  whole  country  is  remarkable  for  its 
salubrity.  The  soil  is  of  great  fertility,  and  the  vegetation 
almost  unrivalled  in  its  luxuriance.  In  the  forests  are 
found  about  60  dilTerent  kinds  of  trees  furnishing  timber, 
dye-woods,  gums,  drugs,  perfumes,  oils,  fruits,  &c.  A  prin- 
cipal product  is  the  yirha  mute.  {Ilex  PiiraguensU,)  or  Para- 
gu.ay  tea.  an  evergreen,  the  leaf  of  which  is  nearly  as  much 
used  for  infusion  in  this  and  the  neighboring  countries  of 
South  America,  as  the  Chinese  tea  is  in  the  United  States. 
The  plant  grows  to  the  height  of  about  a  foot  and  a  half, 
and  has  slender  branches,  with  leaves  resembling  those  of 
Benna.  formerly  8,U0O,O0(l  pounds  of  the  Paraguay  tea 
were  annually  exported.  The  objects  of  agriculture  include 
the  greater  part  of  the  most  valuable  products  both  of  the 
tropical  and  temperate  zones.  On  all  the  alluvial  tracts 
where  cultivation  is  attempted,  sugar-cane,  cotton,  tobacco 
of  superior  quality,  rice,  maize,  and  culinary  vegetables 
yield  a  rich  return.  The  large  plains  feed  immen.-^e  herds 
of  cattle,  which  are  slaughtered  chiefly  for  their  tallow, 
hides,  and  horu.s,  as  articles  of  export.  It  is  supposed  th.it 
the  country  is  rich  in  minerals;  about  17  leagues  U-oai  the 
capital  is  a  mountain  called  Ami,  near  which  the  inhabitants 
aver  there  is  ollen  found  small  lumps  of  silver  A  watch- 
maker once  pre.sented  some  gold  ore,  which  he  extracted 
from  some  pebbles  that  he  found  in  the  interior,  to  Dr.  I'ran- 
cia,  the  former  Dictator,  who  commanded  him  not  to  men- 
tion it  on  pain  of  death. 

Animals,  i&c. — The  wild  animals  of  Paraguay  include  the 
jaguar  or  tiger,  of  which  there  are  great  numl>ers ;  the  puma 
or  cougar,  called  also  the  American  lion;  the  black  bear 
and  ant-eater,  the  tapir,  the  cjipibara  or  watei^pig,  river 
cavies,  and  various  other  amphibious  animals.  Alligators 
are  numerous  in  the  river  Paraguay,  and  liave  been  seen 
30  feet  in  length.  The  wild  boar,  deer,  and  other  species 
of  animals  less  known,  inhabit  the  forests.  •  Snakes,  both 
large  and  small,  vipers,  scorpions,  &c.,  abound,  and  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  20  dilferent  kinds  of  serpents,  of  which 
the  rattlesnake  is  the  most  common.  The  boa-constrictor  is 
found  in  the  moist  places  adjoining  the  rivoi-s.  Among  the 
feathered  tribe  are  the  cassowary  or  American  ostrich,  the 
peacock,  parrots  of  various  species,  papagayos,  parroquets, 
goldfinche.s.  nightingales,  and  nine  species  of  the  humming- 
bird. Wild  geese  abound  in  the  rivers  and  lakes,  and  there 
is  also  a  bird  called  the  toucan,  resembling  the  crow,  but 
having  a  very  long  beak,  which  is  beautifully  variegated 
with  streaks  of  red.  yellow,  and  black. 

Cfimmercc — The  trade  of  Paraguay  consists  in  the  export 
of  its  tea,  tobacco,  sugar,  cotton,  hides,  tallow,  wax,  honey, 
cattle,  horses,  mules,  wool,  leather,  <fec.  Its  commerce  has 
been  greatly  retarded  by  the  selflsh  policy  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Uuenos  Ayres,  which,  Uiking  undue  .advaiitage  of 
its  command  of  the  mouth  of  the  La  Plata,  the  outlet  to  the 
Paraguay  and  Paiana,  rigorously  excluded  all  intercourse 
between  the  countries  tiibutary  to  these  streams  and  other 
nations.  IJut  since  the  defeat  and  flight  of  Kosas.  the 
Dictator  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  a  more  liberal  policy 
has  prevailed,  and  in  October,  18.52,  the  navigation  of  the  La 
Plata.  Parana,  and  Uruguay  was  declared  free  to  all  foreigu 
vessels  under  120  tons  register. 

Govarnme.nt. — Paraguay  declared  itself  independent  of 
Sp.iin  ill  ISlO.  From  about  1S12  to  1840  its  affairs  were 
entirely  controlled  by  Dr.  Francia,  who  being  first  elected 
ci'usul.  became  dictator  in  1814,  and  continued  to  administer 
the  govi^rnment  with  great  ability  till  his  death,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  >>4  years,    ily  a  judicious  exercise  of  arbitrary 


power, ho  preserved  the  country  from  those  dissensions  and 
civil  wars  from  which  the  other  South  Americiin  states  have 
suffered  so  deeply.  Ills  policy  of  rigorously  excluding  from 
his  dominions  all  foreigners,  without  excention,  contributed 
not  only  to  pret^erve  the  tranquillity  oi  tne  counti-y,  out 
also  to  consolidate  the  different  elements  of  the  jxipulatiou 
into  one  mass,  and  to  form  them  into  a  nation.  Immediately 
after  his  death,  the  government  of  a  junta  of  five  wan 
estjiblished ;  subsequently  the  number  was  reduced  to  two ; 
Carlos  Antonio  Lopez,  (the  present  president,)  acting  as 
civil  magistrate,  and  Mariano  Koque  Alonzo  as  the  military 
commandant.  In  1840,  Lopez  was  elected  president  for 
life.  The  republic  is  divided  into  pariidos  or  departments, 
each  of  which,  commanded  by  a  comi.nnrMdo  or  commis- 
sioner, chosen  by  the  president,  to  whom  alone  he  is  re- 
spon.sible.  It  not  uufrequently  happens  that  the  commis- 
sioner becomes  a  petty  tyrant,  and  exacts  in  the  name  of 
tlje  president,  not  only  the  services  of  the  poor,  but  even 
the  property  of  the  wealthy.  The  army  of  the  republic  was 
lately  raised  to  40,000  men. 

Education. — Dr.  Francia  established  schools  in  every  sec- 
tion of  the  country,  .and  re(iuired  that  every  white  male 
child  should  attend  the  parochial  school  of  the  department 
until  it  should  acquire  the  first  rudiments  of  an  education. 
The  people  of  Paraguay,  thereti)re,  are  generally  better  edu- 
cated than  their  neighbors  in  the  adjacent  provinces  of  the 
Argentine  I!  epublic.  The  first  printing-press  was  e.stabli.shed 
by  President  Lopez  in  1843,  and  is  the  only  one  iu  the 
country,  the  government  exacting  a  heavy  license  on  all 
such,  entorprises,  and  subjecting  them  to  severe  penalties. 
A  governmental  organ,  called  the  ■'  El  Paiaguayo,"  is  Issued 
weekly. 

Jx'dif/iim. — The  religion  of  the  country  is  Roman  Catholic, 
although  in  May,  1840,  President  Lopez  issued  a  decree  that 
no  foreigner  sliould  be  molested  on  account  of  his  religion, 
but  would  not  grant  them  a  place  of  worship  ;  until  then  it 
was  not  safe  for  any  one  to  express  his  opinion  on  religious 
subjects. 

Population,  &c. — The  population  of  Paraguay  is  variously 
estimated  by  different  authorities  at  300,000.  SOO.OuO,  and 
l,2U0.ii0O:  it  probably  does  not  fall  short  of  1,000,000.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  the  descendants  of  Kuropeans  from 
the  X.  of  Spain.  Caste  here  is  carried  to  a  great  citent,  and 
the  feeling  of  aversitm  which  the  white  population  enter- 
tain towards  the  natives,  even  the  despotic  power  of  Dr. 
Francia  was  unable  to  break  down.  In  1840  the  prejudice 
against  the  natives  and  negroes  gained  such  an  influence 
among  the  dominant  party,  that  a  colored  jjerson  was  not 
allowed  to  enter  a  church  with  .shoes  on.  Of  the  aboriginal 
tribes,  the  Guaranls,  (gw3-rd-nees'.)  who  inb.-iVjit  the  Chaco, 
are  the  most  numerous.  The  Payaguas,  inhabiting  the  left 
bank  of  Paragu.iy  River,  are  chiefly  porters.  A  tiibe  called 
the  Tobayasare  a  common  enemy,  and  the  government  often 
has  to  make  vigorous  efforts  in  order  to  repel  their  inroads.- 
Dr.  Fi-ancia  appears  to  have  succeedinl  in  bringing  these  peo- 
ple into  a  more  perfect  state  of  subordination  and  civilization 
than  has  ever  been  done  before  with  any  nation  of  American 
aborigines.  The  number  of  Indian  villages  and  missions  is 
very  considerable.  They  generally  consist  of  stone  or  mud- 
houKes,  covered  with  tiles,  and  have  a  large  square  in  the 
centre,  in  which  is  the  priesfs  house  and  a  church;  the 
number  of  inhabitants  iu  each  being  seldom  less  than  COO, 
and  often  exceeding  2000. 

Ifist'iri/. — Paraguay  was  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot, 
who  .sailed  up  the  Parana  iu  1526.  Nuesti-a  Senora  de  la 
Asuncion.(Assumption  the  present  capital,)  was  founded  in 
looO.  In  subjugating  the  country,  the  native  inhabitants 
were  parcelled  out  as  slaves  to  the  conquerors,  who  tieated 
them  with  great  cruelty.  In  1554  the  first  bishop  of  Para- 
guay brought  with  him  laws  .ind  regulations  for  their  pro- 
tection. Two  years  later,  in  1550,  Jesuit  missionaries  made 
their  appearance  in  Paraguay. and,  by  exerci.sing  gentleness 
and  policy,  succeeded  in  bringing  manj'  of  the  Indians  under 
the  restraints  of  civilized  life.  When  this  order  was  expelled 
from  the  Spanish  dominions  in  1707,  other  priests  were  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  them  in  Paraguay.  The  principal  towns 
areAssuniption  the  capital.  Villa  Rica,  and  5feembuc(i  or  Pi- 
lar.  Inhab.  Paragu.vyan,  pi-rdgwi'dn.    (Sp.  Pakauu.wo, 

pl-rd-gwi'yo.) 

PARAIIIIJA,  PARAIIYBA,  or  PARAIBA.  pj-ra-ee'ba,  a 
river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Parahiba,  to  which  it  gives  name, 
joins  the  Atlantic  by  an  estuary,  in  lat.  7°  8'  S.,  Ion.  34°  45- 
\V'.,  .ifter  an  eastward  course  of  270  miles.  In  summer  its 
bed  is  dry  beyond  20  leagues  from  its  mouth,  near  which, 
on  its  S.  bank,  is  the  city  of  Parahiba. 

PARAHIBA,  a  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  intersected 
by  the  7th  parallel  of  S.  latitude,  between  lat.  0°and  8°  S., 
and  Ion.  34°  40'  and  3S°  40'  W..  having  E.  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  inland  the  provinces  of  Rio  Orande  do  Norte  and  Per^ 
nambuco.  Area,  estimated  at  40,985  square  miles.  Pop, 
200,000.  The  surface  is  mostly  elevated.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Parahiba  and  Mamanguape.  The  chief  pro- 
ducts are  cotton  and  sugar,  with  Brazil-wood,  drugs,  and  tim- 
ber. Cattle  of  European  breeds  are  numerous.  The  princi- 
pal exports  are  cotton,  sugar,  and  rum.    Parahiba  sends  5 

1431 


PAR 

•loputies  to  the  general  legislative  assembly,  and  appoints  2 
senators.  The  proTincial  assemblj-,  composed  of  28  mem- 
bers, holds  its  sittings  in  the  town  of  Parahiba.  The  edu- 
cational establishments  include  a  lyceum  or  college,  and  46 
primary  schools.  .,  ,     , 

PARAHIBA,  a  maritime  city  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a  pro- 
Tinee,  and  the  c<^ntre  of  it.-;  trade,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Parahiba,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic,  65  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Pernambuco.  Pop.  15.000.  It  consist*  of  a  lower  and 
an  upper  town.  The  f:)rmer  is  the  commercial  quarter; 
one  of  its  chief  edifices  is  a  fine  government  warehouse.  In 
the  upper  town,  the  streets  are  wide  and  well  paved,  the 
architecture  antiquated.  Here  are  Franciscan  and  other 
convents,  the  principal  churches,  prison,  governors,  palace, 
militarv  arsenal  and  treasury,  which  last  is  built  in  an  im- 
posing "style.  The  trade  is  chiefly  in  sugar,  cotton,  and  Bra- 
zil-wood.    Near  the  citv  are  some  coffee  plantations. 

PAR.\H1BA-D0-SUL,  pi-rd-ee'liil-dosool.  or  the  SOUTH- 
ERN" PARAHIBA,  a  river  of  Brazil,  pi-ovinces  of  Sao  Paulo 
and  Rio  de  Janeiro,  enters  tlie  Atlantic  at  Sao  Joao  de 
Pniya.  in  lat.  21°  W  S..  ion.  4u°  45'  W..  after  an  K.  course  of 
600 "miles.  Its  chief  afiiuents  are  the  Pombal,  Muriahe.  and 
Paraibuno,  with  which  last  it  forms  all  the  N.  boundary  of 
the  province  of  Rio. 

P.\RAniB.\-DO-S0L.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  40 
miles  X.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Pop.  2000.  It  was  made  head 
of  an  electoral  college  in  1S40. 

PARAHIBDNA,  pd-rl-ee-boo'nj,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  80  miles  N.K.  of  Sao  Paulo,  Pop,  of  district, 
2000,' 

PARAIITTINGA,  pJ-rS-ee-tin'gi,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  140  miles  X.E.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  left  banii  of 
the  Parahiba.     Pop.  4:KK). 

PARAIIYBA.  two  rivers  of  Brazil.     See  Parahib.\. 

P.\^R.iMARIBO,  parVmaiVbo,  the  ciipital  town  of  Dutch 
Guiana,  on  the  W,  bank  of  the  Surinam,  5  miles  fi-om  its 
mouth  in  the  Atlantic,  in  lat.  5°  49'  N.,  Ion,  55°  22'  W,  Esti- 
mated population.  20.000.  mostly  blacks.  It  is  regularly 
and  well  built ;  the  streets  are  unpaved,  but  ornamented 
with  rows  of  tamarind  and  orange  tree.«.  It  has  Lutheran, 
Calvinistic.  Roman  Catholic,  and  English  churches,  Portu- 
guese and  German  Jewish  syna:.rogUL-s.  and  is  the  centre  of 
the  trade  of  the  colony.  Fort  Zeelaudia,  X,  of  the  town,  is 
the  residence  of  the  governor.  In  a  hospital  for  lepers,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Coppename,  450  patients  are  main- 
tained at  the  expense  of  the  colony.  The  Kwatta  Canal, 
begun  in  1S46,  is  the  first  public  work  executed  by  free 
laborers.     In  1847,  145  ships  entered,  and  151  left  the  port, 

PARA>IATT.\,  parVmat'ta,  a  town  of  Xew  Soutli  Wales, 
CO.  of  Cumberland-  on  the  I'ar.imatta  River.  13  miles  W,N,W. 
of  Sydney,  with  which  it  communicate.*  daily  by  steamboats. 
Pop.  44.54.  It  consists  mostly  of  a  single  street,  at  one  end 
of  which  is  the  summer  residence  of  the  governor  of  the 
colony,  with  extensive  grounds.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  factory 
for  fem.ile  convicts,  and  it  lias  also  several  orphan  asylums, 
schools,  liarracks,  hospitals,  and  an  ol  .servatoi-y.  Steamers 
and  coaches  ply  dail3'  between  it  and  Sydney. 

P.VR.\MAT'rA,  a  river  of  Xew  South  Wales,  enters  Port 
Jackson  after  an  E,  course  of  12  miles, 

P.\R.\.MO  D".\SSUAY,  p4'r3-mo  dSs-swI',  a  pass  across 
the  Andes,  in  Ecuador,  l)etween  lat,  0°  and  2°  S,  Elevation, 
15,528  feet. 

PARA.MO  DEL  SIL,  pj'ri-mo  dJl  seel,  a  village  of  Spain, 
province,  and  ab<iut  60  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1296. 

PARAMO.  M(1UXTAIXS  OF.    See  Andes. 

PARAMOOSIIEER.  PARAMOUCHIR.  or  PAR.\MU- 
SCHIR,  pd-ri-moo-sheer'.  written  also  PORAMUSHIR  and 
POROMU.SCHIR.  one  of  the  Ivoorile  Islands,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  belongina:  to  Russia,  35  miles  S.  of  K.amtchatka,  Lat. 
60°  50'  X„  Ion.  155°  iiV  E,  Length,  from  X.  to,  S„  60  miles; 
breadth,  20  miles.  Surface  mountainous,  and  hire  of  tim- 
ber. It  abounds  with  wild  ■tnimals,  and  exports  large  quan- 
tities of  fox.  otter,  and  wolfskins. 

PAR.KMU,  pd-rd-moo',  a  river  of  South  .\meriea,  tributary 
to  the  Orinoco,  It  was  partially  traced  by  Sir  R.  Schom- 
burgk  in  1S39, 

P.\K'AMUS,  a  village  of  Itergen  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  about  7 
miles  X.W,  of  Ilackeusack,  contains  a  church  and  a  mill, 

PARAMYTHI A  or  PARAMITHI  A.pi  rd  me-thee'd.  a  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Epirus.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Yanina. 
Pop.  50110,  It  cf)nsistB  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  town,  has  an 
Did  castle,  g:irrisoned  by  Turks,  and  remains  of  ancient 
walls.    It  is  n  Greek  bisliop's  see. 

P.VR.\XA,  pd-rdnd',  a  lar^  river  of  South  America,  and 
one  of  the  principal  which  contribute  to  form  the  Plata, 
rises  by  numerous  he.ids  in  the  Brazilian  province  of  Minas 
Oeraes,  between  lat,  2-2°  and  2o°  S„  and  Ion.  45°  and  46°  W., 
near  the  sources  of  the  rivers  Doce  and  Sao  Francisco,  and 
les,s  than  120  miles  from  the  Atlantic  Oceau,  It  Hows  in  a 
S,W,  direction,  bounding  the  state  of  Paraguay  on  the  E. 
and  S.,  and  separating  it.  with  the  Brazilian  province  of 
MattjvOrosso,  from  Sao  I'aulo.  and  the  Argentine  province 
of  Corrientes.  Near  Corrientes.  in  lat.  27°  25'  S„  it  jf.ins  the 
Paraguay  River,  and  confers  its  own  name  on  tlie  united 
■treaui.  Thence  Its  course  is  generally  southward  to  within 
1432 


PAR 

60  miles  of  Buenos  Ayres,  where  it  unites  with  the  Vm- 
guay  River  to  form  the  estu.Hry  of  the  Plata,  Its  total 
course  is  at  least  2000  miles.  In  its  upper  part  it  receives 
numerous  large  affluents,  as  the  Parana-Uta,*  Tiete.  Pardo, 
Paranapanema,  and  Curitiba;  but.  owing  to  falls,  it  is  navi- 
gable only  to  the  island  of  Apipe,  100  miles  aiove  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Paraguay.  It  contains  numerous  fertile 
islands.  Below  this  point  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  300 
tons,  and  receives  the  considerable  rivers  Salado  and  Quarto 
from  the  \V.  Few  towns  border  it  in  its  upper  part.  In  the 
territory  of  the  Plata  Confederation.  Candelari.i.  It<i,  Itati, 
Corrientes,  Siinta  Lucia,  and  Santa  Fe.  are  on  its  banks. 

Parana  is  also  a  name  of  the  Rio  Xeoro,  (Brazil.)  which 
see.    For  Parana  Citv.  see  Ba.iapa  he  Santa  F£. 

PAKANAGUA.  pd-rdnj-gwd', amaritime  town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  the 
Atlantic,  170  miles  S.W.  of  Santos.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  mostly 
built  of  stone;  its  former  Jesuits'  college  is  now  converted 
into  public  offices.    Its  port  is  fitted  for  vessels  of  40^  tons, 

PAI!A\AHIBA  or  PARAXAHYB.\.     See  I'.aknahiba. 

PARAXA-IBA,  PARAXAHIBA  or  PARAXAHYBA.  pd- 
rd-nd-ee'bd,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz.  joins  the 
Curumba  to  form  the  Parang.  ISO  miles  S.  of  Villa-15oa,  after 
a  westward  course  of  about  500  miles.  On  it,  near  its  source, 
is  the  town  of  Paranahiba. 

PARAXAPAXEME.  pd  rd-nd-pa-nA/mjl, and  PARANXAN, 
pd-rdn-ndn',  are  consideralile  rivers  C'f  Brazil,  provinces  of 
Sao  Paulo  and  Goyaz,  respectively  tributaries  to  the  ParanS 
and  Tocantins. 

PAR'AX  CITY",  a  village  in  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  100  miles 
W,  bv  S.  of  Iowa  Citv, 

PARAXGLA,  pd-rdng'gla.  or  PARAXG,  pdVdng',  a  moun- 
t.ain  pass  of  Piti.  in  the  V»'est  Himaliivas.  which  at  its  summit 
is  :S.5uO  feet  aliove  sea-leA  el.     L:it.  32=  3u'  N..  Ion.  78^  E. 

P.\R.\XPEIt.\,  pd-rdn-pi/bd,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
province  of  Minas  Gei"aes.  and  joins  the  Sao  Francisco  on 
the  right,  alxjut  40  miles  below  the  junction  of  the  Para, 
Total  course,  about  260  miles. 

P.A.UAPITI,  pd-rdpe-tee',  a  river  of  Bolivia,  which  issues 
from  the  X.E.  extivmity  of  Lake  Grande,  flows  E.X.E.,  and 
after  a  course  of  aVout  80  miles  falls  into  Lake  Vbai  on  the  S, 

PARATI,  p3-rd-tee',  a  seaport  town  of  Brazil,  pro^ince  of 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  135  miles  E.X.E.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  AV. 
coast  of  the  Bay  of  Angra.  Pop.  lO.OiX).  It  is  small,  re- 
gularly built,  and  has  several  churches  and  a  grammar 
school.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and  numerous  dis- 
tilleries. 

PARAY-LE-MOXIAL,  pdW- leh - mo'nee'dl'.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  SaOne-et-Loire.  in  a  rich  valley.  7 
miles  W.  of  Charolles.     Pop.  ia  1862,  3481. 

PARA7.ATU.     See  Para^atc, 

PARCfi,  paR'si',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe.  11  miles  N.W,  of  La  Fleche,  on  the  Sarthe.  Pop,  in 
1852,2412. 

P.\RCHEL.VGA  CREEK,  Georgia,    See  Patsaliga. 

PAR'CIIER'S  CORXERS,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  Ohio. 

PARCHIM,  p.aRK'im,  or  PARCHEX.  paUK'^n.  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  on  tlie  Kibe.  21  miles 
S.E.  of  Schwerin.  Pop.  6489.  It  is  enclosed  by  wall.s.  sulv 
divided  into  an  old  and  new  town,  and  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloths,  leatlier.  chiccory.  straw  hats,  and  tobacco. 

P.\RCHW1TZ.  paRK'wits.  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia. 10  miles  X.E.  of  Liegnitz.  on  the  Katzbach.     Pop.  1316. 

P.\RCI1''AXY'.  a  post-village  of  Morris  CO..  Xew  Jersey,  on 
the  Parcipany  River,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Morristown,  con- 
tains 2  churcSes,  6  stores,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  estimated 
at  300. 

P.\RCZOW.  paRt-sov'.  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  46 
milesS.E.  of  Siedlec.     Pop.  2S30. 

P.'VR'DEEVII^LE,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  Fox  River,  and  on  the  Mihvaukteand  St.  Panl  R.R., 
9  m.  E  of  Portage  City.  It  has  3  stores.  1  mill,  iiiid  50  houses. 

P.\RDO.  paR'do,  a  river  of  Brazil,  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Sanguexuga  and  the  Vernielho,  in  the  S.  of  the  pro- 
vinc-e  of  Matto-G rosso.  After  a  course  of  about  280  miles, 
generally  S.E..  it  joins  the  Parana  on  the  right,  in  lat.  21° 
36'  S. 

P.\RDUBITZ.  paR'doo-bits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Chrudim,  on  the  Ellie,  61  miles  E.  of  Pr.igue.  and  on  the 
Xortheni  States  Railway.    Pop.  2546. 

PARECHIA.  pd-rA-kee^a,  or  PARO.  pd'ro.  (anc.  Pt'ros.)  the 
capital  town  of  the  island'  of  Paros.  Grecian  Archipel.igo.  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  island.  It  contains  numerous  fragments 
of  the  ancient  city,  and  aliout  4  miles  E,  are  the  quarries  of 
the  celebrated  Parian  mai'ble. 

PARECIS,  pd-rA-sees',  a  Cordillera  of  Brazil,  in  the  X.W. 
of  the  province  of  Matto-Grosso.  in  lat.  15°  to  19°  S, 

PAREDES  DA  BiCIRA,  pd-rA/diV  d.i  hA-ee'rd.  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Alta,  about  -20  mile* 
S,li  of  Lamego,     Pop.  800. 

*  Some  geographers  call   that  portion  of  tlie  river  whiun  it 
above  the  junction  of  the  Parana  Iha,  the   Rio  Grande,  CCB 
gidering  the  Paranii  to  be  formed  by  the  anion  of  t}ie*«  tw 
branches. 


PAR 

PAREDES  DK  NAVA.  pS-nVn^s  dA  nU'vL  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  15  miles  X.W.  of  Palenci.i,  in  a  marsh,  near 
the  Canal  of  Campos.  Pop.  4062.  II  has  4  parish  churche.s, 
a  hospital,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  hempen  doths. 

PAREDON,  p.?-rA-don/,  or  GRKAT  PARKDON  KAY,  an 
island  of  the  West  Indies,  in  the  old  Bahama  Channel.  N.  of 
Cuba.  Lat.  22°  25'  N.,  Ion.  78°  8'  W.  Length.  10  miles,  by 
2  miles  'n  breadth.     On  its  N.  side  is  toleral)le  anchorage. 

PAREENUlKiUK.  pl-ree-nflg'i,'nr,  a  ruined  city  of  West 
Illndostan.  the  remains  of  which,  near  Verawow,  a  town  on 
the  peninsula  of  Parkur,  Runn  of  Cntch,  extend  over  a  space 
of  2  miles. 

PARENZO.  p3-rJn'zo.  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Istria, 
on  its  W.  coast,  10  miles  X.  of  Rovigno.     Pop.  2li)0. 

PARETO,  p.i-r.Vto.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  pro- 
vince, and  S.  of  .^rijui.     Pop.  2860. 

P.4RG.\,  par'qrd.  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Epiius.  on  a  steep,  rocky  heij;ht,  opposite  the 
bland  of  Paxo.  .1.3  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Arta.  Lat.  39°  16'  24" 
N.,  Ion.  20°  2.3'  .30"  E.  Pop.  4000.  Its  native  inhabitants, 
between  1814  and  1810,  viporously  and  successfully  resisted 
Ali  Pasha  of  Yanina.  then  lived  for  three  years  under  British 
protection,  and  wholly  abandoned  the  town  when  restored 
to  the  Sultan  in  1810. 

PAR'HAM,  a  parish  of  En<rl.and,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PARIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sutfolk. 

PAR'HA.M'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Catahoula  parish, 
Louisiana. 

PARHAil'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co.,  Virginia. 

PARIA.  GULK  OF.    See  Gdlf  of  Paria. 

PAK'IDA.  a  villaire  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte, 
In  the  interior  of  the  Territory  of  .New  Mexico. 

PAMUUSONG',  or  PIIART,  fd'ree.  a  villase  of  Bootan,  on 
the  frontier  of  ThiVet.  .30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tassisoodon. 

PARIGXfi  L'EVEQUE,  paVeen'yA'  UV.'lk',  a  town  of 
France,  dep.  of  Parthe.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  3430. 

PARIM.\.  p3-ree'mS.  a  river  of  Brazil,  the  principal  head 
stream  of  the  Rio  llranco.    See  Rio  Branto. 

PARIMA.  SIERRA,  se-Jr'rd  pS-ree'ma,  or  PARIME,  pj- 
ree'mA  (?)  an  irrep:nlar  clusterof  mountains  ofVeneznela.  lat. 
4°  to  6°  30'  N.,  Ion.  tH°  to  67°  W.,  connected  on  the  S.E. 
with  the  Sierra  Pacaraima.  and  giving  rise  to  the  Orinoco 
and  other  larce  rivers.  Mount  Makavaca,  the  highest  point, 
is  above  lO.OflO  feet  high. 

PARI.\AC0C1IA.S.  (pa-re-ni-ko'chas.")  Lake  of.  in  South 
Peru,  dep.irtment  of  Ayscucho,  S.W.  of  Pausa.  surrounded 
by  high  mountain,":.  It  is  20  miles  in  length  fi-om  N.W.  to 
S.E..  tnaversed  by  the  river  Pausa.  and  is  stated  to  be  10,000 
feet  above  the  sea.    Its  gives  name  to  a  province  of  Peru. 

PARIN.4CO'TA,amountain  peakof  Bolivia,  near  the  coast, 
In  hit.  18°  10'  S.,  Ion.  09°  11'  W.     Height,  22,030  feet. 

P.\RI.'*.  pir'ris,  (Fr.  pron.  pdVee';  Ger.  pron.  pi-riss':  It. 
/'(((•(■g'^pa-ree'jee:  Port,  and  Sp.  i^ris.  pS-reece';  anc.  Lute'lia, 
or  LuteHia  Birisin>rum,  afterwards  Ihrixfii;  Gr.  AowTijria 
or  AovKijTia:)  the  metropolis  of  the  French  Empire,  the 
great  centre  of  Kuropean  civilization  and  learning,  and, 
after  London,  the  most  populous  city  in  Christendom,  is  situ- 
ated on  both  banks  of  the  river  Seine,  111  miles  tVom  its 
mouth,  and  212  miles  S.E.  of  I/indon.  Lat.  of  the  Observatory, 
48°  50'  12"  X..  Ion.  2°  20'  22i"  E.  Mean  temperature  of  the 
year.  51°-.3:  winter,  37°-8 ;  summer,  (>4°-5  Fahrenheit.  Mean 
annual  fall  of  rain,  25  inches :  average  number  of  rainy  days, 
105;  days  on  which  snow  falls,  12.  The  city  has  recently 
been  surrounded  bv  a  line  of  new  fortifications,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  about  $10(1.000,000.  They  consist  of  a  wall  a3  feet 
in  heicrht,  bastioned  and  terraced,  embracing  both  banks  of 
the  Seine  with  a  continuous  enclosure  22  miles  in  circuit. 
The  wall  is  lined  with  a  fosse  about  20  feet  deep,  and 
strengthened  by  outworks  comprising  14  detached  forts. 
These  fortifications  take  in  much  of  the  suburbs,  and  even 
of  the  surrounding  country,  The  limits  of  the  city  proper 
are  traced  by  an  interior  wall,  erected  at  a  much  earlier  date" 
for  fiscal  purposes.  In  this  wall  are  60  gates  or  barriers,  at 
which  the  octroi,  or  duties  on  goods  brought  into  Paris,  are 
levied.  Many  of  these  barriers  are  magnificent  structures. 
Among  others  may  be  specified  the  Barrifere  de  Neuilly.  con- 
sioting  of  two  pavilions,  and  having  in  front  the  splendid 
triumphal  arch  De  I'Etoile;  the  Barrifires  de  Yincennes,  de 
6t.  Martin,  de  Font.ainebleau,  de  Reuilly.  de  Chartres,  and  do 
Passy.  Outside  the  barriers  and  their  connecting  wall,  is  a 
large,  finely-planted  zone,  which  nearly  makes  the  circuit 
of  the  town,  forming  an  excellent,  thouih  not  very  much 
frequented  promenade,  called  Outer  Boulevards,  to  distin- 
guish them  from  the  Inner  Boulevards,  whirh  form  a  similar 
Internal  zone;  the  latter  consist,  in  their  finest  parts,  of  a 
magnificent  central  thoi-oughfore,  bounded  on  either  side 
by  a  double  row  of  trees,  under  which  a  broad  and  elevated 
pathway  has  been  formed,  and  lined  by  elegant  shops  and 
mansions,  the  whole  forming  a  scene  of  animated  gaiety  and 
splendor  which  no  other  capital  in  Europe  can  equal. 

The  Seine  traverses  the  city  in  a  W.X.W.  direction,  and 
li.Hs  a  medium  breadth  of  450  feet,  which  is  about  the  width 
of  the  Schuylkill  at  Philadelphia,  but  nearly  one-third  less 
than  that  of  the  Thames  at  London.  It  here  forms  two  is- 
lands—He £t.  Louis  and  He  de  la  Citfi — on  wliich  last  is  situ- 


PAR 

ated  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Notre  Dame.  It  is  lined  with 
quays,  built  of  solid  masonry,  forming  large  terraces,  with 
a  roadway  in  the  centre  and  a  footpath  on  either  side,  gen&- 
rnlly  planted  with  trees.  The  qu.ays  extend  about  11  miles 
along  the  river,  and,  in  addition  to  the  splendid  walks  which 
they  afford,  serve  the  important  purpose  of  protecting  tha 
lower  parts  of  the  city  from  inundations,  fronx  which,  pre- 
vious to  their  erection,  it  often  suffered.  The  number  of 
bridges  across  the  Seine  is  27-^  '"f  which  16  are  of  stone.  7  are 
suspension  bridge.s,  3  a  combination  of  stone  and  iron,  and 
1  is  of  wood.  Those  most  deseiwing  of  notice  are  the  Pout 
d'.'Vusterlitz,  or  Pont  dn  Jardin  des  Plantes,  400  feet  long, 
by  37  feet  broad,  with  stone  piers,  and  5  arches  of  cast  iron ; 
the  Pont  Neuf,  an  ancient  bridge,  the  longest  of  all,  being 
1020  feet  in  length,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  city,  and 
forming  one  of  the  principal  thorough&res :  near  the  middle 
of  this  bridge  is  a  fine  equestrian  statue  of  Henry  IV. ;  thw 
Pont  des  .\rts.  a  light  and  elegant  iron  biidge  of  9  arches, 
resting  on  stone  piers;  the  Pont  de  la  Concorde,  or  Poiit 
de  Louis  XVI.,  adorned  with  12  colos.sal  stitues  of  whitr 
marble;  and  the  Pont  de  Jena,  a  remarkably  liandsomft 
structure,  consisting  of  5  elllptic.al  arches,  and  decorateo 
with  a  cornice  imitated  from  the  temple  of  Mars  at  Rome, 
and  garlands  of  oak  and  laurel.  The  portion  of  Paris  situ- 
.ated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine  is  the  most  exten.sive, 
and  contains  the  finest  squares  and  monuments,  and  the 
greatest  number  of  palaces,  public  offices,  &c.  It  is  al.so  the 
richest  and  most  commercial,  its  centre  being  occupied  by 
the  Bnnr.w,  or  Exchange  of  France.  The  leff  bank  of  the 
river  contains  the  Faulxiurg  St.  Germain,  the  principal  resi- 
dence of  the  old  noblesse,  the  P'iys  Latin,  the  seat  of  the 
princip.al  educational  establishments,  and  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  hospitals.  A  great  porti(m  of  this  quarter  is  built 
from  the  quarries  extending  under  the  river.  The  exca- 
vations made  in  quarrying  formed  the  celebrated  cata- 
combs used  as  a  place  of"  deposit  for  the  bones  taken  from 
the  cemeteries  .at  the  time  of  their  suppression.  The  num- 
ber of  skeletons  deposited  here  was  said  to  be  3.000.000.  The 
space  included  between  the  city  wall  and  the  fortifi.'d  circle 
comprises  the  communes  of  the  hanlieur.,  in  which  the 
population  has  greatly  increa.sed  within  a  few  years,  though 
a  great  part  of  it  is  still  occupied  by  fields  and  gardens. 

The  houses  of  Paris  are  almost  all  built  of  white  calca- 
reous stone.  Their  general  height  is  from  5  to  6  stories, 
each  arranged  as  a  distinct  tenement,  and  reached  by  a  com 
mon  stair.  In  many  cases,  however,  the  stair  is  not  entered 
immediately  from  the  street,  but  is  preceded  by  a  porte 
cnclier  or  carriage  entrance  leading  into  a  court,  round  the 
sides  of  which  the  houses  rise  in  lofty  piles. 

Slrerts  owl  S/uares. — The  streets  in  several  of  the  newer 
parts  of  the  town  are  straight,  wide,  airy,  and  excellently 
paved,  both  in  the  centre  for  carriages,  and  on  the  sides  for 
foot-passengers;  but  in  the  older  portions,  as  a  genei-al  rule, 
the  streets  are  irregular  in  the  extreme,  cutting  each  other, 
not  in  parallel  lines,  but  at  nil  kinds  of  angles,  and  many 
of  them,  even  in  leading  thoroughfares,  so  narrow  that  cai 
riages  have  difficulty  in  passing.  The  finest  streets,  after  the 
Inner  Boulevards,  which  have  been  already  mentioned,  are 
the  Rue  de  Rivoli.  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Seine,  the  Rue  de 
la  Paix,  continued  across  the  Place  de  A'endome,  and  there- 
after by  the  Hue  de  Castiglione,  the  Rue  Royale,  the  Rue  du 
Chausse  d'.\ntin,  and  the  Rue  des  Pyramides.  There  are 
in  Paris  about  70  places  or  squares.  By  far  the  finest  of 
these  is  the  Place  de  Concorde,  situated  between  the  gar- 
dens of  the  Tuileries  on  the  E.,  and  the  still  larger,  if  not 
finer  gardens  of  the  Champs  Ely.sees  on  the  AV. ;  it  opens 
S.  on  the  Pont  Louis  XA"I.,  which  leads  directly  to  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  and  X.  on  the  Rue  Royale,  terminated  by 
the  beautiful  colonnade  of  the  Madelaine;  it  is  adorned 
with  fountains  and  various  monuments,  of  which  the  most 
conspicuous  is  an  obelisk  transported  from  Luxor,  in  Egypt. 
The  other  squares  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Place  Yen- 
dome,  an  irregular  octagon  lined  by  lofty  edifices  of  uni- 
form appearance,  the  centre  occupied  by  a  splendid  co- 
lumn, erected  by  X^apoleon.  modelled  from  that  of  Trajan, 
at  Rome,  and  covered  with  ba.sreliefs  cast  from  12(Xi  pieces 
of  cannon  taken  in  war;  the  Place  de  la  Ba.stile,  occup3-ing 
the  site  of  the  notorious  prison  of  that  name;  the  Place  du 
Chatelet,  with  a  fountain  in  its  centre,  consisting  of  a  cir- 
cular basi)i  20  feet  in  diameter,  with  columns  58  feet  high, 
divided  by  Viands  of  bronze  gilt,  inscribed  with  Xapoleon's 
principal  victories;  and  the  Place  de  Carrousel,  between  tk« 
Tuileries  and  the  Louvre. 

There  are  in  Paris  several  splendid  triumphal  arches,  of 
which  the  Arc  de  I'Etoile.  before  alluded  to,  is  the  most  re- 
markable, being  indeed  the  most  stupendous  structure  of 
the  kind  ever  erected,  either  in  ancient  or  modern  times. 
It  forms  a  ma.ss.  of  which  the  plan  is  147  feet  by  7.3  feet;  the 
height  is  162  feet.  The  effect  of  its  extraordinary  dimensions 
is  greatly  enhanced  by  the  simplicity  of  its  form,  and  by  its 
position;  for,  .standing  quite  separate  from  any  other  build- 
ing, it  is  seen  to  the  very  best  adv.antage.  In  the  Place  du 
Carrousel  is  a  splendid "triuniphnl  arch.  45  feet  high  by  60 
feet  long  and  20  feet  broad,  designed  after  the  arch  of  Sep- 
timlns  Severus,  at  Borne;  it  consists  of  a  central,  and  two 

1433 


PAR 

■nia\ler  lateral  axches,  the  entablature  supported  by  elffht 
coluiniis  of  red  marble,  over  each  of  which  is  a  statue,  while 
H  low  attic  above  the  entdWature  is  crowned  with  a  triumphtil 
i»r  occupied  bj'  a  female  figure,  and  drawn  by  four  bronze 
horses;  the  whole  formiug  one  of.  the  finest  mouumeuta  of 
Paris. 

PiMic  Buildings.— Varis  is  perhaps  surpassed  by  no  other 
city  in  the  number  and  splendor  of  its  public  edifices.  Of 
these,  however,  our  limits  will  permit  us  to  mention  only  a 
few.  Among  the  churches,  the  most  celebrated  is  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Notre  Dame,  situated  on  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Seine, 
called  the  He  de  la  Cite.  It  is  a  vast,  cruciform  structure, 
with  a  lofty  W.  front,  flanked  by  two  mas.sive  square  towers. 
Three  ample  portals,  composed  of  a  series  of  retiring  arches, 
covered  with  figures,  conduct  to  the  interior,  which  consists 
of  a  nave  with  double  aisles  and  transepts,  terminating  in 
an  octaion.  The  total  length  of  the  church  is  390  feet; 
width  of  transept-  144  feet;  height  of  vaulting.  102  feet; 
hei-ht  of  towers,  204  feet ;  width  of  W.  front,  128  feet.  The 
whjle  building,  with  the  exception  of  some  comparatively 
modern  alterations,  is  in  an  early  and  pure  style  of  pointed 
architecture,  with  ornaments  remarkable  for  their  high  de- 
gree of  finish  and  delicacy.  The  church  of  La  Madelaine  is 
a  modern  structure  of  singular  magnificence.  It  stiinds  on 
an  elevated  platform  fronting  the  N.  end  of  the  Kue  Kivoli. 
Its  style  is  purely  Grecian.  A  colonnade  of  52  isolated  Co- 
rinthian pillars  extends  completely  around  if;  and  on  the 
■walls  opposite  to  the  spaces  between  the  pillars,  is  a  row  of 
niches  filled  with  colossal  statues  of  saints.  The  pediment 
at  the  S.  end,  said  to  be  the  largest  sculptured  pediment  in 
existence,  exhibits  an  immense  alto-rilievo  by  Lemaire, 
covered  with  figures,  many  of  them  of  gigantic  dimensions. 
The  interior  consists  of  a  vast,  unbroken  nave,  lined  with 
rich  marbles,  and  li^^hted  fi-om  above  by  four  circular  aper- 
tures in  a  richly-gilded  ceiling,  supported  by  majestic  Co- 
rinthian columns.  The  edifice  is  surpassingly  gorgeous,  but 
has  none  of  the  solemn  m:yesty  which  should  characterize  a 
church.  The  church  of  St  Genevieve,  once  Ijetter  known 
by  the  name  of  Pantheon,  stands  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Seine, 
near  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  and  makes  a  c6n.«picuous  ap- 
pearance, with  its  large  dome  2S2  feet  in  height.  It  is  nearly 
in  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  288  feet  long  by  252  feet  broad, 
and  is  entered  by  a  portico  of  22  fluted  Corinthian  columns 
60  feet  in  height,  and  6  in  diameter,  supporting  a  triangu- 
htr  pediment  of  vast  dimensions.  The  other  churches  most 
deserving  of  notice  are  those  of  St.  Denis  du  St.  Sacrament; 
8t.  Etienne  du  Mont,  remarkable  fjr  its  square  tower  and 
circular  turret  a  little  detached  from  it,  and  interesting  as 
the  burial-place  of  Pascal;  St.  Eustaehe,  after  Xotre  Dame 
Is  the  largest  church  in  Paris;  St.  Germain  I'Auxerrois,  re- 
markable for  its  belfry,  from  which  the  signjil  for  the  mas- 
sacre of  St.  liartholomew  was  first  tolled ;  St.  Louis,  St.  Ger- 
main des  Pres.  St.  Gervais,  with  a  chapel  regarded  as  the 
most  beautiful  in  Paris;  St.  Laurent,  Ste.  Marguerite.  St. 
Medard,  St.  .Merri,  St.  Nicholas  du  Chardonnet,  Xotre  Dame 
de  Lorette,  a  beiiutiful  modern  church  of  small  dimensions; 
St.  Paul  and  St.  Louis,  on  an  elevated  platJbrm,  approached 
by  a  flight  of  steps,  with  a  magnificent  front,  fine  colonnade, 
and  a  lofty  dome;  St.  Pierre  du  Gros  Caillou;  St.  Koch,  the 
burial-place  of  Corneille,  and  the  church  of  the  court  during 
the  time  of  Ixiuis  Philippe;  St.  Severu.s,  wHh  a  tower  ter- 
minating in  a  singular  pyramidal  roof;  St.  Thomas  d'Aquiu ; 
Du  Val  du  Grace,  less  remarkable  for  external  than  for  in- 
ternal b«!auty,  with  a  dome,  heavy  without,  but  containing 
within  one  of  the  finest  frescoes  in  France;  St.  Vincent  de 
Paule,  a  splendid  modern  church,  finely  situated  on  an  emi- 
nence ;  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne.  so  called  from  having  be- 
longed to  the  celebrated  school  of  that  name,  containing  the 
finely-sculptured  tomb  of  the  Cardinal  de  Kichelieu;  and  St. 
Sulpiee,  a  handsome  edifice,  commenced  in  the  seventeenth, 
but  not  finished  till  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
The  Protestants  have  several  churches,  of  which  the  best  are 
those  of  the  Oratoire,  and  Visitation,  formerly  belonging  to 
the  Koman  Catholics,  but  both  ceded  by  government  to  the 
French  Calvinists.  There  are  also  two  English  Episcop-al 
chapels,  one  of  them  a  modern  Gothic  edifice,  for  the  use  of 
the  emba.ssy ;  a  Greek  chapel,  which  the  Russian  embassy 
attend,  and  two  synagogues. 

i'Utices. — The  f  uileries,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine, 
near  the  r^ntre  of  the  city,  so  called  from  the  tile-works  which 
originally  occupied  its  site,  have  continued  for  centuries  to 
be  the  chief  Parisian  residence  of  the  sovereigns.  This  palace 
was  commenced  by  Catherine  de  Medicjs  in  1564,  was  en- 
larged by  Henry  I V.,  and  Wiis  brought  nearly  to  its  present 
form  by  l^.uis  XIV.  The  extreme  length  of  its  facade  is  1008 
feet,  and  its  breadth  108  feet  Owing  to  the  inegular  man- 
ner In  which  it  has  been  built,  it  is  difficult  to  class  it  under 
any  particular  style  of  architecture ;  but  the  effect  more  from 
th.-  great  length  and  varied  outline  than  from  any  excellence 
of  detail,  IS  very  imposing.  The  principal  front  looks  W. 
through  the  garden  to  the  Place  de  la  Concorde,  and  couLslsts 
of  a  central  fi^^ide.  with  columns  on  the  first,  second,  and 
thinj  stories,  respectively  of  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Compo- 
Mle  orders,  and  of  two  pavilions.  The  flower-garden,  imme- 
Oiately  in  front,  Is  railed  off,  and  intended  to  be  private ;  but 


PAR 

the  rest  of  the  garden  or  park,  laid  out  in  alleys  and  finely- 
planted  groves,  with  sheets  of  water,  and  numerous  groups  of 
statues,  is  one  of  the  principal  holiday  re.sorts  of  the  citizens. 
E.  of  the  Tuileries,  and  mainly  .separated  from  it  by  the  Place 
and  Rue  de  Carrousel,  stands  the  Louvre,  which  was  origi- 
nally built  for  a  palace,  and  is  still  called  one,  though  it  has 
long  ceased  to  be  a  state  residence.  It  is  occupied  as  the 
great  national  repositoiy  of  works  of  art.  It  forms  the  four 
sides  of  a  square,  and  presents  four  external  fronts.  The 
principal  entrance  is  by  the  E,  front,  which,  taken  as  a 
whole,  ranks  as  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architecture  of  any 
age,  A  striking  feature  in  it  is  its  grand  colonnade,  coni- 
po.sed  of  28  coupled  Corinthian  column.s,  with  a  wide  gallery* 
behind.  The  S.  front,  fiicing  the  Seine,  bears  a  considerable 
resemblance  to  the  E,.  and  almost  vies  with  it  in  splendor. 
The  W.  and  N.  fronts  are  comparatively  plain.  The-interior, 
with  its  contents,  will  Ije  noticed  along  under  the  head  ot 
museums.  Xot  far  from  the  Tuileries  and  Louvre  stands 
the  Palais  Koyal,  which  is  entered  from  the  Kue  St.  llonoro 
by  a  Doric  arcade  and  gateway.  It  forms  a  court,  the  \. 
side  of  which  contains  the  principal  building,  while  the  E. 
and  AV.  sides  consist  of  two  wings  proje<-.tiug  towards  the 
street;  behind  which,  again,  is  the  -'Galeiie  d'Orleans."  a 
wide  and  lofty  arcade,  paved  with  marble  and  roofed  with 
glass,  and  lined  on  either  side  with  a  range  of  elegant  shops. 
Immediately  X.  is  the  garden  of  the  Palais  Koyal,  forming 
a  rectangle  of  700  feet  long  from  X.  to  S„  by  ;;o6  feet  broad. 
It  is  partly  laid  out  as  a  flower  garden,  and  iiartly  planted 
with  rows  of  lime-trees.  All  around  the  garden  are  build- 
ings of  uniform  architecture,  standing  on  arcades,  which 
form  a  broad  gallery;  while  the  first  floor  is  o<-cupied  by 
shops,  which  are  among  the  most  elegant  in  Paris.  The 
second  floor,  to  a  great  extent,  was  formerly  de^■oted  to  a  less 
reputable  use,  to  gambling  and  similar  infamous  establish- 
ments ;  but  the  most  of  them  have  been  rooted  out,  and  their 
place  supplied  by  lestaurants  and  coffee-shops.  Xo  space  of 
equal  dimensions  is  so  much  fre<iuented  as  the  Palais  Koyal, 
and  nowhere  can  a  stranger  get  a  readier  glimpse  of  all  the 
phases  of  Parisian  life.  Much  farther  to  the  W,.  at  the  cor- 
ner of  the  Rue  du  Faubourg  St,  Ilonore.  stands  the  Elysee 
Bourbon,  which  has  many  interesting  associati(/ns  connected 
with  it,  and  has  recently  been  rendered  fiimiliar  from  its 
occupation  by  the  President,  now  Emperor.  Louis  Napoleon, 
The  LuxemlK>urg,  on  the  S,  side  of  the  Seine,  was  built  by 
Marie  de  Medieia,  on  the  model  of  the  Pitti  Palace  at  Flo- 
rence, It  is  a  fine  structure,  remarkable  alike  for  its  solidity 
and  the  Ijeauty  of  its  proportions;  it  was  the  pUice  of  meet- 
ing of  the  Chamber  of  Peers.  whUe  that  body  existed. 

Government  and  Municipal  Buildings. — The  Chaml)er  of 
Deputies  or  Corps  Legislatif.  is  held  in  the  Palais  liourbon, 
so  called  from  having  been  originally  erected  by  a  duchess- 
dowager  of  IJourbon,  and  afterwards  occupied  by  the  house 
of  Condo,  a  branch  of  that  family.  Its  principal  front,  look- 
ing X.  towards  the  Seine,  is  adorned  by  a  ni:igniftcent  por- 
tico of  12  Corinthian  columns,  supporting  a  pediment  with 
an  allegorical  ba.s-relief,  and  is  approached  by  a  flight  of  20 
steps.  Immediately  behind  is  the  chamber  it.self,  a  semi- 
circular hall,  ornamented  with  24  Ionic  columns  of  white 
marble,  and  fitteil  up  in  crimson  cloth  and  gold.  The  P.ilaia 
de  Justice,  where  the  principal  courts  of  justice  are  held,  is 
an  immense  pile  of  buildings  situated  on  the  "W.  part  of  the 
He  de  la  Cite.  The  princip.al  halls  are  those  of  the  Court  of 
Cas.sation,  formerly  the  High  Chamber  of  the  Parliament, 
and  the  Court  of  Assizes.  The  Hotel  de  Ville.  situated  in 
the  Place  de  Greve.and  notorious  for  the  wholesale  murders 
committed  in  it  during  the  revolution,  forms  an  ininien,so 
quadrangle,  with  4  splendid  facades.  The  ornaments  of  the 
principal  front  are  richly  sculpt  ured.  Over  the  central  porch 
is  a  brazen  efiuestrian  bas-relief  of  Henry  IV„  and  in  the 
wall  a  series  of  niches  filled  with  statues  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished Parisian  magistrates.  The  interior  court,  ap- 
proached by  a  flight  of  steps,  is  surrounded  by  an  arcade 
and  portico,  with  Ionic  columns;  the  Grand  Salle  or  Salle 
du  Fronde,  is  a  magnificent  chamber  or  h;ill,  occupying  the 
whole  length  of  the  central  portion  of  the  Imilding.  The 
.\duiiralty,  (Hotel  de  la  .Marine.')  forming  the  X.E.  .side  of  the 
Place  de  la  Conecrde,  is  a  l)eautiful  ,structure.  which,  undf-r 
its  original  name  of  Garde  Meuble  de  la  Couroune.  was  tL* 
place  where  the  ciown  jewels  were  kept,  and,  previous  to  th.« 
revolution,  contained  an  immense  number  of  valuable  anu 
curious  objects.  The  Mint  (Hotel  des  Monnaies)  fronts  the 
Quai  Conti,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Seine,  and  contains  an  im- 
mense collection  of  coins  and  medals ;  the  ground-plan  in- 
cludes 8  courts,  with  ranges  of  buildings  in  which  all  the 
operations  connected  with  coining  are  carried  on.  The  Post- 
Oflice,  (Hotel  des  Postes,)  to  the  E.  of  the  Palais  Royal,  h.is 
a  handsome  front ;  but  the  whole  building,  though  well- 
arranged,  does  not  possess  much  architectural  merit  The 
Exch.ange,  (La  Bourse,)  in  the  Kue  Vivienne,  is  a  beautiful 
modern  structure,  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  212  by  120 
feet,  completed  in  1S26;  it  is  surrounded  by  a  range  of  66 
columns,  supporting  an  entablature  and  masked  attic,  and 
forming  a  covered  gallery,  which  is  approiieUed  by  a  flight 
of  steps  extending  along  the  whole  of  the  W.  front.  The 
Salle  de  la  Bourse,  where  business  is  transacted,  is  a  large 


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lipartm?nt.  of  the  Doric  order,  supported  tiy  arcades.  The 
deeply -coved  ceiling  is  divided  into  16  compartments  covered 
with  fine  monochrome  drawings,  which  have  the  effect  of 
bas-reliefs.  The  Tribunal  de  Commerce,  and  other  courts 
more  immediately  connected  with  trade  and  commerce,  are 
located  in  this  building.  The  Treasury  (lintel  des  Finances) 
is  an  immense  edifice  in  the  Uue  de  liivoli.  The  Register 
Office  (Hotel  des  Archives  du  Hoyaume.)  occupies  the  former 
palace  of  the  Prince  de  Soubize,  and  is  more  interesting 
from  the  value  of  its  records,  extending  over  a  period  of  1200 
years,  than  remarkable  fur  the  merits  of  its  architecture. 
In  connection  with  the  records  of  the  kingdom,  may  be 
mentioned  its  printing  establi.'^hment.  (Imprimerie  Koyale,) 
occupying  the  buildings  of  the  Palais  Cardinal,  so  called 
from  having  oriirinally  belonged  to  the  Cardinal  de  Itohan. 
It  is  one  of  the  large.st  and  best-regulated  estabiishments  of 
the  kind  in  Europe,  and  possesses  so  complete  an  assort- 
ment of  types  that  it  has  printed  the  Lord's  Prayer  in  150 
languages. 

Edncaiimial  7n.sit<«iif>n.<.— Considered  with  reference  to 
its  scientific,  literary,  and  educational  institutions,  Paris 
surpasses  all  other  cities  of  the  world.  The  University  of 
Paris,  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Charlemagne,  and  long 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  iiurope,  was  suppressed  at  the 
revolution,  and  an  entirely  new  system  of  public  education 
adopted.  At  the  head  of  this  system  is  placed  the  Univer- 
sity of  France,  which,  properly  speaking,  is  only  a  hoard  of 
education,  consisting  of  a  council  of  nine  members,  presided 
over  ijy  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  as  grand  master, 
and  having  under  it  22  inspectors-general  of  studies.  The 
largest  school  of  Paris,  and  the  most  frequented  in  tlio 
•world,  (attended  in  1846  by  "500  students,)  is  the  AcouUmie 
Univifdtaire,  the  date  of  whose  origin  is  unknown.  It 
consists  of  5  faculties;  viz,  sciences,  with  10  ordinary  and 
8  supplementaiy  professorships;  Letters,  with  12  ordinary 
and  V  supplementiiry;  Theology,  with  6  ordinary  and  5 
supplementary :  Law,  n  ith  17  ordinary  and  S  supplementary ; 
and  of  Medicine,  witli  26  ordinary  professorships.  After  the 
Academy  come  the  College  Royal  de  France,  with  27  pro- 
fessors: the  college  attju^hed  to  the  Musee  d'llistoire  Natu- 
relle,  with  15:  the  colleges  de  Louis  le  Grand,  Henri  IV., 
Bourbon,  St.  Louis,  and  Charlemagne,  attended  each  by 
about  1000  pupils:  the  Kcole  Polytechnifiue,  established  in 
the  buildings  of  the  old  College  de  Navarre,  a  celebrated  in- 
stitution, in  which  the  greatest  mathematicians  that  France 
has  produced  have  been  teachers,  and  not  a  few  of  them  have 
been  formed;  the  Ecole  Centralo  des  Arts  et  Manufactures, 
fur  the  education  of  engineers,  directors  of  manufactories, 
builders,  &c. :  the  Ecole  Noimale,  for  training  profes.sors  of  a 
higher  grade,  and  several  Ecoles  Normales  Elementaires,  for 
ordinary  male  and  female  teachers;  Ecole  des  Pouts  et 
Chaussee.s,  (School  of  Bridges  and  Causeways.)  consisting  of 
about  100  pupils,  taken  from  the  Ecole  Polyte<huiiiue.  to  be 
instructed  in  all  the  branches  of  civil  engineering;  Ecole  des 
Mines,  kept  in  the  magnificent  Hotel  de  A'endome.  with  a 
full  complement  of  professors  in  every  branch  relating  to 
niiuing  operations,  and  a  most  valuable  mineral  museum, 
which  fills  15  rooms,  and  cont;iins  the  geohigical  collection  of 
the  Paris  Museum,  formed  by  Cuvier  and  Brogniart;  Ecole 
des  Charte.s,  in  which  pala;ography,  or  the  art  of  deciphering 
and  studying  ancient  manuscripts  is  taught;  Ecolo  des 
Langues  Orientales  Vivantes,  (School  of  Living  Oriental 
Languages.)  with  7  professors ;  Ecole  de  Pharmacie,  with  10 
professors,  and  the  sole  power  of  licensing  apothecaries,  who 
are  not  allowed  to  practice  till  examined  here;  Ecole  Gr.v 
tuite  de  Dessin,  de  Mathematique,  et  de  Sculpture  d'Urna- 
nient,  (a  kind  of  mechanics"  institute:)  Ecole  Speciale  et 
Gratuite  de  Dessin  pour  les  Jeunes  I'ersonnes,  in  wliich 
young  women,  intended  for  the  arts  or  similar  professions, 
have  the  means  of  studying  figuies,  landscapes,  tlowers,  Ac. ; 
Palais  and  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  in  which  gratuitous  lec- 
tures on  all  subjects  connected  with  the  arts  are  given,  by 
21  professors;  Ecole  Yeterinaire,  a  celebrated  estalJishment, 
not  in  Paris,  but  at  Alfort.  in  its  vicinity ;  Conservatoire  de 
Musi<iue  et  de  Declamation,  for  the  instruction  of  both 
sexes  iu  music,  singing.  Ac,  by  a  numerous  bod}'  of  the  first 
professors,  male  and  female:  and  numerous  primary  schools. 
superior  and  infant  schools,  &c.  In  1840,  Paris  had  24 
daily  journals.  11  advertising  papers,  202  periodical  sheets 
of  journals,  reviews,  bulletins,  and  annals  of  politics,  litera- 
ture, science,  arts,  and  fashions. 

Museums. — At  the  he.ad  of  these  stands  the  magnificent 
collection  of  the  Louvre,  the  buildings  of  which  have  already 
been  described.  It  forms  one  of  the  chief  attractions  of  the 
capital,  and  consists  of  various  departments,  of  which  the 
Museum  of  Paintings  of  the  Italian.  Flemish,  and  French 
Schools  (Musee  des  Tableaux  des  Ecoles  Italiennes,  Fla- 
mandes,  et  Frangiiises)  contains  above  1400  pictures ;  and 
though  justly  deprived  of  many  of  the  masterpieces,  which 
had  been  brought  to  it  from  all  parts  of  Europe  by  Napoleon, 
is  still  one  of  the  finest  galleries  in  existence  ;  in  addition  to 
it.  there  are  the  Galerie  Fran9aise,  appropriated  to  modern 
F''euch  ])ictures.  and  a  large  and  excellent  Spanish  gallery. 
The  Salle  de  Bijoux  contains  curious  and  valuable  cups, 
vases,  porcelain,  jewelry,  cameos,  agates,  and  many  remark- 


able articles  of  verttl,  belonging  chiefly  to  tbo  ''.riddle  AgM 
Adjoining  is  the  Salle  des  SeptCheminees,  continuing  copies 
of  some  of  Raphael's  finest  fre.scoes  in  the  Vatican.  The 
Greek  Museum  (Mu-^eeOreclis  p.articularly  rich  in  Etrurian 
and  Grecian  vases,  and  in  articles  obtained  from  Ilercula- 
neum  and  Pompeii.  The  l^gypti.an  JIuseum  is  enriched  with 
the  fruits  of  the  French  researches  in  Egypt,  and.  in  regard 
to  .ill  that  relates  to  domestic  life  in  its  minut('r  details,  is 
not  surpassed  by  any  other  collection.  The  Collection  Stand 
ish — so  called  from  an  Englishman  of  that  name,  who  be- 
queathed it  to  Louis  Philippe — contains  some  good  original 
paintings,  and  a  library  of  rare  boolis :  among  others,  the 
IMble  of  Cardinal  Ximenes,  valued  at  1000^  From  the  ante- 
room of  this  collection,  a  small  stairca.se  leads  to  the  Nav.al 
Museum,  (Mu.see  de  la  Marines.)  which  contains  beautiful 
models  of  ves.sels  of  all  classes,  both  finished  and  in  every 
stage  of  construction ;  models,  also,  of  the  principal  naval 
ports  of  France;  and  a  museum  of  Indian  arms  and  orna- 
ments from  the  Pacific  and  North  America.  The  Musee 
des  Dessins  contains  about  1-300  drawings,  including  nu- 
merous specimens  of  the  great  masters  of  all  schools.  The 
Musee  des  Antiques,  entered  from  the  vestibule  at  the 
bottom  of  the  grand  staircase,  occupies  a  series  of  apart- 
ments on  the  ground  fioor,  and  forms  a  remarkable  and 
interesting  collection  of  about  1100  articles,  consisting  of 
statues,  bust.s,  vase.s,  &c.  The  Musee  de  la  Sculpture  Mo- 
derne  contains  the  best  specimens  of  sculpture  and  statuary 
of  the  modern  French  school,  but  is  poor  in  those  of  foreign 
artists. 

The  Musee  du  Luxembourg,  in  the  palace  of  that  name, 
consists  of  the  finest  works  of  living  French  artists,  pur- 
chased by  government.  The  Musee  d'llistoire  Naturelle, 
together  with  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  or  Botanical  Garden, 
in  which  it  stands,  is  one  of  the  mo.st  attractive  and  in- 
structive places  of  resort  in  I'ari.s.  The  museum,  properly 
so  called,  is  rich  in  the  collections  of  Cuvier  and  other  dis- 
tinguished names,  and  possesses,  besides  excellent  speci- 
mens in  all  the  branches  of  natural  science,  a  good  mena- 
gerie. The  Musee  d'Artillerie  occupies  five  g.alleries ;  one 
containing  suits  of  ancient  armor,  and  the  other  four,  anns, 
instruments,  machine.s,  &c.  used  by  the  artillery  service. 
The  Conservatoire  des  Artes  et  Metiers,  occupying  the  ex- 
tensive buildings  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Abbey 
of  St.  Martin  des  Champs,  contains  a  mo.st  valuable  and  in- 
tere.sting  collection  of  machines,  models,  drawlng.s,  kc.  re- 
lating to  almost  all  branches  of  industry. 

LihrarieK.- — There  are  32  libraries  in  Pari«,  of  which  9  are 
public.  Of  these,  the  Biblioth^quo  Royalo,  Imperiale.  or 
Nationale,  (for  it  has  borne  all  these  names  by  turns.)  is 
the  noblest  institution  of  the  kind  ever  firmfed.  It  com- 
prises 1,400,000  printed  bo(]ks  and  pamjjhlefs,  125,000  vo- 
lumes of  manu.script.'!,  many  of  them  extremely  rare,  and 
of  great  interest,  and  300,000  maps  and  charts.  In  addi- 
tion to  these,  there  is  a  collection  of  engravings,  contained 
in  80,000  volumes  or  portfolios,  with  1,400,000  plates:  a 
gallery  of  ancient  sculpture,  in  which  is  the  Egyptian 
zodi.ac  of  Denderah;  and  a  cabinet  ot  antiqultie.s,  consist- 
ing of  150,000  coins  and  medals,  and  10,000  gems.  The 
other  more  important  libraries  are  those  of  the  Arsenal, 
200,000  volumes,  and  C300  manuscripts  ;  St.  Genevieve, 
250,000  volumes,  and  3000  manuscripts;  Mazarine,  at  the 
Institute,  200.000  volumes,  and  3700  manu.scripts;  De  la 
Ville,  55,000  volumes ;  De  l'In.stitut,  100,000  volumes;  De 
rUniversite,  50,000  volumes;  Du  Conseil  de  PEtat,  80,000 
volumes;  De  I'Ecole  de  Medecine.  30.000  volumes;  and 
Du  Musee  d'llistoire  Naturelle,  30,000  volumes.  Libra- 
ries of  greater  or  less  extent,  are  attached  to  almost  all  the 
public  institutions,  and  the governmentil,  judicial,  and  mu- 
nicip.il  office.^' 

Benevolent  Institutions. — The  civil  hospitals  of  Paris  are 
divided  into  three  classes — general  hospitals,  special  hospi- 
tals, and  !io.'<pices  or  alms-houses.  The  general  hospitals  are 
the  Hotel  Dieu,  the  most  ancient  of  all  the  Parisian  hospi- 
hils,  situated  partly  on  the  S.  side  of  the  He  de  la  Cite, 
and  partly  on  the  S.  side  of  the  river,  here  crossed  by  a 
covered  biidge,  forming  a  very  extensive  and  admirably-ma- 
naged infirmary,  which,  on  an  average,  receives  annually 
about  11,000  patients;  Ilopital  de  la  Pitie,  with  COO  beds, 
and  an  average  of  above  10.000  patients;  the  Hopital  de  la 
CharitS,  with  530  beds,  and  8000  patients :  and  the  Hospitals 
Necker,  Cochin,  and  Beaujon.  The  chief  special  hospitals 
are  those  of  St.  Louis  for  cut.ineous  diseases  :  the  Ilopital  du 
-Midi  and  Ilopital  de  Lourcine.  b'th  for  syphilitic  com- 
plaints; Ilopital  de  la  Maternity,  Ilopital  des  Enfans  Ma- 
lades,  and  Hopital  des  Cliniques.  The  hospices  are  the 
Bicetre  or  Hospice  de  la  Vieillesse,  for  old  men;  and  the 
Salpetri&re  or  Ho.spice  de  la  A'ieillesse,  for  aged  women ;  two 
similar  Hospices  des  Incurables ;  and  the  Hospice  des  Enfans 
Trouves,  (foundling  hospital.)  a  large  establishment,  in 
which  the  abuses  notorious  in  regard  to  fovmdling  hospi- 
tals, are  attempted  to  be  remedied,  though  the}  are  said  to 
continue  almost  unabated.  In  addition  to  the  above  classi- 
fied hospitals,  are  numerous  establishments  of  a  benevolent 
nature,  well  deserving  of  notice.  The  most  celelrated  of 
these  is  the  HStel  des  Invalides,  an  immense  military  hos- 

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pital,  or  asylum  for  old  soldiers,  capable  of  receiving  5000 
pensioners."  Its  gilded  dome  makes  it  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous buildinjrs  in  Paris,  and  it  is  also  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  magnificent,  presenting  a  noble  front  in  three 
projecting  masses,  612  feet  long,  and  four  stories  high.  It 
has  a  library  of  from  17.000  to  18.000  volumes,  a  collection 
of  models  and  fortifications;  and  within  is  a  church,  con- 
taining the  tombs  of  Napoleon,  Turenne.  and  Yauban.  Among 
other  benevolent  institutions  are  the  Lunatic  Asylum. 
(Maison  Koyal  de  Chareuton :)  two  blind  asylums,  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb  Institute,  (Institution  Royale  des  Sourds  JIuets,) 
and  a  gi-eat  variety  of  societies,  both  public  iind  private,  for 
distributing  food  "and  clothing,  and  reclaiming  those  who 
have  gone  astray. 

Jhrisoiu  and  Hefiymatory  Eifablifhmenls.— The  former  are 
nine  in  number,  of  which  several  have  acquired  a  dreadful 
notoriety  from  the  deeds  perpetrated  in  them  during  the 
fury  of  the  gre;it  revolution.  The  princifwil  are  I^a  force, 
contiiuiug  1'200  separate  cells,  and  distinguished  by  its 
classification  of  prisoners  and  excellent  sanitary  regulations : 
St.  Pelagie,  recently  converted  partly  into  a  political  prison, 
and  partly  into  a  kind  of  hulks  for  convicts  whose  punish- 
ment is  of  short  duration;  St.Lazare,  a  general  female  pri- 
son, which  has  usually  an  average  of  about  1000,  and 
receives  annually  about  10.000  prisoners;  Depot  des  Con- 
damnes  for  criminals  condemned  to  the  hulks  or  to  death, 
and  remarkable  for  being  at  once  light,  airj',  and  healthy, 
and  yet  one  of  the  strongest  places  of  custody  ever  erected; 
and  "the  Maison  Centr-ile  d'Education  Correctionnelle,  with 
very  much  the  air  of  a  feudal  castle.  The  prisons  to 
which  a  mournful  intere.st  attaches,  are  the  Palais  du  Tem- 
ple, from  whiih  Louis  XVI.  was  led  forth  to  the  scaffold; 
the  Conciergerie,  from  which  ^larie  .Antoinette  was  led  forth 
to  the  same  fete ;  and  the  -ibljaye,  the  most  gloomy  of  all 
the  Parisian  dungeons,  and,  during  the  Keign  of  Terror,  a 
perfect  den  of  horrors. 

Places  of  Resort  and  Amusement. — Of  the  former,  several 
have  already  been  incidentally  mentioned,  and  the  onlj-  one 
which  seems  to  call  for  a  more  special  notice,  is  the  most  cele- 
brated of  all — the  Champs  Klysees.  It  stretches  W.  from 
the  Place  de  la  Concorde  to  the  Barri&re  de  I'Etoile  for  about 
li  miles,  gradually  widening  from  373  yards  to  700  yards. 
It  consists  of  a  central  road,  lined  with  trees,  and  with 
wide  walks  and  open  spaces  on  each  side,  crowded,  pai-- 
ticularly  on  holidays,  with  all  grades  of  Parisian  society, 
and  presenting  one  of  the  gayest  and  liveliest  scenes  which 
can  well  be  imagined.  The  public  fetes  all  take  place  here; 
and,  even  on  the  most  ordinary  occasions,  all  kinds  of  at- 
tractions are  to  be  found  in  the  shape  of  shows,  musical 
bands,  panoramas,  circuses,  &c.  The  theatres  of  Paris  and 
its  immediate  suburbs,  afford  accommodation  for  30,000 
persons ;  and  the  passion  for  such  amusements  pervades  all 
classes  of  Parisian  society.  The  most  important  are  the 
Acadfimie  Royale  de  Musique  or  French  Opera,  capable  of 
cent-lining  about  2i>00  persons ;  the  Italian  Opera,  the  Opera 
Comique,  the  Theatre  Fran^ais,  the  Odeon,  the  Theatre  de 
la  Gaiete,  for  vaudevilles  and  melodramas;  Theatre  des 
Folies  Dramatiques;  Theatre  du  Vaudeville;  Theatre  des 
Varietes;  Theatre  du  Palais  Royal;  The&tre  Porte  St.  5Iar- 
tin;  Theatre  de  r.imbigu  Comique;  Theatre  du  Pantheon, 
lemarkable  as  occupying  one  of  the  earliest  churches  of 
Paris;  and  the  Cirque  Olympique.  Xumerous  other  places 
of  amusement  are  always  open,  many  of  a  more  rational. 
but  not  a  few  also  of  a  questionable  kind.  A  place  of  resort, 
furnishing  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  impressive  sights 
of  the  capital,  is  the  celebrated  cemeterj-  of  Pere-la-Chaise. 

Socielia: — Literary,  ScienOJic,  dt. — At  the  head  of  these 
stands  the  Institute  de  France,  which  has  acquired  such 
celebrity,  that  the  most  distinguished  European  philosophers 
covet  the  honor  of  l>eing  admitted  to  it  as  foreign  associates. 
It  consists  of  224  ordinary  members,  all  of  whom  receive  a 
salary  of  about  $300  annually ;  42  free  academicians,  without 
SJtlary ;  S3  associates,  and  220  correspondents ;  it  is  divided 
into  five  sections  or  academies — the  Academic  Fran^ais, 
specially  devoted  to  the  French  langu.age;  the  Academic  des 
Inscriptions  et  Belles-Lettres.  for  general  literature,  learned 
langu;iges,  and  antiquities ;  the  Academic  des  Sciences,  sub- 
divided into  11  sections,  embracing  the  different  branches 
of  physics,  mathematics,  natural  history,  medicine,  rural 
economy,  <tc. ;  the  .\cademie  des  Beaux  Arts,  for  painting, 
sculpture,  architecture,  engraving,  and  music:  and  the 
Academie  des  Sciences.  Morales  et  Politiques,  for  historj', 
moral  science,  jurisprudence,  political  economy,  and  statis- 
tics. The  Institute  overshadows  most  of  the  other  societies, 
many  of  which,  however,  have  distinguished  thems^lve-s, 
and  are  well  known  under  the  names  of  the  Antiquart^fl. 
Philomathic,  Natural  History,  Geographical.  Statistical. 
Philotechnic,  Asiatic,  Anatomical,  Medical,  and  Agricultural 
Societies,  &c. 

if./n«/<ic<ur«.— Almost  every  branch  of  manufacturing 
Industry  is  carri(?d  on  more  or  less  extensively  in  Paris.  It 
Is  especially  distinguished  for  articles  of  taste  and  fashion, 
furniture,  jewelry,  bronzes,  porcelains,  ckKks  and  watches, 
millinery,  perfumery,  ic.  The  government  has  here  two 
establishments,  one  known  by  the  name  of  the  Gobelins, 
1436  ' 


PAR 

celebrated  for  its  tapestry  and  carpets,  made,  however,  not 
for  s;»le,  but  the  supply  of  the  palaces,  and  for  presents:  and 
that  of  tobacco,  which  the  government  holds  as  a  monopoly, 
and  carries  on  in  a  vast  establishment  on  the  S.  side  of  tlie 
Seine,  producing  about  a  fifth  of  all  the  snuff  used  in  the 
empire,  and  yielding  an  annual  profit  estimated  at 
$14,000,000.  A'ccording  to  the  report  of  the  Chainl>er  of 
Commerce  on  the  industry  of  Paris  for  1847.  the  totiil  manu- 
factures of  the  city,  exclusive  of  those  of  the  government, 
comprised  325  branches,  carried  on  by  64.S16  persons,  em- 
ploying 342,530  workmen.  The  value  of  goods  produced  in 
the  325  branches,  arranged  in  13  groups,  and  the  numb» 
of  men  employed,  are  exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table: — 


Clothing  of  all  kinds  

Food,  bntcher'8  meat,  bread,  pas- 
try, &c  

Building    

Furniture ..* 

"Worlt  in  precious  metals 

Fancy  articles  (articles  de  Paris). 

Fabrics  and  threads 

Works  in  metals 

Chemical  products  and  pottery... 

Carri.iges,   fadjlery,  ie 

Priuliug.  paper,  k'c 

Hides  and  leather 

Carving,  baskets.  Ac 


|8*S,168,4i8 

45.372.fi  16 
2H.0S2.5.16 
JT.429.0+9 
2S,!)fie,0.i5 
25.7S1.755 
tll.li«.(i»5 
•20.726,320 
14.909,:J21 
10.471, 4»5 
10,234.375 
8.352.593 
4,0il6,461 


Total i392,723,6"0 


S.673 
4,601 
5.713 
2.392 
6  121 
S.7(i» 
3,104 
1.559 
1.253 
2,235 
426 
1,561 

64,816" 


90,064 

10.428 
41.603 
36,1K4 
16,819 
S5.679 
3(i,6«6 
24.884 
9,737 


342. LW 


In  184S.  during  the  turmoil  of  the  last  revolution,  the 
total  value  of  manufactures  in  Paris  fell  to  $131.1iW.i''78,  or 
less  than  half  their  value  the  ye.tr  previous.  Among  the 
rarious  articles  produced  in  1S47.  m.ny  be  specified  Vots  and 
shoes,  to  the  value  of  $R,C5f'.497:  jewelrv,  $12.177.7C7; 
articles  in  gold.  $5.S05.22o;  l.a'ce.  $5,680,991;  articles  of 
linen  drapery,  $7,206,709;  articles  in  bronze,  $3.i'9';.796; 
locks.  .«3.720,1C7:  gloves  of  skins.  $2.853.t'.59 :  refined  oil, 
.42.452.000 ;  piano-fortes.  $2,2fn,6U ;  artificial  flowers, 
$2,211,133:  paper-hangings.  $2.045,4.30;  shawls.  $1.079.S96; 
military  equipments,  $1,960,270.  and  perfumery.  $1  .<J4>>.370. 

There  are  in  Paris  and  the  bati-lieiie.  18  sugar-refineries, 
which  suppl3'  Rouen.  Amiens,  Rheims.  Met?..  Strasbourg, 
Lyons.  &c..  and  also  the  foreign  demand.  The  quantity 
produced  in  1^47.  was  v.alued  at  $4.700,0l>0. 

Paris  is  celebrated  for  its  mathematical  and  optical  instru- 
ments, and  it  is  one  of  the  chief  centres  in  Europe  for  the 
production  of  works  connected  with  literature  and  the  fine 
arts.  Of  the  64,816  manufocturers  in  Paris.  7117  employed 
more  than  10  workmen,  26,116  employed  from  2  to  10,  and 
32,583  employed  1  man,  or  worked  alone. 

Commerce. — A  large  proportion  of  the  products  of  Parisian 
industry  is  consumed  in  the  metropolis.  Especially  is  this 
the  case  with  all  articles  of  food,  except  a  portion  of  the 
refined  sugars,  preserves,  and  pastry.  There  are  some  ex- 
ports of  clothing  .and  furniture,  .ilttiough  the  Paris  demand 
is  the  principal  one.  Fashionable  articles  of  female  apparel 
(millinery,  dresses,  Ac.)  were  exported  in  1847.  to  the  value 
of  $529,341 ;  the  value  manufactured  was  $2,465,222.  and 
goods  of  this  description  valued  at  $1,516,402  were  Imported, 
making  the  total  consumption  $3,452,383.  The  value  of 
hats  exported,  amounted  to  $643.998 :  of  hats  manufactured, 
$3,352,536:  the  export  of  umbrellas  and  para.sols.  amounted 
to  $512,027;  the  m.anufacture.  to  $1,481,686.  The  total 
value  of  Parisian  manufactures  in  1847.  as  has  been  seen, 
was  $292,725,670.  The  total  v.alue  of  exports,  as  declared  .nt 
the  custom-house,  was  $33,714,437,  of  which  $18.o3o,555 
was  the  v.alue  of  goods  not  entitled  to  premium  :  $15,680,883 
of  goods  entitled  to  premium.  A  large  part  of  the  exports  of 
Paris  consist  of  goods  not  manufactured  in  the  city,  but  pur 
chased  at  the  warehouses  of  the  large  manufacturers. 

Paris  has  a  chamber  of  commerce,  with  a  commercbl 
library,  an  exchange,  which  publishes  daily  returns:  it  is 
also  the  seat  of  all  the  principal  financial,  industrial,  and 
commercial  societies  in  the  country.  lis  commerce  is  facili- 
tated by  the  river  Seine,  navigable  to  Paris  for  vessels 
drawing  6  feet  water,  and  connected  by  canals  with  the 
Rhine,  the  Ix>ire.  and  the  Rhone,  by  which  navigable  com- 
munication is  opened  from  sea  to  sea.  Paris  is  also  the  centre 
of  a  systein  of  railways  which  ramify  throughout  almost 
every  part  of  France.  The  traveller  entering  the  country 
on  the  side  of  the  English  Channel,  has  the  choice  of  five  dif- 
ferent railways  in  reaching  the  French  metropolis,  viz.  from 
Dunkirk,  Calais.  Boulogne.  Dieppe,  and  Havre.  .\  grand  trunk 
railway  extends  E.  from  Paris  to  Strasbourg,  and  thence 
S.  along  the  valley  of  the  Rhine  to  Rale.  CBasel.)  Another 
great  trunk  proceeds  S.  by  W.  to  Orleans,  where  it  forks,  on* 
branch  extending  S.S.E,  to  Varennes.  the  other  S.W.  to 
Bordetiux;  at  Tours  it  communicates  with  a  railway  ex- 
tending to  Nantes.  The  only  railway  in  France  not  con- 
nected with  Paris  is  in  the  "extreme  S.E.  portion  of  the 
country.  It  commences  at  Marseilles,  and  proceeds  rircul- 
tously  N.E.  to  .\yignon.  whence  it  is  to  be  cairled  almost 
due  N.  to  meet  the  Paris  trunk-line  which  was  in  the  yeui 


PAR 


PAR 


J  855  nearly  or  quite  completed  to  Lyons.  The  estimated 
revenue  of  Paris  for  1S52  was  $9,005,900,  and  the'  expendi- 
ture. $9,41.3,0(10. 

Hidory. — Tlieoridn  of  Paris  is  inToIved  in  obscurity,  but 
the  account  to  which  most  credit  appears  to  be  {liven,  is, 
that  a  waiiderincr  tribe  having  settled  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Seine,  built  huts  upon  the  lie  de  la  Cite,  to  which  they  re- 
tired with  tlieir  flocks  and  herds  when  any  of  the  nei>;hbor- 
ing  trilies  made  incursions  upon  them.  To  this  natural 
stronghold  they  gave  the  name  of  Ltiletia,  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  the  Celtic  I'/utrm-hezi,  meaning  Dwelling  of  the 
Waters;  while  they  themselve.s,  for  some  rea.son  not  well 
explained,  t'jok  the  name  of  Ihrirfii.  AVhen  Julius  Csesar 
conquered  Gaul,  he  accordingly  here  fi)und  a  tribe  of  Parisii, 
with  a  capital  called  Luteti.i,  connected  with  the  shore  by 
two  bridges.  They  defended  themselves  bravely,  but  were 
overcome;  and  Coesar,  after  rebuilding  the  town,  which  liad 
been  nearly  destroyed,  surrounded  it  with  walls,  and  further 
strengthened  its  defences  by  erecting  two  forts  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  bridges.  The  Gallic  were  exchanged  f)r  l{o- 
man  divinities ;  civilization  made  rapid  progress,  and  in  the 
course  of  the  500  years  of  the  lloman  dominion,  Ijutetia  rose 
to  he  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  and  became  the 
capital  of  North  Gaul.  In  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century 
It  suffered  mucli  from  the  northern  hordes;  and  ultimately 
fell  into  the  hands  of  theFranks.  headed  by  Clovis.  who,  hav- 
ing embraced  Christianity, made  it  his  residence  in  .iOX.  Under 
his  descendants  it  became  the  capital,  first  of  ft  kingdom  of 
the  .same  name,  and  then  of  the  kingdom  of  Neustria.  In 
9S7  a  new  dynasty  was  established  in  the  person  of  Hugo 
Capet,  from  whose  reign  downwards,  Paris  has  continued  to 
be  the  residence  of  the  Kings  of  France.  In  the  latter  part 
of  the  twelfth  century,  Philip  Augustus  mounted  the 
throne,  and  built  the  castle  of  the  Louvre  and  .several 
churches,  paved  the  streets,  and  enclosed  a  large  part  of  the 
buildings  with  w.alls,  flanked  with  towers.  The  various 
schools  which  had  existed  separately,  becjime  united  under 
the  common  name  of  University,  wliicli  now  )>egan  to  occupy 
a  prominent  place  among  the  literary  establishments  of 
Kurope.  Under  Charles  V.  new  walls  and  ditches  were 
erected,  with  the  view  more  especially  of  guarding  .against 
the  inroads  of  the  English,  who  made  frerjuent  incursions 
into  the  faulx>urgs.  The  fortifications  failed  to  produce  the 
desired  effect;  for  in  1420,  during  the  reign  of  Charles  AT., 
the  Knglish  made  tlie-mselves  m.'isters  of  the  city,  and  wore 
not  dislodged  from  it  for  sixteen  years.  In  14.'i7  and  1438, 
under  Charles  VII.,  Paris  was  ravaged  by  pestilence  and 
famine,  and  such  was  the  desolation,  that  wolves  appaared 
in  herds,  and  prowled  about  the  streets.  Under  liouis  XI. 
a  course  of  prosperity  again  commenced.  The  area  of  the 
city  extended  over  1414  acres,  and  its  population  amounted 
to  300,000  souls.  In  1470  the  first  printing-presses  were 
Introduced,  and  the  post-office  was  established.  Francis  I. 
demolished  the  old  castle  of  the  Louvre,  and  commenced  a 
new  palace  on  its  site,  rebuilt  several  churches,  opened  bet- 
ter communications  between  the  different  districts,  and 
made  so  many  improvements  that  the  whole  city  assumed 
a  new  aspect.  But  the  Reformation  h.aving  commenced, 
and  counted  numerous  convei-ts  in  all  parts  of  the  king- 
dom, bigotry  and  intolerance  began  to  do  their  work,  and 
the  fires  of  persecution  were  lighted.  l*aris,  in  consequence, 
became  tlie  theatre  of  many  bloody  deeds,  crowned  at 
length,  in  1572,  during  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.,  by  the 
horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  During  these  tran.s- 
actions  the  city  could  not  prosper;  and  though  some  new 
edifices,  among  others  the  palace  of  the  Tuileries,  were  begun, 
yet  it  was  not  till  after  the  accession  of  Henry  IV.,  that  the 
work  of  embellishment  in  good  earnest  again  commenced. 
The  Hotel  de  Ville  was  begun,  the  Pont  Xeuf  finished, 
great  additions  were  made  to  the  Tuileries,  and  many 
new  streets  and  quays  built.  The  works  begun  were  com- 
pleted, and  many  others  undertaken  during  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIII.  and  XIV.;  the  latter  of  whom,  notwithstand- 
ing his  lavish  'expenditure  at  Versailles,  was  able  to  rival 
all  that  his  predecessors  had  done  for  the  embellishment  of 
Paris.  Ijouis  XV.  had  contributed  his  share  of  improve- 
nieuts,  and  Louis  XVI.  was  proceeding  in  a  better  spii-it,  in 
the  same  cau.se,  when  the  Kevolutiou  commenced,  during 
which  some  of  the  finest  edifices  of  the  city  were  converted 
into  ruins,  and  many  of  the  most  venerable  monuments  of 
art  completely  destroyed.  A  stop  w.as  put  to  this  barliarism, 
first  by  the  Directory,  and  afterwards  by  Bonaparte,  by 
whom,  in  particular,  many  works,  distinguished  alike  by 
utility  and  splendor,  were  undertaken  and  completed. 
During  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  the  work  of  em- 
bellishment did  not  proceed  with  much  rapidity;  but  since, 
18.30.  (except  during  the  turmoil  of  the  recent  revolution,) 
Paris  has  made  wonderful  advances,  both  in  magnificence 
and  general   prosperity.     Pop.  in  1792.  550,000;   in   1817, 

715,000;  in  1846,1,034,196;  in  1861,1,667,841. Adj.  and 

Inhab.  Parisian,  par-ish'an;  (Fr.  Ptirisien,  pd^ree^ze-ix"', 
(masculine.)  and  Parisienne,  pJ^ree'zeJnn',  (feminine.) 

l'.\K/IS.  a  beautiful  post-village  and  township,  se.at  of  jus- 
tice of  Oxford  CO.,  M.aine,  about  40  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 
Vh«  Tillage  is  situated  on  a  commanding  elevation,  in  tiie 


midst  of  the  most  raried  and  picturesque  scenery.  T1.9 
White  Mountains,  with  their  summits  piercing  the  cloudu, 
appear  in  full  view.  It  contains  a  handsome  court-houst 
5  churches,  2  academies,  and  1  newspaper  ofiice.  The  town 
ship  is  intersected  by  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Hail- 
road.    Pop.  2827. 

PARIS,  a  post'township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Oneida  co., 
New  York,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Utica.  It  has  manni'acturu) 
of  cotton  good-s  paper,  leather,  castings,  and  machinery, 
and  numerous  saw  mills.     Pop.  3762. 

P.ARIS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Penn.»ylvania. 

PARIS,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia,  is  plea- 
■santly  situated  at  the  S.E.  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  131  mileg 
N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

PARIS,  a  post-office  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia. 

PARLS,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mi.ssissippi. 

PARLS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lamar  co„  Texas,  is 
about  20  miles  S.  of  lied  River,  and  300  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Austin  City.  A  newspaper  is  published  here.  The  village 
is  situated  in  an  extensive  prairie,  the  soil  of  which  is  ex- 
tremely fertile  and  durable. 

PARIS,  a  post^village,  capital  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee, 
no  miles  W.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated  "in  a  rich  farming 
district,  and  has  an  active  trade. 

PARIS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bourbon  CO.,  Kentucky, 
on  Stoner  Creek,  and  on  the  Covington  ftnd  Lexington 
Railroad,  about  40  miles  E.  of  Frankf  )rt.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  stations  on  the  railroad,  and  has  an  active  trade. 
It  contains  a  fine  court-house,  a  branch  bank,  6  churches, 
an  academy,  a  printing-office,  and  several  mills.  Two 
nawspapere  are  published  here,  one  of  which,  the  "  Western 
Citizen,"  is  among  the  oldest  in  the  state.  Extensive  cattle 
fiiirs  are  held  here  on  "court  days,"  (the  first  Monday  of 
each  mnnth,)  at  which,  not  unfrequently,  from  $200,000  to 
.5:500.000  worth  of  stock  are  sold.  The  May.sville  and  Lexing- 
ton I'.ailroad.  (not  yet  completed.)  diveiges  from  this  point, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Lexington.  Pop.  in  1860,  1440. 

PARIS,  a  town.ship  of  I'ortage  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  909. 

PARIS,  a  thriving  post-vill.ago  and  township  of  Stark  co., 
Ohio,  130  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  has  2  or  3  chui-ches. 
Pop.  2:i07. 

PARIS,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2146. 

PARIS,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Kent 
CO.,  Jlichigan.     Pop.  1314. 

P.\UIS,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana, 
17  miles  N.W.  of  Madison. 

I'ARIS.  a  village  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana,  about  20  miles  N. 
of  Mount  A'ernon. 

I'ARIS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Edgar  CO.,  Hlinois,  on 
the  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Railroad,  114  miles  E.  of  Spring- 
field. Two  newspapers  are  publislied  hero.  Tiio  village 
contains  7  cliurches,  1  bank,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  of  Paris 
township,  1930. 

PARIS,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  co., 
Missouri,  on  tiie  Middle  Fork  of  Salt  River,  40  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Ilannihal.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  fiirmiiig  district.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  1  bank,  5  churches,  and  a  newspar 
per  office.    Pop.  about  1100. 

P.\RIS,  a  village  in  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  near  Wapsipinieon 
River.  45  miles  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

PARIS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Keno.sha  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 10  miles  X.W.  of  Kenosha.     J'op.  1374. 

PAltIS,  a  thriving  poslrvillage  of  Canada  West,  united 
COS.  of  Wentworth  and  Halton,  on  Grand  River,  at  the  in- 
tersection of  the  Great  Western,  and  the  Buffalo,  Brantford, 
and  Goderich  Railw.ays,  72  miles  N. N.W.  of  Niagara  Falls, 
and  26  miles  W.  of  Hamilton.  Smith's  Creek,  which  here 
enters  Grand  River,  divides  Paris  into  two  parts  called  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Villages.  Here  are  agencies  for  1  insu- 
rance and  2  assurance  companie.s,  a  branch  bank,  churchefi 
of  4  or  5  denominations,  a  newspaper  office,  about  20  stores 
and  manufactories  of  woollen  goods,  iron-castings,  machi- 
nei-j'.  flour,  and  beet-root  sugar.     Pop.  about  2500. 

P.\KISI5URG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Giles  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  New  River,  240  miles  W.  of  Itichmond. 
It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  region  and  surrounded  by 
picturesque  mountain  scenery. 

PARISCATTY,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Oude,  25  miles  E.  of  Goruckpoor. 

PARISH,  a  post-township  near  the  centre  of  Oswego  co. 
New  York,  about  27  miles  N.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  2027. 

PARISII.  a  village  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa,  near  Skunk 
River,  65  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

PARIS  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Paris  township.  Oneida  co., 
New  York,  8  or  io  miles  S.  of  Utica.  It  has  several  churches, 
stores,  and  fiictories. 

PARIS  HILL,  a  village  of  Scriven  CO.,  Georgia. 

PAR/ISHVTLLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  New  York,  on  St.  Regis  River,  about  20  miles  E. 
of  Canton.  The  village  is  situated  at  a  point  on  the  river 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  old  St.  Lawrence  Turnpike.  The 
stream  is  here  pressed  into  a  channel  scarcely  10  feet  wide, 
and  has  a  descent  of  about  125  feet  in  the  dist.ance  of  a 
mile,  affording  valuable  water-power.  The  village  contains 
several  churches,  stores,  and  mills.    Pop.  of  township,  229& 

14S7 


PAR 


PAR 


PAT?TPim  LLE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio. 

PAIUSII.    See  Paris. 

PARIT.i,  pJ-reo'tJ.  a  gulf  of  Central  America,  on  the  TV. 
side  of  the  Gulf  of  Panama,  about  30  miles  across,  and  ex- 
tending 20  miles  inland. 

P.iKITA.  p3-ree't3,  a  maritime  town  of  South  AmericA, 
In  Xew  Granada,  department  of  Tstmo.  on  the  Gulf  of  Pa- 
rita,an  i'llc-toftheGuIfof  P.inama,  ItKjmiles  S.W.  of  Panama. 

PAItlTt'III,  p3-reefchee.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
reniment,  and  108  miles  S.K.  of  Minsk,  on  the  Beresina. 
Pop.  Hi  .J. 

PAIUWARA  (p3-re-wi/ra)  ISLANDS,  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  8.E.  coast  of  New  Guinea:  lat.  9=  12'  S.,  Ion.  146°  50' 
E.    There  are  three,  the  l;tr<:est  being  only  f  of  a  mile  long. 

PARK,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  St.  Joseph 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1281. 

P.1KK.  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

PARKANY,  p.iR'kafi',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
Danube,  co..  and  immediately  opposite  Gran.  Pop.  1374. 
Here,  in  16S3,  the  Turks  were"  defeated  by  the  Imperialists 
»nd  Poles. 

PARKK,  park,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 440  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Sugar  and  Racoon 
Creeks,  affluents  of  the  A\aba.sh,  which  forms  the  W. 
boundary.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  Mack  loam,  very  fertile, 
and  easily  cultivated.  The  county  contains  extensive  beds 
of  stone  coiil.  The  Wabash  and  Erie  Ginal  pa.sses  along  its 
W.  border.  A  plank-road  has  been  made  through  the 
county.   Organized  in  1821.  Capital.  Rockville.   Pop.  15,538. 

P.\1!KE.  a  township  of  Scott  co..  .\rkans.is. 

PARK'KR.  a  vill.ige  and  township  of  Butler  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
rania.  about  18  miles  N.N.K.  of  Pittsburg,    Pop.  1170. 

PARK'ERSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wood  county, 
West  Virginia,  on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  moutli  of  the  Lit- 
tle Kanawha,  100  miles  below  Wheeling,  and  about  380 
miles  by  railroad  W.  of  Baltimore.  It  is  pleasantly  situa^ 
ted,  and  neatly  built.  Turnpike  roads  lead  from  this  town 
to  Staunton  and  Winchester,  and  the  Northwestern  Rail- 
road, a  branch  of  the  Baltimore  and  Oliio  Riiilroad,  termi- 
nates here.  Another  railroad  extends  westward  from  Par- 
kersbnrg  to  Cincinnati.  It  contains  a  court-house,  church- 
es of  4  or  6  denominations.  2  national  banks,  a  printing- 
office,  and  several  steam-mills.  Wells  of  rock-oil  abound  in 
this  vicinltv.     Free  pop.  in  1  ^GO,  2493:  in  1865,  about  6000. 

PARKEllSBUHU,  a  post-office  of  Yell  CO.,  Arkansas. 

PARKEliSBUKG.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  In- 
diana, 12  miles  S.  of  Crawfbrdsville. 

PARKEliSBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois, 
135  miles  S.E.  of  .■Springfield. 

PARKEKSBURG,  a  post-office  of  J.isper  co.,  Iowa. 

PARKER'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Bedford  co., 
Tennessee. 

P.\.RKER'S  HEAD,  a  pnsf-<iffice  of  Lincoln  co..  Maine. 

PARKER'S  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  Posey  co.,  In- 
diana. 

PARKER'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Georgia, 
125  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

P.\RK'ERSVlLLE,  a  post-office,  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PARKERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  St  Tawmany"  parish, 
Louisiana. 

PARKERSVILLE.  a  posfcoffice  of  Marion  i  ,  Oregon. 
•  PARKESBURG,  parks'burg,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  44 
miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  a  dep.'it  foi  lumber  and 
coal,  and  contains  a  large  hotel  and  machine-ihops  belong- 
ing to  the  state.    Pop.  about  400. 

PARKEVILLE.  park'vill,  a  pos^office  of  Noxubee  co., 
Mississippi. 

P.\i!KEVILLE,  a  village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  9  or  10 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Rockville. 

P.iRK'G.iTE,  a  township  of  England,  co.,  and  12  miles 
miles  X.W.  of  Chester,  parish  of  Xeston,  on  the  Dee.  here 
crossed  by  a  ferry  to  Flint.  It  has  a  quay,  whence  packets 
sail  to  Ireland,  and  many  good  residences  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  sea-bathers. 

PARK  HALL,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  co..  M.vyland. 

PARK'HAM.  a  parish  of  EngKand,  co.  of  Devon. 

PAKK'HEAD.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  2J 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  1150.  The  Glasgow  water- 
works are  in  its  immediate  vicinity. 

PARK'HUKST,  a  postrvilKige  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  65  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

PAU'iv  10.  a  post-<iffice  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri. 

PAUK'ISOX,  a  small  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PAUK'MAX,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine, 
80  mlle^<  X.  by  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1166. 

PARKMAX.  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
V* n^*  *"'*■'  '^^^°'  °"  *  branch  of  Grand  River,  16  miles  S.E. 
of  Chardon.  It  contains  several  mills  moved  by  watei^ 
power.    Pop.  1007. 

PARKMAX  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  PiscaUquis  co., 
Maiue.  ^  ' 

J!-^!!i5:9^-^^'^'''''-  *  tf^^nshlp  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
,/M  J^.*!' "  PO'''-"^'*  of  Edgefield  district.  South  Carolina. 
PAUK  .>«.  a  iKJBt'-ffice  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas. 


P.\RKS  BAR,  a  mining  settlement  of  Yuba  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, h.-ls  a  post-office  of  its  own  name. 

P,\RK'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia. 

PARK'S  COR'XERS.  a  post-office  of  Boone  co..  lllSnois. 

PARK'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Ohio. 

PARK'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Cabarras  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

PARK'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  .Tackson  co.,  Alabama. 

P.iRKS'VILLE,  a  pixsf-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Xew  York, 
4  miles  N.  of  Liberty  Village,  fcnd  alxiut  104  miles  N.W.  of 
New  York  City.  It  contains  2  stores,  a  large  tannery,' and 
flouring,  saw.  and  turning  mills. 

P.\1;KT0N,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland, 
with  a  station  on  the  Baltimore  and  Susquehanna  Railroad, 
75  miles  N.  of  Baltimore. 

PARKUR,  par-kfir',  a  district  of  West  Hindostan.  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Runn  of  Outch.  lat.  24°  20'  X..  Ion.  70^  52*  E. 

P.^^RKUT.\.  par-koo'tS.  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  in  Little 
Thibet.  Bulti,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Iskardoh;  Int.  35°  3'  N> 
Ion.  75°  51'  E.  ■  ^ 

PARK'VILLE.  a  thriving  city  of  Platte  co..  Missouri,  ple-v 
santly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  .Missouri  River.  dO 
miles  below  Weston.  It  was  founded  about  the  year  1848 
by  George  S.  Park.  Esq.  It  abounds  in  valuaMe  beds  of 
limestone,  of  which  material  the  town  is  chiefly  built.  It 
has  3  churches.     Pop.  in  1855.  about  800. 

PARL.\.  paROJ,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  pro- 
vince, and  13  miles  S.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  1097. 

P.\R'LEY,  WEST,  a  parish  of  Engknd,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PARLINQ  POXD,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co..  Maine. 

P.\R'LOW.  a  town  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Celelies,  on  a  river  which  flows  into 
Parlow  Bay;  lat.  1°  S.  It  consists  of  about  500  houses,  and 
is  the  residence  of  a  rajah. 

PARMA,  par'ma,  (L.  and  It.  Parma,  paR'md;  Fr.  Parme, 
paRm.)  a  ciiy  of  It^ily,  capital  of  the  province  of  X>ai-ma. 
is  situated  on  the  Parma,  an  affluent  of  the  Po.  72  miles 
S.E.  of  .Milan.  Lat.  44°  4S'  16"  N..  Ion.  10°  20'  8  "  E.  Pop. 
in  1862,  47,067.  It  is  of  a  circular  form,  surrounded  hy  walls, 
and  entered  by  five  gates,  and  has  a  glacis  forming  a  public 
promenade.  The  chief  public  edifices  are  a  cathedral  with 
valuable  paintings,  the  ducal  p-ilace  with  a  library  of  90,000 
volumes,  an  academy  of  the  fine  arts,  a  museum  of  antiqui- 
ties, a  botanic  garden,  and  a  public  library  of  .34.0(J0  vo- 
lumes. The  University  of  Parma  was  suppressed  in  1831, 
but  it  has  a  school  of  four  faculties,  .attended  (in  1844)  by 
400  students.  Parma  has  numerous  scientific  establish- 
ments, civil  and  military  hospitals,  and  a  school  for  deaf 
mutes,  established  in  1837.  The  manufactures  comprise 
silk  goods,  cottons,  woollens,  lace,  earthenware,  swtird  cut- 
lery, glass,  and  musical  instruments.  The  trade  con,sists 
chiefly  of  corn,  silk,  pastry,  wine,  and  salted  provisions. 
Parma  is  the  residence  of  the  sovereign,  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
the  se.at  of  government  of  the  supreme  court,  and  all  the 
most  important  offices  of  the  state.  It  is  said  to  lie  of 
Ktruscan  origin,  but  is  first  spoken  of  as  a  Roman  colony. 

PAR/MA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York,  on  Lake  Ontario,  on  the  Ridge  Road,  about  10  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  2902. 

PARMA,  a  post-township  ia  the  central  part  of  Cuyahoga 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1480. 

P.\RMA,  a  thriving  village  and  township  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  Detroit  and  Chicago  Rjiilroad.  about  86 
miles  W.  of  Detroit.  The  village  contains  several  flouring 
mills.     Pop.  about  500;  of  the  township,  1347. 

PARMA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  .Monroe  co..  New  Y'ork. 

PAR.MA,  DUCHY  OF,  (Fr.  iii(c;i<{  'Ic  Parme,  dU'.-hA'dgh 
paKni;  It.  Dacalo  di  Parma,  doo-kl'to  dee  paR'md,  a  for- 
mer duchy  of  Italy,  comprising  the  duchies  of  Parma  pro- 
per, Piacenza,  and  Guastalla.  and  the  small  principality 
of  I^ndi.  •  Giwstalla  forms  a  minute  fraction  of  the  whole, 
h.aving  an  area  of  only  58|  square  miles,  and  is  com- 
pletely isolated  from  the  rest  by  the  duchy  of  Modeila, 
which  encloses  it  on  all  sides  except  the  N,,  where  it  bor- 
ders on  Austrian  Italy.  The  other  two  duchies,  usually 
comprehended  under  the  common  name  of  Parma,  form  a 
contiguous  and  compact  whole.  Lat.  from  44°  20'  to  45°  7' 
N\  Ion.  from  9°  20'  to  10°  30'  E.;  bounded  N.  by  .\ustri,an 
Italy ;  W.  and  S.  by  the  Sardinian  States  and  Tuscany :  and 
E.  by  Modeua.  Area  of  Parma  proper,  1056  .square  miles, 
and  of  Pi.acenza,  1051  .square  miles:  area  of  whole  duchy, 
iucluding  Guastalla,  2766  square  miles. 

Parma  lies  wholly  between  the  .\pennlnes  and  the  S.  or 
right  bank  of  the  Po.  In  the  S.  it  is  covered  by  the  .^petnine 
cliain.  the  highest  summit  of  which  the  .\lpe  di  Succiso,  aV 
tains  the  heightof  68o7  feet;  Ors;iio,  6180  feet;  Peuna,  5860 
feet  and  Regola,  5773  feet.  Several  other  summits  exceed 
50(10  feet.  Slany  of  the  rivers  are  mere  torrents,  and  all  flow 
N.E.  to  the  Po,  which  is  the  only  stream  availaljle  for  navi- 
gation. Alpine  lakes  are  numerous,  but  .small.  The  climata 
is,  on  the  whole,  temperate  and  healthy,  with  the  exception 
of  the  districts  near  the  Po,  where  the  atmosphere  is  im- 
pregnated by  noxious  v.ipor8.  In  the  town  of  I'iai  enza,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Po,  the  thermometer  gives  the  following 
results: — Mean  annual  temperature,  from  SS"  30'  to  59 ■• 


JL= 


PAR 


PAR 


Fahrenheit ;  greatest  heat,  from  91°  to  93°  Fahrenheit ; 
greatest  cold,  from  25°  to  18°  Fahrenheit;  clear  days,  133; 
rainy,  83;  snowy.  14. 

The  minerals  include  iron,  copper,  salt,  (of  which  about 
12,300  quint^nls  aio  made  annually.)  lithographic  stones,  mill- 
stones, wh.^tstonts.  beautiful  marble,  and  fine  rock-crystals. 

The  loftier  ninunt.iin  rid'.'es  are  generally  covered  with 
forests,  chietly  of  hardwood  trees.  The  lower  lands  are  ex- 
tensively occupied  with  vineyards  and  orchards.  The  mul- 
berry yields  valualile  returns;  but  the  chief  source  of  wealth 
Is  agriculture,  which  employs  the  gretiter  part  of  the  popu- 
lation. The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile,  yielding  abundant 
crops  of  all  the  ordinary  cereals,  together  with  maize, 
beans,  tobacco,  and  hemp.  Irrigation  is  generally  prac- 
tised. Great  numbers  of  cattle  are  reared,  partly  for  feed- 
ing and  partly  for  the  dairy;  the  latter  produces  the  famous 
cheeses  to  which  Parma  gives  its  name.  The  manufactures 
include  silk,  linen,  and  cotton  goods,  paper,  gunpowder, 
hides,  tobacco,  brass,  and  earthenware ;  candles,  soap,  and 
refined  wax.  The  trade  is  very  limited,  and  consists  chiefly 
of  agricultural  produce,  cattle,  hogs,  nut-oil,  wine,  and 
lime. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  hereditary  in 
the  male  line.  All  power,  legislative  and  executive,  resides 
in  the  sovereign.  The  laws  consist  of  a  code,  promulgated  in 
1S20.  and  are  nearly  the  same  as  the  Code  Napoleon.  Justice 
is  administered  by  five  courts,  of  which  the  Tribunale  Su- 
premo di  Kevisione  sits  in  Parma,  and  has  supreme  juris- 
diction over  all  the  three  duchies.  The  established  reli>:ion 
is  the  Roman  Catholic,  professed  by  almost  all  the  inlaa- 
bitants;  other  forms  of  religion  are  tolerated.  Education  is 
under  strict  regulation,  and  is  wholly  in  the  hands  of  the 
magistrates  or  the  priests.  For  males  tliere  are  three 
classes  of  schools :  1.  The  Saperiore  or  FucoUative,  intended 
to  furnish  a  superior  professional  education;  2.  The  S:- 
condarie,  which  give  Instruction  in  Italian,  Latin,  and 
belles- UUres ;  3.  The  Pri marie,  established  in  all  the  com- 
munes, to  give  gratuitous  elementary  instruction.  Public 
instruction  is  provided  for  females,  and  is  chiefly  committed 
to  certain  orders  of  nuns.  The  whole  territory  is  divided 
into  2  governments — Parma  and  Piacenza;  and  3  commis- 
sariats-—Guastalla,  Borgo-San-Donnino,  and  ISorgotaro.  Both 
governments  and  commiss;iriats  are  subdivided  into  com- 
munes, of  which  there  are  100.  The  revenue  amounts  to 
(1,274,400.  The  army  is  estimated  at  4148  men.  Tlie  sum 
left  in  the  treasury  of  the  state  on  the  death  of  the  Arch- 
duchess Maria  Louisa,  17th  December,  1S47,  was  equal  to 
the  indebtedness  of  the  state.  In  1854  the  debt  amounted 
to  $2,368,000. 

Parma  anciently  formed  part  of  Gallia  Cispadana  and 
Liguria.  During  the  decline  of  the  Koman  Kmpire,  it  be- 
came part  of  the  kingdom  of  Lombardy.  Charlemagne 
having  conquered  that  kingdom,  made  a  present  of  Parma 
to  the  Pope.  Subsequently,  both  Parma  and  Piacenzi*  be- 
came independent  republics.  In  1512.  Pope  Julius  II.  re- 
gained possession;  and  in  1543,  Paul  III.  erected  them  into 
a  duchy  in  favor  oC  his  son,  Luigi  Farnese,  whose  line  be- 
came extinct  in  1731.  The  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in 
1748,  gave  possession  to  Philip,  son  of  Philip  V.  and  Kliza- 
beth  Farne.se.  At  the  commencement  of  tlie  present  cen- 
tury it  came  into  possession  of  the  French,  and  formed  a 
part  of  the  kingdom  ef  Italy.  After  Napoleon's  downfall,  it 
fell  to  the  Archduchess  Maria  Louisa  for  life,  and  thereafter 

to  the  Duke  of  Lucca.     Pop.  in  1853,  507,881. -Adj.  and 

Inhab.  Parmesan,  par'me-zan'.  (It.  PARMESAifO,pau-m.A-sd'no.) 

PARNAC,  paR^ndk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Indre,  22  miles  S.K.  of  Blanc.     Pop.  1510. 

PAli,N.\I[IBA.  paR-nd-ee'bJ,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  near 
lat.  11°  S.,  Ion.  47°  W.,  flows  N.N.E.,  separating  the  pro- 
vinces of  Piauhi  and  Marauhiio.  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
by  several  mouths,  about  lah  2°  50'  S..  Ion.  41°  35'  W.  Total 
course  estimated  at  750  miles.  It  drains  the  whole  province 
of  Piauhi,  its  chief  affluents  from  the  S.  and  E.  being  the 
XJrussuhy,  Gurguea,  Piauhi,  Poty,  and  Piracuruca;  from 
the  W.  it  receives  the  Balsas.  Parnahiba,  near  its  mouth, 
is  the  chief  of  the  towns  on  its  banks. 

PARNAIIII5A,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Piauhy,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Parnahiba,  near  its  mouth.  It  is  an  en- 
trepot Sir  cotton  and  leather.     Pop.  of  the  district.  10.000.' 

PARNAHIBA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  43  miles 
W.  of  Sao  I'aulo,  on  the  River  Tiete. 

PARNAS^SUS  or  LIAKIIURA,  le-a-Koo'rl,  a  femous 
mountain  of  Greece,  government  of  Phocis.  its  culminating 
point  in  lat.  38°  35'  57"  N.,  Ion.  22°  27'  36"  K.,  8008 
feet  above  the  sea.  Between  this  and  an  adjacent  peak 
is  a  renowned  rivulet  known  in  antiquity  as  the  Castalian 
Fount;iin,  and  on  the  S.  declivity  of  the  mountain  is  the 
Corycian  Cave,  a  stalaetitic  grotto,  3.30  feet  in  length,  by 
nearly  200  in  width  Th*  summit  of  Parnassus  commands 
a  magnificent  view,  comprising  nearly  all  Ilellas,  the  Co- 
rinthian Gulf,  aiiid  the  N.  part  of  the  Morea. 

PARNAS'*US.  a  post-vill.Hge  of  Augusta  eo.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Warni  Spring  and  Ilarrisonburg  Turnpike,  132  miles 
N.W.  of  Rii;hmond. 

PAUN'DON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 


PARNDON  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  Engli.sh,  co.  of  Essex. 

PARNKLLAII,  par-nML  (Hindoo,  rarnalaya,  par-nl-ll/ 
?,■)  a  town  of  South  India,  Sattarah  dominions,  32  miles  W. 
of  Merritch,  with  the  strong  fortress  Powanghur. 

PARNES.  (par'n?z,)  NOZEA  or  NOZIA,  no-zee'a,  the  loftiest 
mountain  in  Attica,  Greece,  on  the  boundary  between  At- 
tica and  Bceotia,  16  miles  N.  of  Athens.     Height,  4640  feet, 

PARO,  a  town  on  the  island  of  Paros.     See  Pareohia. 

P.VRO,  pd'ro,  a  town  of  Bootan.  in  India,  12  miles  S.W.  cf 
Tassisudon.  It  is  partially  fortified,  and  has  manufactures 
of  images  and  amis. 

PAROL  A  or  PAROLAII,  pJ-rold,  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bombay,  44  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gaulna. 

PAROPAMISAN  (paVo-pJ-me-sdn')  MOUNTAINS,  in  Af- 
ghanistan and  East  Persia,  cover  an  extent  of  .350  miles  in 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  by  200  miles,  from  N.  to  S.,  .separates 
the  deserts  of  Vezd  and  Toorkistan.  and  are  connected  £. 
with  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  and  \\.  with  the  Elbrooz  Jloun- 
tainS,  S.  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  In  the  E.  tliey  are  rugged  and 
broken  by  narrow  valleys ;  they  nowhere  reach  to  the  limit 
of  perpetual  snow.  Westward  the  valleys  are  wider  and  the 
hills  lower.  They  are  inhabited  by  Eimauks,  Huzarehs, 
and  other  tribes,  whose  chief  resources  is  in  their  flocks  and 
herds. 

PA'ROS,  a  fertile  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  5 
miles  W.  of  Naxos,  with  which,  and  many  smaller  islands, 
it  forms  the  governments  of  Naxos  and  I'aros.  Lat.  of  Mount 
St.  Elia.s.  37°  N.,  Ion.  25°  11'  E.  Area,  100  square  miles. 
Pop.  6000.  It  produces  corn,  wine,  oil,  cotton,  and  marble; 
the  last  of  the  finest  quality,  and  of  which  the  finest  an- 
cient st;itues  were  made.  The  quarries  are  alniut  4  miles 
E,  of  the  chief  town,  Parechia,  Port  Nassau,  on  the  >'.  side, 
is  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  archipelago. — ^'^''J-  I'aki-'I?'. 
pifre-an.    One  and  a  h.alf  miles  W.  is  the  islet'of  Antiparos. 

PAR'OVAN,  a  post-village  of  Iron  co.,  Utah  Territory, 
abo'ut  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fillmore  City. 

P.ARR.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PARHAINDER,  pai-rin'dv'r  (?)  a  town  of  India,  in  the 
Deccan,  Nizjvm's  dominions,  210  miles  \V.N,\V.  of  Hyderabad. 

PARRAS,  pJr'kIs.  a  well-built  town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, in  the  state  of  Durango,  32  miles  E.  of  Mapinii.  It 
has  alwaj'S  been  celebrated  for  its  wines  and  brandies.  A 
speci'js  of  indigenous  vine  is  much  cultivated,  and  hence  ita 
name,  (from  parra.  a  vine  trained  on  sticks  or  nailed  to  a 
wall.)  It  has  3  churches,  and  2  fine  alainedai  beautifully 
shaded  with  trees  and  ornamented  with  flowers.  This  town 
stretches  2  miles  along  the  side  of  a  hill.  There  are  many 
old  Spanish  families  here.  The  houses  are  of  2  stories,  with 
loner  courts. 

PAR'RET,  a  riverof  West  England,  rises  nearBeaminster, 
CO.  of  Dorset,  flows  N.  and  N.W.  through  the  county  of  So- 
merset, and  after  a  course  of  about  40  miles,  enters  Brldgo- 
water  Bay.     It  is  navipable  for  vessels  of  200  tons. 

PAR'RISII,  a  post-offlce  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa. 

PAR'ROTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cocke  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  French  Broad  River,  50  miles  E.  of  Knoxville. 

P.\RRSBOItOUGH,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of 
Colchester,  on  a  strait  connecting  Mines  Bay  with  the  Bay 
of  Fundy.  about  6)  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Halifax. 

PAIVRY,  or  MAUKI,  maw'kee,  an  Island  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  20°  ?'  S..  Ion.  157°  11'  W.  It  is  2  miles 
in  diameter,  and  not  more  than  40  feet  above  sea-level. 

PARRY'S  GROUP,  a  number  of  small  Islands  forming 
the  N.  cluster  of  the  Bonin  or  Arzobispo  Islands,  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  27°  45'  N.,  Ion.  142°  7'  E.  Their 
proximity  to  Japan,  and  also  to  the  great  spermaceti  whaling- 
ground,  renders  them  important.  They  were  taken  posses- 
sion of  for  the  British  crown,  and  a  small  settlement  has 
been  formed  upon  them. 

PAR'RYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Lehigh  River,  7  miles  below  Mauch  Chunk. 
Large  quantities  of  coal  are  shipped  here. 

PAR/SON.\GE,  a  post-office  of  Williamsburg  district. 
South  Carolina. 

PAR/SONFIELD.  a  post-township  of  York  co.,  Maine,  in- 
tersected by  the  Ossipee  River,  80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Augusta. 
Pod.  2125. 

PAR'SON  GROVE,  achapelry  of  England,  co!  of  Cambridge. 

PAR/SONSTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lelnster,  co.  of 
Louth. 

PARSONSTOWN,  a  town  of  Ireland.    See  Birr. 

PART.\NNA,  par-t2n'nd,  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  pro- 
vince, and  19  miles  S.E.  of  i'rapani.     Pop.  8000. 

PARTKNHEIM.  paR/ten-hIme\  a  market  town  of  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  in  Rhein-Hessen,  circle  of  Alzoy.     I'op.  1,343. 

PARTENICO,  paR-t«n'e-ko,  or  PARTINICO,  paR-tee'ne-ko, 
a  city  of  Sicily,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Palermo.  Pop.  11,000. 
It  exports  wine  and  oil,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  silk  fabrics. 

PARTENKIRCHEN.  pan/ten-kggRK'en,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  49  miles  S.S.W.  of  Munich,     l^op.  1055. 

PARTHENAY,  paR'teh-ni',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Deux-S6vres,  on  the  Thou,  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Niort.  Pop. 
in  1852,  5046.  It  has  an  hospital  and  town-hall ;  also  manu' 
factures  of  cloth  and  leather. 

1439 


PAB 

PAKTHKXOPE.    See  Naples. 

PARTICK,  a  beautiful  Tillage  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark, 
on  tlie  Kelvin,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Clyde,  2  miles 
N.W.  of  Glassow.  Pop.  2747.  It  is  a  farorite  summer  re- 
sort for  residents  of  Gla.'sgow,  and  has  extensive  flour  mills. 

PAKTLN'ICO.  a  town  of  .Sicily.     See  Partexico. 

PAKT'LEY,  a  small  village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

P.\KTLOWS,  a  post-office  of  Spattsylvania  co..  Virginia. 

P.\UTNK.KSIIIP.  a  post-office  of  Charles  co.,  Maryland. 

PAUT'NEY.  a  parish  of  Kndaiid,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

PAK''ri>X,  a  p;iri.-;h  of  Scotland,  in  Kirkcudbrightshire. 

PAHTON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  on 
the  Irish  Sea.  on  which  it  has  a  small  quay  and  harbor,  Ij 
miles  .\.  of  Whitehaven. 

P-iUTinDGH  ISLAND,  post-offlce,  Delaware  co., N.York. 

P.VRTIUDGE  ISLAND.  New  Brunswick,  is  in  St.  John 
Harbor,  au  iulot  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  S.  of  St.  John. 

PARTRIDGE  ISL.\ND.  a  Tillage  and  headland  of  Nova 
Scotia,  in  Parrsborough  township.  The  headland  is  noted 
for  the  Tariety  of  its  minenils. 

P.tllTSCriENDORF,  paRt/shgn-doRr,  (Moravian,  Barlos- 
toimcf,  liar-tos-so-Teet'sA.)  a  town  of  Austria,  in  MoraTi.i,  38 
miles  E.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  2091. 

F.\  RU.  p.i-roo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  tributary  to  the  Amazon, 
which  it  joins  in  the  province,  and  2S0  miles  W.  of  Para, 
After  a  S.E.  course  of  350  miles. 

P.AUURO.  pd-roo'ro,  a  town  of  South  PertJ,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  own  name  in  the  department  of  Cuzco,  18 
miles  S.S.^V.  of  Cuzco,  on  the  Apurimac.  Pop.  of  the  pro- 
Tince  In  l-^-iO,  17.7.32. 

PARVICII,  paR'viK,  or  PARVICIIIO,  pai^veeHiee-o,  an 
island  of  Dalraatia.  in  the  Gulf  of  Quamero.  between  the 
L'lands  of  Veglia  and  Arbe,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Zeng.  Length, 
4  miles. 

P.\KnviCK.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Derby. 

PARYS.  par'is.  a  mountain  of  Wales,  co..  and  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  island  of  .Vnglesey,  S.  of  the  town  of  Amlwch, 
which  owes  all  its  prosperity  to  the  copper-mines  of  the 
mountain.  These  were,  in  modern  times,  first  wi-ought  in 
1762,  and  from  60.000  to  80.000  tons  of  ore,  yielding  3,000 
tons  of  metaU  were  formerly  obtained,  but  the  mines  are 
now  less  pniductive. 

PAS.  pj.  a  village  of  Prance,  department  of  Pas-de-Calais, 
on  the  Quilienne.  16  miles  S.AV.  of  .irras.    Pop.  S88. 

PAS.VGES  or  P.A.S.\JE3,  pi-si'n5s,  a  town  and  port  of 
Spain,  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  3  miles  E.  of  St.  Sebastian,  in 
a  deep  and  land-locked  haven,  in  the  B.ay  of  Biscay.  Pop. 
895.  It  has  2  parish  churches,  an  hospital,  and  a  school  of 
naviJiation.  Its  once  excellent  port  h.HS  been  much  injured 
by  deposits,  but  it  is  still  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  rock- 
bound  coast  of  North  Spain. 

P.\SAnGADA  or  PASARG.\D.B.    See  Moorghai'b. 

P-\S.\RO.V,  pi-sd-i-on'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura, 
province,  and  N.E.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  1-179. 

P.\S.iY,  pS-si',  a  maritime  town  of  Sumatra,  on  its  N. 
coast.  a1x>ut  l-W  miles  E.S.E.  of  .\cheen.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bor, and  provisions  are  to  be  had  in  plenty. 

P.A.SCAGOULA,  pas'ka-goo^a.  a  river  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Mississippi,  is  formed  by  theChickasawhay  and  Leaf  Rivers, 
which  unite  in  Greene  county,  and  flowing  S.,  falls  into  Pas- 
cagoula  Bay,  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  state.  Small 
boats  can  ascend  more  than  100  miles  from  its  mouth. 

P.\SC.A.GOUL.V,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  Pasfagoula  Bay.  at  the  mouth  of  Pascagoula  River.  175 
miles  S.K.  by  S.  oif  .Lickson. 

PASCAGOULA  BAY,  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  .situated  at 
the  S.E.  extremity  of  Mississippi,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Pasca- 
goula River.    Low,  narrow  islands  separate  it  fV-om  the  Gulf. 

P.\SC1I.^.  a  river  of  Russi.<i. ,  See  Pasil^. 

PASCIIENDAELE.  pIsK'gn-d|Meh.  a  market-town  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  6J  miles  N.E.  of  Ypres. 
Pop.  3000. 

PASCO,  pSsHso".  or  CERRO  DE  PASCO.  sJr'ro  di  pasTto,  the 
principal  mining  town  of  North  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Junin,  130  miles  N.E. 
of  Lim.i.  at  the  head  of  two  ravines,  11,000  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  population  Tarles  at  different  periods  from  400()  to 
perhaps  12.iHXt.  It  is  a  miserable  place,  built  of  sun-dried 
bricks.  The  ground  broken  up  for  mining  occupies  a  sp;u-e 
i  mile  in  le-n^'th  by  J  mile  in  breadth,  quite  honeycombed 
with  shafts,  most  of  which  are  now  filled  with  water.  From 
1825  to  1830.  2,190.555  marks  of  silver  were  reduced  at  its 
foundry.  All  iis  ores  are  ferruginous.  Though  co,al  exists 
In  the  vicinity,  turf,  dung,  and  timber  are  mostly  employed 
in  smelting.     Pop.  of  the  province  in  1850,  70,411. 

PAS'Ci).  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Mis.souri. 

PAS'COVr..;,  fl.iuri.^liing  post-village  of  Burrillville  town- 
ihlp.  Providence  co..  Rhode  Isl.ind.  about  20  miles  N.W.  by 
W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  8  woollen  mills,  employing 
600  hands.  (J  .stores,  5  shingle  mills.  1  spindle  mill.  1  bank, 
7  s-\w  mills,  and  5  grist  mills.  The  construction  of  a  reser- 
voir is  contemplated,  which  will  greatly  incre.ise  its  water- 
power.  Am. Hint  of  g'xids  manufactured  per  annum,  and 
rales  of  merchandise,  $900,600.    Pop.  about  1500. 

PASCO,  CK  UUO,  a  moautain  knot  of  Pasco  and  Htunueo, 
1440 


PAS 

unites  two  branches  of  the  .\ndes.  Summit,  16,000  feet  hi 
elevation. 

PA.SCUARO.  pLs-kwa'ro.  written  also  PASQUARO  and 
P.4TZQUAR0,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  depart- 
ment of  Michoacan,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid.  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Lake  of  Pascuaro.  Pop.  6000,  partlv  employed 
in  adjacent  copper-mines. 

PAS-DIVCALAIS.  paMehkS'W.  a  department  of  France, 
in  the  N.E.,  formed  of  parts  of  the  old  provinces  of  .^rtoii", 
Picardie,  and  Flanders,  on  the  English  Chiinnel.  (Pas-de- 
Calais.)  between  the  departments  of  Nord  and  Somme. 
Area,  2505  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S61,  724,338.  The  surface  is 
travei-sed  from  S.E.  to  N.W. by  a  chainof  hills  which  separate 
the  basin  of  the  North  Sea  from  that  of  the  Channel,  and 
gives  rise  to  numeroiis  rivers,  the  chief  of  whiih  are  the 
Scarpe  and  Lys.  affluents  of  the  Scheldt,  the  .\a,  which  flows 
to  the  North  Sea.  and  the  Canche,  flowing  to  the  English 
Channel:  these  are  all  n.avigaWe  .and  connected  by  can.als. 
The  department  has  several  excellent  harbors,  the  chief  of 
which  are  Calais  and  Boulogne.  Commerce  is  also  facilitated 
by  the  Great  Northern  Railway  and  its  branches.  The  soil, 
rich  in  coiil  and  turf,  is  remarkable  for  the  facility  with 
which  water  is  found  by  means  of  .\rtesian  wells.  It  is 
marshy  in  some  parts,  but  generally  fertile  in  wheat,  hemp, 
lint,  tobacco,  and  oleaginous  plants.  Manufacturing  indus- 
try is  very  active  iu  producing  beet-root  sugar,  linen,  and 
linen  thivad.  cotton,  lace,  common  woollens,  paper,  pottery- 
ware,  and  leather.  The  department  is  divided  into  the  ar- 
rondissements  of  Arra»,(^the  capital,)Bethune,  Boulogne,  St. 
Pol.  Montreuil.  and  St.  Omer. 

PAS-DE-CALAIS,  the  strait  which  separates  England 
from  France.    See  Dover.  Strait  op. 

PASEWALK,  pa'zeh-waik\  or  PASSEWALK,  pS-s'seh- 
*3lk\  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania.  25  miles  W.N.W. 
of  .Stettin,  on  the  Ucker.  Pop.  5620.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  woollen  cloth  and  leather  factories. 

PASHA,  PASCIIA,  or  PACH.A.,  p3/sh.i  a  river  of  Russia, 
rises  in  the  government  of  Novgorod,  and  joins  the  Sveer 
(i^vir)  in  the  government  of  Petersburg,  after  a  course  of  130 
miles. 

P.\SIT.\WN',  a  post-olBce  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 

P.\SIG,  pJ'seeG',  a  river  of  the  Philippines,  in  the  island 
of  Luzon,  issues  by  several  branches  from  Lake  Bay,  flows 
W.,  and  falls  into  the  bay  immediately  below  the  town  of 
Manil.a.  after  a  course  of  18  miles. 

P.\SIG.  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  in  the  isl.and  of  Luzon, 
province  of  Tondo.  on  the  Pa-siir,  E.  of  Manila.     Pop.  16,440. 

P.^SIJAN  or  PASIGAN,  pd-.se-niln',  two  of  the  .smaUer 
Philippine  Islands,  between  the  islands  of  I^eyte  and  Zebu. 

PASIT.\^NO,  pd-see-td'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  on  the  Gulf  of  Salerno,  6  miles  W.  of  Amalfi. 
Pop.  4000. 

PASITIGRIS.    See  Karoo:^. 

P.IS'K.A.CK.  a  post-village  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Ilackensack  River. 

P.\SM.\N',  p3s-niin',  an  island  of  Dalmafia,  6  miles  S.  of 
Zar.a.  in  the  .Adriatic.  Length.  15  miles;  breadth.  3}  miles. 
Surface  mountainous.  Principal  products,  oil  and  wine. 
On  it  are  several  villages. 

PASO  DEL  NORTE.    See  El  Paso  del  Norte. 

PASO  DE  OVEJAS,  pS'so  dA  o-vft'iids.  on  the  road  leading 
from  Vera  Crux  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  about  35  miles  N  .W. 
of  the  former. 

P.\SO.  EL.  ?1  pi'so.  a  scattered  village  of  the  Canaries,  in 
the  i.sland  of  P.alma.  '  Pop.  2327. 

P.\SP.\Y.\,  pds-pl'i,  a  river  of  Bolivia,  rises  W.  of  Potoei, 
flows  S.E.,  and  after  a  course  of  nearly  200  miles,  joins  the 
Pilcomayo. 

PAS'PEBIAC,  a  seaport  and  fishing  station  of  Canada 
East.  CO.  of  Bonaventura,  on  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  7  miles  W. 
of  New  Carlisle.  * 

PASQUARO.    See  Pasctaro. 

PA.S'QUOTANK,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  rises  in  the 
Dismal  Swamp,  near  the  N.  border  of  the  state.  Flowing 
S.E.,  it  forms  the  boundary  between  Camden  and  Pasquo- 
tank counties,  until  it  enters  Albemarle  Sound.  A  canal 
extends  from  this  riwer  to  Elizabeth  River  in  Virginia,  by 
which  boats  can  pass  from  Albemarle  Sound  to  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

PASQUOTANK,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lin.a,  bordering  on  the  N.  side  of  Albemarle  Sound.  Area, 
estimated  at  300  .square  miles.  The  Pasquotank  River 
forms  the  entire  boundary  on  the  N.E.  The  surfece  is 
nearly  level,  and  in  some  parts  marshy.  County  seat,  Eliza- 
beth. Pasquotank  was  originally  a  part  or  division,  termed 
the  precinct  of  .\lbemarle  county.  Formed  in  1729.  Pop. 
8940.  of  whom  .WoT  were  free,  ond  2983  slaves. 

PASQUOTANK  BRIDGE,  a  small  village  of  Pasqnotanlc 
CO.,  North  Carolina. 

PASSA  CAVALLO.pJs'soki-vai'yo.  (i.  e. "  horse  pass.")  the 
entrance  to  Matagordii  Bay,  wiU  admit  vessels  of  8  or  9  feet 
drau-jht. 

P.VSSADUM'KEAO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pe- 
nob.scot  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Penobscot,  at  the 
month  of  Passadumkeag,  and  on  the  Old  Town  and  Lincoln 


PAS 

Rnilroad.  (in  progress,)  about  100  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 
Two  small  stt-amboats,  plying  on  the  Penohscot  during  the 
spring  and  summer,  touch  daily  at  the  village,  which  con- 
tains 3  stores,  and  3  taverns.     Pop.  of  the  township, 360. 

PAS'SAGE,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co., 
and  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Waterford,  on  the  e.^tuary  of  the  Suir. 
Pop.  624.  It  is  irregularly  built  on  a  rocky  height,  and  has 
a  pier  and  block-house. 

PASSAGE  FORT,  Jamaica,  is  on  Hunt  Bay,  6  miles  E.  of 
Spanish  Town. 

PASSAGE  ISLAND,  West  Indies.    See  Culedra. 

PASSAGE  (or  KARAKITA)  ISLANDS,  two  groups  of  the 
MalayArchipelago,  one  off  the  \V.  coast  of  Sum.itra,  near  Lit. 
2°  30'  N.,  the  other  between  Celebes  and  Sangir. 

PASSAGE,  LE,  leh  pdsVlzh'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  1^  miles  from  Agen,  on  the  Ga- 
ronne.    Pop.  1233. 

PASS.A.GE.  WEST,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  in  Munser, 
CO.,  and  'k  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cork,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Lee, 
opposite  Great  Island.  Pop.  1721.  It  has  a  quay,  dock-yard, 
and  many  bathing-houses,  and  is  the  port  of  Cork  for  all 
large  shipping.  A  village  and  hamlet  in  the  county  of  Cork 
have  the  same  name. 

P.^SSA'IC,  a  river  of  Tfew  Jersey,  rises  in  ■Morris  county, 
flows  first  nearly  S.  for  a  few  miles,  then  pursues  a  general 
N.K.  direction  on  the  boundary  of  Morris  and  Essex  counties, 
and  crosses  Passaic  county.  A  short  distance  below  Pater- 
Bon.  it  changes  its  course  to  the  S.,  and  forms  the  lx)uiuiary 
between  Passaic  and  Essex  counties  on  the  right,  and  llud- 
Bon  county  on  the  left,  until  it  enters  Newark  Bay,  3  miles 
below  Newark.  The  whole  length  is  near  100  miles.  ■  Near 
Paterson  it  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  50  feet,  furnishing  an 
immense  water-power.  Steamers  ascend  to  Newark,  and 
It  is  navigable  for  small  sloops  about  10  miles  farther. 

PASSAIC,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  New  Jersey,  has 
an  area  of  about  270  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  E.  b5'  the  Passaic,  and  on  the  S.W.  by  Pequannook  River, 
and  is  intersected  by  the  Ringwood.  Ramapo.  and  Passaic 
Rivers,  which  afford  valuatile  water-power.  The  surface  W. 
of  the  Ramapo  is  broken  and  mountainous.  The  .soil  in  the 
more  level  portions  is  fertile,  but  in  the  W.  part  is  1x>tter 
adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage.  Magnetic  iron  ore  is  found 
In  the  W.  part  of  the  county,  and  limestone  is  abundant. 
The  Morris  Canal  and  the  New  York  and  Erie  Itailroud  in- 
tersect this  county.  Orgiiuized  in  1837,  and  named  from  tlie 
Passaic  River.     Capital,  Paterson.     Pop.  29,013. 

PASSAIC  VALLEY,  a  post-oflRce  of  >Iorris  co..  New  .Terser. 

PASSAMAQUODDY.  a  collection  district  of  Maine.  The 
port  of  entry  is  Eastport. 

PASSAM.^QUOD'DY  BAY,  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Maine, 
separates  tlie  United  States  from  the  British  province  of 
New  Brunswick.  It  extends  inland  aboitt  15  miles,  with 
an  average  breadth  of  perhaps  10  miles,  including  the 
estuary  of  the  St.  Croix,  which  flows  into  it.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly irregular,  contains  numerous  islands,  and  abounds 
In  harbors  which  afford  good  anchorage,  sheltered  from  all 
winds.  There  are  t-liree  passages  leading  to  the  bay,  called 
respectively  East,  West,  and  Middle  Passages,  which  are  in- 
dicated by  light-houses.  The  West  Pas.sage  has  an  alarm 
bell.    Common  tides  rise  here  25  feet. 

PASSARIANO,  a  town  of  Ifcily.    See  Passeriano. 

PASSAROWAN,  PASSAROEAN,  PASSAROKWANG,  or 
PASSAROUANG.    See  PASSOEROEAJf. 

P.\SSARO^VITZ,  pis-s3'ro-*its\  a  small  town  or  village  of 
Servia,  and  a  judicial  capital  of  its  E.  division,  13  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Semendria.  A  famous  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded 
here  between  the  Imperialists  and  the  Turks,  July  21st.  1718. 

P.\SSAU.  pis/sow,  (anc.  Bataha  GasHra.)  a  fortified  town 
of  Bavaria,  capital  of  the  circle  of  Lower  Danube,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Inn  and  Danube,  92  miles  E.N.E.  of  Munich. 
Pop.  13,3(50.  It  is  situated  in  a  picturesque  defile,  and  sepa- 
rated into  three  parts  by  the  rivers  which  traverse  it,  and  is 
defended  by  2  fortresses  and  8  forts.  The  chief  edifices  are 
the  cathedral,  the  Church  of  St.  Paul,  and  the  old  Abbey  of 
St.  Nicholas.  It  has  manufactures  of  tobacco  and  porcelain, 
breweries,  and  tanneries.  The  treaty  of  Passau,  concluded 
in  1552,  conferred  religious  liberty  oir  the  Protestants  of 
Germany. 

PA8SCHENDAELE,  pIs/sKgn-dlMfh,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges.  Pop. 
3016. 

PASS  CHRISTIAN,  kris-te-an',  a  post-village  of  Harrison 
CO.,  Mississippi,  on  a  pass  of  its  own  name,  near  the  entrance 
to  St.  I^ouis  Bay,  165  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jackson. 

P.VSSEK,  pis'sik,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  4  miles  from 
Ilochstadt.     Pop.  1302. 

P.A.SSEK.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  in  Moravia,  9  miles  from 
Littau.     Pop.  1004. 

PAS'SilNUAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton, 
8  miles  S.E.  of  Towcester.  It  h-as  an  entrenchment,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  raised  by  Edward  the  Elder,  to  defend 
the  passage  of  the  Ouse  against  the  Danes. 

PASSENHEIM,   pas'sen-hlme\  or   PASSYMEK,    pls'se- 
1nJk\  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  government  of  KSnigsberg,  21 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Ilohenstein.    Pop.  1275. 
4Q 


PAT 

PASSERTANO,  pls-si-re-a/no,  or  PASSARIANO,  v^»-^' 
re-3/no,  a  village  of  Au.struin  Italy,  province,  and  13  miles 
S.W.  of  Udine.  Pop.  .WlO.  Near  it  is  a  handsome  villa,  iu 
which  Bonaparte  resided  during  the  preliminaiios  of  the 
peace  of  Oanipo  Formio. 

PASSIGNANO,  pis-seen-yl'no,  a  village  of  Central  Italy 
in  the  .state  of  Uiiibria,  situated  about  14  miles  N.W.  of  Pc 
riigia,  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Perugia,  or  Thrasy 
niene.  Near  it  was  fought  the  famous  battle  of  Tliriisy- 
mene,  ii.c.  217. 

PASSO  CABALLO,  pa.s'so  kd-B3l'yo,  in  Texas,  is  the  en- 
trance to  Matagorda  Bay,  SO  miles  S.W.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Brazos. 

PASSO  DEL  NORTE,  in  Mexico.    See  El  Paso  del  Norte. 

PASSO-DO-LU.MIAR,  pds'so-do-loo-me-aK',  a  town  of  Brazil, 
on  the  isle,  and  20  miles  E.  of  Maranhao,  on  the  Sao  Joao. 

PASSOEROEAN.  pds'soo-roo-dii',  written  also  PASSA- 
ROBAN,  PASi^AROEWANG,  PASSAROWAN.  PAS.S0O- 
ROf)AN,  PASSOUROUAN,  PASSURUAN,  PASURUAN.  or 
I'.VSSAROUANO.  a  province  in  the  E.  end  of  the  island  of 
Java,  al)out  08  miles  long  from  N.  to  S.,  and  40  miles  broad. 
Pop.  310,000. 

PASSOEROEAN,  a  town  of  Java,  capital  of  the  above 
province,  on  the  Strait  of  Madura,  about  30  niiks  S.S.E.  of 
Soeral.>aya,  is  intersected  by  a  river  here  crossed  by  a  large, 
elegant  bridge. 

PAS.SOW,  pSs'sov,  a  village  of  Prussia,  on  the  railway 
from  Berlin  to  Stettin,  27  miles  from  the  latter. 

PASSUMP/SIC,  a  river  of  Caledonia  co.,  ^■ermont,  falls 
into  the  Connecticut. 

P.\SSUM1'SIC,  a  post-village  of  Barnet  township.  Cale- 
donia CO.,  A'ermont.  at  the  N.  terminus  of  the  Connecticut 
and  Passumpsie  Rivera  Railroad.  30  miles  E.  of  Montpelier. 

PASSUIUJAN.    See  Passoeroean. 

PASSY',  pJs'see'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine,  and  one  of  the  W.  suburbs  of  i'aris.  is  enclosed  within 
the  new  fortifications,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Denis.  Pop.  in 
1852,  11,134.  It  has  an  earthen-ware  manufactory,  shot 
mill,  and  sugar-refinery. 

PASSY',  pis'see'.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Savoy.  3  miles  N.W.  of  St  Gervaise.     Pop.  2040. 

I'AS'SY'UNK'.  a  township  within  the  chartered  limits  of 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  joining  the  city  on  the  S.W. 
Pop.  1607. 

PA.STAZA  or  PASTAgA,  pas-tS'sl,  a  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, in  Ecuador,  rises  in  the  Andes,  and,  after  a  S.E.  course 
of  400  miles,  joins  the  Amazon  25  miles  W.  of  the  influx  of 
the  Iluallaga. 

PASTENA.  p3s-t.Vn3,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro  district  of.  and  N.  from  Gaeta.     Pop.  1625. 

PA.STO,  pds'to,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  the  table-land 
of  the  Andes,  department  of  Cauca,  148  miles  N.N.E.  of  Quito. 
Pop.  7000.  It  is  built  at  the  foot  of  a  volcano,  on  a  site  8577 
feet  above  th^  ocean,  and  surrounded  by  woods  and  bogs,  in 
the  line  of  the  great  Pass  from  Popayan  to  Quito. 

PAiVTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

PAS'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

PASTOS-BONS.  pds'toa-lxiKO,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Maranhao.  292  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Luiz,  between  the  Parna- 
hilja  and  Itapicuru. 

PASTOS,  LOS.    See  Andes. 

PASTRANA,  p3.s-tri/nl,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Guadalajara,  in  a  valley  on  the  Arias.  Pop. 
3021.    It  has  manufactures  of  silks  and  paper. 

PASURUAN,  a  town  of  Java.    See  Passoeroean. 

PASZTO,  piss'to,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Heves, 
on  the  Zagyva,  41  miles  N.E.  of  Pesth.    Pop.  4710. 

PATA,  piltk,  an  island  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  im- 
mediately S.  of  Sooloo,  in  lat.  5°  48'  N.,  Ion.  121°  11'  E. 

PATA.  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  in 
the  Philippines. 

P.^TA.  poh't(5h\  a  market-town  of  Central  Hungary,  oo. 
of  Heves,  6  miles  W,N,W.  of  Gyougyiis.    Pop.  2580. 

PATA.  an  island  and  town  of  Africa.     See  Patta. 

PATAGONIA,  pd-td-go/ne-a,  (Fr.  Patagonie,  pdHi'go'nee', 
Ger.  Pat'igrmien,  pd-ti-go/ne-gh,)  theextreme  S.  portion  of  the 
continent  of  South  America,  extending  from  the  Rio  Negro, 
in  lat.  39°  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  in  lat.  53°  S. ;  bounded 
E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  N.  by  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata.)  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Rio  Negro,  W. 
by  the  Pacific,  and  S.  by  the  Strait  of  Jlagellan,  which 
separates  the  mainland  from  Terra  del  Fuego  and  the  ad- 
jacent islands.  The  W.  coast,  commencing  at  the  Chilian 
Andes,  has  an  extent  estimated  at  925  miles,  or,  including 
sinuosities,  1700  miles;  the  Atlantic  coast-line  is  estimated 
at  1500  miles.  The  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Negro  to  Cape  Virgins,  at  the  E.  entrance  of  the  Magellan 
Channel,  measured  in  a  straight  line  which  pas.ses  through 
Cape  Three  Points,  is  about  850  miles.  Greatest  length  of 
the  country,  following  the  curve,  1015  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  625  miles;  breadth  at  the  S.  extremity,  140  miles; 
average  breadth.  350  miles.  Estimated  area,  (including  the 
islands  on  the  W.  coast.)  350,000  square  miles. 

The  Andes  are  continued  S.  from  Chili  throughout 
Patagonia,  gradually  declining  in  height  as  they  approach 

1441 


PAT 

the  Strait  of  Magellan  ^eio  they  are  not  more  than  from 
3000  to  4000  feet  in  elevation,  (which  is  here  the  limit  of  per- 
petual snow.)  The  culminatint?  point  of  the  Patagonian  Andes 
rises  SO^O  feet.  In  these  mountains  are  several  known  vol- 
canoes. A  chain  to  the  S.  of  the  Kio  Xegro  stretches  K.  from 
the  Chilian  Andes,  and  at  a  distance  appears  white  and 
chalky.  The  country  comprises  two  distinct  regions,  differ- 
ing in  surfiwe  and  clioiate,  the  one  lying  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Andes,  the  other  on  the  E.,  and,  called  respectively  East 
and  West  Patagonia.  The  latter  comprehends  a  number  of 
large  islands,  extending  from  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Strait 
of  Magellan  to  Cape  Tres  Montes,  in  lat.  47°  S. ;  the  principal 
of  these  are  Adelaide.  Hanover,  and  Wellington,  the  last  150 
miles  long,  and  in  some  places  60  miles  broad.  All  these  is- 
lands are  rocky  and  high,  rising  from  the  shores  with  » 
steep  acclivity.  Their  coasts  towards  the  ocean  are  bare; 
but  those  parts  which  lie  opposite  the  mainland  are  wooded, 
and  in  some  places  the  trees  are  of  vigorous  growth.  The 
whole  of  this  region  is  subject  to  excessive  rains.  The  W. 
coast  of  the  mainland  is  greatly  indented,  and  bordered  by 
the  Andes,  which  here  rise  to  between  3000  and  6000  feet 
in  height. 

East  Patagonia,  though  generally  low  and  level,  is  not  one 
universal  fiat,  but  a  succession  of  horizontal  plains,  called 
pampas,  which  rise  to  higher  and  higher  levels,  separated 
by  long  lines  of  cliffs  or  escarpments.  The  general  ascent  is 
but  slighti  the  country  being  not  more  than  3000  feet  above 
sea-level  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes.  The  Patagonian  plains 
are  dreary  and  sterile,  and,  though  here  and  there  inter- 
sected by  streams,  the  latter  fail  to  fertilize  the  blighted 
soil.  Thev  are  strewed  throughout  their  whole  extent  with 
huge  boulders.  The  plains,  which  extend  along  the  coast 
for  hundreds  of  miles,  are  tertiary  strata,  in  one  great  de- 
posit, above  which  lies  a  thick  stratum  of  a  white  pumiceous 
substance,  extending  at  least  500  miles,  a  tenth  part  of  which 
consists  of  marine  infusoria.  Over  the  whole  lies  the  shingle, 
(coarse  gravel  or  pebbles,)  extending  along  the  coast  for  700 
miles,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  200  miles,  and  50  feet  thick. 
These  myriads  of  pebbles,  chiefly  of  porphyry,  have  been 
torn  from  the  rooks  of  the  Andes,  and  waterworn  at  a  period 
subsequent  to  the  depo.sition  of  the  tertiary  strata. 

The  ports  on  the  E.  coast  are  difttcult  of  access,  and  afford 
little  security  to  any  but  small  vessels.  The  tides  here  rise 
from  30  to  50  feet,  increasing  in  height  towards  the  S.  The 
principal  known  ports  are  Gallegos,  lat.  51°  38'  S. ;  Port  Santa 
Cruz,  lat.  60°  7'  S. ;  Port  San  Julian,  lat.  49°  12'  S. ;  Port 
Desire,  lat.  47°  5' S.;  Nuevo  Gulf,  lat.  43°  S.;  and  Port  St. 
Antonio,  lat.  41°  S.  The  climate  is  very  cold,  especially  S. 
of  45°.  Frost  frequently  occurs  as  soon  as  the  sun  has  passed 
N.  of  the  equator.  In  .summer  the  heat  is  excessive.  The 
transition  from  the  extremes  of  temperature  is  rapid;  after 
hot  weather,  piercing  winds,  which  even  the  native  shuns, 
often  rush  in  hurricanes  over  the  deserts.  Hain  seldom  falls, 
except  on  the  AV.  coast,  during  three-fourths  of  the  year,  and 
even  during  the  three  winter  months  very  little  falls;  from 
time  to  time  it  rains  two  or  three  days  in  succession.  The 
prevailing  winds  are  from  the  W.  South  of  46°  vegetation 
is  nearly  extinct,  a  tree  or  spot  of  green  herbage  appearing 
here  and  there  only.  In  some  hollow  places  and  ravines  a 
few  dark-looking  shrubby  bushes  grow,  but  no  trees  can  be 
discerned  over  the  wide  stony  plains;  a  few  withered  shrubs, 
and  a  yellow  kind  of  herbage,  is  all  in  the  way  of  vegetation 
that  can  be  seen  in  these  dreary  regions.  In  the  more  N. 
parts  a  solitiiry  umbu,  the  only  tree  that  grows  there,  is  ob- 
served at  vast  distances.  It  is  only  along  the  Rio  Xogro,  on 
its  extreme  N.  border,  that  some  wheat,  maize,  pulses,  &c. 
are  cultivated.  Where  vegetation  exists,  guanacos,  cavias, 
and  armadillos  are  found.  There  are  also  pumas,  wolves, 
dogs,  foxes,  and  great  numbers  of  mice;  and  along  the  At- 
lantic coast  seals  of  various  kinds  are  met  with.  The  condor, 
hawk,  a  species  of  ibis,  and  a  few  others,  are  among  the  scanty 
number  of  birds.    Fish  abound  on  the  coasts. 

The  aboriginal  natives  of  East  Patagonia,  though  by  no 
'means  so  large  as  they  have  been  described,  few  of  them 
exceeding  six  feet  and  some  inches,  are  a  fciU  and  extremely 
stout  race.  Their  bodies  are  bulky,  their  heads  and  features 
large,  but  the  hands  and  feet  are  comparatively  small.  Their 
limbs  are  neither  so  muscular  nor  so  large-boned  as  their 
height  and  apparent  bulk  would  lead  one  to  suppose.  Their 
color  is  a  rich  reddish-brown.  Nothing  is  worn  upon  the 
head  except  their  rough,  lank,  and  coarse  black  hair,  which 
is  tied  above  the  temples  with  a  fillet  of  plaited  or  twisted 
cinews.  A  large  mantle,  made  of  skins  sewed  together, 
loosely  gathered  about  them,  hanging  from  the  shoulders  to 
their  ankles,  adds  to  the  bulkiness  of  their  appearance.  In 
general,  the  women's  stature,  physiognomy,  and  dress,  so 
much  resemble  those  of  the  men,  that,  except  by  their  hair. 
It  is  difllcuH  for  a  stranger  to  distinguish  them.  The  mouth 
Is  large  and  coarsely  formed,  with  thick  lips;  but  the  teeth 
nre  often  excellent.  They  are  generally  of  good  dispositions, 
hut.  like  other  Indians,  are  utterly  reckless  in  moments  of 
passion.  Their  arms  are  balls,  lances,  bows,  and  arrows. 
The  balls  are  two  or  three  round  stones,  lumps  of  hardened 
earth  or  metal :  they  are  connected  by  thongs  of  hide,  and 
or*  throw  n.  after  a  brief  rotary  motion,  with  such  precision 


PAT 

as  to  insure  the  entanglement  of  their  victim.  The  Pata- 
gonians  are  excellent  horsemen,  and  perform  extraordinary 
feats  of  dexterity  on  horseback. 

West  Patagonia,  iu  direct  contrast  to  the  East  country,  is 
wholly  a  mountain  region :  the  mountains,  half  sunk  in  the 
ocean,  are  barren  towards  the  sea,  and  impenetrably  wooded 
inland.  The  climate  is  so  disagreeable  as  to  render  the  country 
almost  uninhabitable.  Clouds,  wind,  and  rain  are  continual, 
and  the  drenched  land  is  never  dried  by  evaporation  before 
fresh  showers  fall.  No  part  of  the  country  is  cultivated — 
the  inhabitants  living  on  their  horses,  and  by  the  chase  of 
the  wild  cattle  which  are  found  in  the  N.  di.«trjcts. 

Patagonia  was  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1692,  and  more 
recently  explored  bj'  Captains  Fitzroy  and  King.  The  in- 
habitants of  this  country  are  called  P.^taooni.vns — a  name 
which  they  received  from  Magellan,  on  account  of  the  sup- 
posed magnitude  of  their  feet,  (pafagr/n,  pd-td-gon',  in  Span- 
ish signifying  a  "large  foot,")  which,  being  wrapped  up  in 
skins,  probably  appeared  to  him  greatly  above  their  actual 
size. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Patagonian,  patVgo'ni-au. 

PATAK,  piih^tflk,  (Naqt.  nCdj,  Sakos,  shiihVosh'',  or  Rettel, 
rJtHJl'.)  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Bodi'og,^0  miles 
N.E.  of  Tokay.     Pop.  5088. 

PATAN,  paHin'.  a  village  of  Cashmere,  25  miles  N.-W.  of 
Serinagur.  in  lat.  34°  7'  N.,  Ion  74°  21'  E. 

PATAXAGO,  pS-td-ni'go,  a  town  of  Eurmah,  on  the  E. 
Iwnk  of  the  Irrawaddy,  75  miles  N.  of  Prome.  North  of  the 
town  are  fiimous  wells,  reported  to  yield  annually  80,000,000 
pounds  of  asphaltum. 

PATANY  or  PATANI,  p2-td'nee,  the  southernmost  pro- 
vince of  Siam,  in  Farther  India,  its  principal  town,  of  the 
same  name,  being  on  the  river  Patany,  iu  lat.  7°  N.,  Ion. 
101°  35'  E. 

PATANY,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Patani. 

PATAPS/CO,  a  river  of  Maryland,  rises  in  Carroll  co.,  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  state.  It  flows  southward  until  it  passes 
the  mouth  of  the  Western  Branch,  then  pursues  a  south- 
easteily  course,  forming  the  boundary  between  Baltimore 
and  Anne  Arundel  counties,  and  )jassing  by  the  city  of  Bal- 
timore, opens  into  a  bay  several  miles  wide.  Fourteen  miles 
below  the  city  it  enters  Chesapeake  Bay,  after  an  entire 
course  of  near  80  miles.  This  river  passes  through  a  hilly 
country,  and  the  rapidity  of  its  current  renders  it  of  great 
value  for  manufactories.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 
is  constructed  along  its  bank  from  Elkiidge  Landing  t'i  the 
mouth  of  the  Western  Branch,  and  then  follows  the  valley 
of  the  latter  to  its  source.  The  Western  Branch  rises  near 
Ridgeville,  Carroll  county,  flows  eastward,  and  forms  the 
boundary  between  Carroll  and  Anne  Arundel  counties  until 
it  unites  with  the  main  stream.  The  Patapseo  is  navigable 
for  the  largest  merchant  vessels  to  Baltimore. 

PAT'ARA  or  PAT'KRA,  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  cele- 
brated in  antiquity  as  a  principal  seat  of  the  worship  of 
Apollo.  Its  remains,  on  the  coast,  12  miles  S.  of  the  ruins 
of  Xanthus,  and  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Makree,  (Makri.)  com- 
prise Greek  tombs,  parts  of  small  temples,  a  triple  arch,  a 
theatre,  and  ruins  of  churches. 

PATASKALA,  pat-as-kah'la,  a  posfc<fiace  of  Licking  co., 
Ohio. 

PATAU'LA,  a  creek  of  Georgia,  flows  S.W.  through  Ran- 
dolph county  into  the  Chattahoochee,  several  miles  above 
Fort  Gaines. 

PATAULA,  a  village  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia,  42  miles 
in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Columbus. 

PATAVIUM.    See  Padua. 

PATAY,  p3^tV.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret,  14  miles  N.  W.  of  Orleans.  Pop.  1200.  Here,  in  1429, 
the  French,  under  Joan  of  Arc,  defeated  the  English  under 
Talbot. 

PATAZ,  pj-tis',  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of  Libertad, 
80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trujillo,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own 
name,  near  the  MaraBon.  Pop.  of  the  province  in  1860,  29,394. 

PATCH'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PATCH  GROVE,  u  post-village  and  township  of  Griint  j^o., 
Wisconsin,  about  25  miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Potosi.     Pop.  867. 

PATCH'IN,  a  post>oflace  of  Erie  co..  Now  York. 

PATCH'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PA-TCHING-SAN.    See  Madjicosima  Ishnds. 

PATCHOGUE,  pat-chag/,  a  post-vill.age  of.  Suffolk  co..  New 
York,  near  the  S.  shore  of  Long  Island,  about  60  miles  K 
of  New  York.  It  contains  several  churches  and  manufac- 
tories of  cotton,  paper,  &e. 

PATK'LEY-BRIDGE,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding,  on  the  Nidd,  parish,  and  10  miles  W.S.W, 
of  Ripon.  It  is  pretty  well  built,  and  has  a  sutordinato 
church  and  a  branch  bank. 

PAT'ER,  or  PEMBROKE-DOCK,  a  suburban  town  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Pembroke,  on  Milford  Haven,  1  mile  N.W.  of 
Pembroke.  A  government  dock-yard,  removed  to  this  place 
from  Milford  in  1814,  covers  60  acres,  and  iu  it  some  of  th« 
largest  ships  of  the  navy  have  been  constructed.  It  has  aa 
arsenal,  and  is  protected  by  a  fort  and  jetty.  The  town  i^  , 
neatly  built,  and  is  lighted  with  gas,  has  a  large  market- 
house,  and  carries  on  a  thriving  trade  with  Ireland  «n4 
North  America. 


PAT 

PATERXA,  pl-tSR/n3,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
province,  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Almeria.     Pop.  1294. 

PATKUXA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  province,  and 
ftbout  .38  miles  from  Albacete.     Pop.  1165. 

PATKRNA,  a  town  of  .Spain,  province,  and  3  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Valencia,  on  the  Turia.     Pop.  1305. 

PATERXA  DK  hX  RIBIEKA.  pd-tjR'na  d.i  IS  re-Be-.VrJ, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  23  miles  K.  of  Cadiz.  Pop. 
2436. 

PATERNA  DEL  CAMI>0,  p,*-tiR/na  df-l  kSm'po,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  N.E.  of  Huelva.     Pop.  1670. 

PAT  KRNO,  pl-t^R-no'.  (anc.  Hi/Mr  Ma'jor,)  a  city  of  Sicily, 
lnt«ndancy.  and  10  miles  N.AV.  of  Catania,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Etna.  I'op.  10,800.  It  has  hot  chalybeat  springs, 
and  a  trade  in  wine,  oil,  flax,  hemp,  and  timber. 

PATERXO,  pd-tjii'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Cltra,  5  miles  S.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  2000. 

PATERNO.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra.  12  miles  E.X.E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  2700. 

PATERNOS'TERS,  GREAT  and  LITTLE,  two  dangerous 
rocks  ia  the  channel  between  Cape  Carteret,  on  the  coast  of 
France,  and  the  island  of  Jersey, 

PATERNOSTIORS.  TIIK  LITTLE,  or  BA'LABALAGAN' 
rSL.\XDS,  are  a  group  in  the  Strait  of  Slacassar,  in  lat.  2° 
S.,  Ion.  117°  28'  E. 

PATERNUM.    See  Cariati. 

PAT'KRSOX.  a  city,  the  capitrtl  of  Passaic  co.,  New  Jersey, 
is  situ.ited  on  the  riirht  bank  of  the  Passaic  River,  imni(>di- 
ately  below  the  Falls.  13  miles  N.  of  Newark,  and  17  miles 
N.\V.  of  New  York.  Lat.  4U°  55'  N.,  Ion.  74°  10'  W.  In  the 
extent  of  its  manufictures  it  ranks  as  the  second  city  in  the 
ptate,  and  is  the  third  in  population.  Hy  means  of  the 
Morris  Canal  it  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  ports  and 
with  the  Delaware  River.  The  Union  Itailroad,  formerly 
the  Paterson  and  Hudson  Railroad,  connects  it  with  New 
York  City  on  one  hand,  and  with  the  Erie  Railroad  at  Suf 
ferns  on  the  other.  The  Passaic  has  here  a  perpendicular 
fall  of  50  feet,  and  a  total  descent  of  72  feet,  affording  an 
immense  water-power,  which  has  been  improved  by  a  dam 
and  canals.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  of  the  falls  is 
hi:.'hly  picturesque.  Paterson  is  handsomely  laid  out.  Its 
streets  are  generally  straight,  well  paved,  and  lighted  with 
gas.  It  contains  about  15  churches,  belonging  to  the  Re- 
f  irmed  Dutch,  the  Methodists,  Presbyterians, -Baptists,  Epis- 
copalians, Independents.  Primitive  Methodists,  Catholics, 
Ac:  also  2  banks,  2  newspaper  ofllces,  several  large  hotels, 
an  academy,  a  philosophical  society,  with  a  library,  and  a 
S'iciety  for  the  advancement  of  the  mechanic  arts.  The 
numl>er  of  cotton  fictnries  in  operation  is  over  20.  The  silk 
mills  of  .John  Royle,  Esq..  situated  near  the  falls,  are  among 
the  most  extensive  in  the  United  States.  They  employ 
about  700  hands,  and  mannfact'-re  weekly  IPOO  pounds  of 
silk.  There  are  besides  2  large  manuf  ictories  of  locomotives, 
and  several  of  carriages,  guns,  machinery,  paper,  and  other 
articles.  Two  bridges  connect  this  town  with  the  village  of 
Slanchester.  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Paterson  was 
fiuiuled  in  1791.  by  an  incorporated  company,  with  a  capital 
of  one  million  dollars,  the  objectof  which  was  to  manufacture 
cotton  cloth.  The  movement,  however,  was  found  to  be 
premature,  and  was  abiindoned  in  1796.  Pop.  in  1840,  7596; 
in  ISuO.  n.:»S;  and  in  IStiO.  19,586. 

PATKRSON,  or  YIMMANG.  a  river  of  Australia,  in  New 
South  AVales.  co.  of  Durham,  Joins  the  Hunter  Tiiver  about 
20  miles  from  the  sea.  Its  chief  affluent  is  the  -Allya  River, 
below  the  influx  of  which  the  villaire  of  Paterson  stands. 

I'ATERSON,  orMARGARETTAra  sronp  of  islands  in  the 
Pacific.  Mulgrave  Archipelago.    Lat.  8°  .56'  N..  Ion.  167°  42'  E. 

PATERSON.  CAPE,  in  Australia,  is  a  headland,  about 
midway  between  Port  Philip  and  AVilson  Promontory. 

PATGOXG.  p3t-gong',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
and  province  of  Bemrai,  45  miles  X.X.W.  of  Run^-poor. 

PATII-IIEAD.  a  town  of  ScotLand,  co.  of  Fife,  pitrish  of 
Dy.sait,  forming  the  E.  stiburb  of  Ivirkcaldy.  Pop.  of  the 
barony  in  1861,  3977.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  endowed 
and  other  schfjols.  and  thriving  manufictures  of  tykes  and 
checks.  Gn  a  lofty  precipice  near  it  stands  the  old  castle  of 
Ravenscraig.  formerly  the  seat  of  the  fhmily  of  St.  Clair. 

PATH-UKAD.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh,  4i 
miles  S.E.  of  Dfllkeith.    Pop.  84-3.  partly  colliers. 

PATII-lIi';  AD.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr.     Pop.  325. 

P.\TI.\.  pd'te-J.  a  river  of  New  Granada,  rises  near  Po- 
payan.  flows  S.W.  and  X.W.,  and  falls  into  the  Pacific  by 
several  mouths.    Total  course.  200  miles. 

P.\TlMO,anislandof  theGrecian  Archipelago.  SeePATMos. 

PATIVILCA.  pd-tenveel'k J ,  a  maritime  village  of  Peru, 
department  of  Lima,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Barranca  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Iluacho.  It  has  some  re- 
•oains  of  edifices  built  by  the  Incas. 

P,\T.IITAX.  pdt-ye-tdn'  or  pdt-je-tdn'.  a  province  on  the  S. 
coast  of  the  isl.anil  of  Jav.a,  bounded  S.  by  the  Indian 
Oce.an.  about  55  miles  long  from  E.  to  AV.,  by  30  miles  broad. 
Patjitan  was  ceded  in  1812  by  the  sultan  to  the  British. 

P.\T,IITAN'.  a  village  oi  .fava,  in  the  alxive  province,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  and  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name. 
r^TJlTAN  Bay  is  large  and  roomy,  and  open  to  the  S.    Be- 


PAT 

hind  its  E.  point  is  Pollox  Bat,  which  is  well  sheHerr.1  from 
the  S.  wind. 

PAT'MO.S,  PATMO,  pSt'mo.  of  SAN  GIOVANNI  DI  PA- 
TINO,  s3n  jo-vdn'nee  de  pd-tee'no,  an  island  off  the  Vi'.  coast 
of  Asia  Minor.  20  miles  S.  of  .Samos.  Lat.  37°  17'  N.,  Ion.  26° 
35' E.  Pop.  4000.  all  Greeks,  .and  mostly  seafaring  people.  It 
is  a  bare,  irregularly  shaped  mass  of  rock,  28  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  h,iving  on  its  E.  side  a  deep  indentation  which 
forms  a  secure  harbor.  The  principal  town  t.akes  the  name 
of  Patmns,  and  is  sometimes  .also  called  St.  .lohn.  It  stand.-" 
on  the  edge  of  a  mountain,  confists  of  about  200  houses,  and 
is  reached  by  a  steep  and  rugged  ascent.  On  a  height  above 
the  town  stands  a  largo  convent,  resembling  a  fortress, 
being  surmounted  by  several  irregular  towers.  In  a  grotto 
belonsring  to  the  convent  is  the  supposed  abode  where  the 
Apostle  John,  who  had  been  b.anished  by  Domitian  to  the 
island.  A.  n.  94,  saw  the  visions  which  he  has  recorded  in  the 
hook  of  Revelation, 

PAT'MOS,  a  post-offlce  of  Mahoning  CO.,  Ohio. 

PAT'XA.  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  ofBengal, 
province  of  liahar,'  having  N.  the  Ganges,  W.  the  Sone, 
separating  it  from  Shahabad,  and  on  the  other  sides  the 
district  of  Bahar.  Area. 47,125square  miles.  Pop.  7,615,439. 
Besides  I'atna,  the  chief  towns  are  Phatuka,  Phoolware,  and 
Dinapoor. 

PATN  A,  fane.  PaWioth'ra,)  a  city  of  Ilindostan,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  capital  of  the  province  of  Bah.ar,  and  of  a  district 
or  collectorate,and  the  seat  of  one  of  the  seven  circuit  courts 
of  the  presidency,  on  the  riirht  bank  of  the  Ganges,  about 
300  miles  X.AV.  of  Calcutta.  Lat.  25°  37'  X.,  Ion.  85°  15'  E.  The 
city  proper,  surrounded  by  decayed  Hindoo  fortifications,  is 
little  more  than  IJmiles  in  length,  hy  about  half  that  extent 
in  breadth ;  but,  with  its  large  suburbs,  Patna  stretches  9 
miles  along  the  Ganges,  and  presents  externally  a  striking 
appearance  from  the  river,  many  large  and  handsome  fliit- 
roofed  houses,  with  carved  balustrades,  being  interspersid 
with  temples,  mosques,  Saracenic  gateways  of  red  stone, 
wide  ghauts  or  stairs  fi-om  the  water,  and  bastions  project- 
ing into  the  stream  ;  the  whole  backed  by  a  heiglit.  On  its 
E.  side  is  a  large  suburb  in  which  are  many  extensive  store- 
houses, the  palace  and  extensive  gardens  of  Jaffir  Khan ;  on 
the  AV.  is  the  suburb  of  P.ankipoor,  where  are  the  E.ast  India 
Company's  offices,  and  most  of  the  residences  of  the  European 
inhabitants.  Intern.ally.  the  city  has  but  one  broad  .street, 
the  other  thoroughfares  being  adapted  only  for  passengers 
on  horseback,  or  on  elephants.  The  dwellings  of  the  middle 
classes  have  much  of  a  Chinese  character,  each  stage  being 
surrQunded  hy  a  verandah.  The  adjacent  cantonments  at 
Dinapoor  are  handsome,  and  well  laid  out;  in  addition  to  ,i 
nativeforce,  a  royal  regiment  is  stationed  here.  Patna  is  a 
stronghold  of  Mohammedani.sm  in  India;  the  Mussulmen 
are  more  fanatic  here  than  in  Bengal.  They  celebrate  their 
festivals  with  great  magnificence,  meeting  sometimes  around 
the  monument  of  Shah  Arzanl,  in  the  centre  of  the  W. 
suburb,  to  the  number,  it  is  reported,  of  100,000.  X  large 
trade  is  carried  on  in  rice,  opium,  saltpetre,  wheat,  indigo, 
sugar,  and  provisions  generally.  Among  the  m.^nuf^ctures 
are  table-linens,  wax  candles,  lackered  wares,  talc  goods,  and 
I'ird-cages,  which  Last  di.splay  much  delicate  workmanship. 
.\t  H.ajeepoor.  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Ganges,  a  large 
fiir  is  annually  hold,  to  which  shawls,  pearls,  gems,  gold 
ornaments,  and  all  other  kinds  of  Indian  produce  are  brought, 
and  where  visiters  from  the  city  and  elsewhere  live  in  camps, 
luxuriovisly  fitted  up  during  its  continuance.  The  town  has 
a  small  citadel,  a  British  college,  and  a  Portuguese  Roman 
Catholic  church.     Pop.  of  Patna  in  18-37,  284.132. 

P.\TX.\,  a  village  and  quoad  sacra  parish  of  Scotl.and,  CO., 
and  n  miles  S.E.  of  .\vr.     Pop.  of  the  village,  240. 

PAT'XEY,  a  pari.»h  of  England,  co,  of  AVilts. 

PATXI.^K.  pit'no-3k',  a  town  in  the  khanat,  and  50  miles 
E.S.E,  of  Khiv.a.  near  the  left  bank  of  theOxus(Amoo.)  It 
consists  of  about  100  houses. 

PATO'KA,  a  creek  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Orange  county., 
and  flowing  westward  .about  100  miles,  enters  the  AVabash 
a  little  below  the  mouth  of  AA'hite  I'iver,  and  opposite 
Mount  Carmel.  in  Illinois.  It  is  navigable  for  CO  miles 
during  a  few  months  of  the  year. 

P.4T0KA,  a  township  of  Dubois  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop  2663. 

P.VTOKA,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Evansville  and  Illinoi.i  Railway.  4  miles  N.  of  Princctown. 

PATOKA.  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana. 

PATO.MAC.    See  Potomac. 

PAT'OX.  a  small  post-villaie  of  Bollinger  co.,  Missouii. 

PATONES,  p.^-to'nJs,  a  village  of  Sp.ain,  in  a  mountain 
defile,  province  of  Soria,  78  miles  X^.N.E.  of  Madrid.  In  the 
eighth  century  this  was  a  place  of  refujre  for  the  Christians. 

PATOS,  LAKE,  or  LAGO  DK  LOS  PATCS,  Id'go  d-l  loce 
pVtoce,  (i.  f.  "  Duck  Lake.")  in  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul,  is  an  enlargement  of  the  Jacuhy,  near  its  mouth  in 
the  Atlantic.  Length,  about  140  miles;  bre.adth,  40  miles 
It  receives  several  small  rivers,  and  the  surplus  waters 
of  Lake  Mirim.  Its  shores  are  generally  low.  At  its  N. 
point  is  Porto  Alegre,  and  at  its  S.  end  the  city  of  Ric 
Grande  do  Sul. 

PATRAS.   pa-trds',   PATRASSO,   pj-trds'so,   or    BALIA- 

1^43 


PAT 


PAf 


BARDA,  1-  ,i-le-a-biir'cla,  fane.  Patrw,')a.  fortified  seaport  town 
01  uieere-.  iiid  the  piiiioipal  wat  of  its  foreign  trade,  in  the 
Slorea,  CiipitiU  of  the  povernnient  of  Acbaia.  on  the  Gulf  of 
Pati-as.  lo  mites  S.AV.  of  Lepanto.  I>at.  of  the  castle,  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Acropolis.  38°  14'  5"  N.,  Ion.  21°  44'  E.  Pop, 
18,342.  The  anciout  Patrce  stood  on  the  declivity  of  Jlount 
V'cidhia.  The  modern  town  occupies  a  portion  of  the  low  and 
unhealthy  plain  between  that  hill  and  the  sea.  It  is  regu- 
larly built,  and  improving;  the  house.s  are  mostly  only  one 
story  in  height,  on  account  of  the  frequency  of  earthquakes. 
One  of  its  churches  is  traditionally  counected  with  the  mar- 
tyrdom of  St.  Andrew,  and  is  greatly  resorted  to  by  devotees. 
A  ruined  Roman  aqueduct  is  one  of  the  few  relics  of  anti- 
quity in  Patras.  The  principal  trade  is  in  currants  of  tlie 
best  quality,  large  quantities  of  which  are  raised  all  along 
the  N.  shore  of  the  Jlorea.  At  this  town,  in  1821,  the 
standard  of  revolution  was  first  rai.sed  in  the  Morea. 

I'ATREE,  pj'tree',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  district,  and  48  miles  W.X.W.  of  Ahmedabad,  in 
lat.  23°  7'  N.,  Ion.  71°  51'  E.,  near  the  Runn  of  Cutch,  and 
formerlv  of  considerable  military  strength. 

PATKIA,  pd-tree'i,  (auc.  LiieHna  Pa'lus.)  a  lake  in  the 
province,  and  13  miles  N.W.  of  Naples,  about  Ij  miles  in 
circuit.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  LiUrna,  and 
the  tomb  of  Scipio  Africanus,  who  spent  here  the  last  seven 
years  of  his  life. 

PATRICIA.    See  Cordova. 

PAT'RICK,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Virgini.%  bordering 
on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  500  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Dan,  Smith's,  North  Mayo,  and  South  Mayo 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  remarkable  for 
romantic  scenery.  Several  spurs  of  the  Blu6  Hidge  project 
partly  across  the  county,  one  of  which  is  called  liuU  Moun- 
tain. Much  of  the  soil  is  productive.  Iron  ore  abounds  in 
the  county.  Formed  out  of  part  of  Henry  county  in  1791, 
and  named  in  honor  of  the  illustrious  orator.  Patrick  Henry. 
Capital,  Taylorsville.  Pop.  9359,  of  whom  7289  were  free, 
and  2070  slaves. 

PATRICK  COURT-nOtJSE.  or  TAYLORSVILLE.  a  post- 
village,  capital  of  Patrick  county,  Virginia,  on  the  Mayo 
River,  220  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond,  and  8  miles  from  the 
Tennessee  line.  It  contains  a  few  stores  and  about  50 
dwelliiigs. 

PAT'RICK'S-BOURNE,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

PAT'UICKTOWN,  a  post-town.ship  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 
13  miles  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  552. 

PAT'RICROFT.'a  vilLige  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Uncaster,  5 
miles  W.  of  Manchester.  There  is  here  an  extensive  mauu- 
tictory  of  steam  engines;  also  a  silk  mill,  which  employs 
about  1000  hands,  a  quilt  manufictory,  and  a  spinning  and 
Weaving  foctory. 

PAT'RINGTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  in  East  Riding,  on  a  creek  of  the  II umber,  14  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Hull.    Pop.  in  1851, 1S27. 

PATRIOT,  a  post-ofRce  of  Perry  co.,  Tennessee. 

PATRIOT,  a  small  post-village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

PATRIOT,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana,  48 
miles  below  Cincinnati,  contains  several  churches. 

PAT'HISIIOW,  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

P.\TROCIXIO,  pi-tro-see'ne-o,  a  town  of  Br.^il,  province 
of  Miaas  Geraes,  80  miles  N.  of  Araxas.  Pop.  1500. 

PATROCINIO  (or  BY'ER'S)  ISLAND,  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean.  Lat  2S°9'  N..  Ion.  175°  48' E..  .about  4  miles  in  circuit. 

PATSAI/IGA,  also  called  PARCIIEI/AGA,  a  creek  of 
Georgia,  flows  into  the  Flint  River  from  the  right,  about  12 
miles  N.  of  Lanier. 

PATSALIGA,  a  small  river  of  Alabama,  rises  towards 
the  S.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  enters  the  Conecuh  near 
Montezuma. 

PATSCHKAU,  patchniCw,  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia,  44 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Nei.<ise.  Pop.  3500.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollens. 

PATSUN,  a  town  of  Central  America.     See  Patzum. 

PACTA,  pif  tl,  or  PATA,  a  seaport  town  of  East  Africa, 
in  the  Muscat  dominions,  on  the  Zanguebar  coast,  and  on  an 
island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Patta,  lat.  2°  9'  S.,  Ion.  40°  50'  E. 
It  was  formerly  of  much  greater  import.ance,  and  held  by 
the  Portuguese  during  most  part  of  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centurie.s.     At  present  it  is  a  mere  village. 

PATTADA,  pit-td'dit,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  21 
miles  S.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  3362. 

PATTALENE  or  PATALENE.     See  SiXDB. 

PATTAAVATOMIES.    See  Potawatomies. 

rATTEN,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  about 
So  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bnngor.     Pop.  639. 
jg^^'^^'E^'BURG,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon   co..  New 

PATTEN  SEN,  plt'tfn-sSn\  a  town  of  Germany,  7  mile8 
S.  of  Hanover.    Pop.  1653. 

V  w '''r^?.''^.^'  *  ^"'^*'  of  Germany,  In  Hanover,  12  miles 
«.n.ot  Llineburg. 

CarolhiT^^^  HOME,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co..  North 
^  P^AXTEN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  New 
1414 


PATTERDALE,a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  Westmoreland, 
PAT'TERSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Putnam  co. 
New  York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  and  on  Croton  River, 
03  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York.    Pop.  1501. 
PATTERSON,  New  Jersey.     See  Patersos. 
PATTERSON,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  202. 

PATTERSON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Juniata  co, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Juniata  River,  and  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  49  miles  N.W.  of  llarrisburg.  it  was  commenced 
in  1850.  It  contains  a  dep6t  and  machine  shops  of  the  rail- 
road company.     Pop.  544. 

PATTKR.SON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Schuylkill  co,, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  08  miles  N.E.  of 
Harrisburg.  It  is  supported  chiefly  by  the  operations  in 
coal.  Pop.  alx>ut  500. 
PATTERSON,  a  town.ship  in  Darke  CO..  Ohio.  Pop.  743. 
PATTERSON,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Scioto  River,  about  32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

PATTERSON,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Mad  River  and  Erie  Railroad.  68  miles  S.W.  of  Sandusky. 

PATTEItSON,  a  village  of  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Missouri,  60 
miles  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

PATTERSON,  a  post-office  of  W;i3-ne  co..  Mi.ssouri. 
PATTERSON'S  BLUFF,  a  post-oflice  of  Arkansas. 
PATTERSON'S  CREEK,  in  the  N.E.  of  W.  Virginiiv  rises 
in  Hardy  co.,  flows  north-eastward  through  Hampshire  co., 
and  enters  the  North  Branch  of  the  Potomac,  about  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Cumberland, in  Marjliiud.  It  furnishes  extensive 
water-power. 

PATTERSON'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co., 
tt .  Airgiiiia. 

PACTERSOX'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

PACTERSON'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Alamance  co, 
Norih  Carolina. 

PATTERSON  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Mary's  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  the  river  Teche,  15  miles  below  Franklin,  has 
a  steamboat  landing  and  several  stores.    Pop.  aliout  600. 

P.^TTESHULL,  patsOiiill,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

PATTI,  plt'tee.  a  maritime  city  of  Sicily,  intendancy  of 
Messina,  on  a  height  near  the  Gulf  of  Patti,  on  the  N.  coast 
of  the  island,  capital  of  a  district,  17  miles  S.W.  of  .Milazzo. 
Pop.  oOOO.  It  is  enclosed  by  dilapidated  walls,  and  has  a 
Norman  castle,  now  the  residence  of  its  bishop,  a  cathedral, 
a  manufactory  of  earthenware,  and  profitable  fishery. 

PATTI,  ^piftee,)  Gulf  of,  a  semicircular  bay  of  Sioilv, 
20  wiiles  across,  l^tween  the  promontory  of  Milazzo  and  Cape 
Calava.  On  a  he;idlaud  on  its  S.  side  are  considerable  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  Tyti'darit. 

P.\TTIALAH,  pdt-te-iL'll,  a  large  town  of  North-west  Hin- 
dostan,  capital  of  a  Sikh  rajahship,  125  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Delhi,  enclosed  by  a  mud  wall,  and  having  a  citadel  jrith  the 
residence  of  its  rajah. 

PATTINGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Salop  and 
Stafford. 
PATTISHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorth,<impton. 
PAT'TISWIClv.  a  ijarish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
PAT'TON,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  959. 
PATTON,  a  to\vtiship  of  Centre  co..  Pemisvlvania,   P.  664. 
PAT'TONSBUKG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Botetourt  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  James  River,  181  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  is 
connected  by  a  handsome  bridge  with  the  village  of  Bu- 
chanan. 

PATTON  SBURG.  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri. 
PATTONSVILLE.  a  post-oftice  of  Scott  co.,  Virginia. 
PATTONSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio, 
PATTONSVILLE,  a  post-offlee.  Bedford  co..  Pennsylvania. 
PATUN   or  JULRA  PATUN,  jul'r^   pattln'.  a  modern 
town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Ajmeer,  53  miles  S.E.  of 
Kotah.    Lat.  24°  32'  N.,  Ion.  76°  16'  E. 

I'ATUN,  a  vUlage  of  India,  in  Nepaul,  3  miles  S.  of  Khat- 
mandoo. 

PATUN,  a  village  of  India,  in  P^jpootana,  dominion,  and 
11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kfftah.  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Chumbul. 
Lat.  25°  20'  N.,  Ion.  75°  57'  E. 

PATURAGES,  pa^tii'iizh',  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Hainaut,  4  miles  S.W.  of  .Mons.  Pop.  0108.  It 
has  steam-engine  factories,  and  coal-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

P.VfUX'ENT,  a  river  of  Maryland,  ri.ses  about  18  niiles 
E.  of  Fredericktown.  I'ursuing  a  .S.S.E.  course,  it  forms 
thebound.ary  between  Montgomery,  Prince  George's,  and  St. 
Mary's  counties  on  the  right,  and  Anne  Arundel  and  Cal- 
vert counties  on  the  left,  and  flows  through  an  estaary 
2  or  3  miles  wide  into  Chesapeake  Bay.  The  valley  of  this 
river  is  about  90  miles  long,  and  remarkably  naiTOw.  Small 
vessels  ascend  40  or  50  miles  from  its  mouth. 

PATl'XENT,  a  post-office  of  Anne  .\rundel  cc,  Maryland. 
PATUXENT  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Charits  «..,  Maryland. 
PATZAU,  pit/8<5w,  or  PACZOW,  pitcb'ov,  a  town  of  Bo^ 
hernia.  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tabor.     Pop.  2021. 

PATZIZIA,  pit-see'se-d,  a  town  <if  Central  America,  state 
of  Guatemala,  having  8000  inhabitants. 


PAT 


PAW 


PATZIIir,  p3t-sootn',  or  PATSUN,  p3t-soon',  a  town  of 
Central  America,  state,  and  40  miles  W.X.W.  of  Guatemala. 
Pop.  5400. 

PAU,  p3,  (anc.  Patumf)  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  15asses-Pyrenees,  56  miles  E.S.K.  of  Bayonne, 
on  the  light  bank  of  the  Gave  de  Pau,  over  which  is  a  bridge 
of  7  arches,  remarkable  for  its  great  elevation.  Pop.  in  1852, 
16,196.  It  has  an  Acadiinie  Wnivrraitaire  for  the  departments 
of  Basses- Pyrenees,  L,andes,  and  Ilautes-Py  renees ;  a  tribunal 
of  commerce,  and  a  national  college,  with  a  library  of  14,0i)0 
volumes.  It  has  manufiictures  of  linens,  and  trade  in  hams 
and  Juran^  jn  wine.  Pau  w.as  the  capital  of  the  old  province 
of  B6arn.  Henry  IV.  was  born  in  its  ancient  royal  castle. 
It  is  .also  the  birthplace  of  Gaston  de  Foix,  and  of  Qeneriil 
Bernadotte,  afterwards  King  of  Sweden.  Pau  is  pictu- 
resquely and  beautifully  situated,  and  has  excellent  pro- 
menades. It  is  a  favorite  place  of  residence  for  English 
families. 

PAUOATITAMBO,  called  also  YAMBIRI,  y&m-\x-reef,  a 
river  of  Peru,  after  a  N.N.W.  course  of  nearly  300  miles, 
joins  the  right  bank  of  the  Apurimac.  Its  chief  affluent  is 
the  Vilrabamba. 

PAUCAKTAMRO,  p5w-kaR-t3m1io,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  in  the  department  of  Cuzco, 
Is  situated  in  a  valley  enclosed  by  the  Andes,  on  the  river 
Paucartiimbo,  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cuzco.  Pop.  of  the  pro- 
vince in  1S50,  17,026. 

PAU.  GAVE  DE.    See  Gave  be  Pau. 

PAUOIITOOR.  pawgHoor'.  a  town  of  India,  in  Nizam's 
dominions.  97  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hyderabad. 

P.\UGUUR,  paw^gQr',  a  town  of  India,  dominions,  and 
132  miles  N.E.  of  Mysore. 

PAUlLTyAC,  poVel\yik',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde.  26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1S52,  390O. 
It  has  a  good  port,  and  a  trade  in  wine. 

PAUK-PUTTUN,  Punj.ab.    See  Pak-Pattan. 

PAUIi,  pawl,  or  PAG'1I.4.LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  East  Kiding. 

PAUL  DE  I.OANDA,  ST.    See  Loanda. 

PAUO'DING,  a  county  in  the  AV.N.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordi'ring  on  Al.abama,  contains  about  400  square  miles. 
The  Tallapoosa  River  rises  In  the  county,  which  is  also 
drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Euharlee,  Cedar,  Pumpkin- 
vine,  and  Sweetwater  Creeks.  The  surface  is  traversed  from 
E.  to  W.  by  a  range  of  highlands,  called  the  Dug  Down 
Mountains.  The  valleys  of  the  creeks  are  mostly  fertile,  and 
are  sepaiated  by  sterile  and  pine-clad  ridges.  Limestone  is 
abundant  in  the  N.W.,  and  freestone  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the 
county  :  it  .also  contains  iron  and  other  v.aluable  minerals. 
Organized  in  1832,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Paulding, 
one  of  the  captors  of  Major  Andre.  Capital,  Dallas.  Pop. 
10:',K  :  of  whom  64^6  were  free,  and  572  slaves. 

P.A.ULDING,  a  county  In  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  border- 
ing on  Indiana,  contains414  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Manmee  and  Auglaize  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by 
the  branches  of  Little  Auglaize,  and  by  Blue  and  Crooked 
Creeks.  The  surCice  is  level,  and  mostly  covered  witli  dense 
forests.  The  county  forms  part  of  tlie  tract  known  as  the 
Black  Swamp,  which  is  more  than  100  miles  in  length.  The 
soil  is  a  black  veget.able  mould,  remark»bly  fertile.  It  is 
Intersected  by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  and  by  the 
Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad.  Organized  in  1820.  Capital, 
Charloe  or  Paulding.     Pop.  4945. 

P.\ULl>ING.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jasper  co.,  Missis- 
lippi,  about  100  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Jaclison. 

PAULDING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Paulding  to.,  Ohio, 
about  68  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo. 

PAU'LERSPURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Northampton. 

PAULGIIAUTCIIERRY.pawl-g.awt-chJr'ree,  a  town  of  Bri- 
tish Indi.a.  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  Malabar,  35 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Trichoor. 

PAUrXJIIAUTCHERRY  PASS,  British  India,  Is  a  re- 
markable opening  in  the  West  Ghauts,  20  miles  in  width, 
and  forming  a  communication  between  the  Central  and 
W.  districts  of  Madras. 

PAULHAGUKT,  pOl'd^gV,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaute-Loire,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Brioude.     Pop.  1309. 

PAULI  LATINO,  pdw'lee  Ij-tee/no,  or  PAULELATTE, 
pOw-lA-lSftA,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  province  of  Busachi. 
Pop.  2633. 

PAULINA,  paw-lee'na,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York,  on  or  near  the  Erie  Railroad,  about  160  miles  N.W. 
of  New  York. 

P.\ULINA,  a  post-ofBce  of  Warren  co..  New  .Tersey. 

PAU'LINSKILU  a  smiill  river  in  the  N.W.  part  of  New 
Tersey.  rises  in  Sus.sex  co.,  crosses  Warren  county  In  a  S.W. 
lirection.  and  falls  into  the  Delaware  at  Columbia.  It  is  a 
valuable  mill-stream. 

PAULI  PIRRI,  p5w1ee  pir'ree,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
Bon  of  Cairliai-i.  N.  side  of  a  marsh  of  the  siime  name.  P.  2250. 

PAULITZA,  p5w-lifsi,  (anc.  P/ijV/ato.  afterwards  P/iiai(a,) 
a  village  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea.  district  of  Messenia,  on  a 
stream  of  the  same  n.ame,  N.E. of  Kyparlssla. 

PAULLO.  piiwl'lo,  a  town  of  .\ustrian  Italy,  province,  and 
12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  lodL    Pop.  1574. 


PAULS^BORO.  a  postoffice  of  Gloucester  co..  New  Jersey. 

PAUI/T()N,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  .Somerset. 

PAU.MBUN,  (pawm'ban',)  Pass  or  Channel  of,  a  strait 
IJ-  miles  across,  separating  the  island  of  Ramisseram  fi-on. 
the  mainland  of  India,  140  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Comorin 
It  is  passable  by  cutters,  and  it  is  said  that  comparatively 
little  expen.se  would  render  it  so  for  ships  of  large  burden. 

PAUNGULL,  pawn\gtlll',  a  town  and  hill  fort  of  India,  in 
the  Deccan.  Nizam  dominions,  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hyderabad. 

PAUNT'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

PAU^PAC,  a  post-offlce  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PAUSA,  pCw'sd.  a  town  of  Saxony,  24  miles'  W".S.W.  of 
Zwickau.     Pop.  2425. 

PAUS.4.,  pCivi'i'i,  a  town,  Peru,  department  of  Arequipa, 
capital  of  a  province  of  Parinaeochas 

PAUTI'!,  pOw'ti,  a  river  of  South  America,  rises  In  the 
S.AV.  of  Ecuador,  flows  S.E..  and  joins  the  Amazon,  on  the 
left  after  a  coi^irse  of  about  170  miles. 

PAUWAI'CUN,  P.\UWAY'GUN,  or  PEWAUGO/NEE,  a 
lake  of  Wisconsin,  In  the  W.  part  of  Winnebago  co.,  is  an 
expansion  of  Wolf  River.  Entire  length,  about  10  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  4  miles. 

PAV/ENII.VM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

PA  VIA,  pd-vee'i,*  (anc.  Ticilnum.  afterwards  Papia.)  a 
city  of  Nortliern  Italy,  capital  of  tlie  province  of  Pavia, 
is  situated  19  miles  S.  of  Milan,  on  the  left  b.ank  of  the 
Ticino.  Lat.  45°  11'  N.,  Ion.  9°  10'  E.  Pop.  with  suburbs, 
30,480.  It  is  surrounded  with  walls,  and  has  numerous  pub- 
lic edifices,  the  chief  of  which  are  Its  old  castle,  the  ancient 
residence  of  the  Lombard  kings,  the  celebrated  university 
founded  by  Charlemagne  at  the  end  of  the  eighth  century, 
and  recently  restored,  and  in  which  Spallanzani  and  Volta 
were  professors;  it  had  in  1S42,  57  profes.sors  and  1484  stu- 
dents: a  library  of  50,000  volumes,  and  a  bot;inic  garden. 
Pavia  has  a  roj'al  gyuin.asium,  a  theatre,  numerous  charit- 
able institution-s  a  chamber  of  commerce,  and  a  trade  iu 
silk,  rice,  wine,  and  Parmesan  cheese.  From  its  numerous 
public  edifices,  It  was  called  "  the  City  of  a  Hundred 
Towers."  but  its  magnificence  and  fiime  belong  to  another 
age,  and  it  has  long  been  in  a  state  of  paralysis  and  decay. 
In  1525,  Francis  I..  King  of  France,  was  conquered  .and 
made  prisoner  by  the  Imperialists  near  I'avia.  It  was  t.akeu 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1746.  and  by  the  French  in  1790.  Pavia 
has  given  birth  to  many  distinguished  men,  among  whom 
are  Pope  John  XIV.,  and  Lanfranc,  a  celebrated  thtwlogian, 

afterwards  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. Atlj.  and  iuhab. 

Pavian,  p4-vee'an. 

PAVII/ION,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co.. 
New  York,  about  53  miles  S.E.  of  BufTaio.     Pop.  1723. 

PAVILION,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Kalamazoo 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  964. 

P.AVILION.  a  post-village  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois,  about 
50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

PAVILION  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  Pavilion  township, 
Genesee  co..  New  York. 

PAVILi^ONIS.  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Pahilioms. 

PAVILLY,  pd'vee'yee'  or  pJVeePyee',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Seine  InfiSrieure.  on  a  raihvay,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Rouen.  Pop.  in  1852,  3162.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  linens  and  paper. 

PAVLOG  RAD,  pdv-lo-gr.id',  a  town  of  RussLa,  government, 
and  36  miles  E.N.  K.  of  Yekaterinoslav,  on  an  atBuent  of  the 
Dnieper.     Pop.  4000. 

PAVLOVK.\,  pdv-lov'ki  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Koorsk.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Oboyan.    Pop.  1680. 

PAVLOVi),  piv-lo'vo,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Nizhnee-Novgorod,  10  miles  S.  of  Gorbatov,  on  the  Oka.  Pop. 
8000.    It  has  factories  of  cutlery  and  iron  goods. 

PAVLOVSK,  piv-lovsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Neva.  Pop.  2540.  It  has  a  magnificent  imperial  palace, 
with  extensive  grounds,  a  citadel,  barracks,  large  alms- 
houses, and  military  and  civil  hospitals. 

PAVLOVSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  90  miles 
S.S.E.  of  A'oronezh,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Don.  Pop. 
2000.     It  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  and  has  an  active  trade. 

PAVIX)VSKAIA  or  PAVLOWSK.UA.  pSv-lov-ski'a,  a 
market- town  of  Russia,  government  of  Kherson,  35  miles 
E.N.E  of  Olviopol.     Pop.  1800. 

PAVL0VSK.\I.4,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg.     Pop.  1600. 

PAVLOVSKAIA  or  PAVLOVSK.UA  KR.EPO.ST,  pdv-lov- 
sUi'J  kri-post',  a  fort  of  Russia,  government  of  Caucasia,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Terek,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Georgievsk. 

PAVONE,  pd-vo'n.i,  a  vill.age  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Brescia,  4  miles  S.  of  Leno.  on  the  Mella.    Pop.  1471. 

PAVONE.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Turin,  province,  and  S.  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  2440. 

P.'i.WXDATUCK',  a  river  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  Wood  and  Charles  Rivers.  It 
falls  into  Long  Island  Sound,  after  constituting  part  of  the 

*  And  now  appear,  as  on  a  phosphor  sea, 
Numberless  barks  from  Lilian,  from  PAviA." 

KoGEBs'/toto.Part  First.  VII. 
1445 


PAW 

bounilary  Ix.tween  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  and  is 
oavigjible  a  jout  i  miles  from  its  mouth. 

PAWOATUCK,  a  thrivinir  village,  situated  on  the  above 
ri'er.  IJ.  miles  E.  by  X.  of  New  London.  Ship-building  and 
manufiirtures  ar?  carried  on  here  to  a  considerable  extent. 

rAWi5EA,  pi-jree'ji.  a  town  of  Guinea,  on  the  route  from 
the  coait  to  Dahumej'.  It  is  a  collection  of  low  square  hut.<«, 
enclosed  by  a  thick  wall,  and  has  been  estimated  to  contain 
16,000  inhabitant.^. 

PAW'LEX.  a  post-villajre  and  township  in  Rutland  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  77 
miles  S.W.by  S.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  5  churches,  an 
academy.  6  stores,  and  0  manufactories  and  mills.  Pop.  1639. 

PAWLET  RIVER,  a  fine  mill-stream,  rises  in  Bennington 
CO.,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Vermont,  and  running  through 
Rutland  county,  unites  with  Wood  Creek,  in  New  York. 

PAW'LEXT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PAW'LIXGS.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dutche.ss  co., 
New  York,  on  the  ll.irlem  Railroad,  67  miles  N.N.E.  of  New 
York.  The  village  contains  a  bank  and  several  stores.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  1743. 

PAW'P.VW,  a  small  river  of  Mi  -higan,  rises  in  VanBuren 
CO.,  aud  flowing  nearly  S.W.,  enters  the  St.  Joseph's,  1 
mile  from  its  mouth.  It  is  na,vigated  by  small  boats  for  75 
mile.s. 

PAWPAW,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 

PAWPAW,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Van  Bu- 
ren  co..  Michig.in.  is  .situated  .it  the  junction  of  the  Ea.st  and 
West  Br-anehes  of  Pawpaw  River,  on  th»  Michigan  and  Cen- 
tral Hailroad.  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  l.ansing.  The  surrounding 
region  possesses  great  resources  for  farming  and  the  luml>er 
business,  and  is  settling  rapidly.  Pawpaw  has  abundant 
hydraulic  power,  and  contains  2  flouring  mills.  2  iron  found- 
ries, 1  woollen  factory,  and  2  tanneries,  also  5  churches,  and 
2  newspaper  offices.    Pop.  1094. 

PAWP.^AV,  a  post-ofRce  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana. 

PAWPAW,  a  village  and  township  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1017. 

PAWPAW  GROVE,  a  post^iffice  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  about 
75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chicago. 

PAWTUCK'ET.  a  river  of  New  England,  forming  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Massachu.setts  and  Khode  Island, 
falls  into  Narragansett  Bay.  At  Pawtucket  it  ha.s  a  fall  of 
S")  feet.  See  P.\wtucket.  .\bove  the  falls  it  is  called  Black- 
stone  River:  below,  it  takes  the  name  of  Seekonk. 

PAWTUCKET.  a  township  of  Bristol  CO.,  Massachusetts, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Pawtucket  River,  oppo.site  Pawtucket, 
Rhode  Island,  and  about  40  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  4200.    (S°«  next  article.) 

PAWTUCKET,  a  flourishing  post-town,  situated  4  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Providence,  partly  in  North  Providence  township. 
Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island,  and  partly  in  Biistol  co., 
Massachusetts,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  Pawtucket  River, 
which  here  falls  some  50  feet  in  a  short  distance,  affording 
an  extensive  hydraulic  power.  The  first  cloth  manufactory 
operated  by  watei^power  ever  established  in  this  country 
■was  commenced  at  Pawtucket  in  1790,  and  for  more  than  40 
yeai-s  it  held  the  fir.st  rank  among  the  manufacturing  towns 
of  New  England.  In  1823,  the  village  and  vicinity  con- 
tained, besides  numerous  other  manufactories,  10  cotton- 
millg,  2  casting  furnaces,  2  screw  factories.  2  anchor  estab- 
lishments, and  6  machine  shops.  The  manufactures  at  the 
present  time  are  very  extensive,  consisting  principally  of 
cotton  goods,  thread,  and  machinery,  though  cabinet-ware, 
and  cari-i.ages  are  produi-ed  to  some  extent.  The  prints  of 
the  Bunnell  Manufacturing  Company  are  noted  for  their 
excellence,  and  here  is  a  fire-engine  estalilishment.  produc- 
ing some  of  the  best  machines  in  the  country.  Pawtucket 
also  has  an  important  commerce.  During  the  year  1852, 
141  vessels  arrived  at  its  whtirves.  laden  with  coal,  lumlier, 
ic.  to  the  amount  of  12.798  tons.  The  village  cont-iins  9 
or  10  churches.  3  banks,  2  saving  institutions,  a  flourishing 
female  Iwarding-school.  and  two  newspaper  offlcos.  Among 
the  public  buildings  the  Masonic  Temple  and  Manchester 
Hall  m.iy  be  mentioned  as  good  specimens  of  architectural 
K>auty.  G.18  was  introduced  in  1S53.  I'awtucket  has  cnm- 
munication  with  Worcester  by  the  Providence  and  Wor- 
cester Railroad,  and  with  Boston  by  the  Boston  and  Provi- 
dence Railroad.    Pop.  estimated  at  10,000. 

PAWTUX'ET  RIVER,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  after  forming  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Kent  and  Providence  counties,  unites  its  waters  with  Nar- 
rag;inset  Bay,  about  5  miles  S.  of  Providence.  It  is  a  fine 
mill-stream. 

PAWTU.XM,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Kent  co..  Rhode 
Islsnd.  situated  partly  in  Warwick  .and  paHlv  in  Cranston 
townships,  on  both  sides  of  Pawtuxet  River,  near  its  mouth, 
B  miles  S.  of  Providence.  It  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the 
seat  of  extensive  cotton  and  woollen  manufactories.  Pop. 
hi  1S60,  aliout  1800.  ^ 

PAWTU.XET,  a  post-office  of  Wakulla  co.,  Florida. 

PAX  Ai:<JU!>TA.    See  Badajos. 

PAX  JULIA.    SeeBEJ.K. 

PAX'O.  lanc.  /»,ij-/»w.)  the  smallent  of  the  seven  principal 
louian  I»Unds,  10  miles  S.  of  Corfu,  and  S.W.  of  the  coast  of 
144<J 


PEA 

Acarnania,  5  miles  long,  from  N  to  S.,  and  2  miles  broad, 
I'op.  5287.  Surface  rocky.  Principal  product,  oil  of  the  finest 
quality.  It  has  its  own  courts  of  law,  civil  and  military  es- 
tablisliments,  and.  in  conjunction  with  Ithaca  and  Cerigo, 
sends  4  members  to  the  legislative  assembly.  In  1852  there 
were  571  pupils  .attending  school,  of  whom' only  25  were  fe- 
males. OntheE.  side  of  the  island  is  the  capital  village,  Gavo. 

PAXO,  ANTI,  au  islet,  li  miles  S.E.  of  the  above. 

PAX'ON'S,  post-office  Northumberland  CO..  Peun.sylvania 

PAXTUN.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  50  miles  W.  of  Boston.  Pop.  725,  lai-gelj 
engaged  in  the  manufactui-e  of  boots  and  shoes. 

PA.XTON,  a  small  village  of  Columbia  co..  Penn.«ylvaniai 

PAXTON,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1695. 

PAX'TON,  GnEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

PAXTON,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Uuntiugdon. 

PAXUS.     SeeP.«o. 

PAX'VILLE,a  village  of  Sumter  district.  South  Carolins. 

PAY  DOWN,  a  post-office  of  Osage  co..  Missouri. 

PAYENDWEN,  a  valley  of  Burmah.     See  HuKOSG. 

PAYERXE,  pdVaiRu/,  {Ger.  I'eterlingm,  pA'tfr-Iing'gn.)  a 
town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud.  25  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Lusanne,  on  the  Broye.  Pop.  2723.  It  is  very  ancient,  aud 
has  ruins  of  an  abbey  founded  by  Queen  Bertha,  A.  i>.  091. 

PAYNE'S  (pAnz)  DEPOT,  post-office,  Scott  co..  Kentucky 

PAYNE'S  POINT,  a  village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  95  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

PAYNESVILLE,  pinz^vill,  a  post-village  of  Sumter  co., 
Alabama. 

PAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  92 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PAYX-GA.NGA,  pin-gdng/gi,  or  WAIN-GUNGA,  win- 
gtin'gj,  a  river  of  Iliudostan,  province  of  Gundwauah.  joins 
the  Wurda,  after  a  course  of  above  200  miles. 

PAYNS,  a  village  of  France,  on  the  railway  from  Troves 
to  >Iontereau.  7i  miles  from  Troyes. 

P.\YS  BAS,  ('•  Low  Countrie.s.")    See  Netherl.\xds. 

PAYS  1)ES  GALLES.    See  Wales. 

PAYS    DES     MANDCHOL'X,   (or   .MANTCHOUS.)    See 

M.OJTCHOORIA. 

PAY.S  DE  VAUD.     See  Vaud. 

PAY'SON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Adams  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 92  miles  W.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  1905. 

PAYSON,  a  post-office  of  Utah  co.,  Utah  Territory. 

PAYTA,  pi'ta,  a  seaport  town  of  Peru,  department  of 
Trujillo.  between  Sechura  Bay  and  Cape  Blanco.  Lat.  5°  5' 
30"  S.,  Ion.  81° 8'  30"  W.  It  is  built  on  the  .slope  and  at  the 
foot  of  a  hill,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  bar,  and  is  the  entrepot 
of  the  province  of  Piura.  The  port  is  the  best  on  this  coast, 
and  is  frequented  by  vessels  of  all  nations,  who  call  here  for 
cargoes  of  cotton,  tork.  hid^.  and  drus.s.     Pop.  5000. 

PEABODY  B.A^Y,  a  large  body  of  water  intervening  be- 
tween the  N.  shore  of  Gn-enland  and  the  newly-discovered 
land  called  Washington.  At  its  western  curve(lat.  80°  12*  W.) 
it  gives  exit  to  a  large  channel  which  expands  to  the  north- 
ward into  an  open  (wlar  sea,  abonndins  in  animal  life,  and 
presenting  a  surface  of  3000  S(|uare  miles,  entirely  free  from 
ice.  with  a  northern  horizon  equally  free.  A  north  wind  of 
62  hours'  duration  failed  to  bring  any  drift  ice  into  it. 

PEACE'UALE,  a  post-vill.t-je  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island.  :J0  miles  S.  by  W.  of  I'rovidence. 

PEACE  RIVER,  a  large  river  of  British  North  America, 
rises  by  two  heads  near  55°  N.  Int.,  and  120°  to  123°  W. 
Ion.,  flows  at  first  N..  and  after  receiving  Finlay's  Bi-anch! 
breaks  through  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  h.is  "thencefbrth 
a  generally  X.E.  course  to  near  Lake  Ath.il.>asca.  where  it 
again  turns  N..  and  under  the  name  of  Sl.tve  River  enters 
the  Great  Slave  Lake  near  lat.  61°  N..  Ion.  113°  30' W.  Total 
course,  estimated  at  1100  miles.  It  receives  the  surplus 
waters  of  Lake  ,\thabasca,  and  gives  name  to  a  wide  terri- 
tory between  lat.  55°  40'  and  60°  N.,  and  Ion.  11-2° and  115°  W. 

PE.\CtI'AM.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Caledonia  CO., 
Vermont.  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Montpelier.     Pop  1247. 

PEACH  BOTTO.M.  a  post-township  of  York  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Susquehanna  Itiver.     Pop.  2250. 

PEACH  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  CO.,  Virginia. 

PEACIl  CREEK,  of  Texas,  flows  into  Montgomery  county, 
and  enters  the  San  Jacinto  Itiver  in  Harris  county. 

PEACH  CREEK,  Te.xas.  is  ,an  affluent  of  the  river  St.  Ber 
nard.  districts  of  Colorado  and  Mat.agorda. 

PEACH  CREEK,  of  Gonzales  county,  Texas,  flows  S.W 
into  Guadalupe  River. 

PEACH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Missisippi. 

PEACHER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co^ 
Kentucky. 

PEACH  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co..  Virgin  «. 

PEACH  ISLAND,  Canada  West,  is  in  the  S.W.  part  ol 
Lake  St.  Clair. 

PEACn  OifCHARD,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co..  Ken 
tuckjr. 

PEACHTREE.a  pogtMiffice.  Cherokee  co..  North  Carolina. 

PEACHTREE,  a  small  village  of  Horry  district.  South 
Carolina. 

PEACHTREE  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into  Tar 
River,  near  the  S.E.  border  of  Nash  county. 


J 


PEA 

PEACHTREE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  inters  the  Chattahoo- 
chee in  De  Kalb  county,  a  few  miles  N.W.  of  Atlanta. 

PEACIITUEE  GROVE,  a  postofflce  of  Nash  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

TKACflTREK  TILLAGE,  a  po.s^offlce  of  Tj-ler  co.,  Texas. 
P£ACiK,  pi^dzh',  a  market-town  of  France,  depai'tmeut  of 
Iftive,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vienue.     Pop.  la  1852,  1615. 

PEAK,  peek,  or  HIGH  PE.\K,  a  wild  and  mountainous 
district  of  England,  in  the  N.W.  angle  of  the  co.  of  Derby. 
It  abounds  in  lead,  and  in  extraordinary  caverns  in  the 
limestone  rockn.     See  Castletox. 

PE.\K  FOREST,  an  extra-parochial  liberty  in  the  above 
district,  abounding  in  limestone  quarries. 

PE.VKIRK,  pet^kirk,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton, 3J  miles  S.E.  of  JIarket  Deeping,  with  a  station 
on  the  Great  Northern  and  Eastern  Lincolnshire  Railway. 

PEAKS-OF-E.VGLETAIL,  in  the  E.  part  of  Utah  Terri- 
tory, near  the  source  of  Eagletail  River,  are  in  about  lat. 
38°  4U'  X.,  Ion.  106°  50'  W. 

PE.\KS-OF-0T/TEK,  Virginia,  are  mountain  summits,  be- 
tween IJedford  and  Botetourt  counties,  oO  miles  \V.  by  N. 
of  Lynchburg.  They  rise  about  4200  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea. 

PE.\KS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

?EALf;R'S,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  Pennsylvania. 

PEA/PACK  or  PE'PACK,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  11  mUes  N.N.W.  of  Somorville.   Pop.  100. 

PE.\.RD,  pi-aud',  (?)  an  Island  in  the  South  Pacific,  near 
the  centre  of  the  Gambler  group.  Lat.  23°  7'  5S"  S.,  Ion. 
134°  55'  21"  W.    It  is  about  0  miles  In  length. 

PEA  RIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Union  distiict,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

PEA  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Arkansiis. 

PEA  RIDGE,  a  small  village  of  JIcNairy  co.,  Tennessee. 

PEA  RIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennes- 
see, 53  miles  N.W.  of  Nashville. 

PEA'RISBURG,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Virginia. 

PEA  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Alabama,  rises  near  the 
S.  line  of  Macon  county,  and  enters  the  Choctawhatchee  at 
the  boundary  between  Alabama  and  Florida. 

PEA  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

PK.A.RL  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York. 

PEARyiNGTON,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  IMissis- 
sippi.  on  Pearl  River,  about  200  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jackson. 

PEARL  ISLAND,  Newfoundland,  is  in  the  Bay  of  Islands, 
on  its  W.  coast. 

PEARL  ISLANDS,  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  in 
the  Bay  of  Panama,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Panama,  consist  of  the 
Islands  del  Rey,  San  Jos6,  and  Pedro  Gonzales,  with  many 
Islets,  and  owe  their  name  to  a  pearl-fishery  carried  on  there. 

PEARL  LAGOON,  Mosquito  Territory,  30  miles  N.  of 
Bluefields,  is  au  inlet  of  the  Caribbean  Sea,  25  miles  in 
length,  by  12  miles  in  width.  Off  its  entrance  are  the  Pearl 
Keys. 

PEARL  RIVER,  of  Mississippi,  rises  in  Winston  county, 
in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flows  S.W.  to  the 
city  of  Jackson.  It  then  flows  S.S.E.  till  it  strikes  the 
boundary  between  Mississippi  and  Louisiana.  From  this 
point  it  pursues  a  S.  course,  and  flows  through  I^ake  Borgne 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  whole  length  exceeds  250  miles. 
The  navigation  is  impeded  by  sandbars  and  driftwood,  but 
small  boats  sometimes  ascend  as  high  as  Jackson. 

PEARL  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi. 

PEARL  RIVER,  China.    See  Cantox  River. 

PEARL  RIVER  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  St.  Tammany 
parish,  Louisiana. 

PE.\RL  A'ALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Neshoba  co.,  5Iisslssippi. 

PEASE,  peez,  a  township  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  3b37. 

PEASEOIORE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

PEAS/EN  HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

PEAS/MARSII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PEAT'L.\W,  a  mountaiu  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Selkirk. 

PEAT'LING,  MAGNA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lei- 

PE.iTLING,PARVA.  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Leicester. 

PEAT'STONE  SHOALS,  a  small  village  of  Newton  co., 
Georgia. 

PEB'MARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PEB'WORTH.  a  parish  of  Engl.-ind,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

PECWX'  (or  PEC'CANO  BAYOU,  of  Texas,  a  small  .stream 
which  enters  the  Color.ado  from  the  N.W.  in  Travis  county. 

PECAN'  CREEK,  Texas,  is  formed  by  Chiimbers  and 
Waxahachi  Creeks,  which  unite  In  Navarro  county.  It 
flows  S.E.,  and  enters  Trinity  River  in  Freestone  county. 

PEC-A.N  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana. 

PECAN  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Mississippi  co.,  Arkansas. 

PECATONICA.     See  Pekatomca. 

PECAZO,  p.'l-kS'tho,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  pro- 
vince, and  about  36  miles  from  Cuenea.    Pop.  1456. 

PECCAN',  a  township  of  Mississippi  co..  Arkansa.s. 

PECCIOLI,  pjif  cho-le,  a  market-town  of  Central  Italy,  in 
Tuscany,  province,  and  20  milees  S.E.  of  Pisa.    Pop.  2553. 

PECETTO  or  PECETTO-TORINESE,  pA-chctfto-to-i-e-nil'.<!i, 
a  village  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  division,  and  4  miles 
S.E  of  Turin.    Pop.  2114. 


PED 

PECETTO,  pi-chJt'to,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  State-*, 
division  of  Alessandj  ia,  3  miles  from  Valenza.    Pou.  ISUO. 

PECHCHANOE  or  PECHTCHANOE.  pjK-chd-u./a.  ^  mar- 
ket-town of  Russia,  government  of  Poltava,  24  miles  S  E.  of 
Pereslav.     Pop.  1660. 

PE-CIIEE-LEE.  piVheeMeo/,  CIIEE-LEE,  or  CHI-LI,  cheer- 
lee',  the  nortliernmost  provinceof  China,  mostly  between  lat, 
35°  and  41°  30'  N..  and  ion.  114°  and  120°  E.,  having  N.  .Mon- 
golia, E.  the(Julf  of  Pe-chee-lee,  and  on  other  sides  the  pro- 
vince of  Shantoong,  Shan-see,  and  Ho-nan.  Pop.  in  182.5, 
27,090,871.  It  is  well  w.atered.  but  is  the  least  productive 
province  of  China  Proper.  It  owes  its  chief  importance  to 
containing  the  capit.ll,  Peking,  and  the  great  depots  of  rice 
and  salt  for  the  internal  supply  of  the  emjiin'.  and  of  the 
cattle  sent  into  China  from  Mongolia.  Coal  <if  inferior  quality 
is  raised  in  considerable  quantities.  The  province  is  divided 
into  11  dejiartments.    Chief  citie.s,  Peking  and  Ynng-piiig. 

PE-CHEE-LEE,  (CIIEE-LEE  or  CHILI.)  GULF' OF,  an 
inlet  of  the  Yellow  Sea.  between  lat.  37°  10'  and  39°  20'  N., 
and  Ion.  118°  and  121°  E.,  communicating  N.with  the  Gulf 
of  Leao-Tong.  and  E.  with  the  Yellow  Sea,  bounded  on  other 
sides  by  the  Chinese  provinces  (!f  Pe-chee-lee  and  Shan-toong. 
Length  and  breadth,  about  150  miles  each.  It  receives  the 
Pei-ho  River  on  the  W..  and  the  Chan-tou  on  the  N. 

PECIIINA,  pA-chee'nd,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
4  miles  from  Almiria.  on  the  river  Almeria.     Pop.  1762. 

PECHLAl'N,  pJx'laRn,  Gros.s,  grocc,  and  Kleix,  kline, 
two  contiguous  petty  towns  of  Lower  Austria,  19  miles  W. 
of  St.  Polten.     United  pop.  1148. 

PECHOR,  p.Vchor',  a  considei-able  town  of  India,  24  milci; 
S.E.  of  Gwalior. 
PECKATONICA.    See  Pek.^tonica. 

PECKELSHEIM,  p^k'fl.s-hlme\  or  PEKELSEN,  pjk'fl- 
s5n,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  government,  and  50 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Minden.     Pop.  1670. 

I'ECK'HAM,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  forming 
a  suburb  of  the  metropolis,  aWut  3  miles  S.S.p;.  of'st.  Paul's, 
London.  Pop.  19.444.  It  has  numerous  hand.«ome  residences. 
PECKHAM,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
PECKHAM,  AVEST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
PECK'LETON  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
PECIv.S'BURO,  a  post-office  of  Hendricks  co..  Indiana. 
PECK'S  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Barlwur  co.,  W.  A'irginia. 
PECKS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co..  New  Ycrk, 
about  86  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

PECOP/SEN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  617. 

PECORARA,  pA-ko-rd'rd,  a  village  of  Parma,  25  miles 
S.W.  of  Piacenza.     Pop.  2804. 

PECOS,  p.Vkoce,  a  large  river  of  New  Mexico  and  Texas, 
rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  3<i°  X.  lat..  and  105°  30' 
W.  Ion.  Flowing  at  first  S..  and  then  S.E..  it  falls  into  the 
Rio  Grande,  in  about  29°  40'  N.  lat.,  and  102°  W.  Ion.  The 
entire  length  is  estimated  at  700  miles. 

PECQ.  Le,  leh  p^k,  a  village  of  France,  department  Seine- 
et-Oise,  canton  of  St.  Germain,  7  miles  N.X.E.  of  Versailles, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  and  on  railway  from  Paris  to 
St.  Germain.  The  army  of  the  allies  crossed  the  Seine  at 
Le  Pecq,  July  1,  1815. 
Pl-;CS,  a  village  of  Hungary.  See  Fuxfrirchen. 
PECSV,\R,  paitchVia',  a  market-town  of  South  Hungary, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Fiinfkirchen.     Pop.  2694. 

PEDAR.^,  p!i-dd'rd.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and  7  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Catania,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Etna.     I'op.  2068. 

PEDDA  BALAPOOR,  pJd'dl  bd'ld-pooi-'.  a  town  of  India, 
in  the  Deccan,  Mysore  dominions,  "20  miles  N.  of  Bangalore, 
with  a  large  fort,  and  upwards  of  2000  houses. 

PED'D.\POOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Mad- 
ras, district,  and  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Rajahmundry.  It  is 
well  built,  and  near  it  are  numerous  ruined  fortifications. 
The  English  totally  defeiited  the  French  here  in  1768. 

PEDEE.  Great,  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  rises  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  North  Carolina,  where  it  is  called  the  Yadkin,  until 
it  approaches  or  crosses  the  boundary  between  the  two  states. 
It  enters  .South  Carolina  several  miles  above  Cheraw.  in  the 
N.E.  part  of  the  state.  Which  it  traver.ses  in  a  general  S.S.E. 
direction,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  near  33°  10' N.  lat..  through 
an  estuary  called  Winyaw  Bay.  It  is  navigable  for  sloops 
about  130  mjles.  The  Little  Pedee  rises  in  Richmond 
county.  North  Carolina,  and  flowing  S.,  falls  into  the 
main  stream  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Marion  distiict.  South 
Carolina. 

PEDEE',  a  post-village  of  Cedar  CO.,  Iowa,  20  miles  E.  of 
Iowa  City. 

PEDEJtXALES.  p;\-der-nd'lJs,  a  small  river  of  Texass,  rises 
in  Gillespie  county,  and  flowing  E.,  enters  the  Colorado  iu 
Travis  county. 

PEDERNEIKA,  pi-dJu-ni'e-rd,  a  market-town  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Estremadura.  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alcobaza, 
on  the  Bay  of  Pederneira,  which  receives  the  Alcoa,  but  is 
shallow  and  inacees.sible  except  for  fishing  boats.  Pop.  200O. 
Near  it  is  the  sanctuary  of  Xossa  Senhora  de  Nazareth, 
greatly  frequented  by  pilgrims. 

PEDERN<  ).S0,  El,  i\  piS-njR-no'.so.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  province,  and  51  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cuenca.    Pop.  1221, 

1447 


PED 

PEDIE,  pl-deer',  a  maritime  town  of  Sumatra,  on  its  K. 
ixmst,  60  n'Ues  S.K.  of  Acheen. 

rED'LAK'S  CRKKK,  a  small  village  of  Iowa  co.,^A■isconsin. 
i'EDLAK'S  UILL,  a  post-village  of  Chatham  co.,  North 
Caroliua. 
PKDLAU'S  MILIiS,  a  postK)fflce  of  Amherst  co.,  Tirginia. 
I'ED'MOKE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
PEDRA-BRANCA.  pil^ard-brdu'Iii  (i.e.  -'white  .stone,")  a. 
town  of  Brazil,  proviuce,  and  90  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bahia. 

PEDKAZA.  pi-drl'sd.  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Vene- 
zuela, province,  and  3S  miles  W.  of  Yariuas.  Pop.  3100, 
who  trade  in  cocoa,  tobacco,  and  maize. 

PEDREKA,  pA-<lra/ri,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince, and  58  miles  E.S.E.  of  Seville.    Pop.  1247. 

PEIVRICTOX,  a  post-village  of  Salem  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
Oldmau's  Creek,  contains  2  churches  and  2  stores.  Pop. 
about  240. 

PEDROABAD,  pi'Dro-3-BdD',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, province,  ai^d  20  miles  from  Cordova,     Pop.  1596. 

PEDROBKRXARDO.  pA'Dro-b^R-naa'do,  a  town  of  Spain, 
proviuce,  and  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Avila.     Pop.  2120. 

PEDROCIIKS.  pA-DKychfts,  (auc.  Suliti,)  a  town  of  Spain, 
proviuce,  and  S3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  1444.  It 
ha."  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

PEDRO-DE-BKRCIAXOS,  pd'Dro-d.Vb^R-se-a'noce,  a  village 
of  Spain,  province,  and  S.S.W.  of  Leon.    Pop.  12S7. 

PEDROGAO-GRAXDE,  pi-Dro-gow.NO-grdn'dA,  a  village  of 
Portug:il,  province  of  Estremadura,  comarca.  and  27  miles 
N.E.  of  Thomar,  on  the  Zezere.  here  crossed  by  an  extra- 
ordinary high  bridse.    Pop.  2020. 

PEDllOGAO  PEQUEXO,  pd'nro-gowso  p.Vki'no,  a  town 
and  parish  of  Portugal,  on  the  Zezere,  almost  opposite  to  the 
former.    I'op.  1244. 

PEDROL.\,  pi-DroOl,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  20 
miles  X.W.  of  Saragossa,  near  the  Canal  of  Aragon.  Pop. 
1627. 

PEDROilUIvOZ,  pi'Dro-moon-yoth',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  36  miles  X.E.  of  Ciudad  Re;»l.    Pop.  195S. 

PEDIloSiERAS,  Las,  lis  pi-Dron-y.Vris,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  53  miles  S-S.W.  of  Cuenca.    Pop.  3260. 

PEDRO.SO,  p:l-Dro'so,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Logroilo.    Pop.  1097. 

PEDROSi),  El,  il  pi-Dnyso,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  32  miles  X.E.  of  Seville,  with  flourishing  iron-works 
WTOUijht  by  English  machinery. 

PEEBLES,  pee'bflz,  PEE/BLESSIIIRE,  peeTjel-shir,  or 
TWEED'DALE,  aa  inland  county  of  Scotland,  having  X.  the 
county  of  Edinburgh,  E.  Selkirk,  W.  Lanark,  aud  S.  Dumfries. 
Area.oig  square  miles,  or  204, H30  acres,  about  one- third  arable. 
«nd  two-tifths  under  grass.  Pop.  in  ISol,  10,73S.  Much  of  the 
surface  is  in  mountain,  moor,  and  beg,  but  well-wooded. 
The  Bro.idlaw  rises  to  2741  feet  in  height.  Principal  rivers, 
the  Tweed,  with  its  tributaries,  and  Clydesdiile  and  Medwin. 
Large  numbers  of  Cheviot  and  Leicester  sheep,  with  cattle, 
are  reared  for  export  to  England.  Coal  is  raised  in  the 
N.W.,  and  a  few  manufactures  of  woollens  are  carried  on. 
Peebles,  the  capital,  is  its  only  town  of  importance.  The 
county  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Comin^ms.  Tweed- 
dale  gives  the  title  of  marquis  to  the  Ilay  familj-. 

PEEBLES,  a  royal  bui-gh,  town,  aud  parish  of  .Scotland, 
capital  of  the  above  county,  on  the  Tweed,  here  cra«sed  by  a 
g  jod  bridw,  and  joined  by  the  Eddleston,  21  miles  S.  of  Edin- 
burgh. Pop.  in  1851,  2673.  The  Eddleston  divides  it  into 
an  old  and  a  new  town,  the  latter  having  many  substantial 
buildings.  Peebles  has  a  handsome  parish  church,  remains 
of  various  ecclesi;istical  and  other  edifices,  a  town-house, 
jail,  a  well-attended  grammar  school,  .scientific  association, 
reading-r(X)m,  subscription  library,  and  manufactures  of 
Tarious  kinds.  It  is  a  dep6t  for  thu  goods  of  the  suri-ouud- 
Ing  country.     Xear  it  are  the  remains  of  Xeidpath  Castle. 

PEEBLES,  pee'bflz,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  2770. 
PEEBLES,  a  postoffice  of  Adams  CO.,  Indiana. 
PEEDEK,  a  post-offlce  of  .\nson  CO..  Xorth  Carolina. 
PEEDEE,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co,.  South  Camlina. 
PEEKS'KILL.  a  post-village  of  Cortland  township,  We-st' 
Chester  co.,  Xew  York,  on  the  E,  bank  of  the  Hudson  River, 
and  on  the  Hudson  River  UailrrKid,  100  miles  S,  of  .\lbany. 
It  is  situated  a  little  below  the  Highlands,  and  is  a  place  of 
active  business.    There  are  churches  of  the  Dutch  Reformed. 
Kpiscop.ilians,    Methodists,    Baptists,    Presbyterians,    and 
Frit-nds.     It  cx)ntaius  a  b.-«nk,  a  newsp;iper  oflfice,  an  aca- 
demy, and  several   iron  foundries.     It  has  a  steamboat- 
landing,  and  some  trade  is  carried  on  by  the  river.    Pod 
est iii.atcd  at  2500 

..  K^.^'^'  "  '*"Port  town  of  the  Isle  cf  5Ian,  on  an  inlet  on 
Its  \\.  coiist  10  miles  X.W.  of  Douglas.  Pop.  in  1S51,  2342 
mostly  employed  in  fisheries.  It  h.-m  a  harbor  admitting 
«ma  1  vessels,  and  on  a  rocky  islet  remains  of  a  fine  feudal 
cas  le.  and  ruins  of  a  cathedral  and  an  epLscopai  palace. 
X'Ai;  r  f  ■  *•»«='♦«'"'"«  uw'sh  in  the  E,  part  of  the 
Aetherlands,  provinces  of  North  Bi-abant  and  Umburg,  oc- 

tii'e  Aa*  "  ^  '^"*™  "*"'*•  '**'^'*'»  tl^e  Meuse  and 

^^^^  -J  "Tuuty  c'' Canada  West,  borders  upon  the  N.W, 


PEI 

shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  watered  by  the  number  River, 
and  is  traversed  by  the  railroad  from  Toronto  to  Goderich. 
Capital,  Brampton.     Area,  45S  square  miles.     Pop.  24.816. 

PEEL,  a  district  of  West  Australia,  having  \..  W.,  and 
S.  the  districts  of  Minto,  Wicklow,  and  Hay. 

PEEL,  a  maritime  settlement  of  AVest  Australia,  district 
of  Murray,  on  a  point  of  land,  30  miles  S.  of  the  mouth  of 
Swan  River,  and  at  the  entrance  of  Peel  Inlet,  a  lagoon,  20 
miles  in  length,  from  X.  to  S.,  by  6  miles  in  its  greatest 
breadth.    It  receives  the  Murray  River. 
PEELED  (peeld)  OAK.  a  post-office  of  Bath  co..  Kentucky. 
PEEL  1SL.\NDS.  the  largest  of  the  Bonin  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  middle  group,  with  Pitton  Bay.  a  consider- 
able inlet  at  its  X.E. extremity.    Lat.27°2'N.,ron.  142°10'E. 
PEEL  PLAIN'S,  East  Au.stralia,  are  large  patches  per- 
fectly clear  of  trees,  X.  of  the  Darling  Downs,  lat.  28°  S, 
Ion.  152°  E.;  they  have  an  average  elevation  of  1800  feet. 
PEEL  PLAIXS,  a  tract  of  West  Australia,  in  Peel  district 
PEEL  RIYER,  East  Australia,  identical  with  the  upper 
course  of  the  Xammoy,  rises  ne4ir  lat.  31°  40'  S.i  Ion.  151° 
15'  E.,  and  flows  mostly  X.X.W.,  at  first  through  a  rocky 
and  mountainous  region,  and  afterwards  through  a  plain 
country.    Its  chief  affluents  are  the  Conadilly  and  Y'orke 
Rivere.    After  long  rains  its  depth,  near  lat.  30°  S.,  is  from 
12  to  15  feet,  after  which  it  is  s;iid  to  lose  itself  in  marshes. 
PEEL  RIVER,  British  Xorth  America,  rises  in  lat.  &1° 
X.,  Ion.  123°  W.,  flows  mostly  N,W.  in  the  E.  valleys  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Mackenzie  at  the  com- 
mencement of  its  delta.     It  has  here  also  a  branch  connect- 
ing it  with  Rat  River.    Gneiss,  syenite,  limestone,  and  sand- 
stone are  the  chief  formations.    In  the  countiy  through 
which  it  flows,  alum  and  bovey  coal  are  Diet  with  on  its 
banks,  and  many  furs  are  brought  by  the  Indians  of  the 
region  around  it,  to  Fort  Good  Hope  on  the  Mackenzie. 

PEELS/VILLE,  a  small  village  of  McDowell  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 
PEEI/TREE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  W.  Virginia. 
PEEXE,  pA'neh,  a  navigable  river  of  Xorth  Germany, 
rises  in  the  duchy  of  Mecklei.burg-Schwerin,  and  enters  the 
Stettiner  Haff  in  Prussia,  after  an  E.X.E.  course  of  70  miles. 
Affluents,  the  Tollen  and  Trebel. 

PEEXEMUXDE,  (Peenemilnde.)  p.Vnfh-miinMeh,  a  vil- 
lage of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  near  the  Baltic,  6  miles  N.  of 
Wolga*t.  Pop,  409. 
PEE'PEE,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,    Pop.  1902. 
PEER,  p.-lR,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Limbourg.  14 
milesN.X.E.,  of  llasselt.    Pop.  1412. 

PEER  PUXJAB,  peer  ptin-jllV,  a  town  cf  Sinde.  48  miles 
X.  of  Sehwan,  3  miles  W.  of  the  right  bank  of  the  Indus. 
PEE'RY'S  STORE,  a  post-ofiiee  of  Tazewell  CO..  Y'inrinia. 
PEGALA.TAR  or  PEGALAXAR,  p.i-ga-M-H,iK'.  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  9  miles  S.E.  of  J.oen.     Pop.  2516. 

PEGAU,  pi'gSw,  a  town  of  Saxony,  14  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Leipsic,  on  the  White  Elster,     Pop.  3593. 

PEGXITZ,  p^g'nits,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  flows  S.  and  W.. 
and  joins  tlieRednitz,  to  form  the  Regnitz  at  Piirth,  Total 
course,  60  miles, 

PEGXITZ,  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Pegnitz.  near 
its  source,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Baiivuth.    Pop.  792. 

PE60,  pd'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  38  miles  X.E. 
of  Alicante,  Pop.  5565.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth  and  ba.sketrwork.  The  neighborhood  is  irrigated  and 
highly  productive, 

PEGU,  pe-goo',  (Ft.  Plgmi,  p.Vgoo',)  a  country  of  India 
beyond  the  Ganges,  formerly  a  powerful  kingdom,  subse- 
quently a  province  of  Bunnah ;  in  1S53  it  was  annexed  to 
the  British  Indian  Empire.  It  occupies  the  S.  extremity 
of  Buruiah,  comprising  the  whole  delta  of  the  Irrawaddy. 

Pop.  estimated  at  about  70,000. Adj.  aud  inhab.  PiiOUA.v, 

pe-goo'an, 

PEGtl,  pe-goo',  called  BAGOO,  b.A-goo'.  by  the  natives,  a  de- 
cayed city  of  IndLi-lieyond-the-Ganges.  capital  of  the  province 
and  kingdom  on  the  Pegoo  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Irrawaddy, 
at  its  delta,  58  miles  X.E.  of  Rangoon.  Lnt.  17°  40'  X..  Ion. 90° 
20'  E.  It  is  said  to  have  had  formerly  loO.^KX)  inhabitants, 
but  it  has  been  greatly  reduced.  Among  its  buildings  may 
he  mentioned  the  temple  of  Shoe-madoo,  the  most  remarkable 
edifice  in  the  empire.  This  temple,  raised  upon  two  successive 
terraces,  the  lower  1390  feet  square,  consists  of  an  eight-sided 
pgoda,  each  side  162  feet  in  length,  and  tapering  to  SCO  ft'et 
in  height,  surrounded  bj-  spires,  ornaments,  and  bells,  and 
surmounted  by  a  golden  rod  and  pennant.  Around  it  are 
various  miniature  edifices  of  the  same  character.  Pegu  has 
several  other  temples,  but  now  mostly  in  ruins  ;  and  nearly 
all  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  is  under  water,  owing  to  ne- 
glect, though  Zaugnomang,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the 
river,  is  said  to  be  a  prosperous  town.  Pegu,  with  its  pro- 
vinces, was  added  to  the  British  dominions  in  1853. 
PEICHAOUEIC.     See  Peshawer. 

PEI-HO,  p.Vhy.  ("white  river.")  called  al.so  the  XORTH 
RIYER.  in  China,  province  of  Pe-chee-lee.  rises  near  tlie 
Great  W.all,  flows  S.E.,  passing  E.  of  Peking,  70  miles  P.  ot 
which  it  rec-eives  several  tributaries,  and  enter.*,  the  Gulf  of 
Pe-chee-lee,  lat  38°  33'  N.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  for  20 
miles  from  Peking. 


PBI 


PEL 


PEILATT,  pinSw,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  33  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Breslau.    Pop.  1335. 

PEINE,  pi'nfh,  a  town  of  IXanorer.  and  17  miles  N.E..of 
Ilildesheim,  ou  tho  railway  to  Brunswick.  Pop.  2991.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls. 

PEINGIIKE,  pIn-ghee',  a  town  of  tlie  Burmese  domi- 
nions, on  the  Irrawaddy,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Prome;  lat.  18° 
31'  N.,  Ion.  94°  50'  E. 

PEIPUS  or  PEIPOUS,  (pA/e-pooce,)  LAKE,  (Russ.  Tdtood- 
tlcoe,  chood'sko-.'i,  or  Tchoudskoi-Ozero,  chood'eko-A^  o-zVro,) 
a  large  lake  of  Ilussia,  between  lat.  57°  52'  and  59°  N.,  and 
ion.  20°  55'  and  27°  55'  E.,  is  surrounded  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Esthonia,  Livonia,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Pskov. 
Length,  80  miles;  greatest  breadth,  32  miles.  Shores  marshy, 
sandy,  or  covered  with  forests.  It  receives  the  Euibach, 
Kosa,  and  other  rivers,  and  ou  the  N.  discharges  its  surplus 
waters  into  the  Gulf  of  Jj'inland  by  the  Narova.  It  is  deep, 
and  easy  of  navigation.  In  winter  its  fisheries  mostly  supply 
the  markets  of  St.  Petersburg.  Its  S.  extremity  is  termed 
the  Lake  of  i'skov,  to  which  city  it  nearly  reaches. 

PEIHCE'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  Wiscon.sin. 

PEISERX,  pi'zgrn,  or  PYZDRV,  piz'dree,  a  frontier  town 
of  Poland,  province,  and  34  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kalisz,  on  the 
Warta,  here  cro.ssed  by  two  bridges.    Pop.  2100. 

PEISEY.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States.    See  Pesei. 

PEISIIORK.    See  Peshawer. 

PEISIiRET-SClIAM,  pis'krgt-sh3m\  or  PISCOWICE,  pis'- 
ko-*eet*sA,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Op- 
peln.  Pop.  3400.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen  stuffs,  and  potteries. 

PEITAPOOH,  iii-tdpoor',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Baroda  do- 
minions, 20  miles  N.  of  Ahmedabad. 

PEITZ  or  PEIZ,  pits,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  35  miles  S.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  2070. 

PEIZE,  pi'zf  h,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Drenthe, 
11  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Assen.     Pop.  1161. 

PEKALONGAN,  pA-kd-lon-gin/,  a  town  of  Java,  in  a  dis- 
trict of  its  own  name,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island;  Int.  6° 
65'  S.,  Ion.  109°  40'  E..  on  the  river  of  the  same  name.  Pop. 
of  the  residency.  224.000. 

PEKATUN'ICA,  a  river  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  is 
formed  by  two  branches  which  unite  at  W'iota,  in  Wis- 
consin. It  flows  S.E.  into  Illinois,  and  afterwards  turns 
to  the  N.E.,  and  enters  Kock  Kiver  at  Rockton,  in  Winne- 
bago county.  It  passes  through  a  fertile  valley  which  is 
bordered  by  high  bluffs,  and  is  navigable  for  small  boats 
from  its  month  to  Wiota.  The  E.  and  W.  branches  rise  in 
Iowa  county,  in  Wisconsin;  the  former  is  sometimes  called 
Wassemon  Hiver. 

PEKATONICA  or  PEC' ATON'ICA.  a  post-village  of  Win- 
nebago CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Union  Rail- 
road, 14  miles  W.  of  Kockford.     Pop.  851. 

PEKEL-AA.  pAntel-l,  or  PEKEL.4.,  pdOieh-ia,  (Xikcwe, 
ny  li'veh,  and  Oui>E,  Ow'Tlfh,)  two  contiguous  villages  of  Hol- 
land, province,  and  21  miles  S.E.  of  Groninaen,  on  the  Aa. 
Pop.  of  Xieuwe  Pekel-aa,  4048;  of  Oude  Pekel-aa  3908. 

PEKIN,  a  city  of  China.    Si"e  Pekino. 

PK'KIN.  a  post^viUage  of  Xuigara  co.,  New  York,  on  the 
Rochester,  Lcckport,  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  10  miles 
W.  of  Lock  port. 

PEKIN,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Tennessee. 

PEKIN,  a  post-oflice  of  Jessamine  co.,  Kentvicky. 

PEKIN,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Sandy 
and  Beaver  Caual,  138  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

PEKIX,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
New  -Albany  and  Salem  Railroad,  4  miles  from  Providence. 

PKKIX,  a  po.st-village,  capital  of  Tazewell  Co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Illinois  River,  12  miles  below  Peoria,  and 
about  60  miles  X.  of  Springfield.  It  is  the  largest  place  in 
the  county,  and  has  an  active  business.  Large  quantities 
of  produce  are  shipped  here  by  steamboats.  Pekin  contains 
a  number  of  churches,  an  academy,  2  newspaper  oflices,  and 
several  steam  millH.  The  Illinois  River  Railroad  con- 
nects it  with  Peori.a,  Chicago,  Ac.  Population  in  1860, 
S467. 

PEKIN,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  South  Carolina. 

PKKIX,  a  post-office  of  Scotland  co..  Missouri. 

PEMCIXG'  or  PEHCIX',  (i. «.  in  Chinese,  "the  northern 
capitil;"  Fr.  I'Haiig  or  P^^in.  pi^kixo';  Port.  Pequim,  p4- 
keeN<i';  Pp.  Pnquin.  pA-keen';  L.  Pixhi'num  or  Pequt'num,) 
the  capital  city  of  China,  and  modern  metropolis  of  the  Chi- 
nese Empire,  capital  of  the  province  of  Pe-chee-lee.  in  a  sandy 
plain,  between  the  Pei-ho  and  its  affluent  the  Hoen-ho,  100 
miles  N.W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  former  river,  in  the  Yellow 
Sea.  and  50  miles  S.  of  the  great  wall  of  China.  Lat.  of  im- 
derial  observatory,  39°  54'lo"  X.,  Ion.  116°  28'  54"  E.  Mean 
innual  temperature,  54°-8;  winter,  26°-7;  summer,  81°-1 
Fahrenheit.  The  population  has  been  estimated  (probably 
much  too  highly)  at  2,000,000.  It  consists  of  two  contiguous 
cities,  each  separately  encircled  by  lofty  walls,  which  together 
are  entered  by  16  gates.  The  entire  circuit  is  reckoned  at  25 
miles.  The  wall  is  30  feet  high,  and  25  feet  thick  at  tlie  base, 
diminishing  to  12  feet  at  the  top.  It  is  faced  nearly  through- 
>ut  with  large  bricks,  laid  in  a  mortar  of  lime  and  clay, 
wliich,  in  time,  becomes  almost  as  durable  as  stone.    Square 


towers,  projecting  50  feet  from  the  outer  side  of  the  walls 
occur  at  intervals  of  about  60  yards,  and  the  whole  is  sur- 
rounded  by  a  ditch.  Much  of  the  enclosed  space  is  occupiec' 
by  gardens  and  enclosures,  the  liouses  seldom  being  more 
than  one  story  in  height.  The  S.  or  Chinese  city,  the  seat  of 
commerce,  and  residence  of  the  majority  of  the  population,  is 
intersected  throughout  by  four  wide  and  regular  thorough- 
fares, which  abound  with  shops  of  all  descriptions,  and  are 
continually  filled  with  a  motley  crowd.  At  the  points 
where  these  streets  meet  each  other  are  large  arches;  but 
except  these,  and  a  temple  to  the  god  of  agriculture,  there 
would  soeni  to  be  no  edifices  in  this  quarter  deserving 
notice.  The  hou.ses  are  of  brick,  with  red-tiled  roofs,  and 
the  city  is  unpaved  and  undrained.  The  X^orthern,  Tartar, 
or  imperial  city,  consists  of  three  separate  enclosures  The 
outer  of  these,  formerly  appropriated  to  the  Tartar  garrison, 
is  now  mostly  occupied  by  Chinese  traders;  it,  however, 
contains  five  of  the  supreme  tribunals  of  the  empire.  The 
second  enclosure,  (IIwano-Ching,  "  the  august  city,")  is  6 
miles  in  circuit,  and  entered  by  four  large  and  several 
smaller  gates.  In  it  are  extensive  puMic  granaries,  a  mili- 
tary arsenal  and  seminary,  the  college  and  buildings  of  the 
Russian  embassy,  an  astronomical  and  a  magnetic  observa- 
tory, the  great  temples  of  Ancestors  and  of  Peace,  the  latter 
h.aving  attached  to  it  an  institution  for  Boodhist  lamas; 
the  national  college  of  China,  and  the  residences  of  the 
great  dignitaries  of  the  empire.  The  inner  enclosure,  or 
"  forbidden  city,"  with  walls  2  miles  in  circumference,  faced 
with  yellow  tiles,  and  surrounded  by  a  moat  faced  with 
masonry,  is  appropriated  to  the  public  and  private  palaces 
of  the  emperor  and  empress,  and  has  a  magnificent  temple 
of  the  imperial  ancestors,  pavilions,  gardens,  a  lake,  and  an 
artificial  mountain.  Outside  of  both  cities  are  open  suburbs, 
which  present  all  the  evidences  of  an  industrious  people, 
intent  on  the  pursuit  of  gain,  mercantile  bastle  pervading 
every  quarter.  Peking  has  religious  edifices  appropriated 
to  many  forms  of  religion,  the  principle  of  toleration  being 
here  carried  to  the  utmost  extent;  among  these  are  a  Greek 
church  and  convent,  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  Islam  mosques, 
BfMjdhist  temples,  besides  temples  dedicated  to  Confucius, 
(Koong-Foo-Tseu.)  and  other  deified  mortals.  In  the  national 
college.  Ilan-lin-yuen.  above  mentioned,  all  Chinese  learning 
and  literature  are  concentrated,  and  it  lias  professors  of 
Mautchoo  and  Russian.  All  religions,  though  some  of  them 
are  proscribed,  share  tho  honor  of  being  sanctioned  within 
it.x  precincts.  Among  the  other  learned  and  scientific  inj^ti- 
tutions  of  note  are  the  medical  college  and  the  astronomical 
boai-d.  AlK)ut  10  miles  W.X.W.  of  the  city  is  an  imperial 
park,  covering  at  least  12  square  miles,  and  containing  30 
palaces  of  the  emperor  and  great  officers  of  the  state.  Peking 
has  a  large  printing  and  bookselling  trade,  and  manufac- 
tures of  coloi-ed  glass,  idols,  and  other  articles;  but  its  in- 
habitants chiefly  depend  for  subsistence  on  employment 
connected  with  the  court.  The  Pei-ho  is  navigable  for  boats 
to  within  20  miles  of  Peking,  and  communicates  with  the 
Grand  Canal,  by  which  most  of  the  provisions  for  the  supply 
of  the  city  are  cou  veyed.  The  principal  part  of  the  provisions 
recifiired  comes  from  the  S.  provinces,  or  from  the  flocks 
reared  in  the  X.  part  of  Pe-chee-lee,  the  adjacent  plain  pro- 
ducing but  a  sniall  amount  of  the  food  demanded.  A  con- 
siderable ])ortion  of  the  taxes  levied  upon  the  productions 
of  the  whole  empire  is  paid  in  kind,  and  is  here  stored  up; 
the  amount  of  the  rice  alone  in  these  granaries,  at  one  time 
oftheyeiir,  is  enormous;  but  they  are  often  empty  before 
the  new  crop  is  gathered.  The  large  establishment  of  the 
emperor,  and  the  numerous  persons  in  the  employment  of 
the  government,  who  are  paid  out  of  the  public  revenue, 
absorb  a  great  portion  of  the  grain.  Peking  is  regarded  by 
the  Chinese  as  one  of  their  most  ancient  cities ;  but  it  was 
not  made  the  capital  of  the  country  until  its  conquest  by 
the  Mongols,  about  1282. 

PEKIXI.  pA-kee/nee,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Al- 
bania, on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Scombi,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  23  miles  N.X.W.  of  Berat. 

PEL.A.GO,  pAl8-go,  a  market-town  of  Central  Italy,  in 
Tuscany,  province,  and  13  miles  E.  of  Florence.  Pop.,  with 
vicinity,  5000,  who  nutnufacture  some  woollen  fabrics.  In 
this  commune  is  the  sanctuary  of  Valombrosa,  the  richest 
convent  in  Tuscany. 

PELAGOSA,  pA-lii-go'sJ,  a  desert  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea.  alx)ut  midway  between  the  promontory  of  Gargano  (in 
the  kingdom  of  X'aples)  and  Dalmatia. 

PEL.\SGICUS  SINUS.    See  Volo,  Gcu  OP. 

PEL'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PELESTKIXA,  pA-lJs-tree'ni,  or  PALESTRINA,  pJ-Us- 
tree'nd,  an  island  and  town  of  North  Ital.v,  government 
and  delegation  of  Venice,  the  island  extending  along  the 
shore  of  the  Adriatic,  from  the  Porto-di-Malamocco  to  the 
Porto-di-Chioggia,  7i  miles  in  length,  and  having  at  its  N. 
extremity  Fort  San  Pietro,  and  at  its  S.  end  the  town  of 
Pelestrina.  with  4000  inhabitants,  10  miles  S.  of  Venice. 

PELEW'  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  the  Carolines,  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  from  7°  to  9°  N..  Ion.  from  130°  to 
136°  E.  They  are  about  20  in  number,  extend  nearly  N.N.E 
and  S.S.W.  87  miles,  and  are  completely  encircled  by  reefs. 

1449 


PEL 


PEM 


PEI.-sJAM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsborough 
co^  ^eiT  il  irapshire,  38  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord.  It  has 
OJiu  ufacf  ur  m  of  woollens.    Pop.  944. 

PKIjIIAJI,  a  post-township  in  Hampshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 77  miles  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  7-18. 

PEi'/IIAM,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Westchester 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  Xew 
York  and  New  Haven  Railroad.    Pop.  1025. 
PELHjVM,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  co.,  Tennessee. 
PKL'HAM,  BRENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
PELHAM,  FURNEAUX,  (rfir-neV,)  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Herts. 
PELHAM,  ST0CK1N0,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
PELIAGODDE.  pi-le-S-god'dth,  a  village  of  Ceylon,  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Colombo.    Pop.  800. 

PELICAN  (p5l'e-kan)  ISLAND,  an  island  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Australia,  in"  Princess  Charlotte  Bay ;  lat.  13°  50'  S, 
Ion.  143°  42'  E. 

PELING,  pVllng',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off 
the  E.  coast  of  Celebes.    Length.  50  miles;  breadth,  20  miles. 
PELING,  an  island'of  the  Yellow  Sea,  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Corea;  lat.  13°  5'  N.,  Ion.  125°  E. 

PELISS.\NNE,  pAMee'sJnn',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bouehes-du-Rh&ne,  15  miles  W'.N.W.  of  Aix. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2010.    It  has  a  brisk  trade  in  olive-oil. 

PELLA,  p5l'l3,  a  ruined  town  of  Macedonia,  the  birth- 
place of  Alexander  the  Great.  Its  remains  are  traceable  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Yenidje-Vardar. 

PEL'L.A,  a  post-village  of  Marlon  co.,  Iowa,  88  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Iowa  City.  It  was  settled  mostly  by  the  Dutch. 
Pop.  of  Pella  township,  1644. 

PELLEGRINO,  pSl-lA-gree'no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
22  miles  S.W.  of  Parma.    Pop.  5312. 

PELLEGRUE,  p^righ-grtl',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  32  miles  E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in 
1852, 1840. 

PELLERIN,  LE.  leh  pJl'leh-rix'!',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  with  a  small  port  on  the 
Loire,  9  miles  W.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852.  1750. 

PEI/LEW  ISLAND,  (Sm  Edward.)  a  group  of  Australia, 
near  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria.    The  largest 
are  named  West  Island,  South-west  Island,  Nortli  Island, 
Centre,  and  A'anderlin  Island;  lat.  15<=  30'  S..  Ion.  137°  2'  E. 
PELL'S  LANIVING,  a  small  village  of  Hardin  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Ohio  River. 
PELLWORM,  an  island  of  Denmark.    See  Pelworm. 
PELOPONNESUS.    See  Morea. 
VELORUS.    See  Cape  Faro. 

PELOTAS.  pi-Wtis, or  SAO(Sao)FRANCISCO  DE  PAULA. 
sSwxa  fr3n-sees'ko  di  p(5wl3.  a  town  of  Br.aail.  province  of  Sao 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Itio  Grande.    P.  2419. 
PEI/SALL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  with  a 
station  on  the  South  Staffordshire  Railway,  7  miles  S.W.  of 
Lichfield. 
PKLSO.    See  Balatont  Lake. 
PELTON.  a  post-offlce  of  Polk  co.,  Tennessee. 
PKLTON  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York, 
about  18  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bath. 
PELUMSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Peltmsk. 
PELU'SIAC  BRANCH,  an  ancient  arm  of  the  Nile,  the 
easternmost  of  all,  at  its  delta,  entered  the  sea  at  Pelusium. 
(near  the  modern  village  of  Tlneh,)  after  a  N.E.  course  of 
120  miles.    It  is  now  nearly  or  quite  filled  up,  the  water 
having  sought  other  channels 

PELU'SIUM,  a  city  of  ancient  Egypt,  at  the  Pelu.siac 
mouth  (anc.  Odium  Pdusiacum)  of  the  Nile.  Its  remains 
consist  of  "  mounds  and  a  few  broken  columns,"  near  the 
Medit<>rranean  coast,  E.  of  Lake  Menzaleh. 

PEI/VKRKH.  (anc.  Pfrrer)  a  vill.age  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
pashalic  of  .Marash,  45  miles  S.W.  of  Malateeyeh.    It  is  still, 
as  in  anti.iuity,  a  point  of  union  of  several  great  roads  from 
Asia  Minor.  Syria,  and  the  Euphrates. 
PELVOUM.    See  Pelworm. 

PELVOUX,  pilVoo',  a  mountain  of  France,  between  the 
departments  of  Hautes-Alpes  and  Isfere:  lat.  44°  53'  66"  N., 
Ion.  6°  24'  16"  E.;  height,  13.442  feet. 

PELWORM  or  PELLWORM,  p^l'*oRm,  an  Island  of  Den- 
mark, duchy  of  Sleswick,  in  the  North  Sea.  5  miles  N.W.  of 
Nordstrand.  Areii,  15  square  miles.  Pop.  2000.  It  was  the 
highest  portion  of  the  former  island  of  Nordstrand,  before 
the  mundation  of  1634. 

jn^^}'^^^^^'  P^-'imsk',  or  PELUMSK,  (PelUmsk.)  p,-V- 
lUmsk',  a  sm;ill  town  of  Siberia,  government,  and  180  miles 
N.«  .  of  Toliolsk,  on  the  Tavda. 

S!$x/AT!\?L^''^^"^'  *  P*""'^*"  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

PEMADUM'COOK,  a  lake  of  very  irregular  shape,  in  the 
K.  part  of  Piscataquis  co..  Maine,  receives  the  waters  of 

i^t-IVnT^  V**^^-    ^**  ""^'f*  jo'""  t»»e  Penol>scot  River. 

1  tMUA  p*mV  or  HUTIIEIIA,  hoo't'l-ra\  an  Island  off 
the  h.  coast  of  Africa,  In  the  Muscat  dominions.  30  mileg  N. 
of  the  island  of  /.anzlbar.    Lat.  of  K.  point,  4°  54'  8.,  Ion.  39° 

if  :,f  r"''  ,'.  "^  J"""^-  ^'  produces  excellent  timber,  and 
plentiful  supplies  for  shipping.  ' 

A/'i'"'"i*'/^""*'"y^'^'*'"'  "^'^  *<'^n  of  Congo,  in  West 
Africa.    Lot.  of  town,  6°  8.,  Ion.  14°  30'  E 
1«0 


PEM'BERTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
with  a  station  ou  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway,  2 
miles  W.  of  Wigan.    Pop.  4394. 

PEM'BERTON,  a  post-village  ami  township  of  Burlington 
CO ,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Rancocas  Creek,  20  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Trenton.  It  contains  3  churches,  several  niannfactories,  4c. 
Pop.  of  the  village,  about  800.     Tot.nl  po)nilatlon.  2672. 

PEMBERTON,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Bellefontaine  and  Indiana  Railroad,  16  miles  from  Bell»- 
fontaine. 
PEMBERTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Goochland  co.,  Virginia. 
PEMBINA,  pem'be-n.i,  a  lake  in  the  N.  part  ot  Dakota 
Territory,  about  10  miles  long.  Its  outlet  Hows  into  Rud 
River. 

PEMBINA,  a  river  of  North  America,  joins  the  Ath.-ibasca, 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Fort  Assiniboin. 

PEMBINA,  a  very  large  county  of  Minnesota,  borderingon 
the  British  Possessions.  It  has  an  area  of  aliout  7000  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Red  River  of  the 
North,  and  on  tiie  E.  by  the  Liiko  of  the  Wood.s,  and  in- 
cludes p.irt  of  Red  Lake.  The  surfiic  is  elevated,  and  in 
some  parts  hilly.  The  greater  part  of  the  region  is  possessed 
by  the  Sioux  and  Chippewa  Indians.    Pop.  in  1860. 1612. 

PEMBINA,  a  sottlenient  in  Pemliina  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Red  River  of  the  North,  where  it  crosses  the  N.  boun- 
dary of  the  Uuitetl  States.  It  contains  about  1000  inhabi- 
tants, who  subsist  chiefly  on  the  produce  of  tlie  chase. 

PEM'BRIDOE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hereford,  on  the  Arrow,  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  ^\■eobley. 
Pop.  in  1851,  1319. 

PEMBROKE,  p^m'brMk,  or  PEMBROKESHIRE.  p5m/- 
broOk-shir,  a  maritime  county,  and  the  westernmost  of  South 
Wales,  having  W.  and  N.  the  Irish  Sea;  and  S.  the  Bristol 
Channel.  Area  estimated  at  628  square  miles,  or  101,920 
acres,  of  which  atiout  140,000  are  arable,  and  160.000  in  pas- 
ture. Pop. in  1851.94,140.  Surfece  in  the  N.E. mountainous; 
elsewhere  undulating.  Coast-line  bold  and  deeply  indented. 
Chief  bays,  Newport,  St.  Bride's,  and  Milford  Haven.  Prin- 
cipal rivers,  the  Teify,  and  East  and  West  Cleddy.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile,  even  on  the  higher  hills.  The  principal 
crops  are  wheat,  barley,  and  oats.  Butter,  cheese,  and  a  fine 
breed  of  black  cattle  are  extensively  exported.  Anthracite 
coal,  lime,  slate,  and  marl  are  plentiful.  Lead  ore  is  also  found. 
The  fisheries  are  valuable.  Chief  towns,  Haverford  West.  St. 
David's,  Pembroke,  and  Tenby.  The  county,  exclusive  of 
borough,  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PESIBROKE,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
and  seaport  town  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  I'embroke.  on  a 
creek  of  Milford  Haven,  210  miles  W.  of  London.  Pop.,  in- 
cluding Pater,  in  1861,  15,051.  1'he  town  was  formerly  en- 
closed by  walls,  a  part  of  wliich  still  remain;  but  it  has 
now  a  village-like  appearance.  On  a  rocky  eminence  in  the 
vicinity  stand  the  remains  of  a  .castle  of  unusual  strength 
and  grandeur,  founded  in  the  eleventh  century,  and  dis- 
mantled, after  a  brave  Royalist  resistance,  in  1 649.  Pem- 
broke is  accessible  by  vessels  of  200  tons;  but  the  shipping 
trade  is  mostly  carried  on  1  mile  N.AV'.,  at  Pater,  where  is 
its  dock-yard.  It  comprises  60  acres,  enclosed  by  a  lofty 
stone  wall,  and  has  12  slips  for  ship-building.  The  borough 
unites  with  Tenby,  Milford,  and  Wiston.  in  sending  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  is  a  polling-place  for  the 
county,  and  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Herbert  family. 
Henry  VII.  was  born  here  in  1457.         ' 

PEM'BROKE,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine, 
about  156  miles  E.N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  2'_'99. 

PEMBROKE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Merrimack 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Merrimack  River,  near  the 
Portsmouth  and  Concord  Railroad.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Concord. 
It  contains  an  academy.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1313. 

PEMBROKE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Plymouth 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  The  township 
is  intersected  by  the  Old  Colony  I{ailroad.    Pop.  1524. 

PEMBIIOKE,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  co..  New  York, 
about  2.")0  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2855. 
PEMBROKE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Giles  co.,  Virgini.t. 
PEMBROKE,  a  post-village  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky, 
197  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

PEM'BROIvE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  M'est,  co.  of  Ren- 
frew, 86  miles  N.W.  of  Bytown.  It  contains  several  hotels, 
and  2  mills. 

I'EMBROKB,  a  county  comprising  the  S.E.  part  of  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  E.  of  Storm  Bay  and  Kangaroo  River. 
Chief  towns,  Buckland,  Tenby,  and  Sorell. 

PEMBROKE,   CAPE,   on   the   S.  coast  of  SouthamptcB 
Island.  Hudson's  Bay. 
PE^IBROKE  DOCK,  a  town  of  South  Wales.    See  Pat/^b. 
PEMIIURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
PEMIGEWASSKT,    p?mVje-w6s/sit.    a    river    near    t«ie 
centre  of  New   Hampshire,  is  formed  ))y   three  principal 
branches,  which  rise  and  unite  in  Grafton  county.    It  joins 
Winnipisoogee  River,  on  the  borders  of  Jlerrimack  no.,  to 
forn\  the  Merrimack  River. 

PEMMSCOT,  a  Lake  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Missouri, 
lies  in'lhe  S.  part  of  I'emiscot  county,  scarcely  2  milei<  from 
the  Mississippi  River,  from  which  it  probably  receives  imp- 


PEM 

piles  during  high  water.  It  communicates  with  White- 
water Hiver  by  a  short  outlet.  l<ength,  a.bout  18  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  5  or  6  miles. 

PE.MISCOT.  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Mis- 
BOuri,  borderiug  on  Arkansas  and  on  the  Mississippi  Kiver, 
which  separates  it  from  Tennessee,  has  an  area  estimated  at 
300  square  miles.  The  surface  is  level,  and  mostly  occupied 
by  swamps  and  shallow  lakes,  among  which  the  largest  is 
Lake  Pemiscot,  situated  in  the  S.  part.  ]<'ormo<l  out  of  the 
8.  part  of  New  Madrid  co.     Capitiil,  Gayoso.    Pop.  2962. 

PI';M'.M.\QUID.  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  .Maine. 

Pi:.M.MAQUID  POINT,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  to 
Georf^e's  River,  Lincoln  co.,  Maine.  On  its  extremity  is  a 
fixed  light,  75  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  serving  both 
for  Bristol  and  Waldoborough  Kivers.  Lat.  43'^  48'  N.,  loa. 
69^  29'  W. 

PKMPELFORT,  pJm'pel-foRt',  a  village  of  Prussia,  almost 
close  to  the  walls  of  Dusseldorf.    Pop.  2200. 

PEN',  p5n,  or  PKNO,  p^Vno,  a  lake  of  Russia,  government 
of  Tver,  S.W.  of  Ostashkov.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  about  15 
miles;  greatest  breadth,  3  miles,  forming  the  source  of  the 
Volga. 

PeSaCASTILLO,  pan'yl-kas-teel'yo,  ("rock  castle,")  a 
Tillage  of  Spain,  province,  and  2  miles  from  Santander.  Pop. 
1041. 

PENACOVA,  pd-nj-ko'vd,  a  village  and  parish  of  PortugfJ, 
province  of  Douro,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Coimbra,  on  the  right 
,  bank  nf  the  Mondego.     Pop.  3030. 

PE>f  Ai'IEL,  p^n-yd-fe-61',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
29  miles  E.S.E.  of  Valladolid,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Douio  and  Durauton.  Pop.  3463.  It  has  manufactures  of 
coarse  worsted  stuffs  and  leather. 

PKNAFIEL,  p.Vni-fe-Jl',  or  ARRIFANA  DE  SOUSA,  Ir- 
Re-fA'nd  d.i  so'sd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minbo,  on 
the  T.'imegs,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oporto.     Pop.  2300. 

PESfAFLOR,  p6n-yS-floi!/,  a  marketrtown  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  42  miles  E.N.E.  of  Seville,  on  the  Guadalciuivlr. 
It  has  some  Roman  antiquities. 

PENAGUILA,  or  PENAGUILA-Y-ARES,  pA-ni/ghe-lS-e- 
4'rJs.  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  Valencia,  20  miles  N. 
of  Alicante.    Pop.  1280. 

PENALBA,  pA-ndl'bi,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of 
Iluesca,  18  miles  N.\V.  of  Mequinenza,  near  which  the 
troops  of  Philip  V.  were  defeated.  August  15,  1710. 

PENALBA,  a  mfirket-town  of  Spain,  province,  and  42 
miles  S.E.  of  Saragossa. 

PENAiyLY,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

Pl'.Sf.\LS01lD0,  pSn-ydl-soR^do,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremaduia,  province  of  Badajos.    Pop.  1723. 

PION'ALTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Monmouth. 

PKNALVA  D'ALVA,  pA-ndl'va  d^l'v^,  a  town  and  parish 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Baixa,  about  20  miles  E.N.E. 
ofCoimbr.a.     Pop.  1600. 

PENAMACOR,  pi-nJ-mi-koR/,  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira,  28  miles  N;E.  of  Castillo  Branco.  It  is 
walled,  and  defended  by  a  strong  castle.     Pop.  2506. 

PEWA.NG',  PIN\\NG',or  PRINCE  OF  WALES'  ISLAND, 
(native,  IMlo-Pin^ang',  or  "Areca  Island."  from  the  abun- 
dance of  the  areca-tree  on  it.)  a  British  settlement  in  the  Strait 
of  .Malacca,  dependent  on  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  consisting 
of  an  island  situated  between  lat.  6°  and  5°  10'  N.,  Ion.  100° 
9°  and  100°  25'  E.,  off  the  W.  coast  of  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel  from  2  to  5  miles 
across.  Length,  16  miles;  breadth.  11  miles.  Area,  160 
square  miles.  The  surface  is  densely  wooded,  and  highly 
picturesque.  It  Is  mountainous  in  the  N.:  greatest  eleva- 
tion, 2800  feet;  elsewhere  it  is  level  or  undulating.  The 
climate  is  very  healthy.  Temperature  from  76°  to  90°.  The 
island  is  well  adapted  to  raising  spices,  which  are  exported 
annually  to  the  vaUie  of  S"5,000.  Cocoauuts,  areca,  gam- 
bier,  rice,  indigo,  cotton,  tobacco,  coffee,  sugar,  betel,  and 
ginger  are  the  other  principal  products,  and  tin  ore  is  found 
at  the  base  of  the  mountains.  Before  the  establishment  of 
Singapore  as  the  chief  port  of  transhipment  between  Europe, 
India,  and  the  Eastern  seas,  Penang  had  a  very  extensive 
transit  trade  with  all  the  countries  of  the  51alay  Archi- 
pelago and  Chinese  Seas,  as  well  as  with  the  ports  of  British 
Indi.a,  Europe,  and  America.  At  present,  however,  its 
trading  connections  are  much  more  limited,  being  chiefly 
with  the  E.  coast  of  Sumatra,  Java,  and  the  ports  of  the 
I'enasserim  provinces,  the  islands  and  W.  side  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula,  and  %vith  Singapore.  The  total  exports  in  1849 
amounted  to  6,-.i46,600  rupees,  ($3,022,870,)  and  the  imports 
to  7,219,825  rupees,  ($3,494,393.)  Penang  is  also  the  depot 
for  the  tin  wrought  at  Junkceylon,  and  places  in  the  Malay 
Peninsula;  of  this  metal  it  exported,  in  1850,  about  20,000 
piculs,  (1195  tons.)  The  capital  of  the  island  is  George 
Town,  which  has  an  excellent  harbor,  with  a  depth  varying 
from  5  to  8  fathoms,  protected  by  two  commodious  piers, 
and  an  arsenal,  good'  barracks,  and  civil  and  convict  hos- 
pitals. Pop.  of  the  island,  .Tune,  1851,  43.143,  of  whom 
347  were  English  and  their  descendants;  16,670  Malays, 
and  15.45''  Chinese. 

PENANTIPODE  ISLAND,  Padfio.    See  Antipodes. 

PESf ARANDA  DE  BRACAMONTE,  pju-yl-rin/di  dA  brl- 


PEN 

kJ-mon'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27  mnefi  s.K.  of 
Salamanca.  Pop.  4140.  It  has  nianufa.iuies  of  --^>^r«<•, 
wooll'>n  fabrics,  hats,  tape.  cord,  morocco  leather,  and  shr^w. 

PeSaRANDA  DE  DUERO.  p^n-yd-rdu'da  d.4  u.x>-A/r(,,  a 
market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and  40  miles  S,S.E.  of  L'ur 
gos      Pop.  694. 

PESTAKOYA,  p5n-y3-ro'yl,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  ot 
Aragon.  and  48  miles  from  Teruel.     Pop.  1507. 

PEN'ARTII,  two  parishes  of  Wales,  co,  of  Glamorgan. 

PeSaS  DE  SAN  PEDRO,  pjn'yds  d.A  sdn  p;l'Dro,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  12  miles  S.S.W.of  Albacete.  Pop.  9876. 
It  has  a  castle,  and  is  the  residence  of  a  military  governor. 
Trade  chiefly  in  the  timber  of  its  vicinity. 

PENATANGORE,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  situated  in 
the  township  of  Kincardine,  co.  of  Bruce,  on  the  E.  shore  of 
Lake  Huron,  130  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Toronto. 

PENATAGORE,  a  village  of  Canada. 

PENAT'AQUIT,  a  post-offlce  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

PEN'BOYR,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

PEN'BREY,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

PEN'BRYN,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

PEN'BUALT.  a  hamlet  of  Wales,  co,  of  Brecon. 

PENCAIT'LAND,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington. 

PENC.A.R/REQ,  a  paiish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

PENCII.INT,  pjn'shdnf,  a  bayou  of  Louisiana,  commences 
in  Terre  Bonne  parish,  and  flows  N.W.  Into  Bayou  Chene. 

PEN'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PEN/COYD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PENCUN,  pSn'koon,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  16  miles  S.W.  of  Stettin.    Pop.  1654. 

PENDAR/VIS'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co., 
Georgia. 

PENDEN'EN,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

PENDEN'NIS  CASTLE.  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  is  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  entrance  of  Falmouth  Harbor,  on  a  heigh' 
300  feet  above  the  sea.  It  was  founded  by  Uenry  VIII 
and  has  been  enlarged  and  strengthened. 

PENDEULWyN,p^ndeel'win,or  PENDOY'LAN,*  pariiji 
of  Wales,  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

PENDJSHEHER,  penjVhJh'h'r,  or  PUNISHEER,  ptln-e- 
shaiW,  a  river  of  Afghanistan,  descends  from  the  S.  side 
of  the  Hindoo  Koosh.  and  after  a  course  of  about  130  miles, 
joins  the  Cabool  River  on  the  left. 

PEN'DLEBURY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PEN'DLE-HILL,  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  2  miles  from 
Clitheroe,     Height  above  the  sea,  ISOO  feet. 

PEN'DLETON,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster, 
with  a  station  on  the  Ljincashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway, 
2.1  miles  W.N.W.  of  Manchester,  of  which  it  forms  a  suburb. 
Pop.  in  1851, 14,224,  employed  in  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
silk,  and  in  coUeries. 

PENDLETON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PEN'DLETON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  We.st  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  620  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  South  or  principal  branch  of  the  Potomac  River,  and 
by  two  affluents  of  the  same,  called  the  North  and  South 
Forks.  The  surface  is  very  mountainous,  and  densely 
covered  with  timber.  The  main  Alleghany  Mountain  forms 
its  boundary  on  the  N.W.,  the  North  Mountain  on  the  S.E., 
and  Jackson's  Mountain  extends  across  the  county.  The 
mean  height  of  the  land  is  estimated  at  2000  feet  above  the 
sea.  Organized  in  1788,  and  named  in  honor  of  Edmund 
Pendleton,  a  distinguished  statesman  of  Virginia.  Capital, 
Franklin.  Pop.  6164,  of  whom  5920  were  free,  and  244  slaves. 

PENDLETON,  a  former  district  of  South  Carolina,  form- 
ing the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  state,  has  been  divided  into 
two  parts,  constituting  the  present  districts  of  Pickens  and 
Anderson. 

PENDLETON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  of  300  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  forms  its  N.E. 
boundary,  separating  it  from  the  state  of  Ohio;  it  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Licking  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  South 
Licking  River,  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  extensively 
covered  with  forests;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  underlying 
rock  is  the  blue  limestone.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Covington  and  Lexington  Railroad.  Formed  in  1798. 
Capital,  Falmouth.  Pop.  10,443,  of  whom  10,019  were  free, 
and  424  slaves. 

PENDLETON,  a  post-township  of  Niagara  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Tonawanda  Creek,  about  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Buffalo. 
Pop.  1833. 

PENDLETON,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  about  120  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Columbia.  It  contains  several  churches,  academies,  and 
a  newspaper  office.    Pop.  864. 

PENDLETON,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  is  a  suburb 
of  Cincinnati. 

PENDLETON,  a  post-ofBce  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio. 

PENDLETON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  In- 
diana, on  Fall  Creek,  and  on  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indiana 
Railroad.  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  creek  affords 
excellent  water-power.  There  are  quarries  of  fine  limestone 
and  marble  in  the  vicinity. 

PENDLETON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Niagara  co.,  New 
York,  about  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Buffalo. 

1451 


PEN 

PENDLETON  HILL,  s  postofflce  of  New  London  co^ 
Connecticut 

PEXDLKTON'S  RIVER,  of  Georgia,  a  small  stream  which 
flows  S.E..  and  enters  the  Ohoopee  River  in  Tatnall  county, 
near  ReidsTille. 

PEX'DOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  to.  of '^'orcester. 

PEX1>0MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PEXTiYN.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

PEXEDO/pi-ni'do,  a  flourishing  city  of  Brazil,  proTJnce, 
and  65  miles  S.W.  of  Alagoas.  on  the  Sao  Francisco.  Pop. 
of  the  district  14.000.  mostly  Indians, 

PEXEDOXO,  pA-ni-do/no,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portuiral, 
province  of  Beira  Alta,  39  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Guarda. 
Pop.  890. 

PEXE'GOS,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

PEXELLA,  pif-nJl'li,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Belra,  on  the  Deu?a.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Coimbra.    Pop.  at60. 

PEXELLA,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira  Alta.  18  miles  X.  of  Traneoso.    Pop.  712. 

PE\ETAXGUISIIEXE,PEXETAXGL£SIlIXE,orPEXE- 
TAXGCSUEXE,  penVtang'ghe-sheen',  a  post-villj^e  of  Ca- 
nada West,  CO.  of  Simcoe,  36  miles  N.X.W.  of  Barrie.  It 
contains  several  stores,  and  a  mill. 

PEXEU'ACH,  a  village  in  Dallas  co,,  Iowa,  145  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

PEN  KUS.    See  Salehbria. 

PEXVFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part 
of  Monroe  co^  New  York,  on  Irondequoit  Creek.  7  miles  E. 
of  Rochester.  The  village  contains  churches  of  3  or  4  deno- 
minations, an  educational  institution,  and  several  &ctories 
and  mills.    Pop.  about  800;  of  the  township,  3210. 

PEXKIELD,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  Georgia.  47  miles 
N.  of  Milledgeville,  wag  first  settled  in  18.36,  Here  is  Mercer 
University,  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists.  Pop.near400 

PEXFIELD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.S.E,  extre- 
mity of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  847. 

PEXFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Calhoun  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.lOOJ. 

PEXFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

PEXGE,  p4nj,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  parish 
of  Battersea.  Pop.  300.  Almshouses,  for  decayed  watermen, 
have  been  recently  erected  here, 

PEXIIA,  pSn'yi  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Minas  Geraes,  on  the  Itaguahi,  80  miles  S.  W.  of  Minas 
Novas.    Pop.  1000. 

PEXIIA,  a  villdge  of  Brazil  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  island 
of  Itaparica,  opposite  the  town  of  Bahia. 

PEX'IIOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

PEX'HURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PEXICUK,  pi-nee'shA,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Kstremadura,  13  miles  W.  of  Obidos,  on  the  Atlantic 
and  the  S.  side  of  the  peninsula  of  Peniche.  Pop.  2600.  It 
is  strong  lx>th  by  nature  and  art.  It  has  a  small  port,  and 
an  active  fishery, 

PEXICUICK  or  PEXXYCUICK,  p5nVklik',  a  burgh  of 
barony,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  10  miles  S.  of  Edin- 
burgh, on  the  North  Esk,  Pop.  in  1851,  3003.  It  is  neatly 
built,  has  a  fine  church  of  Grecian  architecture,  a  subscrip- 
tion libr.try,  a  gunpowder  fiictory,  and  extensive  paper  mills, 
on  the  North  Esk. 

PEXIG.  pA'niG,  a  town  of  Saxony,  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Leip- 
bIc  on  the  Mulde.    Pop.  3956. 

PENIX'SULA,  (Tbe,)  an  abbreviation  for  the  Iberian  Pe- 
ninsula.   See  Spain. 

PEXIX/SULA.  a  post-village  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio,  136 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

PeSisCOLA,  p^n-yees/ko-li.  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  38  miles  N.E.  of  C^tellon  de  la  Plana.  Pop.  1391. 
It  is  perched  on  a  rook  rising  240  feet  above  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  connected  with  ihe  mainland  only  by  a  narrow 
strip  of  sand. 

PEX.TAB,  the  "five  rivers,"  of  India.    See  Puxjab. 

PENJIXA,  pin-jee'ni  (?)  a  river  of  East  Siberia,  rises  on 
the  S.K.  side  of  the  St.anovoi  Mountains,  fiows  S,E.,  and 
&lls  into  the  Bay  of  Penjinsk  after  a  course  of  about  160 
miles. 

PEX.TIXSK,  pSn-jlnsk',  a  gulf  of  Siberia,  on  the  N.E.  side 
of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  ibrmed  on  the  W.  by  a  peninsula 
which  separates  it  from  the  Gulf  of  J^iginsk.  It  is  about 
160  miles  long  by  30  miles  broad. 

PENJIXSK,  a  small  town  of  East  Siberi.a,  province  of 
Okhotsk,  on  the  Penjina.  near  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of 
P«njicsk,  an  inlet  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk. 

PKNK  AU.  pi^n'kaw.or  PKX  KUM.  pftn/kuam,  a  walled  town 
of  Prussia,  in  Pomeranla.  17  miles  W.  of  Stettin.    Pop.  1500. 

PKN'KKTH.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PENK'IIULL.  a  township  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Stafford. 

PKX'KKIDGK.  a  town  and  parish  of  EngLand,  co.,  and 
o  miles  8.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Penk.  an  affluent  of  the  Trent, 
and  near  the  Grand  Junction  Railway.  Pop.  3129.  The 
town  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  Roman  Fiymocrueium, 
and  has  a  large  church,  formerly  coUeglat*. 

PE.NKUM.  a  town  of  Prussia."    See  Penkau. 

PB.N  LI M'.MON.  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  a  moantain 
range  of  South  Walei. 
14d2 


PEN 

PENLLECH,  p?nV7i7Jk,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Camarvoa 

PEXLLINE,  pJn't/iHne,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glar 
morgan. 

PEXMACHNO,  p5n-maK'no,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  CaN 
narvon. 

PEXJIAEN.  pJn-mJ'en,  (almost  pJn-min',)  a  parish  of 
Wales.  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

PENMAEX-5IAWR,  pJn-mA'en-muwR,  a  mountain  of 
Wales.  co„  of  Carnarvon,  in  the  vicinity  of  Aberconway. 
Elevation,  1400  feet.  Its  summit  is  crowned  by  andeut 
fortifications. 

PEX'MAIX,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

PEXMAKCn.  pSx«'maRsh',  a  maritime  village  of  West 
France,  department  of  Finist&re,  on  a  headland  in  the  At- 
lantic, 16  miles  S.W.  of  Quimper.     Pop.  1727. 

PEX'MARK,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

PEN'MOX,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  .Anglesey. 

PEXMOREA,  p4n-mo-rA'a,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
narvon. 

PEXMYNYDD,  pin-minqiH,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesey. 

PEXX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

PENN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

PEX'N,  a  townsliip  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsj-lvania.  Pop.  1444. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsj'lvania.  Pop.725. 
,  PENN,  a  township  of  Hnntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Huntingdon  and  Broad  Top  Railroad.    Pop.  969. 

PENN,  a  post-township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  1771. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pemisylvania,  P.  745, 

PE.VN,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1238,  ' 

PENX",  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1319. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan.    POp.  1303. 

PENN,  a  township  of  .lay  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1314. 

PENN,  a  township  of  St.  .Toseph  co.,  Indian.i.    Pop.  2260. 

PENNA,  pJn'ni,  a  mountain  of  Parma,  on  the  confines 
of  the  duchv  of  Piacenza.    It  has  a  height  of  5860  feet. 

PEXX  A  i)I  BILLI.  pJn'ni  dee  billee.  a  small  city  of  Italy, 
in  the  Pontifical  States,  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Urbino,  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  Marecchia.    Pop.  1370. 

PKN'XAH.iTCn'EE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  Flint 
River  near  Drayton,  in  Dooly  county. 

PEX'X.\L,  a  pari.sh  of  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

PEX'XAXT,  a  piirish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Montgomery. 

PENXAR,  p^n-nar',  a  river  of  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
rises  in  Mysore,  and  after  an  E.  course  through  the  dis- 
tricts of  Beilary,  Cuddapah,  and  Nellore,  enters  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  104  miles  N.  of  Madras.    Length,  270  miles. 

PENNARD.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somc-rsot. 

PENX'ARD,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
Z\  miles  W.S.W.  of  Glastonbury.  The  fiimous  cheese,  weigh- 
ing 11  hundred  weight,  and  presented  some  years  ago  to 
Queen  Vieturia.  was  made  in  this  parish. 

PENNAUTIER,  pJn'noHe-A',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  .\ude,  3  miles  N.W.  of  CarCHs.sonne.     P.  1214. 

PKXN  DISTRICT,  formeriy  PEXX  TOWXSUIP.  a  su- 
burb or  district  of  Philadelphia,  now  included  within  its 
chartered  limits,  forming  a  N.  portion  of  the  city,  adjoining 
the  district  of  Spring  Garden. 

PEXXE,  pJnn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  on  a  declivity  near  the  Lot,  6  miles  E,S.E.  of 
Villeneuve-sur-Lot,     Pop.  in  1852.  4464, 

PEXXF;,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Avevron,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Qaillac.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2157. 

PKX'XELVILLE.  a  post^ofllce  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

PKN'NEY'S.  a  post-oflice  of  Randolph  oo.,  Missouri. 

PENN'FIELD,  a  post-oflice  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PEXNFIELD.  a  post-oflice  of  Davidson  co..  North  Carolina. 

PEXXFIELD.  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  CO.,  Michigan. 

PEXX  FOR'EST.  a  township  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  as  miles  N.X.W.  of  AUentown.     Pop.  580. 

PENN  HILL,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

PEX'XIGEXT.  a  mountain  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Ridinsr.  7  miles  N.  of  Settle.     Elevation.  2270  feet 

PEXXINE  .\LPP.    Sf«  Alps,  page  62. 

PEX'XIXGUAME\  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigton. 

PEX'XIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  FlngUand.  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PEXXIXGTOX.  a  township  of  England,  oo.  of  Lancaster, 

PEX'XIXGTON.  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey, 
8  miles  N.  of  Trenton,  contains  2  churches  and  2  semina- 
ries.   Pop.  500, 

PENNINGTON,  a  township  in  Bradley  co.,  Arkansas, 
Pop.  1216. 

PEXXIXr.TON,  a  township  in  Licking  eo.,  Ohio. 

PENNINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Houston  co.,  Texas. 

PEXX'IXGTONVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chester 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  railroad  between  Philadelphia  and 
Columbia,  48  miles  W.  of  the  former.  It  is  a  depflt  for  coal 
and  lumber,  and  contains  several  large  stores. 

PEN'.NISTON.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  no. 
of  York.  West  Riding,  on  the  Don.  with  a  station  on  the 
Manchester  and  Sheffield  Railway,  6^  miles,  W.S.W  o« 
Barnsley.    Pop.  in  1S61.  6302. 


PEN 


PEN 


PKXN  LINE,  a  post-villajre  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  W.  boundary  of  the  state,  2-1  miles  W.  of  Meadville. 

PENXOCKUCIUM.     Sue  Pexkriboe. 

PEN'N  KUN,  a  postoffice  of  Indiana  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

PEX.\S'IJOROUGII,apost-officeofRitchieco.,\y  .Virginia. 

PENNS'BOROUGH,  a  postroffice  of  Irwin  co.,  Georgi.i. 

PENNS'BURG,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PEXN'SBUIIY,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Brandywine  Creek.    Pop.  847. 

PEXN'S  COVE,  a  thriving  village,  or  settlement,  capital 
of  Island  CO.,  Washington  Territory,  situated  near  the  centre 
of  Whidby's  Island.  It  has  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the 
world,  completely  sheltered  from  all  the  winds  tliat  prevail 
in  this  quarter. 

PEXN'S  CHEEK,  rises  in  the  central  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  flows  into  the  Susquehanna  a  few  miles  below 
Sunhury. 

PEXN'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlceof  Snyderco.,  Pennsylvania. 

PENXS'GIIOVE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Upper  Penn's 
Neck  township,  S.aleni  co„  N  ew  .Jersey,  is  Bitiuited  on  the 
Delaware  River,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Salem.  It  has  2 
churches,  3  stores,  and  a  steam  saw-mill  with  a  ship-yard 
attached.  There  are  also  2  hotels,  which  aie  much  fre- 
quented in  summer  by  citizens  of  Philadelphia. 

PEXNSOKOVE,  a  iKJstvillage  of  Delaware  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Chester  Creek,  3  miles  .S.W.  of  Media.  * 

VENN'S  NECK, avillageinNew .Jersey.  See  \V'rLLl.\MSBCna. 

PEXN'S  NECK,  a  former  townsliip  of  Salem  co..  New 
Jersey,  now  divided  into  Lower  Penn's  Ne<-k  and  Upper 
.  Penn's  Neck.    Pop.  of  the  former,  1 606 ;  of  the  latter,  2901. 

PENN'S  SQUARE,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

PEXN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Patrick  CO.,  Virginia. 

PENXS'VILLE,  a  village  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  S  miles  S.  of  Westchester. 

PENNSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Penn  Township,  Clear- 
field CO..  I'enn.sylvania. 

PENNSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co..  Penn.sylvania. 

?EXXSVILLE,  (formerly  IIICKSVILLE,)  a  village  of 
Lycoming  co..  Pennsylvania,  3  miles  N.  of  JIuncy. 

PEX.X.SVILLE,  ^  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  34 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Zanesville. 

PEXNSYLVANIA,  pjn-sil-v4/ne-a,  (See  Int.  \^II.;  Fr. 
Penn.li/lvanie,  pJnn'seelVa^nee';  Ger.  Pkiinsi/lvanien,  pinn- 
sil-vj'iie-en,)  one  of  the  Middle  States,  and  the  second  in 
popul;iti(m  in  the  Union,  is  bounded  N.  by  Lake  Erie  and 
New  York;  E. by  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  Delaware  River;  S.  by  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, and  Virginia;  and  W.  by  Virginia  and  Ohio.  It  lies 
between  39°  43'  and  42^  15'  N.  lat..  and  Ijetween  74°  42'  and 
80°  35'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  310  miles  in  length,  and  160  in 
width,  (except  at  the  angle  at  Lake  Erie,  where  it  is  175.) 
and  containing  an  area  of  46,000  square  miles,  or  29,440,000 
acres,  of  wliicli  only  10,463,296  wore  improved  in  ISCO. 

fhceofthe  Country. — No  state  in  the  Union  presents  a 
greater  variety  of  surface  than  Pennsylvania.  Though  they 
Jo  not  rise  to  any  great  elevation,  (seldom  above  '2000  feet,) 
its  mountains  spread  over  about  one-fourth  of  the  state  in 
parallel  ridges,  in  a  direction  generally  from  N.E.  to  S.W., 
and  occupy  the  southern,  central,  and  eastern  counties. 
Though  all  forming  parts  of  the  great  Appalachian  chain, 
they  are  known  by  various  local  appellations.  Commencing 
below  Easton,  on  the  Delaware,  we  have  the  South  Moun- 
tain; then  in  order,  proceeding  W.  or  N.W..  the  Blue  or 
Kittatinny  Mountains,  (both  entering  the  state  from  New 
Jersey,  and  passing  S.W.  into  Jlaryland.)  and  the  Broad 
Mountiin.  which  lies  S.  of  the  North" Branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. ■  We  now  cross  the  river  just  mentioned,  but  .still 
have  with  us  the  Broad  Mountain,  under  the  name  of  the 
Tuscarora :  passing  which,  we  come  upon  another  ridge, 
lying  mostly  S.  of  the  Juniata  River,  known  as  Sideling 
Hill;  which  is  succeeded  in  turn  by  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains proper,  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  Atlantic  slope 
and  the  Mississippi  A'alley.  Descending  the  very  gradual 
Ohio  slope,  we  cross  two  inferior  but  well-defined  chains, 
known  as  Jjaurel  and  Chestnut  Ridges.  As  before  stated^ 
these  mountains  do  not  rise  to  a  great  height:  the  South 
Mountain  is  within  1000,  and  the  Blue  Mountain  within 
1500  feet.  Broad  Mountain  is  said  to  rise  higher  above  its 
immediate  base  than  the  Alleghany  range,  but  to  be  infe- 
rior to  them  in  elevation  above  the  sea.  These  different 
ridges  are  separated  by  valleys,  now  contracted  within 
narrow  limits,  and  now  spreading  out  to  a  width  of  from 
15  to  30  miles.  The  entire  belt  in  Pennsylvania  spreads 
over  a  space  of  200  miles — the  greatest  breadth  the  Alle- 
ghany range  attains  in  its  whole  course  from  Maine  to  Ala- 
bama. In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  the  mountains  be- 
come high  and  rugged  hills ;  the  W.  is  also  hilly,  and  the  S.E. 
and  N.W.  moderately  so,  but  occasionally  level.  The  rivers 
of  the  western  part  of  the  state,  cutting  their  way  through 
the  taJile-land,  present  sometimes  precipitous  shores  of 
several  hundred  feet  in  height,  and  many  valleys  bear  evi- 
dent marks  of  their  having  been  formed  by  running  water. 

Oeolu^y. — We  condense  from  Trego's  work,  on  Pennsyl- 


vania, a  brief  sketch  of  the  geology  of  the  state.  The  S.E. 
portion  of  Penn.sylvania,  including  the  soiUVieru  p;iit»  uf 
Bucks  and  Montgomery,  the  whole  of  Phil'idelpMH  ami 
Delaware,  with  the  southern  parts  of  Chevter,  l."».-\ca» 
ter,  and  York  counties,  is  occupied  by  rocks  belongii.-;  to 
the  stratified  primary  class:  regular  veins  of  unstraiified 
rocks,  as  granite,  sienite,  &c.,  traverse  parts  of  the  priniary 
range.  North  of  this  trangular  belt  is  the  limestmie  and 
marble  of  Chester  and  Montgomery  counties,  and  slill  more 
northward  a  considerable  extent  of  gnei.ss,  with  talc  and 
mica  slate.  Proceeding  farther  N.,  we  come  to  the  red  sand- 
stone, which  stretches  across  the  state  from  tlie  Delaware 
River,  above  Trenton,  to  the  Maryland  line,  passing  throu'.;h 
Bucks,  .Montgomery,  Chester,  Berks,  Ijancaster.  Dauphin, 
York,  and  Adams  counties.  The  red  sandstone  is  traversed 
by  numerous  dikes  of  trap-rock  or  greenstone.  The  rock  is 
generally  composed  of  feldspar  and  hornblende,  and  is  an 
igneous  production.  Just  below  Easton  commences  anoth(>r 
belt  of  primary  rock,  which  (like  nearly  all  the  other  for- 
mations in  the  E.  and  middle  of  Pennsylvania)  stretches 
S.W.  to  the  Maryland  line,  having  Allentown.  Reading,  and 
Gettysburg  near  its  north-western  limit.  This  formation  is 
generally  here  called  the  South  Jfountain.  Overlying  the 
primary  rocks  is  a  l>elt  of  white  sandstone,  and  above  this 
there  is  a  broad  belt  of  limestone,  occasionally  appearing  in 
Northumberland.  Lehigh,  Berks,  ljeb.anon,  Dauphin,  Jjan- 
caster,  York,  Adams,  Cumberland,  .and  Franklin  counties. 
The  same  limestone  appears  in  the  counties  of  Centre,  Mif- 
flin, Huntingdon,  ami  Bedford.  The  rock  next  in  order 
overlying  tlie  limestone  is  the  slate:  this  belt  cro.s.ses 
Northampton,  Lehigh.  Berks,  Lebanon,  Dauphin.  Cuml>er- 
land.  and  Franklin  counties.  Ne.xt  above  the  slate  is  a  for- 
mation composed  of  hard  white  and  gray,  or  sonielimes 
reddish  or  greenish,  silicious  sandstones,  frequently  con- 
taining large  pebbles.  This  rock  constitutes  the  Kittatinny 
or  Blue  Ridge;  is  seen  in  the  rugged  sandstone  ridges  of 
.Juniata,  Miftiin,  Centre,  Huntingdon,  and  Bedf)rd  counties, 
in  the  Tuscarora  Mountains,  and  in  Montour's  Kidue,  {mm 
B!o<3msburg  to  near  Northumterland.  Upon  the  sandstone 
just  described  rests,  generally  near  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tains, a  series  of  red  and  variegated  shales.  Tliis  f  )rmation 
contains  tlie  fossiliferous  iron  ore,  extensively  worked  iu 
Columbia  county,  near  the  Juniata,  and  in  other  parts 
where  this  form.ation  exists.  This  group  of  rocks  extends 
from  Danville  into  Union  county.  Next  in  position  we  have 
an  argillaceous  blue  limestone,  rather  slaty,  and  of  model  ate 
thickness,  with  thin  bands  of  slaty  shale.  Some  bamls 
contain  abundance  of  fossil  organic  remains,  and  occasionally 
iron  ore.  This  rock  is  found  as  far  N.E.  as  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Berwick,  and  in  Perry,  Juniata,  Mifflin,  Union, 
Huntingdon,  and  Bedford  counties.  It  is  also  f(>und  along 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  from  Jluncy  to 
Bald  Eagle  Creek.  The  formation  next  in  the  ascending 
order  is  a  coarse-grained  yellowish-white  sandstone,  abound- 
ing in  fo.sslLs.  It  will  be  generally  found  accompanying 
the  limestone  in  Juniata,  Mifflin,  Union,  Huntingdon,  and 
Bedfijrd  counties — some  iron  is  found  in  the  range.  We  now 
come  to  a  group  of  alternating  strata  of  dark-gray,  green- 
ish, and  olive-colored  sl.ates,  interstratified  with  greenish 
argillaceous  sandstones,  sometimes  with  thin  layers  of  lime- 
stone. JIany  of  the  strata  abound  in  fossil  shells,  encrinites, 
and  trilobites.  This  rock  covers  a  Large  portion  of  Monroe, 
Pike,  and  Wayne  counties,  e.xtending  to  the  Susquehanna, 
between  Kittatinny  and  .Second  Mountain.  Above  the  for- 
mation last  described,  we  find  a  series  of  brown  red  shales 
and  sandstones,  interspersed  with  layers  of  gray  and  buff, 
and  forming  a  good  building  m.aterial.  This  formation  ex- 
tends from  the  Susquehanna,  al)0ve  the  Blue  Jlountain, 
through  Monroe  county,  spreading  out  in  Pike,  Wayne, 
Susfjuehanna,  Luzeme,  and  Bradford  counties;  also  appear- 
ing on  the  .Juniata  and  in  Bedford  county.  Over  the  red 
sh.ales  and  sandstone  rest  massive  beds  of  coarse,  hard  gray 
sandstones,  sometimes  containing  pebbles,  with  occasional 
bands  of  dark  greenish  slates  intermixed.  We  are  now  ap- 
proaching the  coal-bearing  rocks,  and  occasionally  find  black 
carbonaceous  slate,  and  sometimes  even  scales  of  coal  itself; 
still  we  are  several  hundred  feet  below  the  true  coal-bearing 
series.  This  formation  encloses  all  the  anthracite  and 
bituminous  coal  region ;  but  having  on  top  and  between  it 
and  the  coal  a  series  of  red  shales  and  sandstones — the 
strata  more  or  less  calcareous.  Immediately  underneath 
the  coal  is  a  group  of  massive  strata,  of  coarse  silicious  con- 
glomerates, with  light-colored  sandstones.  All  search  below 
this  last  formation  for  coal  must  be  fruitlejis.  The  seams  of 
coal  are  separated  by  soft,  argillaceous,  bluish  clay,  or  light- 
gray  sandstone,  or  by  dark-colored  slates  and  shales. 

Minerals. — Penn.sylvania  stands  first  among  the  United 
States  in  the  abundance  of  her  coal  and  iron.  Though  not 
possessing  a  great  variety  of  rare  minerals,  and  none  of  the 
precious  metals,  she  has  those  which  have  made  England 
the  wealthiest  and  most  powerful  nation  on  the  globe,  while 
Spain  and  Portugal,  with  their  gold,  silver,  aiid  diamond- 
mines,  have  become  poor  in  national  wealth,  and  have  sunk 
to  a  low  degree  of  political  influence.  Owing  no  doubt  to 
her  homely  but  useful  minerals,  Pennsylvania  has  advanced, 

1453 


PEN 

between  1840  and  1850,  in  a  gi-eater  ratio  in  population  than 
evea  the  Empire  State,  (Xew  York.)  or  that  vigorous  and 
youthful  giant  of  the  M'est,  Ohio.  The  vast  anthracite 
coalfields  of  PennsyKania  lie  mostly  between  the  Delaware 
and  Susquehanna  Rivers,  about  the  head-waters  of  the 
Lehigh,  Schuylkill,  and  Lackawana.  In  1854  this  region 
gent  to  market  5,919,555  tons  of  coal;  in  1864,  the  product 
had  iiicre^Tsetl  to  10,5«>4,926.  Nearly  half  of  this  came  from 
Schuylkill  county.  At  BlossburR,  in  Tioga  county,  and 
in  Clinton  county,  are  mines  of  bituminous  coal,  said  to 
be  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  Newcastle  coal  of  Eng- 
land; while  the  region  around  Pitfc-burg.  the  conunence- 
meiit  of  the  coalfield  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  abounds 
in  cojil  of  the  same  kind,  but  little  inferior  in  purity. 
Caiinel  coal  of  fine  quality  is  found  in  Beaver  county. 
Tlie  bituminous  coal  niineil  in  W>.-stern  Pennsylvania,  in 
1864,  was  estimated  at  3.000,000  tons.  Petroleum  abounds 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  The  best  evidences 
of  the  quantity  and  excellence  of  the  iron  of  Pennsyl- 
vaniiu  is  the  fact,  according  to  the  census  rejjort  of  1850, 
that  nearly  half  of  the  pig,  cast,  and  wrought  iron  manu- 
feetured  in  the  Union  was  from  her  forges  and  furnaces. 
This  state  al.so  abounds  in  lime,  marble,  slate,  and  stone." 
suitable  for  building.  Marble  is  particularly  abundant  in 
Chester  and  .Montgomery  counties.  The  most  important 
copper-mines  in  Pennsylvania,  are  in  the  same  counties. 
Zinc  is  mined  in  the  vicinity  of  Bethlehem,  plumbago  in 
Bucks  county.and  lead  in  Chester  and  Montgomery  coun- 
ties. A  btni  of  this  mineral  of  great  richness  is  reported  to 
have  lieen  discovered  recently  in  Blair  county.  Chromium 
oo-urs  in  Cluster  and  Lancaster  counties.  Scattered  over 
the  state  are  some  of  the  followingminerals:  tit.Hniiun,  plum- 
bago, magnetic  iron  ore.  iron  pyrites,  magnesia,  t.-ilc.  asbes- 
tos, barytes.  zircon,  tourmalin,  marl,  Ac.  Salt  springs  exist 
on  the  ilonongahelix.  Kiskeminitas,  and  Beaver  Kivcrs.  and 
in  other  parts  of  the  state.  Nearly  ]2.000,uOO  bushels  of  salt 
were  manufacturitl  here  in  ISOtt.  Nitre  or  saltpetre  has 
recently  been  discovered  in  an  extensive  deposite  and  of 
great  richness,  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.  There  are 
iseveral  medicinal  springs,  generally  chalybeate,  the  most 
noted  of  which  are  Bedford,  in  the  county  of  the  same 
name;  York,  in  Adams  county:  Douliling  Gap.  in  Cuml>er- 
Idcd ;  Yellow  Springs,  in  Chester,  and  Ephrafci,  in  Lancaster 
county. 

JSix'ers,  Lal-es.  <tt. — The  only  lake  of  Importance  in  this 
Etate  is  Lake  Erie,  which  forms  its  N.W.  boundary  for  about 
50  miles.  The  Delawai-e,  which  rises  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
New  York,  and  flows  southerly,  separates  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  frfim  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  and  empties 
into  Delaware  Bay.  It  is  navigable  for  large  ships  to  I'hila- 
delphia.  about  96  miles  from  the  sea,  and  for  sloops  and 
steamboats  to  Trenton,  30  miles  farther  up.  The  Susque- 
hanna, the  lai^rest  river  in  the  state,  enters  Pennsylvania 
from  New  York,  and  flowing  southerly  for  400  miles,  crosses 
the  entire  state,  dividing  it  into  two  unequal  portions,  hav- 
ing the  larger  part  on  the  \V.  This  river  is  not  navigable, 
except  at  high-water  in  the  spring  and  autumn,  when  large 
quantities  of  timber  are  floated  down  it  in  rafts,  and  pi-o- 
duce  iu  rough  boats  called  arks.  Owing  to  its  rapid  descent 
to  within  a  few  miles  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  into  which  it 
fiows,  it  is  but  little  affected  by  the  tides.  Its  principal 
tributaiies  are  the  West  Branch  and  Juniata  from  the  W., 
and  the  Swatara  and  Conestoga  from  the  E.  Between  the 
Sustiuehanna  and  the  Delaware  are  the  Lehigh  and  Schuyl- 
kill, affluents  of  the  Delaware,  and  each  about  llK)  miles  in 
length.  The  Ohio,  which  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Alleghany  from  the  N.,  and  the  Monongahela  fi-om  the  S., 
drains  the  \V.  part  of  the  state,  having  about  50  miles  of 
its  course  in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  navigable  for  large  steam- 
ers to  its  head  at  Pittsburg.  The  Alleghany  is  about  300, 
and  the  Monongahela  200  miles  in  length,  and  both,  at  high- 
water,  are  navigable,  the  former  200,  and  the  latter  60 
miles,  for  small  steamers.  The  Youghiogheny.  a  branch  of 
the  Monongahela,  and  the  Beaver,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio, 
are  small  rivers.  Canals  coast  most  of  these  rivers,  except 
the  Monongahela  and  Y'oughiogheny,  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent. 

Otj'ctt  of  Interest  to  Tmirids. — Justice  has  never  been  done 
to  the  picturesque  beauty  and  grandeur  of  the  scenery  of 
Penusylv.inia,  because  it  has  been  hitherto  difficult  of  access 
to  thdse  who  will  not  travel  except  in  luxurious  cars  or 
eteaniboats ;  but  now  that  railroads  are  beginning  to  traverse 
her  interior,  to  make  accessible  the  romantic  shoi-es  of  the 
Juniata,  Su.<!quehanna,  Schuylkill,  and  Lehigh  Kivers,  we 
may  expect  to  hear  others  exclaim,  as  did  an  English  tour- 
ist. (Hon.  C.  A.  Murray,)  '-To  my  sh.ame  be  it  spoken,  I 
never  heard  of  the  J uniata  till  this  day !"  The  passages  of 
the  Delaware,  Uhigh,  and  Schuvlkill  Rivers  through  the 
Blue  Kldge— the  first  two  called  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh 
W  ater  Uap»— are  well  worthy  a  visit  from  the  lover  of  fine 
•cenery.  The  Delaware  Water  Gap.  situated  to  the  N.  of 
Enston,  is  the  most  renowned  of  these.  The  river  here 
breaks  through  the  mountains,  in  a  gorge  about  2  miles  iu 
teiigth,  walled  in  by  precipices  from  12(X)  to  1000  feet  in 
lieijjht,  scarcely  leaving  space  for  a  road  between  their  base 
1454 


PEN 

and  the  water.  The  mountains  on  the  shores  of  the  .TunLita 
rise  to  about  1500  feet.  The  banks  of  the  Su.s<iuehaiina  am 
interesting  in  almost  every  part  of  its  course,  and  often 
grand.  The  celebrated  Wyoming  Valley,  on  the  North 
Branch,  needs  only  to  be  named.  The  Pennsylvania  Can.-il 
passes  through  a  tunnel  of  1000  feet,  near  Bl.iirsville :  the 
Union  Canal  through  one  of  729  feet ;  the  Danville  and  Potts- 
ville  Railroad  through  one  of  700  feet:  the  Reading  Railroad 
through  4,  severally  of  960.  172,  1934,  and  1300  feet  long,  and 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  through  the  summit  of  the  Al- 
leghany Mountain  by  a  tunnel  3612  feet  long,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  2200  feet  above  the  sea.  The  Portage  Railroad 
cros.ses  the  mountain  by  10  inclined  planes.  All  the  rail- 
roads named  above  pa.ss  through  successions  of  wild  and 
beautiful  country.  Bedford  Springs  are  imliedded  in  pic- 
turesque scenery  which  interest*  the  mind,  while  the  pure 
air  of  the  mountains  aid  the  medicinal  waters  in  theii'  resto- 
rative qualities.  Falling  Spring,  in  Luzerne  county,  above 
Pittston:  Swatara  Falls,  9  miles  from  Pottsville;  theSawkill 
Falls,  in  Pike  county,  near  Mllford;  the  Youghiogheny 
Rapids,  which  descend  60  feet  in  a  mile  in  a  wild  pass  thiough 
the  mountains  in  Fayette  county,  and  the  falls  of  the  Wal- 
lenpaupack,  in  Wayne  county,  are  all  worthy  of  a  visit  from 
a  lover  of  the  beauties  of  nature. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Pennsylvania  is  variable,  and 
liable  to  sudden  extremes,  having  sometimes  the  heat  of  the 
Carolinas,  and  at  others  the  cold  of  Canada  but  in  periods 
generally  of  only  three  d.nys.  intermingled  in  summer  with 
sharp  winds  from  the  N.W..  and  mitigated  in  winter  by 
the  milder  breezes  from  the  S.W.  Periods  of  warm  weathei 
sometimes  occur  in  J.anuary  and  February,  when  the  Ijuds 
begin  to  swell.  The  mountainous  region  has  a  greater  de- 
gree of  cold,  and  the  snows  are  deeper  and  lie  longer  than 
in  other  portions.  In  the  W..  the  climate  is  milder  and  less 
variable  than  in  the  E.  According  to  observations  kept  at 
Philadelphia  in  1852,  the  greatest  average  cold  was  in  Janu- 
ary— mean  temperature,  31°'9;  the  greatest  average  heat  in 
July — mean  temperature,  77°.  The  hottest  day  was  June 
16. 94°;  the  most  intense  cold  was  January  20.  2° below  zero. 
The  mean  temperature  of  the  winter  months  during  26 
years,  was  3.3°;  spring  months,  51°-8;  summer,  73^'3,  and 
autumn,  54°'5.  The  average  amount  of  rain  for  15  years, 
44-6  inches.  The  average  gives  August  the  greafest.  (5-13 
Inches:)  February  the  least,  (2-92  inches.)  The  greatest 
amount  in  any  one  month  was  11-80  inches,  in  July.  1842; 
the  least,  0. 5  (?)  inches,  in  September,  1846. 

Si/il  ami  Proiiuctiemf. — Pennsylvania,  though  destitute  of 
the  luxuriant  prairies  of  the  West,  is  eminently  an  airicnl- 
tural  state,  producing  more  buckwheat,  rye,  and  clover- 
seed  than  any  member  of  the  confedenicy,  more  Indian  corn 
than  any  Northern  or  Middle  State,  and  more  Irish  pota- 
toes, orchard  fruits,  butter,  hay,  and  oats  than  any  state  ex- 
cept New  Y'ork.  She  is  the  third  in  tlie  amount  of  wool, 
and  fifth  or  sixth  in  the  amount  of  wheat  produced. 
The  best  soils  are  in  the  limestone  and  river  valleys,  and 
in  the  depressions  among  the  inoniitains,  wliicli  have  -i 
rich  alluvion  of  2  or  3  feet  deep.  There  are  large  tracts  o' 
excellent  land  in  the  bituminous  coal  region  of  A\  estern 
Pennsylvania;  hut  the  N.  counties  are  more  bleak  and 
rugged,  and  not  quite  so  productive.  In  many  places,  even 
the  mountains  are  valuable  for  pasture.  Perhaps  in  no  part 
of  the  United  States  is  there  more  skilful  farming  than  in 
some  of  the  older  counties  of  Pennsylvania.  The  staple  arti- 
cles are  wheat  and  Indian  corn,  but  large  quantities  of  oats, 
rye.  barley,  buckwheat,  grass-seeds,  live-stock,  orchard 
fruits,  butter,  cheese,  wool,  peas,  beans.  Irish  potatoes,  mar- 
ket produce,  tobacco,  hay,  flax,  beeswax,  honey,  maple-sugar, 
with  some  molasses,  silk,  hops.  hemp.  wine,  and  sweet  i>oti>- 
toes  ai'e  jiroduced.  According  to  the  census  of  1S<  ii  there 
were  in  Pennsylvania  10,463,296  acres  of  improvisi  land 
(0,548,844  being  unimproved),  producing  13,042.165  bushels 
of  wheat;  5,474,7*8  of  rye;  28,196,821  of  Indian  corn; 
27,-3S7,147  of  oats;  123,090  of  peas  and  beans;  11,687,467  of 
Irish  potatoes;  103,187  of  sweet  potatoes;  530,714  of  luir- 
ley;  5,572,024  of  buckwhe.at;  247,351  of  cloverseed ;  j)7,193 
of  other  grass  seeds ;  24,198  of  flaxseed ;  3,181,.536  pounds  of 
tobacco;  4,752.522  of  wool;  58.653.511  of  butter;  2,.'i0s.556 
of  cheese;  31 2,368  of  flax ;  2,767,335  of  maple  sugar;  5--'..5i)9of 
beeswax;  1,402.128  of  honey;  2,245,413  tons  of  hay;  value  of 
live  stock,  S69.672.726 ;  orchard  products,  $1 ,479,9i57  :  market 
products,  $1,384,968;  and  ofslaughtered  animals,  $13,39U  375. 

Fnrest  Trees. — The  forest  trees  of  Penn.sylvania  consist  ol 
several  varieties  of  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  maple,  dogwood, 
magnolia,  cucumber,  papaw,  American  poplar,  gum.  .syca? 
more,  catalpa,  crabapple.  birch,  locust,  sassafras,  wild  cherry, 
persimmon,  aspen,  chestnut,  chincapin,  lieech,  hornbeam, 
mulberry,  ash,  willow,  elm,  linden,  several  species  of  pine, 
spruce,  hemlock,  larch,  cedar,  Ac. 

Animals. — Among  the  mammalia  are  the  I)ear,  wildcat 
panther,  wolf,  otter,  red  and  gray  Ibx.  racoon,  marten,  mink, 
weasel,  skunk,  opossum,  beaver,  (rare.)  muskrat.  porcupine, 
ground-hog;  flying,  red.  and  gray  squirrel :  hare,  rabbit 
deer,  and  elk.  Among  birds  are  the  bald-eagle,  fisbhav  k, 
and  other  varieties  of  hawk.  owl.  whippoorwill,  nightb.v^k, 
swallow,  Indian  hen,  woodcock,   wild  turkey,  partrijfo, 


L 


PEN 

pheasant,  wild  goose  and  duck,  and  a  great  variety  of  small 
birds. 

M'lmifactures. — Pennsylvania  ranks  among  tlie  fir.st  of  the 
sUtes  of  the  Union  in  the  e.xtent  and  variety  of  her  manu- 
faotures,  for  the  fabrication  of  which  she  has  creat  facilities 
in  the  cheapness  and  proximity  of  her  coal  and  iron,  as  well 
a-s  in  the  aljundauce  of  her  water-power.  This  state  manu- 
factured nearly  half  the  iron  made  in  the  United  States  in 
1850.  According  to  the  census  of  1860  there  were  in  Penn- 
sylvania 22.36.3  establishments,  producing  each  SoOO  and  up- 
wards annually,  engaged  in  manufactures,  mining,  and  the 
nieelianic  arts,  employing  $100,055,9^4  capital  and  222.1o2 
hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  ;rl53,477,C9S,  and 
producing  annually  goods  valued  at  $290,121,188.  Of  these 
17-1  were  cotton  factories,  employing  $9,147,040  capital  and 
14,907  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $7,298,944,  and 
producing  stuffs  and  yarn  valued  at  $13,502,484;  270  wool- 
len factories,  employing  $4,339,310  capitiil,  and  jiroducing 
stufl's  valued  at  $8,191,675;  2279  flour  and  grist-mills,  em- 
ploying $13,517,820  capital,  and  producing  tlour  and  meal 
valued  at  $29,925,573;  125  iron  furnaces,  employing  $12,- 
723,644  cai>ital  and  7597  hands,  and  producing  pig-iron  val- 
ued at  $11,262,974;  170  iron  foundries,  employing  2,708,205 
capital,  and  producing  ca.stings  valued  at  S^i,12:i.084 ;  87  roll- 
ing-mills, employing  $10,974,013  capital  and  10,177  hands, 
consuming  law  material  worth  $8,862,947,  and  producing 
annually  l)ar-iron,  railroad  iron,  &c.,  valued  at  $15,122,842, 
and  999  tanneries,  employing  $7,805,791  capital,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  leather  valued  at  $13,246,951.  Home-made 
manufactures  valued  at  .$544,728  were  also  produced.  It  is 
estimated  that  700,000  tons  of  pig  iron  were  produced  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1864. 

Internal  Improvements. — Pennsylvania  early  entered  with 
spirit  upon  the  work  of  improving  her  internal  communica- 
tions. The  first  greiit  road  made  in  the  United  States  was 
the  turnpike  connecting  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg,  and 
(till  the  opening  of  the  Hudson  and  Krie  Canal  in  ls25)  the 
great  connecting  link  between  the  Kast  and  the  West,  on 
which  might  l)e  seen  at  any  time  long  lines  of  Conestoga 
wagons,  heavily  laden  with  merchandise  and  produce,  wend- 
ing their  tardy  way  over  hill  and  valley,  and  occupying  a 
much  greater  length  of  time  in  the  transit  than  is  now  neces- 
sary for  a  voyage  to  Kurope.  Pennsylvania  commenced,  in 
1825,"  her  extensive  system  of  canals,  (but  too  extensive,  un- 
fortunately, as  it  led  to  locating  them  in  places  uncalled 
for  by  the  demands  of  the  time) which  clogged  the  state 
with  a  he.avy  debt,  under  which  she  still  labors,  while,  by 
the  unproductiveness  of  some  of  them,  she  is  deprived  of 
the  income  from  whence  to  liquidate  the  debt,  or  even  to 
p.ay  its  interest,  unaided  by  taxation.  But  part  of  this  un- 
productiveness is  no  doubt  caused  by  the  then  unforeseen, 
but  now  general  introduction  of  railways.  Pennsylvania 
owes  a  debt  of  $28,333,792,  incurred  mainly  for  purposes 
of  internal  improvement.  Some  of  her  works  that  have 
long  lain  unfinished,  will  soon  bo  completed,  wlien  it  is 
cx]iccted  they  will  add  to  the  resources  of  the  state,  in- 
stead of,  as  heretofore,  requiring  constant  outlay.  Pennsyl- 
vania has  now  a  line  of  canal  connecting  I'ittsburg  and  H.ir- 
rlsburg;  one,  nearly  completed,  along  the  whole  course  of 
the  Susquehanna  within  the  state,  and  also  on  the  West 
Branch ;  one  from  Beaver  to  Erie,  one  along  the  Delaware 
from  Bristol  to  Kaston,  and  thence  up  the  Lehigh  to  the 
mines:  one  up  the  Schuylkill  to  Pottsville:  one  along  the 
Lackawana  to  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  and  one 
uniting  the  Schuylkill  with  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  at  Mid- 
dletown — making,  in  all.  about  1030  miles  of  canal  com- 
pleted, or  nearly  so,  within  the  state.  .According  to  tlie 
census  of  1S60,  Pennsylvania  had  2542  miles  of  railway  in 
operation.  The  cost  of  construction  and  equipment  waa 
$143,471,710. 

Her  commercial  metropolis  is  connected  by  railro.-ul  with 
New  York,  Baltimore,  Pittsburg,  and  Western  Xew  York. 
{via  Reading,  Tamaqu.a.  Catawissa,  Willlamsport,  and  El- 
mir.t;)  with  Hagerstown  in  Maryland,  via  Harrisburg,  Cat 
lisle,  and  Chamber.sburg;  and  with  Lancaster.  Columbia, 
York,  Norristown,  Westchester.  Bristol,  and  various  inter 
mediate  towns  and  villages  within  the  state.  Through 
connections  with  New  Jersey  railroads,  Easton  is  united 
to  Philadelphia  and  New  Y'^ork  City.  Scran  ton  connects 
with  the  Xew  Y'ork  .and  Erie  liailroad  at  Great  Bend;  Har- 
risburg directly  with  Baltimore:  Blossburg  with  Corning, 
on  the  Xew  Y'ork  and  Erie  Kailroad  ;  and  Harrisburg  with 
the  Beading  Kailroad  at  Auburn.  There  are  numerous 
uhort  railroads  in  the  mining  districts,  llttsburg  and 
Erie  connect  westward  with  the  great  lines  through  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  other  states.  Roads  are  now  completed  which 
open  a  nearly  direct  communication  between  Hliiladelphia 
and  the  towns  of  Wheeling,  Cleveland,  Erie,  Syracuse,  Os- 
wego, and  various  intermediate  villages  on  the  different 
routes;  and  the  towns  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania  with 
the  city  of  New  York,  through  the  state  of  New  Jersey. 
Others  unite  Pittsburg  with  Newcastle,  Connellsville,  Erie, 
and  Kittanning.  Amoug  the  railroads  opened  in  the  last 
decadi-  are  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie,  the  Northern  Central 
whicl    covr<>i8  harrisburg  with  Baltimore,  Sunbury,  Ac, 


PEN 

the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western,  the  East  PenTisj-lvania, 
the  Pittsburg  and  Connellsville  and  the  Oil  Creek  Railroad. 
The  gross  earnings  of  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad 
amounted  to  $10,304,290  in  1n62,  $11,891,412  ia  1863,  and 
$14,759,057  in  1864.  Expenses  for  1804,  $9,824,791.  This  , 
road  carried  in  1864,  2,559,884  tons  of  freight,  and  2,268,929 
liassengers.  The  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Kailroad  trans- 
ported, in  1804.  4,263,427  tons  of  freight,  including  3,099,240 
tons  of  anthracite  coal.  The  gross  earnings  of  this  road  for 
the  year  amounted  to  $9,269,340,  an<l  the  expenses  to 
$7,533,174.  The  receipts  of  the  Northern  Central  in  1864 
were  2,.582,269,  and  the  receipts  of  the  Philadelphia  and 
Erie  Railroad  were$l,031,509  in  the  same  year.  TbeSchnyl- 
kill  Navigation  Company  transported,  in  1864, 1,.371,520  tons 
of  freight,  including  above  a  million  tons  of  anthracite  coaL 

Commerce. — Though  I'ennsylvania  has  lost  her  compara- 
tive importance  in  foreign  commerce,  yet  her  increase  in 
this  respect  in  the  last  30  years  has  been  steady  ;  while  in 
her  coasting,  lake,  and  Ohio  River  trade,  her  advances  have 
been  immense.  The  completion  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
way, the  most  direct  and  shortest  route  from  the  Ea,^tern 
and  Middle  States  to  the  creat  Mississippi  Valley,  has  greatly 
Increased  the  transit  trade  across  her  territory.  In  the  yeai 
1854  the  gross  receipts  on  this  r^ad  amounted  to  .$3.512.29,5, 
the  tonnage  transported  amounted  to  250.925  tons,  and 
the  travel  was  equivalent  to  157.100  through  pa.ssengers. 
The  article  on  the  commerce  of  Philadelphia  will  sliow 
the  graat  increase  of  her  coasting  trade.  The  trade  of 
tne  port  of  Erie  amounted,  in  1851,  to  $4,222,997.  The  ton- 
nage of  the  vessels  owned  in  the  stale  in  18C3,  amounted  to 
300,74],  of  which  94,305  was  emjdoyed  in  steam  navig.itibn. 
During  the  same  year  414  vessels  were  built  with  an  aggre- 
gate tonnage  of  51,083.  The  loreign  imjjorts  were  $7,404,234. 
The  imports  were  $1 8,8.34,410.  The  exports,  consisting  mostly 
of  tlour,  wheat,  Indian  com,  provisions,  tobacco,  quercitron 
bark.  lard,  butter,  ic,  amounted  to  $6,527,990.  Tonnage 
entered.  183.944:  cleared.  151,685.  (See  l'inLAi)ELPFri.\.  Pitts- 
biro,  and  Erie.)  Large  quantities  of  lumber  are  floated 
down  the  Susquehanna  and  Delaware  Rivers  in  the  spring 
and  fill.  The  amount  on  the  former  river  alone  for  1^52, 
brouirht  dowri  by  canal  and  rafts,  has  been  estimati'd  at 
250.0C>0.000  feet.  It  is  also  computed  that  175.000.000  fwt 
of  sawed  lumber.  20,000.000  feet  of  square  timber,  200.0:  "J.OOO 
shingles,  and  30.0(K),000  laths,  are  annually  sent  down  the 
Alle'.;hany.  In  the  ten  years  between  1845  and  1S54,  both 
inclusive,  the  amount  of  lumber  .annaally  .shipped  by  the 
Ijehi;ih  Canal  varied  between  17,944.020  feet  and  62.123,751 
feet — the  grejitest  amount  being  in  1852.  The  number  of 
boats  cleared  at  Bristol,  on  the  Delaware  Canal,  in  1854.  waf 
10.086.  The  canal  tonnage  p.assed  over  the  Columbia  R;iil- 
roaii  was.  for  the  same  year.  73,475  tons,  and  for  the  Penn- 
sylvania Kailroad  Company,  164.475  tons.  I'assengers  carried 
for  the  I'ennsylvania  Kailroad  Company,  167.965.  and  emi- 
grants. 21.793.  Total  tonnase  passed^^over  the  ro.id,  wav  and 
throu'.'h.  437.238.  The  Httsburg  Board  of  Trade  give  the 
annual  arrivals  and  ilepartures  at  that  port  at  8576.  carry- 
ing 1.638.160  tons  of  freight,  valued  at  $19,415,000. 

Educiitinn. — The  first  general  free-scliool  system  in  Penn- 
sylvania was  adopted  in  1834,  which  has  since  been  re- 
modelled and  improved;  but  still  much  room  is  left  for 
amendment  before  it  can  fully  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
age — though  comparatively  the  system  is  probably  e(iual  to 
any  out  of  New  England,  and  in  Philadelphia  e(|ual,  if  not 
superior,  to  any  in  the  United  States.  According  to  the 
census  of  ISOO,  Pennsylvania  had  24  colleges  with  3286 
students.  $243,196  income,  of  wliich  $180,136  was  eiidow- 
nients;  11,597  public  schools  with  565,303  pupils,  $2,495,056 
income,  of  which  .$2,180,742  w.os  from  taxation,  $249,789 
from  public  funds,  and  $16,297  from  endowments ;  487  acade- 
mies and  other  scliools,  with  33,638  pupils,  $640,763  income, 
of  which  $42,421  was  endowments.  $26,525  from  public 
funds,  and  $8112  from  taxati<m.  There  wore  also  in  this 
stfite  1416  libraries,  529  of  which  were  public,  with  761,299 
volumes ;  50  school,  with  14,095  volumes ;  764  Suuday-sdiool, 
with  :j39,414  volumes;  17  college,  and  66  church  libraries 
comprising  a  total  of  1,.344.924  volumes.  The  medical 
scliools  of  Pennsylvania  are  first  in  reputation  of  any  on  the 
Western  Continent,  and  are  attended  annually  by  about 
1400  students.  According  to  the  National  Almanac,  tliis 
state  had,  in  1863.  20  colleges,  13  theological  seminaries,  and 
6  medical  colleges.  The  Agi-icnltnrai  College  of  Peniisyl- 
vania  is  If'Cated  in  Centre  county.  Tliere  are  Normal 
Schools  recognized  by  the  state  at  Millersville,  Lancaster 
county;  at  Edinboro,  Erie  county,  and  at  Mansfield,  in 
Tioga  county.  The  number  of  students  registered  in  the 
Millersville  school  in  1862  was  549;  the  number  in  that  of 
Edinboro  was  130.  No  report  of  the  attendance  at  Mans- 
field has  been  received. 

lii'ligintis.  —  Pennsylvania  seems  to  have  used  to  the  full 
extent  the  privilege  so  strenuously  contended  for  by  her 
illustrious  founder — that  of  each  one  wor8hip|>ing  according 
to  his  inclination:  as  there  were  above  40  ditfei-ent  sects  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1860,  occupying  5337  churches,  of  which  the 
Baptists  owned  402,  Christians  69,  Episcopalian's  203,  Con- 
gregationalists  34,  Friends  147,  German  Reformed  474,  Lo- 

1455 


PEN 


PEN 


therans  730,  Menonitea  95,  Methodists  1573,  Moravians  23, 
i'reslj.vterians  723,  Roman  Catholics  271,  Unionists  144, 
Universalists  27.  The  rest  are  occujiied  by  Africans,  Con- 
eregationalists.  Covenanters,  Dutcli  Reformed,  lnilei>endent, 
Jews,  Seceders,  Tunkers,  Unitarians,  United  Bretliren  in 
Chri^st,  and  other  smaller  sects.  There  is  1  church  for  every 
643  inhabitants.     Value  of  church  property,  $22,o81,479. 

Perindicals.  —  In  1860  there  were  published  in  this  state 
29  daily,  1  tri-weeklj',  3  bi-weekly,  and  297  weekly  news- 
papers, 28  monthly,  6  quarterly,  and  3  annual  magazines 
and  reviews;  total,  367  periodicals,  of  which  277  were  polit- 
ical, 43  religious,  22  miscellaneous,  and  25  literary.  The 
whole  number  of  copies  issued  annually  was  116.094,480. 

Public  IndittUions. — Pennsylvania  has  always  been  noted 
for  her  charitable  institutions;  and  even  in  her  penal  esta- 
blishments she  looks  rather  to  mercy  and  reformation  than 
to  punishment.    There  are  two  great  penitentiaries  in  the 
state,  one  at  Philadelphia,  and  another  at  Pittsburg,  both 
on  the  solitary  sj-stem ;  but  only  solitary  so  far  as  commu- 
nication with  their  fellow-prisoners  is  concerned,  as  they  are 
weekly  visited  by  the  members  of  the  Prison  Discipline 
Society,  who  endeavor  to  cheer,  encourage,  and  instruct 
them,  both  in  morals  and  religion,  as  well  as  in  school 
learning.    During  the  year  1853,  117  convicts  were  received 
In  the  Eastern  Penitentiary,  and  143  discharged,  leaving  in 
confinement,  January  1st,  1854.  267  convicts,  of  whom  43 
were  colored,  36  foreigners,  and  17  entirely  illiterat*.    Total 
nnmlier  received  since  the  opening  of  the  prison  in  1829, 
SliSO.     In  the  Western  Penitentiary,  in  1853,  there  were  201 
convicts :  total  in  29  years  of  its  existence,  1740.    The  con- 
victs of  the  Western    Penitentiary  more   than   supported 
themselves  by  the  proceeds  of  their  labor ;  but  the  Eastern 
was  detieient  $2248.   Montgomery  county  has  withdrawn  its 
prisoners.  The  two  houses  of  refuge  for  juvenile  delinquents, 
the  deaf  and  dumb  asylum,  and  blind  asylum,  all  in  I'hila- 
delphia,  receive  state  appropriations.    A  house  of  refuge  at 
Pittsburg  has  just  been  completed,  at  an  expense  of  $120,000, 
capable  of  containing  230  inmates.     An  appropriation  of 
$20,000  has  been  made  by  the  state  for  the  establishment 
of  an  asylum  for  idiots,  on  condition  of  a  like  sum  being 
subscriVied    by  individuals.     Incited    by  the   benevolent 
exertions  of  that  most   noble  woman,  Dorothea  Dix,  the 
state  has  erected  at  Harrisburg  a  state  lunatic  asylum, 
at  a  cost  of  $50,000,  embracing  in  the  structure  of  the  build- 
ing, and  in  its  discipline,  most  of  the  improvements  of  the 
age  in  the  treatment  and  accommodation  of  the  unfortunate 
class  of  beings  for  whom  it  is  intended.    During  the  year 
1853. 163  patients  were  received,  and  87  discharged ;  of  whom 
27  were  restored.    Remaining  in  the  institution,  January, 
1854,  182  patients.    The  contributions  for  charital)le  pur- 
poses by  the  state  in  1854  amounted  to  $52,761.  of  which 
$25,000  was  to  the  Lunatic  Asylum,  $12,000  to  the  Blind, 
and  $14,750  to  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asj'lum.    Pennsylvania 
had,  in  1850,  90  publiq  libraries,  with  184.660  volumes;  256 
school  and  Sunday-school  libraries,  with  75,232  volumes;  21 
college,  with  77,050,  and  26  church  libraries  with  26,452 
volumes.    There  is  a  State  Historical  Society  at  Philadelphia. 
i1)i>«ta<iV)w.— Pennsylvania  was  originally  settled  by  Eng- 
lish and  Welsh  Friends,  or  Quakers,  but  the  population 
afterwords  received  large  additions  of  Germans  and  Irish, 
and  some  other  foreigners.     In  some  of  the  middle  and 
eastern  counties,  the  Germans  still  keep  up  their  own 
language  and  customs,  and  have  papers  printed  and  schools 
taught  in  their  own  tongue.    By  the  census  of  1790,  there 
were   434,373  inhabitants;    602,365    in    1800;    810.091    in 
1810;  1,049,458  in  1820;   1,348,233  in  1830;  1,724,033  in 
1840;  in  1850. 2,311,786;  inl860, 2,906,215,  of  whom  2,849,259 
were  whites,  56,949  colored,  and  7  Indians.  Pop.  to  tlie  square 
mile.  63.    .Representative  population,  2,900,115.      Of  the 
population,  2,280,004  were  born  in  the  state ;  195,706  in  other 
suites  of  the  Union;  430,505  in  foreign  countries;  of  whom 
46,546  were  born  in  England;  201,939  in  Ireland;  10137  in 
Scotland;  13,101  in  Wales ;  3484  in  British  America;  138  244 
in  Germany;  8302  in  France;  and  8752  in  other  foreign 
countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  180  613 
were  fanners;   136,963  laborers;   81,233  servants;   69'l04 
farm  laborers ;  29,855  carpenters;  22,612  shoemakers ;  19  208 
clerks;  18,759  miners;   14,990  blacksmiths;   12,200  seam- 
stresses; 11,902  apprentices;  11,291  teachers;  10,680  mer- 
chants;   9429  tailors;   7218  weavers;   6691  masons;  6641 
inachinisU;    65(i9  factory  hands;    6073  tailoresses;    5822 
inn-keepers;   5489  boatmen;    6597  mantua-makers;    6126 
painters  &c.,  &c.    In  the  year  ending  Juno  1st,  1860,  there 
occu.Te<l  30,;241   deaths,  or  10-6  in   every   thousandl    The 
number  of  deaf  and  dumb  for  the  same  year  was  1357  (see 
Introduction  to  the  volume  on  PopulaOon  of  the  Eighth 
l^S42  Wi„\'|c.      '      '       '     '•^'  ^^**^  ''""'^  ^"^  insane,  and 

A<£^"'^l-n;II?I'„/"'^  •'.'J'vided  into   66  counti«,,   viz., 
BUi?^  ii™]fn^^  .f '  ,-*"»„*t':?n8.    Be«ver,  Bedford.   Berks 


yu.imia,  Lancaster,  Lawrence.  Lebanon,  Lehigh.  Luiierne^ 
Lycomnig  McKean,  Mercer,  Miflliu,  Mo'nroC  MonKe!^ 


Montour,  Xorthumberland,  Northampton.  Perry,  Phila- 
delphia, Pike,  Potter,  Schuylkill,  Snyiler,  Somerset, 
Sullivan,  Susquehannii,  Tioga,  Union,  Venango,  Warren, 
Washington,  Wayne,  Westmoreland,  Wyoming,  and 
York. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  principal  city,  the  metropolis  of 
the  state,  and  only  second,  in  the  Union  in  importance,  is 
PhiUidelphia.  Population  in  1860,  562,-529;  besides  which, 
there  are  IMttsburg,  population  49.217;  Alleghany  City 
28,702;  Reailing,  23.102;  Lanc.ister  City,  17,603:  Harris- 
burg, 1.3,405;  Pottsville,  9444;  Erie  Citv,  9419;  Scranton 
9223;  Easton,  8944;  Norristown,  .8848 ;  York,  8605;  Allen- 
town,  8025  ;  Danville.  6."S5 ;  Birmingham,  6046;  Elizabeth 
5991;  Carlisle,  5664;  Williamsport,  5d64;  Carbondale,  5575  • 
Charahersburg,  52.')5:  Columbia,  50:)7;  Tamaqua,  4919;  St 
Clair,  4901;  Phoenixville,4886;  West  Chester,  4757 ;  Leb^ 
anon,  4449;  Franklin, about  5000 ;  Wilkeslmrre, 4253;  Johns- 
town, 4185;  Altoona,  3591;  HoUidaysburg,  3070;  and  Oil 
City,  estimated  at  12,000.    Capital  Harrisburg. 

Gwemment,  Finanoes,  d-c. — The  governor  of  Pennsylvania 
is  elected  by  the  people  for  three  years,  but  cannot  }ye  chosen 
more  than  six  out  of  any  nine  consecutive  years,  and  re- 
ceives a  salary  of  $3000  per  annum.  The  senate  consists  of 
33  meilibers,  elected  for  three  years,  and" a  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  100  members,  elected  annually.  One-third  of 
the  senate  must  be  chosen  each  year.     The  legislature  meets 

on  the  first  Tuesday  in  January.     The  judiciary  con.sists 

1.  Of  a  supreme  court,  composed  of  five  judjres,  elected  by 
the  people  at  large  for  fifteen  years,  but  so  that  one  judge 
shall  be  elected  every  third  year,  and  the  one  having  the 
shortest  term  to  serve  shall  be  chief  justice.  The  jurisdic- 
tion of  this  court  extends  over  the  state:  and  the  judges, 
by  virtue  of  their  offices,  are  judges  of  over  and  terminer 
and  general  jail  delivery  for  the  several  counties.  2.  Of  25 
courts  of  common  pleas,  each  presided  over  by  one  judge, 
elected  for  ten  years,  and  one  or  more  associates  to  each 
county,  elected  for  five  years.  The  judges  of  the  common 
pleas  of  each  county  are  also  justices  of  over  and  terminer 
and  general  jail  delivery.  3.  Of  a  district  court  for  Phila- 
delphia city  and  county,  and  one  for  Alleghany  county. 
The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  and  the  county  courts 
receive  $1000  per  annum,  except  those  for  Philadelphia  and 
I'ittsburg,  who  receive  from  $2000  to  $5000  per  annum. 
Every  white  citizen  of  the  age  of  21  years,  having  resided 
in  the  state  one  year,  and  in  the  election  district  whore  he 
offers  to  vote  ten  days  immediately  preceding  such  election, 
and  within  two  years  paid  a  stat^  or  county  tax,  and  who 
shall  have  been  assessed  at  least  ten  days  before  the  election, 
shall  enjoy  the  rights  of  an  elector.  The  public  debt  ot 
Pennsylvania  in  September,  1865,  was  $38,6.33,792,  or  if  we 
deduct  the  bonds  of  the  Central  Railroad  and  the  rhiladel- 
phia  and  Erie  Railroad,  held  by  the  State,  $28,343,792.  Tlie 
value  of  the  real  estate  in  Pennsylvania  in  1860,  was  esti- 
mated at  $561,192,980;  and  th.at  of  the  personal  estiite  at 
5158,000,355.  The  amount  receivetl  from  tax  on  real  and 
Iiersonal  estate  in  1863,  was  $1,733,401.  The  receipts  for 
the  year  ending  November  30,  1S63,  were  $4,289,451.  E.x- 
pcnditnres,  exclusive  of  military  expenses,  scliools  and  in- 
terest on  loans,  about  $2,000,000.  There  were  in  1862,  94 
l)anks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $25,917,650,  a  circular 
tion  of  $-27,689,504,  and  $9,467,2:34  in  specie.  There  were 
184  national  banks  in  the  stiite  in  September,  1865. 

History. — Pennsylvania  is  the  only  instance  of  an  Ame< 
rican  colony  founded  without  bloodshed.  The  benevolent 
Penn.  when  he  settled  the  state  in  16S2,  with  his  peaceful 
as.sociates.  the  Friends,  conciliated  the  natives  by  the  pur- 
chase  of  their  territory,  and  by  the  kindness  and  good-will 
manifested  towards  them  secured  their  friendship  during 
70  years.  Pennsylvania  was  granted  to  Wiili.im  Penn  in 
liquidation  of  a  debt  due  his  father,  Admiral  Penn,  by  the 
government  of  Great  Britain.  In  1699.  Delaware,  which 
had  before  been  united  to  Pennsylvania,  was  allowed  a  dis- 
tinct legislature,  but  remained  subject  to  the  same  governor. 
Previous  to  the  old  French  and  Indian  War  in  1755,  the 
contests  waged  between  the  English  and  French  colonists 
had  not  reached  Pennsylvania;  but  in  that  year  occurred 
the  disastrous  defeat  of  Braddock.  near  Pitt.sburg.  in  which 
Washington,  then  a  young  man.  distinguished  himself.  In 
1763  occurred  the  massacre  of  the  Conestoga  Indians,  in 
Lancaster  county,  by  the  Paxton  Coys.  In  1767  was  run 
the  famous  Mason  and  Dixon's  line,  (39°  43',)  the  southern 
boundary  of  Pennsylvania,  and  which  has  become  proverbial 
as  the  dividing  line  between  the  North  and  the  South. 
Pennsylvania  took  an  active  part  in  the  Revolutionary 
contest,  and  on  her  soil  occurred  the  battles  of  Brandywine 
and  Germantown,  September  and  October.  1777.  and  the 
massacres  of  Wyoming  and  Paoli.  and  the  sutlering  winter 
encampment  at  Valley  Forge  in  1777  and  '78.  .In  her 
metropolis,  too,  met  the  first  Congresses  of  the  Revolution; 
and  here  was  the  seat,  for  nearly  ten  years,  of  the  newly- 
organized  government  of  1789.  Within  her  limits,  in  1791, 
occurred  the  bloodless  resistance  to  the  General  Govern- 
ment, in  Washington's  adminiuistration.  called  the  M'hisky 
Insurrection;  but  notwithstanding  this  defection  of  • 
small  part  of  her  citlieus,  no  state  in  the  confederacy  hiS 


PEN 


PEN 


been  more  loyal  to  the  constitution  of  the  federal  e;overn- 
ment  in  all  times  of  trial  than  Pennsylvania.  Pennsylvania 
gave  Franlilin,  Rush,  Thompson,  and  Robert  Morris  to  the 
councils  of  the  nation  in  the  ISevolution,  and  the  former  two, 
besides  Rittenhouse,  Fulton,  Say,  and  Morton,  to  science. 
Pennsylvania  formed  a  constitution  in  1776,  suited  to  her 
changed  character  of  an  independent  republican  state.  A 
new  constitution  was  formed  in  1790,  iind  again  in  1838 ; 
several  alterations  have  since  been  made,  as  a  provision  in 
the  constitution  enables  amendments  to  be  effected  by  the 
enactments  of  two  legislatures,  with  the  sanction  of  the 
people.     Benjamin  Franklin  was  president  of  the  executive 

council,  i.  e.  governor,  from  1785  to  1788. Inhah.  Penx- 

BYliVAN'lAN.  pjn'sil-vi'ne-an. 

PENNSYLVANIA,  a  postK)fflce  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 

PENNSYLVA'NIABURG,  a  village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana, 
16  miles  N.E.  of  Versailles,  has  near  200  Inhabitants. 

PENNSYLVANIA  COLLEGE.    See  GETirsDURO. 

PENNSYLVANIA  (MEDICAL)  COLLEGE.  See  Phila- 
delphia. 

PENN  TOWNSHIP.    See  Penn  District. 

PEW/VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana. 

PENN  YAN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Milo  township,  and 
capital  of  Yates  co.,  New  York,  on  the  outlet  of  Crooked 
Lake,  and  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Klmlra  Railroad,  192 
miles  W.  of  Albany,  and  43  miles  N.  by  AV.  of  Elniira.  The 
Crooked  Lake  Canal,  connecting  the  Crooked  with  Seneca 
Lake,  passes  through  the  village,  and  furnishes  abundant 
water-power,  having  27  locks  in  the  distance  of  7  miles. 
Penn  Van  contains,  besides  the  county  bniUlings,  5  churches, 
2  banks,  a  union  school,  several  academies,  and2  newspaper 
offices,  70  stores,  2  iron  furnaces,  2  plough  factories,  and 
several  flonvins  and  aaw-niills.     Pop.  23S8. 

PEN'NYPACK  CREEK,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Penn.sylvania, 
flows  throuL'h  the  N.  part  of  Philadelphia  County,  and  enters 
the  Delaware  River  near  Ilolmesburg.  It  furnishes  water- 
power  for  several  large  factories  which  are  situated  on  it. 

PENNY'S  FKRRY,  a  post-office  of  Ilenrv  co.,  Illinois. 

PENOB'SCOT,  the  largest  river  in  Maine,  is  formed  by 
two  l)ranches,  the  East  and  the  West,  which  unite  in 
Penobscot  county,  near  the  centre  of  the  state;  flowing  in  a 
general  S.S.^V.  course,  it  meets  the  tidewater  at  IJangor, 
about  60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  navigable  for  large 
vessels  to  Bangor,  where  the  tide  rises  17  feet,  which  ex- 
traordinary rise  is  probably  produced,  in  part  at  least,  by 
the  wedge-shaped  form  of  the  bay,  and  the  cuiTent  from 
the  G  ulf  Stream.  Small  steamboats  navigate  the  river  above 
Bangor.  At  <.lldtown,  12  miles  N.  of  the  last  named  place, 
are  several  islands,  owned  by  the  Penobscot  tribe  of  In- 
dians. This  river,  particularly  in  its  upper  portions,  affords 
very  valuable  water-power.  Its  length  from  the  junction 
of  its  two  branches  is  about  135  miles,  or  measuring  from 
the  source  of  the  West  and  largest  branch,  (which  is  re- 
garded by  many  geographei-s  as  the  true  Penobscot,)  it 
amounts  to  300  miles.  Branches. — The  West  Branch  rises 
near  the  W.  boundary  between  Maine  and  Can.ada,  in  So- 
merset county,  and  flowing  through  Chosuncook  and  Pema- 
dumcook  Lakes  in  Piscataquis  county,  unites  with  the  East 
Branch  in  Penobscot  county,  near  the  centre  of  the  state. 
The  Eiist  Branch,  also  called  the  Seboois  River,  forms  the 
outlet  to  the  Seboois  Lakes,  in  Penobscot  county,  and  flowing 
S.,  joins  the  West  Branch. 

PENOBSCOT,  a  county  extending  from  the  centre  of  Maine 
to  its  N.  border,  has  an  area  of  about  3200  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  St.  John's  River:  the  central 
and  S.  parts  are  drained  by  the  Penobscot  and  its  tributaries, 
which  afford  valuable  water-power.  It  is  intersected  in  the 
N.  by  the  Aroostook  River.  Much  timber  is  cut  in  this 
county,  and  rafted  down  the  Penobscot.  The  railroad  con- 
necting Bangor  with  Oldtown  is  included  within  this  county. 
Another  railroad  extends  AV.  from  Bangor,  communicating 
with  that  which  connects  Portland  with  Augusta  and  Water- 
Tille.     Organized  in  1S16.    Capital,  Bangor.     Pop.  72,731.! 

PENOBSCOT,  a  post-township  and  port  of  entry  of  Hancock 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  57  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Augusta.  The  shipping  of  the  district,  June  30, 
1854,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  4885  tons  registered,  and 
40,107  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  22,850  tons 
were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  13S0  in  the  cod  fishery, 
and  3387  in  the  mackerel  fishery. .  During  the  year  20  vessels 
(tons,  14,268)  were  built  here.    Pop.  1557. 

PENCLA,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama. 

PENO'RA.  a  postroffice  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa. 

PENOMPING,  p.-l-nom-ping',  a  town  of  Siam,  province, 
and  ISO  miles  S.  of  Cambodia,  on  the  Me-kong. 

PEN  ON  DE  VELEZ,  pSn-y5n'  di  vi/lith,  a  fortified  mari- 
time town  belonging  to  Spain,  on  an  elevated  rock,  on  the 
African  side  of  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  80  miles  S.E.  of  Ceuta. 
Tt  was  founded  by  Pedro  of  Navarre,  in  1508.  taken  by  the 
Moors  in  1522.  but  retaken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1664.  It  is 
strongly  defended  by  heavy  batteries,  and  has  a  bomb-proof 
magazine,  ample  storehouses,  and  a  state  prison. 

PEN'PONT,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  15 
nUes  N.N.AV.  of  Dumfries,  on  the  Skarr.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
4K 


500.    Here  are  numerous  antiquities,  including  the  rem.alns 
of  an  ancient  Roman  fort. 

PEN'RIIOS,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

PEN'RIIOS  LLTGWY,  (i/iHg'wee,)  a  parish  of  Nort.i 
Wales,  CO.  of  Anglesey. 

PENRIIYDD,  pSn'riTH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

PEN'RIIYN  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the P.acific  Ocean.  Lat. 
9°  2'  S.,  Ion.  157°  35'  W.  They  are  densely  wooded,  and 
populous. 

PENRIIYN,  PORT,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnarvon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ogwen,  in  Menai  Strait.  It 
has  a  good  quay  for  vessels  of  300  tons,  and  large  exports  of 
slate  from  a  quarry  employing  about  2000  men.  Penrhyn 
Castle  is  a  superb  marble  castellated  edifice. 

PENRHYS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

PEN'RITII,  (often  pronounced  pce'rith.)  a  m.arket-town 
and  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Cumberland,  with  a  station  on 
the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Railway,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Car- 
lisle. Pop.  in  1851,  6068.  The  town.  In  a  beautiful  vale  of 
the  Eamont  and  Lowther,  is  neatly  built,  and  has  a  large 
church,  in  the  cemetery  of  which  is  a  monument  of  high 
antiquity,  known  as  "  the  Giant's  Grave :"  a  grammar  school, 
founded  by  Queen  Eliz.abeth ;  a  county  court-house,  and 
house  of  correction,  union  work-house,  an  assemblj'-rooni, 
museum,  subscription  library,  and  the  renlaiiis  of  a  castle 
built  during  the  wars  of  the  Roses,  and  destroyed  by  order 
of  the  commonwealth.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool- 
len, and  linen  goods.  The  vicinity  is  rich  in  striking  scenery 
and  ancient  remains,  comprising  Brougham  and  Edin  Halls, 
Dacre  Castle,  and  various  British  antiquities. 

PEN'ROSE  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

PENMIY'N',  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  and 
market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  at  the  head  of 
Falmouth  Harbor,  and  almost  adjoining  Falmouth  on  the 
N.W.  Pop.  of  municipal  borough  in  1851,  3959.  It  is  built 
on  a  declivity,  has  a  custom-house,  and  consideralile  exports 
of  granite.  The  borough  joins  with  Falmouth  in  sending  2 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

l'ENS.\,  a  town  and  government  of  Russia.    See  Penza. 

PEN'S.\CO'LA,  aport  of  entry  and  capital  of  Escambia  co., 
Florida,  is  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  I'ensacola  Bay.  about 
10  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  64  miles  E.  of  Jloliilo,  and 
180  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  of  Tallahassee.  The  harbor  has 
21  feet  of  water  on  the  bar,  and  it  is  one  of  the  safest  in  the 
Gulf.  The  shore,  which  is  low  and  sandy,  rises  gently  to 
the  height  of  about  40  feet.  The  plan  of  the  town  is  regular, 
and  the  streets  are  wide.  It  contains  sever.al  churches,  » 
market-house,  custom-house,  and  3  newspaper  oflices.  The 
United  States  government  has  a  naval  station  here,  with  a 
marine  hospital.  The  entrance  to  the  bay  is  strongly  for- 
tified. (See  Pexsacola  Bay.)  The  shipping  of  the  port,  June 
30,  1854,  was  799  tons  registered,  aud  20-54  enrolled  and 
licensed,  of  which  1332  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast 
trade.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  18.52  were  20,  (tons.  3885.)  of 
which  19  were  by  American  vessels.  The  clearances  for 
foreign  ports  were  19 — tons,  .3996,  of  which  3459  were  in 
American  bottoms.     Pop.  in  1850.  21(>4;  in  1860,  2876. 

PENSACOLA,  a  post-village  of  Leake  co..  Mississippi. 

PENSACOLA  BAY,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Florida,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Escambia  River.  Length,  27  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  12  miles.  It  has  21  feet  of  water  on  the  bar,  and 
affords  an  excellent  harbor,  being  completely  sheltered  by 
St.  Rosa  Island,  which  extends  14  leagues  nearly  E.  and  W. 
along  the  front  of  the  bay.  On  the  W.  extremity  of  the 
island  is  Fort  Pickens,  and  opposite,  on  a  point  co^nmuni- 
cating  with  the  mainland,  is  Fort  McCrea.  There  is  al.so 
another  fortress,  called  Fort  Barrancas,  on  the  mainland  N. 
of  this,  near  the  Naval  Hospital. 

PENSACOLA  LIGHT-HOUSE,  Florida,  on  an  eminence 
about  40  feet  high,  at  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  to  I'ensa- 
cola Harbor,  about  2  miles  N.  of  Fort  JlcCrea.  The  light  is 
80  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  and  revolves  once  in  70 
seconds.    Lat.  30°  19'  N..  Ion.  87°  16'  54"  W. 

PENSAU'KEE,  a  small  river  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin,  en- 
ters Green  Bay  about  6  miles  S.  of  Oconto  River. 

PENSAU'KIN  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  New  .Jersey, 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Burlington  and 
Camden  counties,  and  enters  the  Delaware  6  miles  above 
Camden. 

PEN'SAX.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

PENS'CELLWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

PEN'SHAW,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

PENSIIURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
Medway,  with  a  station  on  the  South-eastern  Railway,  4J 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Tunbridge. 

PENSmURST  PLACE,  England,  the  seat  of  Lord  De  Lisle, 
a  descendant  of  the  Sydney  family,  is  a  fine  old  quadnangu- 
lar  mansion,  the  birthplace  of  Sir  Philip  and  Algernon 
Sydney.  Penshurst  or  Penhurst  was  a  residence  of  the 
Saxon  kings  of  Kent.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  Viscount 
Str.angford. 

PENS'NETT.  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on  the 
Stourbridge.     Pop.  in  1851,  4874. 

PENSrCHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

1457 


PEN 

PEXSTON,  a  Tillage  and  barony  of  Scotland,  co.,  and 
6  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Haddington,  with  230  inhabitants,  mostly 
oolliers.  The  barony  belongs  to  descendants  of  the  Baliol 
£imiiy,  in  whoM  possession  it  has  been  for  about  5}  cen- 
turies. 

PEX'STBOWED,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Mont- 
gomerv. 

PENTECOST  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
one  of  the  Cumberland  group,  off  East  Australia.  Lat.  20° 
23'  10"  S..  Ion.  148°  59'  30"  E. 

PENTECOST  (or  WHITSUNDAY)  ISLAND,  in  the  Pa- 
dfic  Ocean.  New  Hebrides.    Lat  15°  6^  S.,  Ion.  168°  1^  E. 

PENTECOST  RIVER,  of  Canada  East,  is  an  affluent  of 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

PENTELICUS,  pfn-t^l'e-k&s,  PENTELI,  pgn-tilee,  or 
MENDELI,  mJn-d.Vlee,  MOUNT,  Greece,  in  Attica,  10  miles 
K.W.  of  Athens,  rises  to  3640  feet  above  the  sea.  It  contains 
quarries  of  white  marble,  greatly  renowned  in  antiquity, 
and  which  are  still  worlved. 

PENTENISIA  or  PENTENESIA,  p?n-tA  nee'se-a,  a  group 
of  islets  in  the  Gulf  of  ^gina,  Greece,  10  miles  N.W.  of 
.£gina. 

PEXTER'RY,  a  pari-sh  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

PEXTIMA,  p^n-tee'md,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo-Ultra  TI.  a  miles  N.W.  of  Sulmona.     Pop.  1900. 

PEXT'LAND  f  RITII,  a  sound  dividing  continental  Scot- 
land from  the  Orkney  Islands,  and  connecting  the  Atlantic 
and  German  Oceans.  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  17  miles; 
breadth,  from  6  to  8  miles.  Its  navigation  is  the  most 
dangerous  of  the  Scottish  seas;  a  current  flows  from  W.  to 
E.  with  a  velocity  of  from  3  to  9  miles  an  hour,  which,  at 
the  change  of  tides,  is  met  by  opposing  currents,  causing 
dangerous  eddies  and  whirlpools. 

PKNTL.\XD  HILLS,  a  range  in  Scotland,  cos.  of  Peebles, 
Lanarlc.  and  Edinburgh,  extending  for  alout  14  miles  N.E. 
to  within  4  mile.'  S.W.  of  Edinburgh.  Highest  Summit, 
East  Carnethy  Hill,  in  the  centre  of  the  range,  1878  feet 
above  the  sea. 

PENT'LAND  SKER^RIES.  Scotland,  comprise  two  islets 
and  some  contiguous  rocks,  the  larger  about  4^  miles  N.  of 
Duncan  sby  Head,  has  a  light-house  with  a  higher  and  a 
lower  light;  the  former  170  feet  above  the  sea,  in  lat.  58° 
41'  N.,  and  Ion.  2°  55'  W.  The  latter  is  140  feet  in  height, 
and  100  feet  N.N.E.  of  the  former.  Upwards  of  4000  loaded 
vessels,  aggregate  tonnage,  etU.OOO  tons,  annually  pass 
through  the  Frith,  exclusive  of  ships  of  war  and  vessels  in 
ballast. 

PENT'LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

PEXT'XEY.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

PEXT'ON-MEW'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

PENT'KEATII.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

PEXT'RESS.  a  post-office  of  JIonongalLi  co.,  Virginia.     , 

PENT'RICH.  a  pari.sh  of  Endand,  co.  of  Derby. 

PENT'RIDGE  a  parish  of  EngUnd.  co.  of  Dorset 

PENTKOBIX.  a  jtarish  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

PEXTYKCH,  pen'tirK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan, with  a  station  on  the  Taff  Vale  Railway,  6  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Cardiff. 

PEXVEXAX,  p5x«Vfh-n8N°',  a  maritime  village  of  France, 
department  of  COtes-du-Nord,  near  the  English  Channel,  3 
miles  N.W.  of  TrSguier.    Pop.  2913. 

PEXnVOKTHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PEX-Y-CL.iWDD,  pin-e-kldwTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth. 

PENZA  or  PENSA,  pJn'zd,  a  government  of  Russia,  mostly 
between  lat.  53°  and  55°  N.,  and  Ion.  42°  30'  and  46°  30'  E., 
enclosed  by  the  governments  of  Nizhnee-XoTgorod,Simbeersk, 
Saratov,  and  Tambov.  Area,  14,708  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1851.  1,0.58.444.  Surfece  mostly  level.  Principal  rivers,  the 
Muksha,  Soora,  and  their  affluents.  Soil  fertile,  and  corn  is 
extensively  exported.  Cattle,  sheep,  hogs,  and  horses  are 
reared.  Forests  very  extensive.  The  mineral  products  com- 
prise iron,  ch.ilk,  sandstone,  sulphur,  and  vitriol.  The  manu- 
Eictures  embrace  coarse  linens  and  woollen  stuffs ;  and  there 
are,  be*ide.s,  soap,  glass,  beet-root  sugar,  and  leather  factories, 
and  iron  foundries.  Principal  towns,  Penz.^,  Nizhnee-Lomov, 
and  Saransk. 

PENZA,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above  government. 
Is  situated  130  miles  N.N.M'.  of  Saratov,  on  the  Soora,  at 
Its  confluence  with  the  Penza.  Pop.  25,132.  It  ha.'?  a  large 
cathedral,  and  12  other  churches,  a  theological  seminar}-, 
a  gymua.sium,  and  extensive  government  offices,  and  mauu- 
Iketures  of  le.ather  and  soap. 

PEN'Z.^XCE',  a  municip.'il  borough,  seaport,  and  the 
westernmost  town  of  England,  co.  of  "Cornwall,  on  Mount's 
Bay.  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lands  End,  and  65  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Launceston.  Lat  of  light-house  on  the  pier.  50°  7'  N.,  Ion. 
fa°  2S'  W.  Pop.  in  1851,  9214.  It  is  situated  in  a  district 
""ted  for  its  fertility,  fine  scenery,  and  singularly  mild, 
though  moist,  climate.  Mean  annual  temperature,  51°-7'; 
summer,  60°-9':  winter,  44°-2';  annual  rain.  35  inches.  It 
is  pretty  well  built,  h.is  a  sp.icious  church,  a  grammar 
Bfhool.  national  school,  and  school  of  indu.stry.  a  new  guild- 
ball  and  nurktt-house,  a  jail,  union  work-house,  public 
library,  the  hall  aud  valuable  museum  of  the  Cornwall  Geo- 
1458 


PEP 

logical  Society,  handsome  baths,  and  good  boarding-houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  numerous  invalids  and  resi- 
dents attracted  thither  bj-  the  climate.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  tin  and  copper  ore,  the  produce  of  the  neighboring 
mines,  agricultural  produce,  and  pilchards.  TTie  imports 
consist  of  timber,  iron,  and  hemp.  Registered  shippins  in 
1847.  8722  tons.  The  harbor,  with  a  pier  about  SCO  feet  la 
length,  having  at  its  end  a  light^hoiise,  is  accessible  by  ves- 
sels of  a  moderate  burden,  aud  extensive  improvements  are 
projected.  Sir  H.  Davy  was  born  in  the  parish  in  1778.  In 
the  vicinity  are  St.  Michael's  Mount,  and  several  Druidical 
remains. 

PEN  ZING,  pjnt^sing.  a  handsome  village  of  Lower  Aus- 
tria. 3  miles  W.  of  Vienna,  on  the  AVien.  It  has  numerous 
villas,  and  manufactures  of  silk  fabrics.     Pop.  4135. 

PENZLIN,  pjnts-leen',  a  frontier  town  of  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin.  principalitv,  and  43  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gustrow.  on 
a  small  lake.    Pop.  2093. 

PEO'LA  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Virginia. 

PEO'LI,  a  post-office  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 

PECVLIA.  a  sm!>ll  village  of  Washington  co.,  Kentuckv. 

PEOPLESA'ILLE,  pee'pfls-vil,  a  postoffice  of  Carter'co., 
Tennessee. 

PEOI'LETON,  pee'pel-t?n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

PEO'RIA,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  650  square  miles.  The  Illinois  River  and 
Peoria  Lake  form  the  S.E.  boundary.  It  is  drained  by 
Spoon  River,  and  by  Kickapoo,  Elbow,  and  Copperas  Creeks. 
These  streams  are  bordered  with  tracts  of  timber-Inn  ds, 
which  are  separated  from  each  other  by  beautiful  undu- 
lating prairies.  The  soil  is  highh'  productive.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Peoria  and  Oquawka  Railroad.  Orga- 
nized in  1825,  and  named  from  the  tribe  of  Indians  who 
possessed  the  soil.    Capit.al.  Peoria.    Pop.  Si;,601. 

PEORIA,  a  postoffi.ce  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York. 

PEORIA,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 

PE0RI.4,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Peo- 
ria CO.,  Illinoie.  on  the  right  or  W.  bank  of  the  Illinois  lUver, 
at  the  outlet  of  Peoria  Lake,  70  miles  N.  of  Springfield,  and 
151  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.  It  is  the  most  populous  town 
on  the  river,  and  one  of  the  most  important  and  commer^ 
cial  in  the  state.  The  river  is  navigable  by  steamlioats  in 
all  stages  of  wafer,  and  is  the  channel  of  an  immense  trade 
In  grain,  lumber,  pork,  &c.  A  number  of  steamboats  make 
regular  passages  I>etween  St.  Louis  and  Peoria,  which  also 
communicates  with  Chicago,  bv  means  of  the  Illinois  and 
.Miiliigan  Canal.  Several  railroads  extend  from  Peoria 
northward,  southward,  ea.stward,  westward,  connecting  it 
with  Chicjigo,  St.  Louis,  Burlington,  Indian.-i,  &c.  It  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  24  churches,  a  city 
hall,  3  lianks,  7  printing  offices,  and  a  telegraph  office.  We 
quote  tlie  following  description  from  the  letter  of  a  recent 
traveller: — "Peoria  is  the  most  beautiful  town  on  the  river. 
Situated  on  rising  ground,  a  broad  plateau  extending  back 
from  the  bliifT,  it  liiis  escaped  the  almost  universal  inunda- 
tion. The  river  here  expands  into  a  broad,  deep  lake.  Thig 
lake  is  a  most  beautiful  feature  in  the  sceuer}-  of  the  town, 
and  as  useful  as  beautiful,  suppljing  the  iuhaUtauts  with 
ample  stores  of  fish,  and  in  winter  with  abundance  of  the 
purest  ice.  It  is  often  frozen  to  such  a  thickness  that 
heavy  teams  can  pass  securely  over  it.  A  substantial  draw- 
bridge connects  the  tovn  with  the  opposite  shore  of  the 
river.  Tlie  city  is  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks,  tlie  streets 
being  wide  and  well  graded.  'The  schools  and  churches  are 
prosperous,  and  the  society  good.  A  public  squai-e  has 
been  reserved  near  the  centre.  Back  of  the  town  extends 
one  of  the  finest  rolling  prairies  in  the  state."  Four  dally 
newspapers  are  issued  here.  Peoria  also  contains  14  distille- 
ries, 1  woollen  factory,  and  1  pottery.  La  Salle,  a  Frenchman, 
established  a  jwst  at  tliis  place  in  1680.  The  rise  of  the 
present  town  dates  from  April,  1819.  It  was  incorporated 
as  a  city  in  1844.  Pop.  on  January  1, 1851,  6212 ;  in  1860, 
14.045. 

PEORIA  JUNCTION,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Chicago 
and  Mississippi  Railroad,  106  miles  fi"om  Chicago. 

PEOKIA  LAKE,  Illinois,  an  expansion  of  the  Illinois 
River,  on  the  E.  border  of  Peoria  county.  Length.  '22  miles ; 
greatest  breadth,  about  3  miles.    <See  Peoria  Citt.'I 

PEO'RIAVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Peoria  co..  Illinois. 

PEOVER  (pee'vfr)  INFIVRIOR,  a  township  of  Engl.and. 

PEOVER  N  ETH'ER.  a  township  of  England. 

PEOTER  SUPE/RIOR,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

PEP.VCK.  New  Jersey.    See  Peap.ick. 

PEP.iCTON,  a  postrofflceof  Delaware  CO..  New  York. 

PEPACTON  RIVER,  New  York.     See  Poi'ACTOy. 

PEPENAAD.  a  town  of  British  India.     See  Peeepna.^d. 

PEPIN,  (pip'in.)  LAKE,  an  exp.anslon  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  W.  of  Wisconsin.  Length,  near  25  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  about  3  miles. 

PEPINSTER  SPA,  pA'pin-ster  spl,  Belgium,  a  station 
on  the  railway  from  Brussels  to  Cologn<,  84  miles  from  Brus- 
sels. 

PEPOKATINQ.  a  postoffice  of  Sussex  co.,  Ne^!  Jcr  ley. 


PEP 


PER 


PEPa>ERKLL,  a  pns^village  and  township  of  Sliddlesex 

CO.,  MaspachuBetts,  on  Nashua  River,  and  on  the  AVorcester 

and  Nashua  Railroad,  37  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.    It  contains 

an  academy,  incorporated  in  1841.     Pop.  1S0.5. 

PKP'PKR-IIAR'ROW,  a  parish  of  England  co.,  of  Surrey. 

PEPPER'S  FKRRY,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Virginia. 

PEQUANNOCK,  a  township  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  5438. 

PEQUANNOCK  or  POQUANNOCK,  a  post-village  of  Hart- 
ford CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  N.  side  of  Farmington  River, 
ahout  12  miles  N.  by  W.of  Hartford.  It  contains  2  cotton 
mills :  also  a  paper  mill,  said  to  be  the  largest  in  New 
England. 

PKQUANXOCK  CREEK,  in  the  N.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
rises  in  Sussex  county,  flows  S.K.  along  the  hound.iry  be- 
tween Passaic  and  Morris  counties,  and  unites  with  the 
Ringwood  and  Ramapo,  near  Pompton,  to  form  Pompton 
River. 

PEQ'UEA  or  PEC'QUEA  CREEK,  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, flows  into  the  Susquehanna. 

PKQUENI,  pA-kA-nee',  a  river  of  South  America,  New 
Granada,  in  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  tributary  to  the  Cha- 
gi'es  River.  On  its  banks  some  goldmines  are  wrought. 
_  PK'QUKST  CREEK,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  New  Jersey, 
rises  in  Sussex  county,  flows  S.W.  through  Warren  county, 
and  falls  into  the  Delaware  at  Belvidere.  It  is  a  rapid 
stream,  draining  a  limestone  valley,  and  affording  abun- 
dant wafer-power. 

PEQUni  or  PEQUTN,  a  dtv  of  China.    See  Pekixo. 

PEQUON/NOCK,  POQUANOC  or  POQUANNOC  RIVER, 
Is  a  small  stream  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut,  falls  into 
Bridgeport  Harbor.  The  Ilousatonic  Railroad  follows  its 
course  for  nearly  its  whole  length. 

PiyQUOT,  a  village  of  New  London  co.,  Connecticut,  8 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  New  London. 

PKQUOT,  a  post-village  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
E.  shore  of  Winnebago  Lake,  about  100  miles  N.E.  of 
Madison. 

PERA,  piS/rJ,  a  suburb  of  Constantinople,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  "  Golden  Horn,"  across  which  it  is  connected  with 
the  Fanar  (city  proper)  by  a  bridge  of  boats  erected  in 
1837.  It  stands  on  the  summit  of  the  hill  above  Galata  and 
Tophane,  is  2  miles  in  length,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Franks, 
and  comprises  the  residences  of  the  British,  Austrian.  Prus- 
sian, and  Russian  ambassadors,  with  a  Greek  and  4  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  a  Mohammedan  college,  and  a  monastery 
of  dervishes. 

PERAK,  pA-rdk',  a  state  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  e.xtend- 
Ing  along  its  W.  coast,  between  lat.  3°  40'  and  5°  N.,  having 
N.  Quedah.  S.  Salangore,  and  W.  the  Strait  of  Malacca.  Es- 
timated pop.  35,000.  Principal  products,  about  8600  piculs 
of  tin  annually,  rice,  and  rattans.  Its  capital,  Per.\k,  is  a 
small  town  on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

PEliAK,  pA-rik',  a  river  of  Malacca,  rises  in  the  S.  of  the 
territory  of  its  own  name,  flows  W.S.W.  and  Cills  into  the 
Strait  of  Malacca.    Total  course,  80  miles. 

Pi;RALADA.  p.A-ri-lifDd,  a  village  of  Spain  in  Catalonia, 
24  miles  N.E.  of  Gerona,  on  the  Llobregat.    Pop.  1295. 

PEKALEDA  DE  LA  MATA,  pA-rilA'Di  dA  Id  mj/tl,  a 
town  of  Spain,  near  the  Tagus,  58  miles  E.N.E.  of  Caceres. 
Pop.  2800. 

I'ERALTA,  pA-r2l't3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Na- 
varre, on  the  Arga,  31  miles  S.  of  I'amplona.     Pop.  2348. 

PERAL'TO,  a  village  of  Valencia  co.,  New  Mexico,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  about  70  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Santa  Fe. 

PERANZANES,  pJ-rin-thA'nfs,  a  village  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  about  70  miles  from  Leon.    Pop.  1337. 

PEI{ ASTO.  pA-rds'to,  a  maritime  town  of  Dalmatia.  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cattaro,  on  the  Gulf  of  Perasto,  at  the  foot  of  a 
castle-crowned  mountain.     Pop.  1800. 

PERAWA,  pe-raw'wa,  a  small  town  of  Hindostan,  province 
of  Malwah.     Lat.  24°  10'  N.,  Ion.  76°  5'  E. 

PERCIIE,  pjRsh,  an  ancient  division  of  France,  in  the 
old  province  of  Maine,  now  divided  among  the  departments 
of  Orne,  Eure-et-Loir,   and  Eure. 

PERCH  RIVER,  of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  flows  S.W., 
and  enters  Black  River  near  its  mouth. 

PEIICII  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York, 
about  175  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

PERCK,  p6Rk.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant, 
9  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1069. 

PERCY,  per'see  or  peitVee',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Manche,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  L6.  Pop.  in  1S52, 
R25S. 

P'uRCY,  per'see,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
N'Ai  tnumberland,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Trent  Port.  It  contains 
soreral  stores  and  mills.     Pop.  about  350. 

1>ER/CY  ISLANDS,  a  group  off  the  E.  coast  of  Australia, 
Northumberland  I.slands.  Lat.  21°  31'  S.,  Ion.  150°  IS'  E. 
rhe  lai  gest  is  12  miles  in  circumference,  and  rises  to  up- 
wards 01 1000  feet  in  elevation. 

PER'CY'S  CREEK,  a  post-office.  Wilkinson  co.,  Mississippi. 

PKKDIDO,  per-dee'do,  a  small  river  of  Alabama  and 
Florida,  rises  near  the  N.JiV.  extremity  of  Florida,  and  forms 


the  boundary  between  Alabama  and  West  Florida,  until 
it  empties  itself  into  Perdido  Bay. 
PER  DIDO  JIONTE.    See  Mo.vT  Perdu. 
PERDJANSp.  pJndj-ySnsk',  a  seaport  town  of  South  Rus- 
sia, on  the  Sea  of  Azof,  between  Taganrog  and  Mariopol.    Pop. 
a  few  years  since,  2500.  partly  Greek  and  Italian  merchants. 
It  is  reported  to  have  a  better  harbor  than  Taganrog,  and 
being  near  the  German  colonies  on  the  Moloschna.  it  ha.s 
a  rapidly  increasing  trade  in  wheat  and  merino  wool. 
PERDU,  5I0NT.    See  Mont  Perdu. 

PEREIRA,  p.A-rA'er3,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portug.al, 
province  of  Douro.  6  miles  W.  of  Coimbra.     Pop.  1590. 

PEREIRA  JUZAM,  pA-rA'e-rA  zhoo-zam',  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Oporto.     Pop.  928. 

i'EREKOI',  pA-ri-kop',  or  OR-K API,  oE-ka'pee, (anc.  TiqM- 
rosf  or  Taphh-m?)  a  town  and  fortress  of  South  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Taurid.a,  on  the  isthmus,  80  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Simferopol.  Pop.  3300.  The  fortress  E.  of  the  town  con- 
tains a  palace,  barracks,  a  mosque,  and  a  Greek  church, 
and  is  said  to  be  healthy.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks 
in  17.36. 

PEREKOP,  ISTHMUS  OF,  an  isthmus  of  Russia,  about  20 
miles  long,  by  not  more  than  4  miles  wide  where  narrowest. 
It  connects  the  peninsula  of  the  Crimea  with  the  mainland, 
and  separates  the  Sea  of  Azof  from  the  Bl.ick  .'^ea,  having  the 
Gulf  of  Sivach,  in  the  former,  on  the  E.,  and  theGulfof  Pere- 
kop,  in  the  latter,  on  the  W. 

PERELLO,  pA-rJl'yn.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  pro- 
vince, and  .30  miles  S.W.  of  Tarragona.  Perello  is  .strongly 
situated,  and  in  the  insurrection  of  1640  made  a  vigor- 
ous resistance  to  the  Castilian  army  under  Vandestraten. 
Pop.  1144. 

PEREMYSCIIL,  pA-r.A-mishT,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, anil  10  miles  S.  of  Kalooga,  on  the  Oka.     Pop.  2300. 

PERENCIIIES.  pAV5N<=\'^he-A',  France,  department  of  Xord, 
a  station  on  the  railway  from  Hazebrouck  to  Lille.  Pop.  913. 
PERKPNAAD,  p.A-rJp-nAd',  PEPENAAD.  p.A-p.A-n-id',  or 
PARUPANADA,  pd-roo-pd-na'd-i  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Calicut,  on  the  N. 
bank  of  a  river,  by  which  it  exports  teak  timber. 

PERESLAVL.  pfr-A-sldvP,  PKREIASLAV  or  PEREJAS- 
L.4V,  pA-r.A-yas-ldv',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  150 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Poltava,  at  the  junction  of  the  Alta  and 
Tr  obezh.  Pop.  7000.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has 
numerous  churches,  and  a  trade  in  cattle,  horses,  corn, 
and  raisins. 

PERKSLAVL-ZALIESKI,  p^r-A-.sldvl'-zd-le-Ssn^ee.  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vladimeer, 
on  Lake  Pleshtchesvo.  Pop.  3625.  It  was  formerly  fortified. 
PEKGAAIINO,  p5R-gd-mee'no,  a  town  or  village  of  South 
America.  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,)  department,  and 
155  miles  N.W.  of  Buenos  Ayres 
PERGAMUS.     SeeBERG.\MO. 

PERGE,  p^R'gheh,  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor.  50  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Smyrna,  in  a  beautiful  position  between  two  hills, 
and  h.aving  extensive  rem.ains  of  a  theatre,  of  the  .stadium, 
and  a  large  palace.  About  10  miles  distant  are  the  remains, 
as  supposed,  of  Isirmda,  consisting  of  Cyclopean  walls,  a  sta- 
dium, and  manv  ruined  edifices. 

PERGINE.  pk'ghe-nA,  or  PEKGEN,  pjp'ghen,  a  market- 
town  of  the  Tyrol,  7  miles  E.  of  Trient.  Pop.  3056.  It  has  a 
castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  and  in  its  vicinity 
an  extensive  iron-mine  is  wrought. 

PERGOLA,  pjR'go-ld,  a  town  of  Central  Italj',  in  the- 
Marches,  16  milts  S.E.  of.Urbino,  on  the Cesano.   Pop. 2400. 
PERIANA,  p.A-re-d'nd,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
province,  and  30  miles  from  Malaga.     Pop.  2278. 

PERIAPATAil.  pjr-ee'd-pd-tdm',  a  decayed  town  of  India, 
in  the  Daccan.  dominions  of  Mysore,  42  miles  W.  of  Serinsrapa- 
tarn,  in  lat.  12°  22'  N.,  Ion.  76°  11'  E.  Sluch  sandal-wood  is 
produced  in  its  vicinity. 

PERIAPATAM,  a  large  village  of  India,  W.  of  Madras, 
with  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  and  the  place  of  a  great  Ro- 
man Catholic  festival  held  annually  in  June. 

PEHIBOUACA,  pIrVe-boo'd-kd',  or  PERIBUCA,  pA-re- 
boo^kd',  a  river  of  Canada  East,  flows  S.S.W.,  and  falls 
into  Lake  St.  John. 

PERIERS,  pA^re-A',  a  market- town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  9  miles  N.  of  Coutances.  Pop.  in  1852,  2901. 
PliRIGORD,  pAVee'goR/,  (anc.  the  country  of  the  Petrn- 
cn'rii  or  Petroco'rium,)  an  old  division  of  France,  in  Guienne, 
of  which  the  city  of  Perigueux  was  the  capital.  It  now 
forms  the  department  of  Dordogne,  and  part  of  Gironde. 

PERIGUEUX,  pAVee^gih',  (anc.  Venunfna,  afterwards  /%- 
troco'riC.)  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Dor- 
dogne, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Isle,  41  miles  S.E.  of  Angou- 
Igme.  Pop.  in  1852,  13,547.  It  i,s  compo.sed  of  the  old  town, 
and  Le  Puy  St.  Front,  which,  till  1240.  was  a  separate  town. 
The  chief  edifices  are  a  cathedral  of  the  fourth  century,  the 
church  of  St.  Front,  and  a  modern  town-hall.  It  has  a  com- 
munal college,  a  primary  normal  school,  and  a  library  of 
16.000  volumes.  It  has  manufactures  of  cutlery  and  nails, 
woollen  spinning,  and  tanning,  and  trade  in  wood,  iron, 
paper,  and  liqueurs.    It  was  the  capital  of  the  old  distriot 

1459 


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of  Perigoro  and  has  numerous  Roman  remains.  Pfirigueux 
WHS  several  times  taken  and  retaken  by  the  English  and 
French  in  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  and  fifteenth  cen- 
turies. 

PKKIJA  or  PERIXA,  pA-ree'ni,  a  small  town  of  South 
America,  in  A'enezuela.  department  of  Zulia.  province,  and 
82  miles  S.W.  of  Maracaybo,  on  the  Perija  Kiver,  26  miles 
from  its  mouth  in  the  Lake  of  Maraciiybo. 

PERIM,  pi-reem',  or  MEKUX,  mA-kfin',  an  island  off  the 
Ai-abian  coast,  in  the  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  at  the  en- 
IrUnce  to  the  Red  Se;t.  Lat.  of  the  S.  point,  12°  38'  N.,  Ion. 
iS°  23'  E.  Leujith,  o  miles.  It  is  a  bare,  bleak  rock,  on 
whi;h  turtles  are  taken  by  the  Arabs  of  the  coast,  for  the 
sake  of  their  shells. 

PERIM,  an  i.sland  in  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  llindostan,  10 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Gogo. 

PERl.NALDO,  p4-re-nJl'do,  (vmc.  Podium  Eaindldif)  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Sardinian  States,  26  miles  E.X.E.  of  Nice.  P.  1660. 

PERl.NEOS,  pi-re-nA'oce,  or  PYRENNEOS,  pe-rjn-ni'oce, 
a  mountain  range  of  Rrazil,  province  of  Goyaz,  extending 
from  E.  to  W.,  nearly  in  lat.  16°  S. 

PER'IN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co^  Ohio. 

PKRI.NTIIL'S.    See  Eregli. 

PEll'KINS,  a  township  of  Sajradahoc  co.,  Maine.     Pop.  95. 

PERKINS,  a  post-township  in  the  X .W.  part  of  Erie  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1436. 

PERKINS'  GROYE,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  CO.,  Illinois, 
68  miles  N,N.E.  of  Peoria. 

PElfKIXSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont, 
on  Black  River,  has  an  academy  and  a  number  of  manufac- 
tories. 

PERKIXSYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Goochland  co.,  Tirginia. 

PERKIXSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Burke  CO.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PERKIXSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana, 
on  M'hit«  River,  10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Anderson,  has  several 
mills,  and  .ibout  200  inhabitants. 

PEKKIOMEX,  per^ke-o'men,  a  creek  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  flows  into  the  Schuylkill  River,  about  7  miles 
above  Xorristcwn. 

I'ERKIOMEX,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1840. 

PERKIOMEX  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

PERL.\K,  pin'lSk'.  (Slavonian  Prdok,  pri/lok,)  a  market- 
town  of  Southwftst  Hungary,  co.  of  Szalad,  on  the  Drave,  13 
miles  E.N.K.  of  W.irasdiii.     Pop.  2570. 

PERLAS,  ISLAS  DE.    See  Pearl  Isla.vds. 

PERLEBERG,  pjR'li-bjRG\  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  69  miles  X.W.  of  Potsdam,  on  the  Stepnitz. 
Pop.  C142.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  chic- 
cory,  breweries  and  distilleries. 

I'ERLEPE,  pjR'li'pA,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ma- 
cedonia, 21  miles  X.E.  of  Monastir,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Vardar.     It  has  500  houses. 

PERM,  (Russ.  pron.  pi'Rra  or  paiRm,)  a  government  of  the 
Russian  dominions,  mostly  in  Europe,  but  partlj'  in  Asia, 
being  separated  by  the  Ural  Mountains  into  two  unequal 
portions,  between  lat.  55°  40'  and  62°  X.,  and  Ion.  53°  10'  and 
65°  E.,  enclosed  by  the  governments  of  Vologda,  Viatka, 
Orenlioorg,  and  Tobolsk.  Estimated  area,  129,946  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1,741,746.  Its  European  or  W.  portion 
ig  traversed  by  the  Kama,  and  several  of  its  affluents ;  its 
E.  division  by  affluents  of  the  Tobol.  More  than  three- 
fourths  of  the  surface  is  covered  by  dense  forests;  the  cli- 
mate is  very  severe;  and,  beyond  lat,  60°  N.,  the  soil  is 
hardly  capable  of  culture.  Its  mines  are  stated  to  employ 
100.000  hands,  and  produce  large  quantities  of  gold,  platina. 
and  copper,  with  about  98,000  tons  of  iron,  and  lS),000  tons  of 
salt  annually.  The  chief  townsare  Perm,  Koongoor,  and  Kras- 
no-Oofimsk  in  Europe,  and  Yekaterinboorg,  Kamishlov,  Ala- 
paevsk,  and  Shadrinsk  in  Asia.  It  was  formerly  the  centre 
of  an  extensive  and  flourishing  empire,  ruined  by  the  Mon- 
gols in  the  thirteenth  century. 

PERM,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above  government, 
is  situated  on  the  Kama,  240  miles  E.S.E.  of  Viatka.  Pop. 
about  10,000.  It  is  chiefly  built  of  wood,  is  the  see  of  an 
archbishop,  and  has  several  churches  and  hospitals,  with 
a  large  market-place,  and  numerous  forges.  The  inha- 
bitants trade  chiefly  in  metallic  produce,  and  in  tea  and 
other  Chinese  imports  by  way  of  Ki;ikhta. 

PER\MACOIL',  a  town  and  hill-fort  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  district  of  South  Arcot,  20  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Pondicherry. 

n?',!'^'^^-^*^'^'^'  P*R-"S/go-l,  PERNAGUA,  peK-n^'gwi,  or 
PAllANAXIIA,  a  town  of  Bi-azil.  province  of  Piauhi,  260 
mUe»  &.W.  of  Oeiras,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Parananha  or 
I'ernagoa.     Pop.  4000. 

PERXAMBUCO,piR-nam'boo'ko,  a  province  of  Brazil,  con- 
ejsting  of  a  long  and  narrow  strip  of  territory,  stretching 
m.ra  the  Atlantic  inland,  mostly  between  lat.  7°  and  14°  35' 
8.,  and  Ion.  34°  50'  and  47°  20'  W.,  sepai-ated  by  several  con- 
Unuuus  mountain  chains  from  the  provinces  of  Goyaz, 
Piaulii,reara,and  Parahibaon  the  W.  and  X.,  and  by  the  Rio 
du  iao  t  rancisco  on  the  S.  from  BahU  and  Sergipo.  Its  coast 
1460 


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line,  watered  by  the  Capibaribe,  Tpojuca,  and  TJnna  Rivers, 
has  S.  the  province  of  Aliigoas.  Estimated  area,  80,082  square 
miles.  It  has  many  rich  sugar  and  cotton  plantations.  Other 
products  are  timber,  dye-woods,  hides,  druj;s,  gold,  and  gemS, 
The  principal  cities  and  towns  are  Recife,  (its  capital,)  Olinda, 
Sant  Antonio,  and  Formozo.    Pop.  600.000. 

PERXAMBUCO,  a  name  under  which  is  commonly  de- 
signated the  two  towns  of  Recife  and  Olinda,  Brazil.  Se« 
Ou>-i>A  and  Recife. 

PERXAU,  p^ii/now,  (Russ.  Pimov  or  Pcmow,  pjR-nov',) 
a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Livonia, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Pemau  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  99  miles 
X.X.E.  of  Riga.  Pop.  9000.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong  cita- 
del, and  comprises  an  old  and  new  town,  and  2  suburbs, 
with  Lutheran,  Esthonian,  and  Russian  churches,  and 
grammar  and  other  schools.  Owing  to  a  bar  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  largo  ve.ssels  require  to  load  and  unload  in  the 
ro.idstead. 

PERXES,  paiRn,  (anc.  Pater'ncsf)  a  town  of  I'rance.  depart- 
ment of  Vauduse.  4  miles  S.  of  Carpentras.     Pop.  3013. 

PERXIS,  p^R'nis,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  South 
Holland,  on  the  Merwede,  13  miles  W.X.W.  of  Dordrecht, 
Pop.  1423. 

PEROXXE,  pA'ronn',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Somme.  21  miles  S.W.  of  Cambrai,  on  the  Somme. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4887. 

PEROSA.  pA-ro'si  a  tovni  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion, and  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Turin,  on  theChisone.  P.  1500. 

PEROS.\,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Turin,  province,  and  about  5  miles  S.  of  Ivrea.    Pop.  750. 

PEROSA.  pA-ro/sd,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin, 
8  miles  X.W.  of  Pinerolo,  on  the  Clusone.    Pop.  2000. 

PEROS  BAXHOS,  pA'roce  bdn'yoce,  a  group  of  27  islands 
in  the  Chagos  Archipelago,  Indiai>  Ocean,  in  lat,  5°  14'  N- 
lon.  77°  E. 

PEROT',  a  small  bayou  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  ia 
connected  on  the  N.  with  Lake  Washa,  and  on  the  S.  with 
Little  Lake. 

PEROTE,  p.A-ro'tA,  a  market-town  of  the  Jlexican  Con- 
federation, state,  and  88  miles  W.X.W.  of  Vera  Cruz,  on 
the  route  to  Mexico.  Pop.  2000.  Near  it  is  a  lofty  moun- 
tain of  the  same  name.     See  Perote,  Cofee  de. 

PE'ROTE,  a  village  of  Edgefield  district,  South  Carolina. 

PEROTE,  a  post-office  of  Pike  eo.,  Alabama. 

PEROTE,  a  post-office  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio. 

PEROTE,  COFRE  DE,  ko/frA  da  p.A-ro't;\,  (i.e.  "chest  of 
Perote,")  a  mountain  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
of  Vera  Cruz,  1  mile  S.  of  the  town  of  Perc*e.  Its  form  is  said 
to  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  a  chest,  whence  its  name. 

PEROUSE,  a  city  of  Italv.    See  Perugia. 

PEROUSE  (pe-rooz')  ISLAXDS,  (Fr.Archip-:!  (Je  la  Pdroi'se, 
aR^shee^pJl'  deh  Id  p.Vrooz',)  a  group  of  small  islands  near 
10°  S.  lat.,  be'tween  165°  and  170°  E.  Ion.  The  largest  is 
Saxta  Cruz,  hence  the  group  is  sometimes  called  ;?i>ta 
Cruz  Islands.  La  P^rouse,  the  French  navigator,  perished 
here  about  the  year  1790. 

PEROUSE,  LAC  DE.    See  PERrciA,  Lake  of. 

PEROUSE  for  LA  PEROUSE)  STRAIT  OF,  is  between 
the  island  of  lesso  and  Tarakai,  (Saghalien.) 

PERPIGXAX,  pjR'peenV6>-o',  (L.  ArpiViia/>7r(m,)  a  fortified 
town  of  France,  department  of  Pyrenees-Orientales,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Tet,  34  miles  S.  of  Xarbonne.  Pop.  in  1852, 
21,783.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  region.  The  chief  edifices  are 
the  citadel,  cathedral,  and  militarj'  prison.  It  lias  a  tribnn.il 
of  commerce,  a  communal  college,  a  primary  normal  school, 
school  of  design,  a  library  of  14,000  volumes,  and  a  botanio 
garden.  The  manufactures  comprise  woollens,  paper,  hats, 
and  it  has  an  extensive  commerce  in  the  wines  of  the  coun- 
try, wool,  silk,  iron,  and  corks.  Philip  the  Bold  died  here 
in  1285.  It  was  taken  by  Louis  XI.  in  1474,  and  by  Louis 
XIII.  in  1642.  The  French  conquered  the  Spaniards  near 
it  in  1793. 

PERQUIM'AXS,  a  river  which  rises  near  the  N.  border 
of  Xorth  Carolina,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Dismal  Swamp, 
and  flows  S.E.  through  the  middle  of  Perquimans  county 
into  .\lbemarle  Sound.  Length,  about  60  miles.  The  largest 
vessels  that  navigate  the  Sound  can  ascend  the  river  about 
46  miles  from  its  mouth. 

PEUQUIMAXS,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Xorth  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  the  X.  side  of  Albemarle  Sound,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  250  square  miles.  Perquimans  River  flows 
through  the  middle  of  the  county  into  the  sound.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  from  the  sound  to  the  middle  is 
fertile;  the  other  portion  is  covered  with  forests  of  pine. 
The  Scupernong  grape  is  said  to  succeed  well  here.  There 
are  profitable  shad  and  herring  fisheries  on  the  Pei-quimans 
River.  The  earliest  permanent  settlement  of  the  state  was 
made  in  this  county  in  1662.  The  name  was  derived  from 
a  tribe  of  aborigines  who  possessed  this  portion  of  the  pro- 
vince. Capital,  Hertford.  Pop.  7238,  of  whom  3680  wer« 
free,  and  3568  slaves. 

PERRAIXDA,  per-rln'dd,  or  PARAIXDA,  p.j-rln'dl  ■ 
town  of  India,  in  llie  Deccan,  Xizam's  dominions,  on  the  K. 
bank  of  the  Seena,  60  miles  X.W.  of  Xaldroog,  in  lat  IS- 
IS' N_  Ion.  75°  54'  E. 


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PERTRAN  AR/WOTHAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall. 

I'KR'RAN  UTH'XOE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

PKH'RAN  ZAB/ULOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall, near  its  X.  coast,  6  miles  X.W.  of  Truro.  Its  church, 
an  interesting  structure,  was  buried  by  shifting  s;indsmany 
ceuiuries  a;j:o.  and  only  exhumed  in  1835.  The  parish  has 
large  tin  aud  copper  mines. 

HE1{/I!IN.  a  township  of  Union  co..  Pennsylvania.  P.  2736. 

I'ER/KINE,  a  small  postvillage  of  5Iercer  co.,  Penusyl- 
vaniH. 

PER/RINEVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New- 
Jersey,  about  -0  niilos  E.  of  Trenton. 

PEii/RINTON  or  PER'RINGTON,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Monroe  CO.,  Xew  Yorlc,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  12  miles 
E.S.K.  of  Rochester.    Pop.  3015. 

PER'KIVALK.  n  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middle.sex. 

PERROS-GUIRKC,  p^R^itos'  ghee'r^k',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  with  a  large  port  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel.  37  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     P.  in  1852.  2022. 

PEK^KOTT'orPEirROT',  an  island  of  Canada  East,  in 
the  St.  Lawrence,  S.W.  of  the  island  of  Montreal,  between 
the  Liike  of  the  Two  Mountxtins  and  the  Lake  of  St.  Louis. 
It  is  about  7  miles  long. 

PKK/ROTT,  north',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PERROTT,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
Several  Roman  relics  have  been  found  liere. 

PER'RY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, has  an  area  of  540  square  miles.  The  Susquehanna 
River  forms  its  entire  E.  lioundary;  the  N.  part  of  the 
county  is  intersected  by  the  .Juniata  River,  and  the  S.  part 
by  Sherman's  Creek.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  the  Blue 
Mountain  extending  along  the  S.  border,  and  Tuscarora 
Mountain  along  the  N.W.  The  soil  of  the  arable  land  is  ex- 
cellent. Limestone  and  slate  are  the  principal  rocks ;  the 
hills  contain  an  abundance  of  iron  ore.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  Central  Railroad;  an- 
other canal  extends  along  the  E.  border.  Organized  in  1820, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Commodore  Oliver  H.  Perry,  of  the 
United  States  navy.    Capital.  Bloomfield.     Pop.  22,793. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Alabama,  has 
an  area  of  950  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ca- 
hawba  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Alabama.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  undulating;  the  soil  is  highly  productive.  Capi- 
tal, Marion.  Pop.  27,724,  of  whom  9518  were  free,  and  18,206 
slaves. 

PEKRY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Mississippi,  has  an 
area  of  about  1040  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Leaf 
River,  a  branch  of  the  Pasoagoula.  The  surface  is  uneven; 
tlie  soil  is  rather  light.  Capital,  Augusta.  Pop.  2606,  of 
whom  1868  were  free,  and  738  slaves. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Arkansas,  has 
an  area  of  580  square  miles.  The  Arkansas  River  bounds  it 
on  the  N.E.,  and  it  is  drained  by  tlie  Fourche  La  Fave.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  hills,  which  contain  marble  and 
other  valuaVile  materials  for  building.  The  soil  near  the 
streams  is  fertile.  Capital,  Perryville.  Pop.  2465,  of  whom 
2162  were  free. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  W,  central  part  of  Tennessee,  has 
an  area  of  600  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  forms  its 
entire  W.  boundary,  and  it  is  intersected  by  Buffalo  River. 
The  surface  is  moderately  uneven,  and  partly  covered  by 
forests.  Capital,  Linden.  Pop.  6042,  of  whom  6404  were 
free,  and  648  slaves. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
North  and  Middle  Fork.s  of  Kentucky  River.  The  surface  is 
diversified  by  valleys  and  mountains ;  the  land  is  mostly  too 
ru?;ged  for  cultivation,  but  adapted  to  wool-growing.  Capi- 
tal, Hazard.  Pop.  3950,  of  whom  3877  were  free,  and  73 
slaves. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  con- 
tains about  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Rush  and 
Jonathan  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly;  the 
soil  is  fertile.  Tlie  Zanesville,  Wilmington,  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capital,  Somerset. 
Pop.  19.678. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  400  .square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  bounds  it  on  the 
&.  and  S.H.  The  surface  is  very  hilly,  excepting  the  river- 
bottoms.  The  hills  contain  large  beds  of  coal.  The  county 
also  has  quarries  of  fine  sandstone.  Capital.  Rome.  Pop. 
11,847. 

I'ERRY.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
of  420  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Eeaucoup  Creek, 
which  flows  S.  into  the  Big  Muddy  River.  The  county  con- 
sists partly  of  prairies,  and  partly  of  timbered  land ;  the  soil 
is  fertile.    Capital.  Pinckneyville.     Pop.  9552. 

PERRY,  a  county  in  the  E.S.K.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  4:30  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  River,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Illinois,  forms  the  boundary  on  the  E.  and 
N.E.;  it  is  also  drained  by  .\pple.  Saline,  and  Cape  Cinque 
Homme  Creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified ;  the 
s»ll  is  generally  fertile.  Lead  and  iron  abound  in  the 
county  ;  marble  also  is  found  in  it,  and  blue  limestone  is  the 


principal  rock.  The  streams  are  said  to  fui'nish  ample 
water-power.  Capital,  Perryville.  Pop.  9128,  of  whoji  83S9 
were  free,  and  799  slaves. 

PERRY,  a  post-township  in  Washington  CO.,  Maine,  15 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  .Augusta.     Pop.  1195. 

1>ERI{Y.  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Wyo- 
ming CO.,  New  York.  aViout  .50  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Buffalo.  The 
village  is  situated  at  the  outlet  of  a  beautiful  pond  called 
Silver  Ijike,  near  2  miles  in  length.  It  contains  4  churches, 
an  academy  with  above  250  students.  1  furnace,  2  flour  mills, 
and  a  baiik.  Population,  2452;  of  the  village,  estimated 
at  1500. 

PERRY,  township,  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  991. 

PEKRY,  a  townsliip  ol  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania   Pop.  1526. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P,  1540. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  1414. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Greene  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1010. 

PERllY,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1073. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.71G. 

PERRY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Snyder  Co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 40  miles  S.  of  Williamsport.    Pop.  1055. 

PERRY,  a  post-office  of  Venango  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

PEltRY,  a  thi-iving  post-village,  capital  of  Houston  co.. 
Georgia,  on  Indian  Creek,  an  afliuent  of  the  Ocmulgee. 
about  33  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Macon.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich 
plantations  of  cotton,  and  has  an  active  business.  Perry 
••ontaiiiK  3  neat  churches.  2  large  schools,  5  dry-goods  stores, 
6  other  stores,  and  2  carriage- shops.    Pop.  about  1200. 

PERKY,  a  township  of  Johnson  Co.,  Arkansas. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1289. 

PERKY,  a  townsliip  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1615. 

PERllY,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2810. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1060. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Columbiana  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1295. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Coshocton  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1269. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1153. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1334. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1596. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1729. 

PERRY,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Lake  co.. 
Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Erie  Railrood.     Pop,  1254. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  I*awrence  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1260. 

PERKY,  a  township  of  Licking  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1134. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  I,ogan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1136. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Monroe  Co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1315. 

PEKRY,  a  townsliip  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2046. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1127. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Muskingum  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1102. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  I'ickaway  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1324. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  625. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  496. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Ricliland  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  825. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1150. 

PERRY,  a  townsliip  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  5296. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1251. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1292. 

PERRY,  a  post-township  in  tlie  S.W.  part  of  Shiawasseo 
CO.,  Miohigwi.    Pop,  670. 

PERRY,  a  post-township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1180. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Clay  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  904. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1144. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Lawrence  Co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1196. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  .Marion  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  2040. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  2115. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1486. 

PERKY,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1435. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Noble  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  2093. 

I'ERRY.  a  township  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1206 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Vanderburg  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1191 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  837. 

PERRY,  a  neat  post-village  of  Perry  township.  Pike  co., 
Illinois,  62  miles  W.  of  Springfield.  It  is  situated  in  a  fer- 
tile prairie.    Pop.  of  township,  1889. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  8.37. 

PER'KY-BARR,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
parish  of  Handsworth,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and 
North-western  Railway,  3^  miles  N.W.  of  Birmingham. 
Pop.  933. 

PERRY  CEN'TRE,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  New 
York,  about  50  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Buffalo. 

PERRY  COURT  HOUSE,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

PEIirRYMANSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Harford  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

PERRY  5IINE.  a  post-village  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Missouri. 

PERRYOP'OLIS,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsvl 
vania,  on  the  Youghiogheny  River,  about  35  miles  S.  oi 
j  Pittsburtr.    It  has  a  glass  factory. 

PEKRYOPOLl  S,  a  small  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 
I     PERRY'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  A'ermilion  parish. 
Louisiana. 

!  PER'RYSBURG,  a  post-township,  forming  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad 
,  Pop.  1439. 

1461 


PER 

PEKRYSBU  ItG.  a  sm«ll  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio. 

PKKKYSliUJi  i.  a  flouiishins:  post-villa.se,  capital  of  Wood 
CO.  Ohio,  on  thu  right  Ijiink  of  the  Maumee  Kiver.  opposite 
Maume«  '^"ty,  140  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus.  The  situa- 
tiou  is  elevated  and  heautiful.  During  a  large  part  of  the 
year.  steamV)oats  ascend  the  river  to  this  point.  It  is  on 
the  Dayton  and  Michigan  Itaili-oad.  and  is  the  terminu.s  of 
several" plank-roads.  A  hydraulic  canal  has  recently  been 
made  here,  by  which  a  tiill  of  18  or  20  feet  is  obtained  in 
the  space  of  2  r.iles,.  The  sickness  which  formerly  prevailed 
in  the  Maumee  Valley  has  disajipeared  since  the  land  has 
b  Jen  cleared  and  cultivated.  Perrysburg  has  a  bridge  across 
the  river,  and  contains  7  churches,  a  union  school,  and  1 
newspaper  office.    Pop.  1194. 

i'JillUySBUKG,  a  post-viUage  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  78 
miles  X.  of  Indianapolis. 

PEURY'S  COKNER,  a  post  office  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
York.  . 

PERRY'S  CROSS  KOADS,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  dis- 
trict. South  Caroiir.a. 

PEIiUY'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  CO.,  New  York, 
about  170  miles  \.  by  E.  of  AUiany. 

PERKYS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Tatnall  co.,  Georgia,  85 
miles  AV.  bv  S.  of  Savannah. 

PEK'ltYSVILLE,  a  pos^village  of  AVashington  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

PERRYSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
20  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Syracuse. 

PERRYSVILLE,  New  Jersey.     See  PERRT^^LLE. 

PERRYSVILLE  or  PERRYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alle- 
ghany CO.,  Pennsylvania.  8  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Pittsburg. 

PERRYSVILLE.  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
18  miles  S.  of  Brookville. 

PERRYSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Oil  City. 

PEItRYSVILLE,  a  village  of  AVestmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Pittsburg. 

PEItRYSVILLE,  a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Oh!b,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  27  miles  E.  of  Crestline, 
about  72  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

PER/RYTON,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  50  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

PERllY'TON,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois,  about  66 
miles  N.E.  of  Xauvoo. 

PERRYVILLE  or  PERRYSVILLE,  a  small  post-village 
of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey,  about  33  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Trenton. 

PERRYVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Juniata  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Juniata  River,  and 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  2  miles  below  Mifflintown.  The 
river  is  crossed  here  by  a  hand.some  bridge.    Pop.  518. 

PERRYVILLE  or  PERRYSVILLE,  a  thriving  village  of 
Mifflin  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Lewistown. 

PERRYVILLE,  a  post/village  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  PhiUidelphia  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  40  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Baltimore. 

PEltRYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Pnrry  co.,  Alabama, 
about  10  miles  E.  of  Marion. 

PERRYVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Perry  co.,  Ar- 
kan.«as,  on  the  Eourche  La  Pave  River,  30  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  the  Arkansas  lliver,  and  40  miles  M'.N.W.  of 
Little  Rock. 

PERRYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River,  100  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Nashville.     I'op.  about  250. 

Pi-.RRYVILLE,  or  PERRYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Boyle  CO.,  Kentucky,  42  niiles  S.  of  Frankfurt.  It  has  2 
churchiw,  and  a  woollen  factory.  An  indecisive  battle  Vfiis 
fought  here  between  Gen.  Bragg  and  Gen.  BuiU,  Oct.  S,  IStJJ. 

PERRYVILLE  or  PERRYSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-vil- 
lage of  Vermilion  co.,  Indi.ma,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Wabash  River,  and  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  89  miles 
W.N. W.  of  Indianapolis.  It  is  favorably  situated  for  busi- 
ness, and  IS  the  largest  village  in  the  county.  The  Great 
M  estern  R.R.  pa-sses  about  10  miles  N.  of  this  place.  A 
newspaper  is  published  here.     Pop.  721. 

PERRY'VILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Perry  co.,  Mis- 
Bouri,  about  10  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  75 
miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Louis.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail, 
and  a  few  stores.    Pop.  3C6. 

PERSAIM,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Basseix.  . 

PERSANTE,  pJn'sSn-ti,  a  liver  of  Prussia,  Pomerania, 
rises  near  the  village  of  Persanzig.  and  after  a  N.W.  course 
Of  ( 0  miles,  enters  the  Baltic  at  Colberg.  It  is  navigable  for 
the  last  18  miles  of  its  course. 

PEKSK.  a  country  of  Asia.    See  Persia. 

PERSEPOLIS,  piR-sip/ivlis,  (anc.  IsUihhar  and  TalMi- 
Jemsfnd,)  the  ancient  capital  of  Persia,  the  traces  of  which 
exist  In  a  fine  plain,  province  of  Pars,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Bund  emeer  River,  from  25  to  ;50  miles  N.E.  of  Sheeraz.  Its 
ruins  cover  a  wide  surface:  and  on  a  terraced  platform,  1430 
feet  in  length,  and  from  800  to  900  feet  in  width,  are  large 
i^!r^^'"^'4  nwuierous  columns,  and  bas-reliefs,  the  whole 
suppohed  to  be  the  remains  of  the  palace  of  Darius,  destrovcd 
lij  Alexander.    The  walls  are  covered  with  Inscriptions  in 


PER 

arrow-headed  characters,  and  numerous  tombs  ate  cut  in 
the  adj;icent  mountains. 

PERSERIN,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Phiseexd. 

PER'SIIORE,  a  market-tow^n  of  England,  co.,  and  8i  miles 
S.E.  of  Worcester,  on  the  navigable  .\von,  here  cnwsed  by 
a  stone  bridge.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851.  2717.  The  town 
is  well  built,  and  has  a  large  cruciform  church,  originally  n 
part  of  an  abbey,  of  which  some  other  remains  still  exist. 

PERSIA,  per'she-a,  (Arabic  and  Persian,  Iran.  ee'rSn', 
Fr.  /ferae.  paiRs;  Ger.  Pcrsien.  pjR/se-gn ;  h.  Persia ;  Gr. 
Htpaii,  Persis,)  a  country  of  South-western  Asia,  comprising 
lu  its  widest  acceptation  the  region  between  the  Caspian 
Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean,  from  the  Oxus  and  Indus  to 
the  Persian  Gulf.  Its  boundaries  have  undergone  many 
changes,  but  it  is  now  politically  divided  into  AVestern  Per- 
sia, or  dominions  of  the  Persian  Shah,  whose  capital  is 
TeheiJin,  and  Eastern  Persia  or  Cabool.  Per.sia  proper  lies 
between  lat.  26°  and  40°  N.,  and  Ion.  44°  and  01°  E.,  having 
W.  Asiatic  Turkey,  N.  the  Russian  government  of  Tianscau- 
casia.  the  Caspian  Sea.  and  the  Desert  of  Kharesm.  (Khiva,) 
E.  Afghanistan  and  Beloochiatan,  and  S.  the  Arabian  Sea 
and  Persian  Gulf.  Area,  loosely  estimated  at  450,000  square 
miles. 

I'/iysical  natures. — Pei'sia  may  be  described  in  gener.al 
terms  as  consisting  of  an  extensive  central  plateau  from 
2500  to  3500  feet  in  elevation,  occupying  at  least  three- 
quarters  of  the  whole  surface;  a  series  of  mountain  chains, 
encircling  the  plateau  on  all  sides  except  theE.;  and  an 
outer  border  of  more  or  less  width,  consisting  for  the  most 
part  of  gentle  slopes,  low  valleys,  and  level  plains.  TheE. 
part  of  the  plateau  forms  the  groat  salt  deserts  of  Khoras.san 
and  Kerman,  and  is  one  of  the  most  desolate  regions  on  the 
globe.  It  is  comprised  in  that  sterile  zone  which  extends 
from  the  Atlantic  throughout  the  Sahara  of  Africa,  Arabia, 
Central  Asia,  and  Mongolia  to  the  mountains  on  the  N. 
frontier  of  the  Chinese  Empire.  In  the  W.,  saline  incrusta- 
tions are  of  less  frequent  occurrence,  the  surface  is  more 
broken,  and  the  plateau,  especially  along  its  edges,  <;ontnins 
many  irrigated  and  fertile  tract.s.  The  mountains  which 
enclose  the  plateau  generally  have  their  slopes  dotlu'd  with 
a  rich  and  varied  vegetation.  This,  however,  is  not  the  case 
with  the  S.  mountain.s,  which,  approaching  close  to  the  Per- 
sian Gulf,  leave  only  a  narrow  tract  with  a  S.  exposure,  and 
.so  extremely  hot  as  not  only  to  wither  up  the  plants,  birt 
to  be  scarcely  fit  for  human  habitation.  It  also  applies 
only  in  part  to  the  plains  of  the  W.,  where  moisture  is  often 
in  excess,  and  forms  extensive  swamps,  from  which  pesti- 
lential vapors  arise.  The  provinces  Iwrdering  on  the  Cas- 
pian, however,  are  as  beautiful  as  wood,  water,  and  moun- 
tains can  make  them,  and  offer  a  strong  contrast  to  the 
more  southern  and  eastern  districts. 

Mountai7>s. — These  have  already  been  referred  to  as  form- 
ing the  lofty  barriers  which  encircle  the  central  plateau. 
The  W.  chain,  branching  from  the  Hindoo  Konsh,  by  which 
it  becomes  linked  to  the  Himalayas,  traverses  Afghanistan, 
and  enters  Persia  on  its  N.E.  frontier,  near  Ion.  61°  E.  N. 
of  the  town  of  Herat,  where  it  forms  a  mountain  region,  in 
some  parts  200  miles  wide,  though  in  general  nnich  nar- 
i-ower.  Under  the  name  of  the  Mountains  of  Khorassan.  it 
proceeds  in  a  W.N.AV.  direction  across  the  N.  part  of  the  pro- 
vince of  that  name,  where  its  height  nowhere  exceeds  4.500 
feet;  but  as  the  Caspian  is  approached,  it  rises  to  a  much 
greater  elevation.  Thechain  here  takes  the  name  of  the  Elbrooz 
Mountains,  and  on  the  borders  ofthe  provinces  of  Irak-.Ajemee 
and  Mazanderan,  attains,  in  Mount  Demavend,  the  height 
of  14,695  feet.  Prom  this  mount,  which  is  the  culminating 
point  of  the  range,  and  exhibits  on  its  declivity  une-juivocal 
signs  of  volcanic  tbrmation.  the  Elbrooz  stretches  W.N.W. 
in  three  separate  ranges,  still  maintaining  an  elevation  so 
lofty,  that  several  of  its  ridges  continue  covered  with  snow 
till  the  begining  of  June.  The  Elbrooz  chain,  which  many 
consider  as  terminating  nearly  opposite  to  the  S.AV.  corner 
of  the  Ca.spian,  is  .succeeded  by  the  Ma.ssula  Mountains,  and 
then  by  Jlount  Sevellan,  which,  attaining  the  height  of 
12,000  feet,  throws  out  numerous  ramifications,  by  whi'h  it 
becomes  linked  with  Jlount  Ararat.  This  celelirated  moun- 
tain, situated  as  a  common  property  on  the  boiders  of  Rus- 
sia, Persia,  and  Turkey,  possesses  the  loftiest  summit  of  AVest 
Asia,  and  forms  tho  common  link  by  which  the  N.  and  W. 
ranges  of  Persia  are  united.  The  latter,  (AV.  range.)  com- 
mencing in  the  N.AA'.,  in  the  mountains  of  Koordistan,  is 
continued  S.  in  a  broad  and  elevated  belt  till  it  reaches  lat. 
34°  N.,  then  changes  its  direction  to  S.E.,  and  under  dif- 
ferent names  spreads  out  and  forms  several  separate  ranges. 
One  of  these,  proceeding  E.,  forms  the  S.  range  already  re- 
ferred to,  as  separating  the  great  plateau  from  the  shores  of 
the  Persian  Gulf. 

Genlr^y  and  Minerals. — The  whole  of  the  interior  of  Per- 
sia, with  very  few  exceptions,  appears  to  be  occupied  by 
strata  belonging  to  the  tertiary  formation.  A  belt  of  se- 
condary strata  stretches  from  N.  to  S.,  near  the  frontiers  oi 
Afghanistan;  and  on  the  AV.  of  the  great  plateau,  a  similar 
belt  has  been  traced  among  the  mountains  Granite  anS 
crystalline  schists  form  a  great  part  of  the  mountains  which 
extend  across  the  S.  of  Kerman,  but  th^se  rod  s  aie  mora 


J 


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largely  developed  in  the  mountain  ranges  of  the  N.  Tn  the 
Elbrooz,  the  effects  of  remote  volcanic  agency  are  strongly 
manifested;  and  the  rocks  which  bound  the  alluvial  plain 
of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah  on  the  W.,  are  also  volcanic.  A  cele- 
brated mineral  peculiar  to  Persia  is  the  turquoise,  the  most 
valuable  mines  of  which,  producing  gems  of  surpassing 
beauty,  and  in  considerable  quantities,  are  in  the  vicinity  of 
Nishapoor,  to  the  W.  of  Meshed.  Among  the  metals,  iron, 
argentiferous  lead,  copper,  and  antimony,  are  said  to  be 
abundant.  Rock-sjilt  may  be  obtained  in  unlimited  quanti- 
ties in  almost  every  quarter,  and  sulphur  is  dug  almost  solid 
from  the  crumbling  cone  of  Mount  Demavend.  Naphtha  is 
found  in  many  places ;  a  celebrated  gum  or  bitumen,  cjilled 
mumea,  is  collected  in  i'ars ;  and  not  only  is  marble  of  the 
finest  quality  quarried,  but  coal  is  also  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered in  Azerbaijan. 

Eivtrs  and  Lakes. — The  absence  of  sufficient  water  is  one 
of  the  great  disadvantages  suffered  in  Persia.  Except  the 
Aras,forming  the  N.VV.  frontier,  the  Sefeed-Ilood  and  Goorgan, 
*hich  enter  the  Caspian  Sea,  the  ICerah,  Karoon,  Jerahi, 
&c.,  affluents  of  the  Tigris  and  Shat-el-Arab,  in  Khoozistan, 
and  the  Bund-enieer,  in  i'ars,  the  rivers  are  quite  insignifi- 
Ciint,  and  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  country  is  arid  and 
unproductive.  Throughout  the  central  plateau,  there  is  a 
total  absence  of  running  water.  From  the  S.  slopes  of  the 
mountain  ranges,  which  rise  from  its  N.  edge,  much  water, 
partly  the  produce  of  perpetual  snow,  necessarily  descends 
in  numerous  streams,  which  soon  reach  the  borders  of 
parched  and  sandy  deserts,  and  are  immediately  absorbed. 
The  X.  slopes  are  so  near  the  basin  of  the  Caspian,  to  which 
tliey  all  belong,  that  the  water  which  they  supply,  though 
often  in  such  excess  as  to  inundate  the  plains  below,  has 
too  short  a  course  to  allow  it  to  accumulate  into  rivers.  The 
principal  exception  is  furnished  by  the  Sefeed-llood  or 
White  liiver,  which,  rising  in  the  mountains  of  Koordistan, 
has  found  or  worn  for  itself  a  channel,  usually  several 
hundred,  and  sometimes  1000  feet  below  the  general  level 
of  the  table-land,  till  it  breaks  through  the  mountains  of 
Massula,  into  a  long  valley,  interposed  between  two  of  its 
ranges,  and  finally  reaches  the  Caspian  Sea  by  the  celebrated 
Rudbar  Pass  in  the  Elbrooz.  after  a  course  of  about  350 
miles.  In  Persia,  there  are  more  than  30  salt  lakes  which 
have  no  outlets.  Lake  Ooroomeeyah,  70  miles  long  by  32 
miles  broad,  receives  14  rivers;  yet  its  waters  are  so  bitter 
and  saline,  that  no  fish  can  live  in  them.  Near  it  are  some 
remarkable  petrifaction  ponds.  I^ake  Bakhtegan  is  00  miles 
long,  and  receives  all  the  waters  of  the  vales  of  Morgaub 
or  Murgaub,  Merdasht,  and  Korbal.  Fresh  water  lakes  are 
numerous,  but  of  limited  extent,  and  are  nearly  all  situated 
in  the  province  of  Mazanderan. 

Climate. — On  the  central  plateau,  the  climate  is  intensely 
cold  in  winter,  and  excessively  hot  in  summer.  The  dry- 
ness of  the  atmosphere,  however,  makes  the  air  generally 
pure  and  the  sky  cloudless.  The  shores  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  are  scorched  up  in  summer  by  a  burning  heat,  and 
become  so  unhealthy,  that  all  the  inhabitants  who  have 
the  means  retire  to  the  adjacent  mountains.  Henry  Martin 
found  the  thermometer  here  125°  in  the  shade.  The  sur- 
face of  the  Civspian  Sea  being  83  feet  lower  than  the  level 
of  the  ocean,  its  shores  in  summer  experience  a  tropical 
heat.  On  the  S.  side  of  the  X.  mountain  ranges,  snow  falls 
early  in  X'ovember.  In  such  situations,  as  at  Teheran,  ice 
is  seen  up  to  the  middle  of  March ;  cold  winds  from  the  X. 
prevail  in  April,  and  even  during  summer  great  and  sud- 
den changes  of  temperature  are  not  uncommon.  On  the  X. 
Bide  of  the  mountains,  in  the  plains  of  Ohilan  and  Mazan- 
deran, the  climate  is  like  that  of  a  tropical  region,  in  which 
a  dry  and  a  r.ainy  season  regularlj'  alternate,  and  vegetation 
has  a  luxuriance  not  often  met  with  in  much  lower  lati- 
tudes. 

Vegetation,  Agriculture,  <tc. — The  long  belt  of  sandy  shores 
which  line  the  Persian  Gulf  is  nearly  as  barren  as  the 
desert  table-land  of  the  interior,  except  where  it  is  inter- 
spersed with  plantations  of  date-trees,  which  here  find  a 
genial  climate,  and  grow  to  great  perfection.  Among  the 
mountains  of  Khoozistan,  Bakhtiyari,  and  Looristan,  forests 
of  oak  and  other  trees  are  not  uncommon,  though  in  gene- 
ral they  are  stunted  in  their  growth,  and  degenerate  into  a 
low  jungle.  But,  on  the  X.  side  of  the  lofty  ranges  which 
overlook  the  Caspian  Sea,  are  dense  and  magnificent  forests 
of  oak,  tieech,  elm,  and  walnut,  intermingled  with  box-trees, 
cypresses,  and  cedars.  Along  the  slopes  extensive  open 
glades  often  occur,  where  the  ground  becomes  covered  with 
a  rich  herbage,  on  which  numerous  herds  of  cattle  are  reared, 
chiefly  for  the  dairy.  Lower  down,  though  still  at  some 
thousand  feet  above  sea-level,  wheat  and  barley  are  exten- 
sively cultivated.  In  the  level  and  rich  plains  below,  vege- 
tation of  every  kind  is  remarkably  luxuriant.  The  sugar- 
cane and  orange  come  to  perfection,  and  are  common  ;  the 
pomegranate  grows  wild,  the  cotton-plant  and  mulberry  are 
extensively  and  successfully  cultivated  large  tracts  are  oc- 
cupied >""  the  vine,  and  orchards  loaded  with  exquisite 
frUits — iigs.  apricots,  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  apples,  and 
pairs — occur  in  every  quarter.  Tho  swampy  shoi-es  of  the 
UHspian  are  corered  with  a  tall  growth  of  saline  plants  and 


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canes,  available  for  huilding.  and  many  other  domestic  pur- 
poses. In  these  low  plains,  the  only  grain  under  extcnt-ive 
and  regular  culture  is  rice;  and  **■&  principal  auxiliaiy 
crops  are  cotton,  indigo,  sugar,  madder,'  and  tobacco. 
Another  rice  district,  of  large  extent,  occurs  in  Azerbaij.in, 
where  large  rice-fields,  producing  rich  crops,  occupy  the 
greater  part  of  the  low  tlats  which  surround  Lake  Ooroomee- 
yah. 

In  Persia  considerable  attention  is  paid  to  the  dairy,  but 
the  stock  is  generally  of  an  inferior  description  :  though  black 
cattle,  of  great  size  and  beauty,  distinguished  by  the  Indian 
hump,  are  not  uncommon  in  Mazanderan.  Sheep  and  gouts 
are  much  more  numerous.  The  former  furnish  the  far 
greater  part  of  the  animal  food  which  is  -used,  and  no  incon- 
siderable portion  of  the  clothing ;  the  wool  being  not  only  e.x- 
tensively  spun  and  woven,  but  often  allowed  to  i-emain  on 
the  skins,  which  are  firmed  at  once  into  cloaks  and  jackets. 
The  latter,  particularly  in  the  province  of  Herman,  yield  a 
wool  little  inferior  to  that  of  Cashmere.  The  other  domestic 
animals  are  asses,  generally  of  a  large  and  superior  descrip- 
tion; mules,  remarkalily  strong  and  hardy,  and  used,  more 
than  any  other  animal,  for  transport :  horses,  much  improved 
by  crossing  with  those  of  Araljia.  and  famous  fur  strength, 
speed,  and  beauty;  and  camels,  which  are  natives  of  Persi.i. 
The  more  remarkable  wild  animals  are  the  lion,  occasionally 
seen  in  Farsistan,  and  a  few  other  places;  leopards,  in- 
cluding the  chetiih,  used  for  hunting;  tiger-cats,  lynxes, 
bears,  wild  boars,  hyenas,  wolves,  jackalls,  porcupines, 
aryali  or  mount.ain  sheep,  and  inoz  or  mountain  goats. 
Among  the  birds  are  pheasants,  fre<iuenting  tlie  plains  on 
the  S.E.  corner  of  the  Caspian  ;  pelicans  and  bustards  along 
the  sandy  borders,  and  often  far  in  the  interior  of  the  de- 
serts; blackbirds,  thrushes,  and  other  well-known  songsters, 
but  more  especially  the  bulbul  or  eastern  nightingale. 
Locusts,  which  often  commit  fearful  raviiges,  are  included 
among  the  destructive  in.sects.  Fish  abound  in  the  Cas- 
pian an4  on  the  shores  of  tlie  Persian  Gulf.  At  the  mouths 
of  the  streams  which  fall  into  the  former,  valuable  sturgeon 
fisheries  are  carried  on,  chiefly  by  Russia.  The  rivers  con- 
tain few  fish:  and  Ooroomeeyah,  tho  largest  of  the  lakes,  ia 
wholly  destitute  of  them. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  of  Persia  are  more  nu- 
merous than  importiint,  though  in  a  few  articles  they  con- 
tinue to  retain  some  of  the  celebrity  which  they  acquired 
in  early  times.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  various 
kinds  of  silk  goods,  as  taffetas,  velvets,  and  brocades,  made 
extensively  at  Ispahan,  Kashan,  Astrabad,  Yezd,  and  other 
places,  not  only  for  home  consumption,  but  export,  particu- 
larly to  Turkey  and  Russia.;  carpets  and  felts  in  Khorassau 
and  many  of  the  central  districts  of  Irak-Ajemee:  Arabian 
cloaks  and  woollen  stuffs,  made  in  Khoozistan,  and  in  large 
demand  in  the  country,  as  well  as  Arabia;  shawls,  in  imita- 
tion of  those  of  Cashmere,  made  of  the  fine  wool  of  the 
goats  of  Kerman ;  the  fire-anns  of  Kermanshah ;  the  swords, 
daggers,  and  other  cutlery  oflspahan,  Sheeraz.and  Me.shed; 
the  copper-ware  of  Kashan;  the  gold  brocades  of  Ispahan. 
Coarse  woollens  and  cottons,  once  made  to  a  very  great  ex- 
tent, for  the  clothing  of  the  poorer  classes,  have  in  numerous 
instances  been  entirely  supplanted  bj'  the  cheaper  and  bet- 
ter products  of  Great  Britain  and  Russia. 

Commerce. — The  commerce  of  the  counti-y  is  extensive, 
notwithstanding  the  absence  of  any  roads  except  such  as 
are  traversed  by  caravans  of  mules,  by  which  the  internal 
trade  is  wholly  carried  on.  The  principal  articles  imported 
from  the  E.  are  muslins,  leather,  lanibs'-skins.  stuffs  of 
camels"-h.air,  shawls,  nanlieen,  china,  glass,  hardware,  am- 
ber, coral,  precious  stones,  saffron,  indigo,  spices,  &c.  The 
exports  to  the  E.  are  velvets,  silk  and  cotton  stuffs,  &c. 
from  Ispahan  and  Yezd;  articles  in  gold  and  silver,  bronze 
lamps,  copperware,  &c.  from  Kashan ;  mats,  lackered  ware, 
ivory  ornaments,  dates,  lemons,  and  tobacco  from  Sheeraz; 
and  shawls  and  some  other  articles  from  Kerman.  The 
total  value  of  exports  is  estimated  at  from  $15,000,000  to 
S17,000,000  annually.  The  Caspian  and  the  Persian  Gulf 
furnish  many  important  items.  The  traffic  of  the  former, 
carried  on  chiefly  at  the  ports  of  Enzellee.  Balfurosh,and 
Astrabad,  is  almost  entirely  monopolized  by  Russia;  that 
of  the  latter,  formerly  carried  on  chiefiy  at  the  port  of  Gom- 
broon, but  now  much  more  at  that  of  llassorah,  employs 
a  considerable  number  of  vessels,  owned  for  the  most  part 
by  Armenian,  Arab,  and  Indian  traders.  By  this  latter 
channel,  Great  BriUiiu  sends  to  Persia  broadcloths  and  other 
Woollens,  cotton  goods,  shawls,  jewelry,  arms,  cutlery, 
watches,  earthen  and  glassware,  metals,  &.Q.,  receiving  in 
return  chiefiy  silk,  gall-nuts,  madder,  and  other  dyes.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  British  cottons  imported  at  Trebi- 
zond,  on  the  Black  Sea,  is  intended  for  the  Persian  markets. 
Though  Persia  has  a  considerable  extent  of  .«ea-eoast,  both 
along  the  Caspian  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  it  pns.sesses  very 
few  vessels  of  any  description,  both  its  coasting  trade  and  its 
more  distant  commerce  being  almost  entirely  carried  on  in 
foreign  bottoms. 

Giwemmfnt. — The  sovereign  of  Persia  is  an  ab.solute  and 
uncontrolled  despot.  His  principal  ministers  are  the 
vizier  azem  or  grand  vizier,  and  the  ameer,  a  doulah  or 

1463 


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lord  high  treasurer,  the  former  commanding  the  army  In 
the  sovereign's  absence,  and  managing  all  foreign  affairs, 
unci  the  latter  superintending  the  collection  of  the  revenue, 
and  whatever  relates  to  the  interior;  both  ministers,  though 
the  mere  slaves  of  their  master,  are.  in  regard  to  all  other 
persons,  as  absolute  as  himself.  Each  province  is  governed 
by  a  beglerbeg  or  sardar.  genennlly  a  piince  of  the  blood  or 
high  noble,  who  appoints  his  lieutenants  or  hakims,  under 
whom  there  is  a  long  series  of  subordinates.  For  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice  there  are  two  classes  of  courts — one, 
caMed  she ir (jJi.  which  decides  according  to  the  Koran;  the 
other,  called  tirf.  deciding  according  to  customary  law.  The 
revenue  chiefly  derived  from  land  and  poll  taxes,  import 
and  export  duties,  tributes  from  nomadic  triijes,  &c.,  has 
hven  estimated  at  from  .47,000.000  to  $10,000,000.  The  stand- 
ing army  comprises  about  13,000  men,  who  have  received 
European  discipline;  but  the  chief  force  consists  of  irregu- 
lars, who  on  emergencies  may  exceed  200,000  men.  a  large 
proportion  of  them  being  cavalry,  who  perform  feudatory 
eei-vice. 

InhcdntanU,  d-c. — The  population  is  very  mixed.  The 
Parsees,  who  appear  to  preserve  more  fully  than  the  rest  a 
purity  of  descent  from  the  ancient  Persians,  are  now  nearly 
confined  to  the  city  of  Yezd  and  some  towns  in  Herman, 
where  they  still  reUiin  lire-worship.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
towns  and  settled  districts  generally  are  descended  from 
Persians,  Turks,  Tartars.  Georgians,  Armenians,  Arabs,  and 
all  the  other  nations  who  have  at  different  periods  held 
sway  in  the  country.  They  are  Mohammedans  of  the  Sheeah 
(Shiah)  .sect,  rejecting  the  authority  of  the  three  tirst  caliphs, 
on  which  and  other  accounts,  there  is  between  them  and  the 
Turks,  Arabs,  Bokharese.  and  most  other  Mussulmen.  a 
perpetual  feud.  The  nomadic  tribes  consistof  Arabs  in  the  S.; 
Toorkomans,  Jlonguls  and  Oozbeks  in  the  E.  and  N.E.;  and 
Koords  in  the  W.  They  live  in  tents,  subsisting  on  the  pro- 
duce of  their  herds  and  on  plunder;  and  they  furnish  the 
most  p,irt  of  the  armed  force.  The  Persians  are  a  handsome, 
active,  and  generally  warlike  people.  Their  complexion 
■varies  from  fiiir  to  dark  olive,  having  straight,  jet  black 
hair,  a  quick,  lively  imagination,  and  agreeable  address. 
They  are  versatile  and  pliable,  but  insincere  and  immoral 
in  their  habits.  Polygamy  is  both  authorized  and  encou- 
raged, and  all  the  evils  which  it  engenders  are  everywhere 
displayed.  The  intellectual  qualities  of  the  Pei-sians  are 
naturally  of  a  high  order,  and  enabled  them  at  a  very  early 
period  to  take  a  lead  in  civilization.  The  Persian  forms  one 
of  the  principal  branches  of  the  great  femily  of  Indo-Eu- 
ropean languages.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  softness  and 
harmony,  which  admirably  adapt  it  to  the  lighter  forms  of 
poetry.  It  has  the  same  written  character  as  the  Arabic, 
which  in  other  respects  it  greatly  resembles.  The  Persians 
possess  numerous  works  both  in  literature  and  science: 
those  in  the  former  bear  a  liigh  reputation ;  those  in  the 
latter,  with  the  single  exception,  perhaps,  of  mathematics, 
are  of  a  very  unsatisfactory  and  puerile  description. 

Population. — The  population  of  Persia  is  variously  given. 
The  following  estimate  is  probably  not  far  from  the  truth. 
Modern  Persians,  comprising  a  mixture  of  ancient  Persians, 
Tartars,  Araljs.  and  Georgians,  10.000.000;  Parsees,  100.000; 
Afghans  of  Cabool,  600.D00;  Ghelaky,  50,000;  Armenians. 
70,000;  Jews,  .35,000;  Sabians,  or  disciples  of  John,  10,000; 
nomadic  or  wandering  tribes.  (13  in  number.)  239.500;  Ara- 
bian tribes  and  Arabian  fishermen.  140.000;  and  Knords, 
155,000;  total,  11,299,500,  besides  28  other  Turkish  tribes. 

Divisions. — The  ancient  and  modern  divisions  of  Persia, 
and  their  chief  towns,  are  exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table :— 


Modem  Names. 

Ancient  Names. 

Chief  Towns. 

Azerbaij.->n. 

Media  Atropatene. 

Tabrcez. 

Irak  .\jemee. 

Media  Magna, 

Teheran. 

Ardelaii. 
Looristaa. 

Klymals. 
Srro-.Medla. 

Senuah. 

Khoozistan, 

Susiana. 

Shooster, 

Fars. 

Persia. 

Lari'itan. 

Mesambria. 

I.ar. 

Kermaa. 

Karmauia. 

Gbilan. 

County  of  Gelae. 

Reshd. 

Mazaoderan. 

Countv  of  Japyri. 

Balfroosh. 

Astra  bad. 

Hrrcania. 

Khoraasan. 

Aria. 

Nish.apoon 

Artacene. 

Yezd. 

Bifltrry. — Few  nations  have  undergone  so  many  remark- 
able changes,  and  none,  perhaps,  (if  we  except  the  Chinese.) 
have  continued  so  long  to  perform  a  prominent  part  on  the 
gri^t  stage  of  the  world.  At  almost  the  earliest  period  of 
authentic  history,  we  find  Persia  occupving  a  conspicuous 
pUce  among  the  surrounding  nations.  Our  limits,  how- 
ever, will  permit  us  only  to  glance  at  a  few  of  the  most  pro- 
minent dynasties  and  important  events  in  her  long  and 
changeful  career.  Cyrus  the  Great,  the  most  renowned  and 
powerful  of  all  the  sovereigns  who  have  swayed  the  Persian 
Boeptre  in  560  B.  c.  came  into  possession  of  the  un  ited  crowns 
of  Persia  and  Media,  and  soon  extended  his  dominions  over 
the  whole  o{\\  estern  Asia.  He  was  succeeded.  529  B.  c,  by 
d^T;  C«">^y'*''-«ho  conquered  Egjpt.  About  the  ?e.-.r 
4W  B.C.,  Xerxes,  fourth  king  in  succession  from  Cambyses, 


marched  into  Greece  at  the  head  of  the  most  gigantic  arm^ 
ment  which  the  world  has  yet  beheld:  but  after  a  succession 
of  disasters  and  defeats,  he  narrowly  e.scaped  from  falling  into 
the  h.inds  of  his  enemies,  by  an  almost  solitary  flight  across 
the  Hellespont.  From  this  period  may  be  dated  the  decline 
of  the  Persian  power;  its  downfall  was  completed  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great  in  833  B.C.  After  undergoing  various  vicis- 
situdes of  fortune,  the  Persian  power  again  rose  under  the 
Sassanian  dynasty  in  the  early  part  of  the  third  century  of 
our  era,  and  attained  the  highest  prosperity  under  the 
celebrated  Chosroes.  (Khosru  Nushemwan,)  who  in  the  first 
half  of  the  sixth  century  ruled  over  realms  scarcely  less  ex- 
tensive than  those  possessed  by  Xerxes.  A  century  later, 
and  the  armies  of  Mohammed  had  overrun  not  only  Persia, 
but  the  greater  part  of  Central  and  Western  Asia.  The  Sas- 
sanian  dynasty  was  overthrown,  and  other  changes  still 
more  important  were  effected;  among  which  the  most  re- 
markable was  the  extirpation  of  the  ancient  religion  of 
the  Persians,  and  the  general  adoption  of  3Iahommedan- 
ism.  In  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century,  the  Sel- 
jookian  Turks  from  Central  Asia  succeeded  in  placing  the 
Sultan  Togrul  Bey  upon  the  Persian  throne.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  thirteenth  century,  the  timous  Jenghis  Khan 
made  his  appearance  at  the  head  of  700,000  Moguls,  and 
crushing  all  opposition,  ruled  Persia  with  a  rod  of  iron.  A 
century  and  a  half  later,  Timur  or  Tamerlane,  with  his 
Tartar  mj-riads.  overran  Persia,  spreading  desolation 
wherever  they  appeared.  Timur  died  in  1404.  The  Soofee 
dynasty,  founded  by  Ismael  Shah  in  1502,  reached  its 
greatest  prosperity  during  the  reign  of  Abbas  the  Greats 
from  15S6  to  1627.  The  sceptre  of  Persia  was  held  from 
1736  to  1747  by  Xadir  Shah,  a  general  whose  prowess  and 
military  talents  had  raised  him  to  the  throne.  One  of  his 
most  memorable  exploits  was  the  invasion  of  India  in  1739, 
when  he  took  Delhi,  and  obtained  a  booty  estimated  at 
more  than  $150,000,000.  His  great  qualities  were  counter- 
l)alanced  by  cruelty  and  avarice,  and  he  was  assa.ssinated 
in  1747,  A  period  of  confusion  followed.  In  1795,  Aga  Mo- 
hammed Khan  Kajar,  the  founder  of  t!ie  pre.sent  Kajar 
dynasty,  ascended  the  throne.  Before  he  had  reigned  two 
years,  he  was  murdered  by  his  attendants,  in  1797.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  nephew,  Fefh  Ali  Shah.  The  most  re- 
markable events  of  his  reign  were  two  disastrous  wars  with 
Russia — the  one  ending  in  1813.  with  the  loss  of  extensive 
territories  on  the  Caspian;  the  other  in  1828,  with  the  loss 
of  Erivan  and  all  the  country  N.  of  the  Aras,  (Araxes.)  In 
18;J3  he  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Mahommed  Mirza. 
Until  the  close  of  the  last  century.  Persia  had  no  diplomatic 
relations  with  Western  Europe ;  but  since  that  period,  the 
sovereigns  of  Great  Britain  and  Persia  have  been  in  friendly 
alliance;  the  troops  of  the  shah  have  been  di.sciplined  by 
British  officers,  and  large  sums  of  money  have  been  paid  as 

subsidies  to  the  Persian  government. Adj.  and  inliab. 

Persiax,  per'sh.Hn  or  per'-she-.an :  (L.  Per/siccs.) 

PER'SI  A.  a  post-township  in  the  N'.W.  part  of  Cattaraugus 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  1955. 

PERSIAN  GULF.  (anc.  J'fr'sicxs  Si'vus.  or  I\y'siaim 
Ma/}-f,)  an  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  between  Arabia  and 
Persia.  Lat.  from  24°  to  30°  N.,  Ion.  from  48°  to  56°  30'  K. 
I^ength.  550  miles :  greatest  breadth,  220  miles.  AtitsX.W. 
extremity  it  receives  the  ?hat-el-.\rab  (formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Euphnates  and  Tigris)  and  the  Karoon.  It  communi- 
cates E.  with  the  Arabian  Sea  by  a  strait  50  miles  aci-oss.  It 
contains  numerous  islands,  the  principal  being  Kishm,  Op- 
mus,  Busheab,  and  Karak,  off  its  N.  or  Persian  coast,  and  the 
East  India  Company's  and  Bahrein  Islands,  on  its  Arabian 
side;  around  the  last  named  an  extensive  pearl-fishery  exists. 
The  shores  are  almost  everywhere  sterile  and  arid  :  on  them 
are  the  cities  of  Bassorah  and  liusbire.  and  the  towns  of  Con- 
goon.  Nakilo,  Goml'foon,   Zaluirah,  El  Katif,  and  Grane, 

PERSTE.  per'see.  a  chapel  district  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
comprising  the  Highland  district  of  Bendochy,  and  some 
others.     Pop.  about  1000. 

PERSIEX.     SeePERSu. 

PER'SIFER.  n  post-townsliipof  Knoxco..Illinois.  Pop.788. 

PERSIM'.MOX  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Cherokee  eo. 
North  Carolina. 

PER'SON.  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virginia.  Area,  estimated  at  370  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Hycootee  River,  and  the  Xeuse  rises 
within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hilis  of  mo- 
derate size;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Formed  in  1791, 
and  named  from  General  Thomas  Person,  of  Granville  co„ 
North  Carolina.  Capital,  Roxborough.  Pop.  11,221,  of  whom 
6026  were  free,  and  6195  slaves, 

PERTAUBGHUR.  p^r-t.iwb-gftr'.  a  fortified  town  of  Hin- 
dostan.  province  of  Malwah:  l.at.  24°  2'  N.,  Ion.  74^  51'  E 

PERTAUBGHUR,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Oude, 
on  the  Sye,  90  miles  S.E.  of  Lucknow.     Pop.  lO.OOO. 

PER'TEXIIALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford 

PERTH,  or  PERTIISHIIIE.  jierth'shir,  a  large  and  im- 
portant county  in  the  centre  of  Scotland,  E.  of  the  Frith  of 
Tay.  Length  and  bre.sdth  about  60  miles  each.  The  area  has 
been  estimated  at  2688  miles,  or  1,656.320  acres,  of  which  up- 
wards of  1,000,000  acres  are  arable  or  adapted  to  pasture :  but 


PER 


PER 


according  to  some  anthnHties,  the  area  above  given  is  much 
below  the  truth.  Pop.  in  1S51,  138,660.  The  surface  is  ex- 
tremely diver.^ified.  This  county  comprises  both  a  highland 
and  a  lowland  region.  The  Grampians  extend  through  it 
in  a  N.E.  direction,  and  are  composed  of  granite  and  primary 
slate.  The  principal  mountains  are  Benlaweis.  3945  feet  in 
height ;  Ben-More,  3819  feet  in  height.  The  principal  lochs 
are  Lochs  Tay,  Earn.  Rannoch,  and  Ericht.  Perthahire  is 
wholly  drained  by  the  Tay  and  its  affluents,  the  Earn,  Ac,  ex- 
cept in  its  S.  part,  which  is  watered  by  the  Teith,  Allan,  and 
Devon.  The  Carse  of  Gowrie,  on  the  Tay,  is  a  deep  alluvial 
clay,  and  among  the  most  productive  land  in  Britain ;  the  soil 
in  the  mountain  districts  is  mostly  light,  and  chiefly  adapted 
for  pasturage;  sheep  and  cattle-breeding  being  extensively 
followed.  Agriculture  has,  however,  greatly  improved,  and 
considerable  quantities  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  beans,  pota- 
toes, turnips,  and  fruits  are  rai.sed  for  exportation.  A  large 
part  of  the  county  has  within  the  last  century  been  planted 
with  woods.  Some  coal  is  raised  in  the  S.E.;  limestone, 
sandstone,  marble,  and  slate  are  generally  abundant,  and 
lead  is  fovind  in  some  places.  Itailways  traverse  the  E. 
part  of  the  county,  and  communicate  with  Edinburgh, 
Stirling,  Perth,  and  Dundee,  extending  N.  to  Aberdeen.  Prin- 
cipal towns,  I'erth,  Crieff,  and  Dumblane.  It  sends  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PERTH,  (h.  Perflhia,  or  Berltha,)  a  city,  royal,  parliament- 
ary, and  municipal  burgh,  and  capital  of  the  above  county, 
formerly  the  metropolis  of  Scotland,  in  a  plain  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Tay,  here  crossed  by  a  noble  l>ridge  of  9  arches, 
880  feet  in  length,  33  miles  N.N.W.  of  Edinburgh.  Lat.  56° 
23'  50"  N.,  Ion.  3°  26'  20"  W.  Pop.  of  the  city,  including  4 
parishes,  in  1851,  22.2.32;  of  royal  burgh,  14.681 ;  of  parlia- 
mentary (1861)  25,251.  It  Is  partially  enclosed  by  richly- 
wooded  hills,  well  and  substantially  built,  and  has  altogether 
a  wealthy  and  elegant  appearance.  On  its  N.  and  S.  sides  are 
2  spacious  parks,  called  Inches.  The  principal  public  edifices 
are  the  church  of  St..Tohn,  supposed  to  have  been  originally 
erected  in  the  fifth  century,  with  a  square  tower  155  feet  in 
height,  and  divided  into  three  distinct  places  of  worship,  nu- 
merous other  churches  and  chapels,  the  public  reservoir, 
county  buildings,  central  model  prison  for  Scotland,  county 
infirmary,  lunatic  asylum,  large  barracks,  the  Marshall  Mo- 
nument, appropriated  to  the  public,  with  a  library  of  6000 
volumes,  the  JIu.seum  of  the  Perth  Literary  and  Antiqua- 
rian Society,  the  town-hall,  and  King  James  VI.'s  Hospital. 
I'crth  has  an  educational  seminary — an  elegant  structure,  a 
grammar  school,  an  academy,  and  several  other  endowed 
schools.  4  weekly  newspapers,  2  local  and  4  branch  banks, 
and  a  custom-house.  The  Tay  is  navigable  to  the  city  for 
vessels  of  considerable  burden,  and  extensive  works  have 
been  undertaken  for  forming  a  new  harbor  and  wetnlock. 
The  general  terminus  of  the  Edinburgh  and  I'erth,  the 
Central,  the  Scottish  Midland,  and  the  Dundee,  Perth  and 
Alx'rdeen  Railways — an  elegant  building — is  situated  in 
the  W.  suburbs :  and  the  Dundee  Railw.ay  cros.^es  the  Tay 
by  a  wooden  bridge.  The  principal  manutiactures  are  those 
of  colored  cotton  stuffs,  gingham.s,  shawls,  Ac. ;  and  here 
are  flax-spinning  mills,  bleachfields,  several  distilleries, 
breweries,  corn  mills,  iron  foundries,  rope-walks,  tanneries, 
and  dye-works.  The  glove  trade  has  declined.  Ship-build- 
ing is  an  extensive  and  increasing  interest,  and  the  .s.aImon 
fislieries  in  the  Tay  are  very  valuable,  about  225  tons  offish 
being  sent  to  London  annually.  The  foreign  exports  are 
trifling,  liut  the  coastwise  exports  include,  besides  fish,  large 
quantities  of  potatoes,  chiefly  to  London,  corn,  timljer,  and 
slates.  In  1851,  the  registered  shipping  of  the  port  com- 
prised 68  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  5535  tons ;  the 
vessels  entered  were,  coastwise,  351,  (tons,  20.985 ;)  colonial, 
3,  (tons,  C81:)  and  foreign,  54,  (tons,  5042;)  vessels  cleared 
coastwi.se,  292,  (tons,  17,513;)  and  foreign,  11,  aons,  1208.) 
About  2  miles  N.  of  the  city  Is  Scone,  long  a  royal  residence; 
the  palace,  rebuilt  by  its  owner,  Earl  Slansfield,  is  now  an 
elegant  modern  mansion.  Perth  appears  to  have  been  an  im- 
portant st.ation  under  the  Romans,  at  the  meeting  of  three 
great  highw.ays,  and  it  has  some  remains  which  have  been 
attributed  to  Agricola,  with  various  ruins  of  ecclesiastical 
buildings.  It  was  also  frequently  resorted  to  by  the  Scottish 
kings,  and  was  the  scene  of  many  historical  events,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  its  capture  and  the  carrying  off  of 
its  records  by  Edward  I.  of  England,  in  1298 ;  the  murder  of 
Jatues  I.  in  1437 ;  the  capture  of  the  town  by  Montrose  in 
1644;  its  capitulation  to  Cromwell  in  1651;  and  its  occupa- 
tion, first  by  the  Viscount  Dundee  in  1689,  and  afterwards  by 
the  Highlanders  in  1715  and  1745.  Its  vicinity  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  tracts  in  Scotland.  The  burgh  sends  1  member 
'o  the  House  of  Commons. 

PERTH,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Fulton  CO.,  New  York,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1085. 

PERTH,  a  town  in  the  N.  part  of  New  Brunswick,  capital 
of  the  CO.  of  Victoria. 

PERTH,  an  inland  county  of  Canada  West,  near  Lake 
Huron,  comprises  an  area  of  698  square  miles.  Numerous 
small  streams  rise  in  the  county,  and  it  is  intersected  by 
thoTorontoandGoderich  Kailroad.  Capital,  Stratford.  Pop. 
tn  1852,  15,545. 


PERTH,  a  post-town  of  Canada  West,  capital  of  tK» 
united  cos.  of  Lanark  and  Renfrew,  is  situated  on  tlie  river 
Tay,  which  has  been  rendered  navigable  to  the  Rideau 
Canal,  a  distance  of  7  miles,  by  means  of  5  locks,  capable  of 
admitting  barges  carrying  from  80  to  90  tons.  It  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  churches  of  4  or  5  denomina 
tions,  agencies  of  4  assurance  companies,  a  branch  bank,  t 
newspaper  office,  about  20  stores,  and  manufactures  of  iron- 
castings,  machinery,  &c.     Pop.  about  2000. 

PERTH,  a  district  of  West  Australia,  intersected  by  lat 
32°  S.,  Ion.  116°  E.,  having  W.  the  Indian  Ocj^an.  and  on  the 
other  sides  the  districts  of  Twiss.  York,  and  Murray.  It  is 
watered  bj'  the  Swan  River,  which  has,  10  miles  from  its 
mouth,  the  town  of  I'erth,  the  capital  of  the  colony. 

PERTH,  the  capit.al  of  West  Australia,  and  of  the  co.  of 
Perth,  on  the  Swan  River,  10  miles  above  its  mouth,  iu  the 
Indian  Ocean;  lat.  31°  57'  24"  S.,  Ion.  115°  52'  45"  E. 

PJORTJI,  a  town  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
12  miles  from  Launceston,  on  the  South  Esk. 

PERTH  AiPBOY'.  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of 
Middlesex  co..  New  Jersey,  at  the  head  of  Raritan  Bay,  and 
at  the  mnuth  of  Raritan  River,  .30  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton, 
and  25  miles  from  New  York.  It  is  situated  in  Perth  Am- 
boy  township,  on  the  left  or  N.  bank  of  the  Raritan  River, 
and  at  the  S.  end  of  Staten  Island  Sound,  about  2  miles  N.E. 
of  South  Amboy,  where  the  Camden  and  Amboy  ILailroad 
connects  with  st<?amboat8  running  to  and  from  is'ew  York. 
The  harbor  is  good  and  easily  accessible.  The  village  contains 
4  churches,  an  academy,  a  lock  factory,  and  a  stoneware 
pottery.  The  shipping  of  the  port,  June  30,  1852,  amounted 
to  an  aggreg.ate  of  21,6.51  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  of  which 
20,853  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  and  4759  tons 
in  steam  navigation.  During  the  year,  8  vessels,  with  an 
aggregate  burden  of  1273  tons,  were  admeasured.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1784.    Pop.  of  the  town.ship.  2302. 

PERTHES,  paint,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Marne.  16  miles  N.W,  of  Vasiiy.     Pop.  725. 

I'ERTIIOIS,  paiRHwd',  a  former  district  of  I'nance,  now 
foiming  parts  of  the  departments  of  Marne  and  Haute- 
JIarne.     Vitry-le-Fran§ais  was  the  capital. 

PERTHSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.     See  Perth. 

PERTUIS,  pjR^wee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vauclnse,  near  the  Durance,  38  miles  E.S.E.  of  Avignon. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4776, 

PERTUIS  BRETON,  pju'twee'  brJ'tAN''',  and  PERTUIS 
D'ANTIOCHE,  pte'twee'  dftuoHe-osh',  straits  which  separate 
the  island  of  R6  from  the  W.  mainland  of  France,  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente-InfSrieure,  and  from  the  island  of  Oleron. 

]>ERT'WOOD,  UPPER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

PERU,  pe-roo',  (Sp.  pron.  pti-roo',  written  also  in  ancient 
chronicles  PiVJi,  pe-roo';  Fr. /Vnm,  p.Vroo';  Ij.  Pfruh-ia,)  mi 
extensive  country  of  South  America,  stretching  from  near 
the  equator  southward  along  the  AV.  side  of  the  continent. 
The  name,  as  formerly  applied,  included  an  immense  region 
not  comprised  within  the  limits  of  the  present  Peruvian  re- 
public. An  exten.sive  territory  in  the  S.,  called  Upper  Peru, 
was,  after  the  overthrow  of  the  Spanish  power  in  1824, 
formed  into  an  independent  state,  (in  1825,)  and  received 
the  appell.ation  of  Bolivia,  in  honor  of  Simon  Bolivar,  its 
liberator.  No  inconsiderable  portions  of  the  ancient  Peru 
are  now  incorporated  with  the  territories  of  the  Argentine 
Republic  and  Chili.  The  province  of  Quito,  (nearly  corres- 
ponding to  the  present  Republic  of  Ecuador,)  previously  an 
independent  country,  was  for  a  period  of  more  than  200 
years  united  with  Peru,  from  which,  however,  it  was  sepa- 
rated in  1718,  and  annexed  to  New  Granada.     (See  next 

article.) Adj.  and    inhab.  'PKnuvi.^N,   pe-roo've-an,   (Sp. 

Peru.wo,  pee-roo-d'no ;  L,  Percvi.Wus  ;  Fr.  Pf  ruvi'en,  pa^- 
rliVe-ft.x"'.) 

PERU,  Republic  of,  (Sp.  HepuUica  Peruana,  rA-pooWle-kl 
pA-roo-d'nJ;  Fr.  Repulilique dii  Pirou,  rk'piih'^leek' i.\up!i'roo>,) 
called  also  simply  PERU,  a  state  of  South  America,  formed 
out  of  the  former  Spanish  vice-royalty  of  the  same  name, 
bounded  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.  by 
Ecuador,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  river 
Tumbez,  E.  by  Brazil  and  Bolivia,  and  S.  by  Bolivia,  a  portion 
of  the  boundary  here  being  formed  by  the  river  Loa.  It  ex- 
tends from  lat.  3°  35' to  21° 48'  S.,  and  from  Ion.  68°  10'  to  80" 
41'  W.  Its  shape  Is  very  irregular ;  greatest  length  from  N .  to 
S.,  1266 miles;  from  N,W.  to  S.K., about  1490  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  measured  on  a  parallel  of  latitude,  about  360  miles. 
Between  Lake  Titicaca  and  the  S.  extremity  of  Peru,  where 
the  country  is  the  narrowest,  the  boundary  of  Bolivia 
approaches  to  within  about  50  miles  of  the  Pacific.  The 
coast-line  may  be  estimated  at  1950  miles.  Area  esti- 
mated at  370.000  square  miles,  which,  however,  can  be 
only  an  approjSmate  to  the  true  area,  as  the  boundary  on 
the  E.  is  not  definitely  settled.  Some  geographers  state  the 
greatest  breadth  of  the  country  at  700  miles,  and  estimate 
its  area  variously  at  from  500,000  to  700,000  square  miles. 
But.  according  to  the  •'  Calendario  de  la  Republica  Peruana," 
published  at  Lima  in  1849,  the  greatest  breadth  of  Peru  is 
only  105.  and  the  least  breadth  15  Spanish  leagues,  from 
which  data  the  area  cannot  possibly  exceed  400.000  squar« 
miles. 

1465 


PER 

Face  a  f  the  fk^mlry.  Mountains,  rf-c.— Peru  exhibits  a  great 
varir y  of  physical  features,  and  all  on  the  grandest  scale. 
The  louhJe  Cordillera  of  the  Andes  traTerses  the  country 
from  S.E.  to  N.AV.,  separating  it  into  three  distinct  regions, 
differing  widely  from  each  other  in  climate,  soil,  and  vegeta- 
tion. Seen  from  the  coast,  these  mountains  have  the  appear- 
ance of  a  vast  wall,  apparently  impassable.  The  region  be- 
tween the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Andes  has  a  width  varying 
from  60  to  100  miles,  and  of  its  surface,  only  a  very  small  por- 
tion is  habitable.  It  is  generally  rugged,  and  covered  with 
mountains  or  hills,  from  500  to  10,000  feet  in  height,  consist- 
ing for  the  most  part  of  bare  rock,  wholly  divested  of  life  or 
vegetition.  It  is  only  where  streams  force  their  way  across 
this  tract,  from  the  Andes  towards  the  sea,  that  verdure  makes 
Its  app&irance,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  ground  becomes 
practicable.  Hence  this  region,  in  which  only  the  transverse 
Talleys,  under  favorable  circumstances,  are  tit  for  the  abode  of 
man.  is'generally  distinguished  as  Los  Valles,  ("  the  valleys.") 
But  the  streams  from  the  mountains,  though  full  and  rapid 
above,  generally  sink  into  the  dry,  sandy  ground  lower  down, 
and  seldom  reach  the  sea;  while  most  of  them  are  but  occa- 
Bional  torrent?,  flowing  during  the  rainy  season,  (of  the 
highlands,)  and  dry  nine  months  of  the  year.  On  the  most 
fevered  portion  of  the  coast,  these  valleys  are,_on  an  average, 
12  miles  asunder,  but  they  are  more  frequently  separated 
by  intervals  of  15  or  20  miles.  Towards  the  N.  tliey  are 
situated  at  greater  distances  from  each  other,  and  between 
LamKayeque  and  Sechura  there  Intervenes  a  dry  desert  of 
90  miles.  Above  the  maritime  Cordillera,  between  the  ridges 
of  the  .\ndes,  n.^ture  assumes  quite  another  aspect,  and 
there  Las  Sierras,  as  the  elevated  region  is  genei-ally  called,  is 
now  the  chief,  as  it  was  anciently  almost  the  exclusive  seat 
of  the  population  of  Peru.  Beyond,  or  E.  of  the  mountains, 
the  country  spreads  out  into  boundless  plains,  watered  by 
numerous  great  rivers,  (to  open  these  to  foreign  commerce 
attempts  have  recently  been  made  by  a  company  formed  in 
the  United  States,)  and  covered  to  a  great  extent  with  im- 
penetrable forests.  For  this  region  there  seems  to  be  no 
general  name;  but  it  is  sometimes  called  La  Tierra  de  los 
Indios  Bravos,  ("Land  of  the  fierce  Indians:")  it  is  im- 
pertectly  known,  and  many  ages  will  probably  elapse  before 
it  tiecomes  occupied  by  men  of  European  race. 

The  Peruvian  Andes  and  their  branches  are  estimated  to 
occupy  200,000  square  miles  of  surface,  and  one  peak,  the 
Nevado  de  Chuquibamba,  rises  to  the  height  of  21.000  feet. 
Omati,  the  famous  but  nearly  extinct  volcano  of  Arefiuip,a, 
(lat.  16°  20'  S.,  Ion.  78°  12'  W..)  is  20,320  feet  high;  and  to 
the  S.,  between  the  parallels  of  Arica  and  the  river  Loa,  are 
several  other  volcanic  cones  of  great  altitude.  The  two  prin- 
cipal chains  of  the  Andes,  viz.  the  Cordillera  of  the  Coast, 
With  a  medium  height  of  15.000  feet,  and  the  Andes  proper, 
rising  to  an  average  of  17.000  feet  in  elevation,  here  enclose 
an  extensive  tattle-land  or  sierra,  naturally  distributed  into 
regions  differing  widely  in  character.  The  chief  are  the 
heights  of  I'asco,  of  Cuzco,  the  valleys  of  the  Kio  Jauja, 
and  of  the  MaraBion.  The  fii-st  of  these  lies  at  one  of  those 
points  where  the  branches  of  the  Andes  unite,  the  ridges 
sinking  into  an  elevated  plain,  which  has  here  a  general 
height  of  14,000  feet.  This  region  is  traversed  by  chains  of 
hills  from  500  to  1000  feet  high,  and  has  everywhere  a 
rugged  and  forbidding  aspect.  Though  the  climate  is  the 
most  disagreeable  and  comfortless  possible,  and  the  Puna,  or 
diflftculty  of  respiration,  is  severely  felt,  yet  the  veins  of  the 
precious  metals,  with  which  this  region  abounds,  have 
attracted  to  it  a  comparatively  dense  population ;  and  it  has 
been  more  frequently  visited,  and  more  fully  described  by 
strangers;  than  the  smiling  and  luxuriant  regions  lower 
down.  The  table-land  of  Cuzco,  extending  from  the  S.  fron- 
tier of  Peru  to  lat.  12°  30'  S.,  has  a  length  of  about  150  miles, 
and  a  width  of  100  miles.  At  the  city  of  Cuzco,  lat.  1.3°  SC 
S.,  it  has  an  absolute  elevation  of  11.3S0  feet,  but  sinks 
rapidly  towards  the  N.,  so  that  at  the  banks  of  the  Itio  >Ian- 
taro  it  is  not  protmbly  more  than  8000  feet  alx)ve  the  sea. 
On  the  heights  of  I'asco  there  is  no  cultivation  whatever. 
But  here,  from  the  S.  and  most  elevated  part  of  Cuzco,  where 
the  quinoa  {CIdnnpndium  quinoa)  is  cultivated,  to  the  planta- 
tions of  sugar-cane  at  its  N.  extremity,  we  find  most  of  the 
grains  and  fruits  of  Europe  in  the  greatest  perfection.  The 
valley  of  the  Jauja  adjoins  tjie  table-land  of  Pasco,  descend- 
ing rapidly  S.  about  100  miles,  and  resembles  in  general  cha- 
racter the  lower  portion  of  Cuzco.  It  is  perhaps  the  most 
populous  part  of  Peru,  and  at  the  sivme  time  the  least  known. 
The  valley  of  the  Marafion.  from  lat.  10°  to  5°  S.,  is  for  the 
first  100  mik's  little  more  than  a  narrow  defile  descending 
rapidly ;  it  then  becomes,  for  200  miles,  a  wide  and  fertile 
Talley.  having  a  mean  absolute  height  of  about  3000  feet 
The  Pon.^o  of  Bentema,  at  Its  N.  termination,  is  but  1250  feet 
above  thu  sea. 

lyile^  and  h'ivers.—Oa  the  table-land  of  Pasco  lie,  at  no 
peat  distance  asunder,  the  Uke  of  Llaurlcocha,  whence 
Issues  the  MaraBon ;  the  Ijike  of  Chiquiacoba,  13,200  feet 
above  the  sea.  from  which  the  Huallaga  flows  S.E.;  and  the 
Lake  of  Quilu.acocha,  which  gives  birth  to  the  San  Juan, 
tower  down  culled  the  Mantaro,  and  one  of  the  chief  tribu- 
taries of  the  Apurimac  These  rivers  all  unite  some  hun- 
1466 


PER 

dreds  of  miles  lower  down,  greatly  incren,spd  in  magnitude; 
and  together  with  the  Ucaj-ale,  which  rises  further  S.,  and 
takes  a  wider  sweep  to  the  E.,  firm  the  grand  but  simple 
river  system  of  Peru.  The  Maraiion  flows  for  400  miles  be- 
tween the  Cordilleras  of  the  Andes.  During  the  first  150 
miles  of  its  course  in  a  narrow,  rocky  valley,  it  descends 
about  10,000  feet;  thence  to  the  Pongo  of  Bentema,  1232  feet 
in  height,  it  flows  about  250  miles,  with  a  fall  of  1800  feet 
AVithin  this  distance  it  is  navigated  in  canoes  And  baltas  or 
floats.  Below  the  rapids  at  Tomependa,  do.se  to  the  Pongo 
of  Bentema,  the  river  Bows  X.E..  and  then  E.,  for  150  miles, 
till  it  descends  the  rapids,  7  miles  in  length,  at  the  Pongo 
of  Manseriche,  whence  it  may  be  navigated  downwards  in 
small  vessels.  The  Huallaga,  on  leaving  the  highlands,  tikes 
a  tortuous  course  of  500  miles,  collecting  numberless  small 
streams,  till  it  joins  the  MaraHon,  in  lat.  5°  S.,  and  Ion.  76° 
W.  It  flows,  for  the  most  part,  between  hills  covered  with 
dense  forests,  but  for  the  last  100  miles  it  winds  through 
level,  marshy  plains.  The  Ucayale  is.  after  the  MaraBon, 
the  greatest  of  the  Peruvian  rivers ;  at  their  junction  it  is  in- 
deed appjirently  the  greater  of  the  two.  It  is  formed  by  the 
Urubamba  and  Tamlio,  the  latter  uniting  the  Ajiurimac  and 
Mantiro  or  Uio  Jauja.  The  Ucay.ile,  just  Itelow  the  junction 
of  the  Urubambfi  and  Mantaro.  descends  a  violent  rapid 
called  Vuelta  del  Diablo,  (••  Devil's  Leap.")  It  is  supposed  to 
be  navigable  for  500  miles,  but  its  conr.se  through  tlie  plains 
is  little  known.  Among  its  chief  tributaries  from  the  moun- 
tains is  the  I'achHea.  which  is  i-eported  to  be  navigable.  Lake 
Titicaca,  after  that  of  Maracaybo  the  largest  lake  in  South 
America,  is  partly  in  Peru,  and  partly  in  Bolivia. 

Climate. — The  ver}'  peculiar  climate  of  the  maritime  re- 
gion of  IVru  excited  the  wonder  of  its  European  discoverers. 
On  a  portion  of  the  coast  no  rain  has  fallen  witliin  the  me- 
morj-  of  man ;  and  on  most  of  it  a  shower  of  rain  is  a  re- 
markable phenomenon,  generally  supposed  to  be  concomi- 
tant with  an  earthquake.  For  six  mouths,  from  Kovemlier 
to  April,  the  sky  is  cloudless,  and  the  burning  rays  of  aa 
almost  verticil  sun  would  convert  the  country  into  bare 
rock  or  dust,  if  it  were  not  that  this  is  the  rainy  sea.<M3n  in 
the  higher  regions,  whence  copious  streams  pour  down  to 
fertilize  and  beautify  the  valleys.  These  torrents  soon  dry 
up  on  the  cessation  of  the  rains  in  the  mountains;  but  then 
the  sky  along  the  coast  l>ecomes  overcast,  the  heat  of  the 
sun  is  intercepted  bj-  a  thick  mist,  called  "  garua,"  which 
falls  like  a  heavy  dew,  and  freshens  the  vegetation,  while 
it  mitigates  the  heat.  The  cool  oceanic  currents,  and  the 
streams  of  air  descending  from  the  snowy  heights  of  the 
Andes,  mitigate  the  heat  of  the  coa.st,  which,  on  the  sea- 
side, is  often  excessive.  In  Lima,  COO  feet  above  the  sea,  the 
tliermometer  varies  from  6<)°  in  winter  to  S2°  in  summer. 
The  perfectly  rainless  region  of  Peru  tei-minates  at  the 
height  of  400  feet  above  the  sea.  Thence,  to  an  elevation  of 
2000  feet,  succeeds  the  zone  of  cultivated  tropical  plants — 
banana,  sugar-cane,  cotton,  and  sweet  potato;  and,  above 
this  again,  to  the  height  of  10,000  feet,  follows  the  region 
of  the  iluropean  cereals.  From  the  upper  limit  fif  this  zone 
to  tlie  heiglit  of  14,500  feet,  extends  the  domain  of  gra.sses, 
with  a  character  wholly  Apine,  peat-mosses  often  covering  a 
greiit  extent.  Here  the  oca.  (Ojralis  tubernsa,)  a  sweetish 
root,  is  the  only  plant  cultivated.  The  country  in  general 
is  .available  only  for  sheep  pasture.  Snow  falls  in  storms  at 
all  times  of  the  year ;  and  these  heights,  though  by  no  means 
uninhabited,  offer,  perhaps,  the  least  agreeable  home  on  tho 
face  of  the  earth.  Still  higher  up,  Alpine  plants  and  lichens 
continue  to  flourish  to  an  elevation  in  sunny  a,sppcts  of  per- 
haps nearly  17,000  feet;  but  striking  differences  of  local  cli- 
mate are  nowhere  more  conspicuous  than  in  this  upper  and 
tempestuous  zone.  On  the  W.  side  of  the  Andes  tlie  prevailing 
wind  during  nine  months  of  the  year  is  from  the  S.W.  The 
S.  wind  predominates  during  the  other  three  months.  Tlieso 
winds  are  both  cool  and  dry.  But  E.  of  the  Andes,  the  regu- 
lar equatoii.ll  winds  from  the  E.  come  loaded  with  hu- 
midity, and.  checked  by  the  mountains,  pour  down  copious, 
and  in  some  places  perpetual  rains.  On  the  \V.  slope  of  the 
Andes,  the  native  woods  nowhere  descend  to  the  foot  of  the 
mountains.  On  the  E.  side,  the  tall  forests  cover  the  low 
plain,  and  ascend,  with  hardly-diminished  magnificence,  to 
a  height  of  5500  feet,  where  the  tropical  character  of  the 
wood  ceases.  The  temperature  on  the  E.  side  is  higher  than 
on  the  W.,  making  a  difference  in  the  limits  of  the  vegetable 
zones  of  aix)ut  2000  feet  (6°  or  7°  Fahrenheit:)  and  at  tho 
height  of  3000  or  4000  feet,  la  Ceja  de  la  Mnntotla.  (■•  the  brow 
of  tlie  mountain,")  a?  the  I'eruvians  call  it  presents  one  ot 
the  most  charming  --pots  on  the  earth,  enjoying  a  delicious 
and  ecjuable  tempera'  <re.  matchless  fertility,  with  forest  and 
mountain  scenes  of  ir  ompai-able  grandeur.  This  portion  of 
Peru,  however,  to  which  the  indigenous  population  of  that 
country  seems  never  to  have  descended,  is  still  not  only  for 
the  most  part  unoccupied,  but  even  very  little  known. 

Earllfjuahen. — The  coast  of  Peru  enjoys  a  perpetual  aerial 
cajm;  its  atmosphere  is  never  darkened  or  di.<turbed  by 
heavy  rains,  by  thunder-storms,  or  huiTicrnes.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  is  peculiarly  sulject  to  subterranean  convul- 
sions. Earthquakes  have  frecjnently  laid  Lima  in  rnlns, 
and  experience  shows  that  45  considerabte  shocks  maj  he 


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expected  tliere  in  a  year.  Desolatinp;  earthquakes  have 
bltbertd  occurred  tw'ice  in  a  peBtury.  The  last  t<X)k  place  in 
1S06:  that  of  1746  was  the  most  destructive.  On  that  occa- 
sion the  sea  retired  to  a  creat  distance;  then  suddenly  rush- 
ing back,  overwhelmed  the  town  of  Callao,  (the  port  of  Lima.) 
the  site  of  which  appears  to  have  sunk  with  the  shock.  Of  its 
inhaliitants,  about  3000,  only  16  survived  the  catastrophe. 

Gi'ology. — Accurate  gefiloj^ical  observations  have  as  yet 
embraced  but  a  small  portion  of  the  wide  surface  of  Peru. 
Red  .sandstone,  frequent  on  the  coast,  is  also  the  prevailing 
rock  in  the  plains  of  the  interior,  where  it  is  accomp.anied 
by  vast  deposits  of  rock-suit;  the  latter  occupying,  in  the 
valley  of  the  lluallaf^a  alone,  an  area  of  1000  square  miles. 
It  occurs  also  on  the  coast,  and  is  not  wanting  even  on  the 
heights  of  the  Andes.  Granite  and  porphyry,  appearing  on 
the  coast,  extend  also  to  the  hifrhlands;  but  the  prevalent 
rocks  on  the  sierras  are  trachyte,  augite,  porphyry,  and 
diorite.  The  sides  Qf  the  valleys  between  Titicaca  and 
Cuzco  are  formed  chiefly  of  clay-slate.  Around  Arequipa, 
and  thence  to  Titieaca,  the  soil  is  all  volcanic.  In  the  S.  of 
I'eru,  chiefly  in  the  maritime  province  of  Tarapaca,  and  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Iquique,  an  extensive  depo.sit  of  salt, 
nitre,  and  nitrate  of  soda  exists;  the  sandy  region  over 
which  it  extends  nearly  3° (from  lat.  19°  to22°  S.)  is  a  barren 
desert.  In  many  parts,  the  houses  and  enclosures  for  cattle 
are  built  of  blocks  of  salt.  Of  the  nitrate  of  soda,  the  sup- 
ply of  which  may  !«  said  to  be  inexhaustible,  2.'39,8C0  tons 
were  exported  from  Iquique  from  1830  to  1850.  The  observa- 
tions of  Mr.  Darwin  have  led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
coast  of  I'eru  has  risen  85  feet  since  it  was  first  inhabited. 
Since  the  great  earthquake  of  17-16,  the  coast  near  Lima,  which 
was  raised  on  that  occasion,  has  been  constantly  sinking. 

Mines. — It  is  said  that  gold  may  be  found  in  all  the 
mountain  passes  of  Peru;  and  nearly  all  the  rivers  from 
the  Andes  wash  down  auriferous  sands.  The  richest  gold- 
mines or  diggings  are  about  Iluaylas  and  Tarma.  It  is 
difficult  to  estimate  the  amount  of  gold  annually  obtained, 
the  business  of  washing  the  sands  being  carried  on  almost 
wholly  by  Indians,  without  capital  or  machinery,  and  with 
much  secrecy.  Little  of  the  gold  is  coined,  and  probably 
the  larger  portion  of  it  is  smuggled  to  the  coast.  It  is 
known,  however,  that  in  four  years,  (182ft-1829,)  duty  was 
paid  on  2698' marks,  (about  $387,000,)  which  is  supposed  to 
be  a  fourth  of  the  actual  produce.  In  1840  the  gold  coined 
in  the  country  amounted  to  $465,806.  Silver,  also,  which 
is  the  chief  metallic  product  of  Peru,  is  very  widely  distri- 
buted, and  small  mines  of  it  are  worked  secretly  in  all  parts 
of  the  country.  Hut  the  chief  mines  of  silver,  which,  having 
attracted  the  attention  of  capitalists^  and  become  centres  of 
industrious  population,  are  those  of  Ilualgayoc,  near  Micui- 
pampa,  Ilualanca,  in  Iluamalies,  Cerro  de  Pasco,  Lucanas, 
and  Iluantiijaya.  Tlie  treasures  contained  in  the  Cerro  de 
San  Fernando,  at  Ilualgayoc,  were  first  discovered  in  1771. 
There  are  now  1400  hocuminas  or  pits  opened  in  the  hill, 
through  which  veins  of  silver  run  in  all  directions,  Cerro 
de  Pasco  is  hardly  inferior  in  mineral  wealth  to  I'otosi.  The 
town  stands  at  the  heiglit  of  13.673  feet  al>ove  the  sea:  and 
the  hill  on  which  it  is  built  is  hollowed  out,  .so  that,  were 
not  eaithquakes  here  very  rare,  the  whole  would  be  soon  re- 
duced to  a  heap  of  ruins.  Most  of  the  bocaminas  or  mouths 
of  the  mines  are  witliin  the  houses  of  the  miners  in  the  town 
itself;  some  of  them  serve  as  dwellings.  They  aie  generally 
shallow,  and  not  above  500  out  of  some  thousand  openings 
deserve  the  name  of  shafts.  There  are  two  very  remarkable 
veins;  one,  running  from  N,  to  S..  has  .an  ascertiuncd  length 
of  9(00  feet,  with  a  breadth  of  412  feet;  the  other,  stretch- 
ing from  W.N.W  to  K.S.E.,  is  6400  feet  long,  and  SSO  feet 
wide,  and  is  suppo.sed  to  intersect  the  preceding  vein  exactly 
under  the  market-place  in  the  town.  The  silver  produced 
from  1630  to  1803  has  beeu  calculated  to  amount  to  1232 
millions  of  Spanish  dollars.  In  eight  years  (1826-1833)  the 
silver  coined  m  Lima  amounted  to  about  $20,000,000,  and  in 
1846.  §4,842.821  were  coined  in  the  country.  The  great 
height  at  which  the  mines  are  in  many  instances  situated ; 
the  impos.sibility  of  conveying  machinery  to  them  on  the 
backs  of  mules;  the  want  of  timlxjr.  the  high  price  of  all 
the  necessaries  of  life,  present  great  obstacles  to  carrying  on 
mining  operations  with  profit,  even  were  the  needed  capital 
brought  to  bear;  consequently,  mining  in  Peru  is  still  in  a 
very  low  state.  Quicksilver  is  abundant,  and  chiefiy  found 
at  Huancavelica.  in  the  interior;  copper,  lead,  and  iron  are 
also  found  in  various  places.  In  1825,  English  miners  dis- 
covered good  coal  at  Cerro  de  Pasco,  at  an  elevation  of  14,700 
feet.  Brown  coal  is  also  found  on  the  sandy  deserts  of  the 
coast,  N.  of  Arica;  and  in  the  province  of  Tarapaca  lies  a 
buried  forest  underneath  the  sand,  the  wood  of  which  is 
neither  charred  nor  petrified.  It  affords  excellent  fuel,  and 
is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of  saltpetre,  the  chief  pro- 
duction of  that  coast. 

Vrgekdion. — In  botanical  species,  Peru  is  incomparably 
rieli.  o«  mg  to  the  various  natural  regions  comprehended  in 
it.  each  of  which  has  its  own  flora.  West  Peru  is  poor  in 
plants,  especially  in  trees,  K  of  the  Andes,  the  species  are 
exceedingly  numerous,  and  most  of  them  take  the  arboies- 
cent  form.    In  the  plains,  the  forests  closely  resemble  those 


of  equatorial  Brazil.  On  the  higher  parts  of  the  East  Andes 
are  to  be  found  the  representatives  of  families  (as  the  Gen- 
tians) which  are  elsewhere  rare  in  South  America.  On  the 
W.  co.nst,  palms  are  hardly  ever  found  wi.a;  the  cultivated 
species  are  the  juboa  from  Chili,  the  date-pjilm  and  the 
eocoanut.  On  the  K.  side,  each  of  these  kinds  has  many 
and  varying  representatives:  the  tree  ferns  also  are  peculiar 
to  the  lower  slopes  and  plains  E.  of  the  Andes.  Among 
the  characteristics  of  the  forests  on  this  side  may  be  men- 
tioned the  prevalence  of  the  Cinchonae,  which  occur  no- 
where else  in  such  numbers  and  variety.  From  these 
forests  Peru  derives,  in  general,  little  advantage.  The  cin- 
chona, yielding  the  Peruvian  or  ,Tesuif's  bark,  (called  in 
Peru  cascnriUa,  the  yellow  bark  of  commerce,  from  which 
the  well-known  febrifuge  quinine  is  extracted,)  is  almost 
the  only  article  drawn  from  thera  for  exportation.  Another 
production,  which  thrives  in  the  same  zone  as  the  cinchona, 
but  extends  much  lower  down,  and  .succeeds  best  in  the 
plains  and  swamps  in  the  hottest  places,  is  the  coca,  (Ery- 
t/iroxi/lon  coca.)  the  leaves  of  which  are  chewed,  as  a  stimu- 
lant, by  the  Indians,  and  which,  being  consumed  in  immense 
quantities,  is  a  very  important  article  of  the  inland  trade. 
Tobacco,  formerly  monopolized  by  the  crown,  is  now  gene- 
rally cultivated,  and,  being  excellent,  finds  a  ready  sale  in 
Chili.  The  'Sea-board  also  produces  excellent  sugar,  which 
not  only  supplies  home  wants,  but  is  largely  exported. 
Cotton  also  is  produced  in  considerable  quantity,  and  is 
nearly  all  exported.  Fruits  are  abundant — the"  banana, 
orange,  pine-apple,  papaya,  cherimoyer*  or  chirimoya.  palta, 
<tc.,  as  well  as  culinary  vegetables  and  grains,  from  the  yam 
and  y  uca  to  barley  and  the  coca,  which  latter  grow  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  even  13,000  feet.  The  vine  is  cultivated  on  the  W.  coast, 
merely  for  the  production  of  brandy.  Agriculture  in  Peru  is 
in  the  lowest  condition ;  the  excessive  dryness  of  the  \V.  coast, 
the  natural  barrenness  and  devotion  to  mining  which  cha- 
racterize the  sierras,  the  remoteness  of  the  MontaSSa.  or  E. 
side  of  the  Andes,  with  the  deficient  means  of  internal 
communication,  all  tend  to  discourage  its  progress. 

ZiKingij,  dx. — Among  the  animals  peculiar  to  West  Peru 
may  be  mentioned  a  species  of  fox,  very  destructive  to  flocks 
of  sheep,  a  mephitic  animal  or  polecat,  a  kind  of  otter,  some 
opossum.s.  and  gigantic  seals.  Extensive  tracts  may  be  found 
here  in  which  life  seems  to  be  wholly  extinct,  and  not  even 
insects  are  found  in  the  sand.  The  birds  of  West  Peru  are 
few,  with  the  exception  of  the  sea-fowl,  which  inhabit  the 
shores  in  countless  multitudes.  A  few  deer,  and  wild  swine, 
which  attain  a  great  size  in  the  valley  of  Lima,  are  the  chief 
mammals ;  iguanas  and  lizards  are  the  princiijal  reptiles ;  the 
serpents  are  small  and  rare,  and,  exwpting  one  species, 
harmless.  The  llama  is  found  only  on  the  highlands,  where 
the  poor  Indiana,  unable  to  purchase  or  support  mules,  stiU 
employ  it  as  a  beast  of  burden.  The  kindred  .species — the 
guanaco,  the  alpaca,  and  the  vicuBa — remain  wild  in  the 
mountains.  Above  their  haunts  are  to  be  found  only  mai^ 
mots  in  the  hollows,  and  the  condor  nestling  in  the  highest 
rocks.  Of  the  animals  inhabiting  the  forest  region,  the  only 
one  that  braves  the  cold  of  the  sierras  is  the  puma,  or  lion, 
as  it  is  often  called.  It  sometimes  attacks  the  .sheep  on  the 
highlands,  and  occasionally  extends  its  excursions  even  to 
the  coa.st.  The  E.  face  of  the  Andes  is  as  remarkable  for  its 
abundance  as  the  W.  for  its  want  of  animal  life.  About 
twenty  species  of  parrots  are  found  in  this  region,  and  here 
also,  in  the  forests,  the  monkeys  are  innumerable;  only  one 
species,  the  black  coaiti,  ascends  as  high  as  the  Ceja,  (about 
4000  feet.)  At  this  elevation  is  found  also  the  South  Ame- 
rican bear;  the  larger  animals,  the  tapir,  sloth,  ant-eater, 
armadillo,  «S:o.  belong  to  the  low  forest.  Here  also  insects 
become  numerous,  and  on  the  river  banks  are  insupport- 
able. Alligators  swarm  in  the  rivers;  and  in  the  inundated 
plains  the  Ixia-constrictor  attains  a  terrific  size. 

Pastoral  husbandry  has  made  as  little  progress  in  Peru 
as  agriculture :  and,  indeed,  it  is  equally  repelled  by  the  natu- 
ral circumstances  of  the  country.  In  the  maritime  region, 
the  scarcity  of  water,  as  well  as  of  fodder,  make  it  impossible 
to  keep  cattle.  All  the  lucerne  which  can  be  grown  by  irri- 
gation barely  suffices  for  the  mules,  which  are  indispensable. 
On  the  sierras  there  is  no  pasture  for  cattle.  The  heights 
feed  sheep,  which  are  here  left  wholly  to  poor  Indians,  who 
never  think  of  improvement.  On  the  E.  side,  where  nature  is 
more  bounteous,  the  insects,  and  still  more  the  vampire  bat, 
are  fatal  to  cattle.  In  Iluamanga  and  Cuzco  alone  .ire  to  be 
found  good  herds  of  cattle,  and  some  attempt  .at  dairy  farming. 

G/inmerce. — Peru  exports  chiefly  precious  mefcils.  nitrate 
of  soda,  alpaca  and  sheep's  wool,  cinchona  bark,  sugar, 
cotton,  chinchilla  skins,  hides,  straw  hats,  and  guano :  it 
imports  all  kinds  of  manufactured  goods,  wines,  tcbacco, 
and  spirits.  The  want  of  roads  interposes  great  obstacles  to 
intern.al  traffic;  though,  since  the  independence  of  Peru,  a 
trade  has  been  carried  on  with  the  lirazilian  provinces  on  the 
.Amazon,  chiefly  by  way  of  the  lluallaira.  down  which  brandy, 
grain,  coca,  tobacco,  and  the  chief  articles  above  enumerated, 


*  The  cherimoyer  is  the  anona  cherimolia  of  naturalists,  a 
downy-leaved  species  of  anona,  said  to  bear  a  great  resemblanoe 
to  the  custard-appla  of  the  West  Indies. 

1467 


PER 


PER 


•re  exported.  The  trade  of  East  Peru  by  this  channel,  it  is 
thought,  will  be  greatly  increased  by  the  Amazon  having  been 
opened  to  the  commerce  of  the  world.  October  23,  ISol.  A 
treaty  was  also  concluded  the  same  year  between  Peru  and 
the  United  States,  by  which  the  two  governments  '■  mutually 
agree  that  there  shall  be  reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce  and 
navigation  between  their  respective  territories  and  citizens." 
The  tot,il  value  of  imports  from  all  countries  in  1S51 
amounted  to  about  $12,000,000.  By  far  the  most  important 
article  of  export  is  specie,  of  which  about  $7,500,000  is  sent 
to  Kurope  annually.  Hitherto,  about  two-thirds  of  the 
entire  foreign  commerce  has  been  carried  on  with  Gi-eat 
Britain,  from  which  18,904.000  yards  of  plain  and  printed 
calicoes  were  imported  in  1849.  19.502.897  yards  in  ISoO,  and 
28,396.194  yards  in  1851.  The  export  of  guano  to  Great 
Britain  increased  from  14.450  tons  in  1845,  to  95.083  tons  in 
1850.  The  entire  quantity  of  this  article  imported  into  the 
United  St.ites  from  all  countries,  in  1853-54,  according  to  the 
report  on  Commerce  and  Navigation  published  by  the  Trea- 
sury Department, wasl7o.849tons,ofwhichl63,662tons  were 
from  Peru.  Guano  is  obtained  from  apparently  inexhaust- 
ible deposits  in  the  Seal.  (Lobos  Islands,)  Chinchas,  Iquique, 
and  other  isL^nds  along  the  coast. 

The  total  value  of  produce  exported  to  the  United  States 
in  1852-53  was  $173,441;  the  value  of  goods  imported  from 
the  same  country,  amounted  to  $697,577.  Among  the  prin- 
cipal exports  were  3.426,92S  lbs.  of  s.altpetre,  499.970  lbs.  of 
wool,  27.364  chip  hats,  8456  hides  and  skins,  47.145  pigs  and 
bars  of  copper,  and  $15,543  worth  of  tin.  The  trade  between 
the  two  countries  employed  48  vessels,  of  which  31  were 
British,  and  10  American ;  2  only  were  Peruvian.  The  prin- 
cipal commercial  ports  are  Callao,  Islaj-.  Payta,  Lambayeque, 
Trujillo  (Truxillo,)  Pisco,  Arica,  and  Iquique. 

Iitternal  Commumcalion. — A  railway  7  miles  in  length 
connects  Lima  with  Callao,  its  port;  and  the  government 
has  undertaken  the  construction  of  a  railway  extending 
from  Arica  to  Tacna,  a  distance  of  40  miles.  These,  we 
believe,  are  the  only  works  of  the  kind  yet  undertaken  in 
Peru.  Communication  with  the  interior  is  chieiiy  effected 
on  the  backs  of  mules  through  the  passes  in  the  Andes. 
Many  of  these  are  at  great  elevations ;  most  of  them  are 
narrow,  rugged,  steep,  and  sometimes  slippery  aud  danger- 
ous, passing  through  gorges,  across  yawning  chasms,  and 
up  almost  perpendicular  rocks;  in  many  places  winding 
along  the  brinks  of  enormous  precipices,  where  the  pathway 
is  so  limited  that  it  frequently  becomes  necessary  to  readjust 
the  burden  on  the  mule"s  back,  lest  the  animal  should  be 
thrown  off  his  balance  and  precipitated  into  the  gulf  be- 
low. Among  the  p,is.ses  may  be  mentioned  two  leading 
from  Arica  to  La  Paz — one  called  the  Pass  of  Gualillas.  in 
lat.  17°  50'  S.,  height,  14,750  feet,  and  the  other  the  Pass  of 
Chullunquiani,  15.160  feet  high ;  the  Pass  of  Alto  de  Toledo, 
in  lat.  16°  2'  S.,  leading  from  Arequipa  to  Puno.  height,  15.590 
feet ;  the  Pass  of  Angostura,  10,620  feet  high ;  and  the  Pass 
of  San  Mateo,  in  lat.  11°  48'  S..  from  Lima  to  Tarma  and 
Pasco,  15,760  feet  in  elevation.  A  great  commercial  road  ex- 
tends longitudinally  along  the  Andes  northward  from  Tru- 
jillo, past  Quito,  to  Popayan,  a  distance  of  nearly  1000  miles. 

GorenimenL  d-c. — The  constitution  of  Peru,  adopted  in 
Novemlier,  1839,  establishes  a  popular  and  representative 
government  The  supreme  power  resides  in  the  legislature, 
executive,  and  judiciary.  The  legislative  power  is  vested 
in  a  congress,  composed  of  a  senate  popularly  elected,  one- 
half  every  four  years,  and  of  a  chamber  of  deputies,  one- 
third  elected  every  two  years.  The  chief  executive,  elected 
for  six  years,  is  styled  President  of  the  Kepublic.  He  is  not 
again  eligible  to  the  same  office  till  the  expiration  of  a  second 
tjeriod  of  six  years.  The  Council  of  State,  composed  of  15 
persons  appointed  by  the  President,  is  a  body  whose  duty 
it  is  to  watch  over  the  observance  of  the  constitution  and 
laws.  Not  more  than  3  persons  from  the  militarv,  and  3 
ecclesiastics,  can  be  memlMrs  of  this  body  at  one  tiiue.  The 
judicial  power  is  exercised  by  tribunals  and  judges.  In 
the  capital  is  a  supreme  court,  in  each  department  a  superior 
court,  and  in  each  district  courts  of  original  jurisdiction 
(de  primera  inttancia)  and  justices  of  the  peace.  In  the 
capital  of  each  department  there  is  also  an  intendant  of 
police,  with  his  subalterns.  To  decide  ca.ses  relating  to 
commerce,  mining,  ic,  there  are  separate  tribunals. 

The  army  of  the  republic  numbers  about  10,000  men :  the 
marine  force  consists  of  a  frigate.  2  corvettes,  and  2  galiots. 
In  1850  the  revenue  amounted  to  $10,594,760.  the  expendi- 
tures to  $8,987,880.  and  the  public  debt  to  $17/J85.440. 

Heiiginn.—The  dominant  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  but 
toleration  is  grauted  to  other  creeds.  The  Archbishop  of 
Lima  js  at  the  head  of  the  ecclesiastical  hierarchy,  and  has 
under  him  4  suffragan  bishops,  viz. :  of  Arequipa,  Trmillo. 
Cui«-o,  aud  Uuamanga.  Religious  instruction  among  the 
Indians  of  the  interior  was  furmerly  wholly  in  the  hands 
of  Jesuit  misKionaries;  but  since  the  expul.4on  of  the  order 
from  the  Spanish  dominions,  it  has  been  entrusted  to  the 
Franciscans  of  Lima.  The  only  university  in  I'eru  is  that 
Of  San  .Marcos,  at  Lima,  the  oldest  of  all  the  American  uni- 
versities having  been  founded  in  1551.  In  1849,  it  had 
tMSides  the  rector,  chancellor,  At,  26  professors. 


People,  rfc. — The  inhabitants  of  Peru  are  supposed  to  be 
about  one-half  Indians,  a  fourth  white  persons  or  Creoles, 
and  the  rest  colored  people  of  mixed  breeds.  The  ne'^nwes, 
being  nearly  all  on  the  coast,  are  now  reduced  to  a  few 
thousands.  The  Peruvian  Indiiins.  or  those  descended  from 
the  subjects  of  the  Incas,  are  to  be  found  chieHy  in  the 
highlands.  They  seldom  descend  to  the  E.  side  of  the 
Andes.  In  physical  character  they  scarcely  differ  from 
the  Indians  of  the  E.  forests,  to  whom  they  ai-e  superior  in 
civilization.  In  Puno  they  have  preserved,  in  some  degree, 
their  nationality ;  most  of  the  small  towns  on  the  highlands 
are  inhabited  wholly  by  them.  Their  language  is  .«till  the 
Quichua,  though,  towards  the  S..  the  Aymara  becomes  pre- 
valent. Lai-ge  districts  occur  in  which  few  understand 
Spanish,  the  Quichua  being  adopted  even  by  the  Creoles. 
Agriculture  is  the  favorite  occupation  of  the  IndiaHs;  but 
in  towns  they  carry  on  also  some  trades  in  a  lazy  manner, 
merely  to  provide  for  their  wants,  »ud  never  with  a  view 
to  making  fortunes.  Their  wants  are  few,  and  they  have 
little  inclination  to  increase  them  by  adopting  the  habits 
of  civilized  life.  They  are  content  with  poverty  and  wretch- 
edness, and  cling  pertinaciously  to  the  customs  of  their 
ancestors.  Only  a  few  of  their  noble  families  still  possess 
estates.  In  the  mis.sions  of  the  E.  plains,  Quichua  is  the 
adopted  language,  the  Jesuits  having  soon  perceived  the 
necessity  of  discouraging  a  nuiltiplicity  of  tongues.  The 
Peruvian  army,  in  the  wars  of  the  revolution,  was  composed 
alinost  entirely  of  Indians,  who  fought  well,  and  underwent 
fatigues  whicli  no  European  would  have  encountered.  By 
the  laws  of  the  republic,  the  Indian  is  on  a  level  in  political 
rights  with  the  white  man :  yet  the  Creole,  though  conscious 
of  his  own  enervation,  still  looks  down  with  contempt  on 
the  Indian  who  fought  his  battles.  The  Peruvian  Creole  ia 
tall,  but  slender  and  feel)le:  while  levity,  fickleness,  and  in- 
<»pability  of  mental  labor,  show  his  want  of  moral  strength. 
Education  is  in  a  low  condition.  Among  the  lower  orders 
it  is  wholly  neglected :  and.  in  the  interior,  men  qualified 
to  fill  public  offices,  by  tieing  able  to  read  and  write,  are  not 
always  to  be  found. 

Political  Divisions  and  Population. — Peru  is  divided  into 
11  departments,  subdivided  into  65  provinces,  the  najies 
and  population  of  which,  according  to  tlie  census  of  1851,  are 
exhibited  in  the  subjoined  table: — 


Nam*. 


Pop,  of 
prOTince. 
Department      Xmxiohms  ; 
capital,  Cbachapoj. 

Chacbapo.vu 27.728 

Majnas..'. 15,346 


Pop.  of  departmeot  43.074 
Department      Akacachs  ; 
capital,  Huaraz. 

Conchucos,  (Alto) 47,500 

Conch  uco;,  (Bajo) 54.751 

Hiiari 48.579 

HuavlM &t.(!-6 

Santa.... 6,340 


Fop.  or  department  241,846 
Department      Arequipa  ; 
capital,  Arequipa. 

Arequipa 63.816 

Camana 14.419 

CajUonia 23.443 

Coiidesujos 21.17*2 

Union 17,tioi» 


proT:nc€- 
Brought  forward    3.5.618 

Huancavelica 17.318 

Tayacaja 27,151 


Pop.  of  department  140,509 
Department      Ayacucho  ; 
capital,  Avacucho. 

'  Andahuarlaa 19,184 

Cangallo.". 1:0.027 

Buamanga 29,61 

Huanta 26.358 

Lucanas 17,401 

Pwrinacoohaa. 19,334 


Pop.  of  department  131,9-'l 

Department  Cuico;   capi- 
tal. Cuzco. 

Abancay 21.912 

Antas..'. 31..W0 

Aymaraes 18.228 

Ciilca 16.223 

Canas 37.     _ 

Canchls 36.400 

Cbumbivilcas i3,_'50 

Cotabambas 23.241 

Cuzco 41 ,]  .V2 

Paruro 17.73" 

Paucartamho 17.026 

Quispicanchi 20.700 

Urubambs S4.9I9 

Pop.  of  department  339,718 

Dep.  HrANCAVKLiCA ;  capi- 
tal, Huancavelica. 

Anjaracs 20.S00 

Castro  Virevna 15,348 


Pop.  of  department    S0,117 
Department  Ji-sra  j  capi- 
tal. Huinuco. 

Cajatambo 24.799 

Huamalies 32.027 

Huanaco 26.799 

Jauja 93,712 

Pasco 70,411 

Pop.  of  department  247,748 

Department       Libkrtad  ; 
capital,  Trujillo. 

Cajamarca 46.123 

Chota 62,597 

Chiclajo 26.123 

Huamnchuco flO.S.>4 

Jacn 8,560 

Lambayeque 24.682 

I'ataz 29.391 

Piura.  (literal  province)  76.332 

Trujillo 8.221 


Pop.  of  department  342,885 

Department   Lima  ;   capl, 
tal.  Lima. 

Callao, (litoral  province)  8,453 

Caiiete 17,653 

Cauta 16,384 

Chancay 25,600 

Huarochiri 14.400 

lea 41,500 

Lima,  (100.000) 125.0(10 

YauyoB 15,264 


Pop.  of  department  264,254 

Department     Moqc'SGDA ; 
t;apital,  Tacna. 

Moquegua 32,380 

Tacna 1S,B4J 

Tarapaca 10,410 


Pop.  of  department  61,432 

Department  Pl'Ko;  capi- 
tal, Puno. 

Azangaro 54,3.^ 

Carabava 22.138 

Chucuito 75.957 

Uuaucane .''■6.765 

Lampa 'i6.46f> 


Pop.  of  department  '.^.eei 
Total  population  of  Peru,  in  liMl,  2.279,085  j  in  1859,  2,500.000 


PER 


PER 


Sistory,  Ancient  TnhahUant.'!,  tfc. — Peru  was  by  far  the 
greatest  and  most  powerful  stiite  of  America  at  the  time 
of  the  discovery  of  the  New  World.  The  empire  of  the  Incas, 
at  the  period  of  tlieir  greatest  power,  extended  from  about 
the  second  parallel  N.  of  the  equator,  southward  throuf^h 
nearly  40  degrees  of  latitude,  comprising  dominions  three 
times  the  extent  of  those  ruled  by  the  Montezumas.  The 
inhabitants  had  advanced  to  a  high  degree  of  civilization; 
in  the  pursuit  of  agriculture,  they  practised  irrigation 
and  manured  their  lands;  they  understood  architecture, 
sculpture,  mining,  working  the  precious  metals,  and 
had  a  regular  system  of  government,  founded  not  by  the 
power  of  the  sword,  but  by  the  superiority  of  wisdom. 
The  Incas  were  believed  to  be  descended  from  the  sun, 
and  their  will  was  regarded  as  that  of  their  ancestor  and 
divinity.  The  Peruvians  adored  the  sun  as  the  supreme 
deity,  under  whoso  inHuence  they  also  acknowledged  vari- 
ous dependent  gods;  and  instead  of  offering  human  vic- 
tims on  their  altars,  they  presented  to  that  glorious 
luminary  a  part  of  the  productions  of  the  earth  which 
had  come  to  life  and  maturity  through  his  genial  warmth. 

The  great  Temple  of  the  Sun,  in  which  I'eruvians  perform- 
ed their  adorations,  was  an  edifice  of  extraoidinary  magnifi- 
cence. The  walls,  composed  of  massive  blocks  of  elegantly 
wrought  marble,  greenstone,  and  greenstone-porphyry,  were 
encrusted  internally  with  gold;  an  immense  figure  of  the  sun, 
covering  one  side  of  the  building,  was  ahso  of  gold,  and  on 
each  side  of  it  were  thrones  of  gold,  on  which  were  placed, 
In  a  sitting  posture,  the  Ixidies  of  the  deceased  Incas.  The 
value  of  the  jewels  that  adorned  the  edifice  were  estimated 
at  $180,000,000.  Cuzco,  the  capital  city  of  the  ancient  Peru- 
vians, was  estimated  to  contain  200.000  inhabitants,  and  the 
suburbs  as  many  more.  From  the  market-place  issued  four 
great  r(>.ads,  running  towards  the  extremities  of  the  empire 
in  the  direction  of  the  four  cardinal  points.  The  line  of  roads 
running  from  N.  to  S.  was  1500  miles  in  length.  One 
road  extended  along  the  sea-shore  through  the  plains,  and 
another  was  carried  along  the  high  ridge  of  the  .\ndes — a 
work  of  immense  labor.  According  to  De  Los  Vega,  the  Pe- 
ruvian Empire,  at  the  time  of  its  invasion  by  the  Spaniards, 
had  existed  iOO  years,  and  twelve  Incas  had  completed  their 
reigns.  Its  population  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from 
4,000,000  to  8.000,000. 

The  Spaniards  were  un.acqu.ainted  with  Peru  till  they 
had  become  masters  of  Mexico.  The  first  information  of 
the  country  was  obtained  from  a  young  caciijue  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  about  the  year  VAl. 
In  151.3.  Vasco  NuBez  de  Balboa  crossed  the  mountiiins 
which  separated  the  two  oceans,  and  took  possession  of  the 
Pacific  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Castile.  He  extended 
his  discoveries  many  leagues  southward,  but  appears  not  to 
have  reached  the  territory  of  Peru.  lu  1525,  Francisco  Pi- 
zarro,  a  soldier  of  mean  birth  but  of  a  daring  spirit,  who 
had  accompanied  Balboa  in  the  previous  expedition,  em- 
barking at  Panama  with  about  100  men,  landed  in  Peru 
and  sp^nt  three  years  in  exploring  the  country.  Having 
returned  to  Spain  with  presents  of  gold  and  jewels  for  the 
king,  he  was  again  sent  out  with  orders  to  effect  the  con- 
quest of  the  newly  discovered  country.  Kecrossing  the 
.ocean,  he  again  embarked  at  Panama,  with  3  ships,  about 
180  men  and  27  horses ;  soon  after  landing  in  Peru,  (1532.)  Pi- 
zarro  founded,  alx)ut  30  leagues  S.  of  Tumbez,  a  town  which 
he  garrisoned  and  called  San  Jliguel.  He  then  marched 
boldly  into  the  heart  of  the  country,  enjoining  on  bis  fol- 
lowers, who  now  numbered  177,  not  only  to  refrain  from  all 
acts  of  hostility,  but  to  use  every  effort  to  conciliate  the 
good  will  of  the  natives.  They  were  everywhere  kindly  re- 
ceived, and  at  Zaran  were  met  by  an  envoy  with  presents 
from  the  Inea  Atahuallpa,  who  invited  the  Spanish  chief  to 
an  interview  at  Caxamarca.  Pizarro,  with  an  inhuman 
perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  annals  of  crime,  resolved 
to  use  the  unsuspecting  friendship  of  the  Peruvians  as  an 
instrument  of  their  destruction.  The  place  appointed  for 
the  meeting  was  an  immense  plaza  or  square,  surrounded  on 
all  sides  with  high  walls  or  buildings;  in  the  latter,  Pizarro 
and  his  party  were  assigned  their  quarters.  When  at  the 
time  appointed,  the  inca,  accompanied  by  his  nobles  and 
several  thousands  of  his  soldiers  and  other  attendants,  en- 
tered the  plaza,  a  volley  of  artillery  and  musketry  was 
pour<!d  upon  them  by  the  Spaniards,  who  had  concealed 
themselves  in  the  buildings  and  behind  the  walls.  Then  Pi- 
zarro, at  the  head  of  his  soldiers,  rushed  upon  their  terror- 
stricken  and  unresisting  victims,  massacreing  many  thou-' 
Bands  of  them  without  mercy ;  he  succeeded  at  last  in  making 
Atahuallpa  his  prisoner.  Immense  sums  of  gold  and  silver 
were  offered  for  his  ransom ;  Pizarro  accepted  the  ransom, 
and  then,  after  the  mockery  of  a  trial,  caused  the  inca  to  he 
inhumanly  put  to  death.  In  November,  1533,  one  year  after 
his  arrival  at  Caxamarca,  Pizarro  entered  Cuzco,  the  capital 
if  Peru.  He  met  with  considerable  resistance  in  his  tfiarch, 
tut  aided  by  fire-arms,  weapons  tenfold  more  formidable 
from  being  unknown  to  the  natives,  the  Spaniards  were 
everywhere  victorious. 

'J'he  whole  country  soon  after  submitted  to  the  invader, 
and    became,  with    some   reduction,  one  of  the  four  vice- 


royalties  of  Spanish  America.  In  171S,  the  province,  or, 
as  it  was  called,  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  was  separatecl 
from  Peru,  and  annexed  to  the  newly-created  vice-royalty 
of  New  Granada.  In  1778,  again,  the  provinces  of  La 
Plata,  Potosi,  Charcas,  Chiquitos,  and  Paraguay  were 
withdrawn,  in  order  to  form  the  vice-royalty  of  Buenos 
Ayres.  Peru  was  the  last  of  the  Sp.anish  American  colonies 
to  separate  itself  fi-om  the  mother  country.  Tii  1821.  a  , 
patriot  force  of  Chilians  and  Buenos  Ayrians,  undt* 
General  San  Martin,  entered  Peru,  and  after  a  succession 
of  engagements,  obliged  the  Spaniards  to  retire  into  the 
interior,  when  the  independence  of  the  country  was  pro- 
claimed. The  contest,  however,  was  obstinately  continued, 
until  the  decisive  battle  of  Ayacucho  in  1824,  wnich  waa 
soon  followed  by  the  final  expulnion  of  the  Spaniards.  Its 
limits  remained,  for  the  most  part,  unchanged  by  the  revo- 
lution ;  the  provinces  dismembered  from  it  in  the  N.  form- 
ing at  first  part  of  Colombia,  and  afterwards  the  republic 
of  Ecuador,  while  those  in  the  S.  were  united  in  Bolivia. 
In  1836,  Peru,  harassed  by  contending  factions,  solicited  the 
aid  of  Santa  Cruz,  President  of  Bolivia,  who  came  with  an 
army,  and  succeeded,  after  a  series  of  sanguinary  actions, 
in  tr.Hnquillizing  the  country:  whereupon  a  confederation 
was  formed,  composed  of  North  Peru,  South  Peru,  and  Bo- 
livia, Santa  Cruz  being  named  "  Supreme  Protector."  This 
state  of  matters  continued  until  18:i9.  when,  after  a  bloody 
battle  fought  at  Yungay,  Santa  Cruz  was  driven  out  of  the 
country,  and  the  confederation  brought  to  a  close;  and  both 
countries — Peru  and  Bolivia — returned  to  their  previous 
limits  and  forms  of  government.  Peru  has  recently  been 
the  theatre  of  one  of  those  revolutions  to  which  the  states 
of  Spanish  America  have  been  so  unhappily  subject.  An 
insurrection  occurred  in  the  early  part  of  1854,  resulting  in 
the  defeat  of  the  President  Echenique.  At  the  present  date, 
February,  1855,  General  Castilla,  the  revolutionary  leader, 
has  possession  of  the  Peruvian  capital. 

PEKU,  pe-roo',  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  33 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1121. 

PERU,  a  post-township  of  Bennington  Co.,  Termout,  80 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  543. 

PERU,  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  co.,  Jlassachnsettg, 
112  miles  W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  499. 

PERU,  a  post-village  of  Eldridge  township.  Onondaga  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  8  or  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Syra- 
cuse. It  contains  a  church,  a  forwarding  house,  a  store,  a 
tavern,  &c. 

PERU,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Au  Sable  River,  4  miles  W.  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  .and  about  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Plattsl'Urg.  The  village 
contains  several  churches,  about  hiilf  a  dozen  stores,  and  a 
number  of  mills.     Pop.  about  900 :  of  the  township.  3389. 

PERU,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co..  Pennsylvania. 

PERU,  a  vill.age  of  .luniata  co.,  Pennsylvania.  20  miles 
S.W.of  Mifflintown.  It  was  commenced  in  IS48.  Pop.  about 
200. 

PERU,  a  post-ofBce  of  Haywood  co.,  North  Carolina. 

PERU,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama.    . 

PIORU,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co..  Tennessee. 

PERU,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Huron  CO.,  Ohio,  94  miles  N.  by  K.  of  Columbus.  The  vil- 
lage is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Huron  River,  and  has  a  store,  ho- 
tel, and  several  churches  and  mills.  Population,  of  town- 
ship, 1.S56. 

PERU,  a  township  of  Slorrow  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1070. 

PEKU,  a  thriving  post-vill.ige,  capital  of  Miami  co..  In- 
diana, is  situ.ated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Wabash  River, 
and  on  the  Wabash  .and  Erie  Canal,  68  miles  N.  of  Indiana- 
polis. It  is  the  terminus  of  the  I'eru  and  Indianapolis 
Railroad,  and  is  on  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad.  An- 
otlier  railroad  is  projected  from  Peru  N.,  to  connect  with 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.  Pern  contains  a  fine 
court-honse,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  1  Catholic  and  5 
Protestant  chnrches,  a  fine  union  school-house,  and  a  large 
woollen  manufactory.  Miami  county  formed  part  of  the 
Miami  Reserve,  which  passed  from  aboriginal  hands  a  few 
years  ago.  Since  that  event,  the  population  has  increased 
rapidly.    Pop.  in  1850, 1266;  in  1860,  2506. 

PERU,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  La  Salle  co..  Illinois, 
is  situated  on  the  Illinois  River,  C8  miles  above  Peoria,  and 
on  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  99  miles  S.W.  of 
Chicago.  This  village,  which  is  near  the  terminus  of  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  and  at  the  head  of  natural 
navigation  on  the  river,  has  an  active  trade,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing.  The  river  is  navigable  by  steamboats  in  all 
stages  of  water.  Stone  coal  is  abundant  in  the  vicinity. 
Peru  contains  6  churches,  a  national  bank,  a  newspaper 
office,  a  city  hall,  2  flouring-niills,  and  a  plough  factory. 
The  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad  intersects  the  Cen- 
tr.fl  Railroad  at  this  point.  The  trade  of  Peru  in  1SC4 
was  estimated  at  about  $1,500,000.  Population  in  1860, 
3132. 

PERU,  a  small  village  of  I^awrence  co.,  Illinois. 

PERU,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  7  miles  N.  of  Dubuque. 

PEKU  BLUFF,  a  small  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Arkansas. 

1469 


PER 

PEUTTGTA.  pA-roo^l,  (Fr.  Pirouse,  piVooz';  anc.  Pcru'sia,) 
l>  city  of  Central  Italj',  in  tlie  State  of  Umbria,  capital  of  a 

1  roviuce,  10  miles  E.  of  the  Lake  of  Perugia,  on  the  S.  de- 
clivity of  the  Apennines.  Pop.  14,885.  It  is  enclosed  by 
wall.'?.  The  public  tmildingg  comprise  a  large  cathedral,  with 
several  fine  paintings,  and  a  library  of  rare  manuscripts, 
upwards  of  lOJ  other  churches,  and  50  monastic  establish- 

•  ments.  all  more  or  less  adorned  with  fine  works  of  art,  a 
majestic  city-hall,  an  exchange,  now  disused,  but  gorgeously 
decorated  with  frescoes,  an  academy  of  fine  arts,  several 
piivate  palaces,  a  well-endowed  university,  founded  in  1320, 
with  museums  of  antiquities  and  minerals,  a  botanic  garden, 
a  college,  a  public  library,  a  hospital,  a  lunatic  asylum,  2 
theatres,  a  ball-court  and  bull-ring,  a  splendidly  sculptured 
£)untain,  and  two  celebrated  gates  of  Etruscan  architecture. 
Peru<ria  has  little  manufactures  beyond  a  few  soap-works, 
distilleries  of  brandy  and  liquors;  it  has  some  trade  in 
wine,  oil,  corn,  fruits,  and  other  provisions;  but  its  fairs  in 
August  and  November  for  cattle  and  merchandise  are  fre- 
quented by  a  concourse  of  people  from  all  parts  of  Central 
Italy,  and  numerous  visitors  are  attracted  to  the  city  by 
its  agreeable  society  and  abundant  works  of  art. 

PERUGIA,  LAKE  OF,  or  LAKE  THRAS'YMEXE,  (It. 
Ixigo  di  Perugia,  ll'go  dee  pi-i-oo'jl,  and  Trasimeno.  trd-se- 
mi'no;  ane.  Tlirasyme'ntis  or  Trasimefnifs  La'cua;  Fr.  Lac 
de  Pirouse,  lik  deh  pA^rooz'.)  a  lake  of  Central  Italy,  10  miles 
W.  of  Perugia,  is  situated  in  a  basin  enclosed  on  every  side 
by  the  Apennines.  It  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  about  30  miles 
in  circumference,  surrounded  by  gentle  eminences  covered 
with  oak,  pine,  and  olive  plantations,  and  it  contains  three 
islands.  Near  this  lake  Hannibal  defeated  the  Romans 
under  Flaminius,  217  B.  C. 

PERU  MILLS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Juniata  cc,  Pennsylrania. 

PERUSIA.    See  Percgia. 

PERU'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  eo.,  New  Tork, 
about  14  miles  X.E.  of  Ithaca. 

PERUWELS,  pA'rii-*Jls\  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  16  miles  W.X.W.  of  Mons.    Pop.  7465. 

PERYYSE.  p.iinVr'zeh,  or  pfeVeez',  a  vill.ige  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Yser,  19  miles  S.\Y.  of 
Bruges.     Pop.  1218. 

PER^YEZ,  paiRVd'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant. 25  miles  S.E.  of  Brus.sels.    Pop.  2577. 

PERWUTTUM,  per-wut/tUm  (?)  a  town  of  India,  in  the 
Decctn,  Xizam"s  dominions,  83  miles  S.E.  of  Hyderabad; 
lat.  16°  12'  N.,  Ion.  78°  5'  E.  It  has  some  remarkable 
pagodas. 

PERZAGXO.  pjRd-zSn'yo,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Dalmatia, 

2  miles  from  Cattaro,  on  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic.   P.  1200. 
PESAl.E.  pd-s3'l.i,  a  large  village  on  the  island  of  Ceylon, 

8  mile.^  N.AV.  of  Manaar.  According  to  tradition,  the  Roman 
Catholic  missionary,  Francis  Xavier,  first  landed  here  on 
his  mission  to  India. 

PESARO,  p?'s'a-ro  or  p,Vs3-ro,  (anc.  Pisaufrum.)  a  fortified 
town  of  Central  ttjily,  tlie  capital  of  a  district,  19  miles  N.E. 
of  Urbino,  9n  the  Fogli,i,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Adriatic. 
Pop.  about  12,000.  It  is  adorned  with  a  fountain  and  statue 
of  Pope  Urlian  VIII.,  and  h.as  a  cathedral  and  numerous 
other  churches,  a  legate's  palace,  a  valuable  public  librarj', 
several  convents,  2  hospital.s,  a  foundling  asylum,  and  a 
theatre. 

PESCADORES,  pJs-kJ-do'r^s,  (t. «.  "Fisherman's  Islands,") 
an  Island  group  close  upon  the  coast  of  Peru,  X.  from  Callao ; 
lat.  11°  47'  S.,  Ion.  77°  20'  W. 

PESCADORES,  three  groups  of  the  North  Pacific,  in  Mar- 
shall's Archipelago;  lat.  (middle  group)  11°  19*  N.,  Ion. 
167°  35' E. 

PESCADORES,  an  island  group  of  China.  See  Phesq-IIoo. 

PESCARA,  a  river  of  South  Italy.     See  Aterxo. 

PESC.\.U.\,  pjs-kd'ra,  (anc.  Aterlni  or  Ater>num,)  a  fortified 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Aterno,  in  the  .\driatic,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Chieti.   Pop.  2400. 

PESC.\.ROLO,  pJs-kd-nyio,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  10  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Cremona,  on  the  Aspice. 
Pop.  1509. 

PESCIIAUER.  Afgh.anistan.    See  Peshawer. 

PESCIIE,  pJsOiA.  or  PESCIII,  pjs'kee,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Molise,  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Isernia.  P.  1500. 

PESCIIICI,  pfe-kee'chee,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Capitanata,  11  miles  \V.  of  Viesti.    Pop.  IfiOO. 

PE.SCHIEII  A.pfe-ke-i'rd.  (anc.  ArdeVica  or  Pi.^i'ria.)  a  for- 
tified town  of  Lombardy,  21  miles  .\■.N.^V.  of  Mantua,  on  the 
Mincio.  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  at  its  issue  from  the 
Lago  di  Garda.  Pop.  1500.  It  has  a  strong  citadel,  2  parish 
churches,  a  convent,  a  hospital,  an  arsenal,  with  a  trade  on 
the  lake,  and  an  active  fishery,  especially  of  eels,  for  which 
it  was  anciently  lamed.  It  w.as  taken  by  the  Sardinian 
troops  under  Chiirles  Albert.  30th  May,  1848. 

PK-iClIlU  ASSEROLO,  p^sTceo  ds-!!.Vrono,  a  town  of 
Raplrti.  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  S.E.  of  Civita  Ducale. 
Pop.  1S.T.J. 


PJ;S(JA.  pVshl  or  pfsh'l,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
province  nf  r'lorenea,  on  the  Pescia  Lucca  and  Pisa  Rail- 
way Fop.  4080.  It  is  situated  among  olive-groves  and 
niuUvrry  plantations,  is  enclosed  by  wuTs,  and  haa  a  cathe- 


PES 

dral  and  3  convents,  a  large  hospital,  a  citadel,  wd  im- 
portant manufactures  of  paper,  woollen  cloth,  and  silk-twigt. 
PESCIN.I,  pA-shee/ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II ,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  .\vezzano,  on  the  B. 
side  ofthe  Lake  of  Fucino.  Pop.  3000.  It  h.as  a  fine  cathedral. 
PESCO  COSTANZO.  pis'ko  kos-t^n'zo,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  13  miles.  S.E.  of  Sulinoca. 
Pop.  2500. 

PESCO  LA  MAZZA.  p^sHco  IS  mdf  sJ,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Ultra.  15  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Ariauo. 
Pop.  1900. 

PESCO  LANCIANO,  pfsHto  Un-ch^'no.  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Sannio.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Isernia.     Pop.  1000. 

PESCO  PAGANO.  pfs'ko  pdgd'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro 
vince  of  Basilicata,  17  miles  S.M'.  of  Melti.    Pop.  4000. 

PESCO  PENNATARO,  pfsTio  pJn-nd-td'ro,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Molise.  N.N.E.  of  Isernia.     Pop.  10C6. 

PESCO  SANSONESCO,  pjslco  pan-;  o-nfsn<o.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  S.  of  Civita  di  Penne. 
Pop.  850. 

PESCO  SOLIDO,  pJsOto  so^le-do,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Sora,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Apennines.     Pop.  2500. 

PESEI  or  PESEY,  pA'sz.d,  written  also  PEISEY.  a  com- 
mune of  the  Sardinian  dominions.  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mou- 
tiers.  Pop.  1700.  Here  are  the  largest  lead-mines  in  Savoy, 
which,  late  in  the  eighteenth  century,  yielded  annually 
40,000  hundredweight  of  Iwd,  and  4000  marcs  of  silver,  but 
are  now  less  productive. 

PESEQUEIRO,  pA-s-d-kA'e-ro.  an  islet  of  Portugal,  off  th« 
coast  of  the  province  of  Alemtejo,  40  miles  "\V.  of  Ourique. 
It  is  defended  by  a  strong  castle.  » 

PESIIAAV',  or  CLEAR  CREEK,  of  Jlissouri.  flows  N.E. 
through  Hates  co.,  and  enters  O-sase  River  in  St,  Clair  county. 

PESHAAVER,  PESHAAVUR.  PEICIIAOUER.  PESCIIAU- 
ER. pJshMw'er.  written  also  PAISIIAWUR  and  PEISHORE, 
("the  advanced  post,")  a  frontier  city  of  .\tghanistan,  12 
miles  E.  of  the  Khyber  Pass,  and  40  miles  W.  of  Attock. 
Lat.  33°  59'  N.,  Ion.  71°  40'  E.  Pop.  about  50.000.  It  was 
taken  and  ruined  by  Eunjeet  Singh  during  the  present 
century,  and  has  never  yet  recovered  prosperity,  much 
of  it  still  remaining  in  ruins.  Its  only  remarkable  edifices, 
besides  its  desecrated  mosques,  are  a  magnificent  caravan 
serai,  now  the  residence  of  the  Sikh  governor,  and  a  Sikh 
fort  on  the  site  of  its  ancient  citadel.  It  is.  however,  well 
paved,  and  furnished  with  water,  has  a  fertile  neighborhood, 
and  is  in  so  good  a  position  for  commerce,  that  under  a  set- ' 
tied  government  it  bids  fair  speedily  to  recover  a  large 
share  of  its  former  importance. 

The  province  of  Peshawer,  now  forming  a  part  of  the 
Punjab  dominions,  65  miles  long,  and  50  miles  bro.id, 
watered  bj'  the  Indus,  Cabool.  and  liara  Ri>  ers.  is  extremely 
fertile,  producing,  by  the  aid  of  irrigation  and  a  high  tem- 
perature, two  crops  in  the  year,  consisting  of  wheat,  barley, 
pulse,  and  the  finest  rice  in  the  world.  It  was  formerfy 
very  populous,  but  ha.a  suffered  great  devastation  from  the 
Sikhs.    Annual  revenue.  1,000,000  rupees,  or  $485,000. 

PESIITE'GO,  a  river  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Oconto  co.,  and 
flowing  S.E.,  enters  Green  Bay  about  6  miles  below  the 
mouth  ofthe  Menomonee  River. 

PESMES  or  FEMES,  paim.  a  town  of  France,  dep.irtment 
of  Ilaute-SaSne,  10  miles  S.  of  Gray.    Pop.  in  1852.  25<X). 

PESNITZIIOFEN.  pfe'nits-ho'fen.  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Stvria,  circle  of  Marburg.     Pop.  1218. 

PE-SOOEE-SflAN,  or  PE-SOUI-CIIAN.  pA-soo/ee-shln'.  a 
mountain  of  China;  lat  28°  26'  N.,  Ion.  108°  34^  E.  It  is 
covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

PESOTUM,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad,  142  miles  from  Chicago. 

PESQUEIRA,  p?sk.i'e-ra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  ot 
Beira  .Alta,    See  Sao  Jo^o  da  Pesqueira. 

PESQUEIRA  GRANDE.  p?.s-k.Ve-ra  grdu'dA,  a  vill.ige  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  New  Leon,  20  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Monterey.  It  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its 
silver-mines  and  salt-works. 

PESSIONE,  pJs-se-o'nft.  Italy,  a  station  on  the  Turin  and 
Genoa  Railway.  14  miles  from  Turin. 

PESTCHANAIA,  pjs-chd-nf'l  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in 
the  S.  of  the  government  of  Tomsk,  flows  N.N.W.,  and  joins 
the  Obi  on  the  left,  about  30  miles  below  Biysk.  Total 
course.  ICO  miles. 

PESTII.  pist.  (Hun.  pron.  pfsht)  a  royal  free  city  of 
Hungary,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  imme^iiately 
opposite  liuda,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  of 
bciats  and  by  a  noble  suspension  bridge,  opened  January 
5th.  1849,  on  the  railway  from  Vienna  te  Szolnok,  136  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Vienna.  Population  in  1857,  131.705.  It  is 
situated  on  level  ground,  is  about  7  miles  in  circumference, 
newly  and  regularly  laid  out.  and  generally  Imndscime, 
except  the  old  town.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  new 
theatre,  the  national  casino,  county  hall,  the  Xeii>j<'l>audf.  a 
vast  structure,  used  as  an  artillery  deinjt.  grenadier  luirrack.s, 
Jesuits'  and  several  other  convents.  Roman  Catholic.  Greek, 
Lutheran,  Calvinist.  and  other  churches,  and  several  syna- 
gogues and  hospitals.    The  venerable  ancient  structtv  as  of 


PES 

the  Hungarian  eepital  are  all  in  Buda ;  and  Pesth  is  the 
"new  city,"  boasting  most  of  its  modern  conveniences,  as 
gm^d  hotels,  coffee-houses,  and  handsome  private  residencts. 
The  university,  the  only  one  in  Hungary,  has  49  professors, 
and  a  library  of  60,000  volumes.  lu  1846.  it  was  attended 
by  1000  students.  The  observatory  is  situated  on  the  lilocks- 
bei-g.  in  Kuda.  Here  are  also  a  botanic  garden,  a  veterinary 
hospital,  a  national  museum,  with  a  library  rich  in  Hun- 
garian manuscripts,  and  valuable  collections  of  coins,  mine- 
rals, fossils,  and  antiquities,  a  Hungarian  academy  of 
sciences,  Roman  Cathulic.  Lutheran,  and  normal  schools,  an 
English  conventual,  and  various  charitable  institutions. 
I'esth  is  the  seat  of  the  Kiinis^iihe  Tafel  (••  Iloyal  Hoard 
or  Council,")  and  Septemviral  Tafel,  which  together  consti- 
tute the  supreme  appeal  court  of  the  kingdom.  The  town 
has  some  silk,  woollen,  leather,  oil,  and  tobacco  factories,  and 
dye-works;  but  its  principal  manufacture  is  that  of  meer- 
schaum pipe-bowls,  larought  to  it  in  a  rough  state  from  Con- 
stantinople. Immediately  around  the  city  is  the  Riihos- 
fdd.  a  wide  plain,  on  which  the  Hungarian  Diet,  the  great 
national  assembly  of  .Magyars,  was  held  for  many  centuries. 
The  deputies,  with  their  vast  retinue  of  vassals,  sometimes 
amounted  to  100.000  men,  who  remained  encamped  in  tents 
during  the  continuance  of  its  sitting.  The  Kahosfeld  is  now 
famous  for  its  annual  horse-races.  Pesth  is  supposed  to 
occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Transacincum.  The  old  town 
was  enclosed  by  walls  in  the  thirteenth  century.  It  was  held 
by  the  Turks  for  160  years.  Buda  and  I'esth  suffered  severely 
from  an  inundation  of  the  river  in  March,  1838.  Pesth  is  a  sta- 
tion for  steam-packets,  and  is  connected  by  a  railway  with  Szol- 
nok.  56  miles  E.S.E..  and  with  Waitzen,  22  miles  northward. 

PE.'TH,  a  county  of  Hungary,  intersected  by  the  Danube 
and  Theiss.  Area,  4049  square  miles.  Pop.  511,260.  Capi- 
tal, Pesth. 

PESTO,  pJs'to,  or  PESTUM,  p^s'tllm,  (anc.  r(rslum,  ori- 
ginally BisidrilHui.)  a  ruined  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citr.a.  19  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Campagna.  in  a  plain  on 
the  Gulf  of  Salerno.  It  was  first  a  Greek  colony,  and  fell 
under  the  power  of  the  Romans,  B.C.  275.  After  the  fiiU  of 
the  Empire  it  continued  to  flourish,  but  was  ultimately  de- 
stroyed by  the  Saracens  towards  the  end  of  the  ninth  cen- 
tury. It  still  retains  part  of  its  walls,  consisting  of  large 
blocks  joined  togetiier  in  the  most  perfect  manner  without 
cement,  and  one  of  its  four  gates,  forming  an  arch  40  feet  in 
height.  Among  the  buildings  are  a  ti-mple  of  Neptune,  the 
four  sides  of  which  have  a  range  of  30  pillars,  surmounted 
by  an  architrave  and  frieze  of  the  Doric  order;  a  large  and 
imposing  edifice,  called  the  Basili.sk,  but  supposed  to  have 
been  a  temple  of  Ceres. 

PETA  LI  DA  or  PET  ALIDHA,  pi-til-lee'Dd  (?)  a  small  Island 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Crete. 

PHT.A.LIES,  p.i'ta-leez\  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Channel 
of  P^ulioea.  near  its  S.  extremitv. 

PETAhUMA  ( p?!t  a-loo'md)  CHEEK,  a  small  stre.am  in  the 
N.X.U'.  part  of  California,  forms  part  of  the  Iwund-ary  be- 
tween Marin  and  Sonoma  counties,  and  fiiUs  into  San  Pablo 
Bay. 

I'ETALUMA,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co..  California. 

PETA\V'[,A.  a  pos^offlce  of  Randolph  co.,  Georgia. 

PETCIIKELEK.  a  province  of  Chin.a.    See  Pe-chee-Lee. 

PETCHK.N'EGUE,  or  PETSIIENEG,  p&tch'njg',  pd-chA- 
n^g'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  30  miles  E.  of 
Kharkov,  on  the  Severnoi-Donets.     Pop.  7000. 

PETCHORA  or  PETSCHORA,  pftch'o-rl  a  river  of  Euro- 
pean Russia,  rises  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  flows  N.AV.  through 
the  governments  Vologda  and  Archangel,  and  enters  the 
Arctic  Ocean  by  a  wide  estuary  eontaininsr  numerous  islands, 
about  lat.  C8°  X..  Ion.  between  53°  and  54°  E.  Total  course, 
probably  900  miles.  Its  principal  attiuents  are  the  Izhma 
from  the  S..  and  the  Oosa  from  the  E. 

PKTKGTIl^.M.  p:\'teh-ghJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  lo' miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  23S4. 

PETEN,  p.i-tjn',  a  lake  and  island  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  190  miles  N.  of  Guatemala.  The  lake  is  about  65 
miles  in  circumference,  and  30  fathoms  in  depth.  It  con- 
tiiins  several  islands,  the  principal  of  wliicli.  called  Peten,  is 
steep,  and  lofty.  It  was  formerly  the  central  seat  of  the  It- 
zax  Indians. 

PETEItiJOROUGII  or  PETERBURGII.  pee't?r-btir-rtih,  a 
city,  parliamentary  borough,  parish,  and  episcopal  see  of 
England,  co.,  and  •'57  miles  N.E.  of  Northampton,  with  which 
It  is  connected  by  railway,  or  the  navigalile  Nene,  here 
crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  bo- 
rough, in  1861, 11,732.  Tlie  cathedral,  originally  the  church 
of  an  abbey,  was  founded  by  Peada,  son  of  Pend.a,  fourth 
king  of  Mercia.  in  655.  and  destroyed  by  the  Danes  in  870. 
Being  rebuilt  in  906,  the  valuable  gift*  bestowed  upon  it  by 
Edgar  caused  the  name  of  the  city  to  be  changed  to  Gulden- 
hurgh.  '-the  golden  city,"  which  title  ultimately  gave  place 
to  its  present  name,  derived  from  the  saint  to  whom  the 
church  is  dedicated.  At  the  Dissolution  it  was  esteemed 
one  of  the  most  splendid  religious  houses  in  the  kingdom. 
Its  W.  front,  which  forms  a  sijuare  150  feet  in  height  and 
breadth,  consists  of  three  magnificent  pointed  arches,  80 
foet  hiijh,  surmounted  by  pediments  and  pinnacles,  and 


PET 

flanked  by  turrets  with  spires  and  pinnacles.  The  extreme 
length  of  the  building  is  471  feet.  It  is  surrounded  by  old 
and  interesting  monastic  edifices,  the  whole  constituting  a 
magnificent  pile.  The  cathedral  contains  the  tomb  of  Queen 
Catherine,  fir.st  wife  of  Henry  VIII.  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 
was  also  interred  here:  but  her  remains  were  afterwards 
removed  by  .Tames  I.  to  Westminster.  The  parish  church 
has  an  altjir-piec-e  by  Sir  R.  K.  Porter,  and  a  beautiful  monu- 
ment by  Flaxman.  The  grammar  school  has  five  scholar- 
ships, and  a  fellowship  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
The  town-hall,  market-house,  infirmary,  union  work-house, 
jail,  house  of  correction,  and  a  small  theatre,  are  the  other 
chief  edifices.  Corn  and  malt  are  exported  by  the  Nene. 
The  city  is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  dean  and  chapter, 
is  a  poliing-place  for  the  N.  division  of  the  county,  and  sends 
2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  see,  founded  by 
Henry  A'lII.,  extends  over  the  counties  of  Ntrthampton, 
Leicester,  and  Rutland,  and  comprised,  in  1838,  3IJ5  Ijene- 
fices.  Average  annual  revenue  of  dean  and  chapter.  50001. 
Dr.  Paley  was  born  at  Peterborough  in  1743.  In  the  vicinity 
is  .Milton  Park,  the  seat  of  Earl  Fitzwilliam,  to  whose  family 
the  city  gives  the  title  of  viscount. 

PETER JJOROUGH,  a  county  near  the  N.  central  part  of 
Canada  West,  comprises  an  area  of  1005  square  mile.s.  It 
contains  numerous  lakes  which  give  rise  to  the  Otanabee 
River,  and  many  smaller  streams.  Several  railroad  routes 
diverge  from  Peterborough  in  this  county.  Capital,  Peter- 
borough.    Pop.  15.2.37. 

PETERBOROUGH,  a  post-town  of  Canada  West,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Peterborough,  on  the  Otanabee  River,  at 
the  N.  terminus  of  a  railway  connecting  it  with  Cobourg  on 
Lake  Ontario,  and  also  on  the  route  of  proposed  railways 
connecting  it  with  Montreal,  Lake  Simcoe,  and  Toronto, 
at)0ut  75  miles  N.E.  of  the  latter.  It  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  churches  of  5  or  6  denominations,  agencies 
of  4  assurance  companies,  a  branch  bank,  a  newspaper  office, 
about  30  stores,  and  manufactories  of  steam  engines,  ma- 
chinery, iron  castings,  shingles,  woollens,  Ac.  Pop.  about 
2500. 

PETERBOROUGH  or  PETERSBOHOUGII,  a  post-village 
and  township  of  Hillsborough  co..  New  H.ampshire.  34  miles 
S.W.  of  Concord.  It  contains  4  or  5  cotton  mills  and  severa. 
foundries.     Pop.  2265. 

PETERBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Smlthfield  town.ship, 
Madison  co..  New  York,  about  110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 
It  has  .several  churches  and  an  academy. 

PETER  BOTTE  (bott)  MOU.XTAIN,  a  remarkable  pre- 
cipitous rock  in  the  island  of  Mauritius,  Jn  lat.  20°  12'  S, 
Ion.  57°  37'  E.,  and  2600  feet  in  height. 
PETERBUHG.    See  Sunt  Peteksbutsg. 
PETERBUIiOH.  England.    See  PETEr.BORonoH. 
I'ETER-CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
PETERCULTER,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  7  miles 
S.AV.  of  Aberdeen,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Dee.     Here  .are 
remains  of  a  Druidical  temple  and  a  Roman  camp. 

PETER  HE.\D,  pee'ter-hJd.  a  parliamentary  and  munieip.al 
burgh,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  'co.,  and  27 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Aberdeen,  on  the  point  of  a  flat  rocky  pro- 
montory projecting  into  the  North  Sea.  in  lat.  57°  30'  1"  N., 
Ion.  1°  46'  0"  W.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  burgh.  7298 ;  of 
the  municipal  burgh,  4819.  It  is  regularly  and  well  built; 
the  houses  are  mostly  of  red  granite.  The  principal  public 
edifices  are  the  parish  church,  the  town-house,  and  a  hand- 
some granite  cross.  It  has  a  scientific  association,  a  news- 
room, a  vahiable  museum.  2  public  libraries,  and  4  branch 
banks.  Its  harbor,  since  the  completion  of  the  recent  im- 
provements, has  been  rendered  one  of  the  best  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Scotland.  A  light-house,  on  the  opposite  corner  of 
the  bay,  marks  the  entrance  to  the  port.  Some  rope-making 
and  ship-building  are  carried  on.  The  products  of  the  ex- 
tensive and  valuable  fisheries  form  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  exports,  which  also  comprise  large  quantities  of  grain, 
meal,  butter,  and  other  domestic  produce,  fish,  oil,  and  gra- 
nite; the  latter  is  extensively  quarried  in  the  vicinity: 
55.5P3  barrels  of  herring  were  cured  here  in  1S51,  during 
which  year  27  vessels  (tons,  7355)  were  fitted  out  for  the  Gi  een- 
land  whale  and  sea  fishery.  In  1861,  30,481  tons  of  shipping 
entered  the  port,  8599  being  employed  in  foreign  trade;  and 
27,.j01  tons  of  sliipping  (8175  tons  foreign  trade)  cleared  at 
the  custom-house.  The  imports  consist  of  timber,  lime,  bone 
manure,  wool,  groceries,  flour,  salt,  and  iron.  The  burgh 
unites  with  Elgin,  Banff.  Cullen,  Inverary,  and  Kintore.  in 
sending  one  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Near  tha 
town  are  several  picturesque  ruined  fortresses. 

PETERHOF,  pi'ter-hof\  an  imperial  residence  of  Russia, 
government,  and  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Finland,  commanding  noble  views  of  the  capital, 
Cronstadt.  and  the  sea. 

PETEKLINGEN,  Switzerland.     See  P.werne. 
PETERS,   a   township  of   Franklin   co.,   Pennsylvania, 
about  48  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cariisle.    Pop.  2417. 

PETERS,  a  vilLnge  and  township  of  Washington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  15  miles  S.S.'SV.  of  Pittsburg.     I'op.  943. 
PETERSBOROUGH,  New  Hampshire.    See  PETEnEorouOH, 
PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  in   the  E. 

1471 


PET 

part  of  Rensselaer  co^  New  York,  about  25  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Albauy.     Pop.  3807. 

PETHHSBUKG,  a  post-office  of  Cape  May  CO..  Xew  Jersey. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Adams  cc, 
Pennsylvania,  on  a  turnpike,  13  miles  S.  of  Carlisle.  The 
Tillage"  contains  a  church,  academy,  and  several  stores. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  356. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-borouo;h  of  West  township,  Hunt- 
ingdon CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Juniata  River,  and  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  97  miles  W.N.W.  of  Harrisburg.  Pop.  in 
1860,  3:i4. 

PETERSBURG,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
4  or  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lancaster. 

PETERSBURG,  a  township  of  Perry  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  831. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-borough  of  Penn  township,  and 
the  largest  town  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylv.ania,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  1  mile  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Juniata,  and  15  miles  above  Harrisburg.  It  is  a  place  of 
active  trade,  which  is  facilitated  by  the  I'ennsylvania  C.'inal 
and  Central  Railroad.  The  Duncannon  Iron-Works  at  this 
place,  consisting  of  a  nail  factory  and  rolling  mill,  are 
capable  of  giving  employment  to  500  men.  Pop.  in  1860, 
8S1. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  National  Road,  154  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harris- 
burg.   The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Admson'. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PETERSBURG,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  post-town 
and  port  of  entry  of  Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia,  on  the  right  or 
S.  bank  of  the  Appomattox  River,  at  the  cros.sing  of  the 
Great  Southern  Railroad,  22  miles  S.  of  Richmond,  and  10 
miles  from  James  River,  at  City  Point.  Lat.  37°  14'  N.,  Ion. 
77°  20'  W.  It  is  the  third  town  of  Virginia  in  respect  of 
population,  and  possesses  extensive  facilities  for  business. 
Vessels  of  100  tons  a.scend  the  river  to  the  town,  and  tho.se 
of  larger  size  to  Waltham's  Landing,  6  miles  below.  The 
South  Side  Railroad  has  its  E.  terminus  at  this  place,  and 
the  Appomattox  Railroad  connects  it  with  City  Point,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  larger  vessels  engaged  in  the 
trade  of  Petersburg  discharge  their  cargoes  at  City  Point. 
Large  quantities  of  flour  and  tobacco  are  exported  from  this 
place.  The  quantity  of  tobacco  exported  in  1851  amounted 
to  7222  hogsheads;  in  1852,  to  10.489  hogshe;ids;  and  in 
1853,  to  11.405  hogsheads.  Petersburg  is  well  built,  and 
contains  2  churches  of  the  Presbyterians,  2  of  the  Method- 
ists, 2  of  the  Episcopalians,  1  of  the  Baptists.  1  of  the 
Catholics,  besides  several  places  of  worship  for  colored 
people.  It  has  also  3  banks,  several  cotton  ftctories,  1 
woollen  factory,  2  rope-walks,  1  iron  furnace,  6  forges,  and 
numerous  mills  of  various  kinds.  Three  newspapers  are 
published  here.  The  falls  of  the  river,  wljich  arrest  the 
ascent  of  the  tide  immediately  above  Petersburg,  furnish 
extensive  water-power.  Around  these  falls  a  canal  has  been 
constructed,  by  which  means  small  boats  ascend  the  river 
for  the  distance  of  about  100  miles.  The  limits  of  the  bo- 
rough inclftde  the  decayed  village  of  Blandford,  in  Prince 
George  county,  which  was  once  superior  to  I'etersburg  in 
some  respects.  The  remains  of  its  church  are  among  the 
most  interesting  and  picturesque  ruins  of  Virgini.i.  In 
1815  a  greJit  fire  occurred  here,  by  which  near  400  houses 
were  consumed.  The  shipping  of  this  port.  June.30.  1S52, 
amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  484  tons  registered,  and  2110 
tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  latter.  2031  tons  were 
employed  in  the  coast  trade,  and  323  tons  in  steam  naviga- 
tion. The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were  16,  (tons, 
10,147,)  of  which  5  (tons,  2773)  were  by  American  vevseU. 
Petersburg  was  taken  by  the  Union  army  after  a  lt)Ug 
siege  about  the  2d  of  April,  1865.  Pop.  in  1850,  14,010 ;  in 
1860.18.266. 

PETERSBURG,  a  decayed  post>town  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Savannah  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Broad  River,  about 
62  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta,  was  once  an  important  place.  It 
has  now  only  3  families. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Lavacca  co..  Texas,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Lavacca  River,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Austin 
City.    It  was  once  the  county  seat. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennessee, 
72  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

PETERSBURG,  a  thriving  postrtown  of  Boone  eo.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Ohio  River,  25  miles  below  Cincinnati,  has  a 
good  landing,  an  active  trade,  and  contains  2  churches,  and 
a  flouring  mill.  Incorporated  in  1820.  Pop.  in  1860,  about 
600. 


I  ETEUSBURG,  a  village  or  railroad  station  of  Monroe 
eo.,  Michigan,  on  the  Southern  Railroad,  20  miles  W.  of 
Monroe  City. 

PETERSBURG,  a  postvHlage,  capital  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana, 
IS  finely  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  1  mile  S.  of  White 
River,  and  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis.  The  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal  passes  through  it.    Pop.  683. 

PETERSBURG,  a  tlirivlng  post-viUage,  capital  of  Menard 
1472 


PET 

CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Sangamon  River,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Spring- 
field.    It  is  on  the  Tonica  and  Peterslnirg  R.R.     Pop.  1196. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  fioone  co.,  Missouri,  60 
miles  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PETERSBURG,  a  small  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
of  Waterloo.  6  miles  S.  of  Berlin.    Pop.  about  80. 

PETERSBURG  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Rens- 
selaer CO.,  New  York,  in  I'etersburg  township. 

PETERSBURG  SAINT.    See  Saint  Petersbcko. 

PETER'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PETERS'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

PETERS'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

PETERSDORF.  pA/tgrs-doRr,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Mo- 
ravia, circle  of  Olmutz.    Pop.  1131. 

PETERSDORF.  a  village  of  Austrian  Silo.«ia,  circle  of 
Troppau.    Pop.  1376. 

PETERSDORF,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  34  miles 
S.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Zacken.    Pop.  2010. 

PETERSFIELD,  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  17  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Portsmouth,  on  the  old  London  and  Port.«mouth  Road. 
Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough  in  1851,  5550.  It  has  a 
large  church,  an  endowed  school,  a  union  work-house,  a 
branch  bank,  and  an  equestrian  bronze  statue  of  William 
III.  in  its  market-place.  The  town  has  a  titular  mayor,  and 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PETERSHAGEN,  piVtgrs-hiV.hen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  In 
Westphalia,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Minden,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Weser.     Pop.  2110. 

PETERSIIAJI,  pee'tfr-sham,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrey. 

PETERSHAM,  pee'ters-ham,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Worcester  co.,  Massachusetts,  67  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 
It  has  manufactures  of  carriages,  boots  and  shoes,  leather,  &c. 
Pop.  1465. 

PETERS'  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific,  in  lat 
68°  57'  S..  Ion.  90°  46'  W. 

PE/TERS  ISLANDS,  two  small  i.slands  on  the  S.  coast  of 
Australia,  in  lat.  32°  21'  S.,  Ion.  133°  39'  E 

PE'TERS  MOUNT'AIN,  in  Virginia,  is  situated  on  the 
boundary  between  Monroe  and  Giles  county. 

PETERSTHAL,  p.Vters-t|l\  a  village  of' Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine.  13  miles  E.  of  Offenburg.     Pop.  1510. 

PEH'ERSTONE,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

PETERSTONE  SUPER  ELY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

PETERSTOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PE'TERSTOWN,apost-village  of  Monroe  CO..  W.  Virginia, 
on  Rich  Creek,  180  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Wheeling,  has 
a  water-power  and  several  mills. 

PETERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Washington  township,  Lehigh 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  contains  about  50  inhabitants. 

PETERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 15  miles  in  a  direct  Hue  W.  by  N.  of  Enston. 

PETERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 
57  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Washincton. 

PETERSW ALD,  pA'tf rs-«ait\  or  PETERSWALDE.  pA'ters- 
ftirdeh.  a  frontier  village  of  Bohemia.  20  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Leitmeritz.  in  the  Erzgebirge.     Pop.  2200. 

PETERSWALDAU,  pA'ters-^dlMCw.  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia.  32  miles  S.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  2050. 

PETERWARDEIN.  pee'ter-war'diue.  (Ger.  pron.  pA'tfr- 
ftfe'dine.)  or  VARADIN.  vj'ri-din*  or  v3r'^-deen\  (Hun. 
Pete)'var.  p.A't^R'viR/,)  the  capital  town  of  Slavonia.  and  the 
strongest  fortress  on  the  Danube,  is  situated  on  a  scarf>ed 
rock,  on  the  right  ItHink  of  the  Danube,  oppo,site  Neusatz, 
with  which  town  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  of  baits,  de- 
fended by  a  strong  tele,  du  pnnt^ii.  miles  N.W.  of  Belgrade. 
Pop.  with  suburbs,  (exclusive  of  a  garrison  of  3000  men.) 
4033.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  general  eon^mandant  of  the 
Slavonian  military  frontier,  and  of  .several  subordinate 
military  authorities:  has  several  churches  and  schools,  and 
barracks  capable  of  accommodating  10,000  men.  It  derives 
its  present  name  from  Peter  the  Hermit,  who  here  mar- 
shalled the  soldiers  of  the  first  Crusade.  Here,  in  1716,  the 
Austrians,  under  Prince  Eugene,  defeated  the  Turks,  who 
then  lost  their  last  footing  in  Central  Europe. 

PET'HAM,  a  parish  of  Ensrland,  co.  of  Kent. 

PETH'ERICK,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall. 

PETII'ERTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  and  market-town  of 
England,  co.  of  Somerset,  2^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bridgewater. 

PETHERTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Somerset.  4i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Crewkeme 

PETH'ERWIN.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Devon. 

PETHERWIN,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  CornTalL 

PETIC.  a  town  of  Mexico.     See  Pitic. 

PETINA,  pd-tee'nd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prlncl- 
pato  Citra,  S.E.  of  Campagna,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Alburnc 
Pop.  1500. 

PETIONVILLE,  pA'te-AxoVeel'.  a  town  of  Hayti,  recenUy 
founded,  8  miles  E.  of  Port-au-Prince. 


PET 


PEV 


PKTIT  CAII.LOU  BAYOU,  pgh-tee' k JhVoo'  1 1'oo.  a  small 
stream  of  Terie  Bonne  parish.  Louisiana.  Hows  S.  into  the 
Gulf  ot  .Mexico.    It  is  bordered  by  rich  plantalifiisof  suirar. 

PKTIT-CANAL,  pjh-tcfykd'ndl'.  a  town  of  the  i.=land  of 
Guadeloupe,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Moule.  on  the  V..  coast  of  the 
goTernment  of  Cul-de-Sac.     Pop.  7600,  of  whom  0900   are 

PETIT-ENGHIEN,  pgh-teef-SN^Vhe 4n<  a  village  of  Bel- 
cium,  province  of  Hainaut,  17  miles  X.N.E.  of  Mons.  Pop. 
2109. 

PKTITE-PIERRE,  LA,  Id  pfh-teef-pe-aiR/,  a  town  and  fort 
of  France,  department  of  Ba.s-Khin,  in  the  Vosges  Mountains, 
8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Saverne.     Pop.  1249. 

PETIT  JEAN  (Fr.  pron.  pghtee'  zhby")  RIVER,  of  Arkan- 
8;us,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  the  state,  and.  flowing  eastward, 
enters  the  Arkansas  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Perry  county. 

PETIT  JEAN,  a  small  po.st-village  of  Yell  CO..  Arkansas. 

PETIT-RECHAIN,  peh-teeZ-reh-shlx"',  a  villao:e  of  Bel- 
cium.  province,  and  12  miles  E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  1051. 

PETLAUD,  ptst-lawd'.  or  PITLAUD,  pit-lawd',  a  town  of 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Kaira.  Lat. 
22°  02'  N.,  Ion.  72°  57'  E. 

PETI-AWAD.  p.^t-ia-wad'.  or  PITLAWUD.  pit-la-wud',  a 
town  of  India,  in  the  Gwalior  dominions.  60  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Oojein.     Lat.  23°  2'  N ..  Ion.  74°  45'  E. 

PETOONE,  pi-too'n.'l.  or  BEDOtTNE.  bA-diX)'nA,  a  town  of 
Mantchooria,  on  the  Sonnparee,  130  miles  N.N.VV.  of  Kirin 
Oola.  It  Is  a  place  of  exile  for  Chinese  offenders,  and  is  gar- 
risoned by  Tartar  troops. 

PETORCA,  pA-tou'ka,  a  small  town  of  Chili,  department, 
and  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Aconcagvta. 

PK'TRA,  (the  SJa  or  Selah,  and  Jokthrcl  of  Scripture.) 
a  ruined  city  of  Arabia  I'etrrea,  in  the  Wady  Moosa.  Lat. 
about  30°  15'  N.,  Ion.  35°  35'  E.  Its  edifices  hewn  in  the 
solid  rock,  and  other  striking  objects,  are  described  by  Ia- 
borde.  Stephens,  and  other  travellers. 

PKTRA.  pi'trd.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  23  miles 
E.  of  Palma.      Pop.  2640. 

PE/TKA,  a  post-village  of  Saline  CO.,  Missouri,  75  miles 
N.W.  of  Jeffer.son  City. 

PETRALIA,  p;UrJ'le-4,  (SoTAXA,  so-td'nj.  "Lower."  and 
SopRANA,  so-prd'nd,  "Upper,")  two  contiguous  towns  of 
Sicily,  province  of  Palermo,  IS  miles  S.  of  Cefalu.     Pop.  of 

SOTANA    PeTRALIA.  0500;    of  SOPRAXA  I'ETRAUA,  4700. 

PETREL,  pA-tr?l',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  A'alencia, 
•24  miles  N.W.  of  Alirante.     Pop.  25-37. 

PETRELLA,  pA-trel'ld.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Mo- 
lise,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2900. 

PETRIEVESE,  pA-tre-A-vd's;l,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in 
Slavoiiia,  co.  of  Verikz,  on  the  Drave,  37  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Fiinfkirchen.     Pop.  2046. 

PETRI  KAU,  p.Vtre-kow\  or  PIOTRKOW,  pe  otrOiov.  a 
town  of  Poland,  province,  and  76  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kalisz,  on 
the  Strada.  and  on  the  railway  from  'Warsaw  to  Granica,  90 
miles  from  Warsaw.  Pop.  2300.  It  has  a  castle,  formerly  a 
residiiice  of  the  Polish  kings. 

PETRIKOV  or  PETRIK()W,  p.A-tre-kov',  a  market-town 
of  Russia,  government  of  .Minsk,  on  Ike  Pripets,  29  miles 
W.N.W.  of  .Mozyr.    Pop.  1700. 

PETKIKOTKA,  pA-tre-kov'kl,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  133  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kherson.     Pop.  1550. 

PETRINIA.  p:l-ti-ee'ne-d,  a  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  on 
the  Kulpa,  29  miles  S.S.E.  of  Agnim.  Pop.  4964.  It  is  the 
head-quarters  of  a  detachment  of  the  frontier  guard. 

PETKIU,  pJt^-e-oo',  a  town  of  Siam.  on  the  Bang-pa-Kung, 
52  miles  E.  of  Bankok.     Lat.  13°  45'  N..  Ion.  101°  15'  E. 

PETROCKSTOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PETROCOKII.     See  PfeRiGORD. 

PKTRONEL  or  PETRONELL,  pAHro-nJlV.  (auc.  Carmin- 
ttiiH,)  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  24 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1102. 

PETROPAULOVSKI,  pAtro-pow-lov'skee.  or  PETRO- 
PAULSUAEEN,  pA-tro-powls'hSffn.  the  capit.al  town  of 
Kamtchatka,  on  its  E.  coast,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Avatcha,  in  l.it.  53°  0'  27"  N.,  Ion.  158°  40'  12"  E.  Its  port 
is  small,  and  it  has  less  than  1000  inhabitants,  but  it  is  the 
principal  Russian  militarv  station  in  this  remote  province. 

PETROPAULOVSKI.  a  fortified  town  of  Siberia,  govern- 
ment, and  250  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tobolsk,  nn  the  Ishim.  Pop. 
aliout  4000.    It  has  .an  active  trade  with  Bokhara  and  Khiva. 

PK,Ti;OP0LIS.    See  Rio  Janeiro. 

PETROVACZ.  p.AHroVdts',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and 
17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bacz.     Pop.  5209. 

PETROVITCII  or  PETROWITSCH,  pVtro-<^itch\  a  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  sanjak,  and  80  miles 
N.W.  of  Seres,  near  the  Radovitz.  an  affluent  of  the  Struma. 
It  is  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall,  flanked  with  towers,  and 
comprises  1200  houses,  chiefly  inhabited  by  Turks,  who 
carrj'  on  .an  active  trade  in  tobacco,  raised  in  the  vicinity. 

PETROVKA,  p.A-trov'kd,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  87  miles  S.E.  of  Voronezh.     Pop.  about  1500. 

PETROVOSZELO,  paHro^•os'sA/lo^  a  village  of  Hungary,  4 
rfiiles  from  0-Becse.     Pop.  5573. 

I'ETRGVSK  or  PETROAVSK.  p,A-t.rovsk'.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  68  miles  N.N.W.  of  Saratov,  on  the  Med- 
48 


vieditza.  Pop.  7000.  It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great  ir. 
1097,  and  has  a  citadel,  an  ancient  and  ruined  fortress,  and 
trade  in  corn. 

PETROVSK  or  PETROWSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  52  miles  S.S.W.  ot  Yaroslav.    Pop.  2000. 

PETROVSKAIA.  pA-trov-ski'd,  orBUTURLINOVKA.  boo- 
tooR-le-nov'kd,  a  market-town  and  fort  of  Russia,  government 
of  Voronezh.  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bobrov.     Pop.  1700. 

PETROVSKAIA,  a  market-town  and  fort  of  Russia,  g( 
vernment,  and  63  miles  S.W.   of  Voronezh. 

PETROVSKOI  is  the  name  of  petty  places  in  the  govern 
ments  of  Viatka  and  Moscow. 

PETROVSKOI-OSTROV.  pA-trov/skoi-os-trov',  an  island  ic 
the  Neva,  near  St.  Petersburg,  where  Peter  the  Great  had  a 
residence. 

PETROVSKOI-POGROJIETZ.  pA-trov'skoi-pogro-m?ts'.  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government,  and  120  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Voronezh.     Pop.  l.^OO. 

PETROZAVODSK,  pA-tro-zd-vodsk'.  a  fortified  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of  Olonets,  on  the  Lake 
of  Onega,  185  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Pop.  8000.  It 
has  two  spacious  docks  for  large  vessels,  a  very  extensive 
imperial  cannon  foundry,  powder  mills,  and  manufactures 
of  silks. 

PETSCIIORA,  a  river  of  Rus-sia.    See  Petchora 

PETSII.  pjtch,  IPEICK  or  IPEK,  ee-pAk',  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Albania,  sanjak.  and  73  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Scutari,  on  one  of  the  liranches  of  the  Drin,  which  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  and  turns  numerous  mills.  Pop.  upwards 
of  12.000,  mostly  Turks,  who  have  here  10  mosques.  Arms 
are  extensively  made  in  the  town. 

PETSKA,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Petzka. 

PETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PETTAU,  p5t't(5w.  (anc.  Peln>mo  or  PotMvio.)  a  town  of 
Styria,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Marburg,  on  the  Drave.  Pop.  1996. 
It  ha-s  several  convents.  On  a  height  above  the  town  is  the 
castle  of  Ol>cr  Pettau. 

PET'TAUGII,  a  pari.^h  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

I'ET/TERELL-CROOKS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

PETTIGOE,  pJtHe-goo/,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  cos. 
of  Donegal  and  Fermanagh,  on  theTermon,  near  its  mouth 
in  Lough  Erne,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Donegal.  Pop.  610.  It  stands 
amidst  wooded  hills,  and  is  a  station  for  the  numerous  pil- 
grims who  resort  to  Ix)Ugh  Derg. 

PET'TINAIN',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

PETTI NENGO,  p^Ue-nen'go,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in 
Piedmont,  province,  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Biella.     Pop.  2.365. 

PET'TIS.  a  a>unty  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mis.simri.  has 
an  area  of  650  .square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  flie  head 
streams  of  La  Mine  River,  namely.  Flat  Creek,  JFuddy  Creek, 
and  Heath's  Fork,  which  unite  near  the  N.E.  border.  Black 
River,  an  affluent  of  La  Mine,  flows  through  the  N.W.  part. 
The  general  surface  is  rolling,  and  presents  extensive  prai- 
ries, with  groves  of  timber  distributed  along  the  large 
streams.  The  .soil  is  fertile.  Extensive  beds  of  stone  coal 
are  found  in  the  county.  Named  in  honor  of  Spencer  Pettis, 
Secretary  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  killed  in  a  duel  by  Major 
Biddle.  Capital,  Georgetown.  Pop.  9392,  of  whom  751G 
were  free. 

PETTIS,  a  township  in  Platte  CO..  Missouri.    Pop.  3747. 

PETTIS  STAND,  a  small  village  of  Polk  co..  Tennessee. 

PET'TISTREE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

PET'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

PETTORANO.  pjt-to-rd'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  5  miles  S  S.E.  of  Suimona.    Pop.  .3100. 

PETTORANO.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Mo- 
lise,  19  miles  W.  of  Campobasso.    Pop.  1200. 

PET'TY  or  PET'TIE.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland, 
chiefly  in  the  county  of  Invernes.s,  along  Mor.ny  Frith.  Here 
are  remains  of  several  Druid  circles,  and  ruins  of  a  barcnial 
castle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  In  the  parish  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Campbelltown. 

PETTY.a  post  t.iwn.ship  of  Lawrence  CO., Illinois.  Pop.  999. 

PETTYCUR.  a  harbor  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  the  E. 
shore  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  1  mile  S.  of  Kinghorn,  and  im- 
mediately opposite  Leith. 

PETTYSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Tennessee. 

PET'WORTH,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  o. 
of  Sussex.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chichester.  Pop.  of  the  tow  n 
in  18.51,  2427.  The  town,  pleasantly  situated  on  an  emi- 
nence, has  a  neat  church,  containing  tombs  of  the  Percy 
family,  anciently  the  lords  of  the  manor,  several  schools, 
and  liberally-endowed  almshouse.',  sessions  and  market- 
house,  a  county  house  of  correction,  and  bank.  In  the 
vicinity  is  the  splendid  seat  of  Colonel  Wvndham. 

PETZKA,  pJts'Kd,  PETSKA  or  PKCSKA,  p^tchTvoh',  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Arad,  51  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Szegedin.  Pop.  13,441.  It  consists  of  two  separate  places, 
Ratz  and  Magyar  Petzka. 

PEV'ENSEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  with  a 
station  on  the  South  Coast  Railway,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  IIast>- 
ings.     Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle. 

PEVEKAGNO.  pA-vA-rdn'yo,  a  town  of  North  Italv,  in  Pied- 
mont, 5  miles  S.E  of  Coni     Pop.  6080. 

1473 


PEW 

PEWAVGONEE  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin.    See  Wolf  Riveh. 
PEWA'I'KEE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waukesha 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  railroad  from  Milwaukee  to  Water- 
town,  19  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee.    The  village  has  2  churches, 
2  stores,  and  2  mills.    Pop.  of  township,  1553. 

PEWAUKEE  LAKE,  Wisconsin,  in  Waukesha  county,  is 
4i  miles  long,  and  about  a  mile  wide.  It  is  called  by  the 
Indians  Peewaukee-wee-ning,  or  ••  lake  of  shells,"  from  the 
cre.it  number  of  small  shells  found  in  the  sand  along  its 
shore!!. 

PEWSEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

PE-TAN,  pA-yin'.  a  mountiin  of  China,  province  of  Se- 
cliuen,  in  lat.  30°  5'  N.,  Ion.  102°  32'  E.  It  is  covered  with 
perpetual  snow. 

PEYR  AT,  pAVi',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Vienne,  23  miles  E.  of  Limoges.    Pop.  in  1852,  2755. 

PEYR.AT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Vienne, 
2  miles  X.N.W.  of  BeUac.    Pop.  12S0. 

PEVR.\T,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Creuse,  10 
miles  X.E.  of  Anbusson.    Pop.  1640. 

PJiYREIIORADE,  pARVrld',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Landes,  on  the  Oave  de  Pau,  38  miles  S.W.  of  Mont- 
de-Marsan.    Pop.  in  1S52,  2734. 

PEYRELEVADE,  p4RMeh-vJd',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Correze,  near  the  A'ienne.     Pop.  in  1852,  2036. 

PEYREMALE,  pAR^mil',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  an-ondifsement  of  Alais. 

PEYRE.STORTES,  pARHoRt',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Pyrenfies-Orientales,  4  miles  X.W.  of  Perpignan. 
The  French  here  defeated  a  Spanish  force  on  the  17th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1793. 

PEYRIAC  DE  MER,  pA're-Ak'deh  maiR.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Aude,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xarbonne.    Pop.  861. 

PEYRI AC-MIXERVOIS,  pAVe-lk'-mee'njRVwa',  a  market- 
town  of  Fi-ance.  department  of  Aude.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Car- 
cassone.     Pop.  1309. 

PEYRINS.  pAVij(«',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
DrSme,  12  miles  N'.N.E.  of  Valence.     Pop.  .3015. 

PEYRUIS.  pA^Ewee'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Basses-Alpes,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Digne.     Pop.  873. 

PEYKUS,  pA'riiss'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
DrSme.  10  miles  E.  of  Valence.    Pop.  976. 

PEYRUSSE.  pAVtiss/,  a  town  of  France,  4epartment  of 
Aveyron,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Villefranehe.     Pop.  1000. 

PEVSTER,  pi'ster,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Mul- 
grave  Archipelago,  in  lat.  S°  5'  S.,  Ion.  178°  E.,  named  after 
its  .\merican  discoverer  in  1819. 

PEYTON  A,  pA-to'nl,  a  post-ofiSce  of  Boone  co.,W.  Virginia. 

PEYTON  A,  a  small  village  of  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee. 

PEYTON'S,  pA't^nz,  a  small  village  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina. 

PEYTON  S  BURG,  pA/t^nz-bflrg.  a  post-village  of  Pittsyl- 
vania CO.,  Virginia,  145  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

PEYTON'S  CREEK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Smith  CO.,  Tennessee. 

PEYTONSVILLE,  pA'tvuz-vil,  a  post-village  of  Williamson 
CO..  Tennessee. 

PEYTUN.  pftan',  or  PUTTCM,  ptit-tQm'.  a  town  of  India, 
Nizam's  dominions,  on  theGodavery,  30  miles  S.  of -iurung- 
abad,  and  formerly  noted  for  its  embroidered  silk  fabrics. 

PEZA.  a  river  of  Russia.  ri,ses  in  the  government  of  Arch- 
angel, about  lat.  65°  N.,  and  Ion.  50°  E.,  flows  E.S.E.,  and 
joins  the  >Iezen.    Total  course.  140  miles. 

PEZA,  L-v  or  LAPKZA,  U-pi'thL  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalusia, province,  and  24  miles  from  Gnm.ada.     Pop.  2466. 

PEZREKO  RIVER.  New  York.     See  PiSECO. 

PEZENAS.  pA'zA'ni',  (anc.  Picincef)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ilerault.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  H^rault.  Pop.  in  1852,  7375.  It  has  a 
communal  college,  and  manufactures  of  chemical  pi-oducts. 

PEZ()-D.\-ItEGOA.  Portugal.     See Hbooa. 

PEZUELA  UE  LAS  TOIUJES,  p.A-thwAI^  dA  lis  tOR'R^s.  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  30  miles  E.  of 
Madrid,  near  the  Tajuna.     I'op.  1197. 

PEZZANA,  pJt-si'ni,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Novara.  province,  and  S.  of  A'ercelli.     Pop.  2340. 

PEZZASE,  pet^sA'sA,  or  PEZASO,  phizi'i^.  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  province  of  Brescia.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Bovegno. 
I'l.p.  ll«.3. 

I'FAFFEXnAUSEN,  pfaffen-hOw'zfn.  a  market-town  of 
Bavariii.  circle  of  Sw.ibia.  27  miles  S.W.  of  Augsburg.  I\790. 

PFAFFENHEIM,  pfjf'tn-hlme'.  (Fr.  pron.  farYgn'Jm'.) 
d  mari^et-town  of  France,  department  of  Haut-Rhin,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  Colmar.    Pop.  2012. 

PFAFFENHOFEN,  pfAfffu-hoYgn,  (Fr. pron.  flf'fJnV- 
ffl.N"'.')  a  marketriown  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  on 
the  Moder,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Saverne.     Pop.  1426. 

PFAl-FENHOFEN.pfAf/fen-ho'ftfn.a  sm.ill  town  of  Upper 
Bavari-a.  on  the  Ilm,  28  miles  N.  of  Munich.     Pop.  1912. 

I'KA  FFENIIOKEN,  a  village  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  Lau- 
terach.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Amberg.     Pop.  580. 

PFAFFEKS.  Switzerland.    See  Pfeffers. 

I'FAFFI  KON.  ( Pf  affikon.)  pf  5rfe-kon\  PFEFFIKEX,  pi?f'- 
fe-knn   PFEFFIKON,  or  PFAFFIKEN.  (Pfaffiken.)  a  village 
..f  Switzerland,  cmton.  and  11  miles  E.  of  Zurich,  on  the 
N.  shore  of  the  small  lake  of  Pfaffikon.    Pop.  3000. 
1474 


PIIA 

PFAFFX.\U,  pfiff'ni'w.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer 
land,  canton,  and  24  miles  X.W.  of  Lucerne.     Pop.  1871. 
PF.\LZ.  an  old  divi.sion  of  Germany.     See  P.tLATlN.tTE. 
PFALZDORF,  pfdlt.s'doRf,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  44 
miles  X.W.  of  Dusfieldorf     Pop.  2910. 

PFALZEL.  pfilt'sel,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  3  miles 
N.  of  Treves;  on  the  Moselle.     Pop.  1050. 

PFARKKIKCH.  pfaR/RiRK,  or  PFARRKIRCHEX.  pfaR'- 
kSSRE'en,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  26  miles  AV.S.W. 
of  Passau.     Pop.  1572. 

PFARRWEISSACII,  pfaR^ftls'sAK,  a  market-town  of  Bavar 
ria,  in  Lower  Franconia,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Bamberg. 

PFEDDEK  SHEIM,  pf  Jd'ders-hime\  a  town  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, proviuce  of  Rhein-llessen,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Worms. 
Pop.  2031. 

PFEFFERS,  PFAFFERS,  (PfSffers.)  pfjf'fgrs.  or  PVA- 
VERS,  (Pvfivers.)  pvj/vers,  a  watering-place  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  St.  Gall,  in  a  deep  gorge.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Sargans. 
The  waters  having  a  temperature  of  0S°  Fahrenheit,  are 
administered  in  two  buildings  adapted  to  receive  from  200 
to  300  persons,  and  reached  by  a  rude  stair  formed  of  trees, 
and  of  steps  cut  in  the»  perpendicular  rock.  On  an  adjacent 
height  is  a  Benedictine  monastery,  founded  in  1713,  and 
suppressed  in  1S38.     A  new  hotel  was  built  in  1830. 

PFORING,  pfo'ring.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Upper  Palatinate,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  13  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Ingolstadt.  Pop.  790.  It  has  remains  of  a  Ro- 
man fort  at  the  commencement  of  the  Teufel.smauer.  (-  deviFs 
wall.")  a  line  of  masonry  extending  hence  for  150  miles. 

PFORTE,  pfoR/teh,  or  SCHULPFORTE,  shooPpfoR'teh,  a 
village  of  I'russia,  province  of  Saxony,  government,  and  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Merseburg,  on  the  Little  Saale,  with  a  cele- 
brated school,  at  which  from  ISO  to  190  scholars  are  main- 
tained and  educated  gratuitously. 

PFOliTEN.  pfoR'tf  n,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 40  miles  S.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  325.  It  has  the 
remains  of  a  fine  old  castle. 

PFORZHEIM.  pfoRtsOiIme,  (anc./br'ta  i/ercm'iVr.')  an  an- 
cient city  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Enz  and  Nagold,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Carlsruhe.  Pop. 
13.854.  The  city  proper  is  enclosed  by  walls  and  hn^  a  cattle 
and  a  fine  church,  with  old  grand-ducal  vaults.  It  is  the 
principal  manufacturing  town  of  the  grand  duchy,  having 
manufactures  of  jewelry  employing  900  hands,  anil  of  wo<3l- 
len  cloth,  leather,  and  chemioii  products,  with  copper  and 
iron  flirges,  trade  in  timber,  oil,  wine,  and  12  annual  cattle 
£11  rs. 

PFREIMT  or  PFREIMDT,  pfrlmt,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  16 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Amberg.  Pop.  1592.  It  has  a  Franciscan 
estaWishment.  a  high  school,  and  a  manufacture  of  mirrors. 

PFULLENDORF,  pf(V.Wen-doRf\  a  town  of  Baden,  on 
Lake  llmen,  20  miles  N.E.  o'f  Constance.     Pop.  1700. 

PFULLINGEX.  pfoolling-en,  a  town  of  Wurtemherg,  cir- 
cle of  Black  Forest,  on  the  Eschatz,  3  miles  S.E.  of  lieut- 
lingen.  Pop.  4017,  mostly  employed  in  paper  mills  and 
brush  factories,  and  in  the  cultivation  of  fruit  and  wiue. 
Pfaff  was  born  here  in  1651. 

PFUNDS,  pfuOnts.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol.  22  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Imst.  on  the  Inn.     Pop.  1319. 

PFUNGSTADT.  pfCong'stltt,  a  market-town  of  Hesse- 
Darmstidt,  province  of  Starkenberg.  5  miles  S.  of  Darmstadt 
Pop.  3050. 

PFYX,  pfin.  a  village  and  p.arish  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Thurgau,  on  the  Thur,  10  miles  S.AV.  of  Constance. 
Pop.  1005. 

PHAI/.\XX,  a  post-office  of  5Ionmouth  co.,  X'ew  .Tersev. 

PHAL.\S.\RXA.  fd-lS-saR'nl  a  ruined  city  of  Crete,  near 
the  W.  end  of  the  island,  its  chief  remains  being  walls  and 
towers  on  an  acropolis,  close  to  the  shore. 

PH.A'LIA.  a  small  bayou  of  Tammany  parish,  Loui.siana, 
flows  into  the  Chefiinte  River. 

PHALSBOURG.  fAls'booR',  a  fortified  town  of  F"r:ince.  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges  Mountains, 
49  miles  E.  of  Xancy.  Pop.  2012.  It  was  besieged  by  the 
allies  in  1814-15. 

PHARI.  fi/ree,  or  PARISDOXG.  pi-ris-dong'.  a  fortress  of 
Thibet,  towards  the  Bootan  frontier,  in  lat.  27°  48'  X.,  Ion. 
89°  14' E. 

PHAR'ISHAXG,  a  post-vill.age  of  Union  co.,  Ohio. 

PHAROS,  fil'ros.  a  peninsula,  and  anciently  an  island  of 
Lower  Egypt,  on  which  stood.a  famous  light-house.  It  forniK 
the  site  of  the  modern  city  of  Alexandria. 

PHAROS  or  PHARUS.    See  Lksina. 

PHARR'S  MILLS,  a  postofiice  of  Moore  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PH.^RSALIA,  a  town  of  Thesssly.    See  Sataige. 

PH.\RS.\'LI.\,  a  post-townsliip  of  Chenango  CO.,  New 
York.  12  miles  W.X.W.  of  Xorwich.     Pop.  1261. 

PIIARS.\LIA,  a  village  in  Panola  co.,  Mississippi,  abrut 
150  miles  X.  of  Jackson. 

PHA'SIS,  RIOX,  RHIOX,  ree-6n',  or  F*Z.  «z,  a  riv  of 
Asiatic  Russia,  anciently  regarded  as  the  boundary  between 
Europe  and  Asi.a,  rises  in  a  spur  of  the  Caucasus,  traverses 
Imeritia,  and  aft  a  W.  course  enters  t^e  Black  Sea  at  it.'^ 
E.  extremity,  near  P^ti,  34  miles  X.  of  Brtoom.    The  Eiiro- 


PHA 

pcdn  pheasant  (gallus  phasianuf)  derives  its  name  from 
haviiii;  been  oriirinally  imported  from  the  banks  of  this  river, 
trnl  it  still  frefiuents  an  island  at  its  mouth. 

I'lIATUKA,  f  i-too'kd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Itengal,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Patna,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  I'oon- 
poor  IJiver.  I'op.  12.0U0,  (?)  who  manufacture  cotton  cloths, 
and  carry  on  an  active  trade. 

PH.VZAXTA.     See  Ff.zza.v. 

I'll i;A  'ANT  BRAXCII,  a  post-village  of  Dane  co.,  Wis- 
ronsiii.  h  miles  W.  of  Madison.  It  lia-s  1  tlour  mill  and  3  stores. 

PHEAS'ANT  ISLAND,  in  the  Bidassoa  River,  between 
France  and  Spain,  is  the  place  where  the  treaty  of  the  Pyre- 
nee«  was  concluded,  September  Tth,  1C59. 

PHP^LKCIIK.  island  in  the  Persian  Gulf.     See  Feludsh. 

PIIELPS,  fdlps,  a  post-township,  forming  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Ontario  co..  New  York,  and  intersected  by  the  Au- 
burn and  Uochester  Railroad.  Its  contains  numerous  flour- 
inji  mills.  The  post-office  is  in  the  village  of  Vienna.  Pop. 
6586. 

PHELPS,  a  post-offlce  in  the  S.  part  of  Ashtabula  co., 
Ohio. 

PHELPSTOWN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ing- 
ham CO..  Miihigan. 

I'lIKNG-IIOO,  fjng-hoo,  PESCADORES,  p5s-kJ-do'r?.s.  or 
THE  FISH'.'';H'S  islands,  an  island  group  in  the  channel 
of  Fo-kien,  Ciiiua  Sea,  between  the  island  of  Formosa  and 
the  mainland.  The  largest  has  a  tolerable  harbor,  and  is 
stated  to  lie  garrisoned  by  Chinese  troops. 

PIIE'NIX,  a  post-offlce  of  Kent  co.,  Rhode  Island. 

PIIEREII,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Febeb. 

PIIIAL.\,  fe-S'l3,  a  small  lake  of  Palestine,  panhalic  of  Da- 
mascus, 10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baniai.  It  is  1  mile  in  circum- 
ference, surrounded  by  wooded  hills,  and  supposed  to  be  the 
source  of  a  subterranean  affluent  of  the  Jordan. 

PIIIGALEIA  or  PHIGALIA,  fe-gd-lee/yi,  (called  after- 
wards PHI  ALIA,  fe-i-lee'J,  a  ruined  city  of  Greece,  in  Morea, 
government  of  Triphylia.  Its  remains,  on  a  precipitous  height, 
16  miles  N.E.  of  Kyparissia,  consist  of  walls,  towers,  and  a 
citadel,  presenting  orui  of  the  most  ancient  and  curious  speci- 
mens of  Grecian  military  architecture.  Within  its  walls  is 
a  part  of  the  village  of  Paalizza;  4  miles  E.  are  the  ruins  of 
a  famous  temple  of  Apollo. 

PHILADEL'PHIA,  Asia  Minor.    See  AlvShehr. 

PHILADELPHIA,  Syria.     See  Amman. 

PHILADKL'PIIIA,  a  county  in  the  extreme  S.E.  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  contains  120  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.E.  l)y  the  Delaware  River,  and  intersected  by  the 
Schuylkill,  and  by  the  Pennypack,  Tacony,  and  Wissahickon 
Creeks.  Darby  Creek  flows  along  the  W.  border.  The  sur- 
face is  level  near  the  Delaware,  and  hilly  in  the  other  parts. 
By  a  recent  act  of  the  Legislature,  the  limits  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia  (which  see)  have  been  made  co-extensive  with 
those  fif  the  county.     Pop.  565,529 

PIIIL'ADEL'PHIA.  (Fr.  P/,i/ade?p/ii>,  feeMSMSPfee';  Sp. 
and  It.  Filadeljia,  fe-li-dSl'fe-1,)  a  port  of  entry,  the  second 
city  in  the  United  States,  and  tlie  metropolis  of  Peinisyl- 
v.auia.  is  situated  between  the  Delaware  and  Schnylkill 
Rivers,  about  6  miles  aliove  their  junction,  and  (following 
the  river  and  bay)  96  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  in  39°  i."' 
N.  lat.,  and  7-5°  10'  W.  Ion.,  being  1.36  miles  N.K.  of  Washing- 
ton City,  and  87  miles  S.W.  of  ^ew  York. 

General  Aspect. — The  approach  to  Philadelphia  on  tlie  De- 
laware side  is  not  apt  to  inspire  nnich  enthusiasm,  as  the 
site  of  the  city  is  level.  The  view  tliat  is  most  likely  to  im- 
press a  stranger  is  that  whicli  meets  Iiini  on  approacliing 
from  the  N.W.,  particnlarly  from  tlie  snnimit  of  the  Inclined 
Plane,  on  Hie  old  Colnrabia  Railroad.  The  ground  ascends 
towards  the  N..  and  furnishes  beautiful  drives,  and  fine 
sites  for  villas  and  cottages,  particnlarly  on  the  banks  of  the 
Schuylkill  and  Wissahickon,  whose  beauties  liave  been  sung 
liy  Tom  Moore  and  Fanny  Kenilile.  'i'he  snbnrlis  of  West 
Philadelphia,  Hamilton,  and  Mantua  villages,  W.  of  the 
Schuylkill,  and  tlio  vicinity  of  Germantown,  N.  of  the  dense 
portion,  are  thronged  with  handsome  cottages  and  villas,  sur- 
rounded by  beautiful  grounds,  pleasantly  siiad'-d,  and  inha- 
bited by  persons  doing  business  in  the  city.  The  compact 
portion  of  Philadelphia  occupies  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
peninsula  (wliere  it  is  only  2  miles  wide)  between  the  Dela- 
ware and  Sclinylkill  Rivers,  but  widening,  somewhat  in  the 
form  of  a  druggist's  mortar,  N.  and  S.  of  Market,  its  central 
i<treet.  The  plan  of  tliis  city,  its  laid  out  by  Pcnn,  is  exceed- 
ingly regular,  consisting,  according  to  the  original  plan  of 
its  founder,  of  10  streets  running  from  river  to  i^iver,  and 
crossed  by  25  othei-s,  at  right  angles  to  them.  Market  and 
Broad  streets,  the  former  running  E.  and  \V.,  and  the  latter 
(on  the  highest  ground  between  the  rivers)  N.  and  S.,  divide 
the  plot  into  four  nearly  equal  portions — the  longest  and 
most  populous,  however,  is  E.  of  Broad  street.  About  the  cen- 
tre of  eacli  of  these  divisions,  the  wisdom  of  Penn  reserved 
an  open  space  for  a  park  or  public  square,  as  well  as  one  at 
the  intersection  of  Broad  and  Market  streets,  wliicli  is  sub- 
divided liy  that  intersection  into  4  smaller  squares.  Broad 
street  is  113  feet  wide,  Market  street  100,  and  the  other  prin- 
cipal streets  from  50  to  66  feet  in  width.  A  number  of  new 
etr  ^:U  have  been  opened,  of  various  lengths,  between  the 


PHI 

original  streets,  mostly  short,  and  often  narrow,  the  i;r'jK» 
streets  number  W.  from  the  Delaware  to  Schuylkill,  and  are 
named  Front,  Second.  Third,  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh, 
Eighth,  &c.  The  plan  of  the  old  city  is  continued  into  the 
newer  portions,  both  N.  and  S.,  but  with  considerable  varia- 
tions, caused  in  part  by  tlie  widening  of  the  space  between 
the  rivers,  and  partly  by  caprice  Imving  marked  out  tne 
highways  before  tlie  city  had  extended  itself  beyond  its  ori- 
ginal limits.  There  are,  iiowever,  in  the  suburbs,  soma 
very  spacious  avenues  and  streets,  particularly  in  the  N. 
districts.  The  densely-inhabited  portion  of  Philadelphia 
extendi!  about  5  miles  on  the  D'laware,  from  Southwark  N. 
to  Richmond,  (formerly  Port  Richmond.)  and  2  miles  on  the 
Schuylkill,  covering  an  area  of  about  9  square  miles.  The 
great  l)ulk  of  the  business  is  transacted  between  A'ine  and 
Sprticestreets,E.  of  Ninth  street;  but  tlie  locus  of  thisbu.si- 
uess  is  in  Market  and  Chestnut,  E.  of  Ninth  street,  and  her< 
are  the  Exchange,  Custom-House,  Post-Offlce,  tlie  nio.st 
important  banks,  insurance  offices,  warehfiuses,  stores,  &c. 
Third  street  now  rivals  Market  street,  both  in  the  extent 
of  business  done,  and  in  its  noble  stores,  offices,  and  ware- 
liouses.  This  street,  between  Market  and  Walnut,  i.s  tlio 
brokers'  and  money-dealers'  quarter.  The  liishionalle 
quarter,  "par  excellence."  is  S.  of  Market  street  and  W. 
of  Seventh  street;  but  Walnut  street  is  the  "ton  "  street 
of  the  (iuarter.  This  region  is  tlironged  with  spacious  and 
elegant  residences,  built  of  sandstone,  granite,  marble,  and 
fine-i)ressed  or  stuccoed  brick,  giving  abundant  evidence 
of  affluence,  taste,  and  luxurious  ease  and  comfort.  Arch 
street,  N.  of  Market,  is  one  of  the  widest  streets  in  the 
cit}',  and  is,  perliaps,  not  inferior  to  any  in  point  of  archi- 
tecture and  the  respectability  of  its  residences. 

Public  S'fuares. — There  is .  but  one  pai-k  (Independence 
Square,  in  the  rear  of  the  State-House)  or  public  square  in 
the  dense  part  of  the  city,  besides  the  five  enumerated  iu 
the  general  plan,  of  much  iraportiuice.  Beyond  the  Fair- 
mount  water-works  (themselves  forming  a  lino  promenade, 
witli  an  extensive  view  from  the  basin)  on  Lemon  Hil' 
(formerly  Pratt's  Garden,  and  once  the  residence  of  Robert 
Morris,  of  Revolutionary  renown)  a  beautiful  park  has 
recently  been  laid  out.  The  grounds  are  extensive,  and 
possess  a  great  variety  of  surface,  affording  delightlul 
drives,  and  commanding  picturesque  views  of  the  scenery 
of  the  Schuylkill.  The  squares  within  the  city  cover  each 
an  extent  of  from  6  to  8  acres,  are  enclosed  by  tasteful  iron 
railings,  beautifully  laid  out,  and  planted  with  a  great 
variety  of  trees.  Six  of  tliese  squares  are  named  respect- 
ively Washingt(m,  Rittenhouse,  Penn,  Logan,  Franklin,  and 
Jefferson  Franklin  Square  has  a  fintt  fountiiln  and  basin, 
with  40  jets  of  water. 

I'uhlic  and  other  Buildings  remarlable  for  their  Architec- 
ture.— Philadelphia  possesses,  in  Girard  College,  situated 
about  2  miles  N.W.  of  the  State-House,  the  finest  specimen 
of  Grecian  architecture  in  the  United  States,  if  not  of  mo- 
dern times.  It  is  in  the  Corinthian  style,  the  cella  or  main 
body  of  the  building  being  169  feet  in  length,  by  111  in 
width,  surrounded  l)y  a  magnificent  colonnade  of  34  columns 
55  feet  high  and  6  feet  in  diameter.  This  colonnade  extends 
the  building  to  a  length  of  218  feet,  and  a  breadth  of  160 
tcet.  The  height  is  97  feet.  This  edifice  is  entirely  fire- 
proof, tlie  outer  walls,  staircases,  floors,  and  roof  being  con- 
structed of  marble,  and  the  inner  walls  ol  brick.  Tliere  are 
two  additional  buildings  on  each  side  of  the  main  structure, 
all  of  marble,  and  each  125  feet  long  by  52  feet  wide,  and  two 
stories  high.  A  sixth  building  has  recently  been  erected 
for  water  purposes,  baking,  washing,  drying,  and  as  a  labo' 
ratory.  The  whole  is  surrounded  liy  a  plain  stone  wall,  10 
feet  high,  and  enclosing  41  acres  of  laud,  half  of  which  is 
laid  out  in  gardens,  &c.,  and  the  rest  in  grass-plots,  jday- 
ground,  and  gravel-wallis.  The  entire  cost  of  buildings, 
wall,  and  embellishments  of  the  grounds,  was  $1,933,>-21.78. 
Mr.  Girard,  who  made  this  magnificent  bequest,  was  a  native 
of  France,  who  came  poor  and  friendless  to  Philadelphia  in 
boyhood,  and  by  industry  and  good  management  accumu- 
lated a  fortune  of  several  millions,  tlie  greater  portion  of 
which  he  left  to  tlie  city  for  the  erection  and  endowment  of 
the  Girard  College  for  Orphans,  and  for  improving  the  city 
in  various  ways.  The  next  most  prominent  public  building 
is  the  Custom-House,  (formerly  the  United  States  Bank.)  a 
fine  Doric  structure  on  Chestnut  street,  built  on  a  raised 
platform  161  feet  long  by  87  w  ide,  and  ornamented  on  both 
the' Chestnut  and  Library  street  fronts  by  a  noble  colonnade 
of  8  fluted  Doric  columns  27  feet  high  and  4J4  in  diameter. 
This  edifice  cost  about  8600,000.  The  great  liall  is  81  feet 
long  by  48  wide,  and  ornamented  liy  Ionic  columns  sup- 
porting a  semicircular  ceiling.  There  are  a  number  of  other 
buildings  connected  with  the  collection  of  the  customs, 
w-arehousing,  &c.,  on  Second,  Dock,  and  Granite  streets. 
The  United  States  Mint,  extending  from  Ciufitnut  street  to 
Olive  street,  fronts  120  feet  on  Chestnut  street,  the  centre 
of  wliicli  is  occupied  by  a  portico  62  feet  long,  supported  by 
6  Ionic  columns.  There  is  a  similar  portico  on  Olive  street. 
The  entire  depth  to  Olive  street  is  about  220  feet,  the  whole 
enclosing  a  square  or  oblong  court.  The  building  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.    The  Merchants'  Exchange,  at 

1475 


PHI 

the  intersection  of  Walnut,  Third,  and  Dock  streets,  con- 
structed of  miirble.  is  about  114  feet  on  Walnut,  and  95  feet 
on  Third  street.  Tlie  Third  street  front  has  a  recessed  portico 
with  4  Corinthian  columns.  Towards  Dock  street  is  a  semi- 
circular colonnade  of  8  pillars,  in  the  same  st^'le,  presenting 
a  fine  appearance  to  one  approaching  from  the  K.  The 
semi-rotunda,  with  a  part  of  the  main  building,  constitutes 
the  great  hall  of  the  Exchange,  which  is  also  a  reading- 
room.  The  remainder  of  the  building  is  let  out  for  insur- 
ance offices,  &c.  The  State-House,  a  plain  brick  building 
of  small  architectural  pretensions,  but  of  venerable  aspect, 
situated  on  tlie  Chestnut  street  front  of  Independence 
Square,  between  Fifth  and  Sixth  streets,  is  among  the  first 
places  sought  out  by  intelligent  visitors  to  Philadelphia. 
It  was  erected  between  the  years  1729  and  1734.  In  tlie  JG. 
room  of  this  structure  sat  tlie  Congress  that  issued,  July  4, 
1776,  that  great  American  Magna  Charta,  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  which  has  made  this  hall  historical -— a 
cherished  object  with  Philadelphians,  and  a  national  politi- 
cal shrine.  Though  plain  in  its  exterior,  its  heavily  wain- 
scoted walls  and  quaint  carvings  give  it  an  interest  in  our 
country,  where  everything  is  so  new,  independent  of  its 
historical  interest.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  steeple,  in  which 
are  a  clock  and  a  bell,  rung  on  the  occurrence  of  fires  and 
remarkable  events.  In  tlie  whigs  are  the  county  offices. 
On  the  first  floor  is  Independence  Hall,  and  on  the  second, 
the  chambers  now  occupied  for  the  meeting  of  the  Select 
and  Common  Councils.  In  the  same  square,  on  Sixth  and 
Chestnut  streets,  is  a  brick  building,  (in  which  Congress 
met  after  the  adoption  of  the  present  Constitution,)  now 
occupied  as  court  rooms.  At  the  other  extremity  of  the 
square,  in  Fifth  and  Chestnut  streets,  is  an  exactly  similar 
building,  in  which  are  the  Mayor's  and  other  city  offices. 
The  Musical  Fund  Hall  is  a  capacious  building,  said  to  be 
the  best  adapted  to  concerts  of  any  room  in  the  country. 
It  will  seat  about  2.300  persons.  Conceit  Hall,  devoted  to 
similar  purposes,  has  a  fine  front  of  sandstone.  The  late 
Commissioners"  Hall,  Spring  Garden,  has  a  fine  portico  of  6 
Corinthian  columns,  and  is  .surmounted  by  a  steeple  or- 
nately carved,  containing  a  fire-bell  and  clock.  On  the 
Dohiware  Hiver,  about  IJ^  miles  S.E.  of  the  State-House,  is 
the  United  States  Navy  Yard,  occupying  an  area  of  12  acres. 
In  this  yard  are  two  large  sluji-houses,  respectively  210  and 
270  feet  long,  in  which  have  been  built  some  of  the  finest 
vessels  in  the  navy;  among  others,  the  Pennsylvania,  the 
largest  man-of-war  in  the  world.  There  is  a  Sectional  Float- 
ing Dock  at  this  yard,  which  cost  SS13,742.  }i  early  oppo- 
site to  the  Navy  Yard,  on  the  SchuylkillRiver,  is  the  United 
States  Naval  Asylum,  a  fine  structure  of  white  marble,  com- 
posed of  a  centre  and  two  wings,  the  whole  presenting  a 
front  of  380  feet.  The  centre  building,  which  is  175  by  142 
feet,  is  ornamented  by  an  Ionic  colonnade  of  8  columns. 
The  whole  is  surrounded  by  beautifully  laid  out  gi'ounds, 
occupying  an  area  of  25  acres. 

ir/((!a<res.— Philadelphia  possesses  one  of  the  largest  edi- 
lices  in  the  United  states  devoted  to  dramatic  representa- 
tions ;  this  structure — the  Academy  of  Music — has  a  front 
of  140  feet  on  Broad,  and  a  flank  of  238  feet  on  Locust  street. 
Tlio  first  story  on  Broad  street  is  of  bro  wnstone,  ornamented 
with  heads  of  Thalia,  Terpsichore,  Apollo,  Kuterpe,  and 
Melpomene;  the  rest  of  the  building  is  of  pressed  brick, 
with  brownstone  dressings.  The  auditorium  will  seat  3000 
persons.  The  New  Chestnut  Street  Theatre,  and  the  Walnut 
and  Arch  Street  Tlieatres,  the  City  Museum  in  Callowhill 
street,  are  the  other  principal  places  devoted  to  theatrical 
entertainments. 

Stores,  Warehouses,  <£e. — To  omit  all  notice  of  the  struc- 
tures devoted  in  this  commercial  country  to  purposes  of 
trade,  would  be  to  do  great  injustice  to  some  of  its  finest 
architectural  ornaments.  I'hiladelphia  and  New  Y'ork 
abound  in  edifices  of  this  character,  such  as  astonish  for- 
eigners accustomed  to  the  gloomy  and  dingy  warehouses 
of  Europe,  often  in  narrow  and  dark  lanes  and  alleys.  As 
the  stranger  approaches  I'hiladelphia  on  the  Delaware  side, 
one  of  the  first  objects  that  strikes  his  attention  is  the 
tower  (133  feet  high)  of  Jayne's  eight-story  Quincy  granite 
building,  with  a  front  of  mixed  Moorish  anil  Spanish  orders, 
in  Chestnut  street,  below  Third.  Immediately  adjoining  it 
are  5  six-story  stores  of  the  same  material.  But  not  to 
enter  into  detailed  descriptions,  there  are,  in  the  business 
parts  of  Market.  Cliostnut,  and  Walnut  streets,  and  in  the 
cross  streets  in  that  portion  of  the  city,  a  large  number  of 
insurance,  canal,  and  railroad  companies'  offices,  besides  a 
multitude  of  stores,  with  ornamenteil  fronts,  a  large  portion 
of  which  are  of  granite,  marble-,  sjindstone,  or  iron,  in  dif- 
ferent styles  of  architecture— Tuscan.  Byzantine,  Grecian, 
and  even  Egyptian.  Chestnut  street  is  the  fashionable 
pi-oraenade,  and  here  are  of  course  the  finest  shojis  or  stores, 
with  their  plate-glass  windows  crowded  with  jewelrv.  por- 
celain, and  glassware,  and  every  article  of  fashionable  or 
rosf  ly  fabric  to  tempt  the  fancy  of  the  purchaser,  or  to  lure 
the  thoughtless  into  prodigal  expenditure.  In  this  street 
are  the  Miigonic  Hall,  of  red  sandstone,  in  a  fine  style  of 
Gothic;  the  Continental  Hotel,  at  the  corner  of  Chestnut 
and  Ninth,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  admirably  furnished 
1*76 


PHI 

hotels  in  the  United  States :  the  Girard  House,  with  its  im- 
posing sandstone  front  of  six  stories;  the  splendid  block  of 
buildings  at  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  Chestnut,  with  white 
marble  front,  west  of  the  Continental  Hotel;  Caldwell's 
jnarble  jewelry  store;  the  Assembly  Buildings ;  the  .Acad- 
emy of  Fine  Arts ;  the  Sunday-school  Uuion's  new  building, 
with  its  ornamental  front  of  Quincy  gi-anite;  Simes"  taste- 
ful structure  of  Pictou  stone;  Concert  Hall,  and  the  United 
States  Mint — ^wliich  brings  us  to  Broad  street,  where  the 
fashionable  promenade  at  present  terminates. 

Hotels. — Philadelphia  has  always  been  celebrated  for  the 
comfort,  neatness,  and  excellence  of  the  fare  other  hotels; 
though  till  recently  more  attention  has  been  paid  to  inter- 
nal comforts  than  to  external  display.  In  iuldition  to 
those  mentioned  above,  the  Washington  House,  the  Ameri- 
can, and  Markoe  Houses,  all  in  Chestnut  street,  the  Union 
and  Ashland  in  Arch,  La  Pierre  (a  tasteful  edifice)  in 
Broad  street,  and  the  Merchants'  in  Fourth,  may  all  be 
termed  first-class  hotels.  Besides  which,  there  are  a  large 
number  of  second-class  hotels. 

Churches  andKiliiiious  Institutions. — Philadelphia  abounds 
in  places  of  worship,  and  contained  in  1865  about  365 
edifices,  devoted  to  religious  services,  of  which  34  were 
Baptist ;  3  Congregationalds ;  4  Dutch  Reformed ;  5  Evan- 
gelical Association;  14  Friends';  8  German  Reformed;  7 
Jews;  15  Lutheran;  4  Mariners;  59  Methodist  Episcopal; 
5  New  Jerusalem;  76  Presbyterian;  65  Protestant  Epis- 
copal; 34  Roman  Catholic;  18  Colored;  be.--ides  a  number 
belonging  to  minor  denominations.  Hecontly  a  number 
of  costly  and  highly  ornamented  churches  have  been, 
and  are  now  being  erected.  The  largest  and  most  costly 
of  these,  the  Catholic  church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
on  Logan  Square,  is  of  the  Roman  style,  in  the  form  of 
a  cross,  and  constructed  of  red  sandstone;  the  front  on 
Eighteenth  street  has  4  Corinthian  columns,  60  feet  high 
and  6  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  tower  at  each  angle  of  110 
feet;  the  whole  crowned  with  a  dome,  swelling  up  to  the 
height  of  210  feet  from  the  ground,  and  surrounded  by  a 
colonnade  30  feet  high.  Next  to  this,  in  point  of  archi- 
tectural beauty,  is  perhaps  the  church  of  St.  Mark,  (Epis- 
copal.) constructed  of  a  light-red  sandstone,  with  a  tower 
and  steeple  of  exquisite  proportions,  and  of  the  same 
material.  This  church  is  150  feet  long  by  91  wide,  includ- 
ing the  tower.  Christ  church,  with  a  lofty  steeple,  is 
very  interesting  to  I'hiladelpliians,  from  its  antique  and 
quaint  style.  The  Church  of  Calvary,  (Presbyterian.)  with 
two  towers,  and  thu  Baptist  church  on  Broad  and  Arch, 
with  a  high  tower  crowned  with  a  steeple,  are  both  built 
of  sandstone.  The  other  most  remarkable  churches  are,  St. 
Stephen's,  (Episcopal,)  with  a  granite  front  and  two  towers; 
the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  at  the  corner  of  Walnut 
and  Rittenhouso  streets;  St.  Jude's,  of  sandstone;  the 
(Catholic)  Church  of  the  Assumption,  in  the  Gothic  style, 
with  two  towers,  terminated  by  spires,  also  of  sandstone; 
and  the  Presbyterian  church  on  Arch  and  Kighteenth 
streets,  with  a  dome  144  feet  high,  and  two  bell  towers, 
each  46  feet  above  the  roof.  The  Presbyterian  church. 
Arch  and  Tenth  streets;  St.  Peter's:  the"  Church  of  the 
Nativity,  and  a  Baptist  church  on  Chestnut,  and  one  on 
Fifth  street,  each  of  which  has  a  lofty  steeple.  Christ  church. 
St.  Peter's  and  St.  Stephen's  have  chimes  of  bells.  The  Pres- 
byterian Board  of  Publication  occu])y  an  elegant  store, 
of  light  stone,  in  Chestnut  street  above  Thirteenth,  and 
the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society,  530  Arch  street, 
of  brown  sandstone.  The  American  Sunday-school  Union, 
the  Pennsylvania  Bible  Society,  the  Philadelphia  Bible 
Society,  the  Female  Bible  Society,  the  Friends'  Bible  Society, 
and  a  number  of  other  similar  societies,  are  the  principal 
religious  institutions. 

Cemeteries. — The  environs  in  Philadelphia  abound  in  places 
of  sepulture,  foremost  among  which,  for  beauty  of  position, 
are  the  two  cemeteries  of  North  and  South  Laurel  Hill,  situ- 
ated on  the  Schuylkill  River,  4  miles  N.W.  of  the  State 
1  louse.  The  shores  of  the  river  are  here  high  ly  picturesque, 
commanding  extensive  and  beautiful  views.  The  slopes  and 
precipices  on  the  Schuylkill  are  thickly  wooded.  The  oldest 
of  the  two.  North  Laurel  Hill,  occupies  about  "25  acres,  and 
is  crowded  with  splendid  mausoleuiiis.  It  is  entered  by  an 
imposing  gateway,  in  the  Doric  stylo,  immediately  in  front 
of  which,  on  rising  ground,  in  an  alcove,  is  Thorn's  group, 
representing  Old  Mortality,  his  pony,  and  Sir  Walter  Scott. 
South  Liiurel  Hill  is  very  similar  in  the  character  of  its 
grounds,  and  contains  about  30  acres  It  is  separated  by 
an  intervening  country  seat  from  North  Laurel  Hill.  Wood- 
land Cemetery,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  between 
Market  street  and  Gr.iy's  Ferry  bridges,  occupies  an  area  of 
about  SO  acres,  adorned  most  pleasantly  with  alternate  hill 
and  dale,  and  with  a  Viiriety  of  trees  of  venerabh,-  growth  and 
umbrageous  extent.  Besides  these  are  Mount  Vernon 
Cemetery,  entrance  on  Ridge  avenue;  the  Odd  Fellows' 
Cemetery,  of  32  acres,  with  an  imposing  Egyptian  gateway. 
2  miles  N.  of  the  city;  Glenwood,  adjoining  it,  of  21  acreii'; 
Monument  Cemetery,  on  Broad  street,  with)  a  a  mili-  OJ 
the  city,  and  a  number  of  smaller  cemeteries  beyoi  d  thj 
bounds  of  the  dense  populatior 


PHI 

Watir-  Whrl-s. — Fairmount  Water-Works,  situated  on  the 
Schuylkill  River,  about  2  miles  N.W.  of  the  State  House, 
were,  previous  to  the  erecticju  of  the  Croton  works,  in  New 
York,  the  envy  of  tlie  otlior  cities  of  the  Union — Pliiladelphia 
having  been  for  a  lonu  time  the  only  city  in  the  United  States 
Bupplied  with  water  in  this  way — and  are  still  justly  the 
pride  aad  boast  of  Philadelphia,  not  more  for  their  utility 
than  for  the  picturesque  attractions  of  the  place.  It  would 
perhaps  be  difficult  to  point  out  anywhere  a  spot  concentrat- 
ing in  the  same  space  .«o  many  elements  of  the  beautiful  and 
pitturesque.  The  rugjiedness  of  tlie  native  rock ;  the  view  of 
the  adjacent  river  and  falls ;  Fairmount  with  its  four  reser- 
voirs resembling  so  many  silver  lakes;  the  tiowera  and  rich 
verdure  of  the  level  plat  and  of  the  hillsides,  added  to  the 
sparkling  play  of  numerous  fountains  with  which  the 
grounds  are  adorned,  all  combine  to  form  a  landscape  of  ex- 
quisite and  almost  unequalled  beauty.  The  present  works 
were  commenced  in  1S19,  by  the  erection  of  a  dam  across  the 
Schuylkill,  1248  feet  in  length,  and  in  some  places  30  feet 
deep  below  high  water.  This  water  is  turned  into  a  forebay 
419  feet  long  and  90  feet  wide,  from  whence  it  falls  upon  and 
turns  8  wheels  from  16  to  18  feet  in  diameter,  (and  4  tur- 
bine wheels,)  each  having  its  separate  pump,  with  power 
sufficient  to  raise  1,.500,0U0  gallons  in  24  hours.  The  water 
is  elevated  92  feet,  into  4  reservoirs,  on  tlie  top  of  a  partly 
natural  elevation  (but  in  some  parts  raised  40  feet  above 
the  original  hill)  immediately  at  the  works,  and  which 
gives  them  their  name.  These  reservoirs  contain  in  the  ag- 
gregate 26,896,636  gallons,  and  when  full  have  12'^  feet 
depth  of  water,  and  have  supplied  as  much  as  8,850.000  gal- 
lons in  one  day.  Connected  with  these  works  is  a  reservoir 
on  Corinthian  avenue  which  contains  37,o00,000  gallons. 
The  old  city,  and  districts  soutU  of  it,  (in  which  are  laid  125 
miles  of  pipe,)  are  supplied  from  these  works.  The  total 
cost,  including  laying  pipes,  i'c,  up  to  1854,  was  $3,291,405. 
The  former  districts  of  Spring  Garden  and  Northern  Liber- 
ties are  supplied  from  steam-works,  located  about  a  mile 
above  Fairmount.  The  reservoir,  which  is  adjacent  to  the 
N.W.  angle  of  the  grounds  of  Girard  College,  is  capable  of 
containing  9,800,0u0  gallons  of  water,  and  has  supplied 
nearly  5,000,000  gallons  in  24  hours.  These  works  were 
erected  in  1845,  at  a  cost  of  $159,074.65.  Kensington,  an- 
other N.  suburb,  has  similar  works  on  the  Delaware  River. 
The  water-rents  of  all  the  works  for  1864  was  $610,112. 
The  total  amount  supplied  by  the  three  works,  in  1864,  was 
9,787,130,049  gallous.  The  average  amount  used  per  diem 
in  1804  was  25  million  gallons. 

Gas- Works. — The  gas-works  are  only  surpassed  by  the 
water-works  in  the  increased  comfort  they  bestow  on  the 
city.  Resides  the  old  city  gas-works  at  the  Market-street 
Bridge,  on  the  Schuylkill,  with  S  gas-holders  of  50,  2  of  SO, 
and  1  of  140  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  gas-works  on  the 
Schuylkill  below  Grays  Ferry  Bridge,  with  a  g;isometer  of 
160  feet  in  diameter,  and  90  feet  high,  there  are  the  gas- 
works in  the  former  districts  of  Spring  Garden,  Northern 
Liberties,  :ind  Kensington.  Connected  with  the  Philadel- 
phia gas-works  there  were  at  the  end  of  1864,  459  miles  of 
main  pipes  and  140  miles  of  service  pipes.  The  whole 
number  of  public  lamps  lighted  with  gas,  was  7,:>51;  and 
the  number  of  burners,  public  and  private,  was  about 
595,000.  The  quantity  of  gas  manufactured  in  the  year 
was  794,676,000  cubic  feet. 

Prisons  and  Penal  Institutions. — The  Eastern  State  Peni- 
tentiary, situated  on  Coates'  street,  about  1'}^  miles  N.W. 
of  the  Stivte  House,  occupies  an  area  of  about  11  acres,  en- 
closed by  a  wall  30  feet  high.  The  front  is  in  castellated 
style,  built  of  dressed  stone,  and  contains  the  apartments 
of  the  officers  of  the  prison.  An  octagonal  building  occu- 
pies the  centre  of  the  grounds,  from  which  radiate  wings, 
with  a  row  of  cells  on  each  side,  and  a  passage-way  which 
traverses  the  whole  length  of  each  wing.  For  statistics  of 
the  ponitentiaries,  see  Public  Institutions  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  I'hiladelphia  County  Pris  in  is  situated  about  114  miles 
S.W.  of  the  Stato  House,  and  has  a  massive  front  of  Quincy 
granite,  in  the  Tudor  style  of  English  Gothic.  Adjoining 
is  the  female  department,  with  a  front  of  sandstone,  in  the 
Egyptian  style.  The  male  department  has  408  separate 
cells,  and  the  female  100,  besides  an  infirmary,  and  apart- 
ments for  the  keepers.  This  prison  is  used  for  the  purposes 
of  a  penitentiary  as  well  as  a  county  jail  and  work-house. 
Tliere  were  14,067  commitments  in  the  year  1864.  There  are 
two  houses  of  refuge  in  Philadelphia  for  the  reformation  of 
juvenile  delinquents,  one  for  white,  and  the  other  for  colored 
children,  both  under  the  direction  of  the  same  board  of 
managers.  New  and  separate  edifices,  embracing  most  of 
the  imiirovements  desirable  in  such  structures,  have  re- 
cently been  erected  near  Girard  College;  the  white  refuge, 
with  accommod;itions  for  500  youths,  and  the  colored,  for 
250.  In  January.  1863,  there  were  in  the  white  department 
246  boys  and  80  girls— total  326.  At  the  same  period,  91 
boys  and  45  girls  were  confined  in  the  colored  department, 
rhe  number  in  both  institutions,  January  1,  1863,  was  462. 
The  labor  of  the  boys  produced  $8270:  the  revenue  for  the 
year  was  S51,642;  expenditures,  $39,788  for  maintenance; 
and  $7229  for  debts  paid. 


PHI 

Almshouses. — The  almshouse  for  the  city  of  Philadelphia 
is  situated  S.  of  .Market  street  Bridge,  on  the  W.  side  of  tho 
Schuylkill  River.  This  immense  pile  of  buildings  is  ot 
stone,  roughcast,  constructed  in  a  rectangular  form,  with 
a  front  of  500  feet  on  the  Schuylkill,  and  occupying  and  en- 
closing about  10  acres  of  ground.  The  Schuylkill  front 
has  a  centre  building,  ornamented  by  a  Tuscan  portico  of 
6  columns,  30  feet  high  and  5  in  diameter.  The  average 
nimiber  of  inmates  for  1864  was  2455;  greatest  number  it 
any  one  month,  (in  December,)  2719.  In  January,  1864, 
there  were  2576  inmates.  The  children's  asylum,  attached 
to  this  institution,  received  duiing  the  year  1864,  1897  chil- 
dren ;  the  insane  department,  390.  The  Friends'  Almhou.->6 
is  supported  by  the  society  whose  name  it  beai's,  for  the  use 
of  its  own  poor. 

Benevolent  and  Charitable  Institutions. — .^mong  the  be- 
nevolent institutions,  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  claims  a 
prominent  place.  It  was  founded  in  1752,  and  occupies  a 
square  of  ground  between  Pine  and  Spruce  streets,  and  be- 
tween Eighth  and  Ninth.  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  con- 
sisting of  a  centre,  connected  with  two  wings  by  long  wards. 
The  entire  length  of  the  main  building  is  282  feet,  besides 
which  there  are  vfirious  out-buildings,  and  much  open 
space,  shaded  by  lofty  sycamores  and  planted  with  flowers. 
In  the  centre  of  the  grounds,  in  the  S.  front,  is  a  bronze 
statue  of  William  Penn.  In  1841,  the  insane  patients  were 
removed  to  a  newly-erected  hospital,  2  miles  W.  of  the 
Schuylkill  River,  since  which  time  the  city  hospital  has 
been  wholly  devoted  to  those  afllicted  with  bodily  ailments. 
Of  such,  2020  were  treated  in  1864-5,  1330  of  which  were 
surgical  cjises.  Of  the  patients  admitted,  1078  were  for- 
eigners. Admitted  since  the  establishment  of  the  hospital, 
75,408.  The  hospital  is  open  for  the  reception  of  persons 
who  have  been  iiyured  by  accidents,  if  brought  to  the  house 
within  24  hours,  provided  they  have  occurred  within  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania.  Eleven  physicians  are  in  daily  attend- 
ance, four  of  whom  are  surgeons,  and  three  reside  in  the 
house.  Not  tamong  the  least  of  the  advantages  of  this  insti- 
tution are  the  clinical  lectures,  which  are  delivered  twice  a 
week,  and  which  are  annually  attended  by  more  than  300 
students,  who  have  access  to  it  on  paying  the  small  fee  of 
$10,  which  goes  to  increa.se  the  library  of  the  hospital, 
already  numbering  about  12,00u  volumes.  The  insane  de- 
partment, before  referred  to,  is  located  on  a  fine  farm  of 
111  acres,  4  miles  W.  of  the  State  House,  and  near  3  from 
the  Schuylkill,  and  comprises  a  centre  building  and  two 
wings,  constructed  of  stone,  roughcast,  and  presenting  a 
front  of  436  feet.  Besides  this,  in  different  parts  of  the 
grounds,  which  are  ornamented  and  furnished  with  arbors,  | 
circular  railroads,  ten-pin  alleys,  Ac,  are  lodges  for  the 
more  noisy  and  violent  patients.  Since  its  sejiarate  estab- 
lishment, this  depai-tmeut  has  received  4386  patients,  and 
9183  since  its  foundation.  Total,  in  both  hospitals  of  every 
class  since  1752,  79,794  patients;  treated  during  the  ye.ir, 
2503.  Wills'  Hospital,  for  diseases  of  the  eye  and  limbs,  has 
extended  relief  to  2000  persons,  since  going  into  operation 
in  1834,  besides  out-door  relief.  The  Preston  Retreat  was 
built  from  a  fund  left  by  Jonas  Preston,  M.D.,  in  iy.ii'-,  to 
found  a  Lying-in  Hospitiil;  but  the  funds  not  being  imme- 
diately available,  it  was  for  a  number  of  years  occupied  as 
a  Foster  Home,  where  poor  children  were  clothed,  led  and 
instructed.  At  present,  however,  it  is  fulfilling  its  original 
design ;  and  being  veiy  amply  endowed,  it  promises  to  be 
one  of  the  most  useful  and  successful  of  all  our  charitable 
institutions.  The  Society  for  the  Employment  and  In- 
struction of  the  Poor  gives  temporary  lodging  and  boarding 
to  the  destitute,  furnislies  free  baths,  and  dispenses  soup  and 
medicines.  Connected  with  the  institution  is  a  ragged  school, 
work-rooms,  and  a  store  for  the  sale  of  provisions  at  cost 
prices.  There  are  4  dispensaries  in  Philadelphia,  viz.,  the 
Philadelphia  Dispensary,  (which  had  10,665  patients  under 
care  in  1864;)  the  Northern  Dispensary  (with  which  is  con- 
connected  a  lying-in  department),  13,715 ;  and  in  1865,  up- 
wards of  15,000 ;  the  Southern  Dispensary  had  in  1865, 4374 ; 
and  the  Catherine  Street  Dispensary,  under  the  care  of  the 
Society  for  the  Employment  and  Instruction  of  the  Poor,  had 
in  1 864, 3456  patients  under  its  care.  The  Pennsylvania  In- 
stitution for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind,  had  180  pupils  in 
December,  1862, 155  of  whom  were  from  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  Orphans"  Asylum  instructs  and lares  for  about 
100  orphans.     The  Widows'  Asylum  has  about  60  inmates. 

J'he  Pennsylvania  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  had  1^2  pupils  in 
January,  1863,  of  whom  144  were  supported  by  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  City  Hospital,  at  Bush  Hill,  was  esta- 
blished in  1818,  as  a  Pest  Hospital,  and  is  always  in  order  to 
receive  persons  afflicted  with  infectious  diseases.  The  St. 
Josephs  IIo.>pital(Catholic)hascapacity for60patients.  The 
Hospital  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  in  Kensington, 
receives  patients  irrespective  of  sect.  The  Friends  have  an 
Asylum  for  the  Insane,  near  Frankford.  Christ  Church  Hos- 
pital is  for  the  relief  of  indigent  females  of  the  Episcopal 
Church.  The  St.  John's  Orphan  Asylum  (Catholic),  2}^  miles 
N.W.  of  Market  street  Bridge,  has  acconmiodations  tor  -50 
orphans.  The  St.  Joseph's  Female  Orphan  Asylum,  (also 
Catholic,)  corner  of  Spruce  and  Seventh  streets,  accommo- 

1477 


PHI 

dates  abff  it  lOfl  orphans.  There  are  three  Magdalen  Asj-- 
luins  viz.,  the  M  igdalen  Asylum,  in  Tweuty-flrstiihove  Race 
street  foundcil  in  1800.  2.  The  House  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd I  Catholic) ;  and  3.  The  Rosine  Asylum,  at  No.  201  North 
Eighth  street,  established  in  1849.  Since  its  opening,  some 
iiOU  women  have  been  inmates  of  the  house,  of  whom  many 
pave  been  restored  to  their  friends,  others  furnished  witli 
places,  and  some  miirried  respectably.  The  Colored  Orphan 
Asylum,  in  Thirteenth  street,  maintains  and  educates  about 
■0  colored  orphans,  till  places  are  procured  for  them.  The 
Union  benevolent  Association  divides  itsell  into  committees, 
which  search  out  the  abodes  of  ^vretchedness.  and  adminis- 
ter relief.  Besides  those  mentioned,  are  the  Provident 
Society,  the  Northern  Association  for  the  Relief  and  Em- 
ployment of  Poor  Women;  the  Northern  Home  for  Friend- 
less Children ;  the  Union  School  and  Cliildren's  Home  re- 
ceives about  120  children  annually ;  the  t'onp  Societies  and 
City  Trusts,  various  Beneficial  Associations,  the  Humane 
Society  for  the  Recovery  of  l>rowned  Persons,  the  Prison 
Society,  the  Colonization  Society,  various  Abolition  Socie- 
ties.Odd  Fellows'  and  Free  Masons'  Associations,St.  George's, 
St.  Andrew's,  St.  Patrick's,  St.  David's,  and  other  foreign 
benevolent  associations,  St.  Anns  Widow's  Asylum,  (Catho- 
lic )  Roman  Catholic  Benevolent  Society,  (an  a-ssociation  of 
ladies.)  and  the  Grandam  Institute,  for  the  supply  of  wood 
to  the  poor. 

Libraries,  Oilleges,  Schools,  ami  Literary  Institutes. — 
Philadelphia  had  long  the  honor  of  possessing  the  largest 
library  in  the  United  States.  But  now  the  Philadelphia 
Library  is  surpassed  in  this  respect  by  the  Library  of  Har- 
vard College,  and  the  Astor  Library  in  New  York.  It  occu- 
pies a  plain  brick  edifice  in  Fifth  street  below  Chestnut, 
and  was  founded  through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Franklin, 
(whose  statue  adorns  a  niche  in  front,)  in  1731.  The  Phila- 
delphia and  Logivnian  Libraries  are  in  the  same  building, 
and  have,  united,  about  80,000  volumes.  Strangers  are  al- 
lowed the  use  of  books  while  in  the  building.  Opposite  to 
the  Philadelphia  Library  are  the  rooms  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  which  also  owed  its  origin  to  Dr. 
Franklin,  in  1743.  It  has  enrolled  among  its  members  the 
names  of  some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the  United 
States,  and  has  had  Franklin  and  Jefferson  for  presidents. 
It  has  a  library  of  20,000  volumes,  and  an  extensive  cabinet 
of  medals,  coins,  &c.,  and  a  large  collection  of  maps,  charts, 
and  engravings.  The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania 
holds  its  meetings  in  the  Athenaeum  building.  It  has  a 
library  of  near  2000  volumes,  and  a  collection  of  coins,  &c. 
The  Athenaeum,  with  a  fine  front  of  sandstone,  in  the 
Italian  style,  opposite  Washington  Square,  has  about  14,000 
volumes  on  its  shelves,  and  is  extensively  supplied  with 
maps,  charts,  and  periodicals.  The  Mercantile  l^ibrary,  in 
Fifth  street,  opposite  Independence  Square,  established  in 
1821  for  the  benefit  of  merchants'  clerks  and  other  j'oung 
men,  has  about  40,000  volumes,  and  is  furnished  witli 
numerous  periodicals,  both  lOuropean  and  American,  and 
with  maps,  engravings,  &c.  The  Apprentices'  Library  has 
about  21,000  volumes.  It  loaned  in  lb(>4-5  to  777  boys  and 
1051  girls.  Books  loaned  during  the  same  year,  47,517.  The 
Orthodox  Friends  have  a  library  of  about  7000  volumes,  and 
the  Hicksite  Friends  one  with  t>300  volumes.  There  are  a 
number  of  associations,  institutes,  colleges,  &c..  with  con- 
siderable libraries,  in  different  parts  of  the  city,  making  a 
total  of  about  300,000  volumes  The  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  on  Broad  street,  has  the  largest  museum  of  natural 
history  in  America.  There  are  25,000  specimens  in  orni- 
thology alone,  and  30,000  in  botany.  The  mineralogical  and 
geological  cabinets  are  also  full.  The  institution  possesses 
l>r.  -Morton's  celebrated  collection  of  crania.  The  library 
(chiefly  works  of  science)  numbers  near  20,000  volumes,  be- 
sides charts,  maps,  serials,  &c.  Many  of  these  volumes  are 
full  of  plates,  scarceand  expensive.  The  Franklin  Institute, 
for  tlie  promotion  of  manufactures  and  the  useful  arts, 
holds  an  annual  exhibition  of  American  manufactures,  and 
has  a  library  of  about  10,0<X)  volumes,chi('fly  on  scientific  sub- 
jects. Lectures  are  delivered  at  cheap  rates  every  winter,  on 
chemistry,  mechanical  philosophy,  &c.  A  monthly  journal, 
issued  by  the  Institute,  is  the  oldest  in  the  country  of  a 
similar  character.  The  Institute  has  a  valuable  cabinet  of 
molels  and  minerals.  The  Pennsvlvania  Acailemy  of  Fine 
Arts  was  established  in  1S07,  and  holds  annual  exhibitions 
in  May  and  June,  though  it  is  open  at  other  times.  In 
lu'dical  science,  Phil.idolphia  stands  first  of  the  cities  of 
America,  and  her  medical  schools  are  attended  by  students 
tr.ira  not  only  every  portion  of  the  Union,  but  even  from 
Europe,  Canada,  Mexico,  and  South  America.  The  medicid 
department  of  the  Peunsylvimia  University  is  the  oldest 
nicdjral  college  in  the  United  States,  having  been  established 
ml.  6o,  and  hag  numbered  among  its  professors  some  of  the 
most  distinguished  names  in  medical  science.  The  faculty 
consists  of  7  iirof-^ssors,  and  the  class  for  the  course  of  1865-6 
numbered  5'20  students;  average,  for  the  last  10  years,  alx)nt 
4oU.  '1  here  is  an  anatomical  museum  connected  with  this 
institution,  rich  in  illustrative  aids  for  the  student  Tot-il 
number  of  gradiates  up  to  1865  7470.  The  collegiate  de- 
partment of  tkis  univei-sity  was  established  in  1755     Its 


PHI 

alumni  numbered  about  1320  in  186.3,  and  the  students  that 
year,  121.  The  library  has  SOdO  volumes.  Connected  with 
this  university  is  also  a  law  department,  which  had  49 
students  in  1854;  the  academical  department, 74  pupils,  and 
the  cliarity  school  connected  with  the  foundation  of  the  uni- 
versity, 162  scholiirs.  The  Jefferson  Medical  College  waa 
established  in  1825.  The  faculty  consists  of  7  professors, 
and  the  class  of  lS6i-')  numbered  430  students;  the  whole 
number  of  graduates,  49: J6.  The  Female  Medical  College 
of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in  1849,  had  39  students  attend- 
ing the  class  of  1854—5.  At  the  pre.sent  time  the  number 
is  somewhat  less.  The  Eclectic  Jledical  College  of  Penn- 
sylvania was  chartered  in  1850,  and  had  in  1863,  82  stu- 
dents. The  Philadelphia  College  of  Ph.armacy  has  3  pro- 
fessors, and  was  established  for  the  instruction  of  drug- 
gists and  ajwthecaries,  its  diploma  being  considered  neces- 
sary for  a  reputable  pursuit  of  the  business  of  druggist  in 
Philadelphia. 

Public  iSchnols. — The  public  schools  of  Philadelphia  city 
and  county  form  a  separate  district,  with  a  distinct  orgiiiii- 
zation.  Twelve  public  school  directors  are  elected  from 
each  ward,  except  in  some  of  the  rural  districts,  for  3  years, 
but  so  that  four  shall  go  out  of  office  each  year.  The  school 
directors  of  each  w.ard  elect  in  turn  one  of  their  numlier 
annually  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  control  of  public 
education.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1865,  there  were  2  high 
schools,  61  grammar,  70  secondary,  190  primary,  and  53 
unclassified  schools.  Total  in  the  first  district,  376  schools, 
attended  by  74,343  pupils,  and  taught  by  84  male  and  1194 
female  teachers.  There  were  on  register  3000  children, 
■who  could  not  be  admitted  for  want  of  accommodations. 
In  1849,  night  schools,  for  minors  over  14  years  of  age  and 
for  adults,  were  first  opened,  and  were  attended  in  the 
vrinter  of  185'2-3  by  7772  pupils,  (3085  of  whom  were  of  for- 
eign birth,  and  176  married  pereons.)  These  schools  were 
open  for  about  43^months.  The  total  expenditure  for  all 
purposes  in  the  first  school  district,  for  1864,  was  $822,162, 
of  which  sum  $5'24,750  was  paid  to  teachers,  who  received 
salaries  varying  from  $300  to  $1500,  the  latter  sum  being 
generally  the  salary  of  the  principal  male  teachers  of  the 
grammar  schools,  while  the  female  principal  received  $750. 
The  Girls'  High  school,  in  Sergeant  street,  is  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  male  principal,  who  receives  $1800  salary,  and  9 
assistant  female  teachers,  with  salaries  of  S600  each,  be- 
sides a  male  music  te.icher.  Tliis  school,  whether  considered 
in  reference  to  the  qualifications  of  the  teachers,  or  the 
completeness  and  thoroughness  of  the  system  of  instruction, 
will  compare  favorably  with  the  best  institutions  of  tlie 
kind  in  our  country.  The  Boys'  High  School  has  been 
in  operation  since  1838,  and  has  sent  forth  to  the  world 
nearly  3000  young  men,  some  with  high  qualifications 
for  contributing  to  the  advancement  of  society.  This  in- 
stitution is  in  fact  a  college,  but  giving  a  more  practical 
training  than  colleges  usually  do.  The  average  number 
of  students  for  the  last  10  years  has  exceeded  500.  The 
building,  which  is  in  Broad  street  near  Green,  has  an  ob- 
servatory, furnished  with  a  powerful  telescope,  transit  in- 
strument, &c. ;  it  has  also  14  professors.  The  professors 
receive  from  .$1200  to  $1800  salary,  and  the  principjil  $2250. 
The  average  number  of  students  in  1864  was  469. 

There  are  a  few  educational  institutions  of  a  semi-public 
character,  among  which  we  may  mention,  the  Academy 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  established  in  1785 ; 
the  Theological  Seminary  of  St.  Charles  J5orromeo,  a  Cath- 
olic institution:  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  the  Visita- 
tion, also  a  Catholic  institution,  for  the  education  of- girls. 
We  place  last  the  Girard  College,  as  peculiar  in  its  nature, 
partaking  of  the  character  of  an  asylum  for  orphans,  and 
partly  of  a  school  and  college.  Orphans  are  admitted  be- 
tween the  ages  of  6  and  10,  and  remain  (according  to 
merit)  in  college  until  between  the  ages  of  14  and  18, 
when  they  are  to  be  bound  out  to  some  useful  occu]iation. 
In  the  principal  department  the  pupils  are  taught  the  use- 
ful branches  of  an  English  education,  the  French  and 
Spanish  languages,  and,  as  they  are  prepared  for  them, 
higher  branches  are  introduced.  The  average  number  of 
pupils  maintained  and  instructed  in  this  college  in  the  year 
1864,  Wilis  550  The  total  exi>eiises  for  the  'year  amounted 
to  $112,252.  The  college  officers  are  a  president,  5  male, 
and  6  female  instructors,  and  a  matron.  The  affairs  of  the 
college  are  managed  by  a  board  of  directors  apjxiinted  by 
the  city  councils.  A  School  of  Design  for  Women  has  been 
in  successful  operation. 

Philadelphia  abounds  in  private  schools  of  a  high  char- 
acter. Among  many  others  that  are  deserving  of  high  com- 
mendation, we  may  mention  the  Select  High  School,  at  IIC 
North  Tenth  street,  an  Institution  which  is  doubtless  des- 
tined to  attain  a  distinguished  reputation  under  the  difectiot 
of  its  enlightened  and  enterprising  principal,  Caleb  S.  Hat 
lowell,  late  of  Alexandria,  Virginia. 

Banl-s,  Insurance  Oljices,  (tc. — There  were  in  Pliiladel 
phia  city  in  October,  1865,  29  national  banks,  pos-^essing 
an  aggregate  capital  of  about  $15,000,000;  the  crcula- 
tion  on  the  2d  of  October.  1865,  was  $7,440,585;  about  20 
fire  insurance  companies,  besides  age/  "^i  ^  from  other  cities 


PHI 


PHI 


in  this  country  and  England.  There  are  8  savings'  banlis, 
one  of  wliich  is  an  old  and  long-tried  institution,  which 
has  done  a  vast  amount  of  good  in  the  oncouragonient 
it  has  given  to  thrift  among  the  poor ;  besides  these  there 
are  several  insurance  companies  that  receive  savings'  de- 
posits. 

Manufactures. — There  were  in  Philadelphia  in  1860,  111 
cotton  Ikctories,  employing  a  capital  of  $4,599,500,  and  7971 
hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $3,678,291,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  stuffs  and  yarn  valued  at  $7,179,540 ;  31 
woollen  factories,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of 
$1,278,300,  and  2372  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$1,786,964,  and  producing  annually  goods  valued  at 
$3,390,776;  715  manufactories  of  boots  and  shoes,  employ- 
ing capital  to  the  amountof  $1,914,975,  and  8487  hands  con- 
suming raw  material  worth  $2,043,009,  and  producing  annu- 
ally boots  and  shoes  valued  at  $5,474,587  :  50  nianulaclories 
of  carriages,  employing  a  capital  of  $577,800,  and  producing 
annually  carriages  valued  at  $1,027,271 ;  25  manufactories 
of  chemicals,  employing  a  capital  of  $2,000,500,  and  650 
hands,  and  producing  annually,  chemicals,  &c.,  valued  at 
$2,412,854 ;  344  manufactories  of  clothing,  employing  capital 
to  the  amount  of  $4,249,775,  and  14,203  hands,  consuming 
raw  material  worth  $5,071,736,  and  producing  annually, 
clothing  valued  at  $9,962,800;  6  calico  printing  works,  em- 
l)loyiiig  capital  to  the  amount  of  $864,250,  and  producing 
annually,  goods  valued  at  $2,557,388;  84  manufactories  of 
ingrain  carpets,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of  $840,900, 
and  2280  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $1,194,622, 
and  producing  annually,  carpets  valued  at  $2,001,325 ;  62 
machine shops.employing  capitiil  to  the  amount  of  $1 ,757 .800, 
and  2111  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $947,219,  and 
producing  annually,  steam  engines  ami  other  machinery 
valued  at  $2,406,006;  7  glass-works,  emi)loying  capital  to 
the  amount  of  $615,000,  and  producing  annually,  glass-ware 
valued  at  $969,000 ;  97  manufactories  of  hosiery,  ic,  em- 
ploying capitiil  to  the  amount  of  $856,460,  and  2613  hands, 
consuming  raw  material  worth  $862,015,  and  producing 
hosiery,  shirts  and  drawers  valued  at  $2,003.065 ;  51  manu- 
factories of  jewellery,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of 
$774,500,  and  producing  jewellery  valued  at  .$1,364,930:  29 
flour  and  grist-mills,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of 
$594,960,  and  producing  annually,  Jlour  and  meal  valued  at 
$2,996,696:  111  cabinet  shops,  employing  capital  to  the 
amount  of  $890,350,  and  producing  furniture  valued  at 
$1,472,690;  49  manufactories  of  soap  and  candles,  employing 
capital  to  the  amount  of  $676,83:3,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $978,171,  and  yielding  products  valued  at  $1,480,208; 
and  8  sugar-refineries,  employing  Capital  to  the  amount  of 
$l,546,000,consuraing  raw  material  worth  $4,844,950,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  sugar  valued  at  $6,356,700.  The  total 
amount  of  capital  invested  in  manufactures  in  Philadiljjhia 
was$r3,318,885;  total  number  of  hands  employed.  98,983; 
entire  annual  product,  $135,979,777.  Messrs.  Ilorstmann 
employ  some  3(X)  hands  in  the  manufacture  of  military 
and  ladies'  dress  trimmings,  and  Cornelius,  Baker  &  Co., 
several  hundred  in  the  fabrication  of  chandeliers  and  gas- 
fi.xtures.  Both  thi-se  establishmimts,  we  believe,  are  un- 
equalled, in  their  respective  branches  of  manufacture,  in 
the  United  States,  and  occupy  immense  buildin<j3  in  Cherry 
street,  in  a  good  style  of  ornamental  brickwork.  Another 
manufactory  in  Race  street,  employs  a  large  number  of 
hands  in  the  same  business  as  the  last.  Forges,  foun- 
dries, and  almost  every  species  of  iron  manufacture  abound 
in  the  suburbs  of  Philadelphia,  producing  immense  num- 
bers of steam-engines,water  and  gas-pipe3,&c.  Sugar-refining 
is  a  very  extensive  business  in  Philadelphia.  The  district  of 
Manayunk  is  almost  wholly  engaged  in  manufacture8,princi- 
pally  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  and  carpets.  In  every  part 
of  the  suburbs  is  heard  the  sound  of  the  loom;  and  in  the 
same  quarters,  in  private  families,  are  manufactured  more 
shoes  for  the  S.  and  W.  than  in  any  other  town  or  city  in 
the  United  States.  Great  quantities  of  chemicals,  medi- 
cines, paints,  &c.,  and  umbrellas  and  parasols,  are  made, 
one  house  alone  claiming  to  turnout  1000,  and  another  300 
a  day.  Carts,  wheelbarrows,  and  other  vehicles,  and  cabi- 
net furniture  are  made  and  exported  extensively  to  the 
South,  to  the  West  Indies,  and  California.  The  manufac- 
ture of  jewellery  employs  a  very  large  capifcil.  Ship-build- 
ing, to  a  large  extent  for  other  ports,  is  carried  on  here 
especially  in  steam  propellers.  64  steamers,  6  brigs,  and 
14  schooners,  were  built  here  in  the  year  ending  June  1863. 
An  immense  number  of  hands  are  employed  in  book-bind- 
ing, printing.  &c.,  and  the  upper  stories  of  warehouses,  and 
buildings  back  from  the  street,  are  thronged  with  indus- 
trious artisans. 

Oiiiimerce. — Though  Philadelphia  ranks  at  present  but 
fourth  among  the  commercial  cities  of  the  United  States  in 
.'oreign  trade,  she  is  steadily  on  the  increase  even  in  tliis 
respect,  while  her  coasting  trade  is  extending  beyond  all 
parallel.  The  number  of  foreign  arrivals  was  679  in  1852, 
and  541  in  1865.  In  the  Coasting  trade  the  arrivals  have 
increased  from  30,175  iii  l';52  to  31,705  in  1865  The  arrivals 
for  1864  were  30,262,  of  which  565  were  from  foreign  ports. 
The  tonnago  of  the  port  for  the  fiscal  year  1863  was  321,435, 


of  which  262,406  was  enrolled,  1542  licensed,  and  2g,.')ri 
registered.  The  tonnage  entered  from  foreign  ports  was 
194,443 ;  tonnage  cleared  for  foreign  ports,  201,438.  During 
the  same  year  there  entered  this  port  416  American  ves- 
sels. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  some  of  the  imports  of 
the  city  during  the  years  1863,  '64,  '65 : 


1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

1,500 
11,682 
30,307 
66,450 

1,800 
57,200 
66,800 
29,714 
34,100 

3,747 
31.532 
21,421 
576 
86,086 

2,800 
127,737 
190,316 

1,000 
47..349 
11,904 

4,090 
24,981 

3,300 
58,6S9 
36,700 
54,450 

8,100 
90,000 
110.000 
23,300 
24,600 

3.320 
37,980 

7.380 

1,250 
8.3,200 

3,200 
61,972 
377,200 

3,100 
39,151 

7,392 

1,130 
13,920 

3,130 
24,151 
47,600 
25,255 

2,870 
18,630 
20,100 
17,169 
20,800 
13,963 
38,003 

2,990 

5,719 
35,200 

2.600 
124,800 
303,130 

3,500 
59,066 
25.902 

4,727 
16,840 

Fish 

No 

Iron 

Iron b(i  Is 

Logwood 

Molasses 

tons.... 

hhds... 

Molasses 

barrels. 

Rice.^. 

Sail 

pkS'--- 

sacks.. 

Sii^ar            

S"?" 

boxes.. 

s 

hairs... 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  domestic  produce  ex- 
ported from  this  port  for  the  years  1863,  '64,  '65 : 


Flour barrels. 

Corn  Meal barrels. 

Rye  Flour barrels. 

Ship  Bread barrels. 

Wheat bush... 

Corn bush... 

C  loverseed bush . . . 

Beef tierces. 

Beef barrels. 

Fork tierces. 

rork barriils. 

Bacon pounds. 

Lard pounds. 

Candles pounds. 

Soap f pounds. 

Butter pounds. 

Cheese pounds. 

Tallow pounds. 

Coal tons.... 

Bark hhds... 


1863. 


330,853 

50,149 

1,290 

14,093 

624,075 

217,549 

24,646 

4,205 

4,222 

2.974 

13,943 

1,833,391 

6,943,639 

893,010 

345,792 

610,393 

193,339 

5,418,663 

40.762 

1,605 


ISGt. 


294,798 

34,411 

1,026 

10,439 

626,448 

83,050 

1,321 

2,784 

4,391 

6,220 

741,281 

3,443,197 

703,393 

131,732 

224.288 

93,777 

4,155.469 

8,991 

2,076 


9,702 

9,945 

137,359 

3,874 


3,036 

127,655 

800,365 

276.386 

63,250 

149,484 

5,434 

2,016,900 

17,436 

656 


Sugar  imported  during  the  years  1863,  '64,  '65 : 


Boxes. 

Hhds.  »nd  Tierces. 

Barrels. 

Bags. 

1863 

IS&l 

1865 

11.904 
7;392 
25,658 

43,055 
33,911 
58,714 

3,618 

938 

3,932 

18,076 
13,921 
16,840 

Coffee  imported  during  the  years  1862,  '63,  '64,  '65 : 


1862. 

1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

' 

Bags. 

Bags. 

Bags. 

Bags. 

Laguavra     

27,233 
17,203 

38 

1,032 

132 

60 

2 

9,185 
T66 
8 
140 
447 
363 
5 

51,716 
22,557 

1,677 

2,790 

22 

13,413 

7,600 

58 

3 

260 

2,652 
172 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Maracaibo 

Jamaica 

Port  au  Prince 

Havana 

Total  bags 

"      hhds 

"      tierces 

•*      barrels 

45,802 
2 
7 
24 

11,684 

3 

3 

116 

78,762 

6 

13 

276 

24,143 

4 

21 

124 

The  following  are  the  receipts  of  flour,  meal,  and  grain 
at  the  port  of  Philadelphia  during  the  years  1803,  '64,  '65  : 


1863. 

1864. 

1865. 

Flour barrels. 

Rye  Flour barrels. 

Corn  Meal barrels. 

Wheat bush... 

917.100 

7.015 

26,3-10 

2,909.196 

2,081,438 

2,333,000 

903,447 

5,446 

17.774 

2,465,790 

1,601,415 

1,434,670 

714.398 

9,100 

18.290 

1,802,(M0 

1,516.305 

1,527,470 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  quantity,  value,  and 
destination  of  tlie  exports  of  petroleum  from  Philadelphia 
for  the  year  1865  : 

1479 


PHI 


Grc^t  Briuin.. 

Tnice 

Hol'and 

Belgium 

Russia 

Bremen 

Hamburg 

Portugal 

Italy 

Antwerp 

Rotterdam .... 
West  Indies... 
Venezuela.... 
Brazil 

Total,  1S65., 
"  )S64. 
"      1S63. 


Gallons. 


Value. 


2.303,938 

2,169,472 

85,520 

3,459.664 

9I2,3S6 

1,045,736 

680,519 

53.836 

724.947 

378,186 

112,688 

141,155 

22.867 

12,000 


12,032,934 
7,666,925 
4,939,766 


,393,814 
875,618 
54,260 
,871,456 
477,453 
595,439 
392,204 
28,763 
410,400 
196,806 
59,665 
61,580 
16,892 


$6,441,274 
4,294,724 
1,382,080 


The  following  are  the  receipts  of  petroleum  via  railroad 
at  this  port  for  the  years  1863,  '64,  '65 : 


January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

J"iy 

August 

September..... 
October....,.., 

November 

December....' 

Total,  1865. 
"  1864. 
"      1863. 


Barrels. 


12,765 
6,790 
9,430 
16,230 
11,356 
19,370 
21,514 
15,997 
16,947 
16,256 
26.049 
29,466 


14,975 
9,715 
16,720 
12,420 
12,855 
16,329 
20,869 
39,116 
44,198 
10,980 
11,411 
28,330 


202,290 


440, 199 
420,714 
596,831 


In  1865  there  were  received  in  Philadelphia  95,450  beeves, 
6540  cows,  136,300  hogs,  and  306,000  sheep. 

The  total  value  of  exports  from  the  port  of  Philadelphia 
for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1S65,  amounted  to§ll,278,603; 
of  imports,  $7,164,744. 

The  opening  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  to  Pittsburg 
has  given  Philadelphia  the  most  direct  communication  with 
the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  greatly  increased  her  trade  with 
the  West.  Philadelphia  is  either  directly  or  indirectly  con- 
necteii  by  railway  with  the  most  important  places  in  the 
United  States,  N.  and  E.  of  Mobile.  She  has  direct  com- 
munication with  New  York  city,  Baltimore,  Harrisburg, 
Reading,  Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  &c.,  &c. 

Migcdlunefius  Statistics. — Many  handsome  and  commo- 
dious market-houses  have  been  erected  in  various  parts  of 
the  city  since  the  old  sheds  were  removed  firom  the  middle 
of  Market  street.  The  Philadelphia  market  has  long  be«i' 
celebrated  for  the  excellence  and  abundance  of  its  supplies, 
particularly  its  butter,  vegetables,  and  fruits.  Several  years 
ago  a  paid  fire  department  was  esfciblished  instead  of  the  vol- 
unteer system.  The  department  now  consists  of  89  companies, 
having  under  their  control  39  steam  fire  engines,  25  hand 
engines,  113  hose  carriages,  7  hook  and  ladder  trucks,  and 
S3  ambulances.  The  immber  of  members  of  the  fire  com- 
panies amounts  to  12,724.  Alarms  of  fire  are  signalized  and 
transmitted  from  the  nearest  station  to  the  houses  of  the 
various  companies  by  means  of  the  electric  telegraph.  The 
city  Is  divided  into  7  fire  districts,  the  whole  directed  by  a 
chief  engineer,  and  by  an  assistant  in  each  fire  district. 
There  were  during  the  year  1865,  435  fires;  the  loss  thus 
ciiused  is  estimated  at  $1,270,000,  of  which  about  381,000 
was  covered  by  insurance.  The  importance  of  tiie  police 
and  fire  alarm  telegraph  to  the  city  government  can  hardly 
be  oveistated,  and  its  operations  are  carried  on  with  less 
expense  than  any  other  department.  It  has  become  such  a 
valuable  institution,  that  it  would  be  an  utter  impossibility 
to  get  along  without  it.  In  addition  to  the  prompt  trans- 
mission of  intelligence  of  fires  and  police  matters,  the  wires 
are  made  use  of  for  other  purposes,  such  as  the  restoration 
of  lost  children,  the  recovery  of  strayed  and  stolen  animals, 
notifications  to  the  coroner,  &r..  and  in  this  manner  thou- 
8  tiids  of  the  citizens  are  benefited  every  ye.ir.  The  whole 
amount  of  rain  for  the  year  1>;65  was  561^  inches,  which  is 
li;^  inches  more  than  the  average,  or  44%  inches.  The 
greatest  annual  raiu-lall  known  in  this  vicinity  was  58 
inches  in  1859;  the  \mst  amount,  29U  inches  in  1S25.  The 
mean  t<-mperalure  of  the  year  was  55i^o  degrees,  which  is  two 
dejtrees  warmer  than  the  average  of  ttie  preceding  39  vears. 
Duriu*;  Use  year  1864,  there  occurred  15,875  deaths,  the 
greatoKt  number,  19otj,  were  in  August,  and  the  smallest 
1144,  in  0<!tober.    01  the  deaths,  648  were  by  typhoid  fever 


PHI 

641  by  cholera  infantum,  2089  by  consumption  of  the  lungs, 
357  by  diphtheria,  249  by  dysentery,  and  454  by  diarrhoea. 
Of  the  whole  number,  9388  were  children.  The  ratio  of 
deaths  to  the  population,  was  less  than  in  either  of  the  four 
great  northern  cities  of  the  United  States,  being  but  little 
more  than  half  that  of  New  York.  The  omnibus  of  former 
times  hiis  been  superseded  by  horse  railways,  which  are  laid 
in  nearly  all  the  principal  streets.  Ferry-boats  run  about 
every  five  minutes  to  Camden,  and  in  summer  every  half 
hour  to  Gloucester  and  Red  liank,  every  hour  to  Tacony 
and  Bridesburg,  several  times  a  day  to  Wilmington,  Burling- 
ton, Bristol,  and  Bordentown,  while  daily  or  tri-weekly  lines 
run  to  various  points  on  the  river  and  bay.  There  are  10 
daily  and  about  40  weeiily  newspapers,  and  44  scientific  and 
other  periodicals,  mostly  monthly  publications.  The  number 
of  aiTests  made  by  tiie  police  in  1865  was  39,179;  total  num- 
ber of  messsiges  transmitted  by  the  police  telegraph,  54,017 
The  assessed  value  of  real  estate  in  1862  was  $152,228,113, 
but  the  estimated  value  is  considerably  over  $300,000,000. 
City  tax  for  1864,  §2,933.848. 

Popttiatum.  —  If  we  except  Paris,  Philadelphia  nearly 
equals  the  largest  capitals  on  the  continent  of  Europe  in 
population,  and,  at  its  present  rate  of  increase,  will  soon 
sm-p;iss  them.  In  1684  it  had  2500  inhabitants ;  21,767  (ex- 
clusive of  the  army  and  strangers)  at  a  census  taken  by 
order  of  Lord  Cornwallis  in  1777  or  1778;  42,620  in  1790; 
70,287  in  1800;  96.2^7  in  1810;  119,325  in  1820,  (up  to  which 
period  it  was  the  largest  city  in  the  United  States;)  167,325 
in  1830;  258,037  in  1840;  408,762  in  1850;  and  565,529  in 
1860 ;  showing  an  increase  of  about  39  per  cent,  in  the  10 
years  preceding  the  census  of  1860.  Of  the  population  in 
1860,  543,344  were  white,  and  22,185  free  colored.  Total 
number  born  in  foreign  countries  169,430,  of  whom  about 
half  were  natives  of  Ireland,  and  about  one-fifth  of  Germany. 
The  peculiar  divisions  of  Philadelphia  were  formerly  such 
that  its  suburbs  h.od  a  greater  population  than  the  city 
proper,  (t.  e.  the  portion  between  Vino  and  South  streets, 
and  extending  from  the  Delaware  River  to  the  Schuylkill,) 
which  had,  in  1850,  only  121,370  inhabiUints,  while  the  dis- 
tricts of  Northern  Liberties,  Spring  Garden,  Kensington, 
Southwark,  Moyamensing,  and  West  Philadelphia,  had 
more  than  224,000.  The  different  dix-isions  having  been 
consolidated  in  1854,  the  city  now  includes  the  whole  county. 
Opposite  Philadelphia,  in  New  Jersey,  are  Camden  and 
Gloucester,  which  bear  about  the  same  relation  to  it  that 
Jersey  City  and  Hoboken  do  to  New  Y^ork. 

Gcvernment.—The  city  of  Philadelphia  is  divided  into 
26  wards.  The  legislative  powers  are  vested  in  a  select 
and  a  common  council.  The  fomitir  consists  of  1  member 
chosen  by  the  voters  of  each  ward  for  3  years ;  the  terms 
of  service  being  so  arranged  that  one-third  of  the  council 
is  renewed  annually.  The  common  council  ha.s  1  repre- 
sentative from  each  ward  for  every  2000  taxable  inhabitants, 
according  to  the  assessment  of  the  preceding  ye^ir ;  such 
representatives  being  elected  for  2  years.  The  mayor  is 
elected  by  the  popular  vote  for  3  years.  He  has  a  veto 
upon  the  legislation  of  the  councils,  which  may  be  set  aside 
by  the  votes  of  two-thii-ds  of  the  representatives  in  each 
chamber.  He  is  charged  with  the  appointment,  super- 
vision, and  removal  of  all  police  officers,  and  with  the  exe- 
cution of  the  city  ordinances.  The  police  force  consists  of 
a  chief  of  police,  fire  marshal,  chief  of  detc-ctives,  8  de- 
tectives. 7  high  constables,  18  lieutenants,  32  sergeants,  35 
telegraph  operators,  15  turnkeys,  and  728  patrolmen.  The 
other  principal  municipal  officers  are  the  city  controller 
and  city  solicitor,  elected  similarly  for  3  years,  and  the  re- 
ceiver of  taxes  and  city  treasurer,  who  are  chasen  for  2 
years.  The  funded  debt  of  the  city,  according  to  the 
annual  message  of  the  mayor,  amounted  on  the  1st  of  Jan- 
uary, 1865,  to  $28,910,484.  The  receipts  from  the  several 
departments  amounted  to  $845,468,  and  from  the  dividends 
on  investments  to  $655,264,  which,  with  the  income  from 
taxation  of  $2,933,849,  made  the  aggregate  of  $4,434,881  for 
annual  revenue  in  1864.  During  the  same  year,  the  ex- 
penses of  the  city  government,  including  interest  on  loans, 
amounted  to  $5,768,127.  The  sum  of  $6,543,501  was  dis- 
bursed in  1864  in  bounties  to  volunteers,  aid  to  their  fami- 
lies, and  in  other  charges  occasioned  by  the  war.  The  city 
derives  a  large  revenue  from  rents  of  city  property,  water, 
wharves,  markets,  <tc. 

/lislory. — Philadelphia  was  planned  and  settled  by  Wil- 
liam Penn,  accompanied  by  a  colony  of  English  Eriends  or 
Quakers,  in  1682.  after  a  regular  purchase  from  the  Indians, 
ratified  by  treaty  in  due  form.  The  name  of  Philadelphia 
(brotherly  love)  was  given  by  Penn,  both  in  reference  to  the 
ancient  city  of  that  name  in  Asia  Minor,  and  from  its  em- 
bodying principles  he  had  so  much  at  hwirt.  The  object  of 
this' celebrated  man  in  planting  this  new  colony  was,  to  use 
his  own  words,  "  to  afford  an  asylum  to  the  good  and  op- 
pressed of  all  nations,  to  frame  a  government  which  might 
be  an  example,  to  show  men  as  free  and  tts  happy  as  they  could 
be."'  Though  there  w;is  considerable  contention  between 
Penn  and  his  colony,  no  very  striking  events  occurred  even 
down  to  the  Revolution.  The  first  Congress  preparatory  to 
that  event  met  in  Carpenters'  Hall,  a  building  still  standing, 


PIII 


PHI 


;n  a  court  back  of  Chostiiut  street,  botween  Third  and  Fourth 
?truct8,  September  4, 1774.  lu  this  city  met  most  of  tlie  Coii- 
greseos  of  the  Kevoliition,  and  from  hence  went  forth,  in 
ioubt  and  forebodings  on  the  part  of  many,  and  confident 
reliance  on  the  part  of  others,  tliat  worhl-renowned  instru- 
ment, the  Declaration  of  Independence,  which  was  read  from 
a  stand  in  the  Strife  House  Yard,  by  Captain  John  Hopkins, 
July  4,  1770.  The  convention  that  formed  the  present  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  met  in  Philadelpliia,  Maj-,  1787. 
Here  resi<led  the  first  President  of  the  UnitctI  States,  [in  a 
building  in  Market  street,  one  door  E.  of  Sixth  street.  S. 
side ;)  and  here  Congress  assembled  for  nearly  10  years  after 
the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution.  In  consetjuence 
of  the  disatrous  battles  of  Braudywiue  and  Oermantown,  the 
British  army  had  possession  of  this  city  from  September, 
1777,  to  June,  1778.  In  the  autumn  of  1793.  the  yellow  fever 
visited  Philadelphia,  and  carried  off  more  than  4000  persons 
out  of  a  poimlation  of  a  little  over  40.000,  of  whom  half,  it 
was  thought,  had  fled  the  city.  This  pestilence  again  visited 
Philadelphia  in  1798,  but  was  not  so  fatal  as  in  1793.  The 
Asiatic  cholera  ravagexl  the  city  in  the  summer  of  18:!2,  and 
swept  oflf  771  victims.  In  1849  and  1S54  it  renewed  its 
ravages,  but  was  less  fatal  than  on  its  first  occurrence.  In 
1838,  the  Pennsylvania  Hall,  belonging  to  the  abolitionists, 
was  attacked  by  a  mob  and  burned,  the  Shelter  for  Colored 
Orphans  fired,  and  the  negro  quarters  attacked.  In  1844 
the  city  was  disquieted  by  riots  in  the  uorthern  and  south- 
ern suburbs,  caused  by  jealousies  botween  the  Protestants 
and  Catholics,  in  which  several  Catholic  churches  were 
burned.  On  both  occasions  the  military  were  called  out, 
and  several  lives  were  lost.  In  1864  the  districts  of  Jloya- 
mensing.Southwark, Kensington,  Northern  Liberties,  Spring 
Garden,  and  West  Philadelphia  were  consolidated  with  the 
citv  jirojjcr. Inhab.  Philadelphiax,  fil-a-tl6rfe-an. 

PHILADELPHIA,  a  post-villK^e  of  Philadelphia  town- 
-hip.  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  on  Indian  Kiver,  and  tho 
I'otsdam  and  Watertown  Railroad,  about  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Watertown.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1785. 

PHILADKLPHI.'^,  a  station  of  South  Carolina,  on  the 
Kin'/s  .Mountain  Kailroad,  4  miles  S.  of  Y'orkville. 

PHILADKLPHIA,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district, 
South  Cariilina. 

PHILADKLPHIA,  a  post-village,  ca'pital  of  Neshoba  co., 
Mi.csissippi,  about  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

l'HlL.\DELPmA,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Tennessee, 
with  a  station  ou  the  East  Tenuesse  and  Georgia  Kailroad, 
160  miles  KS.E.  of  Nashville. 

I'lUL.VDKLPHIA.  a  post^village  In  Hancock  co..  Indiana, 
with  a  station  on  the  railroad  from  Dayton  to  Indianapolis. 

I'HILAUKLI'HIA.  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri, 
about  95  miles  N'.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

I'llILADKLPHIA,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
jn  the  Des  .Moines  Kiver,  about  8  miles  N.  of  Keosauquo. 

PinL.\DEL'l'UUS,  a  post^village  in  Robeson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

PHI'L.^,  an  island  of  Upper  Egypt,  in  the  Nile,  alwve 
the  first  cataract,  close  to  the  Nubian  frontier,  6  miles  S.S.W. 
i'f  Asswan.  Len;j;th  only  400  yards,  but  it  contains  some 
'f  the  finest  Egyptian  remains  extant,  comprising  4  temples, 
*  long  colonnade,  several  obelisks,  &e.,  with  a  Roman  tri- 
umphal arch,  and  other  antiquities. 

I'lIILANTHROI'Y,  a  post-office  in  Butler  co..  Ohio. 

I'llIL.VTKS,  fe-1.4/t^s,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Epirus.  sanjak.  and  "25  miles  S.E.  of  Delvino.     i'op.  4000.  (?) 

I'lnVW  ISLAND,  a  British  pen.il  settlement  in  the 
South  Pacific,  S.  of  Norfolk  Island.  Lat.  29°  6'  S.,  Ion.  167° 
47' E. 

PHILIP  ISL.\ND,  a  small  island,  about  li  miles  long, 
and  i  mile  broad,  3J  miles  from  the  lauding  place,  Sydney 
Bav. 

PHILIP  ISLANDS,  two  small  islands  of  the  Carolines,  5 
miles  .-(part.     Lat.  8°  6'  N..  Ion.  140°  52'  E. 

PIIILIPPEVILLE,  fee'ieep'veel',  a  fortified  town  of  Bel- 
inum,  province,  and  25  miles  S.W.  of  Namur,  on  a  height  in 
fhe  forest  of  Ardennes.  Pop.  1311.  Near  it  are  iron-works 
and  stone  quarries. 

PIIILIPPEVILLE,  fee^leepVeel',  a  fortified  town  of  Alge- 
ria, province  of  Constantine,  on  the  Gulf  of  Stora.  35  miles 
VV.  of  Bona,  recently  founded  by  the  French.  It  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  fire  in  October,  1849.     Pop.  3740. 

PHILIP'PI,  a  ruined  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Slacedonia.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Drama.  In  the  plain  W.  of 
it,  B.C.  42,  the  memorable  actions  took  place  in  which  the 
troops  of  Octavius  and  Antony  defeated  those  of  Brutus  and 
Cassius,  and  put  an  end  to  the  republican  government  of 
Rome. 

PHILIP'PI,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Barbour  co.,  W.  Vir- 
<inia,  on  Tygart's  Valley  River,  about  88  miles  S.S.E.  of 
♦Vhceling.  Tlie  surrounding  country  contains  coal  and 
ron. 

PHILIPPINE,  fee^lip-peen',  a  fortified  village  of  the  Ne- 
f  hevlands,  province  of  Zetland,  6i  miles  W.  of  Axel.     P.  433. 

PHILIPPINE  (fil'ip-pin,)  ISL.\NDS,  (Sp. /s/a.«  PUtpmas, 
ccs'lds  fe-le-pee'nis :  Fr.  Tstes  Philippines,  eel  fee'leep^peen'; 
Ger.  Philipyinische.  Iiudn.  fe-lip-pee'uish-eh  iu'syln,;  a  hirge 


and  important  group  in  the  N.  part  of  tho  Malay  Archipela 
go,  and,  after  Cuba,  constituting  the  most  valuable  colo 
nial  possession  of  Spain,  .situated  chietty  between  lat  5° 
32'  and  19°  38'  N.,  and  Ion.  117°  and  127°  E.,  having  N. 
and  E.  the  Pacific  Ocean,  W.  the  China  Sea,  and  S.  the 
Seas  of  Sooloo  and  Celebes.  The  group  comprises  at  least 
1200  islands,  great  and  small;  the  principal  being  Luzon, 
Mindanao,  and  Palawan,  with  Miudoro,  Panay,  Marin- 
diijue,  Negros,  Zebu.  Bohol,  Leyte,  Samar,  Masbate,  and 
many  of  less  size.  Total  area  estimated  at  120,000  .square 
miles.  The  Spanish  dominion  is  stated  to  extend  over 
only  62,148  square  miles.  The  shore  lines  and  internal 
surface  of  the  larger  islands  are  extremely  rugged  and 
irregular.  Their  nvagnificent  mountain  ranges  are  clothed 
with  a  gigantic  and  ever-teeming  veget;itiou.  and  between 
these  lie  extensive  slopes  and  plains  of  the  richest  tropical 
fertility,  watered  by  numerous  lakes  and  rivers,  which 
afford  abundant  means  of  irrigation  and  transport.  The 
group  is  within  the  range  of  the  monsoons,  and  violent 
hurricanes  are  common.  From  .May  to  September  the  W. 
coasts  are  deluged  with  rain,  while  the  October  monsoon 
brings  rain  to  the  E.  coasts,  at  other  seasons  dry.  The 
tropical  heats  are  tempered  by  perpetual  moisture,  and  by 
the  alternation  of  the  land  and  sea  breeze.  The  climate  on 
the  whole  is  healthy.  Earthquakes  are  frequent,  and  often 
very  destructive.  Metalliferous  mountains  everywhere  oc- 
cur. Gold  is  procured  in  the  sands  of  the  rivers.  Ironstone 
occurs.'yleldlng  8(5 'per  cent.-  of  iroTKT(tld"fTcB^pecimens  of 
copper  have  been  found.  Among  the  numerous  volcanoes, 
extinct  or  active,  abundance  of  sulphur  is  found.  Coal 
existe  in  some  spots,  but  is  not  worked  to  any  extent:  there 
are  >dst  deposits  of  limestone  and  marble,  and  the  island  of 
Negros  produces  magnesia  and  alum.  The  mountains  are 
coveivd  with  gigantic  timber.  Among  plants  cultivated  for 
use,  are  the  abaca.  (Muxa  textilis.)  the  pine-apple.  (Bromdi 
anan'is,)  the  cabonegro-palm,  (Boraasus  gnmutus.)  for  their 
filaments,  the  cocoa  and  other  palms,  the  cotton,  coll'ee-tree, 
the  sugar-cane,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  the  tamarind;  cassia, 
cloves,  the  wild  nutmeg,  and  the  red  and  black  pepper- 
vines  are  found  in  Mindanao.  Rice  is  raised  in  large  quanti- 
ties, both  for  home  consumption  and  export.  To  these  may 
be  added  maize,  wheat,  yams,  the  sweet  potatoe,  and  a  variety 
of  delicious  fruits,  oranges,  lemons.  Ac. 

The  buffalo  is  employed  in  tillage  and  as  a  beast  of  bur 
den.  Both  it  and  the  ox  are  found  in  a  wild  as  well  as 
domesticated  state.  The  Philippines  produce  small  but 
spirited  horses,  deer,  hogs,  goat-s.  and  sheep;  diminutive 
fo.Kes  and  gazelles,  several  varieties  of  monkeys,  wild  cats, 
the  tagaa,  a  kind  of  flying-cat,  &c.  The  woods  are  full  of 
game-cocks,  pigeons,  eagles,  pelicans,  herons,  wild  ducks, 
quails,  and  the  smallest  sized  falcon  known.  The  jungles 
swarm  with  liumming-birds,  parrots,  and  the  rhinoceros- 
bird.  {Buci'ro  culnu.)  On  the  shores  are  found  sea-swallows, 
whose  nests  are  so  much  prized  by  the  Chinese  as  food.  The 
lakes  and  rivers  teem  with  crocodiles  and  fish.  Fish  also, 
including  crustaceans,  are  foundingreat  vsiriety  in  the  seas; 
and  there  is  no  lack  of  serpents,  leeches,  insects,  and  rep- 
tiles. 

The  textile  productions  of  the  Philippines  range  from  the 
delicate  and  costly  pma  muslin,  made  from  the  pine-apple 
fibre,  and  sinanutys  made  from  it  mixed  with  the  abaca 
filament,  to  coarse  cottons,  sai;kiug,  and  the  beautiful  mats, 
matie  of  the  abaca  and  gomuti-palm  fibres.  Hats  and  cord- 
age are  manufactured  to  a  considerable  extent ;  and  .as  a 
governrnt-nt  monopoly,  cigars,  which  employ  several  thou- 
sand persons  at  the  royal  factory  at  Manila.  European  art 
is  successfully  imitated  by  the  natives  in  ship-building  and 
coach-building,  in  the  dressing  and  varnishing  of  leather, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  cordage. 

The  wretclied  colonial  policy  of  Old  Spain  excluded  all 
foreign  .«hips  and  Chinese  .settlers  from  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands, and  the  trade  with  the  Spanish  dou)inions  in  America 
was  also  confined  to  that  conducted  annually  by  a  single 
ship.  But  such  restrictions  have  vanished  .since  the  di.s- 
solution  of  the  Company  of  Philippines  in  .^34,  and  the 
colony  is  now  making  rapid  progress  towards  prosperity. 
An  extensive  trade  is  carried  on,  chiefly  with  Chin.a,  Eng- 
land, the  Ujiited  States,  British  India,  and  Australia,  in 
exporting  sugar,  tobacco,  manilla  hemp,  indigo,  coffee,  bird.s'- 
nests,  trepang.  dye-woods,  liides.  ratans.  mother-of-pearl 
gold-dust,  &c.,  andin  importing  mauufactured  cotton  goods, 
marine  .stores,  wines  and  liquors,  porcelain,  cutlery,  metalis, 
drugs.  &c.  The  trade  with  the  United  States  in  1853  com- 
prised exports  valued  at  S2.4li5,083,  and  goods  imported  to 
the  value  of  J;65.365.  Manila,  the  seat  of  the  governmeut. 
is  the  princip.al  centre  of  trade. 

The  supreme  civil  and  military  government  is  in  the 
hands  of  a  governor-general,  appointed  by  the  crown.  Be- 
sides being  commander-in-chief  of  the  laud  and  sea  forces, 
he  is  President  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Justice,  vice-patron, 
(that  is.  viceroy,)  and  sul>delegate  judge  of  couriers,  posts. 
and  expres.ses.  In  the  discharge  of  these  functions  he 
is  assisted  by  the  ministers  and  junta.s,  with  whom  he  may 
advise,  or  to  whom  he  may  deleL'ate  his  powers.  .\n  alcildi^ 
mayor  or  corregidor  is  appointed  directly  by  the  crown  for 

1481 


PHI 


PHCE 


each  v-r  the  provinces,  as  administrative,  judicial,  and  fisciU 
(flicer  Kach  pueblo  is  under  a  native  gohei-rMdorcilln,  or 
niayni ,  p<  pulai-ly  elected,  and  these  again  are  assisted  by 
inferior  olticers,  chosen  also  from  lists  presented  by  the  in- 
habi'iints. 

<  I'uMii-  revenue  is  derived  chiefly  from  duties  on  exports 
.mil  imports:  the  tobacco  nioniip<ily  and  a  capitation  tax, 
n-hich  in  1837  was  paid  by  1.305,U2  adults,  of  whom  901,924 
belonged  to  the  island  of  Luzon.  The  armed  force  amounts 
to  al)fiut  7000  men,  of  whom  700  are  Spaniards,  and  the  rest 
Malays. 

The  natives  are  of  a  diverse  oridn.  Wild  tribes,  some  of 
which  are  extremely  ferocious,  still  haunt  the  mountivins. 
The  chief  mountain  tribes  are  the  Xegritog,  (•■diminitive  ne- 
^r.Hjs.")  who  have  given  their  name  to  the  island  of  Xegros, 
though  not  confined  to  it;  and  .Etas  or  It.n.s.  a  dusky  or 
copper-colored  race  which,  like  the  Dyaks  of  Borneo,  slay 
men  for  the  sake  of  procuring  their  heads ;  but  the  great 
m!i.ss  of  the  subjects  of  Spain  are  divided  into  the  Tagals, 
inhabiting  I,u7,on,  and  the  Bisayans.  who  inhabit  the  other 
islands.  These  speak,  respectively,  the  Taga  and  Bisayan 
tongue,  e.ich  of  which  has  a  variety  of  dialect.?.  The  T.igals 
are  more  devoted  to  agricultus-e  than  the  Bisayan.s,  who, 
like  the  JIalavs.  are  attached  to  sea  life  and  fishery.  Both 
Tagals  and  Bisayans  unite  the  indolence  and  the  ivrtistie 
,  inwnuity  of  the  Hindoos,  with  the  vindictiveness  of  the 
'  Malays,  and  their  passion  for  cock-fighting.  The  Chinese 
play  an  important  part  in  the  Philippines.  Restricted  to 
tillage  by  the  law,  their  activity  and  address  make  them 
Indispensable  as  mechanics,  shop-keepers,  and  tr.aders. 
They  have  civil  regulatinns.  and  a  police  of  their  own;  con- 
form to  the  Komish  Church,  celebrate  with  gre.at  magnifi- 
cence the  festival  of  their  patron,  St.  Nicholas;  .^nd  being 
envied  and  hated  by  the  Indians,  aid  the  government  in 
maintaining  that  balance  of  opposing  interests  on  which 
it  mainly  relie.s  for  the  support  of  its  own  institutions. 
Half-castes.  Indo-European  and  Indo-Chinese  engross  much 
of  the  business  and  wealth  of  the  island.  The  independent 
tribes  are  partly  Mohammedans  and  partly  heathen.  The 
subjects  of  Spain  are  professedly  Roman  Catholics,  and  un- 
der a  hierarchy,  with  an  Archbishop  of  Manila  at  its  he.id. 
History. — The  Philippines  were  discovered  by  Magellan 
In  1520.  and.  after  repeated  expeditions,  several  of  which 
proved  disastrous,  were  finally  anne.xed  to  the  Spanish  do- 
minions, and  named  after  Philip  II.  They  were  designed 
rather  as  a  field  of  missionary  than  of  commercial  enterprise, 
l^^  atone,  if  possible,  for  the  unheai-d-of  crueltii'S  practised  by 
the  Spaniards  in  America.  Hence  the  religiou.<*  orders  have, 
from  the  first,  had  great  influence  in  the  establishment  and 
institutions  of  the  colony,  and  to  them  the  land  chiefly  be- 
longs. In  1762  Manila  was  taken,  and  for  a  short  time  held 
by  a  British  fleet.  Since  the  loss  of  her  continental  Ameri- 
can po.«.sessions.  the  Philippines  are  now  of  great  importance 
to  Spain,  and  their  productions  and  trade  are  in  a  state  of 
rapid  development. 

The  total  population  is  estim.ated  at  5.000.000.  of  whom 
l.lHtO.OOO  belong  to  the  Papuan  negro  race  and  independent 
tribes;  3,700,000  are  Malay  Indians;  5-7,000  half-castes  and 
Chinese,  and  the  remaining  24.1,000,  Guropean  and  native 

PHILIP'POLIS,  a  village  of  South  Africa,  in  the  Griqua 
country.  It  consists  of  a  single  street  of  mud-cottages,  a 
Dut^h  missionary  chapel,  built  of  stone,  and  a  number  of 
mat-huts. 

PIIILIPPOP'OLIS,  (Turk.  PaHn,  fee^e-bee\)  a  town  of 
Kuropean  Turkey,  in  Koom-Elee,  86  miles  W.N.W.  of  Adria- 
nople.  on  a  precipitous  island  in  the  Maritza.  which  here 
becomes  navigable,  and  is  crossed  by  several  bridges.  Before 
I^IS.  when  it  was  almost  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  it  had 
.30.000  inhabitants.  20  mosques,  and  numerous  Greek  and 
.\rmenian  churches,  with  flourishing  manufactures  of  wool- 
len, silk,  and  cotton  fabrics,  leather,  soap,  tobacco.  &c..  and  a 
considerable  transit  trade.  It  still  has  some  manufacturing 
industry  and  commerce. 

PHIL'IPS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  .Arkansas,  border- 
ing on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Missis- 
sippi; area,  72.')  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  St.  Francis 
River.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  ,  The  south- 
ern part  is  liable  to  inundation,  and  is  partly  occupied  by 
Kwamps.  Capital.  Helena.  Pop.l4,7b6;  ofwhom  6936  were 
free,  and  8941  slaves. 

IMm,Il»PSBURG,  fef/lips-booRG\  a  town  of  B;iden.  circle 
of  the  Ixiwer  Rhine,  16  miles  N.  of  Carlsruhe.     Pop.  ISOO. 

I'HM/IPSBURG.  a  village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  opposite  EjLston  in 
l'ennsylv.ania.  The  Morris  Canal  terminates  here,  and  a 
substantial  stone  bridge  crosses  the  Delaware.    Pop.  3741. 

PHIM  I'SBURO.  a  post-village  of  Centre  co..  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Erie  Turnpike,  28  miles  W.  of  Bellefonte.  Pop.  about 
WO.  ^ 

PHILTPSBDRG,  a  post-village  of  Jefi^erson  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  River.  75  miles  N.E.  by  N.of  Marietta. 

PHI  I.IPSBUKG,  a  small  village  of  Montgomery  co..  Ohio. 

PHILIP'S  ISLANDS.  Paciflo  Ocean,  in  Low.Archlpelago; 
'at.  K."^  20'  S.,  Ion.  144°  8'  W. 


PHILTT'S  RIVER,  of  Coos  co.,  in  the  N.  part  of  Ne* 
Hampshire,  a  small  branch  of  Upper  Amonoosuck  P>iver. 

PHILIPSTAD  or  FILIPSTAD,  fee'lip-stM\  a  sm.all  town 
of  Sweden,  capital  of  an  iron-mining  district,  35  miles  N.E. 
of  Carlstad.     Pop.  800. 

PHIL'IPSTOWN.  a  market-town,  (^formerly  a  parlia- 
mentary borouirh.)  and  assize  town  of  Irel.arid,  in  Leinster, 
King's  CO.,  on  the  Grand  Canal.  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  TuU.amore. 
Pop.  1400.  Principal  public  edifices,  an  old  castle,  once  the 
residence  of  King  Philip  of  Spain,  now  used  as  barracks; 
two  schools,  a  sessions-house,  and  a  jail. 

PH1LIP.ST0WN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth. 

PHILIPSTOWN,  (formerly.  NU'GENT,)  a  parish  of  Ire- 
lard,  CO.  of  Louth. 

PHIL'IPS  VILLE,  now  BELMONT,  tho  capital  of  Alle- 
ghany co ,  New  York,  on  the  Genesee  River,  where  it  ia 
crossed  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  366  miles  from 
New  York  city,  and  92  AV.  by  N.  of  Elmira.  It  has  several 
barrel  factories  and  a  number  of  stores.  The  name  of  this 
place  hiis  been  changed  to  Bf.lmoxt.     Pop.  about  1400. 

PHILIPSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PHILTSBURG.  fee/lis-b&RG\  or  GRANDE  BATE,  grftxd 
b.i,  a  village  of  the  West  Indies,  capital  of  the  Dutch  portion 
of  the  i.sland  of  St.  JIartin.     Pop.  2000. 

PHII^LACK.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall.  It 
has  a  smelting-house,  and  large  exports  of  copper,  some  of 
the  richest  copper-mines  in  England  being  in  its  vicinity. 

PHIL'LEIGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

PHILLIP  ISLAND,  .\ustralia,  is  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Western  Port,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Port  Phillip.  Length,  16 
miles. 

PHIL'LIP,  PORT,  Australia.    S»e  Pout  Philip. 

PIIIL'LIPS,  a  post-township  in  Franklin  co..  Maine,  on 
the  N.  side  of  Sandy  River,  about  55  miles  N.W.  of  .\ugusta. 
Pop.  1698. 

PHIL'LTPSBURG.  a  postrvilLage  of  Orange  co..  New  Y'ork, 
110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

PHILLIP8BURG,  a  po.«t-borough  of  Beaver  co..  Penn.syl- 
vania.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  oppo.«ite  the  mouth 
of  Beaver  River.  28  miles  below  Pittsburg.  Steamlx)at-build- 
ing  is  carri.'d  on  here.     Pop.  in  1S50,  473,  in  1860,  4-34. 

PHII/LIPSBURGir.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of 
Misslsquoi.  on  the  shore  of  the  Missisquoi  Bay ;  22  mile!) 
from  St.  John's,  and  8  miles  from  Highgate,  in  Vermont 
It  is  a  port  of  entry. 

PHILLIP'S  CREEK,  a  postrofflce  of  Alleghany  co..  New 
Y'ork. 

PHILLIPS'  ISLANDS.    See  Pmiip  Islands. 

PHIL'LTI'SPORT,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  about  90  mile.i 
S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

PHIL'LTPSTOX,  a  po.st-township  in  Worcester  CO.,  Massa- 
chusetts, intersected  by  Miller's  River,  60  miles  N.W.  by  W. 
of  Boston.     Pop.  764. 

PHIL'LIPSTOWN.  a  township  of  Putnam  co..  New  Y'ork, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad, 
90  miles  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  4530. 

PHILLIPSTOWN",  a  po.st-village  in  White  co.,  Illinois, 
165  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield. 

PHILLIP'S  VILL.^GE,  a  villase  in  Phillip's  township, 
Franklin  co.,  M.aine.  about  55  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.  It 
cont.ains  several  tanneries. 

PHIIVLIPSVILLE,  a  village  in  the  S.W.  p.art  of  Oswego 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Oswego  River,  which  here  atfords  valuable 
water  power. 

PHILLIPSVILLR,  a  po.st-office  of  Erie  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

I'llILO.  a  post-oflice  of  Mu.skinsrum  co..  Ohio. 

PHII/OMATH.  a  post-office  of  Oglethorpe  co..  Georgia. 

PHILOMATH,  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  Indi.ana. 

I'HIL/OMONT.  a  post-village  of  London.  co..Virginia,  12 
miles  S.  of  Leesburg.  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  district. 

PHILOP'OLIS.  a  post-oflice  of  Bitltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

PHING.  a  prefixed  name  of  cities  in  China.     See  Pin';. 

PHING-Y-SHAN  or  PHING-Y-CHAN,  finc-ee-shin.  n 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  Quang-See.  Ijit.  "24'^  53'  N., 
Ion.  10S°  24'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

PHI  PPS'BURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sagadahoe 
CO.,  Maine,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec  River,  on  the  W. 
side,  40  miles  S.  of  .Augustji.     Pop.  1770. 

PHOCiT;A.fo-see/a, FOUGES, foo/ghls (?)or  FOKI A,fi>l:ee'a, 
written  also  PHOCHI.\.  FOGLLiRA.  a  .seaport  town  or 
village  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Gulf  of  Fouges,  30  miles  N.AV.  of  Smyrna.  It  is  stated  to 
have  a  citfidel  and  4000  inhabitants. 

PHOC.K.A.  OLD,  a  vill.age  of  Asia  Minor,  i\  miles  to  the 
S.W.  of  the  above. 

PIUENICI.A,  fe-nish'e-a,  a  post-oflice  of  Ulster  co..  New 
York. 

PHfENIX.  fee'nix.  a  post-vill.age  of  Oswego  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Oswego  River  and  Canal,  150  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Albany. 

I'lItENTX,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co..  Penn.sylvania. 

PIItENIX.  a  post-office  of  Edgefleb'  listriit.  South  Caro 
Una. 


PIIOE 

PnCEMX.  a  group  nf  small  islands  in  the  South  Padflo 
Ocean,  lat  3°  8'  to  4°  30'  S..  Ion.  171°  8'  30"  to  17-1°  W  W. 

I'lIO-yMXYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Con- 
necticut 

I'UCE.NIXVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Schuyl- 
kill township.  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  banlc 
of  the  Schuylkill  Hiver,  at  the  mouth  of  French  Creek,  and 
on  the  raihoad  between  Phil.adelphia  and  Reading.  27  miles 
from  the  former,  and  31  miles  from  the  latter.  The  canal 
of  the  Schuylkill  Navigation  Co.  passes  through  the 
place.  It  is  the  seat  of  e.xtensive  manufactures  of  iron,  cot- 
ton and  machinery.  Tlie  rolling-mill  and  furnaces  of  the 
Plioenix  Iron  Company  are  supposed  to  he  the  largest  in  the 
Union.  Railroad  iron,  field  ordnance,  girders,  columns, 
bridges,  &c.,  are  made  here  of  iron  whicli  is  obtained  in  the 
vicinity,  and  is  of  superior  quality.  Mines  of  copper  and 
le:'.d  have  also  been  opened  in  the  township.  Near  this 
tovrn  the  railroad  passes  through  a  tunnel  of  solid  rock, 
near  2000  feet  in  length.  Phoenixville  contains  8  handsome 
churcliea,  a  bank,  and  a  newspaper  oftice.  Pop.  in  1850, 2670 ; 
in  ISCJO,  4886. 

PHOOKOK,  PHOUKOK  or  PHUKOK,  foo-kok',  written 
also  FUKOK  and  FOKWAK;  (native  name,  KohOwh) 
an  island  in  the  Gulfof  Si.am,  near  its  E.  coast,  lat.  10°  X., 
Ion.  104°  E.  Length,  34  miles;  greatest  breadth,  16  miles. 
Surface  elevated  and  wooded. 

PITOOr/ERA.  a  town  of  North-west  ITindnstan,  83  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Rhawlpoor,  with  a  decaved  fort  and  a  good  bazaar, 

PII0ONG.\,  foong'gj,  or  PONOA.  pong'gi.  a  town  of  Lower 
Pi.iTti.     Lat.  fio  l.r  N..  Ion.  98°  25'  E. 

TTIOOPTTTN.  foo'fin',  a  town  of  piam.  on  the  W.  shore  of 
theOuIfof  Piam.at  the  mouth  of  the  Thakham.     Pop.  1200. 

rnO-YANG.  a  lake  of  China.     See  Po-taxo. 

PHRAAT.     See  EcpHR.tTES. 

PHUI/WAR'EE.  town  of  Rritish  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  stated  to  comprise  1700  houses,  many  occupied  by 
Mohammedans  of  rank  and  education. 

PIIUXUAN,  a  city  of  An.am,     See  IIu£. 

PIIU-YEX,  PHU-YEX-TRAN.  foo-yjn-trdn',  or  PHOC- 
YAX,  foo\v,in',  a  town  of  Anam,  in  Cochin-China,  capital  of 
3  province,  on  the  Phu-yen  River,  60  miles  S.  of  Quinhon. 
Lat.  13°  2,3'  N..  Ion.  109°  E. 

I'lIYL.l?.  fllee,  a  fortress  of  Greece,  famous  in  its  ancient 
history,  and  the  remains  of  which  occupy  a  strong  position 
in  a  pass  of  Mount  Parnes.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Athens. 

l'I.\CEXZA,  pe-3-chen'zl,  (anc.  Placentia;  Fr.  Plaimnce, 
pHVftNss',')  a  fortified  city  of  N.  Italy,  capital  of  the  province 
of  IMacenza,  30  miles  W.N.VV.  of  Parma,  near  the  right  bank 
of  the  I'o,  a  little  below  the  influx  of  the  Trebbia,  Lat.  45°  2' 
41"  N„  Ion.  9°  41' 48"  E.  I'op.  39,318.  It  is  enclosed  by  ram- 
parts, used  for  public  walks,  environed  by  a  wide  fosse,  de- 
fended by  a  citadel,  and  entered  by  5  gates.  It  presents, 
however,  '-a  forlorn  and  de.serted  aspect."  with  its  narrow, 
irregular  streets,  and  dark,  half  decaying  brick  houses.  It 
has  one  fine  square,  in  which  are  the  magnificent  town-hall, 
ami  two  equestrian  statues  of  two  dukes  of  Parma:  an  old 
dxical  palace,  now  much  dilapidated :  a  Gothic  catheilral, 
with  some  fine  frescoes  and  pictures :  several  other  chur;-hes. 
a  large  hospital,  orphan  asylums,  and  numerous  other  chari- 
table institutions:  a  college,  with  3  faculties,  and  a  library 
of  .30,000  volumes:  an  episcopal  seminary,  government  pawn 
bank,  a  small  theatre,  and  public  library.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  stuffs  and  serges,  fu.sti.ans.  stockings,  and 
hats,  and  a  large  fair  in  April.  Pope  Gregory  X.,  Cardinal 
.\lberoni,  Pallavicini.  and  Laurentius  Valla,  were  natives  of 
Piacenza.  In  its  vicinity  Hannibal  defeated  the  Romans, 
B.  c.  219. 

PIACiCXZA,  DUCHY  OF.    See  Pahma,  Ducht  of. 

PI  AC1X.\,  a  lake  and  river  of  Siberia,    See  Piasina. 

PI  ADEN  A.  pe-3-dA'nd,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  17 
miles  E.  of  Cremona.     Pop.  1200. 

PIAGGIXE.  pe-dd'je-na,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra.  10  miles  N.E.  of  II  Vallo.     Pop.  140O. 

PIAXA  or  PIANA  ViVA  GRECI,  pe-d'ni  d.Vee  grA/chee,  a 
town  of  Sicily,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Palermo,     I'op,  5000. 

PI.iXA.  pe-i'ni,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  near  the  N.W. 
frontiers,  government  of  Simbeei-sk,  and,  after  a  total  course 
of  1.50  mile.s.  joins  the  Soora  on  the  left. 

PIAN  CASTAGNAJO  DEL  MONT'  AMT.4TA,  pe-^n'  kSs- 
t.in-yi'6  i\i\  mont  d-me-ifti,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  11  miles 
from  Arcidosso.     Pop.  2883. 

I'I.\N  DI  SCO.  pe-dn'  dee  sko.  a  village  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince of  Arezzo,  5  miles  E.  of  V'igline.     I'op.  2083. 

Pl.VXELLA,  pe-i-uJind.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  I..  6  miles  W.N.W".  of  Chieti.     Pop.  4300. 

PIANELLO  CITERIORE.  pe-d-nJl1o  che-tA-re-o'rA.  (anc. 
PlaneVcp?)  a  village  of  Parma,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Piacenza. 
Pop.  3328. 

PIANEZZA,  pe-d-nJfs3,  a  villase  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Turin,  on  the  Dora-B.iltea.     Pop.  2141. 

PIANFEI,  pe-,dn-fa'ee,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States. 
about  6  miles  from  Mondovi.     Pop.  1710. 

PI  VNO,  pe-3'no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of 
Beigamo,  in  the  S.  part  of  Val  Camonica,  on  the  Oglio.  Pop. 
4HT4 


PIC 

PIANO  DI  SORRENTO,  Naples.     See  Sor.EEVTc-. 

PI  ANOS.\.  pe-d-no'ad,  (anc.  Pkina'.da.)  an  islet  of  the  Meli- 
terraneaii,  10  miles  S.  of  the  W.  cape  of  Elba.  The  surface 
is  consideralily  elevated,  and  productive.  Length,  3i  miles; 
breadth,  2^  miles.  The  island  was  left  in  the  power  of  Na- 
poleon, after  his  first  abdication,  as  an  annexation  to  Elba. 
An  agricultural  colony  was  est.ablished  on  it  in  1835. 

PIANOSA.  an  Islet  in  the  Adriatic  Sea,  belonging  to 
Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  14  miles  N.E.  of  the  Tremiti 
Islands. 

PIANURA,  pe-d-noo'rd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and 
4  miles  W.  of  Naples.     Pop.  1100. 

PIA'SA,  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois. 

PIASCO,  pe-ds'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  about 
6  miles  from  Sal  uzzo.     I'op.  1670. 

PIASINA  or  PIACINA,  pe-d-see'nd,  a  lake  and  river  of 
Siberia,  government  of  Yeniseisk:  the  lake,  lat.  70°  N..  Ion. 
92°  30'  E.,  is  SO  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  35  miles  in 
breadth,  and  90  miles  E,  of  the  Gulf  of  Y'enisei;  the  river, 
flowing  from  it,  enters  the  Arctic  Ocean,  near  lat.  73°  45'  N., 
Ion.  90°  E.,  after  a  N.  course  of  250  miles. 

PIASKI,  pe-3.«'kee,  a  town  of  I'oland.  government,  and  14 
miles  S.E.  of  LuMin.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Wieprz.  Pop.  950. 

PIATKI,  pe-dt'kee,  a  market-town  of  Poland,  government 
of  Volhynia.  21  miles  S.W.  of  Zhitomeer. 

PIATT,  pi'at.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  270  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
North  Fork  of  Sangamon  River,  which  flows  in  »  S.W.  di- 
rection. The  county  consists  partly  of  prairie  and  partly  of 
timbered  land;  the  soil  fertile.  Named  probably  in  honor 
of  Colonel  Piatt,  a  Western  pioneer.  Capital,  Monticello. 
Pop.  6127. 

PIAUHI,  pe-ow-eeA  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  E.  of  the 
province  of  Minas  (fer-aes,  proceeds  N.E.,  and  joins  the 
Jequitinhonha  below  Salto  Grande. 

PIADHI  or  PIAUHY.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Piauhi, 
after  a  N.  course  of  300  miles,  joins  the  Caninde  on  the 
right.  70  miles  N.W.  of  Oeiras. 

PIAUHI  or  PIAUHY,  a  province  of  Brazil,  between  lat. 
2°  42'  and  11°  20'  S.,  and  Ion.  40°  30'  and  47°  W.,  having  N. 
the  Atlantic,  and  N.W.  the  province  of  JIaraBao,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  river  Parnahiba,  to  which  all  its 
rivers  are  tributary.  Area,  estimated  at  82,595  square 
miles.  Pop.  80.000.  The  surface  is  mostly  a  plain,  with  a 
slope  N.W.,  and  consists  chiefly  of  rich  pasturages,  on  wliich 
large  herds  of  cattle  are  reared.  Timber  is  scarce.  The  pro- 
vince contains  some  silver,  iron,  and  lead-mines.  Chief 
towns.  Oeiras  and  Parnahiba. 

PI  AVE,  pe-d/vA,  a  river  of  Austrian  Italy,  rises  in  the 
Alps,  near  l.iientz,  flows  southerly  and  enters  the  Adriatic  at 
Porto-di-Cortellazzo.  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Venice.  Length.  125 
miles.  Under  the  French  it  gave  name  to  a  department,  of 
which  Belluno  -was  the  capital. 

PIAVOZERO,  pe-d'vo-zd'ro,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  W.  of 
the  government  of  Archangel,  aljout  50  miles  long  by  about 
15  miles  broad.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Toppo  at  its 
S.E.  extremity,  find  discharges  itself  at  the  N.E.  into  Lake 
Kovdo. 

PI.iZZA,  pe-dfsd.  a  city  of  Sicily,  province,  and  17  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Caltanisetta.  Pop.  20,310.  It  has  a  cathedral,  se- 
veral other  churches,  4  convents,  a  college  and  hospital, 
with  some  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  caps,  and  a 
bri.sk  trade  in  corn,  oil,  fruits,  and  otheragricultural  produce. 

1*I.\ZZ0LA.  pe-dt/so-ld,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Padua,  near  the  Brenta,  noted  for  the 
vast  palace  of  the  Contarini  family. 

PICA,  pee'kd,  or  TICA,  tee/kd,  a  village  and  small  river  of 
South  Peru,  department  of  Arequipa,  near  the  Pavilion  de 
Pica,  a  headland  on  the  Pacific  Oce.in.  .50  miles  S.of  Iquicjue. 

PIC'ARDY or  PICARDIE.  (Fr.  La  Picardif., Id  pee'kaaMeo'; 
L.  Picar'dia.)  an  old  province  in  the  N.  of  France,  having 
N.W.  and  W'.  the  English  Channel.  It  is  now  subdivided 
among  the  departments  of  Aisne,  Somme,  Oiso,  I'as-de-Ca- 
lais.  and  Yonne. 

I'lCASENT,  pe-kd-slnV,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and 
9  miles  from  Valencia.     Pop.  2121. 

PIC^ATTUNE',  a  post-ofHce  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois,  45  miles 
N.E.  of  Nauvoo. 

PICCOLA   PIODA,   a    village  of  Northern  Italy.     See 

PlOLTELLO. 

PICENTIA     See  AcERXO. 

PICERNO.  pe-ch?ii'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba- 
.silicata,  district,  and  8  miles  W.  of  Potenza.  Pop.  4000.  It 
has  manufactures  of  silk  and  woollen  goods. 

PICHINCIIA,  pe-chin*chd  or  pe-cheen'chd,  a  volcano  of 
South  America,  in  Ecuador,  in  the  West  Cordillera  of  the 
Andes,!!  miles  W.N.W.  of  Quito,  lat.  0°  11'  32''  S.,  Ion.  78° 
55'  W.,  15.924  feet  in  elevation,  its  upper  200  feet  being  al- 
ways covered  with  snow. 

PICHU-PICHU.  pe-choo-pe-choo.' a  volcano  of  South  Peru, 
immediately  N.  of  Arequipa,  rises  to  near  the  limit  of  per- 
petual snow. 

PICINISCO,  pe-che-nis'ko,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sora.     Pop.  2700. 

PIOK'AWAY,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ohio.  ha.s 

1483 


PIC 

iin  area  of  ilfi  square  miUs.  It  is  traversed  from  X.  t«  S. 
,1V  Scioto  Kiver.  and  also  drained  by  Dar^y.  Deer,  and  M'al- 
nut  Creeks.  The  surface  is  level,  diversified  by  forests  and 
praiiies.  The  celebrated  I'ickaway  Tlains.  3^  miles  ?.  of 
'"^rcleville.  are  said  to  be  the  richest  in  Ohio.  This  county 
i«  intersected  bv  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  by  the  Zanesville. 
Wilmington  and  Cincinnati  Railrotid.  Pickaway  is  a  cor- 
ruption^nr  mis-spellini  of  Piqua,  the  name  of  an  Indian 
trilie.     Capital,  Circle^lle.     Pop.  23,469. 

PlCIi  A  WAY,  a  township  of  Pickaway  co..Ohio.  Pop.  1476. 

PICKAWAY  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  W. 
Viigiuia. 

PICK'EXHAM.  XoRTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

PICKKXIIAM,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

PICK'EXS,  a  district  forming  the  X.W.  extremity  of 
South  Carolina,  bordering  on  North  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  1060  square  miles.  The  Chatt^xiga  Hivet 
forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.W..  the  Tugaloo,  on  the  S.W.. 
and  the  Saluda  on  the  X.E. ;  it  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
the  Kiowee  River,  and  by  numerous  creeks.  The  surface 
in  some  parts  is  mountainous,  the  district  occupying  the 
S.E.  declivity  of  the  Blue  Kidge.  Table-Rock  Mountain,  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  district.'  rises  4000  feet  above  the  sea,  and 
is  a  place  of  great  res-ort.  A  large  portion  of  the  soil  is  fer- 
tile. Named  in  honor  of  General  Andrew  Pickens,  an  ofBcer 
in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Capital,  Pickens  Court-IIouse. 
Pop.  19.639,  of  ■whnin  l.'i.4U  were  free,  and  4195  slaves. 

PICKENS,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering 
on  Mississippi,  has  an  area  of  1U20  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Tomliigliee  and  Sipsey  Rivers,  which 
unite  on  the  S.  border.  It  is  also  drained  by  Lubbub  Crpek. 
The  surface  is  hilly  or  undulating:  the  soil  generally  fer- 
tile. Capital,  Pickens  Cotirt-House.  Pop.  22,316.  of  whom 
10.1 2;i  were  free,  an  I  i?.191  slaves. 

PICKENS  COURT-HOUSE,  capital  of  Pickens  district. 
South  Carolina.  144  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia.  It  is  situ- 
ated near  Kiowee  River,  a  branch  of  the  Savannah,  in  a 
hillj-  district,  which  abounds  in  valuable  minerals.  The 
village  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  an  academy,  and  a  news- 
paper office. 

PICK'ENSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina,  120  miles  W.N.W.  ofX>)lumbia. 

PICKENSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Pickens  co.. 
Alabama,  on  the  Tombigbee  River,  about  180  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Montgomery.  Cotton  is  shipped  here  in  steamboats.  The 
village  contains  2  flourishing  seminaries,  named  the  Pick- 
ensville  Female  Institute,  and  Pickensville  High  School. 
Pop.  in  1*^50.  276. 

PICKERELTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio. 

PICK'ERIXG,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York.  North  Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  York  and 
Xorth  Midland  Railway,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Whitby.  Pop. 
of  town,  in  1S,^1.  2.511.  The  town,  picturesquely  situated,  is 
antiquely  built,  and  has  a  fine  old  church,  an  endowed 
school,  a  union  work-house,  and  the  ruins  of  a  castle  in 
which  Richard  II.  was  confined  prior  to  his  removal  to 
Pontefract.  The  honor  of  Pickering  comprises  several  ma- 
nore  under  the  duchy  of  Lancaster. 

PICK  ERIXG,  a  parish  of  Upper  Canada,  district  of  Home, 
on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 

PICKERING,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PICKERIXG  CREEK,  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  the  Schuylkill  Kiver  about  1  mile  below  Phoenix- 
ville. 

PICK'ERXXGTON.  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio, 
about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

PICKET'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Cass  Co..  Michigan. 

PICK'UILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

I'ICK'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

PICK'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

PICKAVOKTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

PICO,  pee'ko.  one  of  the  .Azores  Islands,  in  the  .Atlantic, 
its  volcanic  peak  7613  feet  in  height,  in  lat.  38°  28'  N..  Ion. 
2S°  26'  W.  Area,  254  square  miles.  Pop.  36,000.  Surface 
covered  with  Lava;  the  culture  of  the  vine  and  fi.shing  are 
the  chief  branches  of  industry,  and  provisions  are  mostly 
imported  from  Fayal.  Principal  towns  Lagos,  Magdaleua. 
and  San  Rocco. 

P1C0L.\TA,  a  post-office  of  St.  John's  co..  Florida. 

PICO  TURQUINO,  amouut-iinofCuba.  '  See  Tvrqulvo. 

PICQUIGNY,  peek'keenVee'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  S<imme,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Somme,  and  on  the 
Amiens  Railway,  8  miles  \.W.  of  .imiens.     Pop.  1540. 

PICTAVl.    See  Poictiers. 

PICn'ON,  the  capital  of  the  county  of  Prince  Edward,  in 
Canada  West,  situated  on  the  Bay  of  Quiutfi.  40  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Kingston,  and  22  miles  from  Belleville.  It  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  churches  of  5  denominaUons, 
agencies  of  3  lift  assurance  companies.  2  branch  banks,  about 
15  stores,  and  manufactories  for  steam  engines,  machinery 
h«n  castings,  ic.  The  value  of  exports  in  1851,  was  $17,808, 
Df  Imports,  $U,280,  all  from  the  United  States.  Pop.  about 
1600. 

PICTO0,  plk'too',  a  town   of  Australia,  in  New  South 
1484 


PIE 

Wales,  CO.  of  Camden,  46  miles  S.W.  of  Sydney,  on  the  Stouo- 
quarry  Rivulet. 

PICTOU.  pik-too',  a  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  bordering  on 
Nortiiumberland  Strait.  Except  an  elevation  called  Mount 
Tom.  the  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  intersected  with  nume- 
rous streams,  flowing  chiefly  into  Merigomi.^h,  Pictou,  and 
Carriboo  Harbors,  on  its  coast.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile. 
The  rock  that  underlies  the  surface  is  the  Devonian  lime- 
stone. The  county  contains  rich  mines  of  coal  and  iron  ora 
The  coal  deposites  comprise  ten  strata ;  the  main  coal  band 
is  33  feet  in  thickness,  with  24  feet  of  good  coal.  Next  to 
Halifax,  Pictou  is  the  most  populous  county  in  Nova  Scotia. 
It  is  settled  mostly  by  Scotch  lliiihlanders.  Capital,  Pictoii. 
Pop.  in  1851.  25.593. 

PICTOU.  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  capital  of  Pictfiu 
count5'.  .situated  at  the  head  of  a  harbor  of  its  own  name, 
opening  into  Northumberland  Strait.,  .^bout  85  miles  N.N.K. 
of  Halifax.  Lat.  45°  41' N.,  Ion.  62°40' W.  It  is  situated  in 
a  fertile  and  well-cultivated  di-iitrict.  containing  extensive 
coal-mines  and  quarries  of  building  stone.  In  1850,  58,368 
tons  of  coal  were  exported  from  these  mines  to  the  United 
States.  The  harbor  is  said  to  be  the  finest  on  the  S.  shore 
of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  .\t  the  S.  side  of  its  entrance 
is  a  light-house,  with  a  fixed  light  65  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  town  is  well  built,  and  has  an  academy,  library,  and 
a  grammar  school.  The  total  value  of  exports  in  1S53, 
am"ciunted  to  199,096?.,  of  which  176,110i.  was  to  Great  Britain, 
and  19.602Z.  to  the  United  States. 

I'IDAA'UO,  a  marihuie  village  of  Greece.    See  Epii).\CRt:s. 

PID'DINGHOE,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PID'DINGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

PIDDINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

PID'PLE  HINTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PIDDLE.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

PID'DLETOWN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PID'DLETliENT'HlDE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PID'LEY,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

PIED.\D,  pe-A-did',  a  village  of  Mexico,  on  the  -\capuIco 
Road,  about  1|  miles  S.W.  of  the  capital.  It  v.-as  occupied 
as  the  advanced  p'ist  of  the  Americans  previous  to  the  at- 
tack upon  Chapultepec. 

Pift  DI  CAVALLO,  pe-U  dee  kd-vjno,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Turin,  about  10  miles  N.  of 
Biella.  on  the  Cervo.    Pop.  2186. 

PIEDIMONTE,  pe-.i-de-mon'tA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Caserta.  Pop.  6600. 
It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  .Apennines, 
and  has  a  royal  palace,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen 
cloths,  caps,  and  paper. 

PIEDIMONTE  DI  SAN  GERMANO,  pe-A-de-mon't.i  dee 
sin  jfir-mi'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sora.  with  1500  inhabitants,  several 
churches,  and  a  large  annual  fair. 

PIEDMOXT,  (peed'mont.)  I'rincipalitt  of,  (It.  PifTtwnte, 
pe-A-mon't.'l,  i.  e.  Pie  di  Monte,  or  the  "  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain."') a  country  of  Europe,  in  North  Italy,  forming  the 
metropolitan  .ind  central  portion  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
of  wliich  it  now  forms  the  divisions  of  Turin.  Coni,  Ales- 
saiidiia.  .A.osta.  and  Novara.  Lat.  44°  10'  to  46°  25'  N.,  Ion. 
6°  25'  to  9°  10'  E.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  SwitzerLind,  E. 
by  Switzerland,  Austrian  Itah\  and  the  duchy  of  Parma, 
S.  bv  the  divisions  of  Genoa  and  Nice,  W.  bj'  France,  and 
N.W.  by  Savoy.  Greatest  length,  from  N.N.E.  to  S  S.W., 
168  miles:  greatest  breadth,  130  miles.  Area,  11,913  square 
miles.  The  loftiest  ranges  of  the  Alps,  the  Lepontine  and 
I'ennine,  enciicle  it  on  the  N.  and  N.W..  the  Grecian  and 
Cottian  Alps  on  the  VV.,  and  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the 
.Apennines  on  the  S.,  by  Ltgo  Maggiore  and  the  Lake  Ti- 
cino.  The  space  enclos«l  within  these  barrier  forms  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  fertile  portions  in  Europe,  com- 
mencing on  the  N.,  the  S.,  and  the  W..  in  majestic  moun- 
tains, and  thence  descending  by  magnificent  terraces  and 
finely  undulating  slopes  to  the  rich  plains  of  the  Po,  by 
which  river  and  its  affluents,  the  Tanaro,  Bormida,  Clu- 
sone.  Dora.  Sesia.  <tc.,  it  is  wholly  drained.  Its  E.  part 
forms  a  portion  of  the  great  plain  of  Lombardy,  is  carefully 
irrigated,  and  of  high  fertility ;  much  of  it  is  in  pasturage, 
and  large  herds  of  cattle  are  reared,  as  in  the  adjacent  Mila- 
nese territor}".  A  surplus  of  corn  over  home  consumption 
is  pr'^duced,  and  supplies  the  territory  bordering  on  the 
Medi  Tj-anean  as  far  as  Toulon.  Wheat,  maize,  barley, 
rice,  hemp,  and  fruits  are  the  principal  crops:  wines  are  of 
inferior  quality,  and  oil  is  produced  only  in  sni.iU  quantitiee ; 
the  silk  is  among  the  best  in  Italy.  The  mineral  product* 
comprise  iron,  lead,  copper,  marble,  sulphur,  manganese, 
cobalt,  and  small  quantities  of  the  precious  metals.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  silk  fabrics  and  organzine,  ho- 
siery, woollen  and  linen  goods,  brandy  and  liqueurs,  glass 
and  iron  wares.  The  inh.ibitants  are  nearly  all  Roman 
Catholics,  except  about  20.000  Vaudois  Protestants  in  the 
Alpine  valleys.  The  chief  town?  of  the  Sardinian  dominions, 
are  Turin,  (the  capital.)  Alessandria,  Asti.  Coni,  Noiiirv 
Vercelli,  Pinerolo,  Susa,  and  Aosta.  The  great  ri.u'es  of 
the  Siraplon.  .Mount  Cenis,  St.  Bernard,  and  the  Col  de 
Tenda  cross  the  Alps  into  Piedmont.    Pop.  in  1848.  2,):<-i.l32. 


PIE 


PIE 


Adj.  and  inhab.  Piedmoxtese.  peed'mon-teez' :  (It.  PlE- 

MOMESK.  pe-A-mon-tA's.'i.) 

PI KDMONT,  a  village  of  Hampshire  co.,  West  Virginia, 
on  the  N.  Branch  of  the  Potomac  Kiver,  and  on  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Kailroafl.  206  miles  W.  of  Baltimore.  It  con- 
tains machine-shops  of  the  railroad  company. 

PTKDMONT.  a  post-village  of  Harris  CO.,  Georgia,  11.5  miles 
W.S.W.  of  MilledgeviDe. 

PIEDMONT  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Manassas  Gap  Railroad,  61  miles  W.  of  Alex- 
andria. 

PIEDRABUENA.  pe-i"Dra-bw,Vnil,  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  15  miles  W.  of  Ciudad  Real.     Pop.  2600. 

PIEDKAHITA,  pe-;l'nrd-ee'td,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  32  miles  W.X.W.  of  Avila.  Pop.  847.  It  has  remains 
"f  ancient  walls  and  fortifications. 

PIEDRAS,  pe-MlrSs,  (i.  e.  "  rocks,")  a  headland  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  department,  and  65  miles  N.W.  of  Vera  Cruz. 

PIEDRAS,  pe-a'drds,  a  headland  in  the  Plata  Confedera- 
tion, and  estuary,  department,  and  90  miles  S.E.  of  Buenos 
Ayres. 

PIEDRAS,  pe-cVdris,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Vene- 
fuela,  department  of  Orinoco,  on  the  river  Orinoco,  65  mile 
VV'.S.W.  of  Anf;ostura. 

PIEDRAVALES,  pe-A-Brd-vilJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  23  miles  S.  of  Avila.     I'op.  732. 

PIEDS-NOIRS,  a  tribe  of  Indians.    See  Bwckfeet. 

PIELIS,  pe-inis,  PIEIJSIARVT,  PIELISJARWl,  pe-i'- 
lis-yan/vee,  written  al.so  PIELISJOEROI,  a  lake  of  Finland, 
Ispn.  and  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  ICuopio,  between  lat.  62°  55'  and 
63°  35'  N.,  and  Ion.  29°  and  .30°  20'  E.  Length.  56  mile.s :  great- 
est breadth,  16  miles.  The  river  Piulis  carries  its  .surplus 
waters  S.  into  Lake  Ornovesi.  On  its  E.  side  is  the  village 
of  Pielis. 

PIEMONTE.    See  Piedmont. 

PIEMONTI,  pe-A-mon'tee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and 
S.E.  of  Naples-    Pop.  1200. 

PIENZA.  pe-Jn'za.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Sienna, 
5  miles  S.W.  of  Montepulciano.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  college 
and  a  diocesan  seminary,  and  was  erected  into  a  munici- 
pality and  a  bishop's  see  by  Pope  Pius  II.,  a  native  of  the 
town. 

PIERCE,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  con- 
tains iiliout  540  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
St.  Croix  River,  and  on  the  S.M'.  by  the  Mississippi,  and  is 
drained  by  the  Rush  and  .^lenomonee  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  prairies  and  forests.  It  was  formed  in  1851 
bv  a  division  of  St.  Croix  county.  Capital,  Ellsworth  or 
Prescott.     Pop.  4672. 

PIERCE,  a  former  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Min- 
nesota. The  Minnesota  or  St.  Peters  River  forms  its  boun- 
dary on  the  S.W.,  and  the  North  Fork  of  Crow  River  on  the 
N.E.,  and  it  is  drained  by  the  Minni-Wakan,  and  the  South 
Fork  of  Crow  River.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  rolling: 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  This  county  lias  been  divided, 
and  is  now  mostly  included  in  the  counties  of  Nicollet,  Sil>- 
ley.  and  McLeod. 

PIERCE,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  on  tlie  E.  side  of  Puget  Sound.  Named  in  honor 
of  E.Y-President  Franklin  Pierce.  Formed  since  1850.  Capi- 
tal. Steilaooom.     Pop.  1115. 

PIERCE,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pfennsylvania. 

PIERCE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee. 

PIERCE,  a  post-office  of  .Tones  co.,  Iowa. 

PIERCE,  a  po.st-office  of  Will  co..  Illinois. 

l'II5RCET0N,  peers'tpu,  a  post-office  of  Kosciusko  co.,  In- 
diana. 

PIERCETOWN,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district,  South 
Caiolina. 

PIERCEVILLE,  peers'vil,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

PIERCEVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co..  Virginia. 

PIERCEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Do  Kalb  co..  Al.-ibama. 

PIERCEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

PIERCEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

PIERCEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cleveland  county,  North 
Coroliiin- 

PIER'MONT,  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 00  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  949. 

PIEIIMONT,  a  po.st-village  of  Orangetown  township,  Roek- 
lanii  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Erie  liailroad.  24  miles  above  New  York.  It  is  plea- 
e.iotly  situated  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Palisades,  with 
hi.^h  hills  in  the  rear,  and  has  a  pier  1  mile  long,  extending 
Into  the  river.  Here  is  an  extensive  depot  and  machine 
shops  of  the  railroad  company.  The  adjacent  hills  are  dotted 
with  cottages  or  country  seats.     Pop.  estimated  at  1800. 

PIERPONT,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  St. 
Lawrence  co..  New  York.  The  village  of  East  Pierpont  is  4 
miles  from  Potsdam.     Pop.  2267. 

PIERPONT,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E.  part  of 
-Ashtabula  county,  Uhio,  2l8  miles  iN.fJ.  ot  Columbus.   Pop. 

PIERPONT  PLACE,  a  post  office  of  DeWitt  co.,  Texxs. 


PIERRE,  La.  13  pe-aip.',  an  islet  of  the  English  Channel, 
off  the  coast  of  the  French  departn)ent  of  llie-et-Vilaiu>',  13 
miles  N.E.  of  St.  Malo.    It  is  defended  by  a  fort. 

I'lERRE  B.WOU,  pe-air  bi'oo.  a  small  stream  of  Missiifi- 
sippi,  rises  in  Copiah  county,  and  flows  into  the  Missisiin  i 
near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Clairborne  county. 

PIERRE  BUFFIERE,  pe-aip,' burfe-aiR',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Haute- Vienne,  on  the  Briance,  10  miles  S.S.E 
of  Limoges.  Pop.  1012.  The  celebrated  surgeon,  Dupuytren. 
was  born  here.  * 

PIERREFITTE,  pe-aiR'feet/,  several  villages  of  France,  the 
principal  in  the  department  of  Meuse  on  the  Aire,  16  miles 
N.W.  of  Commerey.     Pop.  646. 

PIERREFOND,  pe-aiR'fAse',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Oise,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cumpifegne,  with  1510  in- 
habitants, and  a  ruinei  feudal  fortress. 

PIER  REPORT,  pe-aiR^foR'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cantal,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aurillac.     Pop.  1275. 

PIERRELATTE,  pe-aiu^Idtf,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  13  miles  S.  of  Montelimart,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhone,  on  the  railway  from  Lyons  to  Avignon. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3483. 

PIERRE  PERTUIS.  pe-aiR' pJnHwee',  a  naturally  exca- 
vated passage  in  the  Jura  Mountains,  in  Switzerland,  19 
miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  on  the  road  between  Bienne  and  Po- 
rentruy,  40  feet  in  height,  and  from  10  to  12  feet  in  breadth, 
and  in  which  is  a  Roman  inscription. 

PIERREPONT  (peer'pont)  MANOR,  a  post-village  of  Jef 
ferson  co..  New  Y^ork,  on  the  Watertown  and  Rome  Railroad, 
18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Watertown,  and  the  same  distance  from 
Sackett"s  Harbor. 

PIERSON,  peor's^n,  a  township  of  Vigo  county,  Indiana, 
Pop.  1241. 

PIERSON,  a  Po.st-office  of  Mecosta  co..  Michigan. 

PIETERLEN,  pee/tgr-lgn,  or  PERLES,  paiRl.  a  town  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bern. 
Pop.  1.332. 

i'lETERMARITZBURG,  pee'tfr-mar'its-btlKO,  the  capital 
of  the  British  colonial  territorv  of  Natal,  in  South  Africa, 
50  miles  N.W.  of  Port  Natal,     l^'op.  about  2000. 

PIETOLE,  pe-A'to-li,  a  village  and  fort  of  Lombardy,  - 
miles  S.E.  of  Mantua,  on  the  Slincio.  I'op.  1000.  It  occu- 
pies the  site  of  ancient  Andes,  tlie  birthplace  of  Virgil. 

1'II;TR.\.  pe-A'trd,  a  small  town  of  the  Sardiniiin  States, 
division,  and  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  province,  and  8  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Albenga.     Pop.  2056. 

PIETRA  ABBONDANTE,  pe-i'trd  dbnion-ddn/tA.  a  town 
of  Naples  province  of  Molise,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Isernia.  Pop. 
2000. 

PIETRA  CAMELA,  po-i'trd  kJ-mAOi  a  town  of  Naple-s, 
province  of  Abruzzo  IJltra  I.,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Teramo. 
I'op.  lOiX). 

PIETRA  CATELLA,  pe-A'tii  kil-tJlld.  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  JIolise,14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Campobasso.  Pop.  3000. 

I'lETItA  DE  FUSI,  pe-A/trd  foo'see,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Principato  Ultra,  IJ  miles  N.E.  of  Montefusco. 
Pop.  4.300. 

PIETRA  DI  MONTE  CORVINO,  pe-A'trd  de  mon'tA  koR- 
vee'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  4  milea 
S.S.E.  of  Castelnuovo.     Pop.  2200. 

PIETRA  FERRANZA.  pe-A'tri  fjR-Rdn'zd,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Abruzzo  Citra.  S.  of  Lanciano.     Pop.  500. 

PIETRA  FESA.  pe-A'trd  fA'sd.  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Pot^nza.     Pop.  2400. 

PIETRA  GALLA,  pe-A'trd  gdl'ld.  a  market-town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Basilicata,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Potenza. 
Pop.  4000. 

PIETRAIN,  pe-A'tr^N"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  S.E.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  1311. 

I'lETRALCINA,  pe-A'trdl-ehee'nd.  a  market-town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Principato  Ultra,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Ariano.     Pop.  2400. 

PIETRAMALA,  pe-A'trd-mdld,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince, and  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Florence,  at  the  foot  of  Monte 
di  Fo,  in  the  Apennines.  Near  it  are  two  remarkable  dis- 
engagements of  gas,  one  of  which  is  perpetually  burning. 

PIETR.\MALA.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra.  near  the  coast  S.  of  Ajello. 

PIETRA  MELLARA,  pe-A'trd  mJl-ld'rd.  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, li  miles  N.  of  Capua.     Pop.  1600. 

PIETRA  PERTOSA,  pe-.A/trd  pjn-to'sd,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  I'otenza.  Pop.  3000. 

PIETRAPERZIA,  pe-A'trd-p^Rd'zee-d,  a  town  of  Sicily,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Caltanisetta.  Pop.  8500,  who  trade  in  com, 
almonds,  and  pistachios.     Near  it  are  some  sulphur-mines. 

PIETRA  ROJA,  pe-A'trd  ro'yd.  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Piedimonte, 
derives  its  name  from  the  red  marble  qu.arried  in  its  vicinity. 

PIETRASANTA,  pe-AHrd-sdn'td.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince, and  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pisa.     Pop.  4470. 

PIETRA  STORNINA.  pe-.A'trd  stoR-nee'nd,  a  market-town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  7  miles  N.W.  of 
Avellino.     I'op.  2C00. 

PIETREBAIS,  pe-AHrfh-bA',  (Ch.apelle,  shd'pJll',  or  9t. 

1485 


PIE 


PIK 


L.MiRENT,  sSn''  JoVSx''.)  a  town  of  Belgium.  proTince  of 
Biabant,  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop,  1169. 

1'IETKO-AD-SII'HI.M,  pe-A'troad-see'fim,  a  vill.ige  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Principato  Citra,  X.W.  of  Salerno.  Pop. 
2000. 

PIETRO-A-PATIERXO,  pe-i'tro-i-pJ-te-6R'no,  (anc.PfUr'- 
»«»*')  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  .Naples.     Pop.  2450. 

PIETRO-AVELLAXA,  pe-A'tro-d-vJl-ll'nl.  a  town  of  Xar 
pies,  province  of  Molise,  15  miles  X.  of  Isernia.     Pop.  1200. 

PIETRO-IX-CALATIXA.  pe-A'tro-in-ki-ld-tee'u4,  a  town  of 
\aples,  province  of  Otranto,  1i  miles  S.  of  Lecoe.  George 
Castriotto,  surnamed  Scanderbeg,  with  an  arnij-  of  15,000, 
here  defeated  a  tenfold  larger  army  of  Turks.     Pop.  7750. 

PIETRO-DI-MARDA,  pe-4'troKiee-maR'dil,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  S.  of  Xicastro,  almost  en- 
tirely destroyed  bv  an  earthquake  in  1783. 

PIETRO-ix-FINE,  pe-4'tro-in-fee'n.l,  a  town  of  Xaples,  pro- 
vince of  Lavoro,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Sora.  It  has  2  churches 
and  a  hospital.    Pop.  1000. 

PIETRO-i.\-LAM.\.  pe-i'tro-in-ld'm3,  a  town  of  Naples  pro- 
vince of  Otranto.  S.  W.  of  Lecce.    Pop.  1250. 

PIETRO  JIOXCORVIXO,  pe-i^tro  mnn-koR-vee'no,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Xaples,  province  of  Capitanata,  17  miles  S.W  of 
Severe.     Pop.  aOOO. 

PIETRO-VAIRANO,  pe-A/tro-vi-ri'no,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  16  miles  N.  of  Capua. 
Pop.  2500. 

PIETRO-VERNOTICO,  pe-i'tro-vSR-not'e-ko,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  10  miles  X'.W.  of  Lecce.  Pop. 
1500. 

PIECX,  Les,  li  pe-uh',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Manche.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Cherbourg.     Pop.  1621. 

PIEVE,  pe-A/vA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and 
8  miles  S.  of  Milan,  on  the  Lambro.    Pop.  1001. 

PIEVE  or  PIEVE  DEL  TECCO,  pe-A/vi  dM  t^kOco,  a  town 
of  Italv,  in  the  Sardinian  dominions,  13  niUes  X.W.  of  Oneg- 
lia.     Pop.  3098. 

PIEVE  DEL  CAIRO,  pe-A'vA  del  ki'ro,  a  town  of  Italy,  di- 
vision of  Novara,  province  of  Lomellina,  near  the  Po,  14 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Mortara.     Pop.  2S55. 

PIEVE  DI  CADORE,  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Cadorb. 

PIEVE  D'OLMI,  pe-i'vA  dol'mee,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardv,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Cremona.     Pop.  2600. 

PIEVE  PORTO  MOROXE,  pe-i'vA  poR'to  mo-ro'ni,  a  town 
of  Northern  Italy,  province  and  E.S.E.  of  Pavia,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Po.     Pop.  3015. 

PIEVE  SAN  GIACOMO,  pe-ATvA  sin  ji'ko-mo,  a  vUlage  of 
Northern  Italy,  province  of  Cremona.     Pop.  1015. 

PIEVE  SAN  GIOVANNI,  pe-4'vA  sin  jo-vln'nee,  a  village 
of  Austrian  Italy,  province,  and  S.E.  of  Mantua,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  Po.    Pop.  1015. 

PIEVE  SANTO-STEFAXO,  pe-A'vA  s3n'to-stA-fA'no,  a  mar^ 
ket-town  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Florence,  16  miles  N.E.  of 
Arezzo,  on  the  Tiber,  near  its  source.     Pop.  31)00. 

PIF'FARD,  a  post-oflSce  of  Livingston  co..  New  York. 

PIG  KON,  pij'tin,  a  township  of  Vanderburg  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1079. 

PIGKON,  a  township  of  Warrick  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1204. 

PIGEON  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Gibson  co.,  and 
entei-s  the  Ohio  at  Evansville. 

PIGEON  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  80 
miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PIGEON  FORGE,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Tennessee. 

PIGEON  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

PIGEON  ISLANDS,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  are  4 
miles  S.E.  of  Milo. 

PIGEON  RIVER,  of  Alabama,  rises  in  Butler  co.,  and  en- 
ters Sepulga  River  near  Brooklyn. 

PIGKOX  RIVER,  of  Indiana  and  Michigan,  rises  in  Steu- 
ben county  of  the  former  state,  and  enters  the  St.  Joseph's 
River  in  the  S.E.  corner  of  Cass  county,  Michigan.  Its  di- 
rection is  W.X.W.    It  furnishes  valuable  water-power. 

PIGEON  RIVER,  a  postofflce  of  Haywood  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PIGEON  ROOST,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co..  Missi^ippi 

PIGEON  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  VirginLa. 

PIG  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  South  P.icitic  Ocean,  in 
Louisiade  Archipelago.  Lat.  ll'^20'  N.,  Ion.  153°  15'  E.  The 
natives  are  dark  copper-colored.  They  are  a  dangerous  race, 
and  not  to  be  trusted. 

PIG'LESTHORXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

FIONA,  peen'yi  a  market-town  of  Sardinia,  province  of 
San  Remo,  27  miles  X.  of  Xlce.     Pop.  2770. 

PIG  NAN,  peenVfisa',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 


- — ^.  -  V.    .u. ,  ivf  uiiic»  0.1:4.  VI  x>riguoij 
It  has  copper-works  and  paper  mills. 

PIGXATARO,  peen-yi-ti'ro.  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
Of  Lavoro.  X  .W.  of  Caserta.     Pop.  1980. 

mo v/*'w?.'^  *  *°''°  °,^  Northern  Italy.    See  PiXEROW. 
_I_IUN0NK,.  peen-yo'nA,  a  villaue  of  the  Siirriininn  Sf«« 


.village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 


tlvision  of  Genoa,  not  far  from  Levanto.     Pop  1895 
PIJAX  or  PIDJAX,pee*jin',atown  of  Chinese  Too'rkistan, 


JO  miles  E.  ofTurJan. 
14S6 


PIJAN  or  PIDJAN,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  60 
miles  W.  of  .iksoo  (Aksou.)  The  ruins  of  Old  Pijan  (or  PM- 
jan)  are  140  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kashgar. 

PIKE,  pik,  a  county  in  the  E..\.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  New  Jersey,  has  an  area  of  600  square  miles. 
The  Delaware  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  ou  the  X.E. 
and  ou  the  S.E. ;  it  is  drained  also  by  the  Lackawaxen  and 
Shohola  Creeks.  Bushkill  Creek  forms  part  of  the  S.  lx>uud- 
ary.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  hilly  ;  the  soil  is  generally 
thin  and  stony.  A  large  part  of  the" county  is  a  wilderness 
of  scrubby  oaks.  Sandstone  and  slate  are  the  principal 
rocks.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  traverses  the  X. 
part  of  the  county,  and  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 
pas.ses  along  the  X.E.  border.  Organized  in  1814,  and  named 
(as  well  as  those  which  follow)  in  honor  of  General  Zebulon 
Pike.    Capital.  Milford.    Pop.  7156. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  390  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  in  the  X.W.  part 
by  Flint  River,  which  afterwards  forms  its  W.  boundary; 
and  also  drained  by  the  Big  Potato.  Elkins,  Flat,  Rose. aiid 
South  Towaliga  Creeks.  The  S.  part  of  the  county  is  hilly ; 
the  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  The  rocks  which  underlie 
the  surface  are  primary,  containing  iron  ore.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Macon  and  Western  Railroad.  Organized  in 
1s2j.  Cai>ital,  Zebulon.  Pop.  10,078,  of  whom  o3o0  were 
free,  and  4722  were  slaves. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an  area 
of  1330  square  miles.  Conecuh  River  rises  in  the  county. 
.and  Pea  River  flows  through  it.  The  suiface  is  extensively 
covered  by  forests  of  pine.  The  soil  is  moderately  fertile. 
Capital.  Troy.  Pop.  24,435,  of  whom  15,CaU  were  free,  and 
S7S.'i  slaves. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Mississippi,  bordering  on 
liOuisiana,  has  an  area  of  about  780  square  miles.  Baynu 
Chitto  flows  nearly  through  the  middle  of  the  county.  The 
soil  is  sandy,  and  not  very  rich.  Capital.  HolmesviUe.  Pop. 
11,135,  of  whom  6200  were  tree,  and  4935  slaj'es. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Arkansas ;  area,  about 
660  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Little  Missouri 
River.  The  surfece  is  partly  occupied  by  mountains  and 
hills,  in  which  silver,  iron,  lead,  zinc,  cobalt,  stone  coal,  and 
alabaster  are  found.  The  highlands  are  well  adapted  to  the 
pasturage  of  sheep,  and  the  lowlands  to  the  growth  of  grain. 
Capital,  Murfreosborough.  Pop.  4025,  of  whom  3798  were 
free,  and  227  slaves. 

PIKE,  a  county  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  Kentucky, 
hordering  on  Virginia,  contains  an  area  estimated  at  400 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  forks  of  the  Di;;  Sandy 
River.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  having  the  Cum- 
berland Mountain  near  the  E.  border.  Extensive  beds  of 
bituminous  coal,  from  5  to  8  feet  thick,  have  been  opened, 
and  some  iron  is  found.  Formed  in  1821.  Capital,  I'ike- 
ville.     Pop.  7384,  of  whom  7287  were  free,  and  97  slaves. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of 
about  445  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Sciotc 
River  and  by  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  also  drained  by  Beaver 
nnd  Sunfish  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly,  and 
the  soil  fertile.     Capit.il.  Waverly.     Pop.  13.*>43. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Patoka  Creek, 
and  bounded  on  the  X".  by  White  River.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  Coal 
of  good  quality  is  abundant.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  Organized"  in  1817.  Capitil, 
Petersburg.     Pop.  10,078. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering  on 
Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  exteiids 
from  the  Illinois  River  on  the  E.  to  the  Mississippi,  which 
forms  its  S.AV.  boundary.  It  is  traversed  by  a  side-channel 
of  the  Mississippi,  called  Snycartee  Slough,  and  also  drained 
by  McKee"s.  Bay,  and  Little  Muddy  Creeks.  The  surface  is 
rolling,  and  consists  of  prairies  and  forests.  The  soil  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  and  extensively  cultivated.  Stone  coal  is 
abundant.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  through  this  county, 
from  Hannibal  to  the  Illinois  river.  Pike  county  is  among 
'he  most  populous  in  the  state.  Capital, Pitts'ficlfl.  Pop.27.24y. 

PIKE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Missouri,  bordering  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  ini"- 
tains  alKjut  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Salt  Ri"er, 
and  also  drained  by  Cuivre  River,  and  by  Spencers,  R;im- 
sey's.  and  Buffalo  Creeks.  The  county  consists  partly  of 
prairies.  The  soil  is  generally  good.  Limestone  and  sand- 
stone underlie  the  surCice.  Capital.  Bowling  Green.  I'op 
18,417,  of  whom  14,362  were  fi-ee,  and  4055  slaves. 

PIKK,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

PIKE,  a  post-vilUge  and  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Xew 
York,  about  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Buffalo.  The  village  cont-iin." 
4  or  5  churches,  several  mills,  a  water-cure  establishment, 
and  3  taverns.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1824. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Popula- 
tion 1178. 

PIKE,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  20  miles  W.  of  Montrose.     Pop.  1747. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Clearfield  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop 
U24. 


PIK 


KL 


PIKF!,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Ppnnsj'lvania.    Pop.  208. 

PIKK,  a  towiisliip  of  Brown  Co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1211. 

PIKi;,  a  townsliip  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1491. 

PIKR.  a  township  of  Cosliocton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  696. 

PIKK,  a  townsliip  of  Kulton  co.,  Oliio.     Poj).  ii7<>. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Knox  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1551. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  .Madison  co.,  Ohio.  340. 

PIKK,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Perry  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  2503. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1308. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  I:i64. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Indinna.     Pop.  2041. 

PIKK,  a  townsliip  of  Warren  oo..  Indiana.     Pop.  877. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Stoddard  co.,  Missouri.  Population 
1586. 

PIKK,  a  post-office  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Kenoslia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

PIKK  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Ripley  co.,  Missouri. 

PIKE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  25  miles  E.  of  Coudersport. 

PIKK  POND,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

PIKK  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PIKK'S  PEAK,  one  of  the  highest  summits  o^  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  near  38°  25'  N.  lat.,  and  105°  W.  Ion.  Height, 
11,407  feet. 

PIIiESVILLE,  Maryland.    See  Pikeville. 

PIK  ETON.  Kentucky.    See  Pikeville. 

PIKE'TON,  a  post-village  of  I'ike  county,  Ohio,  situated 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Sctoto  River,  24  miles  from  its  mouth,  05 
miles  S.  of  Columbus,  and  2  miles  E.  of  the  Ohio  Canal. 
Piketon  was  formerly  tlio  capital  of  the  county.  It  con- 
tains 3  churches,  1  academy,  and  a  number  of  stores.  Laid 
out  in  1814.     Population  in  18.50,  690;  in  1860,  684. 

PIKKTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,.10  miles 
N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

PIKKTON,  a  post-office  of  Stoddard  eo.,  Missouri. 

PIKE  TOWNSHIP,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vanLa. 

PIKE  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PIKEVILLE  or  PIKKSVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Baltimore 
CO.,  Maryland,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Baltimore. 

PIKKVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marion  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 3  miles  E.  from  the  Buttahatchee  River,  68  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

PIKKVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mi-^sissippi, 
on  the  road  from  Houston  to  Aberdeen,  14  miles  from  each. 

PIKKVILLK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Blud.soe  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 112  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situ.-ited  on  high 
ground,  and  lias  abundance  of  stone  coal  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  about  400. 

PIKEVILLE  or  PIKETON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pike 
CO..  Kentucky,  on  the  West  Fork  of  }!ig  Sandy  River,  160 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort.  The  river  is  navigaVile  for  boats 
from  this  point  downward.  The  village  contains  numerous 
stores.     Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

PILAHATCH'IE,  a  post-office  of  Rankin  CO..  Mississippi. 

PIL.^O  ARC-\D0,pe-16wNi''  aR-ki'do,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Bahia,  on  the  river  Sao  Francisco.'  Lat.  11°  30'  S., 
Ion.  42°  40'  W.     Pop.  5000. 

P1L.\.R,  pe-laR',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Parahiba,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Parahiba,  and  50  miles  W.  of  the  city  of 
Parahiba.     Pop.  3400. 

PILAR,  a  town  of  Paraguay.     See  Neembuco. 

PILAR,  pe-laR',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  170  miles 
N.  of  (ioyaz,  almost  encircled  by  the  Uruhu  and  Vermelho, 
tributaries  to  the  Almas.     Pop.  1500. 

PILAR,  a  parish  and  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  district  of  Icua^u.  on  the  Pilar.     Pop.  3000. 

I'lLARES.  CAPO  DE  L'lS,  ki'po  da  loce  pe-ld'r4s,  the 
N.W.  extremity  of  Terra  del  Fuego. 

PILAS,  pee/iis.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  18  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Seville.     Pop.  2411. 

PILAS,  one  of  the  Sooloo  Islands,  in  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago. 

I'lLATE  or  PILAT.  (peeMibO  MOUNT,  a  branch  of  the 
Alps,  between  the  Swiss  cantons  of  Lucerne  and  Untorwal- 
ilen,  its  principal  peak,  the  Tomlishorn,  is  5  miles  S.W. 
jf  Lucerne,  having  an  elevation  of  6998  feet. 

PILATK,  peeMdt/,  a  mountain  of  France,  in  the  Cdvennes 
chain,  between  the  departments  of  Rhone  and  Loire,  3517 
feet  In  height. 

PIL.'^T'KA.  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Putnam  CO..  Florida, 
on  the  left  bank  of  St.  John's  River,  about  200  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Tallahassee.  Cotton  and  sugar  are  shipped  here  in  steam- 
boats which  run  to  Savannah  and  Charleston.     Pop.  613. 

PILAYA,  pe-li'i,  or  TUPIZA.  too-pee'sj.  a  river  of  South 
.America,  rises  ne;tr  the  S.W.  frontiers  of  Bolivia,  tlows 
E.N.E.  under  the  n.ame  of  San  Juan,  and  then  under  that 
if  Pilava,  and  after  a  course  of  nearly  300  miles  joins  the 
right  branch  of  the  Pilcomavo.  about  20°  30'  S. 

PIiyCHKR.  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

PILCOMAYO,  pil-komi'o,  or  AKAGU.^I,  i-ri-gwi',  a  river 
;if  South  America,  in  Bolivia  and  Paraguay,  ri.'ies  near  Chu- 
quisaca.  flows  S.E.  through  the  Llanns.  and  joins  the  Para- 
guay nearly  opposite  Asuncion,  by  two  branches,  enclosing 


a  marshy  island,  150  miles  in  length.  The  N.  (or  main'. 
liranoh.  is  called  Pilcomayo  or  Araguai  Guazu,  the  S.  Aia- 
guai  Mino.  Tot.al  course  estimated  at  lOiiO  miles.  Its  chief 
affluents  are  the  Pilaya  and  Paspaya.  It  is  n.avig.able  for 
boats  from  the  Paragu.ay  to  Chuquisac.a,  the  only  city  on  its 
banks,  but  shallow  for  the  remainder. 

PILESGROVE.  pllz'grove,  a  township  of  Salem  co..  New 
Jersey.     Pop.  2024. 

PILGRA.VI,  pil'grim,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  E.N  E. 
of  Tabor.     Pop.  3200.  who  manufacture  woollens. 

PILGRAMSDORF,  pil'grdm.-^-donr,  (Ober,  o'ber,  and  Nib- 
DER.  nee'der,)  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1269. 

PILGRIM'S  REST,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 

PIL'HA.M,  a  parish  of  Encrland.  co.  oif  Lincoln. 

PILICA,  pe-leefsi  or  PILIT'ZA,  a  town  of  Poland,  pro- 
vince of  Kielce.  on  the  Pilica,  an  affluent  of  the  Vistula.  33 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Cracow.     Pop.  3000. 

PILKALLEN,  pil'kdl-len,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  18  miles 
N.E.  of  Gumbinnen.     Pop.  1686. 

PILLAR,  (pillar,)  CAPE,  the  south-easternmost  headland 
of  Tasman's  Peninsula,  Van  Diemen's  Land.  Lat.  4.3°  12' 
S.,  Ion.  148°  V  E. 

PIULAR  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York. 

PII/L.\TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

I'lLLAU.  pil'ISw,  a  maritime  town  of  East  Prussia,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Frische-IIaff,  25  miles  W.  of  Kbnigsberg.  of 
which,  and  of  Elbing  and  Braunsberg,  it  is  the  port.  Lat. 
of  the  light-hou.se,  54°  38'  4"  N.,  Ion.  19°  54'  E.  Pop.  2720, 
exclusive  of  suburbs.  The  inlet  to  the  Ilaff  not  having 
more  than  12  feet  water,  vessels  of  large  burden  here  un- 
load or  lighten  cargo,  and  it  has  consequently  a  thriving 
trade. 

PII/LERTON  HER'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 

PILLERTON  PRI'ORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 

PILLIBHEET,  PILIBHIT  or  PILLIBEET,  pil-le-beetA  a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  Upper  ]*ro- 
vinces,  district,  and  30  miles  N.E.  of  Bareily,  capital  of  a  col- 
lectorate,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ganges,  with  a  fine  mosque, 
and  trade  in  rice. 

I'lL'LlNG,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PIL'LITH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

PILLNITZ,  a  village  of  Saxony.     See  PiLMTZ. 

PIL'LOAV.  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PIl/LOWVlLLE.  a  post-office  of  Weakley  co.,  Tennessee. 

PILLS'BOROUGH,  a  small  village  of  Pitt  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

I'l  LI/TOWN,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co. 
of  Kilkenny,  4  miles  E.  of  Carrick-on-Suir.  Pop.  700.  It  is 
clean  and  neat.  Adjoining  is  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Bes- 
borough.  lord  of  the  manor. 

I'1L\IK.\U,  pil'ne-kow\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  N.E. 
of  Bidschow.     Pop.  966. 

PILNITZ  or  PILLNITZ,  pil'nits,  a  village  of  Saxony,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Dresden.  It  has 
a  royal  park  and  chateau,  wliere,  on  the  25th  of  .\ugust, 
1791,  was  concluded  the  convention  of  European  powers  to 
maintain  the  rights  of  the  Bourbons  to  the  throne  of 
France. 

PI'LOT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Vermilion  co., 
Illinois,  about  42  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Paris.    Pop.  1275 

PILOT  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Grayson  co.,  Texas. 

PILOT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois. 

PILOT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri, 
about  52  miles  N.W.  bv  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PILOT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co..  Icjwa. 

PILOT  HILL,  the  cnpital  of  Fnlton  co.,  Arkansas. 

PILOT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Mason  co.,  Illinois. 

PILOT  ISLAND,  or  FISHERMAN'S  ROCK,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Red  Sea,  between  the  Arabian  coast  and  the 
island  of  Perim. 

PILOT  KNOB.  S«>  Missouri.  "  Objects  of  interest  to 
Tourists." 

PIIiOT  KNOB,  a  post-office  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky. 

PILOT  K.VOB,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 

PILOT  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PILOT  MOUNTAIN,  called  also  ARARAT,  a  mountain  of 
Surry  CO.,  North  Carolina,  between  the  Ararat  and  Dan 
Rivers.  It  is  of  a  pyramidal  form,  and  one-third  of  a  mile  in 
height. 

PILS'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PILSEN,  pil'sen,  PILZKN,  pilt'sen,  or  PILSNA.  pil.srnj, 
(Neu,  noi.)  i.  e.  New  Pilsejt.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Beraun, 
a  tributary  of  the  Elbe.  52  miles  W.S.W.  of  Prague.  Pop.  9798. 
It  is  one  of  the  best  built  and  most  important  commercial 
towns  in  the  kingdom,  and  has  a  fine  Gothic  church,  town- 
hall,  a  gymnasium,  theatre,  military  and  other  schools, 
ilourishing  manufactures  of  woollen  goods,  morocco  leather, 
iron  and  horn  wares,  and  alum,  a  large  annual  fair,  and  i\ 
considerable  transit  trade  with  Bavaria. 

PILSEN.  PILZKN,  or  PILSNA,  (Alt.  lit,  or  "  Old.")  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bohemia,  5  miles  S.E.  of  the  above  town.    P.  931. 

1487 


PIL 


PIN 


PILiSNO.  pils'no.  a  town  of  A  ustrian  Polancl.  in  Galicia,  12 
niUfcS  K  of  Tarno,  on  tbe  Wisloka.     Pep.  liitii). 

PILTKX.  pil'ten.  a  town  of  Russia.  ^OTernment  of  Cour- 
land,  on  thf-  wiiidau.  92  miles  W.X.W.  of  Mitau.  with  a 
tbrties*  buill  in  12211  by  Waldemar  II.  of  Denmark.  Pop.  600. 

PILTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PILTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

riLTO.N.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

PlLTilN.  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PIM'LICO.  a  suburb  of  the  British  metropolis,  co.  of  Mid- 
llese.'C.  and  comprised  in  the  liberty  of  Westminster,  imme- 
liately  W.  of  St.  James's  Vurk,  2i  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul's, 
London.  It  comprises  many  elegant  streets  and  squares, 
with  Buckingham  Palace  and  gardens,  and  occupies  all  the 
suburban  districts  between  Westminster  and  Chelsea. 

PIM'PEKNK,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PIX  A,  pee'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  23  miles  S.E. 
of  Saragossa.     Pop.  1 7  90 

PIXA  DE  CAMP.VS.  pee'ni  dA  kdm'pis.  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  14  miles  X.X.E.  of  Palcnoia.     Pop.  950. 

PIXAKE.TO,  pee-nd-r.VHo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Castile, 
province,  and  S.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  146S. 

PIXASCA.  pe-nds'kd,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, division  of  Turin,  province,  and  7  milesN.W.  of  Pine- 
rolo,  on  the  Clusone.     Pop.  2737. 

PINCH'BECK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

PIXCK'NEY,  a  post-township  forming  the  W.  extremity 
of  I/ewis  CO..  New  York.    Pop.  1393. 

PINCKXEY,  a  village  of  Kutherford  CO.,  North  Carolina, 
about  2iX)  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

PIXCKXEY.  a  post-village  in  Williamson  co..  Tenne.ssee. 

PIXCKNEY,  a  post/villiige  of  Putnam  township.  Livings- 
ton CO..  Michigan,  on  a  branch  of  Huron  Kiver,  45  miles  S.E. 
of  I^ansing.  It  has  some  water-power,  a  flouring  mill,  and 
a  few  stores.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  500. 

PINCKXEY.  a  post-village  in  AVarren  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Missouri  Kiver.  55  miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PIXCK'XEYVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Union  district.  South 
Carolin.1,  on  liroad  River,  70  miles  X.X.W.  of  Columbia. 

PIXCKNEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gwinnett  co.,  Geor- 
gia, near  the  Chattahoochee,  90  miles  N.W.  of  Jlilledgeville. 

PIXCKXEYVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Tallapoosa  co., 
Alabama. 

PIXCKNEYVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Wilkinson  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, 135  miles  S.W.  of  Jackson. 

PIXCKXEYVILLE.  a  post-vill.ige,  capital  of  Perry  co,  Illi- 
nois, on  Big  Beaucoup  Creek.  134  miles  S.  of  Springfield.  It 
contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  several  stores. 

PIXQOX.  a  bay  of  Brazil.     See  Pl.vzox. 

PIXCZOW,  pin'chov,  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  24 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Kielce,  on  the  Nidda.  Pop.  4300,  compris- 
ing many  Jews.  Here,  in  1702,  the  Poles  were  defeated  by 
the  Swedes. 

PINDAMONHANGABA,  pin-dl  mon-an-gi'ba,  a  town  of 
Brazil,  province,  and  190  miles  X.E.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Parahiba.     Pop.  of  the  district.  6000. 

PIXD-DADOX-KHAN,  pind  dlMan'  Kin.  a  town  of  the 
Punjab,  near  the  Jhylum,  110  miles  X.W.  of  Lahore,  in  lat. 
32°  36'  N.,  Ion.  72°  52'  E.  Pop.  6000.  The  houses  are  mostly 
built  of  earth,  in  cedar  framework.  It  is  a  depot  for  salt, 
about  40,000  tons  of  which  are  annually  raised  from  adja- 
cent mines,  yielding  to  the  government  a  revenue  of  lOO.OOioZ. 
a  year. 

PINTJERTOWN,  a  village  of  Lee  co.,  Georgia,  on  Flint 
River,  110  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

PINDUS,  pin'dUs,  (Gr.  VlivSot.)  a  mountain  chain  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  between  Albania  and  Thessaly,  connected  on 
the  N.  with  the  Dinaric  Alps,  and  on  the  S.  with  Mount 
Othrys,  on  the  frontier  of  Greece.  SIouM  Mezzovo,  the 
highest  point,  has  an  estim.ited  height  of  8950  feet. 

PINE,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co.,  New  Y'ork. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
l.iJl. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  847. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  1788. 

PINK,  a  township  of  Warren  co..  Indiana.     I'op.  S23. 

PINE,  a  post-office  of  Buchanan  co..  Iowa. 

PINK  APl'LE.  a  post-office  of  M'ilcox  co.,  Alab.nma. 

PINE  BAR/REX  CREEK,  Al.abama.  flows  N.W..  .nnd  en- 
ters Alabama  River  on  the  boundary  of  Wilcox  and  Dallas 
counties. 


1  stores,  and  a  steamboat  landing 

PINE  BLUFF,  a  thriving  post-village.  capit.il  of  Jefferson 
?'l.  !^  ,  P™^' ''°  '''«  "(?''*  l^»"'«  of  Arkansas  Kiver.4S  miles 
S.h.  of  Little  Rock.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  cotton-plautin'' 
region,  and  contiiins  a  newspaper  office  and  several  stores. 
Atx>ut  20.000  bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  here  annually  in 
rteamboats.     Pop.  1396.  •' 

t!lvl!i  «V?,™.-  *  P™"*-'fi"«f?e  of  Callaway  co..  Kentucky. 
Vli^"'  "  Po*t-f>"«se  of  Pula.ski  co..  Missouri,  on 
1488 


Big  Piney  Fork  of  Gasconade  River,  53  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jul 
ferson  City. 

PINE  BL€FF.  a  post-office' of  Dane  co..  'Wisconsin. 

PIXEBOROUGH,  pin'bfir-rllh,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co., 
Florida. 

PIXE'BROOK'.  a  post-village  of  Moriis  co..  New  Jersey. 

PINE  CREEK,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
enters  tbe  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  near  Jersey 
Shore. 

PIXE  CREEK,  of  Crawford  co.,  Arkansas,  enters  Arkansas 
River  from  the  X. 

PIXE  CR1;EK.  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Tennessee. 

PINE  CKEF-v,  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan,  enters  St.  Jo- 
seph's River.  2  miles  from  its  mouth. 

PIXE  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Benton  CO..  and  flows 
into  the  AVabash.  opposite  Attica.  Stone  coal  and  pine  tim- 
ber are  abundant  on  its  banks. 

PINE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  left  side  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  22  miletf 
W.  Of  Williamsport.     Pop.  Py«. 

PINE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
22  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Clarion.     Pop.  729. 

PINE  CliEEK.  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co..  Pennsylvania. 

PINE  CRKEK.  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  Co..  W.  Viiginia. 

PINE  CREEK,  a  postM)ffice  of  Calhoun  co..  Michigai.. 

PINE  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ogl< 
CO..  Illinois.     Pop.  1203. 

PIXE  FLAT,  a  post-oflice  of  Bossier  parish.  Louisiana. 

PIXEGA.  pe-n.VgS,  a  river  of  l^ussiar governments  of  Vo- 
logda and  Archangel,  joins  the  Dwina  12  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Kholmogory,  after  a  tortuous  X.W.  coiirse  of  290  miles. 

PIXEGA,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  93  miles 
E.S,E.  of  Archangel,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Pinega. 
Pop.  1500. 

PIXE  GROA'E,  a  post-oflice  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

PIXE  GROVE,  a  vill.Hge  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Carlisle. 

I'IXE  GROVE,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  10 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Jlercer. 

PIXE  GROVE,  a  post-borough  and  townshij)  of  Schuylkill 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Swatara  Creek,  at  the  head  of  navig.n- 
tion  of  the  Union  Canal,  and  on  the  Dauphin  and  Susque- 
hanna Railroad.  40  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisl  urg.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal shipping  point  for  the  coal  which  is  obtained  from  the 
extensive  mines  of  the  Swatara  coalfield.  The  st.-Tita  vary 
in  depth  from  5  to  30  feet.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  in  1850, 
646;  total  population  in  1800,  -.iMT. 

PINE  GROVE,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  938. 

PIN  E  6K0VE,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1101. 

PIXE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Wetzel  co..  W.  A'irginia. 

PIXE  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Franklin  co.,  Mississippi. 

PINE  GROA'E.  a  post-oflfice  of  St.  Tammany  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

PINE  GROA'E,  a  postoffice  of  Clarke  co.,  Kentucky. 

PIXE  GROVE^a  post-office  of  Wa.shington  co..  Tennessee. 

PIXE  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Gallia  co..  Ohio. 

PIXE  grove!  a  town  of  Sierra  co..  California. 

PIXE  GROVE,  a  village  of  Canada  AVest.  co.  of  York.  17 
miles  from  Toronto.    Pop.  about  150. 

PIXE  GHOA'E  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, 90  miles  X.W.  of  Harrisburg.  .It  contains  3  stores. 

PIXE  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co..  North  <  arolina. 

PINE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  AA'ashington  co..  Rhode  Island. 

PIXE  HILL,  a  village  of  Elba  township,  Gene.see  co..  New 
York.    It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  sevei-al  stores. 

PINE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co.,  New  A'ork. 

PIXE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PIXE  IIIl.L,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia,  4  mlleti 
from  Loui.sville. 

PIXE  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia,  about 
25  miles  E.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

PIXE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Wilcox  co.,  Alabama. 

PINE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Wa.shita  parish.  Louisiana. 

PINE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas. 

PIXE  ISL.A.XD.  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Texas. 

PIXE  ISLAXD,  Caribbean  .Sea.    See  IsiE  OF  Pines. 

PIXE  L.\KE.  AVisconsin.  in  AA'auke.sha  county.  Lengtii, 
2J  miles;  breadth.  J  of  a  mile. 

PIXE  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  28 
miles  N.AV.  of  Detroit.  ' 

PINE  LAND,  a  post-office  of  Sleigs  CO..  Tennes.see. 

PINE  LE'f'EL.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabama. 

PINE  LOG.  a  post-office  of  Cass  co..  Geoi-gia. 
,  PIXE  MEAD'(1AV.  a  thriving  jwst-village  of  New  Hartford 
township.  Litchfield  co..  Connecticut,  about  2.^  miles  AV.  by 
N.  of  Hartford. 

PINE  PLAIN,  a  post-township  of  Allegan  co..  Michigan 
Pop.  103. 

PIXE  PLAIN'S,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.  part 
of  Dutchess  co..  New  A'ork.  about  50  miles  S.  by  E.  of  .\lbany. 
The  village  contains  1  bank,  and  has  several  hundred  inha 
bitant.s.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1412. 

PINE  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co..  Xew  Jerw 


PIN 

P1\E  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Early  eo.,  Georgia. 
I  PINE  KIDGE,  a  post-office  of  \Vinn  co.,  Louisiana. 

PINE  ItlDGE,  a  po.st-ofiice  of  Copiah  Co.,  Mi.ssi.ssippi. 

PINE  RIVK15.  a  small  stream  of  Carroll  co.,  in  the  E.  part 
^f  New  Hampshire,  falls  into  Ossipee  Lake. 

PINE  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  near  the  border  of  Gra- 
tiot CO.,  and  flowing  N.E.,  enters  the  Tittibawassee  in  Mid- 
land county. 

PlNli  lUVER,  a  small  stream  of  Richland  co.,  AVjsconsin, 
rtowsinto  Wisconsin  lUver. 

PINE  RIVER,  a  post-township  of  Waushara  po.,  Wis- 
consin. 

PINEROLO,  pe-nA-rol'o,  (Fr.  Pignernl,  peen'yer-ol';  Sp. 
PifUrnl,  peen-y i-rol' ;  L.  P(n'(ro'i!M»n,)a  town  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  capital  of  a  province,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the 
.Alps,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Turin,  on  the  Chisone.  Pop.  ]3,401. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  mostly  ill  built,  but  has  a  noble 
S'luare,  a  fine  cathedral,  and  3  other  churches.  8  convents,  a 
lai<;e  hospital,  barracks,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths, 
paper,  and  leather. 

PINER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post>office  of  Kenton  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

PINE  RUN,  a  postroffice  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan. 

PINERY,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Missouri. 

PINE'S  BRIDGE,  a  postofflce  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
York. 

PINES,  ISLE  OF,  West  Indies.    See  Isle  of  Pines. 

PINE  STREET,  a  post-office  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PINE  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Centre  co.,  Georgia. 

PINETOWN,  a  postoffice  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas. 

PINETREE,  a  post-c,fflce  of  Upshur  co.,  Texas. 

PINE  V.AL'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co..  New  York. 

PINE  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Penn.sylvani.i. 

PINE  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Yallabu.sha  co.,  Mississippi. 

PINE  VALLEY,  a  town.<hip  of  Clark  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

PINE  VIEW,  a  [Kistroffice  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia. 

PINE  VIL'LAGE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana. 

PINEVILLE,  piu'vil,  a  post-office  of  Gloucester  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

PINEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PINEVILLE,  a  postroffice  of  Mecklenberg  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PINEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cliarleston  district,  South 
Carolina,  75  miles  S.E.  of  Columbia. 

PINEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Georgia,  about 
30  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

PI  .\  V,  \  1 LLE,  a  post-village  of  Marengo  co..  Alabama. 

I'lN  KV  ILLE.  a  post-office  of  Bossier  parish.  Louisiana. 

PI  \  EV  ILLE,'  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 

PINEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  McDonald  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Elk  River,  which  is  navigable  for  small  boats. 

PINE  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  New  York. 

PINEWY,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Pi.nne. 

PINEY,  pee^nA/.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Aube.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Troyes.     Pop.  1.550. 

Pl'XEY,  a  post-township  of  Clarion  eo.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1366. 

PINEY,  a  post  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Arkansas. 

PINEY  CREEK,  of  Arkansa.s,  rises  near  the  N.  extremity 
of  Pope  county,  and  flows  into  the  Arkansas  Kiverfrom  the 
left,  on  the  W.  liorder  of  the  same  county.  Littie  Piney 
Ckeek  unites  with  it  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Clarksville. 

PINEY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 

PINEY  FORK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  438. 

PI.NEY  GREEN,  a  small  post-village  of  Onslow  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

PIXEY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Sampson  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PINEY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennessee. 

PINEY  IIE.\D.  a  post-office  of  Appling  co..  Georgia. 

PINEY  POINT,  at  the  E.  side  of  the  Potomac  River,  .-ibout 
14  miles  from  its  mouth.   On  it  is  a  fixed  li^'ht,  25  feet  high. 

PINEY  RIVER,  a  small  .stream  in  the  W.  central  p.-jrt  of 
Tennessee,  flows  into  Duck  River  from  the  right,  in  Hick- 
man county. 

PINEY  RIVER,  or  BIG  PINEY,  Missouri.   See  Gasconade. 

PING,  a  prefix  of  the  names  of  numerous  Chinese  cities. 

PING-HOI,  ping^hoi',  a  city  of  Chin.i.  province  of  Quang- 
tong.  on  Harlem  Bay,  So  miles  E.N.E.  of  Macao. 

PlNG-LIA.\(i,  ping'le-itng',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Kan-soo,  capital  of  a  department,  in  lat.  35°  34'  N.,  Ion.  106° 
30' E. 

PING-LO.  pingMo',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Qu!ing-see, 
capital  of  a  department,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Canton  River, 
180  miles  W.N.W.  of  Canton. 

PIN'GREE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co..  Illinois. 

PING-YANG.  pingV^ng',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Shan- 
see,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Puenho.  135  miles  S.W. 
of  Tai-Yuen.  the  capital  of  the  province,  to  which  it  is  re- 
ported to  be  equal  in  extent  and  prosperity. 

PING-YUEN,  ping^oo-^n'.  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Koei-choo,  capital  of  a  department.  Lat.  26°  37'  N.,  Ion.  105° 
to'  E.     Fine  tea  is  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

PINHEIRO  DE  BEJIPOSTA,  pin-yi'e-ro  di  be^*  p^js'ti.  a 
4T 


PIO 

market-town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  40  miles  N.W 
of  Coimbra.    Pop.  1200. 

PINHEIRO  DE  MACAO,  pin-yA'e-ro  di  m^-ka/o,  a  town 
and  parish  of  Brazil,  province  of  Beira  Alta,  near  Lamego. 
Pop.  1300. 

PINHEL.  peen-yM',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira, 
8  miles  N.W.  of  Almeida.  Pop.  2-300.  It  is  enclosed  bj 
walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace,  and  a  new  town 
hall. 

PIN'HOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PIN'IIOOK,  a  small  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee. 

PIN  HOOK,  a  post-office  of  Fleming  co.,  Kentucky. 

PIN  HOOK,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  I)idiana. 

PIN1LL.\.  pe-neel'yd,  a  village  of  Spain, in  Leon,  province, 
and  N.E.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  1011. 

PINILLOS,  a  village  of  Spain.     See  PiNAS  pel  Ret. 

PIN'I.'^HOOK,  a  post-office  of  Wiston  co..  Mississippi. 

PIN  ISL.A  ND  BAYOU,  (bi'oo.)  Texas,  flows  int<i  the  Neches 
River  from  the  W..  a  few  miles  N.  of  Beaumont. 

PINKAFELD.  pinWd-fJlt',  or  PINKAFY,  peen'koh/fee,  a 
market-town  of  West  Hungai  y,  co.  of  Eisenberg.  on  the  Pinka, 
20  miles  W.  of  GUns.  Pop.  4000.  who  manufacture  some  coarse 
woollens.  Here  is  a  noble  residence,  with  zoological  gardens. 

PINK  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Lenoir  co..  North  Carolina. 

PINK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi. 

PINKNEY.     See  PiNCKNET. 

PINNE.  pin'neh,  or  PINEWY,  pe-n.A'vee  (?)  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Poland.  29  iniles  W.N.W.  of  Poseii.     Pop.  2000. 

PINNEBEKG,  pin'neh-bJRG\  a  small  town  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Holstein,  capital  of  a  county.  11  miles  N.W.  of 
Hamburg,  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Elbe.     Pop.  1100. 

PIN'NELLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co..  Mississippi. 

PIN'NER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  with  a 
station  on  the  North-western  Railway,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Ilar- 
row-on-the-Hill. 

PIN'NEY'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri. 

PINOAK,  a  po.st^vill.age  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  80  miles 
N.E.  by  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

PINO  DE  CHIERI,  pee'no  dee  ke-.Vree,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division,  and  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Turin. 
Pop.  1755. 

PINO  DE  VALENCIA,  pee/no  A\  vJl-Un'the-J,  a  village  of 
Spain,  in  Estremadura,  about  45  miles  from  Caceres.  Pop. 
1860. 

PINO  FRANQUENDO,  pee'no  frdn-kenMo,  a  village  of 
Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province  of  Caceres.  E.  of  Cindad 
Rodrigo,  with  oil  and  flour  mills.    Pop.  876. 

PIN  OS.  pee'noce.  an  island  in  the  Caribbean  Se.i.  Gulf  of 
Darien.     Lat.  of  the  N.E.  point,  9°  1'  30"  N.,  Ion.  77°  4S'  W. 

PINOS  DE  GENIL,  pee'noce  ik  H.i-neel',  or  PINILLOS, 
pe-neel'yoce,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and 
0  miles  E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  896. 

PINOS  DEL  KEY,  pee'nos  dSl  tk,  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  province,  and  about  20  miles  S.  of  Granada. 
Pop.  2203. 

PINOS,  ISLA  DE.    See  Isle  of  Pines. 

PINOSb,  pe-no'so,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vinc«,  and  29  miles  W.  of  Alicante.     Pop.  2301. 

PINOS  PUENTE,  pee/noce  pwjn'tji,  a  market-town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  11  miles  N.W.  of  Granada.     Pop.  2605. 

PINSK,  pinsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  143 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Minsk,  on  the  Pripets.  here  joined  by  the 
Pina.  Pop.  5300.  It  has  manufiictures  of  leather,  and  a 
transit  trade. 

PINTIA.    See  Vallabolib. 

PINTL.VLA  or  PINTEL.VLA.  a  creek  of  Alabama,  flows 
into  Alabama  River  from  the  S.E.,  16  miles  below  Mont- 
gomery. 

PINTLAL.\.  a  post-office  of  Montgomerv  co.,  Alabama. 

PINT/LER'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Ottawa  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

I'INTO,  pin'to.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province, 
and  14  miles  S.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  2504. 

PINTUARIA.     See  Teneriffe. 

PINTUC'KY,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Mississippi. 

PINXTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

PINY.    See  Pinev. 

PINYAREE  or  PINYARREE.  pin-y3/ree\  a  branch  of  the 
river  Indus,  at  its  delta,  enters  the  ocean  by  the  Sir  mouth, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  the  mouth  Koree. 

PINZGAU,  pints'gow,  a  district  of  Upper  Austria,  circle 
of  Salzburg,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  upper  valleys  of  the 
Saula  and  S.alza. 

PINZON  or  PINQON,  pin-son',  a  small  bay  of  Brazil,  near 
the  island  of  Maraca;  lat.  2°  N. 

PIOBK.SI.  pe-o-bA/»ee,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  not  far  from  Carignano.     Pop.  2214. 

PIOLENC,  pe-o'lSN".'  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Vaucluse,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Orange.     Pop.  1900. 

PIOLTELLO,  pe-ol-tJllo.  or  PICCOLA  PIODA,  pik'ko-M 
pe-o^dj,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and  7  miles 
E.N.E.  ofMil.^I;.     Pop.  1745. 

PIi)MBINO.  pe-rm-Viee'no,  a  market-town  of  Tuscany, 
province  of  Pisa,  capital  of  a  princip.ality.  on  the  Mediter 
ranean,  opposite  the  island  of  Elba,  and  12  miles  W.  of  Fol- 

1489 


PIO 


PIS 


lonica.  Pop  1300.  It  has  a  castle,  a  palace,  and  a  small 
hartor,  and  near  it  are  salt-works,  and  supposed  tnices  et' 
the  ancient  l^ulj/nia.  From  180.5  to  181.5  its  principality, 
which  fcirnierly  comprised  the  islands  of  Elba,  (fee,  belonged 
to  Bacciocchi.  on  whom  it  had  been  bestowed  by  his  brother- 
in-law,  .Napoleon. 

I'lO.MHlNO,  CIIAXXEL  OF,  between  the  town  of  Piom- 
bino  and  island  of  Elba,  is  6  miles  .across. 

PIONEEK',  a  post-office  of  Milliams  cc.  Ohio. 

PIONEER,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Illinoi.s. 

PION'EER  GHOVE,  a  post-village  in  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  25 
miles  X.E.  of  Iowa  Citj-. 

PIOXEER  JIILLS.  a  post-office  of  Caharras  co.,  North 
Carolina.  155  miles  from  Raleigh. 

PIONX.A.T,  pee'on'nd'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuze,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Riom.     Pop.  in  1852,  2423. 

PIOXSAT.  peeNixo^sd/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Puy-de-D8me,  29  miles  N.W.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  2322. 

PIOSS.'V^SCO,  pe-os-sJs'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  S421. 

PIOVE  or  PIOVE-DI-SACCO,  pe-o'vA-dee  sdk'ko,  a  village 
of  -Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  delegation  of 
Padua,  on  the  Brenta  Canal,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Venice,  with 
many  country  residences  of  Venetians.  Pop.,  with  district, 
6400. 

PIOVENO,  pe-o-v.Vno,  a  village  and  parish  of  Austrian 
Italv,  province,  and  17  miles  N.X.W.  of  Vicenza,  on  the 
Sehfo.     Pop.  1300. 

PIPAIX.  pee^A',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
9  miles  E.  ofTournay.     Pop.  1S20. 

PIPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PIPE  CREEK,  in  ihe  N.  part  of  Maryland,  rises  in  Car- 
roll county,  flows  westward  and  south-westward,  and  enters 
the  Monocacy  River,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Frederick 
county.  Little  Pipe  Creek  enters  the  stream  just  described, 
a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

PIPE-CREEK,  of  Erie  CO.,  Ohio,  flows  into  Sandusky  Bay, 
near  Sandusky. 

PIPE  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  a  good  stream  for  mills,  flows 
from  the  S.  into  the  Wabash  River,  7  miles  above  Logans- 
port. 

PIPE  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  an  affluent  of  White  Eiver,  in 
Madison  county. 

PIPE  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  Madison  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1690. 

PIPECREEK.atownship  in  Miami  co.,Indiana.  Pop.  946. 

PI'PER  ISLETS,  off  the  X.E.  coast  of  AustraUa,  iA  Temple 
Bay :  lat.  12°  12'  S.,  Ion.  14:i°  5'  E. 

PIPERXO,  pe-p^R'no,  a  town  of  South  Italy,  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  on  the  Amaseno,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Frosinone. 
Pop.  3700. 

PT'PER'S  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Virginia. 

J'I'PERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn.«ylvania. 

PIPESTONE,  pip'stOn.  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  1052. 

PIPLY  or  PIPLEY,  pipHee.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dencv  of  Bengal,  27  miles  S.  of  Cuttack. 

PIPLY  or  PIPLEY.  a  town  of  British  India,  district  of 
Midnapoor,  93  miles  S.W.  of  Calcutta,  and  formerly  a  thriv- 
ing mart  of  European  commerce. 

PIPRIAC,  pee^re-Jk'  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
lUe-et-Vilaine,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Redon.    Pop.  in  1852,  3209. 

PIQUA,  pik'wj,  commonly  pronounced  pik'way.  a  flour- 
ishing post-town  of  Washington  township,  Miami  co.,  Ohio, 
beautifully  situated  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Great 
Miami,  76  miles  W.  of  Columbus,  and  78  miles  X.  of  Cin- 
cinnati. It  is  regularly  Liid  out  with  broad  streets.  The 
Miami  River  here  makes  a  curve,  leaving  a  level  plateau  be- 
tween its  margin  and  the  town,  while  the  opposite  bank 
presents  a  somewhat  abrupt  acclivity.  The  town  contjiins 
about  10  churches,  a  bank,  and  a  town  hall.  Two  or  3  news- 
papers are  published  here.  The  Miami  Canal  connects,  it 
with  Cincinnati  .and  Toledo;  and  the  river  affords  abundant 
water-power.  A  large  amount  of  produce  is  shipped  at  this 
place.  There  are  numerous  mills  and  factories  of  various 
kinds  In  operation  here,  in  some  of  which  steam-power  is 
used.  The  D.ayton  and  .Michigan  Railroad  intersects  the 
Columbus,  Piqua  and  Indiana  Railroad,  at  this  place.  Two 
bridges  across  the  river  connect  Piqua  with  Rossville  and 
Iluntersville.    Pop.  in  1850,  3277 ;  in  1860.  4616. 

PIQUEA,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PIQUIRI,  pe-keree'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  the  province  of  Matto-Gros.so,  flows  W.,  and  after  a 
course  of  120  miles  joins  the  Sao  LourenQO  or  Porrudos. 

PIRACKUCA.  pe-rirkroo^ki,  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  PiauUi,  85  miles  S.  of  Parnahiba.  Pop.  2000,  who 
tiade  in  cotton  and  manioc. 

r  V^'^^^'^F"^^^- P'^^'^l^oon^n'.  «  river  of  Br.i7.il,  rises  in 
lAke  ranra.  province  of  .Maranhao,  .nnd  flowing  N.E.  for 
about  liX)  miles,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Cuma 

PI  R.TIUS  or  PIR.TiEUS.  ni-ree'iis.  (Gr.  Hipauvi-  Piraieus ; 
It.  yorto  ic^m«  pou'to  l,Wn.i.  or  Ihiio  Dracorie,  poR'to  dri- 
ko'n.'l;  Fr.  /V&.  peeV.V.)  of  Greece,  in  Attica,  is  the  port  of 
Athens,  and  o  miles  S.W.  of  that  city,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  a  macadamized  road.  The  modern  town,  wholly 
1490  ■' 


built  since  1834,  is  on  an  isthmus  connecting  with  the  main 
land  a  hilly  peninsula,  on  which  are  the  remains  of  the  tomb 
of  Themistocles.  It  contained  in  1S45  about  llXiO  houses, 
with  a  custom-house,  lazaretto,  and  a  new  quay.  On  it< 
N.W.  side  is  its  principal  port,  (the  ancient  Aphrndisium.) 
and  on  the  S.E.  side  of  the  peninsula  are  two  other  harbors. 

PIRAHI,  pe-rl-hee',  a  river,  rises  in  Brazil,  in  Serra  dos 
Orgaos,  flows  N.E.,  and  joins  the  Parahib;i;  total  couriw  SO 
miles. 

PIRAHI,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  52  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Pirahi,  an 
affluent' of  the  Parahiba.     Pop.  aiOO. 

PIRAINO,  pe-ri'no,  (anc.  Pyracmium,)  a  town  of  Sicily, 
intendency  of  Messina,  on  the  N.  coast,  40  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Messina.     Pop.  3900,  who  export  oil,  wine,  and  corn. 

PIRANGA,  pe-rdn'gS,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minns 
Geraes,  on  the  Piranga,  20  miles  S.E.  of  MarLana.  Pop.  of 
district.  15,000. 

PIRANHAS,  pe-rin-yjts',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
Serra  dos  Cairiris.  province  of  Parahiba,  flows  N.E.  and  N^ 
and  enters  the  ocean  by  three  mouths,  the  Amaragosa  on 
the  E.,  the  Conchas  on  the  W.,  and  between  the.se  two  the 
Cavallos.  Total  course,  200  miles;  chief  affluents,  Pei.xe, 
Pianco,  and  Serido. 

PIR.\XO,  pe-r3'no,  a  seaport  town  of  Istria,  on  the  gulf, 
and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Triest.  Pop.  in  1S45.  6250.  It  has  a 
convenient  harbor,  citadel,  Gothic  cathedral,  and  an  export 
trade  in  salt,  wine,  oil,  and  olives. 

PIRARA,  pe-rd/ri,  a  village  of  British  Guiana,  at  the  E. 
end  of  Lake  Amucu,  and  on  the  watershed  between  the 
basins  of  the  Amjizon  and  Essequibo.  Lat.  3°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
59°  12'  W. 

PIRARY,  a  river  of  Bolivia.    See  PnsA 

PI'R.iTE  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  in 
the  Chinese  Sea;  Lit.  21°  N.,  lon.l0S°  10'  E. 

PIRATINIM,  pe-ri-tee-nees»',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river 
Piratiuim,  75  miles  W.N.W.  of  I!io  Grande.     Pop.  3'J73. 

PIRATINY^,  pe-ri-tee-nee'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  flows  N.W.  and  fiills  into  the  Uruguay, 
about  lat.  28"  10'  S.,  after  a  cour.se  of  nearly  140  miles. 

PIRAY',  pe-rl',  or  PIRARY,  pe-rj-ree',  a  rirer  of  Bolivia, 
flows  N.W.  and  after  a  course  "of  140  miles  joins  theGuapal. 
In  the  lower  part  of  its  course  it  sometime.s  takes  the  name 
of  Flores. 

PIR'RRIGIIT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

PI  REE.    See  Pr.veus. 

PIRETIBBI  or  PIRETIBBE,  peeVg-tibAjee.  a  small  lake 
of  British  America,  near  lat.  51°  30'  N.,  Ion.  69°  W. 

PIR'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

PIRIATEEX  or  PIRIATIN,  pe^re-J-teen',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Poltava,  on  the  Ood.ii,  26  miles  N.W.  of 
Loobny.     Pop.  2790. 

PIRITU,  pe-re-too/,  a  maritime  town  of  South  America,  in 
Venezuela,  department  of  Caraccas,  province,  and  22  miles 
S.W.  of  Barcelona.  Nearly  opposite  to  it  are  the  Piritu 
Islands,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

PIR-JELALPOOR,  peer'j^l-dl-poor' (?)  a  town  ofthe  Punjab, 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Ghara  (Sutlej)  and  Chenaub,  40 
miles  S.  of  Mooltan.  It  has  a  good  bazaar,  and  a  fine  Mo- 
hjimmedan  tomb ;  extensive  ruins  exist  in  its  vicinity. 

PIRMASENS  or  PIRMASENZ,  p€6R'ml-s^nts,  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  in  the  Vosges,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Deux- 
Ponts.  Pop.  5596.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  well  built,  and 
h.is  Roman  Catholic  and  Calvinist  churches,  a  synagogue, 
high  .school,  and  manufactures  of  tobacco,  straw  hats,  musi- 
cal instruments,  and  glasswares. 

PIRNA,  pgga'ni,  a  fortified  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  railway  from  Dresden  to 
Prague,  11  miles  S.E.  of  the  former.  Pop".  5901 .  Its  citadel  is 
now  used  a-s  an  ho.spital.  It  has  manufactures  of  earthen- 
ware, tobacco,  cotton,  linen,  and  woollen  stuffs.  Above  the 
town  is  the  old  castle  of  Sonnenstein,  now  a  lunatic  a.sylum. 
Here  Frederick  the  Great  obtained  a  signal  tiiumph  over 
the  Saxons  in  1756. 

PIRNITZ,  pggR'nits,  a  town  of  MoravLi.  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Iglau.  Pop.  3470.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  manufac- 
tures of  linen  and  woollen  stuffs. 

PIRON.  pe-ron'.  an  island  of  the  LouisLide  Archipelago; 
lat.  11°  20'  S.,  Ion.  153°  25'  E.,  and  5  miles  long,  and  li  miles 
broad. 

PIR-PAN,TAL,  peerYin-j3l'(?)  a  lofly  range  of  mountains, 
forming  part  of  the  S.W.  boundary  of  Cashmere,  and  sep.v 
rating  it  from  the  Punjab.  Entire  length  about  40  miles. 
Its  highest  point  is  supposed  to  be  .about  lat.  33°  40'  N., 
and  is  estimated  to  be  15,000  feet  above  se.a-level.  At  the 
S.W.  extremity  is  the  pass  generally  called  the  Pir-Panjal 
Pass,  about  12,000  feet  high. 

PIR-PUTTA,  peer-pQt'tS,  a  celebrated  place  of  pilgrimage 
in  Sinde.  on  the  delta,  and  one  of  the  arms  of  the  Indus.  S.W. 
of  Tattnh.     Lat.  24°  34'  N..  Ion.  68^  10'  E. 

PIR'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

PIRTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

PIRTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

PISA,  pet/zl  OP  pee'si,  (auciV«<E  wadiAVphiz,  Fr.  Pise,  fiez,) 


PIS 


PIT 


u  vailed  city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own 
name,  in  a  marshy  but  fertile  plain,  on  the  Arno.  7  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  12  mile.s  N'.N.E.  of  Leghorn,  with  which 
and  with  Lucca  it  is  connected  by  railways;  another  railway 
al.^o  extends  from  i^isa  to  Florence.  Lat.  43°  43'  H"  N.,  Ion. 
1U°  23'  58"  E.  Pop.  3-3,676.  It  is  about  5  miles  in  circum- 
ference, irregularlj'  laid  out,  but  its  streets  are  wide,  ajid  it 
has  many  noble  edifices.  The  Arno,  within  the  city,  is 
bordered  by  fine  quays,  lined  on  either  side  by  a  majestic 
thoronjihfare  {Lungn  VArno,)  and  crossed  by  4  bridi;es,  one 
of  which,  built  of  marble,  is  among  the  finest  in  Europe. 
In  one  of  its  squares  is  the  fiimous  Campanih  (kiiti-pi-nee'- 
lA.)  or  leaning  tower.tmilt  of  white  marble,  and  fronted  with 
207  columns;  it  is  178  feet  in  lieight.  and  50  feet  in  diameter. 
the  topmost  story  overhanging  the  base  about  13  feet;  but 
whether  this  deviation  from  a  perpendicular  line  is  the  result 
of  design  or  accident,  is  still  doubted ;  there  are  also  in  the 
same  square,  the  celebrated  ceujetery  of  Campo  Srmio,VL(ioTn- 
ed  by  sepulchral  monuments,  and  containing  a  huge  mound 
of  earth  brought  from  the  Holy  Laud  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  formerly  used  for  a  mausoleum ;  the  baptistry,  a 
polygonal  building,  100  feet  in  diameter;  and  the  cathe- 
dral— all  of  which  are  striking  marble  edifices.  The  cathe- 
dral is  one  of  the  noblest  ecclesiastical  structures  in  Itiily, 
built  in  the  form  of  a  Latin  cro.ss,  richly  adorned  without 
and  within,  and  surmounted  by  a  lofty  elliptical  dome. 
Among  its  interior  ornaments  are  some  magnificent  bronze 
doors,  numerous  fine  columns,  brought  from  Greece,  and  a 
remarkable  pulpit,  the  work  of  >icolo  I'isano,  the  founder 
of  the  I'isan  school  of  sculpture.  There  are  also  numerous 
churches,  most  of  which  are  richly  adorned  with  works  of 
art.  The  other  principal  edifices  are  the  town-hall,  a  grand- 
ducal  palace,  the  palace  of  the  academy  of  fine  arts,  exten- 
sJTe  buildings  of  the  university,  the  city-hall,  custom-house, 
prisons,  hospitals,  the  theatre,  and  an  aqueduct,  4  miles  in 
length,  which  brings  water  from  Asciano.  Its  old  citadel, 
the  Gidera,  is  now  used  as  a  house  of  correction.  The 
ancient  university  of  I'isa  is  still  the  great  centre  of  educa- 
tion in  Tuscany,  and  has  an  extensive  library,  museums  of 
natural  history,  an  astronomical  observatory,  and  a  botanic 
garden.  Pisa  has  a  college  of  nobles,  epi.scopal  seminary, 
and  many  other  public  schools,  and  some  manufactu;  <s  of 
soap,  glass,  and  vitrol.  Three  miles  S.  of  I'isa  are  the  dairy 
farms  of  the  grand  duke,  where  1500  cows  and  200  camels 
are  kept.  Three  and  a  half  miles  N .  are  the  Bagni  di  Pisa, 
medicinal  baths,  frequented  in  summer  by  many  visitors. 
Pisa  was  one  of  the  12  principal  cities  of  Etruria,  and  from 
the  tenth  to  the  fourteenth  century  it  was  the  capital  of  an 
enterprising  republic.     It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1799. 

Pisa  was  the  birthplace  of  Galileo. Adj.  and  inhab.  Pis.ix, 

pee'zan. 

PLSANG,  pee'sjng/,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
in  the  Gilolo  Passage. 

PISANG,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  belonging 
to  the  Banda  Islands. 

PIS.A.NIA,  pe-zan'e-j,  a  vilLage  and  British  factory  of 
West  ,\frica.  on  the  Gambia,  200  miles  from  its  mouth. 

PISAURUM.    See  Pes.^ro. 

PISAURUS.     See  Fogua. 

PISCAS'SICK  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Rockingham  and 
Strafford  cos.,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  into 
Lamprey  River. 

PISCAT'AQUA  RIVER,  is  formed  by  the  waters  of  the 
Salmon  Falls,  the  Cocheco,  and  several  other  streams  in 
Strafford  CO.,  New  Hampshire,  and  running  a  S.S.E.  cour.se, 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  3  miles  below  Ports- 
mouth. Through  its  whole  length  it  forms  the  boundary 
between  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

PISCAT'AQUIS,  a  river  of  Maine,  rises  in  Somerset 
county,  and  tlowing  easterly  through  Piscataquis  county, 
falls  into  the  Penobscot  River,  in  Penobscot  county,  near  the 
centre  of  the  state.  It  is  a  good  mill-stream.  Length, 
about  65  miles. 

PISCATAQUIS,  a  county  forming  the  N.  extremity  of 
Maine,  has  an  area  of  about  5500  square  miles.  It  contains 
numerous  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Moosehead  Lake, 
the  source  of  the  Kennebec  Kiver,  and  Chesuncook  Lake. 
It  is  drained  by  the  head-waters  of  the  St.  John's  and 
Piscataquis  Rivers,  and  traversed  by  the  Penobscot.  Most 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  county  is  still  a  densely  wooded 
wilderness.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  with 
some  raountaias,  of  which  the  principal  is  Mount  Katahdin. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  along  the  Piscataquis  River. 
Organized  in  1838.    Capittl.  Dover.     Pop.  15,032. 

PISCAT/AQUOG,  a  river  of  Hillsborough  co.,  in  the  S. 
part  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  into  the  Merrimack  River. 

PISCAT'AWA  Y,  a  village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Kew  Jersey,  about  5  miles  from  New  Brunswick.  The  vil- 
lage, formerly  the  county  seat  for  Somerset  and  Middlesex 
roanties,  contains  12  or  15  dwellings.  I'op.  of  township.  3186. 

PISCATAWAY,  a  post-village  of  Prince  George's  co., 
Maryland,  on  the  Piscat-^way  Kiver,  16  miles  S.  of  Wash- 
ington. 

PISCIANO.  pe-shd'no.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical 
States,  26  miles  E.  of  Rome.    Pop.  1230. 


PISCIOTT.\.,  pe-shot'td,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
PrincipatoCitra,  9miles  S. of  II  Vallo, on  the  Mediterranoan. 
with  2300  inhabitants.  It  has  trade  in  fruit,  wine,  and  oil, 
and  an  active  fishery. 

PISCO,  pees'ko,  a  maritime  town  of  North  Peru,  depart 
ment,  and  130  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lima;  lat.  13°  43'  S.,  Ion.  76'- 
17'  W.,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Pisco  River,  in  the  Pacifle 
Ocean. 

PISCOnJA,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia. 

PISCOPI.  pi.s'ko-pe,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  Anatolia.  21  miles  N.W.  of  Rhodes. 

PISCOPI,  a  maratime  village  of  Cyprus,  on  its  S.  coast.  24 
miles  E.  of  Baffa. 

PISE'CO  or  PlZjyCO,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,New  Yoik, 
at  the  N.E.  end  of  the  lake  of  its  own  name.  73  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Albany. 

PISECO,  (PIZECO  or  PEZEECO)  LAKE,  New  York,  in 
the  S.  part  of  Hamilton  county,  is  6  miles  long,  and  from 
Iff  to  2  miles  wide:  it  is  the  source  of  Sacondaga  River. 

PISKK,  pee'sSk,  or  PISECA,  pee-zA/k3,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
capital  of  the  circle  of  Prachin,  on  the  Watawa,  24  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Tabor.  Pop.  5446.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a 
gj'mnasium,  a  high  school,  several  churches,  a  military 
academy,  some  woollen  cloth  and  nitre  fectories,  and  a  brisk 
transit  trade. 

PIS'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

PIS/GAH,  an  ancient  mountain  of  Palestine,  situated,  au 
is  supposed,  N.E.  of  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Dead  Sea. 

PISGAH,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

PISGAH,  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

PISGAH,  a  village  of  Union  co.,  Iowa,  150  miles  S.W.  by 
W.  of  Iowa  City. 

PISH'ILL,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

PISH'ON'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

PISHTAKA,  Wisconsin.    See  Fox  River. 

PISIXO.  pe-.see'no,  (Ger.  MiUerburg,  mit'tfr-booRO',)  a 
town  of  lUj-ria,  capital  of  the  circle  of  Istria,  in  its  centre,  34 
miles  S.E.  of  Triest.  Pop.  1615.  It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  fruit, 
and  wine. 

PISOGNE,  pee-s<f>n'yi,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province, 
and  23  miles  E. N.E.  of  Bergamo,  at  the  N.E.  e.\tremity  of 
Lake  Iseo.     Pop.  3157. 

PISOU,  pe-zoo',  written  also  PISSOU,  a  river  of  We.st 
Africa,  Liberia,  falling  Into  the  Atlantic  near  lat.  6°  40'  N., 
Ion.  11°  30'  W. 

PISSA,  pis/sH,  a  river  of  East  Prussia,  issues  from  Lake 
Wysztyten,  near  the  town  of  that  name,  on  the  frontier  o*' 
Poland,  flows  N.W.,  unites  with  the  -\^ngerap  in  forming 
the  Pregel,  after  a  course  of  about  70  miles. 

PISSEVACHE,  peessH'dsh',  a  famous  waterfall  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Valais,  on  the  Sallenche  River,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Rhone,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Martiguy.  Total 
height  280  feet,  and  its  final  leap  is  120  feet. 

I'ISSOU,  a  river  of  Liberia.    See  Pisou. 

PTSTICCI,  pis-tee'chee,  or  PISTICCIO.  pis-tee'cho,  a  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  19  miles  S.  of  Matera,  with 
0200  inhabitants,  3  churches,  a  large  convent,  2  hospitals, 
and  some  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 

PISI'ILL,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

PISTOJA,  pis-to'ya,  (Fr.  Pistoie,  peesHwl/;  anc.  Pido'ria 
or  PiMrium,)  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Florence,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ombrone,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Florence, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  12.3S7.  It  is 
enclosed  by  ramparts  and  Itastions,  defended  by  a  strong 
citadel,  and  well-built,  having  wide  streets,  lined  by  an- 
tique houses.  Principal  public  bull  lings,  a  cathedral,  and 
several  other  interesting  churches,  an  episcopal  palace, 
several  convents,  and  a  fine  old  town-hall.  It  has  an  aca- 
demy, a  museum  of  natural  history,  two  public  libraries, 
and  a  theatre,  with  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  silk  twist, 
leather,  iron  wire,  and  bars,  some  trade  in  cattle,  raw  silk, 
a.nd  straw  hats.  Pistols  are  said  to  have  derived  their  name 
from  Pistoja,  which  claims  the  invention  of  this  weapon ; 
it  has  still  considerable  mannfiictures  of  fire-arms,  fine 
cutlery,  and  surgical  instruments. 

PISUERGA,  pe-swja/gd,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
rises  in  the  Cantabrian  Mountain.s.  flows  mostly  S.S.W.,  and 
joins  the  Douro,  10  miles  below  Valladolid,  besides  which 
city,  Ilerrera  and  Torqiiemada  are  on  its  banks.  Length, 
140  miles,  in  a  part  of  which  the  Canal  of  Castile  accompanies 
it  on  the  W.  Affluents,  the  Arlanzon  and  Esquera  from  the 
E.,  and  Carrion  from  the  N.W. 

PIT.  pit,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Yeniseisk,  near  lat.  00°  N.,  and  Ion.  97° E.,  flows  W.S.W.,  and 
joins  the  Yenisei  on  the  right,  70  miles  below  the  town  of 
Yeniseisk,  after  a  course  of  240  miles. 

PIT.^NGUI,  pe-tdng-ghee',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Slinas  Geraes,  110  miles  N.W.  of  Ouro  Preto,  nearly  2000  feet 
above  sea-level.     Pop.  of  district.  5000. 

PIT^CAIRN',  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  parish, 
and  1  mile  S.  of  Dunning,  with  310  inhabitants. 

PITCAIRN,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  parish  of 
Redgorton,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Perth,  on  the  Almond,  with 
260  inhabitants.  It  has  flour  and  spinning  mills,  and  « 
large  bleachfield. 

1491 


PIT 


PIT 


PITCATRN,  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York.  31  miles  S  c>.W.  of  Canton.  It  contains  a  valu.-ible  de- 
posit of  mairnetic  iron  ore.    Pop.  577. 

PtTCAIIiN'  ISLAND,  a  solitary  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  lat. 25° 3'  6"  S.,  Ion.  130°  8'  W.  It  is  2^  miles  in  len-th. 
»nil  1  mile  in  breadth.  It  is  of  volcanic  orii^in  ;  greatest  Ueiifht, 
1040  feet.  The  shores  rise  almost  perpendicular:  in  the  whole 
island  there  Is  said  to  be  only  one  accessible  landing-place, 
at  liouuty  Biy.  Its  summit  is  clothed  with  a  lu.xuriant 
verdure,  and  the  bases  of  its  lofty  cliffs  are  skirted  with 
thit  lily -branching  evergreens.  The  cocoa-nut,  plantain, 
banana,  banyan,  orange,  and  bread-fruit  trees  flourish;  and 
maize,  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  susrar-cane,  and  other  tropi- 
cal plants,  are  cultivated.  The  climate  is  healthful,  with 
the  thermometer  ranging  from  59°  to  89°  Fahrenheit.  Pit- 
cairn's  Island  is  chietly  interesting  from  its  connection  with 
the  history  of  a  remarkable  colony-  founded  here  in  1790,  by 
the  mutineers  of  the  English  ship  Bounty,  and  consisting 
origin.iUy  of  9  British  sailors,  6  native  Tahitian  me^,  and 
12  women.  In  1S25. 35  years  from  the  lirst  settlement,  Cap- 
tain Beechey  found  here  .h  most  inttM-estiiig  and  intelligent 
colony  of  66  persons.  Under  the  patriarchal  superinten- 
dence of  one  of  the  original  mutineers,  an  Englishman 
named  Adams,  the  children  had  been  educated  and  trained 
up  to  habits  of  industry  and  morality.  In  July,  1851.  the 
pop.  had  increased  to  160.  They  live  chiefly  on  yams,  pota- 
toes, and  other  vegetables,  which  they  raise  by  their  own 
labor.  Annually  a  chief  magistrate  and  assistant  are  elected 
by  the  votes  of  the  community.  They  have  a  church,  school, 
and  comfortable  cottages,  forming  a  village.  The  average 
number  of  ships  which  annually  visit  the  island  has  been 
for  some  years  atout  10.  chiefly  American  whalers,  to  whom 
provisions  are  supplied  in  exchange  for  clothing,  &c.  The 
islanders  speak  and  read  the  English  language,  are  of  an 
active,  robust  frame  of  bodj',  dark  complexion,  with  pleas- 
ing countenance.', and  hospitable  and  engaging  dispositions. 
From  the  remains  of  buri.il-grounds,  the  island  would 
appear  to  have  been  occupied  by  inhabitants  at  a  period 
antecedent  to  the  visit  of  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty. 
It  was  seen  by  Carteret  in  1767,  and  named  by'him  after 
one  of  his  officers. 

PITCH'CO.MBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

PITCU'COTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

PITCH'ER,  a  post-village  and  township  on  the  W.  border 
of  Chenango  co..  New  York,  and  on  Otsellc  Kiver,  16  miles 
"5V.N.\V.  of  Norwich.    Pop.  1276. 

PITCHER  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co.,  New 
York,  about  125  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

PITCH'EORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

PITCH  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Hertford  co.,  North 
Carolina,  110  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Raleigh. 

PITCH'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

PIT'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PITEA,  (Pite4,)  pit'e-6,  a  river  of  North  Sweden,  Irens  of 
Umei!  and  Pitei,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  near  Piteil, 
after  a  S.E.  course  of  180  miles. 

PITEA,  (PlteS,)  the  northernmost  and  largest  laen  or  pro- 
vince of  Sweden,  between  lat.  65°  and  67°  8'  N..  and  Ion.  15° 
15'  and  20°  10'  E.,  having  W.  and  N.  the  Norwegian  provinces 
of  Xordland  and  Finmark,  and  on  the  E.  Russian  Lapland 
and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Area.  32.9.^0  square  miles.  Pop. 
46.707.  The  Lainio  and  Torned  Rivers  form  its  boundary  on 
the  side  of  Russia ;  the  other  rivers  are  the  Lule.4  and  Pite.1, 
and  it  contains  numerous  lakes.  After  I'iteS.  its  principal 
Tillages  are  Luled,  Nid-Kalix,  Jockmock,  Quickjock,  and 
Gellimara.    Its  N.  part  is  called  Pite^-I^ippmark. 

PITEA,  (PiteS,)  a  seaport  town  of  North  Sweden,  capital 
of  a  laen.  on  the  PiteA,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
110  miles  N.N.E.  of  Umed.  Pop.  1-tOO.  It  has  a  convenient 
harlx)r  and  several  ship-building  docks. 

PITECCIO,  pe-t^t-'cho,  (anc.  Piticciiim  f)  a  village  of  Tus- 
cany. al)Ove  the  Ombroue.  5  miles  N.  of  Pistoja.     Pop.  1600. 

PKTEGLIO,  pe-t4l'yo,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  20  miles  N.^V. 
of  Pistoja.     Pop.  3195. 

PITHECUSA.    See  Ischia. 

PITHIVIERS,  pee'teeHe-i',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Loiret,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Orleans.  Pop.  3S03.  It  has 
manufactures  of  almond-cakes  .and  other  confectionary,  .and 
a  trade  in  saffron,  silk,  and  honey. 

PITI,  pee'tee,  a  district  of  Thibet,  among  the  West  Him-a- 
layas,  belonging  to  Great  Britiin.  and  bounded  E.  by  the 
Chinese  territories,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the 
Parang. 

PITIC,  pee-tik',  written  also  PETIC.  a  town  of  the  Slexi- 
can  Confederation,  state  of,  and  on  the  Sonora,  95  miles  S.W. 
of   Arispe,  and    an   entrepot  for  goods  imported  through 

n/nV"*^'  °°  the  G  ulf  of  California.    Pop.  5000 

I  IIIGLIANO.  ne-teel-vA/no-  r  tnorr.   nf  Ti,e,.o 


l.if/MAJl:'^.,??**^"''*  °'  Schuylkill  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
oHI-i^^*'"'  *  P"""*"  "f  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
Ill  M:,\ .  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
14»2 


PITRE.  peet'r'.  an  islet  in  the  Little  Cul-de-Sac.  a  lay  of 
Guadeloupe,  in  the  French  West  Indies.  S.  of  Point-^-I'itro. 
PITRES,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Eure,  7  miloK 
N.N.E.  of  Louviers.     Pop.  1026. 

PITSCHKN,  pitch'?n,a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  33  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Oppeln.  Pop.  1950.  It  has  Lutheran  and  Roman 
Catholic  churches. 

PIT'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PITSLI'GO,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aber- 
deen. 

PITPLIGO,  New,  a  village  of  Scotland,  parish  of  Tyrie,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Fraserburgh.     Pop.  in  1S51,  1601. 

PITT,  a  comity  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Carolina. 
Area  estimated  at  650  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Tar 
River  and  Contentny  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  generally  sandy.  The  count}-  was  formed  from 
Beaufiirt  as  early  as  1760,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  cele- 
brated William  Pitt,  afterwards  Earl  of  Chatham.  Capital, 
(Jreenville.  Pop.  16,080,  of  whom  7607  were  free,  and  8-473 
slaves. 

PITT,  or  MAKIN,  mj-keen',  an  island  of  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  one  of  the  Gilbert  Islands,  in  lat.  3°  20'  43"  N.,  Ion. 
172°  57'  E. 

PIT'TENWEEM',  a  royal,  parliamentary,  and  municipal 
bungh,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on 
the  N.  shore  of  tho  Frith  of  Forth.  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Edin- 
burgh. Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1861,  1450.  Its 
harbor  is  sm.iU:  and  fishing  and  fish-curing  are  nearly  the 
only  occup.itions  carried  on.  The  burgh  unites  with  St. 
Andrew's,  the  two  Anstruthers.  Crail,  Cupar,  and  Kilren- 
ny,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  Hou.ao  of  Commons. 

PITTlIEM.'pitt/em,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  5400. 

PITTINGTON,  a  pai-ish  of  England,  co.,  and  3^  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Durham,  with  a  station  on  the  Durham  and  Sun- 
derland Railway. 

PITT'MANSVILLE,  a  small  vilKage  of  Taylor  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

PITTOMACHA,  pit-to-ml'Ki  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Croatia.  12  miles  from  Bettovar.     Pop.  1919. 

PITT  RIVK.R  rises  in  Shasta  co.,  in  the  N.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevad.i,  and  running  in  a 
general  S.W.  course,  falls  into  Sacramento  River  about  10 
miles  N.  of  Shasta  Citv. 

PITT'S  ARCHIPKL/AGO,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the 
coast  of  British  North  America,  is  mostly  between  lat.  53° 
and  54°  N,,  Ion.  130°  W.  Pitt".s  Island,  the  largest  of  the 
group,  is  alx)ut  75  miles  in  length  from  N.W.  to  S.E. 
Several  other  islands  in  the  Pacific  have  this  name. 

PITTS/BOROUGII.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chatham  co.. 
North  Carolina,  34  miles  W.  of  Raleigh,  and  a  few  miles  W. 
of  Haw  River.  It  contains  a  court-house  recently  built,  2 
or  3  churthes,  an  ac^ideniy.  and  several  stores. 

PITTS/BOROUGH.  a  post-office,  Calhoun  co..  Mississippi. 

PITTSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana, 
on  AVhitelick  Creek,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Indian.apolis. 

P1TT.S'BURG,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire. 135  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  413. 

PITTSBURG,  or  PITTSBURGH,*  a  city,  port  of  entry,  atiA 
seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  junction 
of  the  -Alleghany  and  Monongahela  Rivers,  which  here  form 
the  Ohio.  357  miles  W.  of  l^hiladelphia,  477  N.K.  by  E.  of 
Cincinnati.  1174  E.N.E.  of  St.  Louis,  and  223  N.W.  of 
Washington.  Lat.  40°  32'  N..  Ion.  80°  2'  W.  The  site  com- 
prises the  triangular  plain  enclosed  by  the  .-VUeghany  and 
Monongjvhela  Rivers,  Grant's  Hill,  and  several  other  eleva- 
tions, which  terminate  the  plain  on  the  E,  The  general 
outline  and  many  other  features  of  this  city  bear  a  striking 
resemblance  to  the  lower  part  of  New  York.  Along  the 
Monongahela  the  streets  were  laid  out  at  right  angles  to 
each  other,  and  extend  either  parallel  or  perpendicular  to 
the  river.  The  same  plan  was  also  adopted  on  the  Alleghany 
side,  by  which  arrangement  the  cross  streets  meet  obliquely 
a  few  squares  S.  of  the  latter  stream.  The  space  included 
within  the.se  limits  was  found  insufficient  to  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  the  rapidly  increasing  population,  which  soon 
extended  it.self  to  the  opposite  shores.  Here  have  sprung 
up  several  large  and  flourishing  towns,  the  most  important 
of  which  are  Alleghany  City  iind  Manchester,  situ.ated  di- 
rectly opposite  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  River  with  the 
Ohio,  and  Birmingham,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  .Monongahela. 
In  commercial  ajid  social  interests,  all  these  are  identical 
with  the  city  proper;  and  we  should  do  Pittsburg  injustice 
not  to  consider  them  as  a  part  of  the  same  cominunity. 

*  It  is  tn  be  desired  tliat  t))e  h  should  be  omitted  in  the  termination 
of  all  American  names  nf  tliis  class  (as  Harrisecrg,  Pittsburg,  Wil- 
LIAMSBuno),  not  merely  because  it  is  useless,  but  because  it  is  liable 
to  mislead  tlie  reader  in  regard  to  the  prnouQcialion  of  such  names.  It 
is  a  fact,  perhaps  not  generally  known,  that  the  h  in  lurgh^  wherever 
this  occurs  in  Luropean  names,  is  adiied  for  the  express  purpose  of  in- 
dicating that  this  affix  is  to  be  pronounced  in  two  syllatUs.  Not  only 
is  the  Lurgh  in  Edinburgh,  Jedburgh,  and  Roxburgh,  tn  be  pro- 
nounced bOrrOh,  but  when  Hamburg  (the  faoious  free  (oivn  of  Ger- 
many) is  written  with  the  final  h.  it  is  intended  .0  be  cilled  "Hambiir- 
rbh,'*  which  pronunciation,  corresponding  in,  e  neatly  thar  our«  tc* 
the  native  German,  was  formerly  very  common  in  EucUiid. 


PIT 


PIT 


The  site  of  the  city  is  a  natural  amphitheatre,  being  en- 
vironed on  all  Bides  by  beautiful  hills,  rising  from  400  to  500 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ohio,  and  tille.d  with  coal,  iron, 
and  limestone,  the  woikin<;  of  which  into  articles  of  utility 
constitutes  the  chief  occupation  of  the  Inh.abitants.  These 
hills  are  not,  except  in  a  few  instances,  precipitous,  and 
from  their  skipes  and  peaks  afford  a  series  of  rii-h  and  varied 
laudsGipes.  The  scenery  is  in  a  most  interestinp  manner 
strengthened  in  color  by  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  which  con- 
tinues to  the  very  summits.  There  is  nothinp:  of  barren- 
ness visible;  vegetation  in  the  forests,  meadows,  fields, 
irchards,  and  ^aidens.  exhibits  one  panorama  of  abundance 
and  beauty. 

IMttsburs  is  hand.somely  built,  principally  of  brick,  and  in 
the  eastern  section  contains  many  beautiful  residences.  In- 
deed, no  more  delitchtful  place  of  residence  could  be  found 
than  this,  were  it  not  for  the  disagreeable  inconveniences 
arising  from  the  use  of  bituminous  coal.  From  innumer- 
able chimneys  are  belched  forth  dense  volumes  of  smoke, 
which  till  the  air  for  miles  around,  soiling  the  garments  of 
persons  in  the  streets,  and  discoloring  the  buildings,  giving 
them  a  dark  and  sooty  appearance. 

Many  of  tho  public  edifices  of  this  city  are  splendid  speci- 
mens of  architecture.  Of  these,  however,  our  limits  will 
permit  us  to  mention  only  a  few.  The  court-house,  occupy- 
ing the  summit  of  Grant's  Hill,  is  a  massive  stone  structure 
of  the  Grecian  Doric  order,  165  feet  long  and  100  feet  deep, 
adorned  in  front  with  a  portico.  The  dome,  which  is  37  feet 
in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  148  feet  from  the  ground,  affords 
a  view  in  the  highest  degree  varied  and  picturesque.  The 
entire  cost  of  the  building  was  about  ,•$200,000.  The  new 
custom-house,  at  the  corner  of  Smithfleld  and  Fifth  streets, 
is  a  large  building  of  freestone,  in  the  Grecian  style,  just 
completed  at  a  cost  of  $115,000.  It  contains  an  apartment 
for  the  city  post-otlice.  in  addition  to  those  appropriated  to 
the  business  of  the  United  States  customs.  I'ittsburg  has 
one  of  the  finest  hotels — the  Monongahelu  House — in  the 
United  States,  or  perhaps  in  the  world.  It  is  a  costly  brick 
edifice,  square,  six  stories  high,  and  extends  from  Smith- 
field  street  to  Water  street,  fronting  the  Monongahela  River. 
Two  fine  market-houses  have  recently  been  erected,  one  oi 
which  contains  a  hall  for  public  use,  from  200  tf  250  feet 
long  and  about  100  feet  wide.  There  are  numerous  other 
buildings  deserving  of  notice,  among  which  is  the  Pittsburg 
Theatre,  a  large  edifice,  with  a  very  handsome  front.  The 
Western  Penitentiary  of  Pennsylvania  is  located  in  Alle- 
ghany City,  fronting  on  Ohio  street.  It  is  an  immense 
stone  building,  in  the  ancient  Norman  style,  and  cost,  at 
the  time  of  its  erection  in  1827,  $183,000.  In  front  is  a 
fine  lawn.  The  United  States  .\rsenal  at  Lawrenceville,  on 
the  left  hank  of  the  Alleghany  River,  about  2j  miles  above 
I'ittsburg,  isj  a  very  handsome  stone  edifice,  enclosed  by 
spacious  and  beautifully  ornamented  grounds. 

There  are  (1865)  in  Pittsburg,  Birmingham,  and  Alleghany 
above  1.30  churches;  of  which  10  are  B.iptist,  16  Catholic,  10 
Episcopal,  9  Lutheran.  33  Methodist,  ami  39  Presbyterian: 
the  remainder  being  distributed  among  the  smaller  sects. 
Slore  than  100  of  the  above  churches  belong  to  Pittsburg 
Many  of  these  are  choice  specimens  of  architectural  beauty. 
The  Catholic  cathedral,  at  the  corner  of  Grant  ami  Fitth 
streets,  near  the  court-house,  is  a  magnificent  brick  edifice, 
adorned  with  a  lofty  spire.  St.  Peter's  Church,  (Episcopal.) 
also  situated  on  Grant  street,  opposite  the  court-house,  is  a 
fine  Gothic  structure,  similar  to  St.  Mark's  Church.  Locust 
street,  Philadelphia.  Occupying  the  summit  of  Grant's  Hill, 
these  churches  and  the  court-house  are  imposing  objects  to 
one  approaching  the  city  from  the  Ohio. 

The  principal  benevolent  institutions  are  the  Mercy  IIos- 
pit<il,  under  tlio  charge  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  with  a 
spacious  building  at  the  head  of  Stevenson  street;  the 
Western  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  a  fine  brick  edifice,  in  the 
E.  part  of  Alleghany  City;  it  has  a  well  conducted  depart- 
ment for  the  insane  at  Dixmont,  8  miles  from  the  city;  a 
United  States  Marine  Hospital ;  the  Home  for  the  Friend- 
less; tho  Church  Home,  designed  cliiefly  as  a  home  for 
children  of  all  denominations.  The  House  of  Industry, 
under  the  care  of  tlie  Sisters  of  Mercy,  has  a  finely  situated 
and  spacious  building  in  Washington  street,  in  Alleghany 
City;  the  Pittsburg  Infirmary,  at  the  corner  of  Roberts 
and  Keed  streets ;  and  the  Roman  Catholic  Orphan  Asylum ; 
also  a  House  of  Jlefuge,  ■with  a  capacity  for  450  inmates. 

Among  the  literary  and  educational  institutions  may  be 
mentioned  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  and  the  .Alle- 
ghany City  Theological  Seminary,  both  situated  in  Alle- 
ghany City.  The  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
formerly  located  here,  was  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of 
1845,  since  which  it  has  ceased  to  exist.  AVitliin  a  few 
/ears  past,  an  increased  interest  has  been  manifested  in  the 
•lubject  of  popular  education.  There  are  now  upwards  of 
60  scliools  in  the  city,  and  nearly  an  equal  number  in  the 
suburbs,  annually  attended  by  some  20,000  pupils.  There 
are  in  Pittsburg  from  15  to  20  newspaper  offices. 

Tliere  are  16  national  banks  in  Pittsburg,  vith  a  capital 
of  57.700,000;  and  2  national  banks  in  .^.Ueghany,  capital, 
$350,000.    There  are  also  several  savings'  banks. 


The  manufactures  of  Pittsburg  are  immense,  an*'  •tpable 
of  being  extended  almost  indefinitely.  Indeed,  thert-  are  no 
known  limits  to  tho  elements  necessary  to  their  augmenta«- 
tion.  Wool,  coal,  ores,  and  agricultural  resources  all  abound 
in  the  utmost  profusion,  and  may  be  obtained  with  scarcely 
any  expenditure  of  labor  or  of  I'-apital.  In  England  it  re- 
quires an  immense  outlay  of  capital  to  mine  coal,  w  hich  ther< 
lies  from  500  to  2000  feet  below  the  surface ;  but  in  Western 
Pennsylvania  enough  coal  to  turn  all  the  machinery  evei 
constructed  may  be  found  in  rich  beds  underlying  the  hijls 
at  an  elevation  above  the  ordinary  level  of  the  country.  Ii 
is  reached,  after  a  few  dollars'  outlay,  by  horizontal  drifts, 
not  perpendicular  shafts;  and  the  mines  thus  ojieued  are 
self-draining  and  seJf-vcniUaling.  Directly  across  from  Pitts- 
burg, the  coal  lies  200  feet  high  in  the  hills,  and  is  sent  down 
in  c:irs  to  the  mills  and  foundries  located  along  their  b:ise  at 
the  least  possible  cost.  Tlie  very  best  coal  used  for  generating 
steam  is  delivered  here  at  the  place  of  consumption  at  ivi'ni 
fifty  cents  to  a  dollar  and  a  quarter  per  ton  of  2240  pounds. 

The  manufjicturing  establishments  of  Alleghany  county, 
which  are  principally  situated  in  Pittsburg  or  in  the  vicinity, 
amounted  in  18C0  to  1191,  having  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$20,531,440,  and  employing  18,228  male  and  2265  female 
hands,  and  producing  annually  goods  valued  at  $26,563,379. 
There  were  24  maiiulactories  of  machinery,  steam-engines, 
Ac,  employing  a  capital  of  §496,500,  and  815  hands,  yielding 
an  annual  product  valued  at  $1,031,968;  13  rolling-mills,  Jic, 
emi)loyiug  u  capital  of  S^j,380,000.  and  2323  hands,  and  i)ro- 
ducing  annually  bar,  sheet,  and  railroad  iron  valued  at 
$3,761,683;  18  glass  works,  employinga  capital  of  $1,867,000, 
and  producing  glassware  and  window-glass  valued  at 
$2,075,143;  5  manufactories  of  nails,  employing  a  capital 
of  $1,250,000,  and  producing  cut  nails  valued  at  $1,140,800; 
52  flouring-mills,  employing  a  capita]  of  $452,500,  and  jno- 
ducing  flour  and  meal  valued  at  $1,335,741 ;  and  5  cotton 
factories,  employing  a  capital  of  $925,000,  and  1171  hands, 
and  producing  goods  valued  at  $1,076,333. 

There  were  ia  Pittsburg,  38  iron  foundries  with  machine 
shops,  turning  out  between  100  and  2u0  steam-engines  an- 
nually. The  whole  number  of  boilers  for  steam-engines 
manufactured  in  the  city  amounted  to  near  600  yearly, each 
weighing  about  5000  pounds.  Of  these  foundries,  29  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  $775,000,  consumed  19,276  tons  of  pig 
iron  annually  in  tho  production  of  mill-gearing,  cotton  and 
sugar  mills  and  presses,  copper-mining  machinery,  railroad 
castings,  chilled  wheels,  shafts,  metallic  burial  cases,  ma- 
chines for  punching,  drilling,  and  planing  iron,  &c.,  &c. ;  also 
locks,  coffee  mills,  scales,  kc. 

One  of  the  largest  establishments  is  the  Fort  Pitt  Works, 
which  in  ls53  consumed  3225  tons  of  pig  and  wrought  iron, 
producing,  among  other  things,  10  blast  cylinders,  10  first- 
class  steam-engines,  and  160  freight  cars.  Several  iron 
steamers  have  been  built  at  these  works;  and  from  1842  to 
1847  tliere  were  cast,  bored,  and  mounted  here  633  canii'n, 
weighing,  in  all,  1787  tons,  and  22,189  shot  and  shell. 
During  the  war  of  the  rebellion  there  were  manufactured 
here  several  of  the  largest  cannon  that  have  ever  been 
made. 

The  total  amount  of  pig  iron,  blooms,  and  scraps  con- 
sumed in  the  city  in  1853  is  estimated  as  follows ; — For 
Bteiim-engino  foundries,  9250  tons;  other  foundries,  10,275 
tons;  and  rolling-mills,  98,860  tons;  total,  127,375  tons. 

The  people  of  Pittsburg  are  largely  interested  in  the  copper- 
mines  of  Ijake  Superior.  Of  16  copper-mining  companies, 
whose  aggregate  capital  was  divided  into  162,000  shares, 
102.000  shares,  valued  at  $1,313,750,  were  owned  in  this 
city — the  greatest  number  owned  in  any  one  company  being 
15,000  shares,  and  the  least  number,  2000.  One  copper- 
smelting  establishment,  consuming  1000  tons  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior ore  annually,  is  in  operation  in  Pittsburg,  and  has  in 
connection  with  it  a  large  copper-rolling  mill  and  an  exten- 
sive brass  foundry.  There  were  also  8  other  factories  for 
working  copper,  and  5  separate  brass  foundries.  There  is 
here  an  establishment  called  tho  "  Eagle  Steel- Works,"  with 
3  converting  furnaces,  5  heating  furnaces,  and  18  smelting 
furnaces,  for  the  manufacture  of  cast  steel  of  all  varieties. 

There  were  13  heavy  blacksmithing  forges,  with  a  capital 
of  $40.0,000,  producing  railroad  axles,  steamboat  shafts,  su;.rar 
mills,  bridge-work,  &c. ;  4  large  factories,  making  annually 
1600  fire-proof  .safes,  besides  iron  shutters,  vault  doors,  Ac; 
6  establishments  using  steam  in  the  manufacture  of  axes, 
cross-cut  .saws,  forks  and  other  agricultural  implements:  3 
factories  making  vices,  cotton  and  tobacco  .screws,  planing 
machines,  &c. ;  1  establishment  turning  out  from  5  to  7  tons 
of  spikes  daily:  2  extensive  establishments  manufacturing 
railroad  scales,  coffee  and  paint  mills,  locks,  &c. ;  2  rifle-barrel 
factories ;  4  large  white-lead  factories ;  3  soda  factories,  pro- 
ducing 1500  tons  of  soda  yearly ;  3  linseed-oil  mills,  yield- 
ing annually  1600  barrels  of  oil ;  2  chemical-works  for  the 
manufacture  of  nitric  and  sulphuric  acid;  3  flouring  mills, 
with  19  run  of  stone,  turning  out  yearly  360,000  barrel"  of 
flour:  and  5  large  establishments  for  making  crackers  and 
pilot-bread. 

On  the  Allegh.iny  River  and  its  tributaries  are  numerous 
salt-works;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg  are  now   h' 

1493 


PIT 

i|)t>ration  abo.  t  40  irells,  each  producing  from  6000  to  30,000 
bu-ihi>/*  )f  ualt  anuially.  There  are  also  about  70  other  salt- 
wells  uol  worled. 

There  vrerf  in  Pittsburg  and  the  vicinity  in  June.  1854,  10 
flint  or  crystal-glass  factories,  with  15  furnaces,  all  in  opera- 
tion day  and  night;  14  window  and  plate-glass  furnaces, 
annually  producing  145.0013  boxes  of  glass,  worth  about 
$.5S(i.000:  and  17  factories  turning  out  176.000  boxes  of  glass 
lotlles,  flasks,  phials.  &c..  worth  $38.5.000;  besides  8  win- 
dow-glass and  1  bottle  factory,  out  of  blast.  There  were  5 
cotton  factories,  employing  1350  operatives,  who  work  671 
looms  and  29,300  spindles,  producing  from  6,350,000  pounds 
of  cotton,  cloth,  yarn,  carpet  chains,  &c.,  to  the  value  of 
f  1.231.000  annually.  About  200  looms  were  to  be  added  the 
ensuing  season. 

There  were  also  in  Pittsburg  and  its  vicinity  in  1854,  44 
breweries,  (17  employing  steam.)  which  consumed  annually 
350,000  bushels  of  barley  and  200,IK)0  pounds  of  hops ;  21  recti- 
fying distilleries,  which  prepare  for  market  over  40.000  barrels 
of  whisky  per  annum :  7  large  st«am  tanneries,  and  a  number 
of  smaller  ones ;  13  steam  planing  mills,  with  a  capitiil  of 
$260,000;  13  steam  .saw  mills,  producing  20,000.000  feet  of 
lumber  yearly;  7  large  carriage  factories,  annually  turning 
out  1200  omnibuses,  coaches,  &c. ;  2  very  extensive  wagon  &c- 
tories ;  several  large  and  15  smaller  establishments  for  making 
cabinet  ware :  6  piiper  mills,  6  rope  walks,  and  3  extensive  est.v 
blishments  ibr  sawing  and  dressing  stone.  There  were  also  a 
gre;it  number  of  establishments,  not  included  in  the  aljove, 
for  making  nuts,  bolts,  iron  and  copper  rivets,  spikes,  brads, 
tacks,  cards  used  in  cotton  and  woollen  machinery,  oil, 
candles,  window  shades,  oil  cloths,  woollen  goods,  sickles, 
surgical  and  surveying  instruments,  chandeliers,  lamps, 
Venetian  blinds,  ear.then  and  stone  ware.  Ac.  &c. 

.\ccording  to  the  census  of  1850,  there  were  819  manufac- 
torii'S  in  Pittsburg,  and  120  in  Alleghany  City,  employing 
10.253  hands,  and  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $11,8S3,427. 
According  to  the  report  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the 
manufactures  of  Pittsburg  in  1864  amounted  in  value  to 
$20,970,338.  Owing  to  the  almost  unexampled  loW  stage  of 
water  in  the  Ohio,  rendering  it  unnavigable  for  five  months, 
the  prevalence  of  the  cholera,  pressure  in  the  money  mar- 
.iet.  and  other  causes,  business  of  all  kinds  was  much  less 
active  than  in  previous  years.  In  1S40  there  were  in  openi- 
tiou  in  Pittsburg  and  Alleghany  City  -32  furnaces  and  forges, 
with  a  capital  of  $1,437,000.  The'  total  capital  then  em- 
ployed in  manufactures  was  stated  at  $2,784,594. 

The  consumption  of  coal  in  Pittsburg  for  1854,  is  estimated 
as  follows : — 

Bushels. 

Brought  forward 20.215,000 

Gas  works  (two) 200.001) 

Public  buildings I.IO.OOO 

MiscellaQeous  eDgiues..      900.000 
Steamboats 840.000 


Biubels. 

Domestic  uses 12,000,000 

R.Mling  mills 6,376,000 

Foundries 540,000 

Glass  liouses 600,000- 

Engine    and    machine 

shops 600,000 

Cotton  factories 100,000 


Total  consumption  . . 


2,305.000 


Exported  from  Pittsburg  to  other  places 14.103,000 

Total  amount  in  bnshels 36.708.000 

Total  amount  in  tons 4,311,0:^ 

The  principal  harbor  of  Pittsburg  is  furnished  by  the 
Uonongahela  River,  whii-h  has  a  areater  depth  of  water  than 
Uie  .\lleghauy.  The  Ohio  is  navigable  to  the  conHiience  of 
these  streams  for  boats  of  light  draught,  except  at  short 
periods  of  very  dry  seasons,  and  a  few  days  of  the  severest 
winters.  It  is  not  navigable,  however,  for  boats  of  the 
largest  class  during  any  considerabfe  portion  "of  the  year. 
The  steamboats,  therefore,  constructed  at  Pittsburg.  ar» 
adapted  to  the  lowest  possible  draught  of  wat«r,  in  order 
that  they  may  transact  business  even  during  the  dry  sea- 
son. The  commerce  of  the  port  is  very  extensive.  Commu- 
nicating with  the  Ohio  and  Missis.sippi  Valleys  by  means  of 
the  navigable  waters  of  the  Ohio  Kiver.  and  connected  by 
railw.ays  and  canal.*  with  the  great  lakes  on  the  one  hand, 
and  with  Philadelphia  and  the  .\tlantic  on  the  other.  Pitts- 
burg Is  not  only  the  great  entrepot  fjr  the  entire  trade  of 
Pennsylvania  with  the  West,  but  merchandise  to  a  large 
amount  from  New  York,  destined  for  the  cuies  along  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi,  annually  passes  through  this  empo- 
rium. Besides  its  other  great  advantiiges.  Pittsburg  is 
about  to  derive  hnportant  benefits  from  numerous  railways 
which  will  goon  go  into  operation  in  various  portions  of 
Western  Pennsylvania.  One  of  the  most  importa  nt  of  these 
is  the  PitUburg  and  Olean  Kailioad,  which  will  communi- 
cate with  some  of  the  best  agricultural  counties  in  the  state. 
To  cnnne<;t  with  this  route,  another  road  is  about  to  be  con- 
glructed  from  Buffalo  to  Olean,  thereby  connecting  the 
western  termini  of  the  Pennsylvania  canals  with  the  we.st- 
wii  termini  of  the  New  York  canals,  and  the  head  of  Ohio 
uarigation  with  the  great  port  at  the  e.Hstern  terminus  of 
naviiration  on  Lake  Erie.  When  the  various  railroads  now 
In  pmgress  are  completed.  Pittsburg  will  be  the  terminus  of 
nine  distinct  and  independent  routes,  of  which  five  will  be 
trunk  lines. 

Tlie  trade  of  Pittsburg  is  facilitated  by  numerous  rail- 
roads, which  connect  it  with  Philadelphia  via  liarriiibure 
14»4  *' 


PIT 

with  Erie,  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Colnmbns  (Ohio), 
Kittanning,  Connellsville,  &c.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad.  357  miles  long,  and  the  B. 
terminus  of  the  Pittsburg,Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad, 
468  miles  long.  It  is  also  a  terminus  of  the  following  rail- 
roads: the  Alleghany  Valley  (which  is  opened  to  Kittan- 
ning), the  Pittsburg  and  Connellsville  (which  extends  to 
Uniontowu,  72  miles),  the  Pittsburg,  Columbus  and  Cincin- 
nati, and  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Kailroad,  150  miles 
long. 

Pittsburg  is  probably  the  greatest  oil  market  in  the 
world.  There  were  received  from  opening  of  navigation  in 
March  to  December  13,  1865,  884,730  barrels.  Half  (or 
more)  of  the  oil  of  the  Venango  region  comes  to  Pittsburg. 
Fully  30  first-class  passenger  steamers,  plying  between  Oil 
City  and  Pittsburg,  are  engaged  in  the  oil  business  wholly. 
There  are  (1865)  159  steamboats  owned  in  Pittsburg.  The 
coal  mined  near  Pittsburg  in  1864  amounted  to  48,462,966 
bushels,  of  which  18,921,399  were  consumed  in  Pittsburg; 
the  rest  was  shipped  down  the  river. 

The  aggregate  tonnage  of  Pittsburg  (enrolled  and  licensed) 
in  1S63  amounted  to  72.907  tons,  of  which  49,056  was  em- 
ployed in  steam  navigation.  In  steam  tonnage,  therefore, 
Pittsburg  is  the  third  city  in  the  Union,  being  surpassed 
only  by  New  Orleans  and  New  Y'ork.  January  1, 1.S54,  the 
steam  tonnage  of  the  port  is  stated  at  75,505  tons. 

A  comparative  statement  exhibiting  a  few  of  the  leading 
articles  exported  from  Pittsburg  by  canal  for  three  years : 


Articles. 


Cotton lbs. . 

Hemp lbs . . 

Tobacco,  unmanufactured. lbs.. 

Groceries 1  bs . . 

Hardware, -cutlery lbs.. 

Iron,  pig lbs.. 

**      castings lbs.. 

**      blooms lbs.. 

Cast  steel lbs.. 

Lead lbs.. 

Nails  and  spikes lbs.. 

Bacon lbs.. 

Beef  and  pork bbls. 

Butter .....lbs.. 

Flour bbls. 

Lard  and  lard-oll lbs.. 

Tallow lbs.. 


1852. 


1,670,92-2 

1,165,057 

20,490.918 

1,724,070 

4.33,669 

16,557,572 

607.995 

411.620 

7,364,436 

5.000 

3,033,036 

39,586,694 

10.367 

434,495 


1847. 


1.056,138 

3,311,618 

14.777,059 

1.978,82. 

246,897 

65,537 

250.910 

13,836 

549,416 

188.078 

■    51.760 

12,713.427 

41,225 

747.645 

297.940 

5,S19..378 

62,946 


1846. 


1,000,971 
1,287.886 
24,696.742 
1,571.889 
239,353 
I  2,675,341 

3,33.702 
S19.7.36 
325,085 

82,732 
21,661,2,36 

19.620 
800,265 
156.412 
2,929,286 
291,313 


The  estimated  amount  of  merchandise  arriving  and  de- 
parting from  Pittsburg  annually,  in  steam  and  keel  boats 
by  the  Ohio  River,  is  740.460  tons,  in  addition  to  50.0(X)  tons 
of  lumber,  and  847.700  tons  of  coal  in  barges  and  flat-bo.its. 
making  a  total  tonnage  of  1,638.160.  The  manufactured 
g(X)ds  fabricated  at  Pittsburg,  and  exported  by  way  of  the 
river,  during  the  year  18.54,  were  as  follows: — Iron  and 
nails  §7,500.000;  glass  and  glassware,  $2.050.000 ;  ca.stings, 
$700,000;  stoves.  $300,000:  springs  and  axles,  vices  and 
sprins  steel,  $566,000;  shoveLs.  forks,  picks,  axes.  Ac, 
$.390,000;  lock.s,  latches,  scales.  Ac,  $350,000;  iron  safes, 
$60,000;  steam  engines,  (exclusive  of  those  placed  in  lioats 
there,)  sugar  and  cotton  mills.  Ac,  $500,000 ;  white  and  red 
litharge,  $640,000:  cotton  yarns,  sheetings,  Ac,  $949,000; 
wagons,  carts,  wheel-barrows,  carriages,  Ac,  $:350,000; 
plouahs  and  ferming  implements,  $75,000:  furniture, 
$100,000:  salt  in  Kirrels.  $80,000:  soda  ash.  $130,000:  ale. 
porter,  beer.  Ac.  $450,000:  making  a  total  of  $15,184,000  as 
the  value  of  manufactures  shipped  by  the  Ohio  River.  The 
value  of  lumber  sent  down  the  river  on  rafts  during  the 
year,  was  $1,225,000:  and  the  amount  of  coal  shipped  bv  the 
same  channel.  23,738.906  bushels,  or  about  791,296  tons. 
Owing  to  the  long  continuance  of  low  water,  the  trade  by 
the  Ohio  was  much  less  than  in  former  years.  The  nunil>er 
of  arrivals  and  departures  at  the  port  annually  are,  of  first 
class  steamers  1712:  of  second  class  steamers  3634;  and  cf 
keel,  barges,  and  flatboats.  32-30 ;  making  an  aggregate  of 
8576.  During  the  year  1852  there  were  constructed  at  the 
various  yards  of  Pittsburg  no  less  than  69  steamers,  with  an 
aggregate  burden  of  15.000  tons.  In  1853,  59  steamers  were 
built  here,  and  during  the  year  1854  there  were  built  and 
registered  at  Pittsburg.  51  passenger  steamers,  of  11.004 
tons,  and  19  freight  and  towboats.  of  2793  tons,  making  a 
total  of  13.797  tons,  with  a  carrying  capacity  of  25.01)0  tons. 
This  is  exclusive  of  8  boats,  with  an  agirregate  of  3500  tons, 
built,  but  not  registered.  The  cost  of  all  these  biiats  was 
$1,555,338.  For  many  years  past,  statistics  show  tb.it  there 
has  been  completed  at  the  Pittsburg  yards,  on  an  average, 
as  many  as  one  boat  a  week,  or  52  annually,  all  of  which 
have  found  sufficient  and  lucrativeemployment  on  the  river 
Owing  to  the  increased  facilities  of  communication.  th» 
trade  of  Pittsburg  with  the  lakes  is  said  to  have  donblea 
itself  every  year  from  1844  to  1853.  The  increa.«e  of  trade 
within  the  last  year  or  two.  in  consequence  of  the  opening 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  has  been  equally,  if  ^~tt  more 
remarkable 

Pittsburg  is  connected  with  Alleghany  (.Ity  I*  meanii 
of  thi-ee  substantial  bridges  on  piers,  and  a  sus)  elision- 
aqueduct,  aud  by  a    suspension-bridge   au  I    steiiiu  ferr< 


PIT 


PIV 


with  liirminffham.  Water  of  the  purest  quality  is  intro- 
duced IVom  the  AUech^iuy  River.  The  reservoir,  oct-upyinif 
an  einineuco  N.E.  of  the  courthouse,  has  a  greater  elevation 
proViably  than  that  of  any  similar  reservoir  iu  America, 
beiiis  396  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ohio.  It  is  of  great 
capacity,  and  supplied  by  steam-power.  Gas,  manufactured 
from  bituminous  oial,  is  furnished  at  a  comparatively  trifling 
cost,  for  liiihting  the  city.  The  Alleghany  Cemetery,  on  the 
Alleghany  River  2  miles  above  Pittsburg,  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  places  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  comprises 
110  acres,  tastefully  adorned,  and  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  stone 
masonry. 

Pittsburg  is  divided  into  9  wards,  and  Alleghany  City 
Into  4,  each  town  being  governed  by  a  mayor  and  common 
council. 

Hidortj. — Fort  Du  Quesne,  a  French  trading  post,  erected 
in  1751,  formerly  occupied  the  site  where  Pittsburg  now 
stands.  In  1758,  an  English  expedition  marched  against 
this  post,  which  was  then  regarded  by  the  youthful  Wash- 
ington as  the  key  of  the  West.  An  advanced  detachment 
under  Captain  Grant  having  encamped  on  what  is  still 
called  Grant's  Ilill,  was  attacked  and  defeated  by  a  party  of 
French  and  Indians  from  Fort  Du  Quesne.  But  on  the  aj)- 
proach  of  General  Forbes,  with  a  force  of  6200  men,  the  dis- 
heartened garrison  set  fire  to  the  fort  and  descended  thu 
Ohio.  The  victorious  troops,  on  entering,  November  25th, 
by  general  acclamation  called  the  place  Pittsburg,  in  honor 
of  William  Pitt,  then  prime  minister  of  England.  The  town 
of  Pittsburg  began  to  be  settled  iu  1765.  It  became  a  county 
town  in  1791,  was  incorporated  a  borough  in  1804,  and 
chartered  as  a  city  in  181G.  April  10.  1845,  a  great  fire  con- 
sumed a  large  part  of  Pittsburg,  causing  .1  destruction  of 
property  to  the  amount  of  $9,000,000.  Notwithstanding 
this  terrible  calamity,  the  city  has  continued  to  \nerease  in 
wealth  and  population  almost  beyond  parallel.  Pop.  in 
1810,  4768;  in  1820,  7248;  in  1830,  12,542;  in  1840,  21,115— 
(Alleghany  City  at  the  same  date,  had  10,089,  and  J<irming- 
ham.  1554  inhabitants;)  pop.  of  the  city  proper,  m  1860, 
49.217— AUegliany  City,  28,f02— Birmingham,  3742.  By  a 
local  census,  in  January,  1853,  Pittsburg  and  its  si'burbs 
contained  a  population  of  110,241. 

PITTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  cc,  Arkansas. 

I'lTTSUURG,  a  flourishing  village  of  Carrol  co.,  Indinna, 
on  the  Wabash  Kiver,  opposite  Delphi.  It  has  great  wa'<  r- 
power,  produced  by  a  dam  across  the  river,  and  contains  a 
foundry,  woollen  factory,  and  several  mills. 

PITTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Hickory  co.,  Missou  i. 
about  85  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PITTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa,  on  tb  " 
Hght  bank  of  Des  Moines  River,  78  miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

PITTS'FIKLD,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Sebasticook  River,  which  here  affords  a  fine  water-power, 
and  on  the  railroad  in  course  of  construction  from  Bangor 
to  Waterville,  about  40  miles  N.K.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1496. 

PITTSFIKLD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Merrimack 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Concord.  It  has 
several  churches  and  a  bank.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1838. 

PlTTSFl  I'.ljD,  a  post-township  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont, 
40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  493. 

PITTSFIKLD,  a  flourishing  post-town  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  at  the  N.  terminus 
of  the  Housatonic  Railroad,  and  the  S.  terminus  of  the 
Pittsfield  and  North  Adams  R.ailroad,  1.51  miles  W.  of  Boston, 
and  49  miles  E.S.E.  of  Albany.  Lat.  42°  26'  55"  N.,  Ion.  73° 
15'  36"  W.  It  is  delightfully  situated  at  an  elevation  of  up- 
wards of  a  thou.sand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is 
handsomely  laid  out  with  streets  intersecting  each  other  at 
right  angles.  In  the  centre  is  a  fine  iiublic  square,  on  which 
front  the  principal  hotels,  the  Berkshire  Medical  School,  a 
flourishing  institution  founded  in  1823,  and  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church,  completed  in  1853.  The  latter  is  an 
elegant  stone  edifice,  in  the  Gothic  style.  The  South  Street 
Congregational  Church  is  also  a  fine  building.  Pittsfield 
contains  8  churches,  viz.:  3  Congregational,  2  Methodist,  1 
Baptist,  1  Episcopal,  and  1  Roman  Catholic;  2  banks,  a 
savings  institution,  3  insurance  companies,  a  gaslight  com- 
pany, 4  newspaper  oflRces,  3  railroad  depots,  and  about  60 
stores.  The  Young  Ladies'  Institute,  a  very  flourishing 
institution,  occupies  3  handsome  edifices,  situate  in  the 
midst  of  spacious  and  beautifully  ornamented  grounds. 
The  m.inufactures  of  Pittsfield  are  extensive,  employing  a 
large  amount  of  capital.  The  leading  articles  are  woollen 
and  cotton  goods,  machinery,  railroad  cars,  firearm.s,  &c. 
Incorporated  in  1761,  and  named  in  honor  of  William  Pitt, 
Earl  of  Chatham.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1S40,  3747 ;  in 
1S50,  5872;  and  in  1H60.  804.') 

PITTSFIKLD,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Unadilla  River,  86  miles  W.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  1480. 

PITTSFIELD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Warren  co..  Penn- 
Mvlvania,  in  a  township  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Big  Broken- 
straw  Creek.  220  miles  N.W.  of  Harrlsburg.  It  has  been 
built  since  1S40.     Pop.  of  the  township.  10S5. 

PITTSFIELD.  a  villag*>  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia,  75  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 


PITTSFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Lorain 
CO..  Ohio,  intersected  bv  (he  A\'est  Branch  of  Black  Kivor 
Pop.  1115. 

PITTSFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Mkhi- 
gan.     Pop.  1331. 

PITTSFIELD.  a  post-village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan 
about  40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 

PITTSFIELD,  a  neat  post-village  and  township,  capital 
of  Pike  CO.,  Illinois,  is  situated  on  a  prairie,  70  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Springfield.  It  is  snrrouncled  bj-  a  rich  farming  coun- 
try, diversified  by  prairies  and  timbered  lands.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  several  churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices. 
Total  population,  2137. 

PITTSKIELD.a  township  of  Brown  co..Wisconsin.  P.  130. 

PITTS/FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rutland  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad.  45  miles 
S.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and 
shoes,  woollen  goods,  ciirriages,  &c.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
1839. 

PITTSFORD,  a, post-village  and  township  of  Monroe  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal  and  the  Rochester  and  Syra- 
cuse Railroad,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester.  The  village  con- 
tains 3  or  4  churches,  and  several  warehouses.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  2028. 

PITTSFORD,  a  township  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Michigan  Southern  and  Indiana  Northern  Railroads,  10 
miles  from  Hillsdale.     Pop.  1616. 

PITT.S'GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Salem  co..  New  Jersey, 
al)out  55  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Trenton.    Pop.  939. 

PITT'S  ISLAND.    See  Pitt's  ARcniPELAOO. 

PITT'S  LAKE,  in  the  P.  part  of  Orc-on.  near  11  SOW.  Ion., 
and  42°  10'  N.  Lit.    Length,  about  4n  mi'es :  breadth.  10  miles. 

PITT'S  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Bullitt  co..  Kentucky. 

PITT'S  STRAIT-,  in  the  Malay  Archipel.igo,  is  between 
the  islands  of  Salawatty  and  Battanta,  off  the  N.W.  end  of 
Papua. 

PITTSTON,  a  poslrvilLage  and  township  of  Kennebec  co.. 
Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  River,  opposite  Gardiner, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  fine  bridge  recently  con- 
structed, and  about  7  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  It  i» 
noted  for  its  shipbuilding.    Pop.  2619. 

PITTSTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Luzerne  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna, just  below  the  mouth  of  the  l^ackawanna  River, 
9  or  10  miles  alx)ve  Wilkesbarre.  The  village  is  situated  in 
the  Valley  of  Wyoming,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  rich  mines 
of  anthracite  coal.  It  owes  its  rapid  growth  chiefly  to  the 
mining  operations  of  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  Company. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  iron  Bwsiness. 
Coal  and  produce  are  shipped  at  this  place  on  the  West 
Branch  Canal.  It  has  u  national  bank  and  a  new8pa])er 
office.  A  new  nulroad  connects  PIttston  with  Wilkesbarre, 
reran  ton.  &c.  Pop.  of  the  township,  3682;  of  the  village, 
ariout  2000. 

P.JTTSTON  FERRY,  a  postK)ffice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

F\"'TS'TOWN,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Renssalac 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  AlViany  Northern  Railroad,  22  miles 
N.E.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1717. 

PITT?TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  CO.,  New  Jer- 
sey, aboii't  8  miles  N.W.  of  Fletaington. 

■piT:i?r.TOWN,  a  village  of  Bullitt  co..  Kentucky,  at  the 
junction  of  Salt  River  with  its  Rolling  Fork,  60  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

PITTSYLVA'NIA,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia, 
bordering  ou  North  Carolina,  ban  an  area  of  about  1000 
square  miles.  The  Staunton  River  forms  its  N.  boundary, 
the  Banister  River  flows  through  the  middle,  and  the  S. 
border  is  crMsed  several  times  by  the  meanderings  of  the 
Dan.  The  suiface  is  diversified  by  v.alleys  and  hills,  and 
the  soil  is  excellent.  It  has  several  manufactories  of  cabinet- 
wafe.  A  mine  of  iron  ore  has  latolj'  been  opened  here,  and 
is  said  to  be  very  rich.  Limestone  is  abundant.  A  railroad 
has  been  partlj' constructed  from  Richmond  to  Danville,  the 
chief  town  of  the  county.  Organized  in  1767.  Capital.  Com- 
petition, or  Chatbam.  Pop.  32,104,  of  whom  17,704  wore 
free,  and  14,340  slaves. 

PITTSYLVANI.4.  COURT-HOUSE.    S«o  Competition. 

PITYUS*.    See  Forme.vter.\. 

PITZTHAL,  pits't*l.  a  village  of  Tyrol,  near  Imst,  in  a 
long  and  bleak  valley  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  il4S. 

PIUGPUNENT,  pe-oog-poo-nJnt',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the 
island  of  Majorca,  6  miles  AV.  of  Palma.     Pop.  It64. 

PIUNIII.  pe-oon-yee',  or  LIVRAMENTO.  If  vr^-m^n'to.  a 
town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  58  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Formiga. 

PIUR.A..  pe-oo'rS,  a  river  of  Peru,  enters  the  P?v'iti;-  after  a 
W.  course  of  about  120  miles. 

PIUHA,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  the  littoral  j,rorine<> 
of  its  own  n.nme.  in  the  department  of  Libirtad,  is  sit'ia'<id 
on  the  Piura.  120  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lambayeque.  Pop.  oCth? 
province  in  1850,  76,.332. 

PIVERONE.  pe-v.i-ro'nA.  a  village  of  the  Sirdinifm  States 
division  of  Turin,  province  of  Ivi-e.n.     Pop.  1668. 

PIVNICZNA  or  PIWNICZNA.  piir-L'eetVni,  r  rillagb  nl 

14G3 


PIX 

Alistriim  Polaml  in  Galicia,  circle  of  Saadec,  ou  the  Poprad, 
13  mile^  S  of  Neu-Sandec.    Pop.  2156. 

I'lX'LKV.  a  pa>ish  of  En-claiid,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PIZ.\KKA,  La,  Id  pe-thin>Kil.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, province,  and  about  15  miles  from  Malaga.    Pop.  1496. 

PIZKCi)  or  PIZEECO.     See  PisECO. 

PIZZIGHETTONK,  pit-se-ghJt-to'niS,  a  fortified  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  12  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cremona. 
on  the  navigable  river  Adda.  Pop.,  includinir  the  suburb 
of  Gerra,  on  the  risrht  bank  of  the  river,  4000.  It  is  enclosed 
by  an  old  wall,  with  bastions  and  a  deep  fosse,  and  entered 
by  two  gates. 

PIZZO,  pit'so.  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra 
II..  ilistrict.  and  5  miles  X.E.  of  Monteleone,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Santa  Eufemia,  with  5V00  inhabitants.  Murat.  the  ex-king 
of  Naples,  was  taken  prisoner  and  shot  here  in  October,  1815. 

PIZZOFEf{.I!.\TO,  pitrSO-feR-Ri.'to.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Citra,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lanciano.  P.  1030. 

PIZZOLI.  pit-so'lee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
ntra  II.,  district,  and  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Aquila,  on  a  monn 
tiin  in  the  East  Apennines!,  and  having  3  churches,  a  large 
monastery,  and  32i,iO  inhabitants. 

PLABENNEC,  pli'beu'nSk'.  a  market^town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistdre,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Brest.  Pop.  in 
lSo2,  3752. 

PLACANICA,  plii-ki'ne-kd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Gerace.     Pop.  2000. 

PLACENCI-\.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  I'lasexcia. 

PLACENTIA,  a  city  of  North  Italy.     See  Piacexza. 

PLiVOEXTIA,  a  seaport  town  of  Newfiiundland,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  peninsula  extending  from  the  S.E.  side  of 
the  island,  in  about  lat.  47°  11'  30"  X.,  Ion.  53°  55'  W.  The 
harbor  has  Sj  fathoms  of  water ;  and  on  either  side  of  its 
entrance,  which  is  not  more  than  60  fathoms  across,  stands 
a  ftirt. 

PLACENTIA  BAY,  a  deep  inlet  on  the  S.  coast  of  New- 
foundland, 75  miles  in  length,  and  nearly  60  miles  in  breadth 
at  its  entrance  between  Capes  St.  Marie  and  Chapeau  Rouge. 

PLACER,  pld-saiB',  or  PLACEL.  pli-sjl'.  a  Spanish  word 
signifying  literally,  a  "laj'er  of  sand,  pebbles,  itc.  in  the 
bottom  of  the  sea  or  river."  More  frequently,  however,  it 
is  used  to  denote  the  layers  of  sand,  earth,  &c.  formed  by 
the  washings  of  a  river,  and  containing  deposits  of  gold  or 
other  metal. 

PLACER,  pli-sair',  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, bordering  on  Utah,  has  an  area  of  about  12<.K)  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Middle  Fork  of  Ame- 
rican River,  and  on  the  N.  by  Bear  River.  The  surfece  iu 
the  E.  part  is  uneven,  being  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
or  Snowy  Range.  The  number  of  acres  under  cultivation 
in  1852  was  679.  Gold  is  abundant,  and  capital  amounting 
to  upward  of  $l,40«i,000  is  invested  in  mining,  principally 
for  this  precious  metal.  Named  from  the  "  placers"'  which 
it  contains.    Capital.  Auburn.     Pop.  13,270. 

PLACERES,  pl3-si'r§s,  a  village  in  the  interior  of  New 
Mexico,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kio  del  Norte. 

PLACER  MOUNTAIN,  in  the  interior  of  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico,  about  20  miles  S.VV.  of  Santa  Fe.  Lat.  about 
35°  25'  N.,  Ion.  106°  20'  W. 

PLACERVILLE.  the  capital  of  El  Dorado  CO..  California, 
tS  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sacramento.  It  is  chiefly  a  mining  set- 
tlement.   Pop.  2466.    See  Appendix. 

PL.\D1)A  or  PL.iDA,  a  low  rocky  island  of  Scotland,  in 
the  Frith  of  Clyde,  off  the  S.  end  of  the  island  of  .\rran, 
with  a  lightrhouse,  in  lat.  55°  25'  33"  N.,  Ion.  5°  V  W., 
having  two  fixed  lights,  77  and  130  feet  above  the  sea. 

PL.\IN,  plin,  a  post-ofiice  of  Greenville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

PLAIN,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1392. 

PLAIN,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2302. 

PLAIN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Wayne  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  2063. 

PL.\IN,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1300. 

PL.\IN,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1.^43 

PLAINE,  plAn  or  plSn,  a  rtver  of  France,  department  ot 
Vosges.  joins  the  Meurthe.    Length.  15  miles. 

PLAINE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  Ui 
miles  N.E.  of  St.  Die.    Pop.  1935. 

PL.ilNE-H  AUTE,  plin  hot,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  arrondissement  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  2052. 

PLAINFAING.  pISnoYJxo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Vosu'es,  on  the  Meurthe,  arrondissement  of  St.  Dig. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  4110. 

I'LAIN'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire.  50  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1620. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Vermont,  on  Onion  River,  about  8  miles  E.  of  .Mont- 
peller.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  carriages,  furniture, 
and  starch.     Pop.  822. 

I'LAINFIKLD.  a  postrtownship  of  Hampshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 110  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  It  contains  a  town- 
Iii.us.-,  •_  churches,  and  2  stores,  and  has  some  manufectures 
of  lioxes,  broora-handles,  palm-leaf  hats,  &c.    Pop.  639. 

1  I.AI.\HhH),  a  iK.st-villagc  and  township  of  Windham 
»  - .  Coumcticut.  at  the  intersection  of  the  Providence  Hart- 
l4Uo 


PLA 

ford  and  Fishkill  Railroad,  and  the  Norwich  and  Worcester 
Railroad  16  miles  N.E.  of  Norwich.  It  has  an  academy  and 
manufactures  ofmuslins,  cotton  goods,  Ac.  Total  population 
3665. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Cooperstown.    Pop.  13.54. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Union  co., 
New  Jersey,  on  Green  Brook,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad, 
20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Newark,  and  U  miles  N.  of  New  Bruns- 
wick. It  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  surrounded  by  u  rich 
farming  country.  It  contains  7  or  8  churches,  belonging 
to  the  Baptists,  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  Friends,  and 
Seventh-day  Baptists;  2  boarding  schools,  a  national  bank, 
and  several  hat  factories.  One  or  two  newspapers  are 
published  here.  Laid  out  in  1735.  Population  in  1860, 
3224. 

PL.\INFIELD,  a  post-oiHce,  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PL.\.1NFIELD,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1662. 

PL.\1NFIELD,  a  post-oflice  of  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co..  Ohio,  on 
Wills  Creek.  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  township  of  AUegiin  Co..  Michigan. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  townsliip  of  Kent  co.,  Blichigan.  Pop. 
1240. 

PL.'^  INFIELD,  a  post-oflSce  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Terre  Haute  and  Indianapolis  Kailroad,  where  it 
crosses  White  Lick  Creek,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 
Pop.  about  300. 

PL.\1NFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Will  co., 
Illinois,  155  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  1725. 

PL.MN  GROVE,  a  post-office.  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

PL.ilNS,  Virginia,  a  station  on  the  Manassas  Gap  Rail- 
road. 48  miles  from  Alexandria. 

PLAIN.S-OF-.\.'BRAIIAM,  a  table-land  immediately  S.W. 
of  the  city  of  Quebec,  in  Canada  East.  Here  Generals 
Wolfe  and  Montcalm,  the  respective  commanders  of  the  Bri- 
tish and  French  forces,  were  killed  iu  the  action,  ISth  Sep- 
tember, 1759. 

PLAINS'BOROUGH.  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  New  Jer 
sey.  14  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton,  contains  a  grist  mill  and  10 
or  12  dwellings. 

PLAINS-oF-DU'RA,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgi.1. 
110  miles  S.W.  of  Jlilledgeville. 

PLAIN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  East  Baton  Rouge  piv 
rish,  Louisiana. 

PLAINS^VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  6  miles  above 
Wilkesbarre. 

PL.A.IX  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  King  and  Queen  co..  Virginia. 

PLAINVIKW,  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co..  Illinois. 

PL.\INVILLE,  a  village  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
20  miles  N.W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  1  cotton  mill, 
with  2232  spindles  and  52  looms. 

PLAINS  ILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Haitfonl  co., 
Counettu  ut,  at  the  intersection  of  the  Boston  and  Erie  Rail- 
road with  the  New  Haven  and  Nortliampton  R.R.,  14  miles 
S.W.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  3  churches,  1  mahufactory  of 
hosiery  and  2  of  carriages.     Pop.  about  1400. 

PLAIN  VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York, 
about  IS  miles  W.N.W.  of  Syracuse. 

PLAINVILLE.  a  village  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Trenton. 

1'L.A.INVILLE,  a  post-village  and  railway  station  of  Ha- 
milton CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little  Jliami  Railroad,  10  miles  E. 
b3'  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

PLAIN  WELL,  a  postoffice  of  Allegan  CO.,  Mi<higan. 

PL.\ISANCE,  pla  s6xs.s',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers.  26  miles  W.  of  Auch.     Pop.  1791. 

PL.41S.\NCE.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron. 
arrcjndi.s.sement  of  St.  Affrique.     Pop.  in  1852.  1791. 

PL.\1ST0W.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rockingham 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  and  Maine  R.iilroad,  .35 
miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  of  the  township.  S61. 

PL.\IT'FORD.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

PLAN.  pUn,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  31  miles  fl'.N.W.  of  Pil- 
sen.  Pop.,  including  suburb,  3939,  mostly  employed  in 
woollen-<:ioth  weaving,  and  in  alum  and  vitriol  works. 

PLANASIA.     See  PlAXOSA. 

PLANCHER  BAS,  pl6.\«VhaiR'  bd,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment Of  Haute-Saone.  10  miles  E.N.K.  of  Lure.  Pop.  12S8. 

PLANCH EK  LES  MINES.  plftNo'shaiK/  Id  loeen.  a  vill.ige 
of  France,  department  of  Haute-Saone,  arrondissenieut  of 
Lure.     Pop.  14S0. 

PLANCOET,  (Plancoet.')  pl5x»'ko*4',  a  market-town  of 
France,  depjirtment  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  on  the  Arguenou,  9 
miles  N.W.  of  Dinan.     Pop.  767. 

PL.\NCy.  pWxo^see'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Aube.  8  miles  W.  of  .\rcis,  on  the  Aube.     Pop.  1 102. 

I'L.\NES.  pld/n^s,  a  town  of  Sp.ain,  in  Valencia,  province, 
and  al>out  50  miles  from  Alicante.     Pop.  1146. 

PL.\NIER,  pld'ut-.V,  a  small  island  of  France,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Lvons.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Mareeilles. 

PLANINA,  pld-nee'nd,  or  ALBEN,  dlOign.  a  market-t-w.. 


PLA 


PLA 


tit'  Austria,  in  Tllyria.  government,  and  19  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Lajbach.     Pop.  1^74. 

I'liANITZ,  pll/nits,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles  E. 
->f  Klattau.     I'op.  1600. 

I'LANITZ,  a  village  of  Saxony,  .3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Zwickau. 

I'LANK  RIDGE,  a  small  village  of  Camden  co..  North 
Carolin."i. 

PLANK-ROAD,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  CO..  New  York. 

PLANK-I'.OAD,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  CO.,  Michigan. 

PLANK-KOAD,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

PLANKSTADT,  plduk'stdtt,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Lower  Khine.  near  Schwetzingen.     Pop.  1355. 

PLA'NO,  a  post-office  of  Collin  co.,  Te.xas. 

PLANTERS,  a  post-village  of  Attala  co.,  Mississippi. 

PLANTERS,  a  township  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas. 

PLANTERS,  a  post-township  of  I'hilips  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  6S7. 

PLANTER'S  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Breckenridge  co., 
Kentuiky. 

PLANTER'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana. 

PLANTKK'S  STAND,  a  postoffice  of  Madison  Co.,  Georgia. 

PLANTKKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  Alabama  and  Tennesee  Rivers  Railroad,  77  miles  S. 
of  Tuscaloosa. 

PLANTERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Morehouse  parish, 
Louisiana. 

PLAN'TERVl  LLE,  a  village  of  Georgetown  district.  South 
Carolina,  near  Great  Pedee  River,  about  20  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Georgetown.     It  is  a  place  of  summer  resort. 

PLANTSVILLE,  Hartford  co.. Connecticut.  SeeAPPETOIX. 

PLANTSVILLE,  a  railroad  station  of  Branford  township, 
New  Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven  and  New 
London  Railroad,  7  miles  E.  by  S.  of  New  Haven. 

PLAQUKMIN'E,  plak'meon',  a  parish  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Louisiana,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  by  which  it  is  intersected. 
Area,  about  ,900  square  miles.  The  surface  is  elevated  only 
a  few  feet  above  the  gulf.  A  large  part  of  the  parish,  near 
the  Balize,  is  occuj'ied  by  extensive  marshes,  which  produce 
nothing  but  tall  reeds.  The  soil  of  the  higher  portions  is 
fertile.  In  1850  this  parish  produced  1,.')36,740  pounds  of 
rice — the  greatest  quantity  raised  in  anv  parish  of  the  state. 
Pop.  8404,  of  whom  3109  were  free,  and"  5385  slaves. 

PLAQUEMINE,  a  post-village  and  former  capital  of  Iber- 
ville parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  right  bank  of  Mississippi 
River,  at  the  egress  of  I'laquemine  Bayou,  112  miles  above 
New  Orleans.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  and  an  active 
business  in  shipping  cotton.    Pop.  1663. 

PLAQUKMiXK  BAYOU,  plalOmeen'  bi'oo,  Louisiana,  an 
outlet  of  Mississippi  Hiver,  commences  at  Plaquemine.  on 
the  right  bank,  and  flowing  S.W.,  unites  with  Atchafalaya 
Bayou.  The  Mississippi  flows  into  this  bayou  only  in  the 
highest  stages.     Its  whole  length  is  perhaps  10  or  12  miles. 

PLAQUKMIN'E  BRU'LEKCa  bayou  of  Louisiana,  com- 
mences near  Opelous;is,  and  flowing  S.W.,  unites  with  the 
Mermenteau. 

PL.^QUKMINE  BRULEE,  a  posfcofflce  of  St.  Landry  pa- 
rish, Louisiana. 

PLASENCIA,  pll-sJn'the-a,  or  PLACENCIA.  pld-th^n'- 
the-3,  (anc.  Deoblriga  or  Ambrahia?)  a  city  of  Spain,  province 
of  Caceres,  on  the  Gerte,  here  crossed  by  3  bridges.  44  miles 
N.W.  of  Almaraz.  Pop.  fiSOO.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls 
and  semicircular  towers,  wi^h  .a  ruined  citadel  on  the  N. 
It  has  many  substantial  edifices,  a  fine  Gothic  cathedral, 
with  rich  works  of  art;  numerous  other  churches,  convents, 
and  an  episcopal  paKace:  manufactures  of  hats,  leather, 
woollen,  linen,  and  hempen  stuffs,  and  an  aqueduct  on  80 
.♦rohes,  by  which  it  is  supplied  with  water. 

PLASENCIA  or  PLACKNCIA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
'  Guipuzcoa,  on  the  Deva,  23  miles  W.  of  San  Sebastian. 
Pop.  1665.  who  manufacture  firearms,  swords,  cutlery,  and 
w^onze  work. 

PLASENCIA  (or  PLACENCIA)  DE  JALON,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  21  miles  W.  of  Saragossa,  on  the  .Talon 
CXalon.)  It  has  a  large  fair  tor  horses  and  mules  in  Septem- 
oer. 

PLASK,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Plonsk. 

PLASKI,  pWsh'kee,  or  PLASCH'Kf.  a  village  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  in  the  military  frontier,  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Karlstadt. 
Pop.  1104.     It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop. 

PL.tSSEY,  plds'see,  a  village  of  British  India,  presidency 
and  province  of  Bengal,  district  of  Nuddea.  83  miles  N.  of 
Calcutta,  and  memorable  for  the  great  victory  obtained 
there.  .Tune  23,  1757,  by  the  troops  under  Clive,  over  the 
drmv  of  the  Bengal  viceroy. 

PL.A.SSIA,  plds'se-a.  a  village  of  North-west  Hindostan,  on 
the  Sutlej,  43  miles  E.N.E.  of  Loodianah. 

PL.\T.  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  Platten. 

PI^ATA.  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coast  of 
Ecuad  vr,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Cape  San  Lorenzo. 

I'Ij.^TA,  La,  13  pld'td,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Grai.ada.  department  of  Cundinamarca.  province,  and  62 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Neyva.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Magdalena.  It 
stands  in  a  highly  fertile  vallev,  and  is  stated  to  be  well 
i.uilt. 


I'L.\TA.  La.  Ij  pli'ti,  REPUDtlc  of.  now  more  frequentlv 
called  the  AliGENTINE  (ar'jen-tine)  REPUBLIC.  (Sp.  lit 
piMicu  Argentina.  rA-poob'le-kil  aB-iii^n-tee'nH :  t'r.  Hipuh 
Uqiu  Argentine,  rA'piib^eek'  au'zhftK^Heen';  Ger.  Argent* 
ninche  Confcideration.  aR-Gh?n-tee'ne-sheh  kon-fiJ-di  rit-se 
on',)  formerly  the  CONFEDERATION  OF  LA  PI  ATA,  » 
republic  in  South  America,  extending  over  an  immen9»» 
region  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  S.  bj 
the  Rio  Negro,  which  separates  it  from  I'atagonia:  W.  V}' 
the  Cordilleras  of  Chili  and  Bolivia:  N.  by  Bolivia;  and  on 
the  E.  it  is  separated  from  the  Republic  of  Uruguay,  and 
mostly  from  Brazil,  (a  distance  of  near  700  miles,)  by  the 
river  Uruguay,  and  farther  N.  from  Paraguay  by  the  river 
Parana ;  lat.  22="  to  41°  S..  Ion.  54^  to  71°  35'  W.  Greatest 
length  from  N.  ,to  S.,  1320  miles;  average  length,  about 
1200  niiles;  greatest  breadth,  measured  on  a  parallel  of  lati- 
tude, 10(X)  miles ;  leastbreadth.  500  miles:  medium  breadth, 
about  690  miles.     Estimated  area.  820,000  square  miles. 

Fi'ce  riftlie  Country. — This  vast  tenitory  forms  an  oblong 
quadrilateral,  the  W.  side  of  which,  for  a  distance  of  1300 
miles,  is  Viounded  by  the  Andes.  This  botindary  has  never 
be;»n  thoroughly  examined.  Snowy  heights  and  volcanic 
peaks  have  been  recognised  at  a  distance;  but  the  well- 
watered  hilly  regions  and  habitable  low  tracts  at  the  foot  of 
the.se  mountains  are  still  for  the  most  part  unknown.  In 
some  places  lateral  branches  from  the  high  Amies  run  into 
the  pl.iin  to  a  distance  of  150  or  200  miles,  and  these  high 
grounds  have  been  generally  selected  for  settlements.  The 
E.  portion  of  the  state,  round  the  river  Paragu.ay,  is  a  hilly 
country.  The  plains  S.  and  S.W.  of  Buenos  .^yres,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  150  miles,  become  hilly;  and  chains  of  hills,  (the 
Sierra  Tinta.  Sierra  Tap.alquen,  &C-,)  never  rising  300  feet 
.above  the  plain,  extend  from  S.E.  to  N. W. ;  and  farther 
S.W.,  the  Vontana  Mountain,  about  lat.  380  g^  rf^j  i,^„  640 
W..  stretches  parallel  to  the  l.a.«t-n.anied  hills,  and  joins  the 
Guamini  range  in  the  N.W.  The  highest  point  of  the  A'en- 
tana  is  about  2500  feet  above  the  plain,  which  rises  from  SOO 
feet  to  900  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  But  I  ho  moun- 
tainous tracts  form  only  a  small  portion  of  the  whole  terri- 
tory, which  generally  spreads  out  into  immense  and  uniform 
plains.  These  are  generally  understood  to  compiise  two  re- 
gions: the  northern,  watered  by  the  Salado,  Vermejo.  I'il- 
eomayo.  &c..  forming  a  part  of  theGran  Chaco,  which  extends 
into  the  E.  half  of  Bolivia;  .and  the  southern,  or  I'ampas.  a 
pl.ain  covered  alternately  with  pasturage  and  gigantic  this- 
tles, and  interspersed  with  a  multitude  of  salt  lakes,  sumo 
of  large  size.  Towards  the  N.W.  part  of  this  republic  there 
is  said  to  be  an  extensive  and  elevated  region.  CHlIed  ]>FS 
poni.APO.  '•  uninhabited  country."  a  large  portion  of  the  sur- 
face of  which  is  covered  with  salt.  The  hot  wind  from  these 
plains  sometimes  bli.<;ters  the  faces  and  hands  of  people  in 
the  shade.  On  one  occasion.  (December.  1825.)  the  kej's  and 
bolts  of  the  doors  in  the  houses  at  Santiago  del  Estero 
became  so  hot  that  they  could  not  be  held  in  the  hands. 

niver.'). — From  the  Andes  and  from  the  mountains  of 
Brazil,  rivers  of  great  m.agnitude  descend,  and  meeting  to- 
gether, pour  their  united  waters  into  the  ocean  through  a 
common  outlet.  This  outlet  is  the  lUo  de  la  Plata,  which 
is  in  reality  not  a  river  .so  much  as  an  estuary  receiving 
great  rivers.  .\t  its  mouth,  between  Cape  St.  Antonio  and 
Cape  St.  Mary,  it  has  a  width  of  170  miles.  About  50  miles 
higher  up,  near  Montevideo,  where  it  is  reduced  t<i  a  width 
of  53  miles,  its  waters  are  already  quite  fresh.  At  liuenos 
Ayre.s,  150  miles  firther  up.  the  land  being  low.  is  not 
visible  from  the  middle  of  the  stream.  The  current  of  this 
great  river  is  perceptible  in  the  Atlantic  at  a  distance  of  100 
miles,  or  even  200  miles;  yet  the  dejjth  of  the  stream  is  by 
no  means  proportional  to  its  l)r(«dth.  Above  Montevideo, 
its  navigable  channels  are  narrowed  by  s;indbauks.  and  so 
shallow  are  its  S.  shores,  that  at  Buenos  Ayres  vessels  of 
moderate  size  are  obliged  to  anchor  from  6  to  9  miles  from 
land.'  Even  boats  cannot  run  faii-ly  on  shore,  but  are  ob- 
liged to  transfer  their  passengers  to  rudely-constructed, 
large-wheeled  carts,  which  convey  them  over  some  hundred 
yards  01'  shallow  water.  The  great  rivers  which  unite  to 
form  the  La  Plata,  are  the  Parand  and  Uruguay.  The  for- 
mer issues  from  the  N.W.  by  several  mouths;  the  latter  de- 
scends from  the  N..  in  a  single  channel  6  miles  wide  at  its 
entrance.  Between  them  they  embrace  a  tract  of  delt.a 
about  30  miles  in  extent,  the  middle  point  of  it  being  in 
about  lat.  .34°  15'  S..  and  45  miles  nearly  due  N.  from 
Buenos  Ayres.  (Ion.  59°  40'  W.)  The  Uruguay,  which  is 
said  to  take  its  name  from  its  numerous  falls,  has  a  course 
of  800  miles.  It  may  be  ascended  in  small  vessels  about 
2(M)  miles,  to  the  Salto  Grande,  which  is  a  rapid  practicable 
for  boats  during  the  floods. 

The  ParanS,  considered  with  reference  to  the  m.agnitude 
and  number  of  its  tributaries,  is  one  of  the  greatest  rivers 
on  the  American  continent.  Within  the  limits  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Repul)lic,  it  receives  from  the  W.  the  Salado.  which 
has  a  course  of  1000  miles;  the  Rio  Vermejo,  750  miles;  and 
the  Pilcomayo,  1000  miles  in  length;  and  from  the  E.  tlie 
l'aragu.ay  joins  it  after  a  course  of  1600  miles,  in  lat.  27° 
20'  S.  The  length  of  the  ParauA  from  its  sources  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Paraguay,  is  above  1500  miles,  and  thence  tii 

1497 


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the  sea,  600  miles  more.  In  breadth  and  volume  of  water,  it 
hai.  five  tiiues  the  magnitude  of  the  lJ;iragu.Hy,  which  is  itself 
sui)erior  to  the  greatest  European  rivers.  In  the  lower  part 
of  its  course,  below  its  junction  with  the  Paraguay,  it  is  every- 
where deep,  broad,  and  unobstructed,  except  iu  the  delfji, 
where  the  deepest  channel  has  often  but  2^  fathoms.  In 
general,  the  rivers  which  join  the  Paraguay  and  Paran4 
from  the  E.,  descend  with  great  rapidity,  and  offer  little  fa- 
cility to  navigation.  Those  from  the  Andes,  on  the  other 
hand,  wind  slowly  through  an  immense  extent  of  level 
plain!  and  are  available,  to  a  great  extent,  as  moans  of  in- 
terual  communication.  The  Salado  is  said  to  be  navigable 
down  from  the  neighborhood  of  Salta.  The  Pilcomayo  has 
been  found  to  be  too  shallow  at  its  mouths,  even  for  boats. 
The  Vei-mejo,  on  the  other  hand,  has  been  descended  from 
Oran  to  the  P8«in4.  a  distance  estimated,'  with  the  wind- 
ings of  the  stream,  at  1200  miles.  The  floods  conveyed  to  the 
La  I'lata  by  its  chief  tributaries  arrive  at  different  seasons, 
and  tend  to  equalize  its  waters  throughout  the  year.  The 
Uruguay  is  flooded  from  June  to  November;  the  Parana 
pours  down  its  greatest  torrents  in  December;  while  the  Pa- 
raguay, swelled  by  the  overflowing  of  the  lake  of  the  Xara- 
/es,  rises  regularly  from  February  to  June. 

The  rivers  of  the  plains  which  do  not  belong  to  the  basin 
jf  the  Paranfi,  have  little  relative  import.ance,  and  are  for 
the  most  part  wasted  by  evaporation,  and  terminate  in  oc-- 
cwsional  lakes,  marshes,  or  salt-pans.  From  the  hills  of  Cor- 
dova, in  the  middle  of  the  plains,  several  streams  wind  in  a 
general  S.E.  direction,  and  one  or  two  reach  at  times  the 
Parand;  the  rest  are  dissipated  on  the  level  plains.  The 
rivers  of  San  Juan  and  Mendoza,  and  the  country  farther  S., 
adjoining  the  Andes,  seem  to  be  all  lost  iu  lakes;  such  as 
the  Guauacache.  Sentero.  Bevedero,  and  Urre  Lanquen  or 
Bitter  L.ikiJ,  which,  as  well  as  their  tributary  rivers,  the 
Mendoza,  Tunuyan,  Desaguadt;ro,  Diamante,  and  Chadi 
Leubu,  though  represented  in  maps,  are  in  reality  but  little 
known.  The  level  plains  immediately  S.W.  and  S.  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  are  drained  by  another  Rio  Salado,  which  is  dry  the 
greater  part  of  the  year.  Farther  S.,  the  hills  connected 
with  the  Sierra  del  Vulcan,  and  the  Sierra  Ventana.  send 
numerous  streams  to  the  coast  (lat.  39°  S.)  on  the  one  hand, 
and  on  the  other  to  the  interior,  where  they  end  in  salt 
lakes.  Nearly  in  lat.  39°  50'  S.,  is  the  mouth  of  the  Kio  Colo- 
rado, (Red  River,)  called  by  the  natives  Cobu  Leubu,  which 
lias  a  S.E.  course  of  500  or  600  miles.  It  is  a  constant  stream, 
but  understood  not  to  be  navigable  above  120  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

Lakes  and  Mars?ies.— In  this  country  of  vast  and  level 
plains,  the  lakes,  lagoons,  and  marshes,  all  more  or  less  tem- 
porary and  perii:)dical,  are  relatively  numerous  and  extensive. 
As  a  general  rule,  the  lakes  and  marshes  E.  of  the  Paraguay 
and  Parana  a4'e  fresh ;  on  the  W.  they  are,  with  few  exce])- 
tions,  salt.  Of  the  former  description,  the  most  remarkable 
is  the  Lake  of  \herk,  in  the  province  of  Corrientes,  extend- 
ing from  the  S.  bank  of  the  Parang,  where  it  flows  W.,  to 
the  K.  bank  of  the  same  river  faither  S.  It  is  said  to  be 
filled  by  infiltration  from  the  great  river  without  any  visible 
connection  with  it,  and  at  times  covers  an  area  of  perhaps 
1000  square  miles,  but  has  depth  of  water  only  for  light 
canoes,  and  is  covered  with  aquatic  plants.  The  lakes  of 
the  W.  and  S.  plains  are  all  salt;  but,  besides  those  which 
have  some  degree  of  permanence,  there  are  countless  others 
which  disappear  soon  after  the  rainy  season  has  closed, 
leaving  the  ground  encrusted  with  salt  to  the  depth  of  some 
inches.  The  saline  deposites  thus  resulting  from  the  eva- 
poration of  tile  waters  which  have  washed  the  surface  of  the 
plains,  vary  in  different  localities.  S.  of  Buenos  Ayres,  and 
also  at  a  diskmce  iu  the  W..  near  San  Luis,  culinary  salt 
(chloride  of  sodium)  is  found  in  great  abundance,  and  is  used 
in  curing  provisions.  In  other  places  are  collected  sulphate 
of  soda,  (Glauber  salts,)  and  sulphate  of  magnesia,  (Ep.<!om 
or  English  salts.)  From  the  last,  which  covers  the  plain 
round  the  fort  of  Melincue,  W.N.VF.  of  Buenos  Ayres,  is  pre- 
pared the  magnesia  of  commerce. 

P.xmpas: — If  we  consider  the  whole  extent  of  the  territory 
claimed  by  the  Argentine  Republic,  from  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
geilan  to  the  frontier  of  Brazil,  we  shall,  find  it  broadly  dis- 
tinguishable into  three  regions :  the  Patagonian  plain,  ex- 
tending from  the  Straitof  Magellan  to  the  Rio  Negro ;  thence 
the  Pampas  N.  to  the  Rio  Salado:  N.  of  which,  and  W.  of 
the  I'araguay,  the  desert  named  the  Gran  Chaco  runs  as  far 
as  the  country  of  the  Chiquitos,  within  the  Brazilian  limits. 
The  I'atagonian  plain  is  everywhere  covered  with  coarse 
shingle,  lava,  or  volcanic  ashes,  and  may  >je  appropriately 
called  a  stony  desert.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Negro  begins 
a  fine  deiiosit  of  s;ind  and  clay,  which  covers  the  plains 
lound  Buenos  Ayres,  and  some  way  up  the  Paranfi,.  and 
clearly  marks  the  extent  of  the  ancient  estuary.  This  is  an 
immeus'-  region  of  pasture  land,  but  not  luxuriant.  As  we 
ddTance  N.  to  the  Pampas  and  Gran  Chaco,  the  increasing 
rrwiuency  of  thorny  mimosas  and  the  cactus  indicat«  the 
cnaiig.  of  clmiate.  In  general,  the  cultivable  land  of  the 
tonMerated  pi-ovlnces  is  cnfined  to  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 
or  rather  to  their  mouths,  (f  >r  the  banks  of  the  Parani  alone 
an  habitiiUe  throughout,)  and  to  the  country  at  the  source 
1498 


of  the  rivers.  Tho  intermediate  tract,  between  the  eastern 
most  offshoots  of  f  he  Andes  and  the  Parani,  is  more  or  lesti 
arid  and  barren,  and  even  the  W.  states  are  in  some  cases' 
separated  from  each  other,  as  Cordova  and  Santiago  dej 
Estero. 

Geulngy. — The  rocks  which  show  themselves  above  the 
general  plain  of  La  Plata,  in  the  provinces  of  Entre  Rioii 
and  Cordova,  iu  the  Ventana  Mountain,  S.  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
and  iu  the  islands  of  the  Paran4,  are  chiefly  granitic.  In 
the  Ventana,  the  granite  is  covered  to  some  extent  by 
rocks  of  pure  white  quartz.  The  Patagonian  plains,  the 
Pampas,  and  Gran  Chaco  are  all  characterized  by  a  great  di- 
luvial formation,  which  consists  of  a  calcareo-argillaceous 
conglomerate,  in  horizontal  strata;  and  in  the  Patagonian 
pUaius  exhibits  a  succession  of  terraces  rising  towards  the 
interior,  the  E.  declivity  of  each  terrace  presenting  the  ap- 
pearance of  an  ancient  sea-shore.  The  inner  terraces  are 
capped  with  lava,  the  blackness  of  which  is  strikingly  con- 
trasted with  the  glaring  brightness  of  the  cliffs  and  plains 
below.  Extensive  tracts  in  the  interior  are  covered  with 
volcanic  ashes  or  with  pumice,  and  the  latter  is  even  found 
stratified  on  the  sea-shore  hundreds  of  miles  from  the  moun- 
tains. In  the  lower  diluvial  strata  are  found  marine  re- 
mains, partly  of  extinct,  partly  of  existing  species.  These 
occur  on  the  Patagonian  coast,  and  for  some  distance  inland; 
in  the  cliffs  at  Bahia  Blanca ;  iu  those  of  the  Parana,  at 
the  E.  foot  of  the  Cordillera,  and  even  in  some  instances  on 
the  mountains  themiselves,  at  the  height  of  nearly  14.000 
feet.  In  the  strata  above  the  preceding,  are  imbedded  the 
fossil  remains  of  extinct  mammalia,  generally  of  colossal 
size,  and  bearing  striking  analogies  to  the  existing  fauna 
of  Africa.  These  fossils  also  have  been  discovered  through- 
out the  plains  and  Pampas,  from  Patagonia  to  the  hills  of 
the  Chiquitos.  From  the  lower  pai't  of  the  Rio  Colorado  N., 
the  stones  disappear,  not  even  a  pebble  being  found  in  the 
soil  for  some  hundred  miles  S.  and  W.  of  Buenos  Ayres. 
In  this  extensive  tract,  a  fine  alluvium  has  been  depcsited 
in  the  old  estuary  of  the  Parani,  on  the  diluvial  formation 
of  the  Pampas.  The  deposition  of  fine  sediment  still  goes 
on  rapidly  in  the  Plata,  and  in  a  few  centuries,  perhaps, 
that  wide  but  generally  shallow  estuary  will  be  converted 
into  a  delta  of  low  islands,  resembling  iu  soil  the  plains  on 
its  S.  shores. 

Mineralogy. — The  Aconquija  Cordillera,  which  separates 
Tucuman  from  Catamarca,  and  reaches  the  limit  of  per- 
petual snow,  (about  15,000  feet,)  abounds  in  mineral  trea- 
sures, in  gold,  in  silver,  and  copper  ores.  The  Famatina 
range  also,  in  the  province  of  Rioja.  has  the  reputation  of 
containing  silver  ores  equalling  in  richness  tiiose  of  Potosi. 
A  large  mass  of  iron,  weighing  1400  pounds,  which  now 
figures  in  the  British  Museum  as  meteoric  iron,  was  taken 
from  the  plains  of  Gran  Chaco,  near  the  Rio  Salado,  about 
200  miles  E.  of  Santiago.  When  it  first  arrived  at  Buenos 
Ayres,  it  weighed,  perhaps,  a  ton,  and  yet  it  was  but  a  frag- 
ment of  a  much  larger  mass  imbedded  in  the  ground. 
Chemists,  guided  by  analysis,  pronounce  it  to  be  of  meteoric 
origin;  but  those  who  saw  the  original  mass  never  doubted 
that  it  was  a  ferruginous  rock  projecting  from  the  ground. 
Coal  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  the  S.W.  provinces,  and  sul- 
phur, alum,  mineral-pitch,  &c.  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Andes; 
but  few,  if  any,  of  these  mines  are  wrought. 

Climate. — In  so  extensive  a  region  as  that  embraced  by 
the  Argentine  Republic,  there  must  neces.sarily  be  a  con- 
siderable variety  of  climate;  yet  there  is  one  feature  which, 
with  some  slight  modification,  seems  I'eco.gnisable  through- 
out— namely,  dryness.  The  rains  carried  from  high  lati- 
tudes by  S.W.  winds,  are  arrested  by  the  Andes.  S.  of 
Chili.  Those  of  the  equatorial  regions  from  the  E.  reach 
but  a  short  way  beyond  the  S.  tropic,  or  are  exhausted 
long  before  they  arrive  at  the  plains  of  the  interior.  Thus, 
while  the  country  S.  of  Chili  and  W.  of  the  Andes  is 
deluged,  and  that  E.  of  the  Parani  abundantly  refreshed 
with  rain,  the  plain  between  this  river  and  the  Andes  suffers 
from  a  deficiency  of  moisture.  The  drought  is  gi'eatest  in 
the  Patagonian  plains.  At  Carmen,  the  Spanish  settlement 
on  the  Rio  Negro,  in  lat.  41°  S.,  and  not  far  from  the  sea, 
the  rains  are  still  very  precarious,  and  sometimes  two  years 
pass  over  with  scarcely  a  shower.  As  we  advance  N.  over 
the  plain  in  the  interior,  towards  the  tropic,  the  humidity 
of  the  air  increases;  but  owing  to  the  increased  evaporation, 
and  the  prevailing  levelness  of  the  ground,  there  is  still  a 
deficiency  of  fresh  water.  Buenos  Ayres,  with  the  country 
immediately  around  and  some  way  S.  of  it,  is  exposed  to 
frequent  and  warm  N.  winds,  which,  blowing  from  the 
tropic  down  the  valley  of  the  Paranfi,  over  the  extensive 
marshes  of  Entre  Rios,  and  across  the  river  I'lat.-i,  are  loaded 
to  excess  with  vapor.  The  mean  annual  temi)erature  at 
Buenos  Ayres  is  about  64°  Fahrenheit;  the  means  of  sum- 
mer and  winter  heat  being  respectively  72°  and  52*^.  In 
ascending  the  Paranfi.  a  rapid  increase  of  temperature  is 
experienced:  and  in  the  W.  provinces,  near  tho  Cordilleras, 
the  local  climate  varies  continually,  according  to  height 
and  exposure.  The  elevated  plains  of  Mendoza  *re  cele 
brated  for  their  agreeableness  and  salubrity.  Though 
Buenos  Ayres  stands  iu  low,  level  plains,  closf  to  «»  si>i|llo« 


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■>Ktuiir.',  and  surrounfled  by  marshes,  it  is  exempt  from  the 
fevers  lucidental  to  such  situations.  The  temperature  is 
e'luable,  but  the  skies  are  not  always  calm.  The  pampfro 
or  S.W.  wind  sometimes  blows  with  tremendous  violence, 
driving  back  the  waters  of  the  I'lata  for  miles  from  the 
sliore.s,  and  bearing  clouds  of  dust  thai  completely  inter- 
cept the  li^ht  of  day.  Should  rain  then  fall,  as  is  often  the 
case,  the  dust  descends  in  a  shower  of  mud.  The  mouth  of 
the  Plata  appears  to  be  one  of  the  points  on  the  earth's 
surface  most  frequently  visited  by  violent  thunder-storms; 
near  its  shores,  hailstones'  and  lightning  are  particularly 
destructive. 

Zonloyy. — The  colossal  animals  of  the  Patagonian  plains 
ind  the  Pampas — the  giant  armadilloes.  (meffatherium  and 
gli/ptodon.)  the  llama,  as  lai-ge  as  a  camel.  tliS  American 
horse,  the  elephant,  toxodon,  and  chlaniyphorus — are  now 
extinct;  yet,  with  a  few  exceptions,  animals  of  the  same 
type,  but  of  diminished  size,  still  remain.  The  guanaco  or 
wild  llama  is  the  characteristic  animal  of  the  plains.  To- 
wards the  N.  it  has  been  displ.accd  by  colonization  and  the  in- 
troduction of  cattle,  though  it  is  still  met  with,  as  well  as  two 
species  of  deer.  The  vicufla.  a  kindred  species,  is  hunted  in 
the  mountains  of  the  W.  provinces.  The  largest  of  the  ro- 
deutia — the  giant  of  its  tribe — is  the  capybara,  {hydrochcerus. 
or  water-pig.)  The  tapir  is  met  with  frequently  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  state.  The  cougar  or  puma,  (American  lion.)  the 
jaguar  or  tiger,  and  the  ounce,  are  more  widely  distributed. 
Two  species  of  ostrich  roam  over  the  open  plains;  the  larger 
kind,  which  is  still  inferior  in  size  to  the  ostrich  of  the  Old 
World,  is  rarely  found  S.  of  the  Rio  Negro.  The  blzcacha 
and  tnco-tueo,  both  allied  to  the  marmot,  burrow  in  the 
plains;  tliey  live  in  numerous  communities,  and  completely 
undermine  the  ground,  which  thus  becomes  dangerous  to 
horsemen.  The  armadillo,  of  several  species,  and  the  agouti, 
are  often  eaten.  Of  the  birds,  the  most  numerous  and  re- 
markable are  of  the  predacious  kinds.  The  condor,  gollina- 
zo,  and  caracara  vulture  attack  wounded  animals.  The  tur- 
key-buzzard feeds  on  seals  and  shell-fish.  Three  species  of 
partridge  inhabit  the  Pampas.  Farther  N.  in  Salta,  the  Gran 
Chaoo,  and  along  the  banks  of  the  Parana  and  Paraguay, 
parrots  become  numerous,  and  the  endlessly-varied  plumage 
of  the  tropical  region  begins  to  make  its  appearance.  l!ut 
the  animals  indigenous  to  these  vast  plains  have  been  ex- 
pelled, and  superseded  to  a  great  extent  by  introduced  spe- 
cies, chiefly  the  horse  and  horned  ciittle  of  the  Spaniards. 
It  is  supposed  that  the  province  of  Huenos  Ayres  alone  pos- 
sesses 4,000,000  head  of  cattle.  Millions  of  oxen  wander  at 
large  across  the  plains,  or  are  reared  on  breeding  estates  of 
vast  extent.  The  horses  are  not  quite  so  numerous;  of 
th->se,  the  greater  number  roam  in  the  wild  state,  in  droves 
of  from  0000  to  SOOO.  The  horse  of  the  Pampas  is  small  and 
coarsely  formed,  but  is  active,  and  possesses  great  power  of 
endurance.  The  multiplication  of  this  animal  has  com- 
pletely changed  the  manners  of  the  aboriginal  tribe;,  who 
are  now  wholly  equestrian.  Mules  are  bred  for  sale  to  Pe- 
ruvian and  other  traders.  Sheep  are  numerous  in  the  W. 
provinces,  where  the  country  is  elevated ;  and  wool  has  be- 
come an  important  article  of  export.  The  hogs  are  of  an  in- 
ferior breed. 

£<j<(in.i/.— The  plains  of  La  Plata  collectively  present  a 
scanty  vegetation,  consisting  of  but  few  species.  N.  of  the  lUo 
Negro,  where  the  coarse  shingle  of  the  S.  plains  gives  way 
to  the  soil  of  the  Pampas,  herbage  is  more  abundant  than 
in  Patagonia ;  and  even  thickets,  or  as  they  are  there  called, 
woods,  composed  chiefly  of  a  kind  of  willow,  occur  in  some 
places.  The  deficiency  of  trees  is  still  apparent  in  Eutre 
Kios;  but  the  banks  of  the  Paranfi  are  clothed  with  fine 
timber;  and  on  approaching  the  tropics,  as  well  as  the  Cor- 
dilleras, the  vegetation  becomes  varied  and  luxuriant. 
Still,  the  most  conspicuous  plants  of  Gran  Chaco  are  thorny 
mimosas,  and  varieties  of  cactus.  It  is  at  the  foot  of  the 
Cordillera,  in  Salta  and  Mendoza,  that  palm-trees  and  the 
usual  ornaments  of  tropical  forests  are  first  met  with.  The 
indigenous  plants,  as  well  as  animals  of  this  region,  have 
been  to  a  great  extent  dispossessed  by  introduced  species. 
The  apple-tree,  which  now  forms  great  forests  S.  of  Chili, 
from  Valdivia,  across  the  Andes,  to  the  sources  of  the  Kio 
Negro,  has  been  planted  by  the  Indians  farther  N.  also,  at 
the  E.  base  of  the  Cordillera.  The  peach-tree,  found  more 
rarely  in  the  same  situations,  covers  the  islands  towards  the 
mouth  of  the  Parana,  and  supplies  Uuenos  Ayres  with  fuel. 
It  is  planted  for  this  purpose,  in  preference  to  every  other 
tree,  on  account  of  its  rapid  growth.  But  the  most  domi- 
neering plants  are  the  cardoon,  (a  wild  artichoke,)  and  the 
thistle,  which  occupy  thous;inds  of  square  miles  W.  and  N.W. 
if  Buenos  Ayres.  The  thistles,  it  is  stated,  grow  to  such  a 
leight  as  to  conceal  a  man  on  horseback,  and  so  rapidly,  that 
travellers,  surprised  in  the  interior  of  tlie  thistle  region  when 
the  plant  first  shoots  up,  have  little  chance  of  extricating 
themselves  from  the  miniature  forest  which  in  a  few  days 
surrounds  them.  The  cactus  thickets  farther  N.  are  almost 
equally  formidable.  In  Mendoza  and  the  province  of  La 
Ri."'ja  the  vine  finds  a  congenial  soil  and  cliinate. 

Agriculture,  Manufactures,  ify:. — The  chief  wealth  of  the 
.Vrceutine  Republi-;  consifts  in  its  herds  and  flocks.    All 


agricultural  processes  are  in  the  mogt  backward  condition. 
N.  of  Corriontes,  cotton,  tobacco,  riv,  and  sugar-cane  are 
raised;  maize,  wheat,  and  other  grains  are  the  principal 
articles  of  culture  in  the  S. ;  wheat  has  latt«rly  to  some  ex- 
tent become  an  article  of  export.  In  the  province  of  La 
llinja,  from  SOOO  to  lt),000  small  barrels  of  strong  wine  are 
made  annually,  and  sent  into  Cordova  and  the  neighboring 
provinces,  and  a  good  deal  of  wine  and  brandy  is  furnishe-l 
to  Ruenos  Ayres  from  the  province  of  Mendoza.  The  other 
products  are  7iiuiU  or  Paraguay  tea,  cochineal,  cocoa,  madder, 
cinchona  bark,  and  the  various  fruits.  The  Indians  of  the 
Chaco  manufacture  yarn,  ropes,  fishing-nets,  and  other 
articles  from  fibies  of  the  aloe,  with  saddle-cloths,  blankets, 
and  other  fabrics,  which  they  dye  with  great  skill,  and  sell 
to  their  more  civilized  neighbors.  Similar  goods,  with 
morocco  leather  and  turned  wares,  are  made  in  Coi-dova; 
but  in  general  manufjictured  articles  are  imported  from 
abroad  in  return  lor  raw  produce. 

Chmmerce. — The  agricultural  produce  of  the  Argentine 
Republic  hitherto  available  for  exportation  has  been  of  but 
little  importance.  The  herds  of  the  Pampas  furnish  an- 
nually for  export  above  .3,000.000  hides  of  horned  cattle,  be- 
sides about  250,000  horse-hides.  The  preserved  or  jerked 
beef  (charqui,  i.  e.  "driwl  in  the  sun")  annually  exported, 
amount  to  about  500,000  hundredweight.  The  t)ones,  horns, 
and  hair  of  cattle  are  al.so  exported  in  large  quantities,  with 
goat  and  sheep-skins,  fine  furs,  feathers,  &c.  The  value  of 
tallow  annually  exported  is  estimated  at  $3,500,000,  and  that 
of  wool  at  $4,000,000.  The  wool  has  been  improved  of  late 
years,  aiid  much  of  it  is  now  of  a  very  fine  quality.  The 
total  number  of  hides  exported  to  Great  Britain  in  1851 
amounttid  to  503,400,  and  the  average  number  for  each  of 
the  seven  preceding  years,  403,284.  The  total  value  of  all 
the  exports  amounts  to  about  $20,000,00'J  annually.  Among 
the  exports  to  the  United  States,  in  1852,  were  1.247,763 
raw,  and  "240  tanned  hides :  3020  pounds  of  tallow ;  7,084.742 
pounds  of  wool ;  6717  undressed  fur-skins.  (Ntdria,  Chin- 
chilhi,  <fc. ;)  6875  pounds  of  cocoa;  and  205,103  pounds  of 
saltpetre.  The  total  value  of  exports  to  the  United  States 
amounted  to  $2,091,097  ;  and  in  1853,  to  $2,186,tUl.  Value 
of  imports  from  the  United  States,  in  185'2.  $799,117  ;  and  in 
1S53.  $881,460.  The  following  table  shows  the  quantity  of 
Briti.sh  cottons,  silk,  linen,  and  woollen  manufactures  im- 
ported into  the  Argentine  Republic  during  the  four  years 
ending  1851 : — 


1848 
1849 
leoO 
1851 


Cotton  Ujlnupactubkd. 


Yards. 
13.999,296 
23,730,485 
11,996,173 
6,592,057 


Calicoes, 

Prill  ted  aud 

Dyed. 


Yards. 
7,845,469 
17,761,223 
9,043.949 
6.523,386 


lbs. 
11,474 
19,3'i3 

isieio 


Silk, 
and  Silk 
mixed 
.Manu- 
factures. 


29.190 
195,560 
62,900 

24,267 


Linens, 
exclu- 
sive of 
Yarn. 


146,4a2 
137.596 
74,:<85 
121,377 


■Woollen 
Mixtui-e, 
exclusive 
of  Yaru. 


762,087 
1,595.718 

ii,740,sas 

938,195 


The  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  trade  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  in  1849  and  1850,  averaged  483 :  of  these  91 
belonged  to  Great  Britain,  the  next  greatest  number  to  the 
United  States;  then  follow  Havana,  Germany.  (Hamburg 
chiefly.)  Brazil,  and  France,  in  the  order  of  their  shipping. 
In  1853.  the  South  American  and  General  Navigation  Com- 
pany, established  a  line  of  steamers  between  Birkenhead, 
(opposite  Liverpool,  England,)  and  South  America,  touching 
at  Buenos  Ayres  Montevideo,  Rio  Janeiro,  &c. 

Government,  <fe. — The  government  is  nominiUly  a  repub- 
lic, (but  the  president  or  director  possesses  in  reality  the 
powers  of  a  dictator.)  The  office  is  at  present  filled  by  Gene- 
ral J.  J.  Urquiza.  The  legislature  meets  at  Buenos  Ayres. 
The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Education  throughout  the 
provinces  is  in  a  low  state.  In  Buenos  Ayres,  however,  the 
educational  institutions  are  of  a  very  respectable  chai-acter. 
The  revenue  of  the  Argentine  Republic  in  1850  amounted 
to  $6,093,107,  and  the  expenses  to  $6,063,645.  The  public 
debt  at  the  same  date,  amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of 
$106,456,403. 

People  and  Manners. — The  indigenous  tribesof  the  Argen- 
tine Republic  belong  to  three  races — the  Araueanian,  which 
includes  the  Patagonians,  the  Pequenches,  and  othert,  vho 
now  roam  over  the  plains  as  far  N.  as  the  Rio  Salado:  the 
Peruvian,  speaking  the  Quichua  language,*  which  now 
reaches  E.  from  the  Cordillera  as  far  as  Santiago  and  the 
Guarauis,  which  extends  from  the  Salado  of  the  Parani.  a 
long  way  N.  through  Brazil.  The  Spaniards,  though  com- 
paratively few,  are  now  the  dominant  race.  From  theit 
mixture  with  the  native  women  have  sprung  up  colored 
races,  differing  according  to  the  descent  of  their  mothers, 
and  forming,  in  the  remoter  districts,  the  m.ijority  of  tin 
population.  In  Buenos  Ayres,  aud  about  the  shores  of  La 
Plata,  negro  slaves  were  formerly  numerous;  but  at  present 
only  a  few  negroes  remain,  the  slave  trade  having  ceased  at 

*  To  this  language  belongs  the  word  Pampa,  which  signities  s 
treeless  plain. 

1499 


FLA 

tf.«  reTolulion,  and  slavery  being  abolished  :  but  tbeir  pro- 
ij<,ay  are  still  distinguishable  auKirig  the  colored  popu- 
!atiou.  To  the  three  rapes  here  inentiooed.  and  the  various 
lolored  offspring  of  their  intermixture,  are  to  be  added  the 
Enropaans  of  various  nations,  (chiefly  English.  French,  Ger- 
man, and  Italian.)  who,  as  merchants  or  emigrant  settlers, 
reside  in  the  confederate  provinces,  especially  in  Buenos 
Avre-s.  Here  the  better  class  of  people  are  rapidly  adopting 
European  dress  and  manners.  The  lower  orders,  who  are 
mostly  of  mulatto,  and  still  more  of  .Mestizo  descent,  unite 
the  dissipation  and  love  of  gaming  of  the  superior  class, 
with  the  simple  and  rude  mode  of  life  of  the  Gaucho  or 
rustic,  who  is  the  true  type  of  the  Spanish-American  in  and 
around  the  Pampas.  The  Gaucho  wears  a  jacket  of  coarse 
cloth  or  sheep-skin,  and  breeches  of  the  same  material,  open 
at  the  knee.  His  poncho  or  mantle  is  a  square  woollen 
cloth,  with  a  slit  in  the  middle  to  admit  the  head.  Kis 
b<x>ts  are  without  a  seam,  being  drawn  without  ripping 
from  the  hind-legs  of  a  horse,  the  angle  at  the  hock-joints, 
forming  the  heel  of  the  boot.  His  ornaments  are  his  spurs 
with  inameuse  rowels  of  silver,  and  silver  buckles  on  his 
breast  and  at  his  knees ;  the  handle  of  the  large  knife  stuck 
in  his  waist-belt  is  also  sometimes  studded  with  silver.  The 
women  dress  like  the  men  in  most  respects,  but  their  arms 
and  neck  are  bare,  and  they  are  delighted  when  they  can 
wrap  themselves  in  shawls  of  the  brightest  color.  The 
rancho  or  hut  of  the  Gaucho  is  constrvicted  of  sticks  inter- 
woven with  osiers,  and  plastered  with  mud,  the  roof  covered 
with  str.aw,  rushes,  or  cow-hide;  a  hide  or  horse-skin  covers 
the  doorway.  Within,  the  onh'  vessels  or  utensils  are 
cow.s'-horns ;  a  small  space  paved  with  sheeps'-trotters  serves 
for  a  hearth,  the  skulls  of  horses  for  stools.  The  Gaucho 
subsists  almost  wholly  on  beef  and  water;  pumpkins,  and 
the  tiesh  of  game,  if  within  his  reach,  are  luxuries  little 
valued.  He  may  be  said  to  live  on  horseback,  galloping 
perpetually  over  the  plains,  collecting  his  herds  and  droves, 
taming  wild  horses,  or  catching  and  slaughtering  cattle.  In 
such  avocations  he  acquires  a  marvellous  dexterity  in 
throwing  the  lasso  or  noose,  and  the  bolas  or  balls.  This 
wild  man,  sleeping  in  the  open  air,  and  spending  his  time 
in  smoking,  galloping,  or  gaming,  is  one  of  the  most  inde- 
pendent and  proudest  of  mortals,  and  covers  with  some 
traditional  courtesy  and  dignity  of  demeanor  the  sentiments 
of  a  savage.  His  unrestrained  mode  of  life,  with  abundant 
excitement,  and  few  wants,  has  its  charms ;  and  there  are 
not  a  few  rich  proprietors  who  live  in  houses  little  better 
than  ranches,  and  adopt  all  the  rude,  uncivilized  habits 
of  the  Gaucho. 

Divisions. — The  united  provinces  of  La  Plata  are  13  in 
number,  and  form  three  groups,  namely,  the  E.,  or  Littoral, 
the  N..  or  Central,  and  the  Vt'.,  which  formerly  constituted 
the  intendancy  of  Cuyo.  There  are  no  accurate  authentic 
accounts  of  the  population  of  the  confederate  provinces. 
Approximate  estimates,  in  which  the  independent  native 
tribes  are  not  included,  represent  it  as  follows: — 


Provinces. 

Population. 

Chief  Cities. 

r  Buenos  Ayres 

320,000 
20.000 
30,000 
40,000 
90.000 
25,000 
50,000 
45,000 
30  000 
SO.OOO 
20,000 
45,000 
25,000 

Buenos  Ayres. 

L  Corrientes 

Corrientes. 

La  Rioja 

La  Rioja, 
.'Santiago. 

Catanmrca 

(.Salta  and  Jujuy.  .. 

rSan  Luis 

W.  PaorwcKs..  ■(  .Mendoza 

Catamarca. 
Salta. 
San  Luis. 
Mendoza. 

Total  of  the  Confederation 

8-.'0,000 

Other  and  recent  estimates  reduce  this  total  to  596.000; 
while  the  Gothaische  Almavadi  for  1853  gives  a  total  of  about 
2.000.000,  of  whom  1.200.000  are  Creoles.  Spaniards,  and 
half-castes:  200.000  subjected  Indians:  and  25.000  negroes. 
History. — In  1535,  Don  Pedro  de  Mendoza.  on  his  way  to 
Paragoay,  built  a  fort  on  the  present  site  of  Buenos  Ayres. 
but  that  was  soon  destroyed  by  the  Indians:  and  it  was  not 
till  16K0  that  Don  Juan  ile  Garay  took  formal  possession  of 
the  country,  and  founded  the  city  of  Buenos  .\yre8.  At  that 
time,  and  for  nearly  two  centiiries  afterwards,  the  whole 
wuntry,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Plata  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Paraguay  included,  was  comprised  in  the  vicerovalty  of  Peru. 
In  1776  La  Plata,  comprehending  all  the  Spanish  dependen- 
cies K.  of  the  Cordilleras,  was  erected  into  an  Independent 
government.  In  1809.  the  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  French 
released  the  Spanish-American  governments  from  their  ties 
U)  the  mother-country,  and  the  revolutions  which  then 
ensued  nariowed  the  limits  of  U  Plata.  Tarija.  and  some 
other  districts  on  the  Cordilleras,  being  annexed  to  Bolivia, 
while  J  araguay  became  Independent.  Buenog  Avres  failed 
signally  In  the  attempt  to  establish  freedom  on  a  basis  of 
good  order  and  stability.  Between  181o  and  1835  she  had 
no  fewer  t  han  thirty-six  changes  of  government.  In  1 824  a 
peneral  congress  of  the  confederated  states  decided  by' a 


PLA 

I  large  majority  in  favor  of  union,  in  preference  to  fedei  atlon. 
The  vote,  however,  was  practically  annulled  by  the  violent 
I  opposition  of  Buenos  Ayres.  She  was  unwilling  to  renounce 
I  her  control  over  the  navigation  of  the  Parana,  or  to  cease  tc 
I  be  the  sole  port  of  entry,  and  thus  '-De.ith  to  the  .savage 
I  unionists"  became  the  popular  watchword  of  the  state.  In 
IS35,  Don  Juan  Manuel  de  Kosas,  whose  successes,  achieved 
against  the  Indians  in  the  Pampas,  had  made  him  the  idol 
I  of  the  Gaucho  population,  was  elected  dictator  of  Buenos 
.\yres,  with  unlimited  powers.  He  posses.sed  the  stern 
energy  requisite  for  the  management  of  his  half-civilizetl 
countrymen,  but  he  was  as  incapable  as  they  of  compre- 
hending the  prospective  benefits  of  a  liberal  and  enlight- 
ened policy.  Hence,  though  secure  from  within,  he  pro- 
voked i.iimerous  enemies  from  without.  His  obstinate 
contest  with  Montevideo  gave  rise  to  the  blockade  of  the 
Buenos  Ayrean  waters  by  the  British  and  French,  and  to 
the  alliance  of  Brazil  with  his  enemies  in  Uruguay,  and 
finally  to  the  invasion  of  Buenos  Ayres  by  Urquiza,  the  go- 
vernor of  Entre  Itios,  when  Kosas,  being  defeated,  (February, 
1852.)  fled  to  England.  The  navigation  of  the  Paranfi.  wan 
thereupon  immediately  declared  open  to  the  commerce  of 

the  world. Adj.  Argentine,  ar'jgu-tin ;   (Sp.  Aroektiko, 

au-H^n-tee'no.) 

PLATiEA,  pld-tee'a,  (Gr.  TlXarata,  Plataia,)  &  ruined  city 
of  Greece,  in  Boeotia,  on  the  W.  slope  of  Mount  Citlwron.  7 
miles  S.W.  of  Thebes.  Its  remains  consist  of  walls  and  parts 
of  a  citadel.  Near  it,  B.  c.  479,  the  Greeks,  under  Pausanias, 
totally  defeated  and  nearly  annihilated  the  grand  Persian 
army  under  JIardonius,  who  was  killed  in  the  action. 

PLAT.VMOXA.  pli-td-mo'u3,  {a.nc.  Ueradela?)  a  maritime 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thessaly,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
the  Gulf  of  Salonica,  5  miles  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Sa- 
lympria.  Pop.  1500.  It  has  some  remains  of  antiquity,  a 
citadel  on  a  rock,  and  a  Turkish  cemetery. 

PLATANA,  pli/tS-nd,  a  maritime  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
pashalic.  and  7  miles  \V.  of  Trebizond,  with  a  roadstead  which 
is  the  winter  anchorage  of  large  ships  trading  to  that  port. 
It  has  a  fine  old  Byzantine  church,  and  about  ICO  houses, 
mostly  enclosed  within  gardens. 

PL.\T.-\.NI,  pll-td'nee,  (anc.  C'amicusC)  a  river  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendancies  of  Palermo  and  Girgeuti,  enters  the  Mediterr.v 
nean  18  miles  \\",N.W.  of  Girgenti,  after  a  S.AV.  course  of  60 
miles,  mostly  through  a  cultivated  plain. 

PLATANOS,  pla-t^noce,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Samos.  It  consists  of  about  300  houses,  and 
has  2  churches. 

PLATA.  RIO  DE  LA.    See  Rio  de  l.\  Plata. 

PLATFj  or  PLATHE,  pld'teh,  a  town  of  Prussia  in  Pome- 
rania.  37  miles  N.E.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Riga.  Pop.  1770.  It 
has  2  castles,  some  manufactiu-es  of  woollen  cloth,  and  c 
trade  in  timber. 

I'LATE,  a  village,  grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Schwerin. 

PLATKA,  a  village  of  Pennsylvania.    See  Lockport. 

PLATEL,  plj-tjl',  a  markettowii  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Ailna,  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Telsh.     Pop.  1500. 

PLA'TO,  a  post- village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York, 
about  40  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Buffalo. 

PLATO,  a  post-office  of  Loiain  co.,  Ohio 

I'LATO,  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Iroquois  River,  about  75  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

PL.\TO,  a  township  in  Kane  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  1008. 

PLATO,  pld'to,  a  village  of  South  America,  in  New  Gra- 
nada, department  of  Magdalena,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tenerife. 
Pop.  2000. 

PLATTE,  a  river  of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
the  peninsula,  and  flows  into  Lake  Michigan  in  lat.  45°  N. 

I'L.^TTE.  platt,  or  NEBRAS'KA.  the  tongest  of  the  af 
fluents  of  the  Missouri,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  by 
two  branches,  termed  the  North  and  SouthForks,  which  unite 
about  800  miles  from  the  source  of  the  former,  or  principal 
branch.  It  flows  in  a  general  E.  course,  and  empties  itself 
into  the  Missouri,  in  about  40°  50'  N.  lat.,  and  96°  W.  Ion. 
The  whole  length,  including  that  of  the  North  Fork,  is 
about  1200  miles.  As  its  name  Platte  (i.  e.  in  French,  '•  shal- 
low") signifies,  it  has  little  depth  of  water,  and  except  in 
floods,  can  be  forded  in  almost  every  part.  During  the  dry 
season,  the  channel  of  this  river  is  said  to  exhibit  nothing 
but  B  sticcession  of  shallow  pools.  In  high  wafer  it  has  been 
ascei'ili^d  by  steamlioats  several  hundred  miles.  It  is  full 
of  islands,  some  of  which  are  many  miles  in  length,  and  in 
pome  places  it  is  3  miles  wide. 

PL.ATTE,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  low.i,  flows 
southerly,  entering  Missouri  near  the  N.W.  corner  of  Gentry 
county,  and  falls  into  the  Mis.souri  River  in  Platte  county. 
12  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Kansas  River.  It  is  sometimes 
called  Little  Platte.  Brandies. — Smith's  Fork  enters  the 
Platte  from  the  left,  in  Platte  county,  several  miles  N.E.  of 
Platte  City.  Third  Fork  enters  the  main  stream  on  its  left 
bank,  in  Buchanan  county. 

PLATTE,  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows  through 
Grant  co.,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  about  9  miles  above 
Dubuque.    Rich  mines  of  lead  are  opened  along  »tH  banks 

PLATTE,  a  county  In  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Mistiouri.  ha.s 


PLA 

on  artti  of  416  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on.  the  S.W.  by 
the  Missouri  River,  and  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  Little 
I'lalte  l!ivt-r.  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  The  surface 
Is  diversified  by  forests  and  undulating  praides;  tlie  soil  is 
very  productive,  and  extensively  cultivated.  According  to 
the  census  of  1850,  Platte  county  produced  more  hemp  than 
anj  other  county  in  the  Union,  more  wheat  and  butter  than 
any  other  in  Missouri,  and  more  corn  than  any  other  in  the 
Btate,  excBpting  Buchanan.  The  produce  of  that  year  was 
1,814,287  bushels  of  corn;  129,()ti7  of  wheat;  435.5  tons  of 
hemp,  and  069,811  pounds  of  butter.  This  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Platte  county  R.ailn  .ad.  The  inhabitants  curry 
on  a  profitable  trade  with  the  Indian  tribes.  Capital, 
Platte  City.  Population  18,050,  of  whom  15,037  were  free, 
anil  .3.313  slaves. 

PLAT  I'E,  a  township  in  Andrew  co.,  Missouri.  Pop.  3254. 

PLATTE,  a  township  in  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri.  Pop. 
881. 

PLATTE  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Platte  co.,  Mis- 
souri, is  situated  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  200  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City,  and  7  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri 
River.    It  has  2  churches.     Pop.  in  1860,  875. 

PLATTE'KILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ulster  co., 
New  York,  about  80  miles  8.  by  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1018. 

PLATTEN,  pldt'ten,  PLAT,  or  BLATNA,  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, 14  miles  N.  of  i.bogen,  in  the  Erzgebirge,  with  iron- 
mines  in  operation.     Pop.  1800. 

PLATTEX  SHE,  Hunf^ary.    See  B.\latont  Lake. 

PL.\.TTE  RIVER,  a  post-ofRce  of  Buchanan  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

PLATTE/VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Grant  CO.. 
Wisconsin,  on  a  small  ffffluent  of  Platte  River,  about  22 
miles  N.  of  Galena,  and  78  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madison.  It  is 
surrounded  by  extensive  lead-mines,  and  is  one  of  the 
principal  places  in  the  county.  The  land  in  the  vicinity  is 
excellent.  Plattevillo  was  incorporated  in  1841.  It  has  an 
academy,  9  churches,  2  smelting  furnaces,  2  iron  furnaces, 
2  woollen  factories_,  and  1  newspaper  ottice.     Pop.  2865. 

PLATTLING,  pUtfling.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
on  the  Isar,  here  crossed  bj'  a  bridge  900  feet  in  length,  16 
miles  S.E.  of  Straubing.     Pop.  2019. 

PLATTS'ItURG,  a  post-village  and  township,  port  of  entry, 
and  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Now  York,  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Saranac  River,  at  its  entrance  into  Cumberlaud 
Bav  of  Lake  Champlain.  about  160  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Albanv. 
Lat.  44°  42' N.,  Ion.  73°  2fi'  W.  The  Plattsburi  and  Montreal 
Railroad  connects  it  with  Montreal,  and  steamboats  ply  to 
the  several  ports  on  Lake  Champlain.  It  has  a  fine  harbor, 
and  the  Saranac  opens  communication  with  the  mineral 
and  lumber  regions  of  the  interior.  The  village  is  well 
laia  out,  and  contains  4  Protestant  and  2  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  2  national  banks,  2  other  iianks,  a  town  hall, 
a  custom-house,  an  academy,  3  newspaper  offices,  the 
United  States  barracks,  and  several  large;  manufactories, 
for  which  the  river  affords  extensive  water-power.  Here 
are  2  flouring  mills,  2  machine-shops,  1  iron  foimdry,  1  forge, 
1  woollen  factory,  1  tannery  and  6  saw-mills,  cutting  about 
25,000,000  feet  of  lumber  per  annum.  The  shipping  of  the 
district,  June  30.  1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  6259 
tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  of  which  1701  tons  were  em- 
ployed in  steam  navig.ition.  A  famous  naval  battle  was 
fought  on  the  bay  in  September,  1814,  which  resulted  in 
the  capture  of  the  British  fleet,  and  at  the  same  time  the 
Americans,  under  General  .Macoinb,  gained  a  decisive  vic- 
tory over  the  English  in  the  town.  Commodore  Macdo- 
nough  commanded  on  the  lake.  Population  of  the  town- 
ship, 3648. 

PLATTS'BURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Smith's  fork  of  Platte  River,  about  28  miles  S.E. 
of  St.  Joseph.     Free  population,  692. 

PLATTSVILLE,  a  village  in  Meriden  township.  New  Ha- 
ven CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinepiack,  about  19  miles 
N.N.E.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  a  large  manufivctory  of 
ivory  combs. 

PLATTSVILLE.  a  pOst-offlce  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 

PLATT/VILLE.  a  pnst-ofiiee  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois. 

PLATZ.  piats.  or  STRAZ.  struts,  a  m:irket-town  of  Bohe- 
mia, 22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Budweis.     Pop.  1323. 

PL.\U,  plow,  a  walled  town  of  North  Germany,  in  Meck- 
lenberg-Schwerin.  principality  of  GUstrow,  on  Lake  Plau,  37 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Schwerin.     Pop.  2625. 

PLAU.  plow,  or  PL.^UE.  plOw'eh.  a  lake  of  Germany,  in 
Mecklenberg-Schwerin,  9  miles  long  from  N.  to  S..  liy  3  miles 
broad.  It  receives  the  waters  of  Lake  Elsen  on  the  E.,  and 
discharges  itself  on  the  W.  into  the  Elbe. 

PLAU,  a  lake  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg.  It  is 
an  expansion  of  the  Havel,  and  is  a  main  feeder  of  the  Canal 
of  Plaue,  connecting  the  Havel  with  Elbe. 

PLAUI'!N,  plow'en.  a  town  of  Saxonv,  circle  of  Zwickau. 
on  the  left  bank  of 'the  AThite  Elster,  61  miles  S.W.  of  Leip- 
sic.  with  a  station  on  the  Saxon-Bavarian  Railway.  Pop. 
16,166.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  several  chxirches 
snd  hospitals,  a  royal  castle,  and  a  gymnasium.-manufac- 
tures  of  linen  and  cotton  goods,  and  a  small  pearl-fishery  in 
Ihe  river. 


PLE 

PL.\UZ.^T,  plo'zJ'.  a  villa'ze  of  France,  department  of 
Puv-de-D6me.  11  miles  S.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  1290. 

PLA  VIS.     See  Piave. 

I'LAY'PEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PLAY'FORD.  a  parish  of  En-land.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

PLAZA  ARKIBA.  plifsS  aR-Ket/iid.  a  village  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  in  the  interior  of  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico. 

PL.\ZAC.  plJV3W.  a  village  of  France,  department  o'Dcr 
dogne,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montignac.     Pop.  1690. 

PLK.A.\,  pl.'ln,  a  village  of  .Scotland,  co.,  and  6  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Stirling.  The  English  encamped  hero  the  night  befort 
their  signal  defeat  at  Bannockbnrn. 

PLE.\S'ANT,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  430. 

I'LEAS.\NT,  a  post-office  of  Claibonie  co.,  Tennessee. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2.331. 

PLEASANf,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1540. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  2118. 

PLEASAN  r,  a  township  of  Franklin  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1660. 

PL  HAS  A  XT,  a  township  of  Hancock,  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1151. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio.    Pop. 1413. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  t>ll. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1400. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Logan  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  838. 

PLEASANT,  a  town.ship  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1049. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1115. 

PLEASANT,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Putnam 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1374. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1522. 

PLEASANT, a  township  of  Van  Wert  co..  Ohio.  Pop.  1027. 

PLEASANT,  a  post-oUico  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

PLEAS.\NT.  a  township  of  Allen  CO..  Indiana.  Pop.  1207 

PLEASA.NT,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana.  I'op.  1660. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Johnson  co..  Indiana.  P.  2006. 

PLEASANl'.  a  townshij)  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1015. 

PLE.\.SANT,  a  township  of  Porter  co.,  Indian.i.    P.  479. 

PLEASANT,  a  post-township  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana, 
Pop.  2193. 

I'LEASANT,  a  township  of  Wabiish  co.,  Indiana.  P.  2137. 

PLEASANT  BROOK,  a  post-office  ofOtsegoco.,New  York. 

PLEASANT  CREEK.a  post-oltice  of  Taylor  co.,W.Virginia. 

PLEASANT  DALE,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,  W. 
Virginia. 

PLEASANT  EXCHANGE,  a  post-village  of  Henderson 
CO.,  Tennessee,  110  miles  W.S.W.  of  Niishville. 

PLEASANT  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Mason  co.,  W.Virginia. 

PLEASANT  GAP,  a  postofBce  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsrlyanla 

PLEASANT  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Vir 
giuiiv. 

PLEASANT  GAP.  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  Alabama. 

PLE,\S.\NT  Q.\P,  a  post-village  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  65 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Independence. 

PLEASANT  GARDEN,  a  small  village  of  xMcDowell  co.. 
North  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  GREEN,  a  small  village  of  Daviess  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

PLEASANT  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri, 
about  90  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Independence. 

PLEAS.\NT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co..  New 
Jersey,  21  miles  W.  of  Morristown,  contains  a  church. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  ALamance  co.,  N<.rth 
Carolina. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district. 
South  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alab-ima. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Macon  co..  Mis- 
sissippi. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Mi.s- 
sissippi. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  I^ui- 
siana. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Maurv  co.,  Tennes.see. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Ohio  co..  Kentucky. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  Co..  Ohio. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana. 

PLEASANT  GROA'E.  a  po.st-office  of  Macoupin  co..  lllinoif 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  postroffice  of  Des  Moines  eo.,  Iowa. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  village  of  Keokuk  CO.,  Iowa,  near 
Skunk  River,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Olmstead  co.,  Min- 
nesota. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Utah  eo.,  Utah  Ter- 
ritoi-v. 

PLEASANT  GROVE  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Fleming  co„ 
Kentucky. 

PLEASANT  HALL,  a  village  of  Franklin  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia. 45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Harrisbing.  It  has  about  llio  in- 
habitants. 

PLEAS.A.NT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  New  Castle  co..  Dela- 
ware. 

1501 


PLE 


PLE 


PL  '".ASAXT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,W.Viiirfnia. 

PLiJASAXT  HILL,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Northamp- 
ton CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  tlie  Petersburg  Railroad,  12  miles 
N.  of  Weldon. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-Tillage  of  Lancaster  district. 
South  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  postK)ffice  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  co.,  Mississippi. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co.,  Texas. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  small  post-Tillage  of  Franklin  co., 
Arkansas. 

PLEAS.A.NT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Kentucky. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  finely-situated  post-Tillage  of  Mont- 
gomery CO.,  Indiana,  58  miles  W.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-Tillage  of  Pike  co.,  Ulinois, 
about  SO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

PLEAS.A.NT  HILL,  a  post-Tillage  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri, 
about  36  miles  S.W.  of  Le.xington. 

PLEAS.-VNT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon. 

PLEASANT  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co..  Missouri. 

PLEASANT  ISLAND,  a  circular  isLand  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  in  lat.  0°  25'  S.,  Ion.  167°  5'  E.,  about  15  miles  in 
circumference. 

PLEASANT  LAKE,  New  York.    See  L.^ke  Pleasant. 

PLEASANT  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana. 

PLEASANT'  L.A.NE,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district. 
South  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  LEVEL,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Georgia. 

PLEASANT  MILLS,  a  village  of  Atlantic  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Little  Egg  Harbor  Eirer,  15  miles  nearly  N.  of  May's 
Landing,  has  a  small  Roman  Catholic  church. 

PLEASANT  MILLS,  a  post-township  of  Adams  co.,  In- 
diana. 

PLEASANT  MOUND,  a  postoffice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

PLEASANT  MOUND,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  TTayne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PLEASANT  MOUNT,  a  postoffice  of  Pitt  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PLEASANT  MOUNTS,  a  postoffice  of  Panola  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

PLEASANT  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Miller  co.,  Missouri. 

PLEASANT  OAKS,  a  postoffice  of  Brunswick  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

PLEASANTON,  a  post-Tillage  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi. 

PLEASANTON,  a  post-office  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

PLEASANT  PARK,  a  small  post^village  of  Carroll  oo.. 
Missouri. 

PLEASANT  PLAIN,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio. 

PLEAS.\NT  PL.4IN,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa, 
45  mUes  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
fork,  66  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  postoffice  of  Cumberland  co.. 
North  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  post^village  of  Independence  co., 
Arkansas,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Batesville. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  postoffice  of  Sangamon  co.,  Il- 
linois. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  a  post-Tillage  of  Scott  co.,  Missouri, 
about  30  miles  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River. 

PLEASANT  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Kentuckv. 

PLEASANT  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

PLEASANT  PKAIRIE,  a  township  of  Kenosha  co.,  Wis- 
consin, 7  miles  W.  of  Kenosha.    Pop.  1400. 

PLEASANT  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Iowa. 

PLEASANT  RETREAT,  a  post-office  of  Lumpkin  co , 
Georgia. 

PLE.iSANT  RETREAT,  a  post-office  of  Davidson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

PLEASANT  RETREAT,  a  postoffice  of  Scotland  co.,  Mis- 
Bouri. 

ni'S^!^^''^  RTDGE,  a  postoffice  of  Greene  co..  Alabama. 
PLEASANT  RIDOE.  a  postoffice  of  Tippah  co..  Mississippi. 
PLEASANT  RIDGE,  a  post^jffice  of  Bracken  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 

51'S^'^S™  I^TDGE.  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co..  Ohio. 

Bi  S^i'^S^  RIDGK.  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Indiana. 

ro    Illinois         ^"^'^^'  "  *'"'''"  post-Tillage  of  Rock  Island 

Ju^^'^'i^J  l^^^'  »  ^"^*g*  °f  L**  «>•'  lo'^a-  al-out  28 
miles  N.  of  Keokuk. 

th^  hH^^^nV^.T  '^"TS-  "^  ^^sWngton  CO.,  Maine,  fiills  into 

TTi.  riv«r  .ffnl'r^'"  "'?''  "*y-  "  '^^''P  '">«*  "f  '»>«  .Ulantic. 

1««  water-power,  is  navigable  for  some  dis- 


tance, and  on  Na.sh's  Island,  at  its  entrance,  is  a  light-honee 
Lat.  44°  25'  N..  Ion.  67°  37'  VV. 

PLEASANT  RUN,  a  creek  of  Texas,  flows  into  the  Trinity 
RiTer  from  the  W..  in  Dallas  county. 
PLEASANT  HUN,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co..  Texas. 
PLEASANT  RUN,  a  small  village  of  Montgomery  co, 
Kentucky. 
PLEASANT  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 
PLEASANT  RUN,  a  township  of  Liwrence  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1211. 

PLEASANTS,  a  county  in  the  N.VT,  part  of  W,  Virginia, 
bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  the 
stete  of  Ohio.    The  surface  is  hilly  ;  the  soil  generally  fer 
tile.     Indian  corn.  whe.at,  oats,  hay.  and  cattle  are  the  sta- 
ples.    Formed  since  1850.  out  of  parts  of  Wood,  Tyler,  and 
Ritchie  counties.    Capital,  St.  JIary's.     Pop.  2945. 
PLEASANT  SHADE,  a  postoffice  of  Smith  CO.,  Tennessee. 
PLEASANT  SHADE,  a  post-office  of  Perrv  CO.,  Illinois. 
PLEASANT  SITE,  a  post-office  of  Frankfin  co.,  Alabama. 
PLEASANT  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Kemper  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 
PLEASANT  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co..  Indiana. 
PLEASANT  SPRING,  a  township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  1135. 

PLEASANT  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district, 
South  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  U'NITY,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania.  38  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pittsburg. 
PLEAS.^NT  VALE,  a  po.st-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 
PLEASANT  VALE,  a  pcst-village  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  90 
miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Springfield. 

PLEASANT  VAVLEY,  a,  pos^fflce  of  Chittenden  co., 
Vermont. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Dutchess  CO.,  New  York,  on  Wappinger's  Creek.  7  miles  N.E. 
of  Poughkeepsie.  The  village  contains  churches  of  4  or .") 
denominations,  about  half  a  dozen  stores,  and  several  mills. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  2343. 

PLEASANT  VAiyLEY,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co.,  New 
JorsGV. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
STlTania. 

"  PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Penn- 
sylTania.     Pop.  165. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co..  Virginia. 
PLE.\S.A.NT  VALLEY,  a  post-Tillage  of  Lancaster  district. 
South  Carolina. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Murray  co..  Georgia. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
Alabama. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Yell  co.,  Arkansas. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  has 
200  inhabitants. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Jlorgan 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad,  50  miles  S.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Jo  DaTiess  co.,  U- 
linois. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Wright  co.,  Missouri. 
PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  small  post-village  of  Scott  co, 
Iowa. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-township  of  M.arquette  co, 
Wisconsin. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Nicholas  co.. 
Kentuckv. 

PLEASANT  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 
PLEASANT  VIEW,a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..W.Virginia. 
PLEAS.4NT  VIEW,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district. 
South  Carolina. 

PLEASANT  VIEW,  a  thriving  post-Tillage  of  Shelby  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  I^awrenceburg  and  Mississippi  Railroad.  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

PLEASANT  VIEW,  a  post-Tillage  of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  road  between  Ruslnille  and  the  Illinois  River. 

PLEAS'ANTVILLE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Westchester  cc,  New 
York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  34  miles  N.  of  New  York 
City. 

PLEASANTVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania. 

PLEASANTVILLE.  a  post-Tillage  of  Venango  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, alumt  7  miles  S.E.  of  Titusville.     Pop.  2'Jl. 
PLEASANTVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland 
PLEASANTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co^. 
North  Carolina. 
PLE.\S.\NTVILLE,  a  village  of  Hickman  co.,  Tennesijee. 
PLP:ASANTVILLE,  a  post^vUlage  of  Faii-field  co..  Ohio,  30 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

PLEASANTVILLE,  a  small  village  of  C'^imberiand  «v 
Illinois. 


PLE 


PLO 


PLEASANTVILLE,  a  pofit-village  of  Fulton  co..  Illinois, 
near  Spoon  Kirer,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

PLEASANTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  100 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

PLEASANT  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 

PLEASELEY.  pleez'lee,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

PLKASINGTON,  pleez'ing-tgn,  a  township  of  ^;T)gland.  co. 
of  Lancaster.  3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Blackburn,  with  a  station 
on  the  East  Lancashire  Railway. 

PLEASURESVILLE,  pljzh'ers-vil,  a  post-village  of  Henry 
CO.,  Kentucky,  on  the  railroad  from  Louisville  to  Frankfort, 
45  miles  E.  of  the  former. 

I'LfjAUX,  pl.-i'o',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cantal, 
IS  miles  N.W.  of  Aurillac.    Pop.  in  1852.  2801. 

PLlilCIIATEL,  pLi'shd't^l',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Kedon.    Pop.  in  1S52.  2200. 

PL}5l)ELIAC,  plA'dee^Sk'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  14  miles  W.  of  Dinan.     Pop.  in  1852,  2128. 

PLEDU.VN,  plAVlr(^jJ°',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6tes-du-Nord.  4  miles  S.  of  St.  lirieuc.     Pop.  in  1852,  3703. 

PLEIDESHEIM,  pll/dgs-hime\  or  PLEIDELSIIEIM,  pli/- 
dgls-hime\  a  market-town  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Neckar, 
3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Marbach.     Pop.  1464. 

PLEINE-F0UGP;RES,  plin-foo'zhalR/,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ille-et-Tilaine,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Malo. 
Pop.  in  1S52.  3203. 

PLEISNITZ,  pliss'nits,  a  market-town  of  North  Hungary, 
CO.,  and  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gomiir,  on  the  Sajo.  Pop.  2102, 
partly  employed  in  iron-works. 

PLEISSE,  plls'seh,  a  river  of  Saxony,  joins  the  White 
Elster  at  lieipsic,  after  a  N.  course  of  50  miles. 

PLEI.STEIN,  plis/tine,  or  BLEI.STEIN,  blis'tine,  a  town 
of  Bavaria,  Upper  Palatinate,  about  12  miles  from  Weiden. 
Pop.  1068. 

PLliLAN.  plAMSx"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ille- 
et-Vilaine,  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kennes.     Pop.  in  1852,  3555. 

PL15l.\.N,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes-du- 
Nord.  7  miles  W.  of  Dinan.    Pop.  1022. 

PLELO,  pl.AMo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  C6tes- 
du-Noj-d.  arrondissemeut  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  in  1852,  4358. 

PLKMET.  pLVmA'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6t«?s-du-Nord,  7  miles  E.  of  Loudeac.     Pop.  in  1852.  3019. 

PLEM'MON'S  MILL,  a  small  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

PLE'MONSTALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

PL15m  Y.  plA^mee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Nord,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Loudeac.     Pop.  in  1852,  3202. 

PLENCIA,  plJn'the-J,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Biscay,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Bilbao,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Placentia.  It  has  a  school  of  navigation,  and  some 
docks  for  building  small  vessels.    Pop.  1103. 

PLEN'ITUDE.  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Texas. 

PLENTY,  Bky  of.  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  North  Island,  New 
Zealand,  between  Cape  Runaway  and  Point  Mercury,  a  dis- 
tance of  140  miles,  with  a  central  width  of  about  60  miles. 

PLES,  plJs,  or  PLESSA.  plSs'si,  sometimes  written  PLI- 
OSS  and  PLIOSO,  a  town  of  Russia,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Kostro- 
ma, on  the  Volga,  with  manufactures  of  woollens.     P.  1750 

PLESCflEN,  pUsh'en.  or  PLESZKW,  plfsh'gv.  a  town  of 
Prussia.  .54  miles  S.E.  of  Posen.  capital  of  a  circle,  «With 
manufactures  of  woollens  and  tobacco.     Pop.  5086. 

PLESII'EY.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Essex. 

PLE'SIS.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  abont 
.18  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Ocrdensburg. 

PLKSKOV  or  PLESKOW.    See  Pskov. 

PLESS,  a  town  of  Illyria.    See  Futsch. 

PLESSALA,  plJs'siMd',  a  market>town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Nord.  arrondissement.  Ixiudeac.     P.  3324. 

I'LESSE,  plJs's.A',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure.  13  miles  N.of  Savenay.     Pop.  44.35. 

PLESS E.  plls'seh.  or  PLESS.  plJss,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  68  miles  S.E.  of  Oppeln,  capital  of  a  circle,  and  of  a 
principality  belonging  to  the  Prince  of  Anhalt-Kothen. 
Pop.  3414.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  woollen  cloth, 
oilcloth,  and  leather. 

PLESTCIIEIEVO  or  PLESTSCHEJEWO.  plfsVhA-y.Vvo, 
or  KLESTCHINOOZERO,  klfet-chee'no-o-zA'ro,  called  also 
S.ALESKI,  s3-l^s-kee.  a  small  lakeof  Russia,  government,  and 
70  miles  N.W.  of  Vladimeer,  near  the  be.ad  of  an  affluent  of 
the  Volga,  and  interesting  as  the  place  where  Peter  the 
Great,  in  1691,  made  his  first  essays  to  form  the  Russian 
navy.  Length,  5  miles;  breadth,  4  miles. 
»  PLESTIN.  p1JsHJk°'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6(es  du-Nord,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Lannion.     Pop.  1066. 

I'LESZEW.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.     See  Pleschen. 

PLETTENRERG.  plSt'tgn-bjRG\  a  town  of  Prussian  West- 
pbalii,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Else.  Pop. 
1675. 

PLETTENBERG  BAY,  of  Cape  Colonv,  South  Africa,  dis- 
trict of  George  Town,  in  lat.  34°  S.,  Ion.  23°  20'  E.  It  is 
tiounded  on  the  S.W.  by  Seal  Cape,  and  has  undulating 
shores. 

PLEUBIAN  or  PLEUBIIIAN,  plrh'bee'SNo/,  a  maritime 
village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes-du-Nord,  15  miles 
N.B,  of  Lannion,  on  the  English  Channel.    Pop.  1000. 


PLEUMARTIN,  pluh'maRHiN"'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Chaterierault.   P.  1272. 
PLEUMEUR,  pluh'muR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  arrondissement  of  Lannion.     Pop.  2650. 

PLEUMEUR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Nord,  arrondissement  of  Lannion.     Pop.  in  18.52.  2556. 

PLEURTUIT,  pluRHwee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  llle-et-Vilaine,  5  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Malo.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4912. 

PLEYBEN,  plA"b3Ni=',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistire,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Quimper.  Pop.  in 
1852,  4901 . 

PLEYBERCHRIST,  plA'bJR^kreest/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Finistfire,  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  in 
1862.  3430. 

PLEYSTEIN,  pli'stine,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Palatinate,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Leuchtenberg.    Pop.  1068. 

PLIEGO,  ple-A'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  22  miles 
W.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  3004. 

PLIENINGEN,  plee'ning-gn,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Neck.ar,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  2267. 

PLINLIM'MON,  one  of  the  loftiest  mountains  of  Wales, 
COS.  of  Montgomery  and  Cardigan,  12  miles  from  West  Car- 
digan Bay,  and  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Llanidloes.  Elevation, 
2463  feet.  The  rivers  Severn  and  Wye  have  their  sources  lu 
this  mountain. 

PLIN'Y,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  W.  Alrginia. 

PLINY,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district.  South  Carolina. 

PLIUS.\,  ple-oo'sj,  a  river  of  Ru.ssia.  issues  from  a  small 
lake  in  the  S.  of  the  government  St.  Petersburg,  flows  cir- 
cuitously  N.N.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  120  miles  joins 
the  Narova  on  the  confines  of  St.  Petersburg  and  Revel. 

PLOAGHE.  plo-d'gA,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Stirdinia, 
province,  and  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  3079. 

PLOCHINGEN,  plfiK'ing-gn,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  cir- 
cle of  Neckar.  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  E.sslingen.     Pop.  1759. 

PLOCITZE  or  PLOCIZZE,  plo-chit/sA,  a  vill.age  of  Austria, 
in  Dalmatia,  20  miles  from  Ragusa,  on  Mont  St.  Ellas. 
Pop.  3155. 

PLOCK,  plotsk.  a  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  province,  on 
the  Vistula.  58  miles  W.N.W.  of  Warsaw.  Pop.  13,351.  it  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town. 
The  principal  buildings  are  a  cathedral  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, a  bishop's  palace,  theatre,  and  various  government 
offices.  It  has  also  Piarist  and  other  colleges,  a  seminary, 
manufactures  of  leather  and  skins,  and  an  active  transit  trade. 

PLOCK'TOii',  a  ra.iritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ros.s,  on 
the  W.  coast,  parish  of  Lochalsh.     Pop.  about  450. 

PLOEMEUli,  ploVh-muR/,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
parttnent  of  Morbihan,  3  miles  W.  of  Lorient.  Pop.  in 
1852,  8413. 

PLOEN  or  PLON,  (PlSn.)  plSn,  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Ilol.stein,  on  a  narrow  isthmus  below  the  Great  and  Little 
Ploen  lakes,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Kiel.  Pop.  with  suburbs,  2700. 
It  has  a  fine  Gothic  ca.stle. 

PLOEN.  L.A.KE  OF,  Denmark,  the  largest  in  Ilolstein.  is 
about  7  miles  in  length,  and  4  miles  in  breadth.  The  Little 
Ploen  Lake  is  the  N.  portion  separated  by  the  narrow  isth- 
mus on  which  Ploen  is  situated. 

PLOEKDUT,  (Ploerdut.)  ploValRMii'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Morbihan,  15  miles  W.  of  Pontivy.  Pop. 
2908. 

PLOERMEL,  (Ploermel.)  plo'?R^m6l',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Morbihan.  25  miles  N.E.  of  A'annes.  Pop.  in 
1852,  8413,  principally  employed  in  weaving  linen  and  mixed 
fabrics.     It  has  a  communal  college. 

PLOEUC.  plo\k'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes-du-Nord,  12  miles  S.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  in  1852,  5928. 

PLOEZAL.  (Ploezal.)  ploVh-zdl.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  C6tes-du-Nord.  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Guingamp. 
Pop.  3107. 

PLOGOFF,  plo'goflf,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Finistdre.  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Quimper.     Pop.  1500. 

PLOJIB  DE  CANTAL.  a  mountain  of  France.  SeeC.iNTAL. 

PI/>MBIERES,  pliM^be-aia',  a  town  and  watering-place 
of  France,  depaitment  of  Vosges,  on  the  Angronne.  l4  miles 
S.  of  Epinal.  Pop.  1330.  Its  warm  saline  baths  are  well 
frequented.     The  town  has  manufiictures  of  cutlery. 

PLOMBlJiRES,  a  market-town  of  IVance,  department  of 
Cote-d'Or,  on  the  railway  to  Lyons,  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dijon. 
Pop.  1273. 

PLON,  (PliJn,)  a  town  and  lake  of  Holstein.    See  Ploen. 

PLONE,  plo'neh,  a  river  of  Prussia,  province*  of  Branden- 
burg and  Pomerania,  joins  the  IlatF  at  Damm,  4  miles  E.  of 
Stettin,  after  a  N.  course  of  40  miles. 

PLONSK  or  PLASK.  plANsk,  a  town  of  Poland,  province, 
and  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Plock.  on  the  Plonna.  Pop.  3700, 
mostly  Jews.    It  has  a  fine  C  'rmelite  church. 

PLOUARET.  ploo^AM'A,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6tes-du-Nord,  8  miles  S.  of  lannion.     Pop.  in  1852,  5380. 

PLOUASNE,  ploo'an'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes-du-Nord.  10  miles  S.  of  Dinan.     Pop.  In  1852.  3000. 

PLOUAY.  ploo^A/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan, n  miles  N.  of  Lorient.     Pop.  in  1852.  4362. 

PLOUBAZLANEC,  ploo'bdznd'nlk',  a  village  of  France^ 

1503 


PLO 


PLY 


iiepartment  of  Cotes-du-Noid.  1  mile  N.N.E.  of  I'aimpol. 
I'op.  in  1852.  300O. 

PLOUBKZKE,  plooHi^zV.  a  Tillage  of  France,  department 
iif  COtes-du-Nord,  2  miles  3.  of  Lannion.     Pop.  iu  1852,  3393. 

1'LOUDALMEZEAU,  ploo'd^rmA'zo',  a  Tillage  of  France, 
department  of  Fiuistere.  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Brest.  Pop.  in 
1852.  3219, 

PLOUDANIEL,  plooM3'ne41',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere.  14  miles  N.E.  of  Brest.    Pop.  in  1S52,  3500. 

PLOCfiXAN,  ploo'A'nftNo'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
uf  Finistere,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Morlalx.     Pop.  in  1862,  3u00. 

PLOUilR.  ploo\iiR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes-du-Xord.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Dinan.     Pop.  in  1852.  4023. 

PLOUESCAT,  ploo'fe'k.i',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Finistere.  10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Moilaix.     Pop.  3180. 

PLOUGA.STEL-DAOULAS.  ploo^gasH^ll'-diWli'.  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Finistere,  6  miles  E.  of  Brest,  near 
its  barbor.     Pop.  in  1852.  6065. 

PL0UGAZN(5u,  ploo'glz'noo'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  near  the  English  Channel,  8  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Morlaix.     Pop.  in  1852,  3735. 

PLOUGONVELIN,  plooVAxoHeh-llx"',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Finistere,  arrondissement  of  Brest,  near  the 
coast.     Pop.  in  1852,  1300. 

PLOUGOUTEN,  ploo'gooV6N«',a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  7  miles  P.E.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  in  1852,4419. 

PLOUGOUVET,  ploo\goo^v!i/.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Xord,  arrondissement  of  Guiugamp.  Pop. 
in  1852.  3500. 

PI/JUGUENAST,plooVeh-ni',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Xord,  16  miles  S.  of  St.  Brieuc.    Pop.  3727. 

PLOUGUERNEAU,  ploo^^in'no',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistere.  arrondissement  of  Brest.     Pop.  6300. 

PLOUGUERXEVEL.  pIoo'gajR'n.VvSl/.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  C6tes-du-Xord.  arrondissement  of  Guingamp. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3500. 

PLOUHA,  ploo'd',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  CStes- 
du-Xord.  13  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  in  1852,  5vt62. 

PLOUIDER,  ploo-ee^daiR'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Finistere,  arrondissement  of  Brest.     Pop.  in. 1852,  .3000. 

PLOUIGXEAU,  ploo-een"y6'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finist^i-e,  G  miles  E.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  iu  1862,  5017. 

PLOT;  .MOGUER,  ploo'mo^eaiR'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finist6re,'9  miles  W.X.W.  of  B-est.  P.  in  1852. 18u0. 

PLOURIX,  plooV^No'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Finistere.  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Morlaix.     Pop.  in  1852.  3000. 

PLOUVORX,  ploo'vosn'.  a  village  of  Frani-e.  department 
of  Finistere.  9  miles  W.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  in  1852.  3500,  who 
trade  in  farm-horses,  reputed  the  best  in  the  department. 

PLOUZAXK,  ploo'zA^nA',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Finist&re,  5  miles  W.  of  Bres^.     Pop.  in  1S52.  26W. 

Pl/OUZfiC,  ploo^zik',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C5tes-du-Xord.  arrondissement  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  4447. 

PLOVER,  plftv'er,  a  post^village  and  township,  capital  of 
Port.age  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  the  Wisconsin  liiver. 
at  the  mouth  of  Plover  River,  125  miles  X.  of  Madison. 
The  ^Visconsin  River  is  bordered  by  large  forests  of  pine. 
and  the  himber  business  is  carried  on  here.  The  ■village  con 
tains  2  hotels  and  several  stores.  Its  name  has  been  chiinged 
to  ST.\NToy.    Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  895. 

PLOVEK-AKD-HER/ALD  ISLAXDS,  a  group  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  about  lat.  71°  12'  N.,  and  Ion.  170°  W. 

PLOVEST,  ploVJst/,  a  town  of  Wallachla,  32  miles  X.  of 
Bucharest.     Pop.  30*X).    It  has  a  great  wool  fair. 

PLOWDEX'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Sumt«r  district, 
South  Carolina. 

PLXJCIv'EMIX.  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  6  miles  N.X.W.  of  Somerville.     Pop.  200. 

PLUCK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  with  a 
station  on  the  South  Eastern  Railway,  5  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Ashford. 

PLUDEXZ,  a  town  of  the  Tvrol.    See  Blcde.vz. 

PLUDEKHAUSEX.  (PUiderhausen.)  plii'der-hOw'zen,  a 
market-town  of  WUrtemberg.  circle  of  Jaxt,  oii  the  Re'mo.  4 
miles  W.  of  Lorch,  with  1495  inhabitants,  and  an  ancient 
castle. 

PLUM,  a  town.ship  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1446. 

PLUM,  a  post-township  forming  the  X.W.  extremity  of 
Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,     Pop.  1294. 

PLUM,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co..  Illinois. 

PLUMAS,  asmall  town  of  Sutter  co.,  California,  is  situatetl 
on  the  right  bank  of  Feather  River,  nearly  opposite  the 
month  of  Bear  River,  about  40  miles  X.  of  Sacramento  City. 

PLUM  BAYOU,  (bi'oo)  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Jefferson  co.,  Arkansas. 

PLUMB  BIi(X>K,  a  post-office  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigjin. 

PLUMB  CREEK,  in  Pennsylvania,  flows  into  Craoked 
Creek,  in  Armstrong  county. 

PLUMB  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co..  Texas. 

PLUMB  ISLAND,  a  long,  narrow  island  of  Essex  co.. 
Mawachusetts,  situated  between  the  mouth  of  Merrimack 
Klver  <m  the  N..  and  Ipswich  Bay  on  the  S.,  and  separated 
tn  m  th*-  mainland  by  a  narrow  sound.  Length.  81  miles 
rV-e  Nkwburyport  Lights. 
1504 


PLUMB  ISLAXD,  belonging  to  Xew  York,  situated  In 
Long  Lsland  Sound,  near  its  E.  entrance,  is  about  3  miles 
long,  and  1  mile  broad.  It  contains  a  revolving  light  63 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  10'  IS"  X.,  Ion.  72° 
13'  12"  W. 

PLUMB'LAXD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

PLUM  CREEK%  of  Texas,  flows  into  San  Marcos  River 
from  the  X.,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Caldwell  county. 

PLUM  CREEK,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  2014. 

PLUM  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Clinton  co.,  Missouri. 

PLUME,  La.  IS  pliim.  a  town  of  France,  department  ol 
Lot-et-Garonne,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Agen.     Pop.  1707. 

PLUMELEG.  pltimMfk'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan,  13  miles  S.W\  of  Ploe'rmel.     Pop.  in  1852,  3070. 

PLUMELIAU.  plUm'le-o',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  7  miles  S.  of  Pontivy,     Pop,  4200. 

PLUMEX  AU,  plix>'meh-now\  (Moravian,  Plumlou,  pluom'- 
Idw.)  a  town  of  Moravia,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Olmutz.    P.  1118. 

PLU'.MEB.  a  post-office  of  Venango  co.,  Penn.svlvania. 

PLUM  GROVE,  a  post-oftice  of  Fayette  CO..  Texas. 

PLUM  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Cass  CO.,  Missouri. 

PLUM  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Illinois. 

PLUM'MER'S  MILL,  a  post>oflice  of  Fleming  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

PLUMPrrOX.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

PLUMPTOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PLUMPTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kidinc. 

PLUMPTOX,  WOOD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, with  a  station  on  the  Preston  and  Carlisle  Railway, 
13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Carlisle. 

PLUJI  RIVER,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois, 
145  miles  W.X.W.  of  Chicago. 

PLUM'STE.iD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

PLUMSTEAD,  a  padsh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

PLUMSTEAD,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

PLU.MSTEAD.  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

PLUM'STEAD.  a  village  of  South  Africa,  in  Cape  Colony 
and  district,  S.  of  Cape  Town,  and  the  salubrity  of  which 
renders  it  a  favorite  residence  of  the  colonists.  It  has  se- 
veral schools,  chapels,  &c. 

PLUM'STEAD.  a  township  of  Ocean  eo.,  Xew  Jersey.  Pop. 
2003. 

PLUMSTEAD,  a  post-township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, ou  th<»  right  side  of  the  Delaware  River,  10  miles  N. 
of  Dovlestown.     Pop.  2720. 

PLUM;STEADVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PLUMTREE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

PLUM'A'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 170  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Harrisburg.     It  has  2  stores. 

PLUXERET,  plii^neh-ri',  a  market-town  of  France,  de>- 
partment  of  Morbihan.  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lorient.     P.  2150, 

PLUXG.4X,  ploong-dn',  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poliind, 
government  of  Vilna,  13  miles  W.  of  Telsh.  Pop.  about  1550. 

PLUX'OAR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leice.'ster. 

PLUX'KETT'S  CREEK,  a  township  of  Lycoming  CO., 
Pennsvlvaiiia.     Pop.  283. 

PJiUXKETT' S  CREEK,  a  township  of  Sullivan  CO.,  Penn- 
svlvania. 

■  PLUSCAR/DIXE  PRI'ORY,  an  ancient  ruin  of  a  Cister- 
cian priory,  Scotland,  in  a  beautifvil  valley  of  the  same 
name,  parish,  and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Elgin. 

PLU  VIGXER.  plfiVeeuViR',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan.  13  miles  X.W.  of  Vannes.     Pop.  in  1852.  4793. 

PLYM,  plim.  a  river  in  England,  rises  in  Dartmoor  Forest, 
CO.  of  Devon,  flows  S.S.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  18  miles 
falls  into  Plvmouth  Sound  at  Plvmouth. 

PLYMOUTH,  plim'ath.  (L.  Tamari  Osiia,  or  Pltimutha.)  a 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and 
nav.ll  stiition  in  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  E.  side  of  a  pe- 
ninsula, between  the  rivers  Plym  and  Tamar.  at  the  head  of 
Plymouth  .Sound,  37  miles  S.W.  of  Exeter,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  railway.  Lat.  of  Mount  AVise,  50°  22'  X.,  Ion. 
4°  10'  2"  W.  Pop.  of  borough,  which  comprises  the  sul>urb 
of  Stone-house  on  the  W.,  and  the  parish  of  Stoke  Damcrel, 
in  1861,  62,823.  The  town  of  Plymouth  stands  on  uneven 
ground,  and  is  irregul.arly  laid  out.  but  the  buildings  have 
a  substantial  appearance.  Between  it  and  the  sound  is  the 
lloe.  a  fine  open  space,  surmounting  a  cliff;  on  it  is  the  cita- 
del, a  b;»stioned  fortress,  containing  a  governor's  residence, 
and  exten.sive  barracks;  in  this  direction  some  new  and 
handsome  streets  have  been  laid  out,  and  many  handsonft 
terraces,  ranges  of  buildings,  and  detached  villas  have  been 
erected.  The  principal  edifices  in  the  town  are  the  royal 
hott'l.  and  theatre,  athenaeum,  public  library,  royal  union 
baths.  Freemasons'  Hall,  e.xchange.  new  market-place, 
guildhall,  with  the  jail,  .several  ho.spitals,  and  barracks.  St. 
Andrew's  Church  is  large,  and  has  a  square  embattled 
tower:  there  iire  also  3  other  parish  churches,  and  nume 
rous  dissenting  chapels,  of  which  the  Independents  have  5. 
the  Wesleyan  Methodists  3.  the  Baptists  2,  the  Plymouth 
Brethren  2.  the  Unitarians.  Friends,  and  several  other  de- 
nominations, 1  each.    Its  institutions  comnrise  a  grammar 


PLY 


PLY 


Bchool.  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Devon  and  Cormvall, 
public,  medical,  law,  and  theological  libraries,  and  a  me- 
chanics' institute,  and  charities  amountins  to  alx)ut  2'M)l.  a 
year.  It  has  a  branch  of  the  lianli  of  Kn;;land,  and  several 
other  hanks.  The  structures  connected  with  the  naval  es- 
tablishments are  outside  of  the  town.  The  dockyard  is.  at 
Devonport.  (wliich  see,)  and  is  in  most  respects  similar  to 
that  of  Portsmouth,  with  the  advantage  of  its  various 
buildings  being  more  substantially  constructed  of  stone, 
and  its  docks  and  roofings  of  the  most  solid  character;  it 
Las,  however,  a  less  extent  than  that  of  Portsmouth.  In  it 
Is  an  observatory,  commanding  a  noble  view.  The  naval 
and  royal  military  hospitals  at  .Stonehouse,  the  victualling- 
oflice  at  Devil's  (or  Duval's)  Point,  the  gun-wharf,  .and  tlie 
military  prison,  are  all  fine  stone  edifices.  Plymouth  Harbor 
Is  double,  consisting  of  tlie  Ilamoaze,  or  mouth  of  the  Tamar 
oppcisite  Devonport,  adapted  for  the  largest  ships  of  war; 
and  the  Catwater,  or  estuary  of  the  Plym,  immediately  K. 
of  Plymouth,  and  on  which  are  the  villages  of  Oreston,  Hoo, 
and  Turnchapel.  Tlie  parts  of  the  port  chieHy  appropriated 
to  mercantile  shipping,  are  Sutton  Pool  and  Mill  15ay,  par- 
ticularly tlie  latter,  where  extensive  wet^docks  are  being 
formed,  and  the  large.st  vessels  lie  in  safety  along  its  fine 
pier  and  pontoon  even  at  low  water.  The  port,  however, 
owes  its  chief  celebrity  to  its  importivnce  as  a  great  naval 
station.  See  Plymouth  Sounh.  Plymouth  has  a  large  trade 
witli  London.  ISristol,  Newcastle,  and  Newport;  it  imports 
a  good  deal  of  West  India  colonial  produce,  and  timber  from 
the  Baltic  and  Nortli  America,  and  it  has  manufactures  of 
sail-cloth,  rotined-sugar,  glass,  soap,  and  starch,  a  large  dis- 
tillery, and  extensive  pilchard  and  other  fisheries,  llegistered 
shipping  of  the  port.  394  vessels;  aggregate  burden.  3J;.S08 
tons.  The  duties  collected  at  the  port  in  1S47  amounted 
to  108,055?. 

Plymouth,  originally  a  fishing  village,  bore  under  the 
Saxons  the  name  of  Tamarworth,  which,  after  the  Conquest, 
was  changed  to  that  of  Sutton,  or  South-Town.  On  the 
threatened  invasion  of  the  Armada,  it  equipped,  as  its  quota 
to  the  British  fleet,  which  had  here  its  rendezvous,  seven 
ships  and  a  fly-boat,  a  greiiter  number  than  was  furnished 
by  any  port  except  London.  lionaparte  arrived  here  in  tlie 
Bellerifphoit  in  1815.  after  he  had  surrendered  himself  to  the 
Knglish.  Plymouth  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  12  aldermen, 
and  u6  councillors,  and  sends  2  members  to  the  Hou.se  of 
Commons.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Sir  Francis  Drake,  and 
among  its  otlier  more  eminent  natives  are  Sit  Thomas  Ed- 
monds, a  distinguished  statesman  during  the  reign  of 
J.ames  I. ;  Sir  John  Hawkins,  one  of  the  admirals  of  the  fleet 
which  defeated  the  Armada;  Jacob  Bryant  the  antiquary; 
and  the  painters.  James  Northcote,  Prout,  and  B.  Ilaydon. 

PLY.MOUTH,  plim'Qth.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, has  an  area  of  about  720  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  K.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Cape  Cod  Bay, 
and  is  drained  by  the  Taunton  and  North  Rivers  and  other 
smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant  water-power.  It 
has  a  seacoast  of  upwards  of  30  miles,  indented  with  nume- 
rous bays,  whicli  afford  excellent  harlxirs.  The  soil  is  ge- 
nerally poorer  than  in  the  other  counties  of  the  state.  Ply- 
mouth county  abounds  in  iron  ore  of  excellent  quality.  It 
/s  intersected  by  different  railroads  centering  in  Boston. 
Named  from  Plymouth,  a  town  of  England.  Capital, 
Plvmouth.     Pop.  64,768. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  county  in  the  'W.N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  has 
an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  the  Sioux  Uivw,  and  drained  by  Floyd's  Kiver,  (an 
affluent  of  the  Missouri,)  with  its  tributaries.  Plymouth 
CO.  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.    Pop.  in  1860,  148. 

PLYMOUTH,  ii  post-township  of  Penobscot  co  ,  Maine,  45 
miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  989. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-village  and  township,  semi-capital  of 
Grafton  co..  New  Hampshire,  near  the  confluence  of  Pemi- 
gewasset  and  Baker's  Rivers,  and  on  the  Boston,  Concord, 
and  Montreal  Railroad,  51  miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Concord.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  1407. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-township  of  "VYindsor  co.,  Vermont, 
55  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  1252. 

PLY'MOUTH,  a  post-town,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  is  situated  oh  Plymouth 
Bav.  at  the  S.  terminus  of  the  E.  branch  of  the  Old  Colony 
Railroad,  37  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  Lat.  41°  57'  26"  N., 
Ion.  70*^  40'  19"  W.  It  is  well  laid  out,  and  for  the  most  part 
compactly  built,  principally  of  wood.  It  is  the  oldest  town 
in  New  England,  being  the  first  settled  by  the  Pilgrims,  yet 
it  is  entirely  modern  in  the  .style  of  its  buildings;  not  a 
single  antique  dwelling  now  remains.  The  most  remarkable 
public  edifice  is  Pilgrim's  Hall,  erected  by  the  Pilgrim  So- 
:"iety  in  1824-5,  and  situated  on  Court  street,  a  little  N.  of 
3ourt  Square.  It  is  constructed  of  granite,  70  feet  by  40, 
with  a  Doric  portico  in  front.  In  the  interior  is  a  large  hall, 
containing  tne  society's  cabinet  of  curiosities,  and  numerous 
Historical  paintings.  The  Pilgrim  Society,  the  object  of 
which  was  to  commemorate  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrim  Fa- 
thers, was  org.anized  in  1820.  The  "  Forefathers'  Kock,"  or 
that  on  which  the  101  persons,  disembarking  from  the  May- 
flower, December  22,  1020,  first  set  foot,  lies  at  the  head  of 
4U 


Hedges'  wharf.  The  rock  is  now  only  about  6i  feet  acrora 
its  broadest  part,  with  a  thickness  of  4  feet,  so  much  of  H 
having  been  removed :  it  is  almost  entirely  buried  in  the 
ground,  its  surface  only  being  visible.  The  town  contains. 
besides  the  county  buildings,  4  churches,  2  banks,  2  sav- 
ing.'*  in.stitutions,  an  insurance  company,  a  gas-light  com- 
pany. 2  newspaper  offices,  and  several  good  hotels.  Among 
the  churches  deserving  of  notice  may  be  mentioned  the 
Gothic  edifice  of  the  First  Society,  and  the  Church  of  the 
Pilgrimage,  erected  in  1840,  near  the  site  occupied  by  tlie 
church  first  Imilt  by  the  pilgrims.  Plymouth  has  several 
manulactories  of  cotton,  woollen  goods,  iron.  &:c.,  and  is 
also  extensively  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  The  shipping 
of  the  port,  June  3Uth,  1852.  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of 
3308  tons  registeied.  and  98C6  tons  enrolled  and  licensed. 
(Jf  the  latter,  2538  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade, 
5169  tons  in  the  cod  fishery,  and  1495  tons  in  the  mackerel 
fisheries.  The  foreign  ariivals  for  the  year  were  5  vessels • 
clearances  the  same.  The  foundation  of  a  national  monu- 
ment to  the  Forefathers  was  laid  here  in  1857.  Top.  of  the 
township  in  1830,  4758;  in  1840,  6281;  in  1850,  6024;  and 
in  1860,  6272. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  co..  Connecti- 
cut, intersected  by  the  Shepaug  Kiver  and  Naugatuck  Rail- 
road, 29  miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  a 
flourishing  village  of  Its  own  name,  and  two  others,  in 
which  are  extensive  manufactories  of  brass  clocks,  cotton 
and  woollen  goods,  pocket  cutlery,  musical  instruments, 
carriages,  and  various  articles  of  hardware.     Pop.  3244. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Luzerne  co., 
Pennsylvtnia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Su.sqiiehanna  Hiver, 
3  or  4  miles  below  W'illvesl)arre.  It  luis  rich  coal  mines  and 
a  national  bank.     Pop.  2393. 

PLYMiJCTH,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, aViout  15  miles  N.W.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  1689. 

PLY^^IOUT^,  a  post-village,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of 
Washington  CO.,  North  Carolina,  160  miles  E.  of  Raleigh, 
and  about  8  miles  S.  of  Roanoke  Kiver,  where  it  enters 
All)emarle  Sound.  It  is  connected  with  the  sound  by  a 
small  inlet,  called  Nag's  Head.  It  has  an  active  tiade,  and 
is  rapidly  increasing.  The  shipping  of  the  port.  June  30th, 
1852,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  2727  tons  registered,  and 
1346  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  All  of  the  latter  was  em- 
ployed in  the  coast  trade,  and  87  tons  in  steam  navigation. 
During  th^  year,  4  schooners,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
285  tons,  were  admeasured.  A  newspaper  is  published  here 
Pop.  in  1850,  951;  in  1800.  872. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  postrvillage  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  140  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  township  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.     P.  687. 

PLY'MOUTH,  a  village  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  branch 
of  Paint  Creek,  46  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus.  Laid  out  in 
1845. 

PLY'MOUTH.  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad  from  Sandusky  to  New- 
ark, 36  miles  S.  of  the  former.  It  has  a  union  school.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  1771 ;  of  the  village,  estimated  at  700. 

PLYM(JUT1I,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
■\Vayne  Co..  Michigan,  on  the  W.  branch  of  Rouge  Kiver, 
25  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  2193. 

PLY'MOUTH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marshall  co ,  In- 
diana, on  Yellow  River,  and  on  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne 
and  Chicago  Kiiilroad.  84  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cliicago.  It  is 
situated  in  a  fine  farming  district,  and  has  an  active  busi- 
ness. It  has  4  Churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  1 
seminary,  and  a  fine  railroad  deput.     Pop.  1277. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  85 
miles  N.W.  by  'NY.  of  Springfield. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  township  of  Kock  co.,  Wisconsin.    P.  1231. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sheboygan 
co„  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  a  railroad  14  miles  W.  of 
Sheboygan.  It  has  4  stores,  3  hotels,  and  15  mechanics' 
shops.    Total  population,  2106. 

PLYM'OUTH  HOLOiOW,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  Naugatuck  Railroad,  about  25  miles 
S.W.  bv  W.  of  Hartford,  contains  several  factories. 

PLY'M'OUTH  MEETING,  a  post-ofBce  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

PLY'MOUTH,  NEW,  or  TARANAKT,  tl-rl-naOjee,  a  town 
and  settlement  of  New  Zealand,  on  the  W.  coast  of  North 
Island  or  New  Ulster,  on  a  slope  between  the  Hua-Toki  and 
the  Henul,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Egniont. 

PLY'MOUTH  SOUND,  an  inlet  of  the  English  Channel, 
between  the  cos.  of  Devon  and  Cornwall.  Length,  3  miles  ; 
breadth,  4  miles.  At  its  N.E.  and  N.W.  extremities  the 
Plym  and  Tamar  Rivers  enter  it,  forming  respectively  the 
harbors  opposite  Plymouth  and  Devonport.  On  its  E.  side 
is  Bovisand  Bay,  and  on  its  W.  are  Caw.sand  Bay  and  Mount 
Edgecumbe.  It  contains  several  islands,  the  principal  being 
Mount  Batten,  with  a  foitiflcation  immediately  opposite  the 
Hoe  of  Plymouth.  The  sound  la  chiefly  important  as  a 
naval  station.  With  the  view  of  protecting  the  anchorage 
from  the  heavy  swell  brought  into  the  harbor  by  S.'VV'. 
winds,  the  stupendous  national  work,  known  as  the  Ply- 
mouth Breakwater,  was  undertaken,  and  has  been  nearlj 

1305 


PLY 


POG 


completed,  at  aji  expense  of  about  1,700,000?.  It  is  a  granite 
and  marble  struHure,  built  across  the  entrance,  the  central 
portion  being  1000  feet  in  lensth.  and  an  arm  or  Itant  at 
e!kh  extremity  350  yards,  making  the  whole  length  only  60 
yards  short  of  a  mile.  The  height  is  from  56  fe,?t  to  80  feet, 
the  top  45  feet  bra-id.  and  from  2  feet  to  .■?  feet  alwve  the 
high  water  of  spring  tides.  On  the  W.  end  of  the  break- 
water is  a  lightrhouse,  6S  feet  above  the  pl.itform.  and  visilile 
lit  the  distance  of  8  miles.  The  entrance  into  the  sound  is 
guided  by  the  still  more  celebrated  Kddystone  light-house, 
which  stands  on  a  large  cluster  of  rocks  iu  the  cliannel  op- 
ix>site  to  it,  at  the  distance  of  14  miles. 

PJiYMPTON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Plymouth 
CO..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Old  Colony  Kailroad,  30  miles  S.E. 
of  Boston.     Pop.  994. 

PLYMPTOX  MAtriilCE  or  EARL'S,  a  decayed  borough, 
market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon.  5  miles 
E.  of  Plymouth.  Pop.  833.  It  has  a  very  ancient  guildhall, 
containing  a  portrait  of  Sir  Jo.shua  Reynolds,  a  native  of 
Plympton,  painted  by  himself,  an  endowed  school,  and  the 
ruins  of  a  ca.stle.  It  is  a  stann,iry  town,  and  a  municipal 
borousrh  bj-  prescription. 

PLYM'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PLYMTREE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PO,  po.  (anc.  Pa'diis  and  End'amis.)  the  largest  river  of 
Italy,  in  its  X.  portion,  irrigating,  with  its  affluents,  the  en- 
tire plain  of  Piedmont  and  Lombardy.  rises  in  Monte  Yiso, 
in  lat.  44°  38'  N..  Ion.  7°  10'  E.  It  flows  at  lirst  N.E.  to  Turin, 
where  it  makes  a  curve  E.S.E.  for  about  45  miles,  then 
turns  N.  to  receive  the  waters  of  the  Oglio.  and  thence  flows 
mostly  E.  with  a  very  tortuous  course  to  the  Adriatic,  which 
it  enters  by  several  mouths  between  lat.  44°  48'  and  4.5°  1' 
N.,  the  principal  surnamed  the  Po  della  Maestra.  della  Toll, 
di  Goro.  and  di  Voliino.  Total  estimated  length,  340  miles, 
of  which  about  280  are  navigable  for  large  barges  and  river 
steamers.  Principal  affluents  on  (he  left,  the  Clusone,  Sesia. 
Ticino.  Olona,  Adda,  Oglio,  and  Jlincio  ;  and  on  the  right, 
the  Maira,  Tanaro.  Trebbia,  Taro,  Parma,  Sec<-hia,  and  Pa- 
npro.  The  Po  is,  iu  many  parts  of  Lomtiardy.  a1x)ve  the 
neighboring  plains:  below  Piacenza  it  is  enclosed  by  em- 
bankments formed  by  its  own  deposits,  and  carefully  kept 
up  to  prevent  inundations  from  floods.  Its  ordinary  width 
averages  1900  feet;  its  depth  varies,  according  to  the  season, 
from  13  to  36  feet.  Its  current  in  the  dry  season  is  slug- 
gish, but  in  spring  and  summer  rapid  and  turbulent.  Its 
rapid  stream,  numerous  islands,  and  the  many  sand-banks 
in  its  lower  ptu-t  greatly  impede  navigation ;  but  it  is  highly 
useful  in  fertilizing  the  country,  and  it  abounds  with  stur- 
geons, salmon,  and  other  fish. 

PO,  a  group  of  Islands  in  theMalav  Archipelago.    See  Eo. 

POAST  TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

POBLA  DE  CLAKAMANT.  po/iili  dA  klitra-mant',  a  vil- 
lage of  Spain,  in  Catalonri,  N.W.  of  Barcelona,     Pop,  1186, 

POBLA  DE  LILLET,  fo'v^i  dA  leel-yjt'.  or  LA  POBLA,  1,^ 
do'dI.?,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  64  miles 
N.N,AV,  of  Barcelona,     Pop,  1287. 

POBOLED.A.  po-no-lA/na,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
25milesW,N,W.  of  Tarragona.    Pop.  1758. 

PCCAHON'TAS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  West  Tir- 
ginia,  has  an  area  of  alx)ut  600  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  head  streams  of  i\\e  Elk,  Gauley,  and  Greenbrier 
Rivers.  The  Greenbrier  Mountain  extends  across  the  county, 
while  the  main  Alleghany  forms  its  S.E.  boundary.  A  large 
portion  of  the  land  is  rocky  and  sterile,  and  covered  with 
forests;  but  the  S.  part  is  more  productive.  A  cave  has 
lately  been  discovered  in  Elk  Jlountain,  which,  in  the  num- 
ber and  magnitude  of  its  apartments,  is  said  to  be  scarcely 
inferior  to  the  celebrated  Weir's  Cave.  It  is  called  Skeen's 
Cave.  Organized  in  1821.  and  named  in  honor  of  the  Indian 
princess,  Pocahontas.  Capital,  liuntersville.  Pop.3958,  of 
whom  .3706  were  free,  and  252  slaves. 

POCAHONTAS,  a  new  county  towards  the  N,W.  part  of 
Iowa,  contains  alKiut  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Lizard's  River,  and  also  drained  by  two  other  smaller  afflu- 
ents of  the  Des  Moines.  This  county  is  not  included  in  the 
census  of  IS.W.    Pop.  in  1860, 103. 

1*0CAII0XTAS,  a  post-offlce  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 

POCAHONTAS,  a  post.village,  capital  of  R.indolph  co..  Ar- 
kans.is,  on  the  right  bank  of  Black  Itiver.  about  145  miles 
N.E,  of  Little  Rock,  The  river  is  navigable  by  steamers 
from  this  point  to  its  junction  with  White  River,  a  distance 
of  about  loO  miles, 

POCAHONTAS,  a  post-vills^re  of  Bond  co,.  Illinois,  near 
Shoal  Creek,  10  miles  S.W,  of  Greenville.  It  has  an  aca- 
demy, a  fc-w  shops,  and  saw  mills  in  the  vicinity 

POCAS'SKT.  a  pos^village  of  Barnstable  co., 
eetts.  about  f«  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston. 

POCHISHATCHEE  CRKEK.  Alabama.    See  SocHAP.iTOT. 
o,!r^u- »'•!";■"  '^"''"'"'^e  of  ^^o^re  CO..  North  Carolina. 
P(X.K'L1N<;toN.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
«;„"", r,    °1"''^  ''•*•''••  "f  "*''""'^-  '■'"St  Riding.     Pop.  in  1851, 

u     ,    '^l'''  *"*"   has  2  borough   backs  and  a  grammar 
«,,    •    "  *"??  *  "'""o"  o"  the  York  and  North  Midland 
HaUway,  6  mileg  N.W.  of  Market  AVeighton. 
1506 


CO.,  Massachn- 


PO'COMOKE,  a  river  which  rises  near  the  N,  border  of 
Worcester  countj',  Maryland,  and  after  traversing  that 
county,  flows  into  Pocomoke  lia)-,  an  arm  of  the  Chesapeake. 
General  course,  S,S,W.;  length,  about  (30  miles.  Sloops  as- 
cend with  the  tide  about  2  miles  above  Snow  Ilill. 

POCONii,  po-ko-nA',  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Matto  Grosso,  on  a  height,  GO  miles  S,W,  of  Cuyaba. 

POCOTAL'IGO,  a  river  of  Kanawha  co.,  W.  Virginia, falls 
into  the  Great  Kanawh.o.  It  is  navigable  fijr  boats  at  high 
water. 

POCOTALTGO.  a  postK>ffice  of  Kanawha  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

P<K;0TALIG0.  a  post-village  of  Beaufort  district,  South 
Carolina.  100  miles  8.  by  E.  of  Columbia. 

POCZINKA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  PoTcmxKl. 

PODEBRAD,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     Si*  Podiebb.id. 

PODENS.\C.  poMfix^'slk',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde.on  the  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  and  on  the  rail- 
way to  Cette.  16  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  1617. 

PODEXZAXO,  po-dJn-zi'uo,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy, 
situated  near  the  Xura.  seven  miles  S.  of  Piacenza,  with  2 
churches,  a  monastery,  and  a  hospital.     Pop.  2400. 

PODGOR.^,  pod-go'ri,  a  village  of  Austri.i,  in  Dalmatia, 
circle  of  Spalato.     Pop.  1259. 

PODGOKITZA,  pod-go-rit'sa,  a  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Albania,  .s;uijak,  and  38  miles  N.  of  Siutaii.  on  the 
Montenegrin  frontier.  Pop.  (XK)0,  nearly  all  Mohammedan? 
A  few  miles  N.  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Dindea.  con- 
sisting of  mined  temples,  columns,  and  the  bed  of  an  aque- 
duct about  12  miles  in  length. 

PODGORZE,  pod-goi:/z,^,  or  .TOSEPIISTADT,  yo'zefstatt', 
a  small  t/iwn  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia.  sepanited  by 
the  Vistula  from  Cracow,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  Pop.  1997. 

PODHARD.  pod'haRt,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  5  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Budweis.  on  the  Moldau.     Pop.  1817. 

PODHARD,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Gltshin. 
Pop.  394. 

PODIERRAD,  po'dee-brad\  wriften  also  PODEBRAD.  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe.  4  miles 
S.E.  of  Ximburg,  on  the  railway  to  Prague.    Pop.  3050. 

PO  DI  PKl.MAliO,  po  dee  pre-nid'ro,  a  river  of  Italy,  state 
of  J^milia,  being  a  continuation  of  tho  Reno,  which  rises 
near  Pistoja,  thence  runs  N.N.E.  65  miles,  and  afterwards 
E.S.E.  for  24  miles,  as  far  as  Traghetto.  where  it  assumes  this 
name.  Its  lower  course  is  nearly  E.S.E..  past  Arge):t.a,  and 
after  an  entire  course  of  120  miles,  it  enters  the  Adriatic  at 
Porto  di  Primaro,  13  miles  X.E.  of  Ravenna. 

PODKAMIEN,  pod-kSm^in.  or  pod'kS-meen\  a  town  of 
Austrian  ({alicia,  E.  iw  N.  of  Lemberg.     Pop.  2.300. 

PODLACHIA.  pod-ian<e-l.  or  PODOLA'CHIA,  a  fonnw 
palatinate  of  IViand.  bounded  on  the  X.  and  E.  by  tho 
Bug.  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Vistula.  It  appears,  at  one  time, 
to  have  corresponded  ticajly  to  the  present  pioviuce  of 
Siedlce.  but  anciently  its  limits  were  more  extensive. 

PODOLIA,  po-do^e-.!.  or  PODOLSK,  po-dOlsk'.  a  govern- 
ment of  Russian  Poland,  mostly  betweeu  lat.  47°  30'  and 
49°  45'  N.,  and  Ion.  26°  25'  and  30°  48'  E..  having  W., 
Galicia.  Area,  16,558  sqtiare  miles.  Pop.  1.577,956,  mostly 
Poles.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Dniester,  forming  its 
S.W.  boundary,  and  the  Bug.  Surface  generally  level. 
Soil  fei-tile,  and  a  surplus  of  corn  is  raised  over  home 
coni?umption;  hemp,  flax,  hops,  tobacco,  and  various  fruits 
are  grown;  and  vineyards  and  mulberry  plantations  are 
increasing.  Cattle-rearing  is  important,  and  many  cattle 
of  fine  breeds  are  sent  into  Galicia  and  Germany.  The 
mineral  products  comprise  nitre,  lime,  and  alabaster. 
Manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  leather,  and  potash  are 
carried  on,  and  there  are  many  distilleries.  The  govern- 
ment is  divided  into  12  districts.  Principal  towns,  Kamie- 
niec.  Moheelev.  and  Szarogrod. 

PODOLSK,  po-dolsk'.  or  PODOL.  po-doP.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Moscow.     Pop,  13tt0. 

PODOR.  poMor',  a  village  and  fort  of  West  Africa,  in  Sene- 
gambia,  built  by  the  French  in  1743.  on  the  SenegaL  Lat. 
16°  35'  N..  Ion.  15°  W.     The  fort  is  abandoned. 

PODOROSK.  po-do-rosk'.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Grodno.  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Volkovisk.     Pop.  1600. 

POE.  a  post-office  of  Beaver  co..  Pennsylvania. 

POEL  or  POL.  (Pol.)  ptil.  an  island  of  North  Germany,  in 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  in  the  Gulf  of  Lubeck.  Baltic.  4  miles 
N.  of  Wismar.     length  and  l^readth,  alout  5  miles  each. 

POESTENKILL,  poos'ten-kill\  a  small  river  of  Rensselaer 
CO..  New  Y'ork.  falls  into  the  Hudson  at  Troy. 

POESTENKILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rensse- 
laer CO.,  New  York,  11  miles  E.  of  .\.lbany.     Pop.  1833. 

POGAR,  po-gan',  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
and  119  mill's  N.E.  of  Tchernigov.    Pop.  3000. 

POGGETTO  THEXlfiKS.  pod-j5t/to  tA'ne-alR',  a  town  ol 
the  Sardini.in  States,  and  27  miles  X.W.of  Nice.     Pop.  1168. 

POGGIBONSI.  pod-je-bon'see.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  near 
the  Elsa,  19  miles  S.  of  Florence.    Pop.  6003. 

POGGIO,  pod'jo.  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  province,  and 
18  miles  S.E.  of  Mantua.     Pop.  3648. 

I'OGGIO  RKALE,  pod'jo  ti^-inL  a  town  of  Sicily,  32  miles 
S.E.  ofTrapani.    Pop.  3200. 

POQ/GY  ISLES,  NoETH  and  South,  two  oniSf  nous  islands 


POG 


POI 


of  the  5Ialay  Archipelago,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Sumatra.  Lat.  2° 
32'  S.,  Ion.  99°  37'  E. 

POGIIEER,  POGIR  or  rOOinR,  po-srheeE',  a  market- 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Vilna,  18  miles  X.W. 
of  Vilkoraeer.     Pop.  1500. 

POGITKL.  a  sini^ularly  picturesque  and  strongly  fortified 
village  of  Uerzegovina,  on  the  Narenta,  16  miles  5.S.AV.  of 
Mostar. 

POG'LAND,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co.,  New  York. 

POGOST.  po-gosf,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Minsk,  28  miles  E.X.E.  of  Igumen. 

POGOST,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Minsk, 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Pinsk. 

POGOST,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Minsk, 
13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Slootsk. 

POIIAT'COXG  or  POIIAT'CIIUNK  CREEK,  of  Warren 
CO.,  N'ew  Jersey,  flows  S.W.,  and  enters  the  Delaware  Kiver  8 
mile."!  below  Easton. 

POICTI ERS,  a  town  of  France.    See  Poitiers. 

POICTOU,  a  province  of  France.    See  PoiTou. 

POIX'DEXTKR,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Georgia,  ahout 
45  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

POIN'DEXTER'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 68  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

POIX'SETT,  a  county  in  the  X'.E.  part  of  Arkansjis,  con- 
tains about  1300  square  mile.s.  The  St.  Francis  River,  navi- 
gable by  steamboats,  washes  the  entire  E.  border.  A  Lirge 
part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  swamps  and  forests.  Capi- 
tal, llolivar.  Pop.  3021,  of  whom  2535  were  free,  and  lUSO 
slaves. 

POINT,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Populiition.  1015. 

POINT,  a  township  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  705. 

POINT,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1247. 

POINT  ADAMS,  Oregon.    See  Adams'  Point. 

POINT  A  LA  IIACIIE.  (ah  lah  hash.)  a  postrofiice  of  Pla- 
quemine  parish.  Louisiana. 

P01XT-.\-P]TRE,  La,  Id  pwJxt-J-ppet'r,  a  town  of  the 
French  AVest  India  island  of  Guadeloupe,  capital  of  the  ar- 
riiidissement  of  Grande  Terre,  on  the  Little  Cul-de-sac,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Basseterre.  Pop.  12,103.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroved  by  an  earthquake  in  1843. 

POINT  AU  FER,  (Fr.  pron.  pw^xt  o  faiR,)  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  entrance  to  Ach.afalaya  Bay.  Louisiana.  On  it  is  a 
fixed  light,  about  70  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  L.at.  29° 
19'  N.,  Ion.  91°  22'  AV.  A  floating  light  is  also  moored  at  the 
entrance  to  the  bay,  .about  12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Point  au  Fer. 

POINT  BAUSSE,  (boss.)  a  small  village  of  Portage  co., 
Wisconsin. 

POINT  CE'DAPt.  a  post-office  of  Hot  Spring  co..  Ark.ansas. 

POINT  COMOIKKCE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Green  co., 
Indiana,  at  the  junction  of  Eel  River  with  the  West  Fork 
of  White  River,  about  80  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis.  The 
Wabrish  and  Erie  Canal  passes  near  it. 

POINT  CRAWFORD,  a  small  village  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina. 

POINT  DE  G.'^.LLK.  pwS.xo  deh  gdl,  or  PUNTO  GALLO, 
poon'to  gdllo,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Ceylon,  capital  of 
its  8.  province,  on  a  peninsula  of  its  S.  coast,  70  miles  S.E.  of 
Colombo.     Lat.  6°  1'  N..  Ion.  80°  14'  E.     It  has  a  aood  harbor. 

POINT  DOUGLAS,  (dag1.>s.)  a  post-village  of  Washington 
CO.,  Minnesot.i,  on  the  point  formed  by  the  confiuence  of  the 
St.  Croix  with  the  Mississippi,  20  miles  below  St.  Paul.  It 
has  1  hotel,  a  steam  mill,  several  stores,  and  a  good  landing 
for  steamboats. 

POtXTE  AUX  TREMBLES  EN  BAS,  pwixt  8  trfiMb'l 
Sx"  bS,  a  poi:t-viIlage  of  Can.ada  East.  co.  of  Portueuf,  on  the 
river  St.  Lav/rence,  21  miles  S.  of  Quebec. 

POIXTE  AUX  TREMBLES  EN  II.'V.UT,  pwSxt  5  trjMb'l 
5x"  li5.  a  p<  ?t-village  of  Canada  East,  situated  on  the  island 
of  .^Iontrca',  9  miles  below  the  city.     Pop.  about  1150. 

POINTE  CLAIRE,  pwSxt  klia,  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  on  tJ  .i  i.«land  of  Montreal,  16  miles  from  the  city. 
Pop.  about  /.50. 

POI.N'TE  COUPl^^E,  point  koo-pee',  a  parish  of  Louisiana, 
situated  oi-  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  in  the 
S.E.  centP't  part  of  the  state,  contains  atiout  OiW  .square 
miles.  1),'i  Atchafal.aya  Ba3'ou,  an  outlet  of  Red  River, 
commenc;"  near  the  N.  extremity  of  the  parish,  and  forms 
the  enti'e  VL  boundary.  The  surfiice  is  low,  and  subject  to 
be  oyerrir,w!,J  by  the  river.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Capital, 
Pointe  Couj^ee.  Pop.  17,718,  of  whom  4815  were  free,  and 
12,903  f.Iovot. 

POINVE  COUPEE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pointe  Cou- 
ple psiish,  liouisiana,  on  the  Mississijjpi  Kiver,  25  miles 
N.N.W.  ciTBijioti  Rouge.    It  contains  2  newspaper  offices. 

POINTE  IJO  LAC,  (Fr.  pron.  pwJxt  du  Uk.)  a  village  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  St.  Maurice,  at  the  E.  end  of  Lake  St. 
Peter,  81  mih^  N.N.E.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  1100. 

POINTE  LEA'I,  (Fr.  pron.  pwAxt  H'vee'.l  a  post-village  of 
Canada  East,  on  the  St.  Lawrence.     Pop.  about  1200. 

POINT  GAIXINAS.  gSl-vee'n^p.  the  northernmost  point 
Pf  South  America.    Lat.  12°  30'  N..  Ion.  about  71°  40'  W. 

POINT  IxroUSTRY,  a  small  village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 


POINTTNGTOX,  a  p.-irish  of  England,  a\  of  Somerset. 

POINT  ISABEL,  (ix,'iy-ho\.)  a  pos^village  and  port  of  en- 
try of  Cameron  co..  Te.xas,  on  a  point  of  land  projecting  into 
the  Laguna'del  Madre.  opposite  an  inlet  called  the  Barra.  or 
Brazos  Santiago,  and  about  30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Brownsville 
It  has  a  custom-house  and  a  light-house.  The  sliipping  of 
the  port.  June  .30.  1862,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  i06U 
tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  all  of  which  was  employed  in 
steam  navigation.     See  Matamoras. 

POINT  ISABEL,  a  village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Cumberland  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  South  Fork,  97 
miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

POINT  ISABEL,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  CO.,  Ohio. 

POINT  IS'ABELLE,  a  post-office  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa. 

POINT  JEF'FERSON,  a  post-office  of  Morehouse  parish, 
Louisiana. 

POINT  JU'DITII,  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Narra- 
gansett  Bay,  I'.hode  Island.  It  contains  a  revolving  light, 
00  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  21'  35"  N.,  Ion. 
71°  29'  IS"  W. 

POINT  LOOK'OUT',  on  the  N.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Po- 
tomac  River,  Chesapeake  Bay.    On  it  is  a  fixed  light. 

POINT  MAGRE,  (miig'r?)  a  post-office  of  Avoyelles  parish, 
Louisiana. 

POINT  MAiyCOLil.  a  headliind  on  the  S.  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia, near  lat.  3-3°  48'  S.,  ion.  123°  40'  E. 

POINT  MEEKS,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co..  Arkansas. 

POINT  MONTEREY,  (mon-te-rA',)  a  postrofllce  of  Cass  co., 
Texas. 

POINT  PALMYRA,  (p.al-ml'ra.)  a  he.adland  and  small 
town  of  British  India,  in  the  Bay  of  Ueniral,  99  miles  S.W. 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Iloogly  River.  Lat.  20°  41'  X.,  Ion.  87° 
9'E. 

POINT  PE'DRO,  the  N.  extremity  of  Ceylon.  Lat.  9°  46' 
N..  Ion.  80°  20'  E. 

POINT  PENIX'SULA,  a  post-village  and  shipping  place 
in  Sackett's  Harbor  district,  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  on 
Lake  Ontario. 

POINT  PETER,  a  post-office  of  Oglethorpe  co_  Georgia. 

POINT  PETER,  a  post-office  of  Searcy  co.,  Arkansas. 

POINT  l'LEA.><'ANT,  a  posfcofflce  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  12()  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisbui-g. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mason  co., 
W.  Virginia,  on  the  Ohio  Rivyr,  just  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Kanawlia  River,  17-^  miles  below  AVlieeling.  It  contains 
a  court-house  and  several  stores.     Free  population,  519. 

POINT  PliE.\S.A.NT,  a  post-office  of  Upshur  co.,  Texas. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  River.  25  miles  above  Cincinnati.  General  U. 
S.  Grant  was  born  here. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co..  Kentucky. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  New  JIadrid 
CO.,  Missouri,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  8  miles  S. 
of  New  Madrid. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  post>village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa, 
65  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

POINT  PRAIKIE,  a  small  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Arkansas. 

POINT  R  A/,  a  promontory  of  France.    See  Beo-dti-Raz. 

POINT  REMOA'E',  a  township  of  Conway  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  204. 

POINT  REMOVE  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  flows  into  Ar- 
kansas River  from  the  N.,  in  Conw.ay  county. 

POINT-OF-ROCKS,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  CO..  Mary- 
land, on  the  Potomac,  and  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road. G5  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Annapolis. 

POINT  ROMANIA,  (ro-mi-nee/a.)  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
the  Alakay  Peninsula.     Lat.  1°  22'  N.,  Ion.  104°  10'  E. 

P(tINT  WORTIl'INGTON,  a  post-office  of  Washington 
CO.,  Missis.sippi. 

P0IR15,  pwd'ri',  a  market-town  of  West  France,  depart- 
ment of  A'endee,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Bourbon  Vendee.  Pop.  in 
1852, 31585. 

POIlllXO,  poi-ree'no,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
province,  and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Turin.    Pop.  5668. 

POISCH  WITZ,  pui.'^h'vvi  ts,  Oder,  o'ber,  and  Xieder,  nee/der, 
two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  province  of  Sile- 
sia, government,  and  12  miles  S.  of  Liegnitz.  Pop.  1975. 

POISDORF,  pois'doRf,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria, 
40  miles  X.E.  of  Vienna.    Pop.  2500. 

I'OISSY,  pwds'see',  ii  town  of  Fiance,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Loire,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  and  on  the  railway 
to  Rouen,  10  miles  N.X.W.  of  Ver.sailles.  Pop.  in  1862,  43ii0. 
It  has  a  house  of  correction,  and  the  principal  cattle-market 
for  the  supply  of  Paris. 

POITIERS  or  POICTIEBS,  poi-teerz',  (Fr.  pron.  pwiHe-.A/, 
almost  pwrte-A';  aae.  Linu^num  or  Lemolnwii.  afterwards 
Pic'tan.)  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Vienne.  on  the  Clain,  and  on  the  railway  to  Bordeaux,  58 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Tours.  Pop.  in  1852,  29,277.  It  is  enclosed 
by  old  walls,  and  has  sever,al  old  churches,  a  castle,  an 
acadiinie  universWxire,  a  royal  college,  several  schools,  hos- 
pitals, a  public  library  of  26,000  volumes,  theatre,  botanic 
garden,  manufactures  of  woollen  goods,  hosierv.  lace,  hats, 

1507 


POI 

*«  aosj  *iflde  in  corn,  wofii,  and  wine,  and  3  annual  fairs.  Poi- 
tiers, ancieiitl}'  the  capital  of  the  Pictimu,  came  by  marriage 
ln«.i  the  possession  of  the  dukes  of  Xoimandy,  and  was  for 
three  centuries  attached  to  the  crown  of  Knifland.  It  was 
the  scene  of  a  signal  and  most  unexpected  victory,  gained 
September  9, 13o().  over  the  French  by  the  Knglish  under 
Edw.ard  the  Bl.ack  Prince,  who  captured  and  brought  to 
England  John.  King  of  France. 

POJTOU  or  POICl'OU,  poi-too/,  (Fr.  pron.  pwd'too'.')  a  for- 
mer province  of  France,  now  divided  among  the  departments 
of  Vienna,  Deux-S6vres,  Vendue,  Indre-el-Loire,  and  Cha- 
rente.    Capital,  Fonteuay. 

POIX,  pwd.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  14 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Avesnes.     Pop.  2057. 

POIX,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme,  15  miles 
SJi.  of  Amiens.    Pop.  1194. 

I'OKAG'OX,  a  township  in  the  X.W.  part  of  Cass  co., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad. 
Pop.  I'i49. 

POKE  BAYOU,  (bl'oo.)  a  post-village  of  Independence  co., 
Arkansas,  al>out  16  miles  N.  of  Batesville. 

POKEKPSIE.    See  Poughkeepsie. 

POKE  KUX,  a  post-office  of  'Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

POKOXO,  poOio-nS,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1010. 

1'0'KOXO  CREEK,  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania,  falls  into 
Brodhead"s  Creek. 

POKOXO  MOUNTAIN,  Penn-'ylvania.  situated  chiefly  in 
the  X.E.  part  of  Carbon  and  the  N'.W.  central  part  of  Monroe 
county.  The  Pokono  ridge  may,  however,  be  traced  across 
Jlonroe  into  Pike  county,  where,  it  rises  into  an  elevation 
called  High  Knob. 

POIvUOV  or  POKROW,  pok-rov',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  52  miles  W.S.W.  of  Vladimeer,  near  the  Kli 
asma.     Pop.  1500. 

POKUOVSKAIA  or  POKROWSKAJA,  pok-rov-skl'a,  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government,  and  4  miles  S.E.  of 
Saratov,  on  the  Volg.i,  with  1500  inhabitants,  and  large  ma- 
gazines, each  containing  from  100,000  to  110,009  poods  of 
salt,  stored  here  from  the  works  on  Lake  Elton. 

POL.  (I'ol.)  an  island  in  tlie  Baltic.     See  Poel. 

POLA,  po'li.  (anc.  PtJla  nr  Pi'etas  Ju'lia.)  a  decij'ed  mari- 
time town  of  lUyria.  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  peninsula 
of  Istria.  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rovigno.  Pop.  924.  It  is  en- 
closed by  Venetian  walls  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  has  a 
cathedral  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  temple,  3  Greek  churches, 
some  convents,  and  one  of  the  best  harlwrs  on  the  Adriatic. 
Under  the  Emperor  Septlmius  Severus,  it  had  a  pop.  of 
30,000.  and  contained  numerous  splendid  edifices,  while  its 
port  was  one  of  the  great  naval  stations  of  Rome.  Its  former 
magnificence  is  still  attested  by  a  iiue  amphitheatre,  several 
temples,  and  other  remains. 

i*OL.\.  po'ld,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Pskov,  flows  N.,  and  after  a  very  circuitous  course  of  120 
miles  joins  the  Lovat,  9  miles  S.  of  Lake  llmen. 

POLA  DE  LENA,  po/l3d,V  lA/nS,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
rias,  province,  and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Oviedo,  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Lena  and  Xaredo.     Pop.  1328. 

POLA  DE  SIERO,  jxAi  d.i  st^A'ro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
rias,  province,  and  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oviedo.    Pop.  2500. 

P0L.4X,  po-ldn',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Xew  Castile,  province, 
and  about  10  miles  from  Toledo,  near  the  Tagus.    Pop.  1326. 

PO'LAXD,  Kingdom  of,  (Polish,  Pblsl-a,  p61'sk3,  meaning 
"  Flat  Land :'"  L.  FtMnia  ;  Ger.  Prilen,  ptyien ;  Fr.  F\ilngne. 
poMoB';  anc.  Sarmatiaf)  an  extensive  counti-y  of  Central 
Europe,  which  existed  for  many  centuries  as  an  inde- 
pendent and  powerful  state;  but  having  fitllen  a  prey  to 
internal  dissensions,  was  violently  seized  by  Austria,  Prus- 
sia, and  Russia  as  a  common  spoil,  partitioned  among  these- 
three  powers,  and  incorporated  with  their  dominions.  In 
its  greatest  prosperity  it  had  a  population  variously  es- 
timated at  from  11,000.000  to  15,000,000:  and  an  area  of 
284,000  square  miles,  greater  than  that  of  France,  stretch- 
ing from  the  frontiers  of  Hungary  and  Turkey  to  the 
Baltic,  and  from  Germany  far  E.  into  Russia,  lat.  -47°  to  56° 
N.,  Ion.  15°  to  32°  E.  The  territoi-y  thus  marked  out 
formed  one  vast  and  remarkably  compact  kingdom,  divided 
into  Great  and  Little  Poland  on  the  W.,  Mas'ovia  and  Pod- 
lachia  in  the  centre,  Volhynia.  Podolia,  and  the  Ukraine  in 
the  K..and  Lithuania  in  the  N.K.:  the  principal  subdivision 
was  into  31  palatinates  and  starostys. 

The  most  characteristic  feature  of  the  surface  is  its  uni- 
formity. With  the  exception  of  the  Carpathians,  forming 
it*  S.W.  l)oundary,  and  a  ridge  of  moderate  elevation  pene- 
trating into  it  from  Silesia,  it  scarcely  possesses  a  single 
summit  deserving  the  name  of  hill,  but  is  truly,  asits  name 
Implies,  "fiat  land,"  presenting  the  appearance  of  an  almost 
unbroken  plain,  composed  partly  of  gently-waving  slopes, 
partly  of  rich  alluvial  flats,  partly  of  sandy  tracts,  so  barren 
as  to  desel-ve  the  name  of  desert",  and  partly  of  extensive 
morasses.  The  last,  contrary  to  the  general  rule,  occupy  the 
most  elevated  part  of  the  interior,  and  consist  of  a  broad 
belt  curving  im-gularly  in  a  X.E.  direction  from  the  Hun- 
garian fiontlers  into  Lithuania,  and  though  only  from  400 


POL 

feet  to  500  feet  abovp  sea-level,  forming  part  of  the  great 
European  water-shed,  the  waters  on  the  one  side  of  its  flow- 
ing N.  to  the  Baltic,  while  those  on  the  other  side  flow  S.  to 
the  Black  Sea.  Its  principal  streams  are  the  Vistula,  with 
its  tributaries,  ^Vi^■prz.  Bug.  and  Xarew,  the  M'arta  and 
Prosna.  tributaries  of  the  Oder,  the  Xiemen.aud  theDwina, 
all  belonging  to  the  basin  of  the  Baltic;  and  the  Dniester, 
South  Bug.  and  Dnieper,  with  its  tributary  Priptts,  belong- 
ing to  the  basin  of  the  Black  Sea. 

The  physical  configuration  of  the  counfi-y  is  admirably 
adapted  to  the  openitions  of  agriculture,  and  the  fertility 
of  its  alluvial  tracts  is  so  great,  that  it  has  sometimes  been 
termed  the  granary  of  Europe.  Its  productive  powers  have 
never  been  fairly  tested,  and  its  exports  of  grain,  though 
large,  are  proliably  not  a  tithe  of  what  they  might  be  under 
more  favorable  cireumst;inces.  Xext  to  grain  and  cattle  its 
most  important  product  is  timber,  derived  from  large  and 
noble  forests,  which  occur  in  several  quarters.  The  mine- 
rals include  the  precious  metals  in  limited  quantity,  iron 
in  abundance,  but  of  indifferent  qualit}-;  and  s;ilt,  chiefly  in 
Galicia,  where  its  mines  have  long  been  worked  on  a  very 
extensive  scale,  and  are.  to  all  appearance,  inexhaustible; 
copper,  lead,  zinc,  and  coal  are  also  found.  Little  progress 
has  Iieen  made  either  in  manufactures  or  trade,  the  former 
being  chiefly  confined  to  articles  of  primary  necessity,  par- 
ticularly coarse  woollen  and  linen  cloth,  for  the  weaving  of 
which  .Vlniost  every  family  is  provided  with  its  domestic  loom ; 
and  the  latter,  which  is  mostly  in  the  h.ands  of  the  Jews,  who 
are  more  numerous  in  Poland  than  in  any  other  part  of 
Europe,  being  seldom  on  an  extensive  scale,  though  includ- 
ing the  retail  of  an  almost  endless  variety  of  objects.  Owing 
to  the  inland  position  of  the  countrj-,  and  more  especially  to 
the  cold  winds  which  blow  from  Russia  on  the  E.,  and  from 
the  Cai-pathians  on  the  S.,  the  winter  of  Poland  is  almost  as 
severe  as  that  of  Sweden.  The  summer  is  abundantly 
warm,  but  the  general  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the 
miasmii  of  the  marshes,  make  disease  sometimes,  under 
peculiar  forms,  very  prevalent. 

The  Poles  are  the  descendants  of  various  Slavonic  tribes, 
who.  in  the  sixth  century,  having  proceeded  up  the  Dnieper, 
entered  the  basin  of  the  Aistula.  drove  out  the  Finn.s — the 
original  inh.ibitants — and  made  them.selves  masters  of  the 
whole  country,  from  the  Warta  eastward,  and  arouTid  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic.  As  a  race  they  possess  fine  physical 
forms,  and  are  strong,  active,  ardent,  and  daring.  Un- 
fortunately, however,  these  original  qualifies  of  the  race 
have  greatly  degenerated  in  the  mass  of  the  people,  who, 
having  been  degraded  by  the  privileged  classes  into  mere 
serfs,  have  sunk  to  the  level  of  their  condition.  In  this  it 
is  e.isy  to  trace  a  primary  cause  of  the  disasters  which  have 
befallen  Poland,  and  enabled  her  enemies  to  succeed,  by  a 
series  of  unprincipled  aggressions,  in  blotting  her  out 
from  the  map  of  Europe.  A  minority  of  her  people  held 
the  vast  m.ijority  in  liondage,  and  the  latter,  as  if  conscious 
that  they  had  nothing  to  lose  by  a  change  of  masters,  left 
the  battle  of  freedom  to  be  fought  by  those  who,  instead  of 
allowing  it  to  be  enjoyed  by  all  as  a  common  boon,  had 
selfishly  and  unjustly  monopolized  it.  The  prevailing  re- 
ligion of  the  Poles  is  the  Roman  Catholic;  but  since  the 
Russi.ins  became  masters  of  the  country,  they  have  labored 
ince.s.santly  and  systematicallj-  to  introduce  their  own  re- 
ligious system.  With  similar  zeal  and  perseverance  they 
are  also  aiming  at  the  extirpation  of  the  Polish  tongue  by 
discouraging  its  cultivation :  and  not  onl3'  is  Kussia'n  intro- 
duced into  the  public  schools,  but  the  knowledge  of  it  is 
madean  essential  requisite  for  office.  Among  the  numerous 
degradations  to  which  foreign  domination  subjects  the  Poles, 
there  is  none  to  which  they  appear  more  sensible  than  this 
attempt  to  complete  their  national  destruction  by  the  extir- 
pation of  their  native  tongue,  which  is  said  to  be  one  of  the 
riche.'^t  and  sweetest  of  the  Slavonian  dialects. 

Poland  was  first  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom  by  Otho 
III.,  emperor  of  Germany,  in  1025,  when  Boleslaus  Chrobry, 
who.  as  early  .is  S40,  had  been  acknowledged  chief  of  all  the 
Poles  dwelling  between  the  Vistula  and  the  AVarta,  became  its 
sole  monarch,  llis  reign  was  long  and  flourishing,  and  the 
Piast  dynasty  which  he  foundcl  continued  for  nearly  four 
centuries.  Upon  the  death  of  Casimir.  in  1370.  in  whom 
the  male  line  of  the  Piasts  became  extinct,  his  nephew, 
Louis  of  Hungary,  in  order  to  .secure  the  succession  to  his 
youngest  daughter,  Hedwig,  which  he  could  not  do  without 
innovating  on  the  constitution,  bestowed  upon  the  nobility 
privileges  with  so  lavish  a  hand,  as  virtually  to  make  them 
masters  of  the  crown  itself.  By  the  marriage  of  Hedwig 
with  Jagellon,  Duke  of  Lithuania,  that  duchy  became  united 
to  Poland,  and  the  kingdom  continued  to  flourish  for  cen- 
turies after:  yet  to  this  first  infringement  of  the  constitu- 
tion is  to  be  traced  the  remote  cause  of  the  ruin  which 
finally  overwhelmed  the  country.  The  first  actual  partition 
took  place  in  1772.  and  stripped  Poland  at  once  of  about  <> 
third  of  her  whole  territory,  the  respective  shares  of  the 
spoil  being — to  Prussia,  13,337;  Ausstri.o.  27,000;  and  li  nssia, 
42,000  square  miles.  A  second  partition  in  1793  gave  Pm»> 
sia  22,500,  and  Russia  96,500  square  miles.  The  Poles  now 
awoke  from  their  stupor,  and,  headed  by  the  heroic  Kosct 


POL 


POL 


nsko,  made  noMe  efforts  to  reiraiu  their  independence.  I!ut 
it  Wiis  too  late;  another  partition  took  place  in  1795.  and  the 
last  Kinij;  of  Poland,  degraded  into  a  pensionary  of  the  Rus- 
sian court,  died  at  St.  Petersburg  in  179S.  A  dawn  of  hope 
appeared  in  1S07,  when  Ikmaparte.  in  accordance  with  the 
terms  of  tlie  treaty  of  Tilsit,  formed  the  duchy  of  AVarsaw, 
which,  being  increased  in  1  SCO  by  tlie  addition  of  ^Vest  Galicia, 
extended  over  an  area  of  fiO.OOO  sijuare  miles,  and  contiined 
3.780.0(10  inhabitants.  In  ISl.o,  the  congress  of  A'ienna,  by 
an  arransemont  which  in  the  circumstances  looks  more  like 
insult  than  frenerosity.  erected  the  city  of  Cracow,  with  a 
t<>rritory  of  4RG  sinare  mile?  and  a  pop.  of  96,000.  into  a 
free  and  independent  repuVjlic.  The  sucj?essive  partitions 
bad  given  Austria  4.5.000  .square  mile.s,  with  5.000,000  in- 
habitants; Prussia,  .')7,000  .square  mile.s,  with  2.o.")0.000  in- 
habitants: and  Uussia.  180.000  square  miles,  with  4,000,000 
inhabitants.  About  two-thirds  of  the  Russian  share  was 
completely  incorporated  with  the  general  government,  and 
ceased  to  retain  any  distinctive  appellation;  but  the  re- 
mainder, containing  about  49,000  square  miles,  was  erected 
into  what  was  called  the  Kingdom  of  Poland,  and  received  a 
separate  constitution  from  the  Kmperor  Alexander,  drawn 
up  in  a  more  liberal  spiritthan  might  have  l)een  anticipated. 
It  appears,  however,  to  have  been  more  liberally  devised 
than  faithfully  executed;  and  the  Poles,  taking  occasion 
of  the  French  Revolution  of  I'^SO,  rashly  engaged  in  an 
insurrection,  which  has  only  furni.shed  Russia  with  a  pre- 
text for  riveting  their  chains  more  closely.  The  name, 
Kingdom  of  Poland,  is  still  given  to  that  portion  of  the 
Russian  territories,  hut  the  country  is  now  treated,  in  all 
respects,  as  an  integral  part  of  the  Russian  Empire.  It  is 
bounded,  N.  and  W.  by  the  territories  of  Prussia,  E.  by  the 
Russian  governments  of  Bialystok.  Grodno,  and  Volhynia, 
and  S.  by  .\ustrian  Galicia.  It  is  divided  into  the  govern- 
ment of  Warsaw,  the  capital,  (anc.  Masnt;ia  and  Kiilisz,) 
Radom.  fane.  Kielce  and  Samlnmie.);)  huhlia,  (anc.  J^dhidiia 
and  LuJiHn,)  Plock,  and  Augustowo;  has  an  area  of  37,120 
geographical  square  miles,  and  in  1850  had  a  population  of 
5,008,0*)0.  The  Republic  of  Cracow,  also,  after  maintaining 
a  feverish  existence  till  184(>.  was  seized  by  Austria,  and  in- 
corporated with  her  Kingdom  of  Galicia. Adj.  Po'lish; 

Inhab.  Pole  and  Po'lak,  (now  obsolete.) 

PO'LAXD,  a  post-township  of  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Androscoggin  River,  36  miles  S.W.  of 
Augustiu    Pop.  2740. 

rOL.WD,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Chautauqua  co., 
New  York.    Pop.  1794. 

POTi.^XD.  a  post-village  of  Ilerkimor  co.,  New  York,  on 
West  Can.ada  Creek,  15  miles  \.K.  of  Utica.  Cotton  gbod.s 
and  edge-tools  are  manufactured  here. 

Pitr^AXD,  a  neat  post-village  and  township  of  Mahoning 
CO..  Ohio,  on  Yellow  Creek,  174  miles  N.K.  of  Columbus. 
The  country  is  rich  and  poptilous,  and  is  amply  supplied 
with  iron  and  coal.  Poland  contains  2churches,  1  academy, 
1  iron  foundry,  and  mills  of  various  kinds.  The  township  is 
intersected  by  the  Mahoning  River  and  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio  Canal.     Pop.  229a. 

POL.WD  a  pnst-offlce  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana. 

POLAND  CKXTRE.  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co..  New 
York,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Maysville. 

POLAND  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio. 

POL.\XGKN',  po1dng-en,a  frontier  market-town  of  Russi.a, 
government  of  Courland,  on  the  Baltic,  42  miles  W.  of  Telsh. 
Pop.  1500.  In  1831,  the  Poles  were  here  defeated  by  the 
Russians. 

POLANIEC,  po-Un'yMs,  or  POLANCEC,  po-ianfsJts,  a 
town  of  Poland,  province,  and  28  miles  S.W.  of  Saudomier. 
Pop.  1818. 

PO'LAR  RE'GTONS,  the  zones  included  within  the  Arctic 
and  Antarctic  Circles.  The  North  Polar  Regions  have  ob- 
tained an  interest  from  the  several  attempts  to  find  a  pas- 
sage through,  either  from  the  N.E.  or  the  N.W.  The  nearest 
approach  to  the  North  Pole  was  by  Captain  Parry,  who 
reached  lat.  82°  45'  N.,  Ion.  19°  25'  E.  Captiin  Franklin,  in 
his  first  expedition,  penetrated  a  considerable  way  westward, 
and  set  out  on  a  second  exploration.  May  23, 1845.  Captain 
Cook  penetrated  to  the  South  Pole  as  far  as  lat.  67°  30'  S., 
ion.  39°  E..  and  to  lat.  71°  10'  S..  in  Ion.  110°W.  Sir  James 
Ross  penetrated  to  lat.  78°  10'  S.,  in  Ion.  170°  E.,  and  dis- 
covered Victoria  Land. 

POLAR  SEA,  NORTH.    See  Arctic  Oce.^n. 

POLAR  SEA,  SOUTH.    See  Ant.^rctic  Ocean. 

POL.\UN,  po'lOwn,  (Oder,  olhPT,  and  Nieder,  nee'der.) 
two  villaires  of  Rohemia.  60  miles  N.E.  of  Prague.    Pop.  2500. 

POLClt.  polK,  or  POLLICII.  polliK.  a  market-town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Coblehtz.     Pop.  1700. 

POLK'BROOK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

POLEX.  and  POLE.    Pee  Poland. 

PO I- ES  E L L  A.  po-l.'l-s Jia.t,  a  mar  ket-to wn  of  Austrwn  Italy, 
province  of  Polesine,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po,  7  miles 
■g.S.W.  of  Rovigo.     Pop.  1132. 

POLESINE,  po-li-see'nA,  (L.  Polexihmm  Sanlivi'ti,)  a  vil- 
lage of  Italy,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po,  24  miles  N.W. 
ii  Parma.     Pop.  2525. 

POLESWORTH,  pOIz'w^rth,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 


Warwick,  with  a  station  on  the  Trent  Talley  Railway,  i 
miles  N.N.W.  of  .\therstone. 

POLIA,  po'le-d.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabri;^ 
Ultra  II.,  S.  of  Nicastro.     Pop.  1500. 

POLI.^NI.  po-le-3'nee,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  19  miles  S.E.  of  Minsk.     Pop.  1500. 

POLICANDRO,  pol-ekdu'dro,  an  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  government  of  Naxos.  16  miles  E.  of  Mi!o 
Area,  20  square  miles.  Pop.  2ii0.  The  surface  is  rugged, 
but  it  yields  sufficient  corn.  Ac.  for  home  consuuiptiou.  On 
it  is  a  village  of  the  s;ime  name. 

POLICASTRO,  po-le-lcls'tro,  (anc.  Pyx'w.?,  afterwards  R/av 
enUiim.)  a  maritime  town  of  Najdes,  province  of  Principafo 
Citra,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Policastra,  22  miles  S 
of  Diano.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  a  bishop's  see.  and  has  a  Gothic 
cathedral,  and  an  active  fishery. 

POLICASTRO  or  POLEOCASTRO,  po-LWkas'tro.  a  towr 
of  X'aples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  18  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Cotrone.     Pop.  4200. 

POLICZKA,  po-Ieech'ka,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  28  miles  S.E 
of  Chrudim.     Pop.  with  suburbs,  3626. 

POLIGN.iC,  po'leen'ydk',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaute-Loire,  near  the  Loire,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Le  Puy. 
Pop.  21.34.     Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  celebrated  castle. 

POLIGNANO,  po-leen-yd'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province, 
and  26  miles  E.S.K.  of  Bari,  near  the  .•Vdriatic.     Pop.  4500. 

POLIGNY.  po'leen^yee',  a  town  of  Fi'ance,  department  of 
.Tura,  14  miles  N.E.  of  lA)ns-le-Saulnier.  Pop.  in  1852,  5718 
It  has  a  communal  college,  manufactures  of  hosiery,  earthen- 
ware, glue,  saltpetre,  and  leather. 

POLILLO,  po-lil'lo,  or  po-leel'yo,  one  of  the  Philippine 
I.slands,  in  Malay  Archipelago.  E.  of  Luzon;  lat.  15°  6'  N.. 
Ion.  12-2°  6'  E.  Length.  30  miles;  breadth,  20  miles.  Soil 
fertile.  In  its  centre  is  Mount  Malolo.  The  village  of  PoliUo 
is  on  its  W.  side. 

PO'LIXG  or  POOL'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suf». 
sex,  2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Little  Hampton.  Near  it  are  traces  of 
a  Roman  bath. 

POLISTINA,  po-lLs-tcc/ni,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  I.,  district,  and  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Palmi. 
Pop.  4000. 

POLITZ,  po'lits,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussia,  provine-j 
of  Pomerania,  9  miles  N.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Oder.     P.  2320. 
POLITZ  or  POLICE,  po-leefsA,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  28 
miles  N.E.  of  Koniggratz.     Pop.  1.399. 

POLIZZI,  po-lif.--ee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  iutendency  of  Paler- 
mo, 17  miles  S.W.  of  Oefalu.     Pop.  4000. 

POLK.  pCk,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
formed  since  1851.    Pop.  in  1860.  6295. 

POLK,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area  of 
about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Trinity 
Rivei',  navigable  for  steamboats.  The  surface  is  nearly  level. 
Much  of  the  soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  the  valley  of  Trinity 
River.  Capital,  Livingston.  Pop.  8300,  of  whom  4102  were 
free. 

POLK,  a  county  of  Arkansas,  situ.ated  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  state,  bordering  on  the  Indian  Territory,  contains  al)Out 
1150  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  the 
Washita  River.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  traversed 
by  numerous  streams  which  furnish  water-power.  The 
soil  and  climate  are  adapted  to  the  growth  of  wheat,  maize 
■fee.  It  is  stilted  that  the  highlands  are  rich  in  mineralii, 
amcJng  which  are  iron,  lead,  silver,  &c.  Capital,  Dallas. 
Pop.  4262,  of  whom  4090  were  free. 

POLK,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Tenne.ssee, 
bordering  on  North  Carolina  and  Georgia:  area  estimated  at 
400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Iliawassee  and 
Amoee  Rivers.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  mostly 
covered  with  forests.  Exten.sive  de>posits  of  copper  ore  have 
been  found  in  this  county.  Capital,  Benton.  Pop.  8726,  of 
whom  8292  were  free,  and  434  slaves. 

POLK,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  5Iissouri,  has 
an  area  of  625  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  N. 
by  Pomme  de  Terre  River,  intersected  in  the  S.W.  part  by 
the  East  Fork  of  Sac  River,  and  also  drained  by  Lindley's 
Creek.  The  general  surface  is  undulating  or  level,  and  ia 
diversified  by  prairies  and  forests.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and 
abounds  with  springs  of  limestone  water.  Iron  and  lead 
are  abundant.  Capital,  Bolivar.  Pop.  9995,  of  w  horn  9453 
were  free,  and  512  slaves. 

POLK,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area 
of  576  squ.are  miles.  The  Des  Moines  River  flows  through 
the  middle  in  a  S.E.  direction ;  Skunk  River  traverses  the 
N.E.  part;  and  the  S.  part  is  drained  by  Racoon,  North, 
South,  and  Middle  Rivers.  The  soil  is  highly  productive. 
Stone  coal  is  found  in  several  parts  of  the  county.  Capital, 
Des  Moines.    Pop.  11,625. 

POLK,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsip,  con- 
tains about  850  square  miles.  The  St.  Croix  River  forms 
it.s  entire  boundary  on  the  W.,  separating  it  from  Minnesota; 
it  is  also  drained  Ity  Apple  River.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
and  extensively  covered  with  forests  in  which  the  pine  is 
found.  Formed  in  1853,  out  of  the  N.  part  of  St.  Croix  co. 
Capital,  St.  Croix  Falls.  Pop.  1400. 
POLK,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Oregon,  has  an  area 

1509 


POL 

MtfihiU  e  J  v'  about  SOO  square  miles.  It  is  boundeil  on  the 
W.  by  \Iiu  Coast  Range,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Willainette 
Kiver.  It  i?  drained  by  La  Creole  Kiver,  and  by  the  S.  fork 
of  the  Y  rim  Hill.  The  soil  in  the  E.  part  is  fertile.  Capital, 
Dallas.    Population,  3625. 

POLK,  a  t.iwnship  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  915. 

POLK,  .a  small  post-Tillage  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

POLK,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Georgia. 

polk!  a  township  in  .\rkansas  co.,  Arkansas.     Pop.  322. 

POLK,  a  township  in  L'allas  co..  .\rkansas.     Pop.  429. 

POLK,  a  township  in  Montgomery  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop. 
3r)8. 

POLK,  a  township  in  Newton  co.,  Arkansas.    Pop.  137. 

POLK,  a  post-otlic^  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio. 

POLK,  u  tuwn-^Iiip  of  Crawford  co..  Oliio.    Pop.  2910. 

POLK,  a  townsiiip  of  Monroe  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  690. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Green  co.,  .Missouri. 

POLK,  a  villasa  in  Lucas  co.,  Iow.i,  ne-ir  Charitmi  River, 
110  miles  S.W.  liy  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

POLK,  a  village  in  JIahaska  co.,  Iowa,  near  Des  Moines 
Biver.  SO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Towa  City. 

POLK,  a  townsiiip  of  Washington  county,  Wisconain,  36 
mlUs  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.    Pop.  2157. 

POLK  CITY,  a  village  of  Polk  co,  Iowa,  17  miles  N.  of 
Jort  Des  Moines. 

POLK  P.VTCIL  a  post-office  of  Warrick  co.,  Indiana. 

POLK  PRAIRIE,  a  small  village  of  Columbi.i  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

POLK  RUN.  a  post-ofRce  of  Clark  co.,  Indiana. 

POLKS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co..  Geoi-gia. 

POLKTON.  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Ottawa  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  12-22. 

POLKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co..  Xew  York. 

POLKVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey. 

POLKVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

POLKVILLE,  a  post-office.  Cleveland  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

POLKVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Kentucky. 

POLKVILLE,  a  small  village  of  AVhitefield  co.,  Georgia. 

POLKVILLE.  a  postofllee  of  Ben  ton  CO..  .\labama,  5  miles 
E.  of  Coosa  River.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Jacksonville.  Here  is  an 
iron  furnace  and  forge. 

POLKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Mississippi. 

POLKVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

POLKVILLE,  a  small  vill.ige  of  Macon  CO..  Missouri. 

POLKWITZ,  polk'wits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  20 
miles  N.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1800. 

POLLA,  poind,  (anc.  Fi/rum  PfipUfii^  a  town  of  Naples. 
T)rovince  of  Principjito  Citra.  in  the  Val  di  Diano,  on  the 
Tanagro.  10  miles  N.X.W.  of  Sala.  Pop.  .5000.  It  has  some 
industry  in  sewing  silk,  and  weaving  coarse  woollen  cloths 
And  caps. 

POL^LACAS'TY  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  into 
Meherria  River  a  few  miles  above  Winton,  in  Hertford 
county. 

POL'LARD'S  MILLS,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Greenup  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

POLLARD'S  TAN-YARD,  a  post-office  of  Caldwell  co., 
Kentucky. 

POLLE,  pol'leh,  a  village  of  Hanover,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Weser,  38  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hanover.    Pop.  1231. 

POLLEXZA.  pol-lSn'zi,  (anc.  Billm'tvi.)  a  town  of  the  is- 
land of  Majorca,  on  its  N.  side.  28  miles  N.E.  of  Palnia.  Pop. 
6402.  It  stands  about  2  miles  W.  of  the  Bay  of  PoUenza, 
and  has  a  handsome  church,  a  Jesuits'  college,  and  active 
manufactures  of  fine  black  woollen  cloth.  The  bay,  large 
and  secure,  is  firmed  by  two  narrow  peninsulas,  the  points 
of  which  are  called  the  Capes  Formenton  and  del  Pinar. 

POLLERSKIRCIIEN,  poiaers^kgeaK^gn,  a  market-town  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Cz:islau.     Pop.  959. 

POLLEUR,  pol'lcR/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Liege.    Pop.  1557. 

POLLINA.  pnl-Iee'nJ.  a  town  and  river  of  Sicily. 

POLLINCHOVE,  pol'lin-KoVeh,  or  POLLI.NCKIIOVE, 
pollink-ko^vfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  on  the  Yser,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1740. 

POI/LINGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
lUding. 

POLLNOW,  poU'nov.  sometimes  written  POLLNO  and  POL- 
NO,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  I'omerania,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Coslin.     Pop.  1.390. 

POLLOCK'S,  a  small  post-village  of  Randolph  CO..  Illinois. 

POL'LOCKSIIAWS/,  a  burgh  of  barony,  and  town  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  llenfrew.  on  the  White  Cart,  here  crossed  by  a 
stone  bridge  of  2  arches,  1\  miles  S.W.  of  GLisgow.  Pop.  in 
1851.  6080.  It  comprises  several  streets,  and  has  a  neat 
church,  a  town-hall,  and  a  branch  bank.  Weaving  silk  and 
cottons  by  hand  and  power  looms,  cotton  spinning  and 
bleaching,  calico  printing,  and  fancv  dyeing,  are  carried  on 
to  a  considerable  extent  The  Pollock  and  Govan  Railway 
connects  the  coal-fields,  3  miles  S.  of  Glasgow,  with  that  citv. 
Pt)iyLOCKSVlLLE,  a  post-vjllage  of  Jones  co..  North 
Carolina. 

POLLONE,  pol-lo'n.i,  a  vlUage  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  province,  and  near  Biella.    Pop.  1653. 
1510 


POL 

POLLUTRO,  pol-loo'tro.  a  town  of  Naples.  proTince  of 
Abruzzo  Citra,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  II  Vasto.    Pop.  1300. 

POL'MONT,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling, 
with  a  station  on  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Railway,  4 
miles  E.  of  Falkirk.  It  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  DtUie 
of  Hamilton. 

POLXA.  pol'n^.  a  town  of  Bohemia.  33  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Ozaslau.  Pop.  4916,  employed  in  woollen  weaving  and  in 
large  iron-mini  s. 

I'OLNO,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Pollnow. 

POLO,  pi/lo.  au  island  of  the  Philippines,  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Luzon.  Lat.  15°  N.,  Ion. 
122°  W  E. 

POLOCHIC,  polo-cheek',  a  river  of  Central  .^imerica,  state 
of  Guatemala,  department  of  Vera  Paz.  rises  in  the  district 
of  Cob.an,  Hows  mostlj'  E.S.E..  .and  after  a  course  of  about 
120  mile.s,  entere  the  Golfo  Dulce,  whence  it  is  navigable  to 
the  vilhige  of  Pelawan.  In  one  place  it  is  crossed  by  a 
curi'ius  suspension  bridge. 

POLOCK.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  PoiOTZK. 

POLOGNE.  a  country  of  Europe.    See  PoiAxn. 

POLONGIIEKA.  po-ion-g!i'r3.  a  vill.Hge  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  aVK>nt  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Saluzzo.    Pop.  172S. 

POLONIA.    See  Poland. 

POLONK.\,  po-IonHiJ.  a  m.irket  town  of  Rus,oian  Poland, 
government  of  Grodno,  IS  miles  I'l.N.E.  of  Slonim.     P.  15S0. 

POLONOE.  po-li/niv^  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Volhyuia.  51  miles  W.  of  Zhitomeer.    Pop.  1730. 

POLOP,  pi-Iop',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  province, 
and  N.E.  of  Alicante.    Pop.  1902. 

POLOPOS.  po-lo'pace,  a  village  of  Spain.  Andalusia.  al>out 
4  miles  from  Granad.a.  near  the  Mt-Jiterranean.     I'op.  1680. 

POLOTZK,  po-lot.«k',  written  also  POLOCK,  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  government,  and  00  miL\s  W.N.W.  of  Vi- 
tebsk, at  the  contiuence  of  the  Dwina  and  the  Polota.  Pop 
9<100.  It  has  a  kremlin,  or  citadel,  numerous  ancient 
churches  and  mona.steries,  a  .Tesnits'  college,  and  a  district 
school  for  nobles.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  from  the 
Poles  in  1579.  and  airain  in  1655. 

POLPENAZZE.  pol-pA-n.1t'.sA.  a  village  of  Northern  It.ily, 
government  of  Milan,  6  miles  S.  of  Salo.     Pop.  1229. 

POLPER'RO,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall, 
91  miles  S.S.W.  of  Liskeard.    Pop.  699. 

POI/STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

POLTAVA,  pol-ti'va.  also  written  PULTOWA  and  PUL 
TAW.\.  a  government  of  South  Russia,  between  kit.  4S°  25' 
and  51°  6'  N.,  and  l.m.  30°  45'  and  .3i .°  40'  E..  enclosed  by  the 
governments  Tchernigov,  Koorsk.  Kharkov.  Vekaterinuslav, 
Kherson,  and  Kiev,  from  which  last  two  the  Dnlep<^r  sop* 
rates  it  on  the  W.  Area,19.04u.squaremiles.  Pop.  1 .66.3,634. 
The  surface  is  a  level  plain,  with  only  a  few  hills  on  the 
banks  of  the  Dnieper,  of  which  river  the  Soola,  Psiol.  and 
Vorskla  are  the  affluents.  The  soil  is  excellent.  Corn  is 
cultivated  for  exportation.  Hemp,  flax,  red  pi>pper.  tobacco, 
and  fruits  are  a}so  rai.>.ed.  Live  stock  are  reared  in  Large 
numbers,  and  honey  and  silk  are  importint  products.  Manu- 
factures-have latterly  made  some  progress,  and  linen,  wool- 
len and  cotton  fiibrics.  leather,  and  candles  are  made. 

POLTAV.\,  the  capital  of  the  above  govemment.  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Vorskla.  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kharkov.  I'op. 
20,071.  It  stands  on  an  eminoncs.  and  is  regularly  built, 
though  chiefly  of  wood;  it  is  enclosed  by  pl.anted  walks  on 
the  site  of  its  former  ramparts.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  col- 
lege, a  convent,  and  three  large  annual  faii-s.  In*its  prln^ 
cip.ll  square  is  a  monument  to  Pet ei  the  G re.at.  who  hero, 
on  the  27th  of  June.  1709,  gained  a  decisive  victory  over 
Charles  XII..  then  obliged  to  escape  into  Turkey. 

POL'TIMORE,  a  parish  of  England,  m.  of  Devon. 

PO  I/TON,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Kent. 

POLV.\DERA,  pol-vJ-d.Vri  a  village  in  the  interior  of 
New  Mexico,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte. 

POI/AVORTH,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  en.  of  Berwick,  4  miles 
S.W.  of  Dunse.  In  it  is  Marchmont  7Iou.se.  the  seat  of  Sir 
Huu'h  II.  Campbell.  Bart.,  proprietor  of  the  parish. 

POllVNESIA,  polVnee'she-.a.  {i.e..  "many  Lslands.")  in- 
cludes the  multitude  of  i.slan'ds  scattered  over  the  Pacifls 
Ocean,  and  comprehends  a  belt  chiefly  within  r!0  degfres  on 
each  ftjde  of  the  equator,  and  from  Ion.  135°  E.  to  135°  W 
Including  New  Zealand,  the  boundary  extends  S.  of  the 
e<inator  to  lat.  47°  S.  The  islands  are  distributed  into 
numerous  groups;  and  these  groups,  of  an  elongated  form, 
have  a  general  direction  from  N.W.  to  S.E..  and  are  composed 
of  one  or  more  larger  islands,  and  numerous  smaller  ones 
The  principal  irroups  to  the  N.  of  the  equator  are  the  Pelew, 
Ladrone  or  Jlarian.a.  Caroline.  Kadack.  5Iar.«haII.  Gilbert, 
and  Sandwich  Islands.  S.  of  the  equator  are  New  Ireland; 
New  Hebrides.  New  Britain.  Feejee,  Friendly.  Navig-^tor's, 
Solomon's.  Society,  MendaCa  or  .Marquesas.  Low  .\rrhipelago. 
Cook's,  Austral,  and  other  minor  groups,  besides  num  rous 
detached  isl.ands,  as  Easter  and  Pitcalru  Islands  Witj  the 
exception  of  Hawaii,  the  largest  isl.and  of  Polynesia,  the 
most  considerable  of  the  others  range  from  20  to  CO  and  100 
miles  in  circumference,  while  many  do  not  exceed  a  mile  or 
two  in  length.  The.se  islands  are  all.  more  »>r  !«is.  of  coral 
formation,  the  Low  Archipelago,  Society  Islaudii,  Marshall, 


POL 


POxM 


and  Carolines  presenting  the  regular  atoll  form,  with  cir- 
cul.ir  reefs  and  lagoons.  The  Friendly.  New  Ilebiides.  Solo- 
mon's, and  Sandwich  Islands  present  fringed  reefs,  and  have 
ft/^tive  rolramoes — the  summits  of  the  mountains  varying 
from  2000  to -13.000  feet.  In  the  lower  coral  islands,  the 
elevations  do  not  exceed  500  feet.  In  the  atoll  coral  islands, 
Darwin  has  supposed  that  a  depression  of  surface  is  taking 
place,  and  that  the  volcanic  islands  are  either  stationary  or 
rising. 

The  temperature  of  Polynesi.^,  owing  to  the  counteracting 
influence  of  the  ocean,  is  comparatively  moderate,  and  the 
climate  is  delightful  and  salubrious.  .Mean  annual  tempe- 
rature of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  77°;  temperature  of  tlie 
Society  Islands,  from  70°  to  8o°,  and  rarely  90°  Fahrenheit. 
The  S.E.  tropical  wind  generally  prevails,  but  N.W.  and  S.VV. 
winds  are  not  uncommon.  Thunder-storms  and  water- 
spouts are  common.  Hurricanes  are  rare,  and  enrthriuakes 
slight  and  not  of  frequent  occurrence.  The  refreshing  cool- 
ness of  the  trade-winds,  and  a  regular  but  not  excessive 
supply  of  moisture,  are  favorable  to  a  luxuriant  vegetation. 
The  soil  in  the  valleys  and  in  the  river-courses  is  a  rich  vol- 
canic mould;  on  the  mountains  it  is  less  fertile.  Both  vege- 
table and  animal  productions  are  limited  as  to  number  of 
species.  In  the  islands  of  the  middle  and  eastern  divisions 
not  more  than  5U0  species  of  plants  are  found.  This  num- 
ber increases  towards  the  "W.  and  N.W.  The  bread-fruit, 
peculiar  to  this  region,  the  cocoa,  banana,  plantain,  banyan, 
Bugar-cane.  yam.  and  cotton-plant,  paper  mulberry,  and  a 
species  of  chestnut,  are  indigenous.  Other  trees  and  plants 
of  tropical  climates  have  been  introduced,  and  ttourish  ;  and 
arrow-root,  sweet  potatoes,  the  common  potato,  and  maize,  are 
now  reared  abundantly.  There  are  several  species  of  timber- 
trees,  especially  sandal-wood;  a  few  spices,  and  ornamental 
flowers,  which,  however,  have  little  odor  or  decided  color.  The 
islands  were  all  remarkably  deficient  in  animals,  thus  indi- 
cating their  isolated  and  comparatively  recent  origin.  Ilogs, 
dogs,  and  rats  were  the  only  quadrupeds;  snakes  .ind  other 
reptiles  are  confined  to  Navigators'  group;  vampire  bats  ai-e 
found  in  some  of  the  islands.  Land  birds  are  not  numerous, 
owls,  parroquets,  pigeons,  and  some  pansfrinm  forming  the 
most  remarkable ;  wild  ducks  and  other  water-fowls  aiii  more 
plentiful.  Turtles  resort  in  great  numbers  to  many  locali- 
ties, and  fish  are  plentiful  on  the  coasts.  Several  species  of 
whiile.s,  the  cach.alot  or  sperm  whale.  Cape  whale,  hump- 
back, and  black-fish  are  peculiar  to  the  seas  of  tlie  I'acific, 
and  their  capture  has  been  the  chief  inducement  for  ships 
to  visit  these  regions.  Oxen  have  been  introduced  from 
New  South  Wales,  and  thrive  well ;  and  horses  from  South 
America. 

The  natives  of  Polyne.sia  are  in  general  a  well-formed,  tall, 
active,  and  intelligent  people.  They  consist  of  two  distinct 
races,  one  .apparently  of  Malay  origin,  by  far  the  most  nu- 
merous and  intellectual.  They  are  spread  over  all  the  central 
and  E.  portion  of  Polynesia,  and  speak  one  common  language, 
though  varying  in  dialects.  The  other,  a  negro  or  Papuan 
race,  with  negro  features  and  color,  and  crisped,  mop-like 
hair,  growing  in  separate  tufts,  are  confined  to  tho  AV.  part 
of  Polynesia,  and  inhabit  partly  or  wholly  New  Guinea, 
New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  the  Solomon  Islands,  New  Cale- 
donia, New  Hebrides,  and  pjirt  of  the  Ladrone  Islands. 
They  speak  a  distinct  language,  and  exhibit  an  intellect  of 
an  inferior  grade.  These  were  probalily  the  first  settlers  of 
the  islands.  In  some  of  the  I'olynesian  islands  there  is  a 
partial  intermixture  of  the  two  races,  and  in  otliers  an 
apparent  Caucasian  intermixture,  indicated  by  the  ample 
beard  and  prominence  of  the  features. 

Some  of  the  western  islands,  as  the  Ladrones.  were  dis- 
covered by  Magellan  in  1521.  the  Manjuesas  by  Mendafta  in 
1595,  but  it  was  not  till  1767  that  Wallls.  and  subsequently 
Cook,  explored  and  described  the  le.ading  i.slands  of  this 
region.  Soon  after  this,  missionaries  began  to  settle  here, 
and,  after  many  discouragements,  have  at  last  succeeded  in 
promoting  Christianity  and  civilization  in  some  of  the  prin- 
cipal islands,  though  cannibalism  and  savage  ferocity  still 
prevail  in  the  majority.  In  18-1:4  there  were  45  Ihitish  and 
American  missionary  stations  in  Polynesia,  the  principal 
being  in  the  Sandwich  I.slands,  Tahiti,  and  Society  Islands. 
Friendly  Islands,  Feejee  Islands.  New  Hebrides,  and  llervey 
Islands.  The  population  of  these  islands  varies  continually 
ttom  wars,  migrations,  and  occasional  pestilence.  Tahiti 
and  some  others,  when  first  discovered,  were  conjectured  to 
be  greatly  more  populous  than  at  present;  but  no  proper 
data  exist  for  affording  even  an  approximation  to  the  real 
numbers.  Probably  the  population  of  the  whole  of  Poly- 
nesia does  not  exceed  a  million  or  a  million  and  a  half.  (For 
further  information,  see  the  individual  groups  and  islands.) 
.\dj.  and  inhab,  Polynesian,  pi»r-e-nee'she-an. 

POLZIN,  polt-seen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  I'omerania.  31 
miles  S.W.  of  Coslin.  Pop.  3030.  It  h;is  a  castle,  mineral 
baths,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  leather,  and  tO: 
bacco. 

POMAB.\^MB.^,  po-mJ-bSm'bd,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  depart 
ment.  and  70  miles  3.K.  of  Chunuisaca. 

POM.\RANCE.  a  village  of  Tuscany.     See  Pomerance. 

POMAllAPE,  po-md-ri/pA,  a  mountain  peak  of  the  Andes, 


in  Bolivia.    Lat.  18°  8'  S.,  Ion.  60°  3'  W.     Height,  21,700 
leet. 

POM.ATvIA,  a  small  village  of  Lexington  aistrlct,  South 
Carolina. 

PO.M  AUI  A.  a  post-office,  Newberry  district.  South  Carolinx 

POMAKICO,  po-mi're-ko.  a  town  of  Naple.s,  province  oi 
Basilicata,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Matera.     Pop.  4'JOO. 

POMAIIO,  i)o-md'ro,  a  town  of  Parma,  Is  miles  S.W.  of 
Piacenza.     Pop.  2119. 

PO.MAT.\,  po-md'td,  a  village  of  Bolivia,  department,  and 
97  miles  W'.N.W.  of  La  Paz,  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  Lake  Titi- 
caca.  13,040  feet  above  se.vlevel. 

POM.\Z,  po'maz'.  a  village  of  Ilungarv,  CO.,  and  12  miles 
N.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2739. 

POMBA  (pom'bd)  BAY,  one  of  the  finest  harbors  on  the 
E.  coast  of  .\fricji.  150  miles  N.  of  .Moz.imbi(iue.  in  lat.  12° 
27'  S.,  Ion.  40°  25'  E.,  9  miles  in  length  by  0  miles  across, 
with  suilicient  depth  for  the  largest  ships. 

POMBAL,  poni-bdl',  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  F.stremadura, 
on  a  hill  near  the  Sora,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Leiria.  Pop.  5U00. 
It  has  3  churches,  a  provincial  asylum,  manufactures  of 
hats,  and  large  weekly  markets. 

POMBAL,  pom-bdl',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  140 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Bahia. 

POMBAL,  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  Pianco.  province,  and 
250  miles  W.  of  I'arahiba.     Pop.  4000. 

PO.MBA,  VILLA  DA,  veel'ld  dd  pom'brt,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Minas  Genies,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Pumba.  (iO 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Ouro  Preto.  Pop.  of  the  district,  12.000, 
chiefly  employed  in  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar-cane. 

P0M15EIK().  pom-bi'e-ro,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Minho,  ne.ar  Guimar.aens.     Pop.  786. 

PO.MHEIliO,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira  ISaixa.  near  Cea.     Pop.  1130. 

PO.MBl.'V.  poni'be-d.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Piedmont,  division  of  .\ovara.  near  Borgoticino.     Pop.  1109. 

POMEKANCE.  pr>-mA-rdn'cliA,  POMAKANCE.  po-md-rdn'- 
chA,  or  RIPOMOKA.NCE,  re-pi>mo-rdii'ch,4.  a  village  of  'f  us- 
cany,  province  of  Pisa,  in  the  Maremma,  7  miles  S.  of  Vol- 
terra.  and  near  the  famous  bora.x  lagoons.     Pop.  2000. 

I'OMERANIA,  pom-e-rd/ne-a,  (/.>?.'■  upon  the  sea;"  Ger. 
Pommern,  pom'm^rn.)  a  maritime  province  of  Prussia, 
mostly  N.  of  lat.  53°  N.,  and  stretching  along  the  Biillic  from 
ion.  12°  30'  to  1S°  E.,  having  landward  the  provinces  of  West 
Prussia  and  Brandenburg,  and  Mecklenliurg.  Area,  12,304 
square  miles.  IVjp.  1,389,739,  chiefly  Protestants.  The  sur- 
face is  level,  and  in  many  parts  marshy.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Oder,  I'e.sante.  and  Stolpe.  The  coasts  are 
low,  sandy,  defended  by  dikes,  and  bordered  by  numerous 
inlets.  The  island  of  I'.Ugen  is  comprised  in  tlie  province. 
The  soil  is  not  very  fei-tile.  The  principal  crops  are  wheat, . 
barley,  rye.  oats,  potatoes,  flax,  hemp,  and  ti>lia<co.  Agri- 
culture and  the  rearing  of  cattle  and  poultry,  ship-buildiiig, 
manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen  stuffs,  iron  and  glass 
wares,  tanning,  brewing,  and  di.stiliing,  are  the  principal 
branches  of  industry.  The  SJjlmon  and  sturgeon  fisheries 
are  very  productive,  and  smoked  geese  are  important  articles 
of  trade.  The  province  consists  of  the  governments  of 
Stettin,  Stralsund.  and  Coslin. Adj.  and  inhab.  Pome- 
ranian, pom-f  r-A'ne-an. 

POMEKIE.  an  island  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Africa. 

PO.M'EHOON',  the  northernmost  liver  of  Briiish  Guiana, 
enters  the  Atlantic  40  miles  N.W.  of  tiie  estuary  of  the  Esse- 
quibo.  The  tract  on  the  coast  around  its  mouth  is  of  the 
highest  fertility ;  and  an  acre  has  been  known  to  yield  6000 
pounds  of  sugar,  or  20,000  pounds  of  farinaceous  food  in  a 
year. 

POM'EROY,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Tyrone,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Dungauuon.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
about  450. 

POM'EROY,  a  post-oflice  of  Greenville  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

PO.MEROY,  a  post-village  of  Salisbury  township,  and 
capital  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River.  100  miles  S.E. 
of  Columbus.  It  is  built  on  a  narrow  strip  of  land,  which 
is  enclosed  between  the  river  and  a  range  of  rugged  and 
precipitous  hills.  Including  the  adjoining  villages  of  Coal- 
port,  Minersville,  Carltonville.  and  .Middleport,  which  m.ay 
be  regarded  as  portions  of  tlie  sjnne  town,  it  extends  nearly 
three  miles  along  the  river.  Pomeroy  owes  its  rapid  growth 
and  prosperity  chieliy  to  the  abundance  and  supeiior  (juality 
of  the  stone  coal  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  In  1851, 
above  five  million  bushels  were  mined  and  exported  froni 
this  place,  and  tlie  trade  is  increasing.  During  the  summer 
of  1851,  a  company  was  formed  here  for  manufacturing  salt, 
with  a  capital  of  $25,000  Two  wells  were  sunk  to  the 
depth  of  lUOO  feet,  each  of  which  discharges  50  gallons  of 
water  per  minute,  containing  9.5  per  cent,  of  salt.  The 
qualitj-  of  the  article  produced  is  said  to  be  very  superior. 
Since  the  success  of  this  attempt,  five  or  six  other  companies 
have  l)een  formed,  with  a  like  capital;  and  it  is  confidently 
expected  that  in  a  short  time  the  manufacture  (A  salt  will 
be  carried  on  here  more  extensively  than  at  any  other  place 
in  the  Western  States.  Pomeroy  contains  sereral  churches. 
1  or  2  newspaper  offices,  a  national  benk,  and  2  foundries. 

1011 


POM 

Lrtld  out  in  1841.  In  1S50  it  contained  16.0S  inhabitants  ex- 
clusive of  the  aiijoining  villages.  Pop.  of  the  township  in 
ISCO,  7957. 

PGM'FRET,  a  town  of  En<rland.    See  Pon-tefract. 

PCM'FRKT,  a  post-township  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont, 
intersected  by  the  Vermont  Central  Kaili-oad,  4o  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Jlontpe'lier.     Pop.  1376. 

POMFUKT,  a  postrvillaie  and  township  of  Windham  co.. 
Connecticut,  with  a  station  on  the  Xorwich  and  Worcester 
Railroad,  and  on  QuinebauR  River,  33  mile.s  N.  by  E.  of 
Norwich.  It  hits  some  manufactures  of  print.s,  &c.  The 
township  is  celebrated  as  containing  the  cave  iu  which 
Putnani  killed  the  wolf.    Pop.  1073. 

POMKRET.  a  township  of  Chautaiiqxia  CO..  New  York,  on 
Lake  Erie,  is  intersected  by  the  Liike  Shore  Railroad.  Popu- 
lation. 4293. 

POMFRET  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Pomfret  township, 
■Windh.im  co.,  Connecticut,  on  Quinebaug  River. 

I'OMIGLUNO  D'ARCO,  po-meel-y5'no  daii'ko,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province,  and  8  miles  N.E.  of  Naples,  with  2  hand- 
some churches,  a  large  monastery,  and  an  hospital.  Pop. 
6900. 

POJISIE  DE  TERRE  (pomm  deh  tair)  RIVER,  of  Mis- 
souri, rises  in  Green  co..  and  falls  into  the  Osajre,  in  Benton 
CO.,  a  few  miles  S.W.  of  Wars;iw.  Its  geuend  course  is  N. 
by  W. 

POMMER<EUL,  pom'meh-rcl,  a  vilkige  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Hainaut,  on  the  Ilaine,  11  miles  W.  of  Mons.  Pop. 
1734. 

POMCVNA,  or  MAINO-AND,  the  largest  of  the  Orkney 
Islands,  and  nearly  in  their  centre.  Its  shape  is  very  irre- 
gular, and  it  is  divided  by  bays  into  two  principal  portions 
— the  W.  and  largest  16  miles  "in  length,  the  E.  part  9  miles 
in  length,  breadth  varying  to  7i  mile.i.  Total  area,  160 
square  miles.  Pop.  16.141.  Its  W.  coasts  are  precipitous, 
but  it  has  several  good  harbors;  and  that  of  Stroumess  is 
the  best  in  North  Scotland.  The  land  is  mostly  in  heath 
and  moors,  but  interspersed  with  several  tracts  of  fertile 
soil,  with  some  fresh-water  lakes,  as  those  of  Stannis,  Orphir, 
and  Birsay.  The  towns  of  Kirkwall  and  Stromness,  are  re- 
spectively on  its  E.  and  S.W.  coasts. 

PO.MO'NA,  a  post-office  of  St.  Charles  qo.,  Missouri. 

POMON'KEY.  a  post>office  of  Charles  co.,  Maryland. 

POMORZ.\NY,  po-moR-zd'nee',  a  small  town  of  Austrian 
Poland,  in  Galieia,  49  miles  E.S.E.  af  Lemberg. 

POMP.\.Dr)UR,  pAsi^piMooR',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment  of  Correze,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Tulle."  with  a  national 
stud,  and  a  clwteau  and  park,  given  by  Louis  XV.  to  Madame 
de  I'Etoile,  and  whence  she  took  the  title  of  .Marquise  de 
Pompadour. 
.     POMPANOO'SUC,  a  post-office  of  Windsor  co.,  A'ermont. 

POMPEII,  pom-pA'yee,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  situated 
near  the  sea,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Naples,  in  the  year  79  A.  D.. 
it  was  overwhelmed,  together  with  Ilerculaneum  and  some 
other  towns,  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius,  from  the  crater  of 
which  it  is  distant  about  live  miles.  For  more  than  sixteen 
centuries  its  existence  apiMjared  to  be  unknown,  and  its 
name  almost  forgotten.  But  in  1748,  some  peasants  em- 
ployed in  cutting  a  ditch  met  with  the  ruins  of  Pompeii, 
which  soon  became  an  object  of  interest  and  attention.  Ex- 
cavations were  commenced  in  1755,  and  h.ive  been  continued 
to  the  present  time.  About  two-tiflhs  of  the  town  have  been 
uncovered,  whence  it  appears  that  it  was  enclo.sed  by  walls, 
entered  liy  several  gat«s,  six  of  which  are  alivady  expo.sed. 
and  had  numerous  streets  paved  with  lava,  low,  teri-aced 
houses  of  one  story,  with  shops,  and  shop-signs  still  plainly 
visible,  several  mansions  of  a  superior  order,  a  chalcidicum, 
or  market-pl.ice,  two  theatres,  temples,  baths,  &c.  Every- 
thing seem.s  to  be  in  a  state  of  extraordinary  preservation. 
Not  only  statues,  medals,  jewels,  and  nejirly  every  kind  of 
household  furniture  have  been  found  almost  unaltered,  but 
even  books  and  paintings  m.iy  be  seen,  fitr  less  injured  than 
might  have  been  supposed,  when  we  take  into  consideration 
the  violent  catastrophe  which  destroyed  the  town,  and  the 
subsequent  lapse  of  so  many  ages.  Pompeii  not  having  been 
buried  by  lava,  but  with  tufa,  ashes,  and  scoriaj,  the  excava- 
tions are  much  more  cisily  effected  here  than  at  Ilercular 
neum.  Many  of  the  sm.iUer  objects,  statues,  urns,  utensils, 
and  manuscripts,  have  been  doposite<l  in  the  Museo  Borbo- 
nico  of  Naples,  and  the  palace  at  Portici.  A  French  hotel 
was  established  at  Pompeii  in  1849. 

POMM'ERUNG'  RIVER,  in  the  W.  part  of  Connecticut, 
rises  in  Litchfield  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Ilousatonic  River  in 
New  Haven  county. 

POM'PEY,  a  postrtownship  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Syracuse,  has  an  academy.  Pop.  3931. 

POMM'EY  CEN/TRE,  a  post-village  of  Pompev  township, 
Onond.iga  co..  New  York,  146  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  is 
finely  situated,  and  contains  several  churches. 

POM  l> E Y  II 1 LL.  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York, 
about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Syracuse. 

PUMI'IANV  or  POMPIANl.  pom-pe-d'nee,  a  marke^town 
of  Russian   Poland,  in   Vilna,  13  uules  N.  of  Poneviezh. 

I'op.  lolK). 

PO.MPONESC0,  pom-po-nSs'ko,  a  vUlage  of  Austrian  Italy, 


PON 

province  of  Mantua,  3  miles  E.  of  Tiadana,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Po.     Pop,  2100. 

POMPTIX.*  PALUDES.    See  Pontine  Marshes. 

POMPTOX,  a  small  river  in  the  N.E.  part  of  .New.  Jersey, 
formed  by  the  Pe<iuannock  Creek  and  Ringwood  River,  flows 
southward  on  the  txmndarj-  of  Passaic  and  Morris  counties 
and  enters  the  Passjiic  River. 

POMPTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pas.saic  co.,  New 
Jersey,  about  7U  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton.  The  village  con- 
tains a  church  and  15  or  18  dwellings.  Pop.  of  the  towo- 
ship.  1591. 

POMPTON  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey. 

PONANY,  po-ni'nee,  a  commercial  town  and  seaport  of 
British  India,  at  the  mouth  of  the  I'onany  River,  38  miles 
S.E.  of  Calicut.  Its  population  is  mostly  of  Arab  descent 
and  it  has  numerous  mosques.  It  was  formerly  the  .seat  of 
an  iixtensive  trade,  and  it  still  exports  teak,  cocoanuts,  iron, 
and  rice. 

PONANY  RIVER,  of  India,  traverses  the  Paulghaut- 
cherry  Pass,  to  within  15  miles  of  which  it  is  navigable  in 
the  rainy  season.    Total  course  from  E.  to  W.,  lOO  mile'.s. 

PONCE,  pon'sA,  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Porto  Rico. 

PONCE  DE  LEON.  pon.ss  d?h  lee'on,  (Sp.  pron.  pon'sA  di 
lAon'.)  a  post-office  of  Ilolmes  co..  Florida. 

POND  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Greene  CO.,  Missouri. 

POND  CREEK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co..  Indiana. 

POND  F^D'DY.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  Delaware  River,  about  109  miles  from  New  York  City. 
The  river  at  this  place  makes  a  sudden  bend,  furming  one 
of  those  basins  called  by  the  ptople  here  "  ponds."  Its  depth 
is  sufficient  to  float  a  man-of-war:  yet  a  few  hundred  yards 
above  or  below,  the  river  ni.ay  reiidily  be  cro.ssed  by  wading. 

PONDERANO,  pon-dA-ri'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  province,  and  near  Biella.    P.  1513, 

PONDER  S  END,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  with 
a  station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  3  miles  S.  of 
Walth.am. 

POND  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Geonriji. 

POND  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co..  Tenne.s.see. 

PONDICHERRY.  pou'de-shSr/ree,  (¥t.  IMmlichiry.  pANo'- 
dee'sh.Vree',)  a  maritime  town,  and  the  capital  of  the  French 
settlements  in  India,  on  the  Coromaudel  coast.  83  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Madras.  Lat,  11°  55'  N.,  Ion.  79°  49'  E.  It  stands 
on  a  sandy  plain,  and  is  divided  by  a  canal  into  a  European 
and  a  native  town,  the  former  of  which  is  regularly  laid  out 
and  well  built,  the  houses  being  flat-roofed  and  stuccoed. 
It  is  enclosed  by  planted  boulevards,  and  in  its  centre  is  a 
handsome  sijuare,  in  which  are  the  government  house,  Ac. 
It  has  new  b.aeaars.  a  European  college,  an  Indian  school,  a 
botanic  garden,  and  the  high  court  for  the  French  possessions 
in  Asia.  It  has  no  port,  but  only  an  open  i-oadstead.  with 
a  light-hou.se  erected  in  18:}6.  Its  district  comprises  69.000 
acres,  of  which,  a  few  years  ago,  28,200  were  under  cultiva- 
tion. The  territory  around  the  town.  5  miles  in  length 
from  N.  to  S.,  by  4  miles  in  breadth,  is  partly  watered  by 
the  Gingee  River,  but  is  not  very  fertile :  some  ric<f.  indigo, 
tobacco,  betel,  cotton,  and  cocoanuts  are  raised ;  which,  with 
guinees,  or  fine  cotton  cloths  dyed  V)lue,  India  handker- 
chiefs, and  cotton  yarn,  form  the  chief  exports,  the  total 
value  of  which,  a  few  years  since,  amounted  to  $569,257.  and 
that  of  the  Imports  to  $(X)4.317.  The  settlement  was  pur- 
chased by  the  French  from  the  Bejapoor  rajah  in  1072.  and 
taken  by  the  British  in  1761, 1778,  1793,  and  1803.  Pop.  of 
the  territory  in  1849,  81,154;  of  the  town,  at)Out  4i>.000. 

POND  ISL.AND,  at  the  entrance  of  Kennebec  River, 
Maine.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light.  62  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.    Lat.  4.3°  iV  N..  Ion.  69°  44'  W. 

POND  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  W.  p,art  of  Kentucky, 
flows  nnrthivard,  and  forms  the  boundary  between  Hopkins 
and  Muhlenburg  counties,  until  it  enters  Green  River.  It 
is  navi/able  for  flat-bo-its.     Length,  about  50  miles. 

POND  RIVER  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Miller  co..  Kentucky. 

POND  SETTLEMENT,  a  postoffice  of  Steuben  co..  New 
York. 

POND  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Walker  co.,  Georuia.. 

POND  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  William.son  co..  TexA. 

POND  TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgia,  48 
miles  S.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  200. 

PON  EDELY,  po-n.i-d.Vlee.  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Vilna.  63  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vilkomeer.    P.  1620. 

PONEVIEZH  or  PONEVIEJ.  po-nA-ve-izh'.  written  also 
PONEVIESCH.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and 
84  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vilna,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Niemen. 
Pop.  3580.     It  has  a  Piarist  college. 

PONFERRAD.A.,  pon-f^R-R^/ni,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  47  miles  W,  of  Leon.  Pop,  2620.  It  has  a  ruined  castle, 
and  some  hospitals. 

PONG  or  BONG,  the  northernmost  province  of  the  Bur* 
me.se  dominions,  between  lat.  26°  and  27°  N.,  and  Ion.  96° 
and  99°  E..  having  E.  China,  N.Thibet,  and  W.  Upi*r  .Assam. 
Chief  town,  Moonkhom. 

PONGA,  pong'gS,  a  maritime  town  of  I.ower  Si.am,  On  tU"* 
W.  coast  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  N.  of  the  isLind  of  Junk- 
ceylon.    Lat.  8°  S'  N.,  Ion.  98°  17'  E      Though  recently 


PON 

founded.  It  has  many  thousand  inhabitants,  mostly  Malays 
and  Chinese. 

PONGAS,  pong'jrds,  or  PONGO,  pong'go,  a  rirer  of  West 
AfrifSi,  in  Seuegambia,  entei-s  the  Atlantic  near  lat.  10°  S.,  Ion. 
14°  W.    Between  it.s  mouths  are  the  Pongas  Islands. 

PONG-IIOU,  or  PESCADORES.     See  Pheng-hoo. 

PONIKLA,  po-nik'li,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  27  miles  N.E. 
Of  Bidschow,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Iser.    Pop.  ItjOO. 

PONKAS,  a  tribe  of  Indians.    See  Punkahs. 

PONOLA.    See  Panola,  Mississippi. 

PONOKGO.  po-noR/go,  a  town  of  Java,  province  of  Madion, 
92  miles  S.E.  of  Samaning. 

PONOVKA  or  PONOWKA,  po-novTia,  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Poltava,  10  miles  N.  of  Mirgorod. 
Pop.  1510. 

PONS,  pAs",  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Charente- 
Inferieure,  on  tha  Seugne,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salntes.  Pop. 
In  1852,  47t)o.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  and 
has  an  old  castle,  2  churches,  and  an  active  trade  in  wines 
and  brandy. 

PONS,  pons,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  42  miles  N.E. 
of  Lerida,  on  the  Segre.    Pop.  740. 

PONSACCO,  pon-sdk'ko,  formerly  PONTE  DI  SACOO,  pon'- 
tk  dee  sAk'ko,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Pisa. 
Pop.  2.558.  ' 

PON'SONBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

PONT,  (i.  e.  "  bridge,")  a  prefix  to  the  names  of  numerous 
towns  and  villages  of  ITrance.    See  Poste  and  Puente. 

PONT  AC,  piNoHdk'.  a  town  of  France,  depa  rtmen  t  of  Basses- 
Pyrfinees,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Pau.     Pop.  in  1852,  3212. 

PONT-A-CELLES,  pANO-i-Rjll,  a  vilLige  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Namur,  with  a  station  on"the  Brussels  and  Namur 
Railway.  N.W.  of  Oharleroi. 

PONTA  DELGADA,  pon'td  djl-gi'dl  Improperly  written 
PONTE  DEIXIADO,  the  largest  town,  though  not  the  capi- 
tal, of  the  Azores  Islands.  Lat.  37°  40'  N.,  Ion.  25°  36'  W. 
Pop.  22,000.  It  is  defended  on  the  seaside,  W.,  by  the  castle 
of  St.  Braz,  which  can  mount  90  pieces  of  cannon,  and  about 
3  miles  to  the  E.  by  the  forts  of  Sao  Pedro  and  Rosto  de 
Cao.  The  principal  buildings  are  6  churches,  8  monasteries, 
and  4  convents,  now  suppressed,  and  a  neat  English  chapel. 
The  anchorage  in  the  roadstead  has  both  a  bad  bottom,  and 
is  much  exposed :  and  the  harbor  is  so  shallow,  that  vessels 
require  to  be  loaded  by  means  of  small  craft;  but  still  the 
trade  is  considerable.  It  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the 
British,  of  whom  a  considerable  number  are  here  resident, 
including  a  consul.  The  chief  exports  are  wheat,  maize, 
and  oranges;  and  the  imports  cotton  and  silk  tissues,  liard- 
wares,  &c 

PONTA  DE  PEDRAS,  pon'tl  di  p.Vdris,  ("point  rf 
rocks,")  in  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  is  a  projecting  point  on 
the  Kio  Negro,  wliere  the  rocks  form  curious  corridors  and 
chambers.  Near  it  is  the  village  of  Airao,  with  500  in- 
habitants. 

PONTA  DO  CA.TU.  pon'td  do  kl-zhoo/.  a  s,andy  promontory 
of  Brazil,  which  projects  into  the  Bay  of  Nitherohi,  about  4 
miles  N.W.  of  Rio  Janeiro. 

PONTAFEIi.  pon'ta-fir.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Dlyria, 
circle  of  Villach,  in  a  narrow  pass.    Pop.  1430. 

PONTAIPRKT.  a  town  of  Siam.     See  Cambowa. 

PONTAILLIEll,  pANO^ahVi'  or  pANo'tJryA',  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Cfite^'Or,  on  an  island  in  the 
Sadne,  17  miles  E.  of  Dijon.  Pop.  1200.  In  the  Middle  Ages 
It  was  a  residence  of  the  Carlovingian  kings. 

PONTAL,  pon-tdl',  a  small  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Govaz,  near  the  W.  bank  of  the  Tocantins  River. 

PONT-A-MOUSSON,  pAxt  i  moos'sAxo/.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Meurthe.  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nancy,  on  the 
Moselle.  Pop.  in  1852, 7843.  It  has  a  communal  college  and 
manufactures  of  earthenware. 

PONTARLI ER.  pAso'taR^le-A',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Doubs,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Besangon.  at  the  entrance  of  a  moun- 
tain pass  into  Switzerland.  Pop.  in  1852, 495.3.  It  has  a  com- 
munal college,  and  manufactures  of  leather  and  paper. 

PONTASSIEVE,pon-tas-se-Vvi,orPONTE-A-SIEVE,pon'- 
tVi-sfrd/vi,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  12  miles  E.  of  Florence,  on 
the  Sftve.     Pop.  1780. 

PONT-AUDKMER,  pAs"  5Meh-maiR/,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Eure,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  37  miles 
N.W.  of  Evreux,  on  the  Rille,  which  here  Incomes  navigable. 
It  has  celebrated  manufactures  of  leather.    Pop.  in  1852, 6310. 

PONT-AVKN,  pA\t  iVAso',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistfere,  with  a  port  on  the  small  river  Aven, 
9  miles  W.  of  Quimperle.     Pop.  in  1852,  1030. 

PONTA  VERDE.  pAn'ti  veR'di,  (t.  e.  "Green  Point,")  or 
PONTA  DE  JAR  AQUA,  pon'ti  dd  zhJ-rVgwl,  a  promontory 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Alagoiis,  having  tlie  port  of  Piyussara 
on  its  N.  and  that  of  Jaragua  on  its  S.  side. 

PONTCIIARRA.  pA.NoVhiR'Ri',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
nent  of  Isfere.  arrondissement  of  Grenoble.  Pop.  in  1852, 
J662.  Near  it  is  a  ruined  castle,  the  birth- place  of  Chevalier 
6ayanl. 

PONTCHARTRAIN'LAKE,  Louisiana,  situated  about  5 
miles  N.  of  New  Orleans.  It  communicates  with  Lake 
Maurepas  on  the  W,  with  Lake  Borgoe  and  the  Gulf  of 


PON 

Mexico  on  the  E.,  (through  the  Rigolets,)  and  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi on  the  S.  by  St.  John's  Bayou.  The  length  is  40 
miles,  the  greatest  width  24  miles,  and  the  greatest  depth 
from  16  to  20  feet.  It  is  navigated  by  small  steamboats,  and 
is  accessible  from  New  Orleans  by  means  of  a  canal. 

PONT-CHaTKAU,  pAno  fhaHo',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Loire-Iuferieure,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Savenay. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3667. 

PONTCIIY,  pAxo'shee',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
department  of  Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny.     Pop.  1099. 

PONT-CROIX,  pAn«  kRwd/.  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finist^re,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Quimper,  on  the 
Goyen.    Pop.  1416. 

PONT-D'AIN,  pAn"  dS.N".  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ain,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Bourg,  on  the  Ain,  with  a  fortress  for- 
merly the  residence  of  the  princes  of  Savoy.     Pop.  1284. 

PONT  D'ARMENTERA.  pont  daR-mfen-tA'ri,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province,  and  N.N.E.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  1400. 

PONT-D]'>BEAUVOISIN,  pA.N"  deh  bOVwiVix"',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Isfere.  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  La  Tourdu 
Pin,  on  the  Quiers,  which  divides  the  town  into  two  por- 
tions.   Pop.  about  3800.  of  which  2394  belong  to  France. 

PONT-DE-CAMARES.    See  CamarSs. 

PONT-DE-L'ARCUE,  pAxo  deh  laRsh,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Eure,  7  miles  N.of  Louviers,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Seine,  here  crossed  by  an  old  bridge  of  22  arches,  and 
on  the  railway  to  Rouen.    Pop.  in  1852,  1815. 

PONT-DE-VAUX,  pAs"  dgh  v6,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
partment  of  Ain,  20  miles  N.W.  of  IJourg,  on  the  Reys-souse. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3136.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  General  Joubert, 
and  has  manufactures  of  earthenware. 

PONT-DE-VEYLE,  p6x»  d?h  vail,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ain,  17  miles  W.  of  Bourg,  on  the  Veyle. 
Pop.  1321. 

POXT-DU-CHaTEAXT,  pAn«  dll  shins',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Puy-de-D6me.  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Clermont,  on 
the  Allier.     Pop.  in  1852,  3t?21. 

PONT-DU-GARD.    See  Gard,  Pont  nu. 

PONTE,  pon'tA,  (from  the  Latin  Pfinx,)  a  word  in  Italian 
and  Portuguese  signifying  a  bridge,  forming  the  part  of 
numerous  names  in  the  S.  of  Europe. 

PONTK.  pou'tA,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, division,  ani  25  miles  N.  of  Turin,  at  the  confluencfc 
of  the  Orca  and  Saona.    Pop.  4138. 

PONTE,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and  6  milek 
N.E.  of  Sondrio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Adda.    Pop.  2738. 

I'ONTE  AL  LAMBltO,  pon'tA-dl-ldm'bro,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  province  of  Como,  3  miles  N.  of  L'Erba,  on 
the  Lambro.     Pop.  871. 

PONTE  A  KIGNANO,  pon'tA  a  reen-yi/no,  a  village  ot 
Tuscan  V,  province,  and  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Florence. 

PONTEBA,  pon-tA'ba,  or  PONTEBBA,  pon-t^b'ba,  a  vil- 
lage of  Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  31  miles  N.  of 
Udine.     Pop.  1700. 

PONTECORVO,  pon-ti-koR'vo.  (ane.  PregeVhef)  a  town  of 
South  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Frosi- 
none,  in  a  detached  territory  surrounded  by  Naples,  on  thb 
left  bank  of  the  Garigliano.  Pop.  5200.  It  has  a  castle  and 
a  cathedral.  Bernadotte  received  from  Napoleon  the  title 
of  Prince  of  Pontecorvo. 

PONTE  CURONE,  pon'tA  koo-ro/nA,  a  village  of  North 
Italy,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Ales-sandria.  province,  and  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Tortona,  on  the  Curone.    Pop.  2180. 

PONTE  DELQADO,  a  town  of  the  Azores.  See  Ponta 
Delqada. 

PONTE  DE  LIMA,  pon'tA  dA  lee'ml,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Minho,  on  the  Lima,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge 
of  24  arches,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Braga.     Pop.  2000. 

PONTE  DELL'  OLLIO,  pon'tA  dill  olOe-o,  a  town  of 
Northern  Italy,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Piaceuza,  on  the  Nura. 
Pop.  3578. 

PONTE  DE  PINHEIRO,  pon'.tA  dA  peen-hA'e-ro,  a  village 
of  Brazil,  province,  and  26  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on 
the  Macacu. 

PONTEDERA,  pon-tVdAVa,  PONTEDRA,  pon-ti'dr3,  or 
PONTADERA,  pon-tA-dA/rA,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province, 
and  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pisa,  on  the  Era,  at  its  confluence 
with  the  Arno.    Poo  3400,  who  manufacture  cotton  fabrics. 

PONTE  DI  LEGNO,  pon'tA  dee  Ijn'yo,  a  village  of  North- 
ern Italy,  jiriivitirp  and  30  miles  N.E.  of  Bergiuno. 

PONTE  DO  RIO  VERDE,  pon'tA  do  ree^o  vjR/dA,  a  village 
and  parish  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Campanha.  on  the  Rio  Verde. 

PONTE  DO  SORO,  pon'tA  do  so'ro.  a  market-town  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Estremadura,  on  the  Soro,  16  miles  S.E. 
ofAbrantes.     Pop.  1500. 

PONTE  DE  BARC.i,  pon'tA  dA  ban'kA.  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Minho,  on  the  Lima,  near  Ponte  de  Lima 
Pop.  800. 

PONTEFRACT,  pom'frgt,  (L.  Ports  Practus,  i.t  "broken 
bridge,")  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding,  on  the 
Aire,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Yorkshire  aud  Lancashire 
Railway,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  York.  Pop.  in  1851, 11,515.  It 
has  spacious    streets,  and  is  well    built.     The    principal 

1513 


PON 

ft'fficf!  are  the  town-hall,  with  a  jail  and  court-house, 
t)^  market-cross,  the  parish  church,  dstinj?  from  the  time 
of  Henry  I.,  a  Roman  Catholic  and  other  dissenting  chapels, 
a  grammar  school,  which  has  the  right  to  send  candidates 
for  Lady  E.  Hastings'  exhibition  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  several  other  schools,  and  almshouses.  The  famous 
castle  of  Pomfret,  in  which  Richard  II.  died,  and  where 
Rlvei-s,  Grey,  and  Vaughan  were  put  to  death  by  order  of 
Kichard  III.,  is  now  in  ruins,  and  its  precincts  are  partly 
converted  into  garden-ground.  The  town  has  several  public 
libraries  and  news-rooms.  The  trade  consists  chiefly  in 
corn,  malt,  filtering-stones,  and  garden  produce:  the  last  is 
sent  to  York  and  many  large  towns  of  the  county.  Ponte- 
ffsrt  sends  2  members' to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PONTE  LAGOSCUUO,  pon'tA  M-gos-koo'ro,  a  town   of 

Italy,  in  the  state  of  ^Emilia,  4  miles  N.  of  i'errara,  with  a 

free  port,  and  extensive  transport  trade  on  the  Po.  Pop.  2140. 

PONTli/LAN'D,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Northumberland. 

rONTE  LANDOLFO,  pon'tA  lln-dol'fo.  a  town  of  Xaples, 

province  of  Jlolise,  19  miles  S.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  4000. 

PONTELUNGO,  pon-t.A-loon'go,  a  market-town  of  Lonj- 
bardv,  6  miles  X.N.E.  of  I'avia. 

PONTELUNGO.  CANAL  OF,  in  Lombardy,  connects  Bo- 
volenta  with  the  Brent,i. 

■PONTEN-ROYAN.S,  p^Nt  6so  roi>3s»',  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Isdre,  5  miles  S.  of  St.  Marcellin. 
Pop.  1266. 

PONTE  SAN  PIETRO,  pon'ti  sin  pe-A'tro,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  province,  and  5  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Bergamo, 
on  the  Brembo.  Pop.  1095. 
PONTESBURY.  pont.s'ber-e,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Salop. 
PONTK  STURA,  pon'ti"  Htoo'rL  a  village  of  North  Italy, 
in  Piedmont,  division  of  Alessandria,  province,  and  5  miles 
■yV.N.W.  of  Casale,  on  the  Po,  at  the  influx  of  the  Stura. 
Pop.  1841. 

PONTKVEDRA,  pon-tA-vi/drl.  (!\nc.  Fhns  Vetiisf)  a  town 
of  Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Pont«vedra,  on  the  Lerey, 
near  its  mouth,  in  the  Bay  of  Pontevedra.  and  13  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Vigo.  Pop.  4549.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  and 
ha.s  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  cotton  velvet,  muslins, 
hats,  and  leatlier.  The  port  is  commodious  for  small  ves- 
sels, and  it  has  a  brisk  coasting  trade,  with  an  extensive 
pilchard  fishery.     Pop.  of  the  province  iit  1849,  420.000. 

PONTEVICO.  pon-td-vee/ko,  a  marketrtown  of  Lombardy, 
19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brescia,  on  the  Oglio.     Pop.  5000. 
PONT'FAEN.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 
PONT-FAVERGER,  x>^yo  fiVjR^ihA',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Marne,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Reims. 
Pop.  1519. 

PONT-GIBAUD.  pAxo  zhee'bS'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-D6me,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Riom.     Pop.  937. 
PONTTA  and  PONTIC  INSUL^E.    See  Ponza. 
PONTIAC,  pon'te-alO.  a  postKjfJice  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 
PONTIAC,  a  post-office  of  Huron  co..  Ohio. 
PONTIAC,  a  flourishing  post-vilfage  in  Pontiac  township, 
and  capital  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  Clinton 
River,  and  on  the  Deti'oit  and  Milwaukee  Ruilroad,  25  milea 
N.N.W.  of  I)etroit.    It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  one 
of  the  pi'incii)al  wool  markets  in  the  State.    The  wator- 
powi-r  of  the  river  gives  motion  to  a  number  of  mills.    Pon- 
tiac c^jutains  6  churches,  a  large  public  school,  5  hotels,  14 
di-y-goods  stores,  a  national  bank,  and  ti  woollen-factory. 
Two  newspa])er8  are  published  here.    Pop.,  in  1864,  said  to  be 
4000.     I'opiilation  of  the  township,  in  1860,  2675. 

PONTIAC,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Livingston  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  Vermillion  River,  and  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and 
St.  Louis  Railroad,  110  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield.  Popula- 
tion, 7:'.'5. 

PONTIANAK,  pon-te-d-nik'.  the  principal  of  the  Dutch 
settlements  on  the  W.  coast  of  Borneo,  capital  of  a  kingdom 
of  its  own  name,  is  situated  in  a  marshy  tract  on  the  left 
hank  of  the  river  Capuas,  sear  its  mouth ;  lat.  0°  3'  S.,  Ion. 
logo  20'  E.  Pop.  19.115.  It  has  a  fort,  and  exports  dia- 
monds, pepper,  gold-dust,  and  edible  birds'-nests.  It  was 
settled  by  the  Dutch  in  1S23. 

PONTICKLLI,  pon-te-ch^llee.  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince, and  4  miles  E.  of  Naples,  with  4700  inhabitants, 
chiefly  employed  in  cultivating  vegetables  for  the  supply  of 
the  capital.  ^^  ■' 

PONT' I  CO,  a  post^fiice  of  Cayuga  co..  New  York. 
PONTI  DA.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy.  See  Pontita. 
PONTIFICAL  STATES.  PAPAL  STATES,  or  STATES  OF 
THE  CIIURCII,  (It.  »/-<i  Bmtmci*  st^/tee  pon-tee/feHJhe, 
«nft  d^Wi  CMeta,^  sti'tee  dM'ld  ke-i'sil,  or  Stati  Nomtmi.i 
std'tee  ro-mj/nee;  Fr.  6t.,tt!,  M  6olimA  k'ti;  deh  l.-lV'leez' ; 
*  «  ^,"  f 'ST?  *"^  ^^  pip-  ^t"i'  Ponr.ficaax*' k'ti/^^p^iioi. 
teeTeekft',  f:i„tt  Rommnn.t  A'tS/  n'mKs";  Ger.  Ki,v/ten- 
ieaat,tk66R/Ken-st|t\)  a  former  state  of  Italv.  comprising  the 
central  part  of  the  Italian  Peninsula,  bounded  N.  by  Aus- 
trian Italy:  K.  bytheA<lri«tlc;  S.E.  bv  Naples:  S.W.  bv  the 
Jledit^rran«,n;  W.  by  Tuscany,  and  N.W.by  Modena.  it  ex- 
tends fr.>m  lat.  41°  1.1'  to  45°  N-  Ion.  from  10°  biY  to  14°  E 


•"Pontifical  States." 
t "  Roiuin  Statei." 
1514 


t  "  States  of  the  Clinrch.' 
{  "  States  of  the  Pope." 


PON 

Its  shape  fhnn  N.  to  S.  Is  very  irregular;  from  the  mouths 
of  the  Po  to  Cape  Circello,  its  length  is  about  280  miles; 
greatest  breadth,  from  Ancona,  on  the  Adriatic,  to  Clvita 
Vecchia.  on  the  Mediterranean,  140  miles;  least  breadth, 
from  the  N.E.  corner  of  Tu.«cany  to  the  Adriatic  coast 
nearly  on  the  parallel  of  Forli,  not  more  than  18  miles 
Area,  including  the  i.solat-t>d  territories  nf  Benevento  and 
Pontecorvo.  enclosed  by  Naples,  and  excluding  the  small 
territory  of  San  Marino,  which  forms  an  independent  re* 
public,  17.210  square  miles. 

Physical  Fmtures. — The  croast-line  measures  about  370 
miles,  of  which  210  miles  are  on  the  Adriatic,  and  160  miles 
on  the  Mediterranean:  on  lioth  seas  it  is  generally  fiat 
and  marshy,  unbroken  by  a  single  bay  of  any  magnitude, 
and  not  pos.ses.sed  of  any  tolerable  harbors  except  those  of 
Ancona  and  Civita  Vecchia.  The  interior  is  traversed  in  a 
S.S.E.  direction  by  the  central  chain  of  the  .Apennines, 
which  enters  it  from  the  N.E.  of  Tuscanv.  and  sends  several 
low  ramifications  both  to  the  E.  and  W.  the  loftiest  summits 
of  the  chain  within  the  Pontiflciil  States  are  in  the  S..  where 
Monte  Vetora.  near  Castellucio,  rises  to  the  height  of  81.33 
feet;  Monte  SibilU,  7210  feet;  and  Monte  Pennino,  52.50 
feet.  In  the  N.  the  territory  comprises  a  part  of  the-  great 
plain  of  the  Po,  and  in  the  S.W.  the  undulating  plain  called 
the  Camp.agna  di  Roni.a,  terminating  in  the  I'ontftie  Marshes. 
Genlogi/.—'rhe  whole  of  the  N.E.  part  of  the  Pontifical 
States,  extending  along  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic,  from  the 
the  mouths  of  the  Po,  S.  to  liimini.  and  inward  as  far  as 
Bologna  and  Ferrara,  consists  of  low  fiat.s,  forming  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  diluvial  gravels  and  alluvials  which  cover 
the  plains  of  Loml>ardy.  These  are  succeeded  by  a  belt  of 
tertiary  strata,  chiefly  travertine,  sandstones,  and  marls, 
which  line  the  whole  of  the  Adriatic  shore  from  Rimini, 
past  Anoona,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tronto.  W.  of  this  is  a 
narrower  belt  belonging  to  the  upper  extremity  of  the  se- 
condary formation.  Farther  W.,  and  lower  in  the  series,  is 
a  large  tract  almost  entirely  occupied  by  the  .Tura  lime- 
stone, extending  W.  from  near  Ascoli  to  the  Tiber,  and  then 
N.  to  the  vicinity  of  Borgo  San  Sepolero.  in  Tuscany.  To 
the  W.  of  this,  asmallxone  of  the  tertiary  formation,  already 
mentioned,  again  intervenes,  but  soon  gives  place  to  a  very 
large  development  of  volcanic  rocks.  These,  composed  prin- 
cipally of  trachyte,  basalt,  and  tufa,  stretch  from  Aquapen- 
dente.  in  the  N..  to  the  S.  of  Velletri.  extending  without  in- 
terruption between  the  Lakes  of  Bolsena  and  Uraccino.  and 
W.  from  the  capital  to  the  shore.  At  other  parts  of  the 
shore,  the  sedimentary  rocks  and  deposites.  already  men- 
tioned, again  appear: — the  Jura  limestone  at  the"  S.  ex- 
tremity, where  it  firms  the  promontory  of  Pirceo  or  Cir- 
cello; the  cretaceous  rocks  at  Civita  A'ecchia :  the  travertine 
and  tertiary  marls  both  at  Nettuno  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Marta  N. ;  and  the  diluvial  and  alluvial  deposites  on 
both  sides  of  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  and  to  a  still  larger  ex- 
tent in  the  Pontine  Marshes,  and  along  the  coast  fi-om  Net- 
tuno to  Paola. 

JfiTcrs  and  LaJces. — The  .Apennines,  forming  the  great  wa- 
ter-shed of  the  country,  divide  its  waters  nearly  in  equal 
portions  between  the  two  seas.  The  Po,  which  firms  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  N.  boundary,  the  Velano.  the  Po  di  Primaro, 
Ijimone,  Montone  and  Ronco  united,  Mareccbia,  Foglia, 
Metauro.  Musone.  Chienti.  Tronto.  and  other  smaller  stream.s, 
flow  into  the  Adriatic;  and  the  Tiber,  the  Marta.  and  tributa- 
ries of  the  Garigliano,  into  the  Mediterranean.  None  of 
these  rivers,  except  the  Po  and  the  Tiber,  are  of  much  navi- 
gable importance.  All  the  lakes  of  any  conseqtience  are  on 
the  Mediterranean  side  of  the  water-shed.  The  largest  are 
the  Perugia  or  Trasimeno,  the  Bolsena.  and  the  Bracciano. 
After  these  come  the  Vico.  Pi6  de  Luco.  Albano,  and  a  num- 
ber of  lagoons  along  the  caa.st.  The  principal  marshes  are 
the  Comacchio  and  the  Pontine  Marshes. 

Climate. — The  climate  varies  greatly  in  different  quarters. 
In  the  Ugazioni  (legations.)  situated  on  the  N.  of  the  Apen- 
nines, opposite  the  snow-clad  Alps,  the  winter  is  severe; 
while  in  the  S.  the  climate  is  very  mild,  except  in  the  moun- 
tain districts;  and  the  region  of  the  Campairna  of  Rome 
would  be  a  blooming  gtirden.  but  for  the  fatal  effects  of  the 
miasma,  which  f  jrces  the  cultivators  of  the  soil  to  seek  refuge 
at  night  in  the  few  scattered  towns  near  its  larders.  The 
influence  of  the  sirocco  is  often  severely  felt  qn  the  S.  coasts, 
and  would  be  almost  insupportable  were  it  not  tempered 
by  breezes  from  the  sea  and  mountaJn.s.  The  mean  tem- 
perature of  the  year  at  Rome  is  60°-4;  warmest  mouth,  76°; 
coldest  month,  45°  Fahrenheit. 

Ar/rlciil/ure.  itc. — The  soil  is  in  generrl  possessed  of  great 
natural  fertility,  and  when  properly  cultivated,  yields  heavy 
crops  of  all  the  ordinary  grains:  but  it  is  calculated  that 
only  one-third  of  the  surface  is  under  cultivation.  Much  of 
the  country  affords  excellent  pasturage,  which  is  occupied 
by  great  herds  of  buffaloes.  Considerable  flocks  of  sheep 
and  many  horses  are  reared;  great  numbers  of  hogs  roam 
in  the  forests  of  the  Apennin(<s.  Agriculture  is  con  J  acted 
in  a  vei-y  slovenly  manner,  and  the  implements  are  of  the 
rudest  kind.  The  chief  crops  are  wheat,  maize,  pul.se,  hemp, 
wine,  oil,  and  tobacco:  oat.s.  barley,  and  rye  are  grown  in 
the  a.Ugauiuni  (legations;)  in  theextremeS.,  sugar, Indifjc^ 


PON 

and  cotfnn  are  cultivated  to  a  small  extent,  and  cork-trees 
are  numeious.  The  vine  is  much  cultivated,  but  the  wines 
are  of  inferior  quality.  Both  the  olive  and  mulberry  thrive 
well,  particularly  the  latter,  from  which  are  made  large 
quantities  of  Kilk,  some  of  it  of  a  (juality  not  surpa.ssed  in 
Durope.  liesldes  the  ordinary  fruits,  the  orauj^e.  citron,  and 
pomegranate  are  common,  and  the  date  is  occasionally  met 
with.  Chestnuts  form  a  considerable  article  of  food.  There 
are  in  the  Pontifical  States,  mines  of  iron,  lead,  sulphur, 
alum,  vitriol,  and  other  volcanic  products;  but  they  are 
nearly  all  unproductive,  except  the  mines  of  iron  and  sul- 
phur," the  last  neur  Itimini.  There  are  also  quarries  of  mar- 
ble and  alabaster.  Salt  is  made  in  the  lagoons  of  Ostia,  Co- 
inacchio,  and  Cervia,  to  the  amount  of  more  than  84,000,000 
pounds  annually.  The  fisheries  are  mostly  conducted  by 
the  inhaliitants  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 

Manufactures.— yimtniactures  have  made  very  little  pro- 
gress, and  are  chiefly  confined  to  a  few  domestic  articles  of 
primary  necessity.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  the 
Bausases,  crape  veils,  hempen  and  linen  tissues  of  Bologna ; 
the  silks  of  Bologna,  Home,  and  Terugia ;  woollens  and 
hosiery  of  the  las't  two  tawns ;  artificial  flowers,  perfumes, 
leatller,  paper,  cream  of  tartar,  confectionery,  straw  and 
other  hats,  wax-tapers,  beads,  crucifixes,  false  pearls, 
jewelry,  mosaics,  &c. 

Omnmerce. — The  trade  is  very  much  impeded  by  the  want 
of  naviirable  streams,  canals,  and  good  roads;  the  latter 
often  being  infested  with  banditti.  The  Apennines  forming 
a  separation  between  the  N.  and  S.,  and  the  transport  of 
goods  across  them  being  practicable  only  in  particular 
places,  and  on  the  backs  of  mules,  prevent  the  free  inter- 
change of  commodities;  and  hence  it  not  unfrequently 
happens  that  the  same  article  which  forms  an  export  in  the 
N.  figures  as  an  import  in  the  S.  In  additltm  to  some  of 
the  above  manufacture!?,  the  exports  are  timber,  charcoal, 
potash,  oil,  silk,  alum,  sulphur,  gall-nuts,  tartar,  cork,  tal- 
low, bones,  rags,  anise,  almonds,  pozzuol.ina,  antiquities, 
and  works  of  art;  the  imports  are  colonial  produce,  cattle, 
provisions,  including  salt  fish;  met;\ls.  chiefly  iron  from 
Klba,  and  lead  from  Great  Britain;  woollen  and  cotton  lis- 
Bues,  drugs,  &c.  The  total  value  of  exports  in  lSo2 
amounted'to  $11,475,000,  and  of  the  imports  to  $11,294,000. 
The  total  number  of  arrivals  coastwise  in  1852  was  1080, 
(ton?,  ti7.0O6;  men,  7439:)  and  from  foreign  countries,  12.'{1, 
(tons.  187,728;  men,  20,117:)  clearances  coastwise,  1082  ves- 
sels, (tons,  66,679;  men,  739.3:)  for  foreign  countries,  1210, 
(tons,  18'5,.313:  men,  27,122.)  The  merchant  marine,  in  1861, 
comprised  863  large  vesst^ls,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of 
28,2U4  tons;  and  567  smaller  vessels,  whose  tonnage  is  not 
given. 

Grivernment. — The  government  is  of  a  very  peculiar  kind, 
not  easily  reilucible  to  any  of  the  generally  recognised 
forms:  though,  in  its  leading  feature,  it  is  an  elective  mo- 
narchy. The  sovereign,  who  bears  the  name  of  papa  or 
pope,  must  he,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  a  cardinal-priest, 
and  is  chosen  for  life  by  his  fellow-cardinals,  who  constitute 
what  is  called  the  Sacred  College,  and  must  be  all  priests. 
The  hierarchical  principle  thus  displayed  is  not  confined 
to  the  hi^;her  offices,  but  is  continued  throughout  the  whole 
series — the  priesthood  being  an  Indispensable  qualification 
for  the  tenure  of  any  civil  office;  though,  in  regard  to  some, 
the  priestly  character  seems  to  be  more  nominal  than  real, 
as  individuals  regaided  as  priests  while  in  office,  are  some- 
times not  truly  in  orders,  and  again  become  laymen  when 
the  office  expires.  The  number  of  cardinals,  in  imitation 
of  the  evangelists  sent  out  by  our  Saviour,  is  limited  to 
70.  and  all  vacancies  may  be  filled  up  by  the  pope  absolutely, 
without  control;  though,  in  practice,  the  number  is  seldom 
complete.  When  the  pope  dies,  the  cardinal-chamberlain 
occupies  his  place  till  the  ninth  day,  when  the  funeral  takes 
place.  On  the  tenth  day,  the  cardinals  meet  in  secret  con- 
clave, and  so  continue  till  a  majority  of  two-thirds  are 
agreed  as  to  a  successor.  Even  then  the  election  is  not  de- 
termined, as  Austria.  France,  and  Spain  have  each  a  veto  on 
one  candidate.  In  the  event  of  their  exercising  it,  the 
whole  process  must  again  be  gone  over,  and  full  scope  is 
given  for  all  kinds  of  intrigue. 

The  government  is  administered  by  boards  or  congrega- 
lioni.  presided  over  by  a  cardinal-secretary  of  state  as  prime 
minister.  The  principal  congregazioni  are  the  Camera 
Apostolica.  or  Treasury,  presided  over  by  the  cardinal- 
rhaniberlain,  the  only  minister  who  holds  office  for  life; 
the  Cancelleria  or  Chancery — president,  the  cardinal-chan- 
cellor: the  Dataria,  for  ecclesiastical  benefices;  the  Buon 
Governo.  for  municipal  police:  the  Congregazioue  do' Monti, 
for  public  debt;  the  Sacra  Consulta,  for  the  political  and 
civil  admini^trallon  of  the  provinces;  the  Segnatura,  or 
Court  of  Seals:  and  the  Sacra  Ruota,  or  Supreme  Court  of 
Justice.  The  comarca  of  Home  Is  presided  over  by  a  go- 
vernor, who  has  very  extensive  pfjwers,  and  can  inflict 
capital  punishment:  the  provinces,  orlegazioni  and  <ic/«^'/- 
titnii.  I  y  legates  and  delegates,  each  assisted  by  a  council, 
consisting  of  the  goTifaloniere  of  the  chief  town,  and  from 
two  to  four  councillors,  nominated  by  the  pope  for  five 
years.    The  delegations  are  subdivided  into  districts,  (dis- 


PON 

tretti,)  headed  by  governors,  who  act  as  judges,  without  ap> 
peal,  in  all  civil  cases  under  300  scudi.  and  subject  to  appeaj 
in  minor  criminal  cases.  The  appeal  is.  in  the  first  instauct*, 
to  the  Collegiate  Court,  which  is  composed  of  the  delegate, 
two  assessors,  an  ordinary  judge,  and  a  member  of  the 
Communal  Council,  and  has  primary  jurisdiction  over  the 
whole  delegation. 

.\bove  the  Collegiate  Courts  are  three  superior  courts  ol 
appeal.  One  Is  the  Segnatura,  at  Rome;  another  sit»  %(■ 
Bologna;  and  the  third  at  Macerata.  A  still  higher  court 
of  appeal  is  the  Sacra  Kuota,  the  limit  of  whose  jurisdictioc 
is  not  very  easily  defined,  as  it  once  extended  over  the 
whole  Christian  world,  and  is  still  very  extensive  in  all 
countries  where  the  pope's  authority  is  generally  rec(%'- 
nised.  It  is  composed  of  12  prelates,  6  of  whom  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  pope,  2  by  Spain,  and  1  each  by  France, 
Germany,  Tuscany,  and  Milan.  The  system  of  law  is  ex- 
tremely defective,  since  it  scouts  all  the  modern  improve- 
ments in  jurisprudence,  and  refuses  to  recognise  any  codes 
but  the  canon  law  and  corpus  juris. 

The  exact  amount  of  the  papal  revenue  cannot  be  ascer- 
tained. A  great  part  of  it  is  ecclesiastical,  of  which  no  ac- 
count if  exhibited.  The  secular  revenue  in  1854  amounted 
to  $12,512,500,  of  which  $;),897,500  was  derived  from  the 
customs;  the  expenditures  reached  $14,395,0li0,  of  which 
$4,995,600  was  for  interest  on  pulilic  debt;  $1,904,500  for  the 
army ;  and  $1,681,500  for  the  interior;  excess  of  expenditures 
over  revenue,  $1,852,500.  The  army  in  1854  amounted  to 
17,306  men,  and  1417  horses;  about  4500  men  belonged  to 
two  regiments  of  Swiss.  A  few  gun-brigs  and  smaller  craft, 
and  2  steamers,  compri.se  the  papal  navy. 

Iteligian  and  Eduadimi. — In  the  Pontifical  States  there 
were,  in  1845,  9  archbishoprics,  52  bishoprics,  13  abbacies, 
1824  monasteries,  and  612  convents.  The  secular  clergy 
were  estimated  at  35,000;  monks,  10,000;  nuns,  8000.  The 
Koman  Catholic  religion  is  here  completely  dominant;  no 
other  is  allowed  to  be  professed  by  any  subject  of  the  pope 
that  has  been  baptized.  The  non-perlormance  of  this  rite 
by  the  .lews  is  probably  one  of  the  reasons  why  an  excep- 
tion is  made  in  their  favor,  permitting  them  to  have  8 
synagogues.  Kducation  is  conducted  by  universities,  col- 
leges, seminaries,  and  elementary  schools.  The  seats  of  the 
7  universities,  are  Bologna,  (the  most  ancient  and  celebr;'.ted 
in  Italy.)  Rome,  Perugia,  Ferrai-a.  Cameiino,  Urbino,  and 
Macerata,  the  last  4  founded  in  1824;  in  1841  these  were  at- 
tended in  all  by  2400  students.  No  general  provision  is 
made  for  the  education  of  the  lower  cla.sses,  and  the  in- 
struction imparted  is  of  a  very  inferior  order. 

PUilical  Divisions,'  PiypuluUim,  cCc — For  administrative 
purposes,  the  Pontifical  States  are  divided  into  1  comarca, 
7  legazioni.  (legations.)  and  12  delegazioni.  (delegations,) 
the  names  of  which,  with  their  area  and  population,  are  ex- 
hibited in  the  following  table : — 


LieiTIOMS  AMD  DEI.BSATIOtl8. 

Area  in 

squiire 
miiea. 

Popula- 
tioD  iu 
1843. 

Fopula- 
tiou  ID 
1850. 

1,847 

1,404 

1,144 

745 

732 

1,477 

687 

461 

93e 

338 

343 

500 

1,573 

1,228 

556 

1,176 

.128 

784 

406 

57 

810,233 

348,652 
218,786 
202,315 
168,413 
237,966 
57,517 

116,114 
225,615 

38.415 
104,116 

84,217 
210,316 
121,453 

67,018 
120,676 

26,141 
141 .9;i0 

24.312 

23,910 

304,266 

367,340 
229,862 
•J08,007 
175,:W8 
241.612 
59,356 

172,893 

2?<t.942 
38,055 

111,751 
87,619 

2i2,926 

123,765 
77,212 

129,074 
26,450 

148,378 
20,385 
23,040 

Legations. 

Delegations. 

IB.  Viterbo 

17.  Orvieto 

Area  of  water  and  roads 

16,721 
464 
25 

2  848,115 

3  006.771 

17,210 

History. — The  Pontifical  States,  as  containing  the  nucleus 
of  the  last  and  greatest  of  the  ancient  empires  which  swayed 
the  world,  have  a  history  full  of  interest;  but  their  exist- 
ence under  the  very  anomalous  form  which  they  now  pre- 
sent, dates  only  from  the  middle  of  the  eighth  century. 
Long  before  this  period,  the  Bishop  of  Rome  had  acquired 
vast  ecclesiastical  influence,  and,  under  the  name  of  pope, 
claimed  to  be  the  supreme  visible  bead  and  spiritual  guide 
of  Christendom ;  but  his  temporal  possessions  lay  within  a 
very  narrow  compass,  and  he  often  gufl'ered  from  the  visits 
of  foreign  aggressors,  who  treated  him  with  very  little  cere- 
mony.   The  basis  of  the  pope's  temporal  power  was  laid  by 

1515 


PON 


POO 


the  mewssive  donations  of  Pepin.  Charlemnjme.  antl  the 
Emperor  Henry  III. ;  but  it  was  not  consolidated  till  the 
reign  of  Julius  II.,  who  died  in  1513.  During  this  (six- 
teenth) centurv,  the  Reformation  commenced,  and  ulti- 
mately delivered  the  better  half  of  Europe  from  spiritual 
thraldom.  The  pope  thus  not  only  lost  some  of  the  richest 
sources  of  his  rerenue,  but  was  compelled  silently  to  with- 
draw several  of  his  rao.'it  arrogant  pretensions;  and  in  re- 
gard to  temporal  authority,  to  descend  from  his  lofty  emi- 
nence as  king  of  kings,  to  the  comparatively  humble  sta- 
tion of  sovereifrn  of  the  Pontifical  States.  At  the  French 
Revolution  of  1790.  the  popes  lost  their  possession  of  Avig- 
non and  Venaissin ;  and  in  1797  their  domain  was  further 
diminished  by  the  legations  ceded  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic. 
In  1808.  Napoleon  divided  the  other  states  between  the 
kingdom  of  Italy  and  the  French  Empire;  but  in  1S14.  all 
these  territories  were  restored  to  the  pope,  except  Avignon. 
In  1847,  Pope  Pius  IX.  established  a  constitutional  parlia- 
ment, consisting  of  99  deputies  popularly  elected ;  but  by 
the  revolution  of  1848,  these  arrangements  were  over- 
turned, and  the  pope  compelled  (Novemijer  24)  to  flee  from 
Rome.  He  Wius  restored  a  few  months  later.  Uis  subjects 
revolted  in  1860,  and  annexed  to  the  Kingdom  of  Italy  all 
the  papal  states  except  Roma  et  Comarca,  Velletri,  Viterbo, 
Ci^ita  Vecchia,  and  Frosinone. 

PONTINE  (pon'tin)  MAHSH'ES,  (It.  PUlurN  Bmtine.  p3- 
loo'dee  pon-te^nA;  Fr.  Marais  I^mtins,  mi'^rA'  p(\so^tSx«'; 
ane.  PtrniptifniB  PaMdes.)  a  marshy  tract  of  Italy,  in  the  S. 
portion  of  tlie  Campagna  di  Roma,  extending  along  the 
coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  from  Cisterna  on  the  N.,  to 
Terracina  on  the  S.,  a  distance  of  25  miles.  These  marshes 
existed  during  the  time  of  the  Romans,  ^^ho,  by  the  con- 
struction of  the  Appian  Way,  and  cutting  numerous  canals 
through  them,  had  laid  a  considerable  portion  dry;  but  the 
general  neglect  of  the  work  during  the  latter  years  of  the 
empire,  and  the  subsequent  confusion,  allowed  them  to 
return  almost  to  their  original  condition.  Several  of  the 
popes,  and  particularly  Pius  VI.,  from  1777  to  1781,  made 
many  efforts  to  drain  them,  and  partially  succeeded ;  but 
lai-ge  tracts  still  remain  almost  uninhabited.  The  region  is 
highly  fertile,  but  extremely  pestilenti.il.  The  Appi.in  M'ay 
(h.Apfpia  Vila.)  made  by  the  ancient  Romans,  still  forms  the 
road  from  Rome  to  Naples. 

PONTIROLO,  pon-te-roto,  (anc.  Ptms  AurtoUf)  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  province,  and  3  mUes  S.E.  of  Bergamo,  on 
the  Adda.  Pop.  1361. 
PONT'ISBRIGHT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
PONTITA,  pon-tee'ta.  or  PONTIDA,  pon-tee'di.  a  village 
of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Berga'mo,  1  mile  W.  of  Ca- 
prine.   Pop.  19.36. 

PONTIVY,  pAso'teeVee'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Blavet.  30  miles  N.N.W. 
of  A'annes.  Pop.  50tX).  chietiy  employed  in  manufiicturing 
Brittany  cloths,  leather,  and  iron  tools,  and  in  agricultural 
produce.  It  was  capital  of  the  ancient  duchy  of  Rohan,  and 
for  some  time  bore  the  name  of  Napoleonville. 
PONT-L'ABBfi,  pAs"  iab'bi',a  market-town  of  France,  de- 

?artment  of  Finistlre,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Quimper.  Pop.  in 
852,  3810. 

PONT-LE-ROI,  pAno  leh  Rwd,  or  PONT-SUR-SEINE,  pAso 
BliR  sAn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube,  4  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Nogent-sur-Seine,  on  the  railway  to  Troyes. 
Pop.  890. 

PONT-L'ETEQUE,  p^N"  lAVfk',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Calvados,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Caen.  Pop.  in  1862, 
2005. 

PONTLEVOY.  pAs«M?h-vwa',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  I.oir-et-Cher,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Blois.     Pop.  1170. 

PONTLIEUE,  pA.N«Me-uh'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Sarthe,  2  miles  S.  of  Mans,  on  the  Huisne.  Pop.  in  1852, 
8443. 

PONTOGLTO,  pon-tAl'yo,  or  PONTE  AT>L'  OGLIO,  pon't-l 
ill  61'yo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  and 
4  miles  N.W.  of  Chiarl.  on  the  Oglio.    Pop.  1468. 

PONTOISE,  pAxoHwAz',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  an 
arrondissement,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise.  and  19  miles 
N.W.  of  Paris,  on  the  right  bank  of  theOise.  near  the  North- 
em  Railway.  Pop.  in  1852,  5637.  It  has  manufactures  of 
chemical  products.  Many  of  the  kings  of  France  resided 
here.    It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1419  and  in  1437. 

PONTON.  Great,  a  parish  oif  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

PONTOX.  Little,  a  parish  of  Enclaiid.'  co.  of  Lincoln. 

PONTOO'SfCK.  a  thriving  manufacturing  village  of  Berk- 
shire CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Ilous-a- 
tonic  River,  about  115  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  nia- 
Bu&ctnres  are  prineipallv  wofillen  cloths. 

PONTOOSUCK.  a  thriving  post-villase  of  Hancock  CO..  Hli- 
nois,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  215  miles  above  St.  Louis. 
The  adjacent  country  is  verv  productive,  and  Improving 
rapidly.    Population  of  township,  1532. 

PONTOTOC,  a  county  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Mississippi,  has 
an  area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  tlie  Tal- 
lahatchee  and  Ixxisascoona  Risers,  and  by  Old  Town  Creek 
which  ri.se  near  the  lorders  of  the  countv.  The  sur&ce  is 
gently  ondulstlng;  the  soU  is  fertile.  "ThU  county  was 
1516 


once  a  part  of  the  Chickasaw  territory,  and  was  settled  by 
white  people  about  18S6.  Capital.  Poutotoc.  Pop.  22,113, 
of  whom  14.517  were  free,  and  7506  slaves. 

PONTOTOC,  a  post-villagB.  capital  of  Pontotoc  co..  Missis- 
sippi, 175  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Jackson.  It  has  a  United  States 
land-office,  and  several  stores.  Two  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished here. 

PONTOTOC,  a  post-ofilce  of  Fulton  co..  Kentucky. 
PONTREMOLl.  pon-tr6m'ole,  a  town  of  Tuscany^  province 
of  Florence,  at  the  S.  declivity  of  the  Apennines,  23  miles 
N.W.  of  Carrara.  Pop.  4000.  "it  is  divided  into  an  upper 
and  lower  town  :  the  former  is  enclosed  by  massive  fortiti(»- 
tions.  and  defended  by  an  old  castle ;  the  latter  is  modern, 
and  adorned  with  many  handsome  mansions.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  and  considerable  industry  in  weaving  silks  and 
linens. 

PONT-SAINT-ESPRIT.  pAso  s^Nt  f  s^pree'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Gard,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vzha.  on  the  rijrht 
bank  of  the  Rhone,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  24  arches, 
built  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Pop.  in  1852,  5538.  It  has 
a  cit.adel.  built  bv  Louis  XIII..  and  an  active  commerce. 

PONT-SAINT-MAXENCE.  p^N"  sAst  mAx'ftNss',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Oise,  7  miles  N.  of  Seulis,  on  the  Oise, 
Pop.  in  1852.  2444. 

PONT-SAINT- VINCENT,  pAN"  sAst  Av^sbn"'.  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  .Meurthe,  7  miles  S.W.  of 
Nancv,  on  the  Meuse.    Pop.  862. 

PONT-SCROFF,  pAj;a  skroff.  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Slorbihan,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ix)rient,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Scroff.    Pop.  1590. 

PONTS-DE-Cfe.  pf>yo  deh  sk,  a  small  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Maine-et-Loire,  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Angers.  Pop. 
in  1852.  .3839. 

PONT-SUR-YONNE,  pAs«  sUr  yonn',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Yonne,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sens,  on  the  left 
t>ank  of  the  Yonne,  and  on  the  Paris  and  Lyons  Railway, 
Pop.  in  1862.  2076. 
PONTUS  EUXINUS.  See  TilACK  Sea. 
PONT-V ALAIN,  p<\N«  vAMSn"',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Sarthe.  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ij»  Fleche.  Pop. 
in  1852. 2030.  Under  its  wails  the  English  were  defeated  by 
Duguesclin.  in  1369. 

PONTYPOOL.  a  marketrtown  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth, 8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Newport,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  railway.  Pop.  in  1861.3708.  employed  in  larga 
coal  and  iron  works.  It  is  picturesquely  situated,  but  in-e- 
gularly  built. 

PONZA,  pon'zi,  (anc.  Fhnftui.)  the  chief  of  a  group  of 
small  islands  (anc.  Ms^Ha  PrmHif^)  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
in  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  I^ivoro.  29  miles  S.W.  of  Terra- 
cina. I,at.  40°  53'  N..  Ion.  12°  57'  6"  E.  I>;ngth,  from  N.  to 
S..  4  mile?,  trr  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  lii-eadtb.  It 
has  a  commodious  and  well-defended  harbor,  and  governor's 
house.  Under  the  Romans,  it  was  used  as  a  place  of  banish- 
ment for  state  criminals.  Pop.  1500.  The  other  islands  are 
uninhabited. 

PONZAFLORES.  pon-sA-flo'rJs,  a  town  and  parish  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Beira-Baixa,  nearThomar.     Pop.  12.38. 

PON  ZONE.  pon-zo'nA.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.  9 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Acqui.     Pop.  3177. 

POOCHING-HIEN  or  POUCHING-IIIEN,  pooVhing^he- 
?n',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Fo-kien.  on  a  tributary  of 
tlie  Min.  It  is  suiTonnded  by  walls  and  ramparts  appar 
rently  of  a  verv  ancient  date,  and  ty  extensive  suburbs. 
Pop.  above  lO.OOiO. 

POO-CIIOO,  POU-TCIIOU,  or  PU-CIIU.  poo-choo'.  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Shan-see.  c.ipital  of  a  department,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Hoang-ho.  Kit.  34°  54'  N..  Ion.  110°  5'  B. 
POODOSII.  POUDOSII.  PUDOSII.  poo-dosh'.  POOBOGA, 
POUDOGA.  or  PUDOGA,  poo-do/gA.  a  town  of  Russia,  govorn- 
ernment  of  Olonets,  65  miles  E.  of  Petrozavodsk.  Pop.  1600. 
POO^L.tJEiy.  a  town  of  Beloochistan.  province  of  Cutch- 
Gundava.  on  the  route  between  the  Indus  and  the  Bolan 
Pass.     J.at.  29°  3'  N.,  Ion.  68°  30'  E. 

POOLE,  p<x)l,a  parliament.aiyand  municipal  borough, sea- 
port town,  andpiirish  of  England,  and  a  county  of  itself,  in  the 
county  of  Dorset,  on  a  peninsula  at  the  N.  side  of  Poole  Harbor, 
6|  miles  S.  of  Wimborne,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Ixmdon 
and  South-west  Railway,  18  miles  E.  of  Dorchester.  Fop.  of 
the  town  and  county  in  1861. 6718.  Pop.  of  the  parli.imentary 
Ijorough,  9265.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  church,  a 
modern  structure,  a  chapel  of  ease,  and  some  dissenting 
chapels,  the  guild-hall  with  the  jail,  the  exchange,  custom- 
house, public  library,  and  union  work-house.  The  town- 
peninsula  is  mostly  l)ordered  by  spacious  quays,  close  to 
which  vessels  drawing  14  feet  water  can  anchor.  The  port 
has  an  extensive  and  increasing  commerce  with  the  British 
American  colonies,  a  coasting  trade,  and  exports  of  corn  to 
London,  and  of  about  12O,0tX)  tons  of  Purbeck  clay  to  the 
Staffordshire  potteries.  In  1851.  the  coasters  which  entered 
were  687.  of  46.938  tons:  and  cleared.  1772.  of  82.898  fonik 
In  the  colonial  and  foreisrn  trade,  the  vessels  entered  went 
1(4.  of  10,930  tons;  and  cleared.  102.  of  11.947  tons.  ReRle- 
tered  shipping  of  the  port  jn  1847.  13  715  tons.  ?ocId  i» 
turns  2  meml^rs  to  the  House  of  Commous. 


POO 


POP 


POOTiE-E'WE,  pool-u,  a  quoad  sacra  parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Ross-shire. 

POULIO  HARBOR,  an  inlet  in  the  Krglish  Channel,  6 
miles  in  lenjrth,  4  miles  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  having 
S.  the  Isle  of  Purbeck.  At  its  entrance,  one-fourth  of  a  mile 
across,  is  a  shifting  sandbar,  with  only  15  feet  water  at  hiiih- 
tide;  near  this  are  some  extensive  beds  of  oysters.  The  tide 
here  ebbs  and  flows  twice  in  the  12  hours,  owing  to  geogra- 
phical peculiarities  in  the  position  of  the  harlxjr. 

POOLK  ISLAND,  Chesapeake  Bay,  17i  miles  E.  by  X.  of 
Baltimore.    On  it  is  a  light-house,  exhibiting  a  fixed  light. 
POOLK-KEYNES,  pool-kAnz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
M'ilts. 

POOLESYILLE,  poolz'vil,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery 
CO  ,  ^Maryland,  65  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

POOrACE,  pool'kA.  a  ruined  town  of  Afghanistan,  province 
of  Seistan,  on  the  Ilelmund,  in  lat.  3u°  45' _X.,  Ion.  62°  20' 
E.    Its  remains  cover  an  area  of  16  square  miles. 

rOOLO,  rOULO,  or  PULO,  pooto,  a  woi-d  signifying 
"  island.''  prefixed  to  the  names  of  many  Malay  i.slands;  aa, 
PooLO  LoNTAR,  &c.  For  those  not  uudermeutioued,  see 
additional  name. 

I'OOLO  AY  or  POOLO  WAY,  one  of  the  Panda  Islands. 
POOLO  BAMAK,  poo'lo  ll-ne-dk',  an  island  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Sumatra,  in  lat.  2°  :50'  N.,  Inn.  96°  50'  E. 

POOLO  HRA.'^SE,  poo/lo  brSss.  an  island  off  the  N."W.  ex- 
tremity of  Sumatra,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Acbeen. 
POOLO  CAMBING.    See  Goat  Island. 
I'OOLO  CANTOX,  poo'lo  kanHon'.  an  island  in  the  China 
Sea.  off  the  coast  of  Anam,  in  lat.  15°  20'  N.,  Ion.  109°  E. 

POOLO  CIKCER  DE  MER,  poo'lo  se-a'saiii/  dfh  maiR,  an 
island  in  the  China  Sea,  60  miles  S.  of  Cape  Padaran,  Cochin 
China. 

POOLO  CONDOR,  pooAo  konMoR/,  a  cluster  of  i.slands  in 
the  China  Sea,  120  miles  E.  of  I'oint  Cambodia,  the  prin- 
cipal island,  12  miles  in  length,  having  a  village  and  good 
anchorage. 

POOLO  D.AMMER,  poo'lo  djm'mer,  an  island  otT  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  Gilolo.     Circumference,  about  30  miles. 

POOLO  DATTOO,  poo'lo  Ah>iool.  an  island  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Borneo,  in  lat,  0°-7'  N.,  Ion.  108°  .37'  E. 

POOLO  LABUAN,  poolo  Id-boo-dn',  an  island  off  the  N.W. 
coast  of  Borneo,  50  miles  N.  of  Borneo,  and  lately  taken  pos- 
session of  by  tile  English. 

POOLO  LANCAVI.  poo/lo  Un-kd'yee,  an  island  off  the  W. 
coast  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Queda.     Pop.  3000. 

POOLO  LAUT,  poolo  lawt,  on  island  off  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  the  island  of  Borneo.  Length,  50  miles ;  greatest  breadth, 
S5  miles. 

POOLO  LAUT,  LITTLE,  a  group,  55  miles  S.W.  of  the 
above  island. 

POOLO  LONTAR,  poo^o  Ion-tan',  an  island  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Lower  Siam,  in  lat.  7°  45'  N.,  Ion. 
99°  E. 

POOLO  NAN'CY,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra, 
W.  of  Acheen. 

POOLO  OBY,  ofhae,  (or  UBI.  ooOjee.)  an  island  in  the 
China  Sea.  20  miles  S.  of  Point  Cambodia. 
POOLO  PINANG.     See  PErfANO. 

POO'LOKOON',  and  POO'LOWAY',  two  of  the  Banda 
Islands,  Malay  Archipelago,  W.  of  Banda. 

POOL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co.,  Mississippi. 
POOL,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
POOLS'VILLE,  a  pOst-village  of  Spartanburg   district. 
South  Carolina. 
POOLSVILLE:,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Georgia. 
POOLSA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  Indiana. 
POOLYASH  BAY,  Isle  of  Man.     See  Baivash. 
POOL'VILLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Madison  co..  New  York, 
about  95  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.    It  has  several  factories. 
POO'NAII,   a   district  of   British   India,   presidency   of 
Bombay.     Area,  8281  square  miles.    Pop.  558,313. 

POONAII.  a  city  of  British  India,  capital  of  the  above  dis- 
trict, on  a  tributary  of  the  Beem.ah,  75  miles  S.E.  of  Bombay. 
Pop.  from  80,000  to  90,000,  but  its  garrison  comprises  about 
15,000  more.  It  stands  about  2.000  feet  above  the  sea,  is  an 
agreeable  place,  and  rising  in  importance;  the  streets  are 
clean  and  uniform,  and  the  roads  in  its  vicinity  much  im- 
proved. The  Peishwa's  palace,  environed  by  a  large  unfi- 
nished fort,  was  mostly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1827  ;  but  a  part 
remains,  and  now  serves  for  a  prison.  Here  are  also  other 
native  palaces,  a  Hindoo  college,  the  church,  a  good  library, 
military  baz.aar,  civil  hospital,  barracks,  arsenal,  and  the 
various  government  offices.  The  cantonments,  where  127 
infantry  regiments  are  generally  quartered,  are  on  an  ele- 
vated site  to  the  W.  E.  of  the  city  is  a  cave-temple  of  Seeva. 
POONUKKA,  POUNUKKA,  PUNUKKA,  po^ntik'ki 
written  also  POONAKA,  a  town,  and  the  second  capital  of 
Bootan,  North  Ilindostan,  in  the  great  chain  of  the  Hima- 
layas, 17  miles  N.E;  of  Tassisudon.  It  is  a  miserable  place ; 
the  winter  residence  of  the  Deb-Rajah  is  its  only  buUding 
of  consequence.    Lat.  27°  58'  N.,  Ion.  89°  54'  E. 

POOPO,  po-o/po  or  PO'PO.  a  village  of  Bolivia,  department, 
and  106  mUes  S.  by  E.  of  La  Paz.    Pop.  1000. 


POOR,  POUR,  or  PUR,  poor,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the 
N.  of  the  government  of  Yakootsk,  flows  E.N  Ji.,  and  after 
a  course  of  about  130  miles  joins  the  Olenek  at  the  town  of 
Maksimova. 

POOR,  POUR,  or  PUR,  a  river  of  Siberia,  ri.ses  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Tobolsk,  about  lat.  64°  N.,  flows  N.  by  E.,  and 
after  a  course  of  above  200  miles,  falls  into  the  S.Sv.  extre- 
mity of  the  Bay  of  Tazovsk. 

POOR.\,  poo/rd.  a  town  of  West  Beloochistan,  in  the  desert, 
110  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bunpoor.    Pop.  2000. 

POORALLY,  poo-rdllee,  (anc.  Ar'ahii,)  a  river  of  Beloo- 
chistan, province  of  Loos,  enters  Sonmeanee  Baj-,  Indian 
Ocean,  50  miles  N.E.  of  Kurracliee.  after  a  S.  course  of  about 
lot)  miles.     The  towns  Bela  and  Lyaree  are  on  its  banks. 

POORATEEN,  POURATIN,  or  PURATIN,  poo-ii-teeri/,  a 
town  of  Russi.a,  government,  and  103  miles  N.W.  of  Poltava, 
capital  of  a  district,  with  1600  inh.abitants. 

POOUBUNDER,  poor-btin'der,  a  maritime  town  of  Ilin- 
dostan, Baroda  dominions,  on  the  S.W.  coa.st  of  the  Guzerot 
Peninsula.  Ijit.  21°  39'  N.,  Ion.  69°  48'  E.  It  is  large  and 
populous,  and  is  the  comraerci.il  emporium  of  the  Guzerat 
Peninsula. 

POOltEE,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Jdoger.n'aut. 

POOR  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Harlaij  co.,  Kentucky. 

POOR  IIILL.  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tenne.s.see. 

POOR'STOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

POOlfrON.  NORTH,  a  parish  pf  England,  co.  of  Dorset, 

POORTVLIET,  poRt'fleet/,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Zealand,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Th(jlen.     Pop.  1113. 

POORUNDER,  poor-tin'der,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay.  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Poonah. 

POOR'UNPOOR/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  48  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bareily. 

POOSIIKUR,  poosh'kQr',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  4  miles  W. 
of  Ajmeer.    It  U  a  celebrated  place  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage. 

PO0ST-(P0UST-or  PUST-)OZEKSK.  poost-o-zalRsk',  (Sa- 
moyede,  I'onf?'))7«,yon-go'ree,)the  northernmost  town  of  the 
Samoied  country,  in  European  Russia,  government  of 
Archangel,  on  the  Petchora,  near  its  month  in  the  Northern 
Ocean.  Pop.  600,  who  live  chiefly  by  hunting  .and  fishing. 
•  POOTE,  L.A,  Id  p6f ,  a  market-town  of  France,  department, 
and  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mayenne.    Pop.  3352. 

POOTIVL,  POUTIYL,  or  PUTIVL,  poo-teev"l/,  written 
also  PUTYYL  and  PUTIWL,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Koorsk,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the 
Sem.  Pop.  9000.  It  is  well  built,  and  though  mostly  of 
wood,  it  has  some  good  public  edifices,  nearly  20  churches,  2 
extensive  charitable  institutions,  vitriol  Mctories,  brick- 
kilns, and  a  brisk  trade  in  the  rural  produce  of  the  vicinity. 

POOTO,  POUTO,  PUTO,  poo'to,  or  POO-TEON-SHAN,  a 
small,  rocky  island  off  the  E.  extremity  of  Chusan,  coast  of 
China.  L;it.  30°  25'  N.,  Ion.  122°  40'  E.  It  has  numerous 
temples,  and  monasteries  of  Boodhist  priests,  many  very 
richly  ornamented,  and  good  causeways  are  carried  over  all 
parts  of  its  surface. 

POP.A^,  po'pa.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  100 
miles  S.E.  of  Gilolo,  50  miles  in  circumference.  Lat.  1°  12' 
S.,  Ion.  129°  52'  E. 

POPACTON  or  PEPACTON  RIVER,  a  branch  of  the  De- 
laware, rises  among  the  Cattskill  Mountains,  in  Delaware 
county.  New  York,  and  flowing  in  a  W.S.W.  direction  for 
alx)ut  60  miles,  unites  with  the  Coquago,  the  larger  branch, 
at  the  village  of  Hancock  or  Chehocton,  on  the  boundary  be- 
tween New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  It  is  a  beautiful  and 
rapid  stream,  and  furnishes  valuable  motive-power.  The 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  crosses  this  river  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Coquago. 

POPAYAN.  po-pd-yin',  a  city  of  South  .\merica,  in  New 
Granada,  capital  of  the  department  of  Cauca,  in  a  fertile 
plain,  near  the  Cauca  River,  and  6000  feet  above  the  ocean. 
I^t.  2°  28'  38"  N.,  Ion.  76°  36'  W.  Pop.  20,000.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  and  well  built,  has  a  cathedral,  numerous 
public  edifices,  (formerly  conventual.)  a  mint,  and  two  bridges 
across  an  atfluent  of  the  Cauca.  Its  inhabitants  are  mostly 
mulattoes  and  negroes.  It  had  formerly  a  large  trade  in 
the  precious  metals,  but  its  commerce  is  now  principally  in 
rural  produce.  A  great  commercial  road,  nearly  1003  milea 
in  length,  extends  S.  from  Popayan  p.ast  Quito  to  Trujiilo,  in 
Peru.  Popayan  was  founded  in  1537,  being  the  first  city  built 
by  Europeans  in  this  region  of  America.  In  1834  it  was 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

POPE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area  of 
370  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Kentucky,  forms  the  S.E.  boundary.  The  county  is  also 
drained  by  Lusk  and  Big  Bay  Creeks.  The  surface  is  roll- 
ing; the  soil  in  .some  parts  is  fertile.  The  county  contains 
a  number  of  mineral  springs,  arid  abundance  of  iron  and 
lead.  Valuable  quarries  of  sandstone  are  found  near  the 
Ohio  River.  Named  in  honor  of  Nathaniel  Pope,  a  delegate 
to  the  United  States  Congress  when  Illinois  was  admitted  as 
a  sovereign  state.    Capital.  Golconda.    Pop.  6742. 

POPE  CREEK,  a  post-oifice  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois. 

POPEDOM.  Italy.    See  Poxtifical  States. 

POPEBINGHE,  po^pSa'^-V,  or   POPEKINGEN,  pop'gr- 

1517 


POP 

ring'njn,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  ofWest  Flanders,  on 
a  canal,  near  the  French  frontier,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ypres. 
Pop.lO/fll.  The  principal  edifice  is  a  handsome  town-hall. 
It  has  inaufactui-es  of  lace,  linens,  and  woollen  cloths. 

POPES  CORNERS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York. 

POPE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  CO.,  New 
York. 

POP'HAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

POPILII  FORUM.    See  Forumpopou. 

POP'LAR,  a  suburban  parish  of  the  metropolis  of  Eng- 
Lind,  CO.  of  Middlesex,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and 
Blickwall  Railway,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 
Pop.  in  1S52.  2S.3S4.  It  eomprL«es  the  East  and  West  India 
docks,  has  numerous  places  of  worship,  schools  and  charities, 
almshouses  for  the  widows  of  servants  of  the  East  India 
Company,  and  yards  for  ship-building. 

POP'LAll,  a  post-village  of  Orangeburg  district,  South 
Carolina. 

POPL.\R,  a  post-ofiice  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 

POPLAR  BLCFF,  a  small  post-vilLage  of  Butler  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

POPLAR  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Currituck  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

POPL.A.R  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Tennessee. 

POPLAR  CR  EEK.  of  Tennes.see,  rises  in  Anderson  county, 
and  enters  Oinch  River  in  Roane  county. 

POPL.iR  CIJEEK,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

POPLAR  FLAT,  a  small  post-village  of  Lewis  co..  Ken 
tnckv. 

PO"PLAR  GROTE,  a  post-village  of  Iredell  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee, 
144  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co..  Illinois. 

POPLAR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Giles  CO.,  A'irginia. 

POPLAR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Casey  co..  Kentucky. 

POPLAR  HILL,  a  po.st-office  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiajia. 

POPLAR  MARSHES,  England.     See  DOGS.  IsLE  OF. 

POPLAR  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  co.,  Virginia 

POPLAR  NECK,  a  post  office  of  Nelson  co..  Kentucky. 

POPLAR  PLAINS,  a  post-viUage  of  Fleming  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, SO  miles  E.  of  Fninkfort.     Pop.  about  300. 

POPLAR  POINT,  on  the  AV.  side  of  Narragansett  Bay, 
about  "i  miles  N.W.  of  Newport.  Rhode  Island. 

POPLAR  RIDGE,  or  SMITH'S  CORNERS,  a  post-village 
of  Cayuga  co..  New  York.  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Auburn. 

POPLAR  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Maury  CO.,  Tennessee. 

POPLAR  UIDGE.  a  post-office  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

POPLAR  SPUING,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  distri-t,  South 
Carolina. 

P0PL.1R  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

POPLAR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Howard  co..  :»Iarvland. 

POPLAR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

POPLAR  SPRINGS,  a  post  office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

POP'LARTOWN,  a  thriving  village  of  Worcester  co^  Mary- 
land, alx)ut  12  miles  N.E.  of  Snow  Hill. 

POP'LIN.  a  poist-townsliip  of  Rockingham  co.,  New  Hamp- 
thire,  .3.3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord. 

POPO,  a  village  of  Bolivia.     See  PooPO. 

POPO.  po'po,  a  district  of  Guinea,  nominally  included  in 
the  territory  of  Dahomey,  with  two  coast  towns  or  villages. 
Great  and  Little  Popo. 

POPOCATEPETL,  po-po-k3-tA  p5tl',  (Mexican  "smoking 
mountain.")  an  active  volcano  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
state,  and  35  miles  S.W.  of  La  Puebla,  It  is  a  truncated  cone, 
rising  Vi  17.720  feet  aliove  the  sea,  with  a  crater  3  miles  in 
circumference,  and  1000  feet  deep.  Tlie  principal  constitu- 
ent is  porphyritic  ob.sidian.  Forests  cover  its  base,  but  at 
12,693_  feet  in  height  vegetation  ceases,  and  beyond  this  its 
slope  is  a  desertof  volcanic  sand  and  pumice,  mostly  covered 
with  snow. 

POPO,  GREAT,  a  town  of  Guinea,  situated  between  the 
sea  and  a  biickwater  or  inlet,  15  miles  W.  of  Whydah.  Lat. 
6°16'  N.,  Ion.  1°  54'  E.  Pop.  5000,  including  many  Spaniards 
and  Portuguese.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  cotton 
goods  and  earthenwares,  but  is  chiefly  noted  for  its  traffic  in 
slaves. 

POPO  ISLES,  Jliil.ay  Archipelago,  are  between  Gilolo  and 
Papua,  lat.  1°  15'  S..  Ion.  12tP  45' E.  The  largest  island.  Popo, 
IS  .10  miles  in  circumference,  and  produces  sago,  coooanuts, 
and  salt.  ' 

POl'OLI,  pop'o-le.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Lltra  II.,  district,  and  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sulmona,  on  the 
Pesctint.  with  two  hand.some  churches.     Pop.  3200 

POPPELAU,  p()p'pyh-lCw\  a  village  of  Prussian 
"n   n^      ■  "^  "^M*'"'  o"  the  Prinitz.1.     Pop.  22(35. 

1 OPI  KLSpORF  pop'pfls-doRC.  a  village  of  Rheni.sh  Prus- 
sia, 1  mile  S.W.of  Bonn,  and  h.aving  the  botanic  garden, 
museum,  and  laloratory  of  its  university,  with  porcelain 
and  i-arpet  factories.    Pop.llSO. 

POPPivNHAUSEN,  pop'pjn-hOw'zfn,  a  village  of  Bavaria, 


Silesia,  14 


POR 

circle  of  Lower  Franconia,  6  miles  "S.W.  of  Schweinfiirt. 
Pop.  1179. 

POPPENLAUER,  pop'pfn-lowVr,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Saale,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  MUnuerstadt. 
Pop.  1219. 

POPPI,  pop'pee,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province,  and  26  mile* 
E.  of  Florence,  on  the  Arno.  Pop.  5654.  It  has  a  hand- 
some palace,  formerly  of  the  Guidi  family,  a  celebrated 
abl>ey,  Augustine  convent,  3  churches,  a  hospital,  public 
library,  and  theatre,  with  manv  handsome  private  houses. 

POP'PLETON.  NETHER,  a  parish  of  England.  Co..  and  4 
miles  N.N.W.  of  York,  with  a  station  on  (he  East  and  West 
Y^ork  Railway. 

POPRAD,  po'prJd',  a  river  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zipa, 
an  affluent  of  the  Dunajec.    Length.  35  miles. 

POPRAD.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  DECTSCnENi)ORF. 

POQUAN'OC  (or  POQUON'NOC)  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  ot 
New  London  co..  Connecticut. 

POQUETAN'OC.  a  post-village  of  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  Long  Island,Sound,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames 
River. 

POQUONNOC,  a  village  of  Connecticut,    See  Peqcaxsock. 

PORA,  po'ra,  two  islands  of  the  Malay  .^rchijielago.  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Sumatra,  between  lat.  1°  and  2°  30'  S.,  and  Ion, 
9S°  30'  and  100°  E.  The  southernmost,  or  Se  Por.i.  is  40 
miles  in  length,  by  15  miles  in  greatest  breadth;  and  North 
Pora  or  Se  lieroo.  60  miles  in  length,  bv  30  miles  across. 

PORAMUSCHIR,  Kocrile  Ishmds.    See  Pabamoosheer. 

PORCA,  poR'kd  a  maritime  town  of  South  India,  on  the 
Malabar  coast,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Trivandrum.  Lat.  8°  16' 
N.,  Ion.  76°  24'  E.  It  is  populous,  and  inhabited  by  many 
Mohammedan,  Hindoo,  and  Christian  merchants.  Here  the 
Dutch  had  formerly  a  factory. 

PORCAltl,  poR-kd'ree,  a  village  and  parish  of  Tuscany, 
duchy  of  Lucca,  near  the  Lago  di  Sesto,  on  an  isolated  hill, 
above  the  Leccio.    Pop.  2651. 

POHCE,  poR'sA,  a  river  of  New  Granada,  rises  in  the  An- 
des, flows  N.N.W.,  and  joins  the  Nechi  30  mile^s  E.SX.  of 
Caceres.    Total  course,  about  130  miles. 

PORCHE.<TER.  a  village  of  Engknd. .  See  Portchester. 

PORCIIOV.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Poryhov. 

POR'CO,  a  mountain  knot  of  the  Bolivian  Andes,  in  lat. 
19°  45'  S..  Ion.  C6°  30'  W.  Height.  16,000  feet.  From  this 
mountain  the  Incas  derived  a  large  afnount  of  silver,  and 
here  was  the  first  mine  wrought  by  the  Spaniards  after  the 
conque.«t  of  Peru.  Near  it  is  the  town  of  I'orcp,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  department  of  Potosi.  20  miles 
S.W.  of  Potosi. 

PORCOS,  ILn.\.  BOS,  eel'yJ  doce  poR^koce,  a  group  ct 
i.slets  of  Brazil,  off  the  coast  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  in  the  B.iy 
of  Flamengos,  16  miles  N.E.  of  the  island  of  Sao  Sebastiao. 

PORCUNA,  poR-koo'nl,  (anc.  O^.ntlco.)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jacn.  Pop.  5272.  It  has 
a  palace  belonging  to  the  Order  of  Calatrava,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloth,  serges,  and  sfi.ip. 

POR'CUPINE  RlVER.of  Nebraska  Territory,  falls  into  the 
Missouri  River  near  48°  N.  lat..  and  104°  50' "W.  Ion. 

PORDENONE.  poR-d.\-no'u.A,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  28 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Udine,  Pop.  5000.  It  has  an  jictive  trade 
in  wine  and  corn. 

P0I!D1C.  poRMeek',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cotes-du-Nord,  5  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.  Pop.  in 
1S52,  4080. 

PORE,  po'ri,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada, 
department  of  Boyaca,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Meta,  114  miles 
N.l:;.  of  Bogota. 

PORENTRUY,  po'r5x«'trwee',  or  PORRENTRUI,  (Ger. 
Brunlrut.  broon'troot,)  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
uS  miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  near  the  French  frontier.  Bop.  2500. 
In  1703-4  it  was  capital  of  the  French  department  of  Mont 
Terrible,  and  was  afterwards  comprised  in  the  department 
of  H.iut-Rhin. 

PORETCIIIE,  po-rltch'yi,  written  also  POKIETCHE  and 
PORETSCHI E.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  40  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Smolensk.    Pop.  2000. 

POR  ETT.\.  near  Q vita  Veechia.   See  Bagsi  Delia  Poretta. 

PORETTA,  po-r^t'ta,  a  village  ol  North  Italy,  State  of 
.a;niilia,  .30  miles  S.W.  of  Bologna.  Pop.  2500.  1 1  Las  well 
frequented  sulphur  baths. 

PORETZK.  po-r?tsk^  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Volhynia,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Vladimeer.  Pop. 
1550. 

PO'RINGLAND,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

PORINGLAND,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk. 

PORKA.  poR/ki  an  Island  of  Russia,  in  Lake  Peipus. 
well-wooded,  and  having  several  villages. 

PORKHOV,  PORCHOV  or  PORKHOW,  poR'Kov',  a  town 
of  Russix  government,  and  43  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pskov,  on  the 
Shelcn.  a  tribut.ary  of  Lake  Ilmen.     P.  3040.     It  has  a  castle. 

PORLEZZA.  poR-l5tAs|,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
16  miles  N.  of  Como,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Lake  Logaao 
Pop.  1000. 

POR'LOCK,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  oi 


POR 


POR 


Pomerspt,  on  the  British  Channel,  5i  miles  W.  of  >Iinehead. 
l>op.  854.  The  town  has  a  harbor,  and  some  imports  of  coal 
and  lime. 

lIMtN'ASSIO.  pon-nds'se-o,  a  Tillafre  of  the  Sardinian 
Statos,  division  of  Xice,  province,  and  about  12  miles  N.N.W. 
ofOnesUa.     I'op.  1152. 

POli.MC,  ponSieek',  a  small  maritime  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ijoire-liif6iieure,  on  the  Bay  of  Bourfriienf.  26 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  1324.  It  is  frequented  for 
its  rlialvbeate  sprinirs  and  for  sea-bathing. 

I'O'RO  or  P;)(yi-0  SKPOIiA.  ?:\-pn'r4.  ('-island  of  frood  for- 
tune,") an  island  of  tlie  Malay  .Archipelago,  off  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Sumatra.  X.W.  of  the  I'ogj^y  Islands.  It  is  about  40  miles 
in  length  from  X.W.  to  S.E.,  by  15  miles  in  average  breadth, 
and  densflv  wooded. 

POKDMUSCHIR,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands.    See  P.\ra- 

MOOSHEER. 

P0U09.  po'ros,  Cane.  Sphrefria.)  a  small  island  of  Greece,  at 
the  \V.  entrance  of  the  gnlf  and  7  miles  S.  of  the  i.sland  of 
-Bgina.  Its  chief  town,  Poros.  is  celebrated  as  the  scene  of 
conferences  which  settled  the  new  Greek  monarchy  in 
1828. 

POR'POTSE  C.4PE,  Maine.     See  Cape  PonpnrsE. 

POKQUKROLfiES,  poR'kehroll'.  one  of  the  Ilyferes  Islands 
In  France,  department  of  Var,  in  the  Mediterranean.  Length, 
I)  miles. 

Pi)  K  RENT  RUT,  a  town  of  Switzerland.    See  Porentruv. 

PORREK.V.  poR-R.Vi-i.  a  maket-town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  1321. 

POUR  El!  .\S.  a  town  of  Majorca.  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Palmas. 

PORRUDOS,  poR-Roo'doce.  or  RIO  DE  SSO  LOtJRENgO. 
ree'o  dd  snwjfa  10-r4n'so.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  E.  part 
of  the  province  of  Matto  Grosso.  flows  S.W.,  and  joins  the 
Paraguay  on  the  left,  in  lat.  17°  20'  S. ;  largest  tributary,  the 
Cuyaba.  Previou.s  to  this  junction,  its  channel  is  much  ob- 
structed by  cataracts:  but  below  to  its  mouth,  including  a 
length  of  1.50  miles,  it  is  free  from  falls  or  violent  rapids, 
and  is  navigable  by  country  boats,  which  efnploy  eight  days 
in  the  ascent. 

PORSGRUND.  poRs'groont,  a  town  of  Norway,  stift.  and 
91  miles  N.E.  of  Chris^ian.s;lnd,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Sk.ager- 
rack.     Pop.  17.50. 

P0RT.VCIIITEI.0  DE  TUCTO,  poR-td-choo-Alo  (^^  took'to, 
one  of  tlie  loftiest  passes  over  the  Andes,  North  Peru,  be- 
tween Tarma  and  Lima,  and  15.700  feet  in  elevation. 

PORTACOMARO,  poR-tS-ko-md'ro,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  division  of  Alessandria,  province,  and  4  miles 
N.E.  ofAsti.    Pop.  Itr4. 

PORT  ADELAIDE.  Oid'e-lAd.)  a  town  of  South  Australia, 
6  or  6  miles  from  .\delaide,  with  whii-h  it  is  connected  by 
an  excellent  macademized  road.  Lat.  34°  48'  S.,  ion.  138°  28' 
E.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  a  large  creek,  whic.'i 
affords  only  a  bad  harbor,  and  is  not  considered  .safe  to  load 
ve.s.sels  deeper  than  15  or  10  feet.  The  imports  for  1848 
amounted  to  310,1.37^.,  and  the  exports  to  40o,K78i.  Laid 
out  in  1837.     Pop.  between  8000  and  10.000. 

PORTABOWN',  amai-ket-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co., 
and  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  .•Vrmagh,  on  the  Bann,  and  on  the 
Ulster  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  .3091.  In  its  vicinity  are 
many  handsome  villas  and  substantial  farm-houses.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton  goods,  a  large  distillery, 
and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn. 

POR'T.VFER'RY,  a  seaport  and  market  town  of  Ireland, 
ih  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  near  the  entrance  of  Lough  Strang- 
ford.  7^  miles  E.N.E.  of  Downpatrick.     Pop.  in  1851.  2074. 

p6RT'.\GE.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  contains 
480  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Cuyahoga  and  Mahoning 
Hirers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The  soil  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Cleveland 
and  Pittsburg  R.ailroad,  and  by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Canal.  Settled- by  natives  of  Mas.sachusetts  and  Connecti- 
cut about  the  year  1799.    Capibil,  Ravenna.    Pop. 24,208. 

PORTAGE,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Wisconsin, 
contains  800  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Wisconsin 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Plover  River.  These  streams 
are  bordered  by  extensive  pine  forests,  forming  part  of  the 
"  Great  Pinery"  of  North  AVisconsin,  from  wliich  many  mil- 
lion feet  of  lumber  are  procured  annuall)',  and  floated  down 
the  river  to  Galena  and  St.  Louis.  A  strip  of  land  0  miles 
wide,  along  tlie  AVisconsin,  was  surveyed  and  settled  in 
1830;  and  the  remainder  of  the  county  passed  from  alioii- 
ginal  hands  in  1848.  In  1860,  23,350,000  feet  of  pine  lum- 
l)er  were  made  in  this  county.  Capital,  Plover,  also  called 
Stanton.     Pop.  7507. 

PORTAGE,  a  township  of  Livingston  co..  New  Pork,  on 
the  Genesee  Kiver.    Pop.  1519. 

PORTAGE,  a  post-ofhce  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PORTAGE,  a  townsiiip  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

pi  )RTAG  K,  a  township  of  Hancock  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  835. 

PORTAGE,  a  township  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1089. 

PORTAGE,  a  township  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio.  The  Penn- 
sylvania and  Ohio  Canal  joins  the  Ohio  canal  at  Akron,  a 
Tiliage  in  this  townsiiip.    Pop.  4805. 

PORTAGE,  a  thriving  post-\  lilage  and  township  of  Wood 
CO..  Ohio,  20  miles  S.  of  Perrysburg.    Pop.  883. 


P0RT.4.0E.  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Kala- 
mazoo CO.,  Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Portage  River 
Pop.  973. 
PORTAGE,  a  township  in  Porter  co..  Indiana.  Pop.  647. 
PORTAGE,  a  village  and  township  in  St.  Joseph  co..  In- 
diana, on  St.  Josepli's  River,  150  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 
Population  591. 

PORTAGE,  capital  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  and  on  the  ship-canal 
coiniecting  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  Rivers  at  the  noted 
Winnebago  Portage,  35  miles  N.  of  Madison,  and  95  miles 
N.W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  and  is  a  depot  for  jiine  Imnber.  Three 
steamboats  with  barges  for  carrying  freight  ply  constantly 
during  the  summer  l)etween  this  place  and  Green  Bjiy.  The 
place  contains  (1865)  above  30  stores,  1  new.-ipai)er  office,  4 
bakeries,  3  cabinet  and  chair  factories,  1  foundry,  1  ma- 
chine-shop, 1  planing-mill,  1  gi-ist-niill,  2  grain  elevators,  8 
hotels,  6  churches,  9  graded  public  schools,  witli  afine  brick 
liigh-scliool  building,  and  a  large  substantial  brick  court- 
house. Here  the  railway  company  have  a  round-house,  ma- 
chine-shops, and  a  fine  brick  hotel  and  eating  house.  Pop. 
■loot).     I'ortage  is  on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Winnebago. 

PORTAGE  CREEK,  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  enters 
Grand  I'iver,  4  miles  below  Jack.son  Court-llnuse. 

PORT.A.GE  DES  SIOUX.  diV  seoo'  (or  soo.)  a  village  in  St. 
Charles  co.,  MisfjDuri,  on  Mississippi  River,  115  miles  E.N.E 
of  .lelTerson  City. 

PORTAGE  DU  FORT,  (Fr.  pron.  poR^tiizh'  dll  foR.)  a  post- 
village  of  Canjida  East.  co.  of  Ottaw.a,  situated  on  the  Ottawa 
River.  01  miles  N.  of  Bytown.     Pop.  about  2,50. 

PORT  AG  K  FALLS,  New  York.  See  Ge.\esee  River  and 
Genesee  Falls. 

I'ORTAGE  LAKE,  of  Keweenaw  Point,  Michigan,  is  very 
irregular  in  its  form,  and  extends  from  iieweenaw  Bay 
across  the  point  to  within  2  or  3  miles  of  the  shore  of  L.ike 
Superior.  The  route  of  this  lake  lias  long  Ijeen  used  by  the 
traders  and  Indians  as  a  portase:  hence  the  name. 

PORTAGE  PRAIRIE,  townshili,  Columbia  co.. Wisconsin. 
PORTAGE  RITER,  a  small  stream  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Han- 
cock county,  and  fiows  into  Lake  Erie  at  Port  Clinton 

PORTAGE  RIVER,  of  Miehig.iii.  a  small  stream  which 
flows  through  Livingston  county  into  Portage  L;ike  and 
Huron  River. 

PORTAGE  RIVER,  of  Slichigan.  a  small  stream  which 
enters  St.  Joseph's  River  at  the  village  of  Three  Rivers. 
POi;TA(iEVILLE,  New  York.     See  Genesee  Falls. 
POKTALBERA,  poR-tai-b.VrS.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  of  Voghera.  near 
the  Po.     Pop.  1,510. 

POI!T.\LEGRE.  poR-t,Vli'gr.i.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
pf  Alemtejn,  49  miles  N.N.E.  of  Evora.  Pop.  6800.  It  has 
an  episcnpal  palace.  2  hospitals,  a  seminary,  college,  and 
manufactures  of  druggets. 

PORT  ALEXAN'DKR.  a  harbor  of  South-western  Africa, 
in  Benguela,  on  the  Atlantic,  40  miles  N.  of  Great  Fish  Bay. 
PORT  ALLEGHA'NY,  a  post-village  of  McKean  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Alleghany  River,  alx)ut  200  miles  N.W.  of 
Ilarrisburg. 

PORT  AL'LEN,  or  POW-OF-ER/ROL.  a  harbor  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Perth,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Frith  of  Tay,  li 
miles  S.  of  Errol. 

PORT  AL'LEN.  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  28  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

PORT  ANTO'NIO.  a  seaport  village  of  .lamaica,  co.  of 
Surrev.  on  the  N.  coast,  25  miles  N.W.  of  I'oint  Morant. 

PORT.A^  OMBin.ANO,  poR'tS  om-bre-J/no,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  province  of  Lodi.  and  so  near  to  Crema,  as 
to  be  almost  its  suburb.     Pop.  1124. 

PORTAR'LI.NGTON,  a  parliamentary,  municip.al  Ixirough, 
and  town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  and  Queen's  coun- 
ties, on  the  Barrow,  here  crossed  by  two  bridges,  on  the 
Great  Southern  and  Western  Railway,  40  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Dublin.  Pop  of  town  in  1851.  27-28.  It  is  one  of  the  K>st 
built  and  cleanest  covintry  towns  in  Ireland,  with  2  h.and- 
some  churches.  2  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  excellent  schools, 
and  a  handsome  market-house,  and  small  manufactures  of 
leather,  tobacco,  soap,  and  candles.  It  sends  1  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the 
Dawson  family,  proprietors  of  the  borough. 

PORT  AU  PRINCE.  p5rt-o-prlnss.(l-'r.]iron.poR-t5prJNSs.) 
or  PORT  REPUBLICAN,  (Fr.  Prnt  Repuhlicam.  poR  r.i'ptib"- 
lee^kAx"'.)  the  capital  city  and  principal  seaport  of  Ilayti,  on 
its  AV.  coast,  at  the  head  of  the  Bav  of  Oonaives.  Litt.  18° 
33'  N.,  Ion.  72°  18'  AV.  Pop.  20.000.  (?)  It  is  partially  for- 
tified, irregularly  built,  and  chiefly  of  wood.  The  principal 
edifices  are  the  palace  of  the  state,  which  has  some  archi- 
tectural excellence,  the  church,  arsenal,  mint,  lyceuni.  mili- 
tary hospital,  and  courts  of  law.  The  vicinity  is  marshy, 
and  the  climate  unhealthy.  The  hariwr  is  safe,  except  tho 
hurricane  months,  from  August  to  Novemiier.  It  is  the 
seat  of  all  the  superior  courts  in  Ilayti.  and  of  the  most  part 
of  its  foreign  trade.  The  annual  value  of  the  imports  is 
about  ?1,260.000. 
PORT  BAIL,  poK  hll,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 

lil9 


POR 

ment  of  Manohe,  with  a  small  port  on  the  Knglish  Channel, 
la  mil-^s  P.W.  of  Valognes.    Pop.  in  1852,  2057. 

POUT  BAN'XATYNK,  a  beautiful  maritime  Till.ige  of 
ScotLnnd,  co..  and  on  the  island  of  Bute,  at  the  head  of  Kames 
Bav,  If  miles  X.N.W.  of  Rothesay.  Pop.  300.  It  is  neatly 
built,  and  is  much  frequented  in  summer  for  sea-bathing. 
About  1  mile  W.  stands  the  old  baronial  mansion  of  Kames 
Castle. 

PORT  BAR'NETT.  a  TillaRe  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  on  a  branch  of  the  Redbank  Creek,  168  miles  W.X.W. 
of  HarrisburK. 

POUT  BKAUFORT.  (tiO'foRt/,)  a  harbor  of  South  Africa, 
In  Cape  Colony,  district,  and  60  miles  S.K.  of  Zwellendam, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Breede  River  in  St.  Sebastian's  Bay. 

PORT  BLAN'CUARD,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
rvlvania. 

'port  BOWEN,  bO'en.  British  North  America,  is  on 
Prince  Regent  Inlet,  in  lat.  73°  13'  N.,  Ion.  88°  54'  W.  Here 
the  Ilecla  and  Furv  remained  from  September  to  July 
1824-5.  during  which  period  the  mean  t<jmperature  was 
t°.3S  Fahrenheit,  the  lowest  temperature  on  the  2fith  of 
January,  being  minus  38°,  and  the  highest,  13th  of  July, 
45°.42. 

PORT  BOWEN,  a  natural  harbor  on  the  N.E.  coast  of 
Austnilia.  l.it.  2» 30'  S..  Ion.  151°  E. 

POPvT  BUR/AVELL,  a  post-Tillage  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Otter  Creek,  in  I>ake 
Erie.  I'i7  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto,  and  45  milfes  from  London. 
Pop.  about  3iX). 

PORT'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PORT  BY'RON,  a  post-Tillage  of  Jlentz  township,  Cayuga 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  tlie  5icw  Y"ork 
Central  Ittilroad,  28  miles  W.  of  Syracuse.  It  coutiiins  4 
chnrclies,  1  bank,  1  uewsimper  office,  and  several  mills.  Poj) 
estimated  at  ItiOO. 

PORT  liYRi  )N,  a  post-village  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois, 
on  till'  Missis-sippi,  18  miles  above  Rock  Island.    Pop.  652. 

PORT  CAD'DO,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Texas. 

PORT  CAR'BON,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Kast  Norwe- 
gian township,  S<.-huvlkill  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill River,  at  the  niouth  of  Mill  Creek,  65  miles  N.E.  of 
Harrisburg.  and  3  miles  N.E.  of  Pottsville.  It  is  surrounded 
by  rich  coal-mines,  and  carries  on  an  active  trade  by  means 
of  the  Schuylkill  Valley  Railroad,  which  extends  to  the 
mines,  and  the  Schuylkill  Navigation,  which  terminates 
here.  In  1829  there  was  only  1  house  in  the  place.  Pop.  in 
1850.  2142 :  ixx  1860,  1904. 

PORT  CASTRIES.  West  Indies.    See  Castries. 

PORT  CAVAiyLO,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Texas,  is 
situated  on  a  point  of  land  at  the  entrance  of  Matagorda 
Bay.  about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Jiatagorda. 

PORT  CHARLOTTE.  (sharOot.)  a  maritime  village  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Argyle,  in  the  island  of  Islay,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Lochindaal.  opposite  Lairiran  Point.    Pop.  about  400. 

PORTCIIESTER  or  POR'CIIESTER.  a  parish  and  village 
of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  on  the  N.  side  of  Portsmouth  Har- 
bor, with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  London  and  South- 
western Railway,  Si  miles  X.N.W.  of  Portsmouth.  Pop.  729. 
It  was  the  ancient  Cacr  I^ris,  one  of  the  princip.il  cities  of 
Britain  before  the  Roman  conquest,  and  h.as  a  conspicuous 
castle,  with  a  large  square  keep,  which  has  been  used  as  a 
place  of  detention  fi^r  French  prisoners. 

PORT  CHESrrKR,  a  post-village  in  Rye  township,  West- 
chester CO..  New  York,  on  Byram  River,  and  on  the  New 
York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  29  miles  N.E.  of  New  York. 
It  contains  2  or  3  churches,  a  bank,  and  several  factories. 

PORT  CLAR'ENCE,  a  maritime  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham,  near  Stockton,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Stockton 
and  Hartlepivil  Railway. 

PORT  CLAT'SOP,  a  post-offlce  of  Clatsop  co.,  Oregon. 

PORT  CLINTON,  a  post-borough  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Schuylkill  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tamaquii,  12  miles  by  land  S.E.  of  Pottsville.  The  Reading 
Railroad  passes  through  it,  and  the  Little  Schuylkill  and 
Cat,iwi-sa  Railroads  terminate  here.    Pop.  686. 

PORT  CLINTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ottawa  co., 
Ohio,  is  situated  on  a  bay  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of 
Portage  River.  120  miles  N.  of  Columbus.  It  has  a  good 
harbor  and  light-house. 

PORT  CLINTON,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co..  Hlinois. 

PORT  COLBORNE,  kol'b&rn,  a  post-village  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  Well.ind.  situated  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at 
the  outlet  of  the  Welland  Can.il,  108  miles  S.  of  Toronto, 
and  from  Buffalo,  in  the  United  State?.  20  miles. 

PORT  CON'WAY,  a  post-village  of  King  George  CO.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  left,  bank  of  the  Rappahannock,  60  miles  N. 
by  K.  of  Richmond. 

PORT  0)0  P/ER  or  TOKO-LABO,  toOto-lJOjo,  a  harbor  of 
New  Zealand,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Bank's  Peninsula,  lat.  43° 
aC  8.,  Ion.  172°  54'  E.  A  considerable  village  of  wooden 
houses  has  recently  arisen  here,  and  an  exceUent  road 
romied,  conducting  to  the  interior. 

PORT  CUANE,  a  post-township  ot  Broome  Co.,  New  York 

PORT  CREmT,  a  post-Tillage  and  port  of  entry  of  Canada 
Wert,  CO.  of  York,  South  Riding,  on  the  N.W.  shore  of  Lake 
1520 


POR 

Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Credit,  15  miles  N.E.  ol 
Toronto.  The  value  of  exports  in  1851.  amounted  to  $201,825, 
of  which  $181,2(38  went  to  the  United  States.  The  value  of 
imports  was  only  .$8556,  all  of  which  was  from  the  United 
States.     Pop.  about  300. 

PORTCROS.  poR'kro.s'.  one  of  the  Hy&res  Islands  of  France, 
department  of  Var,  5  miles  E.  of  PonjueroUes.  I,ength,  2] 
miles:  breadth.  1  mile.     It  is  defended  bv  several  forts. 

PORT  CURTIS,  a  h.arbor  on  the  £.  coast  of  Australia, 
lat.  24°  S.,  Ion.  151°  30'  E.,  named  from  its  discoverer,  Sil 
R.  Curtis,  in  1802. 

PORT  DALHOUSIE.  dal-hoo'zee,  a  pcst-village  and  port 
of  entry  of  Canada  AVest,  co.  of  Lincoln,  situ.ited  on  the  S. 
shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  near  its  W.  end,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Welland  Canal.  5  miles  N.  of  St.  Catharines,  and  36 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hamilton.  The  total  value  of  exports  in 
1851,  amounted  to  $356,072,  of  which  $317,296  went  to  the 
United  States;  the  imports  amounted  in  value  to  $98,100. 

PORT  DAVEY",  Van  Diemen's  Land.    See  Datey,  Port. 

PORT-DE-BOUC.     See  Rocc,  Port-de. 

PORT-DE-LA-MONTAGXE.  (•' Mountain  port,")  a  former 
name  of  Port  Lours,  in  the  island  of  Mauritius. 

PORT  DE  PAIX,  Le.  leh  poR  deh  pA,  a  maritime  town  ol 
Hayti,  on  ifs'N.  coast,  35  miles  W.'  of  Cape  Hiiytien. 

PORT  DEPOS'IT,  a  thriving  post-vill.-»ge"of  Cecil  co., 
Jlaryl.md.  on  the  left  or  E.  bank  of  the  Su.squehanna.  at 
the  lowest  falls,  5  miles  from  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake 
Bay,  and  37  miles  N.E.  of  Baltimore.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  deixits  of  the  pine  lumber  which  is  rafted  down 
the  river.  It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tide-water,  and  has 
facilities  for  shipping  to  the  Southern  markets.  Here  is  an 
extensive  manufactory  of  sash  and  doors.  Large  quarries 
of  granite  are  worked  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  It  con- 
tains a  bank,  and  2  ehnrcbes.  Laid  out  in  1800.  Popula- 
tion, about  1500. 

PORT  DESIRE,  a  river  of  Patagonia,  rises  near  lat.  49°  S^ 
Ion.  7.5°  W..  flows  N.E.,  and  falls  into  a  hay  of  its  own  name, 
in  the  South  Atlantic,  S.  of  Cape  Blanco:  total  course,  above 
200  miles.  It  was  examined  by  Captain  King  for  16  miles, 
but  is  l«lii-ved  to  be  navigable  to  a  much  greater  distance. 

PORT  DESIRE,  a  bay  or  harbor  of  Patagonia,  on  the  K 
coast,  in  lat.  47°  45'  S,  Ion.  65°  55'  30"  W.,  formed  by  a  river 
of  its  own  name. 

PORT  DISCOVERY,  a  town  of  Clallam  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia. 

PORT  DO'VER.  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  Norfolk,  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  L,ike  Erie, 
at  the  mouth  of  Patterson  Creek,  37  miles  S.W.  of  Hamilton. 
The  totiil  value  of  exports  in  1851  amounted  to  $151,404; 
and  of  the  imports,  to  $81,700.     Pop.  about  600. 

PORT  DUX'DAS'.  a  village  and  suburb  of  Gla.sgow.  in 
Scotland,  about  1  mile  W.  of  that  city,  at  the  end  of  the 
Forth  and  Clyde  Canal.    It  has  large  warehouses. 

PORT  D"URBAN,  port  door'b.te'.  on  the  N.  shore  of  the 
inlet  of  Port  Natal,  is  the  port  of  the  British  colony  of  Natal, 
50  miles  S.K.  of  Pietermaritzhurg.  In  1844,  its  exports, 
chiefly  in  butter,  hides,  ivory,  tallow,  wool,  and  natural 
curiositie.s,  amounted  in  value  to  11.094?.,  and  20  British 
vessels,  aggregate  burden  1643  tons,  cleared  from  the  porL 
Value  of  imports  from  Cape  Town.  40,864?. :  of  total  imports, 
41.141?.    Tot.al  custom  and  port  duties,  4319?.  15s. 

PORT  EA'SY,  a  fishing  village. of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff, 
E.  of  Port  Gordon.    Pop.  about  400. 

PORT  EDGAR,  a  small  harbor  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  co. 
of  Linlithgow,  parish  of  Dalmony,  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
W.  of  Queensferry. 

PORTEL,  poR-tJl',  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Evora.    Pop.  2000. 

PORT  ELGIN,  M'ghin.  a  vill.age  of  Canada  West,  on  the 
Callops  Canal,  in  the  township  of  Edwardsburgh,  9  miles 
from  Prescott.  and  41  miles  from  Cornwall.     Pop.  alx)ut  120. 

PORT  ELIZ/ABETH,  a  seaport  town  of  South  Africa,  in 
Cape  Colony,  with  an  excellent  harlxir.  1 8  miles  S.E.  of  Uiten- 
hage,  (of  which  it  is  the  port.)  on  the  W.  side  of  Algoa  Bay. 
Pop.  4000,  nearly  all  of  English  descent.  It  has  a  pier  pro- 
jecting 350  feet  into  the  sea,  an  arsen.il.  constructed  at  a 
cost  of  12,000?.,  and  a  fine  monument  to  I^ady  Donkin.  It 
is  a  free  port,  and  the  most  frequented  along  the  S.  coast 
of  the  colony.    In  1851,  its  exports  amounted  to  241,545?. 

PORT  ELIZ^ABETH,  a  post-village  of  Cumberiand  co.. 
New  Jersey,  about  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Salem,  has  an  exten- 
sive glass  manutactory,  2  or  3  churches,  and  about  1000  in- 
h.abitants. 

PORT  EI/LEN,  or  PORT  ELIJNOR,  a  fishing  village  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Islay,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bowmore,  with  200  houses,  a  distil- 
lery, a  quay,  and  a  light-house. 

PORTENDIC  or  PORTENDIK,  poR't5N"Meek',  a  French 
tr.ading  station,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  in  Sahara,  I'H) 
miles  N.  of  Fort  Louis.  Lat.  18°  19'  N.,  Ion.  16°  2'  W.  In 
1834.  its  trade  in  gum,  Ac.  conducted  by  other  than  French 
merchants,  became  completely  ruined  by  the  maintenance 
of  a  strict  blockade  by  the  French,  and  the  loss  to  British 
subjects  settled  there  has  been  estimated  at  70.000?. 


POR 


POR 


POTVTTIR,  a  wunty  In  the  N.W.  part  of  Tocliaiia,  border- 
ing on  Lake  Michigan,  contains  about  400  square  mileR. 
The  Kankakee  Iliver  bounds  it  on  the  S.,  and  it  is  drained 
by  the  Caluinick  liiver.  The  surface  is  undulatinpr,  and  di- 
versified with  pr.iirios  and  forests:  the  soil  mostly  fertile. 
It  is  traversod  by  the  Michijran  Central  Railroad,  the 
Northern  Indiana  liailroad.  and  the  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago 
Railroad.  Organized  in  1836.  Capital,  Valparaiso.  Pop. 
10,313. 

PUllTER,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  90  miles 
S.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1240. 

PORTER,  a  townsliip  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York,  border- 
ing on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River. 
Population  2;i53. 

PORXEK,  a  township  of  Clarion  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  Popu- 
lation ItiOo. 

POUTER,  a  township  of  Clinton  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Population  liJS. 

PORTER,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.     Pop.  ll-l-l. 

POiri'ER.  a  township  of  Jeliersou  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Population  61(5. 

PORTEl!,  a  township  of  Ljconiing county,  Pennsylvania. 
Population  1996. 

POUTER,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  in- 
tersected by  the  Rear  Mountain  Raili'oad  roi|te. 

PuRTER,  a  post-townsliip  in  tho  E.  central  part  of  Dela- 
wwe  CO.  Oiiio.     Pop.  107y. 

PORTER,  a  village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Qallipolis. 

Pi  IRTER,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1S73. 

PORTER,  u  township  of  Cuss  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1832. 

Porter,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan.     Pup.  9fid. 

PORTER,  a  township  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1046. 

PORTER,  a  township  of  Qreeu  co..  Missouri. 

POR  TER,  a  township  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1269. 

POK'TEISFIELD,  ji  small  post-village  of  Venango  oo., 
Pennsylvania. 

POHTER  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Susqu^ianna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

POUTER'S,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 

POR/TER'S  COR'NElt,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York. 

PORTER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  postK)ffice.  Porter  co^  Indiana. 

PORTER  a  FAI.I.S.a  post-otfice of  Wetzel  co.,'\V.  Viruinia 

PORTERS  SETDLING,  (seed'ling,)  a  post-office  of  York 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

POIfrKI'iSVl  LJAi,  a  village  of  New  London  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, about  8  miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  Loudon.  It  has  some 
manufactures  of  brass  and  iron. 

PORTEHSVILLK,  a  post-borough  of  Butler  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. ■220  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

PORTKRSVILLE,  a  p<)st-village  of  Tipton  co.,  Tennessee, 
25  miles  X.E.  of  Memphis. 

POKTKRSVTLLE.  a  post-office  of  Perry  CO.,  Ohio. 

PORTERSVTLLK.a  village  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
East  Fork  of  Wliite  River,  8  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Jasper. 

PORTKK.SVILLF,,  a  post-office  of  DeKalbco..  Aliibama. 

PORT  ES'.SINGTOX,  a  bay  of  North  Australia,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Cobuig  Peninsula.  On  its  W.  side,  17  miles  from  Its 
entrance,  in  lat.  11°  22'  S"  S.,  Ion.  132=  10'  7"  E.,  is  the  Bri- 
.tish  settlement  of  Victoria,  founded  in  1?!39,  but  now  aban- 
doned. Shores  of  the  bay  low  and  destitute  of  vegetation. 
Climate  unliealthv. 

PORT  ETCU'E.S,  of  Russian  America.  !n  Prince  'Willlijm's 
Sound.  Lat.  6(1°  21'  12"  N.,  Ion.  146°  32'  W.  It  has  an 
establishment  of  tho  Impefial  Russia  Fur  Company. 

PORT  GAL'LANT.  a  cove  of  South  America,  in  the  Strait 
of  Mairellan.    Lat.  .53°  41'  45"  S.,  Ion.  72°  0'  51"  W. 

PORT  GENESKE.  New  York.    See  Charmtte. 

PORTGIB'SON,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  CO.,  New  York,  on 
the  Erie  Canal,  54  miles  W.  of  Syracuse,  has  1  or  2  churches, 
and  several  stores. 

PORT  GIBSON,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  CTai- 
borne  CO.,  Mississippi,  on  Bayou  Pierre,  28  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  about  05  miles  S.W.  of  Jackson.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  rich  planting  district,  and  has  considerable 
business.  A  newspaper  is  published  here.  The  cotton  raised 
In  the  vicinitv  is  shipped  here  In  keel-boats.  Pop.  In  1850, 
1036;  in  1860",  1453, 

PORT  GIBSON,  a  pos^offlce  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana. 

PORT  GLAS'GOW,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh, 
river-port,  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Clyde,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Glasgow 
and  Paisley  R.ailway,  3  miles  E.  of  Greenock,  and  16  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  In  1851,  7017.  The  town  is  neat, 
and  substantially  built.  It  has  endowed  and  other  schools, 
public  libraries,  several  branch  banks,  two  large  harbors, 
with  good  quays,  and  the  largest  graving  dock  in  Scotland. 
Ship-btiilding  is  extensively  carried  on,  and  here  are  Impor- 
tant manufactures  of  sail  cloth,  coarse  linens,  and  ropes, 
with  some  sugar-refineries  and  flax  mills.  The  town  was 
founded  (before  the  deepening  of  the  Clyde)  by  the  Glasgow 
siagistrates  In  1068,  to  bo  the  seaport  of  Glasgow,  and  its  trade 
4V 


was  long  in  the  hands  of  Glasgow  men^hants,  but  the  hi 

habitants  have  of  late  carried  on  commerce  on  their  owt 
account,  and  they  now  own  a  large  portion  of  the  f hipping 
It  is  the  chief  port  on  the  Clyde  for  iraportsof  North  Ameri- 
can timber.  The  duties  collect^'d  here  in  184>>,  amounted  to 
135. S4s/.  Begistored  shipping.  12.973  ton.s.  The  burgh  unites 
with  Itenfrew.  Rutherglen,  Dumbarton,  and  I\ilmamock,in 
sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PORT  GLAS'GOW,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  New  York. 

PORT  GLENONE.  glJu'dn',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  In 
Ulster,  chiefly  in  the  co.  of  Antrim,  on  the  liaun,  herfc 
crossed  by  an  elegant  bridge,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kilrea.  Pop'. 
900. 

PORT  GOR/DON,  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Banff,  i  miles  E.S.E.  of  tho  mouth  of  the  Spey.  Pop. 
about  470. 

PORT  GOW'ER.  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  co.  of  Sutherland,  3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Helmsdale. 
Pop.  al)out  200. 

PORT  (or  HARBOR)  GRACE,  a  small  maritime  town  of 
Newfoundland,  on  the  W.  side  of  Conception  Bay,  25  miles 
N.W.  of  St.  .John. 

PORTII  CERI,  a  town  of  South  Wales.  See  Pouth  Kerry. 

PORTII  EINIOX,  (I'ne-pn,)  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamorgan. 

PORT  HEN'RY,  a  post^vIUage  of  Essex  co..  New  York,  on 
the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Chaniplain,  about  110  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Albany.     It  has  a  steamlioat  landing. 

PORT  HENRY,  a  port  on  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  near 
Ciipe  Tres  Puntas:  lat.  50°  S.,  Ion.  75°  15'  W.  The  harlwr  is 
spacious,  and  capableof  containing  a  numerous  squadron  of 
the  l.irixest  ships  perfectly  secure. 

PORT  HKR/MA\,  a  post-offico  of  Cecil  co..  Maryland. 

PORTII  KERRY  or  PORTII  CERI,  porth  k?r'ree,  a  little 
.seaport-town  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Cardiff. 

PORT  HOMER,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

PORT  IJiXlD  or  JES/TICO,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia, 
capital  of  the  co.  of  Inverness,  on  a  bay  at  the  W.  extremity 
of  Cape  Breton.  Its  harlior  Is  safe  for  frigates  with  any  wind, 
and  has  anchorage  in  from  4  to  5  fathoms  of  water. 

PORT  HOPE,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Columbia  co., 
Wisconsin,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Neenah  or  Fox  River,  wiiich  affords  good  water-power.  It 
has  a  hotel  and  2  churches. 

PORT  HOPE,  a  town  of  Upper  Canada,  on  the  N.  shore  of 
liake  Ontario,  55  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Toronto.  It  Is  built 
chiefly  on  the  sides  of  a  hill,  commanding  fine  views  of  the 
lake,  and  has  churches  of  5  or  6  denominations,  3  branch 
banks,  agencies  of  10  assurance,  and  3  insurance  com- 
panies, 2  newspaper  offices,  2  female  seminaries,  aliout  30 
stores,  several  flouring  mills,  and  manufactures  of  steam- 
engines,  machinery,  ra.?ting9.  &c.  The  total  value  of  exports 
in  1S51,  amounted  to  $100,408,  and  of  imports  to  $79,016. 
Pop.  about  2500. 

PORT  HOWE,  (hdw.)  a  landing-place  on  the  E.  coast  of 
San  Salvador,  Bahama  Islands,  supposed  to  be  that  where 
Columbus  first  set  foot  in  the  New  World.  October  12,  1492. 

PORT  HUD'.SON.  a  postvillage  of  East  Feliciana  parisli, 
Louisiana,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the 
terminus  of  the  Clinton  and  Port  Hudson  Railroad,  25  miles 
above  Baton  Rouge.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  about 
30.000  bales  of  cotton,  and  2U00  hogsheads  of  sugar  being 
shipped  here  annuiilly. 

PORT  IIUN'TER,  an  inlet  of  New  South  Wales,  between 
the  CCS.  of  Gloucester  and  Northumberland,  75  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Sydney.  Lat.  32°  55'  S.,  Ion.  151°  48'  E.  It  extends  5 
miles  Inland,  receives  the  Hunter  River  at  Its  W.  ex- 
tremity, and  has  the  town  of  Newcastle  on  the  S.  side  of  its 
entrance. 

PORT  HU'RON,  formerly  DES'MOND',  a  thriving  post 
village  arid  township  In  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  St. 
Clair  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River,  2  miles  from  the  S.  end  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  57  miles  N.E.  of  Detroit.  Port  Huron  is 
the  East  terminus  of  the  Northern  Railroad,  which  is  in 
progress.  It  has  an  active  Arade  in  pine  lumber,  and  con- 
tains 8  churches,  6  warehouses,  5  hotefe,  2  taimeries,  2 
livery  stables.  2  newspaper  offices,  several  steam-mills,  and 
near  60  stores.    Pop.  4371. 

PORTICI,  poR/te-che,  a  town  of  Naples,  4  miles  S.E.  of  the 
capital,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb,  on  the  Bay  of  Naples,  at  the 
N.  foot  of  Vesuvius.  Pop.  4900.  It  Is  beautifully  situated, 
and  lias  a  large  royal  palace,  adorned  with  pictures  and 
frescoes  from  the  walls  of  Pompeii,  a  museum  of  antique 
statues,  bronzes,  arms,  and  furniture  taken  from  the  buried 
cities,  and  a  magnificent  park  and  garden.  It  has  also 
several  other  fine  residences,  a  large  church,  a  monastery, 
and  riband  manufactures.  A  fine  square  fronts  the  harbor, 
which  is  defended  by  a  mole;  It  has  an  active  fishery,  and 
brisk  coasting  trade. 

I'ORTICO,  poR/te-ko,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  36  miles  NJ!. 
of  Florence,  on  the  Montone.    Pop.  2054. 

PORTILLO,  poB-teel'yo,  a  town  of  Spain,  13  miles  S.E.  of 
Valladolid,  on  a  height  commanded  by  a  ruined  castle.  Poo, 
1467. 

1521 


POR 

PORTILLO,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province, 
and  39  miles  N.W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  1500.  ' 

PORTIijLO,  poR-teel'yo,  a  mountain  pass  of  tiie  Andes,  in 
Chili :  lal.  33=  40'  S.     Height,  14,365  feet, 

PORTIMAO,  Portugal.    See  Villa  Nova  be  Portimao. 

PORT/ISHAM.  a  parish  of  En}:land,  co.  of  Dorset. 

POKT'ISIIEAD,  a  Tillage  and  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of 
Somerset,  on  the  Uristol  Channel,  7-5-  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bris- 
tol. The  villase  is  sheltered  by  a  headland  on  the  V>\,  and 
is  frequented  as  a  watering-place.  It  has  a  large  floating 
pier,  or  breakwater,  for  the  shelter  of  ocean  steamers. 

PORT  JACli'SOK,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  CO.,  New 
Yoriv,  on  the  Mohawk  River  and  Erie  Canal,  about  15  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Schenectady. 

PORT  JACK'SON,  an  inlet  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Cumberland,  its  entrance  being  between  two  lofty  cliffs,  the 
N.  and  S.  heads,  on  the  lat'er  of  which  is  a  light-house.  345 
feet  above  the  sea.  in  lat.  33"  51'  32"  S.,  Ion.  151°  18'  E.  It  ex- 
tends 15  miles  inland,  h.as  numerous  creeks  and  bays,  and 
forms  one  of  the  finest  harbors  known,  with  a  dry  dock  and 
naval  station.    The  city  of  Sydney  is  on  its  S.  side. 

PORT  JEF/FERSON.  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New 
York,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  about  200  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Albany. 

PORT  JEFFERSON,  a  thriving  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Miami  River,  70  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Columbus.  A 
feeder  of  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal  terminates  here.  Pop. 
about  400. 

PORT  JERA'IS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Orange  oo.. 
New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  J:>ie  Railroad.  97  miles 
from  New  York  City.  Named  in  honor  of  John  B.  Jervis, 
engineer  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Canal,  which  passes 
through  this  place.  It  has  5  churches,  a  bunk,  and  an  en- 
gine-house. It  is  situated  on  or  near  the  Delaware  River. 
Pou.  in  1865  about  3500. 

PORT  KEN'DALL,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Champlain. 

PORT  KEN/NEDY,  a  post-village  of  Upper  Marion  town- 
ship, Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Schuylkill 
Kiver,  and  on  the  Reading  Railro.ad,  4  miles  above  Norris- 
town.  It  contains  extensive  lime-kilns,  and  large  furnaces 
for  smelting  iron  ore,  which  is  obtained  in  the  vicinitv. 
Pop.  in  1850,  449. 

PORT  KENT,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co..  New  York,  on 
Lake  Champlain.  about  150  miles  N.  of  Albanv. 

PORT  KNOCK'IK.  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Banff.  2  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cullen.    Pop.  about  750. 

PORT'LAND.  Isle  of,  a  peninsula  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Dorset,  it  is  an  island  only  at  certjiin  times  of  the 
tide,  extending  into  the  English  Channel,  4^  miles  from  N. 
to  S..  by  2  miles  in  breadth,  cx)unecteti  with  the  mainland 
by  the  Chesil  bank,  a  narrow  ridge  of  shingle,  lOj  miles 
In  length,  and  terminating  on  (he  S.  by  Portland-bill,  a  rocky 
promontory,  with  two  lighthouses  19S  feet  above  the  sea,  iu 
lat.  50°  31'  N.,  Ion.  2°  26'  W.  Pop.  in  1852, 5195.  It  has  ex- 
cellent stone-quarries,  and  several  ancient  remains,  with  a 
castle  built  by  Henry  VIII.  It  forms  the  W.  side  of  Wey- 
mouth harbor,  and  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Bentinck 
family.  Off  its  S.  extremity,  is  Portland-race,  a  dangerous 
part  of  the  channel,  in  whicii  the  tides  set  E.  with  great 
velocity. 

PORT'LAND,  the  commercial  metropolis  of  Maine,  port 
of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Cuinberlaud  co..  on  Casco 
Biy,  at  the  southern  terminus  of  tlie  Atlantic  and  St.  Law- 
rence Riiih-oad,  which  here  connects  with  railwiys  commu- 
nicating on  the  E.  with  Bath,  Augusta,  Wnterville,  Bangor, 
N.  with  CiiTixda,  and  S.  with  all  the  principal  cities  of  the 
Union,  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Augustji,  105  miles  N.E.  of 
Boston,  292  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal,  and  317  from  Quebec. 
Lat.  43°  39'  52"  N.,  Ion.  70°  13'  31"  W.  It  is  pleasantly  sit- 
uated on  a  narrow  peninsula  or  tongue  of  land  projecting 
from  the  W.  shore  of  Casco  Bay.  This  peninsula  is  about  3 
miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W..  and  rises  at  each  extremity 
into  considerable  elevations,  giving  the  city  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance as  it  is  approached  from  the  sea.  Its  breadth 
ayer;iges  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile,  though  it  is  much 
wider  than  this  at  its  ea-stern  termination,  and  al-o  at  its 
junction  with  the  mainland.  The  liarl.or  i8  one  of  the  best 
on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  anchorage  being  protected  on  every 
Bido  by  land,  the  communication  with  the  ocean  easy  and 
direct,  and  the  depth  .sufficient  tor  the  largest  ships.  Although 
in  a  northern  latitude,  it  is  never  closed  bv  ico  except  iu  the 
Biost  extreme  cold  weather,  and  then  only  for  a  few  days. 
Ihe  principal  entrance  lies  between  the  mainland  on  tlie 
S.W.  and  House  Island  on  the  N.E.;  it  is  defended  by  Fort 
^reble  on  the  former.  Fort  Scammel  on  the  latter,  and  Fort 
Uorges.  Iho  city,  with  but  few  exceptions,  is  regularly  laid 
out,  and  handsomely  built,  chiefly  of  brick.  Several  of  the 
?fr,  ."^''  'emarkablo  for  their  elegance.  Congress  street 
Hill  «,'^',l,"",i-^'!  t^'"-""gl'<'^''«.  an.l  extends  from  Munjoy's 
illl  „  ,  f  H  to.»'-''l"l''',ll  «  "ill  on  the  W.,  following  the 
ndge  of  the  peninsula  throughout  its  entire  length!  In 
Scarcely  any  other  city  are  to  be  found  so  many  ben   lifu" 

2fTwtcttt^rl'l7,"""**f  ""*f  ""*«  -^^  "^'t  kls^ha,:  3500 
Of  these  somered  throughout  the  Vivrious  piirts  of  the  town. 


POR 

Among  the  public  buildings  of  Portland,  are  a  splendid 
City  Hall,  built  in  1859,  of  drab-colored  sandstone,  sur- 
mounted by  a  lofty  dome ;  a  spacious  granite  Custom  Ilouse, 
used  also  for  the  United  States  Courts  and  Po-st  Olfice,  both 
imposing  structures;  an  Atheuasum,  a  Natural  History 
buikUng.  and  a  granite  Mechanics'  Hall.  The  churches  at 
the  commencement  of  lSi.5  were  as  follows,  viz.  9  Trinita* 
rian  Cougregationalists,  2  Unitai'ian  Congregationalists,  2 
Universalist,  2  Baptist  (Calvinistic),  2  Protestant  Episcop:il, 
4  Methodist  Episcopal,  2  Roman  Catholic,  1  i'reewill  Bai>- 
tist,  1  Christian,  1  Swedenborgian,  1  Quaker.    Total,  27. 

Portland  contains  several  flourishing  scientific  and  literary 
institutions,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Portland 
Society  of  Natural  History,  having  for  its  object  to  create 
an  interest  and  diffuse  information  in  regard  to  tlie  natural 
sciences.  It  has  a  valuaiile  cabinet  of  natural  history,  con- 
sisting of  specimens  of  the  ornithology  of  the  state ;  sheila 
of  more  than  4U00  different  species;  mineralogical  and  geo- 
logical specimens,  fishes,  reptiles,  &c.  It  numbers  about 
275  members.  Organized  in  1S43.  The  Portland  Athenieum, 
incorporated  in  1826,  has  about  140  proprietors,  and  a  library 
of  11,000  volumes.  Besides  the  above,  may  be  named  the 
Mercantile  Association,  with  a  rajiidly  increasing  library 
and  thelNIaiuo  Charitable  Mechanic  Association.  The  num- 
ber of  public  schools  in  the  city  is  27;  teachers,  SO;  average 
number  of  pupils  in  attendance.  3600 ;  amount  of  money 
expended  for  school  purposes  for  the  year  1864,  $35,803. 
The  school-houses  are  generally  substantial  brick  editiccs, 
constructed  upon  the  most  approved  plan.  A  commodious 
building  has  recently  been  erected  for  the  state  retbrm 
school.  In  1855,  a  spacious  Maiine  Hospital  Wiis  erected  of 
brick,  on  an  eligible  site,  at  a  cost  of  $80,000.  In  1864,  there 
were  16  newspapers  published  iu  Portland,  4  of  them  daily, 
2  tri-weekly,  and  10  weekly. 

Portland  enjoys  excellent  facilities  both  for  ocean  com- 
merce and  inland  tnwle.  In  addition  to  its  superior  harbor 
advantages,  it  has  railway  communication  with  tlie  seaboard 
for  many  hundred  miles,  and  with  the  various  important 
sections  of  the  interior.  The  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence 
Railroad  connects  Portland  with  Montreal  in  Canada,  there- 
by forming  a  direct  channel  for  the  introduction  of  the  rich 
commerce  of  the  river  St,  Lawrence,  and  of  the  great  lakes 
to  this  Atlantic  city.  There  are  also  several  other  railroads 
radiating  from  tliis  point.  The  shipping  of  the  port,  June 
30, 1860,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  81,399  tons  registered, 
and  23,766  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  17,620 
tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade,  5430  tons  iu  the  cod 
and  mackerel  fisheries,  and  3970  tons  in  steam  navigation 
The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  1864,  were  507;  foreign 
clearances,  654.  Total  arrivals  from  foreign' and  domestic 
ports,  3490.  The  foreign  clearances  in  1854  were  443, 
(tons,  69,893,)  of  wliich  50,742  tons  were  in  American  bot- 
toms. One  of  the  chief  articles  of  import  is  molasses,  o* 
which  there  were  landed  upon  the  wharves  in  1852  iipwartls 
of  7,000,000  gallons.  The  receipts  of  this  article  for  1850 
were  104  cargoes,  consisting  of  35,788  hogsheads,  1660 
tierces,  and  771  barrels;  and  for  the  first  four  months  of 
1853  the  receipts  of  molasses  were  greater  than  for  the  en- 
tire year  1850.  The  receipts  for  1864  were  3,914,364  gallons. 
The  imports  of  sugar  for  1851  amounted  to  2,0;)7,63;i  pounds; 
of  salt,  150,000  bushels;  of  railroad  iron,  9,8.56,496  pounds; 
of  flour,  about  260,000  baiTels ;  and  of  corn,  200,000  bushels. 
In  1864,  the  imports  of  sugar  were  7230  hogsheads,  3508 
boxes,  and  763  tierces  and  barrels ;  of  salt,  200,0tt0  bushels ; 
of  flour,  250,000  biu-rels ;  and  of  corn,  300,000  bushels.  The 
total  value  of  the  imports  for  1852.  amounted  to  about 
S1,000,000;  and  of  the  exports,  §800,000.  The  imports  of 
foreign  merchandise  for  1864  we<e  valued  at  )S-3,01s,063 ;  of 
domestic  exports,  $3,824,591.  Amount  received  for  duties, 
$842,481. 

The  manufoctures  of  Portland  are  peculiar  to  a  commer- 
cial city.  Ship-building  has  been  long  and  successfully 
carried  on.  During  the  year  ending  June  30,  1852,  44  ves- 
sels, (30  of  them  sliips,)  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  16,293 
tons,  were  admeasured.  The  shipping  built  duriiig.tlic  year 
1853,  amounted  to  17,550  tons.  Tliere  were  34  vessels  built 
in  1864,  measuring  13,690  tons.  The  most  important  manu- 
facturing establisliments  are  the  Portland  Company,  for 
making  locomotives,  railroad  cars,&c.,  chartered  in  1S46,  with 
a  capital  of  8250,000,  and  the  Portland  Sugar  Ilouse,  owned 
by  the  firm  of  J.  B.  Brown  &  Sons,  which  employs  about  200 
hands,  and  consumes  from  150  to  180  hogsheads  of  molasses 
daily.  Additional  raanufacturing  companies:  Duck  Com- 
pany, manufactured  467,495  j-ards  in  18t34;  Glass  Company, 
manufjiitures  all  kinds  of  glass;  Shovel  Company,  carry  on 
a  very  extensive  business  with  all  sectiuus  of  the  country, 
Australia  and  South  America.  There  is  a  horse  railroad, 
opened  in  1863,  with  a  capital  of  S300,000,  which  is  very 
successful.  Tliere  are  7  banks,  aggregate  capital  f2,i350,000, 
4  of  them  National ;  2  insunuice  compinies,  S20:i,()00  capi- 
tal each.  The  average  annual  temperature  of  Purtbudis 
43°  23' Fahr.  Aver;igo  fall  of  water  ai:-iually,  4?  inches. 
Me;in  barometric  pressiue  Saj/^  feet  aUjve  the  sesi,  29.9. 
Highest  point  of  land  in  the  city,  175  feet.  There  ;ue  UoM 
[For  continuation,  see  Appe.ndix.] 


POR 


POR 


PORTLAND,  a  thriyitig  post-Tillage  and  township  of  Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  left  bank  of  Connecticut 
River,  nearly  opposite  Middletown,  about  15  miles  S.K.  byS. 
of  Hartford.  Near  by,  and  bordering  on  the  river,  are  the 
famous  Portland  quarries,  from  which  building  material  is 
annuiilly  exported  to  the  value  of  half  a  million  of  dolfars. 
About  2')0(J  men  are  here  employed  witliin  an  area  not  ex- 
ceeding 100  .icres.  The  stone  is  of  a  beautiful  reddish  color, 
and  of  a  very  superior  quality;  being  soft,  it  is  easily  work- 
ed, and  yet  is  remarkable  for  its  durability,  as  it  increases  in 
hardness  with  time.  Named  from  the  celebratsd  English 
quarries.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3657. 

PORTLAND,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co..  New 
York,  on  Lake  Krie,  intersected  by  the  Lake  Shore  Railroad. 
Pop.  1984. 

PORTLAND,  K  post-village  in  D<allas  co.,  Alabama,  on  Ala- 
bama River,  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

PORTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River  3  miles  below  Ix)uisville,  and  at  the  foot  of 
the  rapids.  It  is  at  the  lower  termination  of  the  canal  made 
around  the  rapids,  and  lias  considerable  Imsiness.    P,  1706, 

PORTLAND,  a  town.>;hip  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  lake  Shore,  Mansfield  and  Sandusky,  and  the  Mad 
River  and  L^iko  Erie  Railroads.  Pop.  in  1800,  exclusive  ot 
Sandusky  City.  ;i98. 

PORTLaNI),  a  small  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

PORTLAND,  a  i)Ost-villago  and  township  of  Ionia  co., 
Michigan,  oh  Grand  River,  21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lansing. 
Population  IHSiJ. 

PORTLAND,  apostrvillage  of  Fountain  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River  and  canal,  7  miles  above  Covington. 

PORTLAND,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Salaraonie  River,  and  on  the  plank-road  from  Winchester 
to  Fort  Waynp,  90  miles  K.N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  Laid  out 
in  "1837. 

PORTLAND,  a  thriving  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Raccoon  Creek,  15  miles  N.AV.  of  Greencastle. 

POKTLAND,  a  post-village  in  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Rock  River.  140  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

POlvTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  CO.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  30  miles  below  Jefferson  City.  It  has  a 
good  landing,  and  several  stores, 

PORTL.^ND.  a  post-village  of  A'an  Bnren  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  river  Des  Moines,  about  72  miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

POl!TLAND,a post-to wu8hip,Dodgeco.,Wi8Consin.  P.1313. 

PORTLAND,  a  post-town  of  Multnomah  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  Willamette  River,  at  the  bead  of  ship  navigation,  15 
miles  from  its  motitli.  It  is  the  largest  luid  most  rommer- 
;ial  town  in  Oregon.  It  contains  the  state  penitentiary, 
Poi)  in  ISOO.  2874.     See  Appknuix. 

PORTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  situated  on 
the  liideau  Lake,  in  the  township  of  Bastard,  31  miles  from 
Brockville,  50  miles  from  Kingston.     Pop.  about  150. 

PORT'LAND,  a  neat  township  of  A  ustr.ilia.  in  Victoria,  on 
Portland  li.ay,  about  170  miles  W.S.W,  of  Melbourne.  It  is 
a  place  of  active  and  increasing  trade. 

I'ORTLAND  RAY,  a  wide  iniet  of  Australia,  its  centre  in 
lat,  38°  25'  S.,  Ion.  142°  K.,  bounded  W.  by  Cape  Nelson,  and 
containing  Lady  Julia  Percy  Island. 

P0RTLANDCUANNI;L,  off  the  W.  coast  ofNorth  America, 
stretches  inland,  in  lat.  55°  N.,  Ion.  130°  W.,  and  separates 
Russian  and  British  America. 

.  PORTLAND  HEAD,  a  small  point  of  land  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  entrance  to  Portland  Harbor.  A  light-house.  85  feet 
hiah,  contiiuing  a  fixed  light,  stands  near  its  extremity. 
Lat.  4.3°  30'  N.,  Ion.  70°  12'  W. 

PORTLAND  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  in  the  Pacific,  W. 
of  New  Hanover,  and  so  uamed  by  Carteret  in  1767.  Lat. 
2°  38'  S.,  Ion.  149°  29'  E. 

PORTLAND  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana, 

PORTLAND  POINT,  the  S,  extremity  of  Jamaica,  and 
termination  of  Portland  Ridge  and  peninsula,  Lat.  17° 
43'  N.,  Ion.  77°  10'  W.  Off  the  E.  coast  are  the  Portland 
Keys. 

PORT'LANDVILLE,  apost-village  of  Otsego  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Siisquehanna,  68  miles  S.  of  All)any. 

PORT  LAVACCA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calhoun  co., 
Texas,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lavaeca  Bay,  about  160  miles  S.S,E, 
of  Austin. 

PORTHiAW',  a  small  manufacturing  town  of  Ireland, 
In  Munster  co.,  and  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Waterford,  on  an 
aflluent  of  the  Suir.  Pop.  3647,  mostly  employed  in  exten- 
sive and  flourishing  cotton  factories.  W.  of  the  town  is  the 
Marquis  of  Waterford's  splendid  demesne  of  Curraghmore. 

PORT  LAWRENCE,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  exclusive  of  Toledo,  134, 

POIITLEMOUTH,  (por'tel-mQth.)  EAST,  a  parish  of  Eug- 
•and,  CO,  of  Devon. 

PORT  LE'ON,  a  port  of  entry  of  AVakulla  co.,  Florida,  on 
♦he  E.  side  of  the  AVakulIa  River,  about  20  miles  S.S,K.  of 
Tallahassee.  The  shipping,  June  30,  1852,  amounted  to  an 
aggregate  of  118  tons  enrolled  aud  licensed,  all  of  which  was 
smployed  in  the  coast  tnide. 

PORT  LESCHENAULT, West  Australia.  See  Leschznauit, 
Poet. 


PORT  LETHEN,  lee'iiien,  a  small  maritime  village  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine,  6i  miles  N  N.E.  of  Stone- 
haven. 

PORT  LEYDEN,  (ll'den.)  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  New 
York,  about  110  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Albany. 

PORT  LINCOLN,  (link'^n,)  a  settlement  of  South  Aus- 
tralia, on  the  W,  side  of  Spencer  Gulf,  lat.  34°  45'  S.,  Ion. 
135°  50' E.  It  hits  a  good  roadstead  and  harbor,  but  the 
country  around  it  being  barren,  it  was  in  1845,  inhabited  by 
only  about  30  tamilies. 

POKT  LO'GAN,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Wigton,  at  the  head  of  Portnessock  Bay,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Stranraer.     Pop.  2-30. 

PORT  LOUIS,  port  loo'is,  (Fr.  pron.  poR  looV,)  a  fortified 
seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Morbilian,  2^  miles 
S.  of  Lorient,  on  a  peninsula  at  the  entrance  of  its  bay.  Por. 
in  1862.  2974.  It  is  defended  by  a  citadel  on  a  neighbonng 
rock,  and  has  an  arsenal.  The  port  is  of  a  size  and  depth 
sufficient  for  frigates,  and  is  frequented  by  a  considerable 
number  of  merchant  ships.  Tlie  fishery  and  trade  in  pil- 
chards form  the  chief  occupation  of  the  poorer  classes.  It 
was  founded  by  Louis  XI 11..  in  1(;35. 

PORT  LOU'iS,  or  PORT  NORTHAVKST,  the  capital  town 
of  tile  island  of  M.aurltiu.s,  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  on  its  N.W. 
side.  Lat.  20°  9'  0"  S.,  Ion.  57°  28'  41"  E.  Pop.  35,CKtO.  It 
has  a  citadel,  completed  in  1843.  good  barracks,  a  baza.ar,  a 
theatre,  a  public  library,  and  botanic  garden  ;  threequarters 
of  a  mile  distant  is  an  hospital  on  a  projecting  rock.  The 
town  and  harbor  are  strongly  fortified,  but  the  entrance  to 
the  latter  i-  difficult. 

PORT  LOUIS,  a  maritime  town  of  Guadeloupe,  AA'est  In- 
dies, on  the  Oruat  CuI-de-Sac,  12  miles  N.  of  Point-k-Pitre. 
I'op.,  with  vicinity,  4<i88.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  small 
harbor,  defended  by  forts. 

PORT  LOUISA,  (loo-ee'za,')  a  post-Tillage  of  Louisa  co,, 
Iowa.  40  miles  S.E.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

PORT  MACQUARIE,  Australia.     See  M.\cQc.\RlE  Port. 

PORTM  AHOl/MACK,  pOrt-mit-hO'mak,  a  village  and  small 
seaport  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ross  and  Cromarty,  on  a  penin- 
sula on  the  S.  side  of  the  Dornoch  Frith,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Cromarty.     Pop.  600. 

PORT  MA  HON,  (mabOn'.)  (Sp.  Pufrfo  Mnlwn,  pwfR'to 
mil-hOn';  nwc.  I'nrltu.s  Magn>ni!i^  a  ftwtified  town  of  Spain, 
capital  of  Minorca,  one  of  the  Balearic  Islands,  on  its  S.  .Mde, 
in  lat.  39°  52'  32"  N..  Ion.  4° 20'  59"  E.  Pop.  13,102.  1 1  is  (he 
residence  of  the  military  governor  and  of  the  bishop  of  Mi- 
norca. Its  port  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  commodious 
in  the  Mediterranean.  Mahon  was  taken  by  the  English  in 
1708,  and  by  the  Spaniards  and  French  in  1756.  Restored 
to  England  in  1703;  it  was  again  taken  by  the  French  and 
Spaniards  in  1782.  It  was  captured  once  more  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1798,  but  ceded  at  the  peace  of  1802. 

PORT  M AIT/LAND,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Ilaldimand,  on  Grand  River,  6  miles  S.  of  Dunnville.  Pop. 
about  1.30. 

PORT  MARl'A,  a  seaport  village  of  Jamaica,  co.  of  Mid- 
dlesex, on  its  N.  coast,  25  miles  E.  of  St.  Ann's. 

PORTMAR/NOCK.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  with 
a  station  on  the  Dublin  and  Drogheda  Railway,  8i  wiles 
N.N.E.  of  Dublin. 

PORT  MARY  BAY,  a  creek  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of 
Kirkcudbright,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  the  entrance  to  Kirkcud- 
bright Bay,  where  Marj',  Queen  of  Scots,  embarked  in  her 
fiight  to  England. 

PORT  MER'CER,  a  pos<>ofRce  of  Mercer  CO.,  New  .Jersey. 

PORT  MET'AVAY  or  MILL  VILLAGE,  a  seaport-town  of 
Nova  Scoti.a,  in  Queen's  co..  at  the  head  of  a  capacious  harVior 
setting  up  from  the  Atlantic,  aliout  65  miles  S.AA'.  of  Halifax. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  and  rising  importance  in  conse- 
quence of  its  facilities  for  navigjition  and  the  fisheries. 

PORT  MITCH'ELL.  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  South  Fork  of  the  Elkhart  River,  123  miles  N,N.E.  of 
Indianapolis,  was  formerly  the  seat  of  justice, 

PORT.MOAK.  porOmOk',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  Kinross, 
between  Loch  Leven  and  Fifeshire. 

PORT  MUIAiRAVK.  a  harbor  on  the  E  side  of  Admiralty 
Bay,  in  Russian  America.     L.at.  59°  33'  N.,  Ion.  149°  43'  AV. 

PORTNAIIA'VEN,  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ap- 
gyle,  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Islay.  Pop.  1271. 
Oipposite  the  village  is  a  small  island,  with  aliirht-house  160 
fet't  above  high  water,  in  lat.  53°  41'  N.,  and  Ion.  6°  29'  W. 

PORT  NAIiANJO.     See  Puerto  NAR\x.ro. 

PORT  NATAL,  {nk-iiV.)  an  inlet  of  Natal,  in  East  Africa. 
Lat.  of  tlie  cape  at  the  entrance.  20°  63'  S.,  Ion.  31°  2'  E.  On 
the  coast,  between  it  and  the  Cape  Colony,  are  the  1st,  2d| 
and  3d  Points  of  Natnl.  about  80  miles  apart. 

PORT  NEL'SON,  a  village  of  Canada  AVest.  co.  of  Ilalton, 
situated  on  Lake  Ontario,  82  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toronto,  and 
15  miles  from  Hamilton.     Pop.  about  250. 

PORTNEUF,  (Fr.  pron.  pOrt'nuf  poR^nuf',)  a  county  of 
Can.ida  East,  on  the  N.  shore  of  tha  St.  Lawrence,  having 
the  county  of  Quebec  on  the  N.E.  It  contains  Lake  AVaya- 
gamack  and  Lake  Edward,  and  is  watered  by  Batiscao 
River,  aud  numerous  smaller  streams.  Capital,  Portneuf. 
Area,  10,440  square  miles.    Pop.  19,366. 

1623 


POR 


POR 


rORTN'f.UF,  a  postvillafte  of  Canada  East  co.  of  Port- 
wnif.  situ!it«d  Kt  the  junction  of  Portneuf  Kiver  with  the 
river  St.  Lawren-je. 

PORT  N ICIIOLSON,  (nik'ol-son.)  a  harbor  of  New  Zealatict. 
in  Cook's  Strait,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  North  Island,  with 
Wc'liiiijiton  on  its  W.  side. 

POKT  NOR'RiS.  a  village  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  th'-  right  side  of  Maurice  Kiver,  about  80  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Trenton. 
PORT  NORTHWEST.  Mauritius.    See  Port  Louis. 
PORTO,  a  city  of  Portuj^al.    See  Oporto. 
PORTO.  poR'to,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  about  65 
miles  from  Zamora.     Pop.  1069. 

PORTO,  poR'to.  (anc.  PoHtus  Traja'nmf)  a  ruinetl  city  and 
port  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  comarca,  and  14  miles 
S.W.  of  Rome,  on  the  Tiber.  Here  are  the  basins  formed 
by  Claudius  and  Trajan,  with  remains  of  moles,  magazines, 
and  huildinji-docks,  and  traces  of  the  ancient  city.  It  was 
finally  aljaudoned  in  the  ninth  century. 

PORTO  AlyEGRK.  pou'to  il.i'gi-A.  a  city  of  Brazil,  capital 
of  the  province,  of  Sao  Pedro  do  ItioGraude,  160  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Rio  Grande,  at  the  N.  end  of  the  Lake  of  Patos.  Pop., 
with  suburbs,  1:2.000.  It  w.is  founded  in  174.'5.  by  a  colony 
from  the  Azore.s.  It  has  an  hospital  and  several  schools. 
Its  trade  was  fiourishinir  till  ISoo,  when  it  was  interrupted 
by  the  disturbed  state  of  the  country. 

"PORTO  ALEGRE.  a  small  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Bahia.  120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Porto  Seituro.     Pop.  liKX>. 
PORTO  ALKGRE.atown  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  Grande 
do  Norte.  190  miles  W.  of  Natal.     Pop.  4(i00. 

PORTO  ATACAMES.  poK/to  a-tj-k^m^s,  (?p.  Puerto  Afa- 
cames.  pwjR'to  J-ti-ki'mls.)  a  harbor  of  South  America,  In 
Ecuador,  on  the  Pacific,  100  miles  N.W.  of  Quito. 

POR'TO  JiVAJLO.  a  (nirxul  mora  parish,  parlijimentary  and 
muncipal  burph,  seaport  town,  and  fashionalile  summer  re- 
sort of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh,  in  a  plain  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  with  a  station  on  the  North  British 
Railway,  3  miles  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  parliamentary 
bur};h  in  1S51,  3497.  It  has  an  excellent  suite  of  hot  and 
cold  salt-water  baths,  assembly  rooms,  a  branch  bank,  and 
brick-works,  potteries,  and  srlass,  soap,  lead,  and  mustard 
fectories.  The  burirh  unites  with  Iji^ith  and  Musselbunih 
in  sendino;  1  memlier  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  burgh 
was  founded  hi  1762,  and  is  governed  by  a  provost  and  two 
bailies. 
PORTO  BELLO.town  of  New  Granada,  See  Puerto  Bfilo. 
PORTO  BELLO.  poR'to  bol'lo,  or  GAKOUPAS.  gS-ra'pis. 
a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Santa  Catharina.  on  a  bay  of 
the  .same  name,  25  miles  S.  of  Desterro.  Lat.  27°  8'  S.,  Ion. 
63°  24'  E. 

PORTO  BUFFOLE.  poR/to  boof'fo-l.i  a  villiore  of  Austrian 
Italy,  government  of  Venice,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Treviso,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Livenza. 
PORTO  CA  BELLO,  a  town  of  Venezuela.    See  Pcebto 

C.tBElI.0. 

PORTO  CALVO,  poR'to  k^l'vo.  formerly  BOM-SUCCESSO. 
bAso-sook-ses'so,  a  town  of  Brazil,  provin.-e.  and  50  miles 
N.E.  of  Alagoas.  Pop.  of  district,  8000,  eng.aged  in  agricul- 
ture and  the  manufacture  of  sugar. 

PORTO  D'AXZO.  a  town  of  Italv.     Pee  Axzo. 

PORTO-DAS-CAIXAS.  poR'to  djs  ki'shis,  a  town  of  Bra- 
zil, province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  with  a  port  on  the  Rio  Aldeia, 
an  affluent  of  the  Maca^u.  37  miles  S.  of  Maca^u.  It  is  an 
entrepot  for  the  sugar  and  coffee  nf  the  district. 

PORTO-DAS-PEDRAS,  poR'to  dis  p.Vdrls,  a  town  of  Bra- 
zil, province,  and  47  miles  N.E.  of  Alagoas,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Mansruape.     Pop.  3000. 

PORTO-DE-MOZ,  poR/to  d.^  moz',  a  maritime  town  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Para,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Xingu,  at 
its  conlluence  with  the  Amazon,  40  miles  S,W.  of  Gurupa. 
Pop.  of  the  district  40(»0. 

PORTO  DI  BROXDOLO.    See  BROxnoto. 

PORTO  ERCOLE,  poR'to  *R'ko-li,  (anc.  HerlnHit  B>Htuf,) 
a  petty  town  of  Tuscany,  province,  and  26  miles  S.  of  Gros- 
settn.ontbeE.  side  of  the  peninsula  of  Mount  .'Vraentaro. 

PORTO  FELIZ,  poR/to  fA-lees/,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  50  miles  W.X.W.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
n«te.     Pop,  of  the  district.  10.000. 

PORTO  FERRAJO,  poR/to  ft^R-R^'vo.  the  capital  town  of 
Bba,  in  Tuscany,  province  of  Pisa,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Wand  of  Elba,  Pop.  4.i00.  It  stands  at  the  extremity  of  a 
tongue  of  land,  enclosing  a  fine  harbor.  210  foet  a1>ove  the 
sea,  enclosed  within  fortifications,  and  defended  bv  several 
batteries.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  government  house.  2 
targe  churches,  a  seminary,  town-hall,  barracks,  and  mili- 
tary hospital,  with  a  few  unimportant  manufactures,  and  a 
large  export  trade  in  iron  from  mines  in  the  vicinity.  It 
was  the  residence  of  Napoleon  from  May,  18U,  tUl  Febru- 
ary. 1S15. 

J'ORTO  FIXO,  (Promontory,)    See  Fwo. 
POItTO  FIXO,  poR/to  fee'no,  a  seaport  town  of  North  ItaK 
in  the  Sardinian  .States,  15  miles  E,S.B.  of  Genoa,  on  a  pro- 
montory in  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  1.338 

PORTJJF-Sl'AI.V.  a  town  of  the  West  Indies,  capital  of 
the  Inland  of  fnuidad,  on  its  W.  coast  near  the  mouth  of 


the  Caronv  Rirer.  Fort  St.  David  beinii  In  lat.  10°  3S'  7"  N 
Ion.  61°  32'  W.  Pop.  11.693.  It  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
towns  in  the  West  Indie.s.  being  built  wholly  of  stone  or 
brick,  and  having  wide  thoroughfares,  Protestant  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  churches.  Presbyterian  and  Methodist  chapelg, 
a  gfxjd  harlior,  and  an  active  trade,  especially  with  Colombia. 
Near  it  are  St,  James's  Barracks,  built  in  one  of  the  mo«l 
pestilential  spots  in  the  island, 

PORTO  GRAXDE,  poR'to  grinMA,  a  seaport  town  of  the 
Cape  Verd  Islands,  on  the  X.W.  side  of  the  Island  of  St,  Vin- 
cent, eon.sisting  of  tJO  dirty  and  uncomfortable  mud  huts. 

PORTilGRUARO,  poR*to-i:nx>-i'ro.  a  town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Udine.     Pop.  3000. 

PORTi  >  T  M  P  E  I!  I A  L.  poR/to  eem-p.i-re-dl',  or  PORTO  R  E  AL, 
poR'to  r;\-dl',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  40  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Goyaz.  on  the  Tocantins. 

PORTO  LAGO.  poR'to  U'go,  a  small  town  of  West  Africa, 
in  a  detached  portion  of  British  terrritory,  on  the  Sierra 
Leone  River,  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Freetown. 

PORTt>LE.  poR'to-lfl,  an  inland  town  of  Tstria,  goTem- 
ment  and  aimiles  S.S.E.  of  Ttiest     Pop.  2300. 

IMlKT  OiyiVER.  a  small  village  of  Simpson  co..  Kentucky. 

PORTO  LONGONE  poB'tolon-go'n.i  (tmr..  Pin^tits Lanlffui,) 
a  small  bav  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of  Elba. 

PORTO  "lOXGONE.  poR'to  lon-go/nri,  a  port  and  small 
town  of  the  Ionian  island  of  Paxo.  on  its  N.W.  side. 

PORTO  LOXGOXE.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Elba,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  on  its  E.  side.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Porto-Ferrajo. 
Pop.  1701). 

PORTO  ^IAGGIORE,  poR/to  miid-jo'rA.  a  niaHtime  yillage 
of  North  Italy,  in  the  State  of  iEmilia,  on  the  Adriatic,  4 
miles  E.  of  Comacchio.      Pop.  2S00. 

PORTO  -MAURIZIO,  poR'to  mOw-rid'ze-o,  a  town  of  Nortll 
Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  on  the  .Meliterranean,  pro- 
vince, and  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Oneglia.  Pop.  6481,  who  trade 
in  oil. 

PORTOXF^  poR-to'nA.  a  village  of  Tuscany.  1  mile  fVom 
Pisa,  of  which  it  may  almost  be  called  a  suburb.    Pop.  2950. 

Pl^RTO  NOVO,  pok'to  no'vo.  a  maritime  town  of  Jndia,  be- 
longing to  the  French,  on  the  Camatic  co.ast.  .30  nn'les  S.  of 
Pondicherry.  and  N.  of  Tranquelmr.  Lat.  11°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
79°  50'  E.  It  was  formerly  of  considerable  importance,  but 
ruined  in  1782  by  Ilyder  Ali,  whose  army  was  in  the  same 
year  defeated  near  it  hy  the  ti-oops  under  Sir  Evre  Coote. 

PORT  OXT.VRIO.  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co.".  New  York, 
on  Lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  Salmon  River,  170  miles 
W.N.W.  of  .Albany.    It  has  an  improved  harljor. 

PORTO  PRAVA.  poR'to  pri'l.  a  town  of  the  Cape  Verd  Is- 
lands on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Santiairo.  It  stands 
on  a  height,  and  h.as  some  good  pnblic  buildings,  but  it 
is  filthy,  and  its  markets  are  ill  supplied.  Trade  chiefly  in 
salt,  orchil,  and  slaves,  the  traffic  in  which  last  is  carried  on 
to  a  great  extent,  and  here  the  fraudulent  Portueuese  ship 
papers  are  prepared  for  the  American  and  Spanish  slavers. 

PORTO  PRINCIPR    See  Pi'erto  Principe. 

PORTil  !;E.  poR'to  tL  a  town  of  Croatia,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Quamero.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Flume.     Pop.  lUH). 

PORTO  REAL,  a  town  of  Brazil.    .See  Porto  Imperial. 

PORTO  R  EC  A  NATL  a  town  of  Italy.     See  Rec.anati. 

PORT  OR'FORD,  a  village  of  Curry  co.,  Oregon.  See 
AppExnix. 

PORTO  RICO,  pOR'to  ree'ko.  (Sp.  Pitfrtn  liicn.  pwjB'to  res'- 
ko.  i.  t.  ••  rich  port.'')  one  of  the  Spanish  West  India  Islands, 
the  fourth  in  size  of  the  Antilles.  E.  of  Hayti.and  W. of  the 
Virgin  I.slands:  lat  (S.W.  ptdnt)  17°  56'  N.'.  Ion.  67°  10'  W. ; 
90  miles  long  from  E.  to  W..  and  36  miles  broad.  A  range 
of  lofty  mountains  covered  with  wood  runs  through  the 
island  from  E.  to  W„  averaging  alx)Ut  1500  feet  in  height; 
its  loftiest  ])eak  is  S678  feet  high.  In  the  interior  are  ex- 
tensive savannah.s.  on  which  numerous  herds  are  pastured ; 
and  along  the  coasts,  tracts  of  level,  fertile  land,  varying  in 
some  places  from  5  to  10  miles  wide;  but  in  others  the 
mountains  appraach  much  ne.irer  to  the  sea.  Nearly  the 
whole  of  the  N.  coast  is  lined  with  navigable  lagoons,  some 
of  them  10  miles  long:  and  many  of  the  rivers  can  be  navi- 
gated to  the  fix)t  of  the  mountains,  a  distance  of  5  or  6 
miles.  There  are  numerous  bays  and  creeks,  deep  enough 
for  ve,s8els  of  considerable  burden:  but  the  N.  coast  is  sub- 
ject to  tremendous  ground  seas,  which  l>eat  against  the 
cliffs  with  great  violence.  Only  three  harlx)rs  are  safe  all 
the  year  round,  namely.  Guanica  and  llovas  on  the  S. 
coast  and  San  Juan  on  the  N.  There  are  no  serpents  or 
other  reptiles  on  the  island :  but  numerous  lai-ge  rats  often 
do  grait  injury  to  the  sugar-cane.  The  clim.ate  is  generally 
more  salubrious  than  the  other  islands  of  the  Antilles. 
Gold  is  found  in  small  lumps  and  in  dust  in  the  streams 
flowing  from  the  heights.  Copper,  iron.  lead,  and  conl  have 
also  l>een  found;  and  there  an'  two  salines  «r  salt-ponds, 
worked  by  the  government  which  yield  annually  about  160 
tons  of  sitlt  Porto  Rico  is  wholly  an  agricultural  island; 
its  products  are  sugar,  rum,  molasses,  coffee,  cotton,  excel- 
lent tobacco,  hides,  live  stock,  dye-woods,  licrnum-vitsE',  and 
timber,  ground  provisions,  rice,  salt  &c.  The  work  on  the 
£irms  is  effected  both  by  free  and  slave  labor:  the  slaves  are 
treated  much  better  here  than  in  most  other  colonies.    Th* 


POB 


POR 


annexed  table  exhibits  the  quantity  of  the  principal  articles 
exported  in  1851 : — 

Bugar lbs.  ..118.416,300 

Coftee '•  ...  112,111,900 


6,*78.100 

45.978 

6.'!-2,700 

866,600 

347 

5,881 

172 


Cocoa-nuts 40.3fi.'t 

Cocoa lbs...    a,000 

Oxhorns 6,925 

Oranges M 1,669 

Plantains 675 

Cigars 34,800 

!,.igDum-vit3e tons..  4 

Logwood "    ..       178 

Pimento lbs...    6,x00 

Anotta "...    7,862 

600 


1,429  1  Caster  Oil qts.. 


Tobacco 

Molassei hhds. 

Hides lbs. .. 

Cotton "  ... 

Kum hhds. 

Oxen 

Horses  and  mules 

Bar  Water, galls. 

Corn bushs. 

The  total  value  of  produce  exported  from  Porto  Rico,  in 
1839.  waa  $6,516,(311;  in  1S4G,  ,$6,797,200;  and  in  1851, 
$5,761,974.  The  total  value  imported  in  1839  wa.s  ,$5,462,206: 
in  1846,  $6,.^56,500;  and  in  1851,  .$6,073,870.  Of  the  total 
commerce  of  Porto  Rico,  in  1851,  4;i%  per  cent,  of  the  ex- 
ports, and  VJ]4  per  cent,  of  the  imports  was  from  the  United 
State.s;  fi]/^  per  cent,  of  the  exports,  and  3254  per  cent,  of 
the  imports  with  the  West  India  Islands  not  belonging 
to  Spain;  9%  per  cent,  of  the  exports,  and  21 J4  per  cent, 
of  the  imports  with  Spain;  21?^  per  cent,  of  the  exports, 
and  ^^^  per  cent,  of  the  imports  with  Gn^at  Britain ;  (i^  per 
cent,  of  the  exports,  and  4%  per  cent,  of  the  imports  with 
British  North  America;  7%  per  cent,  of  the  exports,  and 
1]/^  per  cent,  of  the  imports  with  Germany;  %  per  cent,  of 
the  exports,  and  4  per  cent,  of  the  imports  with  Cuba;  and 
smaller  proportions  with  France,  Sardinia,  and  Austria. 
The  customs  revenue  in  1851  was  $1,069,418,  agninst 
$1,189.(X»0  in  1850.  The  total  number  of  vessels  that  ar- 
rived iu  1851  was  1324,  (tons,  160,5iJ8,)  of  which  42  per  cent, 
was  American;  '2,2%  percent.  Spanish:  and  '2\%  percent. 
British.  The  value  of  exports  to  the  United  States,  in  1852, 
amounted  to  $3,001,223,  and  in  1853  to  $2,800,936;  the  im- 
ports from  the  same  country,  in  1852,  was  $1,055,075,  and 
in  1S53,  §864,544.  Porto  Rico  is  (joverned  by  a  captain- 
general,  who  is  president  of  the  royal  audiencia.  and  is  as- 
sisted by  a  junta  of  military  officers.  It  is  divided  into  7 
departments.  Principal  towns,  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico, 
Maya'iues,  Ponea.  atidGuayama.  Porto  Rico  was  discovered 
by  Columbus  in  1493.  In  1509  it  was  invaded  by  the  Spaniards 
from  Hay ti,*  who  in  a  few  years  extermin.ited  the  n.itives, 
numberinjr  about  700,0(K).  Kstimated  pop.,  ai'cordiup  to  a 
late  official  report.  600.000;  of  whom  about  60,000  are  slaves. 

Inhab.  I'uBTonKiUENO.  poR-to-re-kin'yo;  plural,  Pobtoki- 

QUENOS.  poR-to-re-kan'yoee. 

PORTO  SAL  RKY.  poii/to  sdl  ri.  a  town  of  Boavista,  in 
the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  on  its  \Y.  coast. 

POKTO  SAN  STKFANO.  poR'to  sin  st^Pa-no,  (ancPorllus 
Domitia/nuf,)  tifeaport  town  of  Tu.scany,  on  the  N.W.  coast 
of  the  peninsula  formed  by  Mount  Argentaro,  about  6 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Orbitello.     Pop.  2p78. 

PORTO  SANTO,  poR'lo  s3n'to,  one  of  the  Madeira  I.slands, 
In  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  26  miles  N.E.  of  Madeira.  Lat.  33° 
6' N.,  Ion.  16°  19'.  W.  Length,  8  miles;  breadth,  3  miles. 
Pop.  in  1842,  6000.  Surface  mountainous;  soil  of  volcanic 
orii;;in,  parched,  and  destitute  of  timber;  princip.al  products, 
wine  of  inferior  quality,  maize,  barley,  and  fruits. 

PORTO  SKGURO,  pou/to  s.A-goo'ro.  a  maritime  town  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Espiiito  Santo,  capilal  of  the  comarca, 
lat.  16°  26'  9"  S.,  Ion.  38°  58'  W.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Buranhen,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic.  It  hag  several 
iiospitals  and  schools.  Its  town-house  was  formerly  a  .7e- 
Buits'  college,  and  its  church  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  Brazil. 
Its  port,  comprising  the  villages  of  Pontinha,  Marcos,  and 
Pacata,  is  defended  by  a  fort.  Its  trade  is  chiefly  with 
Bahia  and  Rio. 

PORTO  VKCCHIO,  poR'to  vJk'keK),  a  fortified  town  of  the 
island  of  Corsica,  on  an  inlet  of  its  E.  coast,  15  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Bonifacio.  Pop.  2015.  It  has  the  best  port  in  the  island, 
but  it  is  so  unhealthy,  owing  to  adjacent  salt-marshes, 
that  its  inhabitants  mostly  leave  it  during  the  summer 
months. 

PORTO  VENERE,  poR'to  vJn'A-r.-l,  (anc.  Ven'erix  Forftvs.) 
a  town  and  port  of  North  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  and  44  miles  S.E.  of  Genoa,  on  a  marble  rock, 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  promontory  forming  the  W. 
boundary  of  the  Gulf  of  Spezzia,  and  separated  only  by  a 
narrow  channel  from  the  island  of  Palmaria.  Pop.  2294. 
It  has  a  small  port  defended  by  a  battery,  and  an  active 
anchovy-fis  hery. 

PORT  PAT'RICK,  a  seaport  town,  burgh  of  barony,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigtown,  on  the  Irish  Channel. 
6i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stranraer.  Pop.  of  town,  in  1851.  103S. 
It  derives  its  present  importance  from  being  the  nearest 
port  to  Ireland.  Its  harbor  is  protected  by  two  piers,  and 
has  a  light-house,  in  lat.  54°  60'  18"  N.,  Ion.  5°  &  45"  W. 
Two  government  steam-packets  ply  between  it  and  Donagha- 
dee.  On  May  23,  1853,  a  line  of  electric  telegraph  was  laid 
across  the  channel  from  Port  Patrick  to  Donaghadee.  Port 
Patrick  was  long  famous  as  the  "'Gretna  Green"  of  Ireland. 

PORT  PENN,  a  village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvaniii, 
on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susfiuehanna  River,  13  miles  E. 
of  Williamspnrt.  The  West  Branch  Canal  passes  through 
it,  and  boat-building  is  carried  on. 


PORT  PENN,  a  post-village  of  Newcastle  co..  Delaware,  on 
UeJaware  Bay,  opposite  Iteedy  Island,  alxiut  30  miles  N.  of 
Dover.     It  has  1  hotel  and  4  or  5  stores. 

PORT  PER/RY,  a  posfcKjfflce  of  Allegh.any  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

POUT  PERRY,  a  small  post-village  of  Perry  co..  Mi.ssourl, 

on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Louis. 

PORT  PIIIL'LIP.  a  bay  on  the  S.  coast  of  Australia ;  lat 

of  Point  Nepean,  at  its  entrance,  38°  18'  S.,  Ion.  144°  42'  7' 

E.     Length  and  breadth,  alout  .35  miles  each;   entrance 

nearly  2  miles  across,  and  it  is  capable  of  receiving  all  tli« 

navies  of  civilized  nations.     A  light-house  has  been  erected 

2  miles  within  its  entrance.     At  its   W.  side  is  an  inlet. 

near  the  head  of  which  is  the  town  of  Geelong:  and  on  itg 

N.  side  it  receives  the  Yarra-yarra  River,  on  the  banks  of 

whicli  is  the  town  of  Melbourne,  capital  of  the  colony  of 

Victoria,  to  which  Port  Phillip,  until  lately,  gave  name.     A 

railway,  the  tirst  ever  constrnct(;d  in  Australia,  was  opened 

between  Port  Phillip  and  MoUiourne  in  1854.    See  Victoria. 

PORT  PLATE,  (iild'tA.)  a  seaport  town  of  Ilayti.  capital 

of  an  arrondissement,  on  the  N.  coast,  12  miles  N.W.  of 

Santiago. 

PORT  PRAYA,  Cape  Verde  Isles.    See  Porto  Prata. 

PORT  PROV/IDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Slontgomery  co., 

Pennsvlvania. 

PORTQUEROLLES.  an  i.sland  of  France  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. See  Porqukroi.lf.s. 
PORT  RAFFLES,  Australia.  See  Raffles  Bat. 
PORT'REATII,  a  small  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall,  on  the  Atlantic,  4  miles  N.  of  Redruth.  It  has  a 
pier  and  basin  which  can  accommodate  25  vessels  of  100 
tons,  and  at  which  about  25.000  tons  of  copper  ore  are  an- 
nually exported  to  Swansea.  The  inlet  to  the  harbor  is  de- 
fended l)y  two  batteries. 

PORT'REE,  a  maritime  village  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  lnvernes.s,  comprising  the  K.  part  of  the  island  of 
Skye.  and  the  islands  of  Rasay,  Rona,  and  Fladda.  Pop.  of 
the  village.  800.  It  stands  at  the  head  of  Loch  Portree,  and 
is  capital  of  the  Skye  group  of  the  Hebridean  islands.  It 
has  a  neat  church,  a  jail,  a  branch  bank,  and  a  good 
harbor. 

PORT  REPUB'LIC.  formerly  GRAVELLY  LAND'INO.  a 
post-village  of  Atlantic  co..  New  Jersey,  on  Nacote  Creek, 
al)Out  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  May's  I..anding. 

PORT  liEl'UHLlC,  a  post-village  of  Calvert  co..  Maryland 
PORT  REPUBLIC,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co.,  Vip. 
ginia,  on  the  Shenandoah,  about  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rich- 
mond. 
PORT  REPUBLICAN,  Ilayti.    See  Poht-au-Prince. 
PORT  RICII'.MOND.  a  post-village  of  Richmond  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  N.  side  of  Staten  Island. 
PORT  RICHMOND.  Pennsvlvania.    See  Richmond. 
PORT  ROB'IN.SON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
M'elland.  situated  on  the  Welland  Canal,  12  miles  S.E.  of  St. 
Catharine's.     It  contains  several  stores,  hotels,  and  mills. 
Pop.  about  400. 

PORT  ROWAN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk, situated  on  Lake  Erie,  120  miles  from  Toronto,  and  62 
miles  from  London.  It  contains  a  steam  mill.  Pop.  about 
250. 

PORT  ROY'AL,  a  fortified  town  of  Jam.aica,  co.  of  Surrey, 
at  the  extremity  of  a  long  sandy  tongue  of  land  which 
Ixiunds  Kingston  Harbor  on  the  S.,  3  miles  S.W.  of  King- 
ston. Lat.  of  Fort  Charles,  17°  56'  N.,  Ion.  76=  51'  W.  It 
has  a  royal  naval  dockyard,  naval  ho.spital,  and  barracks. 

PORT  ROY'AL,  a  post-village  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Tuscarora  Creek.  3  miles  S.  of  Miftiintown. 

PORT  ROYAL,  a  post-village  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  right  liank  of  Rappahannock  River,  22  miles  below 
Fredericksburg.  Grain  and  tobacco  are  shipped  here  in 
steamboats,  for  whicli  there  is  a  good  landing.     Pop.  600. 

PORT  ROYAL,  a  postrvillage  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  Red  River,  about  40  miles  N.W.  of  Nashville. 

PORT  ROYAL,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Louisville,  has  2  stores. 

PORT  ROYAL,  a  small  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  on 
White  River.  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

PORTRUSH',  a  small  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Antrim,  at  the  extremity  of  a  narrow  peninsula,  near 
the  Skerry  Ishinds,  5  miles  N.  of  Coleraine.  Pop.  600.  It 
is  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing,  has  a  well-protected  harbor, 
and  is  frequented  by  the  steamers  plying  between  the  N. 
co.a.st  of  Ireland  and  the  Clyde  and  Mersey. 

PORT- SAINTE- MARIE,  poR  s^Nt  mS'ree',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Lot-et-Garonne,  on  the  Garonne.  11 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Agen.  Pop.  in  1852,  3022.  It  has  a 
small  port. 

PORT-SAINT-PERE,  poR  sSn"  paiR,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  17  miles  S.E.  of 
I'aimboeuf     Pop.  in  1852,  1826. 

PORT  SANTA  BARBARA,  (shx'ii  hivTbl-rh)  a  natural 
harbor  on  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  at  the  N.  end  of  Cam* 
pafla  Island:  lat  48°  S.,  Ion.  7.5°  GO'  W. 

PORT  SAR'NIA,  a  po=t-village  of  Canada  West  co.  of 
Lambton,  situated  on  the  St.  Clair  Kiver,  near  Lalie  Huron, 

1525 


POR 


POR 


62  TsA  .65  frum  London,  and  70  miles  from  Detroit.  It  con- 
tains seTeral  ptores  and  hotels.    Pop.  about  800. 

I'ORTS'POMN  lULL,  in  England,  co.  of  IL-jnts,  extends 
along  the  coast  for  7  miles  from  E.  to  W.,  opposite  the 
islands  of  Pcrtsea  and  Ilay linfj.  and  the  harbors  of  Langston 
and  Portsmc  uth.    Height,  tiOO  feet. 

POKTSEA,  port/see,  a  parish  and  town  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  the  parish  comprising  most  part  of  the  island  of 
Portsea.  Pi^i.  in  1S51,  61,707.  The  town,  feeing  Portsmouth 
Harbor,  on' the  W.  side  of  the  island,  immediately  N.  of 
Portsmouth,  is  regularly  fortified  on  the  E.,  entered  by  two 
nobie  gates,  and  comprises  some  good  thoroughfai-es.  3 
cbapels  of  ease,  numerous  dissenting  places  of  worship,  the 
engineering  depot  for  the  S.VV.  of  England,  and  Portsmouth 
Dockyard,  which  occupies  more  than  one-third  of  the  space 
within  the  walls. 

PORTSE.\  ISL.tXD,  in  England,  lies  between  Portsmouth 
and  Langston  Harbors,  separated  at  its  N.  exti-emity  from 
the  mainland  by  a  narrow  channel  crossed  by  a  bridge,  and 
by  the  South  Coast  and  South-western  Railways.  Length 
and  breadth,  i  miles  each.  Pop.  72,126.  All  its  S.W.  half 
is  occupied  by  the  towns  of  Portsmouth  and  Portsea.  with 
their  suburbs;  liesides  which,  it  contains  the  hamlets  of 
Fratton.  Milton,  Kopnor,  Kingston,  and  Hilsea. 

PORT  SE.A.TO.\,  (see'ton.)  a  thriving  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Haddington,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  2  miles  E.  of  Pres- 
tonpans.     Pop.  270. 

PORT  SHEL'DON,  a  village  of  Ottawa  co..  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Mii^higan,  about  200  miles  W.N.W.  of  Detroit. 

PORT  SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE.  See  Sir  Fiu.i>cis  Diuke's 
Bay. 

PORTSKEWETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

PORTS'LADE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PORTSMOUTH,  ports'mttth.  (L.  l^jrftui  Aljg'nus,)  a  par- 
liamentary and  muuicipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and  the 
principal  naval  station  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  at  the  S.W. 
extremity  of  Portsea  Island,  and  at  the  entrance  to  its 
Cimous  harbor,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Southampton,  and  95  miles 
S.W.  of  London,  on  the  Brighton  and  South  Coast  Railway; 
besides  which  it  is  reached  by  a  branch  of  the  London  and 
South-western  Railway.  Lat.  of  otiservatory,  60^  48'  N^ 
Ion.  1°  16'  W.  Area  of  borough,  including  also  the  town 
and  parish  of  Portsea.  509li  acres.  Pop.  in  1S41.  53.027  :  in 
1861,  94,546.  The  town,  which  is  the  most  perfect  fortress 
in  Great  Britain,  is  enclosed  by  bastioned  ramparts,  faced 
with  masonry,  planted  with  elms,  surrounded  by  trenches 
and  outworks,  and  entered  by  four  can-iage-ways.  It  lias  a 
good  main  street,  and  much  of  it  is  well  built  and  im- 
proving, though  many  of  its  by-streets  are  of  a  very  in- 
lerior  character,  and  its  houses  and  public  buildings  are 
nearly  all  of  brick.  On  its  W.  side  is  an  insular  quarter 
termed  the  "  Point,"  bounding  its  commercial  port,  and  a 
seat  of  very  active  traffic  in  time  of  war:  in  this  quarter, 
facing  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  some  very  extensive  addi- 
tions have  recently  been  made  to  the  fortifications  between 
the  •■  Platform"'  and  the  "Round  Tower." 

The  principal  buildings  within  the  walls  are  the  parish 
church,  with  a  cupola  and  vane  120  feet  in  height,  garrison. 
Wesleyan,  Independent,  and  Unitarian  chapels;  governors' 
hou.^e,  town-hall  and  jail,  new  maiket-house.  marine  and 
other  extensive  barracks,  the  buildings  of  the  Philosophical 
Society,  new  almshouses.  Green-row  Ball-rooms,  the  theatre, 
Work-house,  and  some  large  breweries.  The  town  of  Portsea 
forms  its  X.  suburb,  and  is  separated  from  it  by  a  mill-dam 
creek,  but  enclosed  within  an  additional  line  of  fortiJica- 
tiona  connected  with  those  of  Portsmouth.  Within  this 
town  is  the  naval  dockyard,  containing  basins,  wet  and 
dry  docks,  large  warehouses,  anchor  forges,  iron  and  cop- 
per mills,  rope-hotises.  and  every  department  necessary  in 
the  construction  and  outfit  of  ships  of  war.  In  the  dock- 
yard are  also  the  royal  naval  college,  a  chapel,  and  the  i-esl- 
deuce  of  the  port-admiral;  upwards  of  2000  workmen  are 
employed  in  this  yard;  the  area  added  to  it  on  the  N.E.  is 
intended  partly  for  the  formation  of  building-docks  for  war 
steamers.  Between  the  dockyard  and  the  town  of  Ports- 
mouth is  the  gun-wharf  or  arsenal,  containing  an  armory 
with  25.IK)0  stand  of  small  arms,  extensive  artillery  and 
ammunition  dermis,  and  good  quays  bordering  on  the  har- 
bor. E.  of  the  town  ramparts  and"  outworks,  are  Sout.hsea 
Common  and  the  suburb  of  Southsea,  now  frequented  in 
summer  as  a  watering-place:  on  the  shore  facing  Spithei\d 
and  the  Isle  of  Wight  are  Southsea  Castle,  and  farther  E., 
Cumljerland  and  some  other  forts,  which,  with  Blockhouse 
and  Mon.kton  Forts,  on  the  mainland  towards  the  S.W., 
protect  Spithead  and  the  approach  to  the  harbor.  Besides 
Portsea  and  Southsea,  the  large  suburb  of  Landport.  which 
extends  ahnost  to  the  centre  of  I'ort.-sea  Island,  is  included 
In  the  borough,  on  the  extreme  limits  of  which  are  the  bar- 
racks of  Tipner  and  Hilsea.  Haslar  Hospital,  and  the  vic- 
tualling department  at  Gosport.  are  dependencies  of  Ports- 
mouth. The  public  institutions  conipri.se  a  free  grammar 
school.  St.  Pauls  Acjidemy.  a  mechanics'  institution,  a 
savings'  bank,  a  general  hospital,  and  a  female  penitentiary. 

Port.-imoath  ct)mmunicates  with  Chichester  and  London 
by  a  large  canal;  with  Gosport,  by  a  floating  bridge  across 
1626 


the  mouth  of  the  harbor;  and  by  steam-packets  with  Ilydo, 
Cowes.  Southampton,  Plymouth,  Havre,  and  Dublin.  Ita 
trade.  Ijoth  coastwi.se  and  foreign,  is  of  considerable  extent; 
the  former  consisting  chiefly  of  coals  from  the  Welsh  and 
Newc-istle  coal-tields.  cattle  and  sheep  from  the  Isle  of  Wight 
and  the  W.  of  England,  and  large  quantities  of  corn  and 
provisions  from  Ireland;  and  the  latter  of  wine  from  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  Continent,  eggs  from  France,  and  timber 
from  the  Baltic.  In  1851  the  registered  shipping  of  the 
port  amounted  to  13.063  tons;  the  vessels  entered  in  the 
coast  trade  were  1274,  (108.698  tons,)  and  cleared.  840, 
(38.395  tons;)  and  in  the  colonial  and  foreign  trade, 
entered,  264.  (24,923  tons.)  and  cleared,  163,  (14,723  tons.) 
Portsmouth  is  mentioned  in  the  Saxon  Chronicle  as  exist- 
ing in  501.  During  the  reign  of  Alfred,  a  fleet  of  nine  ships, 
fitted  at  the  port,  signally  defeated  the  Danes,  who  had  long 
infest«i  the  coast;  and  immediately  before  the  Conquest,  a 
large  fleet  was  fitted  out  here  to  intercept  the  Norman  arma- 
ment. .\bout  12.'J6.  Henry  III.  assembled  a  large  army 
at  Portsmouth,  with  a  view  to  the  invasion  of  France:  and 
in  1377  a  counter-attempt  was  made  by  the  French,  vlio, 
though  ultimately  defeated  with  great  loss,  succeeded  in 
burning  a  large  part  of  the  town.  This  disaster  appears 
to  have  shown  the  necessity  of  fortifying  the  place;  and 
the  work.s,  originally  commenced  by  Edward  IV..  have  con- 
tinued to  be  improved  and  extended  during  a  series  of  suc- 
cessive reigns,  till  they  have  become  all  but  impregnable. 
The  municipal  and  parliamentary  borough,  including  the 
whole  of  the  island  of  Port.sea.  except  a  small  portion  be- 
longing to  the  pitiish  of  Wymering  and  the  Salterns,  is 
governed  by  a  mayor.  14  aldermen,  and  42  councillors,  and 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PoRTSMOiTH  Harbor,  an  inlet  of  the  English  Channel, 
Vi.  of  Port.sea  I.«land,  about  4  miles  in  length,  by  5  or  6 
miles  in  greatest  breadth.  At  its  entrance  it  is  only  22") 
yards  across ;  but  within  it  the  whole  British  navy  might 
ride  in  perfect  security.  A  new  basin  for  steamlxjats  was 
completed  in  184S.  It  contains  several  small  island.s,  and 
on  its  shores,  besides  the  town  and  esfablishmenis  of 
Port.smouth  and  Portsea,  are  Gosport,  Fareham.  and  Port- 
chester. 

PORTS'.MOUTH.  a  city.  p.-.rt  of  entry,  and  seifii-capital  of 
Rockingham  co..  New  iiampshii-e.  54  mile.=  N.  by  E.  of  Bos- 
ton, is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Piscataqua  River, 
alxiut  3  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  at  the  terminus  of  the 
Eastern,  the  Concord,  and  the  Portl.-ind  and  Saco  Railroads, 
bv  which  it  has  communication  with  nearly  every  section 
of  .New  England.  Lat.4:i°4'35"  N.,  Ion.  70°45'5O"  W.  This 
city,  the  commercial  metropolis  and  only  seaport  of  the  state, 
is  built  on  a  beautiful  peninsula,  formed  by  the  I'iscataqua, 
and  connected  by  bridges  with  Kittery  in  Maine,  and  with 
Newcastle  on  Grand  Island-  The  harbor,  which  lies  between 
the  town  and  the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  capacious,  deep, 
ea.sy  of  access,  and  much  frequented  by  vessels  in  bad 
weather:  4S0  have  lieen  counted  here  atone  time;  and  it  is 
estimated  that  2000  could  easily  find  convenient  anchorage. 
The  formation  of  sandljars  or  ice  is  rendered  impossible  by 
the  rapid  tides,  which,  centuries  since,  have  carried  every 
earthy  substance  out  to  sea,  leaving  a  smooth  rock  bottom, 
with  a  depth  of  water  varying  from  36  to  76  feet.  The  prin- 
cipal entrance  is  between  the  mainland  and  the  E.  side  of 
Great  Island,  and  is  defended  by  Fort  JlcClary  on  the 
former,  and  Fort  Constitution  on  the  N.W.  point  of  tha 
latter.  The  city  stands  on  a  gentle  acclivity  overlooking  the 
harbor,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  healthy  atmosphere  and 
fine  gardens.  Many  of  the  streets  are  adorned  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  shade-trees.  The  principal  pubUc  buildings  are 
the  State  Ar.«enal.  the  .\then«um.  and  two  market-houses. 
Besides  these,  there  are  nine  churches,  some  of  whiih  are 
elegant  structures.  The  chief  ohj^-ct  of  interest,  however, 
is  the  United  States  navy-yard  at  Kittery.  on  an  isl.nnd 
near  the  E.  side  of  the  river.  Among  other  things,  it 
contains  3  immense  shiivhouses,  and  a  floating  balance- 
dock,  constructed  at  a  cost  of  about  $S0O.0OO.  It  is  350 
feet  by  105.  and  has  24  pumps,  worked  by  2  steam-engines. 
The  North  America,  the  first  ship^ofthe-line  launched  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere,  was  built  on  Badger's  Island, 
in  this  harbor,  durinii  the  Revolution.  The  literary  ad- 
vantages of  Portsmouth  are  liighly  respectable.  The  Athe- 
naeum has  a  well-selected  library  of  about  10,000  volumes, 
and  a  cabinet  of  curiosities.  The  schools  are  numerous, 
and  well  conducted.  One  daily  and  3  weekly  newsjiapers 
are  published  hero.  One  of  these,"  New  Hampshire  Gazette,'' 
is  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  America,  having  been  first  issued 
in  1756.  The  forts  above  named  are  being  rebuilt,  and  a 
lottery  has  been  erected  on  an  island  between  them. 

Portsmonth  has  less  commerce  naw  than  formerly,  though 
it  is  still  the  centre  of  an  important  trade,  both  foreign  and 
coastwise.  The  shipping  of  t  he  port.  June  30, 1S54,  amount<xl 
to  an  aggi-egate  of  19.918  tons  registered,  and  892U  tons  en- 
rolled and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  6724  tons  Were  employcil 
in  the  coast  trade,  and  the  remainder  in  the  cod  and  macke- 
rel fisheries.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  were  39, 
tons,  3877,  of  wliich  1327  were  in  American  lK>tt«m_8.  The 
clearances  fur  foreign  ports  were  S3,  (tons,  41 W  )    The  im- 


POR 

ports  amounted  to  $99,605 ;  the  exports  to  $66,927 ;  and  the 
duties  collected  to  about  $30,000.  During  the  same  year,  11 
vessels,  (9  of  them  ships,)  with  an  agj,'regate  burden  of 
11,912  tons,  were  i^dmeasured.  Some  of  the  finest-built  ships, 
both  for  the  mercantile  and  naval  service  have  been  built 
at  Portsmouth.    Among  them  is  the  Kearsurgo. 

Mauufactui'ing  is  extensively  carried  on.  Among  the 
most  important  corporations  may  be  mentioned  the  Ports- 
mouth Steam  Factory,  giving  employment  to  about  400 
hunils,  who  produce  an  immense  quantity  of  spool-cotton, 
and  the  Rockingliiun  Mills,  manufacturing  tape,  &c.  The 
leading  articles  of  manufacture  are  ropes,  spool-cotton, 
hosiery,  iron  castings,  shoes,  &c.  The  city  is  supplied  by 
means  of  pipes  witli  excellent  water,  from  a  fountain  in  the 
suburb.  It  contains  1  national  bank,  and  4  other  banks. 
Portsmouth  has  a  large  amount  of  Ciipital  invested  in  rail- 
roads, navigation,  manufactures,  &c.,  in  other  places ;  and 
though  it  has  suffered  in  former  j-ears  from  disastrous  fires, 
and  lias  been  compelled  to  relinquish  to  the  larger  cities 
some  of  its  former  extensive  trade,  still  it  has  steadily  in- 
creased in  wealth.    Pop.  in  1S60,  9739;  in  ISOO,  9335. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  post-to%vnship  in  Newport  county, 
Rhode  Island,  6  miles  N.N.K.  of  Newport.  I'opulation 
204^. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  post^township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penngyl- 
Tania.     Pop.  882. 

PURTSJIOUTII,  a  seaport  and  important  naval  depdt  of 
the  United  States,  and  c;\pital  of  Norfolk  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Elizabeth  River,  opposite  the  city  of 
Norfolk,  8  miles  from  Hampton  Roads,  and  160  miles  by 
water  S.E.  of  Richmond.  Lat.  36°  50'  N.,  Ion.  76°  19'  W. 
The  river,  which  is  al)Out  half  a  mile  wide,  forms  a  s.ife  and 
e.xcellent  harbftr,  accessible  to  ves.sels  of  the  largest  size,  in 
which  several  ships  of  war  are  usually  lying  at  anchor. '  The 
General  Government  has  at  Gosport,  a  suburb  of  Ports- 
mouth, a  large  and  costly  dry-dock,  which  is  c;ipable  of  ad- 
mitting the  largest  shiiis.  Slore  than  1000  hands  are  .some- 
times employed  in  the  consi  ruction  of  vessels  at  the  navy- 
yard.  Besides  the  United  States  naval  hospital  in  the 
viciuity,  a  largo  and  showy  building  of  stuccoed  brick, 
Portsmouth  contains  a  court-house.  6  churches,  a  branch 
of  the  Dank  of  A'iiginia,  and  the  Virginia  Literary,  Scientific, 
and  Military  Academy.  The  town  is  situated  on  level 
ground  immediately  below  the  junction  of  the  South  and 
Kast  Branches  of  the  river.  The  streets  are  straight  and 
rectangular.  Portsmouth  is  the  terminus  of  the  Seaboard 
and  Roanoke  Railroad,  which,  with  connecting  lines,  opens 
a  commuuiofttion  with  Charleston,  South  Carolina^  Since 
the  reconstruction  of  this  railro.id  the  town  has  increased 
considerably  in  population  and  business.  Ferry-boats  ply 
constantly  from  Portsmouth  to  Norfolk,  and  a  daily  line  of 
steamboats  coininunicate  with  Richmond.  Founded  in 
17.5-_>.     Population  9496. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Carteret  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  S.  side  of  Ocracoke  Inlet,  about  05  miles  E.  of 
Newbern. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Scioto 
CO.,  Ohio,  is  beautifully  .situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  just 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Scioto,  and  at  the  terminus  of  the 
Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  115  miles  above  Cincinn.iti,  and  90 
miles  S.  of  Columbus.  It  stands  on  a  plain  of  moderate 
extent,  partly  enclosed  by  hills.  Steamboats  ply  regularly 
between  this  town  and  Cincinnati  and  other  river  ports. 
Portsmouth  is  a  place  of  considerable  activity  in  business, 
and  is  steadily  increasing  in  population  and  importance. 
The  Scioto  and  Hocking  Valley  Railroad  terminates  here. 
Tlie  village  conUiins  a  coiirt-honse,  1  national  bank,  6  or  8 
churches.  2  lai-ge  and  conunodious  school-houses,  with  about 
700  pui)ils,  2  iron-foundries,  1  nail-factory,  and  1  forge. 
Two  or  3  newspiipers  are  issue<l  here.  Iron  ore,  stone  coal, 
and  fine  building  stone  are  abundant  in  the  vicinity.  Pop. 
in  1850,  4011 ;  in  1860,  6268. 

POUTSMOUTil,  a  tliriving  post-vilUtge  of  Bay  co.,  Mich- 
igan, on  the  right  bank  of  Saginaw  River,  ti  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  110  miles  N.N.W.  of  Detroit.  Large  quantitietj 
of  pine  lumber  are  sawn  here  and  exported.     Pop.  169. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mis-sissippi  River,  about  180  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

PORT'SOY,  a  burgh  of  barony,  and  seaport  town  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Banff,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Durn, 
5  miles  E.  of  Cullen.  Pop.  in  1851,  2062.  It  has  a  small  har- 
bor and  a  brisk  trade. 

PORT  STAX'Li;  Y,  a  post-village  of  Canada  "West.  co.  of  Mid- 
dle.sex,  on  Lake  Erie,  26  miles  from  London,  and  157  miles 
from  Toronto.   It  contains  stores,  hotels,  factories,  and  mills. 

PORT  STEPHENS,  (stee'vens.)  a  harbor  of  New  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Gloucester,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Port  Hunter.  Lat. 
of  Baroinee  Point,  32°  40'  7"  S..  Ion.  152°  4' 2"  El  It  extends 
IS  miles  inland;  breadth,  5  miles.  It  receives  the  Karuah 
River,  and  on  its  N.  bank  m  Carrington. 

PORT  STEWART,  a  mantmie  town  of  Ireland,  In  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Londonderry.  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Coleraine.   Pop.  600. 

PORT-SUR-SAONK,  poR  siiR  son.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-SaOne,  on  the  Saone,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Ve- 
aouL    Pop.  iu  1852,  297T. 


POR 

PORT  TOBACCO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Charles  co.,  Ma- 
ryland, is  situated  at  the  head  of  a  bay  which  sets  up  from 
the  Potomac  River,  about  .30  miles  S.  of  Washington.  It; 
contains  a  court-house,  jail,  and  a  newspaper  office. 

PORT  TOWN'SEND,  a  thriving  settlement,  capital  of  Jef- 
ferson CO.,  Washington  Territory,  on  Puget's  Sound.  It  has 
a  postroflfice  of  its  own  name.    Pop.  264. 

PORTUDAL,  poRHoo-ddl'.  a  maritime  village  of  West 
Africa,  in  Seneganibia,  on  the  Atlantic.  35  miles  S.E.  of  Cape 
Verd.    It  exports  hides,  ivory,  and  gold-dust. 

PORTUGAL,  por'tu-ggil,  (Port,  and  Sp.  pron.  poR-t/io-gJl', 
Ger.  pron.  poR'too-gdP ;  Fr.  pron.  poR'tU'gdl':  anc.  Liisila/- 
nia,)  a  kingdom  in  the  S.W.  of  Europe,  forming  the  W. 
part  of  the  Spanish  peninsula.  It  Is  bounded  on  the  E.  and 
N.  by  Spain,  and  on  the  W.  and  S.  by  the  Atl.intic.  between 
lat.  30°  55'  and  42°  7'  N..  and  Ion.  6°  15'  and  9°  30'  W. 
Its  shape  is  nearly  a  parallelogram.  Greatest  length,  from 
N.  to  S.,  345  miles;  greatest  breadth,  140  miles,  'f  he  coast- 
line has  an  extent  of  about  500  miles ;  It  is  but  little  broken, 
and  does  not  present  a  single  bay  of  great  magnitude.  At 
Cabo  da  Roca,  the  westernmost  point  of  the  peninsula,  it 
becomes  somewhat  irregular,  and  terms  two  bays  by  the  in- 
terjection of  the  remarkable  promontory  which  terminates 
in  lape  Espichel.  It  is  occasionally  bold,  and  rises  to  a  great 
height,  particularly  at  Cabo  da  Roca,  where  it  presents  a 
range  of  giddy  cliffs ;  but  for  the  far  greater  part  it  is  low  and 
marshy,  and  in  many  places  lined  by  sands  and  reefs,  which 
mal<e  tlie  navigation  dangerous.  I'he  number  of  harbors, 
large  and  .small,  exceeds  20,  but  the  only  ones  of  importance 
are  those  of  Lisbon,  Oporto,  Setubal,  Faro,  Figueira.  Aveiro, 
and  Viana. 

Pliyaical  Features. — The  physical  geography  of  Portugal 
resembles  that  of  Spain.  The  interior  is  generally  moun- 
tainous, a  number  of  ranges  stretching  across  the  country, 
either  in  W.,  S.W.,  or  S.S.VV.  directions,  forming  a  succes- 
sion of  independent  river  basins,  while  their  ramifications, 
penetrating  in  all  directions,  form  the  w.ater-sheds  of  numer- 
ous subsidiary  streams,  and  enclose  many  wild  and  beauti- 
ful valleys.  The  loftiest  range  is  the  Serra  d'Rstrella,  a 
continuation  of  the  central  chain  which  stretches  across 
Spain  between  Old  and  New  Castile,  and  between  Leon  and 
Estremadura.  Near  the  town  of  G  uarda  it  forks,  one  brjinch 
proceeding  N.  and  another  S.E.,  while  the  main  chain  attains 
its  culminating  point  of  7524  feet,  about  5  miles  W.  of  the 
town  of  Covilhao,  and  is  there  continued  in  a  S.S.M'.  direc- 
tion to  its  termination  in  the  lofty  cliffs  of  Caljo  da  Roca. 
Nearly  parallel  tp  this  chain,  and  at  no  great  distance  from  It 
on  the  N.,  is  the  Serra  de  .\lcoba.  and  on  the  S.  the  Serra  JIo- 
radal.  In  the  N.W..  a  branch  of  the  Spanish  .Sierra  Mamed, 
taking  the  name  of  Penagacho,  enters  Portugal,  and  attains 
one  of  the  loftiest  heights  of  the  kingdom  in  Mount  (iavieii-a. 
At  the  op|K>site  extremity,  the  Serra  Monchique.  stretching 
across  the  country  at  a  short  distance  from  the  S.  shore, 
attains,  at  its  W.  extremity  in  Mount  Foia.  the  height  of 
4050  feet.  Owing  to  the  rugged  nature  of  the  surf^ice.  the 
plains  are  few  in  number,  and  of  limited  extent,  but  there 
are  many  valleys,  e(juBlly  r&markable  for  their  beauty  and 
fertility.  The  princip.al  plains  are  those  of  Almeida  and  the 
Terra  de  Bragan/Ji;  the  former  in  the  province  of  Beira 
Alta,  and  the  latter  in  that  of  Tras  os  Montes.  The  chief 
valleys  are  those  of  Ch.ives,  Villarica,  and  Besteiro.s. 

Genlw/ij. — Granite  generally  forms  the  nucleus  of  the 
mountains,  overlaid  iu  the  N.  by  micaceous  schist,  and 
other  primitive  rocks.  In  the  S.,  psirticularly  in  the  Serra 
Monchique,  primitive  limestone  is  very  abundant.  Vol- 
canic formations  are  very  apparent  in  the  Serra  de  Calrtei- 
rao.  formerly  a  continuation  of  that  of  Monchique.  The 
mineralogical  treasures  seem  more  remarkable  for  their 
variety  than  for  their  value,  though  siome  are  worked  to  ad- 
vantage. They  include  argentiferous  lead,  iron,  copper,  co- 
balt, bismuth,  antimony,  fine  marble,  slate,  salt,  saltpetre, 
lithographic  stones,  millstones,  and  porcelain-earth.  Some 
gold  also  is  wa.«hed  from  the  sands  of  the  Douro.  Mondego, 
and  other  streams,  and  in  several  serras.  particularly  those 
of  Estrella  and  Gerez ;  and  many  valuable  pebbles  and  rock- 
crystals  are  found  in  different  places. 

Rivers. — No  rivers  of  importance  take  their  rise  in  Portu- 
gal, and  yet  few  countries,  in  proportion  to  their  extent,  arg 
better  supplied  with  laige  and  navigable  streams,  the  Minho 
in  the  N.  forming,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  the  l)ound- 
ary  between  Portugal  and  Spain;  the  Douro,  first  skirting 
the  E.  frontier  in  a  S.W.  direction,  and  then  pursuing  its 
course  W.  to  the  ocean  at  Oporto ;  the  Tagus,  flowing  in  a 
general  S.W.  direction,  and  Guadiana,  all  enter  the  country 
from  Spain.  The  latter  river,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course, 
flows  nearly  S..  and  for  some  dist.ince  from  its  mouth  forms 
the  boundary  between  Portugal  and  Spain.  The  Voug.H, 
.Alondego.  and  Sado  have  their  course  wholly  in  Portugal. 
Numerous  small  lakes  are  scattered  over  the  surface  and 
embosomed  in  the  mountains. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  gr.atly  modified  by  the  proximity 
of  the  .sea  and  the  height  of  the  mountains,  the  former  tem- 
pering the  excessive  heat  of  summer  by  refreshing  breezes, 
and  the  latter  making  the  winter  more  rigorous  than  is 
usual  in  countries  under  the  same  latitude.    In  general, 

1527 


POR 


POR 


however,  the  winter  is  short  and  mild,  and  in  some  places 
uever  completely  interrupts  the  course  of  vegetation.  Here 
the  inhabitants  eujoj'  the  benefit  of  a  double  spring.  Early 
in  February,  the  vegetation  is  in  full  vigor:  the  plants  shoot 
forth,  rapidly  attain  maturity,  and  if  not  harvested,  wither 
away.  During  the  month  of  July  the  heat  is  often  extreme, 
and  rain  seldom  falling,  the  whole  country,  jwrticularly 
along  the  coast,  assumes  a  very  parched  appeaiance.  The 
drought  generally  continues  throughout  August,  and  far 
into  September;  but  at  last  the  sky,  which  had  been  pre- 
viously serene,  becomes  overc.ist,  and  copious  showers  de- 
scend. The  second  spring  now  begins,  and  the  fields  again 
become  covered  with  flowers  and  verdure.  AVinter  usually 
Bets  in  about  the  end  of  Noveml>er.  In  the  mountainous 
districts  the  loftier  summits  obtain  a  covering  of  snow,  and 
retain  it  for  a  gre^iter  or  less  period,  according  to  their  alti- 
tude; but  iu  ail  the  country  S.  of  the  Douro,  and  at  a  mode- 
rate elevation,  snow  generally  melts  witliin  a  mouth.  The 
climate,  in  general  healthy,  is  especially  ."so  in  the  elevated 
coast  regions,  and  on  the  plateaus  of  the  interior ;  the  ex- 
ceptions are  the  vicinity  of  the  salt  marshes,  and  parts  of 
the  banks  of  the  Tagus  and  Mondego.  Meau  temperature 
of  the  year  at  Coiuibra,  62°;  Lisbon.  Ol°'3  Fahrenheit.  From 
October  to  April  deluges  of  rain  continue  to  fall,  and  violent 
hurricanes  and  thunderstorms  are  not  unfrequent.  At  this 
season,  too,  shocks  of  earthquakes  are  sometimes  felt,  par- 
ticularly in  the  vicinity  of  the  metropolis,  where  the  dis- 
asters occasioned  in  1751,  were  fearfiU  almost  beyond  de- 
scription. 

Vegetation,  AgricuJtttre.  i£c. — There  are  few  countries  pos- 
sessing a  more  varied  Flora  than  Portugal.  The  number 
of  species  is  estimated  to  exceed  40u0.  Many  of  the  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  fine  forests,  among  wliich  both  the 
ordinary  species,  the  ank,  or  Quercus  robiir,  and  the  cork- 
tree, or  QiuTcus  suber,  is  conspicuous.  In  the  central  pro- 
vinces, at  a  moderate  elevation,  magnificent  chestnut  trees 
abound ;  and  in  the  S.,  Ijoth  the  date  and  the  American  aloe 
thrive  well.  Fruits  of  excellent  quality  are  common  in  every 
quarter,  though  it  is  only  in  the  warmer  and  better-shel- 
tered di.stricts  that  the  orange,  lemon,  and  olive  are  culti- 
vated with  success  on  an  extensive  scale.  The  mulberry  is 
admirably  adapted  to  the  climate,  and  yields  a  considerable 
quantity  of  excellent  silk.  But  the  most  important  branch 
of  industry  is  the  cultivation  of  the  vine.  The  well-known 
port  wines,  the  produce  of  the  vineyards  watered  by  the  up- 
per Douro,  forms  the  staple  export.  The  olive  thrives,  but 
the  oil  is  of  an  inferior  quality.  But  agriculture,  properly 
so  called,  is  at  a  very  low  ebb,  and  Portugaltails,  in  ordinary 
years,  to  raise  cere;ils  in  sufficient  quantity  to  meet  its  own 
consumption.  Wheat,  barley,  oats,  tlax,  and  hemp  are  cul- 
tivated, in  the  elevated  tracts,  and  rice  in  the  lowlands. 
Among  domestic  animals,  the  first  place  is  due  to  the  mule, 
of  which  very  superior  breeds  have  long  been  possessed,  and 
are  carefully  preserved.  Sheep,  goats,  and  hogs  are  very 
numerous,  but  little  attention  is  paid  to  their  improvement. 
Horned  cattle  are  few,  and  of  a  very  inferior  description. 
Game  is  not  abundant,  and  the  fisheries  on  the  coast,  though 
naturally  productive,  and  at  one  time  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent,  have  fallen  off  so  much  that  the  greater  quantity  of 
the  fish  used  is  obtained  by  importation. 

ilanufacturas. — The  manufactures  of  Portugal  employ  only 
a  few  large  establishments ;  but  almost  every  family  supplies 
itself  with  the  articles  of  primary  necessity,  .'imong  the 
manufactures  produced  to  some  e.xtent  for  sale  may  be  men- 
tioned armor  at  LislKm,  woollen  cloth  and  other  woollen  stuffs 
at  Portalegre.  Covilhao,  and  Fundao;  porcelain  at  Vista  Ale- 
gre;  delft  and  ordinary  e;u-thenware  at  Lisbon,  Oporto.  Co- 
iubra,  Beja.  Kstremoz,  ic;  prints  and  lace  at  Lisbon  and 
Oporto;  cotton  twist  at  Thomar;  silks  at  Braganzii,  Chacim, 
Oporto,  Ac:  copper  and  tin  ware  at  Lisbon  and  other  places; 
corks,  ribands,  embroidery,  hats,  confectionary,  fine  soap, 
jewelry,  and  the  cutting  of  precious  stones,  glass,  paper, 
wicker-work,  and  totacco.  Ship-building  also  is  well  under- 
stood, and  a  Uirge  number  of  vessels  are  constructed  at  Lis- 
bon, Figueira,  Oporto,  and  Villa  do  Conde. 

Ominicrce.— The  length  of  sea-coast,  with  the  harbors 
found  upon  it,  and  the  n.ivigable  rivers,  furnish  great  facili- 
ties for  commerce;  but  all  the  other  means  of  internal  com- 
munication are  very  defective.  The  trade  has  suffered  much 
by  the  loss  of  Brazil,  but  it  still  continues  to  be  of  consider- 
able importance.  The  principal  exports  are  wine,  brandy, 
vinegv,  salt,  oil,  pork,  fruit,  particularly  chestnuts,  wa'l- 
nuts.  almonds,  olives,  oranges,  and  lemons;  silk,  wool, cork, 
Bumaoh.  kermes,  leeches,  bones,  glass,  and  porcelain.  The 
princip«.  imports  arc  wheat,  rve,  barley,  and  m.-iize,  foreign 
timber,  salt  provisions,  particularly  cod;  colonial  produce, 
woollen,  cotton,  linen,  and  silk  tissues,  iron,  steel,  and  vari- 
ous other  meUils;  coal,  tar.  and  pitch,  dyes  and  drugs. 

The  annexed  table  exhibits  the  total  value  of  imports  and 
exports  for  the  years  1843,  1S48,  and  1S51 :—  v^ »-  »"" 

^**"-  ImporU.  F.xporu.  Total. 

•  $8.811. .'.as $..'2,794,617 

.  l-',5«-.',«9 24.5S8.6o7 

11,879,591 16,156.515 

The  JbUowicg  exhibiu  the  principal  countrie*  with  which 
U28 


Portugal  has  commercial  relations,  the  value  cf  the  trade 
with  each  in  1851,  and  value  of  imports  from  each  re-ex- 
ported : — 


Africa. 


Brazil 

Frauce 

Great  Rritaio  and  her  Coloaiet 

Hamburg 

Xetherlaads 

Ru.^ia 

Spain 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Umt«a  States 


Imported,  j    Exported.     Re-exp'd 


•l«0,592 
352,'JSO 

2,046,«9 
667.000 

9,755,084 
1J4.74» 
144.956  , 
461 .0B6 
SOB, 754 
»40.8-.;S 
404,637 


*ilS,578 

l,877,i73 
8t4.5no 

4.427.698 
216, 2W> 
111.993 
255,649 
908,611 
107,ai4 
66:;,292 


$5,537 


1843.. 
1848.. 
1851.. 


$13.6^2.778... 

12.006,  (08... 

14,276,»-.a.., 


The  principal  commercial  ports  are  Lisbon,  (tlie  capital.) 
Oporto,  Setubal,  Faro,  Figueira,  and  Viana.  The  exports  to 
the  United  States  in  1854,  amounted  in  value  to  $2o0,203, 
and  the  imports  from  the  same  country  to  $411,155.  \o 
railways  have  its  yet  been  constructed  in  Portugal:  .several 
have  been  proposed,  one  to  extend  from  Lislxin  to  a  point 
between  Campo  Grande  and  B.eiiifica,  thence  by  the  coast  as 
far  as  Cascaes,  taking  in  the  small  sea-l)atliing  towns.  An- 
other propo.sal  is  to  continue  this  line  N,  by  Coimbra  to 
Oporto,  and  thence  by  Bragauza  to  Spain.  It  is  also  pro- 
posed to  construct  a  railway  from  Lisbon  through  Alemtejo 
by  Evora  to  Elvas  and  Bitilajos. 

Divisions,  QJloniti,  Popuhition,  d-c. — Portugal  is  divided 
into  8  provinces,  subdivided  into  17  districts,  the  names, 
area,  and  population  of  which,  together  with  the  names, 
area,  and  population  of  the  Portuguese  colonies,  are  exhi- 
bited in  the  subjoined  table: — 

Aric^  and  Population  of  Pitrivgal.  including  tit  Foreign  I\)»- 
session /,  1850, 


Alemtejo 

Algarre 

Beira-Alta,.. 
Beira-Baixa. 


Doaro  . 


•■{ 


Estremadura 

Minho 

Tras-oa-Montoa, 


Evora 

Porlalcfre , 

Beja 

Faro 

Vigeu 

Castello  Branco . 

Ouarda 

Ardro 

Coimbra 

Oporto 

T.eiria 

Lisbon 

Soutarem 

Braga 

Viaua 

Braganza 

Villa  Eeal 


Total. 


Coloniet. 
ICtDEiKA  and  AzoBis, 


Madeira  aad  Por- 
to Saa  to  


Funchal  . 


} 
i 

East  District  of 
Ponta  Delgada 

Central  Azoi«s, 
Angra  do  Ue- 
roismo 

Western  District 
of  Uorta 


Afsica. 

CapeVerd  Islands 

Guinea,  Bissao,  Ac 

Islands  of  St.  Thomas,  Principe.  Ac. 
Angola  Benguela,  and  dependencies 
Mozambique,  and  dependencies 


Asia, 
India— Gon,  Bardez,  and  Saisette,.. 

Kew  Acqulaitioas 

Damao 


Diu 


OCEiNICA  AND  CHINA. 

Macao 

Timor,  Solor,  Mldora,  Ac 


Area  in 
sq.  miles. 


2,612 
2,xm 
5,014 
2,151 
1.^91 
2,J74 
2,U8 
1.45S 
1.3.6 
1,088 
L.^lo 

s.eti 

■2.St9 
1,088 
956 
2,384 
1,644 


l,6,<i6 
36,000 

204,000 
288,000 


530,112 
1,452 


12 
27,504 


83,286 
80212 

i-'i,;«;i 

141.027 

2».!I17 
]3-.M!7 
ISH.RSJ 
:4.'.!t91 
256,798 
3ft--,i)i:i 
138,418 
4.55,217 
154.M0 
199,640 
187,791 
U'5.437 

is;i,f94 


343,tr2 


U.oSO 
589,127 
800.000 


997,139 

248.2IT 
115,571 
33.950 
10,850 


408,540 

29.587 
91S.4I2 


Summari/. 


!    Area  in 
sq.  miles. 


European  Continent j  35,268 

Azores , 1,488 

Africa bUO.Ui 

Asia  and  Oceanica {  19,064 

Total 595,931 


Fop  iol850. 


3,471, -W  I 
643,571 

9»7.l;» 
1,:5J6,545  ! 


POR 


POS 


Cknemment,  Religion,  do. — The  government  is  an  heredi- 
tary constitutional  monarchy.  The  legislative  power  is 
vested  jointly  in  the  sovereign,  and  an  upper  and  a  Icwer 
chamber;  both  chambers  are  elective;  they  meet  and  dis- 
solve at  regular  periods  without  the  intervention  of  the 
crown;  and  when  both  are  agreed  as  to  any  particular  mea- 
sure or  enactuient,  are  not  subject  to  its  veto.  Judgment  is 
administered  by  a  great  number  of  inferior  judges,  whose 
decisions  are  sulyect  to  revision  in  17  district  courts.  A 
court  of  appeal,  with  extensive  jurisdiction,  sits  at  Oporto; 
and  a  supreme  court,  w  ith  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  king- 
dom, at  Lisbon.  The  established  religion  is  the  Konian  Ca- 
tholic, which  is  completely  in  the  ascendant.  Protestantism 
being  almost  unknown.  Ecclesiastical  affairs  are  adminis- 
tered by  a  patriarch  at  Lisbon,  2  archbishops  at  Braga  and 
Evora,  and  14  bishops.  The  iuQuisition  was  abolished  iu 
1821,  and  its  enormous  revenues  applied  to  tlie  st^ite. 

Education  in  Portugal  is  in  a  very  low  state.  There  are 
about  120fl  elementary  schools,  a  nornial  seminary,  OoO 
classical  schools,  27  lyceums,  1  university  at  Coimbra,  with 
feculties  of  theology,  law,  medicine,  mathematics,  and  phi- 
losophy, several  schools  of  medicine,  polytechnic  and  naval 
academies,  military  schools,  schools  of  mines,  of  architec- 
ture, painting,  design,  &c. 

The  language  of  the  Portuguese  may  be  regarded  as  a  dia- 
lect of  Latin,  and  is  closely  allied  to  the  Spanish.  Its  powers 
have  not  been  much  tested,  but  in  the  Lmwl  of  Cainnens  it 
has  proved  itself  not  unequal  to  epic  poetry  of  a  high  order. 

Army,  Navy,  and  Ji'erenue. — The  peace  establishment  in 
1853  amounted  to  25.642  men,  ,ind  2926  horses,  which  in  time 
of  war  might  be  increa.sed  to  49,954  men.  The  colonial  army 
comprised  8522  men,  with  a  reserve  of  20,977.  By  act  of 
April  15,  1864,  the  standing  army  of  Portugal,  exclusive  of 
olHcers,  was  fixed  at  24,000  men,  with  a  reserve  of  13,767 
men.  The  n.ivy  consists  of  one  ship-of-the-line,  carrying  SO 
guns,  1  frigate  with  50  guns,  6  corvettes  with  18  guns  each, 
and  38  other  vessels,  carrying  in  all  190  guns.  Total  number 
of  vessels,  46;  guns,  428,  In  the  budget  for  1855,  the  re- 
venue was  estimated  at  $14,186,829.  $2,982,944  Vieing  from 
direct,  and  S6.95l,S42  from  indirect  taxes,  and  $836,037  from 
the  colonies;  and  the  expenditures  at  $14,286,928.  Of  the 
latter  $0,016,795  was  for  interest  on  the  public  debt, 
$3,185,526  for  the  war  department,  $917,645  for  the  navy, 
and  $1,277,594  for  public  works.  The  public  debt.  July  30, 
1853,  amounted  to  $SS,071.047,  of  which  $40,217,401  was  due 
to  subjects  of  Portugal,  and  $47,850,646  to  f  jreigners. 

History. — Portugal  forms  the  far  larger  part  of  the  ancient 
province  of  Lusitania,  said  to  have  been  so  called  from  the 
Luzi,  an  indigenous  tribe  who  dwelt  between  the  Tagus 
and  the  Douro.  Phoenician  and  Grecian  colonies  appear  to 
have  been  planted  on  its  coasts  at  a  very  early  period,  and 
the  Carthagenians  subsequently  formed  several  establish- 
ments. About  200  B.  c.  the  Romans  became  sole  masters, 
and  continued  in  possession  for  nearly  six  centuries,  during 
which  they  completely  changed  the  habits  of  the  natives, 
introduced  their  own  language,  and  executed  numerous 
works,  the  ruins  of  many  of  which  still  remain.  In  the 
fifth  century  the  Suevi,  Vandals,  and  Visigoths  became  pos- 
sessors. In  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century  Portugal 
shared  the  fate  of  Spain,  and  was  overrun  by  the  -Moors. 
The  former  inhabitants,  descendants  of  the  northern  in- 
vaders, retired  to  the  more  inaccessible  districts,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  maintaining  their  Independence.  After  a  long 
struggle,  during  which  many  battles  were  fought,  and  many 
Illustrious  deeds  achieved,  they  regained  the  ascendant,  and 
the  Portuguese  monarchy  was  formally  established  by  the 
Cortes  at  Lamego  in  1143.  In  1385  a  new  dynasty  was 
*bund>'d  under  John  I.  IVith  him  commenced  the  long 
series  of  maritime  discoveries,  which  ultimately  placed  Por- 
tugal at  the  head  of  a  great  coloni.il  empire.  Ue  personal  ly 
undertook  an  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  made  a 
conquest  of  Ceuta  and  part  of  the  adjoining  country.  The 
spirit  of  enterprise  thus  excited  became  a  kind  of  national 
passion,  and  the  expeditions  fitted  out  were  crowned  with 
brilliant  success.  In  1418,  Madeira  was  discovered ;  in  1432, 
the  Azores ;  and  in  1486,  after  a  succession  of  adventurers 
had  explored  the  greater  part  of  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  beheld  by  Bartholomew  Diaz.  Vasco 
ie  Oama,  following  in  the  same  track,  was  still  more  suc- 
eessful.  In  1497  he  doubled  the  ciipe,  and  continuing  his 
course  E.,  reached  the  shores  of  Malabar.  A  still  more  for- 
tunate discovery  was  made  in  1500  by  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral, 
or  Cabreira,  who,  while  bent  on  a  different  course,  was 
driven  by  a  storm  to  the  coast  of  Brazil,  and  thus  led  to  the 
formation  of  a  settlement,  which  has  since  grown  up  to  be 
an  independent  empire.  After  these  discoveries,  and  the 
treasures  obtained  from  them,  had  raised  Portugal  to  the 
highest  pitch  of  prosperity,  a  disputed  succession  brought 
it  to  the  verge  of  ruin,  and  subjected  it  to  the  thraldom  of 
li  hated  foreign  yoke  under  Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain.  This 
nsurpation,  after  lasting  for  60  years,  was  tei-mined  in  1640, 
by  a  general  rising,  headed  by  the  Duke  of  Braganza,  who, 
on  the  expulsion  of  the  Spaniards,  ascended  the  throne  un- 
der the  name  of  John  IV.  On  the  invasion  of  the  French 
In  1807,  the  royal  family  went  to  Brazil.    From  1827  to 


1833,  the  throne  was  usuqied  by  D  m  Miguel ;  in  1836  sever 
changes  were  introduced,  and  the  existing  constitution  wa» 
established.     The  erection  of  Brazil  into  an  independenl 
empire,  in  1826,  robbed  Portugal  of  the  richest  jewel  of  he» 
crown,  leaving  her  scarcely  a  show  of  her  former  colonial 

gi-eatuess. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Pobtugvese;   (Port.  Pokto- 

OUEZ,  poH-too'gAs/;   Sp.  I'oRTUOUES,  poR-too-gh?s' ;  Fr.  Pos- 
TLQAIS.  poRHU'g.'i';  Ger.  PORTUClESlr^CH,  poic-too-ghee'zish.) 

POIITUGALETE,  poR-too-gd-lA/tA,  a  town  and  river-port 
of  Spain,  province  of  Biscay.  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bilbao,  on 
the  Nerva,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Slediterranean. 
Pop.  1200.  It  has  several  batteries  for  the  defence  of  tha 
port,  which  belongs  to  Bllljao,  sea-borne  vessels  not  being 
able  to  go  higher  up  the  river. 

POUTUGUKSA,  poR-too-gA'sA,  a  river  of  South  -America, 
in  Venezuela,  after  a  S.S.E.  coui-ge  of  at  least  200  miles, 
joins  the  .\pure  at  San  Fernando.  Its  principal  affluents 
are  the  Cojeda,  Guanaiito,  and  GuJinaparo. 

POltTUM'NA,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Galway,  17  miles  E..S.E.  of  Longhrea.  Pop.  1643.  Im- 
mediately S.  of  the  town  is  the  noble  demense  of  Portumna 
Castle,  the  property  of  the  Marquis  of  Clanricarde. 

POliT  U'MON,  a  post-ofRce  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

POKTUS  AUGUSTI.    See  FiUMiciNO. 

POKTUS  BRUNDULUS.    See  Brondoio,  Pqrto  m. 

PORTUS  DOMITIANUS.    See  Porto  Sa.n  Stefa so. 

PORTUS  ET  FANU.M  VENERIS.    See  Port  Vknprrs. 

PORTUS  LIBURNI,  or  POKTUS  IIEKCUUS  LIDUKNL 
See  Lf.giior.x. 

PORTUS  LONGUS.    See  Porto  Lonoonfa 

PORTUS  MONCECI  or  POKTUS  IIERCULIS  MONOECI. 
See  ^Monaco. 

PORT  VALAIS,  poR  vi'14',  (anc,  Jbj-<us  FaWfetw.')  a  vit 
lage  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Valais,  on  a  flat  formed  by  de- 
posits of  the  Rhone,  1^  miles  from  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
though  in  the  time  of  the  Romans  it  stood  on  the  margin 
of  the  lake.  Near  it  the  Helvetians,  under  Divico,  defeated 
the  Roman  forces  under  Lucius  Cassius.  b.  c.  107. 

PORT  VENDRES,  poR  vtad'r,  (anc.  llrr'iusHFa'nvmrtnfe 
m,)  a  seaport  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6n6es- 
Orientales,  on  the  Mediterranean,  w  ith  a  harbor  formed  by 
a  projecting  tongue  of  land,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Perpignan, 
Pop.  in  1862,  2026.  Its  port,  protected  by  several  forts  and 
redoubts  on  adjacent  heights,  is  deep  enough  for  frigates, 
and  the  only  place  between  Marseilles  and  Spain  adapted  for 
a  harbor  of  refuge. 

PORT'VILLE,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York.    Pop.  1625. 

PORT  WASHINGTON,  a  small  vUlage  of  Washington  co., 
Mississippi. 

PORT  WASinNGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Tusca- 
rawas CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Tuscarawas  River,  and  on  the  Ohio 
Canal,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

PORT  WASU'INGTON  or  OZAU'KEE.  capital  of  Ozaukeo 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  AV.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  31  miles 
N.  of  Milwauliee,  and  90  miles  E.N.E.  of  MadLson.  The 
name  of  the  post-office  is  Ozaukee.  The  produce  of  the 
county  is  mostly  shipped  here  in  steamboats.  The  village 
contains  2  newspaper  olticcs,  1  bank,  3  churclies,  3  mills,  4 
wheelwright  sliops,  1  iron-foundry,  2  breweries,  and  about 
10  stores.  Population  in  1840,  50;  in  1S60,  766;  and  in 
1860,  25f)0. 

PORT  WII/LIAM,  a  thriving  village  and  seaport  of  Scot- 
land, CO.,  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Wigtown,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Luce  Bay.     Pop.  634. 

PORT  WII7LIAM,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  S> 
miles  N.  of  Wilmington.    Pop.  iil2. 

PORT  WILLIAM,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Blis.souri, 
45  miles  W  by  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

POSADAS,  po-s^ods,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  19 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Cordova,  on  the  Guadalquiver.     Pop.  3736. 

POSCANTE,  po»-kdn'ti  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Bergamo,  3  miles  E.  of  Zogno.    Pop.  1300. 

POSCIIPXJA  or  POSCEGA.    See  Posega. 

POSCIIEGON.  po-sheh-gon/,  written  also  POSCHEKHON 
and  POSCHECHONJE.  a  town  of  Ilussia,  government,  and 
69  miles  N.W.  of  Yaroslav.  Pop.  3030.  It  has  extensive  salt 
magazines. 

POSCIIIAVO,  pos-ke-a'vo,  (Ger.  I^tschlav,  pooshljv,)  a 
small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Grisons,  on  the  Italian 
side  of  the  .\lps.  16  miles  S.W.  of  Bormio,  in  the  Valtellina. 

POSCIIIAVO,  Lake  of,  Switzerland,  immediately  S.E.  of 
the  above  town,  is  3  miles  long,  and  1 J  miles  broad. 

POSEGA  or  P0SCHEGA,po-8hA'gi.  written  also  POXEGA, 
a  town  of  Austria,  Slavoni.a,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Orlyava.  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Neu-Gradiska. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1787.     Pop.  6850. 

POSEX,  po'zen,  or  POZNAN,  poz'iiSn,  (L.  Pns'na,)  a  for- 
tified city  of  Prussia,  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Posen, 
on  the  Warta,  at  termination  of  the  railway  from  Stettin, 
100  miles  E.  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder.  Pop.  43,879,  exclusive 
of  7353  military.  It  is  walled  and  entered  by  4  gates,  and 
has  a  citadel  on  an  adjacent  height.  It  has  a  cathedral,  23 
Roman  Catholic,  and  2  Protestant  churches,  and  nianinfao- 
tures  of  tobacco  and  leather.    Poeen  was  the  capital  of  an- 

1529 


POS 

olenl  Poland  In  1807  it  was  the  capital  of  a  department  in 
the  ai-and  dnchy  of  Warsaw. 

POSEN,  Guam)  Dcchy  of,  (L.  T^snn'nia.)  a  proTince  of 
Prussia,  inriaded  in  what  is  termed  Prussian  Poland,  and 
lyins  mostly  between  lat.  51°  30'  and  53°  SC  N_  and  Ion.  15° 
SO'  and  19°  £.,  having  E.  Russian  Poland,  and  N.  Prussia. 
Area,  12.248  sfjuare  miles.  Pop.  (mostly  Poles)  l,a'i2.iJl'i.  of 
whom  two-thirds  are  Roman  Catholics,  and  the  rest  Protest- 
ants and  Jews.  It  comprises  the  two  governments  of  Posen 
and  Bi-omher^. 

POSEY,  pc/xee.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Indiana, 
contains  3tt0  square  mile"s.  The  Ohio  River  bounds  it  on 
the  S.,  and  the  W.abash  on  the  W.  The  surface  is  mostly 
undulating,  excepting  the  broad  and  extensive  bottom-lands, 
which  are  subject  to  annual  inundation,  and  are  extremely 
fertile.  Coal  is  abundant  The  timber  lands  occupy  about 
three-fifths  of  the  surface,  A  plank-road,  16  miles  long,  ex- 
tends from  New  Harmony  to  Mount  Vernon,  the  county 
Beat.  Organized  in  1814.  and  named  in  honor  of  General 
Thomas  Posey,  Governor  of  Indiana  Territory.  Pop.  16,167. 
'  POSEY,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1721. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Payette  cc,  Indiana.     Pop.  1080. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Franklin  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  9-41. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1483. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  20S7. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1301. 

POSEYVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Posey  co.,  In- 
diana., about  20  miles  N.N  j;.  of  Mount  Vemonu  It  has 
several  stores. 

POSIDONIA.    See  Pesto. 

POSILIPPO,  po-se-lip'po.  (anc.  I^imlt/pum.)  a  hill  of  South 
Italy,  immediately  adjoining  the  city  of  Naples,  on  the  W.. 
and  through  which  a  tunnel,  the  '-Grotto of  Posilippo,"  2316 
feet  in  length,  22  feet  in  breadth,  and  89  feet  in  height,  and 
of  very  remote  antiquity,  forms  a  part  of  the  road  from 
Naples  to  Pozzuoli. 

POSTJNGFORD.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

POSONIU.M  or  POSONY.    See  PRESiiUito. 

POSSAGNO.  pos-sSn'yo.  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  23 
miles  N.W.  of  Treviso.  Pop.  2.500.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
Canova.  and  has  a  temple  in  imitation  of  the  Parthenon, 
oentainins  models  of  his  works. 

POSSESS'ION,  a  bold,  cliffy  headland  of  South  Amorica, 
on  the  W.  shore  of  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  about  360  feet 
above  the  sea.    Lat  52°  17'  S..  Ion.  68°  56'  30"  W. 

POSSESSION,  a  bay  of  South  America,  near  the  above, 
»ith  good  anchorage,  curves  into  the  N..  round  the  cape, 
and  extends  as  far  as  the  entrance  of  the  First  Narrow. 

POSSNECK,  (Piissneck.)  pos'n^k.  a  walled  town  of  Central 
Germany,  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  principality,  and  11  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Saalfeld,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Oris.    Pop.  3668. 

POST-or- ARKANSAS.    See  Abka.\sas  Post. 

POST  CREEK,  a  postofBce  of  Chemung  co..  New  York. 

POSTELBERG,  pos'tel-bJp.G*,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  8  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Saatz.  on  the'left  hank  of  the  Eger.    Pop.  9S8. 

POSTIGLIONE.  pos-teel-yo'nA.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Salerno.  Pop.  3700.  It 
has  .an  old  castle. 

POST'LING.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

POST  MILL  VIL/LAGE,a  post-village. Orange eo.,Vermont, 

POST  OAK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Iredell  co!.  North  Carolina. 

POST  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Yallobusha  co.,  Mississippi. 

POST  O.A.K,  a  post-township  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  1622. 

POST  OAK.  a  small  post-Tillage  of  Johnson  CO.,  Missouri, 
about  .55  miles  S.E.  of  Independence. 

POST  0.\K,  a  post-office  of  Bexar  co.,  Texas. 

POST  OAK  SPIUNGS,  a  post-office,  Roane  co.,  Tennessee. 

POSTOINA.  pos-toi'ni.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  II- 
lyria.  near  Adelsberg.  on  the  Poik.    Pop.  1356. 

POST'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co.,  New  York, 
20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ctica. 

POSTVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Logaa  co.,  Illinois, 
about  "0  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

POSTVILLE,  a  post- village  of  AUomakee  co.,  Iowa,  105 
miles  N.  of  Iowa  City. 

POST'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

POSZ.NECK.  pws'nJk,  a  town  of  Saxe-Melnlngen,  district 
of  Saalfeld.    Pop.  3668. 

POTATO  CREEK,  of  Upson  co.,  Georgia,  flows  S.W.  Into 
Flint  River. 

POTATO  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co..  North  Carolina. 

POTAWATAMIE  or  POTTAWATTOMIE,  pot'ta-wat'to- 
me,  a  county  In  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  N'e- 
hriiska  Territory,  has  an  area  of  700  square  miles.  The  Mis- 
souri River,  navisable  by  steamboats,  forms  the  boundary 
on  the  W.:  the  West  Branch  of  Nishnabatona  River  flows 
through  the  E.  part,  and  Boyer  River  through  the  N.M'.  part. 
The  surface  is  diversified  with  fine  scenery,  and  presents  a 
fcir  proportion  of  prairie  and  timlwr.  The  soil  Is  fertile, 
adapted  to  grain  and  grass.  This  county  is  the  most  popu- 
lous in  the  W.  part  of  the  state,  and  Is  settling  rapidly. 
Named  from  the  Pottawattomie  Indians,  who  were  removed 
1630 


POT 

from  the  territory  about  the  year  1845.  Capital,  Council 
Bluffs.     Pop.  4968. 

PirrAWAT'AMIES  or  POrTAWATTOMIES,  a  tribe  of 
Indians  formerly  dwelling  about  Lake  Ilurcn  and  in  In- 
diana. They  h.-ive  l>een  removed  to  the  W.  of  the  Missi.'^sippl. 

POTCHAEV  or  PilTSCHAEW,  NO  VOL  no-voi'  po-chl-Jv', 
a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  A'olhvnia,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Kremenets.     Pop.  ISOO. 

POTCIIINKI  or  POTSCIIINKL  po-chinHvee,  written  also 
POCZINKA.  po-chin'k3.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
120  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nizhnee-Novgorod.  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Alateer,  (Alatyr.)  Pop.  4000.  It  has  a  large  depot  for  military 
horses. 

POTEAU  (po'ty)  RIVER,  Arkansas,  rises  in  Scott  county, 
and  falls  into  the  .Arkansas  River  at  Fort  Smith. 

POTECA'SI,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

POTENGI,  po-tJn-zhee',  or  POTINGT,  po-teen-zhee',  often 
improperly  called  RIO  GR.\NDE.  ree'o  griln'da.  a  river  of 
Brazil,  rises  in  the  Serra  dos  Cairiris  Novos.  flows  in  a  N.E.  di- 
rection, and  falls  into  the  sea  about  22  miles  S.  of  Cape  St. 
Roque.  Its  channel  h.os  considerable  depth  in  the  rainy 
season,  but  in  the  highlands  is  obstructed  by  rock.s,  and  in 
the  lowlands  incumbered  by  sand-luinks.  Coasting  vessels 
get  up  to  near  Natal,  and  canoes  to  the  source. 

POTENZA,  po-tJn'zi,  (anc.  BMn'tii.)  a  fortified  town  of 
N.aples,  capital  of  the  province  of  Biisiliaita..  on  the  E.  de- 
clivity of  the  Apennines,  57  miles  E.S.E.  of  Salerno.  Pop. 
in  1S50, 12,SC2.  It  has  a  fine  cathedral  of  Doric  architec- 
ture, 6  convents,  a  royal  college,  episcopal  seminary,  2  hos- 
pitals, manufactures  of  serge,  woollen  cloth,  caarse  cotton 
goods,  leather,  and  earthenware. 

POTENZ.\.  a  small  river  i^f  Central  Italy,  which  ri.«e»  in 
Monte  Pennino,  flows  E.N.E.  a1)out  50  miles,  and  enters  the 
Adriatic  at  Porto  Recanati.  2i  miles  E.S.E.  of  Loivt:). 

POTHERIE,  po^t.A^ree'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire.  5  miles  N.  of  CondS.    Pop.  1754. 

POTI  or  POTHI.  po'tee,  a  fort  of  Asiatic  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Ti-anscaucasia,  district  of  Imi'retia,  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Phasis.  near  its  mouth  in  the  Black  Sea.  It  is  a  mili^ 
tary  post  of  Importance,  and  has  an  export  trade  in  wine, 
honey,  wax.  wool,  silk,  and  skins.  It  was  finally  ceded  to 
Russia  In  1829. 

POTI,  po-tee',  or  CARATUEZ.  kl-ri-too-&y.  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Piauhi,  flows  S.AV.  and  N.W..  and  joins 
the  right  bank  of  the  Parnahiba.  Total  course,  200  miles. 
It  is  navisable  in  the  latter  part. 

POTI.  POTY.  po-tee'.  or  PUTI.  poo-tee/,  a  mercantile  tc\vn 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Piauhi.  120  miles  N.  of  Oeiias.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  PaniahiKa.  at  the  junction  of  the  river  Poti. 

POTINGI.  a  river  of  Brazil.    See  Potf.noi. 

P0T0OI.\C,  a  Large  river  of  Virginia  and  Jlaryland,  is 
formed  by  the  North  and  S<iuth  Brancbe.s,  which  unite  on 
the  \.  border  of  Virginia,  alxiut  20  miles  S.E.  of  Cumber- 
land. It  flows  first  N.E.  to  Hancock,  passing  through  several 
ridges  of  mountains,  then  pursues  a  S.E.  direction,  and  re- 
ceives from  the  right  its  largest  aflluent,  the  Shenandcah, 
just  before  its  passage  through  the  Blue  Rid-'e  at  Ilai-pers 
Ferry.  The  volume  of  the  Shenandoah  at  their  confluence 
is  but  little  inferior  to  that  of  the  main  .stream.  Flowing 
thence  S.E.  nearly  100  miles  to  Georgetown,  it  falls  over  the 
edge  of  the  primitive  formation,  .and  changes  its  course  to 
the  S.  and  S.W.  for  a  distance  of  about  50  miles.  Again  re- 
suming its  general  direction.  It  exp.ands  into  an  estuary  of 
6  or  8  miles  in  width,  and  flows  into  Chesapeake  Bav,  about 
38°  N.  lat.,  and  76°  10'  W.  Ion.  The  length,  exclusive  of  the 
branches,  is  estimated  at  350  miles.  The  tide  a.soends  to 
Georsetown.  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  120  miles  from  its 
mouth.  The  principal  towns  on  its  banks  are  Cumberland, 
Georgetown,  Washington,  and  Alexandria.  It  is  navigable 
for  the  largest  vessels  to  Washiniiton  City.  The  Che,sapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal  extends  along  this  river  from  Cumberland 
to  Georgetown.  The  Potomac,  through  its  whole  course, 
forms  the  boundary  between  Maryland  and  Virginia.  For 
a  description  of  the  Potomac  Falls,  see  Maryland,  '•  OhjccU 
of  Interest  tn  Tonriftx." 

POTOMAC  CREEK,  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  flews 
through  Stafford  county  into  the  Potomac  River.  It  is  na- 
vigable by  schooners  for  several  miles. 

POTOSI,  po-to-see'  or  po-to'see,  a  department  of  Bolivia, 
having  W.  South  Peru,  and  on  other  sides  the  depii'tments 
of  Oruro,  Chuquisaca,  and  Tarija.  Estimated  arei,  31,800 
square  miles.  Pop.  250.000.  of  whom  one-half  are  IndLans. 
The  surface  is  mouutainou.s,  frequently  rising  above  the 
limit  of  vegetation.  It  contains'  the  riche.«t  silver-mines  in 
South  America.  It  is  divided  into  the  provinces  of  Cha- 
yanta,  Chtchas.  Potosi.  Lipes.  and  Porco.    Chief  city,  Potosi. 

POTOSI.  a  city  of  Bolivia,  situated  on  the  N.  declh  Ity  of 
the  Cerro  de  Potosi,  70  miles  S.AV.  of  Chuquisaca.  i:iev!»- 
tion.  13.330  feet  Pop.  22,850.  llariy  in  the  .'^venteenth 
century  it  Is  believed  to  have  had  from  100.000  to  150,000 
inhabitants.  It  stands  on  uneven  ground,  and  has  in  lis 
centre  a  spacious  square,  in  which  are  the  government-house, 
town-house,  jail,  treasury,  and  other  public  offices,  with  some 
religious  edifices,  and  an  obelisk  erected  in  1825,  in  hoi  s  t 


POT 


POT 


of  BoHrar.  The  houses  are  generally  of  stone  or  brick.  The 
vicinity  is  barren  and  cheerless,  and  all  articles  of  merchan- 
dise are  dear.  In  the  conical  summit  of  tlie  Corro  are  more 
than  5000  Boca-minas  or  openings,  made  in  search  of  sliver- 
ore.  The  top  of  the  mountain  is  completely  honey-combed 
and  exhausted;  lower  do\vTi  springs  become  numerous,  and 
the  richest  mines  are  now  filled  with  water.  At  the  mint  of 
Potosi,  in  1S40,  gold  to  the  value  of  $222,970,  and  silver  to 
$252,168  were  coined.  From  1545  to  17S9,  the  mines  of  Po- 
tosi are  supposed  to  have  yielded  gold  and  silver  to  the 
value  of  safijSOO.OOO.  The  Cerro  pe  Potosi  is  IS  miles  in 
circumference,  with  an  elevation  of  16.152  feet. 

POTO'SI,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Washington  co.,  Mis- 
■ouri,  about  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis.  It  contains,  be- 
sides the  county  liuildings,  4  churches,  and  an  academy. 
lUcli  mines  of  lead  (in  the  form  of  sulphurct)  and  of  iron  are 
worked  in  the  vicinity.  Tbe  lead  ore  yields  70  or  80  per 
cent,  of  metal.  Pine  lumber  is  manufactured  here. 
POTOSI,  a  small  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin. 
POTOSI,  a  flourishing  town  of  Potosi  township,  Grant  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Grant  IJiver,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, 15  miles  above  Dubuque.  It  is  situated  iu  a  nar- 
row, deep,  and  picturesque  valley  or  ravine,  about  3  miles 
in  length,  through  which  a  stream  of  good  water  flows.  The 
town  is  divided  into  three  portions  or  villages,  namely,  Dub- 
lin, Lafayette,  and  Van  Buren.  It  is  the  largest  place  in 
the  county  except  Platteville,  and  is  likely  to  become  n)ore 
important  as  the  principal  depot  of  the  mineral  region  of 
Wiscimsin.  Large  quantities  of  lead  are  mined  in  the  county, 
and  shipped  at  Potosi  in  steamboats.  The  principal  part  of 
the  town  is  about  2  miles  from  the  steamboat  landing,  which 
Is  at  the  mouth  of  Grant  River.  A  weeklv  newspaper  is 
published  here.  Pop.  2084. 
P0T8CII.\K\V,  NOVOI.  See  Potchaev,  Novoi. 
POTSCIIINKI.  a  town  of  Russia.  See  PoTcni.NKL 
P0TS1).\M,  pots'dim,  a  city  of  Prussia,  c.apit.al  of  a  govern- 
ment of  its  own  name,  and  tlie  second  royal  residence  of  the 
kingdom,  at  the  continence  of  the  Ruthe  with  the  Ilavel, " 
and  on  the  Berlin  and  Magdeburg  Railway,  17  miles  S.W. 
of  Berlin.  Pop.  ."IS.OOO.  It  is  one  of  the  tinest  and  most 
regularly  built  cities  in  Germany.  It  consist?  of  an  old  and 
a  new  town,  (separated  by  the  Havel  Canal.)  and  several 
suburbs;  partly  walled,  and  entered  by  5  land  and  4  water 
gates.  It  has  many  fine  buildings,  ornamented  with  statuary, 
and  many  elegant  squares,  in  one  of  which  is  a  marble 
obelisk  76  feet  high,  with  the  names  of  the  rulers  of  Prus- 
sia. The  chief  buildings  are  the  royal  castle  and  council- 
house,  the  garrison,  church,  and  theatre.  It  has  a  gymn.a- 
siuni.  a  seminary,  a  school  for  military  cadets,  a  geographical 
school,  and  an  institution  for  the  education  of  orphans  of 
the  military.  In  1861,  its  garrison  had  6955  men.  It  h.-is 
a  largo  manufactory  of  fire-arms,  sugar  refinery,  and  cotton 
and  silk  manufactures.  It  is  tlie  birthpl.ace  of  Alexander 
von  Humboldt.  In  its  immediate  vicinity  is  the  palace  of 
Sans-soiicL  (i.  e.  "free  from  care,")  the  favorite  residence  of 
Frederick  the  Great,  the  new  palace,  a  splendid  building  in 
a  fine  park,  and  the  Pfaueninsel,  ("  l*eacock  Island,")  an 
island  in  the  Havel,  with  a  summer-house,  a  menagerie, 
palinhouse,  and  flower  gardens. 

POTSDA.M,  a  government  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg.    Area,  6120  square  miles.     Pop.  1,226.866. 

POTSDA.M,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  New  York,  on  Racket  River,  which  is  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge,  and  on  the  Potsdam  and  Watertown  Railroad, 
11  miles  E.N.K.  of  Canton.  The  village  is  handsomely  laid 
out  with  a  square  in  the  centre,  on  which  stands  the  town 
house.  It  contiiins  5  or  6  churches,  a  bank,  2  large  stone 
academic  builJing.s,  12  dry  goods  stores,  besides  many  others, 
3  hotels,  and  a  printing  ofBce,  issuing  a  weekly  newspaper. 
The  St.  Lawrence  Academy  here,  is  a  flourishing  institution, 
under  the  control  of  the  regents  of  the  Xew  York  University. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  engaged  in  trade  and  manufac- 
tures, the  river  affording  an  abundant  water-power.  There 
are  in  the  village  and  vicinity,  5  large  gang  saw  mills,  em- 
ploying alxjut  600  hands  in  the  production  of  lumber  for 
New  York  and  Boston  markets.  The  logs  are  floated  down 
the  river,  in  some  cases,  a  distance  of  100  miles.  The  vil- 
lage also  contains  a  large  flouring  mill,  4  cabinet  fijctories,  2 
finisliing  machine  shops,  a  foundry  and,furnace,  1  trip-ham- 
mer, 2  coopering  establishments,  2  wheelwright  shops,  a 
woollen  factory,  1  cloth  dressing  and  carding  Cictory,  and  2 
tanneries,  besides  factories  for  pearl-ashes,  plaster,  carriages, 
chairs,  tanning-mills, hoes,  &c.  A  new  bank  (national)  was 
organized  liere  in  1865.  The  township  is  traversed  by  the 
Nortliern  Railroad,  with  Wliich  the  Watertown  and  Potsdam 
Railroad  forms  a  connection  above  the  flourishing  village  of 
Kacketville  or  North  Potsdam.  Pop.  of  the  township,  6737 ; 
of  the  village,  about  2500 
POTS'GROVK.  a  parish  oi  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
POTTAWATTOMIE.  See  Pot.\wat.\mie. 
POTTEXDORF,  pof/tfu-doar,  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  20  miles  S.  of  Vienna.    Pop.  2S40. 

POTTKNSThllN.  poften-stine',  or  BODENSTEIN,  bo'den- 
8tiue\  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  22  miles  S.W," of 
Vienna..    Pop.  700 


POTTER,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  hot> 
dering  on  New  York,  has  an  area  of  1100  square  miles. 
This  county  is  one  of  the  most  elevated  in  the  state,  ft  rming 
part  of  the  dividing  ridge  l)etweeD  the  waters  which  flow 
into  the  Ohio  on  the  S.,  and  the  St.  I,awreuce  on  the  N. 
The  Genesee  River  rises  in  it  and  flows  N.;  the  Alleghany 
rises  near  the  middle  .and  flows  W.  It  is  al.so  drained  by 
Pine,  Oswayo,  and  Kettle  Creeks.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
and  mostly  covered  by  thick  forests.  The  soil  is  well 
adapted  to  grazing.  Stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are  found. 
Formed  in  1804,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  James  Pot 
ter,  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  Capital,  Couders- 
port.    Pop.  11,470. 

POTTER,  a  post-township  In  the  N.  part  of  Yates  co.,  New 
Y'ork.     Pop.  2151. 

POTl'ER,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
12  miles  S.S.K.  of  Bollefonte.     Pop.  2223. 

POT'TER  HAN'WORTU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

POTTERIES,  The,  several  towns  and  villages  of  England, 
CO.  of  Stafford,  where  china  and  stoneware  manufacturee 
are  carried  on,  comprising  Stoko-upon-Trent,  Hanley,  Shel- 
ton,  Etruria,  and  Fenton  Cobridgo,  included  in  the  borough 
of  Stoke. 
POTTERNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
POTTERXEWTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 
POTTER'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey. 
POTTER'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

POTTER'S  HOI/LOW,  a  post-village  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Albany  co..  New  York,  about  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 
It  has  2  stores,  and  about  150  inhabitants. 

POTTER'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 73  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg,  contains  a  woollen  fac- 
tory and  grist  mill. 
POTTERSPURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
POTrrERSVILLE,  a  post-offico  of  Cheshire  co..  New  Ilamp. 
shire. 

POTTERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  New  York, 
on  Schroon  River,  about  25  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Caldwell. 

POTTEltSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersev.  about  33  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 
POTTERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri. 
POTTERVir>LE,  a  post-ofliee  of  Kent  co..  Rhode  Island. 
POTTERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyt 
vania. 
POTTERVILLE,  a  postoflRee  of  JIahoning  co.,  Ohio. 
POTTES,  pott  or  potts,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
H'ainaut,  10  miles  N.  of  Tournay,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Scheldt.     Pop.  2106. 

POrrMES,  (Pottmes.)  pott/mjs,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
N.N.E.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1200. 

POTTON,  a  parish  and  small  market-town  of  England, 
CO..  and  11  miles  E.  of  Bedford.     Pop.  in  1851.  1922. 

POTTS'  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Virifinia, 
rises  in  Monroe  county,  flows  N.E.,  and  enters  Jacksous 
River  ne,ar  Covington,  in  Alleghany  county. 
POTTSGROVE.  Pennsylvania.  See  Pottstowx. 
POTTS/GROVE,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Reading  Railroad.     Pop.  4233. 

POTTSGROVE,  a  small  post-village  of  Northumberland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  66  miles  N.  of  Harrisburg. 

POTTS'  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Jessamine  co.  Kentucky. 
POTTS/TOWN  or  POrrS'GROVE,  a  thriving  post-borough 
of  Pottsgrove  township.  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  lett  bank  of  Schuylkill  River,  and  on  the  Philadelphia 
and  Reading  Railroad,  37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 
The  Schuylkill  Canal  runs  on  the  other  side  of  the  river, 
which  is  crossed  liere  by  a  bridge.  Pottstown  contains  8 
churches,  an  academy,  a  newspaper  office,  1  bank,  and 
many  neat  dwellings  of  brick  and  stone.  Here  are  2  roll- 
ing-mills, a  car-factory,  a  plow-factory,  and  2  large  shops 
owned  by  the  railroad  company.  Incorporated  in  1815. 
Pop.  in  1850,  1664;  in  1860,  2380. 

POTTS'VILLE,  a  handsome  town  of  Norwegian  township, 
capital  of  Schuylkill  county,  Pennsylvania,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Itailroad,  93  miles  N.W.  of 
Philadelphia,  and  35  miles  from  Reading.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Schuylkill  River,  just  aix>ve  its  passage  through  Sharp 
Mountain,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Norwegian  Creek.  It  is  re- 
markable on  account  of  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  the  pic- 
turesque beauty  of  its  situation  and  the  immense  trade  in 
co.al  of  which  it  is  the  centre.  The  ground  is  uneven,  and 
rises  so  abruptlj'  in  some  places  that  sites  for  building  could 
onlj-  be  obtained  by  levelling  the  mountain  or  walling  the 
bank  of  the  river.  Above  tlie  junction  of  the  streams,  the 
valley  widens,  and  affords  space  for  several  streets,  some  of 
which  are  nearly  level.  The  principal  business  is  trans- 
acted on  Centre  street,  which  extends  along  the  right  bank 
of  Norwegian  Creek.  The  town  is  generally  well  built,  and 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  brick  houses  The  principal 
pnblic  buildings  are  the  court-honse,  town-hall,  the  jail,  4 
banks,  21  churches,  and  Union  Hall.    The  jail  is  a  costly 

1531 


POT 

ertlflc*,  fiwed  with  sandEtone.  Pottsville  has  a  larsre  and  re- 
Bpectable  academy,  besiaes  many  private  seminaries.  Gas  is 
used  to  light  the  streets.  Among  the  manufactories  are  6 
machine-shops,  1  rolling  mill,  1  woollen  factory,  and  1  car- 
pet factory.  Four  or  five  newspapers  are  published  here. 
The  coal  is  conveyed  to  this  place  from  numerous  mines  in 
the  vicinitv  by  branch  railroads.  The  greater  part  of  it  is 
gent,  to  market  by  the  Philadelphia  and  Heading  Kailroad, 
and  the  other  part  by  the  Schuylkill  Navigation.  The  coal 
trade  increases  rapidly  from  year  to  year.  The  produce  of 
the  Schuvlkill  coalfit-ld  in  ISol,  was  2,184,240  tons:  in  1863 
It  amounted  to  3.751.342  tons.  The  mountain  ridgee 
which  surround  Pottsville  are  too  rugged  and  sterile  for  cul- 
tivation, but  this  region  has  become  by  means  of  Its  mineral 
resources  one  of  the  most  populous  parts  of  the  state,  and 
already  present.s  a  large  number  of  thriving  towns  andvil- 
Uges.  Pottsville  was  commenced  in  1826.  The  seat  of  jus- 
tice was  established  here  in  1847.  Pop.  in  1840,  4345;  and 
in  1860,  7515  :  iu  18(50,  9444. 

POTTSVILLK,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  eo., 
Iowa. 

POUANCE.  poo-osflViV  or  pwdx<='s4',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Maine-«trLou^,  33  miles  K.AV.  of  Angers.  Pop. 
in  1852.  2895. 

POUCH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Tennessee. 

POUCIIIXG-HIEN,  a  town  of  China,    gee  Pooching-hiex. 

POUCQUES,  pook,  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  East  Flanders, 
on  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  12  miles  W.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1222. 

POUDOG.i,  a  town  of  Russi.n.    See  Poodosh. 

POUDOSH,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Poodosh. 

POUGIIILL,  po'il.  a  parish  of  Engl.».nd,  co.  of  Devon. 

POUGIIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

POUGIIKEEPSIE,  po-kip'see,  sometimes  written  PO- 
KEBPSIE.  a  handsome  city,  capital  of  Dutchess  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  rail- 
road of  that  name.  76  miles  N.  of  New  York,  and  70  miles  S. 
of  Albany.  Lat  40°  41'  N.,  Ion.  73°  55'  W.  It  is  situated 
on  a  plain,  and  regularly  laid  out.  the  principal  street  extend- 
ing eastward  from  the  river.  It  is  the  largest  town  between 
New  York  and  Albany.  It  contains  about  16  churches,  be- 
longing to  the  Dutch  Reformed,  Episcopalians,  Baptists, 
Presbyterians.  Methodists.  Friends,  Universalists,  and  Catho- 
lics; the  State  and  National  Law  School,  the  Dutchess 
County  Academy,  and  the  Poughkeepsie  Female  Academy. 
Three  or  four  newspapers  are  published  here.  The  city 
contains  4  banks.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural 
country,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  trade.  A  numl)er 
of  steamlxfflts  and  sailing  vessels  are  owned  here.  Pough- 
keepsie has  a  variety  of  manufactories,  the  most  important 
Productions  of  which  are  cotton  goods,  machinery,  farming 
nplements,  carriiiges,  iron-ware,  guns,  carpets,  earthenware, 
flour,  and  leather.  A  valuable  quarry  of  marble  has  reoently 
been  discovered  in  the  >icinity.  "lncorporate«l  in  1801. 
Po])iiIation  of  township  in  1850, 13,944 ;  of  the  citv.  in  18(50, 
14,726. 

POUGIIKEEPSIE.  a  post-vill.age  in  Allen  co..  Indiana. 

POUGIIQUAG,  pokwdg/,  a  postofflce  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York. 

POUGUES.  pooG,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Nievre.  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nevers,  with  mineral  baths. 
Pop.  in  1852.  1178. 

POUILLON,  poo'yAs"'  or  poory5>'*',  a  market-town  of 
Prance,  department  of  Landes.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Mont-de- 
Marsan.    Pop.  in  1852,  3460.    Near  it  is  a  thermal  spring. 

POUILLY-EN-.MONT.\GXE,  pou'yeo  (or  poolVeeO  t\-<> 
mAso'taH'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote-d'-Or,  21 
miles  N.W.  of  Beaune.    Pop.  1177. 

POUILLY-SUK-CIIARUEU,  poo'yee  (or  pool'yeeO  sue 
shaR^e-uh',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  7  miles 
N.  of  Roanne,  on  the  Loire.    Pop.  1534. 

POUILLY-SUR-LOIRE,  poo^ea  (or  pooPyeeO  sue  Iw.aR, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  NiSvre,  on  the  Loire,  22 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Nevers.     Pop.  in  1852,  3169. 

POUINIPETE,  pwee^ne-p^V,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
In  the  Carolines.  Ut.  6°  52'  N.,  Ion.  158°  24'  E.  It  is  about 
60  miles  in  circumference,  and  in  its  centre  is  about  2860  feet 

'nk    ^"''**"''^  fertile.     Pop.  about  2000.  of  the  Papuan  race. 

POULAINES.  pooMAn'  or  pooMftn',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tndre.  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  Issoudnn.    Pop.  2028. 

PqUI.nERGAT.  poolMjRVa',  a  yillaee  of  France,  depart- 
"SXt^'tt       "'*'■''•  '' "  "'''^''  W.N.W.  of  Qnimper.     Pop.  2267. 

POULTGNY.  pnoMeen'yee'.  a  villaire  of  France,  department 

D^?-'"''"  ""  *'**'  ^"'''-  ■*  '"'^^''  ^'-  °f  ^  Blanc.  Pop.  2048. 
«..  .  K''^-^^'-  P^l'l<^>'°'-  «  villsffe  of  France,  department  of 
Finist«re.  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Quimper.  Pop.  2723. 
^^^.''^''^'^U  EN.  pooMaV(!,^•o^  a  town  of  France,  department 
Of  Finistire.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Carhaix.  Pop.  in  18.52.  3723. 
ohiefly  employed  in  lead-mines  and  refineries.  Two  mines 
yield  annually  4.v>  tons  of  lead,  and  1.540  pounds  of  silver. 

tOVLO  or  PULO.  pno/lo.  Cfrom  the  Greek  navUi,  tx'ulof.) 
amodern  Greek  term,  sismifving  '-little."  forming  a  prefix  to 
the  names  of  many  islets  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago;  as 
Bktbo  Porto.  '-  Little  Skyro:"  Thaso  Poilo.  "  Little  Thaso  " 

PODLSIIOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  WllU 
1632 


POW 

POULTNEY.  polt'nee,  a  village  tn  Rutland  co.,  Yermont, 
on  the  Kutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  6)  miles  S.W. of 
Montpclier.  It  contains  1  bank,  .'i  churches,  a  Normal  In- 
stitute, &c.   Pop.  of  the  township,  2278.   See  West  Poult.nbi. 

POULTNEY,  a  pf^st-ofBce  of  Delaware  co..  Iowa. 

POULTNEY  RIVER,  a  fine  mill-sti-eam  of  Rutland  (»., 
Vermont,  falls  into  au  arm  of  Lake  Champlain. 

POULTON.  pol'ton,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.,  and  S.S.W.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  Wyre  and  Preston 
Railway.    Pop.  7273. 

POULTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

POULTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

POULTON.  a  towm^hip  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

POULTON-Le-SAND,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  l>an- 
caster,  with  a  station  on  the  Morecambe  Branch  of  the  North 
Western  Railway.     Pop.  700. 

Pt'JDMARON.  poo'ma-rfm'.  a  river  of  Briti.sh  Gui;ina,  flowg 
N.N.E..  then  N.N.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  luO  miles, 
falls,  into  the  Atlantic  near  Cape  ^^assau. 

POUND,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Virginia. 

POUND/RIDGE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  E. 
part  of  Westchester  co..  New  York,  about  120  miles  S.  of 
Albany.     Pop.  1471. 

POUND'STOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

P0U.NUKK.4,  a  town  of  Ilindostin.    See  Pooxukka. 

POUR,  a  river  of  Siberia.    See  Poor. 

I'OUR.\TI  N,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Poor.\tix. 

POURRIERES,  poofiVe-aiR'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Var.  7  miles  AV.N.W.  of  St  Maximin.    Pop.  1820. 

POUSOALEGRE,  f>6'so  a-U'gra.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Minas  Geraes,  on  a  height,  230  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ouro  Preto. 
Pop.  of  the  district,  4000. 

POUSS.\N.  poos'sSxo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault  13  miles  S.W.  of  Montpellier.     Pop.  1931. 

POUST-OZERSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Poost-Ozersk. 

POU-TCIIOU,  a  city  of  China.    See  Poo-Choo. 

POUTIVL.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Pootivl. 

POUTi>,  an  island  of  China.    See  Pooto. 

POUTROYE.  poo'tRw^,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  llaut-Rhin,  13_ miles  W.N.W.of  Colm.ar.     Pop.  2631. 

POUZ.\UGES,  poo'zozh'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vendee.  20  miles  N.  of  Fonteuay.    Pop.  1131. 

POUZIN,  Le.  leh  poo'zJx«'  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardfeche,  on  the  Rhone,  7  miles  E.  of  Privas.  Pop. 
in  1852,  2062. 

POVENETZ,  po-v4-nJts',  or  POVIENETZ,  pov-y.^-nfts/, 
a  town  of  Ru.s.«ia.  government  of  Olonetz.  on  the  N.  bank  of 
Lake  Onega,  70  miles  N.  of  Petrozavodsk.     Pop.  1530. 

POVERTY  niLL,  a  postoffice  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

POVERTY  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Jones  co.,  Georrfa. 

POYIGLIO,  po-veel'vo,  {\..Pi'pe'lium.)  a  town  of  North- 
ern Italv,  13  miles  E.N.K.  of  Parma.     Pop.  a334. 

POVOA  DE  MEADAS,  po-vo'l  d.i  mA-S-dis.  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugiil,  province  of  Beira  Baixa,  N.  of  Portalegre. 
Pop.  7700. 

POVOA  DE  RIO  DE  5IINH0S,  po-vo'd  dJ  reeV  d.A  meen'- 
yoce,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beini 
Baixa.  near  Castello  Branco.     Pop.  6<J0. 

POVOA  DE  SANTA  CARISTINA.  po-vo'd  d.A  sdn'td  kj- 
ris-tee'ni.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  9  miles 
N.W.  of  Coirabra,  near  the  Frio.    Pop.  610. 

POVOA  DE  VARZIM,  po-vo'3  Ak  vaR-zee.vo'.  a  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  near  the  sea-coast,  about  18 
miles  from  Braga.    Pop.  6200. 

POVOLIDE,  po-vo-lee'd.i,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira  .\lta.  8  miles  S.W.  of  A'iseu.     Pop.  1306. 

POW,  numerous  slu;rgish  streams  in  Scotland,  the  princi- 
pal being  the  Pow  of  Cummertrees,  co.  of  Dumfries,  travers- 
ing the  W.  side  of  the  Howe  of  Annandale,  to  the  Solway 
Frith.  3  miles  W.  of  the  Ann.an  estuary. 

POW.\GURII.  a  town  of  India.    See  Chcmpaneer. 

POW.\IC'KUN.  a  post-office  of  Winneltaso  co..  AVisconsln. 

POAV'DERHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co"!  of  Devon. 

POWDER  RIVER,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Mis.sonri 
Territory,  ri.ses  among  the  Black  Hills,  and  flowing  In  a  gene- 
ral northerly  direction,  fills  into  the  Yellowstone  River. 

POAVDER  RIVE!!,  a  small  stream  of  Oregon,  falls  into 
the  South  Branch  of  Snake  River. 

POAV'EBSCOURT  or  STAG^ONII/.  a  parish  of  Irelanii,  in 
Leinster.  co.  of  AVicklow.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to 
the  AA'ingfield  family,  whose  superb  seat  adjoins  the  vill.ige. 

POAVDER  SPRING  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Grainger  co., 
Tenne.«.see. 

POWDER  SPRINGS,  a  post-villaee  of  Cobb  co..  Georgia, 
12  miles  S.AY.  of  Marietta,  has  2  churches,  and  300  inhabi- 
tants. 

POAV'ELL.  a  township  in  Green  co.,  Arkansas. 

POAVELLS  CREEK,  of  Dauphin  co..  Pennsylvania,  flows 
into  the  Susquehanna  River  from  the  left. 

POWELL'S  CREEK,  of  (Ihio.  enters  the  Auglaize  River 
near  its  mouth,  about  2  miles  from  Defiance. 

POAV'ELL'S  GROUP,  or  SOUTH  ORK'NEA'.  a  group  of  is 
lands  in  the  .\ntirctic  Ocean;  lat  60°  37'  S.,  Ion.  44°  S^'  W., 
and  E.  of  New  Shetland. 


POW 

POWELL'S  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Virginia. 
POWELL'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Cun-ituck  co.,  Xorth 
Carolina. 

POWELL'S  RIVER,  rises  amoni  the  Cumberland  or  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  in  Lee  co.,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Virjiinia, 
and  tlowinj;  S.W.  into  Tennessee,  unites  with  Clinch  River, 
in  Anderson  county. 

POWELL'S  TAVKRN,  a  post-office  of  Goochland  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. \a  miles  W.of  Richmond. 
POW'KLI/rON.  a  post-office  of  Brunswicli  co.,  Virginia. 
POWELLTON,  a   post-Tillage  in   Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina. 
POWKLLTON,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Texas. 
POW  ELLTON .  a  sm.-ill  post- village  of  Hancock  co.,  Georgia, 
38  milfs  N.K.  of  Milledgeville. 
POW'EKSVILLE,  a  posfroffice  of  Houston  CO.,  Georgia. 
POWKKSVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Bracken  co.,  Kentucky. 
POW'EltVILLB.  a  post-village  oif  Jlorri.s  co..  New  Jersey, 
12  miles  N.E.  by  .\.  of  Morristown. 

POWESIIIKK.  p«w'e-sheek\  a  new  county  in  the  S.E. 
central  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  676  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  head-streams  of  English  River,  and  by  Beaver 
and  Prairie  Creeks,  affluents  of  Iowa  River,  which  touches 
Its  N.E.  extremity.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Mississipjii  and 
Mist-ouri  Railroad.  Stone  coal  is  found  here.  The  soil  is 
fertile.  Named  in  honur  of  I'owosliiek,  an  Indian  chief. 
Caiiitiil.  Mi.ntranma.     Pop.  5li68. 

POW'II.\TAX'.  a  county,  situated  in  the  S.E.  central  part 
of  Virginia,  contains  2S0  square  miles.    It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.by  the  .James  River,  and  on  the  S. by  the  Appomattox. 
The  surface  is  generally  level.     S'jme  portions  of  the  soil 
have  been  exhausted  by  long  cultivation.    Other  parts  are 
fertile,   especially   near  the    streams.     The    James   River 
Canal  passes  along  the  border.  Organized  in  1777.  and  named 
in  honor  of  Powhatan,   an  Indian  chief,  the  father  of  the 
celebrated  Pocahontas.    Capital,  Scottsviile.    Pop.  8392,  of 
whom  2989  were  free,  and  o-Wo  slaves. 
P(>WHATAN,  a  post-office  of  Union  CO..  North  Carolina. 
POWHATA.V,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Arkansas, 
ahout  9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Smithville. 
POWHATAN  COURT-HOUSE.    See  ScoTT.s\nLLE. 
POWHATAN  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 
PO'VVICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
POWIS.  piiw'is,  the  ancient  British  name  of  an  eastern 
portion  of  Wales.    It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Olive 
family,  whose  seat.  Powis  Castle,  is  1  mile  from  Welshpool. 

PuVVL'S  VALLEY,  a  postrofflce  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

POW'NAL,  a  post-township  in  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  3-t  miles  S.W.  of 
Augusta.     Pop.  1053. 

POWN.\L.  a  post-township  in  Bennington  co.,  A'ermont, 
130  miles  S.W.  of  ilontpelier.    Pop.  1731. 
POWNAI^FEE,  a  township  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Chester. 
POW'XEE.  a  fortified  town  of  India.  Berar  dominions.  .36 
miles  S.E.  of  Nagpoor.     It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1818. 
POW'OW  RIVER,  a  line  mill-stream  rising  in  Rocking- 
ham CO.,  New  Hampshire,  and  falling  into  the  Jlerrimack  a 
few  miles  atove  Newburyport. 

POXIM,  po-sheeN"',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  25 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Alagoas,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Poxim. 
Pop.  3000. 
POX'W'ELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 
POYAIS,  pwd'y-VOO  a  river  and  district  of  Central  Ameri- 
ca, in  Mosf^uito  Territory,  with  a  settlement  on  the  river. 
Lat.  15°  10'  N.,  Ion.  85°  10'  W. 

POYALES  DEL  HOYO,  po-yal^s  dJl  o'yo.  a  town  of 
{tpain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  W.N.W.  of  Toledo. 
Pop.  1032. 

PO-YANG,  po'-yang',  or  PHO-VANG,  p'ho'yflng',  a  large 
lake  of  China,  province  of  Kiang-see,  in  its  N.  part.  Lat. 
28°  50'  to  30°  N.,  Ion.  116°  to  116°  40'  E.  Length,  80  miles ; 
greatest  breadth,  40  miles.  It  discharges  its  surplus  waters 
northward  into  the  Yang-tse-kiang. 

P(:)YXETTE.  poi-nJtf,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, 21  miles  N.  of  Madison.  It  has  good  water-power, 
and  about  160  inhabitants. 
POYN'INGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 
POYN'TON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  ro.  of  Chester,  with  a 
gtation  on  the  Manchester  and  Macclesfield  Railway,  6  miles 
N.  of  Manchester. 

POYSDORP,  pois'doRp,  POYSDORP.  or  POISDORF,  pois/- 
doRf.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austri:i,  26  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Korneuburg.     Pop.  2500. 
POY  !^II"PI,  Waushara  CO.,  Wisconsin.     See  Appexbix. 
POZA  DE  LA  SAL,  po'thi  da.  Id  sdl,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, aud  20  miles  N.N.K.  of  Burgos.    Pop.  2070. 

POZ.A.  DK  L.\  SAL,atown  of  Spain,  provinceofValladoUd, 
5  miles  N.K.  of  Medina  del  Campo. 

P0Z.4LDEZ,  po-thJl-dSth',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  pro- 
vince, and  S.  of  Valladolid.     Pop.  1726. 

POZO  ALCON,  po'tho  il-k5u',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, province,  and  34  miles  E.of  J.nen.    Pop.  1726. 

POZOBLANCO.  po-tho-bldn'ko,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
( ad  32  miles  N  £.  of  Cordova,  in  the  Sierra  Morena.    Pop. 


PRA 

6748.     It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and  dy5- 

POZO-ESTRECIIIO,  po'tho  ?i5-trA'chee-o,  a  village  of  Spain, 
in  Murcia.  province,  and  about  8  miles  from  Cartagena 
I'op.  about  1200. 

POZOIIONDO.  poHho-hon'do,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  20  miles  S.  of  Albiv;ete.     Pop.  2820. 

POZO  RUBIO,  po-tho  roo'be-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  In  New 
Castile,  province,  and  S.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  liiS6. 

POZUELO,  po-thw40o,  or  po-thoo-ilo,  a  village  of  Spain, 
Murcia.  province,  and  15  miles  S.W.  of  Albacete.   Pop.  2746. 

POZUELO,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province, 
and  45  miles  from  Caceres.     Pop.  1424. 

POZUELO  DE  CALATRAVA.  po-thwAlo  dA  ka-lS-trS'vS.  a 
village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  6  miles  S.E, 
of  Ciudad  Real.     Pop.  2240. 

POZUELO  DEL  KEY,  po-fhwAlo  dJl  rA,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  New  Castile,  province,  and  E.  of  Jladrid.     Pop.  1223. 

POZZ.iLLO,  pot-/,4'ia.a  small,  but  thriving  seaport  of  Sicily, 
province  of  Svracuse,  district,  and  9  miles  S.H.  of  Modica. 

POZZO  DIGOTO,  pofso  dee  go'to.  a  town  of  Sicily.  7  miles 
S.  of  Milazzo.  Pop.  3500.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  ancient 
Tyn'daris. 

POZZOLENOO.  pot-so-lSn'go.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  Brescia,  8  miles  S.K.  of  Lonato.    Pop.  2o41. 

POZZOLO  FORMIGARO.  pot'so-lo  foR-me-gd'ro,  a  town  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  2S  miles  N.W.  of  Genoa.     Pop.  3721. 

POZZ(J  MAOtJIOUE.  pot'sa  m^d-jo'ri,  a  village  of  the  is- 
land of  .'Jardini.i.  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Alirhero.     Pop.  2560. 

POZZUOLI,  pot-soo-o'lee,  or  PUZZUOLI,  poot-soo-o'lee, 
(anc.  Puteoli,  >  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  on  a  gnlf  of  its  own 
name,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Naples.  Pop.  8400.  In  ancient  times 
it  was  an  iuiport.int  city ;  its  environs  were  crowded  with 
villas  of  the  wealthy  Romans.  Near  it  are  Lake  Averno, 
the  Solfatara,  fi-om  which  sulphur  is  extensively  obtained, 
and  the  celebrated  Grotto  del  Cane.  Its  vicinity  is  interest- 
ing to  geologists. 

POZZUOLO,  pot-Boo-oHo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Milan,  and  4  miles  S.E.  of  Gorgonzoln.    Pop.  1257. 

PRA,  pri,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Genoa,  near  Voltri.     Pop.  3898. 

PRACHEUTZ,  priK's-h-lits\  or  PRACHATITZ.  priK'^- 
tits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Banitz,  2ij 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Pisek.    Pop.  2470.     It  has  a  castle. 

PKACHIN,  prSK'in.  a  circle  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Bohemia 
named  after  the  pretty  town  and  ruined  castle  of  Pi-aohno 
adj.acent  to  Horazdiowitz.     Chief  town,  Pisok. 

PRADALUNGA.prJl-dd-loon'ga,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province,  aud  6  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Serio.  Pop. 
1201. 

PRADANOS  DE  OJEDA,  (or  OXEDA.)  pr.l-ni'noce  di 
o-uk'oL  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  province,  and  about  45 
miles  from  Palencia.     Pop.  1086. 

PR-iDELLES,  prdMMl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-I^ire,  19  miles  S.  of  I.,e  Puy.     Pop.  in  1852.  1582. 

PRADKS.  pr3d,  a  townof  France.  dep;irtment  of  Pyr^n^es- 
Orientales,  on  the  Tet.  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Perpignan.  Pop 
in  1852.  3307.  It  has  a  very  handsome  church,  an  asylum, 
seminary.and  manufacturesof  coarse  cloth,  woollen  hosiery, 
and  paper. 

PRADO.  prJ'do.  a  market^town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Minho.  on  the Cavado.  3  miles  N.W.  of  Rraga.  Pop.  7000.  (?) 
It  has  a  thriving  salmon  and  trout  fishery,  a  manufactory 
of  earthenwares,  and  monthly  fairs. 

PRADO,  prA'do,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Espirit^o 
Santo,  70  miles  S.  of  Porto  Seguro,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Jucurucu. 

PK.\DO.  a  small  town  and  seaport  of  Brazil,  province  o* 
Biihia,  120  miles  S.  of  Porto  Seguro. 

PRADO,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  55  miles  W. 
of  Montalegre. 

PR.\DO.  El,  Jl  pr^DO.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  28  miles  N.W. of  Toledo.    Pop.  3000. 

PRADO  DEL  REY,  pri'no  dSl  iL  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Cadiz.     Pop.  2000. 

PRADOLUENGO,  prd-do-lwjn'go.  or  prJ'no-loo-Sng'go,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  province,  and  2  miles  S.E.  of 
Bunros.    Pop.  1390. 

PR  ADOS,  prj'doce,  or  SAN  JUAN  SANTULLANO,  sSn 
Hoo-dn'  sdn-tool-yd'no,  a  village  and  parish  of  Spain,  in  the 
Asturias,  province,  and  scarcely  1  mile  N.  of  Oviedo.    Pop. 
1400. 
PR.ENESTE.    See  Pai.estrina. 

PR.E.SIDIUM  JULIUM.    See  S.\NT.4REM. 
PR3i:ST0E,  (PrajstoBi)  prJs'tii'eh,  a  small  maritime  town 
of  Denmark,  island  of  Seeland,  on    Prrcstoe  Bay,  in  the 
Baltic,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nystad.    Chief  exports,  corn  and 
lime. 

PRAGA,  prj/gd,  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and  op- 
posite Warsaw,  from  which  it  is  parted  by  the  Vistula,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge.  Pop.  4000.  In  1656,  the  Poles  were 
defeated  here  by  Gustavus  of  Sweden  ;  and  on  the  29th  of 
November,  1830,  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine  was  forced  to 
retreat  hence  with  his  forces,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
unsuccessful  resistance  of  the  Poles  to  the  Ru.ssians. 

1533 


PRA 

PRAGTJR,  praip.  (Oer.  Pra^,  prio;  h.Pra'^a.)  a  city  of 
Europe,  capital  of  the  kinirdom  of  Bohemia,  near  its  centre, 
on  the  Moldau.  160  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vienna,  and  75  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Dresden.  Lat.  of  obserratorv  49°  5'  19"  X.,  Ion.  14° 
25'  22"  E.  Population  in  1S57.  142,588.  Mean  temperar 
hire  of  the  year  50°;  winter,  31°-9;  summer,  67°  Fahren- 
heit. It  stands  in  a  basiu-shaped  valley,  surrounded  by 
five  hills.  OH  the  slopes  of  which  the  houses  rise  in  suc- 
cessive tiers  from  the  water's  edge;  it  is  about  twelve 
miles  In  circumference,  and  is  enclosed  by  fortifications. 
The  Mold.iu.  which  flows  N.  through  the  city,  is  crossed 
near  the  middle  by  the  celebrated  stone  bridfie  1S55  feet 
Ions,  ornamented  with  groups  of  statuary,  and  having  a 
lofty  tower  at  each  end.  built  in  the  fifteenth  century:  and 
at  the  S.  end  of  the  Kleinseite  crossed  by  a  modern  chain 
bridge  which  rests  on  the  small  island  called  '•  Little  Ve- 
nice^'  On  the  rijrht  bank  of  the  river  is  the  Altstadt,  (old 
town.)  with  the  Judenstadt.  (Jews'  quarter,)  and  the  Xeu- 
stadt.  (new  town :)  and  on  the  left  tank,  the  Hradschin  and 
the  Kleinseite;  the  villaee  of  Wissehrad,  on  the  right,  and 
that  of  Sniichow.  on  the  left  bank,  are  included  iu  its 
bounds.  Prague,  peculiar  in  its  architecture,  and  from  its 
numerous  domes,  spires,  and  turrets,  has  quite  an  orient.al 
aspect.  The  finest  quarters  are  the  Xeustadt.  the  Klein- 
seite. and  the  Urndschin;  the  Altstadt  is  gloomy,  and  the 
Judenstadt  filthy.  Principal  buildings  : — 1.  In  the  Alstadt. 
the  Theinkirche,  with  the  tomb  of  Tycho  Brahe.  the  town- 
house  with  a  remarkable  clock,  the  royal  library,  observa- 
tory, and  many  scientific  est;iblishments,  the  buildings  of 
the  old  university,  the  church  of  St.  Gallas.  in  which  Ilnss 
preached. — 2.  In  the  Judenstadt.  the  Jewish  synagogue. — 
3.  In  the  Neustidt,  the  new  town-house,  the  military  hos- 
pital, and  several  churches  with  fine  paintings. — t.  In  the 
Kleinseite,  the  church  of  St.  Nichol.as,  church  of  St.  Thomas, 
and  the  artillery  barracks. — 5.  In  the  Hradschin,  the  former 
palace  of  the  Bohemian  kings,  a  massive  and  imposing 
structure.  The  cathedral  church  of  St.  Vitus,  a  richly  de- 
corated Gothic  building,  cont.nining  the  tomb  of  St.  John  of 
Nepomuk.  with  a  silver  shrine  weighing  37  hundred  weight, 
ami  those  of  many  Bohemian  kings. — 6.  In  ^Vissehrad.  the 
church  of  St.  I'eter  and  St.  Kaul.  and  the  royal  armoury. 
In  the  village  of  Smichow.  is  the  noble  botanic  garden. 
Prague  has  many  learned  and  scientific  societies  ;  the  uni- 
versity founded  by  Charles  IV.  in  1.34S,  is  remarkable  as 
the  first  school  of  lejirning  established  In  Germany;  in 
1842.  it  had  71  professors,  and  2741  students.  Prague  has 
3  gymnasia,  a  nornvil  school,  a  school  for  the  blind,  cabi- 
nets of  natural  history,  several  large  public  libraries,  and 
many  public  hospitals.  Its  manufactures  comprise  printed 
cottons,  linens,  silks,  and  woollens.  It  is  the  centre  of  the 
sommerce  of  Bohemia,  its  transit  trade  being  focilitated  by 
the  navigation  of  the  Moldau  and  by  railways,  which  con- 
nect it  \vith  Olmiitz  and  Vienna  on  the  E.  and  S..  and  with 
Pilsen  on  the  S.W.  Prague  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1741.  and  by  the  Prussians  in  1744;  it  was  Ix)mbarded.  and 
was  the  scene  of  atrocious  cruelties,  on  the  ICth  of  June, 
184S.     It  is  the  birthplace  of  Jerome  of  I'rague. 

PRAHU6TA,  prj-hoos'ti,  a  town  of  Europejin  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee,  75  miles  E.X.E.  of  Salonica,  with  about  500 
houses,  enclosed  by  a  wall  15  feet  high. 

PKAIRIE.  prA'ree.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ar- 
kansas, contains  about  1060  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  White  Itiver.  navigable  by  steamboats  at  all 
seasons,  and  on  the  X.  by  Cypress  and  Des  .\rc  Bjiyou.  The 
surface  is  ne.irly  level,  and  diversified  by  extensive  prairies, 
and  by  forests  which  contain  the  oak.  ash,  walnut,  cypress, 
and  ciedar.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Browns- 
ville.    ro|).  8S54,  of  whom  tOlo  were  free. 

PRATKIE,  a  township  in  Arkansas  co.,  Arkansas. 

PRAIRIB.  a  township  in  Carroll  co.,  Arkansas. 

PRAIRIK,  a  township  in  Franklin  co..  Arkansas. 

PR.MRIE,  a  township  in  Madison  co.,  Arkansas. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  in  Marion  co..  Arkansas. 

PRAIRIK.  a  township  in  Neivton  co..  Arkansas. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  in  Pr.airie  co.,  .Arkansas. 

PR.\IRIE,  a  townsbip,in  Washington  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop. 
1830. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  in  Franklin  CO.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Colunibng  and  Xenia  Railroad.     I'op.  1374. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Holmes  co„ Ohio.    Pop.  1512. 

PRAI KIE,  a  township  of  Henry  co..  Indian.'^.    Pop.  1557. 

PRAIRIE,  a  p..st-..ffice  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois. 

PR.^IRIE.  a  post-oflice  of  Lewis  co  ,  Missouri. 

PRAlKIE.a  townshipof  RHndolphco.,Misgouri.    P.2899. 

PRAIRIE  BIRD,  a  posU>fflce  of  Shelby  oo..  Illinois. 

PKAIRIB  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Wilcox  CO.,  Alabama. 

PRAIRIE  COTT.VGE.  a  post-offlce  of  Colorado  co.,  Texas. 

PRAI  RIE  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Tombigbee  on 
tbe  M.  bortler  of  Mai-ango  county. 

PRAIRIK  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  through  Daviess 
couniy  into  the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  altout  6  miles 
from  Washington. 

I'RAIRIK  CREEK.  Iowa,  rises  in  Benton  county,  and 
Bows  into  Red  C<!.lar  River,  in  Linn  county 

I'KAIRIE  CREEK,  «  pogtroffice  of  Dallas  co~  Texas. 
Iu34 


PRA 

PRAIRIE  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Tell  co.,  Arkansas. 

PRAIRIE  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana. 

PRAIRIE  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  U>gan  co..  Illinois. 

PRAIRIE  CREEK,  a  post-cfiRce  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa. 

PRAIRIE  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co..  Ohio. 

PRAIRIK  DU  CHI  EN.  prA'ree  du  sheen.  (Fr.  pron.  pri^ 
ree'  dii  she-^NO  a  beaxitiful  post-village,  capital  of  Craw- 
ford CO..  Wisconsin,  is  finely  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  4 
miles  alxjve  the  mouth  of  Wisconsin  Kiver,  and  about  100 
miles  W.  of  Madison.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  the 
state.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Milwankee  and  Praii-ie 
Du  Chien  Rjiilroad.  The  site  is  a  level  plain  or  jirairie,  8 
or  8  miles  long,  and  1  or  2  miles  wide,  enclosed  on  the  E.  by 
rocky  blufls.  It  contains  6  churches,  2  n«'\vBpai)er  offices,  I 
U.  S.  Hospital,  and  a  machine-shop  of  the  Railroad.  P.  2.S98. 

PRAIRIK  DU  LONG,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois. 

PRAIRIE  DU  HOC HliR.  prA'ree  du  ro'sher,  a  post-nllage 
of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois,  14  miles  N.W.  of  KaskaskLa.  The 
naTne  is  derived  from  a  rocky  bluff  which  rises  behind  it. 

PRAIRIE  DU  SAC,  a  post-village  of  Sank  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wi.sconsin  River,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Madison.  It  has 
1  church,  an  academy,  2  steiUii-mills,  and  5  dry-goods  stores. 
Here  is  a  bridge  over  the  river.     Pop.  about  600. 

PRAIRIE  FIELD,  a  post-ofBce  of  Rock  Island  co..  IlUnola 

PRAIRIE  FORK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Slontgomery  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

PRAIRIE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co..  low.i. 

PRAIRIE  LEA.  a  postroffice  of  Caldwell  co..  Texas. 

PK.ilRIE  MER  ROUGE.  prA'ree  maia  roozh,  a  post-offlce 
of  Morehouse  parish.  Louisiana. 

PRAIRIE  MOUND,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co..  Missouri. 

PRAIRIE  MOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Chickasaw  eo„  Mi* 
sis.sippi.  18  miles  X,E.  of  Houston.  It  is  situated  in  a  highly 
productive  country. 

PRAIRIE  PLAINS,  a  postoffice  of  Grimes  co..  Texas. 

PRAIRIE  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Noxubee  co.,  Missi* 
sippi. 

PRAIRIE  RONDE.  (rSnd.)  a  post-township  forming  the 
S.W.  extremity  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michig.in.     Pop.  10.36. 

PKAIRIETON,  pri're-ton,  a  post>village  of  Vigo  co..  Indi- 
ana, on  the  border  of  Honey  Creek  Prairie,  7  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Terre  Haute.    Pop.  572. 

PR.\IRIETON.  a  small  village  of  Lawrence  co..  Illinois. 

PRAIHIEVILLE,  prA're-vil.  a  post-village  of  Barry  co, 
Michigan,  about  58  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lansing. 

PRAIRIEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  railroad  from  Lafayette  to  Indianapolis,  12  miles  S.W. 
of  Frankfort. 

PRAIRIEA'ILLE.  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri, 
about  6(>  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Ixiuis. 

PRAIRIEVILLE,  a  township  in  Milwaukee  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

PRALBOINO.  prll-bo-ee'no.  (written  also  PRATO-AL- 
BOINO.)  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Brescia,  7 
miles  S.  of  Leno.  on  the  Mella.     Pop.  2467. 

PRALLS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  Co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  about  5  miles  above  Lam- 
bertville.  has  2  or  3  stores.  There  is  a  fine  bridge  across  the 
river  at  this  place. 

PRAL()GNAN-P.A.LAY,  priMonVdN-»'-p^']A',  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  province  of  Tarantaise,  12  miles  S.K 
of  Jloutiers.     Pop.  1043. 

PR.\L0RMO.  pr3-loR'mo.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  and  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1115. 

PR.\MOLLO.  pri-mol'lo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Pinerolo,  near  San  Seconda.     Pop.  1414. 

PKAROSTINO.  pi-k-ros-tee/no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  province  of  Pinerolo,  1  mile  from 
San  Secondo.     Pop.  1.575. 

PR.\SC<JRSANO.  prds-koR-sd/no.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Tuj-in,  province,  and  about  16  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  1494. 

PRASLIN.  prSs^leen'.  an  Island  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  one 
of  the  Seychelles,  lat.  4°  17'  16"  S.,  Ion.  55°  44'  1.5"  E.  The 
French  took  formal  possession  of  the  island  in  1768,  but  did 
not  form  any  settlement  on  it. 

PR.ASTOE.  (Prastiie.)  a  town  of  Denmark.      See  Pr.bstSb. 

PRASZKA.  prdsh'kl.  or  PRAUSKA,  prows'kd.  a  town  of 
Poland,  province,  and  60  miles  S.S.li  of  Kalisz.  on  tho 
Prosna.     Pop.  2000. 

PR.\TA.  prS'tJ,  a  village  of  Naple.s.  province  of  Prind- 
pato-Ultra,  6  miles  S.  of  Montefuwo.    Pop.  1790. 

PR.\TA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
W.N.W.  of  Piedimonte,     Pop.  13.50. 

PKAT.^^S,  pritis,  a  cluster  of  islands,  sho.'ils,  and  rocks 
of  considerable  extent  in  the  China  Sea.  Lat  23°  50"  N., 
Ion.  116°  45'  E..  stretching  about  IS  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
from  9  miles  to  12  miles  from  K.  to  W. 

PRAT  DE  LLOBREG.A.T,  Kl.  H  prit  da  lo-brA-gitA  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia.  prt>vince.  and  about  i  miles 
from  Barcelon.a,  near  the  Llobregat.     Pop.  1615. 

PHATDIP.  prjt-deep'.  a  village  of  Sjiain.  in  Catalonia, 
province,  and  14  miles  from  Tarragona.     Pop.  1500, 

PRATO,  pri'to.  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince, and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Florence,  on  an  affluent  of  the 


PRA 


PRE 


Arno.  Pop.  11,933.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls  and  ditches, 
has  a  noble  .scjuare.  a  cathedral  of  marble,  with  a  six-storied 
tower,  hospitals,  and  asylums,  tlie  Cico.^nini  College,  an  an- 
cient prajtorian  palace,  now  a  prison.  2  workhouses,  a  thea- 
tre, manutactures  of  straw  plait,  woollen  cloth,  silk  thread, 
hats,  and  soap,  with  tanneries  and  extensive  copper-works 
for  smelting  and  manufacturing  metal. 

PKATOLA,  pr^-to'ld,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzxo  Ultra  II.,  2i  mile.s  X.'NV'.of  Sulmona.     I'op.  3700. 

PKATO  VECCIIIO,  pri'to  v^k'keK).  a  village  of  Central 
Italy,  24  miles  E.  of  Florence,  ou  the  Aruo,  enclosed  by 
walls.     Pop.  3500.  It  is  connected  with  Florence  by  railway. 

PKATS  I)K  LLU.SANES,  prdts  <Xk  loo-sa'u^.s.  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  40  miles  N.N.VV.  of  Bar- 
celona.   Pod.  1327. 

PKATS  liM  .MOLLO.  pri  deh  morio/,  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  department  of  Pyrfenees-Orieutales,  on  the  Tech.  14 
miles  S.W.  of  Coret.  Pop.  in  1S52,  3270.  It  is  enclosed  by 
a  wall  tlanked  with  towers,  and  has  manufactures  of  coarse 
woollen  fabrics,  hosiery,  and  blankets.  In  its  neighborhood, 
at  Lii  Preste,  are  hot  sulphur  baths,  hotels,  and  lodging- 
bouses. 

PI'.ATT.  a  postoffice  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 

PR.^TXKL.N'.  prit't^ln.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Landschaft,  6  miles  K.S.K.  of  Bale,  (Basel.) 
Pop.  1124. 

PKATT.S'IiUBfi.  a  post-village  and  townfihipof  Steuben  co.. 
New  Yirk.  alxmt  .50  miles  S.S.K.  of  Hochi'Ster.  It  contains 
the  Franklin  Academy,  with  aliout  150  students,     i'op.  2790. 

PR  AT  TSIiU  Uii,  a  post-villasre  of  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 

PKATTSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Talbot  co.,  Georgia,  45 
miles  N.K.  of  Columbus. 

PKATTSI5UHG,  a  post-office  of  P.iplev  co.,  Indiana. 

PRATT'S  UOLLOW,  a  post-office  o'f  Madison  co..  New 
York. 

PRATT'S  LANDING,  a  village  of  Perry  co.,  Jlissouri,  on 
the  Mississippi.  CO  miles  S.  by  K.  of  St.  Louis. 

PR.Vi'TS'VlLLIi,  a  thriving  post^village  in  Prattsville 
township,  Greene  co..  New  York,  on  Schoharie  Creek,  about 
50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  3  churches,  an 
ac.\demy,  a  newspaper  office,  and  manufacturing  estalilish- 
mentsof  various  kinds,  including  several  glove  factories.  It 
was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  most  extensive  tannery  in  the 
United  States,  belonging  to  Zadock  Pratt,  Ksq.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1511. 

PRATTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland,  13 
miles  E.  of  Cumberland. 

PKATTSVILLK.  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  IG  miles  N.\V'.  of  Macon. 

PR.-VTTSVILLK,  a  h.andsome  and  thriving  postvillage  of 
Autaug!i  CO..  Alabama,  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  .'Vlabama 
River.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Montgomery.    The  village  contains 

3  churches.  4  stores,  2  .vhools,  .1  cotton-mill,  and  1  manu- 
tactory  of  cotton-gins.    Tlie  cotton-mill  is  150  feet  long,  and 

4  st(jries  high.  The  other  factory  produces  annually  000 
cotton-gins,  which  are  regarded  as  superior  articles.  Pop. 
estimated  at  6000. 

PRATTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio. 

PRAULE  (prawl)  POINT,  a  headland  of  Enirland.  pro- 
jecting on  the  English  Channel,  4  miles  AV'.N.XV'.  of  Start 
Point,  and  E.  of  Bolt  Head. 

PRAUSNITZ.  prows'nits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  18 
miles  W.X.W.  of  I'reslau.     Pop.  2450. 

PR.^USMTZ,  BoH.MiscH,  Wmlsh  prOws'nits,  a  Tillage  of 
Bohemia.  8  miles  from  Arnau.    Pop.  2050. 

PRAUSNITZ,  Dkutsch.  doiteh  prOws'nits,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Kiiniggratz,  near  extensive  forests.  It  has 
a  church,  and  a  mill.     Pop.  1220. 

PRAU.ST.  prowst.  a  village  of  East  Prussia,  goremment, 
and  6  miles  S.  of  Dantisie.    Pop.  1131. 

PRAV.\D1,  prii'v,i-dee\  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bulgaria,  2S  miles  S.E.  of  Shonmla,  on  the  river  Pi-avadi, 
which  enters  the  Black  Sea  at  A'arna.  The  Russians  here 
defeated  the  Turks  in  1829. 

PR  A  VI  A,  prd've-d,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
14  miles  N.\V.  of  Oviudo.  on  the  \alon,  which  is  navigable 
to  it  from  the  sea.     Pop.  1153. 

PRAVA,  I'ORTO.    See  PoRTO  Prata. 

PRAVSS.\.C.  prAsVdk'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lot,  13  miles  W.N.'^V.  of  Cahors.  Pop.  in  1852.  2048. 

PR.VYSS.4S,  pras"s^.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne.  8  miles  N.AV.  of  Agen.    Pop.  ih  1862,  1718. 

PKAZZO.  prlfso,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  24 
miles  W.  of  Coui,  on  the  Macra. 

PRE.A.NGER,  prA'dug'hjr,  a  Dutirh  residency  of  Java,  in 
the  S.W.  part  of  the  island.     Pop.  700.000. 

PREBLE,  prJWfL  a  otmnty  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Ohio, 
bordering  on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  430  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  Franklin.  St.  Clair's,  and  Fourmile  Creeks, 
affluents  of  the  (jreat  Miami.  The  surfiice  is  level  or  undu- 
lating :  the  soil  is  of  limestone  fornvition.  and  very  produo- 
five.  The  county  has  large  r4uarries  of  good  limestone,  and 
is  liVierally  su|iplii'd  with  water-power.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Dayton  and  Richmond,  and  the  Hamilton.  Eaton  and 
Richmond  Railroads.    Capital,  Eaton.    Pop.  21,820. 


PREBLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cortland  co. 
New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Binghamton  Raik'oad, 
alwut  130  miles  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1277. 

PREBLE,  a  small  village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Alabama. 

PItEBLE,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio. 

PREBLE,  a  township  in  Ad.'ims  co.,  Indiana.     Pop. 887. 

PRl^CHEUR,  Lk.  leh  pra'shiiR'.  a  market-town  and  pjirisb 
of  the  island  of  Martinique,  on  its  W.  coa,st,  43  miles  N.W. 
of  St.  Pierre.     Pop.  3403. 

PR£cIONE,  pri^seeB',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Sarthe,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  La  Fleche.  Pop.  in 
1862.  3053. 

PRE'CINCT.apost-villageofBooneco.,  Illinois,  on  the  rail- 
road from  Beloit  to  Chicago.  80  miles  W.N.AV.  of  the  latter. 

PRE-EMP/TION,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  lIlinoLs,  155 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

PR  BEN-CHURCH,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

PREES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  oif  Salop. 

PREE'S.\LL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PREEZ,  pr.Vs>ts,  or  POItETZ,  iKi'r^ts.  a  m.arket-town  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Ilolstein,  ou  a  small  lake,  8  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Kiel.  Pop.  4750.  It  has  a  seminary  for  noble  ladies,  a 
female  orphan  asylum,  and  a  library. 

I'REGEL,  prA'ghfl,  a  river  of  East  Prussia,  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Angerap  and  Pissa,  Hows  W.,  and  enters  the 
Frische-Half  at  its  N.E.  extremity,  after  a  course  of  120 
miles,  tor  the  last  45  of  which  it  is  navigable.  Principa. 
affluents,  the  Dist.i  from  the  N..  and  Alle  from  the  S. 

PREIGNAC.  prAn\v3k'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1314. 

PRE.JANO  or  PREXANO.  pi-i-iiS'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  province,  and  30  miles  S.E.  of  Logrofio.  Pop, 
1008. 

PRELAUTSCH,  prA'Iowtch,  or  PRELAUOY.  pr.-1-low'- 
tsee,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chrudim,  on 
the  Elbe.    Pop.  1590. 

PREMEIRA.  pr.i-mA'e-rS.  a  group  of  rocks  on  the  Malabar 
const,  lat.  13°  11'  N.,  Ion.  74°  38'  E. 

PRE.MEIRA  ISLANDS,  the  southernmost  of  the  long 
chain  of  islands  extending  along  Angosta,  East  .A^frica.  and 
Mozainliiciue  Channel,  about  lat.  17°  S.,  Ion.  39°  50'  E. 

PRKMERY'.  prA^un(h-ree',  a  town  of  France.'department 
of  Ni6vre,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Nevers.     Pop.  in  1852.  2;j25. 

PREMIA  DE  MAR,  prA'me-i  d?h  mau,  or  PHEMIA  DE 
AB.\,JO.  prA'me-d  d.A  d-bj'no,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, province,  and  about  8  miles  from  Barcelona.  -Pop. 
1115. 

PREillTI,  prJm'e-tee\  fl  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Epirus.  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  .\vlona,  on  the  Voyussa.  Each 
house  is  separately  enclosed  by  a  high  defensive  wall,  and 
hen-  is  also  a  Turkish  citadel. 

PRK.M'NAY.  a.  p,arish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  .Aberdeen. 

PUEX'DERGAST,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
bi-oke. 

PKEN'TISS  VALE,  a  post-office  of  JIoKe;in  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PRENY',  pr.Vnee,  or  PRENN,  prjnn,  a  town  of  Poland, 
province  of  Augustow,  on  the  Memel,  27  miles  E.N.B.  of 
Mariampol.     Pop.  2600. 

PRENZLOW,  prJnts'lov,  or  PRENZLAU,  prJntslow,  a 
town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg.  71  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Potsdam,  on  the  Ucker.  Pop.  12.751.  It  has  a  Calvinist 
and  t>  Lutheran  churches,  schools,  hospitals,  a  valuable  pub- 
lic library,  manufactures  of  linens,  woollens,  and  tobacco, 
breweries,  tanneries,  and  trade  in  corn  and  cattle.  In  1806, 
20.000  Prussian  troops  having  escaped  from  the  battle  of 
Jena,  surrendered  here  to  the  French. 

PREP'ARI.S'  ISLES,  a  group  in  the  Bfiy  of  Bengal,  alwut 
midway  between  the  Andaman  Islands  and  Cape  Negrals. 
Lat.  14°  50'  N.,  Ion.  93°  25'  E.  Two  are  named  the  Cow 
and  Calf. 

PRERAU,  prri'rSw,  or  PRZRROW.  pzhA'rov,  a  town  of 
Moravia,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Slarch,  on  the  Betschwa,  15 
miles  S.E.of  Olmiitz,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 
Pop.  3400. 

PK15-SAINT-DIDIER,  pr.A  sSno  deeMe-4'.  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division,  and  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Aosta, 
at  the  foot  of  Jlont  Bianc.    Pop.  1009. 

PKESBA,  prJstii,  a  small  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Ochrida,  on  the  \V.  side  of  the 
Lake  of  Presba,  which  is  7  miles  in  leng\h,  and  3  miles  in 
breadth. 

PRES'BURG  or  PRESS'BURG,  (Ger.  pron.  pr^s'LoOiso ; 
Hun.  Ihsnnf/,  po^shoR';  anc.  Ihsolnium.)  a  town  and  the  legis- 
lativecapital  of  Hungary,  capitalof  acounty  of  itsown  name, 
on  the  Panutie.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  34  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Vienna,  with  which  city  and  with  Tymau  it  com- 
municates by  railway.  Pop  43,-")63,  excluding  garrison  and 
strangers.  The  principal  structures  are.  a  mined  castle,  on 
a  height  above  the  town,  burnt  by  the  French  in  isn.  but 
memorable  as  the  scene  of  the  appeal  made,  in  1741.  by 
Mni-ia  Theresa  to  the  Hungarian  states;  the  hall  of  (lie  diet, 
a  Gothic  cathedral,  in  which  the  kings  of  Hungary  weiv 
crowned:  the  county  hall,  a  German  theatre,  barracks,  and 
archbishop's  palace.    It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  academy,  and 

1536 


PRE 

a  Calvlnlr-t  college,  both  with  good  libraries,  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic high  college  and  seminary,  a  college  for  poor  students,  and 
geveral  hospitals,  one  supported  by  the  Jews,  who  are  nu- 
merous here,  and  have  many  charitable  institutions.  The 
principal  manufitctures  are  "silk  and  woollen  goods,  nitre, 
rosogllo.  tobacco,  and  leather.  It  has  a  large  transit  trade 
in  cora.  linen,  and  Hungarian  wines.  The  treaty,  giving 
Venice  to  the  French,  and  Tyrol  to  BaTari.i,  was  concluded 
here  iu  ls05. 

PKES'COT.  a  market- town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Liverpool.  Pop.  of  the  town  in 
ISol,  733.3,  employed  in  watch-making,  cotton  and  Hax  mills, 
potteries,  and  collieries. 

PRES'COTT,  a  post-township  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mas.sa- 
chusetts.  li  miles  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  611. 

PRESCOTT.  a  post-village  of  Pierce  CO.,  Wisconsin,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  St.  Croix  with  the  Mississippi  River,  aI>out 
26<)  miles  above  Diibui]ne.  It  contains  a  bank,  and  several 
mills  and  factories.    Pop.  1031.   See  Appendix. 

PRES'COTT,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated  at  Us  E. 
extremity,  is  bounded  by  the  Ottawa  River  on  the  N.,  and 
comprises  an  area  of  476  square  miles.  Capital,  L'Original. 
Pop.  10.4.S7. 

PRESCOTT,  a  post-town  of  Canada  West,  situated  In  the 
united  counties  of  I.«eds  and  Granville,  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
River,  130  miles  P.W.  of  Montreal,  and  VZ  miles  from  Brock- 
TlUe.  It  has  agencies  of  6  assurance  companies,  4  churches, 
about  '20  stores,  and  1  iron  foundry  and  machine  shop.  A 
newspaper  is  publi.<hed  liere.     Pop.  alx)ut  2400. 

PRESEriLlE,  pr4-s.-il'y!i,  a  village  of  Northern  Italj',  pro- 
Tince.  and  12  miles  X.E.  of  Brescia.    Pop.  1254. 

PRESERVATION  IIAIVBOU,  a  fine  l)»y  of  New  Zealand, 
near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  Middle  Island.  Lat.  46="  S., 
Ion.  166=  30'  E. 

PRESll'CTE.  a  parish  of  Eneland,  co.  of  Wilts. 

PRES'IDENT  FUR'NACE,  a'  post-office  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

PRESIDIO  DE  SAO  JOAO  (Sao  Joiio)  BAPTISTA,  pri- 
«ee'de-o  dA  s<iws«  zho-Ows"  bdp-tiis'ti,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of -Minas  Geraes,  110  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ouro  Preto.  Pop. 
of  the  district,  4000. 

PR  ESLlTs,  prail.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut, 
36  miles  E.  of  Mous.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  locality  where 
Julius  Caesar  (B.C.  67)  defeated  the  Nervii,  of  whom  C0,000 
perished.     Pop.  949. 

PRESXOGORVSK,  prf»-no-goRvsk',  or  PRESXOOOR- 
KOVSKAIA.  pr^s  no-goR-kov-ski'i.  a  fort  of  .\siatic  Russia, 
(rovernment  of  Omsk,  on  the  Upper  Tobol,  145  miles  AV.  of 
PetropauloTski.  formini  a  post  of  the  military  line  of  Ishim. 

PRESNOVSK  AI  A.,  pres-nov-skl'l.  another  fort  of  the  same 
line.  80  miles  W.  of  Petropaulovski. 

PRESQUE  ISLE,  prSsk'eel',  (i.  e.  "peninsula,"')  a  newly 
formed  county  iu  the  N.E.  part  of  Michigan,  bordering  on 
Lake  Huron.  Area,  estimated  at  700  square  miles.  Thesur- 
face  has  but  little  elevation  above  the  lake.  It  includes  a 
peninsula  extending  into  Liike  Huron.     Pop.  26. 

PRESQUB  ISLE,  a  postofflce  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

PRESQUE  ISLE,  Pennsylvania.    See  Erie. 

PKKS.SAIH.  pre-s'-Ci-lt.  a  walled  market-town  of  Bavaria. 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1756. 

PRESSBURG,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Presbubq. 

PRESTRURY,  prest'ber-ree.  a  parish  of  England,  co..  and 
34  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chester,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Man- 
chester and  Macclesfield  liaihvay,  2  miles  N.  of  Macclesfield. 

PRESTBURY'.  a  parish  of  Eneland.  co.  of  Gloucester. 

PRESTEIGN  E. presHAu'.a  parliamentary  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England  and  Wales,  cos.  of  Hereford 
and  Radnor,  on  the  Lu;^.  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Leominster. 
Pop.  of  borough  in  1851.  1617.  The  town,  pleasautly  situ- 
atel  and  neatly  built,  has  an  endowed  school,  a  county 
ses.sions-house.  a  jail  and  house  of  correction,  aud  at  its  N. 
end  a  circular  mound  laid  out  in  public  walks,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  pavilion.  It  unites  with  Radnor  iu  sending 
1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

PRES'Tt>N,  a  parliamentary  borough  and  market-town 
of  England,  c),  of  Lancaster.  28  miles  N.E.  of  Liverpool, 
agrk-eably  situated  on  a  height  above  the  right  liank  of  the 
Rilible,  near  the  head  of  its  estuary,  and  on  the  North  Union 
and  several  other  branch  railways.  Pop.  of  the  borough  in 
ISCl,  82,9(51.  The  principal  streets,  though  irregularly 
formed,  are  spacious,  and  provided  with  side  parapets.  The 
houses  are  almost  all  substantiallv  built  of  bri.-k,  and  the 
whole  town  is  well  lighted  with  ga.s.  The  environs  exhibit 
much  pleasing  scenery,  are  adorned  with  numerous  hand- 
tome  villas,  and  furnish  several  tine  public  walks.  The  ec- 
clesiastical edifices  include  10  churches  and  20  Dissenting 
chapels.  Among  the  Ibrmer,  Christ  Church  is  admired  for 
the  puritv  of  its  Norman  style:  and  the  parish  church  is 
now  (1863)  being  rebuilt  in  the  Decoratod  style  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  with  a  spire  106  feet  high.  Among  the 
PissenUng  (  hapeLs  are  6  Roman  Catholic,  3  Baptist  2  Inde- 
pend.nt.  2  W esWyan  Methodist,  and  one  each  of  the  Hun- 
liU'.;aoii  Methodists,  Primitive  Methodists.  Associate  Method 
Uts.  I  rimltive  Episco^tfilians.  Swedenborgian,  and  Unitarian. 
£be  .-lormons  or  Latter-Day  Saints  have  also  a  place  of 
163e  *^ 


PRE 

meeting.  The  other  more  important  buildings  are  the  town- 
hall,  a  handsome  brick  edifice  in  the  centre  of  the  town ;  the 
court-house,  in  the  Doric  style:  the  house  of  cTrection,  tlw 
custom-hou.se,  com  exchange,  extensive  barracks,  work- 
house, theatre,  assembly-i-ooms,  two  bridges,  one  of  them  a 
handsome  stiiicture  of  five  arches,  and  a  magnficcnt  railway 
viaduct,  spanning  the  river. 

The  scholastic  and  literary  establishments  include  a  free 
grammar-school,  occupying  a  spacious  stone  structure,  in 
the  collegiate  style:  the  blue-coat,  commercial  or  middle, 
and  various  national  and  infant  schools ;  the  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Institution,  occupying  an  elegant  building  In 
the  Tudor  style,  and  provided  with  a  libraiT  and  museum; 
the  Mechanics'  Institute,  or  Institution  for  the  Diffusion 
of  Knowledge,  accommodated  in  a  h.mdsome  Gre<i»n  edi- 
fice, and  justly  regarded  as  one  of  th?  greatest  ornaments 
of  the  place;  and  various  public  libraries.  The  benevolent 
institutions  include  several  lienefit  and  provident  institu- 
tion.s,  a  dispensary.  ladles'  charity,  visiting  and  Samaritan 
societies.  &c. 

The  original  staple  manufecture  of  the  town  was  linen, 
which  is  still  woven  to  some  extent,  but  has  been  completely 
eclipsed  by  that  of  cotton,  which,  first  introduced  in  1777, 
now  employs  54  mills  for  spinning  and  weaving,  and  annu- 
ally consumes  above  150.000  bales  of  cotton.  The  other 
principjil  mills  are — six  for  worsted,  two  for  flax,  and  a 
large  steam  saw-mill.  There  are  also  several  m.ichine-shops 
on  an  extensive  scale,  iron  and  brass  fnundries.  breweries 
and  malting  establishments,  roperies,  tanneries.  Ac.  The 
trade  is  greatly  facilitated  by  the  river,  which,  by  means  of 
dredging  and  many  expensive  improvements,  has  been  ren- 
dered navigable,  at  ordinary  springs,  for  vessels  of  300  tons, 
to  Preston  Quays,  where  extensive  bonding  warehouses 
havebeen  erected:  and  iilso  by  extensive  railwjiy  communi- 
cation, by  which  the  town  has  I>een  brought  int-i  immediate 
connection  with  the  most  import.ant  inland  localities.  The 
principal  imports  are  corn  from  Ireland,  iron  from  Scotland, 
and  timber  from  the  Baltic  and  America.  In  1851.  the 
vessels  registered  nt  the  port  were,  under  50  tons.  73  sailing 
vessels.  caiTving  2695  ton.s,  and  3  steamers,  carrying  85  tons; 
and  above  50  tons.  4-3  sailing  vessels,  carrying  41 17  tons,  and 
3  steamers,  carrying  456  tons.  In  the  coasting  trade.  !^72 
vessels  ("29.314  tons)  entered,  and  791  (.37.037  tons)  cleared; 
in  the  foreign  trade  the  vessels  entered  were  30,  (3001  tons,) 
and  cleared  also  30.  (.3004  tons.) 

Preston  is  said  to  have  risen  on  the  decay  of  Ribohester, 
the  lioman  Higodunum,  .situated  .alwut  11  miles  farther  up 
the  river.  Its  name,  originally  Priests'  Town,  it  owed  to 
the  numlier  of  religious  houses  which  it  contained.  In 
1323  it  was  taken  and  burnt  down  by  Robert  Bruce.  Every 
twentieth  year,  a  jubilee,  called  '•  l*reston  Guild."  is  held 
here  for  a  month  from  the  last  week  in  August.  It  i-eturns 
two  meml*rs  to  Parliament,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor.  11 
other  aldermen,  and  .36  councillors.  The  only  native  of  the 
town  deserving  of  special  mention  is  Sir  Richard  Arkwright, 
the  inventor  of  the  "spinning-jennv." 

PRESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PRESTON,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

PRESTON,  two  p.irishes  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

PREST<')N.  a  parish  of  Eneland,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PRESTON,  a  parish  of  Engn-md.  co.  of  Rutland. 

PRESTON,  a  parish  of  Emrland,  co,  of  Somerset. 

PRESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

PRESn>N.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

PRESTON,  a  decayed  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Hadding- 
ton, 8  miles  E.  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  57. 

PRESTON,  a  village  of  ScotUnd,  co.  of  Edinburgh,  5  mile* 
E.S.E.  of  Dalkeith. 

PRESTON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  West  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Pennsjivania  and  Maryland :  area,  about  600 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Cheat  River.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  occupied  by  a  valley  which  is  enclosed  by 
Chestnut  Kidge  on  the  W„  and  the  Alleghany  Ridge  on  the 
E,  The  soil  produces  excellent  pasture,  and  in  some  parts 
grain  succeeds  well.  Limestone,  sandstone,  and  slate,  alter- 
nate with  beds  of  coal:  iron  ore  is  abundant.  The  streams 
aflford  a  vast  amount  of  water-power.  The  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad,  which  has  recently  been  opened  through  this 
section,  has  given  an  impulse  to  the  improvement  of  the 
county.  Formed  in  1818,  and  named  in  honor  of  James  B, 
Preston,  at  that  time  goTernor  of  Virginia.  Capital,  Kiog- 
wood.    Pop.  13,312,  of  whom  13,246  were  free,  and  67  slaves. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  London 
CO  ,  Connecticut,  about  3  miles  E.  of  Norwich.     Pop.  20S2. 

PRESTON,  a  post-township  near  the  centre  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Chenango  River.     I'oji.  1013. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  co., 
Pennsylvania,  20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Honesdale.     Pop.  1518. 

PRESTON,  a  post-office  of  Y'allobusha  co..  >lissis.<ippi. 

PRE.>>TON,  a  thriving  post- village  of  Grayson  co.,  Texas, 
on  Red  River,  about  18  miles  N.  of  Sherman,  the  county 
seat.  It  is  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  and  is  thn 
principal  shippine  point  for  the  countv. 

PRESTON,  a  village  of  Wharton  co.;  Texa-s,  41  mile*  N.  o* 
Matagorda. 


PRE 

PR  KSTON,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Arkansas. 

I'UKSTON,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio 
KiTer,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  Kiver,  which 
separates  it  from  Carrollton. 

PItESTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

PRK.'^TON,  a  townsliip  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri.  Pop.  1327. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village,  cujjital  of  l-'illmore  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  116  miles  S.K.  of  St.  Paul.    See  Appendix. 

PRESTON,  a  post-offiee  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon. 

PRESTON,  a  town  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Waterloo,  with 
a  Lutheran  and  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  flour  mill,  dis- 
tillery, pottery,  tannery,  and  three  breweries.  A'  newspaper 
i."  published  here.  The  inhabitants  are  chietiy  Germans. 
l\)p.  in  1852,  llSd. 

PRESTOX-RAi.i'OTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

PRESTON-RT</SETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rucks. 

PRESrrONBUIiG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Floyd  co..  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  West  Fork  of  Big  Sandy  River,  about  120 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Lexington.     Pop.  about  200. 

PRESTON  CAl'E.  a  headland  of  Northwest  Australia. 

PRESTON  CAPES,  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

PRESTON  DEA.N'ERY.a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

PRESTON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PRESTON  GUb'RALS.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  .Salop. 

PRESTON-o>-T(iE-IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Chester. 

PRESTON  HOLLOW,  a  post-village  of  Albany  co..  New 
fork,  on  Catskill  Creek,  about -30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 
It  lias  2  churches,  4  stores,  a  flouring  mill  and  tannery. 
Pop.  aVxiut  160. 

PKES'TONKIRK.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington. 
It  has  an  old  castle,  formerly  the  property  of  the  Earl  of 
Bothwell. 

PRESTON  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

PRKS'TONP.VNS',  a  burgh  of  barony,  seaport  town,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth. 
85  miles  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  lf40. 
Its  port,  Morrison's  Haven,  is  half  a  mile  W.  of  the  town. 
Near  it  was  fought  the  battle  between  the  Royalist  army 
and  the  Pretender's,  in  1745. 

PRE.S'TON  QUAR/TER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

PRESTON  QUARTER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland. 

PRESTON  RIVER,  of  West  Australia,  district  of  Welling- 
ton, after  a  N.W.  course  enters  Lescheuault  Bay,  S.\\[.  of 
Australind. 

PKESTON-ON-STOUR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

PRESTONVILLE.  a  post-offlce  of  Carroll  co..  Kentucky. 

PRESTON-ON-TUE- WILD-MOORS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Salop. 

PRESTON-ON-WYE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PREST/WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

PREST'WICK  or  PRIESTAVICK,  a  burgh  of  barony  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Avr,  1  miles  S.S.W.  of  Monktown.     P.  1200. 

PRESTWOLI)  or  PRESTWOULD,  prisf  wild,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

PRETO,  prA'to,  a  river  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of  Minas 
Geraes,  flows  E.,  and  unites  with  the  Parahiba-do-Sul.  Total 
course,  150  miles. 

PRETO,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Goya:'.,  flows  W.N.W.  and  joins  the  Marauhao. 
Total  course,  15  1  miles. 

PRETO,  a  rivv'r  of  Brazil,  joins  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  left, 
100  miles alx)ve  itsj unction  with  the  Sao  Francisco.  Length, 
100  miles. 

PRETSCH,  piStch.  or  PRETZSCH,  prStsh,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  43  miles  N.E.  of  Merseburg,  on  the  Elbe.  Pop. 
1850. 

PRETTIN,  prtt-teen',  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  45  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Merseburg.  on  the  Elbe.     Pop.  1636. 

PRETZSCH,  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Saxony.     See  Pretsch. 

PREUILLY,  prih^eeVee'  or  pruh'eery«e',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  ludre-et-Loire,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Loches.  Pop. 
in  1852,  2374. 

PREUSSEN.  a  kingdom  of  Europe.     See  Prussia. 

PREUSSISCH-HOLLAND,  prois'sish-hol'ldnt,  a  town  of 
East  Prussia,  5i.i  miles  S.W.  of  Kiinigsberg.     Pop.  3465. 

PREVESA,*  pri'vi-sd,  or  PREVISA,  a  fortified  town  of 
Euronean  Turkey,  in  Epirus,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  entrance 
to  the  Gulf  of  Arta,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Arta.  Lat.  38°  56'  N., 
Ion.  20°  44' E.  Pop.  about  4000.  It  is  defended  by  a  few 
flirts,  meanly  built,  partly  out  of  the  ruins  of  Nicopolis,  3 
miles  northward. 

PREVESA,  BAY  OF,  between  the  sea  and  the  Gulf  of 
Irta,  is  about  4  miles  in  length. 

PREW'IXX'S  KNOB,  a  post-office  of  B.arren  co.,  Kentucky. 

PREZ-EN-PAIL,  prAz  ox"  pM,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department,  and  21  miles  N.E.  of  Mayenue.  Pop.  in  1852, 
5736.    It  has  a  large  market  for  cattle. 


'  Remember  the  moment  when  Preves.v  fell. 
The  ahrieks  of  the  conquered  and  conqueror's  yell." 
Childe  Harold,  canto  ii. 
4W 


PRI 

PRTAMAN,  pre-d-mJn',  a  maritime  town  of  Sumatra,  on 
its  W.  coast.  20  miles  X.  of  PaJang. 

PRIBYLOV,  PRIBYLOW,  pre-be-lov',  or  PRIBYLOFF' IS- 
LANDS, a  group  in  Behring  Sea,  Lat.  57°  N.,  ion.  170°  W,. 
and  consisting  of  the  islands  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  George, 
with  several  i.slets.  They  were  discovered  by  the  Russiai 
navigator  Pribylov  in  1786,  since  which  time  three  millions 
of  sea-bear  skins  are  reported  to  have  been  taken  on  them, 
besides  otter  and  seal  skins. 

PRICE,  a  town.ship  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PRICE,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana. 

PRICE'BURG.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

PRICE'S  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia. 

PRICETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Penn.sylv»nia, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Reading. 

PRICETOWN,  a  post-office  of  Highland  CO..  Ohio. 

PRICE'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  W.ayne  co.,  Penn,*ylvania. 

PRID'DY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PRIDDY'S  HARD,  an  islet  in  Portsmouth  harbor,  off  the 
N.  side  of  Gosport.     On  it  is  a  powder-magazine. 

PRIDROISK,  pre-droisk',  a  market-town  of  Russian  Po- 
land, government  of  Vitebsk,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Driss;i. 
Pop.  1500. 

PRIEBUS,  pree'boos,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  67  milen 
W.N.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Neisse.     Pop.  1062. 

PRIEGO,  pre-A'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  36  miles 
S.E.  of  Cordova,  in  the  Sierra  de  Algarrinejo.  Pop.  13,464. 
It  has  14  public  fountains,  an  old  castle,  and  Roman  and 
Moorish  remains. 

PRIEGO.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  24  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Cuenca.     Pop.  1290. 

PRIE'LAMAN'S.  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

PRIEPOL,  pre-A/pol,  or  PREl'OL,  pi-.Vpol,  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Novi-Bazar. 
Pop.  2000. 

PRIEST'HOLM,  or  PUF'FIN,  an  islet  of  North  Wales,  co., 
and  off  the  N.E.  co.ist  of  Anglesey,  about  one  mile  from  the 
shore.  It  is  frequented  by  numerous  sea-birds,  and  has 
some  rabijit-warrens. 

PRIESTWICK.  a  burgh  of  Scotland.     See  Prestwick. 

PRILOOKA,  PRILOUKA  or  PRILUKA,  pre-loo/ki  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Russia,  government  of  Kiev,  20  miles  S.  of 
Makhnovka.     Pop.  1550. 

PRILOOKL  PRILOUKI  or  PRILUKI.  pre-loo'kee,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  123  miles  N.W.  of  Poltava.  Pop. 
3250. 

PRIMALUNA,  pre-m3-loo'n3,  a  village  and  pari.ih  of 
Northern  Italy,  province  of  Como,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Inti'obWo, 
on  the  Pioverna.     I'op.  14('0. 

PRI.MKRO,  pre-mi/ro,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Buenos 
Ayres,  rises  in  the  province  and  N.W.  of  Cordova,  and,  after 
a  course  of  al>out  130  miles,  is  lost  in  a  marshy  lake. 

PRIMISLAU,  prim'is-l«w,  or  PRZIBISLAW,  pzhe-be-sUv', 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Czaslau.     Pop.  2000. 

PRIMKENAU,  prim'kfh-n(5w\  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Si- 
lesia, government,  and  N.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1519. 

PRIM'ROSE,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  SO  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

PRIMROSE,  a  post-township  of  Dane  county,  Wisconsin, 
about  24  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.  It  has  2  churches.  I'op. 
in  1860,  889. 

PRINCE  AL'BERT,  a  village  of  Canada  West.  co.  of  York, 
46  miles  N.  of  Toronto.  It  contains  2  or  D  hotels,  and  seve- 
ral stores  and  saw«nills.    Pop.  aliout  200. 

PRINCE  CHARLES'  ISLAND,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Spitz- 
bergen,  is  in  lat.  7S°  30'  N.,  Ion.  11°  E. 

PRINCE  ED'WARD,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Appomatto.x  River,  and  drained  by  Harris, 
Briery.  Bush,  and  Sandy  Creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified ;  the  soil  is  naturally  good,  but  impoverished  in 
some  degree  by  a  bad  system  of  cultivation.  Copper,  stone 
coai,  and  marl,  are  found.  This  county  is  intersected  by 
two  lines  of  railway  leading  to  Richmond,  Danville,  and 
Lynchburg.  Capital,  Prince  Edward  Court-House.  Pop. 
11,844,  of  whom  4503  were  free,  and  7341  slaves. 

PRINCE  EDWARD,  a  postroffice  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia, 
160  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

PRINCE  EDWARD,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated 
on  the  N.  of  Lake  Ontario,  comprising  an  area  of  334  s(juare 
miles.  It  is  mostly  compo.sed  of  a  peninsula  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  Lake  Ontario  and  several  small  bays.  Capital, 
Picton.    Pop.  18,887. 

PRINCE  EDWARD  COURT-HOUSE,  a  sm.Hll  post-village, 
capital  of  Prince  Edward  co..  Virginia.  75  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Richmond.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  building,  1  or  2 
churches,  and  2  academies. 

PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND,  formerly  called  thelSLAND 
OF  ST.  JOHN,  (Fr.  Jsh  de  Saint  Jean,  eel  deh  sJn"  zhftx',) 
a  large  island  of  British  America,  in  the  S.part  of  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  E.  of  Cape  Breton;  lat.  45°  50' to  47°  20'  N.,  Ion. 62= 
to  64°  20'  W. ;  washed  by  the  gulf  on  the  N..  and  separated  by 
Northumberland  Strait  from  New  Brunswick  on  the  E.,  and 
Nova  Scotia  on  the  S. ;  greatest  length,  measured  on  a  line 
curving  through  its  centre,  about  130  miles.     Its  greatest 

1537 


PRI 


PRl 


breadth  ':>  34  miles :  in  its  narrowest  part  near  the  centre  it  is 
only  4  mil(?>  wide.  The  coast-line  presents  a  remarkaWe  suc- 
cession of  large  bays  and  projecting  headlands.  Of  the  latter 
the  mo.st  piorainent  are  North  Cape  on  the  N.W.,  West  Cape 
on  the  .S.W.,  and  East  Cape  on  the  N.E. ;  the  largest  bays  are 
those  of  liichmond  on  the  N.W.,  Egmont  on  the  S.W.,  Hills- 
borough on  the  S.,  and  Cardigan  on  the  E.  The.se  bays,  by 
penetrating  into  the  land  from  opposite  directions,  form 
narrow  isthumses.  which  make  a  natural  division  of  the 
Island  into  three  distinct  peninsulas.  This  natural  division 
has  been  adopted  as  the  basis  of  a  nearly  corresponding 
civil  division  into  Prince's  county  in  the  W.,  Queen's 
county  in  the  centre,  and  King's  county  in  the  E.  The 
surface  undulates  gently,  nowhere  rising  so  high  as  to  be- 
come mountainous,  or  sinking  so  low  as  to  form  a  mono- 
tonous fiat.  At  one  time  the  whole  island  was  covered  with 
B  dense  forest  of  beech,  birch,  maple,  popular,  spruce,  fir, 
hemlock,  larch,  and  cedar;  and  though  destructive  tires, 
lumbering,  and  cultivation  have  made  large  gaps  ift  it.  a 
considerable  part  of  the  original  forest  still  remains.  The 
whole  island  is  eminently  agricultural  and  pastoral.  The» 
soil  consists  generally  of  a  light  reddish  loam,  sometimes 
approaching  to  a  strong  clay,  but  more  frequently  of  a  light 
and  sandy  t«xture.  The  prevailing  rock  is  a  reddish  sand- 
stone, but  a  large  part  of  the  surface  is  alluvial,  and  entirely 
free  from  stone.  No  minerals  of  the  least  consequence  have 
yet  been  discovered,  and  even  limestone  and  gypsum  appear 
to  be  wanting. 

The  climate  is  much  milder  than  that  of  the  adjoining 
continent,  and  the  air,  generally  free  from  the  fogs  which 
spread  along  the  shores  of  Cape  Breton  and  Nova  Scotia,  is 
remarkably  salubrious.  The  winter  is  long  and  cold;  but 
the  summer,  without  being  oppressively  hot,  is  eminently 
fitted  to  promote  the  growth  and  maturity  of  all  the  ordinary 
ceieals.  Throughout  the  greater  part  of  July,  August,  and 
September,  the  thermometer  during  the  hotter  hours  of  the 
day  Seldom  varies  more  than  from  75°  to  80°  Fahrenheit, 
while  the  night  air  is  soft,  wholesome,  and  agreeable.  The 
principal  crops  are  wheat,  barley,  and  oats,  all  of  these 
abundant  and  of  excellent  quality ;  pease  and  beans  are 
equally  good,  and  potatoes  and  turnips  are  nowhere  sur- 
passed. According  to  the  census  of  18-18,  the  quantity 
of  arable  land  then  under  cultivation  was  215,389  acres. 
The  produce  raised  was  afe  follows: — wheat, 219,787  bushels; 
barley.  75,521  bushels;  oats,  746,383  bushels;  potatoes. 
731.575 bushels:  turnips.  153,933 bushels:  clover-seed,  14,900 
pounds;  and  hay,  45,123  tons.  The  .stock  of  the  island 
comprised,  12,845  horses.  49,310  neat  cattle,  92.875  sheep, 
and  19,683  hogs.  The  fisheries  of  Prince  Edward  Island  are 
very  productive.  In  1852,  upwards  of  200  American  schooners 
were  in  one  of  the  harbors  of  the  island.  The  textile 
manufactures  are  chiefly  confined  to  linen  and  flannels  for 
domestic  use.  In  1848,  there  were  27  carding  mills,  13  brew- 
eries and  distilleries,  116  grist  mills,  139  riw  mills,  and  246 
threshing  machines.  Ship-building  has  within  a  few  years, 
become  a  very  important  branch  of  industry.  In  1849,  there 
were  built  in  thei.sland  88  vessels— tons,  15.902;  in  1850.  93 
vessels— tons,  14,367;  and  in  1851,  89  vessels — tons.  15.677. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  vessels  built  here  are  sold  in  New- 
foundland, for  seal  and  other  fisheries.  December  31,  1851, 
323  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  31,410  tons  arrived 
in  the  island. 

The  annexed  t.able  exhibits  the  extent  of  the  commerce  of 
Prince  Edward  Island,  and  the  countries  with  which  it  is 
carried  on : — 


Countries. 

1849. 

1850. 

Imports.    Exports, 

Imports.  1  Exports. 

|£192,030 

300,280 

1,140 

82,580 

$82,890 

174,940 

2,5,35 

32,410 

S279,898 

308,409 

565 

41,603 

884,996 

181,343 

4.165 

55,385 

B.  N.  American  Colonies... 
British  West  Indies 

S325,989 

The  t«tai  value  of  exports  in  1851  was  Jo60.465.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  sent  to  the  United  States  this  year,  were  222,109 
bushels  of  oats,  17,929  of  barley.  45,942  of  potatoes,  3090  of 
turnips,  1700  pounds  of  wool,  1786  barrels  of  pickled  fish, 
660  quintals  of  dried  fish,  60cwt.  of  iron,  and  221 5  hackmatac 
knees.  The  total  value  of  exports  to  the  United  States  in 
1851,  amounted  to  $119,236. 

Prince  Edward  Island  is  considered  as  a  dependency  of 
Canada,  but  in  the  civil  administration  of  its  aft'airs  acts  as 
an  independent  government.  It  is  administered  by  an 
executive,  usually  composed  of  nine  members,  wholly  nomi- 
nated by  the  Crown.  The  legislature,  composed  of  six 
members,  is  also  nominated  by  the  Crown  ;  but  the  Assem- 
bly, consisting  of  24  members,  is  chosen  by  the  people. 
Justice  is  administered  according  to  the  law  of  England. 
The  total  number  of  churches  in  1848,  was  109;  attended 
by  the  various  religious  denominations,  as  follows :  Roman 
Catholics,  27.147:  Church  of  England.  6630;  Church  of 
Scotland.  SS95;  Dissenters,  10.507:  Wesleyan  Methodists, 
.".059  Baptists,  29(J0;  other  denominations,  1710;  total. 
1538 


62. "IS.  .\n  academy  endowed  with  200/.  annually,  and  A 
national  school,  are  established  at  Cha  rlotte  Town ;  137  71.  were 
I  expended  upon  the  latter  in  1851.  There  has  recently  been 
I  established  throughout  the  island  a  .system  of  free  schools, 
the  number  of  which  amounttoabout  100;  for  their  support 
6000/.  were  appropriated  in  1853.  The  revenue  of  the  island 
in  1852.  amounted  to  15,264?.,  and  in  1853,  to  20,855,  while 
the  expenditures  reached  only  14.856/, 

In  the  latter  end  of  the  year  1852,  telegraphic  communica- 
tion was  established  between  Prince  Edward  Island,  the 
neighboring  province,  and  the  United  States,  by  means  of  a 
submarine- cable,  extending  from  Cape  Travers  to  Cane  Tor- 
men  tina,  in  New  Brunswick,  a  distance  of  only  9' miles. 
The  distance  from  Charlotte  Town  to  Cape  Travers  is  27 
miles  and  important  communications  have  been  regularly 
passing  by  this  route  to  and  from  the  farthest  extremity  of 
the  American  continent.  Wires  are  also  extended  from 
Charlotte  Town  to  the  E.  point  of  the  island,  upwards  of  50 
miles,  and  from  thence  a  submarine  cable  is  soon  to  commu- 
nicate with  Newfoundland — a  distance  of  150  miles. 

Who  discovered  Prince  Edward  Island  is  not  accurately 
known ;  but  Cabot  is  supposed  to  have  seen  it  immediately 
after  he  had  discovered  Newfoundland.  Champlain  gives  it 
the  name  of  St.  John,  by  which  it  continued  long  to  be 
desigu.tted,  and  accurately  describes  both  its  situation  and 
extent.  It  was  afterwards  included  by  the  French  in  their 
vast  and  undefined  territory  of  New  France,  and  in  1663 
was  granted  as  a  feudal  tenure  to  a  Sieur  Doublet,  a  French 
naval  officer.  Little  progress  was  made  in  settlingthe  island 
till  after  the  peace  of  Utrecht  in  1715.  when  its  ifertility  al- 
lured great  numbers  of  Acadians  from  Cape  Breton.  It  was 
tflken  by  the  British  in  1745,  restored  by  the  peace  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle.  retaken,  and  finally  annexed  to  Britain  in  1758. 
Pop.  in  1841,  47,034;  in  1848,  62,678,  and  in  1854,  the  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor of  the  island  estimates  it  at  90,000. 

PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Upper  Canada, 
Midland  district,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Ontario,  separated 
from  the  mainland  by  the  bay  of  Quinte.  Length,  36  miles; 
breadth  very  irregular,  and  varies  to  20  miles. 

PKINCE  FREDERICK  HARBOR,  an  inlet  on  the  N.W. 
coast  of  Australia;  lat.lo°S.,  Ion.  125°  E.  Coasts  steep,  and 
full  of  islets. 

PRINCE  FREDERICK  SOUND,  in  Kussi.an  America,  is  in 
lat.  57°  6'  N..  Ion.  133°  48'  W. 

PRINCE  FRED'ERICKTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Calvert  co.,  Marvland,  35  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Annapoli.s. 

PRINCE  GEORGE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Maryland, 
bordering  on  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  on  the  Potomac 
River,  which  separates  it  from  Yirginia,  contains  about  600 
siiuare  miles.  The  Potomac  washes  its  western  border,  the 
Patuxent  forms  its  boundary  on  the  E.  and  N.E. ;  it  is  also 
drained  by  the  West  Branch  of  Patuxent  River,  and  by 
Anacosta  and  Piscataway  Creeks.  The  surface  is  moderately 
hilly;  the  soil  is  generally  productive.  In  1850,  this  county 
produced  more  tobacco  than  any  other  in  the  Union,  and 
more  Indian  corn  than  any  other  in  the  state.  The  quanti- 
ties raised  were  1,590,045  Ijushels  of  corn  :  8,380,851  pounds 
of  tobacco.  The  underlying  strata  are  shell,  marl,  and 
cemented  sand  resembling  sandstone:  large  quantities  of 
iron  are  found.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Washington  Railroad. '  Organized  in  1695.  Capital, 
Upper  Marlboi'ough.  Pop.  23,327,  of  whom  10,848  were  free, 
and  12,479  slaves. 

PRINCE  GEORGE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  James  River  forms 
its  northern  boundary ;  the  Appomattox  flows  along  its  N.AV. 
border  until  it  enters  the  former  stream,  and  it  is  also 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Blackwater  lliver.  The  surface 
is  moderately  hilly:  the  soil  of  middling  quality.  The 
Appomattox  Railroad  passes  along  the  border  of  the  county, 
and  James  River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  in  this  part  of 
its  course.  Capital,  Prince  George  Conrt-llouse.  Pop.  8411, 
of  whom  3414  were  free,  and  4997  slaves. 

PRINCE  GEORGE  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-Tillage,  capi- 
tal of  Prince  George  co.,  Virginia,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

PRINCE  HENRY  ISLAND.  See  Prince  Wiluam  Henry 
Island. 

PRINCE  LE/OPOLD  ISLAND,  in  British  North  Americ.i, 
is  at  the  W.  end  of  Barrow  Strait.  Lnt.  74°  5'  N.,  Ion.  90^  W. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES  ARCHIPEL'AGO,  in  Russian 
America,  is  mostly  between  lat.  54°  25'  and  56°  30'  N.,  and 
Ion.  132°  and  134°  W.,  40  miles  N.  of  Queen  Charlotte  Is- 
land. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Low  Archipelago,  is  in  lat.  15°  16' 30"  S.,  Ion.  147°  22'  VV., 
and  called  also  Dean,  or  Oanna  Island. 

PRINCE  OF  AVALES  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Mal.ay  Archi- 
pelago, in  the  Strait  of  Sunda,  between  .Java  and  Sumatra, 
lat.  6°  30'  S.,  Ion.  105°  12'  E.  On  it  is  a  town  n!.med  Sama- 
dang. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND,  a  group  in  the  Torres 
Strait,  off  Cape  York,  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  tht  Gulf  of 
Carpentaria.     Lat.  10°  20'  S. 

PRINCE  OF  WALES  ISLAND,  British  India.   Sec  Pe.-janO. 


PRI 


PRl 


PRtXCE  RE'GENT  BAY,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Greenland, 
is  in  lat.  76°  N.,  Ion.  G6°  AV. 

I'KINCH  REGENT  INLET,  in  Britisli  North  America, 
between  lat.  72°  and  74°  N..  Ion.  88°  and  95°  "\V.,  leads  from 
Barrow  Straitinto  BoothinGulf,  and  was  discovered  in  1819. 

PRINCE  REGENT  RIVER,  in  Northwestern  Australia, 
enters  the  Indian  Ocean  in  lat.  15°  17'  S..  Ion.  124°  50'  E. 

PRINCE  RU'PERT  BAY,  in  British  West  Indies,  is  on 
the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Dominica,  bounded  north- 
ward by  Prince  Rupert's  Head,  and  has  the  town  of  Ports- 
mouth on  its  E.  coast. 

PRIN'CES,  a  county  occupying  the  N.W.  part  of  Prince 
Edward  Island.     Capital,  I'rincefown.     Pop.  in  1S4S,  15,142. 

PRINCE'S  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Malay  Archipelago,  at 
the  S.  entrance  to  the  Strait  of  Sunda. 

PRINCK'S  ISLAND,  (Port.  Jlha  do  Prhicipe.  eel'yd  do 
preen'se-p.i.)  an  island  belonging  to  Portugal,  in  the  bight  of 
Biafra,  Gulf  of  Guinea,  140  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fernando  Po. 
Lat.  1°  .39'  N.,  Ion.  7°  26'  E.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  10  miles ; 
breadth,  5  miles.  Surface  mountainous,  and  in  the  centre 
it  rises  to  3000  feet  in  height.  Good  crops  of  colfee  and  pro- 
visions are  raised;  but  not  many  years  ago  the  principal 
trade  of  the  inhabitants  was  said  to  be  in  slaves.  Chief 
fort  and  harbor,  St.  Antonio,  on  its  E.  coast. 

PRINCES'  ISLANDS,  (Gr.  itnttovrjaot,  DemSnesdi,)  Sea  of 
Marmora,  13  miles  S.  of  Constantinople,  near  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  consisting  of  9  islands,  the  largest  being  PuiN- 
Kipos  and  Chalki.  Surface  mountainous,  with  fertile  val- 
leys, in  which  corn,  fruits,  and  wine  are  raised,  and  cattle 
are  reared  for  consumption  in  the  Turki.sh  capital.  Nu- 
merous visitors  resort  to  them,  attracted  by  the  beauty  of 
their  scenery  and  agreeable  climate. 

PIUN'CKSS  ANNE,  a  county  forming  tho  S.E.  extremity 
I'l  Virginia,  bordering  on  North  Carolina  and  the  Atlantic. 
The  area  is  about  420  square  miles.  The  Chesapeake  Bay 
washes  it.'f  N.  border;  Cape  Henry  forms  the  N.iO.  extremity. 
Tho  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  sandy.  Large  quantities  of 
firewood  and  lumber  (pine  and  cypress)  are  procured  from 
the  forests  for  the  Norfolk  market.  Formed  from  Norfolk  in 
1G91.  Capital,  Princess  Anne  Court-IIouse.  Pop.  7714,  of 
whom  4528  were  free,  and  3186  slaves. 

PRINCESS  ANNK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Somerset  co., 
Maryland,  on  Manokin  River,  near  the  head  of  tide-water 
and  navigation,  18  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  about  100 
miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis.  It  contains  a  brick  court-house,  a 
jail,  bank,  2  newspaper  ofHces.  and  several  churches. 

PRINCESS  ANNE  COURT-IIOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Princess  Anne  co.,  Virginia,  137  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond. 
It  contains  2  churolies. 

PRINCESS  CHARLOTTE  (shar'l9t)  BAY,  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Australia,  is  in  lat.  14°  29'  S.,  Ion.  144°  E.,  and  has 
a  breadth  of  30  miles.  Over  its  head  is  a  level-topped  hill, 
named  bj'  Captain  Cook,  Jones'  Table  Land. 

PRINCESS  KOY'AL  HAR'BOR,  in  West  Australia,  dis- 
trict of  Plant^igenet,  a  bay  of  King  George's  Sound,  capable 
of  receiving  the  largest  ships.  On  its  N.  side  is  the  town 
of  Albany. 

PRINCESS  ROYAL  ISLANDS,  are  situated  in  British 
North  America,  in  the  Pacitic  Ocean,  N.  of  Vancouver  Lsl.and. 

PRINCETON,  prlnss'ton,  a  post-township  of  Wa.shington 
CO.,  Maine,  140  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of -Augusta.     Pop.  626. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 45  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1201. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-township  of  Schenectady  co.,  New 
York.    See  Prixcetqwn. 

PRINCETON,  a  pleasant  post-borough  of  Princeton  town- 
ship, Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey.  40  miles^'.E.  of  Philadelphia, 
and  10  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton.  It  is  situated  on  an  elevated 
ridge  which  rises  by  long  and  gradual  acclivity,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  prospect  towards  the  E.  The  New  Jer- 
sey Railroad  and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  pass 
about  1  mile  S.E.  of  the  town.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Prince- 
ton College,  which  ranks  among  the  first  literary  institu- 
tions of  the  country,  and  was  founded  by  the  Presbyterians 
at  Elizabethtown  in  1746,  and  removed  to  Princeton  in 
1757.  The  college  edifice,  called  Nassau  Hall,  is  176  feet 
long,  50  feet  wide,  and  4  stories  high.  Princeton  contains 
several  churches,  a  bank,  and  a  theological  seminary  of  the 
Presbyterian  Chui-ch,  founded  abfiut  the  year  1813.  A 
weekly  newspaper,  and  the  Princeton  Review,  a  literary 
and  religious  periodical  of  high  character,  are  published 
here.  A  battle  was  fought  here,  January  3,  1777,  between 
Washington  ana  Colonel  Mawhood.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
8726 ;  of  the  borough,  about  3000. 

I'KINCI'^TON,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jlercer  co.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia, about  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Charleston.  It  has  2  churches. 

I'RINCETON,  a  post-office  of  Jack.son  co.,  Al.abama. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Washington  co., 
Mississippi,  on  Mis.sissippi  River,  90  miles  N.W.  of  Jackson. 

PRINCETON,  a  township  of  Dallas  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop. 
1163. 

PRINCETON,  a  post^village.  capital  of  Dallas  CO.,  Arkan- 
>viS.  about  75  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Little  Rock. 

Pi'JJS'CETON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Caldwell  co.,  Ken- 


tucky, about  230  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  snt 
rounded  by  a  fertile  region,  and  ha.s  considerable  trade 
It  is  the  seat  of  Cumberland  College,  founded  in  1825.  and 
contains  4  churches,  an  academy,  and  a  bank.  Two  lewa. 
papers  are  published  here.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  IDvu... 

PRINCETON,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  21  miloi 
N.  by  E.  cf  Cincinnati. 

PRINCETON,  a  small  village  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio. 

PRINCETON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Gib.oon 
CO..  Indiana,  on  the  Evansville  and  Vincennes  Railroad,  25 
miles  S.  of  Vincennes.  The  situation  is  fine,  and  the  sur- 
rounding country  is  highly  productive.  Princeton  has  5 
churches,  2  newsp-iper  offices,  and  2  seminaries.  Pdp.  in 
1850,8011;  in  IStO,  1397. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois, 
ill  a  fertile  prairie,  on  the  Chicago  and  Quiiicy  Railroad, 
107  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Chicago.    Population,  2473. 

PRINCETON,  a  village  of  Cass  CO.,  Illinois,  30  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Springfield. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-villago,  capital  of  Mercer  co.,  Mis- 
souri, about  160  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jeflerson  City.     Pop.  249. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  21  miles  above  Davenport.     See  Appendix. 

PRINCI'^TON,  a  post-village  of  Green  Lake  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
38  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  about  500. 

PRINCE'TOWN,  a  post-township  of  Schenectady  co.,  NeTr 
York,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  It  has  an  academy  with 
250  students.     Pop.  996.   . 

PRINCHI'OWN,  a  seaport  town  of  Prince  Edward  Island, 
capital  of  Prince  co.,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Rich- 
mond Bay.  35  miles  N.W.  of  Charlotte  Town. 

PRINCErviLLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Peoria  co., 
Illinois,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Peoria. 

PRINCE  WIL/LIAM,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, contains  about  325  square  miles.  The  Potomac 
River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.E.,  and  the  Occof[uan  on 
the  N.E. ;  it  is  also  drained  by  Cedar  Run,  Broad  Run,  and 
Quantico  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly,  especially  near  the 
Potomac;  the  soil  is  sandy.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  and  in  part  by  the 
Manassas  Gap  Railroad.  Formed  in  1730.  Capital,  Brents- 
ville.     Pop.  8.565,  of  whom  6209  were  free,  and  2.356  slaves. 

PRINCE  WILLIAM,  a  po.«t-oflice  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana. 

PRINCE  WILLIAM  HEN'RY,.  or  LOSTANGFV  ISLAND, 
an  island  of  tho  South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  Low  Archi- 
peLago;  lat.  (N.E.  point)  18°  4.3'  S.,  Ion.  141°  42'  W. 

PRINCE  W^ILLIAM  HENRY,  or  MATTHIAS,  ma-thi'as, 
an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  N.W.  of  New  Hanover;  lat. 
1°  28'  S..  Ion.  149°  E.,  60  miles  in  circumference. 

PRINCE  WILLIAM  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Feejee 
group,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

PRINCE  WILLIAM  SOUND,  in  Russian  America,  on  its 
S.  coast,  between  lat.  60°  and  61°  20'  N.,  and  Ion.  146°  and 
148°  W.  It  contains  Montague  Island,  and  numerous 
smaller  islands,  but  is  without  a  good  harbor. 

PRINCIPATO  CITRA,  prin-che-pa/to  chee'tr^,  a  maritime 
province  of  the  state  of  Najjlos,  extending  along  the  Medi- 
terranean, comprises  an  area  of  2271  sipiai-e  miles,  'i  he 
Sele  River,  a  considerable  stream,  passes  through  this  pro- 
vince, and  with  its  affluents  waters  many  fertile  valleys, 
covered  with  luxuriant  vegetation.  Chief  city,  Salerno. 
Pop.  in  1862,528,256. 

PRINCIPATO  ULTRA.  prin-chfvpMo  ool'tri,  an  inland 
province  of  the  state  of  Naples,  contiguous  to  the  above, 
comprises  an  area  of  1302  square  miles.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, and  is  well  watered  bv  the  Calore,  Bifemo,  and 
Tamaro  Rivers.    Chief  town.  Avellino.    Pop.  in  1862, 355,621. 

PRINCIPE  IMPERIAL,  preen'se-p.'l  eem-p.^-re-41',  a  small 
town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Piauhi.  105  miles  N.E.  of  Oeir.as. 

PRINCIP'IO,  a  post-office  of  Cecil  co.,  M.aryland. 

PRINCIPIO  (prin-.=ip'e-o)  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Cecil 
CO.,  Maryland. 

PRINGLE'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Lauder- 
dale CO.,  Mississippi. 

PRINKIPOS,  prin/ke-pos,  PAPA-ADASSI.  pa'pM-d.ls/soe, 
or  PAPA  DONISIA,  pS/pd  do-nee'se-3.  a  town  of  Turkey,  on 
an  island  of  the  same  name  of  the  group  of  Prince's  Islands 
in  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Constantinople.  Pop. 
.3000. 

PRIOCCA,  pre-okHtd,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, division  of  Coni,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1933. 

PRIOLA,  pre-oli.  a  village  of  North  Italy,  province,  and 
14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mondovi,  on  the  Tanaro.     Pop.  1515. 

PRI'OR,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry. 

PRIOR'S  LEE.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

PRIPBTS  or  PRIPET,  (Polish,  Prypic,  prip'^ts,)  a  river 
of  Russian  Poland,  chiefly  in  the  government  of  Minsk, 
after  a  N.  and  E.  course  of  350  miles,  joins  the  Dnieper,  on 
the  W..  43  miles  N.  of  Kiev.  It  is  navigable  from  its  mouth 
to  Pinsk. 

PRIPRI,  pree'pree,  a  town  of  Siam,  on  a  small  river,  80 
miles  S.W.  of  Bangkok. 

PRISREND,  pris  rJnd',  or  PER'SERIN'.  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Albania,  capital  of  a  sanjak,  on  the  Rieka. 
4  miles  from  its  confluence  with  the  Drin.  and  SOmiles  £ 

1539 


PRI 


PRO 


of  Sortari.  Pop.  from  15.000  to  20,000.  It  is  the  see  of 
(ireek  and  Koman  Catholic  bishops,  and  has  a  citadel,  the 
residence  of  i  Turkish  gorernor,  lai*ge  manufactures  of  fire- 
ttrms,  and  an  active  trade  with  adjacent  towns. 

PltlSTEN,  jiris'ten,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Kharkhov,  9  miles  S.  of  Koopiansk.  on  the  Oskol.   P.  1600. 

PRISTINA,  pris-tee'ud,  or  PIRISTIXA,  pe-ris-tee/nS,  a 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-EIee,  42  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Uskup.  Pop.  from  10.0LK3  to  12,000.  It  is  enclosed  bj'  earth 
ra,mparts,  towers,  and  palisades,  and  is  .said  to  contain  hand- 
tome  mosques,  large  bazaars,  and  some  baths.  Jiear  it  is 
the  tomb  of  Sultan  Amurath  I. 

PKIS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

Pi'UT'TLEWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PKITZERBE.  prit's5R-beh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province, 
and  ^  miles  X.W.  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Havel.   Pop.  1005. 

PRrrZW.4.LK,  prit.s'ftdlk,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenburg,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Potsdam,  on  the 
Domnitz.     Pop.  3900. 

PKIVAS,  preVS.ss',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche,  26  miles  S.W.  of  A'alence.  Pop.  in 
1S62,  5258.  It  has  manufactures  of  blankets  and  coarse 
woollen  goods. 

PRPVATEER',  a  post-viUage  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

PRIV'ETT,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Hants. 

PUIYITZ.  pree'vits,or  PRIVIDIA,  pree'veeMeeCh',  a  town 
of  North  Hungary,  co.,  and  40  miles  N.E.  of  Xeutra,  with  a 
Piarist  college,  and  a  trade  in  corn.    Pop.  47o0. 

PItIZE  HtLL,  a  small  village  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri. 

PRIZIAC,  pree'ze-Sk',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of.Morbihan,  20  miles  AV.  of  Pontivy.     Pop.  2060. 

PlUZZl,  prifsee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and  28  miles 
S.S.E.  of  P.-»lermo.    Pop.  7500. 

PROBOLIXGO,  pro-bo-lin'go,  or  POERBOLIXGO,  poor- 
bo-liu'go,  a  town  and  district  of  Java,  province  of  Bezoeki, 
48  miles  S.E.  of  Soerabaya. 

PRO'BY  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  belong- 
ing to  the  Friendly  Isles. 

PROCIDA,  prtVche-dd,  (anc.  Prc/cJiyta,)  an  island  at  the 
N.AV.  extremity  of  the  Bay  of  Naples,  in  South  Italy,  N.E. 
of  Ischia,  and  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  channel  Ij 
miles  across.  Lat.  40°  45'  50"  N.,  Ion.  14°  E.  Length, 
3  miles;  breadth,  1^  miles.  It  has  on  its  S.E.  side  a  bay, 
on  which  is  the  chief  town  of  the  same  name,  having  a 
royal  palace,  occasionally  resorted  to  by  the  court,  8 
churches,  a  convent,  and  an  orphan  asylum,  with  an  active 
Ssherv,  and  a  brisk  coasting  trade.    Pop.  13,000. 

PROCTOR,  a  post-office  of  Wetzel  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

I'ISOCTOR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Owsley  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Kentucky  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  South 
Fork,  about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Frankford.  Bituminous  coal 
found  in  the  adjoining  hills  is  exported  by  the  river.  The 
village  has  also  an  active  trade  in  lumber. 

PROCTOR,  a  post-office  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan. 

PROCTOR'S  CREEK,  a  post-office,  Chesterfield  co..AMrginia. 

PROCTOR'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Georgia. 

PROCTORSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  CO.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  75  miles  E. 
of  Montpelior.     It  contains  several  churches,  and  1  bank. 

PROCTORSVILLE,  a  village  of  St.  Bernard  parish.  Louisi- 
ana, on  Lake  Borgne,  at  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Mexican 
Gulf  Railroad. 

PROCTORSVILLE,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Great  Blue  River,  110  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

PRODANO,  pro-dd'no,  (anc.  Brota  or  JProte,)  one  of  Ihe 
smaller  Ionian  Islands,  off  the  W.  coast  of  the  Morea,  in 
Greece,  12  miles  N.W. of  Navarln.  Length,  2  mUes ;  breadth, 
I  mile. 

PROENgA  NOVA,  pro-^n'sj  no'vd.  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira  Baixa,  25  miles  W.  of  Castello  Branco. 
Pop.  2504 

PROENgA  VELIIA.  pro-Jn'si  veVyJ,  a  town  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Beira  Baixa,  21  mUes  N.E.  of  CasteUo 
Branco.    Pop.  700. 

PROG'RESS,  a  new  post-town  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Delaware,  at  the  mouth  of  Rancocas  Creek  11 
miles  above  Camden.  ' 

PROLOG,  proUog/,  a  mountain  range  on  the  frontiers  of 
Ualmana  and  Herzegovina,  belonging  to  the  Dinaric  Alps. 
Ihe  loftiest  peaks— Orieu,  6332  feet;  Diuara.  0040  feet;  and 
1  astovo,  6929  feet— are  covered  with  snow  during  great  part 
of  the  year. 

PROME,  prOm,  or  PRLpree,  (?)  a  town  of  the  Burmese  do- 
m  nions,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Irrawaddy,  here  1  mile  across, 
-40  miles  NN.M  .  of  Itangoon.  Lat.  18°  50'  N..  Ion.  95°  6'  E. 
w„n\.*  ,J^  in  circumference,  and  enclosed  by  a  brick 
wall,  stockade,  and  ditch,  outside  of  which  are  some  exten- 


re  many  gardens  and  rice-grounds 
IK  >.\I1'/1'0N,  a  post-borough  of  Waj 


ayneco..  Pennsylvania, 


1540 


PRONSK.  pronsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  31 
miles  S.  of  Riazan,  capita]  of  a  district,  on  the  Prouia.  Pop. 
(including  suburbs.)  6700,  chiefly  agricultural.  The  town 
proper,  founded  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  mostly  built 
of  wood,  has  S  churches. 

PROPII'ETSTiiWN,  a  post-village  of  Whitesides  co.,  IIH- 
nois,  on  Rock  River,  15  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  n 
fine  water-power. 

PROPIHA.  pro-pee'l.  or  URUBU  DE  BAIXA.  oo-roo-boo 
d:l  bl'shS,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  85  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Sergipe,  on  the  river  Sao  Francisco. 

PROPOISK,  pro-poi.sk',  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  42  oiiles  S.E.  of  Moheelev.     Pop.  IbOO. 

PROPONTIS.    See  Marmora. 

PROSKOOROV,  PROSKOUROV  or  PROSKUROV,  pros- 
koo-rov'.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia, 
on  the  Bug.  53  miles  N.  of  Kamieniec. 

PROSNA,  pro.s'nd,  or  PROSZNA,  prosh'na,  a  river  of 
Europe,  after  a  N.  course  of  100  miles  between  Silesia  and 
Poland,  joins  the  Warta,  38  miles  S.E.  of  Posen. 

PROS'PECT.  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co..  Maine,  on 
Penobscot  River,  52  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1005. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-township  of  New  Haven  co..  Conne<-ti- 
cut,  15  miles  N.  of  New  Haven.  Matches  are  made  liere  on 
an  extensive  scale.     Pop.  374. 

PliOSPECT,  a  post-vill.age  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  on 
West  Canada  Creek,  about  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  It 
has  .an  academy  with  about  100  students. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-borough  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsvlvania, 
220  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Harrisburg.    Pop.  272. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-office  of  Prince  Edward  co.,  A'irginia, 
80  miles  S.M'.  of  Richmond. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-office  of  Burieson  CO.,  Texas. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-township  of  Marion  co..  Ohio.  Poji.  1195 

PROSPECT  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  W.ildo  co.,  Maine. 

PROSPECT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Scotland  CO..  Mis.souri. 

PROSPECT  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

PROSPECT  HARBOR,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  CO..  Maine. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co..  Virginia. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Caswell  co..  North 
Carolina. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  a  small  post-village  of  Ray  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 26  miles  N.N.E.  of  Independence. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  a  post-villa-e  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Milwaukee  and  Janesville  Plank-ra-jd,  70 
miles  S.E.  of  Madi.son. 

PROSPECT  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 

PROS^PECTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

PROSPERITY,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

PRO"SPERITY,  a  post-office  of  Moore  co..  North  Carolina. 

PROSPERITY,  a  post-village  of  Newberry  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Greenville  .and  Columbia  Railroad.  7  miles 
from  Newberry.    See  Frog  Level. 

PROSPERITY,  a  post-office  of  Falls  co.,  Texas. 

PROSPERITY',  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa. 

PROSSNITZ,  pross'nits.  a  town  of  JIbravia.  13  miles  S.W. 
of  Olmutz.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walLs,  has  maiiu- 
foctures  of  woollen  cloth,  cashmeres,  linen  and  cotton  stuffs, 
and  extensive  distilleries  and  breweries. 

PROTA  or  PROTE.    See  Prodaxo. 

PROTIWANOW,  pro-te-«d-nov',  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia.  22  miles  N.  of  Briinn.     Pop.  1136. 

PROTOPOPOYKA'or  PROTOPOPOWKA,  pro-to-po-pov/kj, 
a  town  of  Russia,  srovernment  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Donetz, 
17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Izioom.     Pop.  1700. 

PROTVA  or  PROTWA,  prof v|.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  government  of  Smolensk,  flows  S.E.,  and  joins  the  Oka, 
9  miles  above  Serpookhov,  after  a  course  of  about  100  miles. 

PROVAGLIO,  pi-o-vdl'yo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Brescia,  about  2  miles  S.  of  Iseo.     Pop.  1217. 

PROVEN,  pro'ven.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1584. 

PRO'A'EN,  a  small  village  and  port  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Greenland,  50  miles  S.  of  Upernavik.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  Danish  royal  inspector. 

PR0YENQ.\'L,  pio'v6>'^'s31'.  an  island  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, off  the  S.  coast  of  Asia  Minor;  lat.  36°  10'  N.,  Ion.  33° 
47' E. 

PROVENCE,  pro''v5Nss',  an  old  province  in  the  S.E.  part 
of  France,  now  forming  the  departments  of  Bouches-du- 
RhOne,  Var,  Basses-Alpes.  and  the  E.  partof  Vauchise.  The 
country  which  the  Romans  called  Pimincia  composed  the 
whole  of  the  countries  or  districts  beyond  the  limits  of 
Italy,  which  they  had  brought  under  their  dominion.  In  the 
ninth  century  it  gave  n.Huie  to  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy, 
or  Provence,  afterwards  called  Aries.  Its  capital  was  Aix. 
See  Burgundy. Adj.  and  inhab.  Provex^al.  pro'vfec'sdl'. 

PROVENCIO,  pro-vjn'the-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  province,  and  50  miles  S.S.W.  "fCuenca.    P'^p  13-32 

PROVEN  SALS,  a  village  of  Spain.     See    Sax    BIakti  di 

PUOVENSAT^. 


PRO 

PROVKZENDE,  pro-vi-zf  n'dA.  a  town  and  parish  of  Por- 
ftiir'il,  province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  10  miles  from  Villa  Real. 
Pop.  9(10. 

PROVIDENCE,  prov'e-denss,  a  county  forming  tho  N. 
extremity  of  Khode  I.%laud,'has  an  area  of  about  3S0  square 
miles.     It  is   bounded  in   part  on   the   E.  by  Blackstone 
River,  and  on  the  S.  by  Pawtuxet  River,  and  is  principally 
drained  bj'  these  streams  and  their  branches,  which  afford 
extensive  water-power.     The  commercial  facilities  of  this 
county  are  great,  and  the  inhaliitants  are  largely  engaged 
in  manufactures.     The  surface  is  rough  and  uneven.     The 
soil  is  generally  fertile  and  well-cultivated.     The  county  is  j 
intersected  by  the  Stonington,  the  Hartford  and  Fislikill,  ] 
and  the  Providence  and  Worcester  Railroa<ls,  tho  latter  road 
running  on  the  line  of  the  former  Rlackst«ne  Canal.     It  is  | 
by  far  the  most  populous  of  the  counties  in  Rhotle  Island, 
and   the  agiicultural   products  are  very  consideraljle,  in-  j 
cludhig  -270,804  bushels  of  Irisli   potjitoes  and  132,388  of 
Indian  corn.     Capital,  Providence.     Pop.  107,799. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Providence  co..  Rhode  Island,  and  semi-capital  of  the 
state,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  N.W.  arm 
of  Narraganset  Bay,  or  Providence  Itiver,  as  it  is  called,  35 
miles  from  the  ocean,  43  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston,  and  about 
175  miles  N.E.  of  New  York.  Lat.  41°  49'  22"  N.,  Ion.  71° 
24'  48"  W.  The  river  divides  the  city  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts,  which  are  connected  by  several  substantial  bridges, 
one  of  which  is  about  140  feet  wide.  The  site  is  very  irregular, 
portions  of  it  rising  into  prominent  elevations,  the  highest 
of  which,  on  the  W.,  is  78  feet,  and  on  the  E.  204  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  harbor.  On  account  of  the  inequalities  of 
the  surface,  but  little  regard  was  paid  to  regularity  in  lay- 
ing out  the  streets,  though  from  time  to  time  many  of  them 
have  been  variously  improved.  Near  the  centre  of  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  the  city  is  a  delightful  sheet  of  water,  of  an 
elliptic  form,  about  a  mile  in  circumference,  constituting 
the  head-waters  of  Naranganset  Bay.  Around  this  basin, 
which  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  stone  masonry,  the  city  au- 
thorities have  laid  out  a  fine  public  park  or  promenade,  80 
feet  in  width,  and  adorned  it  with  a  variety  of  shade-h-ees, 
gravelled  walks,  &c.  The  private  edifices  are  built  mostly 
of  wood,  though  in  the  construction  of  a  few,  brick, 
granite,  and  other  material  have  been  used.  The  latter 
are  for  the  most  part  spacious  and  elegant  dwellings,  finely 
situated. 

Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  extensive  and  costly 
structures.  The  Arcade,  a  beautiful  granite  etlifice,  situated 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  river,  cost  at  the  time  of  its  erection, 
in  182*t.  $130,000.  It  is  226  fvet  long.  80  feet  deep,  and  3 
stories  high,  extending  from  Broad  street  to  Westminster. 
Kach  front  is  adorned  with  a  Doric  portico,  consisting  of 
six  massive  granite  pillars,  each  a  single  block.  The  build- 
ing is  divided  into  3  stories,  containing  upwards  of  80 
shops,  the  whole  lighted  by  a  glass  roof.  "  What  Cheer" 
building  on  Market  Square,  is  a  fine  freestone  edifice,  chiefly 
occupied  with  public  offices,  and  with  a  Masonic  hall  in  tho 
upper  story.  "Tho  title  ('•  What  Cheer ')  is  derived  from  the 
first  salutation  which  the  natives  made  to  Koger  Williams 
and  his  party  of  settlers  on  landing  at  Shite  Hock.  Among 
the  other  public  buildings  may  bo  mentioned  the  State- 
house,  a  brick  structure,  and  tlie  market-house,  on  Market 
Square,  containing,  in  tho  second  and  tiiird  stories,  va- 
rious offices  of  the  city  government.  Tho  Savings  Bank, 
a  granite  structure,  and  several  red  and  olive  sandstone 
blocks  on  Weybosset  and  Westminster  streets,  are  deserv- 
ing of  notice.  The  railroad  depots  in  Providence,  both 
for  passengers  and  m<!rcliandise,  are  extensive  and  commo- 
dious buildings,  situated  in  the  lousiness  portion  of  the  city, 
near  eacli  otlxer,  and  so  arranged  that  piisscngers  or  freight 
can  piiss  from  one  to  the  otlier  witliout  changing  cars.  A 
new  custom-house  with  post-otfice  and  court-rooms,  lias  been 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $250,000.  The  most  remarkable  church 
edifices  are  the  First  Congiegational  Church,  built  of  gran- 
ite, Grace  Church,  a  Gothic  structure,  St.  John's,  a  stone 
building,  the  Beneficent  Congregational,  the  Westminster 
Congregational,  and  St.  Peter's  and  St.  Patrick's  churclies. 
The  First  Baptist  Church,  the  oldest  in  America,  was  organ- 
ized in  1639.  The  whole  number  of  churches  of  the  various 
denominations  ii>  the  city  is  about  54, 

The  benevolent  and  disciplinary  institutions  of  Provi- 
dence .are  numerous,  and  conducted  upon  the  most  ap- 
proved systems.  The  Butler  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  in- 
corporated in  1844.  under  the  title  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  See- 
konk  Kiver,  which  here  expands  to  near  a  mile  in  breadth, 
affording  a  delightful  prospect.  Attached  to  the  institution 
ire  extensive  grounds,  comprising  about  60  acres  under 
cultivation,  and  56  of  native  woodland.  The  number  of 
patients  in  the  hospital  at  the  commencement  of  1864  waa 
130.  .Admitted  during  the  year,  37 ;  discharged,  31 ;  died,  8. 
The  entire  sum  contributed  towards  the  erection  and  sup- 
port of  the  hospital  up  to  1851.  amounted  to  near  $150,000, 
of  which  .$30,000  was  bequeathed  by  the  late  Nicholas  Brown, 
of  Providence,  and  .$40,000  by  Cyrus  Butler,  Esq.,  from  whom 
the  institution  derives  its  name.    The  invested  funds  of  the 


PRO 

hospital  amount  to  $70,000.  The  building  was  first  opened 
for  the  reception  of  patients  Dec.  1, 1847.  Expenses  for  th« 
year  1854,  $38,116.65.  'Ihe  Dexter  Asylum  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  poor  is  located  on  the  elevated  land  K.  of 
the  river.  It  is  a  substantial  brick  building,  170  feet  long 
including  the  wings,  and  3  stories  high.  Tlie  groun<is,  com 
prising  about  40  acres,  are  enclosed  by  a  stone  wall,  lai'i.  ii> 
cement,  10  feet  high,  costing  upwards  of  $20,000.  The  Re- 
form School,  estiiblished  in  1850,  for  the  discipline  of  juve- 
nile offenders  of  both  sexes  under  18  years  of  age,  occupi  « 
the  buiWing  formerly  known  as  the  i'ockwotten  House  id 
the  S.E.  section  of  the  city.  It  is  under  the  direction  of  » 
board  of  trustees,  elected  annually  by  the  City  Council,  and 
provides  accommodation  for  over  200  inmates.  For  the  year 
ending  Nov.  30,  1804,  the  admissions  were  198,  discharges, 
188 ;  number  in  the  school  at  the  end  of  the  year,  153  boys, 
65  girls.  The  State  Prison  is  also  situated  in  Provlilence, 
and  in  January,  1865,  contiiined  41  convicts.  The  prison 
has  been  self-supporting  for  several  years  past.  A  "  Home 
for  Aged  AVomen"  has  recently  been  erected  near  the  Re- 
form School  at  an  expense  of  about  $30,000.  The  Children's 
Friend  Society  has  also  recently  completed  a  spacious  and 
elegant  edifice  in  the  N  W'.  portion  of  the  city. 

Providence  is  distinguished  for  its  literary  and  education- 
al institutions.  Brown  University  (under  the  direction  of 
the  Baptists),  founded  in  Warren  in  1764  and  removed  to 
Providence  in  1770,  is  situated  on  the  elevated  ground  E.  of 
the  river,  commanding  an  extensive,  varied,  and  beautiful 
prospect.  It  comprises  5  principal  buildings,  namely.  Man- 
ning Hall,  containing  the  library  and  chapel;  Rhode  Island 
Hall,  contiiining  the  cabinet,  philosophical  apparatus,  and 
lecture-rooms;  University  Hall  and  Hope  College,  occupied 
by  tho  students,  and  the  Chemical  Laboratory,  recently  erect- 
ed and  containing  the  most  approved  apparatus  for  instruc- 
tion in  chemistry.  The  Athenasum,  incorporated  in  1836, 
has  a  reading-room  and  a  valuable  library  of  27,095  volumes, 
(Feb,  1,  1865.)  The  building,  an  elegant  stone  structure, 
was  erected  in  1837,  on  Benefit  street.  The  Mechanics'  As- 
sociation, Franklin  Lyceum,  Franklin  Society,  and  other  so- 
cieties, also  possess  valuable  libraries.  The  Yearly  Meeting 
Boarding-School,  (belonging  to  the  Society  of  Friends),  occu- 
pies a  lot  of  43  acres  lying  in  the  E.  part  of  the  city,  joining 
the  Dexter  Asylum  Farm  on  the  N.  Belonging  to  it  are  2 
largo  buildings  of  brick,  one  2,  the  other  3  stories  in  height. 
The  institution  is  liberally  endowed,  and  in  a  prosperous 
condition.  A  legacy  of  $100,000  was  bequeathed  to  it  by  the 
late  Obadiah  Brown,  Esq.  It  accommodates  180  pupils,  90 
of  each  sex.  The  public  schools  of  Providence  are  a  cre- 
dit to  the  city.  There  are  27  school  buililings,  valued  at 
$247,925.  The  schools  are  1  high-school,  7  grammar,  20  in- 
termediate, and  24  primary  schools.  Number  of  pupils  re- 
gistered for  the  year  ending  June,  1864,  was  7,694.  Tlic  ex- 
penses for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1864,  were  $79,857. 
There  are  8  or  9  newspapers  published  in  the  city,  4  of  which 
are  dailies.  Providence  has,  as  it  needs,  a  very  strong  and 
efficient  fire  department,  with  4  steam  fire-engines  and  7 
hand-engines  with  all  the  necessary  appendages.  The  ex- 
pense of  the  fire  department  for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30, 
1864,  was  $55,514.  There  are  5  railroads  terminati  ng  in  Pro- 
vidence, viz. :  the  Providence  and  Stonington,  Hartford  Pro- 
vidence and  Fishkill  Providence  and  Worcester,  Boston  and 
Providence,  and  Providence  Warren  and  Bristol. 

Providence  is  advantageously  situated  for  commerce.  Its 
harbor  is  safe,  and  admits  vessels  of  SKIO  tons.  Formerly  tho 
port  carried  on  an  extensive  trade  with  Canton  and  the  East 
Indies;  but  since  the  introduction  of  manufacture8,its  foreign 
commerce  has  considerably  declined.  The  foreign  arrivals 
for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1864,  were  115  (tons  26,685),  of 
which  43  (tons  8719)  were  American  vessels.  The  clear- 
ances for  foreign  ports  during  the  same  period  were  88  (tons 
21,243),  of  which  25  (tons  5784)  were  American  vessels.  The 
coastwise  arrivals  for  the  same  year  were  5,662.  The  prin- 
cipal articles  of  foreign  merchandise  now  imported  are  mo- 
lasses, sugar,  coal,  salt,  and  iron,  with  an  occasional  cargo 
from  Africa,  consisting  of  ivory,  gum,  tortoise-shell,  cloves, 
dates,  &c.  The  principal  articles  received  coastwise  during 
the  vear  1864,  were  cotton,  107,428  bales,  against  87,303  bales 
in  1863;  56,708  bales  in  1862,andl59,878  bales inl860.  Some 
of  the  other  articles  received  coastwise  in  1864  were  flour. 
351,036  barrels ;  corn,  1,119,024  bushels ;  oats,  80,270  bushels ; 
wheat,  131,887  bushels;  coal,  222,-435  tons,  'Ihe  btisiness  of 
Providence  in  cloths  and  other  manufactured  articles,  is  very 
large.  During  the  year  1864  the  sales  of  printing  cloths 
alone  amounted  to  2,697,150  pieces,  or  about  52,104  mil'-^of 
cloth,  and  this  was  a  falling  off  from  the  previous  year  of 
1,225,650  ideces.  The  sales  of  real  estate  in  the  city  in  1804 
amounted  to  S2,999,57'2. 

The  manufactures  of  Providence  are  very  extensive  and 
varied,  and  employ  a  large  amount  of  capital.  One  of  the 
most  important  articles  is  jewelry,  for  which  there  are  75 
establi-shments.  This  manufacture  is  subject  to  gre:it  fluc- 
tuations, sometimes  producing  goods  to  the  amount  of  about 
$3,000,000  in  a  year ;  at  other  times  being  almost  closed. 
There  are  numerous  foundries  and  machine-shops,  several 
very  extensive ;  2  lai'ge  manufactories  of  wood-screws  which 

1541 


PRO 


PRO 


make  more  than  4,000,000  gross  iiiiunally.  There  are  2  large 
establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  muskets,  and  1  for 
cannon  and  cannon-balls.  Cotton  and  woollen  goods,  loco- 
motives, steam-engines,  machinery  of  all  kinds,  stoves,  butts 
and  hinges,  nails,  pick-axes,  and  other  articles  of  iron;  nu- 
merous articles  made  of  brass,  copper,  tin,  and  wire ;  edge- 
tools,  cabinet-ware,  carriages,  boots  and  shoes,  &c.,  are  pro- 
duced in  large  quantities.  There  are  also  several  large  es- 
tablishments for  grintUng  grain,  sawingand  planing  lumber, 
and  working  in  marble.  In  addition  to  water-power,  about 
100  stationary  steam-engines  are  kept  in  constant  operation, 
with  310  steam  boilei-s. 

On  the  21st  day  of  January,  1865,_  there  were  37  state 
banks  in  Providence,  with  a  capital  stock  of  ;  16,097,200; 
circulation,  $1,344,900;  deposits,  $-5,030,200;  specie  in  bank, 
$329,800.  In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  3  national 
banks  in  Providence,  with  a  capital  of  about  $1,500,000. 
There  are  also  5  savings  banks,  with  deposits  amounting  to 
$7,468,692.9",  (Nov.  21, 1S64.)  The  city  is  divided  into  7  wards, 
and  governed  by  a  mayor,  board  of  aldermen,  and  common 
council  composed  of  28  persons,  4  from  each  ward,  elected 
annually.  The  ordinary  expenses  of  the  government  for 
the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1864,  were  $426,400,  and  the  extra 
war  expenses,  &c.,  were  $206,206. 

The  registration  of  births,  marriages  and  deaths  in  Provi- 
dence is  very  complete.  During  nine  years,  from  1855  to 
1 863,  the  ijroportion  to  population  was  1  birth  in  31 ;  1  person 
married  in  42,  and  1  death  in  50.  The  mortality  is  less  than 
in  most  cities. 

Pro\idence  was  settled  by  Roger  Williams  in  1636.  A 
local  government  was  organized  in  1640,  and  in  1649  the 
settlement  was  incorporated  as  a  town.  The  iirst  houses 
were  erected  near  St.  John's  Church,  on  what  is  now  North 
Main  street.  A  spring  in  that  vicinitj'  still  bears  the  name 
of  the  founder;  and  his  remains,  which  were  buried  on  the 
hill  above  the  spring,  have  recently  been  exhumed  to  be 
placed  in  a  monument  proposed  to  be  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry. Providence  suffered  severely  dui-ing  King  Phili()'s  War. 
At  one  time  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  almost  en- 
tirely deserted  by  its  inhabitants.  Since  the  Revolution,  its 
prosperit3',with  very  slight  exceptions,  has  been  uniterrupt- 
ed.  In  wealth  and  population  it  has  long  been  the  second 
city  in  New  England.  For  the  last  20  years  its  growth  has 
been  rapid.  Pop.  in  1840,  23,172;  in  1850,  41.513;  in  1855, 
47,785;  in  1860,  50,666;  in  1865,  about  55,000. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-township  on  the  W.  border  of  Sara- 
toga CO.,  New  York.    Pop.  1443. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post^-borough  and  township  of  Luzerne 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Wilkesbarre.  The 
borough  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Lackawanna  River. 
In  the  vicinity  of  rich  coal-mines.  The  manufacture  of  axes 
is  carried  on  htre  extensively.  It  is  connectod  by  a  rail- 
road with  Wilkesbarre  and  Carbondale.    Pop.  4090." 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  co..  Virginia. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  oo.,  North 
Carolina. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgia. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Pickens  co..  Alabama. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Missis.«ippi. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carrol!  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  on  a  small  lake  of  its  own 
name,  430  miles  above  New  Orleans.     Pop.  582 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Searcy  co.,  Arkansas. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Hopkins  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  216  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lucas  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Maumee  River,  and  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie 
Canal.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  690. 

PROVIDENCE,  Indiana,  a  station  on  the  New  Albany 
and  Salem  Railroad,  19  miles  N.  of  New  Albany. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  42 
miles  N.  of  Peoria. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  po.st-village  of  Boone  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River.  27  miles  above  Jefferson  City.  It  is  the 
landing-place  for  Columbia. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  small  lake  of  British  America,  near  65° 
N.  lat..  and  113°  AV.  Ion. 

PHOVIDENCE,  a  fort  of  British  North  America,  situated 
on  the  N.  side  of  Great  Slave  Lake.  Lat.  about  62°  30'  N., 
Ion.  114°  W. 

PROVIDENCE,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  240  miles 
X.N.E.  of  Madagascar,  in  lat.  9°  10'  S.,  Ion.  51°  5'  E.,  about  2 
miles  long  from  N.  to  S. 

PROVIDENCE  or  OLD  PROVIDENCE,  an  i.sland  in  the 
Caribbean  Se.a.  100  miles  E.  of  the  Mosquito  coast.  Lat.  13° 
21'  N.,  Ion.  81°  22'  W.  Length,  10  miles;  breadth.  4  miles. 
It  is  fertile,  but  uninhabited. 

PROVIDENCE  CHAN'NELS  separate  several  of  the  Ba- 
hama Islands.    See  New  Providence. 

PROVIDENCE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Tyler  co.,  Texas. 

PROAIDENCE  LAKE,  of  Carroll  parish.  Louisiana,  lies 
■jbout  1  mile  W.  of  Mississippi  Itiver,  which  perhaps  once 
flowed  through  the  bed  of  the  lake.  Length,  about  6  miles. 
1542 


PR0V1NCET0WN,  a  post-township  of  Barnstable  no., 
Mas.sachu.selts,  on  the  extreme  point  of  Cape  Cod,  50  iiiilea 
E.S.E.  of  Boston.  In  the  extent  of  the  m.ackerel  fishery 
carried  on  here,  this  port  ranks  as  the  fourth  in  the  .state 
being  surpassed  only  by  Gloucester,  Welltieet,  and  New- 
burypoi-t.  In  1851,  60  vessels,  (tons,  43-32,)  owned  here, 
were  engaged  in  the  mackerel  fishery,  employing  1588  men 
and  boys.  During  the  year  1S52,  17,640  barrels  of  mackerel 
were  insi>ected  at  this  port.     I'op.  3206. 

PROVINCE  WELLESLEY,  wjlj/lee,  a  British  settlement 
on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  immediately  oppo.'site 
Peuang.  (Prince  of  Wales'  Island.)  It  consists  of  a  strip  of 
country  35  miles  in  length  by  4  miles  in  breadth.  Area, 
140  square  miles.  Pop.  47,545,  mostly  Miilays.  It  is  under 
the  Bengal  presidency,  and  governed  by  an  assistant  to  the 
British  resident  in  I'enang. 

PROVINS,  pro^-Hxo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne.  29  miles  E.  of  Jlelun.  Pop.  in  1S52.  6961. 
It  is  enclosed  by  high  walls,  and  has  a  communal  college,  a 
tribunal  of  commerce,  and  a  trade  in  grain  and  wool.  In  its 
vicinity  roses  are  e.xtensively  cultivated  for  medicine  and 
perfumery.  In  the  Middle  Ages,  Provins  was  rich  from  ith 
commeree  and  manufactures. 

PROVI'SO.  a  post-offiie  of  Cook  co..  Illinois. 

PRO'VO  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  about  60 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Salt  Lake  City.      Pop.  2030. 

PRUD'HOE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber 
land,  with  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway, 
7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Corbridge. 

PRUM,  (Priim,)  priim.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  33 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Treves.  Pop.  2250.  It  had  formerly  a 
Benedictine  abbey,  founded  by  Pepin,  and  in  which  the 
emperor  Lothaire  died  in  .\.D.  853. 

PRUNA,  proo/n^.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Seville.    Pop.  3276. 

PRUNNERSDORF,  pi-Oon'ners-doRr,  or  BRUNNERS- 
DORF.  brd<5n'ners-doRf\  a  Tillage  of  Bohemia,  12  mUes 
W.N.W.  of  Saatz.     Pop.  1076. 

PRUNTY'S,  a  post-office  of  Patrick  co.,  AMrdnia. 

PRUNTYTOWN.  Virginia.     See  Wiiuamspokt. 

PRUSA,  a  city  of  A.sia  Minor.     See  Brus,\. 

PRUSSIA,  prfish'ya  or  proo'she-a,  (Ger.  Pi-nissen.  prois'- 
sen :  Dutch.  iVMj.ts^w,  prois'sen ,  Fr.  P>^;.<;.<«,  priiss:  h.  Pnis'- 
sia.)R  kingdom  of  central  Europe,  consisting  of  two  territories 
completely  isolated  from  each  other,  and  of  several  small 
territories,  also  isolated.  The  eastern  and  far  more  extensive 
of  the  two  large  divisions  is  situated  between  lat.  49°  50' 
and  55°  50'  N..  and  Ion.  9°  W  and  22°  50'  E.:  bounded.  N. 
by  the  Baltic  Sea;  N.E.,  K..  and  S.E.  by  Russia:  S.  by  Aus- 
tria, Saxony,  and  the  Saxon  duchies;  and  W.  by  Hes.se- 
Cassel,  Anhalt,  Brunswick,  Hanover,  and  Mecklenburg 
This  territory  is  divided  into  the  six  provinces  of  Prussia 
Proper,  including  East  and  AVest  Prussia,  Posen.  Branden- 
burg, Pomerania,  Silesia,  and  ?axony;  and  has  an  area  of 
86.849  square  miles.  The  western  lai-ge  division  is  situated 
between  lat.  49°  10'  and  52°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  5°  50'  and  9°  25' 
E. :  bounded.  N.  by  Hanover  and  Holland;  W.  by  Holland, 
Belgium,  and  Luxemburg:  S.  by  France,  isolated  portions 
of  Oldenliurg  and  Homburg,  and  Rhenish  Bavaria ;  and  E. 
by  Hesse-Darm.stadt,  Na.'is.-iu.  Hesse-Cassel,  AValdeck,  Bruns- 
wick, and  Lippe-Detmold.  It  is  divided  into  the  two  pix>vince9 
of  Westphalia  and  the  Rhenish  Province,  and  lias  an  area  of 
22,465  square  miles.  Of  the  smaller  isolated  territories,  three 
are  enclosed  by  the  Saxon  duchies,  a  fourth  by  Bav.iria,  and 
a  fifth  by  Hesse-Cassel,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  Nassau.  To 
Prussia  also  belongs  the  pi-incip;ility  of  NeufchSttl,  now 
forming  one  of  the  Swiss  cantons. 

As  the  two  great  divisions  above  referred  to  are  not 
naturally,  but  only  politically  connected,  it  will  he  ueces- 
sarj'  to  treat  of  them  separately  in  describing  their  physical 
features. 

Eastern  Drvisiox. — The  eastern  division  may  be  de- 
scribed, for  the  most  part,  as  a  vast  plain,  considerably 
elevated  in  the  S.  and  S.W.,  and  thence  descending  at  first 
rapidly,  and  afterwards  very  gradually,  towards  the  Baltic 
and  the  German  Ocean.  Tbo  most  elevated  portion  is  on 
the  S.  frontiers  of  Sile.sia.  where  the  Riesengebirge  and  the 
Sudetes  (Sudeten)  form  the  boundary  between  it  .and  Bo- 
hemia and  Moravia,  and  send  northward  several  ramifici- 
tions,  which  average  about  2220  feet  in  height,  forming  wild 
and  romantic  scenery.  In  the  S.AV.,  ramifications  of  the 
Thuringian  forest,  and  of  the  Harz,  cover  a  considerable  poi^ 
tion  of  the  S.  part  of  the  province  of  Saxony,  but  here  the 
average  height  does  not  exceed  1000  feet,  and  soon  dimi- 
nishes to  less  than  500  feet.  The  largt*  space  ext<?iiding  l>e- 
tween  the  N.  foot  of  these  mountain  districts,  and  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic,  though  generally  low,  is.  in  many  places, 
finely  diversified,  and  rich  in  scenes  of  rural  beauty.  Ulti- 
mately, however,  in  approaching  the  shores  of  tne  Baltic, 
the  general  level  becomes  so  low,  th.at  large  tracts  are  saved 
from  inundation  only  by  low  sand-hills,  or  banks  of  gravel, 
which  the  waves  have  thrown  up.  Behind  these  hills  ex 
tensive  lagoons  or  HafIs  have  been  formed,  communicatinp 
with  the  sea  by  narrow  outlets,  and  givin(  to  the  «hore  ont 
of  its  characteristic  features.    The  whole  .oast.  "Kf^ndins 


PRU 


PRD 


for  about  500  miles,  is  flat  and  uninteresting.  Very  few 
unduliitious  occur  to  break  its  monotony;  no  bold  cliffs 
appear,  and  good  harbors  are  extremely  rare.  The  only 
large  gulf  is  that  of  Dantzic,  within  which  the  town  of  the 
same  name  pos.sesses  by  far  the  most  frequented  port.  To- 
wards tlie  N'.W.  the  monotony  of  the  coast  is  broken  by  the 
island  of  Kiigen.  which  becomes  elevated  towards  the  N., 
where  it  terminates  in  the  hill  of  Arkona,  about  300  feet  in 
height,  overhanging  the  sea. 

Rivers  and  LakeJt. — The  whole  of  the  eastern  part  of  Prus- 
sia belongs  to  the  basins  of  the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  German 
Ocean.  The  share  received  by  the  latter  is  comparatively 
small.  Its  princijial  river  is  the  Kibe,  which,  entering  from 
the  N.  of  Saxony,  traverses  it  in  a  N.M.W.  direction,  form- 
ing, in  this  part  of  its  course,  a  number  of  remarkable 
bends.  It  receives  here  tlie  Elster,  Ilavel,  Mulde,  and  Saale. 
Minute  portions  in  the  W.  of  tlie  province  of  Saxony  Vjelong 
to  the  river  systems  of  the  Weser  and  the  Werra.  The 
share  of  drainage  received  by  the  Baltic  constitutes  about 
five-sixths  of  the  whole,  aTid  is  conveyed  to  it  by  a  number 
of  large  and  indf-pendent  streams.  Of  these,  commencing 
with  the  E.  boundary  of  the  b.asin  of  the  Kibe,  the  most  im- 
portant is  the  Oder,  the  only  large  river  which  can  be  con- 
sidered wholly  Prussian.  It  flows  circuitously  N.N.W.,  re- 
ceiving the  JIalapane,  Bartsch.  and,  above  all,  the  Warta, 
augmented  by  the  Netze;  and  the  Neisseof  Silesia,  the  Bober, 
and  the  Neisse  of  Gorlitz.  Next  in  importance  to  the  Oder, 
.ind  communiaiting  with  it  by  a  canal  between  the  Braa  and 
the  Netze,  is  the  Vistula  or  Weichsel,  of  which  only  the 
lower  part  belongs  to  Prussia.  Entering  the  country  from 
Russian  Poland,  it  flows  in  a  N.  direction  without  receiving 
any  large  affluent,  and  throws  olF  two  large  branches  which 
enter  the  Frische-llaff,  while  the  m;tin  stream  continues  its 
course  past  Dantzic,  entering  the  G  ulf  of  that  name  at  Weich- 
sehuiinde.  To  the  E.  of  the  Aistula  the  first  river  of  im- 
portance is  the  P.issarge,  and  after  it.  still  Cirther  E.,  the 
Pregel,  with  its  tributary  AUe.  The  last  river  on  the  E.  is 
the  Niemen,  or  Memel,  which  has  only  a  small  part  of  its 
lower  course  in  Prussia,  but  penetrating  far  into  Russia, 
forms  one  of  its  important  navigable  outlets. 

Lakes  abound  in  almost  every  province,  but  more  especi- 
ally in  those  of  Prussia  proper,  including  Kast  and  West 
Prussia,  and  of  Pomerania  and  Brandenburg.  The  large 
lagoons  of  Stettiner-IIaff,  Frische-IIatf,  and  Curische-Haff, 
with  many  others  of  a  .similar  description,  line  the  coast. 
The  inland  lakes  are  far  too  numerous  to  admit  of  specifica- 
tion. In  Kast  Prussia  alone  115  lakes  have  been  counted, 
though  their  extent  individually  is  .so  small,  that  the  whole 
area  occupied  by  them  is  not  more  than  317  stjuare  miles. 
West  Prussia  counts  aS  inland  lakee,  each  only  averaging 
about  I5  square  miles.  Pomerania,  66.  Posen  27,  Brandenburg 
131,  Saxony  6.  and  Silesia  none  deserving  of  the  name. 
Many  of  these  lakes  are  well  supplied  with  fish,  but  generally 
posses.s  few  attractions,  either  ia  themselves,  or  iu  the 
scenery  around  them. 

G'tohigy. — In  the  mountainous  districts  of  the  E.  part  of 
Prussia  the  loftier  summits  are  composed  of  granite,  gneiss, 
mica  schist,  porphyry,  diorlte,  &c.  These  are  most  largely 
developed  in  the  mountains  of  Silesia;  they  are  also  seen  in 
the  circle  of  Schleusingen,  in  the  .Saxon  government  of 
Erfurt,  in  the  Brockeu.  forming  part  of  the  Il.arz,  and  in 
isolated  spots  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Ilalle.  Tran- 
sition rocks,  graywacke,  clay-slate,  and  limestone  extend 
along  the  frontiers  of  Austrian  Silesia,  into  the  Upper 
Silesia  of  Prussia,  as  far  as  the  Oder,  and  also  N.  of  the 
Kieseiigebirge.  iu  the  districts  of  Schweidnitz  and  Wal- 
denViurg,  and  W.  to  the  Queiss.  Rocks  of  the  same  for- 
mation occupy  a  considerable  part  of  the  flatter  districts 
of  Prussian  Saxony,  more  especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
Magdeburg,  and  iilong  the  banks  of  the  Ohre.  Secondary 
formations,  comp  sed  of  mountain  limestone  and  the  various 
stratii  of  the  carlxniiferous  system,  occur  in  Silesia,  chiefly 
in  two  localities  in  Upper  Silesia  along  the  frontiers  of 
Kracow  and  Russian  Poland,  and  among  the  mountains  in 
the  county  of  Glatz.  and  towards  the  Riosengebirge.  Rocks 
still  higher  in  the  serie.s.  and  including  the  new  red  sand- 
stone, and  others,  enter  Prussian  Silesia  from  Poland  on  the 
E.,  and  extend  W.  to  the  Oder,  near  Krappitz,  and  to  a  con- 
siderable distance  inland.  They  also  occupy  an  extensive 
tract  in  the  province  of  Saxony,  covering  part  of  the  tor- 
laces  of  the  Thuringian  forest,  and  stretching  along  the  N. 
and  E.  foot  of  the  llarz,  to  the  banks  of  the  Satvle.  Elster, 
and  Elbe.  Chalk  and  its  accompanying  beds  occur  in  many 
difl'erent  localities,  more  especially  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
llarz.  aud  in  Silesia,  both  in  its  higher  districts,  and  on  the 
frontiers  of  Poland.  Chalk  also  appears  near  Inowraelaw,  in 
the  province  of  P<isen.  near  Templin,  and  Prenzlow.  in  the 
government  of  Potsd.am,  ne.ar  Gutzkow,  in  the  government 
of  ferraisund,  and  lastly  in  the  island  of  Riigen,  where  it 
forma  the  romantic  cliffs  of  Stubbenkammer  and  Arkona. 
Tertiary  formations,  overlying  the  chalk,  and  including 
.sfaras  of  lignite,  appear  at  the  foot  of  the  Harz,  and  in  other 
pkces.  Volcanic  i-ocks.  belonging  to  the  tertiary  period,  are 
of  I  are  occurvsnce,  aud  are  almost  confined  to  the  govern- 
ment, ol  LiegQitz. 


Climate. — The  E.  part  of  Prussia,  extending  over  6"  of  l.^t. 
and  nearly  13°  of  Ion.,  and  consisting  in  one  direction  of 
lofty  mountains,  and  in  another  of  low  flats  stretching 
along  an  inland  sea.  aud  enclosing  btjtween  them  large 
tracts  of  undulating  land,  must  necessa-ily  present  con- 
siderable diversities  of  climate.  At  Krfurt.  in  lat.  50°  59'  N., 
and  about  900  feet  above  the  sea,  the  mean  temperature 
of  the  year  is  52°  1':  of  winter  34°,  and  of  summer  71°  20' 
Fahrenheit.  At  Berlin,  in  lat.  52°  .30'  N.,  but  at  a  much 
lower  level,  only  1.30  feet  above  the  sea,  the  annual  tem- 
perature is  about  4°  lower;  here  both  the  extremes  of 
winter,  cold,  and  summer  heat  are  somewhat  greater.  At 
Stralsund.  in  lat.  54°  19'  N..  but  at  a  level  rather  under  50 
feet,  the  mean  of  the  ye.ir  is  51°  48';  of  winter  32°  30',  and  of 
summer  08°  30'  Fahrenheit.  The  average  of  a  number  of 
places  situated  between  the  highest  and  lowest  latitudes, 
gives  a  mean  annual  temperature  of  52°  Fahrenheit.  Ai 
Berlin,  about  160  days  of  the  year  are  rainy.  34  obscured  with 
mist,  and  17  stormy.  On  the  coast  of  the  Baltic  the  stormy 
days  amount  on  an  average  to  .30,  the  greater  part  of  them 
in  summer;  and  the  quantity  of  r.ain  is  also  much  in- 
creased. The  least  rain  falls  in  Silesia  and  the  ea.st€rn 
provinces.     The  prevailing  winds  are  W.  and  S.W. 

Wf:sTKHN  Division. — The  western  division,  consi.sting  ot 
Westphalia  and  the  Rhenish  Province,  differs  so  much  from 
the  eastern  division  a-s,  in  many  respects,  to  present  a 
striking  contrast  to  it.  Its  mountain.s,  though  much  less 
elevated  than  those  on  the  frontiers  of  Silesia,  are  not  con- 
fined to  a  particular  locality,  but  stretch  across  the  country 
in  all  directions,  and  form  numerous  valleys,  one  of  which, 
that  of  the  Rhine,  hero  occupies  no  inconsiderable  portion 
of  the  whole  surface,  and,  in  point  of  fertility  and  beauty,  is 
not  surpassed  by  any  other  valley  in  Kurope,  In  the  N.  a 
mountain  range  of  moderate  elevation,  forming  a  continu.a- 
tion  of  the  AVesergebirge,  traverses  the  governments  of 
Minden  and  Munster.  To  the  S.  of  it,  the  Teutoburger- 
Wald  extends  in  a  N.W.  direction,  and  near  Bielefield  attains 
its  greatest  elevation,  not  exceeding  1030  feet.  This  is  suc- 
ceeded, to  the  S.,  by  a  low  range,  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Haar  or  Ilaarstrang,  the  highest  point  of  which  is  scarcely 
700  feiit.  This  range,  commences  between  Brilon  anil 
Stadtberg.  It  stretches  W.  along  the  banks  of  the  Mohne 
and  Ruhr,  presenting  to  both  rivers  a  number  of  bold  and 
romantic  precipices.  Still  farther  S.  are  the  Sauerland  or 
Stiderland  Mountains.  They  attain  the  highest  elevation, 
2625  feet  in  the  Astenberg.  and  several  other  summits  ex- 
ceeds 2000  feet.  The  last  range,  on  the  E.  or  right  bank  of 
the  Rhino,  is  the  Westerwald,  which  reaches  the  height  of 
2000  feet.  A  part  of  this  range,  forming  its  W.  termination, 
presents  the  remarkable  summits  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Siel>engebirge.  On  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  the 
principal  mountains  are  the  Eifelgebirge.  which  extend 
from  the  river  W.  for  about  45  miles,  and,  though  generally 
low.  attain  the  height  of  1690  feet;  and  the  Hundsriick, 
occupying  a  large  space  between  the  Mo.selle  and  the  Nahe, 
and  attaining,  in  the  loftiest  summits  of  the  Iderwald  and 
Hochwiild,  the  respective  heights  of  22IVJ  feet  and  1560  feet. 

Iiivers. — The  principal  river  of  West  Prussia  is  the  Rhine, 
which,  entering  it  on  the  S.K..  first  forms  the  boundary  on 
the  side  of  Nasswu.  and  then  traverses  it  in  a  N.N.W.  direc- 
tion, quitting  the  country  on  the  frontiers  of  Holland.  It 
is  augmented  in  this  part  of  its  course  by  the  Lahn.  the 
Sieg,  the  Wipper  or  Wupper,  the  Ruhr,  the  Einsche,  and  the 
Lippe;  and  on  the  left  by  the  Nahe.  the  Moselle,  with  its  tri- 
butary Saar,  and  the  Erft.  In  the  N.W.  a  consider.able  space 
is  drained  by  the  Meuse,  and  its  tributaries  the  Ruhr  aud 
Niers.  The  rest  of  the  drainage,  forming  a  minute  portion 
from  the  N.  aud  E.,  is  shared  by  the  Ems  and  the  Weser. 
The  most  rem.arkable  lake  is  Laachersee.  about  6  miles  from 
Andernach,  occupying,  apparently,  the  ciater  of  an  extinct 
volcano,  and,  though  of  small  extent,  above  214  feet  deep. 

Gmlofji/. — The  prevailing  rocks,  particularly  in  the  S.,  are 
volcanic,  .and  consist  chiefly  of  basalt,  augite.  porphyry,  and 
similar  volcanic  products  of  the  tertiary  period.  Graywacke, 
transition  limestone,  and  clay-slate  are  also  of  common  oc- 
currence. The  secondary  formation,  and  more  especially 
mountain  limestone,  and  the  overlying  strata  of  the  car- 
boniferous system,  are  largely  developed  in  the  N.  The 
new  red  sandstone,  with  its  accompanying  rocks  and  fossils, 
occupies  a  considerable  part  of  the  higher  districts  in  the 
government  of  Minden,  and  also  occurs  on  p.arts  of  the 
Kifel,  and  along  the  Moselle  and  Saar.  in  the  government 
of  Treves.  Lias  and  oolite  are  found  in  the  N.  among  the 
hills  which  lie  between  the  Weser  and  the  frontiers  of  Ha- 
nover. The  chalk  formation  has  its  largest  development  in 
Westphalia. 

Climate. — Within  the  same  ranges  of  latitude,  and  at 
nearly  equal  heights  above  the  sea-level,  the  climate  of  the 
W".  is  superior  to  that  of  the  E.  division  of  Prussia.  The 
mean  annual  temperature  is  about  1°  higher;  the  winter 
is  milder,  and  the  summer  cooler,  and  the  i-ange  of  the 
thermometer  is  accordingly  confined  within  narrower 
limits.  The  fall  of  rain,  however,  is  greater,  averaging  2(' 
Inches  in  the  W.,  and  only  15  inches  in  Silesia  and  the  K. 
provinces. 

1.543 


PRU 


PRO 


A^unilture. — The  whole  of  Prussia  is  situated  between 
tlie  parallels  of  latitude  under  which  all  the  ordinary  ce- 
reals are  easily  matured,  and  there  is  nothing  in  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  surface,  except  in  a  few  particular  localities, 
to  unfit  it  for  general  cultivation.  The  portion  of  surface 
absolutely  waste  does  not  exceed  l-50th  of  the  whole. 
The  woodland,  chiefly  occupying  the  loftier  districts,  has 
been  estimated  at  rather  more  than  l-4th :  the  arable  land 
at  5-12ths;  artificL-il  meadows,  l-llth;  natural  pastures, 
2-15ths;  and  gardens  and  vineyards,  l-4'.'d.  The  soil  in- 
cludes all  varieties,  from  light  sands  to  the  most  obdurate 
clays,  but  has  been  subdivided  into  the  three  classes  of  wheat- 
land,  light  loams  of  middling  quality,  and  sandy  or  stony 
land.  The  wheat-land,  which  is  in  most  cases  remarkably 
productive,  is  found  chiefly  in  the  Prussian  provinces  near 
the  frontiers  of  Poland.  '  The  loams  of  middling  quality 
prevail  in  the  government  of  Bromlierg.  the  X-  part  of  Sile- 
sia, generallv  throughout  the  province  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  E.  h.alf  of  the  government  of  Merseburg.  the  X.  of  Magde- 
burg, the  E.  part  of  Minden,  the  whole  of  the  government 
of  Miinster,  and  la.=tly  in  the  government  of  Coblentz.  The 
sandy  and  stony  land  of  barren  quality  is  found  in  large 
continuous  flats  in  the  governments  of  Gumbinnen  and 
Konigsberg.  It  prevails  generally  along  the  shores  of  the 
Baltic  and  the  frontiers  of  Silesia.  In  the  interior  of  the 
province  of  Brandenburg,  too,  though  the  very  heart  of 
Prussia,  and  in  the  environs  of  the  capital,  the  soil  be- 
longs, decidedly  to  this  class,  consisting  of  immense  tracts 
of  sand  which  spread  out  like  a  se:i,  while  occasional  patches 
of  middling,  or  even  fertile  wheat-land,  rise  up  and  appear 
like  islands  in  the  midst  of  it. 

On  the  first  soil  described,  wheat,  the  prevailing  crop, 
alternates  chiefly  with  Iwy  and  beans.  The  yearly  produce 
of  wheat  is  estimated  at  2,000,000  quarters ;  and,  after  satis- 
fying the  home  consumption,  leaves,  on  an  average,  a  sur- 
plus of  about  500,000  quarters  for  export.  The  produce  of 
rye,  barley,  and  oats  is  estimated  at  above  6.000,000  quar- 
ters: but  the  consumption  of  these  kinds  of  grain  being  far 
greater  than  tb.at  of  wheat,  leaves  only  about  the  same 
quantity  of  500.000  quarters  for  export.  Another  very  im- 
portant crop,  the  culture  of  which  is  more  or  less  exten- 
sive in  every  district,  is  that  of  potatoes.  Of  these,  aljove 
13,000,000  bushels  are  consumed  by  the  distilleries  alone. 
Hemp  and  flax  are  also  very  important  crops,  more  espe- 
cially the  former,  which  furnishes  large  supplies  for  the 
home  manufactures,  though  a  great  quantity  still  requires 
to  be  imported.  Tobacco,  also,  to  the  extent  of  above 
20,000.000  pounds,  is  annually  raised.  Anise  and  cummin 
are  cultivated  on  a  large  scale,  particularly  in  Saxony  and 
Brandenburg.  Oil-plants  are  also  important  object.s  of  cul- 
ture, both  for  their  oil  and  for  their  seed.  Linseed  forms 
a  prominent  article  of  export  from  East  Prussia;  while 
almost  equally  lai-ge  exports  of  clover,  and  other  hay-.seeds. 
take  place  from  Brandenburg  and  the  Rhenish  provinces. 
To  the  latter  province,  al.<0,  the  culture  of  the  vine  is  chiefly 
confined.  The  largest  space  occupied  by  vineyards  is  in  the 
governments  of  Coblentz  and  Treves.  Beet-root  is  cultivatO'l 
to  a  great  extent,  and  has  risen  from  12(35  tons,  in  18:!2.  to 
1,012.678  tons,  in  1*52.  a  large  proportion  of  which  is  used 
In  the  manufacture  of  sugar.  The  system  of  agriculture 
pursued  in  Prussia,  though  much  improved  in  recent 
times,  falLs  far  short  of  that  common  in  the  best-culti- 
vated districts  of  England,  and  is  surpassed  by  many  of 
those  on  the  Continent  Much  has  been  done  by  the 
government  to  improve  the  breeds  of  domestic  animals, 
more  especially  horses,  by  the  establishment  of  breeding- 
studs  in  different  localities,  on  a  general  system.  The  total 
number  of  horses  in  the  whole  kingdom,  in  1849.  was 
1,575.40T;  cattle,  5.361.655;  sh^ep.  16.2S6.928;  and  swine, 
2,466.316.  The  Prussian  fisheries  are  an  important  source 
of  revenue.  The  whole  produce  is  estimated  at  about 
$5,000,000.  of  which  little  more  than  a  fourth  is  obtained 
from  the  sea. 

Minerals. — These  include  among  metals,  silver,  iron.  lead, 
copper,  zinc,  cobalt,  arsenic,  antimonj',  and  manganese; 
and  among  other  minerals,  salt,  alum,  copperas,  coal,  lig- 
nite, roofing-slate,  gypsum,  millstone,  limestone,  and  seve- 
ral varieties  of  excellent  building-stone.  The  silver,  found 
only  in  connection  with  copper,  is  worked  chiefly  in  the 
province  of  Saxony,  in  Westphalia,  and  at  Tarnowitz,  In 
Upper  Silesia.  The  yield  has  for  a  long  time  been  gra- 
lually  diminishing,  but  still  amounts  to  about  one-six- 
teenth of  the  whole  produce  of  Europe.  Iron  is  very  gene- 
rally diffused;  copper  is  found  in  the  three  localities  above 
mentioned  for  silver,  and  yields  about  30,000  tons  of  ore; 
lead  occurs  in  Silesia,  the  Rhenish  Province,  Westphaliii.  and 
Saxony;  zinc  in  the  s;ime  localities,  except  Saxony;  cobalt 
in  Westphalia  and  Saxony :  arsenic  in  Silesia ;  the  annual 
produce  of  antimony  is  about  90,  and  manganese  about 
120  tons.  Salt  is  found  in  all  the  provinces  except  Prussia 
Proper,  Posen,  Brandenburg,  and  Silesia;  but  the  qiAntity 
obtained  falls  far  short  of  the  consumption.  Coal  is  worked 
In  Silesia,  Westphalia,  and  the  Rhenish  Province,  by  nearly 
400  pits.  Amber  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  along 
the  shores  rf  the  Baltic. 
1544 


fhmparafivt  State  of  the  Product  of  the  Prussian  Mines  in 
1831,  184.3,  and  1852. 


1831. 

18»3. 

1 
1852.       1 

Iron  

I«2.870 

9,812 

785 

1.647 

5.«'.'7 

1,981.673 

157.459 

80. -.'07 

1,561 

1.9s6 

99,349 

11,238 

l,3a«> 

644 

13.981 

11  265,879 

3  150,554 

91,799 

2,401 

1.860 

Silver 

17,44*  ; 
4,640  , 

68S 

28,667  1 

15,701,118  1 

6,683,»3T 

101,581  , 

2,556  , 

I.T21  1 

Zinc 

Coals 

qr 

Salt 

Alum 

tons 

Manufticfures. — These,  of  late  years,  have  m.-ide  great  pro- 
gress, and  are  very  important.  They  are  not  confined  to 
any  p.(rticular  districts,  but  are  generally  diffused  over  all 
the  provinces.  At  the  head  of  the  ordinary  tissues  standg 
linen,  which  employs  above  SlO.tXK)  looms.  The  num- 
ber of  looms  in  factories  is  on\f  about  .34.000.  Of  these. 
Silesia  alone  has  more  than  one-third,  and  Brandenburg 
and  Westphalia,  which  rank  next  to  it.  each  about  one- 
seventh.  .^11  the  rest  of  the  looms,  to  the  number  of 
about  276.000,  are  domestic,  and  are  chiefly  employed  in 
the  manufacture  of  goods  of  a  coarser  description.  The 
tissue  next  in  importance  is  cotton,  which  employs  about 
70.00(J  looms:  its  chief  seat  is  on  the  Rhine.  The  woollen 
manufacture  employs  26.000  looms,  of  which  scarcely  one 
third  are  domestic:  it  h.is  its  chief  seats  in  Brandenburg 
and  the  Rhenish  Province.  Silk  and  mixed  silk  goods 
employ  about  24.000  looms,  of  which  four-fifths  belong 
to  the  government  of  Du.sseldorf;  the  greater  p-art  of  the 
remainder  are  at  Berlin.  Hosiery  employs  about  220i)  looms, 
and  ribbons  about  6000.  Vast  quantities  of  yarn,  worsted, 
and  cotton-twist  are  spun.  The  first  is  chiefly  spun  by 
hand,  the  flax  mills  throughout  the  kingdom  numbering 
only  IV,  with  about  29,000  spindles,  almost  all  in  Silesi.a. 
The  worsted  is  chiefly,  and  the  cotton  entirely,  spun  by 
machinery.  The  former,  carried  on  in  2061  establishments, 
with  457.102  spindles,  has  its  principal  seat  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg. 

The  manufactures  in  metal  rank  next  in  importance,  and 
are  suppo.sed  to  furnish  the  subsistence  of  330,000  persons. 
In  iron  and  steel  ware,  the  first  place  belongs  to  the  Rhen- 
ish Province,  and  the  Westphalian  government  of  Arn.sberg. 
Solingen  is  noted  for  its  fine  s-iws  and  tools;  Aix-la-Char 
pelle,  Burtscheid,  Alten.i.  and  Iserlohn  for  needles  and 
pins :  and  Remscheid  and  Hagen  for  looks  and  various  simi- 
lar kinds  of  hardware.  In  the  same  localities,  al.so.  brass- 
ware,  including  wire  and  thimbles,  are  made  on  a  very  ex- 
tensive scale.  Berlin  has  long  been  fimed  for  its  fine  cast- 
ings, many  of  which,  whether  as  articles  of  ornament  or 
utility,  are  unsurpassed.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
type-founding,  which,  as  well  as  printing,  forms  an  im- 
portant branch  of  industry.  The  leather  manufacture  is 
also  important,  and  includes,  in  addition  to  ordinary  leather, 
the  finer  varieties  of  red  and  white  cordovan,  and  parch- 
ment. Pottery,  in  all  its  varieties,  is  extensively  manu- 
factured. For  porcelain  and  the  finer  kinds  of  ware.  Berlin 
and  St.  Martin,  near  Treves,  are  the  most  celebrated  localities. 
Common  pottery  is  made  in  all  the  provinces,  more  espe- 
cially in  those  of  the  E.  and  centre.  Gla.«s  is  manufactured 
in  the  governments  of  Treves,  Minden.  and  Oppeln.  The 
most  important  paper  mills  are  in  Silesia,  Saxony,  and 
Westphalia.  The  other  manufactures  carried  on  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  be  of  national  importance,  .ire  refined  sugar, 
chocolate,  chiccory.  chemical  products,  and  tobacco.  Of 
these,  tobacco  is  the  most  important,  for  which  are  exten- 
sive factories  in  the  Rhenish  Province,  in  Brandenburg,  and 
Saxony.  About  9.500.(XK)  quintals  of  beet-root  are  used  in 
the  production  of  650.000  hundredweijht  of  sugar.  The 
last  manufactures  deserving  of  notice  are  beer  and  spirits, 
the  consumption  of  which  is  immense,  and  might  with 
great  advantase  be  very  much  diminished.  The  number 
of  breweries  exceeds  9000.  that  of  distilleries  8000.  The 
Rhenish  Province  has  about  one-third  of  the  distilleries,  and 
Silesia  rather  more  than  one-fourth.  The  whole  produce  is 
about  45.000.000  gallons,  and  the  value  above  $12,500,000. 
Of  the  breweries,  the  Rhenish  Province  has  above  one-fourth, 
Westphalia  and  Silesia  each  one-sixth,  and  fatony  one 
eighth.  The  pi-oduce  is  about  244.000.000  quarts,  nearly 
60,000.000  imperial  gallons,  and  is  valued  atabout  $9,000,000. 
According  to  a  report  published  by  the  Prussian  govern- 
ment alKiut  the  close  of  1852.  there  were  in  operation  in  the 
country  2207  spinning  mills,  .MSS  manufiictories.  dye- 
works,  and  cotton  printing  establishments.  39,253  mills  of 
different  kinds,  12.690  Large  metal-works.  17.165  brewerie* 
and  distilleries,  and  4535  other  manufactories  of  different 
kinds:  making  a  total  of  81. .308  establishments. 

Vnmmi''ro'..  Internal  (hmmunicatinn.  dv. — The  princip-il  ex- 
ports of  Prussia  are  crain,  flax,  linseed,  rape,  turnip,  and 
clover-seed,  timber,  lime,  gypsum,  brandy,  coal,  earthen- 
ware, linen,  wool,  woollen  cloth.  ho.siery,  and  tinci  he 
principal  imports  are  cotton  and  cotton-twist,  colonial 
produce,  particularly  raw  sugar  for  refinine    potash,  iron 


PRU 


PRU 


mw  hides,  wine,  herrings,  salt,  ic.  The  establishment  of 
the  Zollvereiii,  by  giving  a  free  interchange  of  communica- 
tion between  the  different  states  belonging  to  it,  has  gre;itly 
increased  tlie  commercial  importance  of  each.  Since  the 
commencement  of  the  present  war,  Prussia  has  been  the  en- 
trepot of  the  entire  foreign  trade  of  Hussia;  and,  conse- 
quently, her  ports  have  exhibited  an  unexampled  degree  of 
activity.  During  the  month  of  May,  185-1,  500  cartloads  of 
hemp  and  flax  frequently  arrived  at  Jlemel  in  A  day ;  and  on 
the  4th  of  that  month  180  vessels  were  lying  in  the  harlx)r 
of  the  town,  and  in  the  river  Dange,  unable  to  discharge 
their  cargoes,  the  landing  places  all  being  occupied.  The 
shipping  which  arrived  at  the  ports  of  Prussia  iu  ISol 
reached  the  number  of  1497  sailing  and  00  steam  vessels,  the 
former  having  an  aggregate  of  158,324  tons  burden.  Among 
the  foreign  vessels  which  trade  to  Prussian  ports,  the  tonnage 
of  Great  Britain  is  about  one-third  more  than  that  of  any 
other  nation.  The  second  place  is  occupied  by  the  Dutch, 
and  the  third  by  the  Danes.  In  some  of  the  ports  of  Prussia 
ship-building  is  carried  on  with  activity.  Stettin  builds 
about  one-third  of  the  whole,  and  also  possesses  a  much 
larger  tonnage  than  any^  other  Prussian  port. 

Possessing  a  coast-line  of  350  miles  on  the  Baltic,  and 
numerous  navigable  streams,  Prussia  enjoys  superior  natural 
facilities  for  commercial  intercourse,  and  these  have  been 
very  greatly  extended  by  excellent  roads,  canals,  and  rail- 
ways. The  last  mode  of  communication  has  already  made 
great  progress,  1050  miles  of  railway  having  been  completed 
in  1850,  and  1812  in  1853.  In  the  E.  part  of  Prussia,  and  from 
Berlin  as  a  centre,  lines  extend  N.W.  to  Hamburg,  N.K.  to 
Stettin,  a.  to  Posen,  S.E.  to  Breslau  and  thence  to  Vienna,  S. 
to  Leipsie  and  Dresden,  and  W.  through  Magdeburg  and 
Hanover,  and  thence  to  Cologne,  the  last  town  forming  a 
centre  for  the  railways  of  the  W.  part  of  Prussia,  though  here 
the  system  is  less  developed,  partly  because  the  natural  con- 
formation of  the  country  makes  it  more  difficult,  while  the 
admirable  means  of  communication  afforded  by  the  Rliine 
renders  it  less  neces.sary.  The  chief  line  of  railways  here  is 
W.  of  Cologne,  through  Aix-laChapelle  to  Brussels.  In  1851 
the  length  of  electric  telegraph  lines  exceeded  that  of  the  rail- 
ways in  operation.  The  external  communic<^tions  of  Prussia 
are  more  defective  than  its  internal,  the  shores  of  the  Baltic 
being  shallow,  and  deficient  in  good  harbors. 

Gdvernment. — Prussia  is  a  monarchy,  hereditary  in  the 
male  line,  and  from  the  absence  of  recognised  constitutional 
checks,  was  in  theory  absolute.  A  more  constitutional  form 
of  government  had  long  been  earnestly  desired,  and  had  also 
been  distinctly  promised,  but  various  pretexts  were  from 
time  to  time  assigned  for  its  delay.  At  length,  in  May,  1848, 
a  National  Assembly  was  summoned,  and  a  constitution 
adopted,  which  vested  the  legislative  power  jointly  in  the 
king  and  two  houses.  It,  however,  had  a  very  short  and 
stormy  existence,  and  the  old  constitution,  nearly  in  its 
original  form,  has  been  maintained.  The  new  electoral  law. 
officially  published  on  3lst  May,  1849,  makes  the  second 
chamber  to  consist  of  .^O  deputies,  chosen  by  a  suffrage 
which  gives  one  elector  for  every  250  .souls  of  the  popula- 
tion. As  a  member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  Pru.s.-^ia 
holds  the  second  place,  and  has  four  votes  in  the  Plenum. 
The  only  part  of  its  territories  not  included  in  the  Con- 
federation are  Prussia  Proper,  or  the  united  provinces  of 
East  and  West  Prussia,  and  the  province  of  Posen.  The  con 
tiugent  of  troops  which  Prussia  furnishes  is  79,484  men. 

Juslice. — This  is  administered  in  most  of  the  provinces 
according  to  a  general  code  or  Lan/lrecM  established  in  1794, 
but  in  the  greater  part  of  the  Itbine  province  according  to 
the  French  code — subject,  however,  to  certain  modifications. 
For  each  code,  a  supreme  court  sits  at  Berlin,  the  one  called 
the  Geheime  Ober  Tribunal,  which  judges  in  the  last  resort 
wherever  the  landreeht  is  in  force,  and  the  other  called  the 
Kheinische  Uevisions  and  Kassations  Hof,  which  has  similar 
jurisdiction  in  all  cases  decided  according  to  the  French 
code.  Over  each  province  is  a  superior  court  of  appeal, 
called  Ober-Landesgericht,  with  the  power  of  reviewing  all 
cases  decided  within  the  province;  and  in  each  government 
is  an  Obergericht,  possessing  the  right  of  reviewing  the 
cases  decided  within  the  government  in  the  courts  of  pri- 
mary resort.  These  last  courts  consist  of  a  vast  number  of 
local  jurisdictions,  within  which  justice  is  said  to  be  for  the 
most  part  administered  cheaply,  expeditiously,  and  fairly, 
by  judges  chiefly  appointed  by  the  crown,  but  partly 
also  by  private  parties  in  possession  of  certjiiu  patrimonial 
rights. 

Religinn. — There  is,  properly  speaking,  no  state  religion 
in  Prussia.  That  of  the  royal  family  and  of  the  majority 
of  the  people  is  Calvinism;  but  all  public  employments  are 
(Xjually  accessible  to  Christians  of  every  denomination.  The 
year  1817,  which  was  the  three  hundredth  anniversary  of 
ihe  Reformation,  was  remarkable  for  the  union  of  the  Cal- 
\inists  atid  Lutherans,  in  Prussia  and  in  some  other  parts 
of  Germany.  Into  one  religious  body,  under  the  name  of 
Evangelical  Christians.  These  amounted  in  1849  to  9.987,277, 
the  Komau  Catholics  to  6,063,186,  the  .Tews  to  218.773.  the 
Baptists  to  14.508.  and  Greeks  and  Mohammedans  to  1269. 
The  Protestants  are  governed  by  consistories,  at  the  head 


of  which  are  306  superintendents.  The  Roman  Catholics 
are  governed  by  two  archbishops  and  six  bishops. 

Kdiicaiiiin. — Prus.sia  has  tiiken  the  lead  of  Europe  in  th( 
establishment  of  a  complete  system  of  national  education 
The  mass  of  ignorance  to  be  found  in  almost  every  othei 
country  on  the  continent  has  no  existence  here.  With  rare 
exceptions,  every  individual  in  Prussia  can  both  read  and 
write.  This  happy  result  has  been  obtained  first  by  esta- 
blishing an  adequate  number  of  schools  in  all  parts  of  the 
monarchy,  and  then  enforcing  attendance  by  a  law,  which 
provides  that  every  child,  from  the  age  of  five  years,  unless 
certified  to  be  receiving  a  suitable  education  at  home,  or  In 
a  private  seminary,  must  be  in  attendance  at  a  njitional 
.school,  until  such  time  as  the  course  of  instruction  therein 
provided  has  been  completed.  This  course  occupies  alx)ut 
eight  years,  so  that  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  general  rule 
that  all  Prus.sian  children  between  the  ages  of  six  and  four- 
teen are  at  school.  The  different  clas.ses  of  schools  are: — 
1.  The  elementary  school,  at  which  the  great  majority  of  the 
people  receive  their  education:  2.  The  city  school,  which  is 
always  attached  to  a  gymnasium;  3.  The  gymnasium,  in 
which  Latin  and  Greeli  are  taught.  In  most  of  the  small 
towns  are  normal  schools  for  the  training  of  teachers. 
Prussia  also  possesses  the  celebrated  universities  of  Berlin, 
Halle,  and  Bonn,  besides  those  of  Bieslau.  Oreifswalde,  and 
Kiiiiigsherg,  and  numerous  literary  and  learned  societies. 
The  universities  are  all  under  the  control  of  the  govern- 
ment. 

The  following  table  shows  the  numb(>r  of  schools  of  various 
kinds,  of  teachers  and  pupils,  in  1S49. — 


Number. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

505 
385 

in 

46 

80,8fi5 
•.!,:«9 
1,913 
1,664 

2,45.3,062 
69,i(02 
5:!,570 
29,474 

Middle  and  higher  School.... 

Gymnasia 

2,605,408 
2,411 

7        ;:::: 

In  1849,  the  number  of  children  between  six  and  fourteen 
years  of  age,  was  3.223.302,  of  whom,  as  seen  in  the  above 
table,  2,605.408  were  at  school,  leaving  a  balance  of  617.954 
to  be  accounted  for  partly  by  private  teaching,  partly  by  the 
Cict  that  many  do  not  enter  school  till  they  are  above  six 
years  old.  and  many  leaving  before  they  are  fourteen ;  and 
many,  doubtless,  received  no  education  during  the  year  iu 
question. 

Army  and  Xavy. — The  regvilar  army,  during  peace,  con- 
si.sts  of  129,117  men,  or,  with  the  reserve,  226.925,  and 
.30,545  horses,  and  is  kept  up  partly  by  voluntary  enlist- 
ment, and  partly  by  a  conscription  which  obliges  every 
citizen,  after  att.aining  his  twentieth  year,  to  serve  in  the 
regular  army  for  three  years,  and  for  two  years  thereaftel 
in  the  war  reserve ;  when,  in  the  event  of  war  breaking  out, 
or  other  emergencies,  he  ni,ay  again  bo  compelled  to  join  the 
regular  army.  After  the  lapse  of  these  five  years  he  enters 
the  LiinilweJir.  or  provincial  army,  which  is  compo.sed  of  two 
bans,  a  first  and  a  second,  in  the  former  of  which  he  con- 
tinues till  he  has  completed  his  thirty-second  year,  and  in 
the  latter  till  h«  has  completed  hjs  thirty-ninth  year,  thus 
making  the  whole  period  during  which  he  is  liable  to  be 
called  upon  for  the  defence  of  his  country  amount  to  20 
yeiirs.  The  total  force  of  the  L;indwehr  is  349,812.  The 
Landftitrm  includes  all  the  males  in  the  monarchy,  from  the 
ages  of  17  to  50,  not  belonging  either  to  the  regular  army  or 
Landwehr.  It  is  called  out  only  in  cases  of  the  most  urgent 
necessity,  when  the  national  existence  may  be  threatened 
by  invasion.  The  navy,  in  1854.  comprised  1  war  frigate 
with  48  guns,  2  screw  frigates  with  40  guns  each,  1  screw 
coivette  with  20  guns,  2  other  corvettes,  each  with  12  gun.s, 
and  48  smaller  vessels,  making  in  all  54  vessels  carrying  288 
guns. 

Utvenue. — The  total  revenue  of  Prussia,  according  to  the 
budget  of  1S54,  is  $75,593,048.  of  which  $16,209,965  was  de 
rived  from  direct  taxes.  $19,623,829  from  indirect  taxes,  and 
■95.790.152  from  the  post-office  and  telegraph  departments. 
The  total  expenditures,  according  to  the  same  estimate,  is 
$72,147,895,  of  which  $19,623,829  is  f^r  the  army,  $.371,700 
for  the  navy.  $13,019,386  for  commerce  and  public  works, 
$.3,791,034  for  education.and  $7.517. 2r>5  for  interest  on  the  pul> 
lie  debt,  which  at  this  d.ate,  (1854,)  amounted  to  $152,569,815. 

Propk. — The  far  greater  part  of  the  people  are  Germans, 
but  in  several  quarters  the  Lithuanian  and  Slavonian 
.stocks  preponderate.  Thus,  in  the  N'.K.  corner  of  the  king- 
dom, Lithuanian  Is  spoken,  read,  written,  and  taught.  The 
Slaves  occupy  the  S.  parts  of  Gumbinnen,  Konigsl^erg.  and 
Marienwerder,  the  greater  part  of  Posen.  and  no  inctm- 
siderable  part  of  Silesia.  Their  number  within  Prussia  has 
been  estimated  at  at  least  2,500,000.  The  number  of  French, 
found  chiefly  in  the  W.  part  of  Prussia,  but  partly  also  in 
the  province  of  Brandenburg,  (where  they  are  descendants 
of  the  French  Protestants,  who  found  an  a.sylum  here  from 
the  tvranny  of  Louis  XIV.,)  amounts  to  about  74,000.  Thf 
.Jews  are  218.773. 

1545 


PRU 


PTl 


Oiviskins,  /hpidatton,  etc. — The  names,  areas,  and  popula- 
tion of  ll>e  principal  divisious  of  Prussia,  are  exhibited  in 
the  following  table : — 


Brandenburg -5 


'■■{ 


Koiiigslierg 

Gumbiiinen 

Dftutsic 

Marienwercler  ... 

Popen 

Broinberg 

Potadam,    with 
Berlin 

Frankfort 

Stettin 

Cosliu 

Stralsund 

Bresiau 

Oppeln 

Liegnitz 

Mugdeburg 

,  Merseburg 

'  Erfurt 

Muuster 

Minden 

Arnsberg 

Cologne 

DiuselJorf 

Coblentz 

Treves,  or  Trier  . 

Aix-la-Chapellc. 


Area  in 
.sq.  m. 


8,708 

e.sfio 

6,816 
1,WA 

4,584 
8,292 


6U,(>47 
404,667 
621.046 
897,.3.S9 
454,675 
1,268,935 


7.500 

860,087 

5,09i 

562.127 

5.312 

448,516 

1.700 

187.058 

5,i»2 

1,174.679 

5.184 

965,912 

5,344 

921,002 

4,484 

691,377 

4,0-'8 

742.644 

1,.316 

347.279 

2,820 

421 ,935 

2,040 

463,229 

2,988 

579,757 

1.544 

497,3.30 

2.096 

907.151 

2,300 

502.984 

2.796 

492,182 

1.612 

411,525 

109,314  '  16,285,016 


llt.S. 


670,792 
601,016 
208,686 
301,003 
244,117 
178,803 

1,232,828 
B4.3,780 
553,554 
437,042 
186,290 
698.436 

i)6.»72 
774,440 
676,331 
737.950 
247.3.32 

39.558 
270,463 
322,576 

71,010 
352,619 
15.9,716 

69,139 

13,424 


9,9,S7,277 


Pop.  of  Prussia  in  1740,  3,000,000:  1790,  6.000.000;  1815 
10.250,000 :  1840, 16.112,948 ;  1849. 16,2S5,016,  (as  seen  above :) 
and  in  1S52,  16,935,420.  Pop.  to  sctuare  mile,  (in  1852,)  156 
nearly.    Pop.  in  1861, 18,491,220. 

Histnry. — In  the  end  of  the  tenth  centurj',  the  shores  of 
the  Baltic  were  iuh.abited  by  a  number  of  tribes  chiefly  of 
Alan  extraction,  from  one  of  which,  called  Borus^i.  who 
occupied  the  more  E.  parts,  the  name  of  Prussia  is  supposed 
to  be  derived.  These  tribes  were  living  in  heathenism 
when  Adalbert,  Bishop  of  Prague,  made  strenuous  efforts 
for  their  conversion.  Christianity,  however,  did  not  Rain  a 
decided  ascendant  till  1164.  This  ascendancy  was  again 
lost;  but  in  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  the 
Teutonic  knights  subjugated  East  Prussia,  and  converted 
the  people  to  Christianity.  Albert  of  Brandenburg,  grand- 
master of  the  order,  appropriated  the  country  in  1525.  Ills 
family  augmented  these  possessions :  and  Frederick,  one  of 
his  descendants,  obtained  the  title  of  king  in  1701.  lie 
acquired  the  principality  of  Neufchatel  in  Switzerland.  By 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht.  William  I.  obtained  a  portion  of  the 
duchy  of  Qelders.  He  acquired  the  duchy  of  Limburg.  and 
took  from  Sweden  the  greater  part  of  Pomerania.  This 
prince  encouraged  foreigners,  who  introduced  many  valu- 
able manufactures,  carefully  husbanded  the  re.sources  of  the 
country,  and  greatly  improved  its  agriculture;  but  is  better 
known  for  the  capricious  and  tyrannical  conduct  which  he 
pursued  towards  his  family,  and  n'lore  especially  towards  his 
son  and  successor,  Frederick,  surnamed  the  Great,  who  came 
to  the  throne  in  the  year  1740.  Under  him  Prussia  became 
one  of  the  leading  powers  of  Europe.  lie  added  greatly  to 
its  extent  by  the  conquest  of  Silesia,  and  a  proceeding  of  even 
a  less  justifiable  nature,  the  partition  of  Poland.  Buring 
his  reign,  the  territory  of  the  monarchy  wjis  ne,arly  doubled 
and  the  population,  which  at  his  accession  did  not  exceed 
2.500,000,  rose  to  more  than  6,000.000.  He  died  in  1786,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Frederick  William  II.,  who  gave  good 
hopes  at  the  commencement  of  his  reign,  but  ultim.ttely 
betrayed  a  despotic  tendency,  and  deprived  Prussia  of  much 
of  the  European  influence  which  she  bad  acquired  under 
his  predecessor.  A  great  accession  of  tenitoiy.  however, 
was  obtained,  particularly  by  tlie  dismemberment  of  Poland, 
which,  only  partially  carried  into  effect  under  Frederick  the 
Great,  was  now  completed.  But  while  thus  employed  in 
perfidiously  dismembering  an  independent  kingdom,  his 
own  territories  became  suddenly  exposed  to  a  similar  fate 
by  the  breaking  out  of  the  French  Itevolution  and  its  sub- 
sequent progress.  By  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  in  1807.  Prus.sia  was 
deprived  of  all  her  possessions  between  the  Khine  and  the 
Elbe,  and  the  greater  part  of  Prussian  Poland:  but  in  1S15, 
after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  the  Congress  of  Vienna  restored 
all  these  estates,  except  a  part  of  Poland,  and  at  the  same 
time  irranted  to  Prussia  a  part  of  Saxony,  and  the  duchy  of 

the  Ivower  Rhine. Adj.  and  inhab.  Prussian,  pru.sh'yan 

jr  proo/sban;  Ger.  Preussisch,  prois'sish;  Fr.  PBLiSSiEN, 
prlis'se'aN'''. 

PRUSSIA,  East,  or  DUCAL  PRUSSIA,  a  province  of 
Prussia,  now  compnsed  in  Prussia  Proper.  It  long  belonged 
to  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  order.  Albert  of  Branden- 
burg, grand-master  of  the  order,  was  created  duke,  under 
the  sovereignty  of  Poland,  in  1525;  afterwards  it  gave  its 
name  to  the  kingdom  of  Prussia,  in  which  it  now  forms  the 
regencies  of  Kbnigslierg  and  Oumbinnen. 

PRUSSIA.  Wkst,  or  ROYAL  PRUSSIA,  a  province  of 
Prussia,  now  conjprised  in  Prussia  Proper,  forming  the  two 
1546 


governments  of  Dantzic  and  Slarienwerder.     It  formerlj' 
belonged  to  Poland,  at  which  time  Dantzic  was  its  capitaL 

PRUSSIAN  POLAND,  an  exten.sive  region  in  the  E.  part 
of  Prussia.  The  phrase  appears  to  be  somewhat  loosely  em- 
ployed by  geographical  wi'iters.  In  its  most  extensive  ap- 
plication, it  properly  comprises  all  the  Prussian  territory 
that  formerly  belonged  to  Poland,  including  the  duchy  of 
Posen,  and  the  greater  pait,  if  not  all,  of  West  and  East 
Prussia. 

PRUSSIA  PROPER,  a  province  of  Prussia,  formed  by  the 
union  of  East  and  West  Prussia.  Capitjil,  KiinigslxTg.  It 
is  divided  into  the  governments  of  Konigsberg,  G  umbinneu, 
Dantzic.  and  Marienwenler. 

PRUSSIA,  RHENISH,  a  province  in  the  W.  part  of  Prus- 
sia. Capital.  Cologne.  It  was  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
two  provinces  of  Cleve-Berg  and  Ijower  Rhine. 

PRUSZANY,  proo-shd'nee,  or  PRU.SCHANZ.  proo'shants, 
a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  79  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Grodno.     Pop.  2120. 

PRUTH,  pruth.  (Ger.  pron;  proof.)  a  river  of  East  Europe, 
rises  in  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  flows  at  first  E..  through 
Galicia  and  the  Bukowina,  and  afterwards  S.S.E.  between 
Moldavia  and  Bes.serabia,  and  at  Reni.  75  miles  from  the 
Black  Sea.  joins  the  Danube,  of  which  it  is  the  last  great 
affluent  on  the  left.     Total  course,  .'5(0  miles. 

PRY'i^R'S  VALE,  a  post-office  of  .\mherst  co.,  Virginia. 

PRYPKC  or  PRYPETZ.    .See  Pp.ipet.s. 

PRZASZNIC  or  PRZASZNITZ.  pzh.lsh'nits,  a  town  ol 
Poland,  capit.al  of  a  county.  59  miles  N.E.  of  Plock.  Pop.  8500 

PRZELAUTSCH,  pzhiV'lOwtch,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  11 
miles  N.AV.  of  Chrudim.  on  the  Elbe.     Pop.  1700. 

PRZEMYSL,  pzh^m'isl,  or  PREMISLIA.  pr.'i-mis'Ie-i  a 
town  of  Austri.an  Galicia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  San,  51 
miles  W.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
has  ruins  of  a  castle.  Itoman  Catholic  and  Greek  Unittid 
churches,  a  Benedictine  monastery,  an  hospital,  a  gymna 
slum,  and  manufactures  of  linens  and  leather. 

PRZESTITZ.  pzhJs/tits.  or  BRZESTITZ.  bzhJs/tits,  a  town 
of  Bohemia.  12  miles  N.  of  Klattau.     Pop.  1023. 

PRZEWORSK.  pzh.VftoRsk,  a  town  of  Austiian  Poland,  in 
Galicia.  22  miles  E.  of  Rzeszow.     Pop.  29.'>0. 

PRZIBRAM,  pzhee'brSm.  a  town  of  Bohemia.  21  miles 
S.S.W.  of  lieraun.  Pop.  4100.  It  has  a  castle,  manufactures  ol 
woollen  cloth,  potash-works.  Jind  rich  silver  and  lead-mines. 

PRZISCHOWITZ.  pzhish'o-wits.  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
28  miles  N.E.  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  1910. 

PRZY.SUCriA.  pzhe-soo'Ka,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of 
Sandomier,  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Radom.     Pop.  3000. 

PS.AR.A.  an  i.sl.and  of  Greece.     See  Ipsaka. 

PSILORATI.pse-lo-rd'tee,  MOUNT,  (anc.  Mount  Ma.)  the 
most  lofty  mountain  of  Ci^ete,  near  its  centre,  has  an  eleva- 
tion of  7674  feet.  Mount  Ida  was  anciently  closely  con- 
nected with  the  worship  of  Zeus  (.lupiter.)  w  ho  is  said  Vi 
have  been  brought  up  in  a  cave  in  this  mountain. 

PSIOL.  pse-ol',  PSIOUL.  pse-ool'.  or  PSLA.  psld,  a  river  of 
Russia,  governments  of  Koorsk.  Kharkov,  and  Poltava,  after 
a  S.S.W.  course  of  300  miles,  joins  the  Dnieper,  10  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Krementchoog. 

PSKOV  or  PSKOW,  pskov,  written  also  PSKOF,  a  govern- 
ment of  Russia,  between  lat.  56°  and  58°  N..  and  Ion.  27°  15' 
and  32°  E.,  enclosed  by  the  governmonts  of  St.  Petersburg, 
Novgorod,  Tver,  Smolensk,  Vitebsk,  and  Livonia.  Area, 
17.318  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  057,283.  The  surface  is 
mostly  tiat.  The  rivers  are  numerous,  but  none  large.  At 
its  N.W.  extremity  is  the  I-ake  of  Pskov,  connected  with 
that  of  Peipus.  Marshes  are  numerous.  The  soil  is  infer- 
tile: the  forests  extensive.  The  government  is  subdivided 
into  8  districts.  The  principal  towns  are  Pskov,  the  capital, 
Toropetz.  and  A'elikee-IiOoki. 

PSKOV,  or  PLESKOV.  pljs-kov',  the  capital  of  the  above 
government,  on  the  Velikaia,  near  its  mouth  in  Lake  Pskov, 
is  162  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Peti>rsburg.  Pop.  9000 :  but  it  is  said  to 
have  been  formerly  60,000.  It  is  partly  built  of  stone,  and 
comprises  the  kremlin  or  citadel,  the  middle  town,  and  the 
great  town,  all  enclosed  by  earthen  ramparts.  The  princi- 
pal buildings  are  the  archbishop's  residence  and  the  consis- 
tory, a  cathedrjil,  1  Lutheran  and  numerous  Greek  cliurchos, 
several  convents,  and  schools.  It  has  manufactures  of  lea- 
ther, a  considerable  export  trade,  and  an  annual  fair,  at 
which  large  quantities  of  woollen,  silk,  and  cotton  fabrica, 
leather,  books,  jewelry,  &e.  are  sold.  This  town  is  men- 
tioned in  Russian  history  as  early  as  a.  d.  903. 

PSKOV,  LAKE  OF,  in  Ru.s.sia.  between  Ibe  grvernment* 
of  Pskov  and  St.  Petersburg,  is  a  S.  arm  of  Lake  Peipus,  22 
miles  in  length;  greatest  breadth,  12  milts.  It  receives  the 
Velikaia  River  on  the  S.E. 

PTCIIALSKO.  p'chAl'sko,  or  PTCHAMSKOE,  p'chdui'- 
sko-A\  a  river  and  lake  of  Siberia,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the 
government  of  Yenisci.sk.  The  lake,  situated  E.  of  the 
Bay  of  Tavosk,  is  about  35  miles  long  by  15  miles  b:-oad, 
and  contains  several  islands.  The  river  issues  from  tl  e 
lake,  flows  N.,  and  after  a  course  of  .about  150  miles,  *:i\» 
into  the  Bay  of  Tidanski.  in  the  .Arctic  Ocean,  between  the 
mnuths  of  the  Ol)i  and  Yenisei. 

PTITCH  or  PTISCH,  p'titch',  or  pteech.  a  river  of  1  .««-V. 


PTI 

rises  ill  the  government  of  Minsk,  flows  S.E.  and  S..  and  joins 
the  Pripfits  '20  miles  above  Mozyr.     Total  course.  200  miles. 
I'TITOII  or  PTITSCH.  p'titeli',  a  market-town  of  Russian 
Pi:)land.  government  of  Volhyuia,  8  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Dubno. 
I'op.  1500. 
l^TOLEMATS,  in  North  Africa.    See  Tolomet.\. 
I'TOlvEMAlS.  in  Egypt.     See  Hexshieh,  Et. 
PTOLEMAIS'  in  Syria.     See  .\crb. 

PUB'LIC  SQU.\RE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  cc,  Georgia,  60 
miles  N.E.  of  Milledgeville. 
PUB'LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Somerset. 
PU'BOTINE,  a  small  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Illinois. 
PUCCULOK,  puk'ku-lc/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal.  o7  miles  N.W.  of  Dacca. 
PU-CIIING-HIEN,  a  town  of  China.    See  Poo-ching-hien. 
PUCHO,  (Puch6,)  poo'Ko',  a  market-town  of  North  Ilun- 
g.iry,  CO.,  and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Trentschin.  on  the  Waag. 
Pop.  19-tS. 

PUCU-PURI,  pooch-poo'ree,  a  town  of  Siara,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam.     Lat.  12°  45'  N..  Ion.  100°  E. 

PUCKAWA  (puk'a-wA^)  LAKE,  in  Wisconsin,  an  expan- 
sion of  Net^nah  River,  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Marquette 
county,  is  about  7  miles  long  and  2  miles  wide. 

PUCK'ETAS',  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PUOK'INCTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
PlJOIv'lJOnilUUCU.  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Gloucester. 
I'lni'DI  X(iT()X,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
PUDDliNGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,   6i 
miles  N.  of  Crediton,  with  a  station  on  the  Great  Western 
Kailwav. 

PUD'DLESTONE-wiTH-WIIITE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co. 
of  Hereford. 

PUDKWITZ,  poo'deh-*its\  or  PUBIEDZISKA,  poo-be-5d- 
zis'kd.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province,  and  15  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Posen.  between  two  small  lakes.     Pop.  1519. 

PUDLKIX,  pood'llne,   or   PODOLIN,  a   market-town   of 
North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  on  the  Poprad,  9  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Kesmark.    Pop.  2300.    It  has  an  ancient  castle,  Uoman 
Cfttholic  and  Piarist  colleges,  and  ne;ir  it  is  a  chapel  often 
resorted  to  in  pilgrimage. 
PUnoSH.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Pooi^osn. 
PU  D'SEY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 
PUDUCOTTA.  poo-doo-kofta,  a  town   of  British   India, 
presidency   of  Madras,   57   miles   N.E.   of  Madura.     It  is 
regularly  and  well  built,  and  has  a  Hindoo  palace,  having 
been  the  capital  of  an  independent  rajahship. 

PUlUiLA.  \i\sdhni.  or  poo-SVld,  or  PUEBLO,  Spanish 
words  denoting  a  '•  collection  of  people,"  also,  a  '•  town  or  vil- 
lage," forming  a  part  of  numerous  names  in  Spain  and 
Spanish  America. 

PUEBLA,  pwSbll  or  LA  PUEBLA.  M  pwiblS,  a  st.ate  of 
the  Mexican  Crmfederation,  between  lat.  16°  20'  and  20°  15' 
N.,  and  Ion.  97°  and  99°  15'  W.,  enclosed  by  the  states  of 
Mexico,  A' era  Cruz,  and  Oajaca.  Area^  12,0+2  sijuare  miles. 
Pop.  in  185.3,  580.000.  Its  central  part  belongs  to  the 
Anahuac  table-land,  and  within  it  is  the  volcano  of  Popo- 
catepetl, the  highest  mountain  in  Mexico.  The  Nasca  River 
traverses  it  nearly  throuiihout.  It  contains  the  towns  of 
La  Puebla.  Cholula,  and  Tehuacan. 

PUEBLA.  La.  or  LA  PUEBLA  DE  LOS  ANGELES,  M 
pwSiyid  di  loce  ,ing'nA-lJs,  (the  '■  city  of  the  angels,"  so  named 
from  its  beautiful  situation.)  the  capital  of  the  above  state,  is 
situated  on  a  declivity,  76  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mexico.  Pop.  50.000. 
It  is  regularly  built  and  well  paved ;  the  houses  are  of  stone, 
and  many  with  iron  balconies  and  painted  fronts.  It  has  a 
vast  number  of  richly  decorated  religious  edifices,  an  epis- 
copal and  two  other  colleges,  and  manufactures  of  glass, 
earthenwares,  and  soap. 

PUKBLA,  La,  or  POBLAT.  pob-ldt/,  a  small  town  of  Ma- 
jorca, 27  miles  N.E.  of  Palma.      Pop.  3012. 

PUEB'LA,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Pennsylv.ania  Canal.  28  miles  N.  of  Greensburg. 
PUEBL.\,  a  pnst-office  of  Brown  co..  Ohio. 
PUEBLA  D\'\.LCOCER,  La,  IS  pweM^  ddl-ko-thaiR,  a  small 
tx)wn  of  Spain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  d'Alcocer,  province, 
and  87  miles  E.  of  Bad.'ijos.     Pop.  2612. 

PUEBLA  DE  ALMUKADIEL.  La,  M  pw?bia  di  il-moo- 

rj-ne-f'l'.  a  town  of  Spain.  50  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo.     P.  1985. 

PUEBLA  DE  ARENOSO,  La,  \l  xivWM  AS.  d-rj-no'so.  a 

town  of  Spain,  province,  and  31  miles  N.W.  of  Castellon 

de  la  Plana.     Pop.  2158. 

PUEBLA  DE  ARGANZON,  La.  M  pwJiyid  dA  Kv.-^An- 
thSn',  a  small  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Alava,  9  miles 
N.E.  of  Miranda.  Near  this  the  battle  of  Vitoria  commenced 
inl8)» 

PUEBLA  DE  CAZABA,  La,  IJ  pwSbnd  di  kd-tha'Ba,  a 
town  of  Spain.  35  miles  S.E.  of  Seville.    Pop.  2S82. 

PUEBLA  DE  DON  FADRIQUE.  La,  13  pvslhni  di  don 
fi-Dree'kA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  77  miles  N.E.  of 
Granada,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Calar.  Pop.  6565.  It  has  4 
oarisb  churches,  manufactures  of  woven  fabrics,  and  an  aj- 
nve  trade,  in  timber. 

PUEBLA  DE  DON  FADRIQUE,  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  province  of  Toledo.    Pop.  2243. 


PUE 

PUEBLA  DE  GUZMAN,  La.  la  pwfVia  dil  gooth-mdn',  a 
town  of  Spain,  .30  miles  N.  of  Huelva.     Pop.  3855. 
PUKBLA  DE  IIIJAR,  La,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  HuAR. 
PUEBLA  DE  LA  CALZADA,  La,  13  pw6bad  di  \k  kal 
tha'ni  a  town  of  Spain,  16  miles  E.  of  Bad.ajos.     Pop.  2160. 
PUEBLA  DE  LA  REVNA.  La.  13  pwJlVli  dA  13  rd'njl,  a 
town  of  Spain,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  2200. 

PUEBL.\  DEL  DEAN,  La,  lit  pw.^l)'l3  djl  dA-dn',  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  of  Corunna,  29  miles  S.W.  of  Santiago. 
Pop.  1840. 

PUEBLA  DEL  DUQUE,  La.  13  pwfb'ld  djl  doo'k.A.  or  LA 
PUEBLA  DE  RUG  AT,  13  pwcblS  dA  roogdt',  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  36  miles  from  Valencia.     Pop.  1003. 

PUEBLA  DEL  MAESTRE,  L.A,  Id  pwjbld  dJl  md-Js'trA,  fl 
town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province,  and  70  miles  S 
of  Badajos.     Pop.  1154. 

PUEBLA  DE  LOS  INF.\.NTES,  La,  Id  pw^bld  dA  loce  een- 
fdn'tJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Seville,  19  miles  N.W. 
of  Ecija.     It  has  some  Roman  antiquities. 

PUEBLA  DE  MOXTALVAN,  La,  13  pw^b'ld  di  mon-tdt 
vdn'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  17  miles  W.  of  Toledo, 
on  the  Tagus.  Pop.  4333.  It  has  a  picturesque  castle,  and 
a  palace  of  the  dukes  of  Uceda. 

PUEBLA  DE  SANABKIA,  La.  Id  pwJbld  dA  sd-na'Dre-d, 
a  town  of  Spain,  53  miles  N.W.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  849. 

PUEBLA  DE  SANCHO  PEREZ,  La,  Id  pwSbHd  dA  sdn'cho 
p.A'reth,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  36  miles  S.E.  of 
Badajos.     Pop.  1892. 

PUEBLA  DE  SILLO,  La,  Id  pwjl/l3  dA  seel'yo,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  about  .30  miles  from  Leon.     P.  1138. 

PUEBLA  DE  VALLBONA,  La,  13  pwJb'ld  dA  vdl-bo/nd.  a 
village  of  Spain,  province,  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia, 
on  the  Turia.     Pop.  2102. 

PUEBLA  DE  VALVEKDE,  La.  13  pw^bOd  dA  vdl-T^it/d.A, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Tei-uel.  Pop. 
1380. 

PUEBLA  JUNTO  A  CORIA.  La.  Id  pwjbad  Hoon/to  d  ko/- 
re-d,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Se- 
ville, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Guadalquivir.    Pop.  1303. 

PUEBLA  NUEVA,  La.  Id  pwMVld  nwA'vd,  a  village  of 
Spain,  in  New  Castile.  46  miles  W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  2354. 

PUEBLA  NUEVA  DEL  MAR,  La,  Id  pwJWld  nwA'vd  dJl 
mdR,  ("  the  new  village  of  the  sea,")  a  vill;ige  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  2  miles  E.  of  Valencia,  on  the  sea-coast,  and  on 
the'  left  bank  of  the  Tarca.  At  no  very  distant  date,  the  site 
of  this  village  was  covered  by  the  sea;  and  more  recently  it 
was  occupied  by  only  a  few  cabins  of  fishermen.     Pop.  4857. 

PUEBLA  PEAKS,  in  the  N.  interior  of  the  Territory  of 
New  Slexico,  are  in  lat.  about  36°  25'  N.,  Ion.  105°  40'  W. 

PUEBLO.     See  PUEBLO  NUEVO.     See  T.AMWCO. 

PUEBLO  VIEJO,  pwJWlo  ve-.Vno.  ("old  town,")  a  mari- 
time town  of  the  Mexican  Confederaticm.  department  of  Vera 
Cruz,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Tampieo,  on  I>ake  Tampico.  I'op.  1500, 
who  export  large  quantities  of  salted  prawns  to  the  interior. 
The  town  is  meanly  built ;  its  harbor  is  shallow,  and  it  has 
now  little  foreign  trade. 

PUELCHES,  pwM'chJs.  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  Patagonia. 

PUENTA  GORDA,  pwSn'td  goR'dl  a  settlement  of  Caribs, 
in  the  British  Honduras,  150  miles  S.  of  B.alize. 

PT'ENTE,  pwJn'tA  or  poo-Jn't.A,  a  Spanish  word  signifying 
'•a  1jridge,"-a  prefix  to  the  names  of  numerous  towns  of 
Sp.iin.    See  Poxte. 

PUENTE  DE  EUME,  pwSn'tA  dA  A'oo-mA,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  13  miles  E.  of  Corunna,  on  the  Eume,  here 
crossed  by  a  long,  ancient  bridge.     Pop.  2170. 

PUENi'E  DE  GENIL,  pwJn'tA  dA  nA-neel',  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  27  miles  S.  of  Cordova,  on  the  Genii. 
Pop.  6408,  engaged  in  woollen  weaving,  and  in  oil  and 
earthenware  factories. 

PUENTE  DEL  ARZOBISPO.  pwJn'tA  dfl  da-tno-bees'po,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  of  Toledo,  near  the  Tagus,  18  miles 
S.W.  of  Talavera.     Pop.  979. 

PUKNTE  DEL  CONGOSTO,  pw?n'tA  dSl  kon-gos'to,  a  town 
of  Spain,  43  miles  W.  of  Avila,  on  the  Tormes.    Pop.  2000. 

PUENTE  LA  REINA,  pwJn'tA  Id  rA/ud,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Navarre,  province,  and  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pamplona,  on 
the  Arga.  here  crossed  by  four  bridges.    Pop.  3700. 

PUE.NTE  NACIONAL,  pwJn'tA  nd-se-o-ndl',  a  village  of 
Mexico,  on  the  road  leading  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  capital, 
aVjout  45  miles  N.W.  of  the  former.  It  is  situated  on  a 
small  stream,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  and  contains  an  old 
fort.  A  skirmLsh  took  place  here,  Augu.st  11,  1847,  between 
a  detachment  of  the  American  army  and  a  party  of  Mexican 
guerrilleros,  in  which  the  former  had  11  men  killed  and  40 
wounded. 

PUENTES  DE  GARCIA  RODRIGUEZ,  pwjn'tjs  dA  gaR-' 
thee'd  ro-nree'gh?th,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  24  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Corunna.     Pop.  1496. 

PUERCO.  pw  jR^io,  a  river  of  New  Mexico,  rising  near  36° 
20'  N.  lat.  and  107°  15'  W.  Ion.  It  flows  southerly,  and 
joins  the  Bio  Grande  in  about  34°  22'  N.  lat.  Length,  about 
200  miles. 

PUERS,  pu^aiR/,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  4000. ' 

PUERTO,  pw§R/to  or  poo-^R/to,  a  Spanish  word  signifying 

1547 


PUE 


PUL 


-port,"  forming  the  prefix  to  many  names  in  Spain  and 
South  America.  &c. 

PUERTO  BKLLO,  p«4R'to  b^l'yo,  (i.e.  "fine  harbor,")  a 
seaport  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  depart- 
ment, and  40  mile.s  N.X.W.  of  Panama,  on  the  X.  side  of  its 
Isthmus.  It  is  surrounded  by  mountains,  and  unhealthy, 
but  the  excellence  of  the  harbor  (whence  its  name)  rendered 
it  formerly  of  high  commercial  importance:  it  was  taken 
by  Admiral  Vernon  in  1739,  at  which  time  it  was  strongly 
fortified.     It  has  now  greatly  declined. 

PUERTO  CABKLLO,  pw Ja'to kl  ejl'yo,  (or  kJ-vJl'yo.)  a  sea- 
port town  of  South  .Vinerica,  in  Venezuela,  province  of  Canv 
eas.  in  theGulf  of  Triste,  20  miles  X.W.  of  Valencia,  of  which 
it  is  the  port.  The  town  stands  on  an  island  connected  with 
the  mainland  by  a  bridge.  It  is  unhealthy,  but  has  a  good 
harbor,  and  w.as  formerly  the  seat  of  a  considerable  trade. 
A  railroad  is  projected  from  Puerto  Cabello  to  San  Felipe. 

PUERTO  DE   LA  CRUZ  DE  GRATA VA,  pwjft'to  dA  U 
kroos  d.^  o-ro-tj'vd,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Teneriffe.     It  has  paved  and 
clean  streets.  5  squares,  in  one  of  which  is  a  pretty  aiameda. 
It  wiis  declared  a  free  port  in  1852.     The  anchorage  is  bad. 
Wine,  brandy,  almonds,  cochineal,  silk,  and  barilla  are  ex- 
ported ;  and  sugar,  coffee,  indigo,  cocoa,  hides,  staves,  oil, 
rice,  &c.,  are  imported.     Pop.  34.59. 
PUERTO  DE  LA  MAR  or  PORT  LA  MAR.     See  Cobua. 
PUERTO  DEL  PADRK.  pwea'to  dM  pi/drA.  a  harbor  on 
the  N.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba.     L:it.  21°  17'  N.,  Ion. 
.  76°  42'  W.    It  has  a  long  and  narrow  entrance,  but  after- 
wards widens,  being  9  miles  long  from  E.  to  W.    It  affords 
e.xcellent  anchorage,  fit  for  anv  class  or  number  of  vessels. 

PUERTO  DE  SANTA  MARIA.  pw^R/to  dA  sSn'ta  ma-ree'l, 
a  city  of  Spain,  province,  and  7  miles  X.E.  of  Cadiz,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Guadalete.  near  its  mouth  in  the  Bay  of 
Cadiz.  Pop.  17.9.30.  It  is  the  principal  place  for  the  export 
of  the  wines  of  .Terez.  (Xeres.)  7  miles  X.E.  Many  extensive 
English  and  French  winemerchants  are  established  here. 

PUERTO  LLANO.  pw?R/to  H'no.  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ciudad  Real.     Pop.  281 2. 

PUERTO  MARIN,  pwjn'fo  niA-reen',  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  12  miles  S.W.  of  Lugo,  on  the  Minho,  here 
crossed  bv  a  magnificent  bridae.     Pop.  553. 

PUERTO  XAKAX.TO.  pwjR'to  nj-rlng'no.  (i.e.  "Port 
Orange.")  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Cuba,  about  50  miles  E._of 
Puerto  del  Pndre.     It  has  a  good  harbor. 

PUERTO  PRINCIPE.  pweR'to  preen'se-pA.  PORTO  PRIN- 
CIPE, poR/to  preen'sepA.  or  SAXT.\  MARIA  DE  PUERTO 
PRIXCIPE,  sln't3  miree'a  dA  pw^R'to  preen'se-pA,  an  inland 
city  of  Cuba,  capital  of  its  central  department,  36  miles  S.S.W. 
of  its  port.  Las  Xuevita«,on  the  X.  caast.  between  the  rivulets 
of  Tinima  and  J.atibonico.  The  climate  is  hot  and  humid. 
Pop.  of  jurisdiction  in  1853,  32,996  whites,  6165  free  blacks, 
aad  9S51  slaves.  A  railway,  44  miles  in  length,  connects 
Puerto  Principe  with  XueTitas. 

PUERTO  RtAL.  pwjR/to  rA-dl',  a  seaport  town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Cadiz,  on  the  bay.  and  6  miles  E.  of  Cadiz.    Pop! 
3S71.     It  h.as  manufactures  of  leather. 
PUERTO  RICO.    See  Porto  Rico. 

PUERTO  SERRAXO.  pw^R'to  s^R-Ri'no,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  province,  and  50  miles  from  Cadiz,  on  the 
Guad;ilete.     Pop.  1559. 

PUKRTO  VIEJO.  pwjR'to  ve-.A'no,  ("  old  port.")  a  town  of 
South  .\mericji,  in  Ecuador,  department,  and  85  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Guayaquil,  on  a  small  river  flowing  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

PUF'FIN  ISLAXD,  a  rocky  islet  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
eo.  of  Kerry,  in  St.  Finnan's  Bay,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Breahead, 
in  Valentia  Island. 

PU'GET  SOUXD  is  the  name  of  a  bay  of  very  irregular 
shape,  at  the  N.AV.  extremity  of  Washington  Territory,  com- 
municating through  .\.dmiralty  Inlet  with  the  Straits  of 
Juan  de  Fuca. 

PUGIIMAX  poog-min',  PEMGIIAX.  p?m-g3n'.  or  PAM- 
GH.V.N,  pAm-gJn'.  a  mountain  range  of  .\.f,'hauistan.  subor- 
dinate to  that  of  Hindoo  Koosh,  stretchinir  along  its  S.  base 
for  about  100  miles.  Lat.  34°  40'  N.,  Ion.  68°  40'  E.  Its 
highest  summit  is  supposed  to  be  from  10,000  feet  to  13,000 
feet. 
PUGirS,  a  post-ofiRce  of  Madison  co..  Louisiana. 
PUGIIS  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PUGII'TOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 68  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

PUG  LI  A,  pool'yi  a  small  river  of  Italy,  joins  the  Tiber 
at  Orvieto. 

SH^^'i'J'*^'  ^*'  *  '■'»«''"'  "f  South  Italy.    See  Apuua. 
PUG^LEY'S  DEPOT.  Tompkins  <-o..  New  York,  a  station  on 
oiVln  irA?"*^  Susquehanna  Railroad,  13  miles  from  Ithaca. 
lUlLELEY.  pwee's^ih-l.V  a  town  of  France,  department 
'    m-T°-  ^  "'"**''  '^•^^-  of  «a"l:ic.     Pop.  in  18.V2.  2145 

PLIG,  poo'ig,  a  town  of  Sp.Hin.  province,  and  12  miles  N.E. 
pnT^P^VM^n  .'^  ''"'  ''"'^^*''  ^^^  "'?<iit«"i-ranean.  Pop.  2050. 
ipiGCERDA,poo-ig-thJr./da.  a  fortified  frontier  t»wn  of 

&y^^n:L""',?o';.'  u^r^'  '•'"•  °^  ^^'^"^'  ^'  *^«  ^-^  °^ 

1548 


PUI^"E.4.UX.  pweezO',  a  tovra  of  France,  depaitment  of 
Loiret.  42  miles  E.  of  Pithiviers.     Pop.  1S76. 

PUISSERGUIER,  pwees\sjR^ghee-aiR/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Herault.  9  miles  X.N.W.  of  Beziers.  Pop.  1745 
PU./OLS.  pii^zhol'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Agen.     Pop.  1570. 

PUL.\,  poo'ld.  a  maritime  town  of  Sardinia,  division,  and 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1235. 

PUL.\SKI,  pu-las'kee,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, confciins  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
New  River,  which  also  flows  along  the  E.  border.  Little 
River,  .an  atfluent  of  the  former,  forms  pjirt  of  its  E.  bound- 
ary. The  county  occupies  a  part  of  the  great  valley  be- 
tween Walker's  .Mountain  on  the  N.W.,  and  the  Blue  Ridge 
on  the  S.E.  The  soil  is  generally  good,  adapted  to  grain 
and  grass.  The  county  cont.ains"  abundance  of  iron  and 
stone  coal.  It  is  Intersected  by  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee 
Railroad.  Organized  in  1839.  and  named  in  honor  of  the 
Polish  count,  I'ulaBkl.  Capital,  Newbern.  Pop.  5416,  of 
whom  3827  were  free,  and  loS9  slaves. 

PULASKI,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  ot  Georgia.  h,as 
an  area  of  54«  square  mile.s.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Oo- 
mulgee  River,  and  also  drained  by  Cedar,  Cypress,  and 
Reedy  Creeks.  The  surface  of  the  upper  part  is  rolling,  and 
of  the  lower  p.art  level.  The  sr>il  is  generally  inferior.  Soft 
limestone  underlies  the  surfiice.  Pine  timber  is  abundant. 
(Jrgsmized  in  1808.  Cajiital.  Hawkinsville.  Pop.  8744,  of 
whom  46.38  were  free,  and  410(5  slaves. 

PUL.\SKI,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Arkansas,  con- 
tains about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ar- 
kans:i.s  River,  navigable  by  steamboats,  and  also  drained  by 
Big  -Mammelle  Creek,  and  by  Fourche  and  Meto  Bavous. 
The  surface  is  level  in  the  S..  and  hilly  in  the  N.  aiid  W. 
part  The  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  A"  rich  mine  of  lead 
and  silver  lias  been  opened  10  miles  N.  of  ^iittle  Rock. 
In  the  vicinity  of  this  town  are  valuable  qu.arries  of  slat«, 
and  of  granite  very  like  the  Quincy  granite,  but  not 
so  hard.  .4.  company  has  been  formed  by  a  number  of  gen- 
tlemen from  Cincinnati  to  work  the  slate  quarry.  Little 
Rockisthecounty-seatandcapital  of  Arkansas.  Pop.ll,69d, 
of  whom  S]94  were  free,  and  3505  slaves. 

PUXASKI,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
contains  an  area  estimated  at  650  square  miles.  The  Cum- 
berland River  bounds  it  on  the  S.,  and  Rock  Castle  River 
on  the  E.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous,  excepting 
the  N.  part,  which  is  gently  undulating.  Pulaski  alxmnds 
in  minerals,  the  most  valuable  of  which  are  iron,  lead,  and 
stone  coal.  About  400.000  bushels  of  co<al  are  annually  ex 
ported  by  the  Cumlierland  River,  which  is  navigable  for 
sni.Hll  steamboats.  Formed  in  1798.  Capital.  Somerset. 
Pop.  17.201.  of  wnom  l.i.S71  were  free,  .qnd  1.3.30  slaves. 

PUL.\.SKI,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains about  430  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Tippe- 
canoe River,  an  affluent  of  the  Wabash.  The  surface  is 
mostly  level,  with  a  few  low  sandy  ridges.  About  one-half 
of  the  county  is  prairie,  and  the  other  portion  produces  a 
scittered  growth  of  oak  and  hickory,  usually  termed  "  oak 
openings."  The  soil  is  productive.  A  railroad  extends 
through  the  county  from  Chicago  to  Logansyort.  Organized 
in  1S3>.t     Capital,  Winnaniac.    Pop.  5711. 

PUL.^^SKI.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  contains 
about  ISO  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River,  which  separates 
it  from  Kentucky,  firms  itj  boundary  on  the  S.E.,  and  Cash 
River  on  the  N.W.  The  surface  is  partly  covered  with 
forests.  The  soil  of  the  river-bottoms  is  fertile.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad.  Capiti.l,  Caledonia. 
Pop.  394,3. 

PUL.\SKf,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Jlissouri.  has 
an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Gasconade  River,  flowing  in  a  N.E.  direction,  and  also  drained 
in  the  S.  part  by  the  Bobidoux  and  Big  Piney  Fork,  and 
Little  Piney  Creek,  which  flow  into  the  Gasconade.  The 
surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  generally  fertile.  Limestone  un- 
derlies a  part  of  the  land.  The  county  is  copiously  supplied 
with  water-power.  Capital.  Waynesville.  Pop.  3835,  of 
whom  3779  were  free,  and  56  slaves. 

PUL.-VSKI.  a  post-village,  semi-capital  of  Oswego  co..  New 
York,  situated  in  Richland  township,  on  S.almon  River,  i 
miles  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  150  miles  W.X.W.  of  Albany 
It  contains  a  courthouse,  several  churches,  1  newspaper 
office.  1  bank,  and  manufactures  of  iron,  wool,  and  other 
matei  iais.     Pop.  estimated  at  1000. 

PUL. A  SKI,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lawrence  co. 
Peun.sylvania,  on  the  Shenango  Biver,  and  on  the  Beaver 
and  Erie  Canal,  66  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  1505. 
PUL.\SKI.  a  post-oflfice  of  Scott  co..  Mississippi. 
PULASKI,  a  post-village  of  Panola  co.,  Texas,  on  the  .Sa- 
bine River,  a  few  miles  E.  of  Carthage. 

PUL.\SKI.  a  thriving  post-villa/e.  capit.al  of  Giles  en.. 
Tennessee,  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Elk  River.  75  miles  S- 
of  X.ashville.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  cont.ains 
a  cotton  factory  moved  by  steam,  a  bank,  and  several  flou- 
rishing scliotils.     Pop.  estimated  at  1400. 

PULASKI,  a  post-township  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio.  Vop^ 
including  Bryan,  2258. 


PUL 


PUN 


PUIjASKI,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Jackson  co.,  Michi]j;an.     I'op.  1100. 

I'ULASKI,  a  post-offlee  of  Pulaslci  co.,  Ir.di.ina. 

PULA?K1.  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  85  miles 
N.W.  of  Springfield. 

PUl/ASKI.  a  post-office  of  Davis  co..  Iowa. 

PULiASKI.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Wis- 
rousin,  on  \\  isconsin  Kiver,  about  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mine- 
ral Point.     P<.p.  1000. 

PULASKI  CKKEK.  of  Pulaski  CO.,  Georgia,  flows  into  the 
Ocmiil^ree  from  the  right. 

PUI.AJ^'KIVILLK,  a  po.st-village  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 

PULAAVY.  p<»-ld'vvee,  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and 
30  niile.s  N.AV.  of  Lublin,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  A'istula. 
Pop.  3U00. 

PUL'BOROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

PUL'FORI),  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  H  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Chester,  with  a  station  on  the  Shrewsbury  aud'Chester 
P.ailwav. 

PUL'IIAM,  a  town  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  3^  miles 
N.W.  of  Ilarleston.     Pop.  in  1851,  1414. 

PULHAM,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

PULICAT,  paPe-kaf,  (Hindoo.  Vuliacula,  vd-le-i-koo'ta.) 
a  maritime  toHU  of  India,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Dutch, 
20  miles  N.  of  JIadras.  Lat.  13°  25'  N.,  Ion.  80°  24'  E..  at  the 
S.  entrance  of  Pulicat  Lake,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  35  miles 
m  length,  and  12  miles  in  breadth,  bounded  seaward  by 
a  long,  narrow  island. 

PULKAU.  pool'kow,  or  BULKA.  bCoinvd,  a  market-town 
of  Lower  Austria,  at  the  foot  of  theMannhartsberg.  P.  1856. 

PULT/AW-W,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  parish,  Lousiana. 

PUL'I,0.\UfLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

PULLY,  puriee',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud, 
I  mile  E.  of  Lau.sanne.  Pop.  1000. 

PULO,  a  prefix  to  names  of  many  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.     See  PooLO. 

PULO  AXAPIII.  poo^o  J-nd'fee.  an  islet  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Santoriui. 

PULO  PENANG.  Strait  of  Malacca.     See  Pen'.4.no. 

PULO  ■\VAY  or  PULO  AY.    See  PooLO  Wat. 

PULSANO.  poolsS/no,  or  PULZAXO.  pool-zd/no,  a  village 
of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Taranto. 
Pop.  1100. 

PULSXITZ  or  PULSSNITZ,  pilfil.s'nits,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
16  miles  N.E.  of  Dresden.  Pop.  2000.  'The  Emperor  Alex- 
ander of  Kussia  and  the  King  of  Prussia  had  a  conference 
here  in  181.3. 

PULTXKV.  pfilfnee,  a  post-township  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York,  oil  the  \V.  side  of  Crooked  Lake.    Pop.  1470. 

PULTXEY.  a  township  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  3143. 

PULLVXE  Y  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  New  York, 
on  Lake  Ont;irio,  28  miles  E.X.E.  of  Rochester.  It  has  a 
landing  and  warehouses. 

PULTOW  A.  a  town  and  government,  Poland.  See  Polt.wa. 

PULTUSK,  pool'toosk,  written  also  PULTOWSK.  a  town 
of  Poland,  province,  and  60  miles  E.X.E.  of  Plock,  capital  of 
a  county,  on  an  i.sland  formed  by  the  Xarew.  Pop.  45t)0. 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  bishop's  palace,  a  collegiate  church, 
a  nunnery,  and  a  synag<igue,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  corn. 
Here,  in  1703,  Charles  XIX.  conquered  the  Saxons,  and  on 
the  2(jth  December,  1S06,  the  French  gained  a  victory  over 
the  Ku?sians. 

PUL'VEl'.BATCH  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 

PUL'VEirS  CORNERS,  a  postofRce  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York. 

PUMP'KTX.  a  post-office  of  Southampton  co.,  Tirginia. 

PUMP'KIXPILK,  a  post-office  of  Paulding  Co.,  Georgia. 

PUMI'KIX  PINK,  a  post-office  of  Polk  Co.,  Georgia. 

PU.M  l''KlXTOWX,a  post-villageof  Pickens  district.  South 
CaniliuH.  lib  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

PUM  I'KIXTOWX,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  CO.,  Georgia. 

PUMP'RINYTXE,  a  post-office  of  Paulding  co.,  Georgia. 

PUMPKIXYIXE  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  into  the  Eto- 
wah, a  lew  miles  S.  of  Cartersville.  in  Cass  county. 

PUXA,  poond',  improperly  written  PUNO,  an  island  off 
the  AV.  coast  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  department,  and 
40  miles  S.W.  of  Guayaquil,  in  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  30  miles ;  breadth,  10  miles.  The 
surface  is  well  wooded.  On  its  N.  side  is  the  village  of  Puna, 
with  a  t'  .lerable  harbor. 

PUXCH,  p&nch.  a  small  town  of  the  Punjab,  in  lat.  33° 
51'  N.,  lou.  73°  53'  E.,  near  the  frontier  of  Cashmere,  where 
crossed  by  the  Punch  Pass,  8500  feet  in  elevation. 

PUXCH'KON.  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Kentucky. 

PUXCHSHIR.  pttnch'sheer',  or  PUN.TSHIR,  pQnj'sheer', 
s  valley  of  Afghanistan,  stretching  S.W.  along  the  S.  side 
>f  Hindoo  Koosh,  for  about  60  miles,  from  the  Khawak  Pass. 
Lat.  35°  42'  N..  Ion.  69°  53'  E.  A  river  of  the  same  name, 
flowing  through  the  centre  of  the  valley,  is  fed  by  numerous 
streams  from  its  sides.  The  soil  is  naturally  so  sterile  that 
there  is  scarcely  a  single  tree  of  spontaneous  growth:  but 
lareful  culture  has  covered  the  surface  with  groves  and  or- 
chards of  mulberry  and  other  fruit-trees,  and  every  spot 
capable  i-f  yielding  grain  is  turned  to  account.    The  inhabit- 


ants, considered  to  be  of  Peisiaii  descent,  are  expert  in  the 
use  of  firearms,  and  make  good  soldiers;  and  it  has  lx*eu 
estimated  that  they  could  muster  10.000  fighting  men. 

PUNCK'XOLL.  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Dorset. 

PUN^DERPOOR',  a  town  of  India,  dominions,  and  S9  miles 
E.  of  Sattarah,  on  the  Beem.ah.  Lat.  17°  42'  N.,  Ion.  75° 2^  E 
It  is  regularly  and  well  built,  aiid  has  several  palaces.  Pop 
25,000.  (?) 

PUNGANOOR,  pftn-gd-noor',  a  fortified  town  of  British 
India,  presidencv  of  Sladras.  CO  miles  N.AV.  of  Arcot. 

PUN'GO  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

PUNGOTE.\GUE,  ptlngVo-teeg',  a  post-village  of  Accomack 
CO.,  Virginia.  12  miles  S.W.  of  .\ccomack  Court^House.  It 
has  2  churches  and  a  mill. 

PUXGUDUTIVE,  pfing-goo-doo-teev/,  a  small  'i.sland  S.W. 
of  .Taifnapatam,  on  the  N.  end  of  Ceylon,  about  10  miles  in 
circumference.    Pop.  2415. 

PUXHETE,  poon-yA/tA,  a  market-town  and  military  post 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Estrem.idura.  on  the  Tagus,  at  the 
head  of  its  navigation,  9  miles  W.X.W.  of  Abrautes.  Pop. 
1100.     It  exports  raisins  and  other  fruits. 

PUNISHEER,  a  river  of  Afghanistan.     See  Pendjsheher. 

PUNITZ,  poo'nits.  (Polish,  Powiec,  pAv'yits,)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland,  government,  .and  44  miles  S.  of  Posen. 
Pop.  1620,  partly  employed  in  linen-weaving  and  in  brewing. 

PUNJAB,  ptin-jdb'.  or  PUNJ.\UB,  an  extensive  territory 
of  North-west  Hindostan.  embracing  the  country  watered  by 
the  "  five  great  w.aters,"  of  which  the  Indus  is  the  most  west- 
erly, and  the  Sutlej  the  most  easterly.  The  outline  of  the  dis- 
trict is  angular,  the  apex  being  at  the  point  where  the  Indus 
and  the  Punjnud  meet,  in  lat.  28°  55'  N.,  Ion.  70°  2S'  E.  The 
X.  is  an  elevated  region,  formed  by  the  Bolor,  Thibet,  and 
West  Himalaya  Mountains,  and  from  whence  issue  six  rivers, 
which  flow  S.  through  a  level  and  low-lying  region.  The 
livers  are  the  Indus.  Jhvlum.  Clieiiaub.  Ravee.  Beas,  with 
theSutlej.  Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  from  Nobrain  I.^dakh 
to  the  confluence  of  the  Indus  and  Punjnud,  about  600 
miles.  Breadth,  from  Rampoor  to  Derbend,  350  miles.  Pop. 
estimated  at  4,740,000,  consi.sting  of  Sikhs,  Ca.shmerians,  and 
Afghans.  The  N.  part  of  the  state  is  a  range  of  mountains, 
with  an  elevation  of  from  20.000  to  27,000  feet.  The  W. 
range,  enclosing  the  valley  of  the  Indus,  is  of  granite  and 
primary  rocks.  The  Rup.shu  Spiti  aud  adj.acent  part  of 
Ladakh.  are  of  secondary  strata,  with  organic  remains:  the 
East  Cashmerian  are  volcanic  and  basaltic,  with  limestones. 
South  of  lat.  34°,  the  country  rapidly  .slopes  to  the  alluvial 
plain  of  the  Punjab,  which  extends  for  several  hiuidred 
miles  without  any  considerable  eminence  except  the  salt 
ranges  at  the  base  of  the  Himalayas,  which  contain  im- 
mense beds  of  rock-salt,  as  also  alum,  sulphur,  nitre,  coal, 
and  gypsum.  The  great  plain  is  divided  by  the  intersec- 
tion of  its  rivers  into  5  doahs.  Tlie  Sfil  in  general  is  samly 
and  barren,  but  with  many  fertile  spots  intermixed,  and 
there  are  abundant  means  of  irrigation.  The  summer  tem- 
perature of  the  plains  is  excessively  hot  and  dry ;  winter 
cool,  and  not  unfrequently  frost.  Temperature  at  Lahore, 
in  .Tune,  about  112°  Fahrenheit. 

The  vegetation  of  the  Punjab  resembles  that  of  East  India. 
The  sugar-cane,  palm,  orange,  and  other  fruit-trees  flourish, 
and  all  kinds  of  grain  crops  are  raised,  as  also  opium,  indigo, 
and  tobacco.  Camels,  buffaloes,  and  horses  are  reared  in 
the  extensive  pasture-lands,  but  riiral  industry  is  by  nc 
means  generally  practised.  Silk  and  cotton  fabrics  are  ma- 
nufactured in  the  towns,  as  also  carpets,  shawls,  and  warlike 
arms.  A  considerable  transit  trade  is  carried  on  in  goods  im 
ported  from  East  India  and  carried  W.:  bullion,  silk,  drugs, 
and  dyes  being  received  in  return.  The  population  is  of  a 
mixed  kind.  In  the  N.  are  Thibetan  Mongolians,  and  the 
remains  of  foi-mer  Afghan  conquerors  are  scattered  over  the 
whole  country  ;  the  great  majority  of  the  people  are  Punjab 
Jats,  descendants  of  Hindoo  Rajpoot  .Jats;  the  Khalsa  Sikh 
population  may  amount  to  500,000.  Their  religion,  origi- 
nally supi)Osed  to  have  been  a  pure  deisai,  is  now  a  modifi- 
cation of  Hindooism.  They  have  no  castes,  and  the  military 
profession  is  open  to  all.  Their  morals  are  depraved  and 
sensual.  In  person  the  Sikhs  resemble  the  Ilindoos,  but 
are  of  more  robust  and  active  habits  than  the  natives  of 
Middle  India,  and  they  excel  in  warlike  enterprise.  The 
Sikh  government,  a  military  despotism,  extended  over  the 
whole  of  the  Punjab,  Cashmere,  Ladakh,  and  Balkh.  Peshawer 
W.  of  the  Indus,  and  the  Derajat  as  far  S.  as  the  frontier  of 
Sinde.  The  revenue  was  formerly  estimated  at  about 
2,500,000?.  annually.  Runjeet  Singh  had  an  army  of  75,000 
men.  The  principal  towns  are  Lahore,  the  capital,  .imritseer, 
Serinagur,  Mooltan,  Peshawer.  Jnllinder,  and  Jelalpoor. 

The  Punjab  was  the  scene  of  Alex!>nder  the  Great's  ori- 
ental conquests.  .\t  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century 
it  was  oveiTun  by  Mohammed  of  Ghuznee,  "the  destroyei'." 
Subsequently  it  was  conquered  by  the  Afghans,  and  in 
1526  by  Baber  the  Mogul  Concineror.  Under  the  late  Run- 
jeet Singh,  the  power  and  boundaries  of  the  kingdom  were 
gre.atly  extended ;  and  on  his  death,  in  1839,  and  the  subse- 
quent massacres  of  his  nearest  heirs,  the  country  became 
the  scene  of  anarchy.  An  unprovoked  invasion  of  the  British 

1549 


FUN 


PUT 


lerriti.  ie?  E.  of  the  Sutlej  by  a  powerful  army  of  the  Sikhs 
In  1S44.  led  to  a  seiies  of  British  viftories  at  Moodkee,  Kerb- 
ieshahj  Aliwal.  and  Sabraon,  and  their  submission  by  treaty 
in  1816.  This  treaty  was  agjiin  broken  by  Shere  Singh  in 
1818,  and  the  Sikh  force  was  finally  defeated  and  dispersed 
at  Guzerat,  February  21.  1S49.  The  Punjab  was  then  form- 
ally annexed  to  the  British  possessions  in  India. 

PUXJ  DKEN,  panj  deen,  written  also  PUNJ-DEH  and 
PEXJDEH.  a  Turcoman  station.^ry  camp,  in  Khorassan,  on 
the  route  from  Herat  to  Jlerv.  130  miles  N.  of  Herat.  Lat. 
3G''  i'  N.,  Ion.  62°  41'  E.  Puiij  Deen  is  a  frontier  post  of  the 
Khan  of  Khova. 

PUN.TGaOK,  pQnj'goor',  a  town  of  Belooehistan.  province 
of  Mekran.  on  the  Doostee,  74  miles  X.\.E.  of  Kedje. 

PUNJXtlD.  puiij'nud'.  a  name  applied  to  the  conjoined 
stream  of  thu  flhani  and  Chenanb  Hivers.  which  unites  with 
the  Indus  after  a  S.W.  course  of  about  60  miles.  At  Ooch  it 
is  half  a  mile  wide  at  low  water,  and  15  or  20  feet  deep. 

PUXKAIIS  or  POXKAS.  pfinkMs,  a  tribe  of  Indians  for- 
merly dwelling  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  present  Nebraska 
Territory. 

PUX'XAH  or  PAX'/XAH,  a  rajahship  of  Hindostan,  pro- 
vince of  Allahabad,  subsidiary  to  the  British,  and  having 
an  area  of  6SS  square  miles.  Pop.  67.500.  It  pays  to  the 
Bengal  government  a  tribute  of  11,000  rupees  annually,  and 
maintains  a  force  of  200  cavalry  and  700  infantry.  It  con- 
tains the  famous  diamond-mines  of  P.vnsah. 

PUN  X  AIR,  pu.n-nAi-',  or  PAX  AUK,  pa-nawr',  a  river  of 
South  India,  rises  in  Mysore,  traverses  the  British  districts 
of  Salem  and  South  Arcot,  and  enters  the  sea  at  Cuddalore, 
93  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madras,  after  an  E.  course  of  220  miles. 
The  towns  of  Ryacotta  and  Kistnaghur  are  on  its  banks. 

PUXO,  poo/no.  a  department  of  Peru,  mostly  between  lat. 
14°  and  18°  S.,  and  Ion.  69°  and  72°  W.,  having  E.  Bolivia, 
and  on  other  sides  the  departments  of  Cuzco  and  Arequipa. 
Estimated  area,  21.540  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  285,661. 
It  is  nearly  enclosed  by  eordilleras  of  the  Andes,  comprises 
the  greater  part  of  the  Lake  Titicaca,  and  was  formerly  fa- 
mous for  the  number  and  wealth  of  its  silver  mines.  The 
chief  towns  .are  Puno,  Chucuito,  Asangaro,  and  Lampa. 

PUNO,  a  city  of  South  Peru,  capital  of  a  department  and 
province,  on  the  Bay  of  Puno,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Titi- 
iMca,  130  miles  E.X.E.  of  Arequipa,  and  12,870  feet  above  the 
*ea.     Pop.  9000. 

PUXTA  DE  LOS  REYES,  poon'td  dk  loce  rifyls,  a  post- 
office  of  Marion  co.,  California. 

PUXTA  DE  PIEDRA,  poon'ti  dJ  pe-i^drl,  (t.  e.  "Stony 
Point,")  a  maritime  town  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
department,  and  70  miles  E.  of  Cumana,  at  the  head  of  the 
Gulf  of  Paria.  It  stands  on  a  fine  elevated  plain,  and  has 
risen  into  importance  wholly  within  the  present  century. 

PUXTA  DI  STILO,  poou'td  dee  stee'lo,  (anc.  OocMthum  or 
Cocin'tum.)  a  point  or  cape  of  Italy,  iu  Calabria  Ultra,  on  the 
S.E.  coast,  in  lat.  38°  2S°  N..  Ion.  16°  36'  E. 

PUXTA  ESPADA.  poon'ti  ^s-pi'Dd,  a  promontory  at  the 
E.  end  of  the  island  of  Hayti,  in  lat.  12°  4'  N.,  Ion.  71°  10'  W. 

PUXTA  LLAXA,  poon'td  Id'ni,  a  town  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  on  a  rugged  site,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of 
I'alma.     Pop.  1938. 

PUXTA  LORNA,  poon'ti  loR/nJ,  the  VT.  promontory  form- 
ing the  entrance  to  the  port  of  San  Diego,  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  United  States,  in  lat.  32°  39'  30"  N.,  Ion.  117° 
15'  17"  W. 

PUXTAS  AREXMS,  poon'tis  l-Ainls,  the  principal  port 
of  Costa  Rica,  Central  America,  on  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  It 
has  a  good  harbor  and  a  rapidlyriucreasing  trade,  as  it  com- 
municates by  an  excellent  road  with  a  great  part  of  the  in- 
terior.   In  1845  it  exported  50,000  quintals  of  coffee. 

PUXUKK.\,  a  town  of  Hindostan.     See  Poo.n'UKK.*.. 

PUXXUTAWXEY,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 130  miles  W'.N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

PUR.  two  rivers  of  Siberia.    See  Poor. 

PUR.iCE,  poo-rd-sA'.  a  mountnin  peak  of  the  Andes,  in 
New  Granada ;  lat.  2°  20'  X.     Height.  17,034  feet. 

PURACE,  or  PUSAMKIO,  poo-sjm'be-o,  a  village  of  South 
America,  New  Qranada,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Popayan,  on  the 
volcano  of  Purace,  by  an  eruption  of  which,  In  1827,  it  was 
temporarily  destroyed. 

PUR.vnx,  a  town  of  Rus.sia.    See  Poorateen. 

PUIVBECK,  ISLE  OF.  a  peninsular  district  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset,  between  the  river  Frome  and  the  English 
Channel,  terminating  in  St.  Alban's  Head.  Length.  10 
miles;  breadth,  about  7  miles.  Corfe  Castle  is  in  this 
district 

PUUCELL,  par-sMl',  an  isl.ind  off  the  W.  coast  of  Pata- 
Ronia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  deep  channel  about 
U  miles  wide,  in  lat.  46°  55'  20"  S.,  ion.  74°  39'  55"  W. 
PfU'CiXLSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Loudon  co.,  Virginia. 
PURCHEX.\,  pooR-ch.Vui.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
.»  miles  X.X.E.  of  .^Imeria,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Almau- 
lor.     Pop.  1596. 

PUR'DY,  a  post-village,  c.ipital  of  SIcXairy  CO.,  Tennessee, 
13«  miles  W.S.W.  of  Xashville. 

PURDY  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York, 
about  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bath. 
1660 


PURDY  ISLAND,  off  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  belongs  to 
the  Xuyts  Archipelago. 

PURDY  ISLAXDS,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  South  Pac! 
fie.  S.  of  the  Admiralty  Islands,  about  lat.  2°  51'  S..  Ion.  1460 
15'  E. 

PUR'DY'S  STATION,  a  pos^vilIage  of  Westchester  co., 
Xew  York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  50  miles  N.N.E.  ol  New 
York. 

PURTLEET.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  situ 
ated  on  an  eminence  beside  the  Thames,  15  miles  E.  of  Lon 
don.  Pop.  704.  It  has  a  small  pier  for  steamers,  and  a  large 
government  bomb-proof  powder  magazine. 

PUR'GITSVILLE,:!  post-office,  Hamiishiro  co.. W.Virginia. 

PURIFICACIOX,  poo-re-fe-kd-se-on',  a  town  of  South 
America,  in  Xew  Granada,  department  of  Cuudinamarc-i,  ou 
the  -Ma.'dalena,  72  miles  S.W.  of  Bogota. 

PUldFICACION,  poo-re-fe-kd-se-6n',  a  town  of  the  ilexican 
Confederation,  95  miles  W.X.W.  of  CoUma. 

PU'RITOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PURK.\SSA,  pfir-kds'sd,  a  town  of  Britii.h  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombav,  district  of  Candeish,  on  the  Taptee,  84 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Surat,  in  lat.  21°  29'  N.,  lon.  74°  22'  E.  It 
is  now  in  decay,  but  numerous  ruined  temples  attest  its 
former  importance. 

PUR'LEI(5II,  a  pari.'sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PUR'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

PUKMEREXD.  puR/mgh-r§nt\  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of.North  Holland,  on  the  North  Holland  Canal,  10 
miles  X'.  of  Anist<.Tdam.  Pop.  3372.  It  has  large  markets 
for  cattle  and  cheese. 

PURNEAH,  pur'ne-a,  a  town  of  British  India,  capital  of 
a  district  of  its  own  name,  230  miles  X.W.  of  Calcutta,  in 
l,at.  25°  45'  N.,  lon.  88°  23'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  40,000.  It 
is  isaid  to  occupy  9  square  miles,  being  rather  an  assembLaga 
of  villages  than  a  cjinpaet  town.  A  good  deal  of  indigo 
is  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

PURNEAH,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal.    Area,  74G0  s<|uare  mUes.     Pop.  1.362,li55. 

PURRUAII,  p&r'rooVh,  a  town  of  British  India,  presl 
dency  of  Bengal,  district,  and  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dinagepoor 
iu  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  lon.  88°  14'  E.  It  has  extensive  ruins  of 
mosques  and  other  buildings. 

PURRU.A.H,  a  town  of  Biitish  Indi.%  presidency  of  Bengal, 
district  of  Burdwan,  32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Calcutta. 

PURS'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Pennsylvania. 

PUIVTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  4j  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Swindon. 

PURUS,  poo'rooce,  or  PURU,  poo-roo',  CUCHIA'ARA,  koo- 
che-vi/rd,ariver  of  South  America,  rises  in  Peru,  flows  X.E., 
and  after  a  course  of  400  miles,  joins  the  Amazon  in  lat.  4° 
S.,  lon.  61°  W.  It  traverses  the  least-known  part  of  the 
-American  continent.  At  its  junction  with  the  .\mazon  it  is 
scarcely  inferior  in  size  to  that  river.  Length,  estimated  at 
from  400  to  500  miles. 

PURUVESI,  poo-roo-vA'see,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  Finland, 
in  the  S.  of  the  circle  of  Kuopio.  It  is  about  24  miles  long, 
by  15  miles  broad. 

PUR'VIS,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  I'^ork. 

PURAVAN,  ptir-wdn',  a  village  of  .Afghanistan,  in  a  valley 
of  the  s.ame  name,  on  the  S.  side  of  Hindoo  Koosh,  in  lat. 
35°  9'  N..  lon.  69°  16'  E.  It  acquired  some  celebrity  during 
the  military  operations  in  Afghanistan  in  1840, as  the  scene 
of  a  severe  check  sustained  by  the  British. 

PUS.VMBIO,  a  vill.age  of  South  America.    See  Pcr.we. 

PU'SEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

PU'SEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PUSHMATAHA,  ptlsh'ma-ta-haw',  a  post-offloe  orChoctaw 
CO.,  Alabama. 

PUSI.VXO,  poD-se-d'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  10  miles 
E.  of  Como,  on  the  Lake  of  Pusiano,  which  is  about  3  miles 
long  by  1  mile  in  bre.idth,  160  feet  deep,  and  840  feet  abova 
the  jVdriatic. 

PUSOPK,  LADAN Y,  IChMdit'  pii'shopk',  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, Thither  Theiss,  CO.  of  Szabolcs,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Na 
dudvar.     Pop.  3463. 

PUSPOKY.  (Puspoky.)  pUs'po'kee,  (Ger.  Buschdorf.  Wish'- 
doRf.)  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co.,  and  6  miles  S.E. 
of  Presburg.     Pop.  121S. 

PUSTERTH  AL,  poos'tei-tdP,  a  district  iu  the  E.  part  of  the 
Tyrol,  watered  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Drave  and  Adiga. 
Chief  town.  Bruneck. 

I'UST-OZERSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Poost-Ozersk. 

PUT.\,  poo'td.  a  small  town  of  Yolo  co.,  Califcjrnia. 

PUTA  RIVER,  Californi.i,  rises  in  Napa  county,  runs  in 
an  E.  direction  through  the  beautiful  Berryessa  Valley, 
and  at  last  wastes  its  waters  in  the  Tule  marshes. 

PUT.WL,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Pootivl. 

PUTBUS.  prOt/boos,  a  market-town  of  Prussia,  in  the 
island  of  RUgen.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Bergen.    Pop.  1340. 

PU-TCHU,  a  city  of  China.    See  Poo-ciioo. 

PUTliAUX,  pU^t5',  avill.tge  of  France,  department  of  Seine, 
11  miles  W.  of  Pari.s.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  S;  ine.  and  jn 
the  Paris  and  Versailles  Railw.ay.     Pop.  iu  lSo"i,  4346 


PUT 

PUTKOLANUS  SINUS.    See  Naples.  Bat  of. 

PUTKOLI.    See  Pozzuoli. 

PUT'KOKD,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PUTEOKD,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PUTIGXANO,  poo-teeu-yd/no,  afown  of  Naples,  province, 
ind  -23  miles  S.K.  of  Bari.     Pop.  9000.       , 

PUT'LKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

PUTLITZ,  pout'llts,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 9  miles  N.W.  of  Pritzwalk.     Pop.  1520. 

PUT'NAM,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  York,  has  an 
area  of  about  2^0  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  State  of  Connecticut,  and  on  the  AV.  by  the  llud.son,  and 
is  principally  drained  by  Croton  River  and  Peekskill  Creek, 
which  afford  some  water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven  and 
hillv.  and  in  the  W.  part  mountainou.s.  the  elevated  ridge 
called  the  Ilighland-s  passing  through  it.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally fertile.  Iron  ore  of  excellent  quality  is  abundant,  and 
large  quantities  are  manufactured.  The  West  Point  foun- 
dry is  one  of  the  most  e.\tensive  in  the  United  State.s.  Plum- 
bago, sulphur,  and  iron  pyrites  are  also  found.  The  Hud- 
son River  is  navigable  for  ships  along  the  entire  W.  border. 
The  Harlem  Railroad  and  the  Hudson  River  Railroad  tra- 
verse the  county  from  N.  to  S.  Organized  in  1812,  and 
named  in  honor  of  General  Israel  Putnam,  an  officer  in  the 
Revolution.    Capital,  Carmel.     Pop.  14  002. 

PUT.N  A  M,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  W.  YirRiiiia,  touching 
the  Ohio  River,  contains  350  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Great  Kanawha  River,  navigable  by  steamboats.  The 
surface  is  occupied  by  valleys  and  hills ;  the  soil  is  generally 
fertile.  The  hills  contain  immense  beds  of  iron  ore  and 
bituminous  coal.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Covington  and 
Ohio  Railroad,  not  yet  finished.  It  was  organized  in  1S48, 
including  parts  of  Mason  and  Kanawha  counties.  Capital 
Winfield.  Pop.  6301,  of  whom  5721  were  free,  and  680 
slaves. 

I'UTNA  JI,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  about  360  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Oconee  River,  intersected  by  Little  River,  and  al.so 
drained  by  Crooked,  Indian,  and  other  creeks.  The  surface 
is  somewhat  diversified,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of 
oak,  pine,  and  other  trees.  The  soil  is  of  the  description 
called  "  mulatto,"  well  adapted  to  cotton,  but  impoverished 
by  a  bad  system  of  cultivation.  Copper  and  iron  have  been 
found,  and  granite  is  abundant.  A  railroad  has  been  opened 
from  Eatonton  to  the  Central  Railroad  at  Gordon.  Organ- 
ized in  1807.  Capital,  Eatonton.  Pop.  10,125,  of  whom  2987 
were  free,  and  713S  slaves. 

PUTNAM,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida,  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic,  has  an  area  of  840  square  miles.  It  is  In- 
tersected by  St.  John's  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Ock- 
lawha.  The  surfiice  is  but  little  higher  than  the  sea,  and 
consists  mostly  of  marshes,  grassy  plains,  and  pine  forests. 
The  soil  is  sumly.  Capital,  I'ilatka.  Pop.  2712,  of  whcm 
1005  were  free. 

PUTNAM,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
small  aflluents  of  Curaterland  River.  The  surface  is  un- 
even and  partly  covered  with  forests.  The  county  was 
formed  since  1850.  out  of  parts  of  Jackson  and  White  coun- 
ties.    Capital,  Monticello.      Pop.  855S. 

PUTXAM,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  about  480  square  mile.s.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Auglaize 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Blanchard's  Fork  and  the  Ottawa 
River,  affluents  of  the  former.  The  surface  is  level,  and  ex- 
tensively covered  with  good  timber.  A  large  part  of  the 
county  is  occupied  by  the  Black  Swamp;  the  soil,  when 
drained,  is  very  productive.  It  is  intersected  by  the  iliami 
Extension  Canal,  and  by  the  route  of  the  Dayton  and  Michi- 
gan Railroad.    Capital,  Kalida.     Pop  12,808. 

PUTNAM,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  pirt  of  Indiana, 
contains  480  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Eel  River, 
an  aflluent  of  White  River.  The  surface  is  partly  level,  and 
partly  undulating.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  black  loam,  and  in 
some  parts  calcareous,  and  is  well  adapted  to  grain  or  grass. 
In  IS.jO  this  county  yielded  85,837  pounds  of  wool,  being  the 
greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state. 
Quarries  of  valuable  limestone  have  been  opened.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Indianapolis  and  Terre  Haute,  and  the 
Louisville  ly'ow  .Albanv  and  Chicago  Railroads.  Capital, 
Greencastle.     Pop.  20,681. 

PUTNAM,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Illinois 
River,  navigable  by  steamboats.  The  surface  is  nearly  level 
or  undulating ;  the  soil  is  highly  productive,  and  easily  cul- 
tivated. The  county  contaiiw!  extensive  prairies,  and  is 
liberally  supplied  with  timber.  Stone  coal  is  found  in  this 
county.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 
Organized  in  1831.    Capital,  Hennepin.     Pop.  5587. 

PUTN.4.M,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  290  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Chariton  River,  flowing  from  N.  to 
S..  and  intersected  by  Shoal  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversi- 
fied with  prairies  and  woodlands.  Capital,  Putnamville. 
Po]).  9207,  of  whom  9176  were  free,  and  31  slaves. 

l'UTN.\M,  a  pojt-townsUip  forming  the  N.  extremity  of 


PTJY 

Washington  co ,  New  York,  bordering  on  Lakes  George  «iid 
Champiain.     Pop.  754. 

PUTNAM,  a  village  of  Ohio.     Sec  Zaxestille. 

PUTNAM,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Livingston  c<v., 
Michi-an.     Pop.  1213. 

PUTNA.M  VALLEY,  a  post-township  of  Putnam  cc,  New 
York.  50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  York.     Pop.  1583. 

PUT'NAMYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana, 
is  plea.santly  situated  on  the  National  Road,  40  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Indianapolis.  The  extension  of  the  Albany  and  Salem 
l{ailroad  passes  through  this  village,     i'op.  in  1860,  251. 

PUTNAMVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Putnam  co. 
Missouri,  about  150  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

PUT'.N'EY,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 
on  the  Thames,  opposite  Fulhnm,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  wooden  bridge,  and  on  the  London  and  Richmond  Kail- 
way,  Oi  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Pauls,  Loudon.  Pop.  in  1851, 
52S0.  The  village  has  many  good  residences,  a  conspicuous 
church,  and  various  inns  facing  the  river.  Rowing  and 
sailing  matches  are  here  often  held.  Steamers  ply  con- 
stantly between  it  and  London.  Cromwell,  Earl  of  Essex, 
and  principal  agent  of  Henry  VIII.  in  the  spoliation  of  the 
monasteries,  and  Gibbon,  the  historian,  were  natives  of 
Putney. 

PUTNEY,  a  post-township  in  Windham  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  Vermont 
A'alley  Railroad.  105  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Slontpelier.   Pop.  11G3. 

PUT'NEYVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Armstrong  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

PUTRID  SEA,  Russia.     See  SivAsn. 

PUTTK,  put/teh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  10 
miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  2702. 

PUTTEK.  ptltHee'.  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  12  miles  W.  of 
the  lie:is,  and  38  miles  S.E.  of  Lahore.  Pop.  about  5000.  It 
is  well  built,  and  has  a  government  stud. 

PUTTELANG  K,  piitH? h-lSNzh',  or  PUTTLINOEN,  pUtt'- 
ling-fn,  a  town  of  Fr.ince,  department  of  Moselle,  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Sarreguemines.     Pop.  2642. 

PUTTEN.  put/ten,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  South  Ilolland.'formed  by  the  Meuse,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Rot- 
terdam. 

PITTTEN,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gelder- 
land.  6  miles  S.  of  Harderwick.    Pop.  3233. 

PUT'TENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

PUTTEN  HAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

PUTTERSHOEK,  pQt'ters-hook\  or  PIETERSIIOEK, 
pee/tfrs-hook\  a  village  of  IloUand,  province  of  South  Hol- 
land. 4  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Dort.     Pop.  1585. 

PUTTOOLA-KILLA.    See  Flttoolah-Kilia. 

PUTTS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Essex  Co..  New  York. 

PUTT'UGUN'PUS,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

PUTTUN  SOMNAUTH,  Hindostan.     See  Somn.\cth. 

PUTUMAYO,  poo-too-ml'o,  or  IQA,  ee'si,  a  river  of  South 
America,  in  licuador,  rises  by  many  heads  near  Pasto,  flows 
E..  and  joins  the  Amazon  at  Iga.    Total  course,  700  miles. 

PUTKALO,  poot-zd'lo,  a  small  island  of  Finland,  in  the 
N.  part  of  Lake  Ladoga. 

PUTZIG,  (pudf/sio)  Bat  of,  the  W.  arm  of  the  Gulf  of 
Dantzic,  separated  from  the  Baltic  by  a  long  and  narrow 
tongue  of  land.     Length,  from  S.E.  to  N.AV.,  20  miles. 

PUTZIG,  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  26  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Dantzic.  on  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic.     Pop.  2180. 

PUX'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Somerset. 

PUY,  Le,  leh  pwee,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Loire,  68  miles  S.W.  of  Lyons,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  Loire.  Pop.  in  1852,  15,723.  It  is  built  in  the 
form  of  an  amphitheatre,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Anis. 
Crowning  the  mount,  and  overtopping  the  houses,  is  a  ver- 
tical rock  with  a  tabular  summit  called  Rocher  deCorneille, 
containing  tlie  ruins  of  a  castle.  Of  still  more  remarkable 
appearance,  though  much  less  lofty,  is  the  Rocher-de-St. 
Jlichel,  an  isolated  conical  rock  of  basaltic  tufti,  rising 
abruptly  from  the  stream  of  the  Borne  to  the  height  of  265 
feet,  with  a  thickness  at  the  base  of  500  feet,  and  at  the  top 
of  only  45  or  50  feet.  This  rock  is  surmounted  by  a  small 
chapel  in  the  Romanesque  style,  approached  by  a  winding 
stair,  partly  cut  in  the  rock.  The  chief  part  of  the  town, 
consisting  of  white  houses,  rising  in  a  succession  of  terraces, 
clusters  round  the  larger  rock,  and  in  like  manner  the 
suburb,  called  Aiguille,  is  built  around  the  other.  The  prin- 
cipal edifices  are  the  cathedral,  a  heavy,  ungainly  building 
in  the  Romanesque  style,  occupying  the  highest  part  of  the 
town;  the  church  of  St.  Laurent,  a  large  edifice,  containing 
the  ashes  of  the  celebrated  Constable  Du  Guesdin;  the  the- 
atre, occupying  an  octagonal  building,  fabled  to  have  once 
been  a  temple  of  Diana;  the  prefecture,  a  new  edifice;  and 
the  museum,  cout.aining  a  considerable  number  of  Roman 
remains,  and  other  local  curiosities.  Le  Puy  has  a  national 
college,  a  normal  school,  and  a  library  of  8000  volumes.  It 
is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  possesses  a  court  of  first  resort  and 
commerce,  a  consulting  chamber  of  manufactures,  a  dio- 
cesan seminary,  and  an  agricultural  society.  The  town  ha>' 
manufactures  of  lace,  woollens,  and  a  bell  foundry.  It  wis 
the  capital  of  the  old  district  of  Velay,  and  was  the  fclrth 
place  of  Cardinal  Polignac. 

1561 


PUY 


PYR 


PTJYCERDA.  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Pogcerpa. 

PUY  DE  DOME,  pwee  deh  dom,  a  mountain  of  France, 
near  the  centre  of  the  department  to  which  it  gives  name. 
Height  above  the  sea,  4806  feet.  It  is  the  chief  peak  of  a 
volcanic  group  of  mountains,  covering  about  80  square 
miles,  and  attached  on  the  S.  by  a  series  of  basaltic  peaks  or 
pui/s  to  the  great  mnss  of  Mont-Dor.  It  is  almost  bare  of 
trees,  but  has  good  pasturage  on  its  sides,  and  corn  land  at 
its  base. 

PUY  DE  DOME,  a  department  in  the  S.E.  of  France, 
formed  of  part  of  Auvergne;area  3039  square  m.  Pop.  in 
1S61,  576,409.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  contains  a 
irreat  numtier  of  pui/s  or  peaks,  the  chief  of  which  are  the 
Mont-Dor  and  the  I'uy-de-D6me.  These  mountains  are  of 
volcanic  oiigin,  and  contain  numerous  extinct  craters,  the 
lava,  formerly  emitted  from  which,  is  used  for  building  Hnd 
pavius.  Between  the  mountains  extend  rich  valleys,  and 
that  of  Limagne  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  vegetation.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Allier,  and  its  affluent,  the  Dore. 
The  chief  mineral  pre  ducts  are  coal,  antimony,  silver,  alum, 
lead,  iron,  and  marble.  Tliere  are  numerous  mineral  springs 
in  the  department,  the  most  celebrated  of  which  is  that  of 
JIont-Dor.  The  principal  manufactures  are  linens,  wool- 
lens, and  paper.  Many  of  the  population  of  the  sterile  dis- 
tricts emijirate  every  year.  The  department  is  divided  into 
the  arrondissemenfs  of  Ambert,  Clermont,  ls.soire,  Riom, 
and  Thiers.    Capital.  Clermont-Ferrand. 

PUY'  GUILL.\UME.  pwee  ghee'yom'  or  gheePyom',  a  mar- 
bet-town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  8  miles 
X.N.W.  of  Thiers.     Pop.  1673. 

PUY-LA-KOQUE,  pwee-l3-rok,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  19  miles  X.E.  of  Montauban. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2354. 

PUYLAUKENS,  pweeMO'rfis"'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Lavaur.  Pop.  in  18.i2,  0178. 
It  was  formerly  fortified  by  the  Protestants,  but  dismantled 
by  Louis  XIII. 

PUY  L'fiVEQUE,  pwee  lA'vSk',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lot,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Cahors,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Lot.     Pop.  1125. 

PUY'MIROL,  pwee^meeVol',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  8  miles  E.  of  Agen.  Pop.  1036.  It  has 
ruins  of  a  fortress,  formerly  an  important  stronghold. 

PUZOL,  poo-thol'.  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  13 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Valencia.     Pop.  2493. 

PUZZU  MAJOR,  piiot'soo  nti-oR',  a  village  of  the  i.slandof 
Sardinia,  province,  and  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Alghero.    P.  1925. 

PUZZUOLl,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Pozzrou. 

PWLLHELI,  poo/'iZ-h-Alee,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  and  small  seaport  town  of  North  Wales,  on  Cardi- 
gan Bay,  CO.,  and  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carnarvon.  Pop.  of 
borough  in  1851,  2709.  It  has  a  union  work-house,  a  branch 
bank,  a  good  harbor  for  vessels  of  60  tons,  and  is  frequented 
by  sea-bathers.  The  port  is  subordinate  to  Beaumaris.  The 
borough  was  incorpf.rated  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince.  It 
unites  with  Carnarvon.  Bangor.  Conway,  Criccietfi.  and 
Kevin,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House" of  Commons. 

PWLL-Y-CROCHAN,  poo*AZ-e-kro'Kan,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Pembroke. 

PYEO'iMBE.  pi'kom.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.^ex. 

PYKED-STANE,  piTved-stain,  or  HELL'S  CLEUGII,  (kluH) 
a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co,  of  Peebles,  parish  of  Kirkurd. 
Elevation,  2100  feet. 

PYLE-AND-KEN'FIG,  a  parish  of  South  "Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

PYL1>R00D-BAR  or  PYLE-RUDBAR,  pn  rood'  bar',  a 
town  of  Persia,  province  of  Ghilan,  in  a  pass  of  the  Elbrooz 
Mountains,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Reshd. 

PYLESVILLE,  pilz'vil.  a  post-office.  Harford  co..  Maryland. 

PYLLE.  pill,  a  i\irish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

PYLSTAART,  pfl'stJrt.  or  SOL.i.  sonS.  an  i.sland  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  S.S.W.  of  the  Friendly  Isles,  in  lat.  22°  0'  S., 
Ion.  176°  4'  W. 

PY'MATU'NING  or  PAYMATOON'ING,  a  post-township 
of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Mercer. 
Pop.  2407. 

PYN  ACKER,  pi'ndk'ker.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  South  Holland.  3  miles  E.  of  Delft.     Pop.  1298. 

PYR'AMID  LAKE,  is  situated  near  the  W.  border  of  Utah 
Territory,  partly  in  Yuab.  (or  Juab.)  and  partly  in  Toi-ele 
X)unti«s.  length.  35  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  15 
miles.  It  derives  its  name  from  a  remarkable  rock  in  the 
shape  of  a  pyramid  about  600  feet  high,  which  forms  an 
\K\nDi  near  its  K.  shore.  The  waters  of  this  lake  are 
brackish. 

PYRAMIDS,  plrVmidz,  The.  (Fr.  Leg  Pi/ramides.  ]A  pee'- 
ra  meed'.)  the  name  given  to  a  number  of  remarkable  sepul- 
chral monuments  .amounting  in  all  to  aI>ove  60.)  erected 

•n  /.l""'.*!"*  Egyptians.  The  most  deserving  of  notice  are 
^}  ,  i**v  •'■■??"''"  "f  ^hee'ieh.  (Gizeh  or  Jizeh:)  these  are 
bituated  about  12  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.W.  of  Cairo,  and  5 
or  h  miles  from  tibeezeh.  and  consist  of  two  large,  and  seve- 
ral smaller  pyramids.  The  Great  Pyramid,  otherwise  called 
the  lynmid  of  Cheops,  (kee'ops,)  has  a  square  base,  each 
side  of  which  measures  073  feet;  the  Terticil  height  is  456 


feet.  On  the  top  is  a  platform  rather  more  than  32  fe«l 
sijuare.  Werethe  pyramid  continued  to  an  apex,  the  height 
would  be  atiout  479  feet.  Many  of  the  stones  of  which  it  ii> 
built,  are  nearly  4  feet  thick,  8  or  9  feet  long,  and  above  6 
feet  wide.  The  Great  Pyramid  contains  near  its  centre  seve- 
ral considerable  chambers,  though  small  compared  with  the 
I  size  of  the  entire  structure.  In  one  of  these  is  a  sarcopha- 
I  gus,  once  enclosing,  it  is  supposed,  the  body  of  the  king 
Cheops,  who  lived  about  900  yeai-s  B.  c.  The  Pyramid  of 
Cephren,  the  second  in  size,  has  a  base  684  feet  Sfjuare.  with 
a  vertical  height  of  456  feet.  The  Pyramids  of  Gheezeh 
stand  on  a  terrace  or  plateau  of  limestone  rock,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  stones,  being  of  the  same  materi.-*!.  are 
supposed  to  have  been  obtained  from  quarries  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity.  AH  the  pyramids  are  situated  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  Nile.  Many  of  those  not  included  in  the  group  above 
described,  are  inconspicuous;  some  of  the  smaller  ones 
have  in  the  lapse  of  ages  become  partially  or  entirely  covered 
with  the  sands  from  the  desert.  A  number  of  them,  built 
of  sun-dried  brick,  have  crumbled  into  a  mass  of  unsightly 
ruins. 

PYRA5IUS.  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Jtroo^t. 

PYRENEES,  plr'en-eez.  (Fr.Pyrtrtees.  peeV.Vn.V;  Sp.  Piri- 
ww.t.  pe-re-u.Voce:  Ger.  i'v»"fwa«'w,  pe-re-nA'en  ;  Jj.  Pyrenafi 
ilon't't.  or  Pijr^nt;  Gr.  Ilvpijfr;!  Purine.)  a  lofty  moun- 
tain chain  forming  the  boundary  between  France  and  Spain, 
and  sti-etching  across  the  whole  of  the  isthmus  which  con- 
nects the  Spanish  peninsula  with  the  rest  of  the  European 
continent,  and  abuts  with  one  extremity  at  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  the  other  at  the  Atlantic.  Its  length,  from  Cape 
Creux,  N.  of  the  Gulf  of  Rosas,  to  the  point  or  promontory 
near  Fontarabia,  is  nearly  270  miles ;  and  its  breadth  near 
the  centre,  where  it  is  greatest,  scarcely  exceeds  a  third  of  the 
length,  or  90  miles.  On  the  W..  the  chain  is  continued, 
under  the  name  of  the  Cantabrian  Mountains,  across  the  N. 
of  Spain,  nearlj'  to  Cape  Finisterre,  though  the  direction  of 
the  Pyrenees  is  E.S.E.  and  W.N.W.  They  do  not  lie  in  the 
same  straight  line,  but  rather  consist  of  two  lines,  which 
form  parallel  ridges  alx)ut  20  miles  distant  from  each  other, 
except  near  the  centre,  where  they  become  united  by  means 
of  a  remarkable  rectangular  elbow,  in  which  some  of  the 
loftiest  summits  are  found.  Both  on  the  N.  and  S.  sides, 
numerous  branches  are  thrown  olT.  generally  at  right  angles 
to  the  principal  axis,  and  subside  rapidly  as  they  recede 
from  it.  forming  various  tiansverse,  but  very  few  longitudi- 
nal valleys.  The  chain  rises  both  from  the  E.  and  W.  to- 
wards the  centre.  The  descent  on  the  S.  side  is  much  more 
abrupt  than  on  the  N.,  has  much  fewer  lakes,  but  far 
surpasses  it  in  the  boldness  and  grandeur  of  its  scenery. 
Nest  to  the  Alps,  the  Pyrenees  are  in  general  the  highest 
mountains  of  Europe;  the  summit  of  the  chain  forms  a 
curved  line,  with  a  mean  altitude  of  7990  feet.  As  already 
observed,  the  loftiest  summits  of  the  chain  are  near  its 
centre.  Its  culminating  point,  PicNethou.or  Maladetta,  situ- 
ated there,  h.is  the  height  of  11,168  feet,  and  a  great  number 
of  pe.iks  in  the  same  locality  exceed  8500  feet.  To  the  E.  of 
the  centre,  the  chain  lowers  so  rapidly  that  its  average  height 
soon  becomes  little  more  than  2000  feet.  To  the  AV.,  the 
height  diminishes  much  more  gradually,  and  manv  peaks 
have  heights  varying  from  5000  to  7000  feet,  and  even  8000 
feet.  The  principal  passes  in  the  I'yrenees,  formed  by  the 
meeting  of  valleys  from  opposite  sides  of  the  axis,  take,  in 
the  E.  part  of  the  chain  the  name  of  Cols,  and  towards  the 
centre  that  of  Ports.  In  all,  there  are  said  to  be  75  passes, 
of  which  28  may  be  crossed  on  horseback,  and  7  in  wheeled 
carriages.  The  most  frequented  are  those  of  Pertus  and  La 
Perche  in  the  E..  and  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port  in  the  W.  The 
primary  formation  is  less  extensive  than  in  the  Alps;  it  con- 
sists of  granite,  micaceous  schist,  and  primitive  limestone, 
which  form  .t  continuous  Kand  stretching  three-fourths 
acros-s  the  isthmus.  The  bulk  of  the  system  is  composed 
of  secondary  rocks  which  are  arranged  in  vertical  bands 
flanking  the  older  rocks,  and  consist  of  clay-slate,  gray- 
wacke.  and  blue  limestone.  The  oolite  and  chalk  forma- 
tions occur  on  the  lower  part  of  the  chain.  The  Pyrenees 
contain  iron  ores ;  copper  and  argentiferous  lead  ore  were 
formerly  worked,  but  are  now  abandoned.  Several  of  the 
streams  are  auriferous,  but  no  gold  or  silver  mines  are 
worked.  The  Valley  of  Cardona  contains  a  remarkable  de- 
posit of  rock-salt,  one  of  the  beds  measuring  390  by  750  feet 

Snow  lies  deep  in  the  Pyrenees  during  a  great  part  of  the 
year,  and  is  perpetual  on  the  higher  points.  The  elevation 
of  the  snow-line  is  8000  feet.  From  the  Marbore  to  Mala- 
detta. the  summits  are  covered  witii  broad  bands  of  ice,  yet 
no  true  glaciers  have  been  discovered.  Corn  grows  in  some 
of  the  upper  valleys,  maize  is  cultivated  at  the  village  of 
Lescar,  (Lower  I'yrenees.")  at  an  elevation  of  3280  fe«t,  and 
the  pine-tree  grows  at  10,870  feet  above  the  sea.  The  bear 
is  found  in  the  high  desert  regions  near  the  snow-line,  and 
the  Ivnx  ascends  to  8300  feet.  The  principal  summits  ar« 
Pic  Nethou,  (Maladetta.)  11,168  feet:  Mont  Perdu.  10.950 
feet;  the  Vignemale,  10,820  feet;  Pic  du  Midi, 9540  feet;  and 
Le  Canigou,  9137  feet. 

The  principal  passes  of  the  Pyrenees  are,  from  E.  to  W., 
Port  d'Oo,  9843  fee*     'be  Brecbe  de  Roland,  9500  feet:  Et>- 


PYR 

taulje.  8402  feet:  Tourmjilet,  7143  feet;  and  GaTarnie.  7654 
feet  aliove  the  level  of  the  sea.  There  are  about  50  in  all, 
of  which  the  fMllowins  are  fit  for  e^rriages: — 1.  The  Col  de 
I'ertiis,  between  Perpiirnan  and  Jonquera,  passable  at  all 
seasons;  'I.  The  I'ass  of  I'uymoriens,  between  the  valley  of 
Pe<!;re  and  that  of  the  Ariege;  3.  The  Port  de  Confranc,  be- 
tween Sarajrossa  and  Pau;  4.  The  Port  of  lloncevaux,  be- 
tween I'amplona  and  St.  Jean;  5.  The  Pass  of  the  Bidassao, 
between  Vittoria  and  I5ayonne.  The  chief  rivers  risinjj:  in 
the  Pyrenees  are  the  Adour,  Garonne,  and  Aude,  flowing 
N.,  and  the  Llobrejiiat,  and  numerous  affluents  of  the  Ebro, 
flowing  f!.  The  Pyrenees  give  their  name  to  3  departments 
of  France. 

PYl! KNEES,  AUSTR.4LTAN.    See  Austrauax  Pyrexees. 

PVllfiNEK.S-ORIENTALES,  peeVA'uAz-oVe-6N°HSl',  a  de- 
partment in  the  S.  of  France,  is  bounded  V,.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  comprised  in  the  old  province  of  Roussillon  and 
Laut'uedoc.  Area.  1571  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S61, 181,763. 
The  I'yrenees  on  the  S.  separate  the  department  from  Spain, 
and  connect  it  with  their  contreforts;  the  hi'^hest  point  in 
the  department  is  Canigou,  91.57  feet  high.  The  chief  rivers 
are  the  Tet,  Uly,  and  Aude,  flowing  E.  to  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Ariege,  affluent  of  the  Garonne,  and  the  Segre,  affluent 
of  the  Ebro.    On  the  coast  are  the  marshes  of  Leucate  and 


QUA 

St.  Nazaire.  and  the  ports  Collioure.  Port  Vendres.  Bagnols:. 
and  Xouvelle.  The  soil  contains  iron,  antimony,  fine  mar- 
ble, and  mineral  springs.  The  orange  grows  here  on  espv 
liers.  The  wines  of  lioussillon  are  esteemed.  The  manu- 
factures are  unimportant.  The  department  is  divided  into 
the  arrondissements  of  Ceret,  Perpignan,  and  Prades, 
Capital, 

PYKGO,  pir'go  or  p66r'go,  a  village  of  Greece,  in  Morea, 
government  of  Elis,  17  miles  P.S.E.  of  Gastonni,  near  the 
coast.  It  has  a  good  bazaar,  and  some  export  trade  in 
rural  produce,  and  imports  of  European  manufactured 
go<ids. 

PYPlTTZ.  pee'rits,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Pomerania.  24  miles 
S.K.  of  Stettin.  Pop.  4650.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth  and  leather.  Near  it  is  the  Ottobrun  Spring,  so  called 
from  Otto.  liishop  of  Hamberg.  who  here  christened  the 
first  Pomeranian  converts  in  1124. 

PYKMONT,  pMa'mont.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in 
^Valdeck  Pyrmont,  capital  of  the  detached  principality  of 
Pyrniont.  in  a  valley.  32  miles  S.W.  of  Hanover.     Pdp.  1205. 

PYIt'MONT,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 
•    P  Y/\V011TIIY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

PYXUS.    See  Policastro. 

PYZDllY,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Peisern. 


Q 


QA  TIER  All,  a  city  of  Egypt.    See  Cairo. 
QEN'E,  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  Keneh. 

yOCKYR.  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  Kos-seir. 

QUA,  kwd,  a  mountain  of  Guinea,  E.  of  the  Cameroons 
estuary,  64  miles  N.W.  of  the  peak  of  Cameroon.  Lat.  b°  12' 
N.,  Ion.  8°  50'  E.     Height  5000  feet. 

QLTACO,  kwi'ko,  a  maritime  village  and  headland  of 
British  North  America,  on  the  S.  coast  of  New  Brunswick, 
25  miles  E.N.E.  of  St.  .John. 

QUACO,  a  light-house  containing  a  revolving  light,  is  on 
a  small  rock  otf  Quaco  Head,  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  on  the 
coast  of  New  Brunswick,  in  lat.  46°  18°  N., Ion. 65°  32' 30"  W. 

QU.VDE.  a  seaport  of  Arabia.     See  Grase. 

CJUADRA  and  AANCOUVER  ISLAND.    See  Vancouver. 

QUADRATA.    See  Cresoentino. 

QU.^DRKI/LE,  kwi-drillil,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
jf  Terra  di  Lavero,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nola.     Pop.  1500. 

QUAD'l'.rXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Lincoln. 

QUAEDMEOIIKLEN  or  QUAADMECIIELEN,  kw|d- 
mJK'eh-leii,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Limbourg,  16 
miles  N.W.  of  llasselt.     Pop!  112.5. 

QU.EXANGER  or  QUANAXGER  (Quananger)  FIORD, 
kwA'nrlncrVr  fe-oRd',  a  lake  of  Norway,  in  Finmark,  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Altengaard. 

QUA  IN' n  IN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

QUAKAKK  (kwA-kaik')  CREEK,  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Hows  into  tlio  Lehigh  River. 

QUAKEXBi'.UCK,  (Quakenbriick,) kwitk'gn-brUk^ a  town 
of  Hanover,  29  miles  N.  of  Osnaburg.     Pop.  2191. 

QUA'KER  lit nVTOM,  a  post-office  of  I,awreuce  co.,  Ohio. 

QUAKER  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York, 
about  90  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

QUAKER  SPRINGS,  a  post-ofHce,  Saratoga  co..  New  York. 

QU.VKER  SPRINGS,  a  village  in  Columbia  co.,  Georgia, 
80  miles  X.E.  bv  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

QUAKER  STR  KET.  a  post-office  of  Schenectady,  New  York. 

QUA'KERTOWN,  or  FAIR^VIEW',  a  post-village  of  Hun- 
terdon CO.,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  about  T  miles  W.  by  N. 
of  Flemington.  It  has  2  churches,  7  stores,  1  iron-foundry, 
and  a  niachiiK^sln  >ii  lor  making  stoves,  plows,&c.  P.about  900. 

QU.\KK[;T0WN,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia. .jS  miles  l)v  railroad  N.  of  Philadelphia.    Pop.  528. 

QUAKERTOWN,  a  postrOfUce  of  Butler  co.,  Kentucky. 

QUALISCIIT,  kwd'lisht,  (writen  also  KWALLISCU?)  a 
village  of  Bohemia,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Koniggratz. 

QU.\L'LATOWN,  a  post^village  in  Haywood  co.,  North 
Carolina.  3'  lO  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

QU.\LOEX,  an  island  of  Norway.     See  Hvaloe. 

QUALQUI,  kwSl'kee,  a  small  town  of  Chili,  in  South 
America,  department,  and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Concepcion,  on 
the  liidbio. 

QU.\MPAXISSA,  kwdm-pd-nis/sl,  a  large  market-town  of 
Dahomey,  207  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Abomey,  lat.  10°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
2°  30'  E.     Pop.  12,000. 

QUAXG-IUNH,  kwjng'bin'h,  QUANG-AI,  kwjng'i',  and- 
QUAXG-N.VN,  kwing^nin',  are  provinces  of  Eastern  Asia, 
of  the  empire  Anam.  in  Cochin-China. 

QUANG-PING  or  KOUANG-PING,  kwdng^ng',  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Pe-chee-lee,  capital  of  the  department,  240 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Peking.    It  has  numerous  temples. 

QUANG-PIXG,  a  city  of  Chisa,  third  rank,  province  of 
Koei-choo.  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Koei-yang. 

QUANG-SEE,  QUANG-SI,  KWANG-SI  or   KOUANG-SI, 
twing'see',  (i.  e.  '•  the  western  extent,  or  western  province,") 
H  province  of  China,  between  lat.  22°  and  26°  N.,  and  Ion. 
4X 


105°  and  112°  .30'  E.,  h.aving  S.W.  Tonquin,  and  on  other 
sides  the  provinces  of  Quang-tong,  Iloo-nan,  Sec.  Pop. 
7,3l:!,895.  Surface  mostly  mountainous.  It  is  ore  of  the  least 
peopled  of  the  Chinese  provinces.  Nearly  all  its  rivers  join 
the  Choo-kiang,  which  has  an  E.  cour.se,  and  ultimately  be- 
comes the  Canton  River.  Principal  products,  cassia,  grain, 
metals,  and  gems.     Chief  city.  Khing-yuan.   . 

QUANG-SEE,  QUAXG-SI  or  KWAXG-.ST,  kwSng-see.  a 
city  of  China,  province  of  \'un;Ean,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment, 75  miles  S.E.  of  Y'un-nan. 

QUAXG-SIX-FOO  or  KOUAXG-SIN-FOU,  kwangVin'foo/, 
a  town  of  China,  province  of  Kiang-see.  Lat.  28°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
118°  10' E.;  it  is  walled  and  communicates  by  a  fine  bridge 
of  boats,  with  the  other  side  of  the  river. 

QUANG-TONG,  kwing'tong',  KOUANG-TOtJNG,  or 
KWANG-TUNG,  kwang'toong',  [i.  e.  '=  the  eastern  extent  or 
eastern  province,")  a  province  of  China,  between  lat.  20° 
and  25°  30'  N..  and  Ion.  108°  and  117°  E.,  having  W.  and  N. 
Quang-see.  Iloo-nan,  Kiang-see.  and  Fo-kien,  and  E.  and  S. 
the  China  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  which  are  separnted  by 
its  peninsula  of  Ilooee-tchoo.  (Hnui-tchou.)  stretching  to- 
wards  Hai-nan.  Pop.  19,147,030.  The  surface  is  varied ;  soil 
fertile;  and  it  has  excellent  water  communication.  Next  to 
rice,  its  principal  products  are  sugar,  inferior  green  tea.  cas- 
sia, betel  nut,  iron, cheap  silks,cottons,  and  grass-cloths,  glass, 
stone,  and  lacquered  wares,  with  a  great  variety  of  other 
goods  made  in  Canton,  tlio  capital,  and  chief  seat  of  the  trade. 

QUANO,  kwd'no,  a  maritime  town  of  Japan,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  56  miles  E.  of  Miako. 

QUAX'TICO,  a  post-village  in  Somerset  co.,  Maryland,  93 
miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis. 

QUANTO.  kwdn'to,  one  of  the  5  divi-sions  of  Niphon. 

QUAXTOCK  HILLS,  a  range  in  England,  co.  of  Soraor- 
set,  extending  S.E.  from  the  Bristol  Channel,  near  Watchet, 
to  between  Bridgewater  and  Taunton.  Greatest  height 
1428  feet. 

QUAXTOOKSIIEAD,  EAST,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

QUANTOCKSHEAD,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

QIJAR.\NTE,  kJViNf,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilerault,  13  miles  W.  of  Bfiziers.    Pop.  1266. 

QUAREGXON,  kd'r Jn Vjn"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Hainaut,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mons,  with  coal-mines. 
Pop.  2300. 

QUAREMONT,  k3R^m6N°',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  2050. 

QUARi'F,  kwarf,  a  quoad  sucra  parish  of  Scotland,  in 
Shetland,  comprising  part  of  Mainland,  with  several  small 
islands  off  its  W.  coast. 

QUARGNENTO.  kwaRn-ySn'to,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Alessandria,  near  Felizzano.     Pop.  2410. 

QUARITZ,  kwi'rits,  a  market-town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
31  miles  N.N.W.  of  Liegnitz.    Pop.  1790. 

QUARLES,  kwarlz,  a  post-village  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  90  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

QU.^R'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

QUARN'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

QUARNERO,  (kwdR-niVro.)  GULF  OF,  in  the  Adriatic  Sea, 
between  Istria  and  the  Ilungari.an  Littorale,  is  15  miles  in 
length  and  breadth.  It  is  nearly  enclosed  seaward  by  the 
islands  of  Cherso  and  Veglia,  and  communicates  with  the 
Adriatic  by  3  channels. 

QUARN'FORD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

QUAROUBLE,  kd'roob'l',  a  town  of  France,  departmeni 

1563 


QUA 

of  Void,  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Valenciennes,  on  the  Belgian  fron- 
tliu-.    Pop.  2286. 

QUAKK£-Lfc»-TOMBES,  kwjR'RAli-tAMV,  a  village  of 
France,  depaitment  of  Yonne,  9  n.iles  S.S.E.  of  Avallon. 
Pop.  2340. 

QUAK'RELTON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Renfrew,  1 
mile  S.  of  Johnstone.     Pop.  300. 

QUAR'RBJiDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Bucks. 

QUARRI  or  KOUARRI,  kwar'ree,  a  town  of  Central 
Africa,  in  Hous&a,  96  miles  E.  of  Saccatoo.  Pop.  6000.  (?}  It 
is  enclosed  by  an  earth  rampart. 

QUAR'RINGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

QUARRIXOTOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

QnAR'RYVILLE,a  post-office  of  Tolland  co..  Connecticut. 

QUARRYYILLE,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

QUART,  (?f)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division, 
and  3  miles  E.  of  Aosta,  on  the  Dora.     Pop.  2078. 

QU.\RTEX,  kw4R/t?n.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  23  miles  S.S.AV.  of  St.  Gall,  on  a  mountain  spur  above 
the  Laka  of  Wallenstadt.  In  1465,  the  Swiss  here  defeated 
the  .\ustrians.    Pop.  1535. 

QUARTO,  kwto'to,  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata.)  South  .\merica,  department  of  Cordov.i,  flows  S.E., 
and  loses  itself  in  a  marsh,  after  a  coui-se  of  about  2S0  miles. 

QUARTO,  kwdR'to,  or  QUARTU,  kwjR/too,  a  town  of  the 
island  of  .Sardinia,  4  miles  E.X.E.  of  Cagliari,  in  an  un- 
healthy salt-marsh  of  its  own  name.    Pop.  574S. 

QUARTUCCIO,  kwjR-toofcho,  a  village  of  the  island  of 
Sardiuia.  1  mile  X.  of  Quarto.     Pop.  1801. 

QUAHTZ'BtiRG,  a  post-office  of  Mariposa  co..  California. 

QU.\SQUETOX,  kwasOte-ton'  (?)  a  post-village  of  Buchanan 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  Wapsipinicon  River,  55  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Iowa 

aty. 

QUAT'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

QC.\TnLAMBA.  kwat-l.-ima.l  K.\TnLAMBA,  kSt-Um'- 
hL,  or  DRAKEXBERG,  drd'ken-bjKG\  a  mountain  range  of 
South  Africa,  which  stretches  from  X.  to  S.  along  the  W. 
frontiers  of  Xat.il.  In  the  S.,  where  loftiest,  they  attain  to 
the  height  of  at  least  SOOO  feet,  and  are  covered  with  snow 
for  at  least  four  months. 

QUATRE  BRAS,  kiifr  hri,  (i.  t.  "four  arms,"  that  is.  four 
hands  pointing  the  waj',)  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
South  Brabant.  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Genappe,  and  10  miles  from 
the  village  of  Waterloo,  at  the  intersection  of  routes  from 
Brussels  to  Charleroi,  and  Xamur  to  Xivelles,  (whence  its 
name.)  On  the  ICth  ot  June.  1815,  it  was  the  theatre  of  an 
indecisive  action  between  the  French  and  the  English,  with 
their  allies,  in  which  the  Duke  of  Brunswick  fell. 

QU-iTRl>FRERES,  kitr  fraia,  (i. e.  " Four  Brothers,")  a 
group  of  islets  belonging  to  the  Koorile  Islands,  between 
Simooseer  (Simusir)  and  Ooroop;  they  are  mere  barren  loftj- 
rocks,  and  though  origiu.illy  supposed  to  be  fi)ur.  they  are 
only  three  in  number.  The  southernmost,  called  Tscherpoy 
or  Torpoy.  is  an  extinct  volcano. 

QUATRETOXDA,  kwd-tri-ton'di,  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Yalencia,  8  miles  E.X.E.  of  San  Felipe. 

QUATT.  kwit,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

QUATTRO  VILLE,  kwlt/tro  veellA,  ("  four  vilLages,")  four 
separate  villages  of  Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice, 
near  Mantua.    Pop.  2505. 

QUAY,  a  post-office  of  Claiborne  co.,  Louisian.a. 

QUAZZOLO,  kwit/so-lo,  a  viUage  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  and  21  miles  X.W,  of  Turin.    Pop,  3852. 

QUEBEC,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co,,  Georgia. 

QUEBEC,  a  post-office  of  Madison  parish.  Louisiana. 

QUEBEC,  kwe-b^k';  (Fr.  ^«««;c,  ki^Wk';  \..  Qufbecum,.) 
a  city  and  port  of  Canada  Eitst,  and  alter  Montreal,  the 
most  populous  city  in  British  North  America,  on  the-left 
bank  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  which  here  receives  the  St. 
Charles,  about  340  miles  from  the  ocean,  and  97  miles  X.E, 
by  X,  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  at  Richmond,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  a  railway  opened  in  1854.  It  is 
323  miles  X.X.AV.  of  Portland,  Maine,  and  180  miles  X.E.  of 
Montre.-il.  Lat.  (of  X.E.  bastion)  40°  49*  6"  X..  Ion.  71°  13'  45" 
W. ;  mean  temperature  39°,winter  10°,  summer  6S°  Fahr.  The 
city  has  a  remarkably  picturesque  situation  between  the 
two  rivers,  at  the  X.K  extremity  of  a  narrow  but  elevated 
table-land,  which,  for  about  8  miles,  forms  the  left  bank  of 
the  St.  I^awrence.  Cape  Diamond,  the  extremitv  of  the 
table-land,  is  333  feet  ateve  the  level  of  the  river,  to  which 
it  presents  a  nearly  precipitous  tjice;  the  descent  of  the  St. 
Charles  is  more  gradual.  ITie  distance  from  one  river  to 
the  other  across  the  ridge,  is  rather  more  than  a  mile.  Op- 
posite Cape  Diamond,  the  St  Lawrence  is  contracted  to  a 
breadth  of  only  1314  yards;  but  immediately  below,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  St,  Charles,  it  spreads  out  into  a  broad  and 
beautiful  basin  more  than  2500  vards  wide,  forming  a  capa- 
cious and  excellent  harbor.  The  spring  tides  rise  to  18  feet. 
Quebec  is  divided  into  two  parts  called  the  Upper  and 
lower  Towns.  The  Upper  Town  occupies  the  highest  part 
or  the  promontory;  it  is  surroundi>d  with  walls,  and  othei^ 
wtee  strongly  fortified.  The  citadel  which  crowns  the  sum- 
mit of  Cape  Diamond,  covers,  with  its  numerous  works,  an 
area  of  4U  acres,  and  from  its  position,  is  probabi  v  the  strong- 
Mt  fortress  in  America.  The  walls  are  entered  by  5  gates, 
\itiA 


QUE 

1  of  which,  called  the  Palace  Gate,  leads  to  Ashley  Barracks, 
capable  of  accommodating  2iK)0  soldiers,  St.  Louis  Gate  on 
the  S,AV.,  conducts  to  the  Plains  of  Abraham,  famous  as  the 
scene  of  AVolfe's  victory  and  death  in  1759,  and  of  the  death 
of  Montgomery  in  Decemter,  1775.  Above  the  spot  where 
the  latter  fell,  is  now  the  Inclined  Plain,  500  feet  in  length, 
u.sed  by  the  government  in  conveying  stores  and  other 
articles  of  great  weight  to  the  fortress.  X.E,  of  the  Plains 
of  Abraham,  adjoining  the  walls  on  the  S,W,.  is  the  large 
suburb  of  St.  John,  and  farther  X.,  bordering  the  river  St. 
Charles,  that  of  St,  Roche,  The  only  entrance  on  the  side 
of  the  St  Lawrence,  is  by  the  Prescott  Gate,  throusrh  which 
the  commercial  transactions  are  carried  on.  The  a.sceut 
is  either  by  a  steep  and  narrow-winding  street,  or  by  a  flurht 
of  steps. 

The  Lower  Town,  which  is  the  seat  of  commerce,  is  built 
around  the  ba.'ie  of  Cape  Diamond,  where,  in  many  places, 
the  rock  has  been  cut  away  to  make  room  for  the'  houses. 
On  the  side  of  the  St.  Charles,  the  waters  at  flood-tide 
formerly  wa.shed  the  very  foot  of  the  rock,  but  from  time  to 
time  wharf  after  wharf  has  been  projected  towards  low-water 
,mark,  and  foundations  made  sufficiently  solid  on  which  to 
build  whole  streets,  where  boats,  and  even  Tessels  of  con- 
siderable burden  once  rode  at  anchor.  The  I'anks  of  both 
rivers  are  now  lined  with  warehouses  and  wharfs,  the  latter 
jutting  about  2l>0  feet  into  the  stream,  and  along  which  the 
water  is  of  sufficient  depth  to  admit  vessels  of  the  largest 
.size.  The  streets  are  generally  irregular  and  narrow,  but 
are  for  the  most  part  well  paved  and  lighted.  The  houses 
are  principally  of  stone  and  brick,  2  or  3  stories  high,  the 
older  ones  with  steep  and  quaint-looking  roofs.  A  great  im- 
provement has  been  effected  in  the  general  appearance  of  the 
city  since  the  great  fire  of  1845,  which  destroyed  nearly  2000 
houses.  During  the  year  1854.  a  plentiful  supply  of  water 
was  introduced  from  the  St.  Charles.  In  the  Upper  Town 
are  several  squares  and  public  walks,  ccmmanding  views 
unrivalled  for  their  varied  and  picturesque  lieauty.  In 
one  stands  an  elegant  monument,  erected  to  the  joint  me- 
mory of  Genorals  Wolfe  and  Montcalm,  the  English  and 
French  comm.inders  who  fell  at  the  taking  of  Quebec  in 
1759.  It  consists  of  an  obelisk  resting  on  a  granite  pedestal, 
the  whole  65  feet  high.  A  monument.  40  feet  in  height, 
marks  the  spot  where  General  Wolfe  fell  on  the  Plains  of 
.\braham ;  and  the  rock  on  which  he  expii-ed  is  also 
pointed  out. 

Among  the  public  buildings  of  Quebec,  may  b<>  mentioned 
the  New  Parliament  IIo\ise,  now  in  cour.'se  of  erection,  on  the 
site  ofthe  former  building  destroyed  by  fire  in  February,  1854; 
the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral. an  irregular  building,  "cap.-jlile 
of  containing  4tKX)  persons,  and  covering,  with  the  nunnery 
attached,  an  area  of  8  acres:  the  Episcop.al  Cathedral,  sur- 
mounted by  a  lofty  spire;  and  the  Scotch  Free  Church,  in 
the  Grecian  style,  also  adorned  with  a  spire,  cccnpying  ele- 
vated positions  in  the  Upper  Town :  these  buildings  form 
very  conspicuous  objects,  and  are  seen  from  a  great  distance. 
There  are,  in  all,  about  20  churches  in  Quebec.  The  resi- 
dent clergy  in  1852,  numbered  75,  of  whom  58  were  Roman 
Catholic.  The.se  were  mostly  connected  with  the  various 
colleges  and  other  similar  institutions  of  the  city.  Of  the 
Protestant  clergy,  11  belonged  to  the  Chui-ch  of  England. 

The  educational  institutions  comprise  3  Roman  Catholic 
colleges,  viz.:  the  Quebec  Seminary,  with  chairs  of  theology, 
moral  and  natural  philosophy,  rhetoric,  mathemathics,  Ac, 
in  which  there  were  12  instructors ;  St.  Anne"s  College,  with 
9  Instructors;  and  the  Seminary  of  Xicolet,  with  5:  the 
Ursuline  Convent,  an  extensive  establishment,  founded  in 
1641;  several  nunneries;  the  Qiiebec  School  of  Medicine, 
with  a  president  and  9  professors;  IheQuelic  High  School, 
and  22  academies  and  private  schools.  There  are  also  the 
Canadian  and  the  ilecbanics'  Institute,  each  provided  with 
a  library  and  reading-room :  the  Literarj'  and  Historical 
Societs",  the  oldest  chartered  institution  of  the  kind  in 
Canada,  having  been  founded  in  1824.  and  possessing  valu- 
able "Records  of  the  Realm'"  in  80  or  90  folios,  and  a  Inrge 
collection  of  historical  manuscripts :  but  nearly  the  whole 
of  its  museum,  and  a  great  part  of  its  library  were  destroyed 
by  fire  with  the  Parliament  Buildings  in  February.  1854; 
the  Quel>ec  Library  Association;  the  Advoi'ates'  Library; 
the  Quebec  Board  of  Trade,  and  the  Mei-chants"  Exchange, 
the  Litter  a  reading-room,  well  supplied  with  newspapers  and 
periodicals.  Eight  newspapers  are  published  in  the  city,  3 
of  which  are  in  the  French  language.  The  ]>rincipal  ^leno- 
volent  institutions  are  the  Marine  Hospital,  the  Quebec 
Hotel  Dieu,  and  the  Lunatic  Hospital ;  the  latter,  in  ]e.'>2, 
had  175  patients.  The  Quebec  Rank  was  established  m 
1818,  besides  which,  there  are  3  tiranch  banks,  2  savings 
banks,  and  agencies  of  15  as-suran-^e  companies, 

'J'he  manufactures  of  Quel«c,  with  the  exception  of  ship- 
building, are  not  extensive.  The  principal  articles  pro- 
duced are  castings,  machinery,  nails,  leather,  mu.sical  instru- 
ments, paper,  and  candles.  There  are  here  about  25  ship- 
building yards,  and  9  or  10  floating  docks,  capable  of  receiv- 
ing vessels  ofthe  largest  cla.s8.  In  1864.  there  were  built  at 
these  j'ards  43  square-rigged  vessels,  with  an  aggreg.ite  of 
44,165  tons,  25  schooners  of  2625  tons,  and  8  steamers  of 


QUE 

BIR  tons:  total.  76  vessels,  -with  an  asrcreKate  burden  of 
47,30.8  tons.  The  tonnacje  built  at  Quebec  in  1851,  was 
40.567,  and  in  1848,  19,909. 

Quebec  is  the  most  ancient  and  impottant  port  of  Canada. 
To  facilit;it«  the  piloting  of  vessels  navigatinu;  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  this  point,  an  institution  called  Trinity  House,  was 
incorporated  in  the  reign  of  George  III.,  and  in  ISo'J,  num- 
bered 293  pilots.  A  pilot  is  first  taken  on  board  about  150 
miles  below  the  city.  The  great  staple  of  export  is  timber. 
Slontreal  being  the  port  where  the  agricultural  exports  are 
chiefly  exchanged  for  supplies  of  foreign  goods.  The  timber 
is  furnished  principally  by  the  Ottiiwa  Kiver,  which,  willi 
its  tributaries,  drains  an  area  of  over  lO.OoO  square  miles, 
covered  for  the  must  part  with  fields  of  the  finest  phie, 
spruce,  oak,  and  elm.  As  the  rafts  come  down  the  river 
they  are  collected  into  what  are  called  cm-es.  and  secured 
by  lx)oms  moored  along  the  banks,  the  timVier  being  partly 
atioat,  partly  aground,  according  to  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  tides. 
These  coves  extend  almost  continuously  along  the  left  bank 
of  the  St.  I*awrence,  for  a  distance  of  six  miles  atx)ve  the 
town,  throughout  the  whole  of  which,  at  certain  seasons, 
may  be  seen  a  mass  of  logs,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  150 
to  200  yards.  There  are  also  extensive  timber  and  deal- 
sawing  establishments  near  the  town,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence.  The  sums  expended  in  the  timber  and 
saw-mills  here  have  been  estimated  at  $f3.00().000 ;  in  184(5, 
the  arrivals  from  the  interior  were,  white  pine,  24.705.287 
feet;  red  pine.  6.270,("00  feet:  pine  deals.  1,316.401  pieces; 
spruce  deals.  916.933  pieces;  oak,  2,756,754  feet;  elm.  2,472.31)3 
feet;  ash.  250.432  feet;  birch,  241,683  feet;  and  tamarack, 
593,584  feet.  These  and  the  other  kinds  received,  reduced 
to  board-me;»sure,  with  the  00.000,000  feet  of  sawed-deals 
rafted  down  the  river,  give  a  total  of  above  500.000,000  feet. 
The  other  important  exports  are  fish  and  fish-oil,  ashes, 
grain.  &c.  The  total  value  of  the  exports  in  1848,  amounted 
to  $5,399,.595,  and  in  1851,  to  J5.623.988.  The  imports  con- 
sisting chiefiy  of  cotton,  woollen,  silk,  and  linen  manufac- 
tures, iror,  steel,  and  other  hardware,  fishing-tackle,  paint- 
ers' colors,  &c.,  rose  in  value  from  $871,668  in  1841,  to 
$2,296,832  in  1848;  to  $3,3.35,616  in  1851;  to  $5,795,770  in 
1853 ;  and  to  $9,222,774  in  1854.  For  many  years  past  an 
immense  tide  of  immigration  has  been  directed  to  Canada, 
the  greater  portion  of  which  centres  in  Quebec.  The  following 
table  shows  the  number  and  tonnageof  vessel.",  with  theirpa.s- 
sengers.  that  arrived  at  the  port  from  1840  to  1854.  inclusive. 


Tears. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage, 

Passen- 
gers. 

Years, 

Vessels. 

^--^-rgr- 

IRKi.. 
1S47.. 

ISW.. 
1649.. 

1,179 
1,011 

1,061 

573,nn 

474,.i4.T 
4Jfi,968 
431,yj3 

97,.')8i 
28,'.!61 
36,494 

1S,50,. 
18.51.. 

185-2.. 
1853.. 
1854.. 

1,079 

1,185 
1,0,55 

1,188 
1.5«3 

4.11,294 
503,034 
4.54, 10-i 
531,t>48 
600,838 

32.. '94 
41,899 
39.176 
3(i.(>92 
33,183 

Of  the  passengers  in  1854.  1S.175  were  from  England ; 
16.168  from  Ireland;  6446  from  Scotland  ;  11,337  from  Con- 
tinental Europe,  and  857  from  lower  ports.  All  but  300  or 
400  were  steerage  passengers,  and  3421  were  paupere.  who 
received  in  the  aggregate  on  landing  $13,835.  Of  the  1.563 
vessels  that  arrived  at  Quebec  in  1854,  178  passed  up  to  Mon- 
treal, where  the  number  of  arrivals  for  the  year  was  254 
vessels  (tons,  80,892.)  Of  these,  98  returned  in  bsjllast  to 
Quebec  to  load,  and  27  partly  laden  to  complete  their  cargo. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  number  of  foreign 
ships  engaged  in  the  Quebec  trade: 


1851. 

1852. 

1853. 

Ships.!    Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Ships. 

Tons, 

Norwav 

United  States 

47 
35 
21 
3 
2 

's 
i 

17,640 
•10,061 
6,677 

989 
478 

3,663 
212 

58 
51 

'3 

2 
4 
1 
1 
32 

21,537 
34,172 

979 
4B7 

131 

5!)9 

10,314 

93 
55 
26 
7 

"i 

1 

1 
1 

33,4,59 
89,174 
9,146 

Sweden 

1,016 

Mecklenburg 

Portugal 

1,083 

1,496 

451 

Holland 

217 

Spain     

145 

177 

50.7i6 

152    1    68.774 

192 

86,190 

The  number  of  vessels  of  all  classes  that  cleared  from 
Quebec  in  1854,  was  1504 — tons,  664,345, 

Number  of  vessels  that  have  cleared  at  Quebec  for  eacli 
of  the  British  North  American  I'rovinces : 


18,53. 

1834. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

New  Brunswick 

Nova  Scotia 

104 
46 
34 
5 

7 
4 

5,617 

2,778 

3,575 

804 

244 

176 

76 
27 
24 
10 
9 
2 

4,179 
1,989 
2,336, 

683 

535 

110 

Total 

200 

12.694 

148 

9,832 

QUE 

These  vessels  were  employed  in  the  transport  of  flour  and 
provisions  to  the  above  provinces;  and,  in  return.  Inouirb* 
back  coal,  fi.sh,  and  AVest  India  produce.  The  tailing  off  n, 
the  exports  of  1854.  is  p.artial!y  accounted  tor  from  the  high 
price  of  flour,  and  the  circumstance  that  the  trade  between 
Montreal  and  those  provinces  greatly  increased. 

The  inhabitants  of  Quebec  are  mostly  of  French  descent; 
the  French  language  is  chiefly  used,  and  d  large  majority  of 
the  people  pi-ofess  the  Koman  Catholic  relisiun.  An  i".i'..iu 
village  was  established  atQuebecin  1.5o+,  .■/ ja,.via.-r,Oartier, 
but  it  was  not  till  1608.  that  Samuel  de  Champlain  founded 
the  town.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  lii2'J:  restored  to 
the  French  in  10.32,  and  again  captured  by  the  English  in 
1759,  to  whom  it  was  formally  ceded  at  the  treaty  of  faris  in 
1763.  An  unsucces.sful  attempt  was  made  by  the.\mericans 
to  carry  the  city  by  as.sault  on  the  night  of  December  31, 
1775,  when  General  Montgomery  was  slain.  Queliec  is  an 
electoral  district,  returning  two  membei's  to  the  Provincial 
Parliament.  Pop.  in  1832.  27,562 ;  in  1844,  34,500 ;  and  in 
1852,  42.0.52;  in  1861,  51,100. 

QUEUROIIO,  kA-broOjo,  or  CARROBO,ka-bro'bo,  a  village 
of  lirazil,  province  of  I'eniambuco,  on  the  Sao  Francisco, 
276  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Porto  Seguro.     Pop.  2000. 

QUE'CHEK,  OT'TA  QUE/CIIEK,  or  WA'TER  QUE'CIIEE, 
a  river  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont,  falls  into  the  Connecti- 
cut Kiver. 

QUECIIEE  VILLAGE,  a  manufacturing  post-village  in 
AVindsor  co„  Vermont,  .50  miles  S,  by  E,  of  Mnntpelier. 

QUEDA,  QUEDAII,  kA'di  KED'DA  or  KED'AII,  a  state 
of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  chiefly  between  lat.  5°40'  and  7°N,. 
and  Ion.  99°  40'  to  101°  E.,  having  W,  the  Strait  of  M.alacca, 
and  on  other  sides  the  States  I.igor,  Pat.any,  Perak,  ic.  Area, 
about  4500  square  miles;  estimated  pop.  21,000,  its  inhabi- 
tants having  greatly  diminished  since  it  was  conquered  by 
the  Siamese  in  1821.  It  comprises  numerous  grass}'  plains, 
and  is  well-wooded.  The  products  compri.'e  tin,  gold,  rice, 
rattans,  dammar,  tortoise-shells,  hides,  and  skins  ;  and  for- 
merly large  quantities  of  Citttle  and  poultry  were  exi)orted 
to  Penang.  which  island,  with  the  province  of  Wellesle}', 
was  ceded  to  the  British  by  the  chief  of  Quetlah.  The  capi- 
tal town,  Quedah,  is  on  the  mouth  of  the  river  in  lat.  0°  6' 
S„  Ion.  100°  20'  E, ;  and  about  15  miles  farther  southward  is 
Quedah  Peak,  5000  feet  in  height. 

QUKDG'LKY,  a  parish  of  F^ngland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

QUKDLl.NBUKG,  kwfd'lin-b«,-,RG',  a  town  of  Prusian 
Saxony,  31  miles  S.W.  of  .Magdeburg,  capital  of  the  circle  of 
Ascherslebon,  on  the  Bode,  a  tributary  of  the  Saale,  Pop, 
14,222.  It  is  enclosed  by  turreted  walls,  and  its  ancient 
castle  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Abbesses  of  Quedlin- 
burg.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  distilleries, 
and  sugar  refineries,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  cattle.  Klopstock 
was  Imrn  here.  .Tulv  2.  1724.  and  Karl  Hitter,  .\ugu.st7.  1779. 

QUEEN  AnKL.-VTDK  ISLANDS.    See  Ai>f.l\ii>f.  Islands. 

QUEKN  ANNE,  (ann,)  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Maryland, 
bordering  on  Delaware,  lias  an  area  of  about  400  square 
miles.  It  lies  on  the  E.  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  bounded 
on  the  N.W,  by  Chester  liiver,  and  on  the  S.K.  by  Tuckahoe 
River,  no  part  being  more  than  12  miles  from  navigable 
w.'iter.  The  surface  is  gently  rolling,  and  free  fi-om  rocks ; 
the  soil  is  fertile.  The  toy  and  inlets  abound  in  fish  and 
oysters.  Marl  is  abundant,  and  is  used  to  fertilize  the  land. 
Formed  in  1706.  Capital,  Ceiitreville.  Pop.  15,961,  of  whom 
11.787  were  free,  and  4174  slaves. 

(JUEEN  ANNE,  a  post-vill.tge  of  Prince  George  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Patuxent  River,  14  miles  AV'.S.W.  of  .\nnapoIis. 

QUEEN'BOROUGU,  a  decayed  borough  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  on  the  Medway,  near  its  mouth,  2  miles  S.  of 
Sheerness.     Pop.  in  1861,  772. 

QUEBN  CHARLOTTE  (sharlot)  ISLAND,  an  island  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean.     L;it.  19°  17'  S.,  Ion.  138°  42'  W. 

QUEEN  CHARLOTTE  ISL.\NDS.  an  island  and  numerous 
islets  of  British  North  America,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  mostly 
between  lat.  52°  and  54°  N.,  and  Ion.  131°  and  13-3°  W.,  50 
miles  from  the  mainland.  Length  of  principal  island,  165 
niiles;  breadth,  60  miles.  The  coasts  are  low;  the  surface 
inland  is  mountanous  and  wooded. 

QUEi;n  CHARLOTTK  ISL.^NDS,  agroup  in  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  between  the  iSlallieollo  and  .Solomon  Islands. 

QUKBN  CHARLOTTE  SOU.ND.  on  the  W.  coast  of  North 
America,  is  the  N.  portion  of  the  strait  which  separates 
Vancouver  Island  from  the  mainland.  Lat.  of  entrance  51° 
55'  N.,  Ion.  131°  2'  W. 

QUEEN'S,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  York,  has  kq 
area  of  about  420  square  miles.  It  is  situated  in  the  western 
part  of  Long  Island,  and  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Long 
Island  Sound,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Its 
shores  are  indented  with  numerous  bays  and  inlets,  which 
afford  .some  excellent  harbors,  and  great  facilities  for  n.iv'- 
gation  and  for  fisheries.  The  surftce  is  slightlv  uneven. 
Harbor  Hill,  in  North  Hempstead,  is  the  greatest  elevation. 
The  soil,  when  well  cultivated,  is  very  productive,  and  sup- 
plies large  quantities  of  fruit  and  vegetables  to  the  New 
York  markets.  The  Long  Island  Railroad  traverses  this 
county  from  E,  to  W.  Organized  in  1683.  Capital,  North 
Hempstead.    Pop.  57,391. 

1555 


QUE 

Q"EKN"S,  a  county  occupying  the  middle  part  of  Princ 
Etitfard  IslHud.  Capital,  Charlotte  Towu.  Pop.  in  1S48, 
32X11. 

QUKEX'S.  a  rx)un1y  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Nova  Scotia, 
bounded  ou  the  S.  by  the  .\tl.intic.  The  coast  is  deeply  in- 
deiited  and  bordered  by  a  ruj:?ed  ridire,  extending  many 
miles  inl.ind.  The  interior  of  the  county  is  beautiful);/ 
diversitied  with  Talleys,  rivers,  and  lakes.  Capital,  Liver- 
pool.    Pop.  in  1851.  72S6. 

QUEENS,  a  county  in  the  S.centr.il  part  of  Xew  Brunswick, 
intersected  by  the  river  St.  John.  Around  Grand  Lake  in  this 
county,  are  several  seams  of  bituminous  co:il,  from  which 
coals  are  raised  for  home  consumption  and  export.  Steam- 
baits  and  vessels  of  100  tons  burden  navigate  the  St.  John 
throui^h  the  county  to  Fredericton,  90  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Capital,  G:i-etown.     Pop.  iu  1851,  10.60t. 

QUKEN.S'CERRY,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  14 
miles  X.  of  Dumfries.  "2140  feet  above  the  sea.  It  formerly 
gave  the  title  of  earl,  marquis,  and  duke  to  the  Douglas 
fiimilv. 

QU'eEXS^BOROUGH.  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district, 
South  Carolin.a.  110  miles  AV.X.AV.  of  Columbus. 

QDEEXSBCKY. kweenz'ber-e,  a  post-town.'ihip  of  Warren 
CO.,  Xi'W  York,  on  the  Uudsou  Iliver,  48  miles  X.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  7146. 

QUEEX'S  COUXTY,  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
stcr.  Are.a,  6G4  square  miles,  or  424.854  acres,  of  which 
S42,422  are  arable,  69.2S9  uncultivat<}d,  and  ll.'iSO  in  plan- 
tations. Pop.  in  1S41.  153,930;  in  1851,  111,623.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  flat,  rising  in  the  X.W.  into  the  Sliebhloom 
Mountains.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rirrow  and  Xore. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  intei-spersed  with  large  tracts  of  bog. 
Coal,  iron,  copper,  manganese,  marl,  and  fuller's-earth  are 
met  with.  Here  are  some  manufactures  of  woollen,  linen, 
arid  cotton  stuffs,  but  the  principal  exports  are  farm  pro- 
duce, and  cattle  to  Uubh'n  and  England.  The  Grand  Canal 
and  Gre;it  South  and  W&stern  Railway  p.a.'ss  through  the 
county.  The  principal  towns  are  Maryborough,  Mountmel- 
lick,  and  Mouutrath.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

QUEEXS'D.A.LE,  a  post-village  of  Robeson  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, 110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

QUEEXS'FERRY,  South,  a  parliamentary  and  munici- 
pal bui-gh,  seaport  towu,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lin- 
lithgow, on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  9  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  iu  1S51,  1195.  It  is  chiefly  d-.'pendent 
on  the  ferry  established  here  across  the  Forth.  The  harbor 
is  formed  by  two  piers,  enclosing  a  pentagonal  basin.  The 
burgh  unites  with  Dunfermline,  Inverkeithing,  Culross. 
and  Stirling  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
On  its  W.  side  stands  Hopotouu  House,  the  mansion  of  the 
Earl  of  Ilopetouu. 

QUEK.N'SFKRRY,  North,  a  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  here  2  miles  across,  opposite  the  above, 
in  the  co.  of  Fife.     Pop.  500. 

QUEEN'S  FORELAND,  (foraand.)  an  island  of  British 
North  America.     Lat.  62°  oU'  N.,  Ion.  65°  W. 

QUEEX;s  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Washington  co., 
Rhode  Island,  falls  into  Charles  River. 

QUEEN'S  RUX,a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Su.squehanna  River,  .3  miles  above 
Lo('k  Haven.  .  Coal  is  mined  here,  and  exported  by  canal. 
QUEEXSTOWX,  a  town  of  Ireland.  See  CovB. 
QUEEXSTOWN,  a  post-village  and  river  port  of  Canada 
West,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Niagara  River,  about  5  miles 
N.  of  its  falls.  The  total  value  of  imports  in  1851  amounted 
to  $70,170,  andthe  exports  to  $28,444.     Pop.  about  400. 

QUEEXSTOWN,  a  .small  post> village  of  Queen  Anne  co., 
Maryland,  about  30  miles  E.  of  Annapolis. 

QUEEXS'VILLE.  a  village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indian.%  on 
the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  28  miles  N.W.  of 
Madison. 
QUEIC.\,  kwee'ka,  two  rivers  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kinross. 
QUEICII,  kwiK,  a  river  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  after  an  E. 
course  of  ;!0  miles,  joins  the  Rhine  near  Germersheim. 
QUEIClIOa  or  QUEITCHOU.    See  Koei-choo. 
QUEl-LIXG  or  QUEILIX,  a  city  of  China.    See  Kwn-LIN. 
QUEIMADA  (kd-e-md'di)  ISLANDS,  two  islets  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Sao  Paulo,  off  the  coast,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Santos. 
Lat.  24°  2S'  S.,  Ion.  46°  40'  W. 

QUEIXTON,  kwiu'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

QUEISS,  kwlce,  a  river  of  Prussian  Silesia,  government 
of  Lieguitz,  after  a  N.  course  of  65  miles  joins  the  Bober  6 
""nil i.'i r  ■  "f.*P™ttau.    It  passes  Greifenberg  and  Lauban. 

QUEL,  kel,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  28  miles  S.E. 
of  LogroSo.     Pop.  1792. 

QUELAINES,  ki'lAu',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Mayenne.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Chateau-Gontier.     Pop.  2048. 
.u     x.'^,';^'^'^'^'^'  kw4l'part\  (?)  an  island  at  theentriinceof 
;  ,%  -l!^*  '^*'  **  ■"""*  ^-  "^  ^'^»^     Lat-  33°  29'  N.,  Ion. 
ru-.  '-^^f-'t'i' *5  miles:  breadth,  12  mile.s.    Elevation 

of  highest  peak,  0544  feet.    It  is  well  wooded,  but  the  soil  is 
light,  of  volcanic  formation,  and  the  necessaries  of  life  are 
«ic»oUly  raised.    A  good  many  cattle  are  reared.    The  island 
16M 


QUE 

is  .subordinate  to  the  Corean  government,  and  Is  u.sed  as  a 
penal  settlement. 

QUELPAERT,  kM-pd-aint/.  (?)  a  royal  p.alace  if  Portugal 
province  of  Estremadura,  7  miles  N.Vv.  of  Listion. 

QUELUZ.  k.'l-loos'.  a  towu  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas 
Geraes.  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ouro  Preto.    Pop.  of  district.  6OO0. 
QCEMAD.\,  kimJ'dS,  a  ruined  city  of  the  .Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Zacat<?cas,  with  some  massive  reiuainn, 
covering  about  6  acres. 

QUEM'AIIO'Nl.XG,  a  township  in  the  N.  central  p.irt  of 
Somersiit  CO..  Pennsvlvania.    Pop.  1499. 

QU  EMWIIO'XIXG  CREEK,  of  Somerset  co,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  Stony  Creek. 

QU£m£X1:VEX,  kA'm.Vnfh-v5s<",  a  village  of  France,  8 
miles  X.  of  Quiniper.    Pop.  1266. 

QUEMIXES,  ki'meen',  an  islet  off  the  N.W.  coast  of 
Fr.Tnce,  department  of  Finistere.  17  miles  W.  of  Brest. 

QUE.XD,  k6.N=,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Somme, 
17  miles  N.X.W.  of  Abbeville.     Pop.  1750. 

QUEX'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex.  2  miles 
from  Elsenham  Station,  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway. 
QUENIBOROUGH,  kwen'e-b6r-ruh,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Leicester. 
QUEN'XINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
QUENSTADT,  kwJn'stltt,  a  village  of  Prussia,  3  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ilalberstadt.     Pop.  1195. 

QUENU,  k.A-noo',  an  island  on  the  S.  coa.stof  Chili,  and 
N.E.  of  the  island  of  Chiloe.     Lat.  41°  46'  S.,  Ion.  7.3°  10'  W. 
QUEQU.\Y,  kd-kwl'.  ariverof  Urugu.ay. inSouth  .\merica, 
after  a  W.  course  of  100  miles  joins  the  Uruguay  River.  26 
miles  X.  of  Concepcion  de  la  China.    Principal  aiBueut.  the 
Quebracho. 
QUER.\SCO,  a  town  of  Piedmont.    See  Cnr-R.^sco. 
QUERBACH.  kwSu'bjK,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  go- 
vernment, and  .35  miles  S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1000. 

QUERCET.V.  kweR-ch.Vti,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province 
of  Pisa,  aliout  2  miles  from  the  sea-c<wst.    Pop.  2455. 

QUERCY,  kaiu^see',  an  old  district  of  France,  compiised 
inGuijnne,  Its  capital  was  Cahons.  It  now  forms  most  part 
of  the  department  of  I>ot.  and  a  portion  of  Tarn-et-(iaronne. 
QUERETARO,  kJ-nl'tlro,  a  strife  of  the  Jlexi -an  Con- 
federation, enclosed  by  the  states  of  Slexico,  Michoacan, 
Guanajuato,  San  Luis  Potosi,  and  Vera  Cruz,  .\rea,  2444 
square  mile.s.  Pop.  in  1854,  132.124.  It  is  wholly  on  the 
.\.nahuac  table-land,  and  the  mountain  of  Calpulalpan  ri.ses 
to  upwards  of  SOOO  feet  in  height.  The  products  are  maize 
and  cotton,  with  most  European  grains  and  fruits ;  and  it 
h.is  mines  of  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  iron,  with  maunfac- 
tures  of  woollen  cloth,  soap,  pottery,  and  iron-wares.  Chief 
towns,  Queretaro  and  Cadereita, 

QUERET.iRO,  the  capit.al  of  the  above  state,  is  in  a  fine 
valley.  110  miles  N.W.  of  Mexico.  I.,at.  20°  36'  39"  N..  Ion. 
100°  10'  15"  W.  It  is  well  built,  and  supplied  with  water 
by  a  fine  aqueduct,  10  miles  in  length.  The  principal  build- 
ings are  mostly  of  a  religious  character,  and  compri.se  a  large 
convent,anda  Franciscan  monastery,  withexteusivegardens. 
Queretaro  has  the  appearance  of  a  busy  manufacturing  city; 
it  possesses  numerous  factories  of  coarse  woollens,  for  army 
clothing,  &e.  Its  trade,  after  suffering  much  from  the  un- 
settled state  of  the  government,  has  begun  to  revive.  The 
peace  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States  was  ratified 
here  by  the  Mexican  Congress,  in  1S4S.     Pop.  29.702. 

QUE/REUS  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Switzerland  co.,  In- 
dLma. 

QU  ERFURT,  kwjR'fr.oRt,  or  QUERNFURT,  kwjRn'fDCRt, 
a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  IS  miles  W.  of  Merseburg, 
on  the  Quern,  an  affluent  of  the  Saale.     Pop.  3550. 

QUERIMBA  (k-i-reemO)!)  ISLANDS,  a  chain  of  islands 
extending  along  the  E.  coa.st  of  Africa,  between  lat.  10°  30' 
and  11°  30*  S.,  near  Ion.  40°  .30'  E.,  comprised  in  the  Portu- 
guese territory  of  Mozambique.  They  are  all  low,  and 
formed  of  coral,  with  long  flat  reefs  extending  E.  The  prin- 
cip,al  are  Aswatad.%.  Ibo,  Matemmo,  Favno,  and  Querimba, 
(the  southernmost  of  the  group,)  with  some  scattered  houses 
and  a  chureh. 

QUERO,  kd'ro.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and  47 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Toledo. 

QUERO,  ki'ro,  a  small  river  of  Central  America,  State  of 
Honduras. 

QUERO,  kwil'ro,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  on  the  Piave,  7 
miles  S.  of  Feltre. 

QUERPIEX,  kjR^pe-6x«',  a  village  of  Frsince.  department 
of  Finistere,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Quimperle.   Pop.  in  1S52,  3282. 
QUERQUEVILLE,  kfekVeel',  avillage  and  fort  of  France, 
department  of  Manche,  on  its  N.  coast,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Cher- 
bourg.   Pop.  918. 

QUEi;ZOLA.kw«i!t'so-ia,a  village  of  North  Italy,  situated 
15  miles  M'.S.W.  of  Modeua.  Pop.  2400.  Near  it  are  some 
petroleum  springs. 

QUESAD.\,  ki-sJ'Dl,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  Sierra  de  Cv 
zorla,  province,  and  40  miles  E.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  4503. 
QUESALTEXAXGO,  America.     See  Qi;EZ\LTE>AX.in 
QUESALTEPEQUE,  k.-1-.sdl-ti-pA'kil,  a  town  of  C«ntral 
America,  state,  and  83  miles  E.X.E.  of  GuatKUviii.  d -oaH 
ment  of  Vera  Paz.     Pop.  about  40<X. 


QUE 

QUESNOT,  Lb,  if h  kJs'nwd',  a  fortified  town  of  France, 
department  of  Xord,  tietween  the  Ecaillon  and  the  Konelle,  9 
miles  S.K.  of  Valenciennes.  Pop.  in  1852,  3531.  It  has  an 
arsenal,  large  barracks,  military  and  civil  hospitals,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  iron-wares,  cotton  thread,  and  leather. 

QUKSNOY-SUR-DEULK,  k^^s^nwd'suR  del,  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Nord,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Lille,  on  the 
Deule.     I'op.  in  1852.  42.38. 

QCKSSOY,  kJs\sw3/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
C6tes-du-\ord.  8  miles  S.K.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  2810. 

QUKSTKMnKKT,  kJsHSM'baiR',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morhihan,  13  miles  E.S.K.  of  Vannes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3803. 

QUETIITOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

QUKTTA,  a  town  of  IJeloochistan.     See  SifAWL. 

QUETTEIIOU,  kftt'hoo'  or  kJtH?h-hoo',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Manche,  near  the  English  Channel, 
9  miles  N.K.  of  Vnlognes.     Pop.  1734. 

QUKVAUCAMPS,  kAV5M<fl.\»',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Ilainaut.  12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2237. 

QUKVEN,  keUVdxo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Lorient.     Pop.  1700. 

QU  K  VI LLY,  Grand,  gr3.\"  kgh-vee'yee'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-Iuferieure,  arrondissement  of  Rouen. 
Pop.  1585. 

QUEVILLY,  Le  Petit,  Ifh  pfh-teet'  keh-veeVee',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3105. 

QUEYRAC,  kAVdk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gironde,  4  miles  X.  of  Lesparre.     Pop.  1990. 

QUEZALTKNANOO  or  QUESALTKXANGO,  ki-sAl-tA- 
ndn'go.  a  city  of  Central  America,  state,  and  115  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Guatemala,  and  capital  of  a  department  of  the  same  name. 
I'op.  14.000,  who  manufacture  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics,  and 
carry  on  an  active  trade.  It  is  handsomely  built,  well  paved, 
and  has  a  richly  decorated  cathedral,  several  other  churches, 
and  a  noble  city-hall.  In  its  vicinity  are  numerous  interest- 
ing antiquities,  and  remarkable  volcanic  appear.tnces. 

QUIABOX,  ke-J-bOn'.  commonly  called  CH  ABON,  chd-ban', 
a  village  of  the  Dominican  Republic,  at  the  E.  end  of  the 
island  of  Ilayti,  about  90  miles  E.  by  N.  of  the  city  of  San 
Domingo.  It  is  a  small  place  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  of 
the  same  name,  which  is  partially  navigable.  Off  it  is  an 
open  roadstead,  with  good  anchorage  ground  in  8  or  9  Ci- 
thoms. 

QUIA  (kee'a?)  COUNTRY,  a  territory  of  West  Africa,  im- 
mediately E.  of  the  peninsula  of  Sierra  Ijeone,  between  the 
RokelleandCasamanza  Rivers,  and  comprising  about  1300 
square  miles  of  rich  alluvial  land,  which  yields  large  crops 
of  rice,  maize,  and  yams. 

QUI.\IOS,  ke-I'oce,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  about 
25  miles  from  Coimbra.     Pop.  4500. 

QUIB'BY  CREKK,  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into  the 
Tombijbee  Jtiver  from  the  right. 

QUIBDO.  a  town  of  South  America.    See  Citara. 

QUIBKUOX,  kee*beh-rA.N<^  or  kee^brAx"',  a  peninsula  of 
France,  in  Bi-ittany,  dep.^rtment  of  Morbihan,  S.S.E,  of  Lo- 
rient and  N.N.E.  of  Belleisle.  Lat.  47°  26'  30"  N.,  Ion.  2°  4' 
15"  W.  It  is  7  miles  in  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  by  2  miles  in 
width,  and  united  to  the  continent  by  a  low  isthmus,  de- 
fended by  Fort  I'enthifevre.  The  surface  is  sandy  and  bare, 
and  it  is  remarkable  cbietiy  as  having  been  the  last  resort, 
Jn  the  revolutionary  period  of  1795,  of  about  7000  royalists, 
who  were  surrounded,  and  after  an  obstinate  resistance 
obliged  to  surrender  to  the  repuliliean  troops  under  Generiil 
Iloche.  The  town  of  Quiberon,  at  its  extreme  S.  end,  has  a 
small  port.     Pop.  3013. 

QUI  BO,  kec'bo,  improperly  written  QUIBDO,  an  island 
of  South  America,  New  Granada,  department  of  Istmo,  pro- 
vince of  Veragua,  in  the  Pacific,  at  the  entrance  of  Monti  jo 
Bay.  Lat.  7°  25'  N,  Ion.  81°  54'  W.  Length  and  breadth, 
20  miles  each. 

QUIQ.\MAO.  kee-sd-mftwNo'.  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  21  miles  S.  of  Campos.     Pop.  2.500. 

QUICARA,  ke-kd/rd,  or  IIICARON.  ee-kd-ron',  a  group  of 
small  islands  of  New  Granada,  in  the  North  Pacific,  S.  of 
Quibo.  and  near  the  W.  entrance  of  Montijo  Bay.  Lat.  7° 
10'  50"  X..  Ion.  81°  46'  18"  W. 

QUICATLAX,  ke-kdt-ldn/,a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
l-ation,  state,  and  44  miles  X.  of  Oajaca. 

QUlCIIli,  kee'ch.'l,  a  market-town  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  25  miles  X.W.  of  Guatemala.     Pop.  2500. 

QUICK'S  RUN.  a  small  village  of  Lewis  co.,  Kentucky. 

QUID'DEXHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

QUIEPPE,  ke-^p'pA.  an  island  and  fort  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bahia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of 
Camamu. 

QUIERZY,  ke-aiRVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Oi.se,  20  miles  W.  of  Laon.  It 
was  formerly  an  important  city,  and  h;id  a  palace  of  tke 
Carlovingiaa  kings,  where  Charles  Martel  died,  and  where 
Charlemagne  and  his  sjiccepsors  held  numerous  councils. 

QU]'^"^  DELL,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Virginia. 

QU1EVR.\^IX.  ke-aVr^No'.  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
rtnce  of  Haiuaut,  on  the  French  frontier,  12  miles  W.S.W. 


QUI 

of  Mons.  at  the  .junction  of  the  Belgian  and  French  Rail 
ways.     Pop.  2000. 

QUIEVY,  ke-iVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  ol 
Nord,  11  miles  E.  of  Cambrai,  with  several  breweries,  ano 
extensive  manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton  goods.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2785. 

QUI-FOO.  a  town  of  Anam.    See  Phu-tex. 

QUILIAXO,  kwe-le-d/no,  or  QUIGLIAXO,  kweel-yd'no,  a 
village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Geno.a.  province, 
and  near  Savona.  Twci  sanguinary  battles  were  fought  here 
in  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  between  the  Aus- 
trian.s  and  French.     Pop.  3025. 

QUILIMAXE,  ke-le-md'nd,  or  QUILLIMAXE.  a  maritime 
town  of  East  Africa,  capital  of  a  government  of  tlie  Portu- 
guese colony  of  Mozambique,  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Quili- 
mane  River,  the  North  Branch  of  the  Zambezi,  15  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  12  miles  from  the  sea.  Lat.  17°  51'  8" 
S.,  Ion.  37°  1'  E.  In  1842,  besides  a  company  of  soldiers,  ita 
free  population  amounted  to  130,  12  of  whom  were  Euro- 
peans. It  is  stated  to  be  most  unhealthy.  The  principal 
edifices  are  the  fort,  a  church,  and  some  brick  houses.  It 
has  a  trade  in  gold  and  ivory,  but  its  principal  traffic  is  in 
slaves;  and  It  is  said  that  a  few  years  ago  no  less  than  5000 
slaves  were  annually  exported  to  Rio  Janeiro  from  this 
mart.  Coal  of  good  quality  Is  reported  to  be  plentiful  at 
Quilimane,  but  it  is  at  present  unwrought. 

QUI-LIN,  a  city  of  China.    See  Kweilin. 

QUILL.^X.  kee^yS.N"'  or  keePy^^"'-  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aude,  13  miles  S.  of  Limoux.    li  in  1852,  2152. 

QUI  LLEBOEUF,  keePbuf,  a  town  and  river-port  of  France, 
department  of  Eure,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  at  the 
commencement  of  its  estuary,  with  a  light-house,  7  miles  N 
of  Pont-Audenier.  Pop.  ItiOO.  Opposite  Quillebceuf  the  n.i- 
vigation  of  the  Seine  is  impeded,  and  there  is  a  pilot  station 
and  a  salv.a<j:e  depdt  here,  with  a  staff  of  about  110  pilots. 

QUILLIJIANE,  a  town  of  Africa.     See  Qin.iMAXE. 

QUIiyUXSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Virginia, 
320  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

QUILLOTA,  keel  yo'td.  a  town  of  Chili,  province,  and  50 
miles  N.W.  of  Santiago,  on  the  Aconcagua,  20  miles  from 
the  Pacific,  in  a  plain  bounded  S.W.  by  a  peak,  which  is  a 
conspicuous  sea-mark  for  the  harbor  of  Valparaiso.  Esti- 
mated pop.  10.000.  It  is  reported  to  be  3  leagues  in  circuit, 
and  has  a  main  street  upwards  of  a  league  in  length.  The 
hotises  are  of  sun-dried  brick,  only  one  story  in  heiu'ht. 

QUILOA.  kee^lo-d.  or  KEEL/WA,  written  also  KILWAII. 
a  town  of  East  Africa,  in  Zanguebar,  on  an  island  off  the 
coast,  6  miles  in  length,  and  between  which  and  the  main- 
land is  a  secure  harl)or.  Lat.  of  fort,  8°  57'  S.,  Ion.  39°  34' 
2"  E.  The  fort,  which  is  strong,  and  enclosed  by  a  moat,  is 
the  residence  of  a  governor  under  the  Imam  of  Muscat.  It 
was  held  by  the  Portuguese  for  a  short  period  early  in  the 
sixteenth  centuiT',  previous  to  which  it  was  an  "important 
town.  It  is  now  a  mere  village,  but  its  former  extent  is  in- 
dicated by  numerous  ruins. 

QUILOX,  kwee'lon',  or  COULAN.  kooMan'.  a  seaport  town 
of  South  India,  in  the  Travancore  dominions,  on  the  Mala- 
bar coast,  37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Trivandrum.  with  an  active 
export  trade  in  pepper,  cotton,  cardamoms.  Ac.  It  has  seve- 
ral Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  an  ancient  temple  of 
Seeva. 

QUIMPER.  kSM'paiR',  or  QUIMPER  CORBXTIX.  kSji^ 
paiR'  koVoN'o'tSx"',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  deflart- 
ment  of  Finistdre.  on  the  Odet,  10  miles  from  the  Atlantic, 
and  .32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brest.  Pop.  in  1852,  10.904.  It  is 
divided  into  an  old  and  new  town,  the  former,  on  the  river 
side,  is  fortified,  and  has  quays  flanked  by  ancient  houses; 
the  latter  extends  over  some  gentle  eminences,  the  whole 
being  overlooked  by  precipitous  and  wooded  heights.  The 
public  buildings  are  a  town-hall,  hospital,  and  barracks.  It 
has  a  communal  college,  a  seminary.  pul)lic  library  of  7000 
volumes,  theatre,  and  baths.  Chief  industry,  manufactures 
of  hats  and  porcelains,  ship-building,  and  a  trade  in  wheat, 
wax,  linen,  and  hempen  fabrics,  butter,  horses,  and  pil- 
chards, of  which  last  it  has  an  extensive  fishery.  Its  port 
is  small,  and  not  accessible  to  vessels  of  more  than  150  toni 
burden. 

QUlMPERLt5,  kSM'p?RMA',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Finistfere,  at  the  confluence  of  the  E116  and  Isole,  which 
here  form  a  small  port  for  vessels  of  50  tons,  27  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Quimper.     Pop.  in  1852,  6114. 

QUIX.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

QUINCE  or  SQUINCE,  a  small  island  olT  the  S.W.  const 
of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co,  of  Cork,  about  5  furlongs  S.W. 
of  the  entrance  to  Glandore  H.arbor. 

QUIXCETTO,  kwin-chJt'to,  or  QUINCINEITO,  kwin-ch«5- 
nWtci.  a  village  of  Piedmont,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Ivrea.     P.  1460. 

QUIXCY,  kJxo'see'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  S?eine-et-Marne.  4  miles  S.  of  Meaux.     Pop.  2040. 

QUIX'CY,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Norfolk  co., 
Massachusetts,  bordering  on  Quincy  Bay.  in  Boston  Harbor, 
and  intersected  by  the  Old  Colony  Railroad.  8  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Boston.  It  is  celebratffd  for  its  quarries  of  granite, 
commonly  known  as  Quincy  granite,  which  is  exported  in 
great  quantities  to  all  parts  of  the  Union.    About  1000  per- 

1567 


QUI 

sons  are  constantly  smployed  in  working  it.  Blocks  have 
(itteti  boeu  quarriei/  weighing  as  high  as  SOO  tons.  The 
first  niilroad  coustrvcted  in  America  was  here  put  in  opera- 
tion in  lS2(i  for  the  purpose  of  tran?p«irting  the  granite 
from  its  bed  to  tidi-wat<ir,  in  Xeponset  Uiver,  a  di.stance 
of  y  miles.  The  viil.ige,  which  is  considered  remarkably 
beautilul,  is  .situated  on  an  elevated  plain  near  the  centre 
of  the  township.  In  a  stone  church,  completed  in  182S.  at 
a  cost  of  $-tO,iWO,  is  a  beautiful  marble  monument,  erected 
to  the  memory  of  John  .\dams  and  his  wife.  The  tow  n- 
house,  a  fine  granite  edifice,  85  feet  by  55,  is  deserving  of 
notice.  'I'lie  village  also  contains  S  churches,  1  news- 
paper office,  2  banks,  a  savings  institution,  and  an  insu- 
rance company.  Quincy  is  celebrated  as  the  birthplace  of 
several  of  the  most  eminent  men  who  have  borne  a  part  in 
the  affairs  of  the  nation.  Among  these  may  l)e  mentioned 
John  Hancock,  Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  and  the  two  Adamses. 
The  e.state  of  the  Quincy  family  in  this  town  is  one  of  the 
tiuest  in  New  Knirland.  Incorporated  in  1792.  Top.  in  1830, 
2201 :  in  1840,  S4Sl> ;  in  1850,  5017 ;  in  1860,  6778. 

QUINCV.  New  York,  a  station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Erie 
Kailro.ad.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo. 

yOIXCY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Pennsylvania,  12  miles  S.E.  Chambersburg.  Pop.  2685;  of 
the  village,  about  400. 

QUl.NCY.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gadsden  co.,  Florida,  is 
on  the  main  road  from  Pensacola  to  Tallahassee,  22  miles 
N.X.AV.  of  the  latter.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  tobacco.  Its 
flourishing  condition  is  caused  partly  by  the  excellence  of 
its  schools,  by  Its  healthy  situation,  and  tlie  mildness  of  the 
climate,  whi.'h  attracts  invalids  from  the  more  northern 
states.  Within  the  last  three  years  the  number  of  such 
visitors  has  gre.itly  increased.  The  dist;ince  from  the  Gulf 
(30  miles;  is  such  that  the  sea-breeze  is  tempered  and  agree- 
ably modified.  It  contains  3  churches,  1  academy,  1  select 
school,  2  hotels,  2  eibinet-shops,  1  gin  shop,  (^to  supply  cot- 
ton-gins.)    Pop.  in  1853,  near  lOOO. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Mississippi,  about 
12  miles  N.E.  of  Abei-deen. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee,  145  miles 
W.S.AV.  of  Na.shville. 

QUl.NCY,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Logan  co..  Ohio,  on 
the  Bellefoutaine  and  Indi.ana  liailroad.  OS  miles  AV.N.AV. 
of  Columbus.  The  Miami  Kiver  here  furnishes  fine  water- 
power.     Pop.  500. 

QUINCY,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  p.irt  of  Branch  co., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Southern  and  North- 
ern Indiana  llailroad.    Pop.  1362. 

QUINCY,  Indiana,  a  station  on  the  New  Albany  and 
Salem  Railroad,  175  miles  from  New  Albany. 

QUINCY,  a  beautiful  city,  capital  of  Adams  county, 
Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  170  miles  above  St. 
Louis,  and  104  miles  west  of  Springfield.  It  is  situated 
on  a  limestone  bluff,  125  feet  above  the  river,  of  which  it 
commands  an  extensive  view  It  has  a  large  public 
square,  a  good  court-house,  24  churches,  10  public  halls,  2 
nation.al  banks,  an  armory,  and  4  U.  S.  hospitals.  Two 
daily  and  4  weekly  newspapers  are  issued  iiere.  Quincy 
carries  on  an  active  tratle  by  steamboats  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Chicago  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Riilroad,  and  of  the  Quincy  and  Palmyra  Railroad. 
Tlie  country  in  the  vicinity  is  a  rich  and  rolling  prairie, 
and  one  of  the  most  highly  cultivated  parts  of  the  State. 
Quincy  also  contains  3  large  tobacco  factories,  4  carriage  fac- 
tories, 4  large  foundries,  6  machine-shops,  6  steam  mills  for 
grain,  2  steam  saw-mills,  2  planing-machine.s,  3  door,  ssish 
and  blind  factories,  besides  numerous  other  establishments. 
About  100,000  hogs  are  packed  here  annually.  Population 
in  1840,  about  2000;  in  1850,  OaOl;  in  1860, 13,718;  and  in 
1864   16.672. 

QLFINCY,  a  small  post-villasre  of  Hickory  co.,  Missouri. 

QUINCY  POINT,  a  beautiful  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.. 
Massachusett-s  at  the  confluence  of  Town  and  AVeymouth 
Rivers,  2  miles  E.  of  Quincy,  and  about  9  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Boston.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  is  engaged  in  the 
fisheries  and  ship-building. 

QUINDICI,  kwin'de-che.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  dil^voro,  7  miles  K.  of  Nola,  in  a  valley.    Pop.  2410. 

QUINDIU,  keeu-de-oo',  a  portion  of  the  East  Cordillera 
of  the  Andes,  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  separating 
the  basins  of  the  Magdalena  and  Cauca  Rivers'.  In  it  is  a 
volcano  about  loO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bogota,  near  which  is 
the  dangerous  Pass  of  Quin  diu.  between  Cartago  and  Ibagua. 
Elevation  of  its  summit.  11.500  feet. 

QUIN'EB  AUG'  or  QUINWEBAUG'.  a  river  of  Connecticut, 
rises  in  Tolland  county,  and  flows  N.  into  Massachusetts, 
U  re-enters  Connecticut,  and  unites  with  the  Shetucket 
River  in  New  London  county. 

QUINEBAUG,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Pomfret 
and  ilKimpson  townships.  Windham  co..  Connecticut,  on 
the  QuinelKiug  River,  and  on  the  Norwich  and  Worcester 
Railroad,  about  45  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  It  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  12  stores.     Pop.  about  1500 

QUI.N;El'lACK'orQUIN\\IPIAC,  a  riverof  Connecticut, 
lises  in  Hartford  county,  and  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound 
1558 


QUI 

at  New  Haven,  after  a  course  of  about  30  miles.  The  rail- 
road lietween  New  Haven  and  Hartford  foLows  its  counte 
for  .alKjut  12  miles. 

QUINGENTOLK,  kwin-jjn'to-li,  a  village  of  Northero 
Itily.  6  miles  W.  of  Revere.     Pop.  2086. 

QUINGEY,  kix'^zhi',  a  town  of  Fr.ince,  department  of 
Doubs,  on  the  Loue,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Besar.^on.  Pop.  1000. 
QUINHON.  keen*hon'(?)a  town  and  fiueharliorof  An.am; 
the  town,  capital  of  a  province,  on  a  river  entering  the  har- 
bor, about  lu  miles  farther  E.  L.nt.  13° 44'  N.,  Ion.  109°  11'  Ji 
QUINILUBAN  (kee-ne-loo-b3n')  ISLANDS,  a  group  of 
the  Philippines,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  between  I'anar 
and  Palawan.     Lat.  11°  m'  N.,  Ion.  Ii20°  47'  E. 

QU1NT.\NA,  keen-td'nj,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
45  miles  E.S.K.  of  Bad.ijos.     Pop.  3'2{i0. 

QUINTANA,  a  post-ofiice  of  Brazoria  co.,  Texas, 
QUINTANAR  DE  LA  Or.DEN,  keen-td-uaR'  di  13  OR'dfn, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Toledo,  17  miles  W.  of  Belmonte. 
Pop.  5974.  who  manufacture  blankets  and  other  woollen 
goods,  and  trade  in  merino  sheep  at  large  weekly  markets. 
QUINTANAR  DEL  REY,  keen-td-naR/  Ahl  tL  a  market- 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cuenca. 
Pop.  1440. 

QUINTANILLA  DE  LA  SOMOZA,  keen-ti-neel'ya  di  12 
so-mo'th3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  13  miles  W.  of 
Leon.     I'op.  1269. 

QUINTIN.  kix'^H^s"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Coti-s-du-Nord,  9  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.  Pop.  in  1 852.  3947. 
It  has  a  large  castle,  mineral  spiings,  and  manufoctures  of 
fine  linens  and  cambrics. 

QUINTIN  DE  MEDIONA.  SAN,  sin  keen-teen'  d-l  mA- 
ix>o'ud,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  35 
miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1813. 

QUINTO,  keen'to,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles 
S.E.  of  Saragossa,  on  the  Ebro.    Pop.  1373. 

QUINTO.  kwin'to,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  province, 
and  4  miles  N  Ji.  of  Verona,  with  1800  inhabitants,  and  the 
sanctuary  of  Santa  Maria  della  Stella. 

QUINTO.  kwin'to,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticino,  in  Val  Laventiua,  22  miles  N.N.W,  of  Belliuzoua 
Pop.  186;^. 

QUINTO.  keen'to,  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata.)  in  South  America,  departments  of  San  Luis  and  Cor- 
dova, after  a  S.E.  course  of  250  miles  loses  itself  in  a  marsh 
near  lat.  34°  S.,  Ion.  63°  W. 

QUINTO-AL-MARE,  kwin'to^ai-mi'rii.  n  vilkge  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  about  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Genoa.     I'op.  1504. 
QUIN/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
QUIXZ.iNO,  kwin-zd'no,  a  town  of  Northern  Itiily,  19 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  3200. 

QUINZYVILLE,  a  post-otiice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
svlvania. 

"QUIOTEPEC,  ke^>fcl-p5k'.  or  CERRO  DE  LAS  JUNTAS, 
sJr'ro  dA  Ids  Hoon'tds.  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state,  and  about  90  miles  N.  of  Oaj.aca,  near  thp 
junction  of  Quiotepec  and  Salado. 
QUI-PARLE.  a  lake  of  Minnesota.    See  L\c  Qn  P.iRLP 
QUI-PIIU  or  QUI-FOO,  Anani.    See  Phu-ten. 
QUIRIGUA,  keree'gwA.  a  ruined  city  of  Central  America, 
State  of  Guatemala,  on  the  Montagna  River.    It  ha-!  sculp 
tured  idols  and  monumental  remains  similar  to  those  of 
Copan.     Near  it  is  a  small  hamlet  of  the  .same  name. 

QUIRIQUIN  A,  ke^re-kee'nd.  an  island  of  Chili,  department 
and  10  miles  N.  of  Concepcion.  at  the  entrance  of  its  baj'. 
QUIROS  ISLANDS.    See  Nkw  Hebrihes. 
QUIRPON.  keSa^poN"^  (!)  an  isl.and  off  the  N.  extremity  of 
Newfoundland,  British  North  .America,  at  the  entrance  of 
Belleisle  Strait,  in  lat.  51°  40'  N.,  Ion.  55°  16'  AV. 
QUIS.\AI.A.,  a  country  of  .\frica.    See  Qiizama. 
QUISSAC,  kees'sAk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard, 
on  the  AMdourle,  19  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Ntmes.     Pop.  1560. 

QUISTEI.LO.  kwis-tel'lo,  a  vill.nge  of  Lombardy,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Mantua.  The  Austrians  defeated  the  French  here 
in  17.S4. 

QUITEA'E,  ke-tVvA,  a  town  of  East  Afnca.  on  the  Sofala, 
a  few  miles  above  the  town  of  that  name,  in  lat.  20°  S.,  Ion. 
32°  30'  E. 

QUIT'.AI.^N,  a  post-village,  e.ipital  of  Clarke  co.,  Missis- 
sippi. 14'1  miles  E.  by  S.  of  jack.son. 

Q U 1  T.AI A .\.  a  post-village,  capital  of  AYood  co.,  Texas,  about 
275  miles  N.E.  of  Austin. 

QUIT.M.AN,  a  sm.all  village  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  75  miles  N.  of  Little  Rock. 

QUITO,  kee'to.  the  capital  city  of  the  republic  of  Ecuador, 
South  America,  in  a  ravine.  E.  of  the  volcano  of  Pichiiicha, 
150  miles  N.N.E.  of  Guayaquil ;  elevation.  9543  feet.  Lat.O° 
13'  27"  S.,  Ion.  78°  50'  AV.  Pop.  variou.sly  estii.iat«l  at  from 
50,000  to  70.000.  It  is  well  built,  and  h.-is  several  handsome 
.squares,  in  one  of  which  .are  the  cathedral,  town-hall,  j-alaces 
of  the  archbishop  and  President  of  the  repub'.c.  and  a  fine 
bronze  fountain.  The  ex-.Tesuits"  College  contaii  s  a  public 
library  and  hallj?.  now  appropriated  to  the  unive\  dty.  The 
other  principal  structures  are  the  churches  &nd  converts,  ■ 
work-house,  orphan  a.sylum,  and  large  hospital.  }uit<  hat! 
manufitclures  of  coarse  cotton  and  woollen  go,)d>,   iaca, 


:=;^ 


QUI 

hosiery,  jewelry,  and  confectionery,  and  a  large  trade  in  com 
und  other  agricultural  produce,  whicli  are  sent  by  way  of 
Guayariuil  into  Central  America,  in  return  for  iudi;{0,  iron, 
and  steel,  and  to  Peru  in  return  for  brandy,  wine,  oil,  and  the 
precious  metals.  Tlie  imports  comprise  all  kinds  of  Kurnpe.-in 
manufactured  goods,  and  those  of  the  finest  quality  find  a 
ready  siUe,  many  inhabitants  of  this  city  being  wealthy. 
The  markets  are  well  supplied  with  provisions,  and  large 
quantities  of  cheese  are  made  in  the  vicinity.  Kleven  snow- 
capped mountains  are  in  view  from  Quito,  and  a)x)ut  10 
miles  X.E.  is  a  plain  cho.sen  in  1736  by  the  French  and 
Spanish  astronomers  fur  measuring  a  dejrreeof  the  meridian. 
Quito  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1534,  and  incorporattid 
as  a  city  by  Charles  V.  in  1541.  It  has  repeatedly  sulfoi'cd 
from  earthqual;es. 

QUITO,  a  postoffice  of  Talbot  cc,  Georgia. 

QUITO,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansa.s. 

QUIT'QUIOC\  a  village  of  Plymouth  township,  Sheboygan 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  JIullet  Kiver,  85  miles  N.K.  of  Madi- 
son.   It  contains  a  fine  hotel,  a  saw  mill,  and  several  stores. 


PvAC 

QUITTA.  kwil'ta.  or  PRTXCK'S  TO'Wy.  formerly  a  Danish, 
now  a  British  fort  and  town  in  North  Guinea,  lat.  o°  55'  '>* 
X..  Ion.  0°  69'  45"  E.     Pop.  5000. 

QUIVER,  a  post-oflRce  of  Mason  co.,  Illinois. 

QUIZAMA  or  QUISAJIA.  ke-nVnij,  a  alstrict  of  Lower 
Guinea,  South-west  Africa,  between  the  rivers  Coanza  and 
lionga.  The  surface  is  mount:iiuous.  Its  products  are  wax, 
honey,  and  salt. 

QUCkiUE,  kwog,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Suffolk  co.,  Xew  York, 
on  Shinnecok  Bay.  on  the  S.  shore  of  Long  Island,  near  itH 
E.  end,  about  75  miles  E.  of  New  York. 

QUOIN,  (kwoin.)  Great  and  Little,  two  rocky  islets  in 
the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Cape 
Mussendom. 

QUOIN,  the  name  of  islands  off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Austra- 
lia, and  the  E.  coast  of  A'an  Diemcn's  f^and. 

QUONOCHONTAUG'.  a  post-office  ofWasUington CO.,  Rhode 
Island. 

QUORN'DON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester 

QUOIUIA,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  Nigek. 


E 


RAAB,  rjb  or  rSp,  (Tlun.  Oi/or,  dyoR;  anc.  Arahn?)  a  na- 
vigable river  of  Hungary,  rises  in  Styria,  and  enters 
the  Danube  near  Ka.ab.     Length,  ISO  miles. 

RAAB,  or  N  AGY-G YOU.  (GyOr,)n<>dj-dyoR,  (uncArahrma  f) 
atown  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  67  miles  W.X.W.  of 
Buda,  on  the  Kaab.  at  its  confluence  with  an  arm  of  the 
Danulje.  Lat.  47°  41' N.,  Ion.  17°  40' E.  Pop.  18,000.  It  was 
formerly  fortified,  and  has  a  cathedral  and  several  other 
churches,  a  royal  academy,  and  gymnasium;  also  manufac- 
tures of  tobacco,  and  an  extensive  trade.  It  is  a  steam- 
packet  Jtation.  In  June,  1809,  the  French  defeated  the 
Austrians  under  its  walls. 

RAALTE,  rdl't^h,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Overy-ssel.  11  miles  S.S.K.  of  Zwolle.     Pop.  6005. 

RAAMSDONK,  rilms/donk,  a  village  of  Iloli.and,  province 
of  North  Brabant,  fo  miles  N.N.E.  of  Breda.  Pop.  1009.  It 
was  one  of  27  villages  which  were  totally  swept  away  by  a 
flood,  November  18,  1421. 

RAASAY,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  Scotland.     See  Rasay. 

RAASZE,  ri'shd,  a  village  of  Austri.i,  in  Moravia,  11  miles 
S.AV.  of  TroppTiu,  on  the  Mora.     Pop.  1S20. 

RABAGH,  El,  6!  rd^bilg',  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Ilejaz,  110 
miles  N,N.\V.  of  Mecca,  on  the  route  to  Medina,  near  the 
Bed  Sea. 

RAUASTEXS.  ra^bis'tSxa',  a  town  of  South-west  France, 
department  of  Hautes-Pyrenees,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Tarbes. 
Pop.  1000.  It  suffered  greatly  during  the  religious  wars, 
particularly  from  the  atrocity  of  Mouluc,  who,  in  revenge 
for  a  wound  in  the  face,  which  obliged  liim  ever  afterwards 
to  wear  a  mask,  massacred  its  iuhabitivnts  without  distinc- 
tion of  age  or  SjX,  threw  60  Protestant  deputies  headlong 
from  a  tower,  and  laid  the  town  in  ashes. 

RABASTKXS.  a  town  of  France,  dep.artment  of  Tarn,  23 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Alby,  on  the  Tarn.     I'op.  in  1852,  5651. 

RABATT  or  RABAT,  rd'bdt',  a  fortified  maritime  town  of 
Morocco,  kingdom  of  Fez,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Bu-Kegreb,  at 
Its  mouth,  immediately  opposite  Sale,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Mebediah.  Pop.  27,0o0.  of  whom  7000  are  Jews.  It  has 
pretty  strong  walls  and  batteries,  a  citadel,  numerous 
mosques  and  minarets,  stone  mausoleums,  and  well-sup- 
plied markets.  The  water  near  it  is  deep  enough  for  a  fri- 
gate to  come  almost  close  to  its  walls.  It  has  manufactures 
of  superior  carpets,  an  export  trade  in  wool  and  corn,  and 
considerable  traffic.  It  was  formerly  the  centre  of  the  Eu- 
ropean trade  with  Morocco.  Outside  of  the  city  are  numer- 
ous walled  orchards  and  gardens,  beyond  which,  on  the  S.E., 
are  the  conspicuous  tower  of  Sma-IIassan,  and  the  remains 
of  Sala  or  Sheila,  a  frontier  Roman  station.  In  November, 
1851,  it  was  Ixjmbarded  by  a  French  squadron  under  Rear- 
Admiral  Dubourdieu. 

RABBA,  r^iyhd,  a  large  and  populous  town  of  Central 
Africa,  in  Nigritia,  on  the  Niger,  In  lat.  9°  15'  N.,  Ion.  5°  20' 
E.  It  has  a  large  trade  in  slaves,  ivory,  and  goods  of  both 
native  and  foreign  manuEveture. 

R.\.BBA,  a  collection  of  ruins  in  Syria,  pashalic  of  Damas- 
cus, E.  of  the  Dead  Sea,  and  9  miles  N.  of  Kerek.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a  temple,  several  Corinthian  columns,  Ac. 
considered  to  mark  the  site  of  Rabbath  Jloab,  the  Arenpnlis 
of  the  \jteeKs,  and  the  Ar  of  Moab  mentioned  in  Scripture. 

RABBAII,  or  RABBATII-AMMON.     See  Ammax. 

KABBIT  ISLAND,  .Malay  ArchipeLago.    See  Pallo. 
KAB'BIT  ISLANDS,  a  sm.tU  group  in  the  .Egean  Sea,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Dardanelles. 

RAB'BIT  RIVER,  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan,  flows  into  the 
Kalamazoo  River,  7  miles  from  its  mouth. 

RAB'BITSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Logan  CO.,  Kentucky. 
RABBIT  TOVVX,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 
RABEXAU,  rd'beh-now\  a  town  of  Saxony,  7  miles  S.W. 
.  Dresden     Pop.  701. 


R.4BENSTEIX,  rj'ben-stine',  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  I'ilsen.     Pop.  51.3. 

R.-VBIL,  rd-beel'.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Boavista,  Cape 
Verd  Islands,  on  its  W.  side,  4  miles  E.  of  Porto  Sal  Rey. 
Pop.  1043.  It  stands  on  a  terrace,  45  feet  above  the  sea,  on 
a  height  above  which  are  the  hamlets  of  Moradinha  and 
Estacia  de  Bjiixo. 

RABIXAL,  r4-be-n3l',  a  town  of  Central  America,  Stat«  of 
Guatemala,  province,  and  50  miles  S.W.  of  Vera  Paz.  Pop. 
about  6500. 

R.VBISCH.\U,  rJ'bish-6w\  a  town  of  Prussia,  government, 
and  S.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1363. 

RABNABAD,  rdb-nS-bSd'.  a  low.  sandy  island  of  Ilindos- 
tan,  B.ay  of  Bengal,  off  the  Sunderbunds,  at  the  AV.  entrance 
of  the  E.  mouth  of  the  (ianges.  separated  from  the  mainland 
by  a  narrow  channel  or  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  about 
16  miles  long  by  6  miles  broad. 

RA'BUN,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Oeorgi.a, 
bordering  on  Xorth  Carolina,  and  separated  from  South  Ca- 
rolina by  the  Chattooga  River,  which  forms  the  S.E.  liound- 
ary,  has  an  area  of  about  330  square  miles.  It  is  dtained 
by  the  sources  of  the  Little  Tennessee  and  Tallulah  Kivers. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests. 
The  principal  peaks  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  this  county  are 
named  the  Pinnacle,  Tallulah,  and  Bald  Mountains.  Iron 
is  abundant,  and  gold  has  been  found.  The  Rabun  Gap 
Railroad  is  projected  through  the  county.  Named  in 
honor  of  William  Rabun,  formerly  governor  of  Georgia. 
Capital,  Clayton.  Pop.  3271,  of  wlium  3005  were  tree,  and 
206  slaves. 

RA'BY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham.  5  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Barnard-Castle.  The  magnificent  baronial  Castle 
of  Raby  covers  an  acre  of  ground;  it  w.as  one  of  the  earliest 
seats  of  the  Neville  family,  .tnd  in  its  great  hall.  90  feet  in 
length,  700  knight.s,  all  retainers  of  that  powerful  family,  are 
said  to  have  been  feasted  at  one  time.  It  has  belonged  to 
the  family  of  Vane  since  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  and  is  now 
the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Cleveland. 

R.\C.WAX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Antrim. 

RACCA,  a  town  on  the  Euphrates.     See  Rakka. 

RACCAXO.  rdk-ki'no,  or  RACCAXO-EX-FERRARESE, 
rd-ki'no  Jx  f  JR-id-r.Vs.i,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  delega- 
tion, and  74  miles  S.W.  of  Rovigo.     Pop.  1600. 

RACCOXIGI,  rdk-ko-nee'jee,  or  RACONIGT,  a  town  of 
Xorth  It.Hly,  in  Piedmont,  on  the  Maira,2l  miles  S.  of  Turin. 
Pop.  10,102.  It  has  a  royal  park  and  chateau,  and  manu- 
factures of  silk  fabrics  and  twist,  and  woollen  cloths. 

RACE  OF  ALDERNEY,  (awl'der-ne.)  is  chiefly  in  the 
strait  between  the  island  of  Alder'ney  and  Cape  La  Iloguo, 
France,  but  the  tide  often  sets  up  the  Channel  furiously  on 
both  the  N.  and  S.  side  of  Alderney. 

RACE  OF  PORT'LAXD,  on  the  English  coast,  nearly  oppo- 
site, lies  off  the  peninsula  of  Portland  bill. 

RACE  POIXT,  a  headland  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  New- 
foundland. 

RACHECOURT,  rSsh'kooR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Luxembourg,  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Arlon.    Pop.  1185. 

R.\.CHE-TCIIURIN.  ra-sh,Vchoo-reen/(?)  a  lama  city  of 
Mongolia,  360  miles  W.  of  Peking.  It  consists  of  several 
large  edifices,  surrounded  by  a  great  nnniber  of  small 
houses.  Three  elegant  and  m.ajestic  Boodhist  temples  rise 
in  the  centre  of  the  establishment.  On  the  avenue  of  the 
principal  temple  is  a  square  tower  of  colos.sal  proportions, 
and  on  the  four  angles  are  four  monstrous  dragons  sculp- 
tured in  granite. 

R.\CHKOV  or  RATSCHKOW,  rSch-kov'.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Podolia.  between  lofty  hills,  118  miles  E.SJi 
of  Kamieniec.    Pop.  1600. 

1559 


KAC 

BACHOVA,  ri-Ko'vJ.  or  ARACnOVA,  a-r3-Ko'vJ,  a  large 
Village  of  Qre€i«,  government  of  Boeotia,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Salona.  on  the  slope  of  Parnassus,  celebrated  for  the  excel- 
lence of  its  wine,  aud  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants.  Near 
it  U  the  Corycian  cive. 

ilACIN'E,  ris-seen',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, bordering  on  Lake  Michijran,  contains  about  ZbO  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  itoot  and  Pishtaka  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  is  mostly  occupied  by  prai- 
ries, which  are  interspersed  with  oak-openings,  or  plains  pro- 
ducing a  scatteied  growth  of  oak  and  hickory.  The  soil  is 
Ciilcareous  and  fertile.  Whe.it.  Indian  corn,  oats  and  grass 
are  the  staples.  Lime.stone  is  the  principal  rock.  Organized 
In  1S36.  The  name  is  derived  from  Root  River,  the  French 
word  Itacine  signifying  "  root."  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chi- 
cago and  Milvraukee  Railroad,  and  the  Racine  and  Beloit 
R.R.    Capital,  Racine.    Pop.  21,.360. 

RACINK,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

RACINK,  a  city  ot  Wisconsin,  and  capital  of  Racine  co, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  at 
the  mouth  of  Root  River,  'lb  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Milwankie,  and 
62  miles  N.  of  Chicago.  It  is  the  second  city  of  the  State 
In  population  and  commerce,  and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors 
on  the  lake,  formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  river,  which  ad- 
mits vessels  di'awing  12  feet  of  water.  The  city  is  built  uiwn 
a  plane  elevated  about. 40  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake. 
The  soil  is  a  dry,sandy  loam,  beautifully  adapted  for  the  sites 
of  private  residences.  It  is  beautifully  laid  out  in  blocks 
with  wide  streets,  and  contains  a  number  of  fine  public 
buildings,  among  which  is  the  Racine  College  founded  by 
the  Episcopal  Church.  Racine  contains  14  Protestant  and 
2  Catholic  churches,  2  banks  and  1  banking  office;  3  news- 
papers are  published  here.  Racine  has  7  warehouses  already 
in  operation,  a  large  elevator  about  to  be  erected,  and  about 
100  mercantile  houses  in  various  branches.  Here  are  seve- 
ral foundries  and  machine-shops,  largely  engiiged  in  the 
manufacture  of  steam-engines  and  boilers,  and  various  agri- 
cultural implements,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  a 
manulactory  of  threshing-machines.  There  are  4  flouring- 
mills  and  10  tanneries.  The  city  has  1  large  high-school 
brick  building  as  well  as  5  other  large  and  commodious 
Bcliool-houses,  3  of  which  are  brick ;  these  schools  are  all  suj)- 
plied  with  competent  and  efficient  teachers,  which,  with  the 
Racine  College,  furnish  educational  advantages  not  inferior 
to  any  other  town  in  the  Northwest.  The  Racine  aud  Missis- 
[For  continuation,  see  Ai'PeniiIx.] 

R.4CK'EN'F0RD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

R.^CK'BT  RIVER  forms  the  outlet  of  Long  Lake,  In  Ha- 
milton county,  N'ew  York,  and  pursuing  a  winding  course 
through  Franklin  and  St.  Lawrence  counties,  fells  into  thj 
St.  Lawrence  River  about  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Potsdam,  after 
a  course  of  120  miles.    It  affords  extensive  water-power. 

R.\CKET  RIVER,  post-offlce.  St.  Uawrence  co.,  New  York. 

R.ACK'ETVILLE,  a  flourishing  village  of  St.  L;iwrence  co.. 
New  York,  on  Racket  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  North- 
ern Railroad,  5  or  6  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Potsdam.  A  dam  and 
a  bridge  were  constructed  across  the  river  here  in  1852, 
during  which  year  the  vill.age  was  laid  out.  Since  then,  an 
extensive  forwarding  and  mercantile  Interest  has  sprung 
up,  and  the  returns  of  the  railroad,  it  is  said,  show  an 
amount  of  business  done  not  surpjissed  by  any  town  on  the 
route,  except  Ogdensburg.  A  hotel  3  stories  "high  has  been 
built  here,  also  a  large  gang-saw  mill  on  each  side  of  the 
river;  and  other  establishments  on  an  extensive  scale  have 
been  erecte<l.  The  village  is  situated  in  a  rich  and  growing 
country,  with  which  it  communicates,  both  N.  and  S.,  by  a 
plank-road.  It  has  also  telegraphic  communication  with  the 
principal  cities  of  the  United  States.  The  post-office  is  called 
North  Potsdam. 

R.ACK'UEATII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RACiJON',  a  small  village,  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

RACOuN,  a  post-office  of  Preston  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

RACOON,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1809. 

RACOONf,  a  post-offlce  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois. 

R.^COON  CREEK,  of  Gloucester  co..  New  Jersey,  enters 
the  Delaware  River  about  IS  miles  below  Camden.  Sloops 
ascend  8  miles  to  Swedesborough. 

RACOON  CREEK,  rises  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  joins  the  Ohio  River  a  little  below  Beaver. 

R.ACOOX  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Hocking  co.,  and  falls 
Into  the  Ohio  River  about  8  miles  below  Gallipolis. 

RACOON  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Boone  co.,  and  falls 
Into  the  Wabash  about  7  miles  W.  of  Rockville,  In  Parke 
county,  after  a  course  of  nearly  70  miles.  It  flows  through 
a  rich  and  beautiful  farming  rezion,  and  furnishes  extensive 
water-power.  The  Little  Racoon  enters  it  from  the  N.E.,  15 
miles  trom  its  mouth. 

^J^'^iT^^  CREEK,  of  La  Crosse  co..  Wisconsin,  flows  into 
the  Mississippi. 

RACOON  FORD,  a  post-village  of  Culpepper  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Rapidan  River,  90  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond,  con- 
tains sevenil  mills.  ' 

RACOON  FORK  of  Licking  River,  Ohio,  joins  the  main 
Ktream  at  Newark. 

RACOON  ISLAND,  a  post-offlce  of  GalUa  co.,  Ohio. 
16tH) 


RAD 

RACOON  RIVER,  Iowa,  rises  in  Sac  or  Buenavista 
county,  and  empties  Itself  into  Des  Moines  River  at  Fort  Den 
Moines. 

RACOON  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Tennessee. 

R.ACTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

R  ACZ,  njts,  BECSE.  or  O-BECSE.  o  b.'l'cha\  a  market-town 
of  Hungary,  co.,  and  43  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bats,  with  Roman 
Catholic  and  Greek  churches,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Theisi*. 
Pop.  11.132. 

RACZ-KEVE,  rats-kirvA\  an  island  in  the  Danube.  28 
miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  broad.  Its  N,  point  in 
immediately  S.  of  Pe.sth. 

R.ACZ-KEVE,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  22 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Pesth,  on  the  above  island.    Pop.  4200. 

RACZKI.  rich'kee,  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and  12 
miles  N.N.W.  of  .\ugu.stowo. 

RADACK.  rMhi,  and  R ALICK.  rinik,  two  p:iranel  ch,ain8 
of  islands  of  Marshall's  .Archipelago,  in  the  North  Pacific, 
stretehin?  from  S.S.E.  to  N.N.W.,  between  lat.  4°  39'  and  11° 
48'  N„  and  Ion.  166°  and  172°  E. 

R.ADAM  A,  rl'di-m3\  mountains  of  Madagascar,  in  the  N. 
part. 

RADA-NET.-CHIANTI,  rJ'di-n^l-ke-an'tee,  or  CASTET.-DI- 
RAD.A,  kis-tJl'dee-ri'dd,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  16  miles  N.  of 
Sienna.     Pop.  2876, 

R.AD.AUNE,  ri'dOw'neh,  a  river  of  West  Prussia,  flows 
very  eireuitously  E.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Motlau  a  little  above 
Dantzic,  after  a  course  of  30  miles. 

RAD.AUTZ.  rd'dSwts,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  PoLtud, 
In  Bukowina.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Sereth.    Pop.  1!K)0. 

RAIVBOURNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

R.AIVCLIFFE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RADCLIFFE  BHIIV.E,  a  station  on  the  East  Lancashire 
Railway,  between  Manchester  and  Burv. 

RAD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England",  co.  of  Somerset 

RADE,  rj/dj-h,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  25  miles  E.  of 
Dusseldorf     Pop.  1092. 

RADEBURG,  rJ'deh-b5oRG\  or  RADEBERG,  rJ'd?h-WRG', 
a  town  of  Saxony,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Dresden,  on  the  Roder. 
Pop.  2311.  It  has  important  manufactures  of  ribbons  and 
gloves. 

R.ADENIN,  rfM?h-neen',  a  village  of  Bohemia,  9  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Tiibor.    Pop.  101.3. 

RAIVFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingb.am.  It 
has  a  station  on  the  Peterborough  and  Leicester  Railway, 
2i  miles  W.  of  Nottingham. 

RAD/FORD-SEM'ELE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  War- 
wick. 

RAIVFORDSVILLE.  a  postofflce  of  Perry  co..  Alabama. 

RADI,  ri'dee,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,  4 
miles  from  Liebenau.     Pop.  1580. 

R.\DICEN.A,  rJ-do-chA'nd.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  ll  miles  E.  of  Palmi.    Pop.  27uO. 

R.ADICOF.ANI,  rJ-Je-Ko-fd'nee.  a  market-town  of  Tuscany, 
province,  and  36  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sienna,  on  the  slope  of  a  vol- 
canic mountain  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  2(500. 

RADICONDOLI,  rdde-kon'di>le.  or  RIDICONDALI,  re- 
de-kon'di-lee,  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince of  Sienna,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Voltera.    Pop.  2000. 

RAD' I  POLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

RADKERSBURG,  rad'kfrs-b6(5RG\  a  town  of  Styria,  87 
miles  S.E.  of  Griitz,  on  an  island  in  the  Mur.    Pop.  2400. 

RAD'LEY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

RADMANSDORF.  rJd'mins-doRr,  written  al.soRODOLZA 
and  RADOULZA,  a  town  of  Illyria,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Lay- 
bach,  on  the  Save.     Pop.  600. 

RADMAR.  rdd'mdR,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  30 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Bruck.    Pop.  1066. 

R.^DNA.  rdd'ndh',  written  also  RODNA,  a  village  of  Tran- 
sylvania. 23  miles  N.N.E.'of  Bistritz,  on  the  Ssimosch.  It 
was  in  early  times  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  but 
was  destroyed  on  an  incursion  of  the  Tartars  in  1242, 
Pop.  1000. 

RAD'N.AGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

R.4DNAU,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Radnoth. 

RADNITZ,  rad'nits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  14  miles  N.E. 
ofPilsen.    Pop.  221  s. 

RAIVNOR  or  RADNORSHIRE,  rad'nor-shir,  a  county  of 
South  Wales,  having  N.  the  cos.  of  Slontgomery  and  Salop. 
.\rea.  425  square  miles,  of  which  more  than  one-half  is  said 
to  be  moorland  and  bog.  Pop.  in  1S52.  24.716.  The  surface, 
except  in  the  S.E.,  is  bleak  and  mountainous.  Princi- 
pal rivers,  the  Wye,  Arrow,  and  Lugg.  Sheep  and  cattle 
are  the  staple  product  of  the  county.  Chief  town.s,  Pre8- 
teign.  New  Radnor,  .and  Knighton.  The  county  sends  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  Bouverie  family. 

R.\DNOR,  New,  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor.  13  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Brecknock.  Pop  of  parliamentary  borough,  .n  1S61, 
2345  The  town  consists  chiefly  of  one  irregtilarly-built 
street.  The  borough,  with  Prest«igu.  Knighton,  Cefii-Llys, 
Knucklas,  and  Rhayader,  sends  1  member  to  the  House  iif 
Commons. 

RADNOR,  Old,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Radnoi 


r 


RAD 

RADIfOR,  a  post-townsliip  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
interBected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  8  miles 
S.  of  Norristown.    Pop.  1230. 

RADNOR,  a  post-towiisliip  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Po)).  1342. 

RADNOTH,  rad'not,  RADNAU,   rM'nOw,  or  JERNOT, 
yjR'not,  a  village  of  Austiia,  in  Transylvania,  co.  of  Kokel- 
burg,  on  the  Maros,  44  miles  N.  of  Ilermannstadt.  Pop.  1700. 
RADOBOJ,  rd'do-boy\  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Croatia,  co., 
and  about  30  miles  from  Warasdin.     Pop.  1 169. 
KADOCH  KOVlTCirr.    See  RADOSrr  Kovitciii. 
RADOKALA,  r^-do-kS'ia.  or  KIMSKI-KOK.SAKOFF,  rim'- 
Bkee-kor-sd-koff',  a  group  of  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  in 
Marshall's   Archipelago,   extending  about  54  miles    from 
K.N.E.  to  W.S.W.:  hit.  11°  8'  20"  and  11°  26'  45"  N.,  ion. 
166°  26'  30"  and  167°  14'  20"  E.    The  islands  are  principally 
two — a  larger,  about  26  miles  long,  trending  N.K.  and  S.W., 
with  an  entrance  to  its  lagoon  on  the  S. ;  and  a  less,  situ- 
ated to  the  S.  of  it,  and  14  miles  long  by  3  miles  wide. 

RADOLFSZELL,  ra'dolf-tsMr,  a  walled  town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  the  Lake,  on  the  Uuter-see,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Con- 
stance.    Pop.  1220. 

RADOLI.V,  rd-do-leen',  a  town  of  Pmssian  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Bromberg,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Schiinianke.     P.  627. 

RADOM,  ri'dom,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  waywode, 
on  the  Radomks,  67  miles  from  Warsaw.  Pop.  5700.  It  is 
the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  and  has  Roman  Ca- 
tholic churches,  and  Piarist  and  Lutheran  colleges. 

RADO.MIR,  rd-do-meer',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  In 
Hoom-KIee,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ghiustendil. 

RADOMSK,  ri-domsk',  or  RADOMSKO,  ra-dom'sko,  a 
town  of  Poland,  province,  and  18  miles  S.E.  of  Kalisz,  on 
the  railway  to  Warsaw.     Pop.  1816. 

R.\DO.MYSL.  rd'do-misT,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  a9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kiev,  on  the  Teterev.    Pop.  3300. 

RADOMYSL.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of 
Volhynia.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Dubno.     Pop.  -JOOO. 

RADOMYSL,  a  town  of  Austri.an  Poland,  in  Galleia,  18 
miles  X.E.  of  Tarnow.    Pop.  1500. 

RADOSU  KOVITCIII,  RADOCH  KOVITCIIT,  or  RA- 
DOSCU  KOVITSCHI,  rd-dosh'  ko-vit'chee.  a  market-town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  24  miles  N.W.  of  Minsk.  Pop.  1550. 

R.\d6ULZ.\,  a  town  of  lUyria.    See  R.^dmansdorp. 

RADOVITZ,  rd'do-vits\  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Macedonia,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Ghiustendil,  on  the  Radovitz 
River,  an  affluent  of  the  Kara-soo,  (anc.  Strymon,)  and  on 
the  great  route  from  Room-Elee  into  Albania.  It  has  a 
trade  in  corn  and  wine. 

RADSTADT,  rdd'stitt,  (Ger.  pron.  rafstltt,)  a  town  of 
Upper  Austria,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Salzburg,  on  the  Ems. 
Pop.  2000. 

RAD'STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset  A 
railway  connects  it  with  Mitford. 

R.ViysXOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

RADWAN,  rdd'wan,  (Hun.  liadvany.  rOdVdfl',)  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Sohl,  on  the  Gran,  2  miles  S.AV.  of 
Neu.sohl.    Pop.  2000. 

RAD' WAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

RAD'WELL,  a  p.-vrish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

RAD'WIXTER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RADZIVILOV,  rdd-ze-ve-lov',  or  RADZIVOLOV,  rjd-zo'- 
vo-lov',  a  frontier  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of 
Volhynia,  115  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kamieniec. 

RADZYX,  rJd'zin,  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  30 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Siedlec,  capital  of  a  county.    Pop.  2000. 

RAE,  rM,  or  ROY  BARELI,  (bi-r.A'lee,)  a  town  of  Ilin- 
dostan,  in  Oude,  48  miles  S.3.K.  of  Lucknow.  It  has  an 
extensive  fort,  which,  with  the  town,  is  altogether  in  a  de- 
cayed condition.     Pop.  8000. 

RAEFFSKOY.  ri-effs*koi'.  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Low 
Archipelago;  lat.  16°  43'  S.,  Ion.  144°  11'  W.  They  are 
three  in  number,  and  are  very  small ;  only  one  of  them  con- 
tains a  few  inhabitants.  They  appear  to  be  the  same  as 
the  Sea-gull  group  of  Wilkes'  United  States  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition. 

RAF  A,  rj'fi,  (anc.  Ralphin.)  a  town  of  Palestine,  near  the 
frontier  of  Egypt,  4  or  6  miles  from  the  Jlediternmean. 

RAF'FLES  B.IY,  an  inlet  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  Coburg 
Peninsula,  in  North  Australia,  13  miles  E.  of  Port  Essing- 
ton;  lat.  11°  10'  S.,  Ion.  132°  20'  E.  A  British  settlement, 
named  Port  Raffles,  established  here  in  1847,  was  aban- 
doned in  1849. 

RAB''FORD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin.  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Forres.  Here  are  the  superb  mansion  of  Altyre.  the 
residence  of  Sir  W.  C.  Gordon,  and  Burgle  Castle,  a  struc- 
ture of  the  seventeenth  century. 

RAFSUND.  (KSfsund.)  r^f'soond,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  laen, 
and  26  miles  S.E.  of  Ostersund.  Greatest  length  from  N.W. 
to  S.E.,  24  miles;  breadth,  about  9  miles.  It  has  a  large 
island  and  a  village  of  the  same  name  on  its  E.  shore,  and 
discharges  itself  at  the  S.E.  into  the  Njurunda. 

R.\FZ,  rdfts.  a  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Zurich, 
2i  miles  N.  of  Kglisau.     Pop.  1150. 

R.VGATZ,  rj'gdts,  a  town  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  30  miles  S.  by  E.  of  St.  Gall,  at  the  mouth  of 


RAH 

the  gorge  throngh  which  the  Tamina  rushes  in  its  coom 
to  jointhe  Rhine.     Pop.  13;37. 

RAG'D.^LE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

RAG  ENDOIJF,  rd'ghjn-dORf*,  or  RA.IKA,  rl'k0h\  a  market 
town  of  West  Hungary,  co.,  and  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Wiesa. 
burg,  on  the  Danube.    Pop.  3;3oO. 

RAG'GED  MOUNTAINS,  an  elevated  range  on  the  border 
between  Grafton  and  Merrimack  counties,  New  Hampshire 
Height,  about  2000  feet. 

R.^GUIB,  rd'gheeb',  a  village  of  Arabia,  on  Its  S.E.  coast 
12  miles  N.E.  of  Kas  Makallah.     It  has  an  ancient  mosque. 

RAGHLEY,  rdh'lee  or  raw'lee,  or  AU(mLEY,  awb'lee,^ 
peninsula  and  fishing  village  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught  on 
its  N.W.  coast,  co..  and  9  miles  N.W.  of  Sligo.  Pup.  of  the 
village,  170.     Here  are  the  ruins  of  Artarmon  Castle. 

RAGHOOGHUR  or  RAIKiO(KlUlfH.     See  Kaoooohur. 

RAGIAN,  rd-ghe-dn',  or  RHUGIAN,  rOg'e-dn',  a  town 
ship  of  Persia,  province  of  Ears,  3  miles  W,  of  Behbehan. 

RAG'LAND,  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co..  and 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Monmouth.     Pop.  766.     About  1  mile  from 
the  village  are  the  ruins  of  Ragland  Castle,  the  ancient  seat 
of  the  Somerset  family. 

RAGLESVILLE,  r«g'glz-vil,  a  post-offlce  of  Davie.sg  co., 
Indiana, 

RAGNIT,  rdg'nit,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  30  miles  N.  of 
Gumbinnen,  on  the  Niemen.    Pop.  2850. 

RAGOL,  rd-gol',  a  town  of  Spiiin,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  18  miles  from  Almeria.     Pop.  1217. 

RAGOOGHUR,  RAGHOOGHUR,  rd-goo-gQr',  or  RAH- 
OOOGUIUI,  a  town  of  Central  Hindostan,  province  of  Mal- 
w.ah,  capital  of  a  large  district,  l;i3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gwalior. 

RAGOV  or  RAGOW,  rd-gov',  a  market-town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Vilna,  25  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vilkomeer. 
Pop.  1520. 

R.\GUIIN,  rd'goon,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Anh.alt-Dessau, 
on  the  Mulde,  8  miles  S.  of  Dessiiu.     Pop.  1589. 

R.VGUSA,  rd-goo'sd,  a  river  of  Sicily,  after  a  S.  course  of 
25  miles,  enters  the  Mediterranean  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  IModica. 

R.\GUSA,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendency  of  Syr.ieuse,  co., 
and  3  miles  W.  of  Modiea,  on  the  W,  bank  of  the  river 
Ragusa.  Pop.  21,705.  Its  inhabitants  are  industrious,  and 
have  manufactures  of  woollens  and  silks,  with  a  trade  in 
corn,  oil,  wine,  and  cheese.  Near  it  stood  the  ancient  ilybla 
Hircea. 

RAGUSA,  rd-goo'sd,  or  RAUGIA.  rd-oo'ja  or  rOw'j.i,  (Slav. 
Dubrovnik,  doo-brov'uik;  Turk.  Pnprnimik,  p4-prov-nik'  or 
pd-prov-neek',)  a  seaport  city  of  Dalaiatia,  capital  of  a  cir- 
cle, on  a  peninsula  of  the  Adriatic,  38  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Cattaro.  Lat.  of  the  mole  fort,  42°  38'  9"  N.,  Ion.  18°  7'  E. 
Pop.  6000.  It  is  partly  enclosed  by  old  walls,  flanked  by 
ma.ssive  round-towers,  and  has  a  most  imposing  appear 
anco.  The  houses  are  chiefly  in  the  Italian  style.  It  has  a, 
cathedral,  with  fine  works  of  art,  a  large  Gothic  custom- 
house, a  palace  of  the  former  rectors  of  the  Republic,  a 
guard-house,  with  a  conspicuous  belfrey,  barracks  for  1200 
troops,  a  lyceum.  and  various  other  public  schools,  a  lazaretto, 
a  theatre,  and  in  its  vicinity  numerous  elegant  villas.  The 
iport,  immediately  S.  of  the  city,  is  fitted  only  for  small  ves- 
sels; but  the  harbor  of  Gravosa,  N.  of  the  peninsula,  will 
receive  ships  of  the  line:  both  are  defended  by  forts.  Its 
trade,  once  important,  has  greatly  declined.  It  is  visited 
every  year  by  earthquakes,  and  suffered  severely  from  that 
of  1667,  by  which  a  fifth  part  of  the  population  lost  their 
lives.  It  has  manufactures  of  silks,  leather,  and  rosoglio, 
which,  with  oil,  anchovies,  and  the  products  of  Herzego- 
vina, constitute  the  chief  exports.  Ragusa,  founded  about 
the  middle  of  the  seventh  century,  continued  to  be  a  re- 
public under  the  successive  protection  of  the  Greeks,  Vene- 
tians, and  Turks,  until  1806,  when  it  was  erected  by  Napo- 
leon into  a  duchy  for  Marshal  Marmont. Adj.  and  inhab. 

Raqdsan.  rd-goo'san. 

RAGUSA  VECCHIA,  rd-goo'sd  vjk'ke-d.  ("Old  Ragusa,") 
a  village  on  the  Adriatic,  7  miles  S.E.  of  the  above  town,  wag 
the  ancient  Epidaurus,  destroyed  by  the  Croats  in  656.  It 
has  many  vestiges  of  antiquity. 

R  All  ABEU,  ri-hi'bfeh,  a  castle  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic 
of  Bagdad,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  between  Rak- 
kah  and  Anah,  near  the  site  of  an  ancient  city  conjectured 
to  have  been  the  Rehoboth  of  Scripture. 

RAHAD,  rd-hdd',  a  river  of  Abyssinia  and  Nubia,  joins 
the  Bahr-el-Azrek,  or  Blue  Nile,  67  miles  N.  of  Sennaar, 
after  a  N.W.  course  of  260  miles. 
RAHAN  or  RAGHAN  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 
RAH  AN'  or  RAGHAN,  ra-Han',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  King"! 
county. 

R.^HDEN.  rd'den,  a  market^town  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
phalia. 16  miles  N'.W.  of  Minden.     Pop.  1200. 

RAIIDUNPOOR,  rd-dtln-poor/.  a  town  of  West  HindostaU; 
dominions,  and  136  miles  N.W.  of  Baroda,  capital  of  a  rajah- 
ship,  in  a  wide  plain  close  to  the  Runn  of  Cutch.  l^at.  2;> 
52'  N.,  Ion.  71°  38'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall  witb 
towers,  and  in  1820  comprised  4000  hou.ses. 

RAHEIA,  rd-hl'a,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Bundeluund^ 
14  miles  S.E.  of  J.aloun. 
RAH'ENY  or  RATHENY,  rath'e-ne,  a  vUlage  and  parish 

1561 


RAH 

of  Irelaud,  oo.,  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Dublin,  on  the  X.  side 
of  its  bay,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Dublin  and  Drogheda 
Railway.    I'o).  of  its  village,  2o0. 

KAIIMANiKAII  or  KAHMANIKII,  rdn-md-nee'gh,  a 
town  of  Lower  Egypt,  province  of  Bahari,  25  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Kosetta,  on  the  Kosetta  branch  of  the  Nile.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  from  the  French  in  1801. 

RAIIO,  iS.'ho\  a  village  of  HuJgary,  18  mUes  N.E.of  Szi- 
geth.    Top.  2W7. 

RAHOOX',  a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 
The  parish  contains  a  part  of  the  town  of  Galway. 

RAUOON,  r3-hoon',  or  RHAX,  r'hin,  a  town  of  the  Pun- 
jab, in  British  India,  between  the  Sutlej  and  Boas,  13  miles 
K .E  of  Loodianah.    It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  goods. 

RAIIOURY,  rd-hoo^ree,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bombay,  18  miles  N.  of  Ahmednujgur. 

RAIIO  VA,  rd-ho'va,  orORAVA,  o-r3'v4.  atown  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  sanjak,  and  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Widdin, 
on  the  Danube,  here  crossed  by  a  ferry.     Pop.  2000. 

RAIIWAY,  raw'wi,  a  small  river  in  the  N.E.  part  of  New 
Jersey,  rises  in  Essex  co.,  flows  nearly  S.  to  Rahway,  and 
then  forms  the  boundary  between  Union  and  Middlesex 
counties  until  it  enters  Staten  Island  Sound.  Vessels  of  SO 
tons  ascend  it  to  Rahway. 

R.A.UWAY,  a  post^village  of  Union  and  Middlesex  counties, 
New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  the  Rahway  ]!iver,  and  on  the 
New  Jersey  Railroad,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Newark,  and  S8 
miles  N'.E.  of  Trenton.  It  is  divided  by  the  river  into  Upper 
and  Lower  Rahway,  the  former  of  which  is  in  Rahway 
township,  and  the  latter  (formerly  called  Bridgeton)  in 
Woodbridge  township,  Middlesex  county.  It  contains  9 
churches,  belonging  to  the  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Bap- 
tists, Friends,  and  colored  people ;  also  2  national  banks,  an 
insui-ance  office,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  There  is  a  board- 
ing school  for  girls,  named  the  Rahway  Female  Institute,  a 
classical  boarding  school  for  boys,  and  a  tine  Union  school, 
erected  in  1852.  Rahway  is  noted  chietly  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  carriages,  hats,  stoves,  stoneware,  &c. :  3000  carriages 
were  made  lii;re  annually  for  the  Southern  markets.  It  has  a 
large  muslin-printing  establishment,  an  iron  foundry,  and 
a  manufactory  of  felt  cloth.  Schooners  ascend  the  river  to 
this  place.  Settled  about  the  year  1720.  Pop.  in  1860, 
7130. 

RAIATEA,  rl-i-tVa,  or  LAIATEA,  ll-i-tk'i,  (the  Ulitea  of 
Cook,)  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  Pacific,  130  miles 
N.W.  of  Tahiti ;  kit.  16°  50'  S.,  Ion.  151°  24'  W.  Circuit,  about 
40  miles.  It  has  many  good  anchorages,  sheltered  by  a  coral 
reef  tliat  encloses  this  and  the  neighboring  island  of  Fula. 
Priucip;tl  products,  arrow-root  and  cocoa-nuts.  Here  is  a 
missionary  station. 

RAICUOR,  rrchor',  RAICIIOOR,  rrchoor',  or  RACIIOOR, 
rJ-cho<ir',  a  town  of  India,  in  Nizam's  dominions,  between 
the  Kistnah  and  Toombuddra  Rivers,  110  miles  S.W.  of 
Hyderabad:  lat.  16°  12'  N.,  Ion.  77°  25'  E.  It  is  large,  irre- 
gularly built,  with  the  strongest  fort  in  this  part  of  India. 

RAID.A.H,  ri'dd,  a  seaport  tdwn  of  Arabia,  on  its  S.E. 
coast;  lat.  15°  N.,  Ion.  60°  30'  E.  Pop.  700.  Principal  ex- 
ports, frankincense,  aloes,  ambergris,  and  shark-fins. 

RAIDROOG,  a  town  of  llindosSn.     See  Rtdrooo. 

RAI-KOKK.  ri-ko/kA,  written  also  RAU-KOKO  and  RACII- 
KOKE,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Oce;in,  lie- 
longing  to  Russia,  and  near  the  centre  of  the  group;  lat. 
48°  16'  N.,  Ion.  153°  15'  E.  Length  and  breadth,  about  15 
miles  ftich.  The  surfiice  is  rocky  and  mountainous,  and  it 
contains  an  active  volcano. 

RAILROADS.  A  general  account  of  these  will  be  found 
under  the  head  of  the  different  states  and  countries  in 
which  they  are  situated. 

RAIN  or  RIIAIN,  rin,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the 
Lech,  23  miles  N.  of  Augsburg.  Pop.  1050.  Before  it  the 
Austrian  general  Tilly  was  mortally  wounded  in  1632. 

RAIN'BOW,  a  post-office  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut. 

RAINE,  rAn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

RAINE  (rAn)  ISLET,  an  islet  in  the  Great  Barrier  Reef; 
lat.  11°  36'  S.,  Ion.  144°  2'  15"  E.,  1000  yards  long,  by  500  yards 
wide.  A  beacon,  the  summit  of  which  is  75  feet  above  sea- 
level,  has  been  erected  upon  it,  marking  the  best  entrance 
through  the  outer  reef  towards  Torres  Strait 

RA INK'S  (rdnz)  TAVERN,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Virginia. 

RAIN'FORD.  a  chapelry  of  Epgland,  co.  of  Lancaster,  b\ 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Prescot,  with  a  station  on  the  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshire  Railway. 

RAIX'UAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

R.UXHAM,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RAIMIAM,  StDUTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

5 » I  vAV^^''  ^^'^'^^  a  Pa^sli  of  Kngland,  oo.  of  Norfolk. 

i.K  '  *  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lanaister, 

with  a  station  on  the  Manchester  Railway,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Liverpool. 

R.UN  I  BR,  rA'neer,  a  nost-offlee  of  Washington  oo_  Oregon. 

RAIMKR.  MfJUNT.    See  Mount  Rainieiu 

S  A  lv'cmAu'i^?w;  t^   ""•*'•'  ''*'  *:nKlat"l.  CO.  of  Chester. 

KAINS'BOROUGII,  a     ost-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio, 
89  imleo  E.  of  Cincinnati. 
1562 


RAJ 

RAINS/BURO,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvanih. 
on  Cove  Creek,  about  8  mik-s  S.  of  Bedford 

RAINS'CLIFF,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

RAINS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Indiina,  on 
Pine  Creek,  87  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolip. 

RAIN'TON,  EAST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

RAINTON,  west,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

RAI'NY  LAKE,  (Fr.  Lac  de  la  Tluk,  Idk  d'  Id  plu^ee',)  in 
North  Araeric.1, 160  miles  W.  of  Ijjke  Superior,  forms  part 
of  the  boundary  between  the  British  aijd  United  States- 
territories,  and  has  on  its  S.  side  a  fort  of  the  American  Fur 
Company.  It  di.schargos  its  surplus  waters  W.  into  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  by  Rai.nt  River,  100  miles  in  length. 
Its  banks  are  covered  with  pine  forests. 

RAI'SEN  MARKET,  a  parish  and  m.arket-town  of  Eng- 
land, CO.,  and  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lincoln.     Pop.  2022. 

RAISEN,  MIDDLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

R-\ISEN,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RAI'SIN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Lenawee  co., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad. 
Pop.  1545. 

RAISIN  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  ri.ses  in  Hillsdale  county. 
Its  general  direction  is  nearly  E.,  and  its  whole  length  is 
probably  140  miles.  The  water-power  on  this  river  is  very 
extensive.  The  current  is  rapid,  the  banks  are  high,  and 
the  valley  through  which  it  flows  is  noted  for  fertility. 
After  passing  by  Adrian  and  Monroe,  it  enteis  Lake  Erie  2 
miles  from  the  latter  place. 

RAI'SINVILLE,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Monroe  co., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad. 
Pop.  1448. 

K.\ISMES,  rAm  or  rem,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  with  a  station  on  the  Northern  Railway,  3  miles 
N.W.  of  Valenciennes.  Pop.  in  1852,  3078.  It  has  coal- 
mines and  iron-works. 

RAISSEEN,  rLs'seen',  a  decayed  town  and  hill-fort  of  In- 
dia, in  the  Gwalior  dominions,  22  miles  N.E,  of  Bhopaul. 

R.\rni'BY,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

R.\1V.\,  ri'vd,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Radka,  govern- 
ment, and  46  miles  S.W.  of  Warsjiw.  Pop.  1800.  It  was 
formerly  a  strong  fortress,  and  has  an  ancient  castle. 

R.\JAGRIH.i,  rd-jd-gree/a,  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  16  miles  S.  of  Bahar,  on  the  lofty  site  of 
an  old  fortress.  It  is  a  place  of  pilgrimage,  where  50,000 
Hindoos  sometimes  assemble. 

RAJAHMU.NDRY,  rd-jd-man'dree,  a  town  of  British  !»• 
dia,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Godavery, 
about  43  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  73  miles  N.E.  of  Ma- 
sulipatam;  lat.  ltj°  25'  N.,  Ion.  81°  54'  E.  It  stands  on  a 
height,  and  has  a  fort  and  a  terraced  bazaar,  with  numerous 
mosques,  and  other  indications  of  Mohammedan  ascendancy. 

RAJAHMUNDRY,  a  maritime  district  of  Briti.sh  India, 
presidency  of  Madras.  Area,  6050  square  milBS.  Pop.1,012,036. 

RAJAKERA,  rdjdka'rd,  a  town  of  Central  Iliudostan, 
in  the  Bhurtpoor  dominions,  24  miles  S.  of  Agra. 

RAJAMAIIAL,  rd'jd-md-hdl',  written  also  RAJEMAHAL 
and  RAJMUII.4L,  ("the  royal  re.«idenco,'")  a  city  of  British 
India,  presidency  and  province  of  Bengal,  district  of  Bogli- 
poor,  on  the  Ganges,  66  miles  N.W.  of  Moorshedabad.  Esti- 
mated pop.  30,000.  It  consists  of  a  long  street  of  stone  and 
mud  houses,  with  about  a  dozen  market-places. 

RAJ  AN  AG  UR.  rd-jd-nd-gtir',  (Hindoo  Rajanaijra.  rd-jd-nd'- 
grd,)  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the 
Ganges,  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dacca. 

RAJANAGIIR,  a  village  of  British  India,  presidency  cf 
Madras,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rajahmuudry. 

RAJANO,  rd-yd/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzz; 
Ultra  II.,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Sulmona.     Pop.  1550. 

RAJAPULPETTA,  rd'jd-paipit/td,  a  town  of  Ilindostac 
province,  and  60  miles  S.  of  Hyderabad ;  lat.  10°  27'  N.,  Ion 
7S°  37'  E. 

RAJAWUR,  rd'jJ-wUr',  written  also  RAJAURI,  or  RA 
JOUR,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  in  British  India,  on  the  Ch» 
naub,  120  miles  N.  of  Lahore. 

RAJDEER,  rdj'deer',  a  town  of  Hindostan.  province  of 
Candeish,  strongly  situated  on  a  precipitous  mountain,  only 
accessible  by  a  narrow  foot-path  cut  through  the  i^ock,  and 
secured  by  gates.  Though  plentifully  supplied  with  water 
and  provisions  sufficient  for  a  year,  when  besieged  by  the 
British  in  1818,  it  was  eyacuated  by  the  garrison  as  soon  as 
the  mortar  batteries  opened,  and  gained  without  the  loss  of 
a  single  man. 

R.iJECX,  rdV^ts',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Trent- 
schin,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Waag,  34  miles  N.'W.  of  Neusohl. 
Pop.  3000. 

RAJESHAHYE,  rrjfh-shd-hi',  or  RAJSHAHYE.,  r^'shd- 
hi',  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency,  and  in  the  cjnix* 
of  the  province  of  Bengal,  between  lat.  24°  and  25°  N.,  Ion. 
88°  30'  and  90°  E.,  having  S.  the  main  stream  of  the  Gai  g'-s. 
Area,  2812  square  miles.  Pop.  950,000.  The  chief  towu'-  \tt 
Bauleah,  and  Hurrial. 

RAJGUUR.  rdjV'ar',  or  RAJ'GURK',  a  fortified  town  -f 
India,  175  miles  S.W.  of  Gwalior. 

RAJGHUR,  a  tt  wn  of  India,  in  Buudelcuad,  on  Jh< 
Cane,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Jhansi. 


=J' 


RAJ 


RAM 


RA.TGITUR,  a  town  of  India,  In  Gurhwal.  45  miles  N.E. 
of  Tlinb.tilah. 

R  A.T(  )D  K,  rit-jod'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of  Mai  wah, 
46  miles  W.  hy  S.  of  Oojein.     Lat.  2:5°  3'  N.,  Ion.  75^  9'  K. 

RAJOO,  rd'joo',  a  town  of  Central  India,  in  the  Berar  do- 
minions, on  the  Mahanuddy,  27  miles  S.  of  Ryepoor.  It  has 
numerous  paj^ndas,  and  a  large  annual  festival. 

RA.TOORA,  rj-joo^rj.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  Guzerat  peninsula,  53  miles  N.E.  of  the  promon- 
tory of"  Diu  Head.     T>at.  21°  2'  N.,  Ion.  71°  40'  E. 

R  AJPEI'LA,  ri5j-p?p1J.  a  decayed  town  of  West  Ilindostan, 
dominions,  and  55  miles  S.S.E.  of  Baroda. 

RAJi'OOR,  rij-poor',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of 
Bejapoor,  district  of  Concan,  96  miles  N.N.W  of  Goa. 

R.\,T1'00R.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of  Malwah,  18 
miles  from  Kooksee. 

RAJPOOT.WA,  a  city  or  province  of  India.    See  Ajmeer. 

RA.TSIIAirYE.    See  Rajeshahtk. 

RAKAS-TA  t,  a  lake  of  Thibet.    See  Ravana-IIhada. 

R.\K1IAING.  a  province  of  India.     See  Aracan. 

RAKITUA,  (?)  r£-ke-too'i,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  59  miles  S.S.W.  of  Koorsk,  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Psiol.     Pop.  1500. 

RAKITUA,  (?)  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Pskov,  19  miles  N.K.  of  Ostrov. 

RAKKA.  RAKKAH,  or  RACCA,  rak'kS,  (ane.  Niceplinl- 
rium,)  a  small  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  same 
name,  on  the  Euphrates,  92  miles  S.E.  of  Bir.  It  has  some 
remains  of  antiquity. 

RAK.VEE,  rSk'nee,  a  village  of  Afjrh.anistan,  40  mjles  W. 
of  Dera  Ghazee  Khan,  on  the  road  to  Candahar.  where  the 
Sangad  Pass  intersects  the  Sakhee  Sarwar  Pass.  It  is  a  small 
place  of  about  40  huts,  lying  on  a  stream.  A  road,  practicable 
for  wheel  carriases,  leads  from  Raknee  to  Candahar. 

RAKONITZ,  ra'ko-nit.s\  written  also  ROKOW.NMK,  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  on  two  small  rivers,  30  miles  W.  of  Prague. 
Pop.  2646. 

RAKOV  or  RAKOW,  rJ'kov,  a  town  of  Poland,  province, 
and  34  miles  W.  of  Sandomier.     Pop.  1520. 

R.\KOA^  or  R.\KOW,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  iMinsk. 

RAICWITZ,  rdk'Wits,  or  RAKONIEWICE,  rd-kon-y.^ 
*eet/sA,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  34  miles  S.W.  of  Posen. 
i-op.  1700. 

RALDING,  rjl'ding,  a  mountain  of  North  Ilindostan,  in 
the  Himalayas,  on  the  Sutlej.  Lat.  31°  29'  N.,  Ion.  78°  22'  E. 
Ilei.L'ht,  21,411  feet. 

R.\r>DONE,  rdl-do'n.i,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Verona.     Pop.  2000. 

RALEIGH,  raw'lee,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  West 
Virj^iuia,  contains  about  380  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
in  the  K.  part  by  New  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  head 
streams  of  Coal  River.  The  slope  of  the  county  is  toward 
the  N.W.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  mostly  over- 
spreail  with  forests.  The  route  of  the  Covington  and  Ohio 
Railroad  passes  along  the  N.E.  border.  Formed  out  of  part 
of  Fayette  county,  and  named  in  honor  of  the  celebrated 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  planted  a  colony  on  the  Roanoke 
aliout  1685.  Capital,  Beckley.  Pop.  3307,  of  whom  3310 
were  fi'ee,  jind  57  slaves. 

R.\LK1G1I,  rawlee,  a  city,  capital  of  North  Carolina,  and 
seat  of  justiee  of  Wake  co..  a  few  miles  W.  of  Neuse  River, 
148  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Wilmington,  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Fayette- 
ville.  and  286  miles  from  Washington.  Lat.  35°  47'  N.,  Ion. 
78°  4S'  W.  The  situation  is  elevated  and  healthy.  An  open 
area  of  ten  acres,  named  Union  Square,  occupies  the  centre 
of  the  city,  from  which  four  principal  streets,  99  foet  wide, 
extend  in  different  directions.  The  State-house,  situated  in 
Union  Square,  is  among  the  largest  and  most  splendid  Capi- 
tols in  the  United  States.  It  is  built  of  granite,  and  sur- 
rounded with  massive  columns  of  the  same  material,  after 
the  model  of  the  Parthenon,  and  surmounted  by  a  handsome 
dome.  The  dimensions  are  166  feet  long  by  90  wide,  and 
tht  cost  above  .$500,000.  The  former  State-house,  which  con- 
tained a  marble  statue  of  Washington,  by  Canova,  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1831.  The  North  Carolina  Institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  has  recently  boen  established  at  this 
place.  The  foundation  of  the  State  Lunatic  .Asylum  has  also 
been  laid  on  Dix's  Hill,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town.  Raleigh 
also  contains  a  court-house,  a  marliet-house.  two  banks,  and 
churches  of  the  Presbyterians,  -Episcopalians,  Baptists, 
Methodists,  and  Roman  Catholics ;  about  12  newspapers  are 
published  here.  Rjileigh  is  the  terminus  of  the  Raleigh  and 
Gaston  Railroad,  which,  with  other  lines,  forms  a  direct 
communication  with  Richmond  and  Norfolk,  Virginia.  The 
North  Carolina  Railroad,  now  in  progress,  passes  through 
this  '■ity,  connecting  it  with  those  of  South  Carolina,  on  one 
hand,  and  with  the  seaports  of  North  Carolina  on  the  other. 
Pop.  in  1850,  4518;  in  1860,  4780. 

RALEIGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Smith  co.,  Missis- 
»ippi.  about  50  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Jackson.  It  is  surrounded 
by  pine  barrens. 

R.^LEIGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Shelbvco., Tennessee, 
on  Wolf  River,  200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Xa.shvjlle,  and  9  or  10 
Diilpa  N.E.  of  Memphis.    It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  cotton- 


growing  district,  on  the  railroad  route  from  Memphis  to 
Nashville. 

RALEIGH,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Kentucky,  on  tho 
Ohio  River,  215  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

RALEIGH,  a  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Rushville. 

RALEIGH,  a  postrvillage  and  township,  capital  ot  Saline 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Saline  Creek,  175  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Spiingfield. 

RALEIGH  COURT-HOUSE,  W.  Virginia.    See  Beckley. 

RALICK  ISLANDS,  North  P.acific.    See  Raback. 

RALLS,  rawlz,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Missouri, 
contains  about  430  square  miles.  It  is  bttunded  on  the  N.E. 
by  the  Mississippi,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  traversed 
from  W.  to  E.  by  Salt  River,  and  also  drained  by  Spencer's 
and  Lick  Creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified,  and 
the  soil  generally  good.  Limestone  underlies  the  greater 
part  of  the  county.  Stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are  found  in  it. 
Ciiiiitul,,New  Lunduu.  Pop.  8u'J2,  of  whom  ObOl  were  free, 
and  1791  slaves. 

RAL'LY  HILL,  a  post-ofRee  of  5Iaury  co.,  Tennessee. 

RALPH'TON,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Kentucky. 

RALSTON,  rawLs'ton,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Lj'coming  Creek,  and  on  the  railroad  between 
Willianisport  and  Elmira,  25  miles  N.  of  the  former. 

Rj\.MA,  rd'md,  or  RAMAL.\,  rd-mdad,  a  town  of  Palestine, 
26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  supiwsed  to  be  the 
ancient  Arimathea.     Pop.  2000. 

R.\M  AH,  rd'md;  or  ER-RAM,  JrVdm',  a  village  of  Palestine, 
5  miles  N.  of  Jerusalem. 

RAMALES,  rinid'lJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  26 
miles  S.E.  of  Santander.  Along  with  the  neighboring  fort 
of  Guardamino,  it  was  obstinately  held  by  Maroto,  the 
Carlist  general.  In  1837,  but  he  was  at  length  forced  to  sur- 
render to  Espartero,  who  was  created  Duke  of  Vittoria, 
for  his  services  on  this  occasion.  On  evacuating,  the  Carlists 
set  lire  to  the  town,  which  still  remains  a  heap  of  ruins. 
Pop.  805. 

R.\M^APO',  a  small  river  rising  In  Orange  co.,  New  York, 
flows  .southward  through  Bergen  and  Passaic  counties  of 
New  Jersey,  and  enters  Pomptou  River,  about  8  miles  N.W. 
of  Paterson.    It  is  a  good  mill-stream. 

R.iMAPO,  a  township  of  Rockland  co.,  New  York.  Pop. 
3435. 

RAMAPO  WORKS,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township, 
on  R.amapo  River,  and  ou  the  Erie  Railroad,  44  miles  N.  bj' 
W.  of  New  York.  It  hag  a  rolling  mill  and  a  manufactory 
of  files  and  other  articles. 

R.\M1!.\E,  a  town  of  Ecuador.     SeeCUENCA. 

•RAMIJfi,  rdm-bi,  or  GIL'LET,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands; 
lat.  10°  24'  S.,  Ion.  179°  53'  40"  W.  It  is  lofty  and  weU- 
wooded,  with  many  deep  bights,  one  of  which,  on  the  S.E 
side  affords  good  anchorage.    There  is  a  large  settlement  on 

RAMBERVILLERS,  rSsrbfeVeVi',  a  town  of  France,  d» 
partmeut  of  Vosges,  on  .the  Mortagne,  16  miles  N.E.  of 
Epiual.  Pop.  in  1852,  4S41.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen 
and  cotton-thread,  woollen  hosiery,  earthenwares,  iron- 
works, and  paper  mills,  in  its  vicinity. 

RAMBLA,  La,  Id  rdm'bld,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  14  miles  S.  of  Cordova.  Pop.  9040.  It  has  several 
convents,  and  some  woollen  manufactures. 

RA.VI15LA,  La,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Teneriffe,  on  the 
W.  coast.     Pop.  1413. 

RAMBODDK,  rdm-bod'd,i,  a  sanitarium  in  the  central 
province  of  Ceylon,  34  miles  from  Kandy,  at  an  elevation  of 
3320  feet. 

RAMBOUILLET,  r5M'booVi',  or  r5M^boory.V,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment, 17  miles  S.W.  of  Versailles,  on  the  railway  from  Paris 
to  Chartres.  Pop.  in  1852,  4130.  It  has  a  fine  cliate,au, 
formerly  a  royal  residence,  in  which  Francis  I.  died  in  1547. 
It  was  occupied  by  Charles  X.  on  his  way  to  Cherbourg,  in 
July,  1830.  The  first  merinos  imported  into  France  were 
at  its  model  farm,  established  by  Louis  XVI. 

RAMDROOG,  rdm-droog',  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  presi- 
dency of  JIadras,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Bellary.  Lat.  14°  44'  N, 
Ion.  77°  31'  E. 

RAME,  raim,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall.  The 
Rame  head  is  a  promontary  bounding  the  entrance  to 
Plymouth  Sound  on  tie  W. ;  lat.  50°  19'  N.,  Ion.  4°  13'  W. 

RAM'ELTON,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lough  Swilly,  6  miles  S.W.  of 
R.athmunen.     Pop.  1428. 

RA'MER.  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Alabiima. 

RAMERUPT,  rd'meh-rilpf,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aube,  7  iuiles  E.  of  Arcis-sur-.4^ube.     Pop.  58S. 

RAM'ESES,  a  post-offlce  of  Darlington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

R.\MET,  rd'mil',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  7 
miles  S.W,  of  Liege,  on  the  Meuse.    Pop.  1472. 

RAM  ETTA,  rd-m^ftd,  a  walled  tewn  of  Sicily,  8  miles  W 
of  Messina.    Pop.  263.  ^^ 

R AMQ.\ON.  r3m-gd-6n',  a  villa^  pf  Ilindostan.  presidency 
of  Bengal,  district  of  Kumaou,  1 '  miles  S.  of  Almora. 

1563 


RAM 

JIAUQERRY,  r3m-gh?r'ree,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  pro- 
f  Ince  of  Mvsore.  4S  miles  N.E.  of  Serin.crapatam. 

RAMGUAUT,  ramVawt/,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province, 
and  X.  bv  E.  of  Agra,  on  the  rijtht  bank  of  the  Ganges. 

UAMGUAUT,  a  pass  of  Hindostan.  leading  from  the 
province  of  Bejapoor  over  the  ^Vest  Ghauts,  to  the  Portu- 
guese territories  on  the  JIalabar  coast,  of  which  Goa  is  the 
capital.  The  ascent  from  the  E.  to  the  summit  of  the  pass, 
which  has  a  height  of  about  2200  feet,  is  very  gradual,  but 
the  descent  on  the  W.  side  is  very  steep. 

KAMGIIUR.  rim'jrur'.  a  town  of  Rritish  India,  capital  of 
the  district  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Dummodah,  200  miles 
N.W.  of  Calcutta,  and  S.  of  the  route  to  Benares. 

EAMGIIUR.  a  larse  district  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bensnil.  comprisin;:  all  the  S.  part  of  the  province  of  Ba- 
har.  between  lat.  22°  and  26°  N.,  and  Ion.  83°  and  87°  E. 
Area  estimated  at  22.500  square  miles. 

RAMGHCR,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  the  Upper  Pro- 
Tinces,  S.  of  Almora. 

RAMGUNGA.  rdm-srfing'pra,  written  also  RAM.AGUXOA, 
a  river  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  after  a  W. 
and  S.  course  of  250  miles  joins  the  Ganges  5  miles  N.E. 
of  Kanoje. 

R.\MGUR,  rJm'gtlr',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of 
Orissa,  on  the  Mahanuddy,  106  miles  W.  of  Cuttack.  Lat. 
20°  26'  N.,  Ion.  84°  26'  E. 

RAM  HEAD,  a  promontorv  of  New  South  Wales,  30  miles 
&W.  of  Cape  Howe.    Lat.  37°  40'  S.,  Ion.  149°  30'  E. 

RAM  HORMOOZ,  RAM  IIORMODZ  or  RAM  HORMUZ, 
rim  hor-mooz',  a  town  of  Persi.1,  province  of  Khoozistan, 
82  miles  S.E.  of  Shooster,  on  the  route  thence  to  Sheeraz, 
and  on  an  affluent  of  the  Jerahi. 

R.VMILLIES,  ram'e-leez,  (Fr.  pron.  Ri'meeryeo'  or  ni^mee'*- 
yee',)  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant.  19 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Louvain.  Here  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
defeated  the  French,  May  23,  1706. 

RAMIREZ,  ri-mee'rJs,  a  wooded  island  in  the  lake  of 
Tamia'iua.  Mexico.  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  S.W.  of  Tampico. 
RAMIREZ.  DIEGO  ISLANDS.  See  Diego  Ramirm. 
RAMISSERAM.  rl-mis'sfh-ram,  or  RAMIS'ERUM.  an 
Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  off  the  S.  extremity  of  Hin- 
dostan; lat.  9°  IS'  N..  Ion.  79°  22'  E.  Estimated  length,  11 
miles;  average  breadth,  6  miles.  The  surface  is  low,  sandy, 
and  jungly.  It  has  a  remarkable  temple  much  resorted  to 
in  pilgrimage,  and  is  the  scene  of  many  Hindoo  fables,  and 
a  noted  poiut  in  Hindoo  astronomy.  The  chief  port,  Paum- 
bum,  is  on  its  W.  side.  Until  14S0,  it  was  connected  with 
the  mainland  by  a  neck  of  land,  the  vestiges  of  which  render 
the  channel  innavigable  except  for  small  vessels. 
R.\.MLE.\II,  mountains  of  Arabia.  See  Shammar. 
KAM'LEH,  a  town  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Gaza,  22  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Jerusalem,  on  the  route  to  Jaffa.  Pop.  about 
8000.  It  stands  on  a  slope  facing  fhe  E., and  has  many  well- 
built  stone  houses,  several  mosques,  some  vaulted  cisterns, 
one  of  the  largest  Latin  convents  in  Palestine,  and  a  Sara- 
cenic t-ower  commanding  a  fine  view.  Its  vicinity  is  covered 
with  gardens  and  olive  plantations. 

RAMN.\D,  rim-nad',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Madras,  on  the  Vayah  River,  125  miles  N.E.  of  Cape 
Comorin.  Lat.  9°  13'  N.,  Ion.  78°  56'  E.  It  has  a  fort,  a 
palace,  and  a  Protestant  church. 

RAMNAGUR  or  RAMN'AGHUR,  ram-ni-gar/,  a  town  of 
Hindostan.  presidency  of  Bengal,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Benares. 

RAMXAGUR  or  RAMN.\GHUR,  a  town  of  the  Punjab, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Cheuaub,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Lahore.  It 
has  lately  been  much  enlarged  and  improved,  and  has  two 
eastles. 

RAMNE,  rim'nee,  a  snowy  mountain  of  the  Himalayas, 
In  the  N.  of  the  province  of  Kumaon,  50  miles  N.  of  .\lmora. 
Lat  30°  20'  N.,  Ion.  79°  38'  E.  Estimated  height,  22,768  feet 
above  sea-level. 

RAMN  UGGUR.  rim-nlig'gfir,  a  walled  town  of  the  Punj-nb, 
on  the  Chenaub,  62  miles  N.W.  of  Lahore;  lat.  32°  20'  N., 
Ion.  73°  38'  E.  Here  the  Sikh  army  was  defeated  by  the 
.  British,  October,  1848. 

RA'.MOAN  or  RATH'MOAN,  a  p.irish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Antrim.  It  comprises  the  town  of  Ballycastle,  with 
Kenl«ine  headland,  and  the  mountnin  of  Knocklayd. 

R.VMOO,  rd-moo',  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Bengal,  district 
of  Chittagong,  on  a  large  river  of  the  same  name,  250  miles 
E.S.E.ofGilcutta. 
RAM'PISHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
RAMPOOR,  rdm^poor',  a  town  of  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  40  miles  N.W.  of  Bareilv.  and  105  miles  E.  of  Delhi. 
Lat  28°  50'  N.,  Ion.  78°  54'  E.  It  is  large  and  populous,  en- 
closed by  a  bamb<x)  hedge,  and  has  two  palaces,  and  a  fine 
mosque  and  mausoleum. 

RAMPOOR,  a  town  of  India,  in  Gurhwal.  capital  of  the 
district  of  P.ussaher,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Sutlej,  50  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Bela*p<x)r.  Lat  31°  27'  N.,  Ion.  77°  38'  E.  It  is  a 
lavorite  place  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  and  has  some  com- 
merciil  importance.  The  houses  are  built  in  squares  around 
court-yards,  and  r-xifed  with  slate,  but  being  built  in  the 
cavity  of  a  glittering  rock,  it  is  one  of  the  hottest  places  in 
North  Indi.H. 
1664 


RAN 

RAMPOOR,  a  town  of  India,  dominion,  and  112  rnUee  B. 
of  Odeypoor. 

RAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

RAMl-'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ciunbridge. 

RAM^REE',  an  island  of  British  India,  in  Aracan,  N.E.  of 
Chedulia.  Length.  50  miles:  greatest  lireadth.  16 miles.  It 
gives  name  to  a  province,  and  on  it  is  the  town  of  Yembia. 

RAMSAY  or  RAMSEY,  ram'zee,  a  seaport  and  market- 
town  of  the  I.sle  of  JIan,  on  its  N.E.  coast,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ramsav  River,  in  a  bay  of  the  8:tme  n.inie,  13  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Douglas.  Pop.  in  1851,  2701.  It  has  wide,  well- 
paved  streets,  a  stone  Viridge  of  3  arches,  a  chapel,  court- 
house, several  good  hotels,  and  a  pier,  with  a  large  hening- 
fishery.  The  vicinity  is  fertile,  picturesque,  and  adom^ 
with  handsome  residences. 

R.\MSAY,  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Lanark,  on  the  Canadian  Mississippi,  an  affluent  of  the 
Ottawa.  66  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kingston.  It  has  Presbyterian, 
Methodist,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  is  the  most 
thickly  settled  township  in  the  distri>t.  having  a  woollen 
factory  and  manufacture."  of  articles  in  wood,  a  s.aw  and  a 
flour  mill,  and  a  large  trade  in  agricultural  produce.  Pop. 
in  1S52,  3256. 

R.\M'S.4.YBURG.  a  post- village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey, 
5  miles  N.  of  Belvideiv. 

R.\MS'BURY,  a  village  and  ecclesiastical  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Lancaster,  5  miles  N.  of  Bury,  on  the  Ii-well  and 
East  Lancashire  Railway. 

RAMS'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

RAMS'DON-(or  RAMSDEN-)  BEL/HOUSE,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RAMSDON-CRAYS.  a  parish  of  EngLand,  co.  of  Essex. 

R.IMSDORF.  rdms'doRf  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
phalLa.  government,  and  33  milesW.S.W.  of  Munster,  on  the 
Aa.    Pop.  1060. 

RAM'SEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Huntingdon.  Pop.  in  1851,  2641. 
The  town  stands  at  the  lose  of  a  hill  on  the  margin  of  the 
fens,  and  has  an  ancient  church,  two  endowed  schools,  and 
some  remains  of  an  abbey  founded  iu  969.  The  Lake  of 
Ramseymere,  is  in  the  vicinity. 

RAMSEY,  a  p;irish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Essex. 

R  AMSEY,  Isle  of  Man.    See  Ramsay. 

R.\MSEY.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  about  200  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  River  forms 
its  boundivry  on  the  S.  It  contains  several  small  lakes.  The 
surface  is  elevated,  and  consists  of  prairies  and  forests. 
Steamlxjats  navigate  the  Mississippi  on  the  border.  The 
area  of  this  county  ha.s  been  greiitly  reduced  within  the  last 
few  vears  by  the  formation  of  other  counties  from  it.  Capi- 
tal, St.  Paul's.    Pop.  in  1S60,  12,150. 

RAMSEY  ISLE,  an  islet  off  the  coast  of  South  Wales,  co, 
of  Pembroke,  at  the  X.  p<ii,nt  of  St.  Bride's  Bay,  3  miles  W. 
of  St.  David's :  length,  2  miles. 

R.iSIS'G.iTE,  a  seaport-town,  watering-place,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  E.  coa.st  of  the  Isle  of 
Thanet,  67  miles  E.S.E.  of  London,  and  15  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Canterbury.  Pop.  in  1851, 11,838.  The  town  is  situated  on 
the  declivity  and  summits  of  two  hills,  and  on  the  interval, 
ori/ate.  t>etween  them.  It  is  for  the  most  part  showily  built, 
and  well-paviKl  and  lighted.  It  has  a  modern  Gothic  church, 
market  and  custom-house,  a  bank,  Kirracks,  assembly  rooms, 
baths,  bazaars,  andother  adjunctsof  a  place  of  summer  n^sort 
Its  harbor,  the  largest  artificial  haven  in  England,  begun 
by  Smeaton  in  1750,  and  completed  by  Rennie.  is  formed  by 
two  stone  piers  projecting  from  1500  to  2000  feet  into  the 
sea.  encloses  an  inner  basin,  and  is  bordered  by  wet  and  dry 
docks;  vessels  of  300  tons  burden  enter  it  at  ordinary  tides; 
a  li;;htrhou.se  stands  at  its  entrance,  and  it  is  guarded  by- 
batteries.  Ramsgate  is  a  memlier  of  the  cinque  port  of 
Sandwich,  and  has  some  coasting  tr.ide.  fisheries,  and  im- 
ports of  eggs,  fruit,  and  other  provisions  from  France  and 
the  Netherlands.  Registered  shipping  in  1S48.  7144  tons. 
Its  cliffs  command  a  fine  view  over  the  Downs  Roadstead. 

R.\M'SHEG,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Sc-otia.  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, on  a  small  estuary  at  the  he.id  of  Wallace  Bay, 
opposite  Fredericktown.  and  about  S3  miles  N.  of  Halifax. 

R.A.MS'UOLT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

R.A.M'S  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  Ireland,  eo.  of  Antrim, 
the  largest  in  Lough  Nejigh.  about  li  miles  from  the  shore, 
and  8s  miles  S.  by  W.  of  jVntrim. 

RAMST.\DT.  rim'stjtt.  (Upper  and  Lower.'i  two  contigu- 
ous vilLages  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  pro- 
vince of  Starkenburg.  on  the  Modau,  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Darmstadt.     United  pop.  2600. 

RAMSTEIX,  rjm'stine,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  the  Palatl 
nate,  near  LandstuhL    Pop.  1080. 

RAil'SYDE.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  8 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Ulverston.  with  a  station  on  the  Whitehaven 
and  Furness  Railwav.     Pop.  561. 

RAXAI,  ri'nf,  written  also  LANAI,  WnT,  one  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  W  of  .'Mowee:  lat.20O 
44'  X..  Ion.  156° 53'  W.     Length.  20  miles ;  breadth.  10  miles. 

RAN ALEHURG,  ran'.il-Iitirg.  apo.i!t-viila\:eof  Mecklenburg 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  174  miles  S.W.  of  Raleijrh. 


RAN 


RAN 


RAN'Br,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RANCAGDA,  rin-kd'p;wi,  an  old  province  of  Chili,  in 
South  America,  now  subdivided  between  the  proviiices  of 
Aconcagua  and  Colchagua,  and  having  for  its  capital  Itan- 
Ciigua  or  Tiiana. 

KAN'CE,  rdxss,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Ille-et- 
Yilaine,  and  C6tes-du-Xord,  after  a  N.  course  of  50  miles, 
enters  the  English  Channel  at  St.  Malo.  It  is  navigable  for 
small, vessels  from  the  sea  to  Dinan,  near  whifh  begins  the 
canal  of  Ille  and  Kance.  connecting  it  with  tlie  river  Vilaine. 

K.^NCE,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron,  tribu- 
tary to  the  Tarn.     Length,  2o  mites. 

KAN'Oli,  rdNSS,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut, 
Cn  the  Kppe.  30  miles  S..S.E.  of -Alons.     Top.  1148. 

RA.VCHKIl.  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

UANCO'CUS  or  KANCO'CAS,  a  creek  of  New  Jersey,  is 
formed  by  the  North  and  South  Branches,  which  unite 
about  3  miles  W.  of  Mount  Holly.  Flowing  westward,  and 
northwestward,  it  enters  the  Delaware;  7  miles  below  Bur- 
lington. Small  ves.sels  ascend  from  its  mouth  to  Mount 
Holly  on  the  North  Branch,  and  to  Lumberton  on  the  other. 

RANCOCUS.  a  post-office  and  railroad  station  of  Burling- 
ton CO..  Xew  Jersey.  1 2  miles  from  Camden. 


R.VNCOX,  r6N"VAx»',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Vieane, 
2091. 


,  on  the  Oartempe,  6  miles  E.  of  Bellac.    Pop. 


RAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RAN'DALLSTOW.M,  a  village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland, 
15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Baltimore. 

RAN'DALLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Robeson  co.,  North 
Carolina.  8.5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

RAN'DALSTOWN,  a  market-town  and  formerly  a  parli- 
mentary  borough  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.,  and  5  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Antrim,  on  the  Main,  near  its  mouth  in  Lough 
Neagh.  Pop.  600.  It  has  barracks,  and  some  calico  weaving. 
Adjoining  it  is  the  fine  domain  of  Shane's  Castle,  the  seat 
of  Karl  O'Neill.  It  is  connected  by  a  branch  railway  witli 
Belfast  and  Ballimena. 

RANDANS,  r6N"M6N">',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-DOme,  on  a  wooded  height,  21  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Clermont.     Pop.  U'.J7. 

RANDAZZO,  r3n-ddt'so,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendency  of 
Catani;i,  at  the  N.W.  foot  of  Mount  Etna.     Pop.  3300. 

RAN'DEIJATII,  r.in'deh-rat\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussi.i, 
18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ai.\-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  700. 

RANDERS,  riln'dgrs,  a  town  of  Denmark,  Jutland,  22 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Aarhuus,  with  a  port  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Quden-Aa  in  theOattegat.  Pop.  in  1851,  7738.  It  has  ship- 
building docKS  and  manufactures  of  gloves. 

RANDEltSACKElv,  rjn'der-s^k'kfr,  a  m.arket-town  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  .Main,  3  miles  S.E.  of  AViiraburg.     Pop.  1320. 

K.'VN'DOLPH,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  West  Virginia, 
is  about  00  miles  in  length,  and  35  miles  wide.  It  con- 
tains about  2200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  liy  the 
head-streams  of  the  Buchanan,  Cheat,  and  Tygart's  Valley 
Rivers,  branches  of  the  Monongahela ;  it  is  traversed  in 
the  S.W.  part  by  Elk  River.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, the  county  occupying  the  north-western  declivity 
of  the  Alleghany  Range.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Stone 
coal,  iron,  limestone,  sandstone,  and  slate  are  abundant. 
Salt  Is  procured  from  some  of  its  springs.  Named  in  honor 
of  Peyton  Randolph,  President  of  the  Continental  Congress. 
Capital,  Beverly.  Pop.  1990,  of  whom  -1807  were  free,  and 
183  slaves. 

RANDOLPH,  a  county  In  the  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina; area  estimated  at  S80  square  miles.  It  i.s  intersected 
by  Deep  and  Uharie  Rivers.  The  surface  i.s  diversified  by 
hills  and  valleys;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Wheat, 
Indian  corn,  tobacco,  and  cattle  are  the  staples.  E.xtensive 
beds  of  slate  underlie  a  part  of  the  surface.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  F.ayetteville  and  Salem  Plank-road. 
'■  Funned  in  1779.  Capital,  Asbboroiigh.  Pop.  10,793,  of 
whom  15,148  were  free,  and  1645  slaves. 

RANDOLPH,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  the  Chattahoochee,  which  separates  it  from 
Alabama,  contains  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Patawla  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  the  Ilodchodkee  and 
Pacbitla  Creeks.  The  surCice  is  nearly  level,  and  partly 
covered  with  pine  timber;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county 
contiins  several  extensive  caves.  Organized  in  1828.  Capi- 
tal. Ciithbert.  Pop.  9571,  of  whom  5104  were  free,  and  440T 
slavoa. 

R.\NDOLPH,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Al,>ibama,  border- 
ing on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  970  square  miles.  The  Talla- 
poosa River,  flowing  through  the  county,  is  joined  by  the 
Little  Tallapoosa,  near  the  centre.  The  surface  is  uneven ; 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  A  gold  mine  is  worked  in  the 
county.  Capital,  McDonald.  Pop.  20,059,  of  whom  18,155 
were  free. 

RANDOLPH,  a  county  In  the  N.E.  part  of  Arkansas,  bor- 
dering on  Jlissouri.  contains  about  8S0  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  bv  Black  River,  and  drained  by  the  Eleven 
Points  and  Current  Rivers,  affluents  of  the  former.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  on  the  river-bottoms  is  very 
tertile.    Steamboats  can  ascend,  during  more  than  half  the 


year,  to  Pocahontas,  the  county-seat.  Pop.  6261,  of  whom 
5902  were  free,  and  35U  slaves. 

RANDOLPH,  a  county  in  the  E.  p.art  of  Indiana,  bordei- 
ing  on  Ohio,  contains  440  square  miles.  It  is  drained  bv 
the  Whitewater,  Misslssinewa,  and  White  Rivers,  of  whioli 
the  first  and  second  rise  within  it.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level;  the  .soil  is  fertile.  There  are  a  few  wet  prairies  in  the 
county.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indiana- 
polis Railroad.  The  Dayton  and  Union  Kaihoad  also  termi- 
nates in  this  county.    Capital,  Winchester.     I'op.  18,997. 

RANDOLl'H,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Illinois,  bor- 
dering on  Jlissouri,  has  an  area  of  000  Sfiuare  njiles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Mississippi,  and  intersected  by 
the  Kaskaskia,  which  enters  the  first-named  stream  on  the 
S.  border  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  undulating  and 
hilly  ;  the  soil  is  fertile  and  well  timbered.  Fine  marble  is 
found  in  it.  Randolph  is  among  the  oldest  counties  of  the 
state.  La  Salle  established  a  post  at  Kask.askia,  in  this 
county,  in  1673.    Capital,  Chester.     Pop.  17,205. 

RANDOLPH,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  430  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
East  Fork  of  Chariton  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Elk 
Fork  of  Salt  River,  by  the  sources  of  Bonne  Femme  River, 
and  by  Silver  Creek.  The  .surface  is  undulating,  and  diver- 
sified by  prairies  and  forests;  the  soil  is  remarkably  fertile. 
Limestone  is  abundant,  and  coal  is  found.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  North  Missouri  Railroad.  Capital,  Unntoville.  Pop. 
11,407,  of  whom  8788  were  free,  and  20i9  slaves. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-township  in  Coos  CO.,  New  Hampshire, 
89  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  113. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  2S  miles  S.  of 
^lontpelier.  It  contains  several  churches  and  an  academy. 
The  inhabitants  are  e.xtensively  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  carriages.    Pop.  2502. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-towni^hip  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  tho  Old  Colony  and  Newport  Railroad,  15  miles  S. 
of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  boots  and  shoe.'!,  for  which  there  are  about  50  es- 
tablishments, employing  1200  hands,  who  produce  goods  to 
the  value  of  about  81,700,000  annually.  Here  are  2  large  steam 
mills  for  the  manufiicture  of  boot-boxes.  In  the  township  are  5 
churches — 3  Congregational,l  Baptist.and  1  Roman  Catholic ; 
25  stores,  and  an  elegant  town-house,  called  Stetson  Hall,  in 
honor  of  the  lion.  Amasa  Stetson,  by  whom  it  was  presented 
to  the  town.  It  is  90  feet  by  60,  and  contains  a  bank,  a 
savings'  in.stitution.  and  the  Stet.son  High  School,  a  flour- 
ishing institution  for  boys,  magnificently  endowed  by  the 
honorable  gentleman  above  named.  There  are  two  villages 
in  the  township,  Ciilled  East  Randolph  and  AVest  Randolph, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  apart,  having  the  railroad  midway 
between  tho  two.  The  population  of  the  former  in  1864, 
was  about  1500;  of  tho  latter,  in  which  is  situated  the 
tow  n-house,  about  4000 ;  and  of  the  township,  in  1850, 4741 ; 
in  1860,5760. 

RANDOLl'H,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Cat- 
taraugus CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  West- 
ern llailroad,  160  miles  W.  of  Elmira,  18  miles  from  the  Erie 
Railroad,  and  about  50  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Buffalo.  The  vil- 
lage contains  4  churches,  viz.,  Congregationalist,  MetVod- 
ist,  Baptist,  and  Roman  Catholic;  a  flourishing  .academy,  a 
newspaper  office.  3  good  hotels,  14  stores  of  different  kinds, 
a  steam  saw  mill,  and  a  soap  factory.  About  a  mile  E.  is 
the  Tillage  of  East  Randolph,  on  a  neatly  terraced-hill 
midway  between  the  two,  stands  the  academy.  This  institu- 
tion ranks  among  the  best  in  Western  New  York,  and  usu- 
ally numbers  from  150  to  200  students.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 1954. 

RANDOLPH,  a  township  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  about 
7  miles  N.W.  of  Morristown.     Pop.  3173. 

R.\NDOLPII.  a  post-township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 12  miles  E.  of  .Mcadville.    Pop.  1597. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-office  of  Bibb  co.,  Alabama. 

R.\NDOLPH,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  CO..  Missis.sippL 

RANDOLPH,  a  decayed  post-village  of  Tipton  co.,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  Jlississippi  River,  33  miles  N.  of  Memphis. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentuck3'. 

RANDOLPH,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio.  Pop 
2076. 

RANDOLPH,  a  postrtownshlp  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Portago 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  168G.  . 

RANDOLPH,  a  village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana,  85  mileu 
E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

RANDOLPH,  a  town.ship  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  ■  Indiana. 
Pop.  984. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbia  co., 
Wisconsin.  44  miles  N.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1165. 

RAN'DOLPH  CKN'TRE,  post-office.  Broome  Co..  New  York 

RANDOLPH  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co..  Wis 
consin. 

RAN'DOLPH  M  A'CON  COL'LEGE,  a  post^fflce  of  Mecklen 
burg  CO.,  Virginia.  The  College  at  this  place  was  foundwl 
in  1S32,  and  had,  in  1852,  80  students,  and  a  library  of  8000 
volumes. 

RANDOLPH'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois. 

156& 


EAN 


RAP 


RA?rDOV  CREEK,  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama,  flows  into 
the  Alabama. 

]IAND0\V.  rin'Joy,  a  river  of  Prussia,  flows  drcuitously  N., 
»nd  joias  the  Ucker  in  the  provinceof  Pomerania.  Length, 
about  70  miles,  a  cnnsidei-altle  part  of  which  has  been  con- 
verted into  a  canal,  and  made  available  for  navigation. 

RAXD'W'ICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

RAND'WOKTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

RANEA,  (liane^,)  r2'nA-o.  a  river  of  Sweden,  rises  in  Lu- 
leS  Liippmark,  in  Xorth  Bothnia,  flows  S.S.E.,  and  after  a 
course  of  about  130  miles,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  IS 
miles  X.  of  LuleS. 

RAXE.\1I,  rd'ni'd.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Aj- 
meer,  14  miles  W,  of  Sirsah.  Near  it  is  an  immense  jheel 
or  shallow  lake, 

RAXELAGII,  raii'elah;  a  suburb  of  the  Irish  metropolis, 
IJ  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dublin  Castle.  It  is  well  built,  and  gives 
the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Jones  fiimily. 

RAXEPOOR,  rd-nee-poor',  a  manufacturing  town  of  Sinde, 
45  miles  S.W.  of  Hyderabad.  Pop.  5000,  mostly  engaged  in 
cotton  weaving.  It  is  irregularly  built,  but  clean,  healthy, 
and  agreeable — qualities  unusual  in  the  towns  of  Sinde. 

RAX'ES.  rdn,  a  vill.age  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Araentan.     Pop.  in  18,52.  2581. 

RA'XEySBURQ,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Illinois. 

RAXHJAMATTY,  a  decayed  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  province  of  Bengal,  near  the  Brahmapootra,  53 
miles  E.X.K.  of  Rungpoor. 

RAXGATipA,  rdu-gd-tee'ra,  or  SOUTH-EAST  ISLAND, 
one  of  the  three  which  form  the  group  of  Chatham  Islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific,  in  lat.  44°  20'  S.,  Ion.  176=  29'  E. 

RAXG  E.  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1275. 

RAXGEXDIXGEN,  rdng'fn-ding'en,  a  village  of  South 
Germany,  in  llohenzolleru-IIechingen,  on  the  Starzel,  4 
miles  X.'W.  of  Ilechingen.     Pop.  1700. 

RAXGI-IIAUTE.riNg'Ehe-hoy(?)orPITT,anlsland  of  the 
South  Pacific.  Chatham  group,  in  lat.  44°  15'  S.,  Ion.  176°  50' 
E.  Greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.,  7  miles  ;  breadth,  about  .3 
miles.  It  is  thickly  wooded,  and  inhabited  by  a  party  of 
aborigines  from  Chatham  Island, 

RAXGI-TOTO,  rdng-ghe-to'to,  the  westernmost  of  the 
group  of  Islands  forming  the  X.W.  entrance  to  the  Road  of 
Auckland.  Xorth  Island.  Xew  Zealand.  Lat.  30°  45'  S.,  Ion. 
174°  50'  E.  It  is  of  volcanic  origin.  Highest  peak,  920  feet 
above  the  sea.  In  its  centre  is  a  very  perfect  crater,  about 
150  feet  deep. 

RAXGOOX  or  RAXGOUN,  rJiigVoon',  the  principal  com- 
mercial town  of  the  Burmese  dominions,  on  the  East  Branch 
of  the  Irrawaddv.  at  its  delta,  about  25  miles  from  the  se.a, 
aud  58  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pegu.  Lat.  16°  47'  X^,  Ion.  96°  10'  E. 
Pop.  20.000.  It  extends  on  a  dead  flat  along  the  river,  con- 
sisting of  several  parallel  streets  lined  with  reed  huts,  a  few 
European  houses  being  the  only  substantial  buildings. 
Ships  of  1200  tons  burden  c,in  reach  the  town,  which  has  a 
considerable  trade  with  Hindostan  and  Penang,  exporting 
teak,  catechu,  lac,  wax,  ivory,  raw  cotton,  bullion,  gems,  and 
ponies;  and  importing  Indian  and  British  cotton  piece- 
goods,  British  woollens,  and  other  manufactures.  The  ex- 
ports and  imports  are  estimated  each  to  amount  to  $l.o<K).(K»0 
annually.  Alwut  2  miles  X.  is  an  abrupt  hill,  surmounted 
by  the  celebrated  Shoe-Dagon  temple,  33S  feet  in  height,  and 
one  of  the  principal  religious  edifices  in  the  empire. 

RAXI-GAT,  rJ'nee-gat/,  or  RAXI-GARK,  Afghanistan,  an 
Isolated  height  W.  of  the  Indus,  above  Attock,  rising  about 
1000  feet  above  the  surrounding  plain.  It  is  crowned  by  a 
ruined  firlress.  and  supposed  to  be  the  celebrated  Aonius 
captured  by  Alexander  the  Great. 

RAX'KI.V,  a  county  in  the  S.YT.  central  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  640  square  miles.  The  Pearl 
River  washes  its  X.W.  border  for  a  distance  of  more  than  50 
miles.  The  surface  is  mostly  covered  with  pine  forest*;  the 
soil  is  generally  fertile.  A  railroad  extends  from  the  county 
seat  to  Vicksburg.  aud  is  to  be  continued  eastward.  Named 
In  honor  of  Christopher  Rankin,  member  of  Congress  from 
Mi-ssissippi.  Capital.  Brandon.  Pop.  13,635,  of  whom  6532 
were  free,  and  7103  slaves. 

RANKWEIL,  rank'wH,  a  market-town  of  the  Tyrol,  in 
Vorarlljerg.  3  miles  X.E.  of  Feldkirch.     Pop.  2029. 

RAXX,  r3un,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  on  a  height 
above  the  left  bank  of  the  Save,  17  miles  W.X.W.  of  Agram. 
It  has  an  old  castle  with  numerous  towers,  and  a  Franciscan 
monastery.  It  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Roman 
I^ovidunum.     Pop.  1060, 

RAXXOCII,  LOCH,  Iok  ran'iiDK.  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth,  E.  of  Rannooh  Moor,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Blair  Athol. 
Length,  9  miles;  breadth,  2  miles.  It  is  enclosed  by  hitrh 
mountains,  and  contains  two  i.slands.  Its  superfluous 
waters  are  carried  E.  into  an  aflluent  of  the  Tay.  The  vil- 
lages of  Georges  Town  and  Kiuloch-Uannoch,  are  at  either 
extremity. 

RAXSAHT.  rln's.^Ht,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Halnaut.  3  miles  X.X.E.  of  Charleroi. 

RANSBKIOK,  rdns'bAk.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  6  miles  X.  c>f  Brussels,  It  is  famous  for  a  ereat 
1666 


battle  fought  here  in  1143,  for  the  territory  of  Godfrey  ITI., 
Duke  of  Brabant,  when  the  lords  of  Diest."  liierbeck,  Wescr* 
mael,  and  Wenimel  defeated  those  of  Gimberghen  and 
Mechlin.  (Malines.) 

RAX'SOM,  a  post-township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
Pop.  509. 

RAXSOM,  a  post-township  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1154. 

RAXSOM'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Nash  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 56  miles  from  Raleigh. 

RAN'SOMVILLE,  a  post- village  of  Porter  township.  Nia- 
gara CO.,  New  York,  about  25  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Bulfalo.  It 
contains  2  stores  and  2  churches.     Pop.  aliout  200. 

R.A.XST,  rJnst.  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Antwerp. 

RAXTAMPOOR,  rdn-tlm-poor',  a  town  of  Hindostan.  do- 
minions, and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Jeypoor,  with  one  of  the 
strongest  hill-forts  in  India, 

RAXTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

RAN'TOROLES/,  a  posUillage  of  Colleton  district,  South 
Carolina, 

RANTOUL,  ran-tool',  a  post-village  of  Cbampjjign  co.,  Il- 
linois, on  the  Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central  Railroad,  10 
miles  X.  of  Urbanna, 

RAXTZAU,  rant'.s6w,  a  village  and  lordship  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Holstein,  on  three  little  islands  formed  by  the 
liarmsteJter  or  Langeleraue.  about  23 miles  E.X.E.  of  GlUck- 
stadt.    Pop.  of  village,  100.  •' 

R.\XZO,  rdn'zo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Stat<?s.  division 
of  Nice,  province  of  Onegiia,  near  Pieve.    Pop.  1223. 

RAOX  L'ETAPE,  ri'iy'  leh-tdiV.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vosges,  on  the  Meurthe,  10  miles  N.X.W.  of  St.  DiS. 
Pop.  in  1852."  3692. 

RAPALLO,  ri-pillo,  a  .seaport  town  of  the  Sardinian  do- 
minions, division,  and  15  miles  E.S.tl.  of  Genoa,  finely  situ- 
ated on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  10.000.  It  "is  ren- 
dered extremely  picturesque  by  its  churches  and  a  lofty 
belfry;  the  houses  are  mostly  built  on  arcades.  In  its  colle- 
giate church  are  some  good  paintings  and  curious  in.scrip- 
tions.  The  increase  of  tlie  town  has,  in  the  present  century, 
been  very  rapid.  It  has  a  thriving  trade  in  olive  oil,  and  a 
manufacture  of  lace. 

RAPHIA.  a  (own  of  Palestine.    See  Rafa. 

RAPHOE.  rah'fo,  an  episcopal  market-town,  parish,  and 
barony  of  Ii-eland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  bi  miles  W.N'.W. 
of  Lifford.  Pop.  of  town,  1362.  The  town  is  well  built,  and 
has  a  market-place,  with  a  plain  cathedral,  episcopal  |ialace, 
deanery,  free  school,  and  a  public  library.  A  monastery  i? 
said  to  have  been  founded  here  by  St.  Columb  of  lona. 

RAPHOE,  rah'fo,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  4184. 

RAPHTI.  rSf'tee,  a  harbor  of  Greece,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Attic.a,16milesE.S.E.of  Athens.  Length  and  breadth,  alx)ut 
2  miles.  It  is  believed  to  have  been  the  ancient  Paivrmus, 
aud  on  its  X.W.  shore  are  the  supposed  ruins  of  Piasicv. 

RAP'IDAX'  or  RAP'IDAXX,  a  post-vill.age  of  Madison  co,, 
Virgini.a,  102  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond,  It  contains  3 
churches,  and  several  stores, 

RAP'IDAX'  RIVER,  of  Virginia,  rises  on  the  S,E.  base  of 
the  Blue  Ridge.  Flowing  S.,  and  then  E.,  it  forms  the 
boundary  between  Green  and  Orange  counties  on  the  right, 
and  Madison  and  Culpepper  on  the  left,  and  unites  with  the 
Rappahannock  about  10  miles  above  Fredericksburg,  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  SO  miles. 

RAPIDAN  STATION,  a  itost-ofBce  of  Culpepper  co.,  Tir- 
ginia. 

RAPIDES,  r3*peed',  a  parish  in  the  W.  part  of  Louisiana, 
bordering  on  Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  2100  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  X.E.  by  Little  River,  and  intersected  by 
Calcasieu  and  Red  Rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the 
soil  near  the  streams  is  very  productive.  A  lai-ge  part  of  the 
parish  is  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  Capital.  Alexandria. 
Pop.  25,3ro,  of  whom  10,002  were  free,  and  15.358  slaves. 

RAP'IDS,  a  post-office  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York. 

R.^PIDS,  a  post-office  of  Portage  co.,  Ohio. 

RAPIDS,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  lowii, 

RAPIXO,  rd-pee/no,  or  R,\PINI,  rj-pee'nee,  a  town  of  Nar 
pies,  province  of  Ahruzzo-Citra,  S,  of  Chieti.     Pop,  ISOO. 

RAP'LOCH,  rap'loK.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  parish 
of  Stirling,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  Stirling  Bridge,  and 
immediately  S.W.  of  Stirling  Castle.     Pop.  317. 

R.\l>OL.\XO,  rd-po-ld'no,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  IS  miled 
from  Sienna.     Pop.  3335. 

R  A  POLL  A,  rS-polOJ.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basili- 
cata.  1i  miles  S.E.  of  Melfi.    Pop.  3200. 

R  A  I'OXE.  rd-po'nA,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Melfi.     Pop.  1900. 

RAPOZOS,  rd-po'zoce,  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Minas  Geraes,  60  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Ouro-Preto. 
Pop.  500. 

RAPPAn.A.N'NOCK,  a  river  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  i» 
formed  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Culpepper  county,  by  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Xorth  and  Rapidan  Kivers.  Flowing  in  a  S.K. 
course,  it  falls  over  the  primitive  ledge,  and  meets  the  oceatt- 
tides  at  Fredericksburg,  where  it  affords  extensive  water- 


»w= 


RAP 


RAT 


power.  It  now  becomes  a  navigable  stream,  and  after  form- 
ing tne  boundary  between  several  counties  on  each  hand, 
enters  Jhesapeake  Bay  between  Windaiitl  and  Stingray 
Points.  Its  general  direction  is  S.E.,  and  its  whole  length 
aljout  125  miles.  A  canal,  45  miles  long,  has  within  a  few 
years  been  opened  along  the  river,  above  the  falls,  to  the 
mouth  of  Carter's  Cro«^k. 

KAl'l'AIIANNOCK,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Virginia,  is  situated  on  the  S.E.  declivity  of  the  Blue  lUdge. 
The  area  is  about  240  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.K  by  a  branch  of  the  Rappahannock,  (sometimes  called 
North  River.)  from  which  it  derives  its  name;  and  Hazel 
Kiver  flows  along  the  S.  border.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
The  county  is  traversed  by  several  turnpike-roads.  Formed 
from  Culjiepper  in  1831.  Capital,  Washington.  Pop.  8S50, 
of  whom  .mM  were  free,  and  3-520  slaves. 

R.\.Pr'AIIANNOCK.  Virginia,  a  station  on  the  Orange  and 
Alexauflria  Railroad,  37  miles  from  Gordonsville. 

RAPIAIIANNOCK  ACADEMY,  a  post-office  of  Caroline 
CO.,  Virginia. 

R.VrPEXAtJ.  rAp'peh-n3w\  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Un- 
ter-Rhein.  bailiwick  of  Xeckar-Bischofsheim.     Pop.  1038. 

RAPPERSeilWYL,  rdp'per-shwir,  or  RAPPERSWEIL, 
r3p'p^rs-wil\  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  St.  Gall,  on 
the  Lake  of  Zurich,  here  crossed  by  a  rude  wooden  bridge 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  length.    Pop.  1500. 

RAPPERSWEIL,  r3p'pfrs-*ir,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  9  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Bern.    P.  1719. 

KAl'PS  B.\RREN,  a  post-oflfice  of  Fulton  co.,  Arkansas. 

RAI'KI,  ra'pree.  a  large  town  of  Siam,  on  the  Meklong,  40 
miles  W.  of  Bangkok. 

R.^PTKE  or  R.\1TY',  rJp'tee,  a  river  of  British  India,  pre- 
eideucy  of  Bengal,  joins  the  Ganges  after  a  S.E.  course  of 
270  miles. 

RAI{.\KA,  r3-r^J,  an  Island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Low 
Archipelago,  lat.  16°  6'  25"  S.,  Ion.  144°  57'  40"  W.  Length, 
15  miles. 

RARAPIRA.     SeeFEiiRElRA. 

RARATOXGA,  rd'rd-tong'ga,  and  ROROTONGA,  roVo- 
tong'gj,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  belonging  to 
the  group  of  Cook's  Islands,  in  lat.  21°  13'  S.,  Ion.  100°  6'  33" 
W.  It  is  about  30  miles  in  circuit.  The  inhabitants,  about 
4000,  have  been  converted  to  Christianity,  and  made  great 
progress  in  civilization.  They  live  chiefly  in  the  three  vil- 
lages of  .\varua  in  the  N.,  Atania  in  the  S.E.,  and  .\rognaui 
in  the  S.AV.  Raratonga  was  devastated  by  the  great  hurri- 
cane of  >Iarch,  1S46. 

RARDKN,  a  post-office  of  Scioto  CO.,  Ohio. 

i;.4RIT.\N  or  RARITON,  rjr'it-on,  a  river  of  New  Jersey, 
is  formed  by  the  North  and  South  Branches,  which  unite  in 
Somerset  county,  about  5  miles  W.  of  Somerville.  It  flows 
in  a  general  E.  direction,  passes  by  New  Brunswick,  crosses 
Middlesex  county,  and  empties  itself  into  Raritan  I!ay  at 
Amboy.  The  main  stream  is  about  33  miles  long,  and  is  navi- 
gable by  steamboats  15  miles  to  New  Brunswick.  JirancIieK. — 
The  North  Branch  rises  in  Slorris  county,  and  flows  S.  The 
South  Branch  also  rises  in  Morris  county,  and  flows  in  a  cir- 
cuitous course  through  Hunterdon  county.  It  is  rather 
longer  than  the  main  stream. 

RARITAN,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2270. 

R.^IUTAN,  a  township  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2979. 

RARITAN,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Somerset  co., 
New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  tlie  Raritan  River,  and  on  the 
New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  about  1  mile  W.  of  Somerville. 
It  has  2  churches,  3  stores,  1  cloth  factory,  1  car  factory,  2 
iron  foundries,  2  machine-shops,  1  carriage  factory,  and  2 
grist-mills.    Pop.  about  1000. 

RARITAN  BAY,  at  the  mouth  of  Raritan  River,  Is  situ- 
ated between  Staten  Island,  New  York,  and  Monmouth  co.. 
New  Jersey.  Length,  near  15  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  about 
10  miles. 

RARITAN  LANDING,  a  village  of  5Iiddlesex  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Raritan  River.  27  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton.  The 
Raritan  is  crossed  at  this  place  by  a  wooden  bridge.  Pop. 
about  200. 

IZAS,  rjs,  (i.e.  "  ahe.ad"  or  "headland,")  the  prefix  to  the 
names  of  numerous  capes  of  Africa  and  West  Asia. 

RAS-AL-HAD,  rits'rll-had',  a  cape  at  the  E.  extremity  of 
Arabia,  in  lat.  22°  33'  N..  Ion.  59°  55'  E. 

R.I^AUUBAII,  rlsa-roon)!  or  OREMARmAII,  a  re- 
markable headland  on  the  coast  of  Beloochistan,  in  the 
Arabian  Sea,  in  lat.  25°  8'  N.,  Ion.  64°  35'  E. 

R.4.SASNA,  rd-sJs'nd,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  54  miles  N.N.E.  of  Moheelev,  on  the  Dnieper. 
Pop.  1600. 

RASAY  or  RAAS.\Y  (rj's.^)  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the 
inner  Hebrides,  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  between  Skye 
•ind  the  mainland,  1  mile  N.E.  of  Skye.  Length.  12  miles; 
breadth,  2  miles.  Are^a,  28  square  miles.  Pop.  540.  Here 
are  the  ruius  of  the  old  castle  of  Brochel. 

RAS.4.Y  or  BLACK  WATER,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Ross,  rises  on  the  E.  side  of  Dirry-more,  and  flows  S.E.  and 
joins  the  Conan. 


RAS  B.4GASnO0orRAS  BAGASim,  r^s  bl-gi-shoo/,  a 
rocky  cape  of  Southeast  .\rabia,  SOU  feet  in  height.  L»t.  14^ 
49'  10"  N.,  Ion.  5U°  9'  30"  E. 

RAS  BERNASS,  rds  b?M--nlss',  or  CAPE  VCSE,  a  head- 
land on  the  W.  side  of  the  Red  Sea,  20  miles  N.E.  of  the 
ruins  of  Berenice. 

RASCII.4U,ri'.show,  a  village  of  Saxonv,  circle  of  Zwickau, 
IS  miles  S.E.  of  GrUnhain.     Pop.  2278. 

RASCIIISCHTSCU.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  RozniTCH. 

RAS-ELARIAD.  rils  H  in  v^hW  r- White  Cape.")  a  pro- 
montory of  Palestine.  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tyre.  The  rock 
is  a  soft  limestone,  almost  as  white  as  chalk. 

RAS-EI^KIIYMA,  (or  KIITMA.)  r^s  l\  kee'mar?1  a  forti- 
fied town  of  Arabia,  on  the  Persian  Gulf.  S.E.  of  El  Katif. 
Lat.  25°  48'  N..  Ion.  5C.°  4'  E.    Formerly  a  resort  for  pirates. 

R.\S0I{  AD.  rJs'griJd'.  town  of  Eiiropean  Turkey,  in  Bulira- 
ria.  33  miles  S.E.  of  Ronstchnok.  on  the  route  from  Shoomla. 

RASHAR/KIN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

R.VSINES.  r3  see'njs.  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  San- 
tander.  on  the  road  from  Castile  to  Laredo.     Pop.  1658. 

R.\S'KELF.  a  chapelrv  and  railway  station  of  England, 
CO.  of  York.  North  Ridini.  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  York. 

RAS  MOHAMMED,  rds  mo-him'mfd,  the  southernmost 
point  of  the  peninsula  of  Sinai,  in  the  Red  Sea,  between 
the  Gulfs  of  Suez  and  Akabah.    Lat.  27°  50'  N.,  Ion.  34°  15'  E. 

RAS  MUSSENDOM.    See  Mdsse.vdom,  Cape. 

RASl'ENAU,  rds'peh-n6w\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  39  miles 
N.  of  Buntzlau.    Pop.  1415. 

RASS,  El,  h\  rSss,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Nedjed,  230  miles 
W..\.W.  of  El-Derayeh,  and  E.N.E.  of  Medina. 

RASSEGOO,  RASSEGU,  rds-se-goo',  or  RASHATJ,  rS'show, 
one  of  the  Koorile  I.slands.  belonging  to  liussia,  near  the 
centre  of  the  group.  Lat.  47°  60' N.,  Ion.  153°  30' E.  Length 
and  breadth,  about  20  miles  each.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  shores  are  rocky,  and  interspersed  with  sandy 
bays.  Products,  good  timber,  and  large  quantities  of  beaver, 
seal,  and  other  skins. 

R.\SSEIN,  r3s-s.^n',  a  lake  of  Europ<>an  Turkey,  in  North 
Bulgaria,  between  the  Danu'oe  and  the  Black  Sea,  with 
wliich  latter  it  is  connected  by  two  mouths.  Length,  from 
E.  to  W.,  27  miles;  bre:idth.  from  5  to  2l)  miles. 

RASSELWITZ.  DEOTSCH,  doitch  rds'sel-wits',  a  village 
of  Prussia,  provinceof  Silesia,  government  of  Oppeln,  on  the 
Ilotzenplotz.    Pop.  1777. 

R.\SS0VA,  r3s-so'vi,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, on  the  Danube,  at  its  great  N.  bend,  40  miles  W.  of 
Kustendji,  on  the  Black  Sea.  Between  it  and  Kustendji 
extend  the  remains  of  a  fortified  barrier  constructed  by  the 
Emperor  Trajan. 

RASSYP.NAIA,  r^s-sip-nd'yl,  or  RASSUPNAJA,  rSs-siip- 
nj'yj?  a  fort  of  Russia,  government,  and  C6  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Orenboorg. 

UASTADT,  rSs'tdtt,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Baden.  14 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlsruhe,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
and  on  the  railway  from  Mannheim  to  Basel.  I'op.  C.'iOO. 
In  1714,  a  treiity  of  peace  was  concluded  here  between 
France  and  .\ustria;  and  1798-99,  a  conference  was  held 
here  between  the  two  same  powers,  at  the  conclusion  of 
which  two  plenipotentiaries  of  France  were  assiissinated. 
Its  fortifications  were  commenced  in  1841. 

R.\STEDE,  rJs't.Vdeh,  a  village  of  North-west  Germany, 
grand  duchy,  8  miles  N.  of  Oldenburg.     Pop.  909. 

RASTENIJERG,  rds'ten-b?iir.\  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxo- 
AVeimar.  14  miles  N.N.I';,  of  Weimar.    Pop.  1012. 

RASTENBUitG,  rds'tgn-bCoRG',  a  town  of  East  Prus.sia,  64 
miles  S.E.  of  KBniggherg.     Pop.  4340. 

R.\ST0W1C.\,  rjs-to-veefsd,  a  river  of  Poland,  an  aflSuent 
of  the  Dnieper. 

RAS'XRICK,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  West 
Riding. 

R  ASZKOV,  r3sh-kov',  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.  60  miles 
S.E.  ofPosen.    Pop.  1540. 

RAT  or  KRY^CI  (krit'see?)  ISLANDS,  in  the  Aleutian 
Archipelago,  comprising  five  islands  of  considerable  size, 
namely,  Semisopochnoi,  Amtchitka,  Kryci  or  Rat  Island, 
Kiska,  and  Booldyr.  Kryci  Island  is  in  lat.  61°  45'  N.,  Ion. 
180°  40'  W. 

R.\TiE.    See  Leicester. 

RATASS'  or  RATIIASS',  a  parish  of  Irel.and.  co.  of  Kerry. 

R.\T'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

RAT'CLIFFE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Jliddlesox. 

RATCLIFFE-ON-SOAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

R.\TCLIFFE-ON-TRENT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

RATCLIFFE-ox-THE-WREAK,  a  parish  of  Mngland,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

RAT/CLIFFSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Vinton  CO.,  Ohio. 

RATH,  rdt,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government,  and 
near  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  1480. 

RATH,  rath,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare. 

RATH,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  King's  co.,  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Frankford. 

R.\THANGAN.  rath-ang'gan,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  Ireland;  in  Leinster,  co.,  and  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kildare, 

15G7 


RAT 

on  fho  Blackwood  River,  and  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Canal. 
Pop.  10S3. 

KATILVSTECK  or  R.\TIIAS'BUCK,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster.  chieflj'  in  Queen's  county. 

RATII.\SPECK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Westmeath. 

RATIIASPECK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Wexford. 

R.1.TII'B0XEVItLE,  a  post-village  of  Addison  township, 
Steuben  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Xew  Yorliand  Erie  Railroad, 
317  miles  from  Xew  York  City.  It  is  the  depot  for  the  dis- 
trict lyin^  S.,  and  takes  its  name  from  the  principal  pro- 
prietor.    Pop.  about  500. 

RATirBOUK'XEY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 

lare. 

RATITBRAX',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wlcklow. 

RATII'BUX,  a  post-village  of  Mitchell  tu>rnship,  Sheboy- 
gan CO..  Wisconsiu,  80  miles  X.E.  of  Madison. 

R.\TirC.\Y'AN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

RATirCLA'RIX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

R.\TIICL1XE,  rath'klln',  a  parish  and  barony  of  Ireland, 
In  Leinster.  co.  of  Longford. 

R.\TIICOX'XEL,  a  parish  Of  Ireland,  in  Leinater,  co.  of 
Westmeath. 

R  ATIICOX'XEL  BOG.  Ireland,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Grand 
Canal,  has  an  area  of  2505  acres. 

R.\TII'COX'RATII,  a  village,  parish,  and  barony  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  co.  of  Westmeath.  The  village  is  SJ  miles 
W.  of  MuUingar.  Here  are  numerous  antiquities,  and  the 
residence  of  the  D' Alton  family. 

R  ATHCOOLE,  rath'kool',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Kilkenny. 

R  ATHCOOLE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

RATIICOOLE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

RATIICOO'XAY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

R.iTHCORE,  rath'kor',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Meath,  on  the  Royal  Canal,  and  comprising  the  town 

of  EXFIELD. 

RATI1C0R/>L4CK,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Ireland, 
and  formerly  a  pailiamentary  borough,  in  Mtfnster,  co.,  and 
15  miles  .\.X.E.  of  Cork,  on  the  X.  bank  of  the  river  Bride. 
Pop.  of  the  town,  about  1300. 

RATIICOKMACK  or  RATIIGOR/MUCK,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Munster,  co.  of  Watertbrd. 

RATTPDOWX'  CASTLE,  a  ruin  on  the  E.  coast  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wicklow,  2  miles  S.  of  Brayhead. 
Rathpown  is  the  name  of  two  contiguous  baronies. 

KATilDOW'XEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster,  Queen's  co.     Pop.  of  the  town,  1414. 

RaTII'DRU-M',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  co.,  and  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wicklow,  on  the  Avon- 
more.    Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851.  947. 

R.VTXI'EN,  a  maritime  parish  of  S'^tland,  co.  of  Aber- 
deen, on  the  Xorth  Sea,  S.S.E.  of  Fra.«erburgh.  Here  are 
remains  of  two  old  baronial  castles,  and  two  fishins:  villages. 

RATIIEXOW,  r.Vteh-nov\  or  RATIIEXAU,  rd'tfh-uuw^ 
a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg.  .34  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Potsdam.. on  the  Hard.  Pop.  5.350.  It  comprises 
an  old  and  a  new  town,  the  latter  enclosed  by  walls.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics,  gloves,  leather, 
and  optical  instruments ;  and  a  stjitue  erected  to  commemo- 
rate the  victory  of  Frederick  William  over  the  Swedes  in 
1675. 

RATIIFARX'lIAM,  a  large  village  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster.  CO..  and  3  miles  S.  of  Dublin.  Pop.in  1851,  5555. 
It  comprises  numerous  handsome  residences  and  demesnes, 
a  neat  church,  and  Rathfarnham  Castle,  the  property  of  the 
Marquis  of  Ely,  now  converted  into  a  dairy. 

RATIIFKl'LAND,  a  niarket-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ul.ster, 
CO.  of  Down.  9  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xewry.     Pop.  in  1851,  2053. 

RATIIYiAR'.  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.,  and  2 
miles  S.  of  Dublin,  and  having  numerous  villas,  muslin, 
calico,  and  print-works,  and  limestone  quarries. 

RATIPGRAFF'  or  RATIFGARVE',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  co.  of  Westmeath. 

RATIIKEALE.  rath'kail'.  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.,  and  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Limerick. 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Deel,  a  tributary  of  the  Sh.tnnon^ 
The  parish  includes  many  descendants  of  German  Pro- 
testants, termed  "  I'alatines,"  established  here  by  the  South- 
well family,  whose  .seat.  Castle  Matress,  is  immediately  S.  of 
Rathkeale.     Pop.  of  the  town.  4201. 

RATHKEN'XAX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

RATHKEX'XY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 

RATirLIX',  RACIILIN,  raKain,  or  R.A.GHERY.  rah'- 
phfr-ree.  an  island  off  the  X.  coast  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
forming  a  parish  of  the  county  of  Antrim,  in  the  Xorth 
Channel,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Fairhead.  Lat.  of  church,  55°  17' 
6"  X..  ion.  6°  11'  W.  Pop.  1010.  Like  the  Gianfs  Caufajway, 
on  the  opposite  coast,  it  is  of  basaltic  formation.  Among 
its  antiquities  Is  a  ruined  castle,  which,  in  1306,  afforded  a 
refuge  to  Kobert  Bruce. 

KATHLIX  OBIRNE,  rath^in' a  bjrn',  a  group  of  Islets 
Ju  Ireland,  off  Teelenhead,  in  Ulster,  on  the  X.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  Donegal  Bay. 
16C8 


RAT 

RATHMELTOX,  a  town  of  Ireland.    See  Ra.meitot». 

RATIPMIXE.S',  a  suburb  of  Dublin,  on  its  S.  side,  li  mflee 
S.  of  Dublin  Castle.  Pop.  about  2500.  It  has  a  modern  re- 
sidence on  the  site  of  a  battle-tield,  where  the  republiusng 
totally  defeated  the  forces  of  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde  in  lt>49. 

RATHMOL'YOX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  ileath. 

RATIFMOKE',  a  parish  of  Irel.ind,  co,  of  Cariow. 

RATilMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kildare. 

RATIIMOKE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  cf  Meath. 

RATIIMOKE,  a  t>og  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co,  of  Kerry, 
with  an  area  of  1371  acre.' 

RATirMUL'LEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down, 

RATirXEW'.  a  maritime  parish  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Wicklow. 

RATIIO',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co„  and  8  miles  S.W.  of 
Edinburgh,  on  the  Union  Canal,  and  with  a  station  on  the 
Ediiibuiiih  and  Glasgow  Railway. 

RATirO'WEX,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co,  of 
Westmeath.  on  the  route  from  Dublin  to  Siigo,  12  miles 
N.X.W.  of  Mulliiigar.     Pop.  500. 

RATIIREAG  H.  rJthVd',  aparish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Longford. 

RATIIltEAGlL  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

RATHRO'XAX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Lynerick. 

R.\THROX.\X,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

RATIISAL'LAII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow. 

R.\TnS.\M!.\X,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Queen's  co. 

R.\T1I'VEX.  a  maritime  pai-ish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff, 
on  Moray  Frith. 

R-iTIIVll/LY',  a  village,  parish,  and  barony  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster  co.,  and  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  Cariow.  Pop.  of  tlie 
village,  400. 

RATIBOR,  ra/te-boR\  written  also  RACIBORZ,  rjt'se- 
bor.z\  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  government,  and 
44  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oppeln.  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the. left 
bank  of  the  Oder,  and  on  the  Railway  from  lireslau  to 
A'ienna.  Pop.  7810.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  and  linen  stuffs,  porcelain,  tobacco,  hosiery,  and 
leather.  It  gives  its  name  to  a  principality,  of  which  it  is 
the  capital. 

R  ATIEBORITZ,  ri'ty-i-bo'rits,  a  market-town  of  Bohwnia, 
6  miles  X.E.  of  Talx>r,    Pop.  1024. 

RATIXGEX,  rd'ting-en,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  6 
miles  X.E.  of  Du-'seldurf,  with  4068  inhabitants,  mostly  em- 
ployed in  cotton  spinning. 

RAT'ISBOX,  (Ger.  Stgenshurg.  ri'ghens-brORO^;  Fr.  J?a- 
tisbonnt,  rd'tees'bonn';  ane.  Jiefjilnum,  or  Cas'tra  lie/fOna,) 
a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  the  circle  of  Regen,  67  miles 
X.X.E.  of  Munich,  on  the  right  bank  of  theD.inube,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Regen,  and  at  the  head  of  a  railway  to  Xu- 
remberg.  Pop.  (1861 )  27,875,  inchuUng  military.  Mean  tem- 
perature of  the  year,  47°'6;  winter,  31°-7;  summer,  64°-3 
Fahrenheit.  It  is  walled,  and  entered  by  6  gates.  The 
chief  edifices  are  a  cathedral,  built  in  1375,  a  tine  town- 
house,  in  which  the  diet  of  the  empire  was  held  from  1662 
to  1806,  the  old  episcopal  palace,  in  which  is  a  monu- 
ment to  Kepler,  and  a  fine  stone  bridge  over  the  Danulie, 
1100  feet  long.  It  has  a  steam-pacliet  station,  a  con- 
siderable commerce  on  the  DanulJe,  and  manufactures 
of  porcelain,  tobacco,  leather,  and  steel  goods.  Ratisbon 
was  long  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  and  afterwards  a  free  impe- 
rial city  till  1806.  The  Roman  Catholics  liere  formed  a  league 
against  the  Protestants  in  1624.  Xear  it,  in  1809.  Xapoleon 
was  wounded  in  a  battle  in  which  he  forced  the  Austrians 
to  retreat,  A  Roman  wall  extended  from  lieginum  to  Ocio- 
nia.  Af/(frtppin(i.  (Cologne.) 

RA'T'LEY.  a  parish  cf  End.md,  co.  of  Warwick, 

RAT'LIXGIKWE.  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Salop. 

RATMAXOV  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Diomede  Islands,  in 
the  Behring  Sea,    Lat,  65°  51'  X.,  Ion,  169°  63'  W, 

RATXAPOORA,  rit-nS-poo'rd,  ("the  city  of  gems,")  a 
town  of  Ceylon,  on  a  river  navigable  for  boats,  45  miles  S,E. 
of  Colombo.  It  has  a  barracks,  and  has  been  found  more 
healthy  for  British  troops  than  any  other  station  in  Ceylon, 
except  I'oint  de  Galle. 

RATXO,  rdfno,  a  market-town  of  Russiiin  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Yolhvnia,  30  miles  N,X.W,  of  Hovel,    Pop.  1800, 

R.\TX)ATlt',  a  village,  parish,  and  formerly  parli.amentaij 
borouirh  of  IreLind,  in  Ijcinster.  co.  of  Meath,  14  miles  X.N.W. 
of  Dublin.     Pop.  of  village.  500. 

RATOMAGUS  or  ROTOMAGUS.    See  Roue?j. 

RATOXEAU,  ri'to'no',  a  fortified  i.sland  off  the  S.  coast  of 
France,  department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  X.  of  the  island 
of  Pomdgue,  and  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Marseilles,  the  road- 
stead of  which  city  it  defends.  Length,  3  miles;  breadth  } 
mile. 

RATOX  (ratOnO  MOUXTAIXS,  in  the  E.  interior  of  the 
territory  of  Xew  Mexico,  in  lat.  about  37°  X..  Ion.  104°  SC  W 

RATSCHKOW,  a  town  of  Russia,    See  R.\chkov. 

RATTEXBERG,  rdt't^n-bjRC,\  a  walled  town  of  the  Tyrol, 
circle  of  Lower  Innthal.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Inn,  28 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Innspruck.     Pop,  1050. 

BATTERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon. 

RAT'TLESUEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RATTLESNAKE.  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Cincinnati  and 
Zanesville  Railroad.  71  miles  from  Cincinnati. 

RATTLESNAKE,  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Illinolf. 


RAT 

RATTLESXAKE  CREEK,  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  flows 
into  White  lUver. 

KATTIjESNAKE  fork,  of  Taint  Creek,  Ohio,  joins  the 
main  stream  on  the  S.W.  border  of  l{oss  county. 

RArXOiy.  a  parisli  of  Ireland,  in  5Iunster,  co.  of  KeiTy. 

RATTltAY.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  ,co.  of  Perth. 

RATTKAV  HEAD,  a  dau;j;erous  promontory  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Aberdeen,  7  miles  E.  of"Kinnaird"s  Head. 

RATZ  ALMAS,  rdts  Sl'mush\.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Stuhlweissenburs;,  near  Adony.     Pop.  '2190. 

KATZ  BOSZORMKNY,  (lioszormeny,)  rits  biis'soR^mjR',  a 
town  of  South-east  Hungary,  co.  of  Rihar,  capital  of  the  Hai- 
ducken  district,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Orosswardein.  Pop. 
IT.WX). 

HATZEBUHR,  r2t/seh-bouR\  written  also  RATZEBUHE. 
n  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  51  miles  S.S.E.  of  Coslin, 
Pop.  1590. 

RATZKBURG,  (rat/seh-b('>6Ro\)  Lake  of,  a  lake  of  Den- 
mark and  Mecklenburg,  6  miles  long,  and  1^^  miles  broad. 
Its  surplus  waters  are  carried  by  the  Wackenitz,  a  navigable 
river,  to  the  Trave. 

RATZKB^UKG,  written  al.so  RACISBURG,  a  town  of  Den- 
mark, ducliy  of  Lauenburg,  12  miles  S.K.  of  Lubeck,  on  a 
small  island  of  the  Lake  of  Ratzeburg.  Pop.  30S8.  Although 
the  seat  of  administration  of  the  Danish  duchy  of  Lauen- 
burg, the  N.  quarter  belongs  to  the  principality  of  Ratze- 
burg,  a  dependency  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  which  possesses 
the  cathedral. 

RATZEBUUG,  Principality  of,  a  principality  of  Mecklen- 
bui-g,  has  an  area  of  130  square  miles,  and  a  population  of 
14,896. 

RAUCEBY,  (rawss'by,)  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Lincoln. 

IJ.VUCKBY,  SiiUTn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RAUCOUUT,  ro'kooR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ardennes,  15  miles,  S.E.  of  Mezi^res.     Pop.  1505. 

RAUDKX.  rOw'dfn,  a  vilLige  of  Prussia,  government,  and 
S.E.  of  Oppeln.  on  the  Hudka.     Pop.  1000. 

RAUDK.\M,  rowd-kj'nee,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Po- 
land, government,  and  133  miles  N'.W.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  1500. 

RAUD-MTZ.  rOwd'nits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Elbe, 
16  miles  S.E.  of  Leitmeritz.     Pop.  3200.    It  has  a  tine  castle. 

RAUDTEN,  rowd'tgn,  or  RAUDEN,  row'dgn,  a  town  of 
Prussia,  in  Silesia, 43  miles  N.W.of  Breslau,  on  the  Schwarz- 
wasser.     Pop.  1225. 

RAUENSTEIN,  r6w'fn-stlne\  a  village  of  Central  Ger- 
many, duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Schalkau, 
with  an  ancient  castle  and  a  porcelain  factory. 

R.'VUENliJTElN,  a  village  of  Central  Germany,  in  Saxony, 
circle  of  Leipsic,  in  the  Erzgebirge. 

RAUGIA.     See  Ragusa. 

R.\UMO.  row'mo,  a  se.iport  town  of  Finland,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Iren,  and  55  miles  N.W.  of  Abo.  P.  1700. 

R.4UND10S,  rawndz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

RAURAXUM.    See  ROM. 

RAURIS.  r6w'ris,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Austria,  40 
miles  S.  of  Salzburg,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Salza.  Pop.  1060, 
partly  employed  in  gold  and  silver-mines. 

RAUSCIIA.  row/shd,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a 
station  on  the  Berlin  and  Glogau  Railway,  16  miles  N.W. 
ofBuntzlau.     Pop.  1054. 

RAUSCHEXBEKG,row'shen-bjRG\atownofHes,se-Cassel, 
province  of  Ober-Hessen,  on  the  Wohra,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Marburg.     Pup.  1528. 

RAUSCH  (rawsh)  GAP,  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the 
Dauphin  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  30  miles  from  Auburn. 

RAUSIUM  or  KAUSIA.     See  R.agusa. 

RACSXITZ,  Xeu.  noi  rdws'nits,  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
12miles  E.  of  Briinn.     Pop.  2070. 

RAUTSCHKA,  rOwtshOid,  or  HRUSKA,  hroos^ki  a  vil- 
lage of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  about  30  miles  from  Weiss- 
kirchen.     Pop.  1431. 

RAVAX.\-HRADA,  rS,-yi'ni-VTi'di,  or  RAKAS-TAL,  ri'- 
kis-tdl',  one  of  the  sacred  lakes  of  Thibet,  in  the  tract  of 
Kailas,  at  the  source  of  the  Sutlej  River.  Lat.  30°  40'  N.. 
Ion.  81°  10'  E.,  15,200  feet  above  the  sea,  at  the  S.  foot  of 
Gangdisii,  a  peak  22.000  feet  in  height,  and  a  few  miles  W. 
of  the  other  sacred  lake,  Jlanasarowar,  the  surplus  waters 
of  which  it  receives.  It  is  about  20  miles  in  length,  from 
N.  to  S..  by  an  average  breadth  of  5  miles. 

RAVANUSA,  rd-vj-noo'si,  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  21 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Girgenti.  Pop.  6400.  It  has  a  trade  in  oil, 
almonds,  and  pistachio  nuts. 

R.WEE,  ri'\ee\  (anc.  Hydraaltes.)  one  of  the  "  five  rivers" 
■i  the  Punjab,  rises  near  Chumba.  Lat.  32°  30'  N.,  Ion.  76° 
E.  It  tlows  S.W.  and  joins  the  Chenaub,  35  miles  N.  of 
Mooltan.  Esiimated  length,  370  miles.  Course  tortuous, 
and  banks  steep.  The  city  of  L.ahore,  and  the  towns  of 
TJhuniba.  Meanee,  and  Chowchuck,  are  on  its  banks. 

R.A.VELEY,  riv'lee,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

RAVKLLO,  r3-vJl1o,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Citra.  11  miles  E.X.E.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  1400. 

RAA'ELY,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
4Y 


RAV 

RAA'EN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  w.,  Kentucky 

RA'VENDALE.  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RAVENDALE,  WEST,  a  iiarish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RA'VEXGL.\SS\  a  sm.ill  market-town  and  seaport  of  Eng. 
Land,  co.  of  Cumberland,  42  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlisle,  with  a 
station  on  the  Whitthaven  and  Furness  Railway.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  a  good  harbor  and  valuable  oyster- 
fisheries. 

RAVENINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co^  of  Norfolk. 

RAVEXXA,  ri-ven'na,  (Fr.  L'avenne,  rdH'Cnn';  anc.  ifo 
ven'na,)  d  city  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  State  of  Emilia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  and  of  the  Roniagna,  in  a 
marshy  plain,  on  the  Jlontone,  5  miles  from  its  port  on  the 
Adriatic,  and  16  miles  N.E.  of  Forli.  Lat.  44°  25'  N..  Ion. 
12°  11'  E.  Pop.  19,118.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls  about  3 
miles  in  circuit,  and  entered  by  5  handsome  gates.  It  is 
richer  in  antiquities  of  the  early  Middle  Ages  than  any 
other  Italian  city,  having  been  the  residence  of  the  empe- 
rors of  the  West  from  the  time  of  Honorius.  and  the  capit.il 
of  ItJtly  under  Odoacer,  Theodoric.  and  the  succeeding  Gothic 
kings,  the  Byzantine  monarchs.  and  the  Lombards.  Its  an- 
cient monuments  are  nearly  all  Christian.  The  cathedral, 
founded  ill  the  fourth  century,  has  fine  paintings  by  Guido, 
and  remarkable  antiquities.  The  other  churches,  the  bap- 
tistery, the  mausoleum  of  Placidia,  containing  the  tombs  of 
thatempress,  of  Honoriu.s,  and  Valentinian  III.,  are  all  richly 
ornamented  with  mos;iics.  The  other  objects  of  interest  are 
the  archbishop's  palace,  communal  hall,  a  rich  library  with 
40.0IX)  volumes,  the  museum,  academy  of  fine  arts,  hospital, 
theatre,  the  leaning  tower  fortress,  remains  of  the  pal.ice  of 
Theodoric,  and  the  tomb  of  Dante.  About  1  mile  N.  of  the 
city  is  the  tomb  of  Theodoric,  now  the  church  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria Rotondo.  A  pillar,  also  outside  the  city,  commemorates 
the  dtath  of  Ga.ston  de  Foix,  and  the  victory  of  Louis  XII. 
of  France,  and  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  over  Pope  Julius  II. 
and  the  Spaniards,  in  1512.  It  is  said  that  the  tomb  of 
Odoacer,  King  of  the  Ileruli,  has  recently  been  discovered 
at  Itavenna  by  some  workmen,  who  found  the  body  encased 
in  a  suit  of  armor  of  gold.  A  monumental  inscription  con- 
firms the  fact  of  its  being  the  tomb  of  Odoacer.  Bavenna 
has  some  manufactures  of  silks,  and  a  tr.ade  in  wine  and 
agricultural  produce,  facilitated  by  a  large  canal  connecting 
it  with  the  Adriatic.  Along  the  coast  of  that  sea  extends 
for  25  miles  a  fine  forest,  wliich  supplied  a  great  deal  of  tim- 
ber for  ship-building,  in  the  time  of  the  ancient  Romans, 
under  whom  Ravenna  was  the  chief  port  of  the  empire  on 

the  Adriatic. Adj.  and  inhab.  Uavennese.  rav'fn-neez/; 

(It.  Bavennf.se,  rit-vln-nil'sA  or  Ravennate,  rd-vfn-ni't.4.) 

RAVENNA,  province  of  Italy,  bordering  on  the  Adriatic. 
Area  732  square  miles.  Capital,  Ravenna.  Population  ir 
1850,  175,.3.'i8. 

RAVEN'NA.  a  handsome  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Portage  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad  between  Cleveland 
and  Pittsburg,  38  miles  S.E.  of  the  former.  The  Atlantic 
and  Great  'VVestern  Railroad,  recently  finished,  intersects 
the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad  at  thi*  jilace.  Large 
quantities  of  butter,  cheese,  wool,  and  grain  are  shipped 
here.  The  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal  connects  Ravenna 
with  Pittsburg  and  Cleveland,and  affords  water-power  at  this 
place.  The  village  contains  a  handsome  court-house,2  banks, 
5  churches,  an  academy,  and  1  newspaper  oftice.  The  manu- 
facture of  carriages  is  carried  on  extensively.  Settled  in 
1799.  Population  of  the  township  in  1850,  2240;  and  in 
1860, 1777. 

RAVENNA,  a  post-township  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  367. 

RAVEXNE.  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Ravenna. 

RAVEN  ROCK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  .Tersey. 

RAVENSBUKG,  rd'vens-MORG',  a  town  of  AViirtemberg, 
circle  of  Danube,  on  the"  Schussen.  and  on  the  Wiirtemberg 
Railway,  22  miles  E.X.E.  of  Constance.  Pop.  4439.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  woollen  stuffs,  paper,  and  seal- 
ing-wax, and  a  consideraVile  transit  trade. 

"RA'VEXSDEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

RA'VENSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

RA'VEN'S  NEST,  a  post-ofBce  of  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

RAVEXSTEIX,  rd'ven-stine\  or  RAVESTEIX,  li'veh- 
stine*,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Xorth  Bra- 
bant, on  the  Meuse,  5  miles  X.W.  of  Grave,  with  812  inha- 
bitants, an  old  fort,  and  a  Latin  school. 

RA'VEXSTIIORPE,  parish  of  England,  co.  Northampton. 

RA'VEXSTOXE,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Derby. 

RAVEXSTOXE,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Leicester. 

RAVEXSTOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

RA'VEXSTOXEDALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  West- 
moreland. 

RA'VEXSWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co..  New  York, 
on  East  River,  opposite  Blackwell's  Island.  It  has  steam- 
boat communication  with  New  York. 

R.4.VEXSW00D.  a  post-village  of  Jackson  county.  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Sand  Creek, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Ripley. 

RA'VEXSWORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York. 
North  Riding,  4*  miles  X.X.W.  of  Richmond.    Pop.  .332     It 

1569 


KAV 

glveg  tli«  atle  >{  \a.iOQ  •o  the  Liddel  &mily,  whose  seat  is 
Ui  the  vi  !lnity. 

RAVlfiRES,  rAVe-aiR',  a  marketrtown  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  lU  miles  S.E.  of  Tonnerre.     Pop.  1226. 

RAVNAGOIl.A.,  riv-nd-go'ri,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  In 
Croatia  (s^unty,  and  S.W.  of  A;?ram.     Pop.  1057. 

RAW  A,  ri'*J,  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and  45 
miles  S.W.  of  Warsaw,  on  the  Rawka.    Pop.  2000. 

RAW  A.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galieia,  32 
miles  N  X.W.  of  Lembers. 

RAWAK.  ri-wik'.  an  island  of  the  Eastern  ArcBipelaso, 
off  the  X.  side  of  the  island  of  Waigeoo.  Lat.  0°  1'  14"  S., 
Ion.  131°  E. 

RAWCLIFFE,  raw^kliff,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  West  Riding.  3^  miles  E.X.E.  of  Snaith,  with  a  station 
on  the  Lancaster  and  Yorkshire  Railway,  W.  of  Qoole. 

RAAV'CLIFFE,  NETH'ER,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of 
Lanca-oter. 

KAM''CLIFFE,  UP'PER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

RAW'DEX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 

RAWDOX,  a  thriving  village  and  township  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  Hastings,  on  a  small  stream,  a  tributary  of  the 
Trent,  about  58  miles  W.X.W.  of  Kingston.  It  has  a  dis- 
tillery. 2  tanneries,  a  saw  and  flour  mill.  Pop.  of  the  vil- 
lage. 400:  of  the  township,  in  1S52,  3097. 

KAW'DO.X,  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  East,  co  of 
Leinster,  42  miles  N.  of  Montreal. 

RAWII^PIXDE,  rS'wil  pin'dee,  or  RAWUL  PIXrOEE,  a 
large  fortified  town  of  the  Punjab,  47  miles  E.S.E.  of  At- 
tock.  Lat.  33°  35' N.,  Ion.  73°  15' E.  It  consists  of  flat-roofed 
earthen  houses,  with  a  palace  built  by  Shah  Soojah,  a  ba- 
zaar, and  a  brisk  transit  trade. 

R  AWITSCII  or  R  AWICZ,  r3'*itch,  a  walled  town  of  Prus- 
sian Poland,  55  miles  S.  of  Posen.  P.  10,049.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollen  cloth,  linens,  leather,  tobacco,  and  salt. 

RAW'LIXOSBURG,  a  post-village  in  Rockingham  co., 
North  Carolina,  103  miles  X.W.  of  Raleigh. 

R.A.W'LIXGSVILLE,  a  post-vill.age  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Ala- 
bama. ISO  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Montgomery. 

RAWLIXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

RAAVMARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

RAW'RETII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RAW'.*OX,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

R.\AVSOX,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co..  Xew  York. 

R.*.W'SOXVILLE.  a  village  in  the  E.  part  of  Fulton  co.. 
New  York,  in  Broadalbin  township.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  factories. 

RAWSOXVII.LE,  a  post-office  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio. 

BAWSOXVILLE,  a  post-villa;;e  in  Wayne  co.,  Michigan, 
86  miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

RAWTOXSTALL-BOOTir,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster,  nea%  Ilastingdon,  with  a  station  on  the  Rosen- 
dale  branch  of  the  East  Lancashire  Railway. 

R.AY,  a  county  in  the  W.X.W.  part  of  Missouri,  contains 
about  560  square  miles.  The  Missouri  River  forms  the 
entire  S.  boundary,  and  it  is  traversed  by  Fishing  and 
Crooked  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  consists 
partly  of  prairies,  and  partly  of  forests.  The  soil  is  fertile 
both  on  the  river-bottoms  and  on  the  uplands.  Limestone 
and  bituminous  coal  are  abundant.    Named  in  honor  of 

Rav.  a  member  of  the  Convention  to  form  the  State 

Constitution.  Cajiital,  Richmond.  Pop.  14,092,  of  whom 
12.04.T  were  free,  and  2047  slaves. 

RAY,  a  postrtownship  in  the  N.  part  of  Macomb  co..  Mi- 
chigan, intersected  by  the  N.  branch  of  Clinton  River.  Pop. 
1544.  ^ 

R.^Y.  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1796. 

RAY  CENTRE,  a  postoffice  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 

R.\YGEKN,  rl'ghern.  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  8  miles 
6.  of  BrUnn.  on  the  Schwarza.     Pop.  786. 

RAYGROD,  rl'grod.  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and 
14  miles  S.W.  of  Angustowo,on  Lake  Ravgrod.  Pop.  1950. 
An  engagement  between  the  Poles  and  Russians  took  place 
here  on  the  2Sth  of  Mav,  1831. 

RAYGUXGE,  ri-gfinj',  or  RAYAGANI,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency,  and  province  of  Bengal,  districtofDinage- 
poor.      It  is  said  to  comprise  1000  dwellings. 

R.iYLEIGII.  rUlee,  a  parish  of  En-land,  co.  of  Essex. 

RAY'.MERTOWX,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  CO.,  New 
\  ork. 

RAYMOCIIY,  ri-moK'ee,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  iu  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Donegal. 

R.\Y'MOND.  a  post-village  and  township  in  Cumberland 
on..  Maine,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Portland.  The  township  is 
bounded  on  the  S.W. by  SebagoLake.  It  contjiins  3  churches, 
a  high  K-hool.  and  6  stores.  The  inhaljitants  are  largely 
enpt-'ed  in  the  lumber  business.  The  principal  timber  is 
wlilttMiak.  <-elel)rated  for  its  excellent  qualities.  There  are 
three  g-od  wat«!r-powers  parti.^lly  occupied  by  lumber-mills. 
Pop.  1229. 

UAYMOXD,  a  post-township  In   Rockingham  co.  New 


REA 

namp.shire.  contains  a  village  situated  on  the  Concord  and 
Portsmouth  Railroad,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1269., 

R.AYMOXD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hinds  co.,  Misidii- 
sippi,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Jackson,  .and  8  miles  S.  of  the  Vicks- 
burg  and  Jack.son  Railroad,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
a  branch  railroad.    Pop.  558. 

RAYMOXD,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Ohio. 

RAYMOXD,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  'Rtk- 
cine  CO..  Wisconsin,  aliout  90  miles  S.E.  of  Madison,  and  10 
miles  W.  of  Lake  Michigan.  It  contains  2  churches,  and 
about  150  dwellings.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1274. 

R.4YM0XDS,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

RAY'.MOXD  TER/RACE,  a  town  of  Xew  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Gloucester,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hunter  River,  20  miles 
from  Xewcastle.     Pop.  263. 

BAY'MOXDVILLE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York. 

RAYMUN'TUIKyXY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal. 

R.4YXE,  rAn,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberde«n,  on 
the  Urie,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Inverury.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
village  are  a  supposed  Roman  road,  and  Druidic  antiquities. 

RAYXE,  rAn,  a  township  of  Indiana  co..  Pennsylvania, 
about  42  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Greensburg.     Pop.  1595. 

R.\YX'n.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

RAYXII.A.M,  a  township  in  Bristol  co.,  Massachusetts,  on 
the  Taunton  Railroad,  33  miles  S.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1746. 

RAY'XORTOWN,  a  village  of  Queen's  co.,  New  York,  near 
Hempstead  Bay. 

RAY'S  FORK,  a  postoffice  of  Scott  co.,  Kentucky. 

RAY'S  HILL,  a  small  mountain  ridge  extending  across 
the  Maryland  line  into  the  S.  part  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

RAY'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co..  Pennsylvania.- 

RAYSTOWX  BRAXCII.    See  Juxuta  River. 

R.tYS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia. 

R.\YSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Blue  River,  wliere  it  is  crossed  by  the  Central 
Railroad,  36  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  a  fine  and  im- 
proved water-power. 

R.AYrrOWN,  a  post-village  of  Taliaferro  co.,  Georgia,  62 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

R.^^Y'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co..  Mississippi. 

RAYWICK,  a  post-village  of  Marion  CO.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Rolling  Fork  of  Salt  River,  72  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

RAZ,  Le,  leh  rdz,  or  BEC  DU  RAZ,  b?k  dii  Az.  a  head- 
land of  France,  in  Brittany,  department  of  I'inist^re.  on  tlie 
Atlantic,  opposite  the  island  of  Sein,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Brest  I^t.  of  light-house,  259  feet  above  the  sea.  4S°  2'  N., 
Ion.  4044' AV. 

RAZA,  r;('za.  or  GATO,  gl'to.  an  island  of  Brazil,  in  front 
of  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Nitherohi  or  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
A'essels  pass  on  either  side,  the  depth  of  water  being  on  the 
N.  side  from  13  to  20  fathoms;  and  that  on  the  S.  side  not 
much  less.  The  width  of  the  channel  on  the  former  side  is 
6  miles,  and  on  the  latter,  4  miles. 

R.AZJ^S,  rJ'zA',  a  district  of  France  which  was  a  dependency 
of  the  former  province  of  I>anguedoc,  and  had  Limoux  for 
its  capital.  It  consisted  of  Razes  proper,  and  Sault,  now 
included  in  the  department  of  Aude  :  and  of  Fenouillfedes, 
now  forming  the  arrondissements  of  Prades  and  Perpignan, 
in  the  department  of  Pvren^e.'-Orientales. 

RAZO.  ri'zo,  or  R.\ZA,  r^'zS,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd 
Islands,  in  the  Atlantic,  S.E.  of -Branco.  Lat.  10°  3S'  N.,  Ion. 
24°  37'  W.     It,  is  barren  and  uninhabited. 

Rfi,  or  RHl5,  rA,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Charente-Inferieure,  in  the  Gulf  of  Gascony, 
separated  on  the  N.  from  the  department  of  Vendee  by  the 
strait  called  Pirtuis  Bre/on,(pjR^twee'  hreh-t6xg'.)and  on  the 
S.  from  the  He  d'Oleron  by  that  ot  Pirtuis  (rJntwclie.{;piK^- 
twee' dftxg^te-osh'.)  length,  18  miles ;  breadth,  4  miles.  It 
hag  valuable  salines. 

REA'BURX'S  CREEK,  of  Laurens  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, flows  into  Reedy  River  from  the  left,  a  few  miles  from 
its  entrance  into  Saluda  River. 

RE.\D'FIELD.  a  postvillage  and  township  of  Kennebec 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  Railroad, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1510. 

REAIVFIELD  or  RED'FIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.E. 
part  of  Osweso  co.,  Xew  Y'ork.     Pop.  10S7. 

READFIELD  DEPOT,  a  post-office,  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

READIXG,  rJd'ing.  a  parliamentiry,  municipal  Ixirough, 
and  market-town  of  England,  capital  of  the  county  of  Berks, 
on  the  Kennet.  near  its  junction  with  the  Thames,  and  in 
the  Great  Western  Railwiiy,  38  miles  W.S.W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1S61,  24,965.  It  has  spacious  main  streets,  well  paved 
and  lighted,  and  many  handsome  residences,  several  bridgei 
across  different  branches  of  the  Kennet,  3  ancient  parish 
churches,  and  places  of  worship  for  the  Baptists,  Independ- 
ents, Wesleyans,  Society  of  Friends,  and  Roman  C-itholics; 
a  grammar  school,  founded  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  of 
which  Dr.  Valpy  was  formerly  master,  a  lilue-coal  school, 
founded  in  1046,  a  national  school,  almshouses,  a  county 
hospital,  and  spacious  county  jail  and  house  of  ci  Trection, 
a  town-hall,  small  borough  jail,  originally  a  priory,  eic^l- 


ilii'A. 


lent  libri'iy  and  rvews-room.  a  museum,  mechanics'  insti- 
tute, several  learned  societies,  a  small  theatre,  baths,  and 
some  remains  of  a  magnificent  abbey,  founded  by  Henry  I., 
a  part  of  the  close  of  which  contains  the  Forbery,  a  beauti- 
ful public  walk.  Reading  lias  some  manufactures  of  silk 
and  velvets,  large  flour-mills  and  breweries,  iron-foundries, 
and  very  extensive  exports  of  com,  malt,  -timber,  wool, 
cheese,  Ac,  by  the  Thames,  and  by  the  Kennet  and  Avon 
Canal,  which  connects  it  with  Bristol.  It  is  also  connected 
with  Guildford,  Dorking,  and  Ueigate,  by  a  branch  of  the 
Soufh-easteru  Itailway.  It  sends  2  members  to  the  House 
of  Conmions.  Parliaments  were  held  here  in  the  thirteenth 
and  fifteenth  ceuturies.  Archbishop  Laud  was  born  here 
in  157.3. 

It  KAB'ING,  rJd'ing,  a  post-township  in  Windsor  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 54  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.     I'op.  1159. 

KEADING,  a  post-township  in  Middlesex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 13  miles  N.  of  Boston,  intersected  by  tlie  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad.  It  confciins  2  thriving  villages.  1  in  the  N. 
and  the  other  in  the  S.  part.  The  inliabitants  are  exten- 
fivelv  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cabinet  ware,  boots 
and  .shoes.     I'op.  2662. 

KKADING.  a  village  and  township  in  Fairfield  co.,  Con- 
r.ecticut,  on  the  Saugatuck  River,  26  miles  W.  of  New  Haven, 
it  h:is  ninnufiictures  of  carriages,  castings,  and  saws.  P.  1 652. 

RK.\DING,  a  post-township  in  Schuyler  county,  New 
York,  on  Seneca  Lake.    Pop.  1453. 

RK.\DINO,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
13 'miles  N.K.  of  Gettysburg.    Pop.  1281. 

KE.\DING.  rSd'ing,a  handsome  city  of  Pennsylvania,  capi- 
tal of  Berks  co.,  on  the  left,  or  K.  bank  of  Schuylkill  Kiver. 
and  on  the  Philadelphia,  Heading  and  Pottsville  Railroad. 
52  miles  K.  of  llarrisVmrg,  and  52  miles  N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 
This  flourishing  town,  the  third  of  the  state  in  respect  to 
popxilation  and  manufactures,  is  beautifully  situated  on  a 
plain,  which  rises  gradually  from  the  river,  and  is  enclosed 
on  the  K.  by  an  eminence  named  Penn's  Mount.  The  city 
Is  compactly  built,  and  intersect<>d  by  straight  and  rectan- 
gular streets,  which  are  remarkably  clean  and  smooth.  The 
most  frequented  of  these  are  covered  with  a  hai'd,  white 
gravel,  derived  from  the  sandstone  of  the  adjacent  hill, 
firming  a  compact  and  duralile  ro.ad.  Among  the  conspi- 
cuous public  buildings,  are  the  Court-hou.se.  which  occupies 
a  commanding  situation,  and  has  a  handsome  portico  of 
sandstone;  the  German  Lnthorun  Church,  remarkable  for 
its  steeple,  about  200  feet  in  lieight,  and  the  new  Kpiscopal 
Church,  a  beautiful  building  of  Berks  county  sandstone, 
wiiicli  lins  a  steeple  202  feet  high.  Reading  contains  23 
chnrclies,  1  academy,  2  market-houses,  4  banks,  and  several 
public  libraries.  Two  daily  and  six  weekly  newspapers  are 
pulilished  here,  of  which  3  (weekly)  are  in  the  German 
language.  The  streets  and  many  of  the  buildings  are 
lighted  with  gas,  and  supplied  with  spring-water,  conveyed 
through  iron  jiipes.  The  river  is  crossed  here  by  2  bridges, 
one  of  which  is  about  600  feet  in  length.  Reading  is  a  place 
of  active  trade,  and  is  the  market  for  a  rich  and  populous 
agricultural  district.  The  Schuylkill  Canal  and  the  rail- 
road above-named  open  a  ready  communication  With  Phila- 
delphia on  the  one  hand,  and  with  the  Schuylkill  coal 
region  on  the  other.  The  Lebanon  Valley  Railroad  con- 
nects Reading  with  Ilarrisburg,  and  the  East  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  extends  to  Allentown.  This  town  is  largely  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  steam  engines,  hats,  shoes, 
and  various  other  articles.  The  machine-shops  of  the  rail- 
road company  employ  about  1100  men.  It  has  also  2  largo 
rolling-mills,  2  or  3  anthracite  furnaces,  a  nail  factory,  a 
cotton-mill,  several  fojtndries,  3  steam  forges,  and  2  flouring- 
mills,  in  all  of  which  steam-power  is  used.  Reading  was 
laid  out  by  Thomas  and  Richard  Penn,  in  1748,  and  named 
from  the  town  of  Reading,  in  England.  It  was  incorporated 
as  a  borough  in  178.3,  and  as  a  city  in  1847.  Pop.  in  1840, 
8410:  in  IS.iO,  15,743;  in  1860,  2.3,162. 

RKADTXG.  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles 
N.E.  of  Piiirinnati.     Pop.  12.30. 

ItKADING,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  2973. 

PiEADIXG,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Hillsdale 
CO..  Mi.hiLran.    Pop.  1617. 

RHADIXG,  a  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  82  miles 
S.  by  \V.  of  Indianapolis. 

RK  \ DING, a post-tnshp., Livingston  co.,Illinots.   P.1145. 

RKADIXG  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Reading  townshi(«, 
Steuben  co..  New  York. 

ItEADINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersey,  intersected  by  the  South  Branch  of  the  Raritan 
River.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Flemington.    Pop.  3074. 

READING VILLE,  a  small  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. 

READSBOROUGII.  a  post-township  in  Bennington  co., 
Vermont,  120  miles  S,  by  W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  '.i30. 

READ'S  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  enters  the  Neuse 
River  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Wake  county. 

RE.\D'S  CREEK,  a  township  in  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  507. 

KEADS/VILLE,  a  village  of  Albany  co.,  New  York,  16 
miX'S  S.W.  of  Albany. 


RK.\D'^'TLLE.  ^MasSachusett.s,  a  station  on  the  Boston 
anS  Providence  Railroad.  8  miles  from  Boston. 

READ'VVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  oa  Tennes- 
see. 42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

RP;AGANSVILLE,  rpe'ganx-vil.  a  village  of  Westmoreland 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  16  miles  S.  of  Greensburg. 

REAL,  ni-dl',  a  river  of  Brazil,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Bahia  and  Sergipe.  It  flows  geno 
rally  from  W.  to  E.,  and  its  channel  is  constantly  nb.^tructed 
by  cataracts;  but  for  the  Last  35  miles  it  is  free  from  failS) 
and  has  a  wide  and  deep  tidal  channel.  Length,  100  miles. 
Its  mouth,  about  25  miles  N.E.  of  the  Itapicuru,  is  in  lat. 
11°  28'  4"  S. 

REAL  DEL  IMONTE,  rk-AV  dM  mon't^,  a  town  of  Mexico, 
department,  and  56  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mexii-o,  9000  feet  alxive 
sea-level  A  few  miles  N.E.,  is  the  celebrated  ca.scade  of 
Reiila. 

REALEJO  or  REALEXO,  rA-i-Wm,  a  seaport  town  of 
Central  America,  State  of  Nicaragua,  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Leon,  with  which  city  it  commu- 
nicates by  a  good  road.  Lat.  1"2°  27'  N.,  Ion.  87°  9'  W.  Pop. 
•30(X).  The  harbor  is  capacious  and  safe,  and  vessels  can  come 
to  within  1  mile  of  the  town,  which  is  mean,  straggling,  and 
backed  by  a  forest.  Exports  mahogany,  cedar,  and  other 
timber,  raw  sugar,  cotton  to  Costa  Rica,  about  1000  tons  of 
Brazil-wood  to  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  and 
1000  bales  of  indigo  annually;  but  its  trade  is  reported  to  be 
declining. 

REALEJO  DE  ABAJO,  rk-i-Wm  dii  i-hH/BO,  (-'Lower 
Realejo,")  a  village  of  the  Canaries,  island  of  Teneriffe,  in 
the  delicious  valley  of  Orotava.  about  2  miles  from  the  sea. 
It  has  a  town-house,  prison,  an  elementary  school,  a  granary, 
church,  several  suppressed  convents,  also  2  flour-mills,  and 
a  brandy  distillery.     Pop.  22:37. 

REALEJO  DE  ARRIBA,  rA-d-lA'Ho  di  aR-Bee'ni  ("Upper 
Realejo,")  a  village  of  the  Canaries,  island  of  Teneriffe,  at 
the  fix)t  of  a  high  chain  of  hills.  It  has  a  church,  several 
priniary  schools,  and  2  flour-mills.     Pop.  33C5. 

RE.VLJIONT.  ri'i'lrniAxo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn.  10  miles  S.  of  Albi.     Pop.  in  185'2,  2741. 

r£.\LVILI,E,  r.Vdrveel',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-*t-Garonne,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montauban,  on  the 
Aveyron.     I'op.  2678. 

RE.\MS'TO\VN,  a  post-villjige  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 42  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Harri.sburg. 

RKARS'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co..  and  7^  miles  N.N.E 
of  Leii.-ester,  witli  a  station  on  the  Peterborough  and  Lei 
cester  Railway. 

REATE.     See  RiETl. 

RE.\U VILLE,  roVeeP,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Drome,  arrondissement  of  MontSlimart.  Pop.  1114. 

REA'VILhE,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey. 

REAY.  r.^,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Caithness 
and  Sutherland,  9  miles  W.8.W.  of  Thurso.  "Lord  Heat's 
Country,"  comprising  the  parishes  of  Durness.  Tongue, 
Edderachyllis.  in  the  N.W.  of  Sutherland,  is  a  wild  tract  of 
800  square  miles. 

REIiAIS,  rfh-b.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Marne,  6  miles  E,N.E.  of  Coulommiers.  Pop.  1124.  It 
was  formerly  fortified,  and  had  a  military  school  suppres.sed 
in  1793. 

REBAIX,  reh-b.-l'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hai- 
naut,  on  the  Dendre,  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tournay.  Pop. 
1083. 

REBECQ-ROGNON.  reh-bSk'-ronVAN"',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Brabant,  on  the  Senne,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Brussels.     Pop.  2840. 

RE'BERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  18  miles  E.  of  I5ellefonte. 

REBRISURA,  nl-bre-so'ra,  or  KIS-REBRA,  kish-rA'broh\ 
a  village  of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  16  miles  from  Bistritz. 
Pop.  1.500. 

REBSTEIN,  rjp'stine.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
cantdii,  and  S.E.  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  1611. 

RECANATI.  rA-kS-nit'tee,  a  town  of  Central  It;ily,  in  the 
Marches  and  in  the  province  of  Macerata,  on  tlie  Afusone,  4 
miles  S.W.  of  Loreto.  Pop.  4500.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  town- 
hall  rich  in  works  of  art,  and  an  aqueduct  by  which  water 
is  supplied  to  Loreto.  In  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  an  im- 
portant military  post. 

RECCA,  rJk'ki,  or  REICA,  ril'k^.  a  river  of  Austria,  in 
Illyria,  rises  in  the  government  of  Laybach,  flows  S.W.  then 
N.W.,  and  at  the  village  of  Canziano,  18  miles  E.N.E.  o' 
Triest,  plunges  into  a  chasm,  and  entirely  disappears.  Tot«^ 
course,  about  .30  miles. 

HECCO,  rSk'ko,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy,  in  the 
Sardinian  dominions.  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Genaa.  on  the  Medi- 
terranean. Pop.  4557,  who  export  oil  and  fruits,  and  build 
small  vessels. 

PvECEY-SUR-OUR'CE,  reh-sA'  suR  ooRss,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Cote-d'Or,  on  the  Ource,  14  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Chatillon-sur-Seine.     Pop.  1007. 

RECHE,  ril/Keh  or  rJK'eh.  a  village  of  Prassi.i,  in  West- 
phalia, government  of  Miinster,  circle  of  Tecklenburg 
Pop.  1540. 

1571 


RECnERCirECrshsbairshO  AKCHTPELAGO,  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  Australia,  is  mostly  between  lat.  34° and  35°  S.,  Ion. 
12-i°  E. 

KECIIERCIIE  BAY.  near  the  S.  extremity  of  Van  Die- 
miiu's  Land,  lat.  43°  35'  S.,  Ion.  147°  5'  E. 

RECHERCHE  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  11°  40' 
3"  S.,  Ion.  166°  45'  E. 

RECHICOURT  Le  Chateau,  rfh-shee'kooR'  Ifh-shS'to',  a 
Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Meurthe,  11  miles  S.W. 
of  Sarrebourg,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Strasbourg. 
Pop.  1070. 

KECniTZA,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  Rezhitsa. 
KECIINITZ.  rJK'nits,  or  ROHONCZ.  ro'honts'.  a  market- 
town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburtr,  8  miles  S.W.  of 
Glins.    Pop.  5000.    It  has  a  noble  residence,  with  a  library 
and  picture  gallery. 

KECHTEXIlACil,  r5K'tgn-b3K\  a  Tillage  of  BaTaria,  pala- 
tinate, and  near  Bergzabern.     Pop.  1097. 

KECIFE.rA-see'fi.orARRECIFK,aR-RA-see'fi,(t.e."reef;" 
or  Cidade  do  Rtcife,  se-dd'dA  do-rA-see'fi,  i.  «.  "  City  of  the 
IJeef;"  called  also  PERXAMBUCO,  peR-ndm-boo/ko.)  a  city 
of  Brazil,  capital  of  the  proTluce  of  Pernambuco,  on  the 
Atlantic.  Lat.  S°  3'  6"  X.,  Ion.  34°  51'  7"  W.  It  consists  of 
three  distinct  quai-ters: — I.  The  town  of  San  Pedro  GonQalTes, 
on  a  s;indy  peninsula;  2.  The  Tillage  of  Sao  Sacramento, 
on  the  island  of  Santo  Antonio,  between  the  rivers  Biberibe 
and  Capibaribe,  and  connected  with  the  continent  by  two 
bridges;  3.  The  Till.age  of  Sacramento  or  Boa  Vista.  Pop. 
12,000  free,  arid  6000  slaTes.  In  1810  it  was  only  5391.  The 
port  is  defended  by  four  forts,  and  the  harbor  is  protected 
by  an  extensiTe  reef  of  rocks.  It  is  only  fit  for  Tessels 
drawing  less  than  12  feet  of  water.  The  chief  buildings  are 
the  Governor's  Palace,  the  Episcopal  Palace,  and  the  New 
Hospital ;  it  has  two  Latin  and  several  other  schools.  It  is 
unprovided  with  potable  water;  but  in  1S42  the  first  stone 
of  an  aqueduct  was  laid  to  convey  water  from  the  Rio  Prata, 
a  distance  of  five  miles.  It  has  a  considerable  ti-ade  with 
European  ports.  The  chief  exports  are  cotton,  sugar,  and 
dye-wood.  Pop.  of  the  district  of  Recife,  38,000;  Olinda,  4 
miles  X.  of  Recife,  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  province 
of  Pernambuco. 

RECIGL1.\X0,  ri-cheel-yi/no,  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Citra.  20  miles  E.  of  Campagna. 

RECKEM.  rJk'kem,  or  RECKIIEIM,  rJk'hime,  a  town  of 
Belgian  Limbourg,  5  miles  X.X.E.  of  Maestricht.   Pop.  1100. 

RECKEM,  a  frontier  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  on  the  Lys.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Courtrai. 

RECKEXDORF,  rJk'ken-doRr,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  8 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Bamberg.     Pop.  1154. 

RECK'LESSTOWN,  a  po.st-village  of  Burlington  co..  New 
Jersey.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Bordentown,  contains  1  or  2  stores, 
and  alx)ut  80  inhabitants. 

RECKLIXGH.\USKX,  rJkling-huw'zen,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
in  Westphalia.  31  miles  S.W.  of  Jlilnster.     Pop.  3010. 

RECLUS,  ri'klu',  and  VERSOIE,  v^R'swd',  a  village  of 
the  Sai-dinian  States,  in  Savoy,  at  the  foot  of  Little  St.  Ber- 
nard, near  the  left  bank  of  the  Isere.  It  is  poorly  built, 
with  side  pavements  raised  from  two  to  three  feet,  to  pre- 
vent the  water,  in  descending  from  the  mountain  torrents, 
from  penetrating  into  the  houses.    Pop.  1850. 

RECOAltO,  ri-ko-3'ro,  a  Tillage  of  North  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Vicenza.  Pop.  4000.  It 
has  chalybeate  springs,  the  waters  of  wliich  are  bottled  and 
exported  in  large  quantities. 

RECOVERY,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  826. 

RECRUIT,  re-krut/,  a  postofliice  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 

RECTOR,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Illinois. 

KJ'XnOR  COLLEGE,  of  Taylor  co.,  W.  Virginia,  was 
founded  in  18.39,  and  in  1852  had  50  students,  and  2500 
volumes  in  it^  library. 

RECT^ORTOWN  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  Manassas  Gap  Railroad,  130  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Richmond. 

RECULET,  rgh-kU'Li',  the  loftiest  point  of  the  Jura  Jfoun- 
tains.  in  France,  department  of  Ain,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Geneva. 

RECUI/^'ER.  a  maritime  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

REDA.VG,  rd-dJng',  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  E.  of 
the  -Malay  Peninsula.    Lat  5°  60'  N.,  Ion.  103°  E. 

RED  B.\  N  K,  a  village  and  steamboat  landing  of  Gloucester 
CO.,  New  Jer.s»>y,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware  River,  5 
Bules  below  Philadelphia. 

RED  BANK,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  and  on  Nevisink 
River,  26  miles  S.  of  New  York.  It  contains  a  bank  and 
several  factories,  and  has  some  coasting  trade. 

RED  BANK,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  i;m)5. 

P  '^^IBM^^'^'  *  ^^"''^'P  "f  Clarion,  co^  Pennsylvania. 

nt'R  ?.A\:'?/  »  Post-offlce  of  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 

RKD  BAXK  CltEEK,  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vanlLv.  tlowR  nearly  westward,  along  the  boundary  between 
CtarJon  and  Armstrong  counties,  until  it  enters'  the  AUe- 
gliauy  River. 
1572 


RED 

RED  BANK  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  Coldwat» 
River  in  De  Soto  county'. 

RED  BAXK  FURNACE,  a  post-offlce  of  Armstrong  co, 
Pennsylvani.a. 

RED  K.AXKS,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi. 

RED  B.ARX,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

RED  BEACH,  a  post-offlce  of  Washington  co..  Maine. 

RED'BERT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

RED  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Wythe  co..  Virginia. 

RED  BLUFF,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tehama  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  Sacramento  river.     Pop.  1.391.    See  Appesmi. 

RED  BLUFF,  a  post-offlce  of  De  Soto  co.,  Louisiana. 

RED  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  co„  Georgia. 

RED  B0IL/IX6  SPRIXG,a  smaU  post-village  of  Macon 
CO.,  Tennessee. 

REICBOURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

REDBOURX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RED15R1DGE,  a  villjjge  of  England,  co..  and  3  miles  N.W. 
of  Southampton,  on  the  Anton,  with  a  sUitiou  on  the  Dor- 
chester line  of  the  South-west«rn  Railway. 

RED  BRIDGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York. 

RED  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  CO..  Tennessee. 

RED  BUD,  a  post-office  of  Gordon  co.,  Georgia.  ■ 

RED  BUD,  a  post-offlce  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois. 

RED  BUD,  a  post-office  of  Ozark  co.,  Missouri. 

RED'CAR,  a  wateriug-place  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding,  6  miles  N.  of  Guisborough,  with  a  station  on  the 
Stockton  and  Darlington  Railway.    Pop.  700. 

RED  CEa)AR,  a  Tillage  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  20  miles  E.  of 
Iowa  City. 

RED  CED.AR  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa. 

RED  CEDAR  RIVER,  of  Michigiin,  rises  in  Livingston 
county,  and  falls  into  the  Grand  River  at  Lansing,  where  it 
is  about  35  yards  wide.     Small  boats  can  ascend  25  miles. 

RED  CEDAR  RIVER,  of  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  rises  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  former,  and  flows  south-eastward  into 
Mitchell  CO.,  Iowa.  From  this  point  its  general  direction  is 
S.S.E.,  nearly  parallel  with  the  Wapsipinicon  River,  which 
in  seTeral  places  is  about  12  miles  distant.  It  passes  almost 
entirely  across  the  state,  and  approaches  within  10  miles  of 
the  Missis.sippi,  when  it  turns  to  the  S.W.,  and  falls  into  the 
Iowa  River,  about  15  miles  above  Wapello.  Its  whole  length 
is  probably  above  3U0  miles..  It  furnishes  considerable  water- 
power. 

RED  CEDAR  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  near  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  the  state,  and  flowing  southward,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Chippewa  and  St.  Croix  counties,  and 
enters  the  Chippewa  River,  (of  which  it  is  the  largest 
affluent.)  36  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  channel  is  said  to 
be  deep  from  the  mouth  to  the  lower  rapids,  about  50  miles. 

RED  CLAY,  a  post-village  of  AVhitefield  co.,  Georgia,  245 
miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

REDCL.W  CHEKK  ri.ses  in  Chester  co.,  Penn.sylvania, 
flows  south-eastward,  and  unites  with  Whiteclay  Creek,  in 
New  Castle  co..  Delaware,  to  form  the  Christiana. 

RED  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  flows  into  Black  Creek,  in 
Jackson  county. 

RED  CREEK,  in  the  N.  part  of  California,  after  separating 
Sha.sta  and  Colusi  counties  through  its  whole  length,  falls 
into  the  Sacramento  River,  about  40  miles  below  Shasta  City. 

RED  CREEK,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Wolcott  town- 
ship, Wayne  co..  New  York,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name, 
about  160  miles  N.W.  by  AV.  of  Albany.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  incorporated  academy,  with  150  pupils,  3  stores, 
and  several  factories.     Pop.  429. 

RED  DEER,  a  river  of  British  .America,  rises  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  expands  into  a  lake  of  same 
name,  flows  S.E.,  and  after  a  course  of  SO  miles  joins  the 
Saskatchawan  in  lat.  50°  40'  N.,  Ion.  110°  5'  W. 

RED'DIES  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  WUkes  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 

REIVDING,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling.  2^  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Falkirk.     Pop.  700.  mostly  colliers. 
REDDING,  a  post-township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

REDDING,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1561. 

REDDING  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

REIVDIX'GTON,  a  neat  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana, 
near  the  East  Fork  of  White  River,  and  16  miles  N.E.  of 
Brownstown,  contains  1  church  and  3  stores.     P.  about  300. 

RED'DISII.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RED/DITCH,  a  large  village  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester, 
12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  in  1851.  4802,  mostly 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  needles  and  fish-hooks,  for 
which  this  is  the  chief  seat  in  England.  The  Tillage  is  situ- 
ated in  a  fine  district,  and  is  remarkably  well  built.  It  has 
Episcopal  and  Roman  C.itholic  chapels,  and  2  branch  banks. 
In  the  vicinity  is  llewell,  a  beautiful  seat  of  the  Clive  fomily, 

REDKXE,  riMeh-nA'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Finistfere.  3}  mile's  E.S.E.  of  Qiiimperle.    Pop.  12S9. 

RIVDEXHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Norfolk 

RED  F.ALLS,  a  post-office  of  Greene  CO.,  New  York 

RED'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Oswe;->  co.,  Nsw  T'jrk. 
about  40  miles  N.W.  of  Syracuse.  Pop.  108T. 


RED 


KED 


EEDTORD,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  Saranac  River,  about  180  miles  N.  of  Albany.  It  has  a 
glass  lactory  and  several  stores. 

RKD'FOKD,  a  post-vill.ige  and  township  of  Wayne  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  North  Branch  of  Rouge  River,  13  miles 
N.W.  of  Deti-oit.     It  lias  several  mills  and  stores.     Pop.  1842. 

RED  FOKK,  a  post-office  of  Desha  co.,  Arkansas. 

REDCJOR'TON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  I'erth. 

KED/GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RKDG'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RED  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Taney  co..  North  Carolina. 

RED  IIILL,  a  post-office,  Kershaw  district.  South  Carolina. 

RED  III  LL.  a  post-office  of  Murray  co.,  Georgia,  2-iO  miles 
N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

RED  HILL,  a  small  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama. 

RED  IIILL,  a  postroffice  of  .Marshall  co.,  Alabama. 

RICD  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Wayne  co.,  .Mississippi. 

RED  UII^L,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co.,  Tennessee. 

RED  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Ilardiu  co.,  Kentucky. 

RED  HOOK,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Dutchess  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  contains  the  villages  of  Lower  and 
Upper  Red  Hook.     Pop.  of  the  township.  S9U. 

RED  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia,  112 
miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

KKDINHA,  r.A-deen'yd,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  17 
miles  8.  of  Coimbra.     Pop.  1586. 

R  EI)I.\II.\,  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura, 
8  miles  N.N.E.  of  I'omlial.     Pop.  2000. 

RE'DrSIIAM.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Suffolk. 

REDITZ,  rA'dits.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  C  miles  from  Par- 
dubitz.     Pop.  lytiO. 

RED  JACKET,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

RKD  LAKE,  in  tlio  northern  i)art  of  Minnesota,  is 
about  37  miles  in  length,  and  16  miles  in  its  greatest 
breadth.  The  48th  parallel  of  N.  latitude  grazes  its  S.  edge; 
and  it  is  intersected  by  the  96th  meridian  of  W.  longitude. 
It  resembles  two  lakes  joined  together  by  a  narrow  strait 
of  water. 

RED  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Pembina  co.,  Minnesota. 

RED  LAND,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Arkansas. 

RED'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mississippi. 

REDL.^ND,  a  township  of  Hempstead  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  516. 

RED'LINCir.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

RED'LING FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RED  LION,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  9 
miles  S.W.  of  .Mount  Holly. 

RED  LION,  a  hundred  and  post-village  of  New  Castle  co., 
Delaware,  on  the  New  Castle  and  Frenchtown  Railroad,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Wilmington.     Pop.  of  the  hundred,  949, 

RED  LION,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio. 

RED'MAN,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama. 

RED-.MAR'SHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

RED'MILE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

RED  .MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co..  New  York. 

RED  MOUND,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee, 
114  miles  from  Nashville. 

RED  MOUNT'AIN,  a  postoffice  of  Orange  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

RED'MOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Washitaw  co.,  Louisiana. 

RED'NERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  Prince  Ed- 
ward CO.,  in  the  township  of  Amoliasburg,  situated  on  the 
Bay  of  Quiiite,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Picton.    Pop.  175. 

RED'NESS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

REDNITZ.  r?d'nits,  a  river  of  Bavari.%  after  a  N.  course 
of  50  mile.s,  joins  the  Pegnitz  at  FUrth.  to  form  the  Regnitz. 
It  communicates  with  the  Altmiihl  by  the  canal  of  the  Main 
and  D.inube.    See  Altmuhl. 

RED  0.\K,  a  post-office  of  Favette  co.,  Georgia. 

RED  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Ellis  co.,  Texas. 

RED  OAK,  a  postoffice  of  Prairie  co.,  Arkansas. 

RED  OAK,  a  post-office  of  Cedar  Co.,  Iowa. 

RED  OAK  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Flint  River  in 
Merriwether  county. 

RED  OAK  CREEK,  of  Ellis  co.,  Texas,  flows  eastward  into 
Trinity  River.     It  is  also  called  Bois  d'.\.rc  Creek. 

R  ED  OAK  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Burlington  co..  New 
Jersey. 

RED  OAK  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virgini.^. 

RED  OjVK  grove,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district. 
South  Carolina. 

REDON,  reh-dAN"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et- 
Vilaiue,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Vilaine,  on  which  it  has  a 
port  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  38  miles  N.W.  of  Nantes.  Pop. 
iu  1852,  5582.  It  has  manufactures  of  serge,  docks  for  build- 
ing small  vessels,  and  an  active  trade  in  timber  and  ii-oa  by 
the  canal  between  Nantes  and  Brest. 

REDONDA,  ri-donMJ,  an  islet  of  the  British  West  Indies, 
between  Nevis  and  Montserrat.  Lat.  16°  55'  N.,  Ion.  62° 
19'  W. 

REDONDA,  an  islet  of  the  British  West  Indies,  off  the  N. 
■atremity  of  Grenada. 

REDONDA,  ri-dou'd3,  an  island  of  Brazil,  in  front  of  the 


entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  W.  of  the  island  of 
Raza. 

REDONDELA,  ri-Don-dilfh,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Pontevedra,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Redondela,  iu  the  Buy  o» 
Vigo,  on  which  it  has  a  port.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Vigo.     P.  2790 

REDONDESCO,  rd-don-dJs/ko,  or  RODONDESCO,  ro-don- 
dJs/ko,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and  14  miles 
W.  of  Mantua.     Pop.  1803. 

REDONDO,  ri-dou'do,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo,  22  miles  E.  of  Evora,  with  3000  inhabitants. 

REDONDO,  NOVO,  a  Portuguese  fort  in  Lower  Guinea,  on 
the  Atlantic,  65  miles  N.N.E.  of  Benguel.a, 

REDOOT  KALE  or  REDOUT  KALfi,  rA-doot/  ki-lA',  a  fort 
of  the  Russian  dominions,  in  Transcaucasia,  in  a  marshy 
position,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kal6  or  Kalla,  in  the  Black 
Sea,  20  miles  N.  of  Poti, 

RED  PL.ilNS,  a  post-office  of  Yadkin  co.,  North  Carolina. 

RED  RIVER,  (Fr.  Uii-iire  Unuge,  reeVe-aiB/  roozh ;  Sp.  A'to 
Onlnradn,  lee'o  ko-lo-ri'do.)  the  southernmost  of  the  great 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi,  rises,  according  to  Captain 
Marcy,  (whose  report  on  his  exploration  of  that  river  we 
mostly  follow.)  in  two  branches,  called  the  North  and  South 
Forks,  which  unite  near  l.at. 34°  31'  N.,  and  100°  W.  Ion. ;  the 
principal  or  Southern  branch  having  its  source  in  lat.  34" 
42'  N..  103°  7'  10"  W.,  in  New  Mexico,  (just  beyond  the  W, 
boundary  of  Texas:)  and  the  North  Fork  in  lat.  35°  35'  3" 
N.,  Ion,  101°  55'  W.,  within  a  degree  of  the  N,  boundary  of 
Texas.  After  the  junction  of  the  two  forks  the  stream 
varies  but  little  from  a  due  E.  course,  till  it  reaches  Fulton 
in  Arkansas,  where  it  turns  to  the  S.,  and  pursues  that  di- 
rection, with  a  slight  inclination  to  the  E.,  till  near  Natchi- 
toches, from  whence  it  runs  a  little  S.  of  E.  till  it  disem- 
bogues in  the  Mississippi  River,  in  about  lat.  31°  N.,  and  Ion. 
91°  50'  W. 

The  main  or  southern  branch  has  its  sources  in  deep  and 
narrow  fissures,  in  the  N.K.  part  of  the  Llano  Estacado.  (an 
elevated  and  barren  pl.ain,)  at  an  altitude  of  2450  feet  above 
the  sea.  For  the  first  60  miles  the  escarpments  rise  from  500  to 
800  feet,  so  directly  from  the  water's  edge  that  iu  many  in- 
stances Captain  Marcy's  party  were  obliged  to  take  he  chan- 
nel of  thestream  in  their  exploration.  After  leaving  the  Llano 
Estacado,  the  river,  (says  Captain  Marcy.)  "  flows  through 
an  arid  prairie  country,  almost  entirely  destitute  of  trees, 
over  a  broad  bed  of  light  shifting  sands,  for  a  distance  of 
some  500  mile.s,  following  its  sinuosities.  It  then  enters  a 
country  covered  with  gigantic  forest  trees,  growing  upon  a 
.soil  of  the  most  pre-eminent  fertility;  here  the  borders  con- 
tract, and  the  water  for  a  great  portion  of  the  year  washes 
Ixith  bank.s,  carrying  the  loose  alluvium  from  one  side,  and 
depositing  it  on  the  other,  in  su(rh  a  manner  as  to  produce 
constant  changes  in  the  channel,  and  to  render  navigation 
difficult.  This  character  continues  throughout  the  remain- 
der of  its  course  to  the  delta  of  the  Mississippi :  and  in  this 
section  it  is  subject  to  heavy  inundations,  which  often  flood 
the  bottoms  to  such  a  degree  as  to  destroy  the  crops,  and  oc- 
ctsionally,  on  subsiding,  leaving  a  deposit  of  white  sand,  ren- 
dering the  soil  barren  and  worthless,"  The  entire  length  of 
the  river  including  the  South  Fork,  is  estimttted  by  Captain 
Marcy  at  2100  miles.  The  length  of  the  main  stre.Mm  is  esti- 
mated at  above  1200  miles.  During  eight  months  of  the 
year,  steam-packets  regularly  navigate  it  from  its  mouth  to 
Shreveport,  a  distance  of  about  500  miles,  and  the  naviga- 
tion is  good  in  all  stages  of  water  to  .Alexandria.  The  por- 
tion of  this  river  above  the  Raft  is  also  navigable  by  small 
boats  for  about  3U0  miles,  except  in  low  water.  Captain 
Marcy  remarks : — "  From  what  I  have  seen  of  the  upper  Red 
River,  I  am  confident  that  at  a  medium  stage  it  miglit  be 
ascended  to  the  confluence  of  the  main  branches  liy  small 
steamers,  such  as  ply  on  some  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Missis- 
sippi." 

Shortly  after  leaving  its  .so\irces,  the  South  Fork  passes  for 
100  miles  over  a  vast  tied  of  gypsum,  which  gives  the  water 
of  the  river  a  very  bitter  and  disagreeable  taste,  increasing 
rather  than  diminishing  thirst.  The  exploring  expedition 
suffered  much  from  this  cause  while  in  this  region.  W.  of 
the  101st  degree  of  W.  longitude  there  is  little  arable  land, 
except  on  the  North  Fork.  The  principal  affluents  of  the 
Red  River  are  the  Little  AVashita  and  the  Big  Washita, 
both  from  the  N.  The  Red  River  ''Cut-off,"  at  its  mouth, 
is  a  new  channel,  formed  by  cutting  a  short  trench 
through  a  neck  of  land  cau.sed  by  a  bend  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi. Red  River  forms  the  N,  boundary  of  Texas  fiom 
94°  to  100°  W,  Ion.  The  Great  Haft,  wldch  is  the  most 
serious  drawback  to  the  prosperity  of  the  upper  part  of  tho 
Red  River  Valley,  consists  of  an  immense  mass  of  drift-wood 
and  trees,  which  have  been  brought  down  several  hundred 
miles  by  the  current  and  lodged  here,  obstructing  the  chan- 
nel for  a  distance  of  70  miles,  and  inundating  the  adjacent 
country.  In  18;$4-5,  it  was  removed  by  the  General  Govern, 
meut  at  an  expense  of  $300,000,  but  another  has  since  been 
formed.  The  lower  part  of  the  Raft  is  now  about  30  miles 
above  Shreveport.  During  high-water,  small  Ijoats  pass 
round  the  Raft  by  means  of  the  lateral  channels  or  lakes 
which  are  then  formed. 

RED  RIVER,  in  the  N,  part  of  Middle  Tennessee,  rises 

1573 


KED 

ne.ir  tlie  Z.  V.i  lor  of  .'.obei  tsan  co.,  and  flowing  W^  enters 
the  CumoeiUr  J  Kiv  •!•  at  Clarksville. 

RED  KIVER,  of  Kentu-ky.  a  small  stream  which  rises 
In  Mvrg.in  CO.,  and  flowing  W.,  forms  the  boundary  'be- 
tween C'.ark  and  Estill  counties,  until  it  enters  the  Ken- 
tucky K.Ter. 

KED  HIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Oakland  co.,  and  flows 
Into  Clinton  River,  6  miles  above  Mount  Clemens. 

RED  RIVER,  of  the  North,  rises  in  Elbow  Lake,  in  the 
west  of  Minnesota,  in  about  47°  7'  N.  lat.,  an(l  95°  25'  W. 
Ion.,  and  tiowing  in  a-general  S.,  then  in  a  S.W.,  and  after- 
wards in  a  X.W.  direction,  at  last  runs  nearly  N.,  and  cross- 
ing the  X.  bound.iry  of  the  United  States,  falls  into  Lake 
Winnipeg,  in  Canada.  Entire  length,  about  "00  miles.  In 
the  first  100  miles  of  its  course,  it  forms  the  line  of  connec- 
tion between  a  multitude  of  small  lakes,  which  seem  to  be 
disposed  along  this  stream  like  l)eads  upon  a  thread. 

RED  RIVER,  a  county  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Texas,  border- 
ing on  the  Indian  Territory,  contains  1100  square  miles. 
The  Red  River  bounds  it  on  the  X-  and  the  Sulphur  Fork 
washes  its  S.  border.  The  valley  of  the  Red  River  is  occu- 
pied by  e.\tensive  prairies,  among  which  tracts  of  fine  tim- 
l)er  are  distributed:  the  soil  is  scarcely  surpassed  in  fer- 
tility and  durability.  Cotton,  Indi.in  corn,  and  grass  are 
the  st;»ples.  Many  cattle  .ind  horses  are  reared  here  for  ex- 
portation. Red  River  is  navigable  for  steamboats  along  the 
X.  border.  Caiiital,  Clarksville.  I'op.  Sooo,  of  whom  5496 
were  free,  and  o0.j9  slaves. 

RED  KITBR,  a  township  of  Lafayette  co^  Arkansas. 
Pop.  023. 

RED  RIVER,  a  township  of  Tan  Buren  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  294. 

RED  RIVER,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Arkansas.   Pop.  190. 

RKD  RIA'EU.  a  post-office  of  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee. 

RED  RIVER  IROX-WOP.KS,  a  post-village  of  Estill  co., 
Kentucky,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Lexington.  A  large  quan- 
tity of  bar-iron  and  nails  is  manufactured  here. 

KED  RIVER  LAXDIXG,  a  postoffice  of  Pointe  Coup6e 
pari.sh,  Louisiana. 

RED  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penpsylvania. 

KKD  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Upshur  co..  Texas. 

RED  ROCK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clarion  CO.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Des  Moines  River,  94  miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 
Pop.  about  350. 

RED  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  Ramsey  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  6  mile."  below  St. 
Paul.  It  derives  its  name  from  a  granite  boulder,  which 
the  Indians  have  painted  red.  The  place  was  settled  in  1S37. 

REDRUTH,  rid'ruth.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Cornwall,  9  miles  AV.X.W.  of  Falmouth.  Pop. 
of  town,  in  1851,  7095,  extensively  employed  in  the  rich  cop- 
per and  tin  mines  of  the  city,  the  ore  of  which  is  trans- 
ported by  railways  connecting  with  the  Fal  and  with  St. 
Ives"  Day.  The  town  has  2  churches,  a  modern  grammar 
school,  a  union  work-house,  an  elegant  clock-tower,  a  read- 
ing-room, a  branch  bank,  and  a  small  theatre.  It  is  con- 
nected wi4h  Ilavle  by  the  West  Cornwall  Railwav. 

RED  SEA.  or  ARA'BIAX  GULF,  (Fr.  Mer  Rouge,  m.aiR 
roozh.  or  Ooife  Arabiqut,  golf  i'ri'beek';  Ger.  liotlies  Mier, 
ro'tes  maiR.  or  Arabiic/ien  Meerbusen,  3-?i^ish-en  maiR'boo- 
zfn;  It  Mar  Bosso,  mdR  ros'so;  Sp.  Mar  Hojo,  maR  ro'Ho; 
anc.  Eri/tJtrw'um  Mit>re,  or  Ma>re  Ititlbrum;  Gr.  EpvOpa 
idaXaaaa.  Endhra  Thalassa,)  an  extensive  inland  sea  com- 
municating with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the  Strait  of  Bab- 
el-Mandeb,  and  stretching  in  a  X.X.W.  direction  between 
Arabia  on  the  E.,  and  -■Vbyssinia.  Xubia,  and  Egypt  on  the 
W.,  and  only  separated  from  the  Mediterranean  on  the  X. 
by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  which,  where  narrowest,  does  not 
exceed  80  miles  across :  it  forms  a  very  long  and  compara- 
tively narrow  expanse,  about  1450  miles  in  length.  The 
breadth,  where  widest,  as  on  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  does  not 
exceed  2iX)  miles,  and  in  general  it  averages  about  180 
miles,  but  dimiui.shes  gradually  both  at  it.i  S.  and  X.  ex- 
tremities, having  at  the  former,  across  the  strait,  a  width 
of  only  14i  miles,  xvhich  is  further  subdivided  by  the  island 
of  I'erim  into  two  channels,  a  larger,  on  the  E.,  of  11  miles, 
and  a  less,  on  the  W.,  of  li  miles.  At  the  X.  extremity,  the 
Rod  Sea  divides  into  two  branches,  one  of  which,  forming 
the  Gulf  of  .\kaba.  penetrates  X.  by  E.  into  Arabia  for 
about  10<J  miles,  with  .in  average  breadth  of  alx)ut  15  miles ; 
while  the  other,  forming  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  follows  the  gene- 
ral direction  of  the  sea,  and  psnetrates  between  Arabia  and 
Egypt  about  200  miles,  with  an  average  breadth  of  20  miles. 
la  the  fork  between  these  two  branches  is  the  celebrated 
McMnt  Sinai,  or  Jebel  Moosa.  (-Mount  of  Moses.")  The 
shores  bf)th  on  the  E.  and  W.  consist  generally  of  a  low  tract, 
for  the  most  part  i^andy.  though  .sometimes  swampy,  varying 
in  width  from  10  to  30  miles,  and  suddenly  terminated  by 
the  abutments  of  a  lofly  tableland  of  from  3000  to  6000 
feet  hi;ih.  The  Reil  Sea  may  thus  be  considered  as  t¥;cupy- 
ing  the  bottom  of  an  immense  longitudinal  valley,  which 
proliably  at  one  lime  extended  between  the  table-lands 
without  interruption,  hut  ha.s  since  been  partiallv  filled  up 
by  conil  workings,  whi.h.  extending  in  parallel  lines  at  a 
wort  distance  from  either  coast,  have  subdivided  the  sea 
la74 


REE 

into  three  different  channels,  and  have  also  studded  Its 
shores  with  numerous  sm.ill  i.<ilands.  It  is  .suppcse^l  by 
some  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  large  quantities  of 
red  coral  and  pink-colored  fuel  which  it  yields:  but  it  i» 
with  more  probability  derived  from  the  ancient  Jditmaa, 
"  sea  of  Edom" — Edom  signifying  '•  red." 

In  the  main  channel  the  depth  sometimes  exceeds  230 
fathoms,  and  is  suppo.sui  to  average  at  least  100  fatbomg, 
but  diminishes  towards  the  extremities,  where  the  depth 
in  general  is  from  40  to  50  fathoms.  In. the  Gulf  of  Suez 
this  depth  gradually  decreases  to  30  fathoms,  and  at  the 
harbor  of  Suez  is  only  3  fathoms;  in  the  Gulf  of  Akaba,  OD 
the  contrary,  the  depth  is  about  the  s.ame  as  in  the  main 
channel.  The  currents  of  the  Red  Sea  are  entiivly  the  re- 
sult of  its  prevailing  winds.  From  October  to  ^May,  when 
the  wind  blows  generally  with  great  constancy  from  the  S., 
a  strong  current  sets  in  from  the  Strait  of  Bal)-el-Mandeb, 
and  produces  a  general  rise  in  the  water  of  alKiut  2  feet; 
from  May  to  October  the  N.  wind  continues  to  blow,  not 
without  interruption,  but  with  such  force  and  constancy 
as  both  to  give  the  current  a  S.  direction,  and  carry  off  the 
2  feet  of  level  which  had  been  previously  accumulated. 
These  winds,  however,  proceeding  either  directlj-  X'.  or  S., 
affect  only  the  main  body  of  the  sea,  and  leave  a  consider 
able  belt  along  the  coast,  subject  to  alternations  of  land 
and  sea  breezes,  and  not  unfreiiuently  to  sudden  squalls. 
The  chief  dangers  to  navigation,  however,  arise  not  so 
much  from  these,  as  from  the  number  of  sh.iUow  reefs,  the 
presence  of  which  no  previous  intimation  is  given,  as  the 
sea  never  breaks  upon  them.  This  absence  of  breakers  is 
attempted  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  porous  nature  of  the 
coral,  whioh  offei-s  so  little  resistance  to  the  sea  that  it  dif- 
fuses itself  through  it  without  commotion,  as  if  it  were 
passing  through  a  sieve.  The  principal  harbors  of  the  Red 
Sea  are,  on  the  African  coast,  Suez.  Kosseir.  Suakin.  and 
M.issowa;  and  on  the  Arabian  coast.  Jidda,  Yemlx>,  and  IIo- 
deida.  The  Red  Sea  has  lately  become  important  as  a  chan- 
nel of  commerce  in  connection  witli  what  is  termed  the 
"Overland  Route"  from  Europe  to  India.     Sec  SrEZ. 

The  Jews  and  Phoenicians  appear  to  have  carried  on  an 
extensive  trade  upon  this  sen;  and  after  the  destruction  of 
the  Persian  Empire,  it  resumed  its  importance  as  the  prin- 
cipal route  of  traffic  between  Europe  and  the  Ealt,  which 
distinction  it  retained  until  the  discovery  of  the  passage 
round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  trade  from  shore  to 
shore  at  present  is  not  of  much  importance,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  transport  of  pilgrims,  considerable  numbers 
of  slaves,  and  some  grain  from  Egypt ;  but  a  much  more 
important  trade  has  recently  risen  up  in  con.sequence  of  the 
opening  up  of  the  old  route  from  Europe  to  India  across  the 
Isthmus  of  Suez,  and  .along  the  Red  Sea.  It  was  that  part 
of  the  Red  i^e.a.  called  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  that  the  Israelites 
crossed  in  their  flight  from  Egj-pt. 

BED  SIIO.\LS.  apost-oflice  of  Stokes  co..  North  Carolina. 

RED  SPRIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Robeson  co.,  Xorth  Can> 
lina. 

REDSTOXE.  a  post-township  of  Fayette  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  X.W.  of  Uniontown.     Pop.  1155. 

REDSTONE  CREEK,  of  F.ayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  falls 
into  the  Mononiz.ahela  River  near  Brownsville. 

RED  SUL'PIIUK  SPRIXGS,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  CO., 
Virginia,  on  Indian  Creek.  240  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and 
38  miles  S.W.  of  White  Sulphur  Springs.  It  is  situated  in 
a  small  v.alley  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  is  a 
place  of  fiishionable  resort,  having  be^n  improved  by  the 
erection  of  expensive  buildings.    The  temperature  of  the 

RED  SULPHUR  SPRIXGS,  a  post-oflRce  of  Hardin  co., 
Tennessee. 

RED  SWEET  SPRIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Alk-ghany  co., 
Virginia. 

RED  WIXG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  55  miles  below 
St.  Paul.  It  has  7  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices, 
and  the  Ilainline  University.     Pop.  12.il.     See  AiTEXMl. 

REDWITZ,  rSd'wits,  a  market-to\vn  of  Bavari.i,  23  miles 
E.  of  Baireuth.    Pop.  1580. 

RED'WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Xew  York, 
about  24  miles  X.N.E.  of  Watertown. 

REED,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

REED,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

REED,  a  township  of  Dani)hin  co..  Pennsylvania.  P.  434. 

REET).  a  township  of  Seneca  co..  Ohi...     Pop.  1631. 

REED,  a  township  of  Mill  CO..  Illinois. 

REED  CREEK,  a  post-office,  Randolph  co., Xorth  Carolina. 

REED'II.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfol"t,  with  a 
station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  llj  miles  K.S.E. 
of  Xorwicn. 

REED  ISL.WD.  a  pnst-ofRce  of  Pulaski  co..  Tirilnia. 

REEDS'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,Ohir,10mUei 
W.X.W.  of  AVooster. 

REEDSBURG,  a  post-village  and  townshir  of  fSiuk  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Barraboo  Hiver,  60  miles  N.AV.  of  Xiilison. 
The  village  has  5  stores.  2  mills,  1  church,  1  cai  ■>iage  lictory. 
and  about  900  inhabitants.    Total  population  iliil. 


REE 


REG 


RKED'S  CORNKRS,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co.,  New  York. 

REKD'S  CK  KKK,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Aikausas, 
several  miles  S.W.  of  Smithfield. 

REED'S  EEKRY,  a  post-office  of  Hillsborough  CO.,  Xew 
Hampshire,  with  a  station  on  the  Concord  Railroad,  9  miles 
from  Nashua. 

liEED'S  GltOVE,  a  small  post-villafre  of  ■VVill  co.,  Illinois. 

REEDS  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Wabashaw  co.,  Minue- 
Bota  Territory. 

REI;D"S  mills,  a  pos^office  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio. 

REED'S  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co..  Texas. 

REEDS'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Mifflin  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  between  Lewistown  and 
Bellefonte,  about  8  miles  N.  of  the  former. 

REED'TOWN,  a  post-office  of  Sen?ca  CO..  Ohio. 

REE'DY  Bit  .\NCII,  a  post-office,  Moore  co.,  North  Carolina. 

REEDY  CltEEK,  a  post-office  of  Marion  district,  South 
Carolina. 

RIOEDY  CKEEK,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia, 
50  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

REKDY  CI!EEK,asmall  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

REEDY  FOKK,  of  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  flows 
through  Guilford  co.,  and  unites  witli  the  main  stream  in 
Alamance  county. 

REKDY  ISLAND,  at  the  head  of  Delaware  Bay.  At  its 
extreme  S.  point  is  a  fixed  light.  65  feet  above  the  sea. 

REEDY  ISLAND  RIVER,  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Virginia, 
rises  in  the  lilue  Kidge,  flows  N.W.  through  Carroll  co.,  and 
enters  New  Kiver.  Length,  about  70  miles;  greatest  width, 
25  yards.     It  furnishes  immen.se  water-power. 

REEDY  RII'I'LE,  a  post-office  of  Wirt  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

REEDY  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  South  Carolina,  rising 
a  few  miles  from  Greenville,  near  the  N.W.  border  of  the 
state,  flows  nearly  8.  by  E.,  and  enters  the  Saluda  on  the 
line  between  Laurens  and  Abbeville  districts. 

REE'DYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wirt  co..  W.  Virginia. 

REEDYVILLE,  a  po.st-village  of  Hidalgo  co.,  Texa.s.  on 
the  Rio  Grande,  above  Brownsville',  contained  In  1S53,  about 
400  inhabitants. 

REEK,  rAk,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North  Bra- 
bant, 17  miles  E.  of  Bois-Ie-Duc.    Pop.  798. 

REEL  FOOT,  a  post-office  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee. 

REE,  LOUGH,  16ii  ree,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  near  its  centre, 
between  Leinsterand  Connaught,  formed  by  an  expjinsion  of 
the  Shannon  at  Lanesborough.  It  is  1.5  miles  in  length  from 
N.  to  S.,  by  S  miles  in  greatest  breadth.  The  outline  is  very 
irregular.  Estimated  area,  42  square  miles;  greatest  depth, 
75  feet.   It  contains  many  islets,  and  receives  the  river  Inny. 

REELS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  I'utnam  co..  Indiana. 

REEM'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

REEP'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.,  and  5  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Lincoln,  with  a  station  on  the  Manchester,  Sheffield  and 
Lincoln  Railway. 

REEPII.\M.  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk,  13  miks  N.N.W.  of  Norwich.     Pop.  400. 

REES,  rAs,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  41  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  Rhine.  Pop.  3.342.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Dutch  in  1614,  and  by  the  French  in  1678. 

REES'  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Maryland. 

REESE'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana. 

REES'  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

REETII,  rAt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  10  miles 
S.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  road  to  Boom.     Pop.  12li2. 

REETII,  reeth,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding,  8  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Richmond.  Pop.  of  town, 
in  1851,  1344.    It  h.is  2  endowed  schools. 

REE'f  Z.  r.its,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, on  the  Ihna.  42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stettin.    Pop.  2400. 

REETZ,  a  village  of  frussia.  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Belzig. 

REEVE,  a  township  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1648. 

REEVESBY  (reevz/bee)  ISLAND,  South  Australia,  in 
Spencer's  Gulf,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Port  Lincoln,  is  4  miles  long. 

REEVETON,  reev't9n,  a  post-office,  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

REEZAH,  RIZAH,  ree'zd,  or  RIZEII,  ree'zgh,  a  maritime 
village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  35  miles  E.  of  Trebi- 
tond,  with  a  bazaar,  and  a  manufacture  of  fine  hempen 
fabrics. 

REFORil',  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama. 

REFORM,  a  post--office  of  Calaway  co.,  Missouri. 

REF0Y03  DE  BASTO.  rA-fo'yoee  ilk  bis'to,  a  t«wn  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho,  near  the  Tamega, 
about  25  miles  from  Braga. 

REFOYOS  DE  RIBA  D'AVE,  re-fo/yoce  d.i-ree'ba  d'^/vii, 
a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho,  15  miles  from  Oporto. 
Pop.  580. 

REFU'GIO,  (Sp.  pron.  ri-foo/ne-o.)  a  county  in  the  S.S.E. 
part  of  Tex.is,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area 
Df  about  1300  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by 
the  Guadalupe  River,  on  the  8.W.  by  the  Arkansas,  and  in- 
tersected by  the  San  Antonio  and  Mission  Rivers.  The 
county  contains  a  large  proportion  of  prairie.  The  name  is 
derived  fi-om  a  Mexican  mir«ionary  establishment.  Capit;il, 
Refugio     Pop  1600.  of  whoiu  ioOG  were  free. 


REFUGIO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Refugio  co ,  Texas,  on 
Mission  River,  about  40  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  co)> 
tains  but  few  houses. 

REGA,  r.Vgd,  a  river  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pomeranti, 
formed  by  the  Old  and  the  New  Rega,  about  6  miles  S.W. 
of  Schievelbein.  The  united  stream  flows  N.N.W.,  but  wry 
circuitously,  and  falls  into  the  Baltic,  after  a  course  of  about 
70  miles. 

REGALBUTO,  ri-gSl-boo'to,  a  town  of  Sicilv,  25  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Catania.     Pop.  6200.     It  has  a  royal  college. 

REGALMUTO,  rigSl-moo'to,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendency, 
and  10  miles  N.E.  of  Girgenti. 

REGAN,  ri'gdn',  a  small  fortified  town  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Kirman,  near  the  Beloochee  frontier;  lat.  2S°  50'  N., 
Ion.  59°  8'  E. 

REGELLO,  ri-jino,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  18  miles  E.S.E. 
6f  Florence,  in  the  Upper  Val  d'Arno,  on  the  S.  side  of  Jlouut 
A'allombrosa,  near  the  torrent  Bota.     Pop.  9952. 

REGEX,  ri'ghfn,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  rises  in  the  Biihmer- 
Wald,  flows  generally  W.  and  S.,  and  enters  the  Danube  on 
the  right,  at  Stadt-am-Hof,  opposite  Regensburg,  (Ratislxin.) 
Length,  68  miles. 

REGEN,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Regen,  3iJ 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Pas.'iau.     Pop.  12'J0. 

REGENSBURG,  a  town  of  Bavaria.    See  Ratlsbon. 

REGBNSPERG,  r.Vghens-pfRG\  and  REGENSTORF.  rJ/- 
ghenz-toRf\  two  contiguous  villages  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Zurich. 

REGENSTAUF,  nl/ghyns-tCwr,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
on  the  Regen,  8  miles  .N'.N.E.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  1570. 

REGENT'S,  ree'jfnts,  an  inlet  of  British  America. 

REGENT'S  SWORD,  a  remarkable  promontory  of  China, 
province  of  Leao-tong,  which  divides  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee 
from  the  Yellow  Sea;  lat.  S9°  N. 

REGENWALDE,  rVghfn-frardeh,  n  town  of  Prussia,  in 
Pomerania,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Rega.  Pop.  21.';0. 

REGGIO,  rSd'jo,  (ane.  Nhe'gium  or  Hhe'gium  Julium,)  the_ 
southernmost  city  and  seaport  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  capital  of' 
the  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Messina,  on 
the  E.  side  of  its  strait.  Lat.  38°  6' N.,  Ion.  1.5°  40' E.  Pop. 
in  1862, 15,692.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  country,  fortified, 
and  well  supplied  with  water.  It  is  the  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop, and  has  a  cathedral,  several  convents,  a  royal  college, 
an  ho.spital,  a  foundling  asylum,  a  theatre,  a  civil  and  crimi- 
nal court,  manufactures  of  silks,  gloves,  hosiery,  and  articles 
from  the  thread  of  the  shellfish  ^x'nnd  maritima,  an  annual 
fair,  lasting  from  the  1st  to  the  15th  of  Septeml)er,  and  an 
export  trad*  in  wine  oil,  citron,  and  olives,  the  produce  of 
its  vicinity.  In  .incient  times  this  was  one  of  the  most  re- 
nowned cities  of  M.agna  Griccia,  and  was  celebrated  for  its 
wines.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Agathocles,  the  philosophers 
Hippi.as  and  Hipparchus,  and  of  several  poets  and  sculp- 
tors.   It  was  ruined  by  the  eai-thqu.ake  of  1783. 

REGGIO,  (anc.  Be'gium  Lfp'idi,)  a  fortified  city  of  North 
Italy,  situated  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Modena,  on  the  Mmi- 
!ian  Way,  and  connected  with  the  Po  by  the  river  Crostolo 
and  the  navigable  canal  of  Ta.ssone.  Pop.  21*174.  It. is 
Well  built  and  handsome:  the  streets  are  bordered  with 
arcades.  It  has  a  cathedral,  with  numerous  convents,  a 
citadel,  a  cityj^hall.  a  theatre,  a  college,  a  public  library 
with  .30,000  volumes,  a  museum  of  antiquities,  manufactures 
of  silks,  hempen  fabrics,  horn,  wooden,  and  ivory  articles, 
a  trade  in  cattle  and  agricultural  produce,  and  a  fair  during 
the  entire  mouth  of  May.  It  is  the  birth-pl.ace  of  Ariosto 
and  Correggio.  Under  Napoleon  it  gave  the  title  of  duke  to 
Marshal  Oudinot. 

REGGIOLO,  rJd-jo'lo,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  duchy,  and 
6  miles  E.  of  Guastnlla. 

REGI.^.    See  Tlemce\. 

REGIL,  rA-Heel',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  province  of 
Guipuzcoa.  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ilernio,  about  10  miles  from 
Tolosa.     Pop.  1545. 

REOINU.M  or  REGTNA.    See  R.iTi.snox. 

REGIS,  ri'ghis,  a  small  town  of  Saxony,  18  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Leipsic.  on  the  Pleis.se.     Pop.  623. 

REGIUM  or  REGIUM  LEPIDI,  North  Italy.   See  Reggio. 

REGLA,  rJg'lJ,  a  fortified  suburb  of  Havana,  in  Cuba,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  its  bay.  It  is  well  built,  has  large  go- 
vernment warehouses,  and  a  spacious  hospital.  It  is  the 
principal  seat  of  the  Havana  slave  trade. 

REG'NIER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio. 

REGNITZ,  rJg'uits,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Rednitz  and  Pegnitz  at  Fiirth.  flows  N.  past 
Forchheim,  Erlangen,  and  Bamberg,  and  joins  the  Main  3 
miles  N.W.  of  Bamberg,  after  a  navigable  course  of  35  miles. 
Chief  aflluent,  the  Aisch,  from  the  Vi'. 

REG  NUM.    See  Chichester. 

REGNY.  rjn'yee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Roanne.     Pop.  1392. 

REGO.\,  riV-go/i  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira, 
on  the  Douro.  3  miles  N.  of  Lamego.  It  is  increasing  in  im- 
portance, and  has  large  wine  stores,  it  being  the  place  of  an 
annual  fair  for  the  purchase  of  port  wines. 

REGUINY,  r:lVhee'neo'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Morbihan,  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ploermel.    Pop.  1136. 

1575 


REG 


REI 


RficnSHEIM,  rAVhees'h?m',  a  Tillage  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  llaut-Khin,  on  the  Ille.    Pop.  2200. 

ItEH.i.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Oc^FA. 

REHAU,  rAOiow,  or  RFXTHAU.  t^k'6w,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  Griinebach.  17  miles  X.W.  of  Eger.  Pop. 
1000. 

REHBURG,  rAtiMRG,  a  town  of  Hanover.  22  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Hanover.    Pop.  1325. 

REIIDE.V,  rd/den,  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  24  miles  S.  of 
Marienwerder.     Pop.  1300. 

REIIETOBEL,  ri'fhto'bel.  a  town  and  parish  of  Switzei^ 
land,  canton,  and  N.E.  of  .\ppenzell.     Pop.  1958. 

REII.ME,  ri'mgh,  a  villaire  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  6 
miles  S.W.  of  Miiiden,  on  the  Weser,  with  a  station  on  the 
Berlin  and  Cologne  liailway.     Pop.  1590. 

REIIMUTPOOK,  r.Vmut-poor'.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  pre- 
ilJeucy  of  Bombay,  province  of  Bejapoor.  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Kistnah,  about  li  miles  from  Sattarah.  It  contains  seve- 
liil  Hindoo  temples. 

REHN.4,  rk'aL  a  town  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  17 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Lubeck.    Pop.  "2579. 

REHfVBOTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bristol  cOt 
Massachusetts,  on  Wanen  Kiver,  41  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Bos- 
ton.    Pup.  1932. 

REHOBOTH,  a  hundred  of  Delaware.    See  Lewes. 

REHOBOTH,  a  post-village  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Virginia, 
85  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

REHOBOTH.  a  post  village  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina.  SO  miles  W.  of  Columbia. 

REHOBOTH.  a  post-village  of  Wilkes  co.,  Georgia,  75 
wiles  X.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

REHOBOTH.  a  postoffice  of  Wilcox  co.,  Alabama. 

REFIOBOTIL  a  post-village  of  Perry  co..  Ohio. 

REHOBOTH  BAY.  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Delaware,  extends 
from  the  Atlantic  into  Sussex  county. 

REHO'BOTHVILLE,  a  village  of  Morgan  CO.,  Georgia,  57 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Milledgeville. 

•     REHRERSBURG,  ri/rers-btlrg,  a  small  village  of  Berks 
eo..  Penn.sylvania.  about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Reading. 

RETBEKSDORF,  rn>ers-doKr,  a  town  of  Saxony,  4  miles 
E.  ofZitlau.     Pop.  1012. 

REICHELSHEIM,  rl'Kfls-hime',  a  market-town  of  Ger- 
many, ill  the  grand-duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Starkenburg,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Darmsfcidt.  at  the  left  of  a 
height,  surmounted  by  the  castle  of  Iteichenberg.    P.  1210. 

REICHELSHEIM,  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Nassau.  19  miles  X.N.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  751. 

REICHENAU,  ri'Keh-nOw\  or  MITTELZELL,  miftel- 
tsjll',  an  island  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Lake,  in  the  Untersee,  3j  miles  N.W.  of  Constance. 
Length,  3  miles;  breadth,  1  mile.  Pop.  1460.  The  surface 
is  fertile,  and  on  it  is  a  Benedictine  abbey,  in  the  church  of 
which  the  Emperor  Charles  the  I'at  was  buried,  in  888. 

REICHENAU,  (Bohemian,  Siuikemcisk-y,  sow'ke-nitch'- 
skee.)  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bohemia.  19  miles  E.S.E.  of 
KSniggriitz,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Wilde-Adler.  Pop.  3900. 
It  baji  a  fine  castle,  and  manu&tctures  of  linen  and  woollen 
£ibricE. 

REICHENAU,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  circle  of 
Bautzen.  7  miles  E.  of  Zittau.  Pop.  3«>63,  mostly  employed 
In  manufiictures  of  linen  and  ribbons. 

REICHENAU,  a  hamlet  of  Switzerl.-ind.  canton  of  Orisons, 
at  the  junction  of  the  two  heads  of  the  Rhine.  (Vorder  and 
Hinter  Rhein.)  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chur.  having  a  chateau, 
formerly  used  for  a  school,  in  which  Louis-Philippe,  then 
Duke  de  Chart  res,  found  an  asylum  as  an  usher  in  1793. 

REICHENAU,  or  REICHEX,  ri'K?n.  a  village  of  Bohe- 
mia, 25  miles  N.E.  of  Buntzlau,  on  both  sides  of  the  Mo- 
hilka.    Pop.  2292. 

REICHENAU,  or  REICHEN.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Leitmeritz,  56  miles  N.N.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1016. 

REICHENAU,  or  RICHNOW,  riK'nov  (?)  a  village  of  Aus- 
tria, in  :Moravia,     Pep.  1659. 

_REICHEN.\U,  Alt,  ilt.  ri'Ke-n(5w\  a  village  of  Pru.ssia,  in 
Silesia,  government,  and  22  miles  S.  of  Liegnitz.     I'op.  1812. 

REICllENB.tCH,  rI'Kfn-baK\  a  river  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Bern,  joins  the  Aar  opposite  Meiringen.  It  de- 
icends  nearly  20«.!0  feet  in  a  succession  of  falls,  near  the  last 
of  which  are  baths  and  a  large  hotel. 

REICH  EX  BACH,  a  town  of  Prussia,  government,  and  W. 
of  Liegnitz.    Pop.  1133. 

REICUENBACH,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a  station  on 
the  Saxon  Bavarian  Railroad.  11  miles  X.N.K.  of  Plauen. 
Pop.  10,198.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  cafih- 
nteres,  cotton  and  linen  stuffs. 

REICHEN  BACH,  a  town  of  Prussian  SUesia,  31  miles  S.W. 
of  Breslau.  on  the  I'eilau.  Pop.  6310.  It  is  enclosed  by 
strong  walls,  and  has  several  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran 
churches,  a  synagogue,  and  manutactures  of  woollen  cloth, 
muslins,  cotton  stuffs,  canvas,  and  gloves. 

ItElCH  EN  BACH,  a  town  of  BavarL-i,  on  the  Regen,  7  miles 
W.  of  Boding.     Pop.  iao8. 

REICH KNBERG,  ri'sfn-ljiRo'.  or  LIBERK,  lee'bjRk,  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Nei««e,  58  mUes  N,E.  of  I'rague.  in 
lat.  50°  46'  X.,  Ion.  15°  6'  E.    Pop.  13,600.    It  has  2  casUcs, 
1576 


several  churches,  a  royal  and  a  normal  school,  a  new  thea- 
tre.  and  a  large  brewery,  with  important  manufactures  of 
woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  stuffs,  and  yarn,  and  numerous 
dyeins  houses  in  its  vicinity. 

REICHENHALL,  ri'Ken-hair,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
on  the  Saal,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Salzburg.  Pop.  26<iO.  In  it« 
vicinity  are  salt  work.s,  which  furnish  annually  12,000  toni 
of  salt.     It  was  nearly  destro)'ed  by  fire  in  18:54. 

REICHENSACHSEN,  ri'Ken-slk'sen,  a  village  of  Iless* 
Cassel.  province  of  Medei^Hessen,  on  the  Sunter,  4  miles 
S.W.  of  Eschwege.     Pop.  1689. 

REICHEXSTEIN,  ri'Ken-stine\  a  town  of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia. 48  miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau.    Pon.  .'OOo. 

REICHEXSTEIN.  Unter,  iVm'ter  rlK'en-stine\  RAQ- 
STEIX.  r.Vstine,  or  RKCK.STE1N,  rJk'stine.  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, on  the  WotJiwa,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Klattau. 

REICHSHOFEN  or  REICHSHOFFEX,  riks'hoffJn', 
(Ger.  pron.  riks'ho^fen.)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ba»- 
Rhin,  14  miles  S.M'.  of  Wissembourg.     Pop.  2ti26. 

REICHSTADT,  riK'stitt,  or  ZAKOPY,  zd-ka'pee,  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,  45  miles  N.N.E.  of  Prague. 
Pop.  1900.  It  has  a  fine  castle,  and  a  Capuchin  convent.  In 
1818  it  was  erected  into  a  duchy  for  the  son  of  Napoleon. 

REICHSTADT.  rlK'stJtt,  (Ober,  o/ber,  and  Nieder,  nee'- 
der,)  two  contiguous  villages  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Dresden, 
bailiwick,  and  near  Dippoldiswalde,    Pop.  1056. 

REICHTIIAL,  riK't|I,  a  town  of  Prussia,  government, 
and  35  miles  E.  of  Breslau.  on  the  Studnitza.    Pop.  1123. 

REID,  La,  M  rit,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  16 
miles  S.E.  of  Liege.    Pop.  1S98. 

REID.  reed,  a  town.ship  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1631. 

REIDEN  or  REYDEN,  ri'den,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Lucerne,  7  miles  N.W,  of  Sursee.     Pop.  1490. 

REID'S.  reedz,  a  river  of  Oregon. 

REIDSBURG,  reedzOjnrg,  a  post-villiige  of  Clarion  co,, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Pinev  Creek.  4  or  5  miles  S.  of  Clarion. 

REIDS/VILLE,  a  posVofflce  of  Albany  co„  New  Y'ork, 

REIDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

REIDSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tatnall  co.,  Geor- 
gia, is  situated  on  a  sandy  hill,  65  miles  W.  of  S.Hvaniiah, 

REIGATE,  ri'gate,  a  parliamentary  borough,  market-town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  a  liranch  of  the 
Mole,  6  miles  E.  of  Dorking.  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  London,  and 
about  1}  miles  from  the  Redhill  Station,  on  the  London  and 
Brighton,  and  South-ea.st  Railw.ays.  Pop.  of  parliamentary 
borough  in  1S61,  9975.  It  is  situated  on  a  roi-k  of  white 
sand,  in  the  beautiful  district  of  Holmesdale,  and  is  remark- 
ably neat  and  clean,  having  an  unusual  niimber  of  h.ind- 
some  residences,  a  church  containing  a  library  and  many 
costly  monuments,  a  small  grammar  school,  a  large  national 
school,  a  town-h.ill,  market-house,  and  some  groundworks 
of  a  castle,  including  a  cave  in  which  the  barons  al-e  said  to 
have  met  and  arranged  the  articles  of  .J/lif/na  Charta.  At 
the  S.  end  of  the  town,  on  the  site  of  an  old  priory,  is  the 
elegant  mansion  of  Earl  Somers.  Fullers'-earth.  and  fine 
sand  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glns.s,  are  articles  of  con> 
mei-ce.    It  sends  1  memlier  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

REIGHTON,  ree'tou,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

RETGLE'S  MILLS,  New  Jersey.    See  Rif.glestiue. 

REI'GLESVILLE.  a  village  of  Bucks  co..  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  8  miles  below  Easton.  It  has  a 
bridge  over  the  river. 

REIGNAC.  rAn^lk'.  a  villasre  of  France,  departmeni  of 
Charente,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Biirbezieux.     Pop.  1272. 

REIGNAC,  a  vill.age  of  Fr.ince,  department  of  Gironde, 
arrondis.sement  of  Blaye.     Pop.  in  1852,  2216, 

REIGNAC,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indr«-et 
Loire,  near  the  Indre,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Toui-s. 

REIONIER,  rainV^',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  dominions, 
in  Savoy,  near  the  Arve,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Geneva.     Pop.  1709. 

REIGOLDSWEIL,  rl'golts  <vn\  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Basel  Landschaft,  12  miles  S.S.E.  o* 
Ba.sel,  in  a  valley,  1650  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  1108. 

REIlilAVIK.  ri'ke-a-vik\  or  REYK.TaYIK,  iTk'yI-vik* 
written  also  REIKI  AVIG,  the  capital  town  of  Iceland,  nea> 
its  S.W.  coast,  in  lat.  64°  8'  40"  N.,  Ion.  21°  50'  W.  Pop.  900. 
It  is  a  bishop's  see,  the  seat  of  the  Icelandic  society,  and  hat 
an  observatory  and  librarj'. 

REIL,  ril,  a  village  of  Prussia,  government  of  Treves,  on 
the  Moselle.    Pop.  1488. 

REILAXE,  rilMIn'.  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  Basses- .\lpes.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Forcalquier.     Pop.  1379. 

REILINGEN,  rl'ling-gn.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Schwetzingen.     Pop.  1371. 

REILLO,  rAl'yo  or  rA'eel-yo.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  18  miles  S.E.  of  Cuenc-i,  with  a  ruined  castle  and 
a  noble  residence. 

REILY,  a  post-township  of  Bntler  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1636. 

REIMS  or  RHEIMS.  reemz,  (Fr.  pron.  rAxz;  anv.  Duro 
coii/j/rum,  afterwards  Ife'mi.)  a  city  of  France,  dejiartment  of 
Marne.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Chilons.  on  the  Yesle,  and  in  the 
Canal  of  the  Aisne  and  Marne.  Lat.  49°  15'  N.,  Ion.  4°  3'B. 
Pop.  in  1S61,  55,80S.    It  is  situated  in  an  ext«.u]>ive  hasin. 


REI 


REN 


surrounded  by  slopes  covered  with  vineyards.  It  is  enclosed 
with  walls  flanked  with  towers,  and  generally  well  built. 
The  streets  are  spacious  and  tolerably  regular,  and  .several 
of  the  squares  are  large  and  handsome.  The  ramparts, 
which  have  a  circuit  of  nearly  3  miles,  are  planted,  and  form 
an  excellent  promenade.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  Ca- 
thedral, one  of  the  finest  Gothic  structures  of  the  thirteenth 
century  now  existing  in  Kurope,  466  feet  long,  and  121  feet 
high,  surmounted  by  two  massive  towers,  and  adorned  with 
a  richly-sculptured  portal  and  fa9ade;  the  Church  of  St. 
Remy,  originally  belonging  to  a  Benedictine  monastery,  the 
oldest,  and  still,  with  the  exception  of  the  cathedral,  the 
finest  church  in  Reims;  and  the  Porte  de  Mars,  one  of  the 
gates  originally  built  by  the  Romans  as  a  triumphal  arch  in 
honor  of  Caesar  and  Augustus,  and  recently  repaired,  ren- 
dering It  a  truly  splendid  structure.  The  town  is  orna- 
mented with  numerous  fountains,  and  has  many  ancient 
mansions,  among  which  is  the  hotel  of  the  counts  of  Cham- 
pagne. It  has  numerous  manufactories  of  cloth,  ca.ssimeres, 
flannels,  merinoes,  and  confections,  and  a  trade  in  the  excel- 
lent wine  of  its  vicinity.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Colbert, 
Gobelin,  and  Linguet.  Clovis  was  baptized  at  Reims,  a.  d. 
496,  .after  the  battle  of  Tolbiac.  Philip  Augustus  was  conse- 
crated here  in  1179,  and  all  his  successors  have  been  also 
consecrated  at  Reims  till  the  revolution  of  1830,  with  the 
exception  of  Henry  1\'.,  Napoleon,  and  Louis  XVIII.  It  is 
renowned  in  the  history  of  the  Middle  Ages  for  the  main- 
tenance of  its  liberties  against  the  bishops.  Before  the  revo- 
lution of  1793,  it  had  a  celebrated  university,  and  many 
councils  have  been  held  here. 

REINACII,  rl'niK,  or  RYNACH,  ree'njK,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Aargau. 
Pop.  2600.  It  has  com  wareliouses,  and  cotton-printing 
works. 

REINACII,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  5  miles 
S.  of  Basel. 

REINDEER,  rdn'deer,  a  post-office  of  Nodaway  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

REINERZ,  ri'nkts,  DUSSNICK  (?)  doCs'nik.  or  DUR- 
NIK  (?)  doon/nik,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  58  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Breslau,on  the  Weistritz.  Pop.  2360.  It  lias  manufactures 
of  woollens  and  linens.  In  its  vicinity  are  several  springs, 
which  attract  many  visitors. 

REINET,  Cape  Colony.    See  Gra.\p-Reiset. 

REINFELD,  rln'fJlt,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  IIol- 
stein,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lubeck.    Pop.  900. 

REINIIEIM,  rlu'hime,  a  town  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt,  pro- 
vince of  Starkenburg,  near  Dieburg.     Pop.  1196. 

REIN'IIOLDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  CO.,  Penn- 
gylvania,  41  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

REINSDORF,  rin.s'doRf.  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  bailiwick  of  Wilderfels.    Pop.  1003. 

REIXSES(rinz'ez)  CREEK,  of  Tennessee,  rises  In  Wayne 
county,  and  flows  through  Hardin  county  into  the  Tennes- 
see River. 

REIXSTEDT,  rIn'stMt,  a  village  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  near 
Kahla.  on  the  Selka.     Pop  1154. 

REIXSWALDE,  rins/*dlMeh,  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenburg,  government  of  Frankfort,  circle  of 
Sorau.     Pop.  1152. 

RKISCH,  or  NEU  REISCH,  nol  rish,  a  market-town  of 
Austria,  in  Moravia,  circle  of  Iglau.     Pop.  1040. 

REISCHDORF,  rIsh'doRf,  or  REICIISDORF,  rlKs'donf,  a 
village  of  Bohemia,  12  miles  from  Saatz.     Pop.  1918. 

REISEN,  ri'zen,  (Polish  Hydzyna,  rid-zin'i.)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland.  44  miles  S.S.W.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1340. 

REISTTERSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Mary- 
land. 17  miles  N.W.  of  Baltimore. 

REITENDORF,  ri'tgn  doRr,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Mora- 
via, circle  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  1640. 

liEITII,  rit,  a  village  of  the  Tyrol,  circle  of  Schwartz. 
Pop.  1123. 

RELAY'  HOUSE,  Maryland,  a  station  on  the  Baltimore 
and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  7  miles  from  Baltimore. 

RELFE,  rSlf.  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Missouri. 

RELF'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Drew  co.,  Arkansas. 

RELLEU,  rJl-yi-oo',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Alicante,. with  a  ruined  castle.     Pop.  2435. 

REM.^GEN,  Rhenish  Prussia.     See  Rhkixmagex. 

REMALARD,  reh-md'laR',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Orne,  on  the  Iluine,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Mortagne. 
Pop.  in  1852,  1845. 

REMBANG,  rJm'b^ng',  a  Dutch  residency  of  the  island 
of  Java.     Pop.  400,000. 

REMBANG,  a  town  of  Java,  capital  of  a  province,  on  a  deep 
bay,  on  the  N.  coast,  W.  of  the  Rembang  River,  and  60  miles 
W.N.W.of  Samarang,  in  lat,  6°  40'  30"  S.,  Ion.  111°17'E.  Its 
harbor,  one  of  the  best  in  the  island,  is  protected  by  a  point 
named  Oedjong-Boender,  which  stretches  far  into  the  sea, 
»nd  by  some  islands,  among  which  are  the  Two  Brothers. 

REMD.V,  rem'dd.  a  small  town  of  Germany,  duchy,  and  16 
miles  S.S.U'.  of  Weimar,  on  the  Rinne.     Pop.  935. 

REMEDXOS,  r.-l-ma'd6-oce,  a  town  of  South  America,  New 
Qranada,  department  of  Cundinamarca,  province,  and  83 
UiilM  N.E.  of  Antioquia.    Keuedios  is  also  the  name  of  a 


small  town  of  Cuba,  a  fort  and  cape  of  Central  America,  and 
a  church  near  Mexico;  and  adjacent  to  the  last  are  the  re 
puted  remains  of  the  palace  of  Montezuma. 

REM'ENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

REML    See  Reims. 

REMICH,  ri'mlK,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province, 
and  11  miles  S.E.  of  Luxembourg,  on  the  Moselle.  Pop.  2300. 

REMIGOLY,  rtl-me-go'Iee,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Po- 
land, government,  and  75  miles  N.W.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  1500 

REM'INGTON,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  CO.,  PennsylvaniiW 

REMIRE,  ri'meer',  an  island  group  of  F'rench  Guiana,  4 
miles  E.  of  Cayenne.  A  village  of  the  same  name  is  on  the 
opposite  mainland. 

RE.MIKEMONT,  rfh^meeRNnAs«',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vosges,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Moselle,  13  miles 
S.E.  of  Epinal.  Pop.  in  1862,  5349.  It  has  a  fine  abbey  ori- 
ginally founded  about  A.  D.  620,  a  communal  college,  public 
library,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  velvet,  and  iron 
wares. 

REMLINGEN,  rJmling-jn,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Lower  Franconia,  11  miles  VV.  of  WUrzburg,  with  two  noblf 
residences.     Pop.  1088. 

REMOUCHAMPS,  reh-moo'shSN"',  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province,  and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Liege.  It  has  a  very  re- 
markable double  grotto,  nearly  1  mile  long,  containing  a 
great  variety  of  beautiful  stalactites.  In  its  mouth,  at  what 
is  called  the  Li»c  d'Entre,  numerous  fossils,  bones  of  lions, 
hyenas,  bears,  and  other  animals,  were  found  in  1828. 

REMOULINS,  rfh-moo'lixo',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gard,  on  the  river  Gard,  here  crossed  by  a  sus- 
pension bridge,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Ntmes.  Pop.  1370.  Here 
commences  the  Roman  aqueduct,  anciently  carried  across 
the  river  by  the  famous  Pont-de-Gard,  1  mile  W.N.W.  of  the 
town. 

RE.MPS/TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

RE.MPTEND0RF,r4mp'tt;n-doRr,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Reuss-Greitz,  bailiwick  of  Uurgk.     Pop.  1356. 

REMS,  rJms,  a  river  of  Wurtemburg,  rising  in  a  hilly  dis- 
trict, not  far  from  its  E.  frontiers,  flows  W.N.W.  past  the 
towns  of  Essingen,  Gmilnd,  and  Schorudorf,  and  joins  the 
Neckar  at  Ludwigsburg,  after  a  course  of  50  miles. 

RE.MSCHEID,  r^m'shit,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Pru.<;sia,  18 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop.  16,412.  It  hag  extensive 
manufactures  of  all  kinds  of  iron  wares,  which  are  sent  to 
Russia  and  America. 

REM'SEN,  a  post-village  of  Remsen  township.  Oneida  co., 
New  Y'ork,  18  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Utica.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  mills.    Pop.  of  the  township,  2070. 

REMUSAT,  ri'mii^s^,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Drome,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lyons.    Pop.  681. 

RENAC,  reh-nik',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  lUe- 
et-Vilaine,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Redon.    Pop.  1358. 

RENAGE.  rgh-nAzh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Is6re,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Marcellin.    Pop.  1494. 

RENAISON,  rgh-n.VzAN"',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loire.  7  miles  W.  of  Roanne.     Pop.  1973. 

RENAIX.  rgh-nA',  (Flemish  Honset  ron'seh.)  a  town  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  East  Flanders,  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  11,9(.I5.  It  has  a  ruined  castle,  3  public  squares,  each 
adorned  with  a  fountain;  3  churches  and  2  chapels,  a  town- 
house,  hospital,  orphan  asylum,  con.seil  de  prud"hommes,  a 
superior  primary  government,  and  several  communal  and 
private  schools,  a  musical  society,  and  different  benevolent 
institutions,  particularly  one  which  bears  t  lie  name  of  Frdres 
des  Bonnes  (Euvres.  There  are  also  breweries,  distilleries, 
tanneries,  salt-refineries,  dye-works,  bleachfields,  thre.ad 
mills,  brick  and  tile-works,  manufactures  of  linen,  cotton, 
and  woollen  fabrics,  yarn,  tobacco,  and  chiecory,  and  a  large 
trade  in  linens.  Renaix  dates  from  the  eighth  century.  In 
1478,  and  again  in  1519,  it  was  almost  destroyed  by  fire. 

RENAULT',  re-ny  (?)  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois, 
128  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

RENCHEN,  rJnK'gn,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Rench,  9 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Offenburg,  with  a  station  on  the  l!a.sel  and 
Mannheim  Railway.  Pop.  2573.  On  the  28th  of  June,  1796, 
Moreau  here  defeated  the  Austrians,  and  entered  Swabia. 

RENCU.M,  a  village  of  Holland.     See  Renkum. 

RENIVCOMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Qloucester. 

RENDE,  r^n'deh,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  3800. 

RENDEUX,  r6\"Muh',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Luxembourg,  on  the  Ourthe,  36  miles  N.  of  Arlon.  Pop. 
1011. 

RENDEZVOUS  (ren'deh-vooz')  ISLAND,  off  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Borneo,  N.W.  of  Point  Sambar,  in  lat.  2°  40'  S.,  Ion. 
110°  9'  E. 

REND'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

RENDINAKA,  r^n-de-n^rd.  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  14  miles  S.  of  Avezzano. 

RENDLESHAM,  rju'delz-ham,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  o/ 
Suffolk. 

RENDSBURG.  rlndsljofiRO,  (Dan.  Smdshorg,  rSnds'boRO,) 
a  strongly-fortified  town  of  Denmark,  province  of  Holstein, 
on  ail  island  in  the  Eyder,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
Kiel  Canal,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Kiel  and  Altona  Rail- 

1577 


REN 

way  18  miles  W.  of  Kiel.  Lat.  64°  19'  N.,  Ion.  9"  40'  E. 
Pop  10,400  II  has  extensive  fortifications,  and  is  divided 
Into  an  old  and  a  new  town,  well  and  regularly  built.  The 
prin  Mp.ll  public,  edifices  are  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  arsenal, 
military  provision  depot,  and  large  barracks;  it  has  garrison 
and  numerous  other  schools,  several  houses  of  charity,  a 
house  of  correclion,  work-house,  manufactures  of  stockings, 
earthenware;  and  tobacco,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  timber.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Imperialists  in  1627,  by  the  Swedes  in 
1643,  and  by  "tbe  Prussian  and  Confederate  troops  in  1848. 

RKX'FREW,  or  RENFREWSIIIRK,  rJu'fru-shir,  formerly 
STRATIIGRYFE,  strlth'grlf.  a  small  maritime  county  of 
Scotland,  having  N.  and  W.  the  river  and  Frith  of  Clyde. 
Area.  225  squ.ire  miles,  or  144,000  acres,  of  which  about 
100,000  are  arable,  and  20,000  in  grass.  Pop.  in  1851, 161,091. 
The  surface  is  mostly  fiat,  except  in  the  W.,  where  there  is 
a  large  extent  of  hill  and  moor.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
White-Cart,  Black-Cart,  and  Gryfe.  Coal,  limestone,  and 
freestone  abound.  The  manufactures  are  important,  chiefly 
of  cotton  stuffs  and  shawls,  at  Paisley,  Pollockshaws,  Neil- 
ston.  &c.  .  The  principal  towns  are  Renfrew,  (the  capital,) 
Paisley,  Greenock,  and  Port  Glasgow.  The  county  sends  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  twelfth  century, 
this  county  was  the  seat  of  the  Stewart  or  Stuart  family,  so 
called  from  their  office  of  Stewards  of  Scotland,  and  after- 
wards possessors  of  the  crown. 

REXTREW,  a  roy.il,  parliamentary, and  municipal  burgh, 
and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Clyde,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Glasgow.  Pop. 
of  parliamentary  burgh  in  1851, 2977 ;  of  the  town,  2722.  It 
is  well  lighted  and  paved.  The  principal  edifices  are  the 
parish  church,  town-hall,  and  jail.  It  was  connected  with 
the  Clyde  by  a  canal  in  1786,  and  in  1835  a  commodious 
quay  was  built  on  the  river,  opposite  the  town.  The  inha- 
bitants are  chiefly  employed  in  weaving  silks  and  muslins 
for  Glasgow  manufacturers,  in  a  bleachfield,  distillery,  and 
In  the  extensive  foundry  and  ship-building  yards  on  the 
Clyde.  The  burgh  unites  with  Port  Glasgow,  Dumbarton, 
Rutherglen,  and  Kilmarnock  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

REX'FRKW,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  bordering  on  the 
Ottawa  River,  has  an  area  of  1133  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1851,9415. 

RENFREW,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  on  the  Bonne  Chore, 
which  here  forms  a  magnificent  fall,  about  70  miles  N.  of 
Kingston.  It  has  2  churches,  a  grammar  school,  a  foundry, 
tannery,  carding,  saw,  and  tiour  mills,  and  exports  large 
qualities  of  pot  .ash.  ' 

RENGERSDORF,  r?ng'ers-doKr,  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  government  of  Breslau,  circle  of  Glatz. 
Pop.  10S6. 
REN'HOLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
REXI  or  REX  Y,  ri'nee,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  province 
of  Bessaraliia.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Pruth  and  Danube. 
106  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Kishenev.     Pop.  6000. 
REX'ICK  MILLS,  a  post-ofllce  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi. 
REXIXGELST,  r4'ning-Hjlst\  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  ."3  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.    P.  2145. 
RENINGIIE,  rA'ning-neh,  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Ypres. 

RKXKU.M  or  REXCUM,  r^nk'ktim,  a  village  of  Holland, 
province  of  Gelderland.  8  miles  W.  of  Arnhem,  near  the 
Rhine.     Pop.  919. 

REX'XEL  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  the  Solomon 
Islands,  in  lat.  11°  30'  S.,  Ion.  160°  30'  E. 

REXNEROD,  r^n'neh-rot\  a  village  of  Nassau,  about  40 
miles  N.  of  Wiesbaden.     Pop.  1419. 

REXXES,  rJnn,  (anc.  CrmdaUe.)  a  city  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  agreeably  situated  on 
the  acclivity  and  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  the  Canal  of  Hie 
and  Ranee,  at  the  conttuence  of  the  Ille  and  Vilaine,  60 
miles  X.  of  Nantes.  Lat.  48°  7'  N.,  Ion.  1°  41'  W.  It  is  tra- 
versed from  E.  to  W.  by  the  Yilaine,  which  divides  it  into 
the  high  and  the  low  town,  and  is  crossed  by  three  bridges. 
The  latter,  the  smaller  of  the  two,  on  the  left  bank,  is  on  a 
flat  so  low  as  oft«n  to  suffer  from  inundation.  It  is  very 
poorly  built.  The  houses  in  it,  as  well  as  those  in  the  adjoin- 
ing suburbs,  are  mostly  of  wood,  and  the  streets  are  narrow 
and  winding.  The  high  town  lies  between  the  right  bank 
of  the  Vilaine  and  the  left  bank  of  the  Ille,  and  strikinglv 
contrasts  with  the  low  town  by  the  elegance  of  its  build- 
ings, and  its  spacious,  reguLar  streets.  It  owes  its  present 
Improved  ^condition  to  a  dreadful  conflagration,  which  took 
place  in  1720,  and  in  the  course  of  the  seven  days  during 
which  it  raged,  laid  the  greater  part  of  the  high  town  in 
ashes.  The  same  event,  however,  which  has  thus  given  it 
the  appearance  of  a  handsome  modern  town,  has  deprived  it 
of  much  of  its  historical  interest,  by  destroying  almost'  all 
Its  ancient  edifices.  It  has  a  cathedral,  acadimie  univcrsitaie 
fcr  the  departments  of  Ille-etrVltaine,  Cotes-du-Nord,  Finis- 
tire,  Morbihan.  and  Loire-Inferieure;  a  school  of  artillery, 
an  arsenal,  a  seminary,  schools  of  law  and  medicine,  a  na- 
tional college,  and  a  provincial  normal  school  with  a  library 
or  JO,W)0  volumes.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  an 
•xe«n8lve  trade  in  butter,  honey,  wax,  and  linen  goods.  Du 
1&78 


REP 

OuescHn.  Sainte  Foix,  Glnguenfi,  Lanjninais  were  born  here. 
The  Duke  of  Lancaster  besieged  it  unsuccessfully  in  1357 
Henry  II.  of  France  hold  a  parliament  here  iu  1555.  Pcdi 
in  1852,  39,505. 

REXNIXGEN,  rju'ning-gn,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  13 
miles  W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  1743. 

RENO,  rA'no,  (anc.  Rht'nus,)  a  river  of  Central  Italy  in 
the  State  of  Jimilia,  provinces  of  Bologna  and  Ferrara, 
rises  in  the  Apennines  of  Tuscany,  and  after  a  X.  course  of 
about  75  miles,  past  Poretta,  Vergato,  and  Cento,  joins  the 
Po-diPrimaro  14  miles  S.  of  Ferrara.  It  is  navigable  only 
for  about  25  miles  in  winter.  A  canal  from  it  traverses  the 
city  of  Bologna. 

RENO.    See  RnixE. 

REX'ROCK.  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio. 

RENSSEL.\ER,  r^n'sel-er,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  630  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Hudson,  and  is  drained  by  the  Iloosick 
and  Kinderhook  Rivers,  with  several  smaller  stieams.  The 
surface  is  generally  hilly  and  broken,  and  in  the  E.  part 
mountainous,  often  thickly  covered  with  pine  and  other 
timber.  'In  its  numerous  valleys,  which  are  sometimes  very 
exten.sive,  the  soil  is  generally  of  excellent  quality.  In  1850 
this  county  produced  (102,590  bushels  of  potatoes,  the  greatest  ■ 
quantity  raised  iu  any  county  in  the  state.  Iron  ore,  roof 
slate,  and  Epsom  salts  are  found,  but  they  are  not  very 
abundant.  'The  public  works  are  the  Hud.'on  River  Rail- 
roads, Albany  Northern,  Troy  and  Boston,  Troy  and  Green- 
bush,  and  Western  Railroads.  Organized  in  1791,  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  Van  Rensseltier  family.  Capital,  Ti-oy. 
Pop.  86,-328. 

RENSSELAER,  a  village  of  Sand  Lake  township,  Rensse- 
laer CO.,  New  York,  12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Albany.  It  has  3 
churches,  and  several  stores.   Pop.  535. 

RENSSEL.\ER.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jasper  co.,  In- 
diana, at  the  rapids  of  Iroquois  River,  100  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Indianapolis.  It  is  situated  in  the  Seven-Mile  Prairie.  The 
river  affords  good  water-power. 

RENSSELAER  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
New  York. 

REXS'SELAERVILLE,  a  post-village  and  townfliip  at  the 
S.W.  extremity  of  Albany  co.,  New  York,  23  miles  \X.  by  S. 
of  Albany.  The  village  is  situated  on  Fox's  Creek,  which 
here  affords  an  excellent  water-power.  It  has  4  churches,  an 
academy,  5  stores,  a  flonring-mill,  and  a  woollen  factory. 
Pop.  about  300.  The  township  also  contains  the  villages  of 
Preston  Hollow,  Patter's  Hollow,  and  MetUisa.    Pop.  3008. 

REXTERIA,  rJn-ti-ree'd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  pro- 
vince of  Guipuzcoa,  on  the  Oyarzun,  near  its  mouth  in  the 
Bay  of  Passages.  It  is  walled,  has  5  gates,  an  ancient  and 
spacious  church,  an  Augustine  nunnery,  a  hantlsome  town- 
hall,  and  court-house.     Pop.  1057. 

REN'TON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  ?  miles  N.  of 
Dumbarton,  on  the  I^even.  Pop.  in  1851,  2398.  It  was 
founded  in  1782,  has  various  schools,  and  a  large  subscrip- 
tion library. 

REXTON,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  parish  of 
Coldingham,  on  the  Eye. 

REXTSCH,  rSntch.  or  HOCIIREXTSCII,  hOK'rJntch,  a 
village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Rakonitz.     Pop.  1056. 

RENTY,  rSNoHee/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Pa.s-de-Calais,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Omer,  where  Henry  II. 
defeated  the  Spaniards  in  1554. 

REXWEZ,  rS.Nc'vi'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardennes.  7  miles  X.W.  of  Mezi6res.     Pop.  650. 

REXnVICK,  a  parish  of  England,  cd.  of  Cumberland. 

REXY,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Reni. 

REOLE,  La,  Id  r.Vol',  a  town  of  FYance,  department  of 
Gironde,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  and  on  the  rail- 
way to  Cette,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop.  in  1852,  4080 
It  has  a  communal  college,  and  manufactures  of  hats,  le» 
ther,  and  cutlery. 

REPENTIGXY,  reh-p5>''teen'ye€',  a  village  of  Canad» 
East,  in  the  co.  of  Leinster.  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  17 
miles  X.E.  of  Monti^eal.     Pop.  about  900. 

REPKI,  r^p'kee.  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tchernigov.     Pop.  about  2000. 

REPPEX,  rjp'pgn,  a  town  of  Prussia,  proviilce  of  Bran- 
denburg, 12  miles  E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  3200. 

RF:1"PS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

REPPS,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

REPS,  rJpsh,  or  K0HAL05I,  (Kohalom.)  ko'hS'Iom'.  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Transylvania,  on  the  Rossbach,  19  miles  S.S.W 
of  Udvarhely.     Pop.  2200.    It  has  saline  springs. 

REIVTON,  or  REP'IXGTOX,  a  village  and  parish  of  En« 
land,  CO.,  and  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Derby.  Pop.  in  1851,  22.32. 
It  has  a  handsome  church,  and  an  endowed  grammar  school, 
originally  a  priory  founded  soon  after  the  Conquest.  Rep- 
ton  is  supposed  to  be  the  Roman  Kepandunum. 

REl'UB'LIC,  a  post-office  of  Surry  co..  North  Carolina. 

REPUBLIC,  a  thriving  "post-village  of  Pcipio  tow  o.ship, 
Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Mad  River  and  T^ake  Krie  Railroad, 
29  miles  S.AV.  of  Sandusky.  Has  a  union  school,  a  machine 
shop,  and  is  an  important  depCt  for  produce.  Pop.  in  1860, 
about  1200. 


REP 


REU 


REPUB'LTCAN',  a  post-omce  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia. 

REl'UiililCAN,  a  post-office  of  D.trke  co.,  Ohio. 

REl'UULICAN,  a  township  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  W.I2. 

RKI'lJULICAN,  a  post-offlce  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

REPUBlilOAN  GKOVK.a  post-office,  Halifax  CO.,  Virginia. 

REI'UBIilCAN  MILLS,  a  post-office,  Fairfax  CO.,  A'irgiiiia. 

REPULSE'  BAY,  British  North  America,  is  on  the  S.  side 
of  Melhille  Peninsula,  in  lat.  C6°  N.,  Ion.  86°  to  87°  W. 

REPULSE  BAY,  East  Australia,  in  lat.  20°  36'  S.,  Ion. 
148°  4;i'  E.     At  its  mouth  are  Repulse  Islands. 

REQUeSa,  ri-kAu'yd,  (anc.  Loretiim?)  a  town  of  Spain, 
on  the  Oliana,  province,  and  43  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cuenoa. 
Pop.  11.000.  It  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  has  2  Gothic 
churches,  a  college,  convents,  and  mauufactui-es  of  silks. 

REQUISTA,  ri'kees'td/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron,  21  miles  S.  of  Rodez.    Pop.  in  1852,  4380. 

REKIZ,  rA-rees',  a  town  and  pari.sh  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Beira  Alt;»,  about  0  miles  N.  of  Viseu.     Pop.  750. 

REll/RICK  or  RER'WICK,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland, 
stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  on  Solway  Frith.  In  it  are  the 
villa,i,'es  of  Auchencairn,  Dundrennan,  and  Port  Mary. 

RKllYMOKE,  r^rVmor',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
Queens  co.,  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  .Mountmellick.  Its  S.  part 
comprises  a  part  of  the  Slievebloom  JVIountnins. 

RKS.\OA,  resah'ka,  a  village  of  Monroe  cr«.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Buslikill  Creek,  132  miles  N.E.  of  Uarrisburg. 

RE8ACA,  a  post-village  of  Gordon  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Chiittanuoga  and  Atlanta  Railroad,  84  miles  N.N.W'.  of 
Atlanta.  A  battle  was  fought  here  between  Gon.  Sherman 
and  Gen.  Johnston,  May  lo,  1864. 

RESACA  DE  LA  PALMA,  ri-sj/kil  dA  \'i  pdl'mi,  a  noted 
battle-field  on  the  route  from  Point  Isabel  to  Matamoras, 
about  4  miles  N.  of  Matamoras.  Here,  on  the  9th  of  Jlay, 
1846,  the  MexicJins,  numbering  upwards  of  6000,  under 
General  ArL«ta.  were  totally  defeated  by  about  2000  Ameri- 
cans, commanded  by  General  Taylor.  The  loss  of  the  latter 
was  .39  killed  and  82  wounded;  that  of  the  former  included 
about  500  in  killed  and  wounded,  with  the  loss  of  all  their 
artillery  and  furniture. 

RESCOBIE.  rJs-ko'bee,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfixr. 
Rescobie  Ixjoh  is  an  expansion  of  Lunan  Water. 

RESERV  E,  re-z^rv',  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, (in  the  Ohio  Biver,  contains  Alleghany  City. 

RE.SEKVE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  .Michigan. 

RESERVE,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana. 

RESIID  or  RE.SHT,  r^sht,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  Ghilan,  between  two  small  rivers,  16  miles  S.E. 
of  its  port  Enzellee,  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  Though  in  a  very 
unhealthy  situation,  it  is  stated  to  be  well-built,  nourish- 
ing, and  peopled  by  at  least  50,000  per.sons.  It  imports 
large  quantities  of  Russian  manufactured  goods  for  con- 
sumption ill  Ghilan.  and  exports  silks,  fruits,and  gall  nuts. 

RESllITZA  or  REJITZA,  Ru.ssiau  Poland.    See  Rszhit.sa. 

RESUTABAD,  rSsh-td-bdd',  a  village  of  Persia,  on  the  Se- 
feed-rood,  15  miles  E.  of  Reshd. 

REglNA,  ri-see'nd,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province, 
and  6  miles  S.E.  of  Naples.  Pop.  8900.  It  is  situated  at  the 
W.  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  built  over  the  ruins  of 
Ilerculaiieum.  It  has  2  churches,  an  Augustine  convent, 
many  villas,  and  some  remains  of  antiquity. 

RESINAR,  ri-zee-naR/,  or  ROSINAR,  ro-se-naR/,  written 
also  ROSSINAR,  (Ger.  StUdttrdmrf,  st^f tgr-doRr,)  a  village 
cf  Transylvania,  in  Saxon  land,  on  the  Stebes,  co.,  and  8 
miles  S.W.  of  Hermannstadt.  Pop.  C056.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Ureek-Wallachian  bishop. 

RESITZA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Rezhitsa. 

RESOLIS.  a  parish  of  Scotland.     See  Kirkmichael. 

RESOLU'TION  RAY,  is  on  the  W.  side  of  Santa  Christina, 
one  of  the  Marquesas  Islands. 

RESOLU'TIO.X  1SL.\ND,  in  British  North  America,  is  at 
the  entrance  of  Hudson's  Strait:  lat.  61°  30'  N.,  Ion.  65°  W; 
Length  and  breadth  nearly  40  miles  each.  On  its  E.  side  is 
Cape  Resolution. 

RESOLUTION  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
In  Dangerous  Archipelago.    Lat.  17°  22'  S.,  Ion.  141°  35'  W. 

RESOLUTION  ISLAND,  a  lagoon  island  in  Low  Archipe- 
lago.    Lat.  17°  25'  S.,  Ion.  143°  24'  W. 

RESOLUTION,  PORT,  in  Tanna  Island,  one  of  the  New 
Hebrides. 

RESSAXT,  rJs'sJnf,  a  village  of  Morocco.  E.  of  Mount 
Atlas,  and  in  the  vlciniliy  of  the  town  of  Tafilet. 

RESSONS-SUR-MATS.rJs's(iN0  siiR  m4',avillageofFrance, 
department  of  Oise,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Complegne.    P.  1014. 

RESTALRIG,  r^s-tjl-reeg'.  a  village  of  Scotland,  CO.,  and 
IJ  miles  E.N.E.  of  Edinbuigh.    Pop.  92. 

RESTIGNY,  rJsHeen'yee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Indre-et-Loire.  7  miles  N.  of  Chinon.     Pop.  1979. 

RESTIGOUCIlfi,  r^sH^e'goo'shi/,  a  river  of  British  North 
America,  forms  the  N.  boundary  of  New  Brunswick,  on  the 
N.W.  sei)arating  it  from  Canada  East.  It  falls  into  the  Bay 
of  Chaleur  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  200  miles.  Its  Indian 
name,  liestignucld,  is  said  to  signify  the  "  river  which  divides 
like  the  hand.''  in  allusion  to  its  separating  above  tide  into 
five  principal  streams  or  branches.    These  drain  an  area  of 


about  400O  square  miles  of  fertile  and  well-timbor«>d  country 
The  entrance  to  the  river  from  the  Bay  of  Chaleur  is  3  miles 
wide,  and  9  fathoms  deep.  Tlie  tide  tlows  up  it  24  miles,  ol 
whicli  18  are  navigable  for  the  largest  ships.  The  principal 
towns  on  its  banks  are  Dalhousie  at  its  mouth,  and  Camp- 
belltown  at  the  head  of  navigation. 

RE.STIGOUCIIK,  an  extensive  county  in  the  N.  of  New 
Brunswick,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Chaleur.  The  surface 
is  extremely  diversified  with  mountains  and  valleys,  and  is 
intersected  by  numerous  rivers.  The  soil  is  fertile  and 
heavily  timbered.  Large  quantities  of  timl>er  are  exported 
annually  from  Dalhousie,  the  capital.     Pop.  in  1854,  4161. 

RE.STON,  a  station  on  the  North  British  Railway,  in  Soob- 
land.  Hi  miles  N.W.  of  Berwick. 

REST'ON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

REST'ON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln 

RESTORA'TION  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the 
E.  coast  of  Australia;  lat.  12'^  37'  30"  S.,  Ion.  143°  27'  E.,  ia 
a  granitic  rock,  first  visited  by  Captain  Bligh  in  the  Bounty, 
in  1789. 

RESTORMEL  CASTLE,  England.    See  LosTWiTHiEL. 

RESULTAN.\,  rA-sool-ti'nd,  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  14 
miles  N.  of  Caltanisetta.     Pop.  2.)00. 

RETCHITSA  or  RETSCIIITZA,  rd-chifsi,  (Pol.  Hzeczyca, 
zh.i-chit'sS,)  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  158  miles 
S.E.  of  Min.sk,  on  the  Dnieper.     Pop.  25U0. 

RETCUNOI,  rfech-noi',  a  cape  of  Siberia,  E.  coast,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Anadeer,  (Anadyr.)  Lat.  68°  48'  44"  N.,  Ion, 
176°  45' 69"  E. 

RETEMO,  atown  of  Crete.     See  Retimo. 

RET'FORD,  East,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts,  on 
the  Idle,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  5  arches,  connecting  It 
with  the  suburb  of  West  Retford.  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Newark, 
and  with  a  station  on  the  Hull,  Sheffield,  and  Manchester 
Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,-46,0o4.  It  is  well-built,  and  has  a 
handsome  Gothic  church ;  a  free  grammar  school,  founded 
by  Edward  VI.;  a  poor's  hospital,  union  work-house,  town- 
hall,  news-rooms,  two  branch  luiuks,  and  a  snmll  theatre. 
The  borough  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

RETFORD,  West  ,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Notts. 

RETIIEL,  rgh'tJl',  a  town  of  Fi-auce,  department  of 
Ardennes,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Aisne.  23  miles  S.W.  of 
Mezidres.  Pop.  in  1862,  8:i(X).  It  was  formerly  fortified, 
and  has  a  communal  college,  and  extensive  manufactures  of 
merinos  and  cashmeres.  Its  trade  is  facilitated  by  the  canal 
of  Ardennes. 

RETHELOIS,  rgh-tA^i',  or  RETHELAIS,  an  ancient  dis- 
trict of  France,  belonged  to  the  province  of  Champjtgne,  and 
now  forms  the  S.W.  part  of  the  department  of  Ardennes; 
Rethel  was  its  capital. 

RETHEM,  r.Vtgm,  a  village  of  Hanover,  government  of 
Luneburg,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Hanover,  on  the  AUer.  Pop. 
1.340. 

RETHY,r!l-tI'  or  riHee',  or  RETIIY-WARBEECK,  r.-l-fl 
wda/baik\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Antwerp,  7  milea 
S.E.  of  Tunihout.     Pop.  of  parish,  2300. 

RETIJIO  or  RETEMO,  re-tee'mo,  (anc.  liithyvx'na.)  a  sea- 
port town  of  Crete,  on  its  N.  coast,  38  miles  W.  of  Caudia. 
Pop.  3000,  mostly  Turks.  Its  bazaars,  streets,  and  fort 
have  wholly  a  Turjiish  appearance.  Its  harbor  is  now  very 
shallow,  and  in  1841  only  34  vessels,  with  an  aggregate 
burden  of  1199  tons,  entered  the  port. 

RETINA,  rA-tee'nd.  a  post-offlce  of  Hopkins  co.,  Texas. 

RETOURNAC,  rfh-tooR'udk')  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Haute-Loire,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire. 
Pop.  In  1852,  3433. 

RETREAT',  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

RETREAT,  a  post-office  of  Grimes  co.,  Texas. 

RETSCIIITZA,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Retchitsa. 

RETTENDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RETZ,  rets,  an  old  district  of  France,  in  Brittany,  no* 
comprised  in  the  deiiartment  of  Loire-lnferieure. 

RETZ,  rJts,  or  ROTZ,  (Rotz.)  rots,  a  walled  town  of  Lower 
Austria,  43  miles  N.E.  of  A'ienna,  near  the  borders  of  Mora- 
via. Pop.  2777.  It  was  formerly  fortified;  excellent  wine 
is  produced  in  its  vicinity. 

RETZBACH,  rets'bdK,  a  market-town  of-  Bavaria,  on  a 
heisiht  above  the  Main,  over  which  there  is  a  ferry,  9  miles 
N  .Vv.  of  WUrzburg.    Pop.  1080. 

REUBEN,  ru'ben,  a  tribe  of  Israelites,  took  their  portion 
of  the  promised  land  E.  of  Jordan,  between  Aruon  on  the 
S.,  and  Jazer  on  the  N.,  and  having  Gilead  on  the  E. 

REUGNY',  run'yee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Tours.    Pop.  1217. 

REUILLTf,  ruhYee/  or  ruPyee',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  lndr6, 10  miles  N.E.  of  Issoudun,  on  the  railway  to 
Bourges.     Pop.  in  1852,  2586. 

REULMARE,  roil'm5-ri,  (Ilun.  Nagy-Aranyos,  nOdj  Ch^ 
ron'yosh',)  a  village  of  Transylvania,  co,  of  Lower  Weissen- 
burg,  on  a  small  river,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Abrudbanya. 
Pop.  about  3000. 

REUNION,  ILE  DE  LA,  eel  d'lj  rA*u'ne-ANa',  a  name 
given  to  the  island  of  Bourbon  in  l'^G3,  and  resumed  since 
the  French  Revolution  of  1848. 

1579 


REU 

REUS,  rJ'ooce,  a  manufacturing  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  9  miles  W.  of  Tarragona.  Pop.  25,04:3.  It  consi.sts  of 
an  older  portion  founded  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  a  new 
and  regularly  built  quarter  which  rose  up  about  the  end  of 
the  last  century,  on  the  settlement  there  of  some  enter- 
prising English  merchants.  It  has  good  inns  and  coffee- 
houses, numerous  churches,  hospitals,  barracks,  a  theatre, 
manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  and  linen  fabrics  and  twist, 
Boap,  leather,  glass,  spirits,  &c.  A  canal  connects  it  with  its 
fort.  Salon,  5  miles  distant. 

UEUSCII.  roish.  (Alt,  ilt,  and  Neu,  noi.)  two  contiguous 
marketrtowns  of  MoravLa,  circle,  and  about  17  miles  S.  of 
Iglau.     United  pop.  1510.    The  former  has  an  abbey. 

REUSS,  roice.  ariver  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Uri,  nearly 
the  whole  of  which  it  drains,  rises  on  the  S.  side  of  Mount 
St  Gothard,  and  enters  the  S.  extremity  of  the  I>ake  of  Lu- 
cerne after  a  N.  coui-se  of  30  miles,  during  which  it  de- 
scends 4500  feet. 

BEUSS,  ruce,  (Ger.  pron.  roice  or  roiss,)  three  principall- 
of  Central  Germany,  somewhat  intermingled  with  other 
tories,  but  lying  between  Saxony,  Bavaria,  and  the 
on  duchies,  and  belonging  to  an  older  and  a  younger  line, 
former  of  which  holds  the  30th,  and  the  latter  the  31st 
place  in  the  Germanic  Condederation ;  area  of  the  whole 
principalities,  640  square  miles.  The  territory  of  the  older 
line,  usually  called  the  principality  of  Keuss-Greitz,  consists 
of  the  lordships  of  Greitz  and  Burgk,  and  has  an  area  of  149 
square  miles.  These  lordships  are  separated  from  each 
other,  the  oae  being  traversed  by  the  Elster,  while  the  other 
lies  along  both  banks  of  the  Saale.  The  territories  of  the 
younger  line  form  the  two  principalities  of  Reuss-Schleitz, 
and  Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf,  the  former  having  an  area 
of  128  square  miles,  and  the  latter  an  area  of  203  square 
miles,  and  in  addition  to  these  principalities,  include  the 
lordship  of  Gera  and  the  domain  of  Saalburg,  which,  to- 
gether, have  an  area  of  160  square  miles.  These  territories 
are,  on  the  whole,  fertile,  and  well-wooded,  raise  sufllcient 
grain  to  supply  the  consumption.  The  most  important 
crops  are  potatoes  and  flax ;  hops  also  are  partially  grown  ; 
great  numbers  of  horned  cattle  and  sheep  are  reared.  They 
possess,  among  their  minerals,  iron,  which  is  partially 
worked;  and  roofing  slates,  which  are  extensively  quarried. 
The  two  princip.ilities  of  the  younger  line,  though  belonging 
to  two  different  branches,  rank  only  as  one  state,  having  only 
a  single  vote  in  the  plenum  of  the  Confederation.  In  the 
Representative  Assembly,  the  whole  principalities  only  share 
one  vote  along  with  those  of  Hohenzollern,  Lichtenstein, 
Waldeck,  and  Lippe.  The  representatives  of  the  elder  line 
were  raised  to  the  rank  of  princes  in  1778 — those  of  the 
younger  line  ranked  only  as  counts  till  1790  and  1806. 
Both  lines,  as  well  as  the  great  majority  of  their  subjects, 
are  Protestants.     Pop.  114,983. 

REUSSENDORF,  rois'sgn-doRr.  a  village  of  Prussi.o,  go- 
vernment, and  S.W.  of  Bi-esbu.     Pop.  1321. 

REUSS-GREITZ,  and  REUSS-SCHLEITZ.    See  Redss. 

REUTIGKN,  roi'tig-en,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  4  miles  S.  of  Th'un.    Pop.  1200. 

REUTLINGEN.  roit'ling-?n,  a  fortified  town  of  VTUrtem- 
berg.  on  the  Eschatz.  20  miles  S.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  13,449. 
It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  has  several  churches,  one  with  a 
tower  320  feet  high,  a  town-hall,  a  well-endowed  hospitil.  an 
orphan  asylum,  manufactures  of  leather,  lace,  paper,  clocks, 

REVEL.  rJv'el,  or  REVAL.  riylil,  (Rus.  Kolyvan,  ko-le- 
vin';  Esthonian,  Talline,  tM'le-xiL)  a  strongly  fortified  sea- 
port town  of  Russia,  government  of  Esthonia,  on  a  small  bay 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  200  miles  W.S.W.  of 
St.  Petersburg.  Lat.  of  cathedral,  59°  26'  6"  N.,  Ion.  24°  45' 
2"  E.  Pop.  24,650.  The  city-proper,  enclosed  by  ancient  bas- 
tioned  walls,  and  defended  by  a  strong  castle  on  a  heiglit. 
Is  irregularly  built  and  small ;  but  the  suburbs  extend  for 
some  distance  along  the  shore.  The  principal  edifices  are  a 
sm.all  imperial  palace,  the  admiralty,  a  town-hall,  Lutheran, 
Roman  Catholic,  and  Greek  churches,  a  theatre,  clul>house.«, 
collegiate  episcopal  seminary,  &e.  It  has  numerous  schools, 
and  3  or  4  public  libraries;  and  it  is  much  resorted  to  as  a 
watering-place.  The  harbor  has  been  materially  improved, 
and  its  roadstead  is  well  sheltered  by  islands.  Large  quan- 
tities of  corn,  spirits,  hemp,  flax,  timber,  and  other  Baltic 
goods,  are  exported,  in  exchange  for  colonial  produce,  salt 
cheese,  wine,  tobacco,  fruits,  dye-stuffs,  cotton-yarn,  and 
other  manufactured  goods,  with  herrings,  from  Holland  and 
Norway.  The  town  and  castle  were  founded  by  Valdemar 
II.,  King  of  Denmark,  in  1218,  and  afterwards  sold  to  the 
Teutonic  kniuhts.  The  Russians  took  it  from  the  Swedes  in 
1710.  It  was  formerly  the  great  emporium  of  the  Hanseatic 
League  for  the  trade  with  Novgorod. 

REVEL,  rfh-viH',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Garonne,  29  miles  E.g. E.  of  Toulouse.    Pop.  in  1852.  5900. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  leather,  cotton-thread,  and 
nosierv,  and  dve-works. 
REVEL,  GOVEKXMENT  OF.     See  EsTRojnA. 
REVELLO,  rA-v*no,  b  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
division,  and  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Coni,  on  k  hill  near  the 
Lead  of  tlie  I'o.    I'op.  6210. 
1580 


REZ 

REV'ELSTOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

REVERE,  ri-vd'rd,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  17  milea 
E.S.E.  of  Mantua,  on  the  Po. 

REVES,  rk'\6s.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaat, 
on  the  Rampe.  25  miles  E.  of  Mons.     I'op.  1418. 

REVESBY,  reevz'bee.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

REVIGNY,  reh-veen'yee',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Meuse.  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bar-le-Due.    P.  1140. 

REV^ILEE',  a  post-ofiice  of  Scott  co..  Arkansas. 

REVILLA-GIGEDO,  rA-veel'yd-He-HA'no,  an  island  of  Ru* 
sian  America,  between  lat.  55°  and  66°  N.,  lou.  131°  VC. 
Length,  50  miles:  breadth,  25  miles. 

REVILLA-GIGEDO,  ra-veel'y^-He-Hi'Do,  a  rocky  island- 
group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  2fi0  miles  S.  of  California ;  lat. 
ly°  N.,  Ion.  110°  W.,  and  consisting  of  the  island  of  Socorro, 
with  some  islets. 

REVILLE,  reh-veel',  a  town  of  Fr.ance.  department  of 
Manche.  13  miles  X.E.  of  Valognes.     Pop.  1900. 

REVIN,  rfh-vix"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, on  the  Sleuse,  6  miles  E.  of  Rocroy.     Pop.  24y7. 

REWAH,  rd/wil,  a  stnte  of  Hindostan,  comprising  a  part 
of  Bogilcund,  mostly  between  lat.  24°  and  42*^  30'  N..  and 
Ion.  81°  and  82°  E.,  enclosed  by  the  territory  of  the  Bengal 
presidency,  to  which  it  is  subsidiary.  Area.  10.310  S(|uar« 
miles.  The  surface  is  a  table  land,  much  of  which  is  culti- 
vated.   The  principal  towns  are  Rewah  and  Bandoogur. 

REW.\II,  capital  of  the  above  state,  70  miles  S.W.  of 
Allahahbad,  with  a  large  stone  fort,  and  extensive  suburbs. 
Lat.  24°  34'  N.,  Ion.  81°  19'  E. 

REVVARY,  rd-w3/ree.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  and  47  miles  S.W.  of  Delhi. 

REWE.  ru,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

REVVERSDORF,  rA'*ers-doRf\  a  village  of  Austria,  in 
Moravia,  circle  of  Prerau,  near  Ilotzenplotz.     Pop.  2644. 

BEX'FORD  FL.VTS,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York. 

REYDEN,  a  villacre  of  Switzerland.    See  Reiden. 

REY'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

REYES,  rkiyhs,  or  CHINCHACOCHA,cheen-cha-ko'cha.  a 
lake  of  Peru,  forming  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  the 
Amazon,  is  situated  in  lat.  10°  25'  S..  Ion.  75°  40'  W. 

REYES,  Los.  loce  nl/yjs.  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Magdalena,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Santa 
Marta.     Near  it  are  silver,  lead,  and  copper  mines. 

REYKJAVIK,  a  town  of  Iceland.    See  Reikiavik. 

REY'MERSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

REYNAGII,  rd'nih,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
King's  CO.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  several  old  barouical 
castles  and  ecclesiastical  edifices. 

REY'NALL'S  BASIN,  a  postofflce  of  Niagara  co.,  NeW 
York. 

REYNET.  a  division  of  South  Africa.    See  Gkaaf-Reixet. 

REYNOLDS,  rSn'oIz.  a  new  county  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Missouri,  has  an  area  of  660  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  head-streams  of  Big  Black  River.  The  surfiiee  is  uneven, 
and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  Named  in  honor 
of  Thomas  Reynolds,  a  former  Governor  of  Missouri.  Capi- 
tal, Lesterville  or  Centreville.  Pop.  3173,  of  whom  3135 
were  free,  and  38  slaves. 

REYNOLDS,  a  postofllce  of  Taylor  co.,  Georgia. 

REYNOLDS,  a  post-oflfice  of  White  co.,  Indiana. 

REYNOLDS.  Iowa,  a  station  on  the  New  Albany  and 
Salem  Railroad.  9  miles  from  Bradford. 

REYN0LDSBUR6.  rSn'olz-btirg,  a  village  of  Humphreys 
CO..  Tennessee,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River.  75 
miles  W.  of  Nashville.     It  was  formerlv  the  county  seat. 

REYNOLDSBURG.  a  thriving  post'Village  of  Franklin  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  National  Road,  10  miles  E.  of  Columbus.  The 
Central  Ohio  Railroad  passes  through  or  very  near  it.  Pop. 
inlS60,aboui  600. 

REYNOLDSTON,  rjn'olz-ton.  a  parish  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Glamorgan,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Swansea.  Here  is  a 
large  cavern,  and  the  Druidical  relic  called  Arthur's  Stone. 

REYNOLDSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

REYNOLDSVILLE,  rJn'^lz-vil,  a  village  of  Norfolk  town- 
ship,  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York,  near  Racket  River. 

REYNOLDSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
York,  about  16  miles  W.  by  N.of  Ithaca. 

REYNOLDSVILLE,  a  postoflice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

REYNOLDSVILLE,  apost-office,Harrison  co.,AV.Virpinia. 

REYNOLDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Houston  co.,  Geomia. 

REYNOLDSVILLE.  a  village  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  8  miles  K 
of  Piketon. 

REYNOSA  or  REINOSA,  rA-e-no'siL  a  mountain  range  of 
Spain,  extends  from  the  Cantabrian  Mountains  to  n.ar 
Burgos. 

REYNOSA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  36mil.s  S  S  W. 
of  Sanfander.     Pop.  1541. 

REYNOSA,  rA-no'sa,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district.  South 
Carolina. 

RE7i.\T.  rJt'sJt.  two  small  streams  of  Bavaria,  afli  lents  of 
the  Rednits,  which  give  name  to  tlie  circ.e  of  1  c*at,  or 
Middle  Francouia. 


REZ 

KEZl5,  reh-zA'  a  market'town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-Inferieure,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire,  X  mile  S.W. 
of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852,  0644. 

RKZKXDE,  r.i-zJn'di,  a  Tillaafe  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira  Alta,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lamego.  Pop. 
2290. 

REZKXDE,  rA-zJn'd3,  a  town  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a  co- 
marca.  province,  and  92  miles  W.N.W. of  lUo  de  Janeiro,  with 
an  electoral  college.     Pop.  6000. 

RKZIIITSA,  KEJITZ.4.  rd-zhifsi,  or  rA-zheefsS.  written 
also  KE.^IIITZA  and  llESITZA,  a  town  of  Kussiau  Poland, 
government,  and  145  miles  N.W.  of  Vitebsk. 

KEZZA  TO,  r^t-si'to,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brescia.  Pop.  1S28. 

KKZZO,  rJt'so,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
.f  Nice,  province  of  Oneglia,  on  the  Chiusa.     Pop.  1102. 

ItllA'OES.  a  ruined  city  of  Persia,  the  remains  of  which 
are  a  little  S.  of  Teheran. 

KHAYADAR.  written  also  RHAYADER  and  RIIAYDR, 
hri'a-<lar.  a  parlimentary  borough  and  market-town  of 
South  Wales,  CO.  of  Radnor,  on  the  Wye,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge,  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  New  Radnor.  Pop.  in  1851,  lOu". 
It  has  a  handsome  town-hall,  chapel,  and  small  grammar 
school.  It  joins  with  Radnor,  Cefn-Llys,  Knighton,  Knuck- 
las,  and  Presteign,  in  sending  one  member  to  the  House  of 
Commrin.s. 

]{IIAYAD.\R,  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

RIIBA,  rA,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Tennessee; 
area  estimated  at  500  square  miles.  The  Tennessee  River, 
navigable  by  steamboats,  forms  the  S.E.  boundary.  The 
county  is  traversed  by  a  ridge  of  the  Cumtierland  Moun- 
tains. Extensive  beds  of  stone  coal  are  found.  Capital, 
Washington,  Pop.  4991,  of  whom  437  6- were  free,  and  615 
slaves. 

RUEATOWX,  r.Vtijwn,  a  pst-village  of  Green  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 240  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

RHKD.i,  rA'dd,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  40  miles 
S.W.  of  Minden.  on  the  Ems.     Pop.  2320. 

RHEKDE,  rA'deh.  RHEDEN  or  REEDEX,  rA/dgn.  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Oelderland,  6  miles 
E.N.K.  of  Arnhem. 

RUE  liN  KN,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Rhesen. 

RH1:GIUM.     See  Reooio. 

RHEIDT.  RHKID,  RIIEYDT  or  RHEYD,  ritt,  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  government,  and  N.W.  of  Cologne,  on  the 
Niers.     Pop.  3570. 

RIIEIM.S,  a  city  of  France.    See  Reims. 

RHKIN,  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Rhine  or  Rhix. 

RHKIN,  rine,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  51  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Gumbinneu,  on  Lake  Rhein.    Pop.  1370. 

RIIEINAU.  ri'nOw.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Zurich,  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Rhine,  4  miles  S.  of 
Schaffhausen,  on  an  island,  on  which  there  is  a  rich  Bene- 
dictine abbey,  with  a  library,  and  a  fine  church. 

RIIEINBACII.  rlu'bdK,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  21 
miles  S.  of  Cologne.     Pop.  1700. 

RHKINBEK.  rin'b^k,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
riolstein,  capital  of  a  bailwick  of  its  own  name,  9  miles  S.E. 
of  Hamburg. 

RIIEINBKRG.  rin'bSRG,  a  town  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia,  24 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  Rhine.  Pop.  2400.  It 
was  strongly  fortitied  until  1703,  and  has  sustained  nume- 
rous sieges. 

RIIEINBOLLEX.  (Rheinttillen.)  rin'boflen,  a  village  of 
Rhenish  Prussia.  25  miles  S.  of  CoWentz.     Pop.  1001. 

RHKINBREITBACH,  rin^brlt/biK.  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  government,  and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Coblentz.  Pop. 
1095. 

RIIEIXE,  ri'neh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia.  23 
miles  X.N.W.  of  SlUnster,  capital  of  a  principality  of  Rheiue- 
Wolbeck,  on  the  Ems.     Pop.  2400. 

BHEINECK  or  RIIEINEGG,  ri'njk.  a  small  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  St.  Gall,  on  the  Rhine,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  Lake  of  Constance.     Pop.  1400. 

RIIKINFEI.DKN,  rin'feld'gn,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Aargau.  10  miles  E.  of  Basel,  on  the  Rhine,  here 
forming  several  rapids.  Pop.  1400.  Near  it  is  the  ruined 
castle  of  Srein,  on  an  island  in  the  river. 

RUEIXFKLS.  rin'f^s,  (i.e.  "Rhine  Rock.")  a  ruined  for- 
tress of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  an  island  in  the  Rhine,  near 
St.  Goar.  founded  in  1245,  and  dismantled  in  1795. 

RnEING.\U.  rin'gow.  (i.  e.  •■  Rhine  country,")  a  valley  in 
the  S.  of  Nassau,  between  the  Rhine  and  Mount  Taunus. 
The  chief  town  is  Elfeld.  The  district  is  celebrated  for  Its 
rich  vinevards. 

RIIEIN-HESSEN,  rinOigs'sen,  or  RHEXISH- HESSE, 
(hjss.)  the  westernmost  province  of  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
oounded  E.  by  the  Rhine.  Area,  530  square  miles.  Pop. 
225,445.  The  "surface  is  mostly  fertile,  this  being  one  of  the 
most  productive  parts  of  Germany. 

RHKIXMAGEX,  rln'md'ghgn.orREMAGEX,  rA'mi*gh?n, 
a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  23  miles  X.AV.  of  Coblentz,  on  the 
Rhine.     Pop.  1500. 

RHFJNSBERG,  rlns/bjKG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  48  miles  N.  of  Potsdam.    Pop.  2168.    It  has  a 


KHf 

royal  castle,  with  a  vast  park.  -Here  Frederick  the  Groat 
spent  his  youth. 

JiHEINTHAL,  rin'tSl,  (i.e.  "the  valley  of  the  Rhine,")a 
district  of  Switzerland. 

KHFnXZABKRN,  rinHsJ'bem,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  on  the  Erlbach,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Landau.     P.  1985. 

RIIEME,  rA'meh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  West- 
phalia, government,  and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Mindon,  on  the 
Weser.     Pop.  1912. 

RHENEN  or  RHEEXEX,  rA'njn,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Utrecht,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  9 
miles  E.  of  Wyk-by-Duurstede.  Pop.  3044.  It  has  a  Gothic 
church,  and  an  active  trade  in  tobacco. 

RHENISH  BAVARIA,  or  PALATINATE.    See  Bavaria 

RHENISH  HESSE,  Hesse-Darmstadt.    See  Rhei-vUesses. 

RHENISH  PRUSSIA,  in  Germany.    See  Prissia. 

RHEXS,  rJns,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government, 
and  5  miles  S,  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine,  over  which  there 
is  here  a  ferry.  It  is  an  old  place,  built  almost  entirely  of 
wood,  and  has  a  Roman  Catholic  church.  Xiar  it  stood 
formerly  the  Konig.sstuhl,  (king's  seat,)  where  the  elector* 
used  to  meet  and  deliberate  on  the  affairs  of  the  empire. 
Many  treaties  of  peace  were  concludwl.  and  emperors  elected 
and  dethroned  here.  It  was  pulled  down  in  1807,  but  was 
rebuilt  partly  from  the  old  materials  in  1843.     Pop.  1400. 

RHKNUS,  in  Italy.     See  Reno. 

RHKNU.S,  a  celebrated  river  of  Europe.    See  Rhine. 

RHETT  LAKE  is  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  California,  in 
about  41°  50'  N.  lat,  and  121°  30'  W.  Ion.  It  is  perhaps  12 
miles  long  by  8  miles  wide.  Its  outlet  unites  with  the 
Klamath  River. 

RH1';YDT  or  RHEYD,  a  town  of  Germany.    ?ee  Rheidt. 

RHIN,  RHYN,  rin,  or  RHKIN,  rTn,  a  river  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenburg,  joins  the  Havel  20  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Brandenburg,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  CO  miles,  through 
numerous  small  lakes.    See  Rhine. 

lUIlNAU.  ree'no',  a  villase  of  Franco,  department  of  Bas- 
Rhin,  ISmiles  N.E.  of  Schelestadt.     Pop.  1438. 

RHINE,  rin,(Ger.i^/icm;  Dutch.  Ifliyn:  both  pronounced 
as  the  English  Rhi.ne;  Fr.  Jihin,  r^NO;  Sp.  Jiiii.  reen ;  It. 
Rinn.  r.A'uo;  anc.  liliejnus.)  a  celebrated  river  of  Europe, 
formed  in  Switzerland  by  the  union  of  two  small  streams, 
the  Hinter  and  A'order  Rhein.  The  first  springs  from  the 
glacier  of  Rheiuwald,  and  the  second  ri.ses  on  the  N.  side  of 
Mount  St.  Gothard.  at  a  height  of  7050  feet;  these  meet  at 
Reichenau,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons.  The  united  stream 
flows  generally  N.  past  Mayenfeld,  and  enters  the  Lake  of 
Constance  on  the  S.E.,  near  Rheineck;  at  Stein  it  quits  the 
lake  at  its  W.  extremity,  flows  W.  past  .'schaffhausen  and 
Laufenburg,  separating  Switzerland  from  Bavaria,  At  Basel, 
where  the  Upper  Rhine  terminates,  with  an  elevation  of  755 
feet  and  a  breadth  of  550  feet,  it  turns  to  the  N,,  and  flows 
past  Breisjich  and  Strasbourg,  Speyer,  and  Mannheim,  where 
its  bed  is  300  feet  above  the  sea,  between  the  tei'ritories  of 
B.aden  on  the  E.,  and  France  and  lihenish  Bavaria  on  the 
W.  From  Worms  to  Mentz  it  traverses  the  Hessian  territo- 
ries. At  .Mentz  it  receives  the  Main,  and  flows  W.  to  Bingen, 
where  it  turns  to  the  X.W.,  passing  Coblentz,  Bonn,  Cologne, 
and  Dusseldorf  Wfsel  and  Emmerich,  bnlnw  which  it  divides 
into  two  principal  arms,  the  larger  of  which,  called  the  WaaI 
or  Wahai.  fane.  VahallU.)  joins  the  Alense.  (or  >iaas.)  The 
other,  which  still  retains  the  name  of  Rhine,  falls  into  the 
North  Sea  in  52°  13'  N.  lat.  The  principal  affluents  of  the 
Rhine  are.  on  the  right,  the  Kinzig.  Neckar.  Main,  Lahn, 
Ruhr,  and  Lippe:  and  on  the  left,  the  Thur,  Aar,  111,  and 
Moselle,  The  total  length  of  the  Rhine,  following  Ita 
windings,  is  alxiut  9f!0  miles,  and  its  basin  comprises  an 
area  of  65,280  square  miles.  The  breadth  of  the  Rhine,  and 
the  character  of  its  channel,  dilfer  much  at  different  parts 
of  its  long  course.  Its  breadth  at  Basel  is  750  feet ;  between 
Straslx)urg  and  Speyer,  from  1000  to  1200  feet;  at  Mentz, 
from  1500  to  1700  feet;  and  at  Schenken.schanz,  where  it 
enters  the  Netherlands,  2150  feet.  Its  depth  varies  from  5 
to  28  feet,  and  at  Dusseldorf  amounts  even  to  50  feet.  The 
elevation  of  the  Rhine  above  sea-level  is,  at  the  Col  d'Ober 
Alp,  9967  feet;  at  Reichenau,  2021  feet:  at  Constance.  1335 
feet;  at  Basel,  771  feet;  at  Kehl.  4i'3  feet;  and  at  Cologne. 
121  feet.  From  the  Lake  of  Constance  to  Basel  it  has  a  verj 
rocky  bed,  but,  lower  down,  contains  numerous  islands, 
partly  composed  of  .sand  and  clay.  From  Breisach  several 
of  the  islands  are  clothed  with  herbage,  and  even  admit  of 
cultivation;  between  Strasbourg  and  Germersheim  they 
form  thickets  of  brushwood.  The  Rhine  abounds  with  fish, 
including  salmon  and  salmon-ti-out.  but  more  especially 
sturgeon,  lampreys,  pike,  and  carp.  Wild  fowl  also  alx)und 
on  its  banks  and  countless  islands.  Some  gold  is  contained 
among  the  .sands  brought  down  into  it  from  the  mountains 
of  Switzerland  and  of  the  Black  Forest. 

The  Rhine  first  becomes  navigable  at  Chur,  (Coire.)  in  the 
Grisons;  but  the  navigation  is  not  continuous  till  below 
Schaffhausen;  and  the  trafiic  in  lo.aded  vessels  is  not  im- 
portant above  Speyer.  From  Strasbourg  to  Mentz,  the  bur- 
den of  the  vessels  in  which  it  is  carried  on  is  from  100  to  126 
tons;  from  Mentz  to  Cologne,  125  to  200  tons;  and  from 
Cologne  to  Holland,  from  300  to  450  tons.    In  the  Nether- 

1681 


RHI 


RHO 


lands,  it  is  connected  by  canals  with  its  several  branches  and 
with  i  he  sea.  The  areat  North  Canal  Jinit^s  it  with  the  Meuse 
and  the  Nethe.  affluents  of  the  Scheldt:  and  the  Canal  of  the 
Rhone  and  Rhine  in  France  connects  it  with  the  Rhone  by 
the  .Saone.  A  canal  also  connects  it  with  the  Seine.  In  B;i- 
varia  it  communicates  with  the  Danube  by  means  of  the 
Main,  and  the  Altmiihl  and  Ludwigs  Canal.  The  nayiira- 
tion  is  rendered  dan;rerous  by  waterfalls,  more  especially 
those  of  Schaffhausen  of  Zurzach,  (near  the  mouth  of  the 
Wutach,)  of  Laufenburg.  and  of  Rheinfelden ;  it  is  also  ren- 
dered dangerous  by  the  Bingerloch,  near  Biugen,  where  the 
stream  becomes  suddenly  narrowed  and  confined  between 
lofty  precipices,  and  by  similar  ca  uses,  though  in  a'less  degree, 
a.t  Bacharach,  St.  Goar,  and  at  Unkel. 

The  Rhine  is  distinguished  alike  by  the  beauty  of  its 
scenery,  and  the  rich  fields  and  vineyards  which  clothe  its 
banks.  No  river  in  Germany,  more  especially  since  the  in- 
troduction of  steam-vessels,  attracts  so  many  tourists.  From 
Basel  to  Mentz  it  flows  through  a  wide  valley,  bounded  on 
the  left  by  the  Vosges.  and  on  the  right  by  the  Black  Forest 
and  the  mountains  along  the  Bergsti-asse.  From  Montz  the 
mountain  ridges  approach  the  stream  at  first  only  on  the 
right  bsnk,  where  they  form  the  Rheingau;  but  at  Bingen 
they  Ijegin  to  hem  in  the  left  bank  also,  and  continue  from 
thence  to  Konigswinter  to  present  a  succession  of  lofty 
mountain  summits,  bold  precipices,  and  wild,  romantic 
views.  Pleasant  towns  and  villages  lie  nestled  at  the  foot 
of  lofty  hills:  above  them,  on  all  sides,  rise  rocky  steep*  and 
slopes,  clothed  with  vines:  and  every  now  and  then  the 
castles  and  fastnesses  of  feudal  times  are  seen  frowning 
from  precipices  apparently  inaccessible.  At  times  the  chain 
o"f  ridges  on  eitlier  side  opens  out,  and  allows  the  eye  to 
wander  into  romantic  valleys,  along  which  tributaries  of 
greater  or  less  m-ignitude  dash  down,  or  wind  gradually  to 
the  parent  stream.  On  the  river  itself  much  additional 
variety  and  beauty  are  given  to  the  scenery  by  the  constant 
recurrence  of  picturesque  and  verdant  islands. 

The  Rhine  gives  name  to  three  circles  of  Baden,  to  a  pro- 
vince of  Uesse-Darmstadt,  a  province  of  Rivaria,  two  de- 
partments of  France,  and  a  province  of  Prussia. Adj. 

IIhen'ish. 

RHINE,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Sheboygan  oo., 
Wisconsin.   Pop.  1359. 

RIIINKBKCK.  rin'bJk.  a  post-village  of  Rhinebeck  town- 
ship. Dutchess  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  lludson  River  Railro,Hd. 
55  miles  S.  of  Albany,  and  2  miles  E.  of  Hudson  River.  It 
contains  5  churches,  an  academy,  a  newspaper  office,  1  bank, 
the  Union  Iron  Works,  and  several  factories.  Pop.  in  1860 
estimated  at  l.'iOO.     Pop.  of  the  township.  32S9. 

RHINEBKCK  LANDING,  a  village  of  Dutchess  co..  New 
York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  91  miles  N.  of 
New  York. 

RHINE  00NFED?:RATI0N.    SeeGEr.MAXT. 

RIIINEIi.\ND,  rin'land.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  CO., 
Missouri. 

RHINE,  LOWER,  an  old  circle  of  Germany,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  now  comprised  mostly  in'  Ilesse-Dami- 
Etadt.  Rhenish  Bitvari.a,  and  Rheni.oh  Prussia. 

RHINE.  UPPER,  an  old  circle  of  Germ.wy.  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  enclosed  by  the  circles  of  Loyer  Rhine, 
M'estphalia,  Lower  and  Upper  Sa.xony,  and  F'ranconia.  now 
mostly  included  in  the  dominions  of  Hesse-Darmstadt  and 
Electoral  IIe.e.se.  The  Grand  Duchy  of  the  Lower  Rhine  is 
a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  provinces  of  Prussia  W.  of 
the  Weser,  forming  the  provinces  of  Westphalia  and  Rhenish 
Prussia. 

RHIXNS,  (rlns.)  RHYNS  or  RINNS  OF  GAI/LOWAY. 
(anc.  CliersmieMims  Knronltum.)  a  peninsula  of  the  S.  W.  coast 
of  .Scotland,  co.  of  Wigtown,  mostly  separated  from  the  rest 
of  the  county  by  Loch  Ryan  and  Luce  Bay.  but  connected  in 
Its  centre  by  a  low  isthmus  7  miles  across.  Length,  from 
N.N.W.  to  S.S.E..  28  miles;  its  bre.idth  varies  from  2  to  5 
miles.  Area,  116  square  miles.  It  terminates  on  the  S. 
in  the  Mull  of  Galloway,  and  comprises  5  parishes,  a  part  of 
Inch,  and  the  towns  or  villages  of  Portpatrick,  Kirkmaiden, 
Stoneykirk.  Kirkcolm,  and  Stranraer. 

RHINOW.  ree/nov.  a  town  of  Prussi.n.  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 30  miles  N.W.  of  Potsdam,  on  the  Rhin,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Havel.     P(  p.  525. 

RHIO.  RIO.  ree'o.  or  RKiUW,  reCw«',  a  province  of  the 
Dutch  possessions  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  comprises  the 
Rio  Aixhipelsgo  and  the  Linga  Islands.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  l>y  the  Straits  of  Singapore  and  Malacca,  and  on  the 
K.  by  the  China  Sea. 

RHIO,  KIO  or  RIOUW.  an  island  group  of  the  Malay 
Archiiwliuio.  in  the  Dutch  possessions,  Iving  chiefly  S.  and 
K  of  Singap.ire.  The  chief  island  is  Bintang.  sometimes 
iLlso  calliKj  i;bio.  besides  which  the  group  includes  Galang, 
Uampang.  and  Itattam,  and  numerous  smaller  islands. 

RHIO.  RlO  or  UIOUW.  a  seaport  town  of  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, oO  miles  S.K.  of  Singapore,  on  the  small"  islet  of 
Poolo  1  inang.  which  lies  in  an  indentation  on  the  S.  side  of 
Blntang.  It  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and  has  many  pood 
buildings,  among  which  are  the  governors  house,  a  stone 
Prote«Uirt  church,  and  a  achooL    lU  haven  Is  spacious :  and 


in  it,  during  October  and  November,  may  be  seen  from  SO 
to  100  large  and  small  vessels.  It  was  declared  a  frcje  port 
in  1824. 

RHIW.  h'ree'oo.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Carnarvon. 

RHIWABON,  hrew-ah'bpn,  or  RUABON,  a  parish  of 
North  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh. 

RHO  or  RO.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy,  8  milea 
W.N.W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2000. 

RHOADS  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois. 

RHODDA.  rod'di,  or  RODDA,  an  island  of  Egypt,  in  the 
Nile,  ininiedi;itely  opposite  Cairo.  2  miles  in  length.  It  con- 
tiins  the  Pasha's  gardens,  in  which  the  teak  and  othertimber- 
trees  are  acclimated,  pleasure-grounds  open  to  the  public,  a 
powder  magazine,  and  the  famous  ancient  Nilometer. 

RHODE  ISLAND,  rSd  I'land,  the  smallest  of  the  states 
of  the  American  Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and 
E.  by  Massachusetts,  on  the  S.  by  the  Atlantic,  .and  W.  by 
the  State  of  Connecticut.  It  lies  between  41°  18'  and  42° 
N.  lat.,  and  between  71°  8'  and  71°  52'  W.  Ion.,  being  about 
47  miles  in  extreme  length  from  N.  to  S..  and  37  in  greatest 
bi-eadth  from  E.  to  W^.,  including  an  area  of  1306  miles,  or 
835.840  acres,  335,128  of  which  were  improved  in  1860.  One- 
tenth  of  the  state  is  occupied  by  Narr.aganset  Bay. 

J'Tiice  of  the  Country. — Rhode  Island  is  generally  hilly  and 
rough,  but  has  no  elevations  approaching  to  what  is  gene- 
rally understood  by  mountain.".  Mount  Hope,  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  state,  Woonsocket  Hills,  in  the  N.,  and  Hopkins' 
Hill,  near  the  middle  of  the  state,  are  the  most  considerable 
elevations,  but  even  they  are  of  no  great  height.  Near  the 
Atlantic,  and  on  the  borders  of  Narraganset  Bay,  is  con- 
siderable level  land. 

Minerals. — Anthracite  coal,  to  some  extent,  has  been  found, 
but,  either  because  inferior  in  quality  or  quantity,  has  not 
been  extensively  mined.  A  vein  of  this  valuable  mineral 
was  encountered  in  1854,  in  sinking  wells  in  Pawtucket, 
which  was  apparently  as  good  as  Penn.sylvania  coal.  Iron, 
too,  is  found,  and  limestone,  marble,  and  serpentine,  but  this 
state  is  not  remarkable  for  mineral  productions. 

Jtifers,  Beys,  and  Mamls. — There  are  no  large  rivers  in 
Rhode  Island ;  the  principal  streams  are  the  Pawtucket  and 
Pawtuxet,  the  first  entering  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state  from 
Sla.ssachuiietts,  and  both  emptying  hi  to  Narraganset  Bay. 
The  Pawcatuck  and  its  branches,  f.'>»ving  into  the  Atlantic, 
drain  the  S.W.  part  of  the  state.  Narraganset  Bay.  a  noble 
sheet  of  water,  crowded  with  picture.sque  islands,  projects 
into  the  state  for  30  miles  in  a  northerly  direction.  Its 
width  is  about  12  miles,  including  the  islands.  It  has 
several  arms,"mostly  on  the  E.  side,  bearing  different  names, 
as  Bristol  Bay,  Providence  Bay,  &c.  It  is  navigable  to  Pro- 
vidence for  large  vessels :  and  the  harbor  of  Newport  is  one 
of  the  deepest  and  best  in  the  United  States.  Though  the 
rivers  of  this  state  are  small,  their  rapid  descents  furnish 
great  water-power,  which  has  built  up  several  manufae- 
turing  towns,  such  as  Pawtucket,  Slatei-sville,  <itc.,  on  their 
banks. 

Islomls. — Rhode  Island  ha.s  several  islands,  the  principal 
of  which  h.as  an  area  of  about  37  stjuare  miles,  and  gives  its 
name  to  the  state.  Block  I.sland,  in  the  Atlantic,  alxjut  10 
miles  from  the  coast,  and  Canonicut  and  Prudence  Islands, 
both  in  Narraganset  Bay,  are  the  other  most  important 
islands. 

Objeeta  of  Interest  to  Tourist<t.—OTi  the  S.W.  shore  of  the ' 
island  of  Rhode  Island  stands  Newport,  the  most  fashionable 
bathing-place  on  the  Atlantic  ?oast.  though  the  number  of 
visitants  is  not  so  great  as  at  Cape  M.-iy.  The  island  affords 
fine  rides  and  fine  views,  and  the  bay  excellent  fishing.  It 
is  said  that  60  varieties  of  fin  .ind  shell-fish  are  caught  here. 
On  Canonicut  Island  are  the  ruins  of  a  circular  fort,  occupy- 
ing an  eminence  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay. 

Climate,  Soil,  .and  Productiims. — The  proximity  of  Rhode 
Island  to  the  sea  has  the  effect  to  temper  the  severity  of 
winter,  as  well  as  to  mitigate  the  heats  of  summer.  Its 
climate  is  very  similar  to  Mas.sachu.setts  and  Connecticut. 
The  soil  is  moderately  fertile,  but  rough  and  difficult  of 
cultivation  in  many  parts.  The  soil  upon  the  islands  is 
better  than  on  the  mainland.  The  i.sland  of  Rhode  Island 
is  particularly  noted  for  its  cattle,  sheep,  butter,  and  cheese. 
The  farmer  in  all  parts  of  the  state  devotes  his  attention 
more  to  grazing  and  the  dairy  than  to  tillage.  According 
to  the  census  of  I860,  there  were  in  Rhode  Island  335,128 
acres  of  improved  land  (186,096  being  unimproved^  prmlu- 
cing  1131  Imshels of  wheat;  28.259  of  rye;  461,497  of  Indian 
corn;  i^,453  of  t>ats ;  542,909  of  Irish  potatoes;  40.99:J  of 
barley;  3573  of  buckwheat;  7698  ofpe«j!  and  beans;  5458  of 
gniss-seeds :  90,699  pounds  of  wool;  1.021.767  of  butter; 
181,511  of  cheese;  82.722  tons  of  hay;  besides  conside-able 
quantities  of  beesw^ax.  lioney.  wine,  flax,  Ac.  Value  of 
orchard  products  $83,691  (Rhode  Island  is  celebrated  f)r  its 
apples;  market  products  $140,291;  live  stock  $2,042,044,  and 
slaughtered  animals  :j7 11,723. 

There  are  no  ext&nsive  forests  in  Rhode  Island.  The 
principal  forest  trees  are  oak,  chestnut  and  walnut,  wi'.h 
some  pine  and  ced.ir. 

Manufactures. — Rhode  Island,  from  its  abundant  supfly 
of  water-power,  has  become  extensively  enga;{el  in  mann- 


^-: 


ilHO 

focturing;.  and  the  first  cotton  mill  in  the  tJnited  States 
was  erected  within  her  limits.  There  were,  in  1S50,  853 
establishments  in  the  state,  producing  $500  a  year  and  up- 
wards, enfi.iired  in  mininj,  manufactures,  and  the  mechanic 
arts,  employing  $12,0'23,176  capifcU,  12,837  male  and  8044 
female  liands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $13,183,889, 
and  yielding  products  valued  at  ,$22,093,258.  In  proportion  to 
her  population,  this  state  rank.s  first  in  the  product  of  her 
cotton,  and  second  in  that  of  her  woollen  manufactures. 
According  to  the  census  of  18G0  there  were  in  this  state 
1191  estalilishnients,  producing  .SoOO  and  upwards  annually, 
engaged  in  mining,  manufactures,  and  the  mechanic  arts, 
employing  $24,278,295  capital  and  32,490  hands,  consuming 
raw  material  worth  $19,858,615,  and  yielding  products  val- 
ued at  $40,711,296.  Of  these  150  were  cotton  factories,  em- 
ploying $10,029,200  capital  and  14,035  hands,  consuming  raw 
material  worth  $5,703,223,  and  producing  stuffs  and  yarn 
valued  at  $12,003,691 ;  51  woollen  factories,  employing  $3,- 
138,000  capital  and  4180  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $:3,987,458,  and  producing  stuffs  valued  at  $6,795,685 ; 
77  manufactories  of  jewelry,  employing  $ljll2.900  capital, 
and  prodiu;ing  annually  goods  valued  at  $2,251,282;  22  of 
machinery,  &c.,  employing  $696,400  capital,  and  producing 
steam-engines,  &c.,  valued  at  $924,175 ;  2  manufactories  of 
screws,  employing  $1,004,000  capital,  and  producing  screws 
valued  at  $1,092,000,  and  5  calico-printing  works,  employing 
$773,000  capital,  and  producing  prints  valued  at  $2,314,400. 
Home-made  manufactures  valued  at  $7,824  \\eii'  jiroiliiced. 

Omimeixe. — Rhode  Island  is  actively  engaged  in  the  coast- 
ing trade,  and  has  besides  some  foreign  commerce.  The  foreign 
imports  of  this  state  in  1862-3  amounted  to  $430,.'>45,  and 
the  exports  to  $101,222;  tonnage  entered,  28,929;  cleared, 
18,319.  The  tonnage  owned  in  the  state  was  41,671,  of 
which  11,440  was  registered  tonnage,  and  30,231  enrolled 
licensed,  of  which  5064  wiis  steam  tonnage.  Of  this  ton- 
nage 626  were  employed  in  the  whale  fishery.  Number  of 
vessels  built  4,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  1825.  The  ex- 
ports consist  principally  of  manufactured  cottons  and  wool- 
lens, some  butter,  cheese,  and  apples. 

Internal  Improremenls. — In  January,  1855,  there  were  in 
Rhode  Island  50  miles  of  railway  completed.  Providence  is 
connected  with  Boston,  Worcester,  Hartford,  and  Stouing- 
ton,  by  direct  lines  of  railway. 

Education, — Great  attention  has  been  paid  to  education  in 
this  state.  Brown  University,  at  Providence,  is  a  flourish- 
ing iustitution..and  has  made  some  important  changes  in 
the  system  of  instruction  and  mode  of  conferring  degrees, 
with  the  intent  of'allowing  young  men  to  select  their  studies 
with  reference  to  future  plans  or  tastes,  without  going 
through  a  full  course.  It  had  252  students  in  1854.  The 
school  fund  of  the  state,  invested  in  bank  stock,  amounted 
In  1854  to  $61,386.  About  $50,000  isannually  paid  from  the 
state  treasury  for  public  instruction.  In  1853,  the  average 
attencUnce  of  scholars  was  18,098,  and  number  registered, 
25.905.  According  to  the  censusof  lS60,11iere  were  iu  Kliodo 
Island  1  college,  with  212  students.  $22,500  income,  of  wliicli 
$14,p00  was  endowments;  420  public  schools,  having  25,670 
pupils,  $158,953  income,  of  which  $93,479  was  from  taxation, 
$47,890  froiii  public  funds,  and  781  from  endowments;  58 
academies  and  other  schools,  having  3127  pupils,  $54,374  in- 
come, of  which  $6500  was  from  endowments,  and  .$2725  from 
taxation.  There  are  also  302  libraries  containing  465,419 
volumes,  of  wliich  169  are  public,  16  sdiool,  100  Sunday- 
school,  1  college,  and  16  chiirch  libraries. 

lidigious  Dcnimiinalions. — Of  tlie  310  churches  in  Rliode 
Island  in  1800,  the  Baptists  owned  71,  Christians  9,  Congre- 
gationalists  26,  Episcopalians  43,  Friends  20,  Metliodists  36, 
Koman  Catholics  23,  various  minor  sects  72 ;  giving  1  church 
to  every  563  persons.  Total  value  of  church  property 
$3,308,350, 

Public  Inslitutirms. — The  State  Prison  at  Providence  had,  in 
January,  1863, 60  inmates ;  iu  1854  only  49.  The  convicts  are 
lirincipaily  employed  in  cabinet-work.  The  income  for  1853 
nearly  equalled  the  expenses.  The  Butler  Hospital  for  the 
Insane,  at  Providence,  had  132  patients  remaining  at  the  end 
of  1S62,  during  which  year  36  were  admitted  and  17  recovered. 
The  stite  appropriates  $1000  annually  to  this  institution, 
and  also  $2500  annually  to  the  education  of  the  deaf,  dumli. 
blind,  and  idiotic  in  the  institutions  of  other  states.  A  re 
form  school  was  established  at  Providence  In  1850.  and  there 
had  been  received  up  to  November,  1853,  208  inmates.  The 
children  labor  7j  hours,  and  attend  school  5  hours  out  of 
every  24.  In  1850,  Rho<le  Island  had  26  public  libraries. 
with  42.007  volumes;  62  school  and  Sunday-school,  with 
29.579;  1  college,  with  Sl.OOp;  and  7  church  libraries,  with 
1756  volumes.  Rhode  Island  has  an  Historical  Society  at 
Providence,  incorporated  iu  1822.  which  has  a  library  of 
nearly  3000  volumes,  and  has  published  5  volumes  of  collec- 
tions. 

Periodicals. — There  were  published  in  this  state  in  1860,  5 
daily,  1  bi-weekly,  19  ■••eekly  newspapers,  and  1  monthly  peri- 
odical.   The  whole  annual  number  of  copies  wsis  5,28J,2S0. 

P'tpidation. — In  1790,  there  were  69.110  inhabit,ants; 
69.122  in  1800:  77,031  in  1810;  83,059  in  1820;  97.199  in 
IS;}0;  108,830  In  1840;  147,545  in  1S50.    In  1860, 174,620,  of 


flllO 

whom  170,&49  were  whites,  3952  free  colored,  19  IniJi.ina 
Population  to  the  square  mile  133.  Roirresentative  popui*- 
tion  174,620.  Of  the  population  109.965  were  born  in  th«- 
state,  27,261  in  other  states  of  the  Union,  37,:;94  in  foreign 
countries,  of  whom  6356  were  born  in  Kngland,  25,285  in 
Ireland,  1517  in  Scotland,  19  in  Wales,  2830  in  British  Ame- 
rica,  815  in  Germany,  123  in  Vrance,  and  449  in  other  foreign 
countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  7360 
were  laborers,  6S75  farmers,  4982  factory  hands,  4916  ser- 
vants, 4397  weavers,  3510  farm  laborers,  2137  carpenters, 
1838  spinners,  1783  clerks,  1630  machinists,  1407  jewelers, 
1085  mariners,  754  merchants,  753  teachers,  738  painters, 
692  mantua-makers,  653  Idacksmiths,  646  masons,  566  gro- 
cers, 388  apprentices,  412  millers,  410  moulders,  370  laun- 
dresses, 337  seamstresses,  &c.,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June 
1st,  1860,  there  occurred  2479  deaths,  or  14.4  in  every  thous- 
and. The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  during  tlie  same 
period  was  56  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Popula- 
tion of  the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  etc)  blind  85, 
insane  28S,  idiotic  101. 

G'Uiitii'S. — Rhode  Island  is  divided  into  5  counties,  viz. : 
Bristol,  Kent,  Newport,  Providence  and  Washington.  Block 
Island,  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  together  with  several  small 
islands  in  Narragauset  Bay,  we  included  in  Newport 
otmnty. 

Cities  and  Tojuws.— Providence,  with  a  population  of 
50,660  is  the  largest  town  in  Rhode  Island.  The  other  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Smithfield,  population  13,283;  North  Provi- 
dence 11,818;  Newport  10,508 ;  Warwick  8910;  Bristol  5271* 
South  Kingston  4717;  Coventry  4217  ;  Kast  Greenwich  2S82, 
Pawtucket  about  12,000;  Pascoiig  about  2000;  and  Tiverton 
1927. 

Government,  Finances,  dc. — The  executive  power  is  lodged 
in  a  governor  and  lieutenant-governor,  elected  annually  by 
the  people,  and  receiving,  the  former  $1000.  and  the  latter 
$200  per  annum.  The  legislative  power  consists  of  a  senate 
of  31,  and  a  house  of  representatives  of  72  memlters,  both 
elected  annually  by  the  people.  The  leffi.«lature  meets  on 
the  first  Tuesday  in  May  and  the  last  Monday  in  October. 
The  secretaiy  of  state,  treasurer,  and  attorney -general  are 
all  elected  annually  by  popular  vote.  The  governor  and 
lieutenant-governor  are  ex-ofticio  members  of  the  senate. 
The  judiciary  consists  of  a  supreme  court,  composted  of  1 
chief  and  3  associate  judges,  one  of  whom  holds  a  court  of 
common  pleas  in  each  county.  The  judges  hold  office  until 
removed  by  a  joint  resolution  of  both  bouses.  The  chief 
justice  receives  $900  per  annum,  and  the  ^.s.sociates  $550 
each.  Rhode  Island  has  no  state  debt,  except  the  portion 
of  her  loan  of  the  United  States  surplus  fund,  which  amounts 
to  $.382,335.23.  Ordinary  expenses.  $50,000,  exclusive  of 
debt  and  schools.  School  fund,  $56,017.37.  A.sses.sed  value 
of  property  in  1850,  $77,758,974.  The  number  of  banks  in 
the  state  in  December,  1803,  was  about  88,  with  an  aggregate 
capital  of$20,977,979,  a  circulation  of  $0,983,202,  and  $47  8,731 
in  spvcie.  In  November,  1802,  there  were  21  savings-banks, 
with  37,774  depo.sitors  and  deposits  amounting  to  $9,560,441. 

History. — Ithode  Island  was  first  settled  at  Providence,  in 
1630,  by  the  enlightened  Roger  Williams,  who  had  been 
banished  from  the  Massachusetts  colony  for  alleged  religious 
and  political  heresies.  To  Lord  Baltimore,  Penn.  and  Wil- 
liams is  gAerally  accorded  the  honor  of  being  the  first  to 
establish  govermuents  admitting  the  principles  of  religious 
toleration.  In  1638,  William  Coddington  and  seventeen 
others,  being  persecuted  in  Massachusetts  on  account  of  their 
religious  tenets,  followed  Roger  Williams,  and  settled  at  New- 
port. A  third  settlement  was  formed  at  Warwick  in  1642, 
by  a  party  under  Samuel  Groton.  Uach  of  these  companie.s 
purchased  their  lauds  of  the  Narr.igansets,  and  continued 
an  independent  association  until  united  by  a  civil  charter 
in  1643,  under  the  title  of  "  Pi-ovidenc*  Plantations."  In 
1663,  Charles  II.  granted  a  new  charter,  which,  with  a  few 
changes,  formed  the  basis  of  the  government  until  the  adop- 
tion of  the  present  constitution  in  May.  1843.  In  the  early 
part  of  1842,  the  "  suffrage  party."  as  it  was  termed,  proceed- 
ing illegally,  framed  a  new  constitution,  and  adopted  it  as  the 
basis  of  legislation.  Having  elected  a  senate,  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  Thomas  W.  Dorr  a  governor,  they  attempted 
to  maintain  their  authority  by  force  of  arms,  but  were  dis- 
pensed by  the  military  of  the  state.  A  convention,  legally 
called,  assembled  in  the  September  following,  and  after  con- 
sultation agreed  upon  the  present  constitution,  which,  being 
submitted  to  ♦he  people,  was  adopted  almost  unanimously. 

Rhode  Island  early  took  an  active  part  iu  the  cause  of 
American  independence.  The  Stamp  Act  was  resisted  by  her 
with  great  firmness:  and  when  the  importation  of  military 
stores  was  prohibited  by  the  English  government,  the  in- 
habitants seized  the  cannon  in  the  public  batteries,  and  the 
General  Assembly  passed  resolutions  for  arming  the  people. 
In  December.  1776,  Rhode  Island  was  invaded  by  the  British, 
under  General  Clinton,  who  occupied  it  till  near  the  close  of 
the  war.  General  Sullivan,  aided  by  the  French  war-ships, 
made  several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  dislodge  the  enemy, 
and  in  the  autumn  of  1778  laid  siege  to  Newport,  but  was 
finally  oblig'td  to  abandon  the  project 

Towards  the  close  of  1779  the  British  troops  were  withdrawn 

1583 


RHO 

from  BhoJe  Island,  a\id  in  1780  Rochambeau  arrived  with'a 
fcrce  of  6000  French  auxiliaries.  Tho  I'roTidence  I'lantations 
joined  with  the  other  colonies  in  holding  the  old  Continental 
Conjiress,  and  was  among  the  first  to  direct  her  delegates  to 
sign  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  to  which  she  adhei-ed  with 
greiit  pertinacity.  But  at  length,  after  all  her  asso<riates  had 
adopted  the  Constitution  of  the  United  Stotes,  she  yielded, 
and  was  admitted  as  the  thirteenth  state,  Jlay  29,  1790. 

RIIODEN,  rcydpn,  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  principality 
of  Waldeck,  24  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  1839. 

RHODE  RIVER, a  post-office, Anne  Arundel  co.,  Maryland. 

RIIODKS,  rodz.  (Fr.  Rhodet,  rod:  Ger.  lihndos,  ro'dos;  It. 
Eodi, ro'dee;  Sp.Koclas,Tc/dis;  h. JiliMus ;  Gr.'Voioi, lih6- 
dis.)  an  island  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  Mediterranean,  off  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  between  lat.35°  53'  and  36°  28'  N., 
and  Ion.  27°  40'  and  28°  12'  E.  Length,  46  miles ;  greatest 
breadth,  18  miles.  Area,  420  square  miles.  Pop.  estimated  at 
30,000,  of  whom  about  8000  are  Turks,  3000  Jews,  and  the  re- 
mainder Greeks,  with  a  few  Franks.  It  is  traversed  bya  moun- 
tain chain,  covered  with  forests,  which  have  long  supplied 
good  timber  for  ship-building.  Its  valleys  are  well  watered, 
and  highly  fertile.  The  principal  exportiare  wax,  honey,  figs, 
oranges,  lemons,  pomegranates,  wine,  valonia  bark,  onions, 
and  manufactured  silk;  in  addition  to  which,  sponge,  tim- 
ber, slioes,  and  red-leather  are  among  its  products.  The 
principal  imports  are  colonial  produce,  American  cotton, 
German  woollens,  iron,  nails,  shot,  tin,  paper,  soap,  salt- 
fish,  cordage,  glass,  and  earthenwares,  hardware  and  cutlery, 
and  French  fancy  articles,  principally  by  way  of  Smyrna 
and  Syria,  and  coals  direct  from  England,  for  the  supply  of 
the  Mediterranean  steam-packets,  and  horses,  mules,  cattle, 
sheep,  poultrj',  hides,  skins,  wool,  carpets,  and  corn,  from 
the  opposite  coast  of  Asia  Minor.  In  the  year,  from  July 
1840  to  July  1841, 1360  vessels  arrived  in  the  island  for  com- 
mercial purposes.  Rhodes  is  governed  by  a  pasha,  imme- 
diately subordinate  to  the  capidan  pasha,  and  whose  juris- 
diction extends  over  the  Turkish  Sporades.  and  the  naval 
station  of  Marmorice. Adj.  and  iuhab.  Riioman,  ro'de-an. 

RHODES,  a  stiongly  fortified  city  and  seaport  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  capital  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  at  its  N.E.  extre- 
mity. 13  miles  S.E.of  the  nearest  promontory  of  Asia  Minor. 
Lat.  of  mole,  36°  26'  9"  N.,  Ion.  28°  13'  E.  Pop.  about  15.0(X). 
of  whom  8000  are  Turks,  and  3000  Jews.  It  is  enclosetl  by 
walls,  built  by  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  and  on  the  land 
side  it  is  strengthened  by  ravelins  and  a  moat.  On  the  N.E. 
side  two  piers  project  to  enclose  a  harlx)r,  having  in  its  centre 
from  16  to  18  feet  water,  and  on  its  N.  side  is  another  jjort 
of  nearly  equal  depth.  The  city  has  9  large  and  24  small 
mosques,  a  Jews'  quarter,  and  several  synagogues,  the  an- 
cient hospital  of  the  knights,  now  used  as  a  barrack,  an  ar- 
mory, and  upwards  of  10,000  houses,  many  of  which  are 
untenanted.  Out.^ide  of  the  walls,  on  the  N.,  are  the  pasha's 
pal.ace,  the  dock-yard,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  quarter,  with 
a  chapel  and  school.  South  of  the  city  are  the  Greek  suburbs, 
with  about  3000  inhabitants,  and  9  or  10  churches.  On  the 
adjacent  heights  are  many  scattered  villas.  Rhodes  has  3  Mo- 
hammedan colleges,  a  Turkish  library  of  1000  volumes,  v.a- 
rious  Turkish  and  Greek  schools,  and  some  brisk  manufac- 
tures of  red  leather,  and  shoes  for  exportation.  It  is  the 
residence  of  a  Greek  consul,  and  French  vice-(jonsuI,  and 
several  vice-consular  agents.  In  antiquity  it  was  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  Greek  cities,  and  it  boasted  of  the  famous 
brazen  Colossus — one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world — 
which  stood  at  the  entrance  of  its  harljor.  After  the  de- 
struction of  its  republic,  it  belonged  successively  to  the 
Romans,  the  Greek  emperors,  the  Genoese,  and  the  Knights 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  which  last  held  it  from  1308  to 
1522.  when,  after  a  heroic  resistance,  it  capitulated  to  the 
Turks  under  Solyman  the  Magnificent. 

RHODES,  Inner  and  Outer.  Switzerland.    See  Appenzell. 

RHODEZ,  a  town  of  France.     See  Rodez. 

RHODOPE  JIOUNTAIN.    See  Despoto-D.\gh. 

RHODT,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  palatinate,  and  near  Eden- 
koben.    Pop.  1492. 

RIIOE  or  ROOE,  roo  (?)  MicKi.E,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands, 
Scotland,  near  the  head  of  St.  Magnus  Bay.  Length,  about 
2i  miles,  by  2  miles  broad.     Pop.  214. 

RHOE,  Little,  an  islet  in  the  vicinity  of  the  above,  with  11 
InhaViitants. 

RHON,  (Rhon,)  r8n,  or  RII0N-GEBIR6E,  (Rhbn-Gebirge.) 
r8n-ga-b«6R'fia,  a  mountain  chain  of  Central  Germany,  in 
North-west  Bavaria  and  Hesse-Cassel,  separates  the  basins 
of  the  rivers  Fulda  and  Werra  from  those  of  the  Kinzig  and 
Main.    In  it  are  the  traces  of  many  extinct  volcanoes. 

RHONE,  rOn,  (Fr.  B)t6ne,  ron ;  Ger.  Rhfme,  ro/n^h ;  It.  and 
Bp.  Rmlano,  ro'da-no ;  anc.  RhManus,)  a  large  river  of  Europe, 
rises  in  Switzerland,  in  the  Rhone  Glacier,  on  the  W.  of 
Mount  St.  Gothard,  between  the  mountains  of  Furka  and 
Orimsel,  at  an  elevation  of  5500  feet,  flows  S.W.  past  Brieg 
and  Sion  to  Martigny,  where  it  turns  sharply  to  the  N.W?. 
and  enters  the  Lake  of  Geneva  near  its  S.E.  extremity.  At 
Geneva  it  leaves  the  S.W.  part  of  the  lake.  It  enters  France 
through  the  Jura  Mountains,  and  Hows  S.  past  Seyssel, 
where  it  becomes  navigable.  Its  course  is  now  tortuously 
W.  to  Lyons,  where  it  receives  the  SaSne,  and  it  then  flows 


RIA 

nearly  due  S.  past  St.  Genis,  where  its  bed  is  640  feet  abore 
the  sea,  Vienne,  Tournon,  Valence,  Avignon,  Beaucaire,  to 
Aries,  where  it  separates  into  several  branches,  forming  a 
delta  called  the  He  de  la  Camargue,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Lyons,  in  the  Mediterranean.  Principal  affluents  on  the  right, 
the  Ain,  Saone,  Ardeche,  and  Gard;  on  the  left,  the  liSre, 
Drome,  and  Durance.  Its  fall  is  much  gretiter  than  that  of 
the  Rhine,  and  consequently  its  navigation  is  difficult  and 
dangerous.  It  is  connected  with  the  Loire  by  means  of  tlie 
Saone  and  the  Canal  du  Centre.  The  Canal  of  Burgundy 
iinites  it  to  the  Yonne  and  Seine,  and  that  of  the  Rhone 
and  Rhine  connects  it  with  the  Rhine.  Distance,  from 
source  to  mouth,  2S5  miles ;  following  windings,  634  miles; 
extent  of  basin.  30.000  square  miles.  About  225  miles  of  itg 
course  is  in  Switzerland,  and  420  miles  in  Fi-ance.  It  is  na- 
vigable about  360  miles.  The  Rhone  formerly  disappeared 
at  a  place  called  the  Perte  du  RhSne,  on  the  frontier  of 
France,  but  the  rock  which  covered  it  has  been  removed. 

RHONE,  (Rhone,)  a  department  of  France,  in  the  S.E., 
formed  of  the  old  province  of  Lyonnois,  bounded  E.  by  the 
Rhone  and  ."^aone.  Area,  1066  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861, 
662,493.  It  is  partly  covered  by  the  mountains  uniting 
the  Vosges  and  C6vennes,  and  contains  the  summits  of 
Mont  d'Or  and  Pilat.  The  soil  is  rich  in  mines  of  copper,  iron, 
and  coal.  It  produces  excellent  wine,  the  most  esteemed 
of  which  is  that  of  Cote-Rotie,  Condrieux,  and  Beaujolais. 
The  goat-milk  cheese  of  Mont  d'Or  is  in  high  repute.  This 
is  one  of  the  most  industrious  departments  of  France.  The 
silks  of  Lyons  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  muslins  are  manufactured  at  Tarare. 
The  other  branches  of  industry  comprise  cotton  and  linen 
spinning  and  weaving,  hat  making,  glass  and  paper  making. 
The  railway  from  Lyons  to  St.  Etienne  was  one  of  the  first 
constructed  in  France.  The  department  is  divided  into  the 
arrondissements  of  Lyons  (the  capital)  and  Villefranche. 

RHONE,  BOUCHES  DU.    See  Bouciies-du-Riione. 

RHONI,  ro/nee.  a  town  of  Transcaucasian  Russia,  Imeritia, 
on  the  Koocha,  (Kucha.) 

RHOON,  ron,  written  also  RHON,  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince of  South  Holland,  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dort.   Pop.  1253. 

RHOSCILLY,  h'ros-kiWt'tee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Glamorgan. 

RIIOS-COL'YN,  a  parish  of  North  Wales  co.  of  Anglesey. 

RHOS-DU,  h'ros  dee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Car- 
digan; 

KHOS-GLYDDWR,  h'ros  gljTH'oor,  a  pari.sh  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Pembroke. 

RHOS-JI A  K  K  KT,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

RHOSPEIRIO  or  RHOSPEIRIO,  h'ros-pi're-o,  a  parish  of 
North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

RHOTAS.  ro'tis.  or  ROTAS-GIIUR,  ro'tSs-gtir,  written  also 
ROIL\TAS  or  ROTAS-GUR,  a  town  and  fort  of  British  In- 
dia, )>residency  of  Bengal.  110  miles  S.E.  of  i^atr.a,  with 
some  Hindoo  temples,  and  many  Mohammedan  remains. 

KllUDDLAN,  h'riTil'l!in,  orRHYDDLAN.  h-riTHlan,  a  con- 
tributing parliamentary  borough  and  parish  of  North  Wales, 
CO.  of  F'lint.  In  the  beautiful  vale  of  Chvyd.  3  miles  N.N.W. 
of  St.  Asaph.  Pop.  of  borough  in  1851,  1472.  It  has  few 
remains  of  its  ancient  importance,  except  the  ruins  of  a 
noble  castle  built  by  FMward  I.,  who  made  the  town  a 
liorough,  and  held  in  it  the  parliament  of  1283.  It  unites 
with  I'lint,  St.  Asaph,  Holywell,  Mold,  Ac,  in  sending  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

liHli'IjKN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

RHUN,  rUn,  or  POO'LO  RHUN,one  of  theMolucca  Islands, 
in  the  Banda  group.  It  lies  11  miles  ^V'.  of  Great  Banda, 
and  is  about  3  miles  long. 

1!  HUTU  YN.  a  town  of  Wales.    See  RtJTniN. 

RHYD-Y-BOITH/AN,  a  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan, parish  of  Eglwys-Llan,  W.  of  Caerphilly. 

RHYD-Y-BREW,  h'rjd-o-brew,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Brecon. 

ItllYL.  rjl.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Clwyd.  It  has  a  station  on  the  Chester  and 
Holyhe.ad  Railway,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Conway,  and  steamers 
from  Liverpool  to  Holyhead  usually  touch  here. 

JiHYN.  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Rhine  or  Rhix. 

JtllYND,  rind,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

HHYNDACUS  or  EDRENOS,  gd'rA-noB\  a  river  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  Anatolia,  rises  about  40  miles  S.W'.  of  Kutaieb, 
flows  mostly  N.W.,  and  after  having  traversed  the  Lake 
Abullionte,  on  its  W.  side,  enters  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  20 
miles  W.  of  Moodania.    Total  course,  about  150  miles. 

RIIY'NIE  and  ES'SIE,  a  united  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  .'Vberdeen. 

RIAILL6,  re-Sh'yA',  or  re-Jryi',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loire-Inferieure,  24  miles  N.K.  of  Nantes.  Pop. 
li^OO. 

RIAJSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Riazhsk. 

RIANO  Y  LA  PUERTA,  re-ilno  e  Id  pw^R/tl,  a  town  of 
Spnin.  province,  and  39  miles  N.E.  of  l^eon.    Pop.  1215. 

RIANS,  re-dx«',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Var.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Brignolle.     Pop.  in  1852,  2078. 

RIARDO,  re-aR'do,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  cf 
Terra  diLavoro,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Capua.    Pop  1800. 


RIA 


RTC 


RIASTN.  Russia.    See  Riazan. 

lUATOVO  or  KIATOWO,  re-d-to'ro.  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  i;"^'^'"ii»ient  of  Vilna,  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  llos- 
siena.     I'op.  1530. 

lUAUJO,  re-ow'no,  a  market-town  of  Spahi,  province  of 
Corunna,  on  the  sea,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Santiago.     Pop.  1790. 

KIAZA.  re-d'thi,  a  river  of  Spain,  province  of  Segovia,  in 
Old  Castile,  flows  N.N.W.,  and  joins  the  Douro.  Length, 
about  45  miles. 

]iTAZ.\,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  3-3  miles  E.X.E. 
of  Segovia,  on  the  small  river  Jtiaza.    Pop.  3738. 

RIAZAN  or  KIASAN,  re-^-zdn',  (Oer.  Rjasan,  ryl-zan',) 
a  government  of  Russia,  between  lat.  53°  and  55°  35'  N., 
and  Ion.  3S°  and  -11°  20'  E.,  enclosed  by  the  governments 
of  Moscow,  Yladimeer,  Tambov,  and  Toola.  Area,  16,400 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1,308,472.  The  surface  is 
generally  level.  The  principal  river,  the  Oka,  divides  It 
into  two  unequal  and  widely  differing  portions,  the  S., 
and  larger,  fertile  and  healthy;  the  N.  low,  marshy,  and 
mostly  uncultivated.  The  chief  products  are  hops,  tobacco, 
garden  produce,  rye,  and  fruits.  The  pasture  lands  are  ex- 
tensive, and  the  graziers  of  the  Ukraine  bring  hither  large 
herds  to  feed.  The  government  has  a  superior  breed  of 
horses.  The  manufactures  are  of  glass  and  hardware, 
woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  stuffs,  and  cord.age.  It  has  nu- 
merous distilleries.  Principal  towns,  Uiazan,  Zaraisk,  and 
Kasimov. 

KI.\Z.\.N  or  RIASAN,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above 
government,  is  situated  on  the  Trubesh,  a  tributary  of  the 
Oka,  110  miles  S.E.  of  Moscow.  Pop.  9000.  It  has  greatly  in- 
creased in  size  and  importance  within  the  last  50  years,  and 
consists  of  two  distinct  portions;  first,  a  fortress,  enclosed 
by  an  earthen  rampart,  and  having  the  cathedrals,  episcopal 
palace,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  princes  of  Riazan, 
and  the  consistory;  and  the  town-proper,  with  numerous 
churches,  government  offices,  convents,  a  seminary,  with  a 
public  library,  hospital,  college,  to  which  a  society  of  arts 
was  attached  in  lS2f),  school  of  drawing  and  architecture, 
founded  in  1S24,  and  .some  other  schools  and  charities.  Old 
RiAZ  vx.  destroyed  by  the  Tartars  in  1568,  is  a  village  about 
30  miles  S.E. 

RIAZIISK  or  RTAJSK,  re-Szhk',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  52  miles  S.S.E.  of  Riazan,  on  the  RSsa.  Pop. 
3000. 

RIBADAVIA,  re-na-Di've-t,  or  RIVADABIA,  re-vJ-Dj'- 
Be-d,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15  miles  S.W.  ofOrense, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Avia,  an  affluent  of  the  Minho. 
Pop.  2211. 

KIBAREO,  re-Bd-Di'o,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  19 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Lugo,  on  the  l?ay  of  lii.scay.     Pop.  2789. 

RIBAFLECIIA.  ro-Bl-lWchL  or  RIBAFRECIIA,  re-B.i-friV- 
chi,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  province,  and  7  miles 
S.S.I^.  of  Logroilo,  on  the  Leza.     Pop.  1435. 

RIBARRO.IA  or  RIBAllllOXA.  re-uaa-Ro/aa,  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  50  miles  \V.  of  Tarragona,  on  the  Ebro. 
Pop.  1388. 

RIB.^RRO.TA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Valencia,  on  the  Turia.    Pop.  1803. 

R[B.\S,  ree'b.ds,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catjiloniti,  province, 
and  about  50  miles  from  Gerona.    Pop.  798. 

RIBBESFORD,  rib.s'ford,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

RIB'BLK,  a  river  of  England,  rises  In  the  district  of  Cra- 
ven, in  the  W.  part  of  the  county  of  York,  flows  S.  and  W. 
through  the  central  part  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  and 
enters  the  Irish  Sea  15  miles  W.  of  Preston,  by  an  estuary  7 
miles  across.  Principal  affluent,  the  Calder,  in  Lancashire, 
from  the  S.K. 

RIB'CIIESTER,  a  parish  of  Engltind,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RIBE,  ree'hfh,  or  RIPEX,  ree'pen,  a  town  of  Denmark, 
in  North  Jutland,  near  the  North 'Sea,  29  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Iladersleben.  Pop.  2600.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  bishop, 
and  has  a  cathedral,  built  at  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth 
century. 

RIB'EAUVILL15,  ree'boVeeryi',  or  RABSCIIWER,  rJV- 
shvaiR(?)  (Ger.  Rappnhiveiler,  rdp'polts-^ngr,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Haut-Rhin,  on  the  Strasbourg  Rail- 
way. 5 J  miles  S.S.W.  of  Schelestadt.    Pop.  in  1852,  7338. 

RIBECOURT,  reeb'kooR/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  0i.se.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Compiegne,  on  the  railway  to  Creil. 
Pop.  582. 

RIBEIRA  GRANDE,  re-bA/e-ri  grdn'dA,  a  town  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  in  the  Azores,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Ponta  Delgada.     Pop.  3000. 

RIBKIR.A.  GRANDE,  a  town  of  Cape  Verde  Islands.  See 
Bantt.^go. 

RIBEIR.A.0,  (Ribeirao,)  re-bA-rdwN«',  or  re-bA-e-r6wN°', 
SAPA  DO  KIBEIKAO,  sS-pd  do  re-bi-rowNo/,  a  town  of 
Br.azil.  province  of  Santa  Catharina,  8  miles  S.  of  Desterro. 
pop.  2000. 

RIBEIRAO.  or  SAO  JOSE  DO  RIBEIRAO,  sCwno  zho  zV- 
do  re-b.i-rowNo',  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Matto  Orosso,  24  miles  below  the  junction  of  the  Guapore 
and  Mamore. 

RIBEIRAO  DO  CARMO,  re-bi-rowN"/  do  kaR/mo,  an  auri- 
4Z 


ferous  stream  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  It  rises 
near  the  town  of  Mariana,  flows  W..  and  joius  the  GuUa 
cho  after  a  course  of  110  miles. 

RIBEMONT,  ree'bfh-mAN"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne.  near  the  (Use,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Laon.  Pop.  in 
1 852.  3098.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton  fabrics. 
Condorcet  was  Ixirn  here  in  1743. 

IllBI>:i!.\,  re-b.Vrd,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendanoy,  and  23 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Oirgenti.  on  the  Calatabellota.     Pop.  4800. 

KIBERA  ALTA,  re-itA'rd  dl'td,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Jld 
Castile.^provinceof  Alava.  a  little  S.E.  of  Vitoria.     Pop.  1150. 

K1B]'^K.\C,  ree^bd'-rdk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Dronne,  IS  miles  W.N  W. 
of  Periirueux.     Pop.  1416. 

RIBERA  DE  AB.iJO,  re-Bd-rd  dd  d-bd'no,  a  village  of 
Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  province,  and  about  4  miles  from 
Oviedo,  on  the  Nalon.     Pop.  1321. 

RIBiniA  DEL  FRESNO,  re-Bd'rd  dJl  frds/no,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province  of  Badajos,  on  the  Fresno.     Pop.  2420. 

RIBIERES,  ree'bc-aia',  a  market-town  of  Frani'e,  depart- 
ment of  Ilautes-Alpes,  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gap.     Pop.  1397. 

R1BI>EII,  ribnjh,  (the  lUmah  of  Scripture,)  a  village  of 
Syria,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  on  the  Orontes,  S.S.W.  of  Hums. 

RIB'LET'S,  a  post-offlce  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

RIBNITZ,  rilVnits,  a  town  of  North  Germany,  in  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin.  duchy,  and  34  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gustrow,  at 
the  mouth'of  theRecknitz,  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  Pop.  2684. 

RIBORDONK,  re-boR-do'nd.  ft  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  province  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  1427. 

RfB'STONE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

Rl'ISY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RICAN,  rit-sdn'(?)  or  RICANY,  rit-sd'nee  (?)  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  circle  of  Kaurzim.     Pop.  1009. 

RIC'CALL.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  York.  Ea.st  Riding. 

RICCARTON,  a  village  and  parish  of  Scotland,  eo.  of  Ayr, 
on  the  Irvine,  which  separates  it  from  Kilmarnock,  of  which 
the  village  is  a  suburb.     Pop.  in  1851,  4.583. 

RICCI.A.,  rit'chd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Moli.se, 
ISmiles  S.E.  of  Campoliasso.  Pop. 5800.  It  h.as  a  collegiate 
and  many  other  churches. 

RICCO,  rik'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Spezia.     Pop.  2375. 

RICK,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Miune.sota,  bordering 
on  Iowa,  contains  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Cannon  River,  and  contains  several  small  lakes.  The 
surface  is  undulating  or  level;  the  soil  in  some  parts  ia 
fertile.  This  county  was  formed  in  1852  or  '53,  by  a  divi- 
sion  of  Wabashaw  county.    Capital,  Faribault.    Pop.  7543. 

RICE,  a  post-to^vnship  of  Cattaraugns  co.,  New  York. 

RICE,  a  township  of  Sandusky  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  943. 

RICEBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Lil>erty  co.,  Georgia,  on 
North  Newport  River,  32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Savannah.  It  is 
the  principal  shipping  port  of  the  county,  and  contains  3  or 
4  stores. 

RICK  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Rhode  Island,  19 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Providence. 

RICK  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  E.  into  the  Wa- 
teree.  a  little  above  Camden. 

RICE  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  flows  into  the  Kalamazoo  at 
Marshall,  in  Calhoun  county. 

RICE  CREKK,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co..  ^Michigan. 

RICE  DEPOT,  (dee'po,)  a  post-office  of  Prince  Edward  CO., 
Virginia. 

RICI'l  LAKE,  Canada  West,  district  of  Now  Castle,  is  20 
miles  in  length,  by  3  miles  in  average  breadth.  It  receives 
from  the  N.  the  surplus  wafers  of  8evor.al  lakes,  and  pours 
its  own  by  the  Trent  into  Quinte  Bay,  Lake  Ontario. 

RICE'S  LAND'ING,  post-offlce,  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

RICE'S  STORE,  a  post-office,  Westmoreland  co.,  Virginia. 

RTCE'VILLB,  a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 

RICEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Oil  Creek,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Meadville.  It  is  well  supplied 
with  water-power.     Pop.  near  150. 

RICEVILLE,  a  thriving  post^village  of  Pittsylvania  co., 
Virginia,  on  Banister  River,  about  150  miles  S.W.  of  Rich- 
mond.    It  has  2  stores. 

RICEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Hancock  co.,  Mississippi. 

RICEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  McMinn  co.,  Tennessee, 
with  a  station  on  the  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia  Railroad, 
20  miles  from  Cleveland. 

RIOEYS,  Lr.s.  Id  ree'sA',  three  contiguous  villages  of  France, 
forming  together  a  town,  in  the  department  of  Aube,  on  the 
Lalgnes,  surrounded  by  vine-clad  hills,  7i  miles  S.  of  Bar- 
sur-Seine.     Pop.  1852,  3558. 

RICH,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co..  Illinois. 

RICII'ARD'S  CASTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Here- 
ford and  Salop. 

RICH'ARDSON,  a  postofflce  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois 

RICH.\RDSON.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  CO..  Tenne.ssee 

RICHARDSON'S  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  through 
Anson  eovinty  into  Rockv  River,  from  the  S.W. 

RICHARDSON'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Union  co.,  North 
Carolina,  167  miles  from  Raleigh. 

RICHARDSON'S  RIVER,  British  North  America,  enters 

1585 


RIO 

R<tck's  Inlet,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  lat.  67°  54'  X.,  Ion. 
115°  66'  W.  .,,.... 

lUCII'ARDSOXVlLLE,  a  post-villase  of  Edgefield  distnct, 
Fouth  Carolina.  55  miles  W.  of  Columbia. 

KICII.tUDSONYlLLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Tenn- 
syTHuia. 

KICIIARDSOXVILLE.  a  post-villase  of  Culpepper  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 95  miles  X.N.W.  of  Kieiimoud. 

RICII'BOKOUGH,  a  decayed  village  of  England,  eo.  of 
Kent,  on  the  Stour.  2  miles  X.N.W.  of  Sandwich,  with  ves- 
tiges of  a  castle  on  the  .site  of  the  Roman  station  of  Mliutu- 
pium.    It  was  ruined  by  the  Danes  in  1010. 

KICH'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Buclts  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 114  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

KICHBURG.  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York, 
about  300  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany,  has  an  academy. 

RICH  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Logan  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

RICIIE.  reesh,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  E. 
end  of  Papua.     Lat,  8°  2'  S.,  Ion.  147°  57'  E. 

RICHE.  reesh.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Indre- 
et-Loire,  adjacent  to  Tours,  and  having  the  remains  of  the 
Castle  of  Plessis-le-Tours,  where  the  gloomy  Louis  XI.  spent 
the  latter  part  of  his  life. 

RICHELIEU,  reeshVh-lu'  or  reesh'le-t;h',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Indre-et-Loire.  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chi- 
non.  Pop.  in  1852,  2649.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Cardinal 
de  Richelieu.  . 

RICHELIEU,  ree'she-lu',  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

RICHELIEU,  ree'she-lu'.a  county  of  Canada  East,  bounded 
N.  by  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  W.  by  the  Richelieu  or  Sorel 
Kiver,  and  intersected  by  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway.  Area, 
373  square  miles.     Capital,  Sorel.     Pop.  in  1851.  25,686. 

RICHELIEU,  SO'REL/,  ST.  JOHN,  or  CHAMBLY,  shSsi'- 
blee/,  a  river  of  Canada  East,  district  of  Montreal,  leaves 
Lake  Champlain  at  its  X.  extremity,  and  after  a  X.  course 
of  about  80  miles,  enters  the  river  St.  Lawrence  at  Lake 
St.  Peter.  It  is  broader  and  more  rapid  in  the  former  than 
in  the  latter  part  of  its  course.  Near  its  centre  it  expands 
into  the  basin  of  Chambly. 

RICHELIEU  ISLANDS,  are  situated  in  Lake  St.  Peter, 
(St.  Pierre.)  at  the  mouth  of  the  above,  in  the  St.  Lawrence. 

RICH'FIELD,  a  post-township  forming  the  X.  extremity 
of  Otsego  co„  Xew  York.    Pop.  1648. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  eo.,  Pennsylvania. 

RICHFIELD^  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Henry  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  272. 

RICHFIELD,  a  township  forming  the  X.W.  extremity  of 
Lucas  CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  691. 

RICHFIELD,  a  po.st-village  .ind  township  of  Summit  co., 
Ohio.  134  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  1053. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  eo.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  062. 

RICHFIELD,  a  town.ship  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan. 

RICHFIELD,  p.ist-township.  Adams  co.,  Illinois.    P.1489. 

RICHFIKLD,  a  small  village  of  Clay  co.,  Missouri. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-township  of  VVasliiii<;tuu  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  1920.    See  Appb.nbix. 

RICHFIELD  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York,  about  75  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  has  a  sulphur  spring, 
and  contains  2  churches. 

RICH'FORD,  a  post-township  of  Fi-anklin  co.,  Vermont, 
on  the  E.  side  of  ilissisque  River,  50  miles  X.  by  W.  of 
Montpelier.     Pop.  1338. 

RICHFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co..  New 
York,  on  East  Owego  Creek,  about  140  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Albany.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  300 :  of  the  township, 
1404. 

RICH  FORK,  a  postoffice  of  Davidson  co.,  North  Carolina. 

RICH  HILL,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  L^ster,  co.,  and 
4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Armagh,  on  the  road  to  Belfa-st.  Pop.  800. 
It  has  a  station  on  the  Belfast  and  Armagh  Railway. 

RICH  HILL,  a  township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Greene  co..  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  24^5. 

RICH  HILL,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Mus- 
kingum co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1371. 

KICHIBUCTO,  rishVbak'to,  a  port  of  entry  of  Kent  co., 
New  Brunswick,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  about  120  miles  N.E.  of  St.  John.  The  Richibucto 
River  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  size  above  15 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  gulf,  where  it  forms  a  safe 
and  commodious  harbor.  The  shipment  of  timber  and  deals 
at  this  port  is  annually  becoming  more  and  more  im- 
portant. The  number  of  foreign  arrivals  in  1851,  was  106, 
(tons,  16,'86.)  and  of  clearances  105,  (tons.  18,305.)  Value 
of  imports.  $109,0<X»;  exports,  $133,155. 

RICHLAND,  richland,  a  district  in  the  central  part  of 
South  Can  .lina,  has  an  area  of  465  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Wateree.  and  on  the  S.W.  by  Bi-oad  and 
Congaree  Rivers.  The  first  and  last  of  these  unite  at  the 
B.E.  extremity  of  the  district.  The  surface  is  moderately 
hilly,  and  partly  covered  with  pine  forests.  The  soil  is 
mostly  excellent  The  Congaree  and  Wateree  Rivers  are 
navigabl.'  by  steamboats  on  the  borders  of  the  district 
xhree  rail  way  lines  terminate  at  Columbia,  in  tiiis  district, 


EIC 

namely,  the  Columbia  Branch,  the  Greenville  and  Colombia, 
and  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroads.  Capital, 
Columbia.  Pop.  18,G07,  of  whom  7302  were  free,  and  11,005 
slaves. 

RICIIL.^ND,  a  county  in  the  N.  or  N.  central  part  of  Ohio, 
contains  about  450  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Black 
and  Clear  Forks  of  the  Walhonding  River,  which  "rise  within ' 
its  limits.  The  surface  is  partly  level  and  partly  undu- 
lating. The  soil  is  generally  excellent  and  well  timbered. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  3  railroads,  viz.  the  Cleveland 
and  Cincinnati,  the  Sandusky  and  Newark,  and  the  Penn- 
sylvania and  Ohio.  Organized  in  1813.  Capital.  Mansfield. 
Pop.  31,158. 

RICHLAND,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  about  310  square  miles.  The  Little  Wabash  River 
touches  the  S.W.  extremity,  and  Fox  Creek  flows  through 
the  county  from  X.  to  S. ;  it  is  also  drained  by  Bonpas  Creek. 
The  .surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  productive.  The 
county  contains  a  large  proportion  of  prairie.  Capital,  01- 
ney.    Pop.  49711. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-vill.^ge  and  township  of  Oswego  co., 
New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  liome  and  VVater- 
town  Railroad,  42  miles  N.W.  of  Rome.  The  township  also 
contains  Pulaski,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  412S. 

RICITLAND,  a  township  of  Bucks  county,  Pennsvlv.ania. 
Pop.  2602. 

RICIIL.\NT),  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1657. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  061. 

RICHLAND,  a  village  and  township  at  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1121. 

RICIIL.A.ND,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co.,  A'irginia. 

RICHL.iXD.  a  post-village  of  Stewart  co.,  Georgia,  150 
miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-township  in  Jefferson  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  1134. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  in  Madison  co.,  Arkansas.  P.  736. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  in  Newton  co.,  .\rkansas.    P.  96. 

RICHL.VND,  a  township  in  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas.  P.  8-51 

RICHLAND,  a  township  in  Searcy  co.,  Arkansas.    P.  128. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  4S9. 

RICHLAND,  a  po.st-village  in  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 

RICHLAX'D,  a  village  in  Henderson  co..  Kentucky,  near 
Green  River.  165  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

RICHL.^ND,  a  town.sliip  in  Allen  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1802. 

RICHLAND,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsyl- 
vania Railro.ad,  4  miles  from  Crestline. 

R ICHL AND,  a  township  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  4148. 

iaCIIL.\ND,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  16S9. 

KICIIL.A.ND,  a  township  of  Darke  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  914. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  908 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1451. 

RICHLAND,  atown.<hipofGuernsey  co.,Ohio.  Pop.  1676. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1500. 

RICHLAND,  a  flourishing  village  and  township,  of  Logan 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad  from  Cincinnati  to  Sanduskj',  also 
on  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  126  miles  from 
tlie  former.  Pop.  of  the  township,  1163;  of  the  village, 
about  200. 

RICHLAND,  a  pos^office  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1717. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.1014. 

RICIIL.\ND,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kala- 
mazoo CO.,  Micliig-an.     Pop.  1331. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  .\dams  co.,  Indiana. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1544. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1827. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana,  rop.1038. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  ImUana.  Pop.  983. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1640. 

RICin.AND,  a  tov^-nship  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  686. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Madison  co ,  Indiana.  P.  926. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1005. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana.  Po.p  1173. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rush  co.,  In- 
diana. 9  or  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rushville.     Pop.  1311. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  653. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois,  12 
miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Gasconade  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  665. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri,  about 
10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

RICHLAND,  a  thriving  ])ostrVillage  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa, 
50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile 
farming  district,  which  is  improving  rapidly,  and  it  has 
several  stores.    Pop.  of  Richland  township,  l-tio. 

RICHLAND  CENTRE,  capital  of.  Ilichlan.i  county,  Wis- 
consin, 128  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milwf  nkee.  It  is  situated  on 
Pine  Creek,  and  on  a  prairie  in  Riciiland  township.    It 


RIC 


RK 


has  Rlinndnnt  wnter-power,  ami   several   mills.    Pop.  of 
lowiishiji,  1075. 

lilCIILAND  OKN'IRE.  a  post-office,  Tie  Knlb  co.,  Indiana. 

RICH  LAND  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Uichl.ind  eo.,  Wiscon- 
»jn,  on  the  Wisconsin  Hiver,  50  ni.W.  of  Madison.  P.  about  200. 

lUCIILAND  CKKKK,  of  Xavai-ro  co.,  Texas,  rising  in  the 
W.  part  of  the  county,  ent<?rs  Pecan  Creek,  near  the  E. 
border. 

RICIILANP  CRKKK.  in  the  S.  part  of  Tennessee,  flows 
S.  and  enters  Elk  Itiver,  in  Giles  county,  at  Klkton. 

lUCHI.AM)  CKOSS'INGS,  post-oiUce.  Navarro  co.,  Texas. 

KICIfLAND  G1{0VK.  a  post-Tillage  of  .Mercer  co.,  Illinois, 
13  miles  S.S.I-;,  of  Rock  Island. 

RfCII'LANDS,  a  post-office  of  Onslow  co..  North  Carolina. 

RICII'LANDTOW.V.  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 103  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisburs. 

RICII'MOXI).  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  Knirland,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding,  on 
the  Swale,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge.  42 
miles,  N.W.  of  York,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the 
Great  North  of  England  Railway,  and  a  short  branch.  Pop. 
of  parliamentary  borough  in  ISol.  49()9.  It  is  picturesquely 
situated  on  a  bold  eminence,  half-encircled  by  the  Swale, 
Irregularly,  but  well  built.  The  chief  buildings  are  the 
fine  old  church,  a  large  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  an  excellent 
free  grammar  school,  a  large  hotel,  and  imposing  ruins  of  a 
castle,  built,  together  with  the  town,  at  the  Conquest,  by 
Alan,  Earl  of  Ih'etagne.  It  covers  6  afres.  and  has  a  keep 
about  100  feet  in  height.  It  now  belonsrs  to  the  Duke  of 
Richmond,  on  whose  ancestors  it  was  conferred  by  Charles  II. 
Near  it  are  also  fine  remains  of  a  monasterv',  Richmond  has 
n  scientific  society,  mechanics'  institute,  and  banking  com- 
pany. An  ecclesiastical  and  civil  court,  for  the  extensive 
district  of  Richmoiidshire.  are  held  here.  The  borough 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

RICHMOXT).  a  town  and  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Surrey, 
on  the  right  y)ank  of  the  Thames,  here  crossed  by  a  hand- 
some stone  bridge  of  4  arches,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  with  which  city  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  of  the 
South-western  H.nilway.  X'op.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  9005. 
On  the  sides  and  summit  of  a  ridge  facing  the  river  are 
many  handsome  villas,  and  several  superior  hotels,  resorted 
to  in  summer  by  numerous  visitors  from  the  metropolis; 
and  here  also  Richmond  commands  one  of  the  finest  pros- 
pects in  the  vicinity  of  liondon.  and  has  beauties  which 
e.irned  for  it  the  designation  of  the  Enolish  Tivoti,  In  its 
church  are  the  tomlisof  the  poet  Thomson  and  the  tragedian 
Kean,  It  has  a  national  school,  several  amplv-endowed  sets 
of  almshouses,  a  very  handsome  Wesley.an  college,  and  some 
remainsof  a  royal  palace,  rebuilt  by  Henry  VII.,  who  named 
the  place  after  his  pati'rnal  earldom  in  Yorkshire:  and  who, 
as  well  as  Queen  Elizabeth,  died  here,  Richmond  Park, 
adjoining  the  town  on  the  S„  is  8  miles  in  circuit,  well 
woodfd,  stocked  with  deer,  and  open  to  the  public, 

RICII'MOXI),  the  southernmost  county  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  60  square  miles.  It  comprises  the  whole 
of  Staten  Island,  and  is  divided  into  four  townships.  It  is 
liounded  N,  by  Xewai'k  Ray  and  the  Kills,  W,  by  Staten 
Island  .Sound,  S.  by  Raritan  Bay,  and  E,  by  the  Hudson 
River,  all  of  which  afford  great  tacilities  for  navigation  and 
the  fisheries.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  hilly ;  Richmond 
Hill  is  the  greatest  elevation.  The  soil  is  generally  good, 
and  has  a  great  a<lvantage  in  being  so  near  the  New  Y'ork 
market.  Iron-ore  <and  some  other  minerals  have  been  found. 
This  county  was  named  from  Richmond,  a  town  of  Eng- 
land,    Capital,  Richmond,     Pop,  2."),4M2, 

RICHMOND,  a  county  in  the  E,  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  140  square  miles,  and  a  length  of  ,30  miles.  The 
Rappahannock  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  S.AV. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The  soil  has  lately  been  im- 
proved by  the  use  of  guano.  Firewood  is  one  of  the  chief 
articles  of  export,  and  large  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  find 
lucrative  employment  in  the  ovster  business.  Organized  in 
_  1692.  Capital,  AVarsaw.  Pop."  in  1850,  6856,  of  whom  4390 
■  were  free,  and  2466  slaves. 

RICIIMOXD,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  South  Carolina  :  area  estimated  at  900  square 
miles.  Lumber  River  forms  its  Ixiundary  on  the  E.,  and 
the  Yadkin  on  the  \V„  and  Little  River  "flows  through  a 
part  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  undulating.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  a  number  of  small  streams  which  furnish  fine 
motive-power.  Formed  in  1779,  Capital,  Rockingham, 
Pup.  11,009,  of  whom  6556  were  free,  and  .■>4ri.T  slaves. 

RICllMO.N'D,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georiria.  border- 
ing on  the  Savannah  River,  which  .separates  it  from  South 
Carolina,  contains  about  340  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Brier,  Butler's,  MacBean's,  and  Spirit  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  e.xcepting  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river,  the  soil  is 
generally  poor.  Granite,  sienite.  novaculite.  and  burrstone 
■ire  found.  The  Savannah  River  .affords  extensive  water- 
power  at  Augusta,  and  Is  navigalile  by  steamboats  from 
that  point  to  its  mouth.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Georgia  Railroad.  This  division  of  the  state  was  formerly 
called  Augusta  District :  the  present  name  was  given  in  1777, 
in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  a  warm  friend  of  Ameri- 


can liberty.  Capital,  Augusta.  Pop.  21,284,  of  whom  12.S9,'' 
were  free,  and  8389  slaves. 

RICHMOND,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Sagadahoc  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec  and  Portland  Rail- 
road, 17  miles  S.  of  Augusta.  The  villige  contains  4 
churches,  a  bank,  a  brass-foundry,  machine-shop,  sash 
and  blind  factory,  and  other  establishments.  Ship-building 
is  very  extensively  carried  on;  16  ships  and  1  brig  wera 
constructed  here  in  1853,  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1850, 
2050;  in  1860,  27-39,  which  is  chiefly  in  the  village. 

RICJI.MOND,  a  i)Ost-townshipofCheshireco.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 53  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1015. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chittenden 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad  and  Onion 
River,  23  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactures 
of  machinery,  carriages,  furniture,  woollen  goods,  leather, 
Ac,     Pop.  of  the  town,ship,  1400. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berkshire  co,. 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  and  the  Ilousatouic 
River,  159  miles  W,  of  Boston.     Pop,  914. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  in  Washington  CO.,  Rhode  Island, 
on  the  Stonington  and  Providence  Railroad,  28  miles  S,S.W. 
of  Providence.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  muslins, 
delaines,  thread,  &c.    Pop,  1964. 

lilClIMOXD.  New  York,  a  station  on  the  Western  Rail- 
road, 41  miles  from  Albany, 

RICmiOXT),  a  township,  Ontario  co..  New  Y'ork.  P  1650. 

RICHJIOXD,  a  beautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Richmond 
CO.,  New  York,  is  situated  on  Staten  Island,  about  160  miles 
S,  by  W.  of  Albany,  It  consists  principally  of  villas,  en- 
closed by  beautifully  ornamented  griuinds,  occupying  the 
N,  and  N,W,  slope  of  the  island,  in  full  view  of  New  York 
City  and  the  shipping  in  the  harbor, 

RICHMOND,  township,  Berks  co„  Pennsylvania.    P.  2875. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsjdvania. 
Pop.  1640, 

RICHJIOND,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co,,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 2  miles  W.  of  the  Delaware  River,  and  12  miles  N.  of 
Easton.     It  contains  several  stores, 

RICHMOND,  or  PORT  RICHMOND,  a  suburb  of  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  Delaware  River,  2  miles  above  the  city  pro- 
per. It  is  a  depOt  for  the  coal  brought  down  the  Reading 
Railroad,  In  1852,  the  number  of  vessels  loaded  with  coal 
at  this  port  amounted  to  9047,  viz,:  8  ships,  94  liarks,  571 
brigs,  5482  schooners.  334  sloops,  and  2759  barge.s.  Pop.  in 
1850,  5750. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
43  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Williamsport.     Pop.  Ib96. 

RICHMOXD,  a  small  village  of  Tioga  CO.,  Penn.sylvani.a. 

RICHMOND,  a  city,  pfirt  fif  entry,  capit.il  of  Virginia,  and 
seat  of  ju.stice  of  Henrico  county,  is  situated  on  the  left  or 
N.K.  bank  of  .Tames  River,  at  the  lower  falls.  ■a\i4  at  the 
head  of  tide-water,  about  100  miles  in  a  .straight  line  S.  by 
W.  of  Washington.  The  distance  by  railroad  is  130  miles 
from  Washimrton;  168  from  Baltimore,  and  22  N,  of  Peters- 
burg, Lat,  of  the  Capitol,  37°  32'  17"  N,,  Ion,  77°  27'  28"  W. 
It  is  the  largest  town  in  A'irginia,  and  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  in  the  Union,  The  situation  of  the  city  and  the 
scenery  of  the  environs  are  much  admired,  combining,  in  a 
high  degree,  the  elements  of  grandeur,  be.auty,  and  variety. 
The  river,  winding  among  verdant  hills  which  rise  with 
graceful  swells  and  undulations,  is  interrupted  by  nume- 
rous islands  and  granite  rocks,  among  which  it  tumVdes  and 
foams  for  a  distance  of  several  rnile-s.  The  city  is  built  on 
sever.ll  hills,  the  most  considenible  of  which  are  Shockoe 
and  Richmond  Hills,  separated  from  each  other  by  Shockoe 
Creek.  It  is  laid  out  with  general  regularity  in  rectangular 
blocks.  About  12  parallel  streets,  neatly  3  miles  in  length, 
extend  N.W.  and  S.E..  and  were  originally  distinguished 
by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  A  street  being  next  the  river; 
other  names,  however,  are  now  generally  used.  The  princi- 
pal tlioroughfare  of  business  and  fashion  is  Main  or  E  street. 
Those  which  intersect  it  are  named  from  the  ordinal  num- 
bers, Fii-st,  Second,  Third,  Ac,  The  Capitol  and  other 
public  buildings  are  situated  on  Shockoe  Hill;  the  top  of 
which  is  an  elevated  plain  in  the  W,  part  of  the  city.  This 
is  the  fashionable  quarter,  and  is  considered  the  most  de- 
sirable for  private  residences.  The  Capitol,  fiom  its  size 
and  elevated  position,  is  the  most  conspicuous  object  in 
Richmond.  It  stands  in  the  centre  of  a  public  square,  of 
about  8  acres,  is  adorned  with  a  portico  of  Ionic  columns 
and  contains  a  marble  stitue  of  Washington,  by  Houdon, 
taken  from  life,  and  considered  a  perfect  likeness.  The  City 
Hall  is  an  elegant  and  co.stly  building  in  the  Doric  st^Ie,  at 
an  angle  of  Capitol  Square.  The  Penitentiary,  which  stands 
near  the  river,  in  the  W,  suburbs  of  the  city,  has  a  front  .300 
feet  in  length,  and  is  110  feet  deep.  The  number  of  prisoners 
in  September,  1853,  was  270.  The  city  contains  also  a  court- 
house, a  jail,  an  armory  320  feet  long  Tiy  280  wide,  2  market- 
houses,  a  theatre,  an  orphan  asylum,  and  a  masonic  hall. 
A  new  custom-house  is  being  erected  at  a  cost  of  about 
$400,000. 

There  are  3  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  *!2,114.000, 
and  several  insurance  offices.  The  public  press  consists  of 
16  or  17  papers  and  periodicals,  6  or  7  of  which  are  issued 

1587 


RIC 


RIC 


daily..  Tliere  are  about  30  churches,  belonging  to  the  Bap- 
tists, Episcopiilians,  Methodists,  PresbyteriiUis,  Friends, 
Lutherans,  Campbeliites,  Uuiversalists,  and  Catholics;  also 
2  Hebrew  synagogues.  The  Monumental  Church  (Episco- 
l)al)  occupies  the  site  of  the  theatre  which  waa  burned  in 
1811,  on  which  occasion  the  Governer  of  Virginia  and  more 
fian  60  others  perished.  Among  the  institutions  of  this 
c  ty  may  be  mentioned  the  Virginia  Historical  and  Philoso- 
phical Society,  Richmond  College,  founded  by  the  Baptists 
in  1S.32;  St  Vincent's  College,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Catholics,  and  the  Medical  Department  of  Hampden  and 
Sydney  College,  estjvblished  here  in  1838;  the-e<Ufice  of  the 
latter  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the  Egyptian  style  of  archi- 
tecture. The  water  of  the  river  is  raised  by  forcing  pumps 
into  3  reservoirs,  containing  1,000,000  gallons  each,  and 
thence  distributed  over  the  city.  Three  bridges  across  the 
river  connect  the  city  with  Manchester  and  Spring  Hill. 

For  some  3'ears  past  Kichmond  ha.s  rapidly  increased  in 
population  and  business.  The  James  River  and  Kanawha 
Canal,  of  which  this  is  the  E.  terminus,  is  completed  to  Bu- 
chanan, al)Out  200  miles,  and  is  progressing  to  Covin;;ton. 
on  Jaekson"s  River.  It  was  commenced  in  1834,  and  had 
co.«t,  in  lSo2,  $10,714,306.  The  I'ichmond  and  Peteisbmg 
Railroad  connects  here  with  the  Richmond  and  Fredericks- 
burg Raihoad,  forming  part  of  the  great  southern  mail 
route.  The  Central  Railroad,  after  leaving  Richmond,  makes 
an  extensive  detour  to  the  X..  and  then  turning  westward, 
penetrates  the  central  part  of  the  state.  It  is  completed  to 
Staunton,  about  125  miles,  and  is  to  be  extended  to  the 
Ohio  River,  at  Guyandotte;  and  the  Richmond  and  Dan- 
ville Railroad,  of  which  73  miles  were  completed  in  1853, 
extends  S.W.,  connecting  with  the  raiiro.ad  systems  of  Ten- 
nessee and  Georgia.  The  river  Is  navigable  to  this  port  for 
vessels  drawing  10  feet  of  water,  and  those  drawing  15  feet 
come  within  3  miles  of  the  town.  Semi-weekly  lines  of 
ocean  steamers  communicate  with  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, and  steamboats  ply  daily  to  Btdtimore  and  Norfolk. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  amount  of  tonnage,  esti- 
mated value  thereof,  and  freight  paid  on  the  same,  imported 
Into  Richmond,  by  canal  and  railroad,  during  the  year 
1852:— 


JaniRs  Biver  Canal 

Richmond      and     Fredericksburg 
Railroad 

Riclimond  and  Petersburg  Railroad 
Richmond  and  D.inville  Railroad.. 
Virginia  Central  Railroad 


4,807 
27,932 
o3,4-'l 


285,000 
l,26-',i48 

%7,3-'B 
1.000,000 


256,987    $10,660,422    $353,861 


19,252 
24,752 
S7.919 
55,989 


The  chief  articles  of  export  are  tobacco,  wheat,  and  flour. 
The  quantity  of  tobacco  inspected  here  in  1851.  was  15.678 
hogsheads,  and  in  1852  it  amounted  to  24.119  hogsheads. 
The  exports  of  th.at  year  were  13,771  hogsheads,  viz.:  to 
Great  Britain,  5416  hogsheads:  France,  3558;  Italy,  1910; 
Bremen,  1432 •  Holland,  lU25;  Belgium,  430.  The  shipping 
of  the  di.strict.  June  30.  1^54.  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of 
5172  tons  registered,  and  0700  tons  enrolled  and  licensed. 
Of  the  latter  all  were  employed  in  the  cna.st  trjide,  and  1421 
tons  in  steam  navigation,  the  foreiirn  arrivals  for  the  vear 
were  24,  ftons,  3759,)  of  which  11  (tons.  2012)  were  by  .Ame- 
rican vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  were  74. 
(tons,  24.4i>4.')  of  which  51  (ton.s,  17.059)  were  by  American 
vessels.  During  the  year  4  vessels,  with  an  aggi-egate  burden 
of  833  tons,  were  admeasured. 

Richmond  po.>;sesses  an  immense  water-power  derived 
from  the  falls  of  James  River,  which,  from  the  commence- 
ment of  the  rapids,  a  few  miles  above  the  city,  descends 
about  100  feet  to  the  tide-level.  Few  places  in  the  stite,  or 
in  the  whole  country,  possess  greater  natural  advantages 
for  productive  industry,  which  has  recently  attracted  much 
attention.  The  principal  articles  produced  here  are  flour, 
tobacco,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  paper,  machinery,  and 
iron  ware.  The  brand  of  the  City  Flour  Mills  has  acquired, 
perhaps,  more  celebrity  than  any  other  in  the  countrv.  The 
Gallego  and  Ilaxall  Mills  are  5  or  6  stories  high,  94  feet 
long,  and  about  SO  feet  wide.  Richmond  contains  about  40 
tobacco  factories,  .some  of  which  are  very  extensive,  and 
wveral  rolling-mills  and  cotton-factories.  This  city  was 
founded  by  an  act  of  Assembly  in  May,  1742.  and  liecame 
the  capital  of  the  state  in  17i9-80.  In  1787  it  contained 
about  SOO  houses.  Pop.  in  1800,  6737;  in  1810,  9785;  in 
1820,  12,067;  in  1830,  16,060;  in  1840,  20,153;  in  1850, 
27,5.0,  and  in  1860,  37,910  of  whom  23,635  were  white  per- 
sons, Ufi'M  slaves,  and  2.576  persons  of  color.  It  was  tiiken 
by  the  Union  army,  after  a  long  and  most  obstinate  defense, 
on  the  2d  of  April,  1865. 

,  J?^™^*^\^'  "  Post-f  W«ge  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama,  about 
100  miles  S..  by  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 
«InlR!'^^'S'  *  P^'*""'"*'  of  Itawamba  co.,  Missi,s.sippi, 
KJl^llMOND,  a  post-village,  capiUl  of  Madisou  parish, 
louisiana  on  Roundaway  Bayou.  300  miles  by  water  N.  of 
Uatou  Koige,  has  a  courthouse,  and  a  newspaper  office. 
158S 


RICHJIOXD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fort  Bend  co., 
Texas,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Brazos  River,  170  miles 
S.E.  of  Austin  City.  The  river  is  navigable  up  to  this  point 
in  high  water. 

RICHMOND,  a  town.ship  in  Desha  co.,  Arkan-sag. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  in  Prairie  Co.,  Arkan.sas. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee,  70 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Na.shville. 

RICll.MOND,  a  handsome  post-village,  capit.il  of  MadUoa 
CO.,  Kentucky.  50  miles  S.S.K.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  Ijeautiful  and  fertile  country,  and  contains  a 
court-house.  4  churches,  an  academy,  a  public  library,  1 
newspaper  office,  and  a  branch  bank.  Settled  in  1785.  Pop. 
in  1853.  estimated  at  1500. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Ashtabula  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  965. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Huron  co.,  OIuo.     Pop.  992. 

lilCHMOXD,  a  post-village  of  Salem  toAvnship,  Jefferson 
CO.,  Oliio,  11  miles  X.AV.  of  Steubenville.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  .academy,  and  a  newspaper  othce.     Poj).  692. 

RICHMOND,  a  village  of  Lake  co..  Ohio,  on  Grand  River, 

1  mile  from  Lake  Erie.  A  large  village  sprang  up  here  sud- 
denly, aliout  1836.  but  soon  after  rapidly  declined.  Many 
of  the  buildings  have  since  been  taken  down  or  removed  to 
Paiiiesville,  2  miles  above. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-town.«hip  forming  the  N.E.  part  of 
Macomb  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.lCSo. 

RICHMOND,  a  village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  55  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

RICHMOND,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Wayne  town- 
ship, Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  East 
Fork  of  Whitewater  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Na- 
tional Road  and  Central  Railroad,  68  miles  E.  of  ludiana- 
poli.s,  and  64  miles  N,N.W,  of  Cincinnati,  It  is  the  centre 
of  an  active  trade,  and  reniarkaV)le  for  its  flourishing  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  wool,  paper,  flour,  and  iron,  for  which 
the  river  affords  abundant  motive-power.  It  is  believed 
that  no  town  in  the  state  employs  more  labor  in  this  branch 
of  industry.  The  Central  Railroad  extends  to  Indianapolis 
on  one  hand,  and  connects  on  the  other  with  the  lailroadg 
of  Ohio.  The  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  Air  Line  Railroad 
also  passes  through  Richmond.  Richmond  contains  2 
banks,   1   public   library,  10  churches,  2  printing  offices, 

2  fire  companies  and  engines,  and  Oj  stores.  The  Indi- 
ana yearly  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends  is  held  here. 
There  are  2  large  boarding-schools  in  the  vicinity.  The 
townsliip  contained  in  1851,  3  cotton  factories,  4  woollei 
factories,  1  paper  mill,  13  flouring  milLs.  3  oil  mills,  11  saw 
mills,  and  2  iron  foundries.  The  manufa'cture  of  cnrriages, 
threshing  machines,  and  farming  implements  is  carried  on 
here  extensively.  The  surrounding  country  is  the  most 
populous  and  highly  cultivated  part  of  the  state.  Pop.  in 
1853.  bv  a  local  census.  3S0O;  in  1860,  6603. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Illinoi.s,  .ibout  3 
miles  M'.  of  Illinois  River,  and  70  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Spring- 
field. 

RICHMOND,  a  small  village  of  Coles  co..  Illinois. 

RICHMOND,  a  thriving  post-village  of  McIIeniy  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Fox  River  Valley  Railroad.  75  miles  N,W.  of 
Chicago.     It  has  several  mills.     Pop.  of  township  1378. 

RICHMOND,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capifcil  of  Ray  co., 
Mis.souri,  150  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City,  and  7  miles  N. 
of  Missouri  River.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  very  fertile  re- 
gion.   It  has  a  bank.     Pop.  3123. 

RICHMOND,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-office  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Walworth 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  49  miles  W.S.W,  of  Milwaukee,    Pop.  1016. 

RICHOIOND,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  in  the  township 
of  Goulburn,  co.  of  Carleton.  on  the  Goodwood  River,  73 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Kingston.  It  is  a  thriving  place,  with  se- 
veral churches  of  different  sect.s.  a  grammar  school,  a  dis- 
tillery. 2  tanneries,  and  a  saw.  fulling,  and  flour  mills.  Pop. 
in  1852.  1135. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  in  the  town- 
ship of  Bavham,  co.  of  Middlesex,  37  miles  from  London.  • 
Pop.  about  250. 

RICHMOND,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Canada  East,  in 
the  township  of  Shipton.  co.  of  Sherbrooke.  on  a  branch  of 
the  St.  Francis  River,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Quebec  and 
Richmond  Railway  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  90 
miles  E.  of  Montreal,  and  100  S.S.W.  of  Quebec.  A  bridge 
across  the  St.  Francis  connects  it  with  Melbourne. 

RICHMOND,  a  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  occupying  the  S. 
portion  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  Madame,  and  other 
smaller  islands  adjoining.  Capital,  Arichat.  Pop.  in  1851, 
10.381. 

RICHMOND,  a  village  of  New  Brunswick,  co.  of  York, 
about  52  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Fredericton. 

RICHMOND,  a  town  of  New  South  W.iles,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, 39  miles  N.W.  of  Sydney.     Pop.  800. 

RICH.MOND,  a  town  of  Australia,  in  Victoria,  on  the 
Yarra.  near  Melbourne, 

RICHMOND,  a  district  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  ,separated 
W,  from  the  districts  of  New  Norfolk  and  Holiart  Town  by 
Derwent  River  and  estuary,  and  having  E,  and  S,  Storm 


RIC 


RID 


Bay  ana  the  ocpan.  Area,  1050  square  miles.  The  shores 
are  very  irregul.tr.  It  comprises  i'orestier's  and  Tasinan's 
Peniasulas,  aud  Marion  Island,  with  Ralph,  Frederielc- 
Henry,  Norfolk,  and  Mariou  Bays,  and  I'ittwater.  Surface 
mostly  mountainous. 

KICIIVrOND,  a  town  of  the  above  district,  is  on  the  Coal 
River,  11  miles  N.R.  of  IIobart-Town.  It  has  a  court-house, 
jail,  and  some  inns.  Other  settlements  are  Sorell,  lirighton, 
and  Bajrdad. 

KICIIMOXP  CEXTRE.  a  post-office  of . Ashtabula  co.,Ohio. 

RICU'MOXD  tXlK'NER,  a  post-offlce  of  Sagadahock  Co., 
Maine. 

KlCriMOND  DALE,  a  post-viUage  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  13 
miles  8.E.  of  Chillicothe. 

RICII.M().\I)  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Richmond  CO., 
Georgia,  10  milos  S.'of  Auj;usta. 

RICU.HOXO  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Surry  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

RICIIMOXD  HILL,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
16  miles  N.  of  'J'oronto.    It  has  several  mills  driven  bv  steam. 

RICHMOND  MILLi^,  a  postxiffice  of  Ontario  co..  New  York. 

RICIIMOXD  RIVER,  in  East  Au.stralia,  enters  the  Pacific 
Ocean  alwut  60  miles  S.  of  Moreton  Ray,  and  is  navis^able 
for  small  vessels  for  70  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its  valley  is 
Baid  to  be  well  suited  for  the  culture  of  wheat. 

KICH.MOND  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co., 
New  York. 

RICH'.MOXDVILLR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Scho- 
harie CO.,  New  York,  about  48  miles  W.  of  Albany.  I'op.  2023. 

RICH  I'ATCIL  a  post-offlce  of  Alleghany  co.,  Virginia. 

RICH  SQUARE,  a  post-offlco  of  Northampton  co..  North 
Carolina. 

RICIITENBERO,  riK't?n-bJRG\  a  town  of  Prussia,  12 
miles  S.U'.  of  Stralsund,  on  a  small  lake.     Pop.  1379. 

RICHTEXSWEIL,  nK't^ns-ftir,  or  RICIITERSWEIL, 
riK't«rs-*il\  a  village  of  Switzerland.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich, 
on  the  S.  shore  of  its  lake.    Pop.  3080. 

RICH'TOX,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central  Rail- 
road, 28  miles  from  Chicago. 

RICH  VAI^LEY,  a  pos^offlce  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

RICH  V.\LLEY,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee. 

RICH  VIEWj  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Illinois, 
with  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  8  miles  N.E. 
of  Xashville.' 

RICH'VILLE,  a  postvillage  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York,  Tiear  the  Potsdam  and  SVatertown  Railroad,  18  miles 
S.W.  of  Canton.  It  contains  2  churches,  3  stores,  a  tannery, 
a  grist  mill,  and  3  saw  mills. 

RICHVILLE,  New  York,  a  station  on  the  Elmira.  Ca- 
nandaigua,  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  11  miles  from 
Batavia. 

KICIIVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

RTCII'WOOD,  a  post-township  of  Izard  co.,   Arkansas. 

lUClIWOOD,  a  township  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Arkansas. 

RICHWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Union  co  ,  Ohio,  44  miles 
N.AV.  of  Columbus. 

RICHWOOD,  a  totvnt^hip  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  770. 

RICH  WOODS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

RlCinVOODS,  a  post-village  of  Izard  co.,  Arkansas,  120 
miles  N.  of  Little  Rock. 

RICHWOODS.  a  post-offlce  of  Delaware  co..  Indiana. 

RICIv'rXGHALL,  IXFE'RIOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

RICKIXGHALL,  SUPE'RIOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

RICK'LTXG.  a  parish  of  Encrland,  co.  of  Essex. 

RICKOIANSWORTH  or  RiCK'MEKSWORTH,  a  market- 
town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts,  on  the  Colne  and 
the  Grand  Junction  Canal,  10  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Alban's. 
Pop.  in  1851,  4S51,  mostly  employed  in  manufactures  of  silk 
and  straw-plHit.  paper  and  flour  mills. 

RICIv'OE'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Gadsden  CO..  Florida. 

RICK'REAL.  a  post-office  of  Polk  co„  Oregon. 

RTCLA.  rik'ld,  (anc.  Nertobriga?)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Saragossa,  15  miles  X.E.  of  Calatayud      Pop.  1303. 

RICOCERXO,  re-ko-sjR'no,  or  RICOVERNOVICK,  re-ko- 
v5R'no-vik.  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  rises  in  the  moun- 
tain range  between  Montenegro  and  Dalmatia,  flows  S.E. 
past  Cettigne,  after  a  course  of  nearly  60,  miles,  and  falls 
into  the  lake  of  Scutari. 

RICOTE.  re-ko'tA.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles 
\.W.  of  Murcia.     Pop.  1500. 

RtDDERKERK,  rid'der-k5Rk\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  in  the  island  of  Yssel- 
«nonde,6  miles  S.E.  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  4277. 

RID'DIXOS,  a  village  and  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Derby,  3  miles  S.  of  Alfreton,  on  the  Cromford  Canal.  It  has 
a  handsome  church  with  a  tower  and  spire,  extensive  eol- 
I(;fi('S.  blast  furnaces,  aud  other  important  iron  works.  Pop. 
4500. 

RIDDLE'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Butler  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

RID'DLESWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 


RIDEATT  (reeMV)  RIVER  and  CANAL,  in  Canada  E.ast, 
connects  Kingston  on  Lake  Ontario  with  the  Ottawa  River, 
immediately  below  Chaudi^re  Falls.  The  canal  is  partly 
formed  by  the  Cataraqui  River,  which  flows  to  Kingston 
from  Lake  Rideau,  in  lat.  44°  40'  N.,  Ion.  70°  15'  W. 

RIDGE,  a  parish  of  Engl;ind.  co.  of  Herts. 

RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  to..  Now  York. 

RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  co.,  Maryland. 

RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district.  South  Carolina 

RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

RIDGE,  a  township  of  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio.      Pop.  828. 

RIDGE,  a  town.ship  of  Wyandot   co..  Ohio,     Pop.  58.3. 

RIDGEBURY,  rlj'bgre.  a  post^village  of  Fairfield  Co.,  Con 
necticut,  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Xew  Haven. 

RIDGEBURY,  a  post-villago  of  Orange  co.,  New  Yorl^ 
about  110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany, 

RIDGEBURY,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  20  miles  N.N.^V.  of  Towand.a.     Pop.  1785. 

RIDGE  FARM,  a  post-village  of  Vermilion  CO.,  Illinois, 
16  miles  S.  of  D.anville. 

RIDGEFIELD,  rjj'feeld,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Danbury  and  Norwalk 
Railroad,  12  miles  from  Norwalk,  and  about  35  miles  W.  of 
New  Haven,  contains  several  churches,  an  academy,  ana 
manufactories  of  c.irriages,  furniture,  castings,  leather,  &c. 
Pop.  of  the  township.  2213. 

RIDGEFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W,  part  of  Huron  co., 
Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Mansfield  and  Sandusky  Railroad, 
and  the  Cleveland.  Norwalk  and  Toledo  K.ailroad.    Pop.  2385. 

RIDGE  GROVE,  a  posUiffice  of  .Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

RIDGE  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Raltiniore  co.,  Maryland. 

RIIX3EL.\XD.  rlj'land,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Ohio. 

RIDGELEY,  rlj'lee,'  a  post-office  of  .Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

RIDGELY,  rij'lee.  a  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  Illinois, 
64  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Springfield. 

RIDGEMOXT,  rlj'mont.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bed- 
foi-d.  2J  miles  N.E.  of  Woburn,  with  a  station  on  a  branch 
of  the  I.K)ndon  and  North-we.stern  Railway. 

RIDGE  POST,  a  post-office  of  Davidson  CO.,  Tennrssee. 

RIDGE  PRAIRIE,  (pr.Vroo,)  a  post-office  of  Saline  co., 
Missouri. 

RIDGE  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Pitt  co..  North  Carolina. 

RIDGEVILLE,  rij'vil.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Baltimore  .tnd  Ohio  Railroad. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  ILampshire  CO.,  W.Tirginia. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Colleton  district,  South 
Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  31  miles  N.W.  of 
Charleston. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co,,  Alabama,  50 
miles  S,W,  of  Montgomery. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  424. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  township  of  Lor.ain  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1441. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Ohio,  about 
38  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  post-oftice  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 

RIDGEVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin.    Pop.  489. 

RIDGEVILLE  CORNERS,  a  post-offlce  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio. 

RIDGEWAY,  rlj'wA,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  260  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  Pop. 
4706. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  small  vill.age  of  Bradford  co..  Pennsylvania. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post>village,  aipital  of  Elk  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Clarion  River,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and 
Erie  Railroad,  100  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisbnrg,  and  124  miles 
S.E.  of  Erie.  It  was  laid  out  in  1843.  The  chief  business 
of  the  place  is  the  manufacture  a7id  transportation  of  lum- 
ber.   It  contains  1  newspaper  office.     Pop.  579. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  postofflee  of  Henry  CO.,  Virginia. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district,  Soutli 
Carolina. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-office  of  Muskincrum  co..  Ohio. 

RI  DO  EWAY,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,Wisconsin.  Pop.  1983. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-township  in  tlie  N.E.  part  of  Lenawee 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  8S0. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-vill.age  of  Warren  CO.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Gaston  and  R.aleigh  Railroad.  58  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Raleigh.    The  Roanoke  Valley  Railroad  terminates  here. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan, 
about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  about  300. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Iowa  co. 
Wisconsin,  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1983. 

RIDGEWOOD,  rij'wdod,  a  post>office  of  Fairfield  district, 
South  Carolina. 

RIDGEWORTH,  rlj'worth,  a  small  village  of  Colleton  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

RIDGLEY,  rlj'lee,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.j  Missouri,  3!; 
miles  N. N.W.  of  Independence. 

RIIVLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Kent. 

RID'LEY,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1324. 

RID'LEYSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Gadsden  co.,  Florida. 

RID'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RIDLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

1589 


RID 

RIDMAR'LEr-D'J  B'lTOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wore.  step.  . 

RI'/)OT'r'S.  a  post  village  of  Stephenson  co.,  lUinois,  110 
miles  N'.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

K1E'\V*.RE,  MAYESYX,  (mAT'sin,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  (-tafford. 

Rn)'.VARE.  PIPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

RIEU.  reet,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Austria,  capital 
circle  of  Inn,  25  miles  S.  of  Pass.iu.  Pop.  2600.  It  h.is 
manufactures  of  linens  and  woollens,  and  a  brisk  transit 
trade. 

RIED.  a  villacte  of  Tyrol,  circle  of  Imst,  \<ith  a  church 
and  Capuchin  mionastery.  The  inhabitants  distinguished 
themselves  in  the  Tyrolese  war  in  1799.     Pop.  720. 

IIIEDLIXGEX.  reet/ling-en,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  on 
the  Danube,  28  miles  S.W.  oV  Ulm.     Pop.  1779. 

RIEGEL,  ree/ghel,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhino,  onth'e  Eltz,  and  on  the  Mannheim  and  Basel 
Railway.  U  miles  X.X.W.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  1S41. 

RIEGELSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Bee  REiaLESViLLE. 

RIKGKKSIiUUG,  ree'Khers-bo6nG\  a  small  market-tojm  of 
Austri.t.  in  Styria,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gratz.  containing  a  re- 
m.irkable  feudal  fortre.ss  of  the  ."yime  name,  which  crowns  a 
mass  of  volcanic  rocks  400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ra;tb. 

HIEGKRSClIIiAG,  ree'ghfrs-shldo\  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
about  2-1  miles  S.E.  of  Talx)r.    Pop.  2056. 

RIEGLESVILLE,  ree'gl'z-vil,  t  RIEGLE'S  MILLS,  a 
flourishing  village  of  Warren  co.,  Xew  .Tersey,  on  the  Bel- 
videre  and  Delaware  Railroad,  nearly  40  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Trenton. 

RIEGO  DE  LA  VEGA,  re-.Vgo  d\  \i  vi/gJ,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province,  and  36  miles  S.W.  of  Leon,  on  the  side  of  a 
hill.     Pop.  1620. 

RIEHKX,  ree'en,  a  villiige  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  3 
miles  N .  E.  of  Basel.    Pop.  1 100. 

RIEK.\.  re-.Vki,  a  town  of  Europe.an  Turkey,  in  Montene- 
gro. capit!»l  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on  a  small  stream 
which  falls  into  the  X.W.  extremity  of  Lake  Squtari,  11  miles 
S.E.  ofCattaro. 

RIELLO.  re-^l'yo.  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  about 
60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Leon.     Pop.  1314. 

RIEXECK,  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  RiSECK. 

RIEX'ZI.  a  post-village  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi, 240 
miles  X'.X'.E.  of  Jackson.    It  has  3  or  4  stores. 

RIERA,  re-4'rd,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province, 
and  9  miles  X.E.  of  Tarragona,  in  a  plain  between  the  Gaya 
and  La  Xon.     Pop.  1240. 

RIES.i,  ree'zi,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Dresden,  at 
its  junction  with  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  Dresden  Railway,  12 
miles  X.W.  of  Meis.sen.    Pop.  2267. 

BIESEXBURO,  ree'zen-b6ono\  (Polish  Prabutha.  pri-boo'- 
tl.)  a  walled  town  of  West  Prussia,  11  miles  E.  of  Marien- 
•werder.     Pop.  3100. 

RIESEXGEBIRGE.  ree'zen-ga-b66RG'fh.  ("giant  moun- 
tains,") a  mountain  range  separating  Bohemia  from  Prus- 
sian Silesia,  continuous  E.  with  the  Sudeten-gebirge,  and 
W.  with  the  Erz-geWrge.  Length  from  .V.W.  to  S.E.,  50 
ailes.  Principal  height,  the  Riesenkoppe,  5400  feet  in  ele- 
vation.   The  Elbe  rises  on  its  S.  side. 

RIESI.  re-A'see.  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  14  miles  S.  of 
Caltanisetta.     Pop.  6<X)0.     Near  it  are  some  sulphur-mines. 

RIETBERG.  reet'bfiRG,  or  RITTBERG,  ritt/b^RG,  a  town 
of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Minden,  on 
the  Ems.     Pop.  2(X50. 

RIETCIIKI.  re^tchHcee,  a  market-town  of  Ru.ssia.  go- 
vernment of  Minsk,  10  miles  X.N.E.  of  Vileika.    Pop.  1800. 

RIETI,  re-A/te.  (anc.  Jieafte,)n  town  of  Central  Italy,  in 
the  State  of  Umbria.  on  the  Velino.  42  mili's  X.N.E.  of 
Rome.  Pop.  10.920.  It  was  erected  into  a  bishopric  in  the 
fifth  century,  and  its  principal  edifices  are  ecclesiastical. 

RIEUMKS.  re-um',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Garonne.  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Muret.    Pop.  2068. 

RIEUPEVROUX.  re-ih^pA>oo',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Aveyron,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rodez.  Pop.  in 
1S52,  .3170. 

RIEUX,  re-Dh'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Garonne.  26  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  in  1852.  2.305. 

RIEUX.  a  market-town  of  Fi-ance.  department  of  Morbi- 
han,  on  the  Vilaine,  80  miles  E.  of  Vannes.     Pop.  2800. 

RIEUX,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  arron- 
dissement  ofCambrai.     Pop.  1900. 

RIKZ,  re-,A',  (anc.  Birii.)  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Basses-Alpes,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Digne.  Pop.  in  1S52. 
2661.  Under  the  Romans  it  h.'\d  the  rank  of  a  colony:  it 
has  some  remains  of  antiquity,  and  was  the  seat  of  councUs 
In  A. ».  430  and  1285. 

RIGA,  ree'gi.  an  important  fortified  citv.  and  the  second 
commercial  port  of  European  Russia,  capital  of  Livonia,  on 
the  DUn.i,  here  crossed  in  summer  bv  a  temporary  bridge 
of  boats.  24im  feet  in  length,  about  5  niiles  aliove  its  mouth. 
Ill  the  Gulf  onti.ra.  and  312  miles  .'i.W.  of  St.  Petersburg. 
Lat.  oeo  57'  N..  Ion.  24°  6'  30-/  E.  A  railwav.  13S  miles  in 
length,  has  been  projected  from  Riga  to  Dunaburg.  whem  it 
will  oonnect  with  the  great  line  ofrajlway  in  course  of  con- 
1690 


RIG 

struction  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Warsaw.  The  city  is  situatfil 
on  a  sandy  tilt,  surrounded  by  hills,  on  which  numerou?  fint 
villas  make  a  cheerful  and  showy  appearance.  It  consists  of 
the  town  proper,  and  suburbs  more  extensive  than  the  town 
itself  The  communication  across  the  river  is  kept  up  by  a 
bridge  of  boats,  about  500  yards  long.  Riga  is  surrounded 
both  by  walls  and  liastions.  and  is  defended  by  a  citadel. 
The  older  part  o'^the  town,  still  confined  within  earthen  walls, 
consists  of  narrow,  winding  street.*,  huddled  together  with- 
out any  regularity.  The  more  modern  parts  of  the  town  are 
much  better  built,  and  contain  three  good  squares.  Along 
the  river,  on  both  sides,  are  spacious  quays,  which  afford 
excellent  promenades;  and  the esplan.ide  and  gardens,  loth 
within  and  near  the  town,  are  well  laid  out.  The  principa! 
structures  are  the  cathedral,  rel>uilt  in  1547  ;  the  church  of 
St. Peter,  with  a  tower  440  feet  in  height:  the  castle,  with  .^ 
chancery  and  residence  of  the  general  and  civil  governors, 
hall  of  the  provincial  states,  town-house,  exchange,  arsenal, 
and  a  magnificent  column  with  a  colossjil  bronze  statue  of 
Victory,  erected  in  1817.  It  has  several  colleges,  a  school 
of  navigation,  and  various  other  schools,  a  public  library, 
with  15,000  volumes  and  numerous  rare  manuscripts,  a 
cabinet  of  natural  historj'.  an  oliservatory,  and  a  society 
of  Lithuanian  literature.  In  1835  it  had  25  manufiictories 
of  cotton  cloth  and  rugs,  sugar  refineries,  tobatco  fat- lories, 
and  breweries.  Quays  stretch  for  1  mile  along  the  river; 
but  the  inner  harbor  does  not  admit  vessels  drawing  more 
than  from  12  to  15  feet  water;  ships  of  larger  burden 
load  and  unload  at  Bolder-aa,  a  small  port  outside  of  the 
bar,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Diina,  where  is  the  custom-house. 
Its  principal  merchants  are  of  German  descent.  Corn  used 
to  be  the  principiil  article  of  export,  but  it  is  now  .super- 
seded by  flax  and  fla.t-seed;  besides  which,  hemp,  linseed, 
wool,  hides,  tallow,  timber,  tobacco,  spare,  and  feathers  are 
the  chief  exports.  The  following  table  of  the  vessels  that 
entered  the  port  of  Riga  in  1847—49,  .shows  at  the  same 
time  the  countries  chiefly  iuterest4.-d  in  its  trade  : — 


1*.:. 

184S.           ! 

1649. 

VcskIs. 

Toni. 

Vea»elJ. 

Tons,     j 

Vessels. 

Tone 

Belgian 

4 

7^2 

2 

.3»» 

3 

370 

British 

676 

101.430 

5S0 

94.7IW 

645 

101.6.311 

307 

281 

19. 7W 
31,4<i2 

33 
174 

3,40l> 
21. Olio  ! 

56 
■Md 

5.376 
i9.520 

Dutch 

French 

:n 

4.11<> 

10 

1.177  1 

68 

8.M2 

Hanoverian  .... 

271. 

19,4ftS 

41 

1,792 

.38 

3.610 

Hause  Towns... 

49 

5,702 

20 

2.400 

16 

2.6:t9 

Mcclclenburg... 

224 

si.ass 

It 

1,680 

55 

8.380 

Norwegian 

146 

12.4,34 

with  Swedish,  i 

with  Swedish. 

Oldenburg 

58 

4,,340 

3 

600 

9 

1,404 

Portuffue^e .... 

3 

708 

.... 

Prussian 

180 

11,144 

19 

1,520 

8 

1.248 

Spanish 

5 

-B8 

4 

646 

1 

113 

Swedisll 

1(B 

10,570 

101 

13,500 

181 

17,376 

United  States.. 

3 

750 

2 

750 

Russian 

iii 

2"l,'3-'0 

244 

19,520 

396 

47.520 

Total 

2455 

285.332  1 

1232 

163.105 

1724 

228.983 

Riga  is  the  residence  of  a  governor,  and  the  seat  of  a  supe- 
rior court  of  appeal,  and  of  several  other  courts  and  public 
oifices.  It  was  founded  a.b.  1200,  and  was  one  of  the  chief 
Ilanseatic  towns.    Pop.  in  1858,  72,136. 

RI'GA,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co^  New  York,  inter- 
sected by  the  Rochester  and  Buffalo  Railroad,  18  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Rochester.    Pop.  2177. 

RIGA,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio. 

RIGA,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Lenawee  co.,  Micliigan.     Poji.  C64. 

RIGA  GULF.    See  Gtn.F  of  Riga. 

RIG.iUD,  reeVo'.  a  village  and  seigniory  of  Canada  East. 
CO.  of  Vaudreuil,  on  the  Riviere  a  iaGralsse,  45  miles  W.S.^VL 
of  Montreal.  It  is  the  .saat  of  Rigaud  College  and  of  the 
Risaud  Female  School.     Pop.  450. 

RIGG'S  CROSS  ROADS,  iwst-r.ffice.  AVilli.tmson  co..  Tenn. 

RIGIII  CULM,  ree'ghee  koolm.  or  RIGI,  ree'ghee,  a  moun- 
tain of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  8  miles  W.  of  Schwytz.  lie- 
tween  the  Lakes  of  Zugand  Lucenie.  5905  feet  above  the  sea. 
It  commands  m.-uruificcut  views ;  (.n  its  summit  is  an  inn.  and 
on  its  E.  side  a  chapel,  resorted  to  by  numerous  pilgrims. 

RIGLIOXE,  reel-yo'nA,  a  parish  and  vill.age  of  Tuscany,  3 
miles  E.  of  Pisa,  near  the  left  liank  of  the  Arno. 

RIGX.\C.  reenlySk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Avevron,  14  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Hodez.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2005. 

RIGXAXO,  reen-yi'no,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Xaples,  pro- 
vince of  Capitanata.     Pop.  2000. 

RIGXAXO.  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  22 
miles  X.  of  Rome. 

1!IGX.\X0.  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  province,  and 
11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Florence,  on  the  Arno,     Pop.  3500. 

RIGXY  LE  FEROX.  reen\vee'  leh  feh-rAxo'.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Aul>e,  21  miles  W.S.M'.  of  Troyes. 
Pop.  1250. 

RIGOLATO.  re-eo-lA'to.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
38  miles  X.X.W.  of  Udine. 

RIG'OLETS  BAYOU,  (lil'oo,)  of  Jefferson  parlsl\,  U  aislana, 
flows  between  Lake  Washa  and  Little  I  ike. 


^ 


RIG 


RIN 


RrGOLKTS  BAYOCr,  of  Rapides  parish,  Louisiana,  unites 
tvith  Red  River  a  little  alx)ve  Alexandi'ia. 

RUi'OLKTS  DE  BON  DIEU.  (deh  bAx  du,)  of  I^ouisiana, 
Is  a  lateral  channel  of  Hed  I'.iver,  which  leaves  the  river 
libout  3  miles  N.of  Natchitoches,  and  after  a  south-eastward 
course  of  perhaps  50  uiiU^s,  rejoins  the  main-stream  on  the 
8.E.  border  of  Natchitoches  parish. 

HIGS'BY,  a  parish  of  Knj^land,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RIGTON,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  York,  In  West 
Riding,  C  miles  E.N.E.  of  Otley.  Rigton-Crao  is  a  lofty 
rocky  eminence  commanding  a  fine  view  of  Wharfdale. 

RlGUl'INO,  re-goo-tee'no,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  S.E.  of 
Arezzo. 

RiaYICZ.\,  ridVeet/sOh\  or  H.4.RI  LEYOEN,  hd'ree  II'- 
ghen,  a  villaire  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Racs,  43  miles  N.W.  of 
Kara.     Pop.  3131. 

RlllUltSf.  re-hQr'see,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  Che- 
naub.  i)(t  miles  N.N.E. of  Lahore. 

lUJANOVK.A.,  re-yd-nov'ki,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  91  miles  S.  of  Kiev.     Pop.  1600. 

RUN.  a  river  of  Europe.     See  Rhine. 

RIJ  I',  a  villa^'e  of  Holland.     See  Ryp. 

RI.I.^.SKX.  a  town  of  Holland.    See  Rtssex. 

RIJ.<\VI.1K,  a  village  of  Holland.    See  Ryswick. 

RIKA,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Fiume. 

RI'LEY,  a  township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  66  miles  W.  by 
N.of  Augusta. 

RILEY,  a  township  of  Yoll  co.,  Arkansas. 

RILEY,  a  townstiip  of  Pntn:iiii  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1047. 

RILEY',  a  township  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1198. 

RILEY,  a  post-township  in  theS.W.  part  of  Clinton  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  605. 

RILEY,  a  township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  9.38. 

RILEY,  a  post-1  ovvnship  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,    Pop.  1.3.56. 

RILEY,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  McIIcnry  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 65  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  801. 

RILEY  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio. 

RI'LEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
191  miles  N.E.  of  Harri.sburg. 

RILLAEK,  ril'ljtr,  a  vill.age  of  Belgium,  province  of  Bra- 
bant, '26  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1505. 

RILLE,  reel,  a  river  of  i'rance,  departments  of  Orne  and 
Eure,  joins  the  estuary  of  the  Seine  on  the  left,  after  a  N. 
course  of  75  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  barges,  iu  the  last  8 
miles,  from  Pont  Audemer. 

UliyLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  in  East 
Riding,  4j  miles  E.N.E.  of  New  Malton,  on  the  Whitby  and 
Scarborough  branch  of  North  Midland  Railway. 

RI'LOUGHS,  a  district  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia.  Pop.  288. 

RILSK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Utlsk. 

RILU.  re'loo,  a  small  fortified  town  of  the  East  Punjab, 
108  mile's  N.E.  of  I*ahore. 

RIM  AC.  re-mdk',  a  river  of  North  Peru,  enters  the  Pacific 
at  Callao,  4  miles  W.of  Lima.    Total  course  about  75  miles. 

RIMA  SZOMBATH,  ree'ma  somnxif,  or  GROSS  STEF- 
FELSDORF,  groce  st4f'fels-doRf\  a  market  town  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Gomor,  72  miles  N.E.  of  Pesth,  on  the  RIma.  P. 
8027. 

RIMBACII,  rim'bJK,  a  market-town  of  Ilesse-Damstadt, 
province  of  Starkenhurg,  near  Lindenfels.     Pop.  1229. 

RIMCII.\N  Y  (?)  rim-cli^nee.  a  market-town  of  Russi.an  Po- 
land, government,  and  72  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  1600. 

RI'MEltSBUKG,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

RIMGAR,  rim'gaR,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  In  Lower  Frau- 
conia.  near  Wiirzburg.     Pop,  1620. 

RIM'INGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Y^ork,  in 
West  Riding. 

RIMINI,  ree'me-ne,  or  RIMINO,  ree'me-no,  (anc.  ylWTOj- 
nmn,)  a  city  of  Central  Italy,  on  the  Adriatic  Sea,  about  28 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Forli,  at  the  junction  of  the  Flaminian  and 
.aimilian  Ways.  Lat.  44°  41'  N.,  Ion.  12°  33'  E.  Pop.  16,850. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  well  built;  Its  principal  edifices 
are  a  cathedral  and  other  chiU'ches.  with  good  paintings; 
town-hall,  government  palace  in  the  principal  square,  in 
which  is  a  statute  of  Pope  I'aul  V.;  theatre.  Gamlialunga 
Palace,  with  a  library  of  30,000  volumns  open  to  the  public; 
a  decaying  cjistle  of  the  Malatesta,  and  several  remains  of 
antiquity,  including  a  triumphal  arch,  and  a  bridge  over 
the  Marecchia,  both  built  under  Augustus,  and  portion  of 
an  a'nphitheatre.  Its  port,  though  shallow,  is  frequented 
by  numerous  fishing  vessels,  and  it  has  an  active  trade  in 
fish,  manufactures  of  silk,  glass,  and  earthenwares.  It 
was  file  seat  of  a  great  ecclesiastical  council  in  a.b.  3-59. 

RI.MITAIIA,  re-me-tj'ri,  or  RIMITERA.  re-me-tA'ra,  an 
Island  In  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  the  Society  Islands.  Lat. 
22037'S..  Ion.  115°  30' W. 

RIM'MON  or  RUM'MON,  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashallc 
of  Gaza,  13  mili'S  N.N.E.  of  Jerusalem. 

RIMMON  OF  Zeiiulox,  or  RUM/MANEH.  a  village  of  Pa- 
lestine, pashalic  of  Kcre,  6  miles  N.  of  Nazareth. 

RIMNIK,  rim'nik,  a  town  of  Wallachi.i,  on  the  RImnik, 
66  miles  N.E.  of  Bucharest.  Here  the  Austrians  and  Rus- 
rians.  under  Suwarrow,  defeated  the  Turks  In  1789. 

RIMNIK,  a  town  of  Wallachia,  on  the  Aloota,  100  miles 
N.W.  of  Bucharest,  and  48  miles  N.of  Slatiua, 


RTMONT,  rce'mi^N'"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ariege,  on  a  height,  16  miles  W.of  Foix.     Pop.  2250. 

RIMOUSKI,  re-moos'kee,  a  county  of  Canada  East,  conk- 
prises  an  area  of  8200  sqjiare  miles.  The  St.  Lawrence  foi-ms 
its  N.  boundary.     Pop.  26.882.    Capital,  Rimmiski. 

RIMOUSKI.  re-moo.s'kee,  a  village  and  seigniory  of  Ca- 
nada East,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  180  miles  below  Quebec,     Pop.  about  4000. 

RIMPTON.  a  pari.sh  of  Entrli.Tid,  co,  of  Somerset. 

RINCON-DE-SOTO,  rin-kOn'-dA-so'lo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Old  Castile,  17  miles  S,  of  Logroilo,  on  the  Ebro,     Pop.  1087. 

RINCUR/RAN  or  RINCO'RAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  iu 
Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

RINDE,  rind,  a  river  of  Ilindostan.  ri.ses  In  the  province 
of  Agra,  45  miles  N.E.  of  the  town  of  that  name,  flows  S. S.E. 
past  Korah,and  after  a  course  of  166  miles  joins  the  Jumna, 
12  miles  W.  of  Futtehpoor. 

RINDGE.  a  pnst-township  of  Cheshire  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 45  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.  It  is  noted  for  the  manu- 
facture of  wooden  ware.     Pop.  1231. 

RINECK,  ree/nJk,  or  REINECK,  rl'nSk.  a  town  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sinn,  25  miles  N,N,W,  01 
Wiirzburg,     Pop.  1542. 

RINGAGONACH,  rIn'ga-go'naK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In 
Munster,  co.  of  Waterford.' 

RINGAUS'G.\,  or  DUNNEOAI/,  a  small  Island  of  Ireland. 
CO.  of  Cork,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Skibbei-een,  2  miles  long,  by  1 
mile  broad. 

RINGEBO,  rlng'eh-bo,  a  parish  of  Norway,  stift  of  Chris- 
tlania,  on  the  Loiigen. 

RINGELSDOltF,  r!ng'els-doRf\  a  village  of  Lower  Austri.i, 
near  Rabbelsburg,  at  the  couftuence  of  the  Zaya  and  March. 
Pop.  1400. 

RING  ELSHATN,  rlng'els-hln\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circlo 
of  Buntzlau,  5  miles  fivm  Gabel.     Pop.  1287. 

RTXG'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RINGGENREIiG,  rink-enhjno,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  27  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  S.W. 
shore  of  Lake  Brienz;  at  one  extremity  of  the  village  are 
the  remains  of  an  old  castle  of  the  Lords  of  Ringgenherg, 
destroyed  In  1352,  In  a  feud  with  the  Inhabit.-«uts  of  the 
village.     Pop.  1134. 

RING'GOLD,  a  new  county  In  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Iowa, 
bordering  on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  a1x)Ut  640  .square  miles. 
It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  the  East  and  V\'(«t  Forks 
of  Grand  River.  The  soil  is  stated  to  be  fertile,  but  deficient 
in  timber.    Capital,  Mount  Ayr.     Pop.  2923. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  909. 

RINGGOLD,  a  villa'/e  of  Schuvlklll  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Little  Schuylkill  Railroad. 

]{lNG(tOLD.  a  post-offlce  of  Washington  co.,  Maryland. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-office  of  Pittsylvania  co..  Virginia. 

RI.VIitiOLD,  a  jKist-offlce  of  Cherokee  co.,  Alabama. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-office  of  Bienville  parish,  Louisiana. 

RIN(tGOLD,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  Co.,  Ohio. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-office  of  Ii.i  Granse  co.,  Indiana. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-offlce  of  Cook  cb.,  Illinois,  33  miles 
W.N. W.of  Ghicaso. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-office  of  Platte  CO.,  Missouri. 

RINGGOLD,  n  post-villnge  of  Catoosa  co..  Georiria.  on  the 
Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  287  miles  from  Ausrusta. 

RINGKIOBING,  (Ringkiiiliing,)  or  RINGKJOBING, 
(Ringkjotilng.)  ring'kyS^bing,  a  seaport'-town  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Jutland,  and  on  the  E.  side  of  Ringkiobing-fiord,  56  miles 
N.W.  of  Kibe.     Pop.  12(H). 

RTNGKlOBING-FIOItD.  ring^kyii^jing-fooRd',  a  lasoon  of 
Denmark,  28  miles  in  length  from  N,  to  S. :  gre:itest  bre.idth, 
9  miles.  It  is  separated  from  the  North  Sea  by  a  strip  of 
land  1  mile  across. 

RING'LAND,  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RING'.MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

RING'MORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

RINGOES,  ring'gOz.  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New 
Jersey,  6  miles  S.  of  Flemington.  has  several  stores. 

RI.N'G'ROVE,  a  maritime  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO,  of  Cork,  2  miles  S.  of  Kinsale.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
Ringrove  Castle,  which  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  Lord 
Kin.sale. 

RING'SEND,  a  suburb  of  Dublin,  Ireland.  1^  miles  E.  of 
Dublin  Castle.  It  adjoins  Irishtown,  and  forms  one  of  the 
lowest  quarters  of  the  Irish  metropolis,  but  it  has  a  good 
bridge  across  the  Dodder,  and  various  wet  and  other  docks. 

RING.S'HALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RINGSHEIM,  rings'hlme,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhein,  bailiwick  of  Kttenheim.     Pop.  1343, 

RING'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

RING'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Northampton, 
on  tVie  London  and  North-west  Railway,  4J  miles  N,N.E.  of 
Higham  Ferrers. 

RINfJSTE.'VD,  Gre.\t.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RI\GSTE.\D.  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 

RINGSTED,  ring'stfd,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  island 
of  Seeland,  36  miles  W,S.W.  of  Copenhagen.     Poo.  1200.    It 

159i 


RIN 

is  very  ancient,  and  was  of  considerable  importance  in  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries. 

RING' VIIyL,E,a  post-office  of  Hampshire  ccMassachusetts. 

KING'WOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Kent. 

RIXG'WOOD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Southampton,  on  the  Avon,  and 
on  the  Dorchester  Branch  of  the  South-Western  Railway. 
IVjp.  in  ISol.  3'J28. 

RIXG'WOOD,  a  small  river  which  rises  in  Orange  co.,  New 
York,  flows  S.  through  Passaic  county,  New  Jersey,  and 
unit«s  with  Pequannock  Creek  near  I'ompton. 

RIXGWOOD.  a  villase  of  Passaic  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  on  the 
Ringwood  River,  2^  miles  from  Ilackensack,  contains  a  store 
and  several  forges. 

BIXGWOOD,  a  post'-offic*  of  Halifax  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

RINGW()OD,  a  post-office  of  Jlcllenry  co.,  Illinois. 

KIXKEXIS.  rin'keh-nis.  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  on  the  X.  side  of  i'lensburg  Fiord,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Flensburg.     Pop.  of  parish.  I'^iOO. 

RIXKJOBIXG,  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  RiXGKloBlSG. 

RIXO'SA.  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Iroquois  River,  about  60  miles  S.S.K.  of  Chicago. 

RINTELX,  rin't^lu.  a  fortified  town  of  Hesse-Cassel,  pro- 
vince of  Nieder-Ilessen,  on  the  Weser,  here  joined  by  the 
Exeter,  and  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boiits,  10  miles  S.E.  of 
Minden. 

MIO.  ree'o,  a  Spanish  and  Portuguese  word  signifying 
"  river,"  forming  the  prefix  to  numerous  names.  For  names 
with  this  prefix,  not  tbund  below,  see  the  additional  name. 

RIO,  a  city  of  Brazil.     See  Rio  Jaxeiro. 

RI'O,  a  post-office  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia,  126  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Milledgeville. 

RIO,  a  post-office  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois. 

RIO.  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

RIO  -A-LTO  E  BASSO,  ree'o  ll'to  A  bas/so.  a  commune  of  Tus- 
cany, island  of  Elba,  6  miles  N.  of  Porto  Longone.    Pop.  3802. 

RIO  ARRIBA,  ree'o  ar-ree'sl,  a  large  county  in  the  N.  and 
N.W.  part«  of  New  Mexico,  bordering  on  Utah  and  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  drained  by  the  Rio  Colorado  and  the  Rio  del 
Norte,  with  their  numerous  tributaries.  The  Sierra  Madre 
range  of  mountains  traverses  the  E.  part  of  the  county.  The 
W.  and  central  portion  is  inhabited  only  by  savage  tribes  of 
Indians.  In  IS.oO  this  county  produced  15,070  pounds  of 
wool,  the  giv.atest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  of  the 
territory.    Capital.  Cuchillo.     Pop.  9849t 

RIOBAMBA,  XUEVO,  nwi/vo  re-o-bim'ba.  a  town  of 
South  America,  in  Ecuador,  84  miles  N.E.  of  Guayaquil, 
and  9  miles  from  the  ruins  of  Riobambo  Vieja,  (Old  Rio- 
bamba,)  which  is  at  the  foot  of  Chimboraao,  and  was  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  in  1797. 

RIO,  BAY  OF,  South  America.    See  Rio  J.\yEnio. 

RIO  BOXITO,  ree'o  bo-nee'to,  a  town  of  Rrazil,  province, 
and  23  miles  E.N.K  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Pop.  of  the  dis- 
trict, 8tX)0. 

RIO  BRANCO,  ree'o  brjn'ko.  (i.e.  "AVhite River,")  or  PARI- 
MA,  pl-ree'mi.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Par4,  rises  near 
the  source  of  the  Orinoco,  in  lat.  .3°  N.,  Ion.  64°  W.,  runs  at 
first  E.,  to  its  junction  with  the  Takutu,  and  thence  flows 
mostly  S.S.W.  to  the  Rio  Negro,  which  it  joins  as  its  princi- 
pal affluent  by  several  mouths.  70  miles  S.K.  of  Bareellos. 
Total  course,  700  miles.  The  principal  tributaries  are  the 
Itacucu  or  Takutu,  Jlacaj.ihi,  and  Catrimani.  In  lat.  1°  4o' 
N.,  its  navigation  is  impeded  by  a  series  of  falls  and  rapids, 
formed  by  ledges  of  granite  rock.  The  aggregate  perpen- 
dicular descent  of  these,  throughout  7  miles,  is  estimated  at 
60  feet ;  and  at  the  largest — the  Caruwanna — canoes  must 
be  unloaded.  Its  waters  are  opjique  and  whitish,  whence  its 
name.  On  it  are  forts  St.  Joaquim,  and  the  towns  of  Carmo 
and  Santa  Maria  Xova.  The  upper  part  of  the  river  San 
Miguel,  in  Brazil,  has  the  same  name. 

RIO  BRAVO  DEL  NORTE.     Si«  Rio  GiLiNDE. 

RIO  COLORADO.    See  Colorado  River. 

RIO  COLORADO  CHIQUITO,  ree'o  ko-lo-r;Vdo  che-kee'to, 
(i.  e.  the  "  Little  Colorado.")  a  river  of  Now  Mexico,  rises  in 
about  35°  N.  lat.,  and  108°  W.  Ion.  Flowing  W.,  it  falls  into 
the  Colorado  in  alx)ut  35°  15'  N.  lat.,  and  113°  20'  W.  Ion. 
Entire  length,  near  500  miles. 

RIO  DAS  MORTES,  ree'o  dis  moR'tfs.  a  river  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Matto  Grosso,  joins  the  Araguay.  Course,  N. 
and  E..  500  miles. 

RIO  DE  CONTAS.  ree'o  di  kon't^s,  a  small  town  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  230  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bahia,  near  the  head  of  the 
wer  Contas  or  Jussiape,  which  flows  E.  220  miles  to  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.     Near  its  mouth  is  the  village  of  Contas. 

RIO  DE  JANEIRO,  ree'o  dA  zhd-uA'e-ro.  the  metropolitan 
province  of  Brazil,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  province  of 
Espirito  Santo,  the  Parahiba,  and  the  Serra  da  Manti- 
queir.a,  which  separates  it  from  .Minas  Oer.-U'S;  on  the  W. 
fu**  ?y^'  ^^  ^^^  province  of  Sao  Paulo;  and  S.  and  E.  by 
7,^  i^*!?"',"^  *!^*^'  '^'^^  square  miles.  Lat.  21°  16'  to 
22°  23  S .  Ion.  41°  to  44°  50'  W.  The  surfoce  is  low  along 
r  .i!"^.    '  interior  Is  mostly  mountainous,  consisting 

or  the  Surra  do  Mar.  Organ  Mountains,  and  their  ramificv 
tions.  The  pnnclpiil  river  is  the  Parahiba.  The  soil  is 
extremely   firlile      The   products  comprise  sugar,  coffee, 


KIO 

cocoa,  cotton,  maize,  rice,  indigo,  and  fine  wiX)d3.  For  ad- 
ministrative purposes.  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  divided  into  eight 
coniarcas — Angra  dos  Reis.  Oabo  Frio,  Ciuupos  dos  Oolta- 
caze.s,  Cantagallo,  Itaboratri,  Nitherohi,  Re/.ende,  an  1  Vas- 
sour.is.  It  sends  10  deputies  to  the  general  legislative  issem- 
bly,  and  appoints  5  senators.  The  provincial  assembly,  of  36 
members,  meets  in  Nitherohi.  After  the  capital.  Tlio  Janeiro, 
(or  Rio  de  .Janeiro.)  the  principal  towns  are  Villa  do  Cabo, 
Cantagallo.  SJin  Joilo  da  Prava.  and  TiOrena.     Pop.  S.tO.OOO. 

RIO  DE  JANEIRO,  a  city  of  Brazil.    See  Rio  J.oeiro. 

RIO  DE  LA  HACHA.    See  Rio  IIacha. 

RIO  DE  LA  PASIOX,  ree'o  dA  Id  pj-se-6n'.  a  river  of  Cen- 
tral America,  rises  in  the  L,^ke  Lncandon.  in  British  Hon- 
duras, flows  W.,  and  72  miles  N.W.  of  Cobau,  (Guatemala,) 
having  been  joined  by  the  rivers  St.  Isabel,  Mantaquece, 
and  Sacapulas.  acquire.^  the  name  of  Usuma.siuta,  (which 
see.1     During  the  rains  it  is  often  half  a  league  across. 

RIO  DE  LA  PLATA,  ree'o  dA  ML  plA'ta,  or  the  PL.A.TE 
RIVER,  one  of  the  great  rivers,  or  rather  a  great  estuary 
of  South  America,  In  the  Argentine  Republic,  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Paran4  and  Uruguay  Rivers,  in  lat.  34"^ 
S.,  Ion.  58°  30'  W..  its  Ijasin  lying  S.  of  those  of  the  .\mazon, 
Tocantins,  and  Sao  Francisco,  and  its  numerous  tributaries 
draining  most  part  of  the  I^a  Plata,  Paraguay,  and  Uruguay 
territories,  with  considerable  portions  of  Bolivia  and  Brazil, 
The  estuary  resulting  from  their  union  Is  200  miles  in 
length  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  and  where  it  joins  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  is  170  miles  across,  (between  .Maldonado  an  1  Cape  San 
Antonio:)  its  centre  being  about  lat  35°  30'  S..  Ion.  56°  W. 
Its  muddy  waters  cin  be  traced  in  the  ocean  200  miles  from 
its  mouth.  The  tot.il  length  of  the  I>a  Plata,  Parani,  and 
the  I'araguay  has  been  estimated  at  nearly  2500  miles;  and 
from  the  ocean  to  the  Island  of  Apipe.  in  the  Parani,  at 
least  1250  luiles.  there  is  a  continuous  and  safe  navigation 
for  vessels  of  300  tons.  The  Aguapehi,  an  affluent  of  the 
Paraguay,  near  lat.  15°  40'  S.,  Ion.  59°  2o'  W.,  is  separated 
only  by  a  portage  of  3  miles  fi-om  the  Alegre,  a  tributary  of 
Guapore,  and  were  a  canal  to  be  made  to  connect  the  two 
streams,  a  complete  system  of  internal  navigation  through- 
out nearly  all  South  America  would  exist. 

RIO  DE  LA  PL.\TA,  Confedeeatio.v  of.    See  Plata,  La. 

RIO  DE  LAS  CASAS  GRANDAS,  ree'o  dA  lis  kA'sls  griaf. 
dAs,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Chih  uahus, 
enters  the  Lake  Guzman  aft«r  a  N.  course  of  100  miles.  On 
it,  towards  its  source,  is  the  ruined  Azteck  town,  called  Laa 
Casas  Grandas,  ("  The  great  houses.") 

RIO  DKL  NORTE,  Texas.     See  liio  Graxde. 

RIO  DE  LOS  AMERICANOS.    See  American  River. 

RIO  DE  LOS  MARTIRES,  ree'o  dA  loce  maR'te-rJs,  or 
RIVER  OF  MARTYRS,  a  river  of  Californi.a.  rises  in  the 
S.E.  p.irt  of  the  state,  near  the  border  of  New  Mexico,  and 
flowing  In  a  general  S.W.  couise,  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean 
near  the  N.  boundary  of  San  Diego  county,  in  about  33°  iiC 
N.  latitude. 

RIO  DEL  REY,  ree'o  dil  rA,  a  large,  shallow  bay,  in  the 
Bight  of  Blafra,  in  Guinea.  E.  of  the  Old  Calabar  River,  and 
opposite  the  island  of  Fernando  Po. 

RIO  DK  MIXIIO.?,  ree'o  dA  meen'yoce.  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira  Alta,10  miles  from  Viseu.     Pop.  850. 

RIO  DE  SAX  JUAX  ree'o  dA  sAn  iioo-An',  (or  Hwdn.)  a 
river  of  Xew  Mexico,  rises  near  37°  X.  lat.  and  107°  30'  W. 
Ion.  Flowing  W.  it  joinsGrand  River,  the  principal  branch 
of  the  Colorado.     Entire  length,  about  350  miles. 

RIO  DE  SAO  LOUREXgo,  Brazil.    See  Porbudos. 

RIO  DK  SKGOVIA.    See  Cape  River. 

RIO  DOCE.  a  river  of  Brazil.    See  DocE. 

RIO  DULCE,  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic.  See  DciCE. 

RIO  DULCE,  ree'o  dool'sA,  (i.  e.  "  sweet  river.")  the  outlet 
of  the  Golfo  Dulce,  in  Central  America,  State  of  Honduras, 
enters  the  Caribbean  Sea  in  Lit.  15°  60'  N.,  Ion.  88°  46'  20" 
W.,  after  a  winding  course  of  23  miles,  during  which  it  ex- 
pands into  El  Golfete,  or  the  Little  G  alf,  9  miles  In  length,  by 
2  miles  across.  At  its  mouth  Is  a  bar  with  less  than  6  feet 
water.  Its  btinks  are  skirted  by  abrupt  wooded  heights, 
rising  about  300  feet.  The  Upper  Rio  Dulce  enters  the  gulf 
from  the  W. 

IvIO  FRIO,  ree'o  free'o,  (i.  e. "  cold  river,")  a  river  of  Texas, 
which  flows  S.E.  through  a  part  of  Bexar  county,  and  en- 
ters Rio  Nueces  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Nueces  county. 

RIO  GORDO,  ree'o  goR'do,  a  village  of  Spain,  In  Andalo- 
sia,  province,  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  24H6. 

RIO  GltANDE,  ree'o  grdn'dA,  a  river  of  West  .Africa,  in 
Seuegambia.  rises  in  Foota  Jallon,  near  Labee.  Lat.  11°  20* 
N.,  Ion.  11°  W.  It  flows  W.,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  by  an  es- 
tuary 10  miles  across,  between  the  Nuitez  and  Casamanaa 
Rivers.  It  communicates  by  an  arm  with  the  Jeba  River, 
20  or  30  miles  farther  N.  Oii  it  are  the  towns  of  K.ide  and 
Bis.s.agos;  and  opposite  its  mouth  are  the  BIs.sagos  Islands. 
The  whole  country  between  It  and  the  Nuilez  is  supposed  to 
be  a  collection  of  islands,  divided  by  Its  branches,  manj  of 
which  remain  unexplored.  Its  banks  are  densely  wooded, 
and  studded  with  iuimense  ant  hills;  the  country  watered 
by  it  is  populous,  and  produces  gold,  ivory,  wax,  bides,  and 
horses. 

KIO  GRANDE,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  Jkka 


fasc: 


KIO 

RIO  GRANDE,  ri'o  grSnd*  (Sp.  pron.  ree^o  giin'dA,)  RIO 
DKL  NOllTE,  irodJlnort,orree/od61  noiVti,  RIO  GRANDE 
DEL  NORTE,  (,«p.  pron.  ree'o  grdn'di  d&l  noii'tl  "Great 
River  of  tho  North,")  or  RIO  BRAVO  DEL  NORTE,  (,«p. 
pron.  ree'o  bri'vo  d^l  noR/ti,  i.  e.  "  rapid  river  of  tlie 
North,")  an  ioiportaut  river  of  North  America,  rises  In  the 
Rocky  Mountains  near  lat.  .38^  N.,  and  Ion.  lO0°  30'  W.  Its 
general  course  is  at  first  S.E.,  then  E.  and  S.S.E.,  and  lastly 
nearly  E.  It  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  near  25°  N  lat. 
and  97°  W.  Ion.  The  length  is  estimated  at  ISOO  miles. 
The  Rio  Grande  is  for  the  most  part  very  shallow,  and  navi- 
gation is  impeded  liy  rapids  and  sand-bars.  Small  steamers 
have  ascended  to  Kinjrsbury's  Rapids,  abfiut  -l-iO  miles  from 
the  sea.  Near  900  miles  from  its  mouth  is  the  "Grand  In- 
dian Crossing."'  where  the  Apaches  and  Comanches  ford  the 
river  ihere  only  3  or  •!  feet  deep)  in  their  predatory  incur- 
sions into  Mexico.  It  forms  the  boundary  between  Texas 
and  Mexico. 

RIO  GRANDE,  a  post-offlce  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

RIO  GliANDE,  Central  America.    See  Hondo. 

RIO  GRANDE,  ree'o  grdn'di,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
Serra  de  Maiitiqueira,  in  the  S.  of  the  province  of  Minas 
Geraes,  near  the  frontiers  of  the  province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
and  flowing  first  N.  then  W.N.W.  through  Minas  Geraes  to 
the  frontiers  of  Sao  Paulo,  when  it  receives  its  first  import- 
ant tributary,  the  Sapucahi,  thence  pursues  a  \V.  course, 
receiving  the  Para,  joins  the  Paranaiba  to  form  tlie  Parana, 
after  a  direct  course  of  about  600  miles.  Its  channel  is  ob- 
structed by  numerous  cataracts. 

RIO  GRANDE,  a  river  of  Brazil,  joins  the  left  bank  of  the 
Sao  Francisco,  at  the  town  of  Barra-do-Rio-Grande.  Its  whole 
course  is  about  250  miles,  of  whirh  no  less  than  130  miles 
m.iy  be  navigated  uninterruptedly. 

RIO  GRA.NDE,  a  river  of  South  Americ.%  in  Bolivia,  rises 
by  several  heads  near  Cochabamba,  flows  E.  and  N.,  separat- 
ing the  departments  of  Cochabamba  and  Santa  Cruz  from 
those  of  Oruro  and  Sucr6.  ic,  and  near  lat.  15°  10'  S.  re- 
ceives the  Chapari,  after  which  it  is  called  the  JIamore.  Its 
affluents  are  the  Chaolani,  Piray,  and  YapsicHni. 

RIO  GRANDE,  a  river  of  New  Granada,  department  of 
Istmo,  rises  X.W.  of  Panama,  about  2  miles  from  which 
city  it  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  receives  several  streams, 
Is  navigable  for  the  last  5  miles  of  its  course,  and  admits 
the  entrance  of  large  vessels  at  high  water.  Its  head  is 
near  the  Obispo,  an  afUuent  of  the  Cruces. 

RIO  GliANDE,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
states  of  Querotaro,  Guanajuato,  Miehoacan.  and  Jali.«co,  en- 
ters the  Pacific  at  San  Bias,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  400  miles 
across  the  Anahuae  table-land.  It  is  greatly  interrupted  by 
cataracts,  and  is  very  rapid.  Its  affluents  are  the  Lerma, 
&c.     It  traverses  a  part  of  the  Lake  of  Chapala. 

RIO  GR.\NDE,  a  river  of  the  Mosquito  Territory,  in  Cen- 
tral America,  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea,  30  miles  N.  of  Pearl 
Key  Lagoon.     It  is  s;iid  to  be  navigable  for  boats  200  miles. 

RIO  GKANDE  CITY,  a  post-village,  port  of  entry,  and 
capital  of  Starr  co.,  Texas,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  G  rande, 
about  560  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Austin  City.  Steimlioats  run 
regularly  between  this  place  and  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
It  has  considerable  trade,  and  contains  a  custom-house. 
Free  popnlatlon  i'VJ. 

RiO  GRANDE  DE  LA  PLATA,  a  river  of  Bolivia.    See 

GUAPEV. 

RIO  GRANDE  DO  BELMONTE.    See  JEQtiTixHONH.v. 

RIO  GRANDE  DO  NORTE,  ree'o  grdn'di  do  non'ti 
{i.e.  "Rio  Grande  of  the  North,")  a  maritime  province  of 
Brazil,  situated  between  lat.  4°  32'  and  7°  IS' S.,  and  Ion.  36° 
and  3S0  40'  W.,  having  N.  and  E.  the  Atlantic.  Area,  22,784 
square  miles.  Its  name  is  derived  from  a  river  which,  after 
in  E.  course,  enters  the  Atlantic  at  NatiU.  The  other  rivers 
are  the  Seiido  and  Appody.  The  surftice  is  level  near  the 
coast,  but  uneven  inland.  The  products  comprise  the  best 
Brazil  wood,  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  drugs,  salt,  and  large  num- 
bers of  cattle.  For  administrative  purposes,  this  province  is 
divided  into  two  comarcas — Natal  and  Assu.  Its  provincial 
assembly,  composed  of  20  members,  holds  its  sittings  at 
Natal.  Besides  Natal,  the  capital,  it  contains  the  towns  of 
Villa  Flor,  A  rez.  Anacu,  Porto  Alegre,  Villa  Nova  da  Princeza, 
and  Villa  Nova  do  Principe.  During  5  years  the  number  of 
slaves  has  risen  in  this  province  from  5000  to  15,000.  Pop. 
110,000. 

RIO  GRANDE  DO  SUL,  ree'o  grin'dA  do  sool,  (te.  "Rio 
Srande  of  the  South,")  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  a  low  peninsula  at  the  S.  extremity 


•  The  prnnnnciation  of  these  names,  which  may  be  said  to  belong 
BOW  to  the  United  States,  ought  to  be  anglicized  for  the  same 
reason  that  the  names  of  Detroit,  Wisconsin,  and  Texas  are 
anglicized,  th.it  is  because  the  great  majority  of  persons  who 
have  occasion  to  use  them,  speak  the  English  langu,ige.  Those, 
however,  who  prefer  the  foreign  pronunoi.ation,  should  he  care- 
ful to  be  consistent,  and  not  pronounce  one  half  of  the  name 
after  tho  Spanish  mode  and  then  auglicize  the  remainder.  We 
should  either  saj  rVo  tU^l  nort  or  ree'o  deJ  norHny,  and  not  ree^o 
■lei  nort,  as  we  too  frequently  hear.  In  like  manner  Kio  Grande 
should  be  pronounced  either  ri'o  grand  or  reelo  granlday,  and  not 
rwlo  grand. 


RIO 

of  Lake  Patos.  with  a  light-house  in  lat.  32°  7'  3.,  Ion.  52="  8' 
W.  Pop.  3590.  From  its  low  situation  it  is  subjected  to 
inundation.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  on  the  lake,  in 
which  .SOO  or  400  small  vessels  are  engaged.  In  1851  it 
exported  25fi.500  s.alted  hides  to  Great  Britain. 

RIO  GRANDE  DO  SUL.     See  Sto  Pethio  do  Sn,. 

RIO  IIACIIA,  ree'o  d'chi,  (or  hd/cha.)  or  RIO  DE  LA 
IIACIIA,  ree'o  dA  Id  d'chd,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  dep.artment  of  Magdalena,  enters  the  Caribltean  Sea 
OOniiles  E.N. E.  of  Santa  Marta.  after  a  N.  course  of  120  mDes. 

RIO  II.\CIIA,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada, 
200  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cartagena,  in  lat.  11°  33'  N.,  Ion.  72°  52^ 
30"  W.,  with  a  small  port  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Uacha  in 
the  Caribbejin  Sea. 

RIO  HONDO,  ree'o  hon'do.  {i.e.  "deep  river,")  a  smaU 
river  of  .\merica,  forming  the  X.  limit  of  British  Honduras. 

RIOJA  or  RIOXA,  re-o'iid.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, province,  and  about  8  miles  from  Almeria.     Pop.  1069. 

RIOJA,  L.i,  Id  re-o'iid,  Spain,  is  a  region  comprising  most 
of  the  province  of  Logroilo  and  p.art  of  Soria.  It  is  not  a  po 
Htical  division,  and  is  named  from  the  Oja,  an  affluent  of 
the  Ebro. 

RIOJA,  re-o/nd,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (L» 
Plata,)  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  is  situated  in 
a  wide  plain,  118  miles  S.S.W.  of  Catamarca.  Lat.  29°  S., 
Ion.  67°  50'  W.     Pop.  from  3000  to  4000. 

RIOJA,  L\,  Id  re-o'nd,  a  province  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, in  South  America,  between  lat.  27°  5u'  and  31'  S., 
and  extending  from  Ion.  00°  20'  W.  to  the  Andes,  and  on 
other  sides  having  the  provinces  of  Catamarca,  Cordova, 
and  San  .luan.  Estimated  pop.  19,000.  AVheat  is  raised, 
and  wine  and  brandy  exported,  but  its  remote  inland  situa- 
tion places  many  obstacles  in  the  way  of  its  trade.  The  pria- 
cipal  towns  are  Rioja,  Chilecito.  and  Quandacol. 

RIO  JANEIRO,  ri'o  ia-uee'ro,  or  RIO  DE  JANEIRO, 
(Port.  pron.  ree'o  dA  zha-ni'e-ro,)  often  called  simply  RIO, 
ri'o,  the  capital  of  Brazil,  and  the  large.st  and  most  im- 
portant city  of  South  America,  is  most  beautifully,  as 
well  as  most  advantageously  situated  on  the  W.  side  of 
a  bay  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  of  Fort  Villaganliao,  22° 
54'  42"  S.,  Ion.  43°  9'  AV.  The  beauty  of  this  bay  \a 
scarcely  ilvalled  by  that  of  Naples.  The  first  object  which 
presents  itself  on  nearing  the  coast  is  the  Pao  d'Assucar, 
("  Sugar  Loaf,")  which  is  so  called  from  its  re.semblauce  to 
a  sugar-loaf,  rising  1000  feet  from  the  sea.  Though  this  Is 
the  first,  it  is  not  the  principal  or  only  object  on  this  peerless 
sheet  of  water,  which  is  surrounded  by  high  bills  and  moun- 
tains of  every  variety  of  form. 

Approached  through  an  entrance  of  about  1  mile  in 
widtli,  the  bay  expands  as  it  extends  N.,  in  one  instance  to 
11  miles,  studded  with  beautiful  islands,  the  largest  of 
which.  Ilha  do  Governador,  (eel'yd  do  go-vjR-nd-dou',  "Go 
vernor's  Island,")  is  6  miles  long.  From  the  summit  of  Cor» 
covado,  3000  feet  high,  and  3J  miles  S.  by  W.  of  the  city, 
a  most  extensive  view  may  be  enjoyed,  including  every 
variety  of  scene,  mountain,  city,  plain,  lalce,  b.-»y.and  ocean. 
According  to  Hatfield's  recent  work  on  Brazil,  to  which 
we  are  largely  indebted,  this  mountain  is  a  gigantic  mono- 
lith, comparable  to  the  gnomon  of  a  sun-dial;  and  though 
its  sides  are  generally  clothed  with  forests,  and  matta  or 
j  ungle,  it  may  be  ascended  on  horseback.  From  the  springs 
which  arise  on  and  around  this  mountain,  come  the  waters 
that  feed  the  splendid  aqueduct  which  supplies  the  capitaL 
Still  farther  to  the  S.W.,  and  perhaps  10  miles  from  the 
town,  is  the  Gavia,  a  yet  more  remarkable  mountain,  with 
a  fiat  summit,  called  by  the  Engli.sh  Table  Mountain,  and 
by  the  Portuguese  Square  Topsail,  which  article  of  rigging 
it  greatly  resembles ;  this  has  not  yet  been  ascended.  Far 
to  the  N.,  the  view  is  terminated  by  the  Organ  Mount,ains, 
so  called  from  their  peculiar  structure.  Opening  into  the 
outer  harbor  is  Botafogo  Bay,  adorned  v  ".th  buildings  of  a 
superior  description,  with  beautiful  gardens  planted  with 
bananas,  oranges,  lemons,  palm-trees,  Ac.  Here  foreign  mer- 
chants reside,  to  enjoy  the  cool  sea-breezes.  On  a  small 
biiy,  3  miles  N.W.  of  the  city,  is  Sao  Christovao,  a  rur.al 
palace  of  the  emperor;  but  the  sovereign  and  court  have 
also  residences  at  Petropolis,  which  is  reached  by  a  short 
sjiil  to  Mana,  across  the  bay,  .ind  thence  by  a  railway  of  10 
miles — the  only  one  in  the  empire.  It  is  probably  no  exag- 
geration to  say  that  no  city  in  the  world  unites  in  so  great 
a  degree  the  advantages  of  commercial  position — the  harbor 
being  one  of  the  best  in  the  world,  and  large  enough  for  all 
its  navies — with  such  a  combination  of  mountain,  lake,  b.ay, 
and  ocean  to  give  it  picturesque  beauty.  The  climate, 
though  hot.  is  tempered  by  its  proximity  to  the  sea,  and  its 
near  approach  to  the  temperate  zone.  The  mean  tempera- 
ture, as  ob.«erved  during  30  years,  was  73° ;  the  maximum, 
(in  December,  the  hottest  month,)  was  89^°;  minimum,  70°; 
mean,  79°:  in  July,  (the  coldest  month,)  maximum,  79°; 
minimum,  66°;  mean,  73J°. 

The  immediate  locality  of  the  town  itself  is  just  within 
the  narrow  opening  of  the  harbor,  on  an  elevated  tongue  of 
land,  of  an  oblong  shape.  Next  the  shore  the  site  is  flat, 
but  includes  within  its  scope  five  hills,  with  their  interven- 
ing valleys.  The  more  ancient  part,  to  the  N.E..  is  traversea 

1593 


RIO 

by  8  streets,  "traight  and  nairow,  but  paraHel,  and  crossed 
by  a  multiti.de  of  others  at  right  angles ;  here  the  houses  are 
high.  In  the  new  town,  erected  mostly  since  the  removal 
Of  the  roval  fjimily  hither  in  180S,  they  are  more  handsome, 
being  built  generally  of  granite.  The  two  towns  are  sepa- 
rated by  the  Campo  de  Santa  Anna,  a  public  square.  Though 
the  houses  on  the  hills  are  conspicuous  at  a  distance,  and 
make  a  fine  display,  yet  so  large  a  portion  are  in  the  valleys 
as  to  give  the  appearance  of  less  extent  than  the  city  actu- 
ally occupies. 

The  old  town  is  on  the  flat  portion  first  named,  while  the 
new  part  is  on  and  between  the  hills.  The  streets  in  both 
portions,  where  the  inequality  of  the  ground  will  admit  of 
it,  cross  each  other  generally  at  right  angles;  and  though 
mostly  so  narrow  as  not  to  allow  of  the  passage  of  two  vehi- 
cles at  once,  this  is  not  without  advantages  in  so  hot  a  cli- 
mate, bv  the  shelter  it  affords  from  the  intense  rays  of  the 
gun.  On  the  N.  the  hills  approach  so  closely  to  the  water  as 
to  leave  room  for  only  a  single  street.  The  pavements  are 
generally  not  good,  and  in  the  level  parts  of  the  town  are 
without  drainage,  and  very  imperfectly  cleaned.  In  paits, 
however,  there  are  granite  pavements  in  the  centre  of  the 
streets,  and  raised  sidewalks  for  foot  passengers.  Though 
the  harbor  is  so  excellent  that  even  pilots  are  not  needed, 
little  has  been  done  by  art  to  facilitate  the  loading  and  un- 
loading of  vessels,  which  is  performed  mostly  by  means 
of  lighters;  government,  however,  has  at  last  awaiened  to 
the  importance  of  the  matter,  and  Is  erecting  a  quay  or 
wharf  between  the  .Military  and  Kaval  Arsenals,  at  which 
IG  vessels  will  be  enabled  to  unload  at  once.  The  harbor  is 
Well  detended  by  Fort  St.  Juan,  on  a  wooded  peninsular  emi- 
nence, on  the  W.  side  of  the  enti-ance,  and  by  Fort  Santa 
Cruz  on  the  opposite  side,  while  almost  in  front  of  the  town 
is  Fort  Villaganhao,onasmall  island. 

Public  Buildings  a/id  Indiiulions. — The  Bank  Exchange, 
Custom-House,  and  Naval  Arsenal — greatly  extended  re- 
cently— are  in  the  Rua  Direita,  ^straight  street.)  the  widest 
street.  The  Imperial  Palace,  a  plain  brick  building;  the 
Old  Palace,  now  used  for  public  offices,  on  the  shore;  the 
Senate-House,  a  plain  but  large  structure,  (Palacio  do 
Senado  Imperi.il;)  the  Town-House,  (Palacio  Municipal,) 
also  a  plain  but  commanding  edifice;  the  Public  Hospital, 
erected  in  1841,  on  a  most  magnificent  scale,  on  a  small 
bay  near  the  entrance  of  the  port;  the  National  Library, 
with  80,000  printed  volumes,  and  many  valuable  manu- 
scripts; a  well-supported  opera-house;  a  theatre;  a  mu- 
seum, rich  in  cabinet-s  of  mineralogy,  entomology,  and  orni- 
thology; and  about  50  churches,  of  no  great  extiernal  archi- 
tectural merit,  but  sumptuously  decorated  within,  ai-e 
among  the  more  prominent  public  buildings  of  this  city. 
Of  the  structures  devoted  to  religious  worship,  the  most  con- 
spicuous are  the  octagonal  church  of  Xossa  Seuhora  da  GlorLi, 
finely  situated  on  a  rounded  promontorj'  of  the  same  name; 
the  church  of  Sao  Francisco,  with  two  round  towers,  and  a 
hospice  attached ;  the  Church  of  the  Cross,  and  the  Church 
of  Candellaria,  one  of  the  largest  in  the  city,  with  a  fine 
fiigade  and  two  of  the  loftiest  lowers  in  Brnsil ;  the  convent 
of  Sao  Bento.  a  massive  structure,  with  grated  windows, 
but  richly  decorated  in  the  interior:  the  convent  of  St.  An- 
thony, a  gorgeou.s  edifice,  with  two  immense  chapels,  and  a 
vast  cloister;  and  the  nunnery  of  St.  Theresa,  on  a  hill 
opposite  to  it,  are  the  principal  religious  houses.  Among 
the  benevolent  establishments  are  the  Casa  da  MLserecordia. 
founded  in  15S2,  and  richly  endowed ;  the  Hospital  of  Inva- 
lids, and  the  hospitals  of  Lazarus  and  Doudos.  The  educa- 
tional astablishments  are  the  Imperial  College  of  Don  Pedro 
II.,  the  College  of  Sao  Josfi,  schools  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
the  Military  and  Naval  Academy,  many  public  schools,  and 
»  fine  botanic  garden.  The  princip.il  criminal  establishment 
is  the  House  of  Correction,  but  there  are  besides  two  large 
prisons,  and  a  number  of  smaller  ones.  The  national  mint 
and  post-offlce  are  situated  in  this  city.  The  Kio  market  is  a 
fine,  large  building,  and  is  well  supplied  with  fish,  oranges, 
bananas,  piue-apples,  ic,  and  with  some  game.  There  are 
several  public  squares,  the  principal  of  which  has  been  already 
named.  The  best  street  is  the  Rua  d'Ouvidor,  which  is 
mostly  French,  with  well-supplied  shops,  in  which  nearly 
every  thing  that  can  be  liought  in  Paris  and  London  may 
be  had.  A  gas  company  has  been  formed,  and  in  1853  pipes 
Were  laid  and  lamps  erected  over  nearly  one-half  of  the  city. 
But  one  of  the  noblest  wcrrks.  both  for  Its  architectural  effect 
and  for  Its  utility,  is  the  aqueduct  supplying  the  city  with 
water  from  the  region  on  and  around  Mount  Corcovado. 

Ckmimerce. — Although  possessing  one  of  the  best  harbors 
in  the  world,  Rio  Janeiro  does  not  communicate  with  the  in- 
terior by  any  great  river,  nor  has  she  any  canal  or  railroad 
to  supply  its  place;  still  her  extensive  commerce  is  vearly 
increasing;  and  when  railways  shall  have  been  made— and 
companies  have  alrejidy  been  formed  for  that  purpose— her 
trade  musit  increase  In  a  rapid  ratio.  Situated  on  the  bor- 
ders of  two  zones,  with  the  products  of  both  within  her 
reach,  she  needs  nothing  but  a  spirit  of  enterprise  In  her 
citizens  to  rank  her  among  the  first  commercial  centres  In 
the  world.  Her  exports  at  present  consist  mainly  of  coffee, 
bide*,  sugar,  rice,  cotton,  rosewood,  rum,  tobacco,  horns, 
1694  ' 


RIO 

ipec.icuanha,  tapioca,  Ac;  and  her  imports  of  silk,  linen, 
woollen,  and  cotton  goods,  chiefly  from  England  and  France  ; 
iron,  wrought  or  in  bars,  from  England  and  Sweden;  cables, 
cordage,  and  sailcloth,  chiefly  from  Ku.ssia  ;  and  flour  from 
the  Cnited  States.  The  total  number  of  bags  and  barrels 
of  coffee  exported  In  the  ye;ir  1847,  was  l,t>50,300 ;  in  1S4'*, 
1.700.544;  in  1849.  1.451.715;  in  1850.  1.392..361:  in  1S51, 
1.993,255:  in  1852,  1.899,861:  in  1853.  1,657,520.  The  tot.-U 
number  of  cases  of  sugar  exported  in  1847.  was  S136;  in 
1848.  2371;  in  1849,  3212;  ia  18.50,  6465;  in  1851.  4752;  in 
1852.  9012;  in  1853.  2667.  The  total  number  of  hides  ex- 
ported in  1847,  was  268.492;  in  1848, 348,917 :  in  1849. 299.262; 
in  1850,  196,706;  in  1851,  173.746;  in  1852.  210.223;  in  1853, 
75,852.  In  addition  to  the  above,  there  were  exported,  In 
1853, 21.808  boxes  and  barrels  of  coffee ;  17,550  bags  of  sugar ; 
5049  half-tanned  hides ;  222,577  horns ;  1050  pipes  of  rum  ; 
25,825  rolls  of  tobacco;  9935  bags  of  rice:  32.610  planks  of 
jacai-anda:  7085  barrels  of  tapioca;  and  71,080  pounds  of 
ipecacuauha.  The  shipments  of  coffee  to  the  United  States 
between  1833  and  1853.  inclusive,  varied  from  236.708  at  the 
first  date,  to  853.02:3  bags  at  the  last  date;  but  the  Inuvst 
amount  was  127.032  bags  in  18.37,  and  the  /lighest  960,850  in 

1852.  The  total  export  varied  from  97,500 — amount  ex- 
ported in  1820 — to  l,'i57,520  iu  1853;  bnt  the  greatest  amount 
exported  was  1,993,255  bags  in  1851.  The  total  imports  from 
Great  Britain  amounted.  In  1849,  to  2.444.715?.;  in  1850, 
2..544.S37?.;  in  1S51.  3,518,684/.;  and  in  1852.  to  3,464.394J, 
The  largest  importations,  by  far,  were  of  cotton  goods,  then 
next  in  order,  woollen  and  linen  goods,  iron  and  steel,  hard- 
ware and  cutlery,  butter,  earthenware,  apparel,  silk  goods, 
&c.  The  exports  to  Great  Britain  of  cotton  varied,  in  the 
4  ye.irs  ending  with  1852,  between  19,3:39.104  and  30,738,133 
pounds;  of  coffee,  between  1.779.799  and  7, ^"88.638  pounds ; 
of  sugar,  between  289,999  and  720.424  hundredweights:  of 
cocoa,  between  1,204.572  and  2.244.713  pounds;  of  hides, 
between  94,733  and  207,199  hundredweights :  and  of  rose- 
wood, between  3022  and  3676  tons.  Of  hides  and  tallow,  th? 
ratio  was  rapidly  decreasing,  the  smalle.st  number  being  at 
the  late.<t  date.  The  total  value  of  imports  from  the  United 
States  amounted,  in  1852,  to  $2,782,179,  and  in  1853.  to 
$3,734,190,  of  which  last  two-thirds  was  in  wheat  flour;  the 
other  principal  items  were  tob.iceo,wax,turpent  ine.furnlture, 
soap,  gunpowder,  nails,  castings,  cotton  manufactures,  gold 
and  silver  coin.  ($.302,333,)  and  miscellaneous  manufactures. 
Vessels  arrived  in  1852.  (exclusive  of  vessels  merely  touching,) 
793,  (burden,  198.053  tons:)  in  1853,  750  vessels,  (burden, 
186,984  tons.)  Cleared  in  1852. 1173  vessels,  (bui-den.  448.851 
tons:)  in  185.3,1004  vessels,  (burden,  .387,470  tons:)  of  which 
last,  782  vessels  had  a  foreign  destination.   Coasting  trade  fo» 

1853,  entered,  exclusive  of  341  steaml^oats.  20',U  vessels,  (bur- 
den, 207,872  tons;)  and  cleared,  exclu.sive  of  3:30  steamboats, 
2036  vessels,  (burden,  202,994  tons.)  In  the  s.ime  year,  84 
vessels  (burden.  25,502  tons)  were  engaged  in  the  Liverpool 
trade.  The  commerce  of  the  port  for  the  month  of  Novem- 
ber. 1854,  shows  that  146  vessels  arrived,  of  wliich  33  were 
English,  31  American,  14  Portuguese.  11  Swedish.  10  French, 
9  Danish,  7  Spanish.  5  Belgian,  5  Bremen,  5  Hamburg,  4 
Noiwegian,  4  Sardinian,  2  Chilian,  2  Hanoverian.  2  Oriental, 
1  Argentine,  and  1  Dutch,  Customs  revenxie  for  185.3, 
12,479,437  reis,  or  about  $7,000,000.  i,$1.200,000  less  than  1852.) 
The  consulado  revenue  for  18.53  was  about  :J1. 200.000.  Capi- 
tal of  joint  stock  companies  paid  in,  about  $1  l.OOO.iXW.  The 
slave-trade  is  rapidly  diminishing,  K'ir.g  discountenanced 
by  the  government,  and  especially  by  the  emperor.  The 
import  of  .slaves  sank.  In  the  entire  empire,  from  60.000  in 
1848  to  but  700  in  1852.  A  line  of  steamers  has  recently 
bein  established  between  Rio  Janeiro  and  Liverpool,  which 
connects  with  another  line  to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  There  is 
also  a  monthly  line  to  Southampton. 

Manufactures  are  few  and  unimportant,  except  those  of 
leather  and  glass,  and  their  fabrication  is  directed  by  foreign 
skill ;  yet  the  government  has  done  all  if  could  to  favor 
home-made  manufactures. 

I^iptdation. — Rio  Janeiro  presents  every  variety  of  race 
and  shade  of  color  in  her  population,  from  the  .iet-l>lack  slave 
to  the  fair  Englishman  or  Gei-man.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  present  century,  the  blacks  and  colored  persons  far 
surpas.sed  the  whites  in  number,  whereas  the  latter  now 
predominate.  This  result  has  been  brought  abtuit  by  the 
influx  of  emigrants  from  England,  Fr.ince.  the  Netherlands, 
Germany.  Italy,  and  Portugal  and  its  dependencies,  who  have 
contributed  largely  to  its  wealth  and  importance  by  their 
industry  and  skill;  some  as  merchants,  and  others  as  me- 
chanics. There  has  never  been  an  exact  census  taken  of 
the  population  of  Rio.  and,  of  course,  all  the  indefinitene.s8 
that  usually  attaches  to  mere  e.stimates,  will  be  applicable 
to  any  statement  of  its  population.  On  the  arrival  of  the 
royal  family  from  Portugal,  in  1808,  the  numlmr  was  given 
at  50,000,  and  in  1815  at  100,000.  In  1853,  Hatfield  estimates 
it  at  from  3oO,iX  0  to  400,000,  while  fhe  Alraanach  de  Gotha 
states  it  at  only  296,136  in  1855.  Elwes,  In  his  Tour  Round 
the  World,  speaks  of  "the  population  as  about  equalling 
that  of  Liverpool."  i.  t.  nearly  4iKi,000, 

History. — Rio  Janeiro,  (Januarj-  Rivfer,)  or  its  vicinity, 
was  first  settled  in  1555,  by  the  French  (cliiefly  Protestant) 


RIO 


RIP 


rtTusreoi?  Thtir  leader,  TiHefra?;noTi,  haying  proved  a  rene- 
gade til  liis  faith,  had  almost  ruined  the  settlement  by  in- 
ternal tliKsension,  when  a  Portu;;uese  force  appeared  and 
Romplfted  the  destruction,  in  1567.  The  conqiierors  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  new  city,  which  they  called  Sao  Sehastiilo. 
On  the  arrival  of  the  Portuguese  court  at  lUo  In  ISOS,  the 
Beat  fif  j;overnment  waa  removed  hither  from  Bahia,  since 
which  period  the  city  has  advanced  by  rapid  strides.  Of 
later  years  this  city,  with  other  ports  of  Brazil,  has  suffered 
severely  from  yellow  fever,  heightened,  doubtless,  by  the 
lilthy  condition  of  the  streets,  and  the  densely-populated 
houses. 

BIO  JANKTRO,  a  province  of  Brazil.    See  RiO  be  jANErao. 

RIO  JAQUESILA.     See  Yaquesila. 

RIO  LEOXA.  ree'o  lA-o'ni,  a  small  stream  of  Texas,  flows 
S.E.  and  enters  llio  Frio  in  the  S.  part  of  Bexar  county. 

RIO  LLANO,  ree'o  Id/no,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  iu 
Bexar  countv.  and  flows  K.  into  the  Colorado. 

RIO  LOBOS,  reeVlo/boce,  (Wolf  River,)  a  village  of  Spain, 
In  Estremadura,  about  40  miles  from  Caceres,  near  the  Ala- 
gon.     Pop.  1095. 

KIOLS,  re-ol',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Hfirault, 
arrondiasement  of  St.  Pons.    Pop.  in  1K52,  2560. 

RIO.M,  re-ix"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
D5me,  on  a  hill,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  In  1852, 
12,386.  It  is  well  built,  and  paved  mostly  with  basalt  and 
lava,  from  the  quarries  of  Volvic.  It  has  a  communal  col- 
lege, a  library  of  10,000  volumes,  and  manufactures  of  linen 
and  cotton  fabrics,  brandy,  and  leather.  It  is  the  birthplace 
of  Gregory  of  Tours,  and  of  Anne  Dubourg. 

RIO  MAGGIOUE,  ree'o  mad-jo/ri,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  5  miles  W.  of  Spezia,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 
Pop.  2704. 

RIO  MAYOR,  ree'o  ml-oR',  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  in 
Estremadura,  43  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lisbon. 

RIOM-ES-MOXTAONE,  re-0N<''-i-m('iN«'tlH'.  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Cantal,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Mauriac.     I'op.  in  1S52.  2717. 

RlOX,  re-flN"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Landes, 
18  miles  N.M'.  of  St.  Sever.    Pop.  1587. 

RION  or  RIOM  RIVER.    See  Phasis. 

RIO  NEGRO,  ree'o  nA'gro,  ("Black  River,")  a  river  of 
South  .\merica,  in  New  Granada,  flows  S.W.,  and  falls  into 
the  upper  part  of  the  Slagdalena,  in  lat.  2°  38'  N.,  Ion.  75° 
25'  W. 

KIO  NEGRO,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada, 
an  affluent  of  the  Metsi,  which  it  joins  a  little  below  its 
sources  at  Porto  JIarayal.     Lat.  4°  8'  N.,  Ion.  74°  W. 

RIO  NKGHO,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Paraguay, 
joins  the  Tebicuary  at  lat.  26°  25  S. 

RIO  NEGRO,  PARANA,  pa-rj-ni',  orGTIATNIA.  gwr'ne-S, 
a  rivtr  of  New  Granada  and  Brazil,  is  the  principal  tributary 
of  the  .\ma7.on,  on  the  N.  side,  and  under  the  name  of 
Ouainia,  rises  in  New  Granada,  near  lat.  2°  N.,  Ion.  72°  W. 
It  flows  generally  E.S.E.,  enters  the  province  of  Para,  and 
joins  the  Amazon  in  lat.  3°  10'  S.,  Ion.  59°  W.  Its  total 
course  has  been  estimated  at  1000  miles.  The  principal 
aflBuents  are  the  Ubaupes,  Cababuri,  Padaviri,  and  Rio 
Branco.  At  its  mouth  it  is  scarcely  IJ  miles  in  breadth, 
but  a  little  higher  up  it  is  nearly  9  miles,  and  opposite 
Barcellos,  15  miles  across.  It  contains  numerous  islands, 
and  has  a  remarkable  communication  Avith  the  Orinoco  by 
the  navijable  Cassiquiare.  See  Cassiqciare. 
_  RIO  NEGRO  or  SAUCES.  s«w's?s.  a  river  of  South  Ame- 
rica, forming  the  whole  boundary  between  the  territory  of 
the  Plata  Confederation  and  Patagonia.  It  appears  to  rise 
in  a  lake  at  the  foot  of  the  Chilian  Andes,  and  after  an  E. 
course  of  600  or  700  miles,  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat. 
41°  4'  S..  Ion,  62°  50'  W.,  90  miles  S.W.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Colorado.  A,t  its  mouth  it  is  2  miles  across,  but  at 
Carmen.  16  miles  inland,  its  breadth  is  less  than  300  yards, 
and  4  miles  higher  it  becomes  wholly  unfit  to  be  navigated 
by  the  smallest  merchant  vessels.  Its  bed  abounds  with 
Bhoals  and  islands.  Its  course  is  rapid,  and  4J  miles  from  its 
moulh  is  a  dangerous  bar.  The  soil  of  its  banks,  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  coui-se,  is  fertile,  and  around  Carmen  wheat  and 
barley  are  raised,  and  many  sheep  and  excellent  horses  are 
reared.  The  names  sa!(c«("  willows")  was  given  on  account  of 
the  number  of  these  trees  found  on  the  banks  of  this  river. 

RIO  NEGRO,  a  river  of  Uruguay,  the  cential  part  of 
which  it  drains,  enters  the  Uruguay  River  SO  miles  N.  of 
Buenos  Ayres.  after  a  W.  course  of  250  miles. 

RIO  NEGRO,  a  river  of  the  Plata  Confederation,  depart- 
ment of  Salta,  tributary  to  the  Vermejo. 

RIO  NEGRO,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  New  Granada,  de- 
partment of  Magdalena,  province  of  Antioquia,  20  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Medellin. 

RIONERO,  reo-nJ'ro.  (i.  e.  "  Black  Rivulet.")  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  5  miles  S.  of  Melfi.  Pop.  9600, 
who  manufacture  wooden  tobacco  boxes,  and  trade  in  oil 
und  wine.     It  has  a  collegiate  and  several  other  churches. 

RIONERO.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise, 
9  miles  N.W.  of  Isernia.    Pop.  1400. 

RIONS.  re-Aji"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
16  mlhs  S.S.E.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  1169, 


RIOPAR,  re-o-paR',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  45  miles 
S.W.  of  Albacete.    Pop.  964. 

RIO  PARDO,  ree'o  paR'do,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  oi 
Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  neai 
its  confluence  with  the  Jacuhy,  80  miles  W.  of  Porto  Alogre, 

RIOi'RETO,  the  name  of  Several  rivHimji  Brazil.  BeePRETO. 

RIO  PRETO,  ree'o  pri'to,  a  town  of  Brazil,  nrovince,  and 
380  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bahia,  at  the  confluence"  of  the  Preto 
with  the  Rio  Grande,  an  aiHuent  of  the  Silo  Francisco. 

RIO  PRETO,  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Brazil,  province  cf 
Minas  Geraes,  on  the  Preto,  one  of  the  earliest  affluents  of 
the  Araguahi.  35  miles  N.E.  of  Diamantina.     Pop.  2000. 

RIO  SALADA.  Argentine  Republic.    See  Salado. 

RIO  SALADILLO,   Argentine  Republic.     See  Salamllo. 

RIO  SAN  PEDRO,  ree'o  sdn  p.Vdro.  a  small  river  of  Texas, 
flows  S.  into  the  Rio  Grande  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
McKinley  county. 

KIO  SECO,  Mesina  be,  mA-see'nJ  dk  ree'o  s.-l'ko,  a  town 
of  Spain,  in  Leon,  province,  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  A'alladolid, 
beside  the  river  of  .same  name.  It  was  formerly  of  much 
importance,  having  been  a  kind  of  emporium  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  but  its  industry  and  commerce  have  greatly 
declined.  The  Spaniards,  50,000  strong,  under  Blake  and 
Cuesta,  were  defeated  here  in  1S08  by  Bessi^res,  with  12,000 
F'reuch,  and  lost  6000  killed  and  wounded,  this  loss  of  tho 
French  being  under  500.  Rio  Seco  was  mercileSsly  sacked 
by  the  conquerors.    Pop.  3777. 

RIO  TINTO,  ree'o  teen'to,  (/.  e.  "Colored  River,")  a  river 
of  Spain,  province  of  Ilnelvjx,  rises  near  Aracena,  and  flows 
to  the  Mediterranean,  which  it  enters  in  the  Bay  of  Iluelva. 
Length,  60  miles.  Ne.T.r  its  mouth  is  the  port  of  Palos, 
whence  Columbus  sailed  on  his  voyage  of  discovery. 

RIO  TINTO,  ree'o  teen'to,  a  river  of  Central  America,  in 
the  Mosquito  Territory,  after  a  N.  course  of  120  miles,  enters 
the  sea  E.  of  Cape  Cameron.    Lat.  15°  54'  N.,  Ion.  84°  55'  W. 

RIO  TINTO,  Las  Minas  be,  Us  mee'nJs  d;l  ree/o  teen'to, 
(t.  e.  "  the  mines  of  the  Rio  Tinto,")  a  town  of  Spain,  In  An- 
dalusia, province,  and  36  miles  N.E.  of  Iluelva.  Pop.  937. 
It  has  in  its  vicinity  mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  copper,  which 
have  been  worked  from  a  very  early  period,  to  which  cir- 
cumstance it  owes  its  name. 

RIO  TINTO,  ree'o  teen'to,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Douro,  4  miles  from  Oporto,    Pop.  3300. 

RIOU.  re-oo/,  an  islet  off  the  S.  coast  of  i'rance,  depart- 
ment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  7  miles  S.  of  Marseilles. 

RIOUW,  Malay  Archipelaoro.    See  Rnio. 

RIO  VERMEJO,  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic.  See 
Vermkjo  River. 

RIO  A'ERMELHO,  ree'o  vfR-mJl'yo,  a  village  and  parish 
of  Brazil,  province,  and  island  of  Santa  Catharina,  near  27° 
SW  S.  lat.     Pop.  1200. 

RIO  VERMELIIO,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Oeiaes,  SO  miles  E.N.E.  of  Serro,  on  the  Barreiro,  an 
affluent  of  the  Vermelho.    Pop.  4000. 

RIO  VERMELO,  a  river  of  Brazil.    See  Vermelho. 

RIO  VIKGEN,  ree'o  veeR'nJn,  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico, 
rises  at  the  S.  base  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains,  flows  S., 
and  falls  into  the  Colorado  near  lat.  35°  30'  N. 

RIOXA.    SeeRiOJA. 

RIOZ,  ree-o/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-SaSne,  14  miles  S.S,W.  of  Veisoul.    Pop.  1027. 

Ill  PA  BOTl'ONI,  ree'pi  bot-to'nee,  a  market-town  of  Italy, 
in  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Campobasso. 
Pop.  3200. 

KIPA  CANDIDA,  ree'pd  kjn'de-dl,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Melfl.  Pop. 
3000. 

RIPA  DI  CIIIETI,  ree'pJ  dee  ke-.Vtee,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abrnzzo  Citra,  3  miles  E.  of  Chieti. 

RIPA  FRATTA,  ree'pl  frdt'ta,  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
province,  and  6  miles  N.  of  Pisa,  with  a  fine  feudal  fortress. 

RIPAGLIA,  re-pai'yi  or  RIPAILLE,  ree^M',  a  village 
of  Savoy,  province  of  Chablais,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Geneva,, 
on  the  S.  shore  of  its  lake,  with  a  farm-house,  formerly  a 
convent,  to  which  Amadeus  A'lII.,  Duke  of  Savoy,  subse- 
quently Pope  Felix  V.,  retired  after  his  renunciation  of  both 
the  dignities  he  had  held. 

RIPALIMOSANA,  re-p3-le-mosi'no,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Molise,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  3S90. 

RIPARBELLA,  re-paK-Wl'ld,  or  RIPALBELLA,  re-pSl-bM'- 
IJ,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  38  miles  fiom  Pisa.     Pop.  1293. 

RIPATRANSONE.  re-pd-triln-so/nA,  a  walled  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Pontifical  States,  12  miles  S.S.E,  of  Fermo.    Pop,  5120. 

RIPE,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co,  of  Sussex. 

RIPEN,  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  Ribe. 

RIPLEY,  riplee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  on  the  Nidd,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Knaresborough,  with  a  station 
on  the  Leeds  and  Thirsk  Railway.    Pop.  in  1851,  1286. 

RIPLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  6  miles 
N.E.  of  Guildford,  with  a  village  on  the  old  Portsmouth  road. 

RIl'LEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

RIP'LEY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  450  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Laughery  Creek, 
and  Graham's  Tork  of  White  River.    The  surface  is  nearly 

1595 


RIP 

leyel,  except  some  steep  hills  near  the  water- courses.  A 
portion  of  the  land  is  of  limestone  formation,  and  is  well 
adapted  to  grain.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Hipley.  an 
officer  in  the  war  of  1812.    Gipital,  Versailles.    Pop.  I<i,a54. 

KIPLKY,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  border- 
ing on  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  tisO  square  miles.  It  is 
traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  Current  Kiver,  and  al?o  drained 
by  Little  Black  River,  Fourche,  Dumas,  and  Davis's  Creek. 
The  surface  is  uneven  and  hilly :  the  soil  near  the  streams 
Is  moderately  fertile.  The  highlands  produce  yellow-pine 
timber.  Capital,  Doniphan.  Pop.  37 iV,  of  whom  3669  were 
free,  and  7S  slaves. 

RIPLEY,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  about 
55  miles  X.B.  by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  655. 

RIPLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  W.  part  of 
Chautauqua  co.,  New  York,  about  66  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo. 
The  town.-hip  is  bouniled  on  the  X.W.  by  Lake  Erie,  on  the 
W.  by  I'eunsylvania,  and  is  intersected  by  the  Buffalo  and 
State  Line  Railroad.    Pop.  2013. 

RIPLEY,  a.  village,  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  W.  Virginia, 
on  Mill  Creek,  about  36  miles  N.  of  Charleston. 

RIPLEY,  a  thriving  postrvillage,  capital  of  Tippah  co., 
Mississippi.  210  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Jackson.  It  is  situated 
in  a  rich  farming  district,  near  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Kail- 
road,  not  yet  finished.  It  contains  several  churches  and 
Eeminaries.  and  a  newspaper  office. 

RIPLEY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lauderdale  co_  Ten- 
nessee, 105  miles  W.  of  Nashville.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
jafl,  academy,  and  a  few  stores. 

RIPLEY,  formerly  STAUNTON,  a  flourishing  post-village 
of  Union  township.  Brown  co„  Ohio,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  Ohio  River,  56  miles  above  Cincinnati.  It  Ls  the 
largest  town  in  the  county,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active 
trade.  It  is  built  on  a  narrow  strip  of  land  which  is  con- 
fined between  the  river  and  a  steep  declivity.  A  plank-road 
has  been  laid  from  this  town  to  Locust  Grove.  Ripley  con- 
tains 6  chui-che.s,  1  printing  office.  1  foundry,  a  few  mills,  and 
1  bank.  The  female  seminary  and  high  school  have  i-ecently 
been  replaced  by  a  union  school.  Settled  in  1S12.  Pop.  in 
1850,  1780;  in  1860,  2715. 

RIPLEY,  a  township  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1283. 

RIPLEY,  a  township  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.  Pop.1247. 

RIPLEY,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1.345. 

RIPLEY,  a  township  of  Rush  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  1-139. 

RIPLEY,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois,  about  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Mount  Sterling. 

KIPLEY  S,  a  post-office  of  Tyler  co..  W.  Virginia. 

BIP'LEYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio. 

RIPOLL,  re-pol',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  32  miles 
W.N.W.  ofGerona,on  theTer.  Pop.  3000.  Its  Benedictine 
convent  contains  many  curious  tombs. 

RIPOLLET,  re-pol-yJt',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
province,  and  8  miles  from  Barcelona,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name.    Pop.  1231. 

RIPOMORANCE,  a  village  of  Tuscany.    See  Pomeeasck. 

RIP'ON  or  RIP'PON,  a  city,  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding, 
on  the  Ure,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  seventeen  arches,  23 
miles  W.N.W.  of  York,  and  with  a  station  on  the  Leeds  and 
Thirsk  Branch  of  the  North  British  Railway,  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Thirsk.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851,  0080. 
The  town  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  handsomely,  though 
Irregularly  built.  Its  spacious  market-place  lias  in  its  centre 
a  lofty  obelisk.  The  cathedral,  built  iu  the  fourteenth  and 
llfteenth  centuries,  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best-proportioned 
churches  in  England;  length,  266  feet;  length  of  transepts, 
132  feet.  Ripnn  has  an  episcopal  palace,  an  elegant  modem 
Gothic  parish  church,  a  free  grammar  school,  large  national 
endowed  blue-coat  schools,  several  ancient  poor's  hospit.als 
and  money  charities,  a  very  handsome  town-hall,  with 
assembly  rooms,  a  council-house,  jail  and  house  of  correc- 
tion, public  rooms  with  a  library,  a  mechanics'  institute, 
and  several  branch  banks,  with  some  manufactures  of  flax, 
a  manuGictory  of  saddle-trees,  and  large  markets  for  wool, 
com,  and  butter.  Ripon  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  minster,  now  a  cathedral,  was  founded  be- 
fcre  661,  when  the  celebrated  St.  Wilfred  was  ablot.  In 
1405.  Henry  IV.  held  his  court  at  Ripon.  Bishop  Porteus 
was  bom  here  in  1731.  In  the  vicinity  is  Fountaines  Abl»y 
and  Xewby  Hall. 

RIP'ON,  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co..  Wisconsin,  on 
the  inlet  of  Green  Luke,  and  on  a  railroad  81  miles  N.W.  of 
Milwaukee.  Brockway  College  (Presbvterian)  is  located  at 
this  place.  It  contains  7  churches,  2  biinks,  and  sash,  chair, 
cal  met  and  woollen  factories.    Pop.  of  Ripon  township  2025. 

RIPONUNY  or  RIPUNUNY.    See  Rcpunhnt. 

RIPOSTO,  re-pos'to,  a  modern  town  of  Sicily,  on  its  E 
c<r«Kt,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Taormina.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  risen 
Wliolly  within  the  present  century,  and  has  a  harbor  pro- 
tected by  a  fort. 

SlJul'iy*^'-^^^-  *  ^^'^^^  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
KIP'I'LK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
OIPPLE,  a  parUh  of  England,  oo.  of  Kent 
UW6 


RIU 

RIPPOLDSAU.  rip'polt-s«w\  a  village  ot  Baden,  circle  of 
Middle  Rhine,  in  the  Schapbachthal,  31  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Strasbourg.     Pop.  81S. 

Rll*'POX.  a  p«iBt-otfice  of  .Tefferson  co.,  Virginia. 

RII"PONi)EN,  chapelry,  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

RIl'TOX,  a  post-township  of  .\ddison  co.,  Vennout,  about 
28  miles  S.W.  bv  S.  of  .Moutpelier.     Pop.  570. 

RIPrrON,  ABBOTS,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Huntingdon 

RIl'TilN.  KING'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Iluntit-gdon 

RlQUEWllIK,  reekeh-veeK',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Ilaut-Rhin.  6  miles  N.X.W.of  Colmar.  P.  1836. 

RIQUIER-ES-1'LAINS.  ree'ke-A'  A  pliN«',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-Iuferieure,  3  miles  S.S.W.  of 
St.  Valery. 

RIS,  ree,  a  small  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Ddme,  10  miles  N.  of  Thiers.    Pop.  1512. 

RIS.  a  village  of  France,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and 
Corbeil  Railwaj".  15  miles  from  Paris. 

RISANO,  re-si'no,  a  village  of  Dalmatia.  7  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Cattaro,  on  the  Gulf  of  Cattaro.    Pop.  1100. 

RIS^BOROUGll,  MONKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks, 

RISBOROUGH.  PRINCES,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Bucks.  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aylesbury.  Pop.  in 
1851,  2317. 

RIS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RIS/CA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth.  Hera 
are  large  iron-works. 

RISCLE,  reek'l,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers,  26 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Mii-ande.    Pop.  in  1852,  1761. 

RIS'DON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  W.a.«hington  township, 
Hancock  co..  Ohio,  93  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbus.  It  is 
situated  p-irtly  in  the  counties  of  Seneca  and  Wood. 

RISDON.  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co..  Illinois,  near  Kas- 
kaskia,  116  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

RISE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

RISKHULME,  rlz'holm.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

RISELEY,  rlzlee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

RISHANGLES.  re-sh.Hng'flz,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

RISHTON.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RISII'WORTH.  township.  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

RI'SING  FAWN,  a  post-village.  Dadeco„  Georgia.  352  miles 
N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

RISING  SUN,  a  post-village  included  within  the  limits  of 
Philadelphia,  Pennsvlvania.  5  miles  N.  of  the  State-house. 

RISING  SUN,  a  pf.st-office  of  Cecil  co..  Maryland. 

RISING  SUN,  a  h.andsome  post-village,  capital  of  Ohio 
CO..  Indiana,  is  finely  situated  on  a  high  bank  of  the  Ohio 
River,  36  miles  below  Cincinnati.  It  contains  good  public 
buildings,  several  churches,  an  academy,  and  2  newspaper 
offices.  It  carries  on  an  active  trade,  and  has  1  iron  foundry, 
1  woollen  factory,  and  1  cotton  factor}-  which  employs  about 
100  operatives.     Pop.  in  1S.50,  ltJ72:  in  1860,  1733. 

RISING  SUN.  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co..  Illinois. 

RISING  SUN,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co..  Iowa. 

RISINGA'ILLE.  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co^  New  York. 

RISLEY  COUNTY,  Iowa.    See  Webster. 

RIS'SINGTON,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester 

RISSINGTON.  Little,  a  parish  of  Enirlaiid,  co.  G loucester. 

RISSINGTON-MICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

RISTOGOUCHE.    See  RESTioorcnE. 

RISTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RISTON.  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  East  Riding. 

RITCHIE,  ritch'ee,  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  W.  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  4S0  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Hughe* 
River  and  its  North  Fork.  The  surface  is  hiUy  and  broken, 
and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  North-western  Turnpike,  and  by  the  Parkersbui-g 
Branch  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Formed  in 
1S43,  and  named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Ritchie,  editor  of  the 
Richmond  Enquirer.  Capital,  ILirrisville.  Pop.  CS47,  of 
whom  6S0il  were  free. 

RITCHIE  COURT-HOUSE,  W.Virginia.  See  IIarrisville. 

RITCH'IEVILLE.  a  post-villageof  Dinwiddle  co^  Virginia, 
41  miles  S.  of  Richmond. 

RITT.^NA,  rit-fi'ni.  a  Tillage  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Coni.  near  Borgo-San-Dalmazzo.     Pop.  1020. 

RITTENHOUSE.  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, aliout  4  miles  N.W.  of  Norristown. 

RITrrENHOUSETOWN,  a  village  or  suburb  of  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvanw,  included  within  the  chartered  limita 
of  the  city,  .about  2  miles  W.  of  Germantown,  has  a  valuable 
stone  quarry.  The  celebrated  astronomer,  David  Kitten- 
house,  was  born  here  in  1732. 

RlTTERSVILLE.apost-officeofT/ehigh  oo..  Pennsvlv.inia. 

RITZEBUTTEL,  (Ritzebiittel,)  rit/zeh-buetfl.  a  free  town 
of  North-west  Germany,  territory  of  Hamburg,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Elbe,  in  the  North  Sea,  2  miles  S.  of  Cuxhaven. 
Pop.  1745. 

RIUDECASaS.  reoo-nA-kdn'yas.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cat* 
loni.i.  province,  and  16  miles  fi-om  Tarragona.     Pop.  1190. 

RIUDECOLS.  re-oo-p.'i-kols',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
province,  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Tarragona.     Pup.  1289. 

RIUDEVITTLES  (,?)  re-oo-dA-veet-tl?s/.  a  t-.wn  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  about  24  miles  from  Barcelona.    Pop  l3lL 


RIU 


ROA 


RIUDOM?',  re-oodoms',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  10 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Tairatjona.     Pop.  3247. 

UIVA,  ree'vi,  or  KEIF,  rife,  a  town  of  the  Tyrol.  10  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Koveredo,  plea.sajitly  situated  at  the  N.  extremity 
of  Lake  Garda.  Pop.  2000.  It  ha.s  a  ca.stle,  a  fine  church, 
resorted  to  iu  piljitrimage,  and  some  monasteries.  Its  port 
is  the  larj^est  on  the  lake,  and  is  frequented  by  a  considerable 
nuQiber  of  vessels.  Its  fisheries  are  productive,  and  its 
vicinity  furnishes  in  abundance  olives,  oranjjes,  and  lemons. 

KI\A,  a  villajre  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino,  8  miles 
S.  of  Lugano,  and  on  the  S.  extremity  of  its  lake.     P.  lUOO. 

KIVA,  ree'Td,  a  TillHge  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont, on  the  Sesia,  10  miles  W.X.W.  of  Varallo. 

KIVA,  a  village  ol  Italy,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Lake 
of  Couio. 

KIVADAUIA,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Riiiadavia. 

KIA'ADKO,  re-vd-B.-i'o,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Galieia,  pro- 
vince, and  37  miles  N.E.  of  Lugo,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Eo, 
on  the  E.  boundary  of  Galieia.  Lat.  43°  34'  X.,  Ion.  7°  \V. 
Rivadeo  was  taken  and  sacked  in  1S35  by  tlie  English  under 
Sir  Thomas  Percy.     Pop.  2638. 

KIV.\-UK-SEIi'LA,  ree'vd-di-sJl'yJ,  a  maritime  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oviedo,  on  the  Sella, 
near  its  moutli  in  the  Bav  of  Biscay. 

KI\'A-DI-CII1EKI,  ree'Vd  dee  ke-d'ree,  a  village  of  North 
Italy.  Sardinian  States,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2697. 

KIVA-DI-.MAZZANO,  ree^vd  dee  mat-sd'no,  a  village  of 
North  Italy,  20  miles  E.  of  Ales.s:indria,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Po.     Pop.  2002. 

RIVAl'KiiCIIA,  re-vi-fn-i/chi  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  7  miles  S.S.B.  of  LogroBo.  on  the  Leza     Pop.  14H5. 

KIVALTA,  re-vdl'ti,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardy.  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mantua,  near  the  Miiicio. 

RIVALTA-UI-ACQUI,  re-vill'td  dee  dk'kwee.  a  village  of 
Piedmont,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Acqui.  on  the  Rormida.     I'.  1885. 

RI VALTA-DI-TORINO,  re  vdl'td  dee  to-ree'no.  a  village  of 
North  Italy,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1774. 

RIV  AN  AZZAXO,  re-vd-ndt-sd'no.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province,  and  near  Voghera.     Pop.  2002. 

RIVAN'NA,  a  small  river  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, rises  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  iu  All)emarle 
county,  flows  S.K.  through  Fluvanna  county,  and  enters 
the  James  River  at  Oilumbia.  By  means  of  dams  and  locks, 
it  is  navigal)le  to  the  South-west  Mountain,  in  Albemarle 
county,  a  distauee  of  above  30  miles. 

RIVAKA,  i-e-vd'rd,  a  vilLige  of  tlio  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion, and  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1024. 

RIVAROLO,  i-e-vd-ro'lo,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, 19  miles  N.  of  Turin,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Po.  Pop. 
6032. 

RIVAROLO,  re-vd-ro'Io.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  and  3  miles  N.N.W.  of  Genoa.    Pop.  5684. 

RIVAROLO-DEL-Rp;,  re-vd-ro'lo-dM-rd,  or  HIVAROIXV 
DEXTltO,rt^vd-ro'lo-d5n'tro,a  village  and  parish  of  Xorthern 
Italy,  pr(  ivinoe,  and  about  5  miles  from  Cremona.   Pop.  2500. 

RIVAROLO  FUORI.  re-vd-rolo-foo-o're,  a  village  of  Nor- 
thern Italy.  1«  miles  W.S  W.  of  Mantua.     Pop.  ;!174. 

RIVE-DE  QIER,  reev-dgh-zhe-a',  a  town  of  France,  dopart- 
went  of  I^oire,  on  the  <5ier,  an  affluent  of  the  Rhone,  at  the 
head  of  the  Canal  of  Givors.  and  on  the  St.  Etienne  and  Lyons 
Railway,  121  miles  X.E.  of  St.  Etienne.  Pop.  in  1852, 13,186. 
It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  glas.s-Vfare.s,  steel,  hard- 
wares, and  steam-engine  factories.  Near  it  are  silk  mills, 
distilleries,  and  extensive  coalfields. 

RIVEIRA,  re-vA'e-rd,  a  small  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Gali- 
eia, province,  and  67  miles  S.S.W.  of  Corunna,  surrounded 
by  the  Bay  of  Arosa  and  the  sea.    Pop.  2292. 

RIVELLO,  re-v^l'lo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba.'ili- 
cata,  4  miles  S.  of  Lagonegro,  on  a  hill  on  the  Trecchina. 
Pop.  6140. 

RIV'KNHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RIVER,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

RIVKR,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co..  Pennsylvania. 

KIVElt,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana. 

IU  VEI'.DA  LE,  a  new  village  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hudson, 
14  miles  N.  of  New  York,  and  3  miles  below  Yonkers. 

RlV/EltllKAD,  a  libertv  of  Enaland.  co.  of  Kent. 

R1VI;RHEAD,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Suf- 
folk CO.,  New  Y'ork,  at  the  head  of  Peconic  Bay,  and  on  the 
Long  Island  Railroad,  74  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  Y'ork.  The 
village  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  several 
churches,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  of  the  tovf  nship  in  1850, 
2540;  in  1800,3044. 

RIVER  HILL,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Tennessee. 

KI VERKOAD  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  CO.,  New 
Tork. 

RIVERSIDE,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

RIVERSIDE,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  CO.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

RIVER  STYX,  a  post-office  of  iledina  co..  Ohio. 

RIVERTON,  a  thriving  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jer.sey.  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Delaware,  8  miles  above 
Pluladelpha.  It  has  grown  up  within  a  few  years,  and 
consists  of  neat  cottages,  chiefly  occupied  by  persons  doing 
business  in  Philadelphia.  •    - 


RTVERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co..  Georg!,i,  en 
Chattahoochee  River,  105  miles  N.W.by  W.  of  Milledgevillo. 

ItlVER  TRENT  or  PORT  THENT.  Canada  West,  a 
thriving  village  in  tlie  town.ship  of  Murray,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland, situated  on  the  river  Trent.  12  miles  W.  of  Belle- 
ville. Pop.  .ibout  1000.  A  steamer  leaves  daily,  in  summer 
for  Belleville  and  Kingston. 

RIVES,  reev,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  oj 
Is6re.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  in  1852.  2339. 

RI  VES,  reevz,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  79  milet* 
N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

RIVES,  a  township  of  .Tackson  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1154 

RIVES,  a  former  county  of  Missouri.     See  IIenrt. 

RIVESA  LTES.  reev'sdit',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Pyrtn6es-0rientales,  6  miles  N.  of  Psi-piguan.  Pop 
in  1852.  3839. 

RIVESVILLE,  rivz'vill,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Vir 
ginia,  2'»2  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

RIVIERA.  re-ve-<VrJ:  a  district  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticino.    Chief  town.  Biasca. 

1!IVIE1;A-DI-GEN0A,  re-ve-A^rd-dee-jSn'o-d,  a  name'  givep 
to  two  portions  of  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  the 
midst  of  which  Genoa  is  situated.  The  E.  part  is  called 
Riviera  di  Levante.  and  the  W.  part  Rieviera  di  Ponente. 

RIVIERE-A-JACQUES,  reeVe-ain'  d  zhdk.  a  river  of  Jlin- 
nesota.  rises  in  Pembina  county,  and  flowing  S.,  fiiUs  into 
the  Missfiuri.    Entire  length,  abuut  &«)  miles. 

RI  VIKlUi-AU-B(£UF,  ree\-e-aiii/ 6  buf  8  .small  stream  in 
the  E.  part  of  Missouri,  flows  through  Franklin  county, 
and  enters  the  Missouri  River  from  the  right  hand,  near 
Newjiort. 

RIVIERE-AU-CUIVRE.  reeVe-ain'  6  kweev'r',  or  COPPER 
RIVER,  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Audrain  county,  and  flowing 
in  an  E.S.E.  direction,  enters  the  Jli.ssissippi  between  Lin- 
coln and  St.  Charles  county.  It  is  a  good  stream  for  mills 
The  Eagle  Fork  enters  it  from  the  right,  on  the  boundary 
between  the  counties  al)Ove  nameil. 

RI  VI  ERE  DES  ACADIENS,  ree've-aiR'  d;iz  d'kdMe-ilNg',  of 
Louisiana,  flows  E.  through  Ascensiou  parish,  into  Lake 
Maurepis. 

RIVIEKE  DU  LOUP  EN  BAS.  reeVe-aiu/  dii  loo  6x0  bd,  a 
village  and  seigniory  of  Canada  East,  situated  on  the  S. 
shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  114  miles  below  Queiiec.  Pop. 
of  Seigniory,  about  2500. 

R1V|£;rE  DU  LOUP  EN  IIAUT,  reeVe-ain/  dii  1oo5ng  hO, 
a  village  and  seigniory  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  St.  JIaurice, 
situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  St.  Peter,  58  miles  N.E.  of 
Montreal. 

RIVlfiUE  QUELLE,  ree've-aiR'  oo'^Il',  a  village  and 
seigniory  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  L'Islet,  situated  on  the  S. 
shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  80  miles  below  Quebec.  Pop. 
of  seigniory,  about  3600.. 

RIVIErE  PILtlTE,  ree've-aiR' pee'lSf,  a  market-town  on 
the  S.  coa.st  of  Martinique.     Pop.  3841. 

RIVlitlRE  SALEE.  ree've-aiR'  sdUA',  the  strait  which 
separates  Guadeloupe  inU)  two  islands. 

RIVlfeliE  SAL£e,  a  miuket-town  on  the  S.W.  coast  of 
Martinique.     I'op.  2371. 

RI  VIXGTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RIVISOXDOLI,  re-ve-.son'do-le,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  S.E.  of  Sulmoua,  on  a  hill. 
Pop.  1300. 

RIVOLI,  ree'vo-le,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
S.  of  the  Dora-Kipaira,  8  miles  W.  of  Turin,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  a  continuous  avenue.  I'op.  5195.  It  has 
a  palace,  numerous  villas,  and  a  fine  botanic  garden,  with 
manufactures  of  silks  and  woollen  fabrics. 

RIVOLT,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Ve- 
rona, on  the  Adige.  Here  the  French  defeated  the  Austri- 
ans,  on  the  14th  .lanuary,  1797,  on  which  occasion  Mas-sena 
received  the  title  of  Duke  of  Rivoli. 

RIVOLTA,  re-vol'td,  a  Tillage  of  Lombardy,  near  the 
Adda.  15  miles  E.  of  Jlilan.     Pop.  3582. 

RIVOLTELLA,  re-vol-tMId,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
19  miles  E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Garda.  P.  1467. 

RIX.  a  post-office  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

KIXENSART.  rix'gn-saRtV  a  viU.ige  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  on  the  Lasne,15  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels.    P.1346. 

RIX'EYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Culpepper  co.,  A'irginia, 
100  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

RIXIIEIM,  rlx'hime,  (Fr.  pron.  reex^Jm',)  written  also 
REXEX,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  llaut-Rhin, 
with  a  station  on  the  Strasbourg  and  Basel  (Bale)  Railway, 
3j  miles  E.  of  Miilhausen.     Pop.  in  1852,  2970. 

RIX'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

RIX'TOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RIZAH  or  RIZEH,  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Reezaii. 

RJASAN,  a  town  and  government  of  Russia.    See  Rl\z.\n. 

RJEV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Rzhev. 

ROA,  ro/d,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  49  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Burgos,  on  the  Douro.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  rtinains  of  a 
palace,  in  which  Ximenes  died,  in  1517. 

ROADE,  rod,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton, 
with  a  station  on  the  North-western  Railway. 

ROADE,  a  i>ari8li  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

1597 


J 


ROA 


ROB 


ROAD  HAT,L.  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

ROADSTOWX.  a  post-rillaire  of  Cumberland  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, about  6  miles  W.  of  I'ridgeton,  contains  2  stores,  a 
church,  and  about  40  dwellings. 

ROAD'VILLK.  a  post-villaire  of  Charleston  district,  South 
Carolina,  110  miles  S.E.  of  Columbia. 

ROADVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Texas. 

RCAG  L(X;l£,  loK,  r6g,  a  large  and  intricate  inlet  of  the 
Fea,  on  the  W.  coast  tif  J>ewis  Island,  Hebrides,  Scotland, 
a'lout  12  miles  iu  length,  and  8  miles  in  breadth. 

ROANK,  rou,  a  county  in  the  H.  central  part  of  Tennes- 
see, has  an  ai-ea  estimated  at  BOO  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
Kected  by  the  Tennt-s,<;ee  Hiver,  auj  its  two  branches,  the 
Clinch  and  llolston.  which  unite  at  Kingston.  The  Cum- 
berland Mountain  extends  along  or  near  the  W.  border.  The 
soil  is  fertile.  Extensive  beds  of  stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are 
found.  'J'he  rivers  above  named  are  navigable  by  steam- 
boats. Capital,  Kingston.  Pop.  13,583,  of  whom  11,-835 
were  free,  and  17-tS  slaves. 

K0.\ N E.  a  township  of  La&vette  co..  Arisansas.    Pop.  989. 

ROAN  Mountain,  of  North  Carolina,  lies  N.  of  Black 
Mount.-iin.  Alout  nine  miles  of  its  extent  has  nearly  a 
uniform  height,  the  most  elevated  point  being  6270  feet 
above  the  sea. 

ROAN  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Carter  co..  Tennessee. 

ROANNE.  itj^dfi'-  (anc.  lUKlum'na.)  a  iovrn  of  France,  de- 
partment of  l-oire,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Lyons,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Loire,  which  here  becomes  navigable.  Pop.  in  1SS2, 
13,397.  It  has  a  chamber  of  arts  and  manufactures,  and  a 
communal  college.  t?ituated  at  the  terminus  of  the  railway 
from  St.  Etienne  and  Lyons,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Canal 
of  the  Loire.  Roanne  is  the  entrepot  of  an  extensive  com- 
merce, and  has  manufactures  of  cottons,  muslins,  paper,  and 
jewelry.     It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  inundation  in  1846. 

ROANOKE,  ro'an-6k'.  a  river  of  Virginia  and  North  Caro- 
lina, is  formed  by  two  principal  branches,  the  Staunton  and 
Dan.  which  rise  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  and  unite  at  Clarks- 
ville,  in  ,Me<klenburg  county,  constituting  the  lower  Roan- 
oke. Flowing  in  an  E.S.E.  direction,  it  enters  North  Carolina, 
and  meets  the  tide-water  at  AVeldon.  after  passing  over  a 
series  of  rapids.  Uelow  this  point,  its  general  course  is  S.K., 
arid  it  enters  the  W.  extremity  of  Albemarle  Sound  at  the 
mouth  of  Chowan  Kiver.  It  fs  a  remarkably  rapid  stream, 
^he  fertile  botloqis  of  which  are  subject  to  frequent  inunda- 
tions. The  length  of  the  main  stream  is  estimated  at  250 
wiles;  but  if  we  include  the  Staunton,  which  bv  some  geo- 
graphers is  regarded  as  the  Roanoke  proper,  it  will  probably 
exceed  450  miles.  The  lower  falls  of  this  river  at  \Veldon. 
which  form  the  limit  of  steamlxiat  navigation,  are  about  150 
miles  from  its  month.  By  means  of  a  canal  around  these 
Cills.  bateaux  can  ascend  to  Danville,  on  the  Dan  River. 

ROANOIvE.  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  area  of  180  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Staun- 
ton liiver.  The  county  forms  part  of  the  great  Valley  of 
Virginia,  situated  between  the  Blue  Ilidge  on  the  S.E.,  "and 
another  ridge  of  the  AUeghanies  on  the  N.W.  The  soil  is 
highly  productive.  The  rock  which  underlies  the  surface  is 
a  fineliniestone.  The  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad  passes 
through  the  county.  Formed  in  1838.  Capital,  Salem.  Pop. 
8048,  of  whom  5405  were  free,  and  2643  slaves. 

ROANOKE,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co..  New  York,  on 
Allen's  Creek,  atout  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rochester. 

ROANOKE.  Virginia,  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and  Dan- 
ville Railmad,  90  miles  from  Richmond. 

ROANOIvE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co..  Alabam.i. 

ROANOKE,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana. 

RO.^NOKE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Jlissouri,  75 
miles  N.N.W.  of  .Teffer.«on  City. 

ROANOKE  BHIDOE.  a  post-village  of  Charlotte  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 89  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

RO.^N'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Tennessee. 

ROAPOA,  ro-d-po'd,  TREVEN'NEN,  HOUAPOOU,  hxw'i- 
po-oo/,  or  ADAMS  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Marquesas  or  Men- 
daSa  Islands  in  the  Pacific,  68  miles  W.  of  Sauta  Christina. 
Lat.  9°  20'  S..  ion.  14°  ti'  \Y.  Length.  10  miles.  The  surfiice 
rises  to  upwards  of  2500  feet,  and  in  it  are  many  fertile 
valleys.  On  its  W.  side  is  the  e.xcellent  anchorage' of  Port 
Jarvis. 

ROARHNa  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  fills  info  the  North 
Branch  of  the  Sus(iuehanna  a  few  miles  above  Danville. 

ROARING  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ROARING  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  enters  the  Yadkin 
from  the  N.,  in  Wilkes  county. 

ROAIUNG  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Montour  co.,  Penn- 
^«A""^  al'oiit  10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  PottsviUe. 

ivv  ■^ill^^'j,'  ^^  '■'''''^•''  I'o^t-officc.Randolph  co.,W.Virginia. 

uRa  mvS  i'^'^I^^f-  «  Postoffice  of  Trigg  co..  Kentucky. 

itOARlNG  W  ATER  BAY,  of  Ireland,  in  Munsfer,  co.  of 

»7i.  w  t",**"  '"'""<!  ff"  9  miles  behind  Cape  Clear. 

t.  ^  ;  ..     •  °  *"''"ship  of  Gasconade  co..  Missouri. 


P.  1529. 


nionti. 


;^.!;  1 J  '.?  x^v?.""*'"'''^'"*"""  "*'  ^ »'•*'»  Italy- «»  wed- 

3nt,  18  miles  N.N.M  .  of  Vercelli.     Pop  2.547 
i.'A^i'^T^'iu""""''  ^^''"*'*  '"*''-•»  '"'«»*.    See  Rdatas. 

,.'nl      •  "  P""^*^  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgim. 


ROBB.  a  township  in  Posey  co..  Indiana.    Pop.l5«0 

ROB'BEN  ISLAND,  an  islet  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  at 
the  entrance  of  False  Bay,  lat.  33°  48'  S.,  Ion.  18*^  22'  E.  It  in 
used  as  a  penal  station. 

ROBBIATE.  rob-be-a/ti,  or  ROBIATO,  ro-be-d'to,  a  village 
of  Northern  It.alv,  province  of  Como,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Orobio.    Pop.  1012. 

ROIVBIN'S  REEF,  New  York  Bay,  off  the  upper  end  of 
Staten  I.^land.  contains  a  light-house. 

ROIVBINSTON,  a  post4ownship  in  Washington  cc.  JIalne, 
140  mile.s  N.E.  by  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1113. 

ROBBIO,  TOlVbe-o,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, 11  miles  S.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  .5350. 

ROBE'S  3MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co..  Indiana. 

ROBE.  rOb.  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught.  co.  of  Mavo, 
rises  near  Clare,  and  after  a  W.  course  of  26  miles,  enters 
Lough  Mask,  2  miles  W.  of  Ballinrobe. 

ROBECCO,  ro-ljik'ko,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy.  on  the 
Oglio.  7  miles  N.  of  Cremona. 

ROBECQ,  ro'bJk'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Bethune.     Pop.  1434. 

RO'BEEN',  a  pari.eh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo. 

ROBEL.  (Rohel.)  ro'btM.  a  town  of  Mecklenbure-Schwerin, 
duchy,  and  34  miles  S.E.  of  Giistrow,  on  the  Lake  Miiritz. 
Pop.  3210. 

ROBELLA,  ro-b?11l,  a  villi^e  of  the  Sardinian  States,  di- 
vision of  Alessandria,  province  of  .\sti.    Pop.  1262. 

ROB'ERSON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe 
CO..  Te»nes.see. 

ROBERT,  Le,  leh-ro^baiR',  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Martinique.     Pop.  4444. 

ROB'EliT  BAYOU,  (til'oo.)  of  Louisiana,  is  connected  with 
Red  River,  near  .\lexandria. 

ROBERT  ISLANDS,  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Marquesas. 

ROB'EltTON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Selkirk  and 
Roxburgh,  6  miles  W.  of  Hawick.  Here  are  remains  of 
sever.al  Roman  camps. 

ROBERTS'  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  New 
York. 

ROB'P'RTSON.  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  Kentucky;  area  estimated  at  500  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  l)y  Red  River,  and  also  drained  by  Syca- 
more Ci-eek.  The  surface  is  uneven:  the  soil  produces  grain 
and  tobacco.  Capital,  Springfield.  Pop.  15,205,  of  wliom 
10.404  were  free,  aud  4861  slaves. 

itOBERTSON.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Texas, 
contains  about  840  square  miles.  The  Brazos  River  tonus 
its  Iwundary  on  the  S.W.,  and  the  Navasoto  on  the  K.  The 
surface  is  undulating.  Named  in  honor  of  St»Tling  C 
Robertson,  an  empresario  of  Texas.  Capital,  Franklin.  Pop. 
4997,  of  whom  2739  were  free, 

ROBERTSON,  a  district  in  Lumpkin  co..  Georgia. 

ROBERTSON'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Pitt.sylvania  CO., 
Virsrinia. 

ROIJ'EUTSTOWN,  or  CASTLE  ROB'ERT,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, iu  Munster.  co.  of  Limerick. 

ROBERl'STOWN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Meath. 

ROB'ERTSVILLE.  a  village  of  Indiana  co-  Pennsylvania, 
about  70  miles  N.E.  of  Pitt.sburir. 

ROBERTSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Beaufort  district, 
South  Carolina. 

ROBEliTSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Panola  co..  Mississippi. 

ROBERTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  co.,  Tennes- 
see. 166  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

ROBERTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  G8  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

ROB'ESON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  South  Carolina:  area  estimated  at  900  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Lumber  River  and  its  affluents. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  generally  sjindy. 
Indian  corn  and  cotton  are  cultivated. -Lumber,  turpentine, 
and  other  products  of  the  pine  are  exported  in  large  quanti- 
ties. A  plank-road  has  lately  been  laid  through  the  county, 
by  which  produce  is  exported  to  Fayetteville.  Formed  in 
1786,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Robeson,  of  North  Ca- 
rolina. Capital,  LuniUerton.  Pop.  15, l'>9,  of  whom  10,0;>1 
were  free,  and  54.')5  t-laves. 

ROBESON,  a  p6.«t-t<iwn3liip  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Reading.     Pop.  2461. 

ROBESON,  a  post-office  of  Brunswick  co..  North  Carolina. 

ROBI.\C,  ro-be-ik',  a  village  of  F'rance,  department  of 
Gard,  12  miles  N.  of  Alais.    Pop.  1515. 

ROBIATO,  a  town  of  Italy.     See  RonniATE. 

ROBIDEAUX,  ro'beeM6',"(R0BID0UX?)  a  sn.all  village 
of  Texas  co..  Missouri. 

ROBIDOU.X  (ro-beeMooO  FORK.  Missouri,  an  affluent  of 
the  Gasconade,  flows  N.,  and  enters  that  river  in  Pulaski 
CO.,  ne!\r  Waynesville. 

IWBILANTE.  nvbe-lln't.A,  a  market-town  of  Nortli  Italy, 
in  Piedmont,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Coni.     Pop.  2278. 

ROBI'NA.  a  post-office  of  Panola  co..  Mississippi. 

ROB'IN  HOODS  BAY.  a  fine  inlet  of  the  North  Sea.  <B 
the  E.  coast  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Ridin?,  6  n>i!ea 
S.S.E.  of  Whitby,  with  a  fishing  village. 

ROBIN'S  NEST,  a  post-offlce  of  Peoria  eo.,  Hi'  oois. 


ROB 

KORIX?OX,  a  towi  ship  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  21  (M). 

KOIilXSOX,  a  village  and  township  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsvlvania,  about  20  miles  8S.W.  of  Pittsburg.   Pop.  840 

KOJ'STN'SON,  a  township  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1420. 

KOlilNSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Crawford  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  l+O  miles  S.  E.  of  Springlield.    Poj).  316. 

ItOlilN  SON,  a  township  ofGreene  CO.,  Missouri.  Pop.lO.?;?. 

JlOiilNSON  CREKK.  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Kentucky. 

UOBIXSON'S,  Kentucky,  a  station  on  the  Covington  and 
Lexington  Railroad.  11  miles  from  Cynthiana. 

KOHINSON'S,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Columbus,  Pjqua 
and  Indiana  Railroad,  2-5  miles  from  Columbus. 

KOIUXSON'S,  a  post-office  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

KOIilNSOX'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co, 

KOIilNSOX'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Menard  co.,  Illinois. 
KOUINSO.X'S  RIVKR,  a  small  stream  in  the  X.E.  central 
part  of  Virginia,  rises  in  Madison  co..  tiows  S.I'l.,  and  enters 
Kapidan  Rivar  on  the  boundary  between  that  county  and 
Orange. 
KOIUXSON'S  SPRIXG.  post-office,  Autauga  co..  Alabama. 
ROIUXSON'S  STORK,  post-office,  Lincoln  co..  Tennessee. 
nO'lUOS,  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Rail- 
road, 10  miles  from  Richmond. 
KOIV180N  VILLK,  a  post-office.  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
ROBiiA,  La,  \k  ro/uli.  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  13 
miles  X.W.  of  Leon.     Pop.  1395. 

Ri  )RLKUA,  ro-nli'Bd,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  .Leon,  prevince 
Salamanca,  16  miles  S.  of  Ciudad-Rodrigo.     Pop.  138S. 

Ji()l!l,i:DO,  ro-i!l;i'0O,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  pro- 
vince, and  ;J6  miles  from  Allxicete.     Pop.  1025. 

ROIfliKDO  DK  CIIAVELA,  ro-uLVoo  ihi  c\\i-vmi,  a  town 
of  Spiiin,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  21  miles  W.  of 
Madrid.     Pop.  1075. 

ROB'OROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
R0I5  ROY,  a  postofflce  of  Jefferson  co.,  Arkans.as. 
ROB  ROY,  a  post-village  of   Fountain   co.,  Indiana,  on 
Shawnee  Creek,  12  miles  X.E.  of  Covington. 

ROBURENTO,  ro-boo-rjn'to,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Coni,  province  of  .Mondovi.  It  was  once 
defended  by  a  strong  castle,  now  iu  ruius,  and  has  a  fine 
palace,  and  2  churches.     Pop.  Ib07. 

KO'BY'S  CORN  ER,  Xew  Hampshire,  a  station  on  the  Mer- 
rimack and  Connecticut  Rivers  Railroad,  22  miles  from 
Concord. 

ROCALBENGA,  ro-kdl-bJn'gJ,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  18 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Grossettn,  on  the  Albenga.     Pop.  3600. 

ROCA.MADOUK.  ro'kd^miMooK/,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Lot,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gourdon.     I'op.  14S2. 

RUCA  PARTIDA,  ro/kd  paR-tee'dl  ('-Divided  Rock,")  the 
westernmost  of  the  Revilla-gigedo  Islands  in  the  N.  Pacific. 
ROCAS.  ro'kds.  (('.e.  "Rocks,")  an  island  of  the  Atlantic, 
125  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  St.  Rot^ue.  Lat.  3°  55'  3..  Ion.  33<^  43'  W. 
JiOCCA.  rok'kd,  an  Italian  word  signifying  "rook"  or 
"fortress,"  forming  the  name  or  a  part  of  the  name  of  nu- 
merous small  towns  and  villages  of  Italy  and  Sicily. 

ROCCA.  rok'ki,  a  town  of  Sicily,  iuteudancy,  and  10  miles 
W.  of  Messina. 

ROCCA  AMORICA,  rok/kS  i-moR'e-ka,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  AbrUKZO  Citra.  S.S.W.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  1000. 

KOCCA  BIAXCA,  rokTsa  be-dn'ki,  ("White  Rock,"  or 
"Wliito   l(rtn*s,';  a   tuwn  of  Northern  Italy,  10  miles 

N.N.W.  of  Pai- Pop.  IHiO. 

ROCCA  BIGLIERA,  rokOvd  beel-yi'ri,  a  town  of  Naples, 
In  the  .Sardinian  dominion,  division,  province,  and  23  miles 
N.  of  Nice.     i'op.  1S02. 

ROCCA  BRUNA.  rok'kd  broo'nA,  (i.  e.  "Brown  Rock,")  a 
town  of  Naples,  in  Piedmont,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Coni.  Pop. 
2015. 

ROCCA  CASALE.  rok^kl  kS-sila,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  5  miles  X.X.W.  of  Sulmona. 

ROCCA  CONTRADA,  rck'kd  kon-trd'ild,  a  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Manhes.  -Jn  niil.'.s  W.S.W.  of  Ancoiia.     Pop.  2600. 

ROCCA  D'AMFISA,  rok'kd  ddm-fee'sd.  a  town  of  Naples, 
prSvince  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Monteleone. 
Pop.  4000. 

ROCCA  D'ARAZZO,  rok'kd  dd-rdt'so.  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Piedmont,  20  miles  W.  of  Alessandria,  near 
the  Tanaro.     Pop.  1703. 

ROCCA  D'ASPIDE,  rok'kd  dds'pe-dd,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Citra,  16  miles  S.  of  Campagna.  Pop. 
4000. 

KOCCA  DE  BALDI,  rok'kd  di  bdl'dee.  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Coni,  province,  and 
i  miles  N.W.  of  Mondovi.     Pop.  2290. 

KOCCA  DELL'ASPRO,  rok'kd  dfeU  ds'pro,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  Principato  Citra,  district  S.  of  Campagna.    Pop.  3200. 

KOCCA  D'EVAXDRO,  rok'kd  d.Vvdn'dro,  a  town  of  Naple.s, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sora,  on  the 
Garigliano.    It  is  defend-*!  by  a  castle.    Pop.  1320. 

ROCCA  DI  CORIC.  rok'kd  dee  ko're-o,  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian Status.  IS  miles  N.X.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  2092. 

KOCA  1)1  JIEZZO,  rok'kd-dee  mJd'zo,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Aquila.    Pop.  IIUO. 


ROC 

KOCCA  DI  NETO,  rok'kd  dee  nd'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Calabria  Ultra  I..  13  miles  N.W.  of  Cotrone.     Pop.  3000. 

RUCC.4.  DI  PAPA,  rok'kd  dee  pd'pd,  a  village  of  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  15  miles  S.E.  of  R'Mue,  on  the  site  of  the  aur 
cieiit  Fabia.     Pop.  2100.     It  belongs  to  the  Colonna  family. 

R0CC.4.  FORTE,  rok'kd  foii'ti.  {i.  e.  "Strong  Fortress,")  a 
village  of  the  Siirdinian  Sfcites.  provinee,  and  near  Novl. 
It  owes  its  name  to  a  strong  castle,  extensive  ruins  of  which 
still  remain.     Pop.  1296.  _ 

KOCCA  FORTE,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont, 7  miles  S.  W.  of  .Mondovi,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  2084. 

ROCCA  GLORIOSA,  rok'kd  glo-re-o'sJ.  a  town  of  Naples, 
iu  Principato  Citra.  S.E.  of  II  Vallo.  on  Mount  Bulgaria. 

KOCCA  GRIMALDA,  rok'kd  gremdl'dd,  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  18  miles  S.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  2140. 

KOCCA  GUGLIKLMA,  rok'kd  gool-yJl'mi.  a  town  of 
Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Fondi. 

KOCCA  IMPERIALE,  rok'kd  im-pA-re-a'lA,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra,  beside  the  Gulf  of  Tac 
ranto,  7  miles  N.  of  Roseto.     Pop-  -*'""• 

ROCCA   MAXDOLFI,    rok'kd    mdn-dol'fee,    a   town    of 
Naples,  province  of  Molise,  6  miles  W.  of  Bojano.    Pop.  34(X). 
ROCCA  MONFINI.  rok'kd  mon-fee/ueo,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  lavoro.  23  miles  N.W,  of  Caserta.     Pop.  3000. 

RdCCA  MONTEPIANO,  rok'kd  mon-tA-pe-d'no,  a  town  of 
N.apies,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  S.S.W.  of  Chieti,     P.  1500. 
ROCCA  NOVA,  rok'kd  nol\L  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Basilicata,  E.N.E.  of  Lagoiiegro.     Pop,  1780. 

ROCCA  P.A.LOM  ISA,  rok'kd  pd-lom'bd,  a  town  of  Naples, 
in  Siciljs  27  miles  S.E.  of  Palermo.     Pop.  1400. 

ROCC.\  PIEMONTE,  rok'kd  pe-.i-mon'td,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Citra,  7  miles  N.N.W,  of  Salerno. 

ROCCA  RAS.4..  rok'kd  rd'sd,  a  town  of  Naples,  Abruzzo 
Ultra  II.,  S.E.  of  Salmona,     Pop,  1200. 

ROCCA  KOMANA,  rok'kd  ro-md'ud,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  N,N.W.  of  Caserta.    i'op,  1000. 

ROCCA  SAN  CA.SCIANO,  rok'kd  sdn  kd-shd'no,  a  vilLage 
of  Tuscany,  .37  miles  N.E.  of  Florence,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Ridazzo  with  the  Montone.     I'op.  2852. 

ROCCA  SAN  FELICE,  rok'kd  sdn  fi-lee'chd,  a  town  of 
Ttalv,  state  of  Naples,  proviiu  e  of  Principato  Ultra,  2  miles 
N.  Sant'  Angclo-dei-Lombardi.  Near  it  is  the  Lake  Amsanc- 
tus  of  Virgil.  ..,,.,, 

ROCCA  SAN  GIOVANNI,  rok'kd  s.1n  jo-vdn'nee.  a  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  E.  of  Lanciano,  on  a 
hill  near  the  Adriatic,     Pop,  1400. 

KOCCA  SECCA.  rok'kd  stk'kd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  I^avoro,  12  miles  S,  of  Sora,    Pop.  2300. 

KOCCA  Sl'AKVERA,  rok'kd  spaR-vA'rd,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  State.s  division  of  Coni.  near  the  Stura.  It  was 
once  surrounded  by  walls,  of  which  portions  still  remain, 
and  has  an  old  castle  in  ruins.     Pop.  1059, 

ItOCCA  STKADA,  rok'kd  strd'dd,  a  walled  town  of  Tu»- 
canv,  17  miles  N.N,E.  of  Grossetto.  Pop.  1086. 

IIUCCAl  VF;RAN0.  rok'kd  vd-ra'no,  a  town  of  the  S.ardi 
nian  States.  29  miles  S.S.W.  of  Alessandria.     Pop.  1790. 

ROCCA  VIONE,  rok'kd  ve-o'nA,  a  town  of  the  Saidiuian 
States,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Coni.     Pop.  2I")74. 

R(JCCELLA.  rot-chJl'ld,  a  market-town  of  Sicily.  37 
miles  S.AV.  of  Messina,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Etna. 

RUCCKLLA.  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Cefaln.  on  the  Jletliterranean.     Pop.  2000. 

RiJCCELLA.  La,  Id  rot-chjlld.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  I,  on  the  Mediterranean,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Gerace.     Pop.  4000. 

ROCCIIETTA.  rok-kM'td.  ("Little  Rock."  or  "Little  For- 
tress,") a  town  of  N.apies,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Sant'  Angelo-dei-Lombardi.     Pop.  4500. 

KOCCHETTA  DEL  TANARO.     See  Rochktta  del  Tasaro 
ROCCIIETTA   LIGURE,   rok-kJt'td lee'goo r.-V.  a  town  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  division,  and  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ge- 
noa. ■  It  is  entered  by  two  gates,  has  a  court  of  justice,  and 
an  old  castle.     Pop.  1215.  ,  „.  «■    , 

ROCESTER.  ros'tfr,  a  parish  of  England,  coi  of  Staftord, 
4  miles  N.N.E'.  of  Uttoxeter,  on  the  banks  of  the  Dove,  over 
which  an  elegant  stone  bridge  is  built,  and  with  a  station 
on  the  Churnet  Valley  Branch  of  the  North  Stafford  RaU- 
way.  4  miles  N.  of  Uttoxeter. 

ROCHDALE,  rotch'del,  a  parliamentary  borough,  manu- 
facturing town,  and  parish  of  England,  in  Lanca-shire,  10 
miles  N.N.E.  of  JIanchester,  on  both  sides  of  the  Koch,  here 
crossed  by  five  bridges;  on  the  Rochdale  Canal,  the  Oilder 
and  Ilebble  Navisation,  and  the  Manchester  and  Leeds 
Kailw.iy,  It  is  irregularly  built,  and  consists  for  the  most 
part  of  narrow  and  inconvenient  streets;  but  great  improve- 
ments have  recently  been  made.  Neaily  all  the  streets  are 
well  paved  and  lighted  with  gas,  and  an  abundant  supply 
of  water  is  obtained  from  four  reservoirs  in  the  vicinity. 
Most  of  the  houses  are  built  of  brick,  but  a  few  of  the  best 
are  built  of  stone  obtained  from  quarries  in  the  vicinity. 
The  places  of  worship  in  connection  with  the  Establish- 
ment, within  the  parish,  are  about  16;  but  of  these,  only  4 
are  within  the  borough.  The  most  deservhig  of  notice  is 
the  original  parish  church,  a  venerable  structure  of  thj; 
twelfth  century,  finely  situated  on  a  lofty  height,  and  ap 

1599 


ROC 


ROC 


prCBohed  from  the  lower  part  of  the  town  by  a  flight  of  122 
Bt<ps.  Of  the  numerous  dissenting  chapels,  the  Wesleyan 
Methodists,  Association  Methodists,  VrimitiTe  Methodists, 
Hnutingdon  Methodists,  Presbyterians,  Friends,  Konian 
Catholii's,  and  Unitarians,  hare  1  each;  Baptists  and  Inde- 
pendents. 2  each. 

The  staple  nianu&ctures  are  woollen  goods,  chiefly  baize, 
flannels,  blankets,  and  kerseys;  and  cotton  eood.s,  chiefly 
calicoes;  the  whole  employing  about  lO.tXW  person.s.  There 
are  also  various  cotton  mills,  at  which  warps  and  yarn  are 
spun.  The  only  other  manufactures  of  importance  are  hats, 
which  employ  a  large  number  of  persons  of  both  sexes; 
Iron,  for  which  there  are  several  foundries ;  machine-shops, 
&c.  In  the  vicinity  are  freestone  quarries,  for  building  and 
pavement,  iron-mines,  and  extensive  collieries.  Kochdale 
is  a  place  of  considerable  antiquity,  and  had  a  Roman  sta- 
tion in  its  vicinity ;  but  its  history  presents  no  event  of  in- 
tere.st.  Its  woollen  manufactures  appear  to  have  been  in- 
troduced by  the  Flemings  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  and 
having  continued  to  flourish,  is  mentioned  as  fiimous  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth.  It  was  first  constituted  a  borough  by 
the  Reform  Act,  and  sends  a  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Rochdale  gives  the  title  of  baron  to  the  Byron  fa- 
mily, who  long  held  the  manor.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary 
borough,  in  1861.  ."iSJM, 

){OC!IE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

KOCIIK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

UOCIIE.  rosh'.  a  Frem-h  word  (like  the  Italian  Bocca,) 
signifying  "rock"  or  ''fortress,"  forming  a  pi-efix  to  nume- 
rous names  of  communes,  towns,  and  villages  of  »ance : — 

ROCHE.  La,  li  rosh,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Savoy.  .T  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bonneville,  on  the  .Arve.  Pop.  3140, 

ROCEIE-BEAUCOURT.  La,  Id  rosh'  bO'krK)u/,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Dordogne,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nou- 
tron.    Pop.  10S8. 

ROCHE-CHALATS.  La,  ll  rosh'sh.Vl.-l'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Dordogne,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Riberac,  on  the 
railwav  from  Tours  to  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1030. 

R(X:"HECn0UART.  rosh'shoo'an',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Vienne,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Vienne,  20 
miles  W.  of  Limoges,    Pop.  in  1852,  4198. 

ROCHECORIJON,  rosh*koB'bi.\o',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  ludre-et-Loire,  3  miles  E.  of  Tours.  Pop.  in 
1852,  1722. 

ROCHIi-DF.-GLTJX,  rosh  dfh  glli»«,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  UiTjme.  arrondissement  of  Valence.     Pop.  2103. 

ROCHE  EX  BKEML.rosh  6s«  brA'neel',  a  town  gf  France, 
department  of  Cote-d'Or,  arrondissement  of  Semur.  Pop. 
2499. 

ROCHEFORT,  rosh'foR',  or  rotch'f9rt,  a  m.iritime  town  of 
France,  uearitsW.  coast,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure, 
18  miles  S.S.E.  of  La  Roehelle.  on  the  Charente,  7  miles  from 
its  mouth.  Lat.  of  the  hospital,  46°  56'  6"  N..  Ion.  0°  57'  7"  W. 
Pop.  in  ls52,  24.3-30.  Rochefort  is  fortified,  and  forms  the 
third  milit-sry  port  of  France.  It  is  surrounded  by  ram- 
parts planted  with  trees,  and  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a 
school  of  hydrography,  a  national  college,  one  library  of 
14,000  volumes  and  another  of  10,000  volumes,  a  botanic 
garden,  and  a  maritime  mnseum.  In  the  milit,ary  port  the 
largest  vessels  float  at  all  times.  Attached  to  it  ai-e  a  prison 
for  1000  convicts,  and  a  naval  hospitil.  The  commercial 
port  admits  vessel  of  800  tons  close  to  the  quays.  The 
arsenal,  one  of  the  largest  in  France,  has  immense  maga- 
zines, cannon  foundries,  and  ship-building  docks.  Roche- 
fort  was  only  a  small  town  when  Louis  XIV.  commenced 
its  extension  in  1606. 

ROCHEFORT,  rosh^foRt/,  a  vill.age  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Neufch&tel. 

ROCHE  POUT,  rosVfoR/,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
27  miles  .S.E.  of  Namur.    Pop.  1300. 

ROCHEFORT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Jura,  on 
the  niilwav  frt>m  Miilhausen  to  Dijon,  4  miles  X.E.  of  Dole. 

ROCHEFOUCAULD,  La,  li.  rosh'foo'ko',  a  town  of  France, 
department  hf  Charente,  on  the  Tardou6re,  13  miles  N.E. 
of  Angouleme,  and  at  the  foot  of  a  height,  crowned  by  the 
ch&teau  in  which  La  Rochefoucauld  was  born  in  1613.  Pop. 
in  1852.  2845. 

ROCHE-GUYON,  rosh^  ghe-ix"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  Seine,  8  miles  N.N.W,  of 
Nantes.     Pop.  867.    It  has  an  old  castle. 

ROCni>L'ABEILLE,  rosh  ia"b.il'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Vienne,  6  miles  X.X.E.  of  St.  Yrieix. 
Pop.  1367. 

ROCHELLE,  La,  IJ  ro'shlll',  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
Pran(  e,  capital  of  the  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  on 
tlie  Atlantic,  nearlv  midway  between  Nantes  and  Bordeaux, 
lilt  of  tower,  46°  9'  24"  N.,  Ion.  1°  9"  16"  W.  Pop.  in  1852, 
16,507.  It  is  entered  by  seven  g.ates;  the  streets  are  mostly 
bordered  by  arcades.  Tlie  principal  edifices  are  the  cathedral, 
town-hall,  exchange,  courts  of  justice,  hospital,  arsenal, 
docks,  and  a  good  bathing  establishment.  A  new  inner 
harbor  opens  from  an  outer  port,  capable  of  receiving  vessels 
of  from  400  to  500  tons;  the  roadstead  is  protected  by  the 
Ulands  of  R6  and  OUron.  La  Roehelle  is  a  bUhop's  see, 
and  the  capital  of  a  military  division.  It  has  a  diocesan 
1600 


seminary,  schools  of  navigation  and  drawing,  a  pnblic 
library  of  2i),000  volumes,  a  botanic  garden,  a  cabinet  of  n*. 
tnral  history,  manufactures  of  glass,  earthenware,  and  cot- 
ton-twist, sugar  refineries,  building-docks,  and  an  extensive 
trade  in  wines,  brandies,  and  colonial  produce.  In  the  reli- 
gious wars  it  wa.s  long  a  stronghold  of  the  Protestants;  but 
it  was  finally  taken  by  Louis  XIII.  in  1628.  It  is  the  birth* 
place  of  Reaumur,  born  here  in  16S3. 

IKX'HEMAURE,  rosh'mSR',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ardfeche,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone,  12 
miles  .'*.E.  of  Privag.     Pop.  1473. 

ROCHE  PERCE  E,  rosh  p^R\s.4,  or  rS.sh  per'see,  a  small 
river  of  Bix>ne  co..  Jlissouri,  flows  into  Missouri  River  from 
the  left  near  Providence.  It  is  a  valuable  stream  for  mills. 
The  name  signifies  "  pierced  rock." 

ROCHE  PORT,  i-5ch'port  (?)  a  post-village  of  Boone  CO.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  Missouri  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Manitou 
Creek.  40  miles  N.W,  of  Jefferson  City.  It  has  a  steamboat 
landing.   Pop.  736. 

ROCHE-POSAY,  La,  II  rosh  po'ztl',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
p.artment  of  Aienne,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Gartempe  with 
the  Creuse,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chatellerault.     Pop.  1416. 

ROCHE-SAMSON,  rosh  ssiiS'sf>y<^'.  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Drfime,  arrondissement  of  Valence.    P.  1073. 

R0C1I'E.STER,  a  city,  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, and  river-port  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  28  miles 
E.S.E.  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Oravesend, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  of  parlia- 
mentary borough,  in  1861,  16,672.  It  is  finely  situated  on 
a  l)end  "of  the  >fedway.  here  crossed  by  a  noble  bridge  of  11 
arches,  erected  in  the  reign  of  King  John:  and  with 
Chatham  on  the  E.,  and  Stroud  on  theW..  it  picture.squely 
surrounds  Chatham  Harbor.  Its  long,  narrow,  and  wind- 
ing main  street  contains  many  antique  houses.  The  cathe- 
dral, mostly  constructed  by  Gundulph.  the  first  bishop 
after  the  Conquest,  presents  in  its  recently-repaired  interior 
one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Norman  and  early  English 
architecture:  length,  383  feet.  The  p-ammar  school, 
founded  in  1542,  is  supported  by  the  dean  and  chapter,  and 
has  six  exhibitions  to  the  universities.  The  principal  cha- 
rities are  St.  Catherine's  Hospital  for  Poor  Women,  founded 
in  1315;  Watt's  Hospital  for  the  nichtly  entertainment  of 
six  poor  travellers;  and  Hayward's  House  of  Industry. 
The  town-hall  is  a  handsome  brick  edifice,  built  in  1687. 
Here  are  also  a  custmn-honse,  theatre,  asseml)ly-room, 
liaths,  two  miidern  forts,  several  remains  of  ancient  walls, 
gateways,  and  monastic  structures,  and  on  a  rock  rising 
from  the  river,  m.ajestic  ruins  of  a  Norman  castle,  built  by 
Bishop  Gundulph.  Coal  is  extensively  imported  for  the 
supply  of  the  interior  of  the  county,  and  hops  are  ex- 
ported. Vessels  of  heavy  burden  come  up  to  the  bridge, 
ilegistered  shipping  in  1848, 17,626  tons.  It  has  a  produe- 
live  oj'ster-fishery  belonging  to  the  corporation,  and  ship- 
building is  ctrried  on  to  .some  extent.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  The  bishopric  is,  next  to  Can- 
terbury, the  most  ancient  in  England,  having  been  founded 
by  St,  -■Vugustine  in  604. 

R<X'H'E.STER,  a  post--»-ilIage  and  town.ship.  semi  capital 
of  Strafford  co..  New  Hampshire,  about  30  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Concord.  The  vill.Hge  contains  a  bank,  and  is  the  seat  of 
various  woollen  and  other  manufactories,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  an  extensive  establishment  for  making 
blankets.  The  Cocheco  Railroad,  and  the  threat  Falls  and 
Conway  Railraid.  through  which  it  communicates  with  va- 
rious sections  of  the  state,  .ndd  much  to  its  importance. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  l^WO,  2431 ;  in  1860,  3a84. 

ROCHE.STER,  a  township  of  Wind,sor  co.,  Vermont,  32 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  1507. 

ROCHESTER,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Slassa- 
chusetts,  at  the  head  of  Rochester  narlx)r,  in  Buzzard's 
Bay,  and  on  the  Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad.  50  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Boston.  It  has  considerable  ship-building,  and  seve- 
ral vessels  engaged  in  the  whale  fisheries.  In  1853,  there 
were  7  arrivals,  bringing  1816  barrels  of  sperm-oil,  42  of 
whaleoil,  and  4900  pounds  of  whalebone.    Pop.  12-32. 

ROCHESTER,  a  city,  capital  of  Monroe  co ,  New  York,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  Genesee  River,  7  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  Luke  Ontario,  230  miles  bv  railroad  W.  by  N. 
of  Albany,  and  68  miles  E.N.E.  of  Buffalo.  Lat.  43°  8'  N., 
Ion.  77°  51'  W.  Rochester  is  the  largest  town  on  the  great 
thoroughfare  above  alluded  to,  excei)ting  Albany  and  Buf- 
falo, and  is  a  place  of  rapid  growth,  and  remarkable  for  it* 
e.xtensive  n;anufactures  of  flour  and  other  articles.  'I'he 
site  of  this  city  is  nearly  level.  The  coqxmite  limits  occupy 
an  area  of  8  square  miles,  more  than  half  of  which  is  com- 
pactly built.  The  streets  vary  from  60  to  SO  feet  in  width, 
and  are  generally  straight  and  well  paved.  The  principal 
business  streets  are  faced  by  fine  bk)cks  of  marble,  stone 
and  brick,  and  some  of  these  buildings  ai-e  very  costly  aiid 
elegant.  The  public  buildings  ate  all  of  stone  or  brick, 
and  are  generally  cre<Utable  to  the  oity.  The  Court-house 
and  City  Hall  is  an  elegant  buil.ling,  which  c-:-st  $80,000. 
The  Arcade  is  a  valuable  piece  of  property,  and  contains  tho 
post-office,  coUector'g,  and  other  Federal  offices.  The  Uu; 
Tersity  of  Rocnesier  was  organized  in  1860;  its  grounds 


ROC 

co.Tipnse  24  acros ;  the  edifice  of  brown  stone  was  completed 
ill  I'-SQ;  vuliio  of  property,  S" 5,000;  endowment,  §200,000. 
Tliere  are  8  professors,  and  an  average  of  150  ^tudents. 
Rochester  Theological  Seminary,  under  control  of  tlie  Bap- 
tists, has  an  endowment  of  $100,000,  4  professors,  and  about 
50  students.  There  are  2  Commercial  Colleges,  3  Collegiate 
Institutes,  1  Free  Academy,  several  ladies'  seminaries,  18  pul> 
lie  schools,  with  ovei  7000  scholars,  and  niaiij'  i)rivate  and 
denoiuinational  schools.  Thi're  is  a  Free  Library  of  10,000 
volumes.  The  Rochester  Athenaeum  has  a  library  of 
12,000  volumes,  and  2000  members.  The  Sunday  School 
Union  is  composed  of  30  schools,  with  7790  pupils,  and  has 
about  10,000  volumes  in  libraries.  There  are  2  Oridian  Asy- 
lums, an  Industrial  School,  Home  for  the  Friendless,  an 
extensive  Almshouse,  an  Insane  Asylum  with  over  00  in- 
mates. St.  Mary's  Hospital  is  an  immense  structure,  new, 
of  cut  stone,  with  accommodations  for  1000  patients,  under 
the  direction  of  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  distinguished 
surgeons  in  the  state.  Dr.  Edward  M.  Moore.  City  Hos- 
pital, also  new,  is  of  brick,  and  has  over  100  patients. 
There  are  5  daily,  3  semi-weekly,  4  weekly,  and  2  monthly 
papers,  including  2  German  dailies.  The  churches  are, 
many  of  them,  new,  costly  and  elegant ;  the  better  class 
rang'ing  in  value  for  §00,000  to  $100,000.  The  Catholics  have 
8,  Presbyterians  6,  Methodists  6,  Kpiscopalians  4,  liaptists 
3,  Lutherans  3,  Friends  2,  other  denominations  9.  'There 
is  a  Jewish  Synagogue. 

The  large  hotels  are  the  Brackett,  Osburn,  Congress  Ilall, 
Waverly,  Clinton,  National,  American,  and  Ayres.  Roches- 
ter Gas  Company  has  a  capital  of  $300,000,  29  miles  of 
mains.  There  are  1000  public  lamps  in  the  streets  and 
pai-ks.   There  are  about  15  miles  of  street  railway  in  the  city. 

Tlio  navigable  water  of  the  Genesee  comes  into  tlie  city 
limits,  but  the  trade  is  mostly  done  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  7  miles  from  the  city  by  rail.  Three  daily  lines  of 
steamers  run  to  and  from  the  docks,  and  there  is  considerar 
ble  trade  by  sail-craft.  Wheat  and  lumber  come  in  by  lake 
from  the  West  and  from  Canada,  and  mauuiiictures  and  pro- 
duce are  shipped  hence.  Tlie  canal  trade  is  large.  The  Krie 
Canal  passes  directly  through  the  city,  crossing  tlie  river  by 
a  cut-stone  aqueduct,  which  cost  1600,000.  'The  Genesee 
Yalky  Canal  enters  the  Erie  Canal  at  this  place  and  extends 
southward  to  the  Alleghany  River.  The  raih-oad  bu.^iness 
of  Rochester  is  large.  The  New  York  Central  Company 
has  5  lines  radiating  from  here,  viz.,  one  to  Syracuse  direct, 
auotlier  to  Syracuse,  via  Auburn,  a  tliird  to  Buffalo  direct, 
a  fourtli  to  Suspension  Bridge,  Niagara  Falls  and  Bulfalo, 
and  a  fifth  to  Charlotte,  the  harbor.  Its  passenger  depot  is 
an  immense  structure  of  brick,  which  will  shelter  8  long 
trains.  The  Erie  Railway  Company  has  a  line  running  to 
Corning  where  it  intersects  the  main  line,  east  and  west. 
At  Arno  it  also  intersects  a  line  to  Bullalo.  Seventy  pas- 
senger trains  arrive  at  and  depart  from  Rochester  each  day. 
Tlie  Western  llouse  of  Refuge,  a  state  reform  school,  loca- 
ted hero,  is  an  immense  pile  of  buildings.  It  contains 
nearly  500  boys  and  youths  under  discii)line  and  instruction. 

Rochester  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph Company,  the  largest  corporation  of  its  kind  in  the 
world.  Capital,  $22,000,000.  Its  lines  run  from  New  York 
to  San  Francisco,  branching  over  most  of  the  Middle  and 
Western  States.  The  office  of  the  company  is  a  tine  build- 
ing on  Exchange  street. 

The  unlimited  water-power  derivetl  from  the  Genesee 
River  has  been  a  principal  cause  of  the  prosperity  of  Roches- 
ter, the  Houring-mills  of  which  ai*  probably  the  most  ex- 
tensive in  the  United  States.  The  river  within  a  course  of 
3  miles  has  a  total  descent  of  226  feet,  with  three  perpen- 
dicular lalls  of  95,  20,  and  75  feet.  'The  first  of  these  is 
within  the  limits  of  the  city,  a  little  N.  of  the  centre,  and  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cataracts  in  the  state. 
Below  the  upper  falls  the  broad  river  flows  through  a  ravine 
more  than  100  feet  deep. 

The  flour  trade  leads  in  value  the  manufactures  of  the 
city.  There  are  22  mills,  containing  122  runs  of  stones,  and 
each  run  can  produce  60  barrels  of  flour  per  day,  an  aggre- 
gate of  7320  barrels  per  day.  The  annual  product  of  the 
mills  is  aliout  1,000,000  barrels.  The  manulactures  aside  from 
flour,  are  sold  chiefly  at  the  West  and  in  Canada.  'Tlie  shoe 
trade  is  heavy,  the  manufactories  turning  out  the  value  of 
$3,000,000  per  annum.  Value  of  clothing  made  here  $4,000,000 ; 
cabi  netware  and  chairs,  $2,000,000;  edge-tools,  $1,000,000. 
There  is  a  large  paper-mill,  extensive  foundries,  and  ma- 
chine-shops, tanneries,  baiTel-factories,  woollen-mills,  and 
1  cotton-mill.  Locomotives  are  made  at  the  shops  of  the 
Central  Railroad  Company.  The  dry-goods  trade  amounts 
to  $:>,00ti,000  per  annum.  The  grocery  and  hardware 
houses  are  large  and  numerous.  The  trade  in  produce 
collected  here  for  shipment  to  other  markets  is  large,  the 
rich  country  about  pouring  its  products  by  rail  and  canal 
to  this  point.  The  nursery  trade  of  Rochester  is  unrivalled 
by  any  locality  in  the  world.  Fruit  and  ornamental  trees 
are  shipped  to  every  state  and  to  foreign  countries.  Annual 
jiroducts,  $2,000,000.  The  pioneer  nursery  firm,  Elwanger 
tc  Barry  have  1000  acres  under  cultivation,  and  they  some- 
times sell  $200,000  worth  of  trees  and  plants  in  a  year. 
6A 


ROC 

Rochester  was  settled  in  1812,  and  took  its  name  from 
Colonel  Nathaniel  Hochester,  one  of  the  early  settlors.  It 
was  chartered  as  a  city  in  1S:U.  Pop.  in  1S20, 1502;  in  1840, 
20,191 ;  in  1850, 36,403 ;  in  ISOO,  4S,2(M ;  in  1S65,  about  60,000. 

ROCIIKSTER,  a  township  of  Ulster  Co.,  New  York,  16 
miles  S.W.  of  Kingston.     Population.  4539. 

ROCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  lelt  bank  of  Beaver  River,  at  its  entrance  into  the 
Ohio,  and  on  the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Rail 
road,  25  miles  X.W.  of  Pittsburg.  A  good  bridge  acros# 
Beaver  River  connects  the  village  with  Bridgewater.  Popv 
lation  ill  1860.  1376. 

ROCHESTER,  a  po.st-office  of  Butler  CO.,  Kentucky. 

ROCHESTKR,  a  thrivin.^  village  of  Columbiana  co..  Ohio, 
on  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and 
Plttsburir  Railro.id.  140  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

ROCIIKSTER.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lorain  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  railroad  between  Cleveland  and  Columbus,  94 
miles  N.N.E.  of  the  latter.    Pop  822. 

ROCHKSTKIt,  a  small  village  of  XoHe  co.,  Ohio. 

ROCIIKSTER,  a  thriving  village  of  Stark  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Tuscarawas  River  and  the  Ohio  Canal,  about  110  miles  N.K. 
of  Columbus.  The  adjoining  village  of  Navarre  has  a  post- 
oflice  of  its  own  name. 

ROCHIOSTER,  a  post-villau'e  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
railroad  between  Cincinnati  and  Wilmington,  alxiut  30 
miles  N.E.  of  the  former.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  400. 

ROCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village,  Avon  township,Oak- 
land  CO.,  Michigan,  on  Paint  Creek,  at  its  entrance  into  Clin- 
ton Riv*.  28  m.N.  of  Detroit.  It  con  tains  2  churches,  4  stores, 
2  flour  mills,  1  foundry,  and  a  large  public  school-house. 

ROCHESTER,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Whitewater  Canal,  76  miles  E.S  E.  of  Indi.inapoHs. 

ROCHIOSTER,  a  post-vill.age  .ind  township,  capital  of  Ful- 
ton CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Michigan  Roiid,  and  on  Mill  Creek, 
92  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.  The  village  has  2  churches 
and  several  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1681. 

ROCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Noble  co..  Indi.in.i, 
on  the  Elkhart  River,  about  l.lO  miles  N.X.E.  of  Indian.i- 
polis.  It  has  an  excellent  water-power,  and  a  forge  in  which 
bar-iron  is  made. 

ROCHE.STKR,  a  post-village  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Sang.imon  River.  0  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield.  The  river 
affords  water-power  for  mill.s. 

ROCHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Andrew  co., 
5Iissouri,  on  the  Platte  River,  6i.  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Inde- 
pendence.   Pop.  2030. 

ROCHESTER,  a  thriving  vilbge  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Cedaf  River,  20  miles  E.  of  Iowa  City.  It  contains  5 
stores.    Pop.  771. 

ROCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  r.v 
cine  CO.,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  tiie  Pisht.aka  or  Fox  Itiver, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskego,  and  on  the  plank-road  lie- 
tween  RacineCity  and  Elkhorn,  24  miles  W.  of  the  former.  It 
has  a  fine  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  flouring  mills. 
It  contains  also  2  manufactories  of  ploughs.  2  of  harness,  1 
of  carriages,  6  stores,  3  hot«ls,  an  iron  foundry,  and  a  fan- 
ning-mili  factory.  Population  of  the  towuihip,  933;  of  the 
village,  about  500. 

ROCH/ESTER  COI/ONY,  a  thriving  village  of  Clinton  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  Majilc  River,  about  28  m,  N.  by  E.  of  Lan- 
sing.   It  has  1  Houiing-mill  ami  1  saw-mill,  and  2  or  3  stores. 

ROCHESTER  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  I^rain  co.,  Ohio. 

ROCHESTER  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Wnba.sh  co.,  Illinois, 

ROCH'ESTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Tipperary. 

ROCIIESTOWN,  or  BAL'LEY  WII/I.IAM,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Munster.  co.  of  Limerict. 

ROCHESTOWN,  a  hamlet  of  Irehand,  In  Leinster,  co.  of 
Dublin,  ii  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dundrum. 

ROCHE-SUR-LOIRE,  rosh-stlR-lwiR,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  ilaine-et-Loir,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Angers.    P.  10:39. 

ROCHETTA  DEL  TAXAKO.  ro-kfftd  d'l  td-n^'ro,  a  mai^ 
ket-town  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Asti. 
Pop.  3028. 

ROCHETTE,  La,  M  ro'sh  Jf ,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Savoy  Proper,  about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Chambery, 
on  the  Gelon.    Pop.  1253. 

ROCH'FORD.  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  Encland.  co. 
of  Essex,  loj-  miles  S.E.  of  Chelmsford.  Pop.  in  1851.  1704. 
The  town,  indifferently  built,  has  a  large  ancient  church, 
and  a  union  work-hourfe. 

ROCHFOr.D.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

ROCHLITZ.  roKHits,  a  town  of  Oerraany,  in  Saxony,  on 
the  Mulde,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  4104.  It 
has  a  roval  castle  on  a  heitrht  above  the  town. 

ROCliLITZ,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bohemia,  34  miles 
N.  of  Bidschow.     Pop.  2067. 

ROCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

ROCK,  a  chapelry  and  township  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland. 

ROCK,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering 
on  Illinois,  contains  about  770  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
from  N.  to  S.  by  Rock  River,  into  which  flow  several  largo 
streams.    The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  highly 

1601 


J 


ROC 

productive.  Rock  Prairie,  the  larpest  in  the  stite.  occupies 
uearlr  half  of  the  county,  extending  from  the  river  east- 
ward. The  most  abundant  rock  of  the  counts'  is  the  blue 
limestone.  Kock  River  is  a  fine  stream,  flowing  through 
B  valley  remarkable  for  beauty  and  fertility,  and  affording 
abundaut  water-power.  The  public  improvements  are  the 
Chicjigo  and  Northwestern  Rjulroad,  the  Beloit  and  Madison 
R-iilroad,  the  Rjiciue  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  and  the  Mil- 
waukee and  I'rairie  du  Chien  Railroad.  Organized  in  1*^9, 
and  named  from  its  principal  streiun.  The  settlement  began 
in  1836,  and  has  progressed  with  great  rapidity.  Capitiil, 
Janesville.     Pupnlation.  36.690. 

ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts. 

ROCK,  a  small  post^village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Pope  co.,  Illinois. 

ROCK,  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Rock  CO.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  1106. 

ROCKAWAY,  a  post-village  of  Queen's  co..  New  Tork,  on 
Rockaway  Bay,  which  sets  up  into  the  S.  side  of  Long  Island, 
about  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  New  York. 

ROCK.A.\VA  Y.  an  important  post-town  of  Rockaway  town- 
ship, near  the  centre  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  is  situated 
on  the  Rockaway  Rjver,  and  on  the  Morris  Canal,  about  9 
miles  X.  of  Morristown.  This  town  is  situated  in  the  richest 
iron  region  of  the  state,  and  has  extensive  manufactories  of 
that  useful  metal.  There  are  several  forges,  rolling  mills, 
foundries,  and  steel  furnaces.  The  Mount  Hope  mining 
property,  near  this  place,  was  sold  a  .short  time  since  for 
$80,000.  The  Morris  and  Kssex  Railroad  passes  through 
this  town.     Rockaway  has  1  bank.    Pop.  3551.        , 

ROCK.\W.\Y,  a  post-office  of  Hot  Springs  co.,  Arkansas. 

ROCKAWAY  BEACU,  of  Queen's  co..  New  York,  is  a  pe- 
ninsula extending  between  Jamaica  Bay  and  the  ocean. 
Here  is  a  fashionable  watering-place,  with  hotels  and  board- 
ing houses,  about  20  miles  S.K.  of  New  York. 

ROCKAWAY  RIVER,  of  New  Jersey,  rises  in  Jlorris 
county,  flows  S.  and  E..  and  enters  the  I'assaic  on  tlie  1x)und- 
ary  between  Essex  and  Morris  counties,  about  5  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Boonton. 

ROCKBEARE.  rokOjir,  a  parish  of  England.co.  of  Devon. 

ROCK  BOTTOM,  post-office,  .Middlesex  CO..  Massachusetts. 

ROCKBOURXE,  rok'bUrn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hants. 

ROCK'BRIDGE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  about  7S0  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
North  River,  which  flows  into  James  River,  near  the  S  ex- 
tremity of  the  county,  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The 
eounty  forms  part  of  the  great  valley  of  A'irrinia,  which  is 
bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  soil  has  a 
basis  of  fine  limestone,  and  is  highly  productive.  The  .Tames 
River  Canal  passes  through  theS.  part  of  the  county.  Formed 
In  1778,  and  named  from  the  luitural  bridge,  nf  rocl;  a  de- 
scription of  which  will  be  found  under  Virgi.via,  pp.  2047 -S. 
Pop.  17,248,  of  whom  13,26.H  were  free,  and  3986  slaves. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Gwiunett  CO.,  Georgia, 
15  miles  S.  of  Lawrenceville. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Illinoia. 

R<  )CKBRIDtiE,  a  ])03t-village  of  Ozark  county,  Missouri, 
on  Bryant's  Fork  of  White  River,  150  miles  S.  of  Jefferson 
City.  It  is  situated  in  a  hilly  region,  in  which  pine  timber 
is  abundant. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  Richland  co..  Wisconsin.    See  Appendix. 

ROCK  CAMP,  a  post-office  of  Braxton  co.,  W.Virginia. 

ROCK  CASTLE,  rok  kas'sgl,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central 
part  of  Kentucky,  contains  an  area  of  about  300  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Dick's  and  Rockcastle  Rivers,  from 
the  latter  of  which  the  name  is  derived.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  and  the  soil  mostly  poor.  Coal  is  found  in  several 
parts  of  the  county,  but  not  used  to  much  extent.  Orga- 
nized in  1810.  Capital,  Mount  Vernon.  Population,  5343, 
of  whom  4986  were  free,  and  357  slaves. 

ROCK  CASTLE,  a  post-village  of  Patrick  CO.,  Virginia,  190 
miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

ROCIv  CASTLE,  a  post-village  of  Tri^g  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Cumberlatal  River,  about  240  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

ROCKCASTLE,  a  small  river  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ken- 
tucky, forms  the  Ixjundary  between  laurel  county  on  the 
one  hand,  and  Rockcastle  and  Pulaski  counties  on  the 
other,  and  enters  the  Cumbei-iand  River.  Its  general  course 
is  S.S.W. 

ROCK  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

ROCK  CITY  MILLS,  post-office.  Saratoga  co..  New  York. 

ROCKCLIFFE.  rok'kliff.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, with  a  station  on  the  Caledonian  Railway,  44  miles 
N.W.  of  Carlisle. 

ROCK  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in  Adams  county, 
and  flows  into  the  Monocacy  River. 

ROCK  CHEEK,  rises  in  Montgomery  co..  Maryland,  flows 
P.,  and  falls  into  the  Potomac  at  Georgetown,  in  the  District 
of  Columbia. 

ROCK  CREEK,  of  Texas,  flows  through  the  Upper  Cross 
Timbers  into  the  Brazos  River. 

ItOCK  CKEEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  Wabash  on  the 
left  liank.  10  miles  above  Delphi. 

ROCK  CHEEK,  a  post  ofiice  of  Somerset  CO..  Maryland. 

EOCK  CHEEK,  a  postofnce  of  Orange  co..  North  Carolina. 
1602 


ROC 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Murrav  co..  Georgia. 
ROCK  CREEK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Franklin  co..  Alabama. 
ROCK  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Yell  co.,  Ark.insas. 
ROCK  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co^  Kentucky,  126 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Frankfiirt. 

ROCK  CKEEK.  a  thriving  village  of  Ashtabula  co..  Ohio, 
on  Rock  Creek,  about  200  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  liaa 
2  or  3  churches,  and  several  mills. 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  In- 
diana.   Pop.  1134. 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana.    P.112T 

ROCIv  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Illinois. 

ROCiv  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cedar  co.,  Indiana. 

ROCIv'D.\LE,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co..  New  York. 

R0CKD.4.LE,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  15  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Meadville.    Pop.  1638. 

ROCKD.\LE,  a  small  village  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia. 

ROCKD.\LE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 

ROCKDALE,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad, 
41  miles  from  Columbus. 

ROCIvENIIAUSEX,  rok'ken-how'zen,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  13  miles  N.  of  Kaiserslautern.     Pop.  1783. 

ROCK'FIELD,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

ROCK'FISir,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia. 

ROCKFISII,  a  vill.age  of  Cumlierland  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  Rockfish  Creek,  7  miles  S.  of  Fayetteville.  It  contains  a 
cotton  factory. 

ROCKFISH  CREEK,  of  Cumberiand  co.,  North  Carolina, 
enters  Cape  Fear  River  from  the  W.,  atwut  10  miles  below 
Fayetteville. 

ROCK'FOKD,  a  post-ofTice  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 

ROCKFOHD.  a  pcstvillage,  capital  of  Surry  co..  N.  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Yadkin.  145  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

ItOCKFOIiD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama, 
40  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montgomery.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try is  hilly,  and  amply  supplied  with  water-power,  and  con- 
tains valu.ible  quarries  of  granite,  marble.  &c. 

ROCKFOHD.  a  flourishing  post-village  of  J.icksor:  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Driftwood  or  Ea.st  Fork  of  AVhite  River,  and 
on  the  JefTersonville  a^d  Columbus  Railroad.  fiO  miles  S.  of 
Indianapolis.  The  river  affords  valuable  water-power  at 
this  place.. 

ROCKFORD,  a  village  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana,  100  miles 
N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ROCKFOHD.  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Winnebago  CO., 
Illinois,  is  finely  situated  on  Ixith  sides  of  Rock  River,  and 
on  the  Chicago  and  Galena  Railroad,  92  miles  AV.N.W.  of 
Chicago.  Rcckfoi-d  is  the  centre  of  an  active  business,  and 
has  abundant  water-power.  It  has  nearly  all  Iteen  built 
since  1836.  Its  growth  was  constant  and  modente  until 
1S60,  when  it  began  to  increase  with  great  rapidity.  This 
was  mainly  caused  by  a  prospect  of  the  early  completion  ot 
the  railroad.  Rockfoi-d  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, 15  churches,  3  national  banks,  2  other  banks,  2  wool 
len  factories,  and  1  malleable  iron  foundry.  Three  uewspa 
pers  are  issued  here.    Pop.  in  1850,  2093 ;  in  1800,  6979, 

ROCK  GROVE,  post-office,  Richmond  co..  North  Carolina. 

ROCK  GROVE,  a  post-village  and  township  of- Stephen- 
son CO..  Illinois,  about  55  miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Galena. 

ROCK  HALL,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  E.  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  25  miles  N.E.  of  .Annapolis. 

ROCKHAMPTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

R<X^K  HA'VEN,  a  post-village  of  Meade  co.,  Kentucky, 
is  situated  at  the  Narrows  on  the  Ohio  River. 

ROCK'HILL.  a  townsliip  of  Bucks  co.,  Penusvlvania.  Pop. 
3115. 

ROCKIIILL,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co..  Pennsylvania. 

ROCKHILL,  a  post-office  of  York  district.  South  Carolina. 

ROCKHILL,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Jlissourl,  10 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

ROCKHILL,  a  post-office  of  Collin  county,  Texas. 

ROCK  MILL,  a  post-otlice  of  Pope  county,  Arkansas. 

ROCK'HOLDS,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROCKIIOLDS.  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co.,  Kentucky. 

ROCK'HiiUSE,  a  post-office  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROCKHOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio. 

ROCK'HOUSE  PRAIRIE,  (prA'ree,)  a  post-village  of  Bu- 
chanan CO.,  Missouri.  44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Independence. 

ROCKINGHAM,  rdk'ing-am,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.,  and  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Northampton,  in 
Rockingham  Forest,  Pop.  about  300.  Here  are  the  remains 
of  a  castle,  within  the  court  of  which  is  the  mansion  of 
Lord  Sondes.  The  forest,  formerly  of  great  extent,  is  now 
enclosed. 

ROCKINGHAM,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
New  Hampshire,  has  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  ocean,  being  the  only  county 
of  New  Hampshire  which  has  any  extent  of  se.i-co.ist.  It  is 
watered  by  the  Liimprey,  Beaver,  and  Exeter  Rivers.  Great 
Bay,  connecting  with  PiscataquaRiverand  M:\^.-iabesicLake, 
are  the  princip.-U  collections  of  water  ;  besides  w  hich,  how- 
ever, there  are  numerous  small  lakes  or  ponds.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  and  somewhat  hilly  in  the  N.  part  'ihe  soil  id 
productive,  and  under  good  ciUtivstioil.    TbW  county  ia  la- 


ROC 


ROC 


tersected  br  railroads  connectins;  Boston  with  Manchester, 
Portiaiirt.  and  Portsmouth,  and  by  that  connecting  Ports- 
mouth and  Concord.  County  towns.  Portsmouth  and  Exe- 
ter.    Pop.  50  122. 

KOCKr.Ntill.VM,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  aiea  of  900  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in 
the  S.E.  part  by  the  Shenandoah  Kiver  proper,  and  also 
drained  l>v  the  Xorth  Fork  of  that  Kiver,  and  by  Dry  and 
North  Hivers,  which  rise  within  its  limit.?.  The  county  oc- 
cupies part  of  the  Gre.at  Valley  which  is  bounded  on  the 
S.K.  by  the  lilue  Kidge,  and  on  the  N.W.  by  the  North 
Mountain.  The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile.  According  to 
the  census  of  1850,  this  county  produced  more  wheat  and 
more  hay  than  any  other  county  in  the  state.  There  were 
raised  that  year  608.3o0  bushels  of  wheat,  and  16,067  tons 
of  h.ay.  A  (juarry  of  marble  has  been  opened  near  the 
county-seat,  and  limestone  is  abundant.  The  North  Kiver 
furnishes  extensive  water-power.  Onjanized  in  1788.  Capi- 
tal, Harrisonburg.  Population,  23,-108,  of  whom  21,021 
were  free,  und  Zi'^7  slaves. 

KOCKINOIIAM,  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  Virginia;  area  estimated  at  600  square 
miles.  It  is  iutersocted  l»y  tlie  Dan  River,  and  also  drained 
by  tlie  souices  of  Ilaw  River,  a  branch  of  the  Cape  Fear, 
liie  surface  is  elevated  and  hilly;  the  soil  is  generally  pro- 
ductive. Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  countv.  Formed  in  1785. 
Capital,  Wentworth.  Population,  16,740;  of  whom  10,428 
were  free,  and  6.318  slaves. 

ROCKINGHAM,  a  post/village  and  township  of  Windham 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  Williams'  Kiver,  and  on  the  Rutland  and 
Burlington  Railroad.  82  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.  It 
contains  a  newspaper  office,  a  bank,  3  or  4  woollen  mills,  6 
boot  and  shoe  factories,  an  iron  foundry.  &c.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  2904. 

I'OCKINOHAM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Richmond  co.. 
North  Caroliiiii,  5  miles  K.  of  the  Yadkin  River,  and  106 
miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh.  It  has  good  water-power  in  the 
vicinity,  employed  in  a  cotton  factorv  and  several  mills. 

ROCKING  HAM,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  5.i  miles  E.S.K.  of  Iowa  City. 

ROCKINGHAM  BAY.  a  spaciousojid  beautiful  harbor  on 
the  N.K.  coast  of  Australia,  in  lat.  18°  10'  S. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  .an  island  in  the  .Mississippi  River,  nearly 
opposite  the  city  of  Rock  Island  in  Illinois.  It  is  about  3 
miles  in  length.  Fort  Armstrong  is  situated  on  the  S.  ex- 
tremity. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Illinois, 
bordering  on  the  Mississippi,  wliich  separates  it  from  low.a. 
has  an  area  of  about  850  square  miles.  It  is  situated  on 
both  sides  of  Rock  River,  which  forms  part  of  the  S.K. 
boundary.  It  derives  its  name  from  an  island  in  the 
channel  of  the  Missis-sippi.  The  greatest  length  is  about  70 
miles,  following  tiie  course  of  the  river ;  the  breadth  varies 
from  3  to  15  miles.  The  surface  is  diver.sified:  the  soil  is 
good.  The  county  contains  abundance  of  stone  coal  and 
limestone.  Rock  River  affords  immense  water-power  near 
its  mouth.  The  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railro.ad  has  its 
W.  terminus  in  this  county.  Capital,  Kock  Island  City. 
Pop.  21,005. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Austin  CO.,  Texas. 

ROCK  ISIi.\ND.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Tennessee. 

ROCK  ISLAND  CITY,  capital  of  Kock  Island  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Mississi])pi  River.  2  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Rock 
River,  and  182  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chicago.  It  is  .situated  .at 
the  foot  of  the  Upper  Rapids,  which  extend  nearly  15  miles, 
and  in  low  stages  of  water  obstruct  the  passage  of  loaded 
vessels.  The  place  derives  its  name  fitim  an  island  3  miles 
In  length,  the  S.  extremity  of  which  is  nearly  opposite  the 
to\v1i.  The  main  and  navigable  channel  is  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  island,  while  that  on  the  E.  has  been  dammed  so  as 
to  produce  an  immense  water-power  aliove.  and  a  good 
harlxir  below.  The  island  presents  a  perpendicular  front 
of  limestone  20  or  30  feet  high,  and  is  partly  covered  with 
woods,  which  afford  an  agreeable  retreat  in  the  heat  of 
summer.  Kock  Island  is  remarkable  for  its  flouiishlng 
munufiictiires.  It  contains  10  churches,  2  banks,  a  large 
Union  school  house,  a  p.aper  mill,  and  a  plow  factory.  Two 
daily  newspapers  are  issued  here.  A  bridge  across  the 
ri\er  connects  it  with  Davenport,  Iowa.  It  is  the  W.  ter- 
minus of  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  R;\iIroa(L  Popular 
tion  in  1860,  5130;  in  1865,  about  7500. 

ROCK  ISLAND  RAPIDS,  of  Illinois,  extend  up  the  Mis- 
gisflpp'  Kiver.  from  the  city  of  Kock  Island,  about  15  miles. 
See  Kock  Island  City. 

ROCK  L.\KE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ROCK  LAKE,  Wisconsin,  a  small  lake  in  the  township 
of  Lake  Mills,  in  Jefferson  county.  Length,  2|  miles; 
(ireadth,  1^  miles.  It  derives  its  name  from  a  great  number 
of  rocks  along  the  shore,  thrown  up  by  the  expansion  of  the 
ice  in  winter  into  a  ridge,  which  is  in  many  places  several 
feet  high. 

ROCKLAND,  rock'laiid,  a  parish  of  Englnnd  co. of  Norfolk. 

ROCK 'LAND,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  York,  has 
on  area  of  .ibout  470  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  IIud.son  River,  and  on  the  S.W.  by  New  Jersey,  and 


is  principally  watered  by  the  TIaekensack  and  Passaic  Rivers, 
which  afford  some  water-power.  It  contains  several  small 
ponds  well  stocked  with  fish,  and  from  which  large  quanti- 
ties of  ice  are  obtained  for  the  New  York  market.  The  su^ 
face  is  uneven,  .and  in  some  parts  mountainous,  on  account 
of  the  elevated  range  called  the  Highlands  pa.ssing  throuah 
the  county.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  rich  and  productive, 
and  on  the  uplands  often  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  irrazing. 
Iron  ore  and  sandstone  are  abundant.  The  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad  passes  through  the  W.  part  of  the  county. 
Organized  in  1798,  having  previously  formed  part  of  Orange 
county.    Capital,  CUukslown.     I'oj).  22,492. 

ROCKLAND  (formerly  EAST  THOM'ASTON),  a  thriving 
city,  the  capital  of  Knox  co.,  Maine,  on  the  S.W.  side  of 
Penobscot  liay,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Augusta.  It  lias  8 
churches,  3  banks,  2  insurance  offices,  3  newspaper  otlices, 
a  fine  public  library,  and  80  stores.  What  is  termed  the 
graded  system  of  schools  has  been  established  here.  AVater 
is  brought  into  the  city  by  the  Jackson  \\'ater-Works,  3 
miles  in  length,  costing  $35,000.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  ship-building,  and  tlio  manufacture  of  lime  f'roili 
the  immense  limestone  quarries  in  the  vicinity.  About 
800,000  casks  of  lime  of  a  superior  (piality  arc  exported  an- 
nually. Twenty-tln-ee  vessels,  of  wliich  8  or  9  were  l.-irge 
ships,  were  constructed  here  in  1853.  The  Red  Jacket — the 
largest  morchant  sliip  afloat  (tons,  2434),  with  the  excep- 
tion of  tlie  Hepublic — was  built  at  this  port.  There  is  also 
here  a  largo  iron  foundry  and  machine-shop.  Rockland  has 
a  telegraph  station,  and  steamboats  plj'ing  between  Boston 
and  Bangor  touch  at  its  wharves.  Incorporated  in  1S4S. and 
chartered  as  a  city  in  1 S54.  Pop.  in  1850,  5052 ;  in  1 S60.  7316. 

ROCKLAND,  a  post-office  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island. 

ROCKLAND,  a  po.st-township  forming  the  N.  extremity 
of  Sullivan  co..  New  York.     Pop.  1616. 

ROCKLAND,  a  townsJiip  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Population,  1707. 

ROCKLAND,  a  post-township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  left  side  of  the  Alleghany  River,  12  miles  S.E. 
of  Franklin.     Population,  1075. 

ROCKLAND,  a  post-township  of  Ontonagon  Co.,  Michigan. 

ROCKLAND  ALL  S.4.INTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ROCKLAND  LAKE,  of  Rockland  co..  New  Y'ork.  about  .30 
miles  N.  of  New  Y'oik.  It  is  4  or  5  miles  in  circumference. 
Its  waters  are  very  pure,  and  it  furnishes  large  supplies  of 
the  finest  ice  to  New  York  City. 

ROCKLAND  L.\KK,  post-office,  Rockland  co..  New  York. 

ROCKLAND  M 1 LLS,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia, 

KOCKL.WD  MILLS,  a  post-office.  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

ROCK'LAND  ST.  AN'DKEW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ROCK'LAND  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

ROCK  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Georgia. 

ROCK  >n  LLS.  a  post-office  of  Rappahannock  co.,  Virginia. 

ROCK  5IILLS,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  di.strict,  South 
Carolina. 

ROCK  JIILLS,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co..  Georiria. 

ROCK  511  LLS,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 

ROCK  MOUNTAIN.    See  Stone  Mountain. 

ROCK'POINT,  a  post-office  of  Independence  CO.,  Arkansas. 

ROCK'PORT,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

KOCKPOItT.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co., 
Mas-sachiisetts'  32  miles  N.E.  of  Boston.  It  contains  6 
churches,  a  bank,  a  large  cotton  factory,  and  a  savings  in- 
stitution. The  fisheries  are  carried  on  to  some  extent; 
boots  and  shoes  and  furniture  are  also  manufactured.  The 
township  abounds  with  quarries  of  fine  granite,  contiguous 
to  the  sea.  In  1S64,  .about  75  vessels,  owned  here,  were  em- 
ploye<l  in  the  mackerel  fishery  and  coasting  trade.  The 
Kockport  Granite  Company  has  a  capital  of  $100,000.  Popu- 
lation of  tlie  township,  .3237. 

ROCKPOKT,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ROCKPORT,  a  small  village  of  Attala  co..  Mi(fiissippi. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hot  Spring  CO., 
Arkansas,  on  the  Washita  River,  about  50  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Little  Rock,  and  at  the  head  of  navigation.  A  well-built 
lattice  bridge,  300  feet  long,  has  been  thrown  across  the 
river  here,  at  a  cost  of  ,^20,000. 

■  ROCKPORT,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  10  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Lima. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cuyahoga  co., 
Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the  Cleveland  andColiimbus 
Railroad.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Cleveland.     Pop.  1793. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana, 
is  situated  on  a  high  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River,  50  miles  aliove 
Evansville.  The  name  is  derived  frMn  a  hanging  rock, 
known  as  Lady  AV'ashingtou's  Rock.  Kockport  has  5 
churches,  1  bank,  1  academy,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  Pop. 
in  1860,  834 ;  iu  1865  said  to  be  1800. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  on  Sny- 
cartee  Slough,  a  side-channel  of  the  Mississippi  River,  80 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

RoCK  PRAIRIE  (pri'ree),  a  post-office  of  Dade  count}', 
Missouri. 

1603 


ROC 

200 K  PUATKTE,  a  postrvillage  of  Kock  co.,  Wisconsin, 
tbout  8  milbS  fc'.  of  Janesville. 

ROCK  QUAR'KY.  a  post-office  of  Pope  co.,  Illinois. 

KOCK  KI  VKK.  a  post-oflfice  of  Warren  co..  Tennessee. 

ROCK  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  rises  in  Fond 
du  Lae  county,  of  the  former  state.  8  or  10  miles  S.  of  Lake 
Wiunebaoro,  and  flowing  first  southward  and  afterwards 
south-we.stward,  i^  enters  the  state  cff  Illinois  at  Beloit.  and 
falls  into  the  Mississippi  a  little  below  the  town  of  Rock 
Island.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  about  330  miles. 
The  current  is  obstructed  by  rapids  in  sereral  places :  but 
it  might  be  made  navigable  at  a  moderate  expense.  Small 
steamboats  have  ascended  as  far  as  Jefferson,  Wisconsin,  225 
miles.  The  river  passes  by  the  towns  of  Janesville,  Beloit, 
Rockford,  and  Dixou,  and  flows  through  a  valley,  or,  to 
spwik  more  properly,  an  extensive  plain,  which  is  noted  for 
its  fertility  and  beautiful  scenery.  The  whole  descent  of 
the  current  is  ascertained  to  be  about  379  feet. 

ROCK  KIVEIJ.  a  post-office  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin. 

KOCK'ROK,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  .\ikansas.     P.  312. 

ROCK  RU>'.  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

Ri)CK  RUN,  a  post-township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  10.37. 

ROCK  RUX.  a  small  village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

ROCKS'BUliG.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey. 

ROCKS^FOKD.  a  post-office  of  Tusrarawas  CO.,  Ohio. 

ROCK  SPRI.NO,  a  post-office  of  Patrick  co..  Georgia. 

ROCK  SPKI.Xti.  a  post-otlice  of  Omnge  co..  North  Carolina. 

ROCK  SPRI.VG.  a  post-office  of  Walker  CO..  Georgia. 

ROCK  SPRING,  a  post-offlce  of  St.  Clair  co..  Illinois. 

ROCK  SPRINGS,  a  post-offlce  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland. 

ROCK  ST.\a'IO\.  Massachusetts,  on  the  Cape  Cod  RaU- 
road,  -W  miles  from  Boston. 

KOCK  STRE.\^.M,  a  post-village  of  Yates  co.,  New  York. 
on  the  Canandaigua  and  Elmir»»Railroad,  27  miles  H.  of 
Elmira. 

ROCKTOX,  Herkimer  co.,  New  Y^ork.    See  LrrrLE  Falls. 

R<XJK'TO.\,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Winnebago  Co..  Illinois,  on  Rock  River,  on  the  Racine  and 
Mis.sissippi  Railroad.  16  miles  N.  of  Rockford.  It  contains 
3  churches,  3  paper-mills.  2  flour-mills,  and  a  manufactory 
of  reapers.    Pop.  about  600;  of  the  township,  9i7. 

ROOKTOWX,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  co.  New  Jersey, 
about  7  miles  S.  of  Flemington. 

ROCK  VAL'LEY,  post-office,  Hampden  co.,  Massachusetts. 

ROCK  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  CO.,  W. Virginia. 

ROCK'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  CO..  M.ussachusetts, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad,  26  miles  S.  of 
Boston. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  has  several  carriage  factories. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Vernon  town- 
ship, Tolland  co.,  Connecticut,  on  Ilockanum  River,  which 
here  furnishes  excellent  water-power,  about  14  miles  N.E. 
of  Hartford.  It  contains  4  churches,  viz. :  2  Congregational, 
1  Baptist,  and  1  Methodist,  2  banks  and  1  newspaper  office. 
About  $900,000  capital  is  invested  in  woollen  and  Cotton 
manufactures.  Rockville  is  one  of  the  most  enterprising 
pla<'es  in  Northern  Connecticut. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York, 
about  .55  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Chester  co.,  Penn.sylvania, 
68  miles  P'.S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montgomery  co., 
Maryland,  10  mites  N.N.W.  of  Washington  City.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  a  jail,  5  churches,  and  1  academy.  A  news- 
paper is  published  here. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  A'lrglnia. 

ROCKVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Rowan  CO..  North  Carolina. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ROCKVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Georgia,  11 
miles  E.  of  Eatonton.    It  has  1  church  and  2  stores. 

KOCKVIM.E.  a  post  village  of  Monroe  CO.,  Tennessee,  164 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

ROCKVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  90  miles  above  Cincinnati.  It  has  mills 
for  sawing  stone,  which  is  quarried  in  the  vicinity. 

ROCKVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Parke  CO., 
Indiana,  Is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  plank-road  from 
Indianapiilis  to  Springfield,  Illinois,-  60  miles  W.  of  the 
former,  and  on  the  Evansvillo  and  Crawfordsville  Railroad. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  district,  which  contains 
extensive  beds  of  coal.  It  has  4  churches,  1  bank,  2  news- 
P«PPi"  offices,  and  a  steam  gi-ist-mill.     Population.  72«. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Kankakee.  102  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 
»T  IJ.Op'^^^'-I''''- «  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  60  miles 
N..N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

ROCK'VILLE,  a  village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Beauhar- 
noU,  4<1  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  300. 

1,  ^^S.W'.'^l*  '^'■•>'T'<K,  p.»t-office.  Queens  co..  New  York. 
ROCMILbE  SWITCH.  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  5  miles  from  Harrisburg. 
R0CK'W1;lL,  post-offlce,  Pickens  dUtrlct,  South  Carolina. 


ROC 

ROCKWF.LL.  a  post-village  of  Bond  co.,  Illinois,  on  tht 
West  Branch  of  Shoal  Creek,  70  miles  S.  of  Springfield,  hatf 
2  newspaper  offices. 

ROCK'WOOD.  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York. 

ROCKHT  BAYOU,  (bi'oo,)  a  p.ist-village  and  township  of 
Izard  CO.,  .Arkansas,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Mount  Olive. 

ROCKHf  COM'FOUT.  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

ROCKY  COMFORT  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  into  the 
Ogeei'hee  River  near  Louisville. 

ROCKY  CREEK,  of  Chester  district.  South  Carolina, 
enters  the  Wateree  River  on  the  right,  near  Rocky  Mount. 

R WKY  CREEK, of  Tatnall  co.,  Georgia,  flows  into  Ohoopee 
River. 

ROCKY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Iredtll  co..  North  Carolina. 

ROCKY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Mi.«.-issippi. 

ROCKY  FORD,  a  post-offlce  of  Pontotoc  co..  Missi.'^sippi. 

ROCKY  FORK,  of  Paint  Creek.  Ohio,  joins  that  stream  on 
the  line  between  Highland  and  Ross  counties. 

ROCKY  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co..  Virginia. 

ROCKY  HILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hartford 
CO.,  Conneotiiut.  on  the  W.  .side  of  the  Connectiiut  Itiver,  7 
miles  S.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  1102. 

R(.>CKY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Somer-set  co..  New  .Tersey, 
on  the  Millstone  River  and  the  Delaware  and  liaritan  Canal, 
4  miles  X.  of  Princeton,  contains  2  stores,  3  mills,  and  about 
25  dwellings. 

ROCKY  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  F.iyctte  co.,  W.Virginia. 

ROCKY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lavacca  CO.,  Texas. 

ROCKY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co..  Kentuckv. 

RlKKY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Ohio. 

ROCICrr  ISLAND  or  LOTmN,  an  island  of  the  South 
Pacific,  off  the  X'.  coast  of  Papua,  in  lat.  5^  20'  S..  Ion.  147"^ 
36'  E.  It  presents  an  immense  cone  of  from  3000  to  4000  feet 
in  height,  with  a  large  hollow  on  its  N.E.  side,  indicating  the 
situation  of  an  ancient  crater. 

ROCKY  MOUNT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co., 
A'irginia.  about  180  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond.  It  hag 
sevenal  stores,  and  an  extensive  iron  furnace  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  about  300. 

ROCKY  MOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Edgecomlie  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad.  56  miles 
E.  of  Raleigh. 

ROCKY  MOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district,  South 
Caroliiua. 

ROCKY  MOUNT,  a  post-village  in  Meriwether  co.,  Georgi.1, 
95  miles  W.  of  Milledgeville. 

ROCKY  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Kemper  co.,  Mi.«.sissippL 

ROCKY  MOUXT.  a  post-offlce  of  Bossier  parish.  Louisiana 

ROCKY  MOU.NT.  a  post-office  of  Jack  sou  co..  Tennes.see. 

RWKY  MOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Miller  co'.,  Missouri.  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  "(Fr.  Montaffnes  Bnclmu^es,  mon'- 
tait'  ro^shcz';  Qer.  F'Uertgebirge,  fSl'sen-ga-M6R'ga.)  called 
also  the  CHIPPEWAYAN  (chip-pe-wA'an)  MOUNTAINS,  a 
chain  in  the  central  and  N.  part  of  North  America;  com- 
mencing in  New  Mexico,  in  about  32°  30'  N.  lat.,  near  Fort 
Webster;  it  ext»inds  nearly  N.N.W.  throughout  the  N. 
portion  of  the  continent  to  the  Polar  Ocean,  terminating 
W.  of  the  mouth  of  JIackenzie's  River,in  lat.  69°  N..  Ion.  135" 
W.  This  range,  in  connection  with  the  Andes,  of  which  it 
may  be  said  to  be  a  continuation,  forms  the  longest,  and, 
according  to  Humboldt,  the  most  uniform  chain  of  mountains 
on  the  globe.  Somewhat  more  than  half  of  the  entire  chain 
belongs  to  North  America ;  the  name.  Rocky  Mountains, 
being  usually  applied  to  that  portion  only  which  is  com- 
prised within  the  United  States  and  British  America, 
although  the  exact  limit  of  this  mountain  range  towards 
the  S.  can  scarcely  be  said  to  be  determined.  The  entire 
length,  however,  of  the  chain,  following  the  windings,  may 
be  stated  in  round  numbers  at  3000  miles.  The  E.bound.ary 
of  the  Rockv  Mountains  in  l.at.  38°  N..  is  in  107°  20'  W.  Ion.; 
in  lat.  40°  N.,  108°  30'  W.  Ion.:  lat.  6:j°  N.,  124°  40'  W.  Ion.; 
lat.  68°  N.,  130°  30'  W.  Ion.  Notwithstanding  this  genertO 
trending  to  the  W.,  the  continent  widens  so  much  more  in 
the  same  direction,  that  this  chain,  which,  in  South  and 
Central  America,  and  Mexico,  is  comparatively  a  coast  range, 
is  several  hundred  Ic.tgues  inland  in  the  United  States  and 
British  -America.  The  highest  known  peaks  within  the  United 
States  are  Fremonfs.  1.3.570  feet;  and  Pike's  Peak,  11.497  feet 
high;  and  Mount  Brown  and  Mount  Hooker,  in  British 
America,  near  53°  N.  lat.,  the  former  about  16,000.  and  the 
latter  15.690  feet  above  the  sea-level.  We  are  very  imperfectly 
aciiuainted  with  this  system  of  mountains;  the  general  alti- 
tude of  the  range,  however,  is  supposed  to  vary  from  10.000 
to  14.000  feet;  the  Rev.  Mr.  Parker  states  that  peaks  h.ive 
been  measured  of  18.000  feet  in  elevation.  The  E.  slope  of 
the  Rooky  Mountains  is  remarkable  for  its  gradual  declina- 
tion. The  a.scent  fixjm  Fort  Leavenworth,  in  lat.  39°  21'  N., 
and  Ion.  94°  44'  W.,  to  t he  South  P.ass,  (the  greav  highway  from 
Missouri  to  Utah  and  Oregon.)  in  lat.  about  42°  30'  N.,  and 
Ion.  109°  30'  W.,  is  a  little  more  than  6000  feet  in  a  distance 
of  932  miles  by  the  usual  route.  The  elevation  of  the  South 
Pas.s,  which  is  a  remarkable  depression  in  the  principal 
chain  from  about  15  to  20  miles  wide.  Is  about  75lXi  feet 
above  the  sea.    This  rise,  as  might  be  inferred  from  what 


ROC 


ROD 


has  been  said  above,  is  exceedingly  gentle;  so  much  so, 
indeed,  that  the  ascent  is  almost  imperceptible  by  any 
exce])t  a  scientific  observer. 

Uranches. — The  following  notice  of  the  ramifications  of 
the  Itocky  Mountains  is  condensed  from  Iluuiljoldt's  "As- 
pects of  Nature:"' — --From  about  lat.  22°  N.  the  Cordillera 
ofAnahuac  divides  into  three  chains.  1.  The  K.  chain,  that 
of  I'otofii  and  Texas,  is  continued  northward  into  Arkansas 
and  Missouri,  under  the  name  of  Ozark  Mountains ;  thence 
by  a  succession  of  hills  through  Wisconsin  to  Lake  Superior. 
2.  The  central  chain  of  Durango  and  New  Mexico,  taking 
the  name  of  Ilocky  Mountains.  From  this  chain,  an  im- 
porfcmt  branch  (called  the^lSlack  Hills)  detaches  itself  in 
about  40''  N.  lat.,  and  extends  at  first  nearly  E.,  and  then 
N.,  forming  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  tributaries  of  the 
Yellowstone  and  those  of  tlae  Missouri  on  the  E.,  and  the 
tributaries  of  the  Platte  on  the  S.,  spreading  out  in  the 
highlands  of  Nebraska  and  Minnesota,  wheVe  they  constitute 
the  watershed  between  the  streams  which  fiow  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  (hose  flowing  to  the  Polar  Sea.  The  highest 
known  summit  of  this  branch  is  about  8000  feet  alxive  the 
sea.  3.  The  VV.  range  pa.sses  through  Ciualoa  and  Sonora, 
being  linked  by  spurs  with  the  mountains  of  California." 
On  each  side  of  the  Kio  Grande,  in  New  Mexico,  there  are 
several  parallel  lidges,  with  the  same  general  course  as  the 
central  ridge,  taking  the  local  names  of  SieiTa  lilanea, 
Sacramento  Mountains,  Organ  Mountains,  &c.  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  river,  and  San  Juan,  Jomez  Mountains,  Zufii 
Mountains,  Ac.  on  the  W.  This  plan  of  local  naming 
continues  thrcmghout  the  chain,  which  is  in  fact  a  system 
rather  than  a  range  of  mountains. 

Plakaiu,  d-c. — Between  the  highest  ridge  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  on  the  E.,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Cascade 
Eange  on  tlie  W ..  is  a  vast  region  of  tjible  land,  which  in  its 
widest  part  extends  through  14  degrees  of  longitude;  that  is, 
about  700  miles  from  E.  to  AV.  Humboldt,  in  his  "Aspects 
of  Nature."  (editiim  of  1849.)  already  alluded  to,  observes 
that  the  Rocky  .Mountains  between  .'57°  and  43"^  present  lofty 
plains,  of  an  extent  hardly  met  with  in  any  other  part  of 
the  globe;  having  a  breadth  from  E.  to  W.  twice  as  great 
as  the  plateaus  of  Mexico.  In  the  W.  part  of  the  great  cen- 
tral plateaus  alx)ve  described,  lies  the  Great  liasin.  otherwise 
called  Fremnnt's  Basin,  from  its  having  been  first  explored 
by  Colonel  Fremont.  It  is  situated  between  the  Sierra  Ne- 
Tad.%  and  Wahsatch  Mountains,  and  is  bounded  on  every 
side  with  hi-h  hills  or  mountains.  It  is  about  500  miles  in 
extent,  from  E.  to  W..  and  350  from  N.  to  S.  Only  a  part  of 
it  has  been  thoroughly  explored;  it  is,  however,  known  to 
contain  a  number  of  lakes  and  rivers,  none  of  whose  waters 
ever  reach  tlie  ocean,  being  probably  taken  up  by  evaporation 
or  lost  in  the  sand  of  tlie  more  arid  districts.  .\s  far  as 
known,  the  lakes  of  this  liasin  are  silt,  except  Ut.ih  Lake. 
The  largest  of  these,  the  Great  Salt  i^ake,  is  filled  with  a  satu- 
rated solution  of  common  salt;  it  has  an  elevation  of  4200 
feet  above  the  sea. 

Pasxs. — Probably  no  mountains  of  the  same  altitude  can 
be  so  readily  traversed  as  the  Rocky  Mountain  chain,  owing 
to  the  great  breadth  of  its  base,  and  its  gentle  acclivit)'. 
Among  the  most  remarkable  of  the  numerous  passes  may 
be  mentioned  that  leading  from  the  heiid-waters  of  the 
Athabasca  to  those  of  theColunibia.  between  Mount  Brown 
and  Mount  Hooker,  and  called  the  .\thabasca  Portage;  it  h.as 
a  height  of  7300  feet,  and  has  only  been  used  by  the  traders 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  as  the  principal  pass  into  the 
basin  of  Columbia;  Cadet's  Pass,  near  the  N.  boundary  of  the 
United  States;  the  well-known  South  Pass,  already  alluded 
to;  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail  from  Independence  to  the  town 
of  Santa  F6,  .and  the  El  Paso  route  in  the  S.  of  New  ^lexico. 
Governor  Stevens  of  Wa-^^hington  Territory,  .says  of  that  por- 
tion about  the  sources  of  the  MLssouri,  "that  it  is  broken 
Into  spurs,  and  filled  with  valleys,  furni.shing  several  good 
passes  much  lower  than  the  celebrated  South  Pass,  one  by 
barometric  measurement.  1500  feet  lower."  Fremont,  in  the 
winter  of  18.53—4.  explored  a  route  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Kanzas  to  the  pass  of  the  Huerfano  River,  throu^'h  the 
Sierra  Blanca,  in  New  Mexico,  thence  acro.ss  the  valley  of 
San  Luis,  up  that  of  Siih-Watcli.  through  the  Central  Chain 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  the  Cooch.a-too-pe  Pass. 

Much  attention  has  recently  been  directed  towards  ascer- 
taining the  most  suitable  passes  across  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, with  a  view  to  the  location  of  the  contemplated  Pacific 
Railroad.  For  the  following  important  items  of  information, 
tve  are  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Henry  V.  Poor,  E.sq.,  the 
able  editor  of  the  American  Railroad  . Journal: — "The  pro- 
posed Northern  route  for  the  Pacific  RaiIro.ad  would  c-ross 
the  Rocky  Jlountains  near  the  sources  of  the  Missouri  and 
Columbia,  at  an  elevation  of  about  6000  feet  above  the  sea ; 
the  elevation  of  the  summit  of  the  South  P.ass  is  7490  feet; 
'lie  Bear  Mountain  Summit,  1000  feet  higher ;  the  Central 
t)ute  would  cross  by  the  Coocha-too-pe  Pass,  in  lat.  38°,  at 
tm  elevation  of  11.082  feet,  or  iiy  the  Sangre  de  Christo  Pass, 
flt  8,800  teet;  the  Southern  route,  proposed  to  cross  near  the 
32d  parallel  of  N.  lat.,  would  traverse  the  great  plateau 
where  an  interval  seems  to  occur  between  the  termination 
Of  the  Sierra  Madre  and  the  commencement  of  the  Rocky 


Mountains  proper,  at  an  elevation,  probably,  nowhere  great<« 
than  5000  feet."  (See  Bulletin  of  the  New  York  Geogra 
phical  Society,  art.  V.  1854.) 

Amid  the  valleys  and  gorges  of  this  stupendous  systeok 
of  mountains,  some  of  the  lai'gest  rivers  of  the  globe  hav» 
their  birth.  Of  these,  the  .\thabasca,  Peace,  and  Mackenzie* 
find  their  outlet  in  the  Polar  Sea;  the  Sasbitchawan  in  the 
Atlantic,  through  Hudson's  Bay;  the  Missouri  and  its 
many  tributaries,  the  Platte,  Arkansas,  and  lied  Rivers, 
gliding  gently  down  its  long  E.  slopes,  find  an  exit  in  the 
Mississippi,  and  thence  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  while  the 
]{io  Del  Norte,  the  Colorado,  and  the  Columbia,  (with  Lewis 
River,  its  principal  tributary,  forming  in  itself  a  mighty 
stream,)  take  opposite  directions ;  the  first  tlirough  the  v.ailey 
of  New  Mexico  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  second  through 
the  deserts  of  Utah  and  the  western  part  of  New  Mexico  to 
the  Gulf  of  California;  while  the  last,  from  the  N.,  bursting 
through  the  Cascade  and  coast  ranges.-  rushes  to  join  the 
mighty  Pacific,  bearing  the  only  waters  that  reach  that  ocean 
directly  from  this  range.  Erman  observes,  "that  it  is  re- 
markable, that  if  an  arch  of  a  great  circle  were  prolonged 
from  the  Aldan  Mountains  in  Siberia,  it  would  pa.ss  throuirh 
the  principal  peaks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  between  40° 
and  55°  N.  lat. 

Gfologtj. -rOi  the  geological  structure  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains as  yet  very  little  is  known.  The  highest  parts  visited 
by  Fremont  were  composed  of  rocks  of  granite  and  gneiss, 
shooting  up  into  sharp  and  jagged  peaks.  A'olcanic  rocks 
are  known  to  exist  in  many  places  on  the  slopes  or  sides  of 
these  mountains.  According  to  the  most  recent  reports 
there  is,  between  the  head  of  Madison  River  and  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Yellowstone,  a  volcanic  region  of  perhaps  100 
.square  miles  in  extent,  in  which  some  of  the  volcanoes  are 
said  to  have  lately  been  in  a  state  of  eruption.  Hot  springs 
are  fi>und,  not  only  in  this  region,  but  in  various  other  places 
on  the  E.  and  W.  declivities  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Range. 
Near  42°  .37'  N.  lat.,  and  111°  45'  W.  Ion.,  there  are  a  number 
of  fountains,  the  waters  of  which  elTervesce  with  the  carbonic 
acid  that  they  contain.  From  this  circumstance  they  have 
received  the  name  of  "  Beer,  or  Soda  Springs."  The  most 
remarkable  of  these  throws  up  a  jet  Weau  of  about  three 
feet  high,  accompanied  with  a  subterraneous  noise,  which. 
t/)gether  with  the  rushing  of  the  water,  resembles  the  sound 
of  a  steanilKiat  in  motion,  whence  it  has  been  termed  the 
"Steamboat  Spring."     (Fremont,) 

ROCKY  NARROWS,  a  post'0%e  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohie. 

ROCKY  PLAINS,  a  post-ofiice  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia. 

ROCKY  POINT,- a  thriving  village  of  Monroe  co.,  W. 
Virginia.  240  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

ROCKY  POINT,  a  po.st-office  of  Scott  CO.,  Virginia. 

ROCKY  POINT,  a  post-oflice  of  Attala  co.,  Mississippi. 

ROCKY  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Independence  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, about  8  miles  S.E.  of  Balesville. 

ROCKY  POINT  MILLS,  a  post-ofiice  of  Botetourt  co., 
Virginia. 

ROCKY  POND,  a  post-office  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ROCKY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of 'Anderson  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ROCKY  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina,  a  small  .stream,  flowg 
through Cabarras  co.,  and  then  turning,  foi-ms  the  boundary 
between  Stanley  and  .\n.son,  until  it  enters  the  Yadkin. 

ROCKY  RIVER,  of  Chatham  co.,  North  Carolina,  entera 
Deep  River  from  the  N.W. 

ROCKY  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  a  sm.all  stream,  rise» 
in  Anderson  district,  and  flowing  S.,  enters  the  Savann.ah. 

ROCKY  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
Tennessee,  forms  the  boundary  between  Warren  and  Van 
Buren  co's.,  and  enters  the  Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  Ri\  er. 

ROCKY  RIVER,  Ohio,  a  .small  stream,  rises  in  Medina 
CO..  and  enters  I.ake  Erie  about  10  miles  W.  of  Cleveland. 

ROCKY  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  a  small  stream,  falls  Intc 
the  St.  Joseph's,  in  St.  Joseph  county.  • 

ROCKY  r.UN, post-tnshp.,  U.ancock co., Illinois.    Pop. 797. 

ROCKY  RUN,  a  post-otiice  of  Columbia  co..  AVisconsin. 

ROCKY  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama, 
188  miles  N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

ROCKY  SPUING,  a  post-village.  Claiborne  CO..  Mississippi. 

ROCKY  SPRING,  a  post-oflice  of  Granger  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROCKY  AVELL,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

ROCOUR,  ro'kooR/,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  2 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Liege.  It  is  famous  for  the  battle  fought  in 
its  plains  in  1746,  when  the  French,  under  Marshal  S.axe. 
defeated  the  allies  under  Duke  Charles  of  Lorraine.  Pop.  520l 

ROC'ROY'  or  ROC'ROI',  (Fr.  pron.  ro'knvi)  a  frontiei  for- 
tified town  of  France,  department  of  Ardennes,  in  the  forest 
of  Ardennes,  15  miles  N.AY.  of  Mezi&res.  Pop.  1164.  It  has 
a  military  hospit.il  and  a  custom-hou.se.  The  Duke  of 
Enghien,  afterwards  the  "Grand  Conde,"'  here  defeated  the 
Spaniards  in  1643. 

R0D.4,  to/])d.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  38  miles  N.K 
of  Barcelona,  on  the  Ter. 

.  ROD.l,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  56  miles  S.  c/ 
Cuenca.    Pop.  2400. 

1605 


ROD 

BODA  n'iS.,  A  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe-Alten- 
burg.  8  raiL«<  E.S>.E  of  Jena.     Pop.  2357. 

KODA,  a  town  of  iVrabia.    See  Kodah. 

EODA,  an  isla)id  in  the  Nile.    See  Khodda. 

RODACII,  ro'diK,  a  town  of  Saxe-Coburg.  10  miles  W.^.W. 
of  Coburg.  on  a  river  of  its  own  name.     Pop.  1572. 

RO'DAII,  ROIJA,  rML  or  RODDA,  rod'dl,  a  town  of 
Arabia,  in  Yemen,  8  miles  X.X.W.  of  Sjiua,  and  a  residence 
of  many  of  its  merchant.s.  It  has  fine  gardens  and  vine- 
j-ards.  and  is  governed  by  an  ameer,  who  occupies  its  citadel. 

RODALBEX,  i-o-ddl'bSn,  or  ROtllALBEN,  ro-t,il'b^u,  a 
village  of  Bavaria,  ia  the  Palatinate,  near  Pirmaseus.  Pop. 
1509. 

RODAXO.  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Rhine. 

KODAS,  an  i.slaud  of  Turkey.     See  Rhobks. 

KODAUK,  roMawk',  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  in  Little 
Thiliet,  about  120  miles  S.E.  of  Leh,  and  having  an  -active 
trade  in  shawl  woo),  and  salt  from  adjacent  lakes. 

ROI^'BOKXE-CIIE'XEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ROrVBOROUGU,  a  chapolry  and  tything  of  England,  co. 
of  Gloucester. 

RODBYE  or  RODBY,  rod'bii,  a  maritime  town  of  Den- 
mark, on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Laaland,  7  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Maribo.     Pop.  1200. 

RODDA;  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Rodah. 

RODDA,  an  island  in  the  Xile.    See  Rhodda. 

ROD'DiiX'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

RODDEXAU.  (Roddenau.)  rod'deh-n<5w\ a  vill;ige  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  in  Ober-Uessen,  near  Fraukeuburg,  on  the  Eder.  Pop. 
1003. 

RODDIXO,  rod-dee'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Coni,  province  of  Alb.H.    Pop.  1106. 

RODELIIEIJI,  ro'dj-l-hime^  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  pi-ovince  of  Otier-IIesseu,  on  the  Xidda, 
4  miles  W.X.W.  of  Frankfort.    Pop.  1538. 

RODELSEX,  (Rodelsen,)  ro'dji-sgn,  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
in  Lower  Francouia.    Pop.  802. 

RODEMACK,  roMeh-mdk',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Moselle,  S  miles  X.X.E.  of  Thionville.  Pop. 
1087. 

RODEX,  RIIODEX,  ro'den,  or  ROOX,  ron,  a  village  of 
Bolland,  province  of  Drenthe,  12  miles  X.W,  of  Assen.   P.  863. 

RODEX,  ro'den,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prxxssia,  30  miles  S. 
of  Treves,  near  the  riL:bt  luink  of  the  Saar.    Pop.  1009. 

RODEXBEUG.  ro'den-b4i:G\  a  town  of  Hes.se-Cassel,  in 
Niedty-Hessen,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hanover.    Pop.  1129. 

RODEXGO,  ro-djn'go,  a'  village  of  Northern  Italy,  go- 
vemment  of  Milan,  3  miles  X.E.of  Ospedaletto.     Pop.  112'.t. 

RODE.  XORTII.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester, 
with  a  station  on  the  Xorth  Stafford  Railway,  44  miles  S.W. 
of  Maccleslield. 

RODEXSLEBEX,  ro'dens-l.Vben,  (Gros3,  groce.  and  Kleix. 
kiln.)  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Saxony,  g'overnmeut 
of  Ma'_'de).urg.     Pop.  1007. 

RODEWALD,  ro/deh-wait*.  a  village  of  Hanover,  11  miles 
N.  of  Xeustadt-am-KUbenberge.    Pop.  1600. 

RODEZ  or  RHODEZ,  ro'da',  (anc.  S-aodiJiium,)  a  town  of 
France,  capital  of  the  depitrtment  of  .iveyron,  S5  miles  N.W. 
Of  Montpellier.  on  the  right  t)ank  of  the"  Aveyron.  Pop.  in 
1852. 10,280.  It  has  a  national  college,  with  a  library  of 
16,000  volumes,  a  Gothic  cathedral,  and  trade  in  wool  and 
cheese. 

RODHEIM-AX-DER-BIEBER,  rodOiirae  in  d^R  beeOjfr, 
a  village  of  Hesse-D.irmstadt.  near  Gies.5en.     Pop.  827. 

RODHEIM-VOlt-DEIMIOIIE,  (Iliihe,)  rod'hime  von  deR 
ho'jh.  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  circle  of  Friedberg. 
Pop.  l.-iSO. 

RODI,  an  Island  of  Turkey,    See  Rhodes. 

RODI,  ro'dee,  a  maritime  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanata,  on  the  X.  coast  of  the  Qarganian  Promontory, 
in  the  .\diiatic  Sea.    Pop.  3200. 

RODIEZMO,  ro-de-^th'mo,  a  village  of  Spain,  province, 
and  X.^T.  of  Leon.    Pop.  1845. 

RODIGO,  ro-dee'go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  9  miles 
N.AV.  of  Mantua.     I'op.  1500. 

RODIGO,  a  village  of  Lombafdy,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Mantua. 

RO'DIXO,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Es.«ex,  rises  near 
punmow,  flows  mostly  S.S.W.  past  Chipping  Onuar,  and  be- 
tween Epping  and  Hiunaut  Forests,  and  near  Barking  joins 
the  Thiuies,  whence  it  is  navigable  to  llfjrd. 

RODIXG,  n^ding,  a  village  of  Bavari.a.  circle  of  Upper 
Palatiii.ite.  on  the  Regen,  23  miles  X.E.of  Ratisbon.  P.1190. 

ROOINGEX,  (Itijdingen.")  rii'ding-en.  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  IS  miles  X.E.  of  Aix-la  Chapelle. 

g*'f*'I>>'f"'TOX,  a  parUh  of  England  co.  of  Salop. 

KOD'MAX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  .lefferson  co., 
^ew  \ork,  on  Sandy  Creek,  about  10  miles  S.of  Watertown. 
Pop.  IsOS, 

l^nnm^??'^^-  *  P*""^"^  of  England.  CO..  of  Gloucester. 

Snn  »iM;l';.*.P,'*'''^^  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

wnnv  .  ''^'.l-^^'-  *  P'*"''*'  of  Kn?land,  CO.  of  Kent. 
lol^Mn"''^ '"!.'';;, °'"  KADXA,  rnd'n.-.h,  (Ger.  i.Vxfcra,  ro'- 
K^r^'-^u^^^".."^  Transylvani.a.  26  miles  X.E.  of  Bistritz. 

«nTl/vl-?"^*'-''  TP.  ?i"*^  '"  K'^l'l'  "!'■«■•'  "Id  i'-on  mines. 
leOfl*  P"*'"^'""'"^  °'"  J<Jfler8on  co.,  Mississippi,  on 


ROG 

the  Mississippi  River,  40  miles  above  Natchez.    It  has  seve- 
ral  stores  and  warehouses,  and  a  newspaper  office.   Pop.  486. 

ROPNEY,  a  post-ofRce  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

R0D0LZ.4,  a  town  of  Illvria,    See  R.iDM.iSSDORF. 

RODOMUM.    See  RorEx". 

RODOSTO,  RHODOSTO.ro-dos'to.  written  al.soRODO?.nO 
(Turk.  Teleer-Dtigh.  anc.  Bisan'tlie,  afterward  W.a-dns'ti/m  oi 
lil)(edestu$.)  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Room-Elee.  sanjak,  and  GO  miles  X.E.  of  Gallipoli,  on  the 
Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  great  route  W.  of  Constantinople. 
It  has  large  caravanserais,  khans,  and  public  baths,  with  5 
Greek  and  2  Aimenian  churches ;  but  it  lias  latterly  declined 
in  importance. 

RODRIGUES  or  RODRIGUE,  roMreeg',  (Port,  Rndrigw!, 
ro'dree'ghfe,)  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  $30  miles 
E,X,E.  of  the  Mauritius,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency.  L;it. 
19<^4'  S.,  Ion.  63°  25'  E.  Length,  12  miles;  breadth,  from  3 
to  6  miles.  Surface  mostly  mountainous,  but  it  has  about 
9000  acres  of  cultivable  land. 

RODU.MXA,    See  Roaxxk. 

RO'DUSTER,  a  .small  village  of  Butler  co..  Kentnckv. 

RlEDtEE  or  RODOE.  (liiidiie.)  ro'diiVh.  an  island  off  the 
coast  of  Xorwav.  in  lat.  66°  40'  N.,  Ion.  13°  10'  E. 

ROEDSKIOEK,  riid'ske-oVr,  a  small  island  in  the  Gulf 
of  Finland. 

ROER,  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Ruhr. 

ROEUMOXD.  rooR-niAnt/.  or  ROER,MOXDE.  ^on^.-ml^n'dph, 
(Fr.  liuremnndf,.  rilR'mAxd'l  a  town  of  the  Xethcrlands.  pro- 
vince of  Linibnrg.  on  the  Aleuse.  at  the  influx  of  the  Roer, 
(Ruhr.)  27  miles  X,E.  of  Maestritcht.  Pop.  in  1S50,  7172. 
Its  fortifications  were  di.sm.antled  under  Joseph  II..  bu*  it 
is  still  the  residence  of  a  military  commandant.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  soap,  lealher.  beer,  vinegar, 
and  a  con.siderable  general  and  transit  trade. 

ROESFIELD,  roz'feeld,  a  post-office  of  Catahoula  parish, 
Louisiana. 

ROESKILDE  or  ROSKILDE,  rfts'kil'deh,  a  town  of  Den- 
mark, island  and  stift  of  Seeland,  with  a  port,  19  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Copenhagen,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
way, at  tlie  head  of  an  inlet  of  the  Ise-fiord.  Pop.  in  1850, 
.3805.  It  was  the  residence  of  the  Danish  kings  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  has  a  royal  castle,  a  cathedral,  the  oldest, 
finest,  and  most  celebrated  in  Denmark,  with  tombs  of 
many  of  its  kings. 

R(ECLX,  ruh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut,  8 
miles  E,X.E.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2701. 

ROFR.\XO,  ro-frd'no,  a  market-town  of  Xaples.  province 
of  Principiito  Citra.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Diano.     Pop.  2100. 

RO'GART,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland. 

ROGASEX,  ro/gd-zen,  ROGAZXO,  ro-glz'no,  or  ROGOZXO, 
a  town  of  Prussian  Iceland.  24  miles  N.  of  Posen,  on  a  Large 
lake,  and  on  the  Wetna.     Pop.  4430. 

ROGATCHEV  or  ROGATSCHEW.  ro-gj-chf v'.  a  market- 
town  of  Ru.ssia,  government,  and  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mohee- 
lev,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Droots  and  the  Dnieper.  Pop. 
2500. 

RO'GATE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Susisex. 

ROGATSCHEW.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Roc.iTcnKV. 

ROGER'S  (riij'ers)  BUIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Spartanburg 
district.  South  Carolina. 

ROGEllS  FAIIM.  a  post-village  of  McLane  co.,  Illinois,  C6 
miles  X.E.  of  Sprinsrfield. 

IKXJERS  LAXD'IXG,  a  village  of  Perry  co..  Missouri. 

ROGER'S  RUX,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Indltna. 

ROGER'S  STORK,  a  post-office.  Wake  co..  Xnrtd  Carolina. 

ROG'ERSTOX,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co,  of  Monmouth. 

ROG'EItSVILLE,  a  village  of  Steuben  co.,  Xew  York,  con- 
tains the  Itogei-sville  Union  Seminary. 

ROGERSVILLE,  a  post-olfice  of  Greene  co..  Pennsylvania. 

ROGERSVILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Halifax  co.,  Virifini.i. 

ROGERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district.  South 
Carolina.  131  miles  W.X.W.  of  Columbia.  The  name  of  the 
post-office  was  recently  changed  to  ETi;RiiR}XX. 

ROGERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lauderdale  co..  Ala- 
bama, 24  miles  E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  about  300. 

ROGERSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capitaj  of  Haw- 
kins CO.,  Tenne.ssee,  is  situated  near  the  Holstim  River,  255 
miles  E,  of  Xashville.  Steamboat  navigation  has  lately  been 
opened  on  the  Holston  from  Knoxviile  to  King.sport.  which 
is  alx)ve  Rogersville.  The  village  contains  a  Unnk.  and  a 
collegiate  institute  under  the  control  of  the  Odd  Fellows, 
iiaving  about  200  pupils.     A  newspaper  is  published  here. 

ROGERSVILLE,  a  small  village  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Madi- 
son CO..  Kentnckv. 

ROGERSVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

RO(?ERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  co,  Ohio, 
!>bout  90  miles  E.X.K.  of  Columbus. 

ROGERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Indiana. 

ROGO  WEIL,  rok'wii,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
27  miles  X.E.  of  Bern. 

ROGIET,  roj'yet  (?)  a  parish  of  England.  co.»if  Monmouth. 

ROGLUXt).  rdil-yi'no,  a  town  of  Xaples,  p  ivince  of  Ca- 
labria Citra,  9  miles  S.  of  Co.senza.     Pop.  1900 

ROGLIAXO,  a  town  at  the  N.  extremity  if  Corsica,  17 
miles  X.  of  Bastia.    Pop.  152f . 


HOG 


ROM 


ROOXAC,  ronYik'j  France,  a  station  on  the  railway  from 
Marseilles  to  Aviguon,  17  miles  from  Marseilles. 

KOGN'ONAS,  ronVo^ti^!  France,  a  station  on  the  railroad 
from  -Marseilles  to  Avignon,  3|  miles  fmra  Avignon. 

ROXiONAUTPODK',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency, 
and  province  of  Bengal,  130  miles  X.W.  of  Calcutta,  on  the 
route  to  Benares.     Lat.  23°  32'  N.,  Ion.  86°  ii'  E. 

EOGUKS  KTVER,  East  Africa.    See  JmiA. 

liOUAX,  ro'Sx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan.  on  the  Ouse,  28  miles  N.  of  Vannes.     Pop.  501. 

Roll  AX,  an  old  division  of  France,  in  Bretagne,  with  the 
title  of  duchy,  now  comprised  in  the  department  of  Mor- 
bihan. 

ROIIAX-ROHAX,  ro'6s«/  ro'5s«/  or  FROXTEXAY,  foNf  nA, 
or  frAxo'teh-n.i',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Deux- 
Sivres.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Xlort.     Pop.  2000. 

ROU.VTY'X.  nvhd'tin,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Ga- 
lieiii.  1.5  miles  W-.^.W.  of  Brzezany.    Pop.  2726. 

ROIIILCUXD,  ro-hil-kund/,  a  region  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal.  Upper  Provinces,  between  lat.  28°  and 
29°  X.;  and  Ion.  78°  and  80°  E.;  watered  by  the  Ganges, 
Ramgunga,  &c.  It  is  named  from  the  Rohillas,  an  Afghan 
tribe,  who  emigrated  to  it  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

ROmT.SClI,  ro'hitsh,  or  ROGATCZ,  ro-gdts',  a  market- 
town  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  30  miles  X.X.W.  of  Agram.  It 
has  chalybeate  springs,  the  waters  of  which  are  extensively 
exported. 

ROIIONCZ.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Rechxitz. 

KOIIOZXA,  ro-hoz'nd,  or  ROSEX.  ro/zgn,  a  village  of  Bo- 
Lemia.  circle  of  Chrudim,  10  miles  from  Briisau.    Pop.  1306. 

ROHRB.\CII,  roii/bdK,  avill.ige  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  22  miles  X.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  4831. 

ROIIRERSVILLE,  ror'grs'vill,  a  post-village  In  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Maryland,  80  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Annapoli-s. 

ROIIRSBUIIG,  rors'burg,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  CO., 
Pennsylv.ania.  88  miles  X.X.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

ROIIRSDORF,  roiis'doRf  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Prussian 
Silesia,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Liognitz,  on  the  Bober.    Pop.  luOU. 

ROIIRSDOKF,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Saxoiiy,  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  2008. 

ROIIRSDOllF,  a  village  of  Germany,  circle  of  Zwickau, 
district  of  nheninitz.     Pop.  1175. 

R()IIl!SD:)i!P,  (Riihr.sdorf)  riiRs'donf  a  village  of  Bohe- 
mia, circk-  of  Buntzlau,  6  miles  from  Heide.     Pop.  1033. 

ROINICZ,  roi'nitch,  or  ROQXITZ,  rog'nits,  (Alt,  dlt,  and 
Neu,  noi,)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Bohemia,  in 
KSniggratz,   2  miles  from  Trutenau.    Pop.  1100. 

ROISDORF,  rois'doRf,  Prussia,  a  station  on  the  railroad 
from  Cologne  to  Bonn,  12  miles  from  Cologne. 

ROISElj,  rwlV,fl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Somme.  7  miles  E.  of  Peroiine.     Pop.  1591. 

ROI.SIX.  rwdV.ix°',  a  village  and  commune  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Ilainaut,  on  the  Uonelle,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Mons.     Pop.  14'J1. 

ROIS'SY,  (Fr.  pron.  rwds'see',)  an  island  of  the  South  Pa- 
cific, belonging  to  Schouten  group,  off  the  N.  coast  of  Papua, 
lat.  8°  12'  S.,  Ion.  14-1°  3'  E. 

ROISSY,  rwds^see',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise.  arrondissement  of  Pontoise.     Pop.  965. 

ROITZSCII,  roitsh,  a  village  of  Prussian  S;ixony,  19  miles 
N.E.  of  Mer.seburg.     Pop.  1300. 

ROJALES  or  ROXAL  ES.  ro-nJ'lJs,  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  23  miles  S.W.of  Alicanto,  on  the  Seguro. 

RO.T.\XK.\,  ro-ydn'kd,  a  inarket-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government,  and  37  miles  E.3.E.  of  Grodno.     Pop.  1500. 

ROJANO,  ro-yd'no,  a  market-town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  6  miles  X.W.  of  Sulmona.     Pop.  1600. 

RO.rE.STVEXK.\.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Rozhestvexka. 

RO.TESTVEXKOE.atown  of  Russia.  See  Rozbestvenkoe. 

ROJESTVEXO.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Roziiestve.vo. 

RO.IEV,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  RozuEV. 

ROJO,  ro'vo,  a  village  of  Xaples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra  II.,  S.W.  of  Aquila.     Pop.  1050. 

ROJO,  a  village  of  Xaples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  dis- 
trict, and  23  miles  S.  of  Lanciano.    Pop.  800. 

ROKEBY,  rok'bee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Xorth 
Riding,  on  the  Tees,  2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Barnard  Castle.  Here 
are  the  picturesque  ruins  of  Eggleston  Abbey,  founded  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.  The  romantic  scenery  of  Rokeby 
has  been  described  by  Sir  AValter  Scott. 

ROKE'BY.  a  post-ofSce  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

ROKEl.LE,  ro'kMl',  a  river  of  West  .\frica,  in  Senegambi.a, 
after  a  W.  course,  estimated  at  250  miles,  joins  the  Atlantic 
by  a  wide  estuary  at  Sierra  Leone. 

ROKITZ.A.X.  ro'kit-sdn\  (Bohemian.  7?o7,icjany,  ro-ke-chi'- 
nee,)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  E.  of  Pilsen,  on  the  Klada- 
wa.     Pop.  2800. 

RO'LAXD.  a  post-office  of  White  co..  Illinois. 

ROLAXDSWERTII,  ro^lilnds  wjRt\  or  XOXXEXWERTH, 
non'nen-^^Rt'.  Prussia,  an  island  in  the  Rhine,  government 
of  Coblentz.  near  Kouigswinter,  containing  the  old  Benedic- 
tine nunnery  of  Xf.nnenwerth.  Opposite  to  it  is  the  Roder- 
berg,  one  of  the  most  interesting  volcanoes  on  the  Rhine. 
On  a  ridge  connected  with  it,  stand*  the  remains  of  the  castle 
of  Kolaudseck,  so  called,  according  to  tradition,  because  of 


the  long  residence  of  Roland,  the  famous  nephpT/  of  CharlC' 
magiie.  who  could  look  down  from  it  on  the  nunnery  in 
which  his  unfortunate  bride  was  immured.  Thiir  story  is 
the  subject  of  one  of  Schiller's  most  beautiful  ballads — T/u 
Knight  of  Tixigimberg. 

RULESVILLE,  rol/.'vil,  a  post-village  of  Wake  co.,  Xorth 
Carolina.  10  miles  X.E.  of  Raleigh. 

RULLE,  rol'lfh,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud. 
on  tlie  Lake  of  Geneva,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Lausanne.     P.  tOO 

ROLLEROISE,  rorifh-bwdz'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  with  a 
tunnel  under  the  Rouen  Railway. 

ROLLEOHEM,  rol'leh-ghJm\"a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  5  miles  S.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  1.500. 

ROL'LEUSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio,  42 
miles  X.  of  Columbus.  .    . 

ROLLES15Y,  rol/.'l)ee,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Xorfolk. 

RObLE.STOX,  rolz'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotts. 

ROLLE.STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

KOLLESTOXE,  r611z'ton,a paiish  of  England,  co.of  Wilts. 

ROJj'LIX,  a  post-township  in  the  X.W.  part  of  Lenawee  ca, 
Michigan.    Pop.  1343. 

ROLLING  (rOlIng)  FORK,  a  small  vill.age  of  Casey  .co, 
Kentucky. 

ROLLI.NG  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Kentucky. 

ItOLLl  NG  PRAIRIE,  a  postofHce  of  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 

ROLL'IXGSFORD,  a  new  county  of  Strafford  co..  New 
H.ampshire,  on  the  Salmon  Falls  River,  and  on  the  IJoston 
and  Maine  Railroad,  71  miles  X.E.  of  Boston.  The  Great 
Falls  Branch  Railroad  partly  intersects  it.     Pop.  2069. 

ROL-'LIXS  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Moore  co.,  North 
Cai-olina. 

ROL'LIXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district, 
South  Carolina. 

ROLLO,  rol'yo,  a  mountain  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince of  Alicante,  between  Xovelda  and  Aspe.  It  is  com- 
posed entirely  of  variegated  umrble,  the  color  of  which  is 
dilferout  in  different  places.  On  the  S.E.  it  is  l)lood-color, 
with  dull  white  veins  ;  in  the  X.W.  yellow,  with  generally 
dark  veins,  beautifully  intertwined,  and  in  other  places  it 
has  c.^rds  of  livid  hue.  and  very  beautiful  black  spots. 

ROLLO.  rollo,  or  ROLO,  ro'lo,  a  town  of  Xortlicrn  Italy, 
goverimient  of  Milan,  province,  and  18  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Mantua.     Pop.  2065. 

ROLIjOUG,  rol'loog(?)  a  village  of  Xorway.  stift  of  Aggei-s- 
huus,  on  the  Louven,  54  miles  W.  of  Christiania. 

ROLL'IIIGIIT,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ROLLRTGHT,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

ROL/VEXDEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ROM,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Kladek. 

ROM,  rAj**,  (anc.  Jiuura>nuin,)  a  village  of  Franco,  de- 
partment of  Deux-S6vres,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mello.  Pop. 
173S. 

ROM  or  ROMA,  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Rome. 

ROMA,  ro'md,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in  the 
Banda  Sea,  50  miles  X.E.  of  Timor,  40  miles  in  circuit.  Lat. 
7°42'S.,  Ion.  127°  20' E. 

RO'M.4.  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Starr  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  aliout  550  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  the  head  of  regular  steam  naviga- 
tion, and  contains  a  custom-liouse.    Free  population,  479. 

ROM  AG  N  A,  ro-mdn'yd,  a  province  of  Contiiil  Italy,  and 
one  of  the  earliest  possessions  of  the  Romnn  bishops,  on  the 
Adriatic,  between  the  Venotia  and  the  March  of  Ancona, 
and  now  forming  the  provinces  of  Bologna,  Terrara,  Ravenna 
and  Forli. 

ROM.iGXAXO,  ro-mJn-yd'no.  a  market-town  of  Piedmont, 
18  miles  X.W.  of  Xovara,  on  the  Sesia.     Pop.  2510. 

ROM.\OX.\XO,  a  village  of  Xaples,  province  of  Principato 
Citri\.  20  miles  E.  of  Campagna. 

R0M.\GX.\T,  ro'mdn\vd',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Puy-de-Dome.    Pop.  1900. 

ROM.\GXESE,  ro-mdn-y.-l'sA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province,  and  0  miles  N.X.W.  of  Bobbio.     l*op.  1822. 

ROM.\GXIEU,  ro^mdn\vLh',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Is^re.  arrondissement  of  La-Tour-du-Pin.  Pop.  1931. 

RO'.MALD-KIRK,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  York,  in 
Xorth  Ri<ling. 

ROMAN.  ro'mSn.  a  town  of  Moldavi.a.  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Aloldava  and  Sereth,  36  miles  S.W.  of  Yassy.  It  is  a 
Greek  bishop's  see.  and  has  some  Roman  antiquities. 

nOMJX.     See  Rome. 

R0M.4NCE.  a  post-office  of  Ternon  co.,  Wisconsin. 

ROM.\XCIIE,  ro^mS-Vsh',  a  small  river  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  lIautes-.A.lpes,  joins  the  Drac,  near  Vezille,  after  a  W. 
course  of  40  miles. 

R0M.4.XEXG0,  ro-md-n5n'go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
21  miles  X,W.  of  Cremona,     Pop.  1560. 

ROMAXIA.     See  Room-Elee. 

ROMANO,  ro-md'no.  a  fortified  town  of  Lombardy,  13 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Bergamo.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  au  old  castle,  a 
college,  and  several  chui-ches. 

ROMAXO.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont, 
near  the  Serio.     Pop.  2304. 

ROMAyO.    See  Rome. 

1607 


KOM 

nOMANO  KEY,  an  island  off  the  coast  of  Cuba.  See  Cato 
Romano. 

KO.MANOV  or  ROMAXOW,  ro-niJ-nov',  a  w.-jlled  to  rn 
of  Russia,  government,  and  24  miles  N.W.  of  Varoslav,  on 
the  Tolpa.    Pop.  2000. 

ROMAXOVKA  or  KOMAXOWKA.  ro-mJ-nov'kl  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Russia,  government,  and  90  miles  S.  of  Kiev. 
Pop.  1570. 

ROMANS,  ro'mSxo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
DrOme,  on  the  riarht  bank  of  the  Isere.  across  which  it  cwm- 
municates  with  "Bourg-du-l^ea,L'e.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Valence. 
Pop.  in  1S62,  10.869.  It  is  enclo.sed  by  old  walls,  and  entered 
by  5  gates.  It  has  a  communal  college,  silk  and  woollen 
manufactures,  tanneries,  and  an  active  trade. 

ROM.AXSIIORN,  ro'min.«-hoRn\  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  c.inton  of  Thurgau.  on  a  tongue  of  land  on  the 
S.W.  side  of  the  lake,  and  11  miles  S.E.  of  the  town  of  Con- 
Ktance.     Pop.  1281. 

ROMANSLEIGII,  ro'm.^nzle,  a  parish  of  England,  co. of 
Devon. 

RC.M.AXSVILLE.  a  village  of  Cliester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  AVest  Chester. 

ROMAXZOV,  ro-mdn-7.ov',  or  RO'MAXZOFF',  several  is- 
lands of  the  Pacitic.  in  the  I,ow  and  MnlL'rave  .Archip<>!agos. 

ROMAXZOV  or  ROMAXZOW,  i-o-mdu-zov',  a  headl.and  of 
Russian  America. 

ROifAXZOV.  a  bav  of  Yessn.  in  Japan. 

ROSlAO.  a  town  of  Brazil.     See  Sao  RomIo. 

ROMBLOX,  rom-blon',  one  of  the  smaller  Philippine 
Islands,  in  the  Pacitic  Ocean.  E.  of  Tablas. 

ROME.  rOm,  (L.,  It.,  Sp.,  and  Port.  Koma.  ro'md:  Fr. Home, 
rom:  Ger.  Rom.  rom:  Dutch  Jiome,  ro'meh,  Turk.  Boom; 
Gr.  Voiftr].  Rome.)  the  mo.st  celebrated  city  of  the  world,  either 
in  ancient  or  modern  times,  the  capital  of  the  Pontifical 
States,  and  the  ecclesiasticHl  metropnlis  of  Catholic  Christen- 
dom, is  situated  on  the  Tiber,  17  miles  X.E.  of  its  mouth  in 
the  Mediterranean.  Lat.  of  St.  Peter's,  41°  54'  6"  N.,  Ion. 
12°  27'  14"  E. :  elevation  of  the  site  of  St.  Peter's  above  the 
eea,  95feet;  of  the  Roman  College.  19-3  feet.  The  city  is  built 
on  marshy  ground,  at  the  f  x)t  of  a  range  of  low  hills,  and 
is  separated  by  the  Tiber  into  two  unequ.il  portions,  which 
are  divided  into  14  rioni.  (regions  or  districts.)  Of  these,  12 
are  in  Rome  Proper,  or  the  space  on  the  E.  or  left  bank  of 
the  river,  and  only  2  on  the  W.  or  right,  lank,  called  the  Leo- 
nine City,  or  Trastavere,*  containing  the  Vatican  and  the 
Castle  of  St.  Angelo  (or  Sant'  Angelo.)  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  whi,.'h  are  generally  understood  to  occupy  the  site  of 
those  constructed  by  Aurelian.  They  are  15  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  are  pierced  for  18  gates.  6  of  which  are 
closed  up.  The  tinest  .are  the  Porta  del  Popolo  on  the  X., 
and  the  Porto  San  Giovanni  on  the  S.  of  the  city.  Little 
more  than  one-third  of  the  area  within  the  walls  is  inha- 
bited, most  of  the  spjtce  S.  of  the  capitol  being  used  for 
gardens  and  vineyards.  The  most  populous  part  of  the 
modern  city  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Gimpu.'s  MaHius, 
a  plain  extending  between  the  Capitoline,  Quirinal,  and  Pin- 
cian  IlilLs.  The  Tiber,  within  the  walls,  h.as  a  winding 
course  of  3  miles.  It  is  navigable  only  for  small  provision- 
boats.  After  heavy  rains  it  frefiuently  ri.«es  20  or  30  feet, 
and  inundates  a  great  part  of  the  city.  Xear  the  middle  of 
its  course  it  forms  an  island,  called  San  Bartolomeo.  90<J  feet 
long  and  300  feet  broad,  connected  with  the  mainland  by 
two  bridges;  besides  which,  the  only  others  are  the  Ponte 
Sisto  and  the  Ponte  Sant'  Augelo.  the  latter  connecting  the 
city  with  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo.  the  citadel  of  Rome, 
which  serves  for  a  state  prison  and  a  hou.se  of  correction. 
The  three  principjil  thoroughCires  of  Rome  diverge  from  the 
Piazza  del  Popolo,  a  large  square  at  its  X.  extremity;  the 
central  of  these,  the  Corso,  extends  in  a  direct  line  S.S.K. 
for  aViout  a  mile.  There  are  in  all  506  streets,  275  lane.s,  and 
148  squares,  of  all  dimensions :  most  of  these  are  ornamented 
with  richly  sculptured  fountains,  of  which  there  are  in  Rome 
150.  These  are  supplied  with  excellent  water  by  three  aque- 
ducts. The  finest  is  called  Acqua  Vergine.  (Sk'kwa  vjii/- 
je-nA;)  the  others  are  Acqua  Felice  (fV  lee'chl.)  and  Acqua 
Pola.  Xotwithstanding  itsarchitectural and itrtistical  riches, 
modern  Rome  has  a  sad  and  desolate  aspect.  Most  of  the 
streets  are  narrow,  dirty,  and  unpaved;  in  the.ee  the  fintst 
palaces  and  the  most  wretched  hovels  are  often  seen  side  bv 
side.  Xear  the  Capitoline  Mount  is  the  GMto.  the  Jews' 
quarter,  a  crowded,  filthy  space,  enclosed  by  walls,  the  two 
gates  of  which  are  under  charge  nf  the  police.  The  situa- 
tion of  Rome  is  unhealthy,  especially  in  summer,  from  the 
effects  of  malaria;  but,  from  the  mildness  of  its  winter 
climate,  it  is  a  favorite  resort  for  invalids.  The  mean  tem- 
perature of  the  year  is  60°-4:  of  winter,  46°-- :  of  summer, 
/3  2  Fahrenheit,  Frost  seldom  lasts  over  the  night,  and 
snowfalls  on  an  average  li  days  in  the  year;  but  in  the 
severe  season  of  1S12,  the  ponds  were  frozen  over  for  several 
days. 

Rome  has  364  churches,  most  of  which  are  remarkable 
tor  their  architecture  and  splendid  decorations.     At  the 


f  .?''.'•.  """»*  ^  »'•<>•  »n<l  perhaps  most  frequently,  applied  to  a 
CabdiTuion  .if  TVcUMtilMrttu  Borne.  ,-»*■*■ 

1608 


KOM 

head  of  these  stands  the  celebrated  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter, 
which  is  not  only  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  church 
that  has  ever  been  erected,  but  is,  without  exception,  the 
noblest  work  of  architecture  ever  produced  by  man.*  It 
stands  on  the  right  Imnk  of  the  Tiber,  near  the  W.  extremity 
of  the  Borgo,  between  the  Janiculum  and  the  Vatican.  ItH 
ajjproach  is  through  a  magnificent  piazza,  the  buildings 
i»long  which  are  concealed  by  a  superb  colonnade,  forming 
two  semicircular  porticoes,  consL^ting  of  284  column.s,  with 
an  entablature  on  which  stand  192  .statues  nf  .saints,  each  11 
feet  in  height.  The  main  body  of  the  building  consists  of  a 
Greek  cross,  with  a  dome  of  gigantic  dimensions,  rising 
from  its  centre,  and  borne  up  by  four  colossal  piers.  This 
dome,t  projected  by  Michael  Angelo.  may  be  regarded  as  the 
boldest  and  most  astonishing  effort  of  human  architecture. 
On  entering  the  interior,  a  scene  solemn,  grand,  and  har- 
monious almo.«t  beyond  conception,  bursts  upon  the  view. 
The  extreme  lengths  within  the  walls  are  607  feet  in  tha 
central  Ixidy,  and  445  feet  in  the  transepts:  the  height  from 
the  pavement  to  the  cross  is  458  feet.  Owing  to  these  im- 
mense proportion.s.  objects  within  the  area  lose  somewhat 
of  their  effect  by  contrast,  and  appear  comparatively  diminu- 
tive. Thus,  the  Baldacchino.  a  splendid  bronze  canopy  over 
the  high  altar,  and  immediateh*  under  the  dome,  though 
120  feet  high,  appears  not  more  than  30  feet :  and  the  Chair 
of  St.  Peter,  behind  the  altar,  seems  scarcely  to  rise  from 
the  pavement,  though  70  feet  above  it.  The  same  effect  is 
perhaps  still  more  strikingly  manifested  in  regard  to  the 
magnificent  mo.saic  paintings  on  the  interior  of  the  great 
dome,  which,  seen  from  below,  ai-e  so  much  dimiui.shed,  that 
the  pen  in  the  hand  of  the  prophet  in  one  of  the  lower  com- 
partments, .seems  to  be  le.ss  than  18  inches  in  length,  though 
in  reality  6  feet.  The  floor  of  St.  Paul's  at  London,  the 
largest  church  in  Great  Britain,  covers  an  area  of  2  acres; 
that  of  St.  Peter's,  6  acres.  The  cost  of  erection  is  still  more 
disproportioned.  That  of  St.  Paul's  was  not  more  than 
$:3,750,000:  that  of  St.  Peter's,  including  its  monuments 
and  embellishments,  is  estimated  at  from  60  to  80  millions. 
The  edifice  was  begun  under  Pope  Julius  II.  in  1506.  on  the 
site  of  an  old  church  of  the  same  name.  It  was  planned 
and  commenced  by  Bramante,  but  altered  and  carried  on  by 
Raphael  and  Jlichael  .Angelo  Buonarotti.  St.  Peter's  was 
dedicated  on  the  18th  of  November,  1626.  St.  John  Lateran, 
(San  Giovanni  Laterano.)  an  ancient  edifice  in  which  the 
Popes  were  crowned,  is  regarded  as  the  mother-church  of 
the  "Eternal  Cit}-."  It  is  situated  near  the  S.  wall,  on  an 
isolated  spot,  remarkable  as  the  place  where  five  cjuncils 
wliich  bear  the  name  of  the  church  have  been  held.  Its 
facade,  composed  of  four  large  columns  and  six  pilasters,  sus- 
taining a  massive  entablature  .ind  balustrade,  on  which  are 
colossal  statues  of  our  Saviour  and  ten  saints,  is  considered 
a  fine  specimen  of  the  architecture  of  the  last  century :  while 
its  Corsini  Chapel,  on  which  elaborate  ornament  and  gilding, 
columns  of  the  finest  marbles,  bas-reliefs,  and  even  gems, 
have  been  lavished  with  the  greatest  profusion,  is  without 
a  parallel.  From  one  of  its  balconies  the  Pope's  benediction 
to  the  people  is  pronounced  on  Ascension-day,  Santa  Maria 
Maggiore.  which  ranks  third  among  the  basilicas,  is  supposed 
to  occupy  the  site  of  a  temple  of  .tuno  Lncina,  and  to  h.ave 
derived  from  it  the  S6  Ionic  pillars  of  white  marble  which 
support  its  central  nave;  its  interior,  adorned  with  these 
pillars,  and  enriched  with  tasteful  and  costly  decorations,  is 
one  of  the  finest  of  its  cl.iss  in  exi.«tence.  In  front  of  it  is  a 
beautiful  Corinthian  column  of-  white  marble.  47  feet  high, 
exclusive  of  the  base  and  capital.  This  firmed  a  part  of  the 
splendid  ba.silica  of  Constantine.  but  is  Ix'lieved  to  belong 
to  a  much  earlier  period.  .K  bronze  statue  of  the  Virgin  on 
its  top  has  given  it  the  name  of  the  Colonna  della  A'ergine. 
Santa  Croce  in  Gerusalemme,  the  fourth  of  the  Roman  ba- 
silicas, takes  its  name  from  its  supposed  possession  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  true  cros.s.  and  a  quantity  of  earth  which  was 
brought  from  Jerusalem,  and  mixed  with  its  foundation. 
It  is  richer  in  relics  than  in  architectural  merit,  but  po.ssesses 
some  fine  columns  of  Egyptian  granite,  and  is  not  without 
historical  interest  as  the  church  in  which  the  popes  used 
annually  to  considerate  the  celebra'ted  Golden  Rose. 

Among  the  other  churches  may  he  spe<'ified  Sant.a  Agnese, 
(s3n't3  3n-yA/.s,i,)  presenting  one  of  the  purest  and  most  ele- 
gant specimens  of  the  Greek  cros.s,  said  to  stand  on  the  spot 
where  St.  Agnes  was  publicly  expo.sed,  after  being  put  to 
the  torture ;  St.  Agostino,  with  an  elegant  but  simple  front 
of  travertine,  taken  from  the  Coliseum,  the  earliest  cupola 
that  was  constructed  in  Rome,  and  a  celebrated  fresco  by 
Raphael,  representing  Is,ai.ah  and  two  angels;  S.in*'  Andrea 
della  Fratta,  rendered  I'onspicuous  by  its  fantastic  cujy'la  and 
steeple,  and  remarkable  f!)r  its  ceremonies  on  Good  Friday, 
called  the  Tre  Ore;  St,  Antonio  Abate  and  Ara  Oeli,  the 
former  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  a  temple  of  IQaDa,  and 

•  Byron,  apostrophizing  this  unrivalled  structure,  s»j»— 
"But  thou,  of  temples  old  or  altars  new 
Standest  alone,  with  nothing  like  to  tbe"." 
t  "  The  vast  and  wondrous  doa»« 
To  which  Diana's  marvel  was  a  <^11." 

Childe  Banld,  canto  it 


ROM 

Jhe  latter,  which  is  of  preat  antiquity,  that  of  a  temple  of 
fupiter.butclaimingnoticeon  thesomewhat  singularirround 
of  b(4ng  internally  and  externally  the  ugliest  of  all  the  I'o- 
Jian  churches:  San  Bartolomeo,  built  on  the  island  of  that 
name  in  the  Tiber,  on  the  site  of  the  celebrated  temple  of 
/Esculapius,  and  containing  24  granite  columns  supposed  to 
have  belonged  to  it;  San  Bernardo,  a  remarkable  circular 
building,  originally  one  of  the  halls  or  temples  which  fronted 
the  outer  wall  of  Diocletian's  baths;  San  Bonosa,  in  the 
Trastevere,  said  to  be  the  burial-place  of  Kienzi ;  Santa  Maria 
degli  Angeli,  (sjn'ti  mi-ree'd  ddl'yee  iln'jA-le.)  originally  the 
I'inacotheca.  or  great  hall  of  Diocletian's  baths,  converted 
into  a  church  by  Michael  Angelo,  and  one  of  the  most  im- 
posing which  Home  possesses ;  Santa  Maria  a  Cosmedin,  said 
to  have  been  built  originally  in  the  tliird  century,  on  the 
site  of  the  temple  of  Cieres  and  Proserpine;  Santa  Maria  di 
Loreto,  crowned  by  a  double  dome,  and  enriched  with  a 
statue  by  Fiammingo  considered  one  of  the  greatest  produc- 
tions of  modi'rn  art,  and  an  altar-piece  by  Perugino ;  Santa 
Maria  sopra  Minerva,  sq  called  from  occupying  the  site  of  a 
temple  of  that  goddess,  remarkable  as  theonly  Oothic  church 
in  Kome,  and  celebrated  for  its  fuU-lengtii  statue  of  our  Sa- 
viour by  Michael  Angelo;  Santa  Maria  della  Pace,  cx'lebrated 
for  its  paintings,  particularly  the  Four  Sibyls,  considered 
among  the  most  perfect  works  of  Jlaphael;  Santa  Maria  in 
Trastevere,  said  to  be  the  first  church  in  Rome  publicly  set 
apart  for  worship ;  Santa  Maria  in  Valicella.  sometimes  called 
Chiesa  Nuova.  one  of  the  largest  and  most  imposing  of  the 
Roman  churches:  Sant' Onofrio,  interesting  as  the  burial- 
place  of  Tas.so;  San  Paolo  alle  tre  Fontane,  (sdn  pl/o-lo  il1,-V 
trA  fon-td'nA.)  outside  the  walls,  on  a  spot  alleged  to  be  that 
where  St.  Paul  was  beheaded;  San  Pietro  in  Montorio,  finely 
situated  on  a  platform,  from  which,  perhaps,  the  best  view 
of  modern  l!ome  is  obtained,  and  near  where  St.  Peter  is 
said  to  have  been  beheaded;  San  Pietro  In  Vlncoli,  (sdn  pe- 
A/tro  in  vin'kole.)  a  majestic  edifice,  celebrated  for  its  statue 
of  Moses,  one  of  the  greatest  creations  of  Slichael  Angelo ;  San 
Prassede.  numbering  among  its  relics  a  wlumn  of  oriental 
jasper  brought  from  Jerusalem,  and  alleged  to  be  the  ver3- 
column  at  which  our  Saviour  was  scourged,  and  a  portrait 
of  Ilim,  once  in  the  posses.sion  of  St.  Peter;  Santa  Sabina 
on  the  Aventine,  occupying  the  supposed  site  of  the  temple 
of  Juno  Uegina;  San  Tommaso  degli  Inglesi.  (s3n  tom-md'so 
(l.-ll'yee  in-glii/see.)  in  the  Trastevere.  said  to  have  been 
founded  in  775  by  Offa,  Iting  of  the  East  Saxons,  now  dedi- 
c;ited  to  Thomas  k  Becket,  one  of  whose  arms  is  exhibited  as 
a  relic,  and  containing  curious  portraits  of  Roman  Catholics 
who  were  put  to  death  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII. 
and  Elizabeth. 

Pahicfs,  (Cc. — The  A^atican,  situated  on  the  hill  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  city,  and  at  one  point  con- 
nected with  St.  Peter's,  is  the  largest  palace  in  Europe.  It 
was  probably  commenced  as  early  as  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine,  and  in  the  eighth  century  had  become  of  con- 
siderable consequence,  being  occupied  by  Charlemagne  at 
his  coronation.  The  popes  first  l)egan  to  reside  in  it  after 
their  return  from  Avignon,  in  1377,  one  inducement  being 
the  vicinity  of  the  Castle  of  St.  Angelo,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  a  covered  gallery.  From  this  time  they  vied 
with  e.ach  other  in  extending  and  embellishing  it,  till  the 
Pontificate  of  Alexander  VI.,  to  whom  was  reserved  the 
task  of  completing  fne  old  palace,  nearly  in  its  present  form. 
The  Sistine  chapel,  the  Loggie.  (lod'jA.)  the  museum,  the 
library,  and  the  new  palace,  which  now  constitutes  the  most 
conspicuous  portion  of  the  whole  pile,  are  all  of  later  origin. 
The  whole  covers  an  immense  space,  and  is  rather  a  collec- 
tion of  Separate  buildings  than  a  single  structure.  Owing 
to  this,  its  exact  dimensions  are  not  easily  ascertained ;  but 
the  length  is  estimated  at  1151  feet,  and  the  breadth  at  7(i7 
feet.  This  vast  building  is  said  to  contain  8  grand  stair- 
cases, 200  smaller  staircases,  20  courts,  and  4422  apartments. 
The  most  celebrated  portions  are  the  Scala  Regia,  (sk3l3  r.V- 
je-i.)  leading  to  the  Sala  Regia,  or  hall  of  audience,  a  splen- 
did apartment,  covereij  with  frescoes  illustrating  various 
events  in  Papal  history,  a  conspicuous  place  being  appro- 
priated to  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew;  the  Capella 
Sistina,  or  Sistine  Chapel,  a  lofty,  oblong  apartment,  about 
150  feet  long  and  60  feet  broad,  covered  with  frescoes  by  Mi- 
chael Angelo.  among  which  the  l..ast  Judgment.  60  by  30 
feet,  is  most  conspicuous,  and  celebrated  as  the  place  where 
the  cardinals  meet  in  conclave  to  elect  a  pope,  and  where 
many  of  the  most  gorgeous  ceremonies  of  the  Romish  church 
are  performed;  the  Loggie.  a  splendid  portico  of  three  stories, 
completed  from  the  designs  of  Bramante  by  Raphael,  whose 
magnificent  frescoes  constitute  its  greatest  ornament:  the 
Sfanze  of  Raphael,  or  four  chambers  adjoining  the  liOggie.  and 
equally  adorned  by  the  same  master-hand;  the  picture- 
gallery,  containing  a  collection  which,  though  small  in  ex- 
tent, there  being  not  more  than  50  pictures,  is  unsurpassed 
in  real  value ;  the  museum,  consisting  of  a  series  of  galleries. 
In  which  the  noblest  treasures  of  art  which  the  *orld  pos- 
Eesses  have  been  amassed,  including,  among  others,  the 
Laocoon  and  Apollo  Belvidere:  the  library,  surpassed  by 
many  collections  in  the  number  of  its  volumes,  but  by  none 
In  the  know  n  value  of  some,  and  the  presumed  value  of  more 


ROM 

of  its  manuscripts.  This  famous  library  is  estimat=>,!  to  com- 
prise 100,000  printed  books  and  25,000  manuscripts,  of  which 
.2300  are  oriental.  The  superb  palace  of  the  Qu  irinal,  or 
palace  of  Monte  Cavallo,  long  the  usual  summer  residence  of 
the  Pope,  is  surrounded  by  exten.sive  gardens;  ati.iched  to 
it  is  the  p.\lace  called  the  Dataria  Apostolica,  (d(i-tS-ref/3 
d-po.s-tol'e-kd,)  whence  the  pontifical  bulls  weie  issued.  lu 
the  square  of  the  Quirlnal  stands  the  palace  of  the  ('onsulta, 
the  seat  of  the  supreme  triliunal.  The  palace  of  Salviati 
contains  the  archives  of  Rome. 

Another  palace,  or  rather  series  of  palaces,  crowns  ths 
summit  of  the  Capitol,  and  bears  the  name  of  the  Piazza  del 
Campidoglio.  It  is  approached  from  the  Corso  by  a  flight 
of  steps,  at  the  foot  of  which  two  Egyptian  lionessL-s,  and  at 
the  summit  two  coIos.sal  statues  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  st.ind- 
ing  beside  their  horses,  are  conspicuous.  In  the  centre  of 
the  piazza  is  a  bronze  equestrian  statue  of  Marcus  Aurellus, 
the  hor.se  of  which  is  so  full  of  life,  that  Michael  Angelo,  ou 
seeing  it.  is  said  to  have  bid  it  caniina,  "go."  Occupying 
sides  of  the  same  square  are  the  senatorial  palace,  in  which 
the  senator  of  "Rome  holds  his  court;  the  palace  of  the  Con- 
servatori,  containing  the  Promoteca  or  collection  of  busts; 
the  Capitoline  Museum,  with  many  intere.sting  object.s,  but 
few  master-pieces  of  sculpture,  except  those  in  the  Ilall  of 
the  Dying  Gladiator,  and  a  picture-gallery,  more  extensive 
than  that  of  the  Vatican,  though  the  paintings  individually 
are  of  far  less  intrinsic  merit. 

There  are  upwards  of  CO  splendid  private  palaces  in  Rome. 
The  finest  of  the.se  are  the  Barberini  Palace,  the  Doria  Palace, 
remarkable  for  its  extent  and  its  gallery  of  paintings,  the 
Colonna  Palace  for  Its  garden.s,  the  Rospigliosi  and  Farne.se 
Palaces,  the  latter  celebrated  for  its  arcliitecture.  the  Pal.ace 
of  Prince  Canino  for  its  Etruscan  museum.  The  palaces 
called  ri7/((S,  though  mostly  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  are 
situated  amidst  orange  and  citron  groves,  and  ornamented 
with  fountains  and  statues.  The  most  magnificent  of  these 
are  the  A'illa  Borghese.  on  the  Pinciun  Hill,  outside  of  the 
Porta  del  Popolo;  the  Villa  Jledici,  formerly  celebrated  for  its 
Venus,  now  a  school  of  design  for  young  French  artists; 
and  that  of  Prince  Ludovicl. 

Khicational  Institution!:,  Ldtraries,  (C-c.  —  Of  the  many 
scientific  and  literary  establishments,  the  University  of 
Rome  holds  the  first  rank  as  one  of  the  principal  in  It.ilv, 
and  one  of  the  oldest  In  Europe.  It  occupies  a  liujldirig 
begun  by  Leo  X.,  from  designs  of  Michael  Angelo:  has  42 
professors,  and  is  attended  by  alx)ut  1000  students.  The 
professors  are  paid  by  fixed  s.alarie.s,  and  their  lectures  are 
gratuitous.  The  ground  floor  of  the  building  is  <iccupiid 
by  the  Scuole  delle  Belle  Arti,  (skoo-o'li  diMI.'l  bfllA  an/tee,) 
in  which  11  professors  of  the  Academy  of,St.  Luke  lecture  on 
sculpture,  and  other  branches  connected  with  the  fine  arts; 
and  on  the  third  floor  is  the  school  of  engineers.  Attached 
to  the  University  are  a  lilirary  and  museum ;  and  dependent 
upon  It,  though  at  a  considerable  distance,  is  a  botanic  gar- 
den, adjoining  the  S.alvlati  Palace  In  the  Trastevere.  The 
chief  of  the  others  are  the  Roman  College,  founded  by  the 
Jesuits,  with  a  rich  library  and  mu.seums  of  natural  history 
and  antiquities,  and  the  College  of  the  Propaganda,  in  which 
natives  of  India,  Abyssinia,  Armenia,  and  Greece,  are  in- 
structed. The  printing-office  attached  to  the  establishment 
is  rich  in  Oriental  types,  and  has  furnished  fine  specimens 
of  typography  In  many  languages.  Besides  the  above,  there 
are  English,  Iri.-;h.  Scotch,  and  17  other  colleges.  In  the  in- 
stitution of  the  Ripa  Grande,  1000  children  are  instructed  in 
arts  and  trades;  and  there  are  numerous  schools  of  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  and  architecture.  The  principal  academies 
are  tliat  called  D' Arcadia,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  cele- 
brated in  Europe,  the  Academy  of  Natural  History,  with  an 
observatory,  and  the  academies  of  theology,  archaeology,  the 
Tiberlna,  and  others.  Next  to  the  library  of  the  Vatican, 
the  chief  public  libraries  are  the  Casanatense,  in  the  Convent 
of  Minerva,  with  120,000  volumes,  and  the  Angelica  library, 
with  84,820  printed  volumes,  and  2945  manuscripts.  Besides 
the  museums  of  the  Vatican  and  the  Capitol,  the  public 
collections  comprise  museums  of  anatomy,  natural  history, 
mineralogy,  antiquities,  and  mosaics;  and  there  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable  private  collections. 

HofpitaU  and  Ohuritiex. — Among  the  numerous  hospitals 
In  Rome  may  be  mentioned  the  Spirito  Santo,  a  richly- 
endowed  institution,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Tiber.  It  combines  a  foundling  hospital,  a  lunatic  asylum, 
and  an  ordinary  Infirm.ary.  The  foundling  hospital  receives 
about  800  infants  annually,  and  is  in  such  repute,  that  in- 
mates reach  it  from  all  parts  of  the  Pontifical  States,  and 
even.  It  is  .said,  from  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The  La  Con- 
solazlone,  or  surgical  hospital,  receives  all  the  cases  of 
stabbing.  There  are  also  the  hospitals  of  San  Giovanni, 
cliiefl3'  for  cases  of  fever,  and  reputed  the  best  conducted  in 
Rome;  San  Callicano,  occupying  a  fine  building  in  the  Tras- 
tevere, for  cutaneous  di.eeases ;  Benfratelli,  chiefly  for  acute ; 
and  San  Glacomo,  (sdn  jd'ko-mo,)  near  the  Corso,  for  in- 
curable diseases.  Another  immense  establishment  is  the 
hospital  of  San  Michele,  combining  a  house  of  correction  for 
juvenile  culprits  and  women,  a  house  of  Industry  for  chil- 
dren, an  asylum  for  the  aged,  and  a  gratuitous  school  of  art, 


ROM 

in  \\liich  the  children  of  the  poor  are  taught  drawing,  paint- 
ing, arcyiiteoture,  music,  statuary,  &c.  Among  other  insti- 
tutions called  charitable,  are  numerous  societies,  partly 
supported  by  government,  for  bestowing  marriage  dowries, 
and  making  presents  to  girls  taking  the  veil.  Nearly  three- 
fourths  of  the  women  married  receive  these  dowries,  which, 
ontau  average,  amount  to  about  $40,000  per  annum. 

Manufactures,  TioaU,  tfi;.— The  chief  industry  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Rome  is  connected  with  the  production  of 
articles  of  virtd,  and  the  supply  of  the  numerous  artists, 
invalids,  and  other  visitors.  Its  few  manufactures  are  con- 
iined  to  woollen  and  silk  fabrics,  hats,  gloves,  parchment, 
strings  for  musical  instruments,  artificial  feathers,  falt-e 
pearls,  mosaics,  jewelry,  and  trinkets.  The  trade  is  princi- 
pally in  these  articles,  and  in  alum,  vitriol,  puzzolana,  olive- 
oil,  pictures,  and  antiques.  Many  of  the  population  are 
occupied  in  attendance  on  the  ecclesiastical  courts.  In 
1846,  there  were  in  Home  32  cardinals,  29  bishops,  124  pre- 
lates, 1738  secular  clergy,  2488  regular  clergy,  and  1743 
nuns. 

Amusements,  d-Ct — The  public  amusements  consist  of  thea- 
trical representations,  concerts,  religious  processions,  &a. 
There  are  at  present  8  theatres,  the  finest  of  which  is  the 
Apollo,  on  the  Tiber,  near  the  Bridge  of  St.  Augelo.  The 
season  of  Lent  at  Rome  is  regularly  preceded  by  a  Carnival, 
a  scene  of  grotesque  display,  exhibited  chiefly  in  the  Corso, 
The  horseraces  of  the  Corso  form  another  amusement, 
during  which  the  whole  city  seems  to  be  congregated  within 
It,  to  see  horses  without  riders,  urged  on  to  their  utmost 
speed  by  means  of  balls  and  plates  of  metal  bristling  with 
sharp  spikes  suspended  from  their  backs.  Next  to  the  Car- 
nival, in  point  of  gayety.  is  what  is  called  the  October  festival, 
continued  during  all  the  Thursdays  and  Sundays  of  the 
month,  when  the  people  crowd  to  ilonte  Testaccio  and.  the 
Borghese  Gardens,  to  divert  themselves  with  dancing  and 
games.  To  walk  in  the  streets  of  Rome  is  quite  unfashion- 
able; a  carriage  and  a  box  at  the  opera  are  indispensable, 
even  to  those  of  the  noblesse,  whose  limited  income  denies 
them  a  comfortable  meal.  The  evening  parties  in  private 
liouses  are  often  very  numerously  attended,  filling  a  suite  of 
spacious  apartments.  Here  is  no  luxury  of  the  tiible,  but 
music,  conversation,  dancing,  and,  for  the  more  elderly  part 
of  the  company,  cards. 

Antiquities. — Our  limits  will  scarcely  permit  us  to  mention 
even  the  principal  among  the  multitude  of  m.iguificent 
ruins,  which,  to  the  traveller,  constitute  the  great  attrac- 
Uon  of  Rome.  The  ancient  Forum  was  situated  iu  the 
'nterval  between  the  Capitoline  and  the  Palatine,  in  a  small 
Irregular  space  now  called  Campo  Vaccino,  (kdm'po  vdt- 
•hee'no,)  from  its  appropriation  as  a  cattle-market.  Its  exact 
position  is  still  disputed,  though  fragments  of  temples  and 
other  edifices,  which  formed  its  principal  ornaments,  remain. 
A.nother  foruni,  known  as  that  of  Trajan,  is  conspicuously 
pointed  out  by  the  magnificent  pillar  which  bears  his  name, 
and  stands  in  the  midst  of  its  ruins.  The  I'alace  of  the 
Caesars,  which  stood  on  the  Palatine,  is  now  a  mere  mass  of 
ruins,  so  shapeless  and  undefined,  that  no  idea  of  the  form 
and  limits  of  the  celebrated  structure  can  be  obtained  from 
them.  The  most  celebrated  temples  are  those  of  .JCsculapius, 
on  the  island  of  the  Tiber,  of  which  only  a  few  remains  are 
visible  among  the  buildings  of  the  Convent  of  San  Bartolo- 
meo;  of  Antoninus  and  Faustina,  situated  in  the  Forum, 
and  now  incorporated  with  the  church  of  San  Loi-enzo  in 
Miranda;  of  Antoninus  Pius,  now  represented  chiefly  by 
eleven  marble  citlumns  of  its  portico,  forming  part  of  the 
present  Dogana  di  Terra,  or  custom-house ;  of  Ceres  and 
Proserpine,  .already  mentioned  as  the  site  and  part  of  the 
church  of  Santa  Maria  in  Cosmedin ;  of  Concord,  only  re- 
cently brought  to  light,  on  the  side  of  the  Capitoline;  of 
.  Fortuna  Virilis,  near  the  Ponte  Rotto,  now  occupied  as  the 
Armenian  church,  and  presenting  one  of  the  purest  .speci- 
mens of  the  Ionic  in  Rome;  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  once  the 
most  magnificent  of  all,  the  pride  and  wonder  of  ancient 
Rome,  as  it  looked  proudly  down  from  the  summit  of  the 
Capitol,  but  now  only  dubiously  traced  in  part  of  its  foun- 
dations; of  Minerva  Medica.  still  forming  a  picturesque 
ruin  on  the  P^squiline.  near  the  Porta  JIaggiore:  of  Pallas 
Minerva,  still  a  beautiful  ruin,  consisting  chiefly  of  two 
Corinthian  columns,  supporting  a  magnificent  pntablature. 
and  a  continued  frieze  with  an  attic  above,  contj«4ning  a  full- 
length  figure  of  the  goddess;  of  Saturn,  on  the  side  of  the 
Capitoline  above  the  Forum,  and  forming  one  of  its  pictu- 
resque ruins;  and  above  all,  of  the  Pantheon,  situated  in  a 
small,  dirty  piazza,  between  the  Corso  and  the  Piazza  Xa- 
Tona.  but  at  once  one  )f  the  most  magnificent  and  be.st-pre- 
•erved  monuments  of  ancient  Roman  architecture.  Its  ex- 
eellent  preservation  is  undoubtedly  owing  to  its  early  con- 
vers  on  into  a  ChristI  in  church,  "under  the  name  of  Sta 
Maria  Rotonda.  It  is  entered  by  a  noble  portico,  110  feet 
long  by  40  feet  deep,  composed  of  16  Corinthi.an  columns  of 
OrienUil  granite,  with  capitals  and  bases  of  Greek  marble, 
and  consists  in  its  interior  of  a  rotunda  143  feet  in  diameter, 
crowned  by  a  dome,  the  height  of  which  is  also  143  feet. 
TUe  doors  are  of  bronze,  hung  on  bronze  pilasters,  and  the 
pavement  Is  of  porphyry,  pavonazetto,  and  giallo  antico, 


ROM 

airanged  in  round  and  .square  slabs.    The  most  interesting 
object  within  is  Raphael's  tomb. 

The  other  antiquities  most  deserving  of  notice  are  arches 
pillars,  baths,  aqueducts,  and  amphitheatres.  One  specimen 
of  each  will  suffice.  The  first  is  the  arch  of  Coiistantine, 
built  on  what  is  called  the  Via  Triumphali.s,  and  one  of  the 
most  elaborate  and  imposing  monuments  of  the  city,  though 
in  several  parts  indicative  of  the  decline  of  art.  The  noblest 
pillar  is  the  column  of  Trajan,  already  referred  to,  120  feet 
high,  composed  of  34  pieces  of  white  marble,  covered  over 
i  with  matchless  sculptures,  giving  the  hij^tory  of  Trajan's 
I  achievements,  .ind  containing,  among  others,  no  fewer  than 
I  2500  human  figures.  The  most  perfect  of  the  baths  are  those 
of  Caracalla,  situated  under  the  E.  slopes  of  the  Aventiue, 
and  occupying  an  area  of  at  least  1  mile  in  circuit.  Their 
ornaments  have  all  disappeared;  yet  few  sights  are  more 
impressive  than  their  mountainous  ruins  and  dizzy  arches 
encircled  by  flowery  glades  and  thickets  of  odorifejous  blos- 
soming trees.  The  aqueduct*  are  justly  regarded  as  the 
most  stupendous  of  the  Roman  wftrks;  but  most  of  them, 
though  originally  brought  within  the  walls,  have  their  most 
magnificent  remains  considerably  beyond  them.  That  of  the 
Aqua  Julia,  which  pursued  a  course  of  40  miles,  has  a  line 
of  arches  6  miles  long,  which  stretches  across  the  Canipagna, 
and  is  still  used  for  bringing  water  into  the  city.  The  am- 
phitheatres furnish,  in  the  Coliseum,  the  grandest  of  all  the 
Roman  ruins.  This  structure,  called  also  the  Flavian  Am- 
phitheatre, which  was  the  wonder  of  ancient  Rome,  and  is 
now  the  most  august  and  impo.«ing  ruin  in  the  world,  con- 
sists of  a  vast  ellip.se,  620  teet  in  length,  and  olo  feet  in  it? 
greatest  breadth.  In  the  centre  is  an  open  elliptical  space 
or  arena,  about  290  feet  in  length,  and  ISO  feet  iu  breadth. 
Around  this  arena  are  the  seats  of  the  spectators,  which 
rise,  tier  above  tier,  the  higher  ones  still  receding,  till  they 
almost  reach  the  top  of  the  outer  wall,  which  is  alxiut  160 
feet  in  height.  This  immense  amphitheatre  is  said  to  have 
had  seats  for  above  80,000  spectators,  and  standing-room  for 
20.000  more.  It  gives  a  dreadful  idea  of  the  times,  when  we 
call  to  mind  that  the  main  part  of  the  amusement  consisted 
iu  the  mutual  butchery  of  trained  gladiators,  and  iu  the 
exposure  of  heathen  criminals  and  Cliristiiin  martyrs  (o  be 
torn  to  pieces  by  wild  beasts. 

History. — The  history  of  Rome  is,  properly  speaking,  iden- 
tified with  that  of  the  Roman  empire,  which  could  not  even 
be  exhibited  in  a  dry  register  of  events  within  moderate 
limits.  In  a  more  restricted  sense,  however,  the  city  itself 
may  be  considered  as  having  an  individual  history,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  an  account  of  its  first  foundation,  and  of  the 
various  augmentations  and  embellishments  wliich  it  re- 
ceived during  the  successive  stages  by  which  it  rose  to  be 
not  only  the  mistress  of  the  world,  considered  as  the  capital 
of  a  kind  of  univei-sal  empire,  but  to  be  al.«o  for  centuries 
the  grandest,  the  richest,  and  the  most  populous  of  liuro- 
pean  cities.  Though  much  that  historians  have  gravely 
related  iu  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  city  is  mere  fable,  it 
cannot  be  questioned  that  it  was  founded  by  Romulus,  753 
years  b.  c.  Its  site  was  the  Palatine  Hill,  and  its  houses, 
consisting  of  humble  huts,  were  enclosed  by  a  rude  wall,  of  a 
quadrangular  form,  pierced  by  three  or  four  gates.  Like  all 
ancient  Itiilian  cities,  Rome  appears  to  have  had  a  clear  un- 
occupied space  both  within  and  without  the  walls,  known 
by  the  name  of  pomcerium.  New  walls,  enclosing  the  whole 
city,  were  begun  by  Tarquinius  Priscus,  and  completed  by 
Servius  Tullius,  about  570  b.  c.  These  walls  embraced  a 
circuit  of  about  5  miles,  and  continued  for  800  years  to  form 
the  recognised  limits  of  the  city,  though  it  cannot  be  doubted 
that  extensive  and  populous  suburbs  were  formed  in  various 
parts  of  the  vicinity.  The  number  of  gates  in  the  Servian 
walls,  according  "to  Pliny,  amounted  during  A'espasian's 
reign  to  37.  The  Emperor  Aurelian,  having  resolved,  a.  d. 
271,  to  miike  the  walls  commensurate  with  the  area  actually 
or  virtually  occupied,  removed  those  of  Servius,  and  erected 
others,  which,  though  afterwards  destroyed,  are  understood 
to  have  been  nearly  in  the  line  of  those  now  existing,  built 
by  the  Emperor  Ilonorius,  a,  d.  402.  The  most  important 
change  since  made  was  the  enclosure  of  the  Borgo  by  Leo 
IV.,  A.  D.  850. 

The  city  was  taken  by  Alaric  in  410.  and  b3'  Genseric  in 
455.  It  passed  successively  under  the  domination  of  the 
Ostrogoths  and  the  Emperors  of  the  East;  it  was  given  to 
the  popes  by  Pepin  and  Charlemagne  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, and  then  became  the  capital  of  the  States  of  the 
Church.  From  1S09  till  1814.  it  was  the  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Rome  in  the  French  limpire.  Iu  1S4S,  an  in- 
surrection broke  out  after  the  assassination  of  Count  Rossi, 
the  Pope's  prime  minister,  on  the  15th  of  November;  the 
Pope  fled  in  disgui.^e  on  the  24th.  A  republican  form  of  go- 
vernrnent  was  attempted  in  1849,  when,  on  the  8th  ot 
February,  the  National  Assembly  declared  the  Pope  di- 
vested of  .all  temporal  power;  but  this  was  overturned  b5 
the  intervention  of  a  French  force,  which  has  since  had 
pos.session  of  Rome. 

The  population  of  Rome  at  different  periods  is  an  in- 
teresting question,  but  from  want  of  data  cannot  be  satis- 
factorily answered.    Some  have  estimated  the  ("pulatlon 


KOM 

of  ancipnt  Rome,  when  the  Empire  was  in  the  height  of 
itH  prosperity  and  power,  as  hi;^h  as  three  millions.  Pop.  in 
1833.  170.701;  in  1846,  180.000,  includln;;  18.050  strangers; 
and  in  IHOM  201,161. Adj.  Komax;  (It.Sp.  and  Port.  Ro- 
mano, ro-nil'no,  feminine  Romana,  ro-md'nd;  t'r.  RoMAlx, 
rohni.N"'.  fdminine,  Romaine.  ro^min'  or  ro'mjn';  Ger.  l!o- 
MlscH,  riymish:  Dutch  Roomsche,  rSm's^h;)  Iiibab. — In  Kng- 
lish.  i'rench,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuucuese  the  adjective 
is  also  used  for  the  inhabitant;  (Ger.  RoiiEii,  ri^mer;  Dutch 
lloMEtN,  i-o-min'.) 

ROME,  rom,  a  post-township  of  Kennebec  CO.,  Maine,  18 
milfs  N.  by  W.  of  Au)j;usta.    Pop.  864. 

ROME,  a  post'Villaije  and  township,  semi-capital  of  Oneida 
CO.,  New  York,  situated  on  the  Mohawk  River  and  the  Erie 
CaiiJil,  at  a  point  where  the  Rome,  VTatertown,  and  Og- 
densburg  Railroad  forms  a  junction  with  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad,  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany,  and 
14  miles  N.W.  of  Utica.  The  Black  River  Canal  also 
here  forms  a  junction  with  the  Erie  Canal,  and  plank-roads 
extend  to  Oswego,  Taberg,  Utica,  and  other  towns.  The 
village  is  on  the  summit-level  between  the  Hudson  and 
Lake  Ontario;  the  Mohawk  flowing  through  its  E.  part, 
enters  the  former;  while  Wood  Creek  running  through  the 
W.  part,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  Mohawk, 
mingles  its  waters  with  the  latter.  It  is  a  place  of  active 
trade,  and  contains  a  large  and  handsomecourtrhouse.  a  jail, 
11  churelies,  4  large  hotels,  3  banks,  above  100  stores,  a 
flourishing  acailemy,  whose  principal  edifice  is  one  of  the 
finest  ornaments  of  tlie  place.  Two  weekly  newspapers  are 
published  hero.  Rome  also  contains  2  grist-mills,  2  large 
planing-mills,  1  car  tiictury,  1  large  iron  foundry,  3  brewe- 
ries, an  extensive  boai-iiuilding  etablishment  and  dry- 
dock,  and  several  large  lumber-yards,  tliis  being  one  of 
tlie  finest  lumber  markets  in  Central  New  York.  Sup- 
■plies  of  lumber  are  obtained  largely  for  Canada.  There 
are  also  here  two  large  forwarding  houses,  and  several 
extensive  buildings  connected  with  the  railroads,  giving 
the  place  a  lively  and  business-like  appearance  possessed  by 
few  inland  towns.  The  streams  furnish  a  valuable  water- 
power,  at  present  but  little  improved.  Rome  occupies  the 
site  of  old  Fort  Stanwix.  which,  with  Fort  IJull,  also  within 
its  limits,  is  celebrated  in  the  early  history  of  the  state  as 
among  tlie  strongest  forts  on  the  then  northern  frontier.  Pop. 
in  ISoO,  7918;  in  lS;>b,  10,075;  in  1860,  6246,  or,  according 
to  one  statement.  11,755. 

ROME,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1450. 
ROME,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1051. 
ROME,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  confluence  of  the  Etowah  and  Oostenaula,  which  forms 
the  Coo.sa  River,  170  miles   N.W.  of  Milledgeville.    It   is 
situated  on  .several  hills,  wliich  command  an  extensive  view 
of  mountain  scenery.   Steamboats  of  moderate  size  navigate 
the  Coosa  River,  and  can  ascend  as  far  as  this  place.     A 
branch  railroad,  about  20  miles  long,  was  opened  from  Rome 
to  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  at  Kingston,  in  1847, 
since  which  event  the  town  has  rapidly  increased.     About 
20,000  bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  here  annually.     Rome 
was  chosen  as  the  county  seat  in  1834,  and  incorporated  as 
a  city  in  1817.    It  contains  2  newspaper  offices.    Pop.  in 
1860.  4010. 
ROMK,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Arkansas. 
ROMK.   a  post-village  of  Smith  co.,  Tennessee,  on   the 
Cumberland  River,  45  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

ROM  K,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River, 
84  miles  above  Cincinnati,  has  an  active  trade  in  lumber. 
Mines  of  iron  ore  have  been  opened  in  the  vicinity. 

ROME,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Grand  River.  190  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  636. 
ROME,  a  town-ship  of  Atliena  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1581. 
ROM  E.  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  ( )hio.    Pop.  1638. 
ROME,  a  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  12  miles  N.  of 
Ma  nsfield. 

ROME,  a  flourishing  village  of  I.iOndon  township,  Seneca 
CO.,  Ohio,  110  miles  N.  of  Columbus.  A  plank-road  connects 
It  with  the  mouth  of  Sandu.sky  River.  Pop.  about  550. 
ROME,  a  post-township,  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1612. 
ROME,  a  pleasant  post^village,  capital  of  Perry  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Ohio  River,  100  miles  below  Louisville,  and  100 
miles  above  Evansville,  has  1  bank.  First  settled  in  1811. 
Population,  about  600. 

ROME,  a  post-village  of  Jefiferson  co.,  Illinois,  a  few  miles 
N.  of  Mount  Vernon. 

ROM  E.  a  village  of  Peoria  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
Peoria  Lake,  85  miles  N.by  E.  of  Springfield. 

ROME,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  on  Skunk  River, 
86  miles  W.N.W.  of  Burlington. 

RO.ME.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Duck 
C  -vxilc,  about  10  miles  E.  of  .Tefterson.    It  has  2  mills  and  2 
stores. 
ROM  FAN.    See  Rome. 

ROMEN,  ro-mJn/,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  S.  of  the 
government  of  Tcheniigov,and  flowing  S.E.,  joins  the  Soola 
after  a  course  of  90  miles. 
KOMEN  or  ROMN  U  (? )  rom'noo,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 


ROJK 

I  ment,  and  90  miles  N.X.W.  of  Poltava,  on  the  ^uo!»,  hsre 
joined  by  the  Romen.  Pop.  2300.  A  fair  is  held  here  yearly, 
from  the  15th  to  the  31st  of  May,  at  which  goods  to  the 
amount  of  nearly  2  millions  of  rubles  a're  sometimes  sold,. 
and  8000  persons  attend  as  buj'ers,  for  whose  at  commodaliou 
there  is  not  a  single  hotel  nor  respectable  lodgings. 

ROMENAY,  ro'mgh-ni',  a  small  town  of  France,  defjart- 
ment  of  SaOne-et-Loire,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tournus.    Pop.  iu  • 
1852,  8516. 

ROMENTINO,  ro-mJn-tee'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Novara,  near  Oalicate.     Pop.  1716. 

RO'.MEO,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jlaconib  CO.,  Michigan, 
1  mile  from  the  North  Branch  of  Clinton  River,  and  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Mount  Clemens,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
plank-road.  It  has  an  academy,  a  newspaper  office,  an  iron 
foundry,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  in  1860.  about  1200. 

ROMEO,  a  post-office  of  McIIenrv  co.,  Illinois. 

HOME  It,  {RSmer.)    See  Rome. 

ROMER.IL,  ro-m.A-rdl',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
province,  and  24  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  1320. 

ROMERSTADT,  ro/mer-statt\  (5Ioravian,  Jinmarzow, 
zhee-man/zov,)  a  town  of  Moravia,  24  miles  N.  ot  Olmiitz. 
Pop.  1800. 

ROM'FORD,  rtim'fgrd,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng 
land,  CO.  of  Essex,  on  tlie  Eastern  Counties  Itailway,  14  miles 
E.N.E.  of  St.  I'aul's,  L<5ndon.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,3791. 
The  town  has  an  ancient  church,  a  national  school,  alms- 
houses, a  union  work-house,  town-hall,  jail,  market-house, 
and  large  cavalry  barracks. 

KOMHILD,  (Romhild,)  romTiilt,  a  walled  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Saxe-Meiuiugen,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Meiningen. 
Pop.  1583. 

KOM  ILLY  SUR  ANDELLE,  ro'meeVee'  (or  iVmeeryeeO 
siiR  SnoMJI'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure,  9  miles 
N.W.  of  Les  Andelys.    Pop.  1118. 

ROMILLY  SUR  SEINE,  ro'mee'yee'  (or  ro'meeryeeO  siiR 
s.in,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Seine,  and  on  the  railway  from  Montereau 
to  Troyes,  10  miles  E.  of  Nogent-sur-.Seine.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3738.  It  has  a  fine  chateau,  with  some  manufactures  of 
cotton  hosiery  and  cordage.  Near  it  is  the  atibey  of  Selli^res, 
in  which  Voltaire  was  first  buried,  till  removed  to  Paris  iu 
1791. 

ROAI'ILY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

RO'MINES'  MILLS,  a  pcst-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Virginia. 

liOMISCH,  (liSmiscli.)    See  Rome. 

RO.^IMEDAIi,  rom'meh-dal\  a  parish  and  village  of  Nor- 
way, stift  of  Aggershuus,  amt  of  Ilodemark. 

ROM'NEY,  New,  a  cinque  port,  decayed  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  English 
Channel,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Canterbury.  Pop.  in  1851,  1053. 
Its  harbor  was  long  ago  destroyed  by  an  irruption  of  the 
sea.  It  is  a  prescriptive  municipal  borough,  and  a  polling- 
place  for  the  E.  division  of  the  county. 

ROMNEY,  Old,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

ROM'NEY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hampshire  Co.,  W. 
Virginia,  on  the  South  Branch  of  the  Potomac,  about  180 
miles  W.  of  Baltimore.     It  contiiins  1  bank.     Pop.  559. 

ROMNEY,  a  post-village  of  Tippecanoe  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  New  Albany  and  Salem  Railroad,  12  miles  S.  of  Lafar 
yette. 

ROM'NEY-MARSH,  a  level  tract  of  about  24,000  acres  of 
rich  sheep  pasture  in  England,  co.  of  Kent,  secured  against 
the  sea  by  an  immense  embankment,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a  corporation.  Romney  gives  the  title  of  earl  to 
the  Marsham  family. 

KO.MNU,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Romen. 

ROMOE,  (RomOe,)  ro'mo\or  rc/mtih^yeh,  an  island  of  Den- 
mark, off  the  W.  coast  of  the  dvichy  of  Sleswick,  4  miles  N.E. 
of  the  island  of  Sylt.  Length,  8  miles;  breadth,  2  miles. 
Pop.  1500. 

ROMONT.  ro'Tahy',  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 

12  miles  S.W.  of  Freyburg,  on  the  Glan.    Pop.  1300. 
R0M0(3S,  ro-mos',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 

13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lucerne.  Pop.  1610. 
ROMORANTIN,  ro'moVd.N»Hiso',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loire-et-Cher,  on  the  Saudre,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Morantin,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Blois.  Pop.  in  1852,  7962. 
It  has  a  tribunal  of  commeree,  a  communal  college,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  woollen  stuffs,  cards,  tape,  and  leather,  and 
trade  in  printed  cottons  and  wood.  It  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  Sologne.  and  has  an  old  castle,  and  a  spacious  prison. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Black  Prince  in  1356;  and  here,  in  1650, 
the  Chancellor  rilopital  issued  the  famous  edict  of  Romoran- 
tin,  preventing  the  Inquisition  in  France. 

ROM  ROD,  rom'rod,  or  rom'rot,  a-  town  of  Germany,  In 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Giessen.    Pop.  1689. 

ROMSDAL,  roms'dal,  a  district  and  village  of  Norway, 
stift  of  Trondhjem,  extending  from  the  Sneehaeten  W.  and 
N.W.  to  the  Atlantic.  Area,  5948  square  miles.  Pop.  81,314. 
It  comprises  the  Romsdal  Fiord,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  60  miles 
in  length,  and  on  an  arm  of  which  is  the  village  of  Roms. 
dal.    The  chief  town  is  Molde. 

ROMSEE,  rflK^'s^',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  4 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Liege.    Pop.  1438. 

1611 


J 


ROM 

RO.M'SET  or  EUM'SEY,  a  municlpl  borough,  town,  and 
parish  of  England,  cc  and  8  miles  X.X.W.  of  Southampton, 
with  which  it  is  connect^jd  hy  the  Andover  Canal,  and  by  a 
branch  of  the  South-western  Railway.  Pop.  of  the  borough, 
in  1851,  20S0.  The  town  has  a  venerable  cruciform  church, 
originally  part  of  a  nunnery,  founded  by  Edward  the  Elder, 
but  the  present  structure  is  a  Norman  edifice;  a  charity 
BcHool,  almshouse.'!,  and  a  branch  bank.   . 

ROMSOE.  (RomsSe.)  rom'so'eh.  an  islet  of  Denmark,  in 
the  Great  Belt,  3  miles  N'.E.  of  Euuen. 

ROM'DLUS,  a  post-townslup  in  the  central  p.irt  of  Seneca 
CO.,  New  York,  extending  from  Cayuga  to  Seneca  Lake. 
Pop.  2170. 

ROMULUS,  a  post-office  of  Tuscaloo.sa  co.,  Alabama. 

ROMULUS,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Wayne  co., 
Michiiran.    Pop.  1113. 

ROSlULUS  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

ROM'ULUSVTLLK.  a  post-village  of  Seneca  co..  New  York, 
10  miles  S.  of  Waterloo.  It  has  2  meetiug-houees,  2  stores, 
and  about  1-50  inhabitants. 

RO'NA,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides.  Scotland,  co.  of  In- 
Terness.  1  mile  N.  of  Rasay.  Pop.  160.  Length,  5  miles ; 
breadth,  1  mile. 

RON.!,  an  island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  Scotland,  1  mile 
8.  of  North  Uist.    Pop.  9.    Length,  2  miles. 

RONA,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  in  the  Atlantic,  40  miles 
N.  of  Lewis,  in  lat.  59°  10'  N.,  Ion.  5°  51'  W. 

RO'NALD,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ionia  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  892. 

RONALD  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Ionia  co..  Michigan. 

RON'ALDSHAY,  North,  the  northernmost  island  of  the 
Orkneys,  Scotland,  2^  miles  N.N.W.of  Taftness.  Area,  about 
4  si^uare  miles.  Pop.  481.  X  beacon  on  its  S.  promontory  is 
in  lat.  59°  29'  N.,  and  Ion.  2°  26'  W. 

RON.\LDSHAY,  South,  an  island  of  the  Orkneys,  Scot- 
land, is,  excepting  Pentland  Skerries,  the  southernmost 
i.sland  of  the  group,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Duncansby  IIe;id. 
Length,  8  miles.  Area,  about  18  square  miles.  Pop.  (in- 
cluding Burray  Island.)  3194.  St.  Jlargaret's  Hope,  on  the 
N.co.ist,  has  a  safe  and  convenient  harbor. 

RONCAL,  ron-kil',  a  valley  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  watered 
by  the  E.sca,  and  having  a  village  37  miles  E.  of  Pamplona. 

"  ROXCESV.A.LL  ES,  ron'se-vdllf  B,  (Sp.  IfoncesraVes,  ron-th Js- 
T^l'yJs;  Er.  Roncevaux,  rAxs^vO'  or  rAs'=Veh-v6',)  a  flintier 
village  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  province,  and  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Pamplona,  in  a  gorge  of  the  Pyrenees.  Here,  it  is  tradi- 
tionally said,  the  rear-guard  of  Charlemagne's  army,  under 
Roland,  was  defeated  and  destroyed  in  778;  and  the  subject 
is  celebrated  in  many  Spanish  romances. 

RONCH.IMP,  r(i>"*sh8x«',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Saone,  8  miles  E.  of  Lure.    Pop.  10G9. 

RONCIGLIONE,  ron-cheelyo'n.i,  a  town  of  Central  It.aly. 
Pontifical  States,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Viterbo,  on  the  Lake  of 
Vico.  Pop.  4600.  engaged  in  paper  mills,  and  thriving  iron- 
works, where  Elba  iron  is  wrought. 

RONCO,  ron'ko,  or  BIDENTE,  beKiSn'tl,  (anc.  Stdem,)  a 
river  of  Central  Italy,  takes  its  rise  in  Ttiscany,  and,  after 
a  N.N.E.  course  of  50  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic,  5  miles  E. 
of  Rjivenna. 

RONCX),  ronnco,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino, 
near  the  source  of  the  Ticino  River. 

RONCO,  ron'ko.  a  village  of  North  Italy,  government  of 
Venice,  14  mile*  S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Adige.    Pop.  2000. 

RONCO-BIELLESE,  ron'ko  be-M-ld'sA,  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  province,  and  7  miles  E.  of  Biella.    Pop.  1345. 

RONCO-IN-CANAVESE,  ron'ko  in  kd-na-vi'sd,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States.  17  miles  W.  of  Ivrea.    Pop.  1954. 

ROXCQ,  rANk,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  7 
miles  N.  of  Lille.  Pop.  1140.  The  French  here  defeated  the 
Au.strians  in  1794. 

ROXDA.  ron'di  a  city  of  Spain,  province  of  Malaga,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Sierra  Konda.  a  prolongation  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
42milesN.ofCiibraltar.  Pop.  15,943.  It  occupies  precipitous 
heights,  on  the  Guadiaro,  across  the  bed  of  which,  from  200 
to  300  feet  above  the  river,  are  three  bridges,  one  liaving  a 
single  arch  110  feet  in  span.  The  old  citv,  encircled  by 
Moorish  fortifications,  has  a  ruined  Moorish  palace.  The 
new  town,  also  on  a  contracted  space,  enclosed  by  cliffs,  is 
regularly  laid  out.  and  has  one  of  the  finest  bull-rings  in 
Spain,  a  celebrated  breeding  stud,  and  a  theatre.  The 
churches  arenumerous.  aud  highly  decorated.  It  has  manu- 
&cturea  of  woollen  cloths,  flannel,  leather,  silk  stuffs,  nu- 
merous water  mills,  an  active  trade,  and  a  fair  on  the  20th 
of  May,  which  is  fre<iueated  by  a  large  concourse  of  people, 
often  including  English  merchants  from  Gibraltar.  It  is  re- 
nowned for  its  R,ilubrity,  and  the  longevity  of  its  inha- 
bitants. In  (he  fourteenth  century  it  was  the  capitai  of  the 
Moorish  chief  Abo^vMelik.  Ronda  was  taken  by  surprise 
by  Ferdinand,  in  14S5.  In  1810  and  1812  it  w.as  occupied 
Vj^x.ill"''''-  '*?"  0°  retiring  blew  up  the  castle. 

KO.NDI.s^ONE,  ron-dls-so'ni,  or  ItONDIZZONE,  ron-dit- 
stfrnV,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  18  miles  N.E  of  Turin 
near  the  Dura-Baltea.     I'op.  19:i3 

SJ^v'P?.-..?,P"'"^"'™  °^  '>afayette  co.,  Arkansas. 

im  '"'*'^""^*'  a  post-village  of  Kingston  township. 


ROO 

Ulster  CO.,  New  York,  on  Rondout  Creek,  1  mile  from  its  en- 
trance into  the  Hudson  River,  90  m.  N.  of  New  York.  Large 
quantities  of  coal  are  received  here  by  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal,  which  terminates  near  tliis  point.  Rondout 
contains  S  churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  oflices,  and  several 
8hii>yards,  niachiue-shops,  &c.  It  has22steainers  running 
to  New  York  and  Albany.     Pop.  about  7000.    See  KlXGSTOS. 

RONDOUT  CREEK,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  York,  rises 
in  Sullivan  co.,  and  enters  the  Hudson  River  at  Eddyville. 
The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  follows  the  valley  of  this 
stream. 

RONGY,  riN^'zhee',  a  vUlage  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Haiuaut,  on  the  Elnon,  in  a  marshy  district,  7  miles  S.  of 
Tournav.    Pop.  1100. 

RONKONKO'MA,  a  be-autiful  pond  of  Suffolk  co..  Long 
Island,  New  York,  near  the  Long  Island  Railroad.  It  is 
nearly  circular,  and  Ij  miles  in  diameter. 

RONNE,  (Roune,)  ron'neh,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark, 
stift  of  Seeland,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Lsland  of  Bornholra, 
in  the  Baltic,  of  which  it  is  the  capital.  Pop.  4300.  Its  port 
is  defended  liy  batteries,  and  it  has  a  town-liall.  grammar 
school,  and  hospital,  ship-building  docks,  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloth,  and  tobacco. 

RONNEBURG,  rou'neh-bo<"iRG\  a  walled  town  of  Germ.any, 
in  Sa.xe-.\ltenliurg,  4  ni'iles  E.S.E.  of  Gera.  Pop.  5001.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  a  ducal  paLice.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloth,  porcelain,  earthenware,  and  leather.  In  the 
vicinity  are  mineral  baths. 

RONXEBY,  ron'neh-bu\  a  market-town  of  Sweden.  Ijen, 
and  12  miles  N.AY.  of  Carlski-ona,  on  the  Ronneby-A.1,  near 
its  mouth  in  the  B.altic.     Pop.  1000. 

RONNOW,  rou'nov,  or  IIRONOW,  h'ro'nov,  a  market- 
town  of  Bobemi.a,  16  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Czaslau.     Pop.  1475. 

K0XQUI£kES,  rA.N'='ke-air.',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut,  on  the  Somme,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Mons.     P.  1310. 

ROX'SAY-Axi>-EG'LISHAY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Orkney,  comprising  the  islands  of  Ronsay,  Eglishaj'.  Weir, 
and  Enhallow,  and  two  holms  in  small  pasture  i.slands. 

ROXSBERG.  ronstiiBO,  or  RONSSPEIJG.  ron.s'pjRC.  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bohemia.  23  miles  W.N.W.  of  Klattau.     P.  1928. 

RONSDORF.  i-ons'doRf.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  3  miles 
S.E.  of  Elberfeld.    Pop.  3690. 

RONSE,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Rex.ms. 

RONSECO.  ron-s.Vko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  St.ttes,  34 
miles  X.E.  of  Turin.    Pop.  I'^IO. 

ROOBLEVKA,  ROUBLEVKA  or  RUBLEWKA,  roob-lJv'- 
ki,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government,  and  5C  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Kharkov,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Vorskla.     J'.  1500. 

ROOBTSERA,  ROUBTSERA  or  RUBTSERA.  roob-ts-Vrd, 
a  market-town  of  Russi.a,  government  of  Kharkov,  on  the 
Oskol,  10  miles  E.  of  Izioom.    Pop.  1500. 

ROODBAR,  ROUDBAR  or  RUDBAR,  rood'bar',  a  town 
of  Persia,  province  of  Ghilan,  near  a  strong  defile  of  the 
same  name,  35  miles  S.  of  Reshd,  on  the  Sefeed-Rood.  by 
which  it  exports  a  good  deal  of  oil,  olives,  and  soap  to  Asiatic 
Ru.ssia. 

ROODBAR,  ROUDBAR  or  RUDE.A.R,  a  village  and  dis- 
trict of  Rus.«ian  Transcaucasia,  province  of  Shirvan. 

ROODNIA,  ROUDNI.\  or  RUDNIA.  rood'ne-S,  a  market- 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mo- 
heelev.  on  the  Beresiua.     Pop.  1600. 

ROODNIKI.  ROUDNIKI  or  RUDXTKI,  rood-nee'kee,  a 
market-town  of  Ru.«sia,  government,  and  15  miles  S.  of  Vilna, 
on  the  Meretchank.a,  an  affluent  of  the  Niemen.     Pop.  1550. 

ROODOMEEN,  ROUDOMIN  or  RCDOMIN,  roo-dr-meen', 
a  m.arket-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  7  uiilea 
S.E.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  15.50. 

ROOKONI,  ROUKONI  or  RUKOXI,  roo-ko'nee,  a  market- 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  8  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Vilna.     Pop.  1800. 

ROOK'S  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Livingston  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  130  miles 
from  Chicago. 

ROOK'S  ISL.\ND,  Pacific  Ocean,  is  between  Papua  and 
New  Britain,  in  lat.  5°  29'  S.,  Ion.  147°  46'  E. 

ROOM-ELEE.  ROUM-ILI.  RUMILI.  room'-e-lee',  ROOME- 
LIA,  ROUMELIA  or  RUMELIA,  roo-mee1e-a,  the  metropoli- 
tan province  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  at  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Europe,  between  lat.  40°  and  43'  N.,  and  Ion.  2U°  40'  and 
29°  E..  divided  from  Asia  Slinor  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Sea  ?f 
Marmora  and  the  Straits  of  the  Bosphorus  and  Dardanelles, 
having  W.  Macedonia,  N.the  Balkan,  separating  it  from  Bul- 
garia, S.  the  iEgean,  and  E.  the  Bl.ack  Sea.  E.stiinated  area, 
28.000  square  miles.  Pop.  2.200,0{'0.  Two  mountain  chains, 
offsets  from  the  Balkan,  travene  Its  surface  from  X.W.  to 
S.E.,  bounding  the  ba.«in  of  the  .Maritz.i.  which  river  drains 
the  mo.st  part  of  its  centre:  thes«  chains  terminate  in  the 
peninsulas  of  Gallipoli  and  Const-mtinople.  It  is  suV'divided 
into  the  sauj.aks  of  Viza,  Kirk-kiii  (seh.  Tchirmen.  Gallipoli; 
and  besides  the  towns  oftho.se  names,  it  comprises  Constat 
finople..Vdrianople.  Pbilip)xipoIis.  Tatar- l{azardjik,KvN«nlilc, 
Selimnia.  Eskee  .sara.  Demotica.  and  Enos.  Rooiu-Elee  jr. 
eludes  the  territory  of  ancient  T/micia  and  Macalonm. 

ROOM-ELEE  (or  RUMILI)  HISSAR,  room'e-leeMn\s-sar', 
("  Castle  of  Europe,")  a  fortress  of  European  Turkey  on 


EOO 


EOS 


the  Bosporus,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Constantinople,  immediately 
opposite  AnatoIia-IIissar,  ("  Castle  of  Asia,")  and  founded  by 
Mohammed  II.,  in  14.'il. 

R00M-1':LKE-KAWAK,  a  fort  of  European  Turkey,  5  miles 
N.  of  Room-EIee-IIis.«ar. 

ROOM-KALAII.  IIOUM-KALAII  or  RDM-KALAH.  room- 
ki'Mh,  (('.  e.  ''Castle  of  Rome.")  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
on  the  Euphrates,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Samosat.  It  was  at  one 
time,  it  is  said,  the  capital  of  Lesser  Armenia.  The  name 
Hoom,  "  Rome,"  is  often  loosely  applied  by  the  Turks,  to 
places  containing  a  Roman  or  Byzantine  colony.  See  RooM- 
Kleb. 

ROOirSCn.    See  Rome. 

ROON.  a  villaw  of  Holland.     See  Rot)E!». 

ROONYAH.  ROUNYAH,  ROO.MAIIIEH  or  ROTJMA- 
niEII,  roo-inj-heiyyeh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic, 
and  about  120  miles  S.  of  Bai^dad,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Euphrates.     It  consists  of  alwut  400  houses. 

ROOSA,  ROUSA  or  RUSA.  roo'sS,  a  town  of  Rusf4a.  ko- 
vernment,  and  56  miles  W.  of  Moscow,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Moskwa.  Pop.  '2.')00.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong  citadel,  and 
has  a  larije  salt  mauazine.  and  two  annual  feirs. 

R()0SI;BEKK.  Oost.  Ost  ro'seh-b.Vkeh.  a  Tillage  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Lys,  8  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Courtrai. 

ROOSEBEKE,  West,  ftjst  ro'seh-bi'keh.  or  ROSBECQ, 
rosHi?k',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  14 
miles  N.W.  of  Courtrai,  and  where  the  Fi-ench  defeated  the 
Flemings  in  1-H8'2. 

ROOSENDAATi,  ro'zen-dJr,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  ^'orth  Brabant, ~14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Breda.  I'op. 
2861. 

ROOSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

ROOSTCIIOOK,  ROU.StCIIOUK  or  RUSTSCIIUK,  rnos'- 
chook'.  written  also  ROUTCIIOUK,  RU.SCZUK,  and  RUST- 
SCIIUK, a  fortitied  city  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  on 
a  steep  bank  of  the  Danube,  55  miles  E.  of  Xicopolis.  Pop. 
30,000.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  bey,  has  a  citadel,  numerous 
small  mosfiues,  and  some  trade ;  but  it  is  a  wretched  place, 
and  has  not  "  a  single  good  bazaar  or  cafe,  or  a  single  respect- 
able edifice  of  any  description." 

ROOT,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Erie  Canal,  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2622. 

ROOT,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana.    I'op.  1377. 

ROOT,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  St.  Mary's 
River,  110  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

ROOT  CREEK,  a  pos't-offiae  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  11  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

ROOTH'ING,  AB'BOTS.  a  parish  of  Enaland,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

ROOTIIING.  A  YTIIORP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ROOTHIXG,  BEAUCIIAMP,  (bee/ch^m.)  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Essex. 

ROOTHINQ,  BERN'ERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 

ROOTIIING,  HIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

ROOTIIING,  LE  AD'EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

ROOTIIING,  MAR'GARET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 

ROOTIIING,  WHITE,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Essex 

ROOT  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  a  few  miles  W,  of  .Mil- 
waukee, in  Waukesha  county,  and  after  a  S.E.  course  of 
about  35  miles,  enters  Liike  Michigan  at  Racine  City.  The 
rapids  near  this  place  afford  a  valualile  water-power. 

ROOTS'TOWN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Portage 
CO..  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Rail- 
road.   Pop.  1283. 

ROOZIIANA.  ROU.JANA  or  RU3CIIAN.4.,  roo-zhUnl,  a 
market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  68  miles 
S.Ii  of  Grodno.     Pop.  1500. 

ROPCZY'CE  or  ROBCZYCE,  rop-chif  s.i  a  town  of  Austria, 
in  Galicia,  27  miles  E.  of  Tarnow,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Wis- 
loka.     Pop.  1200. 

ROPESLEY,  rOpslee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ROPEQUIZ.    See  Roquepiz, 

ROP'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 

R0PPI.1L0,  rop'po-lo.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  province,  and  11  miles  S,  of  Biella,  a  little 
E.  of  the  Lake  of  Viverone.     Pop.  1249. 

ROPSHA  or  ROPSCHA,  rop'shj,  a  village  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment, and  25  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Petersburg,  with  an  im- 
lerial  palace  in  which  Peter  the  Great  died,  in  1725. 

ROQUR.  La,  Id  rok,  a  headland  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-Iiiferieure,  on  the  Seine  estuary,  7  miles  N,N.W.  of 
Pont-.\uden!er, 

ROQUEBROU,  La,  Id  rok'broo/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cautal.  on  the  Cdre,  12  miles  W.  of  Aurillac.  P,  1375. 

ROQUEBRUNE,  rok'briin',  a  market-town  ni  France,  de- 
p«irtuient  of  Var,  5  miles  W,  of  Frejus,     Pop.  ^00. 

ROQUEBRUSSAXE,  La.  Id  rok"briis\sdn',  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Var,  15  miles  N.  of  Toulon.  Pop. 
1411. 

ROQUECOR,  roVkoR',  a  town  of  Frame,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Moissac.    Pop.  1275. 

ROQUECOUKBE,  rok'kooRiy,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Tarn,  19  miles  S,S.E.  of  Alby.    Pop.  2053. 


ROQUEFORT,  rok'foR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Landes,  on  the  Douze,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Mont-de-Marsan 
Pop.  in  1S52,  1721.     It  has  manufactures  of  earthenwares. 

ROQUEFORT,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  22  miles  S.  of  Limoux.    Pop.  796. 

ROQUEL.\URE,  rokMoti/,  a  town  of  France,  department  cf 
Gers.  3  miles  from  Auch. 

ROQUE.MAURE,  roM<eh-m6R/  or  rok'mOn/,  a  town  -ot 
France,  department  of  Gard.  near  the  Rhone,  25  miles  N.E 
of  Ntmes.     Pop.  in  1852,  3205. 

ROQUEPIZ,  ro-keh-peez',  erroneously  written  ROPEQUIZ 

an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  lat.  9°  56'  N.,  Ion.  65°  14'  Fi. 

.  ROQUES,  Los,  loce  ro'kJs,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  C» 

ribbean  Sea.' belonging  to  Venezuela.     Lat.  11°  57' 40"  N„ 

Ion.  67°  40'  W. 

ROQUET  AS,  ro-ki'tds,  a  maritime  village  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  11  miles  S.W.  of  Almeria,  on  the  Bay  of  Almerja, 
with  .salt-works.     Pop.  2072. 

ROQUE-TIMBAUT,  rok-t^NO^W.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Agen.  Pop.  1293. 

ROQUEVAIRE.  rolOv.W.  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mar- 
-seilles.     Pop.  1534. 

l{01!.-i.\S,  (Itoraas.)  ro'ros,  a  mining  town  of  Norway,  stift, 
and  67  miles  S.E  of  Trondhjem,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Glom- 
men,  near  its  source.  Pop,  30li0.  It  yields  annually  a  great 
.amount  of  copper  ore.  From  its  position,  on  a  table-land 
from  6000  to  7000  feet  in  height,  its  climate  is  all  but  per- 
petual winter. 

ROKAIMA,  ro-ri'md.  a  mountain  of  British  Guiana,  Lat, 
5°  .'50'  N.,  Ion,  61°  10' W,,  and  estimated  to  be  7500  feet  above 
the  sea.  It  gives  origin  to  rivers  tributary  to  the  basins  of 
the  Orinoco,  Amazon,  and  Essequibo.  and  which  forms  on 
its  sides  magnificent  falls,  for  1400  to  1500  feet  in  height. 

ROI!I!.\CII,  roa'bdk',  a  market-town  of  France,  dep.art- 
ment  of  Moselle,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Sarreguemines,     Pop,  1208. 

ROKEE,  ro'ree,  or  LOIIUREE,  lo'hoo-ree\  a  town  of  Sinde, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Indus,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Shikarpoor. 
Lat.  27°  42'  N.,  Ion.  08°  5.3'  E.  Pop,  about  KOOO.  It  occu- 
pies a  declivity,  and  is  outwardly  good  looking.  The  houses 
are  lofty  and  flat  roofed;  and  here  are  mosques,  a  large 
serai  or  inn,  and  some  bazaars :  but  the  stieets  are  narrow, 
and  the  town  is  filthy.  The  inhabitants  manufacture  coarse 
paper,  leather,  silks,  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  work  in  gold, 
silver,  and  jewelry, 

ROR0T0NG.\,  an  island  of  the  Pacific.    See  RAjiATO>fOA. 

RORSCHACH,  ron/shdK,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  7  miles  N,E,  of  St.  Gall,  with  a  harbor  on  the  Lake  of 
Constance. 

ROS,  ros,  or  ROSSA,  ros'sd,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the 
government  of  Kiev,  and  joins  the  right  Iwnk  of  the  Dnelper 
a  little  above  Tcherkasi,     Total  course,  about  160  miles, 

ROSA  SIORADA,  ro/sd  mo-rd'nd,  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  of  Cinaloa,  S,E,of  Culiacan.  Pop.  4000. 
Around  it  coffee,  citron,  and  indigo  grow  wild. 

ROSARIO,  ro-sd're-o,  a  small  island  of  the  Arzobispo 
group,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  14°  6'  S.,  Ion.  141°  W.- 

ROSARIO.  ro-sd're-o,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
state  of  Cinaloa.     A  village  of  Texas  has  tlie  same  name. 

R()S.\RIO,  ro-sd're-o,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
(La  Plata.)  in  South  America,  department,  and  190  miles 
N.W.  of  Buenos  Ayres,  on  the  W,  bank  of  the  Parang, 

ROSARIO,  ro-sd're-o,  or  SANAMARO,  sdn-d-md/ro,  a  vil- 
lage in  the  Island  of  Teneriffe,  on  a  beautiful  plain,  not  far 
from  Laguna.     Pop.  1609. 

ROSARIO  DE  CUCUT A, ro-sd're-o  dA  koo-koo'td.  atown  of 
South  America,  in  New  Granada,  department  of  Boyaca.  on 
the  river  Zulia.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  the  depot  for  the  produce 
of  the  surrounding  country. 

ROSARNO.  ro-san'no.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  6  miles  N.E.bf  Gioja.     Pop.  1500. 

ROSAS,  ro/sds,  (anc,  Slinda  or  HlindopeJ)  a  seaport-town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles  N.E.  of  Gerona,  on  the  N, 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Rosas,  Pop.  2580,  Its  fortifications 
were  mostly  destroyed  by  the  French  in  180S, 

ROSASCO,  ro-sds'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  di- 
vision of  Novara.  province  of  Lomellina.     Pop.  1665. 

ROSATE,  ro-sd'tA,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardv,  13  miles  N.W,  of  Pavia, 

IKi'SA  TURN'OUT,  a  railroad  station  in  Pike  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  108  miles 
from  New  York  City. 

ROSBER'CON  or  ROSEBER/CON,  a  village  and  paiish  of 
Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kilkenny,  on  the  W,  side  of  the 
Barrow  opposite  New  Ross,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  Pop. 
1000,  It  has  extensive  stores  and  quays,  Glocomb  distillery, 
and  picturesque  remains  of  a  monastery, 

ROS'BOROUGH,  a  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Tennessee,  8S 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Nashville,  is  the  seat  of  a  cotton  factory. 

ROSCARBERY,  a  town  of  Irel.and.     See  Ross. 

ROSCHITZ,  (Roschitz,)  rS'shits,  or  RESPITZ,  rf.s/pits,  a 
market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Komeu- 
burg.     Pop.  1267.  . 

ROSCHTIN,  rosh-teen',  a  village  of  Moravia,  circle  of  Hni- 
disch,  near  Strilek.    Pop.  1185. 

1613 


EC'S 

KOSCrA.VO,  ros-chJ'no  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
ibruKzo  Ultra  I.,  S.E.  of  Civita  di  Penne,  on  the  Pescara. 
Pop.  1160. 

KOSCiAXllM  or  ROSCIA  NAVALIS.    See  Rossaxo. 

ROSCKl.NO,  ro-sheen'yo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Priucipato  Ultra,  S.K.  of  Oampa^na.     Pop.  1025. 

R0SC0I5I K.  a  parish  of  Scotland.     See  Rescobib. 

ROSCOE,  ro-s'ko,  a  pos^office  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky. 

ROSCOK.  a  flouri.shins  poist-village  of  Coshocton  en..  Ohio, 
on  the  Muskingum  River,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It 
rontiins  a  union  school.  Grain  and  other  articles  are 
shipped  on  the  Ohio  Canal  at  this  place.    Pop.  637. 

ROSCOE.  a  thrivinsr  post-village  and  township  of  Winne- 
bago CO.,  Illinois,  on  Kock  River,  12  miles  above  Rockford. 
The  village  has  water-power,  and  contains  a  large  woollen 
factory  and  several  stores.  Population,  about  400;  of  the 
township,  7C)6. 

ROSCOE,  a  sm.^11  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri,  130 
miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ROSCOFF.  ros'koff',  a  maritime  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere,  on  a  tongue  of  laud  extending  into  the 
English  Channel.  13  miles  X.W.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  in  1862, 
3651.  Here  Maiy  Queen  of  Scots  embarked  to  espouse  the 
French  dauphin  in  1558. 

ROSCO.M'.MON,  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  river  Shannon,  and  by 
Its  affluent,  the  Suck,  on  the  W.  Area.  950  .square  miles. 
The  surface  is  mostly  undulating;  mountainous  in  the  N., 
and  Hat  in  the  E.  The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile.  Pop. 
1851,  174,492.  The  principal  towns  are  Roscommon,  Boyle, 
Castlereagh,  Stokestown,  and  a  part  of  Athlone.  It  sends 
2  members  to  the  lIou.se  of  Commons. 

ROSCO.MMON,  a  market-town,  parish,  and  formerly  par- 
li.amentary  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  above  county, 
with  a  station  on  the  Dublin  and  Mullingar  Railwa3',  17 
miles  X.X.W.  of  .A.thlone.  Pop.  of  town,  3439.  The  princi- 
pal edifices  are  the  parish  church,  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
new  courthouse,  jail,  and  county  infirm.ary,  with  remains 
of  a  castle  and  a  fine  abbey  of  the  thirteenth  centurj'.  Its 
manu&ctures  comprise  coarse  woollens,  tlannfel,  shoes,  and 
earthenwares;  and  the  town  has  an  increasing  corn  trade. 
It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Dillon  family. 

ROSCOM'.MOX,  an  unorganized  county  in  the  X.  central 
part  of  Michigan,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  sources  of  Maskegon  and  Au  Sable  Rivers.  This 
county  is  not  named  in  the  census  of  1850. 

EOSCRE.A.,  ros-kri',  a  market-town  and  p,arish  of  Ireland, 
In  Munster,  co.  of  Tipperary,  near  its  X.W.  extremity,  7 
miles  W.  of  RorrLs-in-Ossorj'.  Pop.  of  town  in  1841,  5275 ;  in 
1851,  3:iS9.  It  is  finely  situated,  being  enclosed  by  moun- 
tains, has  a  church,  which  formed  part  of  an  abbey  founded 
in  the  seventh  century,  several  chapels,  barracks,  court  and 
market-house,  bridewell,  fever  hospital,  and  work-house,  a 
curious  ancient  pillar,  and  other  antiquities. 

ROSE,  Le,  Id  ro/sA.  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  7  miles  X.  of  Cosenza.    Pop.  1650. 

ROSE,  a  post-village  and  toAvnship  of  Wayne  co..  New 
York,  8  miles  X.E.  of  Lyons.  The  village  contains  3  churches, 
2  stores,  1  steam  saw  mill,  2  hotels,  1  tannery,  and  2  stave 
factories.    Pop.  of  the  townsliip,  2119. 

ROSE,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania,  contains 
Brookville,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  828. 

ROSE,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Carroll 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  12S6. 

ROSB,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oakland  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  1166. 

ROSE  ASH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

ROSEAU,  ro'zo',  the  principal  town  of  the  island  of  Do- 
minica, in  the  British  West  Indies,  on  its  W.  coast  Lat. 
15"  18' 4"  X.,  Ion.  61°  24' 7"  W.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  an  arse- 
nal and  an  excellent  harbor. 

ROSEBOOM.  rOz'boom,  a  post-township  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York.     I'oi).  1S70. 

R(JSERUR(}.  roz'btirg.  a,^ost-village  of  Perry  co,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 38  niilen  W.  of  Ilarflsburg. 

ROSEBUKG,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

ROSE  CitEEK,  a  post-office  of  JlcXairy  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROSEDALK.  (ro//dal.)  West,  a  chapelry  and  township  of 
England,  co.  of  York.  Xorth  Riding. 

ROSED.^LE,  roz'dal,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  oo.,  Maine. 

ROSEDALE,  a  post-offlee  of  Russell  co.,  Virginia. 

ROSEDALK.  (if  Ohio.    See  Liverpool. 

KOSEIIEAKTY,  roz'har'tee.  a  fishing  village  and  burgh 
of  barony  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  on  the  Moray  Frith, 

S"  -^  ^^'  *'*' *"''«serburgh.     Pop.  in  1851,  844. 

Sl^iS  'i'i"''  '"I^I^'  »  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

KOSh  IIILI^  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Airginia. 

iJ^-o  i'^^'^'  "  post-office  of  Amite  co.,  Mississippi. 

ROSE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Harris  co..  Texas. 

v'^t^'  HIH/'  *  Post-offl'-e  of  L.aurel  co.,  Kentucky. 

KUhh  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 

i,^'!;*?.  '.'?■■'  '  °"'^'^  ^-  ^y  ^^'-  of  Xewton. 

Rnsi^  I    I  ■  '  *  ri.""".  '■"'''^'*'  "f  Johnson  co.,  Missouri, 
in  „  7     l'  v- b"  *  jlJ"^  'np  post-viUage  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa, 
10  miles  E.  N .  E.  of  Oskaloosa.  ~.  w.,  *«  n  a, 

16U  ' 


ROS 

ROSE  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Bahamas,  E.  of  New  Pro. 

videuce. 

ROSE  ISLAXD.  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  one  of  the  Xavl- 
gators'  Islands.     Lat.  14°  32'  47"  S.,  Ion.  169°  W. 

ROSELAXD,  rozland.  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia. 
ROSEL.\XD,  a  post-office  of  Collin  co.,  Texas. 
ROSELL,  ro-sel'.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
43  miles  X.X.E.  of  Ca.stellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  2425. 

ROSELLO.  ro-sM'lo.  a  market-town  of  Xaples,  jirovince  of 
Abruzzo  Citr.i.  24  miles  S.  of  Lanciano.     Pop.  lOtlO. 

ROSEJt.VItKIE.  rox^mar'kee.  a  parish.  Scotland,  co.  Roes, 
ROSEMARY  (roz'm:l-re)  ISLAND,  Dampier  ArchipcUgc, 
West  Australia.     Lat.  20^  28"  15"  S.,  Ion.  116°  30'  K. 
ROSE  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  .\mherst  co.,  Virginia. 
ROSysX  AL'LIS.  a  parish,  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  Queens  ca 
ROSEXAU,  ro'zeh-nrpw\  or  ROZXAWA,  roz'nd-wi,  (Hun. 
Rosnyohanya,  ros'nyoMidn'yoh\)  a  town  of  Xorth  Hungary, 
CO..  and  15  miles  X.E.of  GomBr,  on  the  Sajo.     Pop.  liOO^).    It 
is  the  .see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran 
churches,  an  episcopal  .seminary,  a  Franciscan  convent,  Ro- 
man  Catholic    and   Lutheran   colleges,   high-schools,   and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  linen,  stoneware,  leather,' 
and  paper. 

ROSEXAU,  (Hun.  Romyo,  ros'nyo\)  a  town  of  Tran- 
sylvjini.i.  in  Saxon  land,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Aloota,  ( Aluta.) 
7  nnles  S.  of  Kronstadt.  Pop.  4010.  It  has  a  strong  castle, 
and  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches. 

ROSEX.\U,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  5  miles  AV.  of 
Zwettel.  with  a  noble  residence  and  fine  gi-ounds. 

ROSEXAU,  a  village  of  Austria,  duchy  of  SaxeCoburg,  5 
miles  X.E.  of  Coburg,  with  a  summer  residence  of  the  duke. 
ROS  EX  BERG.  ro'zen-bSRo\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  25 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Oppeln,  at  the  source  of  the  Stober.  Pop 
2-300.  It  has  manufactures  of  leather,  lineus,  woollens.  &c. 
ROSENBKRG.  (Polish,  Sasz.  soosh,)  a  town  of  West  Prus- 
sia, 17  miles  E.  of  .Marieuwerder.     Pop.  23S9. 

ROSEXUERG,  (Hun.  RmmbfH;  rozm'b^Rk',)  a  market- 
town  of  Xorth  Hungary,  co.  of  Lipt.au,  at  the  continence  of 
the  Waag  and  Revucz;i.  23  miles  X.X.E.  of  Xeusohl.  Pop. 
2532.     It  has  Piarist  and  Roman  Catholic  colleges. 

ROSEX  BERG,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dud- 
weis.    Pop.  1223. 

ROSE.X  BURG.riXzen-booRGNGEOSS.  groce,  and  Kleis.  klTne. 
two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussi;u  province  of  S.axony. 
government,  and  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Saale. 
Pop.  1656. 

RO'SEXD.\LE,  a  post-viUage  <«nd  township  of  Ulster  co., 
Xew  York,  on  Rondout  Creek,  about  60  miles  S.  by  AV.  of 
Albany.  It  contains  a  mill  for  preparing  hydraulic  cement, 
which  is  found  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  of  the  township.  2826. 
ROSEXD.^LE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fond  du 
Lac  CO..  AA'iscon.sin,  77  miles  X.AV.  of  .Milwaukee.  It  con- 
tains 3  stores.  2  hotels,  and  6  manuf!ict<iries.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  1176. 

ROSEXDORF,  ro'zen-doRr.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Leitmeritz,  about  20'  miles  from  .\usscgg,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Rosenberg,  aliove  the  Elbe.    Pop.  1386. 

ROSE'XE.\TH.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton. 
ROSE'X  EATH.  a  post-office  of  Halifax  co..  North  Carolina, 
112  miles  X.E.  of  Raleigh. 

ROSEXFELD.  ro'zen-fMt\  a  town  of  AVUrtemberg.  circle 
of  Black  Forest.  19  miles  N.E.  of  Rottweil.     Pop.  1302. 

ROSENHEIM,  nVzeu-hime'.  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on 
the  Inn,  S2  miles  S.E.  of  Munich.     Pop.  224ll. 

ROSEXTHAL,  ro'zen-tir,  or  ROZMITTAL,  rSz'mit-tilr,  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Lomnitz.  23  miles  X.X.AV.  of  PTsek. 
ROSEXTHAL.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel,  pro- 
vince of  Ober  Hessen,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Marburg.     P.  1597. 
ROSEXTHAL,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles  S  of  Budweis. 
Pop.  572. 
ROSE  POINT,  a  postofHce  of  Lawrence  co..  Pennsylvania. 
ROSETO,  ro-s.Vto.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanata,  11  miles  AV.  ofTroja.    Pop.  4000. 

ROSETO,  a  market-towii  of  Xaples.  province  of  Cal.*bria 
Citi-a,  on  the  Gulf  of  Taranto.  21  miles  N.E.  of  Cassano. 
Pop.  800. 
ROSETREE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
ROSETTA.  TO-zWtL  (Arab.  Roilind  or  Er-Rasheed.  rl* 
sheed';  Fr.  Rosetif,  TO'zitt>;  It.  Rosctta,  roNsJt/ti,)  a  seaport 
town  of  Ix)wer  Egypt,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  AV.  arm 
of  the  Xile,  at  its  "delta.  40  miles  N.E.  of  Alexandria.  Lat 
31°  25'  N.,  Ion.  30°  28'  E.  Previous  to  the  opening  of  the 
Mahmoodeeyeh  Canal,  which  connects  Alexandria  with  the 
Nile,  it  had  26,000  inhabitants:  p()p.  now  only  about  4000. 
It  has  still  a  thriving  general  trade,  and  some  manufactures 
of  sail-cloth,  leather,  and  iron  goods  for  the  dockyards  of 
Alexandria.  ,The  town  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  neatly 
built;  it  is  in  repute  for  salubrity,  and  attracts  manv  sum- 
mer visitors.  It  was  founded  in  870.  near  the  siteof  tho 
ancient  BoUntinum ;  and  here,  in  179fl.  w.ns  discovered  the 
fiimous  "Rosetta  stone,"  which  furnished  the  key  to  the 
Egyptian  hieroglyphics;  it  is  now  in  the  British  Aluseuin. 
Rosetta  was  taken  by  the  French  in  17y8,  and  besieged  by 
the  English  in  1807. 
ROSiyVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  oo ,  Arkanaa*. 


ROS 


ROS 


ROSEVTT-iLE,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 

KOSKVriJylO.  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  65 
miles  K.  of  Colunibu.s. 

HO.SKVirJjK,  a  post-offlce  of  Macomb  co.,  Micliigan. 

IIOSEVILLE,  a  post>village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  on  Rac- 
coon Creek.  70  miles  W.  of  Indianapolis,  has  a  flouring  mill. 

KOSEVl  L[>E.  a  post-tnshp.  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois.  1*.  H8i. 

ROSGI.\TO.  ros-jit/to,  written  also  KOSGIAT,  a  village  of 
Austria,  in  Dalmafia,  about  1  mile  from  Kagusa.    Pop.  1166. 

IIOSIIEIM.  roz'Jm',  a  walled  town  of  I'rance,  depai  tment 
Ot  B.is-l!hin,  at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges  .Mountains,  1-1  miles 
S.AV.  of  Strasbourg.     I'op.  in  1852,  o'J'l. 

ROSICI,-ARE.  roV-klair',  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  1  mile  from  the  Ohio  Kiver,  and  22  miles  S.W. 
of  Shawneetown. 

RCSr  KN N  A,  a  town  of  Ru.'ssia.     See  RossiEXA. 

ROSlfeUES,  n/ze-ain',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-Loire,  8  miles  N.X.E.  of  Le  Puy.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2S51.      , 

RO.?IIiRES,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme,  18 
miles  E^.E,  of  Anuens,  Pop.  in  1852,  2502. 
'  ROSIER ES  AUX  SALINES,  ro'ze-ain/  6  sJ'leen',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Mcurthe,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Xaney.  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Meuithe,  and  on  the  railway  to  Stras- 
bourg. Pop.  in  1852,  2359.  It  had  lately  one  of  the  best 
studs  in  France.  * 

HOSIERS,  liKS,  lA  ro'ze-4',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Maiue-et-Loire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire, 
and  on  the  Nantes  and  Tours  Railway,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Angers.    Pop.  lOSO. 

ROSIGN  ANO,  ro-seen-yj/no,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy, 
In  Piedmont,  division,  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Alessiindria. 
Pop.  2:J10. 

ROSIGNANO,  a  vill.age  of  Tuscany,  on  the  top  of  a  hill  of 
the  same  name,  within  a  ■view  of  the  sea,  about  17  miles 
Vom  Leghorn.    Pop.  -WOl. 

ROSINAII.  a  vill.age  of  Transylvania.     See  Resisau. 

ROSINGYN,  an  island,  Malay  Archipelago.     See  B.VSB.A. 

ROS'KIL'DE,  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  RffiSKiLM. 

ROSL.VU.  ros'lOw,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Anhalt-Kothen,  on  the  Elbe,  at  the  inllux  of  the  Roslau,  4 
miles  N.  of  Dessau.     Pop.  1600. 

ROSLAA'L,  ros/ldv'l',  or  ROSLOVL,  ros-lov"l',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  69  miles  S.S.E.  of  Smolensk. 
Pop.  3965. 

R(>SLE.\,  ros'lA,  or  ROYSLEA,  rois/li,  a  village  of  Ire- 
land, iu  Ulster,  co.  of  Fesmanagh,  on  the  Finn,  4  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Clones.     Pop.  414. 

RO.'^'LESTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

ROS'LIN.  a  qnrtnil  sacra  parish  and  village  of  Scotland. 
CO..  and  7  miU'S  S.E.  of  Edinburgh.  It  has  ruins  of  the 
celehr^ited  Roslin  Chapel,  containing  the  tombs  of  many  of 
the  Earls  of  Orkney  and  Roslin. 

ROS'LIN,  a  post-village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin,  97 
miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

ROS'LYN,formerlv  nE:MPPTF..\D  TIARROR.  a  pnst-Tilla<re 
cituated  on  I^ong  Island,  in  North  Il.-mpsbad  township. 
Queens  co..  New  York,  at  the  head  of  a  deep  inlet  setting  up 
from  Long  Island  Sound,  about  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brooklyn. 

ROSLYN.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  Maryland. 

RO?M.\NINIIAL.  ros-m3-neen-y3!'.  a  small  fortified  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  65  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ouarda. 

I10SN.\U,  ros'nOw,  or  ROZNOW,  roz-nov',  a  market-town 
of  Moravia,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Weisskirchen.    Pop.  2275. 

ROSNY,  ros'nee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine, 
•with  one  of  the  detached  forts  near  Paris. 

ROSN\'-SUK-SEINE,  ros^nee'  siiR  s.^n,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  4  miles  W.  of  Mantes,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  and  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to 
Roueu.  Pop.  700.  Near  it  is  the  line  chfiteau  in  which 
Sully,  minister  of  Henry  IV.,  was  born. 

ROSOUX,  ro'zoo',  Belgium,  a  station  on  the  railway  from 
Brussels  to  Liege.  52  miles  fiom  Brussels. 

ROSS,  iu  Ireland,  the  largest  island  in  the  lower  Lake  of 
Killarney,  in  Munster,  2  miles  S.  of  Killarney.  On  it  are 
the  remains  of  a  strong  castle. 

ROSS,  a  bog  of  Ireland,  iu  Leinster,  Queen's  co.,  3  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Maryborough.' 

ROSS,  a  harbor  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Mayo,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Broadhaveu. 

ROSS,  a  lake  and  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare. 

ROSS,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  CO.,  and  12 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Hereford.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  2674. 
The  town,  situated  on  a  rocky  eminence  above  the  Wye, 
has  many  good  houses,  and  a  church,  in  which  was  buried 
the  benevolent  Kyrle,  Pope's  celebrated  "Man  of  Ross," 
yiha  died  iu  1724,  and  whose  portrait  is  still  preserved  in 
his  house,  now  an  inn.  The  town  contains  a  union  work- 
bouse,  market-house,  branch  bank,  mechanics'  institute,  &c. 

ROSS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of  Galway. 

BOSS,  a  barony  of  Irel.and,  co.  of  Galway. 

ROSS,  or  ROSS-CAR/BERY,  a  market-town,  parish,  and 
episcopal  see  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  the  town 
on  an  eminence,  near  its  shallow  "harbor,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of 
ClouakUty.    Pop.  o'  town  in  1851,  about  1000.    It  is  in- 


i^'.fferently  built,  has  a  cathedra],  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
bridewell,  market  and  court-houses,  coin  stores,  and  the 
ruins  of  a  monastery  on  an  adjacent  rocky  height.  The  see, 
comprising  32  parishes  in  the  same  county,  is  united  to  tlie 
diocese  of  Cork  and  Cloyne. 

ROSS,  New,  a'  pailiamentary  ana  municipal  boroush, 
river-port,  town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co,  of 
^Vexford,  on  the  Bari-ow,  across  which  it  communicates 
with  its  suburb  Rosbercon.  liy  a  wooden  bridge  150  feet  in 
length.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Waterford,  and  17  miles  N.S.W 
of  Ennisc'orthy.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  l)orough,  in 
1S51,  9098.  It  is  mostly  well  built,  and  endo.sed  by  old 
walls,  and  has  a  quay  650  yards  in  length,  which  vessels 
of  600  tons  can  reach  at  high  tidi'S.  Principjil  edifices,  the 
churches  and  chapels,  mon.-istic  establishments,  an  in- 
firmary, and  various  hospitals;  several  market-houses, 
the  Sessions-house,  barrack.s,  jail,  custom-house,  and  some 
traces  of  an  ancient  abbey.  The  exports  comprise  corn, 
Hour,  wool,  butter,  cattle,  and  bacon.  The  chief  imports 
are  fish  from  Newfoundland,  and  timber  from  the  Baltic. 
The  customs  revenue  increased  from  14,29U.  in  1846.  to 
31,282/.  in  1S48.  It  .sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons,   ^i  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Parsons  family. 

ROSS,  a  county  iu  the  S.  central  part  of  Ohio,  contains 
730  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Scioto  River, 
and  also  drained  by  Paint  Creek.  The  surface  is  finely 
diver.sified  by  hills  and  valleys;  the  soil  is  rich  and  well 
cultivated.  The  valley  of  the  Scioto  in  particular  is  noted 
for  its  fertility  and  beauty.  In  18.50  this  county  produced 
2.840,443  bu.«hels  of  corn — the  greatest  quantity  produced 
by  any  county  in  the  United  States,  excepting  Sangamon 
CO.,  Illinois.  The  Scioto  and  its  affluents  afford  abundant 
motive-power.  It  is  intersected  liy  the  Airietta  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad,  and  by  the  Ohio  Canal.  Ross  co.  was 
settled  in  1796,  by  emigrants  from  A'irginia  and  Kentucky. 
Capita],  Chillicothe.    l\>p.  35,071. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  .\lleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1798. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.   Pop.  882. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

RO>S,  a  post-offlco  of  Andor.son  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROSS,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Butler  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1702. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  intersected  by  the  Colum-  . 
bus  and  Xenia  Railroad.    Pop.  1162. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  861. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1547. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1513. 

ROSSA,  ros'si,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
35  miles  S.E.  of  Grodno.    Pop.  about  1500. 

ROSSANA,  ros-K^nJ,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  province,  and 
8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Saluzzo.    Pop.  2079. 

ROSSANO,  ros-si'no,  (anc.  liosciafnum  or  lins'da  Nnva^is 
TIturinrum.)  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Oalabria  Citra, 
near  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  17  miles  M'.N.AV.  of  Cariati.  It 
has  a  cathedral,  and  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  It  is  re- 
markable as  the  birthplace  of  three  popes,  viz.,  St.  Zosimus 
Amarelli,  John  A'll.  and  XVII.  It  (s  a  very  ancient  place, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  (Enotrii,  and  after 
it  had  fallen  into  decay,  to  have  been  restored  and  colonized 
by  the  Romans.  It  was  taken  by  ass:iult  and  pillaged  by 
Totila.  King  of  the  Huns.  This  city  has  long  been  noted  as 
an  abode  of  learning,  and  especially  as  the  seat  of  the  famous 
academy  of  SpensUrati.  Among  the  many  distinguished 
men  to  whom  Rossano  has  given  birth,  besides  those  named 
above,  may  be  mentioned  Alexander  de  .\marelli.  a  renowned 
knight  templar  of  the  12th  century,  who  dit'd  bravely  in  de- 
fence of  the  holy  sepulchre,  and  Count  Leonardo  de  Ama- 
relli, one  of  the  most  eminent  jurisconsults  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury.    Pop,  variously  estimated  from  10.000  to  18,000. 

ROSSBACH,  ross'bdK.  or  RASBACII,  rds'bdK.  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Elbogen.     Pop.  2954. 

ROSSBACH,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
province  of  Ober-IIessen,  on  the  Rossbach,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Taunus  Mountain.  13  miles  N.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  230. 

ROSSB.\CH,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Prussian  Saxony, 
government  of  Merseburg,  17  miles  S.  of  Halle.  Here,  on 
the  5th  Novembe;-,  17.57,  Frederick  the  Great  defeated  the 
French  and  ImpSi.alists. 

ROSSBERG,  a  mountain  of  Switzerland.     See  Goldau. 

ROSS/BURG,  a  small  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana, 
55  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ROSS-AXD-CROM'ARTY,  a  county  extending  across  the  N. 
part  of  Scotland,  from  sea  to  sea,  between  the  Minsh  on  the 
W.,  and  the  Moray  Frith  on  the  E..  and  including,  in  de- 
tached portions,  Cromarty,  and  the  islands  of  Skye,  Lewis, 
Ac.  in  the  Hebrides,  its  mainland  portion  having  N.  Suther- 
land, and  S.  Inverness-shire.  Area  estimated  at  2885  square 
miles,  of  which  560  square  miles  are  in  the  Hebrides,  344 
belong  to  Cromarty,  and  9|  to  Nairn.  Pop.  in  1851,82.707 
Cromarty,  Beauly,  and  Dornoch  Frith.'!  indent  it  on  the  E., 
and  Ix)chs  Broom,  Greinord,  Ewe,  Gairloch,  Torridon.  and 
Alsh  on  the  W.  Granite  and  primary  schists  form  the  N. 
and  middle  parts  of  the  county.  The  sea-coasts,  and  a  con- 
siderable way  inland,  are  composed  of  old  red  sandstonew 
It  is  in  the  centre  of  a  wild  region  of  mountains.  moorS; 

1615  ■ 


ROS 

aud  lakes,  traversed  by  the  Conon,  Orin,  Beauly,  and  other 
email  rivers,  along  which  are  extensive  tracts  of  fertile  soil. 
In  some  parts  much  good  wheat  is  raised,  and  many  planta- 
tions of  trees  have  been  made;  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
county  is  appropriated  to  sheep  and  cattle  farming.  Prin- 
cipal towns.  Dingwall,  Tain,  and  Cromarty.  It  sends  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons.    See  Cromarty. 

ROSS'DUOIT',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

KOSS'DUKF'.  a  p.arish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford. 

RO.JSKAtJ.  ros'so',  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

KOSSiiL.  ros'sfl,  a  town  of  East  Prussia.  62  miles  S.E. 
of  Konit^sberg.    Pop.  900. 

EOS'SiiL.  an  Island  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  Louisiade 
Archipelaso:  lat.  11°  22'  S.,  Ion.  15t°  26'  E.:  22  miles  long 
from  E.  to  VT..  and  lOJ  miles  greatest  breadth. 

ROS.>'  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  70 
miles  \r.  by  S.  of  Chicaw. 

ROSS  HILL,  a  small  village  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia. 

ROSSIE.  ros'see,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Law- 
rence CO.,  New  York,  on  Indian  River,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Og- 
densburg.  It  contains  establishments  for  smelting  and 
forging  iron,  and  a  machine  shop.  Mines  of  iron  and  lead 
are  worked  here.    Pop.  1609. 

ROSSIEXA,  ros-se-A'ni  or  ROSIEXXA,  ro-se-fn'nj,  (Po- 
lisli.  Rosskuie.  ross-yju'yi,)  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  100  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Vilna,  on  the  Dubissa.  Pop.  5770. 
It  is  the  see  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Samogitia,  and 
has  .several  churches  and  a  Piarist  college. 

ROSSIGLIONE,  ros-seel-yo'u.H,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division,  and  18  miles  X.W.  of  Genoa,  on  the  Stura 
Kossiglione.     Pop.  2567. 

ROSSIGXOL  (■ig'seen'yol')  LAKE,  in  Xova  Scotia,  Queen's 
CO.,  30  miles  S.S.rT  of  Annapolis,  about  11  miles  in  length. 
From  it  flows  the  Mersey  River,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is 
the  vill.-iL'O  of  Rossignol,  or  Liverpool. 

ROS'SIN'GTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding. 

ROSSIX'TER,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  cos.  Sligo  and  Leitrim. 

ROSS'KEEX',  a  maritime  pai-ish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ros.s, 
on  Cromarty  Frith. 

ROSSL.\,  ros'sll,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  10  miles  W. 
of  S.ingerhausen.      Pop.  1660. 

ROSS'L.^XD,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

ROSSLAU,  ross'ldw,  a  town  of  Anhalt-Kothen.  on  the 
Elbe,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Rosslau,  and  on  the  Berlin 
and  Anh.alt  Railway,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Magdeburg.  Pop.  1526. 

ROSSLEBKX,  ross'l.Vben.  a  market-town  of  Prussian 
Saxonv,  25  miles  W.  of  Merseburg,  on  the  Unstrut.    P.  1S15. 

ROSSMERE  or  ROSSMIRE.ross'meer,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
In  Munster.  co.  of  Waterford, 

ROSSO,  ros'.«o,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  on  the  Bisaguo.    Pop.  2349. 

ROS'SORY.  a  pari.«h  of  Ireland,  co,  of  Fermanagh. 

ROSS'S  CORXER,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

ROSS'S  FER'RY,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co,,  Kentucky, 

ROSSTOWX,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROSSTK  E  VOR,  .i  seifport  of  Ireland,    See  Rostrevor. 

ROSSUM,  ros'silm,  a  villace  of  Holland,  province  of 
Qelderland  on  the  Wajvl,  10  miles  S.S.W,  of  TieL  Popula- 
tion S45. 

ROSS'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co,.  New  York, 
pleasantly  situated  on  Staten  Island  Sound,  about  20  miles 
S,W.  of  Xew  York, 

ROSSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  14 
miles  X.W.  of  York. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Walker  co,,  Georgia,  about 
200  miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

ROSSVILLE.  a  post-oliice  of  Sumpter  co.,  Alabama, 

ROSSVILLE,  a  former  ixjst-village  of  Butler  co,,  Ohio,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  .Miami  River,  and  on  the  Cincinnati,  Hamil- 
ton, and  Daytou  Railroad,  20  miles  X.  of  Cincinnati,  A 
bridge  across  the  river  connects  it  with  Hamilton,  the 
capital  of  the  county.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  dis- 
trict, and  has  abundant  water-power,  which  is  employed  in 
machinery  for  various  purposes.  The  Cincinnati  and  Chi- 
cago Air  Line  Riilroad  passes  through  this  place.  Ross- 
ville  has  been  incorporated  with  Hamilton. 

ROSSVILLE.  a  village  in  Miami  co^  Ohio,  on  the  Miami 
River,  opposite  Piqua. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-villase  and  township  of  CTin- 
ton  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Wildcat  River,  63 
miles  X.W  .  of  Indianapolis, 

5'^i''^J-^^'''^-  "  P'^st-oftice  of  Allomakee  eo,,  Iowa, 

5,^^S\t.^x!'''  "  P"«t-offlce  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee, 

KUSSW  hlX,  ross'*fn,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Mii 
ruiles  \>  .X  .W ,  of  Xossen,    Pop.  4'J72. 

n,/!,?„l^'^^' ;«""'' m''''^-"c',°^'""''°'^'»  of  South  Arabia,  do- 
Sid  weil'buiU  °^  •^^"'"'*'  """^  ^^^^  to  beUi^e 
85  mn;^U4')rf'^C;!*"pt*^4'  ^"""^  of  Pn^i--  Poland, 
KOSTHERX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
Iblo 


I  Jlulde,  5 


ROT 

EOSTTOCK,  a  commercial  city  and  seaport  of  West  Ger- 
many, in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  on  the  Warnow.  9  milea 
from  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  and  at  the  termination  of  a 
branch  of  the  Hamburg  and  Berlin  Railwav,  44  miles  X.E. 
of  Schwerin.    Lat.  54°  5'  X.,  Ion.  10°  14'  E.    Pop.  26.149.     It 
is  enclosed  bj*  ancient  walls,  and  consists  of  an  old,  a  mid- 
dle, and  a  new  town,  with  several  suliurl>s.    The  principal 
edifices  are  a  palace,  freqxiently  the  residence  of  the  grand 
dukes,  numerous  churches,  .several  hospitals,  a  town-hall, 
and  theatre.    In  one  of  the  principal  squares  is  a  statue  of 
!  Blucher,  a  native  of  Rostock.     It  has  a  university,  founded 
I  in  1419,  with  a  library  of  85,000  volumes,  theological  and 
I  other  schools,  an  anatomical   theatre,   laboratorj-,  botanic 
\  garden,  and  various  .scientific  collections.    Here  are  also  a 
I  society  of  natural  history,  and  other  associations,  and  a 
I  commercial  institute.    It  h.as  numerous  manufiictures  of 
woollen  cloth,  soap,  chiccory,  with  extensive  breweries,  dis- 
tilleries, vinegar,  color,  and  chemical  factories,  and  sugar- 
I  refineries.     The  trade  is   extensive;    the  exports  con.sist 
principally  of  superior  red  wheat,  barley,  pease,  rape-seed, 
oats,  wool,  rags,  oil-cake,  rape-oil,  bones,  flax,  horses,  cattle,  . 
and  provisions.     The  imports  comprise  colonial  produce, 
wines,  and  m.Huufactured  goods.     In  1845.  231  vessels  and 
32  lighters  belonged  to  the  port.    The  number  of  arrivals  in 
1847,  W.1S  747,  and  clearances,  762;  in  1850,  the  number  of 
arrivals  was  only  489,  and  clearances  503.   The  depth  of  the 
water  in  the  river  is  from  8  to  9  feet,  and  vessels  above  that 
draught   loiid   and   unload   at  Wameniiinde,  its   outport. 
Rostock  is  mentioned  in  history  as  early  as  1161,  and  was 
annexed  to  Mecklenburg  in  1323.     It  was  long  one  of  the 
Hanse  Towns,  and  retained,  until  lately,  some  exclusive  pri- 
vileges. 

ROSTOK,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bidschow,  4  miles 
from  Starkenbach.     Pop.  1017. 

ROSTOK,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Rakonitz,  on  the 
Moldau,  8  miles  from  Prague,    Pop.  642. 

ROSTOV.  ROSTOW,  ros-tov',  written  also  ROSTOFF,  or 
DMITUIA-ROSTOFSKAGO.  dme-tre-J  ros-tofs-ki'go,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  .and  225  miles  E.S.E.  of  Yekaterino- 
slav,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Don,  22  miles  above  its  mouth 
in  the  Sea  of  Azof.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  well  built,  and  de- 
fended by  a  strong  fortress,  the  residence  of  the  command- 
ant. It  has  numerous  depots  of  provisions  for  the  army, 
the  fortresses  of  the  Caucasus,  and  the  E.  coast  of  the  Black 
Sea.  and  is  a  principal  entrepot  for  the  trade  of  the  vast 
countries  traversed  by  the  Don.    It  has  a  large  annual  fair. 

ROSTOV,  ROSTOW  or  ROSTOFF,  a  town  of  Ru>sia,  go- 
vernment, and  37  miles  S.S,W,  of  Y'aroslav,  capital  of  a 
circle,  on  Lake  Xero,  Pop.  6000.  It  is  enclosed  by  earthen 
ramparts,  and  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop.  The  princi- 
pal edifices  are  an  ancient  cathedral,  with  numerous  tombs 
of  its  archbishops,  several  convent.s,  episcopal  palaces,  and 
a  seminary.  It  has  various  manufactures  of  linens,  vitriol, 
and  colors,  and  an  active  commei-ce.  Its  annual  fair  is 
often  frequented  by  about  45.000  persons ;  and  at  it  goods 
to  the  amount  of  8,500,000  rubles  are  sometimes  sold.  This 
town  is  mentioned  in  historv  as  early  as  a.  d.  991. 

ROSTR.VVER,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extre- 
mity of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania,     Pop,  2450, 

ROSTKEXEX,  ros'treh-nSN"',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  C6tes-du-Xord,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Guiugamp.  Pop. 
1168. 

ROSTREVOR  or  ROSSTREVOR,  ros-tree'vor,  a  sm-all 
maritime  town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  on  the  X, 
side  of  Carlingford  Bay,  8  miles  E.S.E,  of  Xewry,  with  which 
it  Is  connected  by  railway.  Pop,  650.  Its  position  is  highly 
beautiful :  it  is  resorted  to  by  many  visiters  in  summer, 

ROS'WELL,  a  post-village  of  Cobb  CO.,  GeorgLa,  on 
Viekery's  Creek,  13  miles  X,E,  of  Marietta.  Here  is  a  cotton 
factory  which  emplovs  150  operatives. 

ROT.\,  ro'ti  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Lat,  14°  y 
N,,  Ion.  145°  IS'  E.,  12  miles  long,  and  5|  miles  broad, 

ROTA,  ro'til,  a  maritime  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  6 
miles  X,X,W,  of  Cadiz,  Pop,  79S7,  It  has  a  castle,  and  a 
small  harbor  for  eoiisting  vessels.  Chief  industry,  agricul- 
ture and  fishing. 

ROT.\S,  ro'tds,  a  fort  of  the  Punjab,  near  the  Jhylum,  104 
miles  X.X,W,  of  Lahore,  but  lately  stated  to  be  in  an  in- 
efficient state  of  defence, 

ROTASGUR,  ro-tds-gQr',  a  town  and  fort  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  on  the  Sone,  110  niilos  S.W.  of  Patna. 

ROTELLO,  ro-tjllo,  a  town  of  Xaples.  province  of  Molise, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Larino.     Pop.  ISOO. 

ROTEXBURG,  a  town  of  Germany.    See  Rothexburo. 

ROTEXBURG,  ro'tgn-lxioRG",  a  town  of  Hanover,  govern;^ 
ment  of  Stade,  62  miles  X.X.W.  of  Hanover.     Pop.  1556. 

ROTGEX,  rot'ghfn.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus.sia,  10  miles 
S.S.E.  of  .\ix-la-Chapelle.  on  the  Vesdre.    Pop.  15*50. 

ROTH,  rot,  a  river  of  Wiirtemhurg,  joins  the  Danube  on 
the  right,  7  miles  S.S.^y.  of  Ulm.     Length,  38  miles. 

ROTH,  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Rednitz.  and 
on  the  railroad  from  XOrdlingen  to  Xurembenr,  15  miles  S. 
of  Xuremberg  Pop.  24o6.-  It  has  a  castle,  a  high  school, 
and  manufactures  of  cutlery,  gold  and  silver  lace,  aud 
iflass. 


ROT 

ROTHA,  ro'tJ,  a  town  of  Saxony,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  ! 
I^ipsic,  on  the  I'leisse.     Pop.  1195.  ! 

KOTHAU,'  ro'Uiw,  (Oder,  o'bjr,  and  Unter,  Si'm'ter.)  a  I 
villat^e  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Klbogen.     Pop.  I'ZS.      j 

llOTH'BURY,  roth'bfr-e,  a  marltetrtown  and  parish  of  | 
Enjrland,  co.  of  Northumberland,  on  the  Coquet,  11  miles  i 
W.S.W.  of  Alnwick.  Pop.  of  the  trwnship,  895.  It  is  pic-  j 
turesquely  situated  in  a  deep  glen.  j 

ROTII  DOBRAWITZ.  a  town  of  Bohemia.   See  Dobrawitz.  [ 

KOTIIKiNBDCM,  ro'ten-booK\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Lower  i 
Franconia,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Wiirzburg.     Pop.  1038. 

BOTFIKNBUKG,  ro't^n-boorg',  a  town  oif  Prussian  Silesia,  i 
B4  miles  W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Neis.se.     Pop.  10fi8. 

ItOTIIENBUKG,  ro'tgn-burg  or  ro'tfn-Wr.Ro'.  orROTEN-  j 
BURO,  ro^tgn-bofiRG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  IIes.«e-Cassel, 
province  of  Nieder-IIessen,  on  the  Fulda.  24  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Cassel.  Pop.  3fi,i0.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town, 
connected  by  a  bridge,  and  has  the  castle  of  the  LandgraTe 
of  Hesse,  and  several  educational  establishments. 

ROTIIENBUKG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Verden.  on  the  Wilmme.     Pop.  1500. 

ROTHENBURG.a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussian  Saxony, 
23  miles  N.N.W.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  11.30. 

ROTHENBURG,  ro'tgn-booRo\  a  vilLage  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  3  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne, 

ROTIIENBURO-ax-der-TACBER,  ro/tfn-MORQ'-Jn-dSr- 
tfiw'ber,  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Tauber,  31  miles 
S.S.E.' of  WUrzburg.  Pop.  5231.  It  has  a  high  school,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth.  It  was  formerly  a  free  city 
of  the  empire. 

ROTIIKNFELS,  ro'tfn-fJla\  a  market-town  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Murg,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ra- 
Etadt.     Pop.  1357. 

ROTH KNF ELS.  a  market- town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower 
Franconia.  17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Wiirzburg,     Pop.  908. 

ROTHENKIRCFIEN,  ro'tgn-k66KKVi.  or  RODENKIR- 
CHKN,  ro/dgn-keeRK^gn,  a  village  of  North-western  Ger- 
many, In  Oldenburg,  5  miles  N.E,  of  Ovelgiinne,  on  the 
Weser.     Pop.  2100, 

ROTHKNMAN.>f,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Rottexmann, 

ROTUENTHURM,  ro'ten-tooRm\  (i.e.  "Red  Tower,")  a 
pass  of  Europe,  between  Transylvania  and  Wallachi.a.  17 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Hermannstadt.  and  deriving  its  name  from 
a  conspicuous  red  tower,  among  "whitewashed  modern 
fortifications." 

ROTUENTHURM,  ro't?n-t6uRm\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
tanton,  !ind  6  miles  N.  of  Sfhwytz.  Near  it  is  Morgarton, 
the  scene  of  a  total  defeat  of  the  Austrians  by  the  Swiss,  on 
the  15th  of  November,  1315. 

KOTHER,  roTii'f  r,  a  small  river  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex, 
enters  the  English  Channel  at  Rye,  the  harbor  of  which 
town  it  forms. 

ROTHER,  a  rivulet  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  enters  the 
Thames  at  Kotherhithe. 

KOTH'ERBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

KOTH'ERFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ROTH'EHFIELD-GREYS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford. 

ROTII'ERFIELD-PEP'PARD,  a  parish  of  Eugland,  co,  of 
Oxford, 

ROTHERHAM,  roTH'er-am,  a  manufacturing  t-^wn,  parish, 
and  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest  Riding,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Don,  across  which  it  communicates  by  a 
five-arched  bridge  with  its  suburb  Masborough  and  on  the 
North  Midland  Railway,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Sheffield,  Pop.  of 
the  township  in  1851,  6325.  It  has  a  fine  church  with  a 
lofty  spire,  erected  and  made  collegiate  by  Archbishop  Ro- 
therham  in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  various  other  churches, 
many  chapels  of  Dissenttirs,  a  court-house,  market-house, 
and  public  librarj',  a  college  of  the  ludependants,  a  literary 
institution,  opened  in  185.3,  a  grammar  school,  with  exhibi- 
tions to  the  universities,  other  endowed  schools,  almshouses, 
a  workhouse,  and  on  its  old  bridge  is  an  ancient  chapel  now 
used  for  a  prison.  Rotherham  has  manufactures  of  all 
kinds  of  iron  goods,  including  cannon.s,  machinery,  and 
bridge  works.  It  has  also  manufactures  of  starch,  rope, 
twine,  glass,  and  soap,  large  breweries,  and  flax  mills:  its 
Industry  and  trade  being  facilitated  by  abundant  supplies 
of  coal  in  the  vicinity,  and  the  navigation  of  the  Don.  It 
is  governed  by  a  body  of  the  Inhjibitants,  and  has  weekly 
and  midsummer  sessions.  Near  it  is  Wentworth  Castle, 
the  seat  of  Earl  Fitzwilliam. 

ROTHERHITHE,  roTH'g r-hrTH,often  pronounced  and  writ- 
ten RED'RIFF.  a  parish  of  England,  formerly  a  S.E  suburb 
of  the  metropolis,  co,  of  Surrey,  on  the  Thames.  2J  miles  S.E, 
of  St,  Paul's,  London,  It  consists  mostly  of  inferior  streets, 
and  of  dock-yards  for  shipbuilding,  &c..  in  which,  and  in 
vhip  chandlery,  its  population  is  -chiefly  employed.  Here 
B  the  S,  entrance  to  the  Thames  Tunnel. 

ROTII'ERSTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

ROTH'ERWTCK,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Hants. 

ROTH'ERWOOD,  a  postroffice  of  Wautauga  co..  North 
Carolina. 

ROTHERWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Georgia,  about 
/30  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Milledgeville. 
5B 


ROT 

ROTHES,  roths,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  oo„  and  9  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Elgin.  In  the  vicinity  is  Rothes  Castle,  the  an- 
cient .seat  of  the  Leslie  family. 

ROTHESAY,  roth's.^,  a  rnyal  burgh,  seaport  town,  and 
parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Bute,  at  the  head  of  a 
beautiful  bay  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island,  30  miles  W,  of 
Glasgow,  Pop,  of  burgh  in  1851,  7104.  It  is  modernly 
built,  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  se,a-bathers  and  invalids. 
The  principal  public  edifices,  are  2  churches  and  numerous 
chapels,  a  ruined  castle  of  the  11  th  century,  excellent  schools, 
county  and  town-hall.s,  and  custom  and  excise  offices.  It 
has  public  libraries,  reading-rooms,  banks,  and  insurance 
companies,  large  cotton  mills,  some  ship-building  docks,  and 
import.ant  herring,  salmon,  haddock,  whiting,  and  sole 
fisheries.  John  Earl  of  Bute,  the  favorite  of  George  III., 
and  Matthew  Stewart,  the  mathematician,  were  born  heie 

ROTHHAAR  GEBIRGE,  rot'hdr  gheh-li66R'ghph.  a  mouu- 
t."iin  range  in  the  E.  part  of  Prussia,  Rhenish  Province, 
stretches  nearlv  45  miles,  from  S.W.  to  N.E. 

ROTHIEM  AY,  roth'e-mi\  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff, 
6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Huntly.  It  has  a  Druid  temple,  and 
Rothiomay  House,  a  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Fife, 

ROTH'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ROTIIMUHLE,  (Rgthmiihle.)  rot'mii^leh,  a  village  partly 
in  Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim,  and  partly  in  Moravia,  circle 
of  Briinn,  near  Policzka.     Pop.  1476. 

ROTHS'VJLLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Lancaster  co,,  Penn- 
sylvania, 

■  ROTH  WASSER,  r6t'ftl»'s?r,  a  village  of  Moravia,  35  miles 
N,W.  ofOlmutz.     Pop.  2433. 

ROTIIWASSKR,  a  vill.ige  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Landskron.     Pop.  2964. 

ROTH'WELL,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Northampton,  4  miles  W.N.W,  of  Kettering,  Ithasa  church 
under  which  is  an  immense  charnel-house,  full  of  bones 
of  unknown  antiquity,  an  old  market-house,  now  disused, 
and  a  poor's  hospiUtl. 

ROTHWET.L,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ROTH  WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

ROTH'WICK'S  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Mifflin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 

ROTOMA6US,    See  Rouex, 

ROTONDA,  ro-ton'd3,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basl- 
licata,  19  miles  S.E.  of  I^gonegro.     Pop.  3400, 

ROTONI)ELL.\,  ro-ton-d?l'l£  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Basilicata,  adjacent  to  the  above, 

ROTSCHENSALM,  rot'shgn-saim',  a  fort  of  Rus.siji,  N. 
side  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fredericks- 
hamm.  It  is  erected  on  one  of  the  small  islands  which  stud 
the  moxith  of  the  Kymmene.  and  forms  a  strong  defence  of 
the  harbor,  which  is  an  important  station  of  the  Russian 
navy.     Pop.  800. 

ROTSELAER,  rot^sfh-ldr',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  on  the  Dvle,  r7  miles  N.15.  of  Brussels.     P.  1916. 

ROTTEE,  roftee,  ROTTI.  ROTTE  or  ROTTO,  an  isUnd 
of  the  Malav  Archipelago,  off  the  S.'W.  extremity  of  Timor, 
I>at.  10°  40'  S.,  Ion,  123°  E.  Length,  50  miles ;  breadth,  20 
miles.  The  products  are  rice,  maize,  millet,  sweet  potatoes, 
cotton,  and  ebony.  The  Dutch  have  an  establishment  on 
the  island,  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  which  is  the  village  of 
Rangong.  with  a  harbor  perfectly  secure, 

ROTTEN  BURG,  rOt/tfu-bOCno*,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg.  nn 
the  Neck.ar,  12  miles  W.  of  Retitlingen.  Pop.  COOO.  It  is 
the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop,  and  has  manufactures 
of  leather  .and  paper. 

ROT/TENMANN'  or  ROTHENMANN,  rS'ten-mann',  a 
town  of  Styria,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Enns,  20  miles  N.W, 
of  .Judenburg.     Pop.  757, 

ROTTERDAM,  rofter-dSm\  (Dutch  pron,  rotHer-ddm';  L. 
Snte.rodalraum.)  an  important  commercial  city  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Rottewith  theMaasor  Meuse,40milesS.S.W.  of  Amsterdam. 
Lat,  51°  55'  3"  N.,  Ion,  4°  2U'  5"  E,  Pop,  in  186.3,  112,728. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  year,  51° :  winter,  36°'9;  summer, 
05°  Fahrenheit.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  isosceles  tri- 
angle, the  base  and  longest  side  of  which  is  next  the  riveri 
the  land  sides  beinff  surrounded  by  the  old  fortifications, 
beyond  which  are  situated  the  populous  suburbs.  The  city 
has  as  many  canals  as  streets,  across  which  communication 
is  maintained  by  innumerable  drawbridges;  it  is  also  tra- 
versed by  the  Rottc.  a  small  stream,  at  the  junction  of  which 
with  the  Meuse  there  is  a  large  dyke  or  dam,  whence  the 
name  Kotterdam.  Many  of  the  canals  are  planted  with  trees, 
imparting  to  them  a  pleasing  aspect;  several  are  so  deep  as 
to  form  excellent  harbors,  and  admit  the  largest  .ships  to  lie 
alongside  the  warehouses  in  the  middle  of  the  town.  The 
water  in  them  is  kept  fresh  and  clean  by  the  action  of  the 
tide,  which  rises  here  from  10  to  12  feet.  The  river,  opposite 
the  town,  is  from  30  to  40  feet  deep,  and  bordering  it  is  a  fine 
quay,  ]i  miles  long,  called  the  Boompjes.  (little  trees.)  fi-om  k 
line  of  elms,  planted  in  1615.  now  grown  to  a  large  size. 
Many  of  the  houses  are  quaiut-looking  and  gabled  edifices, 
overhanging  their  foundations.  The  principal  bxiildinga 
being  along  the  chief  canals  or  havens,  the  other  streets, 

1617 


ROT 

thon^rh  all  are  well  lighted  with  gas,  have  a  less  seemly 
Rppeaiauce 

There  are  several  market-places,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  the  Groote-market,  (Great  market,)  having  in  the 
centre  a  metal  statue  in  honor  of  Erasmus,  who  was  a  na- 
tive of  the  city;  the  flax,  the  sea-lish  and  the  river-tish,  the 
pig,  poultry,  vegetable,  butter  and  cheese  markets.  The  prin- 
cipal buildings  are  the  town-hall,  court-house,  house  of  correc- 
tion, the  excUiinge,  the  old  East  India  house,  the  government 
dock-yards,  arsenal,  rope-walks,  a  mont-de-pieU,  &c.  There  are 
four  Calvinistic  churches— theGrootekerk.f-' Great  Church,") 
or  Church  of  St.  Laurens,  founded  in  1414,  and  finished  in 
1472.  It  contains  monuments  to  De  Witt,  Kortenaar,  and 
De  Brakei,  and  has  (since  it  was  improved  in  1844)  one  of 
the  iinest  organs  in  the  world,  having  90  stops  and  6500 
pipes,  and  esteemed  by  some  superior  even  to  that  of  Haar- 
lem. The  other  Calvinistic  churches  are  Prinsekerk, 
(Prince's  Church.)  Zuiderkerk,  (South  Church,)  and  Ooster 
or  Meuwkerk.  (East  or  New  Church.)  Besides  these,  there 
are  French,  English  Presbyterian,  Scotch  Reformed,  English 
Episcopalian, Christian  Dissenter,  Remonstrant.  Baptist,  and 
several  Roman  Catholic  churches.  The  benevolent,  literary, 
and  scientific  institutions  include  a  hospital  for  aged  women 
and  another  for  old  men,  two  orphan  hospitals,  a  general 
hospital,  a  poors-house,  and  many  friendly  and  benevolent 
societies.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  central  prison  of  the  Nether- 
lands; has  an  exchange,  with  a  library  and  a  collection  of 
philosophical  instruments;  a  Latin  school,  called  the  Eras- 
mus Gymnasium;  schools  of  medicine  and  navigation,  five 
town  schools,  and  numerous  others;  societies  of  the  fine 
arts,  and  of  science,  of  literature,  and  of  music. 

Rotterdam  is  more  favorably  situated  for  trade  than  Am- 
eterdam ;  its  canals  admit  the  largest  East  and  West  Indian 
ves.sels;  a  ship  canal  has  been  cut  across  the  isle  .of  Voorn; 
and  it  communicates  by  canals  with  Delft  and  the  Hague, 
by  railway  with  the  Hague  and  Amsterdam,  and  with  Ger- 
many by  steamers  on  the  Rhine.  Since  1S30  its  commerce 
has  increased  more  rapidly  than  that  of  any  other  town  in 
the  Netherlands.  It  sends  to  the  Dutch  Eastern  posses- 
sions, and  to  the  West  Indies,  provisions  of  all  kinds,  spirits, 
wines,  mineral  waters,  and  manufactured  goods,  in  return 
for  coffee,  sugar,  spices,  cotton,  dye-woods,  &c.  To  England 
and  Scotland,  with  which  it  carries  on  an  extensive  and  lu- 
crative trade,  it  sends  cheese,  butter,  flax,  madder,  garden 
and  other  seeds,  fruits,  ducks,  and  large  numbers  of  sheep 
and  cattle.  With  America  and  with  France,  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, and  the  North  states  of  Europe ;  it  has  also  a  consider- 
able trade.  The  number  of  vessels  engaged  in  the  foreign 
trade,  increased  from  1833  (tons  365,641)  inward.s,  and  1913 
(tons  374,162)  outwards,  in  1846,  to  2127  (tons  449,196)  in- 
wards, and  2095  (tons  466,952)  outwards,  in  1851.  Along 
the  Rhine  it  sends  to  Germany  and  Switzerland  sugar,  cot- 
fee,  cotton,  dye-woods,  indigo,-  spices,  Dutch  tobacco,  rape- 
seed,  madder,  butter,  cheese,  fish,  &c.,  in  return  for  wheat, 
rye.  Moselle  and  Rhine  wine,  pipe-clay,  pottery-ware,  Berlin- 
blue,  chemical  stuffs,  &c. 

Besides  its  extensive  commerce,  Rotterdam  has  42  distil- 
leries, several  brewei-ies,  and  vinegar-works,  5  tan-works, 
10  candle-works,  7  dye-works,  5  sugar-refineries,  numerous 
bleachfields;  and  corn,  oil,  trass,  snuff,  and  saw  mills;  a 
shot-factory,  and  8  ship-building  yards.  It  has  likewise 
steam  communication  with  London,  Leith,  Hull,  Yarmouth, 
Dunkirk,  Havre,  Antwerp,  &c.,  and  11  steam-towing  com- 
panies. There  are  more  English  residents  here  than  in  any 
other  town  in  the  Netherlands. 

Rotterdam  is  the  birthplace  of  the  celebi-ated  Erasmus,  of 
the  naval  heroes  Egbert  Kotenaar,  Jan  van  Bnikel,  and 
Cornelius  Tromp,  and  of  Jan  Hendrik  van  der  Palm,  a  dis- 
tinguished Oriental  scholar,  an  eminent  orator,  and  one  of 
the  best  prose  writers  Holland  has  produced. 

ROTTERDAM,  a  post-township  of  Schenectady  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  P.  2234. 

ROTTI,  an  island,  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Rottek. 

ROTTINGDEAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

ROTT'NEST  (RAT-NEST)  ISLAND,  West  Australia,  co. 
of  Perth,  is  opposite  the  mouth  of  Swan  River.  Kat.  31°  57' 
S.,  Ion.  115°  25'  E.    Length,  10  miles;  breadth,  4  miles. 

ROTTO.  an  island,  Malay  Archipelago.     See  Rottee. 

ROTTOFRENO,  rot-to-fri'no,  a  village  of  Central  Italv, 
6  miles  W.  of  Piacenza,  on  the  Loggia.  The  united  French 
and  Spaniards  were  here  defeated  by  the  Austriaus  in  1746. 
I'opulaticm,  316.3. 

ROTTUM  rot'ttlm,  or  ROTTUMEROOG,  rof tiim-fh-r5g', 
an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Groningen,  in  the 
North  Sea,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Borkum.     Pop.  1726. 

ROTTUM,  a  river  of  Wurtemberg,  joins  the  Danube  on  the 
right,  about  7  miles  above  Ulm.    Length,  32  miles. 

ROTTUM,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Fries- 
l»nd,  near  Heerenveen.     Pop.  209. 

RO'rrUM,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gro- 
ningen, 14  miles  N.W.  of  Appingedam.     Pop.  250. 

ROTTWEIL,  rot/ftll  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  on  a  height 
behlde  the  Neckar,  14  miles  S.  of  Sulz.    Pop  3710     It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  gymnasium,  an  hospital,  an 
exchange,  schools  aad  a  considerable  trade. 
Ibl8 


ROU 

ROTTJirA,  ROTUMAH,  ro-too'mah.  ROTUAM,  ro-lo-VJai, 
orGREN'VILLE  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
N.W.  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  Lat.  V2P  30'  S..  Ion.  177''  SC 
E.  Circumference,  18  miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous; 
the  soil  volcanic,  and  in  many  parts  carefully  cultivnted,  the 
inhabitants  appearing  to  be  more  advanced  in  social  arta 
than  those  of  most  other  parts  of  Polvuesia. 

ROTZ,  (Rbtz.)  rots,  RETZ,  rjts,  or  RETZA.  rgt/zl  a  tovts 
of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Thaya,  43  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vienna. 
Pop.  1900.     It  has  a  castle  and  a  Dominican  convent. 

ROTZ,  (Rotz.)  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Schwarzach,  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  1253. 

ROUANS,  roo'6>"',  a  village  of  Fr.ance,  department  of  Loire 
Inferieure,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Paimboeuf.     Pop.  4499. 

ROUBAIX,  roo^bA,  a  flourishing  manutacturing  town  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the  canal  of  Roubaix,  and 
on  the  Northern  Railway,  6  miles  N.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1S52, 
34,698.  It  has  a  chamber  of  manufactures,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  industrious  and  thriving  towns  in  France.  It  is 
abundantly  supplied  with  wattir  by  Artesian  wells.  Its 
manufitctures  comprise  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  furni 
ture  cloth,  carpets,  and  twist.  Roubaix  has  also  many  dye- 
works  and  tanneries.  Its  work-people  are  in  better  circum- 
stances than  those  of  most  other  manufacturing  towns  in 
the  country. 

ROUBION,  roo"be-As=',  a  river  of  France,  department  of 
Drome,  joins  the  Rhone  at  Montelimart,  after  a  W.  course 
of  30  miles. 

ROUBLEVKA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Rooblevka. 

ROUBTSERA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Roobtsera. 

ROUCOURT,  roo^kooR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  18  miles  W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1390. 

ROUDBAR,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Roodbae. 

BOUDBAR,  a  village  of  Russia.    See  Roodbae. 

ROUDMA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Roodnia. 

ROUDNIKI,  a  town  of  Rus.sia.    See  Roodniki. 

ROUDOMIN,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  RooDOMKf. 

ROUEN,  rcKyen,  (Fr.  pron.  rwdN;  anc.  Ilatornhgns  or  Ho- 
tomhigus,)  a  city  of  I'rance,  capital  of  the  department  of  Seine 
Inferieure,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  here  crossed  bj 
a  stone  bridge,  connecting  it  with  its  suburb,  St.  Sever,  and 
by  a  new  iron  bridge,  68  miles  N.W.  of  Paris,  and  56  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Havre,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Lat, 
49°  26'  N.,  Ion.  1°  6'  E.  Pop.  in  1861,  102,(>i9.  It  stands  in 
a  valley,  on  a  gentle  acclivity  facing  the  S..  and  is  built  in  the 
shape  of^an  irregular  oval,  the  contour  of  which  is  marked  out 
by  the  site  of  the  old  ramparts,  which  have  been  levelli-d  down 
and  converted  into  finely-planted  boulevards.  In  addition 
to  the  town  proper,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  there  are 
several  suburbs,  of  which  that  of  St.  Sever,  on  the  left  bank, 
is  the  most  extensive.  When  viewed  from  the  adjoining 
heights,  particularly  from  the  hill  of  St.  Catherine  on  the 
S.E.,  no  provincial  town  in  France  presents  a  more  magnifi- 
cent and  venerable  aspect.  A  closer  inspection,  however, 
does  not  tend  to  heighten  the  impression.  The  streets,  in 
the  older  portion,  though  long  and  tolerably  straight,  are 
narrow,  dark,  and  dirty ;  and  the  houses,  for  the  most  part 
of  wood,  and  often  faced  with  slate,  are  poorly  built,  and  so 
lofty  and  crowded  as  to  exclude  a  free  ciiculation  of  air. 
Many  of  these  bouses,  however,  are  interesting  from  their 
antiquity  ;  and  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town,  which  is  of  more 
modern  con.struction,  there  are  several  handsome  streets, 
with  elegant  mansions  of  stone.  To  these  must  be  added 
the  rows  of  houses  along  the  magnificent  quays  by  which 
the  banks  of  the  river  are  lined. 

Among  the  public  edifices  the  first  place  is  due  to  the 
cathedral,  a  vast  and  imposing  structure  erected  during  a 
succession  of  centuries.  Its  W.  front,  forming  one  side  of 
the  fruit  and  flower-market,  is  flanked  by  two  lofty  towers, 
in  different  styles  of  architecture,  and  is  almost  covered 
with  images  and  sculptures.  The  interior  is  435  feet  long, 
104  feet  broad,  and  89^  feet  high.  It  is  in  the  early  pointed 
style,  and  has  three  remarkably  fine  rose-windows  in  the 
nave  and  transepts.  The  choir  has  on  its  pavement  small 
lozenge-shaped  tablets  of  marble,  marking  the  spots  where 
the  heart  of  Richard  Coeurde  Lion,  and  the  bodies  of  his  bro- 
ther Henry,  his  uncle  Geoffi-oy  Plantagenet,  and  John  Duke 
of  Bedford,  Regent  of  Normandy,  were  interred.  The  other 
edifices  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  archbishop's  palace, 
immediately  adjoining  the  cathedral:  the  abbey  of  St.  Ouen, 
with  a  church,  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  perfect  Gothic 
edifices  in  the  world;  the  church  of  St.  Maclou,  a  fine  speci- 
men of  florid  Gothic;  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  origin.ally  part  of 
the  abbey  of  St.  Ouen,  and  containing,  in  addition  to  the 
municipal  buildings,  a  public  library  of  33.000  volumes,  and 
a  picture-gallery;  the  Palais-de-Justice;  the  Museum,  pai^ 
ticularly  rich  in  works  of  art,  and  other  antiquities  of  the 
Middle  Ages;  and  the  Halles,  a  vast  edifice,  forming  three 
sides  of  a  parallelogram,  and  containing  a  stries  of  halls,  in 
which  the  principal  manvifactures  of  the  town  are  weekly 
exposed  for  sale.  In  the  Place  de  la  Pucelle  is  a  monument 
erected  to  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  on  the  spot  where  the  ho 
roine  was  so  infaniou.sly  committed  to  the  flames. 

The  staple  manufactures  are  cottons,  in  a  great  varisty 
of  forms,  produced  to  such  aa  exteut  its  to  make  Roaeu  tbtt 


ROU 


ROU 


Manchester  of  Prance.  It  is  also  famous  for  its  confectionery. 
The  other  principal  articles  are  broad-cloth,  combs,  fine 
liqueurs,  chemical  products,  &c.  There  are  also  tanneries, 
su^ar-refineries,  copper  and  iron  foundries.  The  situation 
of  the  town  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Havre,  and  on  an 
important  navigrable  river,  accessible  by  large  vessels,  is 
verj'  favorable  for  trade.  The  principal  articles  are  corn, 
flour,  wine,  brandy,  salt  provisions,  train-oil.  colonial  pro- 
due*,  and  the  various  articles  of  its  manufacture,  particu- 
larly a  species  of  striped  and  checked  cotton  goods  called 
rouenrKries. 

Rouen  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  the  seat  of  courts  of 
primary  jurisdiction  and  commerce,  and  of  a  court  of  appeal 
for  the  departments  of  Seine  Inferieure  and  Eure,  and  pos- 
sesses a  chamber  of  commerce  and  exchange,  conseil  dn  priuV- 
hoinmft,  mint,  agricultural  society,  college,  a^diinic  uni- 
versitaire.  diocesan  .seminary,  third-class  school  of  hydrogra- 
phy, academy  of  science  and  art,  and  school  of  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture.  It  is  a  place  of  gre;it  antiquity, 
and  existed  before  the  conquest  of  Oaul  by  the  Itomans, 
under  whom  it  toolt  the  name  ot Kotnmagus,  which  it  retained 
for  several  centuries.  In  the  ninth  century  it  was  pillaged 
by  the  Normans,  who  made  it  their  capital.  After  the  Nor- 
man conquest  it  long  continued  in  the  possession  of  the  Eng- 
lish, who  finally  lost  it  in  1449,  eighteen  years  after  they  had 
disgraced  themselves  by  their  inhuman  sacrifice  of  Joan  of 
Arc.  Many  eminent  men  have  been  born  here,  among 
others,  Corneille,  the  father  of  French  tragedy,  and  Fon- 
tenelle. 

R0UKRGUT5,  roo-aiRg'  or  rwfeg,  an  ancient  district  of 
France,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  province  of  Guienne.  It  was 
divided  into  Haute-Marche,  Basse-Marche,  and  Comte.  Ro- 
dez  was  its  capital.  It  is  now  included  in  the  department 
of  Aveyron. 

ROUEZ,  RwJz  (?)  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe, 
17  miles  N.W.  of  Lemans.     Pop.  2000. 

ROUFFACH,  roorfdk',  a  walled  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haut-Rhln,  on  the  Strasbourg  and  Hasel  fHale) 
Railw.ay,  9  miles  S.  of  Colmar.  Pop.  in  1S52.  3630.  It 
stands  around  a  height,  on  which  is  the  Castle  of  Isenbourg, 
a  residence  of  several  of  the  Merovingian  kings.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods. 

ROUG^fi,  roo^zhA',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Chateaubriant.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2710. 

ROUGE  BAYOU,  roozh  bi'oo,  of  Louisiana,  traverses  parts 
of  Avoyelles  and  St.  Landry  parishes,  and  communicates 
with  Achafalava  Bayou. 

ROUGEMONT,  roozh'mA\o',  or  RETCIIMUND,  rJtch^- 
mti\o',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Boubs,  22 
miles  N.E.  of  Besan9on.     Pop.  1372. 

ROUGKMONT,  roozh^mAx"',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Vaud,  on  the  Saane,  28  miles  £.  of  Lausanne.  Pop. 
1100. 

ROUGE  (roozh)  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  is  formed  by  three 
branches,  the  North,  West,  and  South,  which  rise  in  Oak- 
land and  Washtenaw  counties,  and  unite  about  10  miles  W. 
of  Detroit.  The  river  then  flows  into  the  Detroit  River,  5 
miles  below  the  city  just  named.  It  is  navigable  tor  small 
vessels  to  Dearbornville,  alx)ut  10  miles. 

ROUGH  AM,  ro'am  (?)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ROUGH  AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ROUGH  CHEEK,  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  rises  near 
the  boundary  between  Hardin  and  Grayson  counties,  and 
flowing  in  a  direction  W.  by  S.,  enters  Green  River  on  the 
boundary  between  Ohio  and  Daviess  counties.  Length, 
about  100  miles. 

ROUGH  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia, 
105  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

ROUGH  CRKEK,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co.,  Kentucky. 

ROUGH  LEE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  rUff  and  rM'dee,  a  postofflce  of 
Bteuben  co.,  New  York. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  a  postoffice  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Macon  and  Western  Railrojid.  11  miles  S.  of  Atlanta. 

ROUGH-.^ND-READY,  a  post-ofilce  of  Chambers  co.,  Ala- 
bama, with  a  station  on  the  Montgomery  and  West  Point 
Railroad.  20  miles  from  West  Point. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ten- 
ues.see. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  co.,  Ken- 
tticky,  on  the  turnpike  from  Liouisville  to  Crab  Orchard. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 33  miles  N.N.E.  of  Quincy. 

ROUGH-AND-READY,  a  post-town  of  Nevada  co.,  Califor- 
nia.    Pop.  in  1853,  about  800;  in  1860, 1719. 

ROUGH-AND-READY  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Henry  co., 
Virginia 

ROUGHTON.  rtlf'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ROUOHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ROUGNAT,  roon^yd/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  7  miles  E,N.E.  of  Aubusson.     Pop.  2200. 

EOUILLAC,    roo^yik'   or   rool'yak',  a    market-town    of 


France,  department  of  Charente,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  AngoTl- 
lenie.    Pop.,in  1S52.  2088. 

ROUILLE,  roo\v.V  or  rool\yA',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vienne.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Poitiers.     P.  in  1852,  2(i04. 

ROUJAN,  roo'zhSNo',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilerault.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Beziers.    Pop.  1740. 

KOU.TANA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Roozhana. 

ROUKONI,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  RoofiOSl. 

ROULERS,  rooMi',  (Flemish  Bousselaer,  rOws'sA-l^R/,)  a 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  on  an  aftlueni 
of  the  Lys,  and  on  the  railway  from  Bruges  to  Courtrai.  13 
miles  N.W.  of  Courtrai.  Pop.  12,433.  It  has  a  gymnasium, 
and  manufactures  of  linens. 

ROUfjETTE,  rooM^tf,  a  post-township  of  Potter  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  8  miles  W.  of  Coudersport.    Pop.  479. 

ROULSTONE,  rol'stpn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hereford 

ROU>L  a  pashalic  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Seevas. 

ROUMELIA  or  ROUM-ILI.    See  Room-Elee. 

ROUM-KALAH,  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Room-Kalah. 

ROUNCTON,  (rilnk't^n?)  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  North  Riding. 

ROUND'AWAY  BAYOU,  (bl'oo.)  of  Louisiana,  traverses 
Madison  parish  a  few  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  with  w  hich 
it  communicates  in  high  water.  It  is  connected  towards 
the  S.  with  Bayou  Vidal. 

ROUND  BOt'TOM,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  cc,  W.Virginia. 

ROUND  GROVE,  a  small  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

ROUND  GROVE,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  1313. 

ROUND'HAY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Leeds.  It  has  a  picturesque  church 
and  almshouses,  and  consists  almost  entirely  of  handsome 
mansions  with  gardens  and  spacious  grounds. 

ROUND'HEAD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hardin  co., 
Ohio.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Kenton.  Pop.  of  the  township,  778; 
of  the  villasre  about  200. 

ROUND  IIILL,  a  posf^village  of  Fairfield  CO.,  Connecticut, 
50  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  New  Haven. 

ROUND  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ROUND  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Orange  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

ROUND  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia. 

ROUND  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama 

ROUND  HILL,  a  posfcoffice  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri. 

ROUND  L.iKE,  a  small  lake  of  Hamilton  co..  New  York, 
has  its  outlet  into  Lake  Pleasant. 

ROUND  POND,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  CO.,  Maine. 

ROUND  POND,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Mississippi. 

ROUND  POND,  a  township  of  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  346. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  (pri/ree,)  a  small  vUUge  of  Shelby  co., 
Illinois. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  a  small  village  of  Andrew  co.,  Mis- 
souri. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri, 
82  miles  S.W.  of  .lefferson  Oty. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  a  village  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon. 

ROUND  TENT,  a  post-office  of  Yuba  co.,  California. 

ROUND  TOP,  a  po.st-office  of  B'ayette  co.,  Texas. 

ROUNY.^H,  a  town  of  .\si.atic  Turkey.    .See  Roonyah. 

ROUPHIA,  roo-fe'a.  (anc.  AlplieJus.)  n  river  of  Greece,  in  the 
IMorea.  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Carbonaro,  Ladon, 
and  Dogana  Rivers,  drains  the  whole  table-land  of  Arcadia, 
and  enters  the  Mediterranean  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Morea, 
near  Cape  Kafacolo.  Total  course  from  the  head  of  the  Car- 
bonaro. upwards  of  100  miles. 

ROURE.  roor,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Turin,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Pinerolo.  on  the  Clusone.  P.  2942. 

ROUUOUTOU,  an  island,  South  Pacific.    See  Oheteroa, 

ROUSA,  a  town  of  Russia.     St>e  RooSA. 

ROU'SAY,  roo'si.  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  in  Scotland,  5J 
miles  S.  of  the  headland  of  Skea.  in  Westray.  Length  ft-om 
E.  to  W.,  4  miles ;  breadth,  3  miles.  Th^,  shores  on  the  W. 
are  rocky  and  precipitous;  elsewhere  low  and  sloping:  and 
on  its  S.  side  is  a  tolerable  inn.  With  Eglishay,  Weir,  and 
Enhallow  Islands,  it  forms  a  parish.    Pop.  1294. 

ROUSE'S  (rowsVez)  POINT,  a  flourishing  post-village  of 
Clinton  co..  New  York,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  at 
the  extreme  N.E.  corner  of  the  st.ate.  The  Vermont  Central, 
the  Northern,  and  the  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  Rail- 
roads all  meet  at  this  point.  The  cars  of  the  former  road 
here  cross  the  lake  by  a  bridge  upwards  of  5000  feet  long, 
the  centre  of  which,  about  300  feet  in  length,  consists  of  a 
species  of  boat  or  floating  bridge,  so  arranged  that  the  pass- 
ing of  the  cars  is  not  affected  by  any  rise  or  fall  in  the 
water.  Except  while  the  cars  are  crossing,  it  is  kept  open 
or  swung  round,  so  as  not  to  interrupt  navigation  on  the 
lake.  The  cost  of  the  bridge  was  about  $300,000.  The  de- 
pot in  which  all  these  roads  terminate  is  an  immense 
building,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  occupied  as  a  hoteL 
The  frontier  is  here  defended  by  Fort  Montgomery. 

ROUS'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of  Oxford. 

ROUSSEAU,  roo^so',  a  post-village  of  Morgan  countj, 
Ohio,  35  miles  S.  of  Zanesville. 

1619 


ROU 


ROX 


SOTJSSEtABR,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Roulers. 

ROUSSKS.  Le8,  li  rooss,  a  frontier  Tillage  of  France,  de- 
pirtment  of  Jura,  20  miles  N.  of  Geneva,  with  a  custom- 
aou!».  and  manufactures  of  watches.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2395. 

KOUSSILLOX,  roo'seery*!**'  or  roo'see*y(is«',  an  old  pro- 
vince of  South  France,  separated  from  Spain  by  the  Pyre- 
nees. Perpignan  was  its  c.npital,  as  it  is  of  the  modern  de- 
partment of  Pyrenees-Orieutales,  with  which  Koussillon  is 
nearly  identical. 

RODSSILLON,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Isere,  11  miles  S.  of  Vienue.     Pop.  ItiOO. 

ROUTCHOUK.    See  Roostchook. 

ROUTH,  rooth.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Biding. 

ROUTOT,  roo'to/,  a  market^town  of  France,  department 
of  Eure.  10  miles  E.  of  Pon^Audemer.     Pop.  1101. 

ROUVILLE.  rooVeel',  a  county  of  Canada  East,  bordering 
on  Lake  Champlain.  comprises  an  area  of  429  square  miles. 
Pop.  27.0.31.  This  county  is  inter.sected  by  the  Boston,  Con- 
cord, and  Montrail  Railroad,  and  the  Sorell  River  washes 
its  western  border.     Capital.  Clarenceville. 

ROUVRAY,  roo'vri'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
CSte-d'Or,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Semur.    Pop.  1166. 

ROUX.  roo,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut,  on 
the  railroad  from  Brussels  to  Charleroi,  2  miles  X.N.W.  of 
Charleroi.     Pop.  2610. 

ROUY,  rooVe',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Nifevre.  17  miles  E.  of  Xevers.     Pop.  1447. 

ROVATO,  ro-v3'to,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  11  miles 
■W.N.W.  of  Brescia. 

ROVEGNO,  ro-vjn'yo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa,  province,  and  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bobbio, 
on  the  Trebbia.     Pop.  23S6. 

ROVELLASCA,  ro-vSl-li^'ki,  a  village  of  Xorthem  Italy, 
province,  and  about  9  miles  S.  of  Como.     Pop.  1600. 

RCyVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee. 

ROVERBELLA,  ro-vjR-bJnd,  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  in  Lombardy.  8  miles  N.  of  Mantua. 

ROVERCHEARA,  ro-vJR-ke-S'rd,  a  market-town  of  Aus- 
trian Italy,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Adige. 

UOVERE.  ro-v.Vri,  a  marketrtown  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Aquila. 

ROVER  EDO,  ro-vi-ri'do.  (Ger.  Mover^-ith,  ro'veh-rit\)  a 
town  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the  frontiers  of  A  ustrian  Ital}',  on  the 
Lens,  near  its  junction  with  the  Adige,  13  miles  S.W.  of 
Trent.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  well  built,  and  commanded  by  a 
strong  castle.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  an  English  conventual 
establishment,  and  a  seminary,  with  a  public  library,  silk 
mills,  and  mjinufactures  of  leather  and  tobacco. 

R0VE1{ED0.  ro-v.i-rVdo,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Grisons,  S.  of  the  Alps.  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bellinzona. 

ROVESCALA,  ro-Tjs-kd'M,  a  village  of  the  Sai-dinUn 
States,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  of  Voghera.  P.  1858. 

ROVEZZANO,  ro-vJt-sd/no,  (L.  J^ovetianum.)  a  commune 
of  Tuscany,  about  3  miles  E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  4600. 

ROVIOXO,  ro-veen'yo,  or  TREVIGXO,  tri-veen'yo,  a  sea- 
port town  of  Illyria,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Istria,  39  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Triest.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  promontory,  on 
the  Adriatic,  and  has  two  harbors,  ship-building  yards  for 
vessels  of  300  tons,  manufactures  of  sail-cloth,  an  extensive 
tunny-flshery,  and  trade  in  wine  and  olives.  It  has  a  cathe- 
drjil.  a  normai  school,  and  2  hospitals.  In  1845,  168  ships 
and  60  fishing-boats  belonged  to  the  port.     Pop.  10,688. 

ROVIGO,  ro-vee'go,  a  town  of  AustrLin  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  on  the  Adigetto,  here  crossed  by  4  stone  bridges. 
38  miles  S.W.  of  A'^enice.  Pop.  9600.  Its  walls,  in  part  de^ 
stroyed,  are  pierced  by  6  gateways,  and  it  has  a  castle,  nu- 
merous churches,  convents,  and  charitable  institutions,  2 
theatres,  an  academy  of  arts,  and  a  commi.s.sion  of  works  for 
the  Polesine  district,  of  which  it  is  the  Kipital.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  Bishop  of  Adria.  Under  Xapoleon  it  gave 
the  title  of  duke  to  General  Savary. 

ROVILLB,  rooVeel'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  near  the  Moselle,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Xancy. 

ROVNO.    See  Rowno. 

ROW,  r5,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumbarton,  on  Loch 
Gare.    Here  are  remains  of  several  old  baronial  castles. 

ROWAN,  rO-W,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Xortb 
Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  450  squ.ire  miles.  The  Yadkin 
River  forms  the  boundary  on  the  E.,  and  South  Yadkin  on 
the  X.  The  surface  is  hilly:  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
The  Yadkin  furnishes  extensive  motive-power  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  county.  '  It  is  intersected  by  the  Western  Turn- 
pike, extending  from  Salisbury  W.  toQeorgia.  and  by  the 
rout«  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  Xorth  Carolina.  The  S. 
tmrt  of  the  county  is  comprised  in  the  eold  region.  Formed 
in  1753.  Capital,  Salisbury.  Pop.  147589,  of  whom  10,659 
were  free,  and  3930  slaves. 

ROWAXDIZ,  ROWAXDUZ.  row-inMiz.  or  RAVAXDTZ. 
a  fortified  town  of  Turkish  Koordistan.  pashalic,  and  75 
mile*  N.E  of  Mosul,  on  an  alBuent  of  the  Greater  Zab;  lat. 
36 '  47'  N..  Ion.  44°  30'  E.  It  comprises  from  1000  to  1300 
hoi.Bes,  with  a  crowded  population,  and  is  encircled  everv- 
wliere.  except  on  the  river  side,  with  a  wall  flanked  by 
round  towers:  besides  which,  it  has  a  castle,  the  residence 
lflE20 


of  its  bey.  The  Rowandiz  River  flows  through  a  deep  limep 
stone  rjiviue  to  the  Zab.  10  miles  distiut.  The  peak  ot 
Rowandiz.  Kendilau  chain,  is  30  miles  E.X.E. 

ROWBEIVROW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

BOWDE,  i-od.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ROWD'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

ROWE,  1-6,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co, 
Massachusetts,  108  miles  X.W.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  goods.    Pop.  619. 

ROWEX,  ro'*gn,  (Obee,  cljer,  and  Uxter,  66n'tfr,)  two 
contiguous  villages  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim.  Pop- 
ulation 1567. 

ROWE'NA.  a  post-office  of  Ru.ssell  co.,  Kentucky. 

ROWEXSKO,  ro-*Sn'sko,  a  marketrtown  of  Bohemia,  18 
miles  X.E.  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  1564. 

RO'WER.'a  village  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co. 
of  Kilkenny.  4  miles  X.  of  Xew  Ro.s8.     Pop  3776. 

ROWE'.S"(rOz^  CORNER,  Xew  Hampshire,  a  station  on  the 
Portsmouth  and  Concord  Railroad.  13  miles  from  Concord. 

ROWESVILLE,  roz'vil.  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 6S  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

ROW'IXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

ROWLAXD"S  (i-yiands)  SPRIXGS,  a  fashionable  water- 
ing-pl.ice  of  Cass  co.,  Georgi.a.  situated  56  miles  N.W.  of  At- 
lanta, and  6  miles  from  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad. 

ROWLAXDSVILLE,  ro'l.jnds-vil,  a  post-village  of  Cecil 
CO..  Maryland,  73  miles  N.E.  of  Annapolis. 

ROWLAXDSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Stanley  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

ROWLESBURG.  rolz^burg  (?)  a  village  and  station  of  Pres 
ton  CO.,  Virginia,  is  finely  situated  on  the  Cheat  River, 
where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad.  126 
miles  from  Wheeling.  The  river  is  navigable  40  miles  above 
this  village,  and  it  also  affords  abundant  water-power. 

ROWLEY,  rMee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

ROWLEY,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Essex  CO..  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Eastern  KaUroad.  29  miles  N.X.E.  of  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  1278. 

ROWLEY,  REGIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

ROW'XER,  a  parish  and  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 
3  miles  S.  of  Fareham. 

ROWN'O,  rov'no,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  governtnent 
of  Volhyuia,  near  several  lakes,  115  miles  W.X.W.  of  Zhiio- 
meer,  (Jitomlr.)     Pop.  9240. 

ROW'S,  or  ROWS'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Ashland  co., 
Ohio,  94  miles  N.X.E.  of  Columbus,  contains  about  60 
houses. 

ROWSLEY,  (rOzlee,)  GREAT,  a  chapelry  and  township  of  . 
England,  co.  of  Derby,  3j  miles  S.K.  of  Bakewell.    It  has  a 
station  on  the  Midland  Junction  Railway. 

ROWSrrOX,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Lincoln. 

ROWZAH,  rOw'zi,  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan,  in 
Nizam's  dominions,  X.W.  of  Aurungabad.  near  the  caves 
of  Flora,  and  having  fine  remains  of  Mohammedan  and 
other  edifices,  including  the  tomb  of  Aurungzebe. 

ROXALAXA,  a  post-office  of  Kanawha  co.,  AV. Virginia. 

ROX.\X'A.  a  post-township  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan.  P.  790. 

ROX'BOROUGIl,  formerly  a  township  of  Philadelphia  co., 
Pennsylvania,  now  included  within  the  limits  of  the  con- 
solidated city  of  Philadelphia,  about  7  miles  X.  by  AV.  of  the 
State-house.     Pop.  in  1850.  2660. 

ROXBOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Person  co..  Xorth 
Carolina,  near  the  source  of  Neuse  River,  60  miles  N.N.AA".  of 
Raleigh.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  few  stores,  and 
about  350  inhabitants. 

ROXBURGH,  roxljtir-reh,  or  BOXBURGHSIirRE.  roV- 
bfir-reh-shir,  an  inland  and  frontier  county  of  Sotlnnd, 
having  E.  and  S.  the  English  counties  of  Northumberland 
and  Cumberland.  Area,  715  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1^-51, 
51,642.  Surface  hilly  in  the  S.  and  AV.,  elsewhere  mostly  a 
tolerably  fertile  plain.  Principal  rivers,  the  Teviot,  which 
intersects  it  throughout,  and  the  Tweed  in  the  X.  Coal, 
lime,  marl,  and  fi-eestone  are  the  chief  mineral  products. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  of  woollens.  Its  N.  part  is 
intersected  by  the  North  British  Railway  and  branches. 
Principal  towns.  Jedburgh,  the  capital.  Kelso,  Hawick,  and 
Melrose.  The  county  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Under  the  Romans  it  formed  a  part  of  Aaleutiji, 
and  afterwards  it  was  a  part  of  the  Saxon  kingdom  of  North- 
umbria. 

ROX'BURGH.  a  county  of  New  South  Wales,  enclosed  by 
the  COS.  of  AVellington,  Philip,  Hunter,  Cook,  AVestmore- 
land.  and  Bathurst.  Area,  1520  square  miles.  Pop.  2:553. 
Chief  towns,  Kelso  and  Rydal.  AA'ith  the  co.  of  Wellington 
it  sends  1  member  to  the  Legi.slative  Assembly. 

ROXBURY.  roxTi^r-e,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co., 
Maine,  44  miles  N.AA".  by  W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  251. 

ROXBURY,  a  post-township  of  Cheshire  Co.,  Xew  Hamp- 
shire. 37  miles  S.AA'.  of  Concord.    Pop.  212. 

ROXBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  AVashington 
CO..  A'ermont,  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  17  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1060. 

ROXBURY.  a  beautiful  city  of  Norfolk  <»..  M.i.ssachuso'.ts. 
on  the  Boston  and  Providence  Railioad   3  miles  S.  of  Ikx?- 


ROX 


RUB 


ton,  wltli  which  it  is  connected  by  what  is  termed  "Boston 
Neck."  Leading  over  this  neck  are  three  avenues,  which 
are  traversed  by  numerous  lines  of  stages  plying  between 
t)ie  two  cities.  Mu('h  of  the  site  now  occupied  by  Hoxbury 
was  originally  rocky  and  very  irregular,  but  of  late  has 
been  greatly  improved.  Portions  of  it  are  quite  elevated, 
affording  fine  views  of  Boston  and  the  surrounding  scenery. 
It  would  perhaps  be  difficult  to  find  concentrated  in  any 
city  of  equal  extent  such  a  diversity  of  surface,  or  so  many 
elements  of  the  picturesque.  The  private  edifices,  all  of 
which  are  neat,  and  some  very  elegant,  are,  for  tiie  most 
part,  enclosed  by  spacious  grounds  adorned  with  flower- 
gardens  and  a  profusion  of  shrubl)ery ;  indeed,  few  places 
have  been  more  improved  by  the  horticulturist.  For  seve- 
ral years  past  the  city  has  been  flourishing,  owing  in  part 
to  its  having  become  a  favorite  place  of  residence  to  peisons 
doing  business  in  Boston.  Its  wealth  and  interests  are 
closely  connected  with  that  city,  and  it  might  with  pio- 
priety,  perhaps,  be  regarded  as  a  suburb  of  the  metropolis. 
It  has,  however,  considerable  trade  of  its  own,  and  is  also 
extensively  engaged  in  manufacturing.  The  most  im- 
portant articles  produced  are  steam-engines,  steam-boilers, 
flre-engines.  iron  eastings,  chemical  preparations,  cirpet- 
ings,  various  kinds  of  fringe,  tassels,  cordage,  leather.  &c. 
It  has  2  banks,  with  a  circulation  of  over  $i()0,UOO,  11 
churches,  2  savings  institutions,  an  insurance  company, 
and  a  giis-light  company,  incorporated  in  1852,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $;>00,000.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  A 
beautiful  burial-place,  called  the  Korest  Hills  Cemetery, 
has  recently  been  laid  out  on  the  Dedhain  Turnpike,  a  short 
distance  back  of  the  city.  It  comprises  an  area  ol  about  loO 
acres,  diversified  with  nearly  every  variety  of  surface,  and  va- 
riously adorned  with  winding  pathways,  plants,  shrubbery, 
Ac.  The  entrance  to  the  grounds  is  by  a  tine  Egyptian 
gateway.  Boston  and  Roxbury  were  both  incorporated  the 
same  year.  1630.  The  latter  was  chartered  as  a  city  in  1846. 
Pop.  in  1790.  2226:  in  1810,  3669:  iu  1S30,  5217;  in  1840, 
90S9 ;  iu  ISoO,  18,273 ;  and  in  1860,  25,137. 

ROXBUliy.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litchfield  cc, 
Connecticut,  about  35  miles  S.W.  by  VV.  of  Ilartford.  Hats 
are  manufactured  here  to  a  considerable  extent.    Pop.  992. 

KOXBUUY.  a  post-township  forming  the  K.  extremity  of 
Delaware  county,  New  York.     Pop.  2558. 

ROXRUKY,  a  post-township  of  Morris  CO.,  New  Jersey, 
47  miles  N.  of  Trenton.     Pop.  2865. 

ROXBURY,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  4  miles 
S.  of  Bel-idere,  cont;(ins  3  mills  and  a  foundry. 

ROXRvIUY.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
14  miles  N.  of  Chambersburg.    Pop.  near  200. 

RO.X.BURY,  a  township  of  Wasliington  co.,  Ohio. 

ROXBURY,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Dane  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  15 
miles  N.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1234. 

ROX'HY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ROX'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ROX'O,  a  post^village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin,  79 
miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

ROX'OBEL,  a  post-oflice  of  Bertie  co.,  North  Qirolina. 

ROX'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Bedford. 

R()XTO.V,  a  vijlage  and  township  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Shelford,  16  miles  from  Granby.     Pop.  of  township,  Oj50. 

ROX'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ROY,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  rises  5  miles  E.  of  the  S. 
end  of  Loch  Oich,  flows  S.W..  and  joins  the  Spean  after  a 
course  of  16  miles.     It  traverses  the  famous  vale  of  Cilenroy. 

Ri'»Y,  a  small  isUnd  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Donegal,  in  Mulroy 
Lough,  about  23  miles  N.W.  of  Londonderry,  half  a  mile  In 
length. 

ROV'AL,  a  tflwnsnip  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

ROYAL  CKXTKE.  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana. 

ROYAL  O.^K,  a  postoffice  of  Talbot  co.,  Maryland. 

ROYAL  0.\K,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  railroad  ftom  Detroit  to  Pon- 
tiac.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.  The  village  has  a  steam  saw 
mill,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1222. 

R0Y.\^L  O.^KS,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  CO..  Virginia. 

ROY' -ALSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester 
00..  M.assachusetts,  on  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Rail- 
road. 65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1486. 

ROY'ALTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windsor  co., 
Vermont,  on  \\'hit«  River,  and  on  the  Vermont  Central  Rail- 
road, 34  miles  S.  of  .Montpelier.  The  village  contains  several 
churches,  and  an  academy.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1739. 

ROYALTO.V,  a  post-township  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Niagara 
CO .  New  York,  intersected  by  the  Erie  Canal.  It  contains 
^rinxs  ol  inflammable  gas.     Pop.  4793. 

ROV.\  LTON,  a  township  of  Cuvahoga  eo.,  Ohio.     P.  1297. 

ROYALTO.V,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  alwut  24 
niles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

ROYALTON,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  748. 

ROYALTON,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles 
N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

ROY.VN.  roVdxo'.  a  maritime  town  of  France,  department 
of  CUarente-Inferieuie.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Giroude.  20  miles 
6  W.  of  Salutes.    Pop.  in  1852,  3329.    It  has  a  small  harbor 


defended  by  a  fort,  pilchard  and  other  fisheries,  and  bathing 
establishments. 

ROYAU.MONT,  roi^o^mi'is"',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seino-et-Oise,  with  a  cotton  factory  established  it. 
an  abbey  founded  by  Louis  IX. 

ROYBON,  rwd'bA.vo',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  I?6re,  22  miles  W.  of  Grenoble.  Pop.  in  1853,  2294,  partly 
engaged  in  steel-works. 

ilOY'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  with  a  star 
tion  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  3  miles  E.  of  Brox- 
bourne. 

ROYDON,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

ROYDON,  a  parisk  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ROY'E,  rw3.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme,  on 
the  Ar^-e,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Afaiien.s.  Pop.  in  1852,  3776.  It 
has  manufactures  of  beet-root  sugar,  and  woollen  hosiery. 
It  was  formerly  fortified,  and  has  sustained  11  sieges. 

ROYJ^RE,  roi^alR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  23  miles  S.  of  Gueret.     Pop.  in  1852.  2503. 

ROY'ERS  FORD,  a  po8t><)flice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

ROYSTON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  cos.  of 
Cambridge  and  Herts,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cambridge.  Pop. 
in  1851,  2061.  The  town,  situated  among  chalk  downs,  has 
a  venerable  church,  originally  part  of  a  priory ;  a  union 
work-house,  and  market-house,  under  which  a  cui'ious  an- 
cient cave  has  been  discovered. 

ROYSTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest  Riding, 
with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  North  Midland  Railway, 
16^  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rotherham. 

ROYS/TON.  a  village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Indi.ana,  on  the 
railroad  from  Bellefwntaine  to  Indianapolis,  70  miles  N.E.of 
the  latter.    Laid  out  in  1850. 

ROY'TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

ROY'TON,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 

ROZA  or  ROWZAH,  rolzi.  ("  a  tomb.")  a  town  of  Hindos- 
tan,  in  the  Nizam's  dominions,  province  of  Aurungabad, 
and  on  the  road  from  that  city  to  the  caves  of  Ellora,  6i 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Dowletabad.  with  which  town  it  is  coa- 
nected  by  a  good  rmid,  lined  with  Mohammedan  tombs. 

ROZDIALOWITZ,  roz-de-a-lo/ftits.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  cir- 
cle of  Buntzlau.  and  36  miles  E.N.E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1177. 

ROZELL',  a  village  of  Indiana,  on  the  New  Albany  and 
Salem  Railroad.  21  miles  S.  of  .Michig.an  City. 

ROZENBURG,  ro/zen-btliiG\  a  fertile  island  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, province  of  South  Ilolland,  in  the  Meuse,  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Rotterdam.     Length.  6  miles:  breadth.  IJ  miles. 

ROZHESTVENKA  or  i{().7ESTVKXKA,ro-zhJst-v5n'ka.  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Koorsk,  12  miles  W. 
of  Staroi-Oskol.     Pop.  about  1500. 

ROZHESTVENKOE  or  ROJESTVENKOE,  ro-zhfet-vjn'- 
ko-i,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of  Simbeersk,  32 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Stavropol.     Pop.  aljout  1500. 

ROZHESTVENO  or '  ROJESTVENO,  ro-zh?st-vd'no,  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  government,  and  49  miles  S.S.W. 
of  St.  Petersburgh.    Pop.  1500. 

ROZHEV  or  ROJEV.  ro-zhcv'.  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  38  miles  W.  of  Kiev.    Pop.  1500. 

KOZIIITCH.  ro-zhitch'.  or  ro-zheetch',  written  also  RA, 
SCIIISCUTSCH  or  ROJICtlE,  a  market-town  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Volhvnia.  on  the  Styr,  13  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Lootsk.     Pop.  about  1500. 

ROZNAU,  rots/now,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Mora- 
vii.  19  miles  E.S.E.  ot  Weisskirchen.     Pop.  2944. 

ROZOY  or  (ROSAY,  ro'z.4)  EN  BRIE,  ro'zwi'  8N=-bre'.  a 
small  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine^t>Marne,  17  miles 
N.E.  of  Meluu.     Pop.  1513. 

ROZOY  or  ROSAY  SUR  SERRE,  roizA/  sUr  saiR,  a  small 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aisue,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Laon. 
Pop.  1725. 

ROZZO.  rot'so,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Istria,  about  24 
miles  from  Pisino.     Pop.  1100. 

RSHEV,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  RzHEV. 

RTINA,  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  IIebtix. 

RUABON.  a  town  of  North  Wales.     See  Rhiwabov. 

RUAD,  roo'M',  (anc.  Aradus  and  Ari-acl,)  a  small  fortified 
island  off  the  coast  of  Syria.  S.W.  of  Tortosa. 

RUAN.  (roo-au',)  LANG'IIORNE,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cornwall. 

RUAN.  MA'JOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

RU.-VN.  Ml'NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall 

RU'ARDINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

RU'.VRK.  a  small  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois. 

RUATAN.  Too-i-tknt.  or  ROATAN,  ro-S-tin',  an  Island  in 
the  Bay  of  Honduras,  at  present  belonging  to  the  English, 
off  the  N.  coast  of  Central  America,  in  lat.  16°  24'  N..  Ion. 
S6°19'W.  Length.  30  miles;  bre.^dth.  8  miles.  Pop.  4000.  (?) 
The  surface  is  moderately  elevated,  and  well  wooded  but  in 
the  W.  consisting  of  grassy  plains;  the  shores  abound  with 
turtles  and  fish.  Near  its  S.  extremity  is  a  good  harbor, 
with  batteries  erected  by  the  English  before  abandoning  the 
island,  after  their  first  occupation. 

RUBELAND.  (Riibeland.)  rii'lieh-iant\  a  village  of  Ger. 
many,  in  Brunswick.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Hlankenburg,  on  the 
Bodo.    Pop.  578.    In  its  vicinity  are  important  imn  works. 

1621 


RUB 

RTTBENACH,  (Rftbenacli,')  rii'beh-nSK^  a  village  of  Rhen- 
jsli  PiUSaia,  government,  and  W.N.W.  of  Coblentz.  Pop. 
1083. 

R0RI,  roo-bee/,  a  villajxe  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province, 
and  about  10  miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1816. 

RUlfIA.\A,  roo-be-d/na,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  divi- 
sion 01  Turin,  province,  and  18  miles  K.  of  Susa.    Pop.  3179. 

RU'BICO>f,  (It.  II  Bubicone,  il  roo-be-ko'nA,)  a  river  of 
Central  Italy,  rises  on  the  borders  of  Tuscany,  between 
Mounts  Tiffl  and  Sarsina,  and  flows  E.  to  the  Adriatic,  which 
it  enters  9  miles  N.W.  of  llimiui.  Length,  20  miles.  It 
was  anciently  regarded  as  the  boundary  between  Italy  Proper 
ond  Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  is  celebrated  in  history  on  account 
of  Caesar's  passage  across  it  at  the  head  of  his  army,  by  which 
act  he  declared  war  against  the  republic. 

RU'BICON,  a  small'  river  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Washing- 
ton CO..  and  enters  Rock  River  in  Dodge  county. 

RUBICON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Dodge  CO., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  1675. 

RUBIELOS,  roo-be-i'loee,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  19  miles  S.E.  of  Teruel.     Pop.  2476. 

RUBIELOS  BAJOS,  roo-be-iloce  bd'noce,  a  town  of  Spain, 
In  New  Castile,  32  miles  from  Cuenca,  on  a  height  above  the 
Jucar.     Pop.  1867. 

RUBIERA,  roo-be-i/r3,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  duchy,  and 
7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Modena,  on  the  Secchia,  here  crossed  by 
a  Roman  bridge. 

RUBIESZOW,  a  town,  Russian  Poland.     See  Heubieszow. 

RUBIO,  El,  &\  roo'be-o,  or  PUEBLA  DEL  RUBIO,  pwJb'- 
Ij  dM  roc/be-o,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  about  55  miles  from  Seville.    Pop.  1500. 

RUBITE,  roo-bee'ti,  a  village  of  Spain, In  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince, and  about  35  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  982. 

RUBLEVKA  or  RUBLEWKA,  Russia.    See  Rooblevka. 

RUBRUM  MARE.    See  Red  Sea. 

RUBTSERA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Roobtsera. 

RUCKERSDORF,  (Rlickersdorf,)  rUk'kers-doRf\  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,  on  the  Rasnitzbach.  Pop. 
1096. 

RUCKERSDORF,  (Rlickersdorf,)  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  43  miles  N.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Bober.  Pop. 
1053. 

RUC'KER'S  PRAIRIE,  (pr.Vree,)  a  post-ofBce  of  Franklin 
CO..  Missouri. 

RUCK'ER'S  REPOSE,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Virginia. 

RUCK'ERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  CO.,  Virginia, 

RUCKERSVILLE,  a  post>village  of  Elbert  co.,  Georgia,  97 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

RUCKERSVILLE,a  post-village  of  Tippah  co.,  Mississippi, 
2S0  miles  N.  of  Jackson,  contains  2  or  3  st6r*es. 

RUCK'ERVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Kentucky. 

RUCKINGE,  rfik'iuj,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

RUCK'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RUCK'MANVILLE,a  post-offlce  of  Highland  co.,  Virginia. 

RUCKS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KUDBAR,  a  village  of  Russia.    See  Roodbar. 

RUDBAR.  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Roodbar. 

RUD'BAXTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

RUD'BlViN-CLEVE'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding. 

RUDTJELL,  a  town.ship  of  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  1174. 

RUD'DELL'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Hinkston  Creek,  42  miles  E.  of  Frankfort.  It 
contains  2  churches,  and  several  stores. 

RUDDERVOORDE,  rlid'der-v5RMfh,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  7  miles  S.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  4:320. 

RUD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

RUDE,  roo'deh,  a  village  and  parish  of  Austria,  in  Croa- 
tia, CO.  of  .\gram.   Pop.  1.344. 

RUDELSDORF,  roo'dels-doRr,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Chrudim.  about  13  miles  from  Leitomischel.     Pop.  1450. 

RUDELSTADT,  roo'del-statt\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia. 
24  miles  S.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Bober.  Pop.  1200.  There  are 
copper  and  arsenic  mines  in  its  vicinity. 

IIUDELZAU,  roo'dell-Bt.w\  or  RUDELCZATT,  roo'del- 
chflw\  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  on  the  Oder,  12  miles 
from  Weisskirchen.    Pop.  964. 

RUDEN,  roo'dgn,  a  small  island  of  Prussia,  in  the  Baltic, 
government,  and  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stralsund.  It  was  at 
one  time  separated  from  RUgen  by  a  small  stream;  but  in 
1309  a  violent  storm  broke  through,  and  formed  a  channel 
of  considerable  width  between  them.  It  is  about  2  miles 
long 

RUDENIIAUSEN,  (RUdenhausen,)rU'dgn-h6w'!ien,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Bavaria,  17  miles  E.  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  954. 

RUDERSBEKG,  roo'dgrs-bJRG\  a  village  of  W'tirtemberg, 
circle  of  Jaxt,  above  the  Wioslauf.     Pop.  1268. 

RUDERSWYL,  roo'd?rs-*lr,  or  RUDl'lKSWEIL,  roo'ders- 
*n\  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and'  13 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Emmen.  Pop.  2256. 

RUDKSHKIM,  (Rudesheim.)  rU'd?s-hIme\  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Nassau,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  in  the 
Kheingau.  opposite  Bingen,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Wiesb;iden. 
Pop.  2500.  There  are  4  ancient  feudal  castles  in  the  vicinity. 
1622 


RUG 

RUDE'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Lewis  co..  Virginia. 
RUD'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
RUDGELEY,  rfy'lee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.,  and  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stafford,  on  the  S.W.  bank 
of  the  Trent,  here  cros.sed  by  an  aqueduct  of  the  Trunk  Canal, 
and  on  the  Trent  Valley  Branch  of  the  London  and  North- 
western Railway.    Pop.  in  1851,  3054.     The  town  has  an 
ancient  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  grammar  sclinoJ, 
alms-houses,  and  other  charities,  manufactures  of  felt  and 
hats,  chemical-works,  iron-forges,  and  near  it  some  extensive 
collieries. 
RUDO'WICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

RUD'IIAM,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUDIL-VM,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUDIANO,  roo-de-d'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Chiari.     Pop.  1470. 

RUDIG,  roo'dio.  or  WRUTEK,  vroo'tjk,  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, S.S.W.  of  Saatz.    Pop.  lOGO. 

RUDKIOBING,  (Kudkiobing.)  RUDKJ0BIN6,  (Rudkjo- 
bing.)  rood'kyo'bing\  or  LAFVINDSKJOBING,  (L.ifvinds- 
kjiibing,)  iSfvinds-kyiVbing,  a  seaport-town  of  Denmark,  on 
the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Langeland,  9  miles  S.E.  of 
Svendborg.  Pop.  2200.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has 
some  ship-building  docks. 

RUDNIA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Roodxia. 

RUDNIKI,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Roodniki. 

RUDOLFSTADT,  roo/dolt-state,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  4 
miles  from  Budweis.     Pop.  870. 

RUDOLSTADT.  roo/dol-stdtt',  a  town  of  Germany,  on  the 
Saale,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge,  18  miles  S. 
of  Weimar.  Pop.  5743.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a 
castle,  the  usual  residence  of  the  prince;  a  library  of  40,000 
volumes,  a  gymnasium,  a  cathedral,  and  picture  gallery.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  porcelain. 

RUDOMIN,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Roodomiji. 

RUI^STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  in  East 
Riding. 

RUE,  rli,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Cantal,  joing 
the  Dordogne,  near  Bort,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  25  miles. 

RUE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme,  with  a 
station  on  the  Paris  and  Boulogne  Rtiilway,  14  miles  N.W. 
of  Abbeville.     Pop.  in  1852,  2262. 

RUE,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  20  miles  S.W. 
of  Freyburg. 

RUECAS,  roo-i'k^s  or  rwa'kds,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  joins  the  Guadiaua,  near  Medellin,  after  a  S.W. 
course  of  40  miles. 

RUEDA  DEL  ALMIRANTE,  roo-A'cS  dJl  Jl-me-ran'td,  a 
small  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leon, 
on  the  Esla. 

RUEDA  DE  MEDINA,  twA'dE  dA  mi-dee'ni,  a  small  town 
of  Spain.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid.    Pop.  2501. 

RUEGLIO,  roo-Al'yo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  province,  and  7  miles  W.  of  Ivrea.  Pop. 
1963. 

RUEIL,  rwAI,  or  RUEL,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  at  the  foot  of  the  vine-clad  Mont  Valfirien, 
near  the  Seipe,  5  miles  W.  of  P.aris,  on  the  railway  to  St. 
Germains.  Pop.  in  1852,  4581.  Here  is  the  chateau  of 
Malmaison,  the  residence  of  the  Empress  Josephine. 

RUELLE,  rwjl,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente,  5  miles  N.E.of  AngoulSme,  with  a  large  cannon  foun- 
dry.    Pop.  1508. 

RUESGAU,  riis/gSw,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Emmen.  Pop.  2028. 

RUFFANO.  roof-fd'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gallipoli.    Pop.  1690. 

RUFFEC,  riiff 6k',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente,  on  the  railway  from  Tours  to  Bordeaux,  26  miles  N.  of 
AngoulSme.  Pop.  in  1852,  3654.  It  has  an  active  trade  in 
cheese,  truffles,  corn,  and  chestnuts,  and  12  annual  fairs. 
Several  councils  have  been  held  here. 

RUFFELSIIEIM,  (RUfTelsheim,)  riiPfels-himeN  a  market- 
town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  in  Starkenburg,  circle  of  Gross- 
gerau.    Pop.  1522. 

RUFFEY,  riirtii/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Jura, 
arrondissement  of  Ijons-le-Saulnier,     Pop.  1452. 

RUFFIAC,  rurfe-dk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan.  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ploermel.     Pop.  1721, 

RUFFIGNI5,  riirfeen^yi',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Loire-lnf6rieure,  5  miles  N.W\  of  Chateaubriant. 

RUF'FOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  5i  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Ormskirk,  with  a  station  on  the  East  Lancashire 
Railway. 

RUF'FORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  jo.  of  York. 

RUFISQUE,  rti'feesk',  a  maritime  town  of  West  Africa,  a 
little  E,  of  Cape  Verd,  and  stated  to  have  an  active  trade 
with  the  adjacent  fort  of  Goree. 

RUFO,  roo'fo,  a  town  of  Naples,  proviu-*  of  Principato 
Citra,  W.N.W.  of  Sala.    Pop.  2320. 

RUG'BY,  a  market-town  and  parish  in  thf,  centre  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Warwick,  on  the  London  and  North-western 
Railway,  at  the  divergence  of  the  Trent  Valley  Branch,  and 
S.  terminus  of  the  .Alidland  Railway,  and  terminus  of  a 
branch  of  the  Great  Western  Railway,  80  miles  HJV.W  of 


RUG 


RUN 


Fx^ndon.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851, 6313.  The  town  Is  situ- 
ated on  an  eminence  S.  of  the  Avon,  has  some  vestiges  of  a 
ciistle  built  in  the  reign  of  Stephen,  an  ancient  church,  and 
a  celebrated  public  school,  founded  in  the  time  of  Queen 
Elizabeth.  This  was  rebuilt  in  1808  in  the  Tudor  stylo,  and 
consists  mostly  of  a  fine  quadrangle  with  cloisters,  an  ele- 
gant detached  chapel;  it  has  about  300  scholar.s,  50  of 
whom  are  on  the  foundation,  an  endowment  now  produoing 
about  oOOOl.  per  annum,  14  valuable  exhibitions  to  the  uni- 
versities, and  a  dependent  alms-house.  It  is  distinguished 
us  the  scene  of  the  educational  and  literary  labors  of  the 
late  Dr.  Arnold.  The  town  has  little  trade  beyond  that 
caused  by  railw.ay  trafBc  and  supply  of  the  school. 
KUGKLKY,  England.  See  Kudgelet. 
RUGKN,  (Riigen.)  rli'ghen,  an  i.sland  in  the  Baltic,  belong- 
In;?  to  Prussia,  government  of  Pomerania,  separated  from 
the  mainland  only  by  a  strait  from  a  half  a  mile  to  2  miles 
broad.  Lat.  of  lighthouse  at  its  N.  extremity  53°  41'  12"  N., 
Ion.  13°  .31' 27"  E.  Area,  361  square  miles.  Pop.  37.000.  It  is 
very  irregular  in  shape,  and  indented  by  a  .series  of  bays  and 
creeks,  but  posses.ses  no  good  harbor.  The  surface  exhibits 
a  beautiful  variety  of  hill  and  dale,  and  has  many  well- 
wooded  slopes  and  wild,  romantic  ravines.  The  Stulibenitz 
is  situated  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  island,  and  has  a 
height  of  about  550  feet,  forming  a  bold  and  precipitous 
chalky  cliff,  from  the  top  of  which  a  flight  of  steps,  liewn  in 
the  rock,  leads  down  to  the  sea-shore.  The  soil  is  of  remark- 
able fertility,  equally  adapted  to  agriculture  and  to  grass. 
Grain  and  cattle  are  exported  to  a  considerable  amount. 
The  fisheries,  also,  are  very  valuable.  In  early  times  KUgen 
was  held  sacred  to  the  goddess  Hertha,  and  a  small  lake, 
surrounded  by  trees,  is  still  pointed  out  as  having  been  her 
principal  abode.  During  the  Thirty  Year.s'  War,  the  Swedes 
gained  possession  of  the  island,  and  retained  it  till  1815, 
whiMi  it  was  ceded  to  Prussia.  Capitil.  Bergen.  Among  its 
an  tiquities  are  mounds  termed  the  Ilunnergriiber,  or  "  Tombs 
of  the  Huns." 

UUGKNWALDE,  (Rllgenwalde,)  rli'ghfn-^illMph,  a  town 
of  Prussia,  province  of  Pomerania,  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  C5slin, 
on  the  Wipper,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic.  Pop.  4250.  It 
has  a  castle,  two  hospitals,  and  sea-bathing  establishments, 
with  manufactures  of  linen,  woollen,  and  sail  cloths,  dis- 
tilleries, and  docks  for  building  coasting  ves.sels. 

BUGOISBEJIG,  (liUggisburg,)  rug'ghis-bjRQ\  a  village 
and  pari.sh  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  9  miles  S.  of  Bern. 
Pop.  25)78. 

IIUGGLES,  rSg'g'Iz.  a  post-town.ship  forming  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  912. 

HUGLES,  riig'l,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure,  on 
the  Kille,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Evreux.  Pop.  in  1852,  1972.  It 
has  manufiictures  of  pins  and  needles. 

KUIILA,  roo'li,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Weimar, 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Eisenach.  Pop.  3500,  on  the  Ruhe,  which 
Be|iarates  it  into  2  parts,  the  E.  of  which  belongs  to  Saxe- 
Coliuri.  and  has  2120  of  the  above  population. 

RUIIL.-VND,  roo'llnt.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  the 
Elster.  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hoyergwerda.     Pop.  1430. 

RUIIME,  roo'meh,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in  Prussian 
Saxony,  flows  N.N.W..  and  joins  the  Leine  a  little  N.W.  of 
Nordheim.    Total  course  about  30  mile.s. 

RUIIIl.  rooR,  a  river  of  Pru.ssia,  in  Westphalia,  after  a 
very  tortuous  W.  course  of  nearly  130  miles  past  Arnsberg, 
Noheim,  and  Hattiugen,  joins  the  Rhine  at  Ruhrort,  15 
miles  S.  of  Wesel. 

KUtIR  or  ROER.  rooR,  a  river  of  West  Germany  and 
the  N'ethcrlands,  joins  the  Jleuse  on  the  right  at  Roermond. 
Tntal  course.  90  miles.  It  is  subject  to  extensive  inunda- 
tions. Under  the  French,  it  gave  name  to  a  department, 
aijiit.al  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

RUTIRORT,  rooii/oRt,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussi.a.  16  miles 
N.  of  Dussoldorf,  i^  the  railway  to  Minden,  and  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Ruhr  with  the  Rhine.  Pop.  3352.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  fabrics,  steamship  building  docks, 
and  a  transit  trade. 

RUILI.fi  SUR  LOIR.  rwee'yA'  (or  rweePyAO  sUr  Iwte,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of 
St.  Calai.s.     Pop.  1455. 

RUINEN,  roi'nen,  or  RUNEN,  rii'nen,  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Drenthe,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Assen. 
Pop.  1059. 

RUINF^IWOLD,  roi'ner-*olt\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
province  of  Dreuthe,  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Assen,  on  the  Wold 
A  a.     Pop.  1245. 

RUINES,  rii-een',  or  rween,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Flour.     Pop.  944. 

RUISHTON,  rish'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

KUISLIP,  ris'lip,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

RUIVAES,  roo-e-v3/jNS,  a  village  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Traa-^s-Moutes,  24  miles  from  Chaves.  Pop. 
1280. 

UU.TANa,  a  town  of  RusfU.    See  Roozhana. 

RUKONI,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  RooKoxi. 

RULLES,  rtill,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Luxem- 
bourg, on  a  stream  of  its  own  name,  12  miles  W.  of  Arlon. 
Pop.  1304. 


RUM.  r&m,  a  mountainous  island  of  the  Inner  IIebrid"3, 
in  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle.  parish  of  Small  Islands,  16  niilos 
N.N.W.  of  Ardnamurchan  Point.  Length,  8  miles;  breadth. 
7  miles.  Area,  22.000  acres.  Pop.  124.  Elevatioi.  .i  lieu- 
More,  2300  feet.     The  soil  is  moorland,  and  unprofitable. 

RUM,  room,  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Raab,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Sarvar. 

KUMA,  roo'mS.  a  market^town  of  Austria,  in  Slavonia 
35  miles  N.W.  of  Belgrade.     Pop.  0370. 

RU'.M.\.  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois,  14  mile? 
N.  of  Kaska.skia. 

RUMBEKE,  riim'bA'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  16^  miles  S.  of  Bruges,  on  the  Maudel-Beke 
Pop.  6724. 

RUMBOLDSWYKE,  rfimajgld-s-wlk,  a  parish  of  England. 
CO.  of  Sussex. 

RUMBOWE,  riim-bow'g,  an  inland  state  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula,  lat.  2° 49'  N.,  Ion.  102°  30'  E.,  enclosed  by  Naning, 
Johole  and  Sangalore.  Area  400  square  miles.  Estimated 
pop.  9000. 

RUMBURG,  roSmfbdom,  or  RAUNEBURG,  row'nch- 
bodRG^,  a  town  of  Bohemijl,  42  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bunt/.lau, 
capital  of  a  principality  belonging  to  the  Princes  of  Liechten- 
stein. Pop.  4900.  It  has  a  castle,  manufactures  of  woollen, 
linen,  damask,  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  pipe-sticks. 

RUM'BURGIl,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RUME  or  RUMKS,  riim.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Tournay.  on  the  French  frontier. 
Pop.  2000. 

RU.MEGIES,  rii'mfh-zhee',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  arrondi.ssement  of  Valenciennes.     Pop.  1700. 

RUMES.  a  village  of  Belgium.    See  Rume. 

RUM'FORD,  a  posMownship  of  Oxford  CO.,  Maine.  35 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Augusta,  intersected  by  Androscoggin 
River.     Pop.  1375. 

RUMFORD  ACADEMY,  a  postofflce  of  King  William's 
CO..  Virginia. 

RUMFORD  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co..  Maine. 

RUMFORD  POINT,  a  p<ist-nffice  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

RU.MI.4NCA,  roo-medn'kd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Novara,  province  of  Pallauza,  near  Orna- 
vasso.  on  the  Tosa.     Pop.  1377. 

RUMIGNY,  rll'meen'yee'.  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  on  the  Aulje.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Ro- 
croy.  Pop.  766.  The  astronomer  La  Caille  was  born  here  in 
1713. 

RUM-ILI  or  RU.MELTA.    See  Room-Elee. 

RUMILLY,  rti^meeVee/,  or  ril'meeryee',  a  town  of  Savoy, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Rhone,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Auueey. 
Pop.  4118. 

RUMILLY,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  3 
miles  S.  of  Cambray.    Pop.  in  1852,  2955. 

RUMINGHEM,  rii'm^No^ghi-m',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Pas-de-Calais,  arrondissement  of  St.  Omer.  Pop. 
1110. 

RUM-KALAH.  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Room-K.\lah. 

RUM  LAKE,  of  British  North  America.     See  Co.\twot-To. 

BUM'LEY,  a  t«wn.ship  in  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.     Pop  1093. 

RUMMELSBURG,  rodm'mfls-b6r)RG\  a  town  of  I'russia, 
in  Pomerania.  .35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Coslin.     Pop.  3120. 

RUM'MERFIELD  CREEK,  a  post-ofifice  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsvlv.ania. 

RUMMON,  a  village  of  P.ilestine.    See  Rimmon. 

RUM'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

RUJI'NEY,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  in  Grafton  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal 
Railroad,  59  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship. 1103. 

RUMPST,  r&mpst,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  12 
miles  S.  of  Antwerp,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dyle  with  the 
Rupel.     Pop.  22.33. 

RUMSEY,  a  town  of  England.    See  Romset. 

RUM'SEY,  a  post-village  of  McLean  county,  Kentucky, 
on  Green  River,  about  160  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.W.  ot 
Frankfort.  It  has  1  church,  sever.al  stores,  2  saw  mills,  and 
2  grist  mills.     Pop.  373. 

"RUMSZISZKI,  room-shish'kee,  a  market-town  of  Russian 
Poland,  sovernment  of  Vilna,  on  the  Niemen,  14  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Kovno.     Pop.  1600. 

RUM'WORTH.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

RUNAWAY  CREEK.    See  Noxubee  River. 

RUN'CORN.  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  13 
miles  N.E.  of  Chester,  near  the  head  of  the  Jlersey  estuary, 
and  with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  London  and  North- 
western Railway.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  8049.  The 
town  has  docks,  valuable  st<5ne  quarries  in  the  vicinity,  and 
considerable  trade  arising  from  Its  position  at  the  termini 
of  the  Bridgewater,  Trent  and  Mersey,  and  Mersey  and 
Irwell  Canals.     It  is  also  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 

RUNCTON.  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUNCTON,'  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfrlk. 

RUN'DELL'S,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania. 

RUNGHEN,  (Riingen,)  riing'en,  or  RINGTI'EN.  a  village 
of  Russia,  government  of  Livonia,  near  lake  Virtserv,  29 

1623 


J 


KUN 


RUS 


EMies  S.W.  of  Dorpat.    Birthplace  of  Catherine  I.,  wife  of 
Peter  the  Great. 

RUNGrPOOR.  rGng'pooi-',  a  town  of  British  India,  capital 
of  a  district  of  its  own  name,  125  miles  N.K.  of  Moorsheda- 
had.  Ljit.  25°  43'  N.,  Ion.  89°  22'  E.  Many  years  ago  it 
was  composed  of  several  distinct  villages,  with  about  3000 
houses. 

RU.N'OPOOR,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency,  and 
province  of  Bengal,  having  N.  Sikkim  and  Bootam,  E.  Assam. 
Area,  4112  sfiuare  miles.    Pop.  1,214.800. 

RUNG  POOR,  a  town  of  Britl-sh  India,  capital  of  Upper 
Assam,  in  lat.  26°  55'  X.,  Ion.  94°  30  E..  on  the  Dikho  River, 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  having  a  palace  and  several  mosciues. 

RU.\''H.A.LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUX'IIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUNKEL.  rfln'kel,  a  town  of  Nassau,  on  the  Lahn,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge!  21  miles  N.  of  Wiesbaden.     Pop.  1052. 

RUNN,  a  remarkable  tract  of  India.     See  CcTCH. 

RUNNIE-KA-KOTE.  rftn'oee-kd-kot,  a  large  fort  of  Slnde, 
near  the  Indus.  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hyderabad. 

RUX'.XINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

RUN'NING  W.4TER  RIVER,  of  Missouri  Territory,  rises 
in  the  Black  Hills,  and  flowing  at  first  S.E.  and  then  E., 
falls  into  the  Missouri  River  in  about  lat.  42°  40'  N.,  and 
Ion  9S°  30'  W. 

RUX'NYMEDE,  a  beautiful  meadow  on  the  S.  bank  of 
the  Thames,  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  W.  of  the  town  of  Eg- 
ham,  and  memorable  as  the  place  where  the  barons,  In 
1215.  compelled  King  John  to  grant  Magna  Chart-a. 

RUNOVICII,  roo'no-viK\  village  of  .\ustria,  in  Dalmatia, 
circle  of  Spalatro,  about  30  miles  from  Macarsca.     Pop.  1202. 

RUXS'WIOK.  a  hamlet,  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding,  6i  miles  N.W.  of  Whitby,  on  the  margin  of  the 
North  Sea.  which  here  forms  an  inlet  called  Runswick  Bay. 

RUNTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUN'WELli,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

RITOTI,  roo-o'tee,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Ba-silicata,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Potenza.    Pop.  3000. 

RUPEL,  ril'pel,  a  river  of  Belgium,  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Nethe  and  Dyle  at  lUiuipst,  lias  a  N.E.  course  of  6 
miles,  and  joins  the  Scheldt  8  miles  S.W.  of  .Antwerp. 

RUPKLMO.NDE,  rii'pJl'uiAxd'or  rtl^pel-mAii'deh.  a  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  opposite 
the  intiux  of  the  Rupel.  9  miles  S.W.  of  .\ntwerp.    Pop.  2600. 

RU'PERT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bennington  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  86 
miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1103. 

RUPERT,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Catawis.sa  liailroad.  where  it  crosses  the 
North  Branch  Canal  and  is  joined  by  the  Bloomsburg  and 
Lackawanna  Railroad.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Danville. 

RU'PERT  RIVER,  a  river  of  British  North  America, 
issues  from  the  W.  extremity  of  Lake  Mistissinny.  and,  after 
a  W.  course  of  about  30(i  miles,  falls  into  ,Tame.s"s  Bny. 

RUPPERSDORF,  roop'pers-doRr,  or  RUPRECHl'SDORF, 
roo'pr^Kts-doRf\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Koulggrfitz, 
on  the  Steine,  6  miles  from  Brunau.     Pop.  1039. 

RUPPERSDORF  or  RUPRECHTSDORF.  a  village  of  Bo- 
hemia, eircleof  Buntzlau,  24  miles  from  Gitschin.  Pop.  1708. 

RUPPERSDORF,  HOHEN.ho'fnrdop'pers-doRfNa market- 
town  of  Lower  Austria,  near  Gaunersdorf.    Pop.  1489. 

RUPPIN,  NEC.noi  riSop-peen',  (t.  e.''  New  Ruppin,")  a  town 
of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  government  of  Pots- 
dam, c;ipital  of  circle,  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Ruppin,  39 
miles  N.W.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  9941.  It  has  a  ca-stle.  a  large 
and  fine  church,  a  council-hall,  a  gymnasium,  hospital, 
prison,  barracks,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  gloves, 
leather,  tobacco,  and  chiccory.  Its  trade  is  greatly  facilitated 
by  the  Ruppin  Canal  lietween  the  Havel  and  the  Rhine. 

RUPPIN.  Alt  dit,  (i.  e.  "old,")  a  town  of  Prussia.  2  miles 
N.E.  of  Neu  Ruppin.    Pop.  1753. 

RUPUNUNY,  rup-oo-noo'nee,  written  also  RUPONUNY, 
RIPONUNY  or  RIPUNCNY.  a  river  of  British  Guiana,  and 
the  principal  tributary  of  the  Essequibo,  which  it  joins 
about  200  miles  from  the  coast,  in  lat.  3°  N.,  Ion.  58°  12'  W., 
after  a  N.  course  of  250  miles.  It  forms  several  falls  over 
granite  ledges:  Its  waters  are  turbid,  and  the  vegetation  on 
Its  banks  is  far  les?  luxuriant  than  that  on  the  Essequibo. 

RURA.    See  Ruhr. 

RU'll.\L.  4  small  post^village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  River.    Pop.  139. 

RURAL,  .1  po«it-office  of  Jasper  co..  Missouri. 

RUXAL  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Forsyth  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina 

RURAL  HILL,  a  post^ofBce  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York. 

U'jP..*L  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Conecuh  co..  Alabama. 

F.rR.\L  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co..  Tennessee. 

HU'KAL  RKTKE.Vf,  a  post-office  of  Wvthe  co.,  Virginia. 

AURAL  RETKE.\T,  a  post-office  of  Cole  co.,  Illinois. 

RURAL  RIDGE,  a  po«t-offlce  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsvl- 
nania.  e        .-        >  j 

?iH','^Ar^^  '^^^'  *  P'^s'-^fflPe  of  Whitefield  co.,  Georgia. 
RUK.\LVALE.  ^  pocMffice  of  tapeer  co..  Michigan. 
RLIl.\L  VAI/LEY,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  oo.,  Penn- 
Bylvania.  ' 

1621 


I      RURAL  VIL'LAGE,  a  post-village  of  Armstrong  eo,,  Penn 
.sylvania.  12  or  13  miles  E.  of  Kittaning. 

RUItEE,  roo'ree.  a  town  of  Sinde.  on  the  route  between 
Luckput  and  Hvderabad.  with  a  magnificent  mosque.  Pop 
about  loOO.  Lat.  24°  22'  N.,  Ion.  68"'  30'  E. 
RUREMOND.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.  See  Roermcsb 
RURIC  or  RURICK  (roo'rik)  ISLES,  a  group  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  Palliser  Islands,  between  lat.  15°  10'  and  15<^  3ff 
S..  Ion.  about  151°  E.  They  were  discovered  by  Kotzetue, 
in  1816. 

RUS,  roos.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  25  miles  N.B, 
of  Jaen,  with  remains  of  a  .Moorish  castle.     Pop.  1917. 

RUS.\,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.     See  Roosa. 

RUSCOMBE.  rfisTiCim.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

RUS/COMB  MAN'OR,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1566. 

RUSEHAN.\.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  RoozH.\N.'k. 

RUSH,  a  seaport  and  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Dublin,  on  a  beadl.and  projecting  into  the  Irish  Sea, 
and  with  a  station  on  the  Dublin  and  Drogheda  Railway, 
14  miles  N.E.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1851,  1496.  It  has  a  small 
harbor,  with  a  pier  and  coast-guard  station. 

RUSH,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  pajt  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 410  square  miles.  It  is  dr,iined  by  Blue  River,  and 
Flat  Rock  Creek.  The  surface  is  level,  or  gently  undulatintt, 
and  the  soil  is  uniformly  fertile.  In  a  state  of  nature  the 
county  was  occupied  liy  dense  forests.  In  1850,  this  county 
pi-oduced  1,685,994  bushels  of^corn,  the  greatest  quantity 
produced  by  any  county  in  the  state,  except  Tippec.inoe. 
Three  railroads  meet  at  KushvlUe  in  this  county.  Organized 
in  1822.  and  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of 
Pennsylvania.     Capital.  Ru.shville.     Pop.  16,193. 

RUSH,  a  post'Village  and  township  of  )Ionroe  co..  New 
York,  on  Genesee  River,  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rochester. 
Pop.  1613. 

RUSH,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Penn.sylvnnia.   Pop.  680. 

RUSH,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

RUSH,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop,  1219. 

RUSH,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1076. 

RUSH,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania,  about  11  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montrose.     Pop.  1471. 

KUSIi,  a  township  of  Champaign  Co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1822. 

BUSH,  a  post-township  in  the  8.  E.  part  of  Tuscarawas 
county,  Ohio.    Pop.  1070. 

RUSH,  a  post-office  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michi-zan. 

RUSH,  a  post-village  in  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  150  miUs 
W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

RUSH,  a  township  in  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri.    Pop.1389 

I^USH'.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUSH.^LL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  with  a 
station  on  the  North  Stafford  Railway,  1|  miles  N.E.  of 
WaUsall. 

RUSH.\LL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

RUSI1'.\W.\Y,  a  post-office  of  .Menard  co  ,  Illinois. 

RUSII'B  nTOM,  a  post-office  of  Holt  co.,  Mi.ssourL 

llU.'^ll'RRODK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RUSH'HURY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Siilop. 

RUSH  CREEK,  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Hockhoeking  River,  below  Lanca.ster. 

RUSH  CREEK,  Ohio,  .an  affluent  of  Scioto  River,  which 
it  enters  in  Marion  county. 

RUSH  CREEK,  a  township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
2175. 

RUSH  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Logan 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1870. 

RUSH  CREEK,  a  po.xt-office  of  Union  co.,  Ohio 

RUSH'DKN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

RUSHDKN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Northampton. 

RUSH'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUSH'FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Alleghany 
CO.,  New  York,  about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.  The  village 
contains  churches  of  3  or  4  denominations,  and  several 
stores  and  milLs.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1839. 

RUSHFORD,  a  township  of  Winnebago  CO.,  Wisconsia 
Pop.  1650. 

RUSH  L.4KE,  Wisconsin,  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Win- 
nebago county,  in  Rushford  township,  is  about  5  miles  long, 
and  2  wide. 

RUSH  L.\KE,  a  post-office  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wi.scimsin, 

RUSH  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.    See  Chicago,  Illinois. 

KUSH'.MERE,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

RUSII'OCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester 

RUSH  RIA'ER,  of  Wisconsin,  a  small  stream  which  risee 
in  St.  Croix  county,  and  flows  S.  into  Lake  Pepin. 

RUSH  RIVER,  a'posi-tuwiiahip  and  village  in  theS.  part 
of  St.  Croi.v  countv,  Wisconsin.    Pop  24j. 

RUSILSVLV.V.NIAor  RUSHYLVA'NIA.  (see  Int.,  VIII.) 
a  post-village  of  Rush  Creek  township.  Lrgan  co.,  Ohio,  ou 
the  Bellefontaine  and  Indiana  liailroad,  125  miles  N.N.Kof 
Cincinnati. 

RUSlffON.  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Northampton 

RUSHTON  TAR/RANT,  a  parisli  of  England,  w  d 
Dorset. 


KC8 


RUS 


RUSH  TOWKR,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co..  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  Itiver,  36  miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

IvUs^ll'TOWX,  a  post-viUaje  of  Northumberland  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. f>6  miles  N.  of  Harrishurg. 

RUSH  CLUE,  riish'fXm,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

RUSHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Yates  co.,  New  York,  on 
TV'est  River,  205  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  is  situated  on  the 
border  between  Yates  and  Outario  counties,  and  contains  3 
churches,  1  academy,  10  stores,  1  public  hall,  1  steam  tlour- 
mill,  1  machine-shop,  1  saw-mijl,  &c.     I'op.  about  1000. 

RUSHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 159  miles  N.N.E.  of  Harrishurg. 

RUSHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Appling  CO.,  Georgia. 

RUSHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  150 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  The  Zanesville  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad  passes  very  near  it. 

RUSHVILLE,  a  thriving  pos(>town,  capital  of  Rush  co., 
Indiana,  on  Flatrock  Creek,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Shelby- 
ville  and  Rushville  Itailroad,  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 
It  has  an  active  trade,  and  is  rapidly  improving  since  the 
completion  of  tlie  above-Uiimed  Railroad,  which  connects 
with  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad  at  Shelby- 
ville.  Rushville  is  noted  for  its  fine  public  buildings, 
among  which  are  a  court-house,  4  churches  and  a  baulc. 
One  newspaper  is  publisiied  here.     Pop.  1434. 

RUSllVILLK,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  tlie 
border  of  a  prairie,  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield  and  10 
miles  N.W.  of  the  Illinois  River.  It  is  the  centre  of  an 
active  trade.  It  contains  5  churches,  and  2  newspaper 
offices.     Poni  1,571. 

RUSHYLVANIA.    See  Rcshstlvasia. 

RUSIA,  a  country  of  Europe.     See  Russia. 

RUSK,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area  of 
about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Sabine  River,  and  drained  by  the  Angelina  River.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  with  prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is 
productive.  In  1850  this  county  produced  270.353  bushels 
of  corn — a  greater  quantity  than  was  raised  in  any  other 
county  in  the  state,  except  Harrison.  It  is  also  the  most 
]Kipulou3  county  in  the  state.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
G.iieral  Thom:is  J.  Rusk,  United  States  senator  from  Texas. 
Capital,  licndorson.  Pop.  16,803,  of  whom  9671  were  free, 
and  0132  slaves. 

RUSK,  a  postrofflce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Texas. 

RUSK,  a  post-office  of  Surry  co.,  North  Carolina. 

RUSK,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Cherokee  co., 
Texas,  233  miles  N.E.  of  Austin.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile 
farming  region,  and  is  a  place  of  active  business,  containing 
a  court-house,  several  churches,  and  1  newspaper  office. 

RUSK,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee. 

RUSKA  POYANA,  roo.s/koh*  po'*yd'noh\  the  highest  sum- 
mit of  the  Carpathians,  is  situated  near  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Hungary,  lat.  46°  40'  N..  Ion.  22°  30'  E. ;  height,  9909 
teet. 

RUSKINQTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

RUSKOI,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Keshan. 

RUS'PER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

RUSS,  rcidss,  a  market-ti)wn  of  East  Prussia,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Niemea,  in  the  Curische-Haff.  26  miles  N.W. 
of  Tilsit.    Pop.  2159. 

RUSSA.  STAROI,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Staraia  Roossa. 

RUSS'DALE  STAND,  a  small  village  of  Lauderdale  co., 
Mississippi. 

RUSSDORF.  rMss'doRfr  a  village  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  near 
Altenburg.     Pop.  1931. 

RUSSEIGNIES,  rii8'sain\vA',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  oh  the  Rogne.  near  the  frontiers  of 
Hainaut.  21  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  1024. 

RUSSELHEIM,  rCids'selhimeN  or  RUSSELSHEIM,  r06s'- 
ggls-hime^.  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
on  tlie  Main,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Darmstadt.  Population 
1422. 

RUS'SELT.,,  a  county  near  the  Southwest  extremity  of 
Virginia,  has  an  aiea  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  Clinch  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources 
of  the  West  Fork  of  Sandy  River.  Guest's  River  forms  part 
of  the  S.W.  boundaiy.  The  Clinch  Mountain  extends  along 
the  S.E.  border.  A  large  portion  of  the  county  is  moun- 
tainous and  sterile,  but  the  valleys  contain  some  good  land. 
Iron  ore,  stone  coal,  and  marble  are  found.  Large  quan- 
tities of  maple-sugar  are  made  in  the  county.  Named  in 
honor  of  General  William  Russell,  one  of  its  principal  citl- 
aeug.  Capital,  Lebanon.  Pop.  10,280,  of  whom  9181  were 
free,  and  1099  siaves. 

RUSSELL,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering 
on  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  The 
Chattahoochee  River  forms  the  entire  E.  boundary.  The 
county  is  also  drained  by  the  Uchee,  Wacoochee.  and  Cowe- 
kee  Creeks.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  pre.sents  almost 
every  variety  of  soil.  In  1850  this  county  produced  119.150 
pounds  of  rice — the  greatest  quantity  of  that  article  pro- 
duced in  any  county  of  the  state.  The  Montgomery  and 
West  I'oint  Railroad  traverses  the  N.W.  part,  and  another 


railroad  has  been  surveyed  through  the  county  from  the 
river  to  Mobile.  Formed  from  part  of  the  Creek  IniUan  ter- 
ritory, and  organized  in  1833.  Capital,  Crawford.  Popula 
tion  26,092,  of  whom  10,954  were  free,  and  15,638  slaves. 

RUSSELL,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  240  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Cumberland  River,  navigablfe  by  keel-boats.  'J'he  surface  is 
hilly,  and  the  land  mostly  too  rough  for  cultivation,  excpt- 
ing  the  river-lx)ttoms,  which  are  very  fertile.  Organized  in 
1826,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  William  Rus.sell.  a 
member  of  the  Kentucky  legislature.  Capital,  Jamestown. 
Pop.  6024.  of  whom  5465  were  free,  and  -'jriO  .slaves. 

RUSSELL,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Canada  West,  com 
prises  an  area  of  379  square  miles.  The  Ottawa  River  washef 
its  X.  border,  and  the  Petit  Nation  waters  the  S.  part.  Pop. 
2870. 

RUSSELL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hampden  CO., 
>Iassachusetts.  on  the  Western  Railroad.  116  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Boston.     Pop.  605. 

RUSSELL,  a  post-village  and  town.=hip  of  St.  Lawrence  CO., 
New  York,  on  Gra.os  River,  about  14  miles  S.  of  Canton.  A 
stone  building  erected  here  about  the  year  ISIO  was  .sold  in 
1850.  and  it  has  since  been  proposed  to  convert  it  into  a  high 
school.     Population,  2380. 

RUSSKLL,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Geauga  CO., 
Ohio.     Population,  y59. 

RUSSELL,  a  township  of  Putnam  CO..  Indiana.  Pop.  1294. 

RUS'SELLBURG,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Conewango  Creek,  7  or  8  miles  N.  of  Warren. 

RUSSELL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  ^Vyoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vani.a. 

RUSSELL  PLACE,  a  post-office  of  Kershaw  district.  South 
Carolina. 

RUSSELL'S,  a  district  of  Muscogee  co.,  Georgia. 

RUSSELL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Tvler  co.,  W.Virginia. 

RUSSKLL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana 

RUS.SELL'S  PLACE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Ohic 

RUSSELL'S  STATION,  a  postroffice  of  Highland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

RUS/SELLTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  oj 
Beauharnois.  SOjmiles  S.W.  of  Montreal. 

RUS'SELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania,  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrishurg. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Georgia,  21 
miles  W.  of  Macon. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-villago,  capital  of  Franklin  co . 
Alabama,  on  Cedar  Creek,  about  220  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mont- 
gomery. It  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  and  several 
stores. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  village  of  Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana, 
210  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Pope  CO.,  Arkansas. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  .Jeffer.son  co.,  Tennes- 
see, is  situated  in  the  New  Market  A'alley,  on  the  route  of 
the  East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad,  230  miles  E.  of 
Nashville. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Logan  county, 
Kentucky,  on  the  Memphis  Branch  Railroad,  143  miles  S. 
W.  of  Louisville.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  fer- 
tile country,  and  contains  3  churches,  2  academies,  abo.e 
26  stores,  1  newspaper  office,  1  oil-mill,  and  1  bank.  Laid 
out  in  1810.     Pop.  1089. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  100 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Columbus,  and  10  miles  from  the  Oliic 
River. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  township  of  Clinton  county,  In- 
diana, 

B4JSSELLVILLLE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana, 
17  miles  N.W.  of  Greencastle. 

RUSSELLVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Wabash  River. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cole  co.,  Mis.'iouri,  15 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City.  •" 

RUS'SELSBUKG.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Pennsylvania 

RUSSEY.  riis'sA'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Doubs, 
as  miles  from  Montb^liard.     Pop.  in  1852.  1060. 

RUSS1.\,  rrish'e-.Ti  orroo'she-a,(Ru8s.  Poccin.  Pr>.i>iya,  ros- 
see'y.^orRussiya(?)Fr./^M.f.s(>,rli8'see';Ger./?ws.'!?a7!f7,r5(".s'l.'(nt-, 
Sp.  Husia,  roo'se-3;  It.  Bussia,  roo.s'se-3.)  formerly  called  MUS- 
COVY, mtls'ko-ve.  probably  the  most  exten.sive  empire  that 
has  ever  existed,  either  in  ancient  or  modern  times,  extends, 
in  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  from  lat.  38°  to  78°  20'  N., 
and  from  Ion.  18°  E.  eastward  to  l.S2°  W.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean;  W.  by  Sweden,  the  Baltic  Sea, 
Prussia,  Austria,  and  Moldavia;  S.  by  European  Turkey,  the 
Black  Sea.  Asiatic  Turkey,  Persia.  Independent  Tartary. 
the  Chinese  Empire,  and  the  Pacific:  and  E.  by  British 
America.  Commencing  not  far  from  the  W.  shores  of  Eu- 
rope, it  stretches  continuously,  fir.st  across  the  whole  of  that 
continent,  next  over  the  whole  continent  of  Asia,  and  lastly, 
crossing  Behring's  Strait,  finds  no  limit  till  it  comes  in  con- 
t.act  with  British  America,  after  having  pas,sed  over  30  de- 
grees more  than  half  the  circuit  of  the  globe,  or.  in  all.  ah^ut 
210  degrees  of  longitude.  Owing,  however,  to  the  hiirh  lati- 
tude on  which  this  cc  irse  must  be  traced,  the  whde  length 

1625 


RUS 


RUS 


from  E  to  W.  is  less  than  the  number  f  desrees  miiiht  lead 
u»  to  sufp"S<?,  and  is  estimated  at  not  more  than  7000  miles. 
The  ffrea(e>.t  breadth  is  in  Kurope.  near  the  Asiatic  lioundary, 
where  the  distance,  from  the  southernmost  point  in  the  Cau- 
casus Mountains  to  the  northernmost  in  the  White  Sea,  is 
about  40iX)  miles;  theavera£.'e  breadth  falls  far  short  of  this, 
and  probably  does  not  exceed  1500  miles.  Its  surface  is  esti- 
mated to  comprise  one-thirtieth  of  the  whole  superfices  of 
the  globe,  one-seventh  of  its  land,  and  more  than  double 
the  whole  area  of  Europe ;  the  total  area  being  given,  accord- 
ing to  the  nearest  approximations  which  can  be  made,  at 
7,S21,125  square  miles.  Of  these,  the  proportions  belonging 
to  Euiope,  Asia,  and  Ameri(.'a,  and  their  respective  popula- 
tion, are  exhibited  in  the  following  table : — 

Area,  and  Populatinn  of  the  Russian  Empire. 


European  Russia 

Asiatic  RussiA — 

Siberia,  (including  a  portion  of  the 
Kirgheez, ) 

Transcaucasiau  Provinces 

Russian  America 

Total 


Area,  in 
square  miles. 


4,812,389 
81,-2;w 
394,000 


2,887,184 

2,1-H,.)84 

61,000 


7,430.125     ;      65,220.580 


The  continuity  of  the  empire,  at  least  of  the  Asiatic  and 
European  portions  of  it,  might  seem  to  suggest  the  propriety 
of  vie^ring  it  as  one  great  whole,  and  of  proceeding  accord- 
ingly to  give  a  detailed  description  of  it  in  a  single  article; 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  its  immense  m.^gnitude,  and  the 
distinct  names  commonly  used  to  designate  these  portions, 
make  it  more  convenient  to  consider  them  separately  under 
the  four  heads  of  European  Russia,  Siberia,  Transcaucasiau 
Russia,  and  Russian  America, 

EoROPEAN  Russia  has  the  same  boundaries  on  the  N,and  W. 
as  those  given  above  for  the  empire.  Its  S,  boundaries  also 
are  the  same  as  far  K,  as  the  eastern  shores  of  the  Black  Se.i, 
beyond  which  they  are  formed  by  the  Caucasus  Mountains, 
The  E.  boundary  is  not  so  well  defined.  In  its  upper  part, 
the  Ural  Mountains  form  such  a  conspicuous  natural  bar- 
rier, that  their  title  to  fix  the  frontiers  of  Europe  and  Asia, 
so  far,  at  least,  as  the  governments  of  Archangel  and  Vologda 
extend,  has  been  almost  univer.sally  recognized.  To  tlie  S, 
of  this,  the  boundary  may  be  said  to  l>e  almost  arbitrary. 
Some  continue  to  follow  the  Ural  chain  ,southward  till  it 
reaches  the  sources  of  the  river  Ural,  and  then  the  course  of 
this  river  to  its  mouth  in  the  Caspian ;  tliis  boundary  has 
the  advantage  of  l)eiug  at  once  simple  and  definite.  Others, 
hi  forming  the  boundary,  quit  the  Ural  chain  much  earlier, 
and,  commencing  at  the  sources  of  the  Vishera,  follow  it 
downwards  to  its  junction  with  the  Kama,  then  the  Kama 
to  its  junction  with  the  Volga,  and  finally  follow  the  Volga 
to  its  mouth.  This  boundary,  though  less  simple  thiin  the 
former,  has  like  it  the  merit  of  being  well  defined,  and  pei-- 
haps  surpasi.ses  it  by  the  prominence  which  it  gives  to  the 
Volga,  whose  mighty  flood  would  seem  almost  to  entitle  it  to 
be  the  boundary  of  a  continent.  The  Russian  government, 
however,  has  entirely  discarded  both  of  these  boundaries,  and 
produced  coufusion  by  forming  two  of  its  largest  govern- 
ments, I'erm  and  Orenboorg,  out  of  territories  which  do  not 
bi'long  exclusively  to  either  Europe  or  Asia,  but  partly  to 
both.  In  these  circumstances,  it  seems  preferable  to  con- 
sider these  governments  as  belonging  to  Europe,  within 
whose  limits  their  capitals  are  situated.  European  Russia, 
an  thus  defined,  is  bounded  on  the  E,  by  the  governments 
of  TolioLsk  and  Omsk,  and  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  on  the 
S.E.  by  Independent  Tartary.  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  Asia'tic 
Turkey.     Pop.  in  1858,  59,330,752. 

Pace  of  the  Oounlrr/.—The  surface  of  Russia  may  be  con- 
sidered as  one  vast  plain,  enclosed  by  the  Ural  Mountains 
on  the  E.,  the  Caucasus  on  the  S.,  and  partly  by  the  Carpa- 
thians on  the  \^. ;  it  opens  to  the  Caspian  Sea  on  the  S.E., 
and  the  level  countries  of  Xorth  Germany  on  the  \V. 
Throughout  this  vast  extent  it  does  not  contain  a  single 
mountain;  the  highest  point,  between  the  Baltic  and  the 
Black  Sea,  near  Kremenets,  is  1328  feet  in  height;  the  Baltic 
provinces  have  a  mean  elevation  of  1000  feet  above  the 
Baltic,  The  centre  of  the  country  is  occupied  by  a  dome- 
shaped  elevation  traversed  by  the  Valdai  IliUs,  the  average 
height  of  which  is  from  800  to  900  feet,  and  the  summit  1100 
feet  above  the  sea:  these  sink  rapidly  to  the  S,E,,  where  they 
are  lost  in  marshes.  This  elevation,  extends  across  Russia 
in  an  irreguhir  waving  line,  mainly  in  a  N.E.  direction,  com- 
mencing on  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  and  terminating  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  near  lat,  62°  N.  It  forms 
the  E,  continuation  of  the  great  watershed  which  divides 
the  whole  continent  of  Europe  into  a  N.  and  a  S,  basin.  In 
the  E.,  the  Ural  chain,  though  nowhere  exceeding  7tX)0  feet, 
peems  much  more  elevated  from  its  high  latitude,  and  con- 
sequent covering  of  perpetual  snow;  in  the  8.,  the  moun- 
lains  of  Taurid,^,  lining  the  S.  shoi-es  of  the  Crimea,  have  a 
height  of  about  4000  feet.  With  these  exceptions,  the  only 
other  parts  of  European  Russia,  which,  according  to  the 
limits  above  assigned  to  it,  do  not  belong  to  its  two  immense 
1626 


plains,  are  those  districts  of  Perm  and  Orenboorg  which  lire 
situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Ural  Mountiiins,  and  slope 
towards  the  vast  steppes  of  Asia. 

Geology. — Till  recently,  the  geological  formations  of  Russia 
had  been  very  imperfectly  explored,  and  the  most  erroneous 
ideas  were  entertained  in  regai-d  to  them.  The  more  accu- 
rate information  now  possessed  is  mainly  due  to  Sir  Rode- 
rick Murchison  and  his  coadjutors.  Their  united  work  on 
Russia,  and  the  map  and  illustrative  sections  which  accom- 
pany it,  furnish  all  the  geological  information  that  can  be 
required.  A  vast  tract  of  gneiss  and  other  crystalline 
schists,  penetrated  by  granite,  e-xtends  W.  from  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  and  N.  from  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  over  the  whole 
principality  of  the  latter  name,  the  W.  part  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Olonets,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  government  of 
Arehangel.  The  onlj-  other  region  in  which  a  similar  develop- 
ment occurs  is  in  the  S.,  where  a  large  granite  steppe,  com- 
mencing ne.ir  Ovrootch,  in  the  N,E.  part  of  the  government 
ofV'olhynia,  stretches  in  a  S,E,  direction,  covering  the  far 
greater  portion  of  the  government  of  Kiev,  as  much  of  the  go- 
vernment of  Podolsk  as  lies  N,  of  the  Bug.  the  N,  half  of 
thegovernment  of  Kherson,  the  W,  and  S,  of  Yekaterinoslav, 
and  a  part  of  Taurida,  terminating  just  before  reaching  the 
shores  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  from  which  it  is  excluded  by  a 
narrow  belt  of  tertiary  maris  and  limi^toue.  In  the  E., 
however,  and  along  the  whole  crest  of  the  Ural  Mountains, 
from  their  commencement  on  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  and  almost  continuously  S.  to  their  last  ramifica- 
tions, gi-anite  of  more  recent  origin  than  that  iilready  men- 
tioned occurs,  in  connection  with  other  eruptive  rocks  of 
greenstone,  porphyry,  sienite,  serpentine,  &c.  These  rocks 
are  overlaid  on  both  sides  of  the  chain  by  iftetamorphic 
.schists,  forming  long  and  narrow  belts  nearly  parallel  with 
its  principal  axis.  Immediately  to  the  W.  appears  a  simi- 
lar belt  of  siluHan  strata,  which,  where  lowest  in  the  series, 
is  in  the  state  of  chloritic  and  talco.se  schists.  The  only  other 
locality  in_  which  the  Silurian  system  receives  a  marked 
development,  is  on  the  S,  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland, 
where  it  stretches  from  its  W,  extremity,  E,  along  the  go- 
vernments of  Esthonia  and  St,  Petersburg,  and  is  then  con- 
tinued across  the  isthmus  between  the  E,  extremity  of  the 
gulf  and  Lake  Ladoga,  and  along  the  S.  and  S,E,  shores  of 
that  lake. 

In  immediate  contact  with  this  Silurian  formation  on  the 
S,,  but  on  a  much  more  exten.sive  scale  of  development,  ap- 
pears the  Devonian  system,  or  old  red  sandstone,  as  it  in 
sometimes  called.  The  main  body  of  this  formation  com- 
mences near  the  S.E,  shores  of  the  Baltic,  and  gradually 
widens  out  with  its  N.E.  and  S.E,  sides,  so  as  to  assume  the 
shape  of  a  wedge;  then  forking,  .sends  one  of  its  branches 
N,E,  across  Lake  Onega,  and  along  Archangel  Bay,  to  the 
N,W,  extremity  of  Mezen  Bay,  and  the  other  S.E,  to  the 
N,W,frontiers  of  Voronezh,  Itthus  covers  continuously  the 
whole  of  the  governments  of  Coui'laud,  Livonia,  Vitebsk, 
and  Pskov,  and  parts  of  Vilna,  Minsk,  Moheelev,  and  Smo- 
lensk on  the  one  side,  and  of  Petersburg  and  Novgorod  on 
the  other;  while  its  N,E,  branch  traverses  Olonets,  and 
penetrates  into  Archangel;  and  its  S.E,  branch  stretches 
over  considerable  parts  of  Kalooga,  Orel,  and  Toola,  The 
same  formation  occurs  in  a  belt  stretching  S.S,E,  from  the 
E,  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Tcheskaia,  in  the  Arctic  Oce.'in,  and 
in  a  longer  but  narrower  belt  on  the  W,  side  of  the  Ural 
chain,  wliere  it  immediately  overlies  the  Silurian  formation 
already  mentioned. 

The  formation  next  in  order  is  the  carboniferous.  The 
main  body  of  it  lies  within  the  .n1x)ve  fork  of  the  old  red  sand- 
stone, and  in  immediate  contact  with  it,  and  then  keeping 
par.aUel  with  the  N.E.  branch  of  the  fork,  is  continued  in 
the  same  direction  to  its  termination  in  Mezen  J$ay.  H 
occupies  the  whole  of  the  government  of  Tver,  the  capita  i 
of  which  is  situated  near  its  centre;  and  large  parts  of  Smo 
lensk,  Kalooga,  Toola,  and  Rtazan  on  the  one  side,  and  ot 
Novgorod  and  Olonets  on  the  other.  The  government  of 
Moscow  is  situated  in  the  very  heart  of  it,  and  that  of 
Vladimeer  on  its  E.  side.  The  carboniferous  system  occurs 
in  two  other  distant  and  isolated  localities;  the  one  in  the 
S.,  a  little  N.  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  where  it  occupies  the  E. 
part  of  the  government  of  Yekaterinoslav,  and  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  that  of  Don  Cossacks,  and  where,  too,  the  coal 
forming  the  characteristic  mineral  of  the  system,  is  par- 
tially worked  by  pits;  the  other  locality  is  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  Ural  chain,  where,  in  the  ascending  soiMes,  it  succeeds 
the  Silurian  and  Devonian  systems,  and  has  a  larger  de- 
velopment than  either  of  them. 

This  development  of  the  carboniferous  system  on  the  sidf 
of  the  Ural  chain,  and  the  still  larger  development  above 
described  as  existing  In  the  governments  of  Smolensk,  Ka- 
looga, Ac,  form  the  opposite  boundaries  of  a  system  which 
in  European  Ru.ssia  is  magnificently  developed:  and  to 
which,  from  the  large  space  that  it  covers  in  Perm  and 
the  contiguous  government.s.  Sir  R,  Murchison  has  pro- 
posed to  give  the  name  of  the  Permian  system.  Its  rocks 
belong  to  the  upper  part  of  the  coal  measures,  and  consist 
chiefly  of  magnesian  limestone  and  new  red  sandstone. 
The  latter  name  is  still  often  applied  to  tha  whole  system.  1i\ 


RUS 


RFS 


BussJa,  the  main  body  of  it,  thoujrh  somewhat  irregular  in 
(ibape,  may  be  coDsidered  as  an  immense  tiian;;le.  the  three 
angles  of  which  have  tlieir  respective  vertices  at  Onstioozhna, 
in  the  f;overnnient  of  Novgorod;  Mezen,  near  the  bay  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  government  of  Archangel ;  and  Orsk,  on 
tlie  Ural,  in  the  government  of  Orenboorg.  Vast  as  this 
space  appears,  it  must  still  be  increased  by  supposing  that 
the  line  which  joins  Mezen  and  Orsk,  and  forms  the  longest 
fide  of  the  triangle,  is  not  perfectly  straight,  but  curves  K., 
so  as  to  include  the  districts  around  the  towns  of  Tcherdeen, 
(Tscherdiu.)  Solikansk,  I'erm,  and  Oofa.  A  glance  at  the 
map  will  show  that  the  Permian  system,  as  traced  by  these 
limits,  must  extend  over  the  whole  of  the  governments  of 
Kostroma,  Viatka,  and  Kazan,  and  large  parts  of  Arch- 
angel, Vologda,  Y»ros]av,N  izhnee-Xovgorod,Simbeersk,Oren- 
boorg.  and  Perm.  Its  continuity  over  the  whole  of  the  space 
is  undoubted ;  but  in  the  N.  of  the  governments  of  Kostroma 
and  Viatka.  and  more  e.specially  in  the  part  of  Vologda  be- 
tween the  towns  of  Nikolsk  and  Oost-Sisolsk,  it  disappears 
for  a  time  beneath  strata  belonging  to  the  Jurassic  or  oolitic 
system.  This  system  is  developed  partially  in  several  other 
localities,  and  very  largely  in  the  N.E.  of  the  government 
of  Archangel.  Immediately  above  it,  in  the  geological  series. 
Is  the  cretaceous  system,  of  which  the  principal  localities 
are  Tcbernigov,  Orel,  Koorsk,  Kharkov,  and  Voronezh,  near 
the  centre;  Volhynia  and  a  small  part  of  Poland  in  the  W. ; 
and  a  long  tract  along  the  N.  base  of  the  Caucasus. 

The  rocks  next  in  succession  belong  to  the  tertiary  forma- 
tion, which  in  both  its  eocene  and  meiocene  periods  is  very 
largely  developed.  Strata  of  the  eocene  period,  commencing 
In  the  K.  in  the  government  of  Simbeersk,  stretch  W.  over 
the  greater  part  of  the  governments  of  Penza  and  Tambov, 
then,  after  a  considerable  interruption,  reappear  on  the 
frontiers  of  Koorsk  and  Kharkov,  cover  the  far  greater 
part  of  the  governments  of  Tcbernigov  and  Poltava,  and  are 
thence  continued  without  interruption  into  the  govern- 
ments of  Moheelev,  Minsk,  Grodno,  and  finally  into  Poland. 
The  meiocene  period  has  its  chief  developments  in  Volhynia, 
I'odolsk.-  and  Kessarabia.  Beds  of  still  more  recent  forma- 
tion may  be  traced  in  the  limestones,  marls,  and  clays  on 
the  N.W.  shores  of  the  Illack  Sea.  on  the  far  greater  part  of 
the  peninsula  of  the  Crimea,  on  the  K.  and  N.  shores  of  the 
Sea  of  Azof,  on  the  low  flats  along  the  W.  and  N.  shores  of 
the  Caspian,  and  the  low  sandy  steppes  of  Astrakhan.  Mere 
alluvial  deposits,  of  comparatively  recent  date,  are  to  be 
found  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  at  the  mouths  of  all  the 
rivers,  and  are  particularly  discernible  in  the  great  estuary 
of  the  Petchora.  As  a  curious  and  interesting  fact  con- 
nected with  geology,  may  be  mentioned  the  vast  numbers 
of  erratic  blocks  and  similar  drift  spread  over  the  greiiter 
part  of  N'orth  Russia,  and  evidently  transported  into  it  from 
Finland,  Lapland,  and  Sweden. 

Minerals. — These  are  lx)th  numerous  and  very  valuable. 
Gold  is  obtained  in  large  quantities,  both  by  mining  and 
wa.shing.  on  the  slopes  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  the 
streams  which  descend  from  them.  All  of  these,  however, 
with  a  very  few  exceptions,  are  found  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
chain,  and,  therefore,  belong  more  properly  to  Asiatic  than 
to  European  Russia.  The  produce  of  the  gold  mines  of 
Russia,  in  1847,  was  estimated  at  $JO.O00.o6o ;  in  1S49,  it 
reached  only  $17,400,000.  Copper  is  found  both  in  the 
Valdai  and  the  Ural  ilountains.  To  the  W.  of  the  latter,  in 
all  the  low  country  of  Perm,  are  vast  cupriferous  defxisits, 
from  which  large  quantities  of  copper  are  annually  ob- 
tained, under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  the  work- 
ings themselves  being  not  only  comparatively  easy,  but  all 
the  materials  necessary  for  smelting,  and  more  especially 
unlimited  supplies  of  fuel,  existing  in  their  immediate  vici- 
nity. The  governments  of  Olonets,  Viatka,  Kazan,  Vo- 
logda, and  Orenboorg  have  also  their  copper-mines.  Iron, 
the  most  widely  diffused  of  all  tiie  Russian  metals,  and 
the  most  extensively  and  protitably  worked,  is  found  not 
only  among  the  mountains,  but  extensive  beds  of  bog-iron 
ore  exi.st  in  the  lowest  marshy  grounds.  The  princip.al  seat 
of  the  iron  manufacture  is  in  the  government  of  Perm ;  but 
important  workings  are  carried  on.  and  great  numbers  of 
blast-furn.aees  have  been  erected,  in  many  other  quarters. 
Lead  is  more  sp.aringly  diffused,  and  is  worked  chiefly  in 
the  Ural  chain,  and  .some  parts  of  Poland,  particularly  in 
the  vicinity  of  Cracow  and  Sandomier.  It  sometimes  con- 
tains such  a  per-centage  of  silver  as  to  make  it  worth  ex- 
tracting. Platina  has  long  been  worked  in  the  Ural  chain, 
lu  the  most  productive  mines  of  that  metal  which  are  known 
tr-  exist  in  the  world.  Salt  is  found  in  such  abundance, 
both  in  brine-pits  and  mines,  that  it  may  he  considered 
altogether  inexhaustible.  In  almost  every  part  of  the  vast 
extent  of  surface  alreiidy  described  as  belonging  geologically 
to  the  Permian  system,  it  is  found,  and  in  numerous  locali- 
ties is  extensively  and  profitably  worked.  Saltpetre  is  o\}- 
tained  chiefly  in  the  government  of  .Astrakhan. 

From  the  vast  extent  of  country  which  has  been  shown  to 
be  Occupied  by  the  carboniferous  system,  it  may  be  reasonably 
concluded  that  there  must  be  many  extensive  caal-tields.  It 
would  seem,  however,  that  Russia,  in  this  respect,  bears  a 
considerable  resemblance  to  Ireland,  where  the  large  de- 


velopments of  the  carboniferous  system  are  chiefly  confinefl 
to  its  lower  strata,  and  is  much  more  remarkable  for  its  im- 
mense masses  of  mountain-limestone  than  its  orodnctivp 
seams  of  coal.  The  upper  portion  of  the  system,  trhich  aione 
contains  the  coal-measures  for  which  West  Europe,  and 
more  especially  Great  Britain,  is  distinguish^,  has  no  de- 
cided representiitive  in  Russia.  The  chief  fields  of  coal  yet 
ascertained  to  exist  are  among  the  Valdai  Hills,  where  the 
coal  is  generally  so  thin  and  poor  as  hardly  to  merit  the 
name;  in  the  government  of  Moscow,  where  seams  from  3 
to  6  feet  thick  are  seen  cropping  out  in  many  ravines,  but 
Lsof  an  inferior  quality;  and  in  an  extensive  tract  between 
the  Dnieper  and  the  Don,  chiefly  in  that  part  of  it  watered 
by  the  Donetz.  This  last  coal-district  is  said  by  Murchison 
to  be  by  far  the  richest  in  the  Russian  Empire,  and  extends 
over  an  area  of  not  less  than  11,000  square  miles.  It  has 
been  very  imperfectly  explored,  but  does  not  seem  entitled 
to  raise  very  high  expectations.  It  is  worked  in  .several 
localities,  and  more  especially  at  Alexandrovsk,  in  a  seam 
about  7  feet  thick,  composed  of  a  .soft  bituminou.s  coal,  con- 
taining a  great  deal  of  sulphur,  both  in  lumps  of  pyrites, 
and  in  the  much  more  injurious  form  of  fre(juent  thin  fila- 
ments, wrought,  as  it  were,  into  its  very  texture.  In  some 
other  localities,  the  quality  of  the  coal  seems  to  improve;  but 
except  in  those  governments  where  wood  is  scarce,  it  is  evi- 
d(\nt  that  the  known  coal-fields  of  Russia  cannot  be  turned 
to  much  account.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  besides  the 
known  coal-fields,  others  of  greater  value,  though,  from 
their  greater  depth,  requiring  more  expensive  fittings,  exist 
in  other  quarters,  more  especially  in  those  governments 
where  the  Permian  system  is  most  largely  developed.  For 
the  smelting  of  metal.s,  the  boundless  forests  furnish  a  more 
valuable  material;  and  ages  must  elapse  before  these  can 
be  so  much  thinned  as  to  make  either  the  search  for  coal, 
or  the  working  of  it,  objects  of  much  importance.  The 
only  other  mineral  products  deserving  of  notice  are  quar- 
ries of  granite  and  marble,  both  of  which,  of  excellent 
quality,  are  found  near  the  shores,  and  to  the  N.E.  of  Lake 
Ladoga. 

JO'rers,  Lakea,  <£c. — The  broad  central  ridge  above  referred  • 
to.  forming  the  great  watershed  of  the  country,  sends  the 
waters  on  the  N.  side  of  it  either  to  tlie  Arctic  Ocean  or  to 
the  Baltic,  and  those  on  the  S.  side  to  the  Black  Sea  or  to 
the  Caspian.  These,  therefore,  form  the  four  great  ba.sins 
to  which  all  the  rivers  of  European  Russia  belong.  These 
rivers  are  remarkable  both  for  their  number  and  their 
magnitude.  Beginning  with  the  basin  of  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
and  proceeding  from  E.  to  W.,  we  find  first  the  Petchor.i, 
which,  after  receiving  its  waters  chiefly  from  the  W.  slopes 
of  the  Ural  Mountiiins,  by  a  number  of  important  affluents, 
accumulates  them  into  one  great  flood,  which  then  flows 
almost  due  N.,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Arctic  by  a  wide 
estuary,  remarkable  for  the  number  of  islands  which  the 
alluvial  deposits  of  the  river  have  formed  within  it.  The 
Petchora  is  the  only  large  river  of  European  Russia  which 
thus  sends  its  waters  directly  to  the  Arctic  Ocean;  all  the 
others  are  received  by  it  indirectly  through  the  medium 
of  the  White  Sea.  Their  names  are  the  Mezen,  North 
Dwina,  and  Onega.  By  far  the  most  important  of  the  three 
is  the  Dwina,  which,  receiving  its  supplies  in  nearly  equ.al 
quantities  from  the  E.  by  the  Vitchegda,  and  from  the  W. 
by  the  Soochona,  flows  N.W.  in  a  very  circuitous  course, 
continually  augmented  by  large  affluents,  and  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Archangel,  a  little  below  the  well  known  port  of 
that  name.  The  surface  drained  by  the  rivers  of  this  basin 
is  almost  entirely  confined  to  the  two  extensive  govern- 
ments of  Archangel  and  Vologda. 

The  basin  next  in  order  is  that  of  the  Baltic.  Its  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  ICemi  and  the  Torne3.  (the  latter  com- 
mon to  both  Russia  and  Sweden,)  which  fall  into  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia;  the  Kymmene,  the  Neva,  and  the  Narva  or 
Narowa,  which  fell  into  the  Gulf  of  Finland :  the  Aa  and 
the  South  Dwina,  which  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga:  the 
Niemen  or  Meniel,  which  enters  Prussia  before  terminating 
its  course:  and  the  West  Bug.  an  affluent  of  the  Vistula. 
To  the  basin  of  the  Black  Sea  belong  the  Dniester,  the  South 
Bug.  and  the  Dnieper,  all  which  have  their  mouths  at  a 
short  distance  from  each  other,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
rising  seaport  of  Odessa:  the  Don,  falling  into  the  N.E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Sea  of  Azof;  and  the  Koob;>n,  which,  deriving 
its  chief  supplies  from  Circassia,  and  forming  a  great  part  of 
its  boundary,  must  continue  to  be  a  Russian  river  more  in 
name  than  in  reality,  so  long  as  the  Circassians  maintain 
their  noble  struggle  for  independence.  The  last  basin,  that 
of  the  Caspian,  is  in  some  respects  the  most  remarkable  of 
all ;  though  Europe  sends  it  at  most  only  two  large  rivers, 
the  Ural  and  the  Volga,  hoih  supplied  in  part  from  Asiatic 
sources;  the  latter  not  only  surp.asses  all  other  Russian 
rivers,  but  is  one  of  the  greatest  rivers  of  Europe.  The  E. 
parts  of  the  governments  of  Perm  and  Orenboorg  belong  to 
the  basin  of  the  Obi,  which  receives  .several  large  affluentii 
from  their  slopes  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Ural  chain. 

The  lakes  of  Russia  are  on  a  scale  of  maL'nitude  fully 
commensurate  with  that  of  its  rivers.  To  .?ay  nothing  ol 
the  Caspian  itself — which, being  wholly  surrounded  by  lau(]. 

1627 


RUS 


RUS 


and  evoK  ini-apable,  from  the  lowness  of  its  level,  of  dis- 
charging itself  into  any  other  sea,  is  truly  a  lake — Kussia 
ran  loast  of  others  of  vast  extent,  which,  from  lying  wholly 
within  its  limits,  are  peculiarly  its  own.  To  the  ba.sin  of 
the  Baltic  belong  the  Ladoga,  the  la.-gest  lake  in  Europe, 
the  Onega,  the  Peipus,  and  the  llmen.  Finland,  too,  which 
towards  its  S.  extremity  is  a  mere  network  of  lakes,  sends 
all  its  waters  to  the  Baltic.  Almost  all  the  other  lakes  of 
any  consequence  belong  to  the  basin  of  the  Volga.  Their 
dimensions  are  much  inferior  to  those  already  mentioned; 
but  in  any  other  country  less  amply  provi.led,  such  lakes 
as  the  BieioOzero,  in  the  government  of  .N'ovirorod,  and  the 
Koobinskoe,  in  the  government  of  Vologda,  would  not  pas.s 
unnoticed.  In  the  S.  are  several  large  salt^lakes,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  the  Klton,  in  the  government  of 
Saratov,  a'nd  the  Baskootchask.  (B.askutchask.)  iu  that  of 
A.«trakhan.  Canals  connect  the  Rattle  with  the  Caspian  and 
with  the  Black  Sea;  also  the  White  Sea  with  the  Caspian.  An 
extensive  inland  communication  is  opened  iu  various  direc- 
tions, and  a  traveller  may  pass  fi-om  St.  Petersburg  to 
Selmginsk,  in  Siberia,  with  only  a  few  miles  of  portage. 
Among  the  numerous  islands  belonging  to  the  empire,  the 
cliief  are  the  group  of  Nova  Zembla  (Novaia  Zemlia,  •'  new 
land,")  in  the  .\rctic  Ocejin,  the  archipelago  of  Spitzbergea 
Kalguev,  (Kalgouef.)  and  Valgats  Islands. 

Climiik. — A.  country  extending  over  at  least  .35  degrees 
of  latitude,  from  the  warmer  regions  of  the  temperate,  far 
into  the  regions  of  the  frozen  rone,  must  exhibit  very 
marked  diversities  of  climat*.  It  is  usual,  accordingly,  to 
consider  it  in  four  distinct  divisions :  a  polar  region,  in- 
cluding all  the  country  N.  of  lat,  67°;  a  cold  region,  ex- 
tending from  lat.  67°  to  57°  X.:  a  temperate  region,  from 
lat.  57°  to  50°  N.;  and  a  warm  region,  from  lat.  50°  to  37° 
N.  Another  division,  founded  on  the  vegetation  of  the 
different  regions,  has  been  proposed:  1.  The  region  of  ice, 
where  vegetation  is  all  hut  extinct;  2.  The  region  of  tun- 
dras, or  moorland  steppes:  3.  The  region  of  forests  and  pas- 
tures; 4.  The  region  where  barley  ripens:  5.  The  region  of 
rye  .ind  fla.x;  6.  The  region  of  wheat  and  orchards:  7.  The 
region  of  maize  and  vines;  and  S.  The  region  of  the  olive 
and  the  sugar-cane.  The  plains  of  the  X.,  exposed  to  the 
winds  of  the  .A.rctic  Ocean,  are  much  colder  than  the  other 
countries  of  Europe  in  corresponding  latitudes:  and  in 
general  it  m.ay  be  observed  in  regard  to  the  climate,  that 
its  charjvcteristic  features  are  a  grejiter  coldness  and  va- 
riableness than  is  common  under  the  same  latitudes  in  the 
more  westerly  portions  of  Europe.  The  mean  annual  tem- 
perature of  the  upper  part  .of  the  Norwegian  coast,  to  its 
extremity  at  the  North  Cape,  is  above  the  freezing  point; 
whereas  a  c-onsiderable  portion  of  Kussia.  within  the  same, 
and  even  in  a  lower  latitude,  is  below  it.  This  is  true  of  the 
whole  of  Russian  l^pland  as  far  S.  as  66°;  and  to  the  E.  of 
the  M'hite  Sea.  the  thermal  line,  indicating  a  mean  annual 
temperature  of  freezing,  descends  so  rapidly,  that  on  reach- 
ing the  Ural  Mount.tins,  it  is  found  to  be  as  low  as  60°, 

The  region  to  which  the  name  of  cold  has  been  given,  has 
a  mean  annual  temperature  varying  lietween  32°  and  40°, 
but  very  unequally  divided  throughout  the  year,  the  cold 
In  winter  often  sinking  the  thermometer  to  30°  below  zero, 
or  62°  below  freezing;  while  the  summer  heat  often  raises  it 
above  80°.  At  St.  Petersburg,  considerably  below  the  centre 
of  this  region,  the  mean  annual  temperature  is  rather  above 
40°;  on  the  other  band,  th.it  of  Kazan,  situated  at  the  very 
S.  extremity  of  the  region,  but  much  farther  inland,  is 
rather  below  36°.  The  temperate  region,  lying  between 
lat.  57°  and  50°  N..  has  a  mean  annual  temperature  vary- 
ing from  40°  to  5(1°,  and  includes  within  it  the  far  finest 
part  of  the  Russian  territory,  though  even  here  the  ther- 
mometer has  a  very  wide  range,  the  summer  heat  which 
sutliees  to  grow  melons  and  similar  fruits  in  the  open  field 
being  often  succeeded  by  very  rigorous  winters.  The  warm 
region,  extending  from  50°  S.,  well  merits  the  name,  from 
its  extreme  summer  heats,  the  thermometer  in  .Tune  and 
July  standing  commonly  alout  100°,  and  often  consider- 
ably higher.  It  is  not.  however,  free  from  the  remarkable 
contrasts  which  a  Russian  summer  and  a  RussLan  winter 
exhibit:  for  the  Sea  of  Azof,  situated  almost  in  the  heart 
of  this  region,  usually  freezes  about  the  lieginning  of  Xo- 
vember,  and  is  seldom  open  again  before  the  begiuuing  of 
April. 

In  the  Interior,  S.S.E.  and  S.  winds  prevail ;  while  W.  and 
N.W.  winds  are  most  common  on  the  coasts.  In  all  the 
countries  tx)rdering  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic  Sea  and  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  and  N.  by  the  basin 
of  the  Volga,  the  air  is  charged  with  a  superabundance  of 
moisture,  which  descends  in  mists,  and  frequent  falls  of 
rain  or  snow.  Towards  the  centre,  and  still  farther  E..  the 
excess  of  moisture  disappears,  though  enough  still  re- 
mains to  keep  vegetation  in  full  vigor  even  at  the  hottest 
season  Still  farther  S.  the  want  of  rain  is  often  felt,  and 
long-continued  droughts  do  frequent  mischief  In  the 
Ibiltic  provinces,  the  average  annual  fali  of  rain  is  from 
15  to  20  inches.  Snow  fall*  earlv  in  winter :.  the  average 
number  of  days  in  the  year  on  which  snow  falls  at  St.  Pe- 
Ujsburg.  is  70.  In  general,  however,  the  cUinat««  of  xll  the 
1628 


regions  are  not  vmfavorable  to  health,  and  except  in  parti- 
cular district*,  where  the  insalubrity  can  easily  be  traced  tc 
local  causes,  disease  is  by  no  means  prevalent,  and  human 
life  often  attains  its  longest  allotted  term. 

Vegetation,  Agriculture,  rfc. — Russia  pos.sesses  a  vast  num- 
ber of  phanerogamous  plants ;  but  as  the  examination  which 
botanists  have  made  is  acknowledged  to  be  very  imperfect, 
it  is  probable  that  many  yet  remain  to  be  discovered.  A 
considerable  proportion  of  the  surface  still  continues  aimrst 
in  a  state  of  nature;  and,  where  it  ig  well  wooded,  there  is 
room  to  question  whether  any  other  mode  of  occupation 
could  be  made  to  prove  equally  productive.  Forests,  how- 
ever, are  found  chiefly  in  the  more  N.  governments,  parti- 
cularly Archangel,  Vologda,  and  Perm.  In  many  of  the 
central  and  S.  governments,  a  deficienc}'  of  timber  is  se- 
riously felt,  .nnd  many  extraordinary  expedients  are  re- 
sorted to  in  order  to  obtain  adequate  supplies  of  fuel.  The 
governments  most  im)>erfectly  provided  with  wood  are  Es- 
thonia,  Bessarabia,  Kherson.  Yekaterinoslav,aud  .\strakhan. 
The  prevailing  trees  of  the  N.  forests  are  fir.  larch,  alder,  and 
birch.  The  oak  is  seldom  found  l>eyond  lat.  61°;  few  fruit- 
trees  are  found  beyond  lat.  56°;  and  their  regular  culture 
cannot  be  profitably  carded  on  X.of  the  53d  parallel.  In  this 
latitude  apples,  pears,  and  plums  becfime  tolerably  abundant ; 
and  still  farther  S.,  peaches,  apricots,  quinces,  almonds.  .•>nd 
pomegranates  are  common  fruits.  The  vine  and  mulberry, 
also,  are  exten.sively  cultivated,  and  considerable  quantities 
both  of  wine  and  silk  are  obtained.  In  the  Crimea,  exten- 
sive vineyards  have  been  formed  from  plants  selected  w^ith 
the  utmost  care,  and  several  of  the  wines  have  already  ac- 
quired a  high  name.  Other  governments  have  imitated  the 
example,  and  the  export  of  wine  promises  to  become  an  ob- 
ject of  great  national  importance.  Among  the  principal  dis- 
tricts in  which  the  culture  of  the  vine  is  regarded  as  an 
object  of  primary  interest  may  be  mentioned  Bessarabia, 
Kherson,  Kiev,  Astrakhan,  and  the  Don  Cossacks.  In  the 
last  are  made  large  quantities  of  a  wine  resembling  cham- 
pagne, which  finds  a  ready  sale  in  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow, 
and  many  of  the  larger  towns. 

But  notwithstanding  the  profitable  returns  of  the  above 
objects  of  culture,  it  is  to  agriculture,  properly  so  called, 
that  Russia  must  long  continue  to  look  for  the  richest 
.source  of  national  prosperitj'.  .\fter  deducting  all  the  re- 
gions where  the  rigors  of  the  climate,  without  making  tlie 
growth  .and  ripening  of  grain  ab.solutely  iuipos.sible.  are  in- 
compatible with  its  culture  as  a  regular  branch  of  industry, 
va.st  tracts  of  land  remain,  where  the  soil  is  almost  of  inex- 
haustible fertility,  and  all  the  cereals  are  produced  in  such 
abundance  as  not  only  to  meet  the  home  consumption,  but 
leave  a  large  surplus  for  export.  The  most  important  crops 
raised  for  food  are  rye,  wheat,  biirley,  oats,  buckwheat, 
maize,  and  potatoes;  and  for  other  purposes,  hemp,  flax, 
hops,  tobacco,  and  beet-root  for  sugar.  The  principal  wheat 
districts  are  parts  of  Poland,  particularly  the  governments 
of  Warsaw.  Radom,  and  Lublin ;  the  fertile,  alluvial  tracts 
along  the  lianks  of  the  N.  rivers;  and  the  governments  of 
Volhynia,  Podolsk,  Kiev,  and  Poltava.  Rye.  from  its  na- 
tural adaptation  to  the  soil,  and  its  almost  universal  use  as 
an  article  of  food,  is  cultivated  in  every  quarter  up  to  lat. 
65°.  The  value  of  rye  .annuijlly  produced  is  estimated  at 
$117,000,000.  Barley  ripens  in  lat.  67°,  but  is  in  far  less 
general  repute  than  rya  Oats  are  extensively  grown  in 
several  governments,  and  more  especially  in  the  rich  alluvial 
tracts  of  Archangel,  where  the  peasants,  after  satisfying 
their  own  wants,  grind  the  .surplus  into  meal,  and  export  it 
in  considerable  quantities  to  the  coast  of  Norway.  Maize 
forms  one  of  the  most  important  crops  of  Bessarabia,  where 
a  return  of  sixty-fold  is  said  not  to  be  uncommon.  Potatoes 
are  largely  grown  in  Saratov,  in  Poland,  and  in  the  districts 
which  border  the  Baltic:  in  the  last  partly  for  food,  but 
much  more  for  the  supply  of  numerous  distilleries. 

Both  hemp  and  flax  are  staple  products,  and  are  exported 
in  great  quantities.  The  former  is  grown  to  an  immen.se 
extent  in  all  the  governments  which  border  on  the  Ural 
chain,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  upper  course  of  the  Volga, 
particularly  in  the  governments  of  Tver,  Yaroslav,  and  Kos- 
troma. Flax  is  also  cultiv.ated  to  a  great  extent  in  the 
same  districts,  but  more  especially  in  the  governments  of 
Olonets.  Vologda.  Livonia,  and  the  S.  parts  of  Finland.  Both 
their  fibre  and  their  seed  form  most  important  articles  of 
exprtt  from  the  ports  of  Riga.  St.  Petersburg,  and  .Arch- 
angel. Kitclien-gardens.  in  many  parts,  attract  consider- 
able attention,  and  cabbages.  turnip.s.  carrots,  and  onions 
are  occasionally  cultivated  on  an  extensive  scale;  in  some 
of  the  distri<'ts  bordering  on  the  S.  steppes,  the  watermel'>n 
thrives  amazingly.  att,-tining  immen.se  size  with  little  oil- 
ture,  and,  while  in  sea.son,  forms  a  principal  food  of  the 
lower  classes.  In  .\strakhan,  on  the  banks  of  the  Volga, 
liquorice  grows  with  a  luxuriance  unknown  elsewhere,  and 
furnishes  juice  sufficient  to  form  an  important  article  of  ex- 
port. Before  leaving  this  part  of  the  subject,  it  is  proper  to 
observe,  that  though  Russia  is  decidedly  an  agricultural 
country,  its  progress  in  the  science  of  agriculture  h.v 
hitherto  been  slow,  and  fheamiountof  prodive  obtniiied  01 
owing  much  more  to  the  natuntl  fertility  of  the  soil  Hian  t«. 


KUS 


RUS 


any  ability  displayed  in  extracting  it.  Tliere  is,  perhaps,  no 
oounti-y  in  Kurope  in  which  so  mucli  of  grain  is  obtained  at 
so  small  an  expense  of  sliill  and  labor.  In  Livonia,  however, 
and  the  Paltic  proviuoes  generally,  and  in  some  of  the  more 
celelirated  nheat  districts  of  the  Ukraine,  an  improved  hus- 
bandry has  been  introduced,  and  goTernment.  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  agricultural  chairs  in  the  universities,  and 
the  formation  of  model  farms,  is  laudably  endeavoring  to 
extend  it  to  other  quarters. 

Zoohigy. — Animals  in  Russia,  both  domestic  and  wild, 
are  extremely  numerous.  Among  the  former  are  horses 
of  various  breeds,  of  which  those  in  the  N.  are  generally 
small,  but  hardy;  those  of  the  central  and  S.  provinces 
large  and  well-adapted  for  draught;  and  those  of  the  Cos- 
Backs  remarkable  for  their  spii-it  and  endurance  of  fatigue, 
and  their  admirable  adaptation  for  light  cavalry.  In  seve- 
ral of  the  steppes,  horses  still  run  wild.  Cattle  are  much 
used,  particularly  in  the  S.,  for  agricultural  operations,  and 
exist  in  such  numbers,  that  tallow  and  hides  form  very  im- 
portant articles  of  export.  The  best  breeds  are  tho.se  of  the 
Ukraine,  Archangel,  Bessarabia,  and  Grodno.  In  Livonia 
a  great  number  of  excellent  cows  are  kept  for  the  dairy,  and 
much  good  cheese  is  made.  The  sheep  are  chiefly  of  three 
breeds:  the  original  Russian,  which  is  found  in  vast  num- 
bers in  every  part  of  the  country,  and  though  generally  in- 
ferior, producing  very  indifferent  wool,  it  has  been  of  late 
greatly  improved  by  crossing  with  the  merino  and  Saxon ; 
the  K hi rgheez  breed,  remarkable  for  large  size,  a  darkish  red 
color,  long  but  coarse  wool,  and  more  especially  for  their 
ponderous  tails,  from  which  30  or  40  pounds  of  tallow  are 
obtained;  these  exist  in  vast  numbers  on  the  steppes  of 
the  Volga;  and  the  Circassian  breed,  not  confined  to  the 
Caucasian  provinces,  but  widely  diffused  in  the  Crimea, 
and  among  the  Cossacks  of  the  Black  Sea  and  of  the  Don. 
The  improved  breeds  of  sheep  are  found  especially  in  the 
Baltic  governments  of  Livonia,  Esthonia,  and  Courland, 
but  are  rapidly  spreading  into  other  quarters.  Goats  are 
numerous  in  the  S.,  where  they  are  valued  chiefly  for  their 
skins,  whicii  are  u.sed  in  making  morocco  leather.  In  I'o- 
dolsk  and  Yekaterinoslav  some  Angora  goats  are  kept  for 
their  fleeces,  which  are  remarkably  tine,  and  manufactured 
into  shawls.  In  the  N.  regions,  bordeiiug  on  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  large  herds  of  reindeer  are  kept ;  and  in  the  S.,  at 
the  opposite  extremity,  among  the  Tartars  of  the  Crimea 
and  the  inhabitants  of  the  Caucasus,  the  camel  is  numerous. 
The  bison  is  found  near  the  sources  of  the  Narew.  Among 
wild  animals  may  be  mentioned  the  bear,  the  wolf,  the  wild 
hog.  and  various  animals  which  are  hunted  for  their  furs. 
The  bristles  of  the  wild  boar  form  an  important  article  of 
export.  Wild  fowl  abound,  particularly  near  the  mouths 
of  rivers ;  among  other  may  be  mentioned  the  pelican, 
w  hich  frequents  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea.  Both  on  the 
coasts  and  in  the  rivers  a  great  number  of  productive 
fislieries  are  carried  on.  In  the  Arctic  Ocean  whales  are  oc- 
casionally seen,  and  vast  numbers  of  seals  are  taken.  The 
rivers  of  the  Caspian,  particularly  the  Ural  and  Volga,  and 
the  Sea  of  Azof,  are  celebrated  for  their  sturgeons.  In  the 
same  quarters  are  also  imporUint  salmon-fisheries. 

Manufachires. — In  a  country  where  so  much  land  remains 
to  be  taken  into  cultivation,  and  the  population  is  very 
much  scattered,  manufactures  cannot  be  expected  to  be  car- 
ried on  upon  an  extensive  scale,  except  in  a  few  leading 
towns  Considering  the  unfa voi-able  circumstances,  the  pro- 
gress of  Russia  in  manufactures  is  much  greater  than  could 
have  been  anticipated,  and  certainly  much  greater  than  it 
could  have  been,  had  not  a  succession  of  monarchs,  com- 
mencing with  Peter  the  Great,  done  the  utmost  to  promote 
it,  both  by  the  establishment  of  large  model  manufactories 
and  various  other  modes  of  encouragement.  The  branches 
in  which  most  progress  has  been  made  are  leather,  both 
ordinary  and  morocco,  the  latter  particularly  at  Astrakhan, 
Torzhok  in  the  government  of  Tver,  Jvazan,  and  Taurida.  in 
all  of  which  the  article  produced  is  unsurpassed  in  any  other 
country  in  Europe;  cotton-twist  and  cotton  goods  at  St. 
Petersburg.  JIoscow,  and  in  the  governments  of  Vladimeer, 
Kostroma,  and  Astrakhan ;  woollen  and  linen  goods  in 
many  piii  ts  of  Poland,  governments  of  Kiev,  Yekaterinoslav, 
JIoscow.  Kalooga,  and  most  of  the  provincial  towns ;  silks, 
particularly  at  St.  Petersburg  and  JIoscow;  sailcloth,  at 
these  two  capitals,  and  also  in  the  governments  of  Arch- 
angel, Riazan,  and  Novgorod:  fine  Cashmere  shawls,  in  the 
governments  of  I'enza  and  Yekaterinoslav  ;  fine  carpets,  at 
Kamenskoi.  Smolensk,  and  Koorsk  :  cordage,  at  Archangel, 
and  in  the  government  of  Orel;  metals,  more  especially  iron 
and  copper,  in  the  government  of  Perm,  and  many  other 
localities ;  fire-arms,  swords,  and  other  cutlery,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Toola ;  plate-glass  and  crystal,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Toola,  and  Tver;  tapestry,  at  Issa  and  St.  Petersburg; 
paper,  at  Moscow,  St.  Petersburg,  Y'aroslav,  Kalooga,  and  in 
Livonia:  carriages,  jewelry,  and  porcelain,  also  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Moscow;  hosiery,  at  Sarepta.  and  various  other 
places;  and  oil,  wax,  candles,  soap,  glue,  tobacco,  window- 
glass,  glass  bottles,  &c.,  in  almost  every  important  town. 
The  rapid  increase  of  the  cotton  manufactures  is  shown  by 
the  quantity  of  raw   cotton   consumed,  which,  in  1831, 


amounted  to  4.000.000  i>ounds;  In  1842,  to  1S.477,144 
pounds;  and,  in  1852,  had  risen  to  73,398.440  pounds.  In 
1842.  Russia  imported  21,760,380  pounds  of  cotton  twist  from 
Britain ;  but,  in  1850,  the  quantity  had  fallen  off  to  4,370,57fl 
pounds. 

Internal  Oymmiinication,  Cnmmerce,  <tc. — Considering  the 
vast  extent  of  country,  the  foreign  commerce  of  Rus,siiv  is  not 
extensive;  the  seaports  are  very  few,  being  almost  confined 
to  Archangel,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean ;  St.  Petersburg  and  Rig.i, 
in  the  Baltic ;  Odessa,  and  a  few  others  of  less  importance, 
in  the  Black  Sea ;  Taganrog,  in  the  Se.i  of  Azof;  and  As- 
trakhan, Bakoo,  and  Kizliar,  in  the  Caspian.  The  great  dis- 
tances at  which  the  seas  containing  these  ports  are  situated 
from  each  other,  and  from  the  interior  of  the  country,  must 
have  confined  the  foreign  trade  within  very  narrow  limits, 
had  not  a  remarkable  number  of  internal  feeders  been  pro- 
vided, partly  by  nature  and  partly  by  art — by  nature,  in  the 
magnificent  streams  which  wind  across  the  country  in  all 
directions,  and  owing  to  the  general  flatness  of  the  svirfaee, 
are  eminently  adapted  for  navigation — and  by  art.  in  the 
great  .system  of  canals  by  which  the  different  basins  to 
which  these  rivers  belong  have  been  made  to  communicate 
with  each  other,  so  as  to  give  a  continuous  navigation  from 
the  Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Black  Sea,  and  from  the  Baltic  to  the 
Caspian ;  together  with  a  net-work  of  branch  canals,  by  which 
all  the  great  towns  of  the  interior  have  ready  access  to  their 
outports  and  to  each  other.  The  valuable  communications 
thus  provided  are  about  to  receive  a  v.ast  accession  from  the 
railway  system,  for  which  the  configuration  of  the  country 
affords  unwonted  facilities.  One  important  trunk  line,  con- 
necting St.  Petersburg  with  Moscow,  has  already  been  com- 
pleted; and  theGerman  lines  connect  eastward  with  Warsaw. 
A  railway  C68  miles  in  length  is  al,so  in  course  of  construc- 
tion from  St,  Petersburg  to  Warsaw,  and  a  company  has 
been  formed  at  Riga  for  building  a  branch  road  which  is  to 
unite  this  .seaport  with  Diinaburg.  and  thus  connect 
Riga  with  the  capitals  of  Russia  and  Poland.  The  track  has 
been  surveyed,  and  is  stated  to  be  138  miles  in  length. 
Another  line  in  contemplation  is  to  unite  Diinaburg  by 
Smolensk  with  Moscow,  by  which  the  ancient  Russian  capi- 
tal will  become  connected  witli  Warsaw.  In  the  S.  of  the 
empire,  it  is  contemplated  to  construct  a  road  from  Kharoff 
to  Odess;i.  crossing  the  Dnieper  at  Kreinectchong;  and  it 
has  also  been  proposed  to  construct  two  additional  lines  of 
railway  in  Poland — one  from  Warsaw  to  Bromberg,  and  the 
other  from  Warsaw  to  Posen.  The  line  from  Warsaw  to 
Myolvitz.  a  little  more  than  200  miles  in  length,  puts  the 
capital  of  Poland  in  communication  by  railw.ay  with  Vienna 
and  Berlin,  and  consequently  with  Paris.  When  the  line 
from  Warsaw  to  St.  Petersburg  is  opened  for  travel,  which 
it  is  expected  will  be,  unless  interrupted  by  the  present 
war,  in  at)0ut  three  years,  the  immense  distance  which 
separates  France  from  Russia,  may  be  travelled  over  in  4 
or  5  days.  The  first  railway  was  completed  in  Ru.ssia  in 
1836,  and  extends  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Tsarskozela  and 
Pavlovski,  two  imperial  residences,  distant  from  the  capital 
17  miles. 

The  outer  foreign  trade  of  Russia  is  canied  on  chiefly  with 
Great  Britain,  and  partially,  but  to  a  far  less  extent,  with 
Sweden,  Holland,  Italy,  Austria,  Turkey,  Greece,  Denmaik, 
and  Prussia;  the  inland  foreign  trade  is  carried  on  princi- 
pall)'  with  Persia  and  China,  from  the  latter  of  which  she 
import.s,  through  the  frontier  mart  of  Kiachta,  4.700.000 
pounds  of  tea  annually ;  .ilso  silks,  nankeens.  porceHiin.  &c. ; 
arid  exports  in  return,  furs,  leather,  woollen  and  linen 
fabrics,  cattle  and  reindeer-horns.  An  inland  trade,  strictly 
so  called,  and  carried  on  principally  by  means  of  faiis,  and 
to  a  much  greater  extent  than  any  other,  has  its  most  im- 
portant entrepots  at  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow.  Morshansk, 
Kalooga,  Toola,  Koorsk.  Nizhnee-Xovgorod,  Kazan,  Perm, 
Orenboorg.  .and  Astrakhan. 

The  following  tables  furnish  a  means  of  estimating  the 
extent  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Russia,  and  of  the  movement 
of  shipping  in  her  commercial  ports.  The  great  excess, 
both  in  exports  and  shipping,  in  1847.  is  accounted  for  by 
the  quantity  of  grain  supplied  to  West  Europe  in  conse- 
quence of  the  potato-rot: — 

Total  Value  of  the  Impmis  and  Eocpnrts  nf  the  Jfvsifian  Empire 
from  and  to  Foreign  Countries,  Poland,  and  Finland,  from 
1700  to  1851. 


Years. 

Imports. 

$3.n45.ooo 

Exports, 

$3,720,000 

Years, 

Imports, 

Exports. 

$67,575,000 

1-fiO.. 

1842.. 

$66,965,000 

17fi8.. 

5,140,000 

5,6,50,000 

1843.. 

6;i,965,0fl0 

7O,'.'65.0OO 

1775.. 

4,985.000 

6,4.30,000 

1844.. 

6'.',125.000 

74,160,000 

1796.. 

9,400,000 

10,300,000 

1845.. 

65,8,35,000 

73,280,000 

1807.. 

10,:iOO,000 

12.500.000 

1846.. 

68,870.000 

81,315,000 

1815.. 

21,140.000 

34,010,000 

1847.. 

70,600,000 

117,670,000 

lS-2-2.. 

31,500,000 

3.8,250,000 

1848,. 

71,865,000 

69,9:10,000 

18:n.. 

4fi,7iX),000 

51,450,000 

1849.. 

73.0--'5,000 

65,:i0O,00O 

1834.. 

46,950,000 

45,180,000 

1S50.. 

77.100,000 

76,115,000 

1831.. 

77,975,000 

73,340,000 

The  exports,  it  will  be  seen,  have  exceeded  the  imports, 
with  the  exception  of  1834,  up  to  1848,  since  which,  the  im- 
ports have  been  considerably  in  excess. 

16^ 


RUS 


RUS 


The  foi/owing  taWe  shows  the  quantities  of  the  principal 
articles  iMported  and  exported  in  1842,  1847,  and  1848 : — 


Sheeps  word.... 


uffs.. 


.lbs.. 

.lbs.. 

Raw  sugar cwt.. 

Refi  ued  sugar cwt. . 

Macbiuery  aud  tools 

Wine  and  liquors 

Silk,  manufactured 

Liuea,  maaufactured 


..tons. 


ExposTa, 


Hemp 

Flax tons.. 

Tallow cwt .. 

Wool lbs... 

Linseed  and  hempseed..qrs. .. 

"■    ber,  de.11s,  &c 

G--Tiin qrs... 

Flour 


1,000,368 
889,016 
618,062 

409,000 
4,6^8,000 
3,175,000 

274,000 


38,771 

48,849 

1,088,017 

20,878,772 

7'2,290 

1,675,000 

1,609,366 

ol-.'.OOO 


a.0-'-J,696 

906,757 

•-'59,855 

217,888 

1,492,000 

5,I:i5,000 

3,215.000 

400,000 


43,903 
37,777 
1,270,240 
15,657,480 
990,775 
2,975.000 
7,5,13,847 
4,620,000 


1848. 


•2,094,264 

879,215 

4S9,209 

112,810 

1,164,000 

5,712,000 

2,643,000 

349,000 


38,743 

60,007 

1,271,599 

8,593.056 

865.514 

1,975,000 

2,843,397 

293,000 


The  cotton  used  in  Russian  manufactures  is  chiefly  grown 
in  the  United  States,  and  has  hitlierto  been  principally  re- 
ceived through  British  ports.  The  following  tabular  state- 
ment shows  the  rapid  increase  in  the  importations  of  cotton 
for  a  period  of  38  years : — 


Tears. 

Pounds. 

Years. 

Pounds. 

18-24-26 

2,270,7-20 
3.927,200 
4,6.39.840 
6.847,560 
11,311,960 
14,230,960 

20  980.440 

1827-'29 

31  -205  960 

1&30-32 

18:<S-33 

58,428,480 
73,398,440 

18,36-38 

1852 

1839-41 

The  value  of  furs  annually  imported,  amounted  to  about 
$8'20.000,  not  including  those  received  from  .\sia. 

The  annexed  table  exhibits  the  trade  of  Russia  with  Great 
Britain  for  the  years  specified,  during  a  period  of  88  years : — 


1760.. 
1780.. 
1802.. 


Imports. 


$  490,000 
1,450,000 
6,400,000 
11,640,000 


Exports. 


$2,750,000 
5,9-25,000 
10,310,000 
11,295,000 


1.337.. 
1840. . 
1847.. 
1848.. 


Imports. 


$8,430,000 
8,012,000 
9,2-20,000 
9,6-25,000 


Exports. 


$19,a32,000 
26,755,000 
36,815,000 
31,6-20,000 


The  quantities  of  the  principal  articles  exported  to  the 
United  Kingdom  in  1852  and  1853,  are  shown  in  the  sub- 
joined table: — 
Exports  from  Russia  into  the  United  Kingdom  in  1852  and  18.53. 


Wheat  and  tio  ur . .  qrs . . . 

Oats 

Other  grain 

Tallow cwt... 

Linseed qrs... 

Bristles lbs... . 

Flax cwt .. 

Hemp 

Wool lbs... 

Iron,  unwTought..tons.. 

Copper tons.. 

Timber,  hewn.... loads. 
Timber,  sawn  ....loads. 


378.a 
2.477,7 

1.287,S 
8:f8,3 


Aggregate  Exports. 


1852. 


1853. 


731,571 

305,738 

•262,348 

609,197 

518,667 

1,459,303 

918,5-23 

543,965 

5,363,772 

1,792 

1,-278 

28,289 

189,779 


1,070,901 

379,059 

263,655 

847.-267 

765.015 

2,477,789 

1,287,988 

836,473 

9,054,443 

5,079 

1,630 

45,421 

245,583 


The  principal  import*  from  Great  Britain,  are  raw  cotton, 
woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  eotton-twist,  woollen  yarn,  hard- 
ware, and  colonial  produce.  The  aTer.tge  quantity  of  cotton 
received  for  the  years  ending  185'2,  was  43.051,680  pounds. 
The  importations  of  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  cotton- 
twist  from  Great  Britain,  owing  to  the  protective  policy 
adopted  by  Russia,  has.  of  late  yeans,  greatly  fallen  off,  the 
latter  having  decreased  from  21.760.380  pounds  in  1842.  to 
13.901.142  in  1848.  The  total  value  of  woollen  goods  im- 
ported in  1844,  was  $3,095,000:  in  1848,  only  $1-665.000. 
The  importations  of  cotton  manufactures  have  diminished 
at  the  rate  of  nearly  $1,000,000  a  year.  The  value  of  cotton 
mauuCtctures  imported  in  1848.  amounted  to  $3,0'25,000,  of 
which  $2,075,000  was  for  Great  Britain. 

The  commerce  of  Russia  with  France,  at.dlSerent  periods, 
has  been  as  follows : — 

Years.  Imports.  Exports.  Total. 

1792 $  •268,400 $   644,200 $  912,600 

18»4 2,000,000 2,600.000 4,600,000 

1850 3,600,000 4,000,000 7,600.000 

A  bout  half  of  the  imports  from  France,  consist  of  wines. 

The  imports  from  the  United  States  have  been  as  follows : 
In  1842.  $.386,000;  in  1845,  $63-2,000:  in  1851.  Sl.611.000:  in 
1S52.  $1. -200.000;  and  in  1853,  $2,456,000.  The  exports  to 
the  United  States  in  1851,  amounted  in  value  to  $1.392.000 ; 
in  1852.  to  $1..581,O00:  in  1853.  to  $1,278,000.  The  imports 
in  1851.  comprised,  among  other  articles,  cotton  to  the 
value  of  $1,297,000;  tobacco  to  the  value  of  $130,000-  rice 
valued  at  $21,000 ;  and  in  185-2,  2,560,000  pounds  of  raw 
1630 


sugar,  and  480.000  pounds  of  coffee.  Among  the  exporte  fa 
1852,  were  25.021  huudredsweight  of  hemp.  8^2(:iS  of  flax, 
2.856.459  pounds  of  cordage.  9541  pieces  of  sail-duck,  283,633 
pounds  of  bristles,  and  5,185.225  pounds  of  sheet-iron. 

In  1848,  Russia  imported  from  Xurkev  in  Asia,  goods  to 
the  value  of  $682,000.  two-thirds  of  which  consisted  of  cot 
ton  fabrics.  The  imports  from  Persia  amounted  in  value  to 
$3,132,000,  two-thirds  of  which  was  for  cotton,  silk,  and 
woollen  litbrics:  from  the  Kirgheez  Steppes  the  imports 
amounted  to  $1,145,000.  about  half  of  which  was  for  cattle. 
The  imports  from  Tashkend  amounted  to  $380.000 :  from 
Khokan.  $33,500 ;  from  China,  $4. 440,tX)0:  from  other  Asia 
tic  countries,  $332,000,  making  a  total  of  $10,144,500. 

The  exports  to  these  countries  in  1848,  were  as  follows: — 
To  Turkey,  in  Asia,  $380,000;  to  Persia,  $515.000 :  to  Kirgheez 
Steppes,  $1,190,000;  Khiva,  $30,000;  Bokhara.  $195,000; 
Tashkend,  $192,000;  Khokan,  $3680;  China,  $4,329,000. 
Total  exports  to  Asiatic  countries,  $6,834,680. 

We  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  the  amount  of  busi- 
ness annually  transacted  at  the  Russian  fairs,  which  are 
attended  by  a  multitude  of  persons  from  all  parts  of  Asia, 
and  from  most  parts  of  South-eastern  Europe.  The  total 
value  of  goods  collected  at  the  great  fair  of  Xizhnee  Novgorod 
in  1849,  was  estimated  at  $51,710,000.  of  which  $.39,580,000 
was  the  value  of  domestic,  and  $12,1.30.000  foreign  niei^ 
chandi.se.  The  total  sales  amounted  to  S-lo,063,000.  It  is 
estimated  that  in  1851,  goods  to  the  value  of  $1,945,000 
were  exposed  for  s-ale  at  the  fairs  in  the  Crimea. 

The  total  foreign  commerce  of  the  Crimea  and  ports  in  the 
Sea  of  Azof  for  1841  and  1851,  is  shown  in  the  subjoined 
table:— 

1841.  1851. 

Porta  In  the  Crimea $617,600 $349,500 

Ports  in  the  Sea  of  Azof. 5,459,200 6,816,800 

The  coa.st  trade  is  estimated  at  three  times  this  amount. 

In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  relative  proportion  of 
the  foreign  commei-ce  of  Russia  in  1852,  shared  by  each  sea 
Ixirdering  on  her  European  territories : — 

Arrivals.      Clearances. 

Ports  in  the  Baltic  Sea 3627 3507 

"  White  Sea 827 845 

"  Black  Sea  and  Sea  of  Azof. 3929 3889 

"  Caspian  Sea -272 266 


8JJ55. 


8507 


The  following  t.ihle  shows  the  various  flags  under  which 
the  commerce  of  Russia,  in  1852,  was  carried  on  : — 

No.  of  vessels. 

English  Bag... 2020 

Russian 11-25 

Turkish 1072 

Greek 660 


Dutch 513 

Swedish 470 

Sardinian 453 


No.  of  vessels. 

Austrian  Bag 383 

Prussian 380 

Danish 361 

Mecklenburg 291 

Hanoverian 258 

Frankfort 18« 

All  others 483 


Total  Number  and  Tonnage  of  Vessels  Entered  and  Cleared  at 
the  Northern  and  Southern  Ports  of  the  Jitissian  Empire  in 
1842-1848  :— 


1842. 
1843. 
1844. 
1845, 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 


4,927 
4,971 
5,843 
5,926 
7,125 
11.366 
6,401 


943,866 
1,107,784 
1,135.404 
1,308,472 
1,936,068 
1,323,060 


Tons. 


866,054 
918,490 
1,090.004 
1,145,822 
1,345,7-28 
1,998,668 
1,177,994 


Goivmment.  and  Laws — At  the  head  of  the  nation  is 
the  emperor  or  czar,  with  the  title  of  SamoderzhetzorAuto- 
crat,  indicating  that  he  is  absolutely  supreme,  indebted  to 
none  for  his  power,  and  accountable  to  none  in  the  exerci.se 
of  it.  All  such  forms  of  despotism,  however,  are  controlled, 
to  some  extent,  by  custom  and  public  opinion;  though,  in 
every  individual  reign,  the  p.-rsonal  character  of  the  sove- 
reign must,  in  a  great  measure,  determine  that  of  the  admi- 
nistration. Ilenee.  under  such  a  monarch  as  Paul  I.,  the 
most  extravagant  decrees,  the  dictates  of  a  mind  bordering 
on  insanity,  had  all  the  force  of  law,  and  exposed  every 
subject,  who  ventured  to  disregard  them,  to  the  penalties 
of  rebellion ;  while,  on  the  contrary,  under  the  late  Alex- 
ander, the  whole  administration  assumed  almost  a  constitu- 
tional form,  and  the  emperor  himself  publicly  disclaimed 
despotism,  by  declaring  that  he  was  bound  to  rule  according 
to  law,  and  that,  in  the  event  of  his  issuing  any  decree  not 
in  accordance  with  it,  the  Senate  wjis  entitled  to  remonstrate. 
In  administering  the  government,  the  princip-al  authority 
is  the  Imperial  Council,  for  the  most  part  presided  over  by 
the  emperor  in  person,  or  a  delegate  of  his  sole  appointment 
It  is  divided  into  five  departments — legislative,  military, 
civil,  ecclesiastical,  and  financial,  and  one  for  Poland.  Each 
department  consists  of  five  members.  All  matters  coming 
under  deliberation  are  decided  by  a  majority  o)  votes,  either 
by  the  departments  separately,  or  by  the  nhote  acting  as 
one  body. 


RUS 


RUS 


The  bo*r  next  in  importance  to  the  Council  is  the  ?enat«, 
which  is  also  presided  over  by  the  emperor  in  person.  It  is 
the  supreme  judicial  tribunal,  and  issues  decrees  wliich 
have  tile  force  of  law,  unless  the  emperor  interpose  to  pre- 
vent their  execution.  It  is  divided  into  eij;ht  departments, 
each  of  which  is  an  appeal  court  of  last  resort  for  certain 
provinces  and  {governments.  The  decision  of  each  depart- 
ment must  be  supported  by  a  majority  of  two-thirds  of  the 
members  present;  and,  when  this  majority  cannot  be  ol> 
tained,  a  general  meeting  of  all  the  departments  is  called  to 
decide.  The  procedure  is  not  public,  and  the  whole  plead- 
ings are  in  writing,  each  case  being  decided  on  a  statement 
drawn  up  by  the  secretary,  and  certified  by  the  party  as  cor- 
rect. The  third  great  body  in  the  administration  of  govern- 
ment is  the  Synod,  or  supreme  ecclesiastical  court.  The 
executive  power  is  intrusted  to  what  is  called  the  College  or 
Committee  of  Ministers,  who  are  11  in  numl)er,  and  distri- 
buted, as  usual  in  other  governments,  into  different  offices, 
for  home  and  foreign  affairs,  war,  finance,  &c.  The  civil 
afl'airs  of  each  government  are  presided  over  by  a  civil  go- 
vernor; the  military  affairs  of  two  or  more  governments 
grouped  together,  by  a  military  governor.  To  guide  and 
give  uniformity  to  decisions  in  lejjal  cases,  a  voluminous 
code,  called  the  Svod  Zakonov,  or  Corpus  Juris,  has  been 
drawn  up,  and  declared  to  contain  the  law  of  Russia,  in  so 
far  as  not  modified  by  the  laws  and  privileges  of  particular 
provinces.  It  contains  an  abstract  of  all  the  laws  and  ordi- 
nances issued  by  the  different  emperors  fiom  1649  down- 
ward, and  forms  16  large  volumes.  The  laws  and  ordinances 
in  full,  but  reaching  only  to  1832,  are  contained  in  56 
volumes;  of  this  immense  collection,  8  volumes  belong  to 
the  first  seven  years  of  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Nicholas. 

Army  and  Navy. — The  army  consists  of  77G  battalions  of 
infantry,  583  squadrons  of  cavalry,  and  290  l>atteries  of 
artillery,  of  aix)ve  2000  guns,  mustering  in  all  a  nominal 
effective  force  of  about  800,000  men;  though  there  is  reason 
to  l)elieve  that,  as  this  estimate  is  made  on  the  assumption 
that  the  complement  is  in  every  case  complete,  the  actual 
force  falls  considerably  short  of  this,  and  does  not  exceed 
700,000.  The  Gotha  Almanac  for  1865,  stjites  it  at  699,000 
men.  It  is  raised  almost  entirely  by  conscription  from 
the  classes  of  peasants  and  artisans,  every  male  of  proper 
ige  being  held  liable  to  service.  The  levies  during  peace 
oeliim  exceed  the  proportion  of  1  to  500  males;  but  during 
war  this  proportion  has  been  doubled,  and  even  trebled. 
The  exemptions  from  .service  are  very  numerous,  including 
nobles,  clergy,  magistrates,  students,  and  merchants  belong- 
ing to  different  guilds;  but  the  privileges  attached  to  service 
are  so  numerous  that,  notwithstandiug  the  notorious  severity 
of  discipline,  many  voluntarily  seek  is  as  an  honorable,  and, 
at  least  prospectively,  as  a  profit<'ible  empl«yment.  In  the 
case  of  serfs,  in  particular,  as  it  confers  freedom,  it  can  only 
be  looked  upon  as  a  valuable  boon.  The  army  is  divided 
Into  regular  and  irregular  troops.  In  the  more  select  regi- 
ments, men  and  horses  are  classified  in  the  most  minute 
manner  as  to  resemblance.  In  one  cavalry  regiment  the 
horses  are  all  black,  in  another  all  bay,  &c.  The  men  are 
arranged  according  to  the  color  of  their  hair  and  beard,  or 
of  their  eyes,  and  the  general  shape  of  their  features;  so 
that  in  one  regiment  all  have  aquiline  noses,  and  black  ey»s 
aud  banrds,  and  in  another  all  have  cock-noses,  blue  eyes, 
and  red  beards.  The  Circassians  in  the  Russian  service 
belong  to  subdued  tribes,  inhabiting  the  plains  at  the  foot 
of  the  Caucasus  Mountains. 

The  navy  is  much  more  formidable  than  might  be  ex- 
pected, when  th<}  disadvantages  under  which  Russia  labors, 
In  regard  to  maritime  affairs,  are  considered.  The  Arctic 
Ocean  is  the  only  open  sea  to  which  she  has  uncontrolled 
access.  In  the  Baltic,  her  vessels  must  lie  nearly  half  the 
year  frozen  up  in  dock,  and  cannot  reach  the  ocean  without 
passing  the  sound,  which  Sweden  and  Denmark  united 
could  shut  up,  or  a  hostile  fleet  outside  effectually  blockade. 
In  like  manner,  the  Straits  of  Constantinople  and  the  Dar- 
danelles, in  possession  of  an  enemy,  completely  bar  the  out- 
let into  the  Mediterranean.  The  Caspian,  the  only  other 
sea,  is  merely  an  inland  lake,  lying  below  the  level  of  the 
j;eneral  ocean,  and  hence  necessarily  excluded  from  all  direct 
communication  with  it.  According  to  the  latest  returns, 
the  navy  in  the  lialtic  and  Black  Seas  consists  of  60  sliips 
of  the  line,  of  from  70  to  120  guns  each;  37  frigates,  of  from 
40  to  60  guns;  70  corvettes,  brigs,  and  brigantines;  and 
40  steam  vessels ;  the  wiiole  armed  with  9000  guns,  manned 
by  42.000  seamen,  and  carrying  200,000  marines,  inciuding 
artillerymen.  Besides  these,  tliere  is  a  large  numhwr  of  gun- 
boats, galleys.  &o.  in  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  in  the  Sea  of  Ok- 
hotsk. Nothing  can  exceed  the  hardiness,  and  the  cool, 
almost  stoical,  courage  of  the  sailors ;  but  the  length  of  time 
during  which  they  are  compelled  to  remain  idle  in  their 
frozen  ports,  the  comparatively  narrow  limits  and  smooth- 
ness of  the  waters  within  which  all  their  training  must  be 
conducted,  and  various  other  untoward  circumstances,  ne- 
cessarily make  them  deficient  in  that  dexterity  of  manage- 
meut  which  contributes  so  much  to  success  in  naval  war- 
fere,  and  can  only  l«  acquired  by  long  experience  on  the 
wide  ocean. 


I  Uevenue,  d-c. — The  revenue  of  Russia  In  1850,  amonntod 
•  to  $87,209,270 ;  of  which  $57,883,092  was  derived  from  the 
j  crown  lands,  and  $21,880,080  from  the  excise  duties  and 
j  monopolies  on  manufacture  of  spirituous  liquors.  The 
public  debt  in  1S5.3,  amounted  ^o  $567.772,ti40. 

loHtical  IHvisions,  Poputatiim,  die. — Thq  names,  areas,  and 
population  of  the  principal  administrative  divisions  of  Rus- 
sia are  exhibited  in  the  following  table : — 

Governments  of  European  Russia — their  Area  and  POpuUt' 
Hon,  in  1851. 


Gbrat  Russia. 

Moscow 

Smolensk 

Pskov 

Tver 

Novgorod 

Olonets 

Archangel  and  Nova  Zcmbia,  and  the 

Islands  of  Vaigats  and  Kalguev 

Vologda 

Yaroslar 

Kostroma 

Vladinieer 

Nizhnee- Novgorod 

,  Tambov 

Voronezh 

Koorsk 


Kalooga 

Toola 

Kiazan  

Little  Rdssia. 

Kiev 

Tchcrnigov 

Poltava 

Kharkov 

South  Russia. 

Taurida 

Cherson 

Yekaterinoslav,  with  Taganrog,  tonn 

and  district 

.  Tchcrnomorskl  Cossacks 

.  Ressnrabia 

.  Don  Cossacks 

West  Russia. 

Podolsk 

,  Vol h^uia 


Mohcelev 

Vitebsk 

,  Vilna 

,  G  rodno 

,  Kovno 

Baltic  PEonncKS. 

Courland 

,  I.lvonia,  with  the  Islands  of  Orel  and 

Moon 

.  Ksthouia 

,  St.  Petersburg 

Grand  Duchy  of  Finland. 

Njland 

Abo-I»iornburg,   with  the    island  of 

Aland 

Ta  vasteh  u  us 

Viborg 

,  Kuopio 

,  St.  Michael 

,  Vitsa,  with  islands  of  Valgrund,  &c... 

.  Uleaborg 

Kingdom  of  Kazan. 

,  Perm 

.  Viatka 

Kazan 

,  Sinibeersk 

,  Penza 

Kingdom  of  Astbakhan. 

Saratov 

.  Astrakhan 

Orenboorg,  with  the  Ural  Cossacks. . . 

Samara 

,  Caucasus,  since  1847,  named  the  gov- 

erumeut  of  Stavropol 

Kingdom  of  Poland, 

,  Radom 

Lublin 

Warsaw 

Plock ; 

,   Augustowo 

City  of  Warsaw; 


Area  It 
sq.  miles. 


SUMMARY. 


Great  Rnssia 

Little  Russia 

South  Russia 

West  Russia 

Baltic  Provinces.. 

Finland 

Kazan 

Astrakhan 

Poland 


12,609 
21,814 
17.:(18 
26,176 
47,356 
59,567 

349,389 
148.674 
I4,l-,i0 
ai,62D 
18,445 
18,765 
25,725 
25,878 
17,510 
18,,193 
12.274 


19,556 
21,396 
19,185 
21,076 

25,856 
28,501 

25,810 
14.829 
18,.'t.58 
62,974 

16,558 
27,742 
34,716 
18,934 
17,336 
16,434 
14,817 
16,220 

10,608 

18,260 
8,054 

20,887 

4,456 

]0,2S.S 
7,654 
16,464 
17,393 
9,188 
16,551 
64,855 

129,946 
53,493 
24,136 

28,137 
14,768 

75,425 
61,197 
144,924 


41,874 


7,289 


893.913 
81,213 
176,3-29 
162,757 
57,809 
746,849 
250 .480 
323,420 
49,734 


Total. 


1,142,504 


Populaiio 
in  1851. 


1,348,041 

1,069,650 

657, --'83 

1,3.59,9.-0 

934,6:<3 

263,409 

234,064 

864.268 
943,426 
1,020,628 
1,168.303 
1,126,493 
1,666,505 
1,629,741 
1,666,215 
1,406,571 
941.402 
1,092.473 
1,308,472 

1.636.839 
1,374.746 
1,663,«!W 
1,336,188 


902,363 
166.121 
874,044 
793,758 

1,577.966 
1,469.442 
93."i,3l5 
837..537 
742,811 
787,609 
795  KOI 
875,196 

M9,270 

821.4.57 
2R9.80O 
566,409 


292.0;« 
152.5-'6 
273.011 
196,155 
148,039 
257.824 
157,010 


1,741,746 
l,81.s,752 
1,347.352 

1,024.286 
1,058,444 

1,444.496 

386.763 
1,712.718 
1,320,108 

535,447 

939,344 
1,02,«.816 
1,544.780 
548,406 
626..5!M 
164,115 


30,700.497 
6,046.467 
4,231..329 
8,021.510 
2,216.936 
1.636.915 
6,990,580 
5,399,.532 
4,852,055 


60,098,821 


•„«  By  a  ukase,  December  18, 1850,  parts  of  the  governments  ofOrrt*- 
boorg,  Saratov,  and  .liniheersk  were  formed  into  the  government  01 
Samara.    Area,  53,010  square  miles. 

1631 


RUS 

Fyriplt  — Politieally  considered,  the  people  are  divided  into 
the  tour  classes  of  cleriry.  nobility,  merchants  and  bui-L'hers, 
and  peasants.  The  cleriry  are  regular  and  secular.  The  re- 
eular  clergy  belong  to  some  monastic  order,  and  are  bound 
to  some  particular  rule  of  life.  They  take  the  lead  in  the 
church,  and  monopolize  all  its  higher  preferments.  The 
secular  are  the  proper  parish  clergy,  and  not  only  may  marry, 
but  must  be  married  before  they  can  hold  a  parochial  cure. 
The  nobility  are  so  either  by  birth,  or  by  personal  service  in 
a  civil  or  military  capacity.  To  furnish  accurate  means  of 
determining  what  persons  are  entitled  to  rank  in  the  latter 
division,  all  the  officers  of  army,  navy,  and  state  have  been 
divided  into  14  grades.  Every  one  of  these  grades,  even  the 
lowest,  which  is  that  of  ensign  in  the  army,  or  a  college  re- 
gistrar in  the  civil  service,  is  a  noble;  but,  so  long  as  he 
rises  no  higher  than  the  seventh  grade,  he  is  a  noble  only 
for  life,  and  cannot  transmit  his  nobility  to  descendants; 
but  the  moment  he  attains  the  eighth  grade,  that  of  major 
in  the  army,  or  navy  captain,  or  college  assessor,  his  nobility 
ciecomes  hereditary.  In  this  way  the  class  of  nobility  is 
continually  receiving  large  accessions,  and  absorbing  a  great 
share  of  all  the  talent  in  the  country. 

The  third  class  consists  of  merchants  and  burghers.  The 
merchants  are  arranged  in  three  guilds,  according  to  the 
annual  tax  which  the  individuals  l>elonging  to  each  pay  to  the 
state,  as  a  trading  license.  Merchants  of  the  first  guild  pay 
$500,  and  are  under  no  limitation,  either  as  to  the  kind  of 
nianufiicturing  and  commercial  enterprises  in  which  they  en- 
gage, or  to  the  amount  of  capital  which  they  may  employ  in 
them :  those  of  the  second  guild  p.ay  $200,  but  are  subject  to  a 
number  of  limitations :  among  others,  they  cannot  enter  into 
any  contract  for  more  than  $10,000,  nor  keep  either  a  banking 
or  an  insurance  office ;  those  of  tie  third  guild  pay  only  $50, 
and  may  carry  on  any  retail  trade,  or  any  manufacture,  pro- 
vided that,  in  the  latter  case,  they  do  not  employ  above  32 
workmen.  The  burghers  pay  from  .*5  to  $15,  according  to  the 
cla.ss  of  town  they  inhabit,  and  the  number  of  workmen,  not 
exceeding  16,  whom  they  may  employ.  Burghers  paying  no 
license  may,  within  specified  limitations,  engage  in  ordinary 
manufactures  or  retail  trades.  All  burghers  pay  capitation- 
tax,  are  liable  to  military  conscription,  and  may  suffer  cor- 
poral punishment.  To  these  maj'  be  added  a  fourth  class, 
consisting  of  peasants  or  serfs,  the  lowest  of  all,  and  by  far 
the  most  numerous.  Of  these  it  is  estimated  that  16,000,000 
wore  crown-peasants  and  22,000,000  serfs  belonging  to  pri- 
vate estates.  The  project  of  abolishing  serfdom  appears  to 
have  been  contemplated  by  previous  emperors;  it  was 
finally  accomplished  by  Alexander  II.  An  imperial  mani- 
festo dated  March  3  (N'ew  Style),  or  February  19  (Old  Style), 
1861,  declared  that  at  the  expiration  of  2  years  all  serfs 
should  be  free.  On  March  3, 1863,  the  intermediate  period 
navir"  terminated,  serfdom  definitively  expired  throughout 
the  Russian  Empire,  The  event  was  celebrated  with  the 
greatest  solemnity. 

Another  classification  of  the  people  may  be  called  the  eth- 
nographical, or  that  which  arranges  them  according  to  their 
original  stocks  or  races.  These,  taken  in  their  most  general 
acceptation,  are  only  two,  the  Caucasian  and  the  Mongolian ; 
but  under  each  a  considerable  number  of  varieties  are  traced. 
The  Caucasian  stock  includes  SlavonLans.  Germans,  Finns, 
Tartars,  Greeks,  and  Jews.  The  Mongolian  stock  is  repre- 
sented almost  exclusively  by  the  Calmucks,  who  occupy 
some  of  the  S.E.  steppes,  but  have  lost  many  of  their  dis- 
tinctive features  by  intermarrying  with  Caucasian  varieties. 
Of  the  Caucasian  sbick.  the  Slavonians,  under  the  names  of 
liussians,  Poles,  Lithuanians  and  Lettes,  Wallachians  and 
Servians,  form  about  nine-tenths.  Of  these,  again,  the  Rus- 
sians proper  form  the  great  body  of  the  population,  and  are 
e«;imated  at  about  4(:i.000,000,  They  occupy,  without  inter- 
mixture, thecentral  provinces  between  the  Dnif  per  and  Volga, 
form  a  vast  majority  in  the  N_  between  the  Ural  Mountains 
and  the  White  Sea,  and  in  the  S.,  between  the  Don  and  the 
Dniester,  and  are  found,  more  or  less  intermingled  with 
other  varieties,  in  all  other  parts  of  the  country.  The  Poles 
are  met  with  in  the  greatest  number  in  their  own  unfortu- 
nate country.  In  that  part  of  it  which,  in  the  dismember- 
ment, fell  to  the  share  of  Russia,  they  amount  to  about 
7,000,000.  The  Lithuanians  are  found  chietiy  in  North  Po- 
land, and  in  the  government*  of  Vilna  audMinsk.  They 
are  estimated  at  about  1.500.000.  Still  farther  N.  are  the 
Lettes.  or.  as  they  are  often  called.  Koors.  from  livins  chiefly 
In  C.nirland.  They  are  also  the  chief  occupants  of  Livonia, 
are  wholly  devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits,  and  may  amount 
to  &<Xt.O0O.  The  Wallachians.  and  among  them  a  few  Ser- 
vians, are  found  only  in  Bessarabia,  between  the  Dniester 
and  Pruth.  Their  language  is  a  curious  mixture  of  Latin, 
trwk.  Italian,  and  Turkish.  They,  too,  do  not  exceed 
5f.'0.000. 

The  Tschudes.  or  Finns,  forming  a  second  family  of  the 
C»uca.sian  stock,  from  the  flatness  of  their  features  bear  a 
considerable  re.semblance  to  the  Mongolian,  but  have  he%-a 
recognised  »«  Caucasian  chiefly  from  their  liirht  hair  and 
blue  eyes  They  are  settled  on  both  sides  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  but  on  the  N.  of  the  Gulf  form  the  two  marked 
divisions  of  tmns  Proper  and  Laplanders,  the  termer  Uvine 
1632  " 


RUS 

3.  and  the  latter  N.  of  lat.  05°.  To  the  S.  of  the  gulf,  the 
Finns  occupy  the  far  greater  part  of  Esthonia.  and  a  small 
part  of  Livonia.  Widely  separated  from  the  West  Finns, 
though  the  mode  of  separation  is  not  known,  a  great  number 
of  Tchudik  or  Finnish  tribes  are  found  occupying  the  W. 
slopes  of  the  Ural  Mountains  and  the  banks  of  the  Middle 
Volga,  under  the  names  of  Syrianes.  Permians,  Voguls, 
Votiaks,  Tchuvasses,  Tcheremisses,  Mordwius.  and  Teptiares, 
The  most  numerous  are  the  Tchuvasses  and  Tcheremisses, 
who  live  together  on  both  sides  of  the  Volga,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Kazan,  and  are  estim.ated  at  500.000.  All  the 
others  do  not  exceed  the  same  number. 

The  third  great  branch  of  Caucasians  inhabiting  Russia 
are  the  Tartars,  who  here  form  four  distinct  tril>es: — the 
Tartars  of  Kazan,  in  some  respects  the  most  civilized  nation 
in  Russia,  though  the  great  majority  of  them  still  cling  to 
Mohammedanism,  the  whole  numbering  alwut  230.000;  the 
Bashkeers,  i  Bashkirs.)  inhabiting  both  sides  of  theUral  Moun- 
tains from  iat.  56°  to  54°  N.,  still  given  to  wandering  life,  and 
amounting  to  about  130,000;  the  Nogais,  occupying  a  large 
part  of  the  Crimea  and  the  steppe  to  the  N.  of  it,  and  dis- 
persed over  the  country  E.  of  the  Sea  of  Azof  and  the  N. 
base  of  the  Caucasus,  amount  in  all  to  about  600.0iX>:  the 
Metcheriaks,  forming  a  few  small  tribes,  not  exceeding  20.000 
persons,  live  amongthe  Bfi.shkeers.  TheGemian  or  Teutonic 
race  inhabiting  Russi.a  consist  chiefly  of  Germans  and  Swedes, 
intermixed  with  a  few  Danes.  The  Germans  are  dispersed 
over  the  Baltic  provinces  S.  of  the  Gulf  of  Finl.and,  among 
the  Letts  and  Esthonians,  where  they  constitute  the  greater 
part  of  the  nobility.  They  are  also  numerous  both  in  Peters- 
burg .and  Moscow:  and  a  considerable  number  of  German 
colonists  are  settled  in  the  government  of  Saratov,  and  other 
parts  of  the  Middle  Volga.  The  Swedes  are  numerous  both 
along  the  E.  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  and  the  X.  shores 
of  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Their  number  in  these  localities, 
and  more  partially  in  Esthonia,  is  supposed  to  exceed 
100,000.  The  Greeks,  dispersed  over  all  the  S.  provinces 
as  merchants,  and  in  the  Crimea,  where  they  are  the  .sole 
occupants  of  several  villages,  are  estimated  at  about  500.000. 
The  Jews  are  seldom  found  in  the  central  and  N.  provinces, 
but  are  very  numerous  in  ancient  Pol.and.  particularly  in 
the  governments  of  Vilna,  Grodno,  A"olhynia,  and  Podolsk, 
where  they  form  the  far  greater  part  of  the  urban  popula- 
tion.    Their  number  is  suppiised  to  exceed  1,000,000. 

Language. — From  the  number  of  tribes  and  races  just 
mentioned,  it  is  evident  that  many  different  languages,  and 
a  vast  variety  of  dialects,  must  be  spoken.  The  Russian, 
however,  as  the  proper  language  of  the  country,  is  the  ver- 
nacular of  at  least  four-fifths  of  the  inhabit.ints.  It  is  based 
on  the  ancient  Slavonic.  \<\\X  has  been  much  modified  by  the 
introduction  of  Greek,  Tartar,  and  Mongolian  terms.  It  h.as 
an  alphabet  of  thirty-seven  letters,  a  written  and  printed 
character  of  a  peculiar  form,  and  a' pronunciation  which  it  is 
hardly  possible  for  any  but  natives  to  master.  Its  flexions 
are  both  numerous  and  irregular,  m.aking  the  att.-jinment  of 
it  by  a  foreigner  extremely  difficult ;  but  it  is  soft,  rich,  and 
sonorous,  and,  though  long  greatly  neglected,  and  hitherto 
much  richer  in  translations  than  in  original  works,  it  has 
shown  itself  fit  to  be  the  vehicle  of  almost  every  kind  of 
literature,  and,  from  the  .ittention  now  paid  to  it,  will  pro- 
bably ere  long  free  itself  from  one  very  marked  stigma  by 
becoming  the  court  Language,  which  honor  has  been  long 
usurped  by  the  French. 

Kdigion. — A  considerable  proportion  of  the  less  civilized 
tribes  continue  more  or  less  addicted  to  their  heathen  super- 
stitions; the  Jews  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  except  the 
centre,  from  which  they  are  specially  excluded,  have  their 
synagogues,  and  freely  perform  their  religious  rites ;  Luther- 
anism  is  professed  by  the  great  body  of  Germans  and  Swedes; 
and  the  Roman  Catholics  form  a  preponderating  m.ajority  in 
Poland,  These,  however,  are  the  only  important  deductions 
to  be  made  from  thejilmost  universal  ascendency  of  the  Greek 
church,  which  possesses  numerous  important  privileges  as 
the  religion  of  the  state,  and  is  strong  in  the  affections  of 
the  great  body  of  the  people,  who  give  a  very  implicit  assent 
to  all  its  dogmas.  In  the  general  toleration  of  all  other  sects 
it  contrasts  favorably  with  Popery,  though  it  lays  itself  open 
to  the  charge  of  intolerance  tewards  its  own  members  by 
refusing  to  allow  them,  under  any  circumstances,  to  quit  its 
communion.  The  Greek  church  strongly  resembles  the 
Roman  in  doctrine,  but  differs  essentially  from  it  in  govern- 
ment and  discipline:  by  rejecting  the  claims  of  the  Po]ie, 
acknowledging  the  emperor  as  its  temporal  head,  and  sub- 
mitting to  be  governed  by  a  supreme  synod,  composed  partly 
of  lay  members:  in  permitting,  or  rather  requiring,  the 
marriage  of  the  secular  clergy;  forbidding  the  use  of  images 
or  corporeal  representations  of  any  kind,  except  picture.s, 
which  it  uses  lavishly;  .and,  more  important  than  all.  in 
permitting  the  free  circulation  of  the  Scriptures  in  the  vulgar 
tongue.  In  form  it  is  an  episcopacy,  composed  of  forty  dio- 
ceses, of  which  four  are  governed  by  metropolitans,  sixteen 
by  archbishops,  and  twenty  by  bishops. 

Education. — Though  Russia  still  ranks  among  the  more 
imperfectly  educated  countries  of  Europe,  the  government 
has  long  taken  a  distinguished  lead  in  the  cau.s«  of  educS' 


IIUS 

Hon,  and  promulgated  a  complete  national  system,  which, 
though  not  yet  carried  Into  full  effect,  has  made  great  pro- 
gress. The  basis  of  this  system  was  laid  by  Peter  the  Great, 
»nd  promoted  by  Catherine  II.,  but  is  indebted  for  its  fuller 
developmtuts  to  Alexander  and  Nicholas.  Since  184S.  how- 
ever, the  Russian  jlmth  have  been  considerably  restricted 
in  their  range  of  studies  by  the  measures  taken  by  the 
gcvernuient  to  prevent  it<s  subjects  coming  in  contact  with 
the  opinions  that  have  extended  over  other  countries  of 
Europe.  In  many  in.'^titutions  theology  has  taken  the  place 
of  philosophy ;  and  the  official  report  of  l*.o1  assumes  as 
its  basis  the  emperors  own  idea,  that  •'  reliiiious  teaching 
constitutes^  the  only  solid  foundation  of  all  useful  instruc- 
tion." 

The  whole  country  is  divided  into  8  university  districts, 
vix. :  St.  I'etersburg.  Mo.scow,  Kharkov,  Kiev.  Kazan.  Dnrp.at, 
Odessa.  Vilna.  and  \yarsaw.  in  each  of  which  is  a  university, 
except  in  Vilna  an'd  Warsaw,  where  they  were  sujipressed 
in  1832.  Each  district  extends  over  several  governments, 
all  the  public  schools  of  which  are  under  the  superintendence 
of  the  university.  There  are,  tiesides  the  6  universities.  1 
head  normal  school  at  St.  Petersburg,  3  lyceums.  77  gym- 
nasia, 433  district  school.e,  1068  town,  and  592  pension  or 
boarding  schools,  besides  15fO  schools  of  the  above  grades 
In  Poland,  the  whole  attended  by  about  20<).000  pupils. 

Military  Schools  receive  the  special  attentioi*  of  the 
Emperor.  They  comprise  three  classes: — 1.  Schools  of 
Cadets,  or  Military  Colleges,  with  alKiut  9000  students;  2. 
Naval  Schools,  attended  by  40(K)  students;  and.  3.  Schools 
for  the  children  of  soldiers  in  the  service,  or  of  those  who  die 
in  war,  with  about  170,000  pupils.  Numerous  important  im- 
provements have  recently  been  introduced  into  the  military 
instruction  of  the  empire  both  in  scientific  and  practical 
study  and  in  morals.  The  guiding  principle  in  their  ad- 
ministration is  respect  for  the  throne  and  the  altar. 

Ecclesiastical  schools  are  of  two  grades.  The  higher  semi- 
naries are  strictly  theological  schools.  They  comprise  21 
belonging  to  the  Greek  Church.  13  to  the  Catholic,  14  to  the 
Armenian.  8  to  the  Lutheran.  11  to  the  Mohammedan,  and 
2  to  the  .Tews — the  whole  attended  by  over  4000  students. 
There  are  al.so  682  schools  for  the  sons  ofithe  clergy,  attended 
by  aliove  70.000  pupils. 

In  the  scliools  under  the  Minister  of  Finance  about  8000 
pupils  are  instructed  in  the  art  of  mining,  commerce.  Ac. ; 
besides  which,  about  2500  are  taught  mining  in  private 
schools. 

Under  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  are  schools  of  wedicine, 
surgery,  and  pharmacy,  independent  of  the  Universities; 
also,  schools  for  agriculture,  for  subalterns  in  the  civil  ser- 
vice, for  orphans,  Ac,  with  above  15.000  pupils.  The  other 
schools  under  ministers  of  the  government  are — 3  law  schools, 
with  600  students,  independent  of  the  University;  several 
agricultural  colleges,  and  26!t6  village  sthools.  giving  instruc- 
tion to  18,900  pupils;  schools  of  civil  engineering,  attended 
by  665  students ;  of  modern  languages,  with  800  students; 
academies  of  Fine  Arts,  music.  Ac.  with  over  1000  students; 
and  schools  under  the  reigning  empress,  which  include, 
besides  schools  for  young  ladies,  schools  for  the  deaf  dumb, 
and  blind,  foundling  hospitals,  and  several  houses  of  in- 
dustry, the  whole  containing  al)Ove  90.000  pupils.  There  are 
also  schools  aided  by  the  government  in  the  German  colonies, 
in  Tartary.  &c..  attended  by  over  50.000  pupils.  The  total 
number  of  pupils  instructed  in  the  above  classes  of  schools 
Is  about  600,000,  besides  whom  it  is  estimated  that  about 
as  many  more  receive  a  home  education,  making  an  aggre- 
gate of  1.200.000  under  instruction.  To  give  unity  and  vigor 
to  the  school  system,  a  special  ministry  of  public  Instruc- 
tion has  been  appointed,  and  now  forms  one  of  the  great 
departments  of  the  state. 

History. — The  earliest  annals  of  Rus.sia  only  furnish  occa- 
sional glimpses  of  Scythian  and  other  barbarous  hordes 
roaming  over  its  surface,  and  do  not  begin  to  bear  marks  of 
authenticity  till  the  middle  of  the  ninth  century.  About 
that  time  a  Baltic  freebooter,  named  Hurik,  probably  a  Dane, 
having  been  called  in  to  aid  the  people  of  Novgorod,  pursued 
the  course  then  common  with  his  cla.ss,  and  made  himself 
master  of  a  great  part  of  the  country.  He  w.as  slain  a.I). 
883.  by  Oleg.  who  treacherously  seized  Kiev,  and  made  it  the 
seat  of  government.  About  904.  he  fitted  out  a  tieet  of  2000 
canoes,  embarked  80.000  men,  and  sailed  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Dnieper  to  attack  Constantinople,  but  was  prevented 
by  a  tempt-st.  A  second  expedition  in  941,  under  Igor,  the 
Kon  of  Kurik.  was  defeated.  In  980,  a  new  era  commenced 
by  the  accession  of  Yladimeer,  known  in  histoi-y  by  the  name 
of  St.  Vladimeer  the  Great.  He  married  Anna,  sister  of  the 
Greek  Emperor,  Basil  II.,  and  in  988  embraced  Christianity. 
His  example  was  quickly  followed  by  almost  all  his  sub- 
jects. He  is  the  first  Russian  sovereign  who  assumed  the 
title  of  Veliki-Kniay.  or  Grand  Puke.  At  his  death,  in  1015, 
lie  left  numerous  sons,  who  quarrelled  in  dividing  his  do- 
minions, and  commenced  a  series  of  internal  feuds,  which 
continued,  with  little  interruption,  to  distract  the  country 
for  abi>ut  two  centuries.  The  first  appearance  of  unanimity 
was  produced  by  a  great  common  danger.  The  Tartars, 
who,  under  Jenghis-Khan,  had  overrun  many  countries  j 
6C 


KUS 

and  overthrown  many  dynasties  of  Asia,  appeared  under 
his  son  Tooshi,  (Toushi.)  on  the  S.E.  frontiers  of  Russia,  to 
the  number  of  .500,000,  and  shortly  after,  on  the  river  Kalk 
near  the  Sea  of  Azof,  gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  com- 
bined Kus.sian  princes.  The  sudden  death  of  Tooshi  pre- 
vented the  Tartars  from'completing  their  conquest  till  1236, 
when  they  returned  headed  by  Hatoo.  (Baton.)  Tooshi's  son. 
wasted  the  country  with  fire  and  sword,  and  l>rought  it  en- 
tirely under  their  yoke.  For  two  centuries  and  a  half  tlie 
Tartars  of  Kapchak.  whose  khans  now  fixed  their  Golden 
Horde  or  imperial  residence  on  the  banks  of  the  Vnlga.  held 
Russia  in  bondage,  and  tliough  allowing  the  native  princes 
to  rule  as  their  vassal.s.  suljected  them  to  the  most  humMi 
ating  treatment.  On  the  annu.al  visit  of  the  khans'  npi  > 
sentatives  to  receive  tribute,  the  Uussi.an  rulers  were  ref|uireU 
to  lead  their  horses  by  the  bridle,  and  feed  them  with  con 
out  of  their  cup  of  state.  During  this  disastrous  period  the 
only  part  of  the  country  which  remained  free  was  Novgorod, 
which,  having  at  an  earlier  period  become  an  indepeiident 
republic,  had  acquired  great  commercial  importance,  joined 
the  Hanse  league,  and  increased  in  population  to  nearly 
500.000.  In  1361.  when  the  direct  line  of  ]!atou  became 
extinct,  and  the  Tartar  throne  was  claimed  by  rival  com- 
petitors, the  Russians  were  encouraged  to  resist,  and  in  1380 
Temnik-Mami.  one  of  the  competitors,  was  encountered  and 
signally  defeated  by  Demetrius  IV.  The  T.arttr  power, 
however,  .still  remained  unshaken,  and  Demetrius,  notwith- 
standing his  victory,  was  obliged  to  sue  for  peace.  At  length 
the  Tartars  of  Kapchak  met  the  celebr.Hted  Timor,  who.  in 
two  invasions  of  the  Russian  territory,  one  iu  1389  and 
another  in  1395,  inflicted  on  them  blows  fi-om  which  tliey 
never  recovered.  The  Russians  were  now  able  to  war  with 
the  Tartars  on  more  equal  terms.  By  the  victories  of  Ivan  or 
John  III.,  who  began  to  rule  in  1462.  their  vassalage  was 
thrown  off,  and  in  1480  the  Golden  Horde  itself  ceased  to 
exist. 

The  reign  of  Ivan  commences  a  new  epoch  in  Rus.sian 
history.  He  not  only  subdued  the  Tartars,  but  defeated  the 
Poles  and  Lithuanians,  reunited  the  minor  principalities, 
and  cafitured  Novgorod.  His  name  and  deeds  became  well 
known  in  the  West,  and  aml>assadors  from  European  powers 
were  seen  for  the  first  time  in  his  capital  of  Moscow.  In 
internal  administration  he  proved  himself  a  releiitless  des- 
pot, liut  the  vastness  and  splendor  of  his  achievements 
entitle  him  to  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Russian 
Empire.  He  died  in  1533.  his  son  and  successor.  Ivan  IV., 
who  was  then  only  four  years  old.  assumed  the  reins  in 
1643.  and  substituted  the  title  of  Cz.ar  for  that  of  Veliki 
Kniaz.  He  is  known  in  history  by  the  surname  of  the  Terrible, 
and  yet  l)y  his  energetic  measure.s.  both  at  liome  and  aliroad, 
he  rai.sed  the  country  to  an  unexampled  height  of  pros- 
perity. He  died  in  1584,  having  added  Siberia  to  the  empire. 
On  the  death  of  his  son  Feodor,  in  1598.  the  male  line  of 
the  freebooter,  Rurik.  who.se  dynasty  had  furni.shed  56 
sovereigns,  and  endured  above  seven  centuries,  became 
exinct.  For  many  years  the  country  was  ruled  by  the  tyrant 
Boris,  and  afterwards  became  the  prey  of  anarchy,  till  1613, 
when  the  national  spirit  took  fire,  and  Michael  Romanof, 
(liomanow.)  a  descendent  in  the  female  line  from  the  house 
of  Rurik.  was.  after  a  .severe  struggle,  placed  on  the  throne. 
From  him  the  present  ruling  dynasty  is  directly  descended. 
At  his  death  in  1645,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  .son,  Alexis. 
This  sovereign  was  twice  married,  and  left  sons  by  both 
wives — Feodor  and  Iv.an  by  the  first,  and  Peter  by  the  second. 
Feodor  reigned  from  1676  to  1682,  and  dying  without  issue, 
was  succeeded  by  Ivan  and  i'eter,  as  joint  sovereigns,  under 
the  guardianship  of  Sophia.  Iv.an's  full,  and  of  course  IVter's 
half-sister.  Ivan  was  weak  both  in  mind  and  body,  and 
Sophia  endeavored,  by  excluding  Peter  from  all  rule,  to 
monopolize  the  whole  powers  of  government.  The  attempt 
proved  a  failure;  Sophia  was  confined  in  a  monastery,  Ivan 
abdicated,  and  Peter,  in  1689,  became  sole  czar.  Neither 
his  private  nor  his  public  life  is  free  from  blemi.sihes:  1  iit 
when  the  state  in  which  he  found  Russia  is  contrasted  with 
that  in  which  he  left  it,  it  mu.st  be  admitted  that  no  sove- 
reign ever  acquired  by  a  juster  title  the  surnames  of  Great 
and  Father  of  his  country. 

Peter,  by  his  last  command,  conferred  the  succession  on 
his  widow,  originally  a  Livonian  peasant,  who  a.scended  the 
throne  in  1725,  under  tlie  name  of  Catherine  I.,  and  after 
reigning  scarcely  two  years,  was  succeeded  by  Peter  II., 
grandson  of  Peter  the  Great,  who,  after  three  years,  was 
succeeded  by  Anne.  half-sLster  to  Peter  the  Great.  Anne 
died  in  1740.  after  having  bequeathed  the  succession  to  her 
grand-nephew,  Ivan,  a  mere  infant:  but  in  consequence  of  a 
revolt  the  bequest  was  disregarded,  and  Elizabeth,  Peter 
the  Great's  daughter,  was  called  to  the  throne.  During  her 
reign  Russia  for  the  first  time  took  a  direct  share  in  Euro- 
pean politics,  and  sent  an  army  westwaid  beyond  her  own 
frontiers.  She  died  in  1762,  and  was  succeeded  by  her 
nephew,  Peter  III.,  whose  reign  and  life  were  terminated  six 
months  after  by  a  conspiracy,  to  which  his  wife  is  Iielieved 
to  have  lieen  privy.  She,  by  the  acclamation  of  the  army 
and  people,  mounted  the  throne,  under  thf  title  of  Catiieritie 
II.,  and  pursued  a  course  of  policy  remarkable  alike  for  its 

1633 


BUS 

nnscrunlnusheKsand  its  »  ic^-ess.  The  most  important  eTent« 
of  her  reign  »re  the  wars  with  the  Turks,  in  which  the 
Russian  arms  were  most  triumphant,  and  the  dismember- 
ment of  Poland.  Catlierine  was  succeeded  in  1796  bj'  her 
Bon,  Paul,  whose  fickle  policy  and  extravagant  fi-eaks  had 
raised  strong  doubts  as  to  his  sanity,  when  a  baud  of  con- 
spirators deprived  him  of  his  life  in  ISOl.  lie  was  .succeeded 
by  his  sou,  Alexander.  His  personal  virtues,  the  wisdom 
of  his  internal  administration,  and  the  glorious  defeat  of  a 
most  formidable  and  unprincipled  aggression  on  the  national 
Independence,  make  his  reigu  one  of  the  most  illustrious  in 
the  annals  of  the  empire,  and  keep  his  memory  in  grateful 
remembrance.  He  died  in  1825,  without  issue,  and,  in  con- 
sequence of  an  arrangement  by  which  his  second  brother 
Oonstantine  renounced  the  succession,  was  succeeded  by 
his  tliird  brother,  Nicholas,  under  whom  Russia  acquired  a 
more  companding  influence  in  European  politics  than  she 
ever  possessed  before,  and  under  whom  the  hereditary 
policy  of  aggrandizement  was  sedulously  continued. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  ai-ea  of  the  empire  at 
different  periods : 


Years. 

Area  in  iq.  m. 

Years. 

Area  in  sq.  m. 

394.000 

792.000 
2,676.000 
5.630.000 

1725 

1763 

6,816,000 

1825 

1689 

1855 

7.821.546 

In  1853  France  and  England  formed  an  alliance  with 
Turkey  for  the  purpose,  as  tliey  alleged,  of  resisting  the  ag- 
gressions of  Russia.  Active  hostilities  commenced  early  in 
1854.  March  2d,  1855,  the  emperor  Nicholas  died,  after  a  short 
and  severe  illness.  His  eldest  son,  Alexander  II.,  succeeded 
to  the  throne.  After  a  most  obstinate  defense,  Sevastopol 
was  taken  by  assault  September  1855,  which  was  virtually 
the  termination  of  the  war.     The  fiii;il  abolition  of  serfdom 

took   place  in  March,  1863  (see  p.  1632,  first  column).    

Adj.  Russian,  roo'shun  or  rusli'Qn;  (Russ.  Kuskot,  roos'koi, 
feminine,  Rhskata,  roos-kii;  Fr.  Russe,  rUss;  Ger.  Rus- 
6ISCH,  roos'sisch ;  inhab.  Russian  and  Russ,  (poetical,)  (Russ. 
RossiYAXiN,  ros-see'yi^neen,  roos-see'd^neeu ;  Fr.  Ki;ss£; 
Ger.  RusSE,  roos'sch.^ 

BUSSIA,  Black,  a  former  division  of  Lithuania,  now  forms 
a  considerable  part  of  the  Russian  government  of  Minsk. 

RUSSIA,  Great,*  is  the  N.  and  niiddle  portion  of  the  Rus- 
sian Empire,  extending  from  the  Frozen  Ocean,  to  about  the 
middle  of  the  course  of  the  Don. 

RUSSI.\,  Little,*  the  name  of  that  part  of  Russia  lying 
S.  of  Great  Russia. 

RUSSIA,  New.  a  region  in  the  S.  of  the  Russian  Empire, 
comprising  the  territories  of  the  Ctossacks. 

RUSSIA,  Red,  formerly  an  independent  duchy  belonging 
to  Poland,  now  forms  a  part  of  Austrian  aud  Russian  Poland 

RUSSIA,  White,  was  a  portion  of  Lithuania,  now  forming 
several  Russian  governments. 

RUS'SIA,  a  postrvillage  aud  township  of  Herkimer  co., 
Ntw  York,  al>out  14  miles  N.E.  of  Utica.    Pop.  2389. 

RUSSIA,  a  township,  Lorain  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  3417. 

RUSSIA-L\-ASIA,  embraces  Siberia,  or  the  whole  of  the 
North  Asia,  E.  of  the  principal  crest  of  the  Ural  ilouutains, 
(see  Siberia;)  and  the  region  of  the  Caucasus,  comprising 
all  the  countries  situated  between  the  Black  aud  the  Caspian 
Seas,  forming  a  great  general  government,  the  capital  of 
which  is  Tiflis.  It  is  subdivided  into  12  provinces,  and  in- 
cludes several  regions  which  are  only  nominally  subject  to 
Ruissia,  besides  many  countries  which  do  not  recoguise  the 
authority  of,  and  are  constantly  at  war  with,  that  power. 
See  Caspian,  Caucasus,  Daghesta.v,  Georgia. 

RUSSIAN  AMERICA,  roo'shan  a-m^r'e-ka,  according  to 
the  treaties  with  the  Unit«d  St^ites'  and  Great  Britain,  in 
1821-5,  comprehends  all  the  American  coast  of  the  Pacific 
and  the  adjacent  Lslands  N.  of  the  parallel  of  54°  40'  N. 
lat;  and  the  whole  of  the  mainland  \Y.  of  the  meridian  of 
141°  VV.  Ion.,  which  passes  through  Mount  St.  Elias.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean.  K.  by  British  America.  S. 
by  the  Pacific  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  Oceans,  and 
Behring's  Strait,  whi.-h  separate  it  from  the  Hussian  posses- 
sions in  -Isia,  the  distance  across  from  C;ipe  Prince  of  Wales 
to  East  Cape  being  only  36  miles.  With  the  exception  of  the 
narrow  strip  extending  in  a  S.E.  direction  along  the  coast 
nearly  400  miles,  and  the  reranrkablepeninsulaof  Alia.ska,  it 
forms  a  tolerably  comp.ict  mass,  with  an  average  length  and 
broidth  of  about  GOO  miles  each.  Its  greatest  length  N.  and 
5.  from  the  southern  extremity  of  Aliaska  to  Point  Barrow 
Is  alK  ut  1100  miles;  greatest  breadth,  measured  on  the 
Arctic  Circle,  which  passes  through  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  is 
about  800  miles :  the  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  across 
the  country  is  from  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  to  its  southern 
extremity  lat.  54°  40',  a  distance  of  about  1600  miles, 
Estiraated  area,  394,000 square  miles.  The  partof  the  maia- 
jaua  &.  of  .Mount  St.  Elias  consists  of  a  narrow  belt,  which 
Ig  continued  along  a  mouutaiu  ridge  parallel  to  the  coast. 

Rn^l'  !.?.'t„n**  *"''  .'"if"'*"""  »'  ""="=  "«^«''»1  divi.ions  of 
HnHftia,  ftce  taule,  page  1631. 

1634 


RUS 

and  has  nowhere  a  greater  width  than  about  33  miles.  Th« 
interior  of  the  country  is  very  little  known;  but  from 
several  expeditions,  it  appears  that  throughout  its  W.  part 
it  is  elevated  and  uneven,  while  the  part  extending  along 
the  -irctic  Ocean  is  invariably  flat,  with  the  exception  of  a 
small  portion  lying  between  141°  and  152°  W.  Ion.  The 
coasts  of  the  mainland  and  the  islands  have  almost  all  been 
carefully  explored.  The  N.  coast  was  first  discovered  in  the 
course  of  the  present  century.  Captain  Cook,  in  17,78.  during 
his  last  voyage,  reached  Icy  Cape.  lat.  70°  20'  N..  and  1(!1<^ 
46'  W. ;  and  it  was  supposed,  from  the  large  masses  of  ice 
there  met  with,  even  in  summer,  that  fartlier  progrefs  was 
impossible.  In  182(5.  however.  Captain  Beechy  proceeded  E, 
as  far  as  North  Cape,  or  Point  Barrow,  lat.  71*  23'  31"  X.. 
Ion.  156°  21'  32"  W.;  while  at  the  SJime  time  the  lamented 
Sir  John  Franklin,  then  Captain  Franklin,  traced  the  coast 
W.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  to  Return  Reef.  lat. 
70°  20'  N.,  Ion.  14»°  52'  W.  The  interveniiig  space  between 
Point  Barrow  aud  Return  Reef  was  first  explored  in  1837.  by 
Dease  and  Simpson,  officers  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 

The  whole  of  the  N.  coast  of  Russian  America,  from  De- 
marcation Point  W.  to  Point  Barrow,  its  northernmost  ex- 
tremity, stretches  with  tolerable  regularity  in  a  W.N.W. 
direction,  and  is,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  part  in  the 
E.,  a  dead  flat,  often  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  sea,  aud 
never  more  than  from  10  to  20  feet  above  it.  From  Point 
Barrow  the  coast  takes  a  uniform  direction,  from  X.E.  to 
S.W.,  rising  gradually  towards  Cape  Lisburn,  which  is  ShO 
feet  liigh.  It  here  turns  S,,  forming,  between  the  two  large 
inlets  of  Kotzebue  Sound  and  Norton  Sound,  the  remarkable 
peninsula  of  Prince  of  Wales,  which  projects  into  Behring's 
Strait,  and  terminates  in  an  elevated  promontory,  forming 
the  most-western  point  of  North  America.  From  Norton 
Sound  it  turns  first  S.W..  then  S.S.E.,  becoming  indented 
by  several  large  bays,  including  those  of  Bristol  Bay  and 
Cook's  Inlet,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  long  and  narrow 
peninsula  of  Aliaska ;  and  is  lined  almost  throughout  by 
several  groups  of  large  islands,  of  which  the  most  important 
belong  to  the  .\leuti.an,  Kodiak.  and  King  George  III,  Archi- 
pelagos. The  greater  part  of  the  coast  last  described  is  very 
bold,  presenting  a  succession  of  lofty  volcanic  peaks,  two  of 
which,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Cook"s  Inlet,  have  the  respective 
heights  of  11.270  feet  and  12.066  feet.  The  climate  of  Rus- 
sian .\merica  is  not  so  cold  as  either  the  E.  parts  of  the  same 
continent,  or  the  E.  part  of  the  continent  of  Asia,  under 
the  same  latitudes.  It  is.  however,  far  too  risorous  to  admit 
of  agricultural  operations  ;  and  the  whole  value  of  the  ter- 
ritory is  derived  from  the  products  of  its  fisheries  or  of  the 
cha.ee.  The  latter  have  been  placed  under  the  rigid  mo- 
noptdy  by  the  Russian  government,  which  has  confei'red  the 
sole  privilege  of  trafficking  in  them  on  the  Russian  Ameri- 
can Company.  This  has  led  to  remonstrances  on  the  part 
both  of  the  United, Stiites  and  Great  Britain,  which  have 
been  so  far  successful  that  a  leai^e  has  been  granted  to  t"he 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  giving  them  the  exclusive  posses- 
sion of  the  mainland  of  Russian  America,  from  50°  40'  N., 
to  Cape  Spencer,  in  lat.  58°  13'  N.,  and  the  exclusive  privi- 
lege of  supplying  the  Russians  with  agricultural  produce 
and  provisions. 

The  principal  settlement  is  New  .\.rchangel.  a  small  town 
with  1000  inhabitants,  on  the  island  of  Sitka,  the  largest  of 
the  group  of  George  III.,  which  is  called  Baranov  by  the 
Ru.ssians,  and  was  named  George  III.  by  Vancouver.  It  ia 
the  .seat  of  the  governor  of  all  the  establishments  of  Russian 
America,  and  has  fortifications,  magazine.*,  and  a  governor's 
rasidence.  all  built  of  wood.  The  ordinary  squadron  station- 
ed on  its  coasts  consists  of  2  fi-igates  and  2  corvettes.  The 
Russian  American  Company,  incorporated  1799,  for  fishing 
aud  hunting  fur-bearing  animals,  whose  chief  establishments 
are  here,  have  60  ships  of  all  sizes  engaged  in  the  collection 
and  conveyance  of  peltry.  Besides  these  possessions,  Russia 
had  formerly  a  small  colony  called  Bodega,  in  California.  N. 
of  San  Francisco.  It  now  belongs  to  the  United  States,  Its  port 
is  small,  but  was  once  iiufKjrtant  for  the  Ru.ssian  fur  trade. 

The  population  of  Russi.in  America  is  estimated  at  61,000, 
of  whom  perhaps  6000  are  Russians.  Creoles.  Kodiaks,  and 
Aleoots.  The  remainder,  above  50,000  in  number,  enjoy  a 
greater  or  less  degree  of  independence,  and  consist  almost 
entirely  of  Ksquimaux. 

RU'SSIAN  PO'LAND,  comprises,  besides  the  kingdom  of 
Poland,  as  e.stablished  in  1815,  the  governments  of  Viliia, 
Courland.  A'itebsk,  Molieelev,  Minsk,  Grodno,  Vnlhj  nja, 
Kiev,  Podolia,  and  the  province  of  Bialystok.  formerly  com- 
posing Lithuania,  Samogitia,  and  the  Ukraine.    See  PolaM). 

RUSSIAN  RIVER,  California,  rises  iu  Mendocino  co., 
flows  southward  to  Healdsburg.  thence  flows  sonthwestward 
and  enters  the  Pacific  in  Sonoma  county.  Length  aljout  125 
miles.  It  is  .sjiid  that  the  valley  of  the  Russian  River  pro- 
duces more  nmize  than  all  the  rest  of  the  state. 

RUSSIAN  TARTARY,  comprises  the  E.  part  of  Europe, 
and  the  W.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  and  forms  the  governments 
of  Perm,  Viatka.  Kazan,  Simbeersk,  Penza,  Saratov,  Oren- 
boorg.  and  Astrakhan. 

RUSSIAVILLK,  rtish'a-vil.  a  post-vill.ipe  of  Clinton  CO., 
Indiana,  ou  Honey  Creels   IS  miles  N.E  of  FrankJ'>rt.     It 


RUS 


RUV 


BontaSnR  3  stores,  1  steam  saw  mill,  and  one  flouring  mill. 
Pop.  in  1863,  400 

RUSSIE,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Russia. 

KUSSIKON,  roos'se-kon,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  5  miles  S.  of  Zurich.    Pop.  1933. 

KUSSISCH.    See  Russia. 

RUSSLAND,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Russia. 

RUSSWEIL,  roos'*Il,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lucerne.    Pop.  4156. 

RUST,  rSost,  a  market-village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  18  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Offenburg.    Pop.  1830. 

RUST  or  RUSTH,  roosht,  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  co., 
and  10  miles  N.N.E.of  Oedenburg,on  Lake  Neusiedl.  P.  1199. 

RUSTCHUK  or  RUSCZUK.    See  Roostchook. 

RUST'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

RUS'TOX,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

RUSTON,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .N'orfolk. 

RUSn^ON  PAR/VA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Biding. 

R  US/WARP,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Biding,  \\  miles  S.W.  of  Whitby,  with  a  station  on  the 
Whitby  Branch  of  the  York  and  North  Midland  Railway. 

BUTE,  roo'tA,  (anc.  Arialdunum?)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Cordova,  in  a  fine  valley,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lucena. 
Pop.  7840.  At  a  short  distance  are  observe<l  traces  of  an  an- 
cient town,  supposed  to  have  been  of  the  Gothic  period ;  and 
on  the  summit  of  the  hill,  which  commands  the  town,  is  a 
fortress  with  the  inscription:  "Clodobeas  IV..  liing  of  the 
Goths,  caused  this  fort  to  be  built,  and  spent  on  it  30,000 
pieces  of  gold."  Agriculture,  manufactures  of  linens,  coarse 
cloths,  and  sack-cloths,  are  carried  on,  and  there  are  15  flour 
mill.s.  27  oil  mills,  a  fuller's  mill,  and  18  stills  for  brandy. 

RUTENI.    See  Kodez. 

RUTERSVILLE, a  post^villageofFayette  CO., Texas,  about 
6  miles  N.E.  of  the  Colorado  River  at  I>a  Grange. 

RUTGER'S  COLLEGE     See  New  RnuxswicK.  New  Jersey. 

RUTIIEN,  (RUthen,)  rU'ten,  or  RUDEN.  rooMfn,  a  town 
0fPrussia,AVestphalia.l8miiesE.N.E.  of  Arnsberg.  P.  1950. 

RUTIIEKFORD,  ruTH'?r-ford.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  North  Carolina,  bordering  on  .South  Carolina.  Area,  esti- 
mated at  550  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Broad  Kiver.  a 
branch  of  the  Congaree.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  monntain- 
ous,  especially  near  the  W.  border,  which  extends  along  the 
Blue  Ridge;  apart  of  the  soil  is  fertile.  Formed  in  1779, 
and  niimed  in  honor  of  General  Griffith  Rutherford,  of  North 
Carolina.  Capital,  Rutherfordton.  Pop.  11,573,  of  whom 
9182  were  fro(^,  and  2391  slaves. 

RUTHERFORD,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  COO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  Stone's  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Cumbei  land.  The  sur- 
face is  agreeably  diversified;  the  soil  is  highly  productive, 
well  watered,  and  extensively  cultivated.  It  is  intersected 
liy  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad.  Oipital,  5Iur- 
freesborough.  Pop.  27,918,  of  whom  14,934  were  free,  and 
12,984  slaves. 

RUTHERFORD,  a  township  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana.  P.  943. 

RUTHERFORD,  a  posfcoffice  of  Switzerland  co.,  Indiana. 

RUTH'ERFOKDTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rutherford 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  216  miles  AV.  of  Raleigh.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  an  academy,  and  newspaper  office. 

RUTHERGLEN,  rtig'len,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
burgh  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  on  the  Clyde,  3 
miles  S.E.  of  Glasgow,  and  on  a  railw.ay.  Pop.  of  parlia- 
mentary burgh  in  1851,  6514.  It  is  very  ancient,  and  was 
formerly  of  importance.  Glasgow  h.aving  been  included  within 
its  municipal  boundaries  in  the  twelfth  century ;  at  present 
it  consists  chiefly  of  one  well-paved  street,  but,  except  the 
parish  church  and  town-hall,  it  has  no  publi.'  edifices.  Its 
former  considerable  trade  on  the  river  has  been  absorbed  by 
Glasgow,  and  the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  weav- 
ing muslins  for  GLasgow  manufacturers,  and  in  print  and 
dye-works.  The  burgh  unites  with  Kilmarnock,  Dumbar- 
ton, Port  Glasgow,  and  Renfrew,  in  sending  1  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons. 

RUTH'ER  GLENN,  a  po.st-office  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginw. 

RUTIPERVILLE,  a  village  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New  York, 
15  miles  N.  of  Canton. 

RUTHIN,  RHUTHYN,  or  BHUDDIN,  roo/THin,  (Welsh 
pron.  h'riTH'in,  the  "  red  fortress,")  a  p.arliameutary  and  mu- 
nicipal borough,  market-town,  and  parish  of  North  Wales,  on 
the  Clwyd,  co.,  and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Denbigh.  I'op.  of  pailia- 
mentary  borough,  in  1851,  3373.  It  has  an  ancient  church, 
formerly  collegiate,  and  an  excellent  grammar  school,  with 
six  exhibitions  to  the  university,  a  hospital  for  decayed 
house-keepers,  a  handsome  county  hall  and  jail,  town-liall, 
race-course,  and  beautiful  remains  of  a  castle,  presented  by 
Edward  I.  to  the  &mily  of  its  present  owners.  It  unites  with 
Denbigh,  Holt,  and  Wrexham  in  sending  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  baroness  to  Lady 
Grey  de  Ruthin. 

RUTHSBUIJO,  ruths'burg.  a  vilLage  of  Queen  Anne  co., 
Maryland.  42  miles  E.  of  Annapolis.     It  has  1  iron  foundry. 

RUTHSVILLE,  ruths'vil,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co., 
Illinois. 


RUTHTEN.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forrar. 

RUTII'WELL.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  or  Dum- 
frii>3.  with  a  village  and  station  on  the  Gla.sgow  and  Carlisle 
Railway,  9|  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dumfries. 

RUTI  (RUti)  or  RUTHY,  (Riithy.)  rU'tee.  a  vilLage  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  St.  GalL 
Pop.  1438. 

RUTI  or  RUTHY,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland 
canton,  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich.     I'op.  1112. 

RUTIGLIANO,  roo-teel-yJ/nn.  a  market-town  of  Nnpleti, 
province  of  Bari.  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Conversano.  It  is  on- 
closed  by  walls  and  ditches,  and  has  a  collegiate  church. 
Pop.  6000. 

•RUT'LAM,  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Gwalior  dominions.  4S 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Oojein.     Lnt.  23°  19' N.,  Ion.  75°  5' E. 

RUT'LAND  or  RUTLANDSHIRE,  rtitland-shir,  the  small- 
est county  of  England,  bounded  on  thu  S.E.  by  the  river  Wel- 
land.  Area,  150  square  miles.  Pop.in  1851,22.983.  Thesurface 
is  undulating,  and  finely  diversified  with  parks.  The  chief 
towns  are  Oakham  and  Uppingham.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the 
Manners  family. 

RUT/LAND,  a  county  in  the  S.AV.  central  part  of  Vei^ 
mont,  h.as  an  area  of  alxiut  960  square  miles.  It  is  in  part 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Lake  Cliamplain,  and  is  drained 
principally  by  Otter  Creek  and  its  branches,  which  supply 
water-power  for  numerous  mills.  It  contains  several  small 
lakes  and  ponds,  among  which  may  bo  mentioned  Lake  Aus- 
tin and  Bombazine  Lake.  The  suiface  is  elevated,  and  in 
the  E.  part  mountainous.  The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  along 
the  valley  of  Otter  Creek.  In  1860  this  county  produced 
623,199  pounds  of  wool,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by 
any  county  in  the  United  States,  except  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania,  This  county  abounds  in  iron  ore  and  excel- 
lent marble.  The  railroad  connecting  Bellow's  Falls  and 
Burlington,  traverses  this  county,  which  is  also  partly  in- 
tersected by  those  connecting  Rutland  with  Troy,  Saratoga, 
and  Bennington.  Organized  in  1781.  Capital,  Rutland. 
Pop.  36,946. 

RUTLAND,  a  handsome  post-village,  seat  of  justice  of  Rut- 
land CO.,  Vermont,  pleasantly  situated  on  Otter  Creek,  and 
on  the  line  of  three  important  railroads,  viz.  tlie  Rutland 
and  Burlington,  the  Rutland  and  AVashington,  and  the 
AVestem  A'^ermont  Railroad.  67  miles  S.S.E.  of  Burlington, 
and  about  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains,  be 
sides  the  county  buildings,  5  clmrches,  2  banks,  a  town-hall, 
2  newspaper  offices,  an  academy,  a  splendid  railroad  depot, 
and  the  machine-shops  and  engine-houses  of  the  Westert 
A'ermont  Railroad.  It  is  also  the  centre  of  trade  for  a  larg» 
section  of  country.  There  are  in  the  township  5  churches, 
23  stores,  and  16  manufactories  and  mills,  one  of  wlxich,  for 
the  sawing  of  marble,  is  very  extensive,  and  propelled  by 
steam.  Three  new  villages  have  sprung  up  in  the  township 
since  1846.    Pop.  iu  1840,  2708 ;  1860,  7577. 

BUTLAND,  a  post-township  of  AA'orcester  co.,  Massiichu- 
setts,  60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Bogton.    Pop.  1076. 

BUTLAND,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York, 
8  miles  S.E.  of  AVatertown.     Pop.  2097. 

BUTLAND,  a  post-township  of  Tioga  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Wellsborough.     Pop.  1156. 

BUTLAND,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Kentucky. 

BUTL.\ND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Lcuiing  Creek,  about  95  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus.    P.  2172. 

RUTLAND,  a  township  in  the  N.AV.  part  of  Barry  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  689. 

RUTLAND,  a  township  of  Kane  oo.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1013. 

RUTLAND,  a  post-township  and  village  iu  the  S.E.  part 
of  Dane  oo.,  AVisconsin.     Pop.  1181. 

RUTLAND  ISLAND.  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Doneg.al,  is 
immediately  E.  of  North  Arran. 

RUTLAND  ISLAND,  East  Indies,  an  island  in  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  S.  of  Great  .\ndaman  Island. 

RUT'LEDGE,  a  village  iu  the  AA'.  part  of  Cattaraugus  co., 
New  York. 

RUTLEDGE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Granger  co..  Ten- 
nessee, in  Richland  A'alley,  near  the  foot  of  Clinch  Moun- 
tain. 216  miles  E.  of  Nashville.  It  has  an  academy.  The 
valley  is  fertile,  and  the  mountain  contains  abundance  of 
iron  and  other  ores. 

RUTLEDGE.  a  post-village,  capit.al  of  JIcDonald  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Elk  River.  22.=)  miles  S.AV.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

RUTNAGHERRA'.  rut*na-gh5r'ree,  a  town  of  India,  pre- 
sidency, and  140  miles  S.  of  Bomb.ay,  on  the  Malabar  coast. 

RUTN.\GHERRY,  a  town  of  India,  presidency  of  Mysore, 
58  miles  S.E.  of  Chitteldroog. 

RUTTUNGUR,  r&tHftn-gnr',  a  town  of  North-west  Hin- 
dostan.  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Odeypoor. 

RUTTUNI'OOR.  rfttHtin-poor',  a  town  of  Hindostiin,  in 
the  Berar  dominions.  210  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nagpoor.  Lilt.  22° 
21'  N..  Ion.  82°  25'  E. 

RUTTUNPOOR,  a  town  of  Hindostan.  dominions,  and  40 
miles  S.  of  Barod.a.     Lat.  21°  24'  N..  Ion.  73"  20'  E. 

RUA'O,  roo'vo,  a  walled  town  of  Naples,  province,  and  2] 
miles  AV.  of  Bari.  Pop.  8000.  It  has  a  cathedral  some  con- 
vents, and  a  diocesan  seminary. 

1633 


RUV 


KZI 


RUVO,  a  rillage  of  Naples.  Drovinee  of  B.isllicata,  10  miles 
e.S.AV.  ofMelfi.    Pop.  2330. 

RUYEN.  roi'f  n,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flander.?.  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent,  on  the  Scheldt.     P.  2t51S. 

RUYSBROKCK,  rois'brOdk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Antwerp,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Brussels  Kail- 
wav.  3f  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brussels. 

RUYSSELEDE,  rois's^l-lAMeh.  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
OroTince  of  West  Flanders.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bruges. 

RUYTOX-OF-THE-ELEV'EN  TOWNS,  a  parish  of  England, 
•o.  of  Salop. 

RUZ.iFA,  roo-thi'fd,  a  village  of  Sp.ain,  so  near  Valencia 
that  it  may  be  considered  its  suburb,  on  a  plain  near  the 
1  uria.    Pop.  about  1700. 

RYACXJTTA,  ri-4-kot't3.  a  town  and  hill  fortress  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  iMadras.  60  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Salem, 
on  the  Puanair,  near  the  Mysore  frontier.  Lat.  12°  28'  N., 
ion.  78°  &  E. 

RYAN,  LOCH,  ISk  ri'ln,  a  bay  of  Scotland,  in  its  S.W. 
part,  commences  at  the  entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
nearly  opposite  the  Mull  of  Kintyre,  and  projects  10  miles 
S.S.E.  Average  breadth,  about  2  miles.  It  forms  a  safe  and 
commodious  harbor  for  the  largest  fleet. 

RY'.iN'S  STORE,  a  post-Kjfflce,  Montgomery  co.,  Tennessee. 

RY'.^NSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

RY'AX'S  WELL,  a  post-office  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi. 

RY'ARSH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

RYBINSK,  rib-insk'.  written  also  RUBIXSK,  a  large  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  52  miles  N.AV.  of  Yaroslav,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.  Pop.  10.000.  It  is  a  great 
centre  of  the  internal  commerce  of  the  empire.  The  prin- 
cipal edifices  are  a  fine  exchange,  two  cathedrals,  numerous 
other  churches  and  chapels,  a  large  conventual  building,  a 
covered  exercising  ground,  an  arsen.al.  the  courts  of  justice, 
several  extensive  bazaars,  and  noble  residences,  a  theatre, 
irphan  and  other  asylums,  hospitals,  almshouses,  and  a 
nouse  of  correction.  It  has  breweries,  distilleries,  salt-works, 
oil  and  other  mills,  soap  and  candle  fiictories,  potteries,  &e. 
The  chief  article  of  commerce  is  corn,  sent  to  St.  Petersburg. 
Riga,  Dantzic,  KBnjg.sberg,  &c.  Two  large  annual  ftirs  are 
held  here.  Twenty  thousand  barges  arrive  annually  with 
poods  to  the  value  250,000,000  rubles.  It  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1^06. 

RYBNIK.  riVnik.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  50  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Rudka.    Pop.  2730. 

RY'BURGH,  Great,  a  pari.^h  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

RYBURGII.  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 
3i  miles  E.S.E.  of  Fakenham.  has  a  station  on  the  Dereham 
and  Fakenham  Branch  of  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway. 

RYCKEVORSEL,  rikTveh-voR'sel,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Antwerp,  9  miles  W,  of  Turnhout,     Pop.  1277. 

RY^D-iL.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland,  on 
the  Leven.  2  miles  N.W.  of  .\mbleside.  It  is  celebrated  for 
its  small  but  beautiful  lake,  and  was  the  residence  of  the 
late  poet  Wordsworth,  whose  picturesque  dwelling  com- 
mands a  prospect  of  great  splendor.  Rydal  Hall,  the  seat  of 
Lady  de  Fleming,  is  in  a  park  presenting  fine  forest  scenery. 

RYDE,  rid.  a  maritime  town  and  watering-place  of  Eng- 
land, on  the  N.  coiist  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  parish  of  New- 
church,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Portsmouth,  from  which  its  white 
villas,  intsrspersed  with  foliage,  give  it  a  beautiful  appear- 
ance. Pop.  in  1851.  7147.  It  is  built  on  an  acclivity  rising 
from  the  sea.  It  has  a  handsome  main  street,  several  fine 
modern  terraces,  and  numerous  elegant  detached  residences, 
a  highly  ornamented  modern  Gothic  church,  a  theatre, 
assembly  rooms,  and  a  wooden  pier  extending  750  yards 
into  the  sea.  at  which  the  numerous  steamers  between 
Southaniptcm  and  Portsmouth  land  passengers  at  all  states 
of  the  tide.     The  environs  alwund  in  delightful  scenery. 

RYDKOOG  or  RAIDROOG.  rTdroog',  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  2(3  miles  S.  of  Bellary.  Lat.  14° 
49'  N..  Ion.  76°  56'  E.  Its  port,  on  an  abrupt  rock,  1200  feet 
in  height,  contains  a  ruined  palace,  and  some  Hindoo  tem- 
ples; other  temples,  especially  one  of  Krishna,  exist  in  the 
town,  which  is  of  considerable  extent. 

RYE,  rl,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  cinque 
port,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the 
Rother,  atiout  2  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, and  on  the  line  of  the  Hastings  and  Dover  Railway,  10 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Hastings,  and  62J  miles  E.S.E.  of  London. 
Pop.  of  the  parliamentary  borough,  in  1851,  8541.  It  is  built 
on  a  rock,  on  the  edge  of  an  extensive  marsh.  The  chief 
structures  are  the  remains  of  its  ancient  walls  and  gates,  a 
large  cruciform  church  of  Norman  and  early  English  archi- 
tecture, grammar  school,  town-hall  and  market-house,  a  cas- 
tle built  by  William  de  Ipres  in  the  twelfth  century,  and 
now  faced  with  a  battery,  and  used  as  a  jail:  a  public 
library,  and  small  theatre.  The  town  stood  anciently  on 
the  sea.  The  present  harbor  is  formed  by  a  new  canal  ad- 
mitting vessels  of  200  tons.  The  exports  are  wool,  corn, 
Uml)er,  bark,  and  hops.  Imports,  co.al.  and  manufactured 
KOods.  The  borough,  including  Winchelsea.  sends  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons. 

RYE.  a  post-township  in  Rockingham  co..  New  Hampshire, 
on  the  Atlantic  coast,  47  mUcJ  E.S.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1199. 
1636  ^ 


I'EGUUR,  rl-gur',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency, 
65  miles  S.E.  of  Bombay,  in  lat.  1S°  12'  N.,  Ion.  73° 


RYE,  a  post-village  and  tcwnship  of  Westchester  eo..  New 
York,  on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  27  miles 
N.E.  of  New  Y'ork.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  several 
stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  4447. 

RY'E,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Penn.sj-lvania,  intersected 
by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.     Pop.  702. 

RYEBAUGH,  rl-bawg/,  (Hindoo,  Jiai  Bagh,  rl  bdg,  the 
"  R.ajah's  garden,")  a  town  of  South  India,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict, dominions,  and  85  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sattarah,  near  the 
Kistnah. 

RYE  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Virginia. 

RYEGATE.  a  town  of  England.     See  Reigate. 

RYE/GATE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  C.-iledonia  ca, 
Vermont,  on  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Rail- 
road. 23  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  109S. 

RYl "   '    "  ------ 

and  65 
28' E. 

RYEGHUR,  a  town  of  British  Indi-a,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, province  of  Gundwanah,50milesN.W.of  Sumbhulpoor. 

RYEPOOR,  rrpoor',  a  town  of  Central  India,  in  the  Berar 
dominions,  150  miles  E.  of  Nagpoor,  in  lat.  21°  15'  N.,  loo. 
82°  13'  E. 

RY''EKSON'S,  a  village  of  Passaic  co..  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Pequannock  River,  about  9  miles  N.W.  of  Patterson,  con- 
tains 2  stores,  a  furnace,  3  mills,  a  church,  and  an  academy. 

RY'ERSON'S  STATION,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

RY''ERSS,  a  village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania.  4  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Blossburg,  is  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Tioga  (or  BJpss- 
burg  and  Corning)  Railroad. 

RYE  A'ALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Smvth  co.,  Virginia. 

RY'HALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co",  of  Rutland. 

RY'LAXD'S  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Greenville  CO.,  Vii^ 
ginia.  on  the  Petersburg  Rjiilroad,  54  miles  from  Petersburg. 

RY'LSK  or  RII..SK,  rilsk,  written  also  RULSK.  (Rulsk,) 
a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  62  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Koorsk,  on  the  Sem.  Pop.  7000.  It  has  numerous  churches, 
and  two  large  annual  fairs. 

RY'.MANOV  or  RYM  ANOW,  rl-mi-nov',  a  town  of  Austrian 
Poland,  in  Galicia,  15  miles  W.  of  Sanok. 

RYME-INTRIN'SICA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

RYMENHAM,  rl'men-him',  or  RYMENA.M  (?)  a*  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Antwerp,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mechlin. 

RYM  PS,  rimp.s,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
bourg,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Tongres. 

RYP  or  RIJP,  rip,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in  North 
Holland.  13  miles  N.  of  Amsterdam. 

RY'PIN,  rip'in,  a  town  of  Poland,  province,  and  39  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Plock,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Drewenz.  Pop.  20S0. 
It  was  formerl'  strongly  fortified,  and  has  comb,  leather, 
and  woollen  cloth  factories. 

RYSBERGEN  or  RIJSBERGEN,  risn)jRGVn,  a  village  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  6  miles  S.W.  of 
Breda. 

RYSSEL,  a  city  of  France.    See  Lille. 

RYSSEN  or  RIJSSEN,  rLVsen,  a  town  of  the  Netheriands, 
province  of  Overvssel,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Zwolle.     Pop.  2700. 

RYSWICK,  RYSWYK  or  RIJSWIJK,  riz'wik,  (Dutch 
pron.  rlce'ftik.)  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
South  Holland,  2  miles  S.E.  of  the  Hague.  Pop.  2324.  The 
fcmous  peace  concluded  here  in  1697,  between  France  on  the 
one  part,  and  Germany,  England.  Spain,  and  Holland  on  the 
other,  is  commemorated  bv  a  pyramidal  monument. 

RYTCHA,  ritch'd,  one  of  the" E.  branches  which  the  Volga 
throws  off  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course  before  reaching 
the  Caspian.  It  commences  about  24  miles  N.  of  Astrakhan, 
and  has  a  length  of  about  40  miles. 

RYTHER-wiTH-O'ZENDIKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding, 

RY'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham.  S.  of  the 
Tyne,  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway,  6  miles  E.  of 
Newcastle. 

RYTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

RYTON-ON-DUNS'MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wa:^ 

RYTON  WOOD'SIDE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

RZEDITZ,  zhi'dits,  Ober,  o'ber.  and  Un'ter,  oon'ter,  a  vil- 
lage of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim,  4  miles  W.  of  Holits. 
Pop.  1430. 

RZEPIN,  zhA'pin,  or  RIPPIN,  rip'pin.  a  village  of  Bohe- 
mia, circle  of  Buntzlau,  16  miles  from  Brandeis.     Pop.  1850. 

RZESZOW,  zhesh'ov,  or  RESZOW.  rJs'.sov,  a  town  of 
Austrian  Galicia,  on  the  Wislok.  43  miles  E.  of  Tarnov.  Pop. 
4494.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  gymnasium,  a  castle,  aud 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  linens. 

RZHEV,  KJEA'.  Rzh^v.  or  RSHEV,  a  town  of  Russian 
government,  and  74  miles  S.W.  of  Tver,  on  the  A'olga,  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts.  Pop.  9000,  It  has  numerou* 
churches,  salt  and  corn  magazines,  large  exports  of  corn,  ana 
two  great  annual  fairs.  It  was  loriuerly  governed  by  its 
own  princes, 

RZICZ.4U.  zhe&'chdw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Kaor- 
zim.    Pop.  1026. 


SAA 


SAB 


S 


SAADEH,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Sada. 
SAAL,  sll.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Saale,  6 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Neustadt.     Pop.  1068. 

SAALBUIIG,  sJl'booRG,  a  town  of  Germany,  principality 
of  Reuss,  30  mile's  S.W.  of  Gera,  on  the  Saale.     Pop.  1207. 

SAALE,  Framkische,  fr4n'ki.sh-eh  sSleh,  (anc.  SciHu,)  a 
river  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  joins  the  Main  at  Qemiin- 
den,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  70  miles. 

SAALE,  SACHstscHB,  sdK'sish-eh  silfh,  or  THUKTNG- 
ISCHE,  too'rins-ish^fh,  (anc.  .Si'fa,)  a  riverof  Germany,  rises 
in  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia.  in  the  Ficlitelgebirfre, 
14  miles  S.W.  of  Hof,  flows  very  tortuously  .V.  through  the 
Saxon  duchies,  Prussian  Saxony,  Aniialt,  Ac,  and  joins  the 
Elbe  18  miles  S.E.  of  Magdeburs;.  Total  course,  212  miles, 
It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  from  the  El'je  to  Halle. 

SAALE,  sl/l?h,  or  SAAL.\,  si'ld,  SALZBURGEK,  .sdlts'- 
b<W5Rf;^er,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Upper  .Austria  and  Bavaria, 
flows  X.W.  past  Lofer  and  Keichenhall,  and  joins  the  Salza 

4  miles  N'.W.  of  Salzburg.     Total  course,  70  miles. 
SA.A.LFELD,  s|l'fdlt,  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in  Saxe- 

Meiningen,  on  the  Sa.ale,  41  miles  E.  of  Meiningen.  Lat.  .50° 
37'  N.,  Ion.  11°  24'  E.  Pop.  4369.  It  has  an  old  castle,  with 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  linen,  tobacco,  chiccory, 
potash,  vinegar,  gunpowder,  and  leather,  and  a  considerable 
cattle  trade.  Near  it  are  .some  iron-mines.  Here  Prince 
Louis  Frederick  of  Prussia  was  defeated  and  killed  by  the 
French  in  1806. 

SAALFELD.  Alt,  ilt  sdl'fJlt,  a  village  of  Germany,  on 
the  Saale,  imraediatelv  opposite  Saalfeld. 

SAALFELD,  s|l'fjit,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  71  miles 

5  W.  of  Kiinigsberg,  on  the  Maringsee.     Pop.  2000. 
SAALFKLDKN,  siI'f?!Men,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Aus- 
tria, on  the  Saale,  2S  miles'S.S.W.  of  Salzburg.     Pop.  1222. 

S.\A\E,  si'ngh.  (Fr.  S'lrine.  siVeen',)  a  river  of  Switzer- 
land, cantons  of  Bern  and  Freyburg.  after  a  N.  course  of  65 
miles  joins  the  Aar,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bern.  It  is  navi- 
gable from  the  Aar  to  B'reyburg  for  boats. 

S.H.NKN,  si'nen,  (Fr.  Gimsenatj,  zhfe^sgh-nA',)  a  market- 
town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  32  miles  S.W.  of  Bern,  on 
the  Upper  Saane.     Pop.  of  parish.  .3.300. 

SAAH,  a  river  of  France  and  Prussia.     See  Sarre. 

S.\AR,  sSr.  (Bohemian  Z/liur,  zdee/aR,)  a  town  of -Moravia, 
on  the  Bohemian  frontier,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Iglau.     P.  2902. 

SAARBRUCK,  (Saarbriick.)  s|R/brUk,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Saar,  here  crossed 
by  a  stone  bridge  connecting  it  with  its  suburb,  St.  Johann. 
Lat.  49°  14'  N.,  Ion.  7°  E.  Pop.  8624.  It  has  a  gymnasium, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths.  Mines  of  iron  and 
coal  are  extensively  worked  in  the  vicinity.  It  was  founded 
in  the  tenth  century,  was  given  to  the  church  of  Metz  by 
the  Emperor  Henry  III.,  and  subsequently  govermsd  by  its 
own  counts  till  1380,  when  it  came  by  marriage  into  the 
family  of  Nassau.  It  was  afterwards  fortified,  and  suffered 
much  by  war.  In  1676  it  was  almost  entirely  burnt  down, 
and  its  fortifications  dismantled. 

S.A.ARBUUG,  sdr'b<J«R(!.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  11 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Treves,  on  the  Saar.     Pop.  2060. 

SAARDAM.  a  town  of  Holland.     See  Zaandam. 

SA.A.R-LtlUIS.  4R-lt>o''s,  (Er.  pron.  san-loo'ee,)  or  SARRE- 
LOUfS.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  frontier  of  France. 
30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  SaiTe.  Pop.  4380.  It  was 
founded  by  Ix)uis  XIV.,  and  was  strongly  fortified  by  Vauban. 
It  belonged  to  France  till  1S15,  and  forms  an  important  bor- 
der fortress.  It  has  manufactures  of  arms,  with  lead  and 
iron  mines  in  its  vicinity.  Saar-Louis  was  the  birthplace  of 
Marshal  Ney. 

S A .\ R N .  sdnn.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  14  miles  N.N.E . 
of  Dusseldorf  on  the  Ruhr.     Pop.  2320. 

SAAR-UNIOX.  SAAR-UNION  BONQUEXOM,  sdR-U^ne- 
Aso'bA.No'keh-niso',  or  SAARE-WERDEN,  sa'reh-<*lK/den.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ba.s-Rhin,  18  miles  N.W.  of 
Eaverne,  on  the  Sarre.     Pop.  1852.  3694. 

S.\ARWELLINGE\.  siR'«el'ling-en,  a  market-town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia.  29  miles" S.S.E.  of  Treves.     Pop.  1467. 

SAATZ,  sdts,  (Bohemian  }!kitecz,  xi/Uch,)  LUCZlvO,  lootch'- 
ko,or  BOROTINKO.  bo-ro-tink'o,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the 
Eger,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  iron  chain  suspension 
bridge.  43  miles  W.N.W.  of  Prague.  Pop.  4990.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  collegiate  church,  a  Capuchin  monastery, 
and  a  gymnnsium.  with  a  trade  in  wines  and  hops. 

S.\BA.  aifhi.  one  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Islands,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Eustatius,  of  which  it  is  a  dependency,  in 
Jat.  17°  39'  N.,  Ion.  63°  19'  W.  Area.  15  square  miles.  Pop. 
1617.    It  is  inaccessible,  except  on  its  S.  side. 

SABADELL,  si-ui-dJI',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  10 
miles  N.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Llobregat.  Pop.  4720.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  muslins,  and  paper. 

S.VBANJ.\H,  s3-b4n'jd.  a  town  and  small  lake  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  .Vnatolia.  The  town.  (anc.  Soplinn.)  20  miles  E.  of 
Ismeed,  is  ''a  mere  travelling  station,  full  of  coffee-houses 
and  stables,  with  nbout  500  houses,  and  2  mosques."   On  its 


E.  side  is  the  lake,  an  oval  basin,  about  6  miles  in  lengtlv 
and  3  or  4  miles  in  breadth. 

SAB.\RA,  si-\<K'rL  a  city  of  Brazil,  province  of  MinM 
Geraes,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rio-das- Velhas,  an  affluent  of 
the  Sao  Francisco,  2300  feet  above  the  sea,  40  miles  N.N.W 
of  ()uro  Preto.  Pop.  50(K).  The  town  of  Sahara  rec  eivei  the 
title  of  "  most  faithful"'  in  1832,  and  was  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  a  city  in  1843. 

SABASIA  VADA.     See  S.WONA. 
SABAT.  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Zebid. 
S  ABATHOO,  sd-bi-thoo'.  a  small  town  of  North-west  India, 
30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Belaspoor,  on  the  Sutlej,  and  formerly  a 
station  for  a  Gorkha  battalion. 
SAB.\TUS,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 
SAB'BATH  REST,  a  pr.sf-office  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
SABBIO  DI  SOPRA,  slWbeo  dee  so'pri,  and  SABBIO  DJ 
SOTTO,  sib'l)e-o  dee  softo,  two  contiguous  villages  of  Nor- 
thern Italy,  government  of  Milan,  province,  and  13  miles 
N.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  Chiese.    P.  1129. 

SABBIONETTA.  sib-be-o-njf  ti,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Mantua.  Pop.  7000.  It  has  a  ca.«tle,  and  was 
the  capital  of  a  principality  given  by  Napoleon  to  his  sister 
Pauline,  in  1806. 

SAB^DEN,  a  village  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  on  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Calder,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Burnley.     Pop.  1160. 

SABIiyLISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Mary- 
land. 95  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis., 

SABIN.A.,  sd-bee'nd.  an  old  province  of  the  Pontifical 
States,  in  Central  Itiily.  now  comprised  in  the  Comarca  di 
Roma,  and  delegations  of  Rieti  and  Spoleto. 

SABI'NA,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Cin- 
cinnati, Wilmington,  and  Zanesvilie  Railroad,  62  miles  S.W. 
of  Columbus.     Pop.  265. 

S.\BIN  A,  a  village  of  New  Mexico,  near  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rio  del  Norte. 

S.\B1NAS,  si-Bee'nis,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, statjBS  of  Cohahuila  and  New  Leon,  joins  the  Rio 
Grande.    On  it  is  the  village  of  Sabinas. 

SABINE,  a  parish  in  the  W.  part  of  Louisiana,  bordering 
on  Texas,  has  an  ari^a  of  about  1300  square  miles.  The 
Sabine  River  forms  the  entire  W.  boundary.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  is  mostly  occupied  by  prairies.  Seat  of 
justice,  Manny.  Pop.  5828,  of  whom  4115  were  free,  and 
1713  slaves. 

SABINE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  on 
the  Sabine  River,  which  separates  it  from  Louisiana.  Area, 
about  (X)0  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  I'atroon  and  Palo 
Gucho  Bayous.  The  soil  is  mostly  very  fertile,  producing 
cotton  and  Indian  corn,  which  are  exported  by  steamtioats 
on  the  Sabine  ISiver  during  high  water.  Capital,  Milan. 
Pop.  2750,  of  whom  1600  were  free. 

SABINE,  a  township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
1631. 

SABINE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  Texas,  at 
the  outlet  of  Sabine  Lake.  75  miles  E.N.E.  of  Galveston. 

SABINE  LAKE  is  an  exp.°.os;on  of  Sabine  Kiver,  about ,"» 
miles  fiom  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  the  S,W. 
extremity  of  Louisiana.  Length,  about  18  miles ;  greatest 
breadth,  about  9  miles. 

SABINE  (sd-beenO  RIVER,  rises  in  Hunt  co.,  Texas,  and 
flows  in  an  E.S.E.  direction,  until  it  strikes  the  E.  boundary 
of  the  state.  From  this  point  it  pursues  a  general  S.  eoui'se, 
forming  the  houndary  between  Texas  and  Louisiana,  and 
passes  through  Sabine  Lake  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
whole  length  is  estimated  at  500  miles.  It  is  said  to  be  very 
shallow  at  its  mouth,  but  is  navigable  by  small  boats  ia 
high  water  in  some  parts  of  its  course. 

SABINETOWN,  sa-lieen'tOwn,  a  post-village  of  Sabine  co., 
Texas,  on  the  Sabine  River,  10  miles  E.  of  Milan.  It  is  the 
principal  shipping-point  for  the  cotton  r.-tised  in  the  county. 

SABINO,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy.     See  ISEO. 

S.IBINO,  si-bee'no,  a  village  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio 
del  Norte,  in  the  interior  of  New  Jlexico. 

SAB'INSVILLE,  a  post-ofSce  of  Tioga  co..  Pennsvlvania, 

SABIONCELLO.  sd-be-on-chM'lo,  (anc.  HiVlU.)  a  niountain- 
ous  peninsula  of  Dalmatia,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Ragusa.  extend* 
ing  into  the  Adriatic  between  the  islands  of  Curzola  and 
Lesina.  Length.  43  miles ;  average  breadth,  4, 
.  S.iBIOTE.  sd-be-o'ti.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  35 
miles  N.E.  of  Jaen.    JPop.  2652. 

SABIS.     See  Sambre. 

SABLE,  sd'blV,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe, 
on  the  Sarthe,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Erve,  and  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  black  marble.  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Le 
Mans.  Pop.  in  1852,  5282.  who  manufacture  gloves,  and 
trade  in  marble,  quarried  in  the  vicinity. 

SABLE  ISLAND,  a  small  island  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
l5-ing  directly  in  the  track  of  vessels  sailing  between  the 
northern  ports  of  America  and  Europe,  90  miles  S.E.  of  Nova 
Scotia.  Lat.  43°  59'  N..  Ion.  59°  47'  W.  It  is  Ipw  and  sandy, 
about  25  miles  in  length,  and  li  in  breadth,  and  has  beeu 

1637 


SAB 

the  scene  tf  namerciis  and  melancholy  shipwrecks.  A  com- 
pany of  men,  furnished  with  provisions  and  other  necessaries 
for  the  purjjose  of  relieving  shipwrecked  mariners,  are  sup- 
ported at  an  annual  expense  of  $4000.  The  island  is  covered 
with  grass  and  wild  pease,  sustaining  by  its  spontaneous  pro- 
duction about  500  wild  hor.ses  and  many  cattle.  The  fisheries 
in  its  vicinity  have  recently  been  prosecuted  with  success. 
Cape  Sable  Island  is  off  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia. 

SA'BLE  BIYER,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
l)eninsula,  and,  flowing  in  a  direction  E.S.E.,  enters  the 
lower  part  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

SABLE  RIVER,  of  Michigan.    See  Sandt  River. 

SABLES,  or  SABLES-D'OLOXNE,  Les,  lA  slb'l  do'lonn',  a 
tcwn  and  seaport  of  France,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  21  miles 
S.W.  of  Bourbon-Vendee.  Pop.  in  1852,  5983.  It  stands 
partly  on  a  sandy  peninsula,  and  partly  on  an  elevated 
rock,  with  a  port  for  vessels  under  150  tons,  and  an  active 
pilchard  fishery. 

SABLONVILLE,  sJb'l6N»Veel',  a  village  of  France,  form- 
ing a  N.W.  suburb  of  Paris,  adjoining  the  new  fortifications. 

SABOR,  sd-BOF/,  a  river  of  Spain,  rising  in  Leon,  joins  the 
Douro  on  the  right,  in  Portugal,  aifter  a  course  of  75  miles. 

SABOUGLY,  s^-boog1ee,  a  small  post-village  of  Yallobusha 
CO.,  Mississippi. 

SABRAO,  an  island  of  the  MalayArchipelago.  See  Abenara. 

SABRES,  s3b'r,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Landes.  19  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mont-de-Marsan.    Pop.  2524. 

SA'BRIDGEWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  lOJ 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Hertford,  with  a  station  on  the  Northern 
and  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  2Si  miles  N.E.  of  London. 

SABRINA,  sd-bree'nd,  a  volcanic  island  of  the  Azores, 
thrown  up  in  1810  to  the  height  of  400  feet  above  the  sea, 
near  St.  Michael.    It  has  since  been  wholly  submerged. 

SABRINA  or  SABRIANA.    See  Severn. 

SABRINA  ^STUARIUM.    See  Bristol  Channel. 

SABRI'NA  LAND,  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  is  an  undefined 
tract  of  land  seen  by  Balleny  in  1839,  in  lat.  75°  S.,  Ion. 
117°  E. 

SABU6AL,  si-boo-g2l',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beii-a  Baixa,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Braga.     Pop.  830. 

SABU'LA,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mis- 
Bissippi.  32  miles  below  Galena. 

SABY,  (Saby,)  sA/bii,  S^BYE  or  SABYE,  (Sabye.)  s.V- 
bil^f'i-  *  town  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  at  the  mouth  of  a 
small  river  of  its  own  name,  in  the  Cattegat.     Pop.  800. 

SABYNIN  A,  sS-be-nee'nd,  a  marketrtown  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Koorsk,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bielgorod.    Pop.  1000. 

SABZAWAR,  sab-zd-wdr',  or  SUBZAWAR,  sub-zS-war',  a 
fortified  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  65  miles  W. 
of  Nishapoor.  It  is  2j  miles  in  circumference,  populous,  and 
has  a  citadel  and  a  good  bazaar.  Its  vicinity  consists  of  open 
downs,  bare  of  wood,  bnt  said  to  produce  quantities  of  corn. 

SAC,  sawk,  a  new  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  about  576  stjuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Soldier  and  Boyer  Rivers,  affluents  of  the  Missouri.  This 
county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  The  name  is 
derived  from  one  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  which  possessed 
the  soil.     Pop.  246. 

SACAPULAS,  sd-ka-poonas,  a  market-town  of  Central 
America,  state,  and  110  miles  N.W.  of  Guatemala. 

SACARAP'PA  or  SACCARAP/PA,  a  post-village  of  Cum- 
berland CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Presnmpseot  River,  and  on  the 
York  and  Cumberland  Railroad,  about  50  miles  S.W.  by  W. 
of  Augusta,  contains  saw-mills  and  manufactories. 

SACATAPEQUES.  Central  America.     See  Sacaiepec 

SACATECOLUCA,  s^-ka-tA-ko-loo/ka,  a  town  of  Central 
America,  state,  and  28  miles  S.E.  of  San  Salvador,  on  the 
low  coast  of  the  Pacific,  at  the  foot  of  a  volcano  of  its  own 
name,  remarkable  for  its  grottoes  and  hot  springs.   Pop.  5000. 

SACATEPEC,  sl-ki-tA-p^k'.  sometimes  written  SACATA- 
PEQUES and  ZACATAPEQUES,  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state  of  Guatemala,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  own  name, 
stretching  along  the  Pacific  Ocean,  W.  of  Guatemala.  Pop. 
SOOO. 

SACAVEM,  sJ-kS-vJso',  a  village  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Estremadura,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  estuary  of 
the  Tagus,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Friellas,  7  miles  N.  of  Lis- 
bon.    Pop.  2400. 

SACCATOO,  SACKATOO,  SACKATOXJ  or  SAKATU,  s^k- 
k3-!oo',  a  large  and  populous  town  of  Central  Africa,  in 
Houssa,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Quorra,  in  lat.  13°  N..  Ion.  6° 
E.  It  is  enclosed  by  lofty  walls,  and  entered  by  twelve 
gates.  In  its  centre  is  a  large  square,  with  a  royal  residence ; 
ani  it  has  several  mosques,  manufactures  of  blue  cloth,  and 
trade  with  the  countries  from  Ashantee  to  Tripoli,  from 
which  latter  it  receives  raw  silk,  glass  wares,  and  perfumery. 
Here  the  traveller  Clapperton  died  on  the  13th  of  April.  1827 ; 
he  was  buried  at  the  village  of  Jungari.  distant  5  miles  S.E. 

SACCO,  sik'ko.  a  river  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  40  miles,  joins  the  Garigliano  4  miles 
S.  of  Frosinone. 

SACCO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princlpato  Citra, 
0  miles  W.  of  Diano.     Pop.  1800. 

SACCONDEE,  sdk-kon'dee,  a  small  maritime  province  of 
Tipper  Guinea,  on  the  Gold  Coast,  W.  of  Ahanta.  Besides  its 
16.38 


SAC 

capital.  Saccondee,  it  contains  several  villages.    Pop.  esti- 
mated at  oOOO  fighting  men. 

SACCONEX,  sak'ko'n^x',  (Great  and  Little,)  two  villages 
forming  two  parishes  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  2  miles 
N.W.  of  Geneva.     Pop.  2504. 

SACEDON,  sd-thi-don',  (anc.  Thermidaf)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  27  miles  S.E.  of  Guadalajara,  near  the  Ta;j:us. 
Pop.  2875.  It  has  a  royal  palace,  barracks,  and  saline  baths, 
frequented  from  June  to  September. 

SACERAM,  a  town  of  Toorkist.nn.     See  Saium. 

SAC-ANI>  VOX  AGENCY,  a  post-office  of  Kauzas  Territory. 

SA'CHEM'S  HEAD,  a  noted  wat«riug-place  of  New  Haven 
CO.,  Connecticut,  3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Guilford,  and  13  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  New  Haven.  In  early  times  an  Indian  chief  was 
captured  here,  from  which  circumstance  the  place  derived 
its  name.  The  New  Haven  and  New  London  Railroad  passes 
about  half  a  mile  N.  of  the  hotel. 

SACHS  A,  sik'sd,  (see  Int.  XVII.,  19,  Obs.,)  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  48  miles  N.N.W.  of  Erfm-t,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Harz.     Pop.  1708. 

SACHSEN,  in  Germany.    See  Saxe — Saxony. 

SACirSEN-ALTENBURG.    See  Saxe-Altenburg. 

SACIISENBERG,  sdk'sen-bJRG\  a  town  of  Germany,  prin- 
cipality of  Waldeck.  11  m'iles  S.S.W.  of  Corbach.    Pop.  1000. 

SACHSENBURG.  .sak'sen-brCRG\  (see  Int.  XYIT.,  19  Ous..) 
a  market-town  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  in  Ulyria,  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Villach,  on  the  Drave.  defended  by  three  castles. 
In  the  vicinity  are  numerous  Roman  antiquities. 

SACnSEN-COBURG.    See  Saxe-Cobukg. 

SACHSENHAGEN,  slk'sgn-ha^ghgn,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  N ieder-IIesstn,  15  miles  N.E.  of 
Kiuteln.    Pop.  Ifi^O. 

SACnSENilAUSEN,s3k'sen-hOwVgn,a  town  of  Germany, 
principality,  and  3  miles  N.W.  of  Waldeck.     Pop.  946. 

SACHSEN-WEIMAR.    See  Saxe-Weimar. 

SACHSLEN,  sdks'len,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Unterwalden,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Sarnen,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Sarnen.  In  its  parish  church  is  buried  the  canonized 
Swiss  hero,  Nicholas  von  der  Flue. 

S.'VCILE,  s3-chee'lA,  a  walled  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  38 
miles  N.N.E.  of  A'enice,  on  the  Livenza.    Pop.  4600. 

SACKATOO  or  SACKATOU.    See  Saccatoo. 

SACKER,  sdk'ker,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  in  the  Saugur  and  Nerbuddah  territoi-y,  34  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Jabbalpoor. 

SACK'ET'S.  a  post-ofBce  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan. 

SACK'ETT'S  HARBOR,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry 
of  Jeffer.son  co..  New  York,  is  situated  in  Houndsfield  town- 
ship, on  the  S.  shore  of  Black  River  Bay,  about  8  miles  E.  of 
Lake  Ont^irio,  and  170  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany.  Lat.  43° 
55'  N.,  Ion.  75°  57'  W.  It  has  by  far  the  best  harbor  on  the 
lake  for  ship-building,  and  as  a  naval  station  and  commercial 
depot.  A  tongue  of  land,  extending  from  the  lower  part  of 
the  village,  in  the  shape_of  a  crescent,  divides  it  into  an 
outer  harbor  and  an  inner  harbor.  The  latter  has  a  depth 
of  water  suffleient  for  the  largest  ships  within  two  fathoms 
of  the  shore.  The  same  depth  of  water  extends  to  Black 
River,  where  there  is  another  excellent  position  for  ship- 
building. The  adjacent  conntry  is  a  fine  agricultural  region, 
while  its  abundant  water-power  renders  it  well  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  manufactures ;  yet  the  trade  of  Saeket  Vs  Harbor 
seems  to  Ije  on  the  decline.  The  declared  value  of  exports 
and  imports  in  1846  was  $2,735,091.  in  1847,  $2,141,445,  and 
in  1851,  $879,165;  of  the  latter,  $55-3,927  was  the  value  of 
imports,  and  $325,238  of  exports.  The  enrolled  and  licensed 
tonnage  of  the  district  in  1852  amounted  to  7083  tons,  all  of 
which  was  employed  in  the  coasting  trade.  The  number  of 
arrivals  from  tureign  ports  during  that  year  was  206,  (143,107 
tons.)  The  village  contains  1  bank,  a  newspaper  office,  and 
several  machine  shops  and  mills.  The  Sackett's  Harbor  and 
Ellisburg  Railroad,  of  which  it  is  the  N.  terminu.s,  has  been 
torn  up  or  abandoned.  Here  is  a  military  post  of  the 
United  States,  named  Madison  Barracks,  not  garrisoned  at 
present.  Sackett's  Harbor  was  first  settled  m  1801.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  war  of  1812  it  became  a  considerable 
naval  station  and  military  dep6t.     Pop.  near  2000. 

SACKINGEN,  sAkldng-en,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge,  51  miles  S.S.E.  of  Freiburg.     I'op.  1500. 

SACO,  saw'ko,  an  important  river  of  New  England,  rises 
among  the  White  Mountains,  in  Coos  county.  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  flowing  through  Oxford  county,  Maine,  tails  into 
[  the  Atlantic    Ocean    in   York    county.     There    are  .seva- 
1  r.il  falls  on  this  river,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Great 
j  Falls,  of  72  feet,  and  Saco  Falls,  at  the  town  of  Saco.  aljout 
j  4  miles  from  the  ocean,  where  the  water  djscends  42  feet, 
affording  a  valuable  water-power.    This  river  is  s-ubject  to 
I  freshets,  the  ordinary  rise  in  the  spring  being  fiioi  10  to  15 
1  feet;  and  it  has  Vieen  known  to  rise  much  higher,  oecasjon- 
I  ing  great  loss  of  life  and  property. 

I      SACO,  a  thriving  ix)st-town  and  port  of  entry  of  York  co., 

Maine,  on  the  E.  or  left  bank  of  the  Saco  Ri  ter,  about  6 

miles  from  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Eastern  Fail  i  «d,  13  miUyi 

S.W.  of  Portland.    The  industry  of  this  plac*  and  of  Biddo- 

,  ford,  a  flourishing  village  on  the  opposite  ,side  "tf  the  river, 


SAC 

is  <-hlHfly  diret-ted  to  commerce  and  to  cotton  manufactures, 
each  of  which  employs  a  large  amount  of  capital.  A  fall  of 
42  teot  in  the  8aco  River  here  furnishes  excellent  water- 
power,  which  is  extensively  used  for  Rawing  and  driving 
machinery.  There  were  in  1865,  11  cotton  mills  in  opera- 
tion at  the.se  falls — 5  on  the  Saco,  and  6  on  the  Biddeford 
side — containinj;  ahout  55,000  spindles  and  2S00  looms. 
The  York  Maiiufacturinf;  Company,  incorporated  in  18.il, 
have  a  capital  of  *;l,5.50.000.  and  employ  LSOO  hands,  who 
work  24,986  spindles  and  780  looms,  producing  annually 
6.200.000  yards  of  colored  cottons.  The  most  extensive  cot^ 
poration,  however,  is  the  Saco  Water-Power  Company,  organ- 
ized in  1839,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500.01)0,  since  increased  to 
$.'.')00,000.  The  operations  of  this  company,  fill  1848.  were 
confined  to  the  erection  of  factoi-ies.  That  year  they  com- 
menced the  first  of  four  mills,  to  be  erected  with  all  possible 
despatch,  for  their  own  use,  each  to  be  240  tieet  long,  75  feet 
wide,  and  5  stories  hit;h — the  largest,  probably,  in  the  state. 
Their  machine  shop  is  271  feet  long.  46  wide,  and  ?>  stories 
hiith.  The  Laconia  Comp;iny  have  $l,.500,()O0  capital,  and 
employ  near  2000  hands.  There  are  also  vario\is  m.-mufac- 
tories  of  woollen  goods,  hardware.  Ac.  One  of  the  largest 
foundries  in  the  state  is  that  of  the  Water  Power  Co.,  in 
which  upwards  of  1000  tons  of  pig-iron  are  annually  con- 
sumed. Aliout  5.000.000  feet  of  boards,  shingles,  laths, 
he.iding.  and  other  kinds  of  lumber  are  annually  turned  out 
at  the  various  saw  mills  hero  In  operation,  the  shipping 
of  the  district,  .lurie  30.  18.S4,  amounted  to  an  .aggregate  of 
25>')2  tons  registered,  and  2462  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  Of 
tlie  latter,  2277  tons  were  employed  in  tlie  coast  trade,  and 
ls8  in  the  mackerel  fi.shery.  The  foreign  arrivals  for  the 
year  was  1  vessel:  clear.ances.  4  vessels.  Daring  the  pe- 
riod above  specified.  1  ship  and  1  schooner,  with  an  aggre- 
gate burden  of  1293  tons,  were  admeasured.  During  the 
year  18.53,  6891  tons  of  shipping  were  built  here;  and  in 
April,  1854,  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  was  5160. 
There  are  here  4  banks — 2  in  Saco  and  2  in  Hiddeford — 3 
savings  institutions,  an  insurance  company,  a  giis  company, 
12  churches- — 6  in  Saco  and  6  in  Biddeford— 3  literary  asso- 
ciations, viz.,  the  Mechanics'  Institute,  (Saco,)  organized 
December  9,  18-tl,  volumes  in  the  Library,  3500 :  the  Saco 
AthenfBum,  with  a  library  of  2000  volumes,  and  the  York 
Library,  containing  about  1000  volumes;  2  public  high- 
schools,  and  2  newspaper  offices — 1  in  Saco  and  1  in  Bidde- 
ford. About  $5500  are  expended  annually  on  the  schools 
of  this  place.  Since  1844,  a  new  cemetery,  called  the 
■'Laurel  Hill  Cemetery,"  has  been  laid  out  u-^on  the  Mount 
Auburn  plan  near  the  town.  Siico  is  a  place  of  public  resort, 
and  has  4  hotels  near  the  sea  and  2  in  the  centre.  Pop.  of 
Saco  township  in  1840,  4408;  in  1860.  6223;  of  Biddeford  in 
1840,2.-i74:  in  1850.6095;  ofboth  villagesinl865,aboutl6,000. 

SACOMAN'GO  RIVER  rises  in  Warren  co..  New  York, 
and  winding  through  Hamilton  and  Fulton  counties,  falls 
into  the  Hudson  River  about  15  mjlesS.W.  of  Lake  George. 

S.\C(IMB.  sa'kom,  a  piu-ish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SACO  RIVER.  Maine,  a  station  on  the  York  and  Cumber- 
land Railroad,  18  miles  from  Portland. 

SACKAMBN'TO,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, h,as  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  tlie  Sacramento  River,  on  the  S.  by  the  San 
Joaquin  and  Moquelumne  Rivers  and  Dry  Creek,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  American  River.  The  soil  of  this  county  is 
generally  fertile,  and.  in  proportion  to  its  size,  perhaps  more 
extensively  cultivated  than  that  of  any  other  county  in  the 
state.  Gold  is  found,  but  not  in  great  abundance.  Capital, 
Sacramento  City.     Pop.  24,142. 

SACR.4MEXT0.  a  river  of  California.    See  Appenwx. 

SACRAMENTO,  a  post-village  of  Waushara  co.,  'Wiscon- 
sin, on  Vox  River,  about  80  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Madison.  It 
is  the  principal  shipping  point  in  the  county.  Laid  out  in 
IS^il.     It  contains  3  stores,  and  3  hotels. 

SACRAMENTO  CITY,a  port  of  entry  and  important  com- 
mercial town,  and  the  present  capital  of  California,  is  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  Sacramento  River,  a  little  below  the  mouth 
of  the  American  River,  in  the  midst  of  a  level  and  fertile 
country,  120  miles  by  Wiiter  N.E.  of  San  Francisco,  which  is 
about  75  wiles  distant  in  a  direct  line.  Lat.  38°  34'  N.,  Ion. 
121°  26'  W.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  the  street  nearest  the 
river  l)eing  called  Front  street,  the  next  Second,  and  so  on; 
tiiese  are  crossetl  by  others  at  right  angles,  distinguished 
by  tlie  letters  of  the  alphabet.  The  direction  of  the  latter 
IS  E.  and  W.  The  principal  places  of  business  are  near  the 
Sacramento  River,  between  First  and  Sixth  streets  and  be- 
tween H  and  L  streets.  The  houses  and  stores  in  this  part 
of  the  city  are  mostly  built  of  brick.  In  other  parts  the 
dwellings  are  generally  of  wood,  neatly  painted  and  adorned 
with  tine  gardens.  The  city  is  lighted  with  gas.  It  is  the 
second  city  in  the  state  in  respect  to  population  and  trade. 
Ab  a  centre  of  commerce,  Sacramento  City  possesses  great 
advantages.  It  is  accessible  for  steamers  and  sailing  ves- 
iels.  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  wnile  not  only  the  Sacra- 
mento River  itself,  but  its  important  atJluent,  the  Feather 
River,  b  navigaole  for  small  steamboats  far  above,  into  the 
mterlui  of  the  country.  These  advantages  a;ive  rendered 
this  town  the  principal  enuepot  lor  supplying  with  provi- 


SAD 

sions  the  great  mining  region  of  the  north.  The  foundations 
ot  a  new  capitol  wei-e  laid  about  1n03.  Since  the  flood  of 
1861-2.  which  caJised  gre^t  damage  here,  a  substiintial  levee 
has  been  constructed  around  the  city.  Sacramento  has  a 
graded  system  of  public  schools,  at  the  head  of  which  is  a 
liigh  school,  a  classical  school  for  boys,  a  seminary  for 
ladies,  and  1  public  library;  also  2  foundries.  Three  daily 
newspapers  are  published  here.  This  place  is  the  8.W.  top 
minus  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  (in  progress),  and  ot 
the  ."'acramento  Valley  Railroiul,  which  is  completed  to 
Folsom,  22  miles  from  which  point  another  road  is  opened 
to  Lincoln.  It  has  daily  communication  by  steamboat  with 
San  Francisco.  On  account  of  its  central  situation  the 
political  and  other  state  conventions  are  usually  held  here. 
The  estimated  value  of  real  and  personal  property  in  the 
city  is  about  $12,000,000.  Sacramento  City  was  founded  in 
the  «i)ring  of  1849,  the  central  part  of  the  town  being  about 
1  mile  below  Sutter's  Fort,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Ame- 
rican River,  belonging  to  the  settb^ment  formerly  known  as 
Nueva  Helvetia.  The  population  of  Sacramento,  in  1860, 
was  13.785;  in  1865  it  is  estimated  at  18.000. 

SACRIFTCIOS,  sikre-fee'se-oce,  a  small  island  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  3  miles  S.  of  Vera  Cruz,  celebmted  as  the 
place  of  sacrifice  xinder  the  ancient  Aztec  religion,  hence 
its  name.     It  has  .some  remains  of  temples,  &c. 

S.^CRIFICIOS.  a  small  green  island,  in  the  Pacific,  on 
the  W.  coast  of  Jlexico,  about  i  mile  long.  Lat.  16°  40'  N., 
Ion.  98°  6'  W. 

S.^C  (sawk)  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Ij,awrence  co..  and 
flowing  northward,  falls  into  the  Osage,  near  the  middle  of 
St.  Clair  county,  a  little  .above  Osceola.  The  East  Fork  rises 
in  (ireen  county,  and  enters  the  river  from  the  right  in 
Cedar  countv. 

SACRU^I  "FLUMEN.    See  Tvvignano. 

SACRUM  PROMONTORIUM.    See  Cape  St.  Vi.vcent. 

SACS  (pronounced,  and  often  written  S.\UKS)  and 
FOXES,  kindred  and  as.sociated  tribes  of  Indians,  formerly 
dwelling  in  the  8.  part  of  Iowa,  now  occupying  lands  in  the 
Indian  Territory. 

SACTON.  a  post-ofBceof  Clarke  co..  Illinois. 

SACUI,  SACUHI.  sa-koo-ee'.  or  SUS8UHI,  soos-soo-ee'.  a 
river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  after  a  S.H.  course 
of  about  250  miles  joins  the  Doce.  It  is  navigable  for  about 
200  miles. 

SADA.  si'dl  or  SAADEH,  .«a'dgh,  a  walled  town  of  Arabia, 
in  Yemen,  145  miles  N.  of  Sana. 

SADA,  si'da,  or  SANTA  MARIA  DE  SADA,  sin'tj  mi- 
ree'i  dA  sd'dj.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  8  miles  E.  of 
Corunna.  on  the  Bay  of  Betanzos.    Pop.  1912. 

SADABA,  sa-i>a'Bi,  orSADAVA.  sd-Dj'vi.  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Aragon.  province,  and  42  miles  N.W.  of  Saragossa,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Arvo. 

SADAO.  a  river  of  Portugal.    See  SAtDAO. 

SADAQUADA,  sadVkwa'da.  or  SAU'QUOIT,  a  creek  of 
Oneida  co.,  New  York,  enters  the  Mohawk  River  at  Whites- 
borough. 

SAD'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

S.^D^DLE,  an  island  of  South  America,  off  the  coast  of 
Terra  del  Fuego.     I^t.  5,5°  2:3'  50"  S.,  Ion.  68°  4'  30"  W. 

S.\D'DLE.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 

S.\D'DLEBACK,  a  mountain  in  Cumberland,  England, 
4i  miles  N.E.  of  Keswick.     Elevation,  2787  feet. 

SADDLEBACK,  an  island  in  Hudson  Strait,  in  British 
North  America. 

SAD'DLEHACK  MOUN/TAIN,  in  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 
Height,  about  4000  feet. 

SAD'DLEIIEAD,  is  the  N.  extremity  of  Achil  Island,  W. 
of  Ireland. 

SAD'DLE  ISLAND,  several  i.slets  of  the  China  Sea. 

SAD'DLE  MOUN'TAIN,  Massachusetts,  in  Berkshire  co., 
the  hiirhest  in  the  state,  has  an  elevation  of  about  3500  feet. 

S.^DDLE  PEAK,  a  mountain  of  Great  Andaman  Island, 
in  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

SADDLE  RIVER,  of  New  Jersey,  fells  into  the  Passaio 
in  Hudson  county. 

S.4DDLE  RIVER,  a  post-township  of  Bergen  co..  New 
Jersev.  on  the  left  side  of  the  Passaic  River,  about  70  miles 
N.E.  bv  N.  of  Trenton.     Pop.  1007. 

SADDLE'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co..  South 
Carolina. 

SAD'DLEWORTH.  an  extensive  chapelry  of  England.  cO. 
of  York,  West  Riding,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Huddersfield. ' 

SADDUKEEN,  sad-doo-k.\n'.  an  island  of  the  Sea  of  Bab- 
el-Mandeb.  in  West  Asia,  N.  of  Zeyla. 

SAD'LERSVILLE,  avillage  of  Queen  Anne  CO.,  Maryland. 

SADLERSVILLE,  a  post-office,  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee. 

SADO.  .si'do.  an  island  in  the  Sea  of  Japan,  W.  of  N$- 
phon.  Lat.38°20'N.,  Ion.  1.38°30'E.  Estimated  area.  720 
square  miles.    It  is  fertile,  populous,  and  produces  gold. 

S.\.DRAS.  s3-dr^s/,  a  maritime  town  of  India,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Palaur,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madras.  Lat.  12° 
31'  N..  Ion.  80°  14'  E.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the  Dutch, 
and  was  of  commercial  importance,  but  has  decayed. 

S.\.DREE.  s4'dree\a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  dominions, 
and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Odeypoor. 

1639 


SAD 

SADSBTTllT,  sadz'b?r-e.  a  post-township  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsvlvania,  about  19  miles  AV.  of  West  Cliester.   Pop.  2oS9. 

SADSBUKY,  a  township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Penusylvania, 
intersected  by  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal.    Pop.  1136. 

SADSBL'RY,  a  townsliip  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Intersected  by  the  Columbia  Railroad.    Pop.  1739. 

SAD.SBURYVILLE,  sadz'b^r-e-vir,  a  post-village  of  Chester 
00.,  Pennsylvania,  39  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia. 

SADSKA,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Sazka. 

S^BYE,  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Sabt. 

SAEED  or  SAID,  sdeed',  the  name  of  Upper  Egyptr  »"<!  i" 
the  time  of  the  historian,  Albulfeda,  was  applied  to  Egypt 
S.  of  Old  Cairo,  but  the  W.  half  of  the  region  is  now  called 
Vostani. 

SiEFVAR-AX,  sdf'vaR  Jn,  a  river  of  Sweden.  Isen  of  VmeA, 
after  a  S.E.  course  of  100  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
10  miles  E.  of  Umei. 

SAEGERSTOWN,  s4-ghers-town,  a  post-borough  of  Craw- 
ford CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  French  Creek,  and  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Greiit  Western  Railroad,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Meadville. 
It  is  rapidly  improving,  by  means  of  the  water-power  and 
navigation  of  French  Creek.    Pop.  352. 

SAEGERSVILLE,  s.Vghfrs-vil,  a  posfc-village  of  Lehigh  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Jordan  Creek,  69  miles  N.N.W.  of  Philar 
delphia. 

S.\ELICES,  si-A-iee'thJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
31  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  2010. 

S.t;TABIS  or  SETABIS.    See  Sax  Felipe  de  .Tativa. 

S.J:TER,  SATEK,  (Sater.)  S.ETIIEU  or  BATHER.  (PS- 
•  ther,)  si'tgr.  a  town  of  North  Sweden,  laen.  and  18  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Falun.     Pop.  572. 

SAFAKES.  a  seaport  town  of  Tvinis.     See  Sfax. 

SAFED.  sl-fM'.  SAFET.  si-f?!'.  or  SAFAD.  (une.Ja'pJia,) 
a  town  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  12  milaf  N.N.W.  of 
Tabareeyah.  It  was  lately  a  thriving  town  of  SOOO  or  9000 
inhabitant.s,  on  the  declivity  of  a  st«ep  hill,  crowned  by  a 
Gothic  castle,  but  it  was  wholly  ruined  by  an  airthquake. 
January  1,  1837,  which  destroved  5000  of  its  population. 

SAFE  HAR'BOR,  a  post-viilage  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Susquehanna,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Lancaster. 
Here  are  e.xtensive  iron  furnaces  and  rolling  mills,  produc- 
ing railroad  iron.    Pop.  920. 

SAFET,  a  town  of  Palestine.    See  Safed. 

SAFFEE.  SAFFl,  sdtVfeeN  AZAFFI,  d^zdrfee',  or  ASFI.  ^s'- 
fee\  (anc.  Sofia .')  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  North  Africa, 
orovinee.  and  107  miles  N.W.  of  Morocco.  Lat.  32°  20'  N.. 
ion.  9°  12'  W.  Pop.  12.000,  including  about  3000  Jews.  It 
is  situated  in  a  sterile  ravine,  enclosed  by  massive  walls, 
and  it  has  a  palace,  aud  near  it  a  small  fort.  Its  roadstead 
is  salt)  only  in  summer.  It  belonged  to  the  Portuguese  from 
1508  till  1641,  and  was  formerly  an  emporium  for  the  trade 
with  Europe,  but  it  declined  with  the  rise  of  Moa.idore. 

SAFFELAERE.  sdrfa-ldVeh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Kast  Flanders,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Ghent.  Pop.  of  the 
parish.  2ii50. 

SAFF'KON-WAiyDEN,  a  municipal  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  24  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Chelmsford,  and  2  miles  from  the  Newport  st:\tion  of  the 
Northern  and  iiistera  Counties  Railway.  Pop.  of  the 
borough  in  1851,  6911.  It  is  built  around  the  foot  of  a 
tongue  of  land,  on  which  is  the  church,  a  conspicuous  and 
handsome  edifice,  containing  a  fine  altar-piece.  The  town 
is  neat,  and  has  a  spacious  market-place,  a  good  town-hall, 
a  gi-ammar  school,  with  an  exhibition  to  Queen's  OiUege, 
Cambridge,  numerous  charities,  some  commerce  in  malt, 
barley,  and  cjittle,  and  an  extensive  retail  trade.  Saffron 
was  formerly  raised  in  large  quantities  near  it,  whence  its 
name.     Near  it  are  the  remains  of  a  castle. 

SAGA,  sd'gi,  a  town  of  .Tapan,  in  the  island  of  Kioo-Sioo, 
atpital  of  the  province  of  Fizen.  and  the  most  important 
town  in  the  island.  Lat.  33°  15'  N.,  lou.  130°  18'  E.  The 
town  is  traversed  by  many  brooks,  and  a  considerable 
number  of  channels;  the  principal  of  the  latter,  that  of 
Sentonofutsi,  is  nearly  .50  miles  long,  and  uniting  the  Gulf 
of  Simabara  with  the  Northern  Sea,  is  of  great  importance 
to  the  inland  commerce  of  Kioo-Sioo,  of  which  Saga  is  the 
centre. 

SAGALIX.  an  i.sland  of  Asia.    See  Saghalibs. 

SAGAN,  si'gdn,  or  ZEG.\.\.  ts.Vgin.  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  48  miles  N.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Bober,  and  on  the  railway  from  Berlin  to  Glogau.  Pop. 
66tt6.  It  is  enclosed  by  doubje  walls,  and  has  a  castle,  a 
gymnasium.  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  schools,  three 
hospitals,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics, 
printiid  cottons,  sealing-wax,  and  glass  wares;  trade  in  corn 
and  cattle.  The  Prussians  were  defeiited  here  by  the  Rus- 
sians iu  1759. 

S.\G.\.liD,  sd'giat,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania.  on 


SAG  11  ALIEN,  sd-gd-lee'sn,  SAGHALIN,  SAG.VLIN, sigd- 
lOW  * 


SAG 

leen',  T.4RAKAI.  or  TARRAKAT,  ti-rikP,  written  also 
S.iKIIALIEN,  a  long  and  narrow  island  o(I  the  E.  coast  of 
Asia,  between  hat.  46°  and  54°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  141°  50'  and 
144°  E.,  separated  fropa  the  mainland  by  f  heGulfs  of  Tartary 
and  Siighalin,  and  S.  from  Yes.so  by  the  Strait  of  La  Perouse; 
its  N.  part  belongs  to  the  Chinese,  and  the  S.  to  the  Japanese. 
Estimated  area,  47,5iX)  square  miles.  The  surface  in  the  S. 
is  mountainous,  in  the  N.  level  and  sandy.  Imt  its  intei  ior  iil 
little  known.     Its  inhabitants  sut)sist  mostly  by  rishing 

S.iGILA.LIEN-OOLA,  sd-gdlee'fn  oo/la,  or  SAGHALIN- 
OOLA,  sd-gd-leen'  oo'li,  a  town  of  Mantchooria,  generally 
considered  its  capital,  on  the  Anioor;  lat.  50°  n!.  Ion.  127° 
E.  It  is  stated  to  be  rich  and  populous,  and  to  hav«  a  large 
trade  in  furs,  but  has  not  been  visited  by  Euiooenn.s. 

SAGHALIEN  (or  S.A.GIIALIN)  RIVER.     See  Am.mr.' 

SAG  HAR/BOR,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Suffolk 
CO.,  New  York,  is  situated  in  Southampton  township,  and 
on  a  small  bay  which  communicates  with  Gardiner's  and 
Great  Peconic  B.ays,  about  100  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  York. 
It  contains  4  or  6  churches,  a  bank,  a  savings  bank,  and  an 
academy.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  trade 
and  in  the  whale  fishery.  The  shipping  of  this  port,  Decem- 
ber, 1864,  amounted  to  1882  tons  registered,  and  1716  en- 
rolled and  licensed — total,  359S,  of  which  1S29  were  em- 
ployed in  the  whale  fishery,  and  1768  in  the  coasting  trade. 
There  is  a  steam  cotton  factory,  a  steam  sugar-mill,  and  a 
hosiery  factory.    Estimated  population  2500. 

SAGIIIPOLY,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  IpiUYSAgh. 

S.VGHUNY.  a  river  of  Canada  East.    See  Saguexat. 

SAGHUR,  sd-gUW,  a  town  of  Hiudostan,  in  Bundelcund, 
33  miles  S.E.  of  Teary. 

S.\G'INAW,  a  river  of  Michigan,  is  formed  in  the  county 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  the  state,  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Flint  and  Shiawassee.  It  Hows  nearly  N., 
and  empties  itself  into  the  head  of  Saginaw  Bay.  "  Its 
branches  and  tribuLiries,  flowing  from  all  the  cardinal 
points,  drain  a  large  portion  of  the  peninsula.  The  main 
stream  is  about  30  miles  long,  and  its  depth  varies  from  25 
to  30  feet.  Large  steamers  ascend  this  river  from  the  lak« 
to  Saginaw  City,  24  miles  from  i(s  mouth. 

SAGINAW,  a_ county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  about  5 
miles  from  the 'bay  of  its  own  mime,  contains  about  SCO 
square  miles.  It  is  traver.sed  by  the  Saginaw  and  its 
branches,  the  Flint  and  Shiawassee  Rivers.  It  is  also 
drained  by  the  Cass,  Tittibawassee,  and  Mishtegayoc  Rivers, 
and  by  Beaverdam  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  level 
and  undulating;  the  soil  is  a  dark  sandy  loam,  nearly  2  feet 
deep.  Pine  lumber  and  fish  are  the  principal  exports.  Wate*-- 
power  is  abundant,  and  the  Saginaw  River  is  navigable  for 
large  steamboats.    Capital,  Saginaw  City.    Pop.  12,693. 

S.\GINAW,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Saginaw  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.,  excluding  Saginaw  City,  879. 

S.\G  INAW  B.\.Y,  of  Lake  Huron,  the  la'rgest  body  of  water 
which  indents  the  peninsula  of  Miihigan,  is  .situated  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  state.  It  is  about  60  miles  in  length  and  30 
in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  affords  good  navigation  and 
safe  harbors  for  large  vessels. 

SAGINAW  CITY,  of  Michigan,  capital  of  the  county  of 
this  name,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  Saginaw  River.  22  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  about  100  by  railroad,  N.N.W.  of  De- 
troit. It  is  elevated  about  30  feet  above  the  water,  and 
commands  a  beautiful  prospect  of  the  river.  It  contains  6 
churches  and  1  bank.  The  river  is  navigable  for  vessels 
drawing  10  feet  of  water.  The  four  branches  of  this  river, 
which  unite  4  miles  above  Saginaw,  converge  tow;irds  this 
place  from  all  the  cardinal  points,  and  afford  intercourse  by 
boats  with  a  large  portion  of  the  state.  A  newspaper  is 
published  here.  Siilt  and  lumber  are  largely  exported. 
Pop.  in  1860, 1699 ;  in  1865,  about  3500. 

SAGLI.\.NO,  sdl-yd'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  province  of  Biella.    Pop.  1801. 

SA'GO,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 

SAGOAREMA,  sd-go-d-rA/md,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  45  miles  E.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the 
lagoon  of  Sagoarema. 

SAGONE.  sah-g5n',  a  post-office  of  Dupatte  co.,  Illinois. 

SAGOONOOI,  SAGOUNOUI,  sd-goo-noo'ee.  written  also 
SAGUNY,  sd-gcx/nee,  a  market-town  of  Rus.sia.  government 
of  Voronezh,  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Pavlov.sk.     Top.  1000. 

S.-VGOR.  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal.    See  Saugl'r. 

S.\GRES,  sd/gri^s,  a  small  fortified  seaport  town  of  Por- 
tugal, province  of  Algarves,  on  a  peninsula  of  the  S.  coast, 
4  miles  S.E.  of  Cape  St.  Vincent.  It  was  founded  in  1410  by 
the  crtlebrated  Prince  Henriquez  of  Portugal,  who  here 
established  a  school  of  navigation,  aud  fitted  out  discovery 
expeditions. 

SAGRCS.    See  Sanoro. 

SAGUA  LA  GRANDE,  .sd/gwd  (almost  sd'wd)  Id  grdn'd.i  a 
river  of  Cuba,  emptying  ifself  into  the  sea  on  the  N  coast 
of  the  island.     It  is  navigable  for  schooners  near  20  miles. 

SAGUA  LA  GRANDE.'sd'gwd  or  sd'wd  Id  grdii'd.i  a  thriv- 
ing town  of  Cuba,  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on 
the  above  river.     Pop.  atout  2000. 

SAGUENAY,  sdg'a'nA',  written  sometimes  SAGHUXY.  a 
large  river  of  Canada  East,  and  one  of  the  principal  tributaries 


SAG 


SAI 


of  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  estuary  of  which  it  enters  120  miles 
N.E.  of  Quebec,  in  lat.  4S°  6'  N.,  Ion.  69°  3S'  W..  and  into 
wliich  it  brings  the  surplus  waters  of  Lake  ?t.  John.  Total 
course,  100  miles.  The  Saguenay  is  remarkable  even  among 
American  rivers  for  its  wild  and  picturesque  scenery.  (See 
Canada,  page  350.)  It  flows  between  precipitous  heights, 
and  in  its  upper  part  forms  numerous  cataracts,  and  is  fre- 
quently from  2  to  3  miles  across.  In  its  lower  part  it  is  less 
wide,  but  very  deep;  and  large  ships  ascend  it  more  than  fiO 
miles,  to  load  with  deals  and  timtser  from  the  few  settlements 
along  its  banks. 

SAGUENAY,  a  county  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Canada 
East.  Area.  75,000  square  miles.  The  St.  Lawrence  forms  its 
b.E.  boundary.    Capital,  Elx)ulemen8.     Pop.  in  1852,  20,783. 

SAGUNTUM.    See  Murviedro. 

SAUUNY,  a  market-town  of  Russia.    See  Saooonooi. 

SAGUR,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Sauocr. 

S.\(iY,  si'zhee',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Loire,  arrondissement  of  Louhaus.     Pop.  2649. 

SAIIAGUN,  s3-i-goon',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  31 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Leon,  with  2312  inhabitants,  the  remains  of 
a  castle,  and  other  fortifications,  and  a  famous  Benedictine 
abbey,  in  which  are  the  tombs  of  Alphonso  VI.  and  his  five 
wives.  It  has  many  mills,  and  manufactures  of  woollens 
and  linens. 

SAHAMA,  NEVADO  DE,  ni-vl/do  di  sl-hi'ml.  a  moun- 
tiiin  of  the  Andes,  in  Peru;  lat.  18°  7'  S.,  Ion.  68°  62'  W. 
Height,  22.350  feet. 

SA'riAM-TO'NY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SAHAKA,  si-hiffi.  or  s^'ha-r^.  or  ZAIIAKA,  zS-hil'ri 
(more  corroi'tly  S.\HRA  or  SAflllllA,  sjh'h'rd.)  called  also 
the  GREAT  DESKRT,  (Fr.  Cfratul  Dinert.  grfi.N"  dA'zaiR'; 
Ger.  Die.  Witsfe,  dee  ^iis'teh,  i.  e.  "  the  desert;"  L.  Dfser'tum 
Mag'niim,)  a  vast  region  of  North-east  Africa,  extending  from 
the  Atlantic  coast  on  the  W.  to  the  valley  of  the  Nile  on  the 
E.,  between  15°  and  35°  X.  lat..  and  1.5°  W.  and  36°  E.  Ion. 
Length  from  E.  to  W.,  about  3000  miles ;  average  bre<idth, 
about  900  miles,.  Area,  2.700,000~square  miles.  The  limits 
of  the  Groat  Desert  towards  the  N.  and  S.  do  not  admit  of 
being  fixed  with  precision.  On  the  E.  it  commences  at  the 
Libyan  Hills,  which,  in  Egypt,  confine  the  valley  of  the  Nile 
on  the  W.  On  the  S.,  its  natural  boundary  depends  on  the 
extension  northwiird  of  the  rains,  the  lineof  which,  taken  col- 
lectively, may  be  said  to  lie  in  lat,  17°  N.  But  there  are 
many  circumstances  of  local  configuration,  which  affect  both 
the  extension  of  the  rains,  and  their  influence  on  the  cha- 
racter of  the  adjacent  country.  In  general,  the  Sahara  has 
on  the  S.  a  broad  seam  of  country,  too  dry  for  cultivation,  yet 
abounding  in  excellent  pasturage  for  several  months  in  the 
year,  witii  sufficiency  of  water  In  wells,  and  occasionally 
trees,  chiefly  mimosas  and  the  doum-palm.  (Cacifera  T/ie- 
baica.)  The  de.sert  of  Bahiyuda,  adjoining  the  Nile,  W.  of 
Meroe,  is  of  this  description,  resembling  a  rich  park  at  one 
season  of  the  year,  (about  midsummer,)  while  at  another  it 
is  little  better  than  an  artd  and  desolate  waste.  Such,  also, 
seem  to  bo  the  N.  districts  of  Darfoor  and  Waday.  On  tlie 
frontiers  of  Bornoo,  also,  and  of  lIouss,a,  the  valley  of  Kaw- 
war,  and  the  country  named  Asben,  of  which  Agadez  is  the 
capital,  partake  at  once  of  the  characters  of  desert  and  of 
oasis,  or  interspersed  fertile  land.  B'arther  W.,  the  desert 
seems  to  reach  S.  to  the  banks  of  the  Isa.  or  river  of  Timbuc- 
too.  The  town  of  Timbuctoo,  about  S  miles  from  the  river. 
Is  surroundeil  by  desert.  But  at  a  distance  of  a  few  days' 
journey  to  the  N.E.  and  N.  are  the  oases  of  Mabi-ook  and 
Arawan.  which  seem,  however,  to  be  of  the  poorest  descrip- 
tion. Farther  VV.  lies  Taudeny,whence  rock-salt  is  obtained. 
Teghaza,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  saltmines,  is  situated 
farther  N.,  on  the  road  to  Tafilelt.  Not  far  from  Taudeny, 
probiibly  to  the  S.W.,  is  Wal4ta  or  (in  the  plurall  Iwalftteu, 
one  of  the  chief  oases  of  the  W.  desert.  S.VV.  of  VVal4ta  are 
Tisheet  and  Taghaut,  the  latter  hut  .seven  days  from  Kaarta: 
thence  the  gum-tree  forests  extend  W.  along  the  right  bank 
of  the  Senegal;  but  towards  the  seaside  sterility  predomi- 
nates, and  (he  bare  sandy  desert  spreads  S.  of  the  Senegal, 
even  beyond  Cape  Verd.  The  N.  limit  of  the  Sahara  is  still 
more  irregular  than  the  S.  Wady  Noon  may  be  assumed  to 
be  its  commencement  on  the  W..  whence  its  general  direc- 
tion is  nearly  on  the  same  parallel,  approaching  the  Medi- 
teranean  as  it  extends  E..  till  on  the  Gulf  of  Sidra  it  reaches 
the  margin  of  the  sea.  The  oases  of  the  Tooat,  Fezzan,  and 
Seewah.  (Siwah.)  are  near  or  on  the  N.  limit. 

The  S.-ihara  is  traversed  in  many  directions  by  caravan 
routes;  travellers  on  which  undergo  the  most  intense  suf- 
feiings  from  thirst,  and  from  exposure  to  the  Simoon,  or 
hot  dry  wind  from  the  S.  and  E..  which  usually  lasts  from 
10  to  12  hours:  during  its  continuance  the  air  is  impreg- 
nated with  fine  sand,  and  the  sun  is  barely  perceptible. 
Rain  appears  to  fall  in  torrents  at  intervals  of  5,  10,  or  20 
years.  In  summer,  the  he.at  during  the  day  is  excessive,  but 
the  nights  are  freijuently  cold :  in  winter  the  temperature  is 
sometimes  considerably  below  the  freezing  point.  Ice  has 
been  found  in  Fejfzan.  and  also  on  the  Nile,  in  Upper  Egypt. 

Gfolog;/. — The  Great  Desert  may  be  generally  described  as 
an  elevated  tableland  covered  with  large  blocks  of  stone, 
hard  baked  earth,  gravel,  or  loose  sand ;  in  many  places  it 


is  incrusted  with  salt.  Granite  seems  to  he  the  rocl 
which  most  frequently  breaks  through  the  sandstone  cover 
ing  of  the  waste.  Towards  Egypt,  limestone  comes  into 
view.  The  Tripolitan  Ilamada  is  divided  from  E.  to  \\ .  by 
a  volcanic  line,  marked  by  at  least  one  well-preserved  crater, 
Tooggoort  (Tuggurt.)  Connected  with  this  system,  are  the 
numerous  hot  springs,  which  issue  forth  copiously  in  many 
places  towards  the  interior,  particularly  at  Ghat.  (Ion.  lO'^ 
30'  E..)  and  spread  luxuriance  around  them.  Ferruginouf 
sandstone  is  common,  and  many  rocky  sp<its.  chiefly  in  thf 
VV.  desert.  S.  of  Wady  Noon,  are  said  to  contain  iron.  Cop- 
per was  once  obtained  in  abundance  from  the  hills  N.  of 
Agadez;  but  at  present  the  only  minenil  which  incre.ise.» 
the  re.sources  of  the  Sahara,  is  salt,  excavated  at  Taudeny, 
on  the  route  from  Timbuctoo  to  Wady  Noon,  and  at  Bilna.  in 
the  country  of  the  Tibboos.  E.  of  the  route  from  Bornoo  to 
Tripoli. 

The  barrenness  of  Sahara  is  obviou.sly  owing  to  the  almost 
total  absence  of  rain;  for  undoubtedly  if  rain  fell  abundantly 
even  on  those  parts  that  consist  wholly  of  sand,  without 
any  fertilizing  ingredient,  some  species  of  plants  woulo 
spring  up.  and  by  their  decay,  would  in  the  course  of  year* 
cover  the  surface  with  a  vegetable  mould. 

ZotiUifpi  and  Vegrtntion. — In  the  desert,  properly  .so  called, 
there  is  little  of  animal  or  of  vegetable  lite.  The  large  ani- 
mals which  characterize  South  Africa  are  here  wholly  want- 
ing. A  few  species  of  antelopes  are  met  with  in  favored 
spots.  The  lion  avoids  the  parched  country.  Lizards.  jer» 
boas,  and  serpents  of  many  kinds,  retain  undisturbed  pos- 
session of  the  burning  sands.  The  land-tortJjise,  of  great 
size,  is  .said  to  be  common  towards  the  S.,  where  1)ushes 
grow;  there  the  arak.  or  Salreddra  J\.rsica,  generally  pre- 
vails. Prickly  sainfoin,  with  other  tough  and  humble 
plants,  are  comprehended  under  the  Arab  name  of  lui.iliisli, 
or  herbage.  As  the  country  improves,  the  Acacia  ferru- 
ginea  appears;  then  the  talha.  (Acacia  Arahica.)  anA  other 
trees,  till  the  doum  and  date-palms  mark  the  limits  of  the 
desert.  Yet  the  date-palm  itself  usually  tlirives  best  be- 
yond the  limit  of  the  rains.  In  Fezzan  and  other  tracts, 
where  the  date-groves  constitute  the  wealth  of  the  inha- 
bitants, heavy  rains  often  prove  fatal  to  tho  trees,  by  dis- 
solving .and  carrying  to  their  roots  the  salt  formed  ou  the 
surface  of  the  ground. 

S.MIAHUNPOOR.  District  of,  India.    See  Seharunpoob. 

SAI,  si,  a  large  town  of  Senegambia,  state  of  Bambarra, 
on  the  Joliba,  between  Sego  and  Yamina. 

SAIANSK,  si-insk/,  or  SAYAN8KIE.  sI-an'ske-A.  a  forti- 
fied post  of  Silx»ria.  government  of  Yenisei.sk,  on  the  Yeni- 
sei. 70  miles  S.  of  Abakansk.  About  90  miles  farther  S.  are 
the  Saiunsk  Mountains,  forming  a  part  of  the  frontier  be- 
tween the  Russian  and  Chine.se  Empires. 

S.MD,  the  name  of  Upper  Egypt.     See  Saeed. 

S.\IDA  or  SAYDA,  si'di,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Leipsic.  17  miles  8.S.E.  of  Freiberg.    Pop.  1166. 

S.4IDA.  sl'di,  (Fr.  Siirde,  sid;  anc.  Si'don,)  a  maritime 
town  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Acre,  on  the  N.  side  of  a  steep 
promontory,  extending  into  the  Mediterranean,  lat.  3;i°  'iV 
N..  Ion.  35°  21'  E.,  18  miles  S.  of  Beyroot.  Pop.  6000.  prin- 
cipally Mohammedans  and  Greeks.  It  is  badly  laid  out 
but  it  contains  many  good  houses,  several  large  inns,  and 
well-supplied  hazaars,  and  its  vicinity  abounds  with  orchards 
and  plantations.  It  is  defended  by  a  castle,  built  in  the 
time  of  the  Crusades,  and  its  peninsular  side  is  shut  off  from 
the  mainland  bj'  walls  kept  in  repair.  Its  harbor  was,  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  rendered  unfit  for  any  but  .small  vessels, 
and  its  commerce  h.as  declined  commensurately  with  the 
rise  of  Beyroot;  yet  it  has  still  .some  trade  in  .silk,  fruit, 
oil.  and  gall-nuts.  The  original  city  of  Sidon,  some  traces 
of  which  are  supposed  to  exist  aliout  2  miles  inland,  was  a 
city  of  the  highest  antiquity,  and  is  called  the  -'great  Zidon" 
in  .Joshua,  and  is  mentioned  by  Homer.  It  was  subsequently 
eclipsed  in  importance  by  Tyre;  but  it  remained  a  place  of 
consequence  long  after  the  Christian  era. 

SAIF.  a  village  of  Arabia.     See  Fartash. 

SAIGHTON,  si'ton,  or  .SAUGUTON-on-the-IIILL,  a  town- 
ship of  England,  co,  of  Chester. 

SAI-GON.  si-2on'.  or  SAl-GUN,  si-gtln',  called  by  the  na- 
tives LOOKNOOEE  or  LOUKNOUI.  look'noo'ee'.  &.e..  a  city 
and  river-port  of  Anam,  in  Farther  India,  capital  and  chief 
commercial  emporium  of  its  S.  province  of  Tsiampa.  on  the 
river  of  Sai-gon,  36  miles  from  the  China  Sea.  Lat.  10°  47'  N., 
Ion.  106°  45'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  180,000,  including  many 
Chinese.  It  consists  of  two  towns,  connected  by  a-straggling 
suburb;  Pingeh.  with  the  citadel,  is  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Sai-gon  ;  the  commercial  town  is  on  a  tributary  stream,  navi- 
gable for  large  boats.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  intersected 
l>y  canals,  some  of  which  are  lined  with  quays  of  stone  and 
brickwoik.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  earth,  of  one  story, 
and  thatched  with  palm-leaves.  The  citadel,  fortified  in  a 
European  fashion,  contains  barracks,  officers'  quarters,  and 
the  governors  residence.  Sai-gon  has  a  naval  yard  and 
arsenal,  where  some  good  junks  have  been  built,  a  royal 
palace,  and  large  rice  magazines.  It  communicates  «ith  the 
Me-kong  (Cambodia)  by  a  canal  23  miles  in  length,  and  ha? 
a  foreign  trade,  chiefly  with  Siam  and  China.    The  markets 

1641 


SAI 


SAI; 


are  well  supplied  with  provisions,  especially  fish,  and  the 
en\  ire  lb'  aru  I'artile  and  Ciiret'ully  cultivated. 

SAI  JUIl.  tiMiur',  a  tawu  and  stron);  fortress  of  Hindostan, 
(JoDiiD  ons.  and  about  68  miles  from  Jeypoor. 

S.VIl/AUK,  (si'lOwf.)  (MiTTKL,  mit/tel,  Ober,  o'ber,  and 
Unier,  oon't^r.)  three  contiffuous  villasres  of  Bavaria,  in 
Lower  Francouia,  near  Aschaifenburg.     Pop.  1008. 

SAIL  CllEKK.  a  post-oftice  of  Hamilton  co..  Tennessee. 

SAILIM,  srieem/,  or  SAGE  HAM,  si-si-rim',  a  town  of 
Chinese  Toorkistan.  province  of  Khoten.     Pop.  2000. 

SAILliANS,  si'ydx'^'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Drume,  21  miles  S.E.  of  Valence,  on  the  Drome. 
Pop.  1943. 

SAI  LOOR,  sl-lopr',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan,  Nizam's 
doininion.s,  o5  miles  N.X.E.  of  Aurunt?abad. 

SAllVOK'S  REST,  a  postolfice  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

SAIMA  (sl'md)  LAKE,  the  largest  lake  of  Finland,  Iren, 
and  30  miles  N.W.  of  Viborg,  its  centre  being  about  lat. 
61°  20'  N.,  Ion.  '2H°  E.  Its  shape  is  very  irregular.  Length 
from  N.  to  S.,  45  miles ;  gieat^ist  breadth.  30  miles.  It  con- 
tains many  islands,  is  connected  N.  with  numerous  other 
lakes,  and  discharges  its  surplus  waters  on  the  S.E.  by  the 
Woxen,  into  Lake  Ladoga. 

SAIXGIIIX-EN-MELAN'TOIS,  siN^'gAx"'  Sn"  meh-ldN"^- 
twi/,  a  village  of  Franco,  department  of  Nord,  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Lille.    Pop.  1  ('46. 

SAI.\GIIIN-EN-\VEPPES,  sLvo^g^.v'  6x0  vjpp,  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Nord,  arrondissemeut  of  Lille. 
Pop.  2000. 

SAIN-KALEII,  sin-klOfh,  written  al.so  SIENKULLAII, 
a  village  of  North  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  near  the 
junction  of  two  branches  of  the  Jaghatoo,  92  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Tabreez,  at  the  foot  of  an  artificial  mound  of  high  antiquity, 
crowned  by  a  strong  modern  fort. 

SAINS,  rKs".  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  19 
miles  N.  of  Laon.     Pop.  in  1852.  2505. 

SAIN'S,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Somme,  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Amiens.     Pop.  850. 

SAINSK  or  ZAINSK,  zlnsk.  a  fortified  town  of  Russia, 
gOTernment  of  Orenboorg,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Meuzelinsk,  on 
the  Sai  or  Zai.     Pop.  1600. 

X®"  It  is  important  to  observe,  that  in  accordance  with 
the  general  plan  adopted  in  this  work,  all  European  names — 
except  those  of  a  comparatively  few  well-known  places  that 
have  acquired  an  established  English  spelling  and  pronun- 
ciation— arc  given  as  they  are  written  in  the  language  of  the 
respective  countries  to  which  they  belong,  those  of  Russia 
and  Turkey  only  being  excepted  for  reasons  elsewhere  given. 
(See  Introduction,  XI;  page  14;  also,  the  remarks  under 
"  Russia,"  page  21.)  Accordingly,  names  with  the  prefix  of 
Saint  before  a  feminine  name  in  France  or  the  French 
colonies,  should  be  written  Sainte,  the  final  e  of  this  prefix 
being  taken  into  account  in  the  alphabetical  arrangement 
precisely  as  if  it  were  a  part  of  the  name  itself.  Thus  S.iinte- 
Akne  and  Sainte-Croix,  &c.,  as  well  as  Saint-Etienne,  (St. 
Stephen,)  would  come  between  Saint  Dunstan  and  Saint 
Florext.  Names  with  this  prefix  in  Germany,  should  be 
given  under  Sanct  ;  those  of  Spani.sh  and  Italian,  if  mascu- 
line, for  the  most  part  under  San,  if  feminine  under  Santa; 
Portuguese,  S.AO  (Santo  before  a  name  beginning  with  a 
vowel,  as  Santo  Antonio;)  feminine,  Santa.  Masculine 
names,  however,  in  Italian  beginning  with  a  vowel,  hava 
Sant',  as  Sant'  Andrea,  Sant'  Onofrio.  In  a  few  instances 
Santo  is  employed  as  a  prefix  to  SpauLsh  masculine  names, 
as  Santo  Dominoo.  Santo  Tomas;  the  former,  however,  will 
be  found  under  its  usual  English  spelling,  San  Domingo. 
Dutch  names  have  either  Sanct  or  Sant,  but  more  usually 
the  latter.     Hungarian  names  have  Szent. 

SAINT-AKFRIQUK,  sixt  drfreek',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  -Avevron,  on  the  Sorgue.  29  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ro- 
dez.     Pop.  in  1852,  0618. 

SAINT  AGNES,  .sent  ag'niz.  the  southernmost  of  the 
S<'.illy  Islands,  on  the  coast,  and  included  in  the  co.  of  Corn- 
wall :  lat.  49°  53'  6"  N .,  Ion.  6°  20'  7"  W.  On  one  of  the  loftiest 
hills  .1  light-house  was  erected  in  1680. 

S.AINT  AG'N  KS,  a  parish  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall, on  the  Bristol  (Channel,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Truro.  The 
harbor  can  only  be  entered  at  high  water.  Opie,  the  painter, 
was  born  here  In  1761.  St.  Agnes'  Beacon,  in  the  vicinity, 
rises  to  the  height  of  664  feet. 

SAINT-AIGNAN,  sSxt  An'yftNo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loir-et-Cher,  22  miles  S.  of  Blois,  on  the  Cher,  with 
manufactures  of  cloth.   Pop.  in  1S52,  2434 

8AINT-AIGNAN-SUR-R0E,  s^Nt  AuVSn"'  sUb  ro^A/,  a 
town  of  France,  department,  and  38  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mayenne. 
Pop.  674. 

SAINTA1M£.  s^Nt  i'mA/,  a  post-village  and  parish  of 
touada  East,  co.  of  Richelieu,  50  mUes  N.E.  of  Montreal 
1642 


The  village  contains  several  chui  ches,  stores,  and   mills- 
Pop,  of  the  parish,  3-iOO. 

S.AINT-ALBAN,  sixt  irbfixo',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  E.S.E.  of  Alby.     Pop.  700. 

SAINT-ALB.AN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Nord.     Pop.  1370. 

SAINT-ALBAN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isdre. 
Pop.  1050. 

SAINT-ALBAN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loz^ra 
Pop.  in  1852,  2249. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S,  sgnt  awl'banz,  a  borough  and  town  of 
England,  co.  of  Hertford.  10  miles  N.W.  of  Loudon.  65  miles 
N.E.  of  the  Watford  station  of  the  London  and  Birmingham 
Railway.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  in  1851,  7000.  The  liorough 
comprises  the  site  of  the  ancient  town  of  Verulamium, 
{Ourolanion  of  Ptolemy.)  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by 
the  Britons  before  Loudon.  In  the  vicinity  was  an  aucierit 
abbey  of  Benedictines. 

SAINT  AL'BAN'S,ap<ist-townshipof  Somerset  CO.,  Maine, 
about  50  miles  N,E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1808. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  town- 
ship, seat  of  justice  of  Franklin  co.,  Vernion  t,  on  the  Ver- 
mont Central  Railroad,  about  3  miles  E.  of  Lake  CJhamplain, 
and  24  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Burlington.  The  village  has  an 
elevated  and  pleasant  situation,  with  a  handsome  public 
square  in  the  centre.  It  contains,  besides  the  county 
hidldings,  3  or  4  churches,  2  banks,  an  academy,  and  2  news- 
paper officers.     Pop.  3637. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S,  a  township  in  the  W.  central  part  of 
Licking  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1381. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois, 
100  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S  BAY,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  eo., 
Vermont,  on  Lake  Champlain,  about  24  miles  N.  of  Bur- 
lington. It  has  a  good  wharf,  and  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able trade. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S  HEAD,  a  conspicuous  promontory  of 
England,  on  the  coast  of  Dorsetshire,  parish  of  Worth-Ma- 
travers.  Summit.  441  feet  above  sea-level,  with  ruins  of  a 
chapel  of  the  twelfth  century  on  the  top.  Sometimes  called 
Si.  Adhelm's  Head.    L;it.  50=^  N.,  Ion.  2°  10'  W. 

SAINT  Al/LEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAlNT-ALfHONSE.  sLxt  arf6.Nz',  a  village  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Leinster,  46  miles  N.W.  of  Jlontreal. 

SAINT- AMAND,  sjnt  i'mind',  (Fr.  pron.  siNt  i'mbyo',)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Cher,  20  miles  S.S.E,  of 
Bourges,  on  the  Cher,  at  the  mouth  of  the  -Marmande,  Pop. 
in  1852,  8232,  It  has  a  communal  college,  tauneries,  aud 
extensive  commerce  in  wood,  iron,  and  wool. 

SAINT-A.MAND,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Vienne,  arrondis.sement  of  Bellae,     Pop.  1300. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
et-Garonne,  arrondissemeut  of  Agen.     Pop.  1500. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nifivre, 
arrondissemeut  of  Cosne.     Pop.  1200. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-Dome,  arrondissemeut  of  Ambert.     Pop.  1500. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Deux- 
S6vres,  arrondissement  of  Bressuire.     Pop.  1500. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Dome,  arrondissemeut  of  Clermont.    Pop.  1500. 

SAINT-AMAND  or  SAINT-AMAND-LES-EAUX.  s^Nt 
d*m6x»'  liz  6',  (anc.  Amandfipolis^}  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
mentof  Nord,  6miles  N.N.W.of  Valenciennes. on  theScarpe. 
Pop.  in  1862. 9527.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and  is  much 
frequented  for  its  thermal  baths.  It  is  the  centre  of  the 
cultivation  of  flax  for  the  manutiicture  of  cambrics,  with  an 
active  industry,  manufactures  of  woollens,  cottons,  linseed- 
oil,  soap,  leather,  and  porcelain,  and  fine  ruins  of  an  ancient 
Benedictine  abbey. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Manche,  arrondissement  of  St.  L6.     Pop  1400. 

SAINT-AMAND,  a  village  of  France,  department  ofMarne, 
arrondissement  of  Vitry-le-Fran^ais.     Pop.  1250. 

SAINT-AMAND  BRUILLE,  sKx^-i.'m&y''  briiVel',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Nord,  arrondissemeut  of  Valon- 
cienues.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-AMANDIN,  sSxt  a'm8N«MiN"'.  a  vill-ige  of  France, 
department  of  Caht;»l.  arrondi.s.sement  of  Murat.     Pop.  ItftX 

SAINT-AMANS,  s^Nt  i^mto"',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aveyron,  an-ondissement  of  Espalion.  Pi^p. 
1000. 

SAINT- AM  AN  S,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loz&r*, 
arrondissemeut  of  Mende.     Pop.  300. 

SAINT-.\MANS.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
arrondissement  of  Castres,  on  the  There,  Pop.  in  1852,  2749. 

SAINT-AMANS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Chs- 
rente,  arrondissement  of  AngoulSme.    Pop.  1500. 

SAINT-AMANS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Char 
rente,  arrondis.sement  of  Montmoreau.     Pop.  1200. 

SAINT-AMARIN,  s^xt  S'miViNo',  (Ger,  Sand  Amary, 
.siukt  i'mi-ree\)  a  village  of  F'ranoe.  dephrtment  of  Uaut- 
Rhin,  18  miles  N,E.  of  Belfort,  Pop.  in  1852,  2166.  It  is  the 
centre  of  extensive  cotton  factories. 

SAIN  T-AMBROISE-DE-KILD ARE,   sijt  ia.  brwjj/  dfb 


SAI 

keefilai'.  a  villas^e  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Leitister.  55  miles 
N.W.  of  .Montreal.     U  has  a  church  and  several  stores. 

SAINT-AMBHOIX,  sixt  byo'hrwi'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  (iard,  11  mile.s  K.E.  of  .\lais.    I'op.  in  1852.  3724. 

S.\1NT  AMBKOSK.  s^-nt  am'brS/,.  an  island  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  in  lat.  •26«  21'  S.,  Ion.  80°  10'  AV. 

SAINT-AMOUR,  siNt  jl^noon/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Jura,  19  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Lons-le-Saulnier.  Pop. 
193'.(.  It  has  extensive  iron  f(>undries  and  tanneries,  and  is 
celebrated  for  the  numVier  of  sieves  it  has  sustained. 

SAIXT-.A.MOUI{.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  SaOne- 
et-Loire.  7  miles  from  Ma(.'on.     Pop.  8(X). 

SAINT-ANCI KNT,  s^Nt  SNo'se^N"',  a  post-village  of  Canada 
Kast,  CO.  of  lieauharnois,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, 68  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  400. 

SAINT-ANDfiOL-DE-BOUHLENG,  slxt  6n«UVo1'  dgh 
booRUSN"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ard&che.  Pop. 
1600. 

SAINT-ANDl^:OL-DE-FOURCIIADES,  s^Nt  SsoMi'oU  deh 
fooR'shdd',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ard^che. 
Pop.  1100. 

S.\I.\TANDRl5.  s^Nt  SN^Mr.V,  a  post-village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Kamouraska,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  100 
miles  below  Quebec.  The  village  contains  a  church  and 
several  stores.     Pop.  of  the  parish.  2900. 

SA1NT-ANDR£-DE-CUBZAC,  siNt  dNoMri'  d?h  kUVzJk', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gironde,  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Bordeaux,  near  the  Dofdogne.     Pop.  1600. 

SAINT-ANDR£-DE-SANG0XIS,  sixt  SN'o'dnV  dfh  sSs"'- 
go^nee'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Herault.  Pop.  2679. 
St.  Andr^  is  also  the  name  of  many  villages  in  France. 

SAiNT  AN'DKliVV,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

SAINT  AN'DREW,  British  America,  a  seap«irt  town  of 
Prince  Edward  Island.  Kings  co.,  on  Cardigan  Bay,  which  sets 
up  into  the  S.E.  part  of  the  island.  Lat.  46°  10'  N.,  Ion.  62°  35' 
W.  The  in  habitants  of  this  and  the  neighboring  settlements, 
chiefly  emigrants  from  the  \V.  of  Scotland  and  the  Hebrides, 
are  principally  employed  in  ship-building  and  the  exporta- 
tion of  timber. 

SAINT  AN'DREW  BLUNS/DOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co. 
of  Wilts. 

SAINT  AN/DREW  ILK'ETSIIALL,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  ANDREW,  MFNOR,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. St.  Andrew  is  the  name  of  other  parishes  in  the 
island  of  Guernsey;  the  cities  of  London,  Canterbury,  Chi- 
chester, Norwich,  Wells,  and  York;  the  towns  of  Cam- 
bridge, Droitwich.  Hertford.  Plymouth,  &c. 

SAINT  ANDREWS,  an  inlet  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 

SAINT  AN'DREW'S,  a  pjirish  and  seaport  city  of  Scot- 
land, on  the  E.  coast  of  Fifeshire,  39  miles  N.N.E.  of  Edin- 
.  burgh.  Pop.  of  the  p.arish.  in  1851,  5107.  The  population 
consists  chiefly  of  families  attracted  to  its  educational  insti- 
tutions. It  was  created  a  royal  burgh  tn  1140,  and  a  city 
and  archbishop's  see  in  1471.  The  university  is  the  oldest 
In  Scotland,  founded  In  1411.  St.  Leonard's  College  was 
founded  in  1512,  St.  Mary's  in  1537,  and  St.  Salvator's  in 
1455.  St.  Leonard  and  St.  Salvator,  now  united,  has  8  pro- 
fessors. St.  Mary's  is  the  divinity  college.  This  city  was  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  most  remarkable  political  and  religious 
events  in  the  history  of  Scotland.  It  was  also  a  place  of 
considerable  trade,  but  fell  into  decay.  The  Rev.  Andrew 
Bell,  a  native  of  this  city,  founded  the  Madras  College, 
which  was  built  after  his  death  in  1832:  it  is  a  school  of 
general  instruction,  including  classes  on  the  Madras  system 
of  education,  and  has  about  800  pupils.  The  castle  of  St. 
Andrew's  was  built  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  stood  upon 
a  point  of  land  projecting  into  the  sea.  Here  James  III. 
was  born.  St.  Andrew's  unites  with  Cupar,  Crail,  the  .Vn- 
struthers,  Kilrenny,  and  Pitteuweem  in  sending  a  member 
to  Parliament. 

SAINT  AN'DREW'S,  a  post-office.  Orange  CO..  New  York. 

SAINT  ANDREW'S,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  Florida,  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  about  10 
miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  into  which  the  bay  opens. 
The  situation  is  very  healthy  and  pleasant.  The  bay,  which 
is  almost  entirely  landlocked,  forms  a  fine  harbor,  with  12 
feet  of  water  over  the  bar.  The  place  is  frequented  in  sum- 
mer by  planters,  on  account  of  its  salubrity  and  the  beauty 
of  the  bay.    The  post-office  is  called  St.  Andrew^'s  Bay. 

S.-\.INT  AN'DREW'S,  a  seaport  town  of  New  Brunswick, 
CROital  of  Charlotte  co.,  at  tlie  N.E.  extremity  of  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay,  on  a  narrow  slip  of  low  land  fronting  the  sea, 
60  miles  W.  by  S.  of  St.  John,  and  3  miles  from  the  shores 
of  the  United  States.  Lat.  (S.  point,  light)  45°  4'  3"  N., 
Ion.  67°  3'  W.  It  consists  of  two  principal  streets,  which  run 
parallel  to  each  other,  and  of  several  smaller  ones  crossing 
them  at  right  angles.  The  houses  are  all  of  a  substantial 
and  respectable  appearance.  There  are  several  churches,  a 
oourt-house,  a  jail,  a  grammar  school,  a  chamber  of  com- 
merce, an  agricultural  and  emigiant  society,  a  savings' 
bank,  a  Bible  society,  barracks,  and  many  handsome  pri- 
vate buildings.  It  is  conveniently  situated  for  commerce, 
and  especially  for  the  fishing  trade,  which  is  carried  on  here 
to  a  "^rge  extent.    The  lumber  trade  and  ship-buildiug  also 


SAI 

employ  a  large  poi-tion  of  the  inhabitants.  The  barbar  is 
entered  by  two  passes  leading  from  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Scoodic,  and  has  a  depth  sufficient  for  ves.sels  of  any  size. 
A  harbor-master  and  branch  pilots  are  always  in  attend, 
ance,  to  assist  vessels  in  entering.  In  1850,  465  vessels, 
(tons,  42.676,)  arrived  at  this  port,  bringing  cargoes  valued 
at  .$225,000,  and  360  vessels,  (tons,  34,419,)  with  cargoes 
valued  at  $270,000,  cleared  for  foreign  ports.  December  31, 
1851,  807  vessels,  (tons,  121,996,)  were  owned  and  regi* 
tered  at  this  port.  During  the  year,  6  vessels  were  built.  The 
lumber  trade  is  also  carried  on  here  to  some  extent.  A  rail- 
road is  in  course  of  construction,  connecting  St.  Andrew's 
with  Woodstock,  a  distance  of  about  80  miles.  Pop.  about  8000. 
SAINT  AN'DREWS,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Two  Mountains,  on  the  North  River,  or  Riviere  du  Nord,  3 
miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Ottawa,  and  45  miles  W.  of 
Montreal.  It  contains  4  churches,  assurance  and  insurance 
agencies.  6  stores,  and  numerous  boot  and  shoe  shops,  mills^ 
and  factories.     Pop.  in  1850,  1103. 

SAINT  ANDREW'S  BAY,  a  bay  of  very  irregular  shape, 
situated  in  Washington  county,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Florida. 
Length,  near  25  miles. 

SAINT  ANDREW'S  CHANNEL-and-SOUND,  near  the 
Strait  of  Conception,  W.  of  Patiigonia. 

SAINT  ANDREW'S  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  bo. 
tween  Papua  and  the  Pellew  Islands,  are  in  lat.  5°  32'  N., 
Ion.  12S°  W. 

SAINT-ANGEL,  s^Nt  !)v<>'7.hiV,  a  village  of  France,  pro- 
vince of  Corr^ze,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Ussel.    Pop.  1500. 
SAINT  ANN,  a  lake  of  Canada.    See  Sai.m  Anne. 
SAINT  ANN,  a  port  of  British  America,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Cape  Breton. 

SAINT  ANN,  the  former  name  of  Fredericton,  New  Bruns- 
wick.   See  Frederictox. 

SAINT  ANN,  a  maritime  village  and  pari.sh  of  Jamaica, 
CO.  of  Middlesex.  The  village  is  on  the  N.  coast,  20  miles 
W.  of  Port  Maria. 

SAINT-ANNE,  numerous  places  in  France  and  the  French 
colonies.     See  Sainte-Axxe. 

SAINT-ANNE,  sAst  inn.  a  town  of  the  French  Antilles, 
on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Marie  Galante. 
SAINT  ANNE,  Central  America.    See  Santa  Anna. 
SAINT  ANNE,  a  town,  bay.' and  island  of  Nookaheeva, 
one  of  the  Marquesas.     Lat.  8°  56'  S.,  Ion.  140°  6'  E. 

SAINT  ANNE.  (Fr.  Sainle-Anne,  sixt  3nn,)  a  river  of 
Canada  East,  after  a  S.W.  course,  estimated  at  120  miles, 
joins  the  St.  Lawrence  on  its  N.  l>ank,  about  50  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Quebec.  At  Its  mouth  it  is  1200  feet  across.  Shallows 
and  numerous  rapids  impede  its  navigation. 

SAINT  ANNE,  a  lake  of  British  North  America,  60  miles 
N.  of  I^ake  Superior,  into  which  it  discharges  itself  by  a 
small  river.     Length  and  breadth,  alxiut  20  miles. 

SAINT  ANNE,  Sfnt  ann',  (Fr.  Sainte  Anne,  .sjxt  dnn,)  a 
town  of  Canada  East,  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.     Lat.  49°  N.,  Ion.  06°  25'  W.    There  are  several 
rivers  of  the  same  name  in  this  terrritory. 
SAINT  ANNE,  Brazil.    See  Santa  Anna. 
SAINT-ANNE-DE-LA-PERADE.   See Sainte-Anne-de-la- 
Peraoe. 
SAINT-ANNE-DU-NORD.    See  Sainte-Anne-du-Nord. 
SAINT-ANNE   MOUNTAINS,  Canada  East,  are  in  lat 
48°  N.,  Ion.  66°  W.,  3973  feet  high. 

SAINT  ANNE'S,  sjnt  anz,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East, 
in  the  parish  of  St.  Anne's,  Bout  da  I'Isle,  24  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  300. 

SAINT  ANNE'S,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Halton, 
township  of  Nelson.     I'op.  about  200. 

SAINT  ANN'S  IIKAD,  a  promontory  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Pembroke,  at  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  of  Milford  Ha- 
ven. See  Dale. 
SAINT  ANN'S  PORT,  Ireland.  See  Killouoh. 
SAINT-ANSELME,  s^Nt  6n°'s4Im',  a  pfjst^vill.age  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Bellechasse,  18  miles  E.  of  Quebec.  It  contains 
a  church,  an  iron  foundry,  a  cotton  and  woollen  factory,  and 
engineering  and  mill-wright  works. 

SAINT-ANTHEM  E,  sixt  fixoHaim',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Puy-de-D6me,  on  the  Ance,  9  miles  E.  of  Am- 
bert.     Pop.  1000. 

SAINT  ANTHONY,  s?nt  in'to-ne,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Co);^wall. 

SAINT  ANTHONY,  sent  an'to-ne,  a  post-town  of  Henne- 
pin  CO.,  Minnesota,  is  finely  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  8  miles  by  land 
above  St.  Paul's.  Lat.  44°  48'  40"  N.,  Ion.  93°  10'  W.  The 
Mississippi  here  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  about  18  feet,  the 
first  which  ocoirs  in  ascending  the  river.  The  site  of  the 
village  is  an  elevated  plain,  rising  by  a  gradual  acclivity, 
and  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  falls.  Situated  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  the  Mississij)pi,  and  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  an  unlimited  water-power,  St.  Anthony  can 
scarcely  fail  to  become  an  important  city.  The  University 
of  Minnesota  is  established  here.  The  town  contains  5  or  6 
churches,  about  20  stores,  and  numeixjus  saw  mills,  besides 
other  mills  and  manufactories.  It  is  on  the  St.  Paul  and 
Pacific  Railroad.    The  post-offlce  is  called  St.  Anthony's 

1613 


SAI 

JFalls.  Pjpulation  in  1850,  750;  in  1854,  about  2000;  in 
1860,  3258. 

8AINT  ANTHONY  CITY,  a  village  of  Ramsey  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  Mississippi,  immediately  below  and  adjoining 
St.  Anthony.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  a  warehouse, 
and  an  observatory  on  a  bluff  about  200  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  river.    Laid  out  in  ISSO. 

SAINT  ANTHONY-is-ROSELAND,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cornwall. 

8AINT-ANT0INE,  83,Nt  SN«Hwin',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Isere,  bi  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Marcellin.  Pop. 
2000.  It  tikes  its  name  from  a  celebrated  abbey,  the  church 
of  which  is  still  preserved.  There  are  several  villages  in 
France  of  the  same  name. 

SAINT  ANTOINE,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Ver- 
ch^res,  35  miles  from  Montreal. 

SAINT  ANTOINE  DE  LA  BAIE.    See  La  Bate  dtj  Febore. 

SAINT-ANTOINE-DE-TILLY,  (Fr.  pron.  slNt  ilN°Hwin' 
d?h  teepee'.)  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Lotbi- 
ni*re,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  24  miles  S.W.  of 
Quebec.  The  village  contains  a  church,  and  several  stores 
and  mills.    I'op.  of  the  parish,  about  3000. 

SAINT  ANTONIEN.    See  Sanct  Antomex. 

SAINT  ANTONI-iN-DER-HEIDE.  See  Sanct  Antom-in-dek 
Heide. 

SAINT-ANTONIN.  sSNt  jNo'to*nftN<:',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Montauban, 
on  the  ri-rht  bank  of  the  Aveyron.  with  tanneries,  linen 
m.inufactures.  and  dve-works.     Pop.  in  18-52.  5407. 

SAINT  ANTONY,  in  Spain  and  the  Spanish  colonies.  See 
Saw  Antonio. 

SAINT  ANTONY,  in  Portugal.    See  S.anto  Antonio. 

SAINT  AR/MAND,  a  post-township  forming  the  JJ.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Essex  CO.,  New  York.    Pop.  331. 

SAINT-ARM  EL,  sS,Nt  aR^'niM'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  with  a  small  port  on  the  coast.  It  ex- 
ports salt. 

SAINT-ARNOULT-EN-IVELINE,  sixt  dR^noo'  bn  eeVgh- 
leen/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  8  miles 
S.E.  ofRambouillet.    Pop.  1420. 

SAINT  AR'VANS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

S.\TNT  ASA  PII,  (az'af.)  a  parish  and  episcopal  city  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Flint,  208'mile8  distant  from  London.  The  only 
building  of  note  is  the  cathedr.al.    Pop.  in  185;!,  2041. 

SAINT-ASTIER.  sist  as't«-i',  a  town  of  France,  9i  mil«s 
S.W.  of  P6rigueux.     Pop.  in  1852,  2826. 

SAINT  ATU'AN,  a  parUh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

SAINT  AU'BERT.  a  post-office  of  Callaw.ay  co.,  Missouri. 

SAINT-AUBIN,  stmt  o'biN"',  is  the  name  of  many  vil- 
lages in  France. 

SAINT  AUBIN,  asmall  maritime  town  and  fortress  in 
the  island  of  Jersey,  on  the  W.  side  of  St.  Helen's  Bay,  3 
miles  W.  of  St.  Heller.    Pop.  2131. 

SAINT  AUBIN.  s^Nt  &hk}i<'l,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  10  miles  S.W.  of  Neufchatel.     Pop.  1000. 

SAINT-AUBIN-DU-CORMIEU,  s^Nt  o'biN"'  du  koR'me-A', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  11  miles  S.W. 
ofFougferes.     Pop.  1S96. 

SAINT  AUGUSTIN,  a  river  and  bay  of  Labrador,  in  Bri- 
tish North  Amerii^i,  near  the  S.  entrance  of  the  Strait  of 
Belleisle.     Ljit-  51°  15'  N.,  Ion.  50°  W. 

SAINT-AUGOSTIN-DE-MONTRfiAL,  s^Nt  O'giisHiN"' dfh 
mAN'^trA^il',  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Two  Mountains, 
27  miles  W.  of  Montreal. 

SAINT-AUGUSTIN-DE-QUEBEC,  s^Nt  5^gUsHJN°Mf^l  ki^ 
bSk',  a  village  and_  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Port  Neuf, 
14  miles  from  Quefiec. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE.  Brazil.    See  Santo  AoosTiNHO. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  a  bay  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Mada- 
gascar.    I^t.  2:1°  35'  S..  Ion.  43°  45'  E. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  Texas.    See  San  Auqustine. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  (aw'ga«-teen\)  a  city,  port  of  entry, 
and  capital  of  St.  John's  co.,  Florida,  200  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Tallahassee,  and  160  miles  S.  of  Savannah.  Lat.29°  48'  30" 
N .,  Ion.  81°  35'  W.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  places  in  the  state, 
and  ha«  the  distinction  of  being  the  oldest  town  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  Matanzas  Sound,  2 
miles  from  the  sea.  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  island 
of  Anastasia.  The  site  is  a  plain  only  a  few  feet  higher  than 
the  level  of  the  ocean.  The  streets  vary  from  10  to  18  feet 
In  width ;  the  houses  have  mostly  two  stories,  the  upper 

Crojeoting  over  the  street.  It  contains,  besides  the  county 
uildingB,  1  Roman  Catholic  and  3  Protestant  churches,  1 
newspaper  oflftce,  1  United  States  land-office,  and  about  500 
dwellings,  some  of  which  are  in  a  dilapidated  state.  The 
harbor  is  safe  and  commodious,  but  the  bar  at  tlie  entrance 
prevents  the  approach  of  large  ships,  having  only  9  or  10 
f««t  of  water  at  low  tide.  The  mildness  of  the  climate,  and 
the  refreshing  breezes  from  the  sea,  render  this  a  favorite 
winter  residence  fur  invalid*.  The  orange,  lemon,  olive,  and 
date-palm  flourish  in  this  vicinity,  and  fish  and  game  are 
abundant.  The  town  is  defended  bv  Fort  Marion,  erected 
b>  the  Spaniards  miire  than  luO  years  ago.  and  formerly 
aUvd  the  CauUe  of  SL  Mwk.  Steamboat*  ply  frequently 
ISM 


SAI 

between  this  place  and  Savannah.  It  was  settled  by  the 
Spaniards  altout  1565.     Pop.  1914. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois, 
49  miles  W.  of  Peoria. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE  LIGHTHOUSE,  on  the  N.  end  of 
St.  Anastasia  Island,  E,  of  St.  John's  county.  Florida.  It  is 
70  feet  high,  exclusive  of  the  lantern,  which  is  7  feet,  and 
shows  a  fixed  light.    Lat.  29°  52'  10"  N.,  Ion.  81°  25'  W. 

SAINT-AULAY.  s^Nt  o'lA',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Dordogne.  on  the  Dronne,  10  miles  S.W,  of  Uiherae.  P.  1300. 

SAIN'l'  AUSTELL,  a  town  and  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Truro.  Pop.  in  1851, 3565  Tho 
town  is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  a  hill.  The  streets  are  narrow 
and  uupaved.  There  are  some  manufactories  of  woollens, 
but  the  chief  trade  is  the  exportation  of  tin  and  copper  from 
the  mines  in  the  vicinity.  The  pilchard  fishery  is  also  ex- 
tensively carried  on  in  the  Bay  of  Austell. 

SAINT-AVOLD,  sixt  ^'vo',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Moselle,  on  the  Kossel,  18  miles  W.  of  Sarreguemines. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4021,  It  has  manufactures  of  Prussian  blue, 
tanneries,  and  dye-works. 

SAINT-BALIZE,  sks"  bd'leez',  a  village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Port  Neuf,  9  miles  from  Cap  Sante.  Pop. 
about  500. 

SAINT-BARB  ANT.  sIn"  baR'bSNo'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute- Vjenne,  9  miles  W.N.W. of  Bellac   P.  1300. 

SAINT-BARNABE,sL\«baR^a4^bii',a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cotes- du-Nord,  arrondissement  of  Loudeac 
Pop.  1047. 

SAINT-BARNABE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Bouches-du-Khone,  arrondissementof. Marseilles.     Pop.  1026. 

SAXNT-BARNABfi.  six"  baRhid'bi',  a  village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  St.  Maurice,  about  6  miles  from  St.  Anne  d'Ya- 
machiche.     Pop.  of  the  seignorv.  about  1000. 

SAINT-BAKTIIELEMI,.siNo'baRH<Vleh-mee',apost-viIlag8 
of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Berthier,  56  miles  N.N  Jl.  of  Montreal. 
Pop.  of  the  parish,  about  2000. 

SAINT-BARTH£leMY,  sAno  baRHi'lgh-mee',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Lotret-Garonne,  arrondissement  of 
Marmande.     Pop.  1422. 

SAINT-BARTHELEMY,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-I,oire.  arrondissement  of  Angers.    Pop.  1074. 

SAINT-BARTHfXEMY.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Manche.  arrondissement  of  Mortain.     Pop.  664. 

SAINT- BAIiTIl£LE.MY-DE-GROAIN,  s^N"  baRHA'lgm 
mee'  deh  gro'Ax='.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Isere, 
arrondissement  of  Grenoble,. with  a  remarkable  Fontaine 
Ardente.  ("  Burning  Fountain,")  from  which  a  great  quan- 
titv  of  gas  escapes  and  burns  spontaneously. 

SAINT-BARTHELEMY-DK-SfxniLIENNE,  s^N"  baR<- 
ti'leh-mee'  deh  s.Vshee'le-^nn',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Is&re,  arrondissement  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  998. 

SAINT-BARTH15LEMY-DE-VALS,  sl.v»  baR^tA'Ieh-mee' 
dfh  vil,  a  vill.age  of  France,  department  of  Drome,  arrondis- 
sement of  Valence.     Pop.  1050. 

SAINT-BARTII]^:LEMY-LE-PIN,  s^n"  baR^tA'leh-mee' Ifh 
piN<=',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  ArdSche,  arrondis- 
sement of  Tournon.     Pop.  1214. 

SAINT-BARTHfiLEMY-LESTRA,  sJn"  baR'tiMeh-mee' 
iJs'trA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Montbrison.     Pop.  842. 

SAINT  BARTIIOL'OMEW,  (Sw.  BariolomUus,  bar-to-lo 
mi'Cis,)  an  island  of  the  West  Indies,  and  the  only  colony 
of  Sweden  in  America,  30  miles  W.  of  St.  Christopher.  Lat. 
of  E.  point,  17° 53'  N.,  Ion.  62°  52'  W.  Area.  35  square  mile?. 
Pop.  18,000.  Its  shape  is  very  irregular.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
though  the  island  is  remarkably  destitute  of  fresh  water. 
The  products  are  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  cocoa.  Being 
surrounded  by  rocks  and  shoals  it  is  difficult  of  access,  but 
the  Careenage.  (Le  Carinage,)  on  its  W.  side,  is  a  good  har- 
bor, and  near  it  is  Gustavia.  the  capital  of  the  island.  It 
was  ceded  by  France  to  Sweden  in  1784. 

SAINT  BARTHOLOMEW.  France.  See  Saint-Bartii^i.fmt. 

SAINT  BARTHOLOMEW,  Italy.     See  Sax  Bartolommf.o. 

SAINT  BARTHOLOMEW.  Spain.     See  San  BartolomI. 

SAINT  BARTIIOL'OMEW  HYDE,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Southampton. 

SAINT  BATHAN'S  ABTiEY, parish,  Scotland,  co.  Berwick. 

SAINT-BAUZILLE-DE-PUTOIS.  six"  liO'zeel'  deh  pilHwd', 
a  tnwn  of  France,  department  of  Herault,  32  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Montpelljer.     Pop.  in  1852,  2022. 

SA 1  NT-BE.\T,  sSn"  b.VS'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Hauto-Garonne,  on  the  Garonne,  near  Its  source,  here  crossed 
by  a  stone  bridge.  17  miles  S.  of  Saint  Qaudens.     Pop.  1874. 

SAINT  BEATENBERG.    See  Sanct  Beatexiiero. 

SAINT  BEES,a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, 3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Egremont,  on  the  cojvst.  A 
monastery,  founded  here  by  St.  Bega  about  650,  was  destroy- 
ed by  the  Danes,  and  rebuilt  in  the  thirteenth  century  The 
E.  part  of  this  building  was  fitted  up  as  a  theological  ct-llege 
in  1817.  This  institution  is  under  the  management  of  a 
corporation  of  7  governors,  has  several  exhibitions  and 
fellowships  In  Oxford  University,  and  has  long  been  a  dis- 
tinguished seminary.  The  village  is  very  ancient,  and  stands 
on  the  side  of  the  bay  formed  by  the  South  Uea  lland. 


SAT 


SAI 


S\TNT  TtEES  HKAD,  or  the  CLTFF  OF  BAR'ATH,  Enq;- 
bnd.  is  a  soa-mark  for  vessels,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  Irish 
Sea.     Lat.  of  the  lighthouse,  54°  30'  50"  X.,  Ion  3°  3S'  7"  W. 

SAIXT  liKXEDICTO,  island  of  the  Pacific.     See  Xuni.ADA. 

SAIXT-BBNOrr.sSNOheh^Qwa',  a  town  of  the  island  of 
Bourbon,  on  its  N.E.  side!  23  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Denis.  Pop. 
11,376.  of  whom  741H  are  slaves. 

SAINT-BEXOIT,  sLNobeh-nwJ',  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Two  .Mountains,  36  miles  W.  of  Montreal.  It 
contains  a  church,  and  several  stores  and  mills. 

SAIXT-BEXOlT-DE-LEYSSIEU.«i.N»  bfh-nwd/  deh  ISs'se- 
ch'.  a  village  of  France,  deijartmeut  of  Ain,  7  miles  S.E. 
ofBelley.    Pop.  1200 

SAIXT-BEXOXT-DU-SAXJLT,  s^Nobeh-nwa'  dU  s5.  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Indre,  arroudlssement  of  Le  Blanc. 
Pop.  1250. 

SAIXT-BENOIT-SUR-LOIRE.sa.Nobeh-nwa'  siiR  Iwdii,  a 
town  of  France,  department  Of  Lolret,  arrondissement  of 
Gien.     Pop.  1600. 

S.4.IXT-BERXARD,  sgnt  ber-nard',  (Fr.  pron.  sIn"  b^R'- 
naii/;  anc.  Afons  Jolvisf)  a  remarkable  mountain  pass  in  the 
chain  of  the  Alps,  between  Piedmont  and  the  Valais.  It 
owes  its  modern  name  to  the  great  celebrity  of  the  Hospice, 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Bernard  de  Menthon  in  862, 
far  the  succor  of  travellers,  who  have  been  assisted  to  the 
number  of  600  in  one  day.  The  hospice,  a  strong  stone 
building,  is  situated  on  the  summit  of  the  pass,  11  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Aosta,  and  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Martigny,  at  an 
elevation  of  8150  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  the 
highest  habitation  in  the  Alps,  and  the  cold  is  so  intense 
that  a  small  lake  in  its  vicinity  is  frozen  over  nine  months 
In  the  year.  During  the  whole  year,  the  philanthropic  in- 
mates, monks  of  the  Order  of  St.  Augustine,  with  their 
valuable  dogs,  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  assist  tr.a- 
veller?  arrested  by  the  snow,  which  in  winter  accumulates 
to  a  depth  of  from  10  to  40  feet.  In  the  chapel  is  a  monu- 
ment to  General  Desaix,  erected  by  Napoleon  in  1805.  This 
gorge,  which  was  traversed  by  Roman  armies,  by  Charle- 
magne, and  by  Frederick  Barbarossa.  is  chielly  celebrated 
for  the  passage  of  Bonaparte  at  the  head  of  the  French  army 
of  .30,000  men.  with  cavalry  and  artillery,  from  the  15th  to 
the  21st  of  .May,  1800.  The  road  has  beeu  i-eeeutly  much 
Improved,  and  rendered  passable  for  cars. 

SAIXT  BERN-\HD',  a  parish  of  Louisiana,  situated  in  the 
S.E.  part  of  the  state,  on  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  The  area  is 
620  square  miles.  Lake  Borgne  w.ashes  the  N.W.  border. 
The  surface  is  level;  the  soil  of  the  higher  portions  is  fertile, 
producing  sugar  and  molasses.  Pop.  4076,  of  whom  1838 
were  free,  and  2240  slaves. 

SAIXT  BEItX.iKD,  a  post-offlce  of  Cl.ay  co.,  Missouri. 

S.iIXT  BERXARD,  Little,  a  mountain  of  the  Oraian 
Alps,  S.  of  .Mont  Blanc,     Elevation  of  the  convent.  7076  feet. 

SAINT  BERXARDIN,  and  SAINT  BERNARDINO.  See 
S.AN'  Bernardino. 

S  AIXT-BERTRAND-DE-COMMINGES,  shy"  hin'M^^deh 
'tom^mixzh,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Oa- 
ronne,  9  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Gaudens.  Pop.  909.  It  was 
founded  in  1100.  on  thtf  site  of  Ltigdanam  Omvnarum,  de- 
stroyed by  the  Burgundians  in  the  sixth  ceutury.  In  it  are 
quarries  of  fine  marble. 

SAINT  BL.\1SE,  sUn"  bliz'  or  blSz,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  3  miles  N.E.  of  Neufchatel,  on  the  N.  Irank  of 
the  lake,  produces  esteemed  wine.  Pop.  1000.  Near  it  is 
MONTMIRAIL,  a  community  of  Moravi.an  brothers. 

S.IINT  BLASIEN,  a  village  of  Baden.    See  Sasct  Blasien. 

SAINT  BLA'ZEY,  apari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-BONNET-LE-CH.\TEAU.  .sIno  bon'na'  leh  sh^to', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  13  miles  S.  of  Mout- 
brison.    Pop.  in  1852.  2108. 

SAINT  BOS'WELL'S,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Rox- 
burgh. St.  Boswell's  fair,  July  18th,  is  the  largest  in  South 
Scotland  for  sheep. 

SAINT  BRANCIIIER,  sKs"  brftNo'she-i',  a  town  of  Swit- 
»e.-land,  4i  miles  S.E.  of  Martigny,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Dranse,  on  the  route  of  the  Great  St.  Bernard,  with  ruins  of 
tee  ancient  fortresses  of  St.  John  and  Etiez. 

5  AINT  BREADE,  (breed.)  a  parish.  EugUnd,  co.  Coruwall. 

SAINT  BRELADE.  (Kr.  pron.  sLn"  brgh-ldd',)  a  villaje  of 
Jersey,  on  St.  Brelade's  Bay.  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  island, 
arM  Ih  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Aubin.     Pop.  2170. 

SAINT  BRE/QOK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  BREW'ARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  Bill' A  V  EL'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

S.^INT-BRICE,  B^NO  breece.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Vienne,  arrondissement  of  Rochechouart. 
Pop.  1127. 

SAIXT  BRIDE,  a  parish  of  England,  city  of  London, 
ohietly  between  Fleet  street  and  Blackfriar's  bridge. 

SAINT  BRIDE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Pembroke. 

SAINT  BRIDE,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

SAINT  BRIDE'S  BAY,  Wales,  an  inlet  of  the  Iri.sh  Sea.  at 
the  W,  extremity  of  the  county  of  Pembroke.  Length  and 
breadth,  about  8  miles  each.  At  its  entrance  are  Ramsey 
and  Skomer  Islands.  St.  David's  and  St.  Bride's  are  the 
principal  places  on  its  shores. 


SATNT  BRIDE'S  MA'JOR,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

SAINT  BRIDE'S  MI'NOR,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  ol' Gla- 
morgan. 

SAINT  BRIDE'S  NETII'ERWEXT,  a  pari.sh  of  England, 
CO.  of  Monmouth. 

SAIXT  BRIDE'S  WENTILOOG,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Monmouth. 

SAINT  BRIDGET,  brij'gt.  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Rouville,  40  miles  from  Montreal.  Pop.  about 
1600. 

SAINT-BRIEUCorBRIEUX,  siN" bre-uh',  (anc.  Brirxntmr) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  C6tes-du-Nord,  238  niilea 
W.S.W.  of  Paris,  on  the  Gouet,  2i  miles  from  its  mouth  in 
the  Bay  of  St.  Brieuc.  Lat.  48°  31'  1"  X.,  Ion.  2°  45'  0"  W. 
Pop.  in  1862,  14,053.  The  most  remarkable  objects  are  a 
cathedral  of  the  thirteenth  century,  a  granite  bridge  of  3 
arches  over  the  Gouet.  and  a  statue  of  Du  Guescliu.  It  has 
a  communal  college,  public  library,  a  chamber  of  commerce, 
and  a  considerable  export  trade  in  butter  and  cider.  Its 
port  is  at  the  village  of  Legue,  1  mile  lower  on  the  Gouet, 
where  there  is  a  custom-house,  building  yards  fi)r  shi|>s  of 
from  300  to  400  tons,  and  an  extensive  expert  and  import 
trade.  St.  Brieuc  owes  its  modem  name  to  an  abbey  founded 
in  the  fifth  or  sixth  century,  by  St.  Bileuc,  the  Apostle 
of  the  Bretaime. 

SAINT  BU'DOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAIXT'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SAINT  BUR'YAN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-CALAIS,  sJ^o-kS'lA',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Sarthe.  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Le  Mans,  on  the  Anille. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3846.  It  has  a  commerce,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  and  cotton. 

SAINT-CASI.MIRE,  bSn"'  kd'see^meeR',  a  village  and  parish 
of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Port  Xeuf  on  the  river  Ste.  Anne,  9 
miles  from  .Sainte  Anne  de  la  P6rade.     Pop.  about  700. 

SAIXT  CATIIARIXE,  kath'fr-in,  (Fr.  SminteCutherine, 
sJ.Nt  kdt^reen'.)  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  c6.  of 
Port  Xeuf,  16  miles  fi-om  Quebec.     Pop.  about  650. 

SAINT-CATHARINE  LO.MBEEK.  ki'taVee'n'  lom'baik, 
a  village  of'Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  11  miles  W.  of 
Brussels.    Pop,  12,!6. 

SAINT  C.\TII'ARINES,a  flourishing  post-town  of  Canada 
West.  CO.  of  Ijincoln.  on  the  Wetland  Canal,  and  on  the 
Great  Western  Railway,  So  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hamilton,  and 
12  miles  N.W.  of  Niagara.  From  its  favorable  situation  it 
has  Ijocome  the  centre  of  a  lai-ge  and  rapidly  increasing 
trade.  It  contains  churches  of  4  or  5  denominations,  3 
branch  banks,  agencies  of  6  assurance  and  6  insurance  com- 
panies, the  Grantham  Academy,  a  reading-room,  with  a 
library,  3  printing-offiws,  from  which  weekly  newspapers  are 
issued,  and  about  4  stores.  There  are  in  the  town  5  or  6 
large  flouring  mills,  several  saw  and  planing  mills,  foundries, 
and  machine  .shops,  producing,  among  other  things,  steam- 
engines.  There  are  also  soap  and  candle  factories,  tanneries, 
and  breweries.     Pop.  about  5000. 

SAIXT  CATHARIXE'S,  Canada  West,  a  .station  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad.  11  miles  from  Niagara  Falls. 

SAIXT  CATH'ARIXE'S  ISLAXD,  off  the  coast  ofLiterty 
CO.,  Georgia,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  St.  Catharine's 
Sound,  ijength,  near  11  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  5 
miles. 

SAI.NT-CERE,  si>«-sfh-rA'.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot.  arrt>ndissement  of  Figeac,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Cahors. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4406.  On  its  N.  side  is  a  curiously-fortified 
Isolated  rock. 

SAIXT-CERGUES,  sIn"  saiRg,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Vaud.  7i  miles  N.  of  Nyon,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Dole,  where  guides  and  mules  are  furnished  for  its  ascent. 

SAINT-CERXIX,  sJn"  s^R'n^N"',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  8  miles  X.  of  Aurillac,   Pop,  in  l>i52, 2848. 

SAINT-C:fiSAIRE,  sSl.v"  sAV.Ar/.  a  post-vill.age  and  parish 
of  Canada  East.  co.  of  St.  Ilyacinthe.  33  miles  E.  of  .Montreal. 
The  village  contains  a  church,  and  several  stores,  factories, 
and  mills.     Pop.  alwut  2000. 

SAIXT-CHAMAS,  six"  shJ'raas',  a  town  of  South  France, 
department  of  Bouches-du-Rhone,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the 
ladoon  of  Borre.  and  on  the  railway  of  Avignon,  24  miles 
NiW.  of  Marseilles.  Pop.  in  18.52,  2825.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parts  by  a  hill,  through  which  runs  a  tunnel  200  feet 
in  length.  Both  portions  are  well  built,  and  the  E.  is  en- 
closed by  ramparts.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  a  large 
powder  magazine,  whence  Toulon  is  supplied,  and  a  trade 
in  oil  and  olives,  which  are  shipped  from  this  port.  Near 
it  is  the  Pont  Flavien.  a  Roman  bridge  of  a  single  arch,  65 
feet  in  length,  at  each  end  of  which  is  a  triumphal  arch. 

SAIXT-CHAMOXD,  six"  sha^niAN"',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ijoire,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Gier  and  the 
Ban  Rivers,  and  on  the  railway  from  Lyons  to  St.  Etienne, 
7  miles  X.E.  of  St.  Etienne.  Pop.  in  1852,  8897.  It  is  well 
built,  and  thriving;  it  has  a  handsome  parish  church,  good 
public  baths,  a  chamber  of  manufactures,  numerous  looms 
for  cotton  and  silk  fibrics.  ribands,  laces,  Ac.  It  has  con- 
siderable cast-iron  aud  uail-works,  and  in  its  vicinity  many 
coal-mines. 

164» 


SAI 

SAINT-€HAPTES,  sls«  shJpt.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
BJenti/f  Card,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Lzis.     Pop.  732. 

SAINT  CHARLKS.  (chailz.)  a  parish  in  the  S.K.  part  of 
L  .uisi.-tna.  about  10  miles  W.  of  Xew  Orleans,  contains  340 
squaro  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Mississippi,  and 
bounded  on  several  sides  by  Lakes  Pontchartrain,  Des  AUe- 
mnnds,  aud  Washa.  The  surface  is  flat;  the  soil  of  the 
hisUer  parts  is  productive.  Seat  of  justice.  St.  Charles  Court 
House.  PopulaUoa  5,297,  of  whom  1115  were  free,  and 
41S2  slaves. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  couuty  in  the  E.  part  of  Missouri, 
occupies  a  neck  of  land  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Mis- 
souri with  the  Mississippi  River;  area,  about  480  square 
miles.  The  Mississippi  River  forms  the  boundary  on  the 
N.E.,  and  separates  it  from  Illinois.  It  is  also  drained  by 
Culvre  River,  and  hv  Dardenne,  and  Femme  Osage  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  alternately  hilly,  rolling,  and  level.  A  range 
of  highlsnds  terminates  about  8  miles  below  St.  Charles,  in 
a  beautiful  and  romantic  pile  of  naked  bluffs,  called  the 
"Mammelles."  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Limestone 
generally  underlies  the  county.  Extensive  mines  of  stone 
coal  are  worked  in  several  places.  Capital.  St.  Charles.  Pop. 
10,-5-2:i,  of  whom  14,342  were  free,  ana  2181  slaves. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  post-village  cf  Johnson  co..  North 
Carolina. 

S.\INT  CHARLES,  a  small  post-Tillage  of  Arkansas  co., 
Arkansas. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co..  Ohio. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  post-vil- 
lage and  township  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  on  Fox  River,  42 
miles  W.  of  Chicago.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  inclined  planes  which  gently  rise  from  each  side  of  the 
river,  which  is  a  beautiful  and  rapid  streata,  with  a  prairie 
on  the  W.  side,  and  woodlands  on  the  other.  St.  Charles  is 
the  largest  village  in  the  county,  except  Aurora  and  Elgin. 
A  branch  railroad  connects  it  with  the  Chicago  and  Galena 
Railroad.  Since  the  completion  of  this  road,  it  commands 
the  trade  of  the  country  between  the  Fox  and  Rock  Rivers. 
The  Air-line  Railroad  ft-om  Chicago  to  the  Mississippi  River 
passes  about  3  miles  S.  of  St.  Charles.  The  extensive  water- 
power  of  the  river  gives  motion  to  numerous  paper-mills, 
flouring-mil!s,and  other  manufactories,  which  line  the  banks 
for  the  space  of  about  half  a  mile.  One  or  two  newspapers  are 
published  here.    Laid  out  in  1836.    Total  population  1822. 

SAINT  CHARLES  or  SAINT  CHARLES  COURT-HOUSE, 
an  incorporated  city,  capital  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  22  miles  from  its  mouth, 
144  miles  below  Jefferson  City,  and  six  miles  by  land  S.  of 
the  Mississippi  River.  The  situation  is  elevated  and  beauti- 
ful. The  rocky  bluffs  in  this  vicinity  present  delightful 
views  of  the  adjacent  rivers.  Quarries  of  limestone  and 
sandstone,  and  mines  of  stone  coal  have  been  opened  near  the 
town.  It  contains  8  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  1  bank, 
and  2  woollen  factories.   P.  in  1860, 32:}9 ;  in  1865,  about  5500. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  St.  Hyacinthe.  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  36 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  1500. 

SAINT  CHARLES  COLLEGE,  Grand  Coteau,  Lonisiana. 
See  Tabl/i  of  OnlUfjes,  Appexdix. 

SAINT  CHARLES  COURT-HOUSE.    See  Saint  Charles. 

SAINT  CHARLES  LAKE,  Canada  East.  12  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Quebec,  is  5  mUes  in  length,  and  gives  rise  to  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  which  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Quebec, 
after,  a  S.E.  course  of  15  miles. 

SAINT-CHKF.  six"  shif.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Isire,  34  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  1700. 

SAINT-CHELY,  sJv  sheh-Ie©',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  LozSre,  22  miles  W.X.W.  of  Mende.     Pop.  1 500. 

SAINT-CHELY-D'AUBRAC,  sJn«  shfh-lee'  dffbrdk',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron,  25  miles  N.E.  of 
Rodez. 

SAINT  CHTNIAN,  sAno  shee^e^xo'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  II6rault,  48  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montpellier. 
Pop.  in  1S52.  4059.  It  has  extensive  manufactories  of  cloth 
for  the  Levant,  and  tanneries. 

SAINT-CHRISTOPHK,  sAx-«  krees'tof,  numerous  villases 
of  France,  the  principal  in  the  department  of  Indpe-et-Loire, 
18  miles  N  N'.W.  of  Tours.     Pop.  15.tO. 

SAINT  OHRISTOPHER(kris'to-fer)  or  SAINT  KITT'S, 
one  of  the  British  West  India  Islands,  in  the  Leeward  itroup. 
Lat  of  Fort  Smith.  17°  17'  7"  N..  Ion.  60°  42'  2"  W..  46  miles 
W.N.W  of  Antigua.  Length,  from  N.W.  to  S.E..  20  miles: 
breadth  5  miles,  except  at  its  S.E.  extremity,  where  a  nar- 
row tongue  of  land  extends  towards  the  island  of  Nevis. 
Pop.,  whites,  1612;  colored.  21.521.  beine  342  persons  to  each 
vqaare  mile.    The  island  is  an  irregular  oblong,  traversed 

jH**  centre  from  N.  to  S.  by  a  mountain  ridge  of  volcanic 
origin.  In  the  middle  of  which  rises  the  perpendicular  cra"gy 
summit  of  Mount  Misery,  elevation  371 1  feet,  and  overhang- 
Ine  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano.  From  this  central 
mge  the  Und  gradually  and  uniformly  slop.>s  to  the  sea. 
It  has  a  rich,  fertile,  and  highly  cultivated  .«il :  pasture 
and  woodlands  ascend  almost  to  the  mountain  summits. 
Four  rivers  water  this  Island,  and  in  the  N.E.  there  are 
•ereral  aalt  pooda,  producing  abundanoe  of  lalt    The  soU, 


SAI 

composed  of  loam,  cl.ay.  and  volcanic  ashes.  In  some  places 
has  a  depth  of  75  feet,  resting  on  gravel.  Brimstone  Hill 
consists  of  granite,  limestone,  and  primary  schists.  Sul- 
phur is  found  in  the  central  range,  and  some  indications  of 
silver  ore.  The  climate  is  dry  and  healthy.  Mean  annual 
temperature  of  the  coast,  80°;  but  the  mornings  and  even- 
ings are  cooled  by  sea-breezes.  The  coldest  month  is  Febru- 
ary, the  warmest.  August.  The  prevailing  winds  are  N.E. 
and  S.E. ;  rains  are  frequent,  but  not  in  excess:  hurrirtinea 
occur  occasionally,  and  a  terrific  and  fatal  one  nearly  de- 
stroyed the  island  in  1722.  The  scenery,  especially  the  vale 
of  Basseterre,  is  rich  and  beautiful..  The  soil  is  particu- 
larly adapted  for  sugar  plantations.  In  1S46,  91,022  cwts. 
of  sugar,  with  21,714  cwts.  of  mola-s.ses  were  exported  to 
Great  Britain.  In  1851.  the  total  exports  amounted  in  v.ilue 
to  126.610?.,  and  the  imports  to  112.748?.  The  chief  towns  are 
Basseterre,  the  capital,  and  Sandy  Point.  Besides  the  parish 
churches,  there  are  3  Methodist  congregations,  and  several 
schools.  Public  revenue  in  1851.  17.902?. :  expenditures, 
14.672?.  This  island  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1493, 
and  was  then  densely  peopled  by  Caribs.  In  1625,  it  was 
simultaneously  taken  possession  of  by  colonies  of  English 
and  French,  and  divided  into  upper  and  lower  portions. 
From  that  period  it  l^ecame  the  scene  of  frequent  and  bloody 
contests  between  the  two  nations,  till  at  last  it  was  finally 
ceded  to  the  British  in  1783. 

SAINT-CIERS.  sJx°  se-.V.  several  villages  of  France,  the 
principal  of  which  is  St.  Ciers-la-Lande,  department  of  Gi- 
ronde.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Blaye. 

S.MNT-CLAIR.  sSxo  klAR,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Epte,  34  miles  N.W. 
of  Versailles.  It  has  a  hermitage,  resorted  to  ty  numerous 
devotees,  and  the  remains  of  a  castle,  in  which,  in  A.  n.  912, 
the  treaty  was  concluded  between  Charles  the  Simple  and 
the  Norman  chief  Rollo.  by  which  the  latter  acquired  that 
part  of  Neustria  since  termed  Normandy. 

SAINT-CL.\IR,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche,  6  miles  N.E.  of  St.  M.     Pop.  800. 

SAINT-CLAIR  or  SAINT-CLAR,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Gers,  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  I-ectoure.    Pop.  1700. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  county  towards  the  N.E.  part  of  Ala- 
bama, has  an  area  of  725  square  miles.  The  Coosa  River 
forms  its  entire  S.E.  boundary  for  a  distance  of  about  50 
miles.  The  county  is  also  traversed  by  Canoe  Creek.  The 
.surface  is  mountainous,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests  of 
oaks  and  other  timber.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  grain  and 
grass.  Extensive  beds  of  bituminous  coal  are  found,  but 
they  have  not  yet  been  worked  to  much  extent.  Sm.all 
steamboats  navigate  the  Coosa  from  this  county  upwards  to 
Rome,  in  Georgia.  Capititl,  Asheville.  Pop.  11,013,  of  whom 
9245  were  free,  and  1768  slaves. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  bor- 
dering on  Like  Huron  and  St.  Clair  Rivers,  which  separate 
it  from  Canada  West.  Area,  about  700  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  Belle  and  Black  Rivers,  washed  on  the  S.  by 
Lake  St.  Clair,  and  also  drained  by  Mill  Creek.  The  surface 
is  undulating,  and  in  part  heavily  timbered  with  pine  and 
other  trees.  The  soil  is  fertile  in  the  S..  and  s.andv  in  the  N. 
and  W.    Organized  in  1821.     Capital,  St.  Clair.     Pop.  26,604. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Illinois,  bor- 
dering on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  6-50  square  miles.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  St.  Louis,  and  in- 
tersected in  the  S.E.  part  iiy  K,askaskia  River,  and  in  the  N.W. 
part  by  Cahokia  Creek.  It  is  also  drained  by  Silver  and 
Richland  Creeks.  The  surfiice  is  undulating,  and  in  some 
places  level,  consisting  p.artly  of  prairie  and  partly  of  tim- 
bered land.  The  soil  is  excellent.  Large  quantities  of  pro- 
visions are  raised  lor  the  markets  of  St.  Louis.  The  route 
of  the  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  passes  through  the 
county.  Coal-mines  are  numerous,  and  are  rich  and  exten- 
sively worked,  particularly  along  the  Mississippi  River.  A 
larse  portion  of  the  population  consists  of  German.s.  Named 
in  honor  of  General  .\vthur  St.  Clair,  governor  of  Ohio  when 
it  was  a  territory.     Capital.  Belleville.     Pop.  .37,694. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  about  650  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Osage  River,  and  also  drained  by  Sac  River,  and  by  Wai»- 
blow,  Peshaw.  and  Monaghan  Creeks.  The  surface  is  some- 
what diversified,  and  consists  partly  of  prairies  and  partly 
of  timbered  land.  Capital,  Osceola.  Pop.  6812,  of  whom 
6238  were  fr<w.  and  574  slaves. 

■  SAINT  CLAIR,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2173. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Schuylkill 
CO.,  Pennsvlvania.  62  miles  N.E.ofHarrisbun:,  98  miles  N.W. 
of  Philadelphia,  and  4  miles  N.  of  Pottsville.  It  owes  ifi« 
existence  and  prosperity  to  the  rich  mines  of  anthrarit« 
coal  which  surround  it. "  The  origin  of  the  town  Is  quit*?  re- 
"•ent.  and  its  srrowth  has  been  very  rapid.  The  population 
in  1845  was  605;  in  1850  it  amounted  to  2016,  and  in  1800 
to  4901. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  village  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia,  'jS  miles 
E.  by  N  ofMilleilgeville. 

S.\I.\T  CL.ilR,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  co..  Tennessee 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of 


SAI 


SAI 


Butler  CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cincinnati,  Ilamilton, 
and  Dayton  Railroad.     Pop.  1268. 

SAINT  CLAIK.  a  post-txswnship  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Co- 
lumbiana CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Sandy  and  Beaver 
Canal.     Pop.  1028. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  formerly  PALMER,  a  post-village  and 
township,  capital  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  rlrer  of 
the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  Pine  River,  50  miles  N.E. 
of  Detroit.  The  village  contains  a  court-house,  a  newspaper 
office,  a  number  of  stores,  and  several  tlouring  and  saw 
mills.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1687. 

SAINT  CLAIR  CITY,  a  village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  44  miles  E.  of 
Pittsburg,  and  12  miles  from  Greensburg,     Pop.  956. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  LAKE,  between  Canada  West  and  the 
state  of  Michigan.  Lat.  42°  30'  N..  Ion.  82°  30'  W.  It  is  30 
miles  in  length,  and  24  miles  in  its  greatest,  and  12  miles  in 
its  mean  breadth.  Area.  300  square  miles.  Depth,  20  feet. 
Height  above  the  sea,  671  feet,  or  6  feet  higher  than  Lake 
Erie.  It  contains  many  islands,  receives  the  Thames.  Clin- 
ton, Great  Bear  Creek,  and  other  rivers,  and  communicates 
on  the  S.W.  by  Detroit  River  with  Lake  Erie.  On  the  N.  it 
is  entered  by  St.  Clair  River,  which  brings  to  it  the  surplus 
waters  of  the  great  lakes  Superior.  Michigan,  and  Huron. 

SAINT  CLAIR  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  is  the  outlet  of  I^ke 
Huron,  which  gradually  contracts  towards  its.S.  e-xtremity, 
until  it  assumes  the  form  of  a  river,  with  an  average  width 
of  half  a  mile.  After  a  S.  course  of  about  40  miles,  forming 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Canada  West  and  the  United 
States,  it  enters  Lake  St.  Clair.    It  is  navigable  by  large 

SAINT  CLAIRSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Bedford  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SAINT  CLAIRSVILLE,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital 
of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  National  Roiid.  11  miles  W.  of 
Wheeling,  and  110  miles  E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on 
hilly  ground,  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  country.  The 
Central  Rjillroad  passes  about  5  miles  south  of  this  place. 
It  contains  4  churches,  1  bank,  and  a  seminary  for  girls. 
Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  Population  in  1860, 
990. 

SAINT-CLAUD,  sJso  klS,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Charente,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Confolens.  on  the 
Son.     Pop.  200. 

SAINT-CLAUDE,  s^N'o  klod,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Jura,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Lous-le-Saulnier.  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Bienne  and  Tacon.  Pop.  in  1852,  5897.  It  is  well 
built,  and  ornamented  with  fountains,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
chamljer  of  manufactures  and  arts.  The  manufactures  com- 
prise articles  in  horn,  ivory,  and  wood,  buttons,  ninsical- 
boxes  and  instruments,  toys,  jewelry,  watches,  hardwares, 
crape,  and  cotton  fabrics. 

SAINT  CLEAR'S  or  SAINT  CLARE'S,  a  borough  and 
parish  of  South  Wales,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Carmarthen.  P.  1107. 

SAINT  CI/KER.  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-CLl^MKNT,  s.^NO  klA^mSN"'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Correze,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1600. 

S.4INT-CIjEMKNT.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Manche.  2i  miles  N.E.  of  Mortain.     Pop.  1400. 

SAINT  CLE.M'KNT  DANES,  a  parish  of  the  English  me- 
tropolis, with  a  church'  in  the  Strand,  a  little  W.  ol  Tem- 
ple-ljar. 

SAINT-CLT^:MENT-DE-M0NTAGNE,  sJ.N<>  klA^mftNo'  deh 
in5x°^tili',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Allier,  13  miles 
S.S.E.  of  La  Palisse. 

SAINT-CLEMKNT-DES-LEVEES.  sIn"  kli'mftxo'  dk  leh- 
tA.  a  village  of  France,  department.of  Maine-et-Loire,  on  the 
Loire,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Saumur. 

SAINT  CLKM'ENTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  CLEMENTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SAINT  CLEMENT'S  BAY,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  co., 
Maryland. 

SAINT  CLETH'ER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-CLOUD,  sent  kl(5wd,  (Fr.  pron.  sis':  kloo,)  a  town 
of  F'rance,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  6^  miles  W.  of  Paris, 
on  the  slope  of  a  hill  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  and 
on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Versailles.  Pop.  in  1852,  3828. 
The  fine  chateau  of  St.  Cloud,  originally  tlie  property  of  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  was  long  the  favorite  residence  of  the  kings 
of  France.  It  has  an  extensive  park  and  elegant  fountains. 
The  fair  or  fete  of  St.  Cloud  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  in 
the  environs  of  Paris.  Henry  IV.  was  assassinated  at  St. 
Cloud  by  Jacques  Clement  in  1589.  Bonaparte  here  broke 
up  the  assembly  of  500.  and  caused  himself  to  be  proclaimed 
tir.st  consul  on  the  9th  of  November.  1799:  and  here,  in 
July.  1830.  Charles  X.  signed  the  ordonnances  which  cost 
him  his  throne. 

SAINT  ClvOUD.  a  post-office  of  Heard  co.,  Georgia. 

SAINT  COLOMBAN  DE  VILLARS,  six"  ko'lAM^bSso'  deh 
vee'yaa/,  a  village  of  Savoy,  province  of  Maurienne.  6j  miles 
N.W.  of  St.  Jean  de  Maurienne,  on  the  Glaudon.  Pop.  1883. 
SAI  NT-CO LOMBB.  sj.v"  ko'lAMW,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  RhSne.  16  miles  S.  of  Lyons,  on  the  Rhdne.  opposite 
Vienne.  Pop.  800.  Numerous  communes  and  villages  of 
France  have  the  same  nam«. 


SAINT  COLUMB  MAJOR,  koVIlm  m.Vjor,  a  markeUow* 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  ;J2  mnes  S.W.  of 
Launceston  It  is  the  head  of  a  poor-law  union,  and  the  seat 
of  petty  sessions  and  a  branch  bank. 

SAINT  COL'UMB  MI'NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall. 

SAINT-COME,  sJno  kom,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aveyron,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Rodez.    Pop.  1100. 

8AINT-C0SME,  skm"  kom.,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Sarthe,  7  miles  S.E.  of  M.itters. 

SAINT  CRISTOVAL  DE  LA  LAGUNA,  kris-to-vSV  d.i  IJ 
lil-goo'nj,  !in  island  of  Teneriffe,  on  its  N.  side,  in  a  high  and 
healthv  plain,  with  6532  inhabitants. 

SAI.NT  CROIX,  s?nt  kroi'.  al.so  called  PAS'SAM  AQUODTiY 
and  SCIIOODIC  RIVER,  rises  from  Grand  Lake,  on  the  bor- 
der between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick,  and  flowing  in  a 
general  S.S.E.  direction,  although  in  awery  winding  course, 
falls  into  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  It  forms  the  boundary  for 
its  whole  course  between  the  United  States  and  New  Brnn»- 
wick.    The  whole  length  is  about  75  miles. 

SAINT  CROIX,  a  river  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Douglas 
CO.,  near  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Superior,  and  flows  S.W.  until 
it  reaches  the  E.  liqe  of  Minnesota.  From  this  point  it 
pursues  a  general  S.  cour.se,  forming  the  boundary  between 
that  territory  and  the  state  of  Wi.sconsin.  and  falls  into  the 
Mississippi  River  38  miles  below  St.  Paul's.  The  whole 
length  is  about  200  miles,  and  it  is  100  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth.  St  Croix  Lake,  an  expansion  of  this  river,  is  36 
miles  long,  and  3  or  4  miles  wide;  it  is  not  more  than  1 
mile  from  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Several  falls  occur  in  the 
St.  Croix,  about  the  middle  of  its  course. 

SAINT  CROI.X,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
bordering  on  Jlinnesota,  contains  an  area  of  alxjut  750 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  St.  Croix  River 
and  Lake,  which  separate  it  from  Minnesota,  and  drained 
by  Willow  and  .\p]ilc  Rivers.  The  surface  is  mostly  over- 
spread with  forests  of  jiine.  Capital,  Hudson.  Population 
5.392. 

SAINT  CROIX  FALLS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  St.  Croix  River,  at  the  head  of  steanilpoat 
navigation,  about  240  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.W.  of  Madison. 
It  is  estimated  that  4.000,000  feet  of  pine  lumber  are  made 
here  annu.allv.     Pop.  3.'i4. 

SAINT  CROSS.  SOUTII-ELM'IIAM,  or  SAND'CROFT,  a 
parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  CRO.SS,  a  famous  hospital  and  church  of  England. 
1  mile  S.  of  Winchester,  and  included  in  that  city.  The 
hospital,  founded  in  1132,  maintains  a  master,  steward,  chap- 
lain, and  13  poor  brethren,  and  provides  refreshments  for 
every  wayfarer  who  calls  for  it  at  the  gate. 

SAINT  CYPRIAN  (sip're-an)  BAY.  an  inlet  of  the  Atlan- 
tic Ocean,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  immediately  N.  of  Cape 
Barbas.  Lat.  22°  35'  N..  Ion.  17°  W.  It  receives  the  river 
St.  Cvprian.  50  miles  in  length. 

SAINT-CYPRIKN,  sis"  see'pre-S.v"',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Dordogne.  arrondissoment,  and  9  miles  W.  of 
Sarlat.     I'op.  in  1852,  2426. 

SAINT-CYPRIEN,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Roder,.     Pop.  2300. 

SAINT-CYR,  s^NO  seen,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Si'ine-et-Oise.  arrondissement.  and  2i  miles  W.  of  Versailles. 
Its  famous  militia  snhools  established  in  1803,  occupies  part 
of  the  royal  abbey  founded  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1086. 

SAINT-CYR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-et- 
Mame,  arrondissement  of  Coulommiers.     Pop.  1400. 

SAINT-CYR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
arrondissement  of  Toulon.     Pop.  1700. 

SAINTCYH-AU-.MONT-D'OR.  sUno  seen  5  mfty"  doR,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Rh8ne,  near  the  right  bank 
of  the  Saone.  3  miles  N.  of  Lvons.  Pop.  in  1852,  1887. 

SAINT-CYR-DU-BAILLEU'L.-  sSx"  .seeR  deh  bAh'yuh',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Manche.  arrondissement  of 
Mortain.     Pop.  in  1852.  2133. 

SAINT-CYR-EN-PAIL.  s4n«  seeR  Sn"  pM,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Mayenne,  canton  of  Prez-en-PaiL 
Pop.  1400. 

SAINT  CY'RUS.  a  parish  of  Scotl.and.  co.  of  Kincardine. 
Most  part  of  the  parish  is  well  cultivated,  and  in  the  North 
Esk  is  a  good  salmon  fishery. 

SAINT-D'AUBlGNfi.  sAno  dO'beenVA'.  a  village  of  France, 
dep.artment  of  lUe-et-Vilaine,  arrondissement  off  Rennes. 
Pop.  1300. 

SAINT  DA'VID,  a  seaport  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Princ« 
Edward  Island.  Queen's  co.,  on  Halifax  Bay,  in  lat.  4G°  23' 
N..  Ion.  63°  42'  W. 

SAINT  DAVID,  one  of  the  Bermuda  Tsland.s.  Lat.  32° 
10'  N.,  Ion.  64°  20'  W. :  also  parishes  in  llayti  and  .laniaica. 

SAINT  D.WIDS.a  decayed  episcopal  city  of  South  Wales, 
CO.  of  Pembroke,  near  it,s  W.  extremity,  on  the  Allan.  1  mile 
from  its  mouth,  on  N.  side  of  St.  Bride's  Bay,  15  miles 
AV.N.W.  of  Ilaverford-West.  I'op.  in  1851.  2460.  Its  cathe- 
dral. 307  feet  in  length  internally,  has  a  lofty  tower,  a  fine 
Gothic  chapel,  the  monuments  of  St.  David,  Bishop  .\nselm, 
Oiraldus  Cambrensis.  Tudor  Karl  of  Richmond,  the  father 
of  Henry  Vll.,  with  the  ruined  college  of  St.  Mai  v.  founded 

1647 


SAI 

by  John  of  Gaunt,  the  bishop's  palace,  which  stands  in  an 
area  enclostHj  by  walls  I'^Oti  yai-ds  in  circuit. 

SAINT  DAVID'S,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  eo.  of  Brecon. 

SAI.NT  DAVID'S,  a  villaee  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.    Pop.  160. 

SAINT  D.A.VIDS  HEAD,  the  westernmost  point  of  Wales, 
In  lat.  51°  50'  N.  Ion.  5°  15'  W. 

SAINT  DAY,  a  town  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  on  an 
eminence,  7  miles  W.  of  Truro.  The  people  are  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  mining.     Pop.  about  fiOOO. 

SJIINT  DK(yUM  AN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

S.VINT-DE.V'IS,  (Fr.  pron.  s1.n°  dgh-nee',)  atown  of  France, 
department  of  Seine,  with  a  station  on  the  Railway  du 
Nord,  5i  miles  N.of  the  centre  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852.  15,702. 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  theatre,  public  library,  numerous 
manufactures,  and  several  annual  f;iirs;  but  it  is  chiefly 
celebrated  for  its  church,  which,  from  the  seventh  century, 
was  the  principal  burial-place  of  the  kings  of  France.  This 
is  a  noble  Gothic  edifice,  41oi  feet  in  length,  106i  feet 
in  breadth,  with  two  towers,  and  a  spire  85  feet  in  height : 
in  the  vaults  are  some  of  its  ancient  tombs,  which  escaped 
destruction  in  the  first  Kevolution.  Its  ancient  abbey  is 
now  used  as  a  house  of  instruction,  founded  by  Napoleoh, 
for  the  daughters  of  members  of  the  legion  of  honor.  The 
Canal  of  St.  Denis  is  a  short  branch  of  the  Canal  of  d'Ourcq. 

SAINT-DENIS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente  Inferieure,  in  the  island  of  Oleron,  with  a  small  port. 

S.ilNT-DENIS,  sIno  deh-nee/,  a  Tillage  of  Belgium,  pro- 
Tince  of  Hainaut,  4^  mites  N.E.  of  Mons,  with  cottou-spin- 
ning  works  in  the  ancient  abbey. 

S--VINT-DENIS.  sIno  deh-nee',  capital  town  of  the  French 
colony  of  the  island  of  Bourbon,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Denis.  Lat. 
20°  52'  S.,lon.S5°30'24"E.  Pop.  with  the  district,  19.140,  of 
whom  10,096  are  slaves.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor 
of  the  island,  the  seat  of  a  high  court,  and  has  a  college, 
hospital,  botanic  garden,  a  bank  established  in  1826  with  a 
capital  of  1.000,000  francs,  and  an  active  general  trade.  It 
is  situated  on  an  exposed  roadstead,  the  best  in  the  island. 

SAINT-DENIS-DANJOU,  si.N"  deh-nee'  d6.\«'zhoo/,  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  12  miles  E.  of 
Chateau-Gontler.     Pop.  in  1852,  2830. 

SAINT-DENIS-DE-GASTINES,  Ay  dfh-nee'  dfh  gis'- 
teen'.  a  village  of  France,  department,  and  11  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Mavenne.     Pop.  in  1852.  3500. 

SAINT-DENIS-DE-JOUIIET,  pS,no  deh-nee'  deh  zhoo'A/,  a 
TilKige  of  France,  department  of  Indre,  7  miles  S.W.  of  La 
Chatre.     Pop.  1800. 

SAINT-DENIS-DE-PILLE.  sKy  deh-neo'  deh  pee\vA',  a 
Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Gironde,  bi  miles' N.  of 
Libonrne.    Pop.  in  1852.  2fi52. 

SAINT-DESIS-DE-QCfiBEC.  eKy  dehhiee'  deh  kA'bSk',  a 
post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Kamouraska, 
on  the  S.  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  84  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec. 
Pop.  about  1700. 

SAINT-DENIS  DORQUES,  sJn"  deh-nee' doBk,  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  21  miles  W.  of  Le  Mans. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2316. 

SAINT-DENIS-EN-VAL,  six*  d?h-nee'  8no  vil,  a  Tillage 
of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orleans. 
Pop.  1000. 

SAINT-DENIS-LE-CHEVASSE,  sis"  deh-nee/  Igh  sheh- 
vlss',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Bourbon- Vendee,  canton  of  VoirS-sur-Bourbon.  Pop. 
1256. 

SAINT-DENIS-L&GAST.  slso  dgh-nee'  Ifh  gist  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Manche,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Coutances. 
Pop.  1859. 

SAINTDENIS-LE-TETU,  sAn«  dgh-nee'  Igh  vi^U'.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Manche,  4  miles  S.  of  Cou- 
tances.    Pop.  500. 

SAINT-DENIS-SUR-LOIRE.  sJxo  deh-neo*  sttR  Iwia,  a 
Tillage  (jf  France,  department  of  Ix)ir-et-Cher,  arrondisse- 
ment.  and  4  miles  N.E.  of  Blois.  with  mineral  springs. 

SAINT-DENIS-SUR-SARTHON.  s4.\o  dph-uee'  silR  saR'- 
tJso',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  6  milee  N.W. 
of  .\len90n.     Pop.  1400. 

SAINT  DEN'NIS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  DENNIS,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  CO.,  Maryland. 

SAINT  DENNIS  BAYOU,  (bi'oo,)  of  Ixiuisiana,  traTerses 
the  parish  of  Jefferson,  and  flows  into  Rarataria  Bay. 

SAINT  DEV'EREU.X.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

SAINT-DIDIER-AC-MONT-DOU,  sis"  deeMe-.V  8  mAx» 
doR.  a  vill.ige  of  France,  department  of  KhOne,  6  miles  N. 
of  Lyons.     Pop.  1800. 

S.MNT-DIDIER-DE-CHALARONNE.  sijc  deeMe-A/  dgh 
ehi'li'ronn'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  16  miles 
N.  of  Trevoux.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-DIDIER-DE-LATOUR,  sJx«  dee'de^l'  deh  U  tooR, 
•  village  of  France,  department  of  Isire,  arrondissement  of 
I.*  Tourdu-Pin.     Pop.  1318. 

SA1NT-U1DIER-L.\.SEAUVE.bSIv  deeMe..Via  sOv.atown 
Of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  14  miles  N.E.  of 
Yssengeaux.     I'op.  20(X). 

SAlNT-DIDIEK-SUK-DOUIiON,  Aa'  dee'de^  sUr  doo'- 
1&48 


SAI 

lAx"'.  a  Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  8  mtlea 
E.  of  Brioude.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-DIDIER-SUR-ROCHEFORT,  sis"  deeMe-.V  sUb 
roshYoR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  16  mile» 
N.W.  of  Montbrison.     Pop.  1500. 

S.\INT-Dl£,  siso  de-A',  (anc.  Sanctum  Dendattimf)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  capital  of  an  arrondisse- 
ment, and  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Epinal,  on  the  Meurthe.  Pop 
in  1852.  8059.  It  has  a  commercial  college,  cotton  spinning, 
iron-forges,  and  wire-work.s.  In  its  vicinity  are  iron  and 
copper  mines  and  marble  quarries. 

SAINT-Dlfi.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loir-et- 
Cher,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire,  8  miles  N  Ji.  of  Blois. 
Pop.  1261. 

S.\INT-DIEY,  a  town  of  France.    See  S.unt  Dif . 

SAINT-DIZIER,  stuio  dee'ze-.V,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Marne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Slarne, 
where  it  becomes  navigable  10  miles  N.  of  Va.ssy.  Pop.  in 
1852,  7429.  It  is  handsome,  and  Wiis  formerlj'  fortified ;  it 
has  a  communal  college,  a  fine  new  town-hall,  an  hospital, 
and  a  ruined  castle;  docks  for  building  vessels,  cotton  and 
iron  factories,  and  an  active  export  trade  in  iron  and  timber. 
In  1544,  it  sustained  a  memorable  siege  by  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.;  and  in  1814.  the  French  troops  here  twice  de- 
feated a  part  of  the  allied  army. 

S.ilNT-DIZIER,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Creuse. 
5  miles  N.  of  Bourgaueuf. 

SAINT  DOti'.MEL.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  fishing.  The 
village  has  the  ruins  of  a  fine  abbev. 

SAINT  DOGS'WELL,  a  parish  of" South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke, with  a  medical  spring. 

SAINT  DOMINGO.    See  Sas  Domixgo. 

SAINT  DOM'INICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall 

SA INT-DON AT-LE-ROMAN.  eSxa  do^nd'  leh  ro'mftjj"',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Drome,  13  miles  N.  of  Valence. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2350. 

SAINT  DO/NATTS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glam- 
organ, on  the  Bristol  Channel.  5  mil«s  S.W.  of  Cowbridge. 
The  church,  in  a  beautiful  secluded  dell,  contains  sever.il 
monuments  of  the  Stradlings,  who  for  7  centuries  occupied 
the  fine  ancient  castle,  part  of  which  is  still  inh-ibited. 

SAINT  DO'NATTS,  WELSH,  a  parish  of  Wales,   co.  of 
Glamorgan. 
■  SAINT  DUNSn:AN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SAINTE-ADELE,  s^Nt  JMAl',  or  AB/ERCROMBIE,  a  vil- 
lage and  township  of  Canada  Ea.st  co.  of  Two  Mountains,  40 
miles  W.  of  Montreal.    Pop.  about  600. 

S.4INTE-ANNE,  sAxt  Ann,  a  mountain  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  8  miles  from  Alen9on,  with  a  chapel  fre- 
quented by  a  vast  number  of  pilgrims. 

S.-VINTli-.iNNE.  a  maritime  vill.-ige  of  Guadeloupe,  on  the 
S.  coast  of  Grande  Terre,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Point-a-Pltre. 

S.\INTE  ANNE,  a  village  of  Martinique,  ne.ir  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  the  island.  Someotherpari.shesof  theWe.st  Indies, 
and  one  in  the  island  of  Alderney.  have  the  same  name. 

SAINTE  ANNE,  the  names  of  several  towns  of  Canada. 
See  S.UNT  Anne. 

SAINTE-ANNE-DE-LA-P£RADE,  slst  Ann  deh  U  pA^- 
rdd',  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Port  Neuf,  on  the 
river  St.  Anne.  57  miles  W.  by  N.  qf  Quebec. 

SAINTE-ANNE-DE-LA-POCATIERE.  s^Nt  Ann  deh  U  po'- 
kA^te-aJR/,  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co,  of 
Kamouraska,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  St.  L;iwrence,  75  miles 
below  Quebec.  The  village  is  beautifully  situated,  and  con- 
tains, besides  a  church  and  several  stores,  a  college,  one  of 
the  most  extensive  in  Canada  East,  usually  attended  by 
about  1.50  students.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  2800. 

SAINTE-ANNE-DES-PLAINES,  sAxt  Ann  dA  plAn,  a  vil- 
lage and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Terrebonne,  26  miles 
N.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  1600. 

S.AINTE  ANNE-DU-M.\CHlCnE,  sJst Ann  dU' mA'sheesh', 
a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  St.  Maurice, 
on  the  river  Machiche,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal.  Pop. 
about  2000, 

SAINTE-ANNE-DU-NORD,  sSlst  ann  dU  noR,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Montmorenci,  on  the  N.  shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence.  18  miles  below  Quebec.     Pop.  about  900. 

S-UNTE-BAUME,  sistbOm.  a  mountain  =;i  the  S.E.  of 
France,  department  of  Var,  canton  ol  St,  Maximin.  Height, 
2850  feet. 

S.\INTE-CROIX,  sSst  krwA,  a  vinage  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde.  22  miles  S.E.  of  Borde.iux.     Pop  1126. 

SAINTE-CROIX,  a  village  of  France,  departmentof  Haut- 
Rhin.  4  miles  S.  of  Colmar.     Pop.  1600. 

SAINTE  CROIX,  a  vilL-jge  of  Switzeriand.  canton  of  Vaud, 
on  the  French  frontier.  7  miles  W.  of  Granson.  Pop.  2900, 
manv  of  whom  are  engaged  in  watch  and  lace-making. 

S.\INTE  CROIX,  a  village  of  Canada  Kist  on  the  3. 
bank  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec. 

SAINTE  CROIX,  or  SANTA  CKUZ.  sAii'tA  kroos.  the 
southernmost  and  largest  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  and  the 
most  impi^rtant  of  the  Danish  posse,ssions  in  the  West  In- 
dies. Area,  100  square  miles.  Pop.  25.600,  of  whom  18.400 
were  slaves.    Capital,  Cbristianstad.    It  was  possessed  s=.i- 


SAI 


SAI 


oessively  by  the  Dutch,  EnprUsh,  Spanish,  and  French,  and 
was  sold  to  Denmark  in  1733. 

SAINTE-CROIXAUX-MINES,  sAst  krwd  o  meen,  a  Til- 
lage of  France,  department  of  A'osges,  15  miles  N.W.  of 
Colmar.     I'op.  in  1S.')2.  3(557. 

SAINTKCROIX-DE-VOLVESTRE,  sHxt  krwj  deh  toI'- 
vJst'r',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ariege,  9  miles  N. 
of  St.  Girons.     Pop.  1761. 

SAINT  ED'WAUD.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Huntingdon,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal.     I'op.  200. 

SAINTE-FAMILl>r:-D'ORLKANS,  hJxt  fa'meel  doR'lA'ftN'"', 
a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Montuiorenci,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.     Pop.  about  900. 

SAINTK-Fi  lY,  s^Nt  fwd.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Giroude,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dordogne,  38  miles  K.  of 
Bordeaux.     Pop.  in  1852.  3139. 

SAIXTE-FOY,  stKyo  fwd,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  in  1852.  3410. 

SAIXTFXJEMME  (or  OEM.MESj  D'ANDIGNE,  bSnI 
ihjuira'  d5N"'doeH,  a  village  of  "France,  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire.  20  miles  N.W.  of  Angers.     Pop.  1180. 

SAlNTE-CiEMME  (or  GE.MMES)  LE-ROBERT,  sJut 
zhJmm'  leh  ro^baia,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Mayenne,'20  miles  N.E.  of  Laval.     Pop.  in  1852,  2.379. 

SAIXTE-GEMME  (or  GEMME.S;  SUR-LOIUE,  sljit 
BhJmm',  silB  Iwdit,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Malne- 
et-Loire.  arrondissemeiit  of  Angers.     Pop.  1115. 

SAINTE-GENESE-RIIODK.  s1n«  zheh-nAz/  rod,  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  7  miles  S.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  2300. 

SAINTE-GEXEVIEVE,  s^Nt  zheh-n?h-ve-4v',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Aveyron,  19  miles  N.  of  Espalion. 
Pop.  1839. 

SAINTE-GEXEVrKVE,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Oise,  11  miles  S  S.K.  of  Beauvais.     Pop.  1124.  * 

SAINTH-GEXEVTIOVi;-DE-BATISCAN,  sixt  zheh-neh- 
ve-aiv'  deti  Ki'tees^kft.N"',  a  post-villago  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Champlain.on  the  river  Batiscan.  P. about  1200. 

SAINTE-1U;lR\E.  si.vt  i'lSn'  or  A'lain',  several  villages 
of  France,  departments  of  Morbilian,  Loz6re,  Seine-Infe- 
rieure,  Vosges,  Gironde,  Ac,  and  one  in  Savoy,  6  miles 
S..S.M'.  of  Conflans. 

SAINTE-II^LiiNE.  s^.vt  AM.in',  a  village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Uimouski,  on  the.  S.  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  103  miles  ix^low  Quebec. 

SAlNTE-IMNORINE-LA-CilARDONXE,  slst  ho'no'reen' 
li  shaaMoun',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  17 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Domfront.     Pop.  1541. 

SAINT  ELENA,  (Sp.  fHnta  EU-na,  sdn'ti  A-lA/ni,)  a  point 
and  maritime  village  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  depart- 
ment of  Guayafiuil.  province  of  Manabi;  the  point,  in  lat. 
2°  12'  S.,  Ion.  81°  W.,  and  the  village  on  the  Bay  of  St. 
Elena.  30  miles  S.E. 

SAINT  ELI7MBKTII,  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Berthier,  45  miles  N.E.  of  Montre.al.     Pop.  3000. 

SAINT-£lOY,  sl\Nt  AMwi/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  l'uy-de-D6me.  is  in  an  extensive  coal  basin,  the 
mines  of  wiiich  furnish  annually  40,000  quintals. 

SAINTE-LUCE,  sAxt  liis,  a  small  town  on  the  S.  coast  of 
the  French  West  India  island  of  Martinique,  13  miles  S.E. 
of  Fort  Royal.     Pop.  122ti. 

SAINT  EL'VIS.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

SAINTE  MARGUKRITE,  sSst  maRVhgh-reeV  a  river  of 
Canada  East,  joins  the  Saguenay,  14  miles  from  its  mouth 
In  the  St.  Lawrence  estuarv. 

SAINTE  MARGUERITE,  the  largest  of  the  Isles  Lerins, 
on  the  coast  of  France.     See  LtRiNs. 

SAINTE-M ARIE.  sAxt  mlVee',  an  island  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Madagascar,  (called  by  the  natives,  Nbssn-Ihraheem  or  jN'b.s.fi- 
Ibrahim,  no.s'see'  ib'ri-heem.')  Lat.  16°  48'  S.,  Ion.  50°  E. 
Length  from  N.  to S..  30  miles ;  breadth.  5  miles.  Pop.  5000. 
The  French  here  have  an  establishment. 

S.'VINTE-M.\RIE,  s4xt  mdVee'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Pyrenees,  near  Oleron.     Pop.  in  1852,  3939. 

SAINTE-MARIE,  a  commune  in  the  French  colony  of  the 
Island  of  Bourbon,  on  its  N.  coast.     Pop.  5527. 

SAINTE-MARIE,  a  town  of  the  French  colony  of  the 
bland  of  Martinique,  on  its  N.E.  side.     Pop.  4854. 

SAINTE-MARIE.  a  village  of  the  island  of  Guadeloupe, 
division,  and  3  miles  N.  of  Capesterre. 

SAINTE-MARIE-AUDENHOVE.  sixt  maVee*  oMJnVv',  a 
Tillage  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  8  miles  E.  of 
Audenarde.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINTE-MARIE-AUX-MINES,  sJxt  miVee'S  meen,  (Ger. 
Mariakirch.  md-ree'd-k6Siik^,)  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaut-Jlhin.  on  the  Liepvrette,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Colmar. 
Pop.  in  1852,  11.613.  It  has  an  active  manufacture  of  cotton 
hosiery,  calicoes,  and  printed  goods. 

SAINTt^MAi'JE-DK-LA-BEAUCE,  sJn-"  vaVre^  deh-ld 
boss,  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Dor- 
chester. .30  miles  from  Quebec.     Pop.  3200. 

SAINTE-MARIE-DE-MONNOIR.  saN"  md'ree'deh  mon^- 
nwjR'.  a  post-viU.ige  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Rou- 
ville.  26  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  5000. 

SAINTE-MAURE,  A^i  mOR,  a  small  town  of  France,  de- 
5D 


partment  of  Indre-et-Loire.  on  the  Manse.  IS  miles  E.S.ti 
of  Chinon,  on  the  railroad  from  Bordeaux  to  Paris.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2744. 

SAINTE-MAURE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  lllo- 
et-Vilaine,  17  miles  N.  of  Redon.     Pop.  in  1852,  4271. 

SAINTE-MENEIIOULD.  s^Nt  mJn^hoo'  a  tijwn  of  France 
department  of  Marne,  on  the  Aisne.  at  the  influx  of  tht 
Auve,  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chfilons.  Pop.  in  1S52.  4.347.  It 
was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1719,  and  since  regularly  built..  It 
has  a  forest  board,  an  agricultur.al  council,  a  seminary,  and 
manufactures  of  glass,  earthenwares,  and  leather.  It  waa 
formerly  fortified,  and  was  taken  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1653. 

SAINTE-M  FlRl'ViOGLISE,  sAxt  mAu  A'gleez'.  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  9  miles  S.E.  of 
Volognes.     Pop.  1740. 

SAINT-EMILTON,  tAst  A'meeMeH\N'>',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Gironde.  3  miles  S.E.  of  Litiourne.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2828.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines,  and  has  a  ruined 
castle. 

SAINT  ERME.  a  river  of  England,  rising  in  Dartmoor,  co. 
of  Devon,  and  flowing  S.  into  the  English  Channel,  4^  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Btodbury. 

SAINT   ERME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornw.all. 

SAINTE  ROSE,  sAxt  roz.  a  maritime  town  of  Guadeloupe, 
on  its  N.  coast,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Port  Louis.  Pop.  4156, 
of  whom  ,33.39  are  slaves. 

SAINTE  ROSE,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Bourbon,  on  the 
E.  coast.  31  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Denis.     Pop.  1878. 

SAINT  ERTll,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  ER'VAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINTES,  K^Nt,  (anc.  Meiliolulrmm.)  a  town  of  France, 
capital  of  an  arrondissement,  department  of  Charente-In- 
ferieure.  38  miles  S.E.  of  La  Rochelle.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Charente.  Lat.  45°  45'  N..  Ion.  0°38' W.  Pop.  in  IS.Vi.  11.560. 
Its  streets  are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  It  is  ill-built,  but 
has  a  fine  cathedral,  and  a  communal  college,  with  a  library 
of  2.5,000  volume.s.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  an 
extensive  trade  in  Cognac  brandy,  made  in  its  vicinity.  It 
has  several  Roman  remains,  comprising  a  triumphal  arch, 
and  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre  and  a  circus.  It  was  the 
capital  of  the  old  province  of  Saii4ogne.  St.  Louis  defeated 
the  English  here  in  1242. 

S.VINTKS.  Les.  lA  sA.Nt.  some  small  islands  of  the  French 
West  Indies,  off  the  S.  extremity  of  Guadeloupe,  of  which 
they  are  dependencies.  Aggregate  area.  5  square  miles. 
Pop.  1100.  I'he  products  comprise  manioc,  sweet  7X)tatoes, 
cotton,  tobacco,  and  poultry.  Among  them  is  one  of  the  liest 
roadsteads  in  the  West  Indies.  They  were  discovered  by 
Columbus,  November  4,  1495. 

SAINTES-.MARIES.  Les.  lA  sS-rtmaVee/.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Bouches-du-RhOne,  in  a  sandy  pl.ain.  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Khoue,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Arks. 
Pop.  910. 

SAINT-ESPAIN.  silNt  ^s^p^No/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Ijoire,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tours.  l*«)p.  in 
1852,  2010. 

SAINT-ESPRIT.  sA?»t  Js'pree'.  a  seaport  town  of  France, 
department  of  Landes,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Adour, 
opposite  Bayonne.  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  Pop.  in  .1852, 
6Syl.  It  has  a  citadel,  commanding  the  town  and  port  of 
Bavonne. 

SAINT-ESPRIT,  sSlst  fs'pree'.  a  post-village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Leiuster,  42  miles  N.W.  of  Montreal. 
Pop.  about  2200. 

SAINT-EST]^:PIIE,  sSxt  ^s'tif ',  a  village  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Gironde,  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  872. 

SAINTFVrERRE.  sAxt  t.^K.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gironde.  arrondissement  of  Lil)Ourne.     Pop.  2055. 

SAINTE-TERRE.  (-  Holv  Land.")     See  Paikstise. 

SAINTE-TIIERESE-DE-BLAINVILLE,  sANt  tA^raiz'  d?h 
blJN«'veel',  a  post-village  and  seigniory  of  Canada  East,  co. 
of  Terrebonne.  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Montreal. 

S^\INT-ETIENNE,  sANt-.Vto-^n',  (i.  e.  "St.  Stephen,")  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  on  the  Furens,  a  small 
afflvient  of  the  Loire,  in  the  centre  of  one  of  th«  most  valuable 
coal-fields  of  France.  32  miles  S.W.  of  Lyons,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  railway.  Pop.  in  1861,  92,250.  It  has  sprung 
up  in  recent  limes  with  almost  unexampled  rapidity,  and, 
though  not  regularly  built,  contains  several  spacious  streets, 
formed  of  lofty  and  substantial  houses  nf  freestone,  originally 
white,  but  rendered  dingy  and  black  by  the  clouds  of  smoke 
which  numerous  iron-works  are  continually  pouring  forth. 
The  finest  street,  which  is  in  the  line  of  the  great  public 
road  from  Paris  to  Marseilles,  passes  almost  through  the 
middle  of  the  town,  and  is  lined  with  rows  of  trees.  The 
town  is  lighted  with  gas.  The  principal  edifices  are  the 
HOt«l  de  Ville,  comprising  the  town-hall,  exchange,  and  a 
museum  of  the  local  manufactures:  a  court-house,  a  theatre, 
a  public  library,  a  handsome  obelisk  fountain,  and  the  termini 
of  the  two  railways  to  Lyons  and  Eoanne.  The  town  has  a 
court  of  first  resort  and  commerce,  a  consulting  chamber  of 
manufiicturers,  a  conseil  de.  prud'h.rmimes.  a  national  college, 
a  school  of  mines,  a  chemical  laboratory,  and  a  public  lilirary. 
St.  Etienne  has  been  called  the  French  Birmingham.  It  h.a.i 
rapidly  acquired  prosperity  in  the  two  very  dissimilar  m» 

1&49 


SAI 

nnfactures  of  iron  -whres  nnd  silk  ribhons.  The  manufac- 
ture of  hardware,  includinp;  fire-arms  and  all  kinds  of  cutlery, 
with  files,  nails,  cast-iron,  and  steel,  employs  about  7000  work- 
men, who,  in  addition  toother  articles,  produce  annu.ally,  in 
time  of  peace.  40.000  st.ind  of  arms,  but  in  a  case  of  necessity 
mizht  K'  able  to  produc*  nearly  300.0OO.  The  manufacture 
of  ribbons  is  the  more  important  staple,  and  employ.s.  with 
the  town  and  in  the  adjoininir  districts  about  40,000  per- 
sons. '  The  number  of  looms  is  estimated  at  iO.OiX),  and  the 
Talue  of  the  annual  produce  at  $10,000,000.  It  has  also 
manufactures  of  other  silk  goods,  lace,  embroidery,  muslins, 
cotton  yarn.  glas.s.  leather,  paper,  and  lampblack.  The  coal, 
to  »rhich  St.  Etienne  is  indebted  for  the  main  source  of  its  j 
presperity,  besides  meeting  the  consumption  within  the 
town,  forms  a  very  important  branch  of  trade,  both  furnissh- 
Ing  the  supplies  of  several  bl.^st  furnaces  and  other  extensive 
iron -works,  and  a  general  export  of  a1»ut  500,000  tons. 

SAIXT-l^:TIENNE-Dl'>BAIGORRy,  sixt  i'te-^nu'  dfh 
bA'^goR'Ree'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses-Pyrfi- 
nfees,  on  the  Spanish  frontier,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bayonne. 
Pop.  in  18.i'2.  32i)6.    It  has  iron  mines  and  marble  quarries. 

SAIN'T-fiTIENNM-:-Dh)-LUODARfcS,  sist  AHe-enu'  deh 
lUg'dS^rAs'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ardeche,  31  miles 
W.  of  Priva-s.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-/5TIENXE-DE-M0XTLUC,  sast  .AHe-Inn'  deh 
mAso'lUk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Xantes.     Pop.  in  18o2.  4778. 

SAIXT-l^TIEXXE-D&ROUVKAY,  sJxt  i'te^nn'  dgh 
roovVi/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure, 
near  the  Seine.  4  miles  S.  of  Rouen.     Pop.  1500. 

S.AIXT-fiTlEXXE-DE-SAIXT-GEOIRS.  slxt  i'te-Jnn' deh 
8ix«  zhwiR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isere,  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2051. 

SAIXT  EUFEMIA.    See  Santa  Euphemia. 

SAIXTE  URSAXXE,  sAst  UR^sinn',  or  URSTTZ,  ooR'sits,  a 
town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  Doubs,  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Porentruv.  Pop.  1300.  Near  it  are  an  old  castle, and 
the  grotto  of  St.Ursitz. 

S.AINTE-URSULE,  sist  uR'siil'.  a  village  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  St.  Maurice,  on  the  Rivifere-du-Loup,  63  miles  N.E.  of 
Montreal. 

SAIXT-EUSTACIIE,  sjst  chVtish'.  a  post-village  of  Can.ada 
Ea.«t.  CO.  of  Two  Mountains,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal 

SAIXT  EUSTATIUS,  u-stA'she-&s,  one  of  the  British  West 
India  Islands,  in  the  Leeward  group,  12  miles  X.W.  of  St. 
Christopher.  Area,  190  square  miles.  Pop.  1903.  It  is 
mount'iinous.  and  has  two  extinct  volcanoes.  The  climate 
in  healthy,  but  earthquakes  and  hurricanes  are  frequent. 

SAIXT  E'\  AI>.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

S.VIXT  EWE.  u.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAIXT  FA'OAX,  a  parish  of  South  Wale.s.  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan, in  the  vale  of  the  Elwy,  5  miles  W.  of  Cardiff.  It 
has  a  modern  castle.  In  1648,  the  royalists  were  here  de- 
feated by  the  parliament.nry  troops. 

SAIXT  FAITH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

SAIXT-FAR(iEAU.  sSno  fiiRV.ho'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Yonne.  26  miles  E.S.E.  of  Auxerre.  agreeably 
situated  on  the  Lninj.  Here  is  a  fine  old  dilapidated  castle 
with  a  spacious  park,  once  the  residence  of  Mademoiselle 
Monlpensier.  cousin  of  Louis  XIV.,  built  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  but  now  onlv  partly  habitable,  having  been  much 
damaged  by  fire  in  1752.     Pop.  1800. 

SAINT-F^LICIEN,  bSx"  fA'lee^se-iN-e',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ardeche,  10  miles  W.  of  Tournon.    Pop.  2025. 

SAIXT-FELIX.  sKs"  f:iMee.x',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-Garonne,  23  miles  S,E.  of  Toulouse.  Pop. 
2911. 

SAINT  FE'LIX.  an  island  In  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  W. 
of  Copiapo.  in  Chili.     Lat.  26°  21'  S.,  Ion.  79°  35'  W. 

S.tlXT  FK'LTX,  a  cape  on  the  S.  coast  of  Madagascar. 

SAIXT-FELIX-Dl>Si)RGUE.  sLv>  fA'leex'  deh  soRg,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron,  7  miles  S.E.  of  St. 
Affrique.     Pop.  1890. 

SAIXT-FELIX-Dh>VALOIS,  sSn-o  fgV^fex'  deh  v.Vlwa',  a 
pcwt-village  ;ind  parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of 'Berthier,  51 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Montre.al.     Pop.  about  .3500. 

SAIXT  FER'GDS,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  compre- 
hended In  the  county  of  Banff,  but  situated  in  tlie  county 
of  .^tierdeen,  with  a  village  4  miles  X.W.  of  Peterhead.  It 
contains  the  ruined  ca.stle  and  village  of  Inverugie. 

SAIXT-FERKOL.  sLn"  f?R'Rnl',  a  vill-ige  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Montmorenci,  3U  miles  X.X.E.  of  Quebec. 

SAINT  FIDEN.    See  Tablat. 

SAINT'FIELD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Down,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Belfast.  Pop.  of  the 
town.  900.  It  has  a  thriving  trade  in  linens,  calicoes,  cordu- 
roys, and  other  fabrics. 

SAINT'FIELD.  a  postoflice  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

8AINT-FLAVIE.  sJn-  fllVee',  a  post-village  and  parish  of 
Canada  J^st.  co.  of  Karaourasko.  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  110  milus  below  Quel)ec.     Pop.  2SiXI. 

SAINT  FLA'VIEX,  (Fr.  pron.  six«  fld've-Jx'''.)  Canada 
East,  a  ftfltion  on  the  Richmond  and  Quebec  Railroad,  28 
miles  from  (Juel>ec. 

SAlXT^Kl/)KEXT,  sia**  floWs^,  a  TU1fl<{e  of  France,  de- 


SAI 

partment  of  Cher,  on  the  Cher,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Bour^eA 
Pop.  1«89. 

S.\IXT-FLOREXT.  six"'  flo'rSx"',  (It.  Sm  Fitrremo,  sSn 
fe-o-r^n'zo,)  a  fortified  seaport  town  ol^ Corsica,  on  its  X.  side, 
on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Florent,  7  miles  W.  of  Bastia.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Enali.sh  after  a  lengthened  siege  in  1793. 

SAIXt-FLOKEXTIX.  sAn"  floVd.\'="tlNO',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Yonne.  at  the  conltuence  of  the  .\rmance  and 
Arman^on.  and  on  the  Paris  and  Lyons  Railw.iy.  15  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  in  1852.  2636. 

SAINT-FLOREXT-LE-VIEIL,  sS.vo  floVSxo'  leh  ve-.AI',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  JIaine-et-Loire,  on  the  Loire, 
21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Angers.  Pop.  in  1852,  2318.  The  Ten- 
dean  w^ar  commenced  here  in  1793. 

SAIXT  FLORIAX,  flo/re-an",  a  village  of  Upper  Austria, 
circle  of  Traiin.  12  miles  X.X'.W.  of  Steyer,  near  the  Danube, 
with  a  rich  Augustine  abbey^. 

S.\IXT-FLOUR.  fAx"  fiooR,  (rhyming  with  poor.)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Cantal,  33  miles  E.X.K.  of  Aurillac. 
Pop.  in  1852, 5786.  It  stands  on  a  scarped  basaltic  rock  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  Auzon,  and  has  a  communal  college, 
a  public  library,  and  trade  in  corn. 

SAIXT-FORGEUX.  sSx"  foR'zhuh',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Rhone.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Tillefmnche.  Pop.  2000. 

SAIXT-FORTUXADE,  s.4x<!  foR'tu'nAd',  a  marketrtown  of 
France,  department  of  Corrfize,  4  miles  S.  of  Tulle.     P.  2200 

SAIXT-FORTUXAT.  six"  fou'tii'n^',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ardeche.  7  miles  X.X.E.  of  Privas.    Pop.  1500. 

SAIXT  FOY,  a  town  of  France.    See  S.uxte-Fot. 

S.\IXT  FRANCIS,  France.     See  S.uxt-Fraxqois. 

SAIXT  FRAX'CIS,  a  headland  of  South  Africa,  in  Cape 
Colony,  W.  of  St.  Francis  Bay.     Lat.  34°  10'  S..  Ion.  24°  53'  E. 

SAIXT  FRAX'CIS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ark.ansas, 
between  the  White  and  Saint  Francis  Rivers,  contains  alxiut 
9(l(J  .square  miles.  1 1  is  drained  by  the  Cache  River.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  the  soil  fertile.  The  White  and  St.  Francis 
Rivers  are  navigable  along  the  borders.  Capital,  Mount 
Vernon.    Pop.  8672,  of  whom  6051  were  free. 

SAIXT  FRAXCIS,  Missouri.    See  Saixt  Frax^ois. 

SAIXT  FRAXCIS,  a  township  of  Green  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  453. 

SAIXT  FRAXCIS,  a  township  of  Phillips  co..  Arkansas. 
Pop.  1376. 

S.AIXT  FRAXCIS.  a  post-yillage  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, on  the  river  of  its  own  name,  115  miles  E.X.E.  of  Little 
Rock. 

SAIXT  FRAXCIS,  a  lake  of  Canada  East  and  Wert, 
formed  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal 
Length.  28  miles:  breadth.  2  miles. 

SAINT  FRAXCTSCO,  California.    See  San  Fraxcisco. 

SAINT  FRAXCISCO.  river  of  Brazil.    See  S^o  Fraxcisco. 

SAIXT  FRAXCIS  ISLAXDS,  a  group  of  islands  off  the  S, 
coast  of  .\ustralia.  in  Movt's  Archipelago.  Lat.  (X.  extre- 
mity) 32°  32'  Sv  Ion.  1:53°  17'  E. 

SAINT  FRAXCIS  RIVER,  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas, 
rises  in  the  county  of  its  own  name,  in  Missouri,  and  flows 
S.  to  the  X.E.  corner  of  Arkansas.  Entering  this  state,  it 
falls  into  the  Mis.^issippi  River  libout  10  miles  alxtve  Helena. 
In  the  lower  part  of  its  course  it  passes  through  extensive 
tracts,  which  are  suliject  to  inundation,  and  partly  occupied 
by  cypress  swamps.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  more 
than  450  miles,  for  150  of  which  it  is  navigable  in  .some 
sea,sons  of  the  year.  Trout  and  other  fish  are  abundant  in 
this  river. 

SAIXT  FR  AX'CTS^TLLE,  capital  of  West  Feliciana  parish, 
Louisiana.  30  miles  X.  of  Baton  Rouge,  and  1  mile  E.  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  Bayou 
Sara.  It  has  a  newspaper  office.  A  railroad  26  miles  long 
extends  X'.  to  Woodville.  in  Mississippi. 

SAIXT  FRANCISVILLE,  a  post-yillage  of  L.awrence  CO., 
Illinois,  on  the  Wabash  River,  about  170  miles  S.E.  of  Spring- 
field. 

SAIXT  FRAXCISVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Oark 
CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  10  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Keokuk.     Free  population  455. 

S.\IXT-FRAX50IS,  sSx"  fi-Ss«'swJ',  a  town  of  the  French 
West  Indies,  on  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  on  the  S.E.  coast 
of  Orande-Terre.  18  miles  E.  of  Point-k-Pitre.  Pop.  6598,  of 
whom  5603  are  slaves. 

SAIXT-FRAXQOIS,  a  commune  of  the  French  island  of 
Martinique,  with  a  good  port  on  the  E.  coast.  Pop.  5066,  of 
whom  4272  are  slaves. 

SAIXT  FRAXgOIS.  sent  fr.an'sis,  (Fr.  pron.  s!\x«  frSs*'- 
sw3'.)  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  pjirt  of  Missouri,  has  an  area 
of  abnutSoO  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  X".  by 
Big  River,  an  affluentof  the  Maramec  River,  and  al*o  drained 
by  the  sources  of  the  St  Francis,  flowing  S.  The  surface  U 
hilly  and  broken,  and  partly  covered  by  forests  of  pine  and 
other  timber.  The  .soil  is  moderately  fertile.  The  celebrated 
Iron  Mountain  is  partly  included  within  it  Extensive 
iron-works  are  in  operation  near  the  mines,  and  a  plmk-road 
extends  from  them  to  the  Mississippi  River.  Capi'al.  Far- 
mington.     Pop.  7249,  of  whom  6372  were  fr.e,  ;  -od  877 

SAIXT-FRAN^IS-D'ORLfiANS,  sKso  frS>  ''swd'  don'li^ 


SAI 


SAX 


Sn«',  a  villajie  and  parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Montmorenoi. 
on  the  Island  of  Orleans,  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  24  miles  lielow 
Queliec.     Pop.  .500. 

SAlXT-Fl{ANgoiS-DU-T,AC,  sSno  frS.No'swJ'  dU  Idk,  a  vil- 
lage and  seigniory  of  Canada  Kast,  co.  of  Nieolet,  on  Lake 
St.  Peter.     Pop.  ahmt  7000.  of  whom  300  are  Indians. 

SAINT  FRANCOIS  RIVEIl  rises  in  Canada,  and  Hows  S. 
until  it  meets  tlie  N'.W.  boundary  of  Maine,  when  it  turns 
and  runs  K..  and  it  unites  with  the  Walloostook  Kiver  to 
form  the  St.  John's.  It  constitutes  the  N.  boundary  of  the 
Btate  for  most  of  its  lenirth. 

SAINT-FRANg01S-KIVH>RK-DU-SUD,  sSn«  frS-V'swi/ 
reeH'e-aiR/  dll  sUd,  a  villaire  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co. 
of  Bellechasse,  29  miles  N.X.K.  of  Quebec.  The  village  con- 
tains a  church,  a  convent,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  IGtiO. 

SAINT-FRONT.  sAn"  frAx",  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaute-Loire,  12  miles  K.S.E.  of  Le  Puv.     Pop.  2600. 

SAINT-FRONT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Qaronne.  2^  miles  N.E.  of  Villeneuve-sur-Lot.     Pop.  112-1. 

SAINT-FKONT,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Orne, 
1  mile  S.E.  of  Domfront. 

SAINT-FULGKNT,  s^x"  fiil'zh3N«'.  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vendee,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Bourbon- Vendee.  Pop. 
134.5. 

SAINT  GALL,  sent  g.ll,  (Fr.  pron.  sts<>  giUl;  Ger.  Srinct 
Galkn,  sdnkt  gSl'len,)  a  canton  in  the  'H.V..  of  Switzer- 
land, bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  canton  of  Thurgau  and 
'the  Lake  of  Constance,  E.  by  the  Khine.  between  lat,  4ti° 
53'  and  47°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  S°  47'  and  9°  37'  E.  Area.  749 
square  miles.  In  the  S.  it  forms  part  of  one  of  the  loftiest 
Alpine  districts  of  Switzerland.  The  whole  surface  be- 
longs to  the  biisin  of  the  Khine,  but  is  divided  into  three 
distinct  minor  basins,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  included 
In  the  canton.  The  only  lake  of  importance,  besides  Lake 
Con.stance,  is  Ij.ake  Zurich;  but  there  are  many  small 
lakes,  remarkable  for  their  elevation  and  the  m.agnifi- 
eent  scenery  around  them.  The  climate  Is  generally 
6f  Alpine  severity.  Among  the  strata  of  sandstone,  beds 
of  lignite  are  often  found;  but  there  are  no  minerals 
of  any  consequence.  The  more  mountainous  districts, 
within  the  limits  of  vegetation,  are  generally  covered  with 
wood  or  good  pasture;  on  the  lower  slopes  vineyards  and 
orchards  are  seen  in  everj'  quarter.  The  principal  products 
aro  wine,  fruit,  corn,  maize,  hemp,  and  flax.  Cotton  and 
linen  goods,  particularly  fine  muslins,  are  extensively  made 
in  iieveral  districts.  This  canton  was  admitted  to  the  Con- 
fedo.'-ation  in  1803,  and  is  the  fourteenth  in  rank.  The  con- 
stitution is  democratlcal ;  but  though  every  citizen  of  21 
years  not  under  legal  incapacity,  has  a  vote  for  members  of 
theGreatCounciI,composedofl50representatives,nonecansit 
in  it  withiiut  paying  about  $15  annually  of  direct  taxes. 
For  .1  di'iinistrative  purpn.ses,  the  canton  is  divided  into  If) 
districts,  of  which  St.  Gull  is  the  capital.  Pop.  in  1860, 
180,411 

SAINT  GALL.  (Oer.  Sanct  GnlUn,)  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
capital  of  the  above  canton,  in  an  elevated  valley,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Steinach,  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Constance.  2152 
feet  above  sea-level.  It  is  still  surrounded  by  antique  walls, 
flanked  with  towers;  but  the  ditches  have  been  filled  up, 
and  converted  into  gardens.  It  is  tolerably  well  built  and 
paved,  is  well  supplied  with  fountains,  contiins  a  cathedral, 
once  an  old  aibey  church,  but  completely  modernized;  an 
old  monastery,  three  town  churches,  a  large  town-house,  a 
library,  casino,  house  of  correction,  and  orphan  hospital.  It 
has  extensive  uianufactures  of  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton 
goods,  fine  muvlins,  and  prints,  and  an  important  trade, 
partly  furnished  by  the  canton  itself,  and  by  the  cantons  of 
Appenzell  and  Thurgau,  of  which  it  is  the  entrepot.  The 
environs  are  very  be.iutiful,  and  contain  many  fine  walks, 
commanding  fine  views.  St.  Gall  is  said  to  owe  its  existence 
to  a  Scotch  monk,  who,  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventh 
century,  left  his  convent  in  lona,  and,  after  travelling  over 
a  gre,at  part  of  Europe,  finally  settled  on  the  banks  of  the 
Steinach,  then  covered  with  forests,  in  which  bears  and 
wolves  had  their  haunts,  founded  an  abbey,  and  made  it  the 
nucleus  of  civilization  to  the  surrounding  districts.  Pop. 
in  ISCiO.  14.532. 

SAINT-GALMIER,  rSn"  garme-.V,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loire,  on  the  railway  between  Andrezieux  and 
Roanne.  12  miles  E.  of  Montbrison.  Pop.  in  1852,  2952.  It 
has  manufactures  of  lace  and  chamois  leather,  and  the 
mineral  spring  of  Fontfort,  (anc.  Aqun  Segeata;?) 

SAINT-G  AUDENS,  siN"  g5M8x<!',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilaute-Qaronne.  on  a  hill  near  the  left  bank  of  the 
Garonne,  in  the  Pyrenees,  55  miles  S.W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop. 
In  1 852,  5059.  It  has  one  of  the  most  ancient  churches  in 
France,  a  communal  college,  and  manufactures  of  serge  and 
tape,  sawing,  fulling,  and  paper  mills,  and  an  active  trade  in 
agricultural  prodm-e. 

SAINT-GAULTIER,  .sSxo  g51He-A'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Indre,  on  the  Creuse,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Chilteau- 
roux.    Pop.  1622. 

SAINT-OENEST,  sSx"  zheh-nA/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  8  miles  \V.  of  Ch&tellerault.     Pop.  13S5. 

cAINT-GENEST-CHAMPANELLE,  sLvo  zhfh-ni'  shftx«'- 


I  pj-n?ll',  a  village  of  France,  J^•partmont  of  Puy-de-I)8me,  or 
rondissement  of  Clermont,     {'op.  20110. 

SAINT-GENEST-LERPT,  sax"  zheh-nA'  l^Rpt,  a  village  ot 
France,  department  of  Loire,  arrondissement  of  St.  Etienne 
Pop.  1308. 

SAINT-6ENEST-MALIFAUX.  sixo  zheh-n.V  mdMee'tV.  n 
village  of  IVance,  department  of  Loire,  0  miles  S.S.E.  of  St. 
Etienne.     Pop.  in  1852,  3301. 

SAINT  OENEVIEVK,  jinVveev',  a  county  in  the  E.S.E. 
part  of  Missouri,  has  an  area  estimated  at  HiO  square  mile.s. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Illinois,  and  drained  by  Rivifere  aux  Vases, 
Isle  au  Rois,  Saline,  and  Establishment  Creeks.  The  surfitce 
is  hilly  and  broken;  the  soil  of  the  river-bottoms  and  valleys 
is  fertile.  Extensive  mines  of  lead  and  copper,  and  quarries 
of  marble  are  worked.  A  plank-road  about  42  miles  long 
extends  from  the  county  seat  to  the  Iron  Jlcmntain.  Capi- 
till,  St.  Genevieve.  Pop.  8029,  of  whom  7412  were  free,  and 
617  slaves. 

SAINT  GENEVIEVE,  a  post^village.  capital  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve county,  Missouri,  on  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  61  miles 
below  St.  Louis.  Some  improvement  has  taken  place  re- 
cently since  It  became  the  shipping-point  for  the  produfts 
of  the  iron-works  at  Iron  Mountain.  A  plank- road  42  miles 
long  has  been  commenced  between  these  works  and  the 
town.  St.  Genevieve  exports  large  quantities  of  copper, 
lead,  limestone,  and  white  sand,  the  last  of  which  is  usel 
in  the  glass-works  of  Boston  and  Pittsburg,  and  is  a  very 
superior  article.  It  contains  a  bank  and  2  flouring  mills. 
Settled  about  1755.     Pop.  1910. 

SAINT  G  KNEVIKVK.  Canada.    See  Sainte-Oexevi£ve. 

SAINT-G KNGOUX.  sJx"  zh6x'''goo',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Saone-et^Loire,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Macon.  Pop. 
ICOO. 

SAIXT-GENIEZ  (or  GKNIES,1  saxo-zhgh-ne-A',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Dordogne,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sarlat. 
Pop.*1457. 

S.\INT-GENIEZ,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Avey- 
ron.  on  the  Lot,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Rodez.     Pop.  in  1852, 

SAINT-GENIEZ-DE-MALGOIRES,  six"  zheh-ne-A/  deh- 
mirgwda',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard,  11  miles 
S.W.  ofUzfes.     Pop  1.308. 

S.\INT-GKNI.S.  s^xo  zheh-nee',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charente-Inffirieure,  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jonzac. 
Pop.  90.3. 

SAINT-GENIS-DIIIERSAC,  sSn»  zheh-nee/  de-^R^sik',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Charente,  9  miles  N.W.  of 
Anirouleme.    Pop.  1410. 

SAINT-GKNIS-LAVAL.  .sSx"  zhgh-nee/  iSSiV,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Rhone,  5  miles  S.  of  Lyons,  on  the 
railway  thence  to  St.  Etienne.  Pop.  in  1852,  2518.  It  has 
manufactures  of  fine  carpets,  paper  hangings,  colors,  ink, 
buttons,  and  other  articles,  for  which  Lyons  is  the  chief 
mart. 

SAINT-GENIS-TERRR-NOIRE,  six"  zh?h-nee'  t?B  nwin, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  12  miles  N.E.  of  St. 
Etienne.     I'op.  1452. 

SAINT-GENIX.  six"  zhfh-nee',  a  village  of  Savoy,  on  the 
French  frontier,  14  miles  W.  of  Chamb^ry,  on  the  Guiers. 
Pop.  1786. 

SAINT  GEN'NYS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-GENOIX.  s&.\o  zheh-nwA',  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  6j  miles  S.E.  of  Courtrai.  Pop. 
3648. 

SAINT-G EOIRE,  s^xo-zhwjR/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Isftre,  19  miles  N.N.W.  of  Grenoble.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4350. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

S.^^INT  GEORGE,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Maine,  on 
tiin  Atlantic.  45  miles  S.E.  of  .^.ugnsta.     Pop.  2716. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  post-town.ship  of  Chittenden  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 35  miles  W.N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  121. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Liege, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Iluy,  with  coal  and  alum  mlues,  4  brewe- 
ries, and  3  Hour  mills.     Pop.  3831. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  bay  and  harbor  of  Newfoundland,  on 
the  W.  coast.  The  bay  extends  inward  E.N.E.  about  54 
miles,  and  receives  the  river  St.  George,  which  falls  into  the 
head  of  the  harbor  of  the  same  name,  in  which  the  bay  ter- 
minates on  the  E. 

SAINT  GEi^RGK,  a  bay  of  Nova  Scotia,  on  the  N.E.  coast, 
about  20  miles  wide  at  the  entrance,  and  where  it  penetrates 
farthest  into  the  laud,  about  18  miles  in  length  from  Cape 
St.  George. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  town  of  the  West  Indies,  on  the 
island  of  Grenada,  on  the  S.S.W.  caast.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  one  being  called  Bay  Toww.  and  the  other  thy 
Carenage.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  fort  is  in  lat.  12°  2'  64"  N.,  Ion.  61°  48'  W. 

SAINT  GEORGE.  BraziL    See  Sao  .Torge  dos  Ilheos. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  one  of  the  principal  of  the  Bermuds 
Islands.  N.E.  of  Bermuda,  is  strongly  fortified,  and  forms 
the  chief  military  depot  in  the  Bermudas. 

SAINT  GE0K(3E,  a  town  on  the  E.  side  of  the  .iht.ve 

1661 


SAl 

Island,  on.^  of  the  Bermudas,  on  a  gentle  declivity,  which 
rr  mts  ILe  harbor,  containing  about  500  houses  built  of  free- 
H>.ine.     1 'op.  2800. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  the  strait  or  channel  which  separates 
N  jw  Ireland  from  New  Britain. 

55.\INT  OEOROE.  a  channel  between  the  Great  and  Little 
Nirohar  Islands,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  about  15  or  IS  miles 
long,  and  from  3  to  6  miles  wide,  extending  E.N.E.  and 
WS.W. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  an  island  of  British  Honduras,  in  the 
Jlav  of  Honduras,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  Balize. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  one  of  the  Pribylov  Islands,  Bearing 
Boa.     It  is  sranitic,  and  rises  to  .300  feet  in  height. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  is  the  name  of  a  parish  in  Jamaica,  co. 
of  Surrey,  N  of  Kingston,  and  of  several  other  parishes  in 
the  British  West  India  Islands. 

S.\INT  GEORfJE.  a  postvillage  of  Canada  West,  cos.  of 
Hiilton  and  Weutworth,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hamilton. 
Pop.  2.50. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  atown  of  Upper  Guinea.  See  Freetown. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  in  Italy.     See  Sak  Gioegio. 

SAINT  OEORG E^  in  Portuguese  colonies.     See  Sao  .Torge. 

SAINT  GEORGE-AM-LEE,  Bavaria.  See  S.\nct  Georg- 
am-Lee. 

^'  \INT-GEORGE(orGEORGES)-BUTAA'ENT.  saN"zhoRzh 
bil'tdVdNo',  a  village  of  Franc*,  department,  and  3  miles  W. 
of  Mayenne.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2441. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  CAPK.  the  name  of  headlands  in  Thes- 
saly.  Rhodes.  Kerzuelen's  Land,  and  New  Ireland. 

S.\INT-(iEORGE-D'AULNAY.  sJn"  zhoRzh  do'nA',  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Vire. 
Pop.  1625. 

SAINT-GEORGE  (or  GEORGKS>  DE-LUSENgON,  six" 
rhoRzh  deh  Iu^z6n"VAn'"'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Aveyron.  arrondissement  and  canton  of  Milhau.  Pop.  1700. 

SAI'NT-GE0RGI'>DE-M0NS,  s&xo  zhoRzh  deh  mAN«ja  vil- 
\a'xe  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome,  11  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Riom.     Pop.  1400. 

SAINT-GE0RGE-DE-5I0NTAIGU,  s%y<>  zhoRzh  deh  mAN"'- 
ti'gii'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  18  miles 
N.  of  Bourhon-A'endce.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2265. 

SAINT-GEORGE-DE-NOINE,  sJno  zhoRzh  d?h  nw^n,  a 
villaire  of  France,  department  of  Deux-S6vres,  12  miles  S.  of 
Parthenav.     Pop.  1520. 

SAINT-GEOUGE-BE-RENEINS,  sftxa  zhoRzh  deh  reh- 
dAn"',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Rhone,  4  miles  N. 
of  Villefi-anche.    Pop.  in  1S52.  3029. 

SAINT-GEORGE-DE-ROUELLEY,  sUn"  zhoRzh  deh  roo-eP- 
W,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  12  miles 
E.S.E.  of  :Mortain.     Pop.  1660. 

SAINT-GEORGE-D'ESPERANCHE,  six"  zhoRzh  dJs'p.V- 
rSNsh',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Is6re,  9  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Vienne.     Pop  in  18.o2,  2290. 

SAINT-GEORGE-D'OL^RON,  sHx"  zhoRzh  doM-Vr^N'o',  a 
Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  15 
miles  N.W.  of  Marennes.     Pop.  in  1852,  407S. 

SAINT-GEOKGI<>EN-COUZAN,  sJn'o  zhoRzh  iy  koo'zftNor, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Montbrison.    Pop.  1047. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Patagonia,  between  lat.  45°  and 
47°  S.,  and  Ion.  65°  and  67°  W. 

SAINT  GEORGE  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Mozambique 
Channel,  2  miles  N.  of  St.  Jago,  in  lat.  15°  2'  12"  S.,  Ion.  40° 
48/  30"  E. 

SAINT  GEORGE  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  Solomon  group,  in  lat.  8°  32'  S.,  Ion.  159°  40'  E. 

SAINT  GEORGE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Azores.    Se«  Sa** 

JOROB. 

SAINT  GEORGE  ISLANDS,  India,  a  group  of  small 
islands  off  the  coast  of  Malabar,  in  lat.  15°  21'  N.,  Ion.  73° 
45' E. 

..  S AINT-GEORGE-LE-Q AULTIER, sJn" zhoRzh Igh gOPte-d', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  22  miles  W.  of 
Maraers.     Pop.  14;?9. 

SAINT-GEORG  E-LF^POUGE.  sIn*  zhoRzh  leh  poozh,  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Creuse,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Bourganeuf     IVip.  1400. 

HAINTGEORGE-LES-BAILLARGEAUX.  sJno  zhoRzh  li 
bah'yaR'zhO',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  8 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  1028. 

SAINT  G  EORG EN.    See  Saxct  Georgen. 

SAINT  GEORGE'S,  a  post-villa-je  of  Newcjtstle  co.,  Dela- 
ware, on  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Canal.  16  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Wilmington.  It  has  3  churches,  and  2  hotels.  Pop.  iu 
1860,  269. 

SAINT  GEORGE'S,  a  postofBce  of  Coileton  district.  South 
Carolina. 

SAINT  GEORGE'S  BANK,  is  in  the  Atlantic,  off  the  E. 
coast  of  tli<<  United  States. 

SAINT  GEORGE'S  CHANNEL,  (anc.  rerffinHtm  MaheT) 
that  part  of  the  Atlantic  which  separates  the  S.W.  of  Em'- 
land  from  Ireland,  extending  from  the  island  of  Holyhead 
to  >t.  D.ivids.  and  from  Dublin  to  Wexford.  Its  breadth 
varies  lVt>m  40  to  70  miles. 
1«52 


SAI 

SATNT-GEORGES-DE-REINTEMBAULT.  sUn"  ihoRzh 
deh  r3»t«'tft>i'bo'.  a  market-town  of  France,  deparimeat 
of  Ille-et-Vil:iine,  10  miles  N.  of  Fougeres.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3408. 

SAINT  GEORGE'S  ISLAND,  off  the  coast  of  Florida,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  Appalachl- 
cola.  Length,  from  E.  to  Vi .,  22  miles;  breadth  5  miles.  St. 
George's  Strait,  separating  it  from  the  mainland,  is  from  6 
to  7  or  8  miles  across. 

SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-CHER,  sAx»  zhoRzh  siiR  shaiR,  »  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Loir-et-Cher,  arrondissement 
of  Blois.    Pop.  1970. 

SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-ERVE,  six"  zhoRzh  siiR  Jrv.  a  Til- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  22  miles  E.NJi.  of 
Laval.     Pop.  1301. 

SAINT-GEORGE-SUR-LOIRE,  sW  zhoRzh  stiR  Iw^R,  a 
market^town  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et-L<jire,  10 
miles' W.S.W.  of  Angers.     Pop.  in  1852,  2725. 

SAINT-GERAND-LE-PUY,  sSso  zheh-rfts"'  leh  pwee/,  a 
market-town  of  France,  department  of  Allier,  5  miles  W.  of 
La  Palisse.     Pop.  1300. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  sent  jer'man.  or  SAINT-GERMAIN- 
EN-L.AYE.  (Fr.  pron.  s4xo  zhjR'mJxo'  6n"  \k.)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  border  of  the 
forest  of  St.  Germain,  7  miles  N.  of  Versailles,  and  10  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Paris,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 
Pop.  in  1852.  12,027.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  house  of 
education  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  public  library,  corn- 
hall,  manufactures  of  horse-hair  goods,  numerous  tanneries, 
some  woollen  factories,  and  an  active  retail  trade.  Its  mag- 
nificent chateau,  founded  b)'  Charles  V.,  and  eml)ellished  by 
Francis  I.,  Charles  IX.,  Henry  IV.,  Louis  XII..  and  Louis 
XIV.,  who  afterwards  abandoned  it,  is  now  used  as  a  bar- 
rack and  military  prison.  James  II.  of  England  died  there, 
September  16,  1701.  The  Forest  of  St.  Germain  comprises 
nearly  8900  acres. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  sSn"  zhJR'mSso',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Loiret.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Slontargis.     Pop.  1095. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
arrondissement  of  Gourdon.     Pop.  1100. 

SAINT-GERMAIN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et'Loire.  arrondissement  of  Beaupreau.    Pop.  1499. 

SAINT-CiERMAIN-DE-CALBERTE,  sLn"  zh§n'm,^N<:'  dfh 
kdPbaiRt',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lozfere.  13  miles- 
S.E.  of  Florae.     Pop.  in  1852,  1900. 

SAINT-tJERMAIN-DE-JOUX,  si>'0 zhSR^mAx"'  deh  zhoo.a 
town  of  F' ranee,  department  of  Ain,  arrondissement  of  Xan- 
tua.     Pop.  1193. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-DE-LA-COUDRE,  s^x"  zhSR^mSx"' deh 
13  kood'r.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ome,  17  miles  S. 
of  Montagne.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-DES-CHAMPS,  sAno  zh?R*maN«/  di 
zh6x«.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Yonne.  5  mUes  S. 
of  Avallon.    Pop.  1196. 

SAINT-GEKMAIN-DES-PRfiS,  sJxo  zhjR'mSx"' di  prJ,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Dordogne,  arrondi.ssement 
of  Perigueux.    Pop.  Iii40. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-DU-B0Ti5,  sJxo  zhJR'mfix"' dil  bwS,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  8  miles  N.  of 
I»uhans.    Pop.  in  18.52,  2568. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-DU-PLAIN,  sSs"  zhjR'mUxo' dll  plSjf«, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Sa6ne^et-Loire,  17  miles 
E.S.E.  of  ChSlons-sur-Saone.     Pop.  132:3. 

SAINT-GERM  AIN-EN-COGLES.sS.vozhfR^maxo/Sxofcog'l, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  4  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Foutrferes.    Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-<JERSiaIN-EN-LAYE.    See  Saint-Germ Ai\. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-MONTAGNE,  .s^x"  zhhi\n%s^  6n« 
mAxo't^B'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Poligny.    Pop.  3500. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-LA-PRADE,  sSx"  zhSR'mSxo'  leh  prjd, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Le  Puv.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-LAVAL.  sAfPOzhjR'mSxo/iavai',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  I/)ire,  arrondissement,  and  15 
miles  S.  of  Roanne.  with  manufactures  of  porcelain.  P.  1769. 

S.AINT-GERMAIN-L'EMBRON,  si\N°  zhiWrnLv"'  Idx""^- 
brAxo/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-Ddme,  5 
miles  S.  of  Issoire.    Pop.  2000. 

SAINT-aERMAIN-LES-BELLES,  sJx<"  zh.VmiVx"/  \k  bJU, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne,  16  miles 
E.N.E.  of  St.Yrieix.     Pop.  2200. 

SAINT-GERMAIN-L'HERM,sSlN"zhSR'mAN°'lfem,atowu 
of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-D8uie,  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Ambert.    Pop.  1009. 

SAINT-fiERM  AIN-SUR-A Y.  sJxo  zh5R'mAx°' sllR  h.  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Blanche.  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cou- 
tances,  on  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Ay.  l>op.  1091.  It  has  a  small  port,  and  exports  agricul- 
tural produce  to  England. 

SAINT  GER'MAN.  a  disfranchised  borough  and  town  of 
England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  in  a  dell,  on  a  creek  of  the  river 
Lynher.  9  miles  W.  of  Plymouth.  It  has  a  fine  parish 
church,  formerly  a  part  of  a  cathedral,  which  in  Saxon  times 
was  the  seat  of  a  Cornish  bishopric,    i'op  in  1351,  29G7. 


SAI 


SAI 


SAINT-QEI{frRi:DE,  (Fr.  Samte-Grrtrude,  s3lxt  zh?R'- 
trlid'.)  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Mcolet,  90  miles  S.W. 
of  Qunbec.     Pop.  250. 

SAINT-OEUUDIS.  .sAn"  zhfh-rUMee',  a  post-villaze  and 
parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Bellechasse,  24  miles  N.E.  of 
Quebec.  •  Pop.  2000. 

SAIXT-OKKVALS,  sSlx"  zhen'v-V,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partm.-nt  of  IlCrault,  22  mile."  N.X.E.  of  I5e/,iei-s.    I'op.  1600. 

SAl.\T-G  Kit VAI.S.  a  ^-illage  of  France,  department  ofPuy- 
df-IWme.  11  miles  NAV.  of  Ambert.    Pop.  1284. 

S.^INT-CrKllVATS.  a  village  of  Franc*,  department  of 
Vendee,  2-t  miles  N'.X.W.  of  Les  Sable.s.     Pop.  1249. 

SAI.NT-tiKUVAIS,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vieniie.  arroiidissement  of  Ch3.tellerauU.     Pop.  1254. 

8.\I\T-(iKI!VAIS,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-UOme,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Ulom.     Pop.  in  1852,  2(504. 

SAI.\T-<!EKVAIS,  s^N"  zWnVA',  a  market-town  of  Savoy, 
provinc'e  of  Kaucigny,  on  the  Arve,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Bonne- 
ville.    Pop.  2400. 

SArNT-Cm.^LATX,  sSno  ghees'laN"',  a  fortified  town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut,  on  the  Ilaine,  and  the  Canal 
of  Mons.  6  miles  W.  of  .Mons,  of  which  it  was  formeily  re- 
garded as  (he  bulwark.     Pop.  1956. 

SAIN'WJILDAS-DE-RUIS,  sftija  zheel'dd'  deh  ril-ee'  (or 
rwee,)  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan,  near  the 
sea,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vannes,  with  llfs2  inhabitants,  and 
the  remains  of  an  abbey,  which  was  the  retreat  of  Abelard 
in  1125. 

SAIXT-GTLDAS-DES-BOIS,  s\x<>  zheelMJ'  d.i  bwi.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  12  miles 
N.N.W.  of  8avenay.     Pop.  1474. 

SAINT  OILK.S,  (jilz,)  a  di.strict  of  England,  co.  of  Middle- 
Bex,  in  the  centre  of  the  metropolis.     Pop.  in  1851,  55,214. 

SAT  NT  C.TLES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SAINT  GILES,  a  postrvillage  and  pari.eh  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Dorchester.  15  miles  from  St.  Nicholas.     I'op.  1200. 

SAINT  GILES-ON-THE-MEATII,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Devon. 

SAINT  OILE.S,  WIM'BORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  2 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Cranborne. 

SAINT-fHLIiES,  s^N"  zheel,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  near  the  Dutch  frontier,  21  miles  N.E. 
of  Ghent.     Pop.  3500. 

SAINT-GILLES,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South 
Braliant.  2  miles  S.  ot  Brussels. 

SALNT-GILLES-LES-BOUCIIERIES,  s^s"  zheel  li  boo'- 
sheh-ree',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard,  on  the 
Canal  of  Beaucaire,  II  miles  S.S.E.  of  NImes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
6985.  It  has  a  fine  abbey  church  of  the  eleventh  century, 
and  an  active  trade  in  wine,  brandy.  <tc. 

SAINT-GI  LI.ES-LEZ-TEU.MONDE,  sLv  zheel  lA  tSR^mAsd', 
a  village  of  Belirlum.  province  of  East  Flanders,  1  mile  E. 
of  Ternionde.     Pop.  2824. 

SAINT-GILLKS-SUKVIE,  .sJxo  zheel  «uR  ve-<V.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Vendee,  on  the  Vie,  10  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Les  Sables.     Pop.  1001. 

SAINT  GINOOLPII.  sixo  zhSNo'gOlf  or  zhaN^'go',  a  vil- 
lage of  Switzerland,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  12 
miles  S.K.  of  Lausanne,  and  divided  by  the  Morge  into  two 
arts,  the  smaller  of  which  is  in  the  canton  of  Valais  or 
iVallis.  and  the  larger  in  Savoy.     Pop.  598. 

SAINT-GIUONS,  sSx"  zhee^rdix"',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ariege.  on  the  riiiht  bank  of  the  Salat,  23  miles 
W.  of  Foix.     Pop.  in  1852,  3981. 

SAINT  GLU'VIAS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-GOBAIN,  s^x"  go^b^No'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aisne,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Laon.  Pop.  1419.  It 
has  a  mannfactory  of  looking-glasses. 

SAINT  GOK'RAN,  a  parish  of  Encrland,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-GUfoiOIRE,  sSx"  grA'gw^R',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Ille-et-A'ilaine,  2J  miles  N.  of  Rennes.  Pop. 
1237. 

SAINT-0REG0IRE-DE-5I0NN0IR,  sA.n«  gr.-l-gwaR'  deh 
mon^nwdR'.  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of 
Rouville,  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  2000. 

SAIXT-tlREGOIRE-LE-GRAND.  sSn"  gr.VgwaR'leh  grSx"', 
H  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Nicolet,  90 
miles  S.W.  of  Quebec.    Pop.  3000. 

SAINT  GREGORY,  in  Italy.    See  Sax  Grf.oorio. 

SAINT  GREGORY,  in  France.     See  SAlxT-GRfiobiRE. 

SAINT  GUILLAtME  D'UPTON,  sAx"  ghee\vdm'  dilp'- 
tix»'.  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Drum- 
SJond.  about  40  miles  from  Montreal.     Pop.  about  2000. 

SAINT-HAON-LE-CHaTEL,  six"  ha^ox"'  leh  sha'tMV,  a 
•own  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  8  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Roanne.     Pop.  707. 

SAINT  IIAR'MON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Radnor. 

SAINT-IIEAND,  sSxt  h.Vftx"'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
aient  of  Loire.  6  miles  N.  of  St.  Etienno.     Pop.  1200. 

S.\INT  II  El/EN.  a  small  pnst-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Missouri, 
.17  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

S.\INT  IIKLEN,  a  post-office  of  Washinston  co.,  Oregon. 

SAINT-HELKX(?)  sjxt  AMSxe',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  C6tesdu-Nord,  3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Diaan.    Pop.  1445. 


^: 


SAINT  HELENA,  hel-ee'na*.  (Fr.  Satnk  TTHinf,  sKtW 
AM6n';  Sp.  Siaita  Klrna,  s^n'td  i-WnL)  an  i.sland  of  the  Souti 
Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to  the  British;  lat.  (Diana's  Peak) 
15°  57'  S.,  Ion.  5°  42'  W.,  about  700  miles  S.E.  of  the  island 
of  Ascension,  1400  miles  M'.  of  the  W.  coast  of  South  .Africa, 
and  2000  miles  Irom  the  E.  coast  of  Brazil.  Greatest  length, 
fi-om  Barn  Point,  in  the  N.E.,  to  West  Point,  IO5  miles* 
greatest  breadth,  from  Sugar  Loaf  Point,  in  the  N..  to  the 
Barn,  in  the  S.,  7  miles.  Area,  about  47  square  miles.  Its 
position,  in  the  direct  line  of  the  great  ocean  thoroughfare 
from  Eurojie  to  the  East,  has  made  it  a  most  important 
halting  station  for  vessels  performing  that  lengthened 
voyage,  while  it  has  acfiuired  great  celebiity  from  bein» 
the  place  of  Napoleon's  banishment,  and  where  he  resided 
from  1816  till  his  death.  May  5,  1821.  When  seen  from  a 
distance,  it  has  the  appearance  of  a  lofty  pyramidal  mass, 
of  a  dark-gray  color,  rising  abruptly  from  the  surface  of  the 
ocejin,  and  presenting  no  signs  of  vegetation;  but  when 
□ore  nearly  approached,  though  its  precipitous  and  almost 
inaccessible  coasts  become  still  more  striking,  and  on  all 
sides,  but  particularly  on  the  N.,  enormous  beetling  cliffs 
are  seen  almost  perpendicular,  varying  in  height  from  600 
to  1200  feet,  a  number  of  openings  are  discovered,  forming 
the  mouths  of  narrow  valleys  or  ravines,  leading  gradually 
up  to  a  central  plateau.  On  the  shore,  at  all  of  these  open- 
ings where  a  landing  might  be  effected,  small  forts  and 
other  military  works  have  been  erected,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  it  a  secure  prison-house. 

The  island  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and  consi^sts  of  rugged 
mountains,  interspersed  with  numerous  ravines,  in  one 
of  which,  on  its  N.W.  shore,  is  James  Town,  the  residence 
of  the  principal  authorities.  Its  h.«rbor  affords  excellent 
anchorage  in  12  fathoms  water,  and  is  defended  by  strong 
batteries.  The  central  plateau  is  traversed  from  E.  to  W. 
by  a  limestone  ridge,  dividing  the  island  into  two  unequal 
portio'hs,  and  attaining  in  Diana's  Peak,  near  its  centre,  the 
height  of  2700  feet— the  highest  summit  in  the  island.  The 
portion  on  the  S.  of  this  ridge  is  the  more  abrupt  and 
rugged  of  the  two,  and  consists  of  an  almost  continuous 
succession  of  rugged  hills  and  peaks,  several  of  which  as- 
sume curious  and  fantastic  forms.  Of  these,  two  of  the 
most  remarkable  are  situated  near  the  S.  coast,  and,  from 
some  imaginary  resemblances,  have  received  the  names  of 
Lot  and  IvOt's  Wife.  They  are  both  formed  of  strangely- 
contorted  columnar  basalt,  with  their  summits  respectively 
1444  and  1423  feet  above  sea-level;  the  former  rising  197 
feet,  and  the  latter  100  feet  above  its  base.  Along  the  coast, 
at  this  part  of  the  island,  W.  of  .Sandy  Bay,  there  stretches,  ' 
for  a  considerable  distance,  a  stratum  of  horizontal  columnar 
basalt,  forming  a  stupendous  wall  from  50  to  180  feet  high. 
An  isolated  portion  of  this  stratum  forms  what  is  called 
the  Chimney;  a  remarkable  column  of  horizontal  hexa- 
gonal basalt,  64  feet  high.  The  pfirtion  of  the  island  N.  of 
the  ridge  is  also  rugged,  but  contains  several  tolerably  level 
tracts,  which;  during  the  season  when  moisture  is  aV)UMdant, 
are  covered  with  rich  verdure.  The  largest  of  these  tracts 
is  that  of  Longwood,  where  Napoleon  had  his  residence. 

The  island  is  watered  by  numerous  brooks,  and  about 
one-fifth  part  of  its  surface  is  fertile;  but  the  vegetation, 
instead  of  being  tropical,  is  decidedly  European.  Many  of 
the  hills  are  crowned  with  irregular  plantations  of  Scotch 
firs,  while  their  sloping  banks  are  often  covered  with  the 
common  gor.se  or  whin.  Of  the  756  species  of  plants  now 
found  on  the  i.sland,  only  52  are  native.  Goats  are  plentiful 


*  Some  persons,  aiming  to  be  more  accurate  than  ordinary 
speakers,  place  the  accent  on  tlie  first  syllable  of  this  n.ame — 
IIel'ena.  This  is  unquestionably  the  correct  aeeeutiiation  of 
the  name  of  St.  Helena,  the  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great; 
and  though  it  is  probable  that  the  island  derived  its  appellation 
originally  from  her,  not  only  is  the  present  pronunciation  of  its 
name  so  thoroughly  established  that  it  would  be  idle  to  attempt 
to  change  it,  but  this  very  pronunciation  (as  will  be  seen  below) 
is  supported  by  the  analogy  of  the  original  Greek  itself.  It  ia 
perhaps  scarcely  necessary  to  corroborate,  by  other  authority, 
what  is  so  universally  sanctioned  by  the  practice  of  our  best 
speakers ;  yre  may,  however,  be  permitted  to  cite  two  passages 
from  two  distinguished  English  poets. 

"  Arran !  a  single-crested  TenerifTe, 
A  St.  Helena  next  in  shape  and  hue. 
Varying  her  crowded  peaks  and  ridges  blue." 

Wordsworth. 
"  St.  Helena's  dungeon  keep 
Scowls  defiance  o'er  the  deep; 
"i'here  a  hero's  relics  sleep." — MoNTGOMERr. 
It  is  not  difficult  to  explain  why  St.  Hele.va  departs  from  the 
general  rule  of  classical  pronunciation.    Not  only  tlie  modem 
Greeks,  but  the  Italians  and    Spaniards,  generally  follow  the 
accent  and  nnt  the  quantity  of  names  of  Greek  derivation.     Now 
as  the  Greeks  placed  the  accent  on  the  penultima  of  Helena, 
('EXei/i).)  the  Spanish  name  in  accordance  with  the  rule  just 
mentioned  takes  the  same  accent,  (Elena,)  and  the  English,  con- 
forming to  their  general  practice  of  adopting  the  foreign  accentu- 
ation of  an  Anglicized  name,   pronounce  it  Hele'xa.    The  name, 
Sophia,  {"Loi^ia)  the  penultima  of  which  is  short,  althongh  it 
takes  the  accent  in  Greek,  is  an  example  of  precisely  the  same 
kind ;  it  is  universally  accentuated,  not  only  in    English,  but 
in  every  other  European  tongue,  on  the  penultima.  See  TiKiSTO. 

1653 


SAI 

i)>  tlie  up  '.nfl.  The  climate  is  temperate,  and  invalids 
fi  im  tbs  h.'t  regi  us  of  the  East  re<-over  rapidly  under  its 
gi  uial  influence  Mean  temperature  of  the  jear,  61°-3; 
winter.  58<^-4,  summer,  63°-8.  Earthqualies  have  frequently 
btvn  felt;  and  e^ea  in  the  absence  of  storm,  both  at  sea  and 
on  the  island,  strange  hearings  are  not  uncommon  in  the 
surrounding  watei-s,  the  result,  evidently,  of  subterranean 
commotion.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  took 
pl:i.-e.  February  17,  1849,  when  the  sea  suddenly  became 
fti;itated.  as  if  by  a  heavy  storm,  and  several  vessels  were 
torn  froin  their  mcoriiigs,  and  dashed  upon  the  beach.  The 
island  is  tar  from  being  able  to  supply  its  own  wants,  and 
the  only  trafiic  consists  in  furnishing  commodities  to  the 
callinz  vessels.  The  number  of  vessels  that  made  the  i.sland 
in  IS'W  was  860;  in  1S52,  896.  The  revenue  of  1848 
amounted  to  16,535?.;  of  1849,  to  15,921/.  Of  the  latter  sum, 
8940/.  was  derived  from  customs,  and  2014/.  from  licenses. 
The  total  expenditure  of  1849  was  23,867/.  The  island  has 
been  made  over  to  the  British  government  by  the  East 
India  Company.  Pop.  4977,  of  whom  nearly  one-half  are 
■whites. 

S.MNT  IIELE'XA,  a  pari.sh  of  Louisiana,  bordering  on 
Mississippi,  contains  about  540  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Tickfah  Kiver,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Amite. 
The  surface  presents  no  great  elevations;  the  soil  along  the 
streams  is  fertile.  The  parish  is  traversed  by  the  New  Or- 
leans and  Northern  Railroad.  Capital,  Greensburg.  Vop. 
7130.  of  whom  3419  were  free,  and  3711  slaves. 

SAINT  IIEl.KNW,  a  post-village  of  St.  Helena  parish, 
Louisiana,  35  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Baton  liouge. 

SAINT  HELENA  PORT,  (Sp.  Puerto  Santu  Elena,  pwjn/- 
to  sdn't3  A-lA'ni,)  E.  coast  of  Patagonia,  an  inlet  intermediate 
between  the  Gulfe  of  St.  George  and  St.  Mathias  (San  Ma- 
tias.) 

SAINT  HEI^EN'S,  a  town  and  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster,  on  a  branch  of  the  Meisey,  parish,  and  Z\ 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Prescot,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
railway.  Pop.  in  1851.  4860,  engaged  in  raising-coal,  and  in 
extensive  plate-glass,  bottle,  and  other  factories,  and  in  cop- 
per-works. It  has  a  new  church,  various  handsome  chapels, 
a  new  town-hall,  a  markethouse,  and  a  branch  bank. 

SAINT  HELEN'S,  a  parish  of  England,  at  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Isle  of  'SVigbt,  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newport. 
Its  old  church  was  demolished  by  encroachments  of  the  sea, 
and  a  new  church  was  erected  in  1719.  The  roadstead  of 
St  Helen's  is  the  E.  entrance  to  Spithead. 

SAINT  HELEN'S,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Wexford. 

SAINT  HELEN'S  MOUNTAIN,  Oregon,  a  peak  of  the 
Cascade  Range,  N.  by  E.  of  Fort  Vancouver.  Height,  about 
13,0(K1  feet.  It  is  a  volcano,  and  has  recently  been  in  a  state 
of  eruption. 

SAI  XT  HEl/IER'S,  (Fr.  Saint-Haier,  sA.Nt  iUe-A',)  the 
capital  town  of  the  island  of  Jersey,  on  its  S.  coast,  at  the  E. 
Bide  of  St.  Aubin's  Bay.  Lat.  49°  11'  3"  N.,  Ion.  2°  6'  W.  Pop. 
of  the  town,  21,il40.  It  stands  between  two  rocky  heights, 
on  the  E.  of  which  is  the  citadel.  Fort  Regent,  overlooking 
the  inner  harlwr,  and  constructed  about  1800,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $4,000,000,  The  town  is  pretty  well  built,  especially 
its  newer  portions  on  the  N,  and  N.E. ;  it  has  a  central 
paved  square,  in  which  are  the  parish  church,  court-house, 
reading-rooms,  hotels,  a  good  and  well-supplied  market- 
house,  the  theatre,  jail,  and  several  chapels.  On  a  rocky 
island,  off  the  shore,  is  Elizabeth  .Castle,  a  fortress  of  im- 
posing appearance.  The  town  is  the  residence  of  many  re- 
tired officers  of  the  British  army  and  navy,  foreigners,  and 
families  of  limited  income  from  Great  Britain.  It  has  an 
active  trade  with  England,  France,  and  the  West  Indies, 
and  it  is  the  seat  of  the  states,  or  representative  parliament 
of  Jersey. 

SAINT  HEI/LAN'S,  one  of  the  small  Scilly  Islands,  off 
the  coast  of  Cornwall,  in  England,  >',W.  of  the  island  of 
Tresco. 

SAINT-HENRI-DE-MASCOUCHE,  sast  h5N<=Vefi/  deh 
mJs'koosh',  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co,  of 
Leinster,  24  miles  N.AV,  of  .Montreal,    Pop,  about  2C00. 

SAINT-HEN KI-DE-QUEBliC,Ki.\t  hd.N«'ree/  deh  kAMxV, 
a  village  of  Canada  East,  co,  of  Dorchester,  12  miles  from 
Quei)ec,    Pop.  2H50, 

SAINT  HKN'ItY'S,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co„  Ohio, 
SAlNT-HEItBL.\IN,  s^xt  jR'blix"/,  a  village  of  France, 

de|>artment   of  Loire-Inferieure,  6    miles  W.  of  Nantes, 

Pop.  2200. 
SAINT-HERBI/IN,   sJst  jR'bttxo'.  a  village  of  France, 

department  of  Lolre-Inferieure,  5  miles  N,E.  of  Anceuis. 

Pop,  2600. 
SAINT  HERMAGOR,  (hJii'mJ-gor',)  a  petty  town  of  lUy- 

ria,  on  the  Gall.  23  miles  W,  of  Villach, 
SAINT-HEKMAS,  sA.Nt  jR'uii',  a  village  of  Can.ida  East, 

eo.of  Two  Mountains,  is  situated  on  the  Lake  of  Two  Moun- 

talnn.  3fi  miles  from  Montreal. 

SAINT-IIKKMINE,  siNt  Jii'meen',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  A  endiJe,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Fontenay-le<)omte. 

Pop.  l.iOO,  ' 

SAINT  HERMOOENES,  hSMnoye-nea,  an  island  of  the 
1654 


SAI 

North  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coa.st  of  Russian  America,  N.E. 
of  Kodiak ;  lat.  58°  10'  N.,  Ion.  152°  3'  W,  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Behring,  and  visited  by  Cook  and  Krusenstern. 

SAINT-HERNIN,  sJx"  hWntliN"',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Finistfere.  21  miles  E.  of  Chateaulin,    Pop.  1250. 

SAINT-HERVE,  sA.\<:  h^R'v.V,  a  village  of  France,  dep.art- 
ment  of  C6tes-du-Nord,  7  miles  X.N.W.  of  Loudeac.  Pop. 
1301.. 

SAINT-HILAIRE,  Asi  ee'l.iR'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cbarente-Inferieure,  t  miles  S.  of  St.  Jean  d'Angely. 
Pop.  1321. 

S.ilNT-HILAIRE.a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
3  miles  E,N.E.  of  Limoux.    Pop,  983. 

SAINT-HILAIRE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre. 
canton  of  Le  Blanc.     Pop.  1010. 

SAINT-IIILAIRE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
8  miles  E.  of  Cambraj.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT  HILAIRE,  sent  hil-air',  a  station  on  the  Gr.and 
Trunk  Railway,  17  niiles  from  Montreal, 

SAINT-HILAIRE,  sAxt  hee'lSr',  a  post-vill.age  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Rouville,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Montreal,  with  which 
it  is  connected  bv  railway.     Pop.  1200. 

SAINT-HILAIUE-DE-LA-COTE,  s^Nt  ee'ltW  deh  iS  k6t, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isere,  22  miles  E.S,E.  of 
Vienne,     Pop.  1259. 

SAINT-HILAIRE-!) E-RIOZ,  sSxt  een.W  deh  re-o*.  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  17  miles  N.N,\V.  of  Lea 
Sables,    Pop,  2:J00, 

SAINT-HILAIRE-DES-LANDES,  sSxt  ee'lAR/  di  Ifixd,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  7  miles  "W.  of 
Foug6res.     Pop,  1700, 

SAINT-HILAIR&DES-LOGES,  sSnI  ee'lAls/  di  lozh,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  7  miles  E,  of  Font«- 
nay.    Pop.  in  1852,  2778. 

SAINT-HILAIRE-DE-TALMONT,  sJxt  ee'lAii/  deh  t.^P- 
mixo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vendfie,  9  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Les  Sables.     Pop.  2420. 

SAINT-HILAIRE-DU-IIARCOUET,  sixt  ee'UR'  du  haR^- 
koo-A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  9  milea 
S,W.  of  Mortsin.     Pop.  in  1862.  4132. 

SAINT-IIILAIRE-LOULAY,  sLvt  eenAR/  loo'lA',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bour- 
bon-Vendee.   Pop.  1845. 

SAINT-HILAIRE-SAINT-MESMIN,  sist  ee'lAR/  sSx« 
mJz'miN"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret,  4  milfea 
S.W.  of  Orleans,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire.     Pop.  12S0. 

SAINT  HIiyARY.  a  parish  of  Wales,  co,  of  Glamorgan. 

SAINT-HI  PPOLYTE,  sLNt  eep'po'leet'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Gard,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Le  Vigan.  I'op.  in 
1852,  6720,  It  is  partly  fortified,  and  has  an  old  castle,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  for  the  army,  silks,  and  cot- 
ton hosiery. 

SAINT-HIPPOLYTE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Haut-Rhin,  on  the  Strasbourg  and  Basel  (Bale)  Railway,  4 
miles  S.S.W,  of  Schelestadt.    Pop,  in  1852.  2382. 

SAINT-HIPi'OLYTE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Doubs,  on  the  Doubs,  at  the  influx  of  the  Dessoubre,  13 
miles  S,  of  Montbeliard,    Pop,  826, 

SAINT-HONORE,  sL\t  o'no'ri'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Nifevre,  11  miles  S,S.W.  of  Chateau-Chinon. 
Pop.  1U51.    It  h.is  sulphur  baths,  .and  some  antiquities. 

SAINT-II0N0RINE-L.\-CHARD0NNE-LA-GU1LLAUME, 
sJxt  ho'no'reen'  H  shaR'donn'  lA  ghee'yom',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Orne,  16  miles  W,N.W,  of  Argentan. 
Pop.  1274. 

SAINT-IIOSTIEN.  R^s"  hosHe-fn',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Loire,  arrondissement  of  Le  Puy.  Pop. 
1830, 

SAINT  HUBERT,  a  town  of  Prussia,    See  Saxct  Hcbebt. 

SAINT-HUBERT,  sSs"  hunmiR',  a  town  of  Belgium,  ia 
Luxembourg,  in  the  Ardennes,  17  miles  W.  of  Bastogne. 
Pop.  1670. 

SAINT  HYACINTHE,  sent  hi'a-sinth,  (Fr.  pron.  sInO 
ee'dVSut',)  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Canada  East,  intersected 
by  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  Are.-*.  477  square  miles.  Capi- 
tal. St.  Ilyacinthe.    Pop.  in  1852.  30,623. 

SAINT  HYACINTHE,  a  po.st-town  of  Canada  East,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  St.  Ilyacinthe,  on  the  river  Yamaska, 
and  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  30  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Montreal.  The  principal  public  buildings  and  institutions, 
are  the  Parish  Church,  St.  Ilyacinthe  College,  the  Hospital 
of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  the  Congregational  Nunnery,  and 
school  fijr  young  ladie.s.  station-hou.oe,  court  house,  jail,  and 
theatre.  The  college  has  about  20  professors,  and  is  at- 
tended by  above  2uO  students.  There  are  also  in  the  town 
about  20  stores,  and  several  iron  foundries,  tanneries,  and 
other  manufactures.     Pop.  1852,  3313. 

SAINT  ICN  ACE',  a  village  of  Mackinac  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  is  inhabited  mostly  bv  fishermen. 

SAINT  IGN.\CK  sJm  een^ySs',  a  township  of  Canada 
East,  40  miles  N.N,W,  of  Quebec, 

SAINT  IGNA/CIO,  an  island  at  the  he*d  of  U  -  Gulf  cf 
California, 

SAINT-IGN.\T,  s^st  een*yJ'-  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-Ue-Dome,  8  miles  E.N.E,  of  iliora.    Pop,  200<). 


-J^ 


SAI 

SAINT-IQNT,»lxt  cen'yee',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Khflne.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Vjllefianche.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2683. 

SAINT  Ifi'LA,  a  post-office  of  Ware  CO.,  Georgia. 

SAINT-ILLIDE,  s&xt  ee^eed',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cantal,  arrondissement,  and  10  miles  S.W.  of  Auril- 
lac.    I'op.  1880. 

SA.INT-TLI'IZE,  sixt  eel'peez',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  IIaut«-Loire,  on  the  Allier,  7  miles  S.  of  ISrioude. 
Pop.  2487. 

SAINT  IMIER,  sAxt  ee'me-i',  (Ger.  Scinct  Tmmer,  sjnkt 
Itt'mer.)  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern, 
12  miles  W.  of  Brienne.    Top.  1372. 

SAINT  IN'IGOES,  a  post-village  of  St.  Mary  co.,  Mary- 
land. (30  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Annapolis. 

SAINT-Il!l5Nfi,  B^Nt  eeVA'n.V,  a  posf^village  and  parish 
of  Canada  ]*;ast,  co.  of  Saguenay,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the 
River  St.  Lawrence,  78  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.  Pop.  about 
1000. 

SAINT  ISU'MAEL'S,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

SAINT-TSIDORE,  (iz'e-ddr',)  or  SAINT- ISIDORE -DE- 
MONTREAL,  (Fr.  pron.  sLvt  ee'zeeMoR'  dgh  moN«HrA-ai',)  a 
village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Huntingdon,  with  a  station 
ou  the  Montreal  and  New  York  Railroad,  16  miles  from 
Montreal.     I'op.  aVjout  100. 

SAINT-ISIDORE-DE-QUEBEC,  sAst  ee'zoeMon/  deh  k.A'- 
bek',  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Dorchester,  21  miles 
from  Quebec. 

SAINT-LSMER,  sixt  eez'maiR',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ls^re,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  1325. 

SAINT  IS'SELS,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke, on  Carmarthen  Bay. 

SAINT  IS'SEY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  IVES,  (Ivz.)  a  parliamentary  bornngh,  seaport 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  on  its  X. 
coast.  7  J  miles  N.E.  of  Penzance.  Pop.  of  the  parliamentary 
borough  in  IR.'Jl,  0872.  The  town  is  pictures(iuely  situated 
on  the  W.  side  of  St.  Ives'  Bay;  it  has  a  spacious  church, 
some  dissenting  chapels,  a  town-hall,  a  jail,  a  literary 
institution,  a  custom-house,  and  a  harbor  protected  by  a 
pier  built  in  1770.  It  has  a  thriving  pilchard-flsh.TV, 
and  exports  of  copper,  tin.  and  slates  from  its  vicinity. 
Formerly  it  .sent  two  members  to  the  House  of  Commons; 
It  now  returns  one. 

S.\INT  IVES,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  5  miles  E.  of  Huntingdon,  on  the  railway  to  Cambridge, 
and  on  the  Ouse,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge  of  six 
arches.     Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  2522. 

SAINT  JACINTO,  Texas.    See  San  Jacinto. 

SAINT  JA'COB,  (Ger.  Scuict  Jalnb,  silNkt  yi'kop,)  a  hamlet 
of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  2  miles  S.E.  of  Basel.  Its  vici- 
nity, entitled  the  "  Swiss  Thermopyla;,"  was,  on  the  26th 
August,  1444.  the  scene  of  a  desperate  action,  in  which  1600 
Swiss  sustained,  for  10  hours,  a  fight  against  the  French 
army  of  Louis  XI.,  ten  times  as  numerous,  and  out  of  which 
only  10  Swiss  escaped.  The  wine  raised  here  is  termed 
Sc/iw<:uer-Uut.  ('•  Swiss  blood.") 

SAINT  JACOB,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 

SAINT  JACOBI  PAKOCIIIE.  See  S.ant  Jacobi  Pa- 
ECicniE. 

S.\INT-JACQUES,  sSn"  zh-lk.  (Saint  James.)  a  village  of 
France,  di'partment  of  Calvados,  arrondissenent  of  Lisieux. 
Pop.  in  1S.5?.  2170. 

SAINT-JACQUES,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Can- 
tal. arrondissement  of  Aurillac.     Pop.  lOOO. 

SAINT  JACQUES,  France,  department  of  Manche.  See 
Saint  Jamfs. 

SAINT-JACQUES-DE-L'ACHIGAN,  sSn"  zhjk  dgh  I3'she'- 
g3N',  a  postrvillage  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Lein- 
Bter,  36  miles  N.W.  of  Mimtreal.  The  village  is  the  seat  of 
the  Convent  of  Sacre  Coeur  of  St.  Jacques  de  I'Archigan, 
with  about  150  pupils.  It  also  contains  an  assurance  agency, 
and  several  churches  and  stores.     Pop.  8000. 

SAINT-JACQUES-LE  MINEUR,  s^N"  zUdkleh  mee'nUR/, 
a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Huntingdon,  21  miles  S.  of 
Montreal.     Pop.  300. 

SAINT-JACQUES-SUR-DARNETAL.  sSn«  zhiik  sUr  daRn'- 
tSl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Iufeiieure,  4 
miles  E.  of  Uouen.    Pop.  1246. 

SAINT-.TAEN-MASNUY.  sJn=  zh^NO  mas'nwee/,  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  Haiuaut,  6  miles  N.  of  Mons. 
Pop.  1409. 

SAINT  J  AGO.    See  Santi.ago. 

S.\INT-JAL,  sJn"  zhdl,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cori'^ze.  10  N.W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  ICOO. 

SAINT-JAMES,  (Fr.  Scdni-Jacqxen,  sSn"  zhSk,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Manche,  12  miles  S.  of  Avranches. 
Pop.  in  l,So2,  3363.  It  was  fortified  by  William  the  Con- 
queror. 

SAINT  JAMES,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SAINT  JAMES,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

SAINT  J.VMES,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  comprising  a  part  of 
the  city  of  Dublin. 

SATNT-J A M  KS,  in  France.    See  S-UNT-.Tacques. 

SAINT  JAJIES,  in  Italy.    See  Sa^*  Giacomo. 


SAI 

SAINT  JAMES,  lu  Spain  and  Spanish  color.ies.  See 
Saxtiaoo. 

SAINT  JAMES,  a  parish  in  the  S  v..  part  of  T^ulsiana.  on 
both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  contains  3.30  f^-juare  miles. 
Lake  Maurepas  touches  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  pansh. 
The  surface  is  flat ;  the  soil  alluviiU  and  ftr,ile,  producing 
sugar,  mola.sses,  and  Indian  corn.  The  p'artatinns  .ire 
chiefly  contincd  tothebanksof  theriver.  Capital.  iJringiers. 
Pop.  11.499.  of  whom  3400  were  free,  and  8000  slaves. 

SAINT  JAMES,  (Fr.  Saint-Jacques.  sJl-N"  zhSk)  a  river  of 
Canada  East,  district  of  Quebec.  After  a  S.E.  course  of  23 
miles  it  joins  the  St.  Lawrence  10  miles  N.E.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  Saguenay. 

SAINT  J.\.MES,  a  parish  of  .Tamaica,  co.  of  Cornwall,  com- 
prising the  bay  and  town  of  Montego. 

S.MNT  .TAMES,  a  British  fort  of  Senegjml)ia,  on  a  sm.all 
island  of  the  Gambia,  25  miles  from  its  m'>Tith. 

SAINT  JAMES  COLLEGE,  Washington  co..  Maryland, 
founded  in  1842,  is  attended  by  about  00  students.  It  is 
under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians. 

SAINT  JAN,  s&nt  yjn.  or  SAINT  J(;HN,  a  small  island 
of  the  Danish  West  Indies,  immediately  E.  of  St.  Thomas. 
Area,  42  square  miles.  Pop.  2560.  Christiansburg  is  the 
only  town. 

SAINT-JANVIER,  sSn"  zhftN^VivA',  a  village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Terrebonne,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Montreal. 

SAINT-JEAN-BONNEFOND.  s^NO  zhfiN"  bonn'fANO.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Loire,  3  miles  N.E.  of  St. 
Etienne.     Pop.  in  IS.Vi,  63.^7. 

SAINT- JEAN -CIIKVSOSTOME -DE -MONTREAL,  sSn« 
zhdN"  kre^sos'tOm'  deh  ni(\N«'tr;\Ml.  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Beauharnols.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.    P.  5(i0. 

SAINT-JEAN-CHHVSO.STO.Mf>DK-QUEBEC,  sAn"  zh8N« 
kre'sos'torn'  deh  k.A'b^k',  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Dor- 
chester. 10  miles  from  Quebec. 

SAINT  JEAN  D'ACHE.     See  ArUE. 

SAINT-JEAN-D'ANGf:LY,  six"  zhfiN"  di\x»'zh,Vle(^.  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Charente-Inft-rieure.  on  the  navi- 
gable river  Boutonne.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Salutes,  having  2 
parish  churches,  a  hospital,  communal  college,  theatre,  and 
public  baths.  Pop.  in  1S52.  6413,  employed  in  weaving  serges, 
distilling  brandy,  making  gunpowder,  and  in  the  Cognac- 
brandy  trade. 

SAINT  JEAN  D'ARVES,  si\N''  zhfao  danv,  a  market-towr 
of  Savoy,  province,  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Jean  de  Mau- 
rienne.     Pop.  1951. 

SAINT  JEAN  D'AULPII,  s1n«  zhSN"  dO,  a  market-town  of 
Savoy,  province  of  Chablais,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Thonon.  Pop. 
2258. 

SAINT  JEAN  DE  BELLEVILLE,  sSn"  zhSNodeh  bfllVeel', 
a  market-town  of  Savoy,  province  of  Tarantaise,  4  miles 
S.S.W.  ofMoutiers.     Pop.  1411. 

SAINT-JEAN-DE-BOISSEAU,  si^N"  zh^N"  deh  bwas'sV,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure.  ou  the 
Loire.  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Paimticeuf.    Pon.  2200. 

SAINT-.IEAN-DE-BOURNAY.  sJno  zMs«  deh  booR'nV.  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Is6re,  12  miles  E.  of  VIenne. 
Pop.  in  1R.-.2.  3298. 

SAINT-JEAN-DE-BRl^VELAY.  sAn"  zh5N<=  deh  brd'veh-lA', 
a  villaffe  of  France,  department  of  Morbihan.  near  the  Claye, 
15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ploermel.     Pop.  in  1852.  2411. 

SAINT-JEAN-DE-FOS.  sJn»  zhSN"  deh  fos.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ilerault.  9 miles  E.of  Lod&ve.  P.  1540. 

SATNTJEAN-DE-LIVEKSAY.  sSn°  zhSx"  deh  lee'v^RVA', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Charente-luferieure,  15 
miles  N.E.  of  La  Rochelle.     Pop.  in  1852,  2296. 

SAINT-,TEAN-DE-LOSNE.  sSx"  zhftN"  deh  Ian.  (also  called 
BELLE-DEFENSE,  bfll  dl'fSNs.s'.  i.e.  "good  or  brave  de- 
fence." from  two  famous  siegi>s  which  its  inhabitants  suc- 
cessfully sustained  in  1273  and  1636.)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cote-d'Or,  on  the  right  liank  of  the  ?a5ne.  at  its 
junction  with  the  Canal  of  Burgundy,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of 
IJeaune.  Pop.  in  1852,  2266.  employed  in  woollen-weaving 
and  making  hats.    It  has  4  annual  fairs  for  cattle  and  cloth. 

SAINT-JEAN-DE-LUZ,  sJn^  zhftx"  deh  liiz,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Basses-Pyrenf es.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Nivelle,  11  miles  S.W  of  Bayonne,  pretty  well  built,  de- 
fended by  3  forts,  and  formerly  a  port  of  some  importance, 
but  now  a  mere  fishimr-town.      Pop.  in  1852.  2847. 

SAINT-JEAN-DE-MARSACQ,  sSn°  zhftx"  deh  maR'sSk',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Landes,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Dax.     Pop.  12tU. 

SAINT  JEAN  DE  MAURIENNE.  sSn"  zhi^N"  deh  mOVe- 
Jnu',  or  SAN  GIOVANNI  DI  MORIANA,  s3n  jo-v.4n'net! 
dee  mo-re-2'n^,  a  market-town  ofV Savoy,  on  tlie  Arc,  at  the 
influx  of  the  .\ri-an.  and  on  the  route  from  France  bv  Mount 
Cenis  into  It.aly,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Chambery.  Pop.  3084.  Its 
external  appearance  is  picturesque,  but  it  is,  internally, 
gloomy  ami  ill  built. 

SAINT-JEAN-DE-MONT,  sSn»  zhfe"  deh  m^N"',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Vendue,  near  the  Atlantic,  33  miles 
N.N.W.  of  SabUs-d'Olonne.     Pop.  in  1S52.  4038. 

SAINT-JEAN-DES-CH  AILLONS,  sSx"  zb6x°  d;l.«hSh>AN<=', 
a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Lotbinifere,  on  the  St, 
Lawrence,  56  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec. 

1655 


SAI 

Si^TNT-JEAXDKS-OLLlftRES.  slxozhSx"  d/\z  orie-aiR/,  a 
Tillage  of  Franco,  department  of  Pu.v-de-Dome,  13  miles  S.E. 
01  Clermont-Ferrand.     Pop.  in  1852,  2427. 

SAIM'-JKA.N-DE-VALEKISCLE,  sLn"  zhSx"  deh  TdMeh- 
reesk"!',  a  villatre  of  France,  department  of  Gard.  on  the 
Auzonnet,  14  miles  X.X.K.  of  Alais,  with  18S0  inhabitants. 

SAINT  JEAN  D-ORLl^ANS,  si.v«  zhSx"  doRUA'o>°',  a  post- 
villajre  and  parish  of  Canada  East.  eo.  of  Moutmorenci,  in 
the  island  of  Orleans,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  21  miles  N.E.  of 
Quebec.    Pop.  12u0. 

SAI.\T-J  KAN-DU-BKUEL.  sLv"  zhfix"  dU  brii'Jl',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Arevron,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Millau. 
Pop.  1450. 

SAINX-JEAX-DU-DOIGT,  sJx°  zhdxs  dU  dvrL  a  vill.age  of 
France,  department  of  Finist^re.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Jlorlaix. 
Pop.  1402. 

SAINT-.TEAX-DU-GARD,  s,\.v<>  zhJ-N"  dii  gaR,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Gard.  on  the  Gordon  d".\ndu/.e.  ar- 
rondissement,  and  9  miles  W.  of  .\lais.     Pop.  iu  1^62,  4487. 

SAINT-.IKA.V-E.\-I10YANS,  six"  zh6.\o  6ya  roi'S.x"',  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Drome,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Va- 
lence, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Liimne.     Pop.  in  lSo2,  2661. 

SAINT-JEAN-LA-BUSSIERE,  sAx"  zh5x«  li  biis'se-aiR/, 
a  vill.Hge  of  France,  department  of  Rhone,  10  miles  W.  of 
Villefranche.     Pop.  1770. 

SAI.\TJEAN-LE-VIEUX,  sis"  zh6>"  leh  ve-uh',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Ain,  on  the  Oiselon,  12  miles  S.W. 
of  Nantua.     Pop.  1590. 

SAINTJEAN-MOLENBEEK,  six«  zhiSy"  molSso-b.4k, 
(Dutch.  Sunt  Jan  MuUnbeek,  sdnt  yin  nioMgn  baik'.)  a  town 
of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  on  the  Senne,  and 

Fartly  traversed  by  the  canals  of  Charleroi  and  Willebroek. 
t  is  surrounded  by  elegant  villas,  and  contains  a  hand.some 
church,  and  the  excellent  geogntphical  establishment  of 
Philip  Vanderraaelen.     Pop.  7300. 

SAINT-JEAN-PIKD-DE-POKT,  sSxo  zhSx-o  pe-A' deh  poR, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Basses-Pyrenees,  on  the 
Nive.  44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Pau,  enclosed  by  a  wall,  and  de- 
fended by  a  citadel  commanding  the  passes  into  Spain.  Pop. 
In  1852,  3082. 

SAINTJKAN'-PORT^TOLI,  sSs«  zhSx"  poR  zhoMee',  a  post- 
village  and  parish  of  Canada  Ea.st.  co.  of  L'Islet.  on  the  g. 
shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Queljec.  Pop. 
3500. 

SAINT-JEAN-SOLEYMIEUX,  sSx"  zh8x«  so'la'me-ih',  a 
Tillage  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  arrondissement  of 
Montbrison.     Pop.  1390. 

SAINT-,IEA\-SUI{-MAYENNE.  sJx»  zh5.v=  sUa  miVJun', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  on  the  Mayenne, 
1  miles  N.  of  I>aval.     I'op.  1490. 

SAI.VT  J  KOI  RE,  s4x»  zhwaR/(?)  a  market-town  of  Savoy, 
province  of  Kaucigny.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Bonneville.     Pop.  1798. 

SAINT-.IE110MK,  (Fr.  pron.  si.N"  zhi-rom'.)  a  post-village 
of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Two  Mountains,  36  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  of  t  he  parish ,  5500. 

SAINT-J  KUKE  or  JKUKRE.  sSx"  zhuR.a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Uaute-Loire,  4  miles  E.  of  Yssengeaux.  Pop. 
in  1852.  2862. 

SAINT-JOACHIM,  %\v  zho^i^kixo/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  12  miles  W.N. W.  of  Savenav. 
Pop.  32S0. 

SAINT  JOACHIM,  sis"  zho^a'kJ.xo',  a  post-village  and 
parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Montmorenci,  on  the  N.  shore 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  10  miles  from  Quebec  It  contains 
■everal  churches  and  stores.    Pop.  1000. 

SAINT  JOACHIM.  Paraguav.     See  San  Joaquiv. 

SAINT-,I0B-I.\T-OO0R',  s^nt  y6b  int  goR,  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province,  and  9  miles  N.E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  311. 

SAINT  JOH.W.N,  .several  towns  and  villages  of  Germany. 
See  Sanct  Johax.v. 

SAINT  JOH.V,  (Ger.  Sind  Johann,  slnkt  yo-hJnn'; 
Hun.  Stent  Janns.  s^nt  y4/ndsh\)  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
31  miles  X.  of  Presburg.  The  population  are  mostly  Roman 
Catholics  and  Jews. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  partly 
tn  Devon. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo. 

SAI.VT  JOH.V,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  Ireland^  co.  of  Roscommon. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  chiefly  in 
the  CO.  of  Kildare. 

SAINT  JOHN,  in  France.    See  Saint-Jeax. 

SAINT  JOHN,  in  It.ily.    See  San  Giov.a-vni. 
Jo  !♦         J^"-'*'.  in  Spain  and  Spanish  colonies.    See  San 

l*!v^  ^fJlJ^- !"  J'"'-t«=^  and  Brazil.    See  SIo  JoXo. 
a.lvi  •'"»  IX-  in  tJermany.    See  SvNCT  Joha.n.v. 
H  A   v?  .1!    v'  *  Pf.V"*™  "f  Hertford  CO..  North  Carolina. 
HAl.NT  .loHN  a  village  of  Unke  co.,  Illinois  on  the  W. 
there  of  Lake  Mlcbijjan,  26  mUes  N.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

I6i0 


SAI 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  postoffice  of  Dodge  oo.,  Mis.souri. 
SAINT  JOHN,  one  of  the  Danish  West  India  Islands. 
See  S.UST  Jan. 

SAINT  JOHN  or  SAINT  JOHN'S,  a  city  and  seaport  of 
New  Brunswick,  in  British  North  America,  capital  of  St, 
John  county,  is  picturesquely  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  its  own  name,  on  a  rocky  peninsula  projecting  into 
the  harbor,  about  135  miles  N.W.  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  with 
which  it  has  telegraphic  communiQiition,  and  is  also  being 
connected  by  railway.  Lat.  (Partridge  Island  liirhf*  45°  1-V 
6"  N..  Ion.  66°  3'  30"  W.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and 
well  built.  It  stands  on  a  declivity,  and  when  appro-icbed 
from  the  sea,  has  an  imposing  appearance.  Some  of  its 
streets  are  inconveniently  steep.  A  projecting  rock  divides 
it  into  two  parts,  called  respectively  the  upper  and  lower 
coves;  in, the  former  are  situated  the  principal  wharfs  and 
warehouses.  The  buildings  are  now  mostly  ofbrick  or  stone, 
and  many  of  the  public  structures  have  a  respectable  and 
even  elegant  appearance.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  Epis- 
copal and  Presbyterian  churches,  the  .Alarlne  Hospital,  two 
handsome  ranges  of  barracks,  a  stone  court-house,  a  provin- 
cial prison,  and  the  government  store-houses.  There  are  in 
all  aliout  18  churches,  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians,  Pres- 
byterians, Baptists,  Methodists,  Roman  Catholics,  i-e.  The 
town  has  a  grammar  school,  a  central  Madras  school,  two 
public  libraries,  several  newspaper  offices,  an  emigrant  hos- 
pital, various  religious  and  charitable  societies,  several 
b;inks.  a  savings  bank,  3  or  4  insur.^nce  companies,  and  a 
chiimlwr  of  commerce.  Carleton,  a  thriving  suburb  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  harbor,  is  included  within  the  city  corpora- 
tion. 

The  harbor  of  St.  John  is  capacious,  safe,  and  never  ob- 
structed with  ice.  Its  entrance,  about  2  miles  S.  of  the 
city,  is  protected  by  Partridge  Island,  on  which  are  a  battery 
and  a  light-house,  the  lantern  166  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  The  pass.age  W.  of  the  island  has  in  it  10  f^et  of  water, 
that  to  the  E.  10  feet,  and  abreast  of  the  city  there  are  from 
7  to  22  fathoms;  ixjth  sides  of  the  entrance  are  composed  of 
sharp  rocks,  which  become  dry  at  low  water.  About^  of  a 
mile  N.  of  the  light-house  is  a  vertical  beacon,  fixed  on  the 
edge  of  a  rocky  ledge  which  forms  the  W.  side  of  the  chan- 
nel, and  has  deep  water  close  to  it.  On  the  E.  side  of  the 
channel,  below  the  town,  a  breakwater  has  been  constructed 
to  interc^-pt  the  violence  of  the  waves,  occasioned  by  south- 
erly gales.  The  entrance  of  the  river  St.  John  into  the 
harbor,  about  1  i  miles  above  the  city,  is  through  a  rocky 
gorge  80  yards  wide  and  400  yards  long,  occasiiming  very 
remarkable  falls.  The  ordinary  rise  of  the  tide  in  the  har- 
bor is  about  21  feet;  at  the  vem,al  equinox  it  rises  25  feet 
At  low  water  the  waters  of  the  river  are  about  12  feet  higher 
than  those  of  the  harbor;  at  liigh  water  the  waters  of  the 
harbor  are  about  o  feet  a1)ove  those  of  the  river,  hence  the 
phenomena  of  a  fall  outwards  and  inwards  at  every  tide. 
Above  the  fiills  the  tide  seldom  rises  more  than  4  feet.  When 
the  waters  of  the  harlwr  and  river  are  on  a  level  vessels  can 
pass  the  falls."  and  this  can  be  effected  only  during  a  period 
of  16  or  20  minutes  at  each  ebb  and  flow  of  the'tide.  At 
times  of  great  freshets,  occasioned  by  the  sudden  melting 
of  the  snow,  the  tides  do  not  rise  to  the  level  of  the  river, 
and  consequently  it  is  not  possible  for  vessels  to  ascend  the 
falls.     The  depth  of  the  falls  is  ordinarily  about  17  feet. 

St.  John  is  the  entrepSt  of  a  wide  extent  of  country, 
abounding  in  agricultural  resources,  minerals,  and  valuable 
timber.  In  1S52,  there  were  floated  down  the  river  St. 
John  lOO.tWO  tons  of  white-pine  timber,  10,000  tons  of  h.ick- 
matack,  50.000.000  white-pine  logs,  2i).000.000  spruce  logs, 
50.000.000  feet  of  pine  boards,  15.000,000  shingles,  and 
5,000.000  pieces  of  clapboard,  the  whole  valued  at  $1,945,000. 
In  1851,  tiniljer.  lumber,  cSrc,  cut  in  the  state  of  .Maine,  was 
floated  down  the  St.  John  and  shipped  for  the  United  States 
under  certificate  of  origin  to  the  value  of  $158,165,  an  in- 
crea.se  of  $69,990  over  the  previous  year.  The  total  quantity 
of  timber  and  luml)er  shipped  at  the  port  of  St.  John  in 
1852,  was  as  follows :— Pine  timber,  87,688  tons;  birch,  9114 
tons;  hackmatack  knees,  620:  and  sawn  lumber.  129.109.000 
feet.  The  following  is  the  total  value  of  the  imports  and 
exports  for  the  years  1860  and  1851 : — 
1850.  1851. 

Imports S3,9(i6.T35  t3,23«.-65    Decrease,  ST'iS  970 

E.\i>oits 2,18a,i»j  2,570,130    Increase,    381,6,15 

In  1851  the  imports  firom  the  United  States  amounted  to 
$1,458,205,  and  the  exports  to  $312,895.  The  most  import- 
ant imports  from  this  country  were  flour,  valued  at  $224,978 ; 
wheat,  at  §205.556;  corn  and  mesil.  at  $71,048  ;  and  tobacco, 
at  $68,350.  And  in  return  the  chief  exports  were  lumber  .and 
timljer  to  the  value  of  $58,200;  fish,  $45,380;  and  potatoes, 
$6180.  The  total  number  of  British  and  foreign  vessels  tha* 
arrived  at  St.  John  in  1852,  was  1740,  (tons.  334,267  ;J 
cleared,  1746,  (tons,  362.917,)  The  number  of  vessels  bo- 
longing  to  the  port,  December  31, 1851.  was  518,  (tons.  94,810.) 
One  of  the  most  important  branches  of  industry  at  .St.  John 
is  ship-building.  The  numtier  of  vessels  built  here  in  18ol. 
was  72.  (tons,  37,607:)  and  in  1852,  87,  (tons,  45.123.)  Ol 
the  new  ships  built  in  1851,  10,.'532  tons  were  for  owners  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  and  11,398  for  otnerport*,  making 


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an  asgregate  of  21,730  tons  of  shipping,  valued  at  $B00.OO0 
exported,  but  not  inchuh'd  in  the  export  returns.  The  fishe- 
ries in  tlie  harbor  in  1850  employed  200  boats  and  500  men, 
who  took  40.000  salmon,  14.000  barrels  of  alewives,  and  1200 
barrels  of  shad.  In  ISol,  it  is  estimated  that  not  less  than 
60.000  persons  were  transported  between  St.  John's  and  Fro- 
derictoii  by  steamers  plyin;;  on  the  river.  The  distance  is 
80  miles,  and  steamer.s  also  ascend  65  miles  farther,  to 
Woodstock. 

St.  John  was  founded  hy  American  loyalists,  who  left 
the  Uniled  States  at  the  close  of  the  lievolution.  Pop.  in 
18S4,  12.885;  in  1S44.  19.500;  and  in  1852,  22.745. 

SAINT  JOHN  or  SAINT  JOHN'S  UIVKK,  (Indian,  Loosh^- 
UxilJ,  "  tho  Ion;.;  river,")  the  principal  river  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  British  North  America,  rises  under  the  name  of  the 
South-west  Branch,  at  the  Metjarmette  I'ortage  in  the  high- 
lands which  sepaiate  Maine  from  Canada,  near  the  sourees 
of  the  Connecticut.  It  first  flows  due  N.E.  to  the  junction 
of  the  St.  Francis,  (lat.  47°  10'  N.,  Ion.  68°  54'  W..)  a  distance 
of  about  150  miles,  of  which  course  alxiut  100  miles,  com- 
mencinjr  at  the  influx  of  the  North-west  Branch,  is  known 
as  the  WaIIoosto'>k  Kiver.  Below  the  entrance  of  the  St. 
Francis,  the  St..  John  flows  in  an  irre;tular  E.S.E.  course  to 
the  Grand  Falls,  (lat.  47°  5'  N.,  Ion.  67°  45'  E.,)  where  the 
river  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  70  or  80  feet,  abounding 
in  picturesque  scenery ;  thence  its  direction  is  nearly  S.,  to 
about  lat.  46°  N.,  where  it  bends  suddenly  E.,  and  flows  in 
this  general  direction  for  about  100  miles  to  the  entrance  of 
the  outlet  to  Grand  Lake,  below  which  the  river  flows  in  a 
broad  channel  due  S.  to  Kingston,  and  then  S.S.W.  to  its 
mouth  in  St.  John  Ilarlxir.  Its  entire  length  is  estimated 
at  450  miles.  To  the  Grand  Falls.  225  miles  from  the 
sea,  its  course  is  wholly  within  British  territory.  From  a 
point  about  3  miles  above  the  falls,  where  the  E.  boundary 
of  Maine  intersects  the  St.  John,  to  the  entrance  of  the  St. 
Fraocis.  a  distance  of  75  miles,  the  boundary  between  Maine 
and  New  Brunswick  is  found  in  the  middle  channel,  or 
deepest  water  of  the  river.  From  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Francis  to  about  lat.  46°  26'  N.,  Ion.  70°  4'  W.,  a  distance  of 
112  miles,  the  river  has  its  course  wholly  in  Maine;  but 
from  the  point  Last  mentioned  to  the  Monument  at  the 
source  of  the  river  on  tho  Metjarmette  Portage,  a  distance 
of  about  38  miles,  the  right  bank  only  is  in  Maine,  the  left 
bank  in  Canada.  The  principal  affluents  of  tlie  St.  John, 
besides  those  already  mentioned,  are  the  Oromocto,  Aroos- 
took, and  Alag;«sh,  from  the  \V.,  and  the  Kenebekasis,  Wa- 
shedemoak,  Salmon,  Naskwaak,  Tobique,  and  Madawaska, 
from  the  E.  Vessels  of  120  tons  ascend  the  St.  John  to 
F'redericton.  80  miles  from  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  small  steamers 
ply  to  Woodstock,  65  mile.s  farther,  and  occasionally  make 
trips  to  the  Grand  Falls.  In  1849,  the  legislature  of  New 
Brunswick  appropriated  $40,000  to  be  expended  at  the  rate 
of  $8000  a  year  in  improving  the  navigation  of  the  St.  John 
between  Fredericton  and  the  Grand  Falls.  The  improve- 
ments were  commenced  in  1850,  and  it  is  thought  that  in  a 
few  years  the  river  below  the  falls  will  be  quite  free  from 
obstructions.  Above  the  Grand  Falls  the  St.  John  has  l)een 
navigated  by  a  steamer  40  miles,  to  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Madawaska,  and  from  this  point  boats  and  canoes  ascend 
almost  to  its  sources.  It  is  estimated  that  the  St.  John  and 
its  tributaries  afford  1300  miles  of  navigable  waters.  The 
area  drained  is  computed  at  17,0(  10.000  acres,  of  which  9.000,000 
are  in  New  Brunswick.  2.000,0i,)0  in  Canada,  and  6.000.000 
in  the  United  States.  A  great  portion  of  this  is  occupied  by 
dense  forests  of  pine,  hackmatack,  and  other  timber,  of 
which  vast  quantities  are  annually  rafted  down  the  river. 
The  valley  is  remarkable  for  Its  fertility  and  picturesque 
beauty.  The  St.  John  and  its  tributjiries  afford  an  incal- 
culable amount  of  water-power;  and,  in  1861,  218  saw  mills 
were  in  operation  along  their  banks.  For  a  notice  of  the 
falls  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John,  see  St.  Johk,  (city.) 

SAINT  JOII.N.  a  river  of  Canada  East,  joins  the  St. 
I.^wrence  with  Assumption  river,  N.  of  the  island  of  Mon- 
treal, after  a  course  estimated  at  20  miles. 

S.A.INT  JOHN,  a  river  of  Canada  East,  joins  the  es- 
tuary of  the  St.  Lawrence  at  Mingan,  opposite  the  island  of 
Anticosfi,  after  a  S.  course  of  60  miles. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  lake  of  Canada  East,  120  miles  N.  of 
Quebec,  about  30  miles  in  length  and  breadth,  receives  seve- 
ral rivers,  and  on  its  S.E.  side  discharges  its  waters  by  the 
Saguenay. 

SAINT  JOHN  or  SAINT  JOHN'S,  a  maritime  county  of 
New  Brunswick,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  inter- 
isected  by  the  river  St.  John,  which,  at  its  mouth,  forms  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  on  the  coast.  It  is  also  drained  by  the 
Kenebekasis.  Humboldt,  and  other  rivers.  The  surface  is 
igreeat)ly  diversified  with  hills  and  valleys.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile, and  agriculture  has  made  some  advances;  the  chief  in- 
dustry of  the  inhal>itants.  however,  is  directed  to  commerce, 
ship-building,  and  the  fisheries.  St.  John  is  the  most  popu- 
rous  countv  in  New  Brunswick.  Capital,  St.  John.  Pop. 
in  1851.  3S.475. 

SAINT  JOHN  or  SAINT  JOHN'S,  the  most  ea.stern  seji- 
twrt  of  North  America,  capital  of  the  colony  of  Newfound- 
land, near  the  extremity  of  the  easternmost  of  the  numerous 


peninsulas  which  project  from  the  E.  portion  of  the  island, 
1665  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Galway,  Ireland,  this  being  the  short- 
est distance  between  any  two  seaports  of  Europe  and  Ame- 
rica. Lat.  47°  33' 6"  N.,  Ion.  52°  43' W.  This  being  the  neai^ 
e.st  American  port  to  the  Jiuropean  continent,  and  directly 
in  the  track  of  steamers  plying  Ijotween  the  British  Island^ 
and  the  United  States,  it  is  proposed  to  make  it  a  point  Oi 
call  for  one  line  of  these  steamer.s.  With  this  view,  tele- 
graphic wires  are  now  being  formed  from  St.  John  to  Cape 
Kay,  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  island,  thence  to  be  continued 
by  means  of  a  suVmiarine  cable  150  miles  long,  to  the  E.  capo 
of  Prince  Edward  Island,  to  which  wires  are  now  being  ex- 
tended from  Charlotte  Town,  the  latter  place  having  been 
connected  with  the  telegraphic  system  of  the  continent  in 
Novemlier.  1852.  It  is  alleged  that  a  fast  steamer  might  cross 
from  Galway  to  St.  John  in  five  days,  and  that  information 
from  all  parts  of  Europe  could  be  diffused  all  over  the 
United  States — from  Moscow  to  San  Francisco — witliin  six 
days.  The  harbor  of  St.  John  is  one  of  the  very  best.  It  is 
enclosed  by  two  mountains,  between  the  E.  points  of  which 
is  the  entrance,  called  "The  Narrows,"'  only  95  fathoms  wide 
in  its  narrowest  p;irt,  and  100  fathoms  long.  This  entrance 
is  defended  by  numerous  batteries  and  fortifications.  It 
has  12  fathoms  water  in  mid  channel,  but  only  one  vessel 
can  pass  at  a  time.  Within  there  is  ample  space  for  ship- 
ping in  good  anchorage,  with  perfect  shelter.  There  art  no 
]>erceptil)le  tidea.*  A  light  on  Cape  Spear  is  visible  20  miles 
at  sea;  there  is  also  a  harbor  light.  In  foggy  weather  an 
eighteen-jHiund  gun  is  fired  every  half  hoxir,  enabling  ves- 
sels to  enter  the  .Narrows  at  all  times,  the  water  being  deep 
and  the  shore  bold. 

The  town  is  situated  on  an  acclivity,  a-nd  consists  chiefly 
of  one  street,  about  one  mile  in  length,  rather  irregularly 
built,  but  containing  many  good  shops  and  stores ;  the  former 
mostly  of  stone,  'fho  houses  in  this  part  of  the  town  are 
small,  and  mostly  built  of  brick ;  but  in  the  upper  parts 
they  are  of  wood,  and  are  very  awkwardly  dispr>sed.  St. 
John,  however,  ha.s,  upon  the  whole,  l)een  much  improved 
since  the  great  fire  of  1846,  both  as  regards  the  style  of 
building  and  the  width  and  regularity  of  the  streets.  It  is 
lighted  with  gas,  and  well  supplied  with  water  brought 
from  a  pond  on  an  adjoining  eminence,  called  Signal  Hill. 
The  public  buildings,  exclusive  of  tlie  (churches,  are  the 
government-house,  a  large  plain  structure,  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $175,000 ;  house  of  assembly,  a  handsome  building  ot 
granite;  St.  John's  Church,  a  fine  stone  cathedral  recently 
erected  by  the  Iloman  Catholics;  a  lunatic  asylum,  hospital, 
and  the  market  and  custom-houses,  the  upper  story  of  the 
former  being  used  as  a  court-room.  There  are  nine  places 
of  worship — throe  Episcopal,  one  Established  Church  of 
Scotland,  one  Free  Church,  one  Methodist,  one  Union  Pres- 
byterian, and  two  Roman  Catholic.  The  educational  institu- 
tions comprise  two  schools  in  connection  with  tho  Church 
of  England,  one  belonging  to  the  Established  Church  of 
Scotland,  and  two  to  the  lioman  Catholic  Church.  There 
are  several  religious  and  lienevolent  societies,  a  mechanics'  in- 
stitute, with  a  museum,  library,  and  reading-room  attached; 
and  an  agricultural  society;  a  large  factory  occupied  for 
making  nets,  a  brewery,  distillery,  flour  mill,  and  foundry, 
a  botanic  garden,  marine  promenade,  and  three  cemeteries. 

The  trade  of  St.  John  consists  chiefly  in  supplying  the 
fishermen  (most  of  whom  are  lioman  Catholics)  witli  cloth- 
ing, provisions,  and  fishing  and  hunting  gear.  During  the 
spring  season,  the  harbor  is  thronged  with  merchant  ves- 
sels from  London,  Liverpool,  Poole,  and  Greenock,  laden 
with  dry-goods,  and  salt  for  curing  fish,  &c. ;  from  Hamburg 
and  Copenhagen  with  biscuits,  butter,  pork,  glassware, 
leathernware,  and  hosiery;  from  the  United  States  with 
butter,  pork,  beef,  and  Hour;  from  Spain  and  Portugal  with 
salt,  wines,  and  preserves;  and  from  Barbadoes.  and  some 
of  the  other  West  India  Islands,  with  sugar,  molasses,  and 
rum.  The  value  of  the  imports  from  the  United  States  in 
1851,  was  $736,335;  from  Canada,  .$300,322;  Germany, 
$;J10,200;  Spain  and  Portugal.  $112,575;  British  West  In- 
dies. $82,325;  Spanish  West  Indies,  $100,295;  Denmark, 
$50,760.  The  export  fish  trade  commences  early  in  August, 
i'he  ports  to  which  the  British  vessels  are  consigned  with 
fish  are  Bilboa.  Oporto.  Cadiz,  Figuera,  Leghorn,  Naples, 
Barbadoes,  and  the  Brazils.  Besides  its  fisheries,  St.  John 
is  extensively  engaged  in  sealing;  from  150  to  200  schooners 
and  brigs,  varying  from  70  to  120  tons,  are  collected  in  the 
harbor  in  the  months  of  February  and  March,  preparatory 
to  proceeding  to  the  scaling  ground.  The  quantities  offish, 
oil,  &c.  exported  in  1851.  were  as  follows : — Dried  cod,  629,271 
quintals;  salmon,  3129  tierces;  herrings,  14,079  barrels; 
setil  and  whale  oil.  5411  tuns;  cod  oil.  2273  tuns;  blubber, 
265  tuns;  and  seal  skins,  382.083,  of  which  '381.333  went  to 
the  United  Kingdom.  In  addition  to  the  above  qviantity  of 
dried  codfisli  exported,  there  were  181,000  (luintals  in  store 
ready  forexportation  in  January.  1852.  The  number  of  vessels 
that  arrived  at  St.  John  w  1851,  was  842,  (tons,  103,016;) 


*  Testimony  of  Captain  John  Cousins  before  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  N'e«  foundlaud.  in  184.5,  with  reference  to  the  advan- 
tages of  St.  John  as  a  port  of  call  for  Atlantic  steamers. 

1667 


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SAI 


clAjred.  703,  'tons,  91,191.)  Of  the  arrivals,  138  were  from 
Gre^t  BrtaJ  i,  377  from  British  North  Amerioan  colonies, 
and  99  frori  the  United  States.  Great  numbers  of  dogs  are 
employed  in  St.  John  in  drigging  cartamarans  loaded  with 
•wood.'  The  British  government  was  established  at  St.  John 
as  ejirly  as  1583,  by  the  gallant  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert.  Pop. 
Ib  1841,  rj.OOO;  iu  1846,  19,000;  and  in  1852,  21.000. 

SAIXT  JOHN,  a  fortified  town  of  the  island  of  Antigua, 
on  a  bay  of  its  W.  coast. 

SAINT  JOHN  or  SAIXT  JEAN  BAPTISTE,  sSx"  zh5>o 
bip'teest'.  a  village  and  fort  of  Canada  East,  district,  and 
24  miles  S.E.  of  Jlontreal.  on  the  river  Richelieu. 

SAIXT  JOHN  BAPTISTE,  (bJpHeesf  or  bap'tist.)  a  parish 
in  the  S.E.  part  of  Loui^^iana,  bordering  on  Lakes  Maurepas 
and  I'ontchartrain,  contains  about  200  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
teisected  by  the  Mississippi.  The  surface  is  flat.  The  arable 
land  is  confined  to  the  margins  of  the  river.  Capital,  Bonnet 
Carre.    Pf>p.  7930,  of  whom  3a"6  were  free,  and  4594  slaves. 

SAIXT  JOHN,  II/KETSHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

SAIXT  JOHN'S  or  SAINT  JOIINSTTOWN,  a  village  of  Sus- 
sex CO..  Delaware.  28  miles  S.  of  Dover. 

S.MXT  JOHN'S,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  p,art  of  Florida,  bor- 
dering on  the  Atlantic,  contains  about  990  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  navigable  river  of  the  same  name. 
The  surface  is  level,  and  but  little  elevated  above  the  sea. 
The  soil  i.s  sandy  and  poor.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is  oc- 
cupied by  marches  and  pine  barrens.  Capital,  St.  Augustine. 
Pop.  3038,  of  whom  2035  were  free. 

SAIXT  JOIIX'S.  a  post-village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio,  about 
90  miles  W.X.W.  of  Columbus. 

SAIXT  JOIIX'S,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lake  co., 
Indiana,  145  miles  X.W.  by  N.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  1034. 

S.\INT  JOHN'S,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.part  of  Canada 
East.    Capital,  St.  Jaan.     Pop.  15.226. 

SAIXT  JOIIX'S,  or  DORCHESTER,  a  post-town  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Ch.imbly,  on  the  river  Richelieu,  27  miles  S.E. 
of  Montreal,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  raijway.  It  con- 
tains 5  or  6  churches,  2  assurance  agencies,  a  newspaper 
office,  about  25  stores,  and  has  manufictures  of  iron  cast- 
ings, leather,  pottery,  Ac  The  total  value  of  exports  at  St. 
John's,  in  1851,  amounted  to  $905,276,  and  the  imports  to 
$1,948,560.     Pop.  2500. 

SAIXT  JOIIX'S  BAY,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
receives  the  Castor  River. 

SAINT  JOHNS'BURY,  the  capital  of  Caledonia  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Passumpsic,  which  affords 
water-power,  and  on  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Rivers 
Railroad,  about  35  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  2 
Congregational  Churches,  a  flourishing  academy,  a  news- 
paper offli'e,  a  first  class  hotel,  and  from  25  to  30  stores. 
Messrs.  E.  &  F.  Fairbanks  have  here  the  most  extensive 
manufactory  of  patent  weighing-scales  in  the  United  States. 
There  are  also  in  St.  Johnsbury,  4  foundries  with  machine 
shops,  besides  other  establishments.  Incorporated  in  1852. 
PoTi.  :U6Q. 

SAIXT  JOHNSBURY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Passumpsic  River,  2 
miles  N.  of  St.  Johnsbury.  It  contains  3  churches.  5  stores, 
2  carriage  manufactories,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  alx)ut  300. 

SAINT  JOHXSBURY  EAST,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia 
CO.,  A'ermont.  on  both  sides  of  Moose  River,  an  aflluent  of 
the  I'assumpsic,  5  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Johnsbury.  It  hiis  2 
churches.  5  stores,  and  a  liotel.     Pop.  alwut  600. 

SAIXT  JOnX'S  COIJ.EOE.    See  Fordham.  New  York. 

SAINT  JOHN'S  COLLEGE.     See  Ansapolis.  M.trvland. 

SAIXT  JOHN'S  CREEK.  Franklin  co.,  Missonri.  joins  the 
Missouri  River  from  the  right.    It  is  a  pood  mill-stream. 

SAIXT  JOHN'S  ISLAND.    See  CH.iNQ-CHEDN-CHAli. 

SAIXT  JOHX'S  LIGHT-HOUSE,  at  the  entrance  of  St. 
John's  River,  Florida,  exhibits  a  fixed  light  65  feet  high. 
Lat.  30°  21'  X..  Ion.  81°  3.3'  W. 

SAIXT  JOHX'S  LIGHTHOUSE,  Lake  Pontchartrain,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Bayou  St.  John,  5  miles  N.  of  New  Or- 
leans. It  shows  a  fixed  light  48  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
lake. 

SAIXT  JOHN'S  RIVER,  Florida,  has  Us  sources  in  a 
marshy  tract,  in  the  central  part  of  the  peninsula.  It  pur- 
sues a  N.\V.  course  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ocklawaha.  after 
which  it  flows  nearly  N.  to  J.icksonville.  Turning  thence 
toward  the  E.,  it  enters  the  Atlantic  in  lat,  30°  20*  N.  Its 
whole  length  is  estlaiated  at  above  200  miles.  Steamboats 
regulariy  navigate  this  river  from  Its  mouth  to  I'ilatka. 
Vessels  requiring  8  feet  of  water  can  ascend  to  LakeGe<irge, 
•  distance  of  lu7  miles.  The  country  through  which  it 
pisoes  oonsists  cliieHy  of  pine  barrens  and  cypress  swamps. 

SAINT  JOIIXSTOWX.  Delaware.    See  St.  John's. 

SAINT  JOHXS'VILLE.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Montgomery  co..  New  York,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Mohawk 
Klver.  and  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad.  6.3  miles 
W.  by  X.  of  Albany.  The  village  contains  2  churches, 
one  Dutch  Reformed,  the  other  belonging  to  the  Lutherans. 
Heth'.diRts,  and  UniverKallsts;  6  stores,  and  3  groceries- 
a  tannery,  a  distillery,  and  a  manufactory  of  pitchforks. 
Population  of  the  townshiij  1688. 
1668 


S.\INT  JOHN  WrrniN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster 
CO.  of  \Vaterford. 

SAINT  JOHN  WITHOUT,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mnn- 
ster,  CO.  of  Waterford. 

S.\IXT  JO'SliPH.  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Michigan, 
bordering  on  Indiana,  contains  528  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  St.  Joseph  River,  (of  Lake  Michigan.)  and 
also  drained  by  Portage,  Pr.airie,  Pigeon,  and  Fawn  Rivers, 
which  terminate  in  it.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating, 
and  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  "  oak  openings,"  the  soil 
of  which  is  extremely  fertile.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.  Capital,  Centreville.  Pop. 
21,262. 

SAINT  JOSEPH,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Indiana,  bor- 
dering on  Michigan,  contains  470  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  St.  Joseph's  and  Kankakee  Rivei-s.  The  sui-face  is 
nearly  level,  and  is  diversified  by  prairies,  oak  openings,  and 
forests.  The  soil  is  extremely  fertile  and  easily  cuUivat«d. 
The  county  contains  marl,  and  abundance  of  iron-ore,  and 
is  liberally  supplied  with  watei^power.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  railroad  which  connects  Chicago  with  'I'oledo.  Org!iniz«d 
in  1830.    Capital,  South  Bend.    Pop.  18,455. 

SAINT  JOSEPH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tensas  parish, 
Louisi.ina,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH,  a  township  of  Williams  co..  Ohio.  Pop. 
1242. 

SAINT  JOSEPH,  a  post-township  in  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1065. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berrien 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's 
River,  194  miles  W.  of  Detroit.  The  village  carries  on  an 
active  trade  in  lumber  and  fruit  to  supply  the  boats  of  the 
lake  and  the  Chicago  market.  The  bridire  which  ci-osses  the 
river  at  this  place  cost  $15,000.     Pop.  1410. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH,  a  flourishing  city,  capital  of  Buchanan 
CO.,  Mi.ssouri,  is  situated  on  the  left  (E.'i  bank  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  340  miles  above  Jefferson  City,  and  498  miles 
by  water  from  St.  Louis.  It  is  the  most  commercial  and 
populous  town  of  Western  Missouri,  and  one  of  the  chief 
p<ilnts  of  departure  in  the  emigration  to  Oregon,  California, 
Ac.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  a  railroad  extending  to  Hanni- 
bal, on  the  Mississippi.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1843.  It 
contains  10  churches,  1  synagogue,  2  banks,  5  other  banking 
offices,  3  savings  banks,  12  wholesale  stores,  about  120  retail 
stores,  several  steam  mills,  1  iron  foundry,  1  large  woollen 
factory,  several  manufactories  of  carriages  and  wagons,  and 
3  large  pork  houses;  it  has  3  daily  and  5  weekly  newspapers. 
Railroads  are  in  progress  in  several  directions  from  this 
point.    Pop.  in  1860,  8932;  in  ISa^i,  about  15,000. 

SAINT  .tOSEPH,  a  lake  of  British  North  America,  in  lat 
61°10'N,.lon.90°30'to9lO30'W.  Length. 35  miles;  average 
breadth.  TO  miles.  It  receives  the  Catlake  River,  and  dis- 
charges its  waters  bv  the  .Albanv  River,  into  James's  Bav. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH," an  island  of  Canada  West,  in  the  chan- 
nel lietween  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron.  Lat.  46°  15'  N., 
Ion.  84°  10'  W,     Length  and  breadth,  about  15  miles  each. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH.  (.<p.  San  Jml.  sin-no-s.V,^  a  peninsula  in 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Mathias,  (San  Matias,)  on  the  E.  coast  of  Pa- 
tagonia. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH,  one  of  the  Seychelles  Islands  of  the 
Indian  Ocean.     \a\.  5°  45'  S..  Ion.  51°  61'  E. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH  or  FORT  SAIXT  JOSEPH.    Pee  Oaiam. 

SAIXT  JOSEPfl  DE  MASKINri>>GE,  sSno  zho'sJf  d?h 
m3s'kee'ivix'''zh!l',orM.\SKIX0XGE,a  post-village  of  Canada 
East.  CO.  of  St.  Maurice,  on  the  X.  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  4500. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH'S,  a  postofflce  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvaniii.  ■ 

SAIXT  JOSEPH'S,  a  post^village.  capital  of  Calhoun  co., 
Florida,  on  St.  Joseph's  Bav.  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

S.\IXT  JOSEPHS,  a  post-office  of  Champaisn  co..  Illinois. 

SAINT  JOSEPH'S  BAY,  an  arm  of  the  Guif  of  Mexico,  is 
situated  in  Calhoun  co..  on  the  S.  coast  of  Florida.  It  is 
formed  by  a  narrow,  crooked  peninsula,  extending  from  the 
mainland  to  Cape  St.  Joseph,  the  S.  extremity  of  which 
forms  Cape  St.  Bias.  Length,  near  25  miles;  greatest  breadth, 
about  10  miles. 

SAIXT  JOSEPH'S  COLLEGE.  Sec  BAKDSTOwy.  Kentucky 

SAINT  JOSEPH'S  GROVE,  a  viUage  in  Dubuque  co.i 
Iowa.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

SAINT  JOSEPH'S  RIVER,  of  Michigan  and  Indiana, 
rises  in  Hillsdale  CO..  Michigan,  and  after  making  a  circuit 
into  Indiana,  it  turns  towards  the  X'.W.  and  enters  ths 
former  state,  and  flows  through  Berrien  county  into  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  village  of  St.  Joseph.  Its  general  direction 
is  nearly  W.,  and  its  course  is  very  serpentine.  The  length 
is  estimated  at  250  miles,  which  is  greater  than  that  of  any 
other  stream  in  the  state  except  Grand  River.  It  has  an 
equable  current,  and  is  navigated  by  sm.all  steamboats  from 
its  mouth  to  Constantine.  about  1'20  miles.  The  chief  towns 
on  its  banks  are  Constantine.  Elkhart.  South  Bend,  and 
Xiles.  The  country  through  which  It  flows  is  undulating 
and  extremely  fertile.  There  Is  a  gO"(»  I'arbor  at  it,s  mouth, 
where  the  river  is  one-fourth  cf  a  mile  wide,  »n<J  frs>ui  9  tu 
14  feet  deep. 


SAI 


SAI 


SAIXT  jnSEPITS  RIVER,  of  the  Maumee,  rises  in  Hills- 
dale CO..  Michigan,  and  flowing  in  a  general  S.W.  course 
across  the  N.\V.  corner  of  Ohio,  unites  with  the  St.  Mary's 
River  to  form  the  Jlriumee.  at  Fort  Wayne,  in  Indiana. 

SAIXT-JOUAX,  six"  zhoo'd.N"',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  4  mile.s  S.E.  of  St.  Malo.  Pop. 
1774. 

SAr\T-.IOUAN-DE-L'ILLE,  sSxo  zhwSx"'  dgh  leel.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  C6tes-du-Nord,  on  the  Ranee, 
14  miles  S.W.  of  Dinan.     Pop.  670. 

S.\I.\T-JOUI\,  sIn'o  zhwLv"',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine  InfSrieure,  12  miles  X.  of  Havre,  near 
the  English  Channel.     Pop.  1540. 

SAINT-JOUIN,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Deux- 
Sfevres,  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Parthenay.     Pop.  13(;0. 

SAINT-,TULIA-I)F>ORACAP0U,  sJno  zhttno-i/deh  graMd^ 
poo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Uaute-Garonne,  9 
miles  \.E.  of  A'lUefranche.     Pop.  1015. 

SAINT  JULIAN,  Malta.     See  S.\N'  Gicuano. 

SAINT  .lU'LIAX,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa. 

SAINT  JU'IJ  AN.  (Sp.  San  Julian,  .sin  noo-le-dn',)  a  harbor 
on  the  K.  coast  of  Patagonia.     Lat.  49°  8'  S. 

SAIXT  JU'LIAN,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  W. 
of  Borneo. 

SAIXT  JULIEN,  sJno  zhUMe-ls<^,  a  market-town  of  Savoy, 
6  mile.s  S.W.  of  Geneva. 

SAIXT  JULIEX,  sJno  zhu'le-Ss"',  a  village  of  Savoy,  3 
miles  S.K.of  St.  Jean  de  JIaurienne. 

SAINT-JULIEX-AUX-BOIS,  rAn»  zhfiMe-S.No'  6  bwd,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Corrfize,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Tulle.    Pop.  lem. 

SAINT-JULIEN-DAXCE,  bAno  zhune-JN"'  dfixss,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  on  the  Ance,  arron- 
dissement  of  I.ie  Puy.     Pop.  1240. 

SAIXT-JULlEN-DK-CIIAPTEUIIi,  sSx"  zhti'le-^N"'  dfh 
ghlpHul.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  near 
the  Sumfene.  8  miles  E.  of  J>e  Puy.     Pop.  3(X)0. 

SAI  NT-.TULI EX-DE-Cl  VRY,  sS x"  zhUMe-Jxo'  deh  seevVee/, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  SaOue-et-Loire,  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Charolles.     Pop.  1500. 

SAINT,IULIEX-DE-COXCEI.LES,  s^N»  zhii'le-Jx"'  dfh 
k6N°\s5ll',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure, 
8  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xantes.     Pop.  in  1S52,  3907. 

SA1NT-,TULIEX-DI';-C0PEL,  six"  zhilMe-Jx"'  deh  ko'pM', 
a  town  of  I'rance,  department  of  Puv-du-Uome,  12  miles 
E.S.  E.  of  Clermont-Ferrand.     Pop.  in.  1852,  2208. 

SAINT^IULIEX-DK-REIOXAC,  six*  zhUMe-Hx"'  dfh  r.W- 
ydk',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gironde,  on  the 
Gironde.  14  miles  S.  of  Lesparre.     Pop.  1340. 

SAIXT-JUl.lEN-DK-VOUVAXTES,  sixo  zhiiVSuo'  deh 
voo'v6xt',  a  town  of  Fi-ance,  department  of  Lolre-Inf^rieure, 
near  the  Don.  33  miles  N.E.  of  Nantes.     I'op.  in  1852.  1710. 

SAINT-JULIEX-Ua-SAULT,  sJ.\o  zhUMe-Jx"'  dil  s6.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  on  the 
Yonne,  20  miles  X.W.  of  Auxerre.    Pop.  in  1852.  2453. 

SAINT-JUMEX-EN-JARRET,  six"  zhU'le-i.x"'  fix"  zhaR^- 
r.V.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  on  the  Gier,  7 
miles  X.E.  of  St.  Etionne.     Pop.  1600. 

SAIXT-JULIl'^X-LA-lSUOUSSE.  s.^x"  zhune-Sxo'U  hrooss, 
a  town  of  France,  di'partment  of  Ard6che,  24  miles  W.S.W. 
ofTournon.     Pop.  12t)0. 

SAINT-JDLIEN-I,E-PET1T,  sSx"  zhU'le-Jxo'  l?h  pfh-tee', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienue,  21  miles  E. 
of  Limoges.     Pop.  1390. 

SAINT-JULIEN-.MOLIIESABATE,  sJxo  zhUMe-Jx»'  mol'- 
is'.i'bit',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  15 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Y.ssenL'eaux.     Pop.  1200. 

SAINT-JULIEN-MOLIX-MOLETTE.  sSx"  zhUUe-^x"'  mo''- 
lAx"'  mo^l^tt',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  on  the 
Ternoir.  12  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Etienne.     Pop.  \mo. 

SAINT-JULIEX-PuftS-BORT.  si^xo  zhUMc^^X"' prA  boR,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Cori-fize,  near  the  Dordogne, 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ussel.     Pop.  1400. 

SAINT-JULIEX-SUR-SARTIIE,  sLx"  zhU'le-ix"'  sUr  saRt, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  9  miles  W.  of  Mor- 
tagne.     Pop.  14ti0. 

SAINT  JU'LIOT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-.IIINIEN.  six"  zhii^ne-Ax"',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute- Vienne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Vienne, 
at  its  confluence  with  the  Glane,  Smiles  X.E.  of  Roche- 
chouart.  Pop.  in  1852,  5900.  It  stands  prettily  on  a  slope, 
is  enclosed  by  well  planted  hmtlerards.  and  has  a  very  fine 
parish  church,  a  departmental  school,  and  active  manufkc- 
ture.s  of  serge,  blankets,  and  quiltings.  leather-gloves,  hat.s, 
and  earthenware,  .a  trade  in  mules,  and  large  monthly  Ciirs. 

SAIXT-JUNIEX,  a  small  village  of  France,  department 
of  Creuse, 

S.\1NT-JUNIEX,  a  small  village  of  France,  department 
ot  Ilauti^Vienne. 

SAINT-JUST.  sSx"  zhUst,  a  village  of  France,  depjirtment 
of  Aveyron,  on  the  Virtur.  IS  miles  S.W.  of  Rodez.     P.  1600. 

SAI.NT-JUST,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Charente- 
lnf6i  ieure.  9  mile.s  S.S.W.  of  Marennes.     Pop.  1940. 

S.\IXT-.IUST,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  lUe-et- 
ViJaine,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Redon.    Pop.  1200. 


SAIXT-JUST,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mama 
on  the  Livon.  34  miles  S.  of  Epernay. 

S.\IXT-.IUST,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Vienne.  arrondis-sement  of  I^imoges.     I'op.  1190. 

SAINT  JUST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall.  Dr. 
Borlase,  the  learned  antiquary,  was  born  liere  in  1096. 

SAINT-.TUST-D'AVRAY.  six"  zhilst  dd'vr.V,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Rhone,  12  miles  W.  of  Villefranche. 
Pop.  1700. 

SAIXT-JUST-DE-BAFFRR,  Ay<>  zhUst  dfh  UiT'r',  a  vJl 
lage  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-D6me,  5^  miles  S,S.E. 
of  Ambert.     Pop,  in  1852.  2090. 

SAlXT-JUST-EX-CIIAtSSEE.  sSxo  zhiist  Sx"  shOs'si',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Oise.  on  the  Aure,  and  on 
the  railroad  from  Creil  to  Amiens,  8  miles  N.  of  Clermont 
Pop.  1200. 

SAINT-JUST-EN-CHEVALET,  kJn«  zhUst  Sx"  sheh-vi'li/, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  14  miles  S.W.  of 
Itoanne.     Pop.  in  1852,  2665. 

SAIXT-JUSTIN,  sixo  zhU.s'tAxo',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lande.s,  on  the  Douze,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mont- 
de-MarS!in.  Pop.  1660. 
■  SAIXT-JUST-LA-PEXDUE.  sSx"  zhilst  U  p8x«MU'.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Loire,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Roanne. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2818. 

SA1NT-JU.ST-MALM0NT.  sSx"  zhdst  mdrmAxo',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Haut«-Loire,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Yssengeaux.     I'op.  1840. 

SAlXT-JUST-I'RfeS-nRIOUDE,  sJxo  zhU.st  prA  bre-ood', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  arrondisso- 
ment  of  Brioude.     Pop.  1470. 

SAINT.lUST-l'RftS-CHOMELIX,  sIno  zhilst  prA  sho'mfh- 
lee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  ar- 
rondis.sement  of  Le  Puy.     Pop,  1650. 

SA1XT-JUST-SUR-IX)IRE.  .six"  zhilst  sUu  IwJr.  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Loire,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Montbrison. 
Pop.  12:n. 

SAIXT  KEA,  kee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  KEAN  or  KEYNE,  keen,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cornwall. 

SAIXT  KEV'ERNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  KEW,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  KILT).*,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic.  82  miles  W. 
of  Harris.  (Hebrides.)  Lat.  57°  48'  32"  N.,  Ion.  8°  ,"2'  2''  W. 
Area,  about  4000  acres.  Pop.  in  1849,  109,  who  all  live  in  a 
village  near  the  S.E.  coa.st. 

SAINT  KRUIS,  sJut  krols.  a  Tillage  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Zealand,  on  the  Belgian  frontier,  5  miles  E.S.E. 
ofSluis.    Pop.  61.3, 

SAINT  LAM/BERT,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  on  the  St. 
Ijiwrence,  opposite  Montreal, 

SAIXT-LAMBERT-DE-LA-POTERIE.   six"  lAM^baiR  d^h 

11  po'teh-ree',   a   market-town   of  France,    department  of 
Maine-et-Loire.  arrondissement  of  Angers.     Pop.  1273. 

SAINT-LAMBERT-DES-LEVI^:ES,  six"  lAM'liaiii'  d.-l  leh- 
v.V,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Maine-et-I^oire, 
3  miles  N.  of  Paumur.     Pop.  1726. 

SAIXT-LAMBERT-DU-LATTAY.  sSx«  IftM'bain/  dU  llt'- 
t.V.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Maino-et-Loire, 

12  miles  S.S.W,  of  Angers. 

SAINT  LAN1)RY,  a  parish  in  the  S.W,  part  of  Louisiana, 
contains  2200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E,  by 
Atchafalaya,  and  drained  by  the  Cortjibleau  and  Teche 
Bayous.  The  parish  has  a  high,  rolling,  and  picturesque 
surface,  and  a  very  productive  soil.  Tlie  Atchafalaya  and 
Cortableau  are  navigable  by  steamboats  in  high  water.  A 
railroad  is  in  cour.se  of  construction  from  New  Orleans  to 
Opelousas,  the  capital  of  the  parish.  Pop.  23,104,  of  whom 
11,668  were  free,  and  11,436  slaves. 

SAINT-LATTIER,  sSx"  Uf  te-A'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Isfere,  7  miles  S.W,  of  St,  Marcellin.     Pop.  1500. 

SAINT  LAU'RENCE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

SAINT  LAURENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SAINT  LAURENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  LAURENCE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke. 

SAINT-LAURENT,  (It.  San  LormM,  s3n  lo-r?n'zo,)  a  vil- 
lage of  Corsica,  arrondissement  of  Corte,     Pop,  623, 

SAINT-LAUREXT.  sSx<!  ISVAx-"'.  (t.  e.  "  Saint  Lawrence,") 
a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  16  mileis 
X.AV.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2.580. 

SAIXT-LAUREXT.  sAxo  15V5n°',  a  village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East.  co.  of  Montmorenci,  on  the  island  of  Orleans, 
in  the  St,  Lawrence.  15  miles  X.E.  of  Quebec.     Pop.  1000. 

SAIXT-LAUREXT,  sAx«  loVftx*',  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  on  the  island  of  Montreal.  6  miles  from  the  citv. 

SAINT-LAURENT-DE-CERDA,  six"  lo"r8x<='  deh  steMd', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pvrenees-Orientales,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Ceret.     Pop.  in  1852.  2422. 

SAIXT-LAURKNT-DE-CHAMOUSET,  sJ.N"  loVSxo'  deh 
shi'moo'zA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rh&ne,  17 
miles  W,  of  Lyons.     Pop.  in  1852,  1 650. 

SAIXT-LAURENT-RE-L'AIN.  sljJ''  lSV8x«'  d?h  lix«,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  arrondissement  of  Bourg. 
Pop.  1370. 

1659 


SAI 

8A1.VT-/.AURENT-DE-LA-PLAINE,  sJv  1oV5n-«'  deh  ll 
plAn.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Maiue-et-Loire,  ar- 
rondissement  of  Beaupreau.     Pop.  1530. 

SAINT-LAUHEXT-DE-LA-SALANGUE,  saN"  lo^rdN"' df h 
li  si'ld-N'sf',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pi'ren6es-0ri- 
entales,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Gly,  1  miles  X.E.  of  Per- 
pijinan.     Pop.  In  1S52.  4063., 

SAIXT-L.\CREXT-DK-.MKDOC,  sJn"  15V5xo'  dghmAMok', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Glronde,  25  miles  X.X.W. 
of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  in  1852.  3003. 

SAIXT-L.\UREXT-DE-XESTE.  sax"  13'rds»'  dgb  n&t  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ilautes-Pj-renees,  near  the 
Neste,  Umile-s  E.X.E.  of  Biisrneres.     Pop.  1409. 

SAIXTLAUREXT-DES-BAIXS,  sks"  loV6>"'  da  h&yo,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ard^ehe,  16  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Largentiere.  celebrated  for  its  saline  thermal  baths. 

SAIXT-L.4UREXT-U'0LT.  sks"  16V6.W  do.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aveyron,  on  the  Lot,  24  miles  N.  of 
Millau.      Pop. -2130. 

SAIXT-L.\UREXT-DORLKAXS,  sSN'  lo'rfijfo'  doR'14'5N«', 
a  Tillage  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Montmorenei,  on 
the  Island  of  Orleans,  15  miles  from  Quebec.  Pop.  about 
900. 

SAIXT-LAUREXT-DU-PAPE.  sSn«  IoVSn-o/  dU  pip,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Ard&che,  on  the  Erieux,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Rhone,  9  miles  X.E.  of  Privas.    Pop.  1250. 

SAIXT-LAURKXT-DU-POXT,  sJs"  lo'r6x«'du  p3N0.  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Isfere,  14  miles  N.  of  Grenoble.  Pop. 
in  1852,  18S6. 

SAIXT-LAUREN'T-EX-ROYAXS,  sS.V  loV^.v"'  6n«  roi'Sxo', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Drome,  23  miles  E.X.E.  of 
Valence.    Pop.  1240. 

SAIXT-LAUREXT-SUR-GORRE,  sJyo  lo'rSx"'  sUr  ror,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- Vienne,  on  the  Gorre, 
14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Limoges.    Pop.  in  1S52.  2552. 

SAIXT-LAUREXT-SUR-SEVRE,  sJno  lo'r6.\«/  sUr  sjv'r,  a 
town  of  France.  de|)artment  of  Vendee,  on  the  S^vre  Xan- 
taise.  3  miles  S.E.  of  Jlortagne.    Pop.  1066. 

SAIXT  LAWKEXCK,  a  parish  of  England.  IslB  of  Wight, 

SAIXT  LAWREXCE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

SAIXT  LAWREXCE.  in  France.    See  S.unt-Laurent. 

SAIXT  LAWREXCE,  in  Italy,  Spain,  and  Spanish  Ame- 
rica.   See  San  Lobeszo. 

SAIXT  LAWREXCE.  Portugal,  Brazil.    See  SXo  Lourex^. 

SAIXT  L.A.W'REXCE,  (¥r.  Saint  Laurent,  sJso  10V6.no'; 
Ger.  Sand  Lnrenzflusn,  sjnkt  lo'rents-110oss\)  one  of  the 
largest  rivers  of  Xorth  America,  issues  from  Lake  Ontario 
in  about  44°  10'  X.  lat.,  and  76°  30'  W.  Ion.,  and  flowing  in 
a  N.E.  direction,  forming,  in  a  part  of  its  course,  the  boundary 
between  Xew  York  and  Canada,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  by  a  broad  estuary,  in  alx)ut  49°  30'  X.  lat.,  and 
64°  W.  Ion.  Viewing  this  river  in  connection  with  the  great 
Western  lakes,  of  which  it  forms  the  outlet,  it  may  be  said  to 
rise  at  the  sources  of  the  St.  Louis,  which  flows  into  Lake  Su- 
perior. It  has  received  different  names  in  different  parts  of  its 
course ;  between  Uake  Superior  and  Huron  it  is  called  the  St. 
Mary;  between  I>ake  Huron  and  Erie,  the  St,  Clair  and  De- 
troit ;  between  Lake  Erie  and  Ontario,  the  Niagara ;  between 
Lake  Ontario  and  the  sea,  it  takes  the  name  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Its  whole  length,  including  the  chain  of  lakes,  is  estimated 
at  2200  miles.  The  distance  from  Lake  Ontario  to  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  is  about  750  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  ships 
of  the  line  to  Quebec,  and  for  vessels  of  600  tons  to  Mon- 
treal. Between  Montreal  and  the  lake  the  navigation  is 
considerably  impeded  by  rapids,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  the  Cedar  and  the  Lachine  Rapids,  the  latter  9 
miles  above  Montre.il.  The  total  elevation  between  tide- 
water and  Lake  Ontario  is  about  230  feet.  This  is  over- 
come by  7  canals  varying  from  1  mile  to  12  miles  in  length, 
(but  in  the  aggregate,  only  41  miles  of  canal.)  having  locks 
200  feet  long  between  the  gates,  and  45  feet  wide,  with  an 
excavated  trunk  from  liK)  to  140  feet  wide  on  the  surface, 
and  a  depth  of  10  feet  of  water.  Owing  to  the  regular  in- 
clination of  the  rapids,  steamers  drawing  7  feet  of  water 
descend  without  the  aid  of  canals ;  the  passage  from  the 
head  of  the  lake  to  Montreal  is  made  by  a  freighted  steamer 
in  4S  hours;  the  upward  trip  requires  about  60  hours. 
From  Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  Erie,  an  elevation  of  330  feet  is 
overcome  by  a  canal  28  miles  in  length,  with  about  .30  stone 
cut  locks  150  feet  long  by  26i  feet  wide.  These  locks  will 
pass  a  craft  of  about  500  tons  burden,  while  those  of  the  St. 
lAwrenctt  have  double  this  capacity.  The  total  cost  of  the 
eanals  connected  with  the  navigation  is  estimated  at 
$12,000,000.  Numlier  of  vessels  that  passed  the  St.  Law- 
rence Canal  in  1851,  6056.  (tons.  505.197.)  Welland  Canal, 
^1  veRSels;  tons,  363.221.  P.y  means  of  the  Sorel  or  Kiche- 
ct  .  '"^  Chambly  Canal,  large  vessels  pass  from  the 

bt.  Lawrence  to  Uke  Chaniplaln,  which  communicates 
through  the  Champlaln  Canal  with  the  navigable  waters 
or  the  Hudson.  The  princip.-U  affluents  of  the  St.  I-aw- 
rence  are  the  Ottawa.  800  miles  long,  forming  the  boundary 
between  Canada  l-Jist  and  Canada  West,  and  the  St.  Mau- 
rice. Bastiw-an.  and  Saguenay,  from  200  to  400  miles  in 
length.  The  breadth  of  the  St.  Uwrence  is  very  uniHjual, 
varying  from  less  than  a  mile  to  3  or  4  miles.  Across  its 
1660 


SAI 

month,  from  Cape  Gasp6.  the  distance  is  above  100  mDea. 
This  stream  contains  numerous  LsLinds:  in  an  expansion 
of  the  river  near  its  egress  from  Lake  Ontario  there  is  a 
multitudinous  group,  called  the  "Thousand  Islands."  pre- 
senting to  the  traveller  an  endless  variety  of  charming 
scenery.  This  portion  of  the  river  is  sometimes  called  the 
"Lake  of  the  Thousand  Islands,"  (Fr.  L<(c-<ks-MaU-Ilef, 
I3k  d.i  meel  eel.)  The  St.  Lawrence,  with  its  tiibutaries, 
drains  an  area  estimated  at  335,515  square  miles,  of  which 
90.000  are  covered  bv  the  waters  of  the  five  great  lakes. 

SAINT  LAWREXCE.  a  county  in  the  X.X.E.  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  2SI00  square  miles,  being  the 
largest  county  in  the  state.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  is  drained  by  the  Oswegatchie,  Grass, 
Racket,  and  St.  Regis  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  stre.am.s, 
which  supply  njptive-power  to  numerous  mills.  It  has 
several  small  lakes,  the  piincipal  of  which  is  Black  Lake.  A 
large  part  of  this  county  is  still  but  thinly  settled,  and  is 
heavily  wooded.  In  the  town  of  Canton,  a  natural  canal, 
about  6  miles  in  length  and  navigable  for  lioat.s,  connects 
Oswegatchie  and  Grass  Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and 
in  the  S.W.  pjirt  hilly.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  In  1S50 
this  county  produced  1.23G.504  lbs.  of  maple  sugar,  the  gi'eat- 
est  quantity  produced  by  an)-  county  in  the  United  States. 
Iron  ore.  lead,  and  marble  are  abundant.  The  St.  Lawrence 
River,  by  means  of  canals  around  the  different  falls  and 
rapids,  is  navigable  along  the  border.  The  county  is  tra- 
versed by  the  railroad  connecting  Ogdensburg  with  Rouse's 
Point,  and  partly  intersected  by  the  Watertown  and  Pots- 
dam Railroad.    Capital,  Canton.    Pop.  83,689. 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  a  post-oflSce  of  Jefferson  co.,  New 
York. 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  a  post-village  of  Chatham  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  or  CLARK  ISLAND,  an  island  in 
Behring  Sea,  in  lat.  63°  N.,  Ion.  170°  W.  Length,  from  E.  to 
W..  80  miles :  breadth,  30  miles. 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  GULF  OF.  See  Gulf  or  St.  Law- 
rence. 

SAINT-LAZ.IRI.  sSn"  Id'zS'ree',  a  village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Bellechasse,  33  miles  E.  of  Quebec.  Pop. 
about  800. 

SAINT  LAZZARO-DEGLI-ARMENI.(iat'sa'ro  dail'yee  aR- 
ma'nee.)asmall  island  in  the  lagoon  of  A'enice,  with  a  cele- 
brated convent  and  an  Armenian  college. 

SAINT-LEG ER,siNO  leh-zhd'.  a  villa;*  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Luxembourg,*  on  the  Ton,  9  miles  S.AV.  of  Arlon. 
Pop.  1805. 

SAINT-LECiER,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  llainaut, 
39  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1260. 

SAINT  LEGER.  a  post-office  of  Ozark  co.,  Mis.souri. 

SAIXT-LEOER-DI^FOUCHERET.  ,sAn«  leh-zh.V  deh  foo'- 
shph-r.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Yonne,  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Avallon.     Pop.  1500. 

SAIXT-LEGER  M.^GXAZEIX  (?)  sSn"  leh-zh.V  mln'yil'- 
zA'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Vienne,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Bellac.    Pop.  162:}. 

SAINT-LEGER-SUR-D'HEUNE.  sSx«  leh-zhA'  siiR  don, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Saone^t-Loire,  12  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Chftlon-sur-Saone.     Pop.  1600. 

SAINT  LKGIER.  sSn«  leh-zhe^A/,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  ^jiiid.  about  .3  miles  from  Vevay.    I'op.  771. 

S.\INT-LK.OX.  sSx"  I.VAn"',  numerous  villages  of  France; 
the  principaj  being  St.  L£on,  department  of  Allier,  25  miles 
from  Palisse. 

SAIXTLl^.ONARD.  sixg-liVnau',  town  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Haute-Vienne.  11  miles  E.  of  Limoges.     Pop.  3808. 

SAINT-LfiOX ARD.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loir^ 
et-Cher.  17  miles  N.  of  Blois.    Pop.  1170. 

SAIXT  LEOXARD.  l^n'ard.  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon,  forming  a  suburb  of  Exeter  on  the  S.E.  Here  is  the 
West  of  England  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum. 

SAINT  LEOXARD,  ISn'ard,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Fife. 

SAINT-L^ONARD-DES-BLOIS.  UVnsR'  dA  blwd.  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,andon  the  river  Sarthe,  20 
miles  W.  of  Mamers.     Pop.  1810. 

SAINT  LEONARD  (lSn'ai-d)  MIDa)LETOX,  a  markets 
town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I>ancaster,  agreeably 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  two  small  streams.  5  milo(« 
X.X.E.  of  Manchester.  It  has  a  fine  old  church,  seveml 
Dissenting  places  of  worship,  a  grammar,  a  national,  and 
several  other  schools :  a  mechanics'  institute,  a  handsome 
market-hou.-ie,  and  extensive  silk  and  cotton  fact-iries,  in 
which  a  large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed. 
A  branch  of  the  Manchester  and  l^eeds  Railway  has  its 
terminus  in  the  market-place,  and  alxmt  li  miles  £.  the 
Rockdale  Caval  pa.sses.     Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  5740. 

SAIXT  LEOXARDO.     See  Sa.v  Leonardo. 

SAIXT  LEONARD'S.  Sfnt  l^n'ardz.  a  parish  and  watering- 
place  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Sussex,  immediately  adjoining  Hast 
ings,  on  the  S.W.  The  town,  commenced  aliou'  15  yenrs 
ago.  has  now  l)ecome  a  thriving  and  favorite  I'lcality  foi 
visitors,  and  it  has  a  handsome  new  church  and  tbr  various 
appliances  of  a  place  of  summer  resort.    Pop.  iu  1851  13iO. 


SAI 

SAINT  LEONARD'S,  iJn'ardz,  a  post-Tillage  of  Calvert 
CO.,  Maryland.  45  mile.s  S.  of  Annapolis. 

SAIN'i"  LKONAUD'S  FOREST.  Kn};land.  co.  of  Sussex,  1} 
miles  E.  of  Horsham,  occupies  about  10,000  acres,  and  is  an 
enclosed  part  of  the  ancient  Andredswald.  or  Wood  of  An- 
derida,  which  in  the  Roman  and  Saxon  period  occupied  all 
the  tract  called  the  weald  of  Sussex,  Surrey,  and  Kent. 

SAINT  LEONIIARD,  several  towns  of  Germany.     See 

SANCT  LE0?fHARI>. 

SAINT  LEON  LE  GRAND,  sAn"  16n»  leh  frrSs"'  a  post^vil- 
lage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  St.  Maurice,  1  mile  from  Sainte- 
Ur.sule.     Here  are  excellent  mineral  springs  and  hotels. 

SAINT-LEU,  sIn"  luh,  a  town  and  quarter  of  the  island 
of  Bourbon,  on  its  W.  coast.  10  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul. 

SAINT-LEU-D'ESSERENT,  stiy<>  Inh  dtsVeh-rflxo',  a  mar- 
ke^town  of  France,  department  of  Oise.  and  on  the  river 
Oise,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  BrAsels  Railway,  3 
miles  S..S.\V.  of  Creil. 

SAINT-LEU  TAVERNY,  sK^o  luh  tlVSn^nee',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  8  miles  FJ.S.E.  of  Pon- 
toise.  Pop.  1182.  It  has  a  fine  chateau  and  park,  which 
belonged  successively  to  the  Bonaparte,  Orleans,  and  Bour- 
bon-Conde  families. 

SAINT-LE'V.\N,  a  maritime  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  peninsula,  Land's  End. 
It  has  au  ancient  well  and  oratory,  and  "  The  Logan  Stone," 
a  rocking  mass  of  granite,  poised  on  an  elevated  rock. 

SAINT  LIN,  .s^N"  IJn'o.  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Leinster.  21  miles  N.W.  of -Montreal.     Pop.  1,500. 

S.\1NT-LIVKADE,  sis"  lee'vrdd',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot-et-Garonne,  near  the  Lot,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Villeneuve-sur-Lot.     Pop.  3209. 

S.\1NT-LIVRADE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut- 
Sarrone.  arrondissument  of  Toulouse. 

SAINT-LIZIER,  sJiN"  lee*ze-iV',  {ane.  Omsoranni ^  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Ariege,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
galat.  1  mile  N.  of  St.  Girons.     Pop.  1100. 

SAINT-LO,  sIn"  lo,  (anc^Bn'oreca .')  a  town  of  France,  capi- 
tal of  the  department  of  Manche,  on  the  Vire.  here  cros.'ied 
by  a  handsome  bridge,  158  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Paris.  The 
centre  part  stands  upon  a  rock,  and  throws  out  in  didereut 
directions  '  or  8  streets,  which  are  all  more  or  less  steep, 
and  lined  with  very  indifferent  houses.  The  manufactures 
are  drugger.  employing  2400  workmen  in  the  town  and 
neighborhood;  ribbons,  lace,  linen,  and  leather.  There  are 
also  some  bleach-tields  and  dye-works.  St.  Lo  is  the  seat  of 
courts,  of  first  resort  and  commerce,  a  consulting  chamber 
of  manufactures,  and  a  communal  college.  Pop.  in  1846, 
83a9. 

S.VINT-LOUBES,  .sUn"  loo'b.V,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Gironde,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop. 
2541. 

S.\INT-LOUTS,  kKs"  looVe',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ilaut-Rhin,  on  the  railway  from  Strasbourg  to  Basel,  ( IS&le.) 
4  miles  N.W.  of  Basel,  with  an  important  custom-house,  and 
some  large  iron-works.     Pop.  1600. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Missouri,  occu- 
pies a  point  of  land  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Mis- 
Bouri  with  the  Mississippi  River,  the  latter  of  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Illinois  on  the  E.  The  Maramec  River  traverses 
the  S.  part,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  on  the  boundary.  It 
is  also  drained  by  the  River  des  Peres,  and  by  Gravois  and 
Bonhomme  Creeks.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified; 
the  soil  has  a  substratum  of  good  limestone,  and  is  highly 
productive.  In  1850  the  county  produced  14.169  tons  of 
hay,  a  greater  quantity  than  was  produced  in  any  other 
county  in  the  state.  Extensive  mines  of  stone  coal  and 
quarries  of  marble  are  worked,  and  iron  is  found  in  the  W. 
part.  This  county,  which  is  by  far  the  most  populous  and 
wealthy  in  the  state,  is  intersected  by  tlje  Pacific  Rivilroad, 
and  tUe  Nortli  Missouri  Railroad.  Capital,  St.  Louis.  Pop. 
190..'>24,  of  whom  186,178  were  free,  and  4346  slaves. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  sgnt  loo'is,  a  village  of  Bartholomew  CO., 
Indi.ana,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  the  county  town.  Pop. 
about  100. 

S.\INT  LOUIS,  sgnt  loo'is  or  sjnt  loo'ee.  (Fr.  pron.  six" 
looVe'.)  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of  St.  Louis 
county,  Missouri,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi lliver,  20  miles  below  the  entrance  of  the  Missouri, 
174  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  744  below  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  1194  above  New  Orleans,  and  128  miles  E.  of  Jef- 
ferson City.  Lat.380  37'28"N.,lon.90°lo'16"W.  The  site 
rises  from  the  river  by  two  plateavis  of  limestone  formation, 
the  first  20  and  the  other  60  feet  above  the  floods  of  the  Mis- 
•issippi.  The  ascent  to  the  first  plateau,  or  bottom  as  it  may 
be  termed,  is  somewhat  abrupt ;  the  second  rises  more  gra- 
dually, and  spreads  out  into  an  extensive  plain,  affording 
fine  views  of  the  city  and  river.  St.  Louis  extends  in  all 
nearly  7  miles  by  the  curve  of  the  Mississippi,  and  about 
3  miles  back ;  the  thickly-settled  portion,  however,  is  only 
2  or  21  miles  in  length,  following  the  river,  and  about  Ij 
miles  in  breadth.  The  city  is  well  laid  out,  the  streets 
being  tor  the  most  part  00  feet  wide,  and,  with  but  few  excep- 
tions, intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  Front  street, 
extending  along  the  levee,  is  upwards  of  100  feet  wide,  and 


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built  up  on  the  side  facing  the  river,  with  a  range  of  maggivs 
stone  warehouses,  which  make  an  imposing  appearance  a* 
the  city  is  approached  by  water.  Front.  Main,  and  Second 
streets,  parallel  to  each  other  and  to  the  river,  are  the  .seat 
of  the  principal  wholesale  business.  The  latter  is  occupied 
with  heavy  grocery,  iron,  receiving,  and  shipping  houses. 
Fourth  street,  the  fashionable  promenade,  contains  the  finest 
retail  stores.  The  streets  parallel  to  Front  and  Main  streets 
are  designated  Second  street.  Third,  Fourth.  Fifth,  and  so 
on ;  and  those  on  the  right  and  left  of  Market  street,  ex- 
tending at  right  angles  with  the  river,  are  mostly  named 
from  various  forest  trees,  similar  to  the  streets  of  Philadel- 
phia. Large  expenditures  have  been  made  from  time  to 
time  in  grading  and  otherwise  improving  the  streets  and 
alleys  of  St.  I>ouis.  As  yet,  but  slight  provision  has  been 
made  for  public  squares.  One  handsome  enclosure,  however 
called  Lafayette  Square,  has  recently  been  laid  out  in  the  S 
section  of  the  city,  about  2  miles  S.W.  of  the  court-house 
St.  Louis  is  handsomely  built,  especially  the  new  portion  ol 
the  city;  the  principal  material  is  brick,  though  limestone 
is  employed  to  some  extent. 

Public  Building/:. — It  may  be  doubted  whether  any  city 
of  the  Union  has  improved  more  rapidly  than  this  in  the 
style  of  its  public  buildings.  But  24  years  ago  a  court-house 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $'14,000:  it  was  then  considered  a 
handsome  edifice,  and  suffl<'iftit  for  all  future  purpose.s. 
AVithin  a  few  ye.ars,  however,  this  building  has  given  place 
to  a  new  structure,  now  nearly  completed,  the  cost  of  which 
will  .scarcely  fall  short  of  half  a  million  of  driU.irs.  It  is  con- 
structed of  Genevieve  limestone,  and  occupies  an  entire 
sijuai-e  bounded  by  Market,  Chestnut,  Fourth  and  Fifth 
streets.  The  style  of  architecture  somewhat  resembles  that 
of  the  Capitol  at  Washington.  The  fronts  are  adorned  with 
porticos,  and  in  the  interior  is  a  rotunda,  lighted  from  the 
dome.  The  ■•  Market  and  Townhouse,"  erected  at  a  cost  of 
S20.000,  has  been  pulled  down,  and  the  "Centre  Market 
Buildings."  a  handsome  block,  now  occupies  their  place. 
A  new  City  Hall  is  about  to  be  erected,  of  a  size  and  style 
corresponding  to  the  present  pro.-<pects  of  the  city.  A  new 
cu.stom-house  is  now  being  built,  at  an  estimated  cost  of 
about  $'5j>0,000.  Of  the  4  churches— the  Catholic,  the  Presby- 
teri.in.  the  Episcopal,  and  the  Baptist — which  were  all  the 
town  contained  in  1829.  not  a  vestige  now  remains;  but  in 
their  stead  had  arisen,  in  1850,  49  others,  viz.  12  Catholic  12 
Methodist,  8  Presbyterian,  5  Episcopal.  2  Unitarian,  2  Ev.in- 
gelical.  and  1  Boatmens',  besides  2  Jewish  synagogues.  At 
the  present  time  the  number  of  churches  in  St.  Louis  is 
probably  not  less  than  60.  several  of  which  have  cost  above 
$100,000.  Of  the.se,  St.  George's,  (Episcopal.)  at  the  corner 
of  Locust  and  Seventh  streets,  the  Catholic  Cathedral,  on 
Walnut  street  between  Second  and  Third,  and  the  Church 
of  the  Mes.siah,  a  magnificent  Gothic  edifice  recently  erected 
by  the  Unitarians,  at  the  corner  of  Olive  and  Ninth  streets, 
are  regarded  as  the  finest.  The  Catbedntl  is  130  feet  long, 
and  84  feet  wide,  with  a  front  of  polished  freestone  68  feet 
high,  adorned  with  a  Doric  portico.  In  the  tower  is  a  chime 
of  bells,  the  heaviest  of  which  weighs  2000  pounds.  The 
United  States  arsenal,  situated  on  Arsenal  street,  in  the  ex- 
treme S.E.  section  of  the  city,  is  a  large  and  imposing  edifice, 
enclosed  by  handsomely-ornamented  grounds.  Jefferson 
Barracks  are  located  about  13  miles  below,  on  the  bank  of 
the  MississippL 

Ifoteh. — The  princip>al  hotels  in  St.  I/)uis  are  the  Planters' 
House,  on  Fourth  .street,  between  Pine  and  Chestnut;  the 
United  States  Hotel,  at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Third 
streets;  the  A'irginia  Hotel,  corner  of  Main  and  Green  streets; 
the  Sli.ssouri  Hotel,  corner  of  M.ain  and  Morgan  streets ;  and 
the  Monroe  House,  at  the  corner  of  Second  and  Olive  streets. 
The  Planters'  House  is  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  hotels 
in  the  West,  and  occupies  the  entire  Iront  between  Pine 
and  Chestnut  streets.  Another  first-class  hotel  is  also  being 
erected. 

Institutinns. — ,\mong  the  benevolent  institutions  may  bo 
mentioned  the  City  Hospital,  the  Marine  Hospital,  for  which 
a  new  building  has  just  been  erected,  3  miles  below  St. 
Louis;  the  Sisters'  Hospital,  the  Home  for  the  Friendless, 
and  the  Orphan  Asylums.  The  Home  for  the  Friendless, 
designed  for  the  benefit  of  aged  indigent  females,  and  opened 
October  4th,  1853,  U  situated  on  the  Carondelet  road,  about 
4  miles  from  the  court-house.  The  edifice,  formerly  "  Swiss 
College,"  consists  of  a  stone  centre,  75  feet  in  length,  and 
two  frame  wings,  each  from  30  to  40  feet  in  length ;  the 
whole  two  stories  high.  The  premises  comprise  about  8 
acres  of  ground,  variously  diversified  with  walks  and  shade- 
trees.  About  $40,000  have  been  raised  for  the  support  of 
the  institution.  The  City  Hospital  has  long  lieen  distm- 
guished  for  the  excellent  accommodations  which  it  affords 
to  the  sick,  but  of  late  has  been  found  inadequate  to  the 
wants  of  the  rapidly-increasing  population.  Its  extension, 
therefore,  as  well  as  the  erection  of  new  and  suitable  build- 
ings for  the  quarantine,  is  earnestly  recommended  in  the 
mayor's  message  of  October,  1853.  A  new  edifice,  intended 
as  a  House  of  Refuge,  has  recently  been  completed,  and  the 
building  formerly  occupied  as  the  '-Smallpox  Ho.spital," 
situated  on  land  in  the  St.  Louis  Common,  known  as  the  Old 

1661 


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Couniy  Farm,  has  also  been  fitted  up  for  the  reception  of  a 
juvenile  reform  school. 

The  literary  and  educational  institutions  of  St.  Louis 
have,  considering  their  recent  origin,  attained  a  high  degree 
of  excellence.  The,  University  oi'  St.  Louis,  organized  in 
1S32,  under  the  direction  of  the  Catholics,  is  a  well-ordered, 
well-sustained,  and  most  efficient  institution.  The  medical 
college  connected  with  it  is  also  very  flourishing.  During 
the  term  f>r  1S52-3,  it  was  attended  by  72  students;  and  on 
the  1st  of  October,  1S53,  it  is  said  that  the  number  of  matri- 
culants enrolled  for  the  ensuing  season,  was  four  times 
greater  than  any  previous  year.  The  medical  department 
of  the  Missouri  University  is  also  located  here.  It  was 
founded  in  1S40,  and  during  the  winter  of  1852-3,  92  stu- 
dents attended  its  lectures.  The  members  of  both  these 
colleges  enjoy  excellent  advantages  for  practice  in  the  City 
Hospital.  The  Mei-cantile  Library  Association  of  St.  Loui^ 
was  organized  in  1S46,  and  incorporated  in  1851.  The  build- 
ing Ls  of  brick,  in  the  Italian  style,  105  feet  by  127,  and  4 
stories  high.  The  united  size  of  the  library  and  reading- 
room  is  SO  feet  by  64.  The  lecture-room,  80  feet  by  44,  is  in 
the  second  story,  and  in  the  third  is  a  grand  hall,  the  largest 
and  finest  perhaps  in  the  whole  West,  being  105  feet  long 
and  SO  feet  wide.  The  entire  cost  of  building,  including  the 
site,  is  estimated  at  S'J.i.OOO.  The  librarj'  contains  upwards 
of  12.000  volumes,  besides «bout  100  magazines  and  other 
periodicals,  apart  from  its  newspapers.  Any  person  of  mer- 
cantile pursuits  is  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  a.ssociation : 
clerks  paying  $2  initiation  fee  and  75  cents  quarterly,  and 
proprietors  $5  initiation  fee  and  $2.60  qxnirterly.  The  citi- 
zens of  St.  Louis  have  given  especUl  attention  to  the  cause 
of  popular  education.  Their  schools  are  the  pride  of  the 
ciiy,  and  attended  by  upwards  of  5000  pupils;  the  property 
Is  valued  at  $500,000,  and  the  annual  income  amounts  tn 
about  $50,000.  A  large  number  of  pupils  are  also  educated 
in  the  private  seminaries  of  the  city,  and  in  the  convents. 
The  buildings  of  the  latter  are  conspicuous  and  handsome 
edifices. 

St.  Louis  has  about  25  publication  oflfices.  issuing  new.s- 
papers  and  other  periodicals.  Seven  or  eight  newspapers 
are  published  daily ;  and  several  have  weekly,  and  two — the 
Times  and  the  Republican — have  tri-weekly  and  weekly  edi- 
tions. Four  or  five  are  printed  in  the  German  language. 
The  press  is  generally  characterized  by  ability,  and  several 
of  its  issues  have  a  wide  circulation. 

Sexil  K-:tute.  Imprnvenwntg,  <fc. — The  value  of  real  estate 
In  St.  Louis  has  advanced  at  an  astonishingly  rapid  rate.  In 
1822  the  trustees  of  the  First  Presbyterian  church  purchased 
a  lot  fronting  150  feet  on  Fourth  street,  and  90  feet  on  Wash- 
ington avenue  and  St.  Charles  street,  for  $-300.  In  April, 
1S53,  the  ground  was  leased  for  a  term  of  50  years,  at  the 
rate  of  $4000  per  annum.  Since  then,  seven  splendid  stores 
have  been  erected  on  it,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  The  lot  at  the 
corner  of  Third  and  Chestnut  streets,  extending  120  feet  on 
the  former,  and  150  feet  along  the  latter,  was  sold  in  1826  for 
$400.  It  is  now  valued  at  $30,000.  exclusive  of  the  improve- 
ments. In  1831,  Judge  Lucas  conveyed  to  Samuel  Wiggins 
a  lot  90  feet  front  and  1.35  deep,  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  and 
Chestnut  streets,  upon  which  Christ  Church  now  stands, 
for  the  sum  of  $1600.  The  value  of  the  same  ground  is  now 
estimated  at  $22,000.  In  18.33,  a  block  situated  between 
Fourth  and  Fifth  streets,  and  Locust  and  St.  Charles  streets. 
was  sold  for  $t)000;  it  is  now  said,  to  be  worth  $182,000.  In 
1835,  the  Trustees  of  the  Unitarian  church  purchased  a  lot 
at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Pine  streets,  127  feet  deep,  and 
60  feet  front  on  Fourth  street,  for  $2000.  or  $33.33  per  front 
foot.  Two  years  ago  it  was  sold  for  $24,000,  or  $400  per  front 
foot,  and  in  1853  it  was  supposed  to  be  worth  $600  per  front 
foot.  In  1844,  a  meadow  belonging  to  Judge  Carr  was  laid 
off  into  lots,  and  sold  at  auction,  on  ten  years'  credit,  at 
prices  varying  from  $8  to  $18  per  lot.  What  was  then  a 
meadow  now  contains  a  population  of  not  less  than  4000 
Ktulg,  and  the  lots  are  valued  at  four  times  their  original 
cost.  Heal  estate  investments  on  Front  and  Main  streets 
vary  from  $700  to  $800  per  front  foot ;  and.  on  Second  street, 
lots  which  five  years  ago  could  be  bought  for  $100  or  $150 
per  front  foot,  now  sell  for  $500. 

There  has  also  been  a  corresponding  advance  In  real  estate 
lying  without  the  city.  Land  which  in  1842-3  sold  at  prices 
varying  from  $75  to  $150  per  acre,  now  brings  from  $12<W 
to  $2000.  In  1847-8,  two  estates  in  the  S.  part  of  the  city 
were  disposed  of  in  lots,  the  .«ales  of  which  ranged  from  $1.50 
to  $4  per  front  foot.  Now  the  same  property  sells  as  high  as 
$40  per  flHit.  And  finally,  six  years  ago  land  that  could  lie 
purchased  in  the  common,  S.  of  the  citv,  for  about  $75  per 
acre,  now  commands  $1000,  and  but  little  is  to  be  obtained 
even  at  that  price.  Tlie  city  of  St.  Louis  owns  600  acres  of 
these  Linds.  and  has  claims  upon  as  much  more. 

The  revenue  of  the  city  twentv  years  ago,  as  ascertained 
tnm  the  assessment  list,  was  $4765.98.  In  1853  the  as.ses.sed 
va  uaticu  of  property,  though  falling  far  below  its  real 
value  was  $30,397,186.  upon  which  a  tax  of  $413,670  is  col- 
eote<l,  independent  of  $46,000  arising  from  the  sale  of 
l'rL"?!„,  f  P*-'  "ssesfwl  »»Iue  of  merchandise  amounted  to 
$8,< 44,,  86.64.  an  Increase  of  $2,299,606.57  over  1862.  The 
1602 


highest  tax  paid  by  a*y  individual  in  1S29  was  $532;  now. 
one  gentleman,  J.  H.  Lucas,  Esq..  pays  in  his  own  name  a 
city  tax  of  $14,000;  nor  does  this  include  the  whole  of  hLl 
assessment,  as  much  of  his  property  is  held  conjointly  with 
others. 

The  water-works,  which  in  1829  were  of  very  inconsidei* 
able  importance,  embraced,  in  1853,  above  35  miles  of  pipe. 
The  main  reservoir,  built  in  1849,  is  capable  of  containing 
8.000,000  gallons  of  water,  being  250  feet  square,  and  15 
feet  deep.  It  occupies  the  S.W.  quarter  of  an  enclosure  660 
feet  on  a  side,  situated  at  the  head  of  Ulive  street,  to  which 
water  is  forced  from  the  river  by  stationary  engines,  a  dis- 
tance of  If  miles.  Since  the  above  date,  a  new  reservoir  has 
been  constructed,  the  water  from  which  is  superior  in  purity 
to  that  furnished  from  the  old  one.  It  Im."  also  been  con- 
templated to  erect  a  water-tower  on  the  site  of  the  old  re- 
servoir on  Broadway,  of  suflicient  capacity  to  be  a  valuable 
adjunct  in  the  event  of  large  fires.  Gas-works  were  put  in 
operation  about  S  ye.ars  since,  and  their  magnitude  may  be 
inferred  from  the  fact  that,  in  1853,  33  miles  of  street-pipe 
were  laid  throughout  the  city. 

The  levee,  which  20  years  ago  was  a  mere  mud  bank,  with 
transverse  ways  to  the  waters  edge,  has  since  undergone 
very  Important  changes.  Great  expenditures  have  been 
made  in  filling  up  and  otherwise  improving  it  directly  in 
front  of  the  city;  and  at  a  se.ssion  of  the  governmental  au- 
thorities, In  the  spring  of  1853,  an  appropriation  of  $200,000 
was  made,  one  half  to  be  expended  N.  of  Cherry,  and  the 
other  half  S.  of  I'lum  street.  Extensive  improvements  in 
the  h.irbor  are  also  lieing  made.  The  expenditures  for  this 
purpose,  from  April  11  to  October,  1853,  amounted  to  $.50,266. 
A  roadway  has  recently  been  constructed  from  the  Illinois 
shore  to  and  across  Blood  Island.  It  is  three  feet  above 
hi^h-water  mark,  and  cost  about  $150,000. 

3fanitfacture.<. — The  manufacturing  establishments  of  St. 
Louis  county,  which  are  principally  situated  in  St.  Louis,  or 
in  the  imraediiite  vicinity,  amounted  in  1860  to  1126.  having 
an  aggregiite  capital  of  $12,733,948,  and  employing  10.923 
male  and  1>^14  female  hands,  and  producing  gooils  to  the 
value  of  $27,610,070  yearl}'.  There  were  23  establishments 
for  the  manufacture  of  machinery,  &c.,  employing  a  capifcil 
of  $1,071,900,  and  1332  hands,  yielding  an  annual  product  of 
$1,.509,111.  There  was  1  establishment  for  refining  sugar, 
having  a  capital  of  $1,000,000,  and  yielding  a  pro'iluct  of 
$1,800,000  annually.  There  were  18  flour-mills,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $999,000,  employing  raw  material  worth  $4,2<)9,Ij80, 
and  246  hands,  with  an  annu.al  product  of  $4,',t79.S45 ;  42 
establishments  for  the  manufacture  of  various  kinds  of 
liquor,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,013,800.  employing 
313  hands,  and  producing  the  value  of  $1,762,600.  The 
manufactures  of  St.  Louis,  although  in  their  infancy,  are 
indeed  hardly  less  important  than  her  commerce.  For  seve- 
ral years  psist  the  flouring  liusiness  has  been  carried  on 
here  more  exteiisivel}'  than  in  any  other  city  of  the  far 
West.  The  proiiiict  of  the  19  mills  of  the  citV  in  1851, 
amounted  to  408,099  barrels ;  and  in  18,53,  to  457,076  barrels ; 
their  daily  capacity  being  estimated  at  above  3000  barrels. 
The  manufacture  of  dilTcrent  kinds  of  chemicals  aiul  oils  is 
extensively  Ciirricd  on.  But  however  important  these  several 
interests  may  be  in  themselves,  they  can  hardly  be  reganled 
as  the  most  important  to  St.  Louis.  Indeed,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  the  development  of  the  vast  mineral  resources 
of  the  region  tributary  to  her,  is  destined  to  exert  a  control- 
ling influence  upon  the  future  of  this  metropolis.  Iler  ma- 
nufactures of  iron  already  exceed  those  of  any  other  city 
on  the  Mississippi,  If  not  in  the  West.  Numerous  foundries 
annually  turn  out  stoves  and  other  castings  to  a  large 
amount.  Bailing,  machinery,  and  steam-engines  are  exten- 
sively manufactured.  A  large  establishment  for  the  pro- 
duction of  locomotives  went  into  operation  in  1853.  Mining 
opeititions  have  already  been  commenced  at  Iron  Mountain: 
from  this  source  Messrs.  Chouteau,  Valli  &  Harrisonfcbtain 
the  material  for  their  extensive  rolling  mill.  Coopering  and 
the  packing  of  meat  are  likewise  important  branches  of 
busine.ss:  the  latter,  for  1852.  comprised  47,000  hog.s.  and 
about  3000  barrels  of  beef.  The  above  statements  indicate 
only  a  few  of  the  leading  manufactures  of  St.  Louis.  Accord- 
ing to  the  census  returns  of  1850,  the  number  of  establish- 
ments In  operation  In  the  city  exceeded  13,000,  comprising 
about  100  different  manufactures,  which  amounted  in  value 
to  upwards  of  $15,000,000.  Since  then,  nearly  every  hraiscU 
of  this  species  of  industry  has  been  greatly  extended — pro- 
bably doubled. 

Shipping.  Oimrm^ee,  etc. — Each  stream  which  cuntributes 
to  the  commerce  of  St,  Louis  has  Its  regular  packets,  and, 
for  the  most  part,  a  separate  place  of  landing.  The  Mis- 
souri, the  Illinois,  and  the  Upper  Mississippi  h.ave  hs  fine 
craft  as  float  on  the  Western  waters,  while  the  dowii-rive>', 
or  New  Orleans  traders,  are  scarcely  excelled  in  size,  wiuij- 
ment,  speed,  and  construction,  the  St.  Louis  boat*  alsri 
visit  the  Ohio,  the  Wabash,  the  Tennessee,  and  other 
streams.  With  such  an  Immense  inland  navigation,  the 
commerce  of  the  port  requires  a  large  number  of  ftvamers, 
and  its  tonnage  In  this  respect  exceeds  that  of  every  other 
Western  city.    The  following  table  exhibits  the  nu-nthly 


SAI 


SAI 


atriral  of  steamTjoats  at  St.  Louis  from  the  various  rivers 
and  places  specified,  for  1852  : — 


January.... 
February... 

March 

April 

May 

Juue 

July 

August 

September. 
October .... 
November.. 
December. . 

Total.... 


s 

ii 

ri 

£ 

S 

S 

V 

o 

Bi 

t. 

1 

£ 

^ 

a 

c. 

s 

!5 

O 

s 

u 

s 

o 

20 

12 

1 

1 

2 

10 

24 

25 

88 

17 

7 

21 

27 

47 

80 

45 

34 

17 

32 

64 

78 

72 

37 

18 

37 

74 

94 

82 

57 

25 

25 

44 

73 

57 

38 

27 

35 

35 

73 

77 

33 

20 

21 

34 

37 

56 

27 

18 

22 

42 

78 

80 

26 

22 

34 

55 

94 

101 

84 

20 

26 

40 

97 

68 

19 

18 

27 

48 

66 

49 

13 

7 

330 

520 

858 

705 

317 

223 

The  aggregate  arrivals  of  steamboats  at  St.  Louis  during 
the  year  1850.  was  2907;  1851,  2625;  and  18.52.  3184.  The 
sliipping  owned  in  the  district,  June  30,  1S52,  according  to 
the  custom-house  returns,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of 
37.8B2  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  of  which  32,64t)  were  em- 
ployed in  steam  navigation.  In  1854,  the  slilpping  amounted 
to  an  aggregate  of  48.575  tons,  of  which  41.980  were  em- 
ployed in  steam  navigation.  During  the  year.  9  steamboats, 
witii  an  aggregate  burden  of  3079  tons,  were  built. 

The  statistics  connected  with  the  Imsiness  of  the  city  for 
the  last  four  years  reveal  several  very  interesting  facts.  On 
some  articles  the  amounts  of  imports  have  largely  increased, 
while  upon  other  important  articles,  as  lead,  beef  pork.  &e. 
the  falling  off  has  been  he.avy.  The  following  comparative 
table,  prepared  by  a  committee  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
at  St.  Ijouis,  will  exhibit  a  few  of  the  leading  articles  of  im- 
port for  the  four  consecutive  seasons  ending  December 
31,1854:— 


Articles. 


Bale  rope coils.. 

Beer bbls. . . 

Bacon casks.. 

Barley bush. . 

Corn bush.. 

Coffee bags. . 

Flour bbls... 

Peaches,  dry. . .  .sacks.. 

Hemp bales. . 

Hides No ... . 

Iron  (pig) tons... 

Lead pigs... 

Oats bush.. 

Pork  in  bulk.... pieces. 

Sugar hhds.. 

Tobacco hhds.. 

Wheat bush.. 

Whisky bbls.. 

Wool bales.. 


1851. 


34,941 

11,862 

17,781 

15n,.174 

1,475,748 

98.568 

230,470 

20,573 

65.500 

101,197 

6,612 

528,781 

888.438 

812,475 

28.522 

21,698 

1,839,558 

50,275 

1,731 


1852. 


42,905 

11,635 

12,852 

101,225 

735,458 

119,370 

227,894 

11,749 

50,885 

100.284 

9,176 

4-'3.627 

840,850 

530,855 

31,477 

14,488 

1,689,438 

69,240 

1,248 


1853. 


67,231 

4,556 

10,923 

124,884 

1,048,120 

108,512 

289,585 

20,109 

6:1,562 

97,it»2 

10,114 

455,990 

1,235.000 

554,101 

51. .524 

10,446 

2,381  ..378 

73,513 

2,214 


1854. 


49,921 

4,001 

9,962 

130,650 

1,784,189 

120,429 

29i,4fil 

85.753 

73,825 

72,481 

13,491 

329,943 

1,777,873 

471.901 

60,923 

9,907 

2,340,217 

ai,377 

1,048 


The  receipts  by  river  at  the  port  of  St.  Louis,  for  the  year 
1853,  are  shown  in  the  subjoined  table : — 

Hair,  packages 4,760 

Hay,  bales 22,245 

Hemp,  bales 6:i,:{50' 

Hides 101,440 

Hogs 20,433 

Hops,  bales 1,1-14 

HorsL-s 1,173 

Honey,  packages 302 

Ir 


Ale.  barrels 10,134 

Barley,  sacks 62,080 

Beans,  packages 9,768 

Bran,  sacks 38,156 

Brooms,  dozens 20,063 

Butter,  packages 9,324 

Bark,  sacks 6,278 

Batting,  bales 5,509 

Bagging,  rolls 2,326 

Beef,  barrels 6.514 

BuBalo  Robes,  packages..  9,193 

Buffalo  Robes,  pieces 1,624 

Burr-stones 1,721 

Baskets,  nests 1,018 

Corn,Back8 459,192 

Cheese,  boxes 27,246 

Cotton,  bales 913 

Cooperages,  pieces 98.141 

Cattle,  head 3,171 

Coffee,  sacks 104,467 

Coal,  casks 2,311 

Cement,  barrels 7,020 

Corn-meal,  packages 947 

Cotton  yarn,  bags 8,681 

Candles,  boxes 2,705 

Cigars,  boxes 621 

Crackers,  barrels 623 

Cornmills 796 

Chains,  dozens 

Castings,  pieces 

Demijohns 2,842 

Eggs,  packages 2,814 

Fish,  packages 8,427 

Flour,  barrels 200,203 

Flour,  sacks 3,893 

Fruit  dried,  sacks 26,149 

Fruit  dried,  barrels 11,350 

Furniture,  pac.kaees 5,800 

Grease,  packages. 1,246 

Glass,  bo.xes 21,269 

Grindstones 3  S29 

Gunnies,  b<Oe«&bun'Ues.  12,854 

aunpowder     11,020 


ird,  tierces Il,5(i0 

Lard,  barrels 23,242 

Lard,  cans,  &c 3.K38 

Lead,  pigs 442,218 

Leather,  rolls 14.(i66 

Lime,  barrels 8,3is 

Liquors,  packages 9.98* 

Meats,  packages L'0,".;80 

Meats,  pieces 7,779 

Meats,  hulk 493,286 

Meats,  tierces 228 

Molas.scs,  barrels 53,544 

Marble,  packages 3,960 

Marble-du:it,  barrels 205 

Moss,  bales 721 

Malt,  packages 803 

Nails,  kegs 68.967 

Oats,  sacks 464,062 

Onions,  sacks 27,007 

Oysters,  packages 6,291 

Oil,  packages 2,889 

Paper,  buudles 68.969 

Pipes,  boxes 1.005 

Plaster 1,252 

Ploughs 1,104 

Potatoes,  packages 72,224 

Pork,  barrels 71,519 

Pork,  bbls. .casks,  tierces.  4,285 

Pork  and  Lard,  barrels..  732 

Pork  and  Lard,  tierces...  2,184 

Poultry,  coops 771 

Rags,  sacks 4,467 

Raisins,  boxes 10,149 

Rice,  tierces 2,862 


Rope,  coils 68,437 

Rosin  and  Pitch,  barrels.  5,089 

Saddle-trees 1.091 

Saleratus,  packages 1,333 

Salt,  sacks 203,969 

Salt,  barrels 68,832 

Sand,  barrels 579 

Seed,  packages 21,;188 

Sheep 3,324 

Shorts,  sacks 4,425 

Skins,  Furs,  and  Peltries, 

bundles 9,412 

Soap,  boxes 7,771 

Soda  Ash,  packages 1,085 

Starch,  boxes 4.135 

Sugar,  hogsheads 50,774 

Sugar,  barrels 13,973 


Sugar,  boxes  and  bags....  «C,1S) 

Syrup,  barrels 808 

Tallow,  packages J,8M 

Tar,  barrels 6,959 

Tin,  boxes 12,112 

Tobacco,  hogsheads 10,102 

Tobacco,  boxes .  10,5'28 

Totjacco,  buudles,  &c 970 

Tow,  bales 412 

Turpentine,  barrels 1,2U2 

Twine,  saclts 127 

Wax,  packages 447 

Wheat,  sacks 1,009,4.16 

Wheat,  barrels 17,207 

Whisky,  barrels 49,870 

Wine,  packages 11,923 

Wool,  sacks 1,15J 


The  total  amount  of  coal  received  at  St.  Louis  in  1853,  is  es- 
timated at  2,837,818  bush.;  sawn  lumber, 36,412,451  ft.;  shin- 
gles, 30,462,700 ;  logs  purchased  at  the  city  mills,  29,686.808  ft. 

The  importations  of  dry-goods  into  St.  Louis  for  the  year 
1852,  were  estimated  at  $7,000,000,  and  the  sales  at  $8,500,000. 
Tliis.  however,  only  lias  reference  to  the  wholesale  business. 
Including  the  retail  trade  of  the  city,  the  entire  imports 
were  estimated  at  $10,500,000,  and  the  sales  at  $13,000,000. 

Receipts  of  flour  and  grain  for  4  years :  


1861 
1862 
I8C3 


Flour,  bbls.     Wheat,  bush. 


443,196 
484,000 
647.419 
689,241 


3,55,5,878 
2,654,738 
3,830,336 
2,703,378 


Corn,  bush. 


4,209,794 
4,515,040 
1,734,219 
1,299,830 


Oats,  bush. 


1,789,234 
1,733,157 
3,133.043 

2,771,848 


TliM  Biink  of  the  State  of  Missouri  was,  till  lately,  th« 
only  chartered  banking  institution  in  St.  Louis,  or  in  Mis- 
souri. It  had  live  branches,  viz.  one  at  Kiiyette,  one  at 
Jackson,  one  at  Lexington,  one  at  I'almyra,  and  one  at 
Springfield.  The  entire  capitiil  was  $1,200,000.  The  local 
discounts  of  the  city  bank  of  St.  Louis  for  1853,  amounted 
to  $5,592,271,  and  tiie  excliange  purchased,  to  $6,343,433; 
making  the  total  business  of  the  bank  for  tiie  year, 
$11,935,70  i.  The  amount  of  exchanges  sold  by  the  bank 
of  Mi.s.souri  and  private  bankers  of  the  city  was  estimated 
at  S38,0u0,000. 

St.  Louis  had  in  October,  1S65, 7  national  banks, wi  th  a  capi- 
tal of  $3,239,000.  The  whole  number  ot  bouds  outstanding 
against  St.  Louis  in  October,1853,  amounted  to  $2,735,296,  and 
the  interest  on  tiie  same  for  the  year,  to  $165,103.75.  The  en- 
tire revenue  of  the  city,  from  April  11  to  October  4, 1853, 
amounted  to  $414,252.32.  and  the  expenditures  for  the  same 
period,  to  $412,914.22.  Of  the  latter  sum.  $44,938.92  was  for 
improving  and  cleaning  the  streets ;  $24,475.64  for  wharf 
improvements :  19.611.54,  the  cost  of  tlie  police  department ; 
$17,583.60  for  lighting  the  city ;  $11,879.99  for  the  City  lloa- 
pitiil;  and  $7302..3O,  the  expenses  nf  the  fire  department. 

The  natural  advantages  which  St.  Louis  enjoys  as  a  com- 
mercial emporium  are  probably  not  surpassed  by  those  of 
.any  inland  port  in  the  world.  Situated  midway  between 
two  oceans,  and  near  the  geographical  centre  of  the  finest 
agricultural  region  on  the  globe,  almost  at  the  very  focus 
towards  which  converge  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  the 
Ohio,  and  the  Illinois  Kivers,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  .she 
is  destined,  at  no  distant  period,  to  become  the  great  re- 
ceiving and  distributing  depot  of  most  of  the  vast  region 
drained  by  these  streams.  Having  already  reached  an  en- 
viable position  among  her.  sister  cities,  she  is  looking  west- 
ward, with  a  system  of  railways  intemled  not  only  to  bring 
to  her  markets  the  agricultural  and  mineral  treasures  of  the 
Missouri  basin,  but  eventually  to  extend  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  finally 
to  the  golden  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Iler  connection 
with  the  Atlantic  cities,  through  Cincinnati  and  Chicago,  is 
already  secured  beyond  contingency.  Railroads  penetrating 
various  parts  of  the  state  are  in  operation.  St.  Louis  is  the  K. 
terminus  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  which  is  completed  to  Kan- 
sas City,  on  the  Missouri  River.  The  North  Missouri  Kail- 
road  connects  this  city  with  St.  Joseph,  305  miles  distant. 
The  South- West  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  is  completed 
to  RoUa,  113  miles,  and  is  to  be  extended  to  Springfield,  &c. 
The  Ohio  and  .Mississippi  Railroad,  340  miles  long,  opens  a 
direct  communication  with  Cincinnati.  St.  Louis  is  also  tho 
N.  terminus  of  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  wliich  e.vteiids  to 
Pilot  Knob,  87  miles.  The  openingof  these  various  railways, 
and  others  proposed,  will  give  St.  Louis  ready  access  to  im- 
mense deposits  of  iron,  coal,  lead,  and  copper  ores,  within  a 
circuit  of  90  miles,  equal  to  tlie  wants  of  the  whole  Missis- 
•ippi  Valley  for  centuries  to  come,  and  which  have  not  to  this 
time  been  brought  into  use,  simply  because  of  the  difficulty 
and  expense  of  reaching  a  market.  Therefore,  with  all  the 
commercial  facilities  which  this  metropolis  now  enjoys — 
Cicilities  which  have  hitherto  been  productive  of  prosperity 
almost  beyond  example — what  may  .she  not  become  when 
the  vast  system  of  railways  here  contemplated  sh.all  have 
gone  into  operation ! 

Hi.ftnry. — Among  the  many  sites  which  the  vast  domain 
of  uninhabited  territory  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  presented 
for  founding  a  city,  that  on  which  St.  Louis  now  stands  was 
selected  by  Laclede,  February  15th.  1764,  as  one  possessing 

1663 


u= 


SAI 

Mcoiliar  adrantages  for  the  fur  trade,  and  for  defence  against 
the  Indians.  The  confluence  of  the  different  rivers  in  the 
Immediate  neighborhood  was  a  desideratum  in  the  estima- 
tion of  the  trapper  ;  it  has  become  of  vast  importance  to  the 
place  in  e.stablishinu;  it  as  a  centre  for  agricultural  and  ma- 
nufacturing enterprises.  The  statistics  of  these  early  times 
show  that  for  15  successive  years,  ending  in  1S04.  the  ave- 
rage anuual  yalue  of  the  furs  collected  at  this  port  amounted 
to  $203,750.  The  number  of  deer  .sliins  was  15S.000;  of 
beaver,  30,900;  of  otter.  8000;  of  bear,  5100,  and  of  buffalo, 
*»0.  The  population  at  this  period  was  between  1500  and 
2000,  one-half  of  whom  were  absent  a  great  part  of  each 
year  as  trappers  and  voyageurs.  It  will  readily  be  perceived 
that  the  elements  which  gave  the  settlement  exi.stence  were 
not  of  a  character  adequate  to  foster  it  beyond  the  limits  of 
a  frontier  village;  and  .tccordingly,  as  late  as  1820.  we  find 
the  accession  of  population  had  not  swelled  the  original 
very  materially.  Up  to  this  d.ite  the  census  only  shows  an 
advance  to  45^8.  Military  expeditions  and  establishments, 
together  with  a  spai-se  immigration,  confined  to  those  pecu- 
liar temperaments  which  delight  in  the  wild  and  adven- 
turous, still  kept  up  a  progressive  improvement,  which  cen- 
tering here  for  personal  security  as  well  as  for  trade,  still 
fixed  it  as  the  sent  of  a  commerci;U  and  manufacturing  me- 
tropolis, destined  in  a  few  years  to  become  an  object  of  in- 
terest throughout  the  world.  On  the  11th  of  August,  1768, 
a  Spanish  officer  by  the  name  of  Kious,  with  a  company  of 
Spanish  troops,  took  possession  of  St.  Louis  and  Upper  Ix>ui- 
siana,  as  it  was  termed,  in  the  name  of  his  Catholic  majesty, 
under  whose  government  it  remained  until  its  final  transfer 
to  the  United  Suites,  March  26,  1804.  In  1S13,  the  first 
brick  house  was  erected :  in  1817,  the  first  steamboat  arrived 
— both  important  events,  but  neither  of  which  became  fre- 
quent until  several  yeiirs  alter.  In  1822,  St.  Louis  was 
chartered  as  a  city,  under  the  title  given  by  Laclede,  in 
honor  of  Louis  X'V.  of  France.  From  1825  to  1S30,  the 
influx  of  population  from  Illinois  began  to  be  of  import- 
ance. From  this  state  the  commerce  of  St.  Louis  received 
its  first  great  impulse,  and  from  this  state  it  still  derives  a 
large  portion  of  its  support.  With  1829  the  keel-boat  en- 
tirely disappeared.  The  steamer  Yellowstone  about  this 
time  ascended  to  the  Great  Falls,  and  was  succeeded  by  the 
Assinalwine  and  others.  Dry-goods  houses  were  already 
established,  and  these  sent  out  retail  branches  to  Spring- 
field, and  other  places  in  Illinois.  Extensive  warehouses 
began  to  be  erected,  some  of  which  are  still  standing,  having 
survived  the  great  fire.  They  rose  from  their  solid  lime- 
stone foundations,  built  on  a  scale  which  shows  that  the  im- 
pressions of  the  present  were  vividly  portrayed  to  the  minds 
of  the  people  of  that  day. 

The  population  of  St.  Louis  in  1830  was  6694.  showing  an 
increase  of  only  2096  in  ten  years.  In  1840  it  had  much 
more  than  doubled,  having  reached  16,469.  Between  these 
periods,  therefore,  we  are  to  look  for  the  commencement  of 
that  vast  increase  which  has  so  distinguished  the  growth  of 
this  city.  Fop.  in  1850.  75,204  free,  and  2650  slaves :  total, 
77,850.  Of  these.  23.774  were  born  in  Germany ;  11,257  in 
Ireland;  29.33  in  England;  and  2450  in  other  foreign  coun- 
tries :  making  an  aggregate  of  40,414  natives  of  foreign  coun- 
tries, and  37.4.36  natives  of  the  United  St.ites.  By  a  local 
census  of  1852,  St.  Louis  contained  a  population  of  94,819 : 
and  if  to  this  we  add  the  population  of  the  suburbs,  it  would 
swell  the  number  to  upwards  of  100,000  souls.  Population 
in  1860,  1P0.773. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  (looas,)  a  lake  of  Canada  East,  formed  by 
an  expansion  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Mon- 
treal. Length,  20  miles;  greatest  breadth,  7  miles.  The 
river  Ottawa  enters  it  by  two  channels  on  its  W.  side. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  an  island  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  Strait  of 
Magellan. 

SAIXT  LOUTS,  sgnt  loo^is,  (Fr.  pron.  sSx«  loo'ee',)'  an  is- 
land of  West  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  belonging  to  the  French. 
It  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal  Kiver,  in  lat.  16° 
2'  N.,  Ion.  16=>  31'  W.,  is  low,  and  about  l\  mUes  in  length. 
Pop.  14.600. 

SAIXT  LOUIS,  or  ANDAR,  fts^daur,  a  town  on  St.  Louis 
Island,  capital  of  the  French  possessions  in  Senegambia,  has 
a  pop.  of  12,000.  of  whom  three-fourths  are  negro  slaves. 

SAIXT  Wms,  si.\«  loo'ee',  «  town  of  Uaytl,  on  the  S. 
eoast,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cayes. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  a  town  of  Hayti,  on  the  N.  coast,  E.  of 
Port^le-Paix. 

SAI  XT- LOUIS,  a  town,  fonneriy  the  capital  of  the  island 
of  Bourbon,  20  mUes  S.S.E.  of  St.  Paul,  near  the  S.W.  coast. 
Pop.  9285. 

SAIXT-LOUIS.  a  commune  of  the  French  island  of  Marie- 
aalante.  in  the  West  Indies.     Pop.  2723 

SAINT  LOUIS  (loo^is)  KIVER.  rises  in  It*.sca  co.,  Minne- 
»t«,  and  falls  into  the  W.  extremity  of  Lake  Superior.  It 
mmw  part  of  the  biundary  between  Minnesota  and  Wis- 
consin. The  navigation  is  much  impeded  by  cascades  and 
rapids.    Length,  about  200  miles. 

S.UXT  LOU'ISVILLE,  a  post^vlUage  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  railroad  between  Skoduaky  and  Newark,  7  milea  N. 
of  thi)  latter. 
16M 


SAI 

SATNT-LOTTP,  sJyo  loo.  a  vilLage  of  France,  dspartmentof 
Haute-Saone,  16  miles  X.W.  of  Lure.     Pop.  in  1852.  2752. 

SAINT-LOUP.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Khdne. 
12  miles  S.W,  of  Villefranche.     Pop.  1980. 

SAIXT-LOUP,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Deui- 
Sfevres.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Thoue  and  Cebron,  10  miles 
N.E.  of  Parthenay.     Pop.  1644. 

SAINT  LOUKENgO-DO-BAIRRO.  See  Sao  Lourenco  do 
Bairro. 

SAINT-LUBIN-DESJOXCIIERETS,  sJn^  loo'bSN""/  dA 
zhSx^'sheh-ri/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir,  on  the  Arve,  12  miles  W.  of  Dreux.    P.  1640. 

SAINT  LUC.  sJno  lUk,  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Chambly.  6  miles  from  St.  John's.    Pop.  800. 

SAINT  LUCE. i-Jso  Hiss,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Kamouraska,72  miles  N'.E.  of  Quebec. 

SAINT  LUCIA,  sent  loo-see's,  often  pronounced  sent  loo- 
zee'.  (Fr.  &nnte-Lude,  sAxt  lii'see'.)  one  of  the  BritLs'h  West 
India  Island.s,  in  the  Windward  group,  21  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
St.  Vincent  and  20  miles  S.  of  Martinique;  lat.  (N.  point) 
14°  5'  N..  Ion.  60°  57'  W.;  greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S..  27 
miles;  greatest  breadth,  14  miles.  Area,  about  270  squaY-e 
miles.  It  is  of  volcanic  origin,  and.  with  exception  of  the 
plains  of  Gros  Islet  and  Vieuxfort,  the  one  near  its  N.,  and 
the  other  near  its  S.  extremity,  has  a  rugged,  and  moun- 
tainous surface.  Many  of  the  heights  assume  very  fiintastio 
sh.ipes;  and  several  of  them  leave  no  doubt  as  to  their 
having  been,  probably  at  no  very  remote  period,  active  cra- 
ters. In  one  of  them,  called  Soufriere,  the  acting  of  volcanic 
agency  is  still  attested  by  the  sulphurous  vapors  whii-h  are 
continually  rising  from  it.  Two  of  the  most  remarkable 
cones  are  the  Great  and  Little  Pitons,  rising  suddenly  from 
the  water  on  the  S.W.  shore.  The  greater  part  of  the  island 
is  covered  with  dense  and  gloomy  forests:  but  the  valleys 
and  lower  heights  are  well  cultivated,  and  remarkably  pro- 
ductive. The  decomposed  lava,  of  which  the  soil  consists, 
possesses  almost  inexhaustible  fertility.  St.  Lucia  has  the 
reputation  of  l>eing  the  most  in.salubrious  of  all  the  West 
India  Islands.  The  dense  forests,  and  the  rank  vegetation 
of  the  swamps,  are  evidently  the  great  cau.se  of  disease;  but 
more  recently,  since  many  of  the  former  have  been  cleared, 
and  several  of  the  latter  laid  dry.  the  salubrity  has  been 
greatly  improved.  The  Island  is  infested  with  a  venomous 
reptile  called  '■  the  ratrtail,"  from  the  bite  of  which  great 
numliers  annually  lose  their  lives.  The  phr:ise.  ••  he  died 
of  the  serpent,"  Is  as  common  as  that  he  died  of  the  fever. 
The  staple  product  of  St.  Lucia  is  the  sugar-cane,  from  which, 
in  1849,  there  were  made  and  exported  67.405  hundred- 
weight of  sugar,  10,037  hundredireightof  molasses,  and  2472 
gallons  of  rum.  The  exports  of  sugar  in  1852  amountfvl  to 
5120  hogsheads,  260  tierces.  2606  barrels,  and  63.517  hun- 
dredweight :  the  whole  valued  at  44,462/.  The  only  other 
article  deserving  of  notice,  is  cocoa,  of  which,  in  1849,  the 
produce  was  7928  pounds.  At  one  tiaie  coffee  was  cultivated 
to  such  an  extent,  that,  in  1842,  the  produce  amounted  to 
151,837  pounds.  In  the  following  year,  however,  it  sunk 
to  2312  pounds ;  and  though,  in  1844,  it  suddenly  started 
to  3.3,814  pounds,  it  fell  as  rapidly  in  subsequent  years; 
and.  if  now  cultivated  at  all,  is  on  so  insignificant  a  scale, 
that  it  no  longer  appears  in  the  list  of  exportiil  In  1837, 
previous  to  the  abolition  of  slavery,  the  export  of  sugar  was 
only  41,850  hundredweight.  The  value  of  exports  in  1S62 
was  6762J.  St.  Lucia  is  divided  into  9  parishes.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a  governor,  executive  council,  consisting 
of  4  members,  and  a  legislative  council,  composed  of  12. 
The  ecclesiastical  estal>listiment  consists  of  3  clergyman  of 
the  Church  of  England,  and  9  Roman  Catholic  priests.  The 
moral  and  social  condition  of  the  inhabitiints  is  very  low; 
concubinage  is  so  common  that  marriage  forms  the  excep- 
tion rather  than  the  rule.  The  whole  number  of  children 
attending  school  in  1852,  was  only  993.  The  revenue  of  the 
island  in  1852,  amounted  to  13.746/..  and  the  expenditures 
to  12.520/.  The  English  first  settled  in  St.  Lucia  in  16:^7, 
but  were  eypelled  tlie  following  year.  The  French  held  it 
from  1763  to  1803,  and  the  existing  laws  relative  to  property, 
Ac.  are  French.  The  chief  towns  are  Castries,  the  capit^ 
Soufriere.  and  Vieuxfort.     Pop.  in  1851.  24.:n8. 

SAINT  LUCIE,  loo-see',  a  county  of  Florida,  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  the  peninsula,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic.  It  is 
intersected  by  Kissinee  River,  and  contains  LakeOkechot)ee, 
Thich  is  about  30  miles  in  diameter.  St.  Lucie  Sound 
washes  the  E.  border.  The  surface  is  flat,  and  but  little 
higher  than  the  .sea.  The  county  contains  extensive  forests 
of  pine.  Pop.  246.  'fhenameof  this  county  has  recently  been 
changed  to  Brevard,  in  honor  of  Dr.  Brevard,  author  of  the 
Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence  of  May  20,  1776. 
SAINT  LUKK.  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri. 
SAIXT-LUNAIKE,  sJn»  lu'niR',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Ille*t-Vilaine,  on  the  English  Channel,  4 
miles  W.  of  St.  Malo.     Pop.  1000. 

AINT-LYS,  siN"  leece,  a  marketrtown  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Garonne,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Muret.     Pop.  12"J.J. 
SAINT  LYTH'AN'S,  a  pari.sh  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 
SAINT  MAARTENSDYKE.  s*nt  msR'tfnSHlik',  a  village 
of  the  Netherlands,  on  the  island  of  Tholea. 


SAI 


SAI 


SAIXT  MA'BYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SATNT-MAnAIRE,  sJn"  md^kiii',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  on  the  Garonne.  9  miles  W.  of  La  Keole. 
Pop.  1513. 

SAINT-MACAIRE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et/Lnire,  arrondissement  of  Beaupreau.     I'op.  2200. 

SAINT  MAD'OES  or  MAD'OIS,  apa^-ish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth. 

SAINT  MAO'NUS,  Bat  of,  a  spacious  bay  on  the  W. 
coast  of  the  mainland  of  Shetland,  in  Scotland,  between  the 
headlands  of  Eshaness  on  the  N.,  and  that  of  Sandness  on 
the  S.  It  is  Si  miles  in  width  at  its  entrance,  expands  to 
11  miles,  and  run.s  7  miles  inland.  The  island  of  I'apa-Stour 
is  at  its  mouth.  The  bay  contains  safe  and  excellent  anchor- 
age for  the  largest  fleet. 

SAINT-JIAl'XENT,  sIn"  mJx'6.\o', (L.  MairentiopoHs  Picln- 
num,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Deux-S^vres,  13 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Niort,  with  a  communal  college.  I'op.  in 
1852,  4121. 

S  AINT-M  ALO,  sfnt  mi'lo  or  sJn"  md'lo',  a  fortified  .seaport 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  capital  of  an 
■  arrondi.ssement,  on  the  English  Channel,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Kance,  40  miles  X.N.W.  of  Kennes.  I'op.  In  1852, 
9500.  It  is  situated  on  a  peninsula,  connected  by  a  cause- 
way with  the  mainland;  is  defended  by  strong  bastioned 
wails,  and  a  castle.  The  chief  buildiiip  are  a  cathedral,  a 
bishop's  palace,  town-hall,  communal  college,  exchange, 
theatre,  chamber  of  commerce,  school  of  navigation,  and 
naval  arsenal.  It  has  a  commodious  and  secure  harbor,  dry 
at  low  water,  but  40  f>et  deep  in  spring  tides,  to  which  has 
lately  been  added  a  large  floating  dock.  It  has  extensive 
rope-walks,  manufictures  of  fishing  nets  and  hooks,  pully- 
blorks  and  other  marine  fitting.s,  snuff,  and  soap;  an  active 
provision  trade  with  the  colonies,  a  brisk  coasting  trade,  and 
many  vessels  employed  in  the  mackerel,  ood,  and  whale 
fisheries.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  Jacques  Cartier,  (the  dis- 
coverer of  Canada.)  and  Chateaubriand. 

SAINT-MAMKT.  pLno  mi"m;V.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gard.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Nlmes.     Pop.  002. 

SAIXT-M.VNDfi.  sAn»  mftxo'da'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine,  near  the  Wood  of  Vincennes,  4miles  E.S.E.of 
Paris,  and  close  to  its  walls.     Pop.  in  1852,  3587. 

SAINT  .MAilC,  slNOmauk,  a  post-village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Verchfere.s,  31  miles  from  Montreal. 
Pop.  1500. 

SAINT-MARC.  sSn"  mank,  a  town  of  Ilayti,  on  its  W. 
coast,  44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Port-au-Prince.  It  exports  coffee, 
indigo,  and  cotton. 

SAINT-MAII(VLf.-Bian'C,  AIn-o  maRk  l?h  blSso,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  llle-et-Vilaine,  9  miles  W.  of  Fougdres. 

SAINT-MAUCKL,  sixo  maR^SiM',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Indre.  on  the  Creuse,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ch&- 
teauroux.     Pop.  in  1852,  2680. 

SAI.\T-M  AKCEIj,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ardftcho, 
28  miles -S.  of  Privas.     Pop.  in  1S62,  2.':44. 

SAIN"T-MAI!CEI.rDE-FELINES,  sL\o  man'sM'  deh  ffh'- 
leen',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Roanne.     Pop.  1460. 

SAINT-MAUGKLLIN,  sJ^  maRVsJriAxo'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Isfeve.  capital  of  .an  arrondissement,  near  the 
Is6re.  21  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Grenoble.  Pop.  in  1852,  3460.  It 
is  enclosed  by  walls,  is  well  built,  and  h.is  planted  walks,  a 
large  central  square,  with  a  noble  fountain,  a  public  library, 
and  .active  trade. 

S.A.INT-MAI!CF;LIJN,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire.  9  miles  ^^.i;.  of  Montbrison.     Pop.  1740. 

SAlNT-MAitCOUF,  sAs"  mdR^koof,  two  islets  off  the  N. 
coast  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  in  the  English 
Channel,  8  miles  S.S.  H.  of  Cape  La  Ilogue,  and  defending  its 
roadstead.  They  were  taken  by  the  English  in  1795,  but 
restored  to  France  at  the  Peace  of  Amiens. 

SAINT-MARDS-EN-OTIIR,  s^N"  m.aR7,  Sno  ot,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aube,  on  the  St.  Mard.s,  near  the 
forest  of  Othe.  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Troves.     Pop.  1080. 

SAINT  MAK'GAKKT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SAINT  MAKGAUET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  MARGARET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

SAINT  MAR'GARET,  two  parishes  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ater,  CO.  of  Wexford. 

SAINT  MARGARET,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

SAINT  MAR'GARET-AT-CLIFFE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent. 

SAINT  MAR'GARET  ELM'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  M.\.RGHERITA  DI  R.^PALLO,  maR-gA-ree'ta  dee 
rS-pino,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Genoa, 
province  of  Chiav.ari,  near  Rapallo,  beautifully  situated  near 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  It  h.as  a  large  square  paved  with  stones 
of  various  colors,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  mosaic,  a  handsome 
collegiate  church  \vith  an  imposing  facade.  Doric  below,  and 
composite  above,  an  old  castle  of  a  square  form,  situated 
near  the  sea,  and  still  available  for  defence,  an  hospital,  and 
a  communal  school.     Pop.  6226. 

SAINT-MARIA-AUDENHOVE.  See  SAlNTE-MAiilE-AnDEN- 
uovt. 


SAINT  MARIE,  m.a-ree',  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Illj 
nois,  on  the  Enibarras  River,  120  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield. 

SAINT-MARIE-LIERDE,  sIn"  mdVee  leaiRd',  a  village  oJ 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanderii,  16  miles  S.  of  Ghent 
Pop.  2070. 

SAINT  5IARK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  com 
prising  a  part  of  the  city  of  Dublin. 

S.\INT  MARK,  a  po.st-office  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri. 

S.\INT  MARK'S,  post-village,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of 
Wakulla  co..  Florida,  on  St.  Mark's  River,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Wakulla,  6  miles  from  App.alachee  Bay,  and  28 
miles  S.  of  Tallahassee,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
road. Vessels  drawing  7  or  8  feet  water  can  ascend  fiom  th» 
Gulf  to  this  pliice,  which  is  the  port  of  Tallahassee,  lu 
June,  1854, 1363  tons  of  shipping  were  registered  in  the  dis- 
trict. The  United  States  government  is  about  to  erect 
here  a  new  custom-house,  and  a  marine  hospit;>l. 

SAINT  .MARK'S  LIGHT-IIUUSE,  showing  a  fixed  light 
73  feet  high,  is  on  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  to  St.  Mark's 
Harbor,  Appalachee  Bay,  Florida.  Lat.  30°  4'  X.,  Ion.  S4<^ 
20'  W. 

SAINT  MARK'S  RIVER,  a  sm.all  stream  of  Florida,  ri.ses 
in  Leon  co.,  flows  S.E.,  and  enters  the  Appalachee  River,  an 
arm  of  Appalachee  Bay.     It  is  navigable  l)y  small  Ijoats. 

SAINT-MARS-D'EGRENE,  s^x"  maR  dehgr^n',  a  villago 
of  Fiance,  department  of  Orne,  4  miles  S.\\'.  of  Domfrout. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2210. 

SAINT-MAUS-DE-L.\-BRIRRE,  As"  m.an  deh  13  bre-alR', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  8  miles  lO.N.E.  of 
Le  .Mans.     Pop.  1580. 

SAINT-MAHS-D'OUTILLK,  sSx"  m.an  dooMee\vA  or  doo'- 
teery.-l'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  arron- 
dissement of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  in  1852,  2415. 

SA1NT-MARS-L.\-JAILLE,  sI.n"  maR  Id  zhSI.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  I»ire-Inferieure,  16  miles  S.E.  of 
Chateaubriant.     Pop.  in  1852,  1331. 

SAINT-MARS-SOUS-BALLON.  As"  m.aR  soo  bai'lAs"'.  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Siirthe.  arrondissement  of 
Le  JIan.s.     I'op.  1640. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  an  Island  of  England,  in  the  N.E.  pp.rt 
of  the  Scilly  group,  about  2  miles  long.     I'op.  about  2S0. 

SAINT  iMARTIN,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Corn- 
wall. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  a  psirish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North.amp- 
ton.     Burghley  House  (Marquis  of  Exeter)  is  in  this  parish. 

S.\INT  M.\RTI.\,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkennv. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  a  parish  of  .Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  ilere 
are  the  remains  of  several  druidical  temples. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  (sJn"  maR't^N"'.)  Canal  op,  in  France, 
department  of  Seine,  forms  a  branch  of  the  Canal  de  I'Ourcq, 
and  crosses  the  N.E.  portion  of  Paris. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol,  circle 
of  Brur.eck.    Pop.  1911. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria,  S.E.  of 
Marburg,  on  the  Di-ave.     Pop.  1211. 

SAINT  MARTIN,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Austria,  circle 
of  Inn,  8  miles  from  Ried.     Pop.  730. 

S.\I.NT  M.-VRTIN,  sKs"  maR'tLv',  a  post-village  and  parish 
of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Terrebonne,  12  miles  from  Jlontreal. 
Pop.  3850. 

SAINT  MARn-IN,  (Fr.  pron.  sSn»  m3R'tJN«'.)  one  of  the 
West  India  Islands,  the  N.  part  belonging  to  the  Fiench, 
and  the  S.  to  the  Dutch,  between  Anguilla  and  St.  Bar- 
tholomew. Lat.  of  Le  Marigot  (French)  18°  4'  N.,  Ion.  53° 
10'  W.  Area,  about  30  square  miles.  The  surface  is  hilly; 
the  climate  is  tolerably  healthy.  It  is  well  watered,  and  in 
its  S.  part  are  some  lagoons  from  which  the  Dutch  obtain 
large  quantities  of  salt.  Of  the  French  portion,  about  one- 
third  part  is  under  culture.  The  chief  products  are  sugar 
and  rum.  Many  cattle  are  reared.  The  S.  part  is  less  fer- 
tile and  wooded;  the  principal  products  are  sugar,  rum.  and 
.salt;  wliich  is  exported  to  neighboring  islands  and  to  North 
.4merica.  The  French  and  Duti'h  made  a  settlement  on  this 
i.'iland  in  1638;  they  were  expelled  by  the  Spaniards,  who 
themselves  abandoned  it  in  1650.  The  French  and  Dutch 
subsequently  resumed  possession,  and  divided  it  between 
them.  Pop.  of  the  N.  or  French  division  in  1S49,  3773;  of 
the  Dutch  or  S.  division,  4000. 

SAINT  MARrriN.  sdn  maR-teen'.  (Sun  MarHn.)  an  island 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  S.  of  Madre  de  Dios.  Lat  50° 
40'  S.,  Ion.  75°  26'  W. 

SAINT-MARTIN-AUX-BUNEAtjX,  sSx"  m.aRHLv-:' 5  bU^ 
no*,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  closi 
to  the  English  Channel.     Pop.  1700. 

SAINT  MARTIN  BEAUHARNOIS.  six"  maR'tAN='  b6^ 
shaR'nwJ'.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Beauhar- 
nois.  on  the  river  Chateaugay,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal. 
Pop.  500. 

SAIXT-MARTIN-D'AUXIGNY,  sJn"  m.aRH.^x"/  dOx'een'- 
yee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher,  on  the  Moulon, 
arrondissement  of  Bourgc>s.    Pop.  in  1852,  2501. 

SAINT-MARTIN-DE-B]5tIIISY.  sAno  maRHJx"/deh  bJ'tee^ 
zee/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  arrondissement 
of  Senlis.    Pop.  1460. 

1665 


SAI 

SArVr  MARTI  .N'DE-0)rRTISOLS,  sSy  ihrrHSx*'  deh 
kooR'tee'sol'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Marae.  7  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Chalons-sur-Mavne.     I'op.  1960. 

SAIXT-MAI'.TIN-DE-LANDELLE,  sJxo  maR'tAx*'  deh 
I5s«Mfll'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  15  miles 
S.W.  of  >Iortain.     Pop.  2000. 

S AI XT-.M  A IITIX-D F^LOXDRES.  sSs"  maR't.^.V' d?h lAxd'r, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Uerault.  arrondissement 
of  Montpellier.    Pop.  1143. 

SAIXT-MAKTIX-DE-QUEYRIERES,  sSs"  maR'tayo'  dfh 
ki-re-aiR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  llautes-AIpes, 
on  the  Durance.  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  BrianQon.    Pop.  1350. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-R£.  sJ.\o  maR'ta.\<^  deh  rA.  a  town  of 
Prance,  department  of  Cliarente-Iuferieure,  11  miles  X'.X.W. 
of  La  Ro<-helle,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Re,  in  the 
Atlantic,  having  a  good  port  and  roadstead,  a  citadel,  arsenal, 
hospital,  and  prison.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2885. 

SAIXT-MAKTIX-DE-SALLEX,  sAx"  maRHJv''  deh  sjr- 
15s«'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Oien.     Pop.  1400. 

SAIXT-.MARTIX-DE-SE1GXAUX,  sSs"  maB'tJxo'  deh  sAn'- 
yo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Landes,  20  miles  S.W. 
of  Dax.     Pop.  in  1852,  2592. 

SAIXT-.MARTIX-DE-SOCLAX,  s4.\«  maR'tAx''  dfh  soo'- 
18x«',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ariejje,  6  miles  S.E. 
of  St.  Girons.     Pop.  1830. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DES-TRAUX,  sSs«  maR'tSx"'  dk  tro,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  17  miles  K.W.  of 
Koanne.    Pop.  25'X). 

SAIXT-MAUTIX-DE-TOtJRX'OX,  six"  maR'tAx-"'  deh  tooR'- 
nis«',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre,  on  the  Creuse, 
34  miles  W.  of  Chate,auroux.    Pop.  1500. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-VALAMAS,  six-o  maRHSx-o'  deh  \i>- 
li^mis'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  ArdSche,  17  miles 
N.W.  of  Privas.    Pop.  1973. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-VALQALGUES,  s-Ax"  maR^Ax""'  deh 
vil'^lrgi',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard,  3  miles 
N.  of  Alais.     Pop.  925. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DE-VALMEROUX.  sJx-«  m.aR'tJxo'  deh 
Tjl'meh-roo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Caiital,  arron- 
dissement of  Mauriac.     Pop.  1540. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DU-MOXT,  six"  maR'tSx"":'  dU  mAN«,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Bourg. 
Pop.  1720. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DTRIAGE,  sSx-«  maRHSx-<='  dU're-izh', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isfire,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Gre- 
noble.   Pop.  in  1S52,  2400. 

SAIXT-MARTIX-DU-VIEUX-BELLEME,  (BellSme,)  sJx-« 
maR'tls"/  dii  ve-ch'  Wriaim',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Orne.  arrondissement  of  ilortagne.    Pop.  .3012. 

SAIXT-MAKTIX-EXUUESSE,  six"  maR'tAx"'  by  brJss.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  SaOne-et-Loire,  arrondisse- 
ment of  Ch&lons.     Pop.  in  1852,  1938. 

SAIXT-MAKTIX-EX-IIAUT,  sS.n"  maRHAx<='  6s'  ho,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Rh6ne,  14  miles  S.W.  of 
Lyons.    Pop.  ISOO. 

SAIXT-MAliTXN-6S-TIGXES,  sJx^  maRHAxo'  A  veeH'. 
ft  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube,  arrondissement  of 
Troyes.     Pop.  in  1852,  3G51. 

SA1XT-MARTIX-LA-SAUVET15,  sSx-o  maKH.Ax-o'  13  sOtHA', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  17  miles  S.W.  of 
Bosnne.     P<ip.  1500. 

SAIXT-MAUTIX-LE-BEAU,  sJx-«  maRHAx-«'  leh  ho.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Indi-e-et-Loire,  near  the 
Cher,  arrondissement  of  Tours.    Pop.  1345. 

SAIXT  MARI'IX'S,  a  parish  in  the  S.  part  of  Louisiana, 
bordering  on  Chetimaches  (Grand)  Lake,  contains  750  s.iuare 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Grand  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  Atchafalaya  and  Teche  Bayous.  The  surface  is 
level ;  the  .soil  along  the  streams  is  very  productire.  In  1850 
this  pju-ish  produced  517,401  bushels' of  Indian  corn,  being 
the  greatest  quantity  of  that  article  raised  in  any  one  parish 
of  the  state  except  -Assumption  parish.  The  railroad  which 
has  l>een  commenced  from  Xew  Orleans  to  Opelousas  is  ex- 
pected to  pass  through  this  parish.  Capital,  St.  Martins- 
ville. Pop.  12  (>74,  of  wh'  .in  5.316  were  free,  and  7;i58  slaves. 
SAIXT  SIARTIX'S,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  river  of  its  own  name,  about  120  i;iiles  S.E.  of 
Annapolis.    Grain  and  lumber  are  shipped  here  in  sloops. 

SAIXT  MAKTIX'S,  a  smaU  village  of  Orangeburg  district, 
Bouth  Carolina. 

SAIXT  .MAKTIX'S  KEYS,  isUnds  of  Florida,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  in  lat.  2S°  42'  X.,  Ion.  83=  30'  IV. 

SAIXT  MAKTIX'S  RIVEK.  a  stream  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Maryland,  traverses  part  of  Worcester  county,  and  flows 
Into  Sinepuxent  .'^ound.  It  is  navi'^able  for  sl<xvps  12  miles. 
SAIXT  MAiyTIX.SVILLK,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital 
of  St.  Martin's  parish.  Louisiana,  on  the  right  Kink  of  the 
river  Teohe.  125  miles  W.S.W.  of  Baton  Rouge.  Large 
•learners  .iscend  the  river  200  miles.    Pop.  in  18.^3,  1400. 

SAIXT  MAKTOUY,  sAx-o  maR*to're«^,  a  town  of  France, 

aepartinent  of  Haute<3.ironne,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 

Oaronne.  11  miles  E.X.E.  of  St.  Gaudens.     I'op.  1200. 

SAINT  M.KRY,  In   France  and   French  colonies. 

&UXIE-.M  ir.if. 

1666 


See 


SAI 

'      SAIXT  MARY,  in  Italy,  Spain,  and  Portugal.    See  SATfA 
Maria. 
S.AIXT  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
SAIXT  M.\RY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
SAIXT  MARY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Mills  co..  Iowa, 
^  mile  E.  of  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri,  on  a  fine  level 
prairie.  230  miles  nearly  W.  of  Iowa  City.     Here  is  a  steam 
feiry  to  Belleview,  the  best  cro.«sing-place  on  the  river  abore 
St.  Joseph.    A  weekly  paper,  the  St.  Mary  Gazette.  Is  pub 
lished  here. 

SAIXT  MARY,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Ijabrador.  Lat.  50^  2(/  N_ 
Ion.  6<»o  W. 

SAIXT  MARY,  (Port.  Santa  Maria,  sin'tl  mj-ree'^,)  the 
southernmost  of  the  Azores,  in  lat.  36^  58'  30"  X,  Ion.  25° 
6'  12"  W.,  7  miles  long,  and  5  miles  broad.  It  contains  the 
small  town  of  Villa  do  Porto,  and  several  hamlets.  P.  466(>. 
SAIXT  MAKY,  a  small  island  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
in  Delagoa  Bav.  sometimes  called  IXYACK,  in  lat.  25°  58' 
S.,  Ion.  33°  2-  5"  E.,  7  miles  long  and  3i  miles  broad. 

S.4IXT  MARY,  a  eroup  of  long  flat  isles  in  Hindostan, 
between  lat.  13°  28'  and  13°  17'  X.,  the  outermost  of  the. 
range  being  5  miles  from  the  shore. 

SAIXT  .MARY,  a  small  island  of  Madagascar,  at  the  head 
of  Antongil  Bay,  on  the  X.E.  coast.  Lat.  15°  30'  S.,  Ion.  49° 
45' E. 

SAIXT  MARY,  an  island  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  Madagascar, 
in  lat.  (X.  point)  1C°  40'  30"  S.,  Ion.  50°  4'  45"  E.,  31  miles 
long,  and  between  2  and  3  miles  broad.  The  French  have  a 
settlement  here.     Pop.  in  1849.  5709. 

SAIXT  MARY  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

SAIXT  MARY  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamorgan. 

SAIXT  MARY-HILL,  a  pari.sh  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Glamonran. 

SAIXT  MARY'S,  s  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Maryland, 
bordering  on  Chesapeake  Bay,  at  the  mouths  of  Potomac 
and  Patuxent  Rivers,  has  an  area  of  about  250  s<:iuare  miles. 
It  occupies  the  S.  extremity  of  the  division  of  the  state 
called  the  Western  Shore,  and  consists  of  a  neck  of  land 
between  the  Patuxent  on  the  N.E.,  and  the  bro-ad  estuary 
of  the  Potomac,  which  sep-nrates  it  from  Virginia  on  the  S.W. 
It  is  indented  in  every  direction  by  navigable  creeks  or 
inlets,  so  that  every  part  is  within  a  few  miles  of  the  tide- 
water. The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  mwlerately 
fertile.  Settled  about  the  vear  16-34.  Capital.  I*onardtown. 
Pop.  15.213.  of  whom  8664" were  free,  and  6549  slaves. 

SAIXT  .MARYS,  a  parish  in  the  S.  part  of  I>ouisiana, 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains  aliout  860  square 
miles.     It  is  bounded  on  the  XJ3.  by  Lake  Chetimaches, 
and  watered  by  the  Atchafalaya  and  Teche  Bayous.    The 
surface  is  flat;  the  soil  is  alluvial  and  fertile.     In  1860  this 
parish  produced  24.765  hogsheads  of  sugar,  being  the  great- 
est quantity  made  in  any  one  county  in  the  United  States. 
Capital.  Franklin.    The  New  Orleans  and  Opelousas  nro- 
jected  Railroad  will  pass  through  this  parish.    Pop.  16,816, 
of  whom  3759  were  tree,  and  13,05"  slaves. 
SAIXT  MARY  S,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,Pennsvlvania. 
SAIXT  MARY  S,  a  ■tillage  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
SAIXT  MARY'S,  a  collection  district  of  Marvlaud. 
SAIXT  MARY  S,  a  post-village,  Pleasants co..W. Virginia. 
SAIXT  MARY'S,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Camden 
CO.,  Georgia,  is  beautifully  situated  on  St.  Mary's  River.  9 
miles  from  the  sea.    The  harbor  is  accessible  to  the  largest 
ves.sels.  The  .situation  is  healthy,  and  the  climate  is  favorable 
to  persons  of  weak  lungs.     It  is  the  chief  town  of  the  county, 
and  contains  a  court-hou.se.  an  academy.  5  churches.  ,ind  10 
stores.    The  shipping  of  the  district,  J  une  30. 1854.  amounted 
to  an  aggregate  of  .398  tons  registered,  and  793  tons  enrolled 
and  licensed.    Of  the  latter,  718  were  employed  in  the  coast 
trade.     Pop.  650. 

SAIXT  MARY'S,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
.\uglaize  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  Canal,  and  on  St.  Mary's 
River.  105  miles  W.X.W.  of  Columbus.  It  was  formerly  the 
capital  of  Jlercer  county.  About  3  miles  W.  of  the  village 
is  an  artificial,  lake  or  reservoir,  9  miles  long  and  3  or  4 
broad,  formed  in  1845,  to  supply  the  canal.  It  lies  on  the 
summit-level  betwe«'n  the  Ohio  River  and  Lake  Erie.  Pop, 
of  the  township,  1188. 

SAINT  MAKY'S,  a  township  of  Adams  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
931. 

SAINT  MARY^S,  a  post-office  of  Tigo  co.,  Indiana. 
SAINT  MARYS,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  lllinMS. 
SAINT  MARYS,  a  post-village  of  Lynn  co.,  Iowa,  about 
20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 
S.\IXT  M.\RYS,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin. 
SAIXT  M.ARY'S,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  ot 
Perth.  25  miles  from  London.    It  contains  3  or  4  churches, 
several  stores  and  factories  of  various  kinds.     Pop.  1000. 

SAIXT  MARY'S,  the  largest  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Cornwall.  2J  miles  in  length.     Pop.  l.">15. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  CIIAiyWELL  a  parish  of  England,  OOt 

SAIXT  MARY'S  COLLEGE.    See  Baitmore,  Maryland- 


SAI 


SAI 


SATXT  MAKVS  ISLE,  a  peninsula  of  Scotland,  on  the 
I>>e  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright. 

SAINT  MARY'S  LA.ND'INU,  a  post-village  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  Mississippi,  70  miles  below  St. 
Louis. 

SAINT  MARY'S  LIGUTIIOUSK.  on  the  N.  point  of  Amelia 
Lsland,  at  the  entrance  to  St.  Jlary's  River,  i'lorida.  It 
shows  a  revolving  light  50  feet  high.  Lilt.  30°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
81°  30'  VV. 

SAINT  MARY'S  LOCH,  (loK,)  a  fine  lake  of  Scotland,  co., 
and  13  miles  W'.S.W.  of  Selkirk.  Length,  15  miles;  breadth, 
1  mile.     Yarrow  Water  tlows  from  its  E.  end. 

SAINT  MARY'S  K I VKR,  nf  Georgia  and  Florida,  rises  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  the  former  state,  and  flows  S.  to  the  border 
of  Florida.  During  the  whole  of  its  sub.sequent  course,  it 
forms  the  boundary  betwtou  the  two  states  until  it  enters 
the  Atlantic.  Its  whole  lengtii  is  about  UK)  miles.  Its 
mouth  forms  a  good  harbor,  with  13  feet  of  water  over  the 
bar  at  low  tide. 

SAINT  MARY'S  RIVER  rises  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio, 
and  fiowing  into  Indiana,  unites  with  the  St.  Joseph's  River 
at  Fort  Wavne  to  form  the  .Maumee. 

SAINT  .MARY'S  STliAIT  separates  Canada  West  from 
the  upper  peninsula  of  .Michigan,  and  connects  Lake  Supe- 
rior with  Lake  Huron.  It  commences  at  the  S.K.  eNtremity 
of  the  former  lake,  and  after  a  general  S.K.  course  of  (53 
miles,  enters  Lake  Huron  by  three  channels.  At  some 
places  it  spreads  out  into  little  lakes;  at  others,  rushes 
through  narrow  rapids,  or  winds  around  beautiful  islands. 
Its  entire  length  is  navigable  by  vessels  drawing  eight  feet 
of  water  up  to  within  one  mile  of  Lake  Superior.  At  this 
point,  navigation  is  arrested  by  the  falls — the  ■'  Snult"  of  the 
river — having  a  descent  of  'II  feet  within  three-fourths  of  .a 
mile.  Congress  offered  the  State  of  Michigan  750.000  acres 
of  land  to  construct  a  ship-canal  around  these  rapids:  and 
the  State  of  Jlichigan  contracted  to  give  these  lands,  free  of 
taxation,  tiir  five  years,  to  Krastus  Corning  and  others,  in 
consideration  th.at  they  build  the  canal  Viy  the  lOth  of  May, 
1S55.  The  work  is  now  (April)  nearly  or  quite  completed, 
and  its  opening  to  navigation  will  form  the  last  link  in  the 
chain  of  communication  between  the  great  lakes,  and  add 
1700  miles  of  coast  to  our  trade.  The  work  in  size  and  style 
is  superior  to  any  of  its  kind  on  this  continent.  The  locks 
are  suppos(fd  to  be  the  largest  in  tlie  world.  The  comliined 
lengtii  of  the  two  sides  and  wings  of  the  two  locks  toge- 
tlier  is  nearly  one-third  of  a  mile,  all  of  solid  msisonry,  25 
feet  liigh,  10  feet  thick  at  the  Vjase,  with  buttresses  at  every 
twelve  feet  six  feet  in  width,  all  faced  with  cut  white  lime- 
stone, equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  best  of  this  state.  The 
gates  are  each  40  feet  wide.  The  caual  is  100  feet  wide  at 
the  top  of  the  water,  .and  115  feet  wide  at  the  topof  its  banks. 
The  depth  of  water  in  it  is  Vl  feet.  The  main  body  of  the 
canal  is  excavated  through  rock. 

SAINT  MARY  WKS'TUN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Southampton. 

SAINT  MARY  WEST'PORT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
"Wilts. 

S.\INT-MATiriAS,  sJs"  mAHe-A'.  a  post-village  and  parish 
of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Rouville,  21  miles  from  Montreal. 
I'op.  2iJ0<}. 

SAINT-MATIIIEU.  sS\o  mi'tf^uh',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne,  on  the  Tardoire,  8 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Rochechouart.    Pop.  in  185'2,  2448. 

SAINT-MATHURIN,  s;\no  mi'tUVi^xo',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Maine-et-Lolre.  on  the  railway  from 
Tours  to  Angers,  on  the  Loire,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Angers. 
Pop.  1650. 

SAINT  M.-VTTHEW,  a  post-village  of  Orangeburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

SAINT  MATTHEW,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

SAINT  MATTHEW,  (math'u.)  an  island  of  the  Mergui 
Archipelago,  in  Farther  India,  off  the  W.  coast  of  the  isth- 
mus of  Kraw ;  lat,  10°  N.,  Ion.  9S°  E.  Length,  IS  miles. 
The  surface  is  mountainous  and  densely  wooded.  On  its 
N.  side  it  has  a  large  harbor. 

SAINT  MATTHKW  ISLAND.    See  Gore  Island. 

SAINT  MAUGIIANS,  (mdw'gans,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Monmouth. 

SAINT-MAUR,  sSs«  m5R.  a  commune  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Indre,  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chateauroux.     I'op.  1251. 

S.-VINT-MAUR,  a  commune  of  France,  department  of 
Seine,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Sceaux,  with  a  village,  near  the 
Canal  of  St.  Maur,  |  of  a  mile  in  length,  mostly  under 
ground,  which  shortens  by  9  miles  the  navigation  of  the 
Marne,  near  Paris. 

SAINT-MAURICE,  sis"  mSVeess^,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Creuse,  arroudissement  of  Aubusson.  Pop. 
0)00. 

SAIXT-5IAURICE.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
ETiy-de-D6me,  arroudissement  of  Riom.    Pop.  1640. 

SAINT-.MAURICE.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  15  miles  S  E.  of  Remiremont.     Pop.  2000. 

SAINT  MAURICE,  (anc.  Agaunitmf)  a  town  of  Switzei^ 
land,  canton  of  Valais,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone,  14 


I  miles  S.E.  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  Pop.  1050.  It  has  a 
council-house,  an  hospital,  and  an  abbey,  founded  In  tha 
fifth  centui-y,  and  containing  many  curiosities.  Thebridga 
of  St.  JIaurice,  crossing  the  Rhone  here,  unites  the  cantons 
of  Valais  and  Vaud. 
!  SAINT  MAURICE,  Savoy.  See  BouRO  Saint  Maurice. 
i      SAINT  M.VU'RICE,  a  post-office.  Winn  parish,  Louisiana. 

SAINT  MAURICE,  (Fr.  pron.  s^N"  mo^'eess',)  a  river  of 
Canada  East,  district  of  Three  Rivers,  rises  in  a  chain  of 
lakes ;  lat.  48°  40'  N.,  l(m.  74°  30'  W.,  flows  S.E.,  and  .joinh 
the  St.  Lawrence  at  Three  Rivers,  after  a  course  of  400  miles. 
Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Ribbon  .and  Vermilion  Rivers 
from  the  W.,  and  Windigo  and  Croche  from  the  E.  It  ex- 
pands into  numerous  lakes,  and  is  navigable  for  boats  about 
120  mile.s.  Its  banks  are  generally  high,  in  some  places 
from  200  to  lOOO  feet,  and  covered  with  gi-oups  of  majestic 
trees.  It  has  a  great  variety  of  falls  and  cjiscades,  and  is 
adorned  with  a  number  of  beautiful  islands. 

SAINT  MAURICE,  a  county  of  Canada  East,  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  expansion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  known  as  l«ake 
St.  Peter.  Area,  7300  square  miles.  Capital,  Three  Rivers. 
Pop.  in  1852.  27.562. 

S.\I.NT-MAUK1CE,  sJn"  moVeece',  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East.  CO.  of  St.  Maurice.  84  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  St.  Maurice  forges. 

SAINT-MAURICE-DE-LIGNON,  sIn"  moVeess'  deh  leen'- 
yAx"',  a  village  of  Frantre,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  5  miles 
N.  of  Yssengeaux.     Pop.  in  18.52.  2102. 

SAINT-.MAURICE-DES-NOUES.  sftN"  m6\-eess'  dA  nooW, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  arrondissement 
of  Fontenay-le-Comte.     Pop.  1280. 

SAINT-.VlAURICE-EN-GUURGOIS,  utty"  mOVeess'  6ji« 
gooR^wit'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  15  mile.s 
S.S.E.  of  Montl)ris()n.     Pop.  in  1852,  2516. 

SAINT-M.\UR1CE-SUR-L0IRE,  s^N"  mSVeess'  sliR  IwdR, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  arroudissement  of 
Roanne.    Pop.  I'dOO. 

SAI.NT  MAWE'S,  a  disfranchised  borough  and  petty 
seaport-town  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Truro.     Pop.  950. 

.  SAINT-MAXIMIN,  sSno  mAxVmlNo',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Var,  near  the  source  of  the  Argens.  11  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Rrignoles.  Pop.  in  1852,3644.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  has  a  handsome  cliurch.  a  school  of  industry,  and 
manufiicturesof  woollen  cloth.  Near  it  are  extensive  marble 
quarries. 

SAINT-MAYEUX.  sSno  md'yih',  a  village  of  France,  dtr 
partment  of  COte.s-du-Nord.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Loudeac.  Pop. 
1530. 

SAINT-.MlCDARD-DE-GURgON,  six"  miMaR'  dfh  gtiR^- 
si!>N<;',  a  village  of  France,  dep.'irtment  of  Dordogne,  15  milea 
W.N.W.  of  Hergerac.     Pop.  1520. 

SAlNT-Mf;DAI!D-EN-.)ALLE.  sAyo  m.VdaR'  on"  zhdn,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Gironde,  near  the  Jalle.  S 
miles  N.W.  of  Hordeaux.     Pop.  1(500. 

SAIXT-Ml^E.X,  sftx"  niA*6N'' a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  llle-et-Vilaine,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Montfort.  Pop. 
in  1852,  3830. 

SAINT  -MEiyLONS,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Monmouth. 

S.\INT  MEK'RYN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-MESMEN-LE-VIEUX,  s^x«  m.Vmftx<i'  leh  ve-rh', 
a  vilhige  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  25  miles  N.  of 
Fontenay.     Pop.  1220. 

SAINT-MESMIN,  sS.v«  mJn'mSNo',  a  village  of  Fnance, 
with  a  stiition  on  the  railway  from  Troyes  to  Montereau,  13 
miles  from  Troyes. 

SAINT  MEW/AN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwali. 

SAINT  Ml'CHAEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SAINT  MICHAEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

SAINT  MICHAEL,  a  jvarish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  ad- 
joining, and  partly  included  in  the  city  of  Winchester. 

SAINT  MICH.VEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

SAINT  MICHAEL,  mee'Kj-JP,  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
in  Tyrol,  on  the  Adige,  9  miles  N.  of  Trient,  with  an  abbey, 
founded  in  1145. 

SAINT  MICHAEL  in  France.     See  S.liNT-MicnEl,. 

S.\INT  MICHAEL,  Spain,  and  Spanish  America.  See 
Sax  Miguel. 

SAINT-MICHAEL,  .sJn<>  mi'kel:  (Fr.  Saint  Michel,  s^no 
mee'shJl',)  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Rellechasse,  15  miles  from  Quebec.     Pop.  1800. 

SAINT  MICHAEL,  (mi'k.A-el  or  mi^kyl ;)  (Port.  Sao  MigvAl, 
s5wN°  me-gh61',)  the  largest  of  the  Azores  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  lat.  37°  44' N.,  Ion.  25°  30' W.  Length,  from  E.  to 
W.,  36  miles.  Area,  224  square  miles.  Pop.  80.809.  The 
surface  is  mostly  mountainous,  the  Agoa  de  Pao,  in  its 
centre,  rising  to  3066  feet  iij  height.  The  soil  is  volcanic, 
and  the  island  has  often  sufFere  1  from  earthquakes.  It  con- 
tains many  miner.al  springs  and  several  lakes.  Orange  gar- 
dens are  estimated  to  comprise  2100,  and  vineysrds  2400 
acres ;  about  90,000  boxes  of  oranges,  value  $200,000,  are  an- 
nually exported.  Other  products  are  maize,  wheat,  beans, 
and  wine.  The  manufactures  are  confined  to  druggets  and 
coarse  pottery ;  articles  of  clothing  are  mostly  imported  from 

1C67 


SAI 

(ireat  Britain.  Tlio  coast  is  studded  with  town?  and  vil- 
lages, the  principal  being  Ponta  Delgada,  Alagoa,  Villa 
Franca,  and  Morro  da.s  Capellas. 

SAINT  MI'dl-AEL  BKD'WAUDINE,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO..  and  adjoining  the  city  of  Worcester,  within  the  parlia- 
mentary bound.s  of  which  it  is  included. 

SAINT  -MICUAEL  CAK'UAISE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  MICHAEL  CREECH,  a  parish  and  village  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Somerset.  3  miles  E..\.E.  of  Taunton,  on  the 
Tone.  The  Chard  and  Bridgewater  Canal,  and  also  the 
Bristol  and  Exeter  Railway  pass  through  the  village.  Pop. 
12&tj. 

SAINT  III/CHAEL  ELM'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

S.A.INT  MICHAELIS,  mee'Ei-aMis,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
circle  of  Dresden,  near  Freibei-g.     Pop.  12Si3. 

SAINT  .MICHAEL  PEN'KEVIL,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  MICHAEL'S,  miTvels.  a  postrvUlage  of  Taltot  co., 
Maryland,  on  St.  Mieh-iel's  River,  a  navigable  inlet  of 
Chesjipeake  Bay,  57  miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis,  and  12  miles  W. 
of  Eastou.    It  is  a  place  of  active  trade.    Pop.  863. 

S.\INT  MI'CHAELS.  (IIicuixiiROOKE.)  a  village  of  Canada 
East.  CO.  of  lieauharnois.  52  miles  S.W.  of  .Montreal.  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  eniraired  in  the  lumber  business. 

SAINT  MICHAEL'S  BAY.  on  the  E.  eoast  of  Labrador, 
in  British  North  America,  in  lat,  62°  56'  N.,  Ion.  55°  30'  "W. 

SAINT  JIICHAEL'S  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  jo. 
of  Somerset. 

S.VINT  MI'CH.'VEL'S  MOUNT,  a  venerable  granite  rock,  in 
Mount's  Bay.  Cornwall,  co.  of  England.  |  of  a  mile  S.  of  Mara- 
zion.  Lat.  50°  7'  N.,  Ion.  5° 28'  5"  \V.  It  rises  in  a  pyramidal 
form,  partially  covered  with  buildings,  surmounted  by  a 
chapel  founded  in  the  fifth  century,  and  surrounded  by  the 
sea  at  hiih-water.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Ocrinum  of  Ptole- 
my, and  must  probably  the  lUuis.  whence  in  former  times  tin 
was  shipped  from  Cornwall.  On  it  a  priory  was  founded  by 
Edward  the  Confessor,  and  it  was  a  tbrtified  post  of  import- 
ance during  the  parliamentary  war.  Pop.  of  village,  170. 
See  Mont  Saint  Michel. 

SAINT  MICHAELS  RIVER,  of  Talbot  co.,  Maryland, 
flows  first  S.S.W.,  and  then  curving,  takes  a  northerly  course, 
tailing  into  Chesiipeake  Bay  nearly  opposite  the  S.  end  of 
Kent  Isl.and. 

SAINT-MICHEL.  sJn-o  mee'shel',  a  village  of  France,  with 
a  station  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Orleiins,  18  miles  from 
Paris. 

SAINT-MICHEL,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Di-Ouie.  I"  miles  N.N.E.  of  Valence.    Pop.  1660. 

S.VINT  MICHEL,  a  market-town  of  Savoy,  province,  and 
7  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Jean  de  Maurieune,  on  the  Are.  Pop. 
1860. 

SAINT-:M1CIIEL.  sSxo  mee'shJl',  a  village  of  Belgium,  in 
West  Flanders.  2  miles  S.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  IIIS. 

SAINT-.MICHEL-EN-L'HERM1T.V.GE.  sSn"  mee/sh?!  6x» 
ijR'me-t^zh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  A'endee.  22 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Fontenay-le-Comte,  with  a  small  port.  Pop. 

SATNT-JITCHEL-E.\-TIllfiRACIIR.  sJso  mee'shSl  Sx" 
te-A^-ish'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  near 
the  source  of  the  Oise,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Vervins.  Pop. 
S00(i. 

SAINT-MICHEL-MOXT-MALCHUS.  sJn"  mee'shJl'  mAN» 
mirkiis'.  or  MONT-MEi;CURE,  vabs"  m^R'ktiR',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ventlee,  25  miles  from  Font«nay-le- 
Comte,  with  the  migestic  ruins  of  the  Abbey  de  la  Graiue- 
tiere.     Pop.  1217. 

S.\INT-.MIHIEL.  !!ilN«  meeVJl'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment, and  on  the  Meuse,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Commercy. 
I'op.  in  1852,  5274.  It  was  formerly  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
defended  by  a  rastle  on  a  neighboring  hill.  It  has  several 
old  churches,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  cloth  and  yarn. 

SAINT  MIN'VKR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-MONIQUE.  sJn»  niA^neek',  a  village  and  parish  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  .\icolet,  19-1  miles  S.W.  of  Quebec. 

SAINT  MOKITZ.  (mo'rits.)  or  SANCT  MOKITZ,  sdnkt 
mo'rits.  a  village  of  SwitzeTland,  with  celebrated  mineral 
baths,  in  the  Upper  Engadine,  2S  miles  S.E.  of  Chur. 

SAINT  MUI/LINS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  cog.  of  Carlow  and 
Wat^rford.  It  contains  the  villages  of  Tinnahinch  and 
Baliymurphv. 

SAINT  MUNGO,  (mftng'go.)  a  parish  of  .Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries,  in  Annandale.  Pop.  618.  Here  is  Ca.stlemilk, 
originally  a  fottress  built  by  the  Bruces,  now  a  modernized 
residence. 

S.UNT  MUN'GO,  NORTH,  or  IN'NERHIGII,  a  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  comprised  within  the  city  of  Glas- 
Kow. 

8AIXT-NAZAIRE,  siNO  hA'zAr',  a  town  and  seaport  of 
France,  department  of  I/oire-lnferieure,  close  to  the  mouth 
?Q».,     ''"''■''•  °°  "*  ^-  **'*^'  ^  """«*  ^^'-  of  Mantes.    Pop.  in 

SAINT-NAZAIRE.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tar,  6  miles  W  of  Toulon.    Pop.  1542. 
1668 


SAI 

SAINT-NECT-VIRE,  s^n"  nik'tin/,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Puy-de-D6me.  18  miles  W.  of  Issoire 
It  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs. 

SAINT  NEOTS,  sent  neets.  a  market-town  and  pirish  of 
England,  co.,  and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Huntingdon,  on  the  line 
of  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  and  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Ouse,  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge.  Pop.  of  the 
town  in  1851.  2951. 

SAINT  NEOTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  nik'olas,  an  island  of  England,  in 
Plymouth  Sound. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of 
Wisrht.  adjoining  Newport. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

SAINT  .NICHOLAS,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  in  Italy.    See  San  Nicolo. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  in  Germany.     See  S.i.\CT  NicOLAUB. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS,  nik'o-l.?s.  aharbor  on  the  N.W.  side 
of  the  island  of  Zea.  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago. 

SAINT  NICH'OLAS.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Dorchester,  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  10  miles  from  Quebec. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS.  (Port.  S?o  X!cn!ao.  sowNO  ne-ko-Ii'o,) 
one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  .sitn.ited  l>etween  S.anta  Lucia 
and  Santiago.  Lat.  16°  35' N.,  Ion.  24°  15' W.  Length,  30 
miles:  bretidth,  13  miles.  The  surEice  is  mountainous.  It 
h.as  a  harbor  on  its  S.  side,  near  which  is  a  small  town,  the 
residence  of  a  governor  and  a  Portuguese  bishop. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS  CHANNEL,  on  the  N.  side  of  Cuba, 
60  miles  in  lensrth  bv  33  miles  in  bre.adth. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS  HARBOR,  in  Lower  Canada,  on  the 
N.  aide  of  the  St.  Litwrence  estuary,  in  lat.  49°  18'  N.,  Ion. 
67°  40'  W. 

SAINT  NICHOLAS  POINT,  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the 
island  of  Java,  on  the  Strait  of  Snnda,  in  lat.  6°  52'  S..  Ion, 
106°  2'  E. 

SAINT  NICH'OLAS  SYD/LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Dor.set. 

SAINT-NICOLAS,  (Fr.  pron.  six"  nee'koMJ')  or  NICO- 
L.\AS,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the 
railway  from  Antwerp  to  Ghent,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  20.0S8.  It  has  a  fine  town-hall,  a  church,  with  good 
paintings,  an  hospital,  several  orphan  asylums,  a  prison,  a 
large  market/place.  a  tribunal  of  commerce.  Latin  and  other 
public  schools,  manufactures  of  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk 
fabrics,  hosiery,  hats,  soap,  leather,  and  tobacco,  dye- 
houses,  salt-refineries,  breweries,  and  potteries,  a  large 
market  for  flax,  and  a  large  annual  fair. 

SAINT-NICOLAS,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
3  miles  W.  of  Liege,  near  the  i"ailway  from  Liege  to  Tirle- 
mont.     Pop.  1545. 

SAINT  NICOLAS,  a  headland  and  village  of  Hayti,  on 
the  N.W.  side  of  the  island. 

SAINT-NICOLAS-DC-PORT.  sSjfo  nee'ko'ld'  dii  poR,  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Meurthe,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Nancy,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Meurthe.    Pop.  in  1S52.  .3422. 

SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT.  a  village  of  France,  dep.art- 
ment  of  Manche,  arrondissement  of  Avranches.     Pop.  1028. 

SAINT-NICOLAS-DU-PORT,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Tarn-et-Garonne.  ari"ondisseinent  of  Castel-Sarrasin, 
on  the  left  b.ank  of  the  Garonne.     Pop.  1607. 

SAINT-NICOLO-PRi^S-GUANVILLE.  sS-X"  nee'ko'Io'  prA 
grdx°*voeI/  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  16 
miles  N.W.  of  Avranches.    Pop.  1028. 

S.\INT  NINI.\NS,  nin'e-.ins,  (commonly  called  SjVINT 
RIN'GANS.)  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  2  miles  S.  of  Stir- 
ling. It  contains  the  villages  of  St.  Ninians  and  Bannock- 
burn.  In  this  parish  three  memorable  battles  were  fotight : — 
1st,  on  the  13th  of  September,  1297,  between  the  troops  of 
Wallace  and  the  English,  whom  they  totally  routed;  2d.  the 
famous  battle  of  Bannockburn;  and  3d.  .Tune  11.  14S8.  in 
which  James  III.  of  Scotland  was  defeated  and  killed  by  his 
insurgent  nobles. 

SAINT-NIZIER-D'AZERGUES,  sSn"  nee'ze-.V  diVaiRg',  a 
market-town  of  France,  department  of  Rhone,  14  miles 
W,N.W.  of  Villefranche.     Pop.  1800. 

SAINT-NIZIEK-DE-FORNAS.  si.V"  nee'ze  A'  deh  foR^nJ/,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  16  miles  S.  of  Mont- 
brison.    Pop.  1276. 

SAINT-NIZIER-LE-BOUCHOUX,  sSx-o  nee'ze-.V  leh  boo'^ 
shoe/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ain,  17  miles  S.W. 
of  Bourg.     Pop.  left's. 

S.\INT  NORBER  r,  six"  noR'baiR'.  a  small  village  of  Ca- 
nada East,  CO.  of  Berthier,  54  miles  N.  of  Montreal. 

SAINT  CLAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

SAINT-O'MER,  (Fr.  pron.  sAxt  o'maift';  L.  Fa'num  Jwio- 
mart.)  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of  Pa.s-de-Ca- 
lais,  on  the  Aa.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Canal  of  Neuf-Iossee, 
and  on  the  railway  from  Arras  and  Lille  to  Calais,  22  miles 
S.E.  of  Calais.  Pop.  in  1852,  22.064.  It  Is  surrounded  by 
irregular  fortifications,  and  defended  by  the  F^r)  \,  tre- 
Dame.    It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  a  communal  co!Ie{*. 


SAI 


SAI 


«  ji*. '.  iibrnry  of  20,000  volumes,  a  cathedral  of  the  fourteenth 
ODiury,  with  the  tomb  of  its  founder.  St.  Omer:  and  manu- 
&  ti  i-es  of  coarse  woollen.s.  pipes,  and  paper.  St.  Omer  was 
U.  't  by  Louis  XIV.  in  1077.  Durini;  the  first  Kevolutinn, 
■.t*,es  called  .Mop.in  La  >1o.\ta«ne,  (moViNo' Ij  m(!iN°HdH'.) 
t  w,»s  the  birthplace  of  the  Abbe  Segur. 

SAINT  O'.MER,  a  pleasant  postrvillage  and  township  of 
.i-ecatiT'  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati 
i'.a  »;  oad,  and  the  Michi:j;an  (plank)  Uoad,  .36  miles  S.K  of 
Indianapolis.     I'op.  of  the  village,  about  400. 

SAINT  O.MEK.  a  post-office  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

SAINTi  )NGE,  sJN"H6x/,h',  an  old  province  of  France,  in  the 
W.  It  now  forms  the  greater  portion  of  the  department  of 
Charente-Inferieure,  and  parts  of  those  of  Charente  and 
Deux-S^vres.     Its  capital  was  Saintes. 

SAINT-OUKN-D&li.i-RuyEKIK,  s.^Nt  wSx"'  deh  Id  ro'- 
yghree'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  lUeet-Vilaine, 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Fou;:6res.     I'op.  2000. 

SAI.VT-OUEN-DES-TOITS,  sixt  wS.\o/  dA  tw.i  a  village 
of  France,  depitrtment  of  Mayenne,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Laval. 
Vop.  11  hi). 

SA1N.T-0UEN-L'AU.M0XE,  sSst  wft.W  lo'mon',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-lJise,  2  miles  S.  of  I'ontoise. 
Pop.  1500.     Near  it  is  the  ruined  abbey  of  .Ma-uhuisson. 

SAINT-OUENSUK-SEINE,  s^Nt  wSn"'  sur  sin,  a  village 
of  France,  4  miles  N.  of  Faris,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Seine,  with  a  chateau,  where  Louis  XVIII.  signed  the 
"Declaration  of  St.  Ouen,"  May  2,  1S14. 

SAINT  OURS.  s^Nt  ooR,  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Ca- 
nada East.  CO.  of  Richelieu.  3*5  miles  from  Montreal.    P.  :i(K)0. 

SAINT-l'AL-I)E-CUALANCON,s,\x<'pai  deh  ."hinteo'sA.N"', 
a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  10 
mi^s  N..\.W.  of  Yssengeaux.     Pop.  in  1852.  24S5. 

SAINT-PALrDE-MONS,  six"  pdl  d^h  mAx».  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Haute-Ijoire,  lu  miles  N.E.  of  Yssen- 
geaux.    Pop.  in  1S52.  2080. 

SAINT  PAN'CRAS,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
comprising  a  large  part  of  the  N.  division  of  the  metropoU-s, 
and  extending  northward  so  as  to  include  a  poi-tion  of  the 
town  of  Ilighgate,  with  the  suburbs  of  Camden  Town,  Kent- 
ish Town.  Somers  Town,  &c.  Pop.  in  1851,  106,9515.  Its 
"old"  church,  lately  rebuilt,  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  site 
of  one  of  the  most  ancient  Christian  temples  in  Britain,  and 
in  the  cemetery  surrounding  it  are  many  interesting  tombs. 
The  new  church  in  the  New  Road  is  an  elegant  structure, 
with  attached  vestries,  supported  by  caryatides.  In  this 
parish  are  a  University  College.  Ilall,  and  Hospital,  the 
small-pr.x  and  fever  hospitals,  a  beautiful  Scottish  church, 
with  two  towers.  King's  Cross,  a  portion  of  the  Regent's 
Park  and  Canal,  and  the  termini  of  the  London  and  North- 
western and  the  Ureal  Northern  Railways. 

SAINT-PAPOUL.  sJx"  pJ'pool'.  a  towu  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Auda.  4  miles  E.  of  Castelnaudary.     Pop.  12ii5. 

SAI.NT-I'ARDDUX,  .six"  paRMoo'.  a  market^town  of  France, 
department  of  Dordogue,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Nontroa.  Pop.  iu 
lSi)2.  18(10. 

SAINT-PARDOUX.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Deux-Sdvres,  ft  miles  S.W.  of  I'arthenay.    Pop.  in  1S52, 1720. 

S.MNT  PAR'IS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Champaign  co.. 
Ohio,  on  the  railroad  from  Urbanna  to  Piqua,  58  miles  \V.  of 
Columbus,  is  situated  iu  a  rich  larming  district,  aud  has  an 
active  trade.    Pop.  550. 

SAINT  PASCli.\L.  sJ,NO  pjs'kil',  a  post-village  and  parish 
of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Kaniouraska,  Hi  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec. 

SAl.NT-PATER.NE.  si.N"  pdHaiRn',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  IS  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tours.  Pop. 
in  18.i2,  2022. 

S.\INT  PAUL,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

S.\INT-I'AUL.  six"  pol,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Basses-.\lpes,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Barcelonnette.  Pop.  in 
1852.  1714. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama. 

SAINT  P.\UL.  a  postoffice  of  Madison  CO..  AVkansas. 

S.\1.NT  PAUL,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri. 

S.iINT  P-\UL.  a  flourishing  city,  port  of  entry,  capital  of 
Minnesota,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Kamsey  county,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  2070  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  9  miles  by  land  below  the  F'alls  of  St.  Anthony.  Lat. 
UP  b-I'  46"  N.,  Ion.  93°  5' W.  It  is  situated  on  a  bluff 
70  or  80  feet  high,  and  presents  a  striking  view  from  the 
river.  The  hills  or  blulls  which  partly  encircle  the  town 
abound  in  excellent  springs.  It  is  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation,  and  is  a  place  of  active  business.  It  w.as  first 
settled  about  1840,  and  in  1849  it  contained  1  church,  2 
printing  offices,  3  hotels,  10  stores,  4  warehou.ses.  2  drug 
stores,  and  1  school-house.  A  fine  state-hou.se,  140  feet  long 
and  63  feet  wide,  surmounted  by  a  handsome  dome,  has  re- 
cently been  erected.  Saint  Paul  is  the  most  populous  town 
in  the  state.  It  contains  3  national  banks.  Two  or  3  daily 
newspapers  are  published  here;  also  several  weekly  papers 
in  German.  There  are  a  number  of  steam  gaw-mills  and 
flouring  mills  in  the  vicinity.  Saint  Paul  is  the  south-east- 
ern terminus  of  the  St.  Paul  aud  Pacific  Railroad.  The 
Minnesota  Valley  Railroad  extends  from  this  point  south- 
westward  to   Skakopee,  &c.    Another  railroad  will  prob- 


ablv  be  opened  to  Winona.  Population  in  1850,1204;  iu 
1860, 10,401. 

SAINT  PAUL,  (Fr.  pron.  six"  p61,)  a  post-village  and 
parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Berthier,  42  miles  from  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  1300. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  sm.all  island  of  North  America,  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  8  miles  N.E.  of  the  N.extremitv  of  Cape 
Breton.  It  has  two  fixed  lights.  Lat.  (X.  point)  47°  14'  N , 
Ion.  00°  9'  VV. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  city  of  Brazil.    See  Sao  Pacw. 

SAINT  PAUL,  an  Lslet  in  the  S.  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
in  lat.  38°  43'  S.,  Ion.  77°  38'  E. 

S.\INT  P.\UL.  an  island  of  the  Low  ArchlpeLtgo,  In  lat. 
19°  36'  S.,  Ion.  14°  6'  W. 

S.\INT  PAUL,  an  i.sUnd  in  Behrlng  Sea.  in  lat.  57°  N. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  river  of  Liberia,  in  West  Africa,  after  a 
S.W.  course  of  probably  300  miles,  enters  the  Atlantic  N.  of 
Monrovia. 

SAINT-PAUL,  (Fr.  pron.  six"  pal.)  a  town  of  the  island 
of  Bourbon,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  19  miles  S.W.  of 
St.  Denis.  Pop.  10.262.  of  whom  11.540  are  slaves.  This  was 
the  first  French  est.abli.xhment  on  the  island. 

SAINT  PAUL  ALEXANDRIA,  (dl-i.x-iln'dre-a.)  a  town 
of  Russia,  capital  of  a  circle,  145  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kherson. 
Pop.  2100. 

SAINT-PAUI^DE-FENOUILLET,  six"  p31  deh  feh-noo'yA', 
a  villaire  of  Franco,  department  of  Pyr6n4es-Oinentales,  on 
the  Aglv,  14  miles  N.N.K.  of  Prades.     Pop.  in  1852.  2054. 

SAINT-PAUL-D1V.TARRAT,  six"  pol  deh  zhau'Ra/.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Ariege,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Foix. 
Pop.  1353. 

SAINT  PAUL  DE  LOAN'DA,  (Part.  Sao  Paulo  de  Lnnnda, 
sowx"  powlo  di  lo-dn'dd.)  a  considerable  seaport-town  or 
city,  and  capital  of  the  I'ortuguese  di>minions  in  West  Africa, 
iu  Lower  Guinea.  Lat.  S°  48'  1"  S.,  Ion.  13°  13'  E.  It  is  de- 
fended seaward  by  three  forts,  and  has  a  large  and  secure 
harlwr,  sheltered  by  the  island  of  Loanda.  Its  better  por- 
tion is  built  of  brick,  and  r<X)fed  with  red  or  blue  tiles;  only 
the  governor's  palace  and  government  buildings  have  glass 
windows.  It  was  in  the  .seventeenth  century  celebrated  for 
its  fine  churches  and  monasteries,  now  in  ruins.  Along  the 
shore  are  built  the  hovels  of  the  black  population.  Its 
market  is  well  supplied  with  provisions,  and  it  has  an  export 
trade  in  slaves  and  ivory. 

SAINT-PAUL-UU-BOIS.  six"  pM  dil  bwl.  a  villaffe  of 
France,  department  of  Maine-et-1-oire,  23  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Saumur.     Pop.  995. 

SAI  NT-PA  U.L-EN-.T ARRET,  si.v"  pOl  8n"  zhaR'R.V,  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Loire,  10  miles  N.E.  of  St. 
Etienne.     Pop.  in  1852.  4034. 

SAINT-PAULIEN, -six"  p6'le-5xo',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Loire,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Le  Puv.   P.  1 449. 

SAINT-PAU'LIN,  (Fr.  pron.  si.x"  po'lix"',)  a  village  and 
parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  St.  .M.aurice,  81  miles  N.N.E.  of 
.Montreal.  The  village  is  the  seat  of  large  flouring  and  saw 
mills:  and  at  llunterstown,  iu  the  vicinity,  from  200.000  to 
300.000  planks  are  annually  manufactured  and  exported 
to  the  United  States. 

SAINT-PAUI>-LA-ROCnE,  six"  pol  Id  rosh,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Dordogue,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nontron 
Pop.  1690. 

SAINT-PAUI^LES-DAX.  six"  pOl  li  ddx.a  vill.age  of  France, 
department  of  Landes,  near  Dax.     Pop.  in  1852.  3022. 

SAINT  PAUL'S,  a  post-office,  Robeson  co.,  North  Carolina 

SAINT  PAUL'S  BAY.  in  Malta,  on  the  N.E.  coast.  ^  miles 
N.W.  of  La  Valletta.  Here  St.  Paul  is  supposed  to  have 
been  shipwrecked. 

SAINT  PAUL'S  BAY,  a  post-village  and  parish  of  Canada 
East,  CO.  of  Saguenav,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.     Pop.  26O'0. 

SAINT-PAUL-TROIS-CIIaTEAUX,  six"  pol  tRwd  shaH5', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Drome,  14  miles  S.  of 
Montelimart.     Pop.  in  1852.  2192. 

SAINT  Pl5,  six"  pi,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilautes-Pyrenfies,  on  the  Gave-de-Pau,  15  miles  S.W.  of 
Tarbes.  Pop.  in  1852,  2907. 

SAINT-P15,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Pyrenees.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Bayonne.     Pop.  iu  1852.  27'21. 

SAINT-PER.\Y,  six"  peh-ri',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Ardfeche,  9  miles  S.  of  Tournon.     Pop.  25<54. 

PAINT  PE'TER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SAINT  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SAINT  PETKR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAINT  PETER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Orkney,  com- 
prising a  part  of  Ronaldshay  Island,  besides  Burray  aud 
Uund  Islands. 

SAINT  PETER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Orkney,  rom- 
prising  a  nart  of  Stronsay  Island. 

SAINT  PETER,  in  France  and  the  French  <iolonies     See 

SAIXT-PreRRE. 

S.4INT  PETER,  in  Italv.    See  Sax  Pietro. 
SAINT  PETER,  in  Spain  and  the  Spanish  colonies.    See 
Sax  Peiiro. 

SAINT  PETER,  in  Styria.     See  Saxct  Peter. 
S-AINT  PETER,  in  Portugal  and  Brazil.    See  Sao  Pedro. 

1669 


SAI 

SA  fXT  TETER,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  eo.  of  Borsod, 
on  tlHi  Sajo.  S  miles  X.N.W.  of  Miskolcz.    Pop.  3325.  _ 

S.AIXT  PETEH.  a  lake  of  Canada,  being  an  expansion  of 
the  river  S*.  Lawrence,  between  lat.  46°  and  46°  8'  .\.,  and 
about  Ion.  ■'3°  W.  Length,  35  miles:  greatest  breadth,  10 
mile-s.  It  ( 3oeive8  many  rivers,  the  largest  of  which  is  the 
St.  Francis  -^rom  the  S.E.    In  its  S.  part  are  many  islands. 

S.iXNT  PJKTER  or  ST.  PETER  S.  the  capital  of  Nicollet 
CO..  Minnesota,  on  the  left  or  W.  bank  of  the  Slinnesota 
Kiver  about  75  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Panl.  The  Winona  and  St. 
Peter  R.  R.  extends  from  St.  Peter  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

SAIXT  PETER,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  35 
miles  AV.  of  Point  Api,  Borneo. 

SAIXT-PE'TER-LE-PORT,r;Er.  Saint-Pierre- PorioT  Saint- 
Pierre-U-Purt,  six"  pe-iiiR'  leh  poK,)  the  capital  town  of  the 
land  of  Guernsey,  on  its  E.  side,  in  lat.  4!(°  27'  2"  N.,  Ion.  2° 
32' W.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851, 16.778.  Its  lower  part  has 
narrow  streets,  and  very  lofty  houses ;  it3  upper  quarter, 
Hauteville,  is  well  built  and  handsome.  The  principal 
builiiings  are  the  govcrmnent-house,  the  court-house,  the 
town  hospital,  iissembly  rooms,  a  theatre,  and  a  very  excel- 
lent fish-market.  Theliarbor  is  enclosed  by  piers,  and  de- 
fended by  Fort  George  and  Castle  Cornet.  Fort  George  has 
barracks  for  upwards  of  5000  men ;  and  the  town  is  the 
resilience  of  miliUiry  and  civil  governors. 

SAINT  PETEI^A^•i>-PAUL,  the  capital  Tillage  of  Kamt- 
ch:itka.    See  I'etropaulovski. 

SAINT  PErrERSBURG,  (Kuss.  Pderbiirg.  pA'ter-booRG\)  a 
government  of  European  Russia,  mostlv  between  lat.  68° 
and  60°  30'  N..  and  Ion.  27°  30'  and  33°  SeV  E..  having  N.  the 
Gulf  of  Finland  and  Lake  Ladoga,  and  W.  Lake  Peipus  and 
the  river  Narova.  .\rea,  including  lakes.  20.887  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1853,iucludingthecapital,l  099.650.  Surface 
mostly  level,  soil  thin,  climate  damp  and  cold,  and  two- 
thirds  of  the  government  is  covered  with  woods  and 
marshes.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Pliusa  and  Looga, 
flowing  to  the  Gulf  of  Firland.  the  Volkhov.  Sias,  Sveer,  en- 
tering the  Lake  Ladoga,  and  the  Neva,  uniting  the  lake  and 
gulf,  and  on  which  is  the  capital  city.  Rye,  barley,  oats, 
and  some  wheat,  hemp,  and  flax,  are  cultivated,  but  the 
climate  is  unfiivorable  for  corn,  and  the  quantity  produced 
Is  far  below  the  consumption.  Around  the  capital  are  many 
market-gardens,  kept  by  German  colonists.  Timber,  deals, 
and  masts  fjrm  the  chief  articles  of  export.  Some  building 
stone  and  lime  are  obtained,  and  in  the  capital  all  kinds  of 
manufactures  are  carried  on.  Population  mostly  Russians, 
out  comprises  many  tbroigners.  most  of  whom  are  Lutherans. 
The  government  is  divided  into  9  circles  or  districts.  After 
St.  Petersburg,  the  chief  towns  are  Schliisselberg,  Looga, 
Yamboorg,  Cronstadt.  and  Tsarskoe-Selo. 

SAINT  PETERSBUItG,  sent  pee'terz-btirg,  (Rmss.  Petfr- 
burg,  p4't Jr-boOKg' ;  Ger.  Ssincl  Petershurff.  sdnkt  p.i'tfrs- 
hooRg';  fr. Saint  Pdnsbonrg,  sJls"  p.VtJR^booR';  Ij.Petri- 
bur'flum.)  the  capital  and  most  populous  city  of  the  Russian 
ampire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Neva  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
16  miles  E.  of  Cronstadt ;  400  miles  N.W.  of  Moscow,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  a  railwav,  opened  in  November, 
1851;  1100  miles  N.N.E.  of  Vienna;  1550  miles  N.E.  of 
Pan.s,  and  500  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Stockholm.  Lat.  of  observa- 
tory. 59°  56'  30"  N„  Ion.  30°  19'  E.  A  railway  17  miles  in 
length,  leading  to  Tsarskoe-Selo  and  Paulovski,  two  im- 
perial residences,  was  opened  In  1836,  and  another  is 
in  course  of  construction  fmm  St  Petersburg  to  Warsaw, 
a  distance  of  6G8  miles,  with  a  branch  extending  to  Riga. 
Mean  temperature  of  the  year  39°0 ;  winter,  1^-6;  sum- 
mer. 61°-7  Fahrenheit.  The  sit«  is  one  of  the  most  extra- 
ordinary that  has  ever  been  voluntarily  selected  for  the  foun- 
dation cf  a  Ciipital.  and  yet  owing  mainly  to  the  genius  and 
perseverance  which  have  been  di.splayed  in  overcoming 
natural  disadvantages,  St.  Petersburg  has.  within  a  com- 
paratively .short  period,  acquired  a  magnitude  and  splendor 
which  justly  entitle  it  to  rank  among  the  first  of  European 
cities.  The  Neva,  on  approaching  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  turns 
first  N.  and  then  W.,  after  which  it  divides  into  three  main 
branches ;  the  first  called  the  Great  Nevka.  proceeds  N. :  the 
next,  or  central  branch.  Hows  W.N.W.,  under  the  name  of 
the  Little  Neva ;  and  the  third,  forming  properly  a  continu.a- 
tiou  of  the  main  stream,  and  therefore  called  the  Great  Neva, 
flows  S.W.,  and  encloses  a  large  tract  or  peninsula  sur- 
lounded  by  water  on  thi-ee  sides,  and  contiguous  with  the 
mainland  only  on  the  S.  The  branches  form  a  number  of 
Inlands,  the  two  largest  of  which,  separated  from  the  penin- 
sula by  the  main  stream  and  Great  Nevka.  are  the  Aptekar- 
ckoi  or  .\pothecaries'  Island  on  the  N.,  and  the  Vasilienstrov 
cr  Ptsilius  Islsind  on  the  W.  In  the  N.W.,  subordinate 
»rt  .,  of  the  river  form  a  number  of  smaller  islands,  of  which 
le  more  important  are  the  Petroskoi-ostrov,  Kre?tov.skoi, 

amenoi-ostrov,  and  Elaghinskoi.  These  islands,  particu- 
-.  !y  the  two  largest,  with  a  small  portion  of  the  right  bank, 
aa  t'le  whole  of  the  peninsula  on  the  left  bank,  form  a 
r-^  .  .■  of  flats  which,  Uken  together,  have  nearlv  an  oval 
BMpe,  and  are  so  low  as  to  be  constantly  exposed  to  inucda- 
*.^r,  constitute  the  site  of  St.  Petersburg.  The  Neva,  though 
r.  •  r  u,  lively,  and  pellucid  8tre:»m.  Is  generally  shallow,  and 
at  Its  mouth  is  encumbered  by  a  bar  with  not  more  than  9 

lerro 


SAI 

feet  of  water,  so  that  the  large  vessels  which  are  built  at  the 
city  docks  can  only  be  transirorted  as  hulls,  to  be  fitted  out 
at  the  great  nav.al  station  of  Cronstadt.  The  city  is  defended 
by  a  deep  ditch  or  canal,  stretching  across  the  S.  part  of  the 
peninsula,  and  a  citadel,  situated  on  a  low  island,  near  its 
centre. 

The  larger  and  finer  portion  of  St.  Petersburg  being  built 
on  the  peninsula,  takes  the  name  of  the  Bolshaia  Storona, 
or  Great  Side;  all  the  rest  to  the  N..  on  the  islands  and 
right  bank,  is  designated  the  Petersburg  side.  The  com- 
munication between  the  former  and  the  latter  is  maintained 
only  by  one  stone  and  three  Ixiat  bridges,  but  the  deficiency 
is  supplied  by  numerous  ferry-V)ats  of  uncouth  shajw  and 
fantastic  coloring,  which  are  con.stantly  plying  to  and  fro. 
Owing  to  the  lowness  of  the  site,  though  the  loftier  pin- 
nacles and  domes  are  seen  at  a  considerable  distance,  the 
city,  whether  approached  by  land  or  water,  cannot  be  said 
to  become  distinctly  visible  before  it  is  actually  entered,  and 
hence  the  general  impression  produced  is  greatly  heigh  t<?ned 
by  a  feeling  of  surprise.  The  stranger  suddenly  finds  him- 
self between  noble  granite  quays,  bordtred  by  edifices  of 
almost  unrivalled  splendor,  or  in  spacious  streets  uf  appa- 
rently Interminable  length,  straight  as  an  arrow,  unbroken 
by  the  slightest  unevenness,  and  lined  with  lofty  buildings 
of  uniform  structure,  often  lavishly  adorned,  and,  in  color 
at  least,  resembling  marble.  The  impression,  however,  ia 
somewhat  weakened  by  a  closer  inspection,  the  greater  part 
of  the  houses  proving  to  be  only  of  wood  or  brick,  garnished 
with  plaster. 

As  it  is  impos.sible  to  obtain  a  complete  view  of  the  city 
from  without,  recoui-se  is  often  had  to  the  numerous  towers, 
on  which  watchmen  stand  sentinel  day  and  night  to  give 
the  alarm  of  fire ;  by  far  the  best  view  may  lie  obtiiined  fmrn 
the  tower  of  the  Admiralty,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the 
city,  on  the  N.W.  part  of  the  peninsula  and  left  bank  of  the 
Great  Neva,  and  provided  with  galleries,  from  which  all  parts 
of  the  city  may  be  seen  in  succession  to  the  greatest  advan- 
tige.  Looking  S.  over  the  peninsula  from  this  commanding 
station,  three  canals,  the  Moika,  the  Catharina.  and  the  Fon- 
tanka.  may  be  traced,  stretching  circuitou.sly  from  E.  to  W., 
dividing  the  whole  space  into  three  quarters,  called  re.«pec- 
tively.  the  First.  Second,  and  Third  Admiralty  Sections.  Ra- 
diating immediately  from  the  b.ose  of  the  tower,  intersecting 
these  canals,  and  spanning  them  by  handsome  granite 
bridges,  are  the  three  principal  streets,  the  Nevskoi  Pros- 
pekt  or  Neva  Perspective,  on  the  right,  the  Gorokhovaia 
Oolitsa  or  Pea  street,  in  the  centre,  and  Vosuosenskoi  Pros- 
pekt  or  Resurrection  Perspective,  on  the  right.  The  eye 
wanders  along  these  avenues  throughout  their  whole  ex- 
tent without  obstruction.  They  are  all  of  great  length, 
width,  and  beauty ;  but  the  finest  every  way.  and  the  great- 
est thoroughfare  of  the  city,  is  the  Nevskoi  Prospekt.  which 
is  2  miles  long.  150  feet  wide,  having  a  double  carriage-way, 
with  foot-paths  paved  with  gi-anit«j,  or  avenues  shaded  with 
lime-trees. 

Beyond  the  Fontanka  Canal,  both  on  the  S.  and  E.,  and 
bounded  in  the  former  direction  by  the  city  fosse,  and  on 
the  latter  by  the  main  stream  of  the  Neva,  is  a  large  space, 
almost  entirely  covered  with  buildings,  and  forming,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  three  Admiralty  sections  already  mentioned, 
the  Narva.  Karetznoi,  Kojestvenskoi.  .ind  Foundry  quarters 
Consideraljly  to  the  E..  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  maj 
be  seen  the  large  villages  of  Great  and  Little  Okhta.  Turn 
ing  now  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  town,  and  Kx)king  N.j 
the  busy  scene  presented  by  the  river  immediately  below 
first  attracts  the  eye,  which  then  wanders  along  the  splendid 
qu."»y  that  lines  the  S.  side  of  the  Vasilieo.strov,  and  is  bor- 
dered by  a  succession  of  noble  edifices.  The  buildings  of 
this  island  are  chiefly  confined  to  its  S.  and  E.  portions;  the 
W.  and  N.W.,  forming  the  far  larger  part  of  the  whole,  is 
covered  with  trees  or  under  gai-den  cultivation.  On  the 
N.E.  the  most  conspicuous  object  is  the  citadel,  situated 
chiefly  on  the  small  island  of  Petersburg,  but  also  possessing 
an  extensive  outwork  on  the  island  of  Aptekarskoi.  from 
which  it  is  only  separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  N.  of  this 
outwork  commences  the  Petersburg  quarter  of  the  city.  It 
is  much  less  compactly  built  than  the  Admiralty  sections, 
the  buildings  gradually  becoming  more  isolated,  and  giving 
place  to  extensive  parks  and  gardens.  The  same  remark  is 
still  more  applicable  to  the  islands  on  the  N.W..  which  are 
chiefly  occupied  by  places  of  amusement,  public  gardens, 
villas,  and  country  seats.  On  the  X.E.,  beyond  thf  Nevka, 
and  on  the  right  "bank  of  the  river,  is  the  Vil)org  quarter, 
which  has  already  acquired  considerable  extent,  and  is 
rapidly  advancing  in  importance.  Some  years  ago  the  city 
was  said  to  have  156  bridges,  of  which  12  were  of  cast-iren, 
31  of  granite,  and  several  suspension  bridges.  The  o  a^rc  ss 
the  Neva,  and  its  principal  branches,  are  erected  on  boats, 
and  annually  removed  l)efore  the  river  is  frozen,  wliich  is 
the  case  during  five  months  of  the  year. 

Cliiirchei: — Few  dties  surpass  St.  Petersburg  in  the 
splendor  of  its  public  bui!d)ug.s.  Of  the  ecclesiastical  edi- 
fices, the  first  in  rank  is  the  metropolitan  church,  oi  cathe- 
dral of  our  Lady  of  Kazan,  in  the  Nevskoi  Prospekt.  It  is 
in  the  form  of  a  Greek  crose^  -•  Jd  has  ii-  front  a  large  ecu- 


SAI 


SAI 


aive  portico  of  Corinthian  columns,  from  the  centre  of  which 
rises  a  tower,  surmounted  by  a  tiorjteous  dome.  In  the  in- 
terior, 60  gijrantic  monolitlis  support  the  roof,  and  in  niches 
Blonfr  the  sides  are  colossal  sUitues  of  the  Giand  Duke 
Vladimeer,  Alexander  Nevesky,  St.  John,  and  St.  Andrew. 
The  Isaac  Church,  finely  situated  a  little  S.W.  of  the  Admi- 
ralty, in  one  of  the  largest  open  spaces  of  the  capital,  is  much 
admired  for  its  simple  but  lofty  style  of  architecture,  its 
grand  proportions,  and  noble  porticoes.  The  mere  founda- 
tion of  it.  formed  of  piles  sunk  in  swampy  ground,  is  said 
to  have  ci^st  $1,000,000.  and  the  entire  structure,  $20,000,000. 
It  is  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross,  and  has  four  jj;rand  en- 
trances, each  approaclied  by  three  broad  flifrhts  of  steps,  and 
each  whole  tli)j;ht  composed  of  an  entire  piece  of  granite. 
Eacli  entrance  has  a  superb  peristyle,  with  round  monoliths 
of  polished  granite,  60  feet  in  heiglit  and  7  feet  in  diameter, 
supportiiw  an  enormous  frieze,  above  which,  to  twice  the 
heijiht  of  the  peristyles,  rises  the  chief  and  central  cupola, 
glistening  with  gold,  gilt  on  copper,  and  supported  by  30 
granite  colunitis.  The  Smolnoi  Church,  .situated  in  the  N.K. 
of  the  peninsula,  and  originally  belonging  to  a  convent, 
which  still  forms  a  vast  pile,  is  built  of  white  marble,  and 
surmounted  by  five  blue  domes  spangled  with  golden  stars. 
The  Preobrazliensky  Church,  orSpass  Preobrajenskoi  Sabor, 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  city,  belongs  to  one  of  the  oldest 
regiments  of  the  guards,  and  is  overloaded  both  without 
and  within  with  military  trophies.  The  railing  around  the 
churchyard  is  formed  of  300  French  and  Turkish  cannon, 
mounted  in  threes  on  granite  pedestals,  while  every  niche 
and  recess  of  the  interior  is  filk-d  with  captured  colors  and 
halberts.  p.>»shas'  horse-tails,  ice.  The  chhrch  of  St.  I'eter 
and  St.  I'aul.  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  citadel,  is  ren- 
dered conspicuous  by  its  lofty  and  elegant  gilded  spire,  but 
the  building  itself  has  a  dingy  and  wretched  appearance, 
and  an  interior,  which  from  the  number  of  the  keys  of  for- 
tresses, captured  eagles,  pashas'  horse-tails,  and  batons  of 
office,  looks  more  like  an  arsenal  than  a  churcli.  The  chief 
object  of  interest  is  the  imperial  vault,  where  the  remains 
of  I'eter  the  Great  and  of  all  his  success<jrs  repose. 

There  are  numerous  other  Russian  churches  deserving 
of  notice.  The  church  of  the  English  la<-tory,  situated  W. 
of  the  Admiralty,  is  a  splendid  building,  richly  tilted  up 
and  st-ated  lor  1200  persons.  The  Dutch  church  is  remark- 
able for  its  ample  revenues,  derived  from  grants  of  land 
made  to  it  by  I'eter  the  Great,  and  afterwards  built  upon. 
Of  the  several  churches  possijssed  by  Komau  Catholics,  the 
principal  one.  situated  in  the  Xevskoi,  is  an  elegant  stru<^ 
ture,  with  a  Corinthian  colonnade  and  a  finely-proportioned 
dome.  In  connection  with  the  churches  may  be  mentioned 
the  monastt^y  of  St.  Alexander  Nevskoi.  the  only  one  in  St. 
Petersburg;  it  is  among  the  most  celebrated  in  Kussia. 
ranking  next  after  that  of  the  Trinity  in  Moscow,  and  of 
the  Cave  in  Kiev.  It  was  founded  by  I'eter  the  Great,  and 
contains  within  its  walls  churches,  towei-s,  monks'  cells, 
and  gardens.  The  great  attraction  here  to  the  Russians  is 
the  monument  containing  the  remains  of  the  saint,  a  ca- 
nonized grand  duke.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid  15  feet 
high,  of  solid  silver,  and  with  the  ornaments  around  it.  also 
of  silver,  is  said  to  weigh  5oOO  pounds.  The  principal  church 
or  cathedral,  built  by  the  Empress  Catherine,  is  of  large 
dimensions,  and  surmounted  by  several  domes.  The  in- 
terior is  richly  decorated  with  Italian  marble, and  the  orna- 
ments and  treasuresareof  vast  value.  The  long  red  cloisters 
which  cluster  round  the  church  have  a  dreary  look,  and 
are  occupied  by  between  50  and  60  monks,  who  superin- 
tend a  classical  school,  at  which  the  average  attendance  is 
about  1000. 

Palaces. — These  are  alike  numerous  and  remarkable  for 
their  colossal  dimensions.  The  Winter  Palace,  while  the 
emperor  resides  in  it.  is  said  to  be  inhabited  by  6000  per- 
sons. It  is  situated  immediattily  E.  of  the  Admiralty,  with 
a  front  to  the  Neva  of  more  than  700  feet,  and  is  in  the  form 
of  a  vast  square,  the  angles  of  which  neaily  correspond  to 
the  four  cardinal  points.  It  is  tlie  largest  palace  in  the 
world,  being  one-third  larger  than  that  of  the  Emperor  of 
Austria,  and  is  not  surpassed  in  point  of  splendor,  it  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  one  destroyed  by  fire  in  1837;  not  the 
least  remarkable  fact  connected  with  it  is,  that  its  present 
form  was  the  work  of  two  short  years.  The  interior  is  f;or- 
geous  in  the  extreme,  consisting  of  suites  of  splendid  halls, 
filled  with  marbles,  malachites,  precious  stones.  va.<es.  and 
pictures.  To  the  E.  of  the  Winter  Palace,  and  connected 
with  it  by  several  covered  galleries,  is  the  Hermitage,  built 
by  the  Empress  Catherine,  (in  a  spirit  similar  to  that  which 
prompted  t'redei-ick  the  Great  to  erect  his  Sans  Souci.)  as  a 
place  where  she  might  lay  ar^ide  the  cares  and  forms  of  state. 
Its  principal  facade  foces  the  Neva,  but  possesses  little  archi- 
tectural merit.  It  is  loaded,  however,  witli  works  of  art 
&nd  virtu,  and  has  a  very  valuable  picture-gallery.  The 
Mnrhle  Palace,  not  very  appropriately  so  called,  since  far 
less  marble  than  granite  and  iron  has  been  used  in  its  con- 
struction, is  situated  considerably  E.  of  the  llermifcige,  near 
the  Troitskoi  bridge;  it  h.t5  a  dark,  gloomy  look,  and  its 
Tails  are  of  such  massive  Mocks  as  to  suggest  the  idea  of  a 
fortress  rather  than  a  palace.    About  1  mile  fiirther  E.,  on 


the  banks  of  the  Neva,  stands  the  Taurida  Palace,  a  long,  lo'v 
building,  remarkable  only  for  a  ball-room  of  the  extraordi- 
nai-y  dimensions  of  320  feet  by  70,  ana  requiring  20.of,(;  wnx- 
candles  to  light  up  it  completely.  The  AnnitchkofT  I'aiaca, 
on  tile  Great  Prospekt,  near  the  Fontanka  Canal,  closes  the 
brilliant  range  of  buildings  of  which  that  street  is  com- 
posed. Though  h.andsomely  built,  and  now  the  favorite 
residence  of  the  imperial  family,  and  the  place  where  the 
emperor  receives  ambassadors  and  holds  the  greater  num- 
ber of  his  councils,  it  does  not  possess  much  interest.  The 
New  Michaeloll  Palace,  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
MIchaeloff  I'alace,  or  rather  castle,  built  by  the  Emperor 
Paul,  is  the  residence  of  the  emperor's  brother,  and  is  also 
occupied  by  the  school  of  engineers.  It  is  thought  to  be 
the  most  elegant  building  in  St.  Petersburg;  and  attached 
to  it  are  fine  ranges  of  offices,  in  one  of  which  is  kept  a 
celebrated  riding-school,  the  youth  of  which  often  perform 
fetes  and  tournaments  in  the  presence  of  tlie  Court. 

GitrernniKut  BuMhigt. — The  Admiralty,  to  which,  as  fur- 
nishing the  best  station  for  obtaining  a  full  view  of  the  city, 
reference  has  already  been  made,  is  an  immense  brii'k  build- 
ing, surmounted  by  a  slender  tower  with  a  gilt  cupola,  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  side  of  the  square  of  fame  name.  The  main 
part  of  the  structure,  from  tlie  centre  of  which  rises  the 
tower,  has  its  N.  side  parallel  to  the  river,  but  its  principal 
fa9.ade  on  the  S.  faces  the  scjuare.  The  length  of  tliis  fa9ade 
is  nearly  i  a  mile ;  and  at  right  angles  to  it  are  two  sides, 
stretching  from  its  extremities  N.  towards  the  river;  the  i;. 
side  fronting  the  Winter  Palace,  and  the  W.  the  Isaac  Square 
and  Senate-liouse.  each  650  feet  in  length.  A  large  j)ortion 
of  the  Admiralty  is  occupied  as  school-rooms  for  naval  ca- 
dets. Immediately  below  it,  on  the  X.,  lining  the  Kussian 
quay,  are  the  extensive  dockyards;  and  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  a  number  of  important  pul)lic  buildings ;  among 
others,  the  Holy  Synod,  where  all  the  higher  concerns  of  the 
church  are  regulated:  the  Hotel  del'Etat  .Major,  or  head  de- 
partment of  the  army,  adorned  with  a  triumphal  chariot ; 
and  the  War-otfice,  conspicuous  by  its  profusion  of  giuantic 
columns.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Great  Neva,  stands 
the  Exchange;  and  W.,  fronting  it,  from  the  Little  Neva,  the 
Custom-house ;  both  large  and  imposing  structures.  Imme- 
diately adj<iining  are  two  high  and  slender  towers,  adorned 
like  the  Columnaj  KostrataD  of  ancient  Home,  and  from 
whidi  the  approach  of  shipping  may  be  ob.served.  The  cita- 
del, witli  its  bastions  and  bristling  embrasures,  mounted 
with  100  cannon,  and  defended  by  a  garrison  of  3000  men, 
forms  a  very  conspicuous  object.  Besides  the  church  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul,  already  described,  it  contains  within  its 
enclosure  the  Mint;  and  in  its  vicinity  presents  an  object 
of  great  interest  in  the  wooden  cottage  of  I'eter  the  Great, 
consisting  of  three  small  apartments,  one  of  them  his  chapel, 
containing,  among  other  relics  of  that  extraordinary  man, 
the  little  boat  which  he  constructed,  and  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  the  germ  of  the  powerful  navy  which  he  after- 
warus  formed.  Among  the  many  other  government  edifices, 
to  which  a  general  reference  mu.st  suffice,  the  arsenals  and 
ranges  of  barracks  are  particularly  deserving  of  notice. 

Public  Mmiumentx. — Two  tjf  these  are  particularly  deserv- 
ing of  notice.  The  one  is  the  equestrian  statue  of  Pcler  the 
Great,  by  Ealconet;  and  the  other,  the  column  by  Montfei^ 
rand,  erected  in  honor  of  the  Emperor  Alexander.  The 
statue,  situated  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Isaac  Bridge, 
Cicing  the  Nev.a.  represents  the  emperor  with  head  unco- 
vered, and  encircled  Viy  laurel,  in  the  act  of  mounting  a  pre- 
cipice, one  hand  holding  the  reins,  while  the  other  is  calmly 
outstretched  as  in  the  act  of  benediction.  The  comjKisure 
of  the  Czar  contrasts  finely  witli  the  fiery  impetuosity  of  the 
horse,  which  stands  on  its  hind  legs  springing  forward, 
while  a  .serpent  lies  trodden  beneath  its  feet.  The  pedestal, 
a  granite  block,  originally  45  feet  long,  30  feet  high,  and  25 
feet  wide,  was  unfortunately  broken  in  the  cutting,  and  so 
much  diminished,  that  it  now  forms  two  jointed  Mocks,  35 
feet  long.  20  feet  broad,  and  only  14  feet  high.  The  height 
of  the  emperor's  figure  is  11  feet,  and  that  of  the  horse  17 
feet.  The  brevity  and  simplicity  of  the  inscription  in  Kus- 
sian  and  Ijitin  harmonizes  with  the  .spirit  of  the  statue — "  Pe- 
tramu  Pervomu,  Catheriiia  Vtovaya" — Petro  Prime,  Cathe- 
rina  Secund.a.  mdccixxxii.  The  Alexander  column  stands 
in  the  open  space  between  the  Etat  JIajor  and  the  Winter 
Palace,  and  is  the  greatest  monolith  of  modern  times.  It 
consists  of  a  single  shaft  of  red  granite,  upwards  of  80  feet 
high,  and  computed  to  weigh  nearly  400  tons,  placed  on  a 
pedestal  composed  of  an  enormous  block  of  the  same  red 
granite,  about  25  feet  each  way,  and  surmounted  by  a  capi- 
tal formed  of  Turkish  cannon,  above  which  the  statue  of  an 
angel  14  feet  high,  and  of  a  cross  7  feet  high,  are  placed.  The 
height  of  the  whole  is  150  feet.  A  fine  statue  of  Snwar- 
row  adorns  the  Field  of  Mars,  which  will  admit  of  from 
40,0"0  to  50.000  men  being  reviewed  in  it. 

Etluciitiiniid  iMtitiitifms. — At  the  head  of  these  stands  the 
University,  founded  in  1819.  and  having  in  1846,  69  profe* 
sors  and  700  students.  The  Chirurgical  Medical  Academy, 
founded  by  Peter  the  Great,  receives  about  500  pupils,  and 
enjoys  a  high  reputation.  Military  education,  in  all  its 
branches,  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  first  interests  of  the 

1671 


SAI 

Bate,  '«nd  I.irms  a  conspicuous  feature  in  the  academical 
system  of  Russia.  It  is  provided  for  liberally  in  the  nume- 
rous institutions  in  the  capital.  The  Mining  School,  with 
an  admirable  mineralojriral  collection,  is  one  of  the  most  re- 
marliable  establishments  in  the  city ;  it  occupies  a  grand 
and  imposing  structure,  so  situated  as  to  form  a  very  con- 
spicuous object  from  the  sea,  and  maintains  abore  300 
pupils,  who,  after  remaining  eight  years,  and  receiving  a 
liberal  education,  are  sent  to  superintend  the  goTernment 
mines,  or  placed  in  the  mint.  The  Academy  of  Fine  Arts 
has  a  facade,  fronting  the  Neva.  400  feet  long  and  70  feet 
high,  adorned  with  columns  and  pilasters,  and  .surmounted 
by  a  central  cupola,  on  which  sits  a  colossal  statue  of  51  i- 
nerva.  This  academy,  as  already  mentioned,  is  partly  ap- 
propriated as  a  picture-gallery,  but  also  occupied  as  a  school 
of  art,  in  which  300  pupils  are  maintained  and  educated. 
In  addition  to  these,  it  furnishes  residences  to  the  pro- 
fessors, academicians,  and  other  artists,  so  that  the  whole 
number  of  persons  accommodated  under  its  roof  is  estimated 
at  not  less  than  lOSO.  The  other  principal  schools  are  the 
TechnoIogic.ll  In.stitute,  in  which  215  pupils,  sons  of  re- 
spectable tradesmen,  receive  a  general  education,  and  special 
instructioB  in  thevarious  mechanical  arts,  cotton-spinning, 
weaving,  carpentry.  Ac;  the  Central  Pedagogical  Institute 
or  normal  school:  two  gymnasia;  the  Female  Institute  of 
Smolnoi,  where  500  young  ladies  are  carefully  and  gratu- 
itously educated;  the  Ecclesiastical  Academy ;  the  principal 
Protestant  school,  the  agricultural,  commercial,  veterinary, 
jind  various  other  schools. 

Libmi-us. — The  Imperial  Library  occupies  a  large  build- 
ing near  the  Kazan  Church,  in  one  of  the  finest  squares  of 
the  city,  facing  the  Nevskoi  Prospekt.  It  contains  420,000 
printed  volumes,  and  about  15.000  manuscripts.  It  has  de- 
rived the  greater  part  of  its  treasures  from  the  spoils  of  Po- 
land. The  Oriental  manuscripts  are  particularly  valuable 
and  extensive.  The  other  libraries  entitled  to  particular 
notice  are  those  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  100.000  volumes ; 
of  the  Hermitage,  120,000  volume.s,  of  which  10,000  are  in 
Russian ;  and  of  the  Alexander  Nevskoi  Monastery,  which, 
though  very  limited  in  extent,  (only  10.000  volumes,)  has 
oollections  of  manuscripts  of  very  great  value, 

Muxeunis. — The  principal  museums  are  those  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences,  occupying  a  large  portion  of  the  magnifi- 
cent buildings  of  that  celebrated  body,  situated  in  the  island 
of  Vasilieostrov,  on  the  banks  of  the  Great  Neva,  opposite 
to  the  Admiralty,  and  including  an  Asiatic  museum,  rich 
in  all  kinds  of  curiosities  relating  to  the  Kast;  an  Kgj'ptian 
museum,  with  a  few  fine  specimens  of  papyrus,  but  not 
otherwise  interesting;  an  ethnographic  museum,  enriched 
by  the  collections  of  various  Russian  travellers  and  naviga- 
tors, and  a  general  collection  of  coins  and  medals,  in  which 
the  Russian  series  is  very  valuable  and  complete;  a  good 
mineralogical,  and  a  remarkably  fine  botanical  collection  ;  a 
museum  of  natural  history,  containing  an  admirable  collec- 
tion of  birds,  exquisitely  stuffed  and  well  arranged;  and, 
among  the  larger  fossil  animals,  of  which  Siberia  furnishes 
numerous  specimens,  a  mammoth,  perfect,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  of  the  hind  feet.  16  feet  long,  exclusive  of  the 
tusks,  and  at  least  2  feet  higher  than  the  elephant.  The 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  also  situated  in  the  Va.silieostrov,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Great  Neva,  has  a  portion  of  its  magnificent 
apartments  occupied  as  a  picture-gallery;  but  is  better 
known  as  an  artistical  school.  A  much  more  extensive  and 
celebrated  gallery  is  that  of  the  Hermitage  Palace,  which 
occupies  41  rooms,  and  cx)ntjiins  splendid  specimens  of  al- 
most all  the  great  masters.  Two  separate  rooms  are  filled 
with  an  extraordinary  collection  of  jewels,  cameos,  medals, 
snuff-boxes,  ivory  carvings,  Ac. ;  and  in  the  rooms  more  e.s- 
pecially  appropriated  to  pictures  may  be  seen  exquisite  spe- 
cimens of  malachite,  and  violet  jasper,  in  the  form  of  vases, 
candelabras,  &c.  The  other  more  Important  collections  are 
the  Romanoff  Museum,  containing  a  large  collection  of 
minerals,  models,  and  antiquities;  and  the  museum  at- 
tached to  the  Mining  School,  possessing  a  large  collection 
of  fossil  conchology,  models  of  mines,  mining  instruments, 
&c.,  but  distineuished  particularly  by  its  mineralogical  trea- 
(ures.  unequalled  iu  Russia,  and  thought  not  to  be  sur- 
passed in  the  world. 

Sr>cieties.— The  only  one  of  these  which  can  be  said  to 
have  acquired  a  Europe.an  reputation  is  the  Imperiiil  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences,  which  has  long  been  distinguished  foi  the 
valual)le  papers  published  in  its  Tmnmicli'm^.'^lost  of  them, 
however,  are  not  the  production  of  native  talent,  but  of  such 
celebrated  foreigners  as  the  government  has  had  the  wisdom 
to  attract  by  the  liberality  of  its  patronaire.  Numerous  other 
»ocl(!ties  of  repute  exist,  under  names  of  Russian  imperial, 
medicHl,  pharmaceutical,  mineralogical,  geographical,  eco- 
nomical, agricultural,  educational,  military,  philanthropic, 
and  artistical, 

Hnrpitalf.  rfc.— Of  these,  hy  far  the  richest  and  most  splen- 
did is  the  Vospitatelnoi  Dom,  or  foundling-hospital.  It  is 
rttuated  close  to  the  Font anka  Canal,  in  the  best  part  of  the 
town,  has  the  air  of  a  palace,  and,  with  its  courts,  gardens, 
and  dependencies,  covers  a  space  of  28  acres.  It  was  founded 
If  Oitherine  II,  The  number  of  children  received  at  first 
1672 


SAI 

did  not  exceed  300,  hut  has  increased  so  rapidly  that  the 
number  of  annual  admissions  is  now  ttl)ove  7000,  and  the 
number  of  children,  of  all  ages,  under  the  charge  of  the  in- 
stitution, exceeds  i25.00O,  The  only  question  asked  of 
those  who  bring  them  is.  Has  the  child  been  baptized  ?  The 
largest  ordinary  civil  hospital  of  St.  Petersburg  is  theObon- 
koff.  situated  on  the  Fontanka  Canal;  it  receives  all  appli- 
cants, but  makes  a  small  charge  on  those  able  to  pay.  The 
military  hospital  is  capable  of  containing  2000  patients. 
A'arious  other  hospitals  are  found  in  different  quai'ters  of 
the  town. 

Theatres,  and  Places  of  Amusement. — In  addition  to  the 
theatre  of  the  Hermitage,  there  are  three  of  large  dimensions 
— the  Bolsho  or  Great  Theatre,  the  Alexander  Theatre,  and 
the  French  Theatre.  These  three,  as  well  as  all  similar  es- 
tablishments, are  under  the  immediate  management,  and 
kept  up  at  the  sole  expense  of  the  government.  The  pas- 
sion of  the  Russians  for  scenic  amusement  is  strong,  and 
hence  the  attendance  is  usually  full.  Besides  the  above, 
there  is  a  l.irge  wooden  theatre  in  the  island  of  Kamnienoi, 
open  only  in  summer.  On  the  same  island,  and  some  other 
smaller  ones  adjacent,  there  are,  besides  the  numerous  vil- 
las to  which  the  greater  part  of  the  families  who  can  afford 
it  retire  to  spend  the  summer,  public  gardens,  with  coffee- 
houses and  taverns,  swinging  poles,  Russian  mountains, 
and  other  national  amusements,  which,  on  holidays,  attract 
crowds  of  citizens,  and  afford  the  best  opportunities  of  see- 
ing R  ussian  life  in  many  of  its  most  characteristic  forms,  and 
without  disguise.  In  other  quarters,  however,  and  neai-er 
the  city,  or  within  it.  the  more  noisy  and  frivolous  amuse- 
ments are  excluded,  and  the  gardens  are  laid  out  so  as  to 
furnish  admirable  promenades,  or  even  serve  a  hii;her  pur- 
pose. Of  the  latter  description  is  the  adrairaMe  lx)tanio 
garden  of  the  Aptekarskoi  Island,  which  is  open  to  the  pub- 
lic on  holidays,  and  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  sights  of 
the  capital ;  but,  as  a  mere  promenade,  the  Summer  Gar- 
dens take  precedence  of  all  others.  They  are  situated  close 
to  the  Troitskoi  Bridge,  and  though  not  very  extensive,  be- 
ing only  i  mile  long  by  i  mile  broad,  they  form  the  great 
lounge  of  the  population.  Among  the  festivities  which  take 
place  here  the  most  extraordinary  is  that  of  Whit-Monday, 
when  a  fair,  which  both  bears  the  njime  and  has  the  re.ality  of 
a  w\fe-mnrhe,l  or  l/ride-shmu.  is  held  :  tlie  sons  and  daughters 
of  the  tradesmen  as.sembling  in  their  best  attire  to  fix  their 
partners  for  life.  The  affair  is  thus  described  by  an  eye- 
witness:— The  marriageable  girls,  decked  witli  Oriental  pro- 
fusion of  ornament,  are  ranged  along  the  alleys  of  the  gar- 
den, with  some  members  of  their  respective  families  and  the 
svakhi  or  match-makers  behind  them.  The  men.  passing 
along,  are  at  liberty  to  enter  into  conversation  with  any  of 
the  girls,  and  the  acquaintance  thus  commenced  often  ter- 
minates in  marriage. 

Bazaars  and  Mirlets. — These  derive  particular  interest 
from  the  insight  which  they  give  into  the  Russian  mode  of 
doing  business.  The  principal  one,  to  be  found  in  almost 
all  Russian  towns  of  importance,  takes  the  name  of  Gostln- 
nol  Dvor,  or  Merchants'  Inn.  That  of  St.  Petersburg  hag 
one  of  its  four  sides  in  the  Nevskoi  Prospekt.  and  is  of  irre- 
gular form,  the  longest  being  1200  feet,  and  the  shortest  cot 
more  than  3.50  feet.  A  colonnade,  of  the  height  of  the  first 
story,  goes  round  the  building,  and  has  a  flat  roof;  from 
which,  as  a  pavement,  access  is  obtained  to  the  magazines 
alx)ve.  The  court  within  is  intersected  by  lanes  and  alleys, 
and  portioned  off  into  many  hundred  compartments.  In 
which  every  variety  of  merchandise  is  displayed.  Each  .sepa- 
rate quarter  has  its  particular  class  of  goods,  and  hence, 
according  to  its  class,  tjikes  the  name  of  Iron  Row.  or  Pel- 
try Row.  or  Book  Row,  &c.  It  has  been  estimated  that  in 
the  Gostinnoi  Dvor,  and  dependent  buildings,  the  number 
of  dealers  cannot  be  much  less  than  10.000.  The  most  of 
them  are  men  in  blue  caftatis  and  blue  caps,  with  flaxen 
hair  and  brown  beards.  There  are  two  other  principal  ba- 
zaars, called  the  Apraxln  Rinok  and  the  Tchakin  Dvor, 
containing  about  5000  booth.s,  tents,  and  stalls ;  but  thoush, 
in  some  respects,  even  more  characteristic  than  the  Gostin- 
noi Dvor.  they  resemble  it  so  much,  in  arrangement  and 
general  features,  as  make  a  separate  description  unneces- 
sary. One  of  its  most  characteristic  features  is  the  winter 
market,  in  which  are  seen  enormous  pyramids  composed  of 
the  carcasses  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  hog's,  fish,  fowls,  eggs,  and 
butter,  frozen  into  solid  masses. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  of  St.  Petersburg  are 
more  extensive  than  tho.se  of  any  other  town  in  the  empire, 
and  from  the  protective  policy  pursued  by  the  government, 
are  rapidly  incre.asing.  Some  of  the  most  important  esta- 
blishments belong  to  government,  and  are  carried  on  not  so 
much  for  the  profits  which  they  yield  as  for  the  purpose 
of  furnishing  model  establishments  by  whi'.h  all  other 
parts  of  the  empire  may  be  instructed.  One  of  the  oldest 
and  most  splendid  of  the  government  factories  is  the  Spa- 
lernoi.  where  Gotielin  tapestry  and  carpets  are  made:  the 
latter  partly  for  sale,  but  the  fijrmer  only  for  the  fuinishing 
of  the  imperial  palaces,  or  for  presents.  Other  impr rtant 
government  factories,  celebrated  either  for  their  magnitude, 
or  the  excellence  of  the  articles  produced  iu  them,  are  tho«» 


SAI 


SAI 


(<)r  the  manufacture  of  plaj-iTi<);  cards,  employing  3000  hands : 
of  porcelain,  where  the  fine  vases  presented  by  the  emperor 
to  foreign  princes  are  made,  and  many  objects  of  (treat  value 
and  beauty  are  exposed  for  sale :  and  those  of  plate  and  cut- 
glass.  The  government  has  also  a  very  extensive  cotton- 
fiictory,  and  iron-foundry  chiefly  for  casting  cannon  and 
other  ordnance.  Several  of  these  establishments  are  rivalled 
by  those  of  private  individuals,  the  most  of  whom  are 
British.  According  to  an  official  report,  published  February 
29,  1849,  there  were  in  St.  Petersburg  9  cotton-spinning  com- 
panies, running  an  aggregate  of  343.0(10  spindles.  The  prin- 
cipal articles,  in  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  are 
woollen,  silk,  and  linen  tissues;  carriages,  leather,  and 
articles  in  le.ather;  paper:  mathematical  and  musical  in- 
struments: wax  and  s.til  cloth,  cordage,  soap,  tobacco,  ca- 
binet-work, jewelry,  watches,  and  various  articles  in  gold, 
silver,  mixed  metals,  and  bronze.  Ship-building  also  is 
carried  on  to  a  great  extent  for  the  navy  in  the  public  dock- 
yards, and  for  commercial  purposes  at  several  private  yards. 

Commerce. — Tn  1X49,  there  entered  the  port  of  St.  I'eters- 
burg  1571  vessels,  (aggregate  tonnage,  3'23,2.^2 ;)  and  there 
cleared,  153S.  (aggregate  tonnage,  3i.S,i921.)  Notwithstand- 
ing the  shallowness  of  the  river,  and  consequent  want  of  a 
good  harlx)r,  the  trade  of  St.  Petersburg  is  of  vast  extent. 
With  the  exception  of  tiiga.  there  is  no  other  port  by  which 
Kussia  is  .acces.silile  on  theW.:  while  tlie  system  of  inland 
navigation,  by  rivers  and  canals,  is  so  complete  and  exten- 
sive as  to  give  uninterrupted  communication  with  the  Ulack 
and  the  Caspian  Seas.  The  principal  exports  are  tallow, 
hemp,  and  flax;  metnls,  grain,  liempseed.  linseed,  timber, 
vegetable  oils,  hides,  leather,  furs,  skins,  potash,  tar,  bris- 
tles, canvas,  and  coarse  linen;  cordage,  wax,  caviar,  isin- 
glass. Ac.  The  imports  are  colonial  produce,  raw  cotton,  (in 
1S49,  423.107  cwt.,)  and  cott(m  yarn,  (in  1849.  (54.505  cwt. :) 
cotton  stuffs,  fine  iinen,  woollen,.and  silk  goods  ;  hardware, 
dyes.  lead,  tin,  coal,  wines.  Ac.  In  1842,  the  total  imports 
amounted  in  value  to  1^50.270,000,  and  the  exports  to 
$2H.810,000.  The  customs''  revenue  was  $14.1 50.000.  In  the 
s.ime  year,  1167  ships,  aggregate  burden  223,947  tons,  (of 
which  525.  burden  117,793  tons,  were  British,)  entered;  and 
1138  ships,  aggre'/ate  burden,  219,412  tons,  left  the  port. 

Hislori/. — St.  Petersburg  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great, 
In  ]7(W.  previous  to  which  its  site  contained  only  two  huts. 
It  is  therefore  entirely  modern,  and  has  nothing  so  remark- 
able in  its  history,  as  the  rapidity  witli  which,  in  spite  of 
natural  disadvantages,  it  has  advanced  to  its  present  pros- 
perity and  magnificence.  Instead  ofi>eing  situated  in  the  heart 
of  a  beautiful  and  fertile  district,  the  whole  country  around, 
where  is  neither  forest  or  swamp,  consists  chiefly  of  moor- 
land waste,  or  of  poor  arable  land,  from  which  the  utmost 
exertions  of  industry  fail  to  procure  grateful  returns;  while 
the  city  itself  is  so  low,  that  whenever  the  volume  of  the 
river  is  augmented  by  tlie  melting  of  the  snow  and  ice,  in- 
undation almost  invariably  lays  part  of  the  lower  streets 
under  water,  and  has  sometimes  risen  tn  such  a  height  as 
to  cause  fearful  calamities.  In  the  great  Inundation  of  1824, 
above  15.000  persons  are  said  to  have  perished.  Another 
great  evil  inseparable  from  this  swampy  alluvial  site,  is  the 
want  of  a  solid  foundation  for  the  buildings.  Water  is  found 
a  few  feet  below  the  surface,  and  continued  digging  never 
succeeds  in  getting  beyond  a  bed  of  mud.  The  conse<iuence 
is,  tliat  all  the  houses  must  be  built  on  piles,  and  an  enor- 
mous expense  incurred  before  they  begin  to  appear  above  the 
surface.  Peter  the  Great,  however,  was  not  the  man  to  be 
daunted  by  ordinary  difficulties.  Kven  in  his  reign.  St. 
Petersburg  not  only  received  the  name,  but  assumed  the 
appearance  of  a  great  capital.  Its  progress  was  not  very 
r.apid  under  his  immediate  successors,  who  were  disposed  to 
give  Moscow  the  preference;  but  his  later  descendants, 
counting  it  an  honor  to  follow  in  his  steps,  have  carried  on 
their  embellishments  on  a  scale  of  almost  unexampled  mag- 
nificence, placing  St.  Petersburg  foremost  among  the  oldest 
and  proudest  of  European  cities.    Pop.  in  1858.  520,131. 

SAINT  PFrrER'S  HARBOR,  an  inlet  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Prince  Edward  Island,  in  British  North  America. 

SAINT  PK'TER'S  (or  MINNESO/TA)  lUVER.  a  river  of 
Minnesota  Territory,  having  its  source  in  a  group  of  small 
lakes  in  about  45°  40'  N.  lat.,  and  97°  15'  W.  Ion.  It  flows 
In  a  general  E.S.E.  direction  till  it  receives  tbo  waters  of 
Blue  i:arth  Kiver,  in  about  44°  12'  N.  lat.,  and  94°  &  W. 
Ion.,  where  it  changes  its  course  to  N.N.K..  and  afterwards 
to  K.  and  N.E.,  falling  at  last  into  the  Mississippi  River  at 
Fort  SnelHng.  The  entire  length  is  estimated  at  about  450 
miles.  It  is  navigable  in  high  water  for  steamboats,  near 
60  miles  from  its  mouth. 

SAINT  PE'TER  TA'VY.  a  parish  of  Enarland.  co.  of  Devon. 

SAINT  PE'TROX,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

SAINT-PIIILBERT-DE-BOUAINE,  bJno  firbaip.'deh  boo^ 
ain',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  20  miles  N. 
ofPontivv.     Pop.  1880. 

SAINT-PHILBKRT-DE-GRAN'DLIEU.  sAn"  firbalR/  deh 
grftNoHe-uh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire-InfiS- 
rieure.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  In  1852,  3571. 

SAINT  PUILIP,  Texas.    See  San  Feupe. 


SAINT  PniLIP,  in  Spain  and  Spanish  Colonies.  Set 
San  Felu'e. 

SAINT  PHILIP,  in  Italy.    See  San  Faippo. 

SAINT  PHIl/IP,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Huntingdon.  15  miles  from  Montreal.    Pop.  150. 

SAINT  PHILIP'S  COLLEGE,  near  Detroit,  Michigan. 
See  TdliJ^  nf  Oillfffen.  Appendix. 

SAINT-I>IE.  P9N-0  pee.  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  ro. 
of  St.  Ilyacintbe.  40  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Montreal. 

SAINT  PIERRE.  sJno  pe-aiR/.  an  island  in  the  Lake  of 
Bienne,  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  and  celebrated  as  the 
residence  of  Rousseau  in  1766. 

SAINT  PIERRE,  s^x"  pe-aiR',  an  island  of  North  Ame- 
rica, off  the  S.  coast  of  Newfoundland.  The  surface  i-< 
rocky,  and  vegetation  scanty.  It  forms,  witli  the  Mi(jueloii 
Islands,  immediately  N.W.,  a  colony  belonging  to  Fran<!e. 
See  MicjUELON.     Pop.  1591. 

S.4INT  PIERRE,  stiV  pe-aiR',  the  capital  town  of  the  Is- 
land of  Martinique,  on  its  W.  coast.  12  miles  N.M'.  of  Port 
Royal.  Pop.  20.424.  It  is  the  largest  town  of  the  French 
West  Indies,  and  the  chief  entrepOt  of  those  islands.  It  is 
divided  into  two  quarters  by  a  rivulet,  over  which  are  som9 
handsome  bridges.  It  has  numerous  public  buildings  and 
schools,  a  handsome  theatre,  and  a  botanic  garden.  Its 
roadstead  is  df^fended  by  several  forts.  The  Empress  Jose- 
phine was  born  here  in  1763. 

SAINT  PIERRE.  sJn""  pe-aiR/,  an  Island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.  2t0  miles  N.E.  of  Madagasscar,  and  dependent  upof> 
the  British  colony  of  Mauritiu.s. 

SAINT  PIERRE,  a  small  town  on  the  S.E.  side  of  th» 
above  island,  of  which  it  is  the  capital. 

SAINT  PIERRE.  sAn"  pe  aiR',  a  town  of  the  Island  of 
Bourbon,  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  34  miles  S.  of  St.  Denis. 
Pop.  14.1.35. 

SAINT  PIERRE.  Guernsey.     See  St.  Peter-I.k-port. 

S.AINT-PIERRE-CAPELLE,  sAx<<  pe-aiR'  kA-pell'.  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Ilainaut,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Mons.    Pop.  2.'i75. 

SAINT-PI ERRE-D'ALLEVARD,  .sAn"  peaiR'  ddrigh-vall/, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isftre,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Gre- 
noble.    I'op.  in  18.52.  2027. 

SAINT-PI ERRE-DECORMEILLES, iAy<>  pe-aiR' d^h  koR^ 
niA'yA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure,  near  the  Ca- 
lonne.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Pont-.\udemer.     Pop.  1111. 

SAINT-PIEllBE-D'EGLISE.  s.\n«  pe-ain/  d.Vgleez',  a  toym 
of  Franco,  department  of  Manche,  9  miles  E.  of  Cherbourg. 
Pop.  In  1852.  24:W. 

SAINT-PIERRE-DE-MATLLE.  sS.\a  pe-ain' deh  mAh'yd- 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  on  the  Oartempe, 
arrondissement  of  .Montmorillon.     Pop.  2161. 

SAINT-PIEKRE-DE-PLESfiUEN.  sSn"  pe-aiR'  deh  pljs<- 
gftx".  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-el>Vilaine,  14  miles 
S.S.K.  of  St.  JIalo.     Pop.  2084. 

SAINT-PI ERRE-DE-QUILBIGXON.  sAxo  pe-air.'  deh  keeP- 
been'yAN"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Fiuist6re,  2 
miles"  W.  of  Brest.     Pop.  :V214. 

SAINT-I'IERRE-DES-f;GI,ISES.  sJn"  pe-aiR/  d;lz  i'gleez', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  arrondissement  of 
Montmorillon.     Pop.  1408. 

SAINT-PIERRE-DKS-LANDES.  sAn«  peaia'  <Xh  l3.vd.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  arrondLssement  of 
Laval.     Pop.  1900. 

SAINT-PIERRE-DE-TREVTSI,  sAn"  pe-aiR/  dk  trehVee^- 
zee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn,  18  miles  N.E.  of 
Castres.     Pop.  1580. 

SAINT- PIERRE-D'OLERON,  sAno  pe-aifi'  doMA'rAjf*',  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  on  the 
island  of  Oifiron,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  La  Kochelle,  having  a 
small  port.     Pop.  in  1852,  49.55. 

SAINT-PIERRE-D'ORLt^:ANS,  sSn"  pe-aiR'  doRM.i'AN"',  a 
post-village  and  parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Moritmorenel, 
on  the  Island  of  Orleans,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  4j  miles  from 
Quebec.     Pop.  1000. 

SAINT-PI  ERRE-DU-CIIAMP.  sAn«  pi>alR'  dii  shaxo.a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Haute- Loire.  14  miles  N.  of  Le  Puy. 
Pop.  1700. 

SAINT-PIERRE-DU-CHEMIN.  sSno  pe-aiR/dii  shph-mSNo', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  17  miles  N.N.E.  oi 
Fontenav.    Pop.lSOO. 

SAINT-PIERRE-EYNAC,  sAn"  pe-aiR/  A'nSk',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  7  miles  E.  of  Le  Puy. 
Pop.  1700. 

SAINT-PTERRE-LA-COUR,  sKv  pe-aiR'  Id  kooR,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  May- 
enne.    Pop.  1(1.50. 

SAINT-PIERRE-LEEUW.  sSn"  pe-ain/  U-oov',  a  village 
of  Belirium,  province  of  Brabant,  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  3(il4. 

SAINT-PIERRE-LE-MOUTIER,  sAn-o  pe-alR'leh  moo'te-.V, 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nievre.  on  tlie  railway  to 
Clermont.  1*  miles  N.W.  of  Moulins.     Pop.  in  1852.  2406. 

SAINT  PIERRE  LES  BEQCETS.  sJn°  pe-ain/  l.l  hX'kk',  a 
post-village  and  seigniory  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Lotblniftre, 
on  the  St.  Lawrence.  fiO  miles  S.W.  of  QueV#c.     Pop.  3000. 

SAINT-PIERRE-LfiS-CALAIS,  s^s«  pe-aiii/  U  kd^i',  a  town 

1673 


SAI 

of  FrtTJce,  department  of  Pas-de<!alai8,  and  a  guburt  of  Ca- 
lais, with  a  station  on  the  Railway  du  Xord.    Pop.  in  1852, 

SAINT-PIERRE-LOUVIKRES,  shy"  pe-.^in'  looVe-aiR',  a 
town  cf  France,  department  of  Seine-lntSrieure,  with  a 
Btation  on  the  Paris  Havre  and  Rouen  Railway,  21  miles 
g.S.E.  of  Kouen. 

SAINT  PIKKUE  RIVIERE  DU  SUD,  shy"  pe-ain/  ree've- 
aiR/  dU  slid,  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
L'lRlet.  41  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.    Pop.  1500. 

S.4INT-PIEKRE-SUR-DI  VES,  sSn"  pe-aiR/  siiB  deev.a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  on  the  Dives,  19  miles 
8^.  of  Caen.     Pop.  in  1852,  2u00. 

SAINT-i'OL,  six"  pol,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pa»-de-Calais.  on  the  Ternoisse,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Arras. 
Pop.  in  1852,  33S0.  It  has  two  ruined  castles,  a  communal 
college,  and  minenil  liaths. 

S.\INT-POL-DE-l£ON.  sSno  pol  dgh  1.V6S"',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Finist^re.  on  a  height  near  the  Eng- 
lish Channel.  10  miles  N.W.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  in  1852,  7059. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  with  remarkable  tombs,  a  church,  with 
•  steeple  nearly  400  feet  in  height,  a  town-hall,  and  an  epis- 
copal palace. 

SAINT  POLTEN.  pol'ten.  (Ger.  Simct  Pvltfn,  sdiikt  pol'- 
tfn,)  a  fortified  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Trasen.  36 
miles  W.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  58;iO.  It  has  a  cathedral,  an  epis- 
copal p.^lace.  diocesan  and  high  female  .seminaries,  a  theatre, 
several  hospitals,  and  mauulkctures  of  cotton  goods,  paper, 
glass,  and  earthenware. 

SAINT  POl/YCAKPE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co. 
of  Vaudreuil.  on  the  River  de  L'Islet,  54  miles  from  Mon- 
treal and  33  from  Cornwall.     Pop.  900. 

S.AINT-PONS.  sixo  pfiN",  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
H6niult,  56  miles  W.  of  Monfpellier.  Pop.  3780.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths  and  hosiery,  and  extensive 
stone  quarries  in  its  vicinity. 

SAINT-PORQUIEK.  sis"  poR^ke-A',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montiiuban. 
Pop.  1437. 

SAINT-POURC-ilN,  sAn"  poor'.sAn"',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Allier,  18  miles  S.  of  Moulins.  Pop.  in  1852, 
4938. 

SAINT-PRIVAT,  sJno  pree'vi/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Corr^ze,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tulle.    Pop.  1150. 

SAINT-PRIVAT-DALLIER,  sax"  pree'vl/  dilMe-i'.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  near  the  Allier, 
10  miles  AV.i^.W.  of  Le  Puv.     Pop.  1450. 

SAINT  PROS'PER,  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  ot  Port  Neuf,  7  J  miles  from  St.  Anue  de  la  Perarde.  Pop. 
about  200. 

S.ilNT-QUAY.  sSno  k.i,  a  maritime  village  of  FVance,  de- 
partment of  C6te!^n-Nord.  on  the  English  Channel,  11 
miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  in  1852.  2993. 

6AINT-QUENTIN.  sis"  k6.N"HLN«',  (anc.  Augris'ta  Vfro- 
fnavducJrum,.)  a  manufacturing  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aisne.  on  the  Somme.  on  the  Canal  of  St.  Quentin.  and  at 
the  terminus  of  the  railway  from  Creil,  24  miles  N.W.  of 
Laon.  Pop.  in  1S52,  24.324.  It  has  a  noble  cathedral, 
town-hall,  court-house,  hospitals,  public  library  of  14,000 
Tclumes.  chamlter  of  manufactures,  theatre,  and  concert- 
hall,  with  extensive  manuCictures  of  striped  and  spotted 
muslins,  lace,  cotton-yarn,  table  linens,  leather,  soap,  and 
sulphuric  acid.  The  Canal  of  St.  Quentin  is  58  miles  in 
length,  and  forma  a  communication  between  the  Oise,  the 
Somme.  and  the  Scheldt.  Here  the  French  were  defeated 
by  tbe  Spaniards.  August  10.  1557. 

SAINT-QUENTIN,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Qard,  near  D7.4s.     Pop.  1994. 

SAINT  QUl'VO.X,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr.  district 
of  Kyle,  on  the  river,  and  3  miles  N.E.  of  the  town  of  Ayr. 
It  stands  on  a  coal-field,  in  which  three  mines  are  wrought ; 
and  it  contains  the  villages  of  Whitlets,  Contat,  and  Wal- 
lace-town, the  suburbs  of  Ayr,  and  some  excellent  sandstone 
quarries. 

8AINT-RAMBERT.  sSs"  rftM^bain',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  liOire,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Montbrisnn,  on  the 
l/)lre,  and  near  a  station  on  the  railway  to  St  Etienne. 
Pop.  1466. 

SAINT-RAMBERT.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
capital  of  a  canton.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Bourg.    Pop.  12;J9. 

SAINT-RAl'UAEI-.  si.N"  rS'tii'Sl'.  a  maritime  village  of 
France,  depa rtment  of  Var,  1  \  miles  E.S.E.  jf  Frejus.  Pop.  958. 

SAINT  KA'PIIAELS.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
Of  Olengary.  20  miles  from  Cornwall. 

SAINT  HAY'MOND.  (Kr.  pron.  sis"  nVmisW,)  a  post-vil- 
Uge  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Port  Neuf,  40  miles 
W.  of  Quebec.     Pop.  1000. 

6A 1  NT  K  EOIS,  (ree^is.)  a  township  of  Canada  East,  on  the 
B.  Bide  of  the  St.  l^awrence,  and  the  state  of  .New  York  fi-on- 
Oer,  at  the  8.  extremity  of  Lake  St.  Francis,  63  miles  S.W.  of 
Uontnwl. 

SAINT  RMIIS  RIVER  rises  In  Franklin  CO.,  New  York. 
and  flowing  throuirh  St.  Lawn  nee  co.,  falls  into  the  St. 
Lawrence  Hlver  near  Its  intersection  with  the  boundary 
Una  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
1674 


SAI 

SAINT  REMI,  8  village  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Hunting- 
don. 24  miles  from  Montreal.     Pop.  about  275. 

SAINT-REMY,  As'  reh-mee'.  a  town  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Bouches<lu-Rh6ne,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Arhs.  Pop.  in 
1852,  6024.  It  Is  enclosed  by  ramparts,  now  formed  into 
boulevards.  Chief  industry,  woollen-weaving  and  silk-throw- 
Ing.  About  1  mile  distant  are  remains  of  the  ancient  CTo- 
num.  comprising  a  fine  Corinthian  monument  and  an  arch. 

S.ilNT-REMY.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-dij- 
Dome.  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Clermont-Ferrand.     Pop.  4030. 

SAINT-I'.EN.\N,  sis"  rfh-nis'^,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finist^re.  6  miles  N.W.  of  Brest.     Pop.  1027. 

S.\INT-RIOU.  s.\.N«  re-oo'.  an  islet  of  France,  in  Brittany, 
department  of  COtes-du-Nord.  S.E.  of  the  island  of  Brehat. 

SAINT-RIQUIER,  sS.s"  rec'ke-A',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Somme.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Abbeville.  Pop.  1500. 
In  the  Middle  Ages  it  had  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abl)ey. 

SAINT  KOCH-DE-L'ACHIUAN,  sAn«  rosh  deh  la'shee' 
gdN"^,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Leinster.  is  situated  in 
the  seigniory  of  .Achlsan,  36  miles  from  Montre.il. 

SAI  NT  UOCH  DKS  AULNETS.  sA.n=  rosh  dAz  O'uA',  a  post- 
village  and  parish  of  Canada  >^t,  co.  of  Llslet.  on  the  S. 
shore  of  tbe  St.  Lawrence.  60  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.  I'op.  3500. 

SA1NT-R0M.\IN,  sAn"  ro^m^No'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haute-Loire,  arrondissement  of  Yssengeaux. 
Pop.  1473. 

SAINT-ROM.\IN,  a  village  of  France,  depjnfment  of  Cha- 
rente,  arrondissement  of  Barbezieux.     Pop.  11;;9. 

S.AINT-ROMAIN,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seino- 
Inferieure.il  miles  E.N.E.  of  Havre.     Pop.  in  1K:>2. 1710. 

SAINT-ROMAIN-D&BENET,  sAs"  ro^mAN>-'  deh  b.Vn4',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Charente-lnftjrieure,  10 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Saintes.     Pop.  1582. 

SAINT-ROMAIN-DE-POPEY,  sA.\°  ro^mSx"'  deh  po'pA/,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Uhdue,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Ta- 
rare.     Pop.  1552. 

SAINT-ROMAIN-DURPHlf:,  sSn"  ro^m^N"'  diia'fA',  a  Til- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Loire,  15  miles  S.W.  of 
Roanne.    Pop.  1509. 

SAINT-ROMAIN-EN-JARRET,  sixo  ro^mSNo/  hy"  zhaR'- 
ri'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire.  12  miles  N  J;!, 
of  St.  Etienne.    Pop.  IICO. 

SAINT-ROM  AIN  VILLE.  s-Vn"  i-o'mJsoVeel'.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine,  near  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Paris,  4  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Denis,  with  a  fine  chateau  and 
park,  and  a  wood  greatly  resorted  to  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Paris. 

SAIXT-ROME-DE-TARN.  s.Ano  rom  deh  taBn.  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Aveyron,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Tarn.  25  miles  S.E.  of  Rodez.     Pop.  1171. 

SAINT-ROQUE.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Sax  Roque. 

S.MNT  ROSE,  (Fr.pron.  six"  roz.)  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East.  CO.  of  Terre-bonne.  on  the  Isle  Jesus.  16  miles  from 
Montreal.     Pop.  of  parish  2650. 

SAINT-SAENS,  six"  sdx",  a  market-town  of  France,  da 
partment  of  Seine-lnferieure.  on  the  Arques,  18  miles  ^'.N.K. 
of  Rouen.     Pop.  in  1852.  2716. 

SAINT  SALVADOR,  Brazil.    See  B.tmA. 

SAINT  SAMP'SON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  SAPIIORIN,  s.^x=  sd'foVAx<  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land,  canton  of  Vaud.  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  N.  caist  ol 
the  Lake  of  Geneva.  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lau.«anne.     Pop.  400. 

SAIXT-SATUR.  sAx"  sAHur',  a  village  of  Fi-auce,  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  1  mile  N.E.  of  Sancerre.     Pop.  luS5. 

SAINT-SATURNIN,  sS.NO  sA'tiiR'nAxc'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Cantal.  arrondissement  of  Murat.    Pop.  1257. 

SAINT-S.'VTURNIN.  a  village  of  Fiance,  department  of 
Cher.  21  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Amand.     Pop.  1288. 

SAINT-SATURNIN,  a  village  of  France,  department  ol 
Puy-de-D6nie.  7  miles  S.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  1279. 

SAINT-SATURNIN.  a  village  of  France,  department  ol 
Avevron,  20  miles  N.  of  Millau.     Pop.  1675. 

S.\INT-SATURNIN-DlvS£CIIAUD.  sAx<=  sd'tiiR'nA.V'  dgl 
sA'shy,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Chareute-Info 
rieure.  arrondi.ssement  of  Saintes.     Pop.  1480. 

SAINT-SATURMN-DU-BOIS.  sSx"  sd'tUK'nAN»'dii  bwi  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  arron 
dissiMUent  of  Rochefort.     Pop.  1116. 

SAINT-SATURNIN-LES-AVIGNON,  sAx"  si'tuR^uaXo'  lit 
iVeen\vAx<'/^  a  villajre  of  France,  department  of  Vauduse) 
arrondissement  of  .\vignon.     Pop.  in  1852.  2640. 

SAINT-SAUD.  .six'  s8.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne.  arrondissement  of  Nontron.     Pop.  in  1852.  2703. 

SAINT-SAUFLIEU.  six"  sofle-ch',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Somme,  arrondissement  of  Amien.s.     Pop.  1520. 

SAINT-SAULGE,  sAx"  solzh.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nidvre,  arrondissement,  and  IS  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Nevers.     Pop.  1260. 

SAINT-SAULGE,  a  village  of  France,  dep.artment  of 
Vienne.  3  miles  S.  of  Moutmorillon.    Pop.  lloO. 

SAINT-SAUVENT,  sA.\o  s<5'vfeo'.  a  village  of  France,  de 
partment  of  Vienne.  18  miles  S.W.  of  Poitiers.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2892. 

S.AINT-SAUVEUR.  six"  sOVur/.  a  Tillage  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ilautes-Pyrenees,  on  a  cliff  boside  the  Ga  -e-de- 


SAI 


SAI 


OaTarnip.  N.  of  Luz,  and  having  mineral  springs  of  nearly 
the  p.imi^  (luality  as  liarreges,  4  miles  N.E. 

SAINT-SAUVEUIl,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Yoniie,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  in  1852,  1I5.>5. 

SAIXT-SAUVEUR,  sl.\o  p5Vur/,  a  fillavte  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Hainaut.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Tournay. 

SAINX-SAUVEUK-LI':XDELIN,s;\N»soVun'l6N<:Mth-l.\N':'. 
a  villajio  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  6  miles  N.  of 
Coutiinces.     Top.  in  18r>2.  2001. 

SAINT-SAUVEUR-SUR-DOUVE,  sAxo  soVni?/  suR  doov, 
a  villHge  of  Franrw.  department  of  Manche,  8  miles  S.S.W, 
of  VaIosne.s.     Pop,  in  1862,  2818. 

SA [NT-SAVIN,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Giroiide,  10  miles  E,  of  Blaye.     Pop.  in  1852,  20:J4. 

SAINT-SAVIN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vionne, 
24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  1447. 

SAINT-S.WIN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isfire, 
with  a  villaje  8  miles  N.W.  of  Tour-du-l'in.     Pop.  2:!59. 

S.MNT-SAVIN,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilautes- 
Pyrenees,  2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ar-ieles,  with  remains  of  a  Uoman 
fortj  and  a  Henedictine  convent. 

SAINT-SAVINIEN,  sil.N°  sdVee^ne-Ax"',  a  marlcet-town  of 
France,  department  of  Charente-lnferieure,  on  the  risrht 
bank  of  the  Charente,  9  miles  N.  of  Saintes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
34.38. 

SAINT  SCIIOLASTTQUE,  sKs"  sko'ias'teek',  a  post-village 
Slid  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Two  Mountains,  36  miles 
W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  5<JO0 

SAINT  SKBASTIAN.  sgnt  se-bast/yan,  (Sp.  Sun  Srbasiian, 
sSn  s;i-bSs-te-dn'.)  a  stronfrly-fortified  city  and  seaport  of 
Spain,  province  of  Guipuscoa,  on  a  small  peninsula  in  the 
Bay  of  Itiscay.  insulated  at  hi^h  water  Viy  the  Uruniea.  here 
crossed  by  a  long  wooden  bridge.  10  miles  W  of  Fontarabia, 
on  the  frontier  of  France.  Lat.  4:5°  lit'  2"  N.,  Ion.  2°  (X  5" 
W.  Pop.  13.000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  commanded 
by  its  citadel  of  Mot.a.  on  the  adjacent  height.  IMount  Urgull. 
Since  its  destruction  by  fire,  and  siege  in  1813,  it  has  been 
mostly  rebuilt  on  a  uniform  plan.  It  has  handsome  squares, 
several  churches  iind  convents,  civil  and  military  hospital.s, 
amd  is,  with  its  citadel,  abundantly  supplied  with  water. 
Its  harbor,  protected  by  a  mole  and  well  defi-nded,  is  small, 
but  the  city  lias  a  large  import  trade  in  English  and  French 
goo<]s.  &c,,  and  an  export  trade  in  corn,  &c.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1719,  1794.  and  1808,  from  which  year 
they  held  it  till  Au'iust  31,  181.3.  when  it  was  stormed  and 
taken  bv  the  Briti.sh  after  great  loss. 

SAINT  SKGAL,  sIn"  seh-gdl',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Finistere.  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ch&teaulin.     Pop.  1248. 

,«AINT-SEINK-I/AIM!AYE,  s4n»  sAn  Mb^biU,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  COted'Or,  15  miles  N.W,  of  Dijon, 

S.ilNT-SKRNIX,  sA.N«  s^R'nAN"',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  A  veyron,  15  miles  W,S,W,  of  St,  ACfrique,  Pop. 
In  1852,  1145, 

SAINT-SKRVAN,  sJk<>  sJaVax"',  a  seaport  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ille-et-A'ilaine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rande, 
close  to  its  mouth  in  the  English  Channel,  immediately 
opposite  St.  Malo,  to  which  transit  on  foot  is  easy  at  low 
water.  Pop.  in  1852,  99f>4.  It  has  two  harbors,  one  adapted 
for  frigates,  the  other  appropriated  to  commerce,  separated 
from  each  other  by  the  rock  and  castle  of  Solidor,  founded 
by  William  the  Conqueror;  besides  which  another  strong 
fort  defends  St.  Servan.  It  has  a  communal  college,  a  mas- 
sive church,  and  an  English  chapel,  reading-rooms,  and 
batliinj;  accommodations,  and  is  the  residence  of  many 
English  families.  It  has  ship-building  docks,  and  an  active 
trade  with  the  East  and  AVest  Indies, 

^AINT-SEVKR.  six"  seh-vaiR',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lmdes,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Adour,  11  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Mont-de-Marsan,  Pop,  in  1852,  4282.  It  has  a 
communal  college,  and  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  brandy. 

S.\INT-SEVKR.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calva- 
dos. 7  miles  W,  of  Vire.     Pop.  in  1852.  1U30. 

SAINT-SEVKRIX,  Ay"  seh-veh-rAxo',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Charente.  canton  of  .\ubeterre.     Pop.  1300. 

SA1NT-SIG0LP;NE.  sAno  see\goMain',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Haute-Loire,  arrondissement  of  Yssengeaux. 
Pop.  31fiS. 

SAINT  SIMOND-S  ISLAND,  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  the  Altamaha.  On  its  S.  point  is  a  fixed  light, 
having  an  elevation  of  75  feet.  Lat.  31°  8'  N..  Ion.  81°  36'  W. 

SAINT-SOUl'LKT.  sAx"  soo'pl.V,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Nord.  arrondissement  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  2453. 

SAINT  SOUTH  ELMIIAM,  (elm'am,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  SnlTolk. 

SAINT  STANISLAS,  six*  stanVesMj',  a  post-village  and 
parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Champlaiu,  72  miles  S,E,  of 
Quebec,     Pop.  1200, 

SAINT  STKPHKN.  France.     See  Saixt  Etif.nxe. 

SAINT  STKPHICN,  Spain.    See  Sax  EsTF.nAX. 

SAINT  STKPIIE.N",  Italy.    See  Saxto  Stefano. 

SAINT  STEI'IIKN,  (O.er,  >^mct  Sle.jyhan,  sdnkt  sti/fdn,)  a 
villaiie  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  29  miles  S, 
by  W.  of  Bern,  in  a  romantic  district  on  the  Simmo,  more 
than  3000  feet  above  the  sea,  with  a  church,  one  of  the  oldest 
in  the  Simmenthal.    Pop.  1413. 


SAINT  STEPHEN,  one  of  the  Aleutian  Islat.rfs,  Kadlak 
Archipelago,  lat,  56°  10'  N.,  Ion.  155°  22'  W.;  N.W.  of 
Tcherikoff  Island,  3  miles  long,  with  a  reef  of  3  miles  pro- 
jecting off  its  K.  point.  It  sometimes  t)ears  the  name  ol 
Foggy,  on  account  of  the  fogs  which  prevailed  at  the  time 
of  its  discovery. 

SAINT  STE'PIIEN,  a  post-offlce  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia. 

SAINT  STli/PHEN'S,  three  parishes  of  Enjland,  co.  of 
Cornwall. 

SAINT  STEPHEN'S,  a  village  and  p.arish  of  England,  co 
of  Cornwall,  within  1  mile  of  Launceston.     Po|i.  I:i4. 

SAINT  STEPHEN'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SAINT  STEPIIKN'S.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co. 
Alabama,  on  the  Tombigbee  Jtiver.  100  miles  by  water  N.  of 
Mobile. 

SAINT  STEPHEN'S,  a  se,aport-town  of  New  Brunswick, 
CO.  of  Charlotte,  at  the  entrance  of  Deny's  River  into  tha 
Schoodic,  opposite  Calais,  in  Maine,  and  about  60  miles  W. 
of  St.  .John's,  Lat.  45°  10'  N..  Ion,  67°  12'  W.  The  princip.al 
industry  of  the  inhabit.ants  is  directed  to  the  lumber  trade 
and  the  fisheries.  In  1850,  38  vessels  (tons.  10.616)  entered 
the  port,  and  8  vessels  (tons,  1595)  cleared  for  other 
countries. 

SAINT  STITII1ANS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-SULl'lCE,  sA.xo  siiPpeess',  a  village  of  F' ranee,  de- 
partment of  Haute-(;Jaronne,  9  miles  S.  of  Muret,     Pop.  1306. 

SAINT-SULPICE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  arrondis.sement  of  Lavaur,     Pop,  1508, 

SAINT  SULPICE,  sAx"  sUPpeess/,  a  post-village  of  Canada 
East,  CO,  of  Leinster,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  24  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Montreal,     Pop,  800. 

SAINT-SULPICE-LES-CHAMPS,  sSxo  siiPpeess'  \h  zhSx", 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Crease,  8  miles  W.N,W. 
of.Aubusson.     Pop.  1136. 

SAINT-SULPICE-LES-FEUILLES,  sSx"  siiPpeess/  14  ful, 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne,  19  miles 
N.E.  of  Bellao.     Pop.  in  1852,  1783. 

SAINT-SUZANNE,  s.^X"  sUV.dnn',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Mayenne,  20  miles  E,  of  Laval,     Pop.  1760. 

SAINT-SUZANNK,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  island  of 
Bourbon.  .\.K.  coast.  11  miles  E.  of  St.  Denis.     Pop.  6128. 

SAINT  SYLVE.s^'ER,  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Dorchester,  30  miles  from  St.  Nicholas.  I'op.  about 
2000. 

SAINT  SYLVESTRE,  several  communes  and  villages  of 
France,  the  principal  in  department  of  Ilaute-Vienne,  14 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Limoges.     Pop.  1519, 

SAINT  TAM'MANY,  a  parish  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisi- 
ana, bordering  on  the  Mississippi  and  Lake  Pontchartrain, 
contains  about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Pearl  River,  and  drained  by  Chofonte  Biver  and  Bogus 
Chitto,  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  partly  occupied  by  pine 
barrens,  Covington  is  the  seat  of  justice.  Pop.  5406,  of 
whom  3565  were  tree,  and  1S41  slaves. 

SAINT  TAM'MANY'S,  a  postroffice  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
\ircinia. 

SAINT  TEATH.  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-TH15gONNEC,  six"  til'gon'n^k'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Finistfere,  6  miles  W.  of  Morlaix.  Pop.  in 
1852,  3802. 

SAINT  TIIFyODORE,  an  islet  in  the  Mediterranean,  off 
the  N.  coast  of  Crete,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Khania. 

SAINT  TIIERESE,  Canada,    See  Saixte  Therese, 

SAINT  THOMAS,  (tom'as,)  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Devon,  forming  a  S.W.  suburb  of  Exeter.  It  is  the  head  of 
a  poor-law  union. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  a  pari.sh  of  Enu'land,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT-THOMAS,  sAx"  to^m.V,  several  villa;;es  of  France; 
the  principal  in  the  department  of  Charente-lnferieure,  near 
the  Gironde.  10  miles  W,S,W.  of  Jonzac.     Pop,  1521, 

SAINT  TIIOJI'AS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  about  10  miles  W,  of  Chamliersburg.  Pop. 
of  the  tow"nship,  1788 ;  of  the  village,  about  500. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  a  village  of  Lower  California,  30  miles 
S.S.E.  of  San  Diego. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  a  thriving  town  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  17  miles  S.  of  London.  It  has  churches  of  4  or 
5  denominations,  2  branch  banks,  1  assur,ance  and  3  insur- 
ance agencies,  a  printing  office,  about  25  stores,  and  several 
iron  founderies.  and  other  establishments.     Pop.  1200. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  sent  tom'as,  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands, 
West  Indies,  belonging  to  Denmark,  38  miles  E.  of  Porto  Rico. 
Lat.  (E.  entrance  of  Fort  Christian)  18°  20'  24"  N.,  Ion.  64" 
55'  45"  W.  Greatest  length  from  E.  to  W..  17  miles ;  greatest 
breadth,  about  4i  miles.  Area,  45  square  miles.  It  has  a 
rugged  and  elevated  surface,  whidi  attains  its  greatest 
height  towards  the  centre,  and  descends  sometimes  gra- 
dually, but  oftener  abruptly,  to  the  shore.  It  was  once 
well  wooded,  but  the  cutting  down  of  the  trees  has  laid  it 
open  to  the  full  force  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  it  now  suffers 
much  from  a  deficiency  of  water.  The  soil  being  sandy  and 
by  no  means  fertile,  the  far  greater  part  of  it  remains  un- 
cultivated. The  area  under  crop  is  only  about  2500  acres, 
of  which  nearly  a  half  are  planted  with  sugar-cane.  The 
whole  island  enjoys  the  privileges  of  a  free  harbor,  and  the 

1675  ' 


SAI 

ha<Je  IS  very  extensive,  St.  Thomas  being  a  dep6t  of  goods 
for  many  of  the  nei.:hlx)riiig  islands.  It  has  its  central 
lomlity  at  tlw  capital.  Charlotte  Amalie.  which  is  annvujlly 
visited  by  about  3iK)0  vessels  from  Europe.  Xorth  and  South 
America,  and  also  from  the  other  West  India  islands.  In 
Europe  the  trade  is  chiefly  with  London.  Liverpool.  Glasgow, 
Havre.  Bordeaux.  >larseilles,  Genoa,  Altona.  Hamburg.  Bre- 
met.  and  .-Vmsterdam.  St.  Thomas  is  a  principal  station  of 
the  West  India  mail-steamers  from  Southampton,  for  which  a 
large  steam-packet  leaves  it  every  fortnight.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  12.800. 

SAINT  THOM.IS,  an  i.sland  of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  be- 
longing to  the  Portuiiuese.  immediately  N.  of  the  equator. 
In  Ion.  6°  3'  K.  Area'.  145  square  miles.  In  its  centre,  the 
peak  of  Santa  Anna  rises  to  7020  feet  in  heiglit.  The  val- 
leys are  highly  fertile;  the.  low  lands  are  stated  to  be  very 
unhealthy:  biit  the  S.  part  of  the  island  is  .salubrious,  being 
exposed  to  fresh  breezes.  The  products  comprise  maize, 
dates,  manioc,  sweet  potjitoes,  cotton,  sugar,  iudigo,  cocoa- 
nuts,  and  canella  bark.    Live-stock  is  plentiful. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  or  CHAVES,  ghi'vjs.  the  capital  town 
of  the  above  island,  on  the  N.E.  coast,  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  defended  by  a  fort.     Pop.  4476. 

S.AINT  THOMAS,  a  town  of  the  West  Indies.  See  Char- 
lotte Am.\lie. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  (Port  Sib  TItnjtU,  sOwso  to-niA'.)  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency,  and  13  miles  S.  of  Madras,  of 
which  city  it  is  a  suburb.  It  has  numerous  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  and  many  of  its  inhabitants  are  of  Portuguese 
descen  t . 

SAINT  THOMAS  DE  MONTREAL,  (Fr.  pron.  si.NO  tohni/ 
dfh  mi.V'trii'il',)  a  villase  and  parish  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Berthier,  42  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  1500. 

SAINT  THOMAS  DE  QUEBEC,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  L'Islet,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.  It 
contains  a  church,  and  alx)ut  20  stores.  It  has  also  a  foun- 
dry, manutactories,  and  several  large  lumbering  establish- 
ments. 

SAINT  THO^IAS'  MOUNT,  a  town  and  extensive  mili- 
tary cantonment  of  British  India,  presidency,  and  8  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Madras. 

SAINT  THOMAS  PENSTORD,  a  parish  and  small  market- 
town  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  21  miles  X.N.E.  of  Somer^ 
ton.     Pop.  316. 

SAINT  TIJI'OTHY,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of 
Beauharnois.  36  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.    Pop.  400. 

S.AINT  TONYS,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  S.\XCT  Tonts. 

SAINT-TROND.  s^x"  trAs»,  a  town  of  Belgian  Limbourg, 
on  the  Branch  Railway  from  Mechlin  to  Liege,  12  miles 
W.N.W.of  Tongres.  P;>p.ll,.')73.  It  bus  breweries,  distUle- 
ries.  and  manuiactures  of  soap,  tobacco,  and  lace. 

SAINT-TIIOPEZ,  si.\o  tro'pd',  (a.nc.  Hiradea  T)  a  maritime 
town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  on  the  Gulf  of  Grimaud, 
an  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean,  37  miles  E.N.E.  of  Toulon. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3.595,  chiefly  engaged  in  tunny  and  other 
fisheries     It  has  a  chamber  of  commerce. 

SAINT  TU'DY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  TWYN'ELLS,aparishof  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

SAINT  UBES.  a  town  of  Portusal.    See  Setubal. 

SAINT  UR'BAN.  (Ger.  Sanct  Urban,  sankt  ooR-bSn',)  a  vil- 
lage of  Styria.  also  a  famous  Cistercian  abbey  of  the  Swiss 
canton  of  Lucerne. 

SAINT-GRCIZE,  sSst  UR'seez',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cantal.  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Flour.    Pop.  1493. 

S.iINT  UPvSANNE.    See  S.ainte  Ursaxxe. 

SAINT-VAAST,  a  small  maritime  town  of  France,  depiirt- 
ment  of  Blanche,  on  tlie  English  Channel,  near  Cape  La 
Hogue.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Valognes.     Pop.  in  18.52,  4313. 

SAINT-VA.\ST.  sLn"  vilst,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Ilainaut  9  miles  E.  of~Mons.     Pop.  1700. 

SAINT-VAAST-DIEPPEDALLE.  s5,xo  vist  de^p'peh-dail', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  arron- 
dissement  of  V  vetot.     Pop.  983. 

SAINT-VALRNTINE,(Fr.  pron..sAx'>vlM6.\o'teen'.)apost> 
Tillage  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Huntingdon,  on  the  river 
Richelieu.  35  miles  8.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  250. 

SAINT-VALERY-EN-CAUX,  six«  va^leh-ree'  Sx«  kO.  a 
town  on  the  N.  coast  of  France,  department  of  Seine-In- 
ffrieure,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dieppe.  Pop.  in  1852.  6377.  It 
has  soda-works,  a  manufacture  of  cotton-twist,  and  an  active 
herring  and  mackerel  tishery. 

SAINT-VALEKY-SUU-SO-SlME,  s.^.\<i  vi'lfh-ree'  siiR 
eomm',  a  town  of  Frani-e.  department  of  Somme,  on  the  left 
hank  of  the  Somme,  ne;ir  its  mouth  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 11  miles  N.W.  of  Abbeville.  Pop.  in  1852.' 3650.  It 
has  a  school  of  navigation,  a  port  for  vessels  under  200  tons, 
•alt  magazines,  rope-walks,  and  docks  for  buildins  small 
TesseU. 

8AINT-V  ALLIRR.  sSn«  virie-*/,  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Drome,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone,  and 
on  the  railway  from  Lvons  to  Avignon.  17  miles  N.  of 
Valence.  I'op.  in  18.52.  ;io07.  It  has  an  old  Gothic  castle, 
manulkcturKS  of  crape,  silks,  and  twist,  and  chemical  pro- 
ducts, with  a  trade  iu  the  wiuea  of  iu  vicinity. 
1676  ^ 


SAI 

S.A^TNT-V  ALLIER,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
4  miles  N.W.  of  Grasse.     Pop.  576. 

SAINT-VALLIER,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Saoue-et- Loire.  18  miles  S.W.  of  Chalons.  Pop.  in  1852.  2688. 

SAINT-VALLIER.  (Fr.  pron.  six"  vdrie-,V.)a  post-village 
and  parish  of  Canada  East.  co.  of  Bellechasse,  on  the  St. 
Lawrence,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Quebec.     Pop.  19U0. 

SAINT  VEEP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwaU. 

SAINT  VEIT.     See  Sanct  Vzit. 

SAINT-VEN.\NT.  sJx"  veh-nixo',  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  department  of  Pjis-de-Calais,  on  the  Lys,  arrondisse- 
meut  of  Bethune.     Pop.  in  1852.  2495. 

SAINT-VICTOR.  sLx"  veek'toK/,  a  villaga  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Arddche,  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tournou.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2206. 

SAINT-VICTOR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire, 
arrt)ndissement  of  Roanne.     Pop.  1245. 

SAINT-VICTOR,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-Dome.  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Thiers.     Pop.  14ti3. 

SAINT-VICTOR,  a  village  of  France,  dt-partment  of  Seine- 
Inferieure,  on  the  railway  from  Dieppe  to  Rouen,  19  miles 
from  Dieppe. 

SAINT-VICTOR-DE-RENO,  six"  veek'toR/  deh  reh-no',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Orne,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of 
^^irtasne.     Pop.  1175. 

SAINT-VICTOR-SUR-LOIRE,  siK«  veek'toR'  sUr  IwIr,  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Loire,  7  miles  W.  of  St. 
Etienne.     Pop.  1159. 

S.\INT  VIG'EANS,  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Forfar,  comprising  a  part  of  the  town  of  .\rbroath. 

SAINT-VIXCENT-Des-I>r£s.  s^.n"  v.Ws6x<^  d.'i  pr;l.  a  vil- 
iiige  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Mamers.  Pop.  12:i8.  Saixt  Vixcext  Is  the  name  of  several 
other  villaares  of  France. 

SAINT  "VINCENT,  a  village  of  the  SardinLin  States, 
division  of  .4osta,  2  miles  E.  of  Chatillon,  above  the  Dora, 
here  crossed  bv  a  remarkable  Roman  bridge.     Pop.  1051. 

SAINT  VIN'CENT,  one  of  the  British  West  India  Islands, 
100  miles  W.  of  Barbadoes :  lat.  (Ivingstfjwn)  13°  13'  X.,  Ion. 
61°  15'  W. ;  17  miles  long,  and  alxjut  10  miles  broad :  area, 
132  square  miles.  A  ridge  of  high  voli-anic  hills,  bold  and 
abrupt,  but  weli  wooded,  stretches  through  the  island  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  sends  off  subordinate  masses,  which  extend 
to  the  sea,  and  are  interset'ted  by  beautiful  and  fertile  val- 
leys. In  the  N.W.,  where  the  mountains  are  highest,  is  a 
volcano  called  the  .S«iullViere,  in  which  a  tremendous  erup- 
tion occurred  in  1812.  Its  height  is  3000  feet  above  sea- 
level,  and  its  crater  3  miles  in  circuit,  and  600  feet  deep. 
The  soil  in  the  valley  is  usuiilly  a  rich,  tenacious,  and  occa- 
sionally a  fine  black  loam.  The  climate  is  exceedingly 
humid,  having  an  average  annual  fall  of  rain  of  nearly  SO 
inches,  but  is  not  unhealthy.  The  principal  produce  is 
sustar.  rum,  molasses,  arrow-root,  and  cotton.  The  exports 
in  1851  were  218,,521/.,  of  which  199.899/.  were  to  the  United 
Kingdom ;  the  imports.  198,679/..  of  which  114.796/.  were 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  and  29.815i.  from  the  United 
States.  The  goveniment  is  vested  in  a  governor,  a  council 
of  12.  and  an  assembly  of  19  members.  Revenue  iu  1851, 
15,827/.;  expenditures,  15,162/.  The  capital.  King.-itown.  is 
near  the  S.W.  extremitv  of  the  island.    J'op.  in  1S51.  30.128. 

SAINT  A'INCENT.  (Port.  Sao  Vicente,  sowx"  ve^.s^n'tA,  one 
of  the  Cape  \'erd  Islands,  in  the  Atlanl.ic.  S.E.  of  San  An- 
tonio. Length.  15  miles;  createst  breadth.  9  miles.  The 
surface  is  mountainous.  The  Porto  Grande  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  Sitfest  bays  in  these  islands.  The  products  com- 
pri.se  cotton,  orchill.  and  live-stock  of  indifferent  quality; 
corn  and  fruits  are  mostly  supplied  from  San  Antonio  to  its 
scanty  population. 

SAINT  VINCENT,  in  Spain.    See  Sax  Vicexte. 

SAINT  VINCENT,  in  Portugal.     See  S.io  Vice.xte. 

SAINT-VINCENT-D1>PAUL,  (Fr.  pron.  sJx"  vin'cent  d?h 
pol.)  a  post-villase  and  parish  of  Canada  E;ist.  co.  of  Terro- 
bonne,  on  the  Isle  .I§sus,  11  miles  from  Montreal.   Pop.  2900. 

SAINT  VIN'CKNT  GULF,  of  South  Australia,  is  l)etween 
lat  :i4°  and  35°  40'  .<..  and  aliout  Ion.  138°  E..  bounded  K. 
by  Sturt  land,  and  W.  by  Yorke  Peninsula,  separating  it 
from  Spencer's  Gulf  I.iength,  90  miles:  breadth  of  entrance, 
and  for  some  distance  inland.  36  miles.  The  shores  are 
mostly  low,  but  backed  by  ranges  of  hills.  It  receives  tho 
Torrens,  Oawler.  and  other  rivers,  and  communicates  by 
Investigatoi-  Strait  with  Spencer  Gulf  and  by  Backstairs 
Pas.sage  with  Encounter  Bay.  Cape  .lervis  forms  its  S. 
limit  and  I'orts  Gawler  and  Adelaide  are  on  its  E.  side, 
where  it  is  imrdered  bv  the  counties  of  Oawler.  Adeliide.  &c 

SAINT  VINCENT  COLLEGE.     See  Cape  Oirarde.^u. 

SAINT  VITH,  veet  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  ne.ir  the 
Beljrian  frontier.  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Malmedy.     Pop.  1015. 

S.\.I.NT-V1V]  KN.  sAs"  veeVe-ilx"'.  a  village  of  Fmuce,  de- 
partment of  Gironde,  10  miles  X,W,  of  Lesparre.  Pop. 
955.  who  manufacture  large  quantities  of  salt  iu  the  adj*- 
cent  marshes. 

S.\1NT-V0Y,  sSjio  vwi  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Loire.  7  miles  E.  of  Ysseuireaux.     Pop.  2618. 

SAINT  WENDEL.a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Sanct  Wexdeu 

SAINT  WEN'DELL'S,  a  post-olfice  of  Posey  co.,  Icdiaua 


SAI 


SAL 


SATNT  WENn)TlOX.  a  parish  of  Kn<;land.    See  TTei-'^tone. 

SAINT  WKNN'H.  a  paiisli  of  Epu'lanU.  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAINT  XAVIKR,  zav'e-^r,  (Sp.  fkin  JTavicr  or  Jairinr,  sSn 
h3  TP-ain'.')  an  island  off  t!ie  W.  coast  of  Patagonia,  in  the 
Gulf  of  PeBas.     I,at.  i''^  4'  S..  Ion.  7  P  27'  W. 

SAINT  XAVIKR,  of  South  America,  Mexico,  Ac.  See 
San  Xavier. 

SAINT  XAVIKR  COLLEGE.    See  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

SAINT-VBAKS,  t-JNt  ee'baR',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Arifige.  Xi  miles  X.W.  of  Pamiers.     Pop.  l!o71. 

SAINT-VB.\iiT,  .sLvt  ee^baR/ a  Tillage  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  CorrSze.  IS  miles  X.W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1.557. 

SAINT-YRIKIX,  six"  ee^re-A',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Vienne,  on  the  Loue,  27  miles  S.  of  Limoges. 
Pop.  in  IS.Vi,  7715. 

SAINT-YRIEIX-LA-MOXTAGNE,  sist  eeVe-A'  \l  mAxo^- 
taiu',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Creuse,  arrondisse- 
ment  of  Aubusson.     Pop.  1322. 

SAINT-ZACHARIE,  sAxt  zi^kiVee',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Var,  18  miles  W.  of  Bri^noUes.     Pop.  1622. 

SAINT-ZEI'UERIN,  sA.No  zi'feh-ra.No',  a  village  and  parish 
of  Canada  E.-ist,  co.  of  Xicolet,  9  miles  from  Lii  15aie  du 
Febore.     Pop.  «00. 

S.-VIREK,  sfree',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  in  liundelcund.  27  miles  N.W.  of  Banda. 

SAIS.  sis,  a  ruined  city  of  Kgypt,  the  remains  of  which 
are  in  the  Delta,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Ro.setta  Branch  of  the 
Nile,  20  miles  VV.  of  Mthallet-el-Kebeer. 

S.A.l.St'AC.  sAs'sik',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
14  miles  .\.W.  of  Carcassonne.     Pop.  in  1S52,  186.3. 

SAITT.E,  (anc.  S'edas-kaleh.)  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor, 
In  Anatolia,  the  remains  of  which,  N.W.ofAla-Shohr,  (Phila- 
delphia.) consist  of  tombs  and  temples. 

SAIYADAWALA,  sl-d-da-w^'ia.  a  walled  town  of  the  Pun- 
jab, near  the  right  bank  of  the  Kavee.  N.E.  of  Chouchuck. 
Lat.  31'^  5'  N..  Ion.  73<^  16'  E.     It  has  a  strong  earthen  fort. 

S.MZnN.  s.-V'zAn"',  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Pyrendes,  flows  N.N.W.  past  MaulCon,  below 
which  it  sometime.s  takes  the  name  of  Gave-de-MauIeon,  and 
after  a  coui*se  of  about  45  miles,  joins  the  Oave-de-Oleron. 

SAJO,  shOh'yo'.  ({.>'.  "salt.')  a  river  of  .North  Hungary, 
rises  in  the  Carpathians,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Dobsina.  flows 
mostly  S.fc;..  and  joins  the  Uernad  at  Onod.   Length,  80  miles. 

SA.TO.  a  villaae  of  Hungnry.     .See  Kaza. 

SA.IONTA  and  SA.TON.     See  Sa.xony. 

SA.ITENY.  shiHjlfi'.  a  village  of  East  Hungary,  on  the 
Maros.  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Arad.     Pop.  4,5.j2. 

SAK,  sdk,  a  salt  lake  "f  Russia,  near  the  W.  shore  of  the 
Crimea,  government  of  Taurida,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Eupatoria. 
It  is  about  3  miles  long. 

S.\  K,  a  large  and  populous  Tartar.village  of  South  Rus.«ia, 
government  of  Taurida,  near  the  W.  coast  of  the  Crimea,  12 
miles  E.S.  K.  of  Eupatoria. 

S.\K.\II.  one  of  the  cities  of  Japan.     See  Osaka. 

S.\K.\ING.  sd'king',  a  townof  Burmah,  and  lately  Its  capi- 
tal, on  the  N.  side  of  the  Irrawaddy,  opposite  Ava. 

SAK.\KA,  a  village  of  Egypt.    See  Sakkara. 

SAKAREKYAII  or  SAKARIYAH,  sd-kdree'yah,  often 
written  SAKARIA,  or  AIAL.\,  i-^ld,  (anc.  Sunga'rius,)  a 
river  of  .\.sia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  rises  S.  of  Angora,  and  after 
a  rapid  N'.E.  and  N.  course,  estimated  at  230  miles,  enters 
the  Bbick  Sea  90  miles  E.N.E.  of  Constantinople. 

SAK.VTU,  a  town  of  Africa.     See  Saccatoo. 

SAKAVT,  sd-kiif,  or  SEKKET,  s6k-kJf,  a  large  mining 
village  of  Kgypt.  in  the  S.E..  having  the  remains  of  a  temple 
with  a(Jreek  inscription.  Lat.  24°  35'  N.,  Ion. 34°  47'  E.  A 
few  miles  north-eastward  are  the  ancient,  and  now  aban- 
doned, emerald  mines  of  Jeb-el-Z;ibara. 

SAKH  A  LI  EN.     See  Saohaue.v. 

SAKIIKK-SURWAR,  SiVkee/  sur\var',  a  large  village  of 
Afghanistan,  30  miles  W.  of  Dera  Ghazee  Khan,  Lat.  30°  2' 
N.,  Ion.  70°  20'  E. 

S.iKKA,  sik'kJ,  the  princip,il  commercial  emporium  of 
Enarea.  a  country  of  Abyssinia,  and  stated  to  be  on  the 
river  Gibbi.  near  lat.  8°  N.,  Ion.  37°  E. 

SAKKAKA  or  SACCAKA,  sdk-ki'ri,  written  also  SA- 
K.VRA.  a  village  of  Egypt,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  12 
miles  S.  of  Gheezeh,  remarkable  for  the  pyramids  in  its 
viainity. 

SAlvMAR.i,  sik-mi'rS,  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of 
Orenboorg.  rises  ia  the  Ural  Mountains,  flows  mostly  S., 
and  joins  the  Ural,  18  miles  \Y.  of  Oreuboorg.  Length,  350 
miles. 

SAKOORA  or  SAKOURA,  sd-koo/rd,  an  island  of  Japan, 
In  the  upper  part  of  a  large  bay  of  the  Lsland  of  Kioo-Sioo, 
It  is  very  elevated,  and  contains  a  lofty  mountain  called 
Mitake.  "  Lat.  31°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  130°  42'  E. 

S.\K0R,  a  town  of  Siam.     See  LiuoR. 

SAL,  sil.  a  river  of  Russi.i.  in  the  Don  Cossack  country, 
joins  the  Don  near  Novo-Tcherkask,  after  a  W.  course  of  250 
miles. 

SAL.  sll.  a  river  of  Peru,  rises  near  Curato  des  log  Cerros, 
Bows  N,N.E.,  and  near  Huanta  unites  with  the  Jauja  in 
forming  the  Mantaro,  after  a  course  of  about  130  miles. 

SAL.  sdl,  or  SEL,  all,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  N.N.W.  ] 


of  Boavista.    Lat.  16°  4.5'  N.,  Ion.  23°  W.    Length,  15  miles ! 
breadth,  9  miles.    Pop.  600. 

SAL  A,  siSl3.  a  town  of  Central  Sweden,  la>n,  and  21  miles 
W.  of  Westeras.    In  its  vicinity  are  silver-mines.    Pop.  3000, 

SALA,  sd'ld,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Parma.  It  has  an  old  castle  in  a  ruinous  state,  and  near 
it  is  the  beautiful  palace  of  Casino  de'  Boschi,  belonging  to 
the  duke.     Pop.  3305. 

SALA.  sd'ld,  a  townof  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra, 
3  miles  X.E.  of  Diano.    Pop.  6000. 

SALA-BIELLESE.  sdl*  be-iM-l:l's.i  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  province  of  Biella.     Pop.  1033. 

SALACIA.    See  Alcacek  Do  Sal. 

SALA  DI  GIOI.  si'll  dee  jo'ee,  a  market-town  of  \ap1es, 
province  of  Principato  Citra.  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  II  Vallo. 
i'op.  1500. 

SALADILLO,  sl-li-Deel'yo.  (the  "Little  Salt  River,")  the 
name  of  several  small  streams  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (\a 
I'lata :)  one  of  these  falls  into  the  Salado,  near  35°  30'  S.  lat. 

SALADO,  sd-lah'do.  a  post-office  of  Bell  co.,  Texas. 

S.\LADO  BAY,  of  Chili,  department  of  Coquimbo,  is  an 
inlet  of  the  I'acific.  S.  of  Copiapo. 

SALADO  CREEK,  of  Re.xar  co.,  Texa.s.  enters  San  Antonio 
River  from  the  X.,  about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  town  of  San 
Antonio. 

SALADO  DE  TARIFA,  sd-ia'co  dA  td  ree/fi),  a  small  river 
of  Spain,  province  of  Cadiz,  celebrated  fi)r  the  gre-at  battle 
fought  on  its  bauks  in  1340,  in  which  the  Moslems  under 
Abul-Tacen  were  signally  defeated, 

SALADO,  RIO,  ree'o  sS-ld'no,  (;'.«.  "Salt  River.)  a  river 
of  South  America,  in  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,) 
province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  flows  through  the  Pampas,  a 
plain  interspersed  with  numerous  small  lakes,  and  enters 
the  estuary  of  the  I'lata,  95  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
after  a  general  E.  cour.se  of  400  miles. 

S.\LADO,  RIO,  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata,)  departments  of  Salta.  Tucuman,  Santiago,  and 
.Santii  Fe,  rises  in  the  Andes,  flows  mostly  S.E.,  and  joins 
the  Plata,  of  which  it  is  a  principal  tributary,  210  miles 
N.W.  of  Buenes  Ayres.  Total  course.  1000  miles.  In  its 
upper  part  it  is  called  the  Pasage  and  Valbuena.  On  it 
are  the  towns  of  iliraflores,  Pitos,  Siinta  Fe,  and  Espiritu 
Santo. 

S.'VL.^DO,  RIO.  a  river  of  Bolivia,  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
after  a  W.  course  of  70  miles. 

SALAGNAC,  sd^lin'ydk',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Dordogne. 

SALAIIEEYAH  or  SALAHIYAU,  sj-lihee'a.  a  ruined 
town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Euphrates,  15  miles  S,E.  ol 
Rahabah.  about  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  Ion.  40°  30'  E.  Near  it  the 
Tigris  steamer  of  the  Euphrates  expedition,  in  1835,  was  de- 
stroyed by  a  hurricane. 

SALAMI  EIL  sa-ld-hee/gh.orSALIIIEII.  sdl-hee/eh,  written 
also  SELAIIIEII.  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  near  the  Pelusiac 
arm  of  the  Nile.  37  miles  N.E.  of  Belljeys.  Pop.  6000,  mostly 
Arab?.  It  is  surrounded  by  p.vlm-ti'ees.  and  has  a  large 
mosque.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1798,  and  again  in 
1800. 

SALAIIIYAII.  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Salaheetah. 

S.\LAM.\,  sd-ld'md,  a  town  of  Central  America,  state,  and 
65  miles  N.  of  Guatemala.     Pop.  5000. 

S.\LAMANCA,  sdld-mdng'k.a,  (anc,  Salama^i/tici,)  a  city  of 
Spain,  capital  of  province,  extending  up  rocky  heights  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Tormes,  here  crossed  by  a  m.agnificent 
bridge  of  27  arches  on  Roman  foundation.s.  45  miles  X.E.  of 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  in  lat.  45°  5'  N.,  Ion.  5°  43'  W.  Pop.  13.786. 
A  great  part  of  the  city  within  the  walls  is  in  ruins;  its 
streets  are  mostly  narrow,  steep,  crooked,  and  dirty.  It  has, 
however,  some  liue  large  residences,  venerable  edifices  in  all 
styles  of  architecture,  the  largest  public  S(}uare  in  Spain, 
surrounded  with  arcades,  .and  .serving  for  a  bull-ring,  accom- 
modating from  16,000  to  20,000  spectators,  and  several  open 
sp.ices  adorned  Avith  fountains.  It  has  a  florid  Gothic  cathe- 
dral of  the  sixteenth  century,  with  a  lii-lily  decorated  inte- 
rior, 25  other  churches,  and  a  foundling  asylum,  Salamanca 
is  the  Oxford  of  Spain,  and  previous  to  the  French  occvipa- 
tion  in  1812  it  had  25  colleges,  of  which  20  are  said  to  have 
been  ruined  by  the  French.  Since  then,  the  suppression  of 
the  convents  has  struck  at  the  root  of  the  prosperity  of  its 
university,  (which  in  the  fifteenth  century  had  12,000 
students.)  But  it  h.is  still  4  major  colleges,  founded  in  the 
fifteenth  century,  and  occupying  fine  buildings,  besides 
other  colleges ;  and  the  university  is  now  said  to  have  GOO 
students  and  a  library  of  25,000  volumes.  Here  is  an  im- 
mense Jesuit  college,  now  used  as  a  clerical  seminary  also, 
and  Irish  mission  school,  and  manuCtctures  of  hats,  woollen 
cloths,  shoes,  leather,  earthenware,  starch,  and  glue.  The 
battle  of  Saliimanca,  in  which  the  English,  under  Welling- 
ton, totilly  defeated  the  French  under  Marmont  and  Clusel, 
July  22,  1812,  was  fought  on  the  heights  of  Arapiles,  4  miles 

S.E,  of  the  city. Adj.  iuhab.   (Sp.  Salam.vsques,  sl-li- 

mdn-kes/.) 

S.\LAMANCA,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  bounded  Vf. 
by  Portug.il.  Area,  4S8S  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Douro,  the  Torme.s,  and  the  Alagon.    Pop.  240,000. 

1677 


SAL 

t  dLA.MANCA,  si-ll-mSnp'ki  a  town  of  he  Mexican  Con- 
fedtffltion.  Stat*,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Guanajuato,  in  a  plain 
5.^0(1  feet  above  the  sea. 

SA  L.\.MANCA.  a  lon<:  and  narrow  island  of  Xew  Granada, 
dopartment,  and  off  the  mouth  of  the  Magdalena,  20  miles 
&.\Y.  of  Santa  Marta. 

SALAMANCA  DH  BACALAR,  Yucatan.    See  Bacalak. 

S\LAMBKIA.  a  river  of  Greece.     See  Salembria. 

SALAMIS.  sal'a-mis,  or  KOLOURT.  lio  loo'ree.  an  island  of 
Greece,  iinvernment  of  Attica,  in  the  Gulf  of  ^/jina,  10  miles 
v.  of  Athens.  Are.i.  30  square  miles.  Pop.  5000.  Its  shape 
is  very  irregular:  the  surface  is  mountainous,  wooded  in  some 
parts,  and  on  the  coast  small  quantities  of  cotton,  wine,  and 
olives  are  raised.  It  has  several  vill.-iires  and  conrents.  In 
the  channel  between  it  and  the  mainland,  the  Greeks  under 
Themistoclps  cained  a  memorable  naval  victory  over  the  Per- 
sians. B.  c.  4S0.    Solon  and  Kuripides  were  natives  of  Salamis. 

SALAMiyXIA,  a  post-office  of  .l.-iy  co.,  Indiana. 

SALA^IONIE.  salVmo-uee'.of  Indiana.  rL«es  in  Jay  county, 
and  flowing  N.K.,  enters  the  AVabash  River  opposite  Lagro. 
In  width  and  volume  of  water  it  is  nearly  equal  to  the 
Wabash  at  their  contluence.  It  furnishes  excellent  water- 
power. 

S.'^L.INDRA.  sl-lJn'dri  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Basilicata.  12  miles  S.K.  of  Tricarico.     Pop.  1900. 

SALA.\DKELL.\.  sa-lin-drllli.  a  river  of  Naples,  con- 
tisuous  to  the  above  town,  flows  S.E.  and  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Taranto  6  miles  S.W.  of  the  Basiento,  after  a  course  of  uOmiles. 

S.A.LANG.  an  island,  Indian  Ocean.     See  Junkcetlos. 

SALANG.\.  s3-ling'jrd,  a  point  and  island  off  the  W.  coast 
of  South  -Aimerica,  in  Ecuador,  department,  and  80  miles 
N.W.  of  Guayaquil. 

SALANGORE,  sl-l3n-gor',  a  petty  state  of  the  Slalay  Pe- 
ninsula, stretching  for  about  120  miles  along  its  W.  side, 
from  lat.  2°  30'  to  -4°  N.,  Ion.  between  101°  and  102°  E., 
having  on  the  N.  Perak  and  on  the  S.  Rumbowe.  Pop. 
estimated  at  12,000.  The  products  comprise  dammer-wood, 
oil,  and  rattans. 

S.\L.\NGORE,  the  capital  of  the  above  state,  on  a  river 
near  the  sea,  has  a  fort  and  a  shallow  harbor.  Lat.  about 
3°  20'  X..  Ion.  101°  30*  E. 

SALANKE.ME.VT,  sl-linOcgh-minO,  or  SLAXK.UIEXT. 
sMnky-mi'nt\  a  village  of  .\ustria,  in  Slavonia.  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Danube,  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Theiss,  21 
miles  E.S.K.  of  Peterwardein.  Here,  in  1091.  the  first  de- 
cLsive  check  was  given  to  the  progress  of  the  Turks  in  Europe, 
by  the  defeat  of  their  army  under  Kiuporli. 

S.\L.VNTY.  sSlin'tee,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government  of  Vilnji.  26  miles  W.X.W.  of  Tclsh.    Pop.  1200. 

SAL.\I!,  sj-lau'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  27  miles  W.X.W.  of  Granada,  on  the  E.  slope  of  the 
Sierra  de  .\lhama.    Pop.  1839. 

SAL.\R.\,  sii-li'ri,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  government 
of  Venice,  province  of  Polisone,  on  the  Po,  19  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Rovigo.     Pop.  1400. 

SALARDINGK,  sdMaRM^Nzh',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  liast  Flandei-s,  21  miles  S.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  1626. 

SAL.\RES,  si-li'rJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  21 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  1530. 

SALARIA.    See  Chischilla. 

S.\I<AS.  sMfc,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  46  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Lerida.     Pop.  992. 

SALAS-Y-OOMEZ.  siais  ee  go-m?th'.  a  small  island  of  the 
Paciflc  Ocean,  in  lat.  2«°  28'  S..  Ion.  105°  26'  W.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  the  I'ortuguese  in  1793. 

S.\L.\T.  sdMi',  a  river  of  South  France,  department  of 
Ari^ge.  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  after  a  X.X.W.  course  of 
62  miles,  for  the  last  20  of  which  it  is  navigable,  joins  the 
Garonne  a  little  below  St  Martory. 

S.\L.4TY,  sd-ld'tee,  a  market-town  of  Ru.ssian  Poland, 
government  of  Vilna.  37  miles  S.E.  of  Mitau.     Pop.  1000. 

SA  LA  WATTY,  s4-ll-wat/tee.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, off  the  W.  extremity  of  Papua,  in  lat.  1°  S..  Ion.  131° 
K.  Length.  35  miles;  breadth,  26  miles.  It  produces  sago 
of  excellent  quality. 

SAL.VYEIl  or  SALKYER.  sd-lPgr,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Celebes,  forming  part  of  the  Dutch  province  of  Macassar. 
It  consists  of  the  islands  of  Salayer  or  Gi-eat  Salayer,  Ka- 
laura,  Boneratta,  Uog  Island,  and'  the  Boegerones.  Salayer 
Island,  al)out  30  miles  long  fnim  N.  to  S.,  by  8  miles  broad. 
In  lat  (N.  p<:.int)  5^  47'  S..  Ion.  120°  28'  E.,  is  separated  from 
Oelebes  by  the  Strait  of  Salayer,  13  miles  broad.  Pop.  of  the 
IToap,  60.000. 

SALAZAR  DE  LAS  PALMAS,  si-lJ-thaR/ dA  lis  pdl'mls, 
a  small  town  of  South  America,  in  Xew  Granada,  departs 
ment  of  Boyaca,  40  miles  X.  of  Pamplona,  on  the  Venezuelan 
Irontier. 

SALAZZA.  sl-Ut/sl  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  SUtes, 
•Jlvision  of  Turin,  province,  and  12  mUes  S.W.  of  Ivrea,  on 
the  Ores.     Pop.  ll.W. 

SALUftlS.  sdrbree',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
CT  I»i  r-et-Oher.  on  the  Saudre.  and  on  the  railway  to  Bourees, 
14  miles  N.  of  Viorzon.     Pop.  1600. 

SAIiCITO.  sil-cbee'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  proTinee  of  Mo- 
1678  «-  —>  r 


SAL 

lise,  on  the  Trigno,  14  miles  X.X.W.  of  Campobasso.  Pop 
3000. 

S.\LCOMBE-REGIS,  salTiiim  ree'jis,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Devon. 

S.\LD.\S.\..  sll-dSn'yJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  37 
miles  N.N.W.  of  I'alencia.  on  the  Carrion,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  23  arches.     Pop.  1015. 

SA  LOAN  11 A  (sal-da'naor  sd!-din'ya^  BAY.  of  South  Africa, 
in  Cape  Colony.  60  miles  N.X.W.  of  Cape  Town,  in  lat.  33° 
1'  S..  Ion.  17°  54'  E.  Length  from  N.  to  S..  15  miles;  en- 
trance. 3  miles  in  breadth.  At  all  ."seasons  it  affords  good 
anchorage;  and  on  its  W.  side  is  a  station  of  the  Dutch  East 
India  Company. 

SALDAO.  silMowx-o'.  or  SADAO.  sJ-dow>-e',  a  river  of  Poi^ 
tugal,  provinces  of  Alemtejo  and  Estremadura,  ri.«es  19  miles 
S.  of  Ourique.  flows  N  and  N.W.,  and  enters  the  Bay  of 
SetulMl  9  miles  E.S.K.  of  Setnbal.  Length,  110  miles,  for 
the  last  40  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

SALDE,  sil'dA.  a  village  of  Senecambia,  in  Foota.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Senegal,  in  lat  Vi°  21'  N.,  ion.  ViP  37'  W. 
Here  ships  bound  for  Galam  stop  to  pay  their  custom-duties 
to  the  Alniamy  of  Foota. 

SALDI.XSK.sdlVlinsk'.  (Xizhsee.  nizh'nee. and  Vkrkhn'eb 
or  Verkhmi,  v^RK'nee.)  two  contiguous  market-towns  of 
Euroj>ean  Itnssia.  covernment  of  Perm,  on  an  affluent  ol 
the  Tura.  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Verkhotoorie.     United  pop.  2000. 

SALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Che.ster. 

SALE,  .sd'l.A.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Alessandri.a.  province,  and  10  miles  X.X.W.  of  Tortona.  In  a 
plain  consisting  of  a  rich  alluvium  left  by  the  Po,  which 
originally  had  its  channel  in  it.     Pop.  5094. 

S.\LE,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  ConI, 
province  of  Mondovi,  in  the  valley  traversed  by  the  Salaz- 
rola.     I'op.  1314. 

SALE,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Bi-escia.  on  a  height  above  the  E.  shore  of  Lake 
Iseo.    Pop.  1744. 

SALE,  sdMiV,  written  also  SALLEE.  SALEE.  and  SLA,  a 
fortified  seaport-town  of  Morocco,  kingdom,  and  100  miles 
W.  of  Fez.  on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bu- 
Regreb,  opposite  Rabatt  Lat  S4°  2'  X.,  Ion.  6°  46'  W.  Pop 
estimated  at  from  10,ft00  to  14.000.  It  stands  on  a  low,  sandy 
point,  enclosed  by  walls,  and  having  a  long  battery  guanling 
the  entrance  to  the  river.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  fine 
carpets,  and  an  export  trade  in  wool.  It  was  formerly  noted 
both  for  piracy  and  commercial  activity ;  at  present  it  is  in 
decay. 

SALE^BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SALE  CASTELXUOVO.  sI'lA  kA.s't^l-nocMi'vo,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  State.s,  division  of  Turin,  a  little  N.  of  Castel- 
lamonte.  on  a  tributary  of  the  Oreo.    Pop.  2178. 

SALE  DI  TORTOXA,  sinA  dee  toR-to^ni  a  market^towa 
of  North  Italv,  in  Piedmont,  6  miles  X.X.W.  of  Tortona. 
Pop.  5094. 

S.\LEE.  a  town  of  Slorocco.    See  Sale. 

SALiyilURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

S.VLE.M,  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Madras, 
having  on  the  S.W.  and  W.  the  Cavery  River.  Area,  8200 
square  miles.  Pop.  1,195,377.  Capital,  Salem. 

SALEM,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  district,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  British  authorities,  is  114  miles  E.S.E.  of  So- 
ringapatam.    Lat.  11°  39'  X.,  Ion.  78°  12'  E.     Pop.  19.020. 

SA'LEM,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Xew  .lei-sey.  hajs  an 
area  of  about  5-W  square  milec.  It  is  bounded  on  theW.  by 
the  Delaware  River,  on  the  X.E.  by  Oldman's  Creek,  and  on 
the  E.  and  S.E.  by  Maurice  River  and  Stow  Creek,  and  is 
drained  by  Salem  and  Alloway's  Creeks,  which  afford  valuable 
water-po\ver.  The  surface  is  level;  the  soil  in  the  X.  and 
W.  portions  is  clay  or  loam,  more  or  less  sandy,  and  gene- 
rally productive.  In  the  S.E.  part  the  soil  is  sandy  or  gra- 
velly, and  less  fertile.  Marl  is  abundant  in  various  places, 
and  is  used  as  a  manure;  iron  ore  is  also  found,  but  not  in 
great  quantities.  A  short  canal  of  3  or  4  miles  connects 
Salem  Creek,  n.avig,ible  for  ghallops,  with  the  Delaware. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  West  Jersey  Railroad,  and  in  part 
by  the  Salem  R.lL  Organized  in  1710,  when  it  included 
the  present  county  of  Ciiniberland,  and  named  from  Salem, 
the  se;it  of  justice,  which  was  founded  by  John  Feiiwicke 
in  1675.    Pop.  22,458. 

SALEM,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  about  50 
miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Augusti.    Pop.  396. 

S.\.LEM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rockingham  co., 
Xew  Hampshire,  on  the  Manchester  and  Lawrence  Railroad, 
35  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Concord.     Pop.1670, 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Orleans  co..  Vermont  on  the  S.E. 
shore  of  Lake  Memphremagog,  60  miles  X.E.  of  Moutpelier. 
Pop.  603. 

S.\LE.M,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of 
Essex  CO.,  Massachusetts,  is  situated  chiefly  on  a  tongue  of 
land  formed  by  two  inlets  of  the  sea,  called  Xort  h  and  South 
Rivers.  14  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Boston,  with  whi^h  it  commu- 
nicates by  the  Ea.stern  Railway.  Lat  42°  31'  18"  X..  Ion.  70° 
63'  53"  W.  It  extends  nearly  2  miles  in  length,  and  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  occupying  the  peninsula  from 
shore  to  shore.  The  streetsare  generally  irregular.   Chestnut 


SAL 


SAL 


ffroet  is  oonsidrred  the  handsomest.  It  Js  finely  shaded 
with  elms,  and  on  either  Hde  are  rows  of  elejrant  mansions. 
In  the  K.  section  of  the  city  is  a  beautiful  public  Rround, 
nontiining  8^  acres.  Salem'is  for  the  most  part  well  built, 
largely  of  wcKxi,  but  partly  also  of  brick  and  stone.  The 
principal  public  buildings  are  tlie  city  hall,  erected  in  1837, 
the  court-house,  a  new  and  handsome  edifice,  Marine  Hall, 
Mechanic  Hall,  and  the  churches,  of  which  there  are  al)Out 
20.  Salem  is  distinijuished  for  the  number  and  standing  of 
its  scientific  and  literary  institutions,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  the  Kast  India  .Marine  Society,  formed  in  1799 
by  tho^e  who.  actinsi  eitlier  as  captains  or  supercargoes,  had 
nride  one  or  more  voyaires  around  the  Capeof  (}ood  Hope  or 
Cai^e  Horn.  The  museum  comprises  a  hiirhly  intere.sting 
and  valuable  cabinet  of  natural  and  artificial  curiosities, 
collected  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  Essex  Institute, 
organized  in  1848,  by  the  Union  of  the  Essex  Historical  and 
Essex  County  Natural  History  Societies,  has  a  library  of 
about  8000  volumes,  and  a  good  cabinet  of  n.atural  history. 
The  Salem  Athnnajum,  foi-med  in  1810.  by  the  union  of  the 
Social  and  Philosophical  Libraries,  contains  12.500  volumes. 
The  Essex  A'.nicultural  .Society,  org.inized  in  181S,  has  a 
library  of  agricultural  works  deposited  in  the  city  hall.  By 
the  census  of  1850,  there  were  in  Salem  10  public  libraries, 
with  an  aggregate  of  23,300  volumes;  27  private  libraries,  of 
over  lOOO  volumes  each,  with  an  aggregate  of  55,6.i0  volumes: 
public  school  libraries,  3995  volumes,  and  Sabbath-school 
libraries,  .3700  volumes,  making  a  total  of  86.f45  volumes. 
The  benevolent  institutions  are  an  hospital  and  an  alm.s- 
house.  Salem  has  excellent  public  schools.  In  1852  there 
were  in  the  city  1  Ijatin,  and  2  high  schools ;  7  grammar,  and 
17  intermediate  and  primary  schools,  attended  by  30.58 
pupils.  The  total  amount  of  money  expended  for  school 
purposes  during  the  year  1851-52,  was  $32,741.69.  Six  news- 
papers are  pubii.«hed  in  the  city. 

Salem  has  a  convenient  and  well-protected  harbor,  afford- 
ing good  anchorage.  In  commercial  importance  it  has  al- 
always  held  a  high  rank  among  the  cities  of  New  England. 
In  1818  it  had  53  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  14.272 
tons,  engaged  in  the  Kast  India  trade.  This  branch  of  industry 
has  of  late  years  considerably  declined,  many  of  the  cargoes 
formerly  received  here  being  discharged  at  the  ports  of  Uos- 
ton  and  New  York.  In  December,  18.')2,  there  were  owned  in 
Salem  22  ships,  40  barques,  33  brigg,  4  whalers,  besides 
other  vessels,  with  a  total  tonnage  of  50,455.  The  aggre- 
gate tonnage  of  Salem,  June,  1863,  was  only  22,lt)6%. 
There  entered  the  district  of  Salem  and  Beverly  from  for- 
eign ports,  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  18t>3,  139  ves- 
sels (tons  15,555),  of  which  110  (tons  9667)  were  foreign. 
The  clearances  for  the  same  period  were  139  (tons  13,2i.4), 
of  which  117  were  foreign- 
Manufacturing  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  The 
Naumeag  Steam  Cotton  Company,  incorporated  in  1839.  have 
a  building  405  feet  by  65,  and  4  stories  high,  and  run  32.7ii8 
spindles.  The  Salem  Laboratory  Company  manufacture  sul- 
phuric acid  and  other  chemicals  to  the  amount  of  about 
jlOfl.OOO  annually.  Another  establishment  yearly  turns  out 
1,500,000  pounds  of  cleaned  copal.  Besides  the  above,  there 
are  manufactories  of  machinery,  black  and  white  lead,  sperm 
oil,  candles,  cordage,  twine,  &c.  The  annual  receipts  for 
tanning  and  currying  is  about  $650,000,  and  for  boots  and 
shoes  upwards  of  $200,000.  S-ilem  has  7  banks,  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  .^L'SOjOOO,  a  .savings'  institution,  and  5 
or  6  insurance  companies.  An  aqueduct  supplies  the  city 
with  excellent  spring  water.  Two  bridges,  one  for  ordinary 
travel.  1481  feet  in  length,  and  the  other  for  the  passage  of 
railroad  cars,  span  the  North  Kiver,  and  communicate  with 
Beverly. 

Next  to  Plymouth.  Salem  is  the  oldest  town  In  New  Eng- 
land, having  been  first  settled  in  1626.  In  1629.  11  ships 
arrived  from  England,  bringing  out  1500  per.sons,  by  whom 
settlements  were  commenced  at  Charlestown,  Boston,  and 
other  places:  200  of  these  settlers  died  the  first  winter. 
During  this  year  (1629)  the  first  complete  church  organiza- 
tion ever  effected  in  North  America  was  fbunded  at  Salem, 
with  the  Ttev.  Francis  Iligginson  as  its  pastor.  About  the 
year  1692  prevailed  the  famous  ''witchcraft"  delusion, 
through  which  19  persons  in  this  and  the  neighboring  towns 
were  condemned  and  executed.  The  place  of  their  execu- 
tion, a  beautiful  eminence  overlooking  the  city,  is  now 
known  as  '"Gallows  Hill."  S.alem  was  distinguished  for  its 
patriotic  zeal  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  It  is  said  that 
60  armed  vessels,  manned  by  4000  men,  were  fitted  out  from 
this  port  as  privateers.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in 
1630,  and  as  a  city  in  18.36.  The  Indian  name  was  Naum- 
keag.  Pop.  In  1840,  15,082;  in  1850,  20,263;  and  in  1860, 
22,252. 

S.\LEM,  a  post-township  of  New  London  cc,  Connecticut, 
33  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  830. 

SALEM,  a  village  of  Chautauqua  co,.  New  York,  near  Lake 
Erie,  alx)ut  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Buffalo. 

SALEM,  a  post-village  and  township,  semi-capital  of  Wash- 
ington CO..  New  York,  on  White  Creek,  and  on  the  Rutland 
and  Washington  Railroad,  48  miles  N.N.E.  of  .Albany.  The 
village    contains,    besides    the    county    buildings,  several 


churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  a  newspaper  office    Poi>. 
of  the  township,  3181. 

SALEM,  a  thriving  post-town,  capital  of  Salem  co.,  Rev 
.Tersey,  is  sittiated  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  M)/^  miles  from 
its  mouth,  about  65  miles  S.W.  of  Trenton.  It  cont.'iin.i  8 
fine  churches,  several  public  schoids,  a  bank,  2  newspaper 
offices,  and  many  beautiful  private  residences.  The  building 
for  the  county  offices  is  a  handsome  structure.  This  town 
owes  its  prosperity  chiefly  to  the  agricultural  resources  of 
the  county.  Here  are  2  niiinufactories  of  glassware.  Ithas 
a  daily  ccnimnnication  with  Philadc^iphia  by  steamboatand 
by  a  railroad  which  extends  to  I'itt.stown  (16  miles),  and 
connects  with  the  West  .Jersey  Railroad.  Salem  Creek  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  50  tons  burden  to  this  jihice.    Pop. 

mm. 

SALEM,  a  town.iMp  of  Lnzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  North  Branch  Canal,  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wilkesbarro. 
Pop.  1396. 

SALEM,  a  post-township  of  Mercer  co..  Pennsylvania,  in- 
tersected by  Shenango  Creek,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mercer. 
Pop.  585. 

S.\LKM.  a  township  of  Wayne  co..  Pennsylvania.   P.  2266. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co„  Pqnnsylvania, 
intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  or  Central  Railroad,  10 
miles  N.  of  Greensburg.     Pop.  2551, 

SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co,,  Virginia,  on  the 
Manas.sas  Gap  Railroad,  52  miles  from  Alexandria,  and  114 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond.  The  situation  is  high  and  plea- 
sant. The  village  contains  1  church,  an  academy,  .ind  seve- 
ral stores.    The  post-office  is  called  S,\lf,m  F.mjquier. 

S.\LKM,  a  neat  po.st-village,  capital  of  Roanoke  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, is  situated  on  the  Roanoke  River,  and  on  the  Virginia 
and  Tennessee  Railroad.  180  miles  W.  of  Richmond.  It 
stands  in  the  great  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
North  Mountain.  It  contains  1  bank,  3  churches,  and  seve- 
ral mills.    Free  pop.  612. 

SALKM,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Forsyth  co„  North  Caro- 
lina, on  Muddy  Creek,  an  aftluent  of  the  Yadkin  River,  120 
miles  W,  by  N,  of  Raleigh.  The  Moravian  Female  Seminary 
of  this  place  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  state,  occupying  4 
large  brick  buildings,  with  about  200  pupils.  Salem  con. 
tains  a  bank,  2  cotton  lHctori(>s,  1  woollen  factory,  and  1 
paper  mill,  and  is  noted  for  the  number  and  skill  of  its  me- 
chanics. Win.ston,  the  county  seat,  was  laid  out  imme- 
diately N.  of  Salem  when  the  county  was  organized  in  1850. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  1200. 

SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Sumter  district,  South  Carolina, 
91  miles  E.  of  Columbia. 

S.\LEM,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Georgia,  53  miles  N. 
of  Milledgeville. 

S.\LKM,  a  post-village  in  the  N.E.  p.art  of  Russell  co.,  Ala- 
bama.    It  contains  several  stores.     Pop.  about  400. 

S.\LEM,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Tippah  co.,  Mississippi, 
18  miles  W,  of  Ripley.  It  is  near  the  route  of  the  Memphis 
and  Charlestin  Railroad,  now  in  progre.«s.  and  is  surrounded 
by  fine  cotton  lands.  It  contains  2  semiu.iries,  and  6  or  8 
stores.     Pop.  about  800. 

S.\LEM,  a  post'Oflice  of  Newton  co.,  Texas. 

S.\LEM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fulton  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  140  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Little  Rock. 

S  ALE.M.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  90  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Kentucky,  200 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 

SALEM,  a  village  of  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Licking  Rii«...  which  is  navigable  to  this  place  for  small 
steamboats.  It  is  a  depQt  for  tobacco,  which  is  produced  in 
the  vicinity. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Miami  Canal.    Pop.  677. 

SALKM,  a  town.ship  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Mad  River  .and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  1001. 

SALEM,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Colum- 
biana CO,,  Ohio,    Pop.  1889. 

SALEM,  a  beautiful  and  thri%ing  post-town  of  Perry 
township,  Columbiana  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Pittsburg  Ft.  Wayne 
and  Chicago  Raih-oad,  167  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  and  70 
miles  N.W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming 
community,  and  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and  import- 
ant towns  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio.  It  contains  5  churches,  2 
Friends"  meeting  houses,  about  40  stores,  a  union  school,  3 
banks,  1  newspaper  office,  a  fine  public  hall,  3  flour-mills,  6 
machine-shops,  and  1  manufactory  of  axes.  Mowing  and 
reaping  machines,  steam-engines,  and  stone-ware  are  made 
here.    Pop.  in  Sept.  1864,  2808,  in  1865  said  to  be  4000. 

SALEM,  atownsliip  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  921. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Jefl'erson  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1812. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1778. 

SALEM,  a  townsliip  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1954. 

SALE.M,  a  small  village  of  Blontgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Muskingum,  Ohio.    Pop.  1086. 

S.\LEM,  a  township  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  705. 

SALEM,  a  townsliip  of  Sheiby  co.,  Ohio.    Poi>.  1226. 

S.iLKM,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Ohio  Canal.     Pop.  1840. 

1679 


SAL 

SALE5r,  a  township  of  'SVarren  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  3S63. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1527. 

SALE.y,  a  township  of  Wyandot  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1070. 

SALE.M,  a  post-village  and  township  forming  the  N.E.ex- 
n'emity  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan,  30  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Detroit.     Pop.  Vio9. 

SALEM.a  townsliip  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1286. 

SALEM,  a  townsliip  of  Puhiski  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  519. 

SALEM,  a  village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Indiana,  S3  miles  X.E. 
of  Inthanapolia. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana.  Population 
1117. 

SALEM,  apost-Tillage,  capital  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Louisville,  .New  Albany  and  Cliicago  Railroad,  30 
miles  N.W.  of  New  Albany.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
rolling  ground,  near  the  source  of  the  Blue  River,  a;id  in 
themldstof  arichfarmingdistrict.  Salem  contains, besides 
the  county  buildings,  1  Catholic  and  4  Protestant  churches, 
1  bank,  1  academy,  1  woollen  factory,  1  iron  foundry,  2  flour- 
mills,  and  many  handsome  residences.  Pop.  in  1S50, 1224; 
in  1860,  1372. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  725. 

SALEM,  a  thriving  iiost-village.  capital  of  Marion  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  71  miles  E.of  St. 
Louis.    Pop.  about  1800.    See  Appexwx. 

SALEM,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Dent  co.,  Missouri, 
about  80  miles  S.S.E  of  Jefferson  City.  . 

S.VLEM.  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  about  25  miles 
W.  of  Burlington.    Pop.  about  oui).     See  Appendix. 

SALEM,  a  post-township  of  Kenosha  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
1472. 

SALEM,  a  post-town,  seat  of  justice  of  Marion  co.,  and 
capital  of  the  State  of  Oregon,  on  the  right  (E.)  bank  of  the 
Willamette  River,  50  miles  above  Oregon  City.  It  is  beau- 
tifully situated  in  a  rich  prairie  country,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  towns  in  the  state.  Population  in  ISfrl, 
about  1500.    See  Appenmx.  ' 

SALEMBRIA.  saUm-bree'i,  SALYMPRIA.  saiim-pree'a, 
written  also  SALAMBRIA  and  SALEMPRIA,  (anc.  I^nefus.) 
the  pirindpal  river  of  Thes.saly.  in  European  Turkey,  rises 
at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  that  province,  flows  S.  and  E„  and 
enters  the  Gulf  of  Salonica  13  miles  X.W.  of  Cape  Kissova. 
Total  course,  110  miles,  for  about  half  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Phanari,  Satalge,  and 
Saranta-Poros. 

SA'LEil  CENTRE,  a  po.st-villase  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
York,  112  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albanv. 

SALEM  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  Indiana. 

SALEM  CirURCH.  a  post^village  of  Randolph  co.,  North 
Carolina.  121  miles  W.  of  Ralei-jh. 

SALEM  CREEK,  of  Salem  co".,  New  Jersey,  rises  in  the  S. 
part  of  the  county,  and  flowing  at  first  N.N.W..  and  after- 
wards S..  falls  into  Delaware  Bay  3j  miles  below  the  town  of 
Salem.  There  is  a  bar  at  the  mouth,  over  which  vessels 
cannot  pass  except  at  high  tide.  Above  this  it  is  navigable 
for  about  half  its  course,  which  is  perhaps  30  miles. 

SALEM  CROSS-ROADS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Chautauqua  co., 
New  York. 

S.\LEJI  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland 
CO..  Pennsylvania.  180  miles  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SALEMI,  g4-l.A'niee,  (anc.  Hah/ciae.)  a  town  of  Sicily,  15 
miles  N.E.  of  Mazzai-a.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  finely  situated,  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  has  several  churches,  but  no  trade. 

SALE  MOOR,  England,  a  station  on  the  Manchester  Rail- 
way, 2}  miles  N.E.  of  Altringham. 

S.\LEMOW.  sA-le-mOw',  a  town  of  India,  dominions,  and 
70  miles  E.  of  Bhopaul. 

SALEN,  sd-l^n',  a  town  of  Burm.Hh.  in  Farther  India,  on 
the  W,  .side  of  the  Irrawaddy.  55  miles  N.W.  of  Patsinago. 

S.\LENGKE,  .sd-l^n'g;i,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States. 
division  of  Turin,  province,  and  7  miles  E.  of  Pinerolo. 
Pop.  3961. 

S.^LERANO.  sJ-lA-ri'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Milan,  province,  and  6  miles  W.  of  Lodi,  on 
the  Lambro.    Pop.  l005. 

SALKRNE.    SeeS.^LEKW). 

S.\LERNES,  sJMaian',  a  town  of  France.  depart«ient  of 
Var,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Braque  and  Bresque,  11  miles 
W.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  in  ]S.o2,  2613. 

SALERNO,  siler'no  or  sJ-Ur'uo,  (anc.  SaUr'num  ;  Fr.  Sa- 
lernf,  sA'laiRu',)  a  city  and  seaport  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
prf.vhioe  of  Prinoipato  Citra.  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  gulf 
of  Its  own  name.  30  miles  S.E.  of  Naples,  finely  situated  on 
the  side  and  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  crowned  bv  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  citadel.  LHt.40°40' X.,  Ion.  14°4(3' E.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  broad  road  or  marina  along  the  shore. 
which  forms  an  excellent  promenade.  Its  .streets,  paved 
with  lava,  are  narrow  and  irregular,  and  hemmed  in  by 
lofty,  gloomy-looking  houses,  verv  indifferently  built.  The 
principal  editices  are  the  cathedral,  erected  by  "Robert  Guis- 
card,  a  Gothic  structure,  adorned  with  a  facade  of  28  gr.i- 
nlte  Corinthian  pillars,  and  possessing  an  ancient  tomb,  said 
to  oontait.  the  ashes  of  the  Apostle  Matthew;  the  governor's 
palace,  the  new  theatre.  17  ihiurches,  several  convents,  an 
ordinary,  and  a  foundling  hospital.  The  port  is  well  shel- 
16S0 


SAL 

tered.  hut  is  shallow,  and  frequented  chiefly  by  fi.shingrm- 
sels,  Naples  having  carried  off  its  trade,  which  was  atone 
time  of  some  importance.  Salerno  is  the  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop, and  has  a  hiich  criminal  and  a  civil  cfiurt;  a  semi- 
nary, lyceum.  and  university,  which  had  acquired  great  cele- 
brity in  the  eleventh  century,  particularly  as  a  school  of 
medicine,  but  has  lost  its  reputation.  The  foundation  of  the' 
town  is  attributed  to  the  Greeks.  It  became  a  place  of  great 
importance  under  the  Romans,  from  whom  it  passed  first  to 
the  Goths  and  afterwards  to  the  Lombard.s,  who  retained  it 
in  possession  till  the  eleventh  century,  when  they  were  ex- 
pelled by  the  Norman,  Robert  Guiscaiii.  It  was  ultimately 
annexed  to  the  crown  of  Naples,     l^op.  in  1862.  20,977. 

SALERNO.  GL'LF  OF,  (anc.  Itestuhim  Silnus.)An  inlet  of 
the  Mediterranean,  separated  from  the  Bay  of  Naples  by 
Cape  Campanella.  Breadth.  3t)  miles.  It  receives  the  river 
Sale,  and  on  its  shores  are  Salerno,  Amalfi,  and  the  remains 
of  POstum. 

SALERS,  s.iMJr'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cant.-jl, 
on  a  volcanic  heijiht.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Aurillao.     Pop.  1243. 

SALEITO.  si-l^t/to,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  21  mUeg 
S.W.  of  I'adua.     Pop.  2040. 

S.\LEYER.  islands,  Malay  Archipelago.     See  S.\l.\tee. 

S.\LFORD,  sawl'ford.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  hun- 
dred of  Salford.  immediately  W.  of  Manchester,  with  wliich 
city  it  communicates  by  6  bridges  across  the  Irwell.  Pop.  in 
1851 , 6;j,42o:  of  the )  larliamentary  borough  in  1861, 102,414.  Its 
chief  characteristics  have  been  noticed  in  conjunction  with 
those  of  Manchester,  with  which  it  unites  to  form  the  most 
populous  place  in  England  after  the  metropolis,  and  the 
chief  seat  of  the  British  cotton  manufacture.  The  borough 
has  but  recently  received  municipal  rank.  It  sends  1  mem- 
ber to  the  House  of  Commons.     See  M.\N'CHESTEa. 

SALFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SALFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SAL'FORD  PRI'ORS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

S.iL'FORDVlLLE.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Norrisfown. 

SALiJ.VDO,  sil-gi'do.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  S.  of 
the  province  of  Ceara.  under  the  name  of  the  Porcos,  and 
sevenil  miles  below  the  town  of  leo.  joins  the  J.aguaribe. 

S.\IXi.\D0,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  on 
the  Sao  Francisco,  lat.  15°  20'  S.     Pop.  4000. . 

SALGIIIR  or  SALGIR,  sdl-gheeR,  the  principal  river  of 
the  Crimea,  rises  at  the  foot  of  Jlount  Eila.  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Simferopol,  flows  successively  N.W.  and  N.E..  and  enters 
the  Gulf  of  Sivash,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kaffa,  after  a  course 
of  100  miles. 

SALHIEH.  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt.    See  S.\l.\hieh. 

SAL/HOUSE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

S.\LI.\^N,  si-le-an',  a  small  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in 
Transcaucasiii,  province  of  Talish,  on  an  island  in  the  Koor, 
15  miles  above  its  mouth  in  the  Ca.spian  t^ea. 

SALIANAil.  si-le-d'ni,  a  town  of  North  Hindostan,  be- 
tween Oude  and  .Nepaul.  120  miles  N.  of  Lucknow 

SALIBABO.  sd-le-bii'bo,  SALIBABOO,  sd-le-baTKio,  or 
TULOUR  (tooMoor')  ISLAND.S.  a  cluster  in  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago, alwut  lat.  4°  N..  and  between  ion.  126°  and  127° 
E.    Thev  are  well  cultivated  and  populous. 

SALICETTO.  s4-leH;h6t/to,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy, 
in  Piedmont,  on  the  Bormida.  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mondovi. 
Pop.  1674. 

S  A  LIES,  sjMee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
I^rfinees.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Gave  d"01eron.  Pop.  in 
1852,  6714.     It  is  noted  for  its  springs  of  brine. 

SALIES,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Garonne, 
near  the  Salat,  12  miles  E.  of  St.  Gaudens.    Pop.  860. 

S.\LIGNAC.  .sd'leenH'dk',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Dordogne,  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Perigueux.  Pop. 
1286. 

S.\LI6NAC.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  9S6. 

SALIKI  SERAI,  sd-lee'kee  sA-ri'.  a  considerable  town  of 
the  Punjab,  near  the  E.  bank  of  the  Indus,  40  miles  N.E. 
of  Attock,  on  the  route  into  Cashmere.  Lat.  34°  6'  N.,  Ion. 
72°  5.5'  E. 

SALINA,  si-lee'na.  or  SALINI,  saiee/nee.  (anc.  Did')fme,) 
one  of  the  Lipari  Islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  X-M".  of 
Lipari.     It  is  5  miles  in  diameter.    Pop.  4000.    It  is  volcanic. 

SALIN.A,  sa-li'na,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onon- 
daga CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Onondaga  Lake,  and 
on  the  Oswego  Canal.  2  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Syracuse.  The 
village  contains  several  churches,  a  bank,  a  large  machine- 
shop,  and  extensive  manufactories  of  .salt,  which  produced 
in  1850.  2.175,711  bushels.  The  s.ilt  springs  of  this  vicinity 
are  the  most  valuable  in  the  Union.  See  Straclse.  Two 
plank-roads  terminate  in  Saliua.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
2400. 

SALINA,  a.  post-village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky,  65 
miles  W.  of  Frankfort. 

S.\LINA,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

SALINA  RIVER,  California.     See  Sas  Buenavkntdiu 

RiVEtt. 

SALINAS  DE  ANANA,  sd-lee'nis  dA  i-ai'ni,  a  market- 


SAL 


SAL 


town  of  Spain,  proyince  of  Alava,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Vitoria. 
Pop.  1078. 

SAIilNE,  sa-leen',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

SALINE,  sa-leen',  a  county  of  Arkansas,  situated  near 
the  centre  of  the  state.  Area.  950  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Saline  Kiver.  The  surface  in  the  N.W.  is  hilly,  aud  in 
the  S.  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  fertile,  adapti^d  to  eottop,  In- 
dian corn,  aud  (;rass.  The  streams  furnish  extensive  water- 
power.  Fine  marljle,  soapstone.  and  quartz  are  abundant 
m  the  hilly  section.  Capital,  Uenttin.  I'op.  OGiy,  of  wlioui 
5891  were  free,  and  749  slaves. 

SAWNE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  has  an  area  of  about  370  square 
mil(«.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Oliio  and  Wabash 
Kivers,  and  intersei-ted  by  Saline  Creek,  from  which  its 
name  is  derived.  The  county  is  well  timbered ;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  Salt  is  procured  from  springs  on  Saline  Creek,  near 
the  W.  border.  Formed  a  few  years  af;o  out  of  part  of  Gal- 
latin.    Capital,  Shawneetown.     Pop.  9331. 

SAIiINK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  750  square  miles.  The  Missouri  Hiver  forms 
the  boundary  on  the  N.  and  E. :  and  the  county  is  traversed 
by  the  Black  and  Salt  Forks  of  La  .Mine  Hirer,  which  unite 
near  the  S.E.  border.  The  surface  consists  chiefly  of  undu- 
lating prairies,  the  soil  of  which  is  productive.  The  defi- 
ciency of  timber  is  partly  compensated  by  extensive  beds 
of  stone  coal.  There  are  valuable  lead-mines,  and  quarries 
of  lime.stone  and  sandstone.  Salt  is  procured  from  nume- 
rous saline  springs,  from  which  the  name  is  derived.  Capi- 
tal, Marshall.  Pop.  14,699,  of  whom  982!  were  free,  and 4876 
■laves. 

SALINE,  a  post-office  of  Bienville  parish,. Louisiana. 

SALINE,  a  township  in  Hempstead  co.,  Arkansas.  Pop. 
1184. 

S.\LTNE,  a  post-township  in  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas. 

SALI.N'K.  a  township  of  .Jefferson  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1197. 

S.\LINE,  a  post-village  aud  township  of  Washtenaw  co., 
Mii'ljigan,  on  Saline  liiver,  40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 
The  village  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  district,  and  has 
several  stores  and  mills.  The  salt  springs  in  the  vicinity 
are  said  to  be  v;iluable.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1927. 

SALINE,  a  township  in  Saline  co.,  Illinois. 

SALINE,  a  post-village  of  Halls  co.,  Missouri,  98  miles 
N.E.  of  .lefferson  City. 

SALINE,  a  township.  St.  Genevieve  co..  Missouri.  P.1094. 

SALINE  B.WOTJ.  sj-leen'  bi'oo,  of  Louisiana,  commences 
at  Catahoula  Lake,  and  flowing  S.E.,  enters  lied  River,  near 
the  S.  extremity  of  Catahoula  parish. 

SALINE  B.\YOU,  of  Louisian,^,  commencing  in  Claiborne 
parish,  flows  S.,  and  unites  with  a  lateral  channel  of  Red 
River,  about  7  miles  E.  of  Natchitoches. 

SALINE  CREEK,  of  Arkansas,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  state,  and  flows  S.  into  Little  River,  a  few  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

SALINE  CREEK,  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Illinois,  is 
formed  by  two  branches,  termed  the  South  and  North 
Forks.  It  faJW  into  the  Ohio  River  about  10  miles  below 
ShawneetoT" 

SALINE  CREEK,  or  LITTLE  SALINE,  of  Cooper  co., 
Missouri,  flows  into  the  Missouri  River  from  the  right. 

SALINE  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Natchitoches  parish, 
Louisiana. 

SALf  NE  MINES,  a  post-office  of  Gallatin  co.,  Illinois. 

SALINE  RIVER,  of  Arkan.sas,  is  formed  by  three  small 
branches,  which  unite  in  Saline  county,  a  few  miles  N.W. 
of  Ronton.  It  flows  thence  S.E.  and  S.,  and  enters  the 
Washita.  River  near  the  E.  extremity  of  Union  county.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  200  miles. — Branches. — The  North 
Fork  rises  near  the  N.  border  of  Saline  county.  The  Middle 
Fork  rises  near  the  W.  border  of  the  R.ime  county,  and  flows 
S.E.  The  South  Fork  rises  in  Hot  Spring  county,  and 
flows  E. 

S.tLINE  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  a  small  stream  which 
flows  into  the  Raisin  River,  in  Monroe  county. 

S.\LINES,  siMeen'.  a  maritime  village  of  Cyprus,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Salines,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island,  3  miles  S.  of 
Larnica,  with  a  citadel,  bazaar,  and  salt  work.s, 

SALINE'VILLG,  a  post-village  of  Colunibi.ana  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  86  miles  from 
Cleveland,  and  140  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.    P.4S.5. 

S.VLING.  Great,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SALINO,  sd-lee'no.  (anc.  Suinux?)  a  river  of  Naples,  pro- 
yince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  after  an  E.  course  of  32  miles 
enters  the  Adriatic,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Pescara. 

S.\LI\S.  sd^lJs"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura, 
on  the  Furieuse,  here  crossed  by  4  bridges,  21  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Besan^on.  Pop.  in  1852,  7112.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
defended  by  two  forts,  and  has  a  communal  college,  exten- 
sive salt  magazines,  iron-works,  .soda  factories,  and  tanne- 
ries. The  brine-springs  of  its  vicinity  yield  large  quantities 
of  salt.  Salins  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire  in  1825,  and 
rebuilt  bv  national  subscription. 

SA  r/IiiUDY',  a  post-offlce  of  Cass  co.,  Georgia. 

SALIS,  si'lis,  a  river  of  Russia,  issues  from  a  small  lake 
hoar  the  centre  of  the  government  of  Livonia,  flows  circuit- 
5F 


ously  W.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  100  miles,  falls  inU 
the  Gulf  of  Riga. 

SALIS,  and  SALISBURO,  sJ'lis-bfioRoV  two  villages  of 
Russia,  government  of  Livonia,  on  the  river  Salis, 

SALISBURY,  sawlz'bgr-e,  or  NEW  SA  ltUM,(sA'rum.)a  city, 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  of  England,  capital  of 
the  CO.  of  Wilts,  on  the  Avon,  here  cro.ssed  by  three  lirld;.es, 
21  miles  W.  of  Winchester,  and  96  miles  W.S.AV.of  London, 
on  the  South-western  Railway.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  com 
prising,  with  the  city,  parts  of  the  parislies  of  Fisherton-An- 
gerand  Milford.  in  1851.11,657.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain, 
partially  enclosed  by  walls,  regularly  built,  and  drained  hy 
running  brooks,  which  flow  down  most  of  its  streets.  The 
town  has  a  respectable  and  venerable  appearance.  In  its 
centre  is  a  spacious  market-place,  in  which  are  the  council- 
house,  the  public  library  and  new.s-room.  and  the  butter- 
cross,  an  edifice  apparently  of  the  time  of  Edward  III.  The 
cathedral  is  a  splendid  structure,  in  the  "  olose,"  a  green 
area  of  nearly  one  half  square  mile,  shut  off  from  the  rest 
of  the  city  by  a  lofty  wall.  It  was  finished  in  12;38,  wholly 
in  the  early  English  style,  and  is  in  the  form  of  a  double 
cross;  length,  474  feet:  width  of  larger  tran.septs,  210  fi-et; 
height  of  spire,  404  feet.  It  has  a  fine  altar-piece  of  the 
Resurrection,  executed,  with  some  other  suljects.  in  stained 
glass,  and  it  contains  many  ancient  and  some  curious  monu- 
ments. Its  W.  front  is  richly  adorned,  and  many  parts  of 
its  exterior  are  ornamented  wiih  statues.  Attached  to  it 
are  spacious  cloisters,  a  chapter-house,  library,  &c. :  and  in 
the  close  are  the  bishop's  palace,  deanery-house,  and  resi- 
dences of  the  canons  and  other  dignitaries.  The  see  com- 
prises the  counties  of  Wilts  and  Dorset.  Besides  three  parish 
churches,  here  are  chapels  of  Roman  Catholics,  Indepen- 
dents, Baptists,  Swedenborgians,  Wesleyans,  and  Unita- 
rians, a  grammar  school,  county  jail  in  Fisherton-.\nger, 
theatre,  assembly  and  concert  rooms,  aud  a  county  in- 
firmary. Its  w(.x)llen  and  cutlery  manufactures  have  long 
declined,  and  the  city  has  now  little  trade  except  in  agri- 
cultural produce,  and  the  retail  supply  of  its  inhabit.ant.s. 
It  communicates  by  a  branch  of  the  South-western  Rail- 
way with  Southampton,  20  miles  distant.  It  is  the  seat  of 
county  as.aizes  and  spring  quarter  and  petty  sessions,  and 
a  court-leet  for  the  manor.  The  city  sends  2  members  to 
the  Hou.se  of  Commons.  It  rose  on  the  removal  of  the  .see 
from  Old  Sarum.  2  miles  N.,  in  1217;  and  parliaments  were 
occasionally  held  in  it  in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
centuries. 

S.^LISBURY,  sawlz^h^r-e,  a  post-township  In  Merrimack 
CO..  New  Ham p.sliire,  intersected  bvBlackwater  River  and  the 
Northern  Railroad,  18  miles  N.N.'W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1191. 

S.\L1SHURY,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  in  Addison  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  37  miles 
S.W.  of  Montpelier.    It  has  several  woollen  mills.    Pop.  853. 

S.\LISBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  E.ssex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Eastern  Railroad,  38  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Boston.  The  township  is  situated  on  the  coast  between 
the  Merrimack  River  and  New  Hampshire.  It  contains  5 
churches,  a  bank  and  a  newspaper  office,  and  his  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  and  woollen  goods  and  hats.     Pop  3310. 

SALISBURY,  a  p-.st-village  and  township  of  Litchfi-ld 
CO.,  Connecticut,  in  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  state.  54  miles 
N.W.  of  Hartford.  The  township  is  noted  for  its  lofty  moun- 
tains, well-cultivated  hills,  beautiful  lakes,  and  fruitful 
valleys.  One  of  its  lakes  is  situated  on  Mount  Riga,  at  an 
elevation  of  1000  feet  above  the  surrounding  country,  and 
by  its  outlet  furnishes  water-power  for  a  largo  yarn  and 
stocking  factory.  Near  the  S.  part  of  this  mountain  is  the 
•'Old  Salisbury  Ore-Bed,"  which  for  near  a  century  has 
furnished  the  best  quality  of  iron  in  America.  About  % 
miles  E.  is  another  bed  of  similar  quality.  There  are  3 
large  iron  works  in  Salisbury,  in  one  of  which,  owned  by 
.Mr.  .imes,  wrought  iron  cannon  are  made.  The  manufac- 
tures of  Salisbury  include  shafting  and  other  iron  work  for 
ocean  steamers,  tires  and  cranks  for  locomotives,  car-wheels, 
axles,  scythes,  pocket  cutlery,  &c.  There  are  in  the  town- 
ship 4  flourisliing  villages,  viz:  Salisbury  (at  the  centre), 
Cliapinville,  Lime  Rock,  and  Lakeville.    Pop.  3100. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer 
CO.,  New  Y'ork,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  Population 
2325. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, intersected  by  the  Columbia  Railroad,  about  20  miles 
E.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  3725. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 51  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

SALISBURY,  a  township  of  Lehigh  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Lehigh  River,  contains  Alleutown,  the 
county  seat.     Pop.  2216. 

S.^LISBURY',  a  thriving  post-village  and  port  of  delivery 
of  Somerset  and  Worcester  cos.,  Maryland,  is  situated  on 
the  Wicomico  River.  95  miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis.  It  appears 
to  be  the  most  flourishing  village  on  the  JCastern  Shore  of 
Maryland.  Large  quantities  of  grain  and  lumber  produced 
in  the  vicinity  are  shipped  here  on  the  river.  It  has  several 
churches,  and  a  bank.     Pop.  in  IS'W,  estimated  at  loOtJ. 

SALISBURY,  a   thriving    town,  capital  of  Rowan  co< 

1681 


SAL 

North  Car -Una  about  IG  miles  W.  of  the  Yadkin  Rirer.  and 
118  miles  ^y.  of  Raleigh.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
places  in  iVestern  North  Carolina,  and  is  at  the  E.  terminus 
of  the  'SVestern  Turnpike,  which  extends  to  the  X.E.  border 
of  Georgia.  The  route  of  the  Central  Railroad  of  North 
Carolina  parses  through  this  town.  The  natural  walls  of 
Rowan,  or  trap  dikes  of  this  vicinity,  were  for  a  long  time 
supposed  to  be  artificial  constructions,  the  origin  and  pur- 
pose of  which  gave  rise  to  various  absurd  conjectures.  Salis- 
bury contains  1  bank  and  1  newspaper  office.  Pop.  in  ISOO, 
2126. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-township  in  the  ccntnil  part  of  Meigs 
CO.,  Ohio,  contains  Ponieruy.     Pop.  7957. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana. 

S.ALISBURY,  a  vill.ige  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  8  or  9 
miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Cory  don. 

SALISBURY,  a  township  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

S.-VLISBURY,  a  small  village  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois,  near 
the  E.  bank  of  Illinois  River. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-village  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois,  9 
miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

SALISBURY,  a  small  vilLage  of  VTashington  co.,  'Wis- 
consin. 

SALISBURY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co.. 
New  York,  on  Spruce  Creek,  about  25  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Utica. 

SALISBURY  COVE,  a  f  ist-offlce  of  Hancock  Co..  Maine. 

SALISBURY  (s-iwlz^jer-e (ISLAND,  Hudson  Strait,  BritLsh 
North  America,  is  in  Kit.  03°  27'  N.,  Ion.  76^  40'  W. 

SALISBURY  MILLS,  a  manufacturing  village  of  Salis- 
bury township,  Esse.x  co.,  Massachusetts,  at  the  end  of  a 
branch  railroad,  communicating  with  the  Eastern  Railroad. 

SALISBURY  MILLS,  a  post^village  of  Orange  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Newburg  Branch  Railroad,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Newburg. 

SALISBURY  PLAIN,  Kngland.  an  elevated  undulating 
tract  of  open  downs,  co.  of  Wilts,  extending  both  N.  and  S.  of 
the  city  of  Salisbury,  but  the  term  is  now  generally  held  to 
apply  mainly  to  that  portion  between  Salisbury  and  Devizes, 
from  which,  as  a  common  centre,  most  of  the  hill  chains  of 
S.  and  Central  England  proceed.  Large  portions  of  it  are 
occupied  solely  as  sheep-walks.  On  it,  about  6  miles  N.  of 
Salisbury,  is  SroMEnENGE,  (which  see;)  and  m.iny  traces  of 
British  and  Roman  camps  are  scattei'ed  over  its  surface. 

S.\LKELD.  (sawl'kfld,)  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland,  on  the  river  Ellen,  here  crossed  by  a  curious 
bridge. 

S.A.LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SALLASCHES,  a  town  of  Savoy.     See  Salle>-che8. 

SALLE,  s&llL  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
atra.  S.W.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  1100. 

SALLE,  La,  Id  sjll.i,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
Piedmont,  12  miles  W.  of  Aosta,  on  tfie  Dora  Baltea.  Pop. 
227S. 

SALLEE,  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Sale. 

SALLENCHES  or  SALLANCHES,  siriS.vsh',  a  town  of 
Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny,  on  the  Arve.  42  miles  N.E.  of 
Chamb6ry.  Pop.  2085.  It  has  been  repeatedly  destroyed 
by  fire,  and  totally  so  on  Good-Friday,  1S40.  The  fall  of 
the  Sallenche  is  a  fine  cascade,  in  the  Valais,  10  miles  S.  of 
Martizny. 

SALLES-CURAN.  sAll  kUVSN"',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  .\vevron.  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Millau.    P.  2200. 

SALLES-LA-S(DURCE.  sill  li  sooEs.  a  village  of  France 
department  of  Aveyron,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rodez.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2074. 

SALLES-SUR-L'HERS.  sill  sUr  laiK.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  .\ude,  8  miles  W.  of  Castelnaudary.  Pop.  1189. 

SALLIER,  sirieer',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bombay,  78  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dam.iun. 

S.\L'LINS,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Lein.ster,  co.  of  Kildare. 
on  the  Grand  Canal,  with  a  station  on  the  Gi-eat  Southern 
and  Western  Railway,  7^  miles  N.E.  of  Newbridge.  Pop.  350. 

SALM,  slim,  an  ancient  principality  of  Germany,  belong- 
ing to  a  celebrated  family,  which  in  the  lUh  century  di- 
vided into  two  branches,  the  elder  pos.sessing  Upper  Salm. 
on  the  E.  frontier  of  Lorraine,  and  the  younger  Lower  Salm, 
In  Luxemburg,  both  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine. 

SALM,  Alt,  dlt  silm,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
31  miles  S.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  Salm.  an  afliuent  of  the  Am- 
hleve.    Pop.  2600. 

S.\LM.\GUN'DI,  a  post-office  of  Washita  parish,  Louisiana. 

8ALMANTICA.     See  Sala.manca. 

SALMERON,  sil-mA-ron'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
province,  .ind  37  miles  E.S.E.  of  Guadalajara.     Pop.  1158. 

SALM0NBY,sam'9n-be.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SALMON  (sam'on)  CREEK,  of  Cayuga  CO.,  New  York,  falls 
Into  the  Cayuga  Lake  at  Ludlowville. 

SALMON  CKEEK.  of  Monroe  co_  New  York,  entors  Lake 
Ontario  at  Braddock's  Bay.  about  14  miles  N.W.  of  Rochester. 

SALMON  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  New  York, 
about  30  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Rochester. 

SALMON  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Strafford  co.. 
J^ew  Hampshire,  on  the  Salmon  Falls  River,  2  miles  from 
Oie  Great  Falls,  and  on  the  Boston  ami  Maine  Railroad. 

SALMON  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California. 
1682 


SAL 

SALMON  FALLS  RIYER  rises  in  Carroll  co.,  New  Hamik 
shire,  and  flowing  S.E.,  xinites  with  the  Cocheco,  and  several 
other  smaller  streiims,  to  form  the  Piseataqua  River.  It 
runs  on  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Ilampsbira 
for  nearly  its  whole  extent.  There  are  considerable  falls  in 
different  parts  of  its  cour.se. 

SALMON  RIVER,  a  fine  mill-stream  in  the  central  part 
of  Connecticut,  rises  in  Tolland  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Con- 
necticut River,  in  Middlesex  county. 

SALJION  RIVER,  New  York,  rises  in  Franklin  co.,  and 
flowing  N.W.,  &lls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  in  Canada. 
About  15  miles  from  its  mouth  it  has  a  perpendicular  de- 
scent of  about  100  feet,  furnishing  an  immense  hydraulio- 
power. 

SAL5I0N  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

SALMUNSTER.  iSalmiinster.)  or  SAAL.MUNSTER.  (Saal- 
miinster.)   sil'mtin  ster.   a   walled    town    of   Germany,   in 
IIesse-Ca*.<el,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Salza  and  Kinzig,  24    ' 
miles  S.W.  of  Fulda.    Pop.  1600.    It  has  a  Franciscan  m(i- 
uastery. 

SALO.  silo,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Lake  of  Garda,  14  miles  E  N.E.  of  "Brescia.  Pop.  5600. 
It  stands  at  the  foot  of  Monte  San  Bartolomeo.  is  chiefly 
built  on  piles,  and  has  a  cathedral  and  8  other  churches. 

SALO.  a  pjiss  in  the  Pyrenees,  near  Conflans,  in  France.     • 

SAL0BRER.\,  sd-lo-brjn'yd.  a  .email  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  ."4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Granada,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Motril.  in  the  Mediterranean,  with  1450  inhabitants,  and  a 
.Moorish  castle. 

SALODURUM  or  SALORDURUM.    See  Solecrs. 

S.\LO'M.\.  a  post-village  of  Taylor  co.,  Kentucky,  71  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  has  2  stores. 

SALOMON  ISLANDS.  PacificOcean.  See  Solomos  Islands. 

SALON.  sd'lAN-o',  (anc.  Sa'lo  or  Salofnumt)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Bouches-du-Rh6ne.  near  the  canal 
of  Craponne,  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  Marseilles.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1564.  It  has  several  squares  with  fountains,  a  handsome 
town-hall,  and  manufactures  of  silk-twist,  hats,  and  soap, 
and  a  brisk  general  trade. 

SALONA,  sd-lo'nd,  a  ruined  city  of  Dalmatia,  3  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Spalato,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Salcna,  an 
inlet  of  the  .Adriatic.  It  was  greatl3'  enlarged  and  fortified 
by  Diocletian,  a  native  of  Salona,  but  destroyed  by  the 
Avars  in  639. 

SALONA.  si-Io'nl,  (anc.  Jmphis'sa,}  a  town  of  Greeoo> 
capital  of  the  government  of  Phocis,  84  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Athens,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Corinthian  Gulf,  and  at  the  3. 
foot  of  Mount  I'arnassus.  Pop.  4000.  Ou  its  acropolis  are 
picturesque  ruins  of  its  ancient  citadel. 

SALO'NA,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  104 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SALONICA,  si-lo-neeOva,  or  SALONIKI,  si-lo-nee^e«, 
(Fr.  Sal/mique,  sSMo^neek';  anc.  ThissaUmi'ca  or  Ther'ma,) 
a  large  seaport  city,  and  next  to  the  capital,  the  principal 
seat  of  commerce  in  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Eiee,  capital 
of  a  sanjak.  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of  Siilonica. 
Lat.  40°  38'  8"  N..  Ion.  22°  57'  22"  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from 
70,000  to  75.000,  of  whom  from  25.000  to  .SO.iiOO  are  Jews,  5000 
Turks,  and  the  remainder  Greeks  and  Franks.  It  has  ex- 
ternally an  imposing  appearance,  standing  on  a  hill  slope, 
enclosed  by  whitewa.shed  or  painted  walls.  5  miles  in  circuit, 
its  numerous  minarets  and  domes  interspersed  with  gardens 
of  cjpress.  The  city  is  commanded  by  a  large  citadel,  termed 
the  '•  Seven  Towers."  It  has  numerous  antiquities  in  good 
preservation.  The  lower  portions  of  its  walls  are  Cyclopean, 
and  one  of  its  gates  was  built  in  honor  of  Augustus,  after 
the  battle  of  Philippi.  Within  the  citadel  is  another 
triumphal  arch,  erected  under  Marcus  Aurelius.  Several 
of  the  mosques  have  been  originally  pagan  temples;  one 
has  been  constructed  on  the  model  of  the  Pantheon  at 
Rome:  another,  with  portions  wholly  uninjured,  was  for- 
merly a  temple  of  Venus.  .  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is  the 
hippodrome,  a  noble  area,  entered  by  a  m.ngnificent  colon- 
nade of  five  Corinthian  pillars.  The  mosque  of  St.  Sophia 
is  a  hand.«ome  model  of  that  at  Constantinople.  The  bazaars 
are  extensive  and  well  supplied,  and  the  city  has  some 
flourishing  .silk-drawing  factories.  Daring  the  prevalence 
of  Napoleon's  continental  system.  Salonica  was  an  important 
depot  for  English  goods.  It  has  still  a  large  trade  in  British 
produce.  The  exporfjs  consist  of  wheat,  barley,  maize,  tim- 
ber, wool,  sponges,  raw  silk.  wine,  sesumum  seed,  tobacco, 
and  staves.  This  city  was  the  residence  of  Cicero  during  a 
part  of  his  exile :  it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  Roman  co- 
lony by  Valerian. 

SALONICA.  GULF  OF.    See  Gcu  of  S.alomca. 

SALONIKI  or  SALONIQUE.     See  Saloska. 

SArLOP.  or  SHROP'SIIIRE.  shrop'shjr,  an  inland  county 
of  England,  hounded  W.  and  N.  >y  Wales.  Area.  1.34.<  square 
miles,  most  of  which  is  under  culture  Pop.  in  1851.  229,341. 
The  Severn  flows  through  its  centre  from  N.W.  to  S.E.:  its 
S.  h.ilf  is  mountainou.s,  and  here  breeding  cattle  and  dairy- 
ing are  carried  on  extensively:  the  N.  half  is  comparatively 
level,  and  the  land  is  chiefly  under  tillage.  Near  the  Severn 
are  fine  meadow-lands;  orchards  are  numerous  in  the  S., 
and  hops  are  raised  on  the  Herefordshire  border.    About 


SAL 


SAL 


800,000  tons  of  coal  are  raised  annually  in  tbe  E.,  besides 
Iron,  Ac,  and  consumed  in  the  iron  furnaces  there;  lead  is 
produced  in  the  W.,  and  salt  both  in  the  N.  and  S.  The 
Shrewsbury,  Newport,  Birmingham,  and  Liverpool,  and 
EUesmere  and  Chester  Canals  intersect  the  county  N.  of  the 
Severn.  A  railwiiy  connects  Shrewsbury  with  Chester,  and 
the  county  is  also  traversed  by  the  London  and  North- 
western Railway.  Shropshire  returns  12  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  of  whom  4  are  sent  by  the  county. 
Capital,  Shrewsbury. 

SALOR,  silSii',  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  flows 
Into  the  Tagus,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Salorino.  Total  course, 
60  miles. 

SALORINO,  sl-lo-ree'no,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and 
51  miles  W.  of  Caceres,  near  the  Salor.     Vop.  11)18. 

SALOU,  s3-loo/,  a  small  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
,  province,  and  8i  miles  S.W.  of  Tarragona.  Lat.  41°  7'  N., 
Ion.  7°  12'  E. 

SALPEE,  sil'pee,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Sattarah. 

S.^L'PERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SALPI,  sil'pee,  a  lake  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata, 
22  miles  E.  of  Foggia,  and  only  separated  from  the  Adriatic 
by  a  very  narrow  tongue  of  land.  Length  from  S.E.  to 
N.W.,  10  miles :  breadth,  2  miles. 

SAL  KEY,  s3l  ri,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands.  Length, 
22  miles ;  breadth,  18  miles.     Pop.  33tX). 

S.\LSA,  sil'sj,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  W.  of  Sant'  Angelo  dei  Iximbardi.     Pop.  1260. 

SALSF^TTK,  (Port.  pron.  sjl-sjfti.)  .^n  Lsland  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  immediately  N.  of  Bombay 
Island,  with  which  it  is  connecte<l  by  a  narrow  causeway. 
Length,  18  miles ;  average  breadth,  IS  miles.  Pop.  upwards 
of  50,000,  including  many  of  Portujuese  descent. 

SALSO,  .sil'so,  or  FFIIUMF;  SALSO,  fe-oo'mA  sji'so,  t.  «. 
"salt  river,"  (anc.  Him'era,)  the  largest  river  of  Sicily, 
rising  in  the  Madonian  Mountains,  intendency  of  Palermo, 
flowing  S.,  and  entering  the  Mediterranean  at  Alicata,  alter 
a  course  of  70  miles.  Near  Castro  Giovanni  It  receives  the 
waters  of  a  salt  spring,  whence  its  name. 

SALSO  M  AGGIORK,  sdl'so  mad-jo'r.-\,a  village  of  Northern 
Italy.  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Parma,  on  a  low  flat.  Population 
b-Mi. 

SALT.V,  sil'ti,  the  northernmost  province  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic,  (La  Plata.)  extending  N.  of  lat.  26°  S.,  and  be- 
tween ion.  62°  and  68°  W.  Area,  about  70.000  square  miles. 
Pop.  loosely  estimated  at  55,IK)0.  The  surface  is  very  ranch 
diversified,  consisting  alternately  of  ramlficationg  of  the 
Andes,  fertile  valleys,  and  wooded  or  pasture  lands.  Prin- 
cipal rivers,  the  Salado  and  Upper  Vermejo.  In  this  pro- 
vince are  the  silver-mines  of  San  Antonio  and  Acay. 

SALTA.  a  city  In  the  above  province,  situated  on  an 
aflluent  of  the  Salado.  180  miles  N.  of  Tucuman.  Lat.  24° 
15'  8.,  Ion.  64°  50'  W.  Pop.  from  8000  to  OOW.  It  is  regu- 
larly built,  and  has  numerous  religious  •difices,  and  a  col- 
lege formerly  belonging  to  the  Jesuits. 

SALT'ASII.  a  decayed  borough,  market-town,  and  cha- 
pelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Tamar,  3i  miles  N.W.  of  Devonport.     Pop.  in  1851,  1621. 

SALT'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

S.\^LT'COATS,  a  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  on 
the  Bay  of  Ayr,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Glasgow.  Pop.  in  1851, 
4338.  It  has  a  neat  Gothic  parish  church,  a  handsome 
town-house,  free  and  other  schools,  a  subscription  library, 
reading-rooms,  large  ship-building  docks,  and  rope-walks. 
The  inliabltants  are  chiefly  employ<Hl  in  weaving  and  sew- 
ing muslins,  shawls,  and  silks  for  Glasgow  houses.  It  has 
also  salt-works,  and  exports  coal  to  Ireland. 

SALT'COTT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SALT  CREKK,  of  Hocking  and  Ross  counties.  Ohio,  flows 
Into  the  Scioto  River  about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Chillicothe. 

SALT  CREEK,  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Muskingum  River. 

SALT  CREEK,  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan,  flows  into  Maple 
River. 

S.A.LT  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Brown  co.,  and  flow- 
ing S.W.,  enters  the  East  Fork  of  White  River,  near  Bed- 
ford.    It  is  navigable  in  high  water  for  nearly  30  miles. 

SALT  CRKEK,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Iliiuois,  flows  W. 
into  the  Sangamon  River,  forming,  in  the  latter  part  of  its 
course,  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Menard  and  Mason 
counties. 

SALT  CREF.K,  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa,  flows  into  Iowa  River. 

SALT  CRKEK,  a  township  of  Hocking co.,01iio.  Pop.  990. 

S-I-LT  CREKK.atownshipof  Holmes  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.1680. 

S.\.LT  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Mus- 
kingum CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1158. 

SALT CREEK,atownshipof  Pickawayco.,01iio.  Pop.lSlS. 

SALT  CREEK,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1707. 

SALT  CREEK.atownshipofDecaturco.,Indiaiia.  P.  1659. 

SALT  CREEK,  a  township  of  Franklin  CO.,  Indiana.  P.976. 

SALT  CKEEK.  a  township,  Jackson  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1682. 

SALT  CRliEK,<v:ownship  of  Monroe  co.,Indiana.  Pop.60o. 

Sji.L'1'  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  7a  miles 
B.W.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 


SALT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Utah. 

SALT  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon. 

SAL'TEE  ISLAND.S,  two  small  isl.ands  and  a  group  of 
rocks  off  the  coast  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford :  the  larcer  of 
the  two  islands  lies  about  15  miles  E.  of  Hook-heaa.  and 
extends  1  mile  S.S.W.  A  ve.ssel,  showing  a  fixed  double 
light,  is  stationed  3i  miles  W.S.W.  of  this  island. 

SALTENS-ELF,  sll'tgns-^lf,  a  river  of  Norway,  district  of 
Nordland,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  70  miles  enters  the  Arctic 
Ocean  by  a  wide  fiord,  in  lat.  67°  12'  N. 

S.\LT-ANii-EN'SON.a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Strafford. 

SAiyTEKFORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

SALTERSFORD,  or  JEN'KIN  CHAPEL,  a  township  of 
England,  co.  of  Chester,  with  a  station  on  the  Midland 
Railway,  2  miles  W.  of  Cromford. 

S-ILTERSVILLE.  a  postofRce  of  Hudson  CO.,  New  Jersey. 

S.iLTFLEKT'BY,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

SALTFLEETBY,  Middle,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

SALTFLEETBY.  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SALTFLEET  HAVEN,  England.    See  Skidbrooke. 

S.^LT'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  with  a 
station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  5  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Bath. 

SALT  FORK,  Missouri.    See  Black  River.  ' 

SALT  HILL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  3J  mileg 
N.  of  Windsor,  and  until  lately  noted  as  the  place  to  which 
the  Eton  boys  made  the  triennial  "montem"  procession, 
abolished  in  1847. 

SALTHOLM,  sillt/holm,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Sound,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Copenhagen,  and  W.N.W.  of 
Malmo,  in  Sweden.  Length,  5  miles.  It  is  often  covered 
by  the  sea,  and  is  not  permanently  inhabited. 

SALT'HOUSE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SALTIKOVA  DEVITSA,  or  SALTIKOWA  DEWITZA, 
sil-teko'vil  di-vit'sd  (or  d4-veet'sA.)  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment,and  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Tchernigov,  on  the  Desna.  P.  1000 

SALTILLO,  (Sp.  pron.  sil-teel'yo,)  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state,  and  110  miles  S.  of  Coahuila.  on  the 
river  Tigre.  Pop.  6000.  At  Buena  Vista,  6  miles  distant, 
February.  1847.  the  Mexicans  under  Santa  Anna,  with  15.0(X1 
troops,  were  rout<Kl  by  a  much  smaller  number  of  United 
States  troops  under  General  Taylor. 

SALTIiyLO,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
New  .\lbany  and  Salem  Railroad.  10  miles  W.  of  Salem. 

S.\LTII>LO,  a  rost-offlee  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi. 

SALTILLO,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  CO.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River.  12  miles  N.  of  Savan- 
nah, is  the  county  seat,  a  place  of  brisk  business,  and  a 
de))6t  for  cotton  and  staves,  which  are  shipped  by  the  river. 

SALTILLO,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Iroquois  River,  10  miles  above  Rensselaer. 

SALT  ISLANDS,  one  of  the  British  West  India  Islands, 
in  the  Virgin  group,  S.E.  of  Tortola. 

SALT'K ETCHER  BRIDGE,  a  post>vlllage  of  Colleton  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

SALT  KEY  BANK,  about  90  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Florida,  be- 
tween the  Grand  Bank  of  Bahama  and  Cuba  Island,  is  62 
miles  long,  and  30  wide  at  its  greate»;t  breadth.  Its  W.  bor- 
der is  a  chain  of  barren  rocks,  called  the  Double-Headed 
Shot  Key.  the  north-westernmost  of  which,  commonlj-  called 
the  Elbow  Key,  contains  a  fixed  light,  54  feet  from  the  base 
of  the  tower,  and  100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat. 
23°  56'  24"  N..  Ion.  80°  27'  35"  W. 

SALT  KEYS,  some  islets  in  the  Bahamas,  and  off  the  N 
coast  of  Cuba. 

SALT  LAKE.  Utah.    See  Great  Salt  Lake. 

SALT  LAKE,  acounty  in  the  N.  ceuti-al  part  of  Utah  Ter- 
ritory. It  ha,«  an  area  of  aljout  1200  stuiare  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.AV.  by  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  from  which 
it  derives  its  name,  and  is  drained  by  Jordan  River  and 
other  smaller  streams.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is  moun- 
tainous. The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  in  the  vici- 
nity of  the  lake  of  a  superior  quality.  In  18t;0,  the  county 
produced  41,S43  bushels  of  wheat;  17,598  bushels  of  In- 
dian corn;  7291  bushel.s  of  oats;  22,761  bushels  of  potatoes; 
13,396  pounds  of  wool ;  39,402  of  butter,  and  2673  tons  of 
hay.  It  contained  7259  sheep,  more  than  any  other  county 
in  the  territory.  Capital,  Salt  Lake  City.  Population, 
11,295. 

SALT  LAKE  CITY,  capital  of  Salt  Lake  county,  sni  of 
Utah  Territory,  is  situated  near  the  E.  bank  of  the  Jordan 
River,  which  connects  Great  Salt  Lake  with  Utah  Lake, 
about  22  miles  S.E.  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  4200  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  was  laid  out  in  July.  1847, 
by  a  company  of  143  Mormons.  The  city  contains  2(10  Mockg 
of  10  acres  each,  separated  by  streets  which  are  128  feet 
wide.  There  are  8  houses  in  each  block,  so  arranged  that  no 
two  houses  front  each  other.  The  hou.ses  are  built  of' 
adobes  or  sun-dried  bricks.  The  4  public  scjuares  of  the 
city  are  to  be  adorned  with  trees  from  the  four  quarters  of 
the  glol«,  and  supplied  with  fountains.  On  one  of  these  a 
magnificent  temple  is  now  being  elected;  and  a  gorgeous 
banner,  constructed  of  the  flags  of  .ill  na  lions,  is  ere  long  to 

1683 


SAL 

be  unnirled  fnJK  -EcsigM  Mount,"  which  overlooks  the 
iBW  city  of  the  •'  Saints/'  Salt  Lal<e  City  contains  a  hand- 
■cir.e  theatre,  T\  hlct  cost  aliove  $'20,000. 

The  climate  of  the  valley  in  which  the  city  stands  is  very 
lalubriPOS,  and  the  soil  Avhere  it  can  be  irrigated  is  ex- 
tremely fertile.  Wheat  is  said  to  produce,  under  favorable 
circumstances,  a  hundred-fold.  The  mountains  which  en- 
close the  valley  on  the  E.  side  are  covered  with  perpetual 
snow.  Their  summits  are  said  to  be  about  10,000  feet 
(ueiirly  2  miles)  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Population  in 
1S60,  8236. 

SALT  LICK,  a  township  of  Fayette  cc,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  989. 
SALT  LICK,  a  small  ^^llage  of  Macon  co.,  Tennessee. 
S.\LT  LICK,  a  township  of  Perry  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  l.iOo 
SALTLICK  FALLS,  a  postK)ffice,  Preston  co.,\V.Virginia. 
SALT'NEY,  a  township  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint,  on 
the  Dee,  with  a  station  on  the  Chester  and  Shrewsbury  Rail- 
■way.  2i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chester. 

S.\LTO  GRANDE,  sil'to  grSn'dJ,  a  lofty  cascade  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Minas  Geraes,  on  the  Cordillera  dos  .^iniores. 
where  the  Jequitinhonha.  bursting  between  two  rocks,  boils 
in  cildrons,  and  precipitjitea  itself  into  an  abyss  with  a  noise 
which  is  heard  at  the  distance  of  10  miles. 

SAiyTON,  ^pari.sh  of  Engl.-jnd.  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 
SALMON  or  SAI/TOUN,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Had- 
dington. The  village  of  W'est  Salton,  on  the  Tyne.  has  a  popu- 
lation of  about  225.    Here  are  Salton  Hall,  the  residence  of 
the  Fletcher  femilv.  and  Hermandston,  anciently  the  pro- 
perty of  the  St.  Clairs. 
SALTPETRE,  a  po.st-office  of  Washington  CO..  Ohio. 
SALT  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 
i3ALT  POND,  a  small  village  of  Saline  CO.,  Missouri. 
S.A.LT  RANGE,  an  exten.«ive  mountain  group  of  the  Pun- 
jab, extending  S.E.  from  the  Khyber  or  Teera  Range,  on  the 
N.E.  confines  of  Afghanistan,  to  the  Jhylum.  a  distance  of 
nearly  200  miles.    It  has  a  barren  and  repulsive  appear- 
ance; white,  bold,  and  bare  precipices  rise  in  many  places 
tit  once  from  the  pl.^in,  but  none  of  its  peaks  exceed  2500 
feet.     Most  of  the  torrents  of  the  Salt  Range  carry  down 
gold  dust  in  their  sands. 

SALT  RIVER,  of  Kentucky,  is  formed  by  two  principal 
branches.  Salt  River  proper  and  the  Rolling  Fork,  which 
unite  on  the  boundary  between  Meade  and  Bullitt  counties. 
The  main  stream  flows  N.W.,  and  enters  the  Ohio  22  miles 
below  Louisville.  Salt  River  rises  in  Boyle  county,  and 
flows  first  N.  and  then  W.  The  Rolling  Fork  rises  near  the 
W.  border  of  Lincoln  county,  and  its  general  cour.se  is 
W.N.W.  Another  stream,  called  Chaplin's  or  Beech  Fork, 
unites  with  the  Rolling  Fork  on  the  W.  boundary  of  Nelson 
county.     Named  from  salt-springs  which  abound  near  it. 

S.A.LT  RIVER,  of  Missouri,  is  formed  by  three  branches, 
the  North,  Middle,  and  South  Forks,  which  unite  near 
Horida,  in  Monroe  cdunty.  It  flows  thence  E.,  and  after  a 
Berpentine  course  of  about  85  miles,  enters  the  Mississippi 
in  Pike  county,  1  or  2  miles  above  Louisiana  village.  Small 
steamboats  can  ascend  from  its  mouth  to  Florida.  Branches. 
— The  North  Fork  is  the  principal  branch,  rising  near  the 
N.  boundary  of  the  state,  and  flowing  in  a  S.E.  course.  The 
Middle  Fork  rises  iu  5Jacon  county,  and  pursues  a  S.E. 
course.  The  South  Fork"  rises  near  the  S.  border  of  Audrain 
county,  and  flows  N.  into  the  Middle  Fork  a  little  above 
Florida.  The  Elk  Fork  is  a  small  creek,  which  enters  the 
Middle  Fork  about  7  miles  E.  of  Paris,  in  Monroe  county. 
Long  Branch  flows  along  the  S.  border  of  Monroe  county 
into  the  South  Fork. 

SALT  RIVKR,  a  post-village  of  Audrain  co.,  Missouri,  40 
miles  X.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 
SALT  RIVER,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Missouri.  P.  2310. 
SALT  RIVER,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  711. 
SALT  ROCK,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  431 
SALT  SEA.    See  Dead  Sf..\. 

SALT'S PRING,  a  post-ofllce  of  Campbell  co.,  Georgia. 
SALTSPUING,  a  po.st-offiee  of  Bienville  parish,  Louisiana. 
SALT  SPRING,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  1953. 

SALT  SPRI^'G'^^LLE,  a  postofflce  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York. 

SALT  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Yir- 
rinia,  230  miles  W.  of  Richmond,  and  25  miles  S.AV.  of  the 
White  Sulphur  Springs.  It  is  surrounded  by  teautiful 
mountain  scenery,  and  is  frequented  by  a  large  number  of 
Invalids  and  others.  The  water  conta"ins  various  stilts  ot 
soda,  magnesia,  and  lime. 

SALT'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wa.shington  CO.,  Vireinia, 
on  the  North  Fork  of  the  Holston  River,  about  20  miles 
ft.E.  of  Abingdon.    It  has  2  extensive  saltworks. 
"   .^i^^T'^^'OOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  1  mile  N. 
,;.vl"®'.  Saltwood  Castle,  a  noble  structure  of  the  reign 
of  Richard  TI.,  is  partly  in  ruins. 
i^I'^'UHS!^'  *  ^^"^^  of  Germany.    See  SALznuno. 
fcALT/BURQ,  sawlts'btlrg,  a  postborough  of  Indiana  co., 
Pennsjlvania,  on  the  Conemaugh  River  and  Pennsylvania 
v,aual,  o2  miles  in  a  direct  Une  E.  of  Pittsburg.    The  manu- 
1084 


SAL 

facture  of  salt  is  carried  on  largely  iu  this  vicinity.    Pop.  In 
1850.  623. 

SALUBRIA,  s.vkxybre-a,  a  post-village  of  Catherine  town- 
ship, Chemung  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Chemung  Branch  oi 
the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  near  the  S.  end  of  Seneca 
Lake,  20  miles  N.  of  Elmira. 

SALU'BRITY,  a  post-ofBce  of  Pickens  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina, in  1860,  592. 

SALU'DA,  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  a  branch  of  the 
Congaree,  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  the  N.W.  border  of 
the  state,  and  pursues  a  S.E.  course  until  it  unites  with 
Broad  River  at  Columbia.    The  length  is  estimated  at  2lK) 
miles.    It  flows  through  a  hilly  and  fertile  district,  in  which 
cotton  is  the  staple  product. 
S.\LUD.\,  a  post-ofiice  of  Middlesex  co.,  Virginia. 
SALUDA,  a  post-ofiice  o? Coweta  co.,  Georgia. 
S.\LUD.\,  a  post-township,  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana.  P.  15.31. 
SALUDA  MILLS,  a  post-oflice  of  Newberry  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SALUEN.     See  Saiwin. 

SALUGGIA,  si-lood'jl,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  20 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Vercelll.  Pop.  3091. 
S.VLUN'OA,  a  post-ofiice  of  I^ancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
SALU'RIA.  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Calhoun  co., 
Texas,  on  Mataaorda  I.sland.  at  the  terminus  of  the  San 
Antonio  Railroad,  not  yet  finished.  Shipping  owned  in  1854, 
109  tons  registered,  and  1037  enrolled  and  licensed. 

SALURN,  si-looRn'.  or  SALORNO.  sil-loR'no.  a  market- 
town  of  the  Tyrol,  19  miles  S.S.W.  of  Botzen.     Pop.  1100. 

SALUZZO,  sa-loot/so,  (Fr.  Sdluces.  sS'lUss'.)  a  city  of  North 
Italy,  in  Piedmont,  divi.sion  of  Coni,  capital  of  a  province, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Po,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Coni.  Pop.  14.426. 
It  consists  of  an  upper  and  walled  town,  on  a  height  crowned 
by  a  magnificent  castle,  now  used  as  a  prisson,  and  a  lower, 
open  town,  with  a  hand.some  cathedral.  It  has  manufactures 
of  silk,  leather,  hats,  and  hardwares.  Under  the  French  it 
was  the  capital  of  the  department  of  Stura. 

S.4LUZZ0LA.  sd-loot'so-ld,  a  town  of  North  Itily,  in  Pied- 
mont, 32  miles  N.E.  of  Turin,  on  the  Elvo.     Pop.  2161. 
SALVADOR.  San,  America.    See  Sax  Salvador. 
SALVAGE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Falkland  group,  in  South 
America,  is  in  lat.  51°  1'  S.,  Ion.  61°  6'  W. 

S.\LVAGES,  sil-v3'Hjs,  a  group  of  rocky  islanls  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  between  the  Canary  and  Madeira  Islands, 
about  lat.  30°  N.,  Ion.  16°  W.  The  Great  Piton  yields  a 
large  quantity  of  orchill. 

SALVAGNAC,  sJlVaiiV^k',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn,  23  miles  W.  of  Alby.     Pop.  1900. 

SALVAGN.\C-CAJARC,  sai'v^nVak'  Ra^zhdRk',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Aveyron,  12  miles  N.W.  of  VUle- 
franche.     Pop.  1440. 

S.\LVALEON,  sJl-v^-U-On',  (anc.  Interamnif)  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  20  miles  S.SJI.  of  Bad.ijo.s.  Pop.  2540. 
SALVATERRA  DE  MAGOS,  sk\-y&-tkvJ-Ri  dA  mi'goce, 
a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tagus,  31  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  2000.  In 
its  royal  residence  the  Marquis  de  Louie  was  assassinated, 
February,  1824. 

SALVATERRA  DO  EXTREMO,  sIl-va-tPR'Rd  do  ?x-trA'- 
mo.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  on  the  Spanish 
frontier.  28  miles  E.  of  C.istello  Branco. 

SALVATIERRA,  sai-vS-te^R/Ra,  a  toivn  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremadura, province,  and  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Caceres,  on  a 
mountiiin  slope  near  the  Tanuja.    Pop.  1205. 

SALVATIERRA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Pontevedra, 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Vigo,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Minho,  ivhich 
separates  it  from  Portugal. 

S.\LVATIERRA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Biscay,  16 
miles  E.  of  Vitoria.  fortified  and  well  built.     Pop.  1.593. 

SALVATIERRA  DE  LOS  BARROS,  si\-\k-ie-hvihi&  dA  loce 
baR'Roco,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  23  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Bad.ajos.    Pop.  2555. 

S.\LVE.  .sJl'y.A,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  S.E. 
ofGallipoli.     Pop.  1350. 

SALVETAT.  La,  Id  sirveh-ta'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilerault,  8  miles  N.  of  St.  Pons.    Pop.  in  1852.  42W. 
SALVETAT,  La.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Avey- 
ron. 18  miles  S.W.  of  Rodez.     Pop.  in  1852,  3204. 

S.\LV1AC,  slrve-ik',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Lot,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Gourdon.    Pop.  1189. 

S.\LVI'S.\,  a  handsome  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, 20  miles  S.  of  Frankfort.  It  contains  4  churches,  1 
woollen  fiictory,  and  several  stores. 

S.\I/WARP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
SALWIN.  sSPwin./  SALAVEN.  SALUEN,  sdlVgn',  TH.VN- 
LWENG,  than-hv^ng/,  or  THANLYENG.  a  large  river  of 
Farther  India,  rises  in  Thil)et,  flows  S.,  .and  enters  the  Gulf 
of  Martaban  by  a  broad  mouth,  on  opposite  sides  of  which 
are  the  towns  of  Martaban  and  Maulmain.     It.s  course  has 
boon  little  explored,  but  it  is  known  to  be  a  noble  stream, 
flowing  through  a  richly-wooded  country,  and  generally 
navigable  to  a  considerable  distance  from  the  sea. 
S.\LYMPKIA.  a  river  of  Turkey.     See  Salembria- 
SALZA.  salt's*,  or  SALZACH,  j^Jlt'saK,  a  river  of  AustTia, 
rises  in  the  Alps,  18  milee  W.  of  the  Gross-Glockner,  tlo-vys 


SAL 


SAM 


E.  and  N.,  and  joins  the  Inn  6  miles  N.E.  of  Burghausen. 
Total  course.  130  miles,  for  the  last  80  of  which  (to  llallein) 
it  is  navigable. 

SALZA  or  SALZE,  Gross,  groce  sllfsil,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  2563. 

SALZBRUNN,  silts'broon,  New,  Lower,  and  Upper,  three 
contiguous  villag«s  of  Prussian  Silesia,  35  miles  S.W.  of 
Breslau.     Pop.  27C7. 

SALZBUKG  or  SALTZBURG,  sAlt-VbaRG,  (Ger.  pron. 
gilts'TxJdRG;  anc.  JuvaJvum  or  Juva'via.)  a  city  of  Upper 
Austria,  capital  of  the  circle  of  same  name,  at  the  base 
of  two  precipitous  heights,  on  the  Salza,  156  miles  W.S.VV. 
of  Vienna.  Lat.  47°  48'  N.,  Ion.  13°  1'  E.  It  stands  in  a 
narrow  defile,  half  encircled  by  the  Noric  Alps,  through 
an  opening  in  which  the  Salza  passefl  out  to  join  fhe  Inn. 
The  rich  fields  and  meadows  through  which  tho  river 
winds,  the  wooded  slopes  and  abrupt  precipices  on  either 
side,  and  the  ridges  of  iiills  rising  tier  alwive  tier,  and 
overtopped  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Alps,  form  scenery 
scarcely  inferior  to  the  finest  parts  of  Switzerland.  The 
town  is  divided  by  the  Salza  into  two  unequal  parts,  which 
communicate  by  a  wooden  bridge  above  370  feet  long,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  wall  with  10  gates.  The  greater  part  is 
on  the  left  bank,  where  it  is  overtopped  by  a  lofty  height, 
crowned  by  a  magnificent  old  castle.  The  superabundance 
of  marble  employed  in  the  construction  of  the  houses  has  a 
striking  effect,  but  the  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  and 
gloomy.  Tbe  two  finest  squares  are  Rpsidenz  or  Ilaupt- 
Platz,  and  the  Domplatz.  The  former  is  adorned  with  a 
l)eautiful  statue  of  white  marble.  45  feet  high ;  the  latter  by 
a  noble  bronze  statue  of  the  Virgin,  by  Ilagenau.  B«?tweeu 
the  two  squares  stands  the  cathedral,  a  heavy  Italian  struc- 
ture, 410  feet  long,  by  2.50  feet  bro.ad,  with  a  dome  and  tw6 
towers.  Adjoining  it  is  the  archbishop's  palace,  an  exten- 
sive edifice,  now  partly  used  as  public  offices.  In  the  same 
neighborhood  is  the  collegiate  church  of  St.  Peter,  with  a 
monument  to  Haydn;  and  a  cemetery  remarkable  for  the 
numiier  of  curious  ancient  tombs  which  it  contains.  At- 
tached to  this  church  is  an  elegant  hall,  with  a  library  of 
40.000  volumes,  and  an  extensive  collection  of  coins,  engrav- 
ings, and  natural  curiosities.  The  castle  has  long  been  dis- 
mantled, and  serves  only  for  barracks.  In  one  of  its  towers 
is  shown  the  torture-chamber,  with  part  of  the  inhuman 
apparatus  employed  upon  the  Protestants,  who  were  ulti- 
mately, to  the  numlter  of  30,000.  mercilessly  driven  out  of 
the  town.  The  castle  was  the  residence  of  the  archbishops, 
who  wore  at  the  same  time  princes  of  Salzburg  and  of  the 
German  Empire,  and  had  temporal  sovereignty  over  200.000 
souls.  The  continuation  of  the  ridge,  on  which  the  castle 
stands,  forms  the  Monchsberg.  (mOnKs'b^RO.  i. «.  "  Monk's 
Hill,")  which  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  escarped  pre- 
cipices, and  has  a  fiat  summit  of  consideraVile  extent  laid 
out  in  fields  and  pleasure-grounds,  and  well  planted  with 
trees.     The  Monchsberg  is  crowned  by  a  Capuchin  convent. 

The  manufactures  of  tho  town  consist  chiefly  of  leather, 
ironware,  cotton  goods,  and  majolica.  The  trade  both  in 
these  articles  and  transit  is  considerable,  and  there  are  two 
important  annual  fairs.  Salzburg  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop, 
the  seat  of  superior  provincial  courts  and  offices,  and  pos- 
sesses a  lyceum.  with  an  extensive  and  valuatile  library  ;  a 
gymnasium,  several  industrial  and  other  schools,  a  physical 
and  zoological  museum,  botanical  garden,  deaf  and  dumb 
Institution,  lunatic  asylum,  large  house  of  correction,  thea- 
tre, and  several  hospitals.  It  is  a  place  of  great  anticiuity. 
The  Roman  town  was  destroyed  by  Attila  in  448,  and  was 
rebuilt  by  the  dukes  of  Bavaria.  A  succession  of  archbishop 
princes  continued  to  govern  it  till  1802.  when  it  was  seca- 
Larized  with  the  extensive  domains  which  belonged  to  it, 
and  given  first  to  Tuscany,  and  then  to  I3avaria.  from  which, 
with  the  exception  of  the  territory  of  Berchtesgaden,  it 
passed  to  Austria  in  1814.  Salzburg  was  the  birthplace  of 
Mozart.     Pop.  14.185. 

SALZBUKG.  a  circle  of  Upper  Austria,  called  also  the 
du^hy  of  Salzburg,  area,  2764  square  miles,  is  a  rugged, 
mount^iinous  country,  intersected  by  numerous  valleys,  of 
vrhich  that  of  the  Salza  is  the  principal.  The  minerals  are 
Tery  valuable,  and  include  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  cobalt, 
iron,  salt,  and  marble.    Pop.  146.007. 

SALZDI'^RIIELDEN,  sSltR/der-herden,  a  market-town  of 
Hanover,  principality  of  Grubenhagen,  on  the  Leine,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Eimbeck.     Pop.  1200. 

SALZDETTFURTH,  saitsMett-foORf,  a  village  of  Hanover, 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hildesheim.  on  the  Lamme. 

SALZGITTER,  sSUVghit-tfr,  a  village  of  Hanover,  20 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Hildesheim.    Pop.  1500. 

SALZGRUB.  a  town  of  Transvlvania.     See  Kolos. 

SALZKAMMERGUT,  sJlts-klm'mer-goot,  a  disitrict  of  Up- 
per Austria,  on  the  borders  of  Styria.  Area,  336  square 
miles.  Pop.  16,000.  The  soil  is  unprofitable,  but  valuable 
wit-mines  are  wrought  here  on  account  of  the  government. 

SALZICOTTEN.  sait.s'ko'ten,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westr 
phalia.  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Minden.     Pop.  18.30. 

SALZSCHLIRF,  sjlts'shlegiif  a  village  of  Hesse-Cassel,  10 
alleh  N.W.  of  Fi  Ida,  on  the  Altf-11.     Pop.  1093. 

BAL7UFLEN,  nilfsoo-fign,  a  town  of  Germany,  In  Lippe- 


Detmold.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Salza  and  Werra,  11  miles 
N.W.  nf  Detmold.     Pop.  13t>t. 

SALZUNGKN,  sdlt/soOng-gn.  a  town  c^  Central  Germany, 
in  Saxe-Meiningen,  on  the  Werra,  19  miles  N.N.W  of  Mein- 
ingen.  Pop.  3u77.  It  has  important  salt-works,  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloth,  linens,  and  leather,  and  5  annual 
fairs. 

SALZWEDEL.  saits/^AMfl.  or  SALTWEDEL.  sait/wiMgl, 
a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  .54  miles  N'.N'.W.  of  Magdeburg, 
on  theJetzel,  in  lat.  52°  51' N.,  Ion.  11°  17' E.  Pop.  7810. 
It  is  enclosed,  by  walls,  and  has  a  gymnasium,  and  manu- 
factures of  woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  fabrics. 

S.i^.MADANG,  si-md-d4ng',  a  town  of  Java,  on  the  route 
from  Buitenzorg  to  Sheribon,  125  miles  S.E.  of  Batavia. 

SAMADURA.  an  island  of  Ilindostan.     See  Sivana. 

SAMAEIL,  si-md-il',  a  town  of  Arabia,  In  Oman,  45  miles 
W.  of  Muscat. 

SA.MAIPATA.  sl-ml-p5'ta.  a  small  town  of  Bolivia,  de- 
partment, and  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra. 
Pop.  1(R)0. 

SAMAKOV,  s5-m3-kov',  a  town  of  Europeiin  Turkey,  in 
Bulgaria,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sophia.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  en- 
closed by  substantial  walls,  and  has  extensive  works  for  the 
production  of  heavy  iron  goods. 

SAMALOOD,  sd-ma-lood',  SAM  ALOUD,  of  SAMELOOD, 
sJ-mfh-lood',  a  town  of  Egypt,  province  of  Benisooef,  on  tho 
Nile,  15  miles  N.  of  Minieh. 

SAMAMI5AIA,  si-mim-bi'3.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Rio  de  .laneiro.  district  of  Cantagallo. 

SAMANA.  si-mini',  a  peninsula  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Hayti.  republic  of  San  Domingo,  stretching  from 
W.  to  E.  32  miles.  It  is  11  miles  across  at  its  greatest 
breadth,  and  is  terminated  at  its  E.  end  bv  Capo  .Simana. 
I,at.  19°  18'  N..  Ion.  69°  8'  W.  Its  highest  peak.  Sugar-lo.af 
Hill,  is  19.36  feet,  and  Morne  du  Diable.  (••  Devil's  Hill.") 
1309  feet  above  sea-level.  There  formerly  existed  a  water 
communication  across  its  west  end,  separating  it  from  the 
island  of  ILayti,  (which,  though  now  silted  up,  could  easily 
lie  reopened.)  so  that  what  is  now  a  peninsula  was  for- 
merly an  island.  Its  soil  is  extremely  fertile;  to  a  great 
extent  it  is  covered  with  timber,  suited  both  for  ship-build- 
ing and  cabinet  xvork :  it  contains  copper,  gold,  and  bitu- 
minous coal.     Pop.  in  1851,  1721. 

SAMANA,  a  name  of  Atwood's  Key,  Bahamas. 

SAMANA  B.\Y.  S,in  Domingo,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  above 
peninsula,  is  about  43  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  W..  by 
alM)ut  8  miles  broad,  and  at  its  W,  end  receives  the  Yuna, 
the  largest  river  in  the  Dominican  Republic.  It  forms  one 
of  the  finest  harbors  in  the  world,  and  may  be  regarded  as 
a  most  important  maritime  position  in  reference  to  the  trade 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  inter-oceanic  routes  across 
Central  America,  both  in  a  commercial  and  military  point 
of  view.  On  its  N.  shore  is  the  small  town  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara. It  lies  in  a  biifht  of  a  land-locked  bay,  in  lat.  19°  12* 
.30"  N.,  Ion.  69°  19'  18"  W.,  and  has  natural  facilities  for  re- 
pairing or  careening  vessels;  a  dilapidated  Roman  Catholic 
churcli,  a  ne.at  Wesleyan  chapel,  and  a  custoinhoust^.  Sa- 
mana  being  one  of  the  open  ports  of  the  Dominican  Repub- 
lic, the  government  maintains  here  a  gairison  of  about  2.'50 
men,  under  a  colonel  who  possesse*  the  chief  authority  in 
the  place.  Negotiations  have  recently  taken  place  between 
the  Republic  of  San  Domingo  and  the  United  States,  with 
a  view  to  the  cession  of  the  bay  to  the  latter  government. 

SAMANAH.  si-mi'nah,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of 
Delhi.  35  miles  S.W.  ofUmballah. 

SAMANCO,  si-min'ko,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  Peru,  be 
tween  the  bays  of  Casma  and  Ferriol.  in  lat.  9°  15'  30"  S., 
Ion.  78°  32'  45"  W.  It  extends  about  6  miles  from  N.W.  to 
S.E.,  with  a  width  of  3  miles,  and  is  the  most  extensive  har- 
bor on  the  Peruvian  coast  N.  of  Callao. 

SAMANTIIA.  a  post-office  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

S.iMAR.  si-miR/,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
firming  a  province  of  the  Philippines.  It  is  washed  on  the 
W.  by  the  liisayan  Sea,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Pacific,  and  is 
separated  on  the  N.  from  the  island  of  Luzon  by  the  Strait 
of  Bernardino,  and  on  the  S.  from  Leyte  by  the  narrow  chan- 
nel of  San  Juanico.  It  extends  from  lat.  11°  to  12°  40*  N., 
Ion.  124°  25'  to  126°  55'  E..  with  a  length  of  147  miles,  and 
an  average  breadth  of  about  50  miles.  It  is  thickly  wooded, 
and  fertilized  by  rivers  of  considerable  size,  as  well  as 
brooks.  The  mountains  are  lofty  and  rugged.  In  these 
iron-stone  and  gold  are  found,  and  copper  is  said  to  exist. 
The  forests  produce  useful  trees  of  various  kinds,  some  re- 
sinous, others  used  for  ship-building.  The  scanty  popula- 
tion cultivate  cocoa,  palms  for  oil,  rice,  and  excellent  cocoa. 
Samar  produces  also  Manilla  hemp.  wax.  mother  of-pearl, 
pearls,  and  tortoise-shell ;  indigo,  said  *o  equal  that  of  Gua- 
temala; and  trepang.  The  palm-oil  is  of  bad  quality.  St. 
Ignatius'  nuts  are  abundant,  and  were  once  profitably  ex- 
ported to  America.  Sinamoys  and  nipas  are  manufactured, 
and  also  mats,  called  bulavgdt,  from  a  plant  of  that  name. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Metis,  (descendants  of  Spaniards 
by  Indian  mothers :)  they  trade  with  the  other  Philippines 
and  the  Pelew  Islands.  Many  Indians  seek  escape  from  the 
capitation  tax  in  the  mountains,  but  there  are  no  Negiitoes 

1685 


SAM 

n  il le  islan  1.  The  province  contains  28  pueblos.  Its  capi- 
tal is  Catbjlagan,  situated  on  a  creek  on  the  W.  coast.  It  is 
built  with  some  regularity,  mostly  of  wood  and  nipa.  but 
the  church  and  governor's  house  are,  with  a  few  others, 
built  of  stone.     Pop.  90,470. 

SAMARi.     SeeSoMMK. 

SAMARA,  s3-m3-rd'.  a  river  of  Russia,  joins  the  Dnieper 
in  the  government,  and  i  miles  S.E.  of  Yekaterinoslav,  after 
a,  W.  course  of  150  miles. 

S.\MAR.4.,  a  river  of  Russia,  governments  of  Orentworg 
and  Simbeersk.  after  a  W.  course  of  2S0  miles  joins  the 
Volja  at  Samara.  Its  affluents  are  the  Tok,  Ooran,  (Uran,) 
and  Kinel. 

S.A.M.\RA,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  the 
same  name,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Simlwersk,  capital  of  a  circle,  on 
a  height,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Samara  with  the  Volga. 
Pop.  11.019.  It  w.HS  founded  in  1591.  and  was  formerly  en- 
closed by  a  ditch  and  ramparts.  It  has  a  c;>thedral.  several 
other  churches,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  cattle  and  sheep, 
salt  fish,  caviar,  skins,  leather,  and  t.iUow. 

S.A.M.A.UA,  a  government  of  Russia,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Vol.;;a,  formed  by  a  ukase  of  December  18, 1S50.  Area, 
89,008  square  miles.    Pop.  1,320,108. 

SAMAKABRIVA.     See  Amie.\s. 

SAM.AR.4NG,  sd-mi-rlng',  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  .Liva, 
capital  of  a  province,  on  its  X.  coast,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Samarang  River,  210  miles  E.S.E.  of  Batavia.  Lat.  of  the 
flag-staff,  6°  57'  S.,  Ion.  110°  27'  E.  Pop.  50.000.  including 
many  Chinese.  It  is  pretty  well  built,  and  has  a  large 
church,  town-hall,  military  school,  hospital,  theatre,  and 
observatory.  Its  harbor  is  not  good,  and  the  town  is  un- 
healthy from  contiguous  morasses,  and  owes  its  importance 
solely  to  the  careful  cultivation  of  the  adjacent  country, 
whiL-h  yields  large  quantities  of  coffee,  pepper,  and  rice. 
Paniaraug  is  the  residence  of  a  Dutch  governor,  and  the  seat 
of  one  of  the  three  principal  law  courts  of  Java.  Pop.  of 
residency,  5IjO,000. 

SAMARATE,  si-mi-rJ'tA,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  >lilan,  2  miles  E.  of  Gallarate.     Pop.  2457. 

SAJIARCAND,  .si-miR-kdnd'.  (anc.  Maracan/da,)  a  city  of 
Independent  Toorkistan,  dominions,  and  130  miles  E,  of 
Bokhara,  on  the  Zer-afshan.  Lat  39°  50'  N.,  ion.  66°  50'  E. 
Pop.  about  10.000.  It  has  greatly  declined  in  importance; 
the  area  within  its  walls  is  mostly  occupied  with  gardens, 
and  of  the  40  colleges  which  it  formerly  had,  only  three  are 
said  to  remain  perfect,  one  of  which  has  great  Iwauty.  This 
city  is,  however,  regarded  with  great  veneration  in  Central 
Asia ;  and  it  possesses  the  tomb  of  Tim  ur,  under  whom  it 
was  the  capital  of  one  of  the  largest  empires  ever  known, 
and  the  centre  of  Asiatic  learning  and  extensive  commerce. 
It  has  also  several  liazaars  and  large  khans,  many  elegant 
though  decayed  public  edifices,  and  it  is  still  an  entrepot  for 
some  caravan  trade,  .  Its  temperate  climate,  abundance  of 
fruit  and  water,  and  the  beauty  of  its  vicinity,  have  cau.sed 
it  to  l)e  generally  eulogized  as  a  re.sidence  by  Asiatic  poets. 

SAM.A.RIA,  sd-mj're-a,  an  ancient  province  of  Palestine, 
between  the  river  Jordan  and  the  Mediterranean,  h.aving  on 
the  N.  Galilee  and  on  the  S.  Judea.  It  comprised  the  towns  of 
Sebaste,  Neapolis,  Oinaea,  Scythopolis,  with  Mounts  Gilboa 
and  Little  Hermon.  Th«  ancient  city  of  Samaria,  built  by 
Omri,  King  of  Israel,  about  925  b.  c,  was  the  capital  of  the 
ten  triijes.  After  its  destruction  by  John  Uyrcanus,  it  was 
rebuilt  by  Herod,  and  called  Sebaste. 

SAMARI.\,  a  village  of  Crete,  near  Sphakia  or  Sfakia. 

S.\M.\ROVA,  s3-m3-ro'v3,  a  town  of  Siberia,  government, 
and  170  miles  N.X.E.  of  Tobolsk,  between  the  Obi  and 
Irtish, 

SAMARRAH,  s3-m3r'rl,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa- 
ihalic,  and  65  miles  N.X.W.  of  Bagdad,  on  a  height,  beside 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tigris,  and  consisting  of  al)Out  250 
houses,  nearly  enclosed  by  a  strong  wall.  It  has  two  hand- 
some Mohammedan  tombs  with  cupolas,  one  particularly 
venerated  by  the  Sheeah  (Shiah)  sect,  and  visited  annually 
by  at  least  10,000  Mohammedan  pilgrims.  About  half  a 
mile  X.  is  a  curious  spiral  tower  16-3  feet  in  height;  also  the 
remains  of  a  college  built  of  fine  brick,  and  traces  of  a  palace. 
The  whole  neighborhood  is  covered  with  ruins. 

S.\MASSI,  sd-mis'see,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  and  22  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1995. 

SAMATAX,  sl'rai'tfe"'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gere,  on  the  Save.  1  mile  N.E,  of  Lombez.     Pop.  1224. 

SAMAVA,  si-m4'vi,  a  town  of  Astatic  Turkey,  pashalic 
of  Bagdad,  on  the  Euphrates.  38  miles  S.E.  of  I..emlooni. 

SAMBAI-CONTAI,  sdm'bil  kon'ti,  a  village  of  West  Africa, 
in  Boiidoq,  in  lat.  14°  41'  X.,  Ion.  12°  25'  W. 

SAMBAS,  sim'bjs/,  a  river  of  the  island  of  Borneo,  rises 
near  the  S.  frontier  of  the  state,  flows  N.W.  for  about  50 
miles  then  turns  S,W..  and  enUrs  the  Strait  of  Carimata 
by  a  broad  estuary,  after  a  total  course  of  about  100  miles. 
It  Is  navigable  .is  far  up  as  Sambas  for  native  vessels,  and 
contains  a  good  deal  of  gold  in  its  sands. 

SAMBAS,  a  state  on  the  VV.  coast  of  Borneo.  It  is  in  Ihe 
Shape  of  a  triangle,  each  side  of  which  measures  about  100 
miles,  and  U  separated  from  Sarawak  by  the  Krimbang 
Kouutaloi^It  U  watered  by  the  Sambas,  its  principal 


SAM 

stream,  the  Selakoo,  Siakawan,  &c.  It  contains  the  richest 
gold-mines  in  Borneo,  which  are  worked  by  a  colony  of  Cht 
nese.  The  state  is  very  populous,  and  is  governed  by  a  Mo 
hammedau  sultan. 

S.AMB.AS.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Borneo,  on  a  low  msirshy 
site,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Sambjjs.  about  30  miles  from 
the  sea,  about  lat.  1°  15'  X..  Ion.  109°  20'  E.  It  is  the  seat 
of  the  sultan,  and  of  a  Dutch  resident,  who  h.is  a  small  force 
for  the  protection  of  Dutch  interests.  The  houses  are  raised 
above  the  ground  on  piles,  and  the  sultan's  palace  is  a  large 
building,  surrounded  bj'  a  sort  of  fortification.  Many  of  the 
inhabitants  are  pirates.     Pop.  10.000. 

SAMBATIKILA,  sam-bi-te-kee^i.  a  walled  town  of  West 
Africa,  in  the  Mandingo  country,  near  lat,  10°  N.,  Ion. 
S   50' W. 

SAM-BAUDILLO-DE-LLOBREGAT.  .sira  bow-Beel'yo  ik 
lo-brd  gilt/,  commonly  c:«Ile<l  SAXBOY,  sin-boy',  or  SEMBOY, 
s2m-b<5y',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia.  6  miles  \V.  of  Bar- 
celona, on  the  Llobregat.     Pop  2500. 

SAM'BEK,  SAMBHARA,  sim-ba/ri  or  SACAMBDARI, 
sd-kim-bi'ree,  a  towu  of  Ilindostan,  in  Rajpootana.  44  miles 
X.X.E.  of  Ajmeer,  in  lat.  20° 53'  X.,  Ion.  74°  57'  E.  On  its  X.E, 
side  is  a  large  salt  lake. 

SAMBILAX.  .sdm-be-ian',  or  SAMBILAXG.  sam-be-llng*, 
or  NIXE  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
lacca, in  lat.  4°  5'  X..  Ion.  100°  35'  E. 

SAMBOAXGA.  .sam-bo-ar.g/ga,  SA5IB0AXGAX,  sdm-bo- 
ang-gin',  or  XUESTKA  SKSoRA  DEL  PILAR  DE  ZARA- 
GOZA,  nwes'tri  sJn-yo'rd  dfel  pe-l.iR'  di  sd-ri-go'sd.  a  town  of 
the  Philippine  Islands,  on  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Mindanao,  in  lat.  6°  54'  30"  S.,  Ion.  122°  8'  E.  It  occupies 
a  low  .site  on  the  shore,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream,  and 
is,  after  Manila,  the  most  important  fortress  which  the  Spa- 
niards possess  in  the  Philippines. 

SAMBOH,  sdm'boR.  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia, 
on  the  Dniester,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Lemberg,  in  lat.  49°  32'  N, 
Ion.  23°  17'  E.  Pop.  6C00.  It  h;is  a  tribunal,  mining  inten- 
dency,  and  gymnasium,  with  manufactures  of  linens,  bleach- 
fields,  .ind  extensive  salt-works. 

SAMBOR.  STARY,  std'ree  sdm'bor,  a  town  of  Austrian  Po- 
land, in  Galicia,  on  the  Dniester,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Sambor. 
Pop.  2080. 

S  AM'BOURN,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick,  parish 
of  Coughton,  3|  miles  X.X.W.  of  .41cester.    Pop.  660. 

S.\MBRE,  .sdm'b'r,  (Fr.  pron.  sSjib'r:  anc.  St'bis.)  a  river 
of  France  and  Belgium,  ri.se3  in  the  French  department  of 
Aisne,  flows  E.X.E.,  and  joins  the  Meuse  at  Xaniur,  in  Bel- 
gixini.  Total  course,  100  miles.  Its  affluents  are  the  Helpe, 
Ileure.  and  Orneau.  It  is  navigable,  for  the  greater  part  of 
its  course,  for  barges.  In  Belgium,  the  Sambre  communi- 
cates by  canals  with  the  Senne  and  Scheldt,  and  the  Canal 
of  the  Sambre,  France,  connects  it  with  the  Canal  of  St. 
Qucutin.  Under  the  French,  Sambre-et->l eu.se  was  a  de- 
partment, watered  by  those  rivers,  and  now  forming  the 
province  of  Xamur,  with  a  p.irt  of  Belgian  Luxembourg. 

SAMBUCA,  sdm-booOtd,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and 
near  Girgenti.     Pop.  8000. 

SAMBUCCA,  sdm-book'kd,  a  vill.age  of  Central  Italy,  in 
Tuscany.  27  miles  X.X.W.  of  Florence.    Pop.  2500. 

SAJIBUCO,  sdm-bootio,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Coni,  near  Vinadio,    Pop.  1412. 

SAMCORI.    See  Konpn.\xo. 

S.\MER.  sd'maiR'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Pas-de-Calais,  8  miles  S.E.  of  BoulogBe.  Pop.  in  1852, 2182. 
It  hits  remains  of  an  abbev  of  the  seventh  century, 

SAM'FORD,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SAMFORD,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SA5IF0RD  ARUXDEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

SAMFORD  BRETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

SAMFORD  COURTEXAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

SAMFORD  PEVEREL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SAM'FORD  SPI'XEY,  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Devon. 

SA:\I  FRANCISCO,  Brazil.    See  S.*o  Fr.axcisco. 

S.\MGAUM,  sdm-gawm',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madra.s.  district,  .and  20  miles  X.W.  of  Xellore. 

SAMGORODOK,  sdm-go-ro-dok',  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  95  miles  S.W.  of  Kiev.     Pop.  1000. 

SAMIIOOD  or  SAMIIOUD,  sdm-hood',  a  town  of  Upper 
Egypt,  province,  and  15  miles  S.E.  of  Girgeh. 

SAMI,  sd'mee.  a  town  of  West  .\frira,  Senegambia,  in  Bam- 
barra.  on  the  Joliba,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Seg'o. 

S.\M  JOlO.  See  Sao  Joao;  and  so  with  all  other  Portu- 
guese names  with  the  prefix  of  Sam  or  Sa\. 

SAMLENSK.  a  town  of  Ru.s.sia.     See  Semuansk. 

SAM'LESBURY.  a  chapelrv  of  England,  ca  of  Lancaster. 

SAM^IINIATO,  a  town  of  Tuscany.     See  S.^x  Mixi.\TO. 

SAM'MOX'S  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  Iroquois  co..  Illinois. 

SAM'MOXSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Xew  1  ork. 

SAMWAN,  or  XAA'IGATOR'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  between  lat.  18°  30'  and  14°  30'  S..  and  Ion. 
168°  and  173°  W..  comprising  S  sm.iU  islands,  estimated  tc 
have  an  area  of  2650  square  iniles,  with  a  population  of  up 
wards  of  50,00u.    The  soil  is  rich,  and  the  sur&oe  densel) 


SAM 


SAN 


wooded.  The  products  comprise  cocoanut-oH.  arrowroot, 
oaoutohouc,  castor-bean,  ginger,  ooffey,  tortoise-shi-ll,  and 
plentiful  supplies  of  regetabtes,  &c.  for  shipping.  The  in- 
habitants are  stated  to  be  superior  in  bodil;'  and  mental 
endowments  to  those  of  many  other  parts  of  Polynesia,  and 
to  Seek  tor  articles  of  utility,  rather  than  trinkets,  in  their 
traffic  with  Europeans.  There  are  British  missionary  sta- 
tions at  Upolu,  Arc. 

SAMOCZIX,  I'russian  Poland.    See  Samotschau. 

SAMOENS.  sd'mo-SNo'.  a  village  of  Savoy,  province  of  Fau- 
cigny,  15  miles  Kast  of  Bonneville.  Pop.  3911.  It  has  6 
impfirtant  annual  fairs  for  cattle. 

iS.-VM(J(tITIA,  s4-mo-jish'e-a,  an  old  province  of  Poland. 
now  forniinir  niopt  part  of  the  Russian  government  of  Viina. 

SA.MOIEI).-!.  sam*oi-*dz',  SAMOYI'^DS  or  SA.MOYEDES.  a 
people  inhabiting  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  I'etchora,  iu  the  N.E.  of  the  government  of 
Archangel,  to  the  Gulf  of  Katanska,  (Khatangskee.)  in  the 
N.E.  of  the  government  of  Yeniseisk.  They  consist  of  three 
principal  tribes,  speaking  different  dialects.  Their  origin  is 
unknown.  They  are  nomadic,  and  live  chiefly  by  fishing, 
and  keeping  reindeer. 

SAMOKIIVALOVITCni,  sJ-moK-vi-lo-vitch'ee,  or  SA- 
MiXIIIWALOWlTSCIII.  a  market-town  of  Kussia,  govern- 
ment, and  10  miles  S.  of  Minsk.     Pop.  1000. 

.SA'MOS,  SOOSAM(SOUSAM.  or  SUSAMVADASPI,  soo'- 
sSm'  adls'see,  an  islandoff  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Scala  Nova,  42  miles  S.W.  of  Smyrna. 
Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  27  miles;  greatest  bre.idth,  10  miles. 
Estimated  area,  165  square  miles.  Pop.  50,000.  Two  ranges 
of  rocky  limestone  mountains  traverse  the  island,  their 
slopes  partly  covered  with  pine  woods,  vineyaids,  and  olive 
groves.  The  valleys  are  fertile,  and  this  is  one  of  the  most 
productive  islands  of  the  archipelago,  exporting  a  good  deal 
;*"  corn,  and  excellent  Muscadine  wines.  The  mineral  pro- 
ducts comprise  marble,  iron,  lead,  silver,  and  emery.  The 
principal  towns  are  Vathi  on  its  X.  siSe.  with  a  good  harbor, 
and  Khora.  the  capital,  near  the  S.  coast,  on  a  portion  of  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Samos.  The  island  h.id  In  ancient  times  a 
famous  templeof  Juno,  of  which  few,  if  any.  vestiges  remain, 
ft  was  the  native  country  of  Pythagoras,  and  the  sculptor 
Theodorus.  The  Samlots  were  among  the  first  to  join  the 
late  Greek  war  of  independence,  throughcjut  which  they  suc- 
cessfully held  the  island  against  the  Turks.  In  the  Little 
lioghaz,  a  narrow  strait  Iwtween  Samos  and  the  mainland, 
tlie  tieet  and  army  of  Xerxes  were  defeated  tlio  same  day 
that  his  troops  In  Greece,  under  Mardonius,  were  dispersed 

and  destroyed  at  Pltit«a,  B.  c.  479. Adj.  and  inhab.  Sami- 

A\,  s:l'me-an,  or  Samiot  or  SaMOTE,  sifme-ot. 

SAMUS,'an  ancient  city  of  Cephalonia.  on  the  K.  coast  of 
the  island.    It  is  now  a  village,  with  various  ancient  remains. 

SAMOSAT  or  SAMOS.-VTA.     See  Somkisat. 

SAMoTIIIiAKI,  si-mo-thrJ'kee.  (anc.  Samtithrutcf. ;  Gr. 
£d//o9po«if;  Turk.  Semi-ndrek,  sA-men-dr§k'.)  an  i.sland  be- 
longing to  Turkey,  in  the  JEgean  Sea,  14  miles  N.X.W.  of 
Imbros.  Area,  30  square  miles.  Pop.  ISOO.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  and  rises  to  5248  feet  above  the  sea.  On  its 
N.  side  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  town  of  Simotlirace. 

SAMOTKAKI,  sl-mo-tri'kee,  one  of  the  smaller  Ionian 
Islands.  5  miles  W.  of  Corfu. 

SAMOTPCHAU.  si'mot  shr.w',  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
38  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bromherg.     Pop.  19B0. 

SAMOYED  or  SAMOYE0E.     See  Samoieds. 

SAMOZERO  sd^mo-zA'ro,  a  lake  of  Russia,  government  of 
Olonets,  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Petro7avodsk.  aViout  20  miles  iu 
length,  from  W.  to  E.,  and  8  miles  in  breadth.  Its  supei-- 
fluous  waters  are  carried  S.  and  E.  by  the  river  Shooya, 
(Schiya.)  into  Lake  Onega. 

SAMPER  DE  CALANDA,  sam-palR/  dA  ki-linMl.  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  of  Teruel,  44  miles  S.S.E.  of  Saragossa. 
Pop.  2720. 

SAMi'EYRE,  sSm-pA'ri,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  15  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Saluzzo,     Pop.  49S5. 

S.\MP'SON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  North 
Carolina;  area  estimated  at  940  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Black  River  and  its  bi-anches,  and  the  South  River  forms 
the  W.  boundary.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The  soil  is 
generally  sandy,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pitch- 
pine.  Formed  in  1784,  and  nauied  in  honor  of  Colonel  John 
Sampson.  Capital.  Clinton.  Pop.  16,624,  of  whom  9596 
were  free,  and  7028  slaves. 

SAMPSON,  a  post-offlce  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

SAMP'SONDALE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Rockland  co., 
New  York,  about  100  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

SAMP'SONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York, 
about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  a  large  tannery 
and  several  mills. 

SAMPTOWN.  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
Cedar  Creek,  8  miles  N.  of  New  Brunswick. 

SAM'S  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 
SAMSOE,  siims/6\  or  SAMS,  sinm.  an  island  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  Great  Belt,  between  Seeland  and  Jutland. 
Length,  15  miles:  greatest  breadth,  5  miles.  Area,  40 
fi^uare  miles.  Pop.  5550.  The  surface  is  undulatiug  and 
fertu>. 


SAMSON,  sh^m'.shon',  the  i-trgest  village  of  Hungiry, 
next  to  C'saba,  co.  of  Bihar,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Debreczin.  Pop. 
22.247. 

SAMSOON,  SAMSOUN  or  SAMSTJN,  sfaiVoon',  written 
also  SAMSOOM  or  SAMSUM,  (ane.  Jini'sus.)  a  seaport  towi. 
of  A.sia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Seevns;  lat.  41°  18'  N.,  Ion.  36°  22 
E.  The  pop.  is  whnlly  Turkish,  and  comprise  about  460 
families;  in  the  neighborhood  is  a  village  with  1.50  families 
of  Christians.  Bazaars,  though  small,  are  well  supplied 
with  goods,  and  the  town  is  a  busy  entrepot  for  tlie  copper, 
timber,  tobacco,  and  agricultural  produce  of  the  iuterioi,  ex- 
ported hence  in  large  quantities  to  Constaninople:  and  it  is 
a  station  for  the  Austrian  Danube  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany's packet.s.  plying  between  this  city  and  Trubizond. 

SA.MTER,  sWtfr.  or  SZAMOTt'LY,  shj-mo-too'lee,  a 
town  of  Prussian  Poland,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Posen,  on  tho 
railway  to  Stettin.    Pop.  2480. 

SAAITTAGO,  Cape  Verd  Islands.     See  Samiaoo. 

SAMTIAGO  DE  CACEM.  sown"  te-3/go  di  kJ-s^Ng'.  a  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Algarve.  36  miles  N.W.  of  Ourique, 
on  a  kind  of  l>ay  formed  by  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  2100. 

SAMUGIIEU,  sa-moo-g.4-oo'(?)  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  ofCagliari.  21  miles  E.  of  Oristano.     Pop.  15»jO. 

SA.ML'LCOTTAII,  sdmtil-kot'ta,a  town  and  fort  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras.  29  miles  E.X.E.  of  Rajahmun- 
dry.  It  has  two  singular  Hindoo  temples.  Lat.  17°  4' N., 
Ion.  82°  17'  E. 

S.\N,  sin,  SAAN,  sjn,  or  SANA,  sj'nl.  a  large  river  of 
Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia,  rises  in  the  Carpathians,  flows 
N.N.W.,  and  joins  the  Vistula,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Sandomier. 
Total  course,  250  miles.  The  affluents  are  the  Wislok, 
Lubaczow,  and  Tanew. 

S.\N,  sin,  a  river  of  Styria,  after  an  E.  and  S.  course  of 
50  miles,  joins  the  Save,  11  miles  S.  of  Cilly. 

SAX,  san.  (anc.  Tahiif.)  a  ruined  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  oa 
an  arm  of  the  Nile.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Menzaleh. 

S.\NA  or  SANA.\,  s3-nJ'.  the  capital  city  of  Yemen,  in 
Arabia,  in  a  fine  valley,  4000  feet  above  the  sea,  110  miles 
E.N.E.  of  llodelda.  Pop.  estimated  at  40.000.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls  Sj  miles  in  circumference,  and  mounting  some  can- 
nons :  is  built  mostly  of  brick,  and  has  two  stone  palaces  of 
the  imam,  alxiut  20  richly  decorated  mosques,  public  baths, 
and  a  stone  bridge  across  its  main  street,  which  is  inundated 
during  rains.  The  principal  commerce  is  in  coffee,  and  in 
its  husk,  which  latter  article  here  brings  the  higher  price, 
and  is  exclusively  used  for  consumption  in  the  city.  Im- 
ports comprise  piece-goods,  Persian  tcjliacco.  dates,  twist,  and 
glass  wares.  Some  remarkable  ancient  inscriptions  have 
been  found. 

SANA.  sS/nl,  or  MIRAFLORES,  me-rl-flo'rJs,  a  town  of 
North  Peru,  department  of  Trujillo,  (Truxillo,)  province, 
and  32  miles  S.E.  of  Lambayeque. 

SAN  AN'DERS,  a  pos^oftice  of  Milam  co.,  Texas. 

SAN  ANDREA.  See  Sant'  Ani.bea.  SAN  ANGELO. 
See  Sant'  Angelo,  and  so  with  other  Italian  names,  in 
which  San  is  followed  by  a  name  beginning  with  a  \ov<A. 

SAN  ANDRE'AS.  a  town  of  Calaveras  co.,  Calit'oniia.  is 
situated  towards  the  W.  part  of  the  county,  lietween  the 
North  and  South  Branches  of  the  Calaveras  River.  The  sur- 
rounding ravines  are  rich  in  gold,  and  fine  for  winter  min- 
ing; average  wages.  8  dollars  a  day. 

SAX  ANDRES,  sin  indrlsJ.  a  town  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
island  of  Teneriffe,in  theCanaries,  in  a  fertile  vallev.  P.  2f35. 

SAN  ANDRES  DE  LLAVANERAS.  sin  in-drfe/  d.A  M-i5- 
nA'ris.  (or  LLEV.\NERAS.  lA-vd-nA'rds.)  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  18  miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1298. 

SAN  ANDRES  DE  PALO.MAR,  .sAn  Andres/  dA  pA-lo  man/, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  5  miles  N.NJi.  of  Barcelona. 
Pop.  4350. 

SAN  ANDRES  A^4LLADARES,  sAn  Jn-dr^s/  vAIvA-dA'- 
rJs.  a  town  and  parish  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  province,  and  24 
miles  from  Pontevedra.     Pop.  1228. 

SAN  AJCGEL,  sAn  Ang'HoI,  a  town  of  Mexico,  on  the 
AcapuUo  road,  about  6  miles  S.  of  the  capital.  It  was  occu- 
pied by  Santa  .■\nna  and  12.000  of  his  army  previous  to.  and 
during,  the  battleof  Contreras,  fought  August  18th  and  19th, 
1847.     Pop.  201 :0. 

SAN  ANTONIO,.iiAn  An-to/n&o,  or  PUERTO  MAGNO, 
pwjR'to  mAg'no,  a  Spanish  seaport  town,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Ivi^a,  with  a  small  fort  which  commands  the 
harbor.     Lat.  "9°  0'  4"  N..  Ion.  1°  14'  E.     Pop.  3539. 

SAN  ANTONIO.  sAn  Au-to'ne-o.  a  river  of  Texas,  which 
rises  in  Bexar  county,  and  flowing  in  a  general  south- 
easterly course,  empties  itself  into  the  lagoon  at  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Refugio  county,  and  opposite  Matagorda  l.«laiid. 
The  upper  portion  is  called  Medina  River  until  it  passes  the 
mouth  of  Leon  Creek,  a  few  miles  S.  of  San  Antonio. 

SAN  ANTONIO,  a  village  in  the  interior  of  the  territory 
of  New  Mexico,  near  the  Sandia  )Iountains,  about  45  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Santa  F6. 

SAN  ANTONIO,  a  village  of  New  Mexico,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte.  150  miles  S.S.W.  of  Santa  Fe. 

SAN  ANTONIO,  a  fortified  hacienda  of  Mexico,  about  8 
miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

SAN  ANTCNIO,  a  town  of  Mexico,  15  mUes  from  La  Paz, 

1687 


J 


SAN 

fcAX  AXTOXIO,  a  missionary  settlement  of  Monterey  co., 
California. 

SAX  AXTCyXIO,  or  SAX  AXTO'XIO  DE  BEXAR,  (Sp. 
pi-on.  sin  in-to'neo  di  bA-aaB/.)  a  thriving  post-town,  capi- 
tal of  Bexar  co.,  Texas,  on  San  Antonio  River,  110  miles 
S.W.  of  Austin  City.  This  wealthy  town  has  been  much 
improved  within  a" few  years,  and  the  population  of  the  ad- 
jacent country  has  increased  rapidly.  Many  of  the  re- 
sidences are  truly  beautiful,  particularly  around  Fort  Ala- 
mo, which  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  See  Fort  Al-^mo. 
San  Antonio  contains  a  United  States  arsenal,  and  several 
churches  and  seminaries.  Two  newspapers  are  published 
here.  It  has  a  large  trade  with  Mexico.  It  is  one  of  the 
termini  of  the  San  Antonio  and  Mexican  Gulf  Railroad,  (pro- 
jected.)   Pop.  in  1S50,  3396;  in  1S60,  8235. 

SAX  AXTOXIO,  sin  Jn-to'ne-o,  a  town  of  South  America, 
in  Venezuela,  department,  and  on  an  affluent  of  the  Apure, 
110  miles  E.  of  Varinas. 

SAX  AXTOXIO,  Italy.    See  San't'  A.vtoxio. 

SAN  .A.XTOXIO,  Portugal  and  Brazil.   See  Sajjto  Astosio. 

S.tX  AXTOXIO.  s3n  Jn-to'ne-o,  the  north-westernmost  of 
the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  lat.  (Tarrafal  Bay)  16°  56'  2"  N.,  Ion. 
25°  21'  7"  VV.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  well-watered,  and 
produces  a  good  deal  of  corn,  cotton,  and  orchilL 

SAX  .\XTOXIO,  a  cape  of  Brazil,  at  the  entrance  to  the 
Bay  of  Bahia.  Lat.  13°  0'  7"  S.,  Ion.  38°  31'  7"  W.  There  is 
a  liirht  on  this  point  140  feet  high. 

SAX  AXTOXIO,  a  cape  of  Buenos  Ayres,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  S.  side.     Lat.  36°  19'  S..  Ion.  56°  45'  W. 

S.\X  AXTOXIO.  a  large  port  or  bay  of  Patagonia.  Lat. 
40°  49'  S.,  Ion.  0.5°  54'  W. 

SAX  AXTOXIO.  CAPE.    See  Cape  San  Antosio. 

SAX  AXTOXIO  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Marin  co.,  in 
the  W.X.W".  part  of  California,  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

SAX  AXTOXIO  DE  ARECO,  sSn  an-to'ne-o  d.i  i-rhfko,  a 
town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.)  60  miles  from 
Buenos  Ayres. 

S.X^X  AXTO^-IO  DE  GIBRALTAR.  (Sp.  pron.  Jn-to'ne-o 
dA  He-Brdl-t.aR'.)  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela,  de- 
partment of  Zulia.  province,  and  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Lake 
of  Maraciylx),  50  miles  X.^\'.  of  Trujillo.     Pop.  3000. 

SAN  AXTOXIO  DE  LAGUX.i.  sin  Jn-to'ne-o  dA  Ij-goo'ni, 
a  town  of  Ecuador,  department  of  Asuay,  on  the  Huallaga, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Amazon. 

SAX  AXTOXIO  DE  LOS  CUES,  sin  Jn-to'neK)  dA  loce 
koo'Ss.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state,  iind  70 
miles  X.  of  Oajaca. 

S.^X  AUGUSTIX,  sin  Cw-goos-teen',  a  town  of  Mexico,  on 
the  .\capuleo  road,  about  12  miles  S.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
It  was  occupied  by  General  Scott,  and  a  portion  of  his  army, 
at  the  commencement  of  the  battle  of  Contreras. 

SAV  AUGUSTIXE  or  ST.  AUGUSTINE.  (Sp.  .5in  jiufnis- 
tin.  sin  uw-goos-teen',)  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  con- 
t.iins  about  620  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  .^ttoyac  and  Angelina  Rivers,  and  drained  by  Ayish 
Bayou.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  is  included  in  the 
trjict  known  as  the  "  Hed  Lands,"  which  is  extremely  fertile 
and  noted  for  its  fine  cotton.  Capital.  San  Augustine.  Pop. 
4094.  of  whom  2.>77  were  free,  and  1717  slaves. 

SAX  AUGUSTIXE.  a  handsome  and  thriving  post-village, 
cipit.al  of  San  .4ugustine  co.,  Texas,  is  situ.ited  on  Ayish 
Bayou,  310  miles  E.X.E.  of  Austin  City.  The  main  road 
from  Xatchitoches  in  Louisiana,  to  Houston,  passes  through 
the  place.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  highly  productive  cotton- 
growing  region.  It  contains  the  University  of  Eastern 
Texas,  1  Methodist  and  1  Episcopal  church,  and  a  newspaper 
office.    Pop.  estimated  at  1000. 

SAX  BAKTHOLO>l£.  sin  baR-tnlK>mA'.  a  village  and  fort 
of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state,  and  215  miles  X.  of 
Durango. 

SAX  BARTOLOMft,  sin  baR-to-Io-mV,  a  town  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  125  miles  E.X.E.  of  Antioquia. 
Pop.  1000. 

SAX  BARTHOLOMfi,  a  village  of  New  Granada,  departs 
ment  of  ^lagdalena.  on  the  river  at  the  influx  of  the  San 
Burtholomfe,  (K)  miles  S.E.  of  Renu-dios. 

SAX  BARTHOLOMfi,  one  of  the  Caroline  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Oce.in.     Lat.  1.=)°  10'  X.,  Ion.  103°  52'  E. 

SAN  BAUTOLOSlfi  DE  TIRAJAXA.  sin  baR-to-lo-mA'  dA 
te-ri-Hi'ni,  a  town  of  the  Canaries,  on  Canary  Island 
Pop.  3456. 

SAN  BARTOLOMEO,  sin  baH-to-lo-mA'o,  a  Tillage  of  Nar 
plen.  district  of  Salerno.     Pop.  1 100. 

SAX  BARTOLOMEO,  sin  baRto-lo-mA'o,  two  islands  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  one  in  the  archipelago  of  the  Caro- 
lines, the  other  off  the  S.  coast  of  Papua. 

SAN  BARTOLOMEO-I.N-GALDO,  sin  ban-to-lo-mi'o  in 
pi.  do,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitinata,  2S  mUes 
".by  S.  of  Foggia,  on  an  elevated  hill.  It  has  a  diocesan 
n™  „?■?•  "•*''  '  collegiate  and  several  other  churches, 
rop.  al2o. 


1688 


SAN 

Gulf  of  Mexico,  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  the  mouth  of  BraioP 
River. 

S.\X  BERXARD,  a  post-office  of  Colorado  co.,  Texas. 

SAX  BERNARDINO,  sin  bfiR-nas-dee'no.  a  village  of  Swi^ 
zerland,  canton  of  Orisons,  in  the  valley  of  Misocco,  15  miles 
N.  of  Roveredo,  with  mineral  springs.  The  P.ass  of  Ueunar- 
Di.NO  or  Berxhardin  (b^R^naR'dis"')  is  travers,»d  by  the  route 
from  Chur  (Coire)  to  Bellinzona.  and  is  one  f/f  the  principal 
means  of  communication  between  Italy,  Switzerland,  and 
Germany.    Elevation,  6970  feet. 

SAX  BERNARDIXO,  sin  b^R-naR-dee'no.  (Mountain.)  a 
lofty  mountain  of  Los  Angeles  co.,  California,  about  60  mile* 
E.  of  Los  Angeles, 

SAXBERXARDINCacouutyintheS.E.partofCiililornia, 
formed  since  1852.    Pop.  in  1800,  6551.     Soe  Appendix. 

SAX  BEKXARDIXO,  a  post-town  (formerly  a  Catholic 
mission,)  of  Los  Angeles  co.,  California,  in  a  rich  and  well 
timbered  valley,  about  60  miles  E.  of  Los  .\ngeles.  It  wag 
settled  by  Mormons.     Pop.  in  1854,  about  1500. 

SAX  BERXARDO,  sin  bjR-naR'do,  a  group  of  islets  of  New 
Granada,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Morrosquillo, 
and  off  the  Point  of  San  Bernardo.  50  miles  S.  of  Cartagena. 

SAX  BIAGIO,  sin  be-i'jo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  II.,  3  miles  W.  of  Xicastro.     Pop.  3000. 

SAX  BLAS,  san  Wis,  or  SAIXT  BLAS,  a  seaport  town  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Jalisco,  on  an  island  at 
the  embouchure  of  the  river  Santiago,  in  tlie  Pacific,  about 
37  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tepic.  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Lat.  21° 
32'  34"  X.,  Ion.  105°  15'  24"  IV.  The  climate  is  very  un- 
healthy, and  the  harbor  bad.  with  an  open  roadstead.  In 
commercial  importance,  however,  it  holds  the  third  rank  in 
the  Confederation,  being  surpassed  only  by  Acapuleo  and 
Mazatlaa.  The  total  tonnage  of  the  vessels  arriving  here 
in  1852  was  30,321.  Among  the  vessels.  27  were  steamers, 
The  number  of  passengers  that  arrived  was  4863;  departed, 
4920.    Pop.  about  2000. 

S.4.X  BLAS,  Caribbean  Sea.    See  Mandisgo. 

SAX  BLAS  POIXT,  Xew  Granadiu    See  Cape  S.an  Blas. 

SAX'BORXTOX,  a  post-town.ship  in  Belknap  co..  New 
Hampshire,  23  miles  X.  of  Concord.    Pop.  2743. 

S,\NBOUXTOX,  a  village  in  Clinton  oo.,  Iowa,  on  Wapsi- 
pinicon  River,  45  miles  X.E.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SAXBORXTOX  BRIDGE,  a  po.st-village  in"  Belknap  co., 
X'ew  Hampshire,  on  Winnipiseogee  River,  and  on  the  Boston 
Concord  and  Moutretil  Railroad.  18  miles  X.  of  Concord. 

SAX  BOROMBOX,  EXSEX.A.DA  DE,  fen-sA-ni'dd  sin  bo 
rom-bOn',  a  bay  in  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  30  miles  from  Buenos 
Ayres. 

SAX  BUEXAVEXTURA.  sin  bwA-ni-vSn-too'ri,  or  bo'na- 
ven-too'ra.  called  also  S.\LIXAS,  (si-lee'nis.)  a  river  in  the 
W.  part  of  California,  rising  on  the  slope  of  the  Coast  Range, 
in  the  E.  part  of  San  Luis  Obispo  county,  flows  in  a  general 
X.W.  course  to  near  the  centre  of  Monterey  co.,  when  it 
turns  towards  the  Pacific,  and  falls  into  Monterey  Bay  in 
about  36°  45'  N.  lat 

SAN  BUEX.-VVEXTURA,  a  town,  formerly  a  mis.sionary 
station,  near  the  boundary  l)etween  Santa  Barbara  and  Los 
Angeles  counties,  is  situated  on  the  main  ro.id  from  .Sau 
Jose  and  Los  Angeles,  and  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  about 
300  miles  in  a  strsisrht  line  S.E.  of  San  Francisco. 

SAX  BUEXAVEXTURA  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Santa 
Barbara  co..  California,  tails  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  alx)ut 
34°20'X.lat. 

SAX  CARLOS,  California.    See  Carmel. 

S.\X  CARLOS,  sAn  kaRloce.  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Venezuela,  130  miles  S.W.  of  Caracas,  in  a  valley  on  the 
Aguare.  Pop.  10,000.  (?)  Before  the  wars  of  independence, 
it  was  one  of  the  richest  towns  in  the  province,  from  its 
plantations  of  indigo,  coffee,  and  cotton,  and  the  immense 
number  of  sheep  and  cattle  reared  in  the  neighboring  sa- 
vannas. 

SAN  C.4.RL0S,  a  town  of  Chili,  c.ipital  of  a  province,  and 
on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Chiloe.  It  is  fortified,  b.as 
an  excellent  harbor,  and  is  the  principal  entrepot  of  the 
island,  exporting  planks,  hams,  and  woollen  stuffs. 

SAN  CAU'LOS.  a  port  on  the  X.W.  coast  of  Ea.«t  Falkland 
Island,  near  the  X.  entrance  of  Falkland  Sound,  with  anchor- 
age for  large  vessels.  Lat.  (Fanning  Head,  S.W.  summit) 
51°  27'  12"  S.,  Ion.  59°  7'  15"  W. 

SAX  CARLOS  DE  LA  RAPITA,  sin  kaRloce  dA  li  ri- 
pee'ti,  a  seaport  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province  of 
Tarragona,  on  an  elevated  flat  on  the  shore  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, about  20  miles  from  Tortosa.  It  owes  its  founda- 
tion to  Don  Carlos  III.,  who.  with  a  view  to  take  advaut.age 
of  its  position  between  the  provinces  of  Aragon,  Valencia, 
and  Catalonia,  intended  to  make  a  great  commercial  empo- 
rium; but  the  extensive  works  commenced  during  his 
reign,  were  ab;»ndoned  at  his  death,  and  Rapita  is  now  com- 
paratively insignificant.     I'op.  919. 

SAX  CASCIAXO.  sin  k.ishi'no,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Tus- 
cany, province,  and  SJ  miles  S.W  of  Florence.    Pop.  2000. 

SAX  CASCIAXO  DEI  BAGXl,  sin  kishi/no  d.A'e  bin'- 
yee.  a  village  of  Italy,  province  of  Sienna,  17  miles  S.E.  c? 
Pienza.  Pop.  2800.  It  derives  its  name  from  its  minera: 
baths,  thb  best  frequented  In  Tuscany. 


SAN 

8ANCASSE,  sIn-kis'sA,  an  Inhabited  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  off  N'areenda  Bay,  N'.W.  of  Madagascar. 

SAN  CATALDO,  sin  kdt.il'do,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  the 
Valley  of  Mazzara,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Caltanisetta.  Pop.  8900. 
In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  sulphur-mines. 

S.AXCKDi),  sSn-thfi/ix),  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and 
about  tiO  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1089. 

S.A.NCE11KE,  sft.No^saiR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cher,  on  a  vine-clad  hill,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  26 
miles  N.E.  of  Bourges.  Pop.  in  ISS'i,  3703.  It  has  a  com- 
munal cnllepe,  and  an  active  trade  in  wine,  and  in  marble 
quarried  in  its  vicinity. 

S.4N"  CKSAHIO,  sin  chJ-s3're-o,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Otranto,  4  miles  S.  of  Lecce.     Pop.  3499. 

SAN  CHIRICO.  Nuovo,  nwo'vo  sin  kee're-ko.  a  markets 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Tri- 
carico.     Pop.  1800. 

SAN  CHIRICO  IIAPARO,  sin  kee're-ko  ri-pi'ro,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Naples,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Marsico-Nuovo.  Pop. 
3580. 

SAN  CHRTSTOVAL,  the  name  of  various  places  in  Spanish 
America.    See  San  Cristovai.. 

SAN  CIPRANO  DE  TIANA,  sin  se-prei'no  d.'l  te-a'ni,  a 
village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  8  miles  from 
Barcelona.  Near  it  stood  the  famous  Carthusian  nionastory 
of  Montalegre,  said  to  have  been  the  most  curious  and 
perfect  of  its  kind  in  Spain.  It  was  sacked  and  burned  at 
the  revolution  on  the  2.^f  h  and  20th  of  July.  1835.  Pop.  1818. 

SAN  CLE.MENTE,  sin  kli-m^n'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  48 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  3120. 

SAN  CLEMENTE,  a  town  of  Spain,  proTince,  and  40 
miles  VV.N.W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  3120. 

SAN  CLEMENTE,  sin  kl.4-min'tA.  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  1  mile  S.E.  of  Caserta,  with  a 
tine  historical  museum. 

SAN  CLEMENTE.  sin  klA-mf n'tA, an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  olT  the  coast  of  Ctlifornia,  15  miles  S.  of  Santa  Catalina. 

S.^NCOINS,  sdNo^kwAx"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cher.  ,30  miles  S.E.  of  Bourges.     Pop.  1497. 

SAN  COLO.MBANO,  sin  ko-lom-bi'no,  a  town  of  Lom- 
bardy.  9  miles  S.  of  Lodi.  on  the  I<ambro.     Pop.  5000. 

S.\N  COSME.  a  post-oflice  of  Rusk  co..  Texas. 

SAXCOTY  HEAD,  the  S.E.  point  of  Nantucket  Island, 
Ma.ssHchusetts,  has  a  fixed  light  1.50  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.     Lat.  41°  17'  N.,  Ion.  09°  59'  W. 

SAN'CHEED.  a  p;irish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SAN  CRISTOVAL  or  CHRISTOVAL.  sin  kris-to'vil,  Lake 
OF.  Mexican  Confederation,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  .Mexico,  is  10 
miles  in  length;  has  on  its  S.  side  a  village  of  its  own 
name. 

SAN  CRISTOVAL  or  CHRTSTOVAL,  a  small  town  of 
South  America,  in  Venezuela,  96  miles  S.S.AV'.  of  Merida,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Apure. 

SAN  CRISTOVAL  or  CHRTSTOVAL,  a  small  town  of 
South  America,  in  New  Granada,  province  of  Antiouuia. 
Lat.  0°  16'  N. 

SAN  CRISTOVAL  or  CHRISTOVAL.  a  small  town  of 
Central  America.  State  of  Guatemala.  S.W.  of  Vera  Paz. 

SAN  CHRTSTOVAL.  Brazil.     See  Sao  Christov.ao. 

SANCT  ANTONIEN,  slnkt  in-to'ne-fn.  a  vill.ige  of  Swit- 
zerland, 15  miles  N.E.  of  Chur,  (Coire.)  This  village  gives  its 
name  to  the  adjacent  vallev  of  St.  Antonienthal. 

SANCT  ANTONT-i.v-DER-HKIDE.  sinkt  in'to-nee^  in  dJr 
hi'deh.  a  small  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  in  Cleves,  17  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Dusseldorf. 

SANCT  BEATENBERO.  sSnkt  bA-i'ten-b?RQ\  a  mountain 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Lake  Thun. 
On  the  slope  of  the  mountain  stands  the  Alpine  village  and" 
church  of  the  same  name,  about  3500  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.     Pop.  974. 

SANCT  BLASIEN.  sinkt  bli'ze-en,  a  village  of  B.iden, 
21  miles  S.E.  of  Freiburg,  on  the  k\h.  Pop.  949.  It  h.as 
Important  iron-works,  and  a  manufacture  of  arms.  Here 
was  formerly  a  rich  abliey  of  the  Benedictines. 

SANCT  GEORG-AM-LEE.  sinkt  gA'oRg  im  li.  a  town 
of  Bavaria,  immediately  N.E.  of  Baireuth.  of  which  it  is  a 
ttuburb.  Pop.  1800.  It  has  a  noble  re.'iidence,  a  park,  an 
abbey,  manufactures  of  porcelain,  and  marble-works. 

SANCT  GEORGEN.  sinkt  gA-oR/ghen,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Croatia.  18  miles  N.E.  of  Bellovar,  with  a  fortress,  and  1500 
inhabitants. 

SANCT  GEORGEN,  a  village  of  Austrian  Croatia,  on  the 
Adriiitic.  5  miles  S.  of  Zengg. 

SANCT  GOAR.  sinkt  go'ar,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  15 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Coblentz.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  P.  14.30. 

SANCT  GOARSHAUSEN.  sinkt  go'ars-how'zjn.  a  village 
nf  Rhenish  Prussia,  in  the  duchy  of  Nassau,  on  the  Hhine, 
Opposite  to  the  above.     Pop.  872. 

SANCT  HUBERT,  sinkt  hoo/bSnt,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. 30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cleves. 

SANCT  .TOIIANN.  sinkt  yo-hinn',  ("  St.  John.")  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  on  the  Saar,  opposite  Sarrebruck.  Pop. 
SIW. 

SANCT  JOITANN.  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Salza, 
^  miles  S.  of  Salzburg. 


SAN 

I     SANCT  JOTI ANN.  a  village  of  BohemLa,  N  ofBeraun. 

SANCT  JOIIANN,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol,  12 
miles  E.  of  Kufstein. 

SANCT  LEON,  sinkt  l.Von,  a  village  of  Baden,  neat 
Philippsburg.     Pop.  1272. 

SANCT  LEON  HARD,  sinkt  l.Von-haRt\  ("  St.  Leonord."^ 
a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper  .\ustria.  26  miles  S.  of  Steyer 

SANCT  LEONliARD,  a  town  of  Germany,  lllyria.  in  C» 
rinthi.a.  34  miles  N.E.  of  Klagenfurth,  on  the  Levant,  having 
iron  and  coal  mines. 

SANCT  LEONHARD,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Styria,  8 
miles  E.  of  Marburg. 

SANCT  LEON  H.\RD,  a  village  of  Germany,  13  miles  S  8  W. 
of  Klagenfurth. 

SANCT  LEONHARD,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  5  miles 
S.E.  of  Pechlarn. 

SANCT  LEONHARD.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Valais,  on  the  Rhone.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Sion. 

SANCT  I.,ORENZFLUSS.    See  Saint  Lawrence  RrvER. 

SANCT  PETER,  sinkt  pA'tfi,  ("Saint  Peter,")  a  village 
of  Styria.  near  Judenburg.  having  a  famous  manufacture 
of  scythes,  of  whii'h  66.000  are  annually  distributed. 

SANCT  POLTEN.     .'5e«  Sai.nt  PUltkn. 

SANCT  STEPHEN.  Switzerland.    See  Saint  Stephkn. 

SANCTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East  Riding;. 

SANCT  TONYS,  .sinkt  to'nis.  a  market-town  of  Rhenish 
Pru.ssia.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Du'-.seldorf.     Pop.  2725. 

SANCT'  VEIT.  sinkt  vlt,  ('•  St.  Vitus."  i  a  town  of  lllyria, 
in  Carinthia,  on  the  Glan,  11  miles  N.  of  Klagenfurth.  Pop. 
1509. 

SANCT  VEIT,  a  carket-town  of  Lower  Austria,  11  miles 
S.  of  St.  Polten. 

SANCT-VE1T-A>;-FLAUM.    See  Fiume. 

SANCT  WENDEL,  sint  ftJu'dfl,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Treves.  I'op.  26(i0.  It  was  capita! 
of  the  principality  of  Lichtenl)erg.  with  an  area  of  220  si[UHr8 
miles,  which  .'^axe-Coburg  disposed  of  to  Prussia  in  1834. 

SAN  CUGAT  DEL  VALLES.  sin  koo-git/  AM  vil'yjs,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  9  miles  N.  of  Barcelona.  Pop. 
2079. 

SANCY,  PIC  DE.  a  mountain  of  France.    See  Dor.  Mont. 

SAN'DA  or  SAN'DAY,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  Ork- 
neys,  2i  miles  S.  of  North  Ronaldshay.  Length,  12  miles. 
The  surface  is  mostly  fiat  and  fertile.  The  principal  harbors 
are  Kettleloft  on  the  S.E.,  and  Otterswlck  on  the  N.E.  coast, 
both  safe  and  commodious.  A  light-house  has  been  erected 
on  Start  Point,  its  .N.E.  extremity. 

SANDA  or  SANDAY,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  Inner 
Hebrides,  co.  of  .\rgvle,  on  the  E.  side  of  Canna. 

SANDA  or  SANDAY.  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  at  the  W. 
side  of  the  entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  5  miles  E.  of  the 
Mull  of  Klntyre;  about  3  miles  in  circumference,  and  noted 
in  >liddle-Age  history  as  a  station  of  the  .Scandinavian  fleets 
during  the  contests  for  the  possession  of  Kintyre  and  the 
Hebrides.  A  light-house  has  been  erected  here,  in  lat.  56"- 
16'  30"  N.,  Ion.  6°  34'  55"  W. ;  elevation,  165  feet,  with  a 
fixed  red  light. 

SAN'DALL,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

SANDALL,  KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  on  the  river  Don. 

SAN'DALWOOD  ISLAND,  or  JEENDANA,  jeen-di'ni,  an 
island  of  the  .Malay  Archipelago.  S.  of  the  i-sland  of  Flores  and 
the  Straits  of  Sapy  and  Mangerye,  in  lat.  10°  S..  Ion.  119°  E. 
Length,  about  120  miles;  greatest  breadth,  60  miles.  It  is 
fertile,  very  populous,  and  is  said,  in  most  resi>ect.s,  to  re- 
semble Java.  On  its  N.  side  is  the  port  of  Padewawy,  where 
the  Dutch  have  new  settlements. 

SAN  DAMTANO,  sin  di-me-i/no,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Pontifical  States.  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Korli.     Pop.  1300. 

SAN  DAMIANO  D'ASTI.  sin  di-me-i'no  dis^tee,  a  small 
town  of  Ititlv,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Alessan- 
dria, 6  miles'  W.S.W.  of  Asti,  on  the  Borbo.  Pop.  7000.  It 
is  partially  fortified. 

SAN  DAMIANO  DI  CONI,  sin  di-me-i/no  dee  ko'nee,  a 
small  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  division,  and 
6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Coni.     Pop.  2674. 

SAN  DANIELE,  sin  di-ne-.-l1i,  a  market-town  of  North 
It.aly,  government  of  Venice,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Udine,  with 
a  magnificent  bridge  on  the  Tagliamento.     Pop.  3500. 

SANDAKLEE,  SANDARLI,  or  SANDARLIE.  sin-dar- 
lee',  (anc.  Cti'me.;  Gr.  Kvj/ij.)  a  small  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Sandarlee.  in  lat.  38°  54'  N., 
Ion.  26°  55'  E.  The  Gulf  of  Sandarlee  (CuvKvfus  Si'nus)  is 
.sometimes  cjilled  the  GcLF  OF  Fouges,  (foozh?)  a  corruption 
of  the  ancient  Plmcea.    See  FouoES. 

SANDAU.  sin'dow.  or  ZTANDOU(?)  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Leitmentx,  near  Politz.     Pop.  1076. 

SANDAU,  siii'dOw,  or  SANDOW,  sin'dov,  a  town  of 
Prussian  Saxony,  49  miles  N.N.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Elbe.     Pop.  1403. 

S.^NDBACIl.  sand'batch,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co..  and  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chester,  and  4  miles 
N..\.E.  of  Crewe,  on  the  Manchester  branch  of  the  London 
and  North-western  Railway.    Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851, 2752. 

1689 


SAN 

employed  lu  fhe  manufacture  of  silk.    The  town  is  plev 
sr.alh  situated  near  the  river  Wheelock. 

S. VXD' HANK,  a  post-ollice  of  Oswego  oo.,  New  York. 

S.VND'BlilDaE.  a  parish  of  En;;land,  co.  of  Herts. 

SAND'HUllG.  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

SANDCliOO,  sAnd'choo',  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan, 
160  miles  S.E.  of  Yarkand.  and  said  to  contain  lOUO  families. 

SA.ND  CREiiK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Dec-itur  county,  and 
flowius  S.W..  enters  Driftwood  Fork  of  White  River. 

SAXD  CREEK,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.     1117. 

SAND  CREEK,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
17ti;i. 

SAND  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  890. 

SAND  CREEK,  a  small  post-villaae  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois. 

SAN  DEC.  ALT.  ^It  sdn'd^ts,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Cracow.    Pop.  3255. 

S.A.NDEC.  NEU,  noi  sin'dets,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
49  miles  S.E.  of  Cracow.  Pop.  5224.  It  has  a  castle  and  a 
bijch  school. 

S.\.\  DhMETRIO,  sin  dA-mi'tre-o.  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
A.juila.     Pop.  2100. 

S.\.\  DEMETRIO.  a  markeWown  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  17  miles  \V.  of  Ros.sano.     Pop.  1150. 

SAX'DEKA  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  in  Seot> 
land.  CO.  of  Inverness.  3j  miles  S.W.  of  Barra.     Pop.  14. 

SANDERINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SANDERSLEUE.N.  s3n'dfrs-l.Vben.  a  town  of  Germany,  iu 
AnhaU-l)es.sau,  capital  of  the  distrii't  of  liernburg.     P.  1779. 

SA.NDEIISON'S  HOOP,  a  prominent  headland  on  the  \V. 
coast  of  Greenland.  S.  of  Upernavik.  The  diif  is  about  3000 
feet  hiirh.  and  is  n'lted  for  an  extensive  loonery. 

SAX'DERSTEAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  3 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Croydon.  Purley,  in  this  parish,  was  the 
residence  of  the  celebrated  Home  Tooke,  and  suggested  the 
title  of  his  philological  work,  the  "  Diversions  of  Purley." 

S.VXDERSVEIL.  sinMers-vIl',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Ba- 
roda  dominions.  3>5  miles  S.E.  of  Surat. 

SAX'DERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  district,  South 
Carolina.  66  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

S.AXDERSVILLE,  Georgia.     See  Saundersvillk. 

S.AXDEKSVILLE,  a  village  of  Fajette  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  turnpike  from  Lexington  to  Georgetown.  It  contains  a 
large  manufactory  of  cotton  jeans.    Pop.  about  300. 

S.iXDEKSVlLLK.  a  post-village  of  Vanderburg  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  railroad  from  Evansville  to  Viuceunes,  10 
miles  N.  of  the  former. 

SAND/FIELD,  a  small  village  of  Fairfield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

S.VND  FLY,  a  post-office  of  Bastrop  co..  Texas. 

SANIVFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

S.AXDFOKD,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SANDFORD.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

SAXD'FORD.  a  post  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Broome 
CO..  New  York,  intersected  by  the  Erie  Railroad.    Pop.  3061. 

SAND'FORD  OICCAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SAND  FORT,  a  post-office  of  Russel  co.,  Alabama. 

SANIVGATE,  a  hamlet  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  parishes  of  Folkestone  and  Cheriton,  on  the  coast  of 
the  English  Channel.  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Folke.stone.  It  is 
finely  situated,  and  resorted  to  a.s  a  watering-place.  It  has 
a  castle,  and  some  ship-building  trade.  Here  commences 
the  Royal  .Military  Canal,  which  terminates  at  Cliffend,  in 
Sussex.  Sandgate  is  included  in  the  pai-liamentary  borough 
of  Hythe. 

S.A.XD'G.ATE.  a  post-township  of  Bennington  co.,  Vermont, 
103  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  805. 

S.VXD  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Scotland  co.,  Missouri. 

S.VND  HILLS,  a  station  on  the  Camden  and  Amboy 
Railroad,  situated  near  Yardville,  Mercer  county.  New  Jei'- 
sey,  about  five  miles  from  BorUentown,  and  about  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Trenton. 

SANDTIOE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land, 3  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hexham,  on  the  Newcastle  and  Car- 
lisle Railw.^y. 

SAXD'llURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  5  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Wokingham.  .Sandhurst  Royal  Military  College 
i«  a  plain  edifice,  to  wliich  are  attached  a  chapel,  riding- 
Erhool.  and  observatory. 

SAXDHUR.ST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester, 

SANDHURST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

SAXIVfACRE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

|AXa>lDOES,  a  post-office  of  Amherst  co..  Virginia. 

SAN  DIEGO,  sin  de-,Vgo,  a  large  county  forming  the  S.E. 
utremity  of  Csillfomia.  has  an  area  of  above  15.000  square 
inlles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
on  the  E.  by  the  Rio  Cotorado,  and  is  drained  by  the  San 
Diego  River,  the  San  Luis  Rey,  and  the  Santa  .Marguerita, 
and  other  small  streams.  The  soil  in  the  more  level  por- 
?K*\'f^  fertile.  The  county  contains  a  number  of  old  Spa- 
ntHh  SUsRions,  among  which  may  be  named  San  Diego,  Santa 
Maria,  and  San  Luis  Key.     Pop.  4324. 

^^"^  'VJil^"^'  *  post-town,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of 


SAN 

1  San  Diego  county,  California,  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name, 
and  oil  the  main  road  fl-oni  Sacramento  City,  about  470 
miles  in  a  straight  lino  nearly  S.E.  of  San  Francisco.  JiUt. 
.32^  44'  41"  N_  Icn.  117'  S'  W.  The  h.arbor  afforded  by  San 
Diego  Bay  is  said  to  be  the  best  on  the  coast  after  Acapulco. 
The  bay  is  about  6  miles  long  and  from  1  to  2  wide.  The 
foreign  arrivals  at  San  Diego  for  the  year  ending  J  une  30, 
1852.  were  29.  (tons,  19,016.)  28  of  which  were  by  American 
vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  for  the  same  period 
were  13,  (tons.  5169,)  12  of  which  were  American  vessels. 
In  case  an  inter-oceanic  railway  .should  be  constructed 
through  Texas,  its  natural  terminus  would  be  at  San 
Diego.  It  is  also  .said  to  be  the  best  point  to  terminate  a 
great  road  from  Utah.  These,  and  some  other  advantages, 
may  render  it  an  important  place  at  some  future  period. 
Pop.  in  1S54.  about  2i)00.  in  1.^60,  731. 

SAN  DIEGO,  NEW,  a  village  of  San  Diego  co.,  California, 
founded  in  the  year  1850.  It  is  built  on  a  plain  at  the  ba.«e 
of  the  hills  on  the  E.  side  of  San  Diego  Bay,  about  3i  miles 
S.S.W.  of  the  old  town  of  San  Diego.  It  consists  of  a  few 
American-built  houses,  and  a  large  storehouse  for  the  quar 
termaster's  department.  The  United  Sttites  military  depdt 
is  established  here.  In  coming  up  the  bay,  vessels  cj.^ 
carry  fmm  6  to  7  fathoms  of  water  to  the  village. 

SAX'DIFEK'S  MILLS,  post-office,  Copiah  co.,  Missis.sippl 
SANDIFER'S  STORE,  a  post-office.  Carroll  co.,  Kentrjt:  f. 
SANDKiLIANO,  sin-deei-yi'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  province,  and  S.E.  of  Biella.     Pop.  1106. 

S.ANDIXG,  POOLO,  poo'lo  sin-ding',  two  islands  oif  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Sumatra,  near  the  S.E.  extremitj-  of  the  Nassau  ' 
or  Poggy  Islands,  in  which  group  they  are  sometimes  in- 
cluded. 

SAN'DISFIELD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berskshire 
CO.,  Massachusetts.  37  miles  W  of  Springfield.  Farmington 
River  and  several  other  streams  afford  valuable  water-power. 
There  are  2  tanneries,  1  paper  mill,  and  various  factories  for 
making  agricultural  implements,  boxes,  mirror  and  picture- 
frame.s.  &c.  The  lumber  business  is  also  carried  on  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  in  the  spring,  and  many  of  the  iututbitanta 
are  engaged  in  making  maple-sugar.    Pop.  1585. 

SAND  ISLAND  LIGHT-HOUSE,  on  Sand  Island.  3  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Mobile  Point,  Alabama.    It  shows  a  fixed  light  50 
feet  high. 
S-ANTJISTON.  township  of  Su.s.spx  co..  New  .Fersey.  P.  14S0. 
SAND  L.\KE.  a  posfrvillage  and  township  of  Rens.selaer 
CO..  New  York,  about  10  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Albany.    The  vil- 
lage contains  an  academy.    Cotton  and  woollen  goods,  and 
iron  are  manufactured  here.     Pop.  2.502. 
SANDOE,  one  of  the  Faroe  Islands.    See  Faroe. 
SANDOMIER  or  SAXDOMIR,  sin-do-meeR'.  (Polish,  San- 
domierz,  sin-do/me-aiRzh*.)  a  walled  town  of  Poland,  in  a 
government  or  province  of  its  own  name,  at  the  confiuence 
of  the  San  and  Vistula.  51  miles  S.W.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  4500. 
It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Poland. 

SANDOMIL.  sin-do-meel',  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Beira  Baixa,  27  miles  S.  of  Viseu.    Pop.  1400. 

SAN  DOMINGO,  san  do-ming'go,  or  SAINT  DOMIN/QO, 
(Sp.  StinUi  Domingo,  sin'to  do-meeng'go,)  or  THE  DOMIN'- 
ICAN  REPUB/LIC,  a  state  of  the  A\"est  Indies,  occupying 
the  E.  portion  of  the  island  of  Hay  ti,  (under  which  head  the 
physical  geography  is  described.) 

'The  Dominican  Republic  claims  for  her  possession  the  ex- 
tent of  territory  as  settled  by  the  treaty  of  limits  between 
Spain  and  France  in  1777.  According  to  those  limits,  its 
aiea  would  comprise  more  than  three-fifths  of  the  whole  is- 
land, or  ab:  ut  22,000  .square  miles.  It  is  divided  into  the 
following  five  provinces,  which  are  subdivided  into  com- 
munes : — 

Population. 

San  Domingo,  including  the  capital 25,000 

Azua  i3c  Compostela 15.000 

Seybo 20.000 

Santiago  de  lu3  Caballeros 33.500 

Coucepciun  de  la  Vega 33.000 

ToUl 126.500 

The  twopi-incipal  ports  are  San  Domingo,  the  largest  city  in 
the  S.,  and  Porto  Plata,  and  Samana.  The  largest  city  in 
the  N.  is  Santiago.  .Among  the  towns  and  places  in  the  in- 
terior the  following  deserve  to  be  mentioned,  namely,  Azua, 
where  Hernandes  Cortes  was  a  public  notary,  Concepcion  de 
la  Vega,  for  the  proximity  of  Fort  Concepcion,  (built  bv 
Columbus.)  and  Santo  Cerro,  where  he  erected  a  cross.  The 
ancient  town  of  La  Vega,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Santo  Cerro 
was  buried  by  an  earthquake  in  1564;  it  was  afterwai-ds  re- 
moved to  its  present  situation,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Camu. 
Santiago  de  los  Caballeros  was  founded  by  the  dissolute  hidal- 
gos in  the  company  of  Columbus;  it  stands  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river  Yaqui,  and  is  the  second  town  in  the  Do- 
minican Republic.  Bot'ides  these.  Higuey,  Seybo.  San  Ji-  m 
de  Maguana,  Neybo,  Bani,  San  Cristoval,  B,ayaguana,  Mol^ 
Plata,  Cotuy,  and  Boya,  famed  as  the  place  of  refuge  ot 
Henriquillo,  the  last  of  the  Ilaytian  caciques,  whom  Ch.arl8S 
A",  permitted  to  retire  there  with  the  miserable  remnant  of 
the  indigenous  race. 
The  soil  of  San  Domingo  is  suited  for  any  tropicml  produce, 


SAN 


SAN 


bet,  owing  to  the  general  indolence,  the  (treat  advantages 
which  n;»ture  litis  bestowed  rernnin  undeveloped. 

The  products  in  the  S.  provinces  of  the  republixr  consist  of 
the  spijntviieous  produce  of  uiaho^^any,  (of  which  San  I)o- 
miiijrc  furnishes  the  best  In  the  world.)  satin-wood,  fustic, 
lignum-vitjc,  and  brazil-w(X)d :  in  the  province  of  Seybo 
cattle  are  raised ;  but  by  far  the  most  industrious  part  is  the 
N.,  generally  called  the  Cibao.  where  the  staple  article  con- 
sists of  an  excellent  quality  of  tobacco,  of  which,  according 
to  the  season,  from  50,u00  to  80,000  seroons  (1  hundredweight 
uach^  are  produced. 

The  following  table  e.xhibits  the  imports  and  exports  of  the 
Dominioivn  Republic,  during  the  years  1849-1852. 
Statement  of  the  Xumber  of  Vessels,  their  Tonnage,  and  the 

Valw.  of  Imprirts  and  Exports  of  the  Dominican  Repttblic 

during  Vie  under-mentioned  years. 


TXAB. 

Port  of 
San  Domingo. 

Porto  Plata. 

Total. 

No.  of 
Ves'ls. 

Value. 

No.  of 
Vesls. 

Value. 

No.  of 
Ves'ls. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

1849 
IboO 

1M51 

1«2 

147 

128 
1(W 

8140,000 
4110,000 
580.000 
660,000 

118 
1-25 
151 
162 

$123,000 

;i30,ooo 

605,1100 
546,000 

248 
272 
279 
324 

•20,082 
22,40.3 
24.449 
30,0.» 

$263,000 

760,IX)0 

1,1.85.000 

1,206,000 

DEPABTUR£S. 


YXAK. 

Port  of 
San  Domingo. 

Porto  Plata. 

Total. 

"il^t  v-^-- 

No.  of 
Ves'ls. 

Value. 

No.  of 

Vesls. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

1849 
1850 
1851 
1852 

115      $270,0011 
148         522,000 
119        393,000 
140        702,000 

101 
120 
142 
158 

$366,000 
522,000 
8.17,000 
912,000 

216 
268 
261 
'298 

16,139 
23.290 
21.776 
29,914 

$(H6,000 
1,044,000 

i,'2;io,ooo 

1,614,000 

The  constitution  of  the  Dominican  Republic  is  based  upon 
that  of  Veiiezuela.  The  Congress,  which  under  ordinary 
circumstances  assembles  annually  at  San  Domingo,  consists 
of  l.j  deputies,  three  for  each  provinee,  who  form  the  Ix)wer 
Chamber  or  Tribunado,  and  five  senators,  one  for  each  pro- 
vince, constituting  the  Upper  Chamber,  or  Cons^o  Couser- 
vador. 

The  French  code  of  the  Restoration  has  been  adopted  in 
legal  proceedings,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  order.  The 
executive  power  rests  in  a  president,  who  must  be  a  D<5mi- 
liican  by  birth,  and  35  years  of  age.  lie  is  elected  for  four 
years. 

The  revenue  of  the  republic  amounted  in  1852  to  374,516 
Spanish  dollars.  The  expenditure  under  ordinary  circum- 
stances amounts  to  about  250,000  Spanish  dollars.  The  re- 
public owes  no  foreign  debt.  Unfortunately  a  fictitious 
currency  is  lu  circulation,  which,  as  it  is  not  redeemable,  is 
subjected  to  continual  variation. 

The  effective  army  amounts  to  12,000  men,  but  in  case  of 
need  10,000  may  be  raised.  The  republic  posses.ses,  more- 
over, three  corvettes  and  five  schooners,  equipped  as  men- 
of-war,  .tnd  mounted  with  44  guns. 

The  prevailing  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  with  an  arch- 
bishop, who  still  bears  the  ancient  title  of  Primate  of  the 
Indies,  although  he  has  not  a  single  suffragan.  Other  creeds 
are  tolerated.  The  Roman  Catholic  inhabitants  are  super- 
stitiously  religious.  Public  instruction  is  neglected,  even 
in  its  primary  elements. 

The  Dominicans  first  declared  themselves  independent  of 
the  Haytians  on  February  27,  1844.  A  constitution  was 
soon  after  framed  by  the  Provisional  Junta,  who  elected 
Pedro  Santana  as  first  president.  lie  was  followed,  in  1848, 
by  General  Jimenes.  Soulouque,  the  present  (1855)  emperor 
of  Ilayti,  then  president,  attempted,  in  1849,  to  reconquer 
the  territory,  with  an  army  of  about  .5000  men.  but  was 
signally  defeated  at  Las  Carreras,  on  the  river  Ocoa,  April 
21, 1849,  by  General  Santana,  who  had  only  400  men  under 
his  command.  For  this  great  victory  Santana  received  the 
title  of  "  Libertador  de  la  Patria,"  and  pecuniary  votes  from 
the  Congress.  Upon  his  recommendation,  Seflor  Buenaven- 
tura B;iez  was  soon  after  elected  president.  He  succeeded 
in  entering  into  treaties  for  the  i-ecognition  of  the  republic 
and  reciprocjil  commerce  with  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Denmark.  The  mediation  of  Gre.at  Britain,  France,  and  the 
Unite*!  States  was  likewise  solicited  to  procure  a  peace  with 
Hayti,  and  the  recognition  of  the  independence  of  the  Domi- 
nican Republic.  But  the  emperor  has  hitherto  strenuously 
refused  t«  recognise  the  independence  of  the  Dominicans, 
while  Britain  and  France  have  declared  that  on  any  invasion 
by  Soulouque  of  the  Dominican  territory  they  will  blockade 
his  ports.  It  may  be  likewise  observed  that  Spain  has  not 
yet  (1855)  relinquished  her  rights  upon  her  former  colony. 
— — A(^  and  inhab.  Dominican,  do-min'e-kan ;  or  S.iN  Do- 
IHNG.vN,  sdn  do-ming'gan.     See  Hatti. 

SAN  DOMI.NGO,  (Sp.  Sania  Dmningo,)  a  city,  the  capital 
nf  the  Dominican  Republic,  ou  the  h.  coast  of  the  island 


of  Hayti.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ozama  in  the  Carihbeai) 
Sea.  Lat.  18=  '28'  N'.,  Ion.  69°  50'  VV.  It  is  nearly  in  the  form 
of  a  trapezoid,  extending  about  half  a  mile  from  fi.  to  \V_ 
with  nearly  the  same  maximum  breadth,  and  is  surrounded 
by  walls  flanked  with  bastions.  It  is  built  with  great  regu- 
l.'irity,  consisting  of  spacious  but  mostly  unpaved  streets, 
which  intersect  each  other  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  are 
lined  by  houses,  the  greater  number  of  which  are  of  stone, 
and  the  remainder  of  wood.  The  hou.ses  have  generally  onir 
one  story,  fiat  roofs,  and  barre<l  windows  with  projecting 
lattices.  Some  of  the  houses  I)uilt  l)y  the  early  settleis  iu 
the  .Moorish  style  are  still  standing.  The  most  conspicuous 
public  building  is  the  cathedral,  commenced  in  1514.  during 
the  governorsliip  of  Don  Diego,  the  son  of  Columbus,  and 
fiiii.shed  in  1540 :  it  is  a  large  and  handsome  Gothic  .structure, 
with  a  lofty  roof,  supported  by  14  massive  columns,  and  a 
richly  ornamented  high  altar.  The  ashes  of  Columbus  and 
his  brother  Bartholomew  reposed  in  it  for  nearly  two  centuries 
and  a  half,  but  on  the  cession  of  the  island  to  France  weie 
removed  to  Havana.  Besides  the  cathedral,  there  are  14  other 
churches  and  chapels,  one  of  the  latter  belonging  to  f  hs  We.s- 
leyans.  The  convents,  of  which  there  were  several,  are  now 
In  ruins.  The  largest  and  most  celebrated,  that  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, during  its  greatest  splendor  contained  ■M)0  monks:  its 
extensive  ruins  form  one  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the 
city  when  appro.ached  from  the  .sea.  The  other  principal 
buildings  are  the  national  palace,  where  the  Spanish  governor 
used  to  reside,  and,  immediately  adjoining  it,  the  ruins  of 
Don  Diego's  palace;  the  hand.some  modern  building  where 
the  sessions  of  the  national  congress  are  held ;  the  town- 
house  or  cabildo,  an  ancient  stone  structure,  with  Moori.sh 
arches,  and  an  old  carved  ceiling  in  its  principal  h.tll;  the 
Jesuit's  college,  now  a  ruin ;  a  new  college,  indifferently 
attended;  a  citadel  with  extensive  barracks,  a  well-kept 
arsenal,  an  ordinary  and  a  lepers'  ho.spital.  San  Domingo 
is  the  most  imfiortant  commercial  port  in  the  republic.  The 
imports  in  1852  amounted  to  $fi6o,000,  and  the  exports  to 
$702,000.  The  number  of  arrivals  was  162,  (ton*,  19,375,) 
and  of  the  clearances,  140,  (tons,  18.468.) 

San  Domingo  was  founded  In  1496,  by  Bartholomew,  the 
brother  of  Columbus,  on  the  E.  or  left  bank  of  the  Ozama; 
and  hero  It  was  that  Bobadllla  impri.soned  Columbus.  In 
consequence  of  a  great  hurricane  which  laid  the  town  in 
ruins  in  1502,  it  was  transferred  to  its  present  site  on  the 
right  bank,  and  advanced  so  rapidly,  that  Its  historiographer, 
Oviedo,  in  describing  it  to  Charles  V.  in  1528,  declares  it 
equal  to  any  city  of  Spain,  with  respect  to  the  beauty  of  Its 
situation,  the  regularity  of  Its  streets,  and  the  magnificence 
of  its  buildings.  The  first  blow  to  its  prosperity  was  struck 
in  1580  by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  who  took  It  by  as.sault,  pil- 
laged, and  nearly  destroyed  It.  The  earthquakes  of  1684 
and  1091  ruined  most  of  the  magnificent  buildings  which 
Drake  had  spared.  The  spoliations  of  the  |Iaytlans  during 
their  occupation  of  the  city,  from  1822  to  1824,  deprived  it 
of  many  of  its  most  Interesting  monuments.  Pop.  estimated 
at  10,000. 

SAN  DOMINGO,  sSn  do-ming'go,  an  Islet  of  the  West 
Indies,  on  the  Great  Bahama  Bank,  90  miles  N.£.  of  Nue- 
vitas,  (in  Cuba.) 

SAN  DOMINGO,  a  small  town  of  New  Mexico,  on  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Fe. 

S.\N  DOMINGO,  a  mission  of  Lower  California,  near  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  30^  N.,  Ion.  115°  30'  W. 

SAN  DOMINGO,  a  town  of  South  .America,  in  New  Gra- 
nada, department  of  Cundinamarca,  60  miles  K.  of  Antioqnia. 

SAN  DOMINGO  SINACANTAN,  siin-do-r.iing'go  se-ni- 
kin-tdn',  a  town  of  Mexico,  department  of  Chiapas,  on  the 
borders  of  Tabasco.     Pop.  2500. 

SAN  DOMINGO  SURIANO.  sSn  do-ming'go  soo-re-d'no,  a 
village  of  Uruguay,  on  the  Rio  Negro,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Plata.  80  niil«s  N.  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

SAN  DOMINO,  sdn  do-mee'no.  or  SAN  DOMENICO,  sJn 
do-mJn'e-ko,  the  largest  of  the  Tremiti  Islands,  in  the 
Adriatic  Sea,  14  miles  N.  of  tho  promontory  of  Gargano,  in 
Naples.    Length,  2  miles;  hreadth,  1  mile. 

SANTJON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SANDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SANDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  4i  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Stafford,  with  a  station  on  the  North  Staffordshire  Rail- 
wav. 

SAN  DONA,  sSn  do'nj,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  18  miles 
N.E.  of  Venice,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Pwve.     Pop.  4600. 

SAN  DONATO,  sin  do-n^to,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in 
Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  11  miles  E.  of  Sora. 
Pop.  2500. 

SAN  DONATO,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy,  Smiles 
E.S.E.  of  Parma. 

SAN  DONATO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince, and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Florence. 

SANDON  FEE,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

SANDOOKLEE  or  SANDUKLl,  s^n-doo/klee.  a  small  town 
of  Asia  Minor.  67  miles  S.  of  Kutaieh;  8  miles  S.  are  ex- 
tensive ruins  of  an  ancient  city. 

SAN'DOVAL,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  R.R.,  liS  miles  N.  of  Cairo.    See  Appendix. 

1691 


SAN 

feAN1X)VER,  a  post^viilage  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina,  SI  miles  W.  of  Columbia. 

SAXDOWAY  or  SAN  DOW  Y,  sinMO-wI',  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  province  of  Aracan,  40  miles  S.E. 
of  the  island  of  Cheduba.     Lat.  18°  10'  N.,  Ion.  94°  5'  E. 

S  AN'DOWN  or  SANDHAM,  a  hamlet  and  fort  of  England, 
Isle  of  Wight,  on  its  SE.  coast,  2  miles  S.  of  Brading.  The 
fine  sands  and  beauty  of  the  bay  attract  summer  visitors. 

SAN'DOWN,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire.  34  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  563. 

SANDOWY.  a  town  of  India.     See  SaNdgWAY. 

SAND  PLAINS,  a  small  village  of  Polk  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SAND  PRAI'RIE,  a  post-olfice  of  Richland  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

SAND  RIDGE,  a  village  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Mississippi  River.  75  miles  S.S.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SAND  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

SAND'S  MILLS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Westchester  co..  New  York. 

SAND'S  POINT  LIGHT,  a  fixed  light  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  Cow  Bay,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Long  Island. 

SAND  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co.,  Texas. 

SANDSTING  and  AITII'STING.  a  united  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO..  and  comprising  a  part  of  the  mainland  of  Shet- 
land, and  the  islands  of  Little  Papa  and  Vementry. 

SAN  D'STON  K.  a  township  of  Jackson  cp.,  M  ichigan.  P.1395. 

SANDSTONE  CREEK,  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  flows 
into  Grand  River. 

SAND'TOWN  or  BERK'ELY,  a  village  of  Gloucester  co., 
New  Jersey,  on  Mantua  Creek,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Woodbury, 
contains  a  store  and  12  or  15  dwellings. 

SANDTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co.,  Georgia,  about 
11  miles  W.  of  Atlanta. 

SANDTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Jasper  co.,  Georgia. 

SANDTOWN.  a  village  of  Meriwether  CO.,  Georgia,  118 
miles  W.  of  Milledgeville.  The  post-oifice  is  called  Wood- 
bury. 

SANDTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia. 

SANDUKLI,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Saxdooklee. 

SANDUS'KY,  a  river  of  Ohio,  rises  near  the  line  between 
Crawford  and  Richland  counties,  and  flowing  in  a  general 
N.  direction,  empties  itself  into  Sandusky  Bay. 

SANDUSKY,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  bor- 
dering on  Sandu.sky  Bay  of  Lake  Erie,  contains  420  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  river  of  its  own  name,  and 
also  drained  by  PortJigo  River,  and  by  Toussaint,  Muddy, 
and  Sugar  Creeks.  Tile  surface  is  generally  level ;  the  soil 
is  good.  The  W.  part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  the  fa- 
mous Black  Swamp,  which  is  covered  with  dense  forests: 
this  tract,  when  cleared  and  drained,  is  very  productive. 
Limestone  underlies  a  part  of  the  county.  The  streams  af- 
ford motive-power  for  factories  and  mills.  The  county  is 
intersected  liy  the  Cleveliind  and  Toledo  and  the  Sandusky, 
Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Railroads.  Capital,  Fremont.  Pop. 
21,429. 

SANDUSKY,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York, 
about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

S.\NDUSKY,  a  township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  792. 

SANDUSKY  or  SANDUSKY  CITY,  a  flourishing  commer- 
cial city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  the  S.  shore  of  Sandusky  Bay,  5  miles 
from  Lake  Erie,  110  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Columbus,  and  210 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  Lat.  41°  27'  N.,  Ion.  82°  45'  W. 
In  natural  commercial  advantages,  Sandusky  is  perhaps  not 
surpassed  by  any  port  on  Ljike  Erie.  The  bay  is  about  20 
miles  long  and  5  or  (5  miles  wide,  and  forms  a  capacious  and 
excellent  harbor,  into  which  vessels  of  all  sizes  can  enter 
with  safety  in  the  severest  storms.  The  average  depth  of 
water  is  12  feet-  In  all  seasons  except  winter  the  wharves 
are  thronged  with  steamboats  and  other  vessels  taking  in 
and  discharging  cargoes.  The  ground  on  which  the  city 
stands  rises  gradually  from  the  shore,  and  commands  a 
beautiful  view  of  the  bay,  enlivened  with  the  arrival  and  de- 
parture of  vessels.  The  city  is  built  on  an  inexhaustible 
bed  of  the  finest  limestone,  and  adorned  with  many  ele- 
gant churches,  dwellings,  and  warehouses,  constructed  of 
Btone  or  brick.  It  contains  18  chtirches,  2  national  banks, 
1  other  hank,  a  flourishing  Union  school,  several  iron 
furnaces,  and  machine-hhops  for  the  manufacture  of  rail- 
road cars,  besides  other  establishments.  Several  news- 
papers are  published  here.  Appropriations  have  recently 
been  made  by  Congress  for  the  erection  of  a  new  custom- 
house, gandnsky  was  the  pioneer  of  the  rail  way  enterprise 
in  (Jhio.  and  is  now  the  terminus  of  two  extensive  lines 
Intersecting  one  of  the  most  besiutiful  and  opulent  farming 
regions  of  the  West.  viz.  tho  Sandusky  Dayton  and  Cin- 
cinmiti  Railroad,  completed  al>outl847;  and  the  Sandusky 
fllatistleld  and  Newark,  which  meets  the  Central  Kail- 
road  at  Newaik.  The  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad  also 
.iwses  tlirongh  Sandusky,  and  forms  part  of  a  chain  reach- 
ing from  Now  York  to  Chicago,  a  distance  of  1000  miles, 
iiie  commerce  of  the  port  is  immense  and  rapidly  in- 
iK^ri'f.'o  ^llS.  ""'"*""■  of  a"lv"l8  In  1851  was  Ws;  in 
iy>  .i^z.  The  value  of  imports  in  1851  was  $16,258,201; 
J^o  M  Tns-'  ««'°SS-'/"-totaI,  122,816,948.    Imports'  in  1852 

i^  is^i'&S:"^    '"'''"-*"'^''  ^'''''''''-    ^"'^ 
1692 


SAN 

statement  of  the  quantity  of  leading  articles  shipped  at 
this  port  in  the  years  1850  and  1851 : — 


Articles. 


Wheat bushels. . . . 

Flour barrels 

Corn bushels.... 

Wool pounds .... 

Butter "      .... 

Tobacco....  "      .... 

Hogs number  . . . 

Lard pounds  .... 

Furs "      .... 


1,552,699 

l,922,t*» 

78.902 

147.951 

288,742 

712.121 

l,669.f)67 

1,690,557 

754,.i88 

3»2.340 

316,000 

Sia.oje 

34,751 

105,026 

860.798 

229,712 

61,  26 

109  125 

The  shipping  owned  in  the  district,  June  SOth,  1854, 
amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  6054  tons,  enrolled  and  licensed. 
The  foreign  arrivals  for  the  year  amounted  to  50,  and  the 
clearances  for  foreign  ports  to  27.  During  the  year  G  ves- 
sels (tons.  737)  were  built.  Sandusky  was  laid  out  in  1817 
by  people  from  Connecticut.  The  first  church  was  erected 
ill  1830.  Pop.  in  1840.  iibout  1200;  in  1850,  6087;  in  1860, 
8408;  ill  1865,  about  14.0oO. 

SANDUSKY,  a  township  of  Richland  co..  Ohio.  Pop.  688. 

SANDUSKY.  11  township  of  Sanrlnskv  CO..  Ohio.  Pop.  1251. 

SANDUSKY  CITY.    See  Sandusky, "Ohio.     • 

SANDWICH,  sand'wich  or  sand'wij.  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  cinque  port,  and  town  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Stour,  2  miles  from  its  mouth 
in  Pegwell  Bay.  with  a  station  on  the  South-eastern  Rail-_ 
way,  4  miles  N.  of  Deal.  I'op.  of  borough  in  1851, 12.710.  It 
is  mostly  enclosed  by  the  remains  of  fortifications.  The 
streets  are  irregular,  and  the  hou.ses  antique.  It  has  3  pa- 
rish churches.  St.  Clements  being  a  spacious  edifice,  with  a 
massive  Norman  tower:  a  guild-h.all,  jail,  two  hospitals,  and 
several  Dissenting  chapels,  are  the  other  principal  edifices. 
A  free  grammar  school  has  4  scholarships  in  Lincoln  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  an  alternate  nomination  to  4  in  Caiug 
College,  Cambridge.  The  town  was  formerly  of  importance 
as  the  seaport  of  London ;  but  at  present  it  has  little  trade, 
the  chief  exports  beipg  agricultural  produce,  wool,  malt, 
bark,  leather,  and  ashes:  and  the  principal  import,  coal. 
The  Stour  is  at  spring  tides  about  11  feet  in  depth,  and  150 
feet  across.  It  returns  2  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Near  it  is  Riclitiorough.  tlie  ancient  Rlnitupium,  on 
the  decline  of  which  Sandwich  aro.se  in  the  sixth  century. 
It  was  for  a  long  period  the  outport  of  the  metropolis. 

SAND'WICH.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Carroll  co., 
New  Hampshire,  60  miles  N.  of  Concord,  'fhe  village  con- 
tains several  churches,  a  bauk.  and  an  insurance  office.  Pop. 
2227. 

SAND'WICH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Barnstable 
CO.,  Slassachusetts  on  Cape  Cod  Bay,  at  the  terminus  of  the 
Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad,  56  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  The 
village  contains  churches  of  5  or  6  denominations,  an  aca- 
demy, a  printing  office  issuing  a  weekly  newspaper,  and 
several  manufactories.     Pop  of  the  town.ship,  4479. 

SANDWICH,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  CO..  Illinois. 

S.\NDWICH,  a  thriving  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Ca- 
nada West,  capital  of  the  united  counties  of  Essex.  Kent, 
and  I.rfimbton,  on  Detroit  River,  opposite  the  city  of  Detroit 
in  Michigan.  About  2  miles  N.E.  of  the  village,  in  the  same 
township,  is  Windsor,  the  terminus  of  the  Great  Western 
Railway.  Sandwich  village  contains  an  Episcopal  and  Ro- 
man Catholic  church,  a  newspaper  office,  and  6  or  8  stores. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  1852,  4928. 

SAND'WIOn  BAY.  the  name  of  an  inlet  of  Labrador, 
and  also  of  one  in  the  island  of  MallicoUo,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

SANDWICH  ISLAND,  is  the  name  of  two  islands  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  respectively  in  the  Hebrides  group,  lat.  1S° 
52'  S.,  Ion.  168°  35'  E.,  and  S.W.  of  New  Ireland,  lat.  2°  55' 
S..  Ion.  150°  44'  E. 

SANDWICH  ISLANDS  or  HAWAII  (hS-wI/ee)  GROUP, 
(Fr.  Archipdde.  Hawaii,  aR^shee'pel'  deh  3Vi*yee'.)  consisting 
of  13  isliinds,  in  the  North  Pacific,  between  lat.  18°  55'  and 
22°  20'  N.,'and  Ion.  154°  50'  and  160°  40'  W.  They  lie  in  a 
curve  from  N.W.  to  N.E.  Six  of  them  are  mere  islets;  the 
other  seven,  viz.  Hawaii,  Maui,  Atauai,  Oahu,  Molokai*  or 
Morotai*,  Ranai*  or  Lanai*,  and  Nihau,  are  inhabited,  but 


*  It  is  stated  as  a  curious  fact,  that  the  inhabitants  of  both  the 
Sandw'ch  and  Society  Islands  are  incapable  of  distinguishing  be- 
tween the  sounds  of  I  and  r.  and  of  (  and  k.  This  does  not  ap- 
pear to  arise  so  much  from  a  defect  in  the  organs  of  speech  aa 
of  hearing.  It  is  said  that  they  can  utter  correctly  the  sounds  of 
the  letters  jnst  named,  but  that  they  cannot  distinguish  thera 
either  when  spoken  by  themselves  or  by  others.  It  appears  that 
the  English  missionaries  in  the  Society  Islands  first  adopted  the 
mode  of  writing  names  like  those  above  cited  with  (  and  r; 
the  Americans  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  have  unfortunately  had 
recourse  to  a  different  orthography,  whence  arises  the  diversity 
of  spelling  which  we  find  in  the  best  works  on  the  Polynesian 
Islands.  In  connection  with  this  subject  it  may  be  remarked, 
that  in  other  languages  I  and  c  or  k  are  sometimes  changed  for 
e.ach  other.  Thus  in  Latin,  we  find  nMnrinit  or  nuntins :  Lntefia, 
the  ancient  name  of  Paris,  appears  tn  hn  ve  been  written  also  La- 
CETiA,  (in  Gre«k,  A(v«(rta,  LeuMetia,)  and  \jcnioii.,  (Aqtikhi. 
Lotikia.) 


SAN 


SAN 


only  the  first  five  are  of  considerable  size.  Apgregate  area, 
estimated  at  6501'  square  miles.  They  are  all  hi^h.  steep,  and 
mountainous,  with  many  lofty  summits,  which  are  entirely 
of  volcanic  origin;  but,  not  beini?  protected  by  l)arrier-reel"s, 
except  in  one  instance,  are  almost  destitute  of  good  harbors. 
Hawaii,  the  easternmost  and  largest  of  the  islands,  is  par- 
ticularly elevated  on  its  W.  coast.  These,  overhanging  a 
narrow,  arid  beach,  rise  into  steep,  bleak  volcanic  mountain 
slopes,  which  only  in  their  upper  parts  become  watered 
and  wooded,  and  afford  cultivated  ground  to  maintain  a 
considerable  population ;  on  the  other  coasts  the  slopes  are 
less  rapid,  the  shores  spread  out  into  wider  plains,  and  the 
valleys  opening  from  them  contain  much  fertile  soil.  The 
interior  of  the  island  forms  a  plateau  from  30U0  feet  to  4000 
foet  high,  and  is  almost  entirely  covered  by  thick  forests, 
partly  roamed  over  by  herds  of  wild  cattle.  Above  the  pla- 
teau rise  three  volcanic  peaks,  still  active,  the  loftiest 
12,800  feet  high.  In  Mauna-Loa.  one  of  these  peaks,  a  great 
eruption  took  place  in  1852,  when  a  column  of  molten  lava 
■was  projected  into  the  air  to  the  height  of  600  feet.  The  lava 
formed  in  some  places  a  river  1  mile  wide,  and  filled  up  ra- 
vines 100  feet,  200  feet,  and  300  feet  deep.  The  altitude  of 
the  eruption  was  about  10,000  feet  above  sea-level.  The  se- 
cond island,  Maui,  W.  of  Hawaii,  is  no  less  mountainous, 
and  consists  of  two  peninsulas  connecteU  by  a  tiat  isthmus; 
the  one  on  the  W.  with  hills  of  only  moderate  height,  and  a 
fertile  .soil,  while  the  other  rises  to  the  height  lO.oOO  feet. 
Atauai,  the  third  large  island,  resembles  Hawaii  in  its 
formation,  and  has  an  alevated  plateau,  with  mountains 
rising  from  it  to  the  height  of  7000  feet.  Oahu,  the  fourth 
large  island,  has  in  its  N.  part  two  summits  rising  from 
3000  feet  to 4000  feet;  but  the  whole  of  the  S.  part  consists 
Ota  large  and  fertile  plain,  tormina;  the  best  cultivated  and 
most  populous  district  of  the  whofe  group.  On  its  S.  shore 
a  wide  barrier-reef  contributes  to  foi-m  the  excellent  harbor 
of  Honolulu.  Molokai,  the  fifth  in  size,  is  app.irently  formed 
of  a  chain  of  volcanic  mountains,  broken,  liowever,  by  nu- 
merous ravines  and  water-courses.  The  mountain  slopes 
are  generally  clothed  with  verdure,  and  several  places  in 
the  inland  repay  the  trouble  of  cultivation. 

Climate,  Suil,  and  Produclinns. — The  climate  is  very  salu- 
brious. According  to  observations  made  at  Honolulu  in  1S38, 
the  average  height  of  the  mercury  at  2  P.  M.  for  January, 
was  75°0;  for  February,  7 5°-3;  March,  75'^-l;  April,  7ti°-7; 
May,  80°-3;  June,  81°-7;  July,  82°-5;  August,  S3°-2;  Sep- 
tember, 82°'6 ;  October,  80°-l ;  November,  7C°-6;  and  Decem- 
ber, 7  C^S.  Mean  temperature,  76°;  range  of  thermometer, 
60°  to  88°  Fahrenheit,  with  sea  breezes  and  moderate  rains. 
The  soil  in  the  uplands  is  better  adapted  for  grazing 
than  agriculture;  fine  wheat  is,  however,  r.nised  here,  and 
the  valleys  produce  cofTee,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  cocoa,  ar- 
row-root, mulberries,  yams,  sweet  potatoes,  and  taro.  San- 
dal wood  was  formerly  an  important  product,  but  the  forests 
have  been  rapidly  thinned,  and  little  is  now  produced. 
Poultry  and  hogs  are  very  numerous. 

The  advantageous  position  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  mak- 
ing them  a  kind  of  connecting  link  between  America  and 
China,  led  to  the  early  establishment  of  numerous  liuro- 
pean  and  Ameiican  settlers,  and  the  rapid  rise  of  a  very  ex- 
tensive trade.  They  now  form  a  kind  of  common  centre  to 
the  principal  whaling-grounds  of  the  North  I'acific — one  on 
the  Kqiiator,  another  near  Japan,  and  the  third  toward  the 
Behring  Sea.  And  Honolulu,  the  capit;«l  of  the  island  of 
Hawaii,  is  also  an  important  entrepflt  for  the  trade  l>etween 
all  commercial  nations.  The  commerce  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands  at  different  periods  is  shown  in  the  subjoined 
tables : — 


<     The  following  shows  the  quantity  of  the  difTerfmt  articles 
of  domestic  produce  exported  from  Honolulu  in  1853. — 


1837. 


Imports $4i:i.000 

Kxports 73.200 


$207,000     $378,500 
65,850  I       94,400 


Imports , 

Foreign  Exports.... 
Domestic  Exports  . , . 

Revenue 

Merchant  vessels  arrived 
'.Vhak'-ships  arrived 


1850, 


$1,035,058 

4fi.;V29 

596.522 

121,506 

469 

23( 


]S,il. 


$l,8i3,821 

3H4.402 

309,828 

160,602 

464 

135 


$7.59.868 

31,281,951 

381,143 

191,397 

638,395 

275..174 

113,091 

155,640 

235 

211 

519 

535 

Of  the  above  whale-ships  some  touched  at  two  or  more 
ports,  consequently  the  number  of  different  ve8.«els  is  not 
so  great  as  is  indicated  by  the  figures.  Of  the  total  revenue. 
J58,114  were  for  duties  on  goods,  $70,209  on  spirits,  and 
$8.2til  for  harbor  dues. 

The  value  of  goods  imported  into  the  Sandwich  Islands  in 
1853,  were — Total  dutiable.  $1,100,356;  entered  in  bond. 
$lt),2l't;  free  of  duty.  $79,402;  withdrawn  for  consumption. 
|25.{HU— total,  $1.2'81,951.  Of  the  dutiable  goods.  $5^,777 
were  from  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  United  States,  and 
$307.14!^  from  the  Pacific  side;  in  all  ,$9.54.919  from  the 
United  States.  China  furnished  $42,056,  the  next  largest 
amount;  Chili,  $38,099;  Great  Britain,  $20,471:  Bremen, 
$12,225 ;  Philippine  Islands,  $12,038;  and  Trance  only  $30. 


Sufjar lbs 6.34,955 

up gallons.     18,244 


GontSkins 5.600 

Hides 1,741 

Cocoanuts 2.000 

Tallow Iba 16.458 

....  10,8*1 

....  2,500 

. . «  38,(K)0 

....  13,0iW 


Melons 

Fresh  Beef... 
Salt  Beef 


Molasses "      .  58. 4.58 

Coffee lbs 50,506 

.Salt bbls....  3,509 

Irish  Potatoes...    "  ....  15,464 

Sweet  Potatoes...    "  ....  8,979 

Hogs 3,724 

Sheep 733 

Of  the  $281,599,  the  total  value  of  the  above,  $154,674  only 
were  really  exported,  $126,925  having  been  supplied  to  the 
merchantmen  that  stopped  at  the  island. 

Oil  and  Wlialebone  Tianshijrped  in  1853. 


Sperm  Oil, 
Galls. 

Whale  Oil, 
Galls, 

Whalebone, 

Lbs. 

174,920 
476 

3,750,310 
37,038 

1,956,405 
28,000 
21,040 
14,819 

Havre 

Cowu.s,  England 

1-5,S»6 

8,787,348 

i,o-.:o,2f>4 

The  same  articles  transhipped  in  1852,  were  S2,180  gallons 
sperm,  and  1.120,918  gallons  of  whale  oil,  and  3,078,019 
pounds  whalebone. 

The  number  of  arrivals  at  the  different  ports  was  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Merchant  TesseU, 


Ports.  Whalers. 

Honolulu 246.... 

Lahalna 17T.... 

Hilo 66... 

Kcalakeakua 12.... 

Kawai  hae 20 

Waimea 12.... 


154 
29 


Of  the  whalers,  600  were  American.  19  French,  12  Bremen, 
and  4  Russian.  Of  the  merchant  vessels.  137  were  Ameri- 
can, (tons,  45.2:U,)  17  Hawaian,  (tons,  2072,)  32  British, 
(tons,  618.5.)  5  Danish,  (tons.  866.)  5  French,  (tons,  1034,) 
and  3  Ku.ssian.  (tons,  1223.)  The  total  number  of  vessels  en- 
gaged in  the  coast  trade  among  the  islands  wag  32,  with  an 
aggregate  burden  of  1338  tons. 

One  very  remarkable  circumstance  connected  with  the 
Sandwich  l.slands  is  the  rapid  decrease  of  population.  Cap- 
tain C(X)k  estimated  the  numtjer  of  inhabitants  at  400,000. 
Probably  300.000  would  have  been  nearer  the  truth.  In 
1823,  within  the  course  of  half  a  century,  it  had  diminished 
to  140.000.  An  actual  census  in  1S32.  gave  only  130.315; 
and  another  in  1S36,  108.579.  In  the  census  of  1850  the 
population  was  84.165.  The  population,  according  to  the 
census  of  December,  1853,  was — 


I.S1.AN.>8. 

Males. 

Females. 

Tot.ll. 

For' in. 

Total. 

Hawaii 

12,413 
8,995 
3,672 
9„551 
1,799 
317 
392 

11,750 
8,425 
3,054 

8,i«4 
1,766 

28-2 
398 

24.193 
17,420 
6,726 
17.815 
5,565 
599 
790 

259 

244 

24,452 
17,664 
6,7-26 
19,1-26 
3,607 
599 
790 

72,964 

Muul 

Atauai 

1,311 

42 

Molokai 

Rauai 

Total 

37,169 

33,939 

71,108 

1,856 

There  were  also  In  Atauai  and  Xihjiu  264  foreigners,  increas- 
ing the  above  total  to  73.230.  The  deci-ease  has  thus  con- 
tinued without  interruption  .since  the  islands  were  dis- 
covered, and,  independent  of  the  census,  is  proved  by  the 
quantity  of  rich  land  once  occupied,  but  now  lying  waste  from 
want  of  hands  to  cultivate  it.  One  cause  of  decrease  is  the 
number  of  young  men  who  leave  the  islands  in  whalers  and 
other  ships,  and  never  return ;  but  the  main  cause  appears 
to  be  the  prevalence  of  small-pox,  measles,  whooping-cough, 
and  similar  di.seases,  by  which,  in  1848.  called  signficantly 
"the  year  of  death."  10,000  persons  are  supposed  to  have 
been  cut  off.  The  annual  decrease  is  estimated  at  8  per  cent. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  group  belong  to  the  light-colored 
Oceanic  stock,  and  bear  a  very  close  resemblance  to  the  other 
islanders  of  the  I'acific,  particularly  the  Tahitians,  in  bodily 
appearance  as  well  as  cu.stoms  and  modes  of  life,  though  in 
none  of  the  other  groups  has  civilijiation  m.ade  so  marked  a 
progress,  and  produced  more  abundant  fruits.  Fron)  the 
first  discovery  of  the  islands  the  inhabitants  manifested  a 
decided  inclination  to  live  on  friendly  terms  with  Europeans, 
and  a  peculiar  aptitude  for  understanding  and  adopting 
European  manners  and  arts.  They  gave  a  welcome  recep- 
tion to  the  Protestant  missionaries  sent  among  them,  and 
voluntarily  exchanged  heathenism  for  Christianity. 

The  number  of  convictions  for  crime  in  all  the  islands  in 
18.')2  was  1082,  of  which  1461  \vere  at  Honolulu.  Of  the 
whole  number  1046  were  for  drunkenness,  336  for  fornica- 
tion. 193  for  adultery,  163  for  assault  and  battery,  and  144 
for  larceny.  Of  the  convictions  at  Honolulu  for  drunken- 
ness and  fornication,  the  great  majority  were  foreigners, 
but  of  the  convictions  for  adultery  and  larceny,  the  ma- 
jority yiere  natives.  The  amount  of  fines  imposed  for  crimi- 
nal offences  was  $11,166.    The  number  of  schools  have  de- 


SAN 


SAN 


creased  from  527  in  184?.  to  440  in  1852.  and  the  scholars 
Iroin  19.1I2S  to  13,948.  while  the  cost  of  maintenance  in- 
creased from  $20,185  to  $24,049.  On  the  dLscovery  of  the 
group  by  Captain  Cook,  in  1778,  each  island  had  a  separate 
ruler;  but  afterwards  the  whole  of  the  islands  were  oonFOli- 
Jated  under  one  government  by  Tamehamaha.  His  ?on, 
who  succeeded  him  in  1819,  at  once  alx>lished  idolatry.  The 
late  king,  Alexander  Liholiho,  was  born  February  9, 
1834. Inhab.  Samjwich  Islander, 

SAXIVWICK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Orkney. 

SA.SVY,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  (3f  Bedford. 

SAXDT,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 

SANDY,  a  post-oflice  of  Columbiana  co..  Ohio. 

SANDY,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1044. 

SANDY,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1220. 

SANDY,  a  post-office  of  Morg.in  co.,  Illinois. 

SAND'Y.  a  river  of  Canada  West,  falls  into  Lake  Supe- 
rior 30  miles  S.  of  Cape  Chaillons. 

SANDY  BAY,  a  village  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts,  about 
86  miles  N.E.  of  Boston. 

SANDY  BAY,  a  village  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  on  the 
Derwent.  co.  of  Buckingh.im. 

SANDY  B.^Y,  New  Zealand,  is  near  the  N.  extremity  of 
New  Ulster.  (North  Island.) 

SANDY  BOTTOM,  a  post-ofBce  of  Sliddlesex  co.,  Virginia. 

SANDY  BRIDGE,  a  posfcoffice  of  Carroll  co.,  Tennessee. 

SANDY  CREEK,  Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  two  brandies,  the  North  and  the  South, 
which  unite  within  2  miles  of  its  mouth.  It  falls  into  the 
E.  end  of  Lake  Ontario. 

S.VXDY  CREEK,  of  New  York,  falls  into  Lake  Ontario  in 
Monroe  co.,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Rochester. 

S.iNDY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Alleghany 
River  in  Venango  county. 

SANDY  CREEK,  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia,  enters  Banis- 
ter River  from  the  right,  near  Meadsville,  in  Halifax 
county. 

S.VNDY  CREEK,  of  Randolph  co..  North  Carolina,  enters 
Deep  River  from  the  N..  a  few  miles  E.  of  Ashtorough. 

SANDY  CREEK  or  BIG  SAN  DY,  of  Wilkinson  co..  Georgia, 
enters  the  Oconee  from  the  right,  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
the  county. 

SANDY  CREEK,  of  Slorgan  co.,  Georgia,  unites  with  La- 
bor Creek,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

SANDY  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  into  the  Tallapoosa 
River,  a  few  miles  W.  of  Dadeville. 

SANDY  CKEKK,  of  Gillespie  co..  Texas,  flows  into  Colo- 
rado River,  near  the  E.  border  of  the  county. 

SANDY  CREEK,  of  Texas,  an  affluent  of  the  Navidad, 
ent«rs  that  river  fiom  the  N..  in  Jackson  county. 

SANDY  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  the  state, 
and  joins  the  Tuscarawas  River  near  Bolivar. 

SANDY  CREEK,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N. 
part  of  Oswego  co..  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  Watertown 
and  Rome  Railro.id,  47  miles  N.W.  of  Rome.     Pop.  2431. 

SANDY  CREEK,  a  village  and  township  of  Mercer  co., 
Pennsvlvania. 

SANDY  CREEK,  a  village  and  township  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsvlvania.    Pop.  1328. 

SANDY  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

SANDY  FLATT,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SANDY  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Florida. 

SANDY  FOUNDAmON,  a  postr village  of  Lenoir  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SANDY  GROVE,  post-office,  Chatham  co..  North  Carolina. 

SANDY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SANDY  HILL,  a  post-villl^re,  and  semi-capital  of  Wash- 
ington CO.,  New  York,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hudson  River, 
52  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albany,  and  1  mile  W.  of  the  Cham- 
plain  Canal  and  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  several  churches,  2  newspaper  offices, 
I  bank  and  several  factx)rie.s.  A  little  below  the  village  the 
river  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  50  feet. 

SANDY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Maryland, 
is  situated  about  7  miles  from  the  Atlanitc,  and  109  miles 
S.E.  of  Annapolis.    It  has  3  churches  and  3  stores. 

SANDY  HOOK,  a  low.  sandy  beach,  al)Out  6  miles  long 
and  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  wide,  on  the  Jersev  shore,  at 
the  entrance  to  New  York  Bay.  On  the  N.  point  is  a  fixed 
Ught,  90  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  also  contains  two 
beacons.    Lat.  40°  27'  35"  N..  Ion.  74°  0*  48"  W. 

SANDY  HOOK,  a  manufacturing  village  of  Fairfield  co., 
Connecticut,  about  2  miles  from  the  Housatonic  River,  and 
21  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  New  Haven. 

SANDY  HOOK,  a  postrvillage  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

SANDY  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  .Mercer  co.,  Pennsyl- 
yania.  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Mercer.    Pop.  1001. 

f'^v-SX  ^'^"■'^'''I'-  a  post-office  of  Pittsvlvania  co..  VirginU. 
SANDY  MOUNT,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinste?,  co., 
and  2J  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dublin,  on  Dublin  Bay. 

8ANDT  MUSH,  a  post-office  of  Buucombe  co_  North  Ca- 
lolins. 

1694 


SANT)Y  NECK,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  entrance  to  Bam  stable 
Bav,  Massachusetts,  has  a  fixed  light.  Lat.  41°  44'  N..  Ion. 
70°  15'  W. 

SANDY  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Patrick  co.,  Vireinia. 

SANDY  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Rutherford  co..  North 
Carolina. 

S.^^NDY  POINT.     See  Gbeat  Point. 

SANDY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  CO..  Georgia. 

SANDY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia,  about 
60  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

SANDY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  CO..  Alabama. 

SANDY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana. 

SANDY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois. 

SANDY  RIVER,  a  fine  mill  stream  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Maine,  rising  in  Franklin  county,  fells  into  the  Kennebec  in 
Somerset  county. 

SANDY  (or  BIG  SANDY)  RIVER,  of  W.  Virginia  and 
Kentucky,  is  formed  by  the  East  and  West  Forks,  which 
unite  at  Louisa,  in  Lawrence  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  E. 
border  of  that  state.  Flowing  N.,  it  forms  tlie  boundary 
between  Wayne  county  of  West  Virginia,  and  Lawrence  and 
Boyd  counties  of  Kentucky,  until  it  enters  the  Ohio 
River  nearly  opposite  Burlington,  in  Ohio.  The  distance  from 
its  mouth  to  Louisa  is  perhaps  40  or  50  miles.  Branches. — 
The  East  Fork,  otherwise  called  the  Tug  Fork,  rises  ip  Taze- 
well and  Wyoming  counties,  of  Virginia,  flows  N.  W.,  and, 
after  passing  through  the  Cumberland  Mountain,  forms 
the  boundary  lietween  the  two  states  to  its  junction  with 
the  other  branch.  The  West  Fork,  or.  in  popular  language, 
the  Louisa  Fork,  rises  in  Russell  county,  of  Virginia,  and 
flowing  N.W.  and  then  N.,  makes  a  circuit  through  several 
counties  of  Kentucky.  The  length  of  eax;h  branch  is  esti- 
mated at  150  miles.  The  Sandy  is  a  fine  stream  for  naviga- 
tion, and  flows  through  extensive  beds  of  stone  coal.  Steam- 
boats ascend  the  river  and  its  West  Fork  more  than  100 
miles. 

SANDY  RIVER,  of  South  Carolina,  a  small  stream  which 
enters  Broad  River  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Chester  district. 

SANDY  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  a  small  stream  which  rises 
in  the  W.  part  of  the  peninsula,  and  flowing  W.,  enters  Lake 
Michigan  in  Mason  county. 

SANDY  RIVER,  a  po.st-office  of  Pitt.svlvania  CO..  Virginia. 

SANDY  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Cleveland  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

SANDY  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district.  South 
Carolina. 

SANDY  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mary- 
land, about  30  miles  W.8.W.  of  Baltimore. 

SANDY  SPRING,  a  postoffice  of  Favette  co.,  Tennessee. 

S.^NDVSTON,  New  Jersey.     See  Sanbistojj. 

SAND'YVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  CO..  Ohio,  on 
the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal,  112  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 
Pop.  300. 

SAN  ESTEBAN  DE  LA  RUA.  sin  Js-tA-niln'  di  IJ  roo'i,  a 
village  of  Spain,  in  Qalicia,  province,  and  36  miles  from 
Orense.    Pop.  1800. 

SAN  ESTKBAN  MOLLEDA.  sin  Js-tA-Bin'  mo]-yk'T>L  a 
village  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  18  miles  from  Oviedo.  Pop. 
1800. 

SAN  ESTEBAN  RIBAS  DE  SIL.  sin  Js-tA-bin'  ree/sis  di 
seel,  a  village  of  Spain,  Galicia,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Orense. 
I'op.  572. 

SAN  FELICE,  sin  fA-lee/chi,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  in 
Lombardv,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
Lake  Garda.     Pop.  1100. 

SAN  FELICE,  a  village  of  North  Italy.  4  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Mirandola.     Pop.  .3000. 

SAN  FELICE  DE  LLOBREGAT,  sin  fd-lee'si  di  lo-bri- 
git',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Barce- 
lona, on  the  Llobregat.    Pop.  1820. 

SAN  FELICES  DE  BUELNA.  sin  fS-lee'thfs  di  bw^Hni, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Santander, 
Pop.  1265. 

SAN  FELICES  BE  LOS  GALLEGOS.  sin  fii-lee'fhJs  di 
loce'gil-y.Vgoce.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  515  miles 
S.W.  of  Salamanca,  near  the  frontiers  of  Portugal.  Pop. 
1863. 

SAN  FELIPE,  (Sp.  pron.  sin  fi-lee'pi,  usually  pronounced 
by  the  Texans.  ."an  fil'ip.)  a  post-village  of  Austin  (»„  Texas, 
on  the  Brazos  River,  150  miles  E.S.E.  of  Austin  City,  wna 
formerly  the  county  seat. 

SAN  FELIPE,  sin  fA-lee'pA,  a  town  of  Venezuela,  depart- 
ment of  Caracas,  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Valencia.  Pop.  70(H), 
It  was  originally  settled  by  Canary  Islanders;  its  vicinity  ig 
very  productive  of  cocoa,  coffee,  maize,  and  rice.  A  railway 
has  been  projected  from  San  Felipe  to  Puerto  Cabello,  a  dis- 
tance of  al<out  50  miles. 

SAN  FELIPE,  a  fort  of  Central  .America,  state  of  Hondu- 
ra.«.  on  the  Grlfo  Dulce:  lat.  15°  ?8'  N..  Ion.  89°  1'  46"  W. 

SAN  FKLII'E.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
state,  and  40  miles  N.  of  Gu.inajuato. 

SAN  FELIPE  DE  ACONCAGUA,  sin  fii-leeVA  di  ikon- 
ki'gwi.  a  town  of  Chili,  capital  of  the  department  of  Acon- 
cagua, in  a  fine  valley,  about  15  miles  fn.'m  the  A  iides.  and 
40  miles  N.  of  Santiago.    Pop.  estimated  a(  fi  om  12,000  to 


SAN 

13.'.100.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  has  handsome  public 
walks,  a  central  square,  in  which  are  the  chief  public  build- 
ings. The  houses  are  of  one  story,  mostly  furnished  with 
Eardens.     Near  it  are  copper-mines. 

SA\  FELIPKDK  JATIVA.  sinfilee'p.idiHd'te-va,  (anc. 
Snia'bisor  Self  oMs.)  a  city  of  Spain,  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Alljayda  and  the  Guadamar.  province,  and  43  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Valencia.  I'op.  13.2:35.  It  has  m.anufactures  of  woollens 
and  linens,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  the  painter,  .To.se  Kibera, 
known  as  Kspanoleto.  It  has  Roman  ruins,  and  very  ex- 
tensive and  magnificent  remains  of  Moorish  architecture. 
The  modern  town  was  founded  by  Philip  V.,  who  conferred 
on  it  his  name. 

SAN  FELIU  DE  GUIXOLS,  sSn  ti-le-oo'  di  ghe-HoV,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  18  miles  N.N.K.  of  Gerona.  Pop. 
6079. 

SAN  FELIU  DE  TORELLO,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia, province,  and  38  miles  N.E.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Xer. 
Pop.  1734. 
SAN  FKRN  AXDO.  a  city  of  Spain.  See  Isla  de  Leox. 
SAN  FEHNAN'DO,  a  small  town  of  Los  Angeles  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  on  the  main  road  from  Sacramento  City 
to  Los  Angeles,  27  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.W.  of  the  latter. 

SAN  FERNANDO,  sh\  ftit-nlnMo,  a  small  town  of  South 
America,  in  Venezuela,  department  of  Caracas,  30  miles  N. 
of  the  Orinoco,  and  on  one  of  its  affluents. 

SAN  FERNANDO,  a  town  of  Chili,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Colchajua,  80  miles  S.  of  Santiago. 

SAN  FERNANDO,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata.)  15  miles  from  Buenos  Ayres.     I'op.  3(X>0. 

SAN  FERNANDO  DK  Al'UllE,  sdn  feR-ndn'do  d.i  d-poo'rA, 
a  town  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela,  department,  and  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Apure,  at  the  Influx  of  the  Portu- 
guosa,  70  miles  S.  of  Calabozo.  Pop.  6000.  Several  villages 
in  the  Mexican  Confederation,  villages  and  forts  in  New 
Granada  and  Central  America,  &c.  have  this  name. 

SAN  FERNANDO.  SERRA  DE,  siii'Rd  dA  sin  fja-ndn'do, 
or  DOIRADOS.  doi-rJ/doce,  a  mountain  of  South  America, 
separates  the  Brazilian  province  of  Matto  Grosso  from  the 
Bolivian  territory  of  the  Chiquitos;  lat.  18°  S.,  Ion.  from 
69°  to  60°  W.  ,       , 

SAN  FILIPPO  D'ARGTRO,  sjn  fe-lip'po  daR-jee'ro,  (anc. 
Affij'rium.)  a  town  of  Sicily,  31  miles  W.N.W.  of  Catania, 
near  the  centre  of  the  island.  Pop.  7156.  It  stands  on  an 
isolated  rock  near  the  Salso.  and  has  a  castle  and  several 
churches,  convents,  Ac,  and  Is  the  birthplace  of  Diodorus 
Siculus. 

SAN  FILIPPO  D'ARGIRO,  a  village  of  South  Italy,  in 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  1  mile  N.  of  Gerace. 
Pop.  1500.  „  . 

S.4N'F0RD,  a  post-town.ship  of  York  cc,  Maine,  inter- 
sected by  the  route  of  the  York  and  Cumberland  lUilroad, 
86  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  2221. 
SANFORD.  New  York.     See  Sanpfoed. 
SANFORD.  a  post-oftice  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan. 
SANFORD'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  New 
York.  • 

SAN  FRANCTSOO,   sjn  frin-sislto,  a  village  of  North 

Peru,  55  miles  S.W.  of  Panos,  on  the  Ucayle.       ,      .  „         , 

SAN  FRANCISCO    de  la  Montana,    san  frdn-sislto   d4 

IS  mon-ti'ni.  a  town  of  New  Granada,  department  of  Istmo, 

situated  on  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  N.E.  of  Santiago.    Pop. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  sin  frin-sis'ko.  a  county  In  the  W.  part 
of  California,  has  an  area  of  about  30  square  miles,  li  w 
bounded  on  the  W  by  the  Pacific,  on  the  N.E.  by  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay,  and  on  the  South  by  the  county  of  San  Mateo. 
The  Sierra  Morina  or  Brown  Mountains,  are  the  principal 
elevations.  The  most  important  of  these  commence  about 
10  miles  South  of  San  Francisco  City,  and  run  along  the 
coast  until  they  unite  with  another  range  of  the  same 
name  in  the  county  of  Santa  Clara.  These  mountiiins 
are  upwards  of  2000  feet  in  height,  and  serve  to  protect 
the  inhabit;»nts  of  the  valley  from  the  coast  winds.  Ex- 
cellent redwood  grows  in  some  parts  of  the  county.  The 
soil  is  rich  and  productive.  It  has  heretofore  been  but 
little  cultivated,  but  much  more  attention  is  now  paid  to 
agriculture.  Gold  is  found  in  small  quantities.  The  route 
of  the  railroad  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Jose  passes 
through  this  county.  Capital,  San  Francisco.  Pop.  in  1852, 
3l).l  51 ;  in  1 860,  r)6.802. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  sin  frin-sisTco,  (sometimes  called 
SAINT  FRANCIS'CO,)  the  commercial  metropolis  of  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  magnificent  bay 
from  which  it  derives  its  name.  Lat.  37°47'35"N.,  Ion.  122° 
26'  15"  W.  It  stands  in  a  plain  about  half  a  mile  wide,  gently 
inclined  towards  the  bay,  with  numerous  liills  behind  it. 
The  soil  on  which  the  city  is  built  is  very  sandy ;  and  in  the 
vicinit.y,  more  particularly  towards  the  N.,  are  a  number  of 
sand-hills .  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  the  streets  crossing  each 
other  at  right  angles.  The  houses  till  recently  were  mostly 
frame:  but  since  the  destiuctive  fires  that  liave  occurred 
siiveral  times,  laying  the  greater  part  of  the  town  in  ruins, 
bnck  and  irou  are  becoming  more  extensively  used.  It  now 
soutains  many  well-built  fire-proof  stores  and  banking- 


SAN 

houses.  The  better  class  of  frame  houses  ai-e  painted  white, 
with  green  blinds,  presenting  the  appearance  of  the  honset 
in  New  England. 

The  city  was  originally  built  around  a  semicircular  bay, 
h.aving  Rincon  Point  on  the  S.,  and  Clark's  Point  on  theN., 
these  two  points  being  about  a  mile  apart.  All  the  space 
between  is  now  built  up,  the  warehouses  and  wharves  being 
supporte<l  by  piles  driven  into  the  water.  Clark's  Point  is 
the  termination  of  Telegraph  Hill,  liaving  an  elevation  of 
1000  feet  or  upwards,  from  the  summit  of  which  a  very 
extensive  view  may  be  had  of  the  surrounding  country. 
Directly  in  front  of  the  city,  but  distant  5  or  6  miles,  is  Goat 
Island,  which  is  nearly  a  mile  in  length.  It  is  a  barren, 
rocky  place,  except  on  the  E.  side,  where  there  is  some  cul- 
tivation among  the  valleys.  The  wholesale  business  part 
of  San  Francisco  is  towards  the  city  front.  In  the  older 
portion  of  the  city  Drumm  street  is  next  the  bay,  then  ad- 
vancing W.  one  meets  with  Davis,  Front,  Battery,  S.ansom, 
Montgomery,  Kearney,  Dupont,  Stockton,  Powell,  Mason, 
Taylor,  J<mes,  Leavenworth,  Hyde,  and  Larkin.  Beginning 
at  the  water's  edge  on  the  N.,  and  going  southward,  we  have 
Jefferson,  Boach,North-Point,  Bay,Francisco,Chestnut,  Lom- 
bard, Greenwi6h,  Filbert,  Union,  Green, A'allego,  Broadway, 
Pacific,  Jackson,  Washington,  Clay,  Commercial,  (which, 
however,  does  not  extend  W.  of  Dupont,)  Sacramento,  Cali- 
fornia, Pine,  Bush,  Sutter,  Port,  Geary,  &c.  Market  street 
is  a  broad  thoroughfare  running  S.W.  from  the  bay,  and 
may  be  said  to  divide  the  older  from  the  newer  portions  o' 
the  city.  In  tlie  S.E.  part  of  the  town.  S  of  Market  street, 
which  as  yet  is  little  built  upon,  commencing  at  the  water'? 
edge  and  proceeding  S.W.,  we  have  East,  Stewart,  Spear, 
Main,  Beale,  Fremont,  First,  Second,  &c.  Several  of  the 
principal  streets  in  the  business  part  of  the  city  (including 
Sansom,  Montgomery,  Stockton,  Powell,  Washington,  and 
.lackson,)  have  pas.senger  railways  through  a  portion  of 
their  extent.  Most  of  the  new  buildings  have  been  erected 
south  of  Market  street,  but  all  parts  of  the  city  have  im- 
proved greatly  witliin  a  few  years. 

Montgomery  street  is  a  wide,  handsome  thoroughfare, 
and  the  fashionable  promenade.  On  Stockton  and  Dupont 
streets,  towards  the  southerii  part  of  the  city,  are  many 
fine  residences  built  of  brick;  west  of  Stockton, and  on  the 
surrounding  hills,  are  many  handsome  houses  of  wood,  but 
being  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  city,  they  are  com- 
paratively secure  in  case  of  fire.  Most  families  have  their 
residences  in  the  outskirts,  or  in  the  rear  of  the  town. 
The  principal  streets  and  sidewalks  are  paved  with  plank 
and  heavy  timber.  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is  a  public 
square  or  plaza. 

A  railroad,  50  miles  long,  has  been  completed  from  San 
Francisco  to  San  Jose.  Telegraphic  lines  connect  this  city 
with  St.  Louis,  Los  Angeles,  and  New  Westminster  in  British 
Columbia. 

San  Francisco  has  a  custom-house,  a  branch  mint,  a  fine 
exchange,  a  marine  hospital,  a  splendid  musical  fund  hall,  and 
several  theatres.  The  custom-house  is  a  very  extensive  and 
substantial  building.  It  is  built  on  piles,  and  is  estimated 
to  have  cost,  including  the  site,  about  $800,000.  The  mint 
was  completed  in  .March,  1853,  and  cost  about  $300,000.  The 
entire  cost  of  the  marine  hospital  was  about  $400,000.  The 
Masonic  Temple,  at  the  corner  of  Montgomery  and  Port 
street,  ranks  among  the  finest  edifices  in  San  Francisco. 
Among  the  theatres  the  Metropolitan  is  the  most  magnifi- 
cent, and  is  one  of  the  handsomest  buildings  in  the  city. 
San  Francisco  has  19  or  20  banking  houses,  and  46  places  of 
worship,  including  3  Baptist, 4  Congregational, 4  Episcopal, 
8  Methodist,  5  Presbyterian,  10  Roman  Catholic,  1  Sweden- 
borgian,  1  Unitarian,  3 German  Lutheran,  1  Dutch  Iteformed, 
1  Swedish  Lutheran,  and  2  Hebrew  Synagogues,  besides  sev- 
eral Boodhist  temples.  San  Francisco  is  the  seat  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  archbishoprick.  There  are  some  25  fire-companies; 
and  47  newspapers  and  journals,  of  which  9  are  dailies. 
Among  them  are  papers  in  the  French",  German,  Italian,  and 
Spanish  languages.  San  Francisco  has  several  magnificent 
hotels,  which  may  rank  among  the  largest  to  be  found  in  the 
world.  Of  these  the  following  are  deserving  of  especial  men- 
tion :  The  Russ  House  (opened  April,  1862,)  is  275  feet  long 
by  137}^  wide;  the  Lick  House  (named  for  James  Lick,  the 
propriet'or.)  is  200  feet  long  by  160  wide :  and  the  Occidental 
Hotel.  The  3  hotels  above  named  front  on  Montgomery 
street,  which  has  been  styled  the  Broadway  of  San  Francis- 
co, a  title  which  it  may  be  said  to  merit  not  merely  on  ac- 
count of  its  magnificence,  but  also  on  account  of  its  being 
the  iiishionable  promenade,  and  because  on  it  are  situated 
the  finest  hotels  and  most  splendid  and  fashionable  retail 
stores  in  the  city.  The  most  important  hotels  after  those 
named  above  are  the  Oriental,  the  International,  and  the 
American  Excliauge. 

San  Francisco  is  supplied  with  water  from  Mountain  Lake, 
situated  about  3J4  miles  W.  of  the  city.  The  cost  of  the  en- 
tire work  is  estimated  at  $800,000.  Gas  is  employed  for 
lighting  the  streets. 

Ce.me.terieg. — There  are  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco 
several  cemeteries,  among  which  the  Lone  Mountain  Ceme- 
tery and  the  Calvary  Cemetery  are  perhaps  the  most  deserr- 

1695 


bAN 


SAN 


rag  of  mention.  The  former  is  situateil  on  an  elevated 
pirtte.iu  lit  the  base  of  an  eniinencf  known  as  Lone  Moun- 
tain: and  tlie  latter  is  at  no  great  distance  from  it.  Both 
are  in  full  view  of  the  ocean,  that  ai)propriate  emblem  of 
eternity.  The  remains  of  the  two  distinguished  patriots, 
Broderick  and  Baker,  repose  in  the  Lone  Mountain  Ceme- 
tery. 

(Jiaritahh  Institutinns. — The  benevolent  institutions  and 
societies  of  San  Fnmeisco  are  numerous  and  liberally  sup- 
ported. Among  them  we  may  name  the  United  States 
Marine  Hospital,  the  City  and  County  Hospital,  the  Pro- 
teRtant  and  Catholic  orphan  asylums,  and  the  Stvte  Institu- 
tion for  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind.  It  may  be  proper  also 
to  state  that  branch  societies  of  the  Sanitary  Commission 
and  Christian  Commission  have  been  maintiiiued  with  a 
liberality  and  energy  that  reflect  great  credit  on  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  Tacitic. 

ijlucationid  Jnstilutinns. — To  the  credit  of  San  Francisco 
it  may  be  stiid  that  no  city  in  the  world  of  an  equal  popu- 
lation, can  boast  of  being  more  liberally  provided  witlj  first- 
class  private  schools.  Of  these  there  are  75,  with  an  aggre- 
gate attendance  of  5775.  The  public  schools  of  the  city  also 
are  numerous  and  well  supported,  the  salaries  of  the 
teachers  ranging  from  $500  to  S2500;  ten  of  the  principal 
teachers  receive  upwards  of  S-000.  There  is  a  stiite  normal 
school  in  San  Francisco.  Among  the  libraries  may  be  named 
the  Mercantile,  with  about  20,000,  and  the  Odd-Fellows, 
containing  12,000  volumes. 

Commerce. — With  the  exception  of  that  of  San  Diego,  San 
Francisco  possesses  the  only  large  and  secure  harbor  on  the 
coast  between  Victoria  and  Gua.vmas,  a  distance  of  2000 
miles.  In  consequence  of  this  advantage  and  its  ready  com- 
munication with  the  interior,  it  enjoys  a  monopoly  of  the 
commerce  of  the  American  states  on  the  Pacific.  The  high 
rates  of  labor  and  the  dependence  of  the  coast  on  importa- 
tion for  all  its  iron,  brsiss,  cotton,  hardware,  and  most  of  its 
wool,  leather  and  hardwood,  prevent  the  establishment  of 
factories,  and  all  the  cutlery,  fine  tools  and  machinery,  fine 
glass,  porcelaiu.clothing,  shoes,  are  necessarily  obtained  fi-om 
abroad  at  a  great  expense,  thus  giving  employment  to  a 
large  amount  of  shipping.  In  ISW,  2096  vessels,"  measuring 
in  all  739,190  tons,  entered  the  port  of  San  Francisco.  Of 
these  2096  vessels,  1523  came  from  domestic  Pacific  ports, 
116  from  domestic  Atlantic  ports,  62  from  British  Columbia, 
44  from  Great  Britiun,  43  from  Panama,  45  from  Mexican 
ports,  37  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  36  from  China,  35  from 
Australia,  32  from  whaling  voyages,  and  so  on,  including 
ports  in  every  part  of  the  world  save  Africa.  The  vessels 
from  domestic  Atlantic  ports  averaged  more  tlian  1000  tons 
each.  The  amount  paid  for  freights  that  year  was  »8.107,371. 
Among  the  imports  were  1 2,000  packages  of  agricultural  im- 
plements, 53,000  cases  of  boots  and  shoes,  60,0(.«)  fire-bricks, 
74,000  eastern  doors,  500,000  feet  of  eastern  hard  wood,  80,000 
feet  of  Mexican  cedar,  140,000  boxes  of  candles,  120,000  cases 
of  canned  meats,  100,000  packages  of  castings,  100,000  tons 
of  Pennsylvania  and  foreign  coal,  8,500,000  lbs.  of  cotfee, 
10,000  boxes  of  fire-crackers,  75,000  packages  of  dried  fruits, 
74,000  boxes  of  Oregon  apples  and  pears,  5,000,000  oranges, 
230,000  limes,  30,000  packages  of  glass,  tiO,000  packages  of 
hardwai-e,  18,000  packages  of  hollowware.  9000  lbs.  of  ivory, 
12,000  casks  of  English  malt  liquors,  4000  packages  of  mar- 
ble, 300,000  gallons  of  molasses.  20,000  casks  of  whale^il, 
9000  bbls.  of  Eastern  pork,  54,000  firkins  of  Eastern  butter, 
12,037,824  lbs.  of  rice,  20,000  boxes  of  salseratus,  5000  cases 
of  sardines,  5000  cases  of  sewing  machines,  40,000  boxes  of 
soap.  27,000,000  lbs.  of  sugar,  1,500,000  lbs.  of  tea,  65.000.000 
feet  of  luml>er  from  Puget  Sound,  45.000,000  feet  from  Cali- 
fornian  ports  and  4,000,000  feet  from  Oregon.  These  are 
onl^-  a  few  out  of  many  items. 

&an  Francisco  has  regular  communication  by  steamers 
with  Panama  and  San  Juan  del  Sul,  while  several  lines  of 
steamboats  are  constantly  running  between  this  city  and 
Sacramento  and  Marysville ;  there  is  also  a  line  plying  be- 
tween it  and  San  Jose,  Santa  Chira,  and  Alviso. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  dejtosits  and  coinage  at 
the  United  States  Branch  Mint,  San  Francisco,  during  the 
year  1SC4 :  '  * 


SILVKB  COINED  i 


1  MANL-VACTUKXO. 


January... 
February.. 

.March 

April 

May 

July.'.!!!!! 

Aujust.... 
Seiitember. 
Ocldber... 
November. 
Decrii.ber. 

Tolals... 


Value  of  Gold 
Bullion  de- 
l-osited  each 
luoulh. 


$804, 
657, 
1,3-^2. 
1,176, 
1,851, 
2,194 
1,921 
1,165, 
1,562, 
1,250, 
1,911. 
350, 


2H.47 
,582.62 
,742.70 
,212.74 
.292.05 
.228.36 
,372.04 
,736.80 
,837,17 
,706  19 
,667.71 
,294  96 


GOLD    COCfAGK. 


Double 
Eaglei. 


Eagles. 


1,070, 
l,.iOo, 
2,13.5, 
2,115. 
1,170. 
1.520, 
1.375. 
1.5S5. 
903, 


Half 
Eagles 


$605,000 
6*15,000 
1,205.000 
1.070.000 
1,505.000 
2,135,000 
2.159.440 
1,170,000 
1,520.000 
1,375,000 
1,585.000 
903,200 


riuary. . . 


April. 
May.. 


S6.000 

16.000  $5,000 
29,000 
31.000 
8.000 
60.000! 

July i     34.000! 

August 34,0001 

8epleinber..l      18,000 

Ociober I     42.000{ 

iber..i     35,000 


Dece 


i6,ooo;. 


$6,500 
4,000 


Half        Refined 
Dimes.        Bars. 


$17,636  28 


5.000 
'4,606 


$3C,136  28 
29,500  00 
41,078.39 
31.797.87 

ii.auo.oo 

6O,OU0.0O 
34.6S1  86 
39,000.00 
20,313  50 
46.000.00 
45,210.13 
16,3:8.84 


Totals. ..i$329,O00'$5,00O    $2.3,000      $9,00O|$44,046.37l  8405,546.37 


TOTAL  COINAGE — GOLD  A!fD  8ILVEE. 


January.... $6.35,136. 28  ,  June 2,195,000.00 

February...  714.500.00     July 2.194,121.00 

March 1.246,078.39  '  August... 1, 209.000.00 

April 1,101,797.37  i  Seplem..  .1,540,313.50 

May 1,516,500.00  i  October.. 1,421.000.00 


Total. ..$16,3-23,186.37 


1696 


$lo,S73,-200    $25,000    $19,440  $15,917,610 


Gold  bullion  has  also  been  obtained  from  the  following 
localities:  Idaho  Territory,  218,952.29  ounces;  Oregon, 
51,588.99;  British  Columbia,  17,238.21 ;  Washington  Terri- 
tory, 1,356.63;  Arizouiv  Territory,  865.48;  Nevadii,  696.42; 
South  America,  419.85 :  China,  52.68 ;  Mexico,  coin,  2,047.54 ; 
Uncertain,  being  fine  gold,  162,307.02.  Kumber  of  deposits 
in  1864,  gold,  ^,801 ;  Silver,  477. 

[For  table  showing  value  and  destination  of  treasure 
shipments  for  eleven  years,  1854  to  18t>i  inclusive,  and  foi 
Population  and  History,  see  Appendix.] 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  a  port  on  the  W.  coast  of  Lower  Cali 
fornitJ :  I.tt.  30°  45'  N.,  Ion.  113°  40'  W. 

SAN  FKANCISCO,  BAY  OF,  a  noble  land-locked  harbor, 
in  which  all  the  combined  navies  of  Europe  and  America 
miirht  move,  is  situated  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 'the  United 
States,  in  the  stnte  of  California,  extending  from  lat.  37" 
SO'  to  38°  8'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  122°  to  122°  30'  W.  Length 
from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E..  about  55  miles;  breadth,  from  2  to 
12  miles.  The  N.  portion  is  called  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo, 
which  is  nearly  circular,  with  a  di;tmeter  of  about  9  miles. 
This  bay  communicates,  through  the  Straits  of  Carquinez, 
7  miles  in  length,  with  Suisun  Bay,  formed  by  the  united 
waters  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  .loaquin  Rivers;  Suisun 
Bay  is  about  16  miles  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  5  miles. 
The  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  S.in  Francisco  through  the  pas- 
sage called  the  Golden  Gate  is  very  striking;  the  shores  are 
bold  and  rocky,  and  in  its  narrowest  part  the  channel  Is 
only  alx)ut  1  mile  wide.  The  shores  of  the  bay,  however, 
are  generally  low  and  marshy,  being  in  many  places  little 
else  than  mere  mud  flats,  it  cont.iins  numerous  islands 
and  rocks;  the  principal  of  the  fUrnier  are  Angel,  Yerba, 
BueniJ,  and  Aleatraces.  A  railroad  has  been  projected,  ex- 
tending from  San  Francisco  southward  along  the  W.  shore 
of  the  bay  to  San  Jo.s6. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  DE  SELVA.    See  Copiapo. 

SAN  FRAXC1.«QUIT0  (fi-an-sis-kee'to)  CREEK,  a  small 
str-eam  of  California,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Morina,  and  run- 
ning in  a  general  E.  course  between  San  Francisco  and 
Santa  Clara  counties,  falls  into  San  Francisco  Bay.  Gold  in 
small  quantities  has  been  found  on  this  creek. 

SANFKf;,  sdn-fr,V,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Coni, 
10  miles  W.  of  Alba.    Pop.  1718. 

SANFRONT.  sin-front',  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division  of 
Coni,  8  miles  W.iof  Saluzzo.     Pop.  411.3. 

SANGA,  sin'gj,  a  considerable  fortified  town  of  Japan, 
island  of  Kioo-Sioo,  on  Simbara  Bay.  55  miles  N.E.  of  Na- 
ga.saki.  It  is  well  and  regularly  built,  and  intersected  by 
canals. .  It  has  a  fine  palace,  and  a  femous  manufactory  of 
porcelain. 

S.VN  GA'BRIET^  (>Sp.  pron.  s3n  !r2-bre-?l'.)  a  small  river  of 
Texas,  rises  near  the  W.  extremity  of  Williamson  county, 
and  flowing  E.,  enters  Little  River  in  Milam  county,  a  fow 
miles  S.W.  of  Cameron. 

SAN  GABRIEL,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Texas. 

SAN  G.\BRIEL.  a  tnwn  ot  Ix)S  Angeles  co..  California,  is 
situated  near  the  Bay  of  San  Pedro,  on  the  main  road  frojD 
Sacramento  city  to  San  Diego,  on  a  small  stream  of  Its  own 
name.  18  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Los  .Angeles. 

SAN  GABRIEL,  s^n  gl-bre-i^l'.  a  sm.nll  isl.tnd  of  Soutb 
America,  in  the  estuary  of  the  I'lat.a.  22  miles  N.E.  of  Bnenca 
Ay  res.  in  lat.  34°  30'  S.,  Ion.  .'i7°  58'  W. 

SAN  OABRIKL.  one  of  the  Admiralty  Islands,  in  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  2°  IT  S.,  Ion.  147"  28  E.      . 

SAN  GABRIEL,  s^n  gl-brtv^l',  a  fort  of  Biay.ilian  Guiana, 
province  of  Par&.  on  the  Rio  Negi-o,  in  lat.  0°  7'  30''  S.,  Ion. 
67°  20'  W. 

S.\N  GABRIEL  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Los  Angeles 
county,  in  the  S-SJi.  part  of  California,  falls  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 


SAN 


SAN 


SAKGALHOS,  sJn-gdl'yoce,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portu- 
tral,  province  of  Douro,  12  miles  E.  of  Aveiro,  on  the  Agueda. 
i'op.'JlSO. 

SAN'OA>rOX,  a  river  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
Is  formed  by  the  union  of  two  ijrani'hes,  termed  the  North 
and  the  Soutli.  which  unite  in  Sangamon  county.  Its  gene- 
ral course  is  first  N.W.,  then  N.,  and  lastly  W.;  it  falls 
into  the  Illinois  Uiver,  about  10  miles  aliove  I?eardstown. 
Length,  above  200  milep.  It  is  navigable  in  high  water  for 
tmall  steamboats. 

SAXti.YMOX.  a  county  in  tlie  S.W.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  750  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Sanga- 
mon River,  from  which  the  name  is  derived,  and  also  drained 
by  the  South  Forlt  of  that  river,  and  by  Sugar,  Liclc,  Brush, 
and  Spring  Creeks.  The  general  surface  is  level,  diversified 
with  extensive  and  beautiful  prairies,  and  with  forests  of 
good  timber.  In  1850  the  county  produced  .3.318.304  bushels 
of  corn,  (a  greater  quantity  than  any  other  county  in  the 
United  States,)  and  120,808  pounds  of  wool,  the  great«st 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  Bituminous 
coal  is  abundant.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago 
Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  by  the  Great  Western 
Ilailroad,  which  intersect.^  the  former  at  the  county-seat. 
Sangamon  county  is  one  of  the  most  populous  in  tlie  inte- 
rior of  the  state.  Seat  of  justice,  Springfield,  which  is 
also  the  capital  of  Illinois.  Population  in  1850,  19,228; 
in  1860,  32,274. 

SANQAR,  sSn-gar',  or  TSOOCxAR.  (TSUGAR,)  tsoo-gar^,  a 
stmit  communicating  between  the  North  l'.icific  Oean  and 
the  Sea  of  Japan,  and  separating  the  island  of  Niphon  on 
the  S.  from  that  of  Yesso  on  the  N.  Matsmai,  the  capital 
of  Yesso.  is  situated  on  a  bay  at  the  N.W.  entrance. 

SANGARIUS.    .See  Sakareeyaii. 

S.iX  GAUDKNZIO,  s3n  gOw-dJn'ze-o,  a  market-town  of 
Tuscany.  21  miles  E.N.K.  of  Florence. 

SAN  G.WINO,  sdn  gS-vee'no,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia. 29  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  2022. 

SANG.\Y.  s.iu-glii',  a  remarkaV)le  volcanic  mountain  of 
South  America,  in  the  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  State  of  Ecua- 
dor, about  hit.  2^  7'  S.  It  has  a  height  of  16,138  feet,  and 
having  been  in  a  state  of  almost  constant  activity  since 
1728,  lias  covered  the  surrounding  district  with  lava  and 
ashes,  making  it  almost  sterile. 

SAN  GEMINI,  s4n  jJni'e-ne,  a  market-town  of  It.ily,  in 
the  State  of  Umbria,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Spoleto.    Pop.  1200. 

SAX  GEMS  DE  TARADKLL,  sdn  Hi-neos/  di  ti-ri-<i&V, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  about  36  miles 
from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1793. 

S.\N'GKIIF1ELD,  .sang'ghjr-feeld.  a  post-village  in  Sanger- 
field  town.ship.  Oneida  co.,  New  York,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Utiea.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2343. 

SANGEIIUAUSiiN,  sdug'yr-how'zgn,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  31  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mer.seburg,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Ilarz  Mountains.  Pop.  5720.  It  has  2  castles,  and  manu- 
factures of  woollens  and  linens. 

SAX  GERMAN,  sin  iifeii-min',  a  town  in  the  S.W.  of  the 
Island  of  Poi'to  Uico.  Spanish  West  Indies.    Pop.  9125. 

SAX  GERMAXO,  sdn  jSu-mi'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, 9  miles  W.X.W.  of  Vercelli.     Pop.  3514. 

S.\N  GI';ilM.\XO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of 
Ti>rra  di  Lavoro,  U  miles  W.  of  Venatro.  Pop.  5000.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Cusiniim  Aquinium. 

S.\N  (lEltOXIMO,  ai-ron'ne-mo,  a  small  stream  of  Marin 
CO.,  California,  How.s  into  the  Pacific.  It  is  noted  for  its 
salmon  fisheries. 

SAX  GER0.VIM0,s3n  HA-ron'ne-mo,  a  small  town  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  16  miles  S.E.  of  .\ntioquia. 

SAX  GIORitXIMO,  s3n  nd-ron'ne-mo,  a  village  of  Mexico, 
about  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  the  capital.  It  is  surrounded 
with  orchards  and  cultivated  fields. 

SAXGERVILLE,  sang'ghf  r-vil,  a  post-township  of  Pisca- 
t.iquis  CO.   Maine,  70  miles  X.N.E.  of  .Augusfci.     Pop.  1314. 

SAX  GIACOMO,  sdn  ji'ko-mo,  (St.  James,)  a  vill.ige  of 
Italy,  in  Xaples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  3  miles  S.  of 
Diano.     Pop.  2700. 

SAX  GIACOMO  DI  LUSIAXA,  sin  jdlco-mo  dee  loo-se-J'- 
n3,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  17  miles 
N.  of  Vicenza.     I'op.  2500. 

SAN  GIL.  sdn  Heel,  written  also  S.\INT  GILES,  a  town 
of  New  Granada,  department  of  Boyaca,  64  miles  S.W.  of 
Pamplona.  It  was  founded  in  1690.  It  has  a  college,  manu- 
factures of  tobacco  and  cotton  cloth,  and  an  extensive  trade 
in  agricultural  produce.     Pop.  6000. 

SAN  GINESIO,  sitn  je-n.i'se-o,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Macerata,  near  the  source  of  the  Fia- 
strelUi.     Pop.  49 19. 

S.A.N  GIOUGIO,  sdn  joR/jo,  ("St.  George,")  a  market-town 
of  North  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Veropa,  with  a  fortress  on  the  Adige. 

SAN  GIORGIO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  pro- 
fince  of  Calabria  Citra,  12  miles  W.  of  Rogsano. 

S.\.X  GIOltGIO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  I..  10  miles  S.E.  of  Palmi.     Pop.  .3400. 

SAX  GIORGIO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato Citra,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Salerno.    Pop.  2000. 
6Q 


SAN  GIORGIO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  province  oi 
Otranto.  9  miles  !•;.  of  Taranto. 

SAN  GIORGIO,  a  village  and  fortress  of  Italy,  In  P!eA 
mont,  9  miles  E.  of  Susa.  on  the  Dora  Ripair.a. 

SAN  GIORGIO,  a  vill.age  of  Italy,  province  of  Principati 
Ultra,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  1100. 

S.\N  GIDRlilO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  the  province 
of  Ascoli,  10  miles  W.  of  Fermo.     Pop.  3000. 

SAN  GIORGIO  CANAVESE,  sdn  joR'jo  kd-nd-v.-V's.i,  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Italy,  in  I'iedmont.  division  of  Turin,  10  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Ivrea.  near  the  Malosna.     Pop.  3656. 

SAN  GIOKGIO  DI  LOMELLIXA.  sin  joR'jo  dee  lo-mM- 
lee'nd,  a  market-.town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  20  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Novara.     Pop.  25.34. 

SAN  GIORGIO  LA  MOLINARA,  sdn  joR'jo  Id  mo-le-nd'rl, 
a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Naple.s,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Ariano.     Pop.  4700. 

SAN  GIOKGIO  MAOGIOKE.sdnjoR'jomdd-jo'rA,an  island 
of  the  Adriatic,  government,  and  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  A'enice, 
with  a  fine  church,  containing  the  tombs  of  several  of  the 
Venetian  doges.  , 

SAN  GIOVANNI,  sdn  jo-vdn'nee.  ("  St.  John.")  a  town  of 
Italy,  in  Sicily,  22  miles  X.  of  Girgenti.     Pop.  2400. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  DI  MORIANO.  See  Saint  Jeax  D« 
Maurienne. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  ILARIONK.  sdn  jo-vdn'nee  e-ld-re-o'nd, 
a  tflwn  of  North  Italy,  12  miles  W.  of  Vicenza.     Pop.  .30<)0. 

SAX  GIOVAXNI  IN  CROCE.  sdn  jo-vdn'n*e  in  kro/ch.i  a 
town  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cremona. 
Pop.  1400. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  IN  FIORK.  sdn  jo-van'nee  in  fe-o/r.i  a 
town  of  Ibily,  in  Naples,  province  of  Calatnia  Citra,  at  the 
continence  of  the  Neto  and  Arvo,  25  miles  E.  of  C«seuza, 
Pop.  5800. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  IN  GALDO.  sdn  jo-vdn'nee  in  gdl'do,  a 
town  of  Itiily,  province  of  Molise,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Campo- 
basso.     I'op.  2200. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  IN  MEDUA.  sdn  jo-vdn'nee  in  niA'doo-d, 
a  harbor  of  Albania,  immediately  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Drin. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  IN  PERSICETO,  sdn  jo-vdn'nee  in  pga. 
se-clid'to,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  State  of  J^^milia,  10  iuile« 
N.N.E.  of  Bologna.     Pop.  3400. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  IN  VAL  D'ARNO,  sdn  jo-vdn'nee  vdl 
ddR'no,  a  town  of  Itiiiy,  in  Tuscany,  province,  and  20  miles 
S.E.  of  F'lorence,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Arno.  Pop.  2U00. 
On  the  walls  of  its  town-hall  are  sculptured  the  arms  of 
many  of  the  principal  Tuscan  families. 

SAN  GIOVANNI  ROTONDO.  sdn  jo-vdn'nee  ro-ton'do,  a 
town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  19  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Foggia.     Pop.  4700. 

SAXGIR  or  SAXGUIR,  sdn-gheer'.  an  i.sl.and  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  midway  between  Celebes  and  Mindanao,  in  lat. 
3°  28' N.,  Ion.  125°  44' E.  I.«ngth.  30  miles ;  average  breadth, 
10  miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  in  its  centre  is 
a  volcano. 

SAX  GIULIAXO,  sdn  jool-yd'no,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the 
Pontifical  States,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Frosinone.     Pop.  ISSO. 

SAX  GIULIAXO,  or  SAINT  JU'LIAX,  a  village  and  bay 
of  Malta,  Ij  miles  X.  of  Valetta. 

SAX  GIULIAXO  DI  SEl'INO,  sdn  jool-yd'no  dee  s.A-pee'no, 
a  village  of  Italy,  in  Xaples,  province  of  Molise,  9  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Larino. 

SAX  GIULIO,  sdn  joo/le-o.  an  island  and  village  of  the 
Saitlinian  States,  division  of  Xov.ara,  in  the  Lake  of  Orta, 
with  a  collegiate  church  and  14(X)  inhabitants.  It  is  famous 
for  its  heroic  defence  in  the  tenth  century,  by  Villa,  wife  of 
Berengarius. 

SAN  QIUSTINO,  sdn  joo.s-tee'no,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
in  the  State  of  TTmbrIa,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Urbino.    Pop.  3000. 

SANG-KOI,  sdng  koi,  SONG-CA,  song  kd,  or  TONQUIN 
(ton-keen')  RIVER,  Farther  India,  rises  in  the  Cliinese  pro- 
vince of  Yun-nan,  flows  S.W..  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Ton- 
quin  by  many  mouths,  between  lat.  20°  and  21°  N.,  and 
Ion.  106°  and  107°  E.  Its  total  course  is  estimated  at  600 
miles.    In  its  upper  part  it  is  called  the  Ilo-ti-kiang. 

S.^NGO,  sdn'go,  a  river  of  Madagascar,  flows  N.W.,  and 
falls  into  the  Channel  of  Mozambique  atwut  lat.  21°  S.,  after 
a  course  of  at)0ut  160  miles. 

SANGORA,  sdn-go'rd.  a  maritime  town  of  Lower  Siam,  on 
a  bay  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Gulf  ef  Siam,  90  miles  S.E.  of 
Ligor,  in  lat.  7°  15'  N.,  Ion.  101°  ^.  It  is  divided  into 
Siamese,  Chinese,  and  Malay  quarters,  is  partly  built  of 
brick,  and  on  the  heights  around  it  are  numerous  pagodas. 

SAN  GREGOKIO,  sdn  grA-go're-o,  a  market-town  of  Naple.s, 
province  of  Principato  Citra,  17  miles  E.  of  Campagna.  Pop. 
4000. 

S.\N  GREGORIO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro.  An  island  of  Dalraatia,  and  a  bay  of  Patagonia  have 
this  name. 

SAXGRO,  sdn'gro.  (anc.  Sa'fjrus.)  a  river  of  Naples,  pro- 
vinces of  Abruzzo  Citra  and  Ultra  II.,  rises  S.E.  of  the  Lake 
of  Fucino,  and  after  an  E.  and  N.E.  course  of  65  miles,  enters 
the  Adriatic  12  miles  S.E.  of  Ortona. 

SANGSTER'S  STATION,  a  postofflce,  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia 

1697 


SAN 

SAXQTTEHiA.  s3n-s:T«a's3,  a  town  of  Spain,  prorince,  and 
25  miles  S.K.  of  Pamp!  jna.  on  the  Aniii^n.     Pop.  34-19. 

SANGUI>  ETTO.  .«an-o;wee-n^tno,  (the  '•  Rivulet  of  Blood,") 
a  rivulet  of  Italy.  State  of  Unibria,  flows  into  the  Lake  of 
Perugia,  on  its  N.  side.  Its  banlis  are  supposed  to  have 
been  the  chief  scene  of  slaughter  in  the  battle  of  Thrasymene, 
whence  its  name. 

SANGUIXETTO,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  18  miles 
S.?.E.  of  Verona,  between  Legnago  and  Mantua.    Pop.  3000. 

S.\NGWIX,  sang^gwin'.  or  sdng'ween',  a  river  of  Guinea, 
Grain  Cctst,  enters  the  Atlantic  about  120  miles  X.W.  of 
Cape  Palmas.  At  its  mouth  is  a  village  of  the  same  name, 
formerly  capital  of  a  petty  state.  Here  the  Dutch  and  Eng- 
lish had  factories. 

SANTLAC,  a  county  in  the  E.part  of  Jlichigan.  bordering 
on  Lalce  Huron,  contains  about  700  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Cass  and  Black  Rivers.  The  sur- 
fiice  is  gently  undulating,  and  well  timbered.  The  soil  is 
moderately  fertile.    Capital.  Lexington.     Pop.  7599. 

SAXIL.\C  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Sjiuilac  co..  Michigan. 

SAX  ILDEFOXSa  s3neel-d.vfou'so.  or  LA  GRAXJA,  li 
grSng'ni,  a  town  of^pain.  province,  and  6  miles  S.E.  of  Se- 
govia, and  40  miles  N.X.AV.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  3S79.  The 
celebrated  palace  of  La  Granja,  in  a  mountainous  region, 
3840  feet  above  the  sea,  was  built  by  Philip  V.,  in  the  French 
style.  It  contains  a  rich  church,  many  tine  apartments, 
and  works  of  art,  and  enclosed  by  grounds,  with  splendid 
water-works.  The  town  has  a  royal  manufactory  of  looking- 
glasses,  established  by  Charles  III. 

SAX  ILDEFON'SO,  a  group  of  islets  in  the  South  Atlantic. 
80  miles  W.  of  Cape  Horn. 

SAX  ILUEFOXSO,  CAPE,  a  headland  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Luzon.  Philippine  Islands.   Lat.  15°  15'  X.,  Ion.  121°  56*  E. 

S.\X  ISIDllO,  sdn  e-see'dro.  a  town  of  South  Americ;*,  in 
the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,)  12  miles  N.  of  Buenos 
Ayres.     Pop.  1200. 

SAX  JACIXTO,  pjn  ja-sin'to.  a  small  river  of  Texas, 
rises  near  the  W.  border  of  Walker  co..  and  flows  into  Gal- 
veston Bay,  25  miles  E.  of  Houston.  It  is  navigable  for  15 
miles. 

S.\.V  J.\CINTO,  a  small  village  of  Harris  co.,  Texas,  on 
Buffalo  Bayou,  near  its  entrance  into  Galveston  Bay,  about 
18  miles  E.  of  Houston.  An  important  battle  w.as  fought 
hi're.  April  21,  1836.  which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Mexicans,  the  capture  of  Santa  Anna,  and  the  undisputed 
iudepinidoni-e  of  Texas.     Free  pop.  511. 

S.\X  .JACINTO,  a  post  office  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana. 

S.VX  .I.\1ME,  sin  Hi'mi,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Venezuela,  department  of  Apure,  on  the  Portuguesa,  30 
miles  N.X.W.  of  San  Fernamio  de  Apure.     Pop.  71)00. 

SAX  .JOAQUIX.  s3n  HO-5-keen',  (almnst  wab-keeu'.)  an 
Important  river  of  California,  which,  rising  in  the  Sierra 
Nevad;i  .Mountains,  flows  first  S.  and  then  S.W.  till  it  joins 
the  outlet  of  Tule  Lake,  when  it  changes  its  course  to 
N.X.W.,  and  after  traversing  perhaps  the  most  lieautiful 
and  fertile  region  in  all  California,  at  last  joins  the  Sacra- 
mento in  about  38°  10'  N.  lat.  The  entire  length  is  esti- 
mated at  350  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  moderate-sized 
steamlKiats  to  within  a  few  miles  of  Fort  Miller,  near  the 
foot  of  the  Sierra  Xevada. 

SAX  JOAQUIX,  a  county  in  the  X.W.  central  part  of 
California,  has  an  ai-ea  estim.ated  at  about  lotX)  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  X^.  by  Moquelumne  River  and  Dry 
Creek,  partly  on  the  W.  by  the  San  Joaquin  River,  and  on 
the  S.  by  the  Stanislaus  River,  and  is  intersected  by  the 
Moquelumne,  S.an  J(xaquin,  and  Calaveras  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  generally  level.  This  county  is  chiefly  agricultu- 
ral, being  Iwated  in  tits  heart  of  a  valley  hundreds  of  miles 
in  extent,  with  a  fertile  soil,  and  fine  grazing.  A  larse  )»r- 
tion  of  the  land  on  the  San  Joaquin  and  Moquelumne 
Rivers,  consisting  of  overflowed,  or  "  tule,"  is  being  rapidly 
improved.  These  tule  lands  are  principally  covered  with 
gras.s.  and  cannot  be  reclaimed  to  cultivation  except  by 
great  labor.  The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile,  often  pro- 
ducing 80  bushels  of  barley  to  the  acre.  The  timber  is 
principally  oak.  Game  of  almost  every  kind  is  found  on  the 
plains;  fish  are  abundant  in  the  streams,  and  manv  persons 
are  engaged  in  catching  and  curing  salmon.  Miniuj  is  but 
little  carried  on.  Gold  placers  on  the  Stanislaus  average 
four  dollars  per  day.  The  S:in  Joaquin  River  is  navisraWe 
for  moderate-sized  steamboats  through  this  county.  ^  The 
roads  are  generally  Ie*l  and  in  good  order.  The  county 
is  partly  intersected  by  the  route  of  the  propo.sed  railraad 
from  Stockton  to  the  mining  region  in  Calaveras  county, 
r^ed  from  San  Joaquin  River.    Capital,  Stockton.    Pop. 

SAX  JO.\QUIX.  a  small  town  in  the  S.  part  of  San  Joa- 
quin county,  CaUfornia,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
bnn  .Ioa<iuin.  and  on  the  rojtd  from  San  Jose  to  Stanislaus, 
7.  miles  H.  t>y  S.  of  San  Francisco. 


,,^,„  ,,   •       .        ^    „       - Jf  Odeypoor,  on  the  route 

from  R.(j  poo  tana  to  the  Gulf  of  Cutch  ' 

169S 


SAN 

SAX  JORGE,  sSn  non'ni.  (i.  e.  "  St.  George,")  a  rirrr  of 
South  America.  New  Granada,  joins  the  Cauca  30  milyw 
S.AV.  of  Mompox.  after  a  X.E.  course  of  1»)  miles. 

SAX  JORGE  D'OLAXCIIO,  HOR'iii  do-ldnVho,  a  town  of 
Central  America,  state  of  Honduras,  80  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Trujillo  (Triixillo.) 

SAX  JOSE,  s^n  Ho-sA'.  one  of  the  Peari  Islands,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Panama.  New  Granada,  department  of  Istmo,  8 
miles  S.W.  of  the  Island  del  Rey. 

SAX  JOSE,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  100  miles 
S.E.  of  Loreto.     length.  25  miles. 

SAX  JOSE,  siln  nosA',  the  former  capital  of  California, 
and  the  present  seat  of  justice  of  Santa  Clara  county,  is 
beautifully  situated  in  Santa  Clara  Valley,  7  or  S  miles  from 
the  head  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  about  50  miles  S.E.  of 
San  Francisco.  It  is  accessible  by  wat«>r.  Although  snow- 
capped mountains  may  be  seen  in  the  distance  during  the 
whole  year,  the  climate  of  San  Jose  is  perhaps  the  most 
delightful  in  California.  This  place  was  a  piieliJo  or  town, 
and  was  first  settled  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  cen- 
tury. A  city  charter  was  granted  March  27,  1850.  One 
daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  published  here.  A  rail- 
road has  been  completed  from  San  Jose  to  San  Francisco. 
See  Appendix. 

SAN  JOSfi,  sin  Ho-s4/,  a  town  and  Jesuit  missionary 
station,  in  Bolivia,  province  of  Chiquitos.  Lat.  17°  40'  S., 
Ion.  64°  40'  W.  Pop.  about  2000.  Near  it  is  a  chain  of  hills 
called  the  Sierra  de  San  Jose. 

SAX  JOSfi,  sin  Ho-sA'  or  sAn  zho-zA/,  an  island  in  the  Rio 
Negro,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Brazil  and 
Venezuela. 

SAN  JOSfl.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Pari,  on  the  Rio 
Negro.  30  miles  S.  of  the  above  island.     Pop.  800. 
S.\N  JOSfi,  Patasonia.    See  Saixt  Joseph. 

SAX  JOSE  DE  BUEXAVISTA.  sAn  Ho-sA'  dA  bwA-nJ- 
veees't.-i,  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
island  oif  Panay.  of  which  it  is  the  capital.     Pop.  7000. 

SAX  J0SI5dE  FLORES,  sAn  zho-sA/  dA  Mnh,  a  town 
of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.)  6  miles  from  Buenog 
Avres.    Pop.  SOO. 

.  "sax  JOSfi  DEL  TXTERIOR,  sAn  no-sA/  dSl  een-tA-re-«R/, 
a  town  of  Central  America,  capital  of  the  stateof  Costa  Rica, 
15  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cartago.  Pop.  18,000.  It  has  grown  up 
since  the  independence  of  this  region,  and  has  no  buildings 
of  note ;  but  it  has  succeeded  to  the  importance  and  com- 
mercial activitv  of  Cartaso.  the  former  cjipitil  of  the  state. 

SAX  JOSE  DEL  PARkAL,sAn  Ho-sA'  dJl  p.an-nAl'.  a  town 
of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state,  and  200  miles  N.W.  of 
Durango.    Pop.  5000,  partly  employed  in  the  adjacent  mine.s. 

SAX' JOSE  DE  ORUXA.  sAn  Ho-sa'dA  o-roo'nA.  a  town  of 
Trinidad.  5  miles  E.  of  Port-ol-Spain,  and  formerly  capita] 
of  the  island. 

S.\X  JUAX',  sAn  noo-,?n',  a  river  of  Centr.al  America,  state 
of  Nicaragua,  forming  the  outlet  for  the  surplus  waters  of 
the  Lake  of  Nicaragua,  into  the  Caribbean  Sea,  which  it 
enters  at  the  port  of  San  Juan,  SO  miles  S.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Bluefields  River.  Cour.«e,  E.  Length,  estimated  at 
from  90  to  100  miles.  Its  current  is  gentle,  and  although  in 
some  places  impeded  by  .short  rapids,  it  is  stated  to  be  always 
navigable  throughout  by  boats  of  from  8  to  10  tons,  and 
vessels  of  a  much  larger  burden  for  a  considerable  distance 
from  the  sea.  In  its  lower  part  it  sends  off  several  branches, 
the  chief  being  the  Colorado,  of  importance  in  connection 
with  the  scheme  for  uniting  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans 
by  a  ship  canal. 

SAX  JU.\X',  a  river  of  N'ew  Granada,  department  of  Cauca, 
enters  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  several  mouths.  35  miles  X.W.  of 
Buenaventura,  after  a  S.W.  course,  estimated  at  150  miles. 

SAX'  JUAN,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Bolivia,  Chiquitos 
Territory,  tributary  to  the  Aguapehi. 

SAN  .iUAN.  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Bolivia,  joins  the  . 
Pileomayo,  S.W.  of  Zinti,  after  a  N.E.  course,  estimated  at 
300  miles. 

SAX  JUAX,  a  river  of  the  Jlexican  Confederation,  states 
of  Cohahnila,  New  Leon,  and  Tamaulipas,  joins  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte  after  an  E.  course  of  about  150  miles. 

SAN  ,IUAX,  a  vill.ase  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state, 
and  105  miles  W.  of  Chihuahua. 

SAN  JUAJJ.a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.) 
flows  from  the  Andes  through  the  department  of  San  Juan, 
E.  into  the  Lake  Guanaeache. 

SAN  JUAN,  one  of  the  Ladaone  Islands.    See  Guahan. 

S.\X'  JU'AN.  (Sp.  pron.  sjn  hoo-An'.  almost  sAn  hwAn,)  a 
post-town  of  Monterey  co.,  California,  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Pajaro  Hiver,  and  on  the  road  from  San  Josd  to 
Monterey.  SO  miles  in  a  straight  line  S.E.  of  San  Francisco. 

SAX'  ,tUAN,  sAn  Hoo-An',  a  town  of  llayti,  near  the  centre 
of  the  i.sland.  80  miles  N.W.  of  San  Domingo. 

S.\N  JUAX',  a  village  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
department  of  Zuli.a.  24  miles  W.  of  Merida.  Near  it  is  a 
lake  al>ounding  in  carbonate  of  soda. 

SAX  JUAX.  a  town  of  Cuba.  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Havana. 

SAX  JUAN,  a  town  of  Cuba,  42  miles  W.N.W.  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba. 

SAX  JUAN,  Central  America.    See  S;.jf  Jcan  del  Sue. 


SAN 

9.W  .TTTAX,  nin  HooJn'.  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of 
Ran  Juan  de  la  Frontera,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  river 
of  the  saiie  name.     Pop.  vajjuely  estimated  at  18.000. 

SA.V  JUAN  BAUTISTA.  sin  Hoo-dn'  Iwsv-U'es'ti  or  SAN 
JUAN  BAI>TISTA  DKL  PAO,  sJn  Hoo-ln'  baptees'ta,  dJl 
pS'o.  a  town  of  Venezuela,  department,  and  110  miles  S.W. 
of  Caracas,  on  the  Pro.  an  affluent  of  the  Portnjruesa. 

SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA.  (or  BAI'TISTA.)  (formerly 
VILLA  IIKRMOSA.  veel'yil  hOR-mo'sd.)  a  town  in,  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  capital  of  the  state  of  Tabasco,  on 
the  river  Tabasco,  about  70  miles  from  Its  mouth,  in  the 
Carilibean  Sea. 

SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA  (or  BAPTISTA)  DKL  RIO 
GRANDE,  sdn  H00-3n'  bow-t*es'ti  d^l  ree'o  grdn'd.'l,  a  town 
of  the  Mexican  Confederation.  85  miles  N.N.K.  of  Cohahuila. 

SAN  JUAN  BAUTISTA,  sin  hoo4n  b.-.w-tees'td,  a  post- 
Tillasre.  formerly  a  mission.ary  settlement,  in  the  N.  part 
of  .Monterey  co..  California,  about  100  miles  S.S.PL  of  lienicia. 

SAN  JUAN,  CAPK,  is  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Porto  Rico ;  and  also-the  S.  point  of  Vancouver's  Island,  in 
British  North  America,  bounded  N.  by  the  Strait  of  San 
Juan  de  Fuca. 

SAN  JUAN  CAPISTRANO,  sin  noo-iln' k.i-pees-tri'no,  a 
small  town  near  the  Vjoundary  between  liOS  Angeles  and  San 
Diej^o  counties.  California,  is  situated  near  the  sea-coast,  on 
the  main  road  from  Sacramento  City  to  San  Diego.  32  miles 
in  a  straictht  line  S.K.  of  Los  -Anceles. 

SAN  JUAN  CIIINA.MECA,  sjn  iioo-.'jn'  che-na-m.'l'ki,  a 
town  of  Central  America,  state  of  San  Salv.ador,  15  miles  N. 
of  San  .Miiruel. 

SAN  JUAN  DE  FUCA.    See  Fcca. 

SAN  JUAN  DE  JUEBAL.  s^n  Hoo-Jn'  dil  HwA-Ml',  a 
small  town  of  South  America,  in  the  Argentine  Republic, 
(Ti;i  Plata.)  department,  and  60  miles  N.  of  San  Juan  de  la 
iVont^-ra. 

SAN  JUAN  DE  LA  FRONTERA,  in  Peru.    See  Chacha- 

POYAS. 

SAN  JUAN  DB  LA  FRONTERA.  sin  Hoo-Jn'  dA  \S.  fron- 
Wvi,  a  frontier  and  W.  province  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public, (I*a  Plata.)  South  America,  mostly  between  lat.  30° 
and  32°  S.,  and  Ion.  68°  and  70°  W.:  having  W.  the  Andes, 
N.  the  department  of  Rioja.  and  S.  the  department  of  Men- 
doza.  Pop.  estimiited  at  25.000.  In  the  S.K.  is  the  large 
lake  of  (iuanacache. 

SAV  JUAN  DE  LA  RAMBLA.  s3n  noo in'  dA  Ij  rJm'bia. 
a  village  of  the  Canary  Islands,  on  a  plain  in  the  N.E.  of 
the  island  of  TenerilTe.    Pop.  1413. 

SAN  J  UAN  DE  LOS  LLANOS,  s-ln  noo-dn'  d.A  loce  M'noee, 
ft  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Oranada,  department  of 
Cundinamarca.  on  the  Ouaviare,  65  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bogota. 

SAN  JUAN  DE  LOS  REMEDIOS,  siin  Hoo-ifn' dA  loce  r.A- 
raA'de-oce,  a  maritime  town  of  Cuba,  on  its  N.  coast,  180 
miles  E.  of  Havana.     Pop.  in  1S53  5270. 

SAN  JUAN  DEL  PUERTO,  sSn  noo-in'  dM  pw^R'to,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  alxiut  5  miles 
N.E.  of  Huplva.  near  the  Tinto.     Pop.  1951. 

SAN  JUAN  DEL  RI(»,  sdn  Hoo-Su'  dM  ree'o,  a  town  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation,  stat«,  and  :iO  miles  S.V..  of  Quere- 
tnro.  on  the  route  to  Me.xico.  Pop.  10,000,  (?)  partly  em- 
ployed in  silver-mines. 

SAN  JUAN  DEL  SUR,  s^n  noo-Sn'  AM  sooR,  a  port  of 
Central  America,  on  the  Pacific  Oce.an.  state,  and  2i  miles 
S.W.  of  Nicaragua,  and  the  maritime  harbor  nearest  to  that 
city.     Lat.  11°  15'  37"  N..  Ion.  Hb°  52'  56"  W. 

SAN  JUAN  DK  MIERES.  s^n  Hoo-an'  dA  me-A'r5s,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  9  miles  S.E.  of  Oviedo.     Pop.  1819. 

SAN  JUAN  DE  NICARAGUA,  sin  Hoo-dn' dA  ne-ka-rii'- 
gwd,  a  seaport  town  of  Central  America.     See  CiReytown'. 

SAX  JUAN  DE  PORTO  RICO,  sdn  Hoo-dn'  dA  poR'to  ree'- 
ko.  the  princip.al  city  and  seaport  belonging  to  the  island  of 
Porto  Rico,  on  a  small  island  off  its  N.  coast.  Lat.  18°  29'  N., 
Ion.  66°  7'  2"  W.  Pop.  11,000.  It  is  strongly  fortified,  regu- 
larly laid  out,  well  drained,  and  altogether  one  of  the  tiest 
and  healthiest  towns  in  the  West  Indies.  The  principal 
edifices  are  the  bishop's  pajtice  and  seminary,  the  royal  mili- 
tary hospital,  old  government-house,  a  large  cathedral, 
custom-house,  town-house  with -a  fine  hall,  a  handsome 
theatre,  arsenal,  and  jail :  and  the  town  is  the  seat  of  the 
government  and  superior  courts  of  the  island,  and  of  a 
society  of  arts,  and  numerous  schools.  The  harbor,  on  its 
W.  side,  is  defended  by  the  Morro  castle  and  other  forts.  In 
1840,  the  port  was  entered  by  432  ships  of  all  nations ;  aggre- 
gate burden  37. '294  tons. 

SAN  JUAN  DE  ULUA.  sSn  jn'an  (or  sdn  Hno-dn')  dA  oo- 
loo'l,  often  called  SAN  JUAN  DK  ULLOA,  sSn  Hoo-in'dA 
wl-yo'd.  a  strong  castle,  defending  the  harbor  of  Vera  Cruz, 
In  the  Mexican  Confederation,  on  an  islet  a  little  N.E.  of 
that  city. 

SAN  JUAN  I.A7.X.  sin  noo-dn'  Id'tha,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Qalicia.  '25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orense.     Pop.  1.300. 

SANK^ASEEIV,  a  town  of  India,  102  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sat- 
tarah. 

S.\NKEY.  Okkat,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancas- 
ter, 4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Warrington.  The  Manchester  and 
Livtrpool  Railway  is  here  carried  across  the  Sankey  Canal 


SAN 

and  Valley  by  a  viaduct  of  9  arches,  each  of  50  feet  span, 
and  70  feet  high.  The  pankey  Canal  Is  the  first  for  wViii 
an  act  of  Parliament  was  obtained,  in  1T55. 

SAN  L.\  MAYOR,  sjn  Id  ml-oR',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  10  miles  W.  of  Seville.     Pop.  2480. 

SAN  LAZZARO.  san  lad'zd-ro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Parma, 
1  mile  N.E.  of  Placentia.  It  has  a  college,  founded  by  Cardi- 
nal .\lberone,  with  a  library  of  20,000  volumes  ani  some 
good  collections.    Pop.  4285. 

SAN  LEO,  sdn  l.A/o,  a  small  town  of  Central  Italy.  In  the 
the  Marches,  7  miles  ft.W.  of  San  M.arino.  It  is  a  bishop  m 
see,  protected  by  a  fort.    Pop.  1200. 

SAN  LEONARDO,  lA-o-naR'do.  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Sori.a.     Pop.  682. 

SA.V  LEONARDO,  sdn  lA-o-naR'do,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Capitanata.  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  IManfredonia. 

SAN  LEONARDO,  a  fort,  defending  the  harbor  of  the 
island  of  Faviirnana.  olTtbe  W.  coast  of  Sicily. 

SAN  LEUCI.  sdn  lA'oo-che.  a  town  of  the  Papal  States.  4 
miles  S.  of  Benevento,  on  the  Sabbato.     Pop.  30()0. 

SAN  LORENZO,  sdn  lo-rjn'zo.  (Sp.  pron.  sin  lo-r?n'tho,>  a 
town  of  the  Canaries,  on  the  S.E.  shore  of  the  Grand  Canary, 
about  -5  miles  from  Las  Palmas.     Pop.  1977. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cal.abria 
Ultra  I..  12  miles  8. E.  of  Reggio.     Pop.  1690. 

SAN  LORENZO,  sdn  lo-risn'/.o,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
sitiiated  in  tlie  province  of  Pe-aro  and  Urbino,  on  thoCesano, 
17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Urbino.    Pop.  1050. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  State  of  Umbria, 
5  miles  S.E.  of  Acquapendente,  near  the  site  of  San  I>orenzo 
Rovinato. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  Istria,  9 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Pisino. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  seaport  village  of  Italy,  In  Istria,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Triest. 

SAN  LORENZO,  sdn  lo-rin'zo,  a  river  of  South  America, 
in  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,)  joins  the  Vermejo 
from  the  W.,  55  miles  N.  of  Corrientes.     Length.  1'20  miles. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata.)  32  miles  from  Santa  F6. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  village  of  Paraguay,  18  miles  from 
Assumption. 

SAN  LORENZO,  an  islet  in  the  Gulf  of  California. 

SAN  LORENZO  DE  LA  FRONTERA,  sdn  lo-rJn'zo  dA  Id 
ffOn-tA'rd,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  near  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra, 
ontheOuapey.     Pop.  4000. 

SAN  LORENZO  DE  LA  .MUGA,  sdn  lo-rfn'thodA  Id  moo's! 
a  walled  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  21  miles  N.  of  Gerona. 
Pop.  1207. 

SAN  LORENZO  IN  QROTTE,  sdn  lo-rjn'zo  in  groftd.  a 
village  of  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  delegation  of  Vi- 
terbo.  on  an  eminence.  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Acqiiapendente. 

SAN  LORENZO  LUCA,  sdn  lo-rjn'zo  lo<yka.  a  small  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Gerace. 

SAN  LORENZO  LUS.SURGIU,  sdn  lo-rJn'zo  loos-.sooR-joo', 
a  markel>town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari, 
22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Oiistano.     Pop.  44ti0. 

SAN  LORENZO  MAGGIORE.  sdn  lo-r?n'zo  mdd-jA'rA.  a 
village  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Liivoro,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Piedimonte. 

S-\N  LOUIS,  a  post-office  of  Brazoria  Co.,  Texas. 

SAN  LUCAR  DE  BARRAMEDA,  sdn  loo'kdr  dA  baR-Rd- 
mA'-nd.  a  city  and  seaiwrt  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  IS  miles  N.ofCadiz.  onthe  left  bank  of  the  Guad.ilquivlr, 
at  its  month.  IM.  36°  45'  N.,  Ion.  6°  21'  W.  Its  streets  are 
broad,  straight,  and  generally  paved,  and  on  the  whole  it  is 
a  fine  town,  although  dull  and  decaying.  The  principal 
buildings  are  the  prison,  barracks  for  the  garri.^on,  the 
town-house,  a  hospital,  a  house  of  refuge,  foundling  hospi- 
tal, and  poor's  school.  Agriculture  and  fishing  are  here  the 
chief  occup.ations.  At  Bon.anza.  a  short  di.stance  from  San- 
Lucar.  are  the  pier  and  custom-house.  San  Lucar  was  taken 
from  the  Moors  in  1264.  and  granted  by  Sancho  el  Bravo  to 
Guzman  el  Bueno.  The  importance  of  the  transatlantic 
trade  induced  Philip  IV..  in  1645,  to  resume  the  city,  and 
make  it  the  residence  of  the  Captain-general  of  Andalusia. 
It  was  here  that  Columbus  embarked  on  his  third  voyage, 
May  30,  1498,  and  he  returnea  in  1504.  Magellan  also 
started  from  henca,  August  10,  1519,  for  the  first  voyage 
in  which  the  world  was  circumnavigated.     Pop.  16.861. 

SAN  LUCAR  DE  GUADIANA.  sdn  loo-kaR'  dA  gwd-de- 
J'nd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  32  miles  N.W.of  Iluelva, 
on  the  Guadiana,  opposite  Alcoutim,  (in  Portugal.)  Pop. 
2800. 

SAN  LUCAR  LA  MAYOR,  sdn  loo'kar  Id  ml-oR',  (anc 
Lucifa-i  F'/rum?)  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  11  miles  W.  of  Seville.     Pop.  '2245. 

SAN  LUCAS.    See  Saint  Lucas. 

SAN  LUIS,  or  SAN  LUIS  DE  LA  PUNTA  sdn  loo'is  dd 
Id  poon'td,  a  city  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata,)  in 
South  America,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name, 
prettily  situated  on  the  W.  slope  of  one  of  the  knolls  of  the 
Sierra  de  Cordova,  2417  feet  above  sea-  level,  428  mile;} 
W.N.W.  of  Buenos  Ay  res.    Pop.  1500. 

1699 


SAN 

SA\  LUIS,  sia  loo-ls,  (Sp.  pron.  sJn  loo-eessO  a  village  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Minorca.     Pop.  1938. 

SAN  LUIS,  .n  province  of  South  America,  in  the  Argentine 
Re))ublic.  (La  )*lata,)  between  lat.  32°  and  34°  S.,  and  Ion. 
tU°  and  67°  W,     Pop.  25.000. 

JiAN  LUIS.  4  villat;e  of  California,  on  a  river  tributary  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  80  miles  X.W.  of  Santa  Barbara. 

SAN  LUIS  UB  LA  PAZ,  sdn  loo'is  dA  13  pdz.  a  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  state,  and  45  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Guana- 
juato. Some  villages  named  San  Luis  are  in  the  Mexican 
:lep.irtraent  of  Puebl.1,  and  in  Upper  California. 

SAN  LUIS  DE  POTOSI,  Bolivia.    See  PoTOSi,  San  Lots  de. 

SAN  LUIS  OBIS'PO.  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, has  an  area  estimated  at  above  2500  square  miles.  It 
Ik  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  N.E.  by 
the  Co,(st  Range  of  California,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Santa 
Maria  Creek,  and  is  drained  by  the  San  Buenaventura  and 
Nacimiento  lUvers,  and  by  the  Arroyo  Grande,  (i.  «.  Big 
Creek.)  The  surface  in  theN.E.  part  is  level,  and  in  the  S.E. 
portion  uneven  and  mountainous.  The  principal  timber  of 
the  uplands  is  pine,  which  is  of  large  size  and  superior 
quality,  and  the  river-bottoms  are  well  wooded.  The  soil 
R>r  the  most  part  is  fertile,  especially  along  the  streams. 
Wild  horses  are  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  plains  in 
the  N.H.  part  of  the  county,  and  are  worth  about  §15  per 
head.  The  Vinej'ard  of  San  Mi^ruel  is  extensive,  hut  much 
neglected.  The  missionary  settlement  of  &in  Luis  Oliispo 
!■■  !!iostly  in  ruins,  but  has  still  remaining  some  line  olive, 
!  each,  pear,  fig,  and  apple  trees,  and  a  small  vineyard.  The 
mineral  and  agricultural  resources  of  this  county  are 
great.  Linietrtone  is  very  abundant.  Several  copper  mines 
were  discovered  in  this  county  iu  1864.  It  is  stated  that 
three-fourths  of  the  cattle  perished  in  the  great  drought 
of  1864.  A  warm  sulplmr  spring,  the  panacea  of  the 
natives,  is  situated  about  10  miles  S.  of  San  Luis  Obispo. 
There  are  numerous  bituminous  springs,  some  of  which 
are  of  a  large  size.  The  principal  ports  are  San  Luis  Obispo 
and  San  Simeon.  There  is  a  tine  harbor  at  the  rancho  of 
John  M'ilson,  known  as  the  "Moro."  Capital,  San  Luis 
Obispo.     Pop.  1782. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO,  a  town,  formerly  a  missionary  settle- 
ment, eapitjil  of  San  Luis  Obispo  county,  California,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  main  road  from  San  Jose  to  Los  Angeles,  215 
miles  in  a  direct  line  S.E.  bv  S.  of  San  Francisco.  Lat.  35° 
10'  N. 

SAN  LUIS  POTOSI,  sJn  loo'is  po-to-see',  a  state  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  hounded  on  the  N.  by  New  Leon. 
E.  by  Tamaulipas,  S.K.  by  Vera  Cruz,  S.  by  Queretaro  and 
Guanajuato,  and  E.  by  Zacatecas.  Greatest  length,  from  N. 
to  S..  206  miles;  greatest  breadth,  me.asured  near  the  S. 
frontier,  165  miles,  but  near  the  centre  not  more  than  87 
miles.  Are.H,  29,486  square  miles.  In  the  W.  it  is  mountain- 
ous, but  towai^ds  the  E.  becomes  only  broken  and  hilly,  and 
in  the  S.E.  spreads  out  into  plains.  The  only  important 
rivers  are  the  Santander.  which  traverses  the  state  cejitrally 
from  W.  to  E.,  and  the  Panuco  or  Tauipir>o,  which  in  the  S. 
traverses  it  in  the  same  direction,  and  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  it  and  the  Tamaulipas.  The  mountain- 
ous districts  abound  with  excellent  pastures,  on  which  great 
numbei-s  of  cattle  are  reared;  and  the  arable  districts  are 
remarkable  for  their  fertility,  yielding  large  crops  of  maize, 
wheat,  and  barley.  Manufactures  have  made  some  progre.ss. 
and  include  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics  of  excellent  quality, 
glass,  leather,  pottery,  and  metallic  wares.  The  trade  iu 
home  pmducts  is  limited,  but  the  position  of  the  state  makes 
it  the  natural  entrepot  between  the  creist  and  the  interior 
for  the  imports  of  the  United  States  and  Europe.  Many 
valuable  mines  have  been  discovereii,  and  are  still  worked 
to  some  extent.  For  administrative  purposes  the  state  is 
divided  into  four  departments — San  Luis,  Itio  Verde,  Tan- 
canhuitz,  and  Venado.  subdivided  into  lu  cantons,  and  52 
municipalities.     Pop.  394.592. 

SAX  LUIS  POTOSI,  a  city  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
capital  of  the  alK)ve  state,  is  situated  near  the  source  of  the 
river  Tampico,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Guanajuato.  Pop.  estimated 
according  to  the  most  recent  information  at  40.000.  It  is  re- 
gularly built,  handsome,  and  clean.  The  houses  in  the  best 
streets  are  of  stone,  and  two  stories  in  heiuht;  in  the  suburbs 
they  are  of  sun-dried  brick.  The  chief  edifices  are  a  noble  go- 
vernment house,  and  m.any  fine  churches.  Its  markets  are 
well  supplie<l.  and  it  has  an  active  trade  with  the  neighboring 
departmi-nts  in  its  home  manufiu:tured  goods  and  foreign 
Imports,  which  comprise  French  brandv,  wines,  silk.>i.  and 
woollens,  English  printed  cottons  and  hardwares,  and  North 
American  cottons.  Ac.  Its  foreign  trade  is  .almost  wholly 
conducted  by  subjects  of  Spain  or  the  United  States.  The 
other  towns  of  the  department  are  Catorce  and  Valles. 

^^•''^'^  '"''^'  "*"  ''^'''  '^-  "  '"^"  *"*''°  '^^  San  Diego 
CO..  California,  is  situated  on  the  sea  coast,  and  on  the  main 
road  from  Sacramento  City  to  San  Diego,  84  miles  in  a 
KtraiKht  line  S.E  of  Los  Angeles. 

SAX  LUPO.  sin  lot/po,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  San- 
Ulii.  21  miles  S.  of  CamBf>ba,s80.     Pop.  1800. 

S.\X  MAIU;klI/»,  sin  maa-chfl'lo.  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
provjuce,  and  30  miles  X.W.  of  Florence. 
1700 


SAN 

SAN  MARCO.  s3n  maRHco,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabrii  Citra,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cosenzii.  It  is  the  see  of 
a  bishop.     Pop.  1200.   ' 

SAN  MAKCO.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and  48  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Messina,  near  the  N.  coast.  Pop.,  including  that 
of  three  dependent  villages,  4700. 

SAN  MARCO,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Messina,  15 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Patti.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  Roman 
Bridge.     Pop.  SOOO. 

S.tX  MAKCO  DKI  GAVOTTI,  sin  maiinio  dA'e  g^-vot/tee, 
a  village  of  Italy,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  15  miles  N  JJ, 
of  Benevento. 

SAN  MARCO  DI  LANTOSCA,  sJn  maR'ko  dee  Idn-tosnil b 
village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division,  province,  and  26 
miles  N.  of  Nice,  on  the  Vesubia.     Pop.  liVJl. 

SAN  MARCO  DI  VENEZIA,  siln  maR'ko  dee  vi-nJd'ze-l, 
a  village  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  government  of  Venice,  5 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Hovigo.  on  the  risrht  bank  of  the  Adige. 

SAN  MARCO  IN  CATOLA,  sin  maR'ko  in  ka-to'ld.  a  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  22  miles  S.W.  of  San  Se- 
vere.    Pop.  31 60. 

SAN  MAKCO  IN  LAMIS.  s3n  maR'ko  in  Wmis.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  San  Se- 
vero.     Pop.  9000. 

SAN  MAR'COS,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  rises  near  the  N. 
border  of  Comal  county,  and  flofring  S.E.,  enters  the  Gua- 
d.ilupe  a  little  alxive  Gonzales. 

S-4lN  MARCOS,  a  small  vilLage,  capital  of  Hays  co.,  Texas, 
30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Austin. 

SAN  MARINO,  s^n  mS-ree'no,  or  SAMMARINO.  s3m-mj. 
ree/no.  a  town  and  republic  of  Italy,  forming  one  of  the  small- 
est and  most  ancient  states  in  Europe,  enclosed  on  .til  sides 
by  the  Pontifical  States,  in  lat  43°  58'  N.,  Ion.  12°  21'  E. 
Area,  22  square  miles.  Pop.  7600.  It  consists  of  a  craggy 
mountain  about  2200  feet  in  height,  on  which  is  the  town; 
and  some  circumjacent  territories,  with  4  or  5  villages.  The 
town,  built  around  a  hermitage  founded  in  441  by  Marinus, 
a  native  of  Dalumtia,  is  accessible  by  only  one  road,  sur- 
rounded by  walls,  and  has  3  forts.  The  principal  etlifices 
are  the  town-hall,  6  churches,  one  having  the  tomb  and 
statue  of  JIariuus,  (or  San  Marino;)  a  theatre,  2  convents, 
2  vast  cisterns  for  the  use  of  the  public,  the  governor's 
palace,  with  schools  and  museums.  The  more  wealthy  citi- 
zens reside  in  the  suburb  called  the  Borgo.  'I'he  inhabit- 
ants are  chiefly  occupied  in  rural  indu.stry  and  silk  m.anu- 
factures.  The  legislature  of  the  republic  is  a  .senate  of  60 
members,  elected  for  life,  equally  from  the  ranks  of  nobles, 
citizen.*,  and  jx'asants.  Since  1847,  the  executive  council  of 
12  members  has  been  popularly  elected.  Two  capiluni  rtg- 
genii  or  presidents,  are  chosen  every  6  months;  and  justice 
is  administered  by  a  foreigner,  appointed  for  3  years,  and  in- 
cap.»ble  of  r<>electiou  more  than  once.  Two  legal  function- 
aries and  two  secretaries  of  state  are  the  Oliver  public  oflicers. 
The  public  revenue  is  $6600  annually.  The  military  con- 
sists of  80  men.  forming  the  guard  of  the  regency. 

SAN  JIARTl  DI  PItOVENSALS.  s^n  maii'teedee  pro-v?n. 
s3ls,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  4  milea 
from  Barcelona.     Pop.  2444. 

SAN  MARTIN,  sin  maR/tin',  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Aragon, 
after  a  N.E.  course  of  70  miles,  joins  the  Ebro  10  miles 
E.N.E.  of  I  jar.  which  town  and  Montalvan  are  on  its  banks. 

SAN  MARTIN.  s3n  maR-teen'.  a  thriving  village  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  province,  and  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cordova. 
Pop.  2(100. 

SAN  MARTIN,  CAPE,  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  is  a  head- 
land on  the  Mediterranean.  10  miles  S.E.  of  Denia. 

SAN  MARTIN  DE  MONTALBAN.  sdn  maR-leen'  di  mon- 
tjl-bdn',  a  small  town  of  Spain,  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toledo, 
having  an  ancient  shrine,  and  a  celebrated  castle. 

SAN  MARTIN  DE  OSCOS,  sin  mas-teen'  di  os'koce,  a 
town  of  Spain.  ,=iS  miles  W.  of  Oviedo.    Pop.  1472. 

SAN  MAIiTIN  DE  TREVEJO.  sin  maR-teen'  dA  trA-v4'- 
Ho.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  37  miles  S.W.  of  Salamanca. 
It  has  several  oil  mills,  and  some  woollen  manufactures. 

SAN  JIARTIN  DE  UNX.  sAn  maR-teen'  dA  oonk.  a  mar- 
ket'town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  province,  and  14  miles  SJ3. 
of  Pamplona,  with  remains  of  old  fortifications. 

SAN  MARTIN  DE  VAL  DE  IGLESIAS,  sin  maR-teen' 
dA  vll  dA  ee-glA'se-ls,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Madrid,  near  I'rado.     Pop.  3375. 

SAN  MAKTIMIO.    See  Sao  M.\RTiNno. 

SAN  MARTIN UO  DOS  MOUROS.  See  S.iO  M.\KmHO  Dr 
MoiRos. 

SAX  MAR-HN  ISLAND.    See  Saixt  Martin. 

SAN  MARTIN  MEZQUITA.  sin  niaR'teen  mfz-kee'tl  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  O.ilicia.  about  50  miles  from  Orense.  P.  2290. 

SAN  JIAKTINO.  sin  maR-tee'no,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Lorn- 
hardy,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mantua,  near  the  Oglio. 

SAN  .MAI'.TINO,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  6  miles 
S.W.  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  2416. 

SAN  M.\RT1X0.  a  village  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  in 
lUyria;  government  of  Triest.  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Goritx. 

SAN  M  ARTINO,  sin  mlR-tet/no.  a  village  of  Sicily,  6  mile* 
W.  of  Palermo,  has  a  Benedictine  abbey,  with  a  rich  library, 
and  museums  of  natural  history,  coins,  aud  antiquitifl*. 


SAN 


SAN 


8AN  JiARTINO,  sin  maR-tee'no,  a  town  ot  the  Sardinian 
States,  division,  and  K.  of  Genoa.     Pop.  3003. 

SAX  MAKTINO,  s3u  maR-tee'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Molise  (Sannio.)  S  miles  E.N.E.  of  Larino.  Pop.  323;'). 

SAN  .MAItTINO  SICUMAKIO.  sin  maR-t*e/no  se-ko-md- 
rei^'no,  villaice  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Xovara,  3 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Pavia.     Pop.  1470. 

SAX  MATKO,  sin  ind-t;i'o,  a  small  walled  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  32  miles  X.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana. 

SAN  M.4TK().  s4n  niR-tA'o.  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Venezuela,  department,  and  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cumana. 
Pop.  7000.     See  6X<i  Matiiehs. 

SAN  MATKO.  sdn  md-ti'o,  or  VEGA  DE  SAN  MATEO, 
vA'^d  d;l  sdn  md-t-i'o,  a  town  of  the  Canaries,  on  the  island 
of  Gran  Canaria.     I'op.  2781. 

SA\  MATl'^O,  sdn  md-td'o,  a  mountain  pass  of  South 
America,  in  lat.  W^  48'  S.     Height,  lo.'tiO. 

S.\X  M.'VU  1(0.  sdn  mow'ro,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  liasilicata.  22  miles  S.W.  of  .Matera.     Pop.  1100. 

SAX  MK11EI>K  1)1  MUXDOVI,  sdnme-ki/lA  dee  mon-do- 
vee',  a  villaire  of  Savoy,  3i  miles  E.  of  Mondovi. 

SAN  MIGUKL.  sdn  me-gh^l',  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  4.5  miles  E.S.K.  of  San  Salvador,  on  a  navigable 
river.  20  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Fonsec;i.  (on 
the  Pacitie  Ocean.)  Pop.  8000.  It  is  the  seat  of  large  tairs. 
N.  of  it  is  a  volcano  of  the  sjime  name. 

SAN  .MIGUEL,  a  town  of  Texas,  on  the  Puerco,  S.E.  of 
Santa  F6.     J'op.  2000. 

SAX  .MIGUEL,  a  town  of  South  America,  province,  and 
35  miles  N.  of  Parahiba. 

SAN  .MUiUEL,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  I'.io  Grande 
do  Sul.  1  SO  miles  W.N.W.of  Porte  Alepre.     Pop.  1000. 

SAX  MKiUEL,  a  small  river  of  Texas,  which  ri.ses  in  Me- 
dina county,  and  flowing  S.E.,  falls  into  Hio  Frio. 

SAX  MIGUEL,  sSn  me-gh5l',  (St.  Michael.) a  county  in  the 
E.  part  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Pecos  and 
Canadian  Hivers.  Indian  corn  and  wheat  are  the  staples. 
It  contains  11  churches.    Pop.  13,714. 

SAN  MIGUEL,  a  town,  ii>rmeriy  a  mis.sionary  settlement 
of  San  Luis  Obispo  county,  California,  is  situated  on  tlie 
main  road  from  San  .lose  to  Los  Angeles,  160  miles  in  a 
straight  lini»  S.K.  by  S.  of  San  Franci.sco. 

SAN  .MKiUKL,  sdn  me-ghSl',  a  village  of  Uolivia,  province 
of  Chiquitos.  on  a  granite  height.  160  miles  N.E.  of  Santji 
Cruz  de  la  Sierra.     Pop.  about  3000. 

SAN  MIGUKL,  sdn  me-gh8l',  a  gulf  of  New  Granada,  in 
the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  forms  an  indentation  of  the  Bay  of 
Panama,  on  the  E.  side,  about  lat.  8°  10'  N.,  Ion.  78^^  20'  \V. 

SAX  MIGUEL,  sdn  me-gh^l',  a  town  of  Central  America,  in 
the  state  of  Salvador,  capital  of  a  district,  and  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  sometimes  called  the  Sirana.  80  miles  E.S.  K.  of  San 
Salvador.  It  is  an  ancient  place,  founded  alx)ut  1530,  and 
has  many  substantial  and  well-built  hou.ses,  partly  con- 
structed of  lava,  quarried  from  streams  which  have  issued 
from  the  volcano  of  San  Miguel,  which  stands  at  some  dis- 
tance to  the  S.W.  of  the  town.  The  trade  is  chiefly  in  in- 
digo, for  the  cultiviition  of  which  the  district  is  celebrated. 
Pop.  9t)00  to  lo.oOO. 

SAN  MIGUEL,  a  volcano  of  Central  America,  in  the  State 
of  Salva<l<ir,  which  ri.ses  from  low,  level  ground  to  the  height 
of  about  5000  feet,  has  a  base  of  several  leagues  in  circuit, 
and  has-  sent  forth  repeated  discbarges  of  volcanic  matter  at 
Intervals  of  about  25  years,  though  none  of  serious  violence 
have  occurred  in  modern  times. 

SAN  MIGUEL,  a  harbor  of  New  Granada,  an  inlet  in  the 
Gulf,  interspersed  with  a  few  islets,  having  an  entrance 
alx)ut  6  miles  wide,  and  extending  about  8  miles  inland, 
with  soundings  in  from  8  to  15  fathoms.  It  communicates, 
at  its  inner  part,  with  Darien  Harbor,  through  Boca  Grande 
and  Boca  Chica  Passages.  Darien  Harbor  has  a  depth  of 
from  9  to  14  fathoms  at  low  water,  is  about  10  miles  long  by 
6  miles  broad,  and  completely  sheltered.  These  two  harl)ors 
have  been  pointed  out  as  furnishing  an  eligible  termination 
to  a  tidal  inter-oeeanie  cjtnal  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pa- 
cific, pioposed  to  be  cut  from  Cak>donia  Bay,  on  the  C<aril> 
bean  Sea,  a  distance  to  the  Lara,  where  the  tide  ceases  to 
affect  it,  of  only  30  miles. 

SAN  MIGUKL  EL  QKANDE,  sdn  me-gh5l'  il  grdn'dd,  a 
town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  department,  and  40 
miles  E.  of  Guanajuato.     Pop.  3000.  (?) 

SAN  MIGUKL  TABAGON,  sdn  me-ghSl' td-sd-gon',  a  vil- 
lage of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  province,  and  35  miles  thim  Pon- 
tevedra.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Minho.     Pop.  1152. 

SAN  MINIATELLO.  sdn  me-ne-d-tM'lo,  a  market-town  of 
ru.scany,  near  Florence. 

SAN  .MIXIATO,  sdn  me-n6-d'to,or  SAMMINIATO,a  town 
of  Tuscany,  province,  and  21  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Florence,  on 
the  Arno.  Pop.  2383.  It  has  a  cathedral.  It  is  the  original 
seat  of  the  family  of  Bonaparte,  and  birthplace  of  Francisco 
Sforza. 

SANNA,  sdn'.ni,  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  rises  in 
Turkish  Croatia,  Hows  first  S.E.,  then  circuitously  N.W.  to 
Novi.  where  it  joins  the  Unna  after  a  course  of  75  miles. 

SAXNAGH  ISLAND,  North  Pacitie.     See  Halibut. 

SANXaZAIIO,  sdn-udd-zd'ro,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 


States,  division  of  Novara.  province  of  Vercelli,  near  th( 
Sesia.     Pop.  1197. 

SANNAZZAKO  DEI  BORGONDT,  sdn-ndt-.sd/ro  d.Ve  boa 
gon'dee,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Xovariv 
province  of  Lomellina.  19  miles  N.E.  of  Alessandria. 

SAN  NICANDUO,  sdn  ne-kdn'dro,  a  town  of  Naples  pro- 
vince of  Capitanata.  in  the  peninsula  of  Gargano,  10  Mile* 
E.  of  licsina.     Pop.  7800. 

SAN  NICANDUO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and  10  miles 
S.W.  ofBari.     Pop.  2900. 

SAN  NICOLA,  sdn  nee-ko^ld,  a  Tillage  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  district  of  Monteleone.     Pop.  1500. 

SA.\  MCOLA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  II.,  district  of  Cotrone.     Pop.  ISOO. 

SAN  XICOLA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  district  of  Ariano.     Pop.  loOO. 

SAN  NICOLA,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  district  of  Casertii.     Pop.  2500. 

SA.\  NICOLAS,  sdn  nee/ko-ldfi,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd 
Islands,  in  the  Atlantic,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  group, 
in  lat.  UP  35'  N..  lou.  24°  15'  W.  Jx-ngth,  30  miles ;  breadth, 
15  miles.  Pop.  6000.  'J'he  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
chief  town,  Sa.\  Nicolas,  has  1400  inhabitants,  and  is  the 
residence  of  the  bishop  of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands. 

SAN  NICOLAS,  a  city  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata.)  120  miles  from  Buenos  Ayres.     Pop.  3000. 

SAN  NICOLAS  DE  NEDA,  sdn  neko-lds/  dd  nd'od,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Corunna, 
near  Ferrol.  I'op.  2800.  It  has  iron  and  copper  works,  a 
glue  factory,  and  a  baking  establishment  for  the  arsenal  at 
Ferrol. 

SAN  NICOLO.  sdn  ne  ko-lo',  one  of  the  Tremiti  Islands, 
is  a  volcanic  island  in  the  Adriatic  Sea,  which  was  in  a 
state  of  activity  in  1826. 

SAX  NICOLO,  sdn  nee-ko-lo',th8  capital  town  of  the  island 
of  Tinos,  Grecian  Archipelago,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island. 
Pop.  4000.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  a  cathedral,  built 
since  1820. 

SAN  NICOLO,  ne-ko-lo',  a  small  seaport  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  Grecian  island  of  Cerigo. 

SAN  NICOLO.  a  small  town  of  the  Oreci.an  island  of  Paxo, 
opposite  which  there  is  anchorage  in  from  14  to  28  fathoms. 

SAN  NICOLO,  a  port  of  the  Grecian  island  of  Santorini 
below  the  town  of  Kpanomeri.a.  It  is  a  fine  harbor  of  the 
shape  of  a  half-moon,  but  too  deep  for  anchoring  in. 

SA.VNIO,  (anc.  Hxm/nium,)  province,  Naples.    See  MoLlSE. 

SANNOIS,  sdn^nwd',  a  village  of  F'ranee,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise.  12  miles  N.N.Fi.  of  Versailles.     Pop.  1603. 

SANOK,  sd'nok,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia,  33 
miles  W.  of  Varoslav.     I'op.  IsOo. 

SAN  P.\BLO,  sdn  pdii'lo,  a  Imy  of  California,  connected 
with  Suisun  Bay  by  the  Straits  of  Kai-quenas. 

SAN  PADRE,  sdn  pd/drd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  9  miles  S.  of  the  Melfa.     Pop.  2217. 

S.\N  I'ADRO,  pd'dro,  a  post-oliice  of  Los  Angeles  cc,  Cali- 
fornia. 

SAN  PAXORAZIO,  sdn  pdn-krdd'zeK),  a  village  of  Italy, 
2  miles  W.  of  Parma.    Pop.  3270 

SAN  PAXTALEO,  sdn  pdn-td-l.Vo,  an  islet  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Sicily,  5  miles  N.  of  Marsala,  with  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Molya. 

SAN  PANTALEO.  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division,  and  U 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1344. 

SAN  PAOLO  DE  LOANDA.    See  Saint  Paul  de  Loaxda. 

SAN  PAS'QUAL,  a  small  village  of  San  Diego  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 97  miles  nearly  S.K.  of  Los  Angeles. 

S.AN  P.\TRIC10,  sdn  pd-tree'se-o,  a  county  in  the  S.  part 
of  Texas,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of 
about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by 
Aransas  River,  and  on  tho  S.W.  by  the  Nueces.  Tho  sur- 
face has  but  little  elevation ;  the  land  near  tire  rivers  is  said 
to  be  fertile.  Capit.il,  San  Patricio.  Pop.  620,  of  whom  525 
were  free. 

SAN  PATRICIO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  San  Patricio  co., 
Texas,  on  the  left  l)ank  of  Nueces  River. 

SAN  PAULO,  town  and  province,  Brazil.    See  SSo  Paulo. 

SAN  PE/DRO,  a  post-oflice  of  Houston  co.,  Texas. 

SAN  PE'DRO,  (Sp.  pron.  sdn  piVoro,)  a  bay  and  inlet  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  in  Calitbrnia,  105  miles  S.E.  of  Santa  Barbara, 
in  lat.  33°  48'  N.,  ion.  118°  W. 

SAN  PEDRO,  sdn  p.Vdro,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  depart- 
ment of  Cundiuamarcii,  province,  and  25  miles  S.E.  of  Au- 
tioquia. 

SAX  PF;DR0,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  on  the  Mamore  River,  in 
lat.  14°  S.,  Ion.  04°  48'  W. 

SAN  I'EDKO,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  (\t^ 
partment  of  Tabc.sco,  tributary  to  the  Usumasiuta,  which  it 
joins  near  its  mouth  in  the  Tabasco. 

SAN  PKDRO,  sdn  pee'dro,  (Port.  Sua  Pedro,  sown"  pd'dro,) 
a  town  of  Portuguese  India,  2  miles  W.  of  Old  Goa. 

SAN  PKDRO,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata,)  190  miles  from  Buenos  Ayres.     Pop.  1200. 

SAN  PEDRO,  the  port  of  Los  Angeles.  California,  lies  in 
lat.  33°  45'.  Like  most  of  the  harbors  on  tlie  coast,  it  is 
open  to  the  S.  winds,  but  it  is  the  best  of  that  class.    The 

1701 


=^ 


SAN 

anchnr»?e  is  (»ood.  Goods  have  to  be  landed  in  lighters. 
The  hai  ixir  niiirht  lie  made  entirely  secure  by  a  breakwater. 
San  Peoro  will  probably  be  next  to  San  Diego  in  importance 
on  the  !5.  coast.  At  piesent  it  is  the  point  on  the  coast  most 
ac-wsil.'e  to  the  S.  poi-tion  of  the  Tulare  Valley.  The  town 
at  pro&ant  is  quite  s-nall.  It  has  regular  communication 
with  San  Francisco  b '  steam.  ,       ,  , 

SAX  PEDRO  DEL  MAURIQUE.  sdn  p.Voro  dol  muw-rec/- 
kA,  a  small  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  18  miles  N.E.  of 
Soria.     Pop.  <;2".  ,         , .  „  i 

SAN  PKDltO  DEL  ROMERAL,  sdn  pi'Dro  dM  ro-mA- 
rlV,  a  small  t^iwn  of  Spain,  province,  and  26  miles  S.  of  San- 
tander,  in  the  Cantabrian  Mountains.     Pop.  2596. 

ifAN  PEDKO  DE  RIBAS,  san  pA'dro  dA  ree/bda,  a  town  of 
Spiiin.  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  about  24  miles  from 
Barcelona.     IVp.  2114. 

SAN  PEDRO  TIXEO,  sdn  p.Vnro  te-niyo,a  town  of  Spam, 
In  Asturias.  province,  about  .33  mile?  W.  of  Oviedo.  Pop.  1252. 

SAN  PEDRO  Y  SAN  PABLO,  RIO  DE.  ree'odi  sdn  pi/dro 
e  fin  pj/ulo.  ("  River  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,")  enters  the 
Caribbean  Sea.  10  miles  N.E.  of  the  Tabasco. 

SAN  PELLEGRINO,  sjn  pM-lA-gree'no,  a  village  of  Lom- 
bardy,  8  miles  N.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  ^300. 

SAN  PETE,  a  large  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Utah  Terri- 
tory, has  an  urea  estimated  at  about  lo,000  BCjuare  iiiile.-i. 
It  is  bounde<l  on  the  E.  by  the  State  of  Colorado,  and  is  in- 
tersected by  Green  and  Grand  Rivers,  by  whoso  tj-ibutiu-ics 
it  is  chiefly  (hained.    Capital,  Manti.    Pop.  3815. 

SAN  PIER  D'ARENA.  s3n  pe-CR  di-r&fuL  a  market-town 
of  Sardinia,  division,  and  2  miles  W.  of  Genoa.  Pop.  7716.  It 
has  iron  foundries,  susar  refinerie."!.  and  an  extensive  trade. 

SAN  PIERO  A  SIEVE,  siln  pe-4'ro  d  se-a'vA,  a  market-town 
of  Italy,  in  Tuscanv.  14  miles  N.E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  2oU0. 

3AX  PIERRE  D'ALBIGXY,  sdn  pe-aiu/  dirbeen'yee,' 
(anc.  Pagus  Albinensis  ?)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Savoy,  near  the  Isere,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cham- 
bery.     Pop.  3498. 

SAN  PIETKO,  sdn  pe-.Vtro,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardv.  government  of  Venice,  12  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Udine. 
Pop.2G00. 

SAN  PIETRO,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  province  of 
Pisa,  on  the  coast  opposite  Elba.     Pop.  2000. 

SAN  PIETRO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Citra,  5  miles  S.  of  PoU.a.     Pop.  3500. 

SAN  Pi  ETRO,  a  small  island  in  the  -Mediterranean,  off  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Sardinia.     Pop.  2200. 

SAN  PIETRO.  sdn  pe-A'tro,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Sardinia.    Pop.  2200. 

SAN  PIETRO.  an  island  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Sardinia,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  Saut' Antioco.  Length,  7  miles;  breadth,  5 
miles.     Pop.  3235. 

SAN  PIETRO,  sdn  pe-Mro,  a  village  of  Sicily,  provinceof 
Syracuse.  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Modi<ni. 

SAN  PIETKO,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and  about  13 
miles  W.  of  Me.ssina.     Pop.  2600. 

SA.\  PIETRO,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  of  Messina,  in  a 
ravine  of  the  mountain  above  Patti.     Pop.  2500. 

SAN  PI  ETRO  AD  SEPIIIJI.  sdn  pe-A'tro  dd  .sA-feem/.  a  vil- 
lage of  Italy,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  3  mile»  N.W.  of 
Salerno.     Pop.  2000, 

SAX  PIETRO  DI  MONTEROSSO.  sin  pe-.Vtro  dee  mon-tA- 
ros'so.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi.<iion  of  Coni,  on 
the  Grana.     Pop.  1849. 

SAN  PIETRO  IN  GALATINA.  sdn  pe-A'tro  in  gd-ld-tee'nd, 
a  village  of  Italy,  province  of  Otrauto,  13  miles  S.  of  Lecce. 
Pop.  2300. 

SAN-POO.  sin-poo  or  san'po',  written  also  DZANBO 
and  DZ.ANVO,  a  large  river  of  Thibet,  rises  near  lat. 
30"  40'  N.,  Ion.  82°  E.,  flows  eastward,  receiving  numerous 
affluents,  and  has  bt»en  traced  as  far  as  Ion.  93°  E.,  beyond 
which  point  it  is  believed  to  Iw  continuous  with  the  Dihoug, 
a  chief  arm  of  the  Bralimapootni.    See  Ueahmapootra. 

SAXQIIIIAR,  sank'ker.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
burgh,  inl.and  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  24 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Dumfries,  on  the  Nith.  Pop.  of  the  parlia- 
menfcii-y  burgh,  in  1861,  2.381;  of  the  town,  1884.  It  has  a 
handsfiine  parish  church,  town-hnll,  several  schools,  and  a 
subscription  library:  considerable  manufactures  of  woollen 
and  cotton  Jabrlcs.  hosiery,  and  carpets,  with  muslin  sew- 
ing and  embroidery  for  the  Glasgow  manufactures.  The 
burch  unites  with  Dumfries,  Annan,  Lochm.iben,  and 
Kirkcudbriirht  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. Coal-mines  are  wrought  in  the  vicinity.  Imme- 
rtmtely  S.E.  of  the  town,  on  a  steep  bank  overlooking  the 
Mth.is  the  picturesque  Castle  of  Sanquhar,  now  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Duke  of  Buccleuh. 

BAN  yUlHICO,  sdn  kwee're-ko.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
Stet.s.  divi<;ir)n,  and  a  little  W.  of  Genoa.     Pop.  2508. 

SAX  (JCIItICO  IN  VAL  D'OllCIA.  sdn  kwee're-ko  in  vdl 
doitrh,.,Jl  a  village  of  Tuscany.  6  miles  from  Pien/a.  P.  1664. 

.V\X  ItA'iAKL,  a  post-town  in  the  E.  part  of  Marin  co., 
Lalirorni:v.  of  which  it  is  tbe  capital,  is  situated  on  the  San 
l*«blo  R«y.  about  25  miles  W.  of  Benicia. 

BA  v  1!  v?-'?-'*i''  P?f'^™':«  of  «^ontra  Costa  co..  California. 
,,^  '  **"  ri/mo,  a  maritime  village  of  Korth  Italy, 
lt02 


SAN 

on  the  Mediterranean,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Oneglia.  Pop.  8854. 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  small  harbor,  where  coasting  ves- 
sels load  with  oil.  dried  fruits,  oranges,  and  fish. 

SAX  ROCli,  sdn  rok,  a  village  of  Erauce,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Haute  Savoie,  near  Sallauches.  Population, 
1670. 

SAN  ROMAN  DE  LA  VEGA,  sdn  ro-min'  di  Id  vA/gd.  a 
village  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon,  district  of  Astorgo,  on  tbe 
Tuerto.    Pop.  1710. 

SAN  ROMANO,  sdn  ro-ind'no,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Tuscany,  on  a  plateau  near  the  Arno,  about  1  mile  from 
Stefano.     Pop.  1170. 

SAN  ROMANO  DI  GARFAGNA,  sdn  ro-md'no  dee  gaR- 
fdn'yd,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  province  of  Modena,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Verrucole.  near  tbe  right  bank  of  the  Serchio. 
Pop.  1487. 

S.AN  ROMiO.  sdn  ro-mSwN"',  a  town  and  pari.sh  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Beira  Baixa,  about  45  miles  N.E.  of  Coimbra. 
Pop.  1503. 

SAN  ROQUE,  sdn  ro'kA.  or  SAINT  ROQUE.  sent  rOk,  a 
city  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  56  miles  S.E.  of 
Cadiz,  and  7  miles  N.W.  of  Gibraltar.  The  public  buildings 
and  institutions  consist  of  a  granary,  a  foundling  hospital, 
and  asylum  for  the  poor  in  one  edifice;  various  schools,  with 
a  church  which  has  served  as  a  cliapel  of  ease,  and  in  which 
the  poet  and  soldier  Cadalso.  who  was  killed  at  the  seigeof 
Gibraltar,  lies  buried ;  a  Franciscan  monastery,  now  con- 
verted into  a  prison:  and  an  oratory.  San  Roque  was  built 
in  1704,  by  the  Spaniards,  after  the  lo.ss  of  Gibraltar:  they 
used  the  remains  of  Carteia  as  a  quarry.  It  is  vei-y  healthy, 
on  which  account,  and  the  cheapness  of  living,  it  is  much 
ra^orted  to  by  patients  from  Gibraltar.     Pod.  7619. 

SAN  (or  SAM)  ROQUE.    See  Saint  Roque. 

SAN  ROQUE  DE  RIO.MIERA,  sdn  ro'ka  dd  re-o-me-A'rd,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  21  miles  B.  of  Santander.  Pop. 
1200. 

SAN  RUFFINO  DI  LEVI,  sdn  roof-fee'no  dee  lA'vee,  a  vil- 
lage  of  the  Saidinian  States,  division  of  Genoa,  near  the 
Ectella.     Pop.  1698. 

S.AN  SA'UA,  a  small  river  of  Bexar  co.,  Texas,  flows  into  the 
Colorado  River,  which  is  here  the  E.  boundary  of  the  county. 

SAN  SALVADOR,  sdn  sal-vd-don'.  or  SAINT  SALVADOR, 
a  republic  of  Central  America,  bounded  N.  and  N.E.  by 
Honduras:  N.W.  by  Guatemala,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  Rio  Paza:  E.  by  Nicaragua:  S.E.  by  the  liay  of 
Conchagua  or  Fonseca:  and  S.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area, 
about  7500  square  miles.  Its  coast-liue  extends  nearly 
1.50  miles,  is  deeply  indented,  particularly  in  the  S.E., 
and  furnishing  several  good  harbors,  of  which  the  most 
frequented  are  La  Union,  within  the  Bay  of  Conchagua; 
the  roitdstead  of  Lilx'rtad,  and  A»ajutla  or  Sonsonate.  The 
surface  from  the  shore  N.  for  about  15  miles,  is  mode- 
rately low  and  level,  hut  it  shortly  after  becomes  broken 
and  rugged,  and  is  traveised  by  n)ountaiu  masses  in  dis- 
tinct groups,  givina  it  a  wild  appearance.  This  is  increased 
by  no  fewer  than  five  volcanoes,  which  may  be  considered 
the  distingui.shing  features  of  the  state.  The  most  active 
is  Yzalco.  but  the  loftiest  are  San  Vicente  and  Sail  .Salvador, 
each  about  9000  feet  liigb.  The  largest  river  is  the  Ix'nipa, 
which  issuing  fi-om  the  I^tke  of  Guija,  flows  S.E..  forming 
part  of  the  l^undary  between  .San  Salvador  and  H'  nduras. 
The  next  in  magnitude  are  the  Paza  and  the  Sirama  or  San 
Miguel.  Other  smaller  streams  are  numerous  and  import- 
ant, as  furnishing  the  means  of  irrigation.  Besides  I>ake 
Gui.ia  already  mentioned,  wliich  is  about  15  miles  long,  by 
5  miles  broad,  there  is  another  called  the  Ylspango,  6  miles 
E.  of  the  town  of  San  Salvador.  9  miles  long,  by  3  miles 
broad.  Numerous  mineral  and  thermal  springs  occur  in  many 
quarters.  The  variations  of  temperature  are  considerable; 
but  on  the  whole,  the  country  is  considered  very  healthy. 

The  soil  possesses  great  fertility,  and  the  whole  state  is 
one  of  the  best  cultivated  in  Central  America.  The  most 
impoitant  crop  is  indigo,  which  is  generally  grown,  and  is 
of  an  excellent  quality.  Maize,  sugar,  coilee.  tobacco,  cot- 
ton. &c.  thrive  well,  but  wheat  does  not  suc-ceed  except  in 
a  few  places;  and  fruits,  though  by  no  means  deficient,  are 
neither  so  various  nor  so  abundant  as  in  the  state  of  Gua- 
temala. Cattle  of  a  fine  r.ace.  and  hogs  and  poultry  are 
numerous,  but  sheep  are  few  and  very  indifferent.  The 
dairy  produce  is  chiefly  confined  to  cheese  of  very  ordinary 
quality,  which  forms  one  main  article  of  snb.sistence;  on 
some  estates,  particularly  near  the  eoast,  a  lich  and  excel- 
lent cream-cheese  is  made.  The  part  of  the  coast  between 
.Acajutla  and  Libertad  is  famous  for  producing  the  article 
known  in  commerce  as  the  balsam  of  Peru,  of  whi;h  from 
lo.OtW  to  20.000  pounds'  weight  are  annually  obtained. 
-Another  tree  of  almost  e(iual  value  with  the  balsam  is  the 
cedar;  large  quantities  are  annually  cut  for  tinilier.  The 
mineral  deposits,  once  supposed  to  form  the  chief  wealth 
of  the  state,  appear  to  be  very  much  exhausted.  Gold  and 
silver  are  still  e.xtrhcttHl.  but  the  returns  are  not  under- 
stood to  be  very  profitable.  Iron  of  excellent  quality,  ro- 
sembling  the  celebrated  wootz  of  India.  use<l  to  turnish  ire 
to  two  or  three  smelt ing-furnaces  ip  'he  i  fighb  rhood  of 
Metapa,  but  is  no  longer  worked. 


SAN 

For  rtdministratire  purposes  the  state  is  divided  into  four 
districts,  called  fiom  their  chief  towns — Pan  Miguel,  Pan 
Vicente,  S.m  Salvador,  and  Santa  Anna  or  Snnsonate.  The 
Republic  of  San  Salvador  i.i  among  the  most  advanced  in 
civilization  and  culture,  and  its  population  more  peaceable, 
had  long  the  reputation  of  being  the  roost  Industrious  in 
Central  America,  and  the  state,  in  proportion  to  its  size,  is 
still  the  most  densely  peopled.     Pop.  280,000, 

SAX  SAI.VADOll.  sin  sai-vd-ddR',  or  SAINT  SAL'VADOIl', 
a  city  of  Centr.al  America,  capital  of  the  federal  district  of 
that  confederation,  before  its  dissolution,  is  .situated  on  a 
small  stream  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  105  miles 
S.K.  of  Guatemala.  Lat.  13°  44'  S.,  Ion.  89°  8'  W.  It  stands 
between  wooded  heights,  in  a  well-watered  vale,  several 
thou.sand  feet  al)Ove  the  I'acific,  and  about  .3  miles  S.K.  of 
the  volcano  of  San  Salvador.  Seen  from  the  town,  this 
fire-mountain  forms  a  most  beautiful  cone  with  a  gently- 
sloping  sunnuit,  crowned  to  the  highest  peak  with  thiik 
forests.  The  crater  is  perfectly  well  preserved,  more  than 
half  a  league  in  circumference,  and  partially  filled  with 
water.  It  rises  alwut  1000  feet  above  the  table-land  on 
which  it  stands.  The  other  hills,  both  those  which  belong 
to  the  volcanic  range  S.,  and  those  of  the  8emi-<'ircle  above 
mentioned,  rise  not-more  than  1500  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  plain. 

Tile  city  of  San  Salvador  Is  said  to  have  been  founded  in 
1523  by  Spanish  emigrants.  It  has,  at  dilferent  periods, 
greatly  siiir.-red  by  earthcjuakes,  especially  in  the  year 
l(i.')9  and  l'^.'i4.  when  it  was  nearly  destroyed.  The  popula- 
tion, a  shoit  time  before  the  recent  catiistrophe,  amounted 
to  al)Out  Is.OliO  souls.  The  town  was  regularly  built,  con- 
tained several  churches  and  convents,  and  wag  the  seat  of 
a  bi.shop.  It  was  a  depot  for  sugar  and  indigo,  and  h.id  some 
manufactures  of  iron  wares  and  cotton  goods.  The  Federal 
District  comprised  a  radius  of  11  miles  around  the  city,  and 
on  the  side  of  the  Pacific,  to  the  port  of  Libertad,  215  miles 
distant. 

SA.\  SALVADOR,  a  village  of  Ecuador,  on  an  affluent  of 
Napo,  20  miles  K.  of  Avila. 

SAN  SAI.VADOIt.  sAn  Ril-va-d6r',0UANAIIANT.  gwl-ni- 
hd'nee.  or  CAT  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Bah.ima  Islands,  in  the 
Atlantic.  2*^  miles  K.  of  Kleuthora.  Lat.  2-i<^  N.,  ami  Ion,  70= 
30' \V.  Length,  46  miles:  breadth,  5  miles.  On  its  K.  side 
it  is  bordered  by  reefs.  This  was  the  first  land  discovered 
in  the  New  World  by  Columbus,  who  landed  here  October 
12,  14SI2,  ,      , 

SAX  SALVADOR,  sin  sai-v3-dOii'.  or  BANZA,  bdn'za,  a 
town  of  Africa,  in  South  (5uinea,  capital  of  Congo,  100  miles 
S.K.  of  LoaiiL'O.     Pop-  20.000. 

SAX  SALVADOR.  Brazil.     See  B\niA, 

SAX  SALVADOR  D1-!  BAYA.MO,  sdn  sJl-vil-d5K/  dl  bja'- 
mo.  a  town  of  Cuba,  78  miles  X.W.  of  Santiago,  near  the 
Canto.     Pop.  estimated  from  9000  to  14.000. 

SAX  SALVADOR  PHQUKXA-sdn  sdl-vl-doR' pA-kiVud,  an 
island  on  the  W.  side  of  the  aliove. 

SAX  SALVADOR  SOTOMAYOR,  sin  sai-v.a-dSa'  so'to 
mi-Oii'.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  (i.ilicia,  province,  and  7  miles 
S.S. K.  of  Pontevedra.     Pop.  1780. 

SAX  SA(-V.\TOR  DE  CAXTAMUDA,  s3n  sai-vd-toR'  d.i 
kin-tS-raoo'Di.  a  market/town  of  Spain,  province  of  Palencia, 
10  miles  W'.X.W.  of  Cervera. 

SAX  SAIiVATORE,  sdu  sil-vito/rJ.  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  7  miles  X.X.W.  of  .Alessandria.     Pop.  5929. 

S.\NSAX,  sin'sSn',  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  Iloussa; 
lat.  12°  2u'  X.,  ion.  12°  E. 

SAXSAXDIXO,  sdn'sdnMing',  a  town  of  Central  .\frica. 
state  of  Bambarra,  on  the  Jolilia,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Sego,  It 
is  stated  to  be  a  place  of  extensive  trade,  And  to  h.ave  from 
10,000  to  11.000  inhalMtants.  Here  Mungo  Park  embarked 
in  his  schooner  to  descend  the  river,  in  1805. 

SAXS.VXIlIXG,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  state  of  Wulli, 
on  an  atfluent  of  the  Senegal;  lat.  13°  40'  N.,  Ion.  1.3°  15'  E. 

SAXSAUIA,  sJnsil/re-d,  a  market-town  of  Central  Ame- 
ricii.  state,  and  E.  of  Guatemala. 

S.\.X  S.\STE,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra, 
B.W,  ofCastrovillari.     Pop.  1830. 

SAX  SATUKXIXO  DE  XOYA.  s3n  sJ-tooR-nee'no  Ah  no/yd, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  18  miles  from 
Barcelona.     Pop.  1299. 

SAX  SEB.\STIAN,  s3n  s.Vbds-te-an',  the  capital  town  of 
the  island  of  Gomera.  in  the  Canaries,  on  its  E.  coast.  Pop. 
1594.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  harbor  defended  by  several 
forts.  

SAN  SEBASTIAN  DR  LOS  REYES,  sin  sA-bds-to-an'  d:\ 
loce  ri'Js,  a  town  of  South  America,  iu  Venezuela,  province, 
and  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Caracas. 

S.'iN  SEB.\STIAXO.  sdn  sA-bds-te-d'no,  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States.  15  miles  N.E.  of  Turin,  on  a  height  near 
the  riL'ht  bank  of  the  Po.     Pop.  1929. 

SAN  SECOXDO,  sdn  s.A-k'-n'do,  a  market-town  of  North 
Italy,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pine- 
Tolo.     Pop.  20C.. 

SAN  SECONDO.    See  Parma. 

SAXSEOO,  sdn-sd'go,  an  island  of  Illyria,  in  the  Adriatic, 
6  miles  S.W  of  the  island  of  Lossini. 


SAN 

SANSELLAS.  sdn-sMlds,  a  town  of  the  island  of  JIajon.a- 
15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Palma.    Pop.  3213. 

SAN  SEVEllIXO,  sdn  lo-rSn'zo  sd-vA-ree'no,  a  toivn  of 
Italy,  in  the  frovince  of  Jlaceratii,  and  15  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Jliuerata,  on  the  Poteuza.  Pop.  oOOO.  It  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  has  10  convents. 

S.\X  SEVERINO,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Basil 
cata,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lagonegro. 

SAN  SEVERIXO,  a  village  of  Italy,  province  ol  Principato 
Citra,  8  miles  X.  of  S.alenio. 

SAX  SEA'ERO,  sdn  sil-vA'ro.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  ol 
Capitanata,  17  miles  X.W.  of  Koggiiu  Pop.  17.U00.  It  is 
large,  and  has  a  cathedral,  several  parish  churches,  a  dio- 
cesan seminary,  and  a  trade  in  cattle. 

SAN  SI.MEOX,  a  port  of  Calif  .rnia,  in  lat.  35°  37'  N. 

SAX  SOSIO,  sdn  so'se-o,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  4  miles  N.X.W.  of  Trevico.     I'op.  2000. 

S.\XS  SOUCI.  a  palace  of  Prussia.     See  Potsdam. 

SAN  STEFAXO,  the  name  of  several  towuii  of  lU'ily  and 
Sicily.    See  Santo  Stefa.no. 

SAX-TA.  a  fortified  city  of  China.    See  Tsanta. 

S.\NTA,  a  river  of  North  Peru,  has  a  N.W.  course  of  200 
miles,  and  opposite  its  mouth  are  the  i.slets  of  Santa. 

SAXTA,  sdn'td,  or  PAIIIIJ.A,  pdreel'yd,  a  town  of  North 
Peru,  department,  and  65  miles  S.E.  of  Trujillo,  (Truxillo,) 
on  the  river  Santa,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific. 

SAXTA  AXA  DE  TAMAUI^IPAS.     Pw  Tami'K  o. 

SANTA  AXXA,  dn'nd,  a  lake  of  Mexico,  in  Guatemala, 
province  of  Tabasco,  154  miles  S.E.  of  Vera  Cruz. 

SANTA  ANNA,  a  county  in  the  X.W.  part  of  Nevf 
Mexico,  hiis  an  area  estimated  at  above  5500  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Rio  Grande,  and  is  drained  by  the 
Puerco  and  other  streams.  The  Sierra  Madre  range  of 
mountains  traverses  the  ^W.  part  of  the  couuty.  Capital, 
Jemez.     I'op  3572.  ,    ,     , 

SANTA  AX'XA  or  SANTA  ANA.  sdn'td  d'nd,  a  small 
town  of  Los  Angeles  CO.,  Califoini.i,  Is  situated  on  a  small 
stream  of  its  own  name,  and  on  the  main  rojid  from  Sacr.a- 
mento  City  to  San  Diego,  28  miles  in  a  straight  line  S.E.  of 
Los  Angeles. 

PAN'i'A  AN'NA,  a  post-offlce  of  De  Witt  co.,  Illinois,  70 
mil.-s  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

SANTA  ANNA,  an  island  of  Brazil,  province  of  Ooyaz, 
forme<l  by  two  branchi'S  of  the  river  Araguay,  210  miles 
long,  and  40  miles  broad. 

8.VXTA  ANNA,  a  small  island  of  Brazil,  province,  and  40 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Maranhiio.  near  the  coast. 

S.\XTA  AXXA.  sdn'td  dn'nd,  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  11  miles  W.  of  San  Salvador.  Estimated  pop. 
10,(XK1.  Its  vicinity  produces  indigo  and  the  best  sugar  iu 
the  country.     Some  iron-mines  are  wrought. 

S.-VXT-A.  AXX.\  or  AN.V,  d'nd.  a  small  town   of  South  , 
America,  in  Bolivia,  department  of  Beui,  on  the  Yacumu  at 
the  influx  of  the  Rapula. 

SAXTA  AXXA,  a  town  of  South  Peru,  80  miles  N.W.  of 
Cuzco.  in  a  picturesque  valley.  50  miles  in  length. 

S.\XT.\  AXXA.  .sdn'td  dn'nd,  a  market-town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Matto  Grosso,  30  miles  E.X.E.  of  Cuyab.i.  P.  4000. 

S.\XTA  AXXA,  or  VILLA  XOV.\,  veel'yd  nc/vd.  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Brazil,  pnivince  of  Santa  Catharina,  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Laguna.     Pop.  2000. 

SANTA  AXX.i.  a  market-town  of  Brtizil.  province  of  SiTo 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  the  Sino,  N.  of  Porto  Alegre. 
Pop.  1400. 

SAXTA  AXNA  DE  CHAVES,  sdn'td  dn'nd  dA  chd'vjs,  the 
capital  town  of  the  Portuguese  i,sland  of  St.  Thomas,  in  the 
truir  of  Guinea,  on  a  Iieautiful  b;iy  on  the  N.E.  side  of  the 
island.  It  consists  of  about  500  wooden  houses,  with  a 
fort,  and  the  residence  of  the  Portuiruese  governor. 

S.\XT.\  AXXA  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Los  Angeles 
CO.,  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  California,  tails  into  the  Pacific. 

S.\XT.\  BARBAR.A..  a  stniit  of  the  I'acific  Ocean,  15  miles 
across,  lietween  the  mainland  and  the  island  of  Santa  Cruz, 
190  miles  S.E.  of  Monterey, 

SAXT.\  BAR'BAKA,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Call- 
fbrnia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  alx)ve  3000  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the'^V.  and  S.  by  the  Pacific,  on  the  E.  and 
X.E.  by  the  Coast  Range,  and  partly  on  the  X.  by  the  Santa 
Maria  River,  and  is  drained  by  the  Santa  Clara  or  Saticoy, 
Santa  Inez,  and  other  streams,  which  flow  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  The  Coast  Range  iu  some  parts  attains  the  height 
of  4000  feet.  The  San  Rafiiel  peak,  near  Santa  Inez,  is  said 
to  be  8000  feet  high.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is  suitable 
for  grazing,  but  the  soil  of  about  one-third  is  well  adapted 
to  the  cultivation  of  grain.  Along  the  streams  it  is  very 
fertile,  with  facilities  for  irrigation.  Agriculture  is  in  a 
very  rude  state,  and  material  for  fencing  scarce.  There  are 
not  less  thon  50,000  grape-vines  over  40  years  old,  and  seve- 
ral fine  olive  orchards  in  the  county,  mostly  planted  by  the 
old  missionary  priests.  The  lands  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Santa  Inez  River,  and  those  of  the  Saticoy,  are  among  the 
best  in  the  soutliern  part  of  the  state.  There  are  several 
valuable  deposits  of  chromic  iron  and  copper  minerals  in 
the  mountains  near  Santa  Inez  and  the  upper  part  of  the 
Saticoy  River.    Gold  is  found  in  the  southern  part  A  Iha 

1703 


SAN 

«oi>.nty  Tlie  waters  of  the  coast  abound  in  mackerel, 
olacklish,  crawfish,  sardines,  clams,  and  otiier  excellent 
species  of  fish.  Large  quantities  are  taken  in  April  and 
Blay,  at  the  mouths  of  the  rivers.  There  are  several  ex- 
cellent hot  sulphur  springs  near  the  town  of  Santa  Barbara 
[For  continuation,  see  Appendix.] 

SJVNTA  B.iRBARA,  a  post-town  and  seaport,  capital  of 
Santa  Barlwira  co.,  California,  is  situat<?d  on  the  main  road 
firom  Ban  Jose  to  Los  Angeles,  279  miles  in  a  strai!j;ht  line 
nearly  S.K.  of  San  Francisco;  lat.  34"  25'  N.  Its  harbor  is 
open  to  S.  winds.  The  tillable  land  in  the  vicinity,  thoush 
fertilft,  is  hemmed  within  narrow  limits  by  the  Coast 
Kanse.     Settled  in  I'm.     Pop.  in  1860,  2.?51. 

SANTA  BAK15AKA,  sin'tl  baR'ba-ri,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
provineo'of  Minas  Geraes,  30  miles  N.N.K.  of  Ouro  Preto. 
Pop.  4000. 

SANTA  BARB.VU.*.,  sSn'tl  baR-bi'rJ,  a  small  town  ofChili, 
department,  and  135  miles  E.S.E.  of  Concepcion,  on  an  is- 
land in  the  Biobio,  near  the  Andes. 

S.\NT.\  B.\UB.\UA,  a  town  of  A'enezula,  department,  and 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Orinoco,  opposite  the  influx  of  the 
Ventuari. 

SANT.i  BARBARA  ISLANDS.  These  islands,  nine  in 
number,  consist  of  San  Miguel.  Srtnta  Rosa,  Santa  Cruz. 
Anacapa.  Santa  Barbara,  Sant;i  Catalina,  San  Clemen te,  San 
Nicholas,  and  San  Juan.  They  lie  along  the  S.  coast  of 
California,  and  opposite  to  the  shores  of  Santa  Barbara,  Los 
Angeles,  and  San  Diego  counties,  extending  in  a  direction 
from  N.W.  to  S.E..  about  175  mile.s.  and  at  a  distance  from 
the  land  of  from  20  to  65  miles.  The  Santa  Barbara  Islands 
are  but  imperfectly  known,  and  have  never  been  accurately 
surveyed.  Several  harbors  have  been  examined  by  officers 
of  the  Uiiitetl  States  Coast  Survey  in  the  Pacific:  the  prin- 
cipal of  these  are  Prisoner's  Harbor,  on  the  N.  side  of  Santa 
Cruz:  Cuyler's  Harbor,  on  the  N.K.  side  of  San  Miguel; 
and  Santa  Catalina  Harbor,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island  of 
the  same  name.  The  four  first-named  islands  are  separated 
from  the  mainland  by  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  a  sound  of 
from  20  to  30  miles  wide. 

SANTA  CATALINA,  sjn'ta  kJ-til-lee'na,  an  island  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  separated  from  California  by  the  channel  of 
S  inta  Barbara. 

SANTA  CATALINA.  an  islet  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.  90 
railes  E.  of  the  Mosquito  coast,  and  immediately  N.  of  Old 
Providence  Island. 

S.\.\TA  CATALINA.  a  good  harbor  and  ,an  isltind  on  the 
Mosquito  coast,  in  Central  America;  lat.  13°  23'  40"  N.,  Ion. 
81°  22'  10"  W. 

SANTA  C.A.TALTNA,  a  harbor  on  the  E.  coast  of  New- 
foundland, immediately  N.  of  the  entrance  of  Trinity  Bay. 

SANT.\  CATALINA,  a  Jesuit  missionary  station  of  the 
Argentine  Republic,  (La  Plata.)  department,  and  15  leagues 
from  Cordova. 

SANTA  CATALINA.  a  cape  of  Central  America,  state, 
and  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nicaragua. 

SANTA  CATERINA,  sdn'tS  kl-tA-ree'nl,  a  fortified  town 
of  Sicilv,  7  miles  N,N.W.  of  Caltanisetta,  on  a  hill  near  the 
AV.  hank  of  the  Salso.    Pop.  5800. 

S.\.NT.A.  CATERINA,  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  province 
of  Caltanisetta.  near  the  se.a.  13  miles  W.N.W.  ofTerranova. 

SANTA  CATERINA,  a  castle  on  the  highest  point  of  the 
island  of  Favignana,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sicily.  See  Cateri.xa 
and  Saxta  C.^tharixa, 

SANTA  CATERINA.  sJn'tJ  ki-tA-ree'na,  a  market-town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  20  miles  S.  of 
Cantanzaro. 

SANTA  CATERINA,  the  northernmost  headland  of  the 
island  of  Corfu. 

SANTA  CATERINA,  CANAL  OF,  in  North  It.aly.  con- 
nects, with  other  canals,  the  Adige  and  Bacchiglione  Rivers 
with  the  Brenta,     Length,  8  miles. 

SANTACATIIARINA.  a  fortified  Island  of  Brazil,  form- 
ing the  superb  bay  of  the  same  name,  off  the  coast  of  the 
above  province,  between  lat.  27°  and  28°  S.  Length  from 
N.  to  S.,  30  miles ;  breadth.  8  miles.  Pop.  12,000.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  well  watered,  and  covered  with  forest-s, 
and  abounds  with  natuial  curiosities.  ,0n  its  W.  coast  is  the 
town  of  Desterro. 

SANTA  CATIIARINA,  sSn'tS  katd-ree'na,  a  small  trlan- 
gular-shap.'d  maritime  province  of  South  Brazil,  situated 
between  lat,  20°  and  30°  S.,  Ion.  49°  and  51°  W.,  having 
E.  the  jA.tlantic.  and  on  other  sides  the  provinces  of  Sao 
Paulc  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Are.i.  25,(H>2  square  miles. 
Pop.  90,(t00.  The  coast  is  low;  surface  elsewhere  moun- 
fciinous,  tr.aversed  by  the  Serra  Catharlria  on  the  W.,  and 
well  watered.  From  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  .and  the  uni- 
form mildness  of  the  atmosphere,  it  is  called  the  "paradise 
of  Brazil."  The  principal  crops  are  rice,  manioc,  millet, 
sugar,  coffee,  and  cochine.al.  with  a  little  cotton.  Principjil 
towns,  Desterro,  Sao  Francisco,  and  Laguna.  The  Assembly 
Is  composed  of  211  members. 

SANTA  CHRISTINA,  one  of  the  Marquesas  Islands.  See 
Tahuata. 

SANT.\  CLAR.^.  sJn'ta  kla'rS,  an  islet  of  Ecuador,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Onavaquil,  13  miles  S.E.  of  the  Island  of  Puna. 
17ui 


SAN 

SANTA  CLARA,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Call- 
forni.!,  has  an  area  estimated  at  above  1200  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Coast  Range,  and  ig 
drained  by  the  Guadalupe  River  and  several  other  smaller 
streams  flowing  into  San  Franci.sco  Bay,  which  extends  a 
few  miles  into  the  county.  Soil  well  adapted  to  cu  tiva- 
tion,  and  very  fertile  along  the  streams.  The  county  li 
liartly  intersected  by  the  railroad  from  San  l-raucisco  to 
San  Jose,  the  capital.    See  Appendix. 

SANTA  CLAR.A,  a  post-town  of  Santa  Clara  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  on  a  small  stream  flowing  into  the  head 
of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  on  the  main  road  from  San  Jo8« 
to  San  Francisco.     See  Appe.ndix. 

SANTA  CLA'RA  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara CO.,  California,  rises  among  the  mountains,  and  flowing 
in  a  general  W.  course,  falls  into  the  Pacific. 

SANTA  COLO.MA,  sgn'td  ko-lo^mi,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro 
vince  of  Barcelona.  9i  miles  S.E.  of  Cervera. 

SANTA  COLOMA  DE  FARNES.  sSn'tS  ko-lo^ma  d.A  fan/ 
nf  s.  a  town  of  Spain.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gerona.     Pop.  3526 

SANTA  COLUMBA  DE  RIANJO,  san'td  ko-loom'li  d.i  re- 
ang'tio,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  province,  and  about  60 
miles  from  Corunna.     Pop.  1811. 

SANTA  CROCK,  a  town  of  Austria,    See  IIeiuoevKreutz. 

SANTA  CROCE  (sSn'ta  kro/chA)  Cape;  a  headland  on  the 
E.  coast  of  Sicilv.  N.  of  Agosta :  lat.  37°  15'  N.,  lou.  1.5°  15'  E. 

SANTA  CRfXiE.  ahi'ti  V.ro'chS,  a  market-town  of  Sicily, 
CO.,  and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Modica.  near  the  Mediterranean, 

SANTA  CROCE,  a  market-town  of  Italv,  in  Tuscany,  on 
the  Arno.  4  miles  N.W.  of  San  Miniato.     Pop.  5100. 

SANTA  CROCE,  a  town  of  Illyria,  government  of  Triest, 
U  miles  E.S.E.  of  Goritz. 

.  SANTA  CROCE  DI  MAGLIANO,  s^n'ta  kro'chA  dee  m.ai- 
ya'no,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Larino.     Pop.  3410. 

SANTA  CROCE  DI  MORCOXE,  san'ta  kro'ch.-l  dee  moR- 
ko/ni,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  12  miles 
S.S.E.  ofCampobas.so.     Pop.  3040. 

SANT.\  CRUZ,  san'ta  crooss  for  crooce.')  a  river  of  Pata- 
gonia, enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  lat.  .50°  S..  Ion.  6S°  30'  W. 
It  has  been  explored  inland  for  200  miles,  to  near  Ion.  72°  W., 
and  found  to  flow  throughout  very  rapidly,  between  laro 
ranges,  bounding  barren  and  shinsly  plains. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  a  bay  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island  of 
Curasao. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  san'ta  kroos.  or  SAINT  CROIX.  s?nt  kroi, 
the  largest  and  southernmost  of  the  A'irgin  Islands,  in  the 
West  Indies,  forming,  with  St.  Thom.as  and  St.  John,  the 
Danish  government  of  the  West  Indies.  It  lies  05  miles  E.S.E, 
of  Porto  Rico;  lat.  (E.  point)  17°  45'  30"  N.,  Ion.  04°  34'  W.; 
and  is  about  20  miles  long  from  E,  to  W.,  by  about  5  miles 
bro,ad.  Area.  110  square  miles.  It  is  generally  fiat,  though 
a  range  of  low  heights  follow  the  line  of  its  N.  shore,  well 
watered  and  fertile.  Climate  at  times  unhealthy,  and  tem- 
perature varying  from  54°  to  72°.  Earthquakes  and  hurri- 
canes are  frequent.  Two-fifths  of  the  island  are  in  sugar" 
cane  plantations,  and  alxiut  one-h.alf  is  occupied  with  general 
crops,  only  a  small  portion  remjiining  uncultivated.  Sugar 
and  rum  are  the  pilncipal  products;  the  others  are  cotton, 
coffee,  and  Indigo.  Some  cattle  are  reared.  The  capital  and 
residence  of  the  governor  is  Christianstadt ;  and  in  the  island 
is  another  small  town,  called  Frederikstadt.  Santa  Cruz  was 
discovered  by  Columbus,  on  his  second  voyage;  and  was, 
by  turns,  under  the  sway  of  the  Dutch,  British.  Spaniards, 
and  French,  who  ceded  it  to  Denmark.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1807.  and  restored  to  the  Danes  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris.    The  prevailing  language  is  English.     P>p.  2o.6i)0. 

S.\NTA  CRUZ,  an  island  off  the  coast  of  California,  sepa. 
rated  from  the  mainland  by  Santa  Barbara  Channel.  Cir- 
cumference, about  45  miles. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  SO 
miles  S.E.  of  Loreto. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  an  i.sland  group  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  See 
QcEEN  Ch.irujtte  Islands. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  an  island  off  the  N.  coast  of  Cuba,  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Mantanzas. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  san'td  crooce,  n  county  in  the  W.  part  of 
Calitbrnia,  has  an  area  of  about  500  sciuare  miles.  It  ig 
bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Pacific,  and  is  separated  from 
Monterey  county  on  the  S.  by  the  Rio  P.ajaro.  flowing  into 
that  ocean.  The  surface  is  generally  uneven  or  hilly,  with  a 
range,  called  the  Santa  Cruz  MountJiius.  running  on  the 
N.E.  border.  The  soil  in  the  more  level  portions  is  usually 
fertile,  and  well  cultivated.  Gold  is  found,  although  not  in 
great  abundance.  The  streams  of  this  county  alTord  va- 
luable water-power.    Capital,  Santa  Cruz.     Pop.  4944. 

SANTA  CHUZ.  a  postrtown,  capital  of  Sant.a  Cruz  CO., 
California,  is  situated  on  the  Pacific.  59  miles  in  a  straight 
line  S.S.E.  of  San  Francisco.  In  lat.  37°  N.  Its  harbor  is  open 
to  the  S.  winds,  and  its  sandy  l)ottom  offers  :<.  -«ery  poor 
anchorage.  It  is  the  trading  point  for  the  Pajaio  and  other 
smaller  valleys,  not  extensive,  but  fertile  and  prodnctiio. 
A  road  extends  from  this  town  to  San  Jose.    Pop.  1272. 

SANT.A.  CRUZ,  san'td  kroos,  a  town  oj  Bra?',  jirovlncc 
and  120  miles  S.E.  of  Goyaz,  on  the  Pari.     Pop.  JX)0. 


SAN 


SAN 


SANTA  CRT7Z,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Island  of 
Luzon.  In  the  Philippines,  110  miles  N.N.W.  of  Manila. 
Pop.  5400. 

PANT.\  CRU/,  a  town  on  one  of  the  Azores.  See  Graciosa. 

SANTA  CKU7,  DE  LA  PALM  A,  sdn'td  kroos  dA  Id  piV- 
tni,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  I'alma,  one  of  the  Canaries, 
rt  lies  on  the  E.  coast,  in  a  spacious  bay,  from  7  to  10  fathoms 
In  depth,  and  was  declared  a  free  port  in  18.i2.  It  contains 
several  monasterie.s.  a  town-house,  an  ho.«pital,  a  chair  of 
Latinity.  several  schools,  and  2  puhlie  fountains.  It  is 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  silk  tissues,  consisting  of 
gloves,  hosiery,  ribbons,  Ac.     Pop.  5fi41. 

S  ANTA  CKUZ  DE  LA  SIERRA,  sdn'tJl  kroos  dA  13  se-^R'nil, 
the  eiisternmost  and  largest  department  of  Itolivta,  extend- 
ing between  lat.  15°  and  21'  S.,  and  Ion.  58°  and  65°  W., 
having  E.  Brazil.  The  surface  is  mostly  level  or  undula- 
ting, chiefly  watered  by  the  Mamore  and  its  tributaries,and 
covered  with  unexplored  forests.  The  products  comprise 
sujtar,  coffee,  cocoa,  rice,  cotton,  honey,  and  indijjo,  and  it 
is  snpposed  to  lie  rich  in  minerals:  but  civilized  settlements 
are  scantily  sprinkled  over  its  surface.  The  principal  towns 
are  San  Lorenzo  de  la  Frontea,  Santa  Cruz,  Santiago,  San 
Juan  Bautista,  and  Concepcion.  The  town  of  Santa  Cruz 
is  a  decayed  place  near  the  capital.  San  Lorenzo. 

SANTA  CRUZ  DE  LOS  ROSALES,  sin'fjl  kroos  d.l  loce 
ro-.«d'lfs,  a  town  of  North  Mexico,  08  miles  from  Chihuahua. 
It  was  bombarded  and  captured  by  a  detachment  of  Ame- 
ricans under  General  Price,  Marcli  16, 1848.  The  Americans' 
loss  was  4  killed  and  19  wounded;  that  of  the  Mexicans,  236 
killed,  and  the  loss  of  all  their  artillery. 

SANTA  CRUZ  DEL  QUICHE,  sdn'td  krooz  dJl  kee/chd, 
a  ruined  city  of  Central  America,  state  of  Guatemala,  E.N.E. 
of  Quezaltenanso.    Near  it  is  a  villafre  of  the  same  name. 

SANTA  CRUZ  DK  MAYO.     See  Olitivis. 

SANTA  CRUZ  (.^dn'td  kroos)  DE  TKNERIFFE,  di  tJnV 
rif,  the  capitiil  city,  and  chief  commercial  port  of  the  Canary 
Islamis,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  isl.and  of  Teneriffe.  Lat.  28° 
28'  li"  N.,  Ion.  16°  14' 48"  W.  The  housesare  whitewashed  or 
painted,  and  present  a  pray  appearance.  The  streets  are  well 
paved,  and  provided  with  footpaths  and  lamps ;  and  the  prin- 
cipal square  is  surrounded  with  good  edifices,  and  adorned 
with  a  colossal  statuary  group,  representing  the  apparition 
of  the  Virgin  of  Candelaria  to  the  Guanches,  the  original  iu- 
h.abitants.  At  its  extremity,  facing  the  sea.  is  the  principal 
fort,  that  of  San  Christobal.  The  chief  public  buildings  are 
the  custom-house,  the  military  hospital,  and  the  old  Francis- 
can convent,  in  which  almost  all  the  public  lx)dies  hold  their 
meetings.  There  are  a  prison,  a  poor's-house,  2  public,  and 
2  private  primary  schools,  a  drawing  school,  and  1  for  navi- 
gation: several  fountains,  2  parish  churches,  one  of  them  a 
magnificent  edifice,  and  3  hermitages.  The  harbor  is  very 
secure,  with  a  capacity  for  10  or  12  vessels  of  war:  it  has  a 
magnificent  mole,  of  modern  construction,  which  juts  out 
far  into  the  sea.  The  coast  is  commanded  by  4  forts  and 
various  redoubts.  Wine,  br.indy,  almonds,  and  cochineal 
are  the  only  articles  exported;  and  the  imports  consist  of 
Knglish,  French,  Spanish,  and  Genoese  manufactures.  On 
an  average  of  the  two  years.  1844  and  1845,  the  number  of 
the  vessels  entering  and  leaving  this  port  were  as  follows : — 
Entered.  242.  (tons,  17,273;)  cleared,  223,  (tons,  13,961.) 
The  chief  industry  of  the  place  consists  iu  constructing 
fishing-boats,  and  loading  and  unloading  vessels.  Pop. 
8070. 

SANTA  DE  .JESUS,  sjn'td  d;l  n.Vsoos.  a  market^town  of 
Venezuela,  department  of  Apure,  on  the  Meta,  46  miles  W. 
of  its  junction  with  the  Orinoco. 

SAN  TADEO,  sin  td-d.Vo,  a  river  of  Patagonia,  enters  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Esteven.  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  though  navi- 
gable for  only  11  miles,  Is  the  largest  stream  S.  of  the  Chiloe 
Archipelago. 

SANTA  DOMENICA,  sdn'td  do-m.Vne-kJ,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Citra,  3  miles  E.  of  Scalea. 
Pop.  2586. 

SANTA  ELENA,  (Tsland.)    See  Saint  Helena. 

SANTA  ELLA,  sin-td  M'yJ,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, province,  and  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  1948. 

SANTA  EUFEMIA,  (It.  pron.  sdn'td  i-oS-til'me-d.)  or 
simply  EUFEMIA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  CalabrLi 
Ultra  II.,  near  the  Gulf  of  St.  Eufemia,  5  miles  W.  of  Nicas- 
tro.  Pop.  1100.  It  suffered  severely  in  the  great  earth- 
quake of  1638. 

SANTA  EULALIA,  sJn^til  i-oo-Ule-a,  a  town  of  Ivi^a, 
one  of  the  Balearic  Islands.     Pop.  3220.  * 

SANTA  EULALIA  DE  PROVENSANA.    See  IIospitalet. 

SANTA  Ffi.  sin'td  fd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalu.sia, 
province,  and  7  miles  W.  of  Gr.anada.  SaTita  F6  was  built 
by  Ferdinand  and  Is.abella  while  besieging  Granada,  and  the 
leed  of  capitulation  was  signed  here.  It  was  also  from  this 
place  that  Columlnis  set  out  on  his  first  voyage  of  discovery. 
In  1806  it  was  much  shattered  by  an  earthquake.    Pop.  4172. 

S.VNTA  FE,  a  small  river  in  the  N.  p;irt  of  Florida,  forms 
the  bound;)ry  between  Alachua  and  Columbia  counties,  and 
enters  thi-  Suwanee  River. 

SANTA  FE,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  CO.,  Florida. 

SANTA  FE,  a  post-office  of  Poinsett  co.,  Arkansas. 


SANTA  FE,  a  post-office  of  Maury  co.,  Tennessee 

SANTA  FE,  a  post-office  of  Br.acken  co.,  Kentucky. 

SANTA  FE.  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  about  6^ 
miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

S.\NT.4  FE,  a  post-office  of  Alexander  co.,  Illinois. 

SANTA  FE,  a  thriving  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  South  Fork  of  Salt  River,  60  miles  N.  of  .Teffers.^n 
City.  It  has  fertile  farms,  and  rich  beds  of  coal  iu  th« 
vicinity. 

SANTA  FE,  (Sp.  pron.  sdn'td  fi,)  a  county  in  the  N.  cen- 
tr.al  part  of  New  Mexico,  has  an  urea  estimated  at  aViut 
2000  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Rio  Grande,  and  is  drained  by  several  snuill  affluents  of  that 
river.  The  surface  iu  the  S.  part  is  mountainous.  Capital, 
Santa  Fe.    Pop.  8114. 

SANTA  FE,  the  capital  and  largest  town  of  New  Mexico, 
is  situated  on  the  Hio  Chicito,  or  Santa  Fe  River,  an  affluent 
of  tho  I'.io  Grande,  from  which  it  is  distant  about  20  miles 
in  a  direct  line.  Lat.  35°  41'  N.,  Ion.  about  106°  10'  \V.  It 
is  the  great  emporium  of  the  overland  trade  which,  since 
1822,  has  been  carried  on  with  the  state  of  Missouri.  Each 
of  the  houses,  which  are  principally  built  of  dark-colored 
adobes,  or  uuburnt  brick,  usually  forms  a  square,  with  a 
court  within,  upon  which  nearly  all  the  apartments  open 
from  the  street.  There  is  generally  but  one  entrance,  which 
is  wide  and  high  enough  to  admit  animals  with  their  packs. 
Much  of  the  ground  in  and  around  Santa  Fe  is  extremely 
sandy;  and  in  dry  weather,  when  the  wind  is  high,  this  is 
a  source  of  great  annoyance.  The  place  is  well  supplied 
with  cool  water  from  springs  within  its  limits,  and  also  from 
fountains  above  the  city  near  the  mountain  side.  Nume- 
rous aceijuias,  (d-sA'ke-is.)  or  small  canals,  are  led  through 
the  streets,  and  afterwards  serve  to  irrigate  the  gai-dens  and 
fields  below  the  town  for  several  miles.  On  the  whole,  the 
appeiirance  of  Santa  Fe  is  very  uninviting,  and  the  popu- 
lation is  exceedingly  depraved.  It  stands  on  a  v>lateau, 
which  is  elevated  about  7000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  a  short 
distance  S.W.  of  the  base  of  a  snow-capped  mountain,  which 
rises  5000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  town.  One  or  two 
newspiipers  lye  issued  liere.     Pop.  in  18(50,  4635. 

SANTA  FE.  sdn'tl  fi,  a  city  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
(I..a  Plata.)  capit.il  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  .Salado,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Paranii.  I'op.  4000.  It 
has  several  churches,  2  convents,  and  trade  with  the  interior. 

S.\NTA  FE,  a  province  of  tlie  Argentine  Republic,  (La 
Plata,)  South  America,  between  lat.  3U°  and  33°  S.,  Ion.  61° 
and  62°  \V.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river  Parana,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  the  province  of  Eutre  Rios.  Principal  rivers, 
the  .-^alado.  and  the  Tercero  or  Carcaraiial.  The  chief  towns 
are  Santa  Fe,  the  capital,  Rosiuio,  and  Fort  St.  Espiritu. 

SANTA  fE,  an  Island  in  the  above  province  of  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic,  between  the  Parani  and  Salado,  50  miles 
In  length,  by  6  in  average  l>readth.  and  having  the  town 
Santa  Fe  at  its  N.,  and  Fort  St.  Espiritu  at  its  S.  extremity. 

SANTA  FE  DE  ANTKXiUlA.     See  A.miouuia. 

SANTA  FE  DE  lJ(Xi(JTA.    See  Bogota. 

SANT'  AGATA.  sdnt  d'gd-ta,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in 
Tuscany,  2  miles  N.N.W.  of  Scarperia. 

SANr  AGATA  or  SANTIIIA,  sdn'te-a,  a  sm.all  town  of 
Italy,  in  Piedmont,  province  of  Vercelli.  *  Pop.  4170. 

SANT*  AGATA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
L.aV()ro,  district  of  Gaeta,  with  remains  of  a  magnificent 
amphitheatre,  and  ruins  of  ancient  Mhtturno.    Pop.  6800. 

SANT'  AGATA  DEI  GOTI,  s4nt  ^'gd-td  dd'e  go'tee,  (anc. 
A'Tith/ipnlis.)  a  town  of  Naples,  15  miles  E.  of  Capua. 

SANT'  AGATA  NUOVO,  sdnt  d'gd-td  nooVvo.  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Reggio. 
Pop.  2170. 

SANTA  QIULIETTA,  sdn'td  joo-le-Jt'td,  a  market-town 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Alessandria, 
9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Voghiera.     Pop.  2070. 

SANTAGNY,sdn-tdg-nee(?)  a  Spanish  town,  island  of  Ma- 
jorca, 29  miles  S.E.  of  Palma.  It  consists  of  about  1100 
houses.  Near  its  centre  stands  an  old  fortress,  which  served 
as  a  protection  against  the  frequent  attacks  of  the  Algeriue 
pirates.     Pop.  5214. 

SANTA  HELENA,  sdn'td  k-Wni,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Maranhao,  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Guimaraens. 

SANTA  INEZ,  sdu'tA  e-nfts'.  ('-St.  Agnes,')  a  river  of 
Santa  BarViara  co.,  California,  rises  among  the  mountains 
of  the  Coast  Range,  and  flowing  in  a  general  W.  course,  falls 
into  the  I'acific  Ocean,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Cape  Concfepcion. 

SANTA  INEZ,  a  town  of  Santa  Barbara  co..  Calif  irni.a.  is 
situated  on  the  main  road  from  San  .lose  to  Los  Angeles, 
and  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  265  miles  in  a  straight  line 
S.E.  bv  S.  of  San  Francisco. 

SANTA  ISABEL,  sdn'td  e-sd-l>Sl',  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Matto  Grosso.  on  the  Paragn.a^u.  It  is  the  capital 
of  its  district,  and  consists  of  about  3000  scattered  mud  and 
straw  huts. 

SANTA  ISABEL,  sdn'td  ee-zd-bSl'.  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  120  miles  N.E.  of  Sao  Paulo. 

SANTA  JUANA,  sin'ta  Hoo-d'nd,  an  island  of  Chili,  de- 
partment, and  38  miles  E.S.E.  of  Concepcion,  in  the  rivar 
Biobio.  A  fort  on  it  was  destroyed  by  the  Araucanians  in  1601. 

1705 


SAN 


SAN 


SAXTA  LA'lOA,  s3n't3  iJgo'J.  a  Tillage  of  Brazil,  pro- 
Tiiice  of  Minas  '.ierfies,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name.  16  miles 
■N  E.  of  Sahara.  It  owes  its  existence  to  the  number  of  pa- 
tients attracted  to  it  by  the  medicinal  properties  of  the  water 
of  the  lakes. 

SASX'  ALBANO.  sjnt  Jl-bJ'no,  a  Tillage  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Savoy,  '2  miles  from  Chambery,  on  the  Aisse. 
Also  the  name  of  a  village  7  miles  W.  of  Vercelli. 
SANTA  LU'CAIJ.  a  postKsffice  of  Gilmer  co..  Georgia. 
SANTA  LUCE,  sdu'tl  loo'chi,  a  Tillage  of  Tuscany,  divi- 
*on  of  Pisa,  about  9  miles  from  Lari.    Pop.  2016. 

SANTA  LUCIA,  sSn'tJ  loo^hee'd,  a  town  of  Sicily,  pro- 
Hnce.  and  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Messina.    Pop.  4500. 

SANTA  LUCIA,  sin'tl  loo-chee'3,  a  market-town  of  Sicily, 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Milazzo.     Pop.  4500. 

SANTA  LUCIA,  sin'tj  loo-gee'd,  a  town  of  the  Argentine 
Bepublic.  (La  Plata,)  106  miles  from  Corrientes,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  ParanA.  * 

SANTA  LUCIA,  sdn'ti  loo-see'i.  a  river  of  Uruguay,  joins 
the  Plata  estuary,  7  miles  N.AV.  of  Monte  Video,  after  a  S. 
course  of  100  miles. 

SANTA  LUCIA,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  Borneo;  lat.  4° 

20'  N..  Ion.  117°  E.  ,  •  , 

SANTA  LUCIA  IN  MELAZZO,  gjn'tft  loo-chee'a  in  mi- 

llt'HO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  5 

miles  N.N.W.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  3000. 

SANTA  LUSSUKGUI,  sin'ti  loos-sooR'gwee,  a  village  in 
the  island  of  Sardinia,  province,  and  8  miles  AV.S.W.  of 
Cagliari,  in  a  large  mountain  hollow,  apparently  the  crater 
of  an  extinct  volcano.     Pop.  4469. 

SANTA  LUZIA  or  LUCIA,  sln'ti  loo-see'd.  one  of  the 
Cape  Verd  Islands.  N.W.  of  St.  Nicolas,  and  S.E.  of  St.  An- 
tonia.    It  is  about  8  miles  long  by  3  miles  broad. 

SANTA  LUZIA  or  LUCIA,  sin'ti  loo-zee'i,  a  town  of  Bra- 
til,  province,  and  120  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Goyaz.  The  inha- 
bitants have  some  gold  washings.    Pop.  of  district,  3000. 

SANTA  LUZIA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Alagoas, 
fcrmerlv  called  Aiagoa  do  Norte,  on  a  lake  about  110  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Recife.    Pop.  1500. 

SANTA  LUZIA.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas 
Geraes,  on  the  Ouaicuhi  or  Velhas,  60  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ouro 
Preto,     Pop.  of  district,  6000. 

SANTA  LUZIA.  an  ancient  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Sergipe,  sometimes  called  SANTA  LUZIA  DO  KIO  REAL. 
gjn'tl  loo-see'd  do  ree'o  rA-4l',  on  a  height  above  the  small 
river  Ouararema.'a  tributary  of  the  Real,  26  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Ban  Christovao.     Pop.  of  district,  1600. 

SANTA  M.A.DONNA  DEGLI  AXGELI.  sJn'tJ  mJ-don'ni 
dAl'yee  an:jA-le,  or  SANTA  MARIA  DEGLI  ANGELI,  fAa'- 
tA  lud-ree'a  dil'yee  Mii'j;i-le,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Perugia,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Perugia.  It  has  a  cele- 
brateJ  church,  which  gives  it  its  name. 

SANTA  MAGDALl-y\A,  a  bay  on  the  N  JI.  coast  of  Malta, 
4  miles  N.W.  of  Valetta. 

SANT-AMAND,  sa>t  d^mjnt  or  SAINT-AMAND.  sint 
S^m6x=',  a  commune  of  Belgium,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Antwerp, 
on  the  Scheldt     Pop.  .3000. 

SANTA  MARGARITA,  sin'ti  maR-gJ-ree/ti,  a  town  of 
Sicilv.  42  miles  N.W.  of  Girgenti.  Pop.  70<X). 
SANTA  MARGARITA,  a  vilLige  of  Italy.  See  Margarita. 
SANTA  MARGARITA,  sdn't^  maR-gd-ree'td.  an  island 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Lower  California.  Lat.  24°  30'  N.,  Ion 
lll'^  30'  W.  It  is  sepjirated  from  the  mainland  by  the  Bay 
of -Madelina.  Length,  from  N.W.  to  SJi.,  45  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  15  miles. 

SANTA  MARIA,  sdn'ti  mi-ree/i  (St.  Mary,>  the  southern- 
most extremity  of  Portuiral.  province  of  Algarve,    7  miles 
S.E.  of  Faro.   Lat.  of  the  light-house.  36°  60'  N.,  Ion.  7° 47'  W. 
SANTA  MARIA,  a  village  of  Corsica,  9  miles  E.  of  Aiaccio. 
SANTA  MARIA,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Ustica,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  town. 
SANTA  MARIA,  sdn'ti  md-ree'i,  an  island  of  Portugal. 
In  the  Atlantic,  the  most  southern  of  the  .\zores,  in  lat.  37° 
N„  Ion.  29°  W.    Greatest  length,  about  13  miles;  breadth, 
0  mile.s. 

SANTA  MART'A,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, forms  part  of  the  boundary  lietween  San  Luis  Obispo 
and  Santa  Bart'ara  counties,  and  foils  into  the  Pacific  about 
40  miles  N.  of  Cape  Concepoion. 

SANTA  MARIA,  s.in'td  md-ree/l,  a  small  island  off  the 
coast  of  Chili,  department,  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Ccncepcion. 
in  the  Bav  of  Arauco.  Its  surface  was  raised  from  8  to  10 
feet  by  the  earthquake  of  February,  1835.  Lat.  37°  2'  8"  S., 
Ion.  73°  34'  15"  W. 

SANTA  MARIA,  sdn'td  md-ree/d.  a  town  of  the  Island  of 
Majorca.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Palnia.     Pop.  1918. 

SANTA  MAHIA  A  MONTE,  sdn'td  md-ree'dd  mon'td,  or 
MARIA  IN  MONTE,  md-ree'd  in  mon'tl  a  walled  town  of 
Tuscinv.  rear  Florence,  on  the  Arno.     Pop.  3«i52. 

SANTA  MAKIA  A  VICO.  sdu'td  md-ive'd  d  vee^o,  a  vil- 
L<ige  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  district  of  Nola. 
Pop.  4800. 

SANTA  MARIA  D'ANGLONA.  sdn'td  md-ree'd  ddn-glo^id, 
k  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata,  on  the  Agri,  5 
BiUes  £.  of  Tnrsi. 
1706 


SANTA  MARIA  DE  BELEM.  Brazil,    See  Para. 

SANTA  MARIA  DE  j^K.  sijn'td  md-ree'd  A\  fl,  a  town  of 
Paraguay,  46  miles  E.  of  Iieembucu.  Here  the  naturalist.  Bon- 
pland.  was  long  detained  a  prisoner  bv  the  Dictator  Fraucla. 

SANTA  MARIA  DE  LOS  LLANOS!  .sdn'td  md-ree'd  ili  loce 
Id'noce.  a  town  of  Majorca,  province,  and  IS  miles  E.S.E.  ol 
Ciudad  Real. 

SANTA  MARIA  DEL  PARAMO,  s.'Sn'td  md-ree'd  dM  pd*- 
rd-mo.  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Leon. 
Pop.  1404. 

SANTA  MARIA  DE  MARIN,  sdn'td  md-ree'd  ak  md-reen', 
a  market-town  of  Spain,  province,  and  9  miles  N.  of  Vigo. 
It  has  a  good  harbor  on  the  Bay  of  Vigo,  and  an  active  pil- 
chard fishery. 

SANTA  MARIA  DE  NIEVA,  sdn'td  md'reo'd  dd  ne-d'vd.  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15  miles  N.W.  of  Segovia. 
Pop.  1700. 

SANTA  MARIA  DE  ROSAL,  sdn'td  md-ree'd  di  ro-sdl',  a 
town  of  Majorca,  province  of  Pontevedra,  18  miles  S.W.  of 
Burgos.    Pop.  5188. 

SANTA  MARIA  DI  CAPUA,  sdn'td  md-ree'd  dee  kd'poo-d,  p 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  5  miles  W.N.W 
of  Caserta.  It  has  a  criminal  and  a  civil  court,  several  Ro- 
m.in  antiquities,  including  the  remains  of  a  large  amphi- 
theatre, a  subterranean  gjiUery,  and  a  triumphal  arch  across 
the  nwd  to  Capua.     Pop.  8360. 

SANTA  MARIA  DI  LEUCA.  sdn'td  md-ree'd  dee  l.Voo-kd,  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otrauto,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Galli- 
poli.    It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop.    Pop.  3000. 

SANTA  MARIA  DI  NISCEMI,  sdn'td  md-ree'd.  dee  no- 
s.Vmee.  a  village  of  Sicily,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Caltanisetia, 
Pop.  1100. 

SANTA  MARIA  MAGGIORE.  sdn'td  md-ree'd  mdd-jo'r.i, 
a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  State.*,  division  of  Novara, 
7  miles  E.  of  Domo  d'Ossola.    Pop.  1212. 

SANTA  MARIANA  GINZO  DE  Ll.MIA.  sdn'td  md-ree-a'- 
nd  gHeeu'tho  dd  lee'me-d.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galiciji.  pro- 
vince, and  18  miles  S.E.  of  Orense.  on  a  small  stream  of  the 
same  name.     Pop.  1065. 

SANTA  MARIA  NORENA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias, 
province,  and  alxjut  7  from  Oviedo,  near  the  Norefia,  an 
affluent  of  the  Nora,    Pop,  16?l5. 

SANTA  MARTA,  sdn'ld  maR'td.  ("  Saint  Martha.")  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Spain,  province,  and  19  miles  S..*.E.  of  Badajos. 

SANTA  MARTA.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Lugo,  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Santa  Marta,  6  miles  S.  of 
Cape  Ortegal. 

SANTA  MARTA  or  MARTHA,  sdn'td  mdR'td.  a  seaport 
town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granda,  department  of  Mag- 
dalena,  on  the  E.  shore  of  a  bay  of  the  CariV)bean  Sea,  40 
miles  N.E,  of  the  month  of  the  river  Magdaleiia.  Pop.  800t). 
It  has  some  good  residences,  a  conspicuous  cathedral,  .and  a 
tolerable  harbor,  defended  bv  a  castle  and  sevei-al  batteries. 

SANTA  MARTA  DE  TKRA.  sdn'td  man'td  dd  tVitd.  a 
market-town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  11  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Bena- 
vente. 

SANTA  MARTHA,  sdn'td  mdR'td,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Villa  ReaL 
Pop.  2lK)0. 

SANTA  MARTHA,  a  Tillage  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Minho.  11  miles  N.  of  Viana.     Pop.  1000. 

SANTA  MARTHA  DE  BOURO.  sdn'ti  maRtd  da  bd'ro,  a 
town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho.  12  miles  from  Bmga. 
Pop.  1011. 

SANTA  5IARTHA  DE  PENAGUI.?0.  sdn'td  maR'td  dd  pd- 
nd-irhe-Ows«',  a  town  of  Portuiral.  province  of  Tras  os  Monies, 
y  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lamego.     Pop.  2000. 

SANTA  MAURA,  sdn'td  mOw'rd.  or  LEUCA'DIA,  (anc. 
Leucas ;  Gr.  AtVKttf,  or  Leucadia.  AtVKaSia;  modern  Greek 
pron.  l^t-kd-THee'd:)  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  under  the 
protection  of  Great  Britain,  sepaiated  by  a  ch.innel  1  mile 
across,  from  the  W.  coast  of  Acarnania.  with  which  it  is  said 
to  have  been  connected.  Length. 22 miles:  extifme breadth, 
9  miles.  Estimated  area,  180  square  miles.  Pop.  18.000, 
Number  of  pupils  attending  school  in  18,')2.  621.  A  chain 
of  limestone  mountains  intersects  it  from  N.  to  S..  covering 
the  surfitce  with  its  spurs,  and  terminating  S.W.  in  the 
promontory  of  Cape  Ducato.  (anc.  Leucmiiu.  from  the  Greek 
Aet)iro$.  leulnt.  "white,")  famous  as  '-Sappho's  I.eap,"  and 
from  the  white  cliffs  of  which  the  i.sland  derived  its  name. 
.Mount  St.  Elias.  in  the  centre,  is  3000  feet  in  height.  The 
climate  is  variable,  the  temperature  often  rising  or  falling 
20  degrees  in  a  day;  the  low  grounds  are  unhealthy.  In 
the  N.  is  a  rich  plain,  and  elsewhere  are  many  fertile  val- 
leys, but  scarcely  one-eighth  of  the  soil  is  under  cultivation, 
and  not  enough  of  corn  is  raised  fiT  home  consumption. 
The  principal  crops  are  wheat,  maize,  oil.  and  wine.  Many 
of  the  population  live  by  fishing,  the  manufiioture  of  salt, 
and  annual  emigrations  to  the  mainland  as  laborers  in  bar 
vest-time.  The  principal  towns  are  Amaxicbl.  the  capital, 
and  Vliko,  both  on  the  E.  coast.  The  castle  of  Santa  Slaura, 
whence  the  modern  name  of  the  island,  is  at  its  N.  extre- 
mity, and  usually  the  head-quarters  of  a  British  regiment 
Between  it  and  Amaxichi  is  a  lagoon,  wheuce  much  .-;  t  i^ 
obtained. 


SAN 

SA  NT'  AMBROOTO,  sjnt  Jm-bnVjo,  a  Tillaze  of  Northern 
Italy.  rti'Iesatinn  of  Verona,  with  thermal  baths. 

SAM"  A  MUKOGIO,  a  village  of  North  It.nly,  in  Piedmont, 
province  of  8usa. 

SAXTA.N'DKR.  (Sp.prnn.  san-tjn-daio/:  ime.  Por'tm BV-n/- 
diumf)  a  city  of  .Spain,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name, 
207  miles  N.  of  Madrid.  Lat.  43°  -iS'  N.,  Ion.  3°  41'  W.  It  is 
situated  on  the  S.  tonirue  of  a  headland,  protected  on  the  N. 
by  a  hill.  It  has  a  large  and  secure  bay  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 
with  irciod  anchorage  and  shelter,  hut  which  requires  con- 
stant efforts  to  prevent  tho  accumulation  of  deposits  brought 
down  by  three  streams  which  discharge  into  it.  The  mole  is 
a  handsome  construction  750  yards  long,  with  unfinished 
docks,  embracing  a  circumference  of  850  yards.  Scarcely  a 
trace  of  Ihe  ancient  walls  of  Santander  is  to  be  seen,  and  the 
city  now  extends  far  beyond  its  circuit.  In  the  more  ancient 
quarter  the  streets  are  narrow  and  strai;j:ht,  and  the  hou.ses 
lofty  :  while  in  the  modern  portion  the  streets  are  spacious 
as  well  as  straight,  and  the  houses  of  moderate  elevation,  but 
good  architecture.  There  are  10  squares,  large  and  small; 
a  town-house  and  prison,  theatre,  shambles,  baths,  2  public 
markets,  3  promenades,  and  an  elm-planted  i-oad  surround- 
ing tlic  entire  city.  There  is  also  a  handsome  hospital  for 
the  sick,  an  asylum  for  the  indigent,  a  foundling  hospital, 
a  custcm-house,  jin  educational  establishment,  called  the 
Provincial  Cantabrian  Institute,  with  professors  of  mathe- 
matics. Latin,  experimental  physics  and  chemistry,  and 
many  other  branches. 

Santander  is  a  busy,  thriving,  and,  at  the  same  time,  a 
cheap  and  well-provided  place;  the  fish,  both  of  sea  and 
fresh  water,  are  plentiful  and  excellent.  A  line  of  steam 
vessels  plies  between  Malaga  and  Havre,  which  touch  here, 
as  well  as  at  Sjin  Sebastian,  Corunna.  and  Cadiz.  It  has  a 
segar  manufactory  in  the  suppressed  nunnery  of  Santa 
Cruz,  in  which  1000  persons  are  employed,  and  about  30<VOOO 
pounds  of  segars  are  m.ade  yearly;  a  foundry,  brewery, 
cooperages,  fish-curing  est.ahlishments,  and  tanneries,  be- 
sides manufactories  of  refined  sugar,  su'jar-^andy,  wax  and 
tallow  candles,  vermicelli,  hats,  &c.  In  1^47,  9;S4  vessels 
entered  the  port,  (tonnage,  62.63ti:)  and  747  (tonnage  65,914) 
cleared.  The  imports  consist  chieHy  of  sugar,  brandy, 
cocoa,  hides,  coffee,  dye-woods,  dried  cod.  wrought  iron,  tin- 
plates,  oil,  rice,  bar  iron,  figs,  raisins,  Ac;  and  the  exports, 
of  flour,  rice,  hides,  wheat,  maize,  nails,  gypsum,  pulse, 
kidney  beans,  brandy,  Ac.  Santander  h.is  prospered  at  the 
expense  of  Bilbao,  for  during  the  civil  wars  the  merehants 
removed  their  establishments  to  this  less-disturbed  dis- 
trict. Here,  as  in  Hilljao.  porters'  work  Is  done  by  women. 
The  bay  and  port  were  much  esteemed  in  the  eariy  periods 
of  Spanish  history.  It  afterwards  decayed  into  a  mere  fish- 
ing town,  but  rose  when  made  a  puerin  hahilitaf/n,  or  port 
entitled  to  trade  with  South  America;  and  it  still  supplies 
Cuba  with  corn  from  the  Castiles,  bringing  back  colonial 
produce.  Here  Charles  V.  landed,  July  16.  1522,  to  take 
T)osse.«sion  of  Spain :  and  from  the  same  quay  Charles  I.  of 
England  embarked  to  quit  Sp.ain,  after  his  romantic  visit  to 
Madrid.  Santander  was  sacked  by  Soult  In  1808.  Pop. 
16.222. 

SANTANDER.  a  province  of  Spain,  having  N.  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.  Pop.  190,000.  On  the  coast  are  the  harbors  of  San- 
tander and  Santona,  which,  with  Santillana  and  Keynosa, 
are  its  chief  towns. 

SAMWNDKR,  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  de- 
partment of  Tamaulipa-s,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  110 
mites  N.  of  T.ampico.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Nuevo  San- 
tander, and  Soto  la  Marina,  near  which  latter  it  receives  a 
large  affluent  from  the  N.  It  is  of  considerable  size,  but  its 
navigation  is  much  impeded  at  its  mouth. 

SANTAN'DKR.  NKW.    .See  Nuevo  Samandf.r. 

SANT'  ANDREA,  s^nt  an-dri/d,  a  town  of  Naples,  3  miles 
S.E.  ofConza. 

SAXT'  .\NDREA.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra,  S.S.E.  of  Squillaee. 

SA.NT'  ANDREA,  a  small  island  in  the  Adriatic,  near  the 
N.W.  point  of  the  island  of  Lissa. 

SAXT'  ANGELO,  s.int  (in'jA-lo,  a  town  of  Italy,  10  miles 
N.E.  of  Padua.    Pop.  1800. 

SANT'  AN'GELO.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra.  7  miles  N.W.  of  fescara. 

SANT'  ANGELO,  a  town  of  Sicily,  12  miles  N.  of  Glrgenti. 
Pop.  1300. 

SANT'  ANGELO.  a  village  of  the  Pontifical  States,  26  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Rieti,  near  the  Tiber,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Oomieuluin. 

SANT'  ANGKLO,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  W.  of  Le- 
pant^ 

SINT'  ANGELO  CAPOLA.  s^nt  ln'j:\-lo  k^'po-ll,  a  town 
of  the  Pontifical  States.  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Benevento. 

SANT"  ANQ  ELO.  CASTLK  OF.     See  Rome. 

SANT'  ANGELO  DEI  LOMBARDI.  sSnt  dn^jA-lo  di'e  lom- 
baR'dee,  a  city  of  Naples,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Avellino.  Pop. 
6100. 

SANT'  ANGELO  DELLE  FRATTE,  slot  inljkAo  djl'l.i 
frdt'tA.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  19 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Campagna. 


SAN 

SANT'  ANGELO  FASANELLA.  sint  Sn'jJ-lo  fa-sl-n?Tl*, 
a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prlncipata  Citra.  11  mils' 
W.N.W.  of  Diano.    Pop.  2500 

SANTANILLA.  san-td-neel'y.?.  or  SWAN  ISLANUs.  two 
islands  of  the  Cariblieau  Sea,  at  the  entrance  of  rne  T.ay  on 
Honduras.  160  miles  N.of  the  Mosquito  coast,  in  lat.  17'^  2Si 
N.,  Ion.  8.3°  50'  W. 

SANT'  ANTIMO,  s3nt  Jn-tee'mo,  a  town  of  Naples,  7  miles 
N  of  the  city  of  Naples. 

SANT  ANTONIE.  s3nt  an  tin'yi^h.  avillage  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabant,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bois-le- 
Duc. 

SANTA  PIETRA,  sin'tl  pe-.Vtrd.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince of  Florence,  near  the  Mediterranean,  15  miles  N.W.  of 
Lucca.     Pop.  .3000. 

SANTA  POLA,  sjin'td  poHj,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valenci.i, 
province,  and  12  miles  S.W.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean.   Pop.  2216. 

SANT"  ARCANOELO,  sin  aR-kan'jA-lo,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  10  miles  W.  of  Tunis,  having  2 
churches,  a  monastery,  and  ?.800  inhabitants. 

SANT'  ARCANGEIX),  a  village  of  Central  Italy,  7  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Rimini,  was  the  birthplace  nf  Clenienf  XIV. 

SANTAREM,  s3n-ti-r?N''',  (anc,  StyilWnn,  or  Prcrmlium 
JiiMinm.)  a  river-port  and  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
on  the  Tagus,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  8000.  It 
stands  on  a  hill,  and  is  divided  into  three  parts  or  Ixirrins — 
the  Maravilla  at  the  summit,  the  Ribera  on  the  E.  slope, 
and  the  Alfange  close  to  the  river.  It  has  2  T^tin  schools, 
with  several  palaces,  now  almost  in  ruins,  but  testifying  its 
former  grandeur  when  the  court  was  held  here,  in  the 
fift<'enth  century. 

SANTAREM,  sSn-tJ-rfW.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Para,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tapajos.  at  its  confluence 
with  the  .\m.azon.  60  miles  S.W.  of  Montalegre.  Pop.  10,000. 
The  principal  edifices  are  a  fort  and  the  parish  church.  Its 
chief  trade  is  in  cocoa  and  medicinal  plants. 

SANTAREM  CHANNEL,  West  Indies,  between  the  Great 
Bahama  and  Salt  Key  Banks,  In  lat.  24°  N.,  Ion.  79°  W.,  is  40 
miles  across. 

SANTA  RITA,  sjn'tj  ree'td,  a  village  of  Cameron  co., 
Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  about  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Brownsville,  and  300  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  .\ustin.  It 
communicates  by  steamboats  with  Brownsville,  and  has 
some  trade.     Pop.  in  lSo.3.  aliout  1200. 

SANTA  RITA,  shi'ti  ree'td.  a  market-town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Minas  Qeraes,  S.E.  of  Sao  JoSo  del  Rei.  Pop. 
6800. 

SANTA  RO'S.4.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Florida,  border- 
ing on  Alabama  and  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains  al)Out 
14X0  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Yellowwater 
and  Blackwater  Rivers,  and  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Escambia.  Pensacola  Bay  washes  its  S.W.  border.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  unproductive,  Indian  com 
and  sweet  potatoes  are  cultivated.  Capital,  Milton.  Pop. 
5480,  of  whom  410iJ  were  free. 

SANTA  1U>SA,  Sonoma  co..  California.     See  ApPEymx. 

SANTA  ROSA,  sjn'ti  ro/si,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
New  Granad.a,  department  of  Cundinamarca.  province,  and 
40  miles  E,  of  Antioquia,  across  the  Andes.  It  has  rich 
gold-mines. 

SANTA  ROSA,  a  town  of  Mexico,  department,  and  .32 
miles  N.  of  Cohahuila.  Pop.  4000.  (?)  There  are  silver-mines 
in  its  vicinity. 

SANTA  ROSA,  a  town  of  Chili,  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  San- 
tiago. 

SANTA  ROSA,  an  Island  off  the  coast  of  Upper  California, 
35  miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Barbara. 

SANTA  ROSA,  a  town  of  Chili,  province  of  Aconcagua,  18 
miles  E.S.E.  of  San  Felipe.    Pop.  6(i00. 

SANT.\  STO.  siln'td  s.A.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Babia, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sao  Francisco:  lat.  10°  30'  S. 

SANTA  SEVERINA,  sdn'td  sA-vA-ree'nl  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I..  13  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Cotrone.  with  a  castle,  a  cathedral,  and  1200  inh.abitants. 

S.\NTA  SOFIA.  sdn'tS  8o-te«ya.  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Citra.  20  miles  W.  of  Rossano.     Pop.  IIKO. 

SANTA  TECLA.  sdn'ti  tJkld.  a  village  aAd  fort  of  Uru- 
guay, on  the  Brazilian  frontier,  128  miles  W,N.W.  of  Sao 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande. 

SANTA  TERESA,  san'td  tA-rA's^.  a  fort  of  Uruguay,  on 
the  -Atlantic,  near  the  Brazilian  frontier,  and  95  miles  N.E. 
of  Maldonado. 

SANTA  TRTNITA,  ahn'ti  tre-ne-tj',  a  village  and  fort  of 
Dalmatia.  2  miles  S.W.  of  Cattaro. 

SANTA  TRINITA  DE  CAVA.  s.3n'ta  tre-ne-tS'  dA  ki'vl, 
an  abbey  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Citra.  3  miles 
N.W.  of  i^alerno.  It  was  founded  in  the  ninth  century,  and 
is  extremely  rich  in  works  of  art. 

SANTA  VICTORIA,  sSn'td  vik-to/re-i,  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian  States,  division  of  Coni,  province  of  Alba,  with  au 
ancient  castle.     Pop.  1085. 

SANT-BER6EN.  .s.3nt  b^R'ghen.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro. 
vince  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Dender,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Ghent.    Pop.  1333. 

1707 


SAN 


SAN 


BANTEE,  san't*")',  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  formed  by 
the  Congaree  and  Wateree,  which  unite  at  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Kichland  district,  near  the  middle  of  the  state. 
Flowing  in  a  general  S.E.  course,  it  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
by  two'mouths,  near  33°  6'  N.  lat.  The  length  of  the  main 
stream  is  estimated  at  150  miles.  Steamboats  ascend  to 
Columliia  on  the  Congaree,  and  to  Camden  on  the  Wateree. 
In  the  lower  part  of  its  course  it  flows  through  a  sandy  re- 
gion, which  is  occupied  by  forests  of  pitch-pine,  and  swamps 
where  rice  is  produced. 

SAXTEE.  a  post-village  of  Covington  co.,  Mississippi. 

SANTERXO,  sdn-t^R'uo,  (nDcVatre'niiJs.)  a  river  of  Central 
Italy,  in  Tuscany  and  the  State  of  .iinilia.  joins  the  Po-di- 
Primaro,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Kavenna.    Total  course,  55  miles. 

SAXTERRE,  s6n<=H^r',  an  old  subdivision  of  France,  now 
forming  the  E.  part  of  the  department  of  Somme. 

S.A.XT'  EUFEMIA.  alnt  A  oo-fil/ine-4,  several  places  in 
Naples,  particularly  a  village  in  the  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  I.,  on  a  small  stream  17  miles  N.W.  of  Reggio.  See 
San'ta  Eufemia. 

SAXTHI.\.  sin'te-3,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
province,  and  12  miles  N.W.  of  Vercelli.  on  the  canal  extend- 
ing thence  to  Ivrea.  Pop.  4174.  Here  Charlemagne  received 
presents  from  Haroon-er-Ra-sheed,  (Haroun-al-Kaschid.)  and 
Amuiath,  an  African  Moorish  chief.  Under  the  French 
Empire  it  was  capital  of  the  dejiartment  of  Sesia. 

SAXTIAGO,  sin-te-3'go.  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Ecua- 
dor, after  an  E.  course  of  180  miles  joins  the  Amazon  at 
Santiago,  a  little  W.  of  San  Borja. 

SAXTIAGO,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Ecuador,  pro- 
Tince  of  Irababura,  enters  Saldinas  Bay  50  miles  X.E.  of 
Esmeraldas,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  7a  miles. 

SAXTIAGO,  a  small  river  of  Central  America,  state  of 
San  Salvador,  enters  the  Pacitic  Ocean  20  miles  W.  of  Son- 
sonate. 

SAXTIAGO,  s3n-te-J'go,  a  village  of  Mexico,  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  near  Jalapa. 

SAXTIAGO,  s3n-te-3'go,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, in  Lower  California,  on  the  Gulf  of  California,  40 
miles  N.K.  of  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

SAXTIAGO,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
of  Jalisco,  near  the  Kio  Grande  de  Santiago,  58  miles  S.E. 
of  Acaponeta. 

SAXTIAGO,  s2n-te-3'go,  a  town  of  Ecuador,  department 
of  Asuay,  on  the  Amazon,  at  the  intlux  of  the  river  San- 
tiago. 

SAXTIAGO,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  department  of  Santa  Cruz, 
near  the  Brazil  frontier,  190  miles  S.E.  of  Chiquitos. 

SAXTI.\GO,  a  town  of  Paraguay,  near  the  Paran&,  60 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Itapui. 

SAXTIAGO,  san-te-d'go,  or  RIBEIRA  GRANDE,  re-BA'e- 
ri  grln'dA,  Cape  Verd  Islands,  a  town  with  a  small  harbor, 
7  miles  Vi'.  of  Porto  Praya. 

SAXTIAGO.  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Tene- 
riffe.  with  houses  built  of  wood  and  mud.     Pop.  1067. 

SAXTIAGO,  sln-te-l'go.  SAINT  JA'UO  or  SAIXT  JAMES, 
(Port.  Somtiago,  .sdwNo-te  i'go.)  the  largest  and  southernmost 
of  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  off  the 
W.  extremity  of  Africa.  Lat.  15°  N.,  Ion.  23°  40'  \Y. 
Length,  ;'.5  miles:  breadth,  12  miles.  Pop.  10,000.  The  sur- 
face is  elevated,  and  Mount  St.  Antonio,  in  its  centre,  rises 
to  7400  feet  in  height.  More  corn  is  raised  than  is  required 
for  home  consumption;  the  other  principal  products  are 
coffee,  sugar,  indigo,  cotton,  tropical  fruits,  and  poultry. 
Cotton  stuffs,  manufactured  in  the  island,  mules,  salt,  and 
orchil  are  among  the  chief  exports.  Chief  town,  Porto 
Praya,  on  the  S.  coast. 

SAXTIAGO,  san-te-i'go,  a  department  of  Chili,  between 
lat  33°  and  34°  S.,  and  Ion.  70°  and  72°  W.,  having  N.  the 
province  of  Aconcagua,  and  S.  Colchagua.  Area.  8480  square 
miles.  Principal  river,  the  Maypti.  'Within  that  portion 
of  the  Andes  that  runs  through  this  province,  is  to  l>e  found 
the  stupendous  peak  of  Tupungato,  rising  to  the  height  of 
15,000  feet,  liesides  other  mountains  of  nearly  the  same  ele- 
vation. Within  its  limits,  also,  are  the  mineral  waters  of 
Colina  and  Apoquindo,  strongly  impregnated  with  sulphur, 
and  much  resorted  to  by  invalids.  Here  were  fought  two 
battles  against  the  Spaniards,  celebrated  in  the  annals  of 
Chili :  that  of  Chacabuco.  in  1817,  under  General  San  Mar- 
tin, who  obtained  a  coniplet*  victory:  and  that  of  Maypfi. 
on  April  5.  ISIS,  under  the  same  general,  which  proved  still 
more  fatal  to  the  Spanish  arms,  and  finally  sealed  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  country.  Principal  cities,  Santiago  and 
Bancagua.    Pop.  in  1S47,  207.4.34. 

SANTIAGO  ATlTLAX.slu-t,-i'go  il-teet-lan'.  a  town  of 
Central  America,  state,  and  90  miles  W.  of  Guatemala,  be- 
tween two  volcanoes,  from  8000  to  10.000  feet  in  elevation. 

S.\XTI  AGO,  CAPE,  a  headland  on  the  W.  coast  of  Luzon, 
In  the  l'hilippine.s. 

SAXTIAGO  DE  ALANJE.  san-te-a/godia-llng'gHA.atown 
Of  New  Granada,  department  of  Istmo,  90  miles  \V.  of 
Veragua. 

SAXTIAGO  DE  CACEM,  san-te-l'go  dA  U-shs<^,  (anc. 
Mirobriga,)  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura,  at 
the  fix(t  of  a  castle-crowned  height,  near  tke  coast,  34  miles 
.    1706 


S.S.E.  of  Setubal.    Pop.  2000.    It  has  ruined  fortiflcationg 
and  other  remains. 

SAXTIAGO  DE  CALATRAVA,  sdn-te-a'go  dA  kA-iatrA/vJ, 
or  SAXTI.\GUILLO.  sAn-te-d-ghe«l'yo,  a  town  of  .^pain,  in 
Andalu.cia.  province,  and  18  miles  from  Jaen.     Pop.  Ilu4. 

SAXTIAGO  DE  CAKB.UO.  sAn-te-A'go  dA  kaR-Id'iio.  a  vil- 
lage of  Spain,  in  Estremadura.  province,  and  «l)ont  50  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Caceres,  near  the  Taaus.     Pop.  21itl. 

SAXTIAGO  DK  CHILI.  san-te-A'go  de  chil'lee.  (Sp.  San- 
tiagn  de  Cliile.  s3nte-A'go  dA  cheelA,  the  capital  city  of  the 
republic  of  Chili,  is  situated  in  a  large  and  fertile  plain,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Andes,  at  an  elevation  of  about  1800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  90  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aalparaiso. 
Lat.  33°  35'  S..  Ion.  70'  43'  38"  W.  The  Mapocho,  a  rapid 
stream  issuing  from  the  Andes,  divides  it  into  two  une^iual 
parts,  connected  together  by  a  substantial  stone  bridge, 
the  principal  part  being  on  the  N.  or  right  bank  of  the 
river.  Few  cities  can  boast  of  a  finer  situation,  more  de- 
lightful climate,  or  grander  scenery.  It  is  seated  at  the 
very  Viase  of  the  mighty  Andes,  which  stretch  X.  and  S. 
to  the  utmost  bounds  of  vision,  rising  in  sublime  grandeur 
before  the  spectator  like  a  great  wall  forming  the  confineH 
of  a  world,  its  mantle  of  dazzling  white  exhibiting  a  mag- 
nificent contrast  with  the  deep  shades  l«Iow.  The  country 
immediately  around  is  well  cultivated,  and  is  chiefly  made 
up  of  small  properties,  or  farms  belonging  to  the  wealthy, 
with  tnsteful  villas  on  them,  where  they  generally  spend 
the  summer  months;  not  a  few  of  these  are  fitted  up  in  a 
style  of  comfort  and  elegance  seldom  exceeded  in  similar 
residences  in  Europe.  Santiago,  like  all  Spanish  cities  in 
the  New  World,  is  laid  out  in  squares,  with  streets  inter- 
secting each  other  at  right  angles.  Owing  to  the  prevalence 
of  earthquakes,  the  houses  are  seldom  more  than  one  story 
high,  ami  generally  occupy  a  large  space  of  ground,  having 
gardens  and  patios  or  courts  in  the  interior,  intended  to  af- 
ford a  refuge  to  the  family  on  the  occurrence  of  these  dread- 
ful convulsions.  The  houses  are  plentifully  supplied  with 
water  from  the  Mapocho.  A  better  style  of  architecture  has 
been  introduced  of  late  years,  and  many  stately  mansions 
are  now  to  be  seen  fitted  up  with  splendor  and  elegance. 
The  approaches  to  the  city,  particulaily  on  the  Valparaiso 
side,  are  exceedingly  unpromising;  the  houses  are  mostly 
low,  dirty,  and  mean-looking :  and  in  the  interior  the  streets 
are  not  generally  clean,  well  paved,  or  well  drained. 

Santiago  pos.sesses  very  fine  public  walks.  The  Alameda, 
planted  by  the  late  General  0"lIigsrins.  is  truly  a  magnifi- 
cent promenade  of  more  than  1  mile  in  extent,  consisting 
of  thn^  double  rows  of  stately  poplars,  with  a  stream  of  run- 
ning water  between  each,  imparting  at  all  times  a  deli'ioug 
coolness  to  the  nir;  and  at  its  t^^rmination  is  a  fine  marble 
fountain  lately  brought  from  Italy.  The  Tajamar.  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mapocho,  is  nearly  3  miles  long,  and  consists 
of  an  embankment  of  solid  masonry,  erected  la.st  century  by 
one  of  the  Spanish  governors,  for  the  purpo.se  of  protecting 
the  city  from  the  inroads  of  the  river,  which,  previous  to 
this  time,  had  occasionally  swept  away  portions  of  it  by  over- 
flowing its  banks:  this  is  a  very  favorite  walk  in  the  winter 
months.  The  view  towards  the  Andes  is  here  wholly  un- 
olistructed :  it  embraces  t)ie  gi'andest  display  of  mountain 
scenery  perhaps  to  Ije  found  in  the  world,  and  towaids  even- 
ing, when  the  declining  sun  illumines  with  a  flood  of  golden 
light  theise  mighty  bulwarks  of  nature,  the  spectacle  is 
magnificent  beyond  all  description.  The  hill  of  Santa  Lucia, 
in  the  centre  of  Santiago,  commands  a  (*niplete  view  of  the 
city  and  environs,  and  of  the  whole  plain  of  Maypfi.  It  con- 
tains a  fort,  above  which  has  recently  lieen  we<>ted  an  ob- 
servatory, where  several  scientific  gentlemen  from  the  Uni- 
ted States  have  for  some  years  been  prosecuting  a  series  of 
astronomical  observations.  The  Plaza,  or  Great  Square,  is 
a  large  open  area,  adorned  with  a  fine  fountain:  on  the  N. 
side  is  the  old  palace,  an  irregular,  ht-avy  looking  pile,  foi^ 
merly  the  residence  of  the  presidents,  now  u.sed  as  I'arracks, 
public  prison,  and  treasury  ;  the  S.  side  is  ornamented  with 
lofty  piazzas,  where,  and  in  the  neighlioring  arcade,  called 
liulnes'  Arcade,  are  to  be  found  most  of  the  fashionable 
shops  in  the  city.  This  is  the  favorite  resort  of  the  fair 
Santiaguinas,  particularly  after  mass  in  the  morning,  when 
they  are  seen  in  their  church-dress,  so  striking  to  a  stranger, 
and  at  the  same  time  so  appropriate  and  elegant.  On  the 
W.  side  stands  the  cathedral,  a  capacious  but  not  particu- 
larly fine  edifice,  built  of  a  coarse  kind  of  porphyry:  succes- 
sive eho<k8  of  earthquakes  have  seriously  injured  its  walls 
and  arches.  The  Moneda.  or  Slint.  is  unquestionalily  the 
handsomest  building  in  the  city:  it  is  of  a  quadrancrular 
form,  and  being  much  higher  than  any  other  in  Santiago, 
presents  a  .stately  and  commanding  appeaiance:  it  w.is  built 
at  an  immense  cost  in  the  Spanish  times.  Here  is  an  ex- 
tensive coining  estal^lisbment.  from  which  has  issued  all 
the  coined  money  now  exi.-ting  in  the  country;  a  part  of 
this  large  building  has  of  late  years  been  fitted  np  as  a  new 
palace  for  the  president,  and  into  offices  for  the  ministers, 
who  now  trans.act  business  here. 

Santiago  is  an  archbishop's  see.  the  seat  of  the  supreme  go- 
vernment, of  the  courts  of  law,  and  of  the  leg'sluture.  '* 
has  also  numerous  churches  and  monastic  esUibiishment» : 


SAN 


SAN 


two  large  and  well-endowed  hospitals,  that  of  "  San  Juan  de 

Dios"  for  males,  and  that  of  -'San  Frandsco  de  Borjag"'  for 
females.  The  inhabitants  are  naturally  affaMe  and  courte- 
ous, and  remarkably  kind  find  hospitable  to  strangers,  whom 
they  readily  admit  into  their  circles.  The  children  of  the 
wealthy  are  all  t:\ught  foreifrn  lani;ua2es.  particularly  French 
and  EnglLsh.  All  classes  are  remarkably  fond  of  music,  and 
many  have  acquired  a  dejri-ee  of  proficiency  in  it  rarely  ex- 
ceeded in  older  and  more  advanced  countries.  There  are  in 
the  city  8  printing  establishments.!  daily,  and  1  weekly 
paper,  V«sides  other  periodical  publications.  The  Univer- 
Eily  of  Santiago,  tbrmerly  San  Felipe,  obtained  its  first  char- 
ter from  the  kinji  of  Spain  in  1738 ;  it  was  reorj^anized  a 
fen  years  ago,  and  constituted  into  five  ftculties,  namely, 
philosophy,  mathematics  and  physical  sciences,  medicine, 
law.  and  theoloj^y.  The  Instituto  Nacional  (National  In- 
stitute) is  the  oldest  and  best-conducted  college  in  Chili ;  in 
it  are  educated  the  children  of  the  wealthy  lamilies  destined 
fir  the  learned  professions.  Tliere  are  besides  numerous 
private  schools,  where  are  taught  the  usual  branches  of  edu- 
cation. The  Military  Academy  is  a  government  institution 
for  the  education  of  young  men  intended  for  the  army  and 
navy;  it  is  conducted  ou  the  French  system,  and  lias  done 
much  to  improve  the/)«r.?(»m(;?  of  both  .services.  'I'he  Nor^ 
mal  School  is  of  modern  erection,  and  is  intended  for  the 
training  of  those  destined  for  public  tuition  in  the  govern- 
ment schools ;  it  is  under  the  superintendence  of  the  minis- 
ter of  finance.  The  National  Mu.eeum  is  not  extensive,  but 
contains  a  good  collection  of  minerals,  and  many  interesting 
specimens  of  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms,  particu- 
Jarly  of  such  as  are  peculiar  to  Chili.  There  is  a  medical 
board  (Protntneilicato)  for  the  special  object  of  examining 
candidates  for  the  medical  professi<in.  The  national  library 
consists  of  upwards  of  21.000  volumes,  among  which  are 
numerous  ancient  and  rare  manuscripts. 

Santiago  was  founded  on  February  12,  1541,  by  Pedro  de 
Taldivia.  one  of  the  early  Spanish  conquerors,  who,  struck 
by  the  beauty  of  the  spot,  and  the  uncommon  fertility  of  the 
soil,  resolved  to  fix  here  the  metropolis  of  his  recent  con- 
quest. Ity  a  judicious  course  of  conduct  he  contrived  gra- 
dually to  overcome  the  hostility  of  the  natives,  and,  in 
course  of  time,  converted  them  into  faithful  and  devoted 
auxiliarie,s,  through  whose  active  assistance  he  achieved  the 
subjugation  of  the  S.  part  of  Chili.  Santiago  soon  emerged 
from  its  insignificance,  and  early  became  a  populous  and 
opulent  city.  I!ut  the  jealous  policy  of  Spain,  and  the  op- 
pressive restrictions  which  she  imi)osed  on  her  colonies, 
naturally  checked  the  progress  of  this,  as  of  every  other  place 
suliject  to  her  dominion  :  and  it  was  only  when  Chili  thVew 
off  the  yoke  of  the  mother-country,  that  it  sprang  into  real 
and  active  life.  From  that  time  it  has  steadily  and  rapidly 
advanced  in  civilization,  population,  and  wealth;  and  it  is 
now  fully  entitled  to  be  ranked  among  the  most  important 
and  flourishing  cities  in  South  America.  I'op.  about  SO.OOO. 

SANTIAGO  DE  COMPUSTELA.  sdn-te-l'go  dA  kom-pos- 
tA'lJ,  (".Saint  James  of  Compostel'la,")  or  simply  COMPOS- 
TELA.  (anc.  Oimpui  Sirllaf)  a  city  of  Spain,  formerly 
capital  of  Galicia,  33  miles  S.S.W.  of  Comnna,  on  the  Sar. 
Pop.  28,970.  It  is  built  around  its  celebrated  cathedral. 
It  has  numerous  arcades,  fountains,  and  scallop-shells. 
The  cathedral,  with  a  modem  front,  noble  cloisters,  and 
a  portion  of  the  original  edifice'  of  the  ninth  century, 
has  a  very  stiiklng  Interior,  and  each  of  its  sides  faces 
a  public  square,  in  one  of  which  squares  is  the  dioce- 
san seminary,  and  a  large  hospital,  founded  by  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella  in  1504,  for  the  numerous  pilgrims  who  used 
to  resort  to  the  city,  the  area  of  the  square  serving  for 
a  bull-ring.  Santiago  has  numerous  other  hospitals  and 
convents,  2  collegiate  and  15  pari-^h  churches,  a  univer- 
sity, into  wliich  all  its  colleges  have  been  incorporated, 
some  manufactures  of  hosiery,  cotton,  hats,  and  leather; 
but  its  chief  resources  are  in  its  ecclesiastical  establish- 
ments, and  the  resort  to  it  of  numerous  devotees,  the  roads 
around  it  being  so  bad  as  scarcely  to  admit  of  commercial 
traffic.  It  is  the  see  of  an  archbi.shop,  and  the  metropolis 
of  the  knightly  order  of  St.  James  of  Compostella.  Santiago 
declined  after  the  Reformation,  which  diminished  the  num- 
ber of  pilgrims,  otTerings.  and  legacies;  and  the  removal  of 
the  captain-genei'al  and  the  audiencia  to  Corunna  has  com- 
pleted the  impoverishment,  by  taking  away  the  military, 
the  legal  profession,  and  clients. 

SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA,  sdn-te-^'go  Ak  koonbi  a  maritime 
city,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  Cuba,  now  the  second  in 
rank  and  population  in  the  island,  and  capital  of  its  East 
division,  on  the  river  Santiago,  6  miles  from  its  mouth  on 
the  S.  coast.  Lat.  19°  55'  9"  N.,  Ion.  75°  50'  W.  It  is  well 
built,  with  wide  streets,  and  hotises  chiefly  of  stone ;  but. 
being  hemmed  in  by  mountains,  it  is  unhealthy.  The  prin- 
eipjil  buildings  are  the  cathedral,  several  other  churches,  a 
college  an  hospital,  and  numerous  convents  and  schools.  It 
is  an  archbishop's  see,  and  the  residence  of  a  goveinor,  who, 
in  civil  and  political  authority,  is  independent  of  the  cap- 
tain-general of  Cuba.  Its  port,  i  miles  in  length,  is  well 
sheltered,  defended  by  several  forts,  and  deep  enough  for 
ships  of  the  line.    In  commercial  importance,  Santiago  ranks 


Immediately  after  Havana  and  Matanzas.  It  has  railway 
communication  with  F;1  Cobre,  and  telegraph  wires  are  be- 
ing extended  to  the  principal  towns  on  the  island.  Steamers 
ply  regularly  between  Santiago  deCnbn  and  liatabano,  touch- 
ing at  Cienfuegos,  Trinidad,  Santa  Cruz,  and  llanzanillo, 
reaching  Batabano  in  6  days.  Pop.  in  ISg,".,  24.253;  of  the 
jurisdiction,  85.242,  of  whom  34.000  were  slaves. 

SANTI.\GO  DE  LA  ESPADA,  sdn-ti-a/go  Ak  Id  Is-fk'iA.  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  73  miles  N.E.  of  Jaen,  in  th» 
most  elevated  portion  of  the  SieiTa  de  Segura.     Pop.  4353. 

SANTIAGO  DE  LAS  ATALAYA.S,  sdn-te-^'go  d;l  Us  d-tl 
ll'ds.  a  town  of  New  Granada,  department  of  Boyaca,  70 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Bogota. 

SANTIAGO  DE  LAS  VEGAS.  sdn-te-S^go  dA  Ids  vA/gds,  a 
town  of  Cuba,  15  miles  S.  of  Havana.     Pop.  5ti00. 

SANTIAGO  DE  LA  YEJA,  Jamaica.    See  Spanish  Town. 

SANTIAGO  DEL  ESTERO,  sdn-te-d'go  d?l  Js-t.Vro,  a  town 
of  the  Argentine  Itcpublic,  (La  Plata.)  capital  of  a  province 
of  its  own  name,  on  the  Kio  Dulce,  about  lat.  2S°  S.,  Ion. 
C4°  W.     Pop.  about  40t)0.     It  was  founded  in  1602. 

SANTIAGO  DEL  ESTERO,  the  central  province  of  the 
Argentine  liepublic.  (La  Plata.)  between  lat.  27°  and  30°  S., 
and  Ion.  61°  30'  and  65°  40'  W.  Pop.  48.000.  I*  comprises 
two  cultivated  tracts  along  the  rivers  Salado  and  Dulce, 
which  produce  good  crops  of  wheat  and  maize,  with  some 
cochineal,  honey,  wax,  sugar,  and  indigo.  Principal  towns, 
Santi.ago  and  Jlatiir.i. 

SANTIAGO  DE  LOS  CABALLEROS,  sdn-te-d'go  dA  loco 
kd-isdl-vA'roce,  a  town  of  Ilavti.  in  its  N.  part,  on  the  Yaqui 
Kiver.  103  miles  E.  of  Cape  llaytien.     Pop.  12,000. 

SANTIAGO  DE  VERAGUA.     See  Veragda. 

SANTI  BACIIULLY,  san'tee  bd-chfinee.  a  considerable 
walled  village  of  South  India,  Mysore  dominions.  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Seringapatam. 

SANTIBANEZ  EL  BAJO.  sdn-te-bdn-yJth'  h\  bd'HO.  a  vil- 
lage  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province,  and  about  20  miles 
from  Caceres.     Pop.  1260. 

SANTIL'LA  or  SATII^LA,  a  small  river  of  Georgia,  rises 
in  Irwin  county,  and  flows  into  the  Atlantic  through  St. 
Andrew's  Sound,  after  a  winding  course,  of  which  the  gene- 
ral direction  is  E.S.E  The  Little  Santilla  unites  with  the 
above  in  AVayne  county. 

SANTILLANA,  sdn-teel-yd'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  15  miles  VV.S.W.  of  Santander.     Pop.  1112. 

SANTIPONCE,  sdn-te-p6n'thA,  (anc.  ItaVicii.)  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  N.VV.  of  Seville,  near 
the  right  bank  of  tlie  Guadalquivir.     Pop.  903. 

SANTIPOOR,  sdn-te-poor'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hoogly  river,  47 
miles  N.  of  Calcutta. 

SANTISTEBAN  DEL  PUERTO.  sdn-tees-tA-ndn' del  pwfii/. 
to.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  32  miles  from  Jaen. 
Pop.  2903. 

SANT  JACOBI  PAROCIIIE.  s.ant  yd-koHiee  pd-ro'Ke^,  a 
large,  thriving  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Fries- 
land.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Leeuwarden.     Pop.  2416. 

SANTO  AGOSTINIIO,  sdn'to  d-gos-teen'yo.  or  SAINT 
AUGUSTIN.  sjnt  dw*goo»teen',  a  cape  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  25  miles  S.  of  Pernambuco.  Lat.  S°  21'  S.,  Ion.  .34°  56'  W. 
This  was  the  first-discovered  land  in  South  America,  seen 
by  Pinzon,  A.  p.  15i)0. 

SANTO  AMARA,  sdn'to  d-md'rd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  the  Jacuhi.     Pop.  2li0fl. 

SANTO  AM  A  HO.  a  river  of  Brazil,  enters  the  sea  20°  S.  Lat. 

SANTO  AMARO.  sdn-to  d-md'ro,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  45  miles  N.W.  of  Bahia.  on  the  Sergipe  do  Conde, 
with  a  port,  and  an  active  export  tnide.  It  is  al.so  the  name 
of  small  towns  in  the  provinces  of  Bahia  and  Rio  Gr.inde 
do  Sul. 

SANTO  ANTONIO,  a  village  of  Brazil.    See  Necessibades. 

SANTO  ANTONIO,  sdnt  dn-to^ne-o.  the  northernmost  and 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands.  Lat.  (N. 
point)  17°  12'  N.,  Ion.  25°  5'  7"  W.  It  is  of  great  height,  its 
loftiest  summit  attaining  an  elevation  of  7400  feet  aliove  the 
surface  of  the  sea. 

SANTO  ANTONIO  DA  BARRA.  Bahi.a.     See  Babra. 

SANTO  ANTONIO  D'AMARANTHO.  sdn'to  dn-to'ne-o  dd- 
md-rdn'tho,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Matto 
Grosso.  near  the  river,  and  below  the  town  of  Cuvaba. 
Pop.  1400. 

SANTO  ANTONIO  DA  PATRULIIA,  sdn'to  dn-to'ne-o  Al 
pd-trool'vd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  provin le  of  Siio  Pedio  do  Rio 
Grande, "eIn.E.  of  Porto  Alegre.     Pop.  3103. 

SANTO  ANTONIO  DE  SA.  sdn'to  dn-to'ne-o  dA  sd.  or  MA- 
CACU,  md-kd  koo',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  30  miles 
N.E.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  Macacu.     Pop.  7000. 

SANTO  ANTONIO  DOS  GUARULHOS.  sdn'to  dn-to'ne-o 
doce  gwd-rooi'yoce,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  on  the  Parahiba,  opposite  Campos.    Pop.  6000. 

SANTO  DOMINGO.    See  San-  Domi.noo. 

SANT-OEDENRODE,  sdnt  oMenro'deh,  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  on  the  Dommel, 
11  miles  S.E.  of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  900. 

SANTOMERA,  sdn-to-mA/rd,  a  village  of  Spain,  province, 
and  8  miles  N  Ji^.  of  Murcia.    Pop.  S078. 

1709 


SAN 


SAO 


SAXTOMTSL  (?)  sin-to-misel'.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland. 
18  miles  S.S.K.  of  Posen.     Pop.  14J5. 

S-A-NTilN.  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SANTOSfA,  sin-ton'yS,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  Ifi  miles  E.  of  S.Tntander.  on  a  peninsular  headland  in 
the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Pop.  934.  It  has  an  arsenal,  barracks, 
and  military  magazines,  anchor  forces,  and  a  port  adapted 
for  ships  of  the  line.  It  was  occupied  by  the  French  in  1809. 
and  asain  in  1823. 

SANTORINI,  s3n-to-ree'nee,  SAXTORIN,  sdn-to-reen', 
TIIERA.  thA'rd,  or  CALLISTE,  kill-lees't.i,  an  island  of  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  government  of  Thera.  13  miles  .S.  of  the 
Island  of  Xio.  It  is  half-moon  shaped.  Length,  10  miles: 
greatest  breadth,  8  miles.  Area.  41  square  miles.  Pop.  13.063. 
The  surface  is  arid,  but  by  great  industry  it  is  rendered  very 
productive  in  barley,  cotton,  wine,  and  figs;  wine  is  the 
staple  produce.  Its  principal  mountain  is  a  limestone  mass. 
1887  feet  in  height.  The  soil  is  mostly  of  volcanic  origin, 
and  volcanic  phenomena  are  very  common  in  this  island. 

S.4NT()S,  sin'tos,  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  34  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sao  Paulo,  of  which  it  is  the  port,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  island  of  Enirua  Gua^u.  Lat.  23°  55'  S., 
Ion.  46°  19'  W.  Pop.  SlX)0.  Its  harbor  admits  large  ves.sels. 
and  it  has  an  active  export  trade,  chietly  in  sugar.  It  is 
one  of  the  oldest  European  establishments  in  Brazil. 

S.A.NTOS,  Los,  loce  sln'tos.  a  town  of  New  Granada,  de- 
partment of  Istmo.  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Parita, 
S.S.E.  of  Parita. 

SANTOS  DE  MAIMONA.  Loa,  loce  sin-tos  dA  mlmo^na, 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province,  and  40  miles 
S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  4150. 

SANTOS  LUG  ARES.  sSn'toce  loo-gi'res,  a  village  of  the 
Argentine  Republic. (La  Plata.) province,  and  14  miles  W.  of 
Bueuos  Ayres.  It  1S52,  the  Dictator  Rosas  was  here  finally 
defeated  by  Urquiza. 

SANTO  STEFANO,  sin'to  stA-f  J'no,  or  SAN  STAFANO, 
sin  stA'fa-no.  (■'  St.  Stephen.")  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra.  14  miles  W.  of  S,ant'  Anselo  dei  Lomtwrdi. 

SANTO  .STEFANO  or  SAN  STEFANO,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  Pontifical  States,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Frosinone. 

SANTO  ST  EFANO.  a  town  of  Sicily,  on  the  .Mediterranean, 
Si  miles  N.W.  of  Mistretta.     Pop.  2500. 

SANTO  STEFANO,  sdn'to  st;Vfa-no,  or  SAN  STEFANO, 
san  st.Vfa-no.  a  town  of  Austrian  Albania,  on  the  Adriatic, 
6  miles  S.E.  of  Budua. 

SANTO  STEFANO.  an  islet  off  the  N.  coast  of  ."ardinia. 

SANTO  STEFANO.  sdn'to  st.Vfa-uo,  or  SAN  STEFANO, 
bJu  stA'fJ-no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division,  and 
43  miles  N,N,W.  of  Niee.    Pop.  2.338. 

SANTO  for  SAN)  STEFANO,  a  village  of  Sicily,  province, 
and  N.N.W.  of  tJirgenti. 

SANTO  (or  SAN)  STEFANO.  a  town  of  Sicily,  province, 
and  7  miles- S.S.W.  of  Messina,  near  the  Straits  of  Messina. 
Pojt.  :»oo. 

SANTO  (or  SAN)  STEFANO  AL  MARE,  sin'to  (or  sin) 
st.i'fd-no  il  md'rA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Nice,  6  miles  E,N,E.  of  San  Remo,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa. 
Pop.  918. 

SANTO  (or  SAN)  STEFANO  BELBO,  sjn'to  (or  fdn)  stV- 
fi-no  bel'bo,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  13  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Alba.     Pop.  2656. 

SANTO  (or  SAN)  STEFANO  DAVETO,  sin'to  ^or  sin)  stil'- 
fS-no  dd-v.Vt-o,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division,  and 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Genoa.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  court  of  justice, 
and  has  three  squares,  a  fine  public  walk,  a  handsome 
church  adorned  with  paintings,  and  the  ruins  of  an  old 
castle.    Pop.  6:J77. 

SANTO  (or  SAN)  STEFANO  DI  MAGRA.  gin'to  (or  sin) 
st.Vfd-no  dee  md'gri.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  State.s  divi- 
sion of  Genoa,  province,  and  16  miles  E.  of  Levante,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Magra.     Pop.  1945. 

SANTO  (or  SAN)'  STEFANO  ROERO.  sin'to  (or  sin)  st.V- 
fi-no  roi/ro,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  7  miles  N.W. 
of  Alba.    Pop.  2060. 

SANTVLIET,  s.int-vle-ft'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Scheldt.     P.  1874. 

SA\TY.\M  CITV.  a  post-village  of  Linn  co..  Oregon,  on 
Santyam  River,  about  5  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Willamette. 

SANTYAM  RIVER,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Linn  co..  Ore- 
gon, and  flowing  westerly,  falls  into  the  Willamette  River, 
about  20  miles  above  Salem. 

SAN  VALENTINO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato Citra.  N.W.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  2066. 

SAN  V.^LENTINO.  a  town  of  N.aples.  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra.  13  miles  S.  \V.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  24fO. 

SAN  VEROMILIS.  sin  v.'V-ro-mee'lis,  a  village  of  the 
Island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Cagliari.  7  miles  N.  of  Oris- 
tano.    Pop.  1S59. 

S.A.N-VERON.  sin  v^h-rAs"',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment, and  5  miles  S.  of  Sens.    Pop.  1182, 

S.VNVIC.  s6.N"\eek',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-lnferieure,arrondissement  of  Havre,    P,  in  1852.3944. 

SAN  V10EN3  DELS  HARTS,  sin  ve-sJns'  Ails  haBts,  a 
village  of  Spain,  iu  Catalonia,  province,  and  7  miles  from 
1710 


Barcelona,  on  the  Llobregat,  with  a  jwrish  church,  court- 
house, and  school.     Pop.  1732. 

SAN  VICENTE,  sin  ve-s^n't.-V,  (•' St.  Vincent.")  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  33  miles  N.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  6^8S. 

S.\N  VICENTE,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  E.«treraadura,  pro- 
vince, and  .33  miles  N.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  6750. 

SAN  VICENTE,  a  town  of  Cmitral  America,  capital  of  the 
state  of  S.an  Salvador,  25  miiex  E.S.E. of  San  Salvador.  Pop. 
8000.  Around  it  .are  indigo  and  tobacco  plantations,  and 
near  it  the  volcano  of  S;tn  Vicente.  The  Volcano,  an  enor- 
mous isolated  ma.ss  of  irregular  shape,  with  numerous  pi-o- 
jeoting  eminences,  separated  bv  deep  chasms,  is  supposed  to 
be  aljout  800  feet  in  height, 

SAN  VICENTE  DE  LA  BARQUERA,  sin  ve-sSn'tA  di  li 
baR-k.A'ri.  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  province,  and 
28  miles  S.  of  Siintander.  It  is  walled,  has  a  castle  with 
dungeons  said  to  have  been  used  as  a  prison  by  the  kings 
of  Navarre.  The  harbor  is  secure,  and  Kin  admit  vessels  of 
considerable  burden.     Pop.  102;!. 

SAN  VICENTE  DE  LLAVANERAS.  sin  ve-tb?n't.A  di 
li-vi-ni'ris.  a  town  of  Spain,  near  the  former.     Pop.  811. 

SAN  VICENTE  DEL  RASPEIG.  sin  ve-lhJn'tA  dfl  ris-p.i- 
eeg'.  a  town  of  Spjiin.  province,  and  4  miles  from  Alicante. 
Pop.  4657. 

SAN  VITAOLIANO.  sin  vit-til  yi/no,  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  W.  of  Nola.     Pop.  1554. 

SAN  VITO,  sin  vee'to.  a  market-town  of  Italy.  20  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Udine.     Pop.  5000. 

SAN  VITO.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  on  a  hill  near  the  Adriatic.  5  miles  .S.S.E.  of  Ortona. 

SAN  VITO.  a  market-town  of  Italy,  province  of  Calabri* 
Ultra  I.,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Squillace. 

SAN  VITO.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra 
II..  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Catanzaro. 

SAN  VITO,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and  17  miles  N.E.  of 
Srapani,  near  the  cape  of  its  own  name.  It  has  an  anchorage 
for  small  vessels,  and  a  fisherv. 

SAN  VITO  Di'XlLI  SCIIIAVI.  sin  vee'to,  dfl'ye  ske-i'vee, 
a  market-town  of  Italy,  province  of  Otranto.  15  miles  W.  of 
Brindisi.  It  was  founded  by  a  Slavonian  colony,  (whence  its 
name.) 

SAN  A'lTTORE,  sin  vit-to/rA,  a  town  of  Naples,  provinc* 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  district  of  Sora.     Pop.  950. 

S.4.N  XAVIER  Island.      See  Saint  .Xavier. 

SAN  XAVIER  or  JAVIER,  san  zav'e-er,  (Sp.  pron.  siu 
hi-ve-aiR.')  a  river  of  California,  tributary  to  the  Colorado. 

SAN  XAVIER  or  JAVIER,  s.in  Hi-ve-aiR/,  a  hamlet  of  the 
Arwntine  Republic,  (La  Plata.)  department,  and  90  miles 
N.N-.E.of  SLantaFe. 

SAN  XAVIER  or  JAVIER,  a  village  of  Bolivia,  province. 
and  130  miles  N.E.E.  of  Santa  Cruz,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
M.amore. 

SAN  XAVIER  or  JAVIER  DEL  BAC.  sin  hi-v^aiu  Ail 
b.-ik,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Sonora, 
150  miles  N.X.W.  of  Arispe. 

SANYASSICOTTA,  sin-yis-se-kot'ti,  a  town  of  Eriti.sh 
India,  province  of  Bengal,  80  miles  N.W.  of  Rungixxsr,  near 
the  frontier  of  .Sikkim. 

SANZA.  sin'zi,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Citra.  13  miles  N.  of  Policastro.     Pop.  2ti00. 

SAN  ZEN(JNE,  sin  zA-no'ni.  a  market-town  of  North 
Italy,  in  lymibardy.  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pavia,  on  the  Olona, 
here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge. 

SAO  BEXTO.  sCiwNO  bjn'to.  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  .Magoas.  district  of  Porto  Calvo.     Pop.  3000. 

S.lO  BERNARDO,  sown"  b^R-naii'do.  a  city  of  BraziL  pro- 
vince of  Ceara.  on  the  Russas,  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ciar.i.  Pop. 

Sio  CHRISTOVAO.  sSwxo  krees-to-vOwyo'.or  SERGIPE, 
sjRzhee'pA,  a  city  of  Br.azil,  capital  of  the  province  of  Sergipe, 
on  the  Paromapama.  20  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Atlanti'?; 
it  is  the  residence  of  the  civil  and  military  authorities,  and 
has  a  governor's  palace,  an  hospital,  and  two  schools.  P.  2W10. 

S.IO  FELIZ  (or  FELIS.)  sSwn"  f:l-Iees',  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  280  miles  N.N.E.  of  Goyaz,  on  a  .small  aurife- 
rous river  of  the  same  name,  a  tributary  of  the  .AlaranhSo. 
On  a  hill  about  9  miles  S.  of  the  town  are  some  remnrkablo 
caverns,  and  at  a  considerable  distance  S.S.E.  are  the  thermal 
springs  of  Caldas  de  Frei  Reinoldo,  in  which  the  water  is 
almost  boiling  hot. 

S.IO  FRANCISCO.  s«wNofr.in-sees'ko.  or  SAINT  FRAN- 
ClS/aX  often  called  SAN  FRANCISCtX  a  large  and  import- 
ant river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  province  of  Minas  Geraea, 
I>at  20°  S.,  Ion,  4-5°  W..  flows  N..  N.E..  and  E.,  secarating 
the  provinces  of  Bahi.^  and  Pernambuco,  and  enters  the 
Atlantic  by  two  mouths,  in  lat.  10°  24'  S..  Ion.  3*;.°  20*  W. 
Length.  1200  miles.  Its  navigation  is  impeded  by  the  falls 
of  Paulo  Affonzo.  a  series  of  masnificent  c-.itaracts.  I'W  miles 
from  its  mouth,  but  above  this  it  is  navigable  to  the  influx 
of  the  Rio  das  Velhas,  900  miles, 

S.lO  FRANCISCO,  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  in  the  province 
of  Santa  Catharina,  which  enters  the  .\tlantic  opposit<»  the 
island  of  Sao  Francisco.     Lensrth.  lOii  miles. 

S.IO  FRANCISCO,  an  Lsland  of  BraziL  in  the  Atlantic, 
separated  from  the  province  of  Santa  Catharina  by  a  uar- 


iL-. 


SAO 


SAO 


row  cbannel.  Length,  20  miles;  breadth,  10  miles.  Its 
capitn)  of  the  same  name  is  ift  lat.  26°  12'  S.,  Ion.  48°  4-3'  W. 

SlO  FRA.VCI.SCO.  suwxo  frin-sees'ko,  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  45  miles  N.VV.of  Bahia,  at  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  the  hay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Serigi.  Pop.  including 
slaves.  2000. 

SiO  OOX^.\L0,  sows"  g5n-s,^lo,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
Tince  of  KioUraude  do  Norte,  on  the  I'otengi  or  Grande,  12 
miles  W.  of  Natal. 

S.IO  GONQ.iLO,  sCwN-o  gon-silo,  a  market-town  of  Brazil, 
province,  audio  mile.s  N.K.of  Uio  de  Jaueiro,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict having  10.000  inhabitants. 

8A0  (iO.vg.VLO  D'AMAItANTE,  s6w.\o  gon-si'lo  di-mj- 
rSn'tA,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Biauhi.  56  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Leiras.  It  was  originally  formed  for  the  residence  of  In- 
dians called  Acroas  and  GuSi^uSs,  who  were  living  disjwrsed 
among  the  mountains  in  which  the  Barahiba  has  its  source. 
I'op.  18u0. 

S.lOJOAOor.TOAlI.sowNQ  zho-OwNo',  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province,  and  1  mile  W.  of  Oporto.  It  hxs  a  fort  and  baths, 
and  is  a  place  of  resort  for  the  inhabitiints  of  Oporto. 

SAO  JOlO  (or  JOAM)  DA  BAUKA,  sdw.N<:  zho-«5wNO/d3 
baR'Kd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bio  de  Janeiro,  18  miles 
K.N.K.  of  Campos,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Parahiba,  near 
its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  2o00. 

S.lO  JOAO  (or  JOAM)  DA  FOZ,  .sown"  zho-owx"'  di  foz.  a 
town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  3  miles  W.  of  t)porto,  at  the 
N.  corner  of  the  mouth  of  the  Douro.     Pop.  3050. 

S.lO  JO-lO  (or  JOAM)  UA  PAhMA,  sowno  zho^Swx"'  ili 
pil'md.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  400  miles  N.  of 
Goyaz.  on  the  angular  piece  of  ground  between  the  Palma 
and  I'aranan. 

SAO  JO.lO  (or  J0AM)DEPKSQUEIRA,sfiwNozho-(1wN«' 
dA  pi^.s-kiV'e-rd.  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira, 
22  miles  R.  of  Lamego,  on  the  Douro,  navigable  from  the  sea 
to  this  point. 

SAO  .lOAO  (or  JOAM)  D'  AREAS,  .sfiwx<i  zho-Cwx"'  dd 
r.Vds.  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Alta, 
about  20  miles  from  A'iseu.     Pop.  2004. 

SAO  JOAO  (or  JOAM)  DAS  DUAS  BAURAS,  sown"  zho- 
6w.\o  dds  dfio'ds  bin/nls,  a  market-t<jwu  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Goyaz,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Araguay  and  Tocantins. 

SAO  JOAO  (or  ,JOAM)DASLAMPA.S,sowN<'zho-c>wx"/das 
lini'pds,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura, 
comarca  Alemquer.     Pop.  2ti25. 

SAO  JOAO  (or  JOAM)  DEL  REI,  s6wn"  zho-owN«'dM 
rA'e,  a  city  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes,  80  miles 
S.W.  of  Ouro  Preto.     Pop.  oUOO. 

SAO  JOAO  (or  JOAM)  DO  PRINCIPE,  sown"  zho-OwNo'do 
preen'se-pA.  or  MAI\C(JS,  maR/kos.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  i;0  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rio  de  Janeiro.     Pop.  6000. 

SAO  JOAO  (or  JOAM)  DO  PRI.NCIPE.  sOwno  zho-6wxo/ 
do  preen'se-pi,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Ceara,  on  the 
Jaguaribe ;  lat.  6°  5'  S.  It  is  a  sm.ill,  mi.«erable  place,  con- 
sisting of  a  few  mean  houses,  many  of  them  ruinous.  Pop. 
of  the  district,  9604. 

SAO  JORGE.  SOWN"  zhoR'zhA,  or  SAINT  GEORGE,  one 
of  the  .\zores  Islands  in  the  Atlantic.  W.  of  Terceira;  lat.  of 
S.E.  point,  38°  32'  5"  N.,  lon.'27°  46'  W.  Length.  20  miles; 
breadth.  5  miles.  Soil  fertile,  and  it  contains  good  pastures, 
and  extensive  woods.  Principal  town,  Villa  de  Velhas.  Pop. 
4000. 

SAO  JORGE  DOS  ALAMOS,  Brazil.    See  Vigu. 

SAO  JORGE  DOS  IliUEOS,  sown"  zhoR/zh4  doce  eel-yA'- 
oce,  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  130  miles  S.W. 
of  Bahia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  dos  Ilheos,  which  enters 
the  Atlantic  after  an  E.  course  of  1.30  miles.  It  has  a  good 
harbor,  and  some  trade  in  agricultural  produce,  and  is  one 
of  the  oldest  settlements  in  Brazil,  having  been  founded  by 
Kami  ro.  in  1535.     Pop.  3000. 

SA(J  JOSfi  or  JOZE,  suwN-o  zho-zi',a  bay  of  Brazil.  E.side 
of  the  island  of  Maranhao,  formed  by  the  mouths  of  the 
Monl  and  Itapicuru.  It  is  about  24  miles  long  from  N.  to 
S.,  by  alxjut  H  miles  broad. 

SAO  JOSf;  or  JOZE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas 
Geraes.  near  the  Mortes.  2110  miles  S.W.  of  Ouro  Preto. 
Pop.  of  the  district.  12.000. 

SAO  JOSfi  or  JOZE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Santa 
Catharina,  on  a  creek  in  the  Bay  of  St.  Catharine,  (Santa 
Catharina.)  4  miles  W.  of  Desterro.     Pop.  5000. 

SAO  .TOSlJ  or  J0Zl5,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  60 
miles  N.E.  of 'Sao  Paulo,  near  the  Parahiba.  Lat.  23°  12'  S., 
Ion.  46°  W.  It  was  originally  founded  by  the  Jesuits,  who 
established  a  college  here,  in  which,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
last  centurv,  they  trained  and  educated  a  great  number  of 
Indians.     Pop.  of  the  district,  4000. 

SAO  JOSl^:  (or  JOZ  fi)  DO  NORTE,  sown"  zho-zA/  do  noR/td, 
a  town  of  Braz'l,  province,  and  5  miles  N.  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio 
Grande,  between  the  Atlantic  and  Lake  Patos.  Pop.  of  the 
district.  3000. 

SAO  JULlAO,  SOWN"  zhii-Ie-8wN0',  ("  St.  Julian,")  a  fort 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura.  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Tagus. 

SAO  LEOPOLDO.  s(iwN°  Id-o-pol'do,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
yiuee  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  between  the  Sine  and 


Cahi,  30  miles  N.  of  Porto  Alegre.  It  wag  founded  In  1S2*, 
by  a  colony  of  Germans,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Empress 
Leopoldina,  wife  of  Don  Pedro  I.,  to  whom  it  owes  its  name; 
and  was  making  great  progress,  when  its  prosperity  was 
arrested  by  the  revolution  of  1835,  and  the  troubles  of 
1840-41.  It  has  again  begun  to  prosper,  and  sends  garden 
stuffs,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese  to  Porto  Alegre.  Pop.  of  the 
district,  4000. 

SAo  L'.)UKEXgO-DO-BAIRRO,  sown"  lo-rSn'.so  do  biR'Ro, 
n  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  18  miles  K.S.E.  of 
Aveiro.     Pop.  1200. 

SAO  LUIZ.  Brazil.    See  MARANnSo  or  Maranham. 

SAO  M.\MEDE,  sows"  md-m.Vd.A.  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Tras  os  Jlontes,  on  the  Douro,  where  it  is  joined  by 
the  Tua.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Lamego.     Pop.  1220. 

SAO  MARTINIIO,  sin  maR-teen'yo,  a  market-town  and 
harlx)r  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura,  on  the  At- 
lantic, 8  miles  S.W.  of  AlcobaQa. 

SAO  MARTINIIO  DE  MOUROS,  sCws"  maR-teen'vo  6k 
mO'roce,  or  SAO  MARTINIIO  DOS  MOUROS,  dn  maR- 
toen'yo  doce  mo'roce,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira 
Alta.  6  miles  N.W.  of  Lamego.  near  the  Douro.     Pop.  1600. 

SAO  MAHTIXHO  DO  PORTO,  sows"  maR-tL-en'yo  do  porA 
to,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  22  miles  S.W.  of  l^eiria, 
on  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  1000. 

SAO  MATHEOS,  sown"  ma-tA'oce,("St.  Matthew,")  some- 
times written  MATIIEUS,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Espirito  Santo,  16  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  It  has  a  church, 
a  Latin,  and  two  primary  schools,  and  a  considerable  ex- 
port trade  in  mandioc  flour,  sugar,  and  millet. 

S.^O  MATHEOS,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  190  miles 
S.S.M'.  of  Cejira.  on  the  Jaguaribe,  originally  a  hamlet  of 
Cariri  Indians.     Pop.  2000. 

SAO  MIGUEL,.s.-.w.N<'  mi-ghiM',  ("  St.  Michael,")  a  town  of 
Brazil,  pi-ovince  of  Sant.i  Catharina,  in  a  bay  of  same  name, 
15  miles  N.\\'.  of  Desterro.  It  has  a  church,  a  primary 
school,  numerous  sugar-works,  a  pottery  for  making  glazed 
earthenware,  and  a  tmnery.     Pop.  of  the  district,  ullOO. 

SAO  MIGUEL,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  25  mile8 
S.S.W.  of  Alagoas,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name,  with  a  trade 
in  tobacco  and  cotton,  sent  to  Bahia.     Pop.  2000. 

S.\0  MIGUEL,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  35  mile^ 
N.  of  Parahiba.     Pop.  1000. 

SAO  .MIGUEL,  one  of  the  Azores.    See  Saint  I\Iichael. 

SAO  MIGUEL  D'ACIIA.  sawx"  ma-ghiMMA'-shd,  a  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Baixa,  9  miles  E.  of  Castello 
Branco.     Pop.  936. 

SAO  MIGUEL  DE  PTRACICABA,  sows"  ma-gh?l/  dA  pe-rj 
se-kitjd,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  E.S.E. 
of  Cahete.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphifhtatre, 
and  presents  a  very  pleasing  appearance,  the  houses  being 
provided  with  gardens.  It  has  four  churches.  Millet  and 
haricots  are  grown,  and  large  herds  of  swine  reared  in  the 
distiict.     Pop.  10.949. 

SAO  MIGUEL  DO  ONTEIRO,  sown"  me-gh?l' do on-tA'e-ro, 
a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Alta,  9  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Viseu.     Pop.  1470. 

SAIIXA,  sd-o'nA,  an  island  off  the  S.E.  extremity  cf  Ilayti, 
and  separated  from  it  by  a  shallow  channel,  10  miles  across. 
Lengtli.  16  miles;  breadth,  5  miles. 

S.\ON'E,  .son,  (anc.  A'rar,)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  S. 
part  of  the  department  of  Vosges,  passes  Port-sur-Saone  and 
Gray,  (where  it  becomes  navigable.)  and  enters  the  Rhone 
on  the  right,  at  Lj'ons.  Length, .316  miles.  It  communicates 
by  canals  with  the  Rhine.  Yonne,  and  Loire. 

SAONE-ET-LOIRE,  (Sa8ne-et-Loire.)  son  A  IwJr.  a  de- 
partment in  the  E.  part  of  France,  formed  of  part  of  the  old 
province  of  Burgundy.  Area,  3270  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  582,137.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  traversed  trom 
S.  to  N.  by  the  mountains  of  the  Cote  d'Or,  which  separate 
the  basins  of  the  Saone  and  Rhone.  It  is  watered  by  the 
S.ione,  Loire,  and  Arroux,  which  are  all  navigable,  and  are 
connected  by  the  Canal  du  Centre,  which  is  comprised  in 
this  department.  Ont^fifth  of  its  superficies  is  covered  with 
forests.  Corn  is  raised  sufficient  for  consumption,  and  the 
wines  of  Maconnois  and  of  Chalonnois  are  esteemed.  It  has 
rich  mines  of  coal  and  iron.  The  most  important  are  those 
of  Creuzot:  and  the  mineral  springs  of  Bourbon-Lancy  are 
celebrated.  The  chief  industry  of  the  population  is  in  mining 
and  cattle-rearing.  The  department  is  divided  into  the 
arrondissements  of  JIficon,  Autun,  Chalon,  Charolles.  and 
Louhans:  capital  Macon. 

SAO  NICALAO,  sown"  ne-ko-H'o,  a  village  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  the  Piratlni, 
founded  in  1621. 

SAO  PAULO,  SOWN"  pow1o,acity  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  same  name,  is  situated  I>etween  two  streams,  tribu- 
taries to  the  Tiete,  220  miles  W.S,W.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  It  Is  built 
with  little  rei^ard  to  regularity.  The  streets  are  narrow,  but 
have  both  centre  and  side  pavement ;  and  the  houses  are  of 
earth,  plastered  over,  and  white-wa.shod  generally  of  a  straw- 
yellow  or  pink  color,  which  gives  them  a  clean,  comtiirtable, 
and  cheerful  appearance.  'They  are  all  roofed  with  tile,  and 
for  the  most  part  two  stories  high,  with  occasional  balconies. 
The  envii-ons  are  still  more  attractive  than  the  town,  being 

1711 


SAO 


SAR 


^nerally  laid  out  In  handsome  villas  and  gardens.  The 
principal  edifices  are  the  cathedral,  the  parish  church  of  St. 
Iphigenia,  H)  other  churches,  several  monasteries  and  con- 
vents ;  the  fcovernor's  ami  the  bishop's  palace,  town-house, 
prison,  infirmary,  and  military  hospital.  The  educational 
establishments  include  a  school  of  law.  an  eoclesiasti«»l  semi- 
nary, a  Latiu  school,  school  of  philosophy,  and  several 
primary  schools.  Sai>Paulo,  as  the  capital  of  the  province, 
is  the  seat  of  several  important  courts  of  law  and  public 
offiees,  the  place  where  the  provincial  assembly  holds  its 
sittings,  the  residence  of  the  president,  and  the  see  of  a 
bishop.  It  also  possesses  a  public  library,  and  an  extensive 
bot.inic  gai-den.  Its  vicinity  is  picturesque,  and  interspersed 
with  numerous  villas.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  cities  in  Brazil, 
having  l)een  founded  in  1554.     Pop.  ii-OS-. 

SAO  PAULi).  a  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  province  of  Goj'az,  N.E.  by  Minas  Qeraes 
and  Kio  de  Janeiro,  K.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.  by  Santa  C«tha- 
rina  and  Sao  Pedro  do  Kio  Grande,  W.  by  the  republic  of 
Paraguav  and  the  province  of  Matto  Grosso.  Lat.  20°  to  26° 
S..  Ion.  +4=  :»'  to  55°  W.  Area.  131,705  square  miles.  The 
coast-line  stretches  fi-om  N.E.  to  S.W.  for  above  -100  miles. 
Part  of  it  in  the  N.E.  is  hold  and  rocky,  but  the  rest  is  gene- 
rally low.  A  n>ountain  chain,  composed  of  the  Serras  do 
Mar  and  CubatSo,  divides  the  narrow  coast-line  from  the 
wide  inland  region  traversed  by  the  Rio  Grande  and  Iguassu, 
besides  several  other  tributaries  of  the  Parana,  which  form 
respectively  its  X.  and  S.  boundaries.  The  Iguapa  is  the 
only  river  of  consequence  flowing  into  the  .\tlantic.  This  is 
one  of  the  richest  provinces  of  Brazil.  The  products  com- 
mon to  South  Europe  are  intermixed  with  those  of  tropical 
climates.  On  the  Iwnks  of  the  Tiete  a  Chinese  colony  was 
some  years  ago  located,  and  engaged  in  the  culture  of  tea  ; 
but  the  plant  did  not  flourish,  and  Paraguay  tea  is  that 
mostly  in  use.  Live  stock  of  many  kinds  are  numerous; 
gold,  silver,  iron,  sulphur,  and  many  gems,  are  among  the 
mineral  products.  The  province  is  well  supplied  with  means 
of  communication  both  by  laud  and  water.  It  is  divided 
into  7  cr.mai-cas,  and  sends  9  deputies  to  the  general  legisla- 
tive assembly,  and  appoints  4  senators.  The  provincial 
assembly,  composed  of  2ii  niemtjers,  holds  its  sittings  in  the 
town  ot  SiJo  Paulo.     Pop.  45S.000. 

S.\0  PAULO  DE  LOANDA.    See  S.^i>fT  Path.  i>e  Loant)a. 

SAO  PEDKO  D'ALCANTARA,  sow.\o  pa'dro  dil-kau'ti'ri. 
a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz.  on  the  riirht  bank  of 
the  Tocantins.  80  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sao  Joao  dos  Dn;is  Barras. 

SAO  PEDKO  DO  RIO  GRANDE,  sOw-N"  pA'dro  do  ree'o 
grin'di.  or  SAO  PEDRO  DO  SUL.  sow.\o  p.Vdro  do  sool,  a 
maritime  province  in  the  S.  of  Brazil,  bounded  X.  by  the  pro- 
vince of  S.w  I'aulo:  N.E.  by  Santa  Catharina;  S.  and  S.E.  by 
the  .Atlantic :  andAV.by  the  Argentine  province  of  Entre  Rios. 
In  the  S.  it  terminates  almost  in  a  point,  and  has  for  its  ex- 
treme frontier  Lake  Mirim.  Lat.  from  25°  30'  to  32°  30*  S., 
Ion.  from  4'J^  40'  to  54°  40'  W.  Ai-ea,  93,756  square  miles. 
It  contains  the  lakes  of  A'iamao.  Patos,  and  Mirim,  which 
conimunioate  with  each  other,  and  h.ave  a  length  of  about 
240  miles,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  4  to  30  miles.  In 
the  X.  portion  of  the  province,  the  rivers  belong  partly  to 
the  basin  of  the  Parank.  and  partly  to  that  of  the  Uruguay. 
The  sea-coast  is  generally  flat  and  sandy,  but  is  lined  by  a 
series  of  reefs,  which  makes  navigation  dangerous.  The  in- 
terior is  generally  fertile.  The  productions  are  not  those 
common  in  other  parts  of  Brazil.  Instead  of  the  tropical 
heats,  a  temperate  climate  prevails,  and  coffee-plants  and 
bananas  are  cultivated  more  as  objects  of  curiosity  than  of 
general  utility.  The  finer  fruits  of  Europe,  particularly 
figs  and  peaches,  find  a  genial  soil ;  the  ordinary  cei'eals, 
more  aspecially  wheat,  enter  largely  into  the  general  course 
of  cultivation,  their  place  being  occasionally  supplied  by 
rice  and  Hax.  Building-timber  is  not  very  plentiful.  Tlie 
minerals  include  gold,  also,  it  is  said,  silver,  and  very 
rich  beds  of  iron,  sulphur,  and  the  finest  porcelain-clay. 
The  princiiMil  occupation  of  the  inh.abitants  is  the  rearing 
of  cattle,  which  are  partly  .sent  in  droves  to  Sao  Panlo  and 
Rio  Janeiro:  but  to  a  much  greater  extent  slaughtered 
to  furnish  the  dried  beef  for  which  the  province  has  long 
been  famous,  and  which  is  exported  to  all  parts  of  Brazil, 
and  to  Mexico,  Havana,  and  the  United  States.  The  same 
cattle  likewise  furnish  an  important  export  of  hides  and 
tallow.  Horses  and  mules,  also,  especially  the  latter,  are 
reared  in  great  numbers.  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande  is  di- 
vided into  four  military  divisions :  Porto  ."Vlegre,  Kio  Grande. 
Rio  Pardo.  and  Sete  Jlissoes.  It  sends  three  deputies  to 
the  general  legislative  assembly,  and  appoints  one  senator. 
The  provincial  assembly  consists  of  28  members.  There  is 
B  German  colony  which  in  1845  had  a  population  of  6811, 
mt  St  Leopoldo.  about  40  miles  N.  of  Porto  Alegre,  the  capi- 
tal.   Pop.  2<30,0O0. 

SAOitGIO.  sd-oR'3o,  uptown  of  North  Italy,  in  Sardinia, 
division,  and  25  miles  N.E.  of  Nice.     Pop.  2689. 

SAO  ROM  .10.  sOwxo  ro-mowNO',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  -Minas  Qeraes,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sao  Francisco:  lat 
16°  22'  S.     Pop.  3000. 

SlO  ROQUE.  sdw.v>  ronci,  a  town  of  Brazil,  proyince,  and 
32  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sao  Paulo.    Pop.  4000. 
1713 


SAO  ROQUE.  CAPE,  of  Brazil.    See  Cape  Saixt  Roqcs. 

SAO  SALVADOR,  a  city  of  Brazil.     See  Baiiia. 

SAO  SEBASTIAO,  sown"  si-bis-te-iiw.No',  a  maritime  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  opposite  an  island  of  same 
name,  in  lat.  23°  48'  20"  S.,  Ion.  4.3°  29'  G"  W.  l>op.  of  the 
district  6000.  The  i.-land  is  separiited  from  a  peninsula  of 
the  mainland  by  a  narrow  ch.annel :  it  is  12  miles  long,  and 
6  miles  broad.  Pop.  3000.  On  its  AV.  coast  is  the  village  of 
Princeza. 

SA<>UK.  sS-ook'.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government 
of  Livonia,  flows  S.S.W.,  and,  forming  a  junction  with  the 
Pernau,  fills  into  the  Gulf  of  Livonia,  after  a  course  of 
about  45  miles, 

S.\OU.\E,-sd^oon',  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  department  of  Lot,  near  Lauzech.  flows  S,W..  and  joins 
the  Garonne  on  the  right,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Agen,  after  a  course 
of  about  45  miles. 

SAO  VICENTE,  one  of  the  Cape  Terd  Islands.    See  SAnrr 

VlSCENT. 

SAO  VICENTE,  sdw^fo  ve-sJn'tA.  ("  St.  Vincent.")  a  town  of 
Brazil,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sao  Paulo.  This  was  the  first  city 
founded  by  the  Portuguese  in  South  America,  and  was  long 
the  capital  of  South  Brazil.     It  is  now  in  dt-cav.     Pop.  600. 

SAO  VICENTE  DA  BEIRA.  sOwx"  ve-sJn'ti  dd  We-ri, 
a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Baixa,  20 
miles  X.N. \V.  of  Castello  Branco.    Pop.  1710. 

SAOWLEE,  sd-«w1ee,  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  domi- 
nions, and  IS  miles  N.of  Baroda. 

SA  P.\X  TAGH,  si-pdn'  tdg,  a  mountain  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
40  miles  X.W,  of  Van.  on  the  N.  side  of  its  lake.  Estimated 
elevation,  from  9500  to  10.000  feet. 

SAPAROOA,  SAPAROUA.  sd-pd-roo'l.  or  IIOXIMOA,  ho- 
ne-mo'L  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelairo,  one  of  the  Mo- 
lucca.s,  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Cei-am,  in  lat.  3°  30'  S.,  Ion.  128° 
34'  E. 

SAPATA.  or  POOLO  SAPAT.4,  pooOo  sil-patil,  a  small 
island  of  the  China  Sea,  90  miles  S.  of  Cape  Padaran,  (Cochin 
China,)  in  lat  10°  4'  X..  Ion.  109°  10'  E. 

SAP.\T.\,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Borneo. 

S.\P'rOTE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SAP'EY  PRITCH'ARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

SAP'EY  UP'PER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herefbrd. 

SAPIIAR  or  SAPHAR-REGIA.     See  Dhofar. 

SAPIIET.     See  Safed. 

S.\I'IENZ.A..  sd-pe-^n'zi,  one  of  the  small  Greek  islands, 
off  the  S.W.  coast  of  the  Morea,  2  miles  S.  of  Modon.  Length, 
5  miles;  breadth.  2  miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and 
mostlv  in  pasturage.     It  has  a  tolerable  harlior. 

SA  PIS.  a  river  of  Italy.     See  S.AVIO. 

SAP'ISTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAl'MEIi.     See  Sappemeer. 

SAPOJOK.    See  Sap^zhok. 

S.APONAKA,  sd-po-ni'i-A,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicat.i,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Marsico  Xuovo.     Pop.  3400. 

SAPOZHOK  or  SAPOJOK.  sd-po-zhok'.  written  alsoSAPO- 
SCIIOK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  50  miles  S.E.  of 
Riazan.     Pop.  4000. 

SAPPAII  RIVER,  in  Wiscon.«in.    See  Buck  River, 

SAPPEMEER,  sJp'peh-maiR\  or  SAPMER.  s^p^maiR',  a 
village  of  the  Xetherlands,  11  miles  E.S.E.of  Groningen,  on 
the  Winschoten  Canal.     I'op.  2200. 

S.\P'PEI!TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

S.\PPERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester.  In 
this  parish  the  Thames  and  Severn  Canal  passes  through  a 
tunnel  2J  miles  in  lensrth. 

SAPPHAKA.    See  Dhofar. 

SAP'PINGTON.  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
15  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

SAPP'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Blount  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

SAPRT,  si'pree,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  6  miles  E,  of  Policastro,  and  with  a  harbor 
on  its  culf.     Pop.  15.000. 

SAPTIN  INDIANS.    See  NEZ-PERcf s. 

S.A.PTIN  RIVER,  Oregon.    See  Lewis  River. 

S.\PUCAIII,  sd-poo-ka-ee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  flows  N.W.  and  joins  the 
Rio  Grande  or  Paran&.  after  a  course  of  2t>0  miles. 

SAPUCAHI,  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  Sapueahi,  ISO  miles 
S.W.  ofOuro  Preto.     Pop.  3000. 

SAQQARA.    See  Sakkara. 

SAQUAKE.MA,  sd-kwi-rA'ml,  or  SEQUAREMA,  sk-kvi- 
r.A'm4.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  29  miles  E.  of  Rio  de 
.Taneiro,  near  the  Atlantic,  and  on  Lake  Saquarema,  Pop. 
7000. 

S.\^RA.  sj'rd.  or  s3-ri.  a  river  of  Russi.%  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yaro.slav.  flows  E.,  then  N.X.E.,  and  falls  into  Lake 
Nero  from  the  S.,  4  miles  S.  of  Rostov,  after  a  course  of  about 
48  miles. 

SAKABAT,  sa-ra-bit/,  KEDOOS,  KEDOUS,  KEDUS,  ke- 
doos',  written  also  KODUS  and  GEDUZ,  (anc. /7er'»ii«.")  a 
river  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  after  a  W.  course  of  180 
miles  enters  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna  8  miles  W.  of  Smyrna. 

SARA,  BAYOU,  bi'oo  s.Vi^  of  Louisiana,  flows  S.  ttirongb 


SAR 

West  Feliciana  parish,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  at  the  Til- 
lage of  Bavou  S;ira. 

SAUABITA,  sd-rd-bc"e'ta,  or  SUARF;Z,  swJ-rJs',  a  river  of 
New  Granada,  rises  near  the  centre  of  the  stite.  flows  N.N.E. 
la  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to  tliat  of  the  Ma^dalena.  and, 
after  a  course  of  alxtut  160  miles,  joins  the  Qaliuazo  or  Soga- 
mozo.  an  afHuHnt  of  the  Majjdalena. 

SAKACEXA.  sd-rJch.Vnd,  (anc.  &.''<«ni.)  a  town  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Calabria  Citra,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cassano.    Pop. 

SARAGOSSA,  sa-rJ-gos'sJ,  (Sp.  Zara^oza,  tha-rJ-pro'tha : 
Fr.  Sxwgo.fS''-,  sava'goss';  anc.  Gemraugus'ta,)  a  city  of 
Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Saragos.sa  and  of  the  old 
kingdom  of  Aragwn,  on  the  Ebro,  which  separates  it  into  two 
portions,  connected  by  a  fine  stone  bridge,  176  nliles  N.K.  of 
Sladrid  Pop.  82,189.  It  is  neatly  built  of  brick,  and  previous 
to  its  memorable  disasters  in  1S08-9,  its  churches  were  the 
most  magmficent  in  the  peninsula.  Among  the  principal  edi- 
fices are  the  two  cathedrals,  the  chapter  residing  in  eacli  alter- 
nKtely  for  six  months:  the  one  an  ancient  severe  Gothic 
church,  raised  to  the  Saviour,  and  the  other  a  modern  thea- 
trical temple,  called  the  Nuestra  Sefiora  del  Pil.ir.  dedicated 
to  the  Virgin,  and  to  which  50,000  pilgrims  have  been  known 
to  resort  to  see  the  identical  pillar  on  which  she  descended 
from  heaven — an  object  of  great  devotion  in  Saragossa;  the 
vast  archiepiscopal  palace,  which  was  plundered  by  the 
French;  the  remains  of  the  parliament-house,  built  in 
1437-40,  whose  magnificent  saloons  contained  the  rich 
national  archives,  an  excellent  library,  and  the  portraits  of 
the  Aragonese  worthies — all  utterly  destroyed  by  the  in- 
vaders; the  exchange,  built  in  1551,  a  square  brick  edifice 
with  projecting  enriched  soffit  towers,  covered  with  green 
and  white  tiles,  and  a  noble  interior;  the  Torre  Nueva  (new 
tower)  or  Tower  of  San  Felipe,  an  octangular  clock-tower  for 
the  city,  which  leans  considerably  (about  9  feet)  out  of  the 
perpendicular,  like  the  towers  of  I'i.sa  and  Bologna  ;  the  old 
irregular  citadel  called  the  Aljaferia,  built  by  the  Moors, 
which  Suchet  converted  into  a  barrack,  after  having  damaged 
it  with  his  bombs;  and  during  the  civil  wars  degraded  into 
a  prison.  There  are  besides  an  hospital,  (Casa  de  Miseri- 
cordia.)  which  takes  in  from  600  to  700  old  and  young, 
although  witli  very  inadequate  funds;  a  new  genentl  ho.s- 
pital,  one  of  the  largest  in  Spain;  various  other  lienevolent 
institiitions.  and  numerous  churches,  among  which  one  of 
the  best  is  San  Pablo,  with  its  fine  facade  and  columns,  and 
/rand  plateresque  high  altar.  The  University  of  Saragossa. 
Ibunded  in  1474.  ranks  as  the  third  in  the  kingdom;  and  it 
had.  in  1841.  1100  students.  Among  its  other  educational 
establishments  are  an  episcopal  seminary,  academy  of  the 
fine  arts,  an  economical  society,  and  a  public  library.  Its 
manufactures  of  silks,  woollens,  and  leather  have  greatly 
declined:  but  it  has  still  a  considerable  trade  in  agricultural 
produce  by  the  Ebro, 

Saragos.sa  is  very  ancient,  and  numerous  vestiges  of  Roman 
remains  attest  its  former  importance.  It  was  always  a  free 
city  or  colnnia  ivimiinis,  had  a  mint,  and  was  a  seat  of  judi- 
cial assizes;  but  no  traces  of  the  ancient  city  are  left  except 
In  the  walls.  Saragossa  early  renounced  Paganism ;  and 
here  Aulus  Prudentius,  the  first  Christian  poet,  was  born, 
A.D.  348.  It  was  captured  by  the  Moors  in  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, and  was  wrested  from  them  in  1118  by  Alonzo  d  hatair 
ladnr.  after  the  siege  of  five  years,  when  the  stubborn  pfipu- 
lation  had  almost  all  perished  of  hunger.  Below  the  hill  of 
Torero,  which  commands  the  town.  General  Stanhope,  on 
the  20th  of  August,  1710.  came  up  with  and  completely  de- 
feated Philip  v.,  flying  from  his  defeat  at  Lerida.  the  fix; 
abandoning  cannon,  colors,  and  every  thing.  In  1808  it  sus- 
tained two  memorable  sieges.  The  first  was  raised  by  the 
defe.at  of  the  French  at  Baiien;  but  being  again  invested,  it 
resisted  most  heroically  for  62  days  attacks  conducted  by  the 
four  French  mai-shals,  Lannes,  Mortier,  Jloncey,  and  Junot, 
but  ultimately  capitulated,  February  20,  1809.  These  two 
sieges  cost  the  lives  of  nearly  00,000  brave  men.  This  de- 
fence is  reckoned  among  the  most  heroic  of  modern  times. 

.\dj.  and  inhab.  S.\raoos'8.\n,  (Sp.  Z.\kagoz.\no,  thd-ri- 

go-th,Vno.) 

SARAGOSSA,  (ZARAGOZA,)  province  of  Spain,  bounded 
on  the  N.  and  W.  by  Navarre,  Area,  658-1  square  miles. 
Capital,  Saragossa.    Pop.  350.000, 

SA'KAII,  a  post-office  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SARAH  ANN  FURNACE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

SA'RAHSBURG,  a  new  township  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Oswegatchie  River,  24  miles  S.  of  Canton, 

EAKAIISVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Wills  Creek,  near  its  source,  85  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 
It  is  situated  on  an  eminence  in  a  fertile  farming  district, 
Vhich  conf^ns  beds  of  stone  coal  and  quarries  of  good  build- 
ing-stone, i'he  village  contains  8  stores,  Ac.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  700, 

SAKAHSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Franklin  CO.,  Illinois. 

SAIiAHVlLLE.  a  small  village  of  Williamson  co.,  Illinoi.s. 

SAR  AISK  or  ZARAISK,  zd-rlsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  35  miles  W,N.W,  of  Riazan,  on  the  Oster.  Pop. 
56'C. 

&H 


SAR 

SAR AKINO.  sa-ra-kee'no,  or  PERISTERTA,  p.Vris  tl-ree'l, 
an  islet  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  in  the  Sporades,  im- 
mediately E.  of  Kilidromi.  6  miles  long. 

SARAMACA,  sa-ra-m^'ka,  a  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  in 
South  America,  after  a  N.  course  of  200  miles,  enters  the 
Atlantic  .30  miles  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Surinam. 

SARAMON,  siVa^mAN'i',  a  town  of  France,  department  ol 
Ger.s.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Auch.     Pop.  1276. 

SAR^ANAC.  a  river  which  forms  the  outlet  of  Saranac 
Lake,  in  Franklin  co..  New  York,  and  after  running  a  N.E. 
course  through  Essex  and  Clinton  counties,  falls  into  Lake 
Champlain  near  i'lattsburg. 

SAUANAC,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  co..  New  York, 
drained  by  Saranac  River,  15  miles  W,  of  Plattsburg,  Pop, 
3644, 

SARANAC.  a  township  of  De  Kalb  eo.,Illinoi.s. 

S.\K'ANAC  nOL'LOW, a  post-villageof  Saranac  township, 
17  miles  W.  of  Plattsburg.     Pop.  about  500, 

SARANAC  LAKE,  in'the  S.  part  of  Franklin  co..  New 
York.     Length.  al>out  10  miles. 

SARANAC  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  New  York, 

SARANSK,  sd-rlnsk',  or  ZARANSK',  a  town  of  l{ussia, 
government,  and  70  miles  N.  of  Penza,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Saranga  and  Insara.  Pop.  8780.  It  is  built  mostly  of 
wood,  and  has  2  cathedrals,  salt  magazines,  manufactures 
of  soap  and  leather,  and  several  annual  fairs. 

SARAI'ILIjY,  sa-rj-pillee.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  10  miles  S.  of  Nellore. 

SARAPIQUI,  sa-ra-pe-kee',  a  river  of  Central  America, 
tributary  to  the  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  and  a  principal 
channel  of  communication  between  the  interior  of  Costa 
Rica  and  the  Caribbean  Sea, 

SAKAl'WL,  SARAPOUL  or  SARAPUL,  sd-ra-pool',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  195  miles  S.E.  of  Viatka, 
on  the  Kama,  Pop.  fiOOO.  The  town,  commanded  by  a  fort 
on  an  adjacent  height  has  a  cathedral,  a  large  salt-maga- 
zine, and  manufactures  of  soap  and  leather.  It  is  the  centre 
of  a  large  trade  in  timber  and  masts.  Upwards  of  20,000 
persons  annually  attend  its  large  fair. 

SARARl^],  sa-ra-r.V,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Matto 
Gros.-o,  joins  the  Guapore  in  lat.  14°  51'  S..  ion.  60°  30'  W. 
At  one  place  it  passes  within  4  miles  of  the  Sacuriu,  an 
affluent  of  the  Juruena;  and  both  streams  being  navigable 
at  this  point,  canoes  are  drawn  aci-oss  from  one  to  the  other, 
and  thus  are  enabled  to  continue  their  navigation  over  an 
immense  tract  of  country. 

SARASWATI,  si-ras-wa/tee,  a  river  of  West  Ilindostan, 
rises  near  Aboo,  in  .Tnodpoor  dominion,  flows  S.W.  past 
Rahdunpoor.  and  enters  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Cuteh.  It 
is  held  sacred  by  Hindoos.     Lenctb.  100  miles, 

SARATOF  or  SARATOFF,     See  Sakatov. 

SAli^ATO'GA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  New  York,  h.ns 
an  area  of  about  780  square  niijes.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
and  partly  on  the  N,  by  the  Hudson,  while  the  Mohawk 
forms  part  of  its  S,  border;  and  is  drained  by  these  rivers, 
together  with  the  Sacondaga  River,  and  several  smaller 
streams,  which  supply  valuable  water-power.  The  famous 
watering-place  of  Saratoga  Springs  is  situated  ne.ar  the  centre 
of  this  county.  The  surface  in  the  N.W.  part  is  mountainous, 
but  in  the  S.  and  central  portions  much  more  level.  The 
soil  is  generally  fertile.  In  1850,  this  county  produced  596,494 
bushels  of  potatoes,  (the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any 
county  in  the  state  except  Rensselat^r.)  Iron-ore,  sandstone, 
and  limestone  are  found  in  considerable  abundance.  The 
Champlain  Canal  passes  along  its  E.,  and  the  Erie  Canal 
along  its  S.  border.  Three  lines  of  railroad  meet  at  Ballston, 
connecting  it  witli  Troy,  Schenectady,  and  Rutland  in  A'er- 
mont.  Saratoga  was  organized  in  1791,  having  previously 
fonned  part  of  Albany  county.  Capital,  Ballston,  Pop. 
51,729. 

SARATOGA,  a  township  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Hudson  River,  30  miles  N.  by  E,  of  Albany.  It  borders 
on  Saratoga  Lake, 

SARATOGA,  a  township  in  Grundy  co,,  Illinois,  Pop.  825, 

SARATOGA  LAKE,  New  York,  in  Saratoga  county,  5 
miles  E,  of  Ballston  Spa.  Length,  about  7  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  near  2  miles.  It  contains  fine  fi.sh,  and  is  much 
re-sorted  to  by  visitors  from  the  neighboring  watering-places. 
Its  outlet.  Fish  Creek,  flows  into  tlie  Hudson. 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Saratoga  county.  New  York,  38  miies  by  railroad  N.  of 
Albany,  and  32  miles  N.  of  Troy.  This  is  the  most  fashion- 
able watering-place  on  the  American  continent,  as  well  as 
the  most  in  repute  for  the  medical  virtues  of  its  waters, 
Saratoga  owes  its  celebrity  almost  solely  to  its  mineral 
springs,  the  surrounding  scenery  possessing  few,  if  any,  ex- 
traordinary attractions.  Saratoga  Lake,  however,  a  beauti- 
ful sheet  of  water,  is  within  a  pleasant  morning's  or  even- 
ing's drive;  and  Glen's  Falls,  in  the  Hudson,  are  within 
two  or  three  hours'  travel.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  springs 
were  fought  the  battles  of  Saratoga  and  Stillwater  in  1777. 
The  village  itself  consists  mainly  of  a  single  street,  lined 
with  spacious  hotels,  boarding-hou.ses,  some  stores,  and  the 
private  re.sidences  of  the  stationary  population.  Among 
the  most  fashionable  hotels  are  "  the  United  States,"  an  im- 

1713 


SAR 

mense  bnfidSng,  with  finely-ornamented  grounds,  and 
capable  of  lodging  300  or  400  persons;  "Congress  Hall." 
near  Congress  Spring,  with  a  spacious  piazza  the  length  of 
the  building:  and  Union  Hall,  opposite  the  latter,  the  resort 
of  those  who  prefer  quiet  and  retirement.  Most  of  the 
hotels  hare  spacious  grounds,  tastefully  laid  out.  Be.'iides 
these,  there  are  a  numljer  of  smaller  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses,  all  of  which  are  thronged  to  overflowing  in  the 
months  of  July  and  August,  with  visitors  from  every  part 
of  the  Union,  and  some  from  Canada,  Europe,  Mexico,  South 
America,  and  the  West  Indies.  It  is  stated  that  in  the  sea- 
son of  1853,  before  the  end  of  August,  more  than  30,000 
strangers  had  already  visited  these  springs. 

This  spot  is  said  to  have  been  visited  by  inv.alids  as  early 
as  1V73;  but  Congress  Spring,  whose  waters  are  now  in  the 
greatest  request,  was  not  discovered  till  1792.  High  Kock.  a 
conical  deposit  of  limestone,  in  the  shape,  and  about  the 
size  of  a  haycock,  with  a  cylindrical  opening  down  the  mid- 
dle, from  which  issues  water  strongly  charged  with  carbonic 
acid  gas,  arid  Flat  Kock,  another  limestone  deposit,  natu- 
rally attracted  the  attention  of  the  first  settlers,  and  these 
springs  were  for  a  period  the  only  ones  known.  Among 
the  more  recently  discovered  springs  are  the  Empire  and 
Iodine  Springs.  The  following  results  wei-e  obtained  from 
an  analvsis  of  the  waters  of  three  of  the  princip."*!  spi-ings. 
According  to  Dr.  Chilton,  a  gallon  of  Congress  Spring  water, 
in  1843,  yielded  chloride  of  sodium,  363.83  grains ;  carbonate 
of  soda,  7.20;  carbonate  of  lime,  86.14+;  carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia, 78.62;  carbonate  of  iron,  .84;  sulphate  of  soda,  .65; 
iodide  of  sodium  and  bromide  of  potassium,  5.92 ;  silica,  47+ ; 
alumina,  .32.  Total,  544  grains.  Carbonic  acid,  284.65 ;  atmo- 
epheric  air,  5.41=290.06  inches  of  ga.seous  contents.  Professor 
Emmons'  analysis  of  a  gallon  of  the  Empire  water  yielded 
chloride  of  sodium,  269.69+ ;  bicarbonate  of  lime,  141.82+ ; 
bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  41.98+  ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  30.85 ; 
hydriodate  of  soda  or  iodine,  12.00 ;  solid  contents  of  a  gallon, 
496.35  grains.  Dr.  Allen's  analysis  of  a  gallon  of  the  water  of 
the  Iodine  spring,  gave  147.66+  grains  chloride  of  sodium; 
73.35  carbonate  of  magnesia;  28.95+  carbonate  of  lime; 
3.00  carbonate  of  soda ;  .90  carbonate  of  iron ;  3.56+  hydrio- 
date of  soda;  solid  contents,  257.43+;  carbonic  acid  gas, 
344.30;  atmospheric  air,  2.50  cubic  inches;  total  gaseous 
contents.  346.5  inches.  The  springs  are  readily  reached  by 
railway  from  all  the  great  cities  and  towns  of  the  North  and 
West,  and  from  most  at  the  South.  These  waters  have  been 
found  very  beneficial  in  affections  of  the  liver,  in  some  cases 
of  chronic  dyspepsia,  and  chronic  diseases  of  the  bowels. 
Besides  other  qujilities,  they  appear  to  pos.sess  the  virtues 
of  a  tonic  united  with  those  of  a  gentle  catliartic.  Great 
quantities  of  the  waters  are  bottled.  espeei.ally  of  the  Con- 
gress and  Empire  Springs,  and  exported.  The  village  has  a 
bank,  and  2  newspaper  olflces.  Permanent  pop.  in  1855, 
6424 ;  in  1860,  7496. 

SARATOV  or  SARATOW,  sl-rd-tov/,  written  also  SARATOF 
and  S.\R.\TOFF,  a  government  of  Russia,  between  lat.  48° 
10-  and  53°  18'  N.,  and  Ion.  42°  30'  and  51°  20'  E.  Area.  74,730 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1,444,496.  Surface  in  the  W^.  hilly, 
and  in  many  parts  fertile;  but  the  E.  is  a  wide  desert  steppe. 
The  princijial  rivers  are  the  Volga,  which  intersects  its  centre, 
and  its  ti'ibutaries,  the  Tereshka,  and  Saratovka ;  besides  the 
Khoper.  Medvieditz.a,  tributaries  of  the  Don.  The  principal 
lake  is  the  Elton  from  the  former  of  which  about  17,850  tons 
of  salt  are  said  to  be  annually  obtained.  Large  quantities  of 
rye,  wheat,  oats,  millet,  and  pe:ise  are  raised,  and  partly  ex- 
ported. Sheep  and  cattle  breeding  are  conducted  on  a  large 
scale,  and  the  rearing  of  bees  and  silk-worms  are  increasing. 
The  fisheries  in  the  Volga  are  very  valuable,  and  largequanti- 
ties  of  salt-fish  and  caviar  are  exported.  Principal  minerals, 
salt,  mill-stones,  and  iron.  Manufactures  of  linen,  cotton, 
and  woollen  f.ibrics,  hosiery,  iron-wares,  leather,  and  earth- 
enwares are  carried  on,  and  here  are  numerous  flour-mills 
and  distilleries.  The  inhabitants  comprise  Tartars.  Kal- 
mucks, Kirgheez,  and  Germans;  the  latter  being  colonized  in 
great  numbers  on  the  Volga,  having  had  grants  of  land  and 
privileges  conferred  on  them  by  the  Empress  Catherine,  in 
1763.  "The  government  is  subdivided  Into  10  circles.  Princi- 
pal towns,  Saratc>v,  (the  capital,)  Petrovsk,  Kamishin,  and 
Tsaritsin. 

SAIiATOV,  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above 
government,  is  situat«d  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga,  290 
miles  E.  of  Voronezh.  I^t.  51°31' N.,lon.about46°  E.  Pop. 
63,888.  It  consists  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  town,  built  chleflj' 
of  w(X)d,  and  has  Lutheran,  Roman  Catholic,  and  many 
Greek  united  churches;  a  mosque,  some  monasteries,  a  new 
and  handsome  archbishop's  palace,  large  government  edifice, 
»  large  bazaar,  several  hospitols,  a  college  and  other  schools; 
an  eccle!<iastical  seminary,  having  about  500  students:  ma- 
nufactures of  cotton  cloths,  cotton  and  silk  hosiery,  clocks, 
watches,  leather,  tobacco,  rope,  and  earthenwares;  a  bell 
foundry,  breweries,  distilleries,  and  vinegar  factories.  From 
its  position  on  the  Volga,  and  between  Astrakhan,  Moscow, 
and  Nizhnee-Novgorod,  it  Is  the  seat  of  an  ext^-nsive  trade. 
Importing  colonial  goods  and  foreign  manufactures,  and  ex- 
prting  corn,  salted  fish,  hides,  and  cattle;  it  has  also  three 
important  annual  fairs. 
17U 


SAR 

SARATOTKA  or  SARATOWKA,  sS-rl-tov^ka,  a  village  of 
Ru.ssia,  government,  and  S.E.  of  St.  Petersburg,  on  the  Neva, 

SARATOW.     See  Sar.wov. 

SARAVUS.     See  Sarre. 

SARAAVAII,  si-rd/wa,  or  SARWA,  sar'wl,  a  town  of  the 
Burmese  dominion,  in  Further  India,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Irrawaddy,  80  miles  N.W.  of  Rangoon. 

SARAWAK,  sd-rJVdk',  a  country  of  Borneo,  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  iskud,  near  its  AV.  side,  extending  between  lat. 
1°  and  2°  X.,  and  Ion.  109°  40'  and  111°  40'  E.,  bounded  W. 
and  S.  by  the  mountain  Krimbang,  and  watered  by  the 
river  Sarawak  and  its  tributaries.    Capital.  Sarawak. 

SARAWAK,  formerly  KUCHIN,  a  flourishing  town  in  the 
W.  of  the  island  of  Borneo,  capifjil  of  rajahshjp.  and  on  a  river 
of  the  .same  name,  in  lat.  i°  33'  N.,  Ion.  110°  20'  E.  It  consists 
of  a  native  and  a  European  town,  the  former  built  on  eacli 
side  of  two  reaches  of  the  river,  and  divided  into  karapongs 
or  clusters,  each  named  after  the  chief  whose  house  is  placed 
in  its  centre,  and  the  latter  occupying  some  heights  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  river.  A  si.x-gun  battery  commands  the 
reach  immediately  below  the  town,  and  there  a  number  of 
Chinese  houses  have  been  built.  Many  of  these  houses,  raised 
on  posts,  and  formed  of  wood,  have  a  very  respectable  ap- 
pearance. An  English  church  mission,  and  a  native  school 
have  been  established  here.  The  trade  of  the  town  is  con- 
siderable, and  is  carried  on  chiefly  in  large  boats,  some  of 
them  of  100  tons,  which  sail  annually  to  Singapore,  with  sago 
and  other  productions  of  the  caast,  receiving  la  exchange 
European  goods,  Javanese  cloths,  brass-work,  and  coarse 
earthenware,  made  in  China.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are 
employed  in  the  gold-mines  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  estimated 
at  12,000. 

SARA  WAX,  si-ra-win',  written  also  SAHARAWAN,  a 
province  of  Beloochistan,  mostly  between  lat.  28°  and  30" 
20'  N.,  and  Ion.  64°  and  67°  40'  E.  Estimated  area.  15,000 
square  miles.  Pop.  50,000.  Surface  mostly  mountainous 
and  rugged;  Tukatoo  in  the  N.  rises  upwards  of  11.000  feet. 
The  principal  towns  are  Sar.awan,  Quetta,  and  Mustung. 

SARAWAN,  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  capital  of  the  above 
province,  is  situated  98  miles  W.  of  Kelat,  Lat.  28°  47'  N, 
Ion.  64°  50'  E.  It  consists  of  about  500  houses  in  a  barren 
district,  enclosed  by  a  mud  wall. 

SARAYACU,  s2-ri-d-koo'.  a  town  of  Peru,  on  the  Ucayalo, 
(which  is  here  navigable,)  in  lat.  about  6°  50'  S.,  Ion.  75°  VT. 

SARBLINGSTEIN,  saK'bling-stIne\  a  market-town  of 
Upper  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Freistadt. 

SARCONI,  saR-ko/nee,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  13  miles  N.E.   of  Lagonegro. 

SARCOXIE,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Jasper  co., 
Missouri,  ITO  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City.     Pop.  1405. 

S.VRD,  .shdRd,  a  market-town  of  the  Austrian  dominions, 
in  Tran.'sylvania,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Karlsburg. 

SARD,  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Schumeg, 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kaposvar. 

S.A.RDAM,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  ZA.4ND.iM. 

SARD.\IGNE,  an  i.slaud  of  Europe.    See  Sarwnu- 

SARDARA,  saR-di'rd,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  of  Cagliari,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Oristano.     Pop.  2127. 

SARDEGNA,  an  island  of  Europe.     See  Saedinu. 

SARDES,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Sardis. 

SARDINAS,  saR-dee'nis.  a  sm.all  bay  of  New  Granada,  in 
lat.  about  2°  N.,  Ion.  79°  W. 

S.\RDINIA,saR-din'e-a,  (It.  &rrfe<?«a,  saR-din'y3 ;  Vr.Sir- 
(?a(^?j«,  saRMAfi';  Ger.  »Sar(im!ere,  saR-dee'ne-eu ;  Dutch,  i&r- 
dinie.  saR-deen'yeh ;  Sp.  Sardefta,  saR-dftn'yi,  or  Cerdefla,  thJa- 
dJn'y,i;  anc.  Sarditilia  a.Tii.  IchnuJsa;  Gr.  YapSoi,  Sardo,  or 
XapStov.  Sardon,  Ixfovcra,  Ichnousa.)  the  largest  island  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea  after  Sicily,  and  forming  with  its  sur- 
rounding islands,  the  principal  of  which  are  San  Antioeo, 
San  Pietro.  Asinara,  Madaleua.  Tavolara,  and  Caprera,  that 
part  of  the  Sardinian  States,  sometimes  improperly  called  the 
Kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  extends  from  lat.  3S°  50'  to  41°  15' 
N.,  and  from  Ion.  8°  5'  to  9°  50'  E. ;  greatest  length,  from 
Cape  Teulada  in  the  S.  to  Longo  Sardo  in  the  N.,  152  miles; 
bre.idth,  66  miles.  Area,  iududing  the  small  islands  along 
the  coast,  9235  square  miles.  It  is  nearly  in  the  form  of  a 
parallelogram,  and  though  not  without  considerable  inden- 
tations, especially  on  the  S.  and  W.  coasts,  is  very  compact. 
On  the  N.  it  is  separated  from  the  Island  of  Corsica  by  the 
Strait  of  Bonifacia,  not  quite  7  miles  wide. 

Coasts. — The  N.  coast  is  generally  rugged  and  precipitous, 
presenting  a  succession  of  bold  headlands,  of  which  those 
of  Testa  Grossa,  near  the  Bay  of  Santa  Ileparata,  and  Fal- 
cone, are  the  most  conspicuous.  The  principal  bay  is  th.at 
of  Porto  Torres.  The  W.  coast,  stretching  S.  from  Cape  Fal- 
cone, continues  steep  and  rugged,  and  presents,  among  other 
remarkable  headlands,  that  of  Cape  Argent;iio,  foiming  the 
extremity  of  a  rocky  mountain  upwards  of  2000  feet  in 
height.  South  of  Monte  Ghiscera,  the  coast  turns  suddenly 
E.,  and  forms  the  Bay  of  Alghero.  Here  the  beach  becomes 
less  elevated,  and  trending  E.,  forms  the  large  and  nearly 
semicircular  expanse  of  the  Bay  of  Oristano,  theN.  and  S.  ex- 
tremities of  which,  Capes  San  Marco  and  La  Frasca.  are  above 
5  miles  apart.  At  the  S.  extremity,  the  cape  terminates  in 
the  still  more  remarkable  headland  of  Capo  Teulada,  con- 


SAR 


SAR 


siBfing  of  a  long  range  of  precipitous  cliffs,  nearly  900  feet 
hiirh,  runnin;;  out  into  the  sea,  with  a  breadth  of  little  more 
than  half  a  mile,  and  formins;  the  southernmost  point  of  the 
whole  island.  Tlie  Gulf  of  Cagliari,  extending  from  Cape 
Pula  on  the  W.  to  Cape  Carbonaro  on  the  E.,  a  distance  of 
about  2i  miles,  and  stretching  inland  for  nearly  12  miles, 
is  in  many  respects  the  most  important  of  the  island.  It 
everywhere  furnishes  excellent  anchorage  in  ample  depth. 
The  K.  coast,  from  Cape  Carbonaro  N.,  stretches  nearly 
in  a  straight  line.  The  only  bays  deserving  of  notice  are 
those  of  T erranova  and  Orosei.  The  most  conspicuous  of 
all  the  headlands  is  that  of  Monte  SantOj  a  rugged  promon- 
tory of  upwards  of  2W0  feet  high. 

Fiice  of  the  Country. — The  interior  is  generally  moun- 
tainous, the  great  chain  which  traverses  Corsica,  from  N.  to 
S.  being  evidently,  notwithstanding  the  Interruption  of  the 
Strait  of  Bonifacio,  continued  into  Sardinia,  where  It  usually 
follows  the  same  direction,  but  occasionally  sends  out  trans- 
verse branches  from  E.  to  W.  The  culminating  point  of  these 
mountains  is  the  peak  of  (Jen.argentu.  which  is  .situated  a 
little  to  the  E.  of  the  centre  of  the  island,  and  attains  the 
height  of  527(5  feet.  The  next  highest  summit  is  the  peak 
of  Limbarra,  3686  feet,  belonging  to  the  transverse  range  of 
that  name,  and  situated  in  the  X.  Between  the  mountain 
ridges  are  several  extensive  plains,  of  which  the  most  cele- 
brated for  lieauty  and  fertility  are  those  of  the  Campidano 
in  the  S.,  stretching  between  Cagliari  and  Oristano,  and  of 
Ozieri  in  the  N.  Besides  these  there  are  several  large  .sandy 
or  stony  districts  called  inacchie,  of  a  very  sterile  nature. 

Gfolryy,  Minerals,  etc. — Far  the  greater  part  of  the  rocks 
belong  to  those  termed  primitive,  which  extend  without 
interruption  over  the  whole  of  the  N.E.  and  E.  side  of  the 
island.  Volcanic  rocks  are  found  extensively  in  the  N.'VV., 
and  occur  in  other  parts  of  the  island.  Silurian  strata 
occupy  considerable  tracts  iu  the  S.E.,  S.,  and  S.W.  The 
mineral  riches  of  the  island  were  well-known  to  the  ancients, 
whose  extensive  working.s  can  still  l>e  traced.  Tradition 
eniimerates  gold  among  its  metals,  but  no  traces  of  it  can 
now  be  found.  Lead,  however,  exists  in  considerable  abun- 
dance, and  is  generally  highly  argentiferous.  Mines  of  it 
are  profusely  scattered  over  various  districts.  Copper,  though 
less  widely  diffused,  occurs  in  several  qu.arters,  and  occa- 
sionally furnishes  beautiful  specimens  of  malachite.  Quick- 
silver has  been  found,  and  was  once  partially  worked,  and 
both  bismuth  and  antimony  are  said  to  exist;  iron  of  ex- 
cellent quality  is  plentifully  distributed,  and  is  worked  in 
several  districts.  The  other  mineral  products  deserving  of 
notice  are  porphyry,  basalt,  alabaster,  marble,  volcanic  ena- 
mels, rock-crystals,  and  a  variety  of  beautiful  pebbles,  lignite, 
gypsum,  and  nitre.  Salt,  in  its  mineral  form,  has  only  lieen 
found  iu  the  gmttoesof  Serrenti,  but  is  extensively  obtjiinod 
from  the  salt-pans  along  the  coast,  and  firms  one  of  the 
most  profitable  sources  of  royal  revenue,  for  the  sake  of 
which  it  is  strictly  maintained  as  a  monoptily. 

Hivers  and  Lakes. — The  streams  are  numerous,  and  add 
consideraljly  to  the  fertility  of  the  districts  through  which 
they  pass,  but  are  of  no  navigable  importance.  The  Tirso, 
the  largest,  pours  its  waters  into  theOulf  of  Oristano  on  the 
W.  coast.  The  lakes  are  situated  chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  coast,  where  they^form  a  series  of  lagoons. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Sardinia  has  for  many  ages  borne 
a  very  bad  name,  and,  though  the  cause  cannot  be  easily 
ascertained,  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  fact  that,  at  cer- 
tain seasons,  large  districts  become  so  insalubrious  as  to  be 
regularly  deserted  by  their  inhabitants,  while  in  others  the 
mortality  is  remarkably  great.  The  range  of  the  thermo- 
meter is  between  04°and90°,  and  the  mean  annual  temperar 
ture  61°  7'.  Neither  heat  nor  cold  can  be  said  to  be  in  ex- 
cess. Refreshing  breezes  blow  regularly  from  the  sea  towards 
noon,  and  are  as  regularly  succeeded  by  a  land-wind  as  the 
sun  goes  down.  The  unhealthiness  of  the  climate  would, 
therefore,  appear  to  be  owing  not  to  general  but  to  local 
causes,  among  which  the  extensive  lagoons  and  marshes 
which  line  the  coasts,  and  are  also  prevalent  to  some  extent 
in  the  interior,  ai-e  the  most  obvious.  During  the  hot  sea- 
son the  natives  never  quit  their  homes  until  an  hour  after 
sunrise,  and  hasten  to  return  before  sunset,  carefully  closing 
every  door  and  window.  The  disease  which  then  prevails 
is  known  by  the  name  of  inlemjKrie.  and  is  said  to  be  even 
more  fatal  than  the  malaria  by  which  parts  of  Italy  and 
Sicily  are  infested. 

Vigelatinn. — The  whole  surface  of  Sardinia  has  been  divid- 
ed into  three  portions — one  occupied  by  mountains  which, 
where  not  absolutely  barren,  are  covered  with  forests  or 
clothed  with  pasture;  anothercomposedof  marshes,  lagoons, 
and  the  almost  sterile  maccfde ;  and  the  third  under  tolerably 
regular  culture,  as  arable  land,  olive-yard,  vineyard,  &c. 
Much  of  this  land  is  of  remarkable  fertility;  and  though, 
from  the  very  imperfect  system  of  agriculture  pursued,  the 
average  produce  does  not  exceed  one  in  seven  or  eight,  a 
return  of  from  15  to  20,  in  some  favored  districts,  is  not 
uncommon.  The  grain  thus  raised  consider.ably  exceeds  the 
consumption  of  the  present  inhabit.ants,  and  might  easily 
be  increased  so  as  to  supply  three  times  the  numl>er.  The 
whole  operations  of  the  farm  are  conducted  in  the  most 


antiquated  and  slovenly  manner.  The  plough,  a  tude  In- 
strument without  a  coulter,  and  frequently  devoid  o«  tny 
iron  appendage,  merely  scratches  the  ground  tc  the  depth 
of  two  or  three  inches;  and  the  corn,  first  thrashed  on  the 
ground  by  the  tread  of  mares  and  colts,  on  a  spot  called 
argiolo,  prepared  by  paring  the  sward  and  beating  it  smooth 
with  a  mallet,  is  winnowed  by  being  thrown  up  Into  the  air. 
The  principal  crop  is  wheat,  which  is  generallj'  of  excellent 
quality,  and  forms  an  important  article  of  export  not  only 
in  the  form  of  grain,  but  of  flour,  biscuit,  and  maccaroni. 
The  culture  of  bjirley  is  more  limited,  and  the  quality  of  the 
produce  is  comparatively  inferior;  maize  thrives  well,  and 
though  not  yet  a  general  crop,  is  rising  rapidly  Into  favor; 
beans  and  pease  are  extensively  grown,  both  for  home  con- 
sumption and  export.  The  vine,  being  well  adapted  both  tc 
the  climate  and  the  soil,  already  occupies  extensive  tracts, 
and  its  culture  Is  every  year  bwoming  of  more  importance 
The  most  esteemed  wines  are  those  of  the  Campidano,  Al- 
ghero,  Sorso,  and  Oglia.stro.  Beautiful  and  extensive  olive- 
grounds  are  met  with  in  various  quarters.  The  best  oil  is 
that  of  Sassari.  The  only  other  cixips  deserving  of  notice 
are  tobacx;o,  linseed,  cotton,  madder,  and  silk. 

Zoiiliigtj. — The  bullock,  though  of  small  size,  is  the  prin- 
cipal animal  used  for  draught,  and  gives  beef  of  excellent 
quality.  Cows  are  much  neglected,  and  little  milk  is  ob- 
tiiined  from  them;  hut  the  making  of  cheese  from  the  milk 
of  goats  and  sheep  forms  a  very  important  branch  of  rural 
economy.  The  swine  are  said  to  be  among  tlie  best  in  Eu- 
rope. The  horses  are  in  general  patient  of  fatigue,  and 
easily  kept;  considerable  attention  has  been  p.aid  to  the 
improvement  of  the  breed  ;  the  mule  is  unknown  ;  but  a 
small  pony,  anciently  in  high  esteem  with  the  Koman  ma- 
trons for  its  liveliness  and  easy  pace,  still  retains  its  character. 
Game  of  all  kinds  is  very  al>undant.  AVild  boar.s.  stags, 
deer,  and  mutflons  fref(uent  the  woods  and  forests;  and 
foxes,  hares,  and  rabbits  are  so  numerous,  that  their  skins 
furnish  a  considerable  article  of  export. 

From  the  extent  of  sea-coast,  the  fisheries  naturally  form 
an  important  branch  of  industry;  but  the  sluggishness  of 
the  Sardinians  has  allowed  the  miinagement  of  them  to  fiill 
almost  entirely  into  the  hands  of  strangers.  The  most 
valuable  fishery  is  that  of  the  tunny,  which  is  carried  on 
extensively  on  various  parts  of  the  coast.  Anchovies  and 
sardines,  the  lattt^r  at  one  time  so  numerous  as  to  have 
derived  their  name  from  the  island,  have  become  compara- 
tively scarce.  Fine  mullet,  bream,  eels,  and  other  fish 
aliound,  and  are  staple  articles  of  consumption  and  com- 
merce. The  coral-fisheries,  more  celebrated  in  ancient  than 
in  modern  times,  are  still  carried  on  on  the  W.  and  S.  coasts, 
where  they  employ  from  200  to  300  boats,  which  arrive 
annually  from  Naples  and  Genoa.  The  Pinna  nrMis.  the 
inhabitant  of  a  shell  of  from  15  to  27  inches  in  length, 
aliounds  in  the  smooth  water  of  shallow  bays,  as  at  Porto- 
Conte  and  Liscia,  and  becomes  the  object  of  an  Important 
fishery,  partly  on  account  of  the  pearls  obtained  from  it.  and 
still  more  on  account  of  its  hys/us,  or  tuft  of  silky  hair, 
which  is  about  eight  inches  long,  and  is  spun  Into  gloves, 
stockings,  or  other  articles  of  dress. 

Mantifadures  and  Trade. — Manufactures  have  made  very 
little  progress,  and  are  chiefly  confined  to  a  few  coarse  tissues, 
woven  by  the  women  at  their  homes  for  private  use.  Fonni, 
however,  produces  linens,  carpets,  and  bed-covers,  which, 
though  coarse,  are  in  general  use;  and  at  Dorgali,  a  coarse 
kind  of  silk  goods  is  made  for  sale.  A  few  coarse  woollens 
and  cottons,  leather,  earthenware,  and  glass  are  also  manu- 
factured; tobacco  and  gunpowder,  toth,  like  salt,  govern- 
ment monopolies,  are  manufectnred  to  a  considerable  extent. 
The  trade  consists  of  the  exports  of  raw  produce,  the  greater 
part  of  which  has  already  been  enumerated,  including  corn, 
wine,  brandy,  timber,  .seeds,  fi.sh,  cattle,  salt,  tobacco.  <tc. ; 
thi?  imports  include  all  the  ordinary  tissues,  more  especially 
cotton,  colonial  produce,  hosiery,  hardware,  and  metals, 
hemp,  and  cordage,  &c.  One  great  obstacle  to  the  progress 
of  trade  was  the  mi.serable  state  of  the  roads,  which  long 
continued  impracticable  for  wheel-carriages.  This  has  been 
to  some  extent  removed  by  the  foi-mation  of  a  good  road, 
which  traverses  the  island  throughout  its  whole  length,  from 
Cagliari  to  Sassari,  and  of  several  branch  roads  to  the  most 
important  places,  not  on  the  direct  line. 

Government  and  People. — Sardinia,  until  1848,  was  go- 
verned by  a  viceroy.  It  is  now  governed  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  the  divisions  on  the  mainland,  by  general  intend- 
ants,  one  of  whom  superintends  each  of  the  three  divisions — 
Cagliari,  Nuoro.  and  Sassari — into  which  the  island  Is  divid- 
ed. The  inhabitants  bear  a  considerable  resemblance,  both 
in  physical  features  and  in  m.anners  and  customs,  to  the 
Greeks.  They  are  of  middle  stature,  and  well  shaped,  are 
enthusiastically  attached  to  their  country,  and  have  good 
intellectual  capacities.  They  have  suffered  much,  however, 
from  long  neglect  and  misgovernment.  It  is  said  that  great 
improvements  have  recently  taken  place,  and  that  one  of 
the  first  results  of  a  more  general  diffusion  of  education,  has 
been  a  marked  diminution  both  in  the  number  and  the 
heinousness  of  crimes.  There  are  two  universities,  one  at 
Cagliari  with  402,  and  another  at  Sassari  with  318  studeJits 

1716 


ir.  1838.    Tliere  Is  a  primary  school  in  each  Tillage.    The 
n  lirfon  is  exclusively  Roman  Catholic.  . 

IHvimns  and  J^ipulati'm.— The  island  of  Sardinia  is  divid- 
ed aduiiuistratively  into  three  divisions,  subdivided  into  11 
pioviuces,  which,  with  their  population,  ai-e  enumerated  m 
the  following  table: — 

IHi-iiiont  and  Provinces  of  the  Maud  of  Sardinia,  and  their 
J'lipiilatinn  in  lS5'i. 


I>lT»i<lor.». 

Provinces. 

Area  in  square  miles. 

P.  1852. 

Cagu.uu.... 

NUOBO 

Samabi 

The  toul  area  of 
the  island  of  Sardinia 

109,117 

42.766 

•i  Isili        

48.953 

78.444 

27,530 

The    provinces  have 
not   yet    been    mea- 
sured. 

37,5H6 

59.286 

fAlgheroorAlgheri. 

34,3(B 
24.615 

i  Sassari 

LTeoipio 

67.317 
2-2,738 

Tota 

1 

9235 

552.665 

History.— The  early  history  of  the  island  is  involved  in 
much  obscurity.  Its  original  inh.-ibitants,  according  to 
Cicero,  are  of  Libyo-Phcenician,  and  according  to  Strabo,  of 
Tyrrhene  extraction,  and  were  living  independent,  when, 
about  B.  C.  530,  they  were  attacked  by  the  Carthaginians, 
and  obliged,  after  a  valiant  but  ineffectual  resistance,  to 
quit  the  low  country  and  retire  into  their  mountain  fast- 
nesses. During  the  first  Punic  war  the  Komans  made 
strenuous  exertions  to  become  masters  of  the  island,  and 
ultimately,  on  agreeing  to  make  peace,  obtained  a  formal 
cession  of  it.  This  cession  appears  to  have  left  a  rankling 
feeling  in  the  breasts  of  the  Carthaginians,  and  is  expressly 
mentioned  by  Livy  as  one  of  the  causes  which  led  to  the 
second  I'unic  war,  in  which  Home,  thoujih  finally  victorious, 
was  brought  to  the  brink  of  ruin  by  Hannibal. •  During  the 
struggles  between  Kome  and  Carthage.  Sardinia  often  be- 
came the  theatre  of  war,  and  suffered  equally  from  both  the 
powerful  states  which  contended  for  its  possession.  .\t  a 
very  early  period,  the  inhabitants  were  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity, and  were,  in  course  of  time,  brought  into  close  con- 
nection with  the  Papal  See,  which,  having  once  fixed  its 
hold,  has  never  relinijuished  it.  On  the  fall  of  the  Western 
i^mpive.  it  ciinie  successively  under  the  power  of  the  A'an- 
dals.  Goths,  and  Moors.  .\t  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century, 
it  was  held  by  the  Genoese,  and  afterwards  by  the  kings  of 
Aragon  till  1713.  In  1720,  it  was  acquired  by  Savoy  in 
exchange  for  Sicily.  It  was  the  only  portion  of  the  Sar- 
dinian dominions  which  w-osleft  in  the  power  of  the  sove- 
reign during  the  usurpation  of  the  French  from  1798  to  1811. 

Adj.  and  inhab.  Sardinian,  sar-din'e-an,  (It.  Sar'do.) 

SARDINIA,  KINGDO.M  OF,  (It.  Stati  'Sardi,  sta/tee  saR/- 
dee ;  Fr.  lioyaume  de  Sardaigne,  roi'Om'df  h  sirMAS')  a  former 
State  of  Italy.composed  of  the  island  of  Sardinia  (which  see,) 
and  a  continental  portion  called  the  Sardinian  States,  (It.  Stiiti 
Sxrdi  di  Terra  fkrma,  sti'tee  sau'dee  dee  t^R/Rd  f^Kmd,) 
comprising  the  duchy  of  Savoy,  (the  cradle  of  the  monarchy,) 
the  principality  of  Piedmont,  the  county  of  Nice  (which  sur- 
rounds the  principality  of  Monaco.)  the  duchy  of  Montferrat, 
a  part  of  the  former  duchy  of  Milan,  and  the  duchy  of  Genoa, 
with  the  island  of  Capr.ija.  This  continental  portion  extends 
from  lat.  43°  38'  to  46°  27'  \.,  Ion.  5°  35'  and  10<^  5'  E.;  and 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Switzerland ;  on  the  E.  by  Switzer- 
land, Lombardy,  Parma,  and  Tuscany ;  on  the  S.  by  the 
Mediterranean;  and  on  the  S.W.  and  W.  by  France;  greatest 
length  from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E.,  245  miles;  greatest  breadth 
from  N.X.K.  to  S.S.W.,  201  miles.  Area,  18.994  square  miles, 
being  greater  than  that  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
but  smaller  than  that  of  Portugal. 

Face  of  the  Chuntry.  Mountains,  <fc. — The  surface  is  tra- 
versed in  various  directions  by  the  loftiest  mountain  chains 
of  Europe.  These,  commencing  at  the  .N.E.  extremity,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Switzerland,  form  the  boundary  between  the  two 
countries,  proceeding  first  under  the  name  of  the  Helvetian 
or  Leoix)ntine  Alps  to  Monte  Ro.sa,  and  then  almost  due  W. 
under  that  of  the  Pennine  Alps  to  Mont  Blanc,  which  lies 
wholly  within  the  Sardinian  territory.  From  Mont  Blanc 
the  principal  chain  proceeds,  under  the  name  of  the  Grecian 
or  Graian  Alps,  first  circuitously  S.,  and  then  W.,  so  as 
completely  to  isolate  Savoy  from  the  rest  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  Having  reached  the  boundary  of  France,  it  extends 
along  it  in  a  S.E.  direction  to  Monte  Viso,  S.  of  which  it 
becomes  linked  to  the  Maritime  Alps.  These,  quitting 
the  French  frontier,  stretch  eastward  between  Piedmont  and 
Nice,  and,  finally,  almost  skirting  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  be- 
come connected  a  little  above  Savona  with  the  main  branch 
of  the  West  Apennines,  which  at  first  recede  a  little  from 
the  shore,  and  then  proceed  E.  thrcjugh  the  division  of  Ge- 
noa to  the  frontiers  of  Parma  and  Tu.scany.  These  lofty 
chains  thicw  out  numerous  branches,  sometimes  parallel 
and  sometimes  at  right  angles  to  their  principal  axes. 
Although  the  &r  greater  portion  of  the  Sardinian  surface  is 
niountrtinous,  between  the  S.  slopes  of  the  Pennine  and  Uel- 
l!l>i 


SAR 

vetian  Alps,  and  the  ?7.  slopes  of  the  Maritime  Alps  and  th« 
Apennines,  large  open  plains  of  almo.st  unrivalled  beauty 
and  fertility  occur,  and  render  a  country  which,  from  con. 
taining  the  "loftiest  mountain.s,  might  be  supposed  to  be  one 
of  the  most  barren,  actually  one  of  the  most  productive  in 
Europe. 

Gei^ocixi  and  Minerals.— The  lofty  chains  of  the  Alps  are 
compo.sed  mostly  of  granite  and  crystalline  schists.  To  the 
AV.  of  the  chain  which  forms  the  western  boundary  of  Pied- 
mont, the  Jura  limestone  is  largely  developed,  and  extends 
over  the  greater  part  of  Savoy.  The  same  system  also  ex- 
tends to  a  considerable  distance  along  the  S.  slopes  of  the 
\V.  part  of  the  Maritime  Alps,  and  descends  to  the  shore 
near  the  W.  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  The  most  striking 
displ.ay  of  volcanic  rocks  is  near  the  same  gulf,  not  far  from 
the  point  where  the  Maritime  Alps  are  considered  to  tei^ 
minate  and  the  Apennines  to  begin.  In  the  interval  be- 
tween the  ch.ains.  the  rocks  are  composed  chiefly  of  serpen- 
tine. Almost  the  whole  of  the  Apennines  within  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  and  the  slopes  on  both  sides  of  it.  consist  of 
calcareous  rocks  belonging  to  the  cretaceous  system.  They 
exhibit  numerous  marksof  violent  disturbance  by  volcanic 
rocks,  which,  though  nowhere  lai-gely  developed,  are  seen 
piercing  the  surface  in  many  isolated  spots.  The  tertiary 
formation  predominates  in  I'iedmont  on  the  slopes  and 
undulating  plains  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po.  The 
plains  on  the  left  bank  appear  also  to  be  tertiary,  but  are 
covered  fir  the  most  part  with  thick  beds  of  alluvium. 

The  minerals  include  most  of  the  known  metals,  but  in 
such  limited  quantities  as  to  possess  little  economical  value. 
Gold  has  been  washed  from  the  sands  of  sever.al  rivers,  par- 
ticularly the  Oreo  and  Dora  Baltea;  and  from  a  mine  of  sul- 
phuretted iron  in  the  province  of  OrsoLh,  both  gold  and  silver 
have  been  extracted.  In  Savoy,  the  mines  of  argentiferous 
lead,  which  have  been  worked  from  an  early  period  at  Pesey 
and  JIacol,  still  continue  productive;  iron  is  worked  to 
advantage  in  various  quarters;  and  several  extensive  salt- 
works have  been  erected  to  purify  the  salt  obtained  both 
from  mines  and  springs.  Gypsum,  chalk,  limestone,  and 
slate  are  very  abundant,  and  there  are  few  provinces  in  which 
excellent  quarries  of  alabaster  and  marble  might  not  be 
opened.  Amethysts,  garnets,  and  rock-crystals  of  great  size 
and  Ijeauty  are  "often  found.  No  coal  fit  for  fuel  has  been 
discovered,  but  there  are  sevenil  .seams  of  lignite. 

liiven  and  Luhei.-Vrom  the  position  of  the  mountain 
chains,  it  is  evident  th.it  they  must  Pjrm  a  number  of  water- 
sheds, and  divide  the  drainage  of  the  country  among  seveial 
basins.  Thus,  Savoy,  which,  as  already  observed,  is  com- 
pletely isolated  on  the  E.  and  S.,  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the 
Rhone,  which,  forming  a  portion  of  the  W.  boundary,  re- 
ceives part  of  the  drainage  directly,  and  a  much  larger  p.irt 
indirectly,  through  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  the  Arve,  and  the 
Isfire;  in  like  manner  in  the  S.,  the  Maritime  Alps  and  the 
Apennines  cause  all  the  water  sent  JVom  their  southern 
slopes,  or  collected  on  the  narrow  belt  of  land  below,  to  de- 
scend directly  to  the  Mediterranean  in  numerous  streams, 
all  of  them,  except  the  Var  in  the  W.,  and  the  Vara  in  the 
E.,  too  insignificant  to  be  deserving  of  special  notice.  A  third 
basin,  of  far  more  importance,  since  not  less  than  three- 
fourths  of  the  whole  surface  belongs  to  it,  is  that  of  the  Po. 
This  important  river,  commencing  its  course  in  the  moun- 
tains on  the  \V..  flows- across  the  country  to  its  E.  frontier, 
winding  somewhat  circuitously,  but  never  wandering  far 
from  its  centre,  and  receiving  constant  accessions  from  nu- 
merous .nflluents,  which  hasten  to  join  it  on  either  bank  with 
supplies  often  furnished  from  exhaustless  reservoirs  among 
the  regions  of  perpetual  snow.  These  .iflluents  alone  drain 
on  the  left  bank  an  area  of  7666.  and  on  the  riirht  an  area 
of  4211  square  miles.  On  the  right  the  only  afliuent  of  con- 
sequence is  the  Tanaro;  on  the  left  the  most  important  are 
the  Ticino,  Dora  Baltea.  and  Sesia.  In  general,  however, 
their  currents  are  too  shallow  or  too  rapid  to  be  used  for 
transport,  and  the  benefits  which  they  confer  on  all  the  dis- 
tricts through  which  they  pass  are  confined  to  irrigation. 
While  the  rivers  are  thus  numerous,  there' is  a  remark.able 
deficiency  of  lakes.  Neither  the  Ijike  of  Geneva  nor  Lago 
Maggiore  properly  belongs  to  Sardinia;  and  the  only  laked 
worthy  of  the  name  witliin  the  territory  are  the  compara- 
tively trivial  ones  of  .\nnecy  and  Bourget  in  Savoy. 

Climate. — The  climate  necessarily  varies  much  according 
to  locality.  In  the  regions  of  perpetual  snow,  and  in  all  the 
districts  so  near  .as  to  be  within  the  sphere  of  their  influence, 
the  winter-cold  is  severe,  the  weather  at  all  times  variable, 
and  violent  storms  frequent  even  when  the  season  has  far 
advanced.  In  the  lower  district.s,  and  especially  in  the  plains 
of  lledmont,  a  much  milder  and  more  genial  climate  pre- 
vails; the  winter  is  short,  and  in  summer  are  long  intervals 
of  the  brightest  sunshine.  The  heat,  however,  is  often  ex- 
treme, and  the  ground  becomes  so  scorched  that  the  crop* 
are  only  saved  by  the  general  practice  of  irrigation,  lu 
spring  the  worst  feature  in  the  we.Vher  is  its  variableness. 
A'iolent  winds  often  blow  from  the  surrounding  mountains, 
and  local  storms  of  hail  descend  with  an  impetuosity  wbicli 
not  only  devastate  the  fields,  but  sometimes  proves  fatal  to 
animals.    In  the  S.  portion  rf  the  Sardinian  SUti«,  situ;iti»d 


SAR 


SAR 


on  the  S.  side  of  the  Maritime  Alps  and  Apennines,  and 
forming  the  divisions  of  Nio«  and  Genoa,  the  complete 
shelter  from  the  N.,  and  the  vicinity  of  the  sea,  combine  in 
forming  a  climate  remarkalile  for  the  mildness  of  its  winters 
and  its  almost  tropical  summer-heats.  Here  the  orange 
flourishes  vi'^nrously  in  the  open  air;  the  olive  is  the  most 
Important  olject  of  culture ;  and  many  plants,  seldom  found 
within  the  same  latitude,  grow  spontaneously  among  its 
rocky  and  sunny  slopes.  At  Turin,  situated  not  far  from 
the  centre  of  the  country,  the  medium  summer  temperature 
is  72°,  and  the  ordinary  maximum  86°-32;  hut  the  thermo- 
meter exposed  to  the  sun  has  a  mean  height  of  not  less  than 
61°-57.  The  average  annual  full  of  rain,  deduced  from  ten 
years'  ohservation,  is  nearly  37  inches,  and  of  these  the  large 
proiwrtion  of  "iSi  inches  falls  between  March  and  .September. 
The  rainiest  mouth  is  May,  and  the  next  rainiest  August. 
The  prev.ailing  winds  throughout  the  country  are  from  the 
\V.,  N.,  and  K.  The  north  wind  is  felt  particularly  in  Savoy 
and  in  parts  of  Piedmont,  but  being  warded  off  by  the  Mari- 
time Alps  and  Apennines,  makes  little  impression  in  the 
divisions  of  Nice  and  Genoa. 

Vajctatinn.  Ar/ricuiture,  <fc. — Man3'  of  the  mountains  either 
rise  above  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow,  or  retain  their  snowy 
covering  till  the  summer  is  so  far  advanced  that  they  h.ave 
scircely  time  to  clothe  themselves  with  any  kind  of  vegeta- 
tion. Ueneath  these  snowy  regions  are  many  well-wooded 
heights,  particularly  in  Savoy,  and  on  parts  of  the  Apennines 
and  Maritime  Alps;  and  at  the  same  or  similar  elevations  in 
all  the  mountainous  districts  of  the  country,  extensive  pas- 
toral tracts  occur,  where  great  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep,  and 
goats  are  reared,  chiefly  with  a  view  to  the  dairy.  In  still 
lower  regions  tlie  pine,  birch,  alder,  and  hazel  are  succeeded 
by  the  more  valuable  species  of  hard-wood:  among  others, 
the  Spanish  chestnut,  not  more  valuable  for  its  timber  than 
its  fruit.  In  Savoy  and  other  mountainous  i-egions  of  the 
N.  the  extent  of  arable  land  is  very  much  limited,  both  by 
the  nature  of  the  climate  and  the  conflguralion  of  the  sur- 
face; and  tliough.  in  lower  and  more  favored  spots,  the  vine 
is  successfully  cultivated,  and  corn-fields  are  sometimes  seen 
stretching  continuously  over  considerable  tracts,  the  cereals 
produced  fall  far  short  of  the  consumption.  In  the  south- 
ern divisions  of  Nice  and  Genoa  the  quantity  of  cereal  pro- 
duce is  equally  deficient,  partly  from  the  thin  and  arid  soil, 
either  covered  with  stones  or  bristling  with  rock.s,  and  partly 
frc>m  its  adaptation  to  the  growth  of  plants  from  which  a 
more  valualile  return  can  be  obtained — the  orange,  the  vine, 
the  mulberry,  and,  above  all,  the  olive,  which  grows  here  in 
the  greatest  perfection. 

The  true  granary  of  the  Sardinian  States  must  be  sought 
for  in  the  plains  of  Piedmont,  where  the  soil,  deep  though 
light,  possesses  great  natural  fertility,  and  has  in  numerous 
instances  this  fertility  increased  tenfold  by  careful  and  skil- 
ful management.  To  such  perfection  has  the  system  of  arti- 
ficial irrigation  been  carried,  that  whole  tracts  of  country 
are  literally  covered  by  artificial  channels  of  various  dimen- 
sions, so  that  in  the  plain  of  Piedmont  486,613  acres  are 
under  regular  irrigation,  the  supplies  of  which  are  received 
and  paid  for  according  to  fixed  rules,  forming  a  most  en- 
lightened hydrographic  code.  The  results  are  astonishing. 
Whole  districts,  which  had  remained  almost  waste,  have 
been  converted  into  luxuriant  corn-fields,  verdant  meadows, 
and  rice-grounds,  and,  instead  of  a  scanty  and  impoverished 
population,  now  rival  the  most  densely-peopled  regions  of 
Kurop<^.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  ground  thus  irri- 
gated is  kept  in  permanent  meadow,  yielding  heavy  cut- 
tings of  grass  and  luxuriant  crops  of  hay,  for  the  main- 
tenance generally  of  Swiss  cow.s,  which  are  kept  in  large 
dairies,  their  produce  forming  one  of  the  principal  sources 
of  agricultural  wealth.  A  still  larger  portion  of  the  same 
land  is  under  a  regular  rotation  of  rice,  maize,  green  crop, 
and  wheat.  French  beans  and  hemp  are  extensively  grown, 
and  barley  and  rye  more  partially.  'Much  of  the  ground 
not  irrigated  is  devoted  to  the  culture  of  the  vine,  and  more 
especially  of  the  mulberry,  for  the  rearing  of  silk-worms. 
The  silk  obtained  is  abundant  and  of  excellent  quality, 
•  ud  both  in  its  raw  and  spun  state  forms  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  export.  Fruit  of  the  finest  kinds  is  every- 
where abundant. 

Manufactures  and  Trade. — The  former  occupy  a  very  un- 
important place  compared  with  agriculture,  and  consist 
chiefly  of  silk  stuffs,  velvet,  silk  hosiery,  woollens  generally 
of  coarse  quality,  linen  chiefly  for  domestic  use,  hardware, 
earthenware,  porcelain,  glass,  leather,  soap,  paper,  articles  in 
alabaster,  marble,  and  coral,  essences  and  perfumes,  white 
lead,  tirandy,  liqueurs,  chocolate,  vermicelli,  <tc.  The  transit 
trade  between  France,  Switzerland.  Germany,  and  Italy,  is 
very  extensive,  and  au  important  foreign  trade  is  carried  on, 
chiefly  through  the  port  of  Genoa.  The  principal  exports 
are  olive-oil,  corn,  rice,  raw  silk,  silk  goods,  velvet,  white  lead, 
and  several  of  the  above  articles  of  manufacture;  the  prin- 
cipal imports  are  colonial  produce,  cotton,  metals,  hides, 
wit  fish,  tar  and  pitch.  <tc.  The  merchant  marine  of  the 
entire  kingdom  in  1854,  comprised  3419  vessels,  (tons, 
164.852,)  employing  24.539  hands. 

Lines  of  railway  have  been  opened  in  Sardinia,  from  Tui'ia 


to  Geno.T,  through  Alessandria,  and  from  Turin  to  Savigliano. 
A  railw.ay  is  in  course  of  construction,  extending  from  Turiu 
in  a  N.VV.  direction,  and  intended  ultimately  to  connect 
with  the  railway  systems  of  France.  Another  railway  ha» 
also  tieen  projected  from  Alessandria  to  Oleggio.  The  electrie 
telegraph  is  in  operation  from  Turin,  over  the  summit  of 
Jlont  Ceuis,  to  ('hambery,  where  it  forms  a  connectiot 
with  the  telegraphic  system  of  France.  A  company  ha 
been  chartered,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  for  the  piirpos* 
of  establishing  lines  of  stejimers — one  to  ply  between  Genoa 
and  New  York,  and  one  between  Genoa  and  Montevideo. 
Each  line  is  t«  sail  monthly. 

Divisions,  Pupulatinn.  etc. — For  administrative  purpose* 
the  kingdom  is  divided  into  11  portions,  called  divisions, 
which  are  again  subdivided  into  39  provinces,  the  names, 
areas,  and  populations  being  as  follow: — 
Ditxisions  and  Provinces  of  the  Crmtinental  States  of  Sardinia, 
their  Area  and  Fiipididion  in  1852. 


Adminiiitrative 
Divisious. 

Provinoee. 

Area  in 
gq.  m. 

Population 
In  1S52. 

f  Alessaudria 

1  Asti 

3:^5 
345 
270 

•&•) 

soo 

3.i0 
W5 

m' 

Sfl4 

emi 

618 

w 

Sb'i 
261 
281 

1,218 
557 

1,165 
176 
267 
474 
49.1 
540 
315 
293 
4.19 
264 
304 
783 
630 
371 
683 
589 
632 

1,099 
369 
327 
545 

124,344 
137.6:!5 
37,947 
59,426 
20.',O:)3 
58,229 
105,929 
109,5.'7 
119,263 
1811,767 
149,.'!03 
irili,439 
116,064 

yib.vm 

1.84,848 
79.080 
65,236 
81.469 
168,893 
118,616 
60,595 
64,803 
1.19,854 
181.411 
36,470 
64.335 
36,021 
101,548 
60,415 
79.748 
«4,oOO 
1,50,051 
61,0,i8 
45,841 
134,019 
82,078 
143.157 
276,486 
131.079 
121.800 
125,2;i4 

f  ChaUIais 

Annecy 

Cont  or  CuQco 

J  Coni  or  Cuneo 

j  Mondovi 

fChiavari 

J«--l?,;7vi.Vc-e.v.; 

(^Xovi 

(  Aosta 

\  Ivrea 

Nice 

i  Oneglia 

1  I'allanEa 

Lvalsesia 

f  MauHeiine 

Savoy  or  ChamMry.. 

)  Savoy  Proper 

)  Upper  Savoy 

,'  Susa ; 

lT-infj,';j,i--e.::: 

Total  of  cotitincr 
Islaud  of  Surdin 

Total  of  Rardini 

18,994 

4,537,580 
552,665 

^ 

28  229 

5,090,245 

Gorernment  and  Herenue. — The  government  is  in  form  an 
hereditary  monarchy,  in  which  the  powers  of  the  sovereign 
have  recently  been  placed  under  important  constitutional 
restraints.  This  new  constitution,  voluntarily  granted  by 
King  Charles  Albert  in  1S48,  provides  for  a  legislatui-e  of  two 
chambers,  which  meet  annually;  guarantees  the  freedom  of 
the  press,  and  introduces  many  other  important  reforms. 
The  clergy  and  nobility  had  from  an  early  period  possessed 
peculiar  privileges,  which  exempted  them  from  taxation, 
and  in  a  manner  placed  them  above  the  law.  These  privi- 
leges have  undergone  important  modifications.  Justice  is 
administered  by  four  superior  courts,  which  have  their  seats 
at  Turin,  Genoa,  Nice,  and  Chambery;  provincial  courts, 
one  in  the  capital  of  each  province:  and  a  great  number  of 
local  and  inferior  judicatories.  In  addition  to  tliese,  a 
supreme  court,  called  Camera  Regia,  sits  at  Turin;  an 
admir.alty  court  at  Genoa,  and  commercial  courts  at  various 
places. 

The  revenue,  accordinc  to  the  budget  of  1854,  amounted 
to  $25.6.30,000,  of  which  $12,400,000  was  derived  from  taxes; 
$9.6S0i000  from  customs,  tolls  on  vessels,  &c. ;  and  $2,000,000 
from  public  works.  The  expenditures  amounted  to$27.700,000, 
of  which  $7,200,000  was  for  interest  on  the  public  debt; 
$6,650,000  for  the  army;  $839,000  for  the  navy;  .$2,360,000 
for  public  works;  and  $413,000  for  public  instruction.  The 
public  debt  for  the  same  year  amounted  to  $114,300,000. 
Nearly  a  half  of  this  debt  has  been  recently  contracted  in 
two  large  portions — one  for  the  construction  of  railways, 
and  the  other,  to  say  the  least,  very  unfortunately,  by  the 
late  war  with  Austria. 

Army  and  Nax-y,  Feligion.  Education,  <tc. — The  army 
amount.s,  on  the  war  footing,  to  about  140.000  men,  but  in 
peace  to  only  48.000  men ;  the  navy  comprises  about  60  ves- 
sels of  war  of  all  descriptions,  mounting  about  900  cannon. 
Among  the  vessels  there  is  not  a  single  ship  of  the  line ; 
but  there  are  4  frigates  and  B  steam-vessels. 

1717 


SAR 

Tlif  established  relijiion  is  the  Roman  Catholic.  It  is 
goveiiied  hv  4  archbishops  and  -3  bishops,  and  for  apes 
iiossesse-i  such  an  ascendency,  that  it  would  not  tolerate 
any  oth  ?i-  form  of  reli>;ion.  Its  persecutions  of  Piedmont 
and  Sa-»oy  form  one  of  the  darkest  pages  in  the  history  of 
Popery.  In  more  recent  times,  not  only  hare  its  more 
violent  outbursts  and  aggressions  been  restrained,  but  a 
general  toleration  has  been  proclaimed,  and  the  long-perse- 
cuted Waldenses.  still  numbering  above  20.000,  can  not 
only  TTorship  peacefully  in  their  mountain  valleys,  but  rear 
their  churches  in  the" very  heart  of  the  capiUl. 

There  are  elementary  schools  in  each  commune,  secondary 
schools  in  the  large  towns,  and  four  universities,  viz. :  at 
Turin.  Genoa.  Cagliari,  and  Sas.sari,  the  whole  under  the 
control  of  a  minister  of  public  instruction.  There  are  also 
schools  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  for  agriculture,  arts,  manu- 
factures, veterinary  medicine,  civil  engineering,  marine,  <tc. 

ITistory.~The  country  which  now  forms  the  Sardini.in 
States,  was  known  in  ancient  times  in  its  S.  part  by  the 
name  of  Ligu'ria.  and  in  its  X.  by  that  of  GaVlia  OisalpUita 
Savoy,  separated  from  the  other  parts,  and  lying  beyond 
the  Alps,  was  considered  as  belonging  to  Gallia  Narbo- 
nensis.  The  house  of  Savoy,  whence  has  sprung  the  pre- 
sent line  of  Sardinian  kings,  may  be  said  to  date  from  about 
the  eleventh  century.  Count  Humbert,  the  vassal  of  Ru- 
dolph III.  of  Burgundy,  exercised  jurisdiction  not  only  over 
Savoy,  but  other  portions  of  the  surrounding  territory. 
His  son  Otho  died  in  IO'jO,  leaving  two  sons,  who  became 
successively  Counts  of  Savoy.  From  this  time,  with  some 
vicissitudes,  the  house  of  Savoy  continued  to  increase  in 
power  and  influence,  till  1-140,  when  Amadeus  VIII.  (who 
had  been  created  Duke  of  Savoy  by  the  Ilniperor  Sigis- 
mund,  in  1416)  died  after  a  prosperous  reign,  leaving  his 
successors  in  possession  of  territories  which  gave  him  a  dis- 
tinguished place  among  the  sovereigns  of  Europe.  The 
■wai-s  t)etween  France  and  Germany  seemed  for  a  time  to 
check  the  growing  fjrtunes  of  Savoy.  Victor  Amadeus 
ascended  the  throne  in  1675:  during  his  reign,  the  war  be- 
tween France  and  Germany  again  broke  out,  in  which  he 
necessarily  became  involved,  but  played  his  part  so  well, 
that  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht,  in  1713,  he  not  only  had  added 
considerably  to  his  continental  territories,  but  obtained 
possession  of.  and  was  formally  crowned  King  of  Sicily.  By  a 
subsequent  amingement,  he  exchanged  Sicily  for  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  from  which  he  and  his  successors  have  since 
taken  the  title  of  king.  Charles  Felix,  who  assumed  the 
crown  in  1821,  after  a  reign  of  10  years,  dying  without  m.'ile 
issue,  a  collateral  branch  succeeded  in  the  person  of  Charles 
Albert,  who,  in  184S,  promulgated  a  liberal  constitution. 
The  same  year  saw  him  at  the  head  of  a  league  intended  to 
expel  the  Austrians  from  Italy.  Being  unsuccessful  lie 
abdicated  the  throne,  March,  1849,  in  favor  of  his  son,  Victor 
Emanuel.  The  Surdiuiuu  States  now  form  part  of  the  new 
kingdom  of  Italy. 

S.iRDINIA,  a  post-village  of  Sardinia  township,  F.rie  co.. 
New  York,  about  .30  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains 
several  mills  and  factories.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1942. 

S.\RDIMA,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  90  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  250. 

SAKDINIA,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana. 

SA1W)IS  or  SAU'DES,  (Gr.  TapSis  or  Xap^tif :  Turk.  Sart. 
saRt,)  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatoli.i.  in  antiquity 
the  capital  of  Lydia,  at  the  X.  foot  of  Mount  Tmolus,  50 
miles  N.E.  of  Smyrna.  Its  acropolis  has,  by  the  effects  of 
running  streams,or  earthquakes,  been  wrought  into  the 
most  fantastic  shapes.  On  its  summit  are  extensive  remains 
of  a  castle,  called  the  Gerusia.  (or  house  of  Croesus:)  and 
about  1  mile  distant  are  a  few  traces  of  a  va.st  temple  of 
Cybele.  Under  Croesus,  its  last  king,  from  whom  it  was 
taken  by  Cyrus.  Sardis  was  one  of  the  most  splendid  and 
luxurious  cities  of  the  East.  After  passing  to  the  Romans, 
it  rapidly  declined,  and  during  the  reign  of  Tiljerius  was 
almost  destroyed  by  an  earthquake.  It  was.  however,  im- 
mediately rebuilt,  and  acquired  new  interest  from  becoming 
the  seat  of  one  of  the  Apocalyptic  churches. 

S.\R'DIS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Harrison  co..  W.  Virginia. 

S.4RD1S,  a  post-oftiee  of  Panola  co.,  Mississippi. 

SARDIS.  a  post-village  of  Mason  co.,  Kentucky,  14  miles 
8.  of  Maysville. 

SARDIS,  a  post-village  in  the  E.  part  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  150. 

SA  KDO.    See  Sardima. 

SARDO.A.L,  saR-do-dl',  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pro- 
■vini'e  of  Beira  Baixa,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Thomar.     Pop.  3200. 

SARECTA.  a  post-Tillage  of  Duplin  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  (ioshen  Creek.  alx>ut  90  miles  .-^.E.  of  Raleigh. 

SAREE  or  SARI,  si-ree'.  the  rapital  town  of  the  Persian 
province  of  Mazanderan,  20  miles  E.  of  Balfurosh.  Lat.  36° 
30'  N..  Ion.  b3P  10'  E.  Pop.  in  1822  was  estimated  at  from 
80.000  to  40,000;  but  in  1830  it  had  l>een  so  depopulated  by 
cholera,  «s  to  have  scarcely  :5otl  inhabitants.  It  is  enclosed 
by  a  ditch  and  a  mud  wall,  flanked  by  pentagonal  brick 
towers,  bat  kept  in  very  bad  repiiir. 

SAREILA,  si-Ri'li.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  province  of  Allahabad,  25  mUes  S.W.  of  Kalpee. 


SAR 

SAREPTA,  85-r?p'ta,  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  govern' 
ment  of  Saratov,  in  its  S.  part,  on  the  Sarpsi.  near  its  influx 
into  the  Volga,  15  miles  S.  of  Tsaritsin,  (Tzarilzin.)  Pop. 
400.  It  was  founded  in  17(15  by  a  colony  of  German  Herm- 
huters,  and  is  the  cectre  of  numerous  colonies  of  Moravians. 

SAREl'T.\,  an  ancient  city  of  Syria.     See  Surafend. 

SAREPTA,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi,  28 
miles  S.E.  of  Oxford. 

SARES-KEND,  sJ-r&s-kJnd',  a  village  of  North  Persia, 
province  of  Azerbaijan,  S.W.  of  Mianna.  Near  it  are  two 
ruined  fortresses,  termed  Kalah-Zohak,  and  formerly  sup- 
posed to  indi^'ate  the  site  of  the  ancient  Omzuca.  which  has, 
however,  been  since  identified  with  lukhti-Suleiman,  00 
miles  S. 

SAREZZO,  sJ-rJt/so,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Brescia,  2  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Gardone,  on  the  Mella. 
Pop.  1424. 

S.\I!GADELOS,  6aR-g3-d.Vloce,  a  small  maritime  village 
of  Spain,  in  Galicia.  province,  and  18  miles  N.  of  Lugo. 

S.\RGANS,  saR"gftx°'  or  saR'gdns.  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  St.  Gall,  "i  miles  S.E.  of  Wallenstadt.     Pop.  723. 

SARGEANTSVILLE,  sar'jants-vill.  a  p<ist-village  of  Hun- 
terdon CO.,  New  Jersey.  6  mUes  S.W.  of  Flemiugton,  contains 
10  or  12  dwellings. 

SARH.\UT,  sar-h.awt'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  5  miles  Vi'.  of  Moorshedabad. 

SARI,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Sarix. 

SARIET'TA,  a  post-oftice  of  Marion  co..  W.  Virginia. 

S.\RINE.  a  river  of  Switzerland.    See  Saaxe. 

S.\RINER.\.  sd-re-nJn'yi,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
26  miles  S.E.  of  Huesca,  in  a  fertile  plain.     Pop.  2ot'*). 

S.\RINGUR,  sd-rin-gQr'.  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Berar  do- 
minions. 62  miles  W.  of  Sumbhulpoor. 

SARJOO  or  SARJOU,  a  river  of  Hiudostan.    See  Goggra. 

SARK,  one  of  the  islands  in  the  English  Channel.  See 
Sercq. 

S.\RK,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries  with  a 
S.W.  course  of  10  or  11  miles  past  Springfield,  forms,  for 
several  miles,  the  boundary  between  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land, and  enters  the  Solway  Frith  near  its  E.  extremity. 

S.\RKAD,  shO'kOd',  a  market-town  of  Ea.«t  Hungary,  co. 
of  Bihar.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Oross-Wardein.     Pop.  3324. 

SARKHOLM,  sark'holm,  a  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Riga. 

SARL.4T,  saRM.1',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  on  the  Sarlat,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Perigueux.  Pop.  in 
1852.  5950.  It  has  a  communal  college,  paper  mills,  and  a 
trade  in  walnut-oil  and  cattle.  Tension  was  born  here  in 
1661. 

SARLO,  NAGY,  n6dj  saRlo.  a  market-town  of  West  Hun- 
gary. CO.,  and  10  miles  S.  of  Bars,  on  an  afiluent  of  theGrau. 

SARMATIA.    See  Poland. 

S.\RMATO,  suR-ma'to,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  10  miles 
W.  of  Piai<i\7.;i.     Pop.  2.iS2. 

S.\RMATT.\.  saR-m3t/til.  one  of  the  Serawatty  Lsl.ands.  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  between  Timor  and  Timor  Laut,  in 
lat.  8°  10'  S..  Ion.  12a°  45'  E..  30  miles  in  circuit. 

S.^RMIENTO,  saR-me-Su'to,  a  remarkable  mountain  of 
Terra  del  Fuego.  on  the  S.  side  of  Gabriel  Channel;  lat. 
54°  27'  12"  S.,  Ion.  70°  51'  30"  AV.  Its  height  is  6800  feet 
above  sea-level,  rising  from  a  broad  ba.se. 

SAUNANO,  siiR-ui'no.  a  walled  town  of  Central  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Macerata,  and  10  miles  S.S  W.  of  M;u;eri\ta.    P.  4000. 

SARNE,  saB'nfh,  SARNAU,  s,w.'now,  or  SARXOWA,  saR- 
nc/*!.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  53  miles  S.  of  Posen,  near 
the  Domhrozna.    Pop.  1820. 

SARNEX.  .saR^nen,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  capit.nl  of  the 
canton  of  Unterwa'lden.  on  the  Aa.  where  it  leaves  the  Lake 
of  Sarnen,  and  at  the  foot 'of  Landenherg.  11  miles  S.  of  Lu- 
cerne. Pop.  3000.  In  its  council-house  are  some  paintings, 
and  an  alto-relievo  model  of  Switzerland. 

SARNEN.  LAKE  OF,  in  Switzerland.  S.  of  the  above  vil- 
lage, 3  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in  breadth,  and  traversed 
by  the  Aa  from  the  Lake  of  Lungem. 

SARNESFIELD,  sarnz'feeld,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

SARNIA.    See  Guzrxsf.t. 

SARNL\.  s.>»R'ne-a,  or  PORT  SARNIA.  a  town  of  Canada 
West.  CO.  of  Lambto'n,  situ.-jted  on  the  St.  Clair,  near  Lake 
Huron.  It  is  a  large  and  thriving  place,  with  Episcopal, 
Free,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Congregationalist,  and  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  grammar  and  common  schools,  a  large 
foundry,  2  tanneries,  and  2  flour  mills  driven  by  .sto.im.  It 
has  a  regular  ferrv  acros.-*  the  river  to  Port  Huron,  and  is  a 
port  of  entry,  and"  the  last  port  at  which  steamers  bound  to 
the  Upper  Lakes  csin  touch.     Pop.  in  1852.  13S4. 

SARNICO,  saR'ue-ko,  a  town  of  Lombardy,  15  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Bergamo,  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  L.ike  Iseo.     Pop.  1740. 

SARNO.  .saR/no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  PrincipatO 
Citrit,  near  the  source  of  the  Sarno.  (anc.  Sar'nii.' )  13  milet 
N.W.  of  Salerno.  Pop.  7€00.  It  has  a  cathedi  il,  an  old 
castle,  some  sulphur  baths,  and  manufactures  of  paper  and 
copper-wares.  Here  was  fought  a  battle  between  'he  tro(p» 
of  Justinian  and  the  Goths,  which  ended  in  t*if  detit  :f 
the  latter,  and  the  fall  of  the  Gothic  sway  in  Iti-Ij 


SAR 


SAS 


SAKNTIIEIM,  sanntOiTme,  a  village  of  Tyrol,  about  24 
miles  from  Botzen.     Pop.  2734. 
SARONIC  GOLF,  (^Scirimicus  Sinus,)  Greece.    See  iEaiN.\, 

GCLF  OF. 

SARUXNO  or  SARKONNO,  siR-Ron'no,  a  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  in  Lombardy,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Milan.    Pop.  SOOO. 

SARO.S  or  SAIWSCH,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Patak. 

SAROS,  a  irulf  of  Turliey  in  Europe.    See  Xhros. 

SARDS,  84'r(j8h\  or  SAROS  VARMEGYE.  sd/rosh'  vaR^- 
mAdj',  a  county  of  Hungary,  bounded  N.  by  GaFicia,  Area, 
13S0  square  miles.    Capital,  Eperies.     Pop.  197.285. 

SAROWY,  gi-nVwee,  written  also  SEROIII  and  SEROKI, 
a  town  of  North-west  llindostan,  62  miles  W.  of  Odeypoor. 

SAR  PA,  8aR'f)d,  a  river  of  Rus.sia,  rises  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Astralihan,  flows  N.,  and  joins  the  Volga,  15  miles 
8.  of  Tsaritsiii.  after  a  course  of  20u  miles. 

SARRALBi;.  sau'iiilb',  a  town  of  Franco,  department  of 
Moselle,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sarre  and  Albe,  9  miles 
8.S.W.  of  Sarreguemines.    Pop.  in  1852,  34tJ0. 

SARRANCE,  saR>6xs'  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Basses-l'yrfiiiei-s.  10  miles  S.  of  Oleron.     Pop.  1271. 

SARRAXCOLIN,  siu'RdNo'ko'li.No',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Uautes-Pyrenees,  on  the  Neste,  13  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Bagnferes.  Pop.  1079.  It  has  remains  of  fortifications, 
and  a  church  built  by  the  Templars. 

SAR'RAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SARRE,  saR,  (Ger.  Scuir,  saR;  anc.  Siravus,)  n  river  of 
France  and  North-we.«t  Germany,  ri.ses  in  the  Yosges  Moun- 
tains, flows  through  the  French  departments  of  Meurthe 
and  Moselle,  and  a  part  of  RhenLsh  I'russia,  and  joins  tlie 
Moselle  5  miles  S.\V.  of  Treves,  after  a  N.  course  of  120 
miles,  for  60  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

SARREAti,  saR-Ri-il'.  or  SARRIAL,  saR-Re-Jl'.  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Lerida,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Moutblauch,  near 
the  Francoli.     Pop.  2124. 

S.\RREBOURG,  p.ir'Ijoor',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Meurthe,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sarre,  and  ou  the 
railway  from  Paris  to  Strasbourg,  40  miles  E.  of  Nancy. 
Pop.  in  1862,  2531.    See  Saarburo. 

SARRKBliUCK.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Sa.jirbruck. 

SAR RI->CHKS ABLET,  saR  sheh-sd'bU',  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  i^tates,  division,  and  10  miles  S.  of  Aost;i.  Pop. 
1116. 

SARREGUEMINES,  saRVa-meen',  (Ger.  Saargemiind, 
sdR'gh5'h-miint\  formerly  Guemond.)  a  town  of  France, 
dep.irtinent  of  Moselle,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sarre,  near 
the  influx  of  the  Blise,  9  miles  S.  of  Saarbruck.  Pop.  in 
1S52,  5058.  It  has  manufactures  of  fine  earthenware, 
leather,  velvets,  silks,  and  gauzes,  and  an  active  trade  in 
papier-mache  snuff-boxes  made  at  Sarralbe. 

SAIIRE  LDUIS,  Rhenish  Pru.ssia.     See  Sa.\b  Long. 

SARRE-UNION,  a  town  of  France.    See  Saar  Umox. 

S.\RRI.\,  saR'Ke-d.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  13  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Lugo.     Pop.  650. 

SARRIA.  a  village  of  Spain,  near  Barcelona.    Pop.  3673. 

SAR1{IANS.  sdiiMie-Au''',  a  town  of  F-»nce,  department  of 
Vaucluse,  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Carpentra^.     Pop.  1250. 

SARRION".  saR-Ro-6n',  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Teruel,  on  the  right  l>auk  of  the  Martin. 
Pop.  2070. 

SARROXNO,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy.    See  Saroxno. 

S.\RROWLY,  sar-row'lee,  a  town  of  Uindostan,  in  Oude, 
61  miles  N.W.  of  Gnruckpoor. 

S.^RRULLE,  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Sarule. 

SAIt.S'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  O.xford. 

SARSINA,  saR-see'ud,  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Forli,  ou  the  Tuscan  frontier,  4  miles  S.AV.  of 
Mercato  Saraceno.  Pop.  3000,  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  was 
formerly  the  see  of  a  bishop, 

SARSKOE  SELO,  Russia.   SeeTsARSKOr.  Selo. 

S.A.I!STEDT.  saR'st^tt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Hildesheim,  on  the  Leine.    Pop.  1462, 

SART,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Sardh. 

SART,  sart  or  saR.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  2433. 

SART-D.\.ME-AVEL1NES.  .saR-ddm-d'veh-leen',  a  village 
of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  ou  the  Thil,  19  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Brussels.     Pop.  1672. 

SARTEANO,  saR-ti-d'no,  or  SARTIANO,  saR-te-J/no,  a 
town  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Sienna,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Chiusi.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a  castle  and  mineral  baths.  A 
vast  number  of  Etruscan  tombs  have  boeu  opened  here 
tiince  1825. 

SARTENA,  saR-ti'nd.  (Fr.  Sartim,  saR'tAn/,)  a  town  of 
Corsica,  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ajaccio.    Pop.  2058. 

,*ARTHE,  saRt,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  department 
0'.  Orne,  pas-ses  Alen^on  and  Maus.  wnere  it  becomes  navi- 
gable, and  joins  the  Mayenne  on  the  left,  li  miles  above 
Angers.     Length.  145  miles. 

SARTHE,  a  department  of  France  in  the  N.W.,  formed  of 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Jlaine-et-Perche.  Area,  2371 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  466,155.  Surfice  flat;  a  con- 
siderable ;  -rtion  is  covered  with  tbrests.  It  is  watered  by 
the  Saithe,  Loire,  and  several  smaller  streams;  is  fertile  in 
the  valleys,  and  yields  sufficient  corn  for  the  population. 


■Wine  is  made  in  sm.ill  quantity,  cider  .incl  perry  exten- 
sively.   >Ianufactures  comprise  woollens,  calicoes,  and  paper. 

SARTILLY',  .saRHee^ee',  a  market-town  of  France,  denart- 
ment  of  Manche,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Avranches.     Pop.  1444. 

SARTIliANA,  saB-te-rd/nd,  a  market-town  of  Piedmonts 
division  of  Novara,  11  miles  S.AV.  of  Slortara.     Pop.  2S81. 

SARTOR-OE,  (i?artor-()e,)  .saR/tor-oV'h,  an  island  off  the  W. 
coast  of  Norway,  stift,  and  5  miles  W.  of  Bergen.  Lat.  60° 
15'  N.,  Ion.  4°  10'  E.  Shape  very  irregular.  Length,  from 
N.  to  S..  20  miles ;  breadth,  7  miles. 

SART'WELL,  a  post-office  of  McKean  co.  Pennsylvania. 

SAIiULE.  sd-roo/l.A,  or  SARRULLE,  sdR-ROol'l,A,"  a  village 
of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Orani.  Pop.  1409. 

SA'RUM,  OLD,  (the  S^rhiodunum  of  the  Romans.)  an  ex- 
tinct city  and  borough  of  ICngland.  co.  of  Wilts,  tlie  site  of 
which  was  on  a  hill  2  miles  N.  of  Salisbury.  Under  the 
Saxons  it  w«s  a  place  of  importance;  in  the  time  of  William 
the  Con<iueror.  the  bishop's  see  was  transferred  to  it  fi-rim 
Sherl)orne,  in  Dorset,  but  removed  to  Salisbury  in  the  time 
of  Henry  III.  A  few  traces  of  walls,  ramparts,  and  of  its 
castle  and  cathedral,  remain.  It  is  interesting,  as  affording 
a  striking  example  of  the  rotten  borough  system.  It  sent  C 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  time  of  Edward 
in.,  and  after  its  total  decay,  without  having  a  single  house 
or  inhabitant,  the  proprietor  of  the  land,  on  which  it  once 
stood,  was  still  permitted  to  exerci.se  this  important  privi- 
lege, until  the  passing  of  the  Reform  Act. 

SARUN,  sd-rftn',  with  CHUMPARUN,  chrim-pd-rfin',  a 
district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Nepaul;  its  centre  is  about  lat.  26°  N..  Ion.  85°  E. 

SARUNGPOOR,  sd-rang-poor',  a  town  of  Central  India, 
Gwalior  dominions,  54  miles  N.E.  of  Oojein.  Lat.  23°  35'  N., 
Ion.  71'.°  85'  E. 

S.\RV.\R,  shdRVdR'.  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Eisenburg,  on  the  Sarvar,  20  miles  E,S,E,  of  GUns, 
Pop.  1167. 

SAIVVERSVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SAR  VIZ,  shdKVeez\  a  river  of  Hungary,  flows  S.,  and  joins 
an  arm  of  the  I)anul>e  at  Baja.  Length,  60  miles.  It  forms 
a  part  of  the  Sarviz  Canal,  37  miles  in  length. 

S.\i'.Z.\NA,  s.HRd-zd/nd,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  near  the 
S.E.  extnmity  of  the  Sardinian  dominions,  division  of  Genoa, 
between  the  river  Magra  and  the  Modenese  frontier,  8  miles 
E.  of  Spezia.  Pop  8432.  Its  old  fortifications  now  form 
puiilic  walks,  and  it  has  a  castle,  a  cathedral  of  Carrara 
marble,  built  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries:  a 
college,  and  a  theatre.  It  had  formerly  its  own  parliament, 
and  Pope  Nicholas  V.  was  born  liere. 

Sarzasetta,  saRd-zd-n^t/td,  a  fortress  adjacent  to  the 
above. 

SARZANELLO,  saBd-zd-uJllo,  a  village  and  parish  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  divi.sion  of  Genoft,  province  of  Levante, 
about  1  mile  from  Sarz,tna.    Pop.  1014. 

S.\RZE.\U,  saR'zO',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
bihan,  S.  coast,  on  a  peninsula  between  tlie  sea  and  Lake 
Morbihan,  9  miles  S.  of  Vanucs.  Pop.  in  1852,  7425.  mostly 
seafaring  people.  It  has  8  annual  fairs,  many  Druidic  re- 
mains, and  near  it  is  the  largest  ancient  tumulus  in  France. 

SARZEDAS,  saR-zd'dds.  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira.  11  miles  W.  of  Ca.stello  Branco.     Pop.  25i)0. 

SASBACH.  sd.s'bdK,  or  SASSBAD.  sdss^bdt.  a  village  of  Ba- 
den, circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  17  miles  E.N.E.  of  Strasbourg. 
Pop.  1370.  Marshal  Turenne  was  killed  in  its  vicinity  by 
a  random  shot.  27th  July,  1675. 

S.\SIK,  .sd'sik,  a  lake  of  South  Russia,  province  of  Bessa- 
rabia, 35  miles  S.W.  of  Akermann,  16  miles  in  length,  and 
6  miles  in  breadth.  It  receives  the  Kogilnik  and  some  other 
rivers,  and  communicates  with  the  Black  Sea,  through  the 
N.  arm  of  the  D.anube. 

SASKATCHEWAN,  8as-katch'e-w5n,  SASKAT'CHEVAN, 
("  swift  current,")or  NELSON  RIVEK,ariverof  British  North 
America,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  Ion.  115°  W.,  by 
two  princip.al  heads,  one  in  lat.  49°,  the  other  in  lat.  5.3°  30' 
N.  These  Itranches  flow  generally  E.  to  their  junction,  about 
lat.  5.3°  20'  N.,  Ion.  105°  W.,  whence  the  river  has  a  tortuous 
course  to  its  mouth  in  Lake  Winnipeg.  It  is  navigable 
hence,  and  along  its  N.  branch,  for  about  1000  miles,  to 
Acton,  or  Rocky  Mountain  House.  It  gives  name  to  a  wide 
district,  supposed  to  Ije  peopled  by  nearly  17.000  Indians. 

SAS'NEE\  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 
Upper  provinces,  35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Agra.  Lat.  27°  45'  N., 
Ion.  78°  4'  E. 

SASO.  or  SASONTS  INSULA.    See  Sasseno. 

SAS'SAFRAS  HILL,  a  post-offtce  of  Washington  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 

SASSAFRAS  RIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Maryland,  flows 
W.  along  the  boundary  between  Cecil  and  Kent  counties, 
and  enters  Ches.^peake  Bay. 

SASSANO,  sd.s-sd/no,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Diano. 

SASSANO,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  MoUse,  8 
miles  E.N,E.  of  Iseruia. 

SASS.\RI.  sds'sd-re,  a  city  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  capi- 
tal of  its  N.  division,  on  its  N.W.  side,  and  on  the  Turritano, 

1719 


SAS 

!.■>  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Sassari.  59  miles 
N.N  \V.  of  Cagliari.  Lat,  40°  43' 33"  X.,  Ion.  8°  35' E.  Pop. 
22,945.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls  and  towers,  entered  by  five 
gateg,  and  has  a  cathedral,  23  other  churches,  and  several 
convents;  a  large  government-house,  and  other  public  edi- 
fices; a  universitv,  with  about  ISO  students,  and  having  a 
email  museum,  and  public  library ;  clerical  seminary,  public 
hospital,  shops  and  inns  equal  to  those  of  Cazliari,  and  a 
brisk  trade  in  tobacco,  oil.  fruits,  &c.  Its  port.  P>rlo  Trirres, 
can  onlv  accommodate  small  vessels,  those  of  larger  size 
being  obliged  to  anchor  in  the  rcids,  1  mile  distaut  Adja- 
cent to  the  city  is  the  fountain  of  Kosello,  an  abundant 
gource,  and  hiiihlv  ornamented  with  carvings,  &r. 

SASS.\.RI.  GULF  OF,  JO  miles  in  length,  by  35  miles  in 
hreadth,  receives  the  rivei-s  Turritano  and  Selema. 

S.1SSKLL0,  sSs-sJl'Io,  a  town  of  the  SardiuLin  States,  21 
miles  AV.X.M'.  of  Genoa.     Pop.  4640. 

SASSKNAGE,  sis'sSn'izh',  a  market-town  orFrance,  de- 
partment of  I.sere,  3  miles  W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  1450. 

SASSEX.W,  sds'seh-n.V,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Sa5ne-et- Loire,  arroudissemeut  of  Chalons.     Pop.  1000. 

SASSEXBKKG,  sls'sgn-b^Ro',  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
ph.ilia,  IS  miles  X.E.  of  Munster.     Pop.  1400. 

SAS3EN1M)KF,  sJs'sen-dour,  a  village  of  Prussia,  14  miles 
N.X.E.   of  .\rnslirg,  with  salt-works.     Pop.  750. 

SASSEXO,  sls-sA'no,  (anc.  Saso,  or  Sasonis  Insttla.)  an 
island  of  the  Adrwtic,  off  the  entrance  to  the  Bay  of  Avlona, 
Albania. 

SAS'SERAM,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, 38  miles  S.  of  Buxar.  I^t.  24°  58'  X.,  Ion.  83°  68'  E.  It 
is  a  large  place,  partly  built  of  stone,  and  o^ntains  the  mau- 
soleum of  Shere  Shah,  who  expelled  the  Emperor  Ilumayoon 
from  Hindostan.  In  its  neighborhood  is  the  sacred  water- 
fall of  Deocooud. 

SASSIX,  sis'sin'  or  sjs'seen',  a  market-town  of  North- 
west Hungary,  co.  of  Xeutra.     Pop.  2690. 

S.A.SSIX0K'0,  sis-se-no'ro,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Molise,   S.  of  Campobasso.    Pop.  1155. 

SASSLAV.     See  Z.vslav. 

S.iSSO,  sis'so,  a  market-town  of  Xaples.  province  of  Basili- 
eata.  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  2400. 

S.A.SSOFERK.VTO,  s3s-so-feR-Ri'to,  a  market-town  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  in  tlie  Marches,  among  the  Apennines,  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Fabbriano.    Pop.  rmo. 

SASSOXIA,  and  SASSONE.    See  Saxont. 

S.\SSUOLO,  sds-swo'lo,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  situated 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Modena,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Secchio. 
Pop.  3000. 

SASTAGO,  sis-ta'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  39 
miles  S.E.  of  Sarasossa,  on  the  Ebro.     Pop.  1920. 

SAS-VAX-GENT,  sis  vdn  ghfnt,  (Fr.  Sjs-de-Gand.  s3  deh 
gft.V,)  a  fortified  town  of  the  Xetherlands,  province  of  Zea- 
land, on  the  Belgian  frontier,  13  miles  N.N,E.  of  Ghent  Pop. 
1000.     It  was  founded  by  tbe  Spaniards  in  1570. 

SATA.  si'tj,  or  SATTA.  sdt'tl  the  main  stream  of  the 
Indus  ISiver,  at  its  delta  iu  Sinde.  enters  the  ocean  by  the 
Kookeewaree  mouth,  15  miles  S.  of  Bunder-Vikkar.  Width, 
about  1000  yards. 

SATADOO,  SATADOU  or  SATADU,  sii-tl-Aoo>.  a  state  of 
West  .\frica,  in  Senegambia,  about  lat.  13°  X.,  ion.  12°  W. 
The  capital  town.  Satadoo.  is  near  its  S.  extremity. 

SATAHUNG.  pi-td-htiug',  a  town  of  Xepaul,  North  Hin- 
dostan. 100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Khatmandoo. 

SATALGE,  sd-fSl'gA,  (unc.  Pharia'liaf)  a  town  of  Thes- 
K»ly.  on  a  slope  facing  the  N.,  20  miles  S.  of  Larissa.  On 
some  eminences  towards  the  E..  the  Rom.ans.  under  Quintus' 
Flaminius.  defeated  the  .Macedonians,  under  Philip.  The 
iamous  battle  of  Pharsalia,  in  which  the  forces  of  C.f  sar 
finally  defeated  those  of  Pompey,  was  fought  on  the  plain 
Immediately  adjoining  the  town. 

S.VTALGE,  sd-tal'ghi,  a  river  of  Turkey,  an  affluent  of  the 
Salembria. 

S.VfALIAII  or  SATALIEII.    See  Auku^. 
.S.\.TAXOV  or  S.A.TAXO\V,  sd-tl-nov^  a  market-town  of 
Rus.sian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia.  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Podhorce,  53  miles  X.N.W.  of  Kamieniec.     Pon.  3200 

S.VTAKAII.    SeeSvTTARAH. 

SATARTI.V,  s.vtar'she-.i,  a  post-village  of  Yazoo  co..  Mis- 
•Issippi.  on  the  Yazoo  River,  about  40  miles  X.W.  of  Jackson. 

SATGHARR.\,  .sat  gtiii'Ri.  a  town  of  the  Punj.ib,  on  the 
left  bank  of  tbe  Ravee,  having  several  small  forts.  I^t  31°  N. 

SATGiWNG.  sdtV'oong',  or  SATGONG,  sit'gong',  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Uoogly. 

SAfllER,  (Sither.)  or  SATER,  (Siiter,)  a  town  of  Sweden. 

See  ^AETER. 

S  ATI  LLA.  a  river  of  Georgia.     See  Saxtiiia. 
SATILLIEU.  si"tee\vuh',  or  sa'teelVuh',  a  town  of  France, 
flepartmeut  of  Arddche,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Tournon.    Pop. 

SATn/P.\  CREEK,  of  Oarke  co..  .Mabama,  enters  the 
AlatKima  a  few  miles  below  Coffeeville. 
S.yriMANGALUM.  si  te-mln-gi-Him',  a  town  of  British 

I°?'^-,r,w"v  "7  "EA'r'™"'  •*''  """*«  ^'-K-  of  Coimbatoor. 
Lat.  11°  31  X ..  Ion. , ,  °  iti'  K.    It  has  a  temple  of  Vishnu  in 


SAU         •' 

high  repute,  and  in  its  Ticinity  large  quantities  of  cotton 
are  raised. 

S.^TIVA,  s.^-tee'vi,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  proTince,  and  66  miles  N.E.  of  Tunja,  near  the 
Galinazo. 

SATORALJA  U.TIIELY,  si'to^rtsryOh'  ooVhel'.  a  markets 
town  of  North  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  8  miles  W.S.W. 
ofZemplin.     Pop.  7600. 

SATPlHjRA,  sit-poo'ril,  or  SAUTPOORA  (sawt-poc'rA) 
^lOUXTAlNS,  an  extensive  range  in  Central  Tndi.a.  between 
the  Xerbudda  and  Taptee  Rivers,  lat.  21°  SO*  X.,  Ion.  from 
74°  to  78°  E..  forming  the  boundary  between  the  Bombay 
district  of  Candeish  and  tbe  ludore  dominions,  and  almost 
wholly  peopli>d  by  Bheeis. 

SATPUR,  fiOpooH  (:)  a  pass  across  the  Himalayas  leading 
into  Little  Thibet.  12  miles  S.W.of  Iskardoh;lat."o5°  N..lon. 
75°  24'  E,     It  is  12,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

S.\TR1.\N0,  .si-tre-d'no.  a  market-town  of  Xaples.  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  16  miles  S.  of  Catanzaro.  Pop.  1800. 

SATRIAXO.  a  market-town  of  Xaple.s.  province  of  Basili- 
cata.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Potenza,  and  formerly  a  bishop's  see. 

SATSUMA.  sdt-soc/ni^,  a  considerable  town  of  .lapan.  capi- 
tal of  the  southernmost  province  of  the  island  of  Kioo-Sioo. 

SATSU.MA.  BAY  OF,  a  bav  on  the  S.W.  coast  of  Japan. 

S.VrTARAIL  sit-tl'ri,  or  SATAR'AII,  a  district  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  until  lately  forming  a 
state  subsidiary  to  the  Anglo-Indiiin  government.  In  the 
seventeenth  century,  it  was  a  part  of  the  dominions  of  the 
head  of  the  M.ihratta  confederacy.  It  extends  from  lat. 
15°  40'  to  18°  30'  X.,  and  ion.  73°  40'  to  76°  E.,  and  in 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  British  districts  of  Concan, 
Poonah,  and  Darwar.  Area,  10.222  square  miles.  It  be- 
longs to  the  table-land  of  the  Deccan;  its  surface  is  much 
broken  by  heights  and  ravines:  and  in  the  district  ai-e 
numerous  isolated  and  abrupt  hills,  crowned  by  fortresses. 
The  Kistn.Hh  River  flowing  S.E.  intersects  its  centre:  the 
Xeerah  and  Beemah  Rivers  form  nearly  all  the  N.,  and  the 
Gutpurba  the  S.  t>ound.ary.  Sattarah  has  been  one  of  the 
best-managed  of  the  native  states  of  IndL-t  under  its  late 
rajahs.  The  last  r.-«jah,  among  other  reforms,  abolished  sut- 
tee or  widow-bumiugs,  established  a  free  hospital,  intro- 
duced vaccination,  built  an  aqueduct  at  Sattarah.  and 
formed  roads  and  bridges,  two  of  which  latter  are  the  hand- 
somest in  the  Deccan.  The  late  nijah  died  at  Sattarah  in 
1848,  without  lineal  descend.ints.  and  his  adoption  of  a  suc- 
cessor not  l)eing  nitified  by  the  .\ngli>-Indi;in  government, 
Sattarah  then  ce.Hsed  to  exist  as  a  separate  state,  and  was 
incorporated  into  the  Bombiiy  presidency.  After  Sattarah, 
(the  capital.)  the  chief  towns  are  Kolapoor,  Punderpoor, 
Merrltch,  Tazgaon,  Vingorla.  and  Bejapoor. 

S.\TT.\R  AH.  the  capital  of  the  alwve  government.  5S  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Poonah.  is  at  the  foot  of  a  scarped  hill,  crowned  by 
a  fort.  The  town,  in  part,  is  substantially  bnilt.  The  fort, 
though  naturally  strong,  was  taken  by  Si-vajee  in  1673,  by 
.\urungzebe  in  16'.K).  and  by  the  British  in  1818. 

SATTEGAUL.  s.<lt'te-gawl/.  a  fortified  city  of  South  India, 
dominions,  and  52  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mysore. 

S.VTTERFIELD.  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

SATTKRLEIGH.  a  psirish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

S.\TZU.N"G.  sdf/t.s(V)ng',  a  Tillage  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  near  Wolkenstein,     Pop.  1303. 

SAU.  a  river  of  South  Europe.     See  S.WE. 

SALBERMUITEE.    See  Subbermctit. 

SAUCl^JO.  Eu  M  sow-th.-i'uo,  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  45  miles  S.E.  of  Seville.  Pop.  2444. 
*•  SAUCELITO.  sau-sS-lee'to.  a  station  for  .shipping  of  Cali- 
f>mia,  on  the  E.  side  of  San  Fnincisoo  Bay,  about  12  mile* 
X.W.  of  San  Francisco.  Here  are  kept  the  United  States 
naval  stores,  and  here  the  war-ships  come  to  anchor. 

S.VC'CON,  a  township  of  Xorthampton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  3701. 

SAUCOX  CREEK,  of  Xorthampton  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
fells  into  the  Lehigh  River  near  Easton. 

SAUCOX  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

S.\UDRE,  sadV,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  CheT, 
after  a  N.W.  and  W.  cour.se  of  80  miles  past  Salbris  and  iio 
morantin.  joins  the  Cher  near  Selles. 

S.\UDKIGO,  sOw-dree'go,  a  village  of  Austrian  Itily,  go- 
Ternment  of  Venice.  9  miles  X.E.  of  Vicenza.     Pop.  2000. 

SAUERSCHWABEXHEIM.  sowVrshwd'bfn-hJme\  a  vil- 
lage of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Khein-Uessen,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  Mentz.     Pop.  951.  . 

SAUH3ATUCK',  a  small  river  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
falls  into  Long  Island  Sound. 

SAUGATUCK.  a  pos^villagc  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
on  Saugatuck  Itiver. 

S.tUGATDCK,  a  post-office  of  Allegan  co..  Michigan 

SAUGEKTIES,  saw'i:her-teez\  a  post-township  tbrming 
the  X.E.  extremity  of  Ulster  co.,  Xew  York,  on  the  Hudson 
River.     Pop.  9537. 

SAU'GERT1ES\  or  UI/STER,  a  flourishing  post-village  in 
the  above  township,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hud.son  River, 
near  the  mouth  of  E.sopus  Creek,  about  100  miles  above  Xew 
York.    The  creek  furnishes   Tater-power,  "which  is  used  in 


SAU 

extensive  manufactories  of  various  kinds,  including  several 
bloomeries.  It  contains  2  banks  and  a  newspaper  office. 
There  is  a  steam  ferry  across  the  river. 

SAUGUES.  s6f^,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute- 
Loire,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Le  I'uv.     Pop.  in  ls52,  39(18. 

SAUGUR,saw\'Qr',and  NEUBUDDAH  (n^u-btidMa)  TER- 
RlTUltlES,  a  wide  extent  of  country  composing  the  S.W. 
part  of  the  British  presidency  of  Bengal,  and  comprising 
the  highest  part  of  the  table-land  of  Central  India,  in  which 
the  Nerbuddah,  Wynegunga,  and  the  Cane,  Sone,  and  other 
tributaries  of  the  Jumna  and  Ganges  have  their  sources; 
between  lat.  21°  and  24°  2(y  N.,  and  Ion.  77°  15'  and  82°  40' 
E.,  having  S.  the  Hyderabad  and  IJerar  dominions,  W.  and  N. 
the  territories  ofBliopaul,  Gwalior,  Bundelcund,  Bogilcund, 
and  Ilewah.  Estimated  area,  3(1,000  s<iuare  miles.  Pop. 
1,971,050,  chiefly  Hindoos,  or  wild  Gond  tribes. 

SAUGUK.  capital  of  a  district  in  the  above  territory,  92 
miles  N.E.  of  Bhopaul.  Lat.  23°  48' N.,  Ion.  78°  47' E.  Area 
of  the  district.  680  square  miles.    Pop.  291,684. 

SACGUll  ISLAND,  of  Saugur  Territory,  presidency,  and 
province  of  Bengal,  is  in  the  Iloogly  River,  60  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Calcutta. 

SAU'OUS,  a  post-township  of  Essex  co.,  Massachugetts, 
Intersected  by  the  Eastern  Hailroad.  11  miles  N.  of  Boston. 
Boots  and  shoes  are  manufactured  here  to  a  considerable 
extent.     Pop.  2024. 

8AUGUS  CENTRE,  a  station  on  the  Boston  and  Lynn 
Railroad,  in  the  above  township. 

SAUJON,  s6*zhiiN«',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Charente-Infericure,  on  the  Seudre,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Saintes.    Pop.  in  1852,  2564. 

S.\UK,  sawk,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, contains  about  850  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  l!iiralx)0  Hiver,  and  bounded  on  the  S.  and  S.E.  by  the 
Wisconsin.  The  surface  is  undubating  and  hilly,  and  the 
soil  productive.  Timber  is  abundant  in  some  parts.  The 
Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  ChifU  Railroad  passes  along  the 
S.liunlcr.  Organized  in  1844.  Capit.il.Barraboo.  Pop.  18,963, 

SAUIt  CITY,  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin.    See  Appendix. 

SAUK  INDIANS.    See  Sacs. 

SAUK  RAPIDS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Benton  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  MissLssippi,  near  the  mouth  of  Sauk 
River,  76  miles  by  land  N.W.  of  St.  Paul.  It  has  several 
stores.     Pop.  367. 

SAUK  RIVER,  in  the  central  part  of  Minnesota,  unites 
the  waters  of  several  small  lakes  in  Stearns  county,  and 
flowing  easterly,  falls  into  the  Mississippi  River,  about  3 
mib.'s  above  St.  Cloud. 

S.AUK  VILLAGE,  a  post-office  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana. 

SAUK'VIL1>E,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
Ozaukee  co.,  Wisconsin,  intersected  by  the  Milwaukee  River. 
Pop.  1724. 

SAUKVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  on 
Milwaukee  River,  26  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee  City,  and  5  miles 
W.  of  Lake  Michigan. 

SAUL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

S.iUL.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co,  of  Down,  If  miles 
N.E.  of  Downpatrick.    It  has  the  ruins  of  an  abbey. 

SAULQ.\N.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  WUrtemberg,  15  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Altdorf. 

SAULFIi'HM,  sOwl'hTme,  (Neit)ER,  nee'der.)  a  market-town 
of  Germany,  grand  duchv  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Rhein-Hessen.  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mentz.     Pop.  1500. 

S.\ULIEU,  s6Me-uh',  (anc.  iSVMmck*.')  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Cote-d'Or.  on  a  declivity,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Semur.  Pop.  in  1852,  2721.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool- 
lens, hardware,  lace,  cotton  yarn,  twine;  and  leather;  and  it 
has  an  active  trade  in  agricultural  produce.  The  town  was 
burned  by  the  English  in  1359.  Near  it  the  military  archi- 
tect Vauban  was  torn  in  1633. 

S.\U1.,T,  s5,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vaucluse,  18 
miles   E.N.E.  of  Carpentras.     Pop.  1476. 

SAULT  AUX  K]^:COLLKTS,  sOt  d  ri'korii',  a  post-village 
of  Canada  East,  on  the  Riviere  des  Prairies,  island  of  Mon- 
treal. 8  miles  from  Montreal. 

SAULT-DK-NAVAILLES,  s»  deh  niVSP,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Basses- Pyrenfies,  6  miles  N.E.  of 
Orthez.     Pop.  1461. 

SAULT  DK  SAINT  MARIE.     See  Sact  Sainte  Marie. 

SAULT  SAINT  MARY,  sO  (or  soo)  sent  m.Vree,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Canada  West,  on  St.  Mary's  River,  12  miles  from  Lake 
Superior,  and  55  miles  from  Lake  Huron.     Pop.  about  300. 

SAULX  or  SAUX,  sO,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of 
ataute-Marne  and  Meuse.  after  a  W.N.W.  course  of,45  miles, 
joins  the  Ornain,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vitry. 

SAULX,  several  villages  of  B'rance,  the  principal  in  the 
department  of  Ilaute-SaSne,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Vesoul.  Pop. 
1198. 

SAULXURES.  sO'ziiR',  a  commune  of  France,  department 
of  Vosges.  arrondissement  of  Remiremont.     P.  in  1852.  4027. 

SAULZOIK,  sS'zwaR'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  on  the  Selle.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Cambiai.     Pop.  2213. 

S.\UMUR.  sO^miiR',  (anc.  Salmurimnf)  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Maine-et-Ix)ire.  27  miles  S.E.  of  Angers,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Loire,  and  on  the  railway  fiKim  Tours 


SAU 

to  Nantes.  Pop.  in  1852, 14,119.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  com 
merce,  a  communal  college  with  a  library  of  6000  volumes,  i» 
riding  school  for  the  army,  and  manufactures  of  linens  and 
cambrics.    It  is  the  birthplace  of  Madame  Dacier. 

SAUMUROIS,  so'mii'Rwi/,  an  old  subdivision  of  France, 
now  distributed  among  the  departments  of  Maine-et-Loire, 
Indre-etLoire.  and  Vienne.    Chief  town,  Saumur. 

SAUND'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SAUN'DERS,  a  headland  of  New  Zealand,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  Middle  Island  or  New  Munster,  S.  of  Port  Otago. 

SAUNDER'S.  CAPE.    See  Cape  Saunders. 

SAUN'DERS  FORK,  a  village  of  Cannon  co.,  Tennessee. 

SAUND'ERS'  ISLAND,  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  near 
Sandwich  Land;  lat.  57°  52'  S.,  Ion.  26°  24'  W.,  was  discover- 
ed and  named  by  Cook  in  1775. 

SAUND'ERSV'lLLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas.sa- 
chusetts. 

SAUNDERSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Washington 
CO.,  Georgia,  is  situated  on  the  ridge  lietween  the  Oconee  and 
Ogeechee  Rivers,  28  miles  E.  of  Milledgeville,  and  3  miles 
N.  of  the  Central  Railroad.  It  contains  1  church,  2  flourish- 
ing academies,  1  newspaper  office,  6  dry-goods  stores,  and  1 
Masonic  lodge. 

SAUNDERSVILLE,  a  post-offlce,  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 

SAUND/ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

SAUNG,  a  large  river  of  Anam.     See  Dono-nai. 

SAU'QUOIT,  a  post-village  of  Paris  township,  Oneida  co.. 
New  York,  on  Sadaquada  Creek,  9  miles  S.  of  Utica.  It  has 
an  academy,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  paper,  and  flour. 

SAURAT.  soVi'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Ariege,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Foix.    Pop.  2000. 

SAURITSCH,  sdw'ritsh,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria, 
near  Marburg,  on  the  Drave.     Pop.  1800. 

SAUSSEMENIL,  sos'si'h-meh-neel',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Manche,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cherbourg.    P.  1900. 

SAUiVTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

S.VU'TA,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  CO.,  Alabama. 

SAUTERNE  or  SAUTERNES,  soHaiRn',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Gironde,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Bazas.  It  is  re- 
nowned for  its  claret  wine. 

SAUTOHUR,  sawt'gtir',  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  40  miles  W.  of  Arcot.  Lat.  12°  57'  N.,  780 
48' E. 

SAUTNEIR,  s.awt-n!lr',  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Bengal, 
S.W.  Territory,  32  miles  N.N.E.of  Ellichpoor. 

SAUTOUR,  sO'tooR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Namur,  2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Philippeville.  It  was  formerly 
fortified. 

SAUT  (or  SAULT)  SAINTE  MARIE,  (usually  pronounced 
soo  fi-ni  m.Vree ;  Fr.  pron.  so  sSn"  miVee',)  a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Chippewa  co.,  Michigan,  on  St.  Mary's  River  or  Strait, 
400  miles  N.N.W.  of  Detroit,  and  15  miles  from  the  rutlet 
of  Lake  Sui)erior.  The  rapids  at  this  place  have  a  descent 
of  22  feet  within  the  distance  of  a  mile,  and  form  the 
natural  limit  of  gteamtwat  navigation.  A  canal,  however, 
has  recently  been  cut  around  the  rapids.  See  Saim  Mart's 
Strait.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  churches  for  the  Baptists, 
Methodists,  and  Catholics,  and  1  newspaper  office.  Steam- 
boats frequently  visit  this  place  in  summer,  with  parties  of 
pleasure.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  the  fur 
trade  and  the  fisheries.  The  resident  pop.  is  probably  near 
HXtO.  The  value  of  imports  in  1851  was  estimated  at  $161,134 ; 
of  exports.  $:U0.800. 

SAUVAGERE,  La,  li  sOVj'zhaiR',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Orne,  arrondissement  of  Donifront.     P.  2212. 

SAUVE.  sOv.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard,  on 
the  Vidourle.J20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ntmes.     Pop.  2820. 

SAUVENIERE,  s5v'ne-aiR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Namur.    Pop.  1100. 

SAUVETAT,  La,  \i  sov'tl'.  a  market- town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gers,  8  miles  S.W.  of  LectourB.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2170. 

SAUVETERRE,  sOvMaiR',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde.  7  miles  N.  of  La  Reole.    Pop.  757. 

SAUVETERRE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basseft- 
Pyrfineez.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Orthez.    Pop.  1629. 

SAUVETERRE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Garonne,  arrondissement  of  St.  Gaudens.    P.  in  1852,  2255. 

SAUWUR,  si^wfir',  a  town  of  North-west  Ilindostan,  In 
the  Odeypoor  dominions,  54  miles  S.E.  of  Ajmeer. 

SAUX,  a  river  of  France.     See  Sauuc. 

SAUXILLANGES,  silx'eerySNzh' or  sdxVeVSNzh',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Puy-du-D6me,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Is- 
soire.     Pop.  1485. 

SAUZAIS,  so'z.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cher- 
7  miles  S.of  St.  Amand. 

SAUZfi.  s4V,.V,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Deux-.'-evres.  13  miles  S.E.  of  Melle.    Pop.  1660. 

SAUZK  DE  CESANA.  siSwd'z.'l  di  chi-sl/nl,  a  villagw  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Turin,  province  of  Susa,  on 
the  Dora.     Pop.  1155. 

SAUZON,  s5'zoN<!/,  R  commune  of  France,  department  of 
Jlorbiban,  with  a  village  and  harbor  on  the  N.W.  coast  of 
BeUeisle.    Pop.  1454. 

1721 


SAV 

SAVA,  sJ/vJ,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  5 
miles  W  of  ilx'nduria.     Pop.  2500. 

S.VYi,  si'y.';,  a  town  of  Persia,  proTince  of  Irak-Ajemee, 
70  miles  S.W.  of  Teheran. 

SAV.'V,  sl'viLa  townof  Japan,  on  the  island  of  Xiphon,  50 
miles  N.E.  of  Miako. 

SAVAGE,  a  postofflce  of  Howard  co.,  Maryland. 

SAV.A.GE  GRANT,  a  postoffice  of  Wayne  co.,  Virginia. 

BAV'AGE  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat. 
19^  S..  Ion.  169°  W.  The  principal,  30  miles  in_circuit,  is 
densely  wooded,  and  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1774. 

SAVAGE  ISLANDS,  several  groups  of  islets  of  British 
North  America. 

SAVAGE  MOUNTAIN,  a  ridge  extending  from  Alleghany 
CO.,  Maryland,  into  the  S.E.  part  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  it  unites  with  the  Little  Alleghany.  Between 
these  two  mountain  ridges  is  the  Cumlierland  or  Frostburg 
coal  basin,  yielding  bituminous  coal  of  a  very  superior 
quality.  The  beds  vary  from  three  to  eight  feet  in  thick- 
ness. 

SAA'AII,  si-vi'ee,  the  largest  of  the  Samoan  Islands,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  westernmost,  and  richest  of  the 
group.  Lat  (S.  point;  13°  40'  S.,  Ion.  172°  29'  W.  Length, 
60  miles;  greatest  breadth,  30  miles.  Pop.  20,000.  SeeS-UiOAN 

iBLAXnS. 

SAVALAN.  a  mountain  in  Per.sia.    See  Sevellax. 

SAVANA  LA  MAR,  si-vl'nJ  la  maR,  called  also  SAVAN- 
NAH hX  MER,  a  town  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Jamaica. 
Lat.  1S°  12'  N.,  Ion.  78°  6'  W.  It  was  almost  entirely  destroyed 
by  a  great  hurricine  and  inundation  of  the  sea  in  1780. 

SAVANA  LA  MAR,  s3-vi'na  \i  man',  or  SAVAN'NAH 
Ilk  M.\R.  a  seaport  town  of  Ilayti,  on  the  Bay  of  Samaua, 
N.  coa.st,  1.5  miles  S.W.  of  Samana. 

SA VANILLA,  sd-va-neel'yil,  a  maritime  village  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada,  department,  and  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Mairdalena.  60  miles  N.E.  of  Cartagena. 

SAVANILLO.  sl-vj-neel'yo,  a  town  of  Cuba,  the  S.  termi- 
nus of  the  Matanzas  Railroad,  about  18  miles  S.  of  Matauzas. 
It  has  .300  or  400  inhabitants. 

S.WAN'NAEI,  an  important  river  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  is  formed  by  the  Tugaloo  and  Kiowee.  two  small 
streams  which  rise  near  the  S.  frontier  of  North  Carolina, 
and  unite  on  the  boundary  between  Anderson  district.  South 
Carolina,  and  Franklin  county,  Georgia.  Flowing  in  a 
general  S.S.E.  direction,  it  forms  the  boundary  between 
those  two  states  through  the  whole  of  its  subsequent  course, 
and  enters  the  Atlantic,  near  32°  N.  lat.,  and  81°  W.  Ion., 
and  18  miles  below  Saviinnah  City.  The  length  of  the  river, 
exclusive  of  branches,  is  estimated  at  450  miles.  The  navi- 
gation is  good  from  November  to  June,  about  8  months  in 
the  year.  Large  vessels  ascend  to  Savannah,  steamboats  of 
150  tons  to  Augusta,  about  230  miles,  and  smaller  boats  150 
miles  higher.  A  camil  9  miles  long  wag  constructed  in  1S45, 
around  the  falls  at  Augusta,  by  which  abundant  water- 
power  is  produced.  The  river  is  about  300  yards  wide  at 
the  latter  city.  The  Savannah,  in  connection  with  its  right 
branch,  forms  the  entire  boundary  between  South  Carolina 
tnd  Georgia. 

SAV.\NNAn,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Rochester  Railroad,  about 
86  miles  W.  of  Syracuse.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1910. 

SAVANNAH,  a  flourishing  city  and  port  of  entry  of 
Georgia,  capit.il  of  Chatham  county,  and  the  largest  and 
most  commercial  town  of  the  state.is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Savannah  River,  18  miles  from  its  mouth,  90 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Charleston,  and  188  miles  E.S.E.  of  Milledge- 
Tille.  Lat.  32°  5'  N.,  Ion.  81°  8'  W.  The  site  of  the  city  is  a 
Bandy  plain,  elevated  about  40  feet  above  low-water  mark. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  with  wide,  sandy,  and  unpaved 
streets,  which,  however,  are  closely  shaded  with  the  Pride 
of  India  trees.  At  every  other  comer  there  is  a  public 
square,  usually  circular  or  ov.il  in  shape,  also  planted  with 
the  Pride  of  India.  The  number  of  these  squares  is  24. 
Broad  and  Bay  streets  have  grassy  promenades  in  the 
middle,  with  carriage-ways  on  each  side.  Many  of  the  pri- 
vate dwellinirs  are  handsomely  built  of  brick.  Among  the 
public  buildings  may  be  noticed  the  City  Exchange,  theatre, 
court-house,  jail,  state  arsenal,  artillery  armory,  Lvceum, 
Oglethorpe  Hall,  St.  Andrew's  Hall,  market-house.  Chatham 
Academy,  and  the  new  custom-house.  The  latter,  which  is 
110  feet  long  by  52  wide,  is  built  of  granite,  and  is  estimat- 
ed to  hivve  cost  $173,400.  The  Independent  Presbyterian 
church  is  a  fine  granite  building,  which  cost  nearly  $120,000. 
St.  John's  (Episcopal)  church  is  also  a  handsome  ediJice. 
The  city  has  14  Protestant  and  1  or  2  Catholic  churches.  1 
Hebrew  synagogue,  5  banks.  1  savings'  institution,  a  fire 
compan  V.  an  historical  society,  several  reading-rooms,  and  a 
public  library  of  near  6000  volumes.  The  private  schools 
tre  numerous,  and  liberal  provision  is  made  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  poor.  Among  the  charitoble  institutions  may 
be  mentioned  the  Orphan  Asylum,  the  Savannah  Hospital, 
the  Georria  Infirmary,  the  Union  Society,  the  Widows' 
Society,  the  Savannah  Free  School,  Hil^rnian  Society,  and 
Seamen  s  Friend  Society.  Five  daily  newspapers  are  pub- 
iMhed  li*'™-    A  monument  has  been  erected  in  Johnson's 


SAV 

square  to  the  memory  of  General  Greene,  and  another  (a 
very  imposing  structure)  is  now  in  course  of  erection  to  the 
memory  of  Pulaski,  who  gallantly  fell  in  an  attack  on  the 
city  when  held  by  the  British,  in  October,  1779.  The  city  is 
lighted  with  gas,  and  there  are  water-works  in  course  of 
construction. 

Savannah  is  the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  system  of  rail- 
roads, which,  directly  or  indirectly,  must  contribute  greatly 
to  her  commercial  importance  and  prosperity.  The  names, 
connections,  and  length  of  the  liue.s  whii-h  converge  to  thii 
point,  or  are  tributaries  to  the  trade  of  Savannah,  are  as 
follows: — 

H-ileik 

1.  The  Central  Rallrond,  connecting  Macon  with  S.ivannah I9t 

2.  The  Wajneaborough  and  .4ugusta,  extending  from  the  Cenlrul 

Kailroiid  to  Augusta 5S 

S.  The  MilledgeviUe  and  Katon,  connecting  with  the  Central  Rail- 
road     V 

4.  The  South-western  Railroad,  which  connects  with  the  Central 

at  Macon,  and  is  to  be  extended  to  thpChattatioochee  River,    50 

5.  The  Muscogee  Railroad,   extending  from  Columbus   to  the 

South-western  Riulroad Tl 

6.  The  Macon  and  Western,  which  connects  the  Central  Rail- 

road with  the  Georgia  Railroad  at  .Atlanta 101 

7.  The  Western  and  Atlantic,  le.iding  from  Atlanta  to  Cbatta- 

nooara.  in  Tennessee 140 

8.  The  Georgia  Railroad,  connecting  Augusta  with  the  two  lines 

last  mentioned 170 

9.  The  Athens  Branch  of  the  Georgia  Railroad 40 

10.  The  Washiniton  Branch  of  the  Georgia  Railroad 17 

11.  The  Rome  Branch  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic K 

I'i,  The  .Atlantic  and  Lagrange  Railroad 80 

13.  The  East  Tennessee  and  Georgia,  counecting  Savannah  with 

KnoxvUle... 8J 

Total  length 1055 

An  air-line  railroad  is  projected  from  this  city  to  Albany, 
on  Flint  River,  the  corporation  having  suiiscribed  $f)lX),000 
for  its  construction,  provided  that  an  equal  sum  shall  be 
subscribed  by  individuals.  It  will  probably  be  extended  to 
Pen.sacola. 

The  commerce  of  Savannah  is  already  very  flourishing, 
and  is  rapidly  increasing.  The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on 
the  southern  coast,  and  the  river  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats to  Augusta,  about  2.30  miles  from  its  mouth.  Vessels 
of  14  feet  draught  can  come  up  to  the  wharves,  and  those 
of  larger  size  to  Five  Fathom  Hole.  3  miles  l)elow  the 
city.  A  light-house  has  been  erected  on  Tyliee  Island,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river.  A  semi-weekly  line  of  steamships 
has  been  establishe<l  between  Savannah  and  New  York, 
consistingofve.ssels  of  about  1200  tonse.ich:  and  2  steamers 
of  the  same  class  make  regular  passages  once  a  week  to 
Philadelphia.  The  city  communicates  daily  by  steamers 
with  Charleston,  and  twice  every  week  with  Augusta,  ex- 
cepting a  few  months  in  the  dry  season.  The  Rriti.^ii  stejimer 
Conway  runs  to  the  West  Indies.  Regular  lines  of  sailing 
v&ssels  aUo  communicate  with  New  York  and  Boston.  The 
principal  imports  are  as  follows: — Fi'om  northern  ports, 
miscellaneous  cai-goes  of  dry  goods,  groceries,  &e.,  with  the 
peculiar  additions  of  Irish  potatoes,  hay.  and  gunny  bagging 
from  Boston,  bacon  and  coal  from  Philadelphia,  and  com 
and  flour  from  Baltimore.  Hay,  timber,  and  lime  are  chiefly 
brought  from  Maine;  molasses,  suirar,  whiskey,  coil-rope, 
and  Kicou  from  New  Orleans:  molas.se.s.  suiiar,  and  fruits 
from  the  West  Indies ;  and  railroad  iron,  hardware,  crockery, 
and  salt  from  England.  The  chief  exports  are  to  all  north- 
ern, British,  and  French  ports,  cotton,  rice,  and  naval  stores; 
to  the  Gulf  ports,  rice  only ;  to  San  Fraucisoo  and  Cuba, 
lumber  and  rice. 

The  receipts  of  cotton  by  railroad,  liver,  and  other  sources, 
for  several  years,  were  as  follows : — 


Bales. 

1845 189,0T6 

1846 236,01-9 

1847 245,496 

1848 406,906 


Bales. 

1849 340,025 

1850 312,294 

18il ,151.566 

1852 353,068 


The  fallowing  table  exhibits  the  exports  of  rice  and  lum- 
ber for  the  year  ending  September  1,  1852: — 

Casks  of  Rice.  Feet  of  Lnmber. 

To  Foreign  ports 9.937 15.801.500 

American  ports 29.992 9.704.000 

Total 39,939 25,508,500 

The  shipping  of  the  port,  June  30,  1854.  amounted  to  an 
aggregate  of  15,533  tons  registered,  and  9409  tons  enrolled 
and  licensed.  Of  the  latter,  all  was  employed  in  the  coast 
trade,  and  6021  tons  in  steam  navigation.  The  foreign  ar- 
rivals for  the  year  were  120,  (tons.  53.795.)  of  which  .38  were 
by  .American  vessels.  The  clearances  for  foreign  ports  were 
155,  tons.  68,326,  of  which  45,722  were  in  foreign  bottoms. 
During  the  year,  1  .schooner,  and  1  steamer,  with  an  aggre- 
gate burden  of  323  tons,  were  admeasured. 

Savannah  at  present  enjoys  a  better  reputation  fbr  stJu- 
brity  than  formerly  :  a  result  which  may  be  ascribed  p».-tly 
to  the  improved  method  employed  in  cultivating  the  rice 
lands  in  this  vi.inity.  The  city  was  founded  by  Ge-ietal 
Ctglethorpe,  in  1732  or  '3,3.  It  w,hs  occupied  by  the  British  D 
Dec3ml)er,  1778,  and  restored  to  the  Americans  in  Ju'y.  17i  i . 
In  1^20,  a  liu-ge  part  of  the  city  was  destroye'  by  inn.  It 
was  captured  from  the  Kubols  by  General  Sb  amai .  about 


SAV 


SAV 


th«  20th  of  December.  1864.  Pop,  in  1S40, 11,214;  in  1S50, 
16,061);  and  in  1S60,  22,292,  of  whom  14,580  were  fi-ee,  and 
7712  slaves. 

SAV.\NXAn,  a  po.st-ofRoe  of  Red  Rirer  co.,  Texas. 

SAVANNAH,  a  ttourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Ilardin 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Tennessee  Kiver,  120  miles 
8.W.  of  Nashville.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  has 
Improved  much  iif  the  last  six  years.  Cotton  and  staves 
are  shipped  here  in  steamboats.    Pop.  about  800. 

S.\V.A.N'N,\II,  a  post-village  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  7  miles 
N.AV.  of  Ashland. 

S.4VANNAII,  a  flourishing  po.st-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  33  miles  below  Galena.  It 
has  a  good  landing,  and  is  a  depot  for  produce.  It  is  con- 
nected with  Freeport  by  railroad.  One  paper  is  issued 
here.     Pop.  825. 

SAVANNAH,  a  posfrvillage.  capital  of  Andrew  co.,  Mis- 
touri,  about  6  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  15  miles 
N.  of  St.  Joseph.  It  contains  4  churches,  1  bank,  1  news- 
paper office,  and  a  flouring-niill.    Pop.  822. 

S.WANNAM,  a  post-office  nf  Davis  co.,  Towa. 

SAVANNAH  LA  MKR.    See  Sw.vNA  La  Mar. 

S.WANOOR,  a  town  of  Rritish  India.    See  Shaiijtoor. 

S.WE,  s3v  or  sAv,  (Oer.  Siiu.  sdw;  Hun.  Szdvn,  sM'vi'h'; 
anc.  Sahui.)  a  river  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  and  one  of  the 
principal  tributaries  of  the  Danube,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of 
Carniola,  flows  E.  throujjh  Austrian  Croatia,  and  between 
Slavonia  and  Turkey,  and  joins  the  Danube  at  Belgrade. 
Its  course  is  estimated  at  5.10  miles.  Its  chief  affluents,  all 
from  the  S.,  are  the  Kulpa,  Uniia,  A'erbas,  Rosna,  and  Drin ; 
It  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  to  the  influx  of  the  former 
for  vessels  of  from  150  to  200  tons.  On  the  N.  a  branch  of  the 
Alps  sep.irates  its  basin  from  that  of  the  Drave. 

SAVK.  sdv,  a  river  of  South-west  France,  departments  of 
Ilaute-Garonne  and  Gers,  joins  the  Garonne  15  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Toulouse,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  05  miles. 

S.WELAN,  a  mountain  of  I'ersia.     See  Seveilan. 

SAVENAY,  sdVeliti.V,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ijoire-lnferieure.  on  a  declivity,  20  miles  N.AV.  of  Nantes. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2381. 

S.\VI5NNli!RES,  sd'vJn'ne-aiR',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Anger.').     Pop.  in  1852,  2744. 

S.^VENTHKM,  s3/vJn-tJm\  a  village  of  Helgium,  province 
of  Rnihant,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1210. 

SAVERDU.V,  sJVJrMQ.x"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ariege,  18  miles  N.  of  Foix.  Pop.  2077.  It  has  remains 
of  ancient  fortifications,  and  it  is  the  birthplace  of  Pope 
Bensdict  .XII. 

S.W'KliN,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky. 

S.WERNE,  sd'vaiRn',  (anc.  Tres  Tuber'nc,)  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  IJas-Rhin,  on  the  navigable  Zorn,  an 
affluent  of  the  Rhine,  and  on  the  Paris  and  Strasbourg  Rail- 
road, 20  miles  N.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852,  6407.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  hosiery,  hardwares,  &c., 
and  some  trade  in  timljer  from  the  Vosges  Mountains. 

SAV'KRTON,  a  village  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  alx>ut  125  miles  above  St.  Louis,  has  a  land- 
ing for  steamboats. 

SAVIAN'O,  sd-ve-J'no.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Nola.     Pop.  3700. 

S.WIGLIANO,  sJ-veel-y3'no,  (Fr.  Sivtllian,!i&.^veeVy6yo>  or 
BS\-ee^y8N''',)  a  fortified  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  9 
miles  E.  of  Saluzzo.  I'op.  15,546.  It  is  well  built,  and  has 
a  square  surrounded  with  arcades,  a  Benedictine  abbey  and 
several  convents,  with  manufactures  of  woollens,  silks,  and 
linens,  and  an  active  trade  in  cattle.  The  French  defeated 
the  Austrians  here  on  the  18th  Septemlx>r,  1799. 

SAVIGNAC-LES-£gLISES,  si'veenV^k'  l.^z  A'gleez',  a 
commune  of  France,  department  of  Dordogne,  on  the  Isle, 
11  miles  N.E.  of  Perigueux.    Pop.  1037. 

S.4^VIUN.\N0,  sd-veen-yd'no,  a  market-town  of  Central 
Italy,  on  the  iEmilian  Way,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cesena.  Pop. 
4035.     It  has  a  public  library. 

SAA'IGNANO,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capi- 
tanata.  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bovino.     Pop.  2400. 

SAVIGN]^>L'EVEQUE.  si'veen'yk'  l.iVilk',  a  commune  of 
France,  department  of  Sarthe,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Le  Mans. 
Pop.  2000. 

S.WIGNONE,  s3-veenvo'nA,  a.  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Genoa.    Pop.  3822. 

S.WIGNY,  saVeen^ee',  a  commune  of  France,  department 
of  Loir-etrCher,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Yendome.  Pop.  in  1853. 
2898. 

SAVTitivr-EN-REVERMONT,  sdVeen'yee'  8n«  reh-v^R'- 
tais^''.  a  commune  of  France,  department  of  Saone-et-Loire, 
arrondissement  of  Louhans.     Pop.  2322. 

SAVIGNY-KN-SANCKRRE,  saVeenVee/  !>y<>  siy^aaivJ,  a 
commune  of  France,  department  of  Cher,  6  miles  N.  of  San- 
wrre.     Pop.  1665. 

SaVIGNY-SOUS-BEAUNE,  sJVeenVee'  soo  b5n,  a  com- 
mune of  France,  department  of  C5te-d'0r,  3  miles  N.  of 
Deaune.     Pop.  1703. 

SAVIONY-SUK-ORGE,  saVeen'yee'  .stlR  OBzh,  a  commune 
of  France,  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  arrondissement  of 


Cortiefl,  with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Orleans  Railway, 
Pop.  955. 

S.\A'1LLE,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
12  miles  S.  of  Mifflin.     Pop.  1644. 

SAVINDROOG,  sSViu-droog',  a  strong  hill  fortress  of 
South  India,  Mysore  dominions,  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Banga- 
lore. The  rock  upon  which  it  is  formed  rises  half  a  miie 
in  pei-pendicular  height,  from  a  base  of  8  or  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  is  surrounded  by  impenetrable  jungle. 
Though  previously  deemed  impregnable,  Savindioog  was 
captured  by  the  British  troops  in  1791,  without  the  loss  of  a 
man. 

SAVIN  HILL,  Massachusetts,  a  station  on  the  Old  Colony 
Railroad,  3  miles  from  Boston. 

SA  VIO,  si've-o,  (anc.  Sa'pis,)  a  river  of  Italy,  in  the  State 
of  J^,niilia,  province  of  Forii,  after  a  N.  course  of  50  miles 
enters  the  Adriatic,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Ravenna.  On  it,  aI>out 
6  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  the  village  of  Savio. 

SAVOCA,  si-vo^kd,  a  village  of  Sicily,  intendency  of  Mes- 
sina, near  the  E.  coast,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Taormiua.  Pop. 
3000. 

SAVOIA,  SAVOJA,  SAVOIE,  SAVOIEN,  or  SAVOYEN. 
See  Savoy. 

SAVONA,  s3-vo/nS,  a  town  and  seaport  of  North  Italy, 
Sardinian  dominions,  division  of  Genoa,  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 25  miles  S.W.  of  Genoa.  Pop.  16,200.  It  is  enclo-sed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  and  many  other  good  build- 
ings. Its  harbor  is  formed  by  a  mole  projecting  into  the 
sea,  and  not  ea.sy  of  access,  from  accumulation  of  mud  and 
sand  at  its  mouth.  Its  manufactures  comprise  silk  goods, 
hardware,  earthenware,  and  soap ;  and  it  has  a  brisk  trade 
in  oranges  and  lemons  grown  in  its  vicinity.  Savona  is  the 
birthplace  of  the  popes  Sextus  IV.  and  Julius  II. 

S.WO'NA,  a  posl/village  of  Steuben  Co.,  New  York,  on 
the  BulTalo  and  Corning  Railroad,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Bath. 

SAVONNI^^KES,  sd^von*ne-aiR/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire,  on  the  railway,  9  miles  from 
Tours. 

SAVOO,  SAVOIT  or  SAVU,  sS-voo/,  written  also,  SAVO, 
SAVOE,  and  SABOE,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific,  be- 
tween the  islands  of  Timor  and  Sandalwood.  Lat.  10°  32* 
S.,  Ion.  121°  35'  E.  It  is  about  21  miles  long,  from  E.  to  W. 
It  is  divided  into  five  native  principalities,  all  of  which  are 
subject  to  the  Putch  government  of  Timor.     Pop.  25,000. 

SAV/OY*  or  SAVOI,  DucHT  OP,  (It.  Sovoin,  iSavoja,  sl-vo/- 
y3;  Fr.  Savoit.  «A*vvri/;  Ger.  Saroyen,  si-voi'gn;  Sp.  Sahoya, 
sd-Bo'yil ;  L.  Saocri'dia,)  formerly  one  of  the  divisions  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  bounded  N.  by  Switzerland,  from  which, 
in  that  direction,  it  is  almost  entirely  separated  by  the  Lake 
of  Geneva;  N.E.  by  Switzerland;  E.  and  S.E.  by  Piedmont; 
and  8.  and  W.  by  France.  Lat.  fiom 43°  to  46°25'  N.,  Ion.  from 
5°  30'  to  7°  5'  E.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  92  miles;  breadth, 
66  miles.  Area,  4397  square  miles.  Savoy  is  one  of  the  most 
mountainous  countries  in  Europe;  the  culminating  point 
of  Europe,  Mont  Blanc,  lying  within  its  territory,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  loftiest  chain  of  the  Alps,  which  stretch 
along  its  E.  and  S.  frontier,  and  sending  out  numerous 
ramifications  in  all  directions,  make  its  surface  almost  a 
continued  succession  of  lofty  mountain  and  valley.  It 
belongs  entirely  to  the  basin  of  the  Rhone,  which,  form- 
ing its  W.  boundary,  here  receives  its  drainage  directly, 
while  the  drainage  of  the  N.  is  transmitted  to  it  prin- 
cipally by  the  Lake  of  Geneva  and  the  Arve,  and  that  of 
the  S.  chiefly  by  the  Isdre  and  its  tributary  the  Arc.  The 
lakes  are  not  numerous,  and,  with  the  exception  of  that 
of  Geneva,  which  is  shared  with  Switzerland,  not  indi- 
vidually of  large  extent.  The  most  important  are  those 
of  Bourguet  and  Annecy.  From  the  physical  structure  of 
the  country  the  extent  of  arable  land  is  necessarily  limited, 
but  in  ordinary  years,  with  the  aid  of  chestnuts,  which 
form  an  important  part  of  the  food  of  the  lower  orders,  the 
grain  raised  nearly  meets  the  consumption.  In  fevored 
spots,  particularly  in  the  N.,  in  the  lower  valleys  and  slopes. 
the  vine  is  cultivated  with  success.  But  the  chief  riches  of 
the  country  are  in  its  cattle  and  dairy  produce,  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  surface  yielding  nothing  but  hay  or  pasture. 
The  timber,  too,  which  clothes  many  of  the  mountain  steeps 
up  almost  to  the  limit  of  vegetjition,  is  of  great  conse- 
quence; beyond  this  limit  is  a  still  higher  region  of  per- 
petual snow  and  ice,  where  both  vegetable  and  animal  life 
are  all  but  extinct.  The  minerals  include  iron,  copper,  sil- 
ver, lead,  and  lignite,  but  seldom  in  such  quantities  as  to 
make  the  working  of  them  important;  the  rock-ciystals 
found  are  often  remarkable  for  their  size  and  beauty.  The 
mineral  springs  of  Aix,  near  Chambery,  are  celebrated,  and 
salt  is  there  made  extensively.  The  manufactures  consist 
chiefly  of  coarse  woollens,  leather,  and  hardware.  The  trade, 
so  far  as  derived  from  native  resources,  is  almost  confined  to 
cattle,  skins,  wool,  and  dairy  produce;  but  there  is  an  im- 


'  When  the  blytha  son  of  Savoy  journeying  round. 
With  humble  wares  and  pipe  of  merry  sound. 
From  his  green  vale  and  shelter'd  cabin  hies. 
And  scales  the  Alps  to  visit  foreign  skies." 

'  Rogers's  Pleasures  of  Memory. 

1722 


J 


SAV 

portant  transit  trade  carried  on  across  the  country  between 
France  and  Italj-.  chiefly  by  way  of  Mount  Cenis.  Many  Sa- 
voyards quit  their  mountains  in  early  youth,  in  order  to 
exercise  in  France  and  other  countries  the  professions  of 
petty  traders  and  domestic  servants.  Administratively,  Sa- 
voy is  divided  into  the  two  divisions  Chambery,  and  An- 
necy;  the  former  comprehending  the  several  provinces  of 
Savoy  Proper,  Upper  Savoy,  Maurienne.  and  Tarantaise; 
and  the  latter  the  provinces,  Genevese,  Faucigny,  and  Cha- 
blais.  The  Duchy  of  Savoy  was  the  nucleus  of  the  King- 
dom of  Sardinia.  Savoy  wiis  ceded  to  France  about  1860, 
and  now  forms  two  departments,  Savoie  and  Haute  Savoie. 

Population   in   1861,   542,535. Inhabitant,    Savotard, 

Bav'o-yiird\* 

SAV'OY,  a  post-towuship  of  Berkshire  cc,  Massachusetts, 
125  miles  W.X.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  904. 

SAVR.^X,  si-vr3n',  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Podolia,  on  the  Bug,  25  miles  K.K.  of  Balta. 
Pop.  ltX)0. 
SAVU.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Savoo. 
SAVUS.    See  Save. 

SAW  A,  sd/wi  a  walled  town  of  North-west  Hindostan,  in 
Odevpoor,  10  miles  S.  of  Chitore. 

S-lWARCAR'XA  RIVtR.  of  Missouri  Territory,  one  of 
the  smaller  tributaries  of  Missouri  River,  which  it  enters 
about  45°  4^  N.  lat.,  and  100°  30'  \V.  Ion.    Length,  near  200 
miles. 
SAWBRIDGEWORTH,  England.    See  Sabridgeworth. 
SAWDUST,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia. 
SAWKKIIATCH'KK,  a  creek  of  Alabama,  flows  into  Talla- 
poosa River  from  the  K.,  in  Tallapoosa  county. 

S  AWLKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  on  the  North- 
midland  Railway,  85  miles  E.S.E.  of  Derby. 

S.WVLEY,  a   chapelry   of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 
SAAV  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama. 
SAWOLINXA.    See  Xtslott. 

S  AWSTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge.  Saws- 
ton  Hall  is  a  large  structure,  built  in  1657. 

SAWTRY  ALL  SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

SAWTRY  SAINT  ANDREW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Huntingdon. 

SAWUX,  siVfin',  (?)  a  town  of  North-west  Hindostan, 
Odevpoor  dominions.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Munassa. 

SAWUXTWAREE,  si-wiint-wi'ree,  a  town  of  India,  Sat- 
tarah  dominions,  near  the  Malabar  coast,  30  miles  N.  of 
Goa. 

SAWYER  MILL  VIL1.AGE.  a  manufacturing  village  in 
the  X.  part  of  the  township  of  Boylston,  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. It  is  situated  on  the  Xashua  River,  which  here 
affords  a  valuable  water-power,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Clin- 
ton company  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods. 

SAWYER'S  CREEK,  a  smaU  village  of  Camden  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SAWYER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Le.Tington  district, 
South  Carolina. 

SAWYER'S  RIVER,  New  Hampshire,  rises  in  Grafton  co., 
and  forms  one  of  the  head  branches  of  the  Saco  River. 

SAWYERSVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Randolph  eo.,  North 
Carolina. 

SAX  or  SA  J,  s3h,  (one.  Salan'a^)  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  27  miles  N.W.  of  .\licante.    Pop.  2195. 
SAX'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
S.\XBY,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
S.\XE.  sax.  (Ger.  Sacfiten.  sls'sgn,)  a  prefix  to  the  names 
of  the  following  German  states : — 

SAXI>ALTEXBURG.  sax  ai't?n-bfirg.  (Ger.  Sachsen-Alten- 
burg,  slK'sen  il'ten-bofiRG\)  a  duchy  of  Central  Germany,  in 
the  old  district  of  Saxony,  separated  into  two  nearly  equal 
portions  by  the  lordship  of  Ger»,  and  enclosed  bv  the  terri- 
tories of  Prussian  Saxony,  A\eimar,  Saxe-Meiningen,  and 
Schwarzburg  Rudolstadt.  Area,  510  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861, 137,162,  mostly  Lutherans.  The  surface  is  covered  by 
ramifications  of  the  Erzgebirge  in  the  M'.,  and  watered  by 
the  Saale,  Rode,  and  Orlii.  The  chief  industry  is  agriculture 
and  cattle-rearing.  Public  revenue  in  1854,  $505,100 ;  expen 
diture.  $500.0(K1;  debt  $1,612,676. 

SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.  sax  ko/bftrg  go'ta,  (Ger.  Sidisen- 
Cuburg-Gotha,  siK's^n  koHxidRG  go/ti.)  a  duchy  of  Central 
Germany,  in  the  old  district  of  Saxonv.  It  is  composed  of 
two  principal  portions:— 1.  The  principalities  of  Gotha  and 
Coburg.  2.  Several  detached  districts  enclosed  bv  the  terri- 
tories of  Bavaria,  Prussia,  Saxony,  Saxe-Meiningen.  and 
Mcimar.  Area,  799  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861.  159,431. 
mostly  Lutherans.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  with  fertile 
js'^ey*-  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Nessa,  Gera,  Saale.  and  Itz. 
The  chief  industry  is  agriculture  and  cattle-rearing.     The 


i_r.Y*  ^"^  frequently  hear  thi»  word  pronoanced  Savoy'ard, 
Bat  the  »cceutuatioa  (pveo  above  is,  we  lieliave,  generally  adopted 
Djf  tiie  oeBt  speakers.  j        r 

•That  stern  yet  luo.dly  spirit  who  constrains 
The  SAVOrASD  to  qnit  his  naked  rocks." 
,,„,  WOBDjwoRTB'g  Ezcurtum,  hook  i. 


SAX 

manufactures  of  Gotha  are  very  varied.  Education  is  in  an 
advanced  state.  Public  revenue  in  186S,  $705,400;  debt, 
$■2,296,953. 
SAXE-LAUENBURO.  See  Lacenbcro. 
S.\X'ELBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
S-4XELBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
SAXE-MEINIXG EN-HI LDBURGUAUSEX,  sax  mi'ning. 
gn  hlld-b&rg-hOw'zen,  (Ger.  S(idiffi»Mpiningen-Hililburf/- 
/lausen,  six'gn  mi'ning-en  hllt/l^RG-how'zfn.)  a  duchy  of 
Central  Germany,  forming  the  seventeenth  state  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  and  consisting  of  a  main  body, 
and  several  minor  portions  isolated  from  it,  and  partly 
situated  at  a  considerable  distance,  as  Kamburg.  Kran- 
nichfeld.  and  Lichtenhaln.  The  main  body  consists  of  a 
long  and  narrow  zone  of  a  crescent  shape,  the  concavity 
turned  northwards,  and  lounded  on  the  N.  by  Saxe-Weimar, 
the  district  of  Schmalkalden,  belonging  to  Hesse-Cassel,  an 
isolated  portion  of  Prussia,  and  the  principality  of  Schwarz- 
burg; on  the  W.  by  Saxe- Weimar  and  Biivaria;  on  the  S.  by 
Bavaria  and  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha ;  and  on  the  E.  by  Bavaria, 
Reuss.  and  Schwarzburg.  Greatest  length  from  N.W.  to 
S.E..  about  90  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  15  miles.  .\rea,  in- 
cluding the  minor  portions.  971  square  miles.  It  is  hilly, 
though  scarcely  mountainous,  the  loftiest  summit  being 
usually  of  moderate  elevation,  and  covered  with  forests.  On 
the  E.  the  ridges  belong  to  the  Frankenwald,  on  the  N.  to 
the  Thuringerwald,  and  on  the  W.  to  the  Rhongebirge.  The 
greater  part  of  the  surface  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Werra, 
which  traverses  it  first  in  a  W.,  and  then  in  a  N.N.W.  direct 
tion.  A  small  portion  in  the  N.E.  sends  its  waters  to  the  Elbe 
by  means  of  the  Saale,  and  another  .small  portion  in  the  S.W. 
belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Rhine,  being  drained  by  several 
small  tributaries  of  the  Main.  There  are  a  number  of  small 
lakes,  and  several  mineral  springs.  The  higher  districts, 
though  well  wooded,  are  very  bleak,  and  altogether  unfitted 
for  agriculture.  The  best  land  is  in  the  valleys  of  the  Werra 
and  Saale;  but,  partly  from  its  limited  extent,  and  partly 
from  the  general  inferiority  of  the  soil,  the  corn  raised  falls 
considerably  short  of  the  consumption,  and  requires  to  be 
supplied  by  imports,  chiefly  from  Bavaria  and  Gotha.  The 
principal  crops  are  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  turnips,  and 
hemp.  Hops,  tobacco,  and  even  a  little  wine,  are  grown  in 
the  more  sheltered  localities.  The  pastures  are  abundant, 
and  rear  considerable  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  horses. 
Many  of  the  last  are  of  a  superior  description.  The  minerals 
include  iron  and  copper,  worked  to  a  small  extent,  argenti- 
ferous lead.  salt,  sulphur,  colialt,  slate,  marble,  p<5rcelain, 
and  fullers'-earth.  Some  pearls  are  found  in  a  small  stream, 
called  the  Steinach.  Game  and  fish  are  abundant.  The  in- 
habitants are  very  industrious,  and  when  precluded  by  the 
nature  of  the  soil  from  engaging  in  agriculture,  manage  to 
earn  a  comfortable  subsistence  by  manufactures,  chiefly  of 
iron-ware,  porcelain,  gla.»s,  and  various  ingenious  articles  in 
wood  and  pasteboard.  The  principal  exports,  in  addition  to 
these  articles,  are  wood.  salt.  wool,  and  cattle.  For  adminis- 
trative purposes  the  duchy  is  sul>divided  into  four  circles: — 
Meiningen.  Hildburghausen,  Sonneberg,  and  Saalfeld.  The 
government  is  an  hereditary  and  constitutional  monarchy. 
The  great  m.ijority  of  the  inhabitants  are  Lutherans,  but 
universal  toleration  is  promised.  As  the  seventeenth  mem- 
ber of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  it  shares  the  twelfth 
vote,  along  with  the  other  Saxon  duchies.  Its  contingent 
of  men  Is  1150.  Public  revenue  in  1852,  $576,580;  debt, 
$1,670,450.  Meiningen  is  the  capital.  The  late  Queen  Ade- 
laide was  a  princess  of  Saxe-Meiningen.     P.  In  1801,  172,341. 

S.iX'EXBURG.  a  small  post-village  of  Butler  co,  Penn- 
sylvania, 8  or  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Butler. 

SAXE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont 

SAXEVILLK,  sax'vil,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of 
Waushara  co..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  618. 

SAXE-WEIMAR-EISEN.^CH,  sax  wl'mar  i'zen-ak\  (Ger. 
Sac/isen-}yiimar-Eisenach,  sdK'sen  *i'mar  I'zen-3K\)  a  grand 
duchy  of  Central  Germany,  forming  the  fifteenth  state  of  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  and  consisting  of  three  larger  por- 
tions, Weimar,  Neustadt.  and  Eisenach,  and  twelve  smaller 
parcels,  ss  Ilmenau.  Bti.sleben.  Zillbach,  Seebach,  Allstjidt, 
Oldisleben.  and  ThrSnltz.  Weimar  Proper  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  W.  by  Prussian  Saxony 
and  the  principality  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.  on  the  S. 
by  this  principality,  and  on  the  S.E.  and  E.  by  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-.\ltenburg.  Neustadt  lies  to  the  S.E.  of  the  former, 
and,  though  at  no  great  distance,  is  completely  Separated 
from  it.  Eisenach,  situated  considerably  to  the  W..  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Prussian  Saxony,  W.  by  Hesse-Cassel, 
S.  by  Bavaria,  and  E.  by  the  Duchies  of  Saxe-Meininpen 
and  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  Area  of  the  whole  grand  duchy, 
141S  square  miles.  The  surface  is  in  some  parts  mouut.ain- 
ous.  and  in  others  finely  undulating,  the  intervening  ridges 
of  the  higher  grounds  forming  the  sides  of  wide  valley  s.  It 
almost  wholly  belongs  to  the  basins  of  the  Elbe  and  the 
Weser.  the  former  draining  Weimar  by  the  Saale.  which 
traverses  it.  and  the  Elster,  Orla.  11m.  and  Unstrut.  tributap 
ries  of  the  Saale.  and  the  latter  draining  Eisenach  by  the 
Werra  and  its  tributaries.  Suhl,  Horsel.  Felda,  and  Ulster. 
The  lakes  are  individually  of  small  extent,  but  nuiuiirooA 


SAX 

The  principalify  of  Weiniar  5s  the  most  fertile  part  of  the 
duchy,  and  in  Kood  years  raises  corn  sufficient  to  satisfy  the 
home  consumption,  and  leave  a  small  surplus  jpjr  export. 
Eisenach  is  the  district  least  adapted  for  agriculture,  hut 
raises  considerable  quantities  of  oats  and  potatoes.  In  the 
valley  of  the  Saale  much  hemp  is  grown ;  and  in  some  shel- 
tered spots,  pjvrticularly  in  the  neighlx)rhood  of  Jena,  a  few 
vineyards  are  seen.  The  forests  are  very  extensive,  and 
form  the  principal  wealth  of  the  grand  duchy.  The  most 
valuable  stock  is  sheep,  to  the  tieece  of  which  much  attention 
has  been  paid.  Swine,  also,  are  very  numerfjus ;  and  game 
und  fish  are  alike  abundant.  The  minerals  include  silver 
and  copper,  formerly,  but  no  longer  worked;  iron  and  man- 
ganese, still  worked  to  some  extent;  salt,  and  potters'-clay. 
Slanufactures  have  made  most  progress  in  Kisenach,  where 
woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  tissues,  ribbons,  and  carpets,  &c.. 
are  produced  to  a  considera't>le  extent.  In  Weimar  and 
Neustadt  manufactures  are  insignificant.  In  the  former, 
the  most  important  articles  appear  to  be  books  and  maps. 
The  principal  exports  are  timber,  dried  fruit,  wool,  and  gin. 
The  transit  trade  is  important.  Jena  is  the  seat  of  a  uni- 
versity, and  public  schools  are  numerous;  Weimar  is  cele- 
brated for  its  literary  and  scientific  institutions.  For  ad- 
ministrative purpo.ses,  the  grand  duchy  is  divided  into  the 
two  circles  of  Weimar-.7ena-Neustsdt,  subdivided  into  15 
bailiwicks,  and  of  Eisen.-ich,  subdivided  into  10  bailiwicks. 
The  government,  as  fixed  by  the  charter  of  1816,  is  constitu- 
tional. At  least  nine-tenths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Luther- 
ans, and  distinguished  both  for  industry  and  intelligence. 
The  revenue  in  1S54  was  $1,124,870.  and  the  expenditure 
$1,123,580.  Public  debt  in  1853.  $i,292.200.  As  the  fifteenth 
member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  Saxe-Weimar  shares 
the  twelfth  vote  in  the  plenum  with  the  other  Saxon  duchies. 
Its  contingent  of  men  is  2(»10.  The  principal  towns  ai-e 
Weimar,  Eisenach,  Jena,  Neustadt,  Weida,  Kreuzburg,  and 
Geyse.     Pop.  in  1861,  :i73,  252. 

SAX'FIAM,  GKKAT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAXIIAM.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAXKfOUlNG,  (Saxkiobing,)  or  SAXKJODING,  (Sax- 
kjSbing.)  sSx'kyo'bing,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  stiff,  and 
on  the  island  of  Laaland,  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  which  forms 
a  good  harbor.     Pop.  900. 

SAX'LIN(JIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SAXLIXOIIAM  NETII'EKGATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
Of  Norf5ilk. 

SAXLIXGHAM  THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

SAX'.MUNDHAM,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
TO.  of  Suffolk,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Ipswich.  Pop.  in  1851, 1180. 
The  town  is  pleasantly  situated. 

SAXOMA  and  SAA'Oy.    See  Saxoxt. 

SAXON  LAND,  (Oer.  Sachsmland,  sax'?n-iant\)  the  S. 
part  of  Transylvania,  watered  by  the  Aloota  (Aluta)  and  its 
Affluents.  Area,  about  4243  squ.ire  miles.  Pop.  44t),700.  It 
bi  subdivided  into  7  jurisdictions  or  stuhls,  named  from  their 
eapitals,  Ilermannstadt,  Klausenburg,  Mediasch,  Muhlen- 
bach,  Scheuerstadt,  Keusmarkt,  and  Szasvaros  or  Broos, 
(whence  Transylvania  derives  its  German  name  of  Siehen- 
ourgen.  or  the  '•  seven  towns,")  to  which  Kronsfcidt  and  Bis- 
tritz  were  afterwards  ad(ied.  The  present  inhabitants  pre- 
serve almost  unmixed  their  German  language  and  heredi- 
tary usages,  and  are  the  most  industrious  and  thriving  race 
Jn  Transylvania.  Agriculture  is  carefully  conducted ;  ma- 
nufactures of  woollen,  cotton,  and.  other  goods  are  carried 
on  in  the  towns,  the  principal  of  which  are  Hermannstadt 
and  Kronstadt. 

SAX'ON  SWlTZ^ERLAND,  a  name  applied  to  the  moun- 
tainous part  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  S.E.  of  Dresden.  It 
Is  highly  picturesque,  but  none  of  its  mountains  rise  to 
above  2000  feet  in  elevation. 

SAX'ONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 22  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  New 
England  Worsted  Company  for  the  manufacture  of  blankets, 
coatings,  buntings.  Ac. 

SAX'ON Y.  (Ger.  Sacksen,  siK'sgn:  L.  Saxo'nia;  Fr.  Saxe, 
gjx:  It.  SKsaonit,  s3s-so'ne-3;  Sp.  Sajmiia,  s3-H0-nee'd,)  an 
old  division  of  North  Germany,  which  extended  between  the 
Baltic  and  the  North  Sea  in  the  N.,  and  Bohemia  and  Bavaria 
in  the  S.  In  the  old  divisions  of  Germany,  the  circle  of 
Upper  Saxony  composed  the  greater  part  of  the  present  king- 
doms of  Prussia  and  Saxony,  and  that  of  Lower  Saxony, 
Hanover,  Brunswick.  Mecklenburg,  and  Holstein. 

SAXONY.  (Ger.  KSnigreick  Sachsen,  kynio-rlK^  sdx'en.) 
Kingdom  of,  a  kingdom  of  Central  Germany,  forming  the 
fourth  stats  in  the  Germanic  Confederation,  bounded  on 
the  N.W.,  N.,  and  E.  by  Prussia,  on  the  S.E.  and  S.  by 
Bohemia,  on  the  S.W.  by  Bavaria,  and  on  the  W.  by  Reuss, 
Saxe-Weimar,  and  Saxe-Altenburg.  Greatest  length,  from 
N.E.  to  S.W.,  35  miles;  greatest  breadth,  75  miles;  peri- 
meter, about  736  miles,  of  which  about  288  miles  borders 
on  Bohemia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Erzgebirge ; 
456  miles  on  Prussia,  172  miles  on  the  Saxon  duchies,  and 
jnly  20  miles  on  Bavaria.  Area,  6917  square  miles.  It  is 
nearly  in  the  shape  of  a  triangle,  the  longest  side  of  which 
bens  the  S.E.,  while  the  opposite  vertex  is  situated  to  the  N. 


SAX 

of  the  town  of  Leipsic,  and  extends  from  lat.  50°  15'  to  51'-' 
20'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  12°  10'  to  15°  E. 

Face  of  the  Cfiuntry. — The  surface,  though  very  mncll 
broken,  may  be  regarded  as  an  inclined  plain,  which  com- 
mences in  the  S.,  in  the  Krzgebirge  chain,  and  slopes  towards 
the  N.  In  the  more  elevated  districts,  the  scenery  is  wild, 
and  in  some  places  almost  desolate;  while  on  either  side  of 
the  Elbe,  fnim  the  Bohemian  frontier  to  Pirna,  is  a  remark- 
able and  exceedingly  interesting  tract,  covered  with  fantastic 
sandstone  formations,  wliicli  has  received  the  name  of  the 
Saxon  Switzerland.  The  ramifications  proceeding  from  the 
principal  range  form  the  sides  of  besiutiful  and  fertile  valleys, 
which,  as  tiiey  flatten  down,  widen  out  into  plain.s,  well 
adapted  for  agriculture;  and  hence,  though  in  the  Ober- 
wiesenthal,  the  Fichtelberg  attjiins  the  height  of  more  than 
.3700  feet,  the  mean  height  above  the  sea  does  not  exceed  450 
feet.  On  the  Prussian  frontiers,  where  it  subsides  to  its 
lowest  point,  the  height  above  the  sea  is  only  250  feet.  The 
loftiest  summits  are  generally  composed  of  granite  and  gneiss, 
and  so  rich  in  mineral  products,  that  the  ores  (fcVz)  contained 
in  them  have  given  name  to  the  whole  chain.  To  the  E.,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  the  Erzgebirge  is  continued  by 
the  Riesengebirge,  a  branch  of  which,  under  the  name  of  the 
Lausitzer-gebirge,  or  Mountains  of  Lusatia,  covers  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  E.  of  Saxony.  They  nowhere  reach 
the  height  of  2500  feet,  though  more  than  one  summit  ex- 
ceeds 2000  feet.  They  a;e  compo.«ed  for  the  most  part  of 
granite,  basalt,  and  sandstone. 

Hirers. — With  the  exception  of  a  very  small  portion  of  the 
E.,  which  sends  its  waters  to  the.Baltic  by  tributaries  of  the 
Oder  and  Spree,  the  whole  of  Saxony  belongs  to  the  basin  of 
the  Elbe,  which,  forcing  its  way  in  a  depression  of  the  chain, 
where  the  Erzgebirge  is  conceived  to  terminate  and  tlie 
Riesengebirge  to  begin,  enters  Saxony,  traverses  it  in  a  N.W. 
direction  for  about  70  miles,  and  quit-s  it  near  Strehla,  after 
liaving  divided  the  kingdom  into  two  distinct  portions,  of 
which  that  on  the  left  or  W.  bank  is  by  far  the  larger.  On 
the  E.  bank,  accordingly,  the  Elbe  iiere  receives  only  a 
number  of  small  streams  scarcely  deserving  of  notice;  but 
on  the  W.  bank  it  has  several  important  tributaries,  which 
take  their  rise  and  have  a  considerable  part  of  their  cour.=e 
within  the  kingdom,  but  do  not  join  the  Elbe  till  they  have 
left  it.  Of  the.se  tributaries,  the  most  important  are  the 
Mulde,  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  main  arms  called  the 
Zwickau-Mulde  .and  the  FreiVjerg-Mulde;  and  the  Elster, 
which  likewise  divides  itself  near  I^eipsic  into  two  arms,  one 
of  which  unites  with  the  l*lei.s.se  and  I'arthe,  while  the 
other  takes  the  name  of  Luppe.  The  lakes,  particularly 
in  the  N.  and  N.E.,  are  numerous,  but  individually  insig- 
nificant. 

Climate. — The  climate  in  the  loftier  mountain  districts, 
and  what  is  called  the  Voigtland.  is  .so  very  cold  and  bleak, 
that  it  has  sometimes  received  the  name  of  the  Saxon  Siberia ; 
but  with  this  exception,  the  climate  is  milder  than  that  of 
most  countries  of  Europe  under  the  sjinie  latitude.  In  the 
valleys  of  the  Elbe  and  the  Mulde,  and  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  town  of  Leipsic,  the  air  is  both  gentle  and  plea.sant. 
The  only  localities  which  can  be  considered  unfavorable  to 
health  are  some  marshy  tracts  on  the  banks  of  the  Elbe  .and 
the  Pleisse.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year  at  Dresden,  49°-l ; 
of  winter,  32°-7  ;  of  summer,  66°  Fahrenheit. 

Agriculture,  Zfjolngij,  rfc. — \\'ith  the  exception  of  the  lofty 
barren  tracts  already  referred  to,  ^nd  others  of  a  kindred 
nature,  though  less  barren,  since  they  are  eitlier  covered 
with  forests  or  mountain  pastures,  the  whole  surface  of 
Saxony  may  be  said  to  be  under  some  kind  of  culture.  One- 
half  of  the  surface  is  under  the  plough,  30  per  cent,  is 
covered  with  wood,  and  alx)ve  10  per  cent,  with  gardens  and 
meadows.  Not  a  spot  capable  of  being  turned  to  account  is 
allowed  to  remain  waste,  and  the  hand  of  industry  is  every- 
where visible.  The  soil,  however,  is  not  in  general  of  great 
natural  fertility ;  and  hence,  though  some  of  the  lower 
grounds  are  very  productive,  the  total  yield  of  grain  falls 
considerably  short  of  the  home  consumption.  The  most  im- 
portant crops  cultivated  in  regular  rotation  are  rye  and  oats; 
next  to  these  ranks  barley,  and  last  of  all,  wheat,  for  which 
the  grefiter  part  of  the  soil  appears  not  to  be  well  adapted. 
One  crop,  so  universal  that  it  ought  perhaps  to  be  regarded 
as  the  staple,  is  potatoes.  The  chief  subsidiary  crops  are 
pulse,  rape,  turnips,  oil-seeds,  hops,  tobacco,  Hax,  tea.sel, 
madder,  and  other  dye-plants.  All  the  common  orchard- 
fruits,  particularly  apples,  pears,  and  plums,  are  very  abun- 
dant. Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  the  culture  of  the 
vine,  which  occupies  considerable  tracts  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Elbe,  Ijetween  the  towns  of  Meissen  and  Pulsnitz,  and 
is  also  cultivated  with  success  on  the  sunny  slopes  both  to 
the  N.  and  the  S.  of  Dresden.  Many  artificial  meadows 
have  been  formed,  and  heavy  crops  of  the  finest  grasses — 
lucern,  .sainfoin,  clover,  and  rye-grass — are  everywhere  seen. 
Much  of  the  fodder  is  employed  on  dairy  stock,  from  which 
large  quantities  of  butter  and  cheese  of  excellent  quality  are 
obtained. 

Large  numbers  of  homed  cattle  are  fcittened,  and  annually 
exported  to  Poland  and  Galicia.  But  the  superiority  of  Saxony 
is  nowhere  so  apparent  as  in  its  sheep,  the  breed  of  which, 

1725 


SAX 


SAX 


fbined  by  careful  crossing:  with  the  merino,  was  brought  to 
eUi  h  perfection  as  to  create  for  them  an  eager  demand  in  all 
countries  where  the  improTement  of  the  fleece  was  resrarded 
as  an  object  of  importance.  The  other  domestic  animals  de- 
serving of  notice  are  horses  and  swine,  of  both  of  which  su- 
perior breeds  are  found.  Poxiltry,  particularly  geese,  are  very 
numerous;  thereariu<jof  bees,  oncea  very  important  branch 
of  industry,  has  greatly  declined ;  but  that  of  silli-worms  is 
Still  prosecuted  with  considerab*^  success,  particularly  in  the 
vicinity  of  Leipsic,  Dresden.  Zittau,  .fcc.  The  great  number 
of  forests  in  Saxony  naturally  secures  an  abundance  of  game, 
■nd  at  one  time  bears  and  wolves  were  not  uncommon:  but 
the  inc.-ease  of  population  has  so  greatly  diminished  their 
numbers,  that  they  are  considered  to  be  almost  extirpated. 
Others  of  the  larger  kinds  of  game  have  also  become  scarce, 
but  the  smaller  kinds  continue  to  be  numerous.  The  fish- 
ing in  the  lakes  and  rivers  is  tolerably  productive,  though 
ecarcely  equal  to  the  consumption.  Among  the  species  of  fish 
are  shad,  eels,  salmon,  carp,  pike,  and  trout.  In  some  of  the 
streams,  particularly  the  White  Elster  and  its  tributaries, 
good  pearls  are  often  found. 

Mines. — The  minerals  of  Saxony  form,  perhaps,  the  most 
Important  source  of  its  wealth,  and  have  long  been  worked 
with  great  success,  and  with  a  skill  of  which  many  other 
countries  in  Europe  were  contented  to  be  only  humble  imi- 
tators. The  metals  comprehend  almost  every  one  of  eco- 
nomical value,  with  the  exception  of  (luicksilver,  which  does 
not  seem  to  be  found  at  all.  and  gold,  which  is  obtained  only 
in  very  small  quantities.  Silver,  found  in  connection  both 
with  copper  and  lead,  is  extracted  annually,  on  an  average, 
to  the  amount  of  ■15,100  ounces.  The  principal  localities 
where  it  is  obtained  are  Freil}erg,  .\nnaljerg.  and  Schneeberg. 
The  copper  and  lead  ores  which  yield  it  are  of  still  greater 
value.  The  tin.  iron,  and  cobalt  mines  are  also  of  great  im- 
portance, and.  though  in  much  smaller  quantities,  zinc,  bis- 
muth, and  arsenic  are  worked  to  considerable  advantage. 
The  fuel  necessary  for  the  smelting  and  refining  of  these 
metals  also  exists  in  great  abundance.  Not  only  are  the  ex- 
tensive forests,  covering  ne.arly  a  fourth  part  of  the  whole 
surface  of  the  kingdom,  made  available  for  this  purpose,  and 
placed  under  a  system  of  management  in  which  science  and 
practical  knowledge  are  alike  conspicuous,  but  numerous 
seams,  both  of  lignite  and  coal,  are  found  in  various  districts, 
and  are  worked  to  a  considerable  extent.  Other  minerals  of 
value  are  alum,  coppenas,  mountain-green,  ochre,  magnesia, 
fullers',  potters',  and  porcelain-earth.  In  all,  there  are  said 
to  lie  above  5<X)  mines  in  active  operation.  The  quarries 
furnish  in  abundance  granite,  sienite,  porphyry,  basalt, 
roofing-slate,  pavement,  sandstone,  limestone,  and  m.irble; 
and  numerous  beautiful  crystals  and  pebbles,  including  in 
the  former  rubies,  sapphires,  garnets,  topazes,  Ac,  and  in 
the  latter  jaspers,  agates,  and  carnelians.  are  found  both  in 
the  Erzgebirge  and  in  the  districts  of  Leipsic  and  Meis.sen. 
Mineralogical  operations  are  remarkable  not  only  for  the 
magnificent  scale  on  which  they  are  carried  on,  but  also  for 
the  consummate  ability  displayed;  and  not  a  few  of  the 
most  eminent  geologists  of  Europe  willingly  confess  their 
obligations  to  the  instructions  which  they  have  received  in 
the  mining  schools  of  Saxony. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  connected  with  the 
mining  operations  just  referred  to  give  employment  to  a 
very  large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants;  but  there  are 
several  other  branches  of  manufacture,  in  two  of  which — 
viz.,  woollen  cloth  and  porcelain — the  long-acknowledged 
superiority  of  Saxony  to  most  other  countries  has  only  lieen 
recently  called  in  question.  The  excellence  of  the  former 
was  partly  owing  to  the  fineness  of  the  wool  obtained  from 
the  improved  breed  of  sheep ;  and  hence,  in  every  countrj- 
where  the  Saxon  broadcloths  were  permitted  to  enter  the 
market,  they  commanded  higher  prices  than  could  be  ob- 
tained for  similar  native  products.  Much  of  the  finer  wools 
of  Saxony  being  now  exported  in  a  raw  state,  the  present 
woollen  manufactures  of  this  country  have  lost  somewhat 
of  their  reputation  for  superior  fineness.  In  regard  to  por- 
celain, the  fame  of  the  Saxons  was  well  earned,  because,  in 
addition  to  the  excellence  of  the  articles  produced,  they  had 
the  merit  of  inventing,  or  rather  re-inventing,  the  process. 
So  long  as  they  were  able  to  keep  the  secret  to  them.=elve.s, 
the  only  competition  to  which  they  could  lie  subjected  w.as 
that  of  importation  from  the  distant  East,  and  a  most 
lucrative  tnide  was  carried  on.  The  Dresden  china  became 
famous  over  Europe;  and  many  of  its  finer  specimens  were 
thought  not  unworthv  of  a  place  in  the  most  celebrated 
collections  of  articles  of  virlA.  The  manufacture  is  now  so 
successfully  competed  with  in  other  countries,  and  has  in 
consequence  de -lined  so  much,  that  at  present  it  can  scarcely 
claim  to  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  great  branches  of  national 
Industry.  Several  other  manufactures,  however,  previously 
J"un>l*""tant.  have  advanced  with  astonishing  rapidity.  At 
the  heiij  of  these  is  cotton,  which  not  only  employs  nume- 
rous large  fict^jries,  but  is  manufactured  to  a  great  extent  by 
comestic  looms. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  spinning  mills 
anil    spindles  in  the  country  at  three  different   periods 
specilied : — 
1726 


Tears.  Mills.  Fine  .SpInd'M. 

18.S4 74 .Siu.HO? 

1S45 116 474  978 

184«, 133 541,S68 

Other  very  important  fabrics  are  linen,  silk,  and  mixed 
goods:  and  in  connection  with  them  and  the  other  tissues 
must  be  taken  the  vast  number  of  worsted,  tiax.anil  fulling 
mills  which  are  scattered  over  the  country,  and  meet  the  eye 
at  almost  every  turn.  The  other  manufactures  df.s.rviug  of 
notice  are  lace,  in  which  great  numlwrs  both  of  young  and 
aged  females,  who  might  be  unfit  for  other  labors,  find  the 
means  of  subsistence ;  hosiery,  wax-cloth,  straw-plait,  woodea 
wares,  including  furniture;  machinery,  chemical  jiroducts, 
musical  instruments,  tobacco,  chocolate,  and  chiccory :  paper, 
type.s,  and  books. 

Commerce,  <fc. — The  trade,  both  external  and  internal, 
createil  by  all  these  branches  of  manufacture,  is  necessarily 
very  great.  At  the  fairs  of  Leipsic  alone,  business  to  th« 
amount  of  $46.0OO.(KXi  is  done.  Its  foundation  was  laid  by 
the  enlightened  commercial  policy  which  Saxonj-  had  (he 
wisdom  to  pursue,  when  most  other  countries  were  strangers 
to  it;  and  its  continuance  is  secured  by  a  careful  attention, 
not  only  to  remove  every  obstruction  to  trade,  but  to  afford 
it  new  facilities.  Among  these  m.ty  l>e  mentioned  the  intro- 
duction of  the  railway  .system,  which  has  brought  Leipsic 
and  Dresden  into  immediate  connection,  not  only  with  the 
other  leading  towns  of  Saxony,  but  with  the  great  trunk- 
lines  which  now  traverse  the  whole,  at  least,  of  Central 
Europe,  and  the  still  more  recent  introduction  of  the  electric 
telegraph. 

Ofii-ernment. — The  government  of  Saxony.  a.s  fixed  by  a 
constitution  granted  in  1831.  and  modified  by  the  laws  of 
March  31,  ISiu,  and  May  5,  1861,  is  a  limited  monarchy,  in 
which  the  executive  power  is  lodged  solely  in  the  crown, 
and  the  legislative  power  jointly  in  the  crown  and  two 
chambers — a  first  and  a  second.  The  first  chamber  is  com- 
posed of  the  princes  of  the  royal  family  who  have  attained 
majority,  the  pc>ssessors  of  certain  specified  domains,  certain 
individuals  ex  officio,  12  deputies  chosen  for  life  by  the  larger 
landed  proprietors,  and  10  individuals  nominated  for  life  by 
the  king.  Tlie  second  chamber  is  composed  of  20  members 
elected  by  the  large  landed  proprietors,  26  elected  by  the 
towns,  26  by  the  peasantry,  and  6  by  the  traders  and  artisans. 
For  each  member  of  the  second  chamber  a  substitute  ig 
chosen,  to  act  in  the  case  of  his  tempor.-u-j-  absence  or  in- 
capacit}',  or  during  the  subsis'ting  diet,  in  the  event  of  his 
death.  Justice  is  administered  by  three  classes  of  courts,  or 
courts  of  primary,  secondary,  and  tertiary  resort,  (ersle, 
ziciite,  and  drifts  j'li.'taMi.)  The  first  includes  all  the  inferior 
courts  of  the  kingdom,  as  JufUz-Atmter,  Kiiniglirhe-fierieMt, 
Stndt,Kaii  Patrimonial-f)ericl<te ;  the  second  consists  of  the 
four  appeal  courts,  (Appellations-gericJite,)  which  hold  their 
sittings  at  Dresden,  IJautzen.  Leipsic,  and  Zwickau,  ami 
h.ive  each  jurisdiction  within  the  four  circles  of  the  same 
name;  the  third  is  confined  to  the  supreme  court  of 
Dresden,  {OI>er-appeUations gericht^. whose  jurisdiction  in- 
cludes all  kinds  of  causes,  and  extends  over  the  whole 
kingdom. 

lldigiim,  Ijducation,  dx. — Universal  toleration  is  guaran- 
teed to  all  religious  creeds;  but  the  only  religious  bodies 
specially  recognised  by  the  state  are  the  Lutherans,  (Ei-an- 
gelisc)i-ProU^tanti  seller  Cultus.)  who  form  nineteen-twentiethg 
of  the  whole  population,  and  have  36  diocese-s,  [epiwrien.)  879 
parishes,  and  1199  churches;  the  Calvinists,  {Befi/rmirttr 
Ciillus.)  who  have  only  two  parish  churches  and  four  minis- 
ters ;  and  the  Roman  Catholics,  who  are  under  an  apostolic 
vicar,  have  14  jutrishes  and  29  churches,  and  comprise  the 
royal  family  among  their  adherents.  At  the  head  of  the 
education.il  establishments  of  the  kingdom  is  the  University 
of  Leipsic,  which  is  one  of  the  principal  in  Germany.  Next 
to  it,  in  order,  are  7  gymua.siii,  situated  in  the  principal 
towns,  11  normal  schools,  and  a  considerable  number  of 
upper,  town,  and  grammar  schools.  I'or  elementary  educa- 
tion, one  school  at  least  is  opened  in  every  parish,  and  all 
the  children  between  six  and  fourteen  are  understood  to  be 
in  attendance.  In  1849.  of  olo.lSo  children  between  the 
ages  of  six  and  fourteen,  which  the  kingdom  contained, 
311.454,  or  1  in  6  of  the  whole  population,  were  actually 
attending  school.  By  this  means.  Sa.xony  has  t'ccome  one 
of  the  best-educated  countries  in  Europe.  The  revenue  in 
ISo.j-ol  was  $6,046,660,  of  which  more  than  a  third  was 
raised  from  the  rent  of  land  and  other  crown-rights,  and  the 
remainder,  in  nearly  c(iual  proportions,  by  direct  anl  in- 
direct taxation.  The  expenditure  was  estimated  to  le  «ve  a 
small  surplus.  The  amount  of  the  debt  at  the  close  of  1852 
was  $.11,230,000,  The  arm}-  is  raised  chiefly  by  conscription ; 
all  male  citizens,  with  .i  few  specified  exceptions,  being 
bound,  on  attaining  their  twentieth  year,  to  serve  for  six 
years  in  the  army,  and  three  years  in  the  reserve.  The 
effective  force  amounts  to  25.396  men.  As  the  fourth  mem- 
ber of  the  Germanic  Confederation.  Saxony  has  four  votes  in 
the  })levum.    Its  contingent  of  men  is  12.(hW. 

Divisions,  Ripulaiion,  tfc. — .Saxony  is  divided  into  the  four 
circles  (Jcrexsdirektionen)  of  Dresden,  Leipsic,  Zwick.'  u,  and 


SAX 

Bantzen  or  ^udl=sin.  snbdi  v'(J»(J  into  bailiwicks.    Their  area 
and  po{/alrttiou  «r*  sxhluited  in  tLe  6/llowing  table:— 

Artoc  anti  iy>pul(ili(m  of  Saxnny  in  1852. 


QU  -Xjs 


Area,  in 


Dresdon 

Lclpsic 

Zwickau 

Bautzea,  or  ButUssid 

Total 


ICSO 
1347 
1»16 
971 


683,'J13 
308,488 


2,2-^5.^40 


History. — Saxony  owes  its  name  to  tlie  most  ancient  and 
distinguislied  of  the  nations  of  Germany.  Not  contented 
with  their  territories,  tlioufrli  they  reached  from  the  Kider 
to  the  Uhine,  they  penetrated  fiir  into  France,  and,  fitting 
out  powerful  naval  armaments,  ultimately  made  themselves 
masters  of  the  far  finer  portion  of  Great  I5rit;iin.  The  in- 
habitants of  Saxony  are  saiil  still  to  bear  a  remarl<able 
resemblance,  in  person  and  manners,  to  tliose  of  the  British 
Island.  The  earliest  existing  records  connected  with  the 
present  kingdom  belong  to  the  tenth  ceiitury,  when  Henry 
I.,  Margrave  of  Meissen,  made  considerable  addition  to  his 
territories,  whicli  from  tViat  time  came  to  be  distinguislied 
by  the  common  name  of  Saxony.  In  14"J2  8axony  became 
an  electorate,  in  the  person  of  Frederick  the  Brave,  by  whom 
the  University  of  Leipsic  was  founded.  Saxony  was  the 
cradle  of  the  Reformation,  which  here  successfully  passed 
through  the  first  years  of  a  precarious  existence,  preparatory 
to  its  complete  development,  and  the  noble  triumphs  which 
it  continued  to  achieve,  till  its  sway  was  acknowledged  I)y 
half  the  population  of  Kurope.  Its  more  recent  history  fur- 
nishes few  inciilents  deserving  of  particular  notice.  It  was 
erected  into  a  kingdom  in  1806  by  Napoleon,  who  united  to 
it  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Warsaw,  which,  along  with  some  por- 
tions of  the  Saxon  territories,  was  detached  from  it  in  1815, 
by  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  In  this  new  arrangement,  it 
was  deprived  of  ne.arly  a  million  of  inhabitants.  Still,  even 
within  its  present  limits,  Saxony  holds  an  important  station 
among  the  German  states,  and  possesses  almost  inexhausti- 
ble sources  of  prosperity,  both  in  its  natural  resources,  and 

In  the  industry  and  intelligence  of  its  people. .\dj.  and 

Jnhab.  Sax'on;  (Fr.  Saxom,  sd-v'^N"';  Sp.  Sajox.  si-iion';  It. 
Sassone,  sJs'so-nA;  Ger.  adj.  Sachsisch,  sdx'ish;  inhab. 
Sa^hse.  sik'seh.) 

S.iX'OXY,  I'liC'SSTAN,  a  province  of  Prussia,  nearly  in 
Its  centre,  between  lat.  50°  27'  and  53°  5'  N.,  and  Ion.  9°  5U' 
4nd  15°  15'  E.,  having  on  the  X.K.  and  K.  the  provinces  of 
Brandeiiliurg,  West  Ilanover,  Brunswick,  and  Ilesse-Cassel, 
»nd  on  tlie  S.  the  duchies  and  kingdom  of  Saxony,  enclosing 
Anhalt  Dessau,  Sdiwarzburg  Rudolstadt,  aud  having  many 
sutlving  di'tached  districts.  Area.  9828  square  miles.  I'op. 
in  ISfii,  1,076.417,  of  whom  1,842,352  were  rrotestanti.  The 
Harz.  nt  the  W.  extremity,  is  a  mountainous  district ;  else- 
where the  surface  is  level  and  watered  by  the  Kibe,  with  its 
tributaries  the  Saale,  Mulde,  and  Unstrut.  The  soil  is 
among  the  most  fertile  in  thg  Prussian  dominions.  Corn, 
flax.  hemp,  hops,  tobacco,  madder,  and  chiccory  are  the  prin- 
cip.al  products;  vines  are  grown  on  the  banks  of  the  Saale 
and  Kibe.  Merino-sheep  l)reeding  is  extensively  carried  on, 
and  wool  is  a  princip.al  article  of  export.  The  province  has 
coal,  iron,  salt,  and  copper  mines.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures ai'e  fine  woollens,  linen  fabrics,  earthenwares,  paper, 
beer,  and  spirits.  It  is  divided  into  the  three  governments 
of  Magdeburg.  Erfurt,  and  Merseburg.    Capital,  Magdeburg. 

SAX'TKAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SAXTIIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SAX'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

SAX'TOX'S  RIA'ER,  a  postK)fflca  of  Windham  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 

S.iXTONA' ILLE,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  6  miles  S.W.  of  Flemington. 

SAYANSK.  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Saiansk. 

SAY.A.XSKOI,  mountains  of  Siberia.     See  Sai.WJSK. 

S.\Y'BROOIv,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Connecticut, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  about  35  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Hartford,  contains  the  village  of  Deep  River.  Old  Sat- 
BEOOK,  bordering  on  Long  Island  Sound,  was  separated  from 
tliis  township  in  1S52.  Population  of  Suybrook  (1S60), 
1213. 

SAYBROOK,  a  post-township  In  the  N.W.  part  of  Ashta- 
bula CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, 4  miles  from  Ashtabula.      Pop.  1435. 

S.VYDA,  a  town  of  Saxony.     See  Saida. 

SAY'LOHSBUIiO,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 112  miles  X.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SAY'LORVII.LK,  a  post-village  of  Polk  CO.,  Iowa,  near  Des 
Moines  River.  12.'^i  miles  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

SAY.MBRU:mBACUM,  srm-brtlm'bi-k'&m(?)  a  town  of  Brit- 
ish India,  presidency,  and  17  miles  W.  of  .Madras. 

SAYN,  sine,  a  village  of  Prussia,  government,  and  6  miles 
N.  of  Coblentz.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Briichse  and  Sayn- 
baeh.     Pop.  il3C 

SAYXY,  sPnee,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of  Angus- 


SCA 

towo.  on  the  Memel,  here  joined  by  the  Peyneczka.  IS  miien 
E.  of  Suwalki.  Pop.  3100.  It  has  a  Kithedrai,  and  manu- 
factures of  woollen  cloth  and  leather. 

SAYPAXorS.'-;YP.4.N,srpan'.oneofthe  L.idrone  Islandg. 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  15°  19'  44"  N.,  Ion.  14f.°  E.,  12 
miles  in  length,  and  having  a  good  harbor  on  its  W.  side. 
SAY'VHJjK.  a  post>office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 
SAZAWA,  sl-zi'*2,  a  river  of  Bohemia,  after  a  W.N.W. 
course  of  95  miles,  joins  the  Jf  oldau  12  miles  S.  of  Prairue. 

SAZK.\  or  SADSIf  A.  sdds'kl,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  27  mileg 
E.  of  Prague.     Pop.  2210. 

SC.A.Eit,  sk3\aiR',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Finist^re,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Quimperl6.  Pop.  in  1862, 
4304.  ^ 

SCAFATT,  skS-fi'tee,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  on  the  Sarno,  6  miles  W.  of  Nocera. 
Pop.  3500. 

SC.\Ft<!LL,  pronounced,  and  sometimes  written  SCAW- 
FFXL.  a  mountain  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  near  the 
borders  of  Westmoreland,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Itavenglass.  and 
having  two  summits  respectively  31fi6  and  3002  feet  in 
height.     The  river  Esk  rises  on  its  E.  side. 

SCAFTOLD  CONE,  a  post-office  of  Rock  Castle  co..  Ken- 
tucky. • 

SCALA,  ski/lj.  a  market-town  of  Naple.=,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato Citra,  8  miles  AV.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  1400. 

SC.\LA,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra.  on  a  height,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Cariati.     Pop.  12(10. 

SCALA.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Florence. 
Pop.  1400. 
SCA  LABIS.    See  Santarem. 

SCALA  NOVA,  skdnj  no/vj,  (anc.  Neap>nlis.)  a  seaport 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Scala  Nova.  40  miles  S.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  20.000.  It  st.ands 
on  a  slope  rising  from  the  sea.  The  pi-incipa!  editices  are 
mosques,  khans,  and  public  baths.  It  had  formerly  an 
active  trade  with  Eirvpt  and  Salonica. 

SCALA  NOVA,  GULF  OF,  is  45  miles  in  length  from  E. 
to  W.,  with  an  averase  breadth  of  20  miles.    The  island  of 
Samos  forms  the  most  part  of  its  S.  coast. 
SC.\L.\]'LANO,  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Escalapiano. 
SC.XI/BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  JUding. 
SCALDASOLE,  skal-da-sol.-l.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Novara,  province  of  Lomellina.    P.  1048. 
SCALDIS.    See  Scheldt. 

SCALD'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
SCALEA.  sk3-I.A'3,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra.  28  miles  W.  of  Cassano.     Pop.  1600. 

SCALE'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 
SCALH^NOIIE.  sk.4-l5n'gil,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  in  Pied- 
mont, and  7  miles  E.  ofiPinerolo.    Pop.  .3961. 

SCALETTA.  i=ka-let'a,  a  village  of  Sicily,  on  its  E.  coast, 
13  miles  S.  of  Messina.  Pop.  1000. 
SCAiVFOHD..  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
SCAL'LOW.\Y.  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  on  tl)e  main- 
land of  Shetland,  at  the  head  of  Scalloway  Bay,  6  miles 
W.S.M'.  of  Lerwick.  Pop.  450.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  was 
formerly  a  burgh,  and  the  capital  of  Shetland.  It  has  a 
good  harbor. 

SC.\L'P.\.  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co.  of 
Inverness,  off  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of  Skye,  separated 
from  it  by  a  sound  half  a  mile  across.  Length,  4  miles; 
breadth.  2  miles.     Pop.  in  1851,  79. 

SC.VLPA  FLOW,  a  sea-basin  among  the  Orkneys,  nearly 
enclosed  by  Pomonsi,  Burray,  South  Ronaldshay,  Walls,  and 
Hoy,  and  containing  many  smaller  Islands.  Length,  15 
miles;  breadth,  8  miles. 

SCAI/P.^Y,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co.  of 
Inverness,  parish  of  Harris,  at  the  entrance  of  East  Loch 
Tarbet.    Length,  3  miles ;   breadth,  I5  miles.    Pop.  in  1851, 
282. 
SC.^LP  LEVEL,  a  post-office  of  Cambria  co..  Pennsvlvania. 
SCAMAN'DER,or  XAX/TIIUS,  (Turk.  Bnmarhashi-soo, 
boo'naR'bi'shee  soo.)  a  river  of  the  plain  of  Troy,  in  Asia 
Minor,  rises  at  the  village  of  Boonarbashi,  immediately  be- 
neath the  site  of  old  Troy,  flows  N.W.,  expanding  into 
numerous  marshes,  and  enters  the   iEgeau   Sea  and  the 
Simois  or  Mender  River  by  several  channels,  cut  in  very 
remote  antiquity.    Its  .source  is  in  some  springs,  having  a 
temperature  of  63°  or  64°  Fahrenheit.    This  circumstance  is 
supposed   by  some  to  have  suggested  the  description  by 
Homer.  Iliad  xxii.  149-152. 
SCAM'BLESBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
SCAM'MOXDEN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 
SCAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
SCANDEROON.    See  Iskanderoon. 

SCANDIANO,  skJn-de-ifno,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy, 
situated  12  miles  S.W.  of  Modena,  ou  the  Secchia.  Popula- 
tion, 2400. 

SCANDINAVIA.  skan-de-n.Vve-a,  the  classic  name  of  the 
great  peninsula  of  North  Europe,  consisting  of  Sweden  and 
Norway.    See  Swedem  and  Norway. 

SCANFS.  skSnfs.  a  populous  village  of  the  Upper  En ga- 
dine,  in  Switzerland,  canton  of  Orisons,  29  miles  S.E.  of  Chur. 

1727 


SCA 


SCH 


SCANIA,  skd'ne-s,  or  SKAXE,  (SkSne,)  sko/ne,  an  old 
province  of  Sweden,  at  its  S.  extremity,  now  subdivided  into 
Uie  lans  of  Malmo  and  Christianstad. 

SCANNO,  skdn'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Ultra.     Pop.  SOOO. 

SCANXO,  a  village  of  Naples,  Abruzzo  Citra,  12  miles  S.E. 
of  Lake  Fucino. 

SCAXS.\NO,  skin-si'no,  a  market-town  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
Tince,  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Grossetto.     Pop.  3000. 

SCANTIC  RIVER  rises  in  the  ?.  part  of  Massachusetts, 
and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  River  in  Hartford  county, 
Connecticut,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Hartford.  It  is  a  good 
mill-stream. 

SCAXZAXO,  skdn-zi'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
N.iples.  near  Castel-a-Mare.    Pop.  2000. 

SCAR,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  TTicklow, 
N.  of  Laragh.    Height,  2106  feet. 

SCARBA,  skar'bi,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co.  of 
Argyle,  off  the  N.  end  of  the  island  of  Jura.  Length  and 
breadth,  3  miles  each.     Height  above  the  sea,  1500  leet. 

SCARBOROUGH,  skar'b'rUh,  or  skar'bar-rfth,  a  parlia- 
mentary and  municipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co^of  York,  in  North  Riding,  on  the  S.  slope  of 
a  headland  extendins  Into  the  North  Sea;  Kit.  of  light-house 
54°  IT'  N..  Ion.  (P  23'~'5"  AV.,  on  the  North  Midland  liailway, 
37  miles  N.E.  of  York.  Pop.  in  1S51,  12,915.  It  consists  of 
numerous  streets,  lighted  with  gas,  rising  in  successive  tiers 
from  the  shore  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  con- 
tains several  elegant  terraces,  crescents,  .and  isolated  man- 
sions. It  has  a  town-hall,  custom-house,  jail,  assembly- 
room,  and  theatre;  several  Established  churches,  and  pl.-jces 
of  worship  for  Independents,  Jlethodists,  B.iptists,  I'riends, 
Reman  Catholics,  &e. ;  a  grammar,  Lancasterian,  national, 
and  various  other  schools;  several  hospitiils,  and  a  se.v 
bathing  infirmary  for  poor  invalids,  supported  by  subscrip- 
tion ;  a  museum  of  geology  and  natural  history,  a  mechanics' 
institute,  two  public  libraries,  and  a  philosophical  society. 
Scarborough  is  much  frequented  for  sea-bathing,  and  for  its 
mineral-waters,  which  have  long  been  in  repute.  These  last 
are  obtained  from  springs  on  the  sea-shore  under  a  cliff,  and 
are  approached  by  a  bridge  resting  on  piers  75  feet  high, 
and  leading  across  a  chasm  400  feet  wide;  they  contain  car- 
bonate and  sulphate  of  lime,  magnesia,  and  oxide  of  iron, 
and  are  esteemed  efficacious  in  stomach  complaints.  Scar- 
borough harbor  is  the  only  port  of  any  consequence  on  the 
E.  coast  between  the  Humber  and  Whitby,  and  is  u-sed  as  a 
place  of  sht-lter  from  the  E.  gales  which  prevail  on  this 
coast ;  though  confined  at  the  entrance,  it  is  easy  of  access, 
and  safe  and  commodious  within.  The  bay  is  protected  on 
the  N.E.  by  a  high  promontory,  on  the  summit  of  which, 
300  feet  above  sea-level,  are  the  ruins  of  the  celebrated  castle 
of  Scarborough.  The  port,  to  which  the  privilege  of  bonding 
was  granted  in  1841,  is  a  member  of  that  of  Hull.  It  carries 
on  a  limited  foreign  trade,  princip-illy  with  France.  Holland, 
and  the  Baltic;  and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn,  butter, 
bacon,  and  .salt-fish,  with  Newcastle.  Sunderland,  and  other 
places  on  the  coast.  Registered  shipping  in  1S4T,  191  ves- 
sels, with  an  aggregat«i  of  32,221  tons.  Ship-building,  rope 
and  sailcloth  making  are  caiTied  on,  but  to  a  much  less 
extent  than  formerly.  The  fishery,  once  a  source  of  great 
profit  to  the  town,  h.as  also  declined,  although  there  still 
exists  here  an  establishment  for  curing  herrings.  The 
boroush  Sends  two  members  to  Parliament. 

SCARBOROUGH,  the  principal  town  of  the  West  India 
Island  of  Tolxigo,  on  its  E.  coast,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Milford. 
L.^t.  11°  6'  N.,  Ion.  60°  30'  W. 

SCAR'EOROUGH,  a  post-vilLage  and  township  of  Cum- 
berland CO..  Maine,  on  the  Portland,  S.aco,  and  Portsmouth 
Railroad,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
1S07. 

SCARBOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Scriven  co.,  GeorgLa,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah. 

SCARBOROUGH  or  GILBERT  ISLANDS,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  between  lat.  1°  and  3°  N.,  and  Ion.  172°  and  174° 
E..  comprise  Marshall,  Matthews,  Gilbert,  and  Charlotte 
Islands. 

SCARBOROUGH,  skar'bar-rtlh,  or  LOS  BUENOS  JAR- 
DINES,  loce  bw.Vnoce  Hal-dee'nfe.  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
North  Pacific,  W.  of  the  Marshall  Archipelago.  Lat.  21°  40' 
N.,  Ion.  151°  .55' E. 

SCAR'CLIFF,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SCARDA,  skait'dl.  a  small  island  of  Dalmatia,  circle  of 
Zara,  between  the  islands  of  Premuda  and  Isto. 

SCARDIZZA.  BkaR-dit/sH,  a  small  Island  of  Dalmatia,  circle 
Cf  Zara.  3  miles  W.  of  Paso. 

SCARDONA.  skaR-do^ni  or  SCRADIN,  skri-de«n',  a  de- 
cayed town  of  Dalmatia,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sebenico,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kerka.  Pop.  1200.  It  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  W!i8  formerly  an  Important  place.  Under  the  Romans 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Liburnia. 

SCARDONA.    See  Is0L.\  Grossa. 

SCAR  EN  A.  ski-ri'nJ,  a  town  of  the  Sardinia*  States,  10 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Nice,  on  the  Paglione.     Pop.  1856. 

SCARaFF  or  SCARA,  skah'ra,  a  small  island  of  Ireland, 
oa  of  Kerry.  21  miles  S  W.  of  llogs  Head. 


SCAR/IFF,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Clare,  on  the 
Scariff.  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  KilLiloe.    Pop.  500. 

SCARISBRICK.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

SCARLE.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCARLE.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SCARMAGNO,  skaRmdn'yo.  a  vill.ige  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  about  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ivrea. 
Pop.  1013. 

SCARNAFIGI,  skaR-ni-fet/jee.  or  SCARNAFIGGI,  shar- 
n3-fid'jee.  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  province,  and  5  miles 
N.E.  of  S.aluzzo.    Pop.  2S54. 

SCAR'NING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  with  a 
station  on  the  East  Anglican  Railway,  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  East 
Dereham. 

SCARP  or  SCAR/PA,  an  island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  in 
Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness.  It  is  a  rockv  mountain  of  gneiss 
1000  feet  high,  and  3  miles  long.     Pop."in  1851.  145. 

SCARPANTO,  skar'pln-to,  (anc.  Carfpothos.)  an  island  ot 
the  Mediterrane.tn.  belonging  to  Turkey.  28  miles  S.W.  ot 
Rhodes.  Ijength.  30  miles;  breadth,  8  miles.  The  surface 
Is  mountainous ;  iron  .and  marble  are  the  principal  products. 
It  has  several  harlx)rs,  the  largest,  Porto-Grande,  being  on 
its  W.  side.    At  its  N.  extremity  Is  the  village  of  Scarpanto. 

SC.\RPE,  skaRp.  a  navigable  river  of  France,  rises  in  the 
department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  flows  E.  past  Arras,  Douai, 
Marchiennes.  and  St.  Amand.  and  joins  the  Scheldt  at  Mor- 
tagne  on  the  frontier  of  Belgium.     Length.  25  miles. 

SCARPERIA.  skaR-p.A-ree'^  or  SCARPKRIA  DI  MU- 
GELLO,  skaR-pA-ree'i  dee  moo-jello.  a  small  town  of  Tus- 
cany, province,  and  16  milesN.E.  of  Florence. 

SCAR'RINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottinghanu 

SCARS'D.\LE,  a  villageof  Scarsdale  township.  Westchester 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  '22  miles  N.N.E.  of 
New  York.     Pop.  of  the  township.  548. 

SCARmiO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCAT'ARY,  an  islet  of  British  North  America,  off  the  E. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton;  lat. 43°  N.,  Ion.  59°  41' 
W.     Lenu'th.  from  E.  to  W.,  6  miles;  breadth.  2  miles. 

SCAW'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Lincolnshire  Railway. 

SCAWFELL.    See  Smfell. 

SC.\WTON,  a  parish  pf  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

SCE.\UX,  s!>,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine,  4 
miles  S.of  Paris,  with  which  It  Is  connected  by  railway.  Pop. 
10130.  Colbert  erected  here  a  chateau,  which  was  destroyed 
during  the  first  reyolution. 

SCER.\I,  sk  Jr'nee.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzao 
Citra,  7  miles  W.  of  Il-A'asto.    J»op.  '2000. 

SCEY-SUlt-SAOAE,  si  siiR  s6n,  a  m.srket-town  of  France, 
department  of  Haute-Safine,  on  the  Saflne,  9  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Ve.soul.     Pop.  1800. 

SCH  A  A  FH  KIM.  shdfhlme,  a  market-town  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, 8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dieburg.     Pop.  133S. 

SCHAAFSTADT.  shatT'st^tt.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jlerseburg.    Pop.  1900. 

SCn.\l!LIN,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Josephsdokf. 

SCIIADUINSK,*  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Shamixsk. 

SCHAERBEEK,  sKSR'bAk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  N.N.E.,  and 
properly  only  a  suburb  of  Brussels.  It  contains  a  great 
number  of  fine  mansions  of  recent  d.ate.  and  two  churches, 
one  of  which  is  a  splendid  modern  edifice.     Pop.  4550. 

SCHAFA,  shS'fi,  or  SCHAFFERN.  sh^ffern,  a  market- 
town  of  Moravia.  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Znaym.     Pop.  1243. 

SCIIAFFEN.  shdf'fen,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  on  the  Demer.  34  miles  N.E.  of  iJrussels.     P.  163L 

SCHAFFHAUSEN,  shaff-how'zfn,  (Fr.  Schaffome.  shif- 
f<x)z';  L.  fi:aphu/sia.)  the  northernmost  canton  of  Switzer- 
land, wholly  N.  of  the  Rhine,  which  separates  it  from  the 
cantons  of  Zurich  and  Thurgau,  and  enclosed  by  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden.  Area,  116  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1860, 
35,500,  nearly  all  Protestants.  The  surface  is  undulating. 
Soil  fertile,  and  frequently  more  com  Is  raised  than  is  re- 
quired for  home  consumption.  The  transit  trade  is  Im- 
portant, and  the  capital  town  is  a  principal  entrepot  for 
goods  p-a-ssing  between  South  Germany  and  Switzerland. 
The  principal  towns  are  SchafT hausen  and  Neukircben.  The 
government  is  democratic,  consisting  of  a  grand  council  or 
legislative  body  of  74  members,  chosen  by  the  male  inhabi- 
tants not  under  leg.tl  Incapacity;  and  the  petty  or  executive 
council,  composed  of  24  members  of  the  grand  council,  and 
presided  over  by  a  burgomaster,  who  is  elected  annually. 
This  canton  joined  the  Swiss  Confederation  in  1501. 

SCHAFFHAUSEN,  the  capital  of  the  .above  canton  Is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.  "23  miles  N.E.  of 
Zurich.  Pop.  in  1850,  7710.  It  is  enclosed  by  vld  walls,  and 
defended  by  a  citadel  on  an  adjacent  height,  on  the  site  of 


*  It  should  be  remarked  that  the  names  of  places  in  Africa  and 
Asia,  as  well  as  most  of  those  in  Eastern  Europe,  beginninjt  with 
Sen  will  generally  be  found  in  this  work  under  the  head  of  Sii. 
This  general  remark  may  serve  to  guide  the  inquirer  in  th"se 
cases  in  which  references  are  not  given.  In  a  few  instances,  h«»»- 
ever,  names  of  this  class  will  more  properly  be  place!  under  Zu, 
as  ScuisDKA— Zhizdua,  in  which  caM  a  reference  will  be  given. 
S««  Fkeface,  page  4. 


SCH 

an  ancient  Roman  fortress.  The  houses  are  antiquated  and 
of  curious  architecture;  principal  edifice,  the  minster,  a  large 
cathedral,  founded  in  1052.  It  has  a  college,  and  a  town 
library  containing  the  collection  of  books  which  lielonged  to 
the  historian  ^Miiller,  a  native  of  Schaffhausen  ;  manufactures 
of  cotton  stuffs,  files,  and  cutlery.  It  communicates  daily  by 
diligences  with  Zurich,  Hern,  Freiburg,  Stuttgart,  and  XJlm, 
and  bv  steamers  with  Constance. 

SCliAFFHAUSEN.  FALLS  OF,  a  cataract  of  the  Rhine,  3 
miles  S.S.W.  of  the  town,  has  a  total  descent  of  about  100 
feet,  and  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  phenomena  of  its  kind 
in  Europe. 
SCIIAFF0U.5E.    See  Shaffhacsen. 

SCIIAGEN.  sKl'ghfn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Holland,  11  miles  N.  of  Alkmaar.  Pop.  1885. 
SCHAGIITICOKE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rensse- 
laer CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  21  miles  N.N.E. 
of  All>any.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  Albany  Northern 
Railroad,  and  on  the  Iloosic  River,  which  here  affords  water- 
power.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  numerous  stores,  and 
several  cotton  factories  and  milLs.  V.  of  the  township.  2929. 
SCUALE,  shd'li'h,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  ^Vestphalia,  33 
miles  N.of -MUnster.  on  the  Aue.    Pop.  1570. 

SCHALK.\U,  sh3l'k6w,  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in 
Saxe-Meiuingen,  on  the  Itz,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Coburg.  Pop. 
1037. 

SCUALKOWITZ,  Alt.  dlt  sh3l'ko-<»it«\  a  village  of  Prus- 
sian Silesia.  11  miles  .\.W.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  1740. 

SCIIALKWYK  or  .SCIIALKWI.IK,  skilk'wjk,  a  village  of 
Holland,  province,  and  8  miles  fc'.E.  of  Utrecht.     Pop.  789. 

SCUALL.  shjl,  or  SCHAAL,  shSl.  a  lake  of  North  Ger- 
many, partly  in  theDani.sh  duchy  of  I^auenburg.  and  partly 
in  the  grand  duchy  of  .Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  aix)ut  9  miles 
in  length  from  N.  to  S..  by  2  miles  in  breadth. 
SCIIAMAKHI,  Russia.  See  Shamaka. 
SCHANCK  (shank)  .MOUNT,  a  conspicuous  table-shaped 
hill  of  South  .\ustralia.  near  the  coast,  in  lat.  37°  55'  S.,  Ion. 
139°  49'  E.  It  rises  from  a  comparative^'  level  country  at 
an  abrupt  angle  800  or  900  feet  in  height,  and  has  on  its 
summit  three  distinct  craters.  Basalt,  lava,  and  other  vol- 
c;inic  products  are  scattered  on  and  around  it. 

SCHAXDAU,  shdii'dow,  a  town  of  Saxony,  21  miles  S.E.of 
Dresden,  on  the  Elbe.     Pop.  1638. 

SCHANK'S  (Shanks)  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat. 
0°  25'  S..  Ion.  1(.3°  E. 

SCHAUDI.NG,  (.SchUrding.)  or  SCHEERDINO,  shaiR'dlng, 
a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  circle  of  Inn,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of 
I'assau,  on  the  Inn.  Pop.  3500.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong 
ciKtle.  and  was  bomltarded  by  the  French  in  1809. 

SCHARDITZ.  shaii'dits,  or  SAKDICK,  saR-dit/.s.i,  a  village 
of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  circle  of  Ilradisch.     Pop.  1138. 

SCIIARMTZ.  shaii/nits,  (anc.  Scar'bia  or  PoHta  Claii/diaf) 
a  village  and  pass  in  the  Tyrol,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Innspruck. 
and  the  scene  of  combat  between  the  French  and  Tyrolese 
in  lSii9. 

SCHASSBURG,  (Schiissburg,)  shSssOxiCRO,  a  town  of  Tran- 
sylvania, in  Saxonlan.i,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the  Great  Ko- 
kel,  24  miles  E. S.E.of  Neumarkt.  Pop.  0250.  It  consists  of 
an  upper  and  a  lower  town,  the  former  fortified.  It  has  a 
gymnasium,  manufactures  of  woollens  and  liueus,  and  an 
extensive  trade. 

SCIIAT-EL-ARAB    or    SCHAT-UL-ARAB.    See  Shat-ei^ 
Arab. 
.SCIIATSK.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Shatsk. 
SCIIATTAU.  shat/tc-iw,  or  SATOW,  s^Ttov,  a  market-town 
of  Moravia.  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Znaym.    Pop.  1716. 

SCIIATTER,  shdt/ter,  a  river  of  Baden,  after  a  course  of 
36  miles,  joins  the  Kinzig  at  Kehl. 

SCIIATTER,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  rises  near  the  village  of 
Wellheim,  flows  E.S.E.,  and  joins  the  D.anube  on  the  left  a 
little  above  Ingolstadt.    Total  course,  about  27  miles. 

SCHATUL'GA.  a  village  of  Muscogee  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Muscogee  Railroad.  10  miles  from  Columbus. 

SCIIATZLAK,  slidts'lar,  BERNSTADT,  or  BARNSTADT, 
b^Rn'stitt.  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  33  miles  N.  of  KSnig- 
gratz.    Pop.  Iii73. 

SCIIAUMI$URG-LIPPE,  shiiwm'bOoEO  lip'peh,  a  princi- 
pality of  North-western  Germany,  enclosed  by  the  territories 
of  Ilesse-Schaumburg,  Hanover,  and  Prussian  Westphalia, 
exclusive  of  some  detached  lordships  within  the  territory  of 
Lippe-Detmold.  Area.  207  square  miles.  Pop.  .30,226.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  well  wooded  In  the  S.,  flat  in  the  N., 
where  the  Lake  Steinhuder-nieer  occupies  about  22,000  acres. 
The  principal  river  is  the  AVeser.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  Lutherans,  and  employed  in  agricultural  industry. 
"Oiii-mines,  and  the  manufactures  of  linens.  The  principal 
towns  are  Biickeburg,  the  capital,  and  Stadthagen.  Public 
•evenue  in  1852,  93,600  dollars.  The  state  isfreefi-om  debt. 
SCHAWAT.  a  town  of  Asia.  See  Shawat. 
SCHAZK.  a  town  of  Russia.  See  Shatsk. 
SCIIEEMDA.  sKAm'dit,  or  SCHEEMDER,  sKim'dfr,  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Netherlands,  province,  and  16  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Qroningen.     Pop.  3439. 

SCIIEER,  shaiR.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Danube, 
i  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sigm^riugen.    Fop.  962. 
5  I 


SCH 

SCHEIBENBERG,  shi'ben-bjRG\  a  village  of  Saxony.  6 
miles  E.  of  Schwarzenl^erg.  Pop.,lS36.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  lace:  and  valuable  silver,  cobalt,  tin,  and  iron  mines 
in  its  vicinity. 

SCHEIDECK,  shi'djk,  a  mountain  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Bern,  in  the  Oberland,  8  miles  S.  of  Brienz.  Height  above 
the  sea.  (>473  feet 

SCHEIDECK,  LESSER,  or  WENGERN  ALP,  ftin'ghjm 
dip,  a  mountain  S.W.  of  the  above,  between  Lauterbr\mnen 
and  Grindelwald. 
SCHEKI,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sheki. 
SCIIELDE.  a  river  of  Europe.     See  ScnELOT. 
SCHKLDERODF;,  SKJl'deh-roMeh,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders',  on  the  Scheldt,  7  miles  S.  of 
Ghent.     Pop.  1063. 

SCMELDEWINDEKE,  8KJrdeh-«in/d.'l'keh,  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Molinbeek,  9 
miles  S.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  1000. 

SCHELDT,  skJlt,  often  pronounced  shjld.  (Dutch,  Scheldt, 
sK^l'deh:  Vr.  E.-icant.h'k&;  Sp.  A',<caWa,Js-kdl'dd;  nnc.  Sail/- 
din.)  a  river  of  Europe,  rises  in  the  French  department  of 
Aisne.  flows  N.E.  through  the  department  of  Nord,  and  the 
Belgian  provinces  of  llainaut  and  East  Flanders,  to  Antwerp, 
where  it  turns  N.W.  and  enters  the  North  Sea,  in  the  Dutch 
province  of  Zealand,  by  two  mouths,  the  East  and  West 
Scheldt,  which  encIo.se  the  two  islands  of  Beveland  and 
Walcheren.  Total  course,  200  miles;  at  its  mouths  it  is 
from  2i  to  3i  leagues  across.  In  its  lower  part  it  traverses 
a  flat  country,  and  its  banks  are  fenced  by  dykes.  Aifluents, 
the  Scarpe,  Lys,  and  Darme  from  the  W.,  and  the  Dender 
and  Rupel  from  the  E.  It  is  navigable  nearly  throughout, 
and  connected  by  can.als  with  the  Somme,  Seine,  Loire,  and 
the  principal  cities  and  towns  of  Belgium,  and  it  is  of  high 
commercial  importance. 

SCHf:LE.STADT.  shAnJsHdd',  (Ger.  pron.  shM'fs-titt',)  a 
fortified  town  of  I'rance,  department  of  Bas-Rhin.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  111.  and  on  the  Strasbourg  and  Basel  (Bile) 
Railway.  26  miles  S.W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop  in  1852,  10.365. 
It  was  fortified  by  Vaiiban,  and  is  naturally  strong  from 
being  surrounded  by  marshes.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollen  hosiery,  calicoes,  brass  and  iron  wire,  paper,  and 
earthenwares. 

SCHELETAU  or  SCHELLETAU,  shSWgh-tOw',  a  market- 
town  of  Austria,  in   Moravia,   16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Iglau. 
Pop.  1099. 
SCHELTKOF  or  SCHELTKOW.    See  SnEuaov. 
SCIIELK  LINGEN.  shyk'ling-?n,  a  walled  town  of  WUrtem- 
berg. 12  miles  ^V.  of  Ulm.     Pop.  1009. 

SCHELLE.  sKJl'leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  7 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Scheldt 
Pop.  1365. 

SCHELLEBELLE,  sKellfh-bJlMph,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  9  miles  E.  of 
Ghent.     Pop.  1S6S. 

SCHELLENBERG,  shMlen-biRO',  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle 
of  Zwickau,  on  the  declivity  of  a  height,  crowned  by  the 
castle  of  Augustusberg,  8  miles  E.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  1406. 
SCHELLKNBERG.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  6  miles  S.W.  of 
Salzburg.  Here,  in  1764,  Marlborough  defeated  the  Duke 
of  Bavaria. 

SCHELLENDORF,  shMfn-doRr,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz,  and  the  scene  of  an  engage- 
ment between  the  French  and  Prussian  cavalry  in  1813. 
SCIIELLING,  an  island,  Netherlands.  See  Tbr-Scheluno. 
SCHELLING,  WESTER,  Hiis'^r  sK^l'ling,  a  village  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Holland,  on  the  extreme 
S.W.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Ter-Schelling.    Pop.  1569. 

SCHELLS'BURG,  a  post-borough  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
svlvania,  on  the  turnpike  from  Bedford  to  Pittsburg,  9 
miles  W.  of  Bedford.  Pop.  in  1850,  360;  in  1860,  394. 
SCHEMACHI,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia.  See  Shamaka. 
SCHEMNITZ,  sh&m'uits,  {llxm.  Sdmecz  Batiya,  shiYmits/ 
bdn'yoh',)  a  mining  town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  llonth, 
on  the  Sehemnitz.  2300  feet  above  the  sea,  45  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Gran.  Lat.  48°  27'  N.,  Ion.  18°  58'  E.  Pop.,  including  6 
suburbs,  19,000.  It  has  a  school  of  mining,  founded  in  1760 
by  Maria  Theresa,  and  h.aving  200  students.  The  mines  of 
Sehemnitz,  partly  belonging  to  the  crown,  extend  under  the 
town,  and  furnish  considerable  quantities  of  gold,  silver, 
lead,  copper,  iron,  sulphur,  and  arsenic.  All  the  imperial 
mines  are  connected  with  each  other,  offering  in  their  whole 
extent  a  subterranean  passage  of  nearly  3J  miles  long.  Bo- 
low  the  mines  is  the  adit  of  Joseph  II.,  a  magnificent  work, 
12  feet  in  height  by  10  feet  in  breadth,  extending  from 
Sehemnitz  to  the  valley  of  Gran,  10  miles,  and  .«o  con- 
structed that  it  may  be  used  either  as  a  canal  or  railwiiy. 

SCHENDELBEKE,  sxJn'dfl-bA'kfh,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Dender,  near  the  road 
from  Grammont  to  .Alost,  24  miles  S.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  1166. 

SCHENDITZ.  shJn'dits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  go- 
vernment, and  9  miles  E.  of  Mei-seburg.    Pop.  2040. 

SCHENECTADY,  skgn-^k'ta-de,  a  county  in  the  E.  part 
of  New  Y'ork.  has  an  area  of  about  190  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Mohawk  River,  by  which  and  its  tri- 
butaries, with  the  head  branches  of  Norman's  Kill,  it  is 

1729 


J 


SCH 

chiefly  drained  These  streams  afford  some  water-power. 
The  surface  is  generally  vmeven,  and  in  the  S.  p:irt  hilly. 
The  alluvial  Hats  along  the  Sfohawk  are  very  fertile;  and  on 
the  uplands  the  soil  is  usually  a  liirht  s;indy  loam.  This 
countvis  traver,«3dby  the  Krie  Canal,  and  by  several  rail- 
roads "n.imed  in  the  ensuing  article.  Organized  in  1809, 
having  previously  formed  part  of  Albany  county.  Capital, 
Schenectady.    Pop.  20.00-2. 

SCHKNECTADY.  a  thriving  city,  capital  of  Schenectady 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  right  bank  of  Mohawk  Kiver,  and  on 
both  sides  of  the  Erie  Canal,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.  I^t. 
42°  48'  N..  Ion.  73°  55'  W.  It  is  the  seat  of  Union  College, 
founded  in  1795.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, 12  chnrches,  a  city-hall,  2  banks,  a  market-house,  a 
savings  institution,  and  a  large  union  school,  with  14iX) 
pnpils.  One  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  published 
here.  The  buildings  of  Union  College  occupy  an  ele- 
vated site  a  short  distance  K.  of  the  city,  in  the  midst 
of  spacious  and  handsomely  ornamented  grounds.  The 
principal  edifices  are  each  200  feet  long,  and  4  stories 
high.  The  institution  is  in  a  very  flourishing  condition, 
and  in  1863  liad  17  professors,  276  students,  and  15,000 
volumes  in  its  library.  Number  of  nlunmi,  3881.  The 
prosperity  of  Schenectady  has  been  greatly  promoted  by  tlie 
construction  of  the  Albany  and  Schenectady,  the  Utica  and 
Schenectady,  the  Troy  and  Schenectady,  and  the  Saratoga 
and  Schenectady  Kailroads.  for  all  of  which  it  is  the  termi- 
nus: and  also  by  the  establkhraent  of  lines  of  packet-boats 
on  the  canal.  It  is  now  the  chief  point  of  embarkation  for 
all  persons  proceeding  West  by  this  channel  of  communi- 
cation. Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  in 
1825,  Schenectady  was  the  principal  entrepot  of  the  trade 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  West.  In  consequence  of  the 
falls  in  the  Mohawk  below  this  point,  goods  had  to  be 
ti-ansported  to  Albany  in  wagons  over  the  turnpike,  which 
even  at  that  date  had  liecome  the  greatest  thoroughfare 
between  the  Hudson  and  the  West.  By  the  opening  of  the 
above  lines  of  communication,  the  cost  of  transportation 
has  been  reduced  nearly  nine-tenths,  and  the  amount  of 
merchandise  and  travel  which  now  passes  through  the 
city  is  almost  incalculable.  The  cars,  on  leaving,  cross  the 
Mohawk  and  Erie  Canal  by  a  bridge  nearly  1000  feet  long. 
Schenectady  has  manufactures  of  locomotives,  iron-ware, 
machinery,  leather,  cotton  goods,  &c.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  settlements  in  the  state,  the  Dutch  having  established 
a  tr.ading  post  here  in  1020.  The  first  grant  of  land  was 
made  in  1661.  In  February,  1690,  the  town,  consisting  of 
about  60  houses  and  a  church,  was  burned,  and  many  of 
the  inhabitants  were  massacred  by  a  party  of  French  and 
Indians.  It  was  again  taken  in  the  French  war  of  1748, 
and  about  70  per.sons  put  to  death.  Incorporated  as  a  city 
in  1798.     Pop.  in  1840.  6784:  iu  1S50,  8921  ;  in  1860.  9.'>79. 

SCIIENKLEXGSFELD,  RhJnklengs-l^ltN  a  market-town 
of  Hesse-Cassel.  province  of  Fulda.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Hersfeld, 
on  the  Salza.    Pop.  1841. 

SCIIENNIS,  shin'nis,  or  SCIIANIS,  (SchSnis,)  sh.VnJs.  a 
village  apd  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  24  miles  S.W. 
of  St.  Gall,  on  the  Linth.    Pop.  1744. 

SCIIEPDAEL,  sKjpVl^l',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  9  miles  W.  of  Srussels.     Pop.  1561. 

SCUEPPACH.  shJp/pdK,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Bwabia.    Pop.  1004. 

SCHBPl'ENSTEDT.  a  town.  Germany.  See  ScnopPEXSTEDT. 

SCHEKMBECIv,  sh^Rm'bJk.  or  SCHEKHEXBFX;K.  sh^R'- 
Ren-b^k\  a  market-town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government 
of  Dusfseldorf.  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dinslaken.     Pop.  833. 

SCHERMEISEL,  sh^R'mrsel.  a  market-town  of  Prussi.a, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sternberg. 
Pop.  784. 

SCHERPENZEEL,  sheR'pgn-z.AP,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Oelderland,  17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Arnhem. 
Pop.  1156. 

SCHERVILLER,  shSRVeePlaiR/,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bas-Khiu,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Schelestadt.  Pop. 
In  1852,  2836. 

SCHESKh-IEW,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sheshkitev. 

SCMESSMTZ  or  SCHO.SSLITZ.  (.Schosslitz.)  shJssaits.  a 
town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Bamberg.     Pop.  1034. 

SCHEUP.EX,  shoi'rgn,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  go- 
vernment of  Uusseldorf.  near  Elberfeld.    Pop.  1425. 

SCHEVENTNOEN,  sKi'vfn-ing'Hen,  or  SCIIEVINGEN, 
PK^v'ing-en.  a  fa,shionable  watering-place  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  East  Holland,  on  the  North  Sea,  2  miles 
N.W.  of  the  Hague.     Pop.  .3000. 

SCHIAI.KUWITZ.  Bhe-aPko-«its\  or  SIALKOWICE,  se- 
ll-ki>*eet's:l,  (Alt,  dlt,  and  Nec,  noi,)  two  nearly  conti- 
guous villages  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesiii,  government 
of  Oppeln.     Pop.  1726. 

SCHIAVI,  ske-J'vee,  a  sm,ill  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abnizzo  atra,  24  mileH  S..S.W.of  II  Vasto. 

SCHIAVI.  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro.  4  miles  S.S.K.  of  Sora. 

SCH  IE.  sKee.  ariver  of  the  Netherlands,  flows  into  the 
Meuse.  below  Schiedam. 
1730 


SCH 

SCHIEDA5I,  sKee-d3m',  (i.  e.  "the  dam  of  the  Schie.")  n 
town  and  river-port  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Ea.?t 
Holland,  on  the  Schie,  an  affluent  of  the  Meuse  (Maas,)  4 
miles  W.  of  Rotterdam,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
way. Lat.  Sl"^  55'  N.,  Ion.  4°  24'  E.  The  town  is  regulalry 
built,  has  broad  streets,  many  good-looking  houses,  and  nu- 
merous canals,  one  of  which  unites  the  Schie  with  the 
Meuse,  and  presents  on  its  banks  a  pleasant  promenade, 
named  the  Plantaadje.  It  was  formerly  fortified,  but  of  its 
four  gates  only  the  remains  of  one  now  exist:  and  along  the 
site  of  the  wails  stand  17  elegant  stone  corn  and  malt  mills. 
The  chief  edifices  and  institutions  are  the  town-hall,  the 
exchange,  esteemed  the  finest  building  in  the  town,  the 
Doelen  or  gathering-place,  the  Musis  Sacrum,  an  elegant 
concert-hall.  2  Reformed  churches,  and  Lutheran.  Dissent- 
ing, Roman  Catholic,  and  Jansenist  churches.  Latin,  draw- 
ing, commercial,  and  many  other  schools,  a  public  lilirary.  a 
physical  and  a  musical  society,  and  numerous  hospitals  for 
the  sick,  for  orphans,  aged  men  and  women,  and  other  be- 
nevolent institutions.  The  manufactures  of  Schiedam  in- 
clude copper  and  iron  castings,  white-lead  and  litharge, 
linen-weaving  and  flax-spinning,  vinegar-works,  breweries, 
rope-walks,  and  building-yards;  but  the  article  for  which  it 
is  most  noted  is  gin  or  Hollands,  usually  known  by  its  own 
name.  Schiedam,  for  the  manufacture  of  which  and  other 
spirituous  licjuors.  there  are  170  distilleries  in  the  town  and 
its  vicinity.  Large  numbers  of  hogs  are  fattened  in  the  town 
on  the  refuse  of  the  distilleries.  Besides  the  trade  in  gin, 
Schiedam  has  a  considerable  commerce  in  grain  and  coals. 
In  1S51  there  arrived  243  vessels,  (tons,  56.921 :)  and  there 
departed  242  ves.sels,  (tons,  41.505.)     Pop.  in  186-3, 16,176. 

SCHIEDAM  (ske-dJm')  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  in  the  Sea  of  I'lores,  90  miles  N.  of  Flores. 

SCHl  EFELBEIN,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  ScuiEVtiBEnr. 

SCHIERLING.  sheeR/liug.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Ba- 
varia, on  an  island  formed  by  the  Gross  Laber,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Pfaffenberg.  Near  it,  on  April  20,  1809,  the  Aus- 
trians  were  defeated  by  the  French. 

SCHIERMONNIK-OOG,  sKeeR'mon-nik-5g\  an  island  In 
the  North  Sea,  belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Friesland.  10  miles  E.  of  Ameland.  Length,  S  miles ; 
breadth,  2  miles.    Pop..  862,  engaged  in  fishing. 

SCHIEUS.  sheeRs,  a  town  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Grisons,  in  a  fertile  district  on  the  Landquhart, 
11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Chur  (Coire.)     I'op.  1573. 

SCHIERSTEIN.  sheeR/stine.  a  village  of  Nassau,  on  the 
Rhine.  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wiesbaden.     Pop.  1000. 

SCHIEVELBEIN  or  SCHIEFELBEIN,  shee'feMiIne\  a 
town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  36  miles  S.W.  of  CosMn,  on 
the  ReL'ft.     Pop.  3050. 

SCHIFFERSTADT,  shif'feR-statt',  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  6  miles  N..\.W.  of'Speyer.  Pop.  2'.i94.  The  Au8- 
trians  were  defeated  here  by  the  French  in  1794. 

SCHIHAL'LION.  a  mountam  of  Scotl.ind.  co.  of  Perth,  4 
miles  S.E!  of  Kinloch-Rannoch.     Elevation.  3.064  feet. 

SCHILDA,  shiWa,  or  SCHILDAU,  shil'dOw,  a  town  of 
Pru.ssian  Saxony.  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Merseburg.    Pop.  1035. 

SCHILDBERG,  shilt'bfRQ.  (Polish.  Ostrzeszow,  ost-zhi/- 
shov.~l  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  83  miles  S.E.  of  Posen. 
Pop.  1975. 

SCHILDBERG.    See  ScnraiiERO. 

SCHILDBERG,  or  SSIMPERK,  sim'pjRk,  a  market-town 
of  .Austria,  in  Moravia,  36  miles  N.W.  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  17SK). 

SCIIILDE.  sKil'd^h,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pi-ovince.  and  12 
mil-w  E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Great  Schyn.    J'op.  104S. 

SCHILDESCHE,  shil'd^.sh-eh,  a  vilkige  of  Prussia,  in 
Westphaliii.  23  miles  S.W.  of  Minden,  on  the  Aa.   Pop.  2530. 

SCHILDKROTEN  INSELN.    See  G.^LiAP.tGOS. 

SCHILLERSDORF,  shillers-doRr,  a  village  of  North 
Germany,  in  Mecklenburg-'Strolitz,  9  miles  W.  of  Neu- 
Strelitz. 

SCHILLERSLAGE,  shiller-slS'gheh,  a  village  of  North 
Germany,  in  Hanover,  landdrostei  of  Liinehurg,  S.  of  Celle. 

SCHILLING  (.shilling)  LAKE,  in  E.ast  Prussia,  4  miles  E. 
of  Osterode,  8  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in  width. 

SCIIIU'ARIO,  skil-pa're-o,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  of  ISergamo,  24  miles  N.  of  Clusone.    Pop.  1460. 

SCHILTACH,  shil'tdK.  a.  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Kiniig, 
here  joined  by  the  Schiltach,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Freudea- 
stadl.    Pop.  1526. 

SCIIILTERN.  shil'tgrn,  a  market-town  of  Moravi.a,  circle, 
and  11  miles  N.W.  of  Zuavni. 

SCHILTIGIIEIM,  shil'"tiG-hime\  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bas-Rhin,  1  mile  N.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in 
1852,  3.340. 

SCHIMBERG.  .shim'bJno,  or  SCHILDBERG,  shilt1.?RG.  a 
market-town  of  Moravia,  34  miles  N.W.  of  Olmntz.    P.  1790. 

SCHINTZNACII  or  SCIIINZNACU.  shiuts-nlK.  a  village 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau.  on  the  .\ar.  4  miles  S.W. 
of  Brugg.  Pop.  1430.  The  Schintznach  or  Hapsburg  I'athg 
are  the  most  frequented  In  Switzerland,  and  the  gi eat  bath- 
house contains  It'O  baths,  360  beds  and  saloons,  in  which 
500  persfins  frequently  dine  together.  The  visitors  are 
mostly  French,  'The  waters  are  saline,  and  Kive  a  fempera- 
ture  of  C0°  Fahrenheit. 


sen 

SCHTVVKLD.  sKin'vtMd.  a  Tillage  nf  the  Netherlands,  pi-o 
vince  of  Lirahurs;:  15  miles  X.K.  of  Maestrieht.     Pop.  S2S. 

SCIIIO.  skeeM,  a  town  of  Austrian  It.aly,  15  miles  N.W. 
of  Vicenza.  Pop.  fiWO.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens, 
and  near  it  are  lead  and  iron  mines. 

SCIIIPPKNHKTL,  ship'ppn-bile'.  a  town  of  East  Prussia, 
36  miles  S.S.E.  of  Koni^sbe'rg.     Pop.  2(300. 

SCIIIKAS.     Pee  SiiEKUAZ. 

Sriiri{OIf?WALDE.  shego'shis-^aiMeh,  a  town  of  Saxony, 
6  mill's  S.  of  Bautzen,  on  the  Spreo.     Pop.  1600. 

SCiniJMKCK.  sheeii'm?k',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vos<jeS,  18  mile.'!  N.E.  of  St.  Di6.     Pop.  1490. 

SCtriKW.VV  or  SCrilliVAN.     See  Shitivax. 

yCIIIRWr.VDor  SriIIinVI\-DT.  shggR'wTnt,  a  river  of 
Prussia,  rises  in  Poland,  and  forminj  part  of  the  boundary 
between  the  Russian  and  Prussian  territories,  after  a  course 
of  about  .50  rnUes.  joins  the  Szcszuppe. 

SCIIIKWIND  or  SCIIIKWFN'DT.  a  frontier  town  of  East 
Prussi;«.  10  miles  K.X.K.  of  fiumbinnen.     Pop.  14<iO. 

SCflFTOMIR.    See  Ziiitomeer. 

SnilZDIiA.  a  town  of  Itussia.     See  ZttizuRA. 

SCItKKUDITZ.  shkoi'dits.  a  town  of  Prussian  P.axony,  on 
the  Elster.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Ilalle,  on  the  .Magdeburg  Rail- 
way.    Pop.  2700. 

SOHK  IjOV.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Shki.ot. 

SClfKOLEN,  rSchkmen.)  shkiWen.  a  town  of  Prussian 
Baxonv.  23  miles'  S.S.W.  of  .Merseburu'.     Pop.  1610. 

SCIIKOl'AU.  shko'pAw.  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  N. 
of  ^(^•rs■'bIl^'.r.  on  the  Saale. 

SCIlI.AnivENWAl.D,  shldk'kpn-ft3lt\  or  SLAWKOW. 
sWv'knv.a  townof  Rohemia.  ."imilesS.E.  of   Elboien.  P. .3.500. 

sen  LACK  EXWKKTII.  shlSk'ken<v<"'Rt\  or  OSTROV.  os'- 
trov.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  11  miles  N.E    of  Elbogen.   P.  127(5. 

SCin.ADKV.  shLlMen,  a  village  of  llamver.  27  miles 
K.S.E.  of  Ilililesh-im.  on  the  Oker,  and  on  the  Brunswick 
Kailw.av.     Pop.  SOO. 

SCFILAD-MTNO,  shlid'ming,  a  mining  village  of  Styria, 
31  miles  W.8.W.  of  Rottenniann.     Pop.  900. 

SCIILAN.  shlSn,  or  SLANY,  sl^'nee,  a  walled  town  of 
Bohonii.i.  20  miles  \.AV.  of  Prague.     I'op.  4180. 

vSCIIIiAVOEVBAD,  shiang'en-b.5t\  a  spa  of  Germany, 
dachy  of  N'assau.  0  miles  W.-V.^'.  of  Wiesbaden.  It  has 
warm  saline  baths,  with  good  accommodations  for  visitors. 

SCIII.ANT,KNBERa.  shldng'^n-bSncA  a  mining  town  of 
Siberia,  gfivernment  of  Tomsk,  enclosed  by  ramifications  of 
the  Altai.  170  miles  S.S.W.  of  Barnaul.     Pop.  4500. 

SOIILANSTADT.  shlin'stdtt.  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ma^'deburg.    Pop.  1420. 

SCHLAPANITZ,  shia'pd-nits',  or  LOPEXITZ,  lo^peh- 
nlt.s\  a  markettown  of  Moravia,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Briinn. 
Pop.  1273. 

SCHL.\WR,  shl3'*eh.  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania, 
23  miles  E.X.E.  of  Coslin,  on  the  Wipper      Pop.  34.50. 

SCIILKGRL.  shl.Vghel,  a  vilKase  of  Prussian  Silesia,  47 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau".    Pop.  1705. 

SCIILKT  or  SCIII.ESWIGER  FIORD.     See  Sikt.  TnE. 

SCIIfiKTDEN.  shll'den,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus.sia,  24  miles 
S.E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.    Pop.  600. 

SCIII-KISIIEIM,  shlls'hime.  a  royal  castle  of  the  King 
of  Bavaria.  9  miles  N.  of  Munich. 

SCIILETSINGERVILLE.  shll'sing-er-vill,  a  post-village 
In  Polk  township,  Washington  co.,  Wisconsin,  33  miles  N.AV. 
of  Milwaukee.  It  contains  4  stures,  3  hotels,  1  tannery,  and 
2  churches.     Pop.  260. 

SCIUiEITIIAL.  shWHJl',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  BasHhin.  arrondis.sement  of  Wissembours.     Pop.  2213. 

SCFILEITIIEIM.  shlltnilme.  a  village  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  7  miles  N.AV^.  of  Schaff  hausen,  near  the 
foot  of  the  Randen.     Pop.  2'2S9. 

SCHLEITZ  or  SCIII.ETZ.  shlits,  a  town  of  Central  Ger- 
many, capital  of  principality  Reuss-Schleitz,  on  the  Wiesen- 
thal.  24  miles  S.W.  of  Gera.  Pop.  4<<.50.  Principal  edifices, 
the  palace,  a  college,  and  normal  school.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  leather,  and  beer.  Ne.ar 
It  are  Luisenthal  and  Ileinrichsruhe,  summer  residences  of 
the  prince. 

SCril.ESTRX.  a  province  of  Prussia.    See  Shesia. 

SCIILESWIG.    See  Sleswick. 

SCHLKTTAU,  shl4t/t5w,  a  town  of  Saxonv,  6  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Griinhain.     Pop.  1S.3S. 

SCIILEUSIXGEN,  shloi'.«ing-en,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony.  .35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Schleuse.  Pop. 
"250.  it  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollens,  hosiery, 
white-le.ad,  and  paper. 

sen  LI  KB  EN.  shlee'ben,  a  town  of  Prussi.an  Saxony,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Torgau.     Pop.  1381. 

SCliriTRNGEN,  shleen'ghpn,  or  SCnLING'EN,  a  market- 
town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  4  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Mulheim.  Pop.  1121.  In  179G  the  French  Were  defeated 
tiere  bv  Archduke  Charles. 

SClililERBACII,  shleeR'baK,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Danube,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Goppingen.     Pop.  17S1. 

SCHLIERB.ACn.  or  MARTENSAAL,  miree'en-sdl,  (L. 
AiUa  Beatce  Virginis.)  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  circle  of 


Traun.  In  the  valley  of  Krems,  on  the  left  bank  of  tli» 
Danube,  alx)ut  17  miles  S.W.  of  Steyer,  with  a  Cistorci»n 
monastery,  founded  in  1371,  as  a  nunnery  and  a  hospitaL 
Pop.  143S. 

SCHLIERSTADT,  shleeR'stitt,  a  village  of  Baden,  circV 
of  Ijower  Rhine,  near  Buchen.     Pop.  1020. 

SCIIIiTTZ.  shlits,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ilesse-Daj-ir- 
stadt,  province  of  Ober-Hesson,  on  an  affluent  of  the  rnlda, 
40  miles  R.N.K.  of  Gicssen.  with  a  castle  .and  pju-k.     P.  3217. 

SCIILOCIIAU,  shlo^Kow.  or  SCIILOClKnV.  sIiIo'rov.  a 
town  of  West  Prussia.  65  miles  W.  of  .Vfarienwerder.  P.  2200. 

SriILOPPE,  shlop'pcli.  or  SOZLOPPA,  shlop'pd.  a  town 
of  West  Prussia,  l.S  miles  S.W.  of  Deutsch-Krone,  with  a 
Jewish  school.     Pop.  1093. 

SCilLOSSBERG.  a  town  of  Transvlvania.     See  Deva. 

SCllLOSS  VrPPACH.  shloss  vip'p.iK.  a  market-town  of 
Saxe-Weimar,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Weimar,  on  the  Vippach. 
Pop.  1171. 

SCHr/)TIIEIM.  Rhlofhime.  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
principality  of  Schwarzbiirg-Rudolstadt,  on  the  Hotter,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Sondershausen.     Pop.  1287. 

SCflljOTTEN  AU,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  ScHlucKENAn. 

SCIILUCHTERN,  (.Schliicht^'rn,)  shliiK'tern,  a  town  of 
Germany,  in  Ilesse-Cassel.  province,  and  31  miles  K.N.E. 
of  Hanauy    Pop.  2220. 

SCHLUCKENAU,  shl(V.k'kfh-n«w\  SCIILOTTENAU, 
shlot/teh-n6w\  or  SIjUKEN'OW.'  sloo'kph-nov\  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, .37  miles  N.N.R.  of  Leitmeritz.     Pop.  .3103. 

SCHLUSSELBURG.  (Schllisselburg.)  shlUs'sel-boSitr.'.  a 
fortified  town  of  Russi.a,  government,  and  21  miles  E.  of  St. 
Petersburg,  on  an  island  in  the  Neva,  where  it  emerges  from 
Lake  Ladoga.  Pop.  3100.  It  is  mostly  built  of  wood,  but 
has  a  strong  castle,  an  imperial  palace,  and  an  Important 
trade  with  the  capital. 

SCIILUSSELBUHG.  a  town  of  Prussia.  In  Westphalia,  15 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Minden,  on  the  Weser.     Pop.  12;>0. 

SCHLUSSRLFELD,  .«hliis'sel-fjlt\  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Upper  Franconi.a,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Bamberc.  P.  662. 

SCFIMADKIBAOII,  shm'l'dre-baK\  a  waterfSill  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Born,  in  the  Oberland,  7  miles  S.  of  Lauter- 
brunnen.  ^ 

SCHMALKALDEN,  shmiUlcaiMen.  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Ilesse-Cassol,  province  of  Fulda,  capital  of  a  detached  di.s- 
trict  between  SaxoGotha  and  Meiningen,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  .'ichmalkalde  and  Stille,  11  miles  N.  of  Meiningen. 
Pop.  5478.  It  is  enclosed  by  double  walls,  and  lias  3  suburbs, 
2  castles,  Reformed  and  lAitheran  churches,  a  gymnasium, 
and  numerous  other  schools,  and  m.anufnctnres  of  hosiery, 
white-lead,  and  paper,  and  in.  the  vicinity  are  iron  and  steel 
forges,  and  salt-works.  A  famous  league  of  the  Protestant 
sovereigns  of  Germany  was  formed  here  in  1531. 

■"SCHMALKALDEN."  (Ki.ETN,  klin.  or  "Little,")  a  village 
of  Germany,  N.E.  of  Meiningen,  partly  belonging  to  Saxe- 
Gotha. 

SCIIMALLRNBRRG.  .shmailen-b^ROV  a  town  of  Prus.sia, 
in  Wp.st])halia.  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Amsberg.     Pop.  9.50. 

SCIIMf  RDEBRRG.  shmee'deh-bjp.o",  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Prussian  Silesia,  31  miles  .S.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  Pop.  .3700. 
It  has  a  Lutheran  high  school,  and  manufactures  of  silk, 
cotton,  woollen,  and  linen  fabrics,  ribbons,  cutlery,  and 
tobacco. 

SCFIMTEDEBERO.  a  town  of  Germany,  Prussian  Saxony, 
40  miles  N.R.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  2940. 

SCIIMIEDEBERG.  a  market-town  of  Saxonv,  14  miles 
S.W.  ofPirna.     Pop.  440. 

SCIIMIEDEBRRG,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  23  miles  W.N.W. 
ofS,aatz.     Pop.  2712. 

SCIIMIEDEFKLD,  shmee'deh-fflt\  a  village  of  Germany, 
in  Prussian  Saxony,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Erfnrt,  in  the  Thu- 
rintrian  Forest.     Pop.  1500. 

SCHMIEDEFELD,  a  vill.age  Of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  circle 
of  Bautzen,  North  .Stolpen. 

SCir^IIEGRL.  shmee'ghel.  (written  also  SZMTGEL  and 
SZ>tYGIEL.)  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  34  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Posen.     Pop.  2845. 

SCIIMIEIIEIM,  shmee'hime.  a  villaffo  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine.  4  miles  N.E.  of  Ettenheim.    Pop.  1051. 

SCIIMOLLN,  shniOln.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in  Saxe- 
Altenburg.  on  the  Sprotta.  7  miles  S.W.  of  Altenbunr.  P.  3616. 

SCIIMOLNTTZ.  shmBl'nits,  (Hun.&omo?rio7,-.  so'mol'nok'.) 
a  mining  town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  21  miles  S.S.E. 
ofLeutschau.  Pop.  4139.  It  has  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
iron,  and  sulphur  in  its  vicinity. 

SCIIMOTTSElFRN,shmott'srfen.  or  SCIIMUCKSFJFEN. 
shmook'sl-fen.  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  23  miles  S.W.  ol 
Lieinitz.     Pop.  .3020. 

SCIINAIT.  shnit.  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  10  miles  E.  of 
Sfnttgart.     Pop.  1989. 

SCIINAITHEIM.  shnit/hlme,  a  village  of  WUrtemherg, 
on  the  Brenz.    Pop.  1472. 

SCHNATTTACH.  shnit'tSK,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  Jfiddle 
Franconia.  13  miles  N.E.  of  Nuremberg.     Pop.  14S5. 

SCHXECKSA'ILLE.  shnJks'vil.  a  post-village  of  Lehigh 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  63  miles  N.N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

SCHNElSBEltG,  shni'bJRG,  ("  snow  mountain.")  a  moun 

1731 


cCII 


SCH 


taju  of  'rermaiiy.  in  the  ■Riesensrebirse.  between  Prussian 
SUefia  I'  id  Bohemia.  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Glatz. 

SCH>.'EKBER(i,  a  mountain  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Aus- 
tria. 40  miles  S.W.  of  Vienna. 

SCn.XEEBGRG.  a  mountain  of  Germany,  in  Bayaria.  in 
the  FicUfelirebirse.  l-l  miles  X.E.  of  Baireuth. 

SCIINEEBERG.  shnA'b^RO,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau, -20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  7170.  It  has 
nianufac'tures  of  sold  and  silver  lace,  cotton  fabrics,  and 
cheaiical  apparatus,  and  in  its  vicinity,  valuable  mines  of 
silver,  cobalt,  iron,  &c.,  In  which  many  of  its  population  are 
encrasred. 

SCIIXEEBEUG,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Pa- 
latinate, near  Schonsee. 

SC  UN  E  E  KOPPE.  shn Aliop'peh,  ("  snow- top,")  or  RIESEX- 
KOPPE.  ree'sen-kop'peh,  ("^iaiit-top.")  a  mountain  belong- 
ing to  the  lliesenQ;ebirge,  on  the  fi-ontiers  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
12  miles  S.  of  Ilirschlierg.  It  is  the  culminating  point  of 
the  chain,  and  the  highest  peak  of  North  Germany,  having 
a  height  of  .5394  fe.-t. 

SCIIN"EIDEMUHL.(Schneidemuhl.)shnI'deh-mtll\  a  town 
of  Prussian  Poland.  54  miles  W.  of  Bromberg.  on  the  Kiid- 
dow.  Pop.  4150.  It  h.as  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  wool- 
len cloth,  lace,  hosiery,  and  leather, 

SCHXEIDLINGEN,  shnlt'ling-en.  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Saxonv.  government  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  1010. 

SCIIN  ELLE\V.A.LDE.  shnJU'^dlMeh,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia.  29  miles  S.W.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  2525. 

SCIIXEY.  shni.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Fran- 
conia.  near  the  .Main.     Pop.  1000. 

SCIIOA.  a  country  of  Abyssinia.     See  Shoa. 

SCHOD.\C.  sko-dak',  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Uens.seLaer  eo.,  New  York,  on  the  liud.son  River, 
and  on  the  Hudson  River  Riiilroad,  11  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Albany,     Pop.  3993. 

SCIIODAC  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township. 

SCHODAC  DEPOT,  Rensselaer  c<i..  New  York,  on  the 
Western  Railroad.  8  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albanv. 

SCH0D.4.C  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  12  miles  below  Albany, 
The  Ilndson  IMver  Railroad  passes  through  it.  Pop.  about  4CK). 

SCU(E\B.\CH.  See  .Schoxback,  and  so  for  all  other  Ger- 
man iiiimes  with  the  prefix  of  SciKEX. 

SCIKENBKUNN,     Ssee  Shomiruxx. 

SCHtE.VEOK,  sh^n'ek,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

"  SCIIOFTLAND,  shoftlant,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Aargau.  on  the  Suren,  6  miles  S.  of  Aai-au.  Its  inha- 
bitants manufacture  ribands  and  other  silk  goods. 

SCHOH.\UiE,  sko-h^Hree,  a' county  in  the  E.  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  650  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Schoharie  Creek,  which  intersects  it,  and  by  CobleskTil 
and  Catskill  Creeks,  and  other  smaller  streiims,  which  fur- 
.lish  abundant  water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in 
the  W.  p.art  mountainous,  the  Catskill  Range  pa.s.sing  through 
the  county.  The  alluvial  flats  along  the  river  are  very  rich 
and  productive:  in  the  more  elevated  portions  the  soil  is 
better  adapted  to  grazing.  Iron-ore,  water-limestone,  and 
sandstone  are  found;  the  Sharon  Sulphur  Springs,  in  the 
N.W.  part,  are  somewhat  celebrated.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Albany  and  Susquehanna  Railroad  Organ- 
ized in  1795,  having  been  fornieil  out  of  portions  of  Albany 
and  Otsego  counties,  and  named  from  the  Schoharie  Creek. 
Capitiil,  Schoharie.    Pop.  in  ISCO,  34,469. 

.-CIIOHARIE,  a  post-villnge  and  township,  capital  of 
Schoharie  county,  on  a  creek  of  tiie  same  name,  and  on  the 
Albany  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  30  miles  W.  of  Albany. 
I'he  village  is  ple.asantly  situated  on  the  creek,  i]4  miles 
from  the  railroad,  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
an  academy,  2  newspaper  offices,  1  bank,  3  churches,  and  1 
Bilk  factory.    Pop.  3090. 

SCHOHARIE  CREEK,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Greene  co.. 
New  York,  and  after  flowing  through  Schoharie  county, 
enters  the  Mohawk  in  Montgomery  county. 

SCHOKEN  or  SCHOKKEN.  shok'kjn,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Pol.and.  21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Posen. 

SCIIOK'bAND,  skokl^nt.  an  island  of  the  Netherland.s, 
province  of  Overyssel.  in  the  Zuyder- Zee.  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  Yssel.     Length,  4  miles.     Pop.  C95. 

SCHOLiyVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Clarke  co..  Kentucky. 

SCH0MBERG,8hom'bjRG.  or  SCHnNBERG,  shon'bjBo,  a 
town  of  Germany,  in  Moravia,  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  Olmutz. 
Pop.  454^. 

SCIK  (MBERO,  a  town  of  Silesia,    See  SchBxbero, 

SCIIOMBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wiirtemberg,  circle 
of  Black  Forest,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Rottweil.     Pop  1661. 

SCffuN  QT  SC//(BjV,  a  German  word  signifying  "hand- 
some or  •■  beautiful,"  forming  the  prefix  of  numerous  names 
In  Central  Europe. 

.HCH(iNACH.  shS'nlK.  a  village  of  Southwest  Germany,  in 


„f  ,  „..        .      .,- f  Germany,  in  Baden,  circle 

ot  Lower  Rhme,  o  miles  E,N,E.  of  Heiilalljerg.    Pop.  1700. 


SCnON.\U.  a  town  of  Germany,  circle  of  Upper  Rhine,  on 
the  AViesen,  15  miles  S.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  947. 

SCIIOXAU.  a  town  of  Germany.  In  Prussian  Silesia,  IT 
miles  S.W.  of  Liecnitz,  on  the  Katzliach.     Pop.  2050. 

SCimx AU.  a  Tilla','e  of  Saxonv.  6  miles  W.X.W.  of  Zittau 

SCIIOXBACII.  shon'biK.  or  MirrEL-SClIONBACH,  a  yit 
lage  of  Bohemia,  27  miles  W.  of  Elbogen.    Pop.  24S8. 

SCIItLXBACH,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Litke,  N.W.  of 
Urach. 

SCHONBACH.  shonnjiK,  (Ober,  o^her,  and  NiEDER.nee'- 
der.)  a  vilLage  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Bautzen,  near  Lobau. 
Pop.  1459. 

SCHONBACH.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  6  miles  from 
Gabel.     Pop.  1009. 

SCHONBERG.  shon'bJRCa  town  of  Germany ,  In  Mecklen- 
burg-Strelitz.on  the  Maurin.  llmUesS.E.of  Liibeck.  I*.  1826. 

SCHONBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussian  Silesia.  43 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  F.oth-Wasser.     Pop.  1310. 

SCHONBERG.  a  market-town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein.  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kiel, 

SCIIinBERG,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  7  mile^  S. of 
Innspruck. 

SCHONBORN,  shSnlxDm,,  (Alt,  Sit,  and  Nec,  noi,)  a  vil- 
lage of  Bohemia,  about  3  miles  from  Rumburg,  on  the 
Sterkelberg.     Pop.  1751. 

SCHONBRUNN  or  SCHOENBRCNN.  sh^najriWu  or  shen'- 
brodnn,  (•'  Beautiful  Fountain,'')  an  imperial  palace  in  I^ower 
Austria,  ly  miles  S.W.  of  Vienna,  and  having  attached  to  it 
a  menagerie,  and  the  finest  botanic  garden  in  Germany ; 
also,  artificial  fountains.  &e.  It  is  the  u.sn.al  summer  resi- 
dence of  the  imperial  family.     Adjacent  to  it  is  a  villase. 

SCHONBRUNN,  shon'broon.a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  4 
miles  from  Policzka.    Pop.  1694. 

SCHONBRUNN,  (Nieder.  nee'der,  and  Ober,  oHier.)  a  vil- 
lage of  Prus.sia,  province  of  Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz, 
circle  of  I^uban.     Pop.  1.39.3, 

SCHONBRUNN.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia, 
government  of  Liegnitz,  circle  of  Sagan,     Pop.  1010. 

SCHONEBECK,  sh(>'neh-b^k\  a  town  of  Prussi.an  Saxony, 
10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Magdeburir,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
railway  on  the  Elbe.     Pop.  2040. 

SCHONEBECK.  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  province 
of  Brandenburg.  13  miles  E.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  1262. 

SClKiXEBERG,  sho'neh-li^Ro\  a  Tillage  of  Prussia,  go- 
vernment of  Dantzie,  near  the  Vi.stula,     Pop.  1170, 

SCHONECK.  .sho'nJk,  or  SKARZEWO.  skaR-z.V'So,  a  town 
of  Germany,  in  West  Prussia,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dantzic. 
Pop.  2(»no. 

SCHONECK.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  11  miles  S.E. 
of  Plauen.     Pop.  1866. 

SCHONECK  EN.  shiJ'nJk'ken.  a  market-town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  29  miles  N.N.W.  of  Treves. 

SCUONEFELD,  shci'neh-fSlt,  or  SCHONFELD,  shon'fjlt, 
a  villaire  of  Saxony,  near  Leipsic.    Pop.  1359, 

SCHONEN.    SeeScA>i.A. 

SCHONENBERG,  sho'nen-bJRo\  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zurich.    P.  14.32. 

SCHONEWALDE,  sho'neh-ivitrdeh,  a  town  of  Prussi.an 
Saxonv.  regency  of  Mersebiirff.  on  the  Kolk  Canal,  9  miles 
E.N.E.'of  Schweidnitz.     Pop. '2-3110. 

SCHONFELD,  shon-felt,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  10 
miles  from  Deutsch  Brod.     Pop.  543. 

SCHONFELD,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Elbo- 
gen.     Pop.  2560. 

SCIION FLIES,  shon'flees.  or  SCIIOXFLIESS,  a  town  of 
Prussi.i.  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Rorike,  11  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Soldin.     Pop.  2430. 

SCHONGAU,  shon'gow,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the 
Lech,  40  miles  S.W,  of  Munich.  Pop.  1440.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  has  a  royal  castle. 

SCHONHAUSEN,  shon'hOw^zen,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  36  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ma»leburc.  near  the  Elbe.  P.  1420. 

SCliONIIAUSEN,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denbuiTT.  government  of  Potsdam,  4  miles  N.  of  Berlin,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  road  lined  with  lime-trees.  Here 
is  a  summer  residence  of  the  King  of  Prussia. 

SCHOXIIEIDK.  shon'hi-deh.  a  village  of  Saxony.  12  miles 
W.  of  Schwarzenburg.  Pop.  -4567,  who  manufacture  iron 
and  tin  wares. 

SCHONHKIDE,  shon'hi-deh.  a  vill.age  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Silesia,  government  of  Breslan.     Pop.  1102. 

SCHONHOF,  shon'hof,  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia,  14 
"miles  W.N.W.  of  Teschen. 

SCHONHOF.  a  village  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  in  Bohe- 
mia. 9  miles  S.W.  of  .Saatz. 

SCIION  HOFEN,  shou'ho-ffn,  a  village  of  B.avaria,  pn  the 
Saber.  6  miles  W.  of  Ratislxin. 

SCIIONlIOLZERSWEILEN.shon-holt'.'ers-^rien,  Tillage 
and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurgau,  9  miles  S.  of 
Constance.     Pop.ll.i7. 

SCHONINGEX^,  sho'ning-en,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy, 
and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Brunswick.     Pop.  34.54. 

SCHONLANKE,  shonldnkVh.  or  TRZIANKA,  tze-an^ti 
written  also  TRZCIANK.\,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  6t 
miles  S.W,  of  Bromberg.    Pop.  3715. 


SCH 


SCH 


SCnOXI-INDT?,  shonlin-deh,  a  mnrket-town  of  Bohemia, 
33  miles  N.N.K.  of  LeitmerUz.  Pop.  6000,  who  manufacture 
linen,  woollen,  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  yarn. 

SCnONSKK,  shiin'silS  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Bohe- 
mian frontier,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Neuburg-vor-dem-Walde. 
Pop.  1254. 

SCIIONSTADT,  shon'stjtt,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony, 

3  miles  N.W.  of  Langensalza. 

SCIIONSTKIX,  shdn'.stlne.  a  market-town  of  Styria,  10 
miles  X.W.  of  Cilly.    Pop.  3277. 

SCIIONTH.\L.  shSn'tdl,  (-Beautiful  Valley,")  a  village  of 
Germany,  in  Bohemia,  32  miles  N.W.  of  Pilsen. 

SCUONTII.\L,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria,  10  miles 
N.X.W.  ofChani. 

SCH0NT1I.\L,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  'Wiirtemljerg,  8 
miles  W.X.VV.  of  Kiiiizelsau,  on  the  Jaxt,  with  an  old  afljbey. 

SCIIONW'.^IjD.  shoii'wdld,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  17  miles 
N.N.W.  of  I^itmeritz.    Pop.  liioT. 

SC(U)N  WALD,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  W.  of  Pilsen.   P.  744. 

SCIIOXWALDE,  shon'wdl'deh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  govern- 
ment, and  42  miles  S.S.W.  of  BVeslau.     Pop.  2148. 

SCIIOODIC  (skoo'dik)  LAKKS,  of  Maine,  a  chain  of  lakes 
lying  chiefly  in  Washington  county,  have  their  outlet  into 
the  St.  Ci-oix  Itiver. 

SCIIOODIC  RIVER,  (by  some  considered  a  branch  of  the 
St.  Croi.x,)  forms  the  outlet  of  the  above  lakes  in  Washington 
county,  and  unites  with  the  St.  Croix  River  about  50  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

SCIIOOL/CRAFT,  a  newly  formed  county  of  Michigan,  in 
the  middle  part  of  the  upper  peninsula,  borders  on  Lake 
Superior.  The  area  is  estimated  at  2t)00  square  mileS.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Manistee  and  Whitefish  I'.ivers,  which 
flow  S.  to  Lake  Michigan.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and 
mostly  covered  with  forests.  Tlie  underlying  rocks  are 
limestone  and  sandstone.  This  county  contains  the  "Pic- 
tured Rocks,"  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  presenting 
a  perpendicular  wall  from  200  to  300  feet  in  height,  and 
many  niiks  in  extent.  According  to  the  census  of  lf<50  this 
county  contiuned  only  16  inliabitants.  Named  in  honor  of 
Henry  H.  Sclioolcraft,  Ksq.,  distinguished  for  his  Indian  re- 
searches.    Pop.  1860,  78. 

SCHOOLCRAFT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kalama- 
zoo CO.,  Michigan,  15  miles  S.S.W,  of  Kalamazoo.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  the  midst  of  Prairie  Roiide.    Pop.  1498. 

SCIIOOLEY'S  (skoo'l^z)  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-village  and 
celebrated  watering-place  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  50  miles 
W.  of  New  York.  The  mountain  has  an  elevation  of  about 
1100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  spring  is  situated 
near  the  top  of  the  mountain,  and  discharges  about  25  gal- 
lons an  hour.  It  contains  carbonated  oxide  of  iron,  lime, 
soda,  and  magnesia.  There  are  at  this  place  2  or  3  hotels, 
besides  a  number  of  private  boarding-houses,  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors,  who  resort  here  to  enjoy  the  pure  air 
and  mountain  scenery  of  this  vicinity. 

SCHO(JNDYKE  or  SCIIOONDYK.  sKon'dik,  a  village  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  12  miles  S.  of  Middel- 
burg.     Pop.  1648. 

SCIIOONEBEEK,  SKiVneh-bAk,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Drenthe,  26  miles  S.K.  of  Asseu.   Pop.  629. 

SCIIOONIIOVEN,  sKon'hoVfn,  a  fortified  town  of  the 
Netherland.s,  province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  Leek,  at  the 
influx  of  the  Vlist,  16  miles  E.  of  Rotterdam.  Pop.  in  1850, 
25S4,  who  manufacture  paper  and  jewelry.  It  had  formerly 
a  flourishing  salmon-fishery. 

SCIIOORISSE,  sKo'ris'seh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  21  miles  S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3327. 

SCHOOSDORF,  shos'doRf,  (KbsjSEL,  kJs'sel.  MiTTKL,mit%l, 
NiEDER,  nee'djr,  and  Oubk,  o'bpr,)  four  contiguous  villages 
of  Prussia,  government,  and  33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz. 
Pop.  1<502. 

SCIIOOTEN,  sKS'tfn,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and 

4  miles  E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1475. 

SCHOOY'A  or  SOU  U  J  A.  shoo'yd,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and 70  miles  E.N.E.of  Vladimeer,on  the  Tesa.  P.1500. 

SCHOPFIIEIM,  shopPhlme.  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  25  miles  S.  of  Freiburg.  Pop.  1250.  It  is  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  paper,  chains, 
wire,  leather,  and  tobacco. 

SCHOPFIIEIM,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine, 

5  miles  S.  of  Olfenburg. 

SCIIOPFLOCII,  shopfloK,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Bliddle  Franconia.     Pop.  1265. 

SCIIOPPENSTEDT  (Schoppenstedt)  or  SCIIEPPEN- 
STEDT,  shop'pen-stjtr,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Brunswick, 
on  the  railway  to  Magdeburg,  10  miles  E.  of  Wolfenbiittel. 
Pop.  2630.   It  h.as  manufiictures  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics. 

SCII6pPIN0KN,  (Schiippingen.)  shiip'ping-en,  a  village  of 
Crussian  Westph.ilia.  18  miles  N.W.  of  Miinster. 

SCIIORNDORF.  shoRn'doRf,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle 
of  Jaxt,  on  the  Rems.  16  miles  E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  3815. 
It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  royal  castle,  and  manu- 
factures of  tobacco  and  carpets. 

SCHORZINGEN,  (SchSrzingen,)  gh(j«t/sing-en,  a  village 
of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Schwarzwald.  on  the  Prim.  P.  1044. 

SCUOSSLITZ.  a  town  of  Bavaria.    See  Schessutz.  ; 


SCHOTT.AXD,  SCHOTTLAND,  SCITOTTE,  SCHOTTISCR, 
or  SCHOTSCH.    See  Scotland. 

SCHOTTEX,  shot/tfu,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Ilessf 
Darmstadt,  province  of  Ober-llessen,  on  the  Xidla,  22  miler. 
E,S.E.  of  Oiessen,  with  a  castle,  and  2055  inhabitants. 

SCIIOUTEN  (.shoo't^n)  ISLAND,  off  the  E.  cast  of  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  immediately  S.  of  B'reycinefs  Peninsula, 
lat.  42°  21'  S.,  Ion.  148°  18'  E.,  is  comprised  in  the  district 
of  Oyster  Bay,  which  it  helps  to  bound  on  the  E.  Length 
and  breadth,  4  miles  each. 

SCIIOUTEN,  shoo'tgn,  or  JI YSORE  or  MYSORY.  ml-.so'ree, 
an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  Bay  of  Geolvlnlt^ 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Papua,  about  lat.  1°  S.,  Ion.  136°  E 
Though  represented  in  maps  as  one  island,  there  are  in 
reality  three  islands :  Sowok,  the  western ;  Mysore,  the 
northern  ;  and  Biak,  the  eastern. 

SCilOUWEN,  skow'en  or  sKdw'*en,  often  called  LAND- 
VAXZIERIKZEE,  ldnt-van-zee'rik-z!l\  (t.e."Land  of  Zierik 
Zee,")  the  northei'nmost  island  of  the  province  ?f  Zealand, 
in  the  Netherlands,  between  the  East  Scheldt  and  the  S. 
arm  of  the  Meuse.  Ijcngth,  16  miles;  average  breadth,  5 
miles.  Surface  low,  and  protected  on  both  sides  by  dykes. 
It  contains  the  towns  of  Zierik  Zee  on  its  S.  and  Brouwer* 
HAVEN  on  its  N.\V.  coast. 

SCIIRALENBURG,  shral'gn-berg,  a  post-village  of  Bergen 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  5  miles  N.E.  of  Ilackensack,  contains 
2  churches,  a  store,  and  8  or  10  dwellings. 

SCHRAMBEKG.  shram'ltiRG,  a  markel^town  of  WUrtem- 
berg,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Rottweil.     Pop.  1848. 

SCHRAPLAU,  shri'pliiw,  a  town  of  Germitny,  in  Prussian 
Saxony,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Merseburg.    Pop.  1170. 

SCHRATTEXBKItG,  shrdt'ten-bJuoS  a  village  of  Lower 
Austria,  40  miles  N.X.E.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1246. 

SCHRATTEXTII.VL,  shrdt/tgn-tir,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Lower  Austria,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Znaym.     Pop.  550. 

SCURECKHORN,  shrek'horn,  (the  "peak  of  terror,")  one 
of  the  loftiest  of  the  Swiss  Alps,  in  Bernese  Oberland.  he- 
tween  the  Finsteraarhorn  and  Wett«rhorn.  Lat.  46°  36'  20" 
N.,  Ion.  7°  21'  E.  Height.  13,492  feet.  It  was  first  ascended, 
in  1842,  by  Agassiz  and  Dosor. 

SCHREIBENDORF,  shri'ben-doRr,  (Moravian,  Pisarzow, 
pe-saa'zov,)  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  7  miles  from 
Eisenberg.     Pop.  1522. 

SCIIREIBERSDORF,  (Ober.  o/bgr, .  Mittel,  mif/tel,  and 
NiEDER.  nee'di/r,  "Upjjer,"  "  Middle,"  and  "  Lower,")  three 
contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz.     Pop  14S1. 

SCIIREIREK8HAU,  shrl'bers-h5w,  written  also  SCIIREI- 
BERSCll.VU.  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  36  miles  S.W.  of 
Liegnitz.  on  the  Zacken.     Pop.  2780, 

SCHRIEK,  shreek  or  SKroek.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince, and  19  miles  S.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Raem.     P.  1.536. 

SCIIRIESIIEIM.  .shrees'hime,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  5 
miles  N.N.AV.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  2894. 

SCIIRIM.M,  shrimm,  (Polish,  &rem,  shr2m,)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Posen,  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Warta.     Pop.  3450. 

SCHROBENHAUSEN,  shro'ben-howV.en,  a  town  of  Upper 
Bavaria,  on  the  Paar.  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ingolstadt.  P.  1695. 

SCHRODA  or  SZRODA,  shro/di,  a  town  of  Prussia,  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Posen.     Pop.  2210. 

SCHROEPPEL,  skroo/pel,  a  township  of  Oswego  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Oswego  and  Oneida  Rivers.     Pop.  4011. 

SCHROON,  skroon,  a  township  of  Essex  co.,  Kew  York. 
Pop.  2550. 

SCHROON  LAKE.  New  York,  situated  in  Essex  and  AVat^• 
ren  cos.,  is  about  10  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  wide. 

SCUlioOX  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  N.  end  of  Schroon  I.iake,  about  95  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

SCHROON  RIVER  rises  in  Es.^ex  co..  New  York,  and 
running  in  a  S.  course  through  Schroon  Lake,  falls  into 
the  Hudson  River  in  Warren  county. 

SCHROON  RIVER,  a  post-oilice  of  Essex  CO.,  New  York. 

SCHUBIN  or  SZUBIN.  shoo'bin,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Poland,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Bromberg.     Pop.  1836. 

SCHUISTAMNO,  shoo-is-tam'no,  a  village  of  Finland,  Issn 
of  Vilx)rg,  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Serdovol.    Pop.  2482. 

SCHULTZVILLE,  shoolts/vil,  a  jwst-village  of  Dutchess 
CO.,  New  Y'ork. 

SCHUMBERG,  shoomOj^RO,  a  market-town  of  the  Aus- 
trian dominions,  in  Bohemia,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chrudiin. 

SCHUMBERG,  a  market-town  of  the  Austrian  dominions, 
in  Istria.  22  miles  S.W.  of  Fiume. 

SCHUMBURG,  shoom'bOORO,  or  SCIIONBURG,  (Schon- 
burg,)  sbon'liooRO,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buutzlau, 
about  17  miles  from  Keichenlwrg.     Pop.  1043. 

SCH  ii  M  EG  or  StJlMEG,  shii^mSg',  a  x.  of  Hungary,  joining 
that  of  Veszprim.     Area,  2429  square  miles.     Pop.  212,251, 
SCIIUM'LA,  a  post-office  of  Ritchie  co.,  W.  Virginia. 
SCHUMLA.     See  Shoomi..\. 

SCHUOLS,  shoo/ols,  SCUULZ,  shoolts,  or  SCHULS.  a  vit 
lage  of  the  Lower  Engadine,  Switzerland,  canton  of  Grisons, 
on  the  Inn.     Pop.  1143. 

SCHUPFEN,  .shiip'f^^n,  or  SCHUPFITEIM,  shilpf'hime,  .1 
village  of  Switzerland,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Lucerne.     Pop.  2950. 

1733 


SCH 

i^CTirSCHI  a  irvn  of  Euusm     Pee  Shoosha. 

8C1IUSSEN.  shOf's'sgn,  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in  Wiir- 
tembunr.  and  flows  S.  into  Lake  Constance.   Length,  40  miles. 

SCnU.<TE]t,  a  city  of  Persia.     St-e  Siiooster. 

SCIIUTT.  (ScliUtt,  sliutt,)  Great,  (Ilun.  Cmlloloz,  chiV- 
lo'Vcos'.)  an  island  formed  by  arms  of  the  Danube,  in  West 
Ilungary,  X.E.  of  the  main  stream,  extending  fiom  Pres- 
burs  to  Comorn.     Length,  53  miles;. breadth,  16  miles. 

SCIIUTT,  (SchUtt,)  Little,  an  island  formed  by  arms 
of  the  I>anul)e.  W.  of  the  main  stream,  extends  from  below 
Pre.=burg  to  Raab.  Length,  28  miles;  breadth,  7  miles. 
Surface  marshy,  but  abounding  with  villages  and  culti- 
vated tracts. 

SCHUTTDORF.  a  town  of  Hanover.    See  Scbuttorf. 

SCHUTTENIIOFEX,  shoof ten-hoYen,  (Bohemian,  Sus- 
gicx,  soos-seefsA.)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Wottowa,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Klattau.     Pop.  2893. 

SCIIUTXKUTIIAL,  shuOt/ter-tclr,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Schutter,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Otfen- 
burg.     Pop.  607. 

SCIIUTTERWALD,  shOdt/ter-'Saif,  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  about  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Carlsruhe. 
Pop.  1400. 

SCIIUTTORF,  (Schuttorf.)  shiit'toRf,  or  SCHUTTDORF, 
shiit'doRf.  a  town  of  Hanover,  government  of  Osnaburg,  3 
miles  N.E.  of  Bentheim,  on  the  Vechte.    Pop.  1453. 

SCIIUYLEI!,  ski'ler,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  New 
York,  at  the  S.  end  of  Seneca  Lake.  Pop.  18,840. 

SCHUYLER,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  420  square  miles.  The  Illinois  River  forms 
the  S.E.  boundary  of  the  county,  which  is  intersected  by 
Crooked  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  consists 
partly  of  prairie  and  partly  of  timbered  land:  the  soil  is  ex- 
cellent, and  a  large  part  of  it  is  under  cultivation.  The 
Illinois  River  is  navigable  for  steamboats  on  the  border. 
The  Chicago  and  Quiucy  Railroad  pas.«es  about  SniilesN.W. 
of  the  county.    Capital,  Rushville.     Pop.  14,684. 

SCHUYLER,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Missouri, 
bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  324  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Chariton  River,  and  drained  by  the 
three  forks  of  Fabius  River,  and  the  North  fork  of  Salt 
River.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  wood- 
lands; the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Lancaster.  Pop.  6697, 
of  whom  (5658  were  free,  and  -39  slaves. 

SCHUY'LER,  a  township  of  Herkimer  co..  New  Y'ork,  on 
the  Mohawk  River,  6  miles  E.  of  Utica.     Pop.  1715. 

SCHUYLER  ISL.YND.  a  small  island  near  the  W.  side  of 
Lake  Chaniplain,  nearly  opposite  Burlington,  belonging  to 
Essex  CO.,  New  Y'ork. 

SCHUYLER'S  FALLS,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  co..  New 
York,  on  Saranac  River,  7  miles  W.  of  Plattsburg.  Pop.  2110. 

SCH  U  YLER'S  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co..  New  Yo^. 

SCHUY'LERVILLE,  skJ'ler-vil.  a  post-village  of  Saratoga 
en,.  Now  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  Chaniplain 
Canal,  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albany.  It  has  4  clmrches,  1 
banli.  machine-shop,  1  paper-mill,  1  cotton  factory,  1  iron 
foundry,  &c.     Pop.  1348. 

SCHUYLKILL,  skool'kil,  (?.  e.  "hidden  creek,")  a  river  of 
Pennsylvania,  rises  in  the carlxiniferoushighlandsof  Schuyl- 
kill CO..  near  Pottsville,  and  flowing  in  a  S.E.  direction, 
breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge  at  Port  Clinton,  passes  by 
Reading,  Noriistown,  and  Philadelphia,  and  enters  the 
Delaware  5  miles  below  the  last-named  city.  Its  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  120  miles.  It  is  n.avigable  for  skmps 
to  Philadelphia,  and  by  means  of  lockage,  dams,  and  side- 
cuts,  boats  may  ascend  to  Port  Carbon,  3  miles  above  Potts- 
ville. The  name  Schuti-KILl,  ("hidden  creek,")  from  the 
Dutch,  SchuijUn  or  Schuihn,  to  "hide."  and  kill,  "a  river- 
channel,  or  creek,"  is  said  to  be  owing  to  the  circumstance 
that  the  first  explorers  of  the  Delaware  River  passed  the 
mouth  of  the  Schuylkill  without  perceiving  its  e.xistence. 
The  Indian  name  of  this  river  was  Manaiunk. 

SCHUYLKILL,  a  county  of  Pennsylvania,  situate  to- 
wards the  E.  part  of  the  state,  contains  750  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Schuylkill  River  and  Swatara  Creek, 
which  rises  within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  mountainous. 
The  Kittatinny  or  Blue  Mountain  forms  the  S.E.  boundary 
of  the  county :  the  ridges  which  traverse  it  are  called  Broad, 
Sharp,  and  Mahanoy  Mountains,  and  the  .soil,  with  small 
exceptions,  is  too  thin  and  sterile  for  cultivation.  Anthra- 
cite coal  is  the  principal  production  of  the  county,  nearly 
the  whole  area  of  which  is  occupied  by  beds  of  this  mineral, 
varying  from  3  to  30  feet  in  thickness.  InlS63.  .'',,7.'i1.342. 
tons  were  mined,  and  exported  chiefly  by  the  Reading  Rail- 
road. Extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  are  found  near  Pottsville. 
The  Philadelphia,  Reading,  and  Pottsville  Railroad  termi- 
nates at  Pottsville,  and  numerous  short  lines  extend  from 
the  mines  to  Pottsville,  Schuylkill  Haven.  &c.  The  Schuyl- 
kill River  has  been  made  navigable  to  Port  Carbon.  Or- 
ganized in  1811,  and  named  from  its  principal  river.  Capi- 
tal, Pottsville.    Pop.  89.510. 

SCHUYLKILL,  a  jiost-township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  alxmt  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  West  Chester.     Pop.  1439 

SCHUYLKILL,  a  township  of  Pchnylkill  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, intersM-icd  by  the  Catiiwissa  Kailiuad.    Pop.  1937. 
1734 


SCH 

SCHUTL'KILL  IIA'VEN,  an  incorporated  borough  of 
Schnylldll  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  on  the  Schuylkill 
River,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad,  4 
miles  S.  of  Pottsville.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and 
a  chief  shipping-point  for  large  quantities  of  coalT^vhich  is 
mined  in  the  Schuylkill  coal  region,  and  transported  by  the 
railroad,  and  also  by  the  navigable  waters  of  the  river.  The 
Mine  Hill  Railroad  extends  W.  18  miles,  with  about  100  miles 
of  lateral  roads  to  various  collieries.  The  town  contains  8 
churches,  1  large  public  school  and  extensive  repair-shops 
for  the  railroad.    Population,  in  18.50,  2071 ;  in  1860, 2927. 

SCinVAADORF,  shwd'doRf,  or  SCHWANDORF,  shwant 
doRf,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  on  theFischa,  16  miles  S.E. 
ofYienna.     Pop.  1690. 

SCinY.iAN,  shwjn,  a  walled  town  of  North  Germany,  in 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  on  the  Warnow,  11  miles  S.  of 
Rostock.     Pop.  2030. 

SCIIWABACH,  shwd/bjK,  a  town  of  BaTaria,  9  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Nuremberg.  Pop.  9981.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  conside^.^ble  manufactures  of  pin.s,  cotton  and 
woollen  fabrics,  hosiery,  gold  and  silver  lace,  soap,  paper, 
printing-tvpes.  and  tobacco. 

SCHWABEN,  the  German  name  for  SwABH. 

SCHWABENITZ,  shwd/beh-nits,  or  SZWABENICZE, 
shwS-b.A-neet's.'l,  a  market-town  of  Moravia.  25  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Briinn.  on  an  afflvient  of  the  Ilanna.     Pop.  1343. 

SCHWABMUNCHEN,  (SchwabmUnchen,)  shwJVniiinK- 
en.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  a  railway,  S.S.W.  of  Augs- 
burg.    Pop.  2423. 

SCIIW ACHAT,  (SchwSchat)  or  SCIIWECHAT,  shw^K'dt, 
a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  7  miles  S.E.  of  A'ienna. 
Pop.  2290.     It  has  a  monument  to  John  Sobieski. 

SCHWADERBACH,  shwa/der-baK\  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
about  20  miles  from  Zwoda.     Pop.  2073. 

SCHWAIGERN,  shwi'ghem,  a  market-town  of  South  Ger- 
many, in  Wtirtemberg,  4  miles  N.N.E.of  Brackenheim,  with 
a  fine  castle  and  park.    Pop.  1901. 

SCHWAIGERN,  a  market-town  of  South  Germany,  in 
Baden,  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  4  miles  W.  of  Mergentheini. 

SCHWAIGHEIM,  shwlolnme,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Necker.  near  Waiblingen.     Pop.  1488. 

SCHWALB.\CII.  Germany.    See  LAMGf:NSCHWALBACH. 

SCHW.\L.M,  shwdlm.  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in  theN.B. 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  flows  N.N.W.,  and  joins  the  Edder  after 
a  course  of  abiiut  tiO  miles. 

SCHWANDEN,  shwjn'dfn,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  3  miles  S.  of  Glarus,  on  the  Linth.     Pop.  1950. 

SriIW.\NDORF.  a  village  of  Austria.     .See  Sciiwaai/orp. 

SCHWANDORF,  shwdn'doRf.  a  town  of  Bavari.i,  circle  of 
Upper  Palatinate,  14  miles  S.E.  of  Amberg.     Pop.  1759. 

SCHWANEBHCK,  shwd'nfh-WkN  a  w.illed  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  25  miles  S.W.  of  JIagdeburg,  on  the  Limbach. 
Pop.  2040. 

SCHWANENSTADD  or  SCIIWANNENSTADT,  shwSn/- 
nen-st5tt\  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Agger,  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Lintz.     Pop.  1500. 

SCHWARME.  shwdR'nieh,  a  village  of  Hanover.  Pop.  1000; 

SCIIWARTAU,  .shw^R'tCw,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Olden- 
burg. 4  miles  N.  of  Lubeck.  on  the  Trave.     Pop.  1353. 

SCHWARZ.\,  shwiRt/sd.  a  market-town  of  Prussian 
Saxony.  .34  miles  S.W.  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  1401. 

SCliWARZA,  shwgRf.sa,  or  SCHWARZE,  shwjRt'.sA,  a 
river  of  Germany,  in  Lower  Austria,  joins  the  Pitten  to  form 
the  Leytha,  6  miles  S.  of  Wiener-Neustadt,  after  an  E.  course 
of  40  miles. 

SCHW.^RZA,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Moravia,  after  a  S. 
course  of  80  miles  joins  the  Th.aya,"l0  miles  S.  of  Selowitz. 
The  affluents  are  the  Iglawa.  from  the  W.,  and  the  Zwittawa 
and  Littawa  from  the  N.  and  E. 

SCHWARZ  A,  a  river  of  Germany,  ri.ses  in  the  S.  extremity 
of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  flows  N.E.,  and  after  a  course 
of  35  miles  joins  the  left  bank  of  Saale,  about  3  miles  S.  of 
Rudolstadt. 

SCHWARZACH.  shwdRt'slK,  a  village  of  Baden,  4  miles 
N.W.ofBUhl.     Pop.  1275. 

SCHWARZACH.  a  village  of  Upper  Austria,  circle  of 
Salzburg,  3  miles  from  Sanct  Johann.  It  is  memorable  ag 
the  spot  where  the  Protestant  peasantry,  subjected  to  the 
bigoted  and  tyrannical  sway  of  the  Archbishop  of  Salza, 
met  and  bound  themselves  by  solemn  oath  never  to  desert 
their  principles.  They  were  ultimately,  in  1731,  to  tho 
number  of  .30,000,  driven  by  persecution  from  their  homes, 
carrying  with  them,  by  just  retribution,  almost  all  the  in- 
dustry and  prosperity  of  the  country. 

SCinVARZAU,  shwilRt'sow.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Aus 
tria.  on  the  Schwarza,  26  miles  W.  of  Wiener-Neustadt- 
Pop.  339. 

SCHWARZAU  or  SCHWARZACH.  shwaRts'Sx.  a  river 
of  Bavaria,  after  a  W.  course  of  46  miles  join."  the  Nab,  a 
miles  S.  of  Naburg. 

SCHW  ARZBACH.  shwdRts^bSK,  a  village  ef  Bohemia,  about 
28  miles  from  Budweis. 

SCHWARZBURG-HUDOLSTADT,  shwa'ts/btirg  roo'dol- 
stat\  or  shwdRtsln'ORo  roo'dol-stdtt\  an  infependent  princi- 
pality of  Germany,  forming  the  tweuty-sixtlt  ttate  of  the  Ger- 


J 


SCH 


sen 


manic  Confp'leration.  It  consists  nf  several  Isolated  portions, 
aituated  lietween  the  territories  of  I'russian  Saxony  .the  Saxon 
duihies.  and  the  principality  of  Keuss.  Area,  331  stjuare 
miles.  The  surface  is  rugged,  and  the  soil  by  no  means  fertile; 
for  although  it  is  generally  cultivated  with  the  greatest  care, 
the  corn  produced  foils  far  short  of  the  annual  consump- 
tion. Perhaps  the  most  important  crop  is  flax,  the  culture 
of  which  is  almost  universaL  A  large  portion  of  the  land  is 
devoted  to  pasture,  and  great  numbers  of  cattle  are  reared. 
The  minerals  include  lead,  iron,  and  salt,  all  of  which  are 
worked  to  a  considerable  extent.  Tlie  principal  manufac- 
tures are  woollen  stuffs,  ironware,  glass,  and  porcelain.  The 
chief  exports  in  addition  to  the  minerals  and  manufactures, 
is  wood.  The  inhabitants  are  almost  all  Lutherans.  The 
government  is  a  monarchy,  in  whii-h  the  power  of. the  sove- 
reign is  limited  by  that  of  the  states,  or  Geheimraths-col- 
legium.  As  a  member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation, 
Schwar/.burg-Rudolstadt  has  a  vote  in  the  plenum ;  and 
shares  the  fifteenth  vote  in  the  minor  or  representative 
council,  with  Schwarzburg-Soudershausen  and  the  three 
Anhalt  duchies  of  Bernburg.  Dessau,  and  Kiithen.  Its  con- 
tingent of  men  to  the  Confederation  is  539.  Kevenue  in 
ISoi.  §2S8,2S0.  For  administrative  purposes  it  is  divided 
into  tlje  upper  lordship  of  Kudolstadt,  and  the  lower  lord- 
ships of  Frankenhausen  ;  and  sul«iivided  into  ten  bailwicks. 
Capital.  Kudolstadt.  I>op.  in  1S52. 69.038. 

t-CllWAKZl!UKt;-SO.\DERSlIAUSKN,  shwarts'btirg  (or 
shwdut8'b0oRo)son'df  rs-howV,en,an  indepemient  principality 
of  Central  Germany,  forming  the  twenty-fifth  state  of  the  Ger- 
manic Confederation.  It  consists  of  several  di.stiuct  portions 
situated  between  the  territories  of  I'russian  Saxony  and  the 
Saxon  duchies.  Area,  327  square  miles.  It  is  more  fertile 
than  Schwarzburg-ltudolstadt,  producing  corn,  which,  after 
satisfying  the  home  consumption,  leaves  a  small  surplus 
for  e.xport.  One  of  the  principal  sources  of  revenue  is  derived 
from  the  forests,  which  furnish  excellent  timber.  Flax  also 
is  extensively  cultivated,  and  gre-at  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep, 
and  swine  are  reared.  The  minerals  include  iron,  alum- 
schist,  and  copperas.  The  first  supplies  several  smeltiog- 
furnaces  and  forges,  and  from  the  two  last  much  alum  and 
vitriol  are  made.  After  these,  the  only  manufacture  of  any 
importance  is  porcelain.  Tlie  prin(Mi)al  exports  are  corn, 
wool,  wood,  ironware,  iron,  alum,  vitriol,  lampblack,  rosin, 
and  fat  cattle.  The  powers  of  the  sovereign  are  extensive, 
but  exerciued  with  the  concurrence  of  a  Geheimrath.s-col- 
legium.  As  a  member  of  the  Germanic  Confederation. 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen  has  a  vote  in  iha  pUnum  ;  and 
shares  the  fifteenth  vote  of  the  minor  council,  as  mentioned 
alxjve  in  the  case  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.  Its  contin- 
gent to  the  Confederation  is  451  men.  Revenue  in  1854, 
$200,400.  Public  debt,  $524,200.  For  administrative  pur- 
poses it  is  divided  into  the  upper,  lordship  of  Arnstadt.  and 
the  lower  lordship  of  Sondershausen ;  and  subdivided  into 
seven  bailiwicks.  Capital,  Sondershau.sen.  The  iuhabitauts 
are  almost  all  Lutherans.  Pop.  in  1852,  60,847. 
SCIIWAKZ-KLSTKR.     See  Elster. 

SCIIW.\KZKM1ACII,  shw3Rt'sen-bdK\  a  markotrtown  of 
Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  on  the  Saale,  5  miles 
S.S.K.  of  I£of.  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop. 
18(30.  It  has  a  castle  of  Prince  Schiiuburg-Waldenburg, 
manufactures  of  woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  fabrics,  iron 
forges,  and  breweries. 

SCinVARZENBACII  Ail  W.'i.LDE,  shwjRt/sgn-bdK'  dm 
•ftjl'd^'h,  a  market^town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Fran- 
conia, 5  miles  S.W.  of  Naila,  with  1036  inhabitants. 

SCinVAKZENBEK,  shwaRt'sen-b^k\  a  village  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Lauenburg,  18  miles  E*.  of  Ilamburg,  with  a  station 
on  the  railway  to  Berlin,    Pop.  700. 

SCIIWARZENBERG,  shwdRt'spn-b?Rn\  a  town  of  Saxony, 
IS  miles  S.  E.  of  Zwickau,  with  2133  iuhabitauts,  a  castle, 
iron  foundries,  nail  and  wire  factories,  and  iron-mines  in  its 
vicinity. 

SCIIWARZENECK  or  SCinVARZENEGG,  shwdRt'sfn-ik', 
a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Thun.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  2000. 

SCIIWAUZEN  F  ELD,  phwdRt'sen-f?lt\  a  villageof  Bavaria, 
on  the  N'ab.  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Amberg.     Pop.  1020. 

SCflWARZKOSTELETZ,  shwdnts  kos'teh  liHs\  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  6  miles  W.  of  Kaurzim,  on  the  Dobrawa.  Pop. 
2526.  The  splendid  seat  of  Prince  Lichtenstein  is  in  the 
Ticinity. 

SCH\V.\UZWALD,  Germany.    See  Black  Forest. 
SCIIWARZWASSER,  shwaRts'fvas'sgr,  ("  Black  water,")  a 
river  which  rises  on  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia,  flows  AV.N.W., 
and  joins  the  Mulde  after  a  course  of  about  36  miles. 

SCinVAIlZWASSER  or  CZARNAWODDA,  chaR-nd-'ftod'- 
Ai,  a  river  of  Prussia,  joins  the  Vistula  on  the  left  at 
Schwetz.    Total  course,  about  80  miles 

SCIIWARZWASSER,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  13  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Teschen,  on  the  Vistula.     Pop.  KOO. 

SCIIWARZWASSER,  a  villnge  of  Austrian  Silesia,  clrele 
of  TrL,pnau,  bailiwick  of  Friedberg.     Pop.  1284. 

'flCUWAT  or  ClIOUAT,  a  town  of  Asia.     See  Shw.\t. 
SCliV^.^TZ*or  SCIIWAZ,  shwits,  a  town  of  the  Tyrol, 
circle  of  Lower  Innthal,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  luu,  Ifi 


miles  E.X.E.  of  Innspruck.  Pop.  8000.  If  has  m.inufiictures 
of  cotton  fabrics,  worsted,  tobacco,  and  wire.  In  its  vi;iniiy 
are  silver,  copper,  and  iron  mines.  It  suffered  seriously  li-oia 
an  eai-thquake  in  1820. 

SCIIWECII.-VT.  a  town  of  Lower  -Austria.   See  Scuw achat 
SCHWEDELDORF,  shw.i'del-doKf\  (Ober,  o'bi.ir,  and  NiB- 
DER,  nee'der.)  t^ro  contiguous  villages  of  Prussian  Silesia,  8 
miles  W.S.'W.  ofGlatz.     United  pop.  1550. 

SCIIWEDT,  shwjtt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brau- 
denburg,  on  the  Oder,  28. miles  S.S.W.  of  Stettin.  Lat.  60^ 
51'  N.,  Ion.  16°  27'  E.  Pop.  GuUO.  It  has  a  royal  palace, 
Lutheran  and  Reformed  churches,  and  manufactures  of 
leather,  tobacco,  and  starch.  Near  it  is  the  royal  summer 
palace  of  Montplaisir. 

SCIIWEGENIIEl.M,  shfi'.Vghjn-hIme\  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
near  Oermersheim.     Pop.  1346. 

SCIIWEICU.  shwlK,  or  SCIIWEIG,  shwio,  a  village  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Moselle. 
Pop.  20S0. 

SCIIWEIDNITZ,  shwld'nits  or  .shwit/nits,  a  fortified  town 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  31  miles  S.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  railway 
to  Freiberg,  at  the  foot  of  the  Rieseugebirge.  Pop.  12,950. 
It  is  well  built,  and  ornamented  with  spacious  squares.  It 
has  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheian  churches,  a  castle,  formerly 
a  ducal  residence.but  now  a  work-house ;  a  Protestant  college, 
house  of  correction,  large  barracks,  hospitals,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woven  fabrics.  Schweidnitz  was  tlie  residence  of 
the  first  Piarists,  was  walled  in  1295,  additionally  fortified 
in  1336,  and  repe.atedly  besieged  during  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  It  was  made  a  regular  fortress  by  Frederick  II.  in 
1747.  and  atlerwjirds  st'iod  several  sieges,  in  the  last  of 
which,  in  1810,  after  being  beleaguered  for  30  days,  it  was 
tiikeii  Jind  its  outer  works  dismantled. 
SCIIWEIG,  a  town  of  Prussia.  See  SciiWEicn. 
SCItWEIGERX,  shwi'ghfrn,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  8 
miles  W.  of  Ileilhronn.     Pop.  1886. 

SCIIWKIGIIAUSEN,  shwio'how'zjn,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Bas-Hhin.     Pop.  1486. 

SCIIWKINA,  shwi'nl,  a  town  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  on  a 
small  stream  of  same  name,  affluent  of  the  Werra,  27  miles 
N.  of  Moiningen.    Pop.  1500. 

SCilWEINAU,  shwi'now,  a  village  of  Bavari.a,  circle  of 
Middle  Franconia,  about  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nuremberg.  Pop. 
1074. 

SCIIWEINBARTH,  shwin'baRr,  (Klein,  kiln,  and  Gross, 
groce.)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Lower  Austria,  on 
the  Jloravian  frontiers,  near  Nikolsburg.     Pop.  2050. 

SCIIWEINFURT,  shwln'fodut,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Lower  Franconia,  on  the  JIain,  and  on  the  railway  from 
Bamberg  to  Nuremberg,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Wiirzburg.  Pop. 
7347.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has  several  Lutheran 
thurches,  a  gymnasium,  a  high  .school,  founded  by  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  King  of  Sweden;  various  other  schools,  and 
manufactures  of  leather,  linen,  and  woollen  cloths. 

SCHWKIMIEIJI,  shwin'liinie,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in 
Lower  Franconia.  3  miles  S.E.  of  Asch.affenburg.     Pop.  1580. 
SCHWEININTZ,  shwl'nits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
54  miles  N.E.  of  Mer.seburg,  on  the  Elster.     Pop.  1250. 

SCIIWEINITZ  or  SWEIXICZE,  sftlneet'sA,  a  market- 
town  of  Bohemia.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Budweis.     Pop.  238. 

SCIIWEIX WART,  GROSS,  groce  .shwIn'fraRt,  or  SCnWE- 
INB.\RT,  shwIn'lmRt,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Vienna,  on  the  Weiden.    Pop.  1229. 
SCIIWEITZ.     See  Schwvtz. 
SCIIWEIZ  or  SCIIWEITZ.    See  Switzerland. 
SCIIWELM.  sh<TJlm.  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphali.a, 
35  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Elberfold  and  Dort- 
mund Railway.  Pop.  2325.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  manu- 
factures of  steel  wares  and  woven  fiibrics,  breweries,  and 
bleaching  grounds. 

SCIIWElNCK'S  (shwJnks)  STORE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Mont- 
gomery CO..  Pennsylvania. 

SCU'WENNINGEN,  shwjn'ning-fn,  a  market-town  of 
Wtlrtemberg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  on  the  Neckar;  near  its 
source,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tuttllngen.  Pop.  3771,  who 
manufacture  wooden  clocks. 

SCIIW  ENTINE,  shwon-teo'neh,  a  river  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Ilolstein,  falls  into  the  E.  side  of  the  Kiel  Fiord.  Total 
coursuj.  33  miles. 

SCHWERIX,  shw.Vreen',  or  SKWIERZYNA,  sk*e-,Vzhee'- 
nd.  a  town  of  Prussia,  government,  and  I50  miles  W.N.W, 
of  Posen.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Obra  with  the  Wartha. 
Pop.  5444. 

SCIIWERIN,  shw.Vreen',  a  town  of  North  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Schwerin,  and  on  the  i-ailway  from 
Ilamburg  to  Wismar,  35  miles  S.E.  of  Lubeck.  Lat.  53°  36* 
N.,  Ion.  11°  30' E.  Pop.  23,149.  It  is  enclosed  by  w.illg,  en- 
tered  by  7  gates,  and  divided  into  an  old  town,  new  town, 
and  suburb.  Since  1837,  it  has  again  been  the  residence  of 
the  grand  duke,  and  it  has  a  ducal  castle,  on  a  peninsula 
in  the  lake;  a  cathedral,  Lutheran  and  Raman  Catholic 
churches,  a  synagogue,  several  asylums,  a  mint,  and  govern- 
ment offices,  a  gymnasium,  veterinary  school,  and  manufaO' 
tiu-es  of  woollen  cloths,  tobacco,  and  vinegar,  stone-works. 

1735 


SCH 

toundries,  £c    Old  Schwerin  was  mentioned  in  records  of 
lOlS,  as  a  town  and  strong  fortress. 

SCinVERIN,  Lake  of,  is  14  miles  in  length,  by  3  miles  in 
RTerage  breadth.  It  receives  the  Elde  on  the  S..  and  from 
its  X.'extremity  flows  to  the  Stor,  which  enters  the  Baltic  at 
Wismar. 

SCinVERSEXZ,  shwjK'sents,  or  SWERZEXDZ,  swfRf- 
Sfnts,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  6  miles  E.  of  Posen.  Pop. 
2976. 

SCIIWERTE,  shw?R/teh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  AVestphalia, 
22  miles  W.  of  Arusber^',  on  the  Ruhr,  with  2200  inhabit- 
ants, and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

SCinVETZ,  shwits,  or  SAVIECIA.  s^e-h'se-i,  a  town  of 
West  Prussia.  31  miles  S.W.  of  Matienwerder,  on  the  Ais- 
tula.  Pop.  SiOO.  It  has  an  old  castle,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  damasks,  hosiery,  and  earthenware. 

SCIIWETZINGE.X.  shw6t'siug-"fn,  a  town  of  Raden.  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Leimbach,  6  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Ueidel- 
berg.    Pop.  2808. 

SCHM'ETZK.iU,  shwltsliow,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
43  miles  S.S.W.  of  Posen.    Pop.  1500. 

SCIIWTEBERDIXGEN,  shwee'ber-ding'fn.  a  village  of 
WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Neckar,  8  miles  N.X.W.  of  Stuttgart. 
Pop.  1344. 

SCIIWIEBUS,  shweelxos,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  41  miles  E.S.E.  of  f  rnnkfort,  on  the  Schwemme, 
with  a  royal  castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 
Pop.  4S00. 

SCinVIELOCH,  shweeaoK,  or  SCHMIELUNG,  shmee'- 
liJOng,  a  lake  of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  Lubben,  and  7  miles  in  length.  Its  N.  part  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Spree. 

SCH\ymAU,  shwee'hSw.  or  SATIIIOW,  sweeTiOw,  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  6  miles  X.  of  Klattau.     Pop.  1419. 

SCIIWYTZ  or  SCIIWYZ,  shwits,  written  also  SCIIWITZ 
and  SCHWEITZ.  one  of  the  four  forest-cantons  of  Switzer- 
land, nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  confederation,  to  which  it 
gave  name,  lx)rdering  upon  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,  which 
separates  it  from  Unterwalden.  Area,  339  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  ISOii.  46  039,  of  whom  all  but  524  were  Roman 
Catholics.  The  surface  is  mostly  mountainous.  The  Ros- 
stock  rises  to  80S1  feet,  and  the  Righi  to  6905  feet  in  height. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Sihl  and  Muotta.  The  Lake 
of  Zurich  forms  a  part  of  its  X..  and  that  of  Zug  a  portion 
of  its  W.  iKiundaries.  Some  wine  and  fruits  are  raised,  but 
cattle-rearing  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry.  The  manu- 
factures are  nearly  confined  to  cotton-twist  and  domestic 
fabrics.  The  government  is  a  pure  democracy ;  and  all  the 
male  inhabitants  above  10  years  of  age  a.ssemble  biennially 
at  Schwytz,  to  exercise  legislative  power.  The  executive 
duties  are  performed  by  a  council  of  90  members.  The 
princip.al  towns  are  Schwytz,  Art.  Kussn.icht,  and  Einsie- 
deln.  Schwytz,  with  Uri,  and  Unterwalden,  formed,  in 
1307,  the  nucleus  of  the  Swiss  Conderation,  in  which  Schwytz 
now  holds  the  fourth  place. 

SCHWYTZ,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  above 
canton,  is  situated  in  the  Muotta  Valley,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Mythen  Mountain,  17  miles  E.  of  Lucerne.  Pup.  of  parish, 
which  includes  many  other  villages.  5225.  The  principal 
edifices  are  a  modern  church,  in  the  cemetery  of  which 
Aloyse  Reding  was  burled;  the  council-house,  with  a  col- 
lection of  historical  paintings,  the  arsenal,  containing  na- 
tional trophies,  the  record  office,  a  large  new  Jesuitr  col- 
lege. Capuchin  convent,  and  Dominican  nunnery. 

SClIY'L  or  SYLL,  sheet  or  shil,  a  river  of  Europe,  rises 
near  the  S.  frontier  of  Transylvani.i.  flows  S.by  E.,  and  falls 
Into  the  Danube  50  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Widdin,  opposite  Ra- 
hova.    Total  course,  about  150  miles. 

SCIACCA,  shikTid,  (anc.  Thcrlmce  SdinunV hiCBf)  a  seaport 
town  of  Sicily,  on  its  S.  coast,  30  miles  W.X.W.  of  Girgenti. 
Pop.  12,070.  It  stands  on  a  steep  acclivity,  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  defended  by  bastions  toward  the  sea,  and  by 
the  castle  of  Luna  on  its  E.  side.  It  has  many  large 
churches,  convents,  and  magazines,  and  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal depots  in  the  island  for  corn,  which  is  Liid  up  in  sub- 
terranean caricatori,  but  the  town  is  wretched  and  poverty- 
stricken.  It  has  manufactures  of  vases  of  antique  shape, 
and  export  trade  in  fruit,  anchovies,  sulphur,  and  b.villa. 
Immediately  adjacent,  on  the  E..  are  sulphur  and  saline 
bath^  temperature  120°  and  60°  Fahrenheit,  with  sudorific 
grottoes  cut  in  the  rock,  the  excavation  of  which  is  attri- 
buted to  Daedalus;  near  these  are  the  hermitage  and  hospi- 
tal of  St.  Calogero.  Agathocles,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  born 
B.C.  359,  was  the  son  of  a  potter  of  Sciacca,  which  also  gave 
birth  to  the  historian  Fazzello. 

SCICLT,  shiklee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendency  of  Syi-acuse, 
on  the  Scicli,  0  miles  S.W.  of  Modica.     Pop.  10.000.  (,!) 

SCI'EXCE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co..  Xorth  Ca- 
rolina. 

SCl'EXCEVILLE,  a  village  ofGreene  co.,  New  York,  about 
44  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 
I^J!':^?.''"^^''^"*''  "  POst-ofRce  of  Stewart  co..  Georgia. 
SCIK/CIIAVAXEX  FILLY,  se-A'sha\a^nA'feeW,a  vil- 
S?a,'.'.   ']?«, Sardinian  Stjites,  division  of  Savoy,  3  miles 
W.S.\\.ofThonon.    I'op.  1005. 
1736 


SCI 

SCTGLIAXO,  sheel-yi'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  ol 
Calabria  Citra,'l7  miles  S.of  Cosenza.     Pop.  1800. 

SCIGLIO.  sheel'yo,  (anc.  Sct/lla'ttm,)  or  SCILLA,  shinS, 
(anc.  ScyV'la.)  a  celebrated  promnntorj-  of  Xaples.  province  ol 
Calabria  Ultra,  on  the  Strait  of  Jlessiiia;  lat.  os°  14'  30"  N., 
Ion.  15°  45'  E.  It  is  a  bold,  rocky  headland,  about  200  feet 
high,  with  its  base  deeply  scooped  out  by  the  action  of  the 
waves.  It  is  situated  in  the  narrowest  part  of  the  strait, 
and  opposite  to  the  rocks  and  shoals  of  Charybdis,  where 
strong  currents  meet  and  make  wild  uproar.  The  ancients 
fabled  thai  -n  a  cave  at  the  base  of  this  promontory  dwelt 
Scylla,  a  fearful  monster,  who  devoured  the  ra.sh  or  unwary 
mariners  who  approached  too  near;  under  this  figure  indi- 
cating the  perils  which  they  suppo.sed  to  attend  on  this 
fatal  spot.  In  modern  times,  however,  gunpowder  has  been 
employed"  in  removing  some  of  the  more  formidable  rocks, 
and  the  action  of  the  water  may  in  course  of  time  have 
somewhat  widened  the  channel.  Owing,  probably,  in  some 
measure,  to  these  causes,  modern  navigators  find  it  compara- 
tively easv  to  avoid  ScvUa  without  falling  into  Charybdis. 

SCILL.\,  shilia  or  'sheelOl,  or  SCIGLIO,  sheel'yo,  (anc 
Scyllalum,)  a  maritime  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  II.,  at  the  X.  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Messina,  on  the 
above  promontory.  Lat.  38°  14'  5"  X.,  Ion.  15^  45'  E.  Pop, 
4700,  mostly  seafaring  people.  It  h.is  a  strong  fort.  'It  siif- 
fered  greatly  in  the  earth(iuake  of  178.3. 

SCILLl',  a  fishing  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Cork,  forming  a  maritime  suburb  of  Kinsale.    Pop.  700. 

SCILLY  (sil'lee)  ISLANDS,  (Fr.  Soilingiies.  fOK'Xtiyg',)  off 
the  S.W.  coast  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall.  30  miles  W.S.W. 
of  the  Land's-end.  liit.  of  light-hou.se  on  St.  Agnes.  49°  53' 
X.,  Ion.  G°  20'  W.  They  consist  of  alout  140  islets  and  rocks, 
the  principal  of  the  former  being  St.  Mary's.  Tresco.  St.  Mar- 
tin".s,  Brechar,  St.  Agnes,  and  Sampson.  Aggregate  area, 
5770  acres.  Pop.  in  1851.  2027,  employed  in  fishing,  agri- 
culture, and  manufacturing  kelp.  The  Scilly  Islands  rise 
abruptly  from  a  deep  sea,  and  form  a  compact  group,  about 
30  miles  in  circumference.  They  consist  for  the  most  part 
of  granite  of  the  most  valuable  description.  Tlie  climate  is 
mild  and  the  soil  in  many  parts  feitile.  producing  good  bar- 
ley, rye,  oats,  and  potatoes.  Registered  shipping  in  1847-8, 
5082  tons.  Ilugh  Town,  the  capital,  on  the  island  of  St. 
Mary,  is  the  seat  of  a  judicial  court  of  12  per.son.a.  who  un- 
dertake the  civil  government  of  the  islands,  and  it  has  a 
pier,  fort  and  custom-house.  These  islands  communicate  by 
p.ackets  with  Penzance,  between  them  and  which  port  is  a 
dangerous  ro 'ky  ledge  termed  the  li'lf.  They  have  several 
secure  roadsteads  ;  but  numerous  .shipwrecks  have  occurred 
on  them,  in  one  of  which  3  line-of  battle  ships,  under  Sir 
Cloudesley  Shovel,  were  totally  lost,  Octol>er  22. 1707.  They 
have  been  considered  the  Cassiteriihs  or  tin-islands  of  the 
ancients,  and  there  is  a  tradition  that  a  tract  of  land  con- 
nected them  with  Cornwall,  but  they  have  no  mines  of  tin 
or  any  other  metal. 

SCILLY  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat 
16°  28'  S.,  Ion.  150°  10'  W. 

SCIXDE,  a  country  of  Asia.    See  Siitde. 

SCIXDIA/S  DOMINION,  IndU.    See  Gwalior  Dootxion. 

SCIO.shee'oorsi'o.  written  also  KllIO.  KlllOS.and  SKID, 
(modern  Gr.  Xto,  Chio,  Hee'o;  anc.  C/ij'oO  an  island  belong- 
ing to  Turkey,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  4  miles  W.  of 
Cape  Bianco,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Scio.  Lat.  of  the  chief  town  on  its  E.  co.-i.st.  3S°  33'  7"  N., 
Ion.  20° *1'  E.  Length,  from  N.  to  S..  32  miles;  greatest 
breadth.  18  miles.  Area,  508  square  miles.  The  surface  is 
very  much  diversified.  It  is  naturally  one  of  the  richest 
and  most  beiiutiful  islands  of  the  Levant ;  and  it  is  recovering 
from  the  desolation  to  which  it  was  reduced  by  the  Turks  dur- 
ing the  Greek  Revolution.  The  principal  products  are  wine 
of  superior  quality,  mastic,  silk,  wool,  cheese,  figs,  lemons, 
oranges,  and  other  fruits ;  less  corn  has  usually  been  raised 
than  is  required  for  home  consumption.  Previous  to  1822, 
this  island  was  the  best  governed  and  most  prosperous  in  the 
Grecian  archipelago,  and  had  thriving  .silk  manufactories, 
and  considerable  trade  with  Con.stantinople.  Syria,  and 
Egypt;  but  in  the  above  year,  some  of  its  inhabitants  hav- 
ing joined  the  Saniians  in  their  revolt,  nearly  all  the  popu- 
lation, comprising  from  120,000  to  130.000  persons,  were  mas- 
sacred or  sold  into  slavery,  and  the  buildings  and  plantations 
were  for  the  most  part  destroyed.  The  tragic  poet  Ion.  the 
historian  Theopompus,  the  sophist  Theocritus,  and  the 
philosopher,  Metrodorus,  were  natives  of  this  island,  which 
also  claims,  in  opposition  to  Smyrna,  to  be  the  birthplace 

of  Homer.    Capital.  Scio.     Pop.  e.stimated  at  62.0(W. Adj. 

and  inhab.  Chiot,  kee'ot,  or  Saox,  shee'ot;  or  Chi'^n,  when 
the  ancient  island  is  referred  to. 

SCIO,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  capital  of  the  above 
island,  near  the  middle  of  the  E,  coast.  It  consists  for  the 
most  part  of  houses  of  hewn  stone  or  brick,  and  generally 
with  terraced  roofs.  It  is  defended  by  a  castle:  has  manu- 
factures of  velvet  and  some  lighter  fabrii-s:  and  at  its  h.ir- 
lior.  which  is  formed  by  two  niole.s,  and  provided  with  tw.i 
light-houses,  which  its  difficulty  of  acres  renders  ix.'Cessary, 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade.     Pop.  14.-'i00» 

SCI'O,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Alleghany  co^  New 


SCI 

York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  about  SO  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ro- 
cbi-ster.    Top.  1631. 

PCIO,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio. 

SCIO,  a  poKt-villa.i;e  and  township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Mi- 
chigan, on  the  Central  Railroad.  5  or  6  miles  W.X.W.  of  Ann 
Arbor.     Pop.  1817. 

SCIOLZl-:,  8hold'z.A,  a  village  of  Xorth  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
province,  and  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  1124. 

SCIOXZIER,  she-on-ze-aiK/,  a  village  of  Savoy,  province 
ofFaucipny.     Pop.  2436. 

SCIORTINO,  shoR-tee'no,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province,  and 
14  miles  X.W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  6000. 

SCKJTO,  sl-o'to,  a  beautiful  river  of  Ohio,  and  one  of  the 
largest  streams  whiih  intersect  the  state,  rises  in  Hardin 
county,  near  the  head  waters  of  the  iliami.  It  flows  S.E. 
to  Columbus,  where  it  receives  its  principal  affluent,  the 
Olentangy  River,  after  which  its  direction  is  almost  due  S., 
until  it  enters  the  Ohio  at  Portsmouth.  Its  length  is  esti- 
mated at  200  miles.  The  valley  through  which  it  flows  is 
e.xtremely  fertile,  and  much  improved.  The  Ohio  and  Erie 
Canal  is  conKtructe<l  along  the  lower  parts  of  this  river,  for 
a  distance  of  9U  miles.  Its  largest  tributaries,  besides  the 
Olentangy  River,  are  Darby,  Walnut,  and  Paint  Creeks. 

SCIOTO,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the 
Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky,  contains  about 
630  scjuai'c  miles.  The  Scioto  River,  from  which  the  name  is 
derived,  flows  from  N.  to  S.,  through  the  middle  of  the 
county,  which  is  also  drained  by  the  Little  Scioto  River  and 
Brush  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly;  the  .soil  fertile,  particu- 
larly in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  river.  The  red  sand- 
stone underlies  part  of  the  surface.  Extensive  mines  of 
Iron  are  worked  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county.  The  Ohio  Ca- 
nal has  its  S.  terminus  at  Portsmouth,  and  the  county  is  in- 
tersected bv  the  Scioto  and  Hocking  A'alley  Railroad.  Capi- 
tal, Portsnionth.     Pop.  24,297. 

SClKTi),  a  post-ofiice  of  Clinton  co.,  New  York. 

SCIOTO,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1579. 

SCIO  I'O,  a  township  of  .Tackson  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1484. 

SCK  (TO,  a  township  of  Pickaway  CO.,  Ohio.     I'op.  1531. 

SCIOrO,  a  township  of  Ross  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  2093. 

SCIOTO,  a  post-villiigc  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  about  100  miles 
S.  of  Coliinibns.     Pop.  l.n.M. 

SC10T0,a  townshipofSIiiawasseeco., Michigan.  Pop. 499. 

SCIOTO  KliUXiE,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio. 

SCrOToVII.liE,  a  post-village  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Scioto  and  Hocking  Valley  Railroad,  6  miles  fh>m  Ports- 
mouth. 

SCI  PAN.  an  island  of  Dalmatia.     See  OlUPANA. 

SCTPIO,  sip'e-o,  a  post-township  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York, 
10  miles  S.  of  Auburn,  intersected  by  the  Auburn  and  Ithaca 
Railroad,  about  ItO  miles  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2066. 

SCIPIO,  a  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1758. 

SCIPIO,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Oliio,  intersected  by 
Mad  lUver,  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.    Pop.  1S35. 

SCIPIO,  a  township  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michigan.  Pop.  1037. 

SCIPIO,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.     I'op.  .■!46. 

SCIPIO,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  11  miles  E.  of 
Urookville. 

SCIPIO.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  Tndi.ina, 
on  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  31  miles  N.W. 
of  Madison. 

SCIPIO,  a  township  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  S06. 

SCIPIO  CENTRE,  a  village  of  Scipio  township,  Cayuga 
CO.,  New  York. 

SCIPIO  CKNTRR,  a  post-oflfioa  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan. 

SCIP'IOVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York, 
12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Auburn. 

SCISCIANO,  she-shd'no.  a  village  of  Naples,  in  Terra  dl 
Lavoro.  W.S.W.  of  Nola.     Pop.  1100. 

SCIT'ICO.  a  post-office  of  Hartford  CO.,  Connecticut. 

SCITUATE.  sit/u-.it,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ply- 
mouth CO.,  Massachusetts,  with  a  harbor  on  Massachusetts 
Bay,  25  miles  S  E.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It  has  4  churches,  10 
stores,  a  bank,  an  armory,  and  high-school.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  engaged  in  commerce,  the  fisheries,  and  manufac- 
tures.    At)o\it  20  vessels  are  owned  here.     Pop.  2227. 

SCITUATK.  a  township  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
12  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Providence.  It  contains  numerous 
cotton  and  woollen  Victories,  and  a  bank.     Pop.  4251. 

SCL.WONIA,  a  province  of  Austria.    See  Slavosi.i. 

SCL.\.YN,  sklin,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  10 
miles  K.  of  Namur,  on  the  Jleuse.     Pop.  1492. 

SCODRA.     See  ScuT.ARt. 

SCOGLIO  GRAXDK.  skAl'yo  grjn'd.-l,  the  largest  of  the 
Brioni  Islands,  in  the  Adriatic,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Istria,  4 
miles  N.W.  of  I'ola.    On  its  E.  side  is  the  village  of  Brioni. 

SCOGLIO  GRANDE,  one  of  the  Ponza  Islands,  in  the 
Mediterr.anean.  oiTthe  W.  coast  of  Naples. 

SCOLE.  a  parish  of  England,  fo.  of  Norfolk. 

BCOMBI.  skoin'hee.  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  in  Al- 
bania, rises  on  the  border  of  Macedonia,  and  after  a  W. 
course  of  130  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic,  15  miles  S.  of  Du- 
razio. 

SCONE  or  SCOON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co..  and  2J  miles 
N.  of  Perth.    Pop.  2422,  of  whom  1431  are  in  the  village  of 


SCO 

New  Scone,  which  is  substantially  built.  At  ancient  Scone, 
of  which  almost  the  only  i-emnant  is  a  market  croSs,  tht 
kings  of  Scotland  were  formerly  crowned,  on  a  famous  stone 
now  preserved  in  Westminster  Abbey.  Here  was  an  abbey 
and  royal  palace  of  the  Scottish  kings;  on  its  site  now  stands 
a  modern  palace,  the  residence  of  Lord  Mansfield. 

SCONONDO'A  or  SKANANDQ/A,  a  post-village  of  Oneida 
CO..  New  York,  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  22  miles  W.  of 
Utica. 

SCOO^BER,  a  post-office  of  Kemper  co.,  Mississippi. 

SCOO'NIE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

SCOPELO,  an  island,  Grecian  Archipelago.     See  Skopeio. 

SCOPIA.  a  town  of  Europe;in  Turkey.    See  Uskup. 

SCOP'^VICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCOR'BOROUOH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

SCORFF,  skoRf,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Morbi- 
han.  after  a  S.  course  of  30  miles,  enters  the  harljor  of 
L'Orient.  It  is  navigable  to  Pont  Scorff,  a  distance  of  7 
miles. 

SCORRANO,  skoR-RtVno,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto,  E.N.E.  of  Gallipoli.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  and  has 
2  convents.    Pop.  1300. 

SCOR/TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  on 
the  Swale,  with  a  station  on  the  Preston  and  Carlisle  Rail- 
way, 8 J  miles  S.E.  of  L.anea.ster. 

SCOT'BY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  with 
a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway,  2^  miles  E. 
of  Carlisle. 

SCOTFORTH.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

SCOTCH  OKOVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa. 

SCOTCH  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SCOTCH  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  about  40  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Trenton.  It  contains  2  stores,  7  mills,  including  an  oil 
and  a  straw-paper  mill,  1  church,  and  about  75  dwellings. 

SCOTCH  RIDGE,  a  post-oflice  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio. 

SOOTCHTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  New  York, 
107  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

SCOTH'EHN.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCOTIA,  a  post-village  of  Schenectady  co.,  New  York,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

SCOTIA,  a  post-village  of  Pope  co.,  Arkansas,  83  miles 
N.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

SCOTLAND,  skotland.  (anc.  qa1edo>ma ;  It.  Scnzia,  skod'- 
ze-d;  Sp.  ^"coctCT,  Ss-ko'the-3;  Fr.  jfeo.<«e.  A'koss' ;  Ger.  Scliolt- 
land,  shottlant;  Dutch,  Scholland,  sKot^int,)  the  N.  divi- 
sion of  the  island  of  Great  Britain,  between  lat.  54°  3S'  and 
5S0  40'  24"  N.,  and  Ion,  1°  46'  and'  6°  8'  30"  W.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  England  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Tweed,  S.W.  by  the 
Solway  Frith,  and  S.  partly  by  the  Cheviot  Hills,  and  partly 
by  an  indefinite  moorland  tract,  known  anciently  Tiy  the 
name  of  the  Debatable  Land;  and  is  bounded  E.  by  the 
North  Sea,  and  N.  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The 
greatest  length,  from  N.N.E.  to  S.S.W.,  between  Dunnet 
Head  and  the  Mull  of  Galloway,  is  287  miles.  The  breadth 
varies  exceedingly.  Measured  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  between 
Kinnaird's  lle.id  and  the  Mull  of  Kintvre.  it  is  217  miles; 
and  on  the  parallels  of  56°,  57°,  and  5S°  respectively.  120, 
125,  and  43  miles.  Between  Alloa,  on  the  Forth,  and  Dum- 
barton, on  the  Clyde,  the  width  is  diminished  to  33  miles; 
and  farther  N.,  where  a  kind  of  peninsula  is  formed  by  the 
Dornoch  Frith  on  the  E.  and  Loch  Broom  on  the  W..  it  does 
not  exceed  24  miles.  These  measurements  apply  only  to  the 
mainland,  and  therefore  when  the  true  area  is  to  be  ascer- 
tained, it  is  necessary  to  add  the  numerous  islands  which 
singly  or  in  groups  line  its  coasts,  and  form  one  of  their  pe- 
culiar features.  On  the  E.  coast  these  islands  are  so  few 
and  small  as  not  to  require  special  notice;  but  on  the  N. 
are  the  two  large  groups  of  the  Orkneys  and  Shetlands,  of 
magnitude  sufficient  to  form  a  sepjirate  county;  while  on 
the  W.,  a  series  of  groups,  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Hebrides  or  Western  Isles,  .stretch  almost  uninterruptedly 
from  N.  to  S..  at  a  short  distance  from  the  coast,  and  though 
not  constituting  separate  counties,  form  no  insignificant 
portion  of  the  whole  area  of  the  country.  The  largest  of 
them  are  Lewis  and  Harris,  North  Uist,  South  Uist.  Skye, 
Mull,  Jura,  and  Islay.  In  the  S.W..  the  islands  of  Arran 
and  Bute  have  been  deemed  of  sufficient  importance  to  be 
formed  into  a  separate  county,  under  the  name  of  the  latter. 

Oxiffs,  linddsteads,  and  Harbors. — Scotland  in  its  general 
appear.ance  contrasts  strikingly  with  England,  possessing  few 
of  the  long,  open  valleys',  and  wide,  undulating  plains  for 
which  the  latter  is  distinguished.  The  coast-line,  with  the 
exception  of  a  portion  in  the  N.E.,  chiefly  along  the  Moray 
Frith,  and  another  in  the  S.W.,  along  the  Solway  Frith, 
where  low  and  sandy  beaches  have  been  formed,  presents  an 
almost  uninterrupted  succession  of  deep  indentations  and 
bold,  rocky  cliffs  and  headlands.  Of  these,  the  far  larger  pari 
are  traced  on'  the  AV.  coast,  where,  as  it  would  seem,  the 
waves  of  the  Atlantic,  breaking  with  tremendous  force,  have 
scoopeti  out  wide  gulfis,  and  penetrated  tar  inland,  forming 
arms  of  the  sea,  to  which  has  been  given  the  name  of  lochs. 
Of  these  sea-lochs,  which  are  entirely  confined  to  the  W. 
coast,  the  largest  are  Loch  Long,  between  the  shires  of  A> 

1737 


SCO 


SCO 


CTle  and  Dumbartox  ,  Ixch  Fine  wholly,  and  Loch  Linnhe 
miefly,  in  Argyleshire,  the  former  celebrated  for  its  herring- 
flsheries.  and  the  latter  of  great  uaTigable  importance  as  the 
S.W.  outlet  of  the  Caledonian  Canal;  Carron,  Torridon, 
Gare,  Ewe,  and  Greinord  in  Ross-shire;  Broom,  partly  be- 
tween Ross-shire  and  an  isolated  portion  of  Cromartysshire : 
Knard,  in  the  same  part  of  Cromartyshire;  and  Assyut  and 
Laxford,  in  Sutherlaudshire.  On  the  E.  coast  all  the  im- 
portant indentations  are  river-estuaries,  and  are  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  friths.  Proceeding  from  N.  to  S.. 
they  occur  in  the  following  order : — The  Dornoch  Erith,  be- 
tween Sutherland  and  Ros.s;  the  Moray  or  Jlurray  Erith, 
subdivided  iuto  the  two  minor  friths  of  Cromarty  and  Beau- 
lev,  the  latter  distinguished  .is  the  N.E.  outlet  of  the  Cale- 
donian Canal;  the  Erith  of  Tay,  separating  Forfar  and  part 
of  Perth  from  Fife;  and  the  Frith  of  Forth,  between  Fife 
and  the  Lothians.  The  only  frith  on  the  ^V.  coast  is  that  of 
Clyde,  situated  S.  of  the  line  of  lochs  above  mentioned ; 
though  in  a  manner  isolated  from  the  other  friths,  it  sur- 
passes them  all  in  navigable  importance. 

The  mast  conspicuous  headlands  of  the  coast  are — on  the 
E.,  St.  Abb's  Head.  Fife  Ness,  Button  Ness,  Peterhead,  Kin- 
naird's  Head,  and  Tarbat  Ness;  and  on  the  N.,  Duncansbay 
Head.  Dunnet  Head,  and  Cape  Wrath.  On  the  W.,  the 
shores  both  of  the  mainland  and  isliinds  bristle  with  lofty 
and  rocky  promontories,  but  from  lying  out  of  the  principal 
lines  of  navigation,  are  not  much  known  by  name;  in  the 
S.W.  and  S.  the  most  conspicuous  are  the  JIull  of  Kintyre, 
the  Mull  of  Galloway,  and  Burrow  Head. 

A  single  glance  at  the  configuration  of  the  coast  is  suffi- 
cient to  show  that  its  navigation  is  nowhere  safe,  and  is  in 
many  parts  beset  with  dangers.  On  the  K.  coast  are  several 
tracts  where  there  is  no  port  or  roadstead  in  which  large 
vessels  can  take  refuge  in  a  N.  or  E.  gale;  and  on  the  N., 
not  only  is  it  necessary  to  skirt  a  wild  and  rocky  coast,  con- 
taining such  precipices  as  those  which  are  presented  in 
Duncansbay  Head,  Dunnet  Head,  and  Cape  Wrath,  but  to 
encounter  the  huge  billows  of  the  Atlantic,  and  the  fury  of 
a  tide  sometimes  running  9  miles  an  hour.  But  after  de- 
ducting all  these  comparatively  unsheltered  coasts,  a  long 
extent  of  shore  remains,  on  which  art  has  done  much,  and 
nature  more,  to  provide  harbors  and  roadsteads.  Thus  on 
the  E.,  within  the  Frith  of  Forth,  we  find  the  harbors  of 
Leith.  Granton,  Burntisland,  aud  Grangemouth,  and  the 
roadsteads  of  Leith  or  Inchkeith,  and  still  more'of  St.  M.ir- 
garefs  Hope,  where  whole  fleets  can  ride  under  perfect  shel- 
ter from  every  dangerous  wind;  within  the  Frith  of  Tay, 
when  once  the  dangers  of  the  bar  are  escaped,  the  harbor  of 
Dundee  gives  unlimited  accommodation;  and  still  farther 
N.,  beyond  Kinnaird's  Head,  the  Moray  Frith  opens  wide 
its  arms  of  Betiuley  and  Cromarty,  more  especially  the 
latter,  which,  with  respect  to  capacity,  depth  of  water, 
anchorage,  and  shelter,  can  scarcely  be  surpassed.  On  the 
N.  part  of  the  W.  coast,  manj-  of  the  bays  .and  lochs,  both 
of  the  mainland  and  the  islands,  afford  excellent  anchorage 
and  shelter;  but  the  sterile  nature  of  the  country  m.ikes  it 
of  comparatively  little  consequence.  The  ease  is  different 
with  the  more  S.  part  of  the  W.  coast.  The  Frith  of  Clyde, 
within  which  a  vast  amount  of  commerce  centres,  htis  here 
two  main  entrances,  one  from  the  W^..  and  the  other  from 
the  S.,  aud  both  of  them  through  what  is  called  the  North 
Channel.  The  AV.  entrance,  between  the  Mull  of  Kintyre 
and  Fair  Head,  where  the  distance  between  the  Scotch  and 
Irish  coasts  is  not  more  than  14  miles,  communicates  di- 
rectly with  the  Atlantic,  and  is  consequently  the  great 
thoroughfare  for  the  traffic  with  the  New  World;  the  S. 
entrance  communicates  with  the  Irish  Sea.  and  through  it 
opens  a  free  communication  both  with  the  E.  coast  of  Ire- 
land and  the  more  important  W.  coast  of  England. 

thee  of  the  Country,  Mmintains,  <6c. — The  greater  part  of 
the  surface  of  Scotland  is  irregularly  distributed  into  moun- 
tains and  valleys,  a  very  small  portion  extending  into  level 
plains.  The  whole  country  is  marked  out  by  natural  fea- 
tures into  three  great  divisions.  The  region  in  the  S.,  com« 
prised  between  the  frontiers  of  England  and  the  Lammer- 
moor  and  Pentland  Hills,  is  especially  mountainous,  pre- 
senting, both  in  isolated  masses  and  continuous  ranges,  a 
great  number  of  summits  which  are  more  than  2000  feet  above 
the  sea.  The  more  conspicuous  of  the.seareQueensbery  Hill, 
the  Lowthers,  Hartfell.  and  Dollar  Law,  which  attain  the 
respective  heights  of  2259,  2:396,  2635,  and  2790  feet.  The 
most  remarkable  of  the  isolated  hills  are  Cairnsmuir,  2598 
feet  high,  and  Criffel.  1830  feet,  the  one  in  the  W.,  and  the 
other  in  tlie  E.  of  Kirkcudbrightshire;  and  Tintoc,  2306  feet 
In  elevation,  in  Lanarkshire.  Most  of  the  mountains  have 
flat  or  rounded  summits,  aud  slope  gradually,  without  bre.ak- 
ing  Into  precipices.  They  are  in  general  clad  with  a  rich 
verdure,  and  are  intersected  by  a  great  number  of  beautiful 
pastoral  valleys.  These  usually  borrow  their  names  from 
the  RtrL-ams  which  flow  through  them,  and  form  the  dales 
of  Mtiidale,  Annandale,  Teviotdale,  and  others,  well  known 
in  border  minstrelsy. 

The  central  region,  commencing  where  the  S.  terminates, 
and  extending  N.  to  the  foot  of  the  Grampians,  aud  occupy- 
ing not  more  than  a  sixth  of  the  whole  surface,  is  by  fer  the 


wealthiest,  and  contains  probably  three-fifths  of  the  popula- 
tion of  Scotland.  This  superiority  it  owes  partly  to  the  fer- 
tility of  its  soil,  but  more  to  its  minerivl  treasures.  It  com- 
prises th«  lower  parts  of  the  basins  of  the  Clyde.  Forth,  and 
Tay,  including  the  rich  alluvial  flats  which  line  the  banks 
of  these  rivers,  as  well  as  the  finely  undulatiug  slopes  and 
straths  which  gradually  rise  from  them:  and  in  its  cities, 
towns,  and  numerous  vilLtges,  its  country-seats  and  orna- 
mented grounds,  its  orchards,  gardens,  and  cultivated  fields, 
proclaims  itself  to  be  one  of  the  most  di.«tinguislied  abodes 
of  industry,  commerce,  and  agriculture.  Considereil  as  a 
whole,  it  is  much  less  elevated  than  the  general  surface  of 
Scotland;  yet  with  the  exception  of  what  are  called  carse- 
lands,  the  diversities  of  hill  and  dale  are  never  wanting,  and 
in  several  of  the  continuous  ridges  stretching  across  its  sui^ 
face,  it  attains  considerable  heights.  The  most  conspicuous 
of  these  ridges  are  the  Kilpatrick  and  Campsie  Hills,  the 
Ochil  Hills,  and  the  Sidlaw  Hills,  all  lying  nearly  parallel 
to  each  other. 

The  N.  r^ion,  consisting  of  the  wholeof  the  island  situated 
N.  and  W.  of  a  line  which  may  be  supposed  to  be  di-awn 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde  to  Stonehaven,  is  by  far  the 
largest  of  the  three,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  number  and 
elevation  of  the  mountain  ranges  by  which  it  is  traversed. 
Immediately  to  the  N.  of  the  ViiUey  of  Strathmore,  the 
Grampians  ri-se  in  majesty,  and  pre.seut  an  apparently  im- 
penetrable barrier,  behind  which  the  ancient  Caledonians 
took  refuge,  and  defied  the  lioman  legions.  Commencing 
in  the  S.W.  corner  of  Inverness-shire,  they  proceed  in  a 
N.E.  direction,  sending  out  numerous  ramifications,  to  near 
the  E.  shores  of  Aberdeenshire,  Ijaving  traversed  the  entire 
breadth  of  Scotland.  This  is  the  loftiest  mountain  chain  in 
Great  Britjiin,  and  comprises  sevenal  summits  exceeding 
4000  feet.  The  culminating  point,  long  supposed  to  be  Ben 
Nevis,  4370  feet,  in  the  AV.  of  Invemoss-shire.  is  now  claimed 
by  Ben  M.acdhui,  said  to  be  4:305  feet.  It  forms  one  of  the 
remarkable  clusters  of  mountains  which  uicit  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Aberdeen,  Banff,  and  Inverness,  The  others  con- 
nected with  it  are  the  celebrated  Cairngorm,  C'airnt(jul,  and 
Ben  Avon,  respectively  4095,  4220,  and  3907  feet  in  height. 
To  these  may  be  added  Ben  Cruachan,  in  Argyleshire,  3670 
feet;  Benlomond.  in  Stirlingshire,  3195  feet:  IJen  More.  Ben 
I»awers,  Schiehallion,  and  Benvoirlich.  in  Perthshire,  re- 
spectively 3S19,  3945,  3513,  3180,  aud  3551  feet;  and  Ban- 
noch,  on  the  N.  frontiers  of  Forfar,  3377  feet  in  elevation. 
The  Grampians  in  geneial  have  a  very  sterile  and  desolate 
aspect.  The  grass  or  heath  which  usually  covers  their  lower 
acclivities  often  disappears  in  the  ascent,  and,  long  before 
the  loftiest  summits  are  reached,  vegetation  appears  to  be 
all  but  extinct.  Many  of  the  mountains  have  a  rounded 
form,  but  others  terminate  in  fantastic  peaks,  and  have 
their  sides  cleft  by  ravines,  presenting  precipices  of  many 
hundred  feet.  One  of  these,  on  Ben  .Maedhui.  has  a  height 
of  1000  feet,  and  another,  on  Ben  Nevis,  a  height  of  1500 
feet.  On  the  N .  and  W.  shores  of  the  lakes  of  Glenmore, 
another  series  of  mountain  chains  begin  to  rise,  and  are 
continued  with  little  interruption  to  the  N.  coast,  across 
the  counties  of  Inverness,  Ross,  and  Sutherland;  their  gene- 
ral level  is  much  lower  than  that  of  the  Grampians,  and 
their  loftier  summits,  rising  generally  from  an  elevated 
table-land,  lose  considerably  in  their  apparent  height.  The 
more  remarkable  of  the  summits  are  Ben  Wyvis.  in  Ross- 
shire.  3720  feet;  Bendearg,  Ben  More,  .and  Ben  Clibbrick,  in 
Sutherland,  respectively  3550,  3231,  and  3165  feet  high ;  and 
Morven.  in  Caithne.ss.  with  an  elevation  of  2334  feet.  The 
county  in  which  the  last-mentioned  is  situated  slopes  gra- 
dually towards  the  W..  and  spreads  out  into  an  undulating 
plain,  in  some  places  fertile,  but  for  the  most  part  covered  with 
stunted  heath.  The  same  lowering  of  the  surface  is  also  ex- 
hibited towards  the  E.  coast,  and  still  more  along  the  shores 
of  the  Moray  Frith  and  of  Aberdeen.  The  Lowlands  of  Scot- 
land comprise  that  portion  S.  of  the  river  Tay,  and  the  low 
country  ail  along  the  E.  and  N.E.  coasts. 

Geology  and  Minerals. — These  will  be  found  described  in 
the  article  on  the  British  Empire,  p.ages  287-290. 

JRivers. — In  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  country,  these 
are  both  numerous  and  of  great  magnitude;  but,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  configuration  of  the  surface,  are  not  very 
equably  diffused,  the  W.  part  containing  almost  all  tlie 
lakes,  and  the  E.,  with  a  single  exception,  all  the  more  i.u- 
portant  rivers.  The  Tweed,  though  usually  considered  a 
Scotch  river,  has  the  lower  and  more  valuable  part  of  its 
course  in  England.  It  wants  the  wide  estuary  which  is 
common  to  the  rivers  of  Scotland.  It  is  celebrated  for  it« 
salmon  fisheries,  but  in  consequence  of  the  shallowness  of 
its  mouth,  and  the  rapidity  of  its  current,  is  of  little  navi- 
gable importance.  Its  length,  including  numerous  wind- 
ings, exceeds  100  miles.  The  next  river  is  the  Forth,  which 
has  its  sources  in  lienlomtfnd,  and  possesses  comparatively 
little  importance  till  it  reaches  Stirling,  where  it  commences 
the  beautiful  windings  for  which  it  is  celebrated,  aud  begins 
to  be  navigable,  at  first  only  for  small  sloops  favored  by  the 
tide,  but  at  Alloa,  and  thereafter  to  its  mouth,  fax  vessels  of 
the  largest  class.  Its  length,  io'-Juding  winding.s,  if  (Con- 
ceived to  terminate  at  Kincardine,  is  about  100  miles;  out 


SCO 

\iheu  it?  estnary  is  sided,  is  increased  to  at  least  140  miles. 
The  Tay.  owing  iiot  no  muoli  to  the  depth  and  width  of  its 
channel,  as  to  the  rapidity  of  its  current,  and  the  supplies 
which  it  is  constantly  receiving  from  cloudy  mountain  re- 
gions and  melting  snows,  surpasses  all  the  rivers  of  Grejjt 
Britain  in  respect  oi'  the  quantity  of  water  which  it  dis- 
charires  into  the  sea.  It  has  its  source  in  the  W.  extremity 
of  Perthshire,  and  pursues  a  very  tortuous  course  S.K.  till 
it  reaches  Perth,  where  it  Ijocomes  navigable,  with  the  favor 
of  the  tide,  for  vessels  of  100  tons,  and  begins  to  form  the 
frith  of  its  name.  Its  salmon  fisheries  are  the  most  valu- 
able in  Great  Britain.  Its  whole  length,  from  its  source  to 
the  K.  extremity  of  its  frith  at  Button  Ness,  is  about  110 
miles.  The  next  river  of  importance  is  the  Deo,  which  ori- 
ginates in  a  number  of  torrents  sent  down  from  the  loftiest 
summits  of  the  Qrampians  iu  the  W.  of  Aberdeenshire,  and, 
flowing  almost  due  H.,  liiUs  into  the  sea  at  the  town  of 
New  Aberdeen.  Almost  at  the  same  point,  immediately  to 
the  N.,  the  Don  also  has  its  mouth.  The  chief  importance 
of  both  rivers  is  derived  from  their  salmon  fisheries  and  the 
granite  quarries  on  their  bjinks.  The  length  of  the  Dee  is 
about  80  miles,  and  that  of  the  Don  60  miles.  The  Spoy 
rises  among  the  recesses  of  the  Qrampians,  between  Lochs 
Laggan  and  Lochy,  flows  fir.st  E.N.K.,  and  then  K.  through 
the  celebrated  strath  of  the  samo  name,  and  falls  into  tlie 
sea  without  forming  any  estuary.  Its  stream,  remarkable 
for  its  rnpidity,  in  which  it  surpasses  all  other  British  rivers, 
has  a  length  of  about  9(j  miles.  Tliis  is  the  last  of  the  rivers 
of  the  E.  coast  deserving  of  special  notice.  The  principal 
river  on  the  W.  coast  is  the  Clyde.- which  in  navigable  im- 
portance fiir  surpasses  all  the  other  Scotch  rivers.  It  rises 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  sources  of  the  Annan  and 
the  Tweed,  and  flowing  very  circuitously  in  a  N.W.  direc- 
tion, discharges  itself  into  the  broad  frith  which  bears  its 
name.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  dashes  along  with 
the  impetuosity  of  a  mountain  torrent,  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  town  of  Lanark  forms  a  series  of  magnificent  falls,  but 
in  the  lower  part  winds  along  iu  a  gradually-widening  val- 
ley till  it  reaches  Glasgow,  and  at  the  very  point  when  it 
first  bec<;iines  navigable  is  covered  with  ships.  Its  length, 
from  its  source  to  Dumbarton,  at  which  it  is  conceived  to 
terminate,  is  about  73  miles:  but  if  continued  to  Greenock, 
is  SO  miles.  In  the  Solway  BVith,  which  may  be  considered 
the  S.  coast  of  Scotland,  are  the  mouths  of  the  only  three 
of  its  river.i  in  which  a  S.  direction  predominates;  they  are 
the  Dee,  Xith,  and  Annan.  The  fii'st  becomes  navigable 
about  2  miles  above  the  town  of  Kirkcudbright,  and  at  its 
mouth  forms  a  broad  estuary.  The  rivers  of  Solway  i'rith 
and  its  coasts  are  much  visited  by  salmon,  and  furnish  a 
considfrable  revenue  from  their  fisheries. 

L'ilces. — The  numerous  lakes  of  Scotland,  situated  for  the 
mo.st  part,  in  Highland  glens,  are  celebrated  tor  the  gi-an- 
deur  and  varied  be.tuty  of  their  scenery.  They  are  generally 
characterized  by  a  length  altogether  disproportioned  to  their 
breadth.  The  most  remarkable  are  Loch  Lomond,  the 
lar^r-t  and  finest  in  Great  Britain,  situated  chiefly  in  the 
county  of  Dumbarton,  21  miles  in  length.  7  miles  in  maxi- 
mum breadth,  20  fathoms  in  average,  and  120  fathoms  in 
maximum  depth;  Loch  Awe,  in  Argyle.shire,  28  miles  in 
length,  and  2J  miles  in  maximum  breadth;  Lochs  Ness, 
Oich.  and  Ix)chy,  in  Inverness-shire,  forming  the  remarkable 
chain  of  which  advantage  has  been  taken  to  form  the  Cale- 
donian Canal,  which  connects  the  North  Sea  and  the  At- 
lantic: Lochs  Shin,  in  Sutherland;  Maree,  in  Ross-shire; 
Arkegg,  Morrer,  and  Laggan,  in  Inverness-shire;  Jiricht, 
chietiy  in  Inverness,  thou'.'h  partly  in  Perth ;  and  Tay,  Earn, 
Ranuoch,  Katrine,  Achr.^y,  V'enjichar,  and  Lubnaig,  all  in 
Perthshire.  Among  Lowland  lakes,  the  most  celebrated  in 
every  re.=pect  is  Loch  Leven,  in  Kinross-shire,  which,  in  the 
roundness  of  its  form,  contrasts  strikingly  with  all  the  other 
large  lakes  above  mentioned.  The  Caledonian  Canal,  already 
mentioned,  has  a  length  of  60i  miles,  of  which  37^  miles  are 
lochs,  and  a  minimum  depth  of  nearly  20  fi^t;  and  though 
milking  a  very  small  return  for  the  million  of  pounds  ster- 
ling expended  on  it,  it  justly  ranks  as  one  of  the  greatest 
works  of  modern  enirineering. 

Climo-t'',. — The  climate  of  Scotland  varies  according  to  the 
locality:  but.  on  the  whole,  is  eminently  conducive  both  to 
bodily  and  mental  vigor.  The  W.  and  S.  parts  are  mild,  but 
humid:  the  central  and  elevated  regions  chill  and  humid; 
the  eastern  plains  and  Lowlands  more  genial,  though  ex- 
posed in  spring  to  chill  east  winds.  In  the  Lowlands  the 
summer  is  not  so  hot.  but  tlie  winter  is,  on  the  whole, 
milder  than  that  of  England.  The  following  table  exhibits 
the  mean  annual  temperature  of  .several  localities : — 


Mean  of 
winter. 

.Mean  of 
Burner. 

Me.in  of 
Year. 

Rain  in 

inches. 

Deg. 
S8-4 
S»-2 
39-0 
38-4 
35-0 
39-6 
37-6 

Deg. 
57-2 
58-9 
59-5 
570 
57-0 
eO'l 
57-2 

Deg. 
47-1 

48-6 
49-2 
47-7 
46-0 
48-8 
46-9 

24-0 

27-5 

250 

270 

Glasgow 

Perth,  (Kinfauns) 

29-5 
30-8 

SCO 

The  me.an  annual  temperature  of  the  mainland  Is  47°-9 
Fahrenheit.  Within  the  whole  country  there  t)  not  a  single 
di.strict  that  can  be  called  unhealthy.  The  prevailing  winds 
are  W.  and  S.W.;  iu  the  spring,  N.  and  N.E.  The  greatest 
amount  of  rain  falls  on  the  W.  coasts.  See  British  Emp'ieh. 
page  288. 

Agriculture. — The  cultivable  land  of  England  exceeds 
three-fourths,  while  that  of  Scotland  is  not  more  than  one- 
third  of  the  whole  surface,  and  hence  the  agriculture  of  the 
latter  is  not  so  much  distinguished  for  the  extent  of  land 
which  it  occupies,  as  for  the  skill  and  industry  with  which 
all  its  various  processes  are  usually  conducted.  Consider- 
able tracts  in  the  Highlands  derive  their  chief  value  from 
their  shootings,  and  are  found  to  remunerate  their  proprie- 
tors most  liberally  when  converted  into  deer  forests.  A  very 
large  proportion  of  the  remainder  of  the  Highland  surface, 
and  also  of  the  more  mountainous  IjOwland  districts,  is 
rented  by  store  fitrraers,  who  confine  their  agricultural  ope- 
rations to  the  cultivation  of  root-crops,  particularly  turnips, 
wherever  they  can  bo  succes.sfully  grown,  and  of  patches  of 
oats  for  the  indispen.sable  supplies  of  meal  and  fodder,  and 
devote  their  chief  attention  to  the  rearing  of  cattle  and 
sheep.  At  all  the  greiit  fairs  of  the  country,  p.articularlr 
the  celebrated  trysts  of  Falkirk,  they  have  long  distin- 
gui-shed  themselves  by  the  numbers  and  excellence  of  their 
lean  stock,  Avhich  are  there  purchased,  chiefly  by  dealers 
from  the  S.,  for  the  purpose  of  being  fattened  on  the  rich 
pastures  of  England.  In  recent  times,  however,  owing  to 
the  facilities  afforded  by  steam  and  railway  conveyance,  the 
fattening  of  stock  attracts  much  more  attention  than  pre- 
viously; and  many  districts  which  formerly  furnished  lean 
stock  only,  are  enabled,  by  an  extension  of  the  turnip-hus- 
Ijandry  and  occasional  supplies  of  oil-cake,  to  feed  off  part 
of  their  st<x:k,  and  convey  it  at  once  to  its  final  destination. 
In  the  more  celebrated  arable  districts  of  Scotland  the  art 
of  tarming  may  be  .seen  in  as  high  perfection  as  in  any  other 
portion  of  the  globe.  The  dairy  husbandry  in  general 
merits  less  praise,  but  has  made  considerable  progress  in 
Lanarkshire  and  Ayrshire.  For  other  particulars  relating 
to  agriculture,  see  British  Empire. 

MamifiiclurRS. — For  details  concerning  mineral,  marine, 
and  industrial  products,  see  British  Empire. 

Divisions.  Jhpulalion,  <tia. — The  name,  area,  and  popula- 
tion of  the  different  counties  or  shires,  are  exhibited  in  the 
following  table  (Pop.  in  1861,  3,062,29-1):— 


Aberdeen 

Argyle 

Ayr 

Banff 

Berwick 

Bute 

Caithness 

Claclimannan 

Dumbarton 

Dumfnes 

Kdiuburgb 

Klgin  or  Moraj.... 

Fife 

Forfar 

Haddington 

lQVerues.s .• 

Kiucardlne 

Kinross 

Kirkcudbright.... 

Lanark 

Linlithgow 

Kairu 

Orkney  and   ? 

Shetland      J"" 

Peebles 

Perth 

Renfrew 

Koss      and      ) 

Cromarty     j**" 

Roxburgh 

Selkirk 

Stirling 

Sutherland 

IVigton  or  Wigtown 


Areata 

No.  of 
Pa- 
rishes. 

Popula- 

Bq. m. 

tion,  1851. 

1,9B0 

87 

212,03i 

3,180 

50 

89.298 

1,039 

48 

189,85s 

845 

22 

54,171 

446 

82 

36, 297 

257 

6 

16,608 

616 

10 

38,709 

48 

4 

22,951 

228 

12 

45,10.1 

1,007 

45 

78,123 

3.H 

45 

239,4:i5 

473 

20 

,      38.9.J9 

451 

6:i 

15.1.546 

888 

55 

191,264 

272 

24 

38.386 

4,054 

32 

96.500 

380 

19 

34,598 

72 

4 

8.924 

821 

27 

43,121 

942 

50 

530,169 

120 

13 

30.133 

195 

4 

9,956 

1,280 

89 

63,533 

319 

16 

10,7.18 

2,588 

76 

138,660 

225 

21 

161,091 

2,885 

S3 

82,707 

715 

32 

51,643 

263 

5 

9,809 

489 

26 

86,-237 

1,754 

1.1 

25,793 

451 

17 

43,389 

29,417 

950 

2,888,742 

Capitals. 


Aberdeen. 

Inverary, 

Ayr. 

Banff. 

Greenlaw, 

Rothesay. 

Wick. 

Clackmannan, 

Dumbarton. 

DnmfMes. 

Edinburgh. 

Klgin. 

Cupur. 

Forfar. 

Haddington. 

Inverness, 

Kincardine. 

Kinross.        * 

Kirkcudbright. 

Lanark. 

Linlithgow. 

Nairn. 

5  Kirkwall. 

X  Lerwick. 

Peebles. 

Perth. 

Renfrew. 

5  Dingwall. 

/  Cromarty. 

Jedburgh. 

Selkirk. 

Stirling. 

Dornoch. 

Wigton  or  Wigtown. 


Gnvemment. — In  regard  to  general  government,  Scotland 
stands  on  the  same  footing  as  England  and  Ireland;  16 
peers,  elected  from  the  whole  body  of  Scottish  peers,  repre- 
sent the  country  in  the  House  of  Lords;  and  the  counties 
return  30,  and  the  boroughs  2:?  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  elective  franchi.se  nearly  corresponds  to 
that  of  England.  In  the  Articles  of  Union,  express  stipula- 
tions, declared  to  be  essential  conditions  of  the  union  it-self, 
were  made  in  regard  to  law  and  law  courts,  and  the  form  of 
church  government. 

Lata  and  Law  Oourts. — The  law  of  Scotland  strongly  re- 
sembles, and  is  in  a  great  measure  Iwrrowed  from  that  of 
England.  In  regard,  however,  to  crimes,  and  what  are 
called  heritaljle  rights,  relating  chiefly  to  lands,  houses,  &c., 
the  Scotch  and  English  codes  continue  essentiallv  different. 

1739 


SCO 


SCO 


The  pfoaltieS  for  crimes  hare  almost,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
been'nearh-  assimilated,  Imt  the  forms  of  procedure  exhil)it 
strikini:  contrasts;  and  while  unanimity  is  required  in  Kug- 
lish  juries,  those  of  Scotland  decide  by  a  m.-ijority.  In  re- 
gard to  heritable  rights,  the  feudal  law,  with  its  numerous 
and  perplexing  formalities,  still  retains  a  greater  ascendency 
In  S<»tland  than  in  Kngland. 

The  Court  of  Session  is  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland, 
but  its  decisions  may  be  carried  by  appeal  to  the  House  of 
Lords.  The  judges.  13  in  number,  formerly  sat  in  one  court, 
called  the  Inner  House;  but  by  a  kind  of  threefold  division 
a  certain  number  of  the  judges  were  removed  to  the  Outer 
House,  to  sit  there  as  permanent  Lords  Ordinary,  and  the 
remainder,  forming  the  Inner  House,  were  arran<red  in  two 
divisions,  each  to  sit  .separately,  and  decide  finally  on  all 
causes  brought  before  it  previous  to  review.  The  Court  of 
Justiciary,  or  criminal  court,  though  composed  only  of 
judges  of  the  Court  of  Session,  is  supreme  in  the  hiarhest 
sense,  since  its  decisions  in  criminal  crises  are  not  subject 
to  any  review.  The  principal  subordinate  judicatories  are 
sheriff  courts,  established  in  each  county  or  stewartrv. 
Sheriff's  substitute,  or  judges  ordinary,  one  or  more  holding 
separate  courts  in  different  districts,  decide,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, subject  to  the  review  of  the  principal  sheritf  or  she- 
riff-depute, whose  decisions,  with  the  exception  of  cases  pro- 
Tided  for  by  special  statutes,  are  reviewable  by  the  Court 
of  Ses.sion.  Besides  the  sheriff  courts,  each  county,  or  dis- 
trict of  a  county,  has  its  justice  of  peace  courts;  and  in 
erery  town  of  any  importance  are  baillie,  dean  of  guild, 
«nd  police  courts. 

Religion. — The  Church  of  Scotland,  as  guaranteed  by  the 
Articles  of  Union,  is  the  church  established  by  law.  Its 
form  is  Presbyterian,  and  its  doctrine  Calvinistic.  All  its 
ministers  hold  the  same  ecclesiastical  status  of  presbyter, 
and  are  on  a  footing  of  perfect  equality.  The  whole  coun- 
try is  parcelled  out  into  1010  parishes,  in  each  of  which 
there  is  at  least  one  presbyter  or  parochial  minister.  The 
highest,  or  supreme  ecclesiastical  court,  is  the  General 
Assembly.  Its  constitution  is  very  peculiar.  A  lord  high 
commissioner  sits  in  it  .i«  repre.sentiitive  of  the  sovereign, 
but  does  not  take  part  in  its  deliberations.  The  president 
or  moderator  is  chosen  annually  by  each  assembly.  The 
members  consist  of  representative  ministers  and  elders. 
The  General  Assembly  acts  in  two  capacities — a  judicial  and 
a  legislative.  In  the  former  it  decides  all  cases  that  come 
before  it  by  review,  and  in  the  latter  it  makes  laws  for  its 
own  internal  government.  The  extent  of  its  powers  in  this 
respect  were  never  well  defined,  and.  a  fevi  years  ago,  became 
the  subject  of  very  earnest  discussion,  which  first  brought 
the  church  and  the  supreme  civil  court*  into  collision,  and, 
in  1843,  issued  in  the  disruption  of  the  church  itself;  no 
fewer  than  474  ministers  voluntarily  severing  their  connec- 
tion with  it  under  protest,  and  sacrificing  all  their  livings 
sooner  than  submit  to  wtiat  they  regarded  as  a  series  of 
direct  encroachments  on  their  spiritual  independence. 

Previous  to  this  defection,  the  Established  Church  was 
nominally  adhered  to  by  a  majority  of  the  population,  but 
has  since  been  reduced  to  a  decided  minority.  The  protest- 
ing ministers  and  their  adherents  formed  themselves  into 
the  Free  Church,  which,  in  1853,  numbered  759  congrega- 
tions. Within  the  short  period  of  10  years,  it  has  actually 
expended  for  eccle.siaslical  and  education  purposes,  the  sum 
of  3,018,'i89/.  The  next  greatest  religious  body  not  in  con- 
nection with  the  Establishment,  is  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church,  composed  of  the  union  of  three  bodies  formerly 
known  under  the  names  of  Uurghers,  Anti-Burghers,  and 
the  Relief,  the  whole  numbering  505  congregations.  To 
these  three  bodies  belong  at  least  four-fifths  of  the  whole 
population.  The  other  denominations  are  Reformed  Pres- 
byterians. English  and  Scotch  Episcopalians,  Independents, 
Baptists.  Jlethodists,  and  Roman  Catholics. 

Education. — When  Scotland  was  first  emancipated  from 
the  bondage  of  Popery.  Knox  and  his  fellow-reformers,  in  a 
spirit  of  the  most  enlighteneii  philanthropy,  proposed  a  dis- 
tribution of  the  church  funds,  which  would  have  provide<I 
effectually  for  the  education  of  all  classes;  and  though 
baffled  by  the  selfishness  of  those  who  had  seized  upon 
these  funds,  they  proceeded  resolutely  with  their  plan,  and 
did  what  in  them  lay  to  establish  aa  endowed  school  in 
every  Scotch  parish.  The  parochial  school  system  thus 
founded  proved  so  effectual  that  Scotchmen,  wherever  they 
went,  distinguished  themselves  by  shrewdness,  intelligence. 
Industry,  and  honesty ;  and,  in  regard  at  least  to  the  lower 
and  middle  classes,  were  generally  admitted  to  be  the  liest- 
educated  people  in  Europe.  The  means  of  education,  how- 
ejrer,  were  unfortunately  allowed  to  remain  almost  st.1- 
tionary,  while  population  wjis  advancing  with  remarKable 
rapiditr-;  and  hence. though  the  parochial  system  continued 
to  be  tf  '.erably  effective  in  rural  parishes,  it  became  almost 
powerless  in  large  towns,  and  Scotland  began  to  descend 
rapidly  from  her  foremost  place  among  educatt-d  nations,  to 
a  mu.h  lower  grade.  Of  late,  however,  a  happy  rivalship 
has  been  excit^-d  among  the  different  religious  lK>die8.  urging 
them  to  strenuous  exertion  in  erecting  schools  by  means 
Of  voluntary  subscriptions,  supplemented  by  pailiamentarv 
1740  ' 


grants ;  and  it  Is  to  he  hoped  that  she  may  yet  regain  her 
former  position.  Academies  are  freely  provided  for  the 
wealthier  classes;  and  there  are  5  universities,  of  which 
that  of  Edinburgh  is  one  of  the  most  celebratetl  in  Europe. 
There  are  also  many  theological  schools,  and  schools  of 
medicine. 

I'  oplf. — Scotland  was  originally  peopled  by  the  Celt.s.  who 
sprti-ad  themselves  over  the  whole  country,  and  had  such  a 
numerical  ascendency  in  it.  that  even  after  they  ceased  to 
be  the  dominant  race  of  the  Lowlands,  the  mountains  and 
valleys,  rivers  and  lakes,  as  well  as  towns,  vill.nges,  and 
hamlets,  retained  the  Celtic  names  which  they  had  given 
them.  The  Teutonic  trities.  landing  on  the  English  coast, 
naturally  spi-ead  themselves  X.,  and.  aided  by  new  arrivals 
of  their  countrymen,  drove  the  Celts  into  the  Highlands. 
The  resemblance  between  the  Scotch  and  Ensrlish  l.tnguages 
proves  the  common  origin  of  the  pef>ple  who  spenk  Ihem. 
The  N.W.  parts  of  Scotland  and  the  Hebrides  are  still  peo- 
pled by  the  Celtic  race.  That  part  8.  of  the  Tay  and  Clyde, 
and  the  whole  eastern  coasts,  including  Caithness,  are  Saxon 
and  Scandinavian.  The  central  parts  are  a  mixture  of  Saxon 
and  Celtic.  Erse  or  (jaelic.  the  laniruasre  of  the  aboriirinal 
C<?lts,  is  still  spoken  in  the  Highlands.  The  old  Scottish 
language  is  a  cognate  Teutonic  dialect,  but  is  now  generally 
superseded  by  the  modern  English.  In  moral  qualities  the 
Scotch  exhibit  a  strong  love  of  kindred  and  country,  and 
an  indomitable  courage  and  perseverance.  With  regard  to 
intellectual  qualities,  there  are  few  branches  of  literature, 
science,  or  art,  in  which  Scotchmen  do  not  hold  an  honors 
able  place.  In  works  of  imagination  and  poetry  they  have, 
among  other  distinguished  names.  Burns,  Campbell,  and 
Scott,  while  they  are  scarcely  surpassed  as  historians  and 
metaphysicians.  Their  medical  schools  were  long  the  most 
celebrated  in  Europe;  and  their  inventive  powers  are  suffi- 
ciently vouched  for  by  the  genius  of  Watt. 

Hiftiiry. — The  early  history  of  Scotland  is  full  of  fable,  and 
even  where  deemed  authentic,  posses.ses  little  interest  till 
about  the  end  of  the  ninth  century,  when  the  Norwegians, 
who  had  previously  taken  possession  of  the  Orkney  and 
Western  Isles,  overran  all  the  N.  portion  of  the  country. 
Under  the  Norwegian  earl.  Sigurd,  they  held  almost  uncon- 
trolled dominion  as  far  S.  as  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  A  combi- 
nation of  Scottish  chieftains,  headed  by  Malcolm,  the  Maor* 
mor  or  lord  of  Moray,  in  993.  succeeded  in  expelling  the 
invaders  from  the  mainland.  The  victorious  chieftain  now 
ascended  the  thi-one  of  Scotland,  under  the  title  of  Mal- 
colm II.,  and  retained  the  sovereignty  till  his  death,  in 
1029.  His  son,  Malcolm  Kenneth,  who  assumed  the  title 
of  Malcolm  III.,  was  succeeded  in  103;i  by  his  grandson  Dun- 
can, whose  life  and  reign  furnish  the  legends  on  which 
Shakspeare  has  founded  his  immortal  tragedy  of  MacljtOi. 
History,  however,  does  not  confirm  the  legends,  but.  on  the 
contrary,  narrates  that  in  1040.  Macbeth,  .^iaormor  of  .Moray, 
at  the  head  of  his  Celts,  met  Duncan  at  Elgin,  and  having 
slain  him  in  fair  fight,  became  in  consequence  king  of  Scot- 
land. In  1058  Macbeth  was  in  turn  defe;ited  and  slain  liy 
Malcolm,  son  of  Duncan,  who  became  undisputed  sovereign 
of  the  whole  of  the  mainland  of  Scotland,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  portion  iu  the  N.,  which  the  Norwegians  had  ma- 
naged to  retain. 

In  1290.  the  death  of  Margaret,  surnanied  the  Jlaiden  of 
Norway,  having  extinguished  the  direct  line  of  the  Scottish 
kings,  led  to  the  memorable  struggle  between  John  B.tliol, 
the  tool  of  Edward  I. of  England,  and  Robert  Bruce.  The  fate 
of  lx)th.  parties  was  decided  by  the  great  victory  of  Bannock- 
bum,  in  1314,  when  Bruce  ascended  the  throne.  His  reign, 
the  most  glorious  in  Scolti.sh  annals,  terminated  in  1329, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  David  II.  This  sovereign 
died  without  issue  in  1371,  when  the  dynasty  of  the  Stuarts 
commenced  in  the  person  of  Robert  Stuart,  surnaraed  the 
Bleer  Eye,  a  grand.son  of  Robert  Bruce.  James  1.,  an  able 
aiid  accomplished  sovereign,  who  succeeded  to  the  crown  in 
1406.  created  a  great  number  of  burghs  with  importiint  privi- 
leges, and  was  pi-oceedinp  with  other  reforms,  when  he  was 
basely  assassinated.  Misfortune  seemed  to  have  marked 
this  family  as  a  devoted  race.  James  II.  perished  by  the 
bursting  of  a  cannon  at  the  siege  of  Roxburgh  Castle :  James 
III.  was  murdered  inahoTel:  James  IV.  peri.«hed  on  the 
fatal  field  of  Flodden.  among  such  heaps  of  slaughter  that 
his  body  was  never  recognised;  and  James  V..  though  pos- 
sessed of  accomplishments  which  would  have  distinguished 
him  in  any  rank  of  life,  at  last  retired  t<i  his  palace  of  Falk- 
land only  to  die  of  a  broken  heart.  The  misfortunes  of  his 
family  survived  him.  and  were  all  accumulated  in  the  most 
cruel  form  on  the  head  of  his  unfortunate  daughter  Maiy. 
Her  whole  life  was  a  trairedy.  Having  lost  ttie  affection  of 
her  subjects  she  fied  to  England,  and  claimed  the  protection 
of  her  cousin  Ellzalieth.  but  was  impri-soned.  and  ultimately 
consigned  to  the  scaffold  in  1587,  by  the  English  queen. 
Mary  was  succeeded  by  her  son,  James  VI.,  who.  by  a 
strange  concurrence  of  circumstances,  not  only  gained  his 
mother's  crown,  but  that  also  of  the  kinswoman  who  de- 
prived her  of  life.  From  the  accession  of  James  VI.  to  the 
English  throne  in  1(103,  the  annals  of  the  two  Mngoows  bo- 
came  almost  identified,  though  they  both  retjiined  thuir  lu- 


SCO 

dependence,  and  continued  to  be  ruled  by  separate  titles 

till  the  Act  of  Union  in  1707. Arlj.  Scotch  or  Scott'ish, 

(Fr.  KcossAis,  .Vkos'sA':  Ger.  Schottish,  shott'ish,  or  8chott'- 
LANDiscH,  shott'land'ish ;  Sp.  EscocES,  Js-ko-th^s';  It.  Sco- 
HANO.  skndzH-d'no;  Dutch,  SchoT!>ch,  sKotsh;)  inhab.ScOTCH'- 
MA\.  (the  French.  Spanish,  and  Italian  are  the  same  as  the 
adjective;  Ger.  Schotte.  shot/teh ;  Dutch,  Schots'man.) 

SCOT'LA.ND,  a  county  in  the  X.N.K.  part  of  Missouri, 
bordering  on  Iowa,  ha.s  an  area  estimated  at  450  .square  inile.s. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Wyaconda  and  the  \orth  FaWus  and 
Middle  Fabius  Kivers.  The  surface  is  undulatiuR,  and  con- 
sists partly  of  prairies;  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  adtipted  to 
mstuiage  or  the  production  of  grain.  Capital,  Memphis. 
riip.  Si-ii  3,  of  whom  87 12  were  free,  and  131  slaves. 

i^COTLAND,  u  post-office  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

SCOTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 31  iiiik'R  S.  of  Boston. 

SCi>XLAXD,  a  po^-t-township  of  Windham  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 3.1  miles  !•;.  by  S.  of  Ilartfonl.     Pop.  720. 

SCOTLAND,  a  post-otlice  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SCOTLAND,  a  post>viIl.age  of  Jefferson  co.,  Mississippi. 

SCOTLA.ND.  a  post-otfice  of  Union  co.,  Arkansas. 

SCOTLAND,  a  post-villaije  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles 
8.  of  liloomtield. 

SCOTLAND,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  O.xford,  11 
mili^s  from  lirantford.     Pop.  about  2(I0. 

SCOTLAND  NKCK,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, aliout  100  miles  K.N.E.  of  italeigh. 

SCOTS'WOOD,  a  village  of  Knglaud.  co.  of  Northumber- 
laod,  on  the  Tyne.  about  Smiles  W.  of  Newcastle. 

SCOTT,  a  county  situated  in  the  S.AV.  part  of  Virginia, 
and  bordering  on  Tennessee,  contains  620  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  Clinch  Uiver,  and  by  the  North  Fork  of  IIol- 
ston  Kiver.  The  surface  is  traversed  by  several  parallel 
mountain  ridges,  one  of  which  is  called  the  Clinch  Moun- 
tain. The  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  and  adapted  to  grazing. 
Wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  other  kinds  of  grain  also  flourish. 
Bituminous  coal  and  iron  ore  are  abundant.  Aliout  .3  miles 
fi-om  the  Clinch  Kiver  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  natu- 
ral oli.iecU,  of  the  state,  known  as  the  "Natural  Tunnel." 
An  affluent  of  the  Clinch  Kiver,  after  flowing  thii'Ugh  a 
deep  ravine,  enclosed  by  stupendous  walls  of  stratified  rocks, 
is  confronted  by  a  transverse  ridge,  about  300  feet  in  height, 
which  has  been  perforated  at  its  base  by  an  arched  tunnel 
to  admit  the  passage  of  the  stream.  The  spectator,  standing 
by  the  margin  of  the  stream,  sees  before  him  an  enormous 
arch,  rising  70  or  SO  feet  surmounted  by  strata  of  limstone, 
which  measure  more  than  100  feet  in  a  vertical  direction, 
while  the  view  on  either  side  is  bounded  by  gigantic  ram- 
parts of  perpendicular  rock.  The  county  was  formed  in 
18U.  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Winfleld  Scott.  Pop. 
12,072.  of  whom  ll,.'iS2  were  free. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mississippi,  has 
an  area  of  about  boo  square  "miles.  It  is  drained  by  Tuscii- 
lameta  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Pearl  River.  The  soil  is  sandy 
and  sterile  ;  a  large  part  of  the  county  is  covered  with  forests 
of  pine.  Named  in  honor  of  Governor  A.  M.  Scott,  of  Mis- 
sissippi. Capital,  Hillsborough.  Pop.  S139,  of  whom  5180 
were  free,  and  2959  slaves. 

SCOTT,  a  county  situated  in  the  W.  part  of  Arkansas, 
contains  870  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Fourche 
La  Fave  and  the  Petit  Jean  Kivers.  The  surfiice  is  diver- 
sified. The  soil  is  adapted  to  tlie  production  of  grain  and 
for  pasture.  Capital,  Roonsville.  Pop.  5145,  of  whom  4930 
were  free,  and  215  slaves. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  border- 
ing on  Kentucky ;  area  estimated  at  650  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Clear  Fork  of  Cumberland  River,  and  by  Pow- 
ell's Kiver.  The  surface  is  traversed  by  Cumlierland  Moun- 
tains, and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  Capital,  Huntsville. 
Pop.  3519,  of  whom  3460  were  free,  and  .59  slaves. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  240  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
North  Klkhorn,  affluent  of  the  Kentucky  River,  and  also 
drained  by  the  South  Elkhorn  and  i:agle  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  div^rsifie  1 — level,  undulating,  and  hilly;  the  S.  part 
has  a  deep,  black  soil,  based  on  limestone,  and  remarkable 
for  fertilit}'.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  turnpike 
from  Lexington  to  Covington.  Formed  in  1792,  and  name<l 
in  honor  of  Governor  Charles  Scott,  of  Kentucky.  Capital 
Georgetown.  Pop.  1-1,417,  of  whom  8673  were  free,  and  5744 
slaves. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  ISO  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Graham's  Fork  of 
White  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  excepting  some 
hills  in  the  W.  part,  called  the  "  Knobs."  which  are  among 
the  highest  elevations  in  the  state.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  .leffersonville  Railroad.  Organized  in  1820. 
Capital,  Lexington.    Pop.  7303. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an  area 
of  255  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Illinois 
River,  navigable  by  steamboats,  and  intersected  by  Plume, 
Sandy,  and  Movestar  (Mauvaiseterre)  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  good  tini- 
•)er.    The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich,  and  is  well  cultivated. 


SCO 

stone  coal  and  good  limestone  are  .ibundant.  Sandy  Creek 
furnishes  valuable  water-power  at  the  county  seat.  Capital, 
Winchester.     Pop.  9069. 

-  SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  370  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Mi.ssissippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  and  ou 
the  W.  by  Castor  River  and  Castor  I..;ike.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  some  parts  broken  ;  a  portion  of  the  soil  is  pro- 
ductive. Extensive  cypress  swamps  occur  in  the  S.  part. 
Capital,  Benton.  Pop.  5247,  of  whom  4744  were  free,  and 
603  slaves. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  Illi- 
nois, has  an  area  of  4.50  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  forma 
its  boundary  on  the  E.  and  S.E.,  and  the  Wapsipinicon  on 
the  N.  The  surface  is  high,  and  undulating.  The  soil  la 
good,  and  easily  cultivated.  A  great  part  of  the  county  is 
destitute  of  timber,  but  this  deficiency  is  partly  compensated 
by  the  abundance  of  stone  coal.  Limestone  is  the  principal 
rock.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Wiufield  Scott.  Capital, 
Davenport.    Pop;  25,959. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  about  400  square  miles.  The  St.  Ceter's  or  Minne- 
sota River  forms  its  N.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  dmined  by 
the  sources  of  Vermilion  and  Cannon  Kivers.  The  surface 
is  undulating,  and  diversified  with  pr.airies  and  forests. 
The  soil  is  productive.  Lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  ex- 
port. This  county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850, 
Capital.  Shakoppc.    Pop.  in  1860.  4595. 

.  SCOTT,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Cortland  co.,  New  York,  145  miles  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1208. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1323. 

SCOTT,  a  post-township  of  W.ayne  co..  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  871. 

SCOTl',  a  township  of  Mississippi  co..  Arkan.sas. 

SCOTT,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Adams  co., 
Oliio.    Pop.  1327. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1162. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.     I'op.  586. 

SCO  IT,  a  township  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1264. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  597. 

SCOTT,  a  post-offlce  of  Jji  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 

SCOTT,  a  townsliip  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1091 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Steuben  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop..ll44. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Vanderburg  Co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1342. 

SCOTT,  a  post-office  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

SCOTT,  a  post-village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  75  miles  S.W. 
by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  815. 

SCOT'!',  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Sheboygan  co., 
Wisconsin,  44  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Milwaukee.    Pop.  1214. 

SCOT'TER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCOT'TON.  a  parish  of  Flngland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCOTT'OW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SCOTTS'BOROUGII.  a  village  of  Baldwin  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  railroad  from  Milledgeville  to  Gordon,  4  miles  S.  of  the 
former. 

SCOTTS/BURG,  a  post-office  of  Livinirston  CO..  New  York. 

SCOTTSBURO.  a  post-village  of  Halifax  co.,  Virginia,  119 
miles  .S.W.  of  Richmond. 

SCOTTSBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Umpqua  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Umpqua  River,  lUO  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Salem. 

SCOTT'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SCOTT'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  New  Hanover  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SCOTT'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

SCOTT'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  25  miles  N. 
of  Iowa  City. 

SCOTT'S  MOUNTAIN,  of  Warren  co-  New  Jersey,  forms 
part  of  South  Mountain!  It  is  from  700  to  8!)0  feet  above 
tide-water.    It  atounds  with  iron  ore  of  several  varieties. 

SCOTT'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  llarri.son  co.,  Kentucky. 

SCOTTS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  New  York, 
near  the  Genesee  River,  and  on  the  canal  of  that  name,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Rochester.  It  has  chui-ches  of  3  or  4  denoioii- 
nations.  about  10  stoi-es.  and  several  mills. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SCOTTSVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Albemarle  CO., 
Virgini.i,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  James  River.  79 
miles  W.  of  Richmond.  The  navigation  of  the  James  River 
Canal  renders  it  a  place  of  active  and  extensive  trade,  and 
an  important  depot  for  produce.  The  village,  which  is 
built  chiefly  of  brick,  contains  3  churches.  Pop.  in  1853, 
about  1200. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Powhatan  co., 
Virginia,  32  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bilib  CO.,  Alabama,  30 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Tuscaloosa,  contains  several  stores,  and  350 
inhabitants. 

SCOTTSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Claiborne  parish.  Louisiana 

SCOTTSVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Allen  co..  Ken 
tucky,  about  148  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.     Besides  tht 

1741 


SCO 


SEA 


usual  county  buildings,  it  contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  4 
Btores. 

SCOTTSVTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Macomb  CO.,  Jlichisan. 

SCOTTSVILLK,  a  village  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  140  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Sprin<:field. 

SCOTTSV.LLE.  a  post-Tillage  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois, 
about  78  milfs  S.E.  of  Cialeua. 

SCOTT&VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  oc,  Missouri, 
130  miles  N.X.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SCOTT'VILLE.  a  villafre  of  Iluntinsdon  CO.,  Tennsylvania, 
nt  the  S.  base  of  Jack's  Mountain,  87  miles  W.  of  Harris- 
burg. 

SCOTTVTLLE.  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Kentucky. 

SCOULTON,  skol'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SCOUIilE  or  SCOUKY,  skoo'ree.  a  seaport  village  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Sutherland,  on  its  W.  coast,  21  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Cape  Wrath.     Pop.  100. 

SCOZr.\,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Scotiasb. 

SCKAU'r.LE.  a  post  office  of  Berkeley  co.i  W.  Virginia. 

SCRAB'BLKTOWN,  a  village  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jer- 
sey. 12  miles  E.  of  Mount  Holly. 

SCKAB'BY  or  BAL'IA'MACAL'LEXY,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
tn  Ulster,  co.  of  Cavan. 

SCHA.NTON,  formerly  LACK.\WAN'XA,  a  flourishing 
post-borough  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  I.ackawanna  River,  and  on  the  Delaware  Lacka- 
wanna and  Western  Railroad,  137  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 
and  16  miles  N.E.  of  Wilkesbarre.  It  is  the  E.  terminus  of 
the  Lackawanna  and  Bloomsbnrg  Railroad,  which  connects 
with  the  I'hiladelpliia  and  Erie  R.R.,  near  Sunbury.and  tlie 
Pennsylviinia  Coal  Company's  Railroad  extends  E.  about  28 
miles  "to  the  Lackawaxen  Canal.  These  improvements,  to- 
gether with  the  rich  mines  of  coal  which  are  worked  in  the 
vicinity,  render  it  a  place  of  active  business,  and  an  impor- 
tant depot  of  the  Pennsylvania  Coal  Company.  Scrauton 
contains  11  churches,  2  national  banks,  2  banking  offices,  3 
public  school  houses,  and  2  newspaper  offices  ;  also  several 
machine-shops,  iron  foundries,  an  axo  factory,  large  iron 
works,  &c.  Iron  ore  is  abundant  in  the  vicinity.  The  popu- 
lation has  rapidlv  increased  for  a  few  years  past.  Pop.  in 
1860,  9223 ;  in  1865,  about  12,000. 

SCKAI'H,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles,  on  the 
bound.'U'y  between  the  parishes  of  Drummelzier  aud  Manor. 
Height  al>ove  the  sea.  2800  feet. 

SCltAl'TOfT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SCRAT'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  of  Norfolk. 

SCR-\Y'KIKH).  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCRAY'IXGIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

SCREAM'ERSVILLE.  a  post-office.  Maury  co.,  Tennessee. 

SCKED'l.NCTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCKEM'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SCRKVKTON.  skn^v'ton.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Notts. 

SCRI'BA.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oswego  CO.,  New 
York,  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  Oswego  River,  adjoining 
Oswego,  and  about  34  miles  N.X.W.  of  Syracuse.    Pop.  3282. 

SCRIV'ELSBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.  Patron 
of  rectory,  the  Hon.  II.  Dymoke,  whose  favuily  hold  the  manor 
on  the  tenure  of  acting  as  champion  at  the  coronation  of 
the  sovereign. 

SCRIV'EN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  In  West 
Riding.     Ne.ir  it  is  the  ancient  camp  of  King's  Garth. 

SCRIV'E.X,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering 
on  South  Cariilina,  contains  540  square  miles.  The  Savan- 
nah River  bounds  it  on  the  E.,  and  the  Ogeechee  on  the 
8.W.  The  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  the  soil  sandy.  The 
fbrests  afford  pine  lumber  for  exportation.  The  river  and 
the  Central  Railrfwid  affords  easy  access  to  the  Savannah 
laarket.  Organized  in  1793,  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel 
James  Scriven.  an  officer  of  the  Revolution,  and  a  native  of 
South  Carolina.  Capital,  Sylvania.  Pop.  8274,  of  whom 
3744  were  free,  an(i  4.-).30  slaves. 

SCRIVIA.  skree've-i,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  Stat«s,  rises 
about  10  uiiles  \.E.  of  Genoa,  flows  N.N.W.,  and  joins  the 
Po  on  the  right,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Voghera.  Length,  50 
miles. 

SCROG'GIN'S  MILLS,  a  postofflee  of  Dale  eo.,  Alabama. 

SCRiXiG'SFIELD,  a  postrofflce  of  Carrol  co.,  Illinois. 

SCROO'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SCKOP'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SCRCB'URASS,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SCRUBGRASS,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  12.38.  fe        >  J 

SCRUB  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands  ia  British 

West  Indies.  :ii  miles  N.E.  of  Tortola. 

SCKUGtJS/VlLLE.  a  small  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama. 

SCRU'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

SCUF'FLETOVVX,  a  post-village  of  Laurens  district.  South 
Carolina.  70  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

SC'UL'COAT.>.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  in  East 
Hiding,  immediately  .\ .  of  Hull.   .Most  of  the  wealthv  classes 
of  Hull  reeide  in  this  parish,  a  part  of  which  is  laid  out  in 
luuidsomu  streets. 
1742 


SCULL  CAMP,  a  post-village,  Surry  co..  North  Carolina. 
SCULL'S  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  entere  the  Ogeecht,)  at  the 
E.  end  of  Emanuel  county. 

SCULL  SHOALS,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Oconee  River,  54  miles  N.  of  Milledgeville,  contiiins  a 
cotton  factory. 

SCULL'TOWN.  formerly  LOCK'ERTON,  a  post-village  of 
Salem  co..  New  Jei'sey,  on  Oldman's  Creek,  18  miles  from 
its  mouth,  has  a  church.  3  stores,  and  about  40  dwellings. 
SCULTENNA.     See  Panaro. 

SCULTHORPE.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
SCUP'ERNONG/  CREEK,  of  Wisconsin,  enters  Bark  River 
in  Jefferson  county. 

SCUPI.    See  Uskup. 

SCUl'U>ERNONG',  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  North 
Carolina. 

SCURCOLLA,  skooR-kol'li,  SCURCULA,  skooR-kooll,  or 
SCURGOL.\,  skooR-go'll,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Ultra  II..  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  .\quila.  Near  this,  in 
1268.  Charles  of  .\.njou  gained  the  b.attle  of  Tagliacozzo. 

SCURE  OF  EIG,  (eeg.)a  vast  basaltic  mountain  of  the 
island  of  Eig.  in  Inner  Hebrides,  co.  of  Inverness,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  island,  and  rising  to  1340  feet  aV>ove  the  ses.  In 
its  perpendicular  side,  facing  the  sea.  is  a  cavern  termed  the 
"bone  cAve."  from  400  of  the  inhabitants  of  Eig  having  been 
smothered  here  by  the  clansmen  of  Skve. 

SCUTARI,  skoo'td-re,  (called  Wku(klarl  by  the  Turks; 
anc.  Cliri/fopfoJh.)  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Bosphorus, 
immediately  opposite  Const^intluople,  of  which  it  is  usually 
considered  a  suburb.  Pop.  variou.«ly  estimated  from  30.000 
to  60,000.  It  is  built  on  several  hills,  and  lias,  both  exter- 
nally and  internally,  a  gi-eat  resemblance  to  the  Turkish 
capital.  It  has  numerous  mosques  and  imarets  or  kitchens 
for  the  poor,  a  palace  and  extensive  gardens  belonging  to 
the  Sultan,  a  noted  college  of  howling  dervishes,  barracks 
constructtfd  by  the  late  Sultan,  some  fine  cemeteries,  various 
public  baths  and  l>azaar.s,  large  corn  warehou.ses.  and  manu- 
factures of  silks  and  cotton  fabrics.  It  is  the  great  rendez- 
vous for  ciiravans  from  -\sia  trading  to  Constantinople,  and 
between  it  and  Chaleedon;  H  miles  southward  is  the  plain 
where  the  Turkish  forces  usually  assemble  for  Asiatic  cam- 
paigns. Here,  in  325,  the  troops  of  Coustantine  the  Great 
finally  defeated  those  of  i^cinius. 

SCUTARI  or  SKUTARI,  (called  by  the  Turks  Manr 
dereeyrh,  i.s-kin-deh-ree'yeh ;  anc.  Scodra,)  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  .\lbania.  capital  of  a  sanjak.  on  the  Boyana, 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Scutari.  45  miles  S.E.  of 
Cattaro,  (Austrian  Albania.)  Lat.  42°  N.!  ion.  19°  38'  E. 
Pop.  upwards  of  40.000,  alxjut  half  of  whom  are  Roman 
Catholics.  Immediately  adjacent  is  a  lofty  height  crowned 
by  a  citadel,  and  containing  the  residence  of  the  governor, 
with  an  arsenal  and  barracks.  Scutari  has  a  large  bazaar, 
many  mosques,  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  several 
bridges,  some  yards  for  buildint  coasting  vessels,  and  manu- 
foctures  of  cotton  eoods  and  firejirms.  Its  merchants  ai-e 
reported  to  be  wealthy,  and  are  the  principal  traders  in 
West  Turkey;  they  export  wool,  wax,  hides,  skins,  tol«cco, 
and  dried  fish,  to  Triest,  Venice,  and  .\vlona:  and  import  in 
return  colonial  produce,  with  silk  fabrics  and  other  manu- 
factured goods  for  .sale  at  the  large  fairs  of  Turkey.  Sea- 
going vessels  only  ascend  the  Boyana  some  miles  from  Scu- 
tari, to  Hobotti,  where  are  warehouses  and  a  custom-liouse. 

SCUTARI  or  SKUTARI,  a  village  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 
government  of  Mistra. 

SCUTARI  or  ZANTA,  vAn'tl.  LAKE  OF.  (anc.  PaHm 
Labea'tis.)  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania,  is  20  miles  in 
length  from  N.  to  S. ;  average  breadth.  5  miles.  Besides 
several  other  rivers,  it  receives  the  Moratsha  at  its  N.  ex- 
tremity.    Scutari  is  on  the  S.  bank. 

SCYATHUS.    See  Skiatho. 

SCYLACEUM.    See  Sqcillace. 

SCY'LLA  and  SCYLL.j;UM.    See  Scwuo. 

SCYROS  ISLAND.  Grecian  Archipelago.    See  Sktoos. 

SCYTHOPOLIS.    See  Bei.saw. 

SCZLOPPA.  a  town  of  West  Prussia.    See  Schloppe. 

SDILI,  sdee'lee,  two  islets  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago; 
the  larger,  (anc.  khenea,)  4  miles  S.W.  of  Slyconi,  kietweeu 
which  is  the  smaller,  (anc.  Delns.)    See  Delos. 

SEA'BOARD.  post-office.  Northampton  co.,  North  Carolina. 

Sl'^A'HOROUGH.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SE.\'BR001v,  a  post-vill.ige  and  townsliip  of  Rockingham 
CO.,  New  Ilampsliire,  near  tlie  Atlantic  coast,  on  the  Eastern 
Railroad,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1549. 

SE.\COMBE,  see'komb.  a  village  and  township  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Chester,  on  the  Mersey,  within  1  mile  of  Lirep- 
pool,  to  which  a  steamlioat  is  constantly  plying.  It  has  a 
great  numlier  of  elegant  residences  and  pleasant  houses 
lacing  the  Mersey,  a  handsome  church,  a  Wesleyan  chapel, 
extensive  copper  and  patent  metal  mills,  smalt-works,  and  a 
foundry.     Pop.  3044. 

SEA'CROFT,  a  village  and  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  in  M'est  Riding.  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Leeds.  During  the 
Heptarchy,  a  battle  was  fi)Ught  here  on  Win  Moor;  the 
Royalists  also  here  defeated  the  1  arlinmentarians.     P.  1903. 

SE.\'FORD,  a  parish,  cinque  i«trt,  aud  oiifrauchised  bo- 


SEA 


SEB 


roTifth  nf  Ensland,  co.  of  Sussex,  12  miles  E.S.K.  of  Brifchton, 
(111(1  about  midway  betwaen  it  and  lieachey  Head.  J^op.  in 
1851.  997 

SEA'FORD,  a  pos<  villaore  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  on 
NaiiticoUe  River,  (navipible  for  steamboats,)  and  on  the 
Delaware  Railroad.  40  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Dover.  It  is  a  place 
of  a<tive  trade.  It  contains  4  churches,  1  or  2  banks,  1  ho- 
tel, and  13  stores.  Oysters  and  fruits  are  canned  here  exten- 
sively.    Pop.  in  ISm,  024. 

SK.\'FOKTII,  LOCri.  loK.anarraof  the  sea  in  the  Hebrides, 
lu  Scotland,  partially  divides  F^ewis  from  Harris. 

SK.\'GOK  or  SE'GOE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Ami.a<;h. 

SKA'OKAVE,  B parish  of  Enijland.  co.  of  Leicester. 

SKA'aUAVE'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  about  25  miles  N'.W.  of  Providence.  It  contains  1 
woollen  mill.     Pop.  about  60. 

.SHA'dKV.  a  parish  of  Kndand,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SE.VHAM,  a  parish  of  Entclaud,  co.  of  Durham,  on  the 
North  Sea,  5  miles  S.  of  Sunderland.  It  gives  the  title  of 
discount  to  the  Londonderry  family. 

SKA-HORSE  ISLANDS,  a  chain  of  islets  in  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  oil  the  coast  of  Russian  America,  in  lat.  71°  N.,  Ion. 
159°  W. 

S1:A-H0I!SR  point,  of  British  America,  is  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Southampton  Island.  Lat.  63°  40'  N.,  Ion.  80° 
10'  W. 

SKAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SKAL.,  a  parish  of  Ktiffland.  co.  of  SuiTey. 

SKAL,  Neuier-  and  Over,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

SEAL,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1509. 

SEAf^.  a  pistolHce  of  Wyandot  co..  Ohio. 

SEAL  C«)VK.  a  post-offlee  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

SEA'LEirs  COVE,  an  inlet  of  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  13 
miles  E.  of  Wilson  l>romontory. 

8K.\.L  ISLAND,  of  British  North  America,  is  in  the  Atlan- 
tic, 18  miles  W.  of  Cape  Sable,  the  S.  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia. 

SEALISLAND,a  cranite  rock  off  the  S.  coast  of  Australia. 
Lat.  34°  6'  S.,  Ion.  120°  28'  E. 

SKAL  ISLAND,  of  South-western  Africa,  off  the  Hotten- 
tot coast,  about  midway  between  the  Orange  and  Koussie 
Rivers. 

SKAL  ISLANDS  or  LOBOS  (lo'noce)  ISLANDS,  a  group 
of  three  small  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the  coast 
or  I'eru.  about  12  miles  distant  from  the  mainlaud.  The 
largest  and  northernmost  is  called  Loiios  Dl  Tierra,  lo'uoce 
di  te-^R'ad,  about  5  miles  long  and  2  miles  broad.  The 
name  LoBOS,  (from  the  Spanish  Wyo  or  lobo  marino,  a  "  seal,") 
was  given  on  account  of  tHk  number  of  seals  found  on  the 
shores.  Uit.  of  the  S.  point,  6°  29'  S.,  Ion.  80°  63'  W.  These 
islands  contain  large  deposits  of  guano. 

SEAL  ISLAND.-J.a  small  cluster  W.by  S.  of  Grand  Menan 
Island.  Maine.  On  the  western  island  are  two  fixed  lights, 
alxiut  140  feet  from  e,ach  other,  and  59  feet  above  high-water 
mark.    Lat.  44°  29'  N.,  Ion.  67°  5'  30"  W. 

SEALKOTE.  or  SEALCOTE,  se-SPkoy.  (written  also  SYAL- 
KOTE,  and  SHALKOTE.)  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  65  miies 
E.N.E.  of  liahore.  It  has  manufactures  of  paper.  The  vi- 
cinity is  well  cultivated, 

Sli.^L  RIVER,  of  British  North  America,  enters  Hudson 
Bay  on  its  W.  side.  40  miles  N.W.  of  the  Churchill  River, 
after  a  N.E.  course  of  200  miles. 

SEA'MEl!,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding, 
on  the  Scarborough  and  Bridlington  Railway,  4  miles  S.W. 
of  Scarlx>rough. 

SEA'PATItICK,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Down. 

SEAKA,  a  province  of  Brazil.    See  Ceara. 

SKAKBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SEAUCY,  sgr'see,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Arkansas,  con- 
tains about  9.30  S(iuare  miies.  It  is  intersected  by  ISuffalo 
Fork  of  White  River.  The  surface  Is  hilly  or  rolling;  the 
soil  is  adapted  to  the  production  of  wheat.  Indian  corn,  and 
grass.  A  large  portion  of  the  county  is  overspread  with 
forests.  Capital,  Lobanou.  Pop.  5271,  of  whom  5178. were 
free,  and  93  slaves. 

SEARCY,  a  township  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkans.-vB. 

SEARCY,  a  small  post-village.  capiUil  of  White  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, about  50  miles  N'E.  of  Little  Rock.    Pop.  621. 

SEA'RIUIITS,  a  post-t>ffioe  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SEARS'BUKG,  a  post-township  of  liennington  co.,  A'er- 
niont.  112  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  262. 

SEARSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Schuyler  co..  New  York. 

SEARS/MONT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waldo  co., 
Maine,  on  St.  George  River.  30  miles  E.  Ijy  S.  of  Augusta. 
1 1  has  good  water-power,  which  is  employed  by  6  mills  for 
Btvwing  boards.  5  for  staves  and  shingles,  3  grist  mills,  a 
carding  and  clothing  machine,  and  1  large  tannery.  The 
village  contains  2  churches,  and  3  stores.  Pop.  about  300  ; 
of  the  township,  1057. 

SE.A.RS'PORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waldo  co.. 
Maine,  on  Penobscot  Bay,  about -50  miles  E.  by  S.  of  .\ugusta. 
It  is  a  pUace  of  active  business,  and  contains  a  bank.  P.2532. 

SEARS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Oringe  co.,  New  York, 


SEARS'VILLE,  a  post-vill.age  of  Stewart  co.,  Georsia.  110 
miles  S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

SEA'S-iLTER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SEA-OF-SODi)M  or  SEA-of-tiik-PLAI.NS.     See  Dead  SeA. 

SEA'SON-COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SEATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel.  In  summer  it  is  much  resorted  to  for  sea- 
bathing. 

SEATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

SE.\TON,  a  township  of  jiiigl.ind.  co.  of  Cumberland. 

SEA'TON  or  SETON,  a  parish  of  Scothand,  co.  of  Hadding- 
ton, annexed  to  Tranent.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  noblo 
edifice  of  the  Seatons. 

SE.\'TON-CAREW',  a  maritime  township  and  chapelry  of 
England,  co.  of  Durham,  on  the  Clarence  and  Hartlepool 
Railway,  2j  miles  S.S.W.  of  Hartlepool.  It  has  sever.d  good 
inns,  lodging-houses,  baths,  public  libraries ;  and  is  resorted 
to  for  sea-bathing.     N.  of  the  village  are  two  light-houses. 

SEA'TON  DEL/AVAL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  North- 
umberland. 

SKATON,  ROSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  in  East 
Riding. 

SEATTLE  or  SEA'TLE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  capi- 
tal of  Ivings  CO.,  Washington  Territory,  at  the  month  of 
Duwamish  River,  and  at  the  head  of  i'.Uiott  Bay,  which  is 
on  the  E.  side  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  00  miles  N.N.li.  of  i.ilyni- 
pia.  'J'lie  valley  of  the  Duwamish  is  extensive  and  rich. 
Pop.  ill  1.SC5  estimated  at  -iiO. 

SEA'TUCIC,  a  post-offlee  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

SEA  VIEW,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of  New  South 
Wales,  between  the  co.  of  Maccjuarrie  and  the  New  England 
district.    It  is  COOO  feet  in  height. 

SE.\  VIEW,  a  post-oflice  of  Northampton  co.,  Virginia. 

SEA'A'ILLE,  a  township  of  Hancock  CO.,  Maine,  77  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  958. 

SE.-iVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cape  May  co..  New  Jersey. 

SEA'VINGTON  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

SEAVINGTON  ST.  MICHAEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset.  ^ 

SEB.\'GO,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine,  55 
miles  S.W.  bv  W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  8,50. 

SEBAGO  POND  or  LAICK,  of  Cumberland  co.,  JIaine. 
Length,  12  miles;  greatest  breadth,  from  7  to  8  miles.  It 
is  connected  with  Portland  by  the  Cumberland  and  Oxford 
Canal,  about  20  miles  long. 

SEBANDO.    See  Chob.ando. 

SEBASTK,  Asia  Minor.    See  Seevas. 

SEB.i.STE,  a  town  of  Palestine.    See  Samaria. 

SEB.VSTIAN,  se-bast/yan,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of 
Arkansiis,  contains  825  square  miles.  The  Arkansas  River 
forms  the  entire  N.  boundary.  The  surface  is  partly  oceu- 
pieil  by  high  mountains  belonging  to  the  Ozark  range, 
which  are  thouglit  to  be  rich  in  minerals.  It  contains  aa 
abundance  of  stone  coal.  The  Arkansas  is  navigable  by 
steamboats  in  tills  part  of  its  course.  Capital,  Jenny  Lind. 
Pop.  9238. 

SEBASTIANSBERG,  se-bas'te-lns-b5RG\  or  BASBERG, 
bis'b^BO,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Sa;itz.  Pop. 
15SS. 

SEBASTICOOK  RIVER,  a  fine  mill-stream,  rises  in  Pe- 
nobscot county,  Maine,  and  flowing  through  Somerset 
county,  falls  into  the  Kennebec  River  in  Kennebec  county. 
Its  whole  length  is  about  50  miles. 

SEB  ASTOPOL  or  SEBASTOPOLIS,  a  town  of  Russia.  See 
Sevastopol. 

SEBASTOPOLIS,  Asia  Minor.    See  Turkhat,. 

SEMJEC,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
N.  side  of  Piscataquis  River,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  1152. 

SEBEE,  s.Vbee''  or  SEWEE,  s.Vwee\  a  town  at  the  S.  fron- 
tier of  Afghanistan,  15  miles  E.  of  Dadur. 

SK-BEE'RO  or  NORTH  PO'RA  ISLAND,  Indian  Ocean, 
off  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra.  Lat.  of  the  N.  point,  0°  56'  S., 
Ion.  98°  38'  E.     It  is  60  miles  in  length. 

SEBEN,  si/ben,  (Hun.  Siebcn.  s-\'bbn\)  a  walled  town  of 
Ilunirary,  co.  of  Saros.  on  the  Tarisa,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Eperies.  Pop.  2200.  It  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran 
churches,  and  a  trade  in  wine,  spirits,  and  paper. 

SEBENICO,  s,^-ba'ne-ko,  a  town  of  Dalmatia.  42  miles  S.E. 
of  Zara,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Adriatic,  which  receives  the  river 
Kerka.  Pop.  0000.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  defended 
by  several  forts.  The  principal  edifice  is  a  lofty  cathedral  of 
curious  external  appear.aiice,  but  magnificent  internally; 
the  town  has  various  buildings  of  Venetian  architecture,  its 
republic  having  voluntarily  annexed  itself  to  A'enice  in  991, 
It  has  a  manufactory  of  rosoglio,  exports  of  wine,  and  an 
active  trade  with  Turkey.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
painter  .\ndiea  Schiavoni,  and  the  philosopher  Tommasseo. 

SEBKNNYTUS.     See  Semkncod. 

SEBERII.\M,  High  and  Low,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland. 

SEBESH,  s.Vbish,  (Polish,  Siehifz.  se-il'be-fzh,)a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  government,  and  95  miles  N.W.  of  Vitebsk, 
between  Lakes  Sebesh  and  Wornn.     Pop.  2100. 

1743 


SEB 

SKBEWA,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Ionia  co., 
Miclii^jan.     Pop.  .'i04. 

SEBEWA  CKEEK,  of  Michigan,  enters  Gi-and  River  in 
Innia  county. 

SEBHA,  sA'bi,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  Fezzan,  80 
miles  N.  of  Moorzook. 

SEBNITZ.  sJb'nits,  a  town  of  Saxony,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Dresden.     Pop.  oo09. 

SEBMTZ,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  goverr- 
ment,  and  U  miles  N.W.  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1122. 

SEBOXCOURT,  s.VbdiNo'kooR/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aisne.  arrondissement  of  St.  Quentin.     Pop.  2000. 

SEBOO,  SEBOU  or  SEBU,  si'boo',  (anc.  Sufrur?)  or  MAH- 
MORE,  ml-mo/rd,?  a  river  of  Morocco,  descends  from  a 
ramification  of  the  Great  Atlas,  in  Fez,  flows  first  N.W., 
then  W..  and  after  a  course  of  about  160  miles,  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  at  Mehadiah.    It  is  navigable  for  boats  to  Fez. 

SEBOURG.  sgh^booR/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  arrondissement  of  Valenciennes.    Pop.  1700. 

SEBU.  a  river  of  Jlorocco.     See  Seboo. 

SEBUS  or  SEBOUS.    See  Seibous. 

SEBCJSTIEH,  si^bils'tee-fh,  (anc.  Sama'ria.)  afterwards 
SEB.\STE,  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  on  a  hill 
rising  out  of  a  fine  plain,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Nabloos.  It  is 
tolerably  well  built,  and  its  hill  is  covered  with  fine  gardens 
and  plantations,  interspersed  with  numerous  vestiges  of  an- 
cient edifices.  The  principal  remains  of  antiquity  are.  a 
church,  erected  over  a  sepulchre  traditionally  reputed  as  the 
burialplace  of  John  the  Baptist;  some  columns  of  a  temple, 
and  portions  of  a  long  colonnade,  probably  erected  by  Ilerod 
the  Great.  Samaria  was  founded  by  Omri.  b.  c.  025,  and 
from  that  time  until  the  captivity,  b.  c.  720,  it  continued  to 
be  the  capital  of  the  t«n  tribes  of  Israel.  It  afterwards  gave 
name  to  the  province  of  Samaria,  and  under  Herod  resumed 
considerable  magnificence  and  importance;  but  it  appears 
to  have  decayed  as  early  as'the  fourth  century  of  our  era. 

SECA,  La.  li  si^kS,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  19  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Yalladolid.     Pop.  3997. 

SECCIIIA,  sSkTie-J,  (anc.  Se'cia  or  GabeVluf.)  a  river  of 
North  Italy,  rises  in  the  Apennines,  flows  N.N.E.  through 
tlie  province  of  Modena,  and  falls  into  the  Po,  12  miles  S.E. 
of  Mantua.    Total  course,  70  miles. 

SECIISII.WS,  sJks'h6wss,or  SECIISHAUSEL,  (Sech.shau- 
sol.)  sSks'hoi^zel,  a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  near  Vienna, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Weir.    Pop.  2.530. 

SE-CIIUEN,  sAVhoo^Jn',  written  also  SE-TCHUEN  and 
SSE-TCHUAN,  a  large  province  of  China,  mostly  between 
lat.  26°  and  33°  N.,  and  Ion.  101°  and  IW^  E.,  having  W. 
Thibet,  and  on  the  other  sides  the  provinces  of  Kan-soo, 
Shen-see,  Hoo-pe,  Koei-choo,  and  Yun-nan.  Area,  166,800 
square  miles.  Pop.  21,435.678.  Its  W.  part  Js  a  maze  of 
mountains.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  to  which 
all  its  other  rivers  are  tributary.  Some  parts  of  it  produce 
fine  crops  of  sugar,  silk,  and  or,anges;  but  its  chief  products 
are  rhubarb  of  the  best  quality,  other  drugs,  musk,  and 
metals.  It  is  divided  into  11  departments.  Its  chief  city  is 
Ching-too-foo. 

SECIIURA,  si-choo'rj,  a  town  of  North  Peru,  department 
of  Ti-ujillo,  province,  and  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Piura,  on  the 
river  Piura,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

SECIA.    See  Secchi.\. 

SECIL'LI.\,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan. 

SECKENIIEIM.  sJk'ken-hlme',  a  village  of  Baden,  on  the 
Neckar,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mannheim.    Pop.  1750. 

SKCKINGEN,  s^k'king-en,  a  town  of  Baden.  16  miles  E. 
of  Basel,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.    Pop.  1420. 

SECKINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SECKLIN,  seh-klix"/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  on  the  Naviette,  with  a  station  on  the  Northern  Rail- 
way, 6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lille.    Pop.  in  1852,  3341. 

SECOND  CREEK, apost-oflice, Greenbrier  co.,W.Virginia. 

SECOND  FORK,  a  post-village  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
157  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SECONDIGLIANO,  sA-kon-deel-yS'no,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province,  .and  3  miles  N.  of  Naples.    Pop.  5000. 

SECONDIGNY,  sfh-kANo*deen>ee',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Deux-S^vres,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Parthenay. 
Pop.  1580. 

SECOND  LAKE.    See  Four  Lakes. 

SECOND  TUKN'OUT,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia. 

SECIIOLE,  se-kr51',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district,  and  4  miles  N.W.  of  Benares,  having  the 
principal  civil  station  of  that  district,  and  large  military 
cantonments. 

SP;Cn:iON  ten,  a  township  of  Van  Wertco..  Ohio. 

SECTION  TEN,  a  post-village  of  Ohio.    See  Delphos. 
SECUGEN,  si'koo-ghjn,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Aargau,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  llallwyl,  9 
miles  S.E.  of  Aarau.     Pop.  1500. 

t  ^»^CUXDERABAD,  se-ktinMgr-a-bad',  a  European  station 
in  India,  m  Deccan,  and  the  head-quarters  of  the  British 
subsidiary  force  in  the  Nizam's  dominions,  3  miles  N.  of 
Hydeiabad.  and  358  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madras.  Lat.  17°  36' 
N.,  Ion  7S°  33'  E.  It  has  large  cantonments,  excellent 
bazaars,  shops  kept  by  Parsees  and  others,  European  rooms 


SEB 

where  balls  are  held,  a  theatre,  a  race-ground,  and  public 
libraries;  and  close  to  it  is  a  lake  about  15  miles  in  circum- 
ference, the  banks  of  which  are  a  favorite  morning  and 
evening  resort  of  the  European  community.  At  Secunder- 
absid  and  Bolarum,  a  contiguous  and  more  healthy  station, 
12,000  men  of  the  Madras  army  are  generally  stationed.  Pop., 
exclusive  of  garrison,  34,357. 

SECUXDEKMALLY,  se-kunder-mailee.a  town  of  British 
India,  piesidency  of  Madras,  4  miles  S.  of  Madura. 

SECUXURA,  se-kiin'did,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  9  miles  N.W.  of 
Agra,  and  having  the  magnificent  mausoleum  of  the  Em- 
peror Akbar,  with  extensive  ruins  and  vestiges  of  former 
importance. 

SECUXDRA,  a  large  walled  village  of  British  India,  In 
the  Upper  Provinces,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Delhi. 

SECUXDRA,  a  town  of  British  India,  district  of  Cawn- 
poor,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Kalpee. 

SED.\N,  sfh-d6x»',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardennes,  on  the  Meuse,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  )lezi5reg. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  37,027.  It  has  a  communal  college,  a  school 
of  design,  and  in  its  principal  square  n  bronze  statue  of 
Turenne,  born  here  in  1611.  The  cit.idel,  at  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  the  town,  contains  a  large  arsenal.  Sedan  is  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  manufacture  of  woollen  goods,  and 
has  also  manu£ictures  of  hosiery,  leather,  arms,  hardwares, 
barrels,  beet-root  sugar,  and  linen  yarn;  it  has  an  active 
trade  in  agricultural  produce.  In  order  to  facilitate  navi- 
gation, a  canal  has  been  formed  along  the  left  bank  of  the 
Meuse.  Sedan  was  long  an  independent  principality,  and 
was  united  to  France  under  Louis  XIII.  It  had  a  celebrated 
Protestant  university,  which  subsisted  till  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes. 

SEDASHOOGUR,  si-diVshoo-gfir', or  SODASIIAVAGHUR, 
so-dJ^shi-vJ-gftr',  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  on  the  Malabar  coast,  49  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Goa. 

SEDBERGII.  sJd'berg,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng^ 
land.  CO.  of  York.  West  Riding,  on  the  border  of  Lancashire. 
Pop.  in  1851,  4574.  It  has  a  grammar  school,  with  an  an- 
nual revenue  of  500?.,  and  exhibitions  to  3  fellowships  and 
10  scholarships  in  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge ;  and  ma- 
nufactures of  cotton  goods. 

SEDELL.\,  s,-t-r)Jl'yl.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince, and  36  miles  N.E.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  1484. 

SEDGEBERROW,  s^j'b^r-rd,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester. 

SEDGI-yBROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SEDGE'FIELD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  CO., 
and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Durh.ani.  Pop.  in  1851,  2192.  The 
church  is  large  and  hand.some.  * 

SEDGE'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SEDGE/.MOOR,  a  wild  tract  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
between  King's  Weston  and  Bridgewater.  It  wa.s.  in  1685, 
the  scene  of  the  defeat  of  the  Duke  of  Monmouth's  forces  by 
the  troops  of  James  II. 

SEDGER.  sJd'ger,  SEGARS.  (?)  or  SAN  JU'AN,  (Sp.  pron. 
s3n  Hoo-in'.)  a  river  of  Patagonia,  falls  into  Port  Famine, 
in  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  It  has  great  depth  of  water,  but 
can  be  navigated  for  only  3  or  4  miles,  stumps  of  trees  so  fill 
up  its  channel  as  to  make  it  difficult  to  penetrate  farther. 

SEIXIE'S  GARDEN,  a  post-oflice  of  Forsyth  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SEDG'IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVilts. 

SEDG'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford.  It  has 
iron,  coal,  and  limestone  works. 

SEDG'WICK,  a  ])ost-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  60 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  12a3. 

SEDILO.  sil-dee'lo,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Gag- 
liari.  26  miles  N.E.  of  Oristano.     Pop.  2240. 

SEDINI,  sA-dee'nee,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division,  and  16 
miles  N.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  1647. 

SEDJOOR,  SEDJOUR,  sed-jooR/,  or  SUDJUR,  sfid-joor',  a 
river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  rises  in  the  N.  of  the  pashalic  of 
-Meppo,  flows  S.E.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles  joins 
the  Euphrates  on  the  left,  15  miles  below  Bir. 

SED'LESCO.MBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SED'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Bullitt  co..  Kentucky. 

SEDLITZ.  sSd'lits,  or  SEDLETZ,  written  also  SEIDLITZ, 
a  vill.tge  of  Bohemia,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Saiitz.  It  is  famous 
for  mineral  springs  containing  sulphates  of  soda  and  mag- 
nesia, which,  with  the  adjacent  waters  of  Saidschutz,  are 
exported  in  large  quantities. 

SEDLNITZ,  sJdl'nits,  or  SEDLNICA.  sJdl-neet/s,-V,  a  vil- 
l.ige  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  4  miles  from  I  reyberg.    P.  1175. 

SEDNEV  or  SEDNEW,  sfd-n Jv', town,Russi.'i,  government, 
and  16  miles  N.E.  of  Tchernigov.    Pop.  1000. 

SEDO.  sil'do.  a  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Foota-Toro;  lat 
15°  29'  N.,  Ion.  13°  42'  W.     Pop.  about  6000. 

SEEBEX.  s.Vben.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  17 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Soleure. 

SEEBERG,  sA'b^RO,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bern. 

SEEBGUNGE,  seeVgtlnj'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  86  miles  N.N.E  of  Moorshedabad 


SEE 

SEEBURO,  si'bfiSRO,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  11  miles 
S.W.  of  Bischofsstein.    Pop.  2250. 

SEK'DAPOOK',  a  town  of  India,  in  Deccan,  Nizam's  do- 
minions, VO  miles  S.K.  of  liejnpoor. 

SEEDAS  or  SIDAS.  seeM^s',  (anc.  Saitta.)  a  village  of 
Asia  Minor,  N.W.  of  Alah-Sliehr,  (i'hiladelphia;)  in  the  vi- 
cinity are  the  remains  of  several  ancient  temples  and  other 
buildings. 

SEEDORF,  si'doRr,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
9  miles  N.W.  of  Bern.     I'op.  2tKX). 

SEEDOURA,  see-doo'r3,  a  town  of  Biitish  India,  in  the 
protected  Sikh  territory,  34  miles  N.W.  of  Seharunpoor. 

^EE'FINGAN,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of 
Wieklow,  oi  miles  E.N.K.  of  Bles.sington.     Height,  23f4  feet. 

SEk;H,\USEN,  sA'hSw'zgn,  a  town  of  I'rnssian  Saxony, 
government  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Aland,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of 
I'erlebei-g.     Pop.  3110.     It  is  enclosed  by  walls. 

SKEIIAUSEN,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  15  miles  W. 
of  Magdeburg,  with  2300  inhabit;»nts,  and  the  ruins  of  an 
establishment  of  the  Knights  Templars. 

SKEIIORE,  see'hoi-',  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  in  the 
Guzerat  Peninsula,  12  miles  W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Cambay. 

SEK-KAO-SH  AN  or  SI-KAOCIIAN,  see  kd'o  shdn,  a  moun- 
tain of  China,  province  of  Pe-ohee-lee.  in  lat.  41°  2'  N.,  Ion. 
115°  55'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SEE'KONK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Bristol  co., 
Massachusetts,  near  Block  stone  River,  on  the  Boston  and 
Providence  Railroad,  6  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Providence,  (Rhode 
Island.)     Pop.  26C2. 

SEK^KRKE',  atown  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, in  the  Upper  Provinces,  26  miles  S.  of  Delhi. 

SKEL.^.TAN,  see^ld-jdn',  a  town  of  North  Ilindostan,  in 
the  protected  Sikh  territory,  11  miles  S.AV.  of  Rampoor. 

SEE'LAND,  (Fr.  pron.  siMdNd';  Ger.  pron.  siWdnt.)  SE.A.- 
LAND,  ZEELAXD.  ZEALAND,  zee'ldnd,  or  SIELAND, 
(Dan.  ^wlland,  syjlldnd;  L.  SeehiiMia.)  the  largest  and 
most  important  of  the  islands  of  Denmark,  lying  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic  Sea.  Lat.  54°  57'  35"  to  5ti°  7' 
40"  N.,  Ion.  10°  54'  to  12°  40'  E.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N'. 
and  N.W.  by  the  Cattegat;  W.  by  the  Great  Belt,  separating 
it  from  the  island  of  Funen;  S.  by  the  Great  Belt,  and  nar- 
row channels,  separating  it  from  the  islands  of  Laaland. 
Falster,  and  Moen;  S.E.  by  the  Baltic;  and  E.  by  the  sound, 
at  its  narrowest  only  3  miles  wide,  separating  it  from  Swe- 
den. Its  shape  is  very  irregular,  and  its  shores  are  very 
much  indentetl,  especially  in  the  S.W.,  wliere  it  is  washed 
by  the  Baltic,  and  in  the  W.,  where  an  arm  of  the  Cattegat 
has  penetrated  deeply  into  its  interior.  Greatest  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  81  miles;  greatest  breadth,  CO  miles;  area, 
2S40  square  miles.  The  surface  is  for  the  most  part  flat, 
and,  especially  on  the  S.W.  and  the  middle  of  the  E.  coast, 
is  very  little  raised  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  highest 
land  is  in  the  S.,  but  its  elevation  seldom  reaches,  and  never 
exceeds,  200  feet.  The  oldest  rocks  on  tlio  island  are  com- 
paratively recent,  belonging  to  the  cretaceous  system,  or 
upper  part  of  the  secondary  formation.  Above  it  the  ter- 
tiary formation  also  is  consideral)Iy  developed.  The  subsoil 
generally  consists  of  deep  beds  of  corallines  and  muscle- 
shells;  the  soil  is  an  alluvium  of  great  natural  fertility, 
well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  barley  and  rye,  which  form 
the  principal  crops.  Horses,  sheep,  and  cattle  are  of  in- 
different breeds,  and  not  very  numerous.  Wood,  which  at 
one  time  stretched  in  extensive  forests  over  the  whole  island, 
has  been  much  diminished.  The  supply  of  fuel  would  be 
Tery  inadeijuate,  were  it  not  compensated,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  by  tracts  of  turf  or  peat.  The  prevailing  timliers 
are  beech  and  birch,  and,  to  a  more  limited  extent,  oak. 
The  climate  of  Seelaud,  owing  to  its  low  surface  and  insular 
position,  is  much  milder  than  its  latitude  indicates.  The 
temperature  of  Copenhagen,  which  mjiy  be  taken  as  that  of 
the  whole  island,  is,  in  spring.  4.3°  10';  summer,  63°  28'; 
autumn,  49°  36';  and  winter,  31°,  or  1°  below  freezing.  The 
mean  temperature  of  the  whole  year  is  4C°  15'.  The  worst 
feature  in  the  climate  is  its  humidity,  and  the  consequent 
prevalence  of  rains  and  mists.  Fish  abound  both  along  the 
coasts  and  in  the  lakes,  of  which  a  great  number  are  scatr 
tered  over  the  interior,  though  none  of  them  individually  is 
of  much  extent.  The  largest,  Arresee,  is  al)out  24  miles  in 
circuit.  The  Suus-aue,  which  fills  into  the  Nestred-fioi-d,  is 
the  most  important  stream,  having  a  very  circuitous  course 
of  about  60  miles.  The  minerals  are  of  no  consequence, 
though  amber  is  occasionally  found.  Seeland  is  the  seat  of 
the  principal  manufactures  of  Denmark.  For  adminstrative 
purposes,  the  island  is  divided  into  5  amts  or  bailiwicks, 
which  comprehend  not  merely  Seeland  proper,  but  a  num- 
ber of  small  islands  that  line  its  coasts.  Of  these,  the 
principal  are  Miien,  Aniager,  and  Saltholm.  Its  capital  is 
Copenhagen,  which  is  slIski  the  capital  of  the  whole  Danish 
dominions.  Pop.  in  1847,  499.400.  The  name  Seeland, 
("  Sea-land,")  has  reference  to  its  being  surrounded  by  the 
8ea. 

SEELOW.  s.'llflw,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 15  miles  N.W,  of  Frankfort.    Pop.  2300. 

SEE'LYSBURQ,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New 
fork,  50  miles  S.  of  Buffalo. 

6K 


SEE 

PEEaYVILLE,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  1 
mile  from  Honesdale,  and  101  miles  from  Harrisburg.  I'cp. 
about  350. 

SEEMLE.\II,  seemle-d,  a  town  of  Central  India,  domi- 
nion, and  S.W.  of  Indore. 

SEEN  A.  see'nd,  a  river  of  Indi.a,  in  Deccan,  after  a  S.E 
course  of  ISO  miles  joins  the  Beeniah,  20  miles  S.  of  Sols- 
poor.  The  towns  of  Ahmednuggur  and  Parrainder  are  on  its 
banks,  and  in  most  part  of  its  extent  it  flows  between  the 
Bombay  presidency  and  the  territory  of  the  Nizam, 

SEEND,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SEEN  EE  or  ANCOBRA,  a  river  of  Ashantee.  See  A.vcober. 

SEE-NGAN  or  SI-NGAN,  se-ngdn',  written  also  SIAN- 
se-in'.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Shen-see,  capital  of  a  de- 
partment, on  an  affluent  ofthe  Iloei-ho;  lat,  34°  12'  N.,  Ion. 
108°  40'  E.  It  is  large,  enclosed  by  strong  walls,  and  the 
principal  military  dejjdt  for  the  N.  provinces  of  China. 

SEENGEN,  8.in'ghen,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Aargau,  at  the  N.  extremity  ofthe  Lake  of  Ilallwyl,  9  miles 
S.E.  ofAarau.     Pop.  1500. 

SEE-NING-FOO,  (SI-NING-FOU.)  see^ningYoo^,  a  town  of 
China,  province  of  Kan-.soo,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name, 
118  miles  N. W.  of  Lan-choo. 

SEECHRE,  see'or',  or  SEIIORE.  see^hor',  a  town  of  British 
India,  in  Nerbudda  Territory,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  lihopaul. 

SEER  or  SIR.  seer,  a  mouth  ofthe  Indus  River,  in  Sinde, 
continuous  with  the  Goongroo  or  Pinyaree  Branch,  and 
N,W.  ofthe  Koree  mouth. 

SEERA,  gee'rd,  a  town  of  British  India,  near  the  W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Upper  Provinces,  presidency  of  Bengal,  45 
miles  E.  of  Bhatneer. 

SEERDIIUNjV,  seerd-hoo'na,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.  pro- 
vince, and  47  miles  N.N.E.  of  Delhi.  Lat.  29°  12'  N.,  Ion. 
77°  31'  E. 

SEEIOPOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, 70  miles  N.E,  of  Moorshedabad. 

SEERPOOR.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bom- 
bay, S.W.  of  Talnair. 

SEERWELL,  seer'well,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Poonah. 

SEESEN,  s.Vzen,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, on  the  Schildau,  12  miles  W,  of  Goslar.  Pop.  2729.  It 
has  an  old  castle. 

SEE-SHAN  or  SI-CH-iN,  see-shIn',  a  mountain  of  China, 
province  of  Shan-See.  Lat.  39°  24'  N.,  Ion.  112°  15'  E.  It 
is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SEESTADTL,  (SeestSdtl,)  si'stJtt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  13 
miles  N.  of  Saatz.     Pop.  751. 

SEETAMOW  or  SEETAMHOW,  seeH3-m6w',  a  town  of 
Central  India,  in  the  Gwalior  dominions,  42  miles  N  N.W. 
of  Maheidpoor. 

SEE'TAPOOR/,  atown  of  Central  India,  in  the  Gwalior 
dominions. 

SEE'THING,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SEEVAS  or  SIV'AS,  see/vis,  (anc.  aibfra  and  Sel>ai:>le,)  a 
town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  the  capital  of  a  pashalic  of  its  own 
name,  is  situated  in  an  extensive  plain,  near  the  Kizil-Irmak, 
60  miles  S.  of  Tokat.  I.Kat.  39°  20'  N.,  Ion.  about  37°  E.  Pop. 
about  6000  families.  It  is  well  built;  the  houses  are  inter- 
spersed with  gardens,  and  its  numerous  minarets  give  it  a 
cheerful  appearance.  It  has  many  old  mosques  and  khans, 
a  castle,  bazaars  well  supplied  with  goods,  manufactures  of 
coarse  woollens  and  other  tabrics,  and  a  considerable  transit 
and  import  trade.  Near  it,  Mithridate?  was  defeated  by  the 
Roman  general  Lucullus,  and  Bayazeed  (Bajazet)  by  Timur. 

SEEVAS,  SIVAS,  seeV^s',  or  ROOM,  room,  a  pashalic  of 
Asi.atic  Turkey,  comprising  portions  of  Asia  Minor  and  Tur- 
kish Armenia,  between  lat,  38°  30'  and  41°  40'  N.,  and  Ion. 
33°  30'  and  39°  40'  E.,  having  N.  the  Black  Sea,  and  on  other 
sides  Anatolia,  and  the  pashalics  ofKaram.in,  Marash,  Diar- 
bekir,  Erzroom,  and  Trebizond.  It  is  traversed  from  W.  to 
E.  by  the  chain  of  Anti-Taurus.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Yeshil-lrm.ak,  in  its  centre,  the  Euphrates  on  its  E.,  and 
the  KiEll-Irmak  (anc.  Halys)  on  its  W.  frontier.  The  pro- 
ducts consist  of  wheat,  maize,  barley,  oats,  flax,  hemp,  silk, 
tobacco,  cotton,  wine,  timber,  wool,  fruit,  honey,  copper, 
lead,  iron,  aTid  marble.  Large  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep  are 
fed  on  the  plains.  Camels  and  buffaloes  are  the  chief  beasts 
of  burden. 

SEEVERGEM,  8.Vver-ohJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  provinf^ 
of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  4  miles  S,  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
1469. 

SEEWAIl  or  SIWAIl,  see'wa\  an  o."U;is  in  the  Libyan  De- 
sert. Its  capital,  Seewah-el-Kebeer,  310  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Cairo,  is  built  of  fossil  salt,  the  houses  clustering  round  a 
rock.  Lat.  29°  N.,  Ion,  26°  E.  The  oasis  contains  several 
salt  lakes,  and  many  date-palms,  and  the  gardens'produce 
the  vine,  fig,  and  pomegranate  in  abundance.  Near  it  is  the 
village  of  Agharmy  or  Gharmy,  with  ruins  of  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Amnion. 

SEEWANU  or  SEEWANNU,  se-wjn'noo' (?)  town  and  hill- 
fort  of  India,  dominions  of  .Toodpoor.  the  fort  being  a  prin- 
cipal stronghold  of  the  Joodpoor  rajah. 

SEEZ,  si,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Orne.  13  miles 
N.N.E.ofAlen5on,ontheOrne.    Pop.5000.(?)    Ithasacathe- 

1745 


SEE 

Aral  of  the  twelfth  century,  an  episcopal  xwlace,  and  cotton  ' 
manufactures  wrought  by  steam.  ' 

SK  KZ,  si,  a  market-town  of  Savoy,  proTince  of  Tarantaise,  j 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Isere,  16  miles  N.K.  of  Moutiers.  ! 
Pop.  1850.  I 

S15FAKIX,  sA'fJ-keen',  a  town  of  Anibia,  in  Yemen,  65  i 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Sana,  and  enclosed  by  substantLil  walls.        I 

SEFAN,  se-fin',  SIFAX,  see'fdo',  or  SO0F.\N,  soo^fSu',  ; 
the  easternmost  portion  of  Thibet,  )x>rderin.<r  on  the  Cliinese  | 
provinces  of  Se-chueu  and  Kan-soo.  and  extending  from  lat.  ! 
2S°  to  36°  X..  bordering  X.  on  Koko  Xor.     Its  chief  river  is 
the  Yang-tse-kiang. 

SEFEED  HOOD,  SEFID  RUD,  sJfeed'  rood,  ("white 
river,")  written  also  SUFFEID  HUD,  a  river  of  North  Persia, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Zenjan  and  some  other  rivers 
with  the  Kizi]Oozen,near  Mianna,Hows  at  tiret  S.E.,  between 
the  provinces  of  Irak-Ajemee  and  Azerbaijan,  and  then  X.E. 
throuirh  Ghilan.  and  enters  the  Caspian  Sea  by  sevewl 
mouths,  30  miles  E.  of  He.shd.  .\t  15  miles  fi-om  the  sea  it 
divides  into  two  principal  branches,  forming  a  delta,  in 
which  is  the  town  of  Lahajan.  Its  lower  p.^rt  is  of  con- 
siderable breadth  and  depth,  but  its  navigation  is  greatly 
impeded  by  shifting  sands,  shallows,  and  a  bar  at  its  prin- 
cipal mouth,  opposite  which  a  large  sturgeon-fishery  exists. 
Chief  affluent,  the  Shah-i-ood. 

SEFFIX.  sef'feeu'.  a  small  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pa- 
Bhalic  of  Diarbekir.  in  Mesopotamia,  X.  of  Kakk.i.  During 
the  seventh  century,  in  the  period  of  110  d.-iys,  90  conflicts, 
between  the  adherents  of  Alee  and  of  Moawiyah,  took  place 
in  its  vicinity,  io  which  it  is  believed  that  70,000  Moham- 
medans perished. 

SEFISIFIA.  SEFICIFA  or  SIFISSIF A.    See  AiN-SEFisiri.\. 

SEFtX)RIEII  or  SEFURIKII.  sA-tbo'ree-eh.  (anc.  Spplu/ris 
and  DioccesarJa.)  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic,  and  16  miles 
S.E.  of  Acre,  at  the  foot  of  a  height,  on  which  are  the  ruins 
of  a  large  castle. 

SECiAL,  seh-gJK.  a  small  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  France, 
department  of  Finistere. 

SEG'AMET'  or  .MUAR,  moo-ar/.  a  state  of  the  Malay  Pe- 
ninsula, ab-mt  lat.  2°  X..  Ion.  103°  E.     Pop.  2400. 

SEGEBEKG,  si'i;heh-bJnG\  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Holstein,  on  the  Trave,  28  miles  X.X.E.  of  Hamburg,  with 
3000  inhabitants. 

SEOEDIX.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Szegebis. 

SEQELMliSA,  %hgi\-mh>:\,  or  SIGILMESSA,  sigMl-mfs'- 
e5,  written  al.eo  SUGULMESSA,  a  considerable  town  of  Mo- 
rocco. E.  of  Mount  Atlas,  capital  of  a  province,  near  the 
river  Ziz.  in  lat.  31°  10'  X.,  Ion.  2°  20'  W. 

SEGELSEM,  sA'Ghel8-Jm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders.  14^  miles  S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2275. 

SEGESVAR.  sh4'gh6.sirvaR',  or  SCHASSbURG,  (Schiiss- 
burgh.)  shfess'bOuRG,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  in  Saxonland. 
25  miles  S.S.l*^.  of  Maros  Vasarhely,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
KUkUllo.    Pop.  596. 

SEGGI.^XO,  sJdjI'no,  a  village  and  parish  of  Tuscany,  4 
miles  X.  of  Castel  del  Piano.    Pop.  1868. 

SEGICLER,  .s^g-ik'ler  or  sJg'ik'ler(?)avillage  of  Asia  Minor, 
In  Anatolia,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Ushak,  with  various  remains, 
supposed  to  be  tho.se  of  the  ancient  Sehn^le. 

ShXiX.i,  Croatia,  the  Italian  name  of  Zexgo. 

SEGXES  (s^g'njs)  PASS,  East  Switzerland,  between  Gla- 
rus  and  the  Grisons,  is  7i  miles  X.  of  Ilanz,  aud  75U0  feet 
above  the  sea..  It  w.as  crossed  by  Suwarrow  iu  his  retreat 
before  the  French,  October,  1799. 

SEGXI,  sjn'yee  or  s;iin'yee.  a  town  of  South  Italy,  in  the 
Pontificial  States,  13  miles  E.  of  Velletri.  Pop.  41 10.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Popes  Vitalian,  Innocent  III.,  Gregory  IX., 
and  Alexander  IV. 

SEGO,  si'go,  or  SEGOZERO,  s.i-go-zi'ro.  a  lake  of  Russia, 
government  of  01onets.30  miles  X.W.  of  I.ake  Onega.  Length 
and  breadth,  about  20  miles  each.  It  discharges  its  surplus 
waters  X.E.,  into  Lake  Vigo. 

SF/GO,  a  t^wn  of  Central  Africa,  Soodan,  capit.al  of  the 
Btate  of  Bambarra.  on  the  Joliba.  (Niger.)  Lat.  13°  a'  X.,  Ion. 
6°  VV.  Estimated  pop.  30.000,  a  mixture  of  negroes  and  Moors. 
It  consist.s  of  an  atrgregation  of  fortified  quarters,  in  one  of 
which  is  a  royal  residence.  The  houses  are  of  clay,  square,  and 
flat  roofed.  H  hHs  numerous  mosques,  and  is  the  seat  of 
considerable  traffic.     Here  .Mungo  Park  first  saw  the  Joliba. 

SE'GO.  a  post-office  of  I'erry  co.,  Ohio. 

SEGOBKIGA.    See  Segorbe. 

SEGODUNUM.    See  Rodez. 
SEGOE,  a  parish  of  Ireland.     See  Seaqob. 
SEGONZAC,  sA'gAso'^.ik'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Charente,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cognac.     Pop.  2CO0. 

SEGOKBE,  s.i-gon'bil.  (anc.  S'gob'riga.)  a  city  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana,  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  Palencia,18  miles  X.W.  of  Murviedro. 
Lat.  3^°  54'  N..  Ion.  0°  30*  W.  Pop.  6015.  It  has  squares 
ornamented  with  public  fountains,  a  cathedral,  and  manu- 
feetures  of  earllieuware.  paper,  starch,  and  brandy. 

SEGOUAM,  s,Vgoo-am'.  or  GORELI,  •ro-r.Vlee.  the  e.-istcrn- 
mostof  the  Andreanov  Islands,  in  the  Aleutian  Archipelago, 
\V  of  Aniichla.    Lat.  62°  22'  X.,  Ion.  17-2°  18'  W. 
SKQOVI A,  Be-go/ve-^f,  (Sp.  pron.  si-go've-i;  Fr.  iHgocU,  si^ 
1746 


SEG 

goVee',)  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  capital  of  a  prorinca 
of  its  own  name,  45  miles  X.W.  of  Madrid,  on  a  rock  300 
paces  in  height,  and  4ii00  paces  in  circumference  at  the  top, 
and  washed  by  the  Eresnia  and  the  Clamores.  Lat.  41°  X., 
Ion.  4°  17'  VV.  It  is  encircled  by  walls,  with  round  towers, 
built  by  Alonzo  VI.,  and  has  an  Alcazar,  tlie  great  keep  of 
which  is  studded  with  angular  turrets.  It  is  entered  by  five 
gates,  besides  several  smaller  entrances.  The  sti-eets  are 
very  narrow,  tortuous,  and  ill-paved ;  and  the  houses,  many 
of  which  were  oijce  inhabited  by  noblemen,  have  a  qu.aiat, 
old-fashioned  appearance.  Its  most  reui.arkable  edifice  i8 
the  Roman  aqueduct,  which  is  indeed  the  most  important 
remnant  of  Roman  architecture  in  Spain.  As  the  steep- 
banked  streams  below  are  difficult  of  acces.s,  and  their  waters 
not  very  whole.-;ouie,  the  pure  current  of  the  liio  Frio  was 
thus  brou;.:ht  from  the  i^ierra  Ftn^iifria,  distant  about  10 
miles.  The  a(iueduot  begins  near  (he  monasteiy  of  St.  Ga- 
briel, and  has  an  entire  length  of  2921  feet.  It  commences 
with  single  arches,  which  rise  higher  as  the  dip  of  the  ground 
deepens,  until  they  become  double.  The  number  of  arches  is 
170,  some  of  which  rise  lo2  feet  above  the  valley.  The  chan- 
nel, at  the  top,  is  about  8  feet  wide.  This  noble  work  is  con- 
structed of  granite,  without  cement  or  mortar,  and.  like 
other  similar  erections  of  the  Romans,  unites  simplicity, 
solidity,  and  utility.  It  was  respected  by  the  Goths,  but 
broken  down  in  1071  by  the  Moors  of  IVledo,  who  sacked 
Segovia,  aud  destroyed  35  arches.  It  remained  in  ruins  till 
1483.  By  command  of  Isabella,  Juan  Esr'ovedo.  a  monk  be- 
longing to  tlie  .\sturias.  recdtistructed.  iu  admirable  style, 
the  part  that  had  been  demolished. 

On  the  Eresma  stands  the  Casa  de  Moneda,  or  mint,  where 
all  the  national  coinage  was  formerlj*  struck,  as  the  river 
afforded  water-power,  and  the  adjoining  jVlcazar  was  the 
treasury.  In  1730.  the  gold  and  silver  coinage  was  trans- 
ferred to  Madrid,  and  now  nothing  is  struck  lure  but  copper. 
The  other  principal  buildings  are  the  cathedral,  one  of  the 
fine.st  in  Spain,  consisting  of  three  naves;  numerous  other 
churches,  and  suppressed  convents,  an  episcofial  palace,  a 
school  of  artillery,  in  which  bra.ss  cannon  are  cast,  and  fire- 
arms and  projectiles  manufactured;  an  institute  for  the 
higher  branches  of  educ;ititm,  with  a  library  attached;  a 
theological  s<-hfK)l,  with  various  other  educational  establish- 
ments; an  academj'  of  the  tine  arts,  a  picture-gallery,  a 
foundling  hospital,  and  numerous  other  charitable  institu- 
tions; a  theatre,  and  a  strong  prison.  The  former  pros- 
perity of  Segovia  depended  on  its  staple,  wool,  and  its  cloth 
manufactures,  with  which  it  supplied  the  primipal  markets 
in  Europe;  but  this,  and  indeed  nearly  every  other  branch 
of  industry,  is  reduced  almost  to  a  nullity,  there  being  only 
three  tanneries,  limekilns,  and  a  very  limited  manufac- 
ture of  paper,  silver-werk,  ic.  Near  it  are  mines  of  lead 
and  copper,  and  quarries  of  black  marble.  A  large  fair  is 
held  here  in  June. 

The  first  notice  of  Segovia  dates  from  98  B.  c.  During  the 
Moorish  a.sceudency  it  was  a  seat  of  goverimieut,  and  subse- 
quently some  of  the  mimarchs  of  Ca.«tile  resided  here.  In 
1474  I.sabella  proceeded  in  state  from  the  Alcazar,  and  was 
proclaimed  Queen  of  Castile;  and  Charles  I.  of  England  was 
hospitably  entertained  in  it  by  tlie  governor  in  1623.  In 
the  same  building,  which  Philip  V.  converted  into  a  state 
prison,  ho  confined  the  Dutch  charlatan  Ripperda,  who  had 
risen  from  nothing  to  be  premier'.  June  7.  1S08,  Segovia 
was  entered  and  sacked  by  the  F''rench.  who  held  it  till  IS14. 
Pop.,  once  above  JSO.OOO,  now  reduced  to  6625. 

SEGOVIA,  a  province  of  £pain,  in  Old  Castile.  Area, 
3061  square  miles.     Pop.  ISojOOO.    Capital.  Segovi.t. 

SEG  RE,  sd'gri.  a  river  of  Spain,  iu  Catalonia,  ri.ses  in  the 
Pyrenees,  flows  S.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  150  miles,  joins 
the  Ebro  at  Mequinenza. 

SEGUfi.  seh-grA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire,  on  the  Oudon,  20  miles  X.W.  of  Angers.     P.  174S. 

SEGRIE,  iieh-gree',  a  village  of  Fr.ince.  department  of 
Sarthe,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Mamers.    Pop.  1725. 

SEGUIX,  see'gwin,  a  small  island  oil'  the  mouth  of  Ken- 
nebec River,  Maine,  On  it  is  a  light-hou.se.  200  .eet  above 
the  level  of  the  se.%.  containing  a  fixed  light.  Lat.  43°  41' 
40"  N.,  Ion.  693  44'  \v. 

SEGUIX.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gnadalupe  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  Guadalupe  River,  70  miles  S.  of  Austin  City.  It  has 
improved  rapidly  since  the  completion  of  the  college  build- 
ings, which  are  an  ornament  to  the  place.  This  institution 
comprises  a  male  and  female  depjirtment.  and  occupies  two 
stone  buildings  GO  feet  in  length.     Pop.  856. 

SEGUXDO,  si-goon'do,  a  river  of  the  Argentine  Republic, 
(La  Plata.)  rises  iu  the  sierras  of  Cordova,  27  miles  A\'.S.W. 
of  the  city  of  that  name,  flows  E.,  and  after  a  couroe  of  about 
130  miles  is  lost  in  a  marshy  lake,  90  miles  W.  of  S.inta  Fe. 

SKGUR,  seh-giiR',  several  communes  of  Fnuice,  the  prin- 
cipal in  the  department  of  Aveyron,  IS  miles  X.W.  of  Mil- 
lau.     Pop.  1399. 

SEGUIi.\.  .ojl-goo'rj,  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Murcia  and  Va- 
lencia, after  an  E.  course  of  180  miles,  enters  the  Medirorra- 
ne.'in  at  Guardamar.  The  principal  aB3ueut-'  are  i.'jeGuttda> 
lentid  and  Quipar  from  the  S.,  and  Muudo  :rom  'he  X.  It 
feeds  numerous  canals. 


SEG 

SEGTJKA.  a  Tillage  of  Spain,  prorince  of  Guipuzcoa,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Tolosa.     Pop.  972. 

SKOURA,  a  sierra  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  stretehinj^  from 
S.AV.  to  N.K.  throut;h  the  provinces  of  Albacete,  Granada, 
and  .laen,  for  about  150  miles,  joining  the  .'sierra  of  Alcaraz. 

SEGXJIIA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  38  miles  N.N.E. 
Of  Teruel.     Pop.  82.3. 

S1':GURA  DE  I,A  sierra,  8.i-gob/ra  d.i  13  ^e-Mni,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  60  mile.s  N.E.  of  Jaen.  Pop.  2471. 
Near  it  are  copper,  silver,  and  lead  mines. 

SEGUKA  DK  LEON,  sA-goo'rl  di  lA-on',  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  44  miles  S.S.E.  of  Badajos,  with  a  fine  old 
castle.    Pop.  2900. 

SEGUSIANORUM  FORUM.    See  Feurs. 

SflGUSIUM.    SeeSusA. 

SEIIA.TPOOR,  sA-haj-poor',  or  SOIIAOEPOOR,  sohjj-poor', 
a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  ^'er- 
budda  territory,  oO  miles  E.  of  Ilosungabad^ 

SEUARA.  se-hJCrS,  a  village  of  Briti.^h  India,  in  the  Up- 
per Provinces,  8  miles  W.  of  Agra,  with  a  spacious  palace. 

SEIIAKUNPOOR,  s^-ha-rtln-poor',  the  capital  of  a  district 
of  its  own  name,  a  large  town,  and  at  one  period  a  consider- 
Hble  military  station,  88  miles  N.N.E.  of  Delhi,  on  the  Dooab 
Canal.  I-at.  2SF  57'  N.,  Ion.  77°  32'  E.  It  has  a  fort,  and 
many  brick  edifices. 

SlillARUNPOOR  or  SAHARUNPOOR.  saha-rtin-poor',  a 
district  of  British  .India,  presidency  of  Bengal.  Area,  19C1 
square  miles.     Pop.  454,331. 

SEIIDINE,  sJhMeen',("OatownofBunnah,  20  miles  S.  by 
\V.  of  Shembe«;hewn,ontheroad  to  Aeng  in  Aracan. 

SEIIOX.    See  Sihon. 

SKIIORK,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Sef.ore. 

SK.IIWAN,  se-win',  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  an  eminence  be- 
side the  Arul,  close  to  the  W.  bank  of  the  Indus,  75  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Hyderabad.  Lat.  26°  21'  N.,  Ion.  67°  65'  E.  Pop. 
2000. 

SKTANO  or  SE.TANO,  sjl-yd'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Naples.    Pop.  1520. 

SKIB!-;RLINGVJI,r.E,  sl'bfr-ling-vil,  a  post-office  of  Le- 
high CO..  Penn.sylvania. 

SEII30US  or  SEIBUS,  written  also  SEBUS,  (anc.  nuhri- 
ca'tiis.)  a  river  of  Algiers,  tiows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bona. 
Length,  100  miles. 

SEI1).\B.^D,  si'dl-bad',  several  villages  of  Persia,  pro- 
vinces of  -Vzerbaijan,  Kerraan.  and  Koordistan. 

SEID.'VU,  si'dow,  a  village  of  Saxony,  1  mile  W.  of  Baut- 
zen.    Pop.  2009. 

SEID  KL  GHAZY,  sAd  M  ga/zoe,  a  village  of  A.sia  Minor, 
20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Eskee-Shehr,  and  around  which  are  remains 
of  anti([uity. 

SElDENIiERG,  sI'den-b?RG\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesi.i, 
48  miles  W.S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  on  the  Katzbacli.     Pop.  1320. 

SKI'DHRSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SKIDINGSTABT.  sT'ding-statt\  a  village  of  Saxe  Mein- 
Ingen,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Ileldburg,  with  a  ducal  summer 
palace. 

SEIDI  SHEHR,  .si'dee  shfh'r,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
pashalic  of  Karamania.  45  miles  S.W.  of  Konieh.  It  com- 
prises from  400  to  500  houses. 

SEIDI  SIIEIIR,  Lake  of.  another  name  for  that  of  Beg- 
shchr,  (anc.  Giralitix.)  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  above  town. 

SE1DI,1TZ.     See  Sedlitz. 

SEIFENBERG,  sI'fen-bJRG\  a  summit  of  the  Riesenge- 
birge,  in  Prussian  Silesia,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ilirschberg. 
Elevation.  4476  feet. 

SEIFERSDORF,  si'fers-donr,  or  SEIERSDORF,  a  village 
of  Holiemia.  circle  of  Buntzlau.    Pop.  1636. 

SEIFERSDORF,  sI'fers-doRf  \  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
government  of  Liegnitz,  circle  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  1129. 

SKIFF  EN.  sif't'en,  a  market-town  of  Saxony,  20  miles 
S.S.  E.  of  Freiberg."    Pop.  1097. 

SEIFIIEXNEli.'^DORF,  sifhJn'ners-doRr,  a  village  of 
Saxony.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Zittau.  Pop.  5577,  engaged  in  dye- 
ing, and  the  manufacture  of  linen. 

SETGIIFOKO,  see'ford,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

SEIGNELAV,  sAn*yeh-lA',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Yonne,  7  miles  N.  of  Auxerre.    Pop.  1523. 

SEIIIOUN,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  .Syhoox. 

SEIKS,  a  warlike  n.^tion  of  Ilindostan.     See  Sikhs. 

SEIL,  seel,  an  island  of  tlie  Inner  Hebrides,  in  Scotland, 
CO.  of  .\rgyle,  immediately  off  the  mainland,  2^  miles  S.W. 
of  Kilninver.  Length,  4i  miles.  It  is  800  feet  in  height, 
but  has  some  low  valleys  and  fertile  soil. 

SKIL.\ND,  silSud,  an  island  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Norway, 
in  Finmark,  immediately  S.W.  of  Hammerfest.  Lat.  70°  30' 
N.,  Ion.  22°  30'  E.  Length  and  breadth,  about  20  miles 
each.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  one  of  its  peaks  is 
4000  feet  high. 

SEILHA'.',  sAMAk',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Con-feze,  6  miles  N,N,W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  1620. 

SEILLANS,  rA1\v6n<='  or  sA'yON"',  or  SAILLANS,  s^hV^N"', 
ft  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  10  miles  N.E. 
of  Draguignan.     Pop.  1049. 

SEILLE,  sAI,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Jura  and 


SEI 

\  Sa5ne-et-Loire.  joins  the  SaOne  15  miles  N.  of  Mftcoa.  after  a 
S.W.  course  of  00  miles,  for  the  latter  24  of  which  it  Is 
navigable. 

SEILLE,  Grande,  grSxd  sAI,  a  river  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Meurthe  and  Moselle,  joins  the  Mpselle  s,t  Metz, 
after  a  N.  course  of  60  miles. 

SEILLE,  Petite,  (pehteef.)  an  affluent  of  the  latter, 
which  it  joins  at  Chateau-Salins. 

SfilLLES,  sAI.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  23  miles 
S.W.  of  Liege,  on  the  >ieu.se.     Pop.  1129. 

SEILOON,  SEILOUN  or  SEILUN,  sA'loon',  a  village  of 
Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nabloos.  It 
has  various  remains  of  antiquity,  and  is  probably  the  Shiloh 
of  Scripture. 

SKl.M,  sAm,  or  SEM,  sjm,  a  river  of  Russia,  formed  in  the 
government  of  Koorsk,  30  miles  S.  of  Tim,  tiows  mostly  W., 
and  joins  the  Desna  in  the  government  of  TchernigoT,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  .Sosnitsa,  after  a  cour.se  of  300  miles. 

SEIMARRAH,  sA-mar'ril,  a  ruined  city  of  Persian  Koor- 
distan, in  a  fine  plain,  W.  of  the  river  Korkhah,  70  miles 
S.W.  of  Khorramabad.  ' 

SEIN,  sAn,  (anc.  Sena.)  an  islet  in  the  Atlantic,  off  the 
N.W.  coast  of  France,  department  of  Finistdre,  28  miles 
S.W.  of  Brest.     Length,  2  miles. 

SEINE,  .sAn  or  sin,  (anc.  &(;'ttawa.)  a  river  of  France,  ri.ses 
in  Mount  Tasselot,  near  the  village  of  Chanceaux.  depart- 
ment of  COte-d'Or,  flows  N.N.W.  past  Chatillon,  Ear-sur- 
Seine.  and  Mery,  where  it  becomes  navigable;  thence  W. 
and  N.W.  by  Paris,  where  it  is  from  300  to  500  feet  broad ;  it 
enters  the  English  Channel  at  Havre  by  an  estuary  7  miles 
wide.  Length,  497  miles,  for  350  of  which  it  is  navigable. 
Its  banks  are  highly  picturesque  in  the  lower  part  of  its 
'course.  The  chief  affluents  on  the  left  are  the  Yonne, 
Loing,  Es.sonne,  Eure,  and  Rille;  and  on  the  right,  the 
Aube,  Marne,  and  Oise.  It  communicates  with  the  Loire 
by  the  canals  of  Loing,  Orleans,  and  Briare.  The  Yonne 
unites  it  with  the  Saone  and  Rhine  by  the  canals  of  Bur- 
gundy and  those  of  the  Rhone  and  Rhine.  The  Oise  con 
nects  it  with  the  Somme,  Scheldt,  and  Sauibre,  by  the 
canals  of  Crozat,  St.  Quentin.  and  the  Sambre.  and  it  com- 
municates with  the  Meuse  by  the  Aisne  and  the  canal  of 
Ardennes;  by  the  canal  from  the  Marne  to  the  Rhine  it 
communicates  with  the  Meu.se,  Moselle,  and  Rhine. 

SEINE,  the  smallest  but  most  wealthy  and  important  de- 
partment of  France,  in  the  N.,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  pro- 
vince of  Ile-de-Frarice.  Area.  185  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
]^"61,  l,9'i3,6H0,  The  surfiice  of  this  department,  forming 
the  environs  of  Paris,  is  covered  with  towns,  villages,  villas, 
and  manufactories.  It  contains  Mont  Yalcriin,  Mont- 
martre,  and  some  other  hills;  is  watered  by  the  Seine  and 
Marne,  and  traversed  by  the  canals  of  St.  Denis  and  St. 
Martin,  and  by  several  railways.  The  department  contains 
valuable  quarries  of  building-stones  and  gypsum.  It  fur- 
nishes Paris  with  immense  quantities  of  vegetables,  melon.s, 
peaches,  and  strawberries.  Its  industry  is  concentrated  in 
Paris,  the  capital.  It  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements  of 
St.  Denis  and  Sceaux.    Capital  Paris. 

SE1NE-ET->!ARNE,  sAn  A  maiin,  a  department  in  the  N.E. 
of  France,  forming  part  of  the  old  province  of  lle-de-France. 
Area,  2164  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  352,312.  The  surfiice 
is  .slightly  undulating;  it  is  traversed  by  the  rivers  Seine 
and  .Marne,  Morin  and  Yeres,  and  by  the  canals  of  L'Ourcq 
and  Loing.  One-sixth  of  the  department  is'covered  with 
forests,  among  which  is  that  of  Fontainebleau.  Corn  is 
raised  inuch  beyond  the  consumption,  and  it  has  excellent 
pasturages,  in  which  numerous  cattle  are  reared.  It  fur- 
nishes Paris  with  a  great  quantity  of  cheese  under  the 
name  of  the  cheese  of  Brie.  The  wine  is  of  inferior  quality, 
except  the  Chasselas  of  the  environs  of  Fontainebleau, 
which  is  the  liest  in  France.  The  roses  of  Provins  are  em- 
ployed in  medicine  and  perfumery.  The  department  is 
divided  into  the  arrondissements  of  Coulommiers.  Fontaine- 
bleau, Meaux,  Melun.  and  Provins.    Capital,  Melun.  ■ 

SEINE-ET-OISE,  sAn  A  waz,  a  department  in  the  N.  ol 
France,  entirely  surrounding  the  metropolitan  department 
of  Seine.  Area,  2141  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1801,  51o,07S. 
The  surface  is  undulating.  It  is  watered  by  the  Seine, 
Essonne.  Oise,  Bifevre,  and  Epte.  The  soil  Is  infertile; 
near  Pari.s,  however,  it  is  liberally  m.anured.  Onts  are  ex- 
tensively imported ;  but  other  grains  are  raised  in  sufficient 
quantity  for  home  demand.  The  rearing  of  cattle  and 
sheep,  and  cultivation  of  Iruits  and  vegetables  for  the  Paris 
markets,  are  important.  The  famous  Sevres  porcelain,  and 
printed  fabrics,  cotton-yarn,  and  cloths,  hardwares,  leather, 
and  chemical  products,  are  among  the  chief  goods  manufiic- 
tared,  as  plaster  of  Paris  and  sand  are  .among  the  mineral 
products.  The  department  is  subdivided  into  the  six  arron- 
dissements of  Versailles.  Corbeil.  Etampes,  Mantes,  Pontoise, 
and  Ramljouillet.     Capital,  Ver.'wiilles. 

SEINE-1NF]^:RIKURE,  sAn  ^NoYA're-UR',  a  maritime  de- 
partment in  the  N.W.  part  of  France,  forming  part  of  the  old 
province  of  Normandy,  bounded  N.  by  the  English  Channel. 
Area,  2298  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  789,988.  The  coast 
has  numerous  small  harbors;  the  chief  ports  are  Havre  and 
Dieppe  on  the  English  Channel,  and  Rouen  on  the  Seine. 

1747 


SEI 


SEL 


Tho  department  Is  ■wateied  by  several  small  streams;  but 
the  Seine  is  the  only  river  of  importance.  The  surface  is 
oomposed  of  fertile  and  weil-cultivated  plains;  an  eighth 
part  of  it  is  cot  .Ted  with  forests.  Corn,  hops,  hemp,  lint, 
and  fruits  are  tlic  chief  products;  cider  is  extensively  made. 
The  pastures  Support  m:uiy  horses,  cattle,  and  large  floclvS 
of  sheep.  Kouen  is  celebrated  for  its  cotton,  and  Elbeuf  for 
its  woollen  fibrics.  The  department  is  divided  into  the 
arTOndls.sements  of  Diepj)©,  Havre,  Neufchatel,  Kouen,  "and 
Yvetot.     Capital,  Rouen. 

SKINNl.  sAn'nee\  a  frontier  town  of  Burmah,  near  the 
river  Salwin.  165  miles  N.E.  of  Ava. 

SKI  PUTSCH,  sl'poOtsh,  or  ZA'WIEC,  ziT'e4ts(?)  a  town  of 
Austrian  Galicia,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Wadowice.  on  the  Sola. 
Pop.  3.'570. 

SEIU-BEXI-YASS,  sir  UVnee'  ySss.  an  island  in  the  Per- 
sian Gulf,  off  the  Arabian  coast;  lat.  24°  21'  N.,  Ion.  62° 
46'  E. 

SEIS/H0LTZ\T:LLE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Berks  eo.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SEISTAN,  sAsHjn',  a  province  of  South-west  Afgh.-jnistan, 
bordering  on  the  Persian  province  of  Yezd,  between. lat.  30° 
30'  and  32°  N.,  and  Ion.  61°  and  62°  30'  E.,  intersected  by 
the  Helmund  liiver,  and  cont.iioino;  the  Haraoon  morass. 
Pop.  probably  50,000,  mostly  Tadjiks.  It  is  a  mountain 
basin,  surrounded  by  deserts,  unhealthy,  and  only  fertile 
on  the  immediate  banks  of  the  rivers;  but  it  presents  many 
traces  of  former  wealth  and  civilization.  It  was  devastated, 
and  its  chief  town  destroyed  liy  Tiraur,  in  1.383. 

SKITENDORF,  srtgn-d'op.f\  a  villaije  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Silesia,  government  of  Breslau.  near  Waldenburg.  P.  lOCO. 

SEITEXDOUF,  sI'ten-doKP,  (Mittel,  mit'tfl,  Nieder,  nee/- 
d^r,  and  Obeh,  o'b^r.)  a  village  of  Prussi.i,  government  of  ■ 
Liegnitz,  circle  of  Schijnau.    Pop.  936. 

SKITENDORF  or  SEITGENDOKP,  sIt^ghen-doRf\  a  town 
of  Saxony,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Bautzen.     l>op.  2007 .■ 

SEITEXSTADTEN,  (SeitenstSdten.)  si'tgn-stjt'tgn,  a  mni^ 
ket-town  of  Lower  Austria,  11  miles  E.  of  Steyer.  Pop.  590. 
It  has  a  rich  Benedictine  monastery,  containing  a  library 
of  10,000  volumes,  a  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  nume- 
rous Roman  antiquities. 

SEITOA'A,  sA-to'vi,  a  market^town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  15  miles  N.  of  Orenlioorg.  on  the  Sakmara.     Pop.  80(}. 

SEITZ,  sita,  or  KLOSTER-SEITZ.  klos'ter  sits,  a  village 
of  .\ustria.  in  Styria,  about  20  miles  from  Cilly.   Pop.  2450. 

SEIX.  six(?)  a  town  of  Fnvnce,  department  of  Ariege,  on 
the  Salat,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Girons.    Pop.  1689. 

SEL,  one  of  the  Cape  Yerd  Islands.     See  S.\L. 

SELAXG,  sAMing',  a  small  island  of  the  Molucca  group, 
in  the  JIalay  Archipelago,  off  the  S.E.  cojist  of  liatshian; 
lat.  0°  54'  S.,  Ion.  127°  47'  E. 

SELAXG  AN,  sA^linVitn',  a  town  of  the  island  of  Mur- 
dinao,  and  contiguous  to  the  town  of  Mindanao,  in  the 
Philippines.    Pop.  10.000.  (?) 

SKLAXIKI.    SeeS.vLONicA. 

SiiLARGlUS,  sA-l.iR'je-oos.  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division, 
and  ii  miles  N.E.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  2511. 

SliLjiTTYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SELAYA,  sA-li'a,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Santander. 
Pop.  about  1000. 

SELB,  sjlb,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Eger.  12  miles  N.AV.  of  Eger,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  3400. 

SELBITZ,  sjl'bits,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  7  miles  W. 
of  Hof,  with  1160  inh.abitauts. 

SELBOE.  (selbiSe,)  sM'lKiVh,  an  islet  off  the  W.  co-ast  of 
Norway,  stift,  and  28  miles  S.  of  Bergen,  in  Selboe-fiord. 

SELBOE,  a  parish  of  Norway,  stift,  and  25  miles  S.  of 
Trondhjem,  around  the  Lake  of  Selboe,  which  is  20  miles 
in  length,  by  3  miles  in  breadth.  It  receives  the  river  Nea, 
and  communicates  withTrondhjem-fiord. 

SEL'BOKXE,  a  parish  of  En^Und.  co.  of  Hanta,  4  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Alton.  The  Rev.  G.  AVhite.  author  of  the  '•  Natural 
History  of  Selborne,"  w.as  vicar  of  this  parish. 

SEL'BY,  a  market-town,  river-port,  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Ouse,  and  connected  by  canal  with  the  Aire  and  Caldor 
Navigation,  12i  miles  S.  of  York,  with  which  city,  and  with 
Hull  and  Leeds,  it  communicates  by  railwavs.  Pop.  of  the 
town,  in  1851,  5109.  It  is  well  built,  and  h.is  a  fine  Gothic 
market-cross,  a  neat  town-hall,  a  church  which  formed  ])art 
of  an  abbey  in  which  Henrv  I.  wa.s  born,  grammar  and 
blue-coat  schools,  manufactures  of  .sail-cloth,  leather,  and 
iron  goods,  and  slips  for  building  river-craft.  The  Ouse  is 
here  crossed  by  a  movable  bridge,  and  vessels  of  considera))Ie 
burden  can  come  up  to  the  tOAvn  from  Hull,  with  which 
port.  Loudon,  &c.  it  has  constant  steam  and  other  commu- 
nicjjtion. 

SKI/BYSPORT.  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  JIaryland, 
on  the  ioughiogheny  River,  about  40  miles  ^V.  by  N.  of 
Cumberland. 

uL-K^y^^^^*^  '  postoffice  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware, 
ci!;  i'"  i"  PO't-ofUce  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

SKLb.  »Ani,  or  SILARO,  se-li'ro,  {&nc.  Sihi'nia.)  a  river  of 
r>aples,  province  of  Principato  Citra,  rises  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Policastro.  Hows  first  N.W.  through  the  fine  Yal  di  Diano, 


and  then  S.W.,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Salerno,  OIedit«rT»- 
nean.)  16  miles  S.S.IO.ofS.alerno.     Total  course.  60  miles. 

SELEFKEH,  s,-l-lJf'kvh,  (anc.  Seleu'cia  TracMaf)  a,  town 
of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  of  Adana,  on  tlie  Ghieuk-soo,  (anc, 
Oalycad'nun,)  8  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  65  miles  S.W.  of  Tarsus.  It  is  Init  a  poor  collection 
of  huts,  occupying  a  part  of  a  wide  surface,  over  which 
are  scattered  numerous  remains  of  antiquity,  comprising  i 
ruined  theatre. 

SELEXDl.  s.4-l5n'dee,  or  SELENTT,  si-lJn'tee.  a  small 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ko- 
doiTS.  ('anc.  Ho->mif):,)  30  miles  N.E.  of  Ala-Shehr. 

SELENG.i.  .sA-lJng'gJ.  a  river  of  Centr.il  Asia,  rises  in  the 
Tang-noo  Mount.iins,  in  Mongolia,  flows  mostly  N.E..  and 
after  a  course  of  500  miles  enters  Lake  Baikal,  on  its  E. 
side.  SO  miles  AV.  of  Ilinsk. 

SFXENGinXSK,.sSlVng-ghinsk'.  a  town  of  Siberia  govern- 
ment of  Irkootsk,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Selenga,  60 
miles  N.  of  Klakhta.  Pop.  2(300.  It  is  a  depOt  for  goods 
passing  to  Chin.a.     Near  it  are  some  saline  baths. 

SELEXIA,  (.sil-le-nee'd?)  CAPK.  a  promontory  on  the  N.E, 
coast  of  Asia,  in  theOulf  of  Anadeer;  lat.  62°  42' 30"  N.,  loa. 
177°  -19'  48"  E. 

SELEXXAK.  s3-lJn-n3k',  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the 
government  of  Yakontsk,  lat.  62°  X.,  flows  E.X.E.,  and  joins 
the  Indighirka  after  a  course  of  about  130  miles. 

SELEXTER  SEE.  s,Vleu-ter  s.i,  a  lake  of  Denmark,  in  the 
X.E.  of  the  duchy  of  Ilolstein ;  area,  12  squai-e  miles.  Depth 
at  some  places.  40  fothoms. 

SELEXTI.  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Siusty. 

SELEUCIA,  sA-loo'sht^a.  a  city  of  antiquitv  in  Asiatic 
Turkey,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris,  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Bagd.">d.  and  opposite  the  remains  of  Ctesiphon. 

SELEUCIA.  .a  city  of  antiquity  in  PersLi,  Khoozistan,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  .lerahi.  65  miles  S.E.  of  Shooster. 

SELEUCIA  PIKRIA,  a  ritv  of  Xorth  Svria.  SeeSElETKEH. 

SELFKIDGEYILLE.  a  post-ofiice  of  AVlll  co.,  Illinois. 

SEL'IIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SELIGENSTADT,  siWio-fn-statt',  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Starkenburg.  on  the  Main.  16 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  2i324.  It  has  the  remains 
of  a  Benedictine  abbey,  containing  the  tombs  of  Eginhard, 
and  of  Emma,  daughter  of  Ch.iriemagne.  There  are  copper 
and  coal-mines  in  tlie  vicinity.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the 
castle  of  Rotheiiburg. 

SELTGEXTHAL.  StAlig-fn-tir,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  Fuld.a,  4  miles  N.^W.  of  Schmal- 
kalden.     Pop.  1163. 

SEIJGHER,  sA-le-g-aiR',  a  lake  of  Russia,  governments  of 
Tver  and  Novgorod.  X.  of  Ostashkov.  I>engih.  30  miles; 
breadth,  10  miles.  It  is  the  source  of  an  affluent  of  the 
Yolga. 

SELIME  or  SELIMEII,  sA-lee'ma.  an  oasis  in  the  desert 
of  Xubla.  220  miles  S.W.  of  Derr,  a'nd  AV.  of  the  third  ca- 
taract of  the  Xile.     It  proiluces  an  abundance  of  salt. 

SELIMXO,  sA-Iim'no.  SELIMXIA,  s.A-lim'n^a.  written 
also  ISLAAI.TE  and  ISLAAID.TI,  is-ldm'je.  a  walled  town  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  Bal- 
kan Mountains.  Co  miles  X.X.W.  of  Adrianople.  Pop.  20,000, 
who  manufacture  coarse  woollens,  gun-locks,  and  att.'jr  of 
roses.     It  has  a  large  fair  in  .Tune. 

SE-LIXG,  sA'ling'.a  city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-see,  on 
the  Tonquin  frontier,  12  miles  S.W.  of  See-Ming. 

SELIXO.  sA-lee'no,  a  maritime  village  of  Crete,  on  its  3. 
coast.  35  miles  W.  of  Sphakia.  It  has  a  fort,  and  some 
coasting  trade  in  agricuUur.il  produce. 

SE'LIXSGROYE,  a  post-borough  of  Penntownship.SnydeJ 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehanna, 
at  the  mouth  of  Penn's  Creek,  50  miles  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 
It  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  district.  It  coutaius  a  na- 
tional bank.    Pop.  1261. 

SELIXTI.  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Siuxtt. 

SELIXUS.    See  Castel  Yethaxi. 

SELTSHTCHE.  s.A-litcli'A,  or  SEI.ITSCHE.  a  market-town 
of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  69  miles  W.  of  Yitebsk. 
Pop   10IH1. 

SELITREX'OI-GORODOK,  sA-le-tri-noi'  go-ro-dok',  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Russia,  government,  and  68  miles  X.X.W.  of  As« 
trakhan.  on  the  A'olga,  occupying  the  site  of  the  old  capital 
of  the  Tartar  khans  of  the  Great  or  Golden  tribe,  imposing 
remains  of  which  ancient  town  still  exist. 

SELITZA.  sA-lit'si  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ma- 
cedonia, sanjak.  and  48Tnilos  S.E.  of  Monastir. 

SELITZA.  a  village  of  Greece,  iu  the  Morea,  district,  and 
5  miles  S.E.  of  Maina. 

SEL'KIRK  or  SKLKIRKSHIRE,  sel'kirk-shir.  forroeriy 
called  the  ETTRICK  FOREST,  a  small  inland  county  of  Scot- 
land, in  the  Lowlands,  having  W.  the  co.  of  Peebles,  E, 
Roxburgh.  S.,  Dumfries,  and  N.,  Edinburirhshire.  Area.  26J) 
square  miles,  or  168.320  acres,  of  which  about  S5.000  are 
arable,  30.000  uncultivated,  and  53,000  waste.  Pop.  in  is^l, 
9809.  Surface  mostly  mountainous.  Principal  rivers,  ih» 
Tweed,  with  its  tributaries  the  Ettrick  and  Yarrow.  Itj 
industry  is  chiefly  pastonnl.  but  its  agriculture  has  been  •on- 
slderably  improved  within  the  last  half  century.    Price  fial 


SEL 

towns.  Selkirk  and  Galashiels.    The  county  sends  1  member 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

SKLKIKK,  a  royal  burgh,  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  the  alMve  county,  on  a  declivity  Iteside  the  Et- 
trlck,  on  the  ri^'ht  bank,  33  miles  S.S.K.  of  Kdinburgh.  Pop. 
of  the  burgh,  in  1851,  3314.  It  has  been  mostly  rebuilt  in  a 
modern  style,  and  ha.s  a  spacious  niarketrplace,  in  which  are 
the  town-hall,  with  a  spire  110  feet  in  hei<;ht,  a  public  well, 
and  a  monument  to  Sir  Walter  Scott.  The  other  principal 
structures  are  the  churches,  the  jail,  and  a  monument  to 
the  traveller  Mungo  I'ark,  a  n.ative  of  the  vicinity.  It  has 
various  public  associations  and  schools,  and  some  manufac- 
tareg  of  tweeds,  blankets,  and  hosiery  in  mills  on  the  Et- 
trick.  The  manufacture  of  shoes  has  declined;  but  the 
"  souters  of  .Selkirk"  are  still  an  important  craft  of  the  com- 
munity. On  the  Tweed,  about  4  miles  from  Selkirk,  is  Ab- 
botsford,  the  seat  of  the  late  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  and  adjacent 
to  thi'  t<.iwn,  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  was  defeated  by  Gene- 
ral Leslie  in  1G45. 

SEL'KIHK,  a  post-office  of  Marion  district.  South  Caro- 
lina. 

SELKIRKSHIRE.    See  Selkirk. 

SEIJiA,  s^l'yd,  a  river  of  Spain,  after  a  course  of  about  36 
miles  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bisctiy,  forming  the  bay  and  port 
of  Ril'adesella. 

SKLI/A,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  province,  and  19 
miles  \.\.E.  of  Alicante.     Pop  1(370. 

SKL'LACK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

SKLLfi  or  CKLLJ5,  siri.V,  a  river  of  France,  departments 
of  Caiital  and  Lot,  joins  the  Lot  10  miles  E.  of  Cahors,  after 
a  S.W.  course  of  54  miles,  past  Figeac. 

SKLLE  or  CiCLLE,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Aisne 
and  Nord.  joins  the  Scheldt  (Exaut)  near  Bouchain.  Total 
course.  23  miles. 

SELLB,  L\.  a  vilkige  of  France,  department  of  Mayenne, 
4  miles  W.  of  Craon.     Pop.  1511. 

SKL'LBltSBURG,  a  post-village  on  the  JefTersonville  Rail- 
road, in  Clarke  co..  Indiana,  9  miles  N.  of  Jeffersonville. 

S1;L/LEKS'  TAVERN,  a  postofflce  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SELLES-SATXT-DEXIS,  sJll  sSn"  djh-nee',  a  village  of 
France,  arrondissement  of  Romorantin.     Pop.  1928. 

SELLES-SUR-CHKR,  s^ll  sUr  shaia,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Loir-et^Cher,  on  the  Cher,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Ro- 
morantin.    Pop.  2033. 

SKL'LIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Kent. 

SEL'I>I.\GE,  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Kent. 

SELLMTZ,  sJll'nits.  or  SKLLETZ.  s6l'l^ts.  a  village  of  Bo- 
hemia, on  the  Bel.a,  5  miles  from  BrUx.     Pop.  1398. 

SELLYK,  silVyk,  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co., 
and  14  miles  S.W.  of  Neutra.  near  the  Waag,  with  a  ca.<tle. 

SELLYE.  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Schu- 
meg,  39  miles  S.  of  Kaposvar. 

SEL'MA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  right  bank  of  tlie  Alabama  River,  about  70  miles 
below  Montgomery.  It  is  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Alabama 
and  Tennessee  River  Railroad.  The  Central  Railro.ad  of 
Alabama  extends  W.  Selma  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and 
populous  district,  and  has  an  active  business.  It  contains 
several  churches  and  a  newspaper  office.  Population,  la 
1860,  3177. 

SELMA.  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 

SELM.A..  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Virginia. 

SELMA,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio. 

SELMA,  a  post-office  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois. 

SELMA,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  liiver,  35  miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

SELM.A.ST,  sJl'mSst,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  .Azer- 
baijan, within  15  miles  N.W.  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah.  It  con- 
tains about  1500  families. 

SELMECZ  BANYA.    See  Schemnitz. 

SEVMESTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SELOIGNES,  s.i'lwdn',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  on  the  Eau  Blanche  and  Oise.  near  the  frontiers 
of  Frjjnce.  33  miles  S.E.  of  Mens.     Pop.  1014. 

SELOXGEY,  seh-lAN-oV.hA',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cote-d'Or,  on  the  Venelle,  19  miles  N.X.E.  of 
Dijon.     Pop.  1645. 

SELOWrrZ  or  SEELOWITZ,  s.ilo-^itsN  a  town  of  Mo- 
ravia. 11  miles  S.  of  Briinn,  on  the  Zwittawa.     Pop.  1100. 

SELS.VTH,  sJl-s:VtA.  a  vilUage  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  12  miles  X.N.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3100. 

SELSEA  or  SELSIiY,  sel'see,  a  village  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Sussex,  occupying  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the 
county,  8  miles  S.  of  Cliichester.  The  village,  neatly  built, 
about  half  a  mile  from  the  se,a,.has  a  stately  church  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  Here,  in  the  seventh  century,  was 
established  the  first  Roman  Catholic  monastery  in  England, 
and  Selsey  was  a  bishopric,  until  the  see  was  transferred  to 
Chlche.ster,  in  a.  d.  1075.  The  peninsula  of  Selseais  a  large 
level  tract  between  Chichester  Harbor  and  the  English 
Ch.annel.  its  S.  point  being  called  Selsea-bill. 
.    SEL'STOX,  a  parish  cf  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SELTERS,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  14  miles  N.E.  of 
Coblentz. 


SEM 

SELTERS,  NTEDER,  nee'der  sJl'tgrs,  a  village  of  Ger 
many,  duchy  of  Nassau,  23  miles  X.  of  Mentz.  Pop.  874 
It  is  famous  for  its  mineral  springs,  which  furnish  the  well 
known  Seltzer  water. 

SELTERS,  OBER,  o^bgr  sSl'lers,  a  village  of  Germany, 
duchy  of  Nassau,  H  miles  S.  of  Xieder  .Sellers. 

SELTSCHAN,  s^lt^shdn',  or  SEDLCZANY,  sJdl-ch.5'nee,  a 
town  of  Bohemia,  30  miles  S.K.  of  Beraun.     Pop.  1098. 

SELTZ  or  SELZ,  siUs,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Bas-Khin,  on  the  Rhine,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Seltsbach,  27 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Strasbourg.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2402. 

SKLUNE,  sgh-liin',  a  river  of  France,  department  of 
Slanche,  enters  Cancale  B.ay  (a  part  of  the  English  Channel) 
4  miles  S.W.  of  Avranches,  after  a  W.  course  of  35  miles,  for 
the  last  8  of  which,  from  Ducey,  it  is  navigable. 

SELV.\,  sJl'vd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  9  miles 
N.W.  of  Tarragona.    Pop.  4579. 

SELVA.  a  Spanish  town,  on  the  island  of  Majorca,  on  a 
height,  X.E.  of  Palraa.     Pop.  1390. 

SELVA,  a  town  of  Chili.     See  Copi.vpo. 

SELVA,  sjl'vi,  »  town  near  the  centre  of  the  island  of  M» 
jorca.  18  miles  X.E.  of  I'alma.     Pop.  3915. 

SELV.\  DK  MAR,  sjl'vd  d«/h  man,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Gerona,  with  a  small  harlxir  on  the  Jlediterraneau, 
neJir  the  frontier  of  France.  5  miles  X".E.  of  Rosas. 

SELVE,  sil'v.A,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatk*, 
between  XJlbo  and  Premudii.     Length,  4  miles. 

SELA' I,  sjl'vee,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Danube,  saujak,  and  47  miles  S.S.E.  o: 
Nicopolis.     Pop.  2500. 

SEL'WORTHY.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SELZ,  a  town  of  France.     See  Seltz. 

SELZ,  sJlts,  a  rivei-  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt, 
after  a  N.  course  of  30  miles,  joins  the  Rhine  7  miles  W.  of 
Ments. 

SK.M,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Seim. 

SKMAXAGUR,  s.Vma-na'gfir.  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  domi- 
nions of  Oude,  41  miles  X.  of  Khyrab.ad. 

SEMAO,  s.i-ma'o,  or  SIMAO.  se-md'o,  a  small  island  of  tha 
Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Timor,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  strait.  Estimated  length, 
20  miles.  It  exports  wax,  s.andal-wood,  and  edible  birds'- 
nests. 

SEMD,  semt,  a  village  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of 
Starkenburg,  circle  of  Dieburg.  near  Umstadt.     Pop.  1146. 

SEMEXDRIA,  se-nien'dre-i,  a  fortified  town  of  Servia,  and 
formerly  the  residence  of  its  kings,  on  the  Danul>e.  at  the 
influx  of  the  Jessava.  24  miles  S.K.  of  Belgrade.  Estimated 
pop.  9000.     It  has  a  citadel,  and  some  Roman  antiquities. 

SEMEXOOD,  si-m:\-nood',  or  SAMANUD,  sa-md-nood', 
(anc.  Seben'ni/tus.)  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  on  the  Dauiietta 
branch  of  the  Nile,  4  miles  E,  of  Meliallet-el-Kebeer.  It  has 
some  remains  of  antiquity,  and  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  eart  henwa  res. 

SEMEXOOK.\,  sA-m.i-noo/kd,  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  90  miles  X.E.  of  Voronezh. 

SEMEXORSKAIA.  s-A-nLl-nor-skl'd,  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  of  .Moscow. 

SEMEXOV  or  Sli.MEXOW,  s.-\-m.-l-nov',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  3(5  miles  X.X.E.  of  Nizhnee-Xovgorod. 
Pop.  3000,  partly  emploved  in  manufiicturing  wooden  wares. 

SEMKR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SEMEROXE,  see-me-rou',  or  CIMARROX.  (Sp.pron.se- 
maR-R6n,)  a  considerable  river  of  the  Indian  Territory,  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  Int.  37°  X\,  and  flowing  nearly 
E.,  falls  into  the  Arkansas  in  about  Ion.  97°  30'  W.  Length, 
estimated  at  600  miles.     It  is  not  navig.able. 

SEM  IDE,  s.i-mee'd.i,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Douro,  8  miles  fixim  Coimbra.     Pop.  2030. 

SEMILE,  s.imee'lA,  SEMILOV  or  SE.MILOW,  s.i-me-lov', 
written  also  SEMILL,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  I.sar,  23 
miles  X.E.  of  Buntzlau,with  a  castle,  and  1720  inhabitants. 

SE.MIX.4R.\,  s4-me-n3'rd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  II.,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Palmi.  Pop.  2500.  It  has 
a  collegiate  church. 

SEM'IX.ARY,  a  post-office  of  Washita  co.,  Arkansas. 

SKM'INOLE  IXDl.VXS.  a  once  powerful  tribe  dwelling  in 
Florida.  Most  of  them  have  been  removed  to  the  W.  of  the 
Mississippi. 

SEMIPALATIXSK.  s.i-me-pd-ia-tinsk'.  written  also  SEMI- 
PATALjVTIXSK,  and  SEMIPOLATIXSK,  (t.  c.  "the  seven 
palaces,")  a  fortified  town  of  Siberia,  government  of  Tomsk, 
on  the  Irtish,  250  miles  S.W.  of  Barnaul.  It  has  Russian 
government  establishments,  is  the  seat  of  some  trade  with 
Independent  Toorkistan,  and  derived  its  n.ame  from  exten- 
sive buildings  found  there  by  the  Russians,  ou  their  con- 
quest of  Siberia. 

SEMIS'H'OCIIXOI,  si-me-so-poK-nci/,  or  ISLE  OF  THE 
SEVE.X  .MOUNTAINS,  belonging  to  the  .Ueutian  Archipe- 
lago, and  to  the  group  known  by  the  name  of  the  Krvci  or 
R.nt  Islands,  about  lat.  51°  59'  X.,  and  Ion.  179°  45'  57''  W, 

SEMITCII  (s.i-mitch')  ISLAXDS,  a  group  of  (he  AUutiau 
Islands,  in  the  Xorth  Pacific  Ocean,  X.E.  of  the  island  of 
Attoo. 

SEM'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  WUtg. 

1749 


SEM 

aE.MLlANSK,s',m-i«  Insk', or  SAMLENSK, sam-lSnsk',  a 
town  of  Russiiv,  government,  and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Voronezh, 
on  the  Semlianka.    Pop.  2500. 

SEMLIN  or  ZEMLIN,  sJm-leen',  (Ilun.  Zimony,  zee'mofl',) 
a  fortified  frontier  town  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  in  Slavouia, 
CO.,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  Peterwardein,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Danube,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Belgrade.  Pop.  10,200,  com- 
prising Slavonians,  Germans,  Greeks,  Servians,  Croats,  gyp- 
sies, and  Jew.s.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  protopapas,  and  has 
many  good  houses  and  chui  ehes,  but  its  streets  are  mostly 
unpaved  and  dirty.  It  has  numerous  schools,  an  hos))ital,  a 
German  theatre,  and  a  large  quiirantine  est;iblishmeut.  It 
is  the  chief  entrepot  of  the  trade  between  Austria  and  Tur- 
key ;  imports  raw  cotton  and  cotton  twist,  honey,  hare  and 
rabbit  skins,  <tc.;  exports  woollen  stuffs,  glasswares,  and 
other  manufactured  goods.  At  the  N.  extremity  of  the  town 
is  the  ruined  castle  of  the  famous  John  Iluniades. 

SEJIMKD,  s^mVJd',  a  town  and  fort  of  Arabia,  in  Oman, 
in  an  extensive  oasis,  56  miles  S.W.  of  Muscat. 

SBMNAX  or  SEMNOOX,  a  town  of  Perf^la.    See  Simnan. 

SE.MOY  or  SEJIOIS,  seh-mwd',  a  river  of  Belgian-Luxem- 
bourg and  France,  department  of  Ardennes,  after  a  \V. 
course  of  100  miles,  joins  the  Meuse  9  miles  1\.  of  Meziferes. 

SEMPACII,  .sJm'pdK,  a  decayed  town  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton, and  8  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne,  at  the  E.  extremity  of 
the  Lake  of  Sempach.  Pop.  960.  In  its  vicinity  1400  Swiss 
routed  4000  Austiians,  on  the  9th  of  July,  1386 ;  and  the 
action,  which  was  rendered  memorable  by  the  heroic  death  of 
Arnold  von  Winkelried,  is  celebrated  by  an  annual  f-stival. 

SEMPACH.  a  lake  of  Switzerland,  4  miles  in  length  by  1 
mile  in  breadth,  gives  origin  to  the  river  Sureu,  auatHuent 
of  the  Aar.  ' 

SEM'l'iaNGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SEM  PllO'N  lUS,  a  post-township  in  the  S. E.  part  of  Cayuga 
CO.,  New  York.  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Aubiirn.     Pop.  1262. 

SEMPKONIUS.  a  post-offlce  of  Austin  co.,  Texas. 

SEMPST,  sJmpst,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South 
Brabant,  on  the  Senne.  and  on  the  Brussels  and  Antwerp 
llailway,  10  mile.s  N.N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2040. 

SEMUK-EX-AUXOIS,  s.VmiiR6n6xVil'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Cote-d'Or,  capital  of  an  arrondissemeiit,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Arman9on.  35  miles  W'.N.W.  of  Dijon. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3971.  It  has  a  ponderous  castle,  supposed  to 
date  from  the  eighth  century,  a  communal  college,  and  ma- 
nufactures of  common  woollens  and  yarns,  tanneries,  and  a 
trade  in  cattle,  hemp,  and  wool.  Henry  IV.  removed  the  par- 
liament of  Dijon  to  Samur  during  the  troubles  of  the  League. 

SEMUK-EN-BRIONNAIS,  si'miiR'Sx"  bre-on'ni/,  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Saoue-et-Loire,  14  miles  S.W.  of 
Charolles.     I'op.  1600. 

SEMUSSYR,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands.    See  Simooseer. 

SENA.    See  Sienna. 

SENA,  a  river  of  France.     See  Seine. 

SENA.Sil/ud,  or  SEN'.\A,a  town,  and  the  former  capifcil  of 
the  Portuguese  dominions  in  East  Africii,  now  capital  of  a 
province,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Zambezi,  110  miles  W.  of 
Quilimaue.  Lat.  17°  30'  S.,  Ion.  35°  3S'  8"  E.  It  appears  to 
be  a  mere  collection  of  huts  and  some  European  houses,  in- 
terspersed with  tilthy  and  stjignant  pools,  and  having  some 
churches,  and  an  insignificant  mud  redoubt.  Its  captaincy 
is  bounded  by  Sofala,  Mogarana,  the  Zambezi  River,  and  the 
Channel  of  Mozambique. 

SENAGO,  si-ni/go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province, 
and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2004. 

SE-NAN,  sA'  ndu',  or  SSE-NAN-FOO,  si^  nin^  foo',  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Koei-choo,  capital  of  a  department,  on 
the  Oo  kiang.  a  tributary  of  the  Yang-tso-kiang,  in  lat.  28° 
N.,  Ion.  108°  25'  E. 

SEXDE.XIIORST,  s5n'den-hoRst\  a  town  of  Prusswn  West- 
phalia, 12  miles  S.E.  of  MUnster,  with  a  castle.    Pop.  1610. 

SEXD-wiTH-RlPLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 
The  village,  Send-on-the-\>'ey,  is  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ripley. 
Ilere  aiv  ruins  of  a  priory. 

SEXE,  sgh-ni',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
\)ihan.     Pop.  2476. 

SEN'ECA,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  New  York,  has  an 
area  of  about  330  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Cayuga  Lake  and  Seneca  River,  and  partly  on  the  W.  by 
Seneca  Lake,  and  is  principally  dr.iined  by  Seneca  and  Clyde 
Rivers,  which  inter.sect  it,  affording  valuable  water-power. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  being  most  elevated  about  mid- 
way between  the  two  lakes.  The  soil  is  principally  a  calca- 
reous loam,  well  adapted  to  both  grain  and  grass.  Iron  ore 
and  gypsum  are  found,  and  near  the  village  of  Canoga  is  a 
spring  which  rises  with  such  foi-ce  as  to  supply  mill-power 
within  a  few  r(3ds.  The  Central  Railroad  and  the  Cayuga 
and  Seneca  Cnnal  traverse  this  county,  and  the  Erie  Canal 
passes  through' its  X.E.  corner.  Named  from  a  trilie  of  In- 
dians who  formerly  inhabited  this  part  of  the  country.  Seats 
of  justice.  Ovid  and  Waterloo.     Pop.  28,138.  . 

SENECA,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  .area  of 
640  squart-  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by  Sandusky 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Honey  and  Green  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  nearly  level,  with  a  moderate  declivity  towards 
the  N.  The  soil  is  excellent,  well  timbered,  and  under  good 
1750  ^ 


SEN 

cultivation.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Sandusky 
Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  and  by  the  Cleveland  and 
Toledo  R.R.    Capital,  Tiflin.     Pop.  30,868. 

SENECA,  a  former  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Missouri, 
bordering  on  Arkansas.  It  is  drained  by  the  Elk  or  Cow- 
skin  River.    It  is  now  called  McDonald  cOunty. 

SENECA,  a  township  of  Ontario  co.,  New  York,  on  the  "W. 
shore  of  Seneca  Lake.  It  i.s  intersected  by  several  railroad"^ 
and  contains  the  village  of  Geneva.     Pdp.  8448. 

SENECA,  a  postKjfflce  of  Tompkins  co.,  New  York. 

SENECA,  a  postroftice  of  Anderson  district.  S.  Carolina. 

SENECA,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 

SENECA,  a  township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Monroe  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1406. 

SEN  ECA,  a  township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Mon- 
roe CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1803.     • 

SENECA,  a  township  in  the  S.W'.  part  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio, 
intersected  by  the  JIad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.  Pop. 
1874. 

SENECA,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Lenawee 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1745. 

SENECA,  a  township  in  McUenry  co.,  Illinois.    P.    1010. 

SENECA,  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  West,  district 
of  Niagara,  on  the  Ouse  or  Grand  River,  here  crossed  by  a 
briilge,  about  55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toronto.  The  town.sbip 
contains  the  two  distinct  villages  of  Seneca  and  Caledonia. 
Pop.  3636. 

SKXECA  CASTLE,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co..  New  York. 

SEXEC.\  CREEK,  of  Montgomery  co.,  Maryland,  flows 
south-westward:  sud  enters  the  Potomac. 

SEXECA  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Monroe  CO.,  and  enters 
AVills  Creek,  near  Cambridge. 

SEN  KC A  FALLS,  a  post-town.ship  of  Seneca  co.,  New  York, 
about  ItJO  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.     Pop.  6960. 

SEXECA  F.A.LLS,  a  thriving  postrvillage  in  the  above 
township,  is  situated  on  the  outlet  of  Seneca  Luke,  and  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  43  miles  W.S.W.  of  Syiacuse.  It  contains 
about  6<hnrches,l  national  bank, an  acafipmy.2  newspaper 
offices,  and  many  handsome  dwellings  and  gardens.  The 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal  passes  through  the  village.  It 
has  abundant  water-power,  and  a  variety  of  nianufuctories. 
The  principal  articles  produced  are  flour,  cotton  good.s,  ma- 
chinery, paper,  window  sash,  and  farming  implements.  In- 
corporated in  1831.     Pop.  5960. 

SEXECA  IXDIAXS,  a  tribe  formerly  inhabiting  the  W. 
part  of  New  York,  but  now  occupying  a  tract  lying  between 
the  Xeosho  River  and  the  W.  border  of  Mis.^ouri. 

SENECA  LAKE,  a  large  and  beautiful  sheet  of  water  in 
the  W.  central  part  of  New  York,  lies  between  Tompkins 
and  Seneca  counties  on  the  E.,  and  Steuljen,  Yates,  and  On- 
tario counties  on  the  W.  It  is  about  35  miles  long,  and 
from  2  to  4  miles  wide.  It  is  very  deep,  and  is  never  frozen 
over.  The  surface  is  stated  to  be  216  feet  above  Lake  On- 
tario, or  447  feet  above  the  Atlantic.  A  steamlxiat  plies  be- 
tween Jefferson  and  tinneva  daily;  the  former  at  its  S.,  and 
the  latter  at  its  N.  extremity.  The  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake 
enters  Seneca  Lake  about  12  miles  from  its  N.  extremity, 
and  at  different  points  alTords  extensive  water-power.  .V 
canal  also  connects  the  two  lakes,  and  by  means  of  locks 
Seneca  Lake  has  communication  with  the  Erie  Canal. 

SENEC.V  MILLS,  a  post-office,  Montgomery  co..  Maryland. 

SEXECA  RIVER.  New  York,  forms  the  outlet  of  Cnnan- 
daigua,  Cayuga,  Owasco,  and  Skaneateles  Lakes,  and  after 
receiving  the  waters  of  Onondaga  Lake,  takes  the  name  o; 
Oswego  River. 

SENECA  RIVER,  of  North  C.arolinii,  rises  in  the  Blue 
Ridge,  near  the  S.  boundary  of  North  Carolina,  and  tiowiuft 
S.,  tails  into  the  Tugaloo  River  in  Anderson  district,  Soath 
Carolina. 

SENECA  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York. 

SE.X'ECAVILLE,  a  post-villageof  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  near 
Seneca  Creek,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Cambridge,  contains  2  or  3 
churches. 

SEN'EFER,  an  Island  of  the  Red  Sea,  6  miles  E.  of  the 
island  of  Tiran,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah. 

SliNEFFE,  sfh-neff',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Mons.  Pop.  3464.  It  has  a  nc'ole 
residence,  with  a  fine  park.  Here  a  sanguinary  but  inde- 
cisive battle  took  place  in  1674,  between  the  French  under 
the  Prince  of  Condd.  and  the  Allies  under  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  afterwards  William  III.  of  England. 

SENEGAL,  sen'e-gawl',  (Fr.  Siniyal,  stVni-edl'.)  a  large 
river  of  West  Africa,  rises  under  the  name  of  Ba-Fing.*  iu 
lat.  10°  30'  N.,  Ion.  10°  40'  W.,  near  Timl>o.  where  its  sources 
are  separated  from  those  of  the  Niger  (Joliba)  by  the  high 
lar>ds  of  the  Maudiugo  country.  It  then  flows  successively 
N.W.  and  W.,  through  Senegambia.  its  basin  lying  N.  of  that 
of  the  Gambia,  and  it  enters  the  Atlantic-  Ocean  in  lat.  16° 
N.,  Ion.  16°  3:3'  W.  Total  course  estimated  at  1000  miles. 
The  principal  affluents  are  the  Kokoro  and  Falemo.  both 
of  which  join  it  in  the  upper  half  of  its  course.     At  Fellore, 


*  Ba,  a  prefix  to  tlio  names  of  many  riv9»8  in  West  A/rioa,  »ig- 
nititiS  "water"  or  "river;"  it  is  probably  I  rom  lb  "' laiiiei'oot  aj 
bnhr  iu  Arabic,  and  ab  or  aub  in  Persian. 


Sen 


SEN 


frcm  400  to  450  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  forms  a  cataract,  up 
to  which  it  is  always  navigable  for  tiat-liottomed  boats.  In 
Its  lower  part  it  Hows  throu;;h  a  level  and  densely-wooded 
plain,  and  the  tide  is  perceptible  in  it  for  60  leagues  inland. 
At  3;")  miles  from  its  mouth  it  divides  into  two  principal 
arms,  the  easternmost  and  largest  of  which  is  deep  enough 
for  the  largest  ships,  but  the  mouth  of  the  river  is  encum- 
bered by  a  bar,  which  has  seldom  more  tiian  10  or  12  feet 
water.  In  the  rainy  seasons,  vessels  of  from  KSO  to  150  tons 
can  ascend  it  to  Galam,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the 
Inundation,  in  July,  some  French  trading  vessels  sail  up  to 
that  point. 

SE.N'KCi.Vf,,  (Tr,  S6negal.)  a  French  colonial  dependency  of 
West  Africa,  consisting  of  the  island  and  town  of  St,  Louis, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal,  and  .several  f  >rts  along  the 
banks  of  that  river,  Albreda,  Ac,  on  the  Gambia,  Ooree,  and 
other  settlements  S.  of  Cape  Verd.  Total  population  in  1849, 
14,870,  about  three-iifths  of  whom  were  slaves.  The  csports 
consist  chiefly  of  gum,  hides,  wax,  ivory,  cabinet- woods,  and 
gold-dust ;  the  imp  irts  of  manufactured  goods,  wines,  spirits, 
and  provisions.  The  governor  resides  at  St.  Louis,  which  is 
the  seat  of  the  chief  judicial  court,  Goree  is  the  residence 
of  a  lieutenant-governor,  European  force,  about  370  men. 
The  French  first  settled  in  Senegal  in  1637,  It  was  held  by 
the  English  from  17.7fi  until  1779.  and  again  from  the  period 
of  the  French  revolutionary  war  till  1814. 

SENEaALLI.\,  a  town  of  Italy.     See  SixWAnUA. 

SENKG.iMBIA,  s.An-e-gam'he-S.  (Fr,  Siidgambie.,  sA'nA'- 
gSM'bee';  Oer,  Senegamhien.  sft-n.i-gdm'begn,)  an  extensive 
region  of  West  Afiic.a,  comprising  the  countrie.s  between  lat. 
8°  and  17°  X.,  and  Ion,  4"^  and  17°  30'  W.,  having  E.  Soodan 
Proper,  S.  Guinea,  W,  the  Atlantic,  and  N,  the  Sahara 
Desert,  The  limits  of  tho  country  are  too  imperfectly  defined 
to  form  even  an  approximate  estimate  of  its  area.  Its  extent 
of  seacoast  probably  exceeds  700  miles.  It  is  low  through- 
out, and  in  many  places  deeply  indented  with  numerous 
Island.-!  lining  its  shore.s.  The  principal  projections  are  Cape 
Verd,  the  westernmost  point  of  Africa,  and  Cape  St,  Mary, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia,  The  chief  islands  are  the  low, 
sandy  islet  of  St.  Louis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal :  the 
insulated  rock  called  Goree,  300  feet  high  and  600  fathoms 
long,  sep;irated  from  Cape  A'erd  by  a  channel  1500  fathi>nis 
wide,  and  islands  of  the  llissagos  or  I}ijo(  ja  Archipelago,  near 
the  embouchure  of  the  Kio  Grande. 

P/ti/sical  Features.— 'I'he  W.  or  maritime  portion  of  Sene- 
gamliia  is  a  low,  fiat,  and,  to  a  great  extent,  swampy  plain, 
nearly  150  miles  wide,  under  the  10th  parallel,  and  incieas- 
Ing  .\,  towards  tho  Senegal  to  a  width  of  200  miles.  To  the 
B.  of  this  is  a  hilly  or  mountainous  country,  in  which  the 
principal  valleys  run  from  S.  to  N.  These  parallel  mountain 
terraces  increase  in  height  towards  tlie  S.K.  The  plateau 
of  Foota-Jallon,  .lallon-ke-du,  Kooka-du,  and  Bambook,  may 
be  assumed  with  probability  to  have  a  general  elevation  of 
1200  feet  or  1500  feet,  while  the  summits  of  tho  mountjiin 
chains  attain,  perhaps,  at  the  utmost,  an  absolute  height  of 
6000  feet. 

Otology. — Granite  in  its  various  forms  appears  to  consti- 
tute the  base  of  the  mountain  chains,  and  shows  itself  in  all 
the  small  hills  diversifying  the  banks  of  the  Senegal,  from 
Galam  up  to  Dambook;  while  farther  S.,  volcanic  rocks  fre- 
quently break  through  and  cover  the  granite,  the  hill-tops 
being  often  crowned  with  basalt,  and  the  loftier  mountains 
owing  their  superior  elevation  to  the  mass  of  trachyte  accu- 
mulated upon  them.  Iron-stone  or  ferruginous  rock,  is  pro- 
fusely strewed  over  the  hills  in  Foota-.Iallon,  and  neighbor- 
ing districts.  Lower  down  than  the  iron,  on  the  outer  edge, 
apparently,  of  the  volcanic  intluence,  imbedded  in  a  kxise, 
friable  earth,  lies  the  gold  grain,  for  which  in  early  times 
Guinea  was  so  famous.  Bambook,  towards  the  N,,  between 
the  Faleme  and  lia-fing,  and  Bure  in  the  E,  slope,  are  the 
districts  most  famed  for  their  gold-mines.  The  level  plains 
towards  the  coast  are  formed,  as  might  be  expected,  from  the 
detritus  of  the  hills,  mixed  with  sand. 

Rivers.— Oi  these,  the  Senegal,  Gambia,  and  Kio  Grande, 
already  named,  are  the  chief  The  Senegal  has  its  source  in 
the  highlands  of  the  Mandingo  Terrace,  and  after  a  circuit- 
ous course  of  about  800  miles,  enters  the  Atlantic  in  16°  5' 
N.  Lat.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  receives  a  great 
number  of  tributaries,  and  the  scenery  along  its  banks  is 
very  beautifuL  A  shifting  sandbar. at  its  mouth  prevents 
the  entrance  of  vessels  drawing  more  th.an  10  feet  water. 
The  Gambia  is  a  noble  stream  :  at  its  embouchure,  at  Cape 
St.  Mary,  it  is  about  20  miles  wiile;  it  gradually  contracts 
in  widtli,  but  is  navigable  by  frigat<5s  for  more  than  100 
miles,  and  by  vessels  of  150  tons  for  380  miles.  It  rises  in 
the  country  of  Foota  Jallon,  and  has  a  course  of  above  600 
miles.  The  Kio  Grande  is  about  300  miles  in  length.  It 
rises  in  the  Jallon  country,  and  flowing  \V'.,  enters  the  At- 
Lantic  by  a  wide  estuary  near  the  Bissagos  Archipelago.  Its 
banks  are  covered  with  towns  and  plantations.  There  are 
«everal  lakes,  of  which  the  Kayor,  on  the  border  of  the 
Sahara,  is  the  principal.  The  others  become  fertile  plains 
In  the  dry  season.  The  river  Casamanza,  which  flows  be- 
tween the  Gambia  and  the  Jeba,  is  altogether  a  river  of  the 
r'  ilM,  aiid  highly  characteristic  of  this  region,  being  fed 


wholly  from  marshes,  inundated  plains,  or  by  the  outpoi  r- 
ingsof  the  neighlioring  rivers.  It  may  be  ascended  in  Im  j.e 
boats  120  miles.  In  general,  it  may  be  observed,  that  in 
Senegambia  below  the  hills,  where  the  rivers  flow  from  1-",  to 
W',,  the  country  is  perfectly  level,  and  duiing  the  floods  .ill 
the  rivers,  quitting  their  channels,  flow  over  the  plains,  and 
become  connected  one  with  the  other  by  means  of  canals  or 
marigots.  some  of  which  remain  still  navigable  when  the 
floods  have  subsided.  These  marigots  are  so  numerous  that 
Si^jiegambia,  towards  the  sea,  may  be  compared  to  a  chain 
of  islands  separated  by  narrow  channels. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Senegambia  is  almost  insupport- 
able to  a  European  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  At  Senegal, 
the  thermometer  stands  fienuently  at  130°  Fahrenheit:  and 
from  .Tune  to  October,  the  quantity  of  rain  which  falls 
amounts  to  from  50  to  CO  inches ;  during  the  rest  of  tlie 
year  there  are  heavy  dews.  In  the  interior,  the  climate  is 
cooler  and  more  salubrious,  owing  to  th«  elevation  of  the 
country,  and  the  greater  freedom  from  vegetable  mi.asma, 
which,  along  the  lower  part  of  the  Senegiil,  renders  death 
almost  certain  to  any  but  natives, 

Vrgetatiim,  Agriculture,  (tc. — The  vegetation  of  Senegambia 
is  known  accurately  only  on  the  coast.  On  the  lower  Senegal, 
the  soil,  so  far  as  the  inundation  reaches,  teems  with  abun- 
dance. Beyond  that  line  extends  a  dry,  sandy  desert,  in  which 
the  cactus,  acaci,a,  and  various  thorny  plants  of  the  Sahara 
overspread  the  plains,  and  tliis  desert  region,  narrowing  as 
it  extends  S.,  roaches  nearly  to  the  Gambi.a.  Farther  S..  and 
wherever  the  coast,  broken  into  islands,  is  intersected  by 
numerous  marigots,  the  mangrove  and  palms  occupy  the 
.shores.  Behind  them  may  be  ,':een  the  gigantic  baobab, 
(A'lansrmia.)  and  bentang,  (Eri/idendrnn.)  the  African  teak, 
and  other  large  timber.  But  the  dcn.se  forest  of  great  treee 
commences  at  .some  distance  from  the  coast,  at  the  foot  of  the 
hills.  It  is  above  tlie  limits  of  these  forests,  apparently, 
that  the  shea  or  butter-tree  is  first  met  with.  This,  with 
the  ceil>a-palm,  characterize  the  hilly  region.  F'arther  S,, 
the  cam-wood  makes  its  appearance.  The  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  throughout  the  whole  region,  varies  much  more  from 
the  civilization  of  the  people  than  the  gradations  of  climate. 
Fertile  tracts,  well  situated,  often  lie  as  wilderness,  while 
les.sfavored  spots  yield  abundantly.  Kice,  maize,  and  other 
grains,  with  bananas,  manioc,  and  yams,  are  cultivated 
equally  on  the  hills  and  plains.  Tracts  may  be  found,  pai^ 
ticularly  round  the  villages  of  the  Mohammedan  Mandin- 
goes,  exhibiting  a  state  of  cultivation  which  would  be 
thought  admirable  even  in  this  country.  The  orange,  citron, 
and  other  fruits  introduced  by  the  Portuguese  in  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  century,  are  now  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
hills.  In  some  parts  of  Foot.a-Jallim,  the  oranges  are  not  eaten 
by  the  natives,  but  reserved  wholly  for  strangers, 

Inliahitiints. — The  various  nations  which  inhabit  Sene- 
gambia are  of  many  races,  and  do  not  .alw.ays  admit  of  being 
accurately  cla.s.sified.  We  find  Yolofs,  Sereres,  I'oolahs,  Man- 
dingoes  under  many  denominations,  Feloops,  Tyabes,  and 
Bjssagoes,  both  living  together  and  in  separate  communities. 
This  extraordinary  mixture  and  complication  of  different 
races,  or  at  least  of  different  languages,  is  the  most  remark- 
able phenomenon  of  Western  and  Central  Africa,  The  Sene- 
gal has  on  the  right  or  X,  bank  the  desert  tiibes  of  the 
Moors,  and  on  the  left  the  Yolofs,  who  are  negroes  of  the 
deepest  black.  Above  them,  100  miles  from  the  sea,  are  the 
Foolahs  or  I'eules;  and  still  higher  up  the  river,  in  G.alam 
or  Kajaaga,  the  Serracolets  are  met  with,  in  several  diiTer- 
ent  castes  or  families,  of  widely  different  character  and 
manners.  These  people  are  jet-black,  and  shine  like  polished 
ebony.  But  their  neighbors,  the  Foolalis.  are  not  negroes; 
to  brown  complexions  they  join  good  features,  and  some- 
times long  hair.  They  are  remarkable  fur  cleanliness,  reli- 
gious zeal,  (they  are  generally  Mohammedans,)  equestrian 
habits,  and  attachment  to  pastoral  life.  From  near  the 
sources  of  the  Gambia,  in  lat  11°  25'  N,,  the  ^landingoes 
extend  to  the  seacoast  on  tho  W,  400  miles,  while  on  the  E. 
their  domain  is  .almost  equally  extensive.  Towards  the 
S.K.,  and  along  the  highland,  (Kong,)  it  is  not  easy  to  assign 
their  limits:  but  it  is  certain  that  branche.=  of  them  (the 
Deys  .and  Veys)  approach  the  coast  in  Liberia,  while  others 
occupy  (in  Gaman)  the  elevated  interior  of  Ashantee.  Above 
Jallon-ke-du  is  Foota-Jallon.  where  the  Foolahs  have  est.a- 
blished  a  comparatively  powerful  eriipire.  Their  capital, 
Timbo,  near  the  sources  of  the  B,a-fing  and  Falem^,  is  not 
above  180  miles  from  Sierra  Leone.  At  the  mouth  of  the 
Cazamansa  dwell  the  Feloops,  a  barbarous  race,  around 
whom  are  several  other  nations  (Fogni,  Ziguishe,  i'c)  of 
kindred  origin  and  language,  all  alike  noted  for  turbulence, 
predatory  habits,  and  habitu.al  Intoxication,  Tlie  compara- 
tive barbarity  and  debasement  of  tlie  coast  trilies  may  be 
generally  ascribed  to  the  abundance  of  palm-wine.  But 
Mohammedan  settlements  of  ilandingoes  and  Foolahs  are 
rapidly  increasing  near  the  coast,  and  invariably  bring  with 
them  superior  industry,  sobriety,  and  instruction  :  for  every 
village  has  its  school.  All  over  SenegamVna  are  to  be  found 
the  G  riots,  who  appear  to  be  a  distinct  people,  and  the  here- 
ditary professional  buSbous,  minstrels,  and  improvisator!  of 
the  country. 

1751 


SEN 

Ownfj^n^.— The  Yolofs  are  ruled  by  hereditary  chiefs, 
ifh-y  may  be  styled  kings.  Among  the  Foolahs,  the  Almamy 
(Al-lmAm)  is  at  once  sovereign  and  high-priest,  and,  if  well 
versed  in  the  Koran,  he  can,  by  means  of  it,  exercise  an 
almost  despotic  power.  The  JIandiugo  chiefs  are  generally 
controlled  by  councils  of  elders,  and  also  by  popular  as.-:em- 
blies;  but  the  aristocratic  seems  to  prevail  over  the  demo- 
cratic in  most  of  their  republics.  The  Feloops  and  other 
barbarous  tribes  on  the  seaboard  seem  to  have  no  further 
union  th.in  is  absolutely  required  for  defence  or  for  plans  of 
pillage.  Each  village  is  independent  of  it^s  neighbors;  and 
sometimes  eveu  each  house  in  a  village  is  fortified  and  fenced 
Dff  as  securely  as  possible  from  those  around  it.  The  rule 
of  succession  among  all  these  nations  generally  follows  the 
female  line;  that  is,  the  inheritance  goes  to  the  sister's  son, 
though  in  .some  communities  the  brother  is  allowed  to  have 
a  prior  title. 

History,  and  European  SettUments. — In  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century  (1402)  the  I'ortuguese  reached  the  Senegal, 
«nd  opened  a  friendly  communication  with  one  of  tlieYolof 
kings;  but  no  permanent  settlements  appear  to  have  been 
made.  With  the  voyage  of  Jobson  in  1620,  the  Knglish  may 
be  s;iid  to  have  begun  the  exploration  of  the  Gambia,  though 
their  traders  were  on  the  coast  30  or  40  years  earlier.  The 
trade  of  the  French  in  the  Senegal  may  in  like  manner  be 
dated  from  Brue's  voyage  in  ltj97.  The  French  have  at  pre- 
sent fiictories.  not  onli'  on  the  Senegal,  but  also  on  the  Gam- 
bia, Casamanza,  and  Kio  Grande.  They  aim,  however,  at  no 
colonization  nor  acquisition  of  territory  beyond  what  is 
absolutely  necessary  for  the  security  of  their  mercantile  esta- 
blishments. St.  Mary's  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gam- 
bia, and  .Macarthy's  Island,  about  150  miles  higher  up,  are 
the  chief  English  factories  in  Senegambia.  (See  Ga.mhia.) 
The  I'ortuguese  still  retain  small  factories  on  the  rivers 
Casamanza  and  Jeba.  But  it  is  to  the  Gambia  that  the 
Mandingoeg,  the  givat  traders  of  West  Africa,  chiefly  resort. 
Gold-dust,  ivory,  skins,  fine  woods,  and  timber  were  for- 
merly the  chief  productions,  but  it  has  been  discovered  of 
late  years  that  the  ground-nut,  (Arachys  hypogxa,)  called 
by  the  French  pistache-de-terre,  yields  an  abundance  of  fine 
oil,  and  the  increasing  cultivation  of  this  article,  chiefly  by 
the  Mandingoes,  now  begins  to  support  an  important  com- 
merce, whicii  will  probably  produce,  ere  long,  sensible  effects 

on  the  civilization  of  West  Africa. Adj.  S£N£OAlifii.\N, 

s5n-e-^am'be-an. 

SENEGHE",  s.l-nA'g!l,  or  SEXEGUI,  (?)  a  village  of  Sardinia, 
province  of  Oristano,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1846. 

SENEIICHIA,  .si-njR'ke-d,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra.  X.N.E.  of  Ca.-iipagna.     Pop.  1460. 

SE'XEX,  a  post-office  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois. 

SENEZ,  sA-ni',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Alpes.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Digne.    Pop.  860. 

SENFTE.N  B  KRG,  sSnf 'tgn-bko',  or  ZAMBERG,  tsamOjiRG, 
a  town  of  Germany,  in  Boliemia,  28  miles  E.SJJ.  of  Kiiuig- 
griitz,  on  the  .\dler.    Pop.  2904. 

SENFTEXBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  BI.ick  Elster,  15  miles  S.of  Kalau.    P.  1402. 

SE-XGAX,  sA'ngdn',  or  SSE-XGAX-FOO.  sJng^  gin'  foo/,  a 
city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-see,  capital  of  a  department, 
45  miles  N.X.W.  of  Xan-njng. 

SENQAXXAH,  s^n-gjn'ul,  a  town  of  North-west  Ilin- 
dostan,  in  Rajpootana,  on  a  height,  00  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Chooroo. 

SEXIIORIil,  sJu-yo-reeN-o',  a  town  and  parish  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Beira-Alta,  about  12  miles  from  Viseu. 
Pop.  1506. 

SEXI.VVIXE  (or  SEXIAVIX,  si-ne-l-veenO  ISLAXDS,  a 
group  of  the  Carolines,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  6°  4;>'  to 
7°  6'  X.,  Ion.  158°  to  158°  30'  E.  The  principal  island  is 
Poiunipet 

SEXIG.\,  si'ne-gJ,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  in  Lom- 
bardy.  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bresc.i;i,  on  the  OgHo. 

SEXIO.  si'ne-o,  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  in  Tuscany  and 
State  of  ii^milia,  joins  the  Ptwli-Prim.iro,  10  miles  N.W. 
of  Ravenna,  after  a  X.E.  course  of  50  miles. 

SEXISE,  sA-nee'.sA,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Ba.sili- 
cata,  29  miles  E.  of  Lagonegro.    Pop.  3000. 

SEXJEX,  sJn'y^n,  one  of  the  largest  islands  off  the  X  W. 
coast  of  Xorway,  its  centre  near  lat.  69^  20'  X.,  Ion.  17°  10' 
E.  Length,  45  miles;  breadth,  30  miles.  The  shores  are 
greatly  indented,  and  some  of  its  mountains  rise  3000  feet 
in  height. 

SKXKOV,  SEXKOW,  sJn-kov',  or  ZEXKOV.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  42  miles  X.X.W.  of  Poltava,  on  the 
Groonia  (Gruiiia.') 

SEXKOV,  SEXKOW  or  ZEXKOV,  a  market-town  of  Eus- 
Bla,  government,  and  68  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kharkov. 

SKXLIS,  so.NoMeece'  or  sd.No'lee'.  (anc.  AugmUnn'agus  and 
Sylvanec'U-tf)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise,  on  the 
Nouette,  25  miles  X.E.  of  I'aris.  Lat.  49°  12'  X..  Ion.  2°  35' 
E.  Pop.  in  1852,  5802.  It  has  a  handsome  cathedral,  a  com- 
munal colk"ge.  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  a  public  library 
of  8000  volumes,  a  theatre,  and  manufactures  of  chlccorv 
and  starch.  IL-re,  in  IISO,  PhUip  Augustus  espoused  Eliza- 
beth of  llainaut.  ■•       =  r 


SEN 

SEX5IAXAT,  sJn-ma-ndt/,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
province,  and  about' 12  miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1417. 

SEXX.  sen,  (anc.  ('(Bine,)  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pasha- 
lie,  and  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mosul,  on  the  Tigris,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Z.ib. 

SEXNA,  sdn'nd,  a  town  of  East  Africa.    See  Sena. 

SKXXA.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Pavla, 
5  miles  W.  of  Codogno. 

SEXXA.  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Sin-sa. 

SEXXAAR  or  SEXXAK,  sjn-iilr',  a  state  of  North-east 
Africa,  subject  to  Egypt,  and  forming  a  part  of  Nubia,  is  sit  a* 
afed  on  the  Xile  or  Bahr-el-Azrek,  between  the  parallels  of 
12°  and  15°  45'  N.  lat.  The  junction  of  the  two  great  arms 
of  the  Xile,  the  Bahr-el-.\zrek  and  the  Bahr-el-Abiad,  is  in 
lat.  16°  37'  X.  The  tract  tietween  these  two  riveis.  increasing 
S.  to  a  width  of  two  or  three  days' journey,  (50  or  CO  miles.)  is 
called  by  the  Arabs  the  Island  of  Sennaar;  the  name  given 
to  it  by  the  indigenons  population  is  Ilooee,  (litii.)  The  towua 
or  villages  lie  chiefly  along  the  banks  of  the  Blue  River  or 
Bahr-el-Azrek,  and  are  tolerably  numerous  from  the  I3th 
parallel  downwards  for  a  distance  of  2i  0  miles.  From  that 
limit,  or  perhaps  in  some  places  a  little  farther  S.,  the  island 
is  all  nominally  subject  to  Sennaar.  East  of  the  Blue  River 
this  dominion  reaches  to.  the  forests  which  encircle  Abys- 
sinia. The  little  communities  that  spring  up  in  sequestered 
situations,  between  these  forests  and  the  Abyssinian  high- 
land, are  sometimes  claimed  by  the  one  state,  sometimes  by 
the  other;  but  their  allegiance  is  rarely  enforced.  On  its 
W.  side  the  island  of  Sennaar  is  a  wilderness,  the  only  perma- 
nent inhabited  places  on  the  White  River  being  Hellet-el- 
Ais,  a  poor  hamlet  at  the  ferry,  on  the  road  to  Kordofan ;  and, 
lower  down,  Manjera,  a  Turkish  station  for  hewing  timber 
and  building  boats.  The  authority  maintained  over  the 
wandering  Arab  or  F^thiopic  tribes,  is  a  matter  rather  of 
might  than  right,  and  depends  less  on  prescription  or  con- 
vention, than  on  the  actual  power  and  vigor  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  Turco-Egyptians.  whose  head-quarters  are  at 
Khartoom,  at  the  X.  point  of  the  island  of  Senn.iar,  have  ex- 
acted submission  from  the  tril>es  of  Taka.  E.  of  the  Atbara, 
and  also  hold  in  subjection  Kordofim,  in  the  W.,  where  they 
keep  a  strong  garrison  in  the  chief  town.  Obeid. 

Mirers. — The  ordinary  width  of  the  White  River  is  nearly 
2  miles,  but  during  tlie  floods  it  increases  in  some  places  be- 
low El  Ai's  to  8  miles  or  more.  The  Blue  River  is  joined, 
within  the  limits  of  Sennaar,  by  the  Dender;  and,  lower 
down,  by  the  Ra'ad  ("lightning")  or  Shimfa,  both  great 
rivers  in  the  rainy  season.  But  the  all-important  river  of 
the  country  is  the  Blue  River  or  Nile;  its  ordinary  width 
varies  from  500  to  1000  yards.  Nearly  all  the  villages  and 
settled  population  are  on  this  river. 

Face  of  the  Country,  GeoLogy,  Vegfiation,  d-c. — The  territory 
of  Sennaar  is  collectively  a  great  level  plain,  from  which 
masses  of  rock  protrude  at  wide  intervals,  but  to  no  great 
elevation.  West  of  the  town  of  Sennaar,  however,  are  the 
Mountains  of  Jloia,  Mandera,  and  Segadi,  apparently  ex- 
tending as  a  chain  from  S.  to  X.,  but  in  reality  disconnected. 
.Tebel-Moia.  the  largest  and  loftiest  of  these  hills,  may  have 
an  elevation  of  1200  feet.  Baboons  are  the  only  inhabitants 
of  the  bare  rocks;  apes,  parrots,  and  guinea-fowl  tenant  the 
woods  at  their  feet.  The  ebony-tree  grows  round  Jebel- 
Moia;  the  syaimore-fig  round  Segadi.  The  pLnin  of  Sennaar, 
for  some  distance  above  Khartoom,  exhibits  only  a  sandy 
soil,  apparently  mixed  with  deposits  from  the  river.  But 
from  Messelemiah  up,  its  character  changes  entirely;  and 
the  level  fiat  becomes  a  deep  bed  of  argillaceous  marl,  con- 
taining calcareous  concretions  in  great  quantity.  The  ar- 
gillaceous soil  is  retentive  of  water;  and  when  refreshed  by 
rain,  (for  these  rich  plains  are  nowhere  reached  by  the 
waters  of  the  Nile,)  becomes  exceedingly  fertile.  But  in 
the  dry  season  it  has  an  aspect  of  the  most  dismal  sterility ; 
no  trees,  little  herbage,  and  the  naked  ground  cracked  and 
gaping  in  all  diroctions'with  the  burning  heat.  This  natu- 
rally prolific  plain  rarely  presents  to  view  the  luxuriant 
vegetation  which  might  be  expected  so  near  the  equator. 
As  soon  as  the  r,ain  falls,  the  arid  and  dreary  waste  becomes 
a  sea  of  mire,  and  on  this,  without  any  preparation,  is  sown 
the  durra,  (Sorghum  ruJgare.)  the  characteristic  produce  of 
Sennaar,  which  may  indeed  lie  regarded  as  the  native  coun- 
try of  durra.  In  three  months  and  a  half,  or  about  the 
end  of  October,  the  whole  pl.iin,  far  and  wide,  w.ives  with 
the  ripe  grain,  and  the  harvest  is  gathered.  Such  is  the 
rude  and  simple  agriculture  of  this  once  very  populous 
country.  Near  Khartoom,  the  extensive  inundated  tracts 
on  the  Bahr-el-Abiad,  are  sown,  on  the  retirement  of  the 
floods,  with  kidney-beans,  and  afterwards  with  durra.  In 
the  latitude  of  Sennaar  the  chick-pea  (Cicer)  takes  the  place 
of  kidney-beans. 

The  Nile  swells  fitfully  in  May;  begins  to  rise  steadily  in 
June,  and  att.ains  its  greatest  height  early  in  September. 
Immediately  before,  and  at  times  duruig  the  rains,  the 
heat  is  insupportable,  the  thermometer  in  a  tent  rising 
to  119°  Fahrenheit,  while  the  humid  air  resembles  a 
steam-bath.  Then  come  the  deadly  fevers  and  dysentery, 
which  are  most  fatal  on  the  argillacenuf.  pbdn.  In  winter 
the  thermometer  often  CUls  to  60°,  and  the  atmosphere  is 


SEN 

60  free  from  humidity,  that  meat  will  dry  without  de- 
composing. 

In/iahitaiits,  Customs,  He. — The  population  of  Sennaar  is  of 
a  Tery  mixed  character,  and  as  yet  no  traveller  has  suc- 
ceeded in  the  attempt  to  point  out  distinctly  the  alxiriginal 
race.  The  better  classes  in  Sennaar  have  generally  handsome 
features,  and  well-proportioned,  statue-like  figures.  Their 
dark-brown  complexions  and  rather  thick  lips  alone  betray 
some  distant  consiinguinity  with  the  negroes.  The  men 
grow  decrepid  rapidly  in  declining  years,  and  the  women,  on 
whom  devolves  all  the  drudgery  of  domestic  life,  become 
frightfully  ugly  almost  as  soon  as  the  first  bloom  of  youth 
has  passed  away.  Theferda  or  toga  generally  worn,  admits 
of  being  gracefully  folded  in  a  variety  of  ways.  The  elabo- 
rately frizzled  hair,  and  the  elegantly  made  sandals  of  the 
people  of  Sennaar,  exactly  represent  the  fashion  of  ancient 
Kgypt,  as  painted  on  the  tombs.  The  houses  of  Sennaar  at 
the  present  day  are  built  of  sun-dried  bricks,  and  roofed 
with  halfa,  (a  grass.)  durra-straw,  or  reeds,  the  material  used 
varying  in  position  with  respect  of  the  rains.  Slavery,  as 
well  as  durra,  seems  attached  to  the  soil.  More  than  half 
of  the  population  are  negro  slaves.  The  upper  classes  spend 
a  life  of  utter  indolence  and  idle  dissipation.  All  classes 
love  intoxication,  and  drink  either  merisa,  (an  inebriating 
beer  made  from  durra.)  or  brandy  distilled  from  it.  Though 
dissolute  and  idle,  they  are  not  without  ingenuity.  Their 
own  wants  they  can  supply  perfectly,  are  eminently  skilful 
as  weavers,  goldsmiths,  curriers,  potters,  &c.  The  property 
of  land  is  here  absolute,  and  not  resumable  by  the  sovereign, 
as  is  generally  the  case  throughout  Africa.  The  people, 
though  subdued  by  the  Mohammedans,  can  hardly  be  said 
to  have  been  converted  by  them.  They  have  indeed  fi)r- 
potten  Christianity,  but  while  professing  the  faith  of  the 
Koran,  they  observe  hardly  any  of  its  precepts.  They  rear 
and  eat  pork;  they  neither  wash  nor  pray,  and  most  of 
their  villages  are  without  mosques. 

Tmcns. — iJesides  Sennaar,  the  capital,  numerous  villages 
are  situated  on  the  Nile  below  it.  The  most  important  are 
Dekin,  the  ancient  capital,  about  24  miles  below  Sennaar; 
WadMedineh.  (in  14°  25'  N.  lat.,)  now  nearly  as  large  as  Sen-, 
naar;  Messelemiah,  20  miles  lower  down,  the  chief  market 
and  place  of  trade  on  the  river;  and  Kalamin,  where  some 
manufactories  have  been  established  under  the  protection 
of  the  Egyptian  government. 

Hitlory. — The  popular  traditions  of  Sennaar  represent  that 
country  as  the  original  .seat  of  the  Macrobii.  whom  Hero- 
dotus mentions  as  tlie  most  remote  of  the  Kthiopians,  and 
as  a  people  whose  gold  provoked  the  cupidity  of  Cambyses. 
As  Christianity  spread  up  the  Nile,  carried  by  Egyptian  or 
Jacobite  priests,  it  was  soon  received  by  the  descendants  of 
the  Egyptians,  and  in  tlie  tenth  century  the  most  flourish- 
ing state  in  Ethiopia  was  the  Christian  kingdom  of  Aiwa, 
on  the  Blue  Kiver,  with  Soba  for  its  capital.  The  ruins  of 
Soba  may  now  be  recognised  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
about  15  miles  aliove  Khartoom. 

SENNAAR  or  SEXNAR,  a  city  of  the  above  country,  is 
situated  in  lat.  13°  34'  X..  Ion.  33°  30'  E.,  in  the  midst  of  a  vast 
monotonous  plain,  which  represents  successively  a  parched 
desert,  a  quagmire,  and  a  field  of  durra.  The  only  agreeable 
object  near  the  place  is  the  grove  of  lemon-trees.  From  the 
descriptions  of  I'oncet,  (1099,)  Bruce,  (1772,)  and  of  Caillaud, 
(1822.)  it  would  appear  to  have  been  comparatively  large 
and  well  built,  but  now  lies  for  the  most  part  in  ruins.  Its 
population  lias  fallen  from  30.000  to  perhaps  less  than  4000. 
The  king's  palace,  of  well-burnt  brick,  has  nearly  all  fallen 
to  the  ground,  and  has  eontriliuted  materials  for  the  erec- 
tion of  the  Turkish  governor's  house. 

SENNG.  s^n'neh,  a  river  of  Belgium,  fells  into  the  Demer 
a  little  below  .Mechlin. 

SENNE  or  BRACKWEDEK-SENNE,  brlk'MMfrsZn'neh, 
a  village  of  i'russia,  in  Westphalia,  government,  and  4  miles 
S.W.  of  Miuden.     Pop.  1654. 

SENNE  or  IIEKPER-SENNE,  h?R/p?r  Bgn'ngh,  a  village  of 
Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  government,  and  4  miles  S.W.  of  Miu- 
den.   Pop.  922. 

SENNECEY-LE-GRAXD,  s^nn'see'  Ifh  grJ.V,  a  market- 
townof  France,  department  of  Sa5ne-et-Loire.  on  the  Paris  and 
Lyons  Railway,  22  miles  N.  of  .Macon.     Pop.  in  1852.  2511. 

SENNEEF.  SENNIF,  sSn'neef,  or  SUK-EI--JU.MAUII, 
Book  II  joo*niiH'(?)  a  market-town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  in 
a  well-cultivated  valley,  about  100  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mocha. 
Pop.  about  1000. 

SEX'.XEX,  a  pjtrish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SEXNERUT,  s4n'ner-oot\  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Greeifland.  N.  of  Cape' Desolation.    Lat.  61°  28'  N. 

SEN'XETT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cayuga  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Syracuse  and  Rochester  Itailroad,  4  miles 
N.E.  of  Auburn.     Pop.  19-23. 

SENNFELD,  slnn'felt.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Baden, 
circle  of  Ijower  Rhine.     Pop.  1070. 

SENNFELD,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  2  miles  E.S.E.  of  Schwein- 
hrt,  on  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  819. 

SENNIIEI.M,  sinn'hime,  the  German  name  of  Cersat, 
\\hich  see. 

SENNIF,  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Senneep. 


SEP 

SENNO,  sJn'no,  or  SIENNO,  se-?n'no,  a  town  of  Rngsla, 
government,  and  72  miles  N.N.W.  of  Moheelel .    Pop.  1600. 

SENNOI.  sjn-noi',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  70 
miles  N.X'.W.  of  Moheelev,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name. 

SEXXOKI,  sen-no'ree,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 

8  miles  X.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  1620. 

SEXXWALD,  sJnn'*3lt,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer 
land,  canton,  and  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Gall.    Pop.  2726. 

SENONAIS.    See  Senonois. 

SENONCHES,  s§h-nA.Nsh'.  a  market-town  of  France,  de 
partment  of  Eure-etrLoir,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dreux.  Pop 
in  1852,  2108. 

SENONES.    See  Sens. 

SENONES,  sfh-non',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  7  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Die.    Pop.  in  1852,  25S3. 

SEXONOIS  or  SENONAIS,  sfh-no'nA',  an  old  district  of 
France,  of  which  Sens  was  the  capital,  and  now  forming 
the  gi-eater  part  of  the  departments  of  Yonne  and  Aube. 

SENOODEBOO  or  SENOU-DEBOU,  s^'nOiV  dA'boo/,  a  large 
village  of  Senegambia,  in  Bondoo,  on  the  Faleme.  Lat.  14° 
22'  N.,  ion.  12°  20'  W. 

SENORBI,  sA-noR/bee,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1155. 

SENS,  sSn",  (anc.  Agedinlcum,  afterwards  Senfones,}  a  city 
of  France,  department  of  Yonne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Yonne.  and  on  the  railway  to  I'aris  and  Lyons,  61  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  48°  12'  N.,  Ion.  3°  17'  E.  Pop.  in  1852, 
10,645.  Its  walls,  and  variousother  buildings,  are  of  Roman 
construction.  Its  cathedral  contains  the  mausoleum  of  the 
dauphin,  son  of  Louis  XV.,  and  the  tombs  of  other  historical 
personages.  The  large  communal  college  comprises  a  mu- 
seum of  antiquities  and  a  public  library.  It  has  an  episco- 
pal seminary,  theatre,  a  suburb  on  an  island  in  the  Yonne, 
here  crossed  by  two  bridges,  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  cham- 
ber of  manufactures,  distilleries,  tanneries,  manufactures 
of  serge,  druggets,  glue,  dials,  and  nails.  Under  the  Ro- 
mans, it  was  the  capital  of  the  fourth  Lyonnaise,  and  an 
episcopal  see,  founded  in  the  third  century.  Here,  in  1140, 
was  held  the  council  which  condemned  Abelard ;  and  here 
Thomas  k  Becket  took  refuge  in  1166. 

SENSBURG,  slns'b<5oRG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  61  miles  S.W. 
ofGumbinnen.     Pop.  2100. 

SENSENFABRICK,  sSn'sfn-fd'^brik,  a  village  of  Wurtem- 
berg,  circle  of  Schwarzwald,  near  Neuenburg.  It  owes  its 
name  to  an  extensive  manufactory  of  scythes  and  sickles, 
of  which  about  80,000  are  annually  made. 

SE.XTELL'S  STORE,  postoffice.  Bossier  parish,  Louisiana. 

SEXTIXEL,  a  post-ofBce  of  Andrew  co.,  Mis.souri. 

SENTINEL  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri. 

SENTINELS,  two  islets  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  W.  of  the 
Great  and  Little  Andaman  Islands. 

SENTIPAC,  sJn-te-pdk',  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Jalisco, 
near  the  Pacific,  25  miles  S.  of  Acaponeta. 
■    SEXTIS,  sin'tis,  or  IIOCH-SEXTIS,  hoK  s?n'tis,  a  moun- 
tain of  Switzerland,  6  miles  S.  of  Appenzell.    Height  above 
the  sea.  8232  feet. 

SENZIIARY  or  SENJARY,  NOA'OX,  no-voi'  sln-zhS'ree,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  25  miles  S.W.  of  Poltava, 
on  the  Vorskla.    Pop.  3750.  ' 

SEO  DE  URGEL,  si'o  dd  ooR-n?l',  an  episcopal  city  of 
Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  67  miles  X.E.  of  Lei'ida, 
in  a  plain  among  the  Pyrenees,  between  the  rivers  Balira 
and  Segre.  It  has  an  ancient  cathedral,  a  court-house,  a 
nunnery,  and  a  bishop's  palace.  It  was  sacked  by  the 
French  in  1792.     Pop.  2899. 

SEON,  sA/on,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  cantoa 
of  Aargau,  on  the  Aa,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Aarau.     Pop.  1475. 

SE^OPOblf,  a  town  of  India,  dominions,  and  90  miles  S.W. 
ofGwalior. 

SEPEY,  s§hp.V,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Taud, 
consisting  of  wooden  ch.alets  of  a  superior  kind,  and  adorned 
with  curious  carving,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Aigle.  with  which  it 
communicates  by  a  noble  road,  begun  in  18."6,  to  connect 
the  great  route  over  the  Simplon  with  one  leading  into  the 
S.  part  of  the  canton  of  Bern. 

SEPII'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on  the 
Alt,  g  miles  N.N.E.  of  Liverpool.  Great  Crosby,  in  this  pa- 
rish, is  a  fashionable  bathing-place. 

SEPINO,  sA-pee'no,  or  SUPINO,  soo-pee'no,  a  town  of  Na- 
ples, province  of  Molise,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Campobasso.  Pop. 
4000.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  paper.  Near  it 
are  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Sepima,  a 
chief  town  of  the  Samnites. 

SEPITA,  a  town  of  Bolivia.    See  Zepita. 

SEPOLCRO,  SAN.    See  BORGO  San  Sepolcro. 

SEPSI-SZENT-GYORGY,  (Sepssi-Szent-Gyiirgy,)  sh^shee' 
s?nt  dyoRdj,  a  village  of  Transylvania,  in  Szekler-land,  on 
the  Aloota,  (Aluta.)  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kronstadt.    P.  2395. 

SEPTER.  sfp'ter,  or  SIEBEXDORF,  see'ben -doRf,  a  vil- 
lage of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  co.  of  Klausenburg,  about 

9  miles  from  Tekendorf.    Pop.  1000. 

SEPT-FR15reS.  sit  li-aiR.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Calvados.  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vire. 

SEPT-FRERES,  s5t  fraiR.  (i.e. "  Seven  Brothers,")  a  group 
of  islets  off  the  N.  coast  of  Uayti,  opposite  Monte  ChristL 

1753 


SEP 

■  SEPTIMlJR,  sJt'tee'main/  or  (i5p?te-mer.  one  of  the  Swiss 
Alps.  cant,  n  '..f  G risons,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Chur,  (Coiie.)  The 
pass  across  it,  7611  feet  in  height,  was  the  oi-dinary  route 
from  East  Switzerland  into  Italy  until  the  formation  of  the 
route  across  the  Splugen,  17  miles  W.  Septimanca.  See  Sim.- 
ancas. 

SEPT-ISLES,  s6t  eel,  (i. «.  "  Seven  Islands,")  a  group  be- 
lousing  to  France,  off  the  N.  coast  of  Brittany,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Xord,  10  miles  X.  of  Lannion.  Lat.  iS°  52'  48" 
N^  Ion.  3°  29'  15"  W.  The  Ile  Aux  Moises  is  the  largest 
and  onlv  inhabited  island. 

SEPTMONCKL.  set'mA.No'sell',  a  frontier  village  of  France, 
department  of  .Jura,  in  the  mountains,  15  miles  X.NV.  of 
Geneva.  Pop.  1302,  who  manufacture  toys  and  artificial 
gems,  for  which  it  has  long  been  famous. 

SEPUL'GA,  a  small  river  of  Alabama,  rises  in  Butler 
CO.,  and  flowing  S.,  enters  the  Conecuh,  in  Conecuh  county. 

SEPULGA,  a  post-office  of  Conecuh  co.,  Alabama. 

SEPULA'EDA.  si-pool-vi'Dj,  a  marketrtown  of  Spain,  pro- 
Tince,  and  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Segovia.    Pop.  1779. 

SEQUAN'A.    S<ie  Seine. 

SEQUATCHIE  or  SEQUATCHY,  se-liwafchee.  a  smtill 
river  of  Tennessee,  rises  in  Bledsoe  county,  and  flowing  S.W., 
enters  the  Tennessee  River  in  Marion  county,  about  2  miles 
from  the  frontiers  of  Georgia  and  Alabama.  Length,  esti- 
mated at  100  miles. 

SEQUILLO,  sA-keel'yo,  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  between  the 
provinces  of  Palencia  and  Leon,  flows  first  S.W.,  p-ist  Medina 
de  Ricseco,  and  after  a  course  of  80  miles  joins  Valderaduey. 

SER  aud  MER,  two  peaks  of  the  Himalayas.  See  Mer 
and  See. 

SERA,sA'ri,  (originally  5ira,)atown  and  district  of  South 
India.  Mysore  dominions,  92  miles  N.N.E.  of  Seringapatam. 
Lat.  13°  44'  N.,  Ion.  76°  58'  E. 

SERAHAN,  sSr'l-hJn',  a  village  of  West  Thibet,  district 
of  Kunawur,  on  an  open  glade  of  considerable  extent,  44 
miles  N.E.  of  Simla. 

SERAI,  si-ri',  a  town  of  India,  in  Bundelcund,  27  miles 
S.  ofTeary. 

SERAI,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Koom-Elee,  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Viza. 

SERAIEVO,  SERAJEVO  or  SERAIO.    See  BossA  Ser.u. 

SERAIN  or  SKREIX,  seh-riji«',  a  river  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Cote-d'-Or  aud  Yonne,  after  a  N-W..  course  of  75 
miles,  past  Noyers  and  Chablis,  joins  the  Yonne  8  miles  N. 
of  Auxerre. 

SERAING,  seh-i-lxo',  a  village  of  Belgium,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Meuse,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Liege,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  railway.  Pop.  3400.  In  the  former  residence 
of  the  prince  bishops  of  Liege,  are  machinery  and  ii-on-works. 

SERAJEVO.    See  BosNA  Serai. 

SEKAMPORE,  sJr\im-por',  written  also  SERAMPOOR,  a 
town  of  British  India,  presidency  and  province  of  Bengal, 
district,  and  on  the  W.  side  of  the  lloogly  River,  opposite 
Barrackpoor,  14  miles  N.  of  Calcutta.  L.at.  22°  45'  N.,  ion. 
88°  26'  E.  Pop.  of  the  town  and  vicinity.  12,537,  mostly 
Hindoos.  It  extends  for  about  1  mile  along  the  river,  is  neat, 
clean,  built  \n  a  European  style,  and  was  long  tlje  head- 
quartiers  of  Protest.-tnUmissions.  It  belonged  to  the  Danes, 
until  it  was  ceded  by  purchase  to  the  English  in  1845. 

SER.W,  seh-rSN"',  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
joins  the  Ithone  near  Rochfort,  after  a  S.  course  of  25  miles. 

SERAN,  sg-rdu',  a  village  of  North  Hindostan,  in  the  pro- 
tected Sikh  territory,  on"  the  S.E.  of  the  Sutlej,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Ranipoor,  7280  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

SERANG,  an  island,  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Ceuam. 

SERAN'GANI  (se-ran-gd'nee)  ISLES,  a  cluster  in  the  Ma- 
l.iy  Archipelago,  between  lat.  5°  and  6°  N.,  off  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  Mindanao. 

SEK.WALLE,  si-rj-vill.'l,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  25  miles 
N.W.  of  Florence.     Pop.  1087. 

SERAVEZZA,  64-r.4-vJt'8J,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  in  the 
province  of  Florence,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Carrara,  and  celebrated 
for  its  quarries  of  the  finest  marble.     Pop.  2000. 

SERAW  ATTY  (g^r-a-wdt/tee)  ISLANDS,  written  also  SER- 
'W.A.TTY,  a  group  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  E.  of  the  island 
of  Timor,  and  consisting  of  the  lslandsofSerawatty,Loewang, 
Letti,  .Moa,  Kissen  Ac. 

SERAY()E.  si-rd-yoo',  a  river  of  Java,  provinces  of  Baglen 
and  Banjoemas.  It  flows  W.S.W.,  and  falls  into  the  Indian 
Ocean  E.  of  Tjilatjap.  Its  mouth  is  encumbered  by  a  b.ar, 
within  which  it  is  navigable  for  the  boats  of  the  country 
for  alwut  30  miles. 

SERBAI,  sJr^bl',  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  in  Bundelcund,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Banda. 

SERBIA.    SeeSERVi.\. 

SERCllIO,  sJR'ke-o,  a  river  of  Northern  It,ily,  enters 
the  Mediterranean  8  miles  N.W.  of  Pisa,  after  a  S.W.  course 
af  55  uiiles. 

SERCQ,  saiRk,  or  SARK.  one  of  the  islands  in  the  Eng- 
lish Chj^nnel,  belonging  to  England,  7  miles  E.  of  Guerns»'y, 
and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Jersey.  Lat,  49°  6'  N..  ion.  2°  22'  W. 
Ai-ea,  1400  acres.  It  consists  of  two  high  peninsulas  united 
by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Many  sea-fowl  and  fish  are  taken 
around  the  a^asts,  and  of  late  some  productive  copper  and 
1754 


SER 

.silver  mines  have  been  opened.  The  inhabitants  mana 
facture  cheese,  stockings,  gloves,  and  Guernsey  jackets. 

SERDOVA  or  SERDOBA,  sJii-do/ba,  a  river  of  Russia, 
rises  in  the  N.W.  of  the  government  of  Saratov,  flows  N.W, 
past  the  town  of  Sordobsk,  aud  after  *  course  of.  about  70 
miles  joins  the  Khoper. 

SERDOVOL  or  SKRDOBOL,  s?rrdo-vol',  SORDCEVALA. 
sor-do-vd'ld,  (Finlandish,  Strdawala,  saR-dd-wd'l3.)  a  town 
of  Finland,  hen,  and  90  miles  N.E,  of  Viborg,  on  the  N. 
shore  of  Lake  Ladoga.     Pop.  1200. 

SERDOVSK  or  SEllDOBSK.  .sJRMovsk',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  107  miles  N.W.  of  Saratov,  on  the  Serdova. 
Pop.  3500.  mostly  agricultural. 

SEREBINTHE,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Virginia. 

SliRED.  sJr'Jd  or  sA/r5t,  a  river  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Ga- 
licia,  in  its  E.  part,  rises  10  miles  S.  of  Brody,  flows  through 
a  succession  of  small  lakes,  and  S.  past  Tarnopol.  Mikulinco, 
and  Czortkow,  and  joins  the  Dniester  5  miles  S.E.  of  Z» 
leszczvky.    Total  course.  120  miles. 

SEREEK  or  SERIK,  s;\-reek',  a  sm.all  maritime  town  of 
Persi.a,  province  of  Kerm.an,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Jask,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  the  strait  of  Orm  us. 

SEREGELLYES,  s«Vril\'hJll'ySsh\  a  village  of  West  Hun- 
gary, CO.,  and  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stuhlweisseuburg.  Pop. 
2357. 

SEREGNO,  sA-rJn'yo,  a  town  of  >^orthpm  Italy,  province, 
and  13  miles  N.  of  Milan,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
railway.    Pop.  4246. 

SEREILH.\C,  sfh-riV3k',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Yienne,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Limoges.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2206. 

SEREJA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Serezha. 

SEREM,  s\-tI-}^>,  a  small  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Douro.  on  theVouga.  10  miles  from  Aveiro.     Pop.  1^00. 

SERF;'XA,  a  post-township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.960, 

SERENA.  La,  a  town  of  Chili.    See  Coquimbo. 

SEREXDIB,  an  old  name  of  Cetlon.  wliich  see. 

SERENHEM,  s.i-rJn-yJ.\o/,  or  FORMOSA,  toR-mo'sa,  a 
small  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Per- 
nambuco.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  Serenhem,  15  miles 
from  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  1200. 

SEREXO.  a  post-oihce  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SEREPrTA,  a  small  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, about  6  miles  N.E.  of  Belvidere. 

SERES,  sSr'es,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Macedonia, 
47  miles  N.E.  of  Salonica,  in  lat.  41°  4'  N..  Ion.  20°  36'  E. 
Pop.  30,000.  (?)  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  commanded  by  a 
cit.idel,  and  stated  to  Ije  well  built.  The  hou.ses  are  inter- 
spersed with  garden.s,  and  it  has  numerous  mosques, 
churches,  fountains,  &c.,  and  manuf.ictures  of  woollen  and 
cotton  fabrics. 

SERETH,  sJr'ef  or  sAVet/,  (anc.  Arariis.)  a  river  of  Buko- 
wina  and  Moldavia,  rises  43  miles  S.W.  of  Czeriiowitz,  flows 
S.S.E.,  and  joins  tlie  Danul*  5  milas  W.  of  Galacz.  Total 
cour.se,  nearly  270  miles.  The  principal  Jifliuents  are  the 
Bistritz,  SucZawa,  Moldava,  and  Tatros  from  the  W.,  aud 
the  Birlat  from  the  E. 

SERETH.  sA-r^y,  or  SIRETII,  se-r5t/,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Poland,  in  Bukovina,  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Czernowitz,  on  the 
Sereth.'    Pop.  4000. 

SEREZHA  or  SEREJA,  s,Vra'zh3,  a  river  of  Rus.sia,  rises 
near  the  centre  of  the  government  of  Xizhnoe-Xovgorod, 
flows  W.S.W.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  90  miles  joins  the 
Tioska  on  the  frontiers  of  Vladimeer. 

SERFO.    See  Serpho. 

SERGATCn,  SERGATSH  or  SERGATSCH,  s^R-gltch',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  85  miles  S.E.  of  Nizhne^ 
Novgorod.     Pop.  3000. 

SER/GEANT,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  McKean  co., 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  route  of  the  Sunbury  and 
Erie  Railroad! 

SER'GEXTSYILLE,  a  small  po.st-village  of  Hunterdon  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Fleniington. 

SERGHIEVSK  or  SERGIEVSK,  sJr-ghe-^vsk'.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg,  on  the  Sok,  54  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Oofa.  Pop.  1000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
defended  by  fbrt.s.     Near  it  are  several  sulphur  springs. 

SER0HINSK0IorSEKGIXSK0I,sSR-ghin-.skoi'.(Nl7.HWEE, 
nizh'nee.  and  Verksee,  vjRK'nee.)  two  contiguous  market- 
towns  of  Russia,  government  of  Perm,  on  the  Serga,  55  miles 
E.  of  Krasno-Oofimsk.     United  pop.  2900. 

SEKGIXES,  s^R^zheen',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  10  miles  N.  of  Sens.     Pop.  1371. 

SERGIPE.  siR-zhee'pi,  or  SERGIPE  DEL  REY,  s?R-zhee« 
p.i  del  ri,  a  maritime  province  of  Brazil,  bounded  on  the  N, 
by  the  provinces  of  .\lagoas  and  I'ernambuco,  from  which  it 
is  separated  bv  the  Sao  Fi-ancisco :  E.  by  the  Atlantic ;  S. 
and  W.  by  Bjihia.  Lat.  from  10°  30'  to  11°  32'  S.  Area, 
31,958  square  miles.  The*  coast-line,  stretching  about  110 
miles,  is  low  and  sandy,  but  is  occasionally  broken  by  low 
hills,  covered  with  wood.  At  a  considerable  distance  .nland 
the  ground  rises  into  mountains,  which  traverse  the  province 
from  E.  to  W.  The  only  rivers  of  consequence,  besides  the 
Sao  Francisco,  are  the  S'azaBarris.  the  Sergipe,  and  Jotin- 
diba.    In  the  N.W.  are  various  lakes,  which  communicate 


SER 

with  the  SJfo  FrancJspo.  The  province  is  subject  to  long  and 
severe  dioushts.  The  soil  is  not  remarkable  for  fertility. 
Tije  leading  crops  are  cotton,  sugar-cane,  manioc,  toliacco. 
millet,  rice,  and  tlax  ;  and  many  mules,  horse.s,  and  cattle 
are  reared.  Tiie  minerals  seem  confined  to  rock-crystals,  lime- 
stone, and  saltpetre.  Ser!i:ipe  is  divided  into  5  comarcas — 
Estanfia,  I^iraiijeiras,  Santo-Amaro.  Sao  Cliristovao,  and 
Villanova  de  S>anto  Antonio— suMivided  into  17  districts. 
It  send?  two  deputies  to  ttie  general  legislative  a.sseuibly, 
and  appoints  one  senator.  The  proviucial  assembly,  consist- 
iag  of  20  membora,  holds  its  sittings  in  Sao  Christovao.  Top. 
176.LHW.  •         ^ 

SEltGIPE,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  Serra  Tabanga, 
province  of  Sergipe,  flows  E.,  and  joins  the  Irapirang  or 
Vaza-Harris  about  8  miles  from  its  mouth. 
SEUr.IPli;  DKL,  RKY,  lirazil.    See  Sao  Christovao. 
SJ'JKIATE,  si-re-d'til.  a  village  of  Northern  Italv,  province 
and  about  1  mile  K.  of  Uergamo,  on  the  Serio.    Pop.  2194. 
SEKIOA  and  ISEIflCm.    See  CHi>fA,  page  445. 
SEKIDO.  s4-ree'do.  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  province 
of  Parahiba.  proceeds  N.E..  pas.<ies  the  town  of  A'illanova  do 
Principe,  to  which  it  is  navigable  .by  barges,  and  30  miles 
bekiw  joins  the  Piranhas,  after  a  course  of  120  miles. 

SKIUGXAO,  .sA'reen'yilk'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garnnne,  arrondissement  of Castel-Sarrasin.  P.  1238. 
.  SKKKJXAN.  sriVeenVflN"',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  TIerault.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Beziers.  Pop.  2264. 
SKKIK,  a  town  of  Persia.  See  Skreek. 
SERINAGUR,  sSrVnJgnr'.  called  also  STR'INAGUU' 
("town  of  Surj-a,  or  the  Sun")  and  CASIPMEHE',  the  capi- 
tal city  of  Cashmere,  in  India,  near  the  centre  of  that  valley, 
extending  for  4  miles  along  both  banks  of  the  .Thyluni. 
which  winds  sluggishly  through  it,  and  is  here  crossed  by 
7  bridges,  alx)ut  5i>U0  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  173 
miles  N.  of  Lahore.  Lat.  34°  5'  N.,  Ion.  74"^  43'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  40,00<).  It  is  ill  built,  badly  laid  out,  and  partly 
in  ruins;  but  its  great  mo.sque,  with  numerous  pillars  of 
deodac  timber,  is  a  large  and  fine  editice.  It  has  another 
mosque,  and  an  octagonal  tomb  worthy  of  notice,  and  on  its 
N.  side  is  a  citadel  con.strui'ted  on  a  height  by  the  Emperor 
Akbar  at  a  vast  cost.  A  part  of  the  city  is  intersected  by 
canals  lined  by  massive  stone-work;  much  of  the  traffic  is 
kept  up  by  boats.  Immediately  E.  is  a  fine  lake.  5  miles  in 
length  by  2j  miles  in  breadth,  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for 
water-parties;  on  its  banks  are  many  pleasure-grounds,  in- 
lluding  the  Shahlimar  palace  and  gardens,  laid  out  by  the 
Emperor  Jehangir.  Serinagur  had  formerly  flourishing 
manufactures  of  .shawls,  pajier,  leather,  tire-arms,  and  ottar 
of  roses,  but  these  have  nearly  disappeared  under  a  military 
tyranny. 

SEKIXAGUR,  a  town  of  North  Ilindoa+an,  formerly  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Gurhwal,  38  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ilurdwar, 
in  lat.  30°  11'  N.,  ion.  78°  44'  E. 

SERINGAPATAM,  ser-ing'ga-pa-tam',  (anc.  Sri-Uunga- 
piUttin,  "City  of  Vishnu.")  a  celebrated  fortress  of  South 
India,  and  under  Hyder  Ali  and  Tippoo  Saib,  the  capital  of 
Mysore,  at  the  W.  angle  of  an  island  in  the  Cavery,  here 
crossed  by  a  granite  bridge.  9  miles  X.E.  of  Mysore.  Lat. 
12°  25'  X.,  Ion.  7fJ°  4S'  E.  Its  fortifications,  erected  by  Tip- 
poo, were  of  great  extent  and  solidity;  the  town  is  ill  built, 
but  towards  the  centre  of  the  island,  which  is  4  miles  in 
length  by  ly  miles  in  breadth,  is  a  large  and  good  suburb, 
with  the  mausoleum  of  Ilyder  Ali  and  Tippoo.  Sering.a- 
patam  was  besieged  by  the  English  in  1791,  and  again  in 
1792,  when  Tippoo  purchased  a  peace  by  ceding  half  liis 
dominions  and  paying  330  lacs  of  rupees  to  the  British 
and  their  allies.  It  was  again  besieged  in  1799,  and  taken 
by  storm  on  the  4th  of  Miiy,  on  which  occasion  Tippoo 
was  killed,  and  the  dynasty  of  Ilyder  terminated,  the  an- 
cient Rajpoot  line  being  restored  to  the  sovereignty  of  My- 
sore. 

SERIN'GII.\M,  sgr-ing'gCim,  an  island  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  district,  and  2  miles  N.  of  Trichinopfily, 
and  formed  by  the  river  Coleroon,  and  its  branch,  the 
Cavery.     On  it  are  two  pagodas  of  high  repute. 

Si'lRINO,  sd-ree'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Ultra,  on  the  Sabato,  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Avellino.  Pop. 
6000.     Near  it  are  remains  of  the  ancient  Sehastia. 

SERIO,  .s.Vre-0,  a  river  of  North  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  dele- 
gations of  Bergamo  and  Lodi,  after  a  S.  course  of  65  miles 
joins  the  Add.a.  7  miles  S.  of  Crema. 
SEKIPIIUS  or  SERIPHOS.     See  Serpho. 
SERK,  one  of  the  Channel  Islands.     See  Sark. 
SERliK  (serl)  ISLAND,  in  the  I'aciflo  Ocean,  is  a  low  coral 
Island  of  the' Low  Archipelago,  W.N.W.  of  Clermont-Tonnere. 
Lat.  18°  21'  S..  Ion.  137°  2'  W.     Length,  7  miles;  average 
Breadth.  1^  miles.     Pop.  100. 

SERM.\J,  ser'mij',  a  village  of  Persian  Koordistan,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Kerah.  S.  of  Bisutoou,  and  having  some 
remains  of  .Sassanian  edifices. 

SERMATTa,   seu-Eidt^til    the  largest  of  the  Serawatty 

Islands,  in  the  JIalay  Archipelago,  off  the  E.  end  cf  Timor. 

Lat.  of  the  E.  end.  8°  25'  S.,  Ion.  129°  37'  E.    It  is  about  6 

milea  long  by  3  miles  broad. 

5EKJ1IDE,  sSa-mee'di,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  dele- 


SER 

gation  of  Mantua,  on  the  Po,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Roveie. 
Pop.  5000. 

SERMIN,  sja'meen',  a  town  of  North  Syria,  pashalic,  and 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Aleppo. 

SER.MIONE,  sSR-me-o/ni  or  SIRMIONE.  sIr  me-o-'ni, 
(anc.  Sirmin,)  a  village  of  Lombardy,  province  of  Brescia, 
on  a  peninsula  in  the  S.  part  of  Lake  Garda,  with  a  castlo 
built  by  the  Sciligers. 

SERNACIIE  DO  BOM  JARDIN.  siR-nS'sh-i  dobiN"  zha». 
deeso',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira-BaUa,  abov« 
50  miles  from  Crato.    Pop.  1810. 

SERNACIIE  DOS  ALIIOS,  s^R-ni'shA  doce  il'yoce,  a  town 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  4  miles  from  Coimbra.  Pop. 
1300. 

SERON,  Sii-ron',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  province, 
and  24  miles  S.E.  of  Soria.     Pop.  900. 

SERO.N,  a  town  of  Spain,  28  miles  N.  of  Almeria.  Pop. 
6619.     It  h.as  iron-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

SERONGE,  siVonj',  a  town  of  Central  India,  dominions, 
and  142  miles  S.  of  Gwalior,  and  N.E.of  Oojeiu,  in  lat.  24°  6' 
N..  Ion.  77°  41'  E.     It  has  vestiges  of  former  importance. 

SEROOR,  sA'roor',  a  militarj-  station  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bombay,  district,  and  44  miles  N.K.  of  Poonah. 
Its  main  street  is  sp.icious,  and  lined  on  both  sides  with 
the  bungalows  of  officers,  to  which  handsome  gardens  are ' 
attached. 

SEROOSKERKE,  si-ros'kjR^keh,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, island  of  Walcheren,  3  miies  N.  of  iiiddelburg.  Pop. 
892. 

SEROS,  sA'ros,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Citalonia.  province, 
and  10  miles  S.  of  Lerida,  on  the  Segre.     Pop.  2230. 

SEROWITZ,  sA'ro-ftits'.  or  ZEROWICZ.  zA/ro-«its.  a  town 

of  Biihemia,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Talwr,  with  1612  inhabitants, 

SERPA,  pjR'pi,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alemtejo, 

on  a  height,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Guadiana,  17  miles 

E.S.E.  of  Beja.     Pop.  4000.    It  is  enclosed  by  walls. 

SERPEISK.  sJr-pAsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
53  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kalooga,  with  1000  inhabitants  and 
several  churches. 

SER'PENT,  a  river  of  British  America,  formed  by  a  chain 
of  lakes,  considerably  N.  of  Lake  Huron.  It  flows  W.S.MT. 
for  many  miles,  and  falls  into  the  N.  channel  of  Lake  Huron, 
about  30  miles  AV.  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  settlement 
of  La  Cloche. 

SERPENTARIA,  s^R-pJn-td're-a.  in  the  Mediterranean, 
an  islet  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Sardinia. 

SERPENTIN,  sJr'pSn-t<?en'(0  or  SHAT-EL-IIIE,  shSt  el 
he^A,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  branches  off  from  the  Tigris 
in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  at  Rootal-IIamarah,  flows  S. 
for  about  100  miles,  and  joins  the  Euphrates  on  the  left  by 
several  mouths,  neitr  Arja,  about  00  miles  aliove  Kama. 

SER'PENT  ISLAND  or  ADASI.  a  small  island  of  the 
Black  Sea,  about  30  miles  S.E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Danube, 
in  lat.  45°  15'  30"  N.,  Ion.  30°  14'  12"  E. 

SERPENT  ISLAND,  British  West  Indies,  one  of  the  Vu> 
gin  Islands,  is  olT  the  S.  extremity  of  Porto  Rico. 
SERPENTS,  ISLE  OF.  See  Islk  of  Skrpents. 
SERPHO.  SERFO,  sjR/fo,  or  SERPHAN/TO,  (anc.  SeH'phos 
or  Si'ri'phus.)  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  govern- 
ment, and  24  miles  W.  of  Syra.  Lat.  37°  10'  N.,  Ion.  24°  30' 
E.     Area,  20  square  miles.     Pop.  600. 

SERPHO".  a  village  of  the  island  of  Serpho  Paulo,  in  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  on  its  S.E.  fide. 

SERPHO  POULO,  an  islet  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Serpho. 

SERl'OOKHOV,  SERPOUKHOV  or  SERPUCHOW,  sJr- 
poo-Kov',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  56  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Moscow,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Nara  and  Serpeika  with 
the  Oka.  Pop.  13,000.  It  consists  of  the  town  proper,  the 
kreml  or  citadel,  and  a  large  suburb ;  it  has  a  cathedral, 
founded  in  1396.  upwards  of  20  other  churches,  a  large  mar- 
ket-place, extensive  public  magazines,  and  manu&ctures  of 
woollen,  cotton,  and  linen  fabrics. 

SERRA,  s&R'Rd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  near  the  top  of  Mount  Giovi.     Pop.  2329. 

SERRA  CAPRIOLA,  skvJuk  kd-pre-o'lS,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Capitanata,  13  miles  N.W.  of  San  Severe.  Pop. 
3000.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  has  2  collegiat«  churches,  and 
4  annual  fairs. 

SERRA  DE  MONCIIIQUE,  sJr/rS  di  mon-shee'k.4,  a  moun- 
tain chain  of  Portugal,  bounding  N.  the  province  of  Al- 
gar've.  La  Foya,  its  culminating  point,  is  4079  feet  in  ele- 
vation. 

SERRA  DI  FALCO,  ilvfnl  deefdl^ko,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendency.  and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Girsenti.     Pop.  4600. 

SERRADILLA,  La,  \i,  s^R-Rd-deel'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  In 
Estremadura,  province,  and  N.  of  Caceres.     Pop.  2355. 

SERRA  DI  SANTO  STEFANO,  .s^R'Kd dee  sln/to  sL-vfl-no, 
a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  19  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Squillace.  Pop.  3400.  It  has  a  castle,  and  was 
founded  bv  the  Normans  in  the  eleventh  century. 

SERRAMANNA.  s&R-Rdman'nd,  a  village  of  Sardinia, 
division,  and  18  miles  N  N.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  2327. 

SERRA-MONANKSCA,  sSn/id  mo-nd-nJs'ki  a  town  ol 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,-  S.S.W.  of  Chieti. 

1755 


SER 

8E11RAXA,  s?n-Rl'iiJ.  and  SERRAXILLA,  s^R-Rjneel'yJ, 
are  islets  iu  the  Carribbean  Sea,  between  lat  14°  aud  16°  N., 
Ion.  80°  W. 

SERRANOS,  sjR-F.i'nooe.  a  village  of  Brazil,  proviiice  of 
Minas  Geraes,  on  the  road  from  Kio  Janeiro  to  Sao  Joao  del 
Bei. 

SERRASTRETTA,  s^R-Rjs-trJfti.  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  5  miles  N.X.E.  of  Xic-astro. 
Pop.  3600. 

SERRAVAL.  s?R-Rl-vil',  a  village  of  Savoy,  province  of 
Genevese,  5  miles  S.  of  Thonex.    Pop.  1732. 

SERRAVALLE.  s^R-Rd-vil'li,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
government  of  Jlilan,  province,  and  2  miles  N.W.  of  Ostlglia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po.     Pop.  1697. 

SERR.WALLE.  s4b-k1-v311.'1,  a  town  of  Ital.v,  government 
of  Venice,  delegation,  and  23  miles  X.  of  Treviso.  Pop. 
£350.  It  has  a  cathedral,  manufactures  of  wool  and  silk,  and 
active  exports  of  corn,  wine,  and  honey  into  the  Tyrol. 

SERRAVALLE.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division, 
and  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Genoa,  on  an  afSuent  of  the  Po. 
Pop.  2234. 

SERR.WALLE.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Florence, 
4  miles  S.W.  of  Pistoja,  with  a  castle  now  in  ruins,  import- 
ant in  the  Middle  Ases. 

SERRAVALLE  DI  SESIA,  siR-Ri-vin.i  dee  sA'se-J,  a  towp 
of  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin,  on  the  Sesia,  2^  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Borgo  Sesia.    Pop.  1023. 

SERRE,  s^R  or  saiR.  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Ar- 
dennes and  Aisne,  after  a  W.  coiirse  of  50  miles  joins  the 
Oise  near  La  Fere. 

SERRE  and  SERRES,  sIr,  are  numerous  communes  of 
France :  the  principal  in  the  department  of  Ilautes-Alpes,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Gap,  on  the  Buech.    Pop.  1088. 

SERRE.  Le,  ]i  s§R'R,i,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Prlncipato  Citia.  near  the  Galore.    Pop.  2400. 

SERREIE.  a  town  of  .Poland.    See  Skrret. 

SERREJOX,  s^r-rA-hou'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura, 
province,  and  33  miles  N.E.  of  Caceres.    Pop.  109.5. 

SERREXAGUR,  sjR-K.i-nl-gtir',  or  SIRRENAGUR,  siR- 
rA-n3-gur',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in 
Nerbudda  Territory.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Jubbalpoor. 

SERREXTE,  s^R-R^n'tA.  a  village  and  island  of  Sardinia, 
17  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1515. 

SERREY.  8*R-R!l',  written  also  SSIREIE,  atown  of  Poland, 
government  of  Augustowo,  37  miles  X.  of  Grodno.  Pop. 
2160. 

SERRlfiRES,  s?R'Re-aiR',  numerous  communes  of  France ; 
the  principal  in  the  department  of  Ardfeche,  on  the  Rhone, 
here  cros.sed  bv  an  iron  suspension  bridge,  36  miles  S.  of 
Lyons.    Pop.  in  1852.  2022. 

SERRIERES.  a  village  of  Savoy,  near  the  Rhone,  3  miles 
S.  of  Sev.«sel.    Pop.  1118. 

SERRITO.  sjR-Ree'to,  or  JAGUARIO,  «hi-gwl-r8ws«',  a 
town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  75  miles 
S.W.  of  Rio  Grande.    Pop.  SOOO. 

SERRO  FRIO.    See  ViLL.t.  DO  Prixcipk. 

SEUT.  s6Rt,or  ISERD,  e-sJRd',  (ana  Tiffranocerfta,)aiovrn 
of  Turkish  Armenia,  pashalic.  and  90  miles  E.  of  Diarbekir, 
capital  of  a  sanjak.  nuar  the  Khaboor. 

SERUYS',  a  village  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  35  miles  X.W.  of 
Chicago. 

SERVAXCE,  sJr^vSxss',  n  market^town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Saone,  on  the  Oignon.  near  the  foot  of  the 
Ballon  d' -Alsace.  12  miles  X.E.  of  Lure.    Pop.  in  1862.  2472. 

SERVERETTE,  sjRVeh-i-Jtt',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Loz^re,  13  miles  X.X.W.  of  Mende.    Pop.  92S. 

SERVI,  s^R/vee,  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands  off  the  S.  coast 
of  the  Mores,  6  miles  X.  of  Cerigo,  4  miles  long. 

SERVIA.  sf  r've-^  (Sl.ivonic,  Serbia,  sjR/be-a:  Ger.  Serhien, 
gir'be-fn;  Fr.  S-rrte,  s^R'vee';  Turk.  &frb  ViJayfUt.  vU-i- 
yjt/ee;  anc  Mae'da  Supe/rior,  with  a  part  of  /W.vc'tcum,)  a 
principality  of  Turkey,  in  Europe:  bounded  on  the  X.W.  by 
the  Save,  separating  it  from  Austria;  on  the  X.and  X.E.  by 
the  Danulie.  separating  it  in  the  former  direction  from  the 
Banat  of  Hungary,  and  in  the  latter  from  Wallachia :  on  the 
E.  by  Bulgaria ;  on  the  S.  by  Mounts  Argentaro  or  Egrisoo, 
and  Gliubotin,  forming  a  continuation  of  the  Balkan,  and 
separating  it  from  Macedonia:  on  the  S.W.  by  Albanti:  and 
on  the  W.  by  Bosnia,  from  which  it  is  separated  tow.-irds  the 
S.W.  by  the  Ibar,  and  towards  the  X.W.  by  the  Drin;  lat. 
.  42°  to  45°  N.,  Ion.  19°  20'  to  22°  50'  E. ;  greatest  length,  from 
S.E.  to  X.W..  240  miles;  breadth,  in  the  S.  about  95  miles, 
and  in  the  X.  about  160  miles;  area,  estimated  at  20.000 
R()u.ire  miles.  The  surface  has  a  general  slope  towards  the 
X.,  but  is  on  the  whole  very  mountainous,  being  traversed 
by  ramificationB  of  three  great  mountHin-chains— the  Carp.'i- 
thians  in  the  X.E..  the  Balkan  in  the  S.E.  and  S..  and  the 
Dinaric  Alps  in  the  W.  The  summits  are  often  below  2000 
feet,  and  seldom  exceed  SOOO  feet,  except  on  the  frontiers, 
where  a  height  exret-ding  4000  feet  is  attained.  Many  nar- 
row and  several  wide  valleys  stretch  between  the  mountain 
ranges,  and  in  the  fl.itter  parts  of  the  principality,  particu- 
larly near  the  centre,  along  the  Kinks  of  the  MoraVa,  and  in 
tti«  N.,  along  the  banks  of  the  Save  and  Danube,  several 
considerable  plains  occur. 
1756 


SES 

The  whole  .furface  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Dannie, 
The  climate  of  Servia  is  somewhat  rigorous  in  the  more 
mountainous  parts,  and  verj-  mild  in  the  valleys  and  plainb. 
In  spring  the  tn-es  put  on  their  leaves  from  the  l.^ifh  to  tlw 
30th  of  .\pril.  The  winter  temperature  ranges  from  6'^  to  14" 
Fahrenheit,  and  in  extraordinary  se.isons  lias  sunk  to  — 2° 
and  —  6°  Fahrenheit.  Vegetation  is  vigorous,  both  in  the 
mountainous  districts  and  in  the  lower  ground.s.  the  former 
i)eing  generally  covered  with  forests  of  excellent  tiui'r)er-tree8, 
among  which,  where  the  elevation  is  not  very  great,  the 
walnut  is  conspicuous;  and  the  latter  being  generally  cover- 
ed wi\h  a  fertile  soil,  well  adapted  for  the  ordinary  and 
several  of  the  finer  fruits,  for  the  vine,  for  cotton  in  the 
warmest  spots,  and  for  tobacco,  rice,  maize,  hemp.  flax,  and 
the  common  cereals,  in  almost  every  quarter.  Alnio.«t  every 
branch  of  industry  is  in  a  backward  state.  The  vine  is 
widely  cultivated,  though  but  indifferent  wine  is  made. 
Timber  of  superior  quality  would  be  a  chief  source  of  wealth 
if  facilities  were  afforded  for  its  export.  Hogs,  fed  on  acorns 
in  the  splendid  oak  forests,  are  exported  to  the  number  of 
about  ten  millions  annually;  and  many  cattle,  sheep,  and 
horses  are  reared  in  t}ie  mountains.  Goat-skins  are  ex- 
tensively exported.  Leeches  and  valonea  bark  are  important 
articles  of  trade.  Iron,  cipper.  lead,  mercury,  and.coal  are 
met  with,  l>ut  few,  if  any.  mines  are  wrought.  Slanuiao- 
tares  are  few  ;  the  principal  are  cotton  fabrics. 

Servia,  while  acknowledging  the  supremacy  of  the  Porte, 
and  p.aying  it  an  annual  triljute  of  $1,000,000.  is  governed  by 
its  own  prince,  and  virtually  independent.  In  form  the  go- 
vernment is  an  hereditary  monarchy,  in  which  the  prince  or 
hospodar  acts  in  conjunction  with  a  senate  or  tl:upocM>jna, 
consisting  of  21  members,  named  by  him.  The  criminal 
code  is  founded  on  that  of  Austria.  The  standing  army 
numbers  1750  men.  excluding  a  militia  of  about  40,(it)0.  For 
administrative  purposes  it  is  divided  into  19  districts  or 
hahija,  subdivided  into  lordships  or  Inexhiva,  and  com- 
munes or  .sresowc  The  capital  is  Belgrade.  The  inhabitants 
consist  almost  entirely  of  Serbs,  who  are  of  Slavonic  ex- 
traction, speak  what  is  considered  the  softest  of  all  the  Sla- 
vonic dialect.-*,  have  good  physical  forms,  somewhat  stouter 
but  less  elegant  than  those  of  the  Greeks,  are  le.ss  remark- 
able for  intellect  than  for  finnness.  courage,  benevolence, 
and  generosity:  and  are  in  general  ardently  attached  to  the 
Greek  church,  which  has  three  archbishoprics  and  numerous 
convents  within  the  principality.  Belgrade  is  noniin.tlly 
the  capital,  but  the  prince  and  leading  authorities  reside 
and  hold  their  courts  in  Kru.schovatz  or  Krukovatz.  othei^ 
wise  called  Alajahissar;  the  other  principal  towns  are 
Semendria,  Xissa.  and  Pristina. 

Servia  was  cojifjuered  by  the  Turks  in  1385.  From  1806  it 
was  independent  -under  Czerny  George  until  1814.  when  it 
reverted  to  Turkey:  but  since  a  revolt  headed  by  Milosch 
in  1815.  it  has  again  been  insubordinate  to  any  foreign  in- 
fluence, except  that  of  Rus.sia.  AlexanderGeorgivitsch.  the 
present  reigning  prince,  assumed  the  sovereignty  iu  1642. 
.\dj.  Servhx,  sf r've-.an ;  inhab.  Servian  or  Serb. 

SEUVIA.  sji-'ve-a,  a  tnwn  of  European  Turkey,  in  Mace- 
donia. 17  miles  X.W.  of  Mount  Olympus,  on  the  X.  boundary 
of  Thessaly.     It  has  a  large  annual  fair. 

SE14VI.\X,  f^v.\e-is^,  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  ll^ranlt,  8  miles  X.E.  of  Beziers.     P.  in  1852.  2254. 

SER'VICK,  a  small  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SERVI  hRES,  s?RVe-aiR',  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Conifeze.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  13st4. 

SERVOZ,  s^R'vo',  a  village  of  Savoy,  6  miles  W.  of  Ch&- 
mouni.     Here  the  a.scent  to  Mont  Buet  commences. 

SERWATTY.     See  SKR.tw.\TrT  Isla.nds. 

SESHEK£,  sA-shA'kA.  a  town  of  South  Africa,  on  a  river 
of  its  own  name.     Ijit.  17°  2S' S,  Ion.  2ti°  50' E. 

SESIA.  sA'se-i.  (anc.  Smites.)  a  river  of  Xorth  Italy,  in 
Piedmont,  rises  near  Monte  Rosa,  and  after  a  S.  course  of 
86  mUes  joins  the  Po  5  miles  E.  of  Casale.  Under  the 
French  it  gave  name  to  a  department  of  which  Vercelli  was 
the  capital. 

SESKAR.  sJs-kaR',  or  SEZKT.TAR.  sfs-ke-yaR',  an  Island 
of  Russia,  in  the  Gulf  of  FinLand.  with  a  light-house  in  lit. 
60°  2'  1"  X..  Ion.  2S°  23'  5"  E.  Here  ships  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean  perform  quarantine. 

SESKIX'.W.  a  parish,  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  Waterford. 

SESM.4.  sfs'mA.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Xavarre,  32 
miles  S.W.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  1090. 

SESS.\,  sfs'sd,  (anc.  SueMsa  Arun'ca.)  an  episcopal  city  of 
Xaples.  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.l7  miles  X.W.  of  Capua. 
Pop.  4200.  It  has  numerous  ecclesiastical  edifices  and  be- 
nevolent institutions. 

SES'S.W,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Xorth  Riding, 
with  a  station  on  the  Xorth  British  Railway,  4^  miles  S.SJ1 
of  Thirsk. 

SESSITES.    S«>  Sesia. 

SESTI.VO,  sJs-tee'no,  (L.  Senti'mim,)  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
51  miles  E.  of  Florence.     IKip.  2274. 

SESTO,  sJs'to,  a  vil'age  of  Italy,  in  Tu.scaf-y.  5  mllo? 
X.W.  of  Florence,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 
Pop.  2000. 


SES- 

SESTO.  a  village  of  Italv,  in  Lombardy,  delecration.  and  5 
miles  N'.W.  of  Cremona.     Pop.  1400. 

PKSTO.a  villaseof  Italy,  m  Sardinia,  division,  and  6  miles 
N.  ofCagliari.     Pop.  11  SI. 

Sl'ISTO  CALKNDK.  sfs'to  ka-15n'dA,  a  villajre  of  Italy,  in 
Lombardy,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Milan,  on  the  Ticino.     P.  2120. 
SKS'TOS  or  CK.S/TOS,  a  small  river  of  Liberia,  enters  the 
Atlantic.     Lat.  5°  30'  N.,  Ion.  0°  35'  W. 

SKSTO  S.\N  GIOVANNI,  sl-s'to  ein  jo-vin/nee,  a  village 
of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  delegation,  and  5  miles  N.X.K.  of 
Milan,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 

SKSTKA,  sjs'tr3,  a  riverofllussia.  government  of  Tver,  an 
afflu^'nt  of  the  Doohna,  (Dubna.)  Total  course,  6(J  miles.  A 
canal  lietween  it  and  the  Ister  is  intended  to  connect  the 
Toljra  and  Moskva. 

SKSTItAlJKK.  sJs-trabJk',  a  villaje  of  Russia,  povern- 
mont,  and  17  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Petersburg,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sestra  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  It  was  founded  by  Peter 
the  Great  in  1716,  and  is  noted  for  a  vast  and  important 
man  uf  I  dory  of  arms. 

SKSTRE,  sJs'tri.  a  river  of  Guinea,  on  the  Grain  Coast, 
enters  the  Atlantic  139  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Palmas.  Its 
mouth  is  encumbered  with  reefs,  but  vessels  of  00  tons  may, 
it  is  said,  ascend  it  for  50  miles. 

SESTHB,  (or  SISTEKS,)  Great  and  Little,  two  contiguous 
villages  of  Guinea,  on  the  Grain  Coast,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Cape 
Palmas. 

SESTP.I  A  LEVANTE,  sfe'trefvaU-vdn't.i  a  maritime 
town  of  North  Italy,  in  Sardini.'V.  divi,si(m  of  Genoa,  and  25 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Genoa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.     Pop.  7277. 

SKSTRI  A  PONENTE,  s^s'treo  i,  po-nftn'tA.  a  maritime 
town  of  North  Italy,  in  Sardinia,  4  miles  W.  of  Genoa,  and 
having  many  country  residences  of  its  citizens.     Pop.  4346. 

SESTU,  sJs-too',  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  6  miles 
N.  ofCagliari.     Pop.  1181. 

SE'T.IlNG',  a  river  of  Burmah,  after  a  S.  course  estimated 
at  2iX)  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Martaban  by  an  estuary,  .00 
miles  in  width.  It  is  so  encumbered  by  shoals  and  isUnds, 
as  to  be  unnavigable  for  vessels  drawing  more  than  6  feet 
of  water. 

SUT.'VU'KKT,  a  post-village  of  Brookh.aven  township.  Suf- 
folk CO.,  New  York,  on  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  68  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  New  York.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  contains 
several  churches  and  stores,  and  a  lunik. 

SK-TCIIING.  S.V  ching',  or  SSE-TCHING-FOO.  s.A^  ching' 
foo',  a  town  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  province  of  Quang-see, 
capital  of  a  department.     Lat.  24^  20'  N.,  Ion.  100°  15'  E. 

SK-'|-CII.)()  or  SIC-TCIIOO-FOO.  s.V  choo'  foo/.  written  also 
SSETCIIKDU-FOU,  a  town  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  province 
of  Quang-see.  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  border  of  IIoo- 
naii.     Near  it  are  mines  of  quicksilver. 

SETCIIY.  s5ch'ee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SETE-LAGOAS,  si'tA  ligi^ds,  (-'seven  lakes.")  a  collection 
of  lakes  in  Brazil,  and  so  called  from  their  number,  seven. 
They  are  situated  on  the  N.  top  of  the  Serra  da  .^lelgueira, 
province  of  Matto  Grosso,  in  lat.  13°  S.  They  are  the 
sources  of  the  Paraguay. 

SETENIL  DE  LAS  BODEGAS,  sA-ti-neeV  dA  lis  bo-i>A'- 
gSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  72  miles  N.E.  of  Cadiz. 
Pop.  1871. 

SETIF,  sA-teeP,  (anc.  Sitijisf  or  Sitipha  t)  a  town  of  Algeria, 
province,  and  79  miles  AV\S.W.  of  Constantine.     Pop.  265. 

SETIGNANO,  sA-teen-yit'no,  a  village  and  parish  of  Tus- 
cany. 4  miles  from  Florence.    Pop.  1209. 

SETLEDGEor  SKTLEJ.    See  Sctlej. 

SETONDA.  sA-ton'dd,  an  Lsletof  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off 
the  N.  coast  of  Snmbaw.a. 

SETSCII,  sitch,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  11  miles  S.W.  of 
Chrudim.     Pop.  1035. 

SETTA,  s6t'tA,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Dahomey,  about 
80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Abomey.  It  is  surrounded  bv  a  clay 
wall  about  7  feet  high  and  3  feet  thick.     Pop.  about  9000. 

SETTALA,  ski-XinL  (anc.  ».plarar)  a  town  of  Northern 
Italv,  province,  and  9  miles  E.  of  Milan.     Pop.  1184. 

SKTTEFIiATI,  ,sSt-tA-frA'tee,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro.  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sora.    Pop.  3100. 

SKTTENE.X.  sJt'tA'nA',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Upper  Savoy,  not  for  from  Faverges.    Pop.  1060. 

SETTIA.     See  SlTlA. 

SETTIMO.  sSfte-mo,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  in  the  is- 
land of  Sardinia,  division,  and  7  miles  N.E.  of  Cagliaii.  Pop. 
1250. 

SKTTIMO.  PIEVE  DI  SAN  GIULIANO-A.  pe-A'vA  dee  sjn 
joo-le-A/no  d  si^f  te-mo,-  a  village  and  parish  of  Tusainy, 
about  0  miles  W.  of  Florence.    Pop.  1850. 

SETTIMO  TOllINESE.  .sJtne-mo  to-re-nA'sA.  a  village  of 
North  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
3115. 

SKTTIMO  A'lTTONE.  s5fte-mo  vit-to'nA,  a  village  of 
North  Italy,  division  of  Turin,  piovince,  and  6  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Ivrea.  on  the  Dora-Baltea.     Pop.  1651. 

SKTTIMU.  sJt-te-moo',  a  villase  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
6  miles  N.E.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1340. 

SKTXINOIAXO,  sJt-tin-jA'no,  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Calabria  Ultra,  4  miles  W.  of  Catanzaro. 


SET 

SETTLE,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  Engknd.  CO.  o< 
York.  West  Kiding,  on  the  Kibble,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge, 
•37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Leeds.  I'op.  in  1S51,  1976.  It  stands 
at  the  foot  of  a  height  termed  Castleberg  Cliff,  and  is  well 
built. 

SET'TP.IXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East 
Riding. 

SKTUBAL,  sA-too'bai.  SETUVAL.  sA-too/vai.  or  ST.UBES, 
(uliz.)  a  seaiwrt  city  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura, 
capitiil  of  a  comarca,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Setubal, 
IS  miles  S.E.  of  Lisbon.  Lat.  38°  29'  N.,  Ion.  8°  53'  AV. 
I'op.  15,000.  It  extends  more  than  half  a  niilo  along  the 
beach,  is  enclosed  by  walls,  defended  by  a  castle,  and  haa 
several  churches  and  hospitals,  two  Latin  schools,  a  jnstice- 
hall.  broad  quays,  a  convenient  harbor,  and  an  excellent 
trade  in  muscadel  and  white  wines  of  the  vicinity,  cork- 
bark,  oranges,  lemons,  and  salt.  It  has  an  active  pilchard- 
fishery,  and  a  large  fair  in  July.  .Setubal  suffered  severely 
from  the  same  earthquake  wliich  devastated  Lislxm  in  1755. 
Setubal  is  a  place  of  very  great  antiquity,  some  Portuguese 
authors  gravely  ascribing  its  foundation  to  Tubal,  the  tifth 
in  descent  from  Noah. 

SETZDORF,  sgts'doRf  a  village  of  Austrian  Sile.sia.  circle 
of  Tmppau,  about  25  miles  from  Zukmantel.     Pop.  1810. 

SETZ/LEK'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SEUDRE,  sud'r,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  S.W.  of 
the  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  flows  N.N'.W.,  and 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  opposite  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  I.sle 
of  Oleron.  Total  course,  50  miles,  of  which  18  miles  are 
navigable. 

SEUGSTE,  .scH.  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Chafente- 
Inffirieure,  joins  the  Charente  near  Salutes,  after  a  N.  course 
of  40  miles  past  Jonzac  and  Pon.s. 

SKULINGEN,  soi'ling-en,  a  village  of  Hanover,  province 
of  Hildesheim,  near  Duderstadt.     Pop.  1300. 

SKUNDAII,  sun'd.a(?)  a  town  of  North  Ilindostan,  in  the 
Gwalior  dominions,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Gwalior. 

SEU.NY,  su'nee,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  in  the  Nerbudda  territory. 

SEUltD.\U,  sur'd.a.  a  town  of  British  Indi.i.  pce.sidency 
of  Bengal,  in  Bundelcund,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Callinger. 

SEURRK.  SUR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote-d'Or, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Saone,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Beaune. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3095. 

SEVAN,  an  island  and  lake  of  Georgia.     .See  Gookeka. 

SEVASTOPOL  or  SEBASTOPOL.  sJv'as-to'pol.*  (Gr.  S«- 
SoffTdjroAij,  &basU>p>olis.)  an  important  town  of  European 
Ru.ssia,  and  the  principal  n.aval  station  of  the  Russian  fleet 
in  the  Black  Sea,  is  situated  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Crimea,  (province  of  Taurida.)  on  the  N.  side  of  a  point  of 
land  extending  W.  about  10  miles.  Lat.  44°  37'  N..  Ion.  33° 
29'  E.  The  view  of  the  town,  as  .seen  from  the  Land  side,  ia 
very  striking:  it  is  built  op  the  northern  and  eastern  slope 
of  an  eminence  on  the  S.  side  of  a  bay  which  extends  into 
the  land  3  or  4  miles,  with  a  breadth  of  from  800  to  1500 
yards,  and  10  or  12  fathoms  deep,  although  in  its  upper  part 
it  has  only  4  or  5  fathoms.  This  bj»y  is  completely  pi'otected 
from  all  winds,  and  has  no  shoals.  Immediately  within  the 
entrance  it  widens  considerably;  it  is  divided  into  .several 
branches  or  small  bays,  called  by  different  names,  as  Artil- 
lery Bay,  Ship  Bay,  (or  the  Harbor.)  which  is  the  largest 
and  finest,  and  on  both  sides  of  which  the  town  is  built.  It 
is  perhaps  2  miles  long,  and  at  the  entrance  400  yards  wide; 
but  like  the  principal  bay,  it  expands  within  to  a  much 
greater  width.  On  the  W.  side  of  the  harbor  is  the  princi- 
pal part  of  the  town,  with  the  admiralty,  and  other  public 
buildings,  (not  of  a  naval  character:)  while  the  hospitals, 
arsenals,  dock-yards,  magazines,  barracks,  Ac.  with  the 
suburb  of  Karabelnaia  or  Karabelnaja.  are  on  the  E.  side. 
The  principal  street  runs  along  the  inner  harbor,  and  is 
lined  with  substantial  houses  two  stories  in  height;  on 
the  other  streets  the  dwellings  are  mostly  of  one  story,  but 
being  whitewashed,  and  situated  on  ascending  ground,  they 
present  a  fine  appearance.  The  most  important  buildings — 
unconnectedwith  the  naval  estaMishment — are  two  churches, 
one  of  which  was  founded  by  Aladimeer.  the  first  Christian 
czar,  and  built  of  materials  taken  from  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  cities  of  Chersonesus. 

Fnrtijicalions. — There  are  in  all,  near  the  town,  11  bat- 
teries, mounting  more  than  1200  guns,  and  both  shores  of 
the  outer  harbor  are  lined   with  military  works,  which 


*  In  Russian  this  name  is  written  CeBacTonoiib:  it  slionld  ba 
observed  that  B  in  Russian,  like  S  in  modern  Greek,  is  always 
pronounced  like  our  v.  With  regard  to  the  aucent  of  Sevasto- 
pol, it  may  be  remarked  that  it  is  not  merely  supported  by  the 
accentuation  of  the  original  Greek,  as  shown  ahove,  and  by  the 
analogy  of  Co.NSTANTixo'rLE,  Adkiano'i'le,  Thkkesia.vo'pel, 
(names  essentially  of  the  same  class,  although  differing  in  the 
mode  of  writing  the  final  syllable ;)  but  we  are  informed,  on  un- 
questionable authority,  that  not  only  the  inhabitants  of  the  town 
itself,  but  educated  Russians  everywhere,  invariably  speak  it 
with  the  accent  as  above  given.  In  England,  although  Sebas'- 
to|>ol  is  a  common  pronnnciation,  Sevasto'pol  ia  said  to  be  gain- 
ing ground  among  the  educated  classes. 

1757 


SEV 


SEV 


bristle  with  cannon  that  could  rake  a  vessel  or  fleet  ap- 
proaching from  every  point.  Among  the  most  importHnt 
of  these  fortifications  are  Forts  Constantine  and  Alexander, 
on  opposite  points,  at  the  entrance  of  the  outer  harlwr,  and 
Forts  St.  Nicliolas  and  Paul,  at  the  enti-ance  of  the  inner  or 
smaller  harlwr.  within  which  is  the  dock-yard;  besides  a 
large  unfinished  fort  on  a  height  some  distance  back  from 
the  N.  shore  of  the  bay,  nearly  opposite  the  suburb  of  Kara- 
belnaia.  The  total  cost  of  the  forts  has  been  estimated  at 
$3o.00l).000.  and  of  the  ships  and  all  the  works  connected 
with  the  defences  of  the  place,  at  nearly  $100,000,000.  Across 
the  entrance  of  the  outer  harbor,  a  line  of  battle  ships  was 
Eunk  by  the  Ru,ssians  previous  to  the  great  siege  of  1864-6, 
rendering  the  harbor  perfectly  Inaccessible.  The  town 
itself  ie  surrounded  by  looped  walls,  with  a  battery  on  the 
S.W.,  besides  a  fortress  on  the  K.  side  of  the  bay.  called  the 
Malakoif,  with  the  Great  and  Little  Kedan,  situated  near 
the  lines  of  the  Allies,  and  near  which  there  has  been,  in 
the  present  war.  some  severe  fighting.  Just  within  the  en- 
trance of  the  main  ro;idstead  is  Artillery  liay,  wliich  firms 
the  N.W.  limit  of  the  town,  and  has  a  battery  of  more  th.an  50 
guns ;  here  ships  are  careened.  Outside,  and  S.  of  the  great 
entrance,  is  Quarantine  Bay,  on  which  is  the  Lazaretto,  and 
which  is  fbrtitied  by  batteries.  E.  of  the  suburb  of  Karabel- 
naia  is  a  fourth  Vjay  or  inlet,  also  extending  S.,  called  Careen- 
ing Bay.  The  inner  hay.  on  which  the  town  and  dry-dock 
are  more  directly  situated,  has  a  depth  of  from  4  to  8  fathoms. 
The  harbor  of  Balaklava,  ne;ir  which  an  engagement  between 
the  Russians  and  .A.llies  took  place,  October  17,  1854,  is  situ- 
ated about  7  miles  S.  by  E.  from  Sevastopol.  Between  this 
phice  and  the  city,  the  besieging  army  mostly  erected  their 
works,  and  made  their  assaults  during  the  winter  of  1854-5. 
At  the  head  of  the  principal  bay  is  Inkerman,  the  site  of  the 
fierce  contest  of  Xoveuil)er  7,  1854. 

Histori/  and  JWime. — Sevastopol,  or  a  town  occupying  its 
site,  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Milesians  many 
centuries  before  the  Christian  era.  It  probably  received  the 
name  of  Si-basl/ipolis,  (••  city  of  .\ugustus,")  in  the  time  of  the 
Byzantine  emperoi-s.  the  appellation  Attgusdis  (in  Greek, 
JleSacTToi)  being  often  given  as  an  honorary  title  to  the 
Koman  and  Byzantine  emperors  long  after  the  time  of  Oc- 
tavius,  on  whom  it  was  fii-st  bestowed.  In  modern  times, 
the  place  was  known  only  as  a  petty  Tartar  village,  allied 
Akhtiar  or  Achtiar.  when  it  came  into  pos.session  of  the 
Russians  in  17^3.  The  advantages  which  this  site  afforded 
for  a  fortress  were  e.arly  perceived  by  Catherine  II.;  and  in 
1786  .she  commenced  the  fortiticatlons.  which  she  visited  the 
following  year,  and  the  building  erected  tor  her  reception 
still  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  inner  haven.  Pop.  more 
than  40.000. 

^EVKLLAX.  rsAVel-UW,  SAVELAN,  slVgh-lIn'.  or  SA- 
VAL.\N.  s;Wd-l3n'.)  MUUXT,  the  principal  summit  in  the 
E.  part  of  Azerljaijan.  in  North  Persia,  20  miles  W.  of  Ard.v 
bil.  Estimated  height.  13.000  feef.  It  is  apparently  an  e.K- 
tinct  volcano,  its  sides  and  vicinity  abounding  with  vol- 
canic products. 

SEVEX  BKOTIIERS.     See  Sept-Fr£hes. 

SEVEXKKCKEXorZEVENEEKEN,  z4/v?n-A'kfn,  a  vil- 
Jasre  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Qbent.    Pop.  26I.K). 

SEVEXUAMPTON,  a  parish  of  England, .  co.  of  Glou- 

SEVEN  ISLANDS,  a  cluster  in  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
near  the  E.  coast  of  Banca.  from  which  they  are  separated 
by  a  navigabl<!  canal ;  lat.  1°  8'  S..  Ion.  105^  24'  E, 

SEVEN  ISLA.NDS,  a  group  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
In  Canada  East,  opposite  the  entrance  of  Seven  Islands 
Bay. 

SEVEN  ISLANDS,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the  N.W. 
eoast  of  Celebes,  alwut  lat.  0°  33'  N..  Ion.  119'^  40'  E. 

SEVEN  ISLANDS,  in  France.    See  Sept  Isles. 

SEVliN  ISLANDS,  in  l>apland,  on  the  N.  coast;  lat.  68° 
46'  N.,  Ion.  37°  20'  E. 

SEVEN  ISLAND.S,  a  postoffice  of  Fluvanna  co.,  A'irginia. 

SEVEN  ISLANDS,  a  post-office  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia. 

SEVEX  LEAGUES,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Texas. 

SEV^EN.MILH',  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Cincinnati  Hailroad,  7  miles  N.  of  Hamilton. 

SEV KN MILE  HOUSE,  a  post-othco  of  Erie  co.,  Oliio. 

SEVEN.MILE  FOllD.  a  postoffice  of  Smvth  co.,  Vii-ginia. 

SEVEXMILE  PKAIKIE,  a  post-office  of" Darke  co,,  Ohio, 

SEVEX  MODNTAIXS,  Pennsylvania,  a  series  of  elev.a- 
tions  or  mountains,  situated  on  the  S.W.  border  of  Miflliu 
county,  dividing  it  from  Centre  county. 

SEV^ENOAKS',  d  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Kent,  lath  of  Sutton-at-IIone,  on  a  ridge  of  hills,  6  miles 
N.W,  of  the  Tunbridge  station  of  the  London  and  Dover 
Hallway.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851, 1850.  It  has  a  spacious 
church,  and  a  grammar  school  founded  in  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. Adjacent  to  it  U  Knowie.  the  splendid  mansion  which 
belonged  to  the  Omnte-s  of  Plymouth. 

SEVEX  OAKS,  a  post-office  of  Galve; 


Br.>  r..\  u.^lv^.  a  post-office  of  Galveston  co.,  Texas. 
SEV'KXTY-iaOIIT,  a  post>office  of  Johnson  co.,  low 
8EV'ENTY-SEV/EX,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  Co., 
1  Iowa  River,  IG  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 
1768  ' 


SEVENTY-SIX,  a  small  post-village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pflnn, 
sylvania. 

SEVENTY-SIX.  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Kentucky. 

SEVEN  VAiyLEYS,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.  * 

SfiVERAC,  silVeh-r2k',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveyron.  on  a  hill  crowned  by  a  castle,  24  miles  E.  of  Rodex, 
Pop.  in  1852.  3035. 

SEVER.\C,  a  commune  of  France,  department  of  Loire- 
Inferieure,  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Savenay.  .  Pop.  1122. 

SKVEREK,  s,4-veh-r*^k',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalie, 
and  42  miles  N.E.  of  Diarbekir,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, at  the  foot  of  a  castellated  height, 

SKVERN.  (anc.  Sahifna.)  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of 
England  and  Wales,  rises  in  Montgoniery.-hire,  in  a  small 
lake  on  the  E.  side  of  Plinlimmon,  1500  feet  above  the  sea, 
flows  at  first  generally  N.E.,  until  it  enters  Engl.^nd.  and 
then  successively  S.E.andS.W.toitsexpansioninto  the  Bris- 
tol Channel,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Uristt)!.  Total  length  esti- 
mated at  210  miles.  The  principal  aflluents  are  the  Teme, 
the  Upper  and  lx>wer  Avon,  th«  Leyden,  the  ChilL  and  the 
Frome  from  the  E..  and  the  Teme.  the  Wye.  the  Usk,  and 
the  Taff  from  the  W.,  many  of  which  pour  themselves  into 
its  estuary.  From  Newtown  it  has  a  total  de.«cent  of  466 
feet  to  the  .sea.  It  traverses  a  very  fertile  country,  and  is 
navigable  from  the  sea  to  ^Velshpool,  a  distance  of  nearly 
180  miles.  Barges  ascend  it  as  high  as  liewdley ;  but  its 
navigation  is  both  tedious  and  difficult,  to  obviate  which  a 
canal.  ISJ  miles  in  length,  has  been  cut  from  Gloucester  to 
the  sea.  iind  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  350  tons.  F"i-om 
Welshpool  to  Newtown,  its  navigation  is  continued  by  the 
.Montgomery  Can.al,  and  other  Ciinals  connect  it  with  the 
Thames,  the  Trent,  the  Mersey,  and  most  other  rivers  of 
Central  England.  Four  weirs  or  locks,  between  Stourport 
and  Diglis.  ne.tr  Worcester,  have  lieen  constructed.  The 
tide,  here  termed  the  iviifre  or  linre.  rushes  into  the  Severn 
with  such  violence,  that  the  stre-am  sometimes  rises  sud- 
denly 9  feet  in  height  at  Gloucester,  and  extensive  embank- 
ments have  accordingly  been  formed  below  that  city,  to  ob- 
viate the  effects  of  its  irruption.  The  tide  is  perceptible  in 
the  Severn  ^s  far  as  Diglis.  below  Worcester,  12i-1  miles  from 
its  mouth.  At  its  junction  with  the  British  Channel,  the 
Severn  is  10  miles  across,  and  drains  about  6000  square 
miles.  The  ves.sels  engaged  in  the  Shropshire  trade  are 
from  30  to  40  tons  btirden ;  in  the  lower  parts  of  tlie  liver 
they  range  from  100  to  140  tons,  and  by  far  the  greater  part 
of  the  commerce  is  carried  on  Ijetween  Gloucester  and  the 
sea. 

SEVERN,  a  small  river  of  Marrl.and.  rises  in  Anne 
Arundel  co.,  flows  S.E..  passes  by  Annapolis,  and  enters  the 
Chesapeake  3  miles  below. 

SKVERN,  a  river  of  British  America,  in  Canada  West,  dis- 
charges the  surplus  waters  of  I*iko  Simcoe,  N.W.  into 
(ieorgian  Bay  and  Lake  Huron.  Course  about  20  miles.  It 
has  several  rapids  and  falls. 

SEVERN,  a  river  in  the  N.W.  part  of  British  America, 
flows  through  Severn  Lake,  and  enters  Hudson  Bay  on  its 
S.W.  side,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  about  350  miles. 

SEVERN  or  DUMARESQUE.  doo-ma-resk'.  RIVER,  in 
E.ost  Australia,  joins  the  Darling  in  lat.  28°  4o'  S.,  Ion. 
150°  E. 

SEVERNDROOG.  sSv^grn-droog',  a  small  rocky  island  in 
the  Indi.an  Ocean,  on  the  Coucau  coast.  Ilindostan:  lat.  17° 
46'  N.,  Ion.  73°  15'  E.  It  was  formerly  the  stronghold  of  a 
celebrated  Mahratta  pirate,  and  was  captured  by  the  Bri- 
tish in  1756. 

SEVERNDROOG,  a  hill-fort  of  India.    See  Savinbrooo. 

SEVKRO-VOSTOCHNOI.  sA-vA'ro  vos-toK'noi.  written  also 
SI  EVERO-A'CSTOCIIXOT  and  SIEVERO-VOSTOCll  Ml.  svi- 
vA/ro  vos-toK'Hee.  or  NORTn-E.\ST  CAPE,  the  northenmiost 
point  of  Asia,  in  Siberia;  lat.  78°  25'  N..  Ion.  98°  E. 

SEVIER,  sev-eer',  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  .\rkan.sas, 
bordering  on  Texas  and  the  Indian  Territory,  contains 
about  1300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Little  River, 
and  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Red  River.  The  surfce  of  the  N. 
part  is  hilly.  The  staples  are  Indian  corn  and  cotton.  Ca- 
liital,  Paruclifta.  l>op,  10,516,  of  whom  7150  were  free,  and 
3366  slaves. 

SEVIER,  a  county  of  East  Tennes.see,  bordering  on  North 
Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  520  sqimre  miles.  It  is  dr.aiued 
by  French  Broad,  and  Little  Pigeon  Rivers,  The  surface  is 
elevated  and  mountainous:  the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile 
and  well  watered.  Iron  ore  and  limestone  are  aVmndant. 
The  French  Broad  River  is  navigaWe  by  steamboats  from 
tliis  county  to  its  mouth.  Capital,  Sevierville.  Pop.  9122, 
of  whom  .S584  were  free,  and  538  slaves. 

SEVIER/VILLE  or  SEVIER  COURT-HOUSE,  a  pe«trvil- 
lage,  capital  of  Sevier  co.,  Tennessee,  on  Little  ligeon 
River,  about  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Knoxville. 

SEVIGLIA.     See  Seviui. 

S1^:VIGNAC.  s.VveenV3k',  a  village  of  France,  depart.nent 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  arrondissement  of  Dinan.     Pop.  2543. 

SliviGNAC,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Basses, 
Pyrenees,  arroi:dissement  of  Pau.     Pop.  924. 

SEVILAN  MOUNT.     See  SEVELhA-N. 


SEY 

SEVILLR.  sJv'il*  or  se-vill',  ("Sp.  SmOa,  si-veel'yd;  It. 
Sevif/lia,  sA-veel'yd;  Fr.  Seville,  siVeel';  the  HispaUs  of  the 
Romans,)  a  famou.s  city  of  .Spain,  (of  which  it  was  the  capital 
during  a  part  of  the  Gothic  dynasty.)  capital  of  a  province, 
on  the  left  bank  of  tlie  Quadalquivir.  here  cro.ssed  by  a 
bridge  of  Iwats,  commnnicating  with  its  suburb  Triana.  60 
miles  N.X.K.  of  Cadiz.  Lat.  (of  La  Giralda.)  37°  22'  44"  N. 
Ion.  6°  0'  5'J"\V'.  It  is  surrounded  by  Moorish  walls  about 
5  miles  in  circuit,  having  numerous  gates  and  towers,  the 
ramparts  forming  public  walks.  Its  interior  has  almost 
wholly  an  Oriental  appearance.  The  streets,  with  the  e.x- 
ception  of  the  .\lameda.  a  magnificent  thorough&re.  planted 
with  elms,  and  decorated  with  fountains  and  statues,  are 
mostly  narrow  lanes;  of  late  years,  however,  many  new 
streets  have  been  laid  out  in  straight  lines,  and  adorned  with 
regularand  handsome  residences.  Around  the  city  are  many 
fine  public  walks,  and  on  one  side  is  the  Quemadero,  or 
"burning-place"  of  the  Inquisition,  near  which  are  a  large 
city  cemetery,  and  an  Knglish  burying-ground.  The  suburb 
of  Triana,  beyond  the  river,  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  gipsies 
and  .'Smugglers,  and  near  it  is  a  Moorish  dam.  erected  to  pre- 
vent the  effects Vf  •inundations,  to  which  the  lower  parts  of 
the  city  are  liable.  Altogether,  .Seville  contains  alwut  30 
public  fiuntair.s.  rather  scantily  supplied  with  water;  but 
thi^re  are.  besides,  numberless  others  in  public  institutions, 
suppressed  or  existing  convents,  and  private  houses,  and  all 
are  supplied  from  two  sourtu's,  the  Caiios  de  Carmona,  a 
Moorisha'iueduct  of  410  arches,  constructed  in  1172,  and  the 
i'uente  del  .\rzol)ispo.  about  1  mile  K.  of  the  city,  to  which 
it  is  brought  in  a  subterranean  conduit.  In  the  street  Ue  la 
Cuna  was  accidentally  discovered  a  subterratiean  liomau 
aqueduct,  which  still  tlows  full  of  fresh  water. 

JifUgioH-i  K<tiiJ)lix/imenls. — Seville  always  abounded  in 
temples:  first,  those  erected  to  the  heathen  deities  by  the 
Ilomans,  traces  of  some  of  which  still  remain ;  then  the 
Christian  churches,  which  continued  during  the  Moorish 
ascendancy,  when  beside  them  rose  not  only  the  temples 
of  Islamism,  but  Jewish  synagogues.  After  the  re-conquest, 
these  were  converted  into  Roman  Catholic  churches.  Other 
religious  establishments  were  also  multiplied  to  such  an 
extent,  that  at  no  very  distant  date  there  were  I'-i  monastic 
Institutions,  while  al  the  s,ime  time  the  whole  city  did  not 
contain  more  than  1  free  school.  The  cathedral,  a  solemn 
and  grandiose  fabric,  is  the  largest  and  finest  in  Spain.  It 
occupies  the  site  of  the  successive  temples  of  Astart^,  .Sa- 
lambo,  and  Mohammed.  The  original  mosque  was  pulled 
down  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  the 
cathedral  which  rose  in  its  stead  was  completed  in  1.519. 
Outside,  ag  well  as  internally,  it  is  a  museum  of  fine  art.  in 
spite  of  repeated  spoliations — Campana,  Murillo.  Vargas. 
the  Uerreras,  and  other  painters  of  the  Seville  school,  and 
Montiiflez,  Roldan,  Delgado.  and  other  eminent  sculptors, 
h.aviiig  contributed  to  ailorn  this  gorgeous  structure.  It 
consists  of  five  aisles,  the  two  at  the  sides  railed  off  for 
chapels;  the  centre  nave  is  magnificent,  and  of  amazing 
height,  being  145  foet  at  the  tran.sept-dome.  At  the  AV.  end 
of  the  centre  aisle  lies  buried  Fernando,  son  of  Columbus. 
One  of  the  most  rem.arkable  objects  in  Seville  is  the  Giralda, 
(from  (/irar.  '-to  turn.")  a  great  Moorish  tower  attached 
to  the  cathedral,  from  which  the  muezzin  summoned  the 
faithful  to  prayers.  This  belfrey,  unique  in  Kurope,  was 
built  in  1196  by  command  of  Aboo  Yoosuf  Yakoob.  The  ori- 
ginal tower  was  only  2.50  feet  high;  the  additional  100,  being 
the  rich  filigree  belfrey,  w.as  added,  in  1568,  by  Fernando 
Ruiz,  and  is  elegant  beyond  description.  On  grand  festivals 
it  is  lighted  up  at  night,  and  then  seems  to  hang  like  a 
brilliant  chandelier  from  the  dark  vault  of  heaven ;  the 
pinnacle  is  crowned  with  El  Girandillo,  a  female  bronze 
figure  of  F.nith.  holding  the  I'llMrum,.  or  biinner  of  Constan- 
tine.  Although  it  is  14  feet  high,  and  weighs  2S00  pounds, 
it  veers  with  the  slightest  breeze.  Below  the  Giralda  is  the 
Patio  de  los  Xaranjos.  ("  court  of  orange-trees,")  with  the  ori- 
ginal fountain  at  which  the  Moslem  once  performed  his 
ablutions.  Of  the  140  churches  which  existed  in  Seville  be- 
fore the  French  invasion,  a  considerable  numlier  were  de- 
stroyed or  converted  into  magazines  during  Soult's  short 
rale.  Among  the  most  interesting  that  survive,  are  the 
San  Lorenzo,  containing  some  fine  woi'ks  by  MontaRez ; 
San  Clemente.  with  a  splendid  roof,  and  a  platere.'^que  high- 
altar,  by  MontaHcz;  the  magnificent  church  of  San  Pablo; 
San  I'edro,  with  its  Moorish  tower;  San  Juan  de  la  Palina, 
formerly  a  mosque ;  San  Isidore,  which,  among  other  fine 
pictures,  contains  Kl  Transito,  the  masterpiece  of  Itoelas; 
Santa  Slaria  la  TManca.  a  synagogue  prior  to  1391 ;  San  Sal- 
vador, a  collegiate  church ;  Sari  Vicente,  founded  in  300, 
&c.  Of  the  numerous  convents,  some  have  been  demo- 
lished, and  others  converted  into  barracks,  manufactories, 


'  Fair  is  proud  Seville  ;  let  her  country  boast 
Her  stftusth,  her  wealth,  her  site  of  aiu-ient  d.ays." 

Childe  Harold,  canto,  i. 

' By  what  reasoning  my  poor  mind 

Was  from  the  old  idol.atry  reclaimed, 

None  better  knows  than  Seville's  mitred  chief." 

•        SoUTHEY's  Roderick,  book  xx. 


SEV 

hospitals,  warehouses,  theatres,  Ac. ;  about  20.  however^ 
are  still  occupied,  each  by  a  small  number  of  nuns,  and  d 
few  of  them  possess  some  valuable  paintings  and  sculptures. 

The  following  buildings  also  are  deseiving  of  particu- 
lar notice;— The  Ca.sa  Lonja.  or  exchange,  built  by  Philip 
II.  at  the  Suggestion  of  the  Archbishop  of  Seville,  to  prevent 
the  de.secration  of  the  cathedral,  which  was  used  by  mer- 
cantile men  as  a  place  of  rendezvous;  in  the  upper  floor 
are  the  Archiivs  of  the  Indies,  that  is,  of  South  America, 
which  were  collected  here  by  Charles  IV.  in  1784.  from  Si- 
mancas  and  other  archives  scattered  through  Spain;  the 
Alhondiga,  or  public  granary,  a  sumptuous  edifice,  built  by 
the  Moors,  with  a  large  court,  on  the  right  side  of  whji-h  are 
ranges  of  piazz,is,  where  the  traffic  in  grain  is  carried  on; 
the  custom-house,  built  in  1792,  with  both  fagades  of  the 
composite  order;  the  Ataranzas  de  Azogues,  or  warehouse, 
where  is  stored  the  produce  of  the  government  quicksilver- 
mines  at  Almaden,  as  well  as  those  wrought  by  private  en- 
terprise; the  Casada  de  Moneda,  or  mint,  where  coining, 
however,  has  ceased,  the  machinery  having  been  trans- 
ferred to  Madrid:  the  Audiencia.  or  high  court  of  Seville,  of 
which  the  statistical  tables  for  1S44  give  4094  tri,als  in  a 
jurisdiction  over  l,140,9.;a  souls,  or  about  1  in  279;  the 
archiepiscopal  palace,  (whose  fi^ade  forms  an  angle  nearly 
opposite  the  (iiralda,)  commenced  in  1604;  and  the  Alcazar, 
built  in  the  tenth  and  eleventh  centuries  for  Abderrahmjin, 
and  restored  in  1304  by  Don  Pedro,  with  the  aid  of  Moorish 
workmen;  it  occupies  the  site  where  stood  the  palace  of 
the  Roman  prictor.  Here  Charles  V.  was  married  to  Isabella 
of  Portugal;  and  here  Philip  V.  resided  in  morbid  seclusion 
for  two  years,  amusing  him.self  with  fi.-;liing  in  the  pond. 
The  gardens,  whi^h  were  laid  out  by  Charles,  are  perhaps 
the  most  curious  in  Europe. 

The  most  remarkable  public  monument  is  the  Tower  of 
Gold,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Guadalquivir,  a  beautiful  an- 
cient structure,  attributed  by  some  to  the  Romans,  and  by 
others  to  the  Moors.  The  object  for  which  it  was  erected  is 
unknown,  but  it  figures  much  in  the  history  of  Pedro  I.  of 
Ca.-itile.  In  the  Jews'  quarter,  a  labyrinth  of  lanes, 'stands 
the  house  of  Murillo,  who  was  a  native  of  Seville. 

Educational  EdablUhments,  Museums,  dx. — The  university 
occupies  the  building  erected  by  Charles  III.  1565-79,  tor 
the  Jesuits'  convent.  It  contains  fine  pictures  and  sculp- 
tures, and  there  have  been  recently  added  to  it  museums 
of  cheiuistry,  physics,  mineralogy  and  zoology,  and  a  bo- 
tanic garden;  within  the  last  few  years,  also,  the  library 
has  been  increased  from  12,000  to  60.000  volumes.  The  ag- 
gregate number  of  students  who  matriculated  in  1847-8  in 
philosophy,  jurisprudence,  theology,  and  medicine,  was 
1184.  There  are,  besides,  several  colleges,  various  free 
schools,  a  normal  school,  12;j  private  schools,  several  semi- 
naries or  colleges  for  girls,  one  of  them  for  young  ladies  of 
nolile  birth,  au  academy  of  mathematics,  a  nautical  college, 
academies  of  commerce,  of  medicine  and  surgery,  of  the  fine 
arts,  of  jurisprudence  and  legislation.  Be.sides  the  uni- 
versity library,  there  is  the  Columbine  library,  attached  to 
the  cathedral,  and  founded  by  Fernapdo,  son  of  Christopher 
Columbu.s,  consisting  of  30,000  volumes,  the  most  valuable 
collection  of  books  in  Seville,  and  one  of  the  best  in  Spain. 
In  addition  to  the  numerous  works  of  art  distributed 
among  the  public  institutions,  especially  the  cathedral,  the- 
university,  and  the  Caridad,  a  national  museum  has  been 
formed,  into  which  have  been  gathered  the  pictorial  trea- 
sures of  the  suppressed  convents,  as  well  as  pictures  from 
other  towns  in  the  province.  There  are  two  theatres,  and 
a  handsome  Plaza  de  Toros,  or  bull-ring,  outside  the  walls 
— the  latter  affording  accommodation  for  from  12,000  to 
14,000  spectators.  * 

Charitable  Insiitidimnt. — Seville  hiis  always  been  fiimous 
for  its  benevolent  institutions.  In  155S  it  contained  76 
hospitals,  but  the  number  was  afterwards  much  reduced. 
Among  those  that  survive  are  the  Hospital  de  la  Sangre,  a 
magnificent  edifice,  founded  in  1546;  it  was  originally  des- 
tined for  women,  but  is  now  occupied  by  the  sick  poor  of 
both  sexes,  with  &  division  for  the  insane;  in  1848  there 
were  admitted  34.32  patients,  and  the  daily  average  of  in- 
mates is  from  280  to  300;  the  Hospital  de  San  Ilermengildo, 
a  Gothic  structure,  founded  in  1453,  and  intended  chiefly 
for  the  cure  of  wounded  persons;  the  I^ospital  del  SeRor 
San  Jose,  or  foundling  hospit.al,  founded  in  1658;  the  num- 
ber of  children  admitted  yearly  is  about  680;  the  Ho.=pit<il 
de  la  Caridad,  ('-Charity  Hospital,")  founded  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  by  Don  Miguel  JIafiara ;  in  its  elegant  church 
are  some  of  the  finest  creations  of  Murillo  and  Valdes,  and 
in  the  courts  are  two  exquisite  marble  groups,  representing 
Mercy  and  Charity  surrounded  with  children;  an  asylum 
for  aged  priests,  and  a  house  of  refuge,  besides  various  other 
benevolent  institutions. 

Military  EslabUskmenis. — The  cannon-foundry,  founded  in 
1505.  is  unique  in  Spain,  and  was  formerly  one  of  the  best 
in  Europe;  indeed.it  is  said  that  the  bronze  guns  made 
here  are  not  surpassed  anywhere.  There  are  also  a  manu- 
fiictory  of  saltpetre,  one  of  muskets,  another  of  fire-works, 
an  arsenal  and  an  armory,  several  barracks,  and  a  military 
hospital. 

1750 


SEV 

/Visoni.— The  prison  in  the  suppressed  convent  Del  Po- 
pulo  is  one  of  the  best  in  Spain.  In  1848  it  afforded  ample 
accommodation  to  683  prisoners,  and  the  daily  average 
number  is  250.  There  are  also  a  house  of  correction  for 
youD"!  persons,  and  a  national  prison  for  galleysLives,  called 
Presidio  Peninsular,  established  in  1838,  in  the  Augustine 
convent  outside  the  city,  containing  about  1200  prisoners, 
gfcntenced  by  the  different  tribunals  in  the  peninsula,  as 
well  as  those  of  the  Havana  and  Majorca. 

Clicbs,  Sicielies,  die. — The  Cassino  comprises  among  its 
members  the  Uit(.  of  the  city.  There  are  also  a  military  cas- 
sino,  philharmonic  society,  society  of  equitation,  tribunal 
of  commerce,  board  of  commerce,  college  of  advocates,  aca- 
demy of  belles-lettres,  two  societies  for  the  encouragement  of 
agriculture  and  the  industrial  arts,  insurance  companies.  &c. 

Miniifiictures  and  Trade. — The  Fabrica  de  Tabaeos,  where 
the  tobacco  is  made  into  snuff  and  (igars,  covers  a  quad- 
rangle of  662  feet  by  524  feet,  and  has  28  internal  courts. 
A  moat  surrouuds  it,  iti  order  to  prevent  cigars  from  being 
smuggled  out.  In  1S49,  4542  persons,  nine-tenths  of  them 
women,  were  employed  in  this  establishment:  and  in  1847 
the  produce  in  cigars  and  snuff  amounted  to  2,736,446 
pounds.  There  are  also  manufactures  of  earthenware,  crys- 
tal, machinery,  e.xtract  of  liquorice,  leather,  soap,  cotton- 
thread,  worsted,  linen,  and  silk  fabrics.  Being  situated 
about  70  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  which  it  is  diffi- 
cult for  vessels  above  200  tons  burden  to  ascend,  as  well  as 
its  proximity  to  Cadiz,  Seville  has  comparatively  a  limited 
commerce.  The  great  majority  of  vessels  trading  here  are 
coasters,  except  in  the  months  of  October,  November,  and 
December,  when  oranges  are  shipped  for  Britain,  France, 
and  Belgium.  On  the  average  of  the  years  1844  and  1845, 
1386  vessels,  of  59.089  tons,  entered  the  port,  and  1294,  of 
62,459  tons,  cleared  from  it.  The  imports  consist  chietiy  of 
yarn,  wrought  and  cast  iron,  tin-plate,  fine  ironmongery, 
delft,  fine  cloths  and  linens,  some  silk  stuffs,  cotton  mix- 
tures, drugs,  &c.,  steel,  crystal,  dried  cod,  building-timber, 
Flanders  cheese  and  butter,  &c.  The  principal  articles  of 
export  are  quicksilver,  lead,  copper,  olive-oil,  wool,  oranges, 
liquorice,  cork,  and  occasionally  grain.  There  is  a  small  and 
insufficient  quay,  and  a  dock-yard,  where  the  fiiflt  steamboats 
were  built  in  Spain.  An  iron  bridge,  to  cross  the  Guadal- 
quivir, was  commenced  in  1845,  on  the  plan  of  the  Pont-de- 
Carrousel  at  Paris. 

Iliftory. — Seville  was  called  Hhtpal  by  the  Phoenicians, 
who  settled  here,  and  by  the  Romans  Hhpalis,  of  which 
the  itoors  made  TshbiUinh,  whence  Sibilia,  Suvilla.  It  was 
captured,  B.C.  45,  by  Julius  Cajsar,  who  made  it  his  capital, 
and  gave  it  the  title  of  Uomula,  or  Little  Kome.  Seville  was 
the  capital  of  the  Goths  until  the  sixth  century,  when 
Leovigild  removed  the  seat  of  government  to  Toledo,  as 
being  more  central.  It  surrendered  to  the  Moors  at  once, 
after  the  defeat  of  Don  Roderick  on  the  Guadalete.  and  it 
continued  its  allegiance  to  the  caliph  of  Damascus  until  766, 
when  Atxierr.ihman  established  at  Cordojra  the  western 
caliphate  of  the  Beiii-Umeyyah  family,  to  which  Seville  re- 
mained subject  until  1031,  when  that  dynasty  was  over- 
turned, and  with  it  the  real  dominion  of  the  Moor.  Seville 
surrendered  to  Ferdinand  of  Leon  and  Castile  on  November 
23.  1248,  when  he  divided  the  houses  and  lands  among  his 
soldiers.  It  continued  to  be  the  capital  of  Spain  until 
Charles  V.  removed  the  court  to  Valladolid.  The  discovery, 
however,  of  the  New  World,  raised  Seville  to  more  than 
its  former  splendor;  it  became  the  mart  of  the  golden  colo- 
nies, and  the  residence  of  princely  foreign  merchants.  But 
the  French  invasion,  and  the  subsequent  loss  of  the  Trans- 
atlantic possessions,  have  again  greatly  injured  its  pros- 
perity. It  surrendered,  in  ISlO,  to  the  Freueh  under  Soult, 
who  retained  possession  of  it  till  1813.  In  1843  it  was  be- 
sieged by  Espartero  for  nine  days,  when  it  capitulated.  A 
few  miles  distant,  on  the  AV.,  is'the  village  of  Santa  Ponce, 
the  ancient  lUilica.  the  birthplace  of  the  Emperors  Trajan, 
H.adrian,  and  Theodosius  the  Great,  and  where  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  Roman  amphitheatre,  and  other  vestiges  of  an- 
tiquity.   Santa  Ponce  and  Triana  are  the  seats  of  large 

annual  fairs.     Pop.  152,000. Adj.  and  inhab.  Sevilia.v, 

se-yil'yOn ;  (Sp.  Sevtllaxo,  sA-veel-yl'no.) 

SEVILLK,  se-vilP,  a  post-ofllce  of  .Madison  CO.,  Virginia. 

SEVILLE,  a  village  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  104  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Columbus. 

SKV'INOTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SBVRP:-NANTAISE,  sJvr  (or  saivr)  nfeo'tAz',  a  river  of 
France,  rises  in  the  department  of  Deux-S6vres,  flows  N.W. 
past  Monnidres,  where  it  becomes  navigable  for  boats,  and 
enters  the  Loire  on  the  left,  opposite  Nantes.  Length,  70 
miles. 

s£VRE-NIORTAISE,  sJvr  Cor  saivr)  ne-oR'az/.  a  river  of 
France,  rises  in  the  department  of  Deux-Sdvres.  passes  Niort, 
where  it  becomes  navigable;  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at  Ai- 
guillon.     Length.  65  miles. 

SEVRES,  s6vr  or  saiv'r.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-<)ise,  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Versailles,  on  the  railwav  to 
I  aris.  Pop.  in  1852,  4750.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  glreat 
national  manufacture  of  porcelain.  It  has  also  manufae- 
tares  of  glass,  &.c 
1760 


SET 

SfeVRKS,  DEUX,  drh  saiv'r  or  slvr,  (t*.  e.  the  "two 
Sevres,")  a  department  in  the  W.  of  France,  formed  of  part 
of  the  old  province  of  Poitou.  Area,  2315  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1S61.  328.B17.  The  surface  is  divided  by  a  plateau 
into  two  p.arts :  a  mountainous,  rocky  region,  partly  wooded, 
in  the  N.E..  called  the  Gatine;  and  a  level  district".  Princi- 
pal rivers,  the  Sfevre-Niortaise  and  the  Sevre-Nantaise,  from 
which  it  derives  its  name.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and 
more  corn  is  raised  than  is  necessary  for  home  consumption. 
The  pasturage  is  excellent,  and  cattle,  horses,  mules,  and 
asses,  the  latter  of  an  excellent  breed,  ai-e  extensively  reared. 
Game  and  fish  abound.  Chief  industry,  the  manufacture  of 
leather,  gloves,  woollens,  linens,  cottons,  and  beot-root  sugar. 
The  department  has  mines  of  iron,  marble,  and  granit*.  and 
is  divided  into  the  arrondis.sements  of  Niort.  Bressuire, 
Melle,  and  Parthenay.    Capital,  Niort. 

SEVKl  II1SS.\R,  sSv'ree  his'sar',  ("  cypress  castle.")  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Anatolia.  66  miles  K.N.E.  of  Kutaieh. 

SEVRI  insSAR,  a  town  of  A.siatic  Turkey,  near  the 
Gulf  of  Scala  Nova,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Smyrna. 

SEVRI  HISS.\R,  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  in 
a  rocky  country,  73  miles  S.W.  of  .\ngo1-a.  with  the  ruing 
of  an  ancient  edifice.  Near  it  are  remains  supposed  to  he 
those  of  the  ancient  Rssinus. 

SEVSK  or  SKWSK.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sievsk. 

SEM'AN,  a  lake  of  Russian  Armenia.  See  Goktschb- 
De.xghis. 

SEWAN,  si-wIn'.  or  ALLIGUNGE.  aPle-ghtinj',  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Sarun,  66 
miles  N.W.  of  Patna.  Ijjt.  21°  9'  N.,  Ion.  75°  68' E.  llere  la 
made  an  inferior  sort  of  pottery  ware. 

SEW'.\.KD.  a  post-township  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York. 
48  miles  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1948. 

SEW.4RD,  a  township  in  Winnebago  co.,  lUinois.P.  1096. 

SEWARD'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

SEWARD'S  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Jlontgomery  co., 
Illinois.  50  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

SEW'ARDSTONE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SEW'DAII,  a  town  of  British  India,  district  of  Candelsh, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Nusserabad. 

SEWEE,  a  towr  of  .\fghanistan.    See  Sebee. 

SEWEE,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co..  Tennessee. 

SEW'KLLSVII,LE.  a  post-ottice  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio. 

SKWESTAN.  Afu'hanistan.     See  Sewistax. 

SEWMCKLEYVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Ohio  township, 
Alleghany  co.,  I'ennsylvania.  on  the  Ohio  River,  and  on 
the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvanw  Railroad,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Pitts- 
burg. It  contains  seminaries  fur  boys  and  girls.  Population 
about  800. 

SEWICKLY,  a  township  of  Bciiver  co.,  PennsylTanJa. 
See  North  Sewicklet. 

SEW'lCIvLY.  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1936. 

SEW'ICKLY  BOTTOM,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

SEWISTAN  or  SEWESTAN,  se-wis-tan',  a  province  of 
.South-east  Afghanistan,  mostly  between  lat.  29°  SC  and  30° 
30'  N..  Ion.  67°  and  70°  E.,  having  S.  the  lieloochee  province 
of  Cutch-Oundava,  E.  the  Suleiman  Mountains,  separating 
it  from  Damaun.  and  W.  the  liholan  and  I'isiieen  Valleys, 
from  which  it  is  also  separated  by  high  mountains.  It  is  a 
Hat,  dry  plain  of  hardened  clay,  fertile  only  near  its  few 
rivers,  and  crossed  by  the  route  from  Dera  Ghazoe  Khan  to 
Candahar. 

SEWRY  NARRAIN.  sJw/ree  narVin'.  a  town  of  India,  in 
the  Berar  dominions,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Ruttunpoor. 

SEXBIERUM.  sJx'be<yrtim,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Friesland.  W.  of  Leeuwarden.    Pop.  934. 

SEXTI.l-:  AQVJE.     See  Aix. 

SEX'T()N'S.  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri,  40  miles 
N.N.W.  of  .Jefferson  City. 

SEXTON'S  CKEEK,  a  post-office  of  Clav  co.,  Kentucky. 

SEX'TOXVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Richland  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin,  56  miles  W.  of  Madison.  It  contains  2  stores,  1  hotel, 
2  mills,  and  has  excellent  water-power. 

SEYBO,  si'bo.  a  town  of  Ilayti,  on  a  small  river,  55  miles 
N.E.  of  San  Dominso.     Pop.  5ii00. 

SEYBUSCII.  si'lxiosh,  or  ZYWIEO.  ziv'e-Jts.  a  town  of 
Austrian  Galicia,  on  the  Sola,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Biala.  Pop. 
2952. 

SEYCHELLES.  sAVheel',  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  a  dependency  of  the  British  government  of  the  Mau- 
ritius, between  lat.  3°  3o°  and  6°  45'  S..  and  Ion.  55°  20' and 
56°  20'  E.    They  consist  of  30  small  islands,  in  4  groups:— 

1.  M.ih6.  with  St.  Anne,  Cerf.  and  several  smaller  islands; 

2.  Silhouette;  3.  Praslin,  Curieuse,  Ac;  4.  Dennis,  Fregate, 
&c.  They  are  all  of  granitic  formation,  and  elevated  on  a 
coral  bank.  Pop.  7000.  Among  the  vegetable  productions 
is  the  Oicos  de  Mfr.  Domestic  animals  comprise  the  cow, 
sheep,  dog,  and  cat.  Crocodiles,  formerly  plvnty,  have 
nearly  disappeared.  Mahe,  the  large.=t  island,  is  16  miles 
long,  and  4  miles  braid;  it  is  mnuntainous,  but  fertile.  The 
chief  town  is  Port  Victoria,  on  the  E,  coast,  with  a  garrison 
of  100  men.  A  newspaper  was  estattlished  in  1840.  (See 
AiOKANTS  I8U8.)  The  Seychelles  w«re  first  partially  explored 


SEY 

by  M.  Lazarus  Picault  In  1743.  about  which  time  a  few  set-' 
tiers  of  French  origin  establislied  themselTes  on  the  largest 
inland,  Mah6,  with  the  view  of  taking  turtle.  To  these  seve- 
ral families  from  Bonrlxm  and  Jlauritius  were  soon  added. 
In  1794  the  British  took  possession  of  tlie  islands ;  and  at 
the  peace  of  ISH,  they  became  a  dependency  of  Mauritius. 

SKYDA,  si'dd,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  04  miles  N.E. 
of  Merseburfr.     Pop.  1450. 

SKYDORF,  sI'doRf.  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz,  near  llirschberg.     Pop.  lO'JH. 

SKYKK  (si'er)  ISLES,  a  cluster  lying  off  the  W.  coast  of 
the  Malay  peninsula,  lat.  S°  41'  N.,  and  Ion.  97°  36'  E.  The 
largest  is  &  miles  long,  and  1  mile  broad. 

SKYEHOE,  si'eh-ro^eh  (?)  an  island  of  Denmark,  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Seeland.     IjCngth,  7  miles;  breadth,  1  mile. 

SEYMOUK,  see'mer,  a  township  of  New  Haven  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  Naugatuck  Kiver  and  Kailroad,  12  miles  N. 
W.  of  New  Haven.  It  has  a  bank,  and  contains  a  village 
called  S(!ymnur  or  Ilumiilireysville.    Pop.  1794. 

SEYMOUR,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  Kailroad.    Pop.  Utiti.    See  Appendix. 

SEYMOUR,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  North- 
nmlierland,  on  the  river  Trent,  30  miles  from  Belleville. 

SEYNE,  sAn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Alpes,  on  the  IJlanche,  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Digne.  Pop.  in 
1862,  2686.     It  is  fortified,  and  has  a  communal  college. 

SEYNE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  3  miles 
S.W.  of  Toulon.  Pop.  in  1852,  7401.  Inhabitants  chiefly 
engaged  in  lishing  and  navigation.  It  has  a  harlwr  on  the 
S.VV.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Toulon,  in  the  Mediterranean. 

SEYN'Y,  sA'nee,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  36  miles  N.W. 
of  Grodno,  with  a  Dominican  cloister,  the  confessional  of 
which  is  in  such  repute  as  annually  to  attract  10,000  peni- 
tents.    Pop.  5 SO. 

SEY'PAN,  one  of  the  Ladroue  Islands.     See  S.\TP.\>r. 

SEY'R.'V,  si'ri,  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  Guicowar's  do- 
minion, in  the  peninsula  of  Guzerat,  on  the  Gulf  of  Cutch. 

SEY'KAII,  a  town  of  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  65 
miles  E.  of  Ahmedabad. 

SEl'SSEL.  s;\s\sM',  a  frontier  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ain,  on  the  iJhone,  which  here  becomes  navigable,  21 
miles  S.W.  of  Geneva.     Pop.  in  1852,  1418. 

SEYSSUiCL,  sAs'swJl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Is^re,  near  Vienne.     Pop.  1479. 

SEYSUX.\.  sl-soo'nj,  a  town  of  West  Hiudostan,  domi- 
nions, and  24  miles  S.  of  Kotah. 

SEYYID  EL  GHAZI,  aVyeed'  il  gb&fzee,  a  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  An.itolia,  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  lislsee  Shehr.  It  com- 
piist;s  about  600  houses  of  Mohammedans. 

SEZ.4.NNK.  sA^zdnn',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Marne.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Epernay.  I'op.  in  1862,  4431.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  hosiery. 

SEZEMECZ.  sa'zi-mJts',  or  CZEZiiMICZ,  a  markeUown 
of  Bohemia.  10  miles  N.  of  Chrudim,  on  the  Elbe.  Pop.  1632. 

SKZKIJAR.  a  sm.all  island  of  Russia.     See  Seskar. 

SEZZ.A,  sSt/sS,  or  SEZZE,  sH/»A,  a  town  of  South  Italy, 
In  the  Pontifical  States,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Velletri,on  a  height 
overlooking  the  Pontine  Marshes.  Pop.  8650.  It  is  a 
bishop's  see,  and  hjis  the  remains  of  a  temple  of  Saturn. 

SEZZ A,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy,  in  Piedmont,  10 
miles  S.  of  Alessandria,  on  the  Bormida.     Pop.  2585. 

SFAX,  sfdx.  or  SFAKUS,  sta^kfis.  a  seaport  town  of  Tu- 
nis, on  the  Gulf  of  Cabes.  70  miles  N.N.JO,  of  Cabes.  I^at. 
34°  44'  N.,  Ion.  10°  40'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  high  wall,  and 
Is  one  of  the  best  built  towns  of  the  regency.  It  has  ship- 
building yards,  and  an  active  trade  with  Malta  and  Sicily. 

'SGRAYELAND,  sgri'v^h-ldntS  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, pi  evince  of  South  Uolland,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Naarden. 
Pop.  1215. 

'SGRAVENIIAAG,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.  See 
Hague. 

SHABATZ,  shj/blts.  a  town  of  Servia,  on  the  Save,  44 
miles  W.  of  Belgrade.     It  has  several  bazaars. 

SHAB'BINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

SHABO'NA,  a  township  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  963. 

SlIACK'ELFORD'S,  a  post-office  of  King  and  Queen  co., 
Viririnia.  67  miles  E.  of  Richmond. 

SIIACK'ERSTONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SHADADl'OOR,  shdMad-poor',  a  town  of  Sinde,  23  miles 
N.W.  of  Larkhana,  on  the  route  to  Gundava.  Lat.  27°  46' 
N.,  Ion.  68°  E. 

SHADE,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1388. 

SHADE,  a  post-office  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio. 

SHADE  CREEK,  I'ennsylvania,  rises  in  the  E.  part  of 
illet'hany  co.,  and  falls  into  Stony  Creek. 

SHADE  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Ohio  River  in  Meigs 
county. 

SHADE  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 78  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

SH.IDE  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SHADEHUR.  sh.lde-h&r',  a  village  of  Beloochistan,  on 
the  route  from  Larkhana  to  Gundava. 

SHADE  MILL,  a  po8tK>ffice  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland. 
61. 


SHA 

SHADE  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  extends  N.E.  from 
the  Juniata,  along  the  S.E.  twundary  of  Mifflin,  which  it 
si-parates  fiom  Juniata  county,  and  into  Union  county, 
nearly  to  the  Susquehanna  River. 

SHAD'FURTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

SHAD'JNGFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

SHAD'OXHURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SHADRINSK,  SCHADRl.NSK  or  CHADRl.NSK,  sha- 
dreensk',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Perm, 
capital  of  district,  on  the  N.bank  of  the  Iset.  25  miles  E.S.eI 
of  Dolmatov.  Pop.  3400.  It  it  enclosed  by  palisades,  and 
has  an  active  trade. 

SHADU.\N,  shd-doo-dn',  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea,  oppo- 
site the  ancient  Egyptian  port  Myos-IIormos.  Lat.  27°  30' 
N.,  and  Ion.  34°  E.     Length,  7  miles;  breadth,  4  miles. 

SH.4DV1LLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

SHAD'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  and  suburb  of  the 
metropolis,  on  its  E.  side,  co.  of  Middlesex,  2^  miles  E.S.K. 
of  St.  Paul's,  with  a  station  on  the  Loudon  and  Blackwall 
Railway. 

SH.-VDWEI.L,  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  CO.,  Virginia. 

SH.VDY,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Tennessee. 

SHADY  D.\IiE,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Georgia,  117 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  2  churclies  and  an 
academy. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SHADY'  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Forsyth  co.,  Georgia. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Georgia. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Alabama. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Copiah  CO.,  Missis- 
sippi. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  GibsoB  co., 
Tenne.ssee,  116  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Crittenden  co.,  Kentucky, 

SHADY  GROVE,  a  small  post^village  of  Dallas  co..  Mis- 
souri. 

SHADY  HILL,  a  postoffice  of  Henderson  CO.,  Tennessee. 

SHADY  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Raleigh  co.,W.  Virginia. 

SH.A'EF'FEISSTOWN,  a  post-borough  of  Lebanon  co., 
Pennfiylvania,  34  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg.  It  contains  seve- 
ral churches  and  stores.     Pop.  622. 

SHAF'TESBURY,  shaftsOrer-e,  a  p.irliamentary  and  mu- 
nicipal borough,  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Dor.set,  on  the. 
border  of  Wiltshire,  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dorchester.  Pop.  of 
municipal  borough  in  1851,  2503;  of  parliamentary  bonugh, 
9404.  The  town  stands  on  the  summit  of  a  narrow  hill,  to 
which  water  has  to  be  conveyed  from  adjacent  lower 
grounds.  The  borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Ashley  Cooper 
family. 

SHAFTS/BURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Benning- 
ton CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  100 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  beds  of  valuable 
marble.     Pop.  of  township.  1936. 

SHAHABAD,  sha^ha-bda',  a  district  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  having  N.  the  Gances.  S.E.  the  Sone 
lUver.  and  W.  the  Caramnassa.  Area,  4087  square  miles. 
Pop.  919,900,  nearly  all  Hindoos:  2300  sfjuare  miles  are  oc- 
cupied by  cultivated  lands,  yielding  rice,  opium,  &c.  Princi- 
pal towns.  Arrah,  Buxar,  Rotasgur.  and  Sasseram. 

SHAHABAD,  a  town  of  British  India,  dominion  of  Oude, 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Lucknow. 

SHAHABAD,  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal. Upper  Provinces.  105  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi. 

SHAHBAD,  shd'bdd',  or  SHAHAHBAD.  shS'ha-bdd'.  a 
town  of  Cashmere,  near  the  E.  extremity  of  the  vallev,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Islamabad,  and  5600  feet  above  the  sea.  tt  is 
famous  for  fruit,  and  was  foi-meriy  a  residence  of  the  Mogul 
emperors. 

SH  All  BUNDER,  (or  BANDER.)  shdh  btin'd?r,  a  village  of 
Sinde,  in  the  delta  of  the  Indus,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Bunder- 
Vikkar.  and  formerly  the  seat  of  an  English  factory. 

SHAH  BUNDER,  shdh  btlnMer,  written  also  SHAH  BAN- 
DER, a  small  town  of  I'ersia,  piovince  of  Kerm.in,  on  the 
river  of  Meenab,  10  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  opposite  Ormus.  The  river  is  navigable  to  it  from  the 
sea  for  vessels  of  20  tons,  and  it  has  a  custom-house,  and  some 
maritime  trade. 

SHAHDERAH,  shdh-dA'ra,  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  on  the  Jumna,  opposite  Delhi. 

SHAHEY,  shd-hi'.  a  rocky  peninsula  of  Persia,  province 
of  Azerbaijan,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Tabreez,  and  extending  into 
the  Lake  Ooroomeeyah,  to  which  it  sometimes  gives  name. 
It  is  about  40  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  a  dozen  popu- 
lous villages. 

SHAHJEHANPOOR,  shd-j.^'hanpoor',  a  district  of  Briti.sh 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  Upper  Province,  having  N.E. 
Nepaul.  E.  Oude.    Area,  1420  square  miles.     Pop.  668,749. 

SHAHJEUANPOOK,  the  capital  town  of  the  above  di3- 

1761 


SHA 


SHA 


trlct,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Ganges,  43  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bareily. 
Lat.  27°  52'  N.,  Ion.  79°  48'  K.  It  has  a  citadel  and  nume- 
rous mosques. 

SHAIIJ  EIIANPOOR,  a  town  of  Punjab.    See  Tira. 

SUAIIJKIIANPOOR,  a  town  of  Central  India,  in  the  Gwa- 
Tior  dominions,  35  miles  X.E.  of  Oojein. 

SHAIILIMAH,  shd'le-mar',  a  fine  summer  palace  and  gar- 
dens, iu  the  Punjab,  3  miles  E.  of  Lahore.  The  Slmhlimar 
(tardens,  celebrated  by  Moore  in  "  Lalla  Ilookh,"  are  in 
Cashmere,  bordering  a  lake  immediately  E.  of  the  city  of 
Seriuagur. 

SIIAIIXOOR,  sha'noor'.  or  SAVANOOR.  si'va-noor',  a  de- 
cayed town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  district, 
and  41  miles  S.E.  of  Oiirwar,  lat.  14°  59'  N..  Ion.  75°  26'  E. 

SHAHPOOR,  shd'poor',  or  SlIAHPUR,  a  small  river  of 
Persia,  province  of  Khoozistan,  rises  about  10  miles  N.  of  the 
ruins  of  Sus;  flows  S.E.  in  a  deep  and  narrow  bed.  and  after 
f,  course  of  about  60  miles  joins  the  Karoon,  50  miles  below 
Shooster.  In  its  upper  part  it  runs  parallel  to  the  Kerah, 
(ane.  CJioaspcs.)  and  laves  the  mud  building  t«rmed  Daniel's 
Tomb,  near  the  remains  of  Sus.  It  is  conjectured  to  have 
been  the  Etd<Tus  of  Alexander's  historians. 

SH.\IIPOOR,  a  small  town  of  Beloochistan,  province  of 
Cutch-Gundava,  52  miles  X.  of  Shikarpoor. 

SIIAIIRIZOOL,  Turkish  Koordistan.     See  Shehmzoor. 

SlIAII-ROOU  or  SIIAH-RUI),.shaVood',  a  river  of  Per.sia. 
province  of  Irak-Ajemee,  joins  tlie  Kizil-Oozen  or  Sefeed-rood 
40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Reshd,  in  the  latter  part  of  its  course 
forming  the  boundary  between  the  provinces  of  Irak-Ajemee 
and  Ghilan. 

SlI  AlI-ROOD  or  SIIAII-RUD,  a  walled  town  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Khorassan,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Astrabad.  It  is  about 
2  miles  in  circuit,  populous,  and  surrounded  by  well-culti- 
vated grounds. 

SHAIIZADABAD  shJ-zdMa-bad',  a  town  of  British  Tndi.i, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  34  miles  X.W.  of  Allahabad.  It  has 
one  of  the  most  spacious  serais  or  palaces  in  the  Upper  Pro- 
vinces. 

SIIAIIZADPOOR,  shi^zad-poor',  a  town  of  Oude,  38  miles 
S.E.  of  Kyzabad. 

SIIAIUGIIUR,  shir'giir'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  20  miles  N.  of 
Bareily. 

SHATYA  or  CHAIYA,  shl'3,  a  maritime  town  of  Siam, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  100  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ligor.    It  exports  large  quantities  of  rice. 

SIIAK.iPORE,  shd^kd-por',  a  town  of  Sinde,  on  the  great 
route  from  Cutch  to  Hyderabad,  in  lat.  24°  34'  N.,  Ion. 
.68°  26'  .E. 

SIIAK'ELFORD'S,  a  post-office  of  King  and  Queen  co., 
Virginia. 

SIIA'KER  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Merrimack  co., 
New  Hampshire.  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord. 

SHAKOPEE,  Minnesota.    See  Appendix. 

SHAL'lJOURN,  a  parish,  England,  cos.  of  Berks  and  ■VVilts. 

SHAL'BEX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SHA'LER,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2474. 

SHALER'S  MILLS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Knox  co..  Ohio. 

SHA/LFIRSVILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Alleghany  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Sawmill  River,  atx)ut  2  miles  VV.  of 
Pittsburg. 

SHALERSVILLE,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  central  part 
of  Portage  CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  Cuyahoga  River.  P.  1153. 

SHAL'FLEKT,  a  parish  of  England,  I.sle  of  Wight. 

SHAL/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

SHALFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SH.\LKOTK,  a  town  of  the  Punjab.     See  Sealkote. 

SHAI/LOTTE.  post-ofRce,  Brunswick  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SHALM.OW  FORD,  post-oflice.  Orange  co.,  Xorth  Carolina. 

SHAUSTOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buckingham. 

SHAMAKA,  shi'ma/ka,  SHAMAKI.  SCHAMACHI,  ehS.'- 
mJ/Kee,  or  SCHEMACHI,  a  government  of  Transcaucasian 
Russia,  bordering  on  the  Ca.spian.    Area.  16,895  square  miles. 

SHAMAKA,  shd-ma/kd,  SCHAMACHI  or  SIIAMACHX, 
shJ-mi/Kee,  written  also  CHAMAKA  and  SCHEMACHI,  a 
town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  Transcaucasia.  70  miles  W.  of  Bakoo. 

SHAMAKA,  Old,  or  KOONKSHUR,  koo'ne-shllR',  a  village 
of  Russia,  in  'rr.an.«caucapia.  15  miles  N.E.  of  the  above.  It 
was  ruined  in  1737  by  Nadir  Shah,  but  having  been  made 
capital  of  Shirvan  in  1S41,  it  is  now  thriving,  and  is  cele- 
brated for  its  silks,  which  are  reckoned  equal  to  French 
manufacture.     Pop.  in  1S4.S.  18.500. 

SHAMIHAM,  the  Turkish  name  of  Van.     See  Van. 

SHAMI,EB.  shJmMee',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  53  miles  X.  of  Delhi,  in  lat.  29°  27'  N.,  Ion.  77°  8'  E. 
It  ontains  many  handsome  houses,  and  has  a  large  bazaar. 

SnAM\MAR/  MOUNTAIXS,  (Arab.  JeUd  Sfiam'mar',) 
bometimes  called  RXMLEAH  MOUNTAINS,  a  mountain 
range  of  Ar.abia,  in  Nedjed,  principally  between  28°  and  29° 
N.lat.  Height,  about  yoOO  feet.  In  the  vicinity  are  said  to 
be  extensive  forests. 

SH.\M(),  (-'sea  of  sand.'')  a  desert  of  Mongolia.     See  Gobi. 

SHAM(JlvlX,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna near  Sunbury. 
17  «2 


SIIAMOKIN,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  towuship  of 
Northumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Shnm'ikin  Cteek, 
and  on  the  Shamokin  Valley  and  Potfsville  r!iilroad,18  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Sunbury.  The  Shamokin  coalfield  (anthracite) 
is  said  to  be  as  rich  and  extensive  as  nny  in  the  state.  One 
of  the  veins  is  stated  to  be  about  40  feet  in  thickness.  Iron 
ore  is  also  abundant  in  the  vicinity,  and  the  manufacture 
of  iron  has  been  commenced.  The  village  contains  several 
hotels,  which  are  doing  an  excellent  business;  a  new  ono 
has  recently  been  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $14,000.  Pop.  of  tlie 
township,  2159, 

SHAMOKIN  DAM,  a  small  post-villageof  Snyder co^Penn- 
sylvania. 

SIIAMOXY,  a  post-office  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey. 

SHAM'ROOK,  a  new  and  thriving  village  of  Adams  CO., 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  SB  miles  above  Cincinnati.  It  baa 
stone  quarries,  and  mills  for  sawing  stone. 

SHAMROCK,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Missouri,  48 
miles  X.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SHAMROCK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
Rhode  Island. 

SIIAMSHADIL,  Rham^sha-deel'(?)  a  province  of  Asiatic 
Russia,  in  Transcaucasia.  S.  of  the  Koor,  and  between  the 
provinces  of  Ganjeh  and  Kazah ;  lat.  42°  X.,  Ion.  45°  to  46°  E. 

SHAJVor  CHAN:  shdn,  a  Chine.se  word  signifying  •'  moun- 
tain," forming  a  part  of  numerous  names  in  East  Asia,  nil 
Thian-Shan.  (the  '-Celestial  Jlountains,")  &c. 

SHAX^AOOI/DEX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  ca 
of  Limerick. 

SHAX\\NDO'An,  a  post-office  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

SHAXDA'KMX.  a  post-township  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York, 
56  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2430. 

SIIAX'DRUM.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

SH  AXE'S  (shAnz)  CROSSIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co, 
Ohio. 

SHANESA^LLE,  shdnz'vil,  a  village  of  Mercer  co  ,  Ohio,  on 
St.  Mary's  River,  124  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Columlius. 

SH.AXESA'ILLE,  a  thriving  post  village  of  Sugar  Creek 
township.  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  90  miles  E.X.E.  of  Colum- 
bus.    It  has  .several  stores,  and  about  COO  inhabitants. 

SHANG,  shdng,  a  Chinese  word  signifying  "supreme." 
forming  a  part  of  numerous  Chinese  names,  as  SnASO-HAX, 
(i.  e.  "  supreme  port,"  ?)  &c. 

SHAXG-HAI  (Shang-Hai)  or  CHANG-HAT,  (Chang-IM.) 
shang*-hi',  incorrectly  written  SHAXG-HAE.  a  seajiort  city 
of  Cliina,  and  one  of  the  five  now  open  for  European  com- 
merce, province  of  Kiang-soo,  on  the  Woosung  River,  14 
miles  from  the  sea,  and  160  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nankin.  Lat.  31" 
12'  N.,  Ion.  121°  28'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  about  190,000.  It 
stands  on  a  level  and  highly-cultivated  plain,  and  is  enclosed 
by  a  wall  5  miles  in  circuit,  immediately  outside  of  which 
are  several  populous  suburbs.  The  streets  are  nari-ow  and 
filthy,  and  the  public  buildings  inferior  to  those  of  Xing-po ; 
tea-gardens  and  vast  ice-houses  are  the  objects  in  it  chiefly 
worthy  of  notice.  It  has  a  mint,  and  flourishing  manufac- 
tures of  flowered  silks  of  a  peculiar  kind,  and  of  iron  wares, 
glass,  paper,  and  articles  of  ivory,  bone,  gold,  and  silver.  It 
is  an  important  entrepot  of  the  commerce  between  the  N. 
and  S.  provinces  of  China,  exporting  manufactured  gooda 
to  Tien-tsin  in  the  metropolitan  province  of  I'e-Chee-lee,  and 
importing  large  quantities  of  pulse,  flour,  meats,  ihubarb, 
and  skins  from  the  shores  of  the  Yellow  Sea.  An  extensive 
internal  communication  by  water  facilitates  its  trade  with  " 
all  the  N.  half  of  China,  and  it  is  stated  to  have  a  direct 
trade  with  the  countries  of  Central  Asia.  Its  coasting  trade 
is  also  very  extensive,  and  SOOO  junks  are  often  crowded 
together  in  its  river,  many  being  from  Ilai-nan,  Canton,  and 
the  Malay  Archipelago.  In  1853  the  value  of  imports,  in 
127  British  vessels,  was  $5,225.000 ;  in  57  American  vessels, 
§3,316,000;  in  23  vessels,  from  21  other  European  ports,  and 
2  vessels  under  Siamese  flags,  $672,000:  total,  §9.213,000. 
The  export  trade  to  foreign  countries,  in  the  same  year, 
amounted  to  $16,250,000  in  126  British  vessels;  $9,500,000 
in  62  American  vessels;  and $1,150,000  in  other  foreign  ves- 
sels :  total,  $26,900,000.  The  principal  shipments  in  British 
vessels  consisted  of  33,247  pieces,  valued  at  $10,265,000:  289 
biiles  of  silk  piece-goods,  valued  at  $40,000;  24,743,600 
pounds  of  tea.  valued  at  $5,776,000 :  and  456  piculs  of  nan- 
keens, worth  $21,000.  The  amount  of  tea  shipped  in  Ame- 
rican vessels,  was  8,642,817  pounds,  and  in  other  vessels, 
2,539,129  pounds.  Shang-ha'i  was  taken,  on  the  19th  of 
June,  1843.  by  the  British  troops,  who  captuied  in  the  city 
171  pieces  of  cannon,  and  a  large  amount  of  military  stores. 

SHAXG-I-YUKN,  shangVyoo'to',  a  town  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Che-kiang,  about  08  miles  W.S.W.  of  Xing-po.  It 
is  a  larse  and  important  place,  containing  a  population  of  at 
least  10t),000. 

SlIAXG-SE-CHOO  or  CHANG-SE-TCIIOU.  sl'.iing'se-choo', 
a  town  of  China,  province  of  Quang-tong,  on  the  Chinoso 
frontier,  in  lat.  22°  10'  12"  N.,  Ion.  107°  35'  E. 

SHAXG'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SHAXG-TOO  or  CHAXG-TOU,  an  ild  name  of  Pbkino, 
which  see. 

SHAX'KILL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  chief  y  in  the 
CO.  of  Armagh. 


SUA 


SUA 


hHANKILL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In  Connaught,  co.  of  Ros- ' 
oommon. 

SHAN  KILL  or  SAINT  KILL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
Ster,  CO.  of  Kilkenny. 

SHANKILL,  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

SHANK'LIN,  a  maritime  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  on 
Its  S.E.  coast. 

SHANKS'VILLE,  a  post-villagre  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsj'l- 
vania,  77  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

SHAN'NON,  the  principal  river  of  Ireland,  rises  in  a  pond 
called  the  Shannon  Pot,  close  to  the  base  of  the  Cuilcagh 
Mountain,  in  the  county  of  Cavan,  345  feet  above  the  sea. 
It  flows  at  fii  st  S.W.,  and  then  generally  S.,  througli  Loughs 
Allan,  Haffin,  Hee,  and  Derg.  to  near  Limerick,  where  it 
turns  W.,  and  joins  the  Atlantic  by  an  estuary  10  miles  in 
width,  immediately  N.  of  Tralee  IJay.  Total  course  esti- 
mated at  224  miles,  for  nearly  all  of  which  it  is  navigalile. 
though  its  navigation  is  obstructed  in  many  parts  by  rapids 
and  shallows,  to  obviate  whicli  large  sums  have  been  ex- 
pended. Its  principal  affluents  from  the  W.  are  the  Uoyle, 
Suck,  and  Fergus;  from  the  E.  and  S.  the  Inny,  Brosna, 
TMulkerna,  and  Maig.  Its  basin  is  estimated  to  comprise 
8613  square  miles.  It  is  tidal  for  the  last  third  of  its  course, 
and  may  be  ascended  by  vessels  of  400  tons  to  liimerick.  It 
is  connected  all  across  Leitister  with  Dublin  by  the  (irand 
Canal  from  Shannon  Harbor,  near  ]?anagher,  and  by  the 
Royal  Canal,  which  joins  it  at  Tarmonbarrj',  near  Longford. 

SHANNON,  a  post-office  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

SHAN'NON,  a  new  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Missouri, 
contains  about  SCO  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  in  a  S.E. 
direction  by  the  Current,  an  affluent  of  tlie  Big  Black  River, 
and  also  drained  by  Jack's  Fork,  and  by  Big  and  Sinking 
Creeks.  The  sur&ce  is  uneven,  and  partly  covered  with 
forests  of  pine.  Mines  of  copper  are  found.  Formed  out  of 
part  of  Ripley  county,  and  named  in  honor  of  George  Shan- 
non, a  member  of  Lewis  and  Clarke's  company  to  the  Co- 
lumbia River.  Capital,  Eminence.  Pop.  2284,  of  whom  2271 
■were  free. 

SHANNON,  a  post-oflice  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois. 

SHANNON  BRIDGE,  a  village  and  fortified  post  of  Ire- 
land, King's  county,  on  the  Shannon,  here  crossed  by  a  16- 
arched  bridge,  2i  miles  N.N.E.  of  lian.agher.     Pop.  300. 

SHAN'N()NDALE,  a  post-olflce,  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana. 

SHANNONDALE,  a  postofiice  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SHANNONDALE  SPRINGS,  Jeirerponco.,W.Virginia,on 
the  Shenandoah  River,  5  miles  from  Charlestown.  and  160 
miles  N.  of  Richmond.  This  beautiful  and  fashionable 
watering-place  is  more  easily  accessible  from  the  Atlantic 
cities  than  any  in  Virginia.  The  water  is  impregfiated  with 
the  .salts  of  lime,  magnesia,  and  soda. 

SHANNON  (iHOVE.  a  villasre  of  Ireland,  on  the  Shannon. 

SHAN'NON  HAR/BOlt,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cavan, 
on  the  river  Sliannon. 

SHANNON  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Goochland  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 25  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

SH-^NNON'S,  a  village  of  Yallobusha  co.,  Mississippi. 

SHANNON'S,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Texas. 

SH.\N'NONSVILLE,  a  village  of  Perry  co..  Tennessee,  on 
the  Tennessee  River.  90  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 

SHA  NNON  VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  5  miles  W.  of  Norristown. 

SHAN/NONVILLE,  a  flourishing  village  of  Canada  West. 
CO.  of  Hastings,  on  the  Salmon  River.  H  miles  from  the  Bay 
of  Quinte,  and  21  miles  from  Kingston,  with  which  it  has 
communication  by  steamboat.  It  contains  several  large 
flour,  grist,  and  saw  mills,  and  2  Protestant  churches.  Pop. 
in  1K52.  500. 

SIIANRA'HAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

SHAN-SKE,  SHAN-SI  or  CHAN-SI.  shSn-see',  (i'.  e.  the 
"mountainous  West,"  or  the  "mountainous  region  of  the 
West,")  a  province  of  China,  mostly  between  lat.  35°  .and  41° 
N.,  and  Ion.  110°  and  114°  30'  E.,  having  N.  Mongolia,  or 
the  Desert  of  Shamo,  ("  sea  of  sand.")  and  on  other  sides  the 
provinces  of  Shen-see,  Ho-nan,  and  Pe-chee-lee.  Estimated 
area,  55.26S  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1825, 14,004.210.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  The  Hoang-ho  forms  its  W.  and  a  part 
of  its  S.  frontier.  Wheat,  millet,  cotton,  tobacco,  wine,  dyeing- 
material.s,  silk,  honey,  large  7iumbers  of  live-stock,  iron,  salt, 
crystal,  coal,  and  building-stone,  are  among  its  chief  products. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  silk  gnodsi  carpets,  and 
metallic  goods.  It  is  divided  into  9  departments.  The  chief 
city  is  Tai-yuan.  Shan-see  is  celebrated  among  all  the  pro- 
Tinces  of  China  for  its  wines.  In  the  time  of  Marco  Polo, 
(the  latter  part  of  the  thirteenth  century.)  the  vine,  accord- 
ing to  that  traveller,  was  cultivated  nowhere  in  China  but 
in  this  province,  in  the  department  of  Tai-yuan-foo.  This 
department  is  also  remarkable  for  containing  the  richest 
iron-mines  in  all  China ;  these  appear  to  have  been  wrought 
from  the  earliest  times.  Its  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel. 
in  which  the  inhabitants  have  acquired  extraordinary  skill, 
:tre  very  celebrated,  and  are  distributed  over  the  whole  of 
.North  China  and  Mongolia. 

SHAN-TOONG.  SHAN-TUNG.  SCHAN-TUNG  or  CHAN- 
lOUNG,  shinUoong',  (i.e.  the  "mountainous  region  of  the 


East,")  a  maritime  province  of  China,  mostly  tsefwnen  Tat. 
35°  and  38°  N..  and  Ion.  ll.-)0  sna  122°  40'  E.,  having  land- 
ward the  provinces  of  Pe-chep-)ee.  Ilo-nan.  and  Kiangsoo, 
and  E.  the  Yellow  Sea  and  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee.  Estimated 
area,  65.104  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S25,  2S.05S,764.  The 
surface  is  mountainous  in  the  E.  Its  AV.  part  is  intersected 
by  the  Gr.and  Canal.  The  harbors  are  numerous,  and  it 
comprises  many  islands  off  the  coast.  Wheat,  millet,  indiso. 
druffs,  and  silk  are  the  principal  products.  Its  manufactures 
of  felt,  caps,  carpets,  and  hempen  cloths,  are  extensive.  It 
is  subdivided  into  10  departments.  The  chief  city  is  Tsee- 
nan.  The  department  of  Yen-chow-foo,  (or  Yen-tcheou  fou.) 
In  this  province,  is  celebrated  among  the  Chinese  as  the 
birthplace  of  the  immortal  Confucius,  (Khoong-Tseu-Foo.) 

SIf.\N-WA-NO,  a  post-office  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconnin. 

SHAO-CHOO  or  CUAO-TCIIOU,  shS'o^'hoo'.  called  also 
SH.40-CH0a-F00*  and  CHAO-TCHEOU-FOU*,  sh^o  ch^-oo' 
foo',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  (Juang-tong,  on  the  Pe- 
kiang,  here  crossed  hy  a  bridge  of  Iwats,  115  miles'  N.  of 
Canton.  It  is  large,  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  manufactures 
of  nankeen  fabrics,  &c.     Pop.  estimated  at  10,000  families. 

SHAO-CHOO-FOO.*    See  Shao-Choo. 

SHAO-HING  or  CHAO-HING.  shd'o-hing',  a  city  of  Chin.a, 
province  of  Che-kiang,  capital  of  a  department,  73  miles  W. 
of  Ning-po.  Lat.  30°  6'  N.,  ion.  120°  3'  E.  It  stands  in  a  fer- 
tile plain,  and  is  intersected  by  canals;  it  is  well  paved, 
clean,  and  healthy.  Near  it  is  a  magnificent  temple,  erected 
to  Yu,  the  reputed  founder  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 

SllA0-HING-FO0orCHA0U-HING-F0U.*SeeSH.\o-HiNG. 
■    SHAO-KHING-FOO.    See  Sh.\o-Kixg. 

SHAO-KING  or  CHAO-KHING,  shdVking',  a  fortified 
city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-tong,  capital  of  a  depart- 
ment, 50  miles  AV.  of  Canton.  It  is  well  built,  and  is  the 
residence  of  the  governor  of  the  Quang  provinces, 

SHAO-NAN  or  CHAO-NAN,  shd'o-nSn',  a  flourishing  sea- 
port town  of  China,  province  of  Fo-kien,  90  miles  S.W.  of 
Amoy.  Here  junks  freight  with  large  quantities  of  alum 
and  sugar. 

SlIAOOR,  shi^ooW,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  district  ofCoimbatoor,  41  miles  N,N.W.  of  Daraporam. 

SHAO-WOO.  SCHAO-WU,  CHAO-WOU,  sh^o-woo',  or 
CHA-OU-FOU*  shd-oo-foo',  a  fortified  city  of  China,  province 
of  Fo-kien,  in  the  tea  district.  145  miles  N.W.  of  Foo-choo, 
in  lat.  27°  21'  36"  N.,  Ion.  117°  36'  54"  E.  Its  woven  fabrics 
have  a  high  repute. 

SHAP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland,  with  a 
station  on  the  Preston  and  Carlisle  Railway,  12  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Kendal.  Near  it  are  the  remains  of  a  Druidic  temple,  and 
of  an  abbey,  and  3  miles  S.E.  of  the  village,  is  the  bathing 
estalilishment  of  Shap  Spa. 

SIIAIVINSHAY,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  Scotland,  4J 
miles  W.  of  Stronsay.  Length,  5  miles;  breadth,  4}  miles. 
Pop.  in  1851,  899,  mostly  employed  in  the. cod  and  herring 
fishery.  The  shores  are  low,  level,  and  fertile;  the  interior 
is  hilly,  and  almost  barren.  On  the  S.  coast  stands  a  neat 
village,  on  the  fine  bay  of  Ellwick ;  in  the  island  are  many 
Pictish  and  Scandinavian  antiquities. 

SHAPLEIG  H,  shap'Iee,  a  post-township  in  York  co.,  Maine, 
77  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1273. 

SHAPOOR.  SHAPOUR  or  SIIAPUR,  shj-poor',  (written 
Chapour  in  French  and  Schnpur  in  German.)  an  ancient  and 
ruined  city  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  in  about  lat.  29°  50' 
N.,  Ion.  51°  40'  E.  It  is  said  to  have  existed  before  the  time 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  It  was  rebuilt  by  Sapor,  (or  Sha- 
poor,)  the  first  of  the  Sassanian  dynasty,  about  the  middle 
of  the  third  century.  Its  ruins  are  among  the  most  inte- 
resting in  Persia,  either  of  ancient  or  modern  times,  and 
show  it  to  have  been  a  city  of  great  extent  and  magnificence. 
Some  of  the  sculptures,  in  the  opinion  of  competent  judges, 
rank  among  the  very  finest  specimens  of  Oriental  art, 

SHAPOOK.MI,  sbl-poo'r^,  a  town  of  North-western  Ilin- 
dostan,  in  the  Odevpoor  dominions,  70  miles  S,S.E.  of  Ajmeer, 

SIIAPL'i!.     See'SHAPOOR. 

SH  AP/WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

SILifWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SII.4.1vABAI),  shS'ra-bid',  a  considerable  town  of  Ilin- 
dostan,  dominions  of  (iude,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Lucknow. 

SH.^-RAHABAD,  shi'rd-hd-bdd',  a  town  of  Cashmere,  45 
miles  S.E.  of  Serinagur. 

SHARAPAN,  shjV3-p3n',  a  town  of  Russi.an  Tran.scau- 
casia,  province  of  Imeritia,  on  the  Phasis,  30  miles  E.  of 
Kootais. 

SHAKD'LOW,  a  village  and  township  of  England,  co., 
and  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Derby,  on  the  Trent  and  Mersey  Canal, 
here  crossed  by  a  brldire  of  five  boats      Pop.  1121. 

SlIARESiri  LL.  shAr.s'hill.  a  parish,  England,  co.  Stafford. 

SHARGIHR,  a  town  of  India.     See  Shawgur. 

SH.VKINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SH.\RK  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co..  New  .Ter.sey. 

SIIARN'BROOK,  a  psirish  of  England,  co.of  Bedford. 


*The  atfix  Foe  or  Foo  merely  siguifies  "city,"  or  a  "town  of 
the  first  class,"  and  is  not  in  any  case  to  b".  regarded  as  an  essen- 
tial part  of  the  name.  In  a  similer  manner  we  say  New  York, 
and  New  Yokk  Ciiv  ;  Wasuingto.v,  and  WASHrNGro.v  Cur,  Sec. 

1763 


SHA 


SEA 


aSvinN'PORD,  a  parish  of  Kn.dand,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SH.A'itON.a  township  of  Hillsborough  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, 35  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1^50. 

SII.\KON'.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windsor  co., 
Vermont, on  White  Kiver.aud  on  the  Vermont  Central  Kail- 
road.  2S  miles  S.  by  K.  of  Montpelier.     I'op.  1111. 

SUARO.V,  a  post-Till.ige  and  township  of  Norfolk  eo., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Providence  Raili-oad,  17 
miles  S.  bj  W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1377. 

SHAKO.X.  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township  of  Litch- 
field CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  W.  side  of  llousatonic  River, 
iVjut  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  It  has  manufactures 
of  carriages,  iron  and  woollen  eoods,  &c.     Pop.  2556. 

SHARON',  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Schoharie  co..  New  York.    Pop.  2754.  See  Sharon  Springs. 

SH.AllON.  a  thriving  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennaylvani.a, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Be.iver  Kiver,  about  1  mile  from  the 
Ohio  Kiver,  and  2t)  miles  N.W.  of  Pittsbui-g.  It  has  an  iron 
foundry  and  several  boat-yards. 

SH.\RON.  a  thriving  post-ljorough  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
svlviinia,  on  Shenaugo  Creek  and  the  Erie  and  Pittsburg  K. 
R.,  71  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pittsburg,  and  16  miles  W.  of  Mercer. 
It  'h;«  several  stores  and  mills.     Pop.  iK»0. 

SHARON,  a  township,  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  1069. 

SlIAKOX,  a  post-village  of  Wythe  co.,  Virginia,  245  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 

SIIAUO.X.  a  post-vitlage  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 105  miles  W.S.W.  of  lialeigh. 

SH.\RON,  a  post-office  of  Chambers  co..  .\labama. 

SHARON,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Mississippi,  3(7 
miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

SHARON,  a  small  village  of  Tipton  co..  Tennessee. 

SH.iRON,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio, 
intersected  by  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad.     Pop.  1302. 

SHARON,  a  township  of  Medina  co..  Ohia    Pop.  131.3. 

SHARON,  a  post-village  ami  township  of  Noble  co.,  Oliio, 
about  oO  miles  S.E.  of  Zanesville.     Poj).  1320. 

SHARON,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Richland  co., 
Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cin- 
cinnati, and  the  Mansfield  and  Sandusky  Railroads.   P.  2226. 

SH.\KON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washtenaw  co.. 
Miehican.  on  the  North  Branch  of  Raisin  Kiver,  about  60 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  1000. 

SH.\ltON,  a  post-village  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois,  135 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

SIIAKON.  a  post-village  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  on  Chari- 
ton Kiver.  luO  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

SHARON,  a  post-vilbige  and  township  of  W.ilworth  co., 
Wisconsin.  65  miles  K.S.Ii.  of  Madison.     Pop.  16S1. 

SHARON,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  Indiana. 

SHARON,  a  post-office  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 

SH.\RON,  a  po.st-office  of  Tipton  co.,  Tennessee. 

SHARON,  a  post-office  of  Taliaferro  co.,  Georgia. 

SHA'RON  or  DA'VIDTOWN,  a  village  of  Canada  West, 
CO.  of  York,  about  40  miles  N.  of  Toronto.  It  is  chiefiy  re- 
markable as  the  adopted  residence  of  a  peculiar  sect  who 
seceded  from  the  Friends. 

SHARON  CENTRE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Schoharie  co.,  New 
York,  46  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

SHARON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Potter  co^  Pennsyl- 
vania. 192  miles  N.N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SHARON  CENTRK.  a  post-vill.nge  of  Medina  co.,01iio.ll2 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  township  contains  beds  of 
mineral  fireproof  paint,  which  is  used  extensively  in  the 
United  States  and  in  Europe. 

SHARON  SPRINtiS,  a  po.st-village  and  watering-place  of 
Schoharie  co..  New  Y^ork,  about  50  miles  W.  of  Albany.  Here 
are  springs  impregnated  with  sulphur,  and  a  large  hotel 
called  the  Pavilion  House.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  is 
verv  interesting. 

S'li-ARON  ST.ITION,  a  postofBce  of  Dutchess  co.,  New 
York. 

SHARON  VALLEY',  a  post-office  of  Franklin  CO..  Virginia. 

SHA'RONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  CO.,  Ohio,  13 
miles  N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

SHARON  VILLE,  a  village  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto 
River,  and  Ohio  Canal,  55  miles  S.  of  Columbus.  Pop. 
about  2(>0. 

Sil.ARPESVILLB,  sharps'vill,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Alabama. 

SHARl'TjES.  a  township  of  Ensland,  co.  of  I.iancaster. 

SHARP  ilOUNTAIN,  Pennsylrania.  called  also  THIRD 
MOUNTAIN,  extends  from  N.E.  to  S.W.  throughout  nearly 
the  whole  extent  of  Schuylkill  connty.  On  the  sides  of  this 
mount.'hn  the  river  Schuylkill  has  many  of  its  sources; 
here  also  are  found  inexhaustible  beds  of  anthracite  coal. 

SHARP.S'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Indiana  township,  Alle- 
ghany CO.,  Pa.,  on  tije  right  bank  of  the  Alleghany,  5  miles 
abovePiitsbnrg.  Boat-building  is  carried  on  here.  Pop.  1436. 

SH.\RPSBUKG,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Peunsvlvauia,  on 
the  Bcitver  and  Erie  Canal,  11  miles  W.  by  N.  ol'Mercer. 

SUARl'SBURG,  a  post-village  of  Washingtou  co..  Mary- 
laud,  16  miles  S.  of  Hagerstown.    A  battle  was  fouglit  here 
between  Gen.  McClellan  and  Gen.  Lee,  Sept.  16, 1862. 
1761 


SHARPSBURQ.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Bath  oo..  Ken- 
tucky, 38  miles  S.  of  .Maysville.  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  turnpike.  It  conLnius  3  chui-ches,.and  2  woollen  fac- 
tories. 

SHARPSBURG.  a  small  village  of  Hamilton  co..  Ohio. 

SHARPSBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri,  90 
miles  N.N.E.  of  .lefferson  Citv. 

SHARPS  FORK,  a  post-oliice  of  Athens  CO.,  Ohio. 

SHARP'S  ISLAND,  in  Chesapeake  B.iy.  off  the  entrance 
to  Pautuxent  River.  On  the  N.end  is  a  light-house  showing 
a  fixed  light. 

SH.\RP"S  MILLS,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Harrison  CO.,  Indiana. 

SHAKP.S'VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio. 

SH.ARPSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  i'iptou  co.,  Indian.1.  on 
the  Peru  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.  4S  miles  N.  of  the  latter. 

SII.\RP  TOP.  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  Georgia. 

SHAKP'TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Salem  co..  New  .Jersey,  on 
Salem  Creek.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Salem,  contains  a  church,  1 
mill.Nand  about  50  dwellings. 

SH.\ItPTUWN".  a  post-ofHce  of  Somerset  co.,  Maryland. 

SHAKTLESVILLE,  shar'tel.s-vill.  a  post-village  "of  Berks 
CO..  Pennsylvania.  65  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

SHAKY,  shi'retA  a  river  of  Central  Aifrica.  after  a  N. 
cour.se  of  uncertain  length,  enters  Ijike  Tchad  on  its  S.  side, 
by  several  mouths.  In  .some  places  it  is  nearly  1  mile  across, 
and  filled  with  low  islands. 

SHAKY',  a  river  of  Guinea.    See  Chahpa. 

SlIASGO.  CHASGO,  shis'go.  or  SHUSHGAO.  shoosh-ga'o, 
a  cluster  of  villages  and  a  fort  of  AfghanistJin,  at  the  highest 
part  of  the  route  between  Ghuznee  and  Cabool,  10  miles  N. 
of  Ghu7uee,  and  8697  feet  above  the  sea. 

SH.\S TA,  a  large  county  in  the  N.  part  of  California,  and 
separated  from  Oregon  bj'  the  county  of  Si.-*kiyou,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  4500  square  miles.  It  is  iKiunded  on  tlie 
\V.  by  the  Coast  Range  of  mouutiins,  and  partly  on  the  S. 
by  Cottonwood  Creek,  and  is  di-ained  by  the  Sacramento 
and  Pitt  Rivers,  with  Battle,  Cow,  and  Clear  Creeks,  and 
several  other  streams,  tributjiries  of  the  Sacramento  River. 
Tlie  surface  is  uneven  and  monntainous.  The  E.  part  is 
traversed  by  a  brancli  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  soil  is 
fertile  along  the  streams.  The  inhabitants  of  this  county 
are  mostlj-  employed  in  mining  gold,  which  abounds  in  the 
basins  of  Clear,  Cottonwood  and  Salt  Creeks.  Among  the 
rocks  which  underlie  the  county  are  granite  and  meta- 
mor|)hic  limestinie.  Shasta  county  lias  many  mineral 
springs.  Tlie  Soda  Springs,  the  most  celelirated,  are  situ- 
ated near  the  Sacramento  River,  about  60  miles  N.  of  Sliasta 
City.  There  are  twelve  or  fourteen  sjilt  springs,  capal)le  of 
producing  sntlicicnt  salt  to  supply  the  whole  stiite.  Capital, 
Shasta.     Pop.  4300. 

SHASTA  or  SHASTA  CITV,  a  post-towu,  capital  of  Shasta 
CO..  California,  is  situated  on  the  Sacramento  Kiver.  about 
200  miles  above  its  junction  with  Feather  River,  and  on  the 
main  road  from  Sacramento  City  to  Kl.Hmatli,  225  miles 
nearly  N.  of  San  Francisco.     See  Appexdix. 

SHASTE.  SHAS'TA  or  SH.ASTY.  shjs'te.  sometimes  writ- 
ten CII.A.STE,  a  mountain  pe.nk  of  the  Cascade  Range,  in  the 
N.  part  of  Californi.i,  in  lat.  about  41°  20'  N.,  Ion.  122°  W. 
Height,  about  14.000  feet. 

SHA-TCHOO  or  CHA-TCHOtJ,  shil  choo.  a  fortified  town 
of  Chinese  Tr»orkistan.  250  miles  S.S.E.  of  Khamil.  It  has 
many  Chinese  inhabitants,  and  an  active  trade,  and  is  re- 
ported to  be  a  trading  p<.ist  of  importance. 

*SHAT-EL-ARAB.'  SHATT-EL-ARAB.  shat-^kVrSb, 
SCHAT-UL-ARAB.  shdt-ix.l-d'rAb.  or  CHAT-EI.rARAB.  a 
river  of  West  Asia,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Euplirates 
and  Tigris,  enters  the  I'ersian  Gulf  at  its  head,  in  lat.  30^ 
N.,  Ion.  48='  30'  W.,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  V2)d  miles.  It  re- 
ceives the  Kerah  River,  is  connected  by  the  H.iffar  Canal 
with  the  Kerah  in  Ivhoozistan,  and  forms  a  part  of  the 
boundary  between  the  Turkish  and  Persian  dominions. 

SHATSK,  SCHATSK.  SHATZK  or  CHATSK.  skilt.-k.  a 
town  of  Russi.a.  government  of  Tambov,  capital  of  a  district, 
38  miles  N.  of  Morshansk.  Pop.  6000.  It  has  five  chnrchea 
and  manufactures  of  hardwai-es. 

SH.AUCKS.  shawks.  a  post-office  of  Morrow  co..  Ohio. 

SH.VUGH.  shaw.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SHAU.M'BURG.  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

SH.A'VERS  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co., 
Pennsvlvania.  95  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Harrisburg. 

SHA'VEKTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Popacton  River,  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Delhi. 

SH.AVLI,  CHAVLI  or  SCHAWLI,  shJv'lee.  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  government  of  Vilna,  50  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Mitau,  on  the  route  to  Kovno. 

SHAWa'NA,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
has  an  area  ot  about  1300  square  wiles.  It  is  ilraiue<l  by 
Wolf  River. 

SH.WVANA  LAKE,  Wisconsin,  in  Shawana  or  Shawano 
CO.,  is  about  6  miles  long.    Its  outlet  joins  Wolf  Kiver. 

SHAW.\NGUNK.  shong'g&m, a  rivei  which  risesin  Orang* 
CO.,  New  York,  and  after  forming  part  of  the  boundary  «i*- 

*Shait  or  Shut  signifies  the  "bank  of  a  river  sipbjeot  tn  tnu 
dation." 


SUA 

tween  Ulster  and  Orange  counties,  enters  the  Walkill  River 
In  Ulster  county,  about  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Poughkeepsie. 
Its  whole  length  la  nearly  80  miles. 

SIIAAVANGUXK.  a  post-township  in  the  S.part  of  Ulster 
CO.,  New  York,  intersected  by  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Canal,  about  85  miles  S  .*.W.  of  Albau v.     Pop.  'JSTO. 

SIIAWANGUNK  MOU.NTAINS,  a  "portion  of  the  Appa- 
lachian system,  lying  in  the  S.K.  part  of  New  Yoi-k,  and  ex- 
lending  through  Orange  and  Sullivan  counties  into  Ulster. 

SlIAWAT  or  SCIIAWA'f .  shd'wilt,  a  town  of  Central  Asia, 
khanat,  and  22  miles  N.  of  Khiva,  on  a  canal  of  its  own  name 
led  from  the  Oxus. 

SUAW'UUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SHAW-CUM-DON'MNGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Berks. 

SlIAWELL,  a  parish  of  Enrfand.  co.  of  Leicester. 

SIIAAVOUK,  shaVgur',  or  SlIAirtJUAll',  a  town  of  India, 
\n  the  Nizam's  dominion,  on  the  Godavery,  43  miles  S.E.  of 
Auiungabad. 

SHAWL,  shawl,  or  QUKTTA,  kwSftd,  a  town  of  Boloochis- 
t.vn,  near  the  Afghan  frontier,  in  an  elevated  but  fertile 
valley,  20  miles  N.W.  of  the  Uholan  Pass,  6563  feet  above  the 
sea  ;  lat.  3<J°  8'  N.,  Ion.  fi6°  o&  E.  Pop.  20U0.  It  is  enclosed 
by  an  earthen  wall,  well  supplied  witli  water,  has  a  fort, 
and,  in  1842,  was  the  headnuartors  of  General  England, 
but  was  evacuated  by  the  British  in  October  of  the  .same  year. 

i«lI.A.\V\\EK',  a  post-village  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York, 
about  IS  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Buffalo. 

SIIA\VNEE,  a  post-oflice  of  Monroe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SHAWNEE,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  yJO. 

SUA  WNEK,  a  township  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1128. 

SHAWNKE  INDIANS,  a  tribe  now  dwelling  W^  of  the 
Mi.isissi|ipi  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Kansas  Hiver. 

SHAWNEE  MISSION,  ofJohnscm  CO  .Kansas,  is  about  11^ 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Westport,  Missouri.  It  is  a  missionary 
establishment  of  considerable  extent,  and  has  been  built 
almost  entirely  by  the  United  States  government.  It  is 
under  the  c-ontrnl  of  the  Methodist  Church  South. 

SHAWNEE  MOUND,  a  post-office,  Tippecanoe  CO.,  Indiana. 

Sll.-VWNEK  PKAIRIE, a  post-office.  Fountain  co..  Indiana. 

SIIAW'NKKTOWN.  a  thriving  post-town  of  Gallatin  co., 
Illinois, on  the  Ohio  liiver,  9  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Wabash,  ard  2(J0  miles  below  Louisville,  Kentucky.  It 
di'iives  its  name  from  the  Shawnee  tribe  of  Indians,  who 
oiue  occupied  this  site.  The  landing  is  visited  by  the  steam- 
boats which  navigate  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  and  large 
quantities  of  produce  are  shipped  from  the  place,  which  is 
one  of  the  most  commercial  in  the  S.  part  of  the  state.  It 
o(]ntains  a  court-hou^^e,  3  churches,  and  1  bauk;  2  news- 
paptrs  are  pulilislied  here.     Pop.  1115. 

SHAW'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

SHAW'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois. 

SHAWS'VILLK,  a  post-office,  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Sll  AWSVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

SlI  AWSVI  LLK,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Virginia. 

SIIAWS^WICK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  3242. 

SHAYOOK,  SHAYUK,  shrook',  or  SHAYOCK,  a  con- 
siderable river  of  Central  Asia,  in  Little  Thibet,  after  a 
southward  course  joins  the  Indus,  N.  of  the  Himalayas,  118 
miles  N.W.  of  Li'h. 

SH.W'^UKN'  ItlVER,  in  the  N.  part  of  Minnesota,  rises  in 
a  small  lake,  and  flowing  first  easterly,  then  southerly,  then 
easterly,  and  lastly  towards  the  N.,  it  falls  into  the  Ked 
P.iver  of  the  North.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  above 
300  miles. 

SHGAK'LEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co  ,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  16  rnilei)  S.  by  W.  of  Meadville.     Pop  2I.S. 

SHEAIv/KKSBURG,  a  posWillage  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  25  miles  N.  of  G  reeusburg.  The  post-office  is 
called  Shearer's  Cross-Koads. 

Sll  Kli'BH.^R.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SlIIOIiEION,  SHl'^BIN  or  CHEBYN,  sheh-been',  a  village 
of  Lower  Egypt,  province  of  Menoof,  with  a  government 
school,  and  a  cotton  factory,  having,  some  years  ago,  70  spin- 
ning-jennies and  30  carding  machines,  set  in  motion  by  oxen. 

SHEBOY'GAN,  formerly  written  CHEBOY'GAN,  a  river 
of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  lower  peninsula,  and 
flowing  nearly  N.  enters  the  Strait  of  Mackinaw,  about  12 
miles  from  the  town  of  Mackinaw. 

SHI-:B0YG.\N,  a  river  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Fond  du  Lac 
county,  near  the  S.  end  of  Winnebago  Lake.  After  p&ssing 
through  the  lake  and  county  of  its  own  name,  it  enters 
Lake  Michigan  at  Sheboygan,  the  county  seat.  The  abori- 
f^nal  name  of  this  river  was  Sliawbwa-wjy-gun,  i.  e.  "  the 
river  that  comes  out  of  the  ground."  A  fall,  six  miles  from 
the  mouth,  affords  a  fine  water-power. 

SHEBOY'G  AN.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bor- 
/iring  on  Lake  Michigan"  h;is  an  area  of  about  500  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Sheboygan,  Onion,  and  Mullet 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  A 
few  years  ago  the  wh'  le  county  was  covered  by  a  dense 
forest  of  pine  and  other  timljer.  The  rock  which  underlies 
the  surface  is  limestone,  of  good  quality.    The  county  is  in- 


SHE 

tersected  by  a  plank-road  from  Fond  du  Lac  to  Lake  Michi 
gan,  and  by  the  Sheboygan  and  Fond  du  Lac  Railroad.  Th< 
settlement  began  in  1836;  it  was  organized  in  18:i9,  an' 
named  from  its  principal  river.  Capital,  Sheboygan.  Pot 
26,875. 

SHEBOYGAN,  a  thriving  post-town,  capital  of  Sheboyg,".n 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  moutb 
of  a  river  of  its  own  name,  62  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee,  and 
110  miles  N.E.  of  Madison.  It  is  the  East  terminus  of  the 
Sheboygan  and  Fond  du  Lac  Railroad,  and  a  plank-road  about 
40  miles  in  length  has  been  completed  to  Fond  du  Lac.  She- 
boygan Wiis  settled  in  1836,  abandoned  in  1840,  and  in  1845 
it  had  150  inhabitants.  It  now  confciins  a  court-house,  10 
churches,  3  banks,  and  several  schools.  Four  newspapers 
are  published  here.  Large  quantities  of  Lumber  and  other 
articles  are  shipped  here  in  steamboats.  Population 
4262. 

SHEBOYGAN  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Sheboygan  River.  6 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  l^ake  Michigan,  and  56  miles 
N.  of  Milwaukee.  The  plank-road  leading  from  Fond  du  Lac 
to  Lake  Michigan  passes  through  the  village.    The  river 
furnishes  abundant  water-power,  which   gives  motion  to 
mills  of  various  kinds.    Lumber  is  manufactured  here  from 
pine  and  other  timber.     The  village  has  3  churches,  12 
stores.  1  foundry,  and  200  dwellings.     P.  2808. 
Sll KBSHK,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Jepee. 
SHKCHKM,  shee'kem.  a  town  of  Palestine. 
•  SlIEDIAC,  shSdVdk',  a  town  and  parish  on  an  island, 
and  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
S.E.  coast  of  N^w  Brunswick.    It  has  a  tolerable  harbor, 
and  some  trad*      Pop.  2000. 

SIIEE/LIN,  LOUGH,  (Iftn.)  a  lake  of  Ireland,  partly  in 
I>einster,  cos.  of  Meath  and  Westmeath,  but  chiefly  in  Ul- 
ster, CO.  of  Cavan,  5  miles  E;  of  Granard.  Length,  from  E.  to 
W.,  about  5  miles;  breadth,  2^  miles. 

SHKEL'LY,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras, district  of  Tanjore,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Tranquebar. 
SHEEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 
SIIKEX.  EAST,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co  of  Surrey,  ad- 
joining Richmond,  (formerly  termed  Sheen.) 

SHEEN,  WEST,  a  hamlet  of  England,  immediately  S.  of 
Mortlake. 
SHKEP'HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 
SHKEP-HEAD   CAPE.   Ireland,   Munster,   co.  of   Cork, 
terminates   the  peninsula    between   Dunmanus  Bay   and 
Bantry  Bay.  18  miles  S.W.  of  Bantry. 

SIIKEP  ISL.\NDS.  are  a  cluster  of  islands  in  Lake 
Ooroomeeyah,  North  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan. 

SHEEP'SCOTT,  a  river  of  Maine,  rises  in  Waldo  county, 
and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  Lincoln  co.  Length,  about  60 
miles. 

SHEEPSCOTT  BRIDGE,  a  postoffice  of  Lincoln  Co., 
Maine. 

SHEEI'S/HEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
Pop.  3872,  chiefly  employed  in  stocking  manufactures. 
SHKEPS-TOR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
SHEEP'WASH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
SHKK'PY  MAG'XA,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Leicester. 
SHKK'PY  PAR'VA.  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
SHKERAZ,  SHIRAZ  or  CIIIRAZ.  she'rdz'  or  shee/raz, 
sometimes  written  SCHIRAS,  a  city,  formerly  the  capital  of 
Persia,  now  capital  of  the  province  of  Fars,  in  a  valley  famous 
for  its  gardens  and  fertility,  4500  feet  above  the  .sea.  and 
115  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bushire.  Lat.  29°  36'  N.,  Ion.  52°  44'  E. 
Pop.  variously  estimated  at  from  20,000  to  40,000.  It  is 
enclosed  by  bastioned  walls  nearly  4  miles  in  circumference, 
and  entered  by  six  gates,  flanked  with  towers.  Until  re- 
cently, it  had  an  imposing  appearance ;  but  many  of  its  best 
edifices  were  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1824,  since  which 
time  it  has  been  much  less  healthy  than  formerly.  The 
houses  are  mostly  small  and  meiin;  the  streets  filthy.  The 
principal  buildings  comprise  the  great  bazaar  constructed 
by  Kerimkhan,  the  great  emliellisher  of  the  city  in  the 
last  century,  the  citadel,  containing  a  royal  palace,  the  great 
mosque,  numeroxis  colleges,  baths,  and  Mohammedan  tombs. 
About  half  a  mile  outside  of  the  walls  is  the  tomb  of  the 
renowned  Persian  poet,  Ilafiz,  a  native  of  Shecraz,  and  near 
it  are  the  stream  of  Rocknabad,  the  bower  of  Mo.sella.  cele- 
brated in  the  verses  of  that  author,  and  the  famed  garden 
of  Jehan  Nam»,  to  which  and  to  other  gardens  in  the 
vicinity  the  inhabitants  repair  for  recreation.  Sheeraz 
has  manutactures  of  silk  and  woollen  stuffs,  sword-blades, 
sojip,  and  earthenwares,  and  a  wine  having  a  high  reputar 
tion  in  Persia.  Its  commerce  is  extensive.  'Wine,  rose 
water,  attar  of  roses,  assafoetida, .  dried  fruits,  silk,  goats'- 
hair,  wool,  saffron,  drugs,  horses,  orpiment,  madder,  and 
tobacco  are  sent  to  Bushire,  in  return  for  Chinese.  Indian, 
and  European  manufactures,  with  spices,  metals,  and  other 
goods.  Salt  from  adjacent  lakes,  and  other  merchandise,  is 
forwarded  on  mules  to  most  of  the  inland  cities  of  Persia. 

SHEERGOT'TY  or  SHEERGOT'TA,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Bahar,  80  miles  S.W. 
of  Patna.  Lat.  24°  32'  N.,  Ion.  84°  55'  E.  It  has  about  1000 
houses,  and  an  indigo  factory. 

1705 


oHE 


SHE 


SBBRRING.  &  palish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
SlIEEUNESS',  a  seaport  town  and  naral  arsenal  of  Eng- 
liad,  CO.  of  Kent,  parish  of  Minster,  on  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  the  Island  of  Sheppey,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Sredway 
with  the  Thames,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Chatham.  Pop.  in 
1851,  8549.  Of  its  three  quarters,  Banks-town,  Blue-town, 
and  Mile-town,  the  two  first  are  enclo.sed  within  fortifica- 
tions. The  dockyard,  occupying  nearly  60  acres,  contains  a 
wet  dock  of  3^  acres,  in  which  ships  are  fitted,  several  dry 
docks,  extensive  .storehouses,  handsome  official  residences, 
&c.  Outside  of  the  yard  is  Garrison  I'oint,  with  tlie  resi- 
dence of  the  port-admiral,  telegraph,  coast-guard  station, 
and  large  barracks.  Opposite  the  river  and  sea  is  a  long 
wharf,  and  several  hulks  langed  eff  tlie  shore  form  a  break- 
water for  the  harbor.  The  town,  latterly  much  improved, 
has  a  pier,  bathing'  establishment,  Gothic  chapel  of  ease, 
various  Dissenting  chapels,  a  synagogue,  and  numerous 
schools.  Exports  corn,  seeds,  and  oysters  to  London ;  but 
the  trade  lies  chiefly  in  the  supply  of  the  government  esta- 
blishments. It  communicates  by  steamers  with  London 
and  Chatham.  Sheerness  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  under 
De  Ruyter  in  1667.  The  mutiny  of  the  Nore  broke  out  here 
in  1798. 
SHEERWAy.    See  Shirvan. 

SIIEE-TSIEX,  SHI-TSIEN,  CIII-TSIEN,  she  tsee'ln',  or 
SHEE-TSIEN-FOO,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Koei-choo, 
capital  of  a  department,  and  430  miles  N.W.  of  Canton. 
SIIEETZ'S  MILLS,  post-office.  Hampshire  co.,W.  Virgini.a. 
SHEFEEN,  shi-feen',  or  SIIEFEAN,  (?)  an  island  on  the 
S.E.  coast  of  Africa,  in  Delagoa  Bay.  It  is  about  5  miles 
long,  very  narrow,  low,  and  sandy. 

SIIEF'FIELD,  a  parliamentary  borough,  celebrated 
manufacturing  town,  ptirish,  and  township  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  West  Riding,  capital  of  the  district  of  Ilallamsbire, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  several  acclivities,  in  a  natural 
amphitheatre,  enclosed  on  all  sides  except  towards  the  N.E. 
by  wooded  hills,  at  the  junction  of  the  Sheaf  and  Don 
Rivers,  on  the  Sheffield  and  Don  Canal,  and  on  the  Sheffield 
and  Manchester  and  the  Sheffield  and  Rotherham  Railways, 
141  miles  N.N.W.  of  London.  The  town  i.s.  for  the  most 
part,  irregularly  built,  consisting,  particularly  in  its  older 
parts,  of  steep  and  narrow  streets,  and  brick  houses,  often 
of  an  antiquated  appearance.  In  the  more  modern  parts 
the  streets  are  both  wide  and  straight,  and  many  of  the 
shops  are  remarkable  for  their  elegance,  though  the  clouds 
of  smoke  rising  from  the  public  works  cause  every  thing  to 
assume  a  very  dingy  hue.  Almost  all  the  streets  are  well 
paved,  and  light<?d  witli  gas.  The  communication  across 
the  Don  is  maintained  by  four  bridges,  three  of  them  of 
stone,  and  one  of  iron ;  there  are  also  several  bridges  over 
the  Sheaf,  including  a  large  space,  forming  a  part  of  the 
Norfolk  markets. 

The  parish,  which  is  co-extensive  with  the  borough,  con- 
tains 20  churches  and  other  places  of  worship  in  connection 
with  the  Establishment,  and  about  26  belonging  to  Dis- 
senters of  various  denominations,  of  which  the  most  nume- 
rous are  the  Wesleyan  Methodists,  Independents,  and  Bap- 
tists. Among  the  churches  the  most  deserving  of  notice 
are  the  original  parish  church,  a  spacious  cruciform  struc- 
ture, erected  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  surmounted  by  a 
central  tower  and  spire,  and  containing,  among  other  in- 
teresting monuments,  a  bust  remarkable  as  the  first  pro- 
duction of  Chantrey's  chisel ;  St.  Paul's,  a  handsome  Grecian 
edifice;  and  St.  George's,  St.  Philip's,  and  St.  Mary's,  covered 
externally  with  a  profusion  of  grotesque  heads  and  other 
ornaments ;  notice  is  also  due  to  the  Wesleyan  Brunswick 
chapel,  which  is  a  very  imposing  edifice;  and  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  chapel,  a  cruciform  building  in  the  Decorated 
style,  with  a  tower  terminating  in  an  elegant  crocketed 
spire,  200  feet  high.  The  other  more  important  buildings 
are  the  town-hall,  a  substantial  stone  structure;  the  Cut^ 
lers'-hall,  a  handsome  Grecian  edifice;  the  Music-hall;  the 
corn-exchange,  with  a  portico  of  16  massive  pillars;  new 
market-hall,  assembly  rooms,  theatre,  barracks,  public 
baths,  and  the  Victoria  Railway  station,  with  the  viaduct 
immediately  adjoining  it. 

The  educational  and  literary  establishments  are  the  free 
grammar  school,  the  We.sleyau  Proprietary  grammar  school, 
or  Wesley  College,  occupying  a  very  handsome  structure ; 
the  collegiate  proprietary  school,  the  people's  college,  the 
national,  British,  charity,  infant,  ragged,  and  various  other 
schools;  the  school  of  design,  the  mechanics'  institution 
and  lyceum.  for  which  complete  and  even  elegant  accom- 
modation has  been  provided ;  the  athena>um,  the  literary 
and  philosophical  society,  possessed  of  a  good  museum;  tht 
medical  hall,  and  the  public  subscription  and  mechanics' 
libraries;  the  latter  comprises  above  6000  volumes.  The 
principal  benevolent  institutions  are  the  general  infirmary, 
the  Shrewsbury  and  Hollis'  hospitals,  the  licensed  victual- 
lers' asylum,  Deakin's  charity,  recently  founded :  and  seve- 
ral valuable  charities  under  the  management  of  the  cutlers' 
iM)mp;iny.  To  the  other  olijects  of  interest  already  men- 
tioned may  be  added  the  cemetery,  situated  on  the  slope  of 
a  hill  aViout  1  mile  from  the  town;  the  botanic  gardens, 
finely  situated  in  the  same  vicinity ;  and  the  park,  consisting 
1T66  ^ 


of  about  20  acres  of  pleasure-grounds,  which  have  recently 
been  thrown  open  to  the  public  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk. 

Sheffield  has  long  been  famous  for  its  manufactures  of 
cutlery,  including  knives,  scissors,  razors,  and  edge-tools 
of  all  kinds,  files  and  reaping  instruments.  In  each  of 
these  blanches  great  numbers  of  workmen  are  employed, 
and  the  articles  produced  are  well  known  and  esteemed  in 
all  the  commercial  emporiums  of  the  world.  Steel  also  is 
made  in  vast  quantities,  not  only  for  the  supply  of  the  local 
demand,  but  of  the  general  market.  Another  celebrated 
branch  of  manufacture  is  the  plating  of  articles  of  copper 
with  silver,  and  in  connection  with  it  the  process  of  electro- 
plating has  recently  attracted  considerable  attention.  A 
great  number  of  hands  are  also  employed  on  what  is  called 
Britannia-metal,  which  is  made  to  form  a  cheap  substitute 
for  almost  all  the  articles  manufactured  from  the  precious 
metals;  and  by  the  operation  of  what  is  termed  pressinff, 
the  horns  and  hoofs  of  animals  are  converted  into  many 
useful  and  elegant  forma.  Other  leading  articles  are  optical 
instruments,  including  especially  the  gjinding  of  spectacle- 
glasses;  and  in  the  more  cumbrous  articles  of  stoves,  grates, 
and  fenders,  Sheffield  holds  a  decided  pre-eminence  both  iu 
cheapness  of  price  and  elegance  of  design.  In  connection 
with  the  staple  manufactures  of  the  town  are  numerous  ex- 
tensive iron  and  brass  foundries,  grinding,  tilting,  rolling, 
and  slitting  mills,  &c.  The  social  condition  of  the  workmen 
is  generally  superior.  They  receive  large  wages,  and  live 
for  the  most  part  in  separate  tenements.  Coal  is  abundant, 
and  some  iron  is  rafsed  near  Sheffield ;  the  Don  is  navigable 
up  to  the  town,  and  the  canal  basin  is  avail.able  for  vessels 
of  50  tons.  Cheese,  corn,  and  fruit  are  staple  articles  of  the 
trade. 

Sheffield  is  supposed  to  have  been  originally  a  Roman 
station,  and  is  certainly  of  great  antiquity.  It  existed  as  a 
town  under  the  Saxons,  and  is  mentioned  in  Domesday- 
book  as  a  manor.  In  1296  Edward  I.  granted  it  a  charter 
to  hold  a  weekly  market  and  an  annual  fair;  and  in  the 
fourteenth  century  the  mention  of  the  Sheffield  '•  thwytcl" 
or  whittle  by  the  poet  Chaucer,  indicates  that  it  had  already 
be(»me  noted  for  its  cutlery.  In  the  early  part  of  the  fif- 
teenth century  the  domain  passed  by  marriage  to  the  cele- 
brated soldier,  John  TaUwt,  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  who  built 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  a  manor-house,  which  possesses 
some  historical  interest  as  connected  with  the  custody  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  A  splendid 
castle,  erected  in  the  reign  of  Ileni-y' VIII.,  was  completely 
demolished  by  the  Parliamentary  forces  duiing  the  civil 
war.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  13  aldermen,  and  42  coun- 
cillors; and  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Pop.  in  1851.  1.35,310;  in  1861,  185,157. 

SIIEF'FIELD.  a  post-township  in  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont, 
37  miles  N.E.  of  Moutpelier.     Pop.  836. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berkshire 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Housatonic  River  and  Railroad, 
about  120  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  streams  afford 
motive-power  for  a  paper  mill.  3  establishments  for  sawing 
marble,  2  plaster  mills,  2  grist  mills,  and  7  saw  mills.  The 
village  contains  2  churches,  a  town-hall,  an  academy,  high 
school,  and  5  stores.    Pop.  of  the  township,  2()21. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Bureau  co  ,  Illinois. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, intersected  by  tlie  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad, 
79  miles  from  Erie.     Pop.  367. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-village  in  Newton  co.,  Georgia,  65 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  township  of  Ashtabula  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  843. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio.  P.  113'J. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  mining  village  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  2  miles  below  Pomeroy. 

SHEFFIELD  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Lorain  co..  Ohio. 

SIIEFFORD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SHEF/FORD,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Canada 
East,  drained  by  Yamaska  l{iver.  Area.  745  square  miles. 
Chief  town.  Granbv.     Pop.  in  1852.  16,482. 

SHEF'FORD.  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berk.s. 

SHEFFtiRD,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

SHEFKATEEL-SOO  or  SHEFKATII>-SU,shcrka-teel'soo, 
a  small  river,  which  enters  the  Black  Sea  on  its  E.  side,  and 
forms  the  boundary  between  the  Russian  and  Turkish 
empires  at  that  point.  At  its  mouth  is  the  Russian  fort  of 
St.  Nikolai.  ' 

SHEHO'LA.  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHEHK,  shuH'r  or  sh.Vhjr,  a  Persian  and  Turkish  word 
signifying  '•  city"  or  '■  town,"  forming  the  name  or  a  part  of 
the  names  of  a  nximber  of  towns  in  Western  Asia. 

SHEHR.  shJn'r.  a  maritime  town  of  Ara'*  la.  on  its  &.E. 
coast,  32  miles  E.N.E.  of  Makallah.  Lat.  14'  i  V  N..  Ion. 49° 
40'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  6000.  It  extends  foi  1  mile  along 
the  shore,  and  is  pretty  well  built.  It  has  manufactui  ea 
of  coarse  cotton  cloths,  gunpowder,  arms,,  &c.,  and  a  briik 
general  trade,  the  duties  on  its  exports  and  imports  being 
stated  to  amount  to  5000i.  annually.  Ships  anchor  in  from  T 
to  8  fathoms  water,  in  its  roadstead,  about  1  mile  fi-om  shore. 

SHEHR,  a  town  of  Arabia,  lat.  14°  38'  30"  N  .  Ion  4^  y 


SHE 

35"  E.,  formerly  an  important  place,  but  now  a  Tillage  oe- 
oupied  by  fishermen's  families. 

SlIKHR,  a  popular  appellation  in  Jlahrt  dialect  of  the 
lofty  ran;ie  of  mountains  exteudiiig  from  the  E.  limits  of 
Mahiah  to  Dhcfar  and  Mirbat.  They  are  named  on  the  maps 
the  MouxTAi.vs  of  Sejer  or  Seger. 

.SII1;HII-K-S00I5Z,S1IEIIH-E-S0UBZ  or  SIIEIIR-I-SUBZ, 
shJh'r  ee  soobs,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  khanat  of  IJokhara, 
on  a  rivi-r,  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Samarcand,  and  occupying 
the  site  of  Kesh,  the  birthplace  of  Timur. 

SIIEHKIZIWR,  SIIEIIUIZOUU.  sh(^h'rVoor',  or  SIIKIII!!- 
7.Vn.  sheh're-zoor',  (written  SIIEIIIIZOOR  and  PIIKIIHE- 
ZUU.)  or  SII AIIKIZOOL.  sh^re-zool'.  a  town  of  Turkish  Koor- 
distan.  near  the  Persian  frontier.  ItjO  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bagdad. 

SHEIK  AHADEII.    See  Ababde. 

SIIEIKIIAN.  shA^kSn'.  a  village  of  Persian  Koordistin,  16 
miles  N.AV.  of  Zohab,  having  many  Mohammedan  tombs, 
and  ancient  sculptures. 

SIIEIKPOOK,  shik'poor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  22  mile.s  S.E.  of  Bahar. 

SHKlKPodllA,  sh.ik-poo'r^,  a  town  of  British  India, 
Upper  Provinces,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Seharunpoor. 

fcllEIK  ^^1IAIB,  an  island,  Persian  Gulf.     See  Busheab. 

SHEIK'.S  (sh.Vik)  ISLANDS,  of  North-east  Africa,  ia  So 
mauli  country,  are  in  the  Bay  of  Zeyla,  Sea  of  Bal>el-Man- 
deb,  between  Zeyla  and  Tajoorah. 

SIIEILVILLE,  sheel'vill,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co., 
Indiana. 

SIIEIPOO,  slii'poo',  a  maritime  town  of  China,  province 
of  Che-kiang,  40  miles  S.  of  Niug-po.  It  i:as  a  considerable 
trade,  and  in  the  late  war  was  defended  by  many  forts; 
tjiken  by  the  British  lOtli  September,  1841. 

SllEKIIOABAD,  shek-ko^a-bdd'.  a  town  of  British  Indi.a, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  35  miles 
S.E.  of  Agra. 

SIlEKl  or  SGIIEKI,  shA'kee,  a  town  of  Transcaucasian 
Russia,  government,  and  N.W.  of  Shamaka,  capital  of  a 
khanat  of  its  own  name,  on  a  height  above  the  Seldighi- 
lani,  in  a  mountainous  and  unfertile  district.  It  consists 
of  about  500  houses.-  and  has  a  mountain  fastness. 

SIIEKIN,  sh.Vkeen'.  a  province  of  Asiatic  Russi.-x,  in 
Transcaucn^ia,  lat.  40°  N..  Ion.  between  47°  and  48'^'  E., 
having  \.  tlie  Caucasus.  S.  the  river  Koor.  W.  Georgia,  and 
E.  the  province  of  Shirvau.    Chief  town,  Nookha. 

SIIEKIN  Ell,  sh.l-kee'ngh,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic 
of  Seevas,  on  the  Yeshil-Irmak.  7"2  miles  N.N.E.  of  Aniasia. 

SHEK-PE1-W.\N.  sh5k^p.Vw4n'.  a  maritime  village  on  the 
S.  coast  of  IIong-Kong,  with  an  excellent  anchorage. 

SIIEKSNA,  SCIIECSNA  or  CIIEKSNA,  sh^ks'ni,  a  river 
of  Russia,  issues  from  Lake  Bielo,  in  the  N.  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Novgorod,  flows  S.S.E.,  and  joins  the  A'olga  on  the 
left:  total  c(rurse,  150  miles. 

SIIIiiyUUKN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chittenden 
CO.,  Vermont,  near  l>ake  Champlaiii,  on  the  Rutland  and 
Burlington  Railroad.     Pop.  1718. 

SHELBURN.  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois. 

SIIELBUKNE,  sh^lODtirn,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Coos  CO..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Androscoggin  River,  and 
on  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  91  miles  N.E. 
of  C<incord.     Pop.  318. 

SlIELBURNE,  a  post-township  in  Franklin  co.,  Mas.sa- 
chusetts,  on  Deerfield  River,  95  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 
Pup.  144S. 

SHEl^'BURNE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic.  The  coasts  are  remark- 
able for  their  numeious  deep  indentations,  forming  excel- 
lent harbors,  into  which  flow  the  Clyde,  Jordan,  and  other 
considerable  rivers.  The  surface  is  mountainous  along  the 
shores;  the  interior  is  mostly  level,  except  in  the  N.E., 
where  is  Blue  Mountain.  Capital,  Shelburne.  Pop.  in 
1851,  10,622. 

SHELBURNE,  a  seaport  town  and  port  of  entry  of  Nova 
Scotia,  capit'il  of  Shelburne  county,  on  the  N.E.  arm  of  a 
capacious  harlior  of  the  same  name,  about  112  miles  S.W. 
of  Halifax.  Its  harbor  is  generally  regarded  as  the  best  in 
all  Nova  Scotia,  from  the  ease  of  its  entrance  and  the  per- 
fect security  of  its  anchorage.  On  the  S.E.  point  of  Kos- 
neath  Island,  at  its  entrance,  stands  a  light-house  exhibit- 
ing two  lights,  the  higher  of  which  is  125  feet  above  the 
Bea.  Shelburne  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and  has 
facilities  for  the  repairing  and  furnishing  of  vessels. 

SHELBURNE  BAY,  North-east  Australia,  is  an  inlet  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  11°  50'  S..  Ion.  143°  E. 

SHEL'BURNE  FALLS,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  post- 
village  of  Franklin  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  N.  side  of 
Deerfield  River,  alx)ut  90  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Boston.  It 
contains  1  or  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  extensive  manu- 
factories of  cutlery.     Pop.  about  1000. 

SHEl/BY,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Alabama, 
has  an  area  of  970  square  miles.  IX  is  intersected  by  the 
Cahawba  I'iver;  the  Coosa  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the 
E.  Tti"  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  and  valleys;  the  soil 
IB  fertile,  well  supplied  with  springs,  and  well  adapted  to 
the  production  of  grain,  cotton,  and  pasture.  A  part  of  the 
surface  w  covered  with  forests  of  oak,  pine,  &a.    Extensive 


SHE 

beds  of  stone  coal  and  iron  ore  are  found.  Tlio  conntj  'on- 
tains  several  mineral  springs.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
toute  of  the  Selma  and  Tennessee  River  Railroad.  Capital, 
Columbiana.  Pop.  12,618,  of  whom  8996  were  free,  and  3623 
slaves. 

SHELBY,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  cv 
Louisiana,  contains  850  square  miles.  Its  E.  border  1* 
washed  by  the  Sabine,  and  it.s  W.  by  the  Attoyac  Kivtr. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  I/olt  m, 
Indian  corn,  grasg,  and  sweet  potatoes  are  the  staples.  The 
county,  a  few  years  ago,  was  mostly  covered  with  fo'ests 
Named  in  honor  of  the  late  Judge  Shelby,  of  Texas.  Cipital, 
Shelby ville.  Pop.  5362,  of  whom  3886  were  free,  ani  1470 
slaves. 

SHELBY,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Ten- 
nessee, bordering  on  Mississippi.  Area  estiuiatel  at  510 
square  miles.  The  Jlississippi  River  forms  its  entire  W. 
boundary,  and  it  is  iuter-sected  by  Wolf  and  Lco.sahatchy 
Rivers  and  Nanconnah  Creek.  The  surface  is  rearly  level. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  is  exten.sively  occupied  by  plantations 
of  cotton  and  Indian  corn.  The  Memphis  and  Charleston 
Railroad  terminates  in  this  county  at  the  city  of  Memphis. 
Capital,  Raleigh.  Pop.  48,092,  of  whom  31,139  were  free, 
and  16,953  slaves. 

SHELBY,  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  has 
an  area  of  465  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Beech,  Clear, 
Brashears,  Fox,  and  Sixmile  Creeks.  The  general  surface  is 
undulating,  and  adorned  with  forests  of  fine  timber;  the 
soil  has  a  substratum  of  red  clay,  and  is  fiiable  and  remark- 
ably fertile.  In  1850  this  county  produced  more  corn  than 
any  other  in  the  state,  and  more  wheat  than  any  other,  ex- 
cepting Jefferson.  There  were  raised  In  that  year  1,731,740 
bushels  of  corn,  and  83,931  of  wheat.  The  principal  rock 
which  underlies  the  surface  is  limestone.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  Louisville  and  Fr*nkfort  Railroad,  and 
by.  several  turnpike-roads.  Shelby  county  is  among  the 
most  populous  and  wealthj-  divisions  of  the  state.  Organized 
in  1792,  and  named  in  honor  of  Governor  I.saac  Slielbj'. 
■Capital,  Shelbyville.  Pop.  16,433,  of  whom  9799  were  tree, 
and  0634  slaves. 

SHELBY,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of 
425  .oiiuare  miles.  It  Is  intersected  by  the  Miami  River,  and 
also  drained  by  Ijoramies  Creek.  The  S.  part  is  undulating, 
and  in  some  places  hilly;  the  N.  is  flat  table-land,  forming 
part  of  Lo ramies  Summit,  378  feet  higher  than  Lake  Erie.  The 
soil  has  a  substratum  of  clay,  and  is  productive.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Miami  Canal,  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indiana 
Railroad,  and  theD.ayton  and  Michigan  Railroad.  Organized 
in  1819.    Capital,  Sidney.     Pop.  17,493. 

SHELBY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Blue 
River  and  Sugar  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the 
soil  is  fertile,  especially  after  it  has  been  drained.  It  con- 
tains extensive  forests  of  the  oak,  beech,  ash.  walnut,  ic, 
and  is  amply  supplied  with  water-power.  It  is  inter.seeted 
by  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,- and  three 
short  lines  meet  at  Shelbyville,  the  capital.  Organized  in 
1*22.     Pop.  19,569. 

SHELBY,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Illinois,  ha.s 
an  area  of  790  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ka.s- 
kaskia  River,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  parts,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Little  Waba.sh,  and  by  the  South  Fork  of 
Sangamon  River.  The  surface  is  moderately  undulating, 
and  diversified  by  prairies  and  forests;  the  soil  is  fertile, 
well  watered,  and  easily  cultivated.  A  portion  of  the  Grand 
Prairie  is  included  in  this  county.  The  Illinois  Central,  and 
the  Alton  and  Terra  Haute  Railroads  pass  through  the 
county.    Capital,  Shelbyville.     Pop.  14,613. 

SHELBY,  a  county  in  theE.N.E.  central  part  of  Missouri, 
contains  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  South 
Fabius,  Salt,  r.nd  North  Rivers,  affluents  of  the  Mississippi. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  in  general  is  fertile. 
Rather  more  than  half  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  prairies, 
which  are  based  on  limestone,  and  usually  contain  no  swamp 
or  stagnant  water.  The  deficiency  of  timber  is  partly  com- 
pensated by  the  abundance  of  stone  coal,  which  is  found  here. 
Capital,  Shelbyville.  Pop.  7301,  of  whjm  6577  were  free,  and 
724  slHve.s. 

SHELBY,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Iowa,  contains 
576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  W.  Fork  of  the 
Nishnubatona  River.    See  .\ppenmx. 

SHELBY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orleans  co.. 
New  Y'ork,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  16  miles  E.  of  Lockpnrt.  Tho 
village  contains  1  paper  and  2  flour  mills.  Pop.  of  the  town 
ship:3226. 

SHELBY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cleveland  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  an  affluent  of  Broad  River,  190  miles  W.  by  S, 
of  Raleigh.    The  seat  of  justice  was  established  here  in  1841. 

SHELBY,  a  post-office  of  Austin  co.,  Texas. 

SHELBY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Richland  co..  Ohio,  on 
the  railroad  between  Sandusky  and  Mansfield,  a*,  the  juno 
tion  of  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus  Railroad,  68  miles  N. 
by  E,  of  Columbus.    Pop.  1003. 

SHELBY,  a  township  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan.   P.  1675. 

SHELBY,  a  township  of  Jetfei-son  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1667 

1767 


SHE 


SHE 


dKELBT,  a  township  of  Tippecanoe  co..  Indiana.   P.  1216. 

SHELBY  COLL&tK.     See  Suelbtville.  Kentucky. 

SH  RLBY'S  BASIN,  a  post-rillim^e  of  Orleans  CO.,  New  York, 
on  the  Erie  Canal.  15  miles  E.  of  Lockport. 

SKi-LBY'S  CREEK,  a  post-office.  Tippah  co..  Mis.sissippi. 

SHELBY'S  SPlilXGS,  a  postoffice,  Shelby  eo.,  Alabama. 

SHEL'BYVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Shelby 
CO.,  Texas.  325  miles  by  the  usual  route  E.K.E.  of  Austin 
Citv.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  6  .stores.  The  situation 
Is  hiah  anil  healthy.     Settled  about  1S36. 

SHELBY VI LLE,  a  post-villaje,  capital  of  Bedford  co., 
Tennessee,  on  Duck  Kiver,  59  mile^J  S.S.E.  of  Xashville,  con- 
tains a  court-house,  a  bank.  newspa|>er  office,  and  several 
churches.  A  branch  of  the  Xashville  and  Chattanooga  Kail- 
road  terminates  here.    Pop.  estimated  at  1000. 

SHELBYVILLE.  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
Shelby  co.,  Kentucky,  on  Clear  Creek,  and  on  the  turnpike 
from  Louisville  to  Frankfort,  30  miles  E.  of  the  former.  It 
is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country.  Shelby  Col- 
lege, of  this  place,  was  founded  in  1830,  and  has  near  100 
students.  The  village  contains  a  large  new  court-house,  8 
or  9  churche.s.  3  flourishing  seminaries  for  young  ladies.  1  or 
2  newspapers  and  several  manufactories.     Pop.  in  1860,  811. 

SHELBYVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Shelby  CO.,  In- 
diana, is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Blue 
Kiver,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  Indianapolis  and 
Cincinnati  Kailroad  here  crosses  the  Shelbyville  and  Rush- 
ville  R.R.  It  contains  3  churches,  2  banks,  1  newspaper 
oflice,  and  a  large  seminary.    Pop.  1960. 

SHELBYVILLE,  a  post-village  or  city,  capital  of  Shelby 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Ka.skaskia  River,  and  on  the  St.  Louis 
Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Railroad,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield. 
It  contains  a  brick  court-house,  1  bank,  6  churches,  and  2 
newspaper  offices.  Pop.  in  1860, 1330 ;  in  1S65,  said  to  be 
about  5000. 

SHELBYTILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Shelby 
CO.,  Missouri,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  border  of  a  beau- 
tiful prairie,  90  miles  N.X.E.  of  Jefi"erson  City.  The  rail- 
road extending  from  Hannibal  to  St.  Joseph  passes  about  & 
miles  S.  of  Shelbyville. 

SHELBYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Iowa. 

SHEL'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon. 

SHELDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick 

SHEL'DOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Vermont,  near  the  Missisque  River.  54  miles  X.W.  of  Mout- 
pelier.  It  contains  several  churches,  and  a  bank.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  1655. 

SHELDON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wyoming  co., 
New  Y^ork.  15  miles  W.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  2794. 

SHELDON'S  G ROVE,  a  post-office  of  Schuvler  co.,  Illinois. 

SHEL'DOX VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

SHEl/DRAKE,  a  po.st-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 

SHELD'WICK,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SHELEKUOV.    See  Sheugov. 

SHELKKOF.    See  Sheligov. 
■  SHELRMI'AH.  a  post-office  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryl.ind. 

SHELF,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.West  Riding. 

SHELF'AXGER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

SHEL'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotts. 

SHELFOKD,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

SHELFORD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge. 

SUELGHUR,  shJrgiir',  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  15  miles 
S.E.  of  Ghuznee.  It  consists  of  a  fort  with  a  great  number 
of  houses  clustering  around  It.  and  is  inhabited  by  a  com- 
mercial tribe  of  Afghans  called  Lohanis.     Pop.  3000. 

SHELTF,  a  river  of  .\lsreria.     See  ShelliFF. 

SHELIGOV,  shJl-e-gov',  written  .also  SUELEKOF.  SCTIE- 
LIKOW,  CHELEKHOV  or  CHELIGOFF.  shSPe-goff'.  a  lake 
of  Russian  America.  int*rsect*?d  by  the  parallel  of  59°  X.  lat.. 
and  the  meridian  of  ISe^"  W.  Ion.  It  is  about  80  miles  long! 
with  a  medium  breadth  of  35  miles,  and  discharges  its  waters 
into  Bristol  B.ay. 

SHELIGOV,  SCIIELIKOW  or  CHELIGOFF,  a  strait  or 
channel  of  Russian  America,  between  the  island  of  Kodiak 
and  the  mainland. 

SHEL'LAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SHELL  BLUFF,  a  small  village  of  Burke  co..  Georgia. 

SHEL'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SHELLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SHELLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SHELLTFP.  shMOiff'  or  sWrieeP.  CHELIF  or  CHINA 
LACK,  che-ndlaf.  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Algeria, 
rises  in  Mount  Atlas,  flows  through  Lake  Titteri,  and  after 
a  X.  and  X.W.  course  of  250  miles,  enters  the  Mediterranean 
N.E.  of  Mristaganem. 

SHEL'LOW-B:  tW'ELLS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
SHKI,L  fOTNT.  a  post-office  of  W.ikulla  co.,  Florida. 
SHELL  RIVER,  of  St.  Croix  co..  Wisconsin,  enters  the  St. 
Croi.'c,  River  at  the  X.W.  extremity  of  the  county.    The 
Indian  name  is  K\tesikano. 

SHELL  IjOCK  CREEK,  of  Iowa,  rises  near  the  N.  border 


of  the  state,  and  unites  with  Lime  Creek  in  Floyd  county,  to 
form  tlie  English  Kiver. 

SHELLSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHELLTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
Crosswick's  Creek,  10  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Trenton. 

SHELOCTA,  a  post-village  of  Indiana  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
165  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Harri.<iburg. 

SHELS'LKY  BEAUCIIAMP,  (bee'cham,)  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land.  CO.  of  Worcester. 

SHELSLEY  WALSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

SHELS^VELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SHELTER  ISLAXD,  a  post-township  of  Suffolk  co.,  New 
York,  between  Great  Pecouic  and  Gardiner's  Bays,  about  100 
miles  E.  of  Xew  York.     Pop.  506. 

SHELTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SHELTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfulk. 

SHELTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xotts. 

SHELTOX,  a  township  and  chapelry  of  England,  eo.  of 
Stafford,  2  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xeweastle-under-Line.  It  com- 
prises the  village  of  Etruria  and  part  of  Cobridge.  and  is 
on  the  line  of  the  Crewe  and  Derby  Railway,  and  the  Grand 
Trunk  Canal. 

SHELTOX.  a  town.=hip  of  Warrick  co.,  Indi.ina.  Pop.OTi 

SHELTOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  eo..  Georgia. 

SHELVE,  shclv.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SHEMBEGUEWX,  shJm'beh-gun',  a  town  of  Burniah.  in 
Farther  India,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  68  miles  N.W.  of  I'atanago. 
Lat.  20°  30'  N.,  Ion.  94°  30'  E. 

SHEM-DEO,  shJm  d.Vo,  a  temple  of  British  India,  is  a 
sanctuary  8  miles  N.E.  of  Almora,  6760   feet  above  the  sea. 

SHEMOGA.  a  town  of  Indi.a.    See  Simoo.i. 

SHEX^ANDO'AH,  a  river  of  Virginia,  the  largest  affluent 
of  the  Potomac,  is  usually  described  as  formed  by  the  Xorth 
and  South  Forks,  which  unite  near  Front  Royal  in  Warren 
county.  The  South  Fork,  or  Shenandoah  Proper,  ri.ses  in 
Augusta  and  Rockingham  counties  by  three  branches, 
called  Xorth,  Middle,  and  South  Rivers,  which  unite  at  Port 
Republic  In  the  county  last  named.  It  pursues  a  north- 
easterly course,  nearly  parallel  with  the  Blue  Kidge.  which 
is  only  a  few  miles  distant,  and  falls  into  the  Potomac  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  just  above  its  passage  through  the  moun- 
tain. The  distance  by  the  windings  of  the  river,  from  its 
mouth  to  Port  Republic,  is  estimated  irt  170  miles.  This 
river  flows  through  the  great  valley  of  Virginia,  an  excellent 
tract  for  the  growth  of  grain.  It  affords  an  ample  supply 
of  water-power  at  numerous  points,  and  also  extensive 
facilities  for  navigation.  Small  Ixiats,  called  gondolas,  ascend 
the  main  stream  about  100  miles  above  Front  Royal. 

SHEXAXDO.\H,  a  county  in  the  X.E.  central  part  of 
A'irginia,  forming  part  of  the  great  limH.stone  v.-dley  which 
extends  along  the  M'.  b.ase  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  area  is 
about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Xorth  Fork 
of  the  Shenandoah  River,  from  which  the  name  is  derived. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  valleys  and  ridies.  The  soil  is 
generally  productive.  The  rocks  which  underlie  the  county 
are  blue  limestone,  slate,  and  sand.stone.  Iron  ore  is  abun- 
dant, and  affords  an  article  of  export;  lead  and  copper  also 
are  found.  A  railroad  extends  from  Strasburg  in  this 
county  to  Alexandria.  Capital,  Woodstock.  Pop.  13,896, 
of  whom  13,143  were  free,  and  753  slaves. 

SHENANDOAH,  New  York.    See  SniSA.\D0AH. 

SHEXAXDOAII  IROX-WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Page  co., 
A'irginia. 

SHEXANGO,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 
Pop.  1416. 

SHEX.\X'GO,  a  township  forming  the  S.AV.  extremity  of 
Mercer  county.  Pennsj-lvauLa,  intersected  by  the  Beaver  and 
Erie  Canal.     Pop.  2107. 

SHEXAX'GO  CREEK,  rises  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  after  flowing  in  a  S.  direction,  unites  with  the 
Mahoning  in  Lawrence  county,  and  forms  the  Beaver  River. 

SHEXDY.  SCHENDl  or  CHEXDI,  shen'dee",  sometimes 
written  CH.iXDI  or  S1I.A.XDY.  a  decayed  town  of  Xubia.  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Xile.  90  miles  X.X.E.  of  the  junction  of 
its  two  great  arms  at  Khartoom.  Lat.  16°  3S'  N..  Ion.  33° 
15'  E.  It  has  been  ruined  hy  wars,  but  markets  are  held 
here  twice  weekly,  at  which  live  stock  of  all  kinds,  fine 
wheat,  straw,  jars,  salt,  baskets,  and  cotton  cloths  are  sold. 
Ne.ar  it  the  finest  senna  is  abundant. 

SHEN'EVAS.  a  po.st-offlce  of  Otsego  eo..  New  Y'ork. 

SIIENEVAS  CREEK,  of  Otsego  co..  near  the  centre  of  New 
York,  flows  into  the  E:ist  Branch  of  the  Susquehann-a. 

SHEN'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.^sex,  1  mile 
N.E.  of  Brentwood,  with  a  station  on  the  Colchester  and 
Burv  Railwav. 

SilEN'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  G louce.=ter. 

SHENKOORSK.  SCHENKOURSK  or  SCIIENKURSK, 
shJu'kooRsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  192  miles 
S.E.  of  Archangel,  on  the  Waga.     Pop.  500. 

SHEX'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

SHENLEY,   a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bu.k=!. 

SHEX-SEE,  SHEX-SI  or  CHEX-SI.  shSn-see/,  (i.e.  tho 
"  western  frontier.")  a  province  of  China,  between  lat.  32*' 
and  40°  N.,  and  Ion.  106°  and  111°  E.,  having  K.  Monjtoiia, 


SHE 


SHE 


and  on  other  sides  the  proTincns  of  Kan-soo,  Se-chuen,  Hoo- 
pe,  Ilo-nati,  and  Shan-see.  Pop.  10,207,256.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  and  less  fertile  than  the  more  eastern  pro- 
vinces. The  Iloanjt-ho  forms  most  of  its  K.  boundary,  and  it 
Is  intersected  by  the  Iloei-ho.  The  products  are  niiliet.  iron, 
porphyry,  jasper,  copper,  gold,  musk,  ginseng,  rhuliarb,  and 
timber.  The  principal  manufactures  are  agricultural  and 
military  implements,  and  felt  for  military  clothing.  It  is 
divided  into  7  departments.  Chief  city,  See-ngan.  The  namo 
Shen-see  signifies  ••  vfestern  frontier,"  and  till  recently  it  was 
the  westernmost  province  in  the  N.  of  China. 

SIIPiN'STONK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

8IIK00-YAx\G-SHA\  or  CnJiOU-YANG-ClIAN,  shAVo^ 
ying^shSn',  a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Kan-soo,  lat.  34° 
42'  N..  Ion.  104°  17'  E.    It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SIIE-PA-KY,  shi'pd'kee'C?)  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
fo-kien. 

SIIKl'AUG'  RIVER,  a  fine  mill-stream  of  ConnectiMit, 
rises  in  Litchfield  county,  and  falls  into  the  Ilousatonic  in 
New  Haven  county. 

gllKl'IIKltU'S  GROVE,  post-office,  Culpepper  CO.,  Virginia. 

SIIKI"IlKi{D.STO\VN,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  eo., 
Pennsylvania,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SlIEl'llERDSTOW.N,  a  post-town  of  Jellerson  CO.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Potomac  River,  near  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal,  12  miles  above  Harper's  Kerry.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade.  A  small  stream,  which  passes  through  the 
town,  affords  motive-power  for  several  flouring  mills.  Sliep- 
herdstown  has  4  churches,  and  3  newspaper  offices.  Pop. 
1219. 

SHEPHERDSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio, 
7  miles  N.VV.  of  St.  Clairsville. 

SHEPHERDSVILLE,  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Bullitt  co., 
Kentucky,  ou  Salt  River,  18  miles  S.  of  Loui.sville.  It  has  1 
church,  and  an  academy.  The  Louisville  and  Nashville 
Kailroad  passes  through  it. 

SIIEP'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SlXkl*'ODY.  a  seaport  of  New  Brunswick,  co.  of  Albert,  at 
the  head  of  Shepody  Bay,  about  90  miles  N.E.  of  St.  John, 
in  lat.  45'^  40'  X..  Ion.  64°  30'  W. 

SIIKP'PARDTOWX,  a  village  and  steamboat  landing  of 
Alabama,  on  the  Black  Warrior  River,  below  Tuscaloosa. 

SIIIiP'PKKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

SHEP'PKV,  an  island  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  at  the 
moutli  of  the  Thames,  between  the  estuaries  of  the  Medway 
and  Swale.  Length.  9  miles;  breadth,  4j  miles.  It  was  for- 
merly much  larger,  but  has  been  progressively  encroached 
upon  by  the  sea.  On  its  W.  side,  bordering  the  Medway, 
are  Queenborough  and  Sheerness,  and  off  its  S.  side  the 
Islets  of  Elmley  and  Harty. 

Sni';i''KI'7riI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

SIII'IPS'COMH.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SIIEi-'TON  BEAUCIIAMP,  (bee'cham,)  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Somerset. 

SIIEPTO.N-MAIVLET,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Somerset,  on  a  branch  of  the  Brue.  19  miles  S. 
of  Bristol.  I'op.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  3S85.  It  has  some 
good  residences,  a  handsome  church,  a  convent,  a  market 
cross,  the  county  bridewell,  an  almshouse,  free  school,  and 
manufactures  of  crape  and  velvets. 

SIl  E  1"T<JX  MON  TAGUE,  (mon'ta-gu,)  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Somerset. 

SIIEP'WAY.  a  lath  of  the  co.  of  Kent,  in  England,  com- 
prising its  S.  part. 

SIIKRAN'DO,  a  post-office  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 

SIIK1{/B0RX,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Middlesex 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  22  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Boston.  The 
name  was  changed  from  Sherburne  to  Sherborn.  Pop.  of 
the  township.  1129. 

SflKRBORXl';,  shgr'bom,  a  market-town  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorset,  on  both  sides  oif  the  Ivel,  IS  miles  X.N.W.  of 
Dorchester.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  3878.  It  is  finely 
situated,  partly  on  a  height,  compactly  built,  and  has  a  large 
church,  formerly  part  of  an  abbey,  which  was  the  see  of  a 
bishopric  comprising  all  the  S.W.  counties  from  the  eighth 
till  the  eleventh  century,  when  the  see  was  transferred  to 
Salisbury.  It  has  an  old  town-hall  and  marketrhouse,  a 
grammar  school  with  an  annual  revenue  of  llOuZ.,  and  4 
exhibitions  of  601.  to  the  universities:  a  blue-coat  school, 
with  3  presentations  to  Christ  Church  College,  London; 
ulms  houses  and  other  charities,  with  some  manufiictures 
of  silk  twistand  buttons.  Nearitarethe  remains  of  a  castle, 
and  the  mansion  of  Earl  Digby,  built  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

SHl';Kli(JRXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SHERBOItX  E.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SHERBORNE  SAINT  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Qants. 

SHER'BORO  or  SHER'BRO,  an  island  off  the  Guinea 
coast,  opiiosite  the  mouth  of  Sherboro  River,  40  miles  S.S.E. 
Df  Sierra  Looue.  in  lat.  7°  30'  N„  Ion.  12°  40'  W.  Length.  30 
tiiles;  breadth.  10  miles.  It  is  low  and  unhealthy,  but  pro- 
duces rice  and  fruits,  which  the  inhabitants  export  to  Sierra 
leone  in  return  for  manufactured  gcjods. 

SHERBORO,  a  river  of  Guinea,  is  navigable  for  large  ves- 


sels for  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  those  of  70  or  80  tons 
may  ascend  it  for  230  miles.  It  joins  the  Atlantic  by  al, 
estuary  20  miles  wide. 

SIIER'BROOKE,  a  county  of  Canada  Ea.st,  bordering  on 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  and  intersected  by  the  Giand 
Trunk  Railway.  Area,  2785  square  miles.  Chief  town, 
Sherbrooke.     Pop.  in  1852.  20,014. 

SHERBROOKE.  a  thriving  post-town  of  Canada  East,  co 
of  Sherbrooke,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Magog,  and  on  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway,  95  miles  E.  of  Montreal,  96  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Quebec,  and  175  miles  N.N.W.  of  Portland.  It 
contains  a  branch  bank,  agencies  for  2  assurance  and  2  in- 
surance companies,  churches  of  4  or  5  denominations,  2 
printing  offices  issuing  weekly  newspapers,  an  academy, 
about  15  stores,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton 
cloths,  iron  castings,  machinery,  axes,  pails,  &c.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  district  courts,  and  returns  one  member  to  the 
Provincial  Parliament.     Pop.  about  1500. 

SIIERBROuKE,  a  river  port  of  Nova  Scoti.1,  co.  of  Guys- 
borough,  on  the  estuary  of  the  St,  Mary's  River,  about  12 
miles  from  the  Atlantic,  and  90  miles  E.N.E.  of  Halifax. 

SHER'BURX,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  York,  on  tlie  North  Midland  Rail- 
way. Pop.  656.  It  has  an  hospital,  and  school  with  4  scho- 
larships in  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  and  had  anciently 
a  palace  of  King  Athelstan.  Around  it  plums,  flax,  and 
teasel  are  extensively  raised. 

SHERBURN,  a  township  of  England,  co.,  and  2^  miles  E. 
of  Durham,  parish  of  Pittington,  with  a  station  on  the  North 
British  Railway. 

SHERBURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

SHER'BURNE.  a  township  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont,  46 
miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Montpelier.     I'op.  5'25. 

SHKRBURNE,  Massachusetts.    See  Sherborn. 

SHERBURNE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Chenango  Itiver  and  Canal.  43  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Utica.  The  village  contains  Baptist,  Episcopal, 
Methodist,  and  Presbyterian  chunhes.  an  academj',  a  fur- 
nace, and  .several  warehouses.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2701. 

SHEItBURXE,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

SIIER/BURN  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Fleming  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  Licking  River,  alnjut  10  miles  S.W.  of  Flemings- 
burg.    It  has  200  inhabitants. 

SilER/BURNVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

SIIER/COCK  or  KIL'LAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Cavan. 

SHERE,  sheer,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  with  a 
village  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Guildford,  on  the  Reading  and  Itei- 
gate  Railway. 

SHEREEAH-EL-KEBEER.    See  J0RD.\N. 

SHERE/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SHERFIELD,  ENG'LISU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

SHER'FIELD-0N-L01)0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

SHER'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SHERIAH-EL-KEBIR,  a  river  of  Palestine.    See  JORDAN, 

SHERIBON.    See  Cheribon. 

SHER/IDAN,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co..  New 
York,  on  I^ake  Erie,  intersected  by  the  Erie  Railroad,  10 
miles  from  Dunkirk.    Pop.  1716. 

SHERIDAN,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Michigan  Central  Railroad.     Pop.  991. 

SHER'IFF-HALES,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Stafford 
and  Salop. 

SHER'IFF-HUT'TOM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

SHER/INGHAM,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SHER/INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SHEKM.  shSBm.  an  Arabic  word  signifying  '-a  harbor," 
the  name  of  several  inlets  or  ports  of  the  E.  coast  of  the  Red 
Sea,  as  Sherm-B.^reikah,  Sherm-Rebegk,  &c.,  which  see. 

SHER'MAN,  a  post-township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
50  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  911. 

SHERMAN,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York.  10  miles  S.W.  of  Maysville.     Pop.  1394. 

SHERMAN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Grayson  CO., 
Texas,  about  270  miles  N.  of  Austin  City,  and  12  miles  S. 
of  Red  River.  It  is  situated  in  a  large  and  fertile  prairie. 
Laid  out  atout  1845. 

SHERMAN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Huron 
CO..  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Mansfield  and  Sandusky  Rail- 
road.    Pop.  1243. 

SHERMAN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  St.  Joseph 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  Stio. 

SHER'M  ANBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SHER/MAN'S  CREEK,  of  Perry  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
Into  the  Susquehanna  River. 

SHKiCMAXSDALE.  a  post-office.  Perry  co ,  Pennsylvania. 

SIIKR'.MAX'S  HOL/LOW.  post-office,  Yates  co..  New  York. 

SHER'MAXSVILLE.  a  village  of  Burrillville  township. 
Providence  CO.,  Rhode  Island,  on  the  route  of  the  proposed 
Woonsocket  and  Union  Railroad,  about  20  miles  N.W.  oi 
Providence.     It  contains  1  large  woollen  mill,   recently 

1769 


SHE 

erected  employing  175  hands,  and  1  store.  Value  of  goods 
manufi4(;tUK«5  per  annum.  $310,000.     Pop.  about  400. 

SlIERM-ANTAR,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Astabel. 

SIIEI{M-B.\REIK.\II,  shJRin  bi-ri'ka.an  inlet  of  the  Red 
!»sa,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Yembo,  and  having  the  ruins  of  a  large 
tlwn  on  its  border. 

SIIER.M-REBEGII,  shjRm  rA-b^g',  a  town  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  Red  Sea,  110  miles  S.E.  of  Yembo,  and  the  place  of  a 
larse  aunu-il  fair  from  .July  to  September,  inclusive. 

SIIERM  WE.T-U.  fhSRm-wJj.  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
Bed  Sea.  130  miles  X.W.  of  Yembo. 

SIIERX'BORN'E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SHER'ODSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Gtrroll  co.,  Ohio. 

SHER/RILL'S  FORD,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  North 
Carolina,  159  miles  Vt'.  of  R.-Ueigh. 

SHER'RINGTOX,  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  East, 
CO.  of  Huntingdon,  28  miles  from  Montreal.  Pop.  about 
1200. 

SHER^IIELL.  a  town  of  Algeria.    See  Cherchell. 

SIIER'STON  MAG'NA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SIIElfSTOX  PAR'VA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  WUts. 

SIIER'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SHER'WOOD,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Tennessee. 

SHERWOOD,  a  jwst-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Branch  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1051. 

SHERWOOD'S,  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York, 
14  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Aulmrn. 

SHES'EQUIN,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 7  miles  N.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1599. 

6HESHKIYEV  or  SCHESKEJEW,  shjs-kgh-y5v',  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  73  miles  N.N.W.  of  Penza,  on 
the  Kalma.    Pop.  1744. 

SHET'LAND  or  ZET'LAXD  ISLANDS,  an  archipelago  of 
about  30  islands,  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  belonging  to 
Scotland,  of  which  country,  with  the  Orkneys,  50  miles 
S.S.W..  it  forms  a  county:  it  is  mostly  between  lat  59°  51' 
and  60°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  0°  44'  and  1°  44'  W.,  180  miles  S.E. 
of  the  Faroe  group,  and  210  miles  W.  of  Bergen,  in  Norway. 
Are^-J,  S-S'SS  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  31,078.  Mainland, 
in  the  S.W..  comprises  about  half  the  area,  and  more  than 
Iwlf  the  entire  population,  together  with  Lerwick  and  Scal- 
loway, the  only  towns  in  the  group.  Other  islands  are  Yell, 
Unst,  Fetlar,  SYhal-sey,  Bressay,  East  and  West  Barra,  Pap;v 
Stour,  Foula,  the  northernmost,  (and  conjectured  to  be  the 
Vltima  Tlnde  of  the  ancients,)  and  Fair  Isle,  intermediate 
between  Shetland  and  Orkney.  The  coasts  are  generally 
bold  and  precipitous,  presenting  cliffs  broken  into  the  most 
rugged  and  fantastic  forms,  and  though,  for  the  most  part, 
under  500  feet,  attaining  in  the  precipice  of  Foula  the 
height  of  1200  feet  above  the  sea.  Their  deep  creeks  and 
sounds  form  a  succession  of  noble  natural  harbors.  The  in- 
terior is  not  very  elevated,  only  one  summit,  Rooness  Hill. 
In  the  N.  of  Mainland,  rising  1476  feet,  but  is  extremely 
wild  and  rugged;  and  but  for  the  almost  total  absence  of 
wood,  which  is  confined  to  a  scanty  supply  of  stunted 
birches,  willows,  and  mountain-ashes,  would  furnish  scenery 
not  merely  of  a  varied,  but  a  very  picturesque  description. 
Gneiss,  mica-schist,  hornblende  and  other  slate,  serpentine, 
and  primitive  limestone,  are  the  principal  rocks.  Some 
copper,  iron,  and  clay  are  met  with,  but  few  mines  or  quar- 
ries are  wrought.  Chromate  of  iron,  or  chrome-yellow,  is 
an  important  article  of  export  from  Unst.  The  valleys  in 
Mainland,  which  all  extend  N.  and  S.,  are  interspersed  with 
many  small  lakes.  The  climate  is  very  damp  and  variable, 
but  snow  or  frost  seldom  lasts  long  in  winter,  at  which  sea- 
son the  aurora  borejilis  is  highly  brilliant ;  night  is  scarcely 
known  during  May,  June,  and  July.  The  soil  is  mostly 
light,  gravelly,  and  less  productive  th.^n  that  of  the  Orkneys. 
Unst  is  the  most  fertile  island.  Agriculture  is  in  the  most 
biickward  condition.  The  surface  is  chiefly  appropriated  to 
tearing  live  stock,  though  some  potatoes,  turnips,  and  oats 
are  raised.  The  cod,  ling,  and  tusk  fisheries  are  highly  im- 
portant, employing  a  great  proportion  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  manufiictures  are  almost  wholly  domestic,  chiefly  Shet- 
land hosiery  and  shawls,  woven  by  hand  from  fine  wool ; 
other  exports  are  cattle,  fish,  &c.,  sent  S.  in  return  for  colo- 
nial and  manufactured  goods;  besides  which,  there  is  some 
contraViand  import  of  tobacco,  spirits,  &c.  from  the  Dutch 
Tessels  that  frequent  Shetland.  Bearmeal,  o<itmeal,  fish. 
and  potatoes  constitute  most  part  of  the  food  of  the  people, 
who  appear  to  be.  as  to  their  condition  and  education,  better 
off  than  the  population.of  the  N.  portion  of  the  mainland  of 
Scotland.  They  are  chiefly  of  Norwegian  descent,  and  their 
ancestors  are  said  not  to  have  embraced  Christianity  until 
the  thirteenth  century.  The  islands  form  a  synod  of  the 
S(X)ttish  Church,  arid,  together  with  Orkney,  they  send  1 
meml>er  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Scandinavian  antiqui- 
ties are  numerous  in  the  islands,  and  on  Fetlar  are  the  ves- 
ti::es  of  a  Roman  camp. 


ofIl"r.I!Ti'''^=^™^'  »  P»'"i'=*>  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

bHhrLCKKT,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas. 

SHKTUCK'ET  RIVER,  a  fine  mill  stream  in  the  E.  part 
Of  Connecticut,  is  formed  by  the  union  of  several  branches 
In  Tolland  anil  W  indham  counties,  and  flowing  SJI.,  unites 
With  the  \  antic  at  Norwich,  to  form  the  Thames. 


1770 


SHI 

'      SHETAGUNGA,  she-vi-gling'ga,  a  town  of  India,  in  My. 
sore.  26  miles  N.W.  of  Bangalore.' 

SHEVAGUNGA.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  district,  and  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Madura. 

SHEVAGURRY'.  she-vd-gCir'ree.  a  town  of  India,  d'^trict 
of  Tinnevelly.  87  miles  N.  of  Cape  Comorin. 
SHEVaxGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lanaster. 
SHEVIOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  CornwalL 

SHEVL1P.\T00R.  shJv-le-p.'i-toor'.  a  town  of  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  district,  and  54  miles  from  Tinnevelly. 

SHIASHKOTAN.  she-J.-ih-ko-tan'.  an  island  of  the  Koorile 
group,  in  lat.  48°  52'  X.,  Ion.  154°  8'  E.  It  is  12  miles  long 
from  N.N.E.  to  S.S.W..  and  lies  8  miles  W.  of  Kiinimakotan. 

SHIAAVASSEE.  shra-w6s'.see,  a  river  of  Michigan,  rises 
in  Oakland  county,  flows  N.W.  and  then  N..  and  unit«s 
with  the  Flint  to  form  the  Saginaw  River,  near  the  centre 
of  Saginaw  county. 

SHIAW.\SSEE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Miohigan, 
cont.ains  544  Sfiuaremiles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Shiawassee 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Maple  and 
Looking-glass  Kivers.  The  surface  is  partly  level  and  partly 
undulating.  Dense  forests  overspread  the  N.  part,  and  the 
other  portions  consist  of  timbered  openings.  The  soil  is  a 
fertile,  sandy  loam.  A  mine  of  stone  coal  has  been  opened 
near  Corunna.  the  county  seat.     Pop.  12,349. 

SHIAWASSEE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Shiawa.ssee 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  river  of  its  own  name,  .10  miles  N.E. 
of  Lansins.  The  village  contains  a  store,  and  1  or  2  mills. 
Pop.  of  the  township.  1145. 

SIIICKSHIX'XY,  a  post-office.  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SHIKLD.  sheeld.  a  township  of  Lake  co..  Illinois.   Pop.  671. 

SHIELDS.  North,  England.    See  Ttsemouih. 

SHIELDS.  South,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, seaport  town,  and  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Dur- 
ham, on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Tyne.  near  its  mouth,  and  on  the 
railway,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sunderland.  P<>)).  of  borough, 
in  1S61.  35,22.3.  The  principal  buildings  are  a  town-hall  and 
exchange,  in  a  large  square;  theatre,  and  church  of  St. 
Hilda.  The  Tyne  is  here  about  two-thirds  as  wide  as  the 
Thames  at  London  Bridge.  Ship-building,  and  manufactures 
of  ropes,  glass,  soap,  sotla.  and  Wer.  are  the  principal  branches 
of  industry.  Shields  has  a  thriving  Baltic  and  East  Indian 
trade.  The  port,  by  an  expansion  of  the  river  into  a  wide 
b.Hy,  capable  of  containing  2000  merchant  vessels,  admits 
ships  of  300  tons  to  load  at  its  quays,  but  is  of  very  difficult 
access.  In  1851  the  registered  tonnage  was  723  vessels,  carry- 
ing 165,613  tons.  The  number  of  vessels  entered  was  1628, 
carrying  200,614  tons;  and  cleared  2:588,  c.irryinir  290,651 
tons.  The  port  communicates  by  railway  with  all  parts  of 
the  country.  It  is  the  .seat  of  courts  baron  and  leet.  under 
the  dean  and  chapter  of  Durham.  It  sends  1  member  to 
the  House  of  Commons. 

SHIELDS,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas. 

SIIIELDS'BOROUGH,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Hancock  co.,  Mississippi,  on  St.  Louis  Bay,  which  opens  into 
Lake  Borgne,  212  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jack.son.  It  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  1  or  2  churches,  a  newspaper 
office,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  in  1853.  about  1200. 

SHI  EL.  LOCH,  loK  sheel.  a  lake  in  the  W.  part  of  Scot- 
land, between  the  counties  of  Inverness  and  Argyle.  sepa- 
rating the  districts  of  Moidart  and  Ardgowan.  16  miles  W. 
of  Fort  William.  Length,  15  miles;  breadth.  1  mile.  It  dis- 
charges its  surplus  waters  on  the  W.  by  the  river  Shiel,  into 
the  sea  at  Loch  .Moidart 

SHIEI/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana,  35 
miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

SHIENNE  or  CUIENNE  (she-JnnO  RIVER,  of  Dakota, 
Ten-itorv,  flows  E.,  and  falls  into  Missouri  River  in  about 
44°  20'  N.  lat.     Length.  200  miles. 

SHIFF'XAL,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Salop,  with  a  station  on  the  Birmingham  and  Shrews- 
bury Railway.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Wolverhampton.  Pop.  in 
1851,  5617,  employed  in  coal  and  iron  mines,  and  in  a  paper 
manufactory. 

SHIKAGUA  RIVER,  Iowa.    See  Skunk  River. 

SHIKARPOOR,  skik-ar-poor', the  most  considerable  town 
of  Sinde,  in  a  level  tract,  15  miles  W.  of  the  Indus,  and  N.W. 
of  Sukkur,  on  the  high  route  from  India  into  Afghanistan 
by  the  Bolan  Pass.  Lat.  27°  57' N..  Ion.  68°  45' E.  Esti- 
mated population,  30.000,  of  whom  20.000  are  Hindoos,  com- 
prising many  wealthy  bankers.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  mud 
wall,  24  miles  in  circuit,  outside  of  which  are  large  grove* 
and  gardens.  The  chief  edifices  are  a  bazaar  in  its  ojntre, 
nearly  half  a  mile  in  length,  and  the  mansions  of  opulent 
Hindoo  merchants.  The  «ther  dwellings  are  but  mean  huts, 
each,  however,  having  a  shop.  The  triinsit  trade  is  \arge. 
The  chief  merchants  have  agents  in  all  the  principal  cities 
of  South  and  West  Asia. 

SHIKATZE.  a  town  of  Thibet.    See  Jikabzb. 

SHII/BOTTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land. 

SHII/DON.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  with  » 
st.ition  on  the  Wear  Valley  Kailway,  3  miles  S,S.E.  o^  Bi» 
trop-.\nckland. 

SUILKA,  SCHILKA  or  CHELKA,  shU'kJ,  a  rivor  of  Asia, 


SIII 


SIIK 


forminp.  by  its  junction  with  the  ArROon,  the  Amoor.    In 
the  uppor  part  of  its  course  it  is  called  the  Onon. 

SHILLELAGH.  shil-lA'Ia.  a  villa^'e  oflreland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Wieklow.  9  males  K.S.E.  of  Tullow.  Pop.  in  ISol,  156. 
It  has  a  handsome  church,  a  school,  union  worli-house,  and 
flour  milLs. 

SHIL'LIXGFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

SHlLLINGFOliD  SAINT  GEOltGE,  a  parish  of  England, 
00.  of  Devon. 

SHiyLINGSTOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

SHILLOOKS,  SHILLOUKS  or  SIIILLUKS,  shiriooks',  a 
people  dwelling  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Africa. 

SHILOH,  shilo,  a  post-Tillage  of  Cumberland  co.,  New 
Jersey.  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  Uridgeton,  contains  a  church  and 
about  26  dwellings. 

SHILOH,  a  post-office  of  King  George  co.,  Virginia. 

SHILOH,  a  post-v'Jlage  of  Camden  co.,  North  Carolina, 
226  miles  N.E.  by  E.  from  Raleigh. 

SHILOH,  a  post-vjllage  of  Sumter  district.  South  Carolina. 

SHI  LOII,  a  post-office  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 

SIIILdH,  a  post-office  of  Union  parish,  Louisiana. 

SHILOH.  a  post-office  of  Holmes  CO.,  Mississippi. 

SHILOH,  a  post-office  of  Hunt  CO.,  Texas. 

SHILOH,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennes.see. 

SHlIjOH,  a  post-vill;ige  of  Callaway  co..  Kentucky. 

SH 1  l/rON,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Berks  and  Oxford. 

SITILTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SHI.MEKVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Lehigh  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHI.M'I'LI.NG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SHIMI'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SHIN^ANDO'AH  or  SHEN'AND(yAH,  a  po.st-Tillage  of 
Dutchess  CO.,  New  York.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Poughkeepsie. 

SHIN'CLIFF,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co..  and  2  miles  S.E. 
of  Durham,  on  the  river  Wear,  with  a  station  on  the  North 
British  Railway. 

SHIN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

SIIIN'KTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SHI  N' t'l  KLD,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Berks  and  Wilts. 

SIllN'OAY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

SHINOIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SlIINti-KING.  China.     See  1>eao-ton(}. 
.     SIIING'LE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York. 

SHINGLE  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  EI  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

SHIN  HOLLOW,  a  railro.ad  station  in  Orange  co..  New 
Vork.  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  92  miles  from 
New  York  citv. 

SHIN-LIN-LTNG  or  CIIIN-LIN-LING,sheenMeenMing',a 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  Shan-see,  in  lat.  37°  36*  N., 
Ion.  112°  44'  E.    It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SHIN,  LOCH.  loK  shin,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Suther- 
land, parish  of  Lairg,  from  which  village  it  extends  for 
about  17  miles  N.W.,  by  1  mile  in  breadth.  It  discharges  its 
surplus  waters  .southward  into  the  Oikel  by  the  small  river 
Shin.  7  miles  in  length. 

SHIN'NECOCK  BAY,  SufTolk  co.,  New  York,  on  the  S. 
side  of  Long  Island,  is  10  or  12  miles  long,  and  separated 
from  the  sea  by  a  narrow  sandbeach. 

SHINNS/TON  or  SIIINNSH^OWN,  a  post-Tillage  of  Harri- 
son CO..  W.  Virginia,  about  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

SHINRONE,  shin-r8n',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  King's  county.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in 
1851.  873.    Here  are  remains  of  several  castles. 

SHIN-YANG,  a  town  of  Mantchooria.     See  Lr.A0-T.\!f0. 

SHIP'UODRNE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SHI  l''DAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SHIP'tlAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SHIP  ISLAND,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  30  miles  N.  of  the 
Chandeieur  Islands. 

SHIPKK,  sbip'ki\  a  large  village  of  Little  Thibet,  on  the 
Sutlei.  :n  l.tt.  31°  49'  N.,  Ion.  78°  45'  E. 

SHIP'LAKE,  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Oxford 

SHI1"LI;Y,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SHIPLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  3  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Bradford,  on  the  Midland  Conn- 
ties  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  3272,  employed  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  woollens  and  paper. 

SHIPLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

8HIPMAN.  a  post-office  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinoi.s. 

SHII'MEAD'OW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SHIPPEGAN.  ship-peh-gin',  an  island  of  New  Brunswick, 
near  its  N  E.  coast  at  the  S.E.  entrance  of  Chaleur  Bay.  It 
Is  of  somewhat  triangular  shape,  about  20  miles  long,  by  10 
miles  broad. 

SHIP'PEN,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  McKean  CO.,  Pennsvlvania.    Pop.  938. 

SHIPPEN,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHIPPEX.  a  small  village  of  Tioga  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHIP'PENBURG,  a  new  post-township  of  Cuml)erland  CO., 
Pennsylvania. 

SHIPPENSBURG,  a  posMiorough  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Cuml)erland  Valley  Railroad,  21  miles 
S.W.  of  Carlisle.  This  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  county,  and 
the  largest  except  Carlisle.  Ut  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  ferm- 


ing  district.  It  contains  6  churches,  1  or  2  banks,  2  new* 
paper  offices,  2  foundries  with  machine-shops,  and  a  sash 
and  door  factory.  A  company  has  been  formed  for  the  erec- 
tion of  glass  works  here.     P(jp.  in  1850, 1568 ;  in  18iiO.  184a 

SHIP'PENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn.syl. 
vania,  on  the  Bellefonte  and  Erie  Turnpike,  5  miles  N.W.of 
Clarion.    It  has  1  church,  and  several  stores. 

SHIP'PINGPORT,  a  village  of  .Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio.  2  miles  below  Louisville. 

SHIP/STOX-ON-STOUR,  a  market-town  andparish  of  Enff- 
land,  in  a  detached  part  of  the  county  of  Worcester,  en- 
closed by  Warwickshire,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Worcester.  Pop, 
in  1851.  1835. 

SHIPTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.,  and  6  miles  N.N.W. 
of  York,  on  the  York  and  Newcastle  Railway.  It  has  a 
grammar-school. 

SHIPTON,  a  chapelry  of  Engl.and,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Market- 
Weighton,  on  the  Scarborough  and  Bridlington  Canal. 

SHIPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SHIP/TON-ON-CIIER'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

SHIPTON  MOYNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SHIP/TON  O'LIFKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

SIIIP/TON  SOL'LARS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

SIIIP/TON-UNDER-WICK'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co, 
of  Oxford. 

SIIIRAZ,  a  city  of  Persia.    See  Sheeeaz. 

SniR'BURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford.  The 
Earl  of  Macclesfield  has  a  castellated  and  moated  residence 
in  this  parisli. 

SHIREHAMPTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 

SIURE/MANTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsvlvania.  4  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SHIRE-NEWTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

SIIIRINKI  or  SHIRINKY,  sheeVin'kee.  one  of  theKoorile 
Lslands,  S.W.  of  Paramoosheer,  in  lat.  5U°  10'  N.,  Ion.  154° 
68'  E.     It  is  a  conspicuous  rock,  25  miles  in  circuit. 

SHIR'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SHIR'LAXD.  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHIRLAND,  a  township  of  Winnebago  co..  Illinois.  P,461. 

SlilR'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SHIR'LEY,  a  post-township  in  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  85 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  282. 

SHIRLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Fitehburg  Railroad,  at  the  terminus 
of  the  Peterborough  and  Shirley  Railroad.     Pop.  1468. 

SHIRLEY,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  23  miles 
S.  of  Buffalo. 

SIIIKLEY,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co..  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2011. 

SHIRLEY,  a  post-office  of  Tyler  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

SHIRLEY  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Slaine. 

SHIRLEYSBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hunt- 
ingdon CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Aughwiek  Creek.  85  miles  W. 
of  Ilarrisburg,  contains  several  stores,  and  has  rich  iron- 
mines  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  about  500. 

SHIRLEY  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusett.s,  41  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

SHIRLEYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Abbeville  district. 
South  Carolina. 

SHIRLEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois. 

SHIRVAN,  written  also  SHIRWAN,  SCHIRWAN  or 
CHIRVAN,  shirVdn'  or  sheerSdn'.  a  province  of  Asiatic 
Russia,  in  Transcaucasia,  between  lat.  40°  and  41°  N.,  anjj 
Ion,  48°  and  49°  30'  E.,  having  E.  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the 
province  of  Bakoo,  S.  the  river  Koor,  and  N,  the  Cau- 
casus. A  range  of  high  mountains  traverses  the  province 
from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  separating  the  basins  of  the  Koor  and 
the  Terek.  The  N.  portion  forms  a  plain,  which  is  well 
wooded :  it  is  watered  by  numerous  affluents  of  the  Koor, 
and  is  highly  fertile.  The  principal  town  is  Shamaka.  A 
line  of  military  forts  skirts  the  shores  of  the  Caspian  from 
Bakoo  to  Derbend,  and  another  extends  from  Bakoo  to  the 
Black  Sea.  In  1500  Shirvan  was  annexed  to  the  Persian 
Empire  by  Shah  Ishmael,  and  it  remained  subject  to  that 
power  till  the  fall  of  the  dynasty  of  Sefi, 

SHISDRA,  a  town  of  I!us.«ia.    See  Zhizdra, 

SHISHEW.\N,  shee'sheh-wdn',  a  village  of  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Azerbaijan,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lake  Ooroomeeyah. 
In  1838  an  uncle  of  the  reigning  Shah  of  I'ersia  resided  here, 
in  a  palace  which  he  had  built  in  the  European  style.  He 
had  also  founded  in  the  village  an  experimental  farm, 
gla.ss  foundry,  pottery,  white-wax  factory,  silk,  cotton  and 
worsted  looms,  and  different  workshops  upon  European 
models,  » 

SIIIT'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SHITLINGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 

SHI-TSIEN,  a  city  of  China.    See  Shee-Tsien. 

SIIKLOV,  SCHKLOW  or  CHKLOV.  shklov,  a  town  of 
Russia,  government, and  25  miles  N.N.W'. of  Mc'heelev.  on  the 
Dnieper.  It  is  well  built,  and  contains  8  churches,  3  con- 
vents, and  a  synagogue.    Pop.  2500. 

1771 


SHO 

SHOA.  SCHOA  or  XOA,  sho'3,  (See  Istrodcctio!?,  xxiii., 
11,)  written  also  SUVVA,  the  most  S.  of  the  three  principal 
«t»tes  of  Abyssinia,  lying  chieHy  between  the  K;ihr  el  Azrek 
or  Blue  Nile,  and  the  river  Ilawash.  Lat.  8°  30'  to  10° or  11° 
Nt  Ion.  38°  to  40°  30'  E.  The  surface  is  mostly  mountainous, 
some  parts  from  8000  to  9000  feet  above  the  sea,  but  it 
comprises  many  rich  valleys  and  undulating  plains,  and 
the  tributary  Galla  territories,  on  the  frontiers,  are  exube- 
rantly fertile.  Cattle,  corn,  coffee,  cotton,  dye-woods,  drugs, 
wild  indigo,  sulphur,  nitre,  alum,  coal,  and  several  metals 
are  among  the  chief  products.  Some  of  these,  and  gold  dust, 
ivory,  hides,  civet,  and  other  merchandise  from  Central 
Africa;  cotton  cloths,  blankets,  water-tight  baskets,  and 
mats  of  superior  quality,  peltry,  leather,  and  parchment 
manufactured  in  Shoa;  and  slaves  from  the  countries  of  the 
Interior,  are  sent  to  Zevla,  Berbera,  and  other  ports  on  the 
Red  Sea  and  Sea  of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  in  return  for  European 
and  other  manufactured  goods  and  foreign  produce.  The 
principal  towns  are  Aukobar,  (the  capital,)  Angolalla,  and 
Tegulet,  In  1841,  a  British  embassy  was  sent  from  India 
into  Shoa  under  Major  Harris,  whose  work,  HighlaneU  of 
jEtltiopia,  may  be  referred  to  for  copious  particulars  respect- 
ing that  country. 

SHOAL  B.\SIN,  a  circular  bay  of  North  Australia,  near 
Shoal  Bay,  a  little  farther  up  Apsley  Strait. 

SHOAL  (shol)  BAY,  of  East  Austi-alia ;  lat.  29°  25'  S.,  Ion. 
153°  20'  E.,  is  about  midway  between  Moreton  Bay  and 
Port  Macquarrie,  and  receives  Clarence  lUver  at  its  W.  ex- 
tremity. 

SHOAL  BAY,  of  North  Australia,  at  the  S.  extremity  of 
Apslev  Strait,  between  Melville  and  Bathurst  Islands.  Lat. 
11°  48"'  S.,  Ion.  130°  43'  E. 

SHOAL  CKEEK,  of  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  rises  in  the 
former,  and  flows  through  Lauderdale  co.,  Alabama,  into 
Tennessee  Kiver.  a  few  miles  above  Florence. 

SHOAL  CKEEK,  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Illinois,  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  two  branches  called  the  East  and  West 
Forks.    It  flows  southerly  into  the  Kaskaskia. 

SHOAL  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  eastward  through 
Caldwell  co.,  and  enters  Gi-and  River  near  the  middle  of 
Livingston  county. 

SHOAL  CKEEK,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 

SHOAL  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Cherokee  co..  Georgia. 

SHOAL  CKEEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri. 

SHOAL  FORD,  a  postK)ffice  of  Limestone  co.,  Alabama. 

SHO.ALHAVEN,  shol-hA'vgn,  a  considerable  river  of  New 
South  Wales,  rises  about  lat.  36°  S.,  Ion.  149°  60'  E.,  flows  N. 
and  E.,  separating  the  co.  of  St.  Vincent  from  the  cos.  of 
Murray,  Argyle,  and  Camden,  and  enters  the  Pacific  by  a 
large  mouth.  75  miles  S.W.  of  Sydney.  Its  affluents  are  "the 
Modbury,  Mongarlow,  and  Werrimungo. 

SlIOAL  NESS,  a  headland  of  Russian  America,  about  lat. 
69°  N.,  Ion.  162°  W. 

SHOAL.S-OF-OGEE'CHEE,  a  manufacturing  post-village 
of  Hancock  co.,  Georgia,  on  the  Ogeechee  River,  38  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

SHOAL  Sl'Rl.NG,  a  postoffice  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee. 

SHOAl/WATER  BAY,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Washington 
Territory,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Lewis  and 
Pacific  counties. 

SHOB'DON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

SHO'BEirS  JULLS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio. 

SHO'BUOOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SHOCCO  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SHOCK'EY'S  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Lamar  co.,  Texas. 

SHOCK'LACH,  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

SHOEBURY,  shoo/ber-e,  Nokth,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Essex. 

SHOEBURY.  SoDTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SHOE/MAKER'S,  a  railroad  station  of  Alleghany  co..  New 
York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  362  miles  from 
New  York  City. 

SHOEMAKER'S,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SHOEMAKEKTOWN  or  SHOE'MAKERSTOWN,  a  plea- 
Bant  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Doylestown  Turnpike,  9  miles  N.  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

SHOENECK,  a  small  village.  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SIIiXJRE  or  SIIOGHER,  she.'grA,  a  town  of  North  Syria, 
pashalic  of  Aleppo,  on  the  Orontes,  25  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Antioch. 

SHO'K.A^N.  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York. 

SHOKA'PEK,  a  village,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  right  bank  of  St.  I'eter's  Kivor,  about  30  miles  S.W.  of 
St.  P;iul.     .More  properlv  Shakopee. 

SHOKO'KO.X,  a  post-o'fflcc  of  Henderson  co.,  Illinois. 

SHOL/DE.\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

SHONA.  sho'ua,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  on  the  W 
coast,  CO.  of  Inverness.  Lat.  (W.  point)  50°  49'  N„  ion.  5° 
43  W.     From  3  to  4  miles  long,  and  H  miles  broad. 

SHO'NEAW.  a  pfwt-otfice  of  Columbia  oo..  Wisconsin. 

SUONGA'LO.  a  post-vUlage  of  CarroU  co.,  Mississippi,  15 
miles  S.i..  of  Carrollton. 
1772 


SHO 

SHON'GO.  a  post-office  of  Alleghanv  co..  New  York. 
SHOOBATA,  a  postoffice  of  Clark  co..  Mississippi. 
SHOOJUABAD,  shooyoo-a-bdd',  or  SIIUJABAD.  shoo'ja- 
bad',  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  'in  its  S.  part.  4  miles  from  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Chenaub,  and  25  miles  S.  of  .Mrxiltan.  Pop. 
10.IX)0.  It  stands  in  a  fine  fertile  plain,  watered  by  canals, 
and  has  a  noble  appearance,  being  enclosed  by  a  bijck  wall 
30  feet  in  height,  strengthened  by  octagonal  towers.  Its 
area  is  entirely  filled  with  buildings,  and  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  cottons  and  turned  wares  of  superior  quality,  with 
excellent  gardens,  and  a  vicinity  yielding  large  yops  of 
sugar-cane,  cotton,  grain,  and  indigo. 

SHOO'LING  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North 
Carolina. 

SHOOMLA,  SCHUMLA.  SIIUMLA  or  CHOUMLA,  shoom'. 
Id,  sometimes  written  SIIU.M.\.\.,  (anc.  Marciun-ifMis?)  a 
fortified  city  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  pashalic.  and 
5S  miles  S.S.W.  of  Silistriii.  Lat.  4.3°  la'  N.,  Ion.  near  27° E. 
Pop.  21,000.  It  stands  in  a  gorge,  on  the  N,  declivity  of  the 
Balkan  Itange :  and  being  on  the  great  route  from  AVallachia 
to  Constantinople,  it  is  one  of  the  keys  of  the  Turkish  capi- 
tal. On  three  .sides  it  is  enclosed  by  mountains,  and  is 
encircled  by  ramparts  and  a  double  fosse,  strengthened  by  a 
citadel,  and  strong  redoubts  on  an  adjacent  height.  It  is 
intersected  by  a  rivulet,  and  divided  into  an  up^tor  and  a 
lower  town,  the  former  chiefly  inhabited  by  Turks,  and  con- 
taining numerous  mosques,  some  new  barracks,  and  a  town- 
clock,  having  a  lull  which  strikes  the  hour — a  circumstance 
unique  in  "Turkey.  It  is  the  re.'-ideuce  of  a  pasha  and  a 
Greek  archbishop;  and  h.is  flourishing  manufactures  of  tin 
and  copper  wares,  ready-made  clothes,  which  are  sent  to 
Constantinople,  silk  goods,  and  leather.  The  Russians  at- 
tempted unsuccessfully  to  take  it  in  1774,  1810,  and  1828. 
SHOOS.    See  Soos. 

SHOOSHA.  SHOUSHA  or  SHUSHA,  shoo'shl  written 
also  SHOOSIII  or  SCHUSCHI,  shoo'shee,  and  CIIOUCHE, 
a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  Transcaucasia, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Karab-igh,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Ganjeh, 
and  ISO  miles  S.E.  of  Titlis.  Itwas  founded  under  the  name 
of  Penahabad  by  Nadir  Shah,  in  a  very  strong  position,  on 
a  mountain  accessible  on  only  one  side.  It  comprises  about 
2000  houses, 

SHOOSTER.  SHUSTER  or  SCHUSTER,  shoos'tjr,  written 
also  CHOUSTER  or  SCHOUSTER,  a  city  of  Persia,  province  of 
Khoozistan,  on  the  Karoon.  here  crossed  by  a  fine  stone  bi  idge 
of  9  arches,  :J0  miles  E,S,E.  of  Dezfool.  Lat.  32°  N.,  Ion.  49° 
E.  Estimated  pop.  8000.  It  stands  on  a  small  hill  crowned 
by  a  citadel,  and  on  the  land  side  it  is  enclosed  by  a  brick 
wall,  out.side  of  which  the  Ab-i-tiargar  Canal,  ccmstiucted  by 
Shahpoor  I.,  separates  it  from  its  suburb,  and  establishes  a 
navigable  communication  with  the  Karoon.  atout  20  raUes 
distant.  Houses  mostly  of  stone,  and  the  city  possesses 
many  elegant  buildings.  It  remained  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince until  nearly  depopulated  by  the  plague  in  1832,  and 
was  subsequentlv  much  damaged  bv  an  inundation  in  1S40. 
SHOOTTER'S  HILL,  England,  co.  of  Kent,  p.irish  of 
Eltham,  li  miles  S.E.  oif  Woolwich,  rises  to  446  feet  in  height, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  heights  near  London. 
On  its  summit  is  Severndroog  (Savindroog)  Castle,  a  tower 
erected  by  Sir  W.  James  to  commemorate  his  capture  of  the 
Indian  fortress  so  named,  in  1756. 

SHOOYA,  SHUYA.  SCHUJA  or  CHOUIA.sboo'y.i  atown 
of  Russia,  government  of  Vladlmeer,  on  the  Te.sa.  .50  miles 
N.W.of  Viazuiki.  Pop.3000.  It  has  thriving  linen  and  cotton 
weaving  and  print-works,  soap,  and  various  other  factories. 
SHOPIERE.  sho'pe-air'.  a  pof  t-village  of  Turtle  township, 
Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin.  60  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Milwaukee.    It 
contains  3  stores,  1  hotel,  2  mills,  and  a  plough  manufactory. 
Pop.  pstinwterl  at  2.50. 
SHOP^LAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
SHOP  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Newberry  district.  South 
Carolina. 

SHOP  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  Co.,  Tennessee. 
SHORE'DITCH,  a  quarter  of  the  British  metropiilis,  im- 
mediately N,  of  the  city  of  London,  and  included  in  tho 
borough  of  Tower  Hamlets. 

SHORiyilAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent.  Here  is 
Filstone  Hall,  an  old  moated  edifice. 

SHOREHAM,  New,  a  parlimentary  borough,  seaport 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the  South  • 
Coast  Railway.  1  mile  from  the  sea.  and  6  miles  W.  of  Brigh- 
ton. Pop.  in  1851.  2690.  Pop.  of  the  parlimentary  Iwrough, 
which  now  includes  a  large  portion  of  the  rape  of  Bramber, 
30,553.  The  town  is  irregularly  built :  the  principal  build- 
ings are  the  market-house,  a  fine  church,  and  a  suspension 
bridge  over  the  Adur.  The  harbor  is  encumbered  by  a  bar 
with  from  14  to  17  feet  water,  and  was  used  for  some  time 
by  the  steamers  in  connection  with  the  above  railway.  The 
steamers  hiive  been  removed  to  Newhaven,  but  Sliorehara 
still  continues  to  carry  on  an  important  trade,  owing  chiefly 
to  its  being  a  warehousing  port  for  timber,  and  for  West 
Indian.  Mediterranean,  African,  Russian,  French.  Dutch, 
and  other  produce.  In  1851  the  tonnage  of  the  port  was  103 
vessels,  of  10,304  tons;  the  ves.sels  entered  were  1007,  of 
90,982  tons ;  and  cleared  420  vessels,  of  25,946  tons.    Sboro- 


SHO 


SHU 


ham  has  long  been  noted  for  its  ship-buiWinp: ;  and  has  a 
productive  fishery,  and  extensive  woiks  for  making  cemeut. 
Tlie  liorouih  returns  two  members  to  Parliament. 

SIIOllKUAM,  Old,  a  parish  of  Knirlaud.  co.  of  Sussex. 

SHDitiyilAM,  a  post-villa:i;e  and  township  of  Addison  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Ji.  side  of  Lake  C'hamplain,  50  miles  S.W. 
of  Montptlier.    The  villaste contains  an  academy,   i^op.  13S2. 

SIIOKKOTE.  shor^kot/,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  between  the 
Ohenaub  and  Ravee  Itivers,  75  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mooltan. 

SIMK.N'OUTT.  a  parish  of  Knsland,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SIIOKNK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SlIUKT  BKXD.  a  postK)ffice  of  Dent  co..  Missouri. 

SHORT  CIIKEK,  of  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Ohio  River  in 
Jefferson  county. 

SHOUT  CltEKK.  a  post-ofHce  of  Brook  co.,  W.  A'irginia. 

SHORT  CRKKK,  a  post^fflce  of  .Marshall  co.,  Alabama. 

SHORT  CREKK,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Tennes.see. 

SHORT  CRKKK,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1857. 

SHORT  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SHORT  MOUNTAIN,  a  small  village  of  Cannon  co.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

SHORT  TRACT,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York, 
10  miles  N.  of  Angelica. 

t-Hi»R'WKLL.  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

SHO.^HO'NEKS  or  SNAKE  INDIANS,  a  large  tribe  in- 
habiting the  central  part  of  Oregon  Territory,  on  both  sides 
of  Snako  or  Lewis  River. 

SHOT'LKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

SHOTLKY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SulTolk. 

SHOTLKYUKIDUE.  a  town  of  England,  co.  of  Durh.am. 
In  the  Vale  of  the  Derwent.  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge, 
14  miles  S.W.  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

SHOTTESRROOK,  shotsOjrook,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  rterks. 

SHOTTESHAM,  (shots'aiil,)  ALL  SAINTS,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SII0TT1<;SHAM  ST.  MARY,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

SH0T'T1.<HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SHOT'TLK.  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

Sni)T'TO\,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

SHi)TrS,  a  paiish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark.  It  has  ex- 
tensive coal  and  iron-works. 

SlIDTi'S'Wl-ILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SHOT'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

SHOULD!!  AM,  shOld'am.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Norfolk, 
6  miles  N.E.of  Downham  market.     It  has  mineral  springs. 

SHOULDHAM,  THORPE,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

SHOCSH  A.  a  town  of  A.siatic  Russia.     See  Shoosha. 

SHOWS'TOWN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Moon  town- 
ship, Alleghany  co.,  I'ennsylvauia.  on  the  left  hank  of  the 
Ohio,  17  miles  below  Pittsburg.  The  chief  business  of  the 
pla.,-e  is  steamboat  building.     I'op.  at>uut  1000. 

SHOWY,  sho'ee.  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Sharv,  23  miles  S.E.  of  its  mouth  in  Lake  Tchad.  Lat. 
12°  45'  N..  Ion.  15°  58'  E. 

SHRAIv'LEYVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania. 

SHRA'WARDINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SHR.\W'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

SHPiEVK,  shreev.  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

SHKEVEI'ORT.  shreev'pOrt.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital 
of  Caddo  parish.  Louisiana,  on  the  right  (AV.)  bank  of  Red 
River,  about  300  miles  by  land  or  550  miles  by  water  N.W.  of 
Baton  Rouge,  and  about  30  miles  below  the  '•  Great  Raft," 
which  is  the  limit  of  navigation  for  large  steamboats.  It  is 
advantiigeously  situ,ated  for  trade,  being  in  the  midst  of  a 
rich  planting  region,  and  the  only  accessible  point  on  the 
W.  side  ofthe  river  for  more  than  100  miles.  Some  18  boats 
are  regularly  engaged  in  the  trade  between  this  town  and 
New  Orleans  during  about  8  months  of  the  year.  About 
40,000  bales  of  cotton  are  received  here  annually,  and  im- 
mense numbers  of  cattle  from  Texas  are  .shipped  to  the  New 
Orleans  market.  Shreveport  contains  3  churches,  40  stores, 
8  newspaper  offices,  and  several  steam  mills.  A  railroad  has 
been  surveyed  from  Vicksburg  to  Shreveport.  Eree  pop.  2190. 

SHREWSBURY,  shroz'ber-e  or  shruz'ber-e,  (anc.  UrM- 
nium.)  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and  town 
i.f  England,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Salop,  nearly  enclosed  by 
the  Severn,  on  the  railway,  38  miles  S.  of  Chester.  Pop.  of 
the  borough  in  1861,  22,055.  It  has  a  handsome  external 
appearance,  and  many  good  residences.  It  has  several 
handsome  churches,  a  large  town-hall,  county-hall,  market- 
houses,  county  jail,  military  depflt,  infirmary,  theatre  in  a 
portion  of  the  ancient  palace  of  the  princes  of  Powysland, 
and  at  one  entrance  of  the  town  is  a  Doric  column  erected 
in  honor  of  the  late  Lord  Hill.  The  grammar  school,  found- 
ed by  Edwai-d  VI..  has  an  annual  revenue  of  3000Z..  and  22 
exhibitions  to  the  universities;  Millington's  hospital  has  a 
revenue  of  12o0i.,  and  other  charities  are  numerous  and 
well  endowed.  A  music  hall,  literary  and  philosophical 
society,  mechanics'  institution,  public  library,  assembly 
rooms,  and  fine  public  promenades,  afford  recreation  to  the 
Vnhabitants.    It  has  12  corporate  trading  companies,  manu- 


factures of  linen  thread,  canvas,  iron  wares,  brawn,  and 
cakes :  a  salmon  fishery  in  the  river,  and  a  trad"  in  coal  and 
corn,  facilitated  by  a  branch  of  the  Grand  .Junction  Canal, 
and  by  the  Severn,  here  navigable  for  barges  of  .30  or  40 
tons.  The  corporation  consists  of  a  mayor,  24  aldermen, 
and  48  assistants.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  county  assizes,  and 
of  sessions  for  the  county  and  town.  It  Sends  two  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  time  of  Alfred.  Shrews- 
bury ranked  as  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  England.  It 
suffered  severely  in  101(5,  for  having  espoused  the  cause  of 
Canute  in  preference  to  that  of  Edmund  Ironside.  At  the 
time  ofthe  Conquest,  William  bestowed  it,  with  most  ofthe 
shire,  on  Roger  de  jlontgomery,  who  was  created  Earl  of 
Shrew^sbury,  and  built  its  strong  castle,  as  well  as  a  wall 
across  the  i.sithmus  of  its  peninsula.  Standing  on  the  Welnh 
frontier,  it  was  often  exposed  to  the  incursions  of  the  natives, 
and  became  so  important  as  a  military  station,  that  Edward 
I.  made  it  his  temporary  re.sidence  in  1277,  removing  the 
courts  of  king's  bench  and  exchequer  to  it.  and  in  12'i3 
assembled  a  parliament  in  it.  Another  pariiament  met  in 
it  under  Richard  II.  in  1397,  and  in  1403  the  fiimous  battle, 
which  resulted  in  the  defeat  of  Hotspur  and  the  Scotch  Earl 
of  Douglas,  his  ally,  by  Henry  IV..  was  fought  in  its  vicinity. 
During  the  wars  of  the  Roses,  Shrewsbury  took  part  with 
the  house  of  York,  and  was  the  asylum  pf  the  Queen  of 
Edward  IV.  when  she  gave  birth  to  the  Princes  Richard  and 
George,  the  former  of  whom,  with  his  elder  brother,  was 
afterwards  inhumanly  murdered  by  his  uncle,  Richard  III. 
During  the  Parliamentary  war  it  zealously  advocated  the 
cause  of  Charles  I. 

SHREWS'BURY,  a  post-township  of  Rutland  co.,  A'er- 
mont,  intersected  by  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad, 
59  miles  S.  by  W.of  Montpelier.  It  has  3  churches,  3  stores, 
and  0  manufactories  and  mills.     Pop.  1175. 

SHREWSBURY,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 38  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Boston.     l'op.l55S. 

SHREWSBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mon- 
mouth CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Nevisink  River,  42  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Trenton.  The  village  <:ontains  4  churches.  2  stores, 
an  academy,  and  30  dwellings.     Pop.  of  the  township,  4132. 

SHRliWSBURY,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  348. 

SnREAVSBURY,atownship  of  Sullivan  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 
Pop.  234 

SHREWSBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  York  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  York  and  Baltimore  Turnpike,  14 
miles  S.  of  York.  P.of  the  village,  472;  of  the  township.  2657. 

SHREAVSBURY.  a  post-office  of  Kanawha  co..  A'irginia. 

SHREWSBURY  RIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Monmouth 
CO.,  New  .Jersey,  is  the  continuation  of  Sandy  Ilook  Bay, 
separated  from  Neyisink  River  by  a  narrow  neck. 

SHREWn'ON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVilts. 

SHRIV'ENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  with 
a  station  on  the  Gre;tt  Western  Railway.  5  miles  S.AV.  of 
Farinudon.     It  has  a  handsome  (Jothic  church. 

SIlitOP'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SHROPSHIRE.    See  Salop. 

SHRUB  OAK.  a  post-office  of  AVestchester  CO.,  New  A'ork. 

SHRU'EL  or  SHRULE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Mayo,  on  the  Black  River. 

SHRUEL  or  SlIRULE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Longford. 

SHRUEL  or  SHRULE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
Queen's  county. 

SHTAB.    See  Sistova. 

SHTSHIGRY  or  SCHTSCIIIGRY,  shchig'ree,  a  town  ol 
Russia,  government,  and  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Koorsk,  on  a 
river  ofthe  same  name.     Pop.  3000. 

SIIU'BENACA'DIE.  a  principal  river  of  Nova  Scotia,  which 
peninsula  it  nearly  divides  into  two  portions;  after  a  N. 
course  it  enters  a  bay,  45  miles  N.  of  Halifax,  with  which  city 
and  its  harboi-  it  is  connected  by  a  canal  30  miles  in  length. 

SHUCK'BURGH,  l^OWER,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Warwick. 

SHUCKBURGH,  Upper,  a  p.arish,  England,  co.  Warwick. 

SHU'DY-CAMPS.  a  parish  of  i:ngland.  co.  of  Cambridge. 

SHU'FORDA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co..  North 
Carolina. 

SHUGSirUT,  shoog'shoot(?)  written  also  SHUGIIUT  or 
SHUGHEUD,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  on  the 
S.akareeyah,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Izneek.  stated  to  comprise  900 
houses.  On  an  adjacent  hill  is  the  tomb  of  Osman,  founder 
ofthe  Ottom.an  dvnasty. 

SHUHRI-B.\B.\BEG.  shoo'ree  bS-bJ-bJg',  a  town  of  Persia, 
province,  and  95  miles  AV.  of  Kerman. 

SHUJABAD.    See  Shomuabad. 

SHUJAIIWULPOOR,  shoo-jd-wtil-poor',  a  town  of  India, 
dominions,  and  54  miles  W.  of  Indore. 

SHUJANPOOR,  shoo-jan-poor',  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  ? 
miles  E.  of  Attock,  having  a  splendid  serai  (palace)  built  by 
one  of  the  Mogul  emperors;  lat.  33°  53'  N.,  Ion.  72°  25'  K. 

SHULLS'BURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lafayette 
county,  Wisconsin,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Galena.  The  village  i? 
a  depot  for  large  quantities  of  lead  mined  in  the  vicinity 
It  contains  1  newspaper  office,  1  seminary,  4  churches,  II 
stores,  2  hotels,  4  mineral  warehouses,  and  several  mauu 

1773 


SIIU 


SIA 


ftctories.    Pop.  of  the  township,  2191 ;  of  the  village,  about 
2000. 

SirUM.iLAni,  shflm'a-lar'ree,  written  also  CHAMALARl, 
CHOOMALAUIE.  and  tOUAMOULARI,  one  of  the  princi- 
oal  peaks  of  the  llimalava  Mountains,  in  South  Asia,  be- 
Iween  Thibet  and  IJootan.  Lat.  28°  i'  X..  Ion.  90°  E.  Kleva- 
Uon,  aliout  27,200  feet. 

SHUMLA.     See  Shoomh. 

SnUM\«nABAD'.  a  town  of  India,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Attock. 

SHU'XA,  one  of  the  Inner  Hebrides  Islands,  Scotland,  co. 
of  Arpyle,  parish  of  Kilbrandon,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Craiirnish, 
and  separated  on  the  W.  from  Luina  by  the  narrow  Sound 
of  Shuna.  Lenfrth.  3  miles.  Pop.  69.  The  surface  is  well 
wooded,  and  generally  fertile. 

SHU'NAH',  a  town  of  llindostan,  province,  and  22  miles 
N.E.  of  Bahar. 

SHU'N  KM.  an  ancient  town  of  Palestine,  a  little  S.  of  Nain. 

PIIUXK,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SHUNK.  a  post-office  of  Henrv  co..  Ohio. 

SHUX-KING  or  CHUX-KHIXG.  shftn^kinp'.  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Se-chuen,  capital  of  a  dei^artment.  on  a 
tributary  of  the  Vanir-t.se-kianp.  115  miles  E.  of  Ching-too  too. 

SHUN-XIN'G  or  CilUX-NIXG.  shtln^ning'.  a  city  of  China, 
capital  of  a  department,  province.  170  miles  W.  of  Yunnan. 

SUUX-TK  or  CHUX-TE,  shuii-tA.  a  city  of  China,  province 
jf  Pe-chee-lee,  capital  of  a  department,  220  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Pekinf;. 

SIHJPEYOX,  shoo-pA-yon'.  a  town  of  Cashmere,  on  the 
route  from  the  Pir  Paiijal  Pass  to  Serinajnir.  6550  feet  above 
the  .sea,  and  2S  miles  S.  of  Serina.rur:  lat.  3;j°  42'  X.,  Ion.  74° 
45'  E.  Close  to  this  town  was  foujjht,  in  1819,  the  decisive 
battle  bv  which  the  Sikhs  won  Oishmere  from  the  Afghans. 

SIIUK'DIXGl'OX,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester.   . 

SHURTLEFF  COLLEGE.    See  Altox,  Illinois. 

SHUUUKIIS,  shix)*rooKs'.  a  fort  and  Toorkoman  settle- 
ment of  Central  Asia,  on  the  frontier  between  Persia  and 
Khiva.  90  miles  S.W.  of  -Merv,  and  E.X.E.  of  Meshed.  Its 
vicinity  is  well  watered,  and  produces  fine  crops  of  wheat, 
melons,  and  other  fruits. 

SIIU.S.  a  ruined  city  of  Persia.    See  Soos. 

SHII'S.AN,  a  post-villajre  of  Washinitton  co.,  Xew  Yor"k.  on 
the  Albany  and  Rutland  K.ailroad,  and  on  Batteukill  River, 
43  miles  X.X.E.  of  Afljany. 

SHUSIIA.  a  town  of  Asi.itic  Russia.    See  Shoosha. 

SHUSH  AX  or  SUSAX.  a  ruined  city  of  Persia.     See  Soos. 

SIIUSHUAII.  shoo'shno-a.  an  island  of  the  Red  Sea,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Ainunah,  in  Ar.ibia,30  milesX.M'.  of  Moibih,  350  feet 
high. 

SIIUSTER,  a  city  of  Persia.    See  Shooster. 

SIIUSTOKE,  a  parish  of  Entjland,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SIIUTAL  (shoo'til',  SIIUTUL.  shoo'tal',  or  SHATOOL, 
Bhi'tool')  PAt^S,  across  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  between  Cabool 
and  Khoondooz,isin  lat. 35°  33'  X..  Ion.  09°  8'  E.  Elevation, 
15.500  feet. 

SHUTB.  a  parish  of  Eniland,  co.  of  Devon. 

SHUTESBURY,  shoots'b^r-re,  a  post-township  of  Franklin 
CO.,  Massachusetts.  76  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Boston.    Pop.  798. 

SHUT'TER'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co., 
Kew  Y'ork. 

SlIOTTIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SHUTUL,  a  pass  of  Hindoo.     See  Shctal. 

SIIDYA.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Shoota. 

SUWA,  a  state  in  Abyssinia.     See  Shoa. 

SlIWAT,  SCHWA-r  or  CIIOUAT.  shwdt,  a  walled  town 
of  Central  Asia,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Khiva,  and  inhabited  by 
Oozbeks. 

SHY  POST,  a  post-villaae  of  Audrain  co.,  Missouri,  about 
48  miles  X.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SIAHKOH,  see'a  ko',  the  "Black  Mountain.")  in  Afjrhan-. 
istan,  bounds  the  p'lain  of  Jalalabad  on  the  X.;  lat  34°  25' 
N.,  Ion.  70°  E. 

SIAK  or  SI.\KII,  se-lk'.  a  state  of  Sumatra,  extending 
along  its  X.E.  coast,  opposite  Malacca  and  Singapore,  and 
with  a  town  of  the  same  name  on  the  river  Siak,  45  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  0°  25'  X.,  Ion.  101°  55'  E.  Surface 
flat.  Exports  gold,  camphor,  gambler,  rattans,  tobacco, 
wax,  sago,  ivory,  and  silk  stuffs;  imports  opium,  salt, 
woollens,  and  Madras  piece-goods. 

SI.VK  RIVER,  in  Sumatra,  flows  X.E.,  and  enters  the 
Strait  of  Malacca  behind  some  islands  ne;u'ly  opposite  the 
British  settlement  of  Malacci. 

SI  AM,  si-am'  or  se-ara',  f  native,  Tliai,  t'hi;  Burmese, 
Tnoilra.)  an  extensive  kingdom  in  thiJ  S.E.  of  .\sia,  occu- 
pying the  centre  of  Farther  India,  with  all  the  country 
Purrounding  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  Lat.  from  5°  to  21°  X.,  Ion. 
from  9SO  20'  to  106°  E.  Length,  from  X.  to  S..  about  8.50 
miles :  brrtidth,  varying  from  70  miles  to  250  miles.  It  is 
bounded  W.  by  the  British  Tenasserim  provinces  and  the 
Indian  Ocean.  (Bay  of  Bengal:)  N.W.  by  Burmah;  N.  by 
the  free  Laos  country;  E.  bv  Anara;  and  on  the  S.  it  has  a 
coast-line  of  1470  miles  along  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  The  exact 
boundaries,  however,  are  but  imperfectly  known;  and  thus, 
while  Crawfurd,  in  his  ••  Kmliassy  to  Siam,"  estimates  the 
area  at  I'.m.OiK)  square  miles,  Berghaus  extends  it  to  2J4,720 


square  miles,  of  which  he  assigns  141,175  to  Siam  proper; 
20,420  to  Cambodia;  10S,645  to  the  tributary  Laos;  and 
24.460  to  the  Malay  provinces. 

Rice  of  the  Country,  dx. — The  surface  is  covered  with  hills 
and  mountains,  except  in  its  central  part,  the  valley  of  the 
Menam,  which  is  described  as  a  rich  alluvial  plain  The 
highlands,  bounding  Siam  E.  and  W..  seem  to  iK'long  to  two 
mountaiu-chains  running  S.  from  the  table-land  of  Yun-nan 
in  China,  and  on  either  .side  of  the  >l',nam  Valley.  The 
westernmost  of  these  chains  is  estimateU  to  reach  an  eleva- 
tion of  5000  feet;  the  height  of  the  E.  range  is  unknown  to 
Europeans.  The  mountains  of  Siamese  Malacca  nowhere 
exceed  3000  feet  in  height;  and  especially  S.  of  the  Isthmus 
of  Kraw,  the  watershed  between  the  I5ay  of  Bengal  and  the 
Gulf  of  Siam  is  less  than  half  that  altitude.  Ofli'  the  coasts, 
at  a  distance  of  10  or  15  miles,  and  separated  by  pretty  deep 
channels  from  the  mainland,  are  numerous  islands,  mostly 
rocky,  and  considerably  elevated.  Of  those  in  the  B.Hy  of 
Bengiil,  the  principal  are  St.  Matthew's,  (lat,  10°  X.,)  Sa- 
langa  and  Pandjano.  (lat.  8°  X.,)  and  the  Lancawi  group, 
(lat.  6°  30'  X.)  Of  those  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  by  far  the 
largest  is  Tantalem.  (l.at.  7°  30':)  and  next  to  it  in  size  are 
Bardia  and  Carnam,  on  the  W.  side:  Kohkong,  and  the 
other  i.'ilands  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Gulf,  are  of  inconsider- 
able extent. 

GtuHngif  and  Minerals. — Granite  and  mountain-limestone 
are  supposed  to  constitute  the  chief  primary  rocks,  covered 
in  the  lower  districts  with  thick  beds  of  stiff  clay  and  allu- 
vial strata.  Tin,  which  pervades  the  whole  Malay  Penin- 
sula down  to  its  extreme  S.  point,  is  found  within  the 
Siamese  territory  between  lat.  11°  and  14°  X.;  and  the 
miues  in  the  island  of  Salang,  off  the  W.  coast,  are  perhaps 
scarcely  less  productive  than  those  of  Banca.  Gold,  not 
less  extensively,  though  far  less  abundantly  diffused  than 
tin,  is  obtained  in  toleralile  purity;  but  the  amount  pro- 
cured is. insufficient  for  the  home  supply,  owing  to  the 
great  quantities  employed  in  gilding  temples  and  images, 
and  it  is  accordingly  imported  from  the  Mal.'iy  countries. 
The  most  abundant  of  all  the  metals  in  Siam  is  iron,  which 
is  exten.sively  wrought  in  the  lower  districts,  on  and  near 
the  upper  waters  of  the  Menam;  cast-iron  has  been  sold  at 
Bangkok  for  a  dollar  and  sixty-two  cents  the  picul,  of  133 
pounds.  Copper  and  lead  are  wrought  to  some  extent, 
chiefly  by  the  mountain  tribes;  and  both  zinc  and  anti- 
mony are  found  to  the  E.  of  the  Menam :  the  last-named 
metal  is  raised  for  the  us^  of  the  X^hinese  in  smelting  iron. 
The  sapphire.  Oriental  ruby,  and  Oriental  topaz,  are  found 
in  the  hills  of  Chantibun,  (lat.  12°  20',)  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
gulf  where  they  are  obtained  by  digging  up  and  washing 
the  alluvial  soil.  The  mines  yielding  them  are  a  monopoly 
of  the  king. 

Hirers  and  Z<iAf». — The  Siamese  territory  abounds  in 
small  rivers;  but  there  are  only  three  great  navigable 
streams:  the  Salwin,  or  river  of  Martahan,  forming  a  part 
of  the  W.  boundary;  the  Menam:  and  the  Mekon  of  Cam- 
bodia, forming  part  of  the  E.  boundary.  Of  these,  the  Me- 
nam is  most  important,  as  pervading  the  greater  part  of  the 
kingdom,  and  almost  monopolizing  its  trade  and  naviga- 
tion; but  except  the  lower  80  miles  of  its  course,  it  is  very 
little  known.  It  is  supposed  to  rise  by  two  branches,  in  the 
S.W.  of  the  Chinese  province  of  Yun-nan,  in  lat.  23-  or  24° 
X.,  has  an  estimated  course  of  alwut  800  miles,  and  fails 
into  the  Gulf  of  Siam  by  three  channels,  the  E.  of  which, 
(I'aknam.)  is  the  only  one  navigable  by  European  sea-going 
vessels.  The  only  other  Siamese  river  worthy  of  notice  is 
the  Bang-pa-kuug.  about  240  miles  in  length,  which  enters 
the  gulf  at  Bang-pa-tsoe  about  60  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bangkok, 
the  modern  capital.  All  the  Siamese  rivers  are  flooded  be- 
tween June  and  September,  which  partly  accounts  for  the 
fertility  of  their  basins.  A  large  lake,  called  Sachado,  which 
communicates  with  the  Menam  by  the  river  Talau,  is  said 
to  te  situated  about  90  miles  X.W.  of  Bangkok. 

S^iU  and  Climate. — The  soil  of  the  whole  valley  of  the 
Menam  is  of  great  fertility,  consisting  of  thick  beds  of  jjllu- 
vium  from  the  yearly  inundations  of  that  river.  The  more 
mountainous  parts  are  of  sand  and  limestone,  arid,  uncul- 
vated,  or  covered  with  forest.s.  The  climate  of  so  exten.«ive 
a  country  varies,  of  course,  with  the  latitude  and  the  eleva- 
tion of  its  surface;  but,  as  in  other  tropical  countries,  it  h.as 
two  seasons — the  wet  and  the  dry;  the  former  beginning  in 
April  or  May,  and  continuing  till  about  the  commencement 
of  July,  when  the  dry  season  sets  in,  and  lasts  till  the  fol- 
lowing April  or  May.  The  temperature  at  Bangkok  is  thus 
stated  by  JIalcolm, — Cool  season,  (November  to  February.) 
77°  Fahrenheit;  hot,  (March  to  May,)  85°;  wet,  (June  to 
Octoljer.)  84°.  Mean  of  the  year.  8'2°6.  The  mean  range  of 
the  thermometer  is  13°:  it  seldom  sinks  lower  than  72-^  Fah- 
renheit. On  the  whole,  the  country  is  healthy.  Ague  and 
cholera  are  the  diseases  mostly  rife,  and  are  very  prevalent 
in  the  wet  season. 

Vegetation. — Rice  (called  kao-san)  and  maize  are  the  grains 
most  extensively  cultivated.  The  former,  sold  at  al>out 
forty  cents  per  hundredweight,  is  exported  iu  large  quanti- 
ties to  China;  but  none  of  the  latter  is  exported.  Of  ihc 
tropical  farinaceous  roots,  the  Siamese  raise  the  usual  va 


*>:i-= 


SIA 


SIA 


rieties,  and  amon;;  others  the  sweet  potato.  Cocoa  and  i 
Breca-palins  are  numerous,  especiiilly  the  former,  in  the 
lower  districts;  and  the  oil  is  extensively  exported.  Ko  ' 
part  of  the  Kast  is  more  celebrated  for  the  abundance  and 
quality  of  its  fruits.  The  mango,  mangosteen,  leechee.  du- 
rian,  ranihutan,  pomegranate,  papia-tig,  guava,  pine-apple, 
and,  in  short,  all  the  fruits  of  South  China  and  Ilindostan, 
of  the  Indian  islands,  and  tropical  America,  are  luxuriantly 
abundant,  and  of  exi|uisite  quality.  The  cultivation  of  the 
Bugar-cane  (a  product  known  here  in  its  natural  state  from 
time  Immemorial)  was  introduced  by  the  Chinese  in  1S12; 
and  sugar  is  now  an  importiint  article  of  export  to  China, 
British  India.  &e.  lilack  pepper  of  good  quality,  to  the  ex- 
teat  of  about  7000  hundredweights  annually,  is  raised  in 
the  province  of  Chantibun.  and  mostly  exported  to  China. 
Tobacco,  formerly  imported  from  Java,  is  now  rai.sed  through- 
out the  country,  and  exported  to  Cochin-China  and  several 
of  the  Jlalay  countries.  Cotton  of  several  sorts  is  grown, 
and  largely  exported  to  the  island  of  Hainan,  in  the  China 
Sea.  Cardamoms  are  plentifully  obtained  in  royal  preserves 
strictly  guarded,  and  the  produce  is  sent  principally  to 
China.  A  gum,  resembling  benzoin,  grows  spontaneously  in 
the  forests  of  Laos,  and  is  cheap  and  abundant.  Gamboge 
is  yielded  by  a  species  of  Garcinia  in  the  forests  on  the  K. 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  and  in  the  Siamese  portion  of  Cam- 
bodia, (whence  its  name.)  In  tlie  same  districts  also  are 
procured  large  quantities  of  scented  agila,  or  aloes-wood. 
whi(>h  is  both  much  xise'l  by  the  natives,  and  sent  to  the 
Chinese,  who  employ  it  for  sacred  purposes,  and  use  it  in 
their  private  and  public  temples.  Sappan-wood  is  procured 
extensively  from  the  forests  between  lat.  10°  and  13°,  and 
in  point  of  quantity  it  forms  the  most  considerable  of  all 
the  Siamese  extxirts :  it  is  sent  principally  to  Cliina,  but  also 
to  Hengal  and  Kurope.  Excellent  teak-timber  abounds  in 
the  forests  of  Upper  Siam.  and  is  much  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  junks  and  temples;  but  very  little  is  exported. 
Crawfurd  also  mentions  a  for&st-tree,  producing  a  valuable 
wood  of  a  red  color,  fine-grained,  admitting  a  good  polish, 
and  called  jKio-rnsa  by  the  Portuguese,  whicli  is  exported 
and  largely  employed  by  the  Chinese  in  cabinet-work. 

Aniinatf. — Among  carniverous  animals  are  the  tiger  and 
leopard,  the  bear,  the  otter,  the  musk-civet,  the  cat  aud  the 
dog,  both  wild  and  domestic.  Porcupines,  squirrels,  rats, 
and  mice  are  common.  The  pangolin  is  found  in  the  fo- 
rests, and  its  scaly  skin  is  sold  to  the  Cbinese,  who  esteem 
it  for  its  medicinal  qualities.  The  orangoutang  and  other 
ppefies  of  apes  are  pretty  abundant.  Among  the  rumi- 
nating quadrupeds  are  found  seven  species  of  deer,  also  the 
sheep,  goat,  ox,  and  buffalo.  The  horses  are  of  small  size, 
(under  13  hands,)  and  are  not  much  reared  by  the  natives, 
those  in  use  being  principally  procured  from  Yun-nan.  in 
China.  The  hog  exists  abundantly  in  the  forests,  and  is 
domesticated  by  the  Chinese  residents.  The  single-horned 
rhinoceros  is  met  with  in  unusual  number.s,  and  is  hunted 
for  his  hide  and  horn,  both  of  which  are  exported  to  China. 
The  principal  boast  of  the  Siamese,  however,  is  in  the  high 
perfection  of  their  elephants,  which  here  attain  a  size  and 
beauty  elsewhere  unknown,  and  are  held  in  high  esteem 
throughout  India.  They  are  freely  used  Iwth  for  riding 
and  as  beasts  of  burden,  except  at  Bangkok,  where  tlieir 
use  is  expressly  limited  to  persons  of  high  rank.  A  very 
great  additional  value  is  set  on  white  elephants,  evidently 
albinos,  which,  when  captured,  become  the  property  of  the 
king.  Albino  deer,  monkies,  and  even  tortoises,  are  by  no 
means  unconunon  in  Siam. 

Among  the  birds,  the  water-birds  and  waders  are  by  far 
the  most  numerous;  geese,  ducks,  iKiobies,  cormorants, 
king-fishers,  storks,  and  pelicans  are  frequent;  the  forests 
abound  with  peacocks,  pheasants,  and  pigeijns ;  and  in  the 
Islands  are  large  fiocks  of  mews  and  se.vswallows,  the  latter 
producing  the  famed  edible  birds'-nests.  Crocodiles,  geckos, 
and  other  kinds  of  lizards,  tortoises,  and  green-turtles  are 
numerous,  the  last  of  which,  as  well  as  their  eggs,  are  in 
great  repute  among  the  Siamese  as  an  article  of  food,  and 
from  their  sale  add  not. inconsiderably  to  the  royal  revenue. 
The  boa-constrictor  here  attains  an  immense  size,  and  there 
are  manv  other  species  of  snakes.  The  fish  of  the  Menam 
are  abundant,  but  of  inferior  quality.  The  only  insect  in 
Siam  worthy  of  notice  is  the  Okcus  lacca,  which  produces 
the  valuiible  dve  and  gum,  the  lac  of  commerce. 

Afantifartures.—The  Siamese  have  made  but  little_  pro- 
press  in  the  useful  arts.  House-carpentry,  canoe  and  juuk- 
bnilding,  manufacturing  pottery  and  coarse  cutlery,  leather- 
dressimr,  and  the  construction  of  musical  instruments,  are 
their  chief  mechanical  employments.  A  few  rude  hand- 
looms  are  in  operation,  chiefly  by  women;  but  the  fabrics, 
whether  of  silk  or  cotton,  are  of  very  coarse  quality.  Good 
brass  cannon,  some  of  them  very  large,  but  seldom  with 
proper  carriages,  are  made,  and  muskets  are  imported. 

Trade  and  Naxrigaticm. — Sam  has  a  most  extensive  trade, 
both  inland  and  coastwise,  as  well  as  foreign.  Every  pro- 
vince of  the  kingdom  produces  some  article  in  foreign  de- 
mand ;  and  Bangkok,  from  its  situation  od  the  Menani,  has 
l>ecome  the  great  centre  of  all  its  commerce.  The  principal 
arti;:les  brought  down  from  the  higher  provinces  are  rice 


and  paddy,  cotton,  teak-timber,  and  sappan-wood.  lae,  neu- 
zoin,  ivory,  and  bees'-wax;  while  tno  districts  K.  and  V''.  nf 
the  Menam  furnish  gamboge,  cardamoms,  and  sugar;  th* 
Malay  provinces,  tin,  zinc,  cotton.  Ac.  The  foreign  trade  is 
conducted  chiefly  with  the  S.  ports  of  Anam,  Java,  Singa- 
pore, I'ulo-I'enaug,  &c.,  and  occasionally  with  British  India, 
the  United  States,  and  Britain.  Of  these,  however,  the  most 
important  is  China,  the  tiade  with  which  employs  from  200 
to  300  junks  annually,  having  an  aggregate  burden  of  about 
2,5,000  tons — mostly  built  in  Siam  by  Chinese,  who  also  are 
their  exclusive  navigators.  The  junks  make  one  voyage  an- 
nually, leaving  the  Menam  in  .lune,  and  returning  ia  De- 
cember. The  exports  to  Europe  and  the  United  States  com- 
prise sugar  and  pepper,  lac,  lienzoin.  and  gamboge,  tin.  car- 
damom.s,  ivory,  horns  and  hides,  with  other  minor  articles, 
the  imports,  all  kinds  of  textile  fabrics,  shawls,  cotton  um- 
brellas, ircm  and  steel  goods,  steel-bars,  lead  and  spelter, 
earthen  and  glass  ware,  all  kinds  of  hardware  and  cutlery, 
with  fire-arms,  musket-fiints,  &c. — the  trade  being  carried 
on,  of  course,  in  foreign  vessels.  Nearly  the  entire  trade  to 
Siam  is  hampered  to  an  incredible  extent  by  vexatious  aud 
oppressive  duMes  on  all  exports  and  imports,  as  well  as  by 
the  trading  monopolies  of  the  crown. 

Populatiim. — The  population  includes,  besides  the  native 
aboriginal  Siamese,  vast  numbers  of  emigrants  from  other 
countries,  I^aos,  Cambodians,  Malays,  and  several  half-civil- 
ized mountain  tribes,  with  numerous  foreign  settlers; 
Chinese,  Mohammedans,  and  Hindoos  from  West  India; 
Peguans  and  Portuguese.  Crawfurd,  in  1822,  and  Mr. 
Roberts,  American  ambassador,  ten  years  later,  estimate 
their  numbers  as  follows : — 
Ckawfcbd,  1822. 

Siamese 1,260,000 

Laos 840,000 

Peguans 25,000 

Cambodians 25,000 

Malavs 195,000 

Chinese 440,000 

Hindoos,  &o 3,500 

Portuguese 2,000 


Total 2,790,500 


ROEEETS,  1832. 

Siamese 1.600.000 

Laos 1,200,000 

Malays 820.000 

Chinese 500,000 


Total 3,620,000 


By  both  authorities,  however,  the  numbers  of  the  Chinese 
settlers  are.  perhaps,  considerably  underrated ;  for,  Ixisides 
300.000  resident  at  Bangkok,  they  are  dispersed  all  over  the 
country,  forming  almost  exclusively  the  miners,  sxigar  ma- 
nufacturers, artisans,  and  merchants  of  the  entire  king- 
dom. In  1850,  M.  J.  Baptiste  Pallegoix,  EvSque  de  Mallos. 
(liulL  Soc.  Geo.  18.52,)  estimates  the  total  population  of  Siam 
at  6,005,000,  of  which  he  claims  5500  as  belonging  to  the 
Koman  Catholic  faith. 

PbyHail  Character,  Manners,  dc. — The  Siamese,  in  com- 
mon with  the  Laos,  Cambodians,  and  Malays,  are  members 
of  the  great  Mongolian  family,  and  of  the  same  race  as  the 
people  of  Burm.ah  and  Anam.  In  stature  Ihey  do  not  .ave- 
rage more  than  5  feet  3  inches  in  height;  and  "in  per- 
sonal appearance,"  says  Malcolm,  "they  come  behind  any 
nation  I  have  yet  seen,  especially  the  women,  among  whom 
(and  thousands  came  under  my  notice)  I  never  .saw  one 
who  was  comely."  They  have  a  lighter-colored'  skin  than 
the  West  Asiatics,  but  darker  than  the  Chinese;  and  all 
classes  delight  in  heightening  their  complexion  by  the  use 
of  turmeric.  Their  faces  are  broad  and  flat,  with  round, 
prominent  cheek-bones,  a  small  nose  obtusely  pointed,  a 
large  mouth,  with  rather  thick  lips,  small,  black  eyes,  a  low 
forehead,  and  very  scanty  beard.  Their  hair  is  always 
black,  thick,  coarse,  and  lank,  worn  close  by  both  sexes,  ex- 
cept from  the  forehead  to  the  crown,  where  it  is  about  2 
inches  long,  and  made  to  stand  erect.  The  costume  of  the 
Siamese  is  very  simple,  consisting,  in  both  sexes,  of  a  cotton 
or  silk  cloth  of  dark  color  wrapped  around  the  hips,  with 
the  end  passed  between  the  thighs,  tucked  in  at  Ixith  ends, 
and  descending  below  the  knees.  They  universally  stain 
the  teeth  with  "an  indelible  black  dye;  and  the  better 
classes,  like  the  Chinese,  permit  the  finger-nails  to  grow  to 
an  enoi-mous  length.  Malcolm  describes  the  Siamese  as 
crafty,  ignorant,  slothful,  and  mendacious.  lUit  they  are  tem- 
perate and  abstemious,  by  no  means  revengeful,  obedient  to 
the  laws,  and  strongly  attached  by  their  domestic  ties.  The 
women  perform  most  of  the  labors  of  the  field,  work  the 
boats  on  the  river,  act  as  porters,  &c..  and  are  extensively 
employed  as  retail  traders.  Those  of  the  higher  classes 
spend  their  time  in  idleness  and  sleep.  Slavery  prevails 
throughout,  many  of  the  chiefs  having  hundreds,  .some 
thousands  of  slaves;  a  slave-trade  is  regularly  carried  on 
along  the  Burmese  frontier,  and  the  Cambodian  provinces 
are  periodically  invaded  by  large  bodies  of  Siamese  kidnap- 
pers. But  of  the  aggregate  number  of  slaves  in  Siam  it  is 
impossible  to  form  even  a  conjecture. 

Arts. — The  domestic  architecture  of  the  Siatnese  is  in  a  very 
rude  and  backward  state — the  houses  of  the  lower  orders 
being  formed  wholly  of  wood  or  bamboo,  roofed  with  palm- 
leaves,  and  mostly  raised  on  piles,  as  in  the  rest  of  ultrar 
Gangetic  India.  A  few  only  in  the  capital  are  built  with 
brick  and  mortar.  JIany  of  their  hnuses,  too.  are  constructed 
on  boats,  which  abound  on  the  river  near  Bangkok.    Of  the 

1776 


SIA 


SIB 


arch  they  are  wholly  ignorant.  Roads  there  are  none;  and 
wheel-carriages  are  all  but  unknown.  On  their  relijiious 
edifices,  however,  the  Siamese  bestow  abundant  labor  and 
expense:  these  are  constructed  of  solid  masonry,  and  oo- 
Tered  with  tiles,  having  all  the  wood-work  laboriously 
carved  and  gilded,  and  filled  with  carved  and  richly-gilt 
images  of  Boodha. 

Langiuige,  Literature,  and  Edticatinn. — The  Siamese  lan- 
guage is  exceedingly  simple  in  its  construction;  it  forms  a 
connecting  link  between  the  Chinese  and  Malay,  and  is 
easily  acquired  by  foreigners.  The  alphabet  consists  of  36 
consonants  and  12  vowels;  and  the  written  characters,  like 
the  Burmese  and  Peguan,  resemble  the  Pali  and  Sanscrit. 
The  roots  are  few  in  number — all  monosyllabic;  and  there 
are  no  terminations  to  indicate  gender,  number,  person, 
mood,  or  tense.  The  literature  is  meagre,  unintere.sting, 
and,  in  point  of  imagination  and  force  of  expression,  much 
below  the  Arabic.  Persian,  or  llindostanee;  the  style  is 
simple  and  literal,  but  by  no  means  perspicuous;  and  the 
compositions,  except  epistolary,  are  wholly  metrical,  consist- 
ing of  songs,  romances,  and  a  few  chronicles;  but  the 
Siamese  have  no  written  dramas,  nor  any  history,  beyond 
the  drj'  chronologies  of  their  kings.  Education  is  carried 
to  a  very  limited  extent ;  few  can  do  more  than  read  and 
write  awkwardly,  and  perhaps  cast  accounts. 

G"i-emmr,nt.  Army,  A'utv/,  and  SeceniiA,  Laws,  ttc. — The 
government  of  Siam  is  a  thorough  despotism,  subject  Xa  no 
restraint,  except  the  apprehension  of  a  popular  tumult  or 
foreign  invasion.  The  king,  therefore,  is  considered  almost, 
if  not  altogether,  in  the  light  of  a  deity,  and  addressed  as 
such,  his  most  common  designations  being  "Sacred  lord  of 
lives,"  "Owner  of  all,"  "Most  ex.'ilted  and  infiiUible  lord," 
&c.  The  sovereign,  however,  appears  to  admit  some  share 
of  dependence  on  the  Kmperor  of  China,  to  whom  a  periodi- 
cal tribute  is  sent.  Next  in  rank  to  the  king,  but  immea- 
surably below  him,  is  the  waiig-na,  or  viceroy,  one  of  the 
most  exalted  princes,  chosen  by  the  king  at  hi.s  accession, 
to  assist  him  in  his  duties;  and  under  this  officer  is  a  su- 
preme council  of  ministers,  undertaking  the  different  de- 
partments of  government.  There  is  neither  hereditary  rank 
nor  aristocracy  in  Siam ;  and  the  people  generally  seem  to 
be  mere  slaves,  subservient  In  all  things  to  the  pride  and 
caprice  of  the  sovereign.  Indeed,  every  adult  male  Siamese 
is  compelled  nominally  to  give  a  third  of  his  time  to  the 
king's  .service,  though  he  usually  pays  in  lieu  an  exemp- 
tion-tsix.  or  finds  a  substitute. 

There  is  no  standing  army,  but  every  able-bodied  male  is 
liable  to  be  called  into  the  field  by  the  mere  will  of  his  chief. 
At  Bangkok,  the  capital,  there  is  the  semblance  of  a  respect- 
able navy,  consisting  of  scores  of  war-junks,  galleys,  and 
other  vessels  of  various  sizes,  built  on  the  Cochin-Chinese 
model,  and  mounting  heavy  guns.  But  the  Si.amese  are  no 
sailors;  and  when  brought  into  service,  the.se  vessels  are 
manned  by  the  promiscuous  populace,  and  officered  by 
Chinese  or  other  foreigners.  The  government  revenue 
amounted,  in  Crawfurd's  time,  to  about  JIS.SOO.WO.  The 
military  and  civil  governors  are  also  judges  and  magis- 
trates, and  decide  cases,  subject  to  appeal  to  the  provincial 
Ticeroy.  There  are  written  laws,  which  are  made,  altered, 
or  amended  at  the  sovereign's  will,  but  apparently  gene- 
rally formed  on  the  Chinese  model.  Offences  are  punished, 
as  in  China,  by  a  very  liberal  and  indiscriminate  applica- 
tion of  the  bamboo.  No  distinction  is  made  between  of- 
fenders, even  should  they  be  priests ;  nor  are  pecuniary 
considerations  for  crimes  allowable. 

Jieliginn. — The  Siamese  profess  Boodhism  of  a  very  de- 
graded kind,  introduced  into  the  country  alxjut  the  middle 
of  the  seventh  century.  The  priests  are  called  talopoins; 
and  it  is  compulsory  on  every  man  to  devote  the  early  part 
of  his  life  to  the  sacred  office.  The  regular  priests  live  to- 
gether in  large  monasteries,  called  kynungs,  near  the  temples, 
divided  into  six  grades,  and  acknowledging  the  direction  of  a 
superior ;  above  them  all  is  the  San-krat.  or  high-priest,  who 
is  appointed  by  the  king,  and  ranks  next  to  him  in  spiritual 
authority.  The  priests,  unlike  the  laity,  are  always  respect- 
ably dressed  in  yellow  robes,  like  those  of  Ceylon  and  other 
Bondhist  countries.  The  moral  code  of  the  religion  is  com- 
prised in  five  negative  precepts :  1.  Not  to  kill,  (which  ex- 
tends to  animals,  plants,  and  even  seeds;)  2.  Not  to  steal; 
3.  To  commit  no  impurity;  4.  Not  to  tell  falsehoods;  5.  To 
drink  no  intoxicating  liquors.  Little  attention,  however,  is 
paid  to  any  of  these,  except  by  the  priests,  it  being  the  busi- 
ness of  the  l.iity  to  sin,  and  of  the  talapnins  not  only  to  be 
holy  themselves,  but  by  their  holiness  to  expiate  the  sins 
of  the  people.  They  have  many  occasional  ceremonials  of  an 
Impressive  character,  among  which  are  their  funerals  or 
burnings  of  the  dead.  A  Protestant  mission  from  America 
was  established  in  Siam.  in  1833:  and  a  printing-press, 
under  the  superintendence  of  these  missionaries,  is  in  ope- 
ration. 

Hidorji.—^mm  appears  to  have  no  place  in  history  prior 
to  A.  I).  638.  and  the  credible  records  go  back  only  to  1.350, 
the  date  of  the  foundation  of  Ayuthia  or  Yuthla.  the  old  ca- 
pital. The  first  notice  of  the  Siamese  by  European  writers 
U  an  account  of  an  overland  expedition  against  Malacca  in 
1776 


1502.  In  1612  an  English  ship  ascended  the  river  as  far  as 
Yuthia ;  eight  years  after  which,  the  Portuguese  sent  thither 
their  first  missionaries.  In  1683,  Const«ntine  Phaulcon.  an 
enterprising  Greek,  became  prime  minister,  and  (like  Bishop 
Adran  in  Cochin-China  subsequently)  introduced  a  respect 
for  European  customs  and  notions.  Mutual  embassies  were 
at  this  period  sent  between  Siam  and  the  court  of  France. 
Contests  for  the  throne  distracted  the  country  from  1C90  till 
1759,  during  which  interval.  Alompra,  the  victorious  founder 
of  the  present  Burman  dynasty,  seized  Mergui.  Tavoy,  and 
Martaban,  and  overran  the  whole  valley  of  the  Menam.  At 
the  present  time  the  kingdom  is  stated  to  he  in  a  more 
prosperous  state  than  ever.  Although  the  Tenasserim  pro- 
vinces are  lost,  it  has  recently  become  possessed  of  one  of 
the  most  valuable  and  fertile  sections  of  Camliodia,  em- 
bracing the  rich  province  of  Bata-bang;  and  recently,  also, 
it  has  acquired  dominion  over  the  North  Malay  states  of 

Kedah,  Patani,  Ligor,  «S:c. Adj.  and  inhab.  Siamese,  sfa- 

meez'. 

SIAM,  GULF  OF,  between  lat.  7°  and  14°  N.,  and  Ion.  990 
and  105°  E.,  is  wholly  surrounded  by  Siam,  except  on  the 
S.,  where  it  opens  into  the  China  Sea.  Length.  500  miles; 
breadth  at  entrance,  300  miles.  It  receives  the  Menam  and 
several  other  rivers. 

SIAMO,  se-S'mo,  SIAO  or  SIAUW,  se-S'o.  an  island  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  between  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Celebes 
and  Sangir.     Circuit,  about  35  miles.     Lat.  2°  25'  N.,  Ion. 
125°  27'  E.     Surface  elevated,  and  it  contains  a  volcano. 
SIAM  PA,  a  country  of  South-east  Asia.    See  Tsiampa. 
SI  AN,  a  city  of  China.     See  See-xoan. 
SIANG-YANG,  se-3ng^  y3ng',  a  city  of  Chin.a,  province  of 
Hoo-pe.  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Ilan-kiang;   lat. 
about  32°  N.,  Ion.  112°  E.    Siano  is  the  name  of  several 
Chinese  towns  of  inferior  rank. 

SIANO.  se-3'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Citra.  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  2500. 
SIAO.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Siamo. 
SIARA.  Brazil.     See  Ceara. 

ST.\S,  se-Ss'.  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, enters  Lake  Ladoga  on  its  S.  side,  after  a  N.N.W. 
course  of  100  miles. 

SPASCON'SET,  a  village  at  the  S.E.  extremity  of  thb 
island  of  Nantucket,  Massachusetts,  contains  a  fine  hotel 
and  about  70  houses,  usually  occupied  only  in  the  warm 
season.  It  is  a  place  of  fashionable  resort,  celebrated  for  its 
fine  sea  air  and  ocean  scenery. 

SIASKOI  (se-J.s'koi)  CANAL,  in  Russia.  23   miles    In 
length,  connects  the  rivers  Sveer  and  Volkhov. 
SI-AS-LAW.  a  post-office  of  Lane  co..  Oregon. 
SIAUGUES-SAINT-HOMAIN.    see'og'    sSn"  ro'mAs"',  a 
villasre  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Loire,  17  miles  SJE. 
of  Brioude.     Pop.  about  1900. 

SI.AUW.  one  of  the  Sangir  Islands.    See  Siamo 
SIAWSK.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  SlEVftK. 
SIB.  seeb,  a  maritime  town  of  East  Arabia,  dominions,  ' 
and  22  miles  Vf.  of  Muscat,  on  the  Arabian  Sea.    It  has  the 
reputation  of  being  peculiarly  healthy. 

SIBB,  a  town  of  West  Beloochistan,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Bun- 
poor. 
SIB'BERTOFT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
SIB'BKRTSWOLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
SIB/DON-CARWOOD.  a  parish  of  England.  <-o.  of  Salop. 
SlBKUtA.  sl-beo'r*-.?.  called  also  SIBIRI.  se-bee'ree.  (Fr. 
Siliirir.  see^b.A'ree' ;  Ger.  Sil/irir-n,  se-bee're-en.)  a  large  section 
of  the  Russian  Empire,  occupvins  the  whole  of  North  Asia, 
between  lat.  4.5°  and  78°  N.,  and  ion.  60°  E.  and  170°  W.    It 
is  bounded  N.  by  the  Arctic  Ocean  :  E.  by  the  Sea  of  Kam- 
tchatka  and  the  North  Pacific  Ocean:  S.  by  the  Sea  of  Ok- 
hotsk, China,  and  Independent  Tartary;  and  W.  by  Russia 
in  Euroi)e.     Greatest  length,  from   W.  to  E.,  about  3600 
miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  2000  miles.     Area.  4.812,389 
square  miles.    Its  administrative  divisions,  with  their  sepa- 
rate areas  and  population,  are  exhibited  in  the  following 
table : — 

DiviHons,  Area,  and  Papulation  of  Siberia. 


Governments. 

Area  in 
sq.  miles. 

Population. 

West  Siberia— 

564,614^ 

2,887,184 

Tomsk > 

633,618 

1,010.571 
505.950 

1,4.;8.500 
185.986 
196,730 

286,420j 

• 

Omsk 5 

Kast  Sibzbia— 

Yakoouk 

Okhotsk 

Tchooktchee 

•  The  country  S.  of  Lake  Baikal,  emhracinR  ne.irlv  the  whole 
chain  of  the  Atlai,  hss  recently  been  organized  into  a  govern- 
ment called  the  Trans  Baikalean, 


SIB 

These  vast  possessions  hare  lately  been  increased  by  the 
acquisition  of  the  entire  rej;ion  extending  along  the  left 
bank  of  the  river  Amoor  or  Saghalien.  from  the  junction  of 
the  Shilka  and  Argoon,  which  form  tlie  Amoor,  to  its 
mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Saghalien;  comprising  an  area  esti- 
mated at  231, S75,  which,  added  to  the  above,  gives  a  total  of 
5,044.264  square  miles. 

This  immense  territory  has  ranch  less  diversity  of  surface 
than  might  be  supposed  from  its  extent.  Assuming  the 
meridian  of  105°  as  a  line  of  demarcation,  two  regions  will 
be  formed — a  W.  and  an  E.,  exhibiting  a  very  marked  dif- 
ference in  the  configuration  of  the  surface.  Both  regions 
have  their  greatest  altitude  in  the  S.,  and  may  be  considered 
as  a  vast  inclined  plane,  sloping  gradually  N.  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean;  but  the  K.  region  is  traversed  in  different  directions 
by  several  mountainous  tracts;  whereas  the  W.  region,  with 
the  exception  of  the  chain  of  the  Ural  on  the  W.,  and  that 
of  the  Altai  on  the  S.  frontiers,  forms  a  vast  plain,  almost 
unbroken  by  any  greater  heiglits  than  a  tew  hills,  and  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  which  wind  across  it.  This  plain,  to- 
wards the  S.,  has  a  height  of  about  2000  feet  above  tlie  sea, 
but  towards  the  N.,  is  so  near  its  level  as  often  to  become 
extensively  inundated.  Vor  convenience  of  description,  it 
has  been  arranged,  according  to  its  productive  powers,  in 
four  divisions:  the  steppe  or  pastoral,  the  agricukural,  the 
woody,  and  the  moorland  or  tundra.  The  steppe,  occupying 
the  most  elevated  part  of  the  plain,  extends  from  the  S.  fron- 
tiers northward  to  lat.  55°;  and  from  the  \V.  frontiers,  with- 
in these  limits,  eastward  to  the  banks  of  the  Irtish.  The 
greater  part  of  it  consists  of  what  is  called  the  Steppe  of 
Ishim,  and  has  a  bare  and  almost  sterile  surface,  often  in- 
crusted  with  salt,  but  occasionally  covered  with  a  scanty 
Tegetation,  and  sometimes  even  enlivened  by  tracts  of  green 
pasture,  over  which  the  nomadic  tribes  roam  with  their 
flocks  and  herds.  The  agricultural  division  extends  N.  to 
lat.  (50°.  In  many  parts,  where  it  borders  on  the  steppe,  it 
ha?  only  occasional  tracts  which  have  been  or  can  be  advan- 
tageously brought  uuder  the  plough. 

Tlie  region  where  agriculture  might  be  successfully  prose- 
cuted on  a  large  scale,  occupies  an  extent  more  than  double 
that  of  the  British  Islands,  and,  under  favorable  circum- 
stances, might  furnish  subsistence  to  a  very  large  popula- 
tion; but,  as  yet,  it  is  only  the  more  fertile  alluvial  tracts 
adjacent  to  the  rivers  that  have  been  brought  under  any- 
thing like  regular  culture.  Within  this  division,  though 
not  properly  belonging  to  it,  is  the  Steppe  of  Baraba,  situated 
between  the  Irtish  and  the  Obi.  The  S.  portion  greatly  re- 
Eemliles  the  Steppe  of  Ishim,  though  on  the  whole  it  is  not 
BO  arid,  and  has  a  more  abundant  vegetation.  The  N.  por- 
tion, though  flat  and  swampy,  is  covered  with  nearly  con- 
tinuous forests  of  birch  and  fir,  haunted  by  numerous  wild 
animal.s,  including  the  beaver.  This  portion  of  the  Baraba 
or  Barabinza  Steppe  may  therefore  be  considered  as  the 
commencement  of  the  wooded  division,  which  extends  X.  to 
lat.  64°,  and  in  parts  to  66°,  though  in  the  higher  latitude 
the  trees  are  seldom  of  very  vigorous  growth.  The  whole 
of  this  division  is  covered  with  vast  forests  of  birch  and  dif- 
ferent .species  of  fir  and  pine.  It  is  not  at  all  adapted  to 
agriculture,  but  barley  and  rye  are  occasionally  cultivated, 
particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  Berezov,  near  lat.  64°,  where 
also  turnips  of  great  size  are  grown.  The  population,  few 
in  numbers,  are  settled  principally  on  the  banks  of  the  Obi 
and  Yenisei,  and  live  chiefly  on  game  and  fish  ;  the  latter,  in- 
cluding salmon,  sturgeon,  and  herrings,  ascending  from  the 
sea  as  far  as  the  confluence  of  the  Tom.  Wild  animals, 
also,  are  very  numerous,  and  many  valuable  furs  are  ol> 
tained. 

The  last  division  is  that  of  the  moorland  or  tundra,  con- 
sisting of  a  low,  monotonous  flat,  covered  with  moss,  and 
nearly  destitute  of  trees.  It  extends  along  the  shores  of  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  has  so  rigorous  a  climate,  that  even  in 
summer  ice  is  found  a  few  inches  below  the  surface.  Here 
the  reindeer  exists  in  vast  herds,  both  wild  and  domesti- 
cated; white  bears  and  foxes  are  also  numerous,  and  fur- 
nish valuable  furs;  and  the  coasts  and  mouths  of  the  rivers 
are  frequented  by  immen.se  shoals  of  fish  and  flocks  of  fowl. 
One  remarkable  feature  in  the  W.  part  of  the  tundra  is  an 
isolated  mountain  mass,  which  rises  with  steep  sides  N.  of 
Obdorsk,  about  lat.  66°,  and  forms  a  kind  of  range  divided 
Into  five  summits,  the  loftiest  of  which  attains  the  height 
of  4',192  feet. 

Siberia  to  the  E.  of  Ion.  105°,  forming  nearly  one-half  of 
the  whole  territory,  has  a  much  more  diversified  surface 
than  the  W.  region,  and  owing  partly  to  its  general  rugged- 
ness  and  elevation,  and  partly  to  the  greater  severity  of  the 
■iimate,  has  much  less  land  adapted  to  agricultural  pur- 
fwses.  The  Sea  of  Okhotsk  has  a  bold  and  rocky  shore,  and 
the  country  behind  rises  with  a  steep  ascent,  till  a  moun- 
tain-range is  formed  with  a  general  altitude  of  nearly  3000 
feet  above  sea-level.  This  range,  under  the  name  of  the 
gtinovoi  Mountains,  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  coast 
till  it  reaches  the  frontiers  of  China,  where  it  takes  the 
name  of  the  Yablonoi  Mountains,  and  proceeding  W.,  con- 
tinues for  a  long  distance  to  form  the  boundary  between  the 
two  empires.  It  then  takes  the  name  of  the  Mountains  of 
&M 


SIB 

Daooria,  and  throws  out  numerous  ramificatirn.i,  which 
continuing  W..  extend  their  arms  round  Lake  baik<tl,  and 
cover  almost  all  the  S.  part  of  the  government  of  Irkootsk. 
Other  ramifications  proceeding  N.  form  the  watersheds  of 
the  numerous  aflluents  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lena.  On 
both  sides  of  this  river  the  surface  continues  elevated,  and 
forms  a  table-laud,  the  interior  of  which  is  still  very  imper- 
fectly known. 

The  best  portions  of  Kast  Siberia  occur  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
government  of  Irkootsk,  where,  in  the  lower  and  more  op^ii 
valleys  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  liaikal,  cultivation  has  been 
attempted  with  success,  and  the  oak  and  hazel,  unknown 
in  other  parts  of  Siberia,  are  found  growing  freely.  In  al- 
most the  whole  of  the  same  government,  where  the  con- 
figuration of  the  surface  does  not  present  invincible  ob- 
stacles, all  the  grains  of  Kurope  are  grown,  and  even  the 
mount;iins  and  hills  are  covered  during  the  greater  part  of 
the  year  with  g[X)d  pasture.  Still  farther  N.,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Yakootsk,  as  far  as  the  town  of  the  .same  name, 
cf^rn  is  cultivated  in  patches  in  the  upper  vale  of  the  Lena, 
though  the  far  greater  part  of  it  is  covered  with  fir  and  pine, 
witli  so  much  intervening  space  between  the  trees  that  a 
good  deal  of  herbage  springs  up,  and  helps  to  nourish  the 
numerous  herds  of  cattle  which  are  kept  by  the  Yakoots 
and  grazed  chiefly  on  an  immense  tract  of  low  land  which 
extends  from  the  Lena  tl.  to  the  Aldan. 

The  newly-acquired  possessions  are  repi-esented  as  being 
very  fertile,  and  the  soil  fif  for  all  kinds  of  culture,  but  is 
as  yet  untouched  by  the  human  hand.  The  whole  country 
is  said  to  be  covered  with  meadows,  and  bounding  with 
the  best  kind  of  timber,  including  oak,  for  ship-building. 
The  river  Amoor  teems  with  all  kinds  of  fish,  the  most 
delicate  known,  and  some  said  to  be  strangers  to  other 
waters.  The  forests  are  full  of  game,  including  bears  and 
wolves.  Grain  and  bread  were  unknown  to  the  natives, 
who  now  eagerly  seek  the  latter  in  their  barter  with  the 
Russians. 

The  N.  part  of  East  Siberia  con.sists  of  two  distinct  por- 
tions, the  one  extending  from  Ion.  105°  K.  to  the  lower  valley 
of  the  Lena,  and  the  other  from  that  valley  to  Beh ring's  Sea. 
The  former  portion  is  very  imperfectly  known;  but  the  lat- 
ter, a^  far  as  the  Kolyma,  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  chains 
of  low  liills,  separated  from  each  other  by  wide  valleys  or 
open  plains,  and  generally  overgrown  with  stunted  larch 
and  birch.  In  these  valleys  and  plains  are  numerous  lake.s, 
generally  well  supplied  with  fish,  and  bordered  by  low 
banks,  on  which  a  rich  grassy  sward  is  often  .seen.  Another 
remarkable  feature  in  this  locality  is  the  number  of  all/uty, 
or  dry  lakes,  con.sisting  of  a  kind  of  wide  basins,  .so  far  be- 
low the  general  level  of  the  suiface  as  to  have  become  filled 
with  water  when  the  rivers  overflowed  their  banks,  and  yet 
so  shallow,  that  the  clefts  produced  by  the  winter  frost  form 
natural  drains,  through  which  the  water  escapes,  and  leaves 
the  lakes  almost  dry.  The  alluvial  bottom,  owing  to  the 
richness  of  the  soil,  immediately  on  the  arriv.al  of  summer, 
becomes  clothed  with  the  finest  turf.  When  the  drainage 
is  less  complete,  extensive  morasses  are  formed,  covered 
only  with  moss  or  stunted  larches,  and  so  destitute  of  pro- 
per pasture,  that  the  districts  in  which  they  prevail  are 
almost  uninhabited.  To  tlie  E.  of  the  Kolyma,  branches 
from  the  Stanovoi  Mountains  .stretch  X.,  and  form  a  series 
of  ranges  which  frequently  ri.se  from  2000  to  3000  feet 
Some  of  these  penetrate  to  the  X.  coast,  and  are  seen  form- 
ing precipitous  cliffs  at  Shelatskoi  Xo.s,  Cape  Xorth,  and 
other  headlands.  Other  ramifications  from  the  Stanovoi 
pursue  an  opposite  course,  and  traverse  the  remarkable 
peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  almost  centrally  to  its  S.  ex- 
tremity. 

Jiivers  and  Lales. — The  rivers  are  both  numerous  and  of 
great  magnitude.  From  the  configuration  of  the  counti-y, 
they  almost  all  flow  in  a  X.  direction,  and  belong  to  the 
basin  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.  The  only  exceptions  are  in  the 
E.,  where  the  Anadeer  flows  E.  into  Behring's  Sea,  and  a 
great  number  of  small  strcims,  following  the  same  direction, 
fall  either  into  the  same  sea  or  into  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk; 
and  in  the  S.E.,  where  the  Amoor  forms  the  boundary  on 
the  side  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  and  consequently  belongs 
to  the  basin  of  the  Xorth  Pacific.  The  great  rivers  belong- 
ing to  the  Arctic  basin  flow  for  the  most  part  through  im- 
mense tracts  of  level  country,  and  hence  are  remarkable  at 
once  for  the  length  of  their  course,  the  volume  of  water 
which  they  accumulate  from  numerous  and  important 
affluents,  and  the  few  obstacles  which  they  present  to  a 
continuous  navigation.  The  advantages  w  hich  they  offer  in 
the  latter  respect  are  diminished  by  the  long  period  during 
which  they  are  frozen  over;  but  even  then  they  do  not 
cease  to  be  available  for  traffic,  and  become,  in  fact,  the 
great  highways  of  the  country.  The  Obi  is  one  of  the 
largest  rivers  of  the  Old  World ;  the  length  of  its  course  is 
24(X)  miles.  Among  its  important  affluents,  many  of  them 
magnificent  rivers,  are  the  Irtish.  Ishim,  and  Tobol,  which, 
by  uniting  their  streams,  more  than  double  its  volume;  the 
Tom.  Tchoolim.  and  Ket.  The  estuary  of  the  Obi  forms  a 
gulf  from  70  miles  to  80  miles  wide,  and  above  400  miles 
long.  The  quantities  offish  taken  in  it,  and  along  the  wlioie 

1777 


SIB 


SIB 


oon's-e  of  th  •  rireh,  And  jq  its  tributaries,  are  almost  incre- 
dib's.  According  toKrman,  the  quantity  consumed  in  the 
government  of  Tfobnlsk  aloue,  and  wliolly  taken  from  it, 
cannot  be  less  than  65.000  tons  annu.illy. 

The  Yenisei,  the  second  river  in  importance,  if  measured 
from  the  commenrement  of  the  Selenga,  its  remotest  tribu- 
tary, exceeds  in  length  that  of  the  Obi  by  100  miles.  Its 
most  important  affluents  are  the  Selenga:  the  Angara, 
which  receives  the  disdiarge  of  the  lake,  and,  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  takes  the  name  of  Upper  Toongooska;  the 
Sliddle  Toongooska,  and  the  Lower  Toongoo.ska.  The  estuary 
of  the  Yenisei  is  about  20  miles  wide,  and  200  miles  long. 
The  Lena  has  a  course  of  about  2400  miles.  It  rises  scarcely 
20  miles  W.  of  Lake  Riikal,  and  becomes  navigable  at  50 
miles  from  its  source.  Its  principal  affluents  are  the 
Vitim,  which  has  a  course  of  "Oio  miles,  of  which  a  consider- 
able part  is  navigable ;  the  Olekma,  which  flows  500  miles 
through  interminable  forests ;  the  Aldan,  draining  an  ex- 
ten.sive  tract  of  table-land  between  Ion.  125°  and  140°  E.; 
and  the  Viliooi,  which  rises  in  a  mountainous  district  not 
far  from  the  lyiwer  Toongooska.  and  flows  W.  for  alxiut  fiOO 
miles.  The  Amoor.  formed  ljy  the  union  of  the  Shilka  and 
Argoon,  near  lat.  63°  X.,  Ion.  12'2°  K..  has  a  lengtli,  inclu- 
ding its  longest  affluent,  estimated  at  2200  miles.  It  makes 
three  reniarkat)le  bends,  but  flows  in  a  general  E.  direction, 
entering  the  Gulf  of  Saghalian  about  lat.  22°  27'  X..  Ion. 
14:0^  E.  Its  principal  affluents  from  the  X..  besides  those 
alreaJj'  mentioned,  are  the  Tcheekeeree  (Tshikiri)  and  the 
llenkon.  In  1S49  the  Amoor  wa.s  carefully  explored  by  a 
party  of  Co.ssacks.  headed  by  the  Russian  Governor-General 
and  his  statT,  in  two  small  iron  steamers  built  at  Shilka.  a 
mining  settlement  on  the  river  of  the  s.ame  name,  and  was 
found  everywhere  navigable,  without  rapids  or  any  other 
serious  encumbrances.  The  descent  of  the  river  occupied 
33  days.  At  its  mouth  the  party  formed  a  settlement  on  a 
deep  and  extensive  harbor,  protected  from  nearly  ever}-  wind 
by  the  island  of  Kerafter  or  Saghalien.  which  the  Russians 
had  taken  pos.session  of  years  before.  The  four  large  rivei-s 
aixive  mentioned  for  surpass  in  magnitude  all  the  other 
rivers  of  ;?il)eria. 

The  most  important  of  the  minor  rivers  which  send  their 
waters  directly  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  are  the  Taz.  between 
the  Obi  and  Yenisei ;  the  Khatanga,  the  united  Anabai-a  and 
Olera,  and  the  Olenek,  between  the  Yenisei  and  Lena:  and 
to  the  E.  of  the  latter,  the  Y'ana,  Indighirka.  and  Kolyma. 
The  course  of  the  first  is  500  miles;  that  of  each  of  the  two 
last.  "00  miles.  These  minor  rivers.  like  the  larger,  abound 
with  fish,  and  at  their  mouths  are  frequented  by  such  im- 
mense tlocks  of  water-fowl,  as  often  to  darken  the  air  for 
miles  around.  ' 

The  only  importint  lakes  are  those  of  Baikal,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Irkootsk,  and  Balkash-Xor  or  Tengheez,  chiefly 
in  the  S.  of  the  government  ofOm.sk,  but  partly  within  the 
Cliinese  frontiers.  Xumerous  other  lakes  are  scattered  over 
the  surface,  and  more  especially  in  the  tundras,  where 
whole  chains  of  them,  covering  extensive  tracts,  not  unfre- 
quently  occur. 

G-'M'tgy. — The  geology  of  Siberia  is  very  imperfectly 
known,  and  hence,  in  the  best  maps  of  it  which  have  been 
publisijed,  considerable  tracts  are  left  absolutelj-  blank. 
Granit*  and  crystalline  schists  are  found  chieHy  on  the  K. 
slopes  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  in  the  S.  among  the  moun- 
tain ranges  of  the  Altai,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  biisin  of 
the  Middle  Toongooska.  and  in  the  very  E.  extremity  of  the 
country,  from  Ion.  165°  to  the  shores  of  Behrings  Strait. 
The  volcanic  rocks  belong  mostly  to  the  tertiary  period,  and 
are  found  chiefly  in  the  S.,  in  connection  with  the  granite 
and  crystalline  schists  alwve  described.  They  compose  the 
great  mass  of  the  mountain  range  which  skirts  the  \V.  shores 
of  Lake  B.iikal.  and  are  seen  in  a  still  more  magnificent  and 
Interesting  form  in  the  mountains  which  proceed  from  X.  to 
S.  nearly  through  the  centre  of  the  peninsula  of  Kamt- 
ehatka.  where  several  are  active  volcanoes.  Palafozoic  rocks, 
including  under  the  designation  rocks  belonging  partly  to 
the  Silurian,  partly  to  the  Devonian,  and  partly  to  the  car- 
boniferous systems,  are  developed,  chief.y  in  the  S.,  where 
they  occupy  a  large  space  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  with  its 
apex  at  the  town  of  Irkootsk,  and  the  base  on  the  parallel 
of  60°.  Another  large  development  of  the  same  rocks  is 
seen  on  the  X.W.  and  N.  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  and  to  a 
considerable  distance  inland.  Secondary  rocks,  higlier  in 
the  series  than  the  carboniferous  system,  occupy  a  consider- 
able tract  on  both  sides  of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Irtish :  a 
more  partial  development  of  the  same  rocks  is  seen  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Obi.  But  by  far  the  most  extensive  formation 
in  Siberia  is  the  tertiary,  which  stretches  almost  conti- 
nuously from  the  last  slopes  of  the  Ural  Mountains  E.,  across 
the  ( )H  to  the  valley  of  the  Yenisei ;  and  in  other  qujirters. 
though  mOre  intermingled  with  earlier  formations,  covers  no 
Inconsiderable  portion  of  the  whole  surface.  The  shores  of 
the  .\rctic  Ocean,  almost  throughout  the  whole  extent,  and 
to  a  c  .nsidenible  distance  inland,  have  a  deep  alluvial  covei^ 
ing.  reraai'kai>le  for  containing  deposits  of  fo.esil  elephants 
and olheranimals  in  such  quantities,  that  the  Ivorj- obtained 
from  them  forms  an  impcrtimt  article  of  commerce. 
1778 


J/incraZs.— The  minerals  of  Siberia  are  of  immense  valnei, 
and  though  the  real  extent  of  surfiice  on  which  they  are 
found  is  as  yet  only  roughly  guessed  at,  there  cannot  be  a 
doubt  that  the  most  precious  of  all  the  netals  exists  here  in 
greater  abundance  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  Old  World. 
Till  recently,  the  auriferous  deposits  were  supposed  to  be 
almost  confined  to  the  E.  slopes  of  the  UraUMountains,  and 
to  occupy  a  zone  extending  from  5°  to  6°  of  latitude  to 
the  X.  and  S.  of  Yekaterinlxiorg.  The  gold  obtained  from 
this  zone  never  exceeded  .42,500,000  in  any  one  year,  and 
had  even  begun  to  decrease,  in  consequence  of  the  exhaustion 
of  the  .alluvia  of  certain  tracts,  when  it  was  discovered  that 
some  of  the  E.  regions,  particularly  in  the  governments  of 
Tomsk  and  Yeniseisk,  were  highly  auriferous,  and  that  a 
tract  larger  in  area  than  the  whole  of  France  contains  gold, 
not  in  its  alluvia,  but  in  the  very  m.atrix  of  its  rocks  of 
pal;t»zoic  schists  and  limestone.  These  regions  alone,  in 
1S43,  raised  gold  to  the  value  of  $11,250,000,  being  more  than 
two-thirds  of  the  wliole  produce  of  the  Russian  Empire. 

The  principiil  mining  districts  are  those  of  the  VvaX  Moun- 
tains already  mentioned,  the  .\ltai,  and  XertcLinsk.  in  the 
basin  of  the  Amoor.  In  the  first,  besides  gold,  a  good  deal  of 
copper  and  iron,  and  some  silver  and  platinum,  are  obtained. 
The  second  district  extends  over  a  great  part  of  the  Altai 
range,  but  has  its  central  locality  at  Barnaul.  Its  produce 
In  gold,  which  used  to  be  small,  h.^s  lately  been  much  in- 
creased. It  has  also  extensive  veins  of  copper,  though  the 
ore  in  general  is  not  very  rich,  and  hence,  unless  very  easily 
smelted,  is  scarcely  worth  working.  Argentiferous  lead  also 
is  found,  but  in  less  abundance.  Iron,  remarkable  for  its 
natural  malleable  properties,  arsenic,  and  antimony,  exist  in 
the  same  district.  In  the  district  of  Xertchinsk,  the  mines, 
which  are  worked  over  an  extent  of  160  miles,  are  particu- 
larly rich  in  lead,  tin,  zinc,  and  iron.  The  lateral  valleys 
of  the  Yablonoi  Mountains  running  from  them  into  the 
longitudinal  valley  of  the  Shilka,  have  also  been  found  to 
he  highly  auriferous,  and  are  now,  as  already  mentioned, 
yielding  large  quantities  of  gold.  In  the  same  district  of 
Xertchinsk,  are  also  celebrated  mines  of  emerald  and  topaz, 
found  generally  in  connection  with  tin  lodes. 

The  other  minerals  of  Siberia  deserving  of  notice  are  salt, 
found  in  natural  crystals  on  the  banks  of  lake.',  chiefly  in 
the  steppes  of  Ishim  and  Baraba;  jasper  and  porphyry  of 
great  beauty,  quarried  especially  in  the  valley  of  the 
Charysh,  among  the  Altai  Mountains;  lapis-lazuli,  found 
among  the  mountains  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Baikal;  dia- 
monds, found  occasionally  on  the  £.  slopes  of  the  Ural 
Mountains:  and  malachite,  obtained  in  gi-eater  or  less 
quantity  from  all'the  mining  district.s. 

Climate. — This  country  is  remarkable  for  the  rigor  of  its 
climate.  The  Isothermal  line  which  skirts  the  S.  coast  of 
Iceland.  In  proceeding  E.,  descends  rapidly  till  it  reaches  St, 
Petersburg,  and  then  more  gradually  till  it  reaches  Ion.  100° 
E.,  where  it  is  found  in  lat.  52°.  From  this  point  it  proceeds 
nearly  due  E.,  pa.ssing  through  the  S.  part  of  Lake  Baikal^ 
the  town  of  Xertchin.sk,  and  the  S.  extremity  of  Kamt- 
chatka.  It  thus  appears  that  the  S.  coast  of  Iceland,  in 
lat.  63°.  has  the  same  mean  temperature  as  East  Silieria  in 
lat.  52°.  In  lik<»  manner,  the  line  of  permanent  ground- 
frost  descends  in  parts  of  Siberia  as  far  S.  as  lat.  56°,  nearly 
the  same  as  that  of  Edinburgh :  and  over  the  whole  country, 
E.  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  is  as  low  as  lat.  60°.  Erman 
found  In  Yakootsk,  in  a  well  which  had  been  sunk  to  the 
depth  of  42  feet,  that  the  fine  sand  and  clay  wei-e  so  frozen 
that  the  spade  was  useless,  and  the  miner's  pickaxe  alone 
could  pierce  them;  and  proceeding  on  the  assumjition  that 
the  heat  of  the  earth  increases  in  a  certain  ratio  from  the 
surface  to  the  centre,  calculii_tes  that  in  this  locality  the 
melting  point  of  ice  or  snow,  and  consequently  the  depth  to 
which  the  well  must  have  been  sunk  to  obtain  water,  was 
not  less  than  ftJO  feet,  lie  found  that  annually  between 
the  17th  of  December"^and  ISth  of  February,  and  most  fre- 
quently in  the  first  three  weeks  of  J.anuarv,  cold  is  experi- 
enced exceedin'.:  40°  Reaumur  or  58°  Fahrenheit,  in  other 
words,  a  cold  90°  Fahrenheit  Ijelow  the  freezing  point;  and 
that  for  two  entire  months,  or  one-sixth  part  of  the  whole 
year,  mercury  is  a  solid  body.  This  extreme  winter  is  suc- 
ceeded by  an  exceedingly  warm  summer.  The  thaw 
usually  commences  on  the  first  of  .\pril.  and  the  tempera- 
ture increases  rapidly  till  it  attains  itii  maximum  in  July. 
In  this  month  the  average  height  of  the  thermometer  is 
al)Out  66°  Fahrenheit:  but  it  not  unfrequently  rises  in  the 
shade  above  77°.  The  climate  of  Yakootsk.  however,  is 
admitted  to  be  extreme  even  in  Siberia,  for  in  the  W.  part 
of  it  mercury  does  not  freeze  every  year  except  in  very  liigh 
latitudes:  and  even  on  tlie  shores  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk, 
owing  probably  to  the  influence  of  the  sea.  Erman  did  not 
find  the  ground  frozen.  In  Yakoot.sk.  notwithstanding  its 
long  and  extreme  winter,  there  are  128  days  in  the  year 
without  frost;  and  within  that  period  several  kinds  of  grain, 
not  excluding  wheat,  have  time  to  attain  maturity:  and  in 
rich  alluvial  soils  often  produce  a  return  of  fiftecntVild. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  are  very  iMnited,  and 

are  confined  for  the  most  part  to  a  few  of  the  larger  towns, 

i  where  government  factories  ha\e  been  established.     Tho 


SIB 

more  important  articles  are  leather,  earthenware,  porcelain, 
glass,  and  hardware.  In  some  places,  as  at  Telraa,  large 
woollen  and  linen  factories  employ  a  considerable  number 
of  hands,  chiefly  exiles,  in  weaving  woollen  and  linen  cloth, 
and  in  conducting  all  the  previous  processes  of  preparing 
the  wool,  flax,  Ac.  Tliese  tissues  are  generally  of  a  coai-se 
description,  and  are  not  in  great  demand,  as  almost  all  the 
articles  of  ordinary  dress  are  provided  at  liome.  and  formed 
with  comp.aratively  little  trouble,  out  of  the  skins  of  rein- 
deer, sheep,  and  various  other  animals.  Among  the  O.stiaks 
a  clothing  made  of  fish-skin,  very  impervious  to  cold,  is 
very  commonly  worn. 

Tra'lf.,  dJc. — The  trade  is  of  considerable  extent;  and  in  so 
far  as  confined  to  the  produce  of  the  country,  consist.'? 
chiefly  of  cattle,  fish,  caviar,  furs,  skins,  and  metals.  A 
very  important  transit  trade  is  also  carried  on  across  the 
country  between  Russia  in  Kurope  and  China.  From  the 
latter  country  by  far  the  most  important  article  is  tea,  both 
in  the  dried  leaf  and  in  the  form  of  cakes  or  bricks.  The 
greater  part  of  the  latter  is  disposed  of  to  the  nomadic  tribes, 
and  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  former  never  passes  be- 
yond the  limits  of  Siberia,  but  is  retained  for  home  con- 
sumption. Other  articles  of  importance  from  China  are 
coar.se  cotton  stuffs,  rhubarb,  silks,  satins,  &c.  The  princi- 
pal mart  for  this  trade  is  the  town  of  Iviakhta.  situated  S. 
of  Ijiike  Baikal,  close  to  the  Chinese  frontier ;  here  it  is  car- 
ried on  in  a  regular  and  recognised  form  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  both  governments,  and  to  such  an  extent  that 
the  annual  value  of  the  imports  is  estimated  at  not  less 
than  $15,000,000.  The  greater  p-irt  of  the  traflic  is  carried 
on  by  the  Selenga  to  Lake  Baikal,  and  thence  by  large  ves- 
sels to  Irkootsk,  from  which  a  continuous  communication 
lies  open  by  the  Angara  and  Upper  Toongooska  to  Yeniseisk, 
on  the  Yenisei.  A  little  below  Yeniseisk  the  Kem  furnishes 
a  water-communication  westward,  to  a  point  within  40  miles 
of  (he  navigable  Ket.  These  40  miles  can  only  be  accom- 
plished by  land-carriage,  but  thereafter  the  Ket  gives  im- 
mediate access  to  the  Obi,  and  the  Obi.  partly  by  its  main 
stream,  and  partly  by  its  affluents  Irtish  and  Tobol.  affords 
a  continuous  conveyance  to  Tobolsk,  the  commercial  metro- 
polis of  Western  Asia.  &c.,  from  which  a  highway  across  the 
Urnl  Mountains  leads  directly  to  I'erm. 

Besides  this  main  line  of  thoroughfare  from  China,  a  con- 
siderable trade  is  carried  on  both  with  that  country  and 
with  several  independent  khanats,  by  means  of  caravans 
which  depart  from  I'etropaulovski  on  the  Ishim,  or  .Semi- 
palatinsk  on  the  Irtish,  and  proceed  S.  across  the  moun- 
tains to  Eelee,  Tashkend,  Kokan.  &c.  For  the  interior 
traflic  the  rivers  naturally  furnish  the  most  important  con- 
veyance; but  when  these  become  closed  with  ice.  other 
means  of  conveyance  must  be  resorted  to,  among  which  the 
most  characteristic  is  that  of  sledges  drawn  by  reindeer  or 
dogs.  In  carrying  on  the  trade  of  a  country  so  vast  in  ex- 
tent, and  so  thinly  peopled,  it  is  obviously  necessary  to 
select  certain  central  localities,  and  fix  certain  stated  sea- 
sons, for  the  transaction  of  business  between  buyers  and 
sellers;  and  accordingly  the  fairs  of  .Siberia  are  remarkable 
both  for  the  value  and  quantity  of  the  goods  brought  for- 
ward, and  the  vast  crowds  of  dealers  whom  they  attract 
from  the  remotest  quarters.  The  most  extensive  of  these 
fairs  are  those  of  Obdorsk.  on  the  Obi ;  Tooi-ookansk.  on  the 
Yenisei;  Oostyansk,  (Uatiansk.)  on  the  Yana;  and  Ostro- 
nowo.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Kolyma.  The  principal  towns 
are  Tobolsk.  Obdorsk,  Tomsk,  Omsk.  Krasnoiarsk,  Irkootsk, 
and  Yakootsk. 

People. — It  is  estimated  that  three-fourths  of  the  whole 
population  of  Siberia  are  Russian,  and  consist  either  of 
•voluntary  emigrants,  who  have  found  it  their  interest  to 
nettle  in  the  country,  or  of  exiles  and  their  descendants.  In 
the  course  of  the  seventeeth  centurj',  and  more  especially 
of  the  eigliteenth,  the  czars  began  to  transport  thither 
convicts  and  criminals.  The  first  colonists  of  this  character 
were  the  various  dissenters  from  the  Russian  Orthodox 
church.  Whole  villases  or  communities  were  thus  trans- 
ported, receiving  in  different  parts  of  Siberia  vast  tracts  of 
land.  These  colonists  formed  communities  in  the  same  way 
as  they  were  organi/ed  in  the  mother  country,  having  equal 
privileges  of  self-administration  with  the  crown-peasants,  on 
paying  a  small  tribute  to  the  treasuiy.  Their  return  to 
Kuropean  Russia  is  strongly  prohibited;  but  they  enjoy  per- 
lect  liberty  of  worship  according  to  their  doctrines  and 
usages.  When  the  riches  of  the  .\ltai  Mountains  were  first 
discovered,  transportation  to  the  mines  took  the  place  of 
capital  punishment;  this  punishment  having  l)een  abolish- 
ed in  1740,  under  the  Empress  Klizabeth.  Disgraced  favo- 
rites, official  defaulters,  and,  finally,  political  offenders  were 
sent  thither  for  life,  or  for  the  term  of  their  punishment. 
Among  the  first  in  the  eighteenth  century  were  .Menchikoff 
■ind  iiiron — both  of  whom  had  omnipotently  ruled  the 
empire  and  the  field — Marshal  Miinich.  and  several  others. 

At  present,  transportation  to  Siberia  is  a  penalty  admi- 
cistered  for  all  kinds  of  crimes  and  offences.  For  burglary, 
tlieft,  smuggling  and  violation  of  the  excise,  the  punish- 
ment is  hard  labor  for  life,  or  for  a  certain  term  of  years ; 
after  which  the  felon  becomes  a  colonist,  receiving  land,  and 


SIB 

a  house  Smaller  offences  are  punished  with  transporta- 
tion for  a  less  number  of  years,  with  the  privilege  of  return- 
ing to  Russia.  Serfs  condemned  for  any  offence  whatever 
never  return  into  bondage;  and  thus  Siberia  becomes,  to 
them  at  least,  a  land  of  emancipation.  Political  offenders 
are  generally  incorporated  into  battalions,  forming  the  corps 
of  the  Siberian  army.  If  the  verdict  does  not  define  tho 
exact  number  of  years  of  their  service,  they  remain  in  the 
army  20  or  25  years,  and  then  resign  to  become  colonists 
and  members  of  some  community.  The  distinction  of  the 
social  organization  of  Siberia  is,  that  no  kind  of  serfiiom 
exists,  or  can  be  introduced.  Almost  the  only  distinction 
of  classes  is  that  of  the  government  officials.  Nobility,  with 
its  privileges,  is  a  thing  unknown.  The  whole  soil  of 
Siberia  belongs  to  the  crown;  and  it  is  already  a  fixed  prin- 
ciple with  the  emperors  not  to  surrender  any  crown  lands. to 
serfdom  on  any  pretense. 

The  bulk  of  the  Russian  population  in  Siberia,  by  which 
the  Aidiments  of  civilization  have  K>en  introduced,  consists 
of  merchants  trading  thither,  whose  communities  extend 
from  the  Ural  Mountains  to  the  mouth  of  the  Amoor.  They 
are  established  in  boroushs  and  cities,  or  in  agricultural 
districts,  but  perform  military  duties  and  those  of  internal 
police. 

The  native  races  and  tribes  scattered  over  the  different 
parts  of  Siberia  are  very  numerous.  Beginning  at  the  Ural 
Mountains  and  proceeding  E.,  we  find  the  Samoieds  inha- 
biting the  N.W.  of  Siberia,  and  immediately  S.  of  them  the 
Ostiaks  occupy  both  sides  of  the  Obi,  up  to  the  confluence  of 
the  Irtish,  the  N.  part  of  the  steppe  of  Baraba.  and  the  whole 
of  the  woody  region  E.  to  the  banks  of  the  Yeni.sei.  They 
live  by  fishing  and  hunting,  and  though  their  phy.sical 
structure  is  by  no  means  robust,  they  di.splay  great  dexterity 
and  courage  in  attacking  the  larger  and  fiercer  animals.  loth 
of  the  land  and  water.  Some  of  them  have  embraced  Chris- 
tianity, but  the  great  majority  continue  addicted  to  Sha- 
manism. In  the  S.,  among  the  Altai  Mountjiin.a.  the  Cal- 
niucks  predominate,  but  have  laid  aside  a  number  of  the 
usual  peculiarities  of  their  race.  The  Booriats,  the  most 
numerous  of  all  the  Siberian  tribes,  dwell  chiefly  on  both 
sides  of  Ijake  Baikal,  and  E.  as  far  as  the  Onon.  "  They  are 
of  Mongol  origin,  and  closely  allied  to  the  natives  of  the  N. 
provinces  of  China,  both  in  language  and  customs.  The 
Toongooses  or  Tunguzes.  the  most  widely  dispersed  of  all 
the  native  tribes,  are  considered  the  best  formed  of  the 
native  Siberians.  They  are  very  expert  horsemen,  live 
chiefly  by  hunting,  possess  such  skill  in  the  working  oif  iron 
as  enables  them  to  prepare  their  own  firearms,  and  are  ge- 
nerally addicted  to  Shamanism.  The  Yakoots.  alreaily 
mentioned,  have  made,  considerable  progress  in  civilization, 
and  pay  some  attention  to  the  education  of  their  children. 
They  are  of  Tartar  origin,  and  not  a  few  of  them  are  nominal 
converts  to  Christianity,  though  the  majority  still  adhere 
to  Shamanism.  The  Tchooktchees  occupy  the  peninsula  in 
the  N.E.  of  Siberia.  They  are  very  jealous  of  their  inde- 
pendence, and  cm  scarcely  be  said  to  be  nominally  subject 
to  Russia.  Their  language  proves  them  to  have  a  common 
origin  with  the  Esquimaux.  The  Mantchoo  country,  situ- 
ated on  the  left  side  of  the  Amoor,  is  occupied  by  a  few 
nomadic  bands  of  Tartars,  no  fixed  settlement  of  any  kind 
existing  there. 

The  governments  of  Siberia  are  organized  and  governed 
like  those  in  European  Russia.  The  capital  of  AVestern  Si- 
beria is  Tobolsk,  on  the  river  Irtish.  The  city  of  Irkootsk, 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  three  rivers,  of  which  the 
Angara  forms  the  principal,  is  the  capital  of  Eastern  Sil)eria. 
The  site,  surrounded  by  elevated  wooded  hills,  is  very  pictu- 
resque. Irkootsk  has  about  6000  inhabitants,  and  the  seat 
of  the  archbishopric  for  the  whole  region.  The  natives  are 
gradually  converted,  and.  as  far  as  possible,  the  clergy  se- 
lected from  among  them,  the  rites  of  the  church  being  per- 
fbrmed  in  their  own  dialects.  Various  languages — Greek, 
Latin,  I'oli.sh,  Russian,  Mantchoo,  Tartar.  &c. — are  severally 
employed  for  this  purpose  in  Sil)eria.  The  army  of  Siberia 
consists  of  16  battalions  of  infantry,  and  a  brigade  of  artil- 
lery. A  line  of  fortified  posts  protects  the  country  on  the 
side  of  Independent  Toorkistan. 

History. — Siberia  appears  to  have  been  partly  conquered 
by  Jenghis-Khan  and  his  successors,  but  did  not  become 
known  to  Europe  till  1580,  when  a  Cossack,  called  Yermak 
Timofeyew,  who  had  long  robbed  the  ves.sels  which  navi- 
gated the  Volga,  finding  liimself  hotly  pursued  by  the  Czar 
of  Moscow,  crossed  over  into  Asia  with  his  accomplices. 
Their  number  sufficed  to  form  a  small  army,  and  their 
courage  soon  enabled  them  to  acquire  extensive  settlements. 
These  Yermak  offered  to  the  Czar  on  the  condition  of  obtain- 
ing pardon.  The  offer  was  ait-epted.  and  thus  lUissia  for 
the  first  time  obtained  a  fix>ting  in  Asia.  The  conquered 
territories  belonged  to  the  Tnrt.ar  Prince  Kutshum-Khan, 
and  included  his  residence,  which,  called  by  the  natives 
I.sker,  and  by  the  Cossacks  Sibir,  has  given  name  to  the 
whole  country.  The  conquests  of  Yemiak  continued  E., 
and  though  interrupted  for  a  time  by  his  death  in  1.5S4, 
were  gradually  extended,  till  the  whole  country  W.  of  the 
Obi  was  subjected  to  the  Czar.    In  lfi04  the  town  of  Tomsk 

1779 


Itr: 


SIB 

was  fotin.led,  aiid  became  a  centre  from  which  new  expedi- 
tions ^^(•re  fitte-i  out  and  new  conquests  m.ide.  I'rivate 
lidventurers,  instiuated  chiefly  by  the  hope  of  plunder,  pi-o- 
ceeUed  in  all  directions  to  tlie  S.,  where,  not  without  serious 
reverses,  they  succeeded  in  expellinj^  the  Kirgheez;  and  to 
the  K.,  where  tbev  entered  the  biisiu  of  the  Lena,  subdued 
the  Yakoots.  and"  finally,  after  passin-;  the  Aldan  Moun- 
tains, reached  tlie  Sea  of  Okhotsk.  A  further  extension  of 
conquests  to  the  S.  brought  the  adventurers  into  colli.-iion 
wKh  the  Chinese,  and  both  govertiuients  taking  part  iu  the 
quarrel,  a  war,  tlireatening  the  existence  of  one  or  other  of 
UiB  empires,  liecame  imminent.  It  wa.s,  liowever,  prevented, 
partly  by  the  intervention  of  the  Je.-^uit«  re.4dent  at  Peking, 
!!nd  a  treaty  in  1689  definitively  fixed  th^  boundarie.«  of  tlie 
two  empires.  A  second  treaty  in  1727,  confirming  the  former, 
regulated  thecomuierci.il  intercourse,  andcontiiied  it  to  the 

two   localities  of  Kiakhta  and   Maimaiti-hin. Adj.  and 

iniiab.  Siukkiax.  si-bee' re-an. 

81B'F0r.l)  UOWElt,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  OxfoM. 
SlIUDULU.  se-be-doo-loo',  a  town  of  West  Africa,  in  Sene- 
gamliia.  Mandiugo  country.  45  miles  X.N.W.  of  Bammakoo. 
t^IlU'I^A,  a  post-ofHce  of  Washington  parish,  Louisiana. 
cllilLIjA,  MONTE  DELLA,  mon'tA  del'ld  se-beel'Id,  one 
of  tlie  chief  summits  of  the  Apennines,  in  Central  Italy, 
near  the  Eastern  lioundary  of  Unibria,  26  miles  N.E.  of 
Sl)i>lcto.     Height,  7409  feet. 

SIBKAII,  Al,  t  siWkdh,  or  LOWREAII,  Iciw-dee'?,  (i.  t. 
"  El  Watee/a,  low  or  marshy  ground,")  an  extensive  salt 
lake  of  North  Africa,  regency  of  Tunis,  is  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  33°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  the  ninth  meridian  of  E.  Ion. 
Length,  about  80  miles;  breadth,  near  20  miles.  In  summer 
it  is  dried  up,  exhibiting  nolliing  but  a  crust  of  Siilt. 
SIBKIM,  a  state  of  North  llindostan.  See  SiKKiy. 
SIB'LEY.  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  con- 
tains abi.ut  GoO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  liy 
the  North  Fork  of  Crow  Kiver,  on  the  S.E.  by  the,  St.  I'eters, 
and  intersectiHl  by  the  South  Fork  of  Crow  Itiver.  Minne- 
tonka  L:»ke,  near  30  miles  long,  extends  across  the  county. 
The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  and  diversified  by 
prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is  productive.  This  county 
is  not  named  in  the  census  of  1850,  having  been  formed 
since  that  year.     Capital,  Henderson.    Pop.  in  1860,  3609. 

SIBLEY,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Missouri  Kiver,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Independence.  It  is  a 
shipping-point  for  produce. 

SiBNIBAS,  sili^ne-bis',  (Hindoo,  jSVanir<i.«a,)  a  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  district  of  Nuddea,  60 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Calcutta,  with  ruins  of  a  palace,  and  several 
pagodas. 

SlIVSEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  4^  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Boston.    It  has  a  station  on  the  Lincolnshire 
Railway. 
SIB'SON;  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
SIBSOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
SIB'THOUl'E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
SllVTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
SIBUYAN,  see-boo-yin',  an  island  of  tlie  JIalay  Archi- 
pelago, one  of  the  Philippines,  40  miles  N.  of  Panay,  Lat.  12° 
14'  N..  Ion.  122°  45'  E.     Length,  15  miles ;  breadth,  10  miles. 
SICANIA.    See  Sicily. 

SICASICA.  se^kd-see'kd,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  Bo- 
livia, department,  and  57  miles  S.  of  La  Paz. 
SI-CHAN.    See  See-Shan. 

SICHEM,  see-shSNo',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  South 
Brabant,  on  the  Demer,  3  miles  W.  of  Diest.     Pop.  1700. 

SICH  EM,  a  village  of  Belgian  Limbourg,  5  miles  S.W.  of 
Maestricht. 

SICHE.M.     SeeN'ABloos. 

SICUEX-SUSSEN-ET-B0LR£,  see'sSs"'  sUs'sSn"'  A  bolVA', 
a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Limbourg,  18  miles  S.E. 
of  Hasselt.     Pop.  1093. 

SICIGN  ANO.  se-cheen-yd'no.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Priucipato  Citra,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Campagna.  P.  2200. 
SICILIES,  KINGDOM  OF  THE  TWO.    See  Naples,  and 
Sicily. 

SICILY,  sis'il-e,  (It.  SicUia,  se-chee'le-il ;  Fr.  Sicih;  see^seel' ; 
Sp.  St'cUia,  .se-thee'le-J ;  Ger.  Sicilien,  sit-see'le-en ;  Dutch, 
SiciUe.  se-see'le-A;  anc.  Trinafcria,  Sicahiia.  and  SidVia.) 
the  largest  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  forming  an  import- 
ant part  of  the  new  kingiloni  of  Italy.  It  extends  from 
latitude  36°  41'  30"  to  38°  18'  N.,  and  from  longitude  12° 
25'  to  15°  40'  E.,  being  separated  from  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Italy  by  the  narrow  Strait  of  Messina.  It  is  nearly  in  the 
form  of  a  triangle,  the  three  angular  points  of  which  are 
formed  by  Cape  Boeo  in  the  W.,  Cape  Passaro  in  the  S.E..  and 
Cape  Faro  in  the  N.E.  The  lungestof  the  sides,  represented 
by  a  straight  line  drawn  from  Cape  Boeo  to  Cape  Faro,  is  180 
miles;  the  next  longest,  from  Cape  Boeo  to  Cape  Passaro,  171 
miles ;  and  the  sliortest,  frr.m  Cape  Passaro  to  Cape  Faro,  113 
miles.    Area  estimated  at  10,-556  square  miles. 

The  coast,  though  presenting  numerous  small  indenta- 
tions, h.is  few  large  bays.  Of  these,  the  moft  marked  are 
the  Gulls  of  Castel-a-Mare,  Palermo,  and  Patti.  on  tlie  N. ; 
and  tliose  of  Catania,  Augusta,  and  Syracuse  on  the  E. 
The  most  conspicuous  headlands  are  Capes  San  Vito,  Dl 
1780  ' 


SIC 

Gallo,  Melazzo,  and  Faro  on  the  N. ;  Santa  Croce,  Jrorro  di 
Porco,  and  Passaro  on  the  E. ;  Current  Point.  Scalambra, 
Alicata,  and  Ciranitola  on  the  S. ;  and  Boeo  on  the  W. 

Face.  I'fthe  Country,  Mmntains,  <Cc. — The  interior  is  finely 
diver.sified.  A  range  of  mountains,  commencintr  in  the  N.K. 
extremity  of  the  i.sland.  stretches  across  it  in  a  W.S.W.  direc- 
tion, taking  the  name  first  of  the  Neptunian,  and  then  of  the 
Madonian  Mountains.  This  range,  which  gradually  becomes 
less  elevated  in  proceeding  W.,  throws  out  numerous  rami- 
fications, the  most  important  of  which,  breaking  off  fri>m 
near  its  centre,  pivceeds  somewhat  circuitously  S.E.  towards 
Syracu.se.  The  whole  range  liears  a  strong  resemblance  to 
the  branch  of  the  Apennines  which  stretches  to  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  It'tly,  and  stixmgly  countenances  the  opinion  gene- 
rally entertained,  that  it  was  originally  continuous  with  it, 
and  that  Sicily  conse<4uently  must  at  one  time  have  been 
not  an  island,  but  a  part  of  the  European  continent.  A  tra- 
dition lias  always  existed,  that  the  separation  was  effected 
by  some  tremendous  convulsion  of  nature:  and  powers  suf- 
ficient to  accomplish  it  are  still  .apparent  in  the  tremendous 
eartliquakes  by  whicli  the  island  and  the  adjacent  continent 
have  iieen  visited  within  historic  times,  and  the  volcanic 
.igeury  still  active  in  Stromboli.  Lipari,  and  Etna.  The  last 
is  undoubtedly  the  most  remarkable  natural  feature  of 
Sicily,  and  one  of  the  greatest  wonders  of  the  world.  Though 
near  the  Neptunian  range  already  referred  to.  it  stands  com- 
pletely isolated,  forming  an  immense  cone,  which  at  its  base 
has  a  circuit  of  87  miles,  and  rises  gradually  from  the  plain, 
till  it  attains  the  height  of  10.874  feet.  Compared  with  this, 
all  tlie  other  summits  of  the  island  are  insignificant,  the 
loftiest  of  them.  Calatabellota.  Jlonte  Cuccio,  Monte  Scuderi, 
and  Diunamare.  liaving  only  the  respective  heii;htF  of  3P90 
feet,  3:129  feet,  3190  feet,  and  3112  feet.  The  far  greater  part  of 
the  mountains  have  a  much  less  average  height ;  their  sides 
are  generally  covered  with  magnificent  forests,  wherever  from 
tlieir  loftiness  or  ruggedness  they  cannot  be  brought  under 
regular  cultivation.  Between  the  mountains  dwp  and 
romantic  valleys  often  intervene,  and  occasionally  the  rug- 
gedness of  the  country  altogether  disappears,  giving  place 
to  l)eautiful  and  fertile  plains,  stretching  out  alaiost  as  far 
as  the  eye  can  reach.  The  most  important  of  these  plains 
are  those  of  Catania  and  Melazzo  in  thy  N.E.,  Syracuse  in 
the  S.E.,  and  Terra  Nova  in  the  S. 

GaU/xiy  and  Minerals. — Etna  itself,  and  the  large  circular 
space  of  which  it  terms  the  centre,  extending  over  the  whole 
region  that  lies  between  Catania  and  Taormina,  is  covered 
completely  with  volcanic  products.  Another  tract,  of  less 
extent,  stretching  S.  from  Canne  to  Chiaiiimoute.  is  similarly 
composed.  Granite,  with  gneiss  and  mica-schist,  has  its 
only  large  development  in  tlie  N.E.,  where_it  forms  Mount 
San  Filippo.  The  Jura  limestone  occupies  only  two  small 
patches:  the  larger  on  the  N.E.  coast,  from  Taormina  to 
Saneca,  and  the  less  still  farther  N.,  to  the  .?.  of  .Melazzo. 
The  series  of  nx'ks  immediately  above  the  linie-stone,  and 
belonging  to  the  cretaceous  system,  cover  at  least  a  half  of 
the  whole  surface  of  the  island.  They  extend  without  in- 
terruption along  the  N.  coast,  from  Cape  Orlando  to  Cape 
Zaffarano,  occupy  the  far  greater  part  of  the  peninsulas  be- 
tween the  Gulfs  of  Palermo  and  Castel-a-Mare,  and  between 
the  latter  gulf  and  the  town  of  Trapani  form  the  great  mass 
of  the  Neptunian  and  Madonian  nanges.  and  fill  np  the 
whole  centrjil  part  cf  the  island,  stretching  from  its  N.  to  its 
S.  shores.  The  rocks  of  the  teitiary  formation  occur  chiefly 
in  the  S-Fl.  and  the  W.  In  the  former  direction  tliey  line 
the  whole  coast,  from  Cape  Santa  Croce  S.  past  Syracuse  to 
Cape  Passaro.  and  ttien.  with  a  slight  interruption,  continue 
along  the  S.E.  coast,  past  Cape  Sc.ilanibra  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Drillo.  The  only  alluvial  tract  of  any  extent  is  in  the 
E.,  where  it  stretclies  along  the  S.  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Cata- 
nia, and  thence  inland  along  the  left  bank  of  the  Glaretta. 
Similar  patches  of  alluvium  occur  on  the  S.  coast,  at  the 
mouths  of  the  Terra-Nova  and  the  Salso. 

The  minerals  of  Sicily  are  more  numerous  than  valuable. 
They  include  argentiferous  lead,  quicksilver,  iron,  copper, 
and  antimony,  in  quantifies  so  limited  that  few  of  them  are 
worked  ;  lignite,  bitumen,  petroleum,  and  naphtha,  ashe.stos, 
gypsum,  emery,  alum,  rock-salt,  nitre,  sulphur,  and  a  great 
variety  of  marbles,  agates,  chalcedonies,  and  jaspers.  The 
most  important  of  all  these  is  sulphur,  which  has  been 
worked  in  mines  for  more  than  three  centuries,  and  is  exten- 
sively exported. 

Kivers,  &c. — The  rivers  are  very  numerous,  and  not  a  few 
of  them  of  classical  celebrity,  but  they  are  individually  in- 
significant, and  in  summer  are  often  almost  without  water. 
The  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Giaretta  or  Simetus,  on 
the  E.  coast ;  the  Salso,  Platani,  Calatabellota  or  Isbnra,  and 
Belice.  on  the  S,  and  S,W,:  and  the  Termini.  Fiume  Grande, 
and  PoUina,  on  the  N.  There  are  no  lakes  worthy  of  the 
name;  the  largest  is  Lentini,  not  far  from  the  E  coast. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  excellent,  and,  except  in  some 
spots  where  the  air  becomes  tainted  ty  the  ettiuvia  of  mo- 
ra.sses  and  stagnant  pools,  very  healthy.  The  therinomet»>r 
in  the  hottest  days  lises  to  90° or  92°.  and,  even  in  (he  depth 
of  winter,  very  seldom  falls  below  36°:  the  medium  tem- 
1  perature  is  62°  5'.    The  sky  in  summer  is  for  th?  moi<t  part 


SIC 

beautifully  clear  and  serene,  but  after  the  autumnal  equl- 
uox  dews  and  fogK  increase,  and  rain  falls  in  frequent  and 
heavy  showers.  The  previiilins;  winds,  the  N.  and  W..  are 
dry  and  salubrious;  those  from  the  E.  render  the  atmo- 
gphero  hazy  and  dense,  and  are  often  accompanied  with  rain 
and  thunder ;  the  most  annoyini?  wind  is  the  S.K.  or  sirocco, 
whi<'h.  blowing  from  the  deserts  of  Africa,  not  only  is  almost 
intolerable  Jrom  its  stiHiiig  heat,  but  produces  oppressive 
dejecticm  and  lassitude.  Durinn;  its  continuance,  srenerally 
from  three  to  four  days,  the  natives  confine  themselves  to 
their  hou.ses,  carefully  closinp:  every  door  and  window.  The 
quantity  of  rain  that  falls  yearly  is  about  26  inches.  The 
reaular  rains  usually  commence  in  Novemiier.  and  continue 
to  fall  at  intervals,  often  in  very  heavy  torrents,  with  vivid 
lijrhtninijcs  and  occasional  snow  storms,  till  March,  while  long 
droughts  prevail  from  April  to  November  not  unfrequently, 
particularly  in  the  interior,  to  the  serious  injury  of  the  har- 
vest and  vintage.  Another  evil  from  which  Sicily  suffers  is 
the  fre(iuency  of  eartliiiuakes.  These  have  repeatedly  spread 
fearful  devastation  over  wliole  tracts  of  country. 

Vigetilli/m.,  Agriculture.,  dJc. — Moth  the  climate  and  soil  of 
Sicily  procure  for  it  a  large  amount  and  great  variety  of  vege- 
table products.  The  hilly  regions,  presenting  alternately  bold 
crags  and  undulating  slopes,  are  generally  clothed  with 
forests  of  fine  timber,  among  which  the  prevailing  trees  are 
oak,  ash,  pine.  elm.  and  chestnuts ;  or  covered  with  jjastures, 
ou  which  numerous  flocks  and  herds  are  reared.  In  the  lower 
grounds  cultivation  is  general,  and  the  crops  are  often  re- 
markable for  their  luxuriance,  though  the  mode  of  culture  is 
for  the  most  part  unskilful  and  careless  in  the  extreme.  The 
implements  in  use  have  remained  unimproved  for  centuries ; 
and  the  grain  is  still  thrashed  out  by  being  trodden  under 
the  feet  of  cattle.  The  most  important  crops  are  wheat, 
maize,  barley,  and  lentils  or  other  pulse.  Artificial  gr.isses, 
consisting  partly  of  grain  crops,  and  partly  of  permanent 
meadow,  occupy  a  considerable  extent  of  surface,  but  are  far 
less  productive  than  they  miglit  easily  become  by  the  intro- 
duction of  proper  modes  of  irrigation.  Many  of  the  deeper 
and  lower  grounds  are  devoted  to  the  growth  of  hemp. 

Next  to  grain,  the  most  important  objects  of  culture  are 
the  vine  and  the  olive.  The  produce  of  the  vine  is  partly 
dried  into  raisins,  but  is  much  more  frequently  converted 
into  wines  of  various  kinds,  and  generally  of  ricli  flavor. 
The  produce  of  the  olive  is  abundant,  but  from  subsequent 
mismanagement  often  fails  to  yield  oil  of  the  first  quality. 
Other  vegetaljle  products  deserving  of  notice  are  the  mul- 
berry, extensively  used  in  rearing  silk-worms;  saffron, 
Bumach.  and  barilla,  all  of  which,  in  the  loctilities  best 
adapted  for  them,  are  regularly  cultivated  on  a  large  scale ; 
cotton,  which  has  its  chief  locality  near  Mazzara ;  manna, 
obtained  by  incisions  in  the  bark  of  a  species  of  ash,  {Fraxi- 
nii.s  orjiMS.)  and  in  such  quantities  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Castel-a-Mare,  Carini,  Cefalu.  and  Caroni.a.  as  to  yield  an  an- 
nual revenue  of  above  S'200,000 ;  various  species  of  fruit, 
more  especially  the  Indian  fig  or  prickly  pear,  {Cactus  opnn- 
tia,)  on  whii.'h,  when  in  season,  great  numbers  of  the  lower 
orders  subsist;  the  almond,  of  which  numerous  groves  are 
scattered  over  the  island ;  the  common  fig,  extremely  deli- 
cious when  fre.sh;  the  date,  very  common  under  the  Sara- 
cens, but  now  much  neglected;  the  liquorice  plant,  growing 
spontaneously  on  the  plains,  furnishing  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  liquorice  for  export;  and  the  sugar-cane,  which 
thrives  well,  and  continued  to  be  extensively  cultivated  till 
its  produce  was  driven  out  of  the  market  by  that  of  Brazil. 
To  these  might  be  added  a  great  number  of  trees  and  plants 
valuable  for  fruit,  fibre,  medicinal  properties,  or  the  essences 
extracted  from  them. 

Animals. — The  domestic  animals  of  Sicily,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  goats,  of  which  there  is  a  good  breed,  and  of  mules, 
to  the  proper  rearing  of  which  a  great  degree  of  attention  is 
paid,  are  of  an  inferior  description.  The  horses,  though  de- 
scended from  those  of  Barbary,  have  lost  traces  of  the  good 
qualities  for  which  the  parent  race  are  distinguished ;  and 
the  sheep,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  improved  merinoes, 
rank  low  in  respect  both  of  the  carcass  and  wool.  The  oxen 
are  strong,  and  tolerably  well  formed,  but  the  cows  are  ill 
adapted  for  the  dairy.  Swine  are  numerous,  and  where" 
there  are  tracts  of  forest  thrive  vigorously;  in  general, 
however,  the  breed  is  wretched  in  the  extreme. 

Manufactures,  TrmJe,  <tc. — The  manufactures  are  of  very 
limited  extent,  and  when  not  entirely  domestic,  are  confined 
to  a  few  of  the  larger  towns.  They  include  the  ordinary 
silk,  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  tissues,  for  the  most  part  of  a 
:!Oarser description  ;  oilcloths,  leather, cordage,  glass,  earthen- 
ware, &e.  The  trade  suffers  mucli  from  w,ant  of  inland 
communication,  but  considering  tlie  vast  extent  of  sea-coast, 
ind  the  many  valuable  products  indigenous  to  the  island, 
would  soon  become  far  more  important  than  it  is,  were  the 
Inhabitants  more  industrious  and  enterprising.  Ttie  only 
branch  of  trade  for  which  the  Sicilians  seem  to  show  any 
particular  predilection  is  that  of  fishing;  the  fisheries  along 
the  coast  are  the  finest  in  the  Mediterranean.  By  far  the 
most  productive  is  that  of  the  tunny,  for  the  capture  of 
which  at  the  proper  season  whole  fleets  of  boats  are  fitted 
out.    The  mullet  and  anchovy  fisheries  are  also  of  great 


SIC 

value,  and  numerous  varieties  of  testacea  and  crustacwi 
affording  delicate  food,  are  taken  throughout  the  year.  Tht 
coral  fishery  on  the  African  coast  is  frequented  by  many 
fishermen  from  Trapani,  where  the  coral  procured  is  polished 
The  most  important  articles  of  export  are  grain,  fruit,  wines 
and  spirits,  sulphur,  oil,  sumach,  liarilla,  silk,  liquorice,  ann 
cream-of-tartar;  of  imports,  colonial  produce,  cotton  aud 
woollen  yarn,  silk,  linen,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  hides, 
hardware,  &c.  Messina,  Palermo,  Trapani,  and  Catania  are 
the  chief  seats  of  commerce. 

Divisions,  Population,  <£c. — Sicily  is  divided  into  7  pro- 
vinces, the  names,  areas,  and  populations  of  which  are  giveo 
in  the  following  table; — 


Provinces, 

Area  in 
S(j.  ni. 

Pop.  in 
1850. 

Chief  Cities. 

Pop.  in 

1850.    1 

Caltanisetta 

1,192 
l.Jffi 
1,377 
I,:i90 

1,»8S 
1.484 
1,X«0 

179,512 
379.991 
■iM,187 
3+9,484 
47S,788 
^37,814 
182,809 

Caltanisetta 

Catania 

Girgenti 

Messina 

Pulermo 

Syracuse 

56,100 
18,.i(i9 
97,074 
167,222 
10,949 
24,927 

Girgenti 

Messin». 

Palermo 

Nolo 

TrapaDi 

Trapani 

Total 

10,556 

2,041,583  1 

Government,  People,  dx. — Sicily,  though  an  integriil  part  of 
the  kingdom  of  .Naples,  continued  till  within  recent  times  to 
posses.sitsownrepresent.ativeas.sembly.  In  1812, an  improved 
constitution,  under  the  auspices  and  on  the  model  of  that  of 
Great  Britain,  was  established,  but  the  people  generally  being 
altogether  unprepared  for  it,  expressed  little  regret  when  after 
a  shortlived  existence  of  four  years  it  was  formally  abolished 
by  the  crown,  and  a  virtual  despotism  was  substituted  in 
its  stead.  Each  intendency  is  governed  by  a  prefect,  with 
a  council  and  secretary.  Each  town  has  its  judicial  court; 
superior  courts  are  in  Palermo,  Messina,  and  Catania;  and 
a  supreme  wurt  sits  in  Palermo,  the  capital.  Tlie  Uoman 
Catholic  is  the  established  religion,  and  the  great  body  of 
the  people  nominally  belong  to  it,  though  a  considerable 
number  of  Greeks,  who  profess  the  worship  of  their  own 
church,  live  in  different  parts  of  the  i.sland,  and  more  espe- 
cially in  the  vicinity  of  Palermo.  Education  is  chiefly  in 
the  hands  of  the  clergy,  and  is  s.iid  to  be  better  conducted 
than  in  South  Italy.  P.alermo  and  Catania  have  universi- 
ties; there  are  colleges  and  academies  in  21  towns,  and  f 
primary  and  secondary  school  in  each  commune.  In  Cata 
nia  there  are  schoolsof  mutual  instruction.  In  all  qnartert 
a  general  listlessness  prevails.  The  nobility,  instead  of  de- 
voting themselves  to  the  duties  of  their  station,  spend  most 
of  their  time  in  paying  and  receiving  cerynonious  vi.sits,  or 
in  dis.sipation  and  g.ambling;  the  common  people aie  effemi- 
nate and  indolent,  and  take  every  means  of  escaping  from 
hard  labor  and  patient  industry.  The  best  specimens  of 
Sicilian  manners  are  found  among  the  peasantry,  who,  un- 
infected by  the  vices  of  the  towns,  are  sober,  and  tolerably 
observant  of  the  duties  of  domestic  life. 

Histori/. — According  to  early  tradition,  the  first  inhabit- 
ants of  Sicily  were  Cyclops  and  Lostrygonians,  a  kind  of 
fabulous  beings,  who  long  furnished  the  poets  with  ample 
materials,  of  which,  among  others,  Virgil  h.as  largely  availed 
him.self.  Sicanians  from  Iberia  .ifterwards  gained  such  a 
footing  in  the  island  as  to  change  its  name  from  Trinacria, 
which  it  had  hitherto  borne,  to  that  of  Sicania.  Siculi, 
driven  from  Italy,  crossed  the  straits,  and  having  van- 
quished the  Sicanians,  gave  the  island  the  name  which  if 
still  bears  After  a  considerable  interval  the  Greeks  beg.an 
to  plant  colonies  on  the  coast,  and  founded  a  numl>er  ot 
towns,  of  which  Syracuse,  Agrigentum,  and  Messina  became 
the  most  celebrated.  The  island  was  conquered  first  by  the 
Carthaginians,  and  next  by  the  Romans :  and  on  the  decline 
of  their  empire,  it  was  overrun  by  the  Goths,  who  retahied 
possession  till  Belisarius  expelled  them.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  ninth  cetitury  the  Saracens  became  masters,  and  con- 
tinued so  till  their  expul.sion  by  the  Normans,  who  rem.ained 
long  enough  in  possession  to  establish  the  feudal  system  in 
all  its  rigor.  In  1194,  the  Emperor  Henry  VI.  established 
the  Swabian  dynasty,  whicli  in  its  turn  made  way  for  that 
of  the  French  under  Charles  I.,  Duke  of  Anjou,  whose 
government,  established  in  12fi6,  was  suddenly  terminated 
in  1282,  by  the  massacre  known  by  the  name  of  the  Sicilian 
Vespers.  Princes  of  Aragon  now  became  its  sovereigns,  and 
reigned  till  1516,  when  by  the  succession  of  Ferdinand  the 
Catholic,  Sicily  was  annexed  to  the  crown  of  Spain,  whose 
viceroys  governed  it  till  1706,  when  a  successful  popular  in- 
surrection bestowed  it  on  Austria.  The  peace  of  Utrecht  in 
1713  gave  it  to  AMctor  Amadeus.  Duke  of  Savoy,  who  retained 
it  oniy  tor  four  years,  and  restored  it  to  Austria,  receiving 
Sardinia  in  exchange.  In  1734  the  Austrians  were  driven 
out  by  the  Spaniards,  and  in  1736  a  peace  was  concluded, 
confirming  the  possession  to  the  infant  Don  Carlos,  who 
united  Naples  and  Sicily  into  one  kingdom,  under  the  name 
of  the  Two  Sicilies,  though  in  common  parlance  that  of 
Naples  .alone  is  still  commonly  used  to  include  both.  In 
1847,  1848,  and  1849,  attempts  were  made  by  the  Siciliand 
to  shako  off  the  NeapoliUin  yoke,  but  without  success 

1781 


SIC 


SIE 


Having  Vieen  liberated  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Bourbons 
by  the"--ictories  of  Garibaldi  in  1S61,  Sicily  was  annexed  to 
the  kii/gdom  of  Italy.  See  Naples.  —  Adj.  and  inhab. 
SiciUAS,  se-sil'yun;  (It.  Siciliano,  se-che-le-4'no.) 

SICII Y.  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  16  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Hillsborough. 

SICIIiY  ISL.\ND,  a  postofiSce  of  Catahoula  parish,  Loui- 
Eiana. 

SICIXUS  ISLAND.    Sea  Sieijjo. 

SICULIANA,  see-konl-yi'ad,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendancy, 
and  S  miles  W.N.W.  of  Girgenti.  Pop.  5300.  Its  situation 
Ls  unhealthy.  Near  it  are  some  of  the  most  extensive  sul- 
phur-mines in  Sicily. 

SICYOX.  sis'e-ou,  a  city  of  ancient  Greece,  and  the  capital 
of  one  of  the  earliest  founded  kingdoms  in  Europe,  govern- 
ment, and  9  mUes  W.N.W.  of  Corinth,  the  remains  of  which 
comprise  a  stadium  in  good  preservatioli. 

SI  D.\S.    See  Seedas. 

SID'HURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SIDKURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SIDDEBURE.V,  sid'deh-booVen,  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince, and  13  miles  E.  of  Groningeu.     Pop.  13.3.5. 

SID'DIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SIDDIXGTi^N.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

SID'DOXSBURG,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SIDE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SIDE.    See  Eskee-adalu. 

SIDE'LTXG  HILL.  Pennsylvania,  a  mountain  ridge,  ex- 
tending from  the  Maryland  line  across  Bedford  county  into 
Huntingdon,  as  far  as  the  Juni.ita  River,  nearly  parallel  to 
Cove  or  Tuscarora  Mountain. 

SIDELIXO  HILL  CREEK,  n.^es  in  Dedfiird  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  p.iSFps  through  Maryland  into  the  Potomac  River. 

SIDEX.SIO,  see'den-syo',  a  town  of  Sweden,  40  miles  N.  of 
Hernosand. 

SIDER,  see'der,  (Fr.  Sierre,  se-aiR',)  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land, ciiuton  of  Valais,  on  the  Rhone,  10  miles  X.E.  of  Sion. 

SIDERXO.  se-d^R'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
biia  Ultra  II..  3  miles  X.E.  of  Gerace.     Pop.  3S00. 

SIDK'STR.\,XDS.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SIDI  ABDALLAH,  see'deedb-ddl'liJ,  a  small  town  of  Xorth 
Africa,  in  Morocco,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  23  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Mngadore. 

SIDI  ABDELAiaUMEN.  see'dee'  dVdSrmoo'mJn',  a  small 
town  of  Xorth  Africa,  in  Algeria,  province  of  Oran,  on  the 
Mediterranean. 

SIDI  Bao-SOOUME  or  SIDI  BU-SURME.  seo'dee  boo 
sooB'mi,  a  small  town  of  Xorth  Africa,  in  Morocco,  on  the 
coast.  15  miles  X.X.E.  of  Mogadore. 

SIDI  FERUCIP,  seo'dee'  feh-riish' (?)  a  cape  and  bay  of 
North  .\f!  ica.  in  Algiers,  and  where  the  French  army  disem- 
kirked  June  U.  ISoO. 

SIDI  IBRAHIM,  see'dee'  ee'brd'heem',  a  small  toivn  of 
North  -Africa,  in  .\lgeria.  province.  120  miles  S.S.E.  of  Algiers. 

SIDI  KHALED.  .see'dee  Ki'lM'.  a  town  of  Algerian  Sahara, 
oasis  of  Ziban.  39  miies  AV.  by  S.  of  Biskra.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  wretched  enclosure,  and  by  palm  trees,  and  outside  the 
walls  is  a  mosque.    Pop.  about  1100. 

SIDI  SHEHi;,  see'dee  shje'r,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pash- 
alic  of  Karamania,  47  miles  S.W.  of  Konioh. 

SID'LAW,  SEED'LAW  or  SUD'LOW  HILLS,  a  mountain 
range  of  Scotland,  extending  from  Kinnoul  Hill,  near  Perth, 
N.E.  to  near  Forfir,  where  they  fork  into  two  lines,  pro- 
ceeding to  the  sea,  eastward  to  Redhead,  and  north-east- 
ward to  Stonehaven.  Many  of  these  hills  are  isolated,  and 
rise  to  about  14(X)  feet.  The  most  remarkable  summit  is 
the  celebrated  Dunsinnan  or  Duusinane. 

SID'LKSH.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SIDMOUTII.  sid'miith,  a  se:iport  town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon,  on  the  Sid,  at  its  mouth,  in  the  Briti.sh 
Channel,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  3441.  It  is  pictu- 
resque, sheltered  by  hills,  and  greatly  resorted  to  by  visitors. 

SID'XEY.  a  postrtown.ship  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Kennebec  River,  immediately  N.  of  Augusta. 
It  has  6  churches,  4  stores,  and  a  large  tannery.  The  river 
is  here  crossed  by  two  ferries.     Pop.  1782. 

SIDXEY.  a  post-village  of  Sidney  township,  Delaware  co., 
New  York.  ne;ir  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  24  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Delhi.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1916. 

SIDXEY,  a  post-office  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey. 

SIDXEY.  a  handsome  pw^t-village,  capital  of  Shelby  co., 
Ohio,  is  situated  in  Clinton  township,  on  the  Great  Miami 
River,  72  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Columbus.  The  Bellefontaine 
and  Indiana  Railroad  intersects  tlie  Dayton  and  Michigan 
Railroad  at  this  point.  The  site  is  an  elevated  plateau  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  river,  having  a  public  square  in  the 
centre.  The  river  affords  a  fine  water-power,  anda  navigable 
feeder  of  the  Miami  Canal  passes  through  the  place.  Slaney 
contains  7  churches,  2  newspaper  otBces,  1  national  bank,  2 
other  banks,  1  public  hall,  1  foundry  and  machine-shop,  2 
flouring-niill8,l  |)laning  mill,  and  3  forwarding  warehouses. 
Pop.  in  1S50, 1302 ;  in  1860,  2055  ;  in  1865,  about  3000. 

SIDNEY,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana,  115  miles 
N.  of  Indianapolis. 
1782 


SIDNEY,  a  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Salt 
Fork  of  Vermilion  River,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Urbannji. 

SIDNEY,  capital  of  Fremont  co..  Iowa.    See  Appendix.    , 

SIDNEY,  a  town  and  county  of  Nova  Scotia.   See  Sydney. 

SID'XEY  CENTRE,  a  post-oifiee.  Delaware  co..  New  York. 

SIDXEY  PLAIXS,  a  small  post-village  of  Delaware  co., 
N'ew  York,  on  the  Susquehanna  Kiver,  about  100  miles 
AV.S.AV.  of  Alljany. 

SIDOX,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi. 

SIDOX.  a  tow7i  of  Palestine.     See  Said.a. 

SIDOUR.-V.  se-doo'rl,  a  town  of  Xorth-western  Hindostan, 
prot<?cted  Sikh  Territorv'.  25  miles  E.  of  Uniballah. 

SIDOUT.  se-doot'.  a  town  of  British  Indi.i.  presidency  of 
Madras,  district,  and  12  miles  E.  of  Cuddapah,  on  the  N.  bank 
of  the  Pennar. 

SIDPDOR,  sid-poor',  a  town  of  the  Guicowar's  dominion, 
6S  miles  W.  of  Ahmednugger. 

SIEBELDINGEN,  see'bel-dingVn.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in 
Palatinate,  near  Landau.     Pop.  1022. 

SII<;bexbURGEX,  see/ben-KidKcVn,  ("the  seven  bo- 
roughs,"') the  German  name  of  Transylvani.o,  so  named  from 
7  towns  colonized  in  the  twelfth  century  by  a  Saxon  race. 
See  Tr-vxsylvania. 

SIEBEXGEBIRGE.  see'ben-gheh-beeRoVh.  ("the  seven 
mount.ains.")  a  collection  of  heiufhts  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  22 
miles  S.E.  of  Cologne,  and  X.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  and  of  which  the  Drarhentels  is  one.  The 
Ixiwenberg.  the-  most  lofty,  rises  to  1560  feet  above  the  sea. 
They  are  liasaltic. 

SIEBENLEIIN,  seetwu-lain',  a  town  of  Saxony,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Xossen.     Pop.  1486. 

SIEBIEZ.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.    See  Sebesh. 

SIECHAXOAVICE.  a  town  of  Ru.s.sia.     See Ciechanowiec. 

SIEDLCE,  8o-Jd'l'ts,4,  a  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince, 55  miles  E.S.E.  of  Warsaw.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  a 
noble  residence,  schools,  and  a  town-hall.  In  1831  it  was 
repeatedly  taken  and  retaken,  during  the  war  between  the 
Rusi'ians  and  Poles. 

SI  EG,  seeo.  (anc.  Si'fliis.)  a  river  of  Rhenish  Prussia  and 
Westphalia,  rises  10  miles  X.E.  of  Siegen.  flows  W..  and  joins 
the  Rhine  2  miles  N.  of  Bonn,  after  a  course  of  80  miles.  • 

SIEGBERG,  seeo'b^RG,  a  town  of  Rhfnish  Prussia,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Cologne  on  the  Sieg.     Pop.  1950. 

SIE/GELS  STt^E,  a  postK)fflce  of  Lincoln  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, 180  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

SIEGEN".  seeg'en,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  AVe.stph.ilia, 
38  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Arnsbei-g.  Pop.  5260.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  leather,  iron  and  steel  wares,  woollens  and  cottons. 

SIEGHARDS  or  .SIEGHARTS.  seeo'haRts.  a  m.nrket-town 
of  Lower  .\ustria.  28  miles  N.X.AV.  of  Krems.     Pop.  1600. 

SIEGHARDSKIRCHEX,  8eeG'haRts-k6«RKVn,  a  market- 
town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Erlau,  17  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Vienna. 

SIEGL.^HR,  see'gldr.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  go- 
vernment of  Cologne,  near  the  Sieg.    Pop.  1136. 

SI  EH  KM,  see'em,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant, 
on  the  Demer,  14  miles  X.E.  of  Louvain.     Pop.  1997 

SI  EX  A,  a  town  of  It.ily.    See  Sienna. 

SIEXI.\WA,  se-.-l-ne-d'wJ.  a  market-town  of  Austrian 
Galicia.  circle  of  Przemysl,  on  the  San.  It  has  a  castle. 
Pop.  1000. 

SIENXA.  se-^n'n3,  (If.  Siena.  se-k'nH;  anc.  Se'na  or  Se'na 
Ju/lui,)  a  city  of  Central  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  1"260  feet  above  the 
se,a,  between  two  aiiluents  of  the  Ombrone.  31  miles  S.E.  of 
Florence.  Lat.  43°  22'  N.,  Ion.  11°  10'  E.  Pop.  in  1 J62, 21,90-2. 
It  is  embosomed  in  trees,  entered  by  a  fine  avenu<?.  enclo.'jed 
I)y  walls  with  gates,  sevenil  of  which  are  of  striking  archi- 
tecturo.  Without  external  grandeur.  Sienna  h.ts  a  oleau 
and  thriving  appearance,  a  remarkable  cathedral  of  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  a  city-h;ill  in  a  wide  space 
in  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  a  celebrated  academy  of  the 
fine  arts, — all  these  edifices  aro  richly  adorned  with  paint- 
ings of  the  Siennese  school.  Sienna  hjis  also  32  convents, 
a  citadel.  2  theatres:  a  univei-sity.  formerly  celebrated,  .and 
having,  in  1844.  136  students,  a  library  of  50.000  volumes, 
and  upwards  of  5000  manuscripts;  a  school  of  medicine,  of 
Vhii'h  Masoagni  was  a  profes.<sor.  and  an  hospital  with  S(X) 
beds;  public  libraries  and  Iiter:iry  associations:  mauufac- 
turies  of  woollens,  silks,  straw  hats,  paper,  and  leather,  and 
an  active  trade  in  wine,  oil,  and  paper.  It  is  an  archbishop"s 
see.  the  residence  of  a  niilit.iry  governor,  and  the  .seat  of 
civil  and  criminal  courts.  It  is  resorted  to  by  many  English 
families.  The  mountains  in  its  vicinity  have  rich  marble 
quarries.  In  the  Middle  Ages.  Sienna  w.is  the  japital  of  a 
powerful  republic,  and  it  is  said  to  have  had  1(XI,CK!0  inhabit- 
ants. Under  the  French  it  was  the  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Ombrone.  Eight  popes,  and  many  other  eminent 
persons?,  were  natives  of  Sienna.  It  is  mnnected  by  railway 
with  Florence  and  Leghorn.  Its  province,  the  .X.fart  of 
the  Tuscan  Maremma,  comprises  46(5  square  miles      Pop.  in 

1845,  237."283. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Sien.\ese,  see^n-eez',  (It 

Sienese.  se-i-ni'sA.) 

SIENNE.  se-^nn',  a  .small  river  of  France,  lepO(tm*Tit  of 
Manehe.  enters  the  English  Channel  7  '^ilev  tV.S  W  of  Co  l- 
tances,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  40  mile.s 


SIE 

SIENNO,  a  town  of  Kassia.    See  Senno. 

SIEOOKIO-.SIIAN  or  SIKOU-KIO-CIIAX,  se-A-oo'  kee'o 
sbjn,  a  very  hij;h  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Se-chuen. 
Lat.  30°  23'  N.,  Ion.  103°  W  K.  It  is  covered  witli  perpetual 
snow. 

SIERADZ,  syk'rhls,  or  SIERA.TE,  a  town  of  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Warsaw,  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kalice,  on  the  Warta. 
Pop.  3240.     It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  linens. 

SIERCK,  se-aink',  a  walled  town  of  France,  department  of 
Mo.selle,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Thio'nville,  on  the  rii;ht  bank  of  the 
Moselle.  Pop.  16!»0.  It  has  an  important  custom  establish- 
ment {Imri'.au  de.dnuane,  bii'rd'  dfh  doo-dn')  on  the  frontier 
of  Beli;ium  and  Prussia. 

SIKHMXG,  seeR/ninjr,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  6  miles 
W.  ofSteyer.     Pop.  1368. 

SIEKPE.  sy?R'p:l,  a  town  of  Poland,  21  miles  N.  of  Plock, 
with  a  castle.     Pop.  12:30. 

SIERRA.  se-^R'ud,  a  Spanish  word,  originally  signifiyinEc 
a  "saw,"  applied  to  a  "mountain  ridge,"  which,  from  its 
notched  appearance,  when  viewed  from  a  dist.^nce  not  un- 
frequontly  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  a  saw. 

SIEHKA,  se-er'rd,  a  county  toward  the  N.E.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, bordering  on  Nevada.  It  is  drained  by  (he  Yuba 
River,  and  other  smaller  streams.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
with  some  considerable  elevations,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  Siiddle  Peak,  7200;  Table  Mountain,  SOOO;  and 
Bnttes,  at  the  head  of  the  South  Fork  of  Yuba  liiver,  8800 
feet  in  height.  The  capital  employed  in  (luartz-niiniiig  in 
1852,  amounted  to  $9109,  and  in  placer-mining,  .'?134,051. 
Gold  is  abundant  in  this  county,  and  excellent  limestone 
occurs.     See  Ai'pendix. 

SIERRA  ACARAl,  se-jR'R3  3-kS-ri',  a  mountain  range  of 
South  America,  between  the  Efjuator  and  lat.  2°N.,  and  Ion. 
57°  and  59"  W.  .It  is  densely  wooded.  Estimated  height. 
3000  or  4(J00  feet. 

SIKRR.A.  ACIIA.  se-eR' Ri  a'chd,  the  name  given  to  a  por- 
tion of  the  Sierra  Madre,  a  little  N.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

SIEKU.'V  BLANCA,  SK-hOi\i  bldng'kd,  ("white  mountain 
chain.")  a  mountaiu  in  the  S.  interior  of  the  territory  of 
New  Mexico,  in  lat.  about  3.3°  50'  N..  Ion.  108°  40'  W. 

SIEKKA  DK  CABALLO.  se^R/na  A\  ka-nil'yo,  a  mountain 
range  in  the  S.  interior  of  New  Mexico,  in  lat.  about  33°  10' 
N.,  Ion.  100°  40'  W. 

SIERRA  DE  EXGAUCERAN,  se-jR'Ri  dA  in-gan-th.A-ran', 
a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  17  miles  N.  of  Castellon  de 
la  Plana. 

SIERK.\-DE-FUEXTES,  se-^R/Rd  dA  fwJn'tJs.  a  village  of 
ppain.  in  Estremadura,  province,  and  7  miles  E.  of  Caceres. 
Pop.  1260. 

SIERRA  DE  GRADOS,  se-jR'Rd  dA  gra'noce,  a  mountain 
range  of  Spain,  separating  Old  Castile  from  Estremadura,  36 
miles  S.W.  of  Avila,  and  rising  to  10.552  feet. 

SIERRA  DK  GUADALUPE,  se^R'Kd  dA  gwi-naioo'pA,  a 
mountain  range  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  S.  of  Toledo,  at- 
tains the  height  of  5110  feet. 

SIERKA  DE  GUADALUI'E,  (anc.  Oirpetafni  Mon'tes?)  a 
range  of  mountains  of  Spain,  part  of  the  mountains  of  Toledo, 
near  the  limits  of  the  provinces  of  Caceres,  Toledo,  Ciudad 
Real,  and  Badajos. 

SIERRA  DE  GUADARAMA,  se-2R'RA  dA  gwd-cl-rl'mil,  a 
chain  of  mountains  of  Spain,  part  of  the  mountains  of 
Estrella,  on  the  borders  of  the  provinces  of  Avila,  Segovia, 
and  Madrid.  The  Manzanares  and  the  Guadarama,  afilu- 
ents  of  the  Taicus.  have  their  sources  in  this  chain. 

SIERRA  Dhi  LA  LANTERN  A,  se-Sa'Ra  da  la  lan-t^R/nl,  a 
mountain  range  in  the  N.  part  of  New  Mexico.  Lat.  about 
36°  20'  N..  Ion.  112°  15'  W. 

SIERRA  DE  LA  PLATTE.  se-jR'Rd  dA  IJ  platt,  a  moun- 
tain range  extending  through  E.  part  of  Utiih  Territory,  in 
lat.  about  38°  5'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  107°  30'  to  109°  10'  W. 

SIKRRA  DE  LA  VINDA,  Fe-^R'Rd  dA  Id  veen'dd,  the  W. 
Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  in  Peru,  between  Lima  and  the 
table-land  cf  t'asco.  It  is  crossed  by  two  passes,  upwards  of 
16.000  feet  above  the  ocean. 

SIERH.\  DEL  CARRIZO,  se-^R'Rd  diM  kl-ree'so,  a  detached 
range  of  mountains  of  New  Mexico,  in  lat.  about  36°  N., 
Jon.  111°  W. 

SIERRA  DE  LOS  JUMANES,  se-5R/R0  dA  loce  Hoo-mA'nJs, 
a  portion  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Range,  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New 
Mexico,  in  lat.  about  .-33°  50'  N..  Ion.  106°  20'  W. 

SIE14RA  DE  LOS  MIMBRES,  se-eR'Rl  dA  loce  meem'brJs, 
(or  mim'br^s.)  the  name  given  to  a  portion  of  the  Siei-ra 
Mailre,  situated  VV.  of  the  Rio  Grande,  between  31°  and  35° 
\V.  lat. 

SIERRA  DE  LOS  ORGANOS.  se-eR^Rd  dA  loce  OR'gd-noce. 
s  range  of  mountains  in  the  S.E.  p;irt  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  in  lat.  about  .32°  5'  N.,  Ion.  106°  25'  \V. 

SIERRA  DE  SAX  .JUAX.  se-jR'Rd  dA  .sin  Hoo-3n',  a  moun- 
tain range  extending  through  the  N.  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Xew  Mexico  and  the  S.E.  part  of  Utah,  from  lat. 
about  36''  .30'  to  38°  30'  N.,  and  from  Ion.  106°  45'  to  107° 
30'  W.    Its  length,  following  the  curves,  is  about  150  miles. 

SIERRA  DE  YEGUAS.  se-eR/Rd  dA  yd'gwds,  a  village  of 
Spain,  iu  Andalusia,  province,  and  about  35  miles  from  Ma- 
laga    Pop.  1088. 


SIE 

SIERRA  ESTRELLA,  mountains  of  Portugal.    See  Es 

TRF.ILA. 

SIERRA  LEONE,  se-er'ra  le-o/nee,  (Sp.  pron.  ne^R'fi  13 
o'nd.)  a  colonial  settlement  of  West  Africa,  belonginir  to 
Great  Britain,  bounded  N.  by  the  Mungo  River  or  Little 
Scarcies;  W.  by  the  Atlantic;  S.  by  the  Sherboro,  and  E. 
by  an  imperfectly  defined  line.  Lat.  7°  4U'  to  8"  50'  N. 
Area  estimated  at  25,000  square  miles.  The  coant-Iine  i» 
indented  on  the  S.  by  the  broad  estuary  of  the  Sherboro, 
and  near  its  centre  by  Yawbry  Bay  and  the  estuary  of  the 
Sierra  Leone,  which  have  between  them  the  peninsula  of 
the  latter  name,  on  which  is  situated  Free  Town,  (the 
capital.)  forming  the  proper  nucleus  of  the  colony,  and 
only  connected  with  the  mainland  by  an  isthmus  about  1 J 
miles  broad.  Besides  the  peninsula  and  mainland,  the  co- 
lony includes  a  great  number  of  islands,  which  contribute 
to  form  several  good  harliors.  The  surface  near  the  shore, 
though  in  some  places  rocky,  is  generally  fiat:  in  the  inte- 
rior it  is  covered  by  rugged  hills  and  mountains,  varying 
in  height  from  500  feet  to  2500  feet.  The  only  level  land  is 
a  belt  along  the  shore  from  i  mile  to  3  miles  wide,  and  about 
24  miles  long,  and  a  plain  of  some  extent  in  the  S.E.  The 
principal  rivers  have  courses  varying  from  200  miles  to  300 
miles,  but  have  been  very  imperfectly  explored.  The  Ijest- 
known  names,  besides  those  above  mentioned,  are  the 
Rokelle,  with  its  large  estuary.  Karamanka,  and  Kates. 

The  soil,  of  which  only  a  coniji.iiatively  small  portion  is 
under  regular  cultivation,  is  very  fertile,  growing  excellent 
crops  of  rice.  Indian  corn,  yams,  plantJiins,  pumpkins,  and 
cassadas.  Many  of  the  West  India  products  have  Ijeen  in- 
troduced ;  and  sugar,  cotTee.  indigo,  ginger,  and  cotton 
thrive  well.  The  principal  fruits  are  those  of  the  baobab, 
cocoa,  banana,  pine-apple,  orange,  lime,  guava.  papaw,  pome- 
granate, and  plum.  'I'he  forests  are  extensive,  and  many 
of  the  trees  in  them  are  so  large,  that  when  converted  into 
canoes  they  are  capable  of  containing  100  men.  The  prin- 
cipal live-stock  are  pigs  and  goats.  Poultry  also,  particu- 
larly guinea-fowls,  are  very  abundant.  'The  fisheries,  both 
on  the  coast  and  in  the  rivers,  are  productive,  and  employ 
about  200  canoes,  which  occupy  from  1000  to  1500  men.  and 
re.ilize  an  annual  value  of  about  4000i.  The  chief  indus- 
trial establishments  are  the  factories  in  which  the  cocoa-nut 
is  crushed,  and  the  oil  from  it  extracted  and  prepared. 
Boat-building  is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  and  leather  is 
dressed  on  a  small  scale. 

The  trade,  carried  on  chiefly  with  Great  Britain,  amounted 
in  1851  to  the  value  of  10.3.477/.  in  imports,  and  S0.366i.  iu 
exports.  The  principal  articles  of  import  were  India  goods, 
cottons,  hardware,  spirits,  Ac;  of  e»;port,  palm-oil,  pepper, 
ginger,  groundnuts,  hides,  ivory,  timl)er,  bees'-wax,  &c. 
Sierra  Leone  appears  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  Portu- 
guese in  146.3,  but  it  first  became  a  British  colony  in  1787, 
when  a  company  was  formed  with  the  humane  intention  of  / 
making  it  a  home  for  tree  negroes,  and  proving  by  their 
means  that  colonial  products  could  be  raised  without  ."lave- 
labor.  Its  affairs  are  administered  by  a  governor,  and  a 
council  of  several  more  members,  appointed  by  the  crown 
on  his  recommendation.  One  great  obstacle  to  its  pios- 
perity  is  the  deadly  nature  of  its  climate,  particularly  to 
Europeans.  In  August,  1838,  more  rain  fell  at  Sierra  Leone 
in  two  days,  than  in  Great  Britain  throughout  the  year. 
But  its  progress,  though  slow,  has  been  steady.  Its  popu- 
lation consists  chiefly  of  native  Africans,  many  of  them 
litierated  from  slave-ships.  They  include  people  from  about 
200  different  parts  of  Africa,  and  being  brought  under  the 
influence  of  a  religious  education,  are  fitted  to  Ijccome  an 
important  lever  in  promoting  the  civilization  of  their  native 
regions.     Pop.  in  1851,  44.501. 

SIERRA  LEONE  RIVER,  an  estuary  of  West  Africa,  in 
Senegambia,  about  20  miles  in  length,  and  from  3  to  10 
nnles  in  breadth,  joins  the  Atlantic  immediately  N.  of  the 
peninsula  of  Sierra  Leone.  Its  principal  branch,  the  RokellJ, 
rises  about  200  miles  inland,  and  is  navigable  for  its  last  60 
miles. 

SIERRA  M.\DRE.  se-jR'Ra  md/orA,  the  name  of  one  of  the 
principal  mountain-chains  of  Mexico.  It  is  usually  con- 
sidered to  commence  a  little  N.  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  near 
Queretaro.  and  to  extend  northward  into  the  territory  of 
New  Mexico.  Near  Guanajuato  it  divides  into  three  branches, 
of  which  the  princiiMil  or  central  chain,  called  the  Cordillera 
of  Anahuac,  extends  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  passing  Zacatecas 
towards  Durango,  and  thence  nearly  due  N.  into  New  Mexi- 
co; the  eastern  branch  p<as.ses  through  Cohahuila  into  Texas; 
while  the  western  range  extends  N.W.  through  Guadala- 
jara to  the  river  Gila,  uniting  with  some  spurs  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Jlountains.  Between  26°  and  32°  N.  lat.  there  is  a 
depression  which  is  considered  by  some  to  mark  the  division 
bvtweeu  the  Sierra  Madre  and  Rocky  Mountains:  the  name, 
however,  is  continued  through  Xew  Mexico.  This  extensive 
range  in  different  parts  is  known  by  different  local  names, 
as  Sierra  Acha,  Sierra  Verde,  and  Sierra  de  los  Mimbres. 
Near  Guanajuato,  this  mountain-range  contains  some  of  the 
richest  deposits  of  silver  found  in  the  world. 

Mudi  looseness  appears  to  prevail  with  reeard  to  the 
application  of  the  name  Sierra  Madre,  some  considering  it  to 

1783 


SIE 


SIL 


Inclilde  thf  principal  mountain-chain  throuih  the  entire 
^pui"j  of  Mexico,  thus  including  the  hizhest  mountain 
summits  of  North  America,  Popocatapell.  Orizaba.  Ac.  The 
name,  however,  is  more  jrenerally  restricted  to  the  limits 
particularly  indicited  in  the  tirst  part  of  this  article. 

SIERR.\  MORKNA,  se-Jii'Ril  mo-rA'n3,  a  mountain  range 
of  Spain,  separating  the  basin  of  the  Guadiana  from  that  of 
the  Guadalquivir,  in  lat.  •38'^  30'  N.,  and  between  Ion.  3°  and 
4'-'  W.  The  culminating  point.  Aracena,  is  5600  feet  above 
the  sea.  It  is  crossed  by  two  principal  passes,  from  Granada 
and  .Jaen  to  Madrid,  and  from  Guadix  to  Villa-herraosa  and 
Cuenca.  The  surface  is  l)are  and  rugged.  It  is  the  scene 
of  many  incidents  in  '•  Don  Quixote." 

SIERRA  MOItlNA,  se-eiAd  mo-ree'ul.  or  BROWN  MOUN- 
TAINS, of  California,  commence  about  10  miles  S.  of  San 
Francisco,  and  run  through  Siin  Francisco  county  intt) 
Santa  Clara;  the  most  elevated  peaks  are  stated  to  be  be- 
tween 21W0  and  .3030  feet  high. 

SIERRA  NEVADA,  se-^R'RJl  nA-vi'Dj,  a  Spanish  name 
signifying  the  -snow-clad  mnunt^iin  ridge."  (see  Sierra,  on 
the  preceding  page.)  applied  to  various  elevated  mountain 
chains,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  following: — 

SIKRR.4.  NEVADA,  the  highest  mountain  range  in  the 
Spanish  Peninsula,  in  the  S.,  extending  through  the  old 
kingdom  of  Granada,  and  forming  part  of  the  great  water- 
shed, which  separates  the  watei-s  flowing  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean from  those  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Culminating 
points.  Mulahacen  or  Mulhacen,  11.658  feet  in  height,  (being 
not  only  the  highest  mountain  summit  in  Spain,  but.  after 
the  Alps,  the  most  elevated  in  Europe.)  and  Veleta,  11,.3S7 
feet  abive  the  sea,  separated  by  an  enormous  chasm,  the 
Corral  de  Veleta.  The  S.  base  of  this  range  is  clothed  with 
olive  and  orange  groves,  and  chestnut  woods.  Perpetual 
snow  commences  at  the  heisiht  of  !)5<X1  feet. 

SIERRA  NEVADA,  se-^r'rd  nk-yMi,  California,  an  im- 
portant mountain  range,  extending  from  a  point  a  little  N. 
of  the  town  of  Los  Angeles,  northward  through  the  state 
into  Oregon,  where  it  terminates  in  the  Cascade  Range, 
which  indeed  may  be  regarded  merely  as  a  continuation  of 
the  former.  The  highest  summits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
have  an  elevation  of  near  16,000  feet.  The  San  Joaquin,  the 
Sacramento,  and  sevei-al  other  smaller  rivers,  have  their 
sources  in  this  mountain  ch.ain. 

SIERRA  I'ACARAIMA.  se-^R/R^  pl-kj-ri'mj.  a  low  moun- 
tain ch.iin  of  South  America,  extending  for  about  200  miles 
from  W.  to  E.,  in  lat.  i°  N.,  and  between  Ion.  m°  and  &3°  \V., 
separating  the  liasius  of  the  Carony  and  Mas.saroony  from 
that  of  the  Rio  Branco,  and  British  and  Venezuelan  Guiana 
from  Brazil 

SIERRA  PABIMA  or  PARIME,  a  mountain  system  of 
South  .\merica.     See  Parima. 

SIERR.\  SOLEDAD,  .sb-^r'rI  so-W-DJiy,  a  range  of  moun- 
tains in  the  S.  part  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  in  lat. 
about  32°  40'  N.,  Ion.  106°  30'  W. 

SIKRRA  TE.IADA,  se-SR/R^  tAni'Dl  a  mountain  of  Spain, 
province,  and  28  miles  N.E.  of  Malaga.     Height.  7677  feet. 

SIETE  .\OU.\S,  se-A'tAd'gwis,  a  village  of  .Spain,  province, 
and  32  miles  W.  of  Valencia.  In  ISOiS  the  French  army, 
under  Moiicey.  here  defeated  the  Spaniards:  and  theCarlists 
were  defeated  in  1836  by  Ovalle,  the  Queen's  general.  P.  924. 

SIF;TI,  Re->i/t«e.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Citra.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Salerno. 

SIKVl'^RO  VO.ST(X;iINII.    See  Severo  Vostochnoi. 

SIEVSK  or  SIEWSK.  .se-^vsk'.  written  also  SEVSK  and 
SIAWSK.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  73  miles  S.W. 
of  Orel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seva  in  Lake  Moritza.     P.  4500. 

SIEWIKRZ.  sy.Vve-aiRzh.  a  town  of  Poland.  67  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Kielce,  with  a  castle,  and  1300  inhabitants,  em- 
ployed in  importint  iron-works. 

SIGF;.\N,  a  town  of  France.     See  SlJEAX. 

SIGGLESTIIORNB.  sig'g'Iz-thotn,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

SIGII.A.IIK,  sig'a-jik'  or  see'gajeek',  a  small  maritime 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,'on  its  W.  coast.  22  miles 
S.W.  of  Smyrna,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Scala  Nova.  Lat. 
38°  12'  N..  ion.  26°  48'  E. 

SIG'IULL.  a  township  of  England.  CO.  of  Northumberland. 

SIGMARINGEN,  sig'raii-ringVn,  a  town  of  South  Get^ 
many,  capital  of  the  principality  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmar- 
Ingen.  on  the  •right  bank  of  the  Danube,  30  miles  N.E.  of 
Constance.   P.  1804.   It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  castle. 

SIGN,  sig'n  or  seeH,  a  market-town  of  Dalmatia,  20  miles 
N.E.ofSpalato.  Pop.  3900.  Its  fortress,  built  by  the  Turks, 
crowns  a  high  rock  above  the  town,  but  it  has  been  allowed 
to  go  to  decay. 

S1GN.\.  seen'yl  a  village  of  Tuscany,  8  miles  W.  of  Flo- 
rence, on  the  Arno.     Pop.,  with  vicinity.  bbWi. 

SIONAK.  sig'nik'.  sometimes  written  SIGN.ACII,  a  town 
of  Tninscaucasian  Russia,  government,  and  60  miles  E.S.E. 
ofTittis. 

SIGXAU.  sig'now.  a  Tillage  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
14  i.iiles  F.S.K.  of  Bern.     I'op.  of  parish.  2400. 

SIGNY  L'ABBAVE.  soenVee/ Idb^KV.  a  market-town  of 
Franc,  depaitment  of  Ardennes,  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  M4- 
ziftres.    Pop.  in  185-2,  3173.    It  has  extensive  ironworks. 
1784 


I  SIGNY  LE  PETIT,  seen^ee/  leh  peh-tee',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ardennes,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Me- 
zi^res.     Pop.  1294. 

SIOOURNEY,  sig'iir-ne,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Keoknk 
CO.,  Iowa,  45  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City.  It  is  the  largest 
place  in  the  county.  It  contains  a  court-house.  3  churches, 
and  a  bank.  One  newspaper  is  published  here.  Pop.  in 
1860, 1288. 

SIGRISWEIL,  see'gris-«n',  a  Tillage  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  near  I>ake  Thun. 
Pop.  2546.     A  coal-mine  has  tMjen  opened  in  the  vicinity. 

S1(5S/T0N  KIRK'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

SIGTUNA.  sig-too'n3,  a  town  of  Sweden.  Ispn,  and  27  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Stockholm,  on  a  branch  of  Lake  Mselar,  with  588 
inhabitants.  In  the  ninth  century  it  was  the  capital  of  a 
small  kingdom  of  Sweden. 

SIGUENZ.i.  se-gw5n'thd.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
43  miles  N.E.  of  Guadalajara-  on  the  llenares.  Pop.  4817. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 

SIGDEYA.  se-gwi'yd,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon 
district  of  Aatorga.    Pop.  1732. 

SIGUS.    See  Sieo. 

SIGVA.  sig'vS.  a  river  of  Asiatic  Ru.s.sia.  rises  on  the  E. 
slope  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  government  of  Tob<-vlsk,  flows 
S.S.K..  and  joins  the  Sosva  after  a  course  of  about  130  miles 

SIIIL.  seel,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  cantons  of  Schwytz, 
Zug.  and  Zurich,  joins  the  Limmat  at  Zurich,  after  a  N.W 
course  of  35  miles. 

SIHON  or  SEIHUN.  (.tnc.  Sahm.)  a  river  in  the  8.  part  of 
Asia  Minor.    See  Stfoon. 

SIHON.  a  river  of  Toorkistan.     See  Jaxatstes. 

SIIIUN.  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia.     See  SvHOOV. 

SIHUT.  see'hut'.  a  town  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Arabia.  100 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Makallah.  Ij\t.  15^  12' ,30"  N.,  Ion.  51°  19'  E. 
The  population  varies  from  300  to  2000,  according  to  the 
trade  and  .season.  Its  traders  own  about  SO  large  and  sm.all 
vessels,  employed  in  coasting-trade  and  shark-fishing. 

SIHUTLA.  se-oot/ia,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Michoacan,  25 
miles  W.  of  Zaeatnla. 

SIJE.4N  or  SIGEAN,  seeV.hJN"',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aude.  near  the  Lagoon  of  Sijean,  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 10  miles  S.  of  Nnrbonne.     Pop.  in  1852,  3297. 

SI  KAO  CHAN.    See  See  Kao  Shan. 

SIKAR.  se-kar/,  or  SECKTUR.  s^k-trlr^  a  town  of  North- 
west Hindostan.  62  miles  N.W.  of  .Teypoor. 

SIKHS  or  SEIKS.  seeks,  a  warlike  nation  in  North-west 
India,  lately  the  ruling  power  in  that  part  of  the  world, 
first  appeared  as  a  .sect  of  Hindoo  religionists  ai>,,'it  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century:  but.  stung  by  persecuiion 
from  the  Mohammedans,  they  turned  their  thoughts  to 
warlike  pursuits,  and  afttTwards  became  a  nation  of  formid- 
able soldiers.  Steel,  from  being  an  especial  object  of  atten- 
tion, was  ffhally  converted  into  one  of  their  gods.  Their 
supreme  divinity  was  denominated  by  them  "  AW  Steel." 
Owing,  however,  to  their  continual  dis.sensions,  they  were 
unable  to  make  head  against  a  powerful  enemy  until  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century,  when  Runjeet  Singh, 
having  suMued  the  other  Seik  chieftains,  established  an  inde- 
pendent kingdom,  which  he  ruletl  with  great  eneriry  and  wis- 
dom. He  maintained  an  armyof  SO.OOO  men.  of  wliom  50.000 
were  cavalry,  disciplined  according  to  the  European  system. 
But  after  his  death,  in  1S39.  a  jx^riod  of  anarchy  occurred; 
and  in  1849  the  Sikhs  were  totally  defeated  by  the  English, 
and  their  territory  annexed  to  British  India.     See  PcJfJ.AH. 

SIKIXO,  see'ke-no  or  se-kee'no,  (anc.  .9ict''?;os.')  an  island 
of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  government  of  Syria.  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Santorin.  Area,  17  square  miles.  Pop.  300.  It  pro- 
duces wine,  figs,  cotton,  and  the  best  wheat  in  the  Cyclades. 
On  its  W.S.W.  side  is  a  villaire  of  its  own  name. 

SIK'KI.M'  or  SHIKIM.  shik'im,  a  state  of  North-east 
Hindostan,  trihutarv  to  the  British,  between  lat.  26°  40'  and 
28°  N.,  Ion.  88°  E..  having  N.  the  IIimalayas,W.NepauI.  E. 
Bootan.  and  S.  the  Bengal  districts  of  Rungpoor  and  Pur- 
neah.  Area.  2504squaremiles.  Estimated  pop,  92,C48,  chiefly 
or  wholly  Boodhists,  and  employed  in  rural  industry.  Cattlo 
and  iron  are  among  the  chief  exports.  The  culture  of  the 
tea-plant  has  been  introduced  here  by  the  British,  with  suc- 
cess.   Principal  town.  Sikkim.  135  miles  N.W.  of  Pinagepoor. 

SIKLOS,  see'klosh',  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary,  co. 
of  Baranya,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fiinfkirchen,  with  3247  in- 
hal)itant.s.  and  mineral  springs. 

SIKOKF.  see'kokf,  SIKOKK.  see'kCk',  or  SITKOKF.  the 
smallest  of  the  four  principal  islands  of  Japan,  S.  of  Niphon, 
and  E.  of  Kioo-Sioo.  Estimated  area.  17.200  .square  miles. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.    Chief  towns,  Tosa  and  .K\a. 

SIL.  seel,  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  Leon,  near  it'.  N.W, 
extremity,  flows  S.W.,  and  joins  the  Minho  after  a  course 
of  .about  100  miles. 

STL,\H,  a  town  of  Hindostan.    See  Stiah. 

SIL.\N,  se'ljn',  a  town  of  Yucatan. 

SILANO,  si-ld'no,  or  SILLANO.  sil-ld'no,  a  village  of 
Italy  in  the  province  of  Modena.     Pop.  1901. 

SILANUS,  se-ld'noo8  (?)  a  village  in  tlie  island  of  SarJinia, 
division  of  Sassari,  65  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Cagliari.    IVp.  loOi 


SIL 

SILAO,  se-li'o,  a  well-built  town  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state,  and  10  miles  N.W.  of  Guanajuato.    Pop.  4000. 

SILARUSorSILAIlO.     See  Sele. 

SII.KKRBACH,  .lil/bgr-b^KS  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Elbogen.     Pop.  2025. 

SILbKRHKIIO,  sil'ber-b5R0\  a  town  and  strong  fortress 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  4.'5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  IIVO. 

SILBEIIBKRGSTADT,  Bohemia.    See  Mies. 

SIL'CIIKSTKR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  6i  miles 
N.  of  Basing  Stoke.  Here  are  the  remains  of  the  ancient 
Siyontincuni.  consisting  of  a  flint  and  brick  wall,  enclosing 
an  area  of  1^  miles  In  circumference,  occupied  by  a  farm 
and  ploughed  fields,  across  which  the  lines  of  the  principal 
streets  are  traceable.  In  a.  d.  407,  the  usurper  Constantine 
was  here  invested  with  the  purple.  The  city  was  destroyed 
by  iEUa  and  the  South  Saxons  in  493. 

SILDAL,  a  river  of  Sweden.    See  Skellefte.\. 

SILK,  see'li,  (aue.  Si'lis,)  a  river  of  Austrian  Italy,  delega- 
tions of  Treviso  and  Venice,  enters  the  lagoon  (ii  miles  N. 
Venice,  after  a  S.  course  of  35  miles,  past  Treviso. 

SlIiE'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  on  the 
river  Soar,  and  on  the  Midland  Counties  Kailway,  3  miles 
N.W.  ofSyston. 

SILKS,  see'lJs,  a  walled  village  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
province,  and  70  miles  N.E.  of  Jaen.     l*op.  2202. 

SILKSIA,  sMee'she-a,  (Fr.  Silesie,  seeMd^zee';  Ger.  Scklesien, 
shli'ze-fn.)  a  province  forming  the  S.K.  portion  of  I'russia, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Poland,  S.  by  Austrian  Silesia,  Mora- 
via, and  Bohemia,  \V.  by  Saxony  and  Brandenburg,  and  N. 
by  Prussian  Poland.  Area,  15,820  square  miles.  I'op.  in 
1801,  3,390,695,  chiefly  Lutherans  and  Roman  Catholics, 
with  about  30,000  Jews.  The  surface  in  the  S.  and  S.W.  is 
rugged  and  mountainous ;  in  other  parts  flat,  or  but  slightly 
undulating.  The  Oder  traver-ses  its  centre  throughout, 
from  S.E.  to  N.W.;  the  other  principal  rivers  are  its  affluents, 
the  two  Neis.ses,  the  Bober,  M.tlapane,  and  Bartsch.  The 
forests  are  very  extensive.  Corn,  flax,  and  hemp  are  pro- 
duced in  very  large  quantities,  and  about  2,800,000  sheep 
are  kept  in  the  province,  and  produce  excellent  wool,  which 
forms,  next  to  linen,  the  principal  article  of  export.  Beet' 
root  sugar,  timber,  madder,  tobacco,  silk  in  small  quantities, 
Ac,  are  also  exported;  and  valuable  mines  of  coal,  iron, 
lead,  zinc,  and  copper  are  wrought.  The  principal  manu- 
factures comprise  cotton  fabrics,  linens,  and  coarse  woollen 
cloth.  The  condition  of  the  people'  has  been  greatly  im- 
proved since  they  became  subjects  of  Prussia.  It  is  sub- 
divided into  the  three  governments  of  Breslau,  Oppeln,  and 
Liegnitz.    Capital,  Breslau.    It  was  conquered  from  Austria 

by  Frederick  the  Great,  in  1742. Adj.  and  inhab.  Silesian, 

sl-lee'she-an. 

SILKSIA,  AUSTIUAX,  comprises  the  S.  part  of  the  old 
province  of  Silesia,  still  belonging  to  Austria,  and  com- 
posing the  circles  of  Troppau  and  Teschen.    See  Mokatia. 

SILKSIK.    See  Silesia. 

SILIIET,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  Stihet. 

SIL'IAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 

SILIAN,  a  town  and  lake  of  Sweden.     See  SlUAS. 

SILIGU,  se-le-goo',  a  village  and  island  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
sion of  Sassari.     I'op.  2042. 

SILINTY  or  SKLINTI,  se-lin'tee,  a  maritime  village  and 
headland  of  Asia  Jlinor,  pashalic  of  Itch-Elee,  on  the  .Medi- 
terranean, 32  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cape  Anamoor,  around  which 
are  remains  of  the  ancient  Selinus. 

S1LIQU.\,  se-lee'kwi.  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division,  and 
17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  2099. 

•SILTS.     SeeSlLB. 

SI  Ll.STRI  A,  se-lis'tre-a,or  SILISTRI,  se-lis'tree,  (Turk.Z»n- 
stra.  dris'-trd;  Fr.  SUisli-ie.  see'leesHree',)  a  city  of  Europejin 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  capital  of  a  pashalic,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Danube,  57  miles  N.X.E.  of  Shoomla.  Lat.  about  44°  10' 
N.,  ion.  27°  10' E.  Pop.  20,000.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  is 
of  semicircular  form,  and  in  general  poorly  built,  consisting 
of  narrow,  winding,  ill-paved,  and  dirty  gtreets.  lined  by  low 
and  gloomy-looking  houses.  It  has  five  mosques,  a  large 
Greek  church  and  convent,  capacious  barracks,  public  baths, 
a  custom-house  with  extensive  magazines  attiiched  for  ware- 
housing flour  and  grain,  a  few  insignificant  manufiictures, 
and  a  considerable  trade,  chiefly  in  wood  and  cattle.  Its 
fortifications  are  strongly  built  of  solid  ma8onry,and  strength- 
ened by  several  detached  forts  of  admirable  construction,  and 
of  the  most  formidable  description ;  the  principal  of  these 
forts,  Abd-ul->Iejid,  occupies  the  hill  of  Ackbar,  which  com- 
mands the  town,  and  is  esteemed  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able military  works  of  the  age.  Silistria  successfully  with- 
stood the  Russians  in  1773  and  in  1809,  but  after  a  long 
siege  was  taken  by  them  in  1829,  since  which  time  the 
ibrtifications  have  been  immensely  strengthened.  It  also 
igain  successfully  withstood  the  Russians  in  1854. 

SILIVRI  or  SELIVRI,  se-liv'ree,  a  maritime  town  of 
Kuropean  Turkey,  in  Rooni-Elee,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Sea 
of  Marmora,  40  miles  W.  of  Constantinople.     Pop.  5000. 

SIL.)AX,  sil'yiii,  or  SILIAN,  sil'e-dn.  a  lake  of  Sweden, 
!a?n,  and  2('i  miles  N.W.  of  Falun.  Length,  52  miles;  breadth, 
7  miles.     Heightalxive  the  sea,  520  feet;  depth,  1200  feet. 

SILK'STUNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  West  Riding. 


SIL 

SILK-WILLOUGHBY,  (willj-be,)  a  parish  of  Englau.t,  oi- 
of  Lincoln.  ' 

SILLA,  a  river  of  lUyria.    See  Gail. 

SILLA,  seel'yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  9  mile?  SI 
of  Valencia,  on  the  Albufera  Lagoon.     Pop,  2570. 

SIL'LA,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  state  of 
Bambarra,  on  the  Joliba,  80  miles  E.N.E  of  Sego.  Lat.  19^ 
17'  N.,  Ion.  5°  30'  W.  Here  Mungo  Park  terminated  hit 
first  expedition,  in  August,  1796. 

SILLA  DE  CARACAS,  seel'yi  dA  H-v^kh,  a  mountair 
of  South  America,  in  Venezuela,  near  Caracas.  Height, 
8700  feet. 

SILLAH  MEW,  silldh'  mu,  or  CIIALAIN  MEW.  shaMIn. 
mil,  a  town  of  Burmah,  on  the  Irrawaddy.  Lat.  20°  50'  N., 
Ion.  94°  30'  E.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  district,  and  before  the 
British  invasion  conbiined  10,000  inhabitants.  It  was  for- 
merly surrounded  by  a  brick  w.all  50  feet  high  without,  and 
30  feet  within.  The  walls  are  said,  by  the  natives,  to  be  150t 
years  old. 

SIiyLEE,  a  town  of  Briti.sh  Indi.a,  presidency  of  Bengsjl, 
district,  and  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ramghur,  on  the  Subunreeka. 

SILLI'^IN,  a  town  of  North-we.st  Hungary.     See  Szolna. 

SILLEJORD,  sil'lA-yBad,  a  village  and  parish  of  Norway, 
province  of  Aggershuus,  on  the  N.W.  extremity  of  a  lake  of 
its  own  name.    Pop.  2400. 

SILLE  LE  GUILLAU.ME,  see'yA'  leh  ghee'yom'  or  seeP- 
yi'  leh  gheeryom',  a  market-town  of  Fiance,  department  of 
Sarthe,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Le  Mans.  Pop.  in  1862,  3183.  It 
has  manufiictures  of  fine  linens. 

SILLERY,  seengh-ree/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Marne,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Reims,  famous  for  its  fine  champagne 
wine. 

SILLINGY,  see'y^sa'zhee'  or  seery^NgVhee',  a  vilbge 
of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Savoy.     Pop.  1133. 

SILL'S  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  New  Hanover  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SILLY,  seeYee'  or  seePyfio'i  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  13  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Mons.    Pop.  2002. 

SILO'AM,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  New  York,  110 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

SILOAM,  a  post-village  in  Surrey  co.,  North  Carolina,  141 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

SILOAM,  a  post>office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Mississippi. 

SILOS,  seelos,  a  village  of  the  Canaries,  island  of  Teneriffe, 
at  the  S.  foot  of  the  JIontaiieta-de-Aregume,  about  1  mile 
from  the  sea.    Pop.  1083. 

SILS,  sils  or  seel,  a  village  and  p.arish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Grison.s,  in  an  angle  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
the  Albula  with  the  Ilinter-lJhein,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chur, 
(Coire.)  Pop.  321.  Height  above  the  sea,  59()4  feet.  The 
Lake  of  Sils,  whence  tlie  river  Inn  rises,  is  immediately 
S.W.,  and  4  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in  breadth. 

SILS/DEN,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SIL'SOE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SILT  or  SYLT,  silt,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  North 
Sea,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Sleswick ;  greatest  length  from  N.  tc 
S.,  about  20  miles;  breadth,  6  miles.     Pop.  2000. 

SIl/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset.  In  the 
church  is  a  handsome  monument  to  Judge  AVyndham. 

SILTOX,  OVER,  a  parish,  England,  co.  York,  North  Riding. 

SIiyVAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washtenaw  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  about  00  miles  W.  of 
Detroit.     Pop.  924. 

SILVAN ECTES  or  SILVANECT^.    See  Senlis. 

SILVANO,  sil-vfuo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  di- 
vision of  Genoa,  province  of  Novi.     Pop.  1952. 

SIL'VER  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  flows  into  Sunflower 
River  in  Washington  county. 

SILVER  CREKK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Clark  county,  and 
enters  the  Ohio  River  about  1  mile  above  New  Albany. 

SILVER  CREEK,  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Illinois,  falli 
into  the  Kaskaskla  River. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Chautauqua 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Lake  Erie,  ami  on  the  Buffalo  and  Stiita 
Line  Railroad,  31  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains  a  bank, 
2  churches,  2  large  tanneries,  and  a  number  of  stores.  Pop 
661. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn 
sylvania. 

SILA'ER  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  postoffico  of  Maury  co.,  Tennessee. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Greene  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1755. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  jiflst-township  forming  the  N.M'.  ex 
tremity  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1102. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  township  ofClark  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  866. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  Stephenson  co„ 
Illinois. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  township  in  Randolph  co.yyiissouri. 
Pop.  1775. 

SI  LVER  GLADE,  a  post-olBce  of  Anderson  dictrlct.  South 
Carolina. 

1785 


SIL 


SIM 


SrtT  &R  ECTLT;,  a  post-office,  Davidson  co.,  \orth  Carolina. 

SII  VSR  HILG,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  district,  Soutli 
Carolin*. 

SILVER  ISLAND,  China.    See  Ki.ntasg. 

SILVER  LAKE,  in  the  E.  part  of  Wyoming  co.,  New 
York,  is  connected  by  an  outlet  with  Genesee  River.  Length, 
3  mile:*. 

SILVER  LAKE,  a  post  town.ship  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  9  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Montrose.  P.  1313. 

SIlVeR  L.\KE,  a  post-office  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan. 

SILVER  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Summit  co..  Colorado. 

SIl/VERMINES,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Tipperary,  4J  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nenagh.  Pop.  in  1851,  488, 
mostly  umploj'ed  in  extensive  lead-mines. 

SILVER  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama. 

SILVER  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co..  Ohio. 

SILVER  SPRING,  a  village  and  township  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  HarrLsburg.     Pop.  2305. 

SILVER  SPRING,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SILVER  SPRING,  a  post-office,  St.  Francois  co..  Mis.souri. 

SILVER  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Florida. 

SILVER  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennessee. 

SII/VERSTONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

SIiyVERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

Sll/VERTON,  a  post-village  in  Barnwell  district.  South 
•Carolina,  96  miles  S.W.  of  Columbia. 

SILVER  TOP,  a  post-office  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee. 

SIL'VERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana. 

SILVES,  sil'vte  or  seel'vJs.  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Algai-ve,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lagos.     Pop.  30U0. 

SILVES,  sil'vJs  or  seel'vfe,  or  SANTA  ANNA,  sln'ti  ^n'- 
nS,  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazilian  Guiana,  on  the  Lake 
Saraca,  20  miles  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Amazon. 

SIL'VINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SILZ.  silts,  a  village  of  Tyrol,  circle  of  Imst,  on  the  Inn. 
Pop.  1116. 

SIM.  seem,  or  SIMA,  see'mj,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  government  of  Orenboorg,  flows  circuitously  N.,  then 
S.E..  and  joins  the  Inzer;  total  course,  100  miles. 

SIM.\li.\RA,  se-mj-bd'rj,  a  vast  gulf  of  Japan,  on  the  W. 
coast,  island  of  Kioo-Sioo,  stretching  far  inland,  and  forming 
the  basin  in  which  are  the  peninsula  of  Simabara  and  the 
islands  of  Amaksa,  Kami-Togi,  Simo-Togi,  Oho-jano,  Naga- 
sima,  and  a  number  of  other  islands  and  rocks.  The 
peninsula  of  Simabara  is  remarkable  for  the  lofty  volcano  of 
Wunzen  or  Wunzendake. 

SIM.ANCAS,  se-min'kjs,  (anc.  Spptimanca,)  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  8  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid,  on  the 
Pisuerga.  here  crossed  by  an  ancient  bridge.  Pop.  875.  It 
has  a  fortre.«s,  in  which  the  archives  of  Castile  are  kept. 

SIM.\ND.  see^mond'.  a  market-town  of  lluugary,  co.,  and 
21  miles  N.N.E.  of  Arad.     Pop.  4898. 

SIMAUL,  see'mawl',  or  SIMAWUL,  see'ma-wlil',  (anc. 
Syiiaus?)  a  town  of  Asia'Minor,  "5  miles  S.  of  Brusa. 

SIMAUL,  LAKE,  5  miles  N.W.  of  the  above  town,  which 
gives  origin  to  the  Simawul-soo,  an  affluent  of  the  Soosi- 
ghirlee-soo.  (anc.  Macestus.) 

SIMB1<:ERSK  or  SI.MBIRSK,  sim-beersk',  a  government 
of  Russia,  between  lat.  52°  40'  and  55°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  45° 
10'  and  51°  20'  E.,  having  N.  the  governments  of  Kazan  and 
Orenboorg.  S.  Saratov,  and  W.  Penza  and  Nizlinee-Novgorod. 
Area.  27.^44  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 1.024,236.  Surface 
undulating,  and  very  fertile.  Principal  rivers,  the  Volga, 
Soora,  and  their  affluents.  Bye,  wheat,  oats,  buckwheat, 
pease,  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  and  poppies  are  extensively 
raised.  Cattle  and  horse-breeding  is  chiefly  practised  by 
the  Kalmucks.  Manufactures  of  coarse  and  fine  woollen 
cloth,  coarse  linen,  canvas,  and  coverlets,  salt,  spirits,  glass, 
soap,  and  leather,  are  carrii^  on:  and  large  quantities  of 
corn,  hemp,  horses,  cattle,  hides,  fish,  fruit,  and  millstones, 
are  exported.  The  government  is  sulxlivided  into  10  circles. 
Principal  towns,  Simbeersk,  Samara.  Stavropol,  and  Karsoon. 

SIMBKERSK,  the  capital  of  the  abovegovernment,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Volga,  105  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kazan.  Pop.  35,474. 
Its  position,  on  a  height  above  the  Volga,  is  highly  pictu- 
resque. The  houses  are  partly  of  wood.  Principal  edi- 
fices, 2  cathedrals,  a  monastery,  nunnery,  college,  numerous 
charitable  institutions,  governor's  palace,  town-hall,  bar- 
racks, and  an  exchange.  Its  trade  is  flourishing;  it  ex- 
ports corn  and  fish. 

SIMCOE,  sim'k6.  a  lake  of  Canada  West,  between  Lake 
Ontario  and  Georgian  Bay.  (an  arm  of  Lake  Huron,)  nearly  30 
miles  long,  and  aliout  IS  miles  broad  at  its  widest  part,  and 
said  to  be  about  170  feet  al)ove  Lake  Huron,  into  which  it 
discharges  itself  through  I^ike  Gougichin,  the  Severn,  and 
Georgian  Bay.  The  water  in  some  parts  of  the  lake  is  of 
considerable  depth,  and  it  is  generally  frozen  completely  over 
In  the  winter,  so  as  to  l>e  p:>ssal)le  with  safety  for  sleighs. 
It  contains  numerous  islands,  some  of  them  of  large  size, 
but  only  one  of  them,  Snake  Island,  inhfiWted.  and  that  by 
Indians.  The  banks  are  generally  clothed  with  wood  down 
to  the  water's  edije.  A  steamer  has  plied  on  the  lake  for 
many  years  past,  and  very  fine  white-fish  are  taken  in  it. 
1780 


SIMCOE,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  chiefly  between  Lakf» 
Simcoe  and  Georgian  Bay.  Area,  1797  square  miles.  It  In 
intersected  .by  the  Ontario,  Simcoe,  and  Hudson  Railwav. 
Pop.  in  1852,  •27,165. 

SIMCOE,  a  town  of  Canada  West,  capital  of  the  county  of 
Norfolk,  on  Patterson's  Creek,  about  8  miles  N.  of  Lake  Erie, 
and  70  miles  S.W.  of  Toronto.  It  has  churches  for  the 
Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  Congregationalists.  Methodists, 
and  Baptit^ts,  a  branch  bank,  1  assurance  and  2  insurance 
agencies,  a  grammar  and  several  other  schools,  manufac- 
tures of  steam  engines  and  mill  ma<-hinery,  about  12  stores,  3 
distilleries,  2  tanneries,  and  several  .siiw  and  flouring  mills. 
It  publishes  3  newspapers.  Pop. in  1S52. 1452;  in  1854, 1700. 

SIMCOE  FALLS,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  Addington, 
on  the  Napanee  River,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Kingston.  I'op.  125. 

SIMETO,  (anc.  Symaihiis.)  a  riverof  Sicily.  See  Gurretta. 

SIMFERO'POL  or  SIMPHERO'POL,  (Turk.  Al.medshid, 
the  '•  white  niosque,")  a  town  of  South  Russia.  Japital  of  the 
government  of  Taurida,  in  the  Crimea,  on  the  Salghir,  37 
miles  N.E.  of  Sevastopol.  Lat.  about  45°  N.,  Ion.  34°  4'  E. 
Pop.  26,887,  of  very  various  descent.  It  is  finely  situated, 
enclosed  by  heights,  and  consists  of  the  old  Tartar  town  of 
Ak-Metchet,  and  a  new  quarter  constructed  by  the  Rus- 
sian.s,  which  is  regularly  built,  and  has  a  cathedral,  churclies, 
barracks,  hospital,  and  government  offices.  Here  are  several 
mostjues,  a  Tartar  school,  a  vast  bazaar,  an  artesian  well, 
and  several  fountains.  It  was  founded  in  A.  D.  lo(KI,  and 
became  the  capital  of  Tartar  sultans.  The  traveller  I'allas 
resided  here  for  15  years  previously  to  1811. 

SIMLA  or  SIMl^VH,  sinila,  a  mountainous  district  of 
North-west  Ilindostitn,  between  the  Sutlej  and  Jumna 
Rivers,  with  a  station,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Belaspoor.  7300  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  resorted  to  by  invalids  of  the  British 
army.  The  station  has  a  magnetic  observatory,  and  lately 
consisted  of  100  English-built  houses :  every  arti<:le  of  Euro- 
pean manufacture  is  here  procurable.  Pop.  of  the  district, 
370,600.  Exports  iron,,  wax,  honey,  borax,  musk,  wool, 
ginger,  opium,  and  cotton  and  woollen  fabrics. 

SIMMEN,  .sim'mgn,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  after  a  N.  and  E.  course  of  35  miles  joins  the  Kander, 
near  its  mouth  in  Lake  Thun.  • 

SIMMENTHAL,  sini'mfn-tdP,  (i.e.  "the  A'.alley  of  the 
Slmmen,")  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  watered 
by  the  Simmen.  It  ccmtains  several  vilkges,  and  the  baths 
of  Leuk. 

SIMMERING,  sim'meh-ring,  or  SIMONING,  se-mo'ning, 
a  village  of  Lower  Austria,  between  the  Simmering  CaniU 
and  the  Danute,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Vienna,  with  20S6  inha- 
bitants, who  manufacture  bronze  and  chemical  products. 

SIMMERN,  sim'mgrn,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  26 
miles  S.AV.  of  Coblentz.     Pop.  2700. 

SIM'MONS.  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio. 

SIM'MONSVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Roanoke  co.,  A'irginia. 

SIMMOZHEIM.  siui'mots-hIme\  a  vilKige  of  Germany,  In 
Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Schwarzwald,  near  Calvv.     Pop.  1020. 

SIMMS'  PORT,  a  post-vill.age  of  Avoyelles  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 237  miles  N.W.  of  New  Orleans. 

SIMNAN,  sim'nan',  SEMNAN,  sJm'n3n',  or  SI^MNOON, 
s?m'noon',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  115 
miles  E.  of  Teheran.  It  is  stated  to  be  2j  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  enclosed  by  a  wall. 

SIMNITZA,  sim-nit'sa,  written  al.^o  TZIMNITZA,  a 
market-town  of  Wallachia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube, 
immediately  opposite  Sistova. 

SIM  NO,  sim'no,  a  small  town  of  Poland,  government  of 
Augustowo,  19  miles  E.  of  Kalwarv.    Pop.  1300. 

SIMOGA,  se-mo'gd,  or  SHEM0(5a,  she-mo'gS,  a  fortified 
town  of  South  India,  Mysore  dominions,  13U  miles  N.W.  of 
Seringapatam. 

SI'MONBURN,  a  former  parish  of  England.  Ncrthumhei* 
land,  now  forming  a  part  of  Fal.=tone  and  other  parishes. 

SI'-MONDSLEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SIMONING.  a  village  of  Lower  Austria.     See  Simmerixo. 

SIM0N0SI':KI,  se-mo-no-sA'kee.  a  small  town  and  harbor 
of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  on  the  Strait  of  Kioo-Sioo. 

SIMONSTHURM.  8ee'mons-tooRm\  or  SIMONTORNYA,  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Tolna,  56  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Buda.    Pop.  3000. 

SI'MON'S  TOWN,  a  maritime  town  of  South  Africa,  colony 
and  district  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on  Sitnon's  Bay,  an  inlet 
on  the  E.  side  of  Fal.ie  Bay,  23  miles  S.  of  Cape  Town,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  a  good  road.  It  is  neatly  built 
at  the  foot  of  the  Cape  Mountain,  and  has  a  naval  nrsonal 
It  is  the  residence  of  the  naval  commander-in-chief  of  the 
colony,  and  the  port  to  which  homeward-bound  sUips  froa 
India  usually  resort  for  repairs,  &c. 

SIOIONSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont, 
89  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 

SIMOOSEER,  SIMOUSIRor  SIMUSIR,  se-moo-seer',  orn 
of  the  Koorile  Islands,  in  the  North  Pacific,  belonging  tp 
Russia.  80  miles  N.W.  of  Ooroop,  (Urup.)  Lat.  o*  S.  point, 
46°  49'  N.,  Ion.  151°  37'  E.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  90  milos; 
breadth.  6  miles. 

SIMPANG,  sim'pSng',  a  village  of  «va,  near  Soerahaya 
of  which  it  forms  a  kind  of  suburb. 


SIM 

STM  P  ANO,  ft  town  of  Borneo,  13  iniles  from  the  S.TV.  coast, 
21  mill's  N.E.  ot  Succadana,  near  tho  confluence  of  the  Matan 
with  the  Simpang. 

STM'l'LON,  (Kr.  pron.  sJm'pIAno',)  a  mountain  of  Switzer- 
land, between  the  Valais  and  Pietlmont,  and  across  which 
was  carried  the  famous  Ix'ouU  of  the.  SimpJon,  under  the 
orders  of  Napoleon.  This  road,  extending  from  Glys  (Valais) 
to  Donio  d'Ossola,  a  disfcince  of  nearly  38  miles,  is  6592  feet 
above  the  sefi,  and  from  25  to  SO  feet  in  width.  It  is  carried 
throuifh  several  extensive  tunnels,  passes  over  611  hridges, 
is  furnished  with  20  station-hoxises  for  travellers,  and  was 
completed  between  1800  and  1806.  It  was  gi-eatly  injured 
by  storms  in  1834,  1839,  and  1S49,  and  is  now  nearly  im- 
passable on  the  Sardinian  side.  Under  the  French,  the 
Simplon  gave  name  to  a  department  now  forming  the  Swiss 
canton  of  Valais. 

SIM'PKIN,  an  old  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  now 
united  to  that  of  Swlnton. 
SIM  [''SON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
SIM1''S0N,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mississippi, 
h;is  n  area  of  about  725  square  miles.  Pearl  lUver  forms 
its  W.  boundary,  and  it  is  intersected  by  Strong  Iliver.  Tho 
soil  is  sandy  and  sterile,  mostly  covered  with  pine  woods. 
Named  in  honor  of  Judge  Simpson.  Capital,  AVestville. 
Pop.  60S0,  of  whom  3706  were  free,  and  2324  slaves. 

SIMI'SOX,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  border- 
ing on  Tennessee ;  ai-ea  estimated  at  375  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  hy .Drake's  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level; 
the  soil  is  highly  productive.  The  rock  found  next  to  the 
surface  is  generally  limestone.  Formed  in  1819,  and  named 
in  honor  of  John  Simpson,  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Kentiuky.  Capital,  Franklin.  Poi).  8146,  of  whom  6839 
were  tree,  and  2307  ulaves. 

SDir'SON  ISI.AND,  Pacific  Ocean,  in  Mulgrave  Archipe- 
lago, in  lat.  0°  30'  N.,  Ion.  173°  54'  K. 
SIMPSON'S,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co..  Virginia. 
SIMPSON'S  CRKKK,  a  post-oflfice  of  Taylorcc).,W.Virginia. 
SIMPSON'S  MILL,  a  post-oifice  of  Laurens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SIMPSON'S  STORE,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
SIMP'SONVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Howard  co.,  Maryland. 
SIMPSONVILLK,  a  thriving  pos^village  of  Shelby  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  turnpike  from  Louisville  to  Frankfort,  30 
miles  \V.  of  the  latter.  It  has  3  churches,  several  stores,  and 
a  steam  mill. 

SI.MS'ItUKY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hartford  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven  Northampton  Railroad,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Hartford.    It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the 
Connecticut  State  Prison.    Pop.  2410. 
SIMUSIR.    See  Simooseer. 

SIN,  sin  or  seen,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Shen-see, 
capital  of  a  department,  120  miles  S.E.  of  See-ugan. 

SIN,  sL\«.  or  SIN-LK-NORLE,  sib"  !eh  nob'l,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  2  miles  E.  of  Douai.     P.  1040. 
SfX-H.  ((Jr.  Sivai,)  the  ancient  name  of  a  people  inhabit- 
ing the  south-easternmost  part  of  Asia,  supposed  to  be  the 
game  as  the  Cochin-Chinese. 

SIN.\.I,  (si'ni  or  si'n.i-i.)  Mount,  a  mountain  of  Arabia 
Petnca.  famous  in  Scripture,  and  generally  identified  with 
the  Jebel-Moosa,  or  "  Mount  of  Moses,"  one  of  a  cluster  of 
mountains,  of  which  Mount  Horeb  forms  a  part  of  the  N.  end. 
Lat.  of  Sinai  28°  30'  N.,  l(jn.  34°  E.     Height  above  the  sea, 
7497  feet.     On  its  N.E.  side  is  the  fortified  convent  of  Sinai, 
now  tenanted  by  about  20  Greek  monks.    Robinson  conjec- 
tures that  Mount  Horeb,  north-westward,  was  the  original 
Sinai  celebrated   in   holy   writ.     Mount  St.  Catherine  is, 
however,  the  culminating  point  of  this  cluster  of  mountains. 
SINAI,  Pe.ninsula  of,   between  the  Gulfs  of  Suez  and 
Akabah,  the  scene  of  the  Israelite  wanderings  in  the  desert, 
is  about  140  miles  in  length  from  N,  to  S.,  and  as  much  in 
breadth  at  its  northern  end,  whence  it  gradually  tapers 
southward  to  its  extremity.  Ras  Mohammed,  in  the  Red  Sea. 
Lat.  27°  4.3'  N.,  Ion.  34°  18'  E.    The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous  and  rocky ;   in  different  localities  of  it  are 
hieroglvphic  and  other  ancient  inscriptions. 
S1NAT,0A,  H  state  of  Mexico.     See  Cinaloa. 
SINALONGA,  a  town  of  Tusciny.    See  AsiNAluXGA. 
SINAilUCO,  send-roo'ko,  a  river  of  South  America,  in 
Venezuela,  joins  the  Orinoco  after  an  E.  course  of  100  miles. 
SIN.AY,  seu'nA',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders.  16  miles  N.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3000. 
SINGAPORE,  a  town  of  South  Asia.    See  Singapore. 
SIN'CLAIR'S  BOTTOM,  a  post-offlce,  Smyth  co.,  Virginia. 
■  SIN'CLAIRSVILLE,  a  village  of  Chautauque  co.  New 
York,  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo. 

SIN'CLAIRTOWN  or  ST.  CLAIRTOWN,  a  village  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  '•'"e.  parish  of  Dysart,  adjoining  Pathliead.  Pop. 
1611,  m'^'tiy  employed  in  weaving. 

SIN'.,  SINDK,  slnd,  or  SINDH,  a  river  of  Ilindost.in,  be- 
(ween  the  Chumbul  and  Betwah  Itivers.  rises  near  Seronge. 
ji«wc  M.K.  through  ttie  Gwalior  dominions,  and  between  it 
luid  Bundelcund,  and  joins  the  Jumna,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Eta- 
wdh.  Total  course,  220  miles.  The  affluents  are  the  Kohary 
and  Maluvar. 


SIN 

SINCE,  SCTNBE.  slnd,  called  also  STNT»H  or  STNDTA 
sin'de-a,  and  SINDY,  (from  Sindhon  or  Sindlm.  "  a  colleotior 
of  waters,")  an  extensive  territory  of  Briti.sh  India,  included 
in  the  presidency  of  Bombay,  comprising  the  lower  course 
and  delta  of  the  Indus;  and  situated  between  lat.  2.3°  .32 
and  28°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  66°  3.5'  and  71°  18'  E.;  Imunded  oa 
the  W.  and  N.W.  by  Beloochistan  and  Afghanistan,  on  the 
N.  by  the  Punjab,  on  the  E.  by  the  Indian  Desert  and 
Rajpootana,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Bunn  of  Cutch  and  the 
Indian  Ocean.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  about  380  miles ; 
breadth  very  variable  and  uncertain.  Area,  estimated  at 
52,120  square  miles. 

Face  of  the  Country,  <£c. — Its  sea-coast  stretches  in  a  direc- 
tion generally  W.N.W.  from  the  Horee  or  E.  mouth  of  the 
Indus  to  Cape  Monze,  a  distance  of  150  miles;  except  at  the 
W.  extremity  it  is  very  low.  being  composed  of  mud-banks 
deposited  from  the  rivers  of  the  delta,  or  of  low  hills  of  sand 
blown  in  from  the  beach,  the  whole  shore  being  a  dreary 
swamp,  destitute  of  trees  or  shrubs,  and  submerged  at 
spring-tides.  F'or  several  miles  inland,  alsO,  tho  delta  is  fre- 
quently overflowed  by  the  tide,  and  covered  with  water 
during  tlie  summer-months.  In  the  dry  season,  the  stitT 
clay-.soil,  which  is  strongly  impregnated  with  nitre,  bears  an 
abundant  crop  of  gigantic  grass,  with  furze,  mimosas,  and 
cacti,  and  affords  pasture  to  numerous  herds  of  buffaloes. 
The  alluvial  tract  fjirther  N.,  which  skirts  the  Indus  from  2 
to  10  miles  on  either  side,  is,  like  the  delta,  intersected 
with  canals  and  water-courses,  but  very  superior  to  it  in 
soil  and  cultivation— possessing,  indeed,  a  fertility  exceeded 
by  that  of  no  tract  of  country  anywhere  known.  To  the  E. 
stretches  a  region  mostly  alluvial,  but  which,  from  its 
having  been  deserted  by  the  river,  has  become  a  desert  of 
indurated  clay;  it  is  chiefly  level,  but  traversed  by  two  low 
ranges  of  tertiary  limestone  and  flinty  chalk,  and  in  some 
parts  covered  with  .shifting  sandhills,  affording  pasturage 
throughout  its  extent  for  camels,  buffaloes,  oxen,  sheep,  and 
other  herbivorous  animals.  W.  of  the  Indus,  the  Ilala  or 
Brahooic  Mountains  approach  the  river  at  Sehwan.  and  coma 
close  to  the  sea  at  Cape  Monze;  and  between  the  former 
place  and  Kurrachee,  on  the  N.W.  mouth  of  the  Indus,  is  a 
maze  of  hills,  the  highest  of  which  reach  an  elevation  of 
alx)ut  1600  feet,  terminating  abruptly  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
stream.  N.  of  Sehwan,  (lat.  26°  21'  N.,)  which  is  considered 
to  mark  the  division  between  Sirra  or  Lower,  and  Lar  or 
Upper  Sinde,  the  country  improves  in  its  aspect.  Proceed- 
ing from  E.  to  W.,  a  few  limestone  and  sand  ranges  are  the 
only  heights  met  with  till  the  valley  of  the  Indus  terminates 
in  the  mountains  of  Beloochistan.  Iron  abounds  in  the 
limestone  formation,  alum  and  sulphur  in  the  western  hills; 
and  numerous  fossil  shells  have  been  discovered,  with  some 
curious  specimens  of  petrified  timber. 

Oinuite, — The  climate  is  remarkably  dry  and  sultry;  the 
country  is  seldom  visited  by  rain,  and  is  not  refreshed  by 
the  waters  of  the  monsoons,  which,  though  they  approach, 
do  not  quite  reach  this  territory.  The  mean  temperature  of 
summer,  at  Sukkur,  is  about  102-4°  Fahrenheit,  and  even 
the  waters  of  Indus  at  that  season  attain  a  warmth  of  92°; 
farther  N.  it  is  supposed  to  be  even  hotter.  In  the  upper 
districts  frost  is  not  unknown,  and  the  heat  often  varies  in 
the  24  hours  from  40°  to  84°  Fahrenheit.  The  hot  season 
lasts  from  March  to  September,  the  cold  from  October  to 
March ;  and  the  changes  from  the  one  to  the  other  are  so 
rapid,  that  spring  and  autumn  are  not  experienced.  The 
exhalations,  caused  by  the  evaporation  during  summer  from 
the  stagnant  waters,  and  rank  decayed  vegetation,  are  ex- 
tremely injurious  to  health ;  and  the  winds  sweep  frOm 
the  surface  clouds  of  dust,  impregnated  with  salt  and  nitre; 
besides  which,  the  unwholesomeness  of  the  waters  from  the 
wells  produces  fatal  disorders  of  the  bowels,  liver,  and  other 
organs.  The  chief  diseases,  which  prevail  most  in  autumn, 
are  influenza,  fever,  ague,  and  spasmodic  cholera. 

Vegetation  and  AgHcuUure. — The  husbandry  of  the  Sin- 
dians  is  of  the  rudest  kind ;  for  a  plough  they  use  a  rough- 
hewn  pole,  slightly  pointed  with  iron,  and  drawn  by  a  camel 
or  two  bullocks,  a  rough  beam  of  heavy  wood  for  a  harrow; 
a  primitive  kind  of  hoe  or  grubber,  and  an  equally  clumsy 
wooden  rake;  these,  with  a  cart  and  a  few  baskets,  are  all 
the  implements  known  to  the  Sinde  farmer.  The  N.  dis- 
tricts, not  visited  by  the  floods,  are  artificially  irrigated 
either  by  the  Persian  wheel,  worked  by  a  camel,  or  by 
simply  opening  drains  and  canals  leading  to  the  lowlands. 
The  grain  is  trodden  from  the  husks  by  bullocks,  on  a  mud 
thrashing-floor;  and  after  the  government-collector  hag 
taken  the  tax  in  kind,  the  remainder  is  simply  covered  with 
mats,  protected  by  a  cl.iy-coating  in  the  open  air,  or  stored 
in  jars  of  sun-burnt  clay  within  doors.  Under  proper  culti- 
vation, the  alluvial  districts  would  become  "ery  productive; 
but  large  tracts  have  been  kept  in  a  state  of  nature  by  the 
Ameers,  .so  long  its  rulers,  either  to  form  hunting-preserves, 
or  to  avoid  attracting  the  cupidity  of  the  surrounding  tribes. . 
In  those  parts  that  are  under  tillage  the  land  yields  two 
crops  annually ;  the  spring  crop  consisting  of  wheat,  barley, 
millet,  sesamum  and  other  oil-seeds,  hemp,  opium,  and 
tobacco;  the  autumn  crop  of  rice,  maize,  cotton,  sugar,  and 
indigo.    Kice,  wheat,  and  maize  form  the  principal  staples, 

1787 


J 


SIN 


SIN 


being  both  sxtensively  nsei  for  food  and  exported.  Pulses, 
with  pumpkins  and  other  succulent  plants,  are  raised  in 
either  season.  The  drtte,  mango,  plantain,  pomegranate, 
lime,  citron,  tamarind,  fig,  mulberry,  pistachio,  melon,  grape, 
&c.,  are  among  the  principal  fruits.  Date-palms  are  planted 
in  considerable  numbers,  the  produce  being  employed  Iwth 
for  food  and  distillation.  The  shores  of  the  delta  and  Lower 
Indus  are  overgrown  with  mango  and  tx-«marisli-trees,  toth 
of  which  supply  fodder  for  cittle,  materials  for  the  manu- 
fecture  of  mats  and  baskets,  and  wood  for  carpentry  and 
fuel.  The  caper-tree,  and  some  others,  furnish  good  timber 
for  building;  bauhul  and  peepul-trees  are  numerous.  In 
moist  situations,  girantic  grasses  alwund,  and  rise  to  the 
height  of  15  or  18  feet,  furnishing  materials  for  thatch, 
ropes,  &c. 

Animals. — The  native  animals  of  Sinde  include  the  tiger, 
panther,  hyena,  jackal,  wolf,  fox,  antelope  and  other  kinds 
of  deer,  wild  ass,  wild  hog,  &c.  Porcupines,  hares,  and  other 
game  are  common  in  the  open  and  uncultivated  districts, 
and  in  the  salt-marshes  are  bred  vast  herds  of  bufF.iloes. 
■  The  camels,  of  the  one-humped  species,  are  strong,  hardy, 
and  valuable,  lx)th  as  beasts  of  burden  and  as  furnishing  a 
rich  milk,  and  hair  for  shawls  and  cloths ;  the  buffaloes  are 
prized  for  their  hides,  flesh,  and  milk,  of  which  last  is  made 
ghee,  an  important  article  of  traffic  in  Indian  commerce. 
The  horses,  though  small,  are  active,  and  capable  of  enduring 
great  fatigue.  Sheep  and  goats  are  numerous  in  Upper 
Sinde.  The  birds  compri.se  the  eagle,  vulture,  and  different 
species  of  hawks;  flamingoes  and  pelicans  of  large  size, 
and  in  great  numbers,  in  the  delta;  wat«r-fowl  in  gre«t 
plenty;  the  jungle-fowl,  partridge,  quail,  and  several  kinds 
of  parrots.  Porpoises  and  alligators  are  met  with  in  the 
Indus  and  its  tributaries.  Fish  form  a  chief  part  of  the 
food  of  the  humbler  orders  of  people;  and  the  taking  of 
them  affords  employment  to  many  persons.  Venomous 
snakes,  scorpion.s,  and  centipedes  are  common,  and  the 
pools  are  capable  of  supph'ing  great  numbers  of  leeches. 

Manufactures. — These  are  carried  on  at  Hyderabad,  Shi- 
karpoor,  and  some  other  towns,  but  the  products  are  chiefly 
consumed  within  the  limits  of  the  country.  The  natives  are 
very  ingenious  as  weavers,  turners,  and  artisans,  and  are 
specially  noted  for  their  skill  in  the  production  of  wooden 
lacquer-work,  famed  throughout  India.  The  leading  textile 
fabrics  are  coarse  silk,  cotton,  or  mixed  cloths ;  a  species  of 
the  latter,  called  lonngets,  is  highly  valued  in  all  the  courts 
of  India.  The  coarse  silk  goods  are  woven  from  silk  imported 
from  China  and  Persiti,  and  colored  with  indigo,  salai>: 
kernies,  madder,  Ac;  they  are  mostly  used  for  sashes  and 
turbans.  The  manufacture  of  the  many-colored  Sindian 
caps  forms  also  an  important  branch  of  industry ;  and  much 
taste  is  often  displayed  in  their  dyeing  and  arrangement  of 
colors.  The  Sindians  are  likewise  renowned  for  the  pre- 
paration of  very  soft  and  durable  leather,  tanned  chiefly 
with  baubul-bark;  it  forms  an  important  article  of  the  ex- 
port trade,  and  furnishes  the  materi,Hl  for  a  pretty  extensive 
manufacture  of  shoes,  sword-belts,  and  water-bags.  Paper, 
also,  is  made  to  some  ext«nt,  and  of  fair  quality,  at  Shikar 
poor  and  Roree.  Earthenware  is  produced  in  all.  and  gun- 
powder in  most  of  the  towns;  the  pottery  of  Ilalla  is  re- 
markable for  its  tasteful  shape  and  bright  colors. 

Ti-ade. — Before  its  submission  tn  British  rule  in  1844. 
Sinde  had  but  little  trade.  It  is  even  yet  insignificant.  The 
imports  consist  chiefly  of  British  piece-goods,  velvets,  and 
woollens,  sugar,  groceries,  and  spices,  mostly  from  Bombivy  ; 
cotton  and  silk  fabrics  from  Xarwar,  Guzerat,  and  Mooltan : 
raw  silks,  drugs  and  dye-stuffs,  dried  fruits,  gold  and  gold 
thread,  precious  stones,  and  horses,  from  Khorassan,  Cabool, 
and  Bokhara;  and  of  ivory  and  wood  from  the  Malabar 
coast.  The  exports  comprise  rice  and  other  grains,  ghee, 
opium,  indigo,  potash,  asafoetida,  dried  fish,  shark-fins,  and 
nides.  seaward  from  its  ports  in  the  delta :  with  cotton,  silk, 
and  other  fabrics,  indigo,  metals,  sugar,  and  spices  to  Kho- 
rassan and  the  Punjab.  The  transit  trade  between  Sinde 
and  Khorassan  and  Cabool  is  active,  and  carried  on  princi- 
pally by  Lohanna  Hindoos,  through  the  Bolau  Pass  from 
Kurrachee  and  Shikarpoor. 

People,  dc. — The  Sindians,  a  mixed  race  of  Juts  and 
Beloochees,  are  partly  of  the  Hindoo  and  partly  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan faith.  They  are  described  as  well  made,  and  hand- 
some ;  tall,  inclined  to  corpulence,  and  of  dark  complexion  : 
and  the  women  are  particularly  noticeable  in  the  Kast  for 
their  beauty.  The  country  swarms  with  "an  idle  race  of 
men.  alternately  soldiers,  beggars,  and  thieves."  ready  for 
service  under  any  leader;  and  there  are,  besides,  vast  num- 
bers of/alceerx,  lazy,  worthless  mendicants,  who,  under  the 
pretence  of  religion,  subsist  on  contributions  extorted  from 
the_  other  inhabitants.  The  dress  of  the  male  inhabitant 
consists  of  a  loose  shirt,  a  pair  of  Turkish  trousers,  both 
usually  of  blue  cotton,  a  scarf  round  the  waist,  and  a  quilted 
ootton-cip,- embroidered  with  silk  or  gold;  but  the  men  of 
rank  wear,  instead  of  the  latter,  turbans  of  enormous  size. 
20  to  »)  inches  in  diameter.  The  women  dress  like  the  men,  , 
with  the  exception  of  the  cap.  for  which  thev  substitute  a 
long,  loose  cloth,  thrown  over  the  head,  and  occiisiimallv 
dnwu  over  the  Jitce.    The  language  is  a,  branch  of  the 


Sanscrit,  little  differing  in  spelling  from  the  pure  Hindot 
(Hindi)  of  Upper  India,  though  more  regular  and  complete 
in  the  inflexions  of  its  nouns  and  verbs.  It  has  a  character 
peculiar  among  its  cognate  dialects,  in  being  written  from 
left  to  right.  Beloochee  is  also  much  spoken,  especially  in 
thedistrictsW.  of  the  Indus;  and  Persian  may  be  considered 
as  the  language  of  the  higher  orders. 

Diehions. — Sinde  is  at  pivsent  divided  into  three  collector- 
ates — Hyderabad,  the  capital;  Kurrachee.  the  chief  port, 
and  Khyrpoor.  Besides  these  places,  its  principal  towns  are 
Shikarpoor  Its  leading  mart,  IluUa.  Larkhana.  and  Tattah. 
Hidory. — Sinde  was  governed  by  Hindoo  rajahs  at  the 
time  of  its  Invasion  by  Alexander  the  Great,  but  subse- 
quently, after  many  changes,  it  became  an  independent 
state.  It  was  finally  subdued  by  the  Emperor  Akliar  iu 
1580.  since  which  period  it  has  always  been  either  nominally 
or  really  tributary.  In  1756,  it  wa«  presented  by  the  Mogul 
court  as  a  dowry  to  Timur  Shah  Deranee.  King  of  Cabool, 
to  which  country  it  was  (down  to  it.s  late  annexation  to 
British  India)  deemed  subordinate.  Its  final  conquest  was 
completed  by  Sir  C.  Napier's  victory  at  Meanne.  February 
17,  1S43.  It  was  soon  after  annexed  to.  the  presidency  of 
Bomb.-iy.    Pop.,  according  to  a  recent  estimate.  1.275.000. 

SINDELFINGEX.  sin'del-fing'fn.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Xeckar.  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stuttgart.    Pop.  3809. 
SINDH  or  SINDHU.    See  Indus. 
SI.NDHIA.    See  Sixpe. 

SINDIA.  sin'de-5,a  village  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari, 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Bo.sa.    Pop.  1081. 
SIXDIA.    See  Sixde. 

SIXDIM,  sin-deex*'.  or  SEXDIM.  sfn-deex"',  a  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Alia,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Lamego. 
Pop.  1195. 

SIXDORSKOE,  sin-doR'sko-A,  a  lake  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Vologda.  85  miles  N.X.E.  of  Oost-Sysolsk.  Length, 
1*2  miles,  by  5  miles  iu  bre:tdth. 

SI.ND'WAH.  a  fortress  and  pass  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bombay,  75  miles  X.W.  of  Boorhanpoor. 
.SIXDY.    SeeSiXDE. 
SIXEXDRIJ.    SeeSiNXA. 

SIX'El'UX'EXT  BAY,  of  Worcester  co.,  Maryland,  a  long, 
narrow  bay,  situated  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  has  an  inlet  of 
its  own  name,  which  is  in  about  38°  10'  N.  Int. 

SIXES,  see'n^s,  a  walled  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Alemtejo,  40  miles  S.W.  of  .\lcacer  do  Sal.  Pop.  1200.  It 
was  the  birthplace  of  V.isco  de  (Jama. 

SIX  EU.  se-neh'oo.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Slajorca.  20  miles 
E.X.E.  of  Palnw.    Pop.  39<K). 

SIX'EW,  a  river  of  British  America,  rises  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Rocky  Mountiiins.  about  lat.  50°  N„  flows  X.E.,  and 
joins  the  Peace  River  after  a  course  of  about  100  miles. 

SIXEYA.  SIXEIA  or  .SIXEJA,  se-n.Vyil,  a  river  of  Russia, 
rises  near  Liakhora.  (Liskow.)  government  of  Vitebsk,  flows 
X.  through  the  government  of  Pskov,  and  turning  E  ,  joing 
theVelikai  15  miles  alx)ve  Ostrov.  Total  course.  100  miles. 
SI-XGAX  or  SIXGAX,  a  city  of  China.  See  See-xgax. 
SIXGAPORK.  sing'ga-Pore',  or  SIXGAPOUR,  formerly 
written  SIXC.VPOKE.  (anc.  Singhapura,  "city  of  the  lion.") 
a  Settlement  belonging  to  Grait  Britain,  in  the  S.E.  of  Asi.a, 
consisting  of  an  Island  off  the  S.  extremity  of  the  MaUy 
Peninsula,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  strait  in  one 
part  only  one-fourth  of  a  mile  across,  and  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name  on  its  S.  side,  in  lat.  1°  17'  X.,  Ion.  VX?P  50'  E., 
and  numerous  surrounding  islets  between  Cape  Buru  and 
Cape  Romania.  The  principal  island  is  of  rhomboidal  shape, 
aliout  25  miles  long  from  E.  to  W.,  and  11  miles  average 
breadth:  area,  about  275  square  miles.  Like  the  adjacent 
islets,  it  is  mostly  covered  with  a  very  thick  jungle  down  to 
the  water's  edge.  Its  surface  is  generally  undulating, 
rising  in  some  parts  into  round  jungle-covered  hills,  the 
highest  of  which  (called  Bukit-Tima  or  the  Tin-hill)  is  530 
feet  above  the  sea.  Xear  the  coast  are  some  low  tracts  of  a 
swampy  character,  flooded  daily  by  the  tides.  The  soil  of 
the  hilis  is  chiefly  of  ironstone  resting  on  sandstone;  that 
of  the  low  ground  is  generally  blackish,  from  contiiining  a 
great  proportion  of  decayed  vegetable  matter.  A  stilt  clay 
is  found  in  some  piirts.  well  suited  for  the  manufacture  of 
kaolin  pottery,  but  it  is  little  employed  for  burning.  Frag- 
ments of  granite  and  trap  are  scjittered  along  the  beach ; 
and  these  formations  seem  to  underlie  the  sandbeds  on  the 
higher  parts  of  the  island.  Iron  is  the  only  metal  produced. 
The  island  has  several  rivulets,  on  one  of  which  stands 
Singapore,  the  capital. 

The  climate  resembles  that  of  Malacca  in  its  e.iuability  ; 
but  from  the  absence  of  regular  alternations  of  land  and  sea 
breezes,  it  is  considerably  hotter.  The  thermometer  annu- 
ally ranges  between  71°  and  89°  Fahrenheit,  the  average 
summer  heat  (M.iy  and  June)  being  84°;  the  temperature 
of  the  colder  months  (December  and  January)  7ti°.  The 
island  is  remarkable  for  salubrity.  Its  proximity  to  the 
equator  secures  frequent  refreshing  showers ;  itf  foliage  is, 
in  consequence,  always  in  the  full  t>k»im  of  summer.  The 
greatest  quantity  of  rain  falls  in  December  and  January, 
and  the  total  annual  fiiU  averages  102  inches,  nearly  a  h;df 
less  than  that  at  liangoou.    The  soil,  where  of  sufficient 


SIN 


SIN 


depth,  h  well  adapted  for  the  growth  of  spices,  and  all  kinds 
of  these  products  grow  readily;  but  nut  mesjs.  cloves,  -rinrjer, 
and  pepper  are  the  only  sorts  raised  for  commerce;  the  last 
named  is  dependent  on  the  cultivation  of  p;ambier,  the 
leaves  of  which,  after  being  boiled,  are  used  as  manure  for 
the  pepper-vines.  The  sujzar-cane  and  cocoanut  have  also 
been  cultivated  with  considerable  success.  Numerous  vege- 
tables are  raised  by  the  Chinese  settlers,  including  pump- 
kins, various  kinds  of  melons,  cucumliers,  yams,  sweet-pota- 
toes, onions,  garlic,  and  others  peculiar  to  the  country. 
Singapore  possesses  all  the  fruit-bearing  trees  of  the  Mal.ay 
Archipelago.  Agar-agar  (a  delicate  fern  like  sea-weed)  is 
plentifully  found  on  the  neighboring  coral  reefs  and  shoals, 
and  is  an  important  article  of  commerce  for  the  China  and 
Eastern  markets. 

Tigers  swarm  in  the  jungle's,  occasionally  committing 
great  havoc,  and,  indeed,  according  to  a  recent  authority, 
carry  o(f  from  200  to  300  persons  annually.  The  wildcat, 
otter,  tiying-squirrel,  ferret,  porcupine,  pangolin,  sloth,  wild 
hog,  several  kinds  of  monkeys,  bat.s,  especially  the  tlying- 
fox  or  pteropus,  several  varieties  of  rats,  two  peculiar  species 
of  deer,  and  two  small  varieties  of  the  ox  tribe,  are  native; 
the  dugong  abounds  on  the  shores.  The  birds  comprise  fal- 
cons, owls,  various  species  of  peafowl,  pheasants,  and  part- 
ridges, pelicans,  herons,  woodpeckers,  paroquets.  Java  spar- 
rows, &c.,  with  many  varieties  of  wading  birds,  but  v/e\> 
footed  birds  are  rare.  Among  reptiles,  are  turtles,  (both 
plentiful  and  cheap,)  tortoises,  crocodiles,  the  black  cobra, 
and  other  varieties  of  serpent.s.  The  coast  and  rivers  abound 
with  fish — soles,  mullets,  rays,  sharks.  &c.,  with  crabs  and 
prawns;  and  other  Crustacea  are  abundant. 

The  lands  under  cultivation  are  stated  to  be — gambler- 
bashes.  24.220  acres;  pepper-vines,  2014  acres;  cocoanut- 
trees,  2Ij4S  acres;  pine-apple,  1400  acres;  nutmeg  and  mace. 
1190  acres;  fruit.  1038  acres;  cloves,  ginger,  &c.,  1780  acres: 
making  a  tofcil  of  34.950  acres.  Of  the  cocoanuts.  l.OSO.OOO 
are  produced  annually,  and  of  the  pin(!-apples  about  3,000.000. 
The  field-labor  is  performed  mostly  by  Chinese,  but  also  by 
Javanese,  lioyans,  and  Malays. 

The  government  of  the  colony  is  vested  in  a  governor,  (who 
holds  that  office  also  in  Malacca  and  I'enang.)  as.sisted  by 
three  resident  councillors,  a  police  magistrate,  &c.  The  hiKli 
court  of  justice  has  civil,  criminal,  and  admiralty  jurisdic- 
tion, and  is  presided  over  by  a  recorder  appointed  by  the 
British  crown,  or;  in  his  absence,  (for  he  generally  resides  at 
I'enang.)  by  the  governor  and  councillors.  The  military  force 
of  Singapore  consists  of  three  companies  of  Madras  native  in- 
fantry, and  a  small  corps  of  artillery  ;  in  all.  .about  700  men. 

The  p<jpulation  in  1822  amounted  to  about  10.000  persons ; 
in  1836  it  had  increased  to  .30,000 :  and.  in  1850,  the  isljind 
of  Singapore  and  its  dependencies  contained  a  population  of 
62.891,  tesides  1548  convicts  from  India,  and  l>70  troops. 
The  Chinese  compo.se  53  per  cent.,  and  the  Malays  23-7  per 
cent,  of  the  entire  population.  As  respects  reliu'ion,  27,526 
are  lioodhists.  22,000  Mohammedans,  and  1452  Hindoos. 

HUtorij. — The  island  of  Singapore  is  celebrated  in  Malayan 
history  as  having  been  the  fii-st  place  of  settlement  of  the 
early  Malay  colonists  from  Sumatra.  Their  location  here 
took  place  towards  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century;  and 
the  lines  of  the  ancient  town  of  Singapoora  (Singapura)  were 
still  traceable  in  1819.  The  British  obtained  permission  to 
build  a  factory  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  island  in  1819 :  and  by 
treaty  in  1824.  purchased  the  sovereignty  and  fee  simple  of 
the  island,  as  well  as  of  all  the  seas,  straits,  and  islands  to  the 
extent  of  10  geographical  miles  around.  In  1826  Singa]>ore 
was  placed  undijr  the  provincial  government  of  the  Straits 
Settlement,  which  is  fi.\ed  at  Penang,  where  the  governor 
usually  resides. 

SIN'GAI'OKE,  the  capital  of  the  .above  colony,  and  one  of 
the  principal  commercial  emporiums  in  the  East,  is  situated 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  island,  on  both  banks  of  a  creek  or  rivu- 
let of  the  same  name,  and  extends  E.  for  about  1^  miles  to  an- 
other small  creek,  CiiUed  the  Uocho  River.  By  these  rivulets 
it  is  separated  into  three  distinct  divisions — the  Vi.  inha- 
bited by  Chinese;  the  central  and  best  part  by  the  Euro- 
peans; and  the  K.  by  the  Maliiys,  &c.  The  central  part  of 
the  town  is  laid  out  in  regular  streets,  lined  with  substan- 
tial brick  houses;  and  towards  the  shore  is  ample  space  far 
parade  and  carriage  drives.  Here  are  the  principal  public 
ofiRces,  offtcial  residences,  hotels,  exchange,  and  churches,  in- 
cluding an  English  church  and  an  American  chapel.  On  a 
hill,  N.  of  the  town,  is  the  government-house;  and  on  the 
shore  is  tho  Singapore  Institution,  founded  by  SirSt.amford 
Baffles  in  1S23.  for  the  cultivation  of  the  Chinese  and  Malay 
languages.  The  W.  division  comprises  the  warehouses  of 
the  English  merchants,  as  well  as  the  dwellings  and  shops 
of  the  Chinese,  who  have  also  here  a  splendid  pagoda  of 
grotesque  exterior.  ■  The  E.  part  of  the  town  (designated  the 
KampoiHi-ijlnm)  comprises  the  shops  of  the  Klings  and  Ma- 
lays, and  is  remarkable  for  its  filth  and  squalor.  The  higher 
classes  of  the  European  and  .\merican  merchants  generally 
live  in  bungalows  or  garden-hou-ses  in  the  suburbs,  and 
along  the  beach  E.  of  the  town,  which  commands  fine  views 
of  the  harbor  and  both  its  entrances. 

The  manufactures  of  Singapore  are  few,  the  principal 


being  that  of  preparing  sago,  which  is  imported  for  this  pnp- 
pose.  Some  of  the  Chinese  employ  them.selves  actively  in 
the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  tools,  armf, 
Ac,  and  in  making  twine  from  pine-apple  fibres,  which  is 
exported  to  China  for  fabrication  into  pina  cloth. 

The  commerce  of  Singapore  is  immense.  It  has,  in  fact, 
become  the  great  entrepot  of  South  Asia  and  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  all  parts  of  the  In- 
dian Ocean  resort  with  the  produce  of  their  farming  and 
manufacturing  industry,  and  in  which  they  find  a  ready 
market  abundantly  stocked  with  every  variety  of  European 
goods.  The  port  also  has  the  advantage  of  being  perfectly 
free  to  vessels  of  all  kinds  and  nations,  without  charges  on 
exports  and  import.?,  or  anchorage,  harbor,  and  light  dues. 
The  imports  from  Great  Britain  comprise  woollens,  piece- 
goods,  cotton-twist,  iron,  arms,  gunpowder,  wines,  and 
various  manufactures;  the  exports  thither  consisting  of 
antimony,  tin,  and  gold-dust,  coffee,  sugar,  cassia,  catechu, 
benzoin,  beeswax,  raw  silk,  hides,  ivory,  tortoise-shells, 
mother-of-pearl,  gutta-percha,  and  very  numerous  sundries. 
The  imports  from  continental  Europe  consist  of  wines, 
spirits,  and  liqueurs,  beer,  British  and  French  piece-goods, 
fire-arms,  iron  and  stet-l  articles,  glass  wares,  Siilt  provisions, 
kc.  for  which  it  sends  in  return  numerous  articles  of  .Asiatic 
produce.  The  imports  from  the  United  States  comprise  m.a- 
nufactured  goods,  provisions,  tobacco,  and  sundries,  with 
large  consignments  of  Spanish  dollars,  in  exchange  for  coffee, 
sugar,  pepper,  cassia,  tin,  tortoise-shells,  rice,  &c.  Singapore 
also  carries  on  a  mo.st  extensive  trade  with  Calcutta,  Ma- 
dras, and  Bombay,  and  ves.sels  come  throughout  the  year, 
bringing  large  supplies  of  raw  cotton,  India  cotton  goods, 
opium,  rice,  ic. ;  in  return  for  which  they  take  back  gold- 
dust,  tin.  pepper,  sago,  catechu,  sappan-wood,  and  treasure. 
From  China,  upwards  of  200  junks  yearly,  ranging  from  50 
to  500  tons  burden,  come  with  the  monsoon,  and  enter  the 
port  early  in  spring  with  cargoes  of  tea,  camphor,  blue  and 
yellow  nankeens,  coarse  earthenware,  and  various  Chinese 
sundries ;  for  which  they  take  back  in  return  raw  and  ma- 
nufactured cottons,  opium,  trepang,  pepper,  tin.  ratans,  pine- 
apple fibres,  edible  birds'-nests,  deer  sinews,  shark  fins,  agar- 
agar.  &c.  The  Siamese  and  Cochin-Chinese  visit  the  port 
during  the  X.E.  monsoon,  partly  in  junks  of  about  30  tons 
burden,  but  also  in  square-rigged  vessels,  commanded  by 
Europeans  and  manned  V)y  natives.  The  Javanese  come  in 
vessels  ranging  from  150  tons  to  500  tons  burden,  witli  coffee, 
rice,  Ac. ;  and  the  Boogis  from  Celebes  send  200  lateen-rigged 
boats  or  prahoos  in  autumn,  laden  with  coffee,  rice,  gold-dust, 
tortolse-.shells,  and  trepang;  the  Balines^e  bring  large  sup- 
plies of  rice,  coarse  native  cloths,  and  a  few  stout  ponies ; 
and  the  Borneans  send  numerous  small  prahoos  in  autumn, 
with  black  pepper,  gold-dust,  ratans.  Ac.  Singapore  is  an 
important  station  for  British  steamers  between  India  and 
China.  It  has  regular  communication  with  both  those 
countries,  and  with  the  Red  Sea  once  every  month. 

The  following  is  a  comparative  abstr,Hct  statement  of  the 
trade  of  Singapore  with  the  undermentioned  places  for  the 
years  1S51-2,  and  1852-3,  ending  respectively  on  May  1: — 


Names  of  Place.s. 

Imposts.             | 

■™- 

1851-2. 

1852-3. 

1851-2. 

1852-3. 

Great  Britain,  &o.. 
Uniled  States 

$3,162,000 
95,000 
100,000 

456,000 
598.000 
1,730,000 
281,000 
490.000 
138,000 

1,125.000 

710,000 

48,000 

390,000 

831,000 

2,500,000 

1,330,000 

2,-286.000 

S3,96n,<XI0 
54,000 
138,000; 

353.000 

a35,000 

2,100.000, 

326,000; 

386.000, 
232,000: 

l,.300,00o' 

670,000' 

615.0(10 

313,000 

416.000 

3,060,000i 

1,310,000 

1,603,000 

817,470,000 

81,435.000 
361.000 
200,000 

235.000 
630,000 
3,182,000 
210,000 
487,000 
310,000 

883.000 

69L',fl00 

455,000 

280.000 

375,000 

1,285.000 

1,200,000 

), 500.000 

$2,042,000 
380.000 
578,000 

109.000 
726.000 
2,900,000 
.     420,000 
550.000 
395,000 

985,000 

726,000 

580.000 

296.000 

385.000 

1,210,000 

1,190,000 

1,818,000 

$15,290,000 

Bi-enien  aud  Ham- 

Coctiin-Ciilna 

Java,    Riilo,    Balli, 
Lombok,  aad  Sum- 

Slalayan  Peninsula. 

Coast  of  Malabar... 

Calcutta 

Malacca  &  Penang.. 
Other  Countries.... 

Total 

$14,970,000 

$13.7-.:0,00O 

Ships  lie  in  the  roads  or  open  harbor,  (in  10  or  14  fathoms 
water,)  at  the  distance  of  from  1  mile  to  2  miles  from  the 
town.  The  river  or  creek  is  accessible  to  the  lighter.s,  and 
the  goods  are  taken  in  and  discharged  at  convenient  quays, 
at  the  dooi-8  of  the  principal  warehouses.  The  arrivals  and 
departures  of  vessels  in  1849  to  1853,  were  as  follows :— 


Tears. 

Abbhtals. 

Departures.              j 

Square-Rigsed. 

Nalire. 

Boats.      Tons. 
1,868     58.590 
2,114     69.056 
2,036     59,693 
2,107     70,194 

Snuare-Riggea.  |        NaliTe.       1 

1849-.50. . 
18.iO-51.. 
1851-52.. 
1852-53.. 

Ships. 
707 
838 
933 
885 

Tons. 
246,176 
284,485 
339.351 
342,134 

Ships. 
708 
811 
890 
875 

Tods.      Boats. 
238.688    2.188 
269,949    2,250 
319,728    2,287 
332,795     2,265 

Tons. 
60,276 
70,259 
63,085 
73,670 

SIN 


SIO 


Besiiles  the  vessels  included  in  the  foregoing  statement,  in 
1852-3,  173  vessels  (tonnage.  31.120)  arrived  from  Malacca 
and  Penang.  and  193  vessels  (tonnage,  40.434)  billed  for  these 
ports.  In  all,  10.')8  squane-rigged  vessels  (tonnage,  373.955) 
arrived  in  1852-3.  of  which  733  vessels  (tonnage,  271,934) 
were  Rritish.     Pop.  in  1850,  25,916. 

SIX'GAUAPET'TAU,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  M.tdi-.Hs.  85  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Pondicherry. 

SINGBOOM,  sing^boom',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengtil.  province  of  Orissa,  110  miles  W.  of  Midna- 
poor.  in  lat.  22°  31'  N.,  Ion.  85°  40'  E. 

SINGEN,  siug'en,  a  market-town  of  B.aden,  circle  of  Lake, 
6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kadolfszell.   Pop.  1164. 

SI-VGIIALA  and  SINGHALESE.     See  Cetlo.v. 

SIXOIIEA,  sin'ghe-.^,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  on  the  Guuiluck,  17  miles  X.  of  Patna,  in  lat.  25° 
62'  X..  Ion.  85°  15'  E.    Near  it  are  the  vestiires  of  a  ruined  city. 

SIXGIIUK.  singVftr'.  a  hill-fort  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bonib.-)y-  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  I'oonah. 

SIXGILKI  or  SIXGIIILEI.  sin-ghe-lA'e,  written  also  SIX- 
GILIJEW,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  23  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Siaibeersk,  on  the  Volga.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  mostly 
built  of  stone. 

SI.NG  KEIi,  sing'kJl'.  a  town  of  Sumatra,  on  the  Vf.  coast, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Singkel,  8  miles  X.W.  of  Cape  Singkel. 
in  lat  2-5 15'  X. 

SIX'GLETARYSVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Williamsburg  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

SIX'GLETOX,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Sussex. 

SIXGLKTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. . 

SINGOE,  siu'gii^eh,  an  island  of  Sweden,  Isen  of  Stock- 
holm, in  the  Baltic,  20  miles  W.  of  the  Aland  Islands. 
Length.  4  miles. 

SIXGOLE.  sin'gol',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  Xerbudda  territory.  25  miles  X.X.W.  of  Gurrah. 

SIXGO-S.ARIE,  sing'go  sd'ree,  a  village  of  Java,  province 
of  Passoeroean,  district  of  Malang.  with  the  remains  of  one 
of  the  tiuest  heathen  temples  in  .Tava. 

SING  SIXG,  a  post-village  of  Ossining  township,  West' 
Chester  county.  New  Vork,  on  the  left  or  E.  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  and  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  33  miles  X.  of 
New  York.  The  village  is  situated  on  an  acclivity,  which 
rises  to  the  height  of  about  200  feet.  On  its  summit  is  a 
range  of  elegant  villas,  extending  in  the  rear  of  the  village 
nearly  its  whole  length.  The  river  here  reaches  its  greatest 
breadth,  being  nearly  4  miles  across,  and  the  scenery  in 
every  direction  is  exceedingly  tieautiful  and  picture.«que. 
Sing  Sing  is  distinguished  for  its  boarding-schools.  Mount 
I'leiisant  .Academy,  an  incorporated  institution,  has  a  fine 
marble  editice.  delightfullj-  situated,  and  enclosed  by  spa- 
cious and  highly-ornameuted  grounds.  The  number  of  stu- 
dents is  limited  to  50.  for  whom  6  instructors  are  employed. 
Horsemanship  and  military  fcictics  .ire  taught,  in  addition 
to  the  brandies  usually  pursued  in  su'li  an  institution. 
There  is  also  another  excellent  boarding-school  for  boys, 
occupying  a  large  brick  editice.  and  a  female  seminary  of 
high  reputation,  besides  several  other  flourishing  institu- 
tions. Sing  Sing  contains  4  churche.s,  a  bank,  and  2  news- 
paper offices.  The  Ci-oton  aqueduct,  whicli  passes  through 
the  village,  is  here  an  object  of  much  interest,  being  carried 
over  the  .'ing  Sing  Kill  by  an  arch  of  stone  masonry  88  feet 
between  the  abutments,  and  100  feet  above  the  water.  Sing 
Sing  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  New  York  state  prisons,  which 
is  situated  immediately  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson,  about 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  S.  of  the  village.  'The  buildings  are 
of  marble  or  limestone,  and  form  three  sides  of  a  square. 
The  main  editice  is  484  feet  long,  44  feet  wide,  and  5  stories 
high,  containing  1000  cells  for  pri.soners.  In  1852  the  num- 
lier  of  criminals  confined  was  869.  The  greater  number  of 
the  convicts  are  engaged  in  the  various  mechanic  arts,  but 
no  inconsiderable  portion  are  employed  in  working  the  ex- 
tensive limestone  qmirries  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
prison.  The  female  convicts  occupy  a  fine  building,  30  or  40 
rods  E.  of  the  male  department.  These  prisons  are  not  en- 
closed by  walls,  but  are  guarded  by  sentinels.  Sing  Sing  is 
the  centre  of  an  active  trade.  Steamboats  plying  between 
New  York  and  places  along  the  Hudson  touch  at  this  point. 
Pop.  5:U.). 

SIXIGAGLIA,  se-ne-gJl'vi,  (anc  Selna  or  Stina  Gallica.)  a 
fortified  seaport  town  of  Central   Italy,  in   the   Pontifical 
StHtes.  legatiim  of  L'rbino.  on  the  Misa,  at  its  mouth  in  the 
Adriatic,  16  miles  W.X.W.  of  Ancona.   Pop.  21.930.   It  has  a 
c.itliedral.  convents,  mint,  theatre,  and  a  small  harbor,  but 
is  chiefly  celebrated  for  its  large  annual  fair  In  July  and 
August,  which  is  attended  by  traders  from  all  parts  of  Cen- 
tral and  S'lnth  Europe.  Xorth  .Africa,  and  the  Levant 
Sl-X  1 NG.  a  to  wn  of  China.     .See  Sek-xing. 
SIXIO  IKIJ.A,  SIXIOUKHA  or  SIXIUKHA,  se-neoo'Kj, 
a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Kiev,  and  between  Kher- 
Bon  and  Podolia,  after  a  S.E.  and  S.  course  of  nearly  150 
miles,  joins  the  Bug  at  Olviopol.     Before  the  peace  of  1791, 
this  river  fnrnie<l  the  boundary  lietween  Russia  and  Turkey. 
SINISCdLA,  se-nis'koia,  a"  village  of  Sardinia,  25  miles 
M.E.  of  Xuoro.    Pop.  2826. 
SIN'J  AR'  or  SINGALI,  sin-giaeeS  a  small  town  of  Asiatic 
1700 


Turkey,  pashalic,  and  70  miles  W.  of  ^losul.  It  consists  of 
about  80  houses,  with  many  Mohammedan  tombs,  and  some 
remains  of  a  much  more  remote  date. 

SIXJ  AR  HILLS,  a  range  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  50  miles 
in  lenjth,  by  7  to  9  miles  in  breadth,  between  the  Khaboor 
and  Tigris.  They  are  covered  with  oak  forests  and  fig  and 
vine  plantations,  interspersed  with  numerous  villages. 

SIXJ.\WK.4.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Sintavka. 

SIXKIXG  CREEK,  a  pdstotflce  of  Craig  co..  Virginia. 

SIXK'ING  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Penns/l- 
vania.  50  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  364. 

SIXKING  SPRIXG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Highland 
CO.,  Ohio.  75  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati.    Pop.  about  300. 

SIX  KING  VALLEY  MILLS,  a  postroffiee  of  Blair  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SIXK'S  GROVE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Monroe  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

SIXN,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Senn. 

SINN.sinn.  a  river  of  Bavaria,  liesse-Cassel.aftera  S.  course 
of  40  miles,  joins  the  Saale  near  its  influx  into  the  Main. 

SINNA,  sin'na.SENXA.  sJn'nd.  or  SINEXDRIJ.  se-n^n'- 
drij',  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  I rak-.Ajemee.  capifcil  of  the 
district  of  Ardelan.  on  a  declivity  below  its  original  site,  80 
miles  W.X.W,  of  Ilamadan.  The  population,  according  tc 
Rich,  consists  of  4000  or  6000  families.  It  is  of  comparatively 
modern  origin,  and  has  an  imposing  appe.arance,  with  the 
castellated  palace  of  its  governor  on  a  height.  In  its  vicinity 
is  a  very  exten.»ive  public  gsirden. 

SIXX.AI.  sin-ni'.  a  market-town  of  the  island  of  Sardini.a, 
division,  and  8  miles  N.E.  of  C.agliari.     Pop.  2826. 

SIXXEMAHOXING.  post-offlce.  Clinton  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SIXXEMAInyxiNG  CREKK.of  Pennsylvauiji.  enters ths 
West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  in  Cliritou  county. 

SIX XI E.  a  river  of  Guinea.     See  Ancoiikr.  "  • 

SIXNIMARI  or  SINNAMARY,  seen^n^maVee'.  a  river  of 
French  Ouian.a,  enters  the  Atlantic  78  miles  N.W.  of  Cay- 
enne, after  a  N.  course  of  200  miles.  At  its  mouth  is  the 
villaireof  Sinniniari. 

SIX'XIXGTOX,  pari.sh,  England,  co.  York,  North  Riding, 

SINXO,  sin'no,  (anc.  Si'ris.)  a  river  of  Naples,  province  of 
Ba.silicjita.  enters  the  Gulf  of  Taranto  19'  miles  S.W.  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Bradano,  after  an  E.  course  of  6<J  miles, 

SIXXORE;  siuHior',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Baroda  domi- 
nion.s,  on  the  Nerbudda,  26  miles  E.X.E.  of  Baroach. 

SI  .NOPE,  sin'o-pe,  (Turk.  Sinnab,  Sinotib  or  Sinuh,  see^ 
noolV.)  a  seaport  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Black  Sea,  75 
miles  W.X.W.  of  .Samsoon,  in  lat.  42°  2'  12"  N..  Inn.  35°  12' 
30"  E.  Pop.  about  SOOO.  It  is  situated  on  an  isthmus  con- 
necting a  high,  rocky  peninsula  with  the  mainland,  and 
has  on  its  S.W.  side  the  best  port  on  the  N.  coiist  of  Asiatic 
Turkey.  Its  walls,  composed  of  fragments  of  Byzantine 
architecture,  are  ivy-ciad,  and  overhang  deep  wooded  ravines, 
crossed  bj-  high  and  narrow  bridges.  Many  of  its  buildings 
are  surrounded  by  gardens.  Its  exports  consist  of  timber, 
salt,  cordage,  fish,  and  oil.  Sinope  was  the  birthplace  of 
Diogenes,  the  famous  Cynic  philosopher. 

SINOPOLI,  sin-op'o-le,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  II.,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Reggio.     Pop.  ISOO. 

SIXOPOLI  IXFERIORE,  .sin-op'o-le  in-fi-re-o'rji,  a  tillage 
of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  immediately  S.W. 
of  the  above. 

SINOU,  se-noc/,  a  little  river  of  Liberia,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic,  near  6°  N.  lat..  and  9°  W.  Ion. 

SINOUB.  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  .''ixope. 

SINS,  sKy",  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Grisons,  on  a  hill  iu  Ix)wer  Enir.adine  Vallev.     Pop.  1422. 

SINSHEIM,  sins'hime.  a  town  of  Baden.  14  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  2869. 

SIXTA  BAYOU,  (hToo>,)  of  Alabama,  flows  into  the  Tom- 
bigliee  near  Coffeeville. 

SIX^TCHOiy  or  SIN-TCIIEOU,  sinVheK)o'  or  sinVhew',  a 
town  of  China,  province  of  Quang-see,  capital  of  a  depart- 
ment.    Lat.  23°  20'  N.,  Ion.  110°  K. 

SIXU  or  ZIXU.  .see-noo'.  a  river  of  New  Omnada.  rises  in 
the  department  of  Cauca,  about  lat.  7°  N..  flows  first  N.E., 
then  N..\.W..  and  after  a  course  of  alxjut  200  miles  falls  into 
the  Gulf  of  Morrosquillo,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

SIXUB.     See  Sinope. 

SIXUS  AMBRACIUS.    See  Arta.  Gitf  of. 

SIXUS  PELASGICU3,    See  Volo.  Gixf  of. 

SIXUS  SAROXICUS.     See  iEoiNA.GClF  of. 

SIXUS  VEXEDICUS.    See  Gulf  of  Riga. 

SINYAVKA,  SIXIAVKA  or  SIXJAWKA,  sin  ylv'kl.  a 
market-town  of  Russia,  in  the  Don-Cossack  country,  45  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Novo-Tcherknsk,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mertvol- 
Donets.  in  the  Sea  of  .\7,of. 

SIXYAVK.A.,  SIXIAVKA  or  SINJAWKA,  a  market-town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  34  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tcliernigov. 

SINYAVKA,  .«IX1AVKA  or  .SI.XJAWKA.  a  markeMown 
of  Russia,  government,  and  75  miles  S.E.  of  Vilna. 

SINZHEIM,  sints'hime,  a  village  of  Germany,  o  miles  W 
of  Baden.     Pop.  1426. 

SIXZIG.  sint'slo.  a  walled  town  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia.  2o  miles 
N.W.  ofCoblentz.  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  I'cp  1800 

SI'OX  or  ZI'ON,  a  hill  or  mountain  of  Palestine,  on  which 
Jerusalem  was  partly  built. 


SIO 

SIOX  see'iN"',  (Ger.  SUten,  sit'ten ;  anc.  Sedu'num.)  a  town 
of  Switzerland,  capital  of  tlio  canton  of  Valais,  near  the 
Rlione,  60  miles  S.  of  Bern.  Pop.  in  1S50,  3510.  It  i.s  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  iias  3  castles.  There  are  many  cretins 
in  its  vicinity. 

SION,  seemo',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire-In- 
ferieure,  C  miles  N.l<'.  of  Derval.     I'op.  in  1852,  2717. 

SION.  see'on',  a  town  and  fort  of  British  India,  at  the  N. 
end  of  the  island  of  Bombay,  with  a  causeway  communica- 
tion with  the  island  of  Salsette. 

SIOOT.  SIOUT  or  SIUX,  se^ot',  written  also  OSIOOT  or 
ES-SIOUT,  (anc.  Lycnp'olis.)  the  principal  town  of  Upper 
F.gypt,  capifcil  of  a  province,  near  the  Nile,  in  lat.  27°  11'  \i" 
N.,  Ion.  31°  U'  E.  i'op.  20,000.  (?)  It  is  the  largest  and 
best-built  town  S.  of  Cairo,  and  has  well-supplied  bazaars, 
handsome  mosques,  a  palace  built  by  Ibraheem  Pasha.  pul> 
lie  baths,  a  government  school,  and  cotton  factory.  It  was, 
until  lately,  the  principal  seat  of  the  slave  trade  in  Egypt, 
and  is  still  the  chief  resort  of  the  caravans  coming  into  that 
country  from  Darfoor.  It  is  also  an  important  military  sta- 
tion, and  has  a  large  manufacture  of  pipe-bowls.  Around 
It  are  traces  of  the  ancient  city,  and  in  the  adjacent  moun- 
tains, W.  of  the  Nile,  are  several  remarkable  tombs,  grot- 
toes, and  catacombs. 

SIOUX,  usually  pronounced  soo,  (Fr.  pron.  ae-oo'.)  called 
also  DAKOTAU,  dah-ko'ta,  a  new  county  in  the  W.N.VV. 
part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Sioux  River,  and  also  di-ained  by 
the  head  waters  of  Floyd's  River,  an  affluent  of  the  first- 
mentioned  stream.    Pop.  10. 

SIOUX  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  •Woodbury  co., 
Iowa,  on  tlie  Missouri  River.    Pop.  767.    See  Appendix. 

SIOUX  IN'DI  ANS,  a  numerous  and  powerful  tribe,  inha- 
biting the  territory  between  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi. 

SIOUX  RIVER,  Minnesota,  takes  its  rise  in  a  little  lake 
In  about  45°  20'  N.  lat.,  and  97°  20'  W.  Ion.  Its  general 
course  is  nearl3'  S.  by  E.  It  unites  with  the  Missouri  River 
in  about  42°  ii)'  N.  lat.,  and  96°  20'  W.  Ion.  The  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  300  miles. 

SIPAN  DAGH,  se-pln'  dig,  a  mountain  of  Turkish  Arme- 
nia, pashalic,  and  40  miles  N.W.  of  Van,  on  the  N.  side  of 
Lake  Van.     Supposed  elevation,  11,000  feet. 

SIPESVILTjl'l,  a  post-offlce  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

S1PII.4NT0,  sif'an-to  or  see'fdn-to,(anc.S'p/t'nos.)  an  island 
of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  government,  and  25  miles  S.W. 
ofSyra.  Area.  34  .square  miles.  Pop.  oOlJO.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile; the  chief  products  are  corn,  silk,  figs,  wax,  and  honey. 
In  ancient  times  the  island  had  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

SIPONTUM.    See  .Manfredoxu. 

SIB0TU15A,  se-po-toc/bl,  an  auriferous  river  of  Brazil, 
rises  in  the  province  of  Matto  Gi'osso,  in  lat.  1.3°  60'  S.,  fol- 
lows the  B.  slope  of  the  Serra  Taperapoan  throughout  its 
whole  length,  receiving  the  Taperapoan,  Juva.  and  Jaranba- 
hiba.  The  Sipotuba,  after  the  juaction  of  these  streams, 
becomes  navi^jable,  and  proceeding  S.  for  about  200  miles  in 
a  cour.se  ne.arly  parallel  to  that  of  the  Paraguay,  joins  that 
river  on  the  right,  about  20  miles  above  Villa  Maria. 

SIP'PICAN,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  Buzzard's  Bay,  55  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  The 
inh,abitant8areprincipallyengagedin  the  manufacture  of  .salt. 

SIP'SKY  HIVEK,  of  Alabama,  called  also  NEW  RIVER, 
rises  near  the  E.  border  of  Marion  county,  and  flowing 
nearly  S.,  and  then  S.W.,  enters  the  Tombigbee  at  the  N. 
extremity  of  Sumter  county,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Gaines- 
Tiile. 

SIPSEY  RIVER,  of  Alabama,  rises  near  the  N.  border  of 
Walker  co.,  and  flowing  S.E.  enters  the  Mulberry  Fork  of 
Black  Warrior. 

SIPSEY  TURNPIKE,  a  postoffice  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

SIR,  a  mouth  of  the  Indus.    See  Seer. 

SIR  A  XG.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.    See  Ceiiam. 

SIRAULT.  soe'rO',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  llai- 
naut,  9  miles  Vf.  of  Moiis.     Pop.  22-37. 

SIR  CIIAilLtiS  HARDY'S  ISLANDS.    See  H.vrdt. 

SIR-DAltIA,  a  name  of  the  river  Jaxartes. 

SIRDARUD,  sir'da-rood'(?)  a  ftourishing  village  of  North 
Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Tabreez. 

SIKDIIAR,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.    See  Surdiiaur. 

SIRDIIUNA,  sir-doo/ni,  a  town  of  Briti.sh  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal.  Upper  Provinces,  37  miles  N.N.E.  of  Delhi. 
It  was  the  capital  of  the  Begum  Sumroo. 

SIR  EVERARD  HOME'S  ISLANDS,  a  cluster  of  islands 
off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Australia,  extending  about  4  miles 
from  Cape  GrenviUe.  in  lat.  11°  57'  40"  S.,  Ion.  143°  11'  E. 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE'S  BAY,  in  California,  about  30 
miles  W.N.W.  of  San  Francisco,  lat.  3S°  N.,  Ion.  122°  60'  W. 

SIRGOO.TAII,  sir-goo'ja,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  in  Gundwiinah,  75  miles  S.W.  of  Palamow. 

SIRinXD.  sir-h!ud',  a  decayed  fortress  and  town  of  North- 
west Ilindos'ten,  in  the  protected  Sikh  territory,  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Umballah,  on  the  route  to  Belaspoor 

SIRICASA.    See  Svraouse.  i 

SIR-I-KOL,  sirVkoI'or  seerVe-kol',  a  lake  in  Bokhara, 
forming  the  source  of  the  river  Oxus ;  elevation  15,600  feet. 


SIS 

SIRINAGUR,  a  city  of  Cashmere.    See  siatrs.wrB. 

SIRI  POOL,  see'ree  pool,  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  on  the 
N.  slope  of  the  HuzareU  .Mountains,  46  miles  S.W.  of  Balkli, 
in  lat.  36°  21'  N.,  Ion.  t6°  S8'  E.  It  is  the  capital  of  an  in- 
dependent Oozbek  chief. 

SIRIS.     See  Sinno. 

SIR-I-SUNGAH,  sir-ee-shn'gj,  a  fort  of  Afghanistan,  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Cabool.  on  the  route  to  Ghuznee. 

SIR  JAMES  SMITH'S  ISLANDS,  part  of  the  Cumber- 
land group,  off  the  N.K.  coast  of  Australia.  The  principal 
island,  called  Llnne  Peak,  is  in  lat.  20°  40'  30"  S.,  Ion.  140° 
y'  10"  E. 

SIRJAN.    See  Kermax. 

SIR  JOHN'S  RUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Morgan  co.,  Virginia. 

SIR  JOSKPH  BANKS'S  ISLANDS.     See  Bank. 

SlUMIO.     SeeSERMioNE. 

SIRMORE,  slr-mor',  or  SURMOOR,  sur-moor',  one  of  the 
protected  Sikh  states  of  India,  between  the  Sutlej  and 
Jumna  Rivers,  on  the  route  between  Seharunpoor  and  Belas- 
poor. The  surface  Is  hilly.  It  produces  wheat,  barley, 
tobacco,  opium,  cotton,  timber,  and  iron.  The  principal 
town  is  Nahan,  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Umballah,  in  lat.  31°  N., 
Ion.  77°  E. 

SIRNACII,  seeR'ndK,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Thurgau,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Constance.     Pop.  2742. 

SIROKA-KULA,  se-ro'kil  koo'li,  a  village  of  Austrian 
Croatia,  about  8  miles  from  Gospich.    Pop.  19S1. 

SIRO'NA,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois. 

SIRSAH,  sir'sa,  a  town  of  British  India,  20  miles  W.  of 
Futtehabad. 

SIRS.AW.^,  sir-si'wj,  a  town  of  British  India,  diatrict,  and 
7  miles  N.W.  of  Seharunpoor. 

SIRUEL.\,  se-rw:l'!jl,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  92 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  3512. 

SIRWAX.  sir-wiin',  a  ruined  city  of  Persian  Koordistan, 
65  miles  S.W.  of  Kermanshah.  Lat.  33°  30'  N.,  Ion.  46°  25' 
E.  It  presents  the  most  perfect  remains  of  a  Sassanian  cit}' 
to  be  found  in  Persia.  The  buildings  are  composed  of  mas- 
sive stone  walls,  and  some  of  the  dwellings  are  perfectly 
pre.served,  with  ancient  paintings  in  some  of  the  vaults  ap- 
pearing quite  fresh.  It  is  considered  to  occupy  the  site  of 
the  more  ancient->/>?oncB.     Its  small  plain  is  well  cultivated. 

SIS,  sis  or  sees,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic,  and  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Adan.a,  on  the  Jyhoon,  S.  of  Mount  Taurus, 
and  the  see  of  an  Armenian  patriarch. 

SIS,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic,  and  21  miles  S.W". 
of  Seevas,  on  the  Kizil-lrmak. 

SISAL,  se-sil',  a  seaport  town  of  Yucatan,  on  its  N.IV. 
coast,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Merida,  in  lat.  21°  10'  6"  N.,  Ion.  90° 
2'  45"  W.    Population  mostly  Indian.'. 

SIS.iNTi;,  se-sdn'td,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  45 
miles  S.W.  of  Cuene.^.     Pop.  3612. 

SLSAPO  or  SISAPON.    See  Almaden  de  la  Plata. 

SISARGA,  se-saR'gd,  a  group  of  islets  off  the  N.W.  coast 
of  ^pain.  in  Galicia. -province,  and  23  miles  W.  of  Corunna. 

SISEBOLI  or  SIZEBOLL  se-sdAVo-le, (anc.  Jpollo'nia.  after- 
wards Snzoplolis.)  a  maritime  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee.  on  the  Black  Sea,  at  the  entrance  of  the  G  ulf  of 
lioorghas,  80  miles  N.K.  of  .Vdrianople.  It  has  one  of  the 
best  harbors  on  the  Black  Sea,  and  is  mostly  inhal>ited  by 
Greeks,  who  carry  on  an  active  trade.  It  was  taken  bj'  the 
Russians  in  1829. 

SISKIYOU,  usually  pronounced  sia/e-kew,  a  county  in 
the  N.  part  of  California,  bordering  on  Oregon.  The  surface 
is  mountainous,  and  drained  by  the  Klamath  and  Pitt  Rivers. 
Area,  about  8000  square  miles.    Capital.  Yreka.    Pop.  762U. 

SIS'LAXD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SISLAVICH,  si.s'ia-viK\  or  SISLAWITZ.  sis'la-wits\  a  vil- 
lage of  Austria,  in  Croatia,  on  the  Kulpa,  9  miles  from 
Karlstadt.    Pop.  1026. 

SISSA,  sis'sil,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Parma,  near  the  Taro.     Pop.  4055. 

SISSACH.  sis's3K,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Basel.     Pop.  1264. 

SISSONXE,  sees^sonu',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  12  miles  E.  of  Laon.     Pop.  1400. 

SIS'SO.XA'ILLE,  a  post-village  in  Kanawaha  co.,  West 
Virginia,  333  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

SiSTERDALE,  a  post-office  of  Comal  CO.,  Tennessee. 

SISTERON,  sisHfh-rAs"',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ba.sses-Alpos,  on  the  Durance  and  Buech.  16 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Digne.  Pop.  in  1862.  4576.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls,  and  commanded  by  a  citadel,  which  was  the  prison 
of  Casimir,  King  of  Poland. 

SIS'TERS,  two  islands  of  the  Pacific,  N.  of  Chatham 
Island,  near  New  Zealand. 

SISTERS,  two  islands  in  Bass'  Strait,  off  the  N.  extremity 
of  Furneaux  Island. 

SISTFUtS,  two  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  between  Great 
and  Little  Andaman  Islands.    Lat.  11°  10'  N.,  Ion.  92°  46'  E. 

SISTKRS,  two  islands  in  the  Tung-shan-ying  Bay,  S.E 
coast  of  China,  province  of  Quangtong,  ,ibout  lat.  23°  22'  N., 
Ion.  117°  47'  E. 

SISTERS,  two  low,  woody  islands  in  the  Philippines,  off 
the  W.  coast  of  Luzon.     Lat.  15°  60'  N.,  Ion.  119°  49'  E. 

1791 


SIS 


SKA 


STSTKR'S  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Erie  co.,  New  York, 
fiills  into  Lake  Erie. 

SISTKR'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Effingham  co.,  Georgia. 

SISTERS.  THE  THREE,  three  i.slauds  of  the  Seychelles 
group.  Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  5°  9'  3U"  S. 

SIS'TERVILLE,  a  post-villasre  of  Tyler  county,  AVest  Vir- 
ginia, is  plea.«antly  situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  about  35 
miles  below  Wheeling,  and  9  miles  TV.  of  Middleboui-u,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  good  landing  for  steamlxiats.  and  it 
Is  the  temiinus  of  several  turnpike  roads  extending  towards 
the  inteijor.  These  advantages,  together  with  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Ohio,  render  this  a  place  of  active  trade,  which 
^Is  rapidly  increasing.  Coal  and  iron  ore  are  found  in  the 
vicinity,    free  poimlation  351. 

SIS'i'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SISTOVA.  sis-to'v5,  or  SCHIST.A.B,  shis-tlb',  called  also 
SIITAB,  shtdb,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jvicopolis. 
Lat.  43°3S'N.,  Ion.  25°20'E.  I'op.  20,000.  It  has  a  citadel. 
A  treaty  of  peace  between  Austria  and  Turkey  was  signed 
here  in  1791. 

SIT,  sit,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Tver,  tlows  E.,  then  N.,  and  joins  Mologa  after  a  course  of 
about  SO  miles.  It  is  famous  for  a  signal  victory  gained 
upou  its  bank.s  in  1237  by  the  Tartars  over  the  Russians. 

SITCIIEVKA.SITSCIIEWKA  or  SICnEVKA,sitch-6v'ka, 
•writtenalsoSlTSIIEVSK,  S]TSCIIEVSK,andSlTCUEVSK, 
a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  10  miles  X.E.  of  Smo- 
lensk, on  an  affluent  of  the  Volga.     Pop.  1400. 

SITGES,  sit'Hjs,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province, 
and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Barcelona,  on  the  Mediterranean.  Lat. 
41°  IC  N.,  Ion.  1°  54'  E.  It  has  a  courtrhouse,  a  large  semi- 
circular clock-tower,  built  by  the  Moors,  an  ancient  feudal 
castle  on  an  eminence  in  the  centre  of  the  old  town,  and 
now  used  as  the  prison,  .several  schools,  a  college,  a  music 
school,  and  an  hospital,  with  two  churches,  one  of  them  on  a 
rock  which  serves  as  a  bastion,  and  overhangs  the  sea.  Pop. 
3503. 

SITII'XEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SITIA,  se-tee'd,  or  SET-TIA,  slt-tee'Si,  (auc.  Cyihcefumf)  a 
maritime  tewn  of  Crete,  on  its  N.  coast,  55  miles  E.  of  Can- 
dia.  Kear  it  is  Cape  Sitia,  and  Mount  Sitia  is  directly  S.  of 
it,  inland. 

SITIKIS.    See  Seteef. 

SITIZZANO,  se-tit-sl'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  I.,  5  miles  S.E.  of  I'alma,  nearly  destroyed  by 
the  earthquake  of  17S3. 

SIT'KA,  improperly  written  SITCIIA,  an  island  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  the  largest  of  George  III.  Archipelago,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  North  America,  in  lat.  67°  3'  N.,  Ion.  136°  18'  W. 
The  Russian  settlement  Sitka  or  New  Archangel,  on  its  W. 
coast,  has  a  magnetic  observatory.  Mean  temperature  of 
the  year,  45°-4:  winter,  34°-7;  summer,  5C°"2  Fahrenheit. 

SlTKtllX,  sit^Kin'.  oneof  the  Aleuti.an  Islands, lat.  52° 4' 
N.,  Ion.  170°  2'  yi.  It  is  aliout  25  miles  in  circuit,  with  a 
volcanic  mountain  in  its  centre,  5033  feet  high,  and  covered 
with  perpetual  snow. 

SITKuKF.    See  Sikokp. 

SITSCUEVKA.     See  SiTCHEVKA. 

SITTARD,  sit't.jrt,  or  SITTEKT,  sit/tert,  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Limburg,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Maes- 
trjcht.     Pop.  3400. 

SITTAHD.  a  town  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia,  15  miles  "W.N.M". 
of  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  1 240. 

SITTEX.  a  town  of  Switzerland.    See  Siox. 

SITTING  BOURNE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Kent,  on  Milton  Creek,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ro- 
chester.   Pop.  in  1851.  2897. 

SITZENDORF,  sit'sen-doRr,  a  market-town  of  Low^r 
Austria,  on  the  Great  Schmieda,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Meissau. 
Pop.  1350. 

SIU-AN-IIOA,  se-oo'an-ho'd.  a  fortified  city  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Pe-chee-lee.  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Yang-ho, 
near  the  Great  Wall,  90  miles  N.W.  of  Peking.  Its  inha- 
bitants manufacture  superior  felt  caps  and  other  woollen 
goods. 

SIXIE-SHAX  or  SIUE-CHAN.  see/u-.V  or  seeVil  (?)  shin', 
(i.  i.  •'  snowy  mountain,'")  the  name  of  many  lofty  mountains 
in  China,  of  which  the  following  are  the  principal: — 

SHJE-FOONG-SIIA.N  or  SI U]>>FOUNG-CHAN,  a  mountain 
of  China,  province  of  Fo-Kien,  lat.  26°  35'  N.,  Ion.  119°  6'  K. 
It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SIUE-SHAN  or  SIUE-CIIAN,  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Shan-see,  lat.  39°  N.,  Ion.  111°  30'  £.  It  is  covered 
with  per))etual  snow. 

SIUE-SIIAN  or  SIUE-CHAN,  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Yun-nan,  lat.  25°  68'  N.,  Ion.  102°  52'  E.  It  is  covered 
with  perpetual  snow. 

SIUK-SU.\N,  SIUE-CIIAN,  YULOONG-SHAN  or  YU- 
LOUNG-CIIAN,  yooMoong'shan',  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Yunnan.  Lat.26°33'N.,lon.99°20'E.  Itiscovered 
with  perpetual  snow. 

eiU»SIIAN  or  SITJE-CIIAN,  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  \  un-nan,  lat.  25°  20'  N.,  Ion.  98°  22'  E.     It  is  covered 
with  perpetual  snow. 
1792 


STUE-SnAN  or  SIUE-CHAN.  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
Tince of  Kan-Soo,  lat.  30°  43'  N„  Ion.  104°  41'  E.  It  is  covered 
with  perpetual  snow. 

SIUE-SIIAN  or  SIUE-CIIAN.  a  mountain  of  China,  pro 
vince  of  Koei-choo.  Lat.  27°  14'  N.,  Ion.  105°  4'  E.  It  is 
covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SIUE-SIIAN  or  SIUE-CIIAN.  a  mountain  of  China,  pro. 
vince  of  Se-chuen.  Lat.  32°  20'  N.,  Ion.  105°  52'  E.  It  is 
coTered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SIUE-SIIAN  or  SIUE-CIIAN,  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Sechuen.  Lat.  32°  27'  N.,  Ion.  103°  4'  E.  It  is  covered 
with  perpetual  snow. 

SlUT.    See  SiooT. 

SIVA  or  SIWA,  se-v3/  or  see/vi  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  government  of  Perm,  flows  S..  and  joins  the  Kama  24 
miles  N.of  Sarapool;  total  course,  100  miles. 

SIVANA,  se-vd'nd,  or  SAMADURA,  sa-m-Vdoo^rS,  an 
island  of  British  Indi.a,  presidency  of  Madras,  formed  by  the 
Cavery,  in  the  district  of  Coimbatoor.  Length,  9  miles; 
breadth,  10  miles.  It  was  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hindoo 
city  of  Ganga  Para,  and  has  remains  of  several  temples.  The 
Caverv  here  forms  two  line  cataracts. 

SIVAS.     See.?EEV.\s. 

SIVASII,  S'.VACIIE  or  SIWASCH,  seeVash',  GHILO 
MORE,  or  PUTRID  SEA.  a  lagoon  on  the  N.  and  E.  sides 
of  the  Crimea,  South  Russia,  communicating  on  the  N.  with 
the  Sea  of  Azof  by  the  Strait  of  Genitchi.  only  a  furlong  in 
breadth,  and  elsewhere  separated  from  the  sea  by  a  narrow 
sandy  tongue  of  land,  70  miles  iu  length.  The  shores,  on  its 
W.  side,  are  extremely  irregular;  breadth,  from  5  to  15  miles; 
it  receives  the  Palghir,  the  principal  river  of  the  Crimea.  By 
an  E.  wind,  the  water  of  the  Sea  of  Azof  is  forced  through 
the  strait,  and  often  covers  the  surface  of  the  lagoon;  at 
other  times  it  presents  only  a  pestiferous  expanse  of  mud. 

SIVEREK.  se-veh-rJk'.  written  also  SOUKREK,  a  town 
of  Turkish  Armenia,  pashalic,  and  -M)  miles  W.S.W.  of  Diap- 
bekir,  and  stated  to'  comprise  2000  houses,  seated  among 
orchards. 

SIVRY,  seeVree'.  a  village  of- Belgium,  province  of  Hai- 
naut,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  3072. 

SIVRY  SUR  MEUSE,  see'vreiy'  siiR  muz,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Meuse,  arrondissement  of  Montfau* 
con.    Pop.  1018. 

SIWAH.  an  oasis  of  North  Africa.    See  Seewah. 

SnVASCII,  a  Inbe  of  Russia.    See  Sivash. 

SIX  COltNERS,  a  post-office  of  Richland  CO..  Ohio. 

S1X-F( )URS,  seece  fooB,  a  market-town  of  Fiance,  depart- 
ment  of  Var,  3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toulon.     Pop.  about  2900. 

SIX'HILLS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SIX  ISL.\NI)S,  Chagos  Archipelago.     See  Eomoxt. 

SIX'MILE.  a  post  office  of  Jennings  co..  Indiana. 

SIX-MI  I„E-B R I DGK,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster,  co.of  Clare,  on  the  Ougarnee,  9  miles  N.AV.  of  Limerick. 
Pop.  in  1851,  762.  It  has  a  court-house,  bridewell,  and 
market-housie. 

SIX-MILE-BRIDGE,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Mtm. 
ster,  CO.,  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Limerick. 

SIX-MI LE-CRUSS.  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tyrone,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  I'omeroy. 

SIXMILE  F.\LLS,  a  post-office  ol"  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

SIX'MILE  RUN',  a  post-village  on  the  line  between  So- 
merset and  >liddlesex  counties.  New  Jersey,  contains  a  store 
and  10  or  12  dwellings. 

SIXMILE  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania 

SIX  RUNS,  a  post-office  of  Sampson  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SIXT,  seest,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province  of 
Faucigny,  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Samoens.     Pop.  1059. 

SIZEBOLI,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Sisebou. 

SIZUN,  see'ziiN'^,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Finistere,  17  miles  S.W,  of  Jlorlaix,     Pop.  in  1852.  3900. 

SKAGELSE,  skil'ghfl-sfh,  a  town  of  Denmark,  stift,  and  on 
the  island  of  Seelnnd,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Soi  oe.  Pop.  3200. 

SKAGEN,  ski'gben.  (anc.  t^avenia?)  a  village  of  Denmark, 
province  of  North  Jutland,  on  the  remarkable  tongue  of 
land  which  forms  the  N.  extremity  of  the  province,  and  ter- 
minates in  C.ipe  Skaw  or  Skagen.  It  consists  of  three  misei'- 
al'le  groups  of  houses,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  obliged 
to  carry  on  an  incessant  and  too  often  unsuccessful  war  with 
the  sands  which  threaten  to  engulf  them.  The  church  is 
already  buried,  but  its  tower  remains,  and  is  an  important 
landmark  for  mariners.  A  little  to  the  N.  is  an  important 
light-house,  67  feet  high-  built  of  stone  in  1564,  by  Frede- 
rick II.     Pop.  1400. 

SKAGEN,  CAPE,  or  the  SKAW.  skaw,  the  N.  extremity 
of  Jutland,  Denmark.  Lat.of  Ijght-hou.se.  57°  43'  8"  N.,  Ion. 
10°  3b'  5"  E.  Near  it  is  a  small  town  of  the  same  name. 
Pop.  1400. 

SKAG'EK  RACK  or  SKAGERKAK,  (i.e.  Skagen  Rack,* 
the  '"crooked  strait  of  Skagen,")  a-broad  arm  of  the  North 
Sea  or  German  Ocean,  between  Norway  on  the  N.,  and  the 


*  Ruck  signifies  a  "passage  diffiotilt  to  navig.ite  "ii  account  o« 
its  sudden  bending."  It  is  probably  from  tiie  same  root  as  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Uraca  or  Jiaca,  and  th'«  German  HwJien  signify- 
ing "  throat " 


SKA 

peninsula  of  Jutland  on  the  S.,  communicating  with  the 
CatteRat,  ot  wliieh  it  is  sometinaus  considared  as  the  N. 
portion;  length  from  W.S.W.  to  K.N.E..  about  150  miles; 
breadth,  about  SO  miles.  N.  of  the  Danish  coast  the  depth 
varies  from  .30  to  40,  near  the  centre  from  60  to  100.  and  off 
the  Xorwei^ian  coast  in  some  places  exceeds  200  fathoms. 
The  "itream,  when  not  interrupted  in  its  course  by  violent 
storms,  sets  in  E.  along  the  coast  of  Jutland,  and  VV.  along 
tliat  of  Norway.  Oa  the  former  coast  there  is  neither  haven 
nor  secure  anchorage,  but  along  those  of  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way, good  natural  harbors  abound. 

SKAGTOL.S TIND,  sUag'tols-tlnd',  one  of  the  highest  of 
the  Scandinavian  Mountains  in  Norway;  lat.  61°  20' N.,  Ion. 
8'^  E.     Elevation,  8390  feet. 

SKALIIOLT.  a  town  of  Iceland,  35  miles  E.  of  Reil<i,avi1t. 

SKALICZ.  skdiitch,  a  small  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Kaurzim.     Pop.  S92. 

SKALITZ,  ski'lits,  a  frontier  town  of  North-west  Ilun- 
pary,  co.,  and  54  miles  N.W.  of  Neutra,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  March.  Pop.  8700.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and 
woollen  cloth.    Good  wine  is  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

SKALMIERZ.  SKALMIERSZ,  skJl'mfaiRsh,  or  SKAT.- 
MIltZK,  a  town  of  Poland,  27  miles  N.E.  of  Cracow.     P.  3000. 

SKAMA'XIA,  a  county,  ^'ashington  Territory,  having  S. 
the  Oilnniliia.    Capital.  Cascades  City.    See  Appendix. 

SKANDKl'.BORG.  skin'derboRrA  a  town  of  Denmark,  pro- 
vince of  JutUnd,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Aarhuus.    Pop.  900. 

SKANK.  (Skine.)  a  former  province  of  Sweden.  See  Scania. 

SKANEATKLKS,  skan-e-at^ess.  or  PKENEAT'KTiES,  a 
beautiful  post-village  and  township  in  the  extreme  W.  part 
of  Onondaga  co..  New  York,  18  miles  S.W.  of  .Syracuse.  The 
village  is  delightfully  situated  at  the  outlet  (N.  end)  of 
Skaneateles  Lake,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Auburn.  A  plank-road, 
about  5  miles  long,  connects  it  with  the  Central  Railroad. 
It  contains  4  churches — Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Episcopal, 
and  Mothndist — 4  public  scliools,  1  national  bank,  1  news- 
jiaper  ollicc,  and  many  beautiful  residences ;  also,  about  6 
stores.  2  hotels,  2  groceries,  various  mechanics'  shops,  and  1 
large  stone  flouring  mill.  Skaneateles  is  the  seat  of  quite  a 
large  mercantile  and  mechanical  business.  The  manufac- 
ture of  carriages  is  extensively  carried  on.  and  the  beautiful 
vehicles  turned  out  of  the  various  establishments  have  ob- 
tained a  wide  reputation.  Theoutlet  of  the  lake  running  N., 
has  a  gradual  descent  of  about  500  feet  in  7  miles,  affording 
hydraulic  power  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent.  One  mile 
from  the  village  is  Kellogg's  woollen  mill,  In  which  about  100 
bands  are  employed.  There  .are  also  several  other  woollen 
mills,  flouring  mills,  saw  mill.s,  machine-shops,  &c.  on  the 
stream.  Pop.of  the  village,  alxjut  1000:  of  thetown.ship,  4335. 

SKANEATELKS  LAKE,  in  the  centr.al  part  of  New  York, 
Is  about  16  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  2  miles  wide.  The  N. 
portion  is  iniluded  within  the  limits  of  Onondaga  county; 
the  S.  lies  bt'tween  Onondaga  and  Cayuga  counties.  The 
scenery  on  either  side  is  varied  and  beautiful.  The  water, 
except  near  the  outlet,  is  very  deep,  and  abounds  with  fish. 
Trout  are  sometimes  taken  weighing  from  5  to  15  and  even 
20  pounds.     A  steamboat  plies  upon  its  waters  tn  summer. 

SKAPTAR-JiiKULL.    See  Iceland. 

SK AR A.  skd'rJ.  a  town  of  Sweden,  Iren,  and  27  miles  S.W. 
of  Mariestad.  Pop.  1450.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  college 
with  botanic  gardens,  and  a  veterinary  school.  Near  it  is 
the  ruined  castle  of  Skaraborg. 

SK  ARAB1IRO,  a  laen  of  Sweden.    See  Mariestad. 

SKARO.  ski'ro,  a  town  of  Greece,  on  a  remarkable  pro- 
montory of  the  same  name,  projecting  from  the  precipices 
which  form  the  W.  side  of  the  Island  of  Santorlnl.  The 
houses,  mostly  ruined  by  the  effects  of  volcanic  agency,  form 
an  extraordinary  group  around  a  red  and  black  crag,  1000  feet 
above  the  gulf,  perched  one  over  another  in  crevices  in  the 
sides  of  the  precipices,  and  in  the  most  frightful  positions, 
the  outer  wall  of  tho  buildings  forming  a  continuation  of 
lofty  perpendicular  rocks.  It  was  till  recently  the  capital 
of  the  island. 

SKEEL'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office.  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio. 

SKEEN,  sk.An,  or  SKIEN,  skeen  (?)  a  town  of  Norway, 
sttft  of  Aggershuus.  capital  of  the  bailiwick  of  Bradsberg,  on 
the  Skeenself.  7  miles  N.  of  Porsgrund.    Pop.  1900. 

SKEF'i'INGTON,  a  ptirish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SKEF'KLIXG,  a  parish.  England,  co.  York,  East  Riding. 

SKEQ'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SKEGG'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Barron  co.,  Kentucky. 

SKEG^NESS',  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln, on  the  E.  coast,  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Spilsby.  It  is  much 
resorted  to  as  a  summer  residence. 

SKEI'NAH,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Georgia. 

SKELLEFTEA,  (Skelleftei.)  sR?l-lSf'te-«,  or  SILDAL,  sil'- 
dil,  a  river  of  Sweden,  laen  of  Ume.i,  rises  in  the  Stor-Afvan 
L.nke,  flows  S.K.,  and  after  a  course  of  120  miles  ent«rs  the 
Gulf  of  Bothniii,  70  miles  N.  of  Umel. 

SKELLEFTEA,  (Skellefted.)  sk5l-lJf'te-0,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Sweden,  ten,  and  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Umed,  on  the 
above  river,  near  its  mouth  In  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

SKEI/LIGS,  three  rocky  islets  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Ire- 
land, CO.  of  Kerry,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Brea  Head,  Valentia  Island.  The  Great  Skellig  rises  ab- 
6N 


SKI 

ruptly  to  710  ffet  in  height,  and  bns  two  light-houses  872 
feet  in  elevation.     Lat.  51°  46'  N.,  Inn.  10°  32'  W. 

SKEL'fJNOTIIORI'E.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln 

SKKL'.MANTIIORPE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York 
West  Riding. 

SKEiy.VIERSDALE,  a  chapelry  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Lancas- 
ter.    It  gives  the  title  of  tiaron  to  the  Milbraham  family. 

SKEl/rON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

SKKLTON.  a  p.arish  of  England.  CO.  of  York.  North  Riding 

SKEN'DLEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SKENE,  .skeen.  a  pari.«h  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

SKENEATELES.     See  Skaneateles. 

SKENVFRKTII,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.,  and  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Monmouth.  The  ancient  fortress  of  Skenfreth 
Castle  is  in  this  parish. 

SKENMNGE,  skJn'ning^hfh.  a  town  of  Sweden,  ten, 
and  20  miles  W.  of  Linkoping.     Pop.  900. 

SKEPE.  sk3'pd.  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Plock,  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Dobrzyn.     J'op.  9.50. 

SKERNE.  skern,a  parish.  England,  co.  York,  EastRiding. 

SKER/RIES,  .an  islet  in  the  Irish  Sea.  off  the  N.W.  coast 
of  Anglesey,  with  a  light-house.  Lat.  53°  25'  3"  N.,  Ion.  4° 
36'  5'  W.     Elevation.  117  feet. 

SKER'RIES,  a  fishing-town  of  Ireland,  in  Lelnster,  CO., 
and  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dublin,  on  a  headland,  three  quarters 
of  a  mile  E.of  the  Dublin  and  Drogheda  Railway.  P.  in  1851, 
2327.     Opposite  the  town  are  four  islets,  called  the  Skerries. 

SKERRIES,  THE  OUT,  three  i.slets  in  the  extreme  E.  of 
Shetland,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Fetlar.  each  about  1  mile  in  length. 
Pop.  122. — Skerries  is  a  general  name  in  Scotland  fur  iso- 
lated seagirt  rocks.     See  Pentland  Frith. 

SKER/ROW.  LOCn.  (loK.)  a  highly  picturesque  lake  of 
Scotland,  in  Kirkcudbright.«hire.  pari.sh  of  Girthon,  S  miles 
N.  of  Gatehouse,  2  miles  in  circuit,  and  studded  with  richly 
wooded  islands. 

SKER'RY.  a  large  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 
■    SKER'RYVORE  LIOIIT-IIOUSE.  Hebrides,  Scotland,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Tiree  Island.     Lat.  56°  19'  22"  N.,  Ion.  7°  & 
32"  W.     Elevation,  150  feet :  light  revolving. 

SKER'T(>N,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

SKEY'TON,  a  parish  of  Encrland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SKIATIIO,  skee'S-tho,  (anc.  Saathus,)  one  of  the  North 
Sporades,  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  government,  and  10 
miles  N.of  Euboea,  in  the  Jflgean  Sea.  near  the  entrance  of 
the  channel  of  Trikeri.  Lat.  39°  12'  N.,  Ion.,  23°  35'  E. 
Length  and  breadth,  4  miles  each.  On  its  N.  side  is  the 
villaie  of  Skiatho. 

SKTB^ERBEEN',  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Munster, 
CO.,  and  40  miles  S.W.  of  Cork,  on  the  Hen.  Pop.  in  1851, 
3833.  It  has  a  good  church,  several  schools,  a  bridewell, 
union  work-house,  barracks,  and  several  large  flour  mills 
Its  port  is  at  Aldcourt,  2  miles  lower  down  the  river,  wliero 
vessels  of  200  tons  load  and  unload.  The  principal  exports 
are  com,  flour,  meal,  and  provisions.  In  the  vicinity  are 
remains  of  several  feudal  castles,  and  of  a  monastery. 

SKID'BROOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  on  the 
North  Sea,  Hi  miles  E.N.E.  of  Louth.  Saltfleet  Haven,  a  ham- 
let in  this  parish,  was  formerly  a  considerable  market-town. 

SKIIVIiY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

SKIIVDAW.  a  mountain  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
4  miles  N.  of  Keswick.     Elevation,  S022  feet. 

SKIELSKOR,  skeelsOiBr,  a  town  of  Denmark,  stift,and  on 
the  S.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Seeland.  on  a  deep  arm  of  the 
Great  Belt,  10  miles  S.  of  Skagelse.     Pop.  1000. 

SKIEN.  a  town  of  Norway.    See  Skeen. 

SKIERNIWICE,  sky^R-ne--fteet'sil.  a  town  of  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Warsaw,  42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Warsaw,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  2300,  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollen  cloth  and  linens.  The  Russians  here 
defeated  the  French  in  1809. 

SKILES'VILLE,  a  village  of  Mnhlenburg  CO.,  Kentucky, 
on  Green  River,  156  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

SKIIVGATE.  a  parish  of  Encrland,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SKII/LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SKILTON.  a  township  of  Warwick  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  532 

SKIN'BURNESS',  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Cumber 
land,  on  Solway  Frith;    It  is  frequented  as  a  watering-placo. 

SKIN'NAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SKIN'NER'S  ED'D  Y,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  160  miles  N.E.  of  Har- 
rlsburg. 

SKINO,  skee/no,  or  BKINOSA.  ske-nr/sl,  (anc.  Scliinufsa 
or  Schinus'sa,)  a  smnll  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  go- 
vernment, and  5  miles  S.  of  Naxos. 

SKIN'QUARTER.a  post-office  of  Chesterfield  CO.,  A'irginia. 

SKIP'NESS'.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
on  Skipness  Bay,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  peninsula  of  Kintyre. 
Skipness  Castle,  surmounting  Skipness  Point,  is  at  the  S. 
side  of  the  entrance  of  Loch  F'yne. 

SKIPPACK.  a  township  of  Pennsylvania.  See  Pekkiomen. 

SKIP'PACKorSKIP'PACKVILLE,apost-vilIageofMont. 
gomery  co.,  Pennsylvania.  86  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

SKIP'PERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama. 

SKIPSEA,  skip/see,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

1793 


SKI 


SLA 


SKIPTON',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Enpland,  eo.  of 
York,  West  Uiiling  with  a  station  on  the  Leeds  and  East 
li&acashire  KaUwaj',  16  miles  N.W.  of  Bradford.  Pop.  of  the 
town  in  1851,  49C2.  It  has  a  large  church,  a  grammar 
Bchool  with  t^vo  exhibitions  to  both  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
and  other  schoola ;  manufactures  of  cottiin  goods,  and  an 
active  trade  in  com  and  cattle,  facilitated  by  the  Leeds  and 
Liverpool  Canal. 

SKIP'AVITU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Eiding. 

SKIR'BECK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SKIll/COAT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SKIIt/LTNG.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Peebles. 

SKIR'PEXBECK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

SKIRTS  or  DERG.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Tyrone,  comprising  the  town  of  Castle  Derg. 

SKITT'S  MOUXTAIX,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

SKIVE,  skee'vi,  a  town  of  Denmark,  province  of  Jutland, 
17  miles  X.W.  of  Viborg.    Pop.  1200. 

SKIVRA.    See  StviKA. 

SKLOV  or  SKLOW,  sklov,  a  town  of  Ru<!sia,  government, 
and  20  miles  N.X.H".  of  Moheelev,  on  the  Dnieper.    P.  2500. 

SKOFDE,  skcf'iM,  an  ancient  town  of  South  Sweden,  Iten, 
and  21  miles  S.V/.  of  Mariestad,  with  OSO  inhabitants. 

SKOXI,  »  town  of  Prussian  Poland.     See  SciiOKB.v. 

SKOLE,  skoOJ,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Galicia,  24 
miles  S.W.  of  Stry,  on  the  Opor. 

SKtyMY'WOXG,  a  small  river  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin, 
flowing  S.W.  into  Wisconsin  River. 

SKOPELO,  sko-pd'lo,  or  SCOPELIiO,  sko-p?iao,  one  of  the 
North  Sporades  Islands,  in  Greece,  government,  and  15 
miles  N.  of  Euboea,  in  the  JE^earn  Sea.  Area,  32  square 
miles.    Pop.  2500.     Principal  product,  wine. 

SKOPELC).  a  town  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  above  island, 
with  an  indifferent  harbor. 

SKOPIA.    See  Cskup. 

SKOPIX,  skopin' or  sko-peen',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  52  miles  S.  of  Riazan.  on  the  Werda.  Pop.  6O00. 
It  has  niJinufiictures  of  Russian  leather. 

SKOTSCHAU,  skot'show,  written  also  SKOTSCIIAW.  a 
town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  7  miles  E.X'.E.  of  Xescheu,  on  the 
Vistula.     Pop.  1800. 

SKOWIIE'G AX.  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec  River,  opposite  Bloom- 
field,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge,  about  30  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  The  village  contains  2  newspaper 
offices,  several  shoe  manufactories,  and  2  churches.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  2206. 

SKREEX,  skreen,  or  SKRYXE,  skrin.  a  barony,  parish, 
and  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  eo.  of  Meath. 

SKRKEX  or  SKRY'XE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo. 

SKREEX  or  SKRY'XE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

SKRIPU.  a  village  of  Greece.    See  Orchomejjus. 

SKROPIIA,  (skro'fd.)  CAPE,  a  headland  of  Greece.  W.  of 
Hellas.  Acarnania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Patras,  15 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Missolonghi. 

SKRYXE.    See  Skreen. 

SKULAXY,  skoo-li'nee,  a  large  market-town  of  South 
Rnssi.-!.  province  of  Bessarabia,  on  the  Furth,  14  miles  N.E. 
of  Yassy.  (Jassy.) 

SKULL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

SKUXK  RIVER,  of  Iowa,  rises  in  Hamilton  co.,neiir  the 
centre  of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.E.,  falls  into  the  Mi.«sis- 
Bippi  about  8  miles  below  Burlington.  It«  whole  length  is 
estimated  at  250  miles.  It  flows  through  a  fertile  farming 
country,  and  furnishes  extensive  water-power.  The  basin 
of  this  river  is  so  near  to  those  of  the  Des  Moines  and  Iowa, 
that  its  volume  is  small  comp,ared  with  its  length.  It  is 
sometimes  called  SiUKAGnA. 

SKUTSCII  or  SKUCZ,  skootch,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Chrudim.    Pop.  3408. 

SKVIRA,  SKWIRA,  skvee'rd.  or  SKIVRA.  skiv'rS,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government,  and  60  miles  S.W.  of  Kiev.  Pop.  4100. 

SKYE,  ski,  the  largest  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides,  in 
Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  from  the  mainland  of  which 
county  it  is  sep-arated  by  the  narrow  strait  of  Lo<^'h  Alsh, 
whence  it  extends  for  46  miles  in  a  X.W.  direction.  Breadth 
very  irregular,  varying  from  4i  miles  to  23  miles,  it  being 
indented  N.W.  and  W.  by  Lochs  Snizort,  Fnllait,  Bracadale, 
Ac.  and  all  rouwl  the  other  coasts  by  smallw  inlets.  Esti- 
mated area,  (excluding  the  islands  of  Scilpa,  Rassay.  &c.  off 
its  E.  <»ast,)  about  547  square  miles,  or  35i1,600  acres.  The 
nurfiice  is  mountainous;  many  heights  in  the  centre  rise  to 
between  2000  and  3000  feet  above  the  sea,  among  which  the 
Cuchullin  Hills  are  conspicuous;  its  X.  part  and  shores  are 
bold  and  strikingly  p.cturesque.  It  is  composed  chiefly  of 
trap  rocks,  quartz,  limestone,  old  red  sandstone,  and  lias. 
There  are  some  lance  basaltic  pillars,  and  a  curious  spar 
cave.  Rivulets  and  timall  lakes  are  numerous.  The  climate 
U  very  moist  and  variable;  rain  falls  three  out  of  every  four 
days  throughout  the  year,  which  renders  the  soil,  otherwise 
good,  moist  and  sterile,  except  in  a  few  spots:  most  part  of 
Hie  island  is  useless  for  airieulture,  and  even  the  pastures 


are  chiefly  in  heath  and  coarse  grass:  the  majority  of  the 
inhabitants  are  consequently  in  a  very  impnveiished  state; 
many  h.ive  emigrated  to  the  colonies.  Arable  lands  are 
nearly  confined  to  the  sea-coast ;  cattle,  fi.th.  and  kelp  are 
the  chief  exports ;  and  potatoes  .ind  tish  the  chief  food  of 
the  population.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  Gaelic  de- 
scent. The  island  contains  many  Danish  antiquities;  be- 
longs chiefly  to  Lord  Macdonald  and  the  Macleod  family;  is 
divided  into  7  p.irishes;  and  forms,  with  adjacent  Small 
Isles,  a  presbytery  under  the  Scottish  Church  establishment 
Principal  villages,  Portree,  Stein,  Kyle-Haken.  Broadford, 
Oronsay.  Armadale,  and  Uig.     Pop.  in  1851,  21,621. 

SKY'ROS.  skee'ros,  or  SYRA,  see'ri.  (anc.  Sci/h-os,)  an  is- 
land of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  in  the  ^ge.an  Sea,  24  miles 
X.E.  of  Cape  Kili,  in  Euboea.  Length,  17  miles  :  breadth, 
from  2  to  7  miles.  Estimated  area,  0()  square  miles.  Pop. 
26.30.  It  is  separated  into  two  parts  by  an  isthmus.  Its  S 
peninsula  rises  to  2566  feet  above  the  sea ;  its  X.  part  is  more 
level,  and  productive  of  corn,  wine,  and  madder:  wheat  and 
barley  are  exported,  with  madder-roots,  wax,  honey,  and 
oranges.  Fir  and  Oiik  woods  are  plentiful.  Goats  are  of  a 
ver3'  superior  breed.  The  only  town.  St.  George,  stands  on 
the  X.  side  of  the  island;  it  is  poor,  but  has  some  remains 
of  antiquity,  and  contains  all  the  population  of  the  Ireland. 
Skyros  was  the  place  of  retirement  and  death  of  Theseus. 
Seven  miles  W.  is  Skyro-Poulo,  a  rocky  islet,  617  feet  in 
hei.-ht. 

SLA.  a  maritime  town  of  Morocco.    See  S.U.E. 

S  L.\B'T(.t  WX,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey,  con- 
tains 10  or  12  dwellings. 

SL.\BTOW.\,  a  village  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Danville. 

SLABTO^VX.  a  post-village  in  Anderson  district.  South 
Carolina.  130  miles  W.X.W.  of  Columbiii. 

SLACK,  a  postK>ffice  of  JIa.son  CO.,  Kentucky. 

SLACK  WATER,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois. 

SL.\DE,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Georgia. 

SLADK.  a  river  of  Labrador.     See  East  Mai.v. 

SL  ADESVILLE,  slaids/vill,  a  post-office  of  Hyde  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SLAGELSE,  slj'ghel-sfh,  a  town  of  Denmark,  stift,  and 
island  of  ."^eeland,  10  miles  X'.E.  of  Corsoer.     Pop.  3C00. 

SLAID'BURX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SLAINS-ASD-FOR/VIE,  a  united  maritime  parish  of  Scot- 
land. CO.  of  Aberdeen,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Xewbiirg.  It  has  the 
remains  of  an  old  castle,  and  of  an  ancient  chapel. 

SLAITII'WAITE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  parish,  and  41  miles  W.S.W.  of  Huddersfleld, 
with  a  station  on  the  Li^ds  and  Manchester  Railw.iy.  It 
has  a  mineral  spring  with  the  same  properties  as  that  of 
Harrogate. 

SL.\'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

SLAMAX'NAX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sterling. 

SLAXE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Jleath,  on  the  Boyne.  Pop.  500.  The  celebrated  battle 
of  the  Boyne  was  fought  near  Slane,  on  the  E. 

SLANES.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster  co.  of  Down. 

SL-VN'EY',  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  rises  in  the 
CO.  of  Wicklow,  flows  mostly  S.,  through  the  counties  of 
Carlow  and  Wexford,  and  expands  into  Wexford  Harbor. 
Total  course,  60  miles,  tidal  for  10  miles.  It  is  navigable 
from  the  sea  to  Enuiscorthy  for  laden  boats. 

SLAXKAMEXT.    See  Salaskemext. 

SL.\NO,  sld'no,  a  market-town  of  Dalmatia,  16  miles  N.W. 
ofRasusa.     Pop.  1400. 

SLAXY,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Schlax. 

SLAPrrOX,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Bucks. 

SLAPTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SLAPTOXi  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North.ampton. 

SLASH,  a  p'  st-office  of  Grant  co..  Indiana. 

SLASH  COTTAGE,  a  post-village  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  railroad  from  Richmond  to  Fredericksburg,  about  20 
miles  X.  of  the  former.  The  railroad  company  have  machine 
shops  here.  The  great  orator  and  statesman.  Henry  Clay, 
was  liorn  near  this  place,  in  the  "  Slashes  of  Hanover." 

SL.\TE,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

SL.iTE,  a  post-office  of  Jennings  co..  Indiana. 

SLATE  DOCK,  a  post-office  of  Dut<hess  co..  New  York. 

SLATE'FORD,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh, 
parish  of  Colinton,  with  a  station  on  the  Caledonian  Rail- 
way. 3  miles  S.W.  of  Edinburgh.    Pop.  250. 

SL.iTE'FORD,  post-office,  Xorthampton  to..  Pennsylvania. 

SLATE  IITLL,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  New  York. 

SLATE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SL.\TK  LICK,  a  post-office,  Armstrong  co.,  Petinsvlvania. 

SLATE  JIILLS.  a  posboffice,  Rappahannock  co.,  Virginia. 

SLATE  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  York  co,  Pennsylvania. 

SL.M'E  RIVER,  of  Virginia,  a  small  stream  rising  In 
Buckingham  county,  and  flowing  N.E_  enters  the  Jamea 
Itiver  on  the  N.E.  boi-der  of  that  county.  It  is  navigable 
for  boats  to  Maysville,  27  miles  from  its  mouth, 

SL.ATERSVILLE,  a  manufacturing  post-village  in  Smith- 
field  township.  Providence  CO.,  Rhode  Island,  about  IS  miles 
N.W.  by  X.  of  Providence.    It  contains  2  or  3  cbiuxhes,  8 


SLA 

lotton  wills,  with  16.000  spindles,  and  500  looms,  employing 
S20  hand.<!;  ulso  1  .»avv  mill,  1  grist  mill,  and  1  bank.  Value 
of  gCKsd.-i  manufactured  annually,  $288,000.  A  reservoir  has 
recently  been  constructed,  at  a  great  expense,  materially 
Increasing  the  water-power  of  this  place.     Pop.  about  1500. 

SLATK  KUN.  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SLATINA.  slJ-tee'na.  a  town  of  Wailachia,  on  the  Aloota; 
(Aluta.)  90  miles  W,  of  Bucharest. 

SL.VtOUSK, Russia,  Uial  Mountains.    See  Zlatoosk. 

SLAUOII.\M,  slaw'gam,  a  parish,  England,  co.  ef  Sussex. 

SL.^UGIITKR,  (slaw'tfr,)  Lower,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  0  loucester. 

SLAUGHTER,  Upper,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SLAUGIITERFOKD,  slaw'ter-ford,  a  parish  of  England. 
00.  of  Wilts. 

SLAUGHTER'S  CREEK,  Texas,  enters  the  Colorado  in 
the  lower  part  of  Travis  county. 

SLA UP.N ICZ,  siriwp'nich,  (Ober,  olier,  and  Unteh. dOn'ter.) 
a  village  of  Bohemia,  6  miles  from  Leitomischel.     Pop.  2335. 

SL.A.VE  CO.\ST.  is  that  portion  of  the  Guinea  Coast,  West 
Africa,  between  the  Volta  and  Lagos  Rivers,  which  separate 
it  respectively  from  Benin  on  the  E.,  and  the  Gold  Coast  on 
the  W. 

SLAVIAXOSERBSK.  sU-ve-i-no-sJRbsk',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government,  180  miles  Il.N.E.  of  Yekaterinoslav,  on  the 
Donets.    Pop.  2000,  who  carry  on  an  active  trade  by  the  river. 

SLAVIANSK,  slj-ve-dnsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Kharkov,  29  miles  S.E.  of  Iziooni.     Pop.  2000. 

SLAVOXIA,  sld-vo/ne-d,  or  SCLAVOXIA,  skU-vo'ne-a, 
called  by  the  natives  SLAVOXSKA,  sli-von'ski,  (Ger.  Sla- 
vonien,  sld-vo'ne-en  ;  Fr.  Slavmtie.  sl3\o^nee'.)  a  territory  or 
province  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  formerly  incorporated  with 
Hungary,  but  now  forming  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Croatia 
and  Slavonia;  l)Ounded  X.  by  Hungarj',  E.  by  the  Banat  of 
Hungary,  S.  by  Turkey,  and  W.  by  Croatia.  Area,  3f)50 
square  miles.  It  is  of  a  very  irregular  form,  stretching 
from  W.  to  E.  for  190  miles,  while  its  average  breadth  does 
not  exceed  40  miles.  Its  natural  boundaries,  however,  are 
well  defined  by  great  rivers — the  Diave  on  the  X..  Save  on 
the  S..  and  their  junction  with  the  Danube  on  the  E.  A 
branch  of  the  Cariiian  Alps,  entering  Salavonia  from  Croatia 
on  the  W.,  traverses  it  thioughout  its  whole  length,  form- 
ing the  watershed  between  the  Drave  and  the  Save,  sending 
down  numerous  small  streams  into  each,  and  terminating 
somewhat  abruptly  on  reaching  the  banks  of  the  Danube. 
Slount  Papuk,  the  culminating  point  of  the  chain,  is  not 
more  than  2700  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Danube.  On  either 
side  the  mountains  slope  rapidly,  and  give  place  to  a  suc- 
ce.ssion  first  of  lower  hills  and  valleys,  presenting  a  beauti- 
fully undulating  surface,  clothed  with  verdure  or  covered 
with  orchards;  and  then  of  plains,  which  e.xtend  without 
interruption  to  the  banks  of  the  livers,  in  some  parts  inun- 
dated twice  and  thrice  a  year.  The  tracts  thus  exposed  form 
meadows  on  which  large  herds  of  horses,  cattle,  and  swine  are 
reared.  The  soil  is  almost  throughout  of  remarkable  fertility. 
Grain,  fruit,  flax,  hemp,  tobacco.  liquorice,  and  madder  are 
extensively  raised.  The  minerals  include  several  mines  of 
copper  and  argentiferous  lead,  abundance  of  iron,  and  ex- 
haustless  supplies  of  beautiful  marble.  The  inhabitants 
are  generally  ignorant,  and  of  unsettled  habits;  the  far 
greater  part  of  their  country  belonging  to  the  Austrian 
military  frontier,  every  man  capable  of  bearing  arms  is  a 
soldier.  There  are  no  manufactures  deserving  the  name, 
but  the  transit  trade  along  the  navigable  rivers  within 
which  the  country  is  enclosed,  is  considerable. 

Slavonia  is  the  only  country  which  has  preserved  the 
name  of  the  great  Slavonian  stock.  The  inhabitants  call  their 
country  Slavonfka.  and  themselves  Slavmtatz.  and  speak  the 
so-called  lUyrian  tongue,  which  under  a  great  variety  of 
dialects  prevails  in  many  counties  of  Hungary,  in  the  E.  and 
S.  parts  of  Croatia,  in  Dalmatia.  Servia.  Bosnia,  and  Herzego- 
vina, The  country  is  divided  into  civil  and  military  Sla- 
vonia— the  former  on  the  X,,  subdivided  into  the  three 
counties  of  Posega,  Verocz,  and  Syrmia;  and  the  latter  on 
the  S.E.  and  X.E.,  subdivided  into  the  two  regimental  dis- 
tricts {Regiments  hezirl)  of  Brod  and  Peterwardein.  and  the 
battalion  district  (Batmllons-Didrict)  Csaikista.  Pop.  3y6,000. 
The  Slavonians  (L.  Sclavifni ;  Gr.  IxXaSrivoi)  appear  to  have 
possessed,  during  the  decline  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the 
greater  portion  of  East  Europe.  The  Poles,  Bohemians, 
Illyrians,  and  Russians  are  considered  to  be  of  Slavonic 

origiu. Adj.    SL.ivoMAS,    sla-vo'ue-.jn,    Slavon'ic,    and 

Slay'ic;  Inhab.  Slavonian. 

SLAVOOTA,  SLAVUTA  or  PLAWUTA,  sli-Too'tJ,  a  mar- 
ket^town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  on 
the  Gorin,  13  miles  X.  of  Zaslav. 

SL.\WATYCE,  sld-f!-2-tit'sa,  a  marketrtflwn  of  Russian 
Poland,  province,  and  54  miles  S.E.  of  Siedlce,  on  the  Hug. 

SLAWISZYX,  slj<vish'in,  a  walled  town  of  Poland,  pro- 
vince, and  10  miles  X.  of  Kalisz.    Pop.  1000. 

SL.\1VK0W,  slivMvov',  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of 
Kielce,  31  miles  X.W.  of  Cracow.    Pop.  1520. 

SLAWKOW,  a  town  of  Moravia.    See  Austerlitz. 

SL.WT^'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicesten 

SLAWUTA.    See  Slavooia. 


SLEAFORD,  (slee'ford,;  ^Tew,  a  market-tcwr»  .md  parisT- 
of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  on  the  Sleu,  ^s  miles  S.s.K.  o{ 
Lincoln.  Pop.  in  lb'51,  3.'>39.  It  has  a  fine  church  with  a 
spire  144  feet  in  height,  a  modern  town-hall,  and  fiee  gram- 
mar school. 

SLEAFORD,  Old,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.. . 

SLEAT,  sleet,  an  insular  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inver- 
ness, comprising  the  S.E.  part  of  the  Isle  of  Skye.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  2  castles. 

SLEBKCH.  slw'bjK,  a  parish.  South  Wales,  co.  Pembroke 

SLEDGEVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Panola  co..  Missis.sippi. 

SLED'MERE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York.  East  Riding 

SLEE/PY  CREEK,  a  post-ofiice  of  Wayne  co.,  Xorth  Ca- 
rolina. 

SLEEPY  CREEK,  a  post-ofiice  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SLEEPY  CREEK  BRIDGE,  a  post-olBce  of  Morgan  co., 
W.  Virginia. 

SLEMX^O.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Gaensee. 

SLESnviCK.  (Ger.  Schhstmff,  shlfs^^ia;  Dan.  Slesvfg, 
slJs'viG,)  a  duchy  of  the  kingdom  of  Denmark,  comprising 
the  S.  part  of  the  peninsula  of  .Jutland,  separated  on  the  X. 
by  the  Konge  River  from  .Jutland  Proper,  and  on  the  S.  by 
the  Eyderand  the  Holstein  Canal  from  the  duchy  of  Holstein, 
having  E.  the  Baltic  and  the  Little  lielt.  in  which  it  comprises 
the  island  of  Alsen,  and  W.the  Xorth  Sea,  in  which  are  the 
islands  of  Ronioe,  Sylt,  Fohr,  Pelworm,  Xordstrand,  i-c. 
Area,  3600  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1850,  363.000.  The  surface  is 
low  and  fiat ;  the  whole  of  the  W.  coast  is  protected  by  largo 
dykes  against  irruptions  of  the  sea.  The  soil  is  not  gene- 
rally fertile,  except  in  the  E.  Rye,  barley,  and  other  grains 
are  raised  more  than  sufficient  lor  home  consumption.  Tim- 
ber is  scarce,  but  turf  abundant.  The  breeding  of  cattle 
and  horses  is  important;  live  stock,  butter,  and  cheese  are 
the  principal  exports.  Th'e  fisheries  are  active,  chiefiy  in 
the  Xorth  Sea.  Manufactures  are  nearly  cr'ufined  to  the 
towns,  the  principal  of  which  are  Sleswick,  Flensborg, 
Husum,  Apenrade.  Hadersleben,  and  Christiansfeld.  The 
duchy  has  some  peculiar  privileges;  its  annexation  to  Gei^ 
many  formed  the  pretext  for  its  invasion  by  the  Prussians 
and  Germans  in  184R-9. 

SLESAVICK.  SCIILKSWIG  or  SLESVTG,  a  seaport  town  of 
Denmark,  capital  of  the  above  duchy,  at  the  W.  end  of  the 
SleVj  a  narrow  inlet  of  the  Baltic.  21  miles  from  the  sea.  and 
70  iiiiles  X.X,W.  of  Hamburg.  Lat.  54°  31'  11"  N.,  Ion.  9°  34' 
45"  E.  Pop.  12.197.  It  comprises  a  town-proper  and  several 
suburbs;  is  neatly  built  in  the  style  of  a  Dutch  town,  and 
has  a  cathedral  and  two  other  churches,  one  on  the  site  of  a 
heathen  temple ;  lunatic,  deaf  and  dumb,  and  other  asylums 
and  institutions;  a  patriotic  union  and  other  associations; 
manufactures  of  lace,  woollen  stuffs,  earthenwares,  leather, 
and  sugar;  and  9  annual  fairs.  Its  harbor,  though  im- 
proved, is  accessible  only  to  small  vessels.  The  town  is  the 
oldest  in  the  duchy,  and  existed  early  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tur}';  it  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the  llanseatie  League. 
Adjacent  to  it  is  the  castle  of  Gottorp,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  dukes  of  Holstein-Gottorp. 

SLEY,  The.  or  SCIILEI,  shli,  or  SCHLESWIGER  FIORD, 
shles'we-gher  fe-ORd',  a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick.  which  it  penetrates  in 
a  S.W.  direction  for  about  22  miles,  to  the  town  of  Sleswick. 
It  is  very  shallow,  having  only  from  6  to  9  feet  of  water  at 
the  entrance. 

SLEYDIXGE,  sli'dingVh,  a  villtge  of  Belgium,  provinoo 
of  East  Flanders,  7  miles  IV.  by  W,  of  Ghent,  with  manu- 
factures of  linen  and  cotton  fabrics,  leather,  candles,  mus- 
tard, vinegar,  and  oil,  2  bi-eweries,  7  flour  mills,  and  dye- 
works.     Pop.  5795. 

SLIDRE.  slee'drJ,  a  village  of  Norway,  95  miles  N.W.  of 
Christ  iania.     Pop.  3100. 

SLIEDRECHT,  slee^drjirt.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  Meu.se.  4  miles  E.  of  Dort. 
Pop.  18:-)G. 

SLIEVE,  (sleev,)  BEG,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Down.  21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Newcastle.     Height,  2384  feet. 

SLIEVE,  CAR.  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Conuaught,  co. 
of  Mayo,  between  Lough  Coon  and  Blacksod  Bay.  Ileight, 
2368  feet. 

SLIEVE,  DOX'ARD.  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Down,  on  the  S.W.  side  of  Dundrum  Bay,  2  miles  S.W. 
of  Xewcastle.     Ileight.  2796  feet. 

SLIGO,  sli'go.  a  maritime  county  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
having  on  the  X.W.  and  X.  the  bays  of  Killala,  Sligo,  and 
Donegal,  Area,  722  sqiiare  miles,  of  which  three-fourths  is 
arable  or  in  plantations.  Pop.  in  1851.  128,510.  The  surface 
is  greatly  diversified ;  mountains  and  bogs  are  infeffpersed 
with  some  level  tracts  and  fertile  land.  Truskmore,  in  the 
X.E.,  is  a  mountain  2072  feet  in  height;  and  KnocUalongy 
(Ox  Jlountains)  rises  to  1778  feet.  The  county  comprises 
Loughs  Arrow,  Gill,  and  apartof  Gara;  principal  river.s,  th>3 
Arrow  and  Moy,  which  Litter  foi-ms  the  W,  boundary. 
Principal  crops,  oats  and  pot.atces,  with  some  wheat.  Coarse 
linens  and  woolleiTS  are  manufactured.  Principal  towns, 
Sligo,  Baliisadare,  Dmmore.  and  Tubbercurry.  The  county 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

1795 


SLI 


SMI 


8M00,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  b<.\rough  and  sea- 
port town  of  J  relftud,  oipital  of  the  above  oo..  at  the  head  of 
Sligo  B.iy,  69  miles  S.S  W.  of  Londonderry,  and  131  miles  N.W. 
of  Dublin.  Lai.  54°  16"  N.,  Ion.  8°  25' W.  Fop.  in  1851, 11,209. 
It  contains  convenient  markets  and  !ar!j;e  stores,  and  consi- 
derable improvements  have  been  made  on  the  streets.  It  is 
lighted  with  gas,  and  well  supplied  with  water.  The  public 
buildingsare  the  county  court-house,  prison,  infirmary,  fever- 
hospital,  union  worliliouse,  new  constjtbulary  barrack,  and  a 
lunat'.c asylum;  and  it  has  2  Protestant  churches,  a  I'resby- 
terian  and  Independent;  2  Methodist  meeting-houses,  a  Ko- 
man  Catholic  chapel,  and  1  friary  or  abbey  church.  The  manu- 
factures are  linen,  flour,  meal,  soap,  caudles,  rope.s,  whisky, 
and  beer.  The  harbor  admits  vessels  of  13  feet  draught  of  wa- 
ter to  moor  at  the  qu.ays,  which  have  recently  been  consider- 
ably extended  and  improved.  That  called  the  balla.et  quay 
is  2248  feet  Ions.  Vessels  of  large  draught  have  to  anchor 
in  the  pool,  whioh  is  safe  and  secure,  but  inconvenient  for 
discharging  or  taking  in  cargoes.  The  number  and  tonnage 
of  sailing  vessels  registered  as  belonging  to  the  port  in  1850 
was  34,  aggregate  tonniige,  4745;  steamers,  one  of  44  tons. 
In  18-50,  there  entered  the  port  222  ve.ssels;  tonnage,  20.142; 
and  departed  89  vessels,  tonnage,  10,739  ;  exclusive  of  67 
steamers,  2->,i)27  tons,  that  arrived,  and  70  steamers,  23,018 
tons,  that  cleared  from  the  port.  Theexports  consist  chiefly 
of  provisions,  grain,  flour,  linen-yarns,  &c. ;  and  the  imports, 
colonial  produce,  timber,  coals,  iron,  and  salt.  It  sends  a 
member  to  Parliament.  It  gives  the  title  of  marquis  to  the 
Brown  iamily. 

SLI'dO,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Tennessee,  on  Caney 
Fork  of  Cumlwrland  Kiver,  and  on  the  turnpike  from  Le- 
banon to  Sparta,  70  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

SLIGO,  a  small  post-village  of  Henry  co..  Kentucky. 

SLIGO,  a  post-vilUge  of  Clinton  eo.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cincin- 
nati Wilmington  and  Zauesville  Kailroad,  6  miles  from  AVil- 
mington. 

SLIGO,  a  post-office  of  JIarsh.alT  co.,  Indiana. 

SLIGO  BAY,  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo,  .nbout  6  miles  across 
at  its  opening,  penetrates  the  land  by  various  arms;  at  the 
he.'id  of  the  two  chief  ones  are  Sligo  and  Ballisadare,  both 
about  12  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  bay.  It  has  from  3 
to  20  fathoms  water,  and  a  .sandy  .shore.  In  158S  three 
ships  of  the  Spanish  armada  were  stranded  here. 

SLIMMJIIIDGK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SLIX'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Sussex. 

SLIN'FOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SLIXGS'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York.  North  Riding. 

SLIPPEHY  FOliD,  a  post-oflice  of  .MarshaU  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SLIP/PEUY  ROCK,  a  post-township  of  Rutler  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, atxiut  44  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  includes 
till'  borough  of  Centreville.    Total  pop.  1340. 

SLIPPEHY  KOCK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1450. 

SLIPPERY  ROCK  CREEK,  ri.ses  in  tlie  "W.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  flows  into  the  Beaver  River. 

SLIl'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

SLOANSVILLE,  slons'vill.  a  post-village  of  Schoharie  CO., 
New  York,  about  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albiiny. 

SLOATSBURG,  slots'burg,  a  post  village  of  Rockland  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  lUiilroad,  36  miles  from  New  York 
Citv. 

S'LOBDOSK,  slob-dosk',  or  SLOBODSKOI,  slob-ods-koi',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  16  miles  N.E.  of  Viatka, 
ontheViatka.  Pop.  60O0.  It  has  numerous  churches,  and 
a  monastery,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn  and  linseed. 

SL0B0DZ1.\,  slo-bod'ze-a,  a  town  of  AVallachia,  on  the  Ja- 
lomnitza,  (or  Yalomnitza,)'  60  miles  E.  of  Bucharest. 

SLlXJHTEREN.  sloK'ti-ren,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province,  and  10  miles  B.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  13S6. 

SLOE,  llEl,  hit  sloo,  that  part  of  the  West  Scheldt  River 
which  separates  the  island  of  South  Bevelaud  from  that  of 
Walcheren. 

SLOKUTCUIN,  slo-koofchin,  a  vill.age  of  Bulgaria,  S.W. 
of  N  icopolis. 

SLO'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SLO'NIM,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  72 
miles  S.E.  of  Grodno.  Pop.  7500.  It  has  several  churches,  a 
synagogue,  a  district  school  for  nobles,  and  various  factories. 

SLOOTCII,  SLOUTCU  or  SLUTSCII,  slootch,  a  river  of 
Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  rises  near  Staro- 
Konstantiuov,  flows  N.,  and  joins  the  Qoriu  in  a  marshy 
flat,  after  a  course  of  200  miles. 

SLOOTCH,  SLOUTCH  or  SLUTSCH,  a  river  of  Russian 
Poland,  government  of  .Minsk,  flows  S.  past  Slootsk.  and  joins 
the  I'ripets  00  miles  E.  of  Pinsk.    Course,  80  mil^. 

SLOOTKN.     See  Sloten. 

SLOOTEUDYK,  sls'terdik',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
on  the  Y.  3  miles  N.W.  of  Amstei-dam. 

SLOOTSK,  SLOUTSK,  SLUXSK  or  SLUTZK,  slootsk,  a 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  63  miles  S.W.  of 
Minsk,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  lesser  Slootch,  near  its 
source.  Pop.  StKX).  Except  itJ!  churches,  convents,  Ac.  it  is 
bnilt  of  wood ;  it  has  a  high  school,  formerly  subordinate  to 
the  li'uiversity  of  VUua. 


SLOP  SPRING,  a  post  office  of  Newberry  district,  Sonlh 
Carolina. 

SLOTEN  or  SLOOTEN,  slo'tgn.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Friesland,  near  the  Zuyder  Zee  and  Lake  of 
Sloten,  12  miles  E.  of  Stavoren.     Pop.  8i54. 

SLOTEN  or  SLOOTEN,  a  parish  of  the  Netherlands,  on 
the  I.ake  of  Haarlem,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Amstei-dam     P.  2300. 

SLOUGH,  slow,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Buck.s,  witli  a 
.station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  2}  milts  N.N. E.  of 
Windsor.  It  has  an  astronomical  observatory,  where  was 
erected  the  gi-eat  telescope  of  the  elder  Herschel. 

SLOY'KRSVILLE.  a  post-office,  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SLUCZEVO,  sloo-ch.4'vo,  a  town  of  Poland,  government 
of  Warsaw,  on  the  Prussian  frontier,  11  miles  S.  of  Thorn. 
Pop.  1000.  ' 

SLUIS  or  SLUYS,  slois,  (Pr.  L'£clu?e,  liVklUz'.)  a  fortified 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  on  the  Belgian 
frontier,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Bruges,  with  which  city  it  com- 
municates by  a  canal.    Pop.  1508. 

SLUR'M  ANS,  a  village  in  Madison  co.,  Iowa;  135  miles  W. 
by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

SLUSHER,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky. 

SLUTCH,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Slootch. 

SLUTSK.    See  Slootsk. 

SLUTTERSVILLE,  a  post-office,  Monroe  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

SLUTZK.    See  Slootsk. 

SLUYS.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Suns. 

SLY'GUFF  or  SLI'GUFF,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinste., 
CO.  of  Carlow. 

SLY'PE.  sli'peh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bruge.s.    Pop.  1178. 

SM.\CK'OVER.  a  township,  Wa.shita  co..  .\rk.ansas. 

SMALAND,  (Smiland.)  or  SMOLAND.  smoa^nd,  a  former 
province  occupying  the  S.E.  part  of  Sweden,  now  divided 
into  the  districts  or  liins  of  Calmar,  Wexio.  and  JBukSping. 

SMALIIi)LM,  SMALL'HOLM  or  SMAIL'HOLM,  a  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

SMALLBURGH,  small'bfir-rilh,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

SMAI/LEY'.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SMALLHOLM.    See  Smalhoui. 

SM.\LL  ISLES,  an  insular  parish  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Ai* 
gyle  and  Inverness,  and  comprising  the  islands  of  Eig,  Rum, 
Canna.  and  Muck. 

SMALL'WOOD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

SMAR'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SM EATON,  (smee't9n,)  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  North  Riding. 

SMECNA.    See  Smetsch:«a. 

SMEEDS  FERRY,  a  small  village  of  Onslow  co..  North 
Carolina. 

SMEETH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SMEE'TON.  a  township  of  Engl.and,  eo.  of  Leicester. 

SMEIN<X)ORSK  or  ZMEINOGORSK.  zm.Vno-eorsk',  writ- 
ten also  SMIEINJORSK,  a  town  of  West  Siberia,  in  the 
mining  district  of  the  government  of  Tomsk.  Pop.  4000, 
employed  in  silver-mines  and  smelting  works. 

SMELT'ZER.  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 

SMELTZER'S  GROVE,  a  post-office.  Grant  co..  Wisconsin. 

SMETH'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

SMETHPORT,  a  post-borough  of  Ke.ating  township,  capi- 
tal of  JIcKean  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Potato  Creek,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Alleghany  River,  196  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 
It  has  some  trade  in  pine  lumber,  which  is  floated  down  the 
Alleghany.  The  town  contains  a  brick  court-house,  an  aca- 
demy, 2  printing  offices,  2  churches,  and  several  mills. 
Large  co;il-niines  have  been  opened  in  the  county. 

SMETH'WICK,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

SMETSCHNA,  smjtch'nl'or  SMECNA,  smSts'ni,  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  about  5  miles  from  Schlan.     Pop.  1040. 

SMICHEW,  smiK'Jv,  or  SMIKOW,  smeeTcov,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  so  near  Prague  as  to  be  almost  its  suburb.  P.  2500. 

SMICKS'BURG,  a  post-vill.age  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Little  Mahoning  Creek,  174  miles  W.N.W.  of  Har- 
risburg. 

SMIDAR.  smee'dar,  or  SMIDARY,  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia. 3  miles  N.  of  Neu  Bidschow.    Pop.  116Q. 

SMIEINJORSK.    See  Smeixogobsk. 

SMIERCICZE.    See  Smiritz. 

SMIEV,  sme-iv/,  written  also  SMT.1EW,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  22  miles  S.E.  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Donetz. 
Pop.  3000. 

SMIKOW.    SeeSMCHEW. 

SMILEY'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio. 

SMILSOR'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Bush  co..  Indiana. 

SMIRITZ,  smee'rits,  or  SMIERCICZE,  smyfEt-see'chA  (!) 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  from  KUniggrfitz,  on  three  littl# 
arms  of  the  Elbe,    Pop.  11(54. 

SMITH,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mississippi.  h«» 
an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  It  is  watered  by  Leaf 
River.  The  surfiice  is  undulating  or  ne.arly  level ;  these' 
is  satidy,  st«rile,  and  covered  with  pine  woods.  Nsined  in 
honor  of  Major  Smith,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution.  Capital, 
Raleigh.    rop».763S,  of  whom  5443  were  free. 

SMITH,  a  county  towards  the  N.E.  part  of  Texas,  has  aa 


SMI 

area  of  about  MO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Sabine  River,  on  the  \V.  by  the  Nechof:,  and  drained  by 
the  sources  of  the  Angelina.    The  county  include.s  a  large 

Sroportion  of  prairie  land.  Named  in  honor  of  General 
.  ames  Smith,  a  resident  of  the  county.  Capital,  Tyler.  Pop. 
io,iJ92,  of  whom  ^■^Io  were  tveo. 

SMITH,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Tennessee,  has  an  area 
of  .SCO  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Cumberland 
River.  The  sufmce  is  uneven  and  rather  rough,  but  the 
soil  is  irenerally  rich.  The  Cumberland  River  is  navigable 
by  small  Ixiats  in  this  part  of  its  course.  Capital,  Carthage. 
Pop.  16,".o7,  of  whom  1'2,120  were  free,  and  4228  slaves. 

SMITH,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvauia. 
Pop.  U17. 

SMITH,  a  township  of  Bradley  co.,  Arkansa-s. 

SMITH,  a  township  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1826. 

SMITH,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  577. 

SMI'l  H,  a  township  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  78S. 

SMITH,  an  island  in  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  being  the  west 
emmost  island  of  South  Shetlands,  in  lat.  63°  2'  S.,  Ion.  62° 
47'  W. 

SMITH'BOROUGII,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York. 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  256  miles  from  New 
York  City.  The  village  is  connect<,'d  with  the  opposite  side 
of  the  Susquehanna  by  a  wooden  bridge. 

SMITH  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Robeson  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

SMITII'DALE.  a  post-village  of  Amite  co.,  Mississippi,  82 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Jackson. 

SMITH'FIL'LD,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine, 
about  25  miles  X.  of  Augusta.     Pop  793. 

SMlTH'KIEbn,  a  township  of  Providence  co..  Rhode 
Island,  bordering  on  the  Blackstone  River,  and  the  Provi- 
dence and  Worcester  Railroad,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Provi- 
dence. The  manufacture  of  lime  from  the  extensive  lime- 
stone quarries  of  this  town.ship  affords  employment  to  a 
large  number  of  the  inhabitants.  It  contains  several  manu- 
facturing villages,  the  most  important  of  which  are  Woon- 
Focket.  Slatersville.  and  Valley  Falls.     Pop.  13,283. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  township  of  Madison  co..  New  York. 
Pop.  1609. 

SMITHFIF.LD,  a  village  and  township  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  2071. 

S.MITHFI  KLD,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
190  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1391. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Isle  of 
Wight  CO.,  Virginia,  is  finely  situated  on  a  navigable  creek. 
which  opens  into  the  James  River  a  few  miles  from  its 
mouth.  80  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  3 churches, 
and  several  schools.     Pop.  777. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  village  of  Monongalia  co.,  W.Virginia,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Morgantowu. 

SMITHFIELD,  a'post-village,  capital  of  Johnson  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Neuse  River,  27  miles  S.E. 
of  Raleigh.  The  North  Carolina  Railroad  will  probably  pass 
through  this  place. 

SMITH  FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Polk  CO.,  Texa.s. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  post-ofBce  of  Henry  co.,  Kentucky. 

SMITHFIK1>D,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jefferson 
CO..  Ohio.  U  miles  S.W.  of  Ste'ubenville.     Pop.  1899. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  township,  De  Kalb  CO.,  Indiana.   P.1067. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
Whito  River,  64  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  contains  a 
church,  and  2  mills. 

SMITH'OROVE,  a  post-village  of  Davie  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SMITH'L.WD,  a  village  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Red  Rank  Creek,  15  miles  S.  of  Clarion. 

SMITHLAXD,  a  po.st-office  of  Ca.ss  co.,  Texas. 

SMITHLAND,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Livingston  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River,  ju.st  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Cumberland.  215  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 
The  trade  of  this  village  is  said  to  be  declining,  on  account 
of  the  channel  changing  to  the  other  side  of  the  Ohio  River. 
It  contains  a  bank. 

SMITHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Missouri,  65 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SMITHLAND.  a  post-ofHce  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana. 

SMITH'l'ORT,  a  village  of  De  Soto  parish.  Louisiana,  on 
Bayou  Pierre  Lake,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Mansfield. 

SMITH  PORT,  Pennsylvania.     See  Smetuport. 

SMITHS,  a  post-office  of  G.illia  co..  Ohio. 

SMITH'S  BASIN,  a  post-office,  Washington  CO.,  New  York. 

SM1THS150U0UGII.    See  Smithborocgh. 

SMITHS'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Mary- 
land. 106  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

SMITHS'UY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SMITH'S  CI3RNERS,  New  York.    See  Poplar  Ridge. 

SMITH'S  CREEK,  a  post-office,  Washington  co.,  Virginia. 

SMITH'S  CREEK,  of  Warren  co..  North  Carolina,  flows 
into  the  Roanoke  River  a  little  N.  of  the  line  between  North 
Carolina  and  A  irginia. 

SMITH'S  CROSS-ROADS,  post-office,  Morgan  co.,  Virginia. 

SMITH'S  CROSS-ROADS,  post-office,  Rhea  co.,  Tennessee. 


SMO 

SMITH'S  FALLS,  a  town  of  Canada  West,  on  the  Rideau 
Canal,  co.  of  Leeds.  32  miles  N.W.  of  Rockville,  with  manu. 
factures  of  coarse  woollens,  iron,  and  leather;  several  grist 
and  saw  mills,  3  Protestant  churches,  a  Roman  Cathollf 
chapel,  and  a  public  and  2  private  schools.     Pop.  1000. 

SMITH'S  FER'UY,  a  station  and  village  of  Hampshire  co. 
M.assafhusetts,  on  the  Connecticut  liiver,  and  Co'nnecticuy 
River  Railroad,  80  miles  "\V.  of  Boston.  A  ferrj'  connects  it 
with  South  Hadley,  which  is  oppo.site. 

SJIITH'S  FERRY,  a  post-office.  Beaver  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

SMITH'S  FORD,  post-office.  York  district.  South  Carolina 

S.VIITH'S  FORD,  a  post-vill.oge  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky. 

SMITH'S  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co., W.Virginia 

SMITH'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  AVarren  co..  Kentucky. 

SMITH'S  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  the  Delaware  River 
opposite  Philadelphia. 

SMITH'S  ISLAND,  an  island  of  New  Hanover  co..  North 
Carolina,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River.  1'he  S.  ex- 
tremity is  called  Cape  Fear.  It  has  a  lightrhou.se,  for  which 
see  Cape  Fear. 

SMITH'S  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Atlantic  co..  New 
Jersey,  about  4  miles  S.  of  Absecum. 

SMITH'S  LANDING,  a  postK)ffice  of  Clermont  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SMITH'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Erie  Railroad.  12  miles  from  Dunkirk.   P.  159. 

SMITH'S  MILLS,  post-office.  Clearfield  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SMITH'S  .MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Jlississippi. 

SMITH'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Henderson  co..  Kentucky. 

SMITH'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 

S.MITirS  POINT,  Chesapeake  Baj-,  the  southernmost 
point  of  land  at  the  entrance  of  the  Potomac  River.  On  it 
is  a  light-house  showing  a  fixed  liirht,  85  feet  high. 

SMITH'S  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co..  Connecticut. 

SMITH'S  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Grafton  co..  near  the 
centre  of  New  Hampshire,  falls  intfl  the  Connecticut  River. 

SMITH'S  RIVER,  rises  in  Patrick  co.,  Virginia,  and  flowing 
into  North  Carolina,  falls  into  Dan  River  near  Leakesville. 

SMITH'S  SOUND,  a  body  of  water  formed  at  the  N.  ex- 
tr.'mity  of  Baffin's  Bay.  it  was  surveyed  by  the  United 
States  Expedition  under  Dr.  Kane,  in  18,14,  and  found  to 
terminate  towards  the  N.E.  in  a  gulf  of  110  miles  extent  in 
its  longest  diameter. 

SMITH'S  STATION,  a  post-office,  York  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SMITH'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  "district, 
South  Carolina. 

SMITH'S  TURNOUT,  a  postoffice  of  York  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SMITHSVILLE.    See  Smithvili.e. 

SMITIWOWN,  a  posUillage  and  township  of  .Suffolk  co.. 
New  York,  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  York.  'The  township  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  bv  I^ng  Island  Sound.     Pop.  2130. 

SMITHTOWN  BAY,  an  inlet  of  Long  Island  Sound  ex- 
tending into  the  above  township. 

SMITHTOWN  BRANCH,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co., 
New  York. 

SMITII'VILLE,  a  township  of  Chenango  co..  New  York. 
Pop.  1661. 

SMITHVILLE.  a  post-village  of  .Tetferson  CO..  New  York, 
on  the  railroad  from  Sackett's  Harbor  to  Ellisburg,  5  miles 
S.  of  the  former. 

SJIITHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 4ti  miles  E.SJl.  of  Harrisburg. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Powhatan  co.,  Virginia, 
39  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Brunswick  co.. 
North  C.irolina,  on  the  right  (W.)  bjink  of  Cape  Fear  River, 
1  or  2  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  Atlantic.  It  has  a 
safe  harbor,  and  contains  several  stores. 

SMITHVILLE  or  SMITHSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Abbe- 
ville district.  South  Carolina,  94  miles  W.  of  Columbia. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lumpkin  co.,  Georgia. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Missis.«ippi, 
on  Bull  .Mountain  Creek,  190  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson.  Laid 
out  in  1S46.    It  has  several  stores. 

SMITHVILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lawrence  co..  Ar- 
kansas, about  125  miles  N.N.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  De  Kalb  co..  Ten- 
nessee. 65  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

S.MITH  VILLE,  post-village  of  Wayne  co..  Ohio,  on  the  road 
from  Wooster  to  Akron.  92  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Indiana. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois. 

SMITHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Smith's  Fork  of  Platte  River.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Liberty. 

SMITII'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln, pleasantly  situated  on  the  Jordan  or  Twenty  Mile 
Creek,  about  35  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  450. 

S.MITHVl  LLE  FLATS,  a  post^village  of  Chenango  co..  New 
York,  on  Geneganslet  Creek,  about  1"25  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Albany.     It  has  several  mills  and  factories. 

SMOKE'S  CREEK,  Erie  co.,  New  York,  falls  into  I/ike  Erie, 

SMO'KY  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  S.  coast  of  Australia,  im- 
mediately N.W.  of  Stready  Bay,  in  Eyre  Land;  lat.  32^  30- 
S.,  Ion.  135°  45'  E. 

1797 


SMO 


SNA 


FMOKT  nm/LOW.  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York.  al>ou(.  30  miles  S.S.K.  of  Albany. 

SMOKY  Oll'DlNARY,  a  postofflce  of  Brunswick  co.,  A'ir- 
ginla. 

S>IOKY  POINT,  a  headland  of  East  Australia,  35  miles 
N.E.  of  I'oi  t  Macqusrie. 

SMOLAND.     8ee  Smalaxd,  (Smiland.) 

SMOLKX,  smi  'Igu,  an  island  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Norway, 
3  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Ilittern;  lat.  03°  20'  N.,  Ion.  8°  6'  E.  It 
is  tolerably  compact.  Lensrth,  from  E.N.E,  to  W.S.W.,  16 
miles;  central  breadth.  10  miles. 

SMOLliNSK,  smo-linsk',  or  SMOLENSKO,  smo-l5n/sko,  a 
gOTei  nment  of  liussia,  mostly  between  lat.  bS°  20'  and  56° 
30'  N.,  and  Ion.  30°  30'  and  35°  25'  E.,  enclosed  by  the  fto- 
Ternments  of  Moheelev,  Vitebsk,  Pskov,  Tver,  Moscow,  ICa- 
looga,  Orel,  and  Tchernigov.  Area,  21,814  .square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1S51,  1,069,650.  'i'he  surface  is  undulating,  and  in 
some  parts  marshy.  The  piincipal  rivers  are  the  Dnieper, 
Dwina,  Gjat,  Oka.  and  the  Ipoot.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and 
corn  more  than  suflicjent  for  consumption  is  niised,  besides 
hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  and  hops.  Few  cattle  are  reiired, 
but  hogs  and  bees  in  great  numbers.  The  forests  are  very 
extensive  and  valuable.  Iron,  copper,  and  salt  are  found. 
The  manufactures  comprise  leather,  glass,  and  pitch.  The 
raw  produce  of  the  government  is  exported  in  lai'ge  quanti- 
ties to  Riga.  Vilna.  and  Moscow.  The  government  is  sul)- 
divided  into  12  circles. 

SMULKXSIC,  a  fortilied  town  of  Russia>  capital  of  the 
above  government,  on  the  Dnieper,  250  miles  W.S.'W.  of 
Moscow.  Pop.  13.000.  It  is  enclosed  by  ma.ssive  walls,  .and 
is  the  sae  of  a  Ku.-:sian  archbishop.  Tlie  principal  public 
edifices  are  3  handsome  cathedrals,  numerous  Greek,  Koman 
Catholic,  aud  Lutheran  churclies,  an  episcopal  palace,  and 
monasteries.  It  h;i8  a  diocesan  seminary,  a  college,  and 
military  school  for  nobles,  several  hospitals,  a  house  of 
correction,  assembly-rooms,  manufactures  of  linens,  soap, 
leather,  and  carpets,  aud  a  considerable  ex|X)rt  of  corn  and 
flax.  In  1838  the  erection  of  an  iron  pyramid  was  com- 
menced, to  commemorate  the  resistance  made  by  the  town 
to  the  French  in  1812. 

SMOLIANY.  smo-le-3/nee,  a  market-town  of  Kussia,  go- 
vernment, aud  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jloheelev.  In  1708  the 
Swedish  general  Kamfa  aud  the  corps  he  commanded  were 
made  prisoners  here.     Pop.  20UO. 

S.MOOTU  PUAIKIE,  a  small  village  of  Madison  co.,  Illj- 
iiois. 

SMORGONI.  smoit-go'nee.  a- town  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
vernment, and  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Vilna.  Here,  in  1S12,  Napo- 
leon left  his  army  under  the  command  of  Murat,  and  return- 
ed to  France. 

SM0RTK1TZ.\,  smoR-trit'si  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Podolsk,  on  a  sti-eam  of  the  same  name,  N.  of  Ka- 
mieniec.     Pop.  1700. 

SMYRNA,  smir'n.i,  (Turk.  Iimeer,  Igmir  or  Izmir,  iz  meen' ; 
Fr.  Sniyrne,  smeeun.)  a  famous  city  and  seaport  of  Asia 
Minor,  and  the  chief  commerci.il  emporium  of  West  Asia, 
on  a  plain  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Smyrna,  and  partly 
upon  the  declivity  of  the  ancient  ^fln>s■P(lgll.<t,  which  is 
crowned  by  a  citadel,  a  structure  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. Lat.  of  Daraghaz  point,  38°  26'  5"  N..  Ion.  27°  9'  7" 
E.  Estimated  pop.  loO.dOO,  of  whom  SO.IXM)  are  Turks. 
40,000  Greeks.  15,000  Jews,  10,000  Armenians,  and  5000 
Franks.  It  has  a  fine  appearance  from  the  sea,  but  is  in 
general  wretchedly  built;  the  houses  are  mostly  of  wood. 
aud  only  one  story  in  height;  the  streets  are  narrow  and 
filthy.  The  Frank  and  Greek  quarters  extend  for  about 
2i  miles  along  the  shore;  above  the.se  is  the  Armenian 
quarter;  and  the  Turks  occupy  all  the  upper  parts  of  the 
city,,  having  between  them  and  the  Armenians  two  close 
qtiarters  inhabited  by  the  Jews.  The  princip,il  edifices  are 
the  bazfiar  and  market-place,  the  vizier-khan,  constructed 
of  the  marble  ruins  of  the  ancient  the;itre.  the  palace  of  the 
governor,  new  barracks  for  3000  men,  several  synagogues,  5 
Greek,  2  Roman  Catholic,  2  Armenian,  and  2  Protestant 
churches,  and  alxmt  20  mosques,  which  are  always  open  for 
the  inspection  of  Christians  and  others.  Numerous  colTee- 
houses  and  gardens  are  scattered  ali  ng  the  banks  of  the 
river  Meles,  which  enters  the  gulf  i:.  of  the  city ;  and  exten- 
sive cemeteries  occupy  portions  of  the  declivity  of  Mount 
Pagus,  on  which  are  various  remains  of  the  ancient  city, 
the  scat  of  one  of  the  "seven  churches"  of  the  early  Chris- 
tian period  mentioned  in  Scripture.  Smvrna  has  a  large 
Armenian  academy,  and  it  is  the  residence  of  consuls  of 
Most  of  the  princiiKil  European  states. 

Smyrna  has  been  for  centui-ios  the  most  import.int  centre 
of  trade  in  the  Levant.  This  trade  has  been  carried  on  both 
by  shipping  and  by  the  CJiravans  of  Asia  Minor.  Syria.  Uas- 
dad.  and  Persia:  Hnd  here,  as  well  as  in  Constantinople 
and  most  of  the  Turkish  towns,  the  Jews  have  managed  to 
become  the  principal  agents  in  the  purchase  and  sjile  of 
comnioditi,-8.  The  chief  imports  are  cotton  manufactures, 
woollen  cloths;  colonUl  goods,  mostly  coffee  and  sugar; 
Iron,  steel,  lead.  tin.  hardware  goods.  &c.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  dried  fruits,  cotton,  silk,  goats'-hair.  sheep  and 
camels'-wool,  rabbit  aud  hare-skins,  valouia,  madder-root. 

ivas  ' 


yellow-berries,  and  opium.  In  1852,  the  total  exports 
amounted  to  I,7ti6,li53i.,  of  which  882,980?.  were  to  Great 
Brit,iin.  and  90.S49?.  to  Russia ;  .and  the  imports  to  1,357.339/., 
of  which  4S2,9Sli.  were  from  Britain;  126.86l«.  from  the 
United  States;  285,232/.  from  Austria  and  the  ZoUverein ; 
269,930/.  from  France;  and  70,323/.  from  Russi.a.  In  1849, 
1S50,  and  1851,  the  vessels  that  entered  and  cleajed  were  as 
follows : — 


Years. 

E.VTKBED. 

Clearkd. 

Vessels.           Tons. 

Ves.sels.           Tons. 

1849 

b66 
937 
866 

113,790 
i:!-',8o6 
133,547 

844             10i,i)93 
iM9             llH,a41 
600             li2,113 

1850 

1851 

Nearly  a  third  of  the  total  tonnage  entered  and  cleared  was 
British. 

Smyrna  is  claimed  to  be  the  birthplace  of  Homer.  In 
1402  it  was  ruined  by  Tiniur,  and  it  has  since  suffered  re- 
peated vicissitudes,  esi)ecially  from  destructive  earthiiuakeg 
and  visitations  of  the  plague;  but  its  admirable  situation 
for  commerce  has  caused  it,  after  each  new  calamity,  rapidly 
to  regain  its  wonted  importance.  It  suffered  severely  from 
fire  in  July,  1845. Adj.  and  inhab.  Smvbniot,  smiKne-ot. 

S.MYR'NA,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co..  New  York,  about 
100  miles  W.  of  Albany.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  active  and  exten- 
sive bu.siuess,  aiid  contains  4  churches,  including  a  Friends' 
meeting-house,  5  stores,  aud  a  Union  school-house,  recently 
erected.  Pop.  of  the  township  of  Smyrna  in  1860,  1822 ;  of 
the  village  about  300. 

SMYRNA,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SMYRNA,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  near 
Duck  Crick, and  nesir  the  Delaware  Railroad,  36  miles  S. of 
Wilmington,  and  10  miles  W.  of  Delaware  Bay.  Next  to 
Wilmington  it  is  the  most  commercial  place  in  the  state. 
It  contjiins  4  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  a  bank,  2  large 
hotels,  a  public  library,  and  several  caniage  factories.  Pop. 
in  1860,  2153. 

SMYK'NA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Carteret  co..  North  Carolina. 

SMYRNA,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district.  South  Caro- 
lina. 

SMYRNA,  a  post^village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Nashville  and  Cliattauooga  Railroad,  2D  miles  fi-oin 
Nasshville. 

SMYRNA,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  40  miles 
W.S.W.of  Steubenville. 

SMYRNA,  a  pust-otlice  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

SMYRNA,  a  )iost-<>ffice  of  Decatur  co ,  Indiana. 

SMYRNA,  a  township  of  Jefferson  oo.,  Indiana.  Popula- 
tion 918. 

S.MYRNA,  a  small  village  of  Bureau  co..  Illinois. 

SMYRNA,  GULF  OF,  (aiic.  Smt/intn'm  Si'nus.)  an  inlet  of 
the  iEgeau  Sea,  extends  inland  for  45  miles;  the  bre.idth  of 
its  entrance  is  22  miles.  It  has  in  most  parts  good  anchorage, 
and  ships  of  large  buiden  can  anchor  close  to  the  quays  of 
Smyrna,  near  its  E.  extremity.  It  contains  several  islands, 
the  principal  of  which.  Long  or  English  Island,  is  5  miles  in 
length. 

S.MY'SER'S  DEPOT,  a  thriving  village  of  York  co.,  Penn- 
sylvaui.t,  on  the  raili-oad  from  York  to  Baltimore,  at  the 
junction  with  the  Hanover  Branch,  10  miles  S.  of  York. 

S.MYTII,  smith,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  625  square  miles.  The  three  brandies  of  llol- 
ston  River,  named  the  North,  Middle,  and  South  Forks,  ri.se 
near  the  N.E.  border  of  the  county,  and  flow  through  it  in  a 
S.W.  direction.  The  Iron  Mountain  range  forms  the  S. 
boundary,  and  Walker's  Mountiiin  extends  along  the  N.W. 
border ;  the  surface  between  these  is  an  elevated  valley.  The 
river-bottoms  are  very  fertile.  Limestone  and  gypsnm  are 
abundant  in  the  county;  and  the  latter  is  used  to  fertilize 
the  laud.  Extensive  manufactories  of  salt  are  in  nporation 
on  the  S.W.  border.  It  is  intersected  by  the  "Virginia  and 
Tennessee  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  General  Alexander 
Smyth,  memt>er  of  Congress  from  A'irginia.  Capital,  Ms- 
riou.    Pop.  8952.  of  whom  7915  ^ere  free,  and  1037  slaves. 

SMYTIIFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Youghiogheny  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by 
the  National  Road,  158  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg.  The 
post-office  is  called  Somerfield. 

SNAIl/WKLL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

SNAIN'TON,  chapelry,  England,  co.  York,  North  Riding. 

SNAITH,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  on  the  Aire.  6i  miles  S.  of  Selby.     Pop.  in  1851,  840 

SNAKK  ISLAND,  West  Indies.     See  ANGtliLLi. 

SNAKE  RIVER,  Oregon.    See  Lewis  River. 

SNAPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

SNAPE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  York.  North  Riding. 

SNAP'PER  ISLAND,  off  the  K.  coast  of  Australia,  in 
Trinity  Bay ;  lat.  lo*-'  17'  36"  S..  If  o.  145<^  37'  E. 

SXAI-'PING  SHOALS,  a  post-vllage,  i  fen  tun  co.,  GeotKia. 

SNARES,  snairz(?;  four  snuill  islands  belonging  to  the 
Kooriles.  Lat.  4o°  36'  N.,  Ion.  )i3°  44  E.,  discove^)d  by 
Kruseusteru  in  1805. 


SNA 

SNARES  TSLAXDS.  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  S.  of  New 
Zoaland.  The  easternmost  of  the  group  is  in  lat.  48°  3'  S., 
Ion.  106°  45'  E. 

SNAHESTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SXAlVKOiiD,  a. parish  of  En^'land,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SNAR'GATE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SNAVK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SNAVVDON  HILL,  a  post-oflice  of  Otsego  co.,  New  Yorlc. 

'SNE.     See  Ksxkh. 

SNKAD'S  FERKY,  post-ofBce,  Onslow  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SXEAIMX,  8nee't9n,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

SNEIiD.-i'lJOROUGII,  a  village  of  Anson  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  Y:idkin  IJiver.  110  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

SXEEDS'VILLK,  a  post-vill.age,  capital  of  H.incock  co., 
Tennessee,  'JTo  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville,  and  1  mile  from 
Clinch  Itiver.    It  became  the  county  seat  about  the  year  1848 

S.\i;EIIAETTKN.8NEEHATTA\,(Sneehiittan.)orSXEE- 
IIAETTAX,  sniVhSt'tan,  {i.e.  "snow-cap,")  a  mountain  of 
Norway,  belonging  to  the  Dovrefield  group;  lat.  62°  20'  N., 
Ion.  9°  20'  E.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  8115  feet,  and  is  per- 
petually covered  with  snow  and  ice. 

SXEKK,  snaik.  or  SNITS,  suits,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Friesland.  in  a  m.arshy  tract.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Leeuwarden.  It  is  traversed  by  canals,  has  Reformed,  Bap- 
ti.^t,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  several  hospitals  and 
schools,  numerous  boat-building  yards,  rope- walks,  foundries, 
Ac.  and  a  trade  in  butter  and  cheese.    Pop.  in  1860,  7750. 

SNKE'LAXIJ,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  4  miles 
W.N.W  of  Wragby,  on  the  Lincoln  Railway. 

SNEEUW15ERUEN,  sno<v'b5R^Hen,  range  of  mountains  in 
Bouth  .\frica.    See  Cape  Colony. 

SNEULIXG  RAXCII,  a  po.st-office  of  California. 

SNELSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SNENTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts,  forming  an 
E.  suburb  of  Xottingham. 

SXETTKKTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SXET'TISHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

SXEYD,  snaid.  a  parish  of  England  and  North  Wales,  cos. 
of  Salop  and  Montgomery. 

SXIATY'X  or  S.NY.M'IX,  sne-i'tin,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Poland,  in  Oaliria,  24  miles  E.  of  Kolomea,  on  the  I'roth. 
Pop.  6409.  It  has  a  castle,  united  Greek  and  Armenian 
churches,  and  numerous  tanneries. 

SXICK'ERSVILLE.  a  thriving  po.st-Tilliige  of  Loudon  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  turnpike  from  Winchester  to  Washington, 
165  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Itichmond. 

SNI'DER'S.  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Kentucky, 
25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Independence. 

SNITS,  a  town  of  Netherlands.    See  S.neek. 

SNIT'TEKBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SXIT'TEKFIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SNI'ZOKT,  an  insular  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness, 
comprising  the  N.  part  of  the  island  of  Skye. 

SXIZOKT.  LOCH,  loK,  Scotland,  a  deep  inlet  of  the  sea, 
extending  inland  for  12  miles,  lireadth  atentrance,tij  miles. 

SXOD'DYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Tennessee, 
226  miles  E.  of  Xashville. 

SNOD'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SXOOK'VILLK,  a  post-office  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio 

SNORE'H.AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

SX0R1X0,  Great,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SNORING,  Little,  a  pari.sh  of  Endand,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SNOV  or  SNOW.  snof.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  government  of  Tchernigov,  flows  S.S.W.,  and 
jons  the  Desna  10  miles  above  the  town  of  Tchernigov.  Total 
course,  140  miles. 

SNOW  CAMl'.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  North  Carolina. 

SNOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Vii-ginia. 

SNOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Iredell  co..  North  Carolina. 

SXOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  district.  South 
Carolina. 

SXOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  Mississippi. 

SXOWDKX,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
11  miles  S.  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  1367. 

SXOW'DON,  the  most  lotly  mountain  of  Wales  and  South 
Britain,  co.,  and  10  miles  S.E.  of  Carnarvon,  its  principal 
peak,  Y-Wyddva,  rising  to  3571  feet  alove  the  sea.  Its  W. 
bide  is  very  precipitous,  and  partly  formed  of  basalt.  Its 
summit  ccaamands  magnificent  views. 

SNOW  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  O.xford  CO.,  Maine. 

SXt)W  HILL,  a  port  of  entry,  cji pi tal  of  Worcester  CO., 
Maryland,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Pocomoke  River, 
20  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  HX)  miles  S.E.  of  Annapoli.s.  It 
U  pleasantly  situated  near  the  head  of  navigation,  and  has 
an  active  business.  Large  quantities  of  corn,  pine  lumber, 
and  firewood  are  shipped  it  this  place.  It  contains  good 
county  buildings.  5  churches.  2  newspaper  offices,  and  2 
Urge  hotels.  Tonnage  in  1854,  5.505;  10  schooners,  with  a 
txjnnage  of  604,  were  built  during  the  year.  Pop.  in  1850, 
714:  in  1860,  about  1200. 

SNOW  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co..  W.Virginia. 

SNOW  HILL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Greene  co..  North 
Cai-olina.  on  Contentny  Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Neuse 
River,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Italeigh.    Pop.  from  100  to  200. 


SOB 

SNOW  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Walker  co..  Georgia,  IJ 
miles  X.  of  Lafajette. 

SXOW  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Wilcox  co..  Alabama,  about 
55  miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 
SXOW  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Tenues.^ee. 
SNOW  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  74  mllen 
S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  ' 

SXOW  ISLAXD.  South  Shetland,  in  the  South  Atlantic 
Ocean,  S.W.  of  Livingston's  Island,  is  25  miles  long. 

S.XOWS'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

S.XOW'SHOE.  sno'shu,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cen- 
tre CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  17  miles  N.W.  of  Bcllefonte 
Pop.  505. 

SNOW'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Windsor  co.,  Vei-mont. 

SNOW'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi, 
no  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

SNUK'FLETOWN,  a  small  village  of  Sussex  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, 15  miles  N.E.  of  Newton,  contains  a  store,  tannery, 
church,  and  10  or  12  dwellings. 

SNYATIX,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland.    See  Sxi.\tvn. 

S.XY'UAR,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  CO.,  Missouri. 

SNVDER,  a  new  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Pennsylv.i- 
nla,  formed  from  the  S.  of  Union  co.     Pop.  in  1860,  15,035. 

SN  YDER,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  142*2. 

SNYDER,  a  new  township  of  Forest  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SNTDER,  a  township.  Jeft'erson  co.,  Pennsvlvani'a.    P.  597. 

SN  Y'DKRSTOWX.  a  village  of  Columbia  co",  Pennsylvania. 

SNYDERSTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Northumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Shamokin  Creek,  8  miles  E.  of  Sunburv. 

SNYDEKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  112  miles  X.K.  of  Harrisburg. 

SNYDERTOWN,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  .Tersey 

SO/A  or  SO'AY,  an  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides.  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Inverness,  parish  of  Bracadale,  off  the  S.  coast  of  Skye. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  3  miles;  breadth,  2  miles.     Pop.  113. 

SOA,  an  island  of  Scotland,  adjacent  to  the  above,  and  1 
mile  in  circuit. 

SOAJO.  so-d'zho.  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Minho,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Mon9ao.     Pop.  1196. 

SOANA,  so-d'ni.  a  decayed  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Ma- 
remma.  3  miles  N.W.  of  I'itigliano. 

SO.\XGHEER.  so-in-gheei-'.  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  liombay,  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nunderliar. 

SOAP  (.«0p)  CREEK,  of  Iowa,  flows  into  Des  Moines  River 
from  the  W.,  near  the  S.  border  of  \Vapello  county. 

SOAP  CREEK,  a  i)Ost-offlce  of  Davis  co..  Iowa. 

SOAP'STOXE  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina. 

SOAR.  sor.  a  river  of  England,  rises  between  Hinchley 
and  Lutterworth,  flows  generally  N.  through  the  centre  of 
Leieestershire.  past  I.<loest('r.  Mount  Sorrel,  and  Loughl)0- 
rough,  and  joins  the  Trent  about  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Derby, 
whence  to  Leicester  it  is  navigal)le  for  barges. 

SOAA'E,  so-d'v.i.  a  fortified  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  dele- 
gation, and  12  miles  E.  of  Verona.     Pop.  2200. 

SO'AY.  Great  and  Little,  two  islands  of  the  Outer  Heb- 
rides, Scotland.  CO.  of  Inverness,  piirish,  and  off  the  W.  coast 
of  Harris,  from  which  they  are  separated  by  a  sound  1  mile 
In  width. 

SO.\Y'.  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Sutherland,  near 
the  entrance  of  Loch  Inver. 

SOAY.    See  Soa. 

SOBERNHEIM.  so/bern-hime',  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia. 39  miles  S.  of  Coble'ntz.  on  the  Nahe.    Pop.  2400. 

SO'BERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SOBIESLAU,  so-be-^s/lGw.  a  town  of  BohemiK,  23  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Budweis.     Pop.  3468. 

SOBOTJK.  so-bot'ya.  or  ZOI'TAN.  (Zoptan,)  t.sop'tan.  a  vil- 
lage of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  circle  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  1128. 

SOBOTK.\.  so-liot/kd.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  eirde  of  Buntzlau, 
13  miles  X.E.  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  1500. 

S0BR.\D1LL0,  so-br^-i)ee!'yo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
province,  and  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  i^alamanca.     Pop.  1104. 

S0BI{.\D0,  so-bri'do.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  about 
26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Corunna.  on  the  Tambre.  Near  it  is  a 
lake  with  the  largest  eels  in  Galicia.     Pop.  28ri3. 

SOBl'.ADO  DE  TRIBKS,  Ko-brd'do  d.^  trei-ZEj-s,  a  town  and 
parish  of  Spain,  province,  and  about  30  miles  from  Oreuso. 
Pop.  10.55. 

SOBRAL,  so-br3l',  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Estreuiadura.  23  miles  N.  of  Lisbon. 

SOBR.\L,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  130  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Ceara. 

SOBRAN,  so-brJn'.  or  VILLAJUAN.  veel-yl-noo-an'.  a 
town  and  parish  of  Spain,  in  G.alicia.  province,  and  12  miles 
from  Pontevedra,  on  an  elevated  plain  above  the  E.  shore  of 
the  Bay  of  Arosa.  where  it  has  a  harbor.     Pop.  227.'>. 

SOBRA(;)X.  so-brd-on' (?)  a  town  of  Xorth-west  India,  on 
the  Sutlej.  25  miles  N.E.  of  Ferozepoor.  where  the  British 
gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Siklis.  February  10.  1840. 

SOBK.\RBE,  so-bran/bA,  a  district  of  Spain,  in  the  Arago- 
nian  Pyrenees,  extending  about  48  miles  in  length,  and  40 
miles  in  bre.idth,  bounded  X.  by  France.  This  was  the  cra- 
dle of  the  brave  Aragonese  who  first  held  the  Siracen  in- 
vaders in  check,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  the  liberties  of 

1799 


SOB 


SOD 


B|)ntn.  They  assembled  lii.  early  as  S19,  in  the  fastnesses  of 
Sobrarbe,  where  the  primitive  laws  were  drawn  up.  Tliese 
were  called  Fueros  de  Sobrarbe,  and  became  the  model  of 
those  of  many  other  places. 

SOBRIilKA  FORMOSA,  so-bri'e-rd  fon-mo'si.  a  town  of 
Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Baixa.  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cas- 
tello  Branco,  on  the  Poracama.     Pop.  2484. 

SOCCATTOO.  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Saccatoo. 

SOCCOPATOY.    See  Sochapatot. 

SOCIIACZKW,  so-Ki'ch6v,  a  town  of  Poland,  government, 
and  28  miles  W.  of  \Vars,iw.    Pop.  2600. 

SOCIIAPA'TOY  or  SOCCOPATOY.  a  post-%illage  of  Coosa 
CO.,  AlaKama,  36  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Wetumpka. 

SOCIAL  (so'shal)  CIR'CLK,  a  thriving  post-villajre  of  Wal- 
ton CO.,  Georgia,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad.  120  miles  W.  of 
Augusta.  It  is  a  depot  for  the  produce  of  the  county.  In- 
corporated in  1831. 

SOCIAL  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Muhlenberg  co..  Kentucky. 

SOCIALITY,  so-sheal'e-te.  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus 
CO.,  New  York,  aVio-ut  40  miles  S.  of  Buffalo. 

SOCIKTY  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Darlington  district. 
South  Carolina,  about  100  miles  E.N. E.  of  Columbia,  It  is 
near  the  W.  bank  of  the  Great  Pedee  River,  and  contjiins 
several  churches  and  stores. 

SOCIETY  IIILL,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama,  167 
miles  S.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

SOCIETY  ISLANDS,  (Fr.  ArrJdpel  de  T.i/dti,  aR'shee\p5l' 
dgh  ti^ee^tee',  or  Isles  de  la  SucUti,  eel  deh  XH  so'se-A'tV;  Ger. 
SocieliUs  Inseln,  so'se-^h-tAts^  in'sgln,)^n  important  group  of 
the  South  Pacific,  between  lat.  10°  11'  and  17°  53'  S.,  and 
Ion.  148°  5'  and  151°  4S'  W.,  and  between  the  Low  Islands, 
which  almost  join  them  on  the  E.,  and  the  Friendly  Islands, 
Eitu.ited  at  a  greater  distance  on  the  W.  The  group  con- 
sists of  the  island  of  Tahiti  or  Otaheite,  about  32  miles  long 
from  N.^V.  to  S.K.,  and  divided  into  two  peninsulas  by  an 
isthmus  3  miles  broad ;  and  a  great  number  of  comparatively 
small  islands,  of  which  the  most  deserving  of  notice  are  Eimeo, 
Osnaburg,  (Maitea.)  Tapouamoa  or  Saunder's  Island,  Ilua- 
heine,  liaiatea  or  Ulitea,  Otaba.  Bola-Bola  or  Bora  Bora, 
Marua  or  Maupiti,  and  Tubal.  All  the  islands  are  elevated, 
and  more  or  less  mountainous.  In  Tahiti,  which  consists  of 
an  elongated  ridge,  the  loftiest  summit,  Orohena.  is  8500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  two  other  summits  near  it  are 
respectively  700U  and  6979  feet.  Among  the  mountains  are 
many  deep  valleys  and  romantic  glens,  in  which  a  delight- 
ful climate  and  fertile  soil  maintain  a  luxuriant  vegetation; 
but  it  is  towards  the  sea-side  and  along  the  foot  of  the 
mountains  that  the  land  is  both  most  densely  wooded  and 
carefully  cultivated.  Close  along  the  shore,  an  excellent 
broad  road,  overshadowed  with  trees,  affords  an  agreeable 
access  to  the  different  settlements  which  have  been  made 
around  it.  A  coral  reef,  encircling  the  island  at  the  dis- 
tiince  of  2  or  3  miles,  presents  an  effectual  barrier  against 
the  violence  of  the  wave.s,  and  at  the  same  time,  having 
several  openings  in  it,  forms  a  number  of  harbors,  where 
the  sea  is  constantly  tranquil,  and  the  largest  ve.ssels  can 
ride  in  safety.  The  best  of  these  harbors,  and  the  only 
one  much  used,  is  Matavai  Bay,  on  the  N.  Point  Venus, 
which  contributes  to  form  it.  and  is  the  N.  extremity  of 
Tahiti,  is  the  most  accurately  determined  site  in  the  Pacific, 
and  has  been  assumed  by  Lieutenant  Kaper  as  a  secondary 
meridian.  Accoitling  to  him,  the  flagstaff  on  it  is  in  lat.  17° 
29'  15"  S.,  and  Ion.  149°  29'  W. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  features  in  the  vegetation  of 
Tahiti  is  the  extent  of  ground  occupied  by  the  guava  shrub. 
It  was  introduced  from  Norfolk  Island  about  40  years  ago, 
and  it  now  forms  miles  of  woodland  and  bush  entirely  com- 
posed of  it,  and  bearing  a  profusion  of  large  and  delicious 
fruit.  The  scenery  of  Kiraeo  is,  if  possible,  still  more  &t- 
tractive  than  ^at  of  Tahiti ;  and  almost  every  island  of  the 
group  has  been  described  by  navigators  in  rapturous  terms, 
as  realizing  their  ideas  of  an  earthly  paradise.  Many  of  the 
population  have  been  converted  to  Christianity  by  mis- 
sionaries, who  have  also  introduced  many  of  the  arts  of 
civilized  life.  Papeiti,  the  capital  of  Tahiti,  is  resorted  to 
by  numerous  whalers  and  other  ships  for  commercial  pui^ 
poses. 

The  Society  Islands  appear  to  have  been  first  discovered 
In  1606,  by  the  Spanish  navigator  Pedro  Fernandez  de 
Quiros,  who  gave  to  Tahiti  the  name  of  La  Sagittaria.  It 
remained  unknown  to  the  rest  of  the  world  till  1707,  when 
Captain  VVallis,  sent  by  George  III.  to  make  discoveries  in 
the  Pacific,  reached  Tahiti,  and  believing  himself  the  first 
discoverer,  gave  it  the  name  of  King  George  Island.  The 
year  after  it  was  touched  at  by  Bougainville;  but  by  fiir 
the  most  important  visit  wag  that  of  1769,  made  by  Captain 
Cook,  in  company  with  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  an  efficient 
scientific  staff,  mainly  for  the  purpose  of  observing  the  rare 
occurrence  of  the  transit  of  Venus  across  the  sun's  disk. 
J  he  Society  Islands  have  recently  come  into  the  possession 
of  the  i  rench.  The  population  has,  like  many  of  the  other 
groups  of  the  Pacific,  remarkably  decreased.  Cook,  in  1774, 
probably  very  much  overrated  it  at  aiO.OOO.  The  mis- 
dnnaries  1.1  1797  made  it  only  10,050.  A  census  taken 
about  1840  reduced  it  to  10,000,  of  which  1000  belonged  to 


Eimeo.  In  the  earlier  periods  the  main  causes  of  decrease 
were,  undoubtedly,  infanticide  and  the  licentious  society  of 
the  Areoi. Inhab.  Society  IsiLANDER. 

SOCK'BURN,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Durham  and 
York.  North  Riding. 

SOCKNA,  sok'ul,  written  also  SOKNA  and  SUKNA, 
sook-na,  a  walled  town  of  Central  Africa,  in  Fezzan.  midway 
between  Tripoli  and  Moorzook,  and  110  miles  S.  of  the 
Tripoli  frontier.     Lat.  29°  N.,  Ion.  16°  E.     Pop.  3000. 

SOCOBOS,  so-ko'Bos,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  province, 
and  37  miles  from  Albacete.     Pop.  1473. 

SOCONUSCO,  so-ko-noos'ko,  a  town  of  Central  America, 
capital  of  the  West  Province  of  the  state  of  Guatemala.  The 
province  of  .Soconusco  consists  of  a  strip  of  territory  having 
N.  the  Mexican  state  of  Chiapas,  W.  that  of  Oajaca,  and  S.  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Length,  120  miles;  average  breadth,  40  miles. 

SOCOR'RO,  a  large  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
New  Mexico,  has  an  area  estimated  at  above  60,000  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Rio  Grande,  on  the 
W.  and  partly  on  the  N.  by  the  Rio  Colorado.  But  little 
is  known  of  the  surface,  excepting  the  portion  near  the  Rio 
Grande,  which  is  uneven  and  broken  by  the  Sierra  Madre. 
Pop.  5787. 

StXJORRO,  a  post-village  of  Socorro  co..  New  Mexico,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande,  about  135  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Sante  F6.    Pop.  523. 

SOCORRO,  so-koR'BO,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Bovaca,  capital  of  a  province,  65 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Pamplona.    Pop.  12.000.  (?) 

SOCORRO,  Lake  of,  a  lake  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  at  the  head  of  the  brook  of  Reventado,  which  sup- 
plies water  to  the  city  of  Cartago. 

SOCORRO,  an  island  of  Patagonia.    See  IIcamdu.v. 

SOCORRO,  an  island  of  the'  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  18°  43' 
14"  N.,  Ion.  110°  64'  15"  W.,  about  24  miles  long,  and  9  miles 
broad.  It  may  be  said  to  con.sist  of  one  mountain,  the 
summit  of  which  is  about  2000  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and 
may  I*  seen  at  the  distance  of  60  miles. 

SOCOTRA.  sok'o-ti-a,  SOCOTORA.  soU/o-to-rd,  SOKTRA, 
sok'trd,  or  SOKOTIiAH,  so-kot'rd,  (anc.  DioscorHdis  Iri'sula.) 
an  island  in  the  I  ndian  Ocean,  120  miles  E.  of  Cape  G  uardafui, 
the  E.  extremity  of  Africa,  and  belonging  to  Keshin,  a  petty 
state  of  Arabia,  about  240  miles  distant.  Tamarida,  its 
capital,  on  the  N.E  coast  of  the  island,  is  in  lat.  12°  39'  N, 
Ion.  64°  1'  2"  E.  Length,  from  E.  to  Sv.,  70  miles :  greatest 
breadth,  20  miles.  Area,  estimated  at  1000  square  miles, 
and  the  population  at  from  4000  to  5000,  mostly  Bedouins, 
with  some  settled  Arabs,  Negroes,  and  descendants  of  Por- 
tuguese. Its  centre  is  a  chain  of  granite  and  limestone 
mountains,  rising  to  5000  feet  in  height,  around  whii;h  a 
belt  of  low  land,  from  2  to  4  miles  across,  skirts  the  .sea; 
in  its  fertility  it  presents  in  some  parts  a  favorable  contrast 
to  the  adjacent  mainlands.  The  climate  is  more  temperate 
than  on  the  adjacent  continent.  The  products  comprise 
aloes  of  the  finest  quality,  dragon's-blood  and  other  gums, 
tamarinds,  tobacco,  dates,  a  kind  of  millet,  and  ghee.  The 
domestic  animals  are  oxen,  sheep,  goats,  comels,  and  civet 
cats.  The  trade  is  mostly  with  Mu.'xat,  and  whence  most 
provisions  are  imported.  The  British  govei'nmeut  failed  in 
negotiations  to  purchase  this  island  from  the  Sultan  of 
Keshin. Adj.  Soc/oiban  and  Socotrixe,  sok'o-trin ;  inhab. 

SOCOTRAN. 

SOCUELLAMOS,  so-thwgl-yd'moce,  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
New  Castile,  province  of  Ciudad-Real,  102  miles  S.E.  of 
Madrid.     Pop.  2310. 

SODAII,  siydi,  an  island  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Arabia,  the 
second  largest  of  Curia-Muria  group  3  miles  long,  by  2  miles 
broad.    Highest  peak,  1310  feet. 

SO/DA  LAKE,  near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Louisiana,  is 
connected  with  Lake  Caddo  on  the  W.,  and  with  Cross  Lake 
on  the  S.,  and  communicjites  with  Red  River,  near  Shreve- 
port,  by  a  short  outlet.  Length,  about  15  mile.=i:  greatest 
breadth.  at)ove  6  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats  for 
about  nine  months  in  the  year. 

SODASIIAVAGHXJR,  British  India.    Se«»  Sedashooguk. 

SODBURY,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester 

SODBURY,  Old,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SOD'BURY,  CIIIP'PIN-0,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloil- 
cester,  with  a  marketrtown,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gloucester. 

SODERFORS.  sydgr-foRs',  n  village  of  Sweden,  la;n,  and  37 
miles  N.W.  of  Upsal,  on  an  Lsland  in  the  Dal-elf.  having  a 
large  anchor  foundry,  employing  500  workmen. 

SODERIIAMN,  st/dfr-hdmn,  a  maritime  town  of  Sweden, 
la^n,  and  42  miles  N.  of  Gefle,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia.  Pop.  15li0.  It  has  a  royal  manufactory  ol  arms, 
and  an  export  trade  in  iron  and  timber. 

SODERKOPING,  sii'der-ko'ping,  a  maritime  town  of  Swe- 
den, lam.  and  25  miles  E.N.K.  of  LiukBping,  on  the  Ootha 
Canal,  16  miles  from  the  Baltic  Sea.  Pop.  956,  who  have  an 
export  trade  in  Italtic  produce. 

SODERilANNLAND,  Pi)'der-mann.lint\  or  SVDERMA- 
NIA,  soo'der-mdn'e-d,  an  old  province  of  Sweden,  now  sub- 
divided among  the  la?ns  of  Nykiiping  and  Stockholm. 

SODERO,  so'dv'h-rb\  an  island  of  Swi-dtn,  lien  ol'  Stock- 
holm, in  the  Aland  Strait.  Length,  7  miles;  breadth.  3  inUos 


SOD 


SOK 


SnDERTELGE.  siydfr-tjrghS,  a  town  of  Sweden,  Isen.  and 
J  8  miles  S.W.  of  Stockholm,  on  a  river  between  Lake  Mselar 
and  the  Baltli;  Sea.     Pop.  1070. 

SOD'OM.  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey,  12  miles 
from  Belvidere,  contains  2  mills,  and  6  or  8  dwellings. 

SODOM,  a  small  village  of  Burke  co.,  Georgia. 

SODO.M,  a  post-oflBce  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois. 

SOUOHUS,  a  [lOst-office  of  Chaniiwiigu  co.,  Illinois. 

SOD  US,  a  post  village  and  township  of  Wayne  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Sodus  Point  and  Southern  Railroad,  about  36 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Rocliester.  The  village  contains  an  aciir 
demy.  The  township  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lake  Ontario, 
which  here  forms  Sodus  Bay.    Pop. 4745.     See  SoDUS  POINT. 

SODUS,  a  poat-offlce  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan. 

SODUS  BAY,  New  York,  35  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Rochester, 
extends  from  Lake  Ontario  southward  into  Wayne  county. 
Length,  about  5  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  3  miles.  It  forms 
im  excellent  harbor,  the  entrance  of  which  has  been  pro- 
tected by  substantial  piers  built  by  the  United  States. 

SODUS  CENTllE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  New  York, 
about  190  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

SODUS  POIN'T,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  New  York. is 
situated  at  the  entrance  of  Sodus  Bay,  and  on  Lake  Ontario, 
30  miles  W.S.W".  of  Oswego,  and  about  210  miles  by  railroad 
from  AllMny.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  favorably  situ- 
ated for  trade,  being  at  the  terminus  of  the  Sodus  Canal, 
which  connects   with  the   Erie  Canal. 

SODY,  a  post-office  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama. 

SOEBOlKi  or  SOBORG,  so'boRfi,  a  decayed  town  of  Den- 
mark, island  of  Seeland,  amt  of  i'rederichstadt,  on  a  small 
kke,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Elsinore.  4Sr"For  notices  of  most 
Scadinavian  towns  spelt  with  S(e  refer  to  So. 

SOEBY  or  SOBY.  .siybil,  a  parish  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland, 
amt,  and  17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Aarhuus. 

SOEBY  or  SOBY,  a  village  and  parish  of  the  island  of 
Aeroe.  in  Sleswick,  on  its  N.  coast,  10  miles  S.  of  Faaborg. 

SOEKADAXA,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Borneo.    See  Sue- 

CIDA-NA. 

SOEP.'V,soo'p3,orSO'PINQ,a  native  state  in  the  Island  of 
Celebes,  about  the  middle  of  the  AV.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Boni.    Pop.  18,000. 

SOERAUAYA,  sooVa-bi'l,  or  SOORABAYA,  sO-ra-bl'd,  a 
Dlutch  residency  of  the  island  of  Java,  on  the  N.E.  coast. 
Top.  970.000. 

SOERABAYA,  SOORABAYA,  SOURABAYA  or  SVRX- 
BAYA,  soo-rdbi'd,  a  seaport  town  of  .Java,  capital  of  one  of 
the  three  provinces  into  which  the  island  is  divided  by  the 
Dutch,  on  its  N.  coast,  opposite  the  island  of  Madura,  and  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Kediri;  lat.  of  Kaleuia;is  Fort,  7°  14'  5"  S.. 
Ion.  112='  44'  7"  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  00,000.  It  has  a  hand- 
some government  house,  a  mint,  and  large  storehouses.  Its 
harbor  is  the  best  in  Java,  and  defended  by  many  forts  and 
batteries;  and  here  are  ship-building  docks,  a  naval  ai-senal, 
and  a  cannon  foundry.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  civil  court  and 
court-martial,  with  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  in  Batavia. 
It  is  garrisoned  by  2000  soldiers.  In  its  province  are  the 
ruins  of  Mojopahit,  the  former  capital  of  Java.  ' 

SOERAKAKTA,  SOOUAKABTA.SOURAKARTA,  SURA- 
KARTA,  soo-rd-kaii'td,  written  aU-o  SOORAKERTA  and 
SOURAKERTA,  a  Dutch  residency  of  the  island  of  Java, 
near  its  centre.     Pop.  400,000. 

SOERAKARTA  or  SOLO,  the  capital  of  the  above  resi- 
dency, on  the  Solo  River,  has  a  garrison  and  fort.    P.  10,000. 

SOEROASSO,  sooVois'so,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Suma- 
tra, in  the  uplands,  43  miles  N.E.  of  Padang.  It  is  one  of 
the  four  old  capitals  of  the  kingdom  of  Menancabow. 

S)I;R(E,  one  of  the  Loffoden  Islands.    Sec  Sokoe. 

SOEST  or  SOST,  sost,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  13 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Sosterbach,  an  afSuent  of 
the  Lippe.  Pop.  iu  1846,  8058.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
flanked  with  towers,  and  has  Lutheran,  Roman  Catholic, 
and  Calviuist  churches,  an  orphan  asylum,  a  gymnasium. 
and  normal  school,  manufactures  of  linen,  woollen  cloths, 
hosiery,  leather,  and  paper,  with  oil  mills,  breweries,  and  a 
trade  in  corn.    It  was  formerly  one  of  the  Hanseatic  towns. 

SOESr  or  ZOEST,  zoo.st,  a  villageof  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince, and  11  miles  N.E.  of  Utrecht     Pop.  1886. 

SOFAIIU.V,  so-f  Jhoon',  a  small  town  of  Cashmere,  at  the 
S.E.  extremity  of  the  valley,  with  iron-mines. 

SOFA  LA.  so-f^a,  a  river  of  East  Africa,  in  the  Portu- 
guese captaincy-general  of  Moz.ambique,  has  an  eastward 
course  estimated  at  200  miles;  it  is  navigable  only  for  small 
craft. 

SOFALA,  a  town  of  East  Africa,  capital  of  a  government 
of  the  Portuguese  possessions  in  East  Africa,  on  a  river  of 
its  own  name,  in  lat.,  of  fort,  20°  10'  7"  S..  Ion.  34°  46'  E.,  con- 
eists  chiefly  of  huts,  with  a  fort,  the  residence  of  a  governor, 
,ind  garrison.  It  has  an  export  trade  iu  slaves,  ivory,  and 
gold-dust,  and  imports  coarse  piece-goods,  trinkets,  &e. 

SOFIGXANO,  so-feen-yj/no,  or  SOFFIGXANO.  soffeen- 
vl/no,  a  village  and  parish  of  Tuscany,  7  miles  from  Prata. 
Vop.  1016. 

SOFLINGEN,  s8f1ing-?n,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle 
rf  Danube,  about  2  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ulm.     Pop.  1667. 

80FR00  01  SOFRU,  so'fi-oo,  written  also  SAFROO  and 


SOFORO.  a  walled  town  of  Morocco,  kingdom,  and  18  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Fez.    Iu  its  vicinity  are  productive  salt-mines. 

SOG.\MA,  so-pd'ml,  a  populous  town  of  Central  Africa,  in 
Bornoo.  near  Affiigay,  S.  of  Lake  Tchad. 

SOGAMOSO,  so-gl-mo/so,  or  SOOAMOZA,  so-gj-mo'sa,  p 
small  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Granada,  departmen» 
of  Boyaca,  province,  and  40  miles  N.W.  of  Tunja,  on  the 
Sogamoso  River. 

SOGDIANA.    See  Bokhar.\. 

SOOUANLEE-SOO  or  SOGIIANLI-SU.  so-ginlee  soo,  a 
small  river  of  Asia  Minor,  joins  the  Filiyas  90  miles  N,  of 
Angorii. 

SOGIID,  sogd,  the  v.alley  of  the  Zer-afshan  or  river  of 
Central  Asia,  Bokhara,  is  one  of  the  "  four  paradises"  of  the 
Persian  poets,  and  iu  antiquity  it  gave  name  to  the  region 
known  as  Sogdiana,  N.  of  the  Oxus. 

SOGIIUT,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.    See  SncGSncT. 

SOGLAII  (so'gU)  LAKE,  in  Asia  Minor,  pashalic,  and  63 
miles  W.  of  Karaman,  is  11  miles  in  length ;  breadth,  7  miles. 
The  village  of  Soglah  is  on  its  S.E.  side. 

SOGNEFIORD,  sog*ni-fe-ORd',  a  very  long  and  compara- 
tively narrow  creek  of  Norway,  stretching  E.  from  the  sea, 
where  the  Salen  Islands  nearly  cross  its  mouth,  up  to  the 
field  of  the  Sognefield  Mountiins,  a  distance  of  about  90 
miles. 

SOIIAGEPOOR,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Sehajpoor. 

SOUAGEPOOR,  80■haj-poor^  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  S.W.  tenitory,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict, intersected  by  tJie  Sone  River,  72  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Mundlah. 

SO'IIAM,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  • 
Cambridge,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Ely.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851, 
2756.  It  has  a  conspicuous  church,  and  various  dissenting 
chapels. 

SOIIAM,  EARL'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SOIIAM,  MONK'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SOHAR,  so'har',  a  town  of  Arabia,  dominion,  and  120 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Muscat,  on  the  Sea  of  Bab-el-Mandeb.  Lat. 
24°  24'  N. 

SOIIAUL,  so'hawl',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal.  37  miles  S.S.E.  of  Callinger. 

SOUL,  shol,  a  county  of  Hungary,  N.E.  of  the  Danube. 
Pop.  91.499.    Capital,  Neu-Sohl. 

SOIINA,  so'na,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  iu  the  Upper  Provinces,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Delhi. 

SO'IIO,  a  suburb  of  Birmingham,  England,  where  are 
tlie  extensive  u-on-works  of  Messrs.  Boulton  and  Watt.  See 
Birmingham. 

SOIIRAU,  so'rCw,  written  also  ZYORY,  a  walled  town  of 
Prussian  Silesia,  57  miles  S.E.  of  Oppeln.  Pop.  3950.  It  has 
manufiictures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

SOIGNIES,  swjn'yee',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut,  on  the  Senne,  and  on  the  railway  from  Mons  to 
Brussels,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mons.  Pop.  6350.  It  has  ex- 
tensive breweries  and  distilleries,  trade  in  stone  and  lime, 
and  large  annual  £iirs. 

SOIGNIES,  FOREST  OF,  in  Belgium,  province  of  South 
Brabrant,  S.E.  of  Brussels,  is  15  miles  in  length,  and  6  miles 
in  breiidth.  At  its  S.  extremity  are  the  hamlet  of  Mount  St 
Jean  and  the  field  of  Waterloo. 

SOISSONS,  swSs'sAs"',  almost  swi's(SN"',  (anc.  AngusHa 
Suesso>num  or  Suessionum,  and  Novindu'num,)  a  fortified 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  18  miles  S.W.of  Laon, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Aisne.  Lat  49"  28'  N.,  Ion.  3°  20* 
E.  Pop.  in  1852,  9477.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  2  ruined 
abbeys,  a  college,  prison,  theatre,  library  of  18,000  volumes, 
cathedral,  manufactures  of  fine  carpets,  and  an  extensive 
trade  in  grain.  Clovis  made  Soissons  his  residence  at  the  com- 
mencement of  Ills  reign ;  under  his  descendants  it  was  the 
capital  of  a  separate  kingdom.  Louis  le  Debonnaire  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  convent  of  St.  Medard.  The  Canal  of  Soissons, 
16  miles  long,  connects  the  Aisne  with  the  Ourcq  and  Marne. 

SOJ  or  SOJA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Sozn. 

SOK,  sok,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Orenboorg,  75  miles  N.E.  of  Sergievsk,  flows  S.W..  and  joing 
the  Volga  15  miles  N.  of  Samara.    Course,  1.30  miles. 

SOKAL,  so'k^l,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  33  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Zolkiew.  on  the  Bug.  P.3100.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk. 

SOKIIOU.MKALE.  a  town  of  Russia.  See  Sookqoom  Kale. 

SOKNA,  a  town  of  Fezzan.     See  Sockxa. 

SO'KO.  a  state  and  town  of  Guinea,  in  Nortli  Ashantee. 

SOKOLICA,  so-kol'kl,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Bialystok.    Pop.  2400. 

SOKOLKA,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Poltava. 

SOKOLXIK,  so-kol'nik,  a  town  of  Poland,  government, 
and  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kalisz.     Pop.  780. 

SOKOLOVA,  so-ko-Wyd,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  20  miles  S.  of  Kharkov. 

SOKOLOVKA,  EO-ko-lov'kl,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Kiev,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ooman. 

SOKOLOW,  so-ko/lov,  a  town  of  Poland,  17  miles  N.  of 
Siedlce.     Pop.  S035. 

SOKOLOW,  a  market-town  of  Austiia,  in  Galici.i,  15  miles 
X.N  Ji.  of  Rzeszow. 

1801 


SOK 

SOKOTA,  so-ko'tl,  a  market-town  of  Abyssinia,  9"  miles 
W.S.W  of  (Jondar.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  size,  but 
Scattend. 

SOKOTR  A.  or  SOKTRA.    See  Socotra. 

SOLANA,  so-l3'u3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles 
E.  of  Ciudad-Ileal.  Pop.  4375.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens 
and  woollens. 

SOLAN'DEB,  CAPE,  in  East  Austrilia,  bounds  Botany 
Bay  on  the  S. 

SOLAN'DER  ISLAND,  an  islet  off  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
New  Zealand. 

S0L.4.N0,  so-lah'no,  a  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, has  an  area  estimated  alwve  900  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  S.  and  S.E.  by  Sacramento  Itiver,  the  Strait 
of  Carqulnez.and  SuisunBay.  It  contains  several  beautiful 
and  fertile  valleys,  among  which  m.ay  be  named  Suscol  Val- 
ley, which  Is  situated  W.  of  the  Suscol  Hills,  and  runs  from 
the  city  of  Vallejo  to  the  N.  part  of  the  county;  length, 
about  8  miles,  and  bre.adth,  3  miles ;  Napa  Bay  wa.shes  it  on 
the  AV.;  this  valley  is  well  adapted  to  fanning;  Green  Val- 
ley, so  called  because  a  large  portion  is  always  green,  lies  E. 
of  the  SuRCol  Hills,  about  4  miles  from  Suscol  Valley ;  it  is 
about  6  miles  in  length  by  1^  in  breadth :  the  S.  end  is  the 
terminus  of  the  Great  Sacramento  Valley,  and  is  covered 
with  wild  oats,  evergreen  grass,  and  red  clover;  Suisun 
Valley,  situated  N.  of  Suisun  Bay,  and  E.  of  Green  Valley, 
is  about  6  miles  square;  it  opens  out  on  the  E.  into  the 
Sacramento  Valley,  and  is  watered  by  the  navigable  river 
Suisun ;  large  quantities  of  hay,  chiefly  wild  oats  and  clover, 
are  rai.sed;  Ullatis  Valley,  lying  farther  to  the  N.E.,  is  about 
5  miles  in  length  by  Ij  in  width;  it  runs  N.W.,  and  opens 
Into  the  Sacramento  Valley ;  this  valley  is  a  gi-eat  thorough- 
fere,  and  the  admiration  of  all  travellers ;  Sacramento 
Valley  extends  as  fiir  as  the  eye  can  reach ;  it  is  covered 
with  wild  oats,  and  Is  not  subject  to  inundation.  The  W. 
part  of  the  county  is  mountainous,  and  very  interesting ; 
there  are  many  small  valleys  suitable  for  stock  raising.  The 
principal  elevation,  which  is  very  conspicuous,  is  a  double 
pe;ik  situated  near  the  head  of  Green  Valley ;  the  ne.xt  in 
magnitude  is  another  double  peak,  between  Green  Valley 
ami  Su.scol.  Gold  is  found  in  this  county,  but  not  in  great 
abundance.  About  4  miles  N.  of  Vallejo  is  a  large  soda 
spring,  the  stream  from  which  runs  through  Suscol  Valley 
to  Napa  Bay.  There  are  several  other  valuable  mineral 
springs  (some  of  them  warm  springs)  in  different  parts  of 
the  county.  It  is  intersected  by  the  route  of  the  proposed 
railroad  from  Beniciato  Marysville.  Capital,yairfiela.  P.7169. 

SOLAPOOK,  so-ld-poor',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan 
Kizamg  (loniinions,  66  miles  W.N.W.  of  the  Calburga. 

^0LA1!0,  so-ld'ro,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of 
Milan,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Barlassina.    Pop.  1123. 

SOLAROLO-RAINERIO,  so-li-rono  ri-nd're-o,  a  village  of 
Austrian  Italy,  province  of  Cremona,  9  miles  N.  of  Casal- 
Maggiore.    Pop.  1383. 

SOLARUSSA,  so-lE-roos'sJ,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  of  Cagliari,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Busachi. 
Pop.  1641. 

SOLDAD,  Bol'ddw,  a  river  of  East  Prussia,  Issues  from  a 
lake  near  a  town  of  the  s-ime  name,  and  unites  with  the 
Mlawka  in  forming  the  Wkra.    Total  course,  60  miles. 

SOLDAU  or  DIZIALDOWO.  dit-se-ai-d^vo  (?)  a  town  of 
East  Prussia,  government  of  KBniisbers:,  on  the  Soldau.  and 
on  the  Polish  frontier,  13  miles  S.W.  of  Neidenburir.    P.1800. 

SOLDIKR  (sdl'jer)  RIVER,  of  Iowa,  rises  towards  the  W. 
part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.W.,  enters  the  Missouri 
River  in  Harrison  county. 

SOLDIX,  sol'deeu',  a  w.alled  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  government  of  Frankfort,  25  miles  N.E.  of 
KUstrin.  Pop.  4860.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens,  and 
a  mussel  pearl  fishery  in  the  Lake  of  Soldin. 

SOLDO V,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Solvitcheoodsk. 

SOLEC.  so'ljts,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of  Radom, 
near  the  Vistula.  28  miles  N.E.  of  Opatau.    Pop.  1800. 

SOLECHNIKI  or  SOLECZNIKI,  so-lJtch-neentee,  Bolchoi, 
bol-choi',  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government, 
and  27  miles  S.  of  Vilna. 

SOl/EDKW',  a  town  of  North-west  Hindostan,  about  35 
miles  S.E.  of  Odeypoor. 

SOI/EMN  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Moore  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

SO'LENT,  The,  is  that  part  of  the  sea  between  the  Isle  of 
Wight  and  the  mainland  of  Engkand,  which  extends  W. 
firom  Fort  Monckton  to  Hurst  Castle,  being  continuous  E. 
with  Splthead,  and  N.  with  Southampton-water.  Length, 
18  miles;  average  breadth,  3  miles. 

SOLERO,  so-lA'ro,  a  market-town  ot  Italy,  in  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Piedmont,  on  the  railway  from  Turin  to 
Genoa.  6  miles  W.  of  .ilessandria.    Pop.  3312. 

SOLKSBUIIY,  sols'hfr-re,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania.  contains  the  borough  of  New  Hope.     Pop.  4165. 

SOLK.^INO.  RO-l.Vseo'no,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Venice,  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Padua.     Pop.  2100. 

SOLESME."*,  soM.im'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  on  the  Selle.  12  miles  E.  of  Cambrat     Pop.  in  1852, 
6579.    It  has  manufactures  of  calicoes. 
1802 


SOL 

SOLETO,  so-lJ/to,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province,  and 
15  miles  W.  of  Otranto,  near  the  ruins  of  ancient  Sakntia. 
Pop.  2000. 

SOLKURE,  so-lOre.  (Fr.  pron.  soMcr':  Qer.  SoMlium.  scAo- 
tooRn\)  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  in  its  N.W.  part,  enclosed 
by  the  cantons  of  Bern.  B:i.-;el,  .and  .4iargau.  Area.  255  square 
miles.  In  the  N.  and  W.  it  is  covered  by  ramifi<ation8of  the 
Jura  Mount.ains.  The  principal  rivers  "are  the  A.ar,  Emmon, 
and  Dunern.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  a  surplus  of  corn  over 
home  consumption  is  raised,  with  fiuit  f  )r  exportation.  Reap- 
ing live  stock  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry,  and  the  homed 
cattle  are  among  the  best  in  Switzerland.  Iron  and  marble 
are  important  products;  the  principal  manufactures  are 
iron  goods,  calico,  hosier.v,  and  paper.  The  canton  is  divided 
into  nine  districts  or  bailiwicks.  The  government,  once 
ariistrocr.atic.  was  considerably  modified  in  1831  and  1841, 
by  a  strong  infu.sion  of  the  democratic  principle.  The  great 
council  or  legislative  body  consists  of  150  members,  of  whom 
55  are  chosen  directly  by  the  people,  45  by  electoral  dele- 
gates, and  nine  are  named  by  the  council  itself.  Pop.  in 
1860,  69,263,  of  whom  59,624  are  Roman  C'atliolic,  and  9543 
Protestants. 

SOLKUKE,  (Ger.  Snlothum;  nnc.  Saloduh-um.)  a  town  of 
Switzerland,  capital  of  the  above  canton,  is  situated  on  the 
Xar,  here  crossed  by  two  wooden  brid;:es.  at  the  foot  of  the 
Jura,  19  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bern.  Lat.  47°  12'  N..  Ion.  7°  32'  E. 
Pop.  5370.  It  has  a  handsome  cathedral,  a  museum  with  a 
collection  of  fossils  fi-om  the  Jura;  government-house, 
arsenal,  barracks,  and  theatre.  It  has  a  college,  a  pulilio 
library,  and  a  botanic  garden.  Here  Kosciu-sko  died,  on  the 
16th  of  October,  1817.  Near  it  are  the  chateau  of  Waldegy, 
the  hermitage  of  St.  Veren,  and  the  baths  of  Wei.ssenstein. 

SOLFACH,  sol'fdK,  a  small  port  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke,  on  the  N.  shore  of  St.  Bride's  Bay,  3  miles  S.E. 
of  St.  Diivid's. 

SOLFATARA,  sol-fdta'rj,  (anc.  A'quat  AVhulmf)  a  small 
lake  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  comarca  di 
Roma,  4  miles  W.  of  Tivoli.  It  is  now  about  5ll0  feet  across, 
but  was  anciently  much  larger :  on  it  are  several  floating 
islets.  Near  it  are  the  ruined  baths  of  .\gripp,a.  A  canal.  2 
miles  in  length,  carries  its  sulphurous  waters  into  the 
Teverone. 

SOLFERINO,  sol-fA-ree'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province,  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Mantua.  Tlie  Austrians 
were  here  defeated  bj-  the  French  in  1796,  and  again  in  1.S59. 
Pop.  1095. 

SOL-GALTSKATA,  sol  gj-le-skl'^.  or  SOL-GALTTZKOI.sol- 
gd-llt-skoi',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  100  milea 
N.N.E.  of  Kostroma,  on  the  Kostroma  River.  Pop.  2000. 
It  has  2  annual  fairs. 

SO'LIDAD,  a  missionary  settlement  of  Monterey  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

SOLIGNAC,  so^leen'y3k',  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Haute-Vienne,  on  the  Briance.  5  miles  S.  of  Limoges. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3054. 

SOLIGNAC  SUR  LOIRE.  soMeen'yak'  sUr  IwaR,  a  small 
town  of  France,  department  of  Haute-Loire,  5  miles  S.  of  Le 
Puy.    Pop.  1053. 

SOLIGNANO,  80-leen-y4'no,  (L.  S<ih'gnanit^,)  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Parmii,  ou  the  Tiiro.  Pop, 
2341. 

SOLIGNY,  sc-leen-yee',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Orne,  6  miles  N.  of  Mortagne.  Pop.  883.  Near  it 
was  the  convent  of  La  Trappe,  suppressed  in  1790. 

SOLllIULI'.  a  town  and  parish,  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

SOLlK.\iISK,  so-le-kSmsk'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  115  miles  \.  of  Perm.     Pop.  4000. 

SOLIMAN  MOUNTAINS.  Afghanistan.     See  Stn.EntA:». 

Si)LIMOENS,  so-le-mo-^N"',  a  name  of  the  Amazon  River, 
Brazil.  See  AM.4Z0X.  It  also  gives  name  to  the  large  river 
of  the  province  of  Para. 

SOLINGEN,  so'ling-en,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  14 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop.  6:320,  who  manufacture 
swords,  liayonets.  and  cutlery.  The  celebrity  which  Solingen 
enjoys  in  its  particular  branch  of  trade  reaches  back  to  the 
twelfth  century,  (1147.)  when  the  manufacture  of  Damascus 
blades  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  from  the  East  by 
Count  Adolphus  of  Berg. 

SO-LING-SHAN  or  SO-LING-CIIAN,  so'llng'shSn'.  a  moui>. 
tain  of  China,  province  of  Kan-soo.  in  lat.  32^  59'  N.,  ion. 
104°  59'  E.,  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

SOLTPACA.  BO-lfr-pJ'ki.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro.  15  miles  N.E.  of  Caserta.  near  the  Galore.    P.  3400. 

SOLaTARY  ISLAND,  South  Pacific  Ocean,  in  l.it.  14-'  21' 
S.,  Ion.  176°  35'  W..  was  discovered  bv  MendaSIa  in  1595. 

SOLITARY  ISLAND,  Indian  Ocean,  in  lat.  49°  50'  S.,  Ion. 
68°  5'  E. 

SOLITARY  ISLAND,  on  the  E,  coast  of  Australia,  In  lat 
30°13'S..  Ion.  153°  13' E. 

S*iLK,  GItOSS.  groce  solk.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Styria, 
about  15  miles  from  Steinach.     Pop.  1180. 

SOLLER,  sol-yaiR',  a  town  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  on  its 
N.W.  coast,  with  a  port  on  the  Slediterranean,  14  niile^  N 
ofl'alma.  Pop.  6990.  It  has  considerable  exports  of  ora»>fM 
and  wine. 


SOL 

SOLr.TES-LE-PONT,  soriee'  Ifh  piN",  a  town  of  France, 
iepdi-tment  of  Var.  8  miles  N.E.  of  Toulon-.     Pop.  1852,  3205. 

Sl.lLUNG  EN,  sol'ling-en.  a  village  ol  Baden,  circle  of  Mid- 
dle lihine.  .'i  miles  S.E.  of  Durlaeh.     Pop.  112.5. 

Sdl.LtDGU'ODMORE,  a  parisli  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Tipperary. 

Snij.MS.  solras,  an  old  principality  of  Germany,  situated 
in  the  Lahn,  onw  subdivided  into  several  small  mediatized 
principalities  belonging  to  the  difTerent  branches  of  the 
Hwise  of  Solms.  the  chief  of  which  are  the  following: — 

SoLMS  Baruth  Wildenpels.  solms  bi'roOt  *Il'dfn-f^ls\  a 
principality  of  Germany,  in  Hessen. 

Soim.s-Brau.nfels,  solms  hrown'fjls.  a  principality  of  Ger- 
many, with  possessions  in  Prussia,  WUrtemberg,  and  Hes- 
sen.    Capital,  Braunfels. 

Solms  LAtjUACH,  solms  low'blK,  a  principality  of  Germany, 
in  Hessen. 

Sdlms  Laotaucfi  Baruth  1?odei,hf,im,  solms  Idw'bJK  hH'- 
root  i-iVdel-hlmeN  and  Arnheim,  ann'hime,  two  principalities 
of  Germany,  in  Hessen. 

SoLM.s  LiCH,  solms  liK,  and  IIohex  Solms,  ho'jn  solms, 
two  principalities  of  Germany.     Capital.  Lich. 

SOLNITZ,  sol'nits,  or  SOLNICZK,  sol-neet'sA,  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  18  miles  E.  of  Koniggratz.  Pop.  l-U-t,  who  manu- 
fectiire  woollens. 

SULO,  a  town  of  Java.    See  Soerakarta. 

SD'LQ,  BKNGAWAN,  Un-gi-viin'.  or  SAMBAYA,  sim- 
bl'd.  the  largest  and  most  important  riverof  Java,  ri.ses  in  the 
province  of  Soerakarta,  passes  the  town  of  that  name,  flows 
E.N.E.  in  a  very  zigzag  course,  and  falls  into  the  Java  Sea 
opposite  the  \V.  end  of  the  island  of  Madura.  Total  course, 
with  windings,  about  3.5(5  miles.  Excepting  in  the  months 
of  August,  September,  and  October,  it  is  navigable  for  native 
boats  far  above  Soerakarta. 

SOfiOKKA,  80-l(yfr;(,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Princi- 
pato  Ultra,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Avellino.  Pop.  5400.  It  has  ma- 
nufactures of  woollens,  leather,  and  jewelry. 

SOLOGNK,  soMoB',  an  old  district  of  France,  now  com- 
prised in  the  departments  of  Loir-et-Cher  and  Loiret. 

So  LOLA,  so-lo'U.  a  town  of  Central  America,  state,  and  85 
miles  N.W.  of  Guatemala.     Pop.  5000.  (?) 

S)LOM'BO,  Great  and  FiiTTiE.  two  small  islands  in  the 
Java  Sea.     Lat.  of  Great  Solombo,  5°  33'  S.,  Ion.  114°  24'  E. 

SOLOMESTS.  so-lo-mJsts',  a  market-town  of  Kussia,  go- 
vernment, and  93  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vilna. 

SOiyoMON  ISLANDS,  (Fr.  lies  Salomon,  eel  sa'lo'm6N<=',) 
a  group  in  the  I'acitic  Ocean,  between  lat.  5°  and  12°  S.,  and 
Ion.  154°  and  163°  E.  The  principal  islands  are  Bougain- 
ville, Choiseul,  St.  Isabel,  Guadalcana,  the  Arsacides,  Ma- 
laita,  and  St.  Ciistoval.  'I'he  surface  is  elevated,  fertile,  and 
well  wooded;  the  shores  precipitous,  with  fringing  reefs. 
The  islands  are  of  volcanic  origin,  and  have  an  active  vol- 
cano. The  population  comprises  both  Malays  and  Papuan 
negroes.  These  islands  were  discovered  by  MendaBia  in  16»i7. 

SOLOMON  or  SALOMON  ISLAND.S,  a  group  of  11  islets 
In  tile  Indian  Oc<jan,  N.  of  the  Chagos  Islands,  a  depeudancy 
of  the  Mauritius. 

SO'LON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Somerset  eo., 
Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  Kennebec  Kiver,  about  45  miles  N. 
of  Augusta.     Pop.  1345. 

S<_>LUN,  a  post-township  of  Cortland  co.,  New  York,  35 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Svracuse.     Pop.  1148. 

SOLON,  a  township  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1009. 

SOLON,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,  12  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SOLf)N.  a  postofHce  of  White  co..  Tennessee. 

SOLON  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  55 
miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

S(.)LONOT.SIIA.  so-lo-not/shi,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  112  miles  W.N.W.  of  Poltava,  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Dnieper. 

SOLOR,  so'lon/.  an  Island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the 
E.  extremity  of  Flores,  separated  from  it  by  the  Strait  of 
Flores,  and  by  another  strait  from  Adenara,  in  the  N.  Lat. 
of  the  S.  point,  8°  47'  S.,  Ion.  12-3°  8'  E.  Length,  from  E  to 
W..  .30  miles;  breadth,  15  miles. 

SOLOTIIURN,  Switzerland.     See  Soleure. 

SOLOTIVINA,  so-lo-te-vee'ni.  or  SOLOTWINA,  so-lot-*ee'- 
nl,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stanis- 
lawow.    Pop.  2500. 

SOLOVETSKOI,  so-lo-v5t-skoi',  or  SOLOVKI,  so-lov'kee,  an 
island  of  Russia,  in  the  White  Sea,  government  of  Arch- 
angel. 100  miles  N.W.  of  Oneia,  in  lat.  65°  N.,  Ion.  35°  50'  E. 
Length,  15  miles;  breadth,  10  miles.  Talc  Is  a  principal 
product. 

SOLRE-LE-CIIaTEAU,  sol'r  leh  sh&'to',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Nord,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Avesnes.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2758. 

SoLKE-SATNT-GERY,  sol'r  sis"  zheh-ree',  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mons. 
Pop.  870. 

SOLRE-SUR-SAMBRE.  sol'r  sUr  sSnb'r,  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  o'  Hainaut,  oi.  the  sambre,  13  miles  E.  of 
Mons.     Pop.  1278 

SULSBERRY,  a  post-offii*  or  Green  co.,  Indiana. 


SOM        ^ 

SOLSONA.  solso'nJ,  (anc.  Cdsa?)  a  walled  town  of  Sp,iin, 
province,  and  55  miles  N.E.  of  Lerida.  Pop.  2156.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  and  manufactures  of  iron  wares. 

SOLS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co..  New  York. 

SOLT,  solt,  (Ger.  Sultfi,  solt.)  a  town  of  Central  Hungary. 
CO..  and  48  miles  S.  of  Pesth.  near  the  Danube.     Pop.  6949. 

SOLTA,  sol'td,  (anc.  Olijn'tha?)  an  island  of  Dalmatia. 
circle  of  Spalatro,  in  the  Adriatic,  W.  of  Brazza.  Leni;th, 
from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  10  miles :  breadth,  2  miles.  Pop.  1300 
On  its  N.  shore  is  a  village  of  its  own  name. 

SOLTAU,  sol'tow.  a  town  of  Hanover. 

SOLVESBERG,  sol'ves-bJRQ\  or  SOLVITSBURG.  sol'vits- 
bouRG'',  an  ancient,  and  formerly  important  maritime  town 
of  South  Sweden,  lain,  and  37  miles  W.  of  Carlscroua.  on  an 
inlet  of  the  Baltic.     Pop.  1050. 

SOLVITCHEGODSK,  sol-ve-ch:\-godsk',  SOLDOV  or  SOL- 
DOW,  sol-dov',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  2C8  miles 
N.E.  of  Vologda,  on  the  Vitchegda.  Pop.  2500.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linens. 

SOL'WAY  FRITH,  a  large  marine  inlet,  stretching  from 
the  Ir^sh  Sea  N.E.  between  England  and  Scotland,  having 
S.  and  E.  the  county  of  Cumberland,  and  N.  the  counties  of 
Kirkcudbright  and  Dumfries.  Breadth  at  the  entrance,  be- 
tween St.  Bee's  Head  and  Balcurry  Point,  24  miles,  it  ex- 
tends inl.and  for  about  38  miles,  diminishingin  breadth  to  1^ 
miles.  At  its  head  it  receives  the  Esk;  and  the  Annan.  Nith, 
Dee,  and  Urr  join  it  from  the  Scotch,  and  Derwent  and  Ellen 
from  the  English  side.  The  Coasts  are  sloping  in  Cum- 
berland, bold  in  Galloway,  and  low  in  the  county  of  Dum- 
fries. During  ebb-tide  much  of  the  frith  is  a  naked  flat,  and 
may  occasionally  be  crossed  in  some  places;  but  the  tidal 
wave,  especially  during  spring  tides,  returns  very  suddenly, 
and  with  great  violence,  so  that  accidents  to  shipping  have 
repeatedly  happened.  Its  fisheries,  chiefly  salmon,  are  ex- 
tensive and  valuable. 

SOLWAY  MOSS,  a  drained  area  about  7  miles  in  circum- 
ference, in  the  county  of  Cumberland,  parish  of  Kirk-An- 
drew-upon-Kske,  adjoining  the  frith. 

SOMA,  so'mS,  a  small  town  of  Asia  Minor,  25  miles  E. 
of  Bergama,  and  about  3  miles  from  which  is  the  ancient 
Genna.  (?) 

SOMAGLTA,  svm3l'y3,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Lodi,  3  uiiles  S.W.  of  C'odogno.    Pop.  2047. 

SOMAIN,  so^nJ^•"/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  on  the  North  Railway,  3J  miles  S.E.  of  Douai.  Pop. 
in  1852,  3065. 

SOMARIVA  PERNO,  so-ma-ree/vS  pjR^no.  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Coni.     Pop.  1995. 

SOMAULI  or  SOMAULEE,  a  country  of  Africa.  See  Adei. 

SOJIBOR,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Zombor. 

SOMB(JURN,  KING'S,  a  parish  of  England.    See  King's 

SOMBOURN. 

SOM  BOURN,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SOMBREFFJ;,  som'brjf  feh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Namur.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  castle, 
and  a  church  built  by  the  Templars. 

SOMBRERETE,  som-br.-l-rA'ta,  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state,  and  85  miles  N.W.  of  Zacatecas.  Near 
it  are  rich  silver-mines. 

SOMBRERO,  som-brA'ro,  an  Islet  of  the  British  West 
Indies,  about  midway  between  Anauilla  and  the  A'irgin 
Islands.     Lat.  18°  35'  N.,  Ion.  6:j°  27'  W. 

SOMBRERO,  a'  village  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela, 
department,  and  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Caracas. 

SO.MEISAT  or  SUMEISAT,  soo-mA-sat/,  (anc.  Samosata,) 
a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalie  of  Marash,  on  the 
Euphrates,  50  miles  N.E.  of  Bir.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
Grecian  poet  Lucian. 

SOMERBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SOMERBY.  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SOM'ERCOTES,  North,  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

S0MERC0TE3,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln 

SOMEUEIN  or  SOMMEREIN.  so/meh-rlne',  a  market- 
town  of  West  Hungary,  co.,  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Presburg, 
on  the  island  of  Great  Schiitt. 

S0M'ERFIP:LD,  a  post-office.  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SO>I'ERFOI?D,  a  post-township,  Madison  co.,  Ohio.   P.  848. 

SOMERFORD,  a  post-village  of  MadLson  co.,  Ohio,  27 
miles  W.  of  Columbus,  has  about  150  inhabitants. 

SOM'ERFORD,  BROAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SOMERFORD.  KEYNES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

SOMERFORD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SOM  ERG  EM,  som'gr-oh^m\  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  7136. 

SOM'ERLEYTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  with 
a  station  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  4i  miles  N.W. 
of  Lowestoft. 

SOMERS.  stlm'merz.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tol- 
land CO.,  Connecticut,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Hartford.  The  village 
contains  2  churches  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of  township, 
1517. 

SOMERS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Westchester  co. 
New  York,  about  110  miles  S.  of  Alljany.  The  village  con- 
tains several  churches  and  a  bank.  P.  of  the  township.  2014 

SOMERS,  a  township  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.    Poil  2u61. 

18U3 


SOM 


SOM 


80>rERS.  a  township  of  Kenosha  co..  M'isconsin.    P.1277. 

SOM'ERSALL-HKKBERT,a  parish  of  England,  co.  Derby. 

SOM'ER'S  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
STork. 

SOMERSET  or  SOMERSETSHIRE,  stim'er-set-shir.  a  mari- 
time county  of  the  West  of  England,  having  X.  the  Bristol 
Channel,  and  from  S.W.  round  to  X.E.  the  cos.  of  Devon, 
Dorset,  Wilts,  and  Gloucester.  Area.  1636  square  miles,  or 
1,047,040  acres,  of  which  about  900.000  are  supposed  to  be 
under  culture.  Pop.  in  1851,  443.916.  Coast-line  and  sur- 
face very  much  diversified,  and  hifrhly  picturesque.  The 
Mendip  Hills,  and  the  range  of  which  the  Quantock  Hills 
form  a  part,  .separate  the  county  into  three  divisions,  the 
central  of  which  contains  the  basins  of  the  Parret,  Brue,  and 
Axe;  in  the  N.  are  the  Avon  and  Yeo  Rivers,  and  in  the 
W.  the  Tone,  all  of  which  flow  to  the  Bristol  Channel. 
Along  the  rivers  are  many  marshes  and  tract*  of  high  fer- 
tility, in  which  dairy  husbandry  is  pursued  with  great  suc- 
cess; in  other  part."!  are  extensive  wastes,  as  E.xmoor  at  the 
W.  extremity.  Dunkerry  Beacon,  also  in  the  W.,  rises  to 
1668  feet  in  height.  Wheat  and  barley  come  to  high  per- 
fection around  Bridgewater,  Taunton,  &c.,  and  the  industry 
of  the  county  is  chiefly  rural,  but  the  agriculture  is  gene- 
rally backward.  Cheddar  and  other  cheeses,  and  cider,  are  the 
principal  products.  She^p  are  estimated  at  600,000,  aud  the 
annual  produce  of  wool  at  10,500  packs.  Coal,  stone,  cala- 
mine, and  fullers'-earth  are  obtained;  woollen  goods  are 
manufactured  at  Frome,  Wellington,  &c.;  and  in  184",  2180 
hands  were  engaged  in  woollen,  and  164S  in  silk  mills. 
Gloves  are  made  at  Yeovil,  linens  at  Crewkerne;  stocking.*, 
paper,  glass,  iron-wares,  wool-card.s.  shoes,  leather,  and  malt 
are  manufactured.  The  Glastonbury,  Kennet  and  Avon, 
Bridgewater,  Taunton,  and  other  canals  are  in  this  county, 
the  X.  and  W.  parts  of  which  are  intersected  by  the  Great 
Western  R.iilway.  The  county  contains  the  cities  of  ISath, 
Wells,  and  a  part  of  Bristol,  the  parliamentary  Iwroughs  of 
Bridgewater,  Taunton,  and  Frome,  the  municipal  Ixiroughs 
of  Axbridge,  Chard,  Glastonbury,  Langport.  Yeovil,  Somer- 
ton,  (whence  its  name.)  and  numerous  market-towns.  The 
county  returns  4  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  An- 
tiquities of  almost  every  period  of  British  history  are  met 
with  in  tills  county,  which  was  the  seat  of  numerous  im- 
portant military  events  in  Saxon  times. 

SOM'ERSEX.  a  division  of  the  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa, 
mostly  between  lat,  30°  20'  and  33°  25'  S..  and  ion.  25°  12' 
and  2i;°  45'  E..  intersected  bv  the  Great  Fish  River.  Area, 
4000  square  miles.     Pop.  in  1845,  6200. 

SOMERSET,  the  capit.il  of  the  above  division,  80  miles 
N.W.  of  Graham  Town,  at  the  base  of  the  Bosch-berg.  It  has 
Presb>-terian  and  Dutch  Reformed  churches,  and  VVesleyan 
schools. 

SOilERSET.  sftm'er-sft,  a  county  forming  the  X.X.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Maine,  has  an  area  of  about  4000  square  miles.  It 
Is  drained  by  the  head  waters  of  the  St.  John  and  Penobscot 
Rivers,  but  principallj'  by  the  Kennebec,  above  70  miles  of 
whose  course  is  comprised  within  this  county.  The  greater 
part  is  heavily  wooded,  and  immense  quantities  of  lumherare 
annually  rafted  down  the  Kennebec.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  undulating,  with  occasional  mountain  ridges  and  peiiks. 
The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  In  1850  this  county  produced 
60,595  bushels  of  whe.nt  and  328.680  of  aats, — the  quantity 
of  each  being  greater  than  that  produced  by  any  other 
county  in  the  state.  Organized  in  1809.  Capital,  Xorridge- 
wock.     Pop.  "6,753. 

SOMERSET,  a  c<)unty  in  the  N.  central  part  of  New  Jer- 
sey, has  an  area  of  about  370  s^iuare  miles.  It  is  partly 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Raritau  River  and  Bound  Brook,  on  the 
N,E.  by  the  Passaic  River,  and  on  the  W.  by  Lamiugton 
River,  and  is  drained  by  the  X.  and  S.  brandies  of  liaritau 
River,  and  by  Millstone  River,  which  afford  valuable  water- 
power.  The  surface  is  various;  the  N.W.  portion  being 
mountainous,  and  the  centre  and  S.E.  either  level  or  slightly 
undulating.  The  soil  of  the  hills  is  generally  cK^y  or  stiff 
loam,  that  of  the  level  portions  sandy  loam  formed  of  shale, 
and  the  mountain  valleys  are  of  limestone.  The  ninge  of 
hills  about  2  miles  X.  of  Somerville  have  been  perforated  by 
many  mining  shafts  in  search  of  copper-ore ;  one  of  these 
■hafts  is  1300  feet  in  length.  The  ore  is  sjiid  to  contain  not 
only  a  large  proportion  of  copper,  but  to  be  worth  working 
on  account  of  the  gold  which  it  yields.  "The  Bridgewater 
mineral-paint  mines  are  situated  near  the  centre.  Somerset 
county  is  distinguished  as  the  birthplace  of  Samuel  L. 
Southard,  I'eter  D.  Vroom,  Commodore  Stockton,  William 
L.  Dayton,  and  Theodora  Frelinghuysen.  The  New  Jersey 
Central  Railroad  traverses  this  county,  which  is  also  partly 
Intersected  by  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Caii.^1.  Organized 
in  17SS.  having  previously  formed  part  of  Middlesex  county. 
Capital.  Somerville.     I'op.  22,0i7, 

SOMKRSET,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  bor- 
dering on  .Maryland,  contains  1050  square  miles.  It  is 
watered  by  Castlenian's  River,  and  by  Laurel  Hill  and 
Stony  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified,  having  the  Laurel 
Hill  on  the  W.  boundary,  and  the  Alleghany  ridge  nesir  the 
E.  Dart.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  pasturage  and  d:ury-farming. 
B«i<U  of  exctiient  coal,  which  in  some  places  are  8  feet  thick, 
1804  ' 


extend  over  nearly  the  whole  area  of  the  county ;  iron  ore 
is  al.so  abundant.  A  plank-road  connects  it  with  Cumljer- 
land,  in  Maryland.     Capital.  Somerset.     Pop.  26,778. 

SOMERSET,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Maryland,  bor- 
dering on  Delaware,  has  an  area  of  alx>ut  500  square  miles. 
It  is  situated  on  the  E.  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  "The 
Xanticoke  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  X.W.,  the  Poco- 
moke  River  and  Bay  on  the  S.;  the  county  is  also  pene- 
trated by  two  navigable  inlets  of  the  Chesapeake,  called 
Wicomico  and  .Manokin  Rivers.  The  surfitee  is  level,  and 
partly  covered  with  fore.sts  of  oak,  hickory,  chestnut,  pine, 
cedar,  cypress,  &c.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  .sandy,  and  in 
others  clayey,  generally  fertile.  The  rivers  and  bays  aliove 
named  afford  great  facilities  for  navigation.  Capital.  Princess 
Anne.  Pop. 24,992,  of  whomI9,903  were  free,  and  50S9  slaves. 

SOJIERSET,  a  township  in  Windham  co.,  Vermont,  100 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Concord.     Pop.  105. 

SO.MERSET,  a  post-village  and  town-ship  of  Bristol  co., 
Massachu.setts.  on  the  Staunton  River  and  the  Fall  River 
Railroad,  50  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Boston.     I'op.  1793. 

SO.MERSET,  a  post-township  forming  the  X.E.  extremity 
of  Xi.Tirara  co..  New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.    Pop.  2132. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-borough  and  township,  capit;il  of  So- 
merset CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  plank-road  from  Cumber- 
land, in  Maryland,  to  West  Xewton,  in  Penn.sylvanii».  70 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Pittsburg.  Since  the  plank-raad  was  oj^ened, 
the  town  has  rapidly  increased  in  business  and  population. 
Mines  of  excellent  coal  have  been  opened  near  this  place, 
and  in  many  parts  of  the  county.  Somerset  contains  seve- 
ral churches,  2  newspaper  oflices,  and  an  academy.  Incorpo- 
rated in  1804.    Pup.  in  1K50, 866.    Totjil  Pop.  in  1860.  2776. 

SOMERSET,  a  townvhip  of  Washington  co.,  Penuhylva- 
nia,  about  24  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  1723. " 

SO.MERSET.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Virginia. 

SOMEltSET.  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  Tennessee. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pulaski  co..  Ken- 
tucky, is  situated  6  miles  X.  of  the  Cumberland  River,  and 
90  miles  S.  of  Frankfort.  The  surrounding  country  con- 
tains coal  and  iron  ore.  The  village  has  3  churches,  10 
dry-goods  stores,  a  bank  and  1  printing  oihce.    Pop.  ('62. 

SOMIORS l-.T.  a  township  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio.    Pop. 2180. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-village  in  Reading  township,  capital 
of  Perry  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Zanesville,  Wilmington,  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railraid,  about  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Zauesville.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  and  2  newspaper  offices. 
Pop.  in  1860.  1250;  in  1800,  1231. 

SOMERSET, a  post-township  forming  the  X.E.  extremity 
of  HilUdal.'  CO..  Michigan.     Pop.  1210. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-office  of  Waba.sh  CO..  Indiana. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-office  of  Saline  co.,  Illinoi.<. 

SO.MERSET,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Missouri,  on  Salt 
River,  about  80  miles  X.X.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SOM'EI{SET.  a  county  of  Van  Diemen's  l>and,  in  the  K 
part.  The  South  Ksk  River  forms  its  X,,  Macquarie  and  L.ake 
Rivers  its  W.  Ixiundary.  and  it  is  watered  by  many  of  their 
aflluents.  Principal  towns,  Campbell  Town,  Ross,  Lincoln, 
and  .\uburn. 

SOMERSET,  NoHTH,  a  tract  in  the  Arctic  region  of  Bri- 
tish North  America,  forming  the  X.  p;irt  of  B<X)thia  Felix, 
and  mostly  between  lat.  73°  and  74°  X.,  and  W.  of  Ion.  90° 
W.,  having  E.  Prince  Itegent  Inlet,  and  X.  Barrow  Strait, 
separating  it  from  Cornwallis  Island  and  Xi>rth  Devon. 
Cape  Clarence  is  its  X.E.  extremity,  opposite  which  is  Prince 
Le<ipold  Island.    It  was  discovered  by  Sir  E.  I'arry  in  1819. 

SO.MERSET  MILLS,  a  post-village  in  Fairfield  township, 
Somerset  co..  Maine,  on  the  right  l>auk  of  Kennel)ec  liiver, 
about  22  miles  alx)ve  AuLTUsta.  A  dam  has  here  been  built 
across  the  river,  which  affords  valuable  water-power.  Pop. 
about  100. 

SOMERSET  RIVER,  South  Africa.    See  Sw.\kop. 

SOMERSETSHIRE.     See  Somerset. 

SOM'ERSII-\M,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 10  miles  E.X.E.  of  Huntingdon.     Pop.  1517. 

SOMERSHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SO.M'ERS  POIXT,  a  post-village  of  .Atlantic  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, on  Great  Egg  Harbor  Bay,  about  12  miles  S.E.  of  M.ay's 
L.iuding.  Is  resorted  to  for  bathing  in  the  summ'^r,  and  gun- 
ning in  the  fiill.  A  mariner's  church  has  been  erecteil  near 
the  place. 

SOM ERSVILLE.  sfim'erz-vil,  a  post  village  in  Somera 
township.  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Hart- 
ford.   It  contains  a  woollen  factory. 

SOM'ERSWOKTH,  atowuship  in  .Strafford  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, bounded  on  the  E.  by  Salmon  Falls  River.  30  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Concord.  It  conuiins  the  village  of  Great  F.\lls, 
(which  see.)  The  Great  Falls  Branch  Railroad  here  connects 
with  tile  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad.    Pop.  -t7.S7. 

SOMERTON.  s&m'mfr-ton,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Somerset,  to  which  it  gave  name,  on  rising 
ground  on  the  Carey,  5  miles  N.X.W.  of  Ilchester  Pop.  in 
1861.  214ij.  The  town,  built  of  blue  lias-st/ine,  wrjs.  during 
the  Heptarchy,  fortified,  and  a  residence  of  tlie  West  Saxou 
kings.     Its  ancient  roval  castle  is  now  a  county  jail. 

SOMERTON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SOMERXON,  a  parish  of  England,  co   of  Oxford. 


SOM 

SOMKRTOX,  East,  a  parish  of  Eti?:l.ind.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SOMERTON,  West,  a  parish  of  Enpland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SOMKUTOX,  a  post-villaj;e  included  within  the  chartered 
limits  of  I'hiladelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

SOMKRTON,  a  post-villas^e  of  Nansemond  CO.,  Virginia, 
about  100  miles  S.E.  of  liichmond. 

SOMIillTON,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  107  miles 
E.  of  Cohimhus.     Pop.  about  250. 

SOIMKKVILLE,  sftin'mgr-vil,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  tide-water  of  .Mvstic 
Kiver  and  Miller's  Creek.  (l)oth  of  which  are  naviL'able  for 
vessels  of  moderate  size.)  about  .3  miles  N.W.  ol'  Boston. 
The  township  is  intersected  by  the  Boston  and  Lowell,  the 
Fitchburg.  and  the  Boston  and  Maine  P.ailroads,  which,  with 
two  lines  of  horse-railroads,  afford  ami)le  travelling  facili- 
ties for  quite  a  large  portion  of  the  citizen.s,  who  are  en- 
gaged in  business  in  BoBton.  There  is  an  extensive  copper- 
tube  manufactory  here,  employing  an  incorporated  capital 
of  $200,000.  There  are  also  an  extensive  glass  factory,  a 
dyeing  and  bleaching  establishment,  and  a  spike  factory; 
brick-making  is  extensively  carried  on  upon  the  lowlands, 
and  was  formerly  a  source  of  great  income.  Somerville  con- 
tains 9  churches,  a  town  hall,  Amory  hall,  a  high  school,  3 
grammar  sc  hools,  besides  other  schools,  and  Tulf  s  College, 
a  new  Universalist  institution,  said  to  be  the  only  one  in 
this  country.  Thisinstitution,  which  is  liberally  endowed,  is 
named  from  a  citizen  of  tlie  place,  who  gave  a  large  and  beau- 
tiful tract  of  land  for  the  location.  The  McLean  Asylum  for 
the  Insane  is  situated  in  the  S.  part  of  the  township,  near 
East  Cambridge,  and  surrounded  by  highly  ornamented 
grounds.  This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  well  ar- 
ranged, as  well  as  successful  establishment  of  the  kind  in 
the  United  States. 

Prospect  and  Winter  Hills,  situated  in  the  vicinity,  possess 
much  interest  in  Revolutionary  history.  From  the  former 
was  lighte<l  the  first  sif/nal-fire  to  apprize  the  minute-men  at 
Lexington  and  Concordof  the  crossing  of  Charles  lUverfrom 
Boston  by  the  British  troops,  long  before  daybreak,  on  the 
memorable  morning  of  the  19th  of  April,  1775.  This  and 
Winter  Hill  were  occupied  by  the  American  tinops  on  the 
night  after  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  substantial  en- 
trenchments were  at  once  thrown  up.  much  of  which,  on 
Prospect  Hill,  still  remain.  Here  General  Putnam,  with  a 
force  of  about  4000  men.  remained  for  several  weeks,  until 
General  Washington  arrived  to  take  command  of  the  Ameri- 
can army.  The  township  was  incorporated  in  1842.  Pop. 
In  1850.  ;;540 ;  in  1860,  8025. 

SOMERVILLE,  a  post-vlll.age  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New 
York,  about  175  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

SOMERVILLE.  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Somer- 
set county,  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  the  Raritan  River, 
and  on  the  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  about  30  m.  N.N.E. 
of  Trenton.  It  is  the  princi|)al  village  in  the  county,  and  has 
30  stores,  6  churches,  and  2  banks.  It  chiefly  owes  its  prospe- 
rity to  its  fine  location  and  its  facilities  for  the  disposal  of  pro- 
duce. Three  newspapers  are  published  here.  Pop.  about  2200. 

SOMERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia,  85 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

SOMERVILXE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Morgan  co.,  Ala- 
bama, 125  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa,  and  about  5  miles  S. 
of  the  Tennessee  River.  It  contains  a  court-house,  and  seve- 
ral hundred  inhabitants. 

SOMERVILLE.  li  post-village,  capital  of  Fayette  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  Loosahatchee  River,  43  miles  E.  of  Mem- 
phis. It  is  .situated  in  a  populous  and  fertile  region.  The 
proposed  railroad  from  Memphis  to  Nashville  will  pass 
through  the  town.  A  plank-road  has  been  commenced  be- 
tween Memphis  and  Somerville.  It  h.as  4  or  5  churches,  2 
academies,  and  a  bank.    Pop.  about  I.'jOO. 

SOMERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Eaton  and  Hamilton  Railroad,  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hamilton. 

SO.MIDOURO.  so-me-dO'ro,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mariana.     Pop.   2(XI0. 

SOMLYO,  sora'Io\  a  market-town  of  Transylvania,  co.  of 
Kraszna.  on  the  Kraszna,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Klausenbul^, 
with  a  castle.     Pop.  2747. 

SOMMA,  som'md,  or  SOMA,  so'ni3,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
Lombanly,  province  of  Milan,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Lago  Mag- 
giore.  Pop.  3890.  It  has  Roman  antiquities,  and  was  the 
place  where  the  Romans  under  Scipio  were  defeated  by  Han- 
nibal, shortly  after  his  passage  of  the  Alps. 

SOM.MA,  a  town  of  Italy,  9  miles  E.  of  Naples,  at  the  foot 
of  Monte  Somraa,  the  N.  flank  of  Mount  Vesuvius.  Pop. 
7400.  It  has  a  castle,  a  college,  and  several  churches,  a  pub- 
lic ho.spital,  and  a  trade  in  wines  and  fruits. 

SOMMA  CAMPAGNA,  soni'md  kim-pin'yi  a  village  of 
Austrian  Italy.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Verona.    See  Vesuvius. 

SOMMA  PAZ,  som'mS  pds,  a  mountain  range  of  South 
America,  extending  E.  of  the  Magdalena  to  Lake  Maracaybo 
ani  the  city  of  Valencia,  in  Venezuela. 

SOMMARIVA  DEL  BOSCO,  som-mS-ree'vi  dJl  hosTko,  a 
town  of  Piedmont,  division  of  Coni,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Carmag- 
nola.     Pop.  5333. 

SO.MMARIVA  DEL  PARNO,  8om-m3-ree'va  djl  paR'no,  a 
town  of  Italy,  contiguous  to  the  above     Pop.  1995. 


SON 

SOMME,  somm,  (anc.  SamJara.)  a  river  of  France,  rises 
N.E.  of  St.  Quentin,  in  the  department  of  Aisne,  flows  past 
Ham,  Peronne.  Amiens,  Abbeville,  and  enters  the  Engli^h 
Channel  between  Le  Crotoy  and  St.  Valery  sur  Somme.  The 
chief  affluent  is  the  Arve.  on  the  left.  Length.  IIT  miles.  It 
is  navigable  to  Amiens,  and  is  connected  with  the  Oise  and 
Scheldt  by  the  Canal  of  the  Somme. 

SOMME,  a  maritime  department  in  the' N.W.  of  France, 
formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of  Picardy,  having  W.  the 
English  Ch.tnnel.  Area,  2343  square  niile.s.  Pop.  in  1861, 
572.64R.  The  surface  is  flat.  The  Somme  is  the  only  river 
of  importance.  The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  lint,  and 
hops;  wine  of  inferior  quality  is  made  to  a  small  extent, 
but  eider  is  much  used.  Its  marshes  furnish  abundance 
of  turf.  It  has  numerous  manufactures,  the  chief  being 
velvets,  cottons,  woollens,  soap,  beet-root  sugar,  and  paper. 
The  flepartment  is  traversed  by  the  Northern  Railway,  and 
by  that  from  Amiens  to  Boulogne,  and  is  divided  into  the 
arrondissements  of  Abbfjville,  Amiens, Doullen.s,Montdidier, 
and  Peronne.    Capital,  Amiens. 

SOM'MEE*,  a  town  of  M'est  Hindostan,  in  the  Guicowar's 
dominions.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Rahdunponr. 

SOMMELSDYK  or  SOMMKLSDIJK,  som'mels-drk\  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  island 
of  Overflakkee,  19  miles  S.W.  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  2454. 

SOM'MEX,  a  lake  of  Sweden.  I«Dn,  and  30  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Linktiping,  15  miles  E.  of  Lake  Wetter.  Length,  25  miles; 
breadth,  8  miles.  It  discharges  its  surplus  waters  N.  into 
Lake  Roxen  and  the  Baltic  Sea. 

SOMJIERDA,  som-m^R/d3,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Un.strut.  Pop. 
33;!0.     It  has  manufactures  of  arms. 

SOMMEREIN.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Somep.eix. 

SOM^I  ERFELD,  som'mer-f  Jit',  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Lupa,  44  miles  S.S.E.  of  Frankfort, 
on  the  Berlin  .ind  Glogau  Railway.  Pop.  3648.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollens  and  linens. 

SOMMERHALSEN,  som'mer-hOw'zen,  a  village  of  Bava- 
ria, in  Lower  Franconia.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Main,  S.E. 
of  Wiirzbiii  g.     Pop.  1 229. 

SOMMIERES,  som'me-aiR^.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gard.  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ntmes.  Pop.  in  1852,  3923.  It 
was  formerly  fortified,  and  sustained  several  sieges  whilo 
held  by  the  Protestants.  It  has  a  chamber  of  manufactures, 
and  steam^factories  for  woollen  yarn  and  fabrics. 

SOMMIERES,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vienne, 
9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Civray.     Pop.  1000. 

SOMNAUTH,  som'nawt',  or  PUTTUN-SOMNAUTH,  pftt^ 
t3n'  som'nawf,  a  maritime  town  of  West  Hindostan,  Ba- 
roda  dominions,  in  the  peninsula  of  Guzerat,  28  miles  N.W. 
of  Dieu  Head,  in  lat,  20<^  53'  N.,  Ion.  70°  35'  E.,  and  famous 
for  a  temple  which  was  long  a  principal  place  of  Hindoo  pil- 
grimage, and  celebrated  for  its  vast  wealth.  The  original 
temple  was  sacked  by  Mahmood  of  Ghuznee  in  1024,  and  its 
gates  carried  to  Ghuznee,  where  they  were  afterwards 
attached  to  Mahmood's  tomb.  The  temple  now  existing  at 
Somnauth  is  reported  to  he  a  modern  edifice,  on  the  site  of  a 
mosque  that  succeeded  the  ancient  temple.  The  celebrated 
gates  of  Somnauth,  IH^  feet  in  height,  and  13^  feet  in  width, 
were  removed  by  the  Briti.sh  from  Ghuznee,  after  its  capture 
in  1842,  and  brought  back  by  them  into  India. 

SOMNO,  RIO  DO,  ree'o  do  som'no,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises 
on  the  confines  of  the  province  of  Pernambuco,  and  proceed- 
ing N.N.W.,  joins  the  Tocantins  on  the  right. 

SOMNO.  RIO  DO,  a  river  of  Bra?;il,  rises  in  the  province 
of  Minas  Geraes,  on  the  frontiers  of  the  province  of  Goyaz, 
flows  N,E.,  receiving  the  Almas  on  the  right,  and  joins  the 
Paracatu. 

SOMOBOR,  a  town  of  Croatia.    See  Szamobor. 

SOMONAUK',  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  lUinol.s,  on 
Somonauk  Creek,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Quincy  Railroad, 
55  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Chicago. 

SOMONAUK  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

SOMORROSTRO,  so-moR-Ros'tro,  a  village  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  15  miles  N.W.  of  Bilbao,  with  a  fortified  h,arbor 
on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  iron-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

SOMOSERRA.  so-mo-sJR'Rd.  a  village  and  parish  of  Spain, 
province,  and  40  miles  N.W.  of  Guadalaj,ara,  where,  on  the 
;jOth  of  November,  1808.  the  French  routed  an  army  of  12,000 
Spaniard.',  and  opened  to  Napoleon  the  route  to  Madrid. 

SOMOSTZE,  so-ni6st'sJ,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  63  miles  N.W.  of  Kharkov. 

SOMPTING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SOMU-SOMU,  so'moo  so'moo,  a  town  in  the  Pacific,  on  the 
N.W.  side  of  the  island  of  Vuna,  (or  Tabe-Ouni,)  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  Feejee  group,  in  lat.  16°  46'  S.,  Ion.  179°  68'  W, 
consisting  of  about  200  houses. 

SON  AIL.  so'nil',  a  (own  of  Hindostan,  dominions,  and  56 
miles  S.  of  Kotah. 

SONCINO,  son-chee'no,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  dela- 
gation.  and  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cremona,  on  the  Oglio. 

SONDALO,  son-dilo,  a  village  of  Lombardy,  22  miles  N  Jl 
of  Sondrio. 

SONDHRBORG,  son'dfr-boRG\  or  SONDERBURG,  son'dgi 
bC>oEG\  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  S.W.  side  of  the 

1805 


SON 


soo 


Island  of  Alsen.  capital  of  amt,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Flensburg. 
I'op.  3:300. 

SOXDERSHAUSEX,  son'ders-how'zfn.  a  town  of  Central 
Clermauy,  capital  of  the  priucipnlity  of  Schwarzburg-Sonder- 
liausen.  at  the  coiitlueiiw  of  the  Wipper  and  Bibra.  28  miles 
N.X.W.  jf  Erfurt  Pop.  3500.  It  Has  a  gj-mnasium,  and  a 
castle,  the  residence  of  the  prince. 

SON'DRIO,  sou'dre-o,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  on  the 
Mallero,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Adda.  34  miles  N.E.  of  Ber- 
gamo. Pop.  4500.  Its  delegation,  between  the  Orisons  and 
the  Tyrol,  lias  an  area  of  1100  square  miles.     Pop.  97,000. 

SOXE  or  SO.A.NE,  son.  a  rirer  of  India,  tributary  to  the 
Oanges,  which  it  joins  25  miles  W.  of  Patna,  after  a  N.E. 
oourse  of  440  miles.  It  rises  at  Ajmeeriihur,  in  the  Berar 
dominions,  flows  through  the  Guirah-Mundlah  table-laud 
and  the  dominions  of  Rewah.  and  separates  the  proyinces 
Of  Bahar  and  AUahalwd,  and  the  districts  of  Baliai*  and 
Patna  on  the  E.,  from  Shahabad  on  the  W.,  its  course  lyius; 
mostly  in  the  British  presidency  of  Bengal.  It,s  atHuents 
are  the  Behrun  and  Coyle,  from  the  S.  It  is  of  little  use  for 
navigation.  Dr.  Hooker  says:  '"At  Baroon  the  Soane  is  3 
miles  widi3.  its  ne-arlj'  dry  bed  being  a  desert  of  sand,  resem- 
bling a  vast  arm  of  the  sea  when  thie  tide  is  out:  the  Ixanlis 
are  very  barren,  with  no  trees  near,  and  but  very  few  in  the 
distance.  The  houses  are  scarcely  visible  on  the  opposite 
side,  behind  which  the  Kymore  Mountains  rise.  The  Soane* 
Is  a  classical  river,  being  now  satisCictorily  identified  with 
the  Eraiiobous  of  the  ancients." 

SOX  I'lIUT.  so'ne-hat',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  on  the  Ilustoo.  130  miles  S.  of  -Mirzapoor. 

SOXE.I.\,  so-nA'hJ.  a  village  ol'  Sp.tln,  in  A'alencia.  province 
of  Castellou  de  la  Plana.  27  miles  X.  of  Valencia,  on  the  Pa- 
lanca.  In  1836  the  Carlists  burned  Soneja,  but  were  over- 
taken bv  General  G  rases,  and  defe;ited.     Pop.  Ift49. 

SOXEKUTCII.  so'ne-katch',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Gw»- 
Uor  dominions,  42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oojeln. 

SOXI!;i'O0K,  so'ne-poor'.  a  town  of  British  Indi.a,  on  the 
Mahanuddy.  4:3  railed  S.  of  Sumbhulpoor. 

SOXEPUr,  so-ne-putA  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Delhi.    Here  is  a  fine  mausoleum. 

SOXGARI.    See  Sooxgaree. 

SONG-CA,  a  large  river  of  Anam.    See  S.\>t.-Koi.. 

SOXGEOXS.  s6.No'7.hAN'«'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  12  miles  X.W.  of  Beauvais.     Pop.  1082. 

SOXG-KIAXQ,  song  ke-ing',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Kiang-soo,  capital  of  a  department.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Soo- 
chow.     It  h.as  large  manufivctures  of  cotton  goods. 

SOXG^ROOll',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, Upper  Provinces,  30  miles  W.  of  I'attialah. 

SO.N  110,  son'yo.  a  town  of  South-west  Africa,  in  Congo,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Zaire,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic,  175 
miles  X.W.  of  B.amba. 

SOX  100,  son'e-ko.  a  village  of  Xorthern  Italy,  province  of 
Bergamo.  3  miles  S.E.  of  Edolo,  on  the  Oglio.     Pop.  1454. 

SOX.MKAXKE,  sou^mA-d'nee,  or  SOOMEAXEE,  (SOU- 
ME.tXEE,)  soo'm,i-d'uee,  a  seaport  town  of  Beloochistan, 
province  of  Loos,  on  the  X'.E.  side  of  the  B.ay  of  Sonmeanee. 
near  the  frontier  of  Sinde.  Lat.  25^  22'  X.,  Ion.  66^^  35'  E. 
Pop.  2000.  It  consists  of  about  500  wretched  houses,  and  its 
harlKir  is  shallow. 

SOXXEBERG.  8on'neh-b3RG\  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe- 
Meiningen,  12  miles  X.E.  of  Coburg.  Pop.  3782,  who  manu- 
facture tovs.  musical  instruments,  and  wooden  wares. 

SOXXEXBERG,  son'nen-b^BcA  or  SUXYPERK,  soo'ne- 
pjRk\  a  mining  town  of  Bohemia,  N.W.  of  Saaz,  on  the 
Erzgebirge.     Pop.  1643. 

SOXXEXBDRG,  son'nen-bo'mc^.  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Br,a.ndenburg,  19  miles  N.X.E.  of  Frankfort  Pop. 
3100,  who  manufacture  woollen  cloths. 

SOXXEXW.\LDE.  son'nen-T^JlMeh.  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Luckan.  Pop. 
1000. 

SOX'XIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Oxford  and  Berks. 

SOXO'-M.\.  a  county  towards  the  X.W.  part  of  California, 
nas  an  area  estimated  at  alxjut  1200  squ:ire  miles.  It  is 
bounded  partly  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Pacific  intersected  by 
the  Russian  River,  and  is  drained  by  several  small  streams 
flowing  into  San  Pablo  Bay.  which  lies  on  its  S.  border.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  having  a  mountain  range  pjissing  nearly 
through  the  centre.  The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  along  the 
Btreams,  and  in  the  S.  portions  well  cultivated.  CapitjU,  So- 
noma.   St>o  Appexdix. 

SONOMA,  a  post-town  and  port  of  entry  of  Sonoma  co., 
Oaliforuia,  is  situated  on  Sonoma  Creek,  about  IS  mil<« 
from  ite  mouth.  It  is  about  34  miles  from  Vallejo  bv  land, 
and  50  miles  X.  of  San  Francisco  by  water.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  academy,  2  hotels,  and  4  stores.  It  is  situated 
in  a  bauitiful  valley,  noted  for  its  grapes  and  wine.  Pop. 
abont  4.-1O. 

SOXO^MA  CREEK,  of  Sonoma  county,  in  the  W.N.W. 

'The  etymology  of  Ernnobixu  is undonbtedly  Tlurrima  Vahu, 
?  ^".  ^,'  ""*  "''<>'''«'»  Arm."  .So/ia  is  also  Sanskrit  for 
"gold.  The  stream  IS  celebrated  for  its  aeates  ('•  Smie  pebbles  ••) 
which  are  coramoa,  but  gold  is  not  now  obtained  from  the  sand 


part  of  California,  rises  among  the  mountains  of  the  coast 
range,  and  falls  into  San  Pablo  Bay.  It  is  navigal  le  for 
small  iwats  to  the  town  of  Sonoma 

S0X01t.\^.  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 
SONORA,  a  post-"flice  of  Gordon  co.,  Georgia. 
SOXORA.  a  post-town,  capital  of  Tuolumne  CO.,  California, 
is  situated  on  Woods  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Tuolumne  I'.tver, 
130  miles  E.  of  San  Fraucisco.  Raads  from  Sacramento  City 
and  .San  Jose  terminate  in  this  town.  In  lS4y  it  was  named 
Stewart  by  the  legislature,  but  the  inhabitants  prefer  the 
former  appellation,  which  it  still  retains.  Two  newspaper! 
are  issued  here.     See  Appendix. 

SOXOR.\,  so-no/ri,  a  small  river  of  Mexico,  in  a  state  of 
its  own  name,  has  a  S.W.  and  W.  course,  and  enters  an  in- 
land lake.     Lat  29°  30'  X.,  Ion.  111°  W.     Length.  300  miles. 

SOXORA.  a  state  in  the  X.W.  part  of  the  Mexican  Re- 
public, bounded  on  the  X,  by  the  United  States ;  on  the  E. by 
Cliihuahua  and  Durango  ;  on  the  S.  Ijy  Cinaloa;  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Californi.i.  Area.  12:3.4e;6  .square  miles. 
The  surface  in  the  W.  and  S.  is  generally  flat,  and  in  the 
latter  direction  contains  a  considerable  extent  of  fruitful 
land,  watered  by  the  rivers  Mayo  and  Yaqui.  and  a  nunilMsr 
of  small  lakes  which  are  formed  on  the  Hats  during  the 
rainy  season,  and  are  carefully  use<l  for  irrigation  :  towards 
the  E.  the  Cordillera  begins  to  rise,  and  ultimately  attains  a 
great  height  in  the  Sierre  Madre  and  other  massive  moun- 
tain-chains. In  this  mountainous  district  many  fertile  val- 
leys intervene,  and  rich  dt'pf)sits  of  silver  and  other  metals 
are  found.  The  climate  is  warm  throughout  the  year,  the 
thermometer  ranging  between  75°  and  S4°  from  April  to 
Septemlier,  but  in  early  spring  rapid  changes  of  temperature 
are  common.  The  chief  rivers,  besides  the  Mayo  and  Vaqui 
inr  IIu:»qui.)  already  mentioned,  are  the  Rio  Grande  de  B.n- 
vispe.  the  Oposura,  Sonora,  and  tributaries  Dolores,  Guay  mas, 
San  Ignacio,  Gila,  and  Oolor.ado,  the  last  forming  part  of  the 
N.  lx>undary.  A  large  portion  of  the  state  is  occupied  by 
Indian  trilies,  some  of  whom  liave  been  converted  to  Roman 
Catholicism.  They  subsist  partly  by  agriculture:  but  the 
greater  portion  are  wild  and  nomadic,  and  generally  hostile 
to  the  whites.  The  trade  of  Sonora  is  chiefly  carried  on  at 
Guaymas,  which  h.as  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  West  Mexico, 
and  at  Pitic.  a  great  depot  for  the  goods  imported  to  Guay- 
mas. For  administrative  purposes  it  is  divided  into  the 
two  departments  of  Arispe  and  Horcasitas.  Its  capital  is 
Ures.     Pop.  in  1854.  147,133. 

SOXORA.  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Sonora,  on  the  river 
Sonora.  35  miles  S.  of  Arispe.  Pop.  8000.  Near  it  are  some 
silver-mines. 

SOXSBECK.  sonsTjJk,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  S3 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  Sons.     Pop.  1480. 

SOXSECA.  son-si'ki.  a  town  of  Spain.  8  miles  S.  of  Toledo. 

SOX-SERYERA,  son  seRrvA'ri,  a  Spanish  village  at  the  B. 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Majorca,  near  the  sea.     Pop.  1923. 

SOXSON.  son-son',  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarea,  province,  and  75 
miles  S.S.E.  of  .A.ntioquia.  on  an  alUueut  of  the  Cauc.a. 

SOXSON'ATE,  son-so-ni'tA,  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state,  and  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  San  Salvador.  Pop.  almut 
10,000.  It  is  in  one  of  the  richest  districts  of  the  state,  and 
has  some  superb  churches.  Sugar  and  fancy  goods  of  shell- 
work  are  exported  from  Acajutla  to  Peru.  Near  it  is  the 
volcano  of  Izalco. 

SONTIIKIM,  sont/hime,  a  town  of  Wilrtemberg,  circle  of 
Neckar.  near  Heilbronn.    Pop.  1014. 

SOXTIIEIM,  a  town  of  Wiii'temberg,  circle  of  Jaxt,  near 
Ileidenheim.     Pop.  llt''7. 

SOXTIIOFEX.  sonfhoYen,  a  market-town  of  Ravaria,  4 
miles  S.E.  of  Immenstadt,  on  the  Iller,  with  1863  inhabitants, 
and  iron-foundries. 

SOXTIUS.     See  Isoszo. 

SOXTRA,  son'tri,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  IIes.se  Cas.sel, 
province  of  Xieder-llessen.  25  miles  S.E.  of  Cassel.     P.  1749. 

SOXY'E,  so-nl',  a  town  of  Iliudostan,  in  Kajpootana,  20 
miles  X.X.E.  of  Ahmednusgur. 

SOOBASIIL  SOUBACHI  or  SUBASCHI,  soo-ba/shee.  writ- 
ten  also  SUB.VSCHO.  a  small  maritime  town  of  Cinmssia, 
on  the  Bl.ack  Sea,  about  90  miles  S.E.  of  Anapa. 

S(X>BTSOY.  ZOUBTZOV,  SURZOW,  soobt-sov',  or  Z»X)BT- 
SOY'.  a  town  of  Russia^  government  of  Tver,  on  the  Yolira. 
Pop.  3000. 

SOOBUXREKHA  or  SUBUXREEKA.  soo-b&n-ree^l, 
("the  gold  line.'")  a  river  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  enters  the  Bay  of  Bengal  at  Piply.  after  a  S.E. 
course  of  250  miles,  for  the  last  20  of  which  it  is  navi-^able. 

SOi)-CH()W-FOO.*  sooVhow'fio'.  or  SOO-TCHOO.  soo\-hoo/, 
written  also  SU-CHEW  and  SOU-TCHEOU-FfiU.*  a  town  of 
China,  province  of  Kiangsoo.  on  a  lake  in  the  line  of  the  Im- 
perial Canal,  and  in  the  fairest,  richest,  and  most  ]iop\ilous 
district  of  China,  125  miles  S.E.  of  Nanking.  It  consists  of 
the  town  proper,  surrounded  by  walls  about  10  miles  in 
circuit,  and  of  four  suburbs  of  great  extent.  It  contains  an 
immense  floating  population.  It  is  completely  intersected 
by  canals,  crossed  by  numerous  bridges,  several  of  which 


•  See  note  on  page  1763- 


soo 

are  substantially  built  of  granite.  Itis  celebrated  through- 
out China  for  the  splendor  of  its  buildings,  the  beauty  of 
its  terrai'es  and  gardens,  and  the  excellence  of  its  manufac- 
tures, including  silk  goods.  .=aid  to  be  superior  in  variety  and 
richness  to  those  of  any  other  town  in  the  empire;  linen  and 
cotton  fobrics,  glass,  lacquered  ware,  paper,  and  numerous 
articles  in  iron,  ivory,  wood,  horn,  &c.  The  trade  in  these 
articles,  and  in  the  general  produce  of  the  country,  is  very 
extensive,  and  the  signs  of  prosperity  are  everywhere  visi- 
ble, the  whole  road  to  Shanghai,  about  40  miles  K.S.li..  pre- 
senting a  continuous  range  of  towns  and  villages,  while  the 
environs  are  covered  with  orchards,  gardens,  niulberry-plan- 
tationg,  and  highly  cultivated  fields  of  cotton,  rice,  wheat. 
(He.  I'op.  .said  to  exceed  that  of  banking,  and  conjectured 
not  to  be  far  short  of  2,000,000. 

SOOD.VK,  SO0D.\K  or  SUDAK,  SO0M.W,  a  maritime 
town  ot  the  Crime;*,  in  South  Ilu.s.sia,  22  miles  S.W.of  KafTa. 

SOODAN,  SOUDAN  or  SUDAN,  sooMdn'.  more  correctly 
BELKD  liS-SOODAN,  belJd'  ^s  sooMdn',  "  the  I^tnd  of  the 
Blacks,"  called  also  MOltlTIA,  ne-grish'e-a,  (Ger.  Nir/ritvn, 
ne-greo'te-en ;  Fr.  Niyritie,  nee'gree  tee/,)  a  vast  region  of 
Central  Africa,  the  limits  of  which  are  undefined,  but  it  is 
understood  to  be  bounded  on  the  K.  by  Kordofan,  on  the  S. 
by  the  parallel  of  lat.  6°  N.,  on  the  AV.  by  Senegambia,  and 
on  the  N.  by  the  Desert  of  Sahara.  The  K.  portion  comprises 
the  basin  of  Lake  Tch.id  and  Lake  Fittre,  and  the  N.  the 
course  of  the  Upper  Niger.  From  the  meagre  accounts  of 
travellers,  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  appears  to  be  fiitt, 
except  iu  the  S.,  where  it  is  .said  to  be  hilly. 

SOODKN,  siyden,  a  town  of  Hesse-Cassel,  Nioder-IIessen, 
on  the  Werra,  opposite  Alleudorf,  with  extensive  salt-works, 
which  produce  about  3000  tons  of  salt  annually.     Pop.  1200. 

SOODKN,  sO'den,  a  watering-place  of  Nassau,  3  miles 
K.W.  of  Hoehst,  in  the  vicinity  of  Frankfort-ou-thii-Main. 

SOODOGDA,  soo-dog'dd,  a  town  of  Jlussia,  government, 
and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Vladimeer.  on  the  Soodogda.  Pop.  1500. 

SOODOST,  SOUDOST  or  SUDOST,  soo'dost',  a  river  of 
Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  Orel,  flows  a  southerly 
course  of  alxiut  100  miles  through  the  government  of  Tcher- 
nigov,  and  joins  the  Desna  on  the  right. 

SOOKK  or  SOUI,  soo'ee,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  IIoo- 
pe,  capital  of  a  district,  95  miles  N.N.W.  of  A'ootchang. 

SOOI-CIIING-BAO,  soo'ee  ching  bd'o,  KOOR-KAKA-OOS- 
SON  or  KOUK-KAKA-OUSSON,  koor  kJL-rd-oos-son',  a  town 
of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  190  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ooroomtsee. 

SOOl-DING-CIIING,  soo'ee  ding  chiug,  a  town  of  China, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Eelee. 

SOOI-KOW  or  SUI-KOW,  soo'ee  kOw,  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Fokien,  on  the  Min,  N.W.  of  Foo-Choo.     Pop. 

aooo. 

SOOJA,  SOUD.TA,  soo/jl,  or  SUDSIIA,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  51  miles  S.  of  Koorsk.  It  is  surrounded 
by  numerous  orchards  and  kitchen  gardens,  in  which  the 
Inhabitants  find  their  chief  employment.     Pop.  7000. 

SOOK.\LK'NA,  a  post-oftice  of  Lauderdale  co..  Mississippi. 

SOOK-KL-SHOOYOOKII,  SOUK-EI^SilOUYOUIiil  or 
SUK-Er^SIIUYUKII,  .sook  ^1  shooVooK',  a  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  Cfi  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Bassorah.  Previously  to  the  plague  of  1832,  it  liad  up- 
wards of  10.000  inhabit-lnts ;  it  is  still  the  .seat  of  an  active 
inland  commerce,  and  has  an  export  trade  in  horses,  esteem- 
ed the  best  in  this  part  of  the  Turkish  dominions. 

SOOKliRTAL,  sob'kfr-tdl',  a  fortified  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  Upper  Provinces,  on  the  Ganges, 
35  miles  S.W.  of  "llurdwar.      Lat.  29°  28'  N,,  Ion.  78°  E. 

SOOIvGOOM-KALlJ,  SOUKGOUil-KALK  or  SOiCHOUM- 
KALE,  soo^Koom'  kd-l.V.  a  town  and  fort  of  Russia,  iu 
Abkasia,  on  the  Black  Sea,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Anapa.  It  was 
H  place  of  some  importance,  and  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
the  ancient  Sehaslopolis,  but  has  been  allowed  to  fall  into  a 
very  dilapidated  state.  It  was  formerly  an  important  Tnrk- 
Ish'post,  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1791.  It  is  fortified,  and 
occupied  by  a  Russian  garrison. 

SOOKIIONA,  SOUKIIOXA,  SUKIIONA  or  SUCIIONA, 
soo-Ko'nd,  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Vologda,  rises  in 
Lake  Koobinsk,  flows  mostly  E.,  past  Totma  and  Oostioog- 
Velikee,  and  near  the  latter  town  joins  the  Yoog  to  form  the 
Dwina.  Total  course.  2o0  miles.  The  principal  affluents 
are  the  Vologda  and  Tolchma.  It  is  navigable,  and  forms  a 
main  route  between  Vologda  and  Archangel.  ■ 

SOO-KOO-L-BASEER  or  SUKU-L-BASU!,  soo'koo'Sl  W- 
eeer>,  a  town  of  Arabia,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Shehr,  on  the  S.E. 
coast.     Estimated  pop.  4500. 

S00K3AG0R,  sook-si-gor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  province  of  Bengal,  31  miles  N.  of  Calcutta. 

SOOK UI/l"EE RUT,  soo-ktll-tee-rttt/,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bombay.  8  miles  from  Baroach,  on 
the  Nerbudda.     Lat.  21°  48'  N.,  Ion.  73°  12'  E. 

SOOLA.  SOULA  or  SOLA,  sooia,  a  river  of  Russia,  govern- 
ments of  Kharkov  and  Poltava,  joins  the  Dnieper  18  miles 
N.W.  of  Krilov.  after  a  S.  course  of  200  miles. 

SOOLI.MANA,  SOULIMANA  or  SULTMANA,  soo-le-ma'- 
ni,  a  state  of  West  Africa,  in  Senegambia,  mostly  between 
lat.  9°  and  10°  N.,  and  Ion.  9°  30'  and  11°  W.,  enclosed  by 
I'oota  Jallon,  Sangara,  and  Limba     Capital,  Falaba.    The 


SOO 

river  Rockelle  forms  a  part  of  the  W.  frontier.  Several  fer- 
tile pasturages  feed  many  herds,  camels,  &c.  The  Mandin- 
goes  bring  cloths,  gunpowder,  and  glasswares  into  Soolimana 
in  return  for  other  products. 

SOOLINA,  SOULINA  or  SULINA,  soo-loe'ni.  one  of  the 
principal  branches  by  wliich  the  Danube  discharges  its  wa- 
ters into  the  Black  Sea.  within  the  Russian  government  of 
Bess;irabia.  It  is  the  most  frequented  bram  h.  and  is  used 
for  transporting  immense  quantities  of  corn,  chiefly  for  the 
British  market;  but  the  bar  at  the  mouth  renders  the  river 
very  diflTicult  of  access,  even  to  vessels  of  moderate  tonnage. 
Early  in  1854  the  ]!u.ssians  furtiier  impeded  the  navigation 
by  sinking  several  vessels  full  of  stones  at  the  mouth  of  'his 
stream. 

SOOLINA.  SOULINA  or  SULINA,  a  town  or  village  of 
Russia,  in  Bessarabia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Soolina, 
with  a  Russian  custom-house.  It  is  conipo.sed  of  a  double 
row  of  one-storied  wooden  houses,  straggling  along  the  river 
side,  with  a  dreary  marsh  behind  them.  Most  of  the  houses 
are  built  upon  piles  in  the  midst  of  pools  of  putrid  water. 

SOO'LOO'(or  SULUK)  ISLANDS,  (Sp.  JWo,  uo'lo)  an  archi- 
pelago of  the  Indian  Ocean,  between  the  Jlindoro  or  Sooloo  Sea 
on  the  N.,  the  Celebes  Sea  on  the  S..  the  island  of  Borneo  on 
the  S.W.,  and  that  of  Mindanao  on  the  N.E. ;  and  between 
lat.  4°  44'  and  6°  56'  N.,  and  Ion.  119°  30'  and  122°  30'  E. ; 
length  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  about  200  miles.  It  consists  of 
nearly  150  islands,  most  of  them  very  small,  and  divided 
into  three  groups,  named  respectively  after  the  three  prin- 
cipal islands,  Baseelan  in  the  N.E.,  Sooloo  in  the  centre,  and 
Tawee-Tawee  iu  the  S.W.  Baseelan,  situated  S.  of  the  fortress 
of  Samboanga,  on  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Mindanao,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  strait  about  15  miles  wide,  is  of 
an  oblong  form,  about  42  miles  long  by  6  miles  broad  ;  low 
towards  the  coast,  but  mountainous  in  the  interior;  it  is 
well  wooded,  abounding  in  picturesque  scenery,  and  very 
fertile.  The  only  other  island  of  this  group  deserving  of 
notice  is  Pilas,  situated  AV.  of  Baseelan,  about  6  miles  long 
from  N.  to  S. ;  low  and  narrow  in  the  S.,  but  widening  out 
.and  rising  into  mountains  in  the  N.  Sooloo,  of  an  elongated 
form,  stretching  35  miles  from  E.  to  AV.,  with  a  breadth  of  6 
miles  to  10  miles,  has  an  elevated  surface,  rising  occasionally 
into  mountains  of  remarkable  appearance,  alxjunds  in  ma>g- 
nificent  spenery,  and  is  well  wooded  and  fertile.  Among  the 
valuable  timber-trees  are  teak  and  sandal  woods ;  and  among 
the  fruits,  cocoa  and  areca  nuts,  bananas,  mangoes,  and 
oranges.  AA'ild  boars  and  deer  are  common :  and  oxen,  swino, 
goats,  and  poultry  are  abundant.  The  fishing  along  the 
coast  is  very  productive,  and  employs  a  large  number  of  the 
inhabitants. 

The  other  chief  islands  of  this  groupare  Pala  on  the  S..  and 
a  small  group  called  the  Tapul  I.sles  on  the  S.S.W.  Tawee- 
Tawee.  the  last  of  three  princip.al  islands,  is  situated  near  the 
peninsula  of  Uns.ang,  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Borneo, 
is  about  35  miles  long  from  N.E.  to  S.AV. ;  has  a  very  elevated 
and  mountainous  surface,  making  it  visible  at  the  distance  of 
above  30  miles ;  is  densely  wooded,  and  has  a  large  lake,  called 
Boe-dato,  (boo<l2'to\)  situated  near  its  centre.  Anotlier  lake, 
or  rather  arm  of  the  sea,  situated  in  the  S.E.,and  called  Don- 
gou.  forms  an  admirable  natural  harbor.  Very  little  is 
known  of  this  island;  the  oysters  on  its  coasts,  and  those  of 
several  other  of  its  islets,  are  said  to  contain  excellent  pearls. 
The  whole  of  the  Sooloo  Archipelago  is  under  the  sway  of  a 
de.spotic  sultan,  and  the  inhabitants,  evidently  of  JIalay 
origin,  of  the  kind  of  which  the  Spaniards  of  the  Philippines 
apply  the  common  name  of  Moros,  are  generally  represented 
a.s  cruel  and  treacherous.  Their  aggregate  pop.  is  estimated 
at  200,000. 

SOOLOO,  also  called  SOUXO,  the  principal  town  of  the 
Sooloo  Archipelago,  situated  on  the  N.AV.  coast  of  the  island 
of  its  own  name,  has  a  good  roadstead,  with  anchorage 
iu  18  to  20  fathoms  on  a  loose  sandy  bottom;  it  is  defended 
by  several  forts  mounted  with  very  defective  cannon  :  and 
though  generally  composed  of  huts,  has  some  houses  of  more 
ambitious  appearance,  among  which  are  the  sultan's  palace, 
a  small  mosque,  a  tomb  called  that  of  Shah-Sujah,  and  the 
residences  of  several  datoos  or  chiefs.  The  trade  of  the 
whole  island  centres  here,  and  is  carried  on  to  some  extent 
with  Manila,  but  one  of  its  most  important  items  is  the  pro- 
duce of  piratical  expeditions,  to  which  the  inhabitants  are 
much  addicted.     Pop.  of  the  town,  6000. 

SOOLOO,  SEA,  or  SEA  OF  MINDO'RO.  extends  between 
lat.  5°  and  10°  N_,  and  Ion.  117°  and  123°  E. 

SOOMSIIOO,  SOUMSIIOO  or  SUMSIIU,  soom'.shoo,  one 
of  the  Koorile  Islands,  about  10  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Cape  Lo- 
patka.  the  S.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Kamtchatka.  It 
is  al)0ut  10  miles  long  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  the  number 
of  shoals  between  it  and  Cape  I-opatka  is  supposed  to  have 
been  once  united  to  it.  Its  centre  is  in  lat.  50°  4t)'  N.,  Ion. 
156°  20'  E. 

SOO.MY,  SOUMY  or  SUMY,  soo'mee,  a  town  of  Pvussia, 
government,  and  83  miles  N.W.  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Psiol. 
It  is  surroxinded  by  earthen  ramparts  and  a  fosse,  and  de- 
fended by  a  citadel.    Pop.  12.000. 

SOOMY,  SOUMY  or  SUMY,  soo'mee,  a  lake  of  Sil'eria.  in 
the  AV.  part  of  the  government  of  Tomsk,  near  the  right 

1807 


soo 


soo 


tank  of  the  Irtish.    Length  from  X.  to  S.,  about  55  miles; 
breadth,  about  35  miles. 

SOOX  AM,  soo^ndm'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  35  miles  S.W.  of  Pattialah. 

SQOXDA,  soon'di,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombav,  55  miles  S.W.  of  Darwar.  Lat.  14°  03'  N.,  Ion.  7-1° 
68'  E." 

SOOXDERDROaG,  a  town  of  British  India.    See  Malwah. 

SOOXDERSEE.  soon'der-.see\  a  town  of  Central  India, 
In  the  Gwalior  dominions,  on  the  KaliSinde,  21  miles  S.W. 
of  Shujahwulpoor. 

SOON'DOOR'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras, 23  miles  W.  of  Bellary. 

SOO'N'Eiy,  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of  Malwah,  80 
miles  X.  of  Oojein.    Lat.  24°  33'  X..  Ion.  75°  56'  E. 

SOO^XERGOXG',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  and 
province  of  Bengal,  district,  and  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dacca, 
on  the  Brahmapootra.  It  has  manufactures  of  fine  cotton 
cloths.     Lat.  23°  39'  N.,  Ion.  90°  43'  E. 

SOOXGAREE.  SOUXGARI,  SUXGARI,  soon-ga-ree*  or 
BOon-gd'ree,  written  also  SOXGARI,  a  river  of  JIantchooria, 
rises  near  the  frontier  of  Corea,  flows  X.  and  X.E.,  and  joins 
the  Am"Or  or  Saghalien  River  135  miles  S.W.  of  the  influx 
of  the  Oosooree,  (Usuri.)  Total  course  estimated  at  800  miles. 
It  is  deep,  easily  navigated,  and  has  numerous  affluents. 

SOOXGARIA  or  SOUXGARIA.  soong-gi'ie-i  written  also 
DZOOXGARIA  or  DZOUXGARIA,  (Chinese,  Thian-shan- 
pelii.)  a  country  of  Central  Asia,  forming  part  of  the  Chinese 
Kmpire,  l>etween  lat.  41°  3t)'  and  4S°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  75°  and 
90°  E. :  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Russian  governments 
of  Omsk  and  Tomsk,  on  the  W.  by  the  Booriats  and  Kirgheez 
of  the  Great  Horde,  on  the  S.  by  several  ranges  of  moun- 
t/iins.  of  which  little  is  known.  It  is  divided  into  three 
jullitary  divisions — Eelee  in  the  S.W.,  Koor-Kara-Oosson  in 
tne  centre,  and  Tarbagatiii  in  the  N.E.  The  surface  consists 
chiefly  of  an  elevated  and  almost  desert  plateau,  surrounded 
and  partly  intersected  by  lofty  mountiin-chains.  Numerous 
rivers  descend  from  the  mountains,  but  many  of  them,  be- 
fore attaining  much  magnitude,  disappear  In  the  s.ands  of 
the  desert,  or  empty  themselves  into  its  lakes.  Of  these  the 
largest  is  Balkash-Xor  or  Tengheez,  though  only  a  minor  por- 
tion of  it  belongs  to  this  territory.  The  largest  of  the  others 
aro  Tooz-Gool  or  Temoortoo-Xor  in  the  S.W.,  Koorghe-Xor, 
Kaltaroshke-X^or,  and  Avar-Xor  towards  the  centre,  Kesil- 
Bachi-Xor  in  the  E..  and  Z.aisan  in  the  X.E.  Large  tracts 
*re  altogether  or  nearly  unfit  for  hum.an  habiLition,  but 
«ome  of  the  plains,  and  many  of  the  valleys,  are  covered 
with  good  pasture,  on  which  numerous  nomade  tribes  feed 
their  herds.  In  all  the  three  divisions  considerable  tracts 
are  under  cultivation,  and  produce  grain  of  different  kinds, 
chiefly  millet  and  barley.  N.  of  the  Eelee,  which  flows  from 
W.X.W.  to  the  S.  extiemity  of  Lake  Tengheez,  extensive 
forests  occur;  towards  the  E.  are  many  marshy  tracts  covered 
with  reeds,  furnishing  shelter  to  numerous  wild  beasts. 
The  domestic  animals  are  principally  camels  and  buffaloes. 
Among  the  mineriils  are  gold,  copper,  iron,  and  it  is  said 
also  coal.  Salt  Is  obtained  in  .abundance,  both  from  salt- 
lakes  and  from  mines.  Soongaria  was  originally  inhabited 
by  the  Oo-sun,  who  appear  to  have  been  completely  dis- 
tlaguisheJ  from  the  neighboring  nations  by  having  blue 
eyes  and  red  beards.  About  the  sixth  century  they  were 
expelled  by  the  Turks,  who,  after  remaining  m.ister  "for  se- 
veral centuries,  were  obliged  to  yield  to  the  victorious  arms 
of  Jenghis  Khan  and  his  Mongols.  The  Mongols  became 
divided  into  two  great  classes  —  Mongols  proper  and  Eleu- 
thes  or  Calmucks.  The  latter  were  long  held  in  subjection 
by  the  former,  but  at  hist  the  Calmucks  threw  off  the  yoke, 
and  one  of  these  tribes,  called  Soongars  or  Soongarians, 
having  greatly  distingui.shed  themselves,  gave  their  name 
to  the  country.  About  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century 
the  Emperar  of  China,  after  a  long  and  blocxiy  war,  effected 
the  subjugation  of  Soongaria,  and,  in  1754,  riveted  his 
authority  more  firmly  by  putting  down  an  insurrection  in 
which  1.000,000  Eleuthes  are  said  to  have  perished.  Since 
that  period  Soongaria  has  been  treated  as  a  Chinese  province. 

SOOXGHUR.  soon'gilr',  a  town  of  India,  in  a  detached 
district  of  the  Baroda  dominions,  46  miles  S.  of  Sural, 

SOOXGXUM,  soong^nlim',  a  large  and  populous  village  of 
Thibet,  on  the  Rushkolang.  a  tributary  of  the  Sutlej,  N. 
of  the  Himalayas.    Lat,  31°  4S'  N.,  Ion.  78°  28'  E. 

SOOXK.\UR,  soon'kawr',  (Hindoo,  Stincara,)  a  town  of 
India,  in  Deccan,  Nizam's  dominions,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Aurungabad. 

SOOXTH,  soont'h,  a  town  and  fort  of  West  Ilindostan, 
dominions  of  Odeypoor.  40  miles  S.  of  Doongarpoor. 

800XUR.  a  town  of  India.    See  Jooxeer. 

SOOXWALD.  son'*ilt,  an  elevated  plateau  of  Germany, 
terminating  abruptly  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  near 
Bacharach. 

SO-OOJ-BOLAK  or  SO-UJ-BOLAK,  sO  ooj  boMak',  a  town 
of  North  Persia,  province  of  Azerbaijan,  capital  of  district, 
20  miles  S.  of  Lake  Ooroomeevah,  on  a  river  which  loses 
;^  v°  "  marshy  lake  12  miles  N.  It  consists  of  about 
1200  houses,  inhabited  by  Jews,  Nestorlan  Christians,  and 
Koords.  lU  vicinity  is  carefully  cultivated. 
1808 


1      SOOPOI,  SOTTPOI  or  SfPOI.  soo'poi,  a  river  of  Russia, 
I  traverses  Poltava,  and  flowing  S.,  joins  the  Dnieper  on  the 
left.     Total  course,  110  miles. 

SOO^POOR'.  a  town  of  British  Indi.a,  presidencv  of  Bengal, 
district  and  62  miles  N.E.  of  Goruckpoor,  on  the  Gunduck. 
SOOR,  SOUR  or  SUR.  .soor,  a  seaport  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Arabia,  dominions,  and  90  miles  S.E.  of  Muscat,  on  a  deep 
lagoon,  in  lat.  22°  37'  X..  Ion.  89°  36'  E.  It  is  a  mere  colleo 
tion  of  huts,  but  its  inhabitants  have  many  vessels  which 
trade  to  India  and  Africa. 

SOOR,  SOUR  or  TSOUR.  soor,  (anc.  T;/'rus  or  Tt/re;  Or. 
Tvpos,)  a  seaport  town  of  Syria,  pashalic.  and  2S  miles  N.N.B 
of  .\cre,  on  the  E.  part  of  a  peninsula,  about  1  mile  in  length, 
which  in  antiquity  was  the  insular  site  of  the  famous  mari- 
time city  of  Tyre.  In  1S37  it  suffered  from  a  severe  earth- 
quake, by  which  its  walls  and  buildings  were  greatly  dilapi- 
dated, and  its  popul.atlon  reduced  to  about  6000.  of  whom  one- 
h.alf  are  Christians,  and  the  other  Turks.  It  appears  to  have 
no  remarkable  edifice:  but  on  the  peninsula  are  the  ruins  of 
a  large  Greek  cathedral. and  various  traces  of  ancient  struc- 
tures, with  some  cisterns,  apparently  connected  with  exten- 
sive water-works,  and  an  aqueduct  at  Ras-el-Ain,  on  the 
mainland,  about  2  miles  distant.  Its  port,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  artificial  isthmus,  (formed  by  .Alexander  the  Great 
during  his  memorable  siege  of  Tyre,)  is  now  so  choked  as  to 
be  unfit  for  any  but  small  vessels;  and  the  trade  of  this 
ancient  emporium  of  the  East  has  now  dwindled  to  small 
exports  of  tobacco,  cotton,  charcoal,  and  fuel. 

SOOR  A,  SOUR  A  or  SURA,  soo'ri  a  river  of  Russia,  chiefly 
in  the  governments  of  Penza  and  Simbeersk,  after  a  X. 
course  of  400  miles,  joins  the  Volga  at  Vasil,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Xizhnee-Xovgood. 

SOORABAYA.    See  Soebatiata. 
SOORAKARTA  or  SOORAKERTA.    See  Sohrakarta. 
SOORAZH.  SOURAJ.  soo-rdzh'.  written  also  SSURASH,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  113  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tchernigov. 
SOORAZII,  SOURAJ.  SURA.I  or  SSUR ASH.  a  town  nf  Rus- 
sia, government,  and  25  miles  N.E.  of  A'itebsk.     Pop.  2000 

SOOROOOT,  SOURGOUT,  SURGUT  or  SURGHUT,  soor- 
goof.  sometimes  called  SOORGOOTOI  or  SURGUTOI.  a  town 
of  Asiatic  Russia,  government,  and  269  miles  N.E.  of  Tobolsk, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Obi.     Pop.  1500. 

SOORMAH.  soor'nia,  a  river  of  Briti.sh  India,  pre.sidency 
of  Bengal,  after  a  W.  and  S.  course  of  200  miles  joins  the 
Barak,  an  affluent  of  the  Brahmapootra,  20  miles  S.  of  Az- 
mei-igunge. 

SOOROOGA.  S0UR0U6A  or  SURUGA,  noo-roo'gL  a 
populous  maritime  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of  Niphon, 
capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Bay  of  Totoniina.  90  miles  S.W. 
of  Yeddo.  It  has  an  imperial  palace,  and  manufactures  of 
colored  paper  and  mats. 

SOORUJGHUR,  soo-rOj-glir'.  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  the 
protected  Sikh  Territory.  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Belaspoor. 

SOO'RUJP(X)R',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district  of  Boolundshahur,  20  miles  S.K.  of  Delhi. 

SLHVRY,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Ganges.  53  miles  S.W.  of  Moor.shedabad. 
SOOS,  SOUS  or  SUS,  soos.  a  river  of  Africa,  in  Morocco, 
rises  in  Mount  Atlas,  and,  after  a  W.  course  of  130  miles, 
enters  the  .\tlantic  5  miles  S.  of  Ag.-idir. 

SOOS,  SOUS  or  SUS,  the  southermo.st  provhice  of  Mo- 
rocco, mostly  between  lat.  28°  30'  and  3U°  30'  X..  and  Ion. 
10°  and  14°  W.,  having  N.  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  E. 
Mount  Atlas,  S.  the  Desert,  and  W.  the  Atlantic.  Estimiited 
are.a.  28,686  square  miles.  Pop.  700.000.  It  is  divided  by 
the  river  Tesset  into  Soos  el  Adna,  which  is  wholly  subordi- 
nate to  Morocco,  and  Soos-el-Acsa.  consisting  of  only  tributary 
districts.  The  principal  towns  are  Terodant,  Agadir,  Messa, 
and  Noon. 

SOOS.  SOUS.  SUS,  soos,  or  SUSAN.  sooVln',  (anc.  Sii.ta,) 
a  ruined  city  of  Persia,  province  of  Khoozi.stan,  (.anc.  SiiH- 
ana.)  the  remains  of  which,  on  the  W.  b.ank  of  the  Choaspes, 
50  miles  W.  of  Shooster,  comprise  numerous  mounds. 

SOOSA,  SOUS.*,  or  SUSA.  soo'sj.  a  fortified  sseap-irt  town 
of  North  Africa,  in  Tunis.  40  miles  S.  of  Ilammamet.  on  the 
S.W.  shore  of  its  gulf.  Pop.  10,000.  It  has  a  port  adapted 
for  large  vessels,  handsome  mo.sques,  good  bazaars,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  shoes,  and  linens. 
SOOSAM-ADASSI.    See  Samos. 

S00S1GIIIRLEI'>S00.  SUSIGHIRLI-SU,  soo^se-ghir'lee' 
so',  (anc.  Maces'tus.)/L  river  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  rises 
in  the  Lake  of  *iniatil.  and  joins  the  Rhyndacus  about  12 
miles  S.  of  its  mouth  in  the  Sea  of  Mai-mora. 

SOOSNEER/,  a  town  of  Central  India,  in  the  Gwalior 
dominions,  41  miles  W.  of  Rajghur. 
SOOTCIIOO  or  SOOTCIKXVFOO.    See  Soo-chow-poo. 
SOOT'HTLL,  township  of  Engl.and,  co.  York,  West  Riding. 
SOOTOOKO  or  SOUTOUKO.  soo'too-ko\  a  village  of  West 
Africa,  in  Wooli.    Lat.  13°  29'  N..  Ion.  13°  55'  W. 

SOO'TY.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal, 

30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Moorshedaliad.    Lat.  24°  26'  N  ,  Ira.  SS-' 

2*^ 

SOOY'S  INN,  a  postoflice  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey. 

SOOZDAL,  SOUZDAL  or  SUZDAL,  sooz'djl'.  a  town  of 

Russia,  government,  and  22  miles  N.  of  Yladimeer,  on  tlia 


=J) 


SOP 


SOS 


Kamenka.  Pop.  2400.  Its  Irreml,  or  fortress,  has  the  resi- 
dence of  its  former  archbishops,  and  church  of  the  tenth 
century. 

SOl'CHOP'PY,  a  nost-office  of  Wakulla  co.,  Florida. 

SOPKTRAN,  so-pA-triu',  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Cundinamar&i,  province,  and  10 
miles  S.  of  Antiociuia.  on  the  Cauca. 

SOPHIA,  so-fee'^,  (Uulftarian  TriadUza,  tre-5-dit'.sJ,)  a  city 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Buljjaria,  capital  of  a  sanjak,  on  the 
grand  route  fromConstantinple  to  Helgrade,  S5  miles  S.K,of 
Nissa.  Lat.  42P  37'  N.,  Ion.  23°  2G'  E.  Pop.  50,000.  It  is 
meanly  built;  but  it  is  reported  to  have  30  mos<iues  and  10 
churches,  with  hot^baths,  and  manufactures  of  woollens  and 
silk  fabrics,  leather  and  tobacco,  and  it  is  the  residence  of  a 
beglerbey.  and  the  see  of  Greek  and  Koman  Catholic  arch- 
bishops. It  was  founded  by  Justinian  on  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Sirdica. 

SOPHIA,  so-fee'a,  or  SAINT  SOPHIA,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  17  miles  S.  of  St.  Petersburg,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  railway.  It  contains  a  remarkable 
church,  built  in  imitation  of  St.  Sophia  at  Constantinople. 
Near  it  is  the  imperial  palace  of  Tsarkoe-selo.     Pop.  TOO. 

SOl'INO.  a  state  of  Celebes.     See  Soepa. 

SOl''LE  V.  a  pari.sh  of  Phigland,  co.  of  Hants,  on  the  Avon. 

S(>PU  It.  so-poor'  (?)  a  town  of  Cashmere,  20  Tiiles  W.N.W.  of 
SerinaiTur. 

SOP'WORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilto. 

SORA.  so/r«l,  a  city  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
on  the  Oarigliano,  15  miles  E.N.K.  of  Frosinone.  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States.  Pop.  8000.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  height, 
on  which  are  the  remains  of  a  Gothic  castle,  and  the  walls 
of  ancient  Sora.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  various  other 
churches. 

SoRAGNA,  80-rfln'yi,  (Ij.  Snravea,)  a  town  of  Northern 
Italy,  IS  miles  N.VV.  of  Parma,  with  a  |)arish  church,  alarge 
and  magnificent  palace,  with  marble  sculpture.s.    Pop.  6312. 

SORANO,  so-rl'uo,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  Smiles  N.E.  of 
Pitigliano:  it  is  walled.     Pop.  1083. 

SORA'CA,  so-rd'td,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  in  the  Andes,  de- 
partment, and  57  miles  N.VV.  of  I^a  I'az,  province  of  Lare- 
c;ija,  8850  feet  above  se.a-level.  I'op.  1200.  A  few  miles  S* 
are  the  two  peaks  of  Sorata,  the  one  21,043  feet,  and  the 
other  21.2>6  feet  high. 

SURAL',  so'riiw,  or  ZOROWE,  tso-ro'*;l,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Frankfort,  on 
the  railway  from  Berlin  to  Silesia.  Pop.  6740.  It  has  an 
orphan  asylum,  a  gymnasium,  and  manufactures  of  woollens 
and  linens. 

soil  AY  A,  a  river  of  Portugal.    See  Zat.\s. 

SORBAVO  DI  ROMAGXA,  soR-bi'uo  dee  ro-mjn'yj,  a 
village  of  Fiiscany,  on  the  Savio.   P.  1014. 

.S()RB.\.~,  soR/bJs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  25  miles 
E.X.  K.  of  Almeriu.     Pop.  5422. 

S')ll'BIE  or  SOR'BY,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Wigfon ;  the  village  is  well  built,  and  has  a  damask  factory. 

SORBOLO,soB'bo-l(j,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  7  miles 
N.K.  of  Parma,  on  the  Enza.    Pop.  3S97. 

SORCY,  soR'see/,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Meu.se,  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Commercy,  on  the  Meuse.    P.  14S9. 

SORDKS,  solid,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Landes, 
12  miles  S.  of  Dax.    Pop.  1386. 

SORDHYULO  .soR-d.i-vo'lo,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  division 
of  Turin,  province,  and  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Biolla.   Pop  2127. 

SORDI.  soR/dee,  or  PETALIDIIA.  pAtci-leed'ha,  an  island 
off  the  ^V'.  coast  of  Crete.  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fort  Grabusa. 
Lat.  35°  34'  N.,  Ion.  23°  27'  E. 

SORE,  soR,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Lan- 
des. 28  miles  N.  of  JIont-de-Marsan.     Pop.  1740. 

SOREL.  so-rM',  or  WILLIAM  HENRY,  a  post-village  of 
Canada  East,  co.  of  Richelieu,  45  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  mouth  of  the  Richelieu  River,  at  its 
mouth  in  Lake  St.  Peter.  It  has  barracks,  docks,  an  ars»- 
nal,  a  quay,  and  a  small  fort.    Pop.  in  1852,  3424. 

SORELL.  a  town  of  Yan  Diemen's  Land,  co.  of  Pembroke, 
on  Pitt  Water,  an  inlet  of  North  Bay,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Ho- 
bart  Town.  «,    -j 

SORELL,  CAPE,  Van  Diemen's  Land,  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  entrance  into  Macquarrie  Harbor.  Lat.  42°  10'  S.,  Ion. 
115°  11'  E.  „     „ 

SORELLI  ROCKS,  in  the  Mediterranean.    See  Galita. 

SORESINA,  so-ril-see'na,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy, 
14  miles  N.W.  of  Cremona,  between  the  Oglio  and  Adda. 
Pop.  5000.  .         .     ,™ 

SORfiZR.  so'raiz',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
14  miles  S.W.  of  Castres.    Pop.  in  1852,  2826.  _ 

SORGO  \0,  soR-go'no,  a  village  on  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  of  Caglian,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bu.sachi.     Pop.  1188. 

SORGOSON,  BOR-go-son',  a  village  of  the  Philippines, 
Island  of  Luzon,  province,  and  30  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albay. 
Lat.  12°  52'  12"  N.,  Ion.  123°'52'  E.  It  has  a  large  and  good 
harbor.  .        .     .,        , 

SORGUE,  soRO,  a  small  river  of  France,  rises  m  the  cele- 
brated fountain  of  Vaucluse,  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse, 
and  joins  the  Rhone  5  miles  N.of  Avignon,  after  a  W.  course 
Nf  20  miles. 

50 


SORGTJES,  SOP.O,  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aveyron,  flows  W.N.W.,  and  joins  the  Bourdon  afle/ 
a  courseof  alx)Ve  30  miles,  of  which  18  are  used  for  boatin}^. 

30RGUES,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vaucluse,  on 
tho  Sorgue,  and  on  the  railway  from  Lyons  to  Avignon,  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Avignon.    Pop.  in  1852.  3300. 

SORI,  so'ree,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of 
Genoa,  near  Recco.  on  the  Gulf  of  Geno.a.     Pop.  1969. 

SORIA,  the  Italian  name  of  Stria,  which  .see. 

SORIA,  so're-d,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile.  Area, 
5770  square  miles.  Agriculture  employs  the  greater  part 
of  the  population.     Pop.  140,000. 

S0RI.\,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the 
Douro,  51  miles  S.S.E.  of  LogruHo.  Pop.  3372.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  silk  fabrics,  and  trade  in  wool ;  3  miles  N.  are  the 
ruins  conjectured  to  be  those  of  the  ancient  Numantia. 

SORIANO,  so-re-i'no,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  7  miles  E.  of  Viterbo.     Pop.  2490. 

SORIANO,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  in  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Monteleone.     Pop.  3000. 

SORIASCO,  so-re-is'ko,  a  market-town  of  Piedmont,  divi- 
sion of  Alessandria,  province,  and  15  miles  E.  of  Voghera, 
near  the  Aversa.     Pop.  1032. 

SORISOLE,  so-re-so/l.-l,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  3  miles  N.W.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  1517. 

SOH'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennes.see. 

SOKLING  UES,  the  French  name  of  the  Scilly  Isles,  which 
see. 

SORN,  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  3 
miles  E.  of  Mauchline.  The  Castle  of  Sorn  is  W.  of  the  vil- 
lage. 

SORN.\C,  sor^uSk',  a  market-tovtn  of  France,  department 
of  Corrfize.  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ussel.     Pop.  in  1852,  1083. 

SORNAY,  soK^n.V.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  5  miles  W.  of  Louhans.     Pop  1500. 

SOROCABA,  so-ro-ki'bd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and 
50  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Sao  Paulo,  on  the  river  Sorocabo,  an 
afHuent  of  the  Tiete.  Pop.  12,000.  It  has  a  brisk  trade  in 
cattle;  its  district  is  fertile,  and  coffee  and  tobacco  are  ex- 
tensively cultivated. 

SOltOE,  so'ro'  or  so'ro'eh,  almost  sc/rQh^yeh,  a  town  of 
Denmark,  island  of  Seelaiid,  on  the  small  Lake  of  Soroe,  18 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Corsoer.  Pop.  856.  It  has  a  celebrated 
acadeniy. 

SOROE,  a  large  island  of  Norway,  off  the  N.  coast  of  Fin- 
mark,  lat.  70°  40'  N.,  Ion.  22°  to  24°  E.,  and  separated  by 
Soroe  Sound  from  the  island  of  Seeland. 

SOROII,  so^rCC?)  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  district  of  Cuttack,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Balasore. 

SOROK.\^,  so-it^kS,  a  village  of  Russia,  government,  .and 
170  miles  W.  of  ArchaTi^el,  on  a  rocky  island  in  the  White 
Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  tLe  Yig,  with  a  harbor,  and  about  'M\i 
inhabitants,  mostly  fishers. 

SOROKA,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  provinceof  Bessarabia, 
on  the  Dniester,  78  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kishenev. 

SOROKS.\R,  soVok's.aR'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co., 
and  18  miles  from  Pesth.  '  Pop.  3518. 

SOROTCHINSKAIA  or  SOROTCHINSKAJA,  so-rotch- 
in-ski'J,  a  strong  fort  of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg, 
on  the  Samara.  60  miles  S.E.  of  Boozoolook.  Pop.  1600.  It 
is  the  most  important  fortress  on  the  Samara. 

SOR^RAPOOR',  a  town  of  India,  in  Deccan,  Nizam's  do- 
minions, 75  miles  S.E.  of  Bcjapoor. 

SORRAYA.  a  river  of  Portugal.     See  Zatas. 

SOR'REL  HILL,  a  mountain  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wicklow, 

4  miles  S.E.  of  Blessington.     Height,  1915  feet. 
SOIVREL  HURSE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SORRENTO,  soR-Rjn'to.  (anc.  Sttrren'tum.)  a  maritime 
town  of  Naples,  district,  and  7  miles  S.W.  of  Castel-a-mare,  on 
the  promontory  which  bounds  the  Bay  of  Naples  on  the  S. 
Pop.  10,000.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  vicinity, 
and  the  mildness  and  salubrity  of  its  climate.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  manufactures  of  silk,  and  various  Greek  and  Ro- 
man antiquities.    Tasso  was  born  here  in  1644. 

SORRENTO,  PIANO  DI,  pe-d'no  dee  soR-R^n'to,  border- 
ing the  Bay  of  Naples,  has  numerous  villages,  with  orange 
and  lemon  groves. 

SORREN'fO,  PROAIONTORY  OF,  between  the  Bays  of 
Naples  and  Salerno,  15  miles  in  length,  terminates  in  Cape 
Campanello,  opposite  Capri. 

SORSO,  sor'so,  a  market-town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division,  and  6  miles  N.  of  Sassari.    Pop.  4073. 

SORTELHA,  soR-tM'y3,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
Tince  of  Beira,  7  miles  E.  of  Belmonte. 

SORVILLAN,  soR-veel-ydn',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, about  40  miles  from  Granada.     Pop.  1640. 

SOS,  sOs,  (anc.  SotiaHum  Opfpidum.)  a  walled  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  56  miles  N.N.W.  of  Saragossa.  Pop. 
2822.  In  its  castl*  Fredinand,  King  of  Aragon,  was  born 
in  1453. 

SOSA,  so'sS.  a  market-town  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau, 

5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Schwarzenberg.     Pop.  1757,  engaged  in 
iron-mines,  and  in  manufactures  of  vitriol  and  lace. 

SOSNA  BYSTRAIA,  sos^nd  bis-trl/d,  or  The  RAPID,  a 

1809 


SOS 


sou 


river  of  European  Russia,  afHuent  of  the  Don.  government 
of  Orel,  after  au  E.  course  of  130  miles,  joins  the  Don  18 
miVs  E.N.K.  of  Yelets. 

t-OSNA  TIKHAIA.  sos'n3  te-Ki'd,  a  river  of  European 
Russia,  go>eruuieut  of  Voronezh,  after  an  E.  course  of  100 
tuiles,  joins  the  Don  16  miles  X.E.  of  Ostrogoisk. 

S0SN1TS.\,  gos-uit'sd,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
64  miles  E.  of  Xchernigov.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  a  cathedral, 
and  3  large  annual  markets. 

SOSl'ELLO,  sos-pel'lo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian 
States,  division,  and  10  miles  X.E.  of  Nice.     Pop.  4000. 

SOST,  a  town  of  Prussian  ^yestphalja.     See  bOEST. 

SOSTE,  sos'tA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  II.,  S.S.W.  of  Catauzaro.    Pop.  lOoO. 

SOSTEGNO,  sos-t^n'yo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  12  miles,  E.N.E.  of  Biella.     Pop.  1421. 

SOSVA  or  SOSWA,  sos'v3,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Perm,  rises  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  aud  after  a  S.E.  course 
of  170  miles,  joins  the  Lovda  to  form  the  Tarda. 

SOSVA  or  SOSWA,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of 
Tobolsk,  joins  the  Obi  at  Berezov.     Length,  350  miles. 

SOT'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  c^.  of  Lincoln. 

SOT  DE  FEKllER,  sot  dk  fOR-Kaiii',  a  village  of  Spain,  in 
Valencia,  30  miles  from  Castellonde-la-Plana.     Pop.  1391. 

SOTERX,  so'tern,  a  village  of  Oldenburg.     Pop.  1033. 

SOTII'EKTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of'Sutfolk. 

S0T1ATU.M  OPPIBUM.    See  Sos. 

SOTILLO  DE  LA  ABRADA,  so-teel'yo  di  Ij  i-lM^DA,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  S.  of  Avila.     Pop.  1040. 

SOTO.VXXE.  so-to-iun/,  a  groupof  the  Carolines,  near  lat. 
6°  30'  X..  Ion.  153°  30'  E.    It  consists  of  more  than  60  islets. 

SOTO  DE  CAMEHOS,  so'to  da  k3-m,i'roce,  a  village  of 
Spain,  Old  Castile,  17  miles  S.  ofliOgroBo.  on  the  Leza.  P.  2521. 

SOTO  DE  LA  VEGA,  so'to  di  ll  vA'nd,  a  village  of  Spain, 
province,  and  about  25  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  14S5. 

SOTO  LA  .MARINA,  so'to  U  mi-ree'ua,  a  village  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Tamaulipas,  on  the  river 
Santander.  25  miles  W.  of  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

SOTO   M.VYOlt.    See  San  SALv.iDOR  Soto  May  r. 

SOTO-Y'-AMIO,  so'to  e  a'me-o,  a  village  of  Spain,  province 
of  Leon,  near  Murias  de  Paredes.    Pop.  994. 

SOTTEGIIEM,  sot/teh-ghJm\  or  SOTTEGEM,  a  market- 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  13  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Ghent.   P.  loOO.   It  contains  the  tomb  of  Count  d'Egmont. 

SOT'TERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SOTTEVILLE-LES-ROUEX,  sot^veeV  or  sot'tgh-veel'  \i. 
roo-6x«',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine  Inferieure, 
with  a  station  on  the  Paris  and  Havre  Railway,  4  miles  S. 
of  Rouen.    Pop.  in  1852,  4yG0. 

SOTTEVILLE,  SUR  MER,  softfh-veel'  siiR  main',  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  near  the 
EnglLsh  Channel,  arrondissement  of  Y'vetot.     P.  1852,  4960. 

SOTTO  MARIXA,  softo  mi-ree'uJ,  the  southernmost  of 
the  islands  in  tlie  Venetian  Lagoon,  in  North  Italy,  15  miles 
S.  of  Venice.    The  town  of  Chioggia  is  at  its  N.  extremity. 

SOTUTA,  so-too/ti,  a  town  of  Yucatan,  60  miles  S.E.  of 
Jlerida.  and  pretty  well  built. 

SOT'WELIj,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

SOUBISE,  soo'beez',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente-Inf6rieure,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rochefort.  Pop.  678.  It 
has  mineral  springs  in  its  vicinity. 

SOUBTSOV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  SOOBTSOV. 

SOUCIIAHATCU'EE,  post-office,  Tallapoosa  CO.,  Alabama. 

SOUCIIEOU.    See  Soo-chow-foo. 

SOU'COOK  RIVER  rises  in  Belknap  co.,  New  Ilampshire, 
and  falls  into  the  Merrimack  River  in  Jlerrimack  county, 
about  3  miles  S.E.  of  Concord. 

SOUDAK.    See  SooD.Ui. 

SOUDAN,  a  region  of  Africa.    See  Soodan. 

SOUD.\X,  sooMSx"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Deux-S^vres,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Melle.     Pop.  834. 

SOUDAN,  a  vilUtge  of  France,  department  of  Loire-InfS- 
rieure,  3  miles  E.N  .E.  of  Chate;iubriant.     Pop.  in  1862,  2339. 

SOUD.\Y,  soo'iXk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Vendome.     Pop.  1483. 

SOU'DERSBURG,avillageof  Lancaster  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Lancaster  'Turnpike,  9  miles  E.  of 
Lanca.ster. 

SOUDJA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sooja. 

SOUDiXjDA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  SoODOODA. 

SOUDi  )ST,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  SooDOST. 

SOUEYKA  or  SUIRA.    See  Mogadoee. 

Si)U EZ  or  SOUEYS.    See  Suez. 

SOUFFLEMIEIM,  goof'flJn'Jm',  or  SUFFLEN,  stirfljjfo', 
a  village-  of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhiu,  canton  of 
BlschwUler.     Pop.  3035. 

SuUFFKIEIlE,  La,  U  soo^fre-air',  a  volcano  of  Gcadelocpe, 
which  see. 

SOUGE,  soo^zhA',  a  village  of  France,  departmentofSarthe. 
Pop.  1450. 

SOUGf:.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loir-et-Cher, 
15  miles  \V.  of  Vendome.     l*op.  1275. 

SOUHWGAN  RIVER  rises  in  the  X.  part  of  Massachu- 
setts, aud  running  firt^t  N.E.  and  then  E.,  Jails  into  the  Mer- 
rimack in  Hillsborough  couuty. 
1810 


SOTJI,  a  tovrn  of  China.    See  Sooee. 

SOUILL.iC,  soo^Sk'  or  sooPydk',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lot,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Doi'dognr-,  at 
the  head  of  its  navigation  by  heavy  barges.  30  miles  N.  of 
Cahors.  Pop.  in  1852,  3248.  It  has  a  chamber  of  commerce, 
and  trade  in  cattle,  leather,  wine,  salt,  and  timber. 

SUUILLY.  sooVee'  or  sooPyee',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Meuse,  18  miles  X.N.E.  of  Bar-le-Duc.    P.  it<[iL 

SO-UJ-BOLAK.    See  So-Ooj-Bolak. 

SOUKEL-SIIOUYOUKH.    See  Sookel  Siiootookh. 

SOUKGOUM-KALE,  Russia.     See  SooKGOOM-KALi. 

SOUKIIONA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Sookhona. 

SOULAIXES,  sooM.'ln',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  on  the  Soulaine,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Bar-sur- 
Aube.     Pop.  in  1852,  907. 

SOUiyBUKY,  a  parish  of  Enttland.  co.  of  Bucks. 

SOUL'DERX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SOUL'DORP,  a  parish  of  Endand,' co.  of  Bedford. 

SOULIMANA.    See  Sooliwasa. 

SOULTZ,  soolts,  or  SOULTZ-LA-VILLE,  soolts  U  veel.  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  llaut-Rhin,  15  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Colmar.     Pop.  in  1852,  3660. 

SOULTZ-LES-BAINS,  soolts  lA  blN=,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Bas-Rhin,  11  miles  W.  of  Strasbourg,  with 
mineral  baths  and  958  inhabitants. 

SOULTZMATT,  soolts'mjltt',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  liaut-Rhin,  in  the  Vosges.  3  miles  W.  of  Rouf- 
fach.     Pop.  in  1852,  2957. 
j      SOULTZ-SOUS-FOR  ETS,  soolts  soo  fo'rA/,  a  town  of  France. 
I  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  7  miles  S.W.  of  AVissembourg. 

Pop.  1877. 
I      SOUMAGNE,  Roo'm3i5',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
1  7  miles  E.  of  Liege.    Pop.  2464. 
i      SOUME.A.NEE.'    See  Soxjieanee. 
I      SOUMSIIOU,  one  of  the  Kooriles.    See  SooMsnoo. 
'      SOUMY.  Russia.    See  Soomt. 

!      SOUND,  The,  or  OERESUND,  a  narrow  strait  between 
[  Denmark  (island  of  Seeland)  and  Sweden,  which  connects 
I  the  Baltic  with  the  Cattegat  and  North  Sea.     Length,  from 
N.  to  S.,  30  miles;  breadth,  at  its  narrowest  point  between 
Elsinore  (Helsingbr)  and  Ilelsingborg,  3  miles:  depth,  from 
!  4  to  20  fithonis.    The  Danish  sovereigns  formerly  possessed 
1  the  territory  on  both  sides  of  the  strait,  and  they  have  ever 
since  continued  to  maintain  the  privilege  of  exacting  to]' 
from  all  foreign  veiisels  passing  through  it.  at  Elsinore. 
The  clearest  passage  is  on  the  Danish  side,  mid  by  almost 
immemorial  custom,  sanctioned  by  treaties,  and  finally  CC'U- 
firmed  and  regulated  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  isis,  all 
merchant  vessels  passing  the  sound  must  anchor  at  Elsi- 
nore, and  p.ay  duty.    The  sum  paid  is  not  so  serious  as  the 
i  delay,  which  often  occasions  the  loss  of  a  favorable  wind. 
The  average  amount  of  tolls  annually  is  §765.000.     In  1849, 
9601  ships  entered  the  sound  from  the  North  Sea,  of  whicli 
35u3  were  British ;  aud  9358  cleared  from  the  Baltic,  of  which 
3380  were  British. 

SOUNG,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Sooloo. 

SOUNGARI,  a  river  of  East  Asia.    See  Soongaree. 

SOUl'OI,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Soopoi. 

SOUPPES,  soop,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
etrMarne,  on  the  Loing,  15  miles  S.  of  Fontainebleau.  Pop. 
1523,  who  manufacture  files  and  other  steel  wares. 

SOUR,    See  Soor. 

SOUR  A,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Soora. 

SUURABAYA.    See  Soerabata. 

SOURAJ.  two  towns  of  Russia.    See  Soorazh. 

SOURAKARTA  or  SOURAKERTA.     See  Soerak.\rta. 

SOURBOURG,  sooR^booR',  a  village  of  Frauie,  department 
of  BasRhin,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Wi.c.iembourg.     Pop.  20lK). 

SOURDEVAL  or  SOUltDEVAI^LA-BARRE.  sooRMeh-vil' 
Id  baR,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Mortain.    Pop.  in  1852,  4328. 

SOURE,  Eo'r.i.  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Es- 
tremadura,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pombal.     Pop.  1500. 

SOURE,  ^rL  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia,  40  miles 
W.  of  Itapicuru, 

SOURE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  16  miles  from 
Ceara,  on  the  Ceara.  It  was  originally  founded  by  the 
Jesuits,  with  Indian  converts.    Pop.  under  1200. 

SOURGOUT.    See  Soorgoot. 

SOUROUG.\,  a  town  of  Japan.    See  Sooroooa. 

SOURRERA,  soor-ri'rd,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  near  its  N,  extremity,  50  miles  Vi.  of  Chilka 
Lake. 

SOURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SOUS.    See  Soos. 

SOUSA.    See  SoosA. 

SOUSAM  or  SOOSAM.    See  S.amos. 

SOUSTONS.  sooE^tAs"'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Landes.  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dax.     Pop.  in  1«52,  3123. 

SOUTCIIOU  or  SOUTCIIEOU,    See  Soo-chow-foo. 

SOUTERRAINE,  La,  \i  sooH^R'Rain',  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Creuse,  19  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Gueret.  Pop.  ill 
1852,  3680, 

SOUTH  AIVIXGTOX.a  post>villagoof  Abington  township, 
Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Old   Jolony  Railroad, 


sou 

21  miles  3.S.E.  of  Boston.    The  inhabitants  are  extensively 
cugaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes. 

SOUTH  A'CKE,  a  parish  of  Kns^laud.  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

SOUTH  ACTO.V,  a  postrvillage  of  Acton  township,  Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  i'itchburg 
Railroad.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  AC/WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  AD'AMS,  a  manufacturing  post^villacre  of  Adams 
township,  Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  I'ittsfleld  and 
North  Adams  llailroad,  13  miles  N.  by  E.  of  IMttsfield.  Among 
the  articles  produced  are  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  machi- 
nerj'.  and  furniture. 

SOUTH  AD'DISOX,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  ALABAM'A,  a  postoffice,  Genesee  co.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  AL'B10>f,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 

22  miles  \.E.  by  E.  of  Augusta. 

SOUTH  ALBION,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  ALBIOX,  a  post-office  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan. 

SOUTH  AiyOEN,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH'ALL,  a  village  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
parish  of  H;iyes,  with  a  station  on  the  Great  Western 
Kailway,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  T/indon. 

SOUTH  A  L/TON,  a  po.st- village  of  Belknap  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, near  the  Cocheco  llailroad,  20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord. 

SOUTH'.\M,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Warwick.  Pop.  in  18.51,  1711.  It  has  a  fine  Gothic 
church,  and  is  the  head  of  a  poor-law  union. 

South  AMBOY',  a  post-vlllage  of  South  Amboy  town- 
ship, Middlesex  co.,  New  .Tersey,  on  the  S.  side  of  Raritan 
Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Karitiin  Kiver,  27  miles  S.W.'of  New 
York.  The  Camden  and  Amboy  Kailroad  terminates  here, 
and  connects  with  the  New  York  steamlwats.  The  village 
contains  an  academy  and  a  manufactory  of  stone-ware.  l*op. 
of  the  township,  3(i5-. 

SOUTH  AM  K'XI.\.  a  postofflce  of  Dutohe,ss  co.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  AMERICA.    See  America,  page  70. 

SOUTH  AMERICA,  a  post-village  of  .Saline  co.,  Illinois. 

SOUTH  AM'IIERST,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  a  county  of  England.    See  IUxts. 

S0UTH.4.MPT0N,  stiTH-hamp'tgn,  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  and  seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants,  beautifully  .situated  on  a  peninsula  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Itchen,  near  the  head  of  Southampton  Water,  and  on  the 
South-western  Railway,  71  miles  S.W.  of  London.  Lat.  of 
St.  Michael's  Spire,  50°  44'  N,,  Ion.  1°  24'  2"  \V.  It  occupies 
an  acclivity  rising  gradually  from  the  water,  and  when  ap- 
proached by  the  London  Road  through  an  avenue  of  stately 
elms,  has  a  very  striking  appearance.  It  consists  of  an  old 
and  a  new  town,  the  former  at  an  early  period  surrounded 
by  walls  fianked  with  round  towers,  and  entered  by  several 
gates,  of  which  three  are  still  standing,  and  bear  the  names 
of  West-gate,  South-gate,  and  Bar-gate.  The  last,  a  remark- 
able structure.  embattledandmachicolattHl.  and  large  enough 
to  contain  the  town-hall  in  the  upper  part  of  it,  is  now,  in 
consequence  of  the  extension  of  the  town,  nearly  in  its  cen- 
tre, and  being  situated  across  the  princip.al  street  running 
nearly  N.  and  S.,  divides  it  into  two  parts,  the  part  to  the 
N.  taking  the  name  of  Al)0ve-bar.  and  that  to  the  S.  the 
name  of  Below-bar.  The  latter  part  continues  S.  for  about 
}  mile,  and  terminates  near  the  pier.  The  principal  street 
is  crossed  at  riglit  angles  by  several  others,  which  in  the 
older  quarters  are  very  irregular,  though  generally  sub- 
stantial ;  while  those  In  the  more  modern  portion  Above-bar, 
present  many  fine  ranges  of  buildings.  Among  these  the 
terrace  built  along  the  W.  shore,  and  commanding  fine 
views  of  the  surrounding  scenery,  is  conspicuous.  The  en- 
virons are  studded  with  handsome  villas. 

The  ecclesiastical  edifices  include  five  parish  churches, 
three  chapels  of  ease,  various  Dissenting  chapels,  of  which 
two  are  Independent,  two  Baptist,  and  English  Presby- 
terian, Wesleyan  Methodist,  Primitive  Methodist,  Unita- 
rian, Friends',  and  Roman  Catholic,  one  each.  St.  Michael's 
Church,  the  oldest,  situated  in  the  W.  part  of  the  town,  is  a 
sp.acious  Norman  structure,  with  a  roof  supported  by  light 
octangular  columns  and  sharply-pointed  arches,  and  a  tower 
terminating  in  a  lofty  octagonal  spire.  St.  Mary's  is  also  an 
ancient  edifice,  but  h.as  recently  been  modernized  in  its  in- 
ternal arrangements,  and  by  the  addition  of  two  wings ;  it 
stands  in  the  centre  of  a  large  grave-yard,  for  many  years 
the  only  repository  for  the  dead  for  the  whole  town,  but 
now  closed  entirely. 

The  chief  educational  establishments  are  the  free  gram- 
mar school,  founded  by  Edward  VI.;  the  Southampton  Col- 
lege; the  national,  British,  parochial,  and  infant  schools; 
mechanics'  literary  and  polytechnic  institutions;  botanic 
garden;  and  the  surveying  department  of  the  ordnance 
board  is  now  established  at  Southampton.  The  charitable 
endowments  include  an  infirmary,  a  dispensary,  a  female 
penitentiary,  several  almshouses,  an  hospital,  originally 
tbunded  as  a  nunnery  in  the  time  of  Henry  III.,  and  occu- 
pying an  antique  range  of  buildings,  with  a  chapel,  long 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  French  Protestant  refugees,  and 
a  royal  humane  society.    Other  buildings  and  objects  de- 


SOU 

serving  of  notice  are  the  guildhall,  custom-house,  av.dit- 
house,  jail,  theatre,  assemMy-rooms,  ordnance  map  ofhre. 
royal  yacht  dulvhousc,  baths,  and  public  parks,  which  ar> 
now  being  l.-iid  out  and  planted.  The  maimiactures.  wnn 
the  exception  of  shipbuilding,  which  is  carried  on  to  a  largx 
extent,  are  chiefly  confined  to  brewing,  coaches,  castings, 
and  the  refining  of  sugar, 

A  tidal-dock,  paved  with  granite,  and  lined  with  extensive 
warehouses,  was  completed  in  1S42.  at  a  cost  of  140.000/,, 
and  having  18  feet  water  at  the  lowest  tides,  is  accessible  at 
all  times  by  steamers  of  20ii0  tons  burden,  and  at  liigh  water 
by  vessels  of  almost  any  tonnage.  To  tiie  tidal-dock  two 
graving-docks  have  been  added,  and  a  third  is  (18;")4)  in 
course  of  construction,  which  will  accommodate  the  largest 
steam-vessels  in  the  world.  A  very  fine  new  close-dock  has 
also  been  opened,  and  is  extensively  used.  The  accommo- 
dation thus  provided  has  made  the  port  tlie  most  important 
packet-station  in  the  kingdom.  Steamers  sail  every  fortnight 
for  India  (East  and  West)  and  China,  weekly  for  the  W. 
coasts  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  for  Gibraltar  and  the 
Mediterranean,  and  dai?y  for  tlie  Isle  of  Wight.  theCliannel 
I,«lands,  and  France,  Ocean-steamers  .also  sail  regularly  for 
the  Western  World,  and  furnish  regular  amimunication 
with  the  more  distant  and  important  colonies  of  Au.<!tralia. 

The  imports  consist  chiefly  of  stone  from  the  W.  and  coal 
from  the  N.E.  maritime  counties,  corn  and  provisions  from 
Ireland,  timVjer  from  the  Baltic  and  America,  and  wine  and 
brandy  from  France,  Portugal,  and  Spain.  The  declared 
value  of  exports,  only  189,022/..  in  1816.  was  was  1.859,t)47/. 
in  1850,  1,916.7.37/.  in  1851,  2,070.270/.  in  1852,  and  2.452.864/. 
in  1853.  The  number  of  ves.sels  entered  from  foreign  ports 
in  1850  was,  British.  48.3,  (132,485  tons :)  and  foreign,  143, 
(19.632  tons ;)  and  there  cleared  for  foreign  ports,  British, 
464,  (128,153  tons ;)  and  foreign,  139.  (19.366  tons.)  The  ton- 
nage employed  in  the  coasting  trade  was  at  least  e<iually 
large.  Southampton  is  now  one  of  the  government  emigra- 
tion ports,  and  during  the  year  1£53  the  total  number  of 
vessels  cleared  from  the  port  for  the  different  Australian 
ports,  with  government  emigrants,  was  35,  with  a  ton- 
nage of  27,702,  conveying  9551  statute  adult  emigrants,  the 
aggregate  number  of  .souls  being  11,191.  Besides  these, 
.several  vessels,  with  emigrants  paying  their  own  passage- 
money,  sailed  for  Southampton  for  the  diCTerent  Anstralian 
ports  during  the  same  year.  The  importance  of  Southamp- 
ton, as  a  passenger  and  mail-packet  port,  is  increasing  every 
year:  as  one  proof  of  which,  it  may  be  Mentioned  that  dur- 
ing the  year  1853  no  less  than  26,048  passengers  from  foreign 
parts  landed  in  the  docks,  and  77,005  packages  of  passengers' 
baggage,  independent  of  all  the  commercial  goods  imported. 

Southampton  is  governed  by  a  town-council,  or  corpora- 
tion, consisting  of  30  councillors  and  10  aldermen,  (from 
whicli  the  mayor  is  annually  elected.)  Extensive  works  for 
supplying  the  town  with  water  are  (1854)  in  .active  progress; 
the  water  is  to  be  obtained  from  the  springs  at  Mansbridge, 
about  3  miles  distant  from  the  town. 

One  of  the  greatest  attractions  connected  with  the  town 
is  the  Southampton  Common,  a  beautiful  tract  of  land, 
richly  wooded.  365  acres  in  extent,  left  to  the  town  for  public 
purposes  many  centuries  ago.  On  it  is  situated  the  race- 
course, (one  of  the  most  picturesque  in  England.)  but  the 
races,  which  formerly  occupied  two  days  annually,  have, 
for  some  years  past,  been  discontinued.  Ten  acres  of  the 
common,  in  the  S.E.  corner,  are  now  appropriated  as  a  ceme- 
tery for  the  town,  in  which  provision  is  made  for  the  reli- 
gious feelings  of  all  classes,  by  the  erection  of  three  chapels 
for  the  use.  respectively,  of  the  Established  Church,  the  Dis- 
senters, and  the  Jews,  who  severally  bury  their  dead  with 
their  own  peculiar  rites  and  ceremonies.  On  the  common 
Is  also  nn  Artesian  well,  from  which  the  inhabitants  obtain 
large  supplies  of  water. 

Southampton  stands  about  1  mile  S.W.  of  the  Roman 
ClaiiseKtum,  the  site  of  which  is  still  indicated  by  a  fosse 
and  vallum.  The  modern  town  is  attributed  to  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  and  was  first  called  Hantsone,  from  which  the  pre- 
sent name  is  obviously  derived.  In  the  tenth  century  it 
was  repeatedly  pillaged  by  the  Danes^  and  afterwards,  when 
their  sovereign  had  gained  the  throne,  became  the  occasional 
residence  of  Canute.  In  13.39,  during  the  reign  of  Edward 
II  I.,  it  was  sacked  by  a  united  French,  Spanish,  and  Genoese 
fleet,  but  soon  recovered,  and  receiving  additions  to  its  cas- 
tle and  other  fortifications,  acquired  new  importance.  Since 
the  time  of  Ildward  1.  it  lias  returned  two  members  to  Par- 
liament. Among  its  natives  the  only  one  particularly  en- 
titled to  notice  is  Isaac  Watts.    Pop.  in  1861,  46,976. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  suTii-hamp'tpn,  a  county  in  the  P,S.E. 
part  of  Virginia,  bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area 
of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Xotta- 
way  River,  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Meherrin.  and  on 
the  E.  by  the  Blackwater  River.  Tlie  surface  is  nearly  level, 
and  extensively  covered  with  forests  of  pine  and  cypress. 
The  soil  is  alluvial,  light,  and  moderately  fertile.  In  1850 
thecounty  produced  869  bales  of  cotton,  and  235,3.37  hushela 
of  sweet  potatoes,  each  being  the  greatest  quantities  pro- 
duced in  any  one  county  of  the  state.  It  is  intei-sected  by 
the  Portsmouth  and  Roanoke  Railroad.    Organized  in  17'i8, 

1811 


sou 


sou 


»n1  named  rromSoiitliampton.a  town  of  England.  Capital, 
.leiTisaU-m.  Pop.  12,915,  of  whom  7507  wore  free,  and  5i08 
slaves. 

Sr  UTir.*  MPTOX,  New  Hampshire.    See  South  Hamptox. 

«0UTII.4  MPTON,  a  post-villase  and  township  of  Hamp- 
shire CO.,  Massachusetts,  95  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It 
rontainj.  several  churches,  and  the  Sheldon  English  and 
classical  school.     Pop.  1060. 

S<1UTHAMPT0N,  New  York.    See  Socin  Hamptos. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  1.-'91. 

SOUT 1 1  AilPTON,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1356. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Cumberland  A' alley  llailroad.     Pop.  1985. 
'SOUTHAMPTON,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Cumlierland  Valley  Railroad.    Poj).  1910. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  a  pust-townsliip  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Somerset  co.,  Pennnsylvaiiia.    Pop.  1184. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  a  post-ofRce  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois. 

SOUTHAMPTON  or  SAUGEEN,  saw-gheen',  a  rapidly 
rising  town  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Bruce,  in  a  fertile  district 
on4-ake  Huron,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saugeen  Kiver,  60  miles 
from  Goderich.    Pop.  in  lS5-t,  about  (WO. 

SOUTHAMIVTON  ISLAND.  Briti.sh  North  America, on  the 
N.  side  of  Hudson  Bay,  is  between  hit.  02°  and  ti6°  N.,  Ion. 
80°  and  87°  W.  The  coasts  are  rusged  and  mountainous. 
Cape  Southampton  forms  its  S.  extremity.  It  is  conjectured 
to  be  a  collection  of  island.s,  but  its  interior  is  unexplored. 

SOUTH  AM  PTOX  WATEH.a  fine  inletof  England,  stretch- 
ing from  the  Solent  and  Spithead,  N.W.  into  the  interior  of 
Hampshire  for  alx>ut  11  miles.  Greatest  breadth,  about  "2 
miles.  It  bounds  tlie  New  Forest  hundreds  on  the  E.,  and 
receives  the  Anton,  Itchin,  and  Humble  Itivers.  Its  shores 
are  picturesque,  and  it  is  usually  covered  with  shipping. 
Calshot  Castle  is  on  the  W.  side  of  its  entiance,  and  the 
ruined  Netlev  Abbey  on  its  E.  shore. 

SOUTH  AX'DOVER,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co..  Maina 

SOUTH  AN'NA,  a  small  river  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia, 
rises  near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Louisa  co.,  and  flowing  E., 
unites  with  the  North  Ann."*,  forming  the  Pamunkey  Itiver. 
The  whole  length  is  probably  75  miles.  It  affords  abundant 
water-power. 

SOUTH  ANN.A.  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia,  67 
miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

SOUTH  AN'VILLE,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1595. 
'  SOUTH  AKGYLE',  post-office,  Washington  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  ASII'BUKMIAM,  a  village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, at  the  junction  of  the  Fitchbnrg  and  the  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  Railroads,  about  50  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Boston. 

SOUTH  ASSYRIA,  a  post-office  of  Barry  co.,  Michigan. 

SOUTH  AT'TLEBOl'.OUGH,  a  post-village  of  Bristol  co., 
Massachusetts,  about  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  AU'BURN,  a  post-office  of  Susquehanna  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SOUTH  AUGUSTA,  Tow.a.    See  Augusta. 

SOUTH  AUSTRA'LIA,  a  British  colony,  the  territory  of 
which  comprises  all  that  part  of  Australia  extending  from 
lat.  26°  S.  to  the  S.  coast  of  the  continent,  between  Ion.  132° 
and  141°  E.,  having  S.K.  the  colony  of  Victoria,  or  Port  Philip, 
(.\ustralia  Felix,)  and  E.  the  region  watered  by  the  Mur- 
ray and  its  tributaries.  Area,  estimated  at  300,000  square 
miles.  The  coast-line  is  more  indented  than  in  any  other 
part  of  .\ustralia;  Spencer's  and  St.  Vincent's  Gulfs,  with 
Yorke  Peninsula  and  Kangaroo  Island,  being  within  the 
limits  of  this  territory.  The  surface  is  mostly  undulating 
or  level ;  the  hill  ranges  stretch  generally  from  N.  to  S. 
Mount  Bryant,  the  most  elevated  summit  E.  of  St.  Vincent's 
Gulf,  rises  to  3012  feet  in  height;  the  tableland  in  Eyre 
PeninsuKa,  W.  of  Spencer's  Gulf,  averages  loUO  feet  in  eleva- 
tion. The  Murray,  which  has  the  lower  part  of  its  course 
in  this  colony,  is  the  only  navigable  river.  Tliere  ai-e,  how- 
ever, numerous  small  streams,  and  the  country  is  on  the 
whole  pretty  well  watered.  The  principal  lakes  are  Torrens, 
Alexandrina,  and  Albert.  Ponds  and  creeks  are  numerous, 
and  a  chain  of  lagoons  borders  the  coast  along  Encounter 
l>;>y  in  the  S.E.  The  climate  is  healthy,  and  much  warmer 
than  that  of  England;  frosts  are  rare  in  the  plains  in  win- 
ter; showers  are  freiiuent,  with  S.W.  winds  between  Jlay 
and  October.  The  highest  range  of  the  thermometer  in 
1852  was  105°;  the  lowest,  44°;  average,  07°;  number  of 
rainy  daj-s.  115;  quantity  of  rain  fell  during  the  year,  27-34 
iuches.  The  most  part  of  the  settled  land  is  on  the  E.  side 
of  St.  Vincent  Gulf,  where  about  one-third  of  the  surface  is 
rstim.ited  to  be  adapted  to  agriculture  or  grazing,  one-tliird 
oovered  with  scrub  or  forest,  and  the  remaining  one-third 
Uirren.  The  best  tracts  are  In  the  level  plain  extending  N. 
from  Adelaide,  along  the  banks  of  the  Murray,  and  border- 
ing the  S.E.  coast  as  far  as  the  river  Glenelg.  "The  hills  are 
intersiiersed  with  many  fertile  valleys,  and  some  gocd  lands 
exist  in  Eyre  Peninsul.1.  Tracts  of  80  or  104  acres  are  sold 
by  the  government  at  the  rate  of  1/.  per  acre  and  upwards ; 
and  abt'ut  460,000  acres  had  been  disposed  of  early  in  1848. 
1812  ^ 


The  total  number  of  acres  of  crown  lands  sold  in  1852  was 
86.672,  being  an  increase  of  4083  acres  over  the  sales  of  1851, 
and  2l.7'23  acres  over  1850.  In  1847.  36.440  acres  were  re- 
ported to  be  under  cultivation,  chiefly  for  wheat,  oats,  and 
bai-ley;  besides  which  grains,  maize,  potatoes,  and  some 
rye  are  raised,  the  latter  chiefly  by  German  colonists,  who 
inhabit  many  vill.ages  in  aud  adjacent  to  the  plain  of  Ade- 
laide. In  addition  to  the  lixal  consumption,  grain  and 
other  farm  produce  was  exported  to  the  neighboring  gold 
colony  in  1852  to  the  value  of  2'20,000f.  The  vine,  olive,  and 
mulberry,  oranges,  lemons,  peaches,  pomegranates,  and 
many  other  fine  fruits,  come  to  perfection,  as  .ilso  tobacco, 
hops,  and  indigo.  Sarsjiparilla,  sassafras,  and  other  medicinal 
plants  are  indigenous.  Timt«r  is  plentiful.  Sheep  and  cattle- 
rearing  is  le.«s  extensively  conducted  than  in  New  South 
Wales,  and  elsewhere  in  East  Australia;  yet  in  1847  the 
stock  of  sheep  was  estimated  at  l.OOO.OiJO,  and  that  of  horned 
cattle  at  50.000.  The  increase  is  already  so  disproportionate 
to  the  number  of  shepherds,  that  the  system  of  boiling  down 
sheep  for  their  tallow  has  commenced  in  this  colony. 

Mining  is  highly  important.  Gold  has  been  discovered  in 
various  parts  of  the  colony.  It  is  said  that  there  is  an  avail- 
able goldfield  within  18  miles  of  Adelaide,  the  capital,  but  no 
mines,  we  believe,  are  yet  worked  to  any  great  extent  within 
the  colony,  owing  perhaps  to  the  superior  richness  of  the 
goldfields  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales.  The  total 
amount  of  gold  received  at  Adelaide  from  the  time  of  its 
discovery  up  to  July  31,  18.=i2,  was  estimated  at  l,OOO,000Z., 
brought  thither  chiefiy  by  miners  from  the  Melbourne  dis- 
trict. The  quantity  introduced  into  the  Adelaide  Assay 
Office  from  February  10.  1S52,  (the  time  it  was  opened.)  to 
February  15.  1853,  was  412,066  ounces,  which,  valued  at  31. 
lis.  per  ounce,  the  price  at  which  banks  are  required  to 
purchase  it,  would  amount  to  l,402,836i.  The  gold  is  trans- 
ported from  the  mines  by  an  overland  escort  of  mounted 
police,  established  by  government.  Since  1843  some  of  the 
richest  knowu  veins  of  copper  and  lead  h.ave  been  dis- 
covered in  South  .\ustralia;  the  latter  chietty  contiguous 
to  Adelaide,  the  former  in  the  hill  chains,  and  in  other 
localities.  The  Burra-burra  copper-mine  yields  an  ore  con- 
taining 75  per  cent,  of  metal,  and  in  1847,  4:351  tons  of  ore 
from  it  were  sold  at  Swansea,  realizing  94,26;'^.;  the  total 
exports  of  copper  being  estimated  at  10.000  tons,  valued  at 
2lXl,0Ci0/.  In  1S50,  18,692  tons  of  copper  were  raised  at  the 
Burra-burra  miues.  The  Kapunda  (copper)  and  (ilen  Os- 
mond (lead)  mines  are  also  very  productive.  Colialt,  man- 
ganese, zinc,  quicksilver,  and  antimony  have  been  discovered, 
and  emery  was  exported  in  1847;  but  no  mines  of  these 
metals  had  been  opened  then.  Iron  of  excellent  quality  is 
plentiful,  but  the  absence  of  coal  makes  it  neces.sary  to  send 
most  part  of  the  ores  elsewhere  for  reduction.  Some  foun- 
dries, aud  manufactures  of  barilla,  soap,  tobacco,  leather,  aud 
earthenware  are  established  in  Adelaide. 

The  commerce  of  South  Australia  is  chieflj-  with  Great 
Britain.  The  total  value  of  exports  in  1S52.  exdu.sive  of 
bullion  .ind  coin,amounted  to 736,267/.  against  7088?.  in  1843; 
and  of  imports  to  538,937/.,  the  amount  in  1843  being  only 
37,486/.  The  total  tonnage  in  1852.  inwards  and  outwards,  was 
202,507.  Great  exertions  have  been  made  to  open  suitable 
means  of  communication  with  the  mining  districts  of  the 
interior.  In  1852  a  line  of  road  from  Wellington,  on  the 
river  Murray,  towards  the  diggings  at  Mount  Alexandria, 
in  Victoria,  was  surveyed  for  a  distance  of  about  261  miles. 
In  1850  the  navigation  of  the  river  Murray,  by  steam,  was 
encouraged  by  a  large  public  premium,  and  in  the  following 
year  it  .was  explored  by  the  governor  as  far  as  its  junction 
with  the  Darling,  a  distance  of  1 60  miles,  being  the  first  ex- 
ploration made  since  its  discovery  !;y  Stuart,  in  1830.  In 
1852  two  steamers  were  built  on  this  liver  by  a  couple  of 
enterprising  farmers,  who  intended  taking  a  load  of  farm 
produce  to  Swan  Hill,  in  Victoria,  a  distance  of  1300 
miles;  the  other  was  expected  to  reach  the  village  of  Al- 
bury,  in  New  South  Wales,  distant  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Murray  in  Encounter  Bay.  alx>ve  1500  miles.  It  has  been 
recently  state<l  (May  1855)  that  steamboats  have  ascended 
the  Murray  2000  miles.  A  railway,  about  6  miles  in  length, 
has  been  constructed  from  Adelaide  to  its  port,  and  in  1852 
a  charter  was  granted  for  its  extension  to  North  Arm  Ilai^ 
bor.  Much  of  the  trade  of  West  Australia  is  conducted  in 
shipping  belonging  to  South  Australian  colonists.  The 
colony  is  subdivided  into  the  counties  of  Ilindmarsh,  Ade- 
laide, Gawler.  Light.  Stanley,  Eyre,  Sturt.  Russell,  and  Grey, 
on  the  E.  side  of  St.  Aincent  Gulf,  and  Flinders,  including 
Port  Lincoln,  on  the  W.  side  of  Spencer  Gulf.  The  govern- 
ment is  vested  in  a  governor,  an  executi>e  council,  and  a 
legislature,  remodelled  in  1851,  and  established  upon  a  popu- 
lar basis.  Local  courts,  re.sembling  the  English  county 
courts,  were  established  in  1850,  and  in  1852  the  schools  of 
the  colony  were  placed  under  a  board  of  education.  The  num- 
ber of  schools  in  charge  of  the  board  in  1S53  was  69,  at- 
tended by  3283  pui)ils.  In  1847  there  were  32  Sunday- 
schools  attached  to  the  53  churches  in  the  colony.  The  reve- 
nue for  18,'>2  amounted  to  223,4fj3/.,  and  the  expenditures  to 
172.S.39/.  The  average  amount  annually  expe::Je()  'to  tbc 
roads  from  1849  to  1862,  was  1S,524J. 


sou 

The  province  of  South  Australia  has  never  at  any  time, 
according  to  Captain  Sturt.  been  thickly  inhabited  "by  the 
ftbori;4ines.  The  number  in  the  settled  districts  is"  esti- 
mated at  36S0.  Every  attention  and  kindness  is  shown  by 
the  government  to  those  that  remain,  but  it  has  been  found 
impossible  to  induce  them  to  abandon  their  wild,  roving 
habits,  and  take  to  any  fixed  pursuit.  A  school  has  been 
established  by  government  for  the  children  of  the  native 
population,  which  is  attended  by  .30  or  40  boys  and  girls. 
'•These  children,"  says  Captain  Sturt,  "read,  write,  and 
(lipher  as  well  as  Kuropean  children  of  their  own  age,  but 
they  can  advance  no  further  ;  when  their  rea.son  is  taxed, 
they  fail."  Many  of  the  adult  aborigines  are  employed  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Adelaide  in  carrying  burdens,  in  cutting 
wood,  in  drawing  water,  &c.  These  are  all  clothed,  and  are 
rapidly  acquiring  habits  of  order.  The  more  remote  tribes 
of  the  colony  live,  as  formerly,  by  hunting  and  fishing. 
but  receive  assistance  fmm  the  government  in  the  form 
of  yearly  and  monthly  distributions  of  blankets  and  flour. 
The  European  population  in  IS.i'J,  exclusive  of  the  military 
guard  at  Adelaide,  was  fi8.603.  The  total  emigration  in 
18.12  was  20,3^5,  of  whom  12.5-29  were  males,  and  7766  fe- 
males. The  number  of  imigrants  who  paid  their  passage 
was  15.116,  5,279  being  sent  out  by  the  commissioners  of 
emigration.  The  total  emigration  from  the  colony  was 
15.976,  of  whom  11,412  were  males. 

The  polony  of  South  Australia  was  founded  by  the  South 
Australian  Company  in  1834.  but  was  not  practically  esta- 
blished till  1837.  The  principal  town  or  capital  is  Adelaide. 
South  Australia  is  nearly  eiuidistant  from  Liverpool  and 
New  York,  being  about  12,000  miles  from  each;  the  passage 
is  generally  accomplished  in  about  14  weeks.  Resides  Ade- 
laide, its  chief  settlements  are  Port  Adelaide,  Albert  Town, 
Gawler  Town,  and  Port  Gawler. 

SOUTH  AV'0>f,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  York,  on  a  branch  of  the  Genesee  Kiver,  26  miles 
W.  of  Canandaigua.  and  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rochester. 

SOUTH  BAIX/I5I5IDGK,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  110  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Albany. 

SOUTH  RAR'RE.  a  post-A-illage  of  Washington  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 7  miles  S.E.  of  Jhmtpelier. 

SOUTFI  l!Alt/I<K,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co.,  New  York, 
6  or  7  miles  S.  of  Albion. 

SOUTH  BAR'RINGTON,  a  post-ofBce  of  Strafford  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  RAY,  Washington  co..  New  York,  is  a  branch  of 
Lake  Champlain.    Length,  about  4  miles. 

SOUTH  REA'VER,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsyl- 
v.ania.     Pop.  1128. 

SOUTH  BEL'LINGHAM,  a  post-vill.-»ge  of  Norfolk  co., 
Mass.achusetts,  alwut  30  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  BEND,  a  postoffice  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SOUTH  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Arkan.sas  co.,  Arkansas. 

SOUTH  BKND,  a  flourishing  post-town  of  I'ortage  town- 
ship, and  capital  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana,  is  finely  situated 
on  St.  .Joseph's  Itiver.  and  on  the  Northern  Indiana  Rail- 
road, 85  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Chicago.  It  is  one  of  the  princi- 
pal stations  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Chicago  with 
Lake  Erie,  and  it  is  the  N.  terminus  of  the  Michigan  road, 
which  is  one  of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  of  the  state.  The 
river  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  from  its  mouth  to 
gouth  Bend.  A  dam  across  tlie  river  at  this  place  pro- 
duces a  vast  hydraulic  power,  which  is  employed  in  manu- 
factures of  various  kinds ;  among  which  are  3  flouring-mills, 
1  woollen  factory,  3 Siiw-mills,  1  edge-tool  factory,  aodseveral 
other  manufactories.  The  village  contains  8  churches,  2 
hanks,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  the  Northern  Indiana  Col- 
lege. The  University  of  Notre  Dame,  (Roman  Catholic)  is 
situated  1  mile  from  the  town,  on  the  border  of  a  small  lake. 
Pop.  in  1860,  3832. 

SOUTH  BENTONSPORT.    See  Bentonsport. 

SOUTH  BER'LIN,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  BERNE,  a  postoffice  of  Albanv  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  BER'WICK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  York 
CO.,  Maine,  on  Salmon  Falls  iUver,  15  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  on  the  Great  Falls  Branch  Railroad,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Portland.  Saco  and  Portsmouth,  and  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroads,  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Portland.  It  contains 
6  cliurches.  the  oldest  ac;»demy  in  the  state,  a  bank,  an  in- 
surance office,  about  20  stores.!  cotton  mill  employing  250 
hands,  and  1  woollen  mill.  The  legislature  has  recently 
chartered  a  company  for  the  manufacture  of  locomotives  and 
-ailroad  cars.    Two  ships  are  owned  here.     I'op.  2624. 

SOUTH  BLOOM'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  CO., 
Maine. 

SOUTH  BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  -part  of 
Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland,  Columbus, 
imd  Cincinnati  Railroad.     Pop.  12S9. 

POUTH  BLOOMFIEIjD,  a  post-village  of  Pickaway  co., 
Ohio,  between  the  Sri^to  River  and  tlie  Ohio  Canal,  about 
15  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

SOUTH  BOLIVIA,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York. 


SOU 

SOUTH'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ww 
cester  co.,  Massachusetts,  17  miles  E.  of  Worcester,  on  tht 
Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad.  It  contains  a  I>eautifu» 
town-house,  3  churches,  4  stores,  a  public  library  of  lOOf 
volumes,  2  cotton  mills,  and  3  boot  and  shoe  establishments; 
the  latter  employing  about  300  hands.     Pop.  1854. 

SOUTH  BOSTON,  Massachusetts,  a  suburb  of  Bostok, 
wliich  see. 

SOUTH  BOSTON,  a  post-office  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

SOUTH  BOSTON,  a  post-office  of  Washingtonco..  Indiana. 

SOUTH  BRAD/FORD,  a  pnst-village  of  Merrimack  CO.,  New 
Hampshire,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Concord. 

S')UTH  BRADFORD,  a  postoffice  of  Oranje  Co.,  Vermont. 

SOUTH  BRADFORD,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  BRAIN/TREE,  a  post-village  of  Braintree  town- 
ship,  Norfolk  co.,  Mas.sachusetts,  at  tlie  junction  of  the  Old 
Colony  and  Fall  River  Railroads,  llj  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Bos- 
ton, and  25i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Plymouth.  The  inhabitants 
are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and 
shoes.  The  Hollis  Institute,  incorporated  in  1851,  is  located 
here. 

SOUTH  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  CO..  New  .Ter.sey. 

SOUTII'BRIDGE,  a  post-vilKage  and  township  of  Worces- 
ter CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  Quinebaug  River,  60  miles  S.W. 
of  Boston.  It  contains  6  churches,  a  bank,  a  savings  bank, 
and  a  newsi^apcr  oftice;  also,  large  works  for  printing  calico 
and  delaine.  At  Globe  Village,  in  this  township,  the  Hamil- 
ton Woollen  Company  have  a  large  manufactory  of  mousse- 
lines  delaine,  and  1  or  more  cotton  mills.  Pop.  of  Globe 
Village  in  1860,  about  1800 ;  of  the  township  in  1860,  3675. 

SOUTH  BRIDGE'TON,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine. 

SOUTH  BRIDGE'WATER,  a  post-village  of  Bridgewater 
township,  Plymouth  co.,  MassachusettB,  SJ7  miles  S.  by  E  of 
Boston.  The  proper  name  of  it  is  simply  Bridgewater, 
which  see.  ' 

SOUTH  BRIS'TOL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontario 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Canandaigua  Lake,  about 
12  miles  S.  of  Canandaigua.     Pop.  1216. 

S<  )UT  1 1  B  H ISTOL.  a  post-office  of  Kenosha  co..  Wisconsin. 

SOUTH  BRITAIN,  a  term  sometimes  applied  to  Enj-'land 
and  Wales,  as  contradistinguished  from  Scotland  or  North 
Britain. 

SOUTH  BRIT'AIN,  a  post  village  of  Southbury  township, 
New  Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Pamperaug  River,  (which 
affords  water-power.)  20  miles  N.W.  of  New  Haven.  It  con- 
tains 2  churches,  3  or  4  stores,  and  several  manufactories. 
Dams  and  races  iiave  recently  been  constructed,  with  a  view 
to  increase  the  business  of  the  villaie. 

SOUTH  BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  BROOKS,  a  postrofflce  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  BROWN,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio. 

SOUTH  BRUNS/WICK,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co.. 
New  Jersey,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Trenton.     Pop.  3816. 

SOUTH  BUF'FA[<0,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  C.inal.   Pop.  1.i71. 

SOUTH'BURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  Havpu 
CO.,  Connecticut,  22  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  New  Haven.  The 
main  street  of  the  village  is  beautifully  shaded,  and  has  on 
it  2  churches,  an  academy,  a  hotel,  and  seveial  fine  re* 
dences.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1"46. 

SOUTH  BUT'LER.  a  thriving  post-village  in  Butler  town- 
ship, Wayne  co..  New  Y'ork,  about  158  miles  N.W.  by  W.  ot 
Albany.  It  contains  2  stores,  3  churches,  1  steam  grist  and 
saw  mill,  and  1  tannery. 

SOUTH  BUTLER,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1209. 

SOUTH  BUTLER,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama. 

SOUTH  BY'RON,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co.,  New  York, 
on  the  Buffalo  and  Rochester  Railroad,  25  miles  AY. S.W.  of 
Rochester. 

SOUTH  CAIRO,  (ki'ro.)  post-office.  Greene  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  CA'.NAAN.  a  post-office  of  E.sst^x  co.,  Vermont. 

SOUTH  CANAAN,  a  post-villaire  of  Litchfield  CO.,  Con- 
necticut, about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  iron. 

SOUTH  CAN'DOR.  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co..  New  York, 
on  the  railroad  between  Owego  and  Ithaca,  5  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  the  former. 

SOUTH  CAPE,  the  southernmost  point  of  Van  Diemen's 
Land,  in  lat.  43°  40'  S. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  (kJr-o-lI'n.a.)  one  of  the  original  states 
of  the  American  Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  th<  N.and  N.E. 
by  North  Carolin.i.  S.E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  S.W.  by 
Georgia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah  River 
It  lies  between  32°  .ind  35°  10'  N.  lat.  and  between  78°  35 
and  83°  30'  W.  Ion.  This  state  is  triangular  in  shape,  h.iving 
a  coast  line  of  about  200  miles  for  its  base,  with  an  extreme 
length  and  breadth  each  of  about  210  miles,  including  an 
area  o*-  about  2i),385  square  miles,  or  18.806,400  acres;  of 
which  4.572,060.  onlj'  were  improved  in  1860.  Governor  Sea- 
brook  states  the  area  at  30.213  square  miles. 
I      /lice  of  the  Chuntry,  and  Geology. — This  state  is  about 

1813 


sou 


sou 


equally  divided  >  rttvreen  the  alluvial  and  primitive  forma- 
tions ;  tliB  Ibrmer  extunding  along  the  coast  for  about  80  to 
loo  miles  inland,  is  intoispersed  with  extensive  swamps. 
The  primitive  occupies  the  central  and  N.W.  parts,  with  the 
exception  of  the  alluvion  bottoms  of  the  rivers.  On  leaving 
the  alluvions,  we  enter  upon  a  3;indy  tract,  called  the  "  Mid- 
dle country,"  which  is  terminated  in  its  turn  by  a  belt  called 
the  "  Uidge,"  an  abrupt  elevation,  beyond  which  the  coun- 
try continues  to  ascend  till  it  terminate.^,  in  the  extreme 
X.W.,  in  thii  Blue  Kidge  Jlountiiins.  which  attain,  in  Table 
Mountain,  an  elevation  of  about  4000  feet  above  the  sea. 
King's  Mountain  is  on  the  boundary  line  between  North 
and  South  Carolina.  Along  the  coast  is  a  chain  of  low 
islands,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  series  of  lagoons 
or  sounds,  through  which  a  coast  navigation  is  carried  on, 
defended  from  the  agitations  of  the  ocean. 

Minerals. — The  primitive  portion  affords  great  abundance 
of  building  material,  in  the  granites  and  sienites  of  Rich- 
land. Kershaw,  Lexington.  Fairfield,  and  Abbeville  districts, 
in  the  marbles  of  Spartanburg  and  Laurens,  and  in  the 
gneiss  of  Pickens  and  York.  The  other  earthy  minerals  are 
mica  slat«,  .soapstone,  porcelain  clay  of  a  very  fine  quality, 
i-ed  and  yellow  ochres,  limestone,  and  talco-micaceous  slat«s 
suitable  for  whetstones;  but  no  coal — nor  is  it  likely,  from 
its  geological  formation,  that  this  valuable  fuel  will  ever  be 
found,  if  found  at  all.  in  any  considerable  quantity.  Of  the 
metallic  minerals,  gold  in  con.siderable  abundiince,  iron  of 
the  best  quality,  and  lead,  are  among  the  treasures  of  South 
Carolina.  The  mines  of  Mr.  William  Dome,  in  Abbeville 
and  lidgefield  districts,  yielded  gold  of  the  value  of  $-300,000 
in  the  15  months  preceding  July,  1853.  This  precious  metal 
is  found  in  the  same  belt  (reaching  from  the  Kappahannock 
River,  in  Virginia,  to  the  Coosa,  in  Alabama)  in  which  the 
gold  of  Virglni;i,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia  exists.  The 
South  Carolina  portion  of  this  great  belt  promises  to  make 
the  richest  returns  of  any  mines  in  the  United  States,  out 
of  California.  Between  February,  1852.  and  February,  1853, 
the  value  of  $202,000  was  mined,  at  the  trifling  expense  of 
$1200.  A  company  was  formed  in  1851,  with  a  capital  of 
iJOOO.OOO.  for  working  these  mines.  The  entire  product  of  this 
state  between  1S28  and  September  3i),  ISo-t.  was  §521,527. 

Hivers,  Bays.  <£c. — From  the  mouth  of  the  Gi-eat  Pedee 
River  to  that  of  the  Savannah,  the  coast  of  South  Carolina 
is  lined  with  a  series  of  bays,  sounds,  and  lagoons,  which, 
though  mostly  shallow,  have  sufficient  depth  to  allow  of  an 
extensive  coasting  navigation.  Commencing  at  the  Gre;»t 
Pedee,  and  proceeding  S.,  we  have  AVinyaw  B.-iv,  at  the 
mouth  of  that  river;  then,  in  order,  Bulfs  Bay.  Ch.arleston 
Harbor,  St.  Ilelena  Sound,  and  Port  Royal  Entrance,  with 
a  number  of  smaller  inlets.  The  harbor  of  Beaufort  is  much 
the  best  of  these,  admitting  vessels  drawing  11  feet  water; 
Charle.^ton  XIarlx)r  is  obstructed  by  a  dangerous  bar;  St. 
Helena  Sound  is  the  most  capacious  of  these  inlets,  but  is 
beset  with  shoals.  Georgetown,  at  the  head  of  Winyaw  Bay, 
can  only  be  reached  by  ves.sels  of  small  draught ;  and  Stono 
Inlet,  S.  of  Charleston,  has  but  10  feet  water  on  the  bar. 
The  Sautee  River,  with  its  main  affluents,  the  Coniraree 
ami  Wateree  passes  almost  directly  through  the  middle  of 
the  state.  It  i.s  about  100  miles  from  the  junction  of  the 
Congaree  and  Wateree  to  the  mouth  of  the  Santee,  and  about 
300  miles  from  their  confluence  to  their  sources  in  North 
Carolina.  The  Great  Pedee  enters  the  state  from  North  Ca- 
rolina, (where  it  bears  the  name  of  Yadkin.)  and  courses 
through  the  N.E.  part  of  South  Carolina,  about  150  miles, 
into  Winyaw  B.ay;  the  Saluda  and  Broad  Rivers  drain  the 
N.W.  of  the  state,  and  unite  to  form  the  Congsiree;  the 
Broad  River  rises  in  the  W.  of  North  Carolina ;  the  Kdisto 
and  Combahee  drain  the  S.W.  of  the  state,  and  flow  into  the 
Atlantic  after  courses  of  150  to  200  miles;  Lynch's  Creek  is 
a  tributary  from  the  W.,  and  Wacamaw  and  Little  Pedee 
from  the  E.  of  the  Great  Pedee;  all  have  their  sources  in 
North  Carolina.  The  larger  streams  run  iu  a  S.E.  direction, 
and  furnish  an  inland  navigation  of  about  2400  miles,  apart 
from  the  creeks  and  inlets  of  the  sea.  The  Savannah  River 
can  be  navigated  by  steamboats  to  Hamburg,  and  for  smaller 
boats  still  higher.  The  Wacamaw  may  be  ascended  12  miles, 
the  Great  Pedee  200  miles,  the  Congaree  and  the  Wateree 
al>out  the  s;ime  distance  by  steamboats.  All  these  rivers 
are  boatable  above  the  distances  mentioned,  for  keel-boats. 
.Greenville  is  the  only  district  in  the  state  without  the 
advantage  of  navigation.  Watercourses  abound  in  all  the 
districts  favorable  for  mill-sites. 

O'ljects  of  Interest  to  Twirists. — One  of  the  most  interesting 
objects  in  South  Carolina  is  Table  Mountain,  or  Table  Rock, 
as  it  is  generally  called,  an  elevation  of  4000  feet  alxive  the 
sea.  which  presents,  in  one  direction,  a  perpendicular  face 
of  1100  feet  above  the  surrounding  country.  This  mountain 
is  a  place  of  great  resort  in  summer,  having  a  house  of  en- 
tertainment at  its  base.  Cffisar's  Head,  in  the  same  vicinity. 
Is  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  human  cranium;  this 
Js  also  a  pl.-ice  of  summer  resort,  and  has  a  hotel  on  its  sum 
mit.  whirh  is  visible  at  a  great  distance.  Glenn's  Spring,  in 
Spartanburg  district,  is  a  watering-place  of  some  reput^  con- 
niniug  magnesia  and  sulphur  in  its  waters.  Limestone 
Spriuib  in  the  same  district,  Is  less  frequented  than  for- 
18X4. 


merly,  and  its  spacious  hotel  is  now  converted  into  a  female 
college,  which  is  said  to  be  in  a  vei^r  flourishing  condition. 
According  to  Professor  Tuomey.  the  falls  of  the  Saluda, 
among  the  mountains,  have  a  descent  of  from  300  to  4lX) 
feet.  "They,"  says  the  professor,  "who  imagine  that  by 
skipping  to  the  top  of  Table  Rock,  and  from  thence  run 
across  to  Caesar's  Head,  have  exhausted  the  beauties  of  this 
region,  commit  a  great  mist.ike." 

Cliinak. — South  Carolina,  though  in  the  latitude  of  the 
Barl>ary  States,  has  more  the  climat«  and  productions  of 
Southern  Europe.  Yet  many  of  the  pwductions  peculiar 
to  its  latitute  on  the  Eastern  Continent  flourish  here,  such 
as  cotton  and  rice,  and  some  of  the  tropical  fruits;  but  the 
irregularity  of  the  seasons,  and  early  and  late  frosts,  render 
the  latter  a  somewhat  precarious  crop. 

Sn'l  and  Prmhtctions. — There  are,  according  to  Ruflin  and 
Tuomey,  (^the  agricultural  surveyors  of  the  state.)  6  varieties 
of  soil  in  South  Qirolina: — 1.  Tide  swamp,  devoted  to  the 
culture  of  rice.  2.  Inland  swamp,  to  rice,  cotton,' corn,  pease, 
&c.  3.  Salt  marsh,  to  long  cotton.  4.  O.ak  and  pine,  to  long 
cotton,  corn,  potatoes,  &c.  5.  Oak  and  hickory,  to  short  co^ 
ton,  corn,  &c. ;  and.  6.  Pine  barrens,  to  fruit,  vegetables,  &c. 
The  swamps  near  the  coast,  covering  "JOdO  square  miles,  are 
capable  of  drainage,  and  are  of  inexhaustible  fertility.  The 
pine  lands,  forming  a  belt  across  the  state  next  succeeding 
to  the  alluvion,  have  been  heretofore  considered  of  but  little 
value,  except  for  timber;  but  Governor  Seabrook  is  of 
opinion  that  its  agricultural  capabilities  have  been  much 
underrated,  and '•  th.at  in  .ill  its  relations  it  is  of  immeasura- 
ble value  to  our  community."  On  the  islands  is  produced 
the  largest  quantity  of  the  much-valued  variety  of  cotton 
called  sea-island,  whose  production  is  in  fact  limited  to  the 
coa.sts  of  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  and  perhaps 
Texas.  With  the  exception  of  the  rich  alluvion  of  the  lower 
region,  the  best  land  iu  the  state  is  iu  the  hilly  country, 
above  the  Ridge,  which  is  favorable  to  corn,  potatoes.  &c. 
Cotton  grows  in  all  the  divisions  of  the  state,  with  different 
degrees  of  productiveness,  and  is  the  great  staple  of  South 
Carolina;  and  though  the  fourth  among  the  states  in 
the  actual  amount  of  this  commodity  produced,  yet,  if  we 
regard  only  area,  she  stands  first  in  tlie  relative  .imount; 
while  in  the  product  of  rice,  her  other  great  staple,  she  is 
first  in  ahsolule  amount.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  butter,  sweet 
and  Irish  potatoes,  and  wool  are  extensively  produced :  while 
rye,  oats,  barley,  tobacco,  hay.  wine,  cheese,  and  sugar  are 
cultivated  to  some  extent.  The  climate  is  suited  to  indigo 
and  hemp,  hut  they  are  not.  at  present,  profitable  crops.  la 
short.  South  Carolina  can  pi-oduce,  side  by  side,  the  wheat 
of  the  north,  and  the  olive,  sugar-cane,  and  (with  care)  the 
or.ange  of  the  south;  anil,  when  she  institutes  a  more  care- 
ful .system  of  culture,  will  be  able  to  produce  as  large  an 
amount,  and  perhaps  a  greater  variety  of  products,  acre  for 
acre,  than  any  of  her  sister  states.  Wheat  grows  as  low  as 
3"2°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  Indian  corn  everywhere,  except  in  a 
small  district  N.  of  the  mountains,  which  is  too  bleak  for  it. 
According  to  the  census  of  ISOO,  there  were  in  South  Caro- 
lina 4,572,0(50  acres  of  improved  land  (11,023,859  being  un- 
imjiroved),  producing  1,285,631  bushels  of  wheat;  89,091  of 
rye;  1.5.065,606  of  Indian  corn;  9;.;6,974  of  oats;  1,728,074  of 
peas  and  beans;  226,735  of  Irish  potatoes;  4,115.688  of 
sweet  potatoes ;,  11,490  of  barley;  119,100.5'28  poimds  of 
rice;  104,412  of  tobacco;  4'27,102ofwool;  3,177,9.'U  of  butter; 
40.479  of  beeswax;  526,077  of  honey;  87,587  tons  of  hay; 
24,9t>4  gallons  of  wine;  353,412  bales  (400  pounds  each)  of 
cotton;  (the  cotton  product  of  1850  wa8l20,360.4i  0  pounds.) 
Value  of  live  stock  $23,934,465 ;  of  orchard  products  $213,989 ; 
of  market  products  $187,348;  and  of  slaughtered  animals 
$6,072,822. 

Forest  Trees. — On  the  islands  are  found  the  live-oak.  pine, 
palmetto,  and  laurel ;  in  the  lower  and  pine-barren  district, 
pitch-pine;  and  in  the  middle  and  upper  regions,  aik, 
hickory,  and  pine.  The  winter  voyager  Itetween  Charleston 
and  Savannah,  on  the  inlets  or  sounds  of  the  coast,  sails 
amid  foliage  as  green  as  that  of  a  summer  forest  at  the- 
North ;  with  here  the  evergi-een  live-oak,  draped  with  the 
gracefully-hanging  long  moss,  and  there  the  white  flowers 
of  the  laurel,  (sometimes  a  foot  in  circuit)  while  the  shores 
are  liued  with  thousands  of  water-fowl,  and  nothing  to  mar 
the  scene,  unless  it  may  be  an  unsightly  alligator  basking 
iu  the  sun. 

Manufactures.— South  Carolina  has  not  yet  become  exten- 
sively engaged  in  manufacturing,  but  her  attention  is  now 
much  turned  In  that  direction,  and  already  she  exports  t< 
the  North  cotton-yarns  and  coarse  cotton  stuffs.  In  185l» 
there  were  in  the  state  1230  establishnit^nts  producing  each 
ipoOO  and  upwards  annually,  engaged  iu  mining,  manufac- 
tures, and  the  mechanic  arts,  employing  $6,931,1 56  capital, 
and  6904  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $5,098,881, 
and  yielding  products  valued  at  $8,619,195.  Of  these  17 
were  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  employing 
capital  to  the  amount  of  $801,825,  and  *^.91  ha  ads,  consuming 
raw  material  worth  $431,525,  and  prod'\cing  annually  stufl"s 
valued  at  $712,950;  270  flour  and  grist-u  ills,  employing 
$699,525  capital,  and  355  hands,  and  producing  tlour  and 
meal  valueUat  $1,757,174 ;  360  saw-niills.employing  $1,140,616 


sou 

capital,  and  1260  hands,  and  prodncing  liimher  valued  at 
$1,124,440;  88  turpentine  distilleries,  employing  capital  to 
the  amount  of  $917,770,  and  1359  hands,  consuming  raw- 
material  worth  $683,945.  and  producing  turpentine  valued 
at  *l,076,72u;  49  tanneries,  employing  .$167,130  capital,  and 
producing  leather  valued  at  $144,110;  arid  8  machine  shops, 
employing  $784,000  capital,  and  producing  steam  engines. 
&c.,  valued  at  $445,192.  Home-made  manufactures  valued 
at  SSlo.117  were  produced  in  the  s.ime  year. 

Jvfernal  Imprnvements. — According  to  the  census  of  1S60 
South  Carolina  had  987  miles  of  completed  railroad,  the 
construction  and  equipment  of  which  cost  $22,385,287. 
Those  already  constructed  unite  Charleston  with  Ham- 
burg, (and  from  thence,  by  connection  with  the  Georgia 
Railroads,  with  various  points  in  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and 
Alabama,)  Colun^bia,  Abbeville,  Laurensville,  Anderson, 
fireenville,  Yorkville,  Cheraw,  and  other  intermediate 
points  in  South  Carolina,  and  with  Charlotte  and  AVil- 
mington  in  North  Carolina.  From  the  latter  place  (with 
a  sliort  exception  on  and  near  the  Potomac,  below  Wash- 
ington City)  the  connection  with  the  great  Noithern  cities 
is  unbroken.  When  the  present  lines  projected  shall  have 
been  completed,  Charleston  will  have  communication  with 
Richmond  through  the  central  counties  of  North  Carolina. 
Charleston  is  also  connected  with  Savannah  by  a  direct 
railroad. 

Commerce. — South  Carolina  exports  largely  of  cotton,  rice, 
(of  the  latter  more  than  all  the  other  states  of  the  Union 
together.)  lumber,  and  naval  stores.  Iler  exports  to  foreign 
ports  for  the  fiscal  year  18.54,  amounted  in  value  to 
$11,995,016,  all,  with  the  exception  of  a  trifling  fraction,  in 
domestic  products ;  and  the  imports  to  $1,711,385;  tonnage 
entered,  90.703;  cleared,  124,626;  owned  in  the  stite, 
42.125,  of  which  26,459  was  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade, 
and  9424  in  steam  navigation ;  and  23  ve.*.sels  built,  with  an 
aggregate  tonnage  of  1161.  In  the  year  ending  August  31, 
1853,  there  were  exported  from  Charleston  19.976  bales  of 
sea-island,  and  446.610  of  upland  cotton;  126.742  tierces  of 
rice:  363.852  bushels  of  rough  rice;  and  20,637,525  feet  of 
lumlier:  for  the  same  period,  in  1854.  the  exports  were,  sea- 
island  cotton.  24,761  bales;  upland.  408.278  bales;  rice, 
125.749  tierces;  rough  rice.  323.004  bushels;  and  lumtier, 
23,844.6.'>0  fi-et.  Of  the  cotton,  more  than  h.ilf,  of  the  rice, 
one-third,  and  of  tlie  rough  rice,  more  than  two-thirds  were 
exported  to  foreign  countries.  See  Charleston.  The  rail- 
road communications  opened  between  Charleston  and  Ten- 
nessee have  diverted  a  large  northern  trade  with  the  latter 
state  into  this  channel,  to  th«  great  advantage  of  Charles- 
ton and  Tennessee  as  well.  Soon,  Charleston  will  hold 
direct  communication  with  Memphis,  on  the  Mississippi, 
by  railroads,  which  will  become  one  of  the  great  routes  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Atlantic  coast,  and 
even  with  the  Ohio  Valley. 

Education. — South  Carolina  University  is  an  institution 
of  high  reputation,  and  has  among  its  feculty  some  distin- 
guished names.  The  number  ot  colleges  and  schools  in 
South  Carolina  in  1800,  according  to  the  census,  was  14  col- 
leges, having  1384  students,  $192,675  income,  of  which 
$73,100  was  from  endowments,  and  $23,000  from  public 
funds:  757  public  schools  having  20,716  pupils,  $204,593  in- 
come, of  which  $39,470  was  from  taxation,  $29,779  from  pub- 
lic funds,  and  $12,^5  from  endowments ;  226  academies  and 
other  schools  with  8277  pupils,  $293,244  income,  of  which 
S4S.200  was  endowments,  $42,164  from  public  funds,  and 
S14,O00  from  taxation.  It  has  also  257  libraries,  comi)rising 
a  total  of  471,512  volumes.  According  to  the  National  Alma- 
nac, there  were,  in  1863, 4  colleges,  with  from  300  to  400  stu- 
dents; 3  theological  scliools;  audi  medical  school,  with 
158  students.  Splendid  buildings  for  a  college  at  Spartan- 
burg A'illage  were  being  erected  by  the  Methodists  in  1S54, 
ample  funds  having  been  supplied  by  the  bequest  of  Ben- 
j.imin  AVofford.  The  income  from  the  pupils  of  the  South 
Carolina  College  is  spent  in  improvements  and  other  contin- 
gent expenses,  the  college  being  supported  by  appropri.v 
tions  from  the  state.  Each  student,  it  is  said,  costs  the 
state  $1000.  The  legislature  of  1853  appropriated  $21.(575 
for  the  support  of  this  college,  and  $36,188  for  supporting 
free  schools. 

Rfligious  Denominations. — There  were  1267  churches  m 
South  Carolina  in  1860,  of  which  the  Baptists  owned  443,  the 
Episcopalians  82.  the  Christians  6,  the  Lutherans  48,  the 
Methodists  506,  the  Presbyterians  149,  the  Roman  Catholics 
11,  the  Unionists  11,  the  various  minor  sects  17 ;  giving  1 
church  to  every  545  persons.  Total  value  of  church  prop- 
erty, $3,481,236. 

Periodicals.— In  1860  there  were  published  in  South 
Carolina  2  daily,  4  tri-weekly,  35  weekly  newspapers,  and  3 
monthly  and  1  quarterly  magazine  or  review.  Among 
these  33  were  political,  3  religious,  5  literary,  and  4  miscel- 
I  »neous.  The  whole  number  of  copies  issued  annually  was 
3,654,840. 

Public  Im'tmtions.— There  is  a  state  lunatic  asylum  at 
Columbia,  which  treated  173  patients  in  1852.  Of  those.  73 ' 
were  paupers.  Of  596  insane  received  since  its  opening, 
260  liave  been  restored.  This  institution  is  richly  endowed, 


SOU 

and  Is  under  the  control  of  the  state,  whieh  oontribntH 
$.30,000  for  its  improvement  in  1853.  The  Deaf  and  Dirnb 
Asylum  at  Cedar  Springs,  in  Spartinburg  district,  was 
founded  by  the  Rev.  N.  P.  Waliier.  in  1S49,  but  i-^  now 
under  the  care  of  the  state,  and  had  27  pupils  in  November, 
1851.  The  state  contributed  $r.822  in  185.3.  for  the  aid  of 
the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind.  New  buildings  for  this  institu- 
tion are  in  progress  of  erection.  The  orphan-house  is  no- 
ticed under  Ch.arlkston.  Public  libraries  in  1850,  16.  with 
73.768  volumes;  school  libraries,  3,  with  2750  volumes 
and  college  libraries,  7,  with  30.9C4  volumes. 

J*)pulatinn. — Among  the  orisinal  .settlers  of  South  Caro- 
lina--generally  English — were  some  Scotch.  Germans,  and 
French  Huguenots,  from  the  latter  of  whom  are  descended 
some  of  the  most  respectable  families  in  the  st.ite.  The 
people  of  South  Carolina  are  noted  for  frankness  of  .speech, 
courteou.oness  of  manner,  and  especially  for  that  free  hos- 
pitality which  is  a  general  characteristic  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Southera  States.  Eloquence  is  one  cf  the  marked 
attributes  of  her  public  men.  and  .she  has  produced  some 
of  the  most  eminent  orators  that  have  shed  lustre  upon  the 
national  councils  of  our  country.     In  1790  there  were  in 


whom  291..300  were  whites,  9914  free  colored,  402,406  slaves, 
and  88  Indians.  Population  to  the  square  mile  23.  Repre- 
sentative population  542,745.  Of  the  free  population  276,868 
were  born  in  the  state,  14,448  in  other  states  of  the  Union, 
and  99S6  in  foreign  countries,  of  whom  757  were  born 
in  England,  4906  in  Ireland.  502  in  Scotland.  11  in  AVales, 
86  in  British  America,  2947  in  Germany,  219  in  France, 
and  558  in  other  foreign  countries,  giving  about  3  per  cent, 
of  the  white  population  of  foreign  birth.  About  two- 
thirds  of  the  popnlatian  are  engaged  in  agriculture.  Of 
the  free  pojmlation  in  the  leading  pur,<uits  35,137  were 
farmers,  6312  farm  laborei-s,  5796  laborers.  2737  o\-er8eera, 
2.541  students,  2521  planters,  2236  8eamstres.ses,  1998  clerks, 
1890  merchants.  1844  carpenters,  1268  teachers,  1113  physi- 
cians, 1103  servants,  696  mechanics,  692  blacksmiths.  623 
factory  hands,  &c.,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st,  1860, 
thi're  occurred  9745  death,  or  14.1  in  every  thou.«and. 
The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  203,  of  whom  59  were 
slaves,  (see  Introduction  to  the  volume  on  Population  of 
the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  etc.),  of  291  blind,  120 
were  slaves;  of  317  insane,  IS  were  slaves;  of  403  idiotic, 
121  were  slaves. 

Districts. — South  Carolina  is  divided  into  30  districts,  viz. 
Abbeville,  Anderson,  Barnwell,  Beaufort,  Charleston,  Ches- 
ter, Chesterfield,  Clarendon,  Colleton,  Darlington,  Edgefield, 
Fairfield,  Georgetown,  Greenville,  Horry,  Kershaw,  Lancas- 
ter. Laurens,  Lexington,  Marion,  Marlborough,  Newberry, 
Orangeburg,  Pi<keiis,  Richland,  Spartanburg,  Sumter, 
Union,  Williamsburg,  and  York.    Capital,  Cohmibia.- 

Cities  and  Towns. — Charleston,  the  largest  town  in  South 
Carolina,  had  a  j)opulationdf  40,522  in  1860.  The  other 
principal  towns  are  Cohunbia,  population  about  7000; 
Georgetown  1720;  Camden  1621;  Greenville  1518;  Oraugo 
burgh  897  ;  Pendleton  854. 

Oovemment.  Finances,  die. — The  governor,  lieutenant-go- 
vernor, and  presidential  electors  are  chosen  by  the  legisla- 
ture. The  governor  and  lieutenant-governor  are  elected  for 
2  years,  the  former  receiving  $3500  per  annum.  The  senate 
consists  of  45  members,  chosen  by  the  people  for  4  years, 
one-half  being  elected  every  second  year.  The  house  of  re- 
presentatives, consisting  of  124  members,  is  chosen  in  the 
same  manner  for  2  years.  In  those  districts  having  parishes, 
the  representation  ys  by  parishes.  The  legislature  meets 
the  fourth  Monday  in  November  annually.  The  pre.=ent 
constitution  was  framed  in  1790.  The  members  of  both 
branches  receive  $3  per  d.ay.  and  10  cents  for  every  mile  of 
travel.  Every  white  mafe  citizen  of  the  state,  who  is  21 
years  of  age,  and  who  .shall  have  resided  2  years  in  the 
.state  next  preceding  an  election,  or  who  has  a  ireehold 
of  50  acres,  or  a  town  lot,  which  he  has  leirally  possessed  at 
least  6  months  before  such  election,  or  who,  not  possessing 
such  town  lot  or  freehoM.  shall  have  paid  a  tax  of  3  shil- 
lings sterling,  and  resided  6  months  next  preceding  said 
election  in  the  district  where  he  offers  to  vote,  shall  be  en- 
titled to  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  judiciary  consists — J. 
Of  courts  of  equity,  presided  over  by  4  chancellors;  2.  Of 
courts  for  the  correction  of  errors,  consisting  of  all  the 
judges  in  law  and  equity,  to  try  constitutional  questions ; 
3.  Of  courts  of  common  pleas  and  general  ses.sions:  4.  Of  the 
city  court  of  Charleston,  (an  inferior  court :)  5.  Of  an  ordi- 
nary's court,  in  each  district,  to  grant  letters  of  administra- 
tion, probate  of  wills.  &e. ;  and,  6.  Of  a  court  of  magistrates 
and  freeholders  for  the  trial  of  slaves  and  free  persons  of 
color.  The  chancellor,  and  judges  of  sessions  and  common 
pleas,  receive  $3000  per  annum.  South  Carolina  has  6  mem- 
bers in  the  national  House  of  Representatives,  and  8  elec- 
toral votes  for  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  state  debt  in  1854  was  $2,965,860,  of  which  .$1,051,422 
was  contingent  debt:  productive  property,  $5.504,6fi8;  ordi- 
nary expenses,  exclusive  of  debt  and  schools.  $115,0'/! 

1815 


sou 


sou 


Approprlatiiins  for  1853,  more  than  ^500,000;  assessed  value 
of  property  In  1850,  $283,807,709.  The  number  of  hanks  on 
October  1,  1854,  was  19,  ^including  2  branch  banks.)  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $16,603,253;  circulation,  $6,739,733; 
and  $1,283,284  in  coin. 

Hixtory. — South  Carolina  was  first  settled  at  Port  Roj'al, 
in  1670,  by  the  English.  A  constitution  for  this  colony  was 
formed  by  the  celebrated  John  Locke,  somewhat  on  the 
pLm  of  I'lato's  Model  Kepublic,  which,  however,  signally 
tailed.  South  Carolina  was  a  proprietary  government  until 
1719,  when  it  became  a  royal  colony.  In  lOSW  a  number 
of  French  Huguenots,  driven  from  France  by  the  revocation 
of  the  Edict  of  Xantz,  settled  in  this  state,  and  subse- 
quently a  number  of  Swiss,  Irish,  and  Germans.  South 
Carolina  was  engaged  with  Georgia,  under  Oglethorpe,  in 
some  contests  witli  the  Spanish  in  Florida,  and  she  also 
suffered  much  from  Indian  depredations  iu  the  e;irly  times 
of  her  settlement,  particularly  from  the  Yamasses,  who 
were  expelled  in  1715.  This  colony  took  an  active  part  in 
exciting  and  carrj'ing  on  the  revolt  of  the  colonies,  and  fur- 
nished above  6000  troops  to  the  federal  forces.  Slany  bloody 
struggles  took  place  within  her  limits  at  Fort  Moultrie, 
Charleston,  Monk's  Corner,  Caniden,  King's  Mountain, 
Eutaw  Springs,  and  Cowpens,  with  varying  success,  now 
the  British,  and  now  the  Carolinians  having  the  advan- 
tage. The  state  was  occupied  by  the  eueuiy  the  gre:iter 
part  of  1780  and  1781.  South  Carolina  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  affairs  of  the  national  government,  and  has  fur- 
nished some  of  the  most  distinguished  American  states- 
men, being  generally  ably  represented  in  the  national  coun- 
cils. She  had  gone  further  than  any  other  state  in  assorting 
the  rights  and  powers  of  the  sovereign  states  in  opposition 
to  the  fetleral  government,  and  was  the  first  to  rise  in  rebel- 
lion after  the  election  of  President  Lincoln  in  1S60.  Among 
ht^r  distingnishetl  stat<ismen  have  been  Lowudes,  Pinckney, 
Havne.  Legiire,  Poinsett,  and  Calhoun. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  COLLEGE.  See  Columbia,  South 
Carolina. 

SOUTH  CAR'ROLL.  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Tennessee. 

SOUTH  CAR'ROLLTO.X,  a  post-viUage  of  Muhlenburg  co., 
Kentucky,  on  Green  River,  100  miles  S.W.  of  f ranldbrt.  It 
hits  several  stores  and  warehouses. 

SOUTH  CARTHAGE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  CAR/VER,  a  post-office  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

SOUTH  CASS,  a  post-office  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

SOUTH  C.\SS.  a  township  of  Orange  co..  Indiana. 

SOUTH  CHARLESrrON,  a  beautiful  post-vilbge  of  Madi- 
son township,  Clarke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Columbus  and  Xenifi 
Rjiilroad,  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus,  has  2  or  3  churches. 
Pop.  616. 

SOUTH  CHARLESTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  Sul- 
livan Railroad,  4  miles  from  Bellows  Falls. 

SOUTH  CIIESn.'ERVILLE,  a  postKjffiee  of  Franklin  co., 
Maine. 

SOUTH  CHI'.VA.  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SOUTH'COATES,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Biding. 

SOUTH  CODO'RUS,  a  town.ship  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Intersected  by  the  B;iitimore  and  Susquehanna  Riiilroad,  14 
miles  \V.  by  8.  of  York. 

SOUTH  COLUM'BIA,  post-office  of  Herkimer  co.,  N.  York. 

SOUTH  CORI.NTH,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  COR/IXTH,  a  post-vilLige  of  Saratoga  co.,  New 
York,  16  miles  X.  of  Ballston  Spa. 

SOUTH  COliT'LAND,  a  postvillage  of  CortUnd  CO.,  Xew 
York.  4  or  5  miles  S.W.  of  Cortland  Vilfeire. 

SOUTH  COVENTRY,  a  post-village  in  Coventry  town- 
»hip,  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Xew  L<mdon,  M'il- 
limantic,  and  Palmer  Railroad.^nd  on  the  Willimantic 
River,  about  30  miles  E.  of  Hartford.  The  inhabitants  are 
extensively  engaged  in  manufactures.  It  contains  three 
churcUe-,,  1  iron-foundry,  1  m.ochine-shop,  5  woollen-mills, 
1  Bilk-mill,  3  manufactories  of  cartridges,  1  of  hooks  and 
eyes,  and  1  of  paper-boxes,  &c. 

SOUTH  COVENTRY,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penasyl- 
vania.     Pop.  650. 

SOUTH  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  county, 
Peuusylvauia,  about  23  miles  N.AV.  of  Towanda.  Popular 
tion  9;i7. 

SOUTH  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  CO.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 

SOUTH  DAXniY,  a  post^jffice  of  Tompkins  co.,  X'ew  York. 

SOUTH  DANS'VILLE,  a  post-vUlage  of  Steuben  co..  New 
York,  24  miles  X.W.  of  Bath. 

SOUTH  DAXVERS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex 
CO.  .Massachusetts,  on  the  Salem  and  Lowell  Railroad,  17 
nules  X.E.  of  Boston.     Pop.  C549. 

SOUTH  I)ART;.\I0UTH,  a  post^village  of  Bristol  co.,  Ma«- 
nachusetts.  almut  00  miles  S.  of  Boston 

SOUTH'DKAX  or  CHES^CERS,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
Of  Roxburgh.  Near  the  village  are  the  remains  of  British 
catmps  and  forts.  "»"...*» 

ISIO 


SOUTH  DED1IAM,  a  post-village  in  Dedham  tnwnshir, 
Xorfolk  CO.,  Massjichusetts,  on  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad, 
14  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

SuUTII  DEER'FIKLD,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co, 
Xew  Ilampsliire,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Concord. 

SOUTH  DEEHFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Mas- 
.s.ichusetts.  on  the  Connecticut  liiver  Railroad.  80  miles  W. 
by  X.  of  Boston.    The  famous  battle  of  Bloody  Brook  was 
fought  here,  between  the  whites  and  Indians,  in  1075. 
SOUTH  DEER  ISLE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Hancock  co..  Maine. 
SOUTH   DEX'NIS,  a    post-village  in   Dennis  town.ship, 
Biirnstalile  co.,  Massiichusetts.  about  70  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 
SOUTH  DOR/SET,  a  post-village  in  Dorset  township,  Ben- 
nington CO.,  Vermont,  about  So  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Mont- 
pelier.    The  inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  quarry- 
ing and  drifssing  marble. 
SOUTH  DO'VER,  a  post-office  of  Piscataquis  co.  Maine. 
SOUTH  DOVER,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.,  Xew  Y'ork, 
on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  73  miles  X.X.E.  of  Xew  Y'ork. 
SOUTH  DltES'DEX,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 
SOUTH  DCR'HAM,  a  post-office,  Androscoggin  co..  Maine. 
SOUTH  DURHAM,  a  iX)st-office  of  Greene  co.,  Xew  York. 
SOUTH'EASE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
SOUTHEAST,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  I'utuam  CO..  New  York,  intersected  by  the  Harlem  Rail- 
road.   Pop.  2350, 

SOUTH-EAST  ISLAXD.  an  island  of  the  Louisiade  Archi- 
pelago; lat.  rS.E.  point)  11°  38'  S.,  Ion.  153°  45'  E.;  41  miles 
long,  and  lOj  miles  broad  at  its  greatest  width. 
SOUTH  EAST'OX,  a  post-office,  Bristol  co.,  Massachusetts. 
SOUTH  EASTOX,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  New 
York. 

SOUTH  EASTON.  a  flourishing  town  of  E.iston  township, 
Northampton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  n^hi  bank  of  the 
Lehigh  liiver,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Delaware.  1  mile  S. 
of  Easton.  It  contains  manufactures  of  iron,  cotton,  tiour, 
and  lumber.  These  are  propelled  by  the  water-power  fur- 
ni.shed  by  the  Lehigh  Canal,    Pop.  2124. 

SOUTH  EATON,  a  post-office  ot  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 
SOUTH  ED'.MESTOX,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co.,  Xew  York. 
SOUTH  ED'WARDS.  a  post-office  of  St.  Lawrence  co-  New 
York. 

SOUTH  EG'REMOXT,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Berkshire  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 120  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  EiyLlOTT,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  M.iine. 
SOUTUEXD',  a  hamlet  and  watering-place  of  England,  oa 
of  Essex. 

SOUTHEXD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argjle,  com- 
prising the  S.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Kiutyre,  and 
the  island  of  Sanda. 

SOUTH  EX'GLISH,  a  post-village  of  Keokuk  co..  Iowa, 
near  the  South  Fork  of  English  River,  35  miles  S.W.  by  W. 
of  Iowa  City. 

SOUTH  E'RIN,  a  po.stroffice  of  Chemung  co„  New  Y'ork. 
SOUTH ERLAXD,  stiTii'er-land,  a  post-office  of  Dinwiddie 
CO.,  Virgini.i. 
SOUTHERN  ST.iTES.    See  Umted  States. 
SOUTHERN  TH1X3L0G1CAL  SE.MIXARY.  See Colc3CBIA, 
South  Carolina. 

SOUTH  FAIR'FAX,  a  flourishing  village  of  Franklin  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Lamoille  River,  which  affords  excellent 
water-power,  35  miles  X.E.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.  It  has 
several  handsome  churche.s,  a  large  flouring  mill,  and  6 
stores.  X  fine  building.  140  feet  by  50,  has  been  erected  for 
the  Xew  Hamptou  Academical  Institute,  removed  from  New 
Hampton. 

SOUTH  FAIOIS,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co,,  Connecti- 
cut, 35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 

SOUTH  FAYETTE,  (fi-yJtt/)  a  township  of  Alleghany 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1260. 

SOUTH'FIELD,  a  postofflce  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massachu 
setts. 

SOUTIIFIELD,  a  toVnship  of  Richmond  co..  New  York, 
on  Staten  Island,  12  miles  S.W.  of  New  York  Citv.     P.  3645. 
SOUTIIFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Oak- 
land CO.,  Michisan.     Pop.  1497. 

SOUTH  FITCH'BURG,  a  village  of  Worcester  co..  Ma.=sa- 
chusetts,  on  the  Fitchburg  and  Worcester  Railroad,  5  miles 
from  Fitchburg. 
SOUTH'FLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
SOUTH  FLOlfEXCE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

SOUTH'FORD,  a  post-village  of  New  Haven  co.,  Con- 
necticut 
SOUTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Ashe  co..  North  Carolina. 
SOUTH  FORK,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Arkansas. 
SOUTH  FORK,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Arkan.<;as. 
SOUTH  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Owsley  co.,  Kentucky. 
SOUTH  FOI!K,  a  post-office  of  Wavne  co..  Iowa. 
SOUTH  FOSTER,  a  post-office  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode 
Island. 

SOUTH  FRA'MINGHAM,  a  post-villagf  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  AVorcester  Railroad,  V 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Boston. 


sou 

901 'TH  rRANK/LIN,  a  post-office  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massa- 

dlUSBtts. 

SOUTH  FUEE'DOM,  a  postofflce  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  0.\L'WAY,  a  post-offlce  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  OAK'DINER,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
Bachusetts.    It  contains  numerous  chair  fiictories. 

SOUTH'GATK,  a  villajre  and  chapelry  of  Kngland,  co.  of 
Sliddlesex,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  London. 

SOUTH  OATK,  a  post-offlce  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 

SOUTH  GKNESKK,  ( j Jn-e-seo',)  a  post-village  in  Genesee 
township.  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin,  21  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Milwaukee. 

SOUTH  GIBSON,  a  post-ofBce  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
Fylvania. 

SOUTHOIB'SON,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton. 

SOUTH  G 1  LBO'A,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  GLASn'EN  BURY,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co., 
Connecticut,  on  Connecticut  Hiver,  about  10  miles  S.  of 
Hartford.    It  has  manufactures  of  mousseline-de-laines. 

SOUTH  GLENN'S  FALLS,  a  postK)fficeof  Saratoga  co.. 
New  York. 

SOUTH  GRAX'BY.  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  GRAN'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
New  Y'ork. 

SOUTH  GREECE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  GROTON,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

SOUTH  GROVE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  De  Kalb 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  TO  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  662. 

SOUTH  GROVE,  a  post-village  iu  Walworth  township, 
Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin. 

SOUTH  HAIVLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hamp- 
shire CO.,  ALL^sachusetts,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River, 
90  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  population  is  about  equally 
dividetl  between  the  old  parish  at  the  N.,  and  South  Hadley 
Fall.s  Village  iu  the  S.  part  of  the  township.  At  South  Ilad- 
ley  Falls  Village  there  is  a  lasge  factory  for  the  m.anufacture 
of  ginghams,  with  10.000  spindles,  belonging  to  the  "  Glas- 
gow Company,"  employing  from  300  to  400  persons,  2 
paper-mills,  2  churches,  and  4  or  5  stores ;  in  the  other  part 
of  the  township  are  2  paper-mills,  2  satlnette  mills,  a 
»ash  and  blind  factory,  a  batting  and  wick  mill,  a  Congrega- 
tional church,  and  3  stores.  Mount  Ilolyoke  Female  Semi- 
nary, situated  near  the  centre  of  South  Hadley,  is  a  very 
flourishing  institution,  incorporated  in  1836,  designed  to 
accommodate  2.')0  young  ladies.  It  w!vs  founded  by  Miss 
Mary  Lyon,  with  a  view  to  furnish  a  thorough  and  useful 
education,  at  a  very  re.asonable  cost,  to  such  young  ladies 
as  are  disposed  to  devote  themselves  to  teaching  and  other 
useful  occujjations.  It  was  the  first  institution  of  the  kind 
established  in  the  country,  and  has  ever  been  regarded  as  a 
model  school  of  high  order.  Pupils  are  received  at  16  years 
of  age  and  upwards,  and  the  course  of  study  comprises  3 
years.  Mount  Holyoke,  the  summit  of  which  affords  a 
most  beautiful  prospect,  is  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  the 
township:  it  is  a  place  of  much  resort  in  the  warm  season. 
South  Hadley  Falls  are  rapids  in  the  Connecticut,  extend- 
ing about  3  miles  along  the  S.W.  part  of  the  township, 
having  in  all  a  descent  of  about  50  feet.  Around  this  fall 
there  is  a  boat  canal  of  about  3  miles  in  length,  cut  most 
of  the  way  in  day-slate  rock ;  it  was  constructed  by  a  cor- 
poration in  1702,  and  Is  said  to  be  the  first  canal  for  naviga- 
tion ever  made  in  this  country.  In  1848  the  Hadley  Falls 
Company  constructed  a  dam,  30  feet  high,  .across  the  river, 
near  the  lower  part  of  the  falls.  This  dam,  in  a  most  beau- 
tiful location,  furnishes  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  water 
privileges  in  the  United  States:  it  can  be  used  on  both 
sides  of  the  river.  Several  large  factories  are  in  operation 
on  the  W.  side,  in  Holyoke,  while  much  of  the  power  is  yet 
unoccupied,  and  for  sale.  A  bridge  has  been  chartered  across 
Connecticut  River,  to  connect  South  Hadley  Falls  Village 
and  the  town  of  Holyoke,  a  little  below  the  great  dam. 
Pop.  2277. 

SOUTH  HADLEY  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire 
CO.,  Massachusetts.    See  Sodth  H.^dley. 

SOUTH  HAL'IFAX,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 

SOUTH  H  AM'LET,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SOUTH  HAM'MOND,  a  pnstrvillage  of  St.  Lawrence  CO., 
New  York,  about  38  miles  W.S.W.  of  Canton. 

SOUTH  HAMP'DEN,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  CO.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  HA'iIP'TON,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  CO., 
New  Hampshiie.  45  miles  S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  549. 

SOUTH  HAMPTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Suf- 
iblk  CO..  New  York,  on  Long  Island,  Immediately  S.E.  of 
River-head,  about  100  miles  E.  of  New  York.  The  village 
iontains  an  academy,  and  1  or  2  churches.  The  township 
IS  wathed  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  S.,  and  Great  Peconic  Bay 
on  the  N.     Pop.  6803. 

SOUTH  HAMPTON,  a  post-office  of  Gallatin  CO.,  Illinois. 

80UTH  IIAN'OVKR,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1065. 

'south  HANOVER,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  In- 
diana, 6  or  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madison.    It  has  au  institu- 


SOU 

tion  styled  South  Hanover  College.    A  plank-road  extends 
from  this  village  to  Madison. 

SOUTH  HAN'SON,  a  post-offlce  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mass* 
chusetts. 

SOUTH  HARD/WICK,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co., 
Vermont. 

SOUTH  HAR/PETH,  a  postoffice  of  Davidson  co.,  Teu- 
nessee. 

SOUTH  IIAR/RISBURG,  a  post-offlce  of  Lewis  co..  New 
York. 

SOOTH  IIART'FORD,  a  post-offlce  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  HARTFORD,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
New  York,  about  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany.  It  has  2 
churches.  " 

SOUTH  HART'WICK.  a  post-office,  Otsego  co..  New  Y'ork. 

SOUTH  HAR/WICH,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. SO  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  HA'VEN,  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  HAVEN,  a  posUownship  in  the  W.  part  of  Van 
Buren  co.,  Slichigan.     Pop.  401. 

SOUTH  IIAW'LEY,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Massa- 
chu.setts,  106  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  HENRIET/TA,  a  post-offlce  of  Jackson  co^ 
Michigan. 

SOUTH  HER/MITAGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

SOUTH  HE'RO,  a  post-township  of  Grand  Isle  co.,  V,-r. 
mont,  comprising  an  island  in  Lake  Champlain  of  its  owt 
name.     Length,  about  10  miles.     Pop.  C17. 

SOUTH  HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

SOUTH  HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SOUTH  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York 

SOUTH  HILL,  a  post-vill.-ige  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
150  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

SOUTH  HIIjL,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  Virginia. 

SODTH  IIIXG'HAM,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  co.,  M.as 
sachusetts,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  Boots  and  shoes  ai 
manufactured  here  to  a  considerable  extent. 

SOUTH  HOL'LOW,  a  post-village  of  .To  Daviess  CO.,  Illi 
noi.s,  near  Mississippi  River,  180  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

SOUTH  HOPE,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co..  Maine. 

SOUTH  HOW/ARD.  a  postoffice  of  Steuben  CO..  New  Y'ork. 

SOUTH  HUXT'INGDON,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  2264. 

SOUTH  INDEPENDENCE,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co., 
Iowa. 

SOUTH'INGTON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hartford 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  New  Haven  and  Northampton  Rail- 
road, 16  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  4  or  6  churches, 
numerous  stores,  and  an  academy.    Pop.  3iU5. 

SOUTHINGTOiN,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Trum- 
bull CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  8W. 

SOUTH  JACK'SON,  a  postoffice  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  JACKSON,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Michl- 
gan,  75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 

SOUTH  KEENE,  a  village  in  Keene  township,  Cheshire 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  about  44 
miles  S.W.  of  Concord. 

SOUTH  KENT,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 65  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 

SOUTH  KIL'LINGLY,  a  post-village  of  Windham  co., 
Connecticut.  50  miles  E.  of  Hartford. 

SOUTH  KINGSrrON,  a  postoffice  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  KINGSTON,  a  township  of  Washington  co., 
Rhode  Island,  on  the  Stonington  and  Providence  Railroad, 
22  miles  S.  of  Providence.  It  has  3  banks,  9  churches,  and 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods  and  other  articles.     Pop. 4717. 

SOUTH  KIKT'LAXD,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Ohio. 

SOUTH  KORT'WRIGHT,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co., 
Y^ork.  75  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH  LANCASTER,  a  post-offlce  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

SOUTH  LANDING,  a  postoffice  of  Cabell  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

SOUTH  LAN'SINO,  a  post-offlce  of  Tompkins  co..  New 
York. 

SOUTH  LEB'.\NON,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, ailjoining  the  county-seat.     Pop.  1736. 

SOUTH  LEE,  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  CO.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Berkshire  Kailroad,  125  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Boston. 

SOUTH  LEEDS,  a  post-offlce  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  iyIM.\.  a  postoffice  of  Livingston  co..  New  Y'ork. 

SOUTH  LINCOLN,  (liuk'yn,)  a  post-village  of  Penobscot 
CO..  Maine.  U«i  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 

SOUTH  LlVcVNIA,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Buffalo  Corning  and  Rochester  Railroad, 
about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Batavia. 

SOUTH  LON^DONDER/RY,  a  post-village  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont. 

SOUTH  LOWELL,  a  small  village  of  Johnson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SOUTH  LOWELL,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  North 
Carolina. 
SOUTH  LYME,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New  Lon- 

1817 


sou 


sou 


Aon  ;o.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Xew  Haven  and  New  London 
Bailrojid,  abo  ut  40  miles  E.  of  New  Haven.     See  Lyme. 

SOOTH  LYXDEBOKOUGH.  (lind'har-rfih,)  a  postofflce 
of  Hillsborough  co.,  New  Hampshire. 

SOTTTH  LY'ON.  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

SOUTH  MALUliN,  (mawi'dgn,)  a  post-village  in  Maiden 
township,  Middlesex  co..  Massachusetts,  on  Maiden  River, 
which  is  here  navigable  for  vessels  of  300  tons,  3i  miles  N.of 
Boston.  It  contains  a  church,  a  silk-printing  and  dyeing 
establishment,  and  a  tide  mill,  at  which  large  quantities 
of  grain  are  ground.  The  inhabitants  are  also  extensively 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  brick.    Pop.  about  1200. 

SOUTH  MAN'CHKSTKK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hartford  Co., 
Connecticut. 

SOUTH  MAKCEIVLUS,  a  postoffice  of  Onondaga  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  MAX'FIELU,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co..  Maine. 

SOUTH  MEll'HlMACK,  a  post-village  of  Hillsborough 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Wilton  Branch  Kailroad,  about 
30  miles  S.  of  Concord. 

SOUTH  JIID'DLEBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  ou  the  Cape  Cod  Railroad,  3S  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Boston, 

SOUTH  MID'DLETON,  a  township  of  Camberland  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  2873. 

SOUTH  JIIL'FOliD,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co,  Mas- 
gachusetts,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  MILI'ORD,  a  village  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Mispilliou  Creek,  opposite  Milford,  21 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Dover.  Ship-building  constitutes  the  chief 
business  of  the  village.  It  has  1  church,  3  stores,  and  68-4 
iu)iabitant<j. 

SOUTH  MILFORD.  a  post-office  of  Cecil  co..  Marvland. 

SOUTH  MILFORD,  a  post-office  of  La  Grange  co,,' Indiana, 

SOUTH  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Camden  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SOUTH  MIVTON,  a  postoffice  of  Strafford  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  MOLTON,  England.    See  Moltos.  South. 

SOUTH  MOLUN/CUS,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  MONT'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  Co..  Maine. 

SOUTH  NASH'VILLE,  a  flourishing  town  of  Ihvvidson  co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  left  bank  of  Cumberland  River.  It  may 
be  regasxied  as  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  Niishville,  although  it 
was  separately  incorporated  in  1S50.  Since  that  time  it  has 
rapidly  increased  in  population  and  importance.  It  has  3 
churches,  and  several  male  and  female  schools ;  one  of  these 
is  a  free  school,  supported  by  a  public  tax,  and  attended  by 
15'J  pupils  of  both  sexes — probably  the  only  school  of  the 
kind  in  Tennessee.  The  ground  was  presented  to  the  public 
by  John  Trimble.  E.sq.    Pop.  about  3000. 

SOUTH  NA'TICK.  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 16  miles  S.W.  bv  W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  NEW  BEK/LIX,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co,, 
New  York,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH  NEW'BUUG.  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  eo.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  NEW/BURY,  a  postoffice  of  Merrimack  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  NEWBURY,  a  post-village  of  Oranire  co.,  Vermont. 

SOUTH  NEW'CASTLK,  a  post-office  of  Gallia  co„  Ohio. 

SOUTH  NEWMAU/KET,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Rockingham  co..  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Boston  and  Maine 
Railroad,  4  miles  from  Exeter.  It  was  incorporated  from 
New  Market  in  1850.  It  has  a  large  foundry  and  machine 
shop.    Pop.  786, 

SOUTH  NEWPORT,  a  small  post-village  of  Mcintosh  co., 
Georgia.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Savannah. 

SOUTH  NKW'RY,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  NORFOLK,  a  post-office  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

SOUTH  NORTHFIELD.  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

SOUTH  NOR/WALK,  formerly  OLD  WELL,  a  seaport  and 
post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Norwalk  River,  near  its  mouth,  and  on  the  New  York 
and  New  Haven  Railrotid,  33  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Haven. 
The  iiihabiti»nts  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
felt  beaver  hats.  Ste.vmboats  ply  between  the  village  and 
New  York.  On  the  6th  of  May,  18!i3,  a  locomotive  and  two 
passenger  cars  were  here  precipitated  through  an  open  draw- 
bridsse.  and  47  lives  lost, 

Sl^UTH'OK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

SOUTH'OLD.  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Suffolk  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad.  91  miles  E.  by  N, 
of  New  York,  and  on  Long  Island  Sound  and  Great  Peconic 
Bay,    Pop.  of  the  township.  5833. 

SOUTH  OLIVE,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

SOUTHOLT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SOUTH  ONONDAGA,  (on'9n-daw'ga.)  a  postoffice  of  Onon- 
daga CO.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  OR'AXGE,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co,.  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad.  6  miles  W.  of  Newark. 

SOUTH  OR/LEANS,  a  postoffice  of  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
SachnsKttg. 

SOUTH  ORmiNGTON,  a  post-village  of  Orrington  town- 
ship, I'enohscot  co.,  Maine,  on  the  E,  side  of  I'enobscot  River, 
6  or  7  miles  below  Bangor.  It  contains  a  church  and  5 
1818 


stores.     The  inh.ibitants  are  extensively  engaged  ia  the 
lumber  trade  and  navigation. 

-SOUTH  OTSE'LIC,  a  post-office  of  Chen.ingo  co,.  New  York, 

SOUTH  OWE^GO,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co..  New  York, 

SOUTH  OX'FORD,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  OYSTER  BAY,  a  post-office  of  Queen's  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  PAR'IS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Paris  township, 
Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Little  Androscoggin  River  and 
St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  about  38  miles  S.W.  by 
W.  of  Augusta.  It  contaius  2  churches,  an  academy,  fl 
stores,  1  woollen  mill,  2  saw  mills,  and  2  grist  mills, 

SOUTH  PARK'.MAN,  a  post-office  of  Piscataquis  co.,  ^Maine. 

SOUTH  PAR'SONFIELD,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  PER'RY,  a  post-village  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio,  16 
miles  S.W.  of  Logan. 

SOUTH  PITCH'ER,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  PITTS/BURQ,  a  borough,  of  Alleghany  co>,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  left  or  S.  bank  of  the  Monongahela  River, 
opposite  Pittsburg,  and  immediately  above  the  couflueuee 
of  that  river  with  the  Alleghany.  It  is  connected  with  the 
city  by  a  bridge  1500  feet  long.  Here  are  extensive  manu- 
factures of  iron  and  glass.  Pop.  in  1850,  1883:  in  1860, 
18S8. 

SOUTH  PLYM'OUTH,  a  postoffice  of  Plymouth  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

SOUTH  PLYMOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  PLYMOUTH,  a  pastoffice  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio. 

SOUTH  PLYMOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Wavne  CO..  Michigan. 

SOUTH  POINT,  a  postotlice  of  Lincoln  co..  North  Carolina, 
177  miles  W'.  of  Raleigh. 

SOUTH  POINT,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  >Iissouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  60  miles  from  its  mouth,  has  a  good 
landing, 

SOUTH  POM'FRET,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont 

SOUTH'PORT,  a  village  an*d  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Liincaster,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ribble,  in  the  Irish  Sea.  It 
is  resorted  to  for  sea  bathing. 

SOUTH'PORT,  formerly  TOWNS'END,  a  township  of  Lin- 
coln CO..  ilaine.    The  name  w.is  changed  in  1850.     Pop.708. 

SOUTH  POUT,  a  beautiful  post-borough  in  Fairfield  town- 
ship, Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  coast,  and  on  the  New 
York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  24  miles  S.W.  of  New  Haven 
It  contains  3  churches,  2  banks,  1  academy,  and  a  scliuoi- 
houso,  erected  at  a' cost  of  about  $7000.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bor (which  has  been  improved  by  appropriations  from  Con- 
gre.«s)  for  vessels  of  100  tons.  The  tonnage  belonging  to 
this  port  amounts  to  25,000  tons,  probably  the  greatest  in 
proportion  to  its  size  owned  in  any  place  in  the  United 
States.  Within  the  borough  limits  is  a  portion  of  the  swamp 
where  the  Pequots,  in  1637,  made  their  last  stand,  and  were 
exterminated  by  the  whites,  commanded  by  Mason.  Pop. 
in  1864,  about  1200. 

SOUTHPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  forming  the 
S.W.  extremity  of  Chemung  co.,  New  York,  about  190  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Albany.  The  township  is  intersected  by  the  Er'fi 
Railroad,  and  drained  by  Chemung  River.     Pop.  4733. 

SOUTHPORT,  a  post-village  of  Marion  CO.,  Indiana,  ori  tai 
railroad  between  Madison  and  Indianapolis,  6  miles  S.of  ttu 
lattor.  contains  2  or  3  churches. 

SOUTH  PORT,.a  post-office  of  Peoria  co,,  Illinois. 

SOUTHPORT.  a  township,  Kenosha  co.,  Wisconsin. 

SOUTHPORT  VILL.A.GE,  Wisconsin.     See  Ke.nosha. 

SOUTH  PRAI'RIE,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  8C 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

SOUTH  PROS'PECT,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  PULT'NEY,  a  postvillage  of  Steuben  co^  Nfei» 
York,  about  210  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH  QUAY,  a  post-office  of  Nansemond  co.,  Virginia. 

SOUTH  RAN'DOLPH,  a  post-office  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massa 
chusetts. 

SOUTH  RAYOIOND,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  READ'ING,  (rJd'ing,)  a  postvillage  of  Windsor 
CO.,  Vermont,  atiout  60  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 

SOUTH  RE.\DING,  a  postvillage  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  11  miles  N.  of 
Boston.  It  contains  4  chnrclies,  an  academy,  1  bank,  1 
savings  bank,  1  foundry  for  casting  stoves,  and  several  large 
manufactories  of  shoes.    Pop.  of  the  tov\'n»liip.  ;'.207. 

SOUTH'REY.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Noi-folk. 

SOUTH  RTCH'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  CO.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio. 

SOUTH  UIVEK,  New  Jersey.    See  Man.\l.\pax  Brook. 

SOUTH  RIVER,  of  Virginia,  a  small  branch  of  the  She- 
nandoah, rises  in  Augusta  county,  flows  in  a  N  E.  course, 
and  unites  with  the  other  main  branch  at  Port  Republic,  iu 
Rockingham  county. 

SOUTH  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina,  forms  the  boundary 
between  Bladen  and  New  Hanover  counties,  and  enters  Cape 
Fear  River  aljout  10  miles  N.W.  of  Wilmington. 

SOUTH  RIVER,  of  Iowa,  enters  Des  Moines  River  ncai 
the  E.  line  of  Polk  countj. 


sou 

SOOTTI RTVER,  a  post-office  of  MiddlesBX  co.,  New  Jersey. 

SOUTH  ItlVKIl,  post-offiee,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Maryland. 

SOUTH  RIVER,  a  township,  Marion  co..  Missouri.  P.  792. 

SOUTH'llOI',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SOUTH  ROY'ALSTON,  a  post-village  of  Royalston  town- 
ship, Worcester  county,  Massachusetts,  on  Miller's  River, 
which  here  affords  good  water-power,  about  35  miles  N.  of 
Worcester.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  woollen  mill,  saw  and 
grist  mills,  and  other  establishments.  Pop  estimated  at  300. 

SOUTH  KOY ALTON,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  27  miles  from 
Windsor. 

SOUTH  ROY  ALTON,  a  post-office  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  RUT'LAND,  a  postrofflce,  JeEferson  co..  New  Yorlc. 

SOUTH  RYF;'GATK.  a  post-office  of  Caledonia  CO.,  Vermont. 

SOUTH  SA'LKM,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
Torl<,  about  VH)  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH  SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  16  miles 
S.W.  of  Chillieothe. 

SOUTH  SALU'DA,  a  post-office  of  Green  ville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SOUTH  SAND'FORD,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  SAND  LAKK,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH  SAND'WICH,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co., 
Massachu.setts.  60  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  SAN'GERVILNE,  a  post-office  of  Piscataquis  co., 
Maine. 

SOUTH  SCHODAC,  (sko-dak'.)a  post-village  of  Rensselaer 
CO.,  New  York,  about  18  miles  S.  by  K.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH  SCIT'UATE,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  CO.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 25  miles  S.E.  of  Boston.  P.  of  the  township,  1774. 

SOUTH  SCITUATE.  a  post-village  of  Scituate  township, 
Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton goods. 

SOUTH  SE'REC.  a  post-office  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  SEE'KOXK,  a  post-village  of  Bristol  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  SHAKT8'I!URY.  a  post-village  ofSennington  CO., 
Vermont,  on  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  49  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Rutland.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  goods  and 
leatht!-. 

SOUTH  SHENAN'GO,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W. 
extj-emity  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  She- 
nango  Creek.     Pop.  1393. 

SOUTH  SHI;TLAND  or  NEW  SOUTH  SHETLAND,  an 
archipelago,  situated  in  the  South  Atlantic.  600  miles  S.  of 
Cape  Horn,  between  lat.  eO°  32'  and  67°  15'  S.,' and  Ion.  44^^  53' 
and  08*^  15'  W.  As  far  as  is  known,  these  islands  are  wholly 
destitute  of  vegetation,  except  a  species  of  moss  found  upon 
the  rocks  near  the  shore.  The  remote  mountainous  regions 
are  covered  with  perpetual  ice  and  snow.  Among  the  prin- 
cipal islands  may  be  mentioned  Adelaide,  conspicuous  for  its 
range  of  snowy  mountains,  with  a  single  peak  shooting  up 
into  the  clouds:  Bridgemarj,  consisting  chiefly  of  a  volcanic 
cone,  from  which  smoke  is  seen  issuing,  indicating  its 
activity;  Smith  Island,  .so  called  from  its  first  discoverer; 
Saddle  Island,  with  a  peak  1643  feet  high;  Coronation  or 
Mainland,  the  largest  of  the  group;  Desolation  Island,  nearly 
In  the  form  of  a  horseshoe,  and  consisting  of  volcanic  preci- 
pices, which  are  evidently  the  edges  of  an  extinct  crater; 
and  Livingston,  King  George's,  and  Elephant  Islands.  The 
South  Shetlands  were  first  discovered  by  Captain  William 
Smith,  of  the  brig'  Williams  of  Blythe,  in  1819,  and  were 
shortly  after  much  frequented  by  whalers.  Owing  to  the 
prevalence  of  fogs  and  vast  accumulations  of  ice,  the  navi- 
gation here  is  very  dangerous,  and  hence  Sir  James  Ross, 
who  visited  the  islands  fn  1842,  gives  to  one  group  the  name 
of  Danger  Islets. 

SOUTH  SHREWS'BURY,  a  post-village  of  Worcester,  co., 
Massachusetts.  35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH'SIDE.  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  SO'DUS.  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co..  New  York, 
about  190  mile.s  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH  SO'LOX,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  SOLON,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  56 
miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

SOUTH  STE'PHENTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Rensselaer  co.. 
New  York. 

SOUTH  STEE/LING,  a  posi>offlce  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

SOUTH  ST.  GEORGE,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  STOD'DARD,  a  post-office  of  Cheshire  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  STOW,  a  village  of  Stow  township,  Lamoille  co., 
Ver/nont,  about  18  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Montpelier. 

SOUTH  STRABANE,  (strj-ban',)  a  township  of  Washing- 
ton CO.,  )'enn.sylvania.     Pop.  1063. 

SOUTH  STKAP'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montpelier. 

SOUTH  TAM'WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

SOUTH  THOM'*ST0N.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Knov  tu.,  iiiaine,  oa  Penobscot  Bay,  40  miles  S.E.  by  h.  of 
Augusta.    It  contains  a  sash  and  blind  factory,  and  a  public 


SOD 

library,  just  established.  Ship-building  ^  extensively  car- 
ried on;  3  .ships,  4  barques,  and  3  other  vessels  were  bull* 
here  in  1S53.     I'op.  in  1850,  1420 ;  in  1860,  1615. 

SOUTH  THOMP'SON,  a  post-office  of  Geauga  CO.,  Ohio. 

SOUTH  THURSTON,  a  post-office,  Steuben  co.,  New  York 

SOUTH-TOWN,  a  hamlet  and  suburb  of  Great  Yarmoutii. 
England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  Y'are,  at  the  S.W.  side  of  the 
town. 

SOUTH  TREN'TON,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  TYR/INGIIAM,  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts.  120  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  U'NION.  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky, 
165  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

SOUTH  VAL'LEY,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Otsego  co..  New  York, 
about  12  miles  E.  of  Cooperstown. 

SOUTH  VAS'SALBOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine. 

SOUTH  VERrvON,  a  village  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont,  on 
Connecticut  River,  at  the  junction  of  the  Connecticut  Riyer 
and  Brattleborough  Branch  Railroads,  100  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Montpelier. 

SOUTH'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  left  bank  of  Housiitonic  River,  30  miles  N.W.  of 
New  Haven.     Pop.  about  100. 

SOUTHVILLE.  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co.,  New- 
York,  on  St.  Regis  River,  about  220  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albany. 

SOUTHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co..  Kentucky,  31 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Frankfort. 

SOUTH  WAI/DEN,  a  postoffice  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont. 

SOUTH  WALES.    See  Wales. 

SOUTH  WALES,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co..  New  York,  21 
miles  S.E.  of  BnfTalo. 

SOUTH  WAI/LINGFORD,  a  post-office  of  Rutland  co., 
Vermont. 

SOUTH  WAL'POLE,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  WARDS'BOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont. 

SOUTIIAV.\RK,  stiTH'airk,  a  parliamentary  borough  of 
England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Thames,  im- 
mediately opposite  the  city  of  London,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  London,  Southwark,  and  Blackfriars'  bridges. 
Pop.  in  1851, 172,863.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  commercial 
quarters  of  the  metropolis.  The  principal  edifices  are  the 
churches  of  St.  Saviour  and  St.  George-in-the-Fields,  Guy's 
and  St.  Thomas's  Hospitals,  the  Magdalen  Asylum,  Quoen'g 
Bench  Prison,  Surrey  Theatre,  and  Messrs.  Barclay  &  Co.'a 
immense  brewery.  Its  government  is  exercised  by  the  cor- 
poration of  the  city  of  London.  It  sends  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

SOUTHWARK,  sOwth'wlirk,  a  former  district  of  Philadel- 
phia county,  on  the  Delaware  River,  immediately  S.  of  the 
old  city  proper.  It  is  now  included  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  of  PmnnELPniA,  which  see. 

SOUTH  WAli'REN,  a  pos(-offlce  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania. 

SOUTH  WAR'SAW,  a  post-office,  Wyoming  co.,  New  York. 

SOUTH  WaT/ERFORD,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  WEARE,  a  post-office  of  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hamp.shire. 

SOtJTII'WELL,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Nottingham.  It  has  remains  of  a  palace,  which  was  the 
favorite  residence  of  Wolsey,  the  county  bridewell,  assem- 
bly rooms,  theatre,  and  manufactures  of  silks,  stockings, 
and  lace.     Pop.  in  1851,  3516. 

SOUTH  WELL'FLEET,  a  post-village  of  AVellfleet  town- 
ship.  Barnstable  co.,  Massachusetts.  It  has  a  wharfs  The 
inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  fisheries. 

SOUTH-WEST,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extre- 
mity of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  616. 

SOUTH  WESTERLOO,  a  post-village  of  Albany  co..  New 
York,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

SOUTH-WEST  HARBOR,  a  post-village  in  Hancock  co., 
Maine.  114  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Augusta. 

SOUTH-WEST  KEYS.    See  ALiiUQWERQUE  Isl.\nds. 

SOUTH-WEST  OSWE/GO,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York. 

SOUTH-WEST/PORT,  a  post-village  of  Bristol  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 60  miles  S.W.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH-WEST  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY.  See  Mabys- 
VIIXE,  Tennessee. 

SOUTH  WEY'MOUTH,  a  post-village  in  Weymouth  town- 
ship, Norfolk  CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Old  Colony  Rail- 
road, 11  miles  S.  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  there 
being  from  15  to  20  establishments  in  operation. 

SOUTH  WHITE'IIALL,  a  post-township  of  Lehigh  CO., 
Penn.sylvania,  on  the  right  side  of  the  Lehigh  River,  about 
6  miles  N.W.  of  Allen  town.     Pop.  4085. 

SOUTH  WHIT'LEY,  a  postoffice  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana, 
about  95  miles  N.  by  E.  by  Indianapolis. 

SOUTH'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  cc  of  Northampton. 

SOUTIIWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

SOUTHWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex,  2  miles 
NJE.  of  New  Shorebam,  having  a  station  en  the  London  and 

1819 


sou 

Sonth  Coast  Railway.    The  church  is  an  ancient  and  inte- 
resting edifii.-e. 

SfJUTHWtCK,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SOUTinVICK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
The  population  are  employed  in  manufactures  of  glass  and 
earthenware,  and  in  ship-building. 

SOTTTII'WiCK,  a  post-township  of  Hampden  co.,  Mttssa- 
chusetts,  100  miles  "VV.  bv  S.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1188. 

SOUTH  WIL'BRAHAAI,  a  post-village  of  Wilbraliam 
township,  Hampden  co.,  Massachusetts,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Bpringfield.    It  h;i8  3  churches,  an  academy,  3  woollen  mills. 

SOUTH  WIULIAMSTOWN,  a  post^village  of  Berkshire 
CO..  Massachusetts,  130  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston,  contains  1 
or  2  churches. 

SOUTH  WII/SON,  a  post-offlce  of  Niag.ira  co..  New  York. 

SOUTH  WIND'HAM,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine. 

SOUTH  WINDHAM,  a  post-office,  Windham  co..  Vermont 

SOUTH  WINDHAM,  a  po.sMillage  of  Windhum  co., Con- 
necticut, on  the  New  London  Northern  Rivilroad,  26  miles 
N.  of  New  l.nndnn. 

SOUTH  WIND'SOR,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

SOUTH  WIND'SOR,  a  new  postrtownship  of  Hartford  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  E,  side  of  Connecticut  Rirer,  8  miles 
N.E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  1789. 

SOUTH  WO'BURN,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Boston. 

SOUTH'WOLD,  a  municipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  the  North  Sea.  between 
the  river  Blythe  and  Buss  Creek.  Pop.  in  1851,  2109.  The 
principal  buildings  are  the  guild-hall,  new  jail,  a  handsome 
church,  and  some  batteries.  The  harbor  has  been  improved 
by  the  erection  of  2  piers,  and  the  town  has  an  import  trade 
in  coal,  herring  fishery,  and  accommodations  for  visitors  as 
a  place  of  summer  resort.  It  rose  on  the  decline  of  Dunwich, 
the  ancient  capital  of  East  Anglia.  progressively  submerged 
by  the  sea.  In  Southwold  (or  Sole)  Bay.  an  obstinate  en- 
gagement between  the  English  and  combined  French  and 
Dut^h  fleets  took  place  on  the  6th  of  May,  1672,  in  which 
the  E.arl  of  Sandwich  was  blown  up  with  his  ship. 

SOUTH  WOLFOiOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  CarroU  co.. 
New  Hampshire,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Concord. 

SOUTH'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SOUTH  WOOIVBURY,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1389. 

SOUTH  WOOD/STOCK,  a  post^village  of  Windsor  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 50  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier. 

SOUTH  WOR'CESTER,  (woos'ter,)  a  post-village  of  Ot- 
sego CO.,  New  York,  alx>ut  60  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  .\lbany. 

SOUTH'WORTH-AXi><!BOFT,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

SOUTH  WRENT'HAM,  a  post^village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 25  miles  S.W.  of  Boston,  contains  a  bank,  and 
about  500  inhabitants. 

SOUTH  YAD'KIX.  a  sm.ill  stream  of  North  Carolina, 
which  enters  the  Yadkin  from  the  right,  about  9  miles  n! 
of  Salisburv. 

SOUTH  tAM  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon. 

SOUTH  YAR/MOUTH,  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  CO., 
Mass.ic'husetts.  80  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

SOUTH  YUBA  RIVER,  California.    See  Deer  Creek. 

SOUTOUKO.     See  Sootooko. 

SOU'VIE'S  ISLANDS,  a  posfroffice  of  Clark  co.,  Oregon. 

SOUA'IGNY.  soo'veenVee',  a  town  of  France,  department 
Allier.  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Moulins.     Pop.  1756. 

SOUVILLIER,  sooVee'y.'i',  a  village  of  Switzerland.  can- 
Ion,  and  27  miles  N.W.  of  Bern,  on  the  SUss.     Pop.  1904. 

SOUVRET.  soo^vrA/,  a  vill.ige  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  21  miles  E,  of  Mons.     Pop.  1U4. 

SOUZ.\..  soc/zd  or  so'zi.  a  river  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Minho,  joins  the  Douro  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oporto,  after  a 
S.W.  course  of  20  miles. 

SOUZA,  a  market-town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  6 
miles  S.S.W.  of  .iveiro.    Pop.  4000. 

SOUZD.\L,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Soozdal. 

SOUZKL.  sno-zM'  or  sd-7.Jl',  a  market-town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Alemtejo.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Jistremoz.   Pop.  1700. 

SOV  AN  A.  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Soana. 

SOVliL,  so'v^l'.  an  island  about  10  miles  off  the  E.  coast 
of  Anam.    Lat.  18°  8'  N.,  Ion.  106°  24'  E. 

SOVKI{T.\.  so-v4're-i.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ca- 
labria Ultra  II..  N.E.  of  Catanzaro,  on  a  hilC  near  the  Sim- 
mari.     Pop.  1050. 

SOVICILLE,  so-ve-cheellA,  or  SUICILLE.  soo-e-cheeiai, 
a  village  of  Tuscanv,  about  8  miles  from  Sienna,  on  a  slope 
above  the  Spino.     Pop.  6506. 

SOW.  s5.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick.  Pop.  em- 
ployed in  ribbon-weaving. 

SOWACBA,  a  group  of  islands.    See  Eight  Brothers. 
SOW'KIIBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

SOWKKBY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North 
Biding,  half  a  mile  S.  of  Thirsk,  with  a  stition  on  the  Lan- 
cashire and  Yorkshire  Railway. 

SOWERBY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  York,  West  Ridlns. 
1820  " 


SPA 

SOWERBY  BRIDGE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
We.st  Riding. 

SOAVHATCH'EE  CREEK,  of  Early  co.,  Georgia,  flows  into 
the  Chattahoochee  River. 

SOAV'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SOX'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
131  miles  N.E.  of  llarrisburg. 

SOY.  sw3,  a  vill.Hge  of  Belgium,  province  of  Luxembourg.  42 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Arlon.     Pop.  1003. 

SOY'L.iND,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest 
Riding.  Pop.  employed  in  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures. 

SOZH.  SO.T  or  SOJE.  sozh,  written  also  SOZ  and  S-SOsH, 
a  navigable  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Smolensk,  flows  S.S.W.,  and  joins  the  Dnieper  on  the  left,  40 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Tchernigov,  after  a  course  of  240  miles. 

SPA,  sp.aw.  (Fr.  and  Flem.  pron.  spd.)  a  town  and  waters 
ing-place  of  Belgium,  near  the  frontier  of  Rheni.sh  Prussia, 
province,  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Liege.  Pop.  3600.  Over  its 
princip.ll  spring,  the  Ihuhrm.  Peter  the  Great  built  the 
pump-room.  The  waters  are  chalybeate,  and  many  other 
springs  exist  in  the  vicinity,  which  were  formerly  .so  much 
frequented,  that  Spa  became  a  common  name  for  mineral 
baths.  The  country  around  is  highly  agreeable,  but  the 
town  is  now  little  resorted  to  by  visitors. 

SPACCAFORNO.  spdk-ka-fou'no,  a  town  of  Sicily.  11  miles 
S.W.  of  Noto,  on  a  hill  near  the  S.  coast.  Pop.  80O0.  It  hag 
many  cli-,irche8  and  convents,  but  is  poor,  and  has  little 
trade, 

SPAD^R.^,  a  township  of  .lohnson  co..  Arkansas. 

SPADRA  BLUFF,  a  small  pcst-village  of  Johnson  co., 
.iikansas. 

SP.\F'B"ORD,  a  post-township  of  Onondaga  «>.,  New  YorK 
on  the  E.  side  of  Skaneateles  Lake,  about  150  milKS  W.  by 
N.  ofAlbanv.    Pop.1814. 

SPAFFORD  HOLLOW,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  eo. 
New  York,  about  140  miles  W.  of  Albanv. 

SPAF'FORD?<BURG.  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Kentucky. 

SPAGNA.    See  Spain. 

SPAH.\.WN.  a  city  of  Persia.    See  Ispahax. 

SPAICHINGEN,  spI'King-en,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  22 
miles  W.  of  Sigmaringen.     Pop.  1682. 

SP.\IN,  (Sp.  E<pnflii,  fs-pdn'yl :  L.  Hiapan'ta,  and  Tbe/ria; 
Gr.'IoTTiii'ia  or  Ifiifpia;  ¥i: E^^paffne,  ^s^pda';  It.  IfjHiipia, 
e-spdn'yi.  or  Spanna.  spdn'yd:  Port.  Hesjian/ia.  h J.s-pan'yi ; 
Oer.  Sjxinien,  spSn'e-en ;  Dutch,  Sjxinjen.  spdn'yen.)  a  king- 
dom in  the  S.W.  of  Europe,  forming  the  tar  greater  part  of 
the  Spani.sh  Peninsula,  and  including  the  Balearic  and  the 
Canary  Islands.  Exclusive  of  these  islands,  it  lies  between 
lat.  36°  and  4-3°  48'  N.,  Ion.  9°  16'  W.  and  3°  20'  E. ;  connected 
with  the  continent  on  the  N.E.  by  the  chain  of  the  Pyrenees 
separating  it  from  France;  and  bounded  E.  and  S.  by  the 
Mediterranean  Sea.  W.  by  Portugal  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  N.W.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Measured  diagonally,  the 
greatest  length  is  from  Cape  Creux  in  the  N.E.  to  Cadiz  in 
the  S.W.,  656  miles :  greatest  breadth,  from  Cape  Ortegal  in 
the  N.W.  to  Cape  Palos  in  the  S.Y;..  5S3  miles;  but  mea.sured 
due  N.  and  S.  and  due  E.  and  W.,  the  greatest  length  is  on 
the  meridian  of  5°  45'  W..  from  Cape  PeBas  to  Tarifa.  540 
miles;  and  the  greatest  breadth  on  the  paiallel  of  4"2°  20', 
from  Cape  Creux  to  Cape  Hombre,  the  N.  extrvmity  of  Vigo 
Bay,  620  miles.  Besides  the  European  territory  above  indi- 
cated. Spain  still  retains  a  portion  of  her  m.ignificent  colo- 
nies, including  the  islandsof  Cuba  and  Porto-Rico  and  part 
of  the  Virgin  I.slands,  in  the  West  Indies;  the  Philippine 
Islands  and  part  of  the  I.adrones.  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean :  the  Presidios  on  the  coast  of  Jlorocco,  namely,  Ceuta, 
Jlelilla,  PeBon,  and  Albucemas.  chiefly  used  as  places  of 
banishment  for  criminals;  and  the  island  of  Annobou,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

Omsts. — The  coast-line,  forming  about  two-thirds  of  the 
whole  perimeter,  has  a  length  of  about  1370  miles,  of  which 
about  600  miles  belong  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the  .Atlantic, 
and  770  miles  to  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  not  much  broken, 
except  on  the  W.  coast  of  Galicia,  where  it  is  fully  exposed 
to  the  billows  of  the  Atlantic.  The  whole  of  the  coast,  from 
Fontarabia  on  the  frontiers  of  France.  W.  to  Cape  (>rtegal, 
and  thence  round  by  Cape  Finisterre.to  the  mouth  of  the 
Minho,  is  rocky,  but  not  very  elevated,  the  height  never  ex- 
ceeding 300  feet,  and  often  not  rising  to  40  feet.  On  the  N., 
though  the  water  is  deep  clo."*  to  the  shore,  there  is  little 
sheltered  anchorage;  but  on  the  N.AV.  and  W.  a  succession 
of  excellent  harbors  are  found,  among  which  those  of  Ferrol 
and  Vigo  are  conspicuous.  In  the  S.W..  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gu.Hdiana.  a  low.  sandy,  and  even  swampy  shore  occurs," 
.skirted  in  m.iny  pjirts  by  islands  of  a  similar  description, 
and  so  shallow  that  even  small  coasting-vessels  approach  it 
with  difficulty;  but  beyond  the  moutli  of  the  Guadaliinivlr 
the  shore  rises  gradually,  and  presents  the  admirable  Bay  of 
Cadiz,  with  its  almost  unassailable  liarbor.  The  same  kind 
of  coast  is  continued  to  the  celebrated  Cape  of  Trafalif.ir, 
where  cliffs  are  tirst  seen.  These,  on  proceeding  E.,  bjcome 
more  and  more  elevated,  and  in  the  Bay  of  Algeciras,  rise 
suddenly  into  the  magnificent  rock  of  Gibraltar  Tiie  rocky 
shore,  thousrh  at  a  much  lower  elevation,  is  continni'il 
almost  without  interruption  along  the  remainder  of  tue  Si 


SPA 

ooast,  to  its  termination  at  Cape  Palos,  and  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  ports  of  Malaga  and  Carthai^ena,  presents 
scarcely  a  single  spot  where  the  anchorage  is  not  more  or 
less  exposed  to  prevailiug  winds.  From  Cape  Palos,  a  low, 
iandy  brtach.  partly  lined  with  lagoons,  stret^-hes  N.  to 
within  a  short  distance  of  -Alicante,  where  the  coast  again 
lisfS,  and  bold  rooky  cliffs,  terminating  the  lofty  ridges  of 
the  interior,  are  seen  as  fur  N.  as  Denia.  Beyond  Cape  St. 
Antonio  commences  a  long  curve  which  s*veeps  round  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Kbro,  presenting  throughout,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  ridges  in  the  vicinity  of  Castellon  de  la 
Plana,  a  low,  sandy,  shallow  shore,  lined  with  lagoons,  along 
which  numerous  salt-works  are  established,  but  unprovided 
with  a  single  harbor  deserving  of  notice.  Beyond  the  Ebro 
low  and  rocky  shores  alternate  in  considerable  stretches  to 
the  French  frontiers.  The  only  ports  of  cousequence  are 
those  of  Barcelona  and  Rosas,  the  latter  particularly  excel- 
lent, though  the  former  is  by  fer  the  most  fre'iuented. 

Fmc  "f  the  Country,  Mimntains.  dx. — The  surface  of  Spain 
Is  as  much  diversified  as  that  of  any  other  country  of  the 
same  extent  in  Europe:  its  interior  forms  a  vast  table-l.and, 
which  in  the  plateau  of  Castile  has  a  mean  elevation  of  2300 
feet.  This  plateau  occupies  about  one-half  of  the  super- 
ficies of  the  kingdom;  it  is  nearly  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains; N.  by  those  of  the  Asturias.  an  olivious  continuation 
of  the  I^yrenees ;  W.  by  a  branch  of  the  same  mountains 
stretching  S.  through  Galicia,  and  along  the  frontiers  of 
Portugal;  S.  by  the  Sierra  Morena;  ^.V..  and  E.  by  the 
mountains  of  Murcia  and  Aragon:  and  N.E.  by  a  r.ange 
which,  commencing  in  the  Sierra  Moncayo,  stretches  N.W. 
through  Old  Castile,  where  it  forms  the  S.  boundary  of  the 
basin  of  the  Ebro.  The  table-land  itself  is  not  only  very  rUg- 
ged  in  many  parts,  but  is  traversed  throughout  its  whole 
breadth  from  E.  to  W.  by  two  mountain-ranges,  the  loftier 
of  which  may  be  considered  as  dividing  it  into  two  distinct 
portions:  a  northern,  comprising  the  kingdoms  of  Old  Cas- 
tile and  Leon,  and  covering  an  area  of  about  44.000  square 
miles,  and  a  southern,  comprehending  the  kingdoms  of  .\ew 
Castile  and  EstremaJur.a,  and  covering  an  area  of  about 
48,0o0  square  miles. 

There  are  in  all  five  principal  ch.ains  of  mountain.s,  called 
Sierras,  which  traverse  the  Spanish  peninsula  from  E.  to 
W.  These  are  (from  N.  to  S.) — 1.  The  magnificent  chain  of 
the  Pyrenees,  extending  from  Cape  Creux  on  the  E.  to  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  on  the  W.,  culminating  point  Pic  N'ethou, 
11,1<)S  feet;  and,  their  V>'.  continuation,  the  Asturian  and 
Cantabrian  Mountains,  some  of  which  rise  to  10,000  feet. — 
2.  The  chain  which  separates  the  basins  of  the  Douro  and 
Tau'us,  viz.:  the  Siernis  Guadarama.  Gredos.  and  Gata; 
the  highest  point  in  the  Sierra  Gredos,  is  10.500  feet.— .3.  The 
mountains  of  Toledo,  comprising  the  Sierra  Guadalupe, 
and  Sierra  San  Mames,  between  the  Tagus  Nand  Gundiana. 
— 1.  The  Sierr.a  Morena,  separating  the  basins  of  the  Gua- 
diana  and  Guadalquivir,  and  connected  westward  with  the 
Serra  Monchique  in  Portugal. — 5.  The  Sierra  Nevada,  ex- 
tending from  Cartagena  to  Cadiz,  and  containing  the  Cerro 
Mulahacen,  the  highest  point  of  the  peninsula,  being  11,678 
feet,  and  the  I'ic  de  Veleta,  11,387  feet  in  elevation. 

Gc'iUtgi/. — Almost  all  the  mountain-ranges  have  a  nucleus 
of  granite,  overlain  by  crystalline  schists.  This  is  particu- 
larly the  case  in  the  Pyrenees,  the  mountains  which  sepa- 
rate the  two  Castiles,  and  the  basins  of  the  Douro  and 
Tagu-i.  the  Sierra  Morena,  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  In  the 
last  the  granite  and  schists  often  give  place  to  immense 
masses  of  serpentine.  The  mountains  of  .\sturias,  however, 
form  an  exception  to  the  general  rule,  and  though  evidently 
a  continuation  of  the  Pyrenees,  differ  from  them  remarkably 
in  geological  structure,  exhibiting  no  traces  of  granite  or  other 
eruptive  rocks,  and  consisting  aloiost  entirely  of  carboni- 
ferous limestone  and  sandstone.  The  .same  formation  is 
largely  developed  in  the  Sierra  de  Gador,  and  in  the  deep 
ralle\-s  of  the  Alpujarras.  Secondary  rocks,  still  higher  in 
the  series,  consisting  of  chalk  and  the  accompanying  strata, 
often  overlie  those  of  the  carboniferous  limestone;  these 
liave  their  largest  development  in  the  districts  which  bor- 
der the  E.  coast.  They  also  form  a  great  part  of  the  ridges 
which  intervene  between  the  plain  of  La  Mancha  and  the 
Mediterranean.  Tertiary  formations  are  found  partly  on  the 
higher  table-land  in  Old  Castile,  where  they  consist  chiefly 
of  marls  and  gypsum,  .and  partly  on  the  plains  of  Valencia, 
Alicante,  Murcia,  Carthageua,  Aguilar,  and  Granada.  They 
tilso  fill  several  valleys,  among  others  those  of  the  Segura, 
Lorca,  Lower  Ebro,  and  Guadalquivir. 

Minerals. — The  minerals  are  numerous  and  valu.able ;  hut 
owing  to  the  general  decay  into  which  almost  all  the  in- 
dustrial interests  of  the  kingdom  have  fallen,  they  are  at 
present  less  extensively  worked  than  formerly.  They  in- 
clude gold,  which  was  at  one  time  found  in  considerable 
quantities  in  Asturias  and  Galicia,  though  no  mine  is 
now  worked;  silver,  obtained  in  numerous  quarters,  parti- 
cularly in  the  Alpujarras,  the  Sierra  de  Lujar,  and  the 
Sierra  de  Gador,  in  all  of  which  the  lead,  found  in  the 
greatest  abundance,  is  highly  argentiferous;  quicksilver, 
particularly  at  Almaden,  where  the  mines,  still  in  operation, 
are  among  the  richest  in  the  world;  copper  in  the  Sierra 


SPA 

Morena,  the  Alpujarras,  and  Teruel,  in  Aragon,  but  at  pra 
sent  almost  aViandoned:  iron  in  almost  every  qu.arter,  and 
more  especially  in  the  Basque  provinces,  where  it  is  worked 
to  a  considerable  extent,  and  h.as  long  been  famous  for 
some  of  the  articles  produced  from  it ;  zinc  in  more  limited 
quantities;  coal  in  several  places,  particularly  in  Asturias 
and  the  Sierra  Morena,  though  the  extent  of  the  fields  is 
imperfectly  known,  and  the  workings  are  extremely  limited, 
calamine,  cobalt,  and  bismuth,  in  La  Mancha,  Aragon,  and 
Granada;  and  antimony,  tin,  graphite,  alnni,  sulphur,  and 
saltpetre;  mercury  is  extracted  in  great  abundance  from 
the  mines  of  Almaden.  Salt  is  only  very  partially  worked  in 
mines,  but  great  quantities  are  manufactured  from  the 
lagoons.  Several  quarries  j'ield  excellent  marble,  alabaster, 
and  jasper;  and  m.any  precious  stones,  as  rubies,  topazes, 
amethj'st.s,  and  garnets,  are  found. 

Jailers  and  Lakes. — The  rivers  of  Spain  are  numerous,  and 
a  number  of  them  pursue  courses  of  several  hundred  miles, 
dr.ainina  large  tracts  of  country.  In  general,  however, 
rising  in  the  table-land,  where  rain  is  neither  frequent  nor 
copious,  their  supply  of  water  is  comparatively  small,  and 
their  navigable  importance  limited.  Their  basins,  lying 
chiefly  in  the  intervals  between  the  mountain-ranges,  are 
usu.aily  bounded  by  them  on  the  N.  and  S.,  and  hence  all 
the  large  rivers  flowing  through  valleys  which  are  open 
only  on  the  E.  or  W.,  necessarily  follow  one  or  other  of  these 
directions.  Those  which  flow  E.  belong  to  the  basin  of  the 
Mediterranean,  and  those  which  flow  W.  to  that  of  the  At- 
lantic. The  most  important  of  the  former  are  the  Ebro, 
which,  rising  in  the  mountains  of  Asturias.  has  a  course  of 
more  than  400  miles;  the  Segura,  ri.sing  in  the  W.  part  of 
Murcia,  in  the  sierra  of  the  same  name,  has  an  E.  course  of 
at  least  200  miles:  the  Jucar,  which,  having  its  sources  be- 
tween the  sierras  Molina  and  Albarracin,  flows  fi:ir  the  most 
part  through  a  wide  and  fertile  v.alley,  upwards  of  200  miles; 
and  the  Guadal.'iviar,  which  has  a  course  of  about  150  miles. 
The  most  important  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  basin  are  the 
Douro  and  Tagus,  which,  however,  have  the  lower  and 
more  valuable  part  of  their  course  in  Portugal;  the  Minho 
and  Guadiana,  also  partly  shared  by  Portug.al;  and  the 
Guadalquivir,  which,  flowing  between  the  great  ranges  of 
the  Sierra  Morena  and  Sierra  Nevada,  has  a  more  regular 
and  constant  supply  of  water  than  most  Spanish  rivers,  but, 
notwithstanding  its  course  of  above  4(X)  miles,  is  not  navi- 
gable by  sloops  beyond  Seville.  Considering  the  number 
and  height  of  the  mountain-ranges,  it  is  remarkable  that 
Spain  does  not  posse.ss  a  single  mountain-lake  deserving  of 
notice.  Its  only  expanses  of  standing  water  are  the  lagoons 
which  line  part  of  its  S.  and  W.  coasts,  and  are  not  only 
devoid  of  beauty,  but  often  poison  the  air  with  pestilential 
vapors. 

Climnte. — This,  owing  to  the  physical  configuration  of 
the  suritice,  varies  greatly  in  different  localities.  It  is  warm 
on  the  coasts;  the  table-lands  are  exposed  to  great  heat  in 
.summer,  and  extreme  cold  in  winter.  Many  of  the  moun- 
tains rise  above  the  snow  line,  the  limit  of  which,  in  the 
Pyrenees,  is  S952  feet;  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  11,190  feet. 
In  Madrid,  which  is  situated  on  tableland,  the  mean  tem- 
perature of  winter  is  alxmt  43°,  of  summer  76°  2',  and  of 
liarvest  about  66°.  In  the  hottest  month  the  mean  tem- 
perature sometimes  rises  above  S9°,  and  in  the  coldest,  falls 
below  40°.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  alx)ut  60° 
Fahrenheit.  On  the  table-land,  in  summer,  the  sky  is  gene- 
rally clear  and  cloudless,  and  rain  seldom  falls,  but  in  win- 
ter it  both  rains  and  snows  frequently.  The  annual  fi\ll  of 
rain  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the  N.  and  W.  coasts,  is  from 
25  to  .35  inches,  while  on  the  table-land  of  Castile  it  is  only 
10  inches,  »nd  the  capital  is  often  exposed  to  severe  drought 
Winter  is  the  rainy  season.  In  the  N.W.,  in  Galici.a,  a 
piercing  wind,  which  the  Castilians  mil  guUef/n.  often  blows. 
In  these  quarter.s,  in  severe  and  rainy  winters,  the  cold  is 
occasionally  extreme,  and  the  olive  and  other  southern 
fruits  cannot  be  successfully  grown.  In  the  S.E.  districts, 
particularly  in  Murcia  and  Valencia,  a  kind  of  perpetual 
spring  prevails:  on  the  contrary,  in  the  S.  and  S.W..  in 
Granada,  and  other  parts  of  Andalusia,  the  climate  is  almost 
African,  and  a  wind  called  sohnm.  the  .sirocco  of  Italy,  which 
withers  up  vegetation,enfeebles  theanimal  frame,  and  spreads 
epidemic  diseases,  often  blows  for  two  weeks  in  succession. 
In  the  W.  the  climate  is  mild  but  variable;  the  summer, 
however,  is  very  hot,  and  in  Estremadura.  in  particular, 
withering  droughts  of  nearly  six  months'  duration  are  not 
unfrequent.  In  the  E.  the  climate  resembles  that  of  Asia 
Minor  and  Syria.  Snow  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  more 
mountainous  districts.  Storms  are  not  frefiuent.  bxit  shocks 
of  earthquakes  are  often  felt,  and  many  attended  with  fear- 
ful disasters  are  on  record. 

Vegetation,  Agriculture,  rfc. — Few  of  the  mountains  are  so 
high  as  to  be  beyond  the  limits  of  forest  vegetation;  yet 
both  the  mountains  and  many  tracts  of  the  table-land  are 
in  general  very  scantily  supplied  with  trees.  The  finest 
forests  are  on  the  W.  offsets  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  in  the 
mountains  of  Asturias,  from  which  the  oaks  that  formerly 
supplied  the  docks  of  Ferrol  were  obtained.  The  more  re- 
markable trees  are  the  Spanish  chestnut,  and  several  vari* 

1R21 


=J 


SPA 

Oes  of  oak,  more  particularly  the  Qttercus  haJJofa,  the  acorns 
of  which  are  edible :  the  Qufrcm  suiter,  or  cork-tree,  and  the 
Qtiercus  coccifera,  from  which  a  crimson  dye,  resembling 
the  genuine  cochineal,  is  obtained.  Orchard  and  finer  fruits 
are  extremely  abundant,  and  include,  in  addition  to  apple.*:, 
pears,  cherries,  plums,  peaches,  and  apricots,  the  almond, 
date,  fig,  orange,  citron,  and  pomegranate;  and  in  the  lower 
districts  of  the  S.,  the  anana,  banana,  aloe,  and  cactus.  The 
culture  of  the  vine  is  general,  and  great  quantities  of  wine 
are  made,  both  for  home  consumption  and  exportation.  The 
demand  fir  the  latter  is  chiefly  confined  to  sherry  and  the 
sweet  wines  of  JIalaga  and  Alicante:  a  consideratile  part  of 
the  grapes  grown  are  dried,  which  furnish  one  of  the  princi- 
pal exports  from  the  port  of  Malaga.  Pist.ichio  nuts,  wal- 
nuts, and  chestnuts,  grow  in  such  abundance  as  to  form 
important  articles  of  trade.  In  the  warm  districts  the  olive, 
gugar-cane.  and  cotton-plant  are  partially  cultivated. 

The  extent  of  land  under  rggular  agricultural  crops  is 
somewhat  limited.  Much  of  the  higher  part  of  the  central 
table-land  presents  a  very  sterile  appearance,  having  a  thin, 
etony  soil,  and  a  covering  of  heath  and  scanty  pasture;  and 
even -extensive  tracts,  which  might  be  advantageously  cul- 
tivated, are  left  almost  in  a  state  of  nature,  to  be  roamed 
over  by  cattle,  sheep,  goats,  and  swine.  The  finest  agricul- 
tural district  is  Valencia,  where  both  rice  and  corn  are  grown 
far  beyond  the  wants  of  the  actual  population,  and  furnish 
Urge  supplies  to  those  parts  of  the  interior  which  are  less 
fiivorably  situated.  After  Valencia.  Catalonia,  Murcia.  and 
some  of  the  X.  provinces,  raise  the  largest  quantities  of 
grain.  The  quality  is  in  general  so  excellent,  that  the 
bread  of  Spiiin  is  said  to  be  the  finest  in  Europe;  but  the 
system  of  agriculture  is  very  defective,  and  the  amount  of 
produce  is  far  less  than  a  better  system  might  easily  obtain. 
Considerable  improvement,  however,  is  said  to  have  been 
recently  made,  and  Spain,  which  used  regularly  to  import 
grain,  has  now  a  small  surplus  for  export..  The  more  im- 
portant crops  are  wheat,  rice,  maize,  barley,  aijd  legumes. 
Hemp  and  flax  are  extensively  grown  in  Aragon  and  Gali- 
eia:  and  eijmrto  is  produced  in  abundance,  more  especially 
in  Valencia  and  Murcia.  where  it  is  in  extensive  demand  for 
making  ropes,  mats,  baskets,  &c.  The  mulberry  thrives  well, 
and.  is  largely  cultivated,  for  rearing  silk-worms  in  Valencia, 
Murcia.  and  Granada.  Saffron  and  other  dye-plants  thrive 
chiefly  in  the  interior;  the  caper-bush  prows  wild  on  many 
of  the  Mediterranean  shores:  and  there  also,  particularly  on 
the  E..  large  quantities  of  barilla  are  manufactured.  The 
liqunrice-plant  is  cultivated  chiefly  near  Seville  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ebro.  and  the  juice  prepared  from  it  is  in  de- 
mand in  all  parts  of  Europe. 

Zririogy. — The  zoology  of  Spain  includes  a  vast  number  of 
species.  Of  these,  however,  the  only  large  animals  in  a  wild 
state  are  the  wolf,  common  in  all  the  mountainous  districts. 
and  the  bear  and  chamois,  found  chieflj'  in  the  Pyrenees. 
In  Biscay  the  marten  is  frequently  met  with,  and  lynxes, 
foxes,  wild  cats,  weasels.  Ac.  are  numerous  iri  many  quar- 
ters. The  chameleon  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Cadiz:  and 
numerous  monkeys  haunt  the  rock  of  Gibraltar.  The  fea- 
thered tribes  are  very  numerous,  particularly  on  the  coast 
and  at  the  mouthu  of  rivers:  eagles  are  not  uncommon,  and 
among  rare  visitors  may  be  mentioned  the  flamingo,  which 
is  sometimes  seen  near  Valencia.  The  number  of  rivei-s  and 
great  extent  of  sea-cojst  give  great  scope  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  w.iter;  and  some  important  fisheries  are  carried  on, 
particularly  those  of  sardines,  on  the  coast  of  Galicia;  and 
of  tunnies  and  anchovies,  on  the  S.W.  coast  l>etween  Cadiz 
and  Gibraltar.  Nothing,  however,  more  strongly  indicates 
a  general  want  of  industry  and  enterprise  in  Spaniards  than 
the  fact  th,at,  instead  of  profiting  by  the  treasures  which 
their  own  seas  spontaneously  offer,  their  main  supplies  of 
fish  are  derived  from  foreigners. 

Among  domestic  animals  the  horso,  descended  from  breeds 
which  thft  Moors  had  introduced,  was  long  celebrated 
tnroughout  Europe,  but  has  in  recent  times  declined  in 
reputation,  thr)ugh  Andalusia  still  baists  of  many  fine  ani- 
'"     The  mule  is  generally  preferred  to  the  horse,  both 


mals 


for  carriage  and  drfiught,  and  is  extensively  reared  in  New 
Castile.  This  animal,  as  well  as  the  ass.  is  generally  of  a 
very  superior  description.  The  horned  cattle  are  not  nume- 
rous, and  only  in  a  few  districts  are  cows  kept  for  dairy  pur- 
poses; bulls,  in  great  demand  for  the  national  amusement 
of  bull-fights,  are  reared  in  the  greatest  perfection  in  Anda- 
lusia. The  favorite  stt>ck  is  sheep,  of  which  about  18.000.000 
are  kept.  A  considerable  proportion  of  these  belong  to  the 
celebrated  Merino  breed,  to  which  almost  all  th^  other  breeds 
of  Europe  are  more  or  legs  indebted  for  improvement.  Their 
exportation  has  always  been  prohibited ;  their  pasturage  is 
regulated  by  ancient  laws.  Goats  also  are  very  numerous, 
and  in  their  flesh,  nulk.  and  cheese,  furnish  the  favorite  food 
of  the  mhabitants.  Swine  are  kept  in  large  herds  in  some 
parts  of  Estrem.idura.  and  in  some  of  the  N.  provinces,  both 
near  the  coast  and  among  the  mountains  of  Asturias,  where 
they  roam  at  large  in  the  forests. 

pivi^ims,  Area.  IhpHkUion,  rf-c.— The  following  table  ex- 
hibits the  area  and  population  of  the  whole  monarchy  accord- 
ing to  the  returns  of  1S49,  together  with  the  ancient  king- 


SPA 

doms  and   prorinces  of  the  European  portion,   and   the 
modern  division  into  provinces  effected  in  I80-J    — 


New      J 
Castile.  \ 


■I 


Provinces. 


Mydrid 

Toledo 

Guadalajara. 

CuenciC 

Ciudad-^eal. 


Burgos 

Logrono 

Santander.. 

Soria 

Segovia  

Aviia 


\jeon 

Zaraora 

Salamanca.. 


"■J 

lA.t 


ON..? 


Oviedo 

Coronna...., 

Lugo 

Oreiise 

Pontevedra.. 


Seville... 

Cadij 

Huelva... 
Cordova.. 

Jaen 

Granada.. 
.\lmeria... 
Malaga.... 


SaragoRsa. 

Huesca 

Tcruel 


Area, 
sq.  m. 


5.064 
1,T73 
2.121 
3,348 
3.061 
3,1a 
2,786 
•2,984 


Chief  Towns.      Pop. 


405.7.17'M.ndrid 

330.000 1  Toledo 

199,746l(Juadalajara. 

252.7li3.CHeuca 

30J,5a3lOiudad-Reai.. 

1,490,799 


234.02-'|Burgos 

]^o.519  I.ogrono 

190,iX)0  ISantjinder... 

140.000 1. Soriii 

].=>.i,OiK)iSeirovia 

1.32. 9.i6!  Aviia 

180.000  Paleucia 

210.000  Valladolid... 


Leon 

Zamora 

Salamanca... 


OTiedo. 


14,74' 


4,620 
2,879 
.1.9:i' 
5.068 
4,892 
4..354 
3,370 
3,062 

32,172 

6.584 

6.2 

3,152 


Valencia  . . . . 

.Alicante 

Castellon  de 
la  Plana... 


Barcelona. 
Tarragona. 

Lerida 

Gerona. . . . 


2,868 
3,049 


Biscay 

Gliipuzcoa.. 
Alava 


Balearic  Isls. 
Canary  Isls.. 


Total  of  Spain  in  Europe 

Amkeica  :— Cuba 

Porto-Rico . . 
Virgin  Isls... 


Asia  :— Philippine  Isls. . . . 

Africa:— The  Presidios  . . 

Guinea  Isls 

OcKAXiCi:— Part  of  the  > 
Ladrone  Islands $ 


9,589 
2,816 

2.488; 

4,919 
2,411 

12,636 

4,069* 

1,064 

891 

1.292 

3,L'47 


Corunna.. 
419.437iLugo 

380.000  Orense... 
420.000  Pomevedr 


601,124 


420,000  Seville 

358,446  Cadiz 

153,462  Huelva 

Ji48.956,  Cordova 

Sn7,410iJaen 

427,250  Granada 

AInieria 

Malaga 


2,745,858 

350,000 
247,10.T 
250.000 


595,531 


Valencia 

Alicante 

Castellon  de  } 
la  Plana...  i 


35,757 


39,779 
52,148 


1,110,960 

533,695 
290.0001  T.irr.igo 
197,445  Lerida.. 
262,594  Gerona.. 


Barcelona ... 


1,283,734 
280,000  Pamplona.... 


150,000  Bilbao.. 

14I,7,">2  Tnlosa.. 
81,397  Vitoria. 


1,009,060 

500.000 

2,600 


1,511,660 
2,679,500 


11,481 
5,590 


206  714 
13,5-SO 
5)70 
6  037 
10,235 


15.924 
6,848 

16. --'i;? 
5,40(1 
6.625 
4,121 

11,470 

30,000 


9,384 

19,41 

7,2(i9 
4.840 
4,141 


11,715 
1:;,0J1 


100,498 
53,9-0 

7.410 
41.976 

4.000 
61.610 
17,800 


30.000 
9.200 
7,165 


19,021 
16,952 


121,.?15 
13.014 
12.236 
8,1 


10,234 
8.000 
10,266 


SCMMART. 

Area,  Pop.  In 

sq.  m.  1349. 

America,  Asia,  and  Africa 93.0:i5  ....    4.208.291 

Europe 1<I3,244  ....  13,936.218 

Total  of  Spanish  monarchy 286.279 18,144  509 


SPA 

Manvfactjres.—Tn  the  Middle  Afres.  the  manufactures  of 
Spain,  especially  along  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  were 
in  a  flourishintr  condition,  and  found  an  extensive  demand, 
particularly  in  the  Levant  and  other  parts  of  the  Kast.  'SVilh 
the  expulsion  of  the  Moors,  the  branches  which  they  had 
Bpecially  fostered  fell  rapidly  into  decay,  and  have  never 
been  revived.  New  demands,  however,  arose  in  the  W.,  and 
Spain,  as  the  mother  country,  reserving  to  herself  the  sole 
Bupply  of  the  colonies,  was  able,  for  that  purpose  alone,  to 
carry  en  a  number  of  lucrative  manufactures.  The  loss  of 
her  colonies  putting  a  sudden  stop  to  the  demand,  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  sudden  extinction  of  her  manufactures.  The 
circumstances  of  the  country  since  have  been  the  most  un- 
tavorable  that  can  tie  conceived  to  the  progress  of  any  branch 
of  regular  industry;  and  hence,  the  only  manufactures  de- 
eerving  of  notice  are  to  be  found  in  a  few  of  the  larger  towns. 
Cotton  goods  are  made  to  some  extent  in  Catalonia,  particu- 
larly liarcelona;  woollens  in  ManreSit.Tarraza,  Guadalajara, 
and  different  towns  of  Valencia  and  Aragon;  leather  in  Val- 
ladolid  and  several  towns  of  Andalusia;  wax-cloths  in  Barce- 
lona: linen,  both  ordinary  and  damask,  in  Galicia;  sail- 
cloth at  Corunna  and  Carthagena;  stained  paper,  jewelry, 
and  porcelain,  at  Madrid;  iron-ware,  chiefly  of  the  larger 
and  coarser  descriptions,  in  the  Basque  provinces,  Mondra- 
gon.  Toledo,  Albacete,  Guadix,  «fcc.,  for  common  and  sword 
cutlery ;  common  earthen  and  delft-ware,  in  Andujar,  Aleora. 
(;aceres,  Ac. ;  paper  in  Valencia  and  Catalonia ;  and  tolwcco 
In  various  towns,  but  more  especially  in  Malaga  and  Seville. 

Cnmmi^rce. — From  the  extent  of  its  coast  line,  its  nume- 
rous ports,  its  geographical  position,  and  natural  products, 
Spain  possesses  greater  commercial  advantages,  perhaps, 
than  any  other  country  of  Kurope.  Her  foreign  commerce, 
once  the  most  valuable  in  the  world,  has.  however,  dwindled 
down  almost  to  insignificanee.  The  principal  exports  are 
wool,  wine,  brandy,  oil.  fruits,  iron,  lead,  mercury,  and  salt, 
with  a  sm.oll  amount  of  silk  and  manufactured  goods;  the 
imports  comprise  colonial  goods,  dried  fii»h,  and  salted  pro- 
visions, butter,  cheese,  rice,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  cut- 
lery, glass,  and  building  timber.  The  subjoined  table  exhi- 
bits the  commerce  of  the  Spanish  monarchy  for  the  years 
18i0,  1850,  and  1S51. 

Total  amount  of  tlie  Imports  and  Exports  in  1851,  compared 
until  1850  and  1849 : 


Imports. 

Exports. 

Total, 

$22,460,000 

13,993,000 

574,000 

$16,300,000 

10,090,000 

274,000 

S:i8,760,000 
24,08;!, 000 

1851 

1850 

1849 

$37,027,000 
36,285,000 
31,705,000 

$;6,664,000 
26,380,000 
25,820,000 

$83,691,000 
62,665,000 
57,525,000 

Internal  Communication. — The  public  roads  of  Spain,  ex- 
cept those  around  the  capital,  are  among  the  worst  in 
Kurope;  wheel  carriages  are  little  used,  and  much  of  the 
transport  is  effected  by  means  of  mules.  There  are  several 
canals,  many  of  them  on  a  magnificent  scale,  but  mostly 
unfinished  and  unfit  for  navigation ;  the  chief  of  the,se  are 
the  Imperial  Canal,  commenced  by  Charles  A'.,  extending 
along  the  right  b.ank  of  the  Ebro;  the  canals  of  Castile. 
Slanzanares.  .Murcia,  Albacete,  and  Guadarama.  The  first 
railway  in  Spain  was  opened  in  1S48 ;  it  extends  from  Ma- 
taro  to  Barcelona,  a  distance  of  loj  miles.  Other  railways 
opened  since:  are  one  from  Valencia  to  Jativa,  34}  miles; 
one  from  Valencia  to  Grao,  S^jniles;  and  one  from  Madrid 
to  Alcazar. 

Gove.)-nment,  (Cc. — The  government  of  Spain  is  an  heredit- 
ary constitutional  monarchy,  regulated  by  a  constitution 
adopted  in  1837,  and  subsequently  modified  in  1845.  The 
legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  crown  and  cortez  jointly. 
The  cortez  consist  of  two  equally  independent  bodies — a 
senate  and  a  house  of  deputies.  The  senate  has  no  limit  as 
to  numbers,  and  is  appointed  solely  by  the  crown,  each 
senator  holding  his  office  for  life.  The  deputies  are  nomi- 
nated directly  by  electoral  juntas,  at  the  rate  of  one  deputy 
for  every  50,000  of  the  population.  Each  deputy  is  elected 
for  five  years,  and  has  full  liberty  of  speech  and  vote;  but 
the  crown  may  at  any  time  dissolve  the  house  of  deputies, 
subject  to  the  condition  that  a  new  house  must  be  elected 
and  summoned  to  meet  within  three  months.  Kither  of 
the  three  powers — the  crown,  senate,  or  deputies — may  origi- 
nate bills,  with  the  exception  of  money-bills,  which  belong 
exclusively  to  the  last,  but  no  law  can  be  pjis.sed  before  the 
consent  of  each  has  been  obtained.  The  ci-own  is  responsi- 
ble only  by  its  ministers,  composed  of  a  council  of  six  prin- 
cipal secretaries  of  state,  finance,  war,  justice,  marine,  and 
government. 

Justice  is  administered  by  a  supreme  court,  composed  of 
a  president  and  15  judges,  divided  into  three  halls  or  courts 
—a  first  and  second  court  of  justice,  and  a  third  court  of 
the  Indies.  Next  in  order  to  this  court  are  the  audiencias, 
or  courts  of  second  resort.  The  whole  number  of  these 
within  the  peninsula  and  the  adjacent  islands  is  15.  each 
Laving  its  seat  at  some  principal  town,  and  exercising  juris- 


SPA 

diction  over  two  or  more  provinces.  Judges  of  the  first  nv. 
sort  {primera  instancia)  are  found  in  all  the  more  important 
districts. 

Army  and  Navy. — The  army  consists  of  regulars  and  re- 
serve, or  of  regiments  of  the  line  and  militia.  The  whole 
force  is  138,787  men,  of  whom  about  90,000  are  regu- 
lars. They  are  in  general  ill-disciplined  and  ill-paid,  and 
tliough  once  the  best  troops  in  Europe,  are  now  among  the 
worst.  The  only  kind  of  ser\ice  in  which  they  still  possess 
considerable  rtput;ition,  is  guerilla  warfare.  The  navy, 
which  long  contained  the  finest  ships  in  the  world,  and  al- 
most ruled  the  seas,  was  nearly  annihilated  by  the  wars 
carried  on  with  Great  Britain,  and  now  musters  not  more 
than  four  ships  of  the  line,  'iO  frigates,  of  which  10  are  steam 
frigates;  12  corvettes,  of  which  5  are  steamers;  IS  brigs,  of 
which  4  are  steamers,  and  99  other  vessels,  besides  240  sm.all 
craft  and  gun  boats,  making  a  total  of  393  vessels,  carrying 
in  all  1231  cannon  and  253  pejlreros.  The  whole  number 
of  steamers  is  36,  with  9972  horse-power. 

Religion  and  Educatirm — The  only  religion  which  the 
state  recognises,  and  declares  itself  bound  to  support,  is  the 
Konian  Catholic.  It  is  governed  by  10  archbishops  and  59 
bishops,  but  two  of  the  former  and  five  of  the  latter  have 
their  jurisdiction  beyond  the  sea.  The  number  of  parishes 
is  about  21.000.  In  1,S37  all  the  convents  of  monks,  with  a 
few  exceptions,  were  suppres.sed.  and  their  revenues.  suTject 
to  a  provision  for  existing  members,  confiscated  to  the  state. 
At  the  period  of  extinction  the  number  of  convents  was 
1940,  with  30,906  monks;  the  nunneries  still  amount  to  660, 
with  about  12,000  nuns.  Education  is  very  little  diffused. 
A  normal  school,  for  training  teachers  in  the  Lancasterian 
sj'stem,  was  established  in  Madrid  in  18.39;  and  recently  a 
royal  decree  has  been  promulgated  to  organize  9  superior 
and  20  elementary  normal  schools  in  the  I'eninsula.  and  2 
of  the  latter  grade  in  the  Balearic  and  Canary  Islands. 
Before  the  suppre,ssion  of  the  monastic  orders,  education  was 
entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits  and  other  clergy.  The 
children  of  the  upper  classes  are  educated  in  France  and 
other  countries.  The  universities,  formerly  24  in  number. 
are  now  reduced  to  14.  and  these  attended  only  by  few. 

Nerenue. — The  ordinary  revenue  for  r.S54  was  estimated 
at  $122,595,000.  and  the  expenditures  at  $122,683,000.  The 
debt  in  1851  amounted  to  $914,930,000. 

People. — The  inhabitants  of  Spain  consist  chiefly  of  Spa- 
niards proper,  composed  of  a  mixture  of  ancient  aborigines, 
Romans,  Visigoths,  Vandals,  and  Suevi,  but  partly  also  of 
three  other  distinct  races — Basques,  occupying  the  provinces 
to  which  they  give  their  name,  and  forming  about  one- 
twenty-fourth  of  the  whole  population;  Modejars,  a  rem- 
nant of  the  Moors  who,  in  the  general  expul.sion  of  their 
countrymen,  found  refuge  in  several  valleys  in  the  kingdom 
of  Granada  and  the  Castiles,  and  whose  descendants,  un- 
mingled  with  the  other  inhabitants,  are  still  living  there  tc 
the  number  of  about  60.000:  and  Zigeuners,  Gitanos  or 
gipsies,  who  are  found  diffused  over  all  parts  of  tlie  penin- 
sula, but  do  not  number  above  45,000.  The  Spaniards  pro- 
per, to  whom  only  it  is  necessary  here  to  advert,  are  of  mid- 
dle stature,  well  formed,  of  ^sallow  hue,  sharp  features,  dark 
hair,  and  keen  black  eyes.  Their  language,  a  dialect  of  the 
Latin  with  a  considerable  number  of  Teutonic  and  Arabic 
words,  is  soft  and  sonorous,  and  peculiarly  adapted  for  the 
lighter  kinds  of  poetry,  but  has  not  been  enriched  by  many 
works  in  the  higher  departments  of  literature,  With  the  ex- 
ception of  Cervantes,  there  is  not  a  Spanish  writer  who  can 
be  said  to  have  earned  for  himself  a  European  reputation. 

In  diet,  the  Spaniards  are  frugal  and  temperate.  In  their 
intercourse  with  strangers  they  are  re.served,  taciturn,  and 
stand  much  upon  their  dignity,  afraid  apparently  of  its 
being  encroached  upon  by  undue  familiarity ;  but  on  find- 
ing what  they  conceive  to  be  their  true  place  properly  recog- 
nised, they  lay  aside  their  resfr.iint,  form  strong  attach- 
ments, and  become  the  most  agreeable  of  companions.  AVith 
their  natural  indolence  there  is  a  strange  mixture  of  enthu- 
siasm, and  when  their  passions  are  once  roused,  there  are 
few  extravagances  or  exces,ses  of  which  they  are  not  capable. 
In  favorable  circumstances,  this  part  of  their  character  has 
often  manifested  itself  in  chivalric  exploits;  but  when  ac- 
companied, as  it  too  often  is,  by  ignoiance  and  blgotiy,  has 
led  to  the  perpetration  of  numberless  atrocities.  In  no 
country  has  fire  and  sword  been  more  mercilessly  employed 
in  the  extirpation  of  what  was  called  heresy,  and  even  now, 
under  a  constitution  which  professes  to  guarantee  freedom 
of  thought  and  freedom  of  the  press,  no  form  of  dis.sent  from 
Popery  is  tolerated.  The  national  char;u'ter  is  well  pictured 
in  the  cruel  sport  of  bull-fighting,  cultivated  eagerly  In 
every  part  of  the  country,  and,  like  horse-racing  among  the 
English,  established  wherever  the  Spaniard  is  located. 

History. — The  peninsula,  now  forming  the  kingdoms  of 
Spain  and  Portugal,  was  first  visited  by  the  Phoenicians, 
and  afterwards  by  the  Carthagenians,  who  formed  several 
establishments.  It  was  conquered  by  the  liomans  after  a 
resistance  of  two  centuries;  they  divided  it  into  three  great 
provinces,  viz.,  Tarraconensis  in  the  E.  centre  and  N.,  Boetica 
in  the  S.,  and  Lusitania  in  the  W.  The  Visigoths  overran 
the  country  in  the  fifth  century,  and  were  driven  from  most 

1823 


SPA 


SPA 


of  It  by  the  Arabs  in  711.  The  kingdom  of  Portuiai  was 
foumleil  iu  1095.  During  ei^ht  centuries  the  Christian 
princes  were  engaged  in  continual  warfare  with  the  Moham- 
medans. From  this  state  the  country  was  delivered,  under 
Feidinand  and  Isabella,  by  the  conquest  of  Granada,  in 
149  J.  This  was  followed  by  the  piliage  and  expulsion  of  the 
Jews,  who  had  possessed  themselves  of  most  of  the  commer- 
oial  riches  of  the  country.  In  the  same  year  Columbus 
discovered  the  New  World,  and  Spain  became  mistress  of  the 
greater  part  of  America,  as  then  known.  Of  these  vast  colo- 
nial possessions,  Spain  has  now  only  the  i.slands  of  Cuba. 
Porto  Rico,  ancl  some  smaller  islands  in  Americi,  the  Phi- 
lippine and  Ladvone  Islands  in  the  Pacific,  the  Canary 
Islands  in  the  Atlantic,  Fernando  Po  and  the  island  of 
Annabon  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  and  Ceuta,  Gomera,  and 
Melilla,  places  used  for  the  transportation  of  convicts,  in 
Barbary.  From  the  16th  century,  Spain  was  divided  into 
large  provinces,  having  mostly  the  title  of  kingdoms,  but  by 
a  royal  decree  of  April,  1833,  it  was  partitioned  into  forty- 
eight  smaller  provinces,  each  bearing  the  name  of  its  capital, 
except  Navarre  .-ind  the  three  Basque  provinces,  which  re- 
main unchanged,  and  possess  peculiar  privileges. Adj. 

Span'ish;  (Sp.  Espamol.  es-pan-j-ol';  Fr.  Espaomol,  Ss'pJu'- 
yol':  Ger.  Spaxisch.  spj'nish;  It.  Spagnvolo.  spdn-yoooHo ; 
Port.  IIisPANO,  ees-pi'no;)  inhab.  Spaniard,  span'yard;  (Ger. 
Spamer,  spd'neer;  Port.  IIespa\hol,  Js-pin-jol';  in  French, 
Spanish,  and  Italian,  the  adjective  is  also  used  for  the  in- 
ha^iitant.) 

Sl'AITLA,  spitlj,  a  ruined  town  of  North  Africa,  domi- 
nions, and  ti"2  miles  S.AV.  of  Tunis,  with  remains  ofantiquity. 

SPAL,.\TO,  spi-lMo,  or  SPALATRO,  spd-ld'tro.  a  seaport 
city  of  Dalmatia,  on  a  small  promontory  opposite  the  islands 
of  Brazza.  Bua,  &c.  Lat.  43'^  20'  4"  X.,  Ion.  10°  2G'  7"  E.  Pop. 
10,300.  The  E.  half  of  the  city  is  crowded  into  the  area  of  the 
vast  palace  of  Diocletian,  in  which  the  ancient  temple  of  Jupi- 
ter, with  a  lofty  octagonal  tower,  is  still  perfect.  The  streets 
of  the  city  are  all  narrow  lanes,  but  it  has  several  open 
spaces,  numerous  churches  and  convents,  a  lazaretto,  schools, 
government  museum  of  antiquities,  baiTack.s,  and  an  inner 
and  outer  harbor,  the  latter  adapted  for  vessels  of  any  bur- 
den. It  is  the  most  important  seat  of  commerce  in  Dal- 
matia. It  is  especially  interesting  for  the  ruins  of  a  mag- 
niticeut  palace,  built  by  the  Roman  emperor  Diocletian,  to 
which  he  retired  after  abdicating  the  imperial  throne,  (a.  d. 
395.)  This  palace  was  constructed  of  a  beautiful  freestone, 
and  is  said  to  have  covered  an  area  of  9  acres!  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  town  of  Spalatro  has  been  built  out  of  its  ruins. 

Si*.\LDIXG.  spwald'ing,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Lincoln,  capital  of  the  division  of  Holland,  on  the 
Welland,  and  on  a  railway  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston,  of  which 
pnrt  it  iJ  a  member.  Pop.  in  1851,  8829.  It  consists  chiefly 
of  f 'Ur  streets  and  a  market-place,  in  which  are  the  town- 
hall  and  house  of  correction  for  the  division;  and  it  has  a 
good  church,  a  grammar  school,  and  many  endowed  charities, 
assembly-rooms,  a  theatre,  public  library,  and  warehouses, 
to  the  doors  of  which  vessels  of  60  tons  arrive  by  the  Wel- 
land.    It  has  an  active  trade  in  corn,  wool,  flax,  and  hemp. 

SP.^LD'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SPALMADORE  (spdlmd-do'rA)  ISLANDS,  (anc.  (Enits's(f 
or  ^niiisesf)  a  group  of  islets  belonging  to  Asiatic  Turkey, 
between  the  islands  of  Scio  and  the  mainland  of  .\sia  Minor. 
Lat.  3b°  32'  N.,  Ion.  26°  12'  E.   Length  of  the  largest,  6  miles. 

SP.\LT,  spdit,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Rezat,  IS  miles 
S.E.  of  Anspach.    Pop.  1765. 

SI'AN'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SPANDAU,  spin'dow,  or  SPANDOW,  spdn'dov,  a  fortified 
town  of  I'russia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Spree  and  Ilavel,  9  miles  W.  of  Berlin,  on  the  Ham- 
burg Railway.  Pop.  (excluding  garrison)  in  1S46,  6400.  It 
is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  citadel  on  an  island  in  the 
Havel  used  as  the  principal  state  prison  of  Prussia,  and  in 
which  Baron  Trenck  was  confined.  The  streets  are  clean, 
airy,  and  spacious.  The  principal  edifices  are  the  church 
of  St.  Nicholas,  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  and  the  former 
residence  of  the  electors  of  Brandenburg,  now  a  peniten- 
tiary. It  has  manu&ctures  of  woollen  and  linen  stuffs, 
tobacco-pipes,  powder,  and  firearms.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Swedes  in  16:>l,  and  by  the  French  in  1806. 

SP.iNDEN,  spin'dgn,  a  village  of  East  Prussia,  46  miles 
8.W.  of  Kiinigsberg.  Here  the  French  defeated  the  Russians 
In  1807. 

SPANG ENBERG,  sping'fn-bSRG\  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  Nieder-Hessen,  16  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Cassel.     Pop.  2202. 

SPANG'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Blair  co,  Pennsylvania. 

SI'.VXGS'VILLE.  n  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SrAmsiI,  SPANIAIID,  SPANISVH  or  Sl^ANlER. 
See  Spain. 

SI'ANasn  BLUFFS,  a  village  of  Bowie  co.,  Texas,  on  Red 


SPAMSTI  FL.^T,  a  postofflce  of  El  Dorado  co..  California. 
SI'ANISH  LAKE,  of  Louisiana,  is  connected  with  the 
1824 


right  bank  of  Red  River,  a  few  miles  above  Natchitoches 
Length,  aliout  12  miles. 

SP.\NISH  0.\KS.  a  post-offlce  of  Appomattox  co..  Virginia 

SPAN'ISH  PRAl'RIE.  a  post-vill.Hge  of  CrawfoixJ  co.,  Mis- 
souri, about  48  miles  S.E.  of  Jeffer.son  Citv. 

SPAN'ISH  RIV'KH. of Briti.'^h America.  fiowsW.S.W.  along 
the  base  of  La  Clocke  Mountains,  and  falls  into  Lake  Ilurou 
nejirly  opposite  the  central  part  of  the  Great  Manitouliu. 

SPAN'ISH  TOWN  or  SANTIAGO  DE  LA  VKGA.  sdn-te-d'. 


dence  of  the  governor  of  Jamaica,  and  the  seat  of  the  supe- 
rior courts  of  the  islands;  but  it  is  otherwise  of  little  im- 
portance, and  is  ill-built  and  unhealthy. 

SPANISH  TOWN,  Trinidad.    See  Port  op  Spaijj. 

SPANJEN.    See  Spain. 

SPAN.MBERG,  spdm'b^RG.  or  SPANBERO,  spdnAb^RO.  a 
market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Sulzbach,  8  miles 
from  Gaunersdorf     Pop.  1149. 

SP.\R.\NISI,  spd-r3-uee'see,  a  village  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  E.  of  Gaeta.    Pop.  loSO. 

SPAR'HAM.  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

Si'ARK'KORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SPAHONE,  spd-ro'n.A,  a  village  of  Piedmont,  17  mfles 
W.S.W.  of  Ivre.i.    Pop.  2478. 

SPARROW  BUSH,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  New  York. 

SPARROW  SWAMP,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district, 
South  Carolina. 

SPARS/HOLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

SPARSUOLT,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Hants. 

SPART.\,  spar'td.  an  ancient  city  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 
the  remains  of  which,  on  a  hill  3  liiiles  N.W.  of  Misti-a,  con- 
sists chieHy  of  a  theatre  and  temple. 

S1'.\R/T.\,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  p.irt  of  Livingston 
CO.,  New  York.    Pop.  1248. 

SPARTA,  a  flourishing  post-village  .and  township  of  Sus- 
sex CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  66  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Trenton. 
The  village  contains  2  churches,  2  seminaries,  5  stores,  6 
iron  forges,  6  mills,  and  1  shingle  manufactory.  Pop.  of  the 
village,  about  500;  of  the  township,  2062. 

SPART.\,  a  township,  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.12o4. 

SP.\RTA,  a  post-oftice  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

SPARTA,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co.,  A'irgiuia. 

SPART.\,  a  post-village  of  Edgecomb  co..  North  Carolina, 
84  miles  E.  of  Raleigh. 

SP.4KTA,  post-office,  Spartanburg  district,  South  Carolina. 

SPARTA,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Hancock  co., 
Georgia,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Milledgeville.  It  is  distinguished 
for  activity  of  business,  and  for  its  excellent  schools.  It 
contains  3  churches,  2  academies,  and  1  cotton  factory.  Pop. 
about  SOO. 

SP.iRTA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Conecuh  co.,  Alabama, 
on  a  small  affluent  of  Conecuh  River,  lOO  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Montgomery.  The  railroad  projected  from  Mobile  to  Co- 
lumbus in  Geoi-gia,  will  pass  through  or  near  this  village. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  jail.  Masonic  hall,  3  stores,  and 
about  200  inhabitants.    It  tiecame  the  county  scat  in  1822. 

SP.\RTA,  a  p<ist-village  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Mississippi,  140 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

SPARTA,  a  plea.sant  and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Bienville  pari.sh,  Louisiana,  is  situated  on  a  level  plain, 
liaving  a  sandy  soil,  and  watered  by  never-failing  springs. 
Groves  of  holly  and  sweet  bay,  in  the  vicinity,  present  at 
all  sea.sons  a  green  and  springlike  appearance.  The  village 
contains  a  flourishing  seminary. 

SPARTA,  a  postrviilage,  capital  of  White  county,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  route  of  the  South-western  Railroad,  about  So 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
turnpike-road.  It  has  a  court-house,  jail,  a  bank,  1  news- 
paper ofBce,  and  several  stores.    Pop.  452. 

SPART.\,  a  thriving  village  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Eagle  Creek,  about  35  miles  N.  of  Frankfort.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive flouring  mill,  and  a  saw  mill.    • 

SP.\RT.\,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky. 

SPARTA,  a  post-village  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  So  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

SPARTA,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Nimishillen 
Creek,  68  miles  S.  of  Cleveland. 

SPARTA,  a  post-office  of  Hill.sdiile  co..  Michigan. 

SPARTA,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Kent  co.,  Michi- 
gan.    Pop.  939. 

SPART.\,  a  post-township,  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.  P.  18S7. 

SPARTA,  a  townsliip  of  Nol>le  co.,  IncUana.    Pop.  1086. 

SPARTA,  thriving  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois, 
113  miles  S.  of  Springfield.  I  has  4  clmrches.  1  newspaprr 
office,  2  flour-mills,  tind  1  woollen  factoi  j-.    Pop.  1120. 

SPARTA,  a  post-village  of  BiK^ianan  co.,  Missouri  ^Dout 
200  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SPARTA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  co  .Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  R.R.     See  Appeswx. 

SPARTA  CENTRE,  a  post-oflSce  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 

SPARTANBURG,  a  district  in  the  N.W.  part  of  South 
Carolina,  bordering  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  950 
square  miles.    It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Ennoree 


SPA 

River,  on  the  N.E.  by  Broad  River,  and  intersected  by  the 
Tiger  and  Pacolet  Rirers,  all  of  which  flow  S.E.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  The  soil  is  productive,  and  well  watered.  Gold- 
mine.s  are  worked  in  the  district,  and  yield  lar<,'e  profits. 
Iron  ore  of  the  finest  quality,  and  in  immLMi.ee  quantities,  is 
found:  it  also  contains  extensive  quarries  of  lime.stone. 
Glenn  Spring,  of  this  district,  has  become  a  fa.shionaWe 
watering-place.  It  is  said  to  contain  sulphur  and  magnesia. 
A  railroad  is  projected  from  Spartanburg,  theseat  of  justice, 
to  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad.  Pop.  26,919,  ol 
whom  18,679  were  free,  and  8240  slaves. 

Sl'.\KTANBUKG  or  SPARTAXBUllG  COURT-HOUSE,  a 
thriving  pos^v)^age,  capital  of  Spartjmburg  district.  South 
Carolina,  98  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbia.  Splendid  buildings 
for  «  college,  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists,  are 
going  up  at  this  place;  ample  provision  having  been  made 
.  by  the  bequest  of  Renjamin  Wofford.  The  Spartanburg 
and  Union  Railroad  is  in  course  of  construction  from  this 
point  to  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  a  distance 
of  156  miles. 

SPARTANBURG,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 
20  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

SPARrTANSBURG,  a  postofflce  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn- 
nylvani.a. 

SPAKTAP'OLTS.  a  village  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia, 
142  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 
SPA  RTIVENTO,  a  cape  of  Italy.    See  Cape  Spartivento. 
SPASK,  sp3sk,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  30 
miles  S.B.  of  Riazan,  on  the  Oka.     Pop.  5000. 

SPASK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  108  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Tambov.     Pop.  6000.     It  has  numerous  factories. 
SPASK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  54  miles  S. 
of  Kazan,  on  the  Bezdna,  near  its  junction  with  the  Volga. 
Pop.  2000.     Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Bulgar. 
SPAV'A,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 
SPAVINAU,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  .^.rkansas. 
SPAX'TON  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somei-set. 
SPE.\N,  Spain,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  rises 
In  Loch  Laggan.  flows  mostly  W.  through  Lochaber,  and 
joins  the  Lochy  at  Garelochy,  after  a  course  of  20  miles. 
Priiicipril  affluent,  the  Roy. 

SPEAR'S  (speerz)  STORE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Union  parish, 
Louisiana. 

SI'ECCHIA  DEI  PRETI,  spJk'ke-'i  dA'e  pr.Vtee,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  E.S.K.  of  Gallipoli.    Pop.  1500. 
SPEC  I  A.    See  Spf.zia. 

SPKCK'LED  MOUNTAIN,  in  Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  near  the 
boundary  of  New  Hampshire,  is  about  4000  feet  high. 

SPEC'TON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Ea.st  Riding, 
on  the  Scarborough  and  Bridlington  Railway,  5  miles  N.\V. 
of  Bridlington. 

SPEIIDS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co..  New  York, 
near  West  Owego  Creek,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Ithaca.    It  has 
several  factories  and  stores. 
SPEED'WKLL,  a  post-ofllce  of  Wvthe  co.,  Virginia. 
SPEI':DWKLL.  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district.  South 
Carolina,  115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbia. 

SPEEDWELL,  a  post-village  of  Claiborne  co.,  Tennessee, 
210  nflles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville. 
SPEEDWELL,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky. 
SPEEDWELL,  a  small  village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Missouri. 
SPEEN,  (anc.  Spi'na,)  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  1| 
miles  W.  of  Newbury.    The  second  battle  of  Newbury  wiis 
fought  here  in  1644. 

SPEEN'HAMLAND,  a  tything  in  the  above  parish,  imme- 
diately W.  of  the  town  of  Newbury,  of  which  it  forms  a 
suburb. 
SPEER'S  LANDING,  a  post-oflice  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 
SPEERTOWN,  a  village  of  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey,  7  miles 
N.  of  Newark. 

SPEER'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
83  miles  W.S.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SPEICHER,  spi'Ker,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  6  miles'  N.E.  of  Appenzell,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Voglinsegg.     Pop.  2500. 

SPEICHER,  spi'Kfr,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus.sia,  govern- 
ment of  Treves,  near  Bittberg.     Pop.  1673. 

SPEIGHTS  (spits)  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Green  co.. 
North  Carolina,  79  miles  E.S.E.  of  Raleigh. 

SPEIGHTS  TOWN,  spits'town.  a  small  town  on  the  W. 
soast  of  the  island  of  Barbadoes,  10  miles  N.  of  Bridgetown, 
tt  has  a  handsome  church,  and  several  Jarts. 
SPEIR'S  TURNOUT,  a  post-village,  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia. 
SPEKE,  speeVw   *  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
SPELD'HURSt,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
SPELLO,  spel'lo,  (anc.  HispeVlum.)  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
«tate  of  Umbria,  province   of  Perugia,  3  nn'les  N.W.  of 
J'oligno.    Its  cathedral  has  fine  paintings.    Pop.  4220. 
SPELS'RURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Oxford. 
SPEN'CER,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  contains 
an  area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.     It  is  drained  by  the 
Salt  River,  and  by  Brashear's  Creek.    The  surface  is  undu- 
lating and  hilly,  and  the  soil  fertile.    The  rock  which  is 
conimnnly  found  near  the  surface  is  limestone.     The  water- 
•jowcr  of  the  river  has  recently  been  improved  by  the  erec- 
5P 


SPE 

tlon  of  cotton  and  woollen  factories.  Organized  in  1824,  and 
named  in  honor  of  Captain  Spear  Spencer,  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Tippecanoe.  Capital,  Taylorsville.  Pop.  61S8.  of 
whom  3983  were  free,  and  2205  slaves. 
I  SPENCER,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  border- 
ing on  the  Ohio  River,  contains  Z'M  square  mileu.  It  i.« 
drained  by  Little  Pigeon  and  Crooked  Creeks.  The  surfac 
is  level  in  the  S.,  and  hilly  in  the  N.  and  E.  The  .soil  if 
mostly  fertile.  The  county  cont.iins  abundance  of  Wtumi- 
nouscoal.  Organized  in  1818.  Capital,  Rockport.  Pop.  14,556. 
SPENCER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  62  miles  W.S.w! 
of  Boston.  It  contains  several  churches,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  goods,  boots  and  shoes.  &c.     Pop.  2777. 

SPENCER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co..  New 

York,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Ithaca.    The  village  contains  2 

or  3  churches,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1881. 

SPENCER,  a  post-village  of  David.'on  co..  North  Carolina, 

190  miles  W.  of  Raleigh.  ' 

SPENCER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Teri- 
nessee,  90  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

SPENCER,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Tennessee. 
SPENCER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Miami  Extension  Canal,  about  110  miles  N.W.  of  Colum- 
bus.    Laid  out  in  1845.     The  canal  furnishes  extensive 
water-power.     Pop.  about  500. 
SPENCER,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1428. 
SPENCER,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  on  the  Little  Miami  Railroad. 
Pop.  2552. 
SPENCER,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  531. 
SPENCER,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Medina  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1082. 
SPENCER,  a  township  of  Jennings  co.,  Indi.ana.  Pop.  2005. 
SPENCER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Owen  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  West  Fork  of  the  White  River,  54  miles  S.W.  of  Indian- 
apolis.   Grain  and  other  articles  are  shipped  from  this  place 
by  the  river.  Spencer  contains  a  court-house,  2or  3  churches, 
and  several  warehouses. 

SPENCER  GULF,  a  large  bay  of  South  Australia,  between 
lat.  32°  30'  and  35°  S.,  and  Ion.  1.36°  and  138°  E.  It  stretches 
inland  for  upwards  of  200  mile.s.  Breadth,  SO  miles.  In  it 
are  Hardwicke  Bay  and  Ports  Lincoln  and  Bolingbroke.  It 
receives  no  streams  of  consequence. 

SPEN'CERPORT,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Rochester,  Lockport,  and  Nia- 
gara Falls  Railroad,  18  miles  W.  of  Rochester.  It  has  seve- 
ral mills  and  stores. 

SPEN/CERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  80 
miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SPENCER'S  BUTTE,  a  post-office  of  I.ane  co.,  Oregon. 
SPEN'CERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co..  New 
York,  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albany.    It  contains  an  academy. 
SPEN'CERVILLE,  a  po.st-otfice  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabam.a. 
SPEN/CERVILLE.  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Maumee  River,  135  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of 
Indianapolis. 

SPEN'CERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Grenville,  11  miles  from  Prescott.     Pop.  about  250. 

SPENGE,  spSn'ghfh,  a  vill.age  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  govern- 
ment of  Minden,  near  Herford.    Pop.  1850. 

SPEN'NITHORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 
SPE'ONK,  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  «).,  New  York. 
SPERCHIUS,  a  river  of  Greece.     See  Hellada. 
SPERLIN6A,  spjR-lin'gd,  a  market-town  of  Sicily.   :n- 
tendency  of  Catania,  near  the'Madonian  Mountains,  3  mifes 
N.W.  of  Nicosia.    Pop.  160». 

SPERLONGA,  spja-lon'gj,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  on  the  coast,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Gaeta.     Pop.  1200. 

SPER'NAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 
SPER/RYVILLE,  a  post-vilLige  of  Rappahannock  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, about  120  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond.     A  turnpike  ex- 
tends from  this  village  to  the  Rappahannock  River. 

SPESSHARDT,  sp&s'haRt.  SPESSART,  spiVs.aHt.  or  SPES- 
SART-WALD,  spfe'saRt-*llt',  a  mountain  range  of  Germany, 
commences  in  the  N.W.  of  Bavaria,  and  extends  .V.N.K..  till 
it  becomes  linked  with  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Rhongebiix'e. 
SPETCII'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  .".nd  3  miles  E.SrK. 
of  Worcester,  and  having  a  station  on  the  Birmingham  and 
Bristol  Railway. 

SPET'ISBURY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset.  It  h.t* 
a  Roman  Catholic  nunnery. 

SPEX'HALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
SPEY,  spA.  a  river  of  Scotland,  cos.  of  Inverne.«s,  Banff, 
and  Mor.iy,  rises  in  the  hills  between  Badenoch  and  Locha- 
ber. expands  into  the  small  Loch  Spey,  aliout  6  miles  N.  of 
Loch  Laggan,  and  1200  feet  above  the  sea.  flows  N.E..  and 
enters  Moray  Frith  2i  miles  W.  of  Port  Gordon,  after  a 
course  of  110  miles.  At  Kingussie  it  is  from  80  to  100  feet 
and  at  Alvie  150  feet  across,  but  it  is  innavigable.  The  afflu- 
ents are  numerous,  and  being  all  rapid  mountain  torrents, 
frequently  cause  sudden  and  destructive  inundations  iu 
Strathspey.    Its  banks  are  iu  many  parts  richly  wooded, 

1825 


SPE 


SPI 


end  in  It  are  valunble  salmon  fisheries  belonging  to  the 
Duke  of  Richaiond. 

Sl^KYKK  or  SPEIER.  spl'er  or  spire,  often  written  SPIRE 
and  SPIRES.  {aac.Xtn>iom/a!fus,  afterwards iVtme'to,)  a  city 
of  West  Germany,  capital  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on  the  Rhine, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Spftyerl)ach,  16^  miles  N.E.  of  Landau, 
on  a  branch  railway  to  Slannheim.  Lat.  49°  18'  55"  N.,  Ion. 
8°  26'  37"  E.  Pop.  12,810,  of  whom  about  one-third  are  Roman 
Catholics.  It  occupies  a  lai-ge  space,  enclosed  by  walls,  and 
has  a  cathedral  containing  the  tombs  of  many  German  em- 
perors, th*  remains  of  an  old  palace,  in  which  49  diets  were 
held ;  a  city  hall,  gymnasium,  orphan  asylum,  house  of  cor- 
rection, forest  school,  botanic  garden,  museum  of  antiqui- 
ties, manutactures  of  vinegar  and  tobacco,  sugar  refineries, 
and  an  extensive  commerce  and  transit  trade  on  the  river. 
At  the  Diet  of  Spires,  held  in  1529,  the  protest  was  made  to 
the  emperor  which  originated  the  religious  designation  of 
Protestants.  Noviomagus,  once  an  important  Roman  sta- 
tion, and  the  winter-quarters  of  Julius  Caesar,  was,  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  the  residence  of  many  German  emperors. 

SPEYERBACII,  spI'er-biK\  or  SPIRE,  a  river  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  joins  the  Rhine,  after  an  E.  course  of  40  miles,  at 
Speyer. 

S  PEY'MOUTH.  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Spey,  and  containing  the  villages  of  Gar- 
mouth.  Kingston,  and  Boat-of-Bog. 

SPEZIA,  La,  M  spJd'ze-d,  sometimes  written  SPEC! A,  a 
maritime  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Levante,  at  the  head  of  its  bay,  an  inlet  of 
the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  Si  miles  W.  of  Sarzana.  Pop.  9796.  It 
Is  finely  situated.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  citadel  and 
an  ancient  castle  of  the  Visconti. 

yPEZI A,  BAY  or  GULF  OF.  (anc.  Pnr'tus  Lu'nce  ?}  in  Italy, 
is  7  miles  in  length,  and  from  2  to  6  miles  wide.  It  presents 
fine  scenery,  contains  the  quarantine  station  for  Genoa,  and 
on  the  W.  side  of  its  entrance  are  the  islands  of  Palmaria 
and  Tino. 

SPEZZANO-ALBANESE,  sp^t^no-ai-bd-ni'sd,  or  SPEZ- 
ZANELLO,  sp6t-si-nJl1o,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Castroviilari.     Pop.  1660. 

SPEZZ.A.NO,  aR.\NDE,  grln'dA,  a  \  i'.l.-ige  of  Naples,  pro- 
Tince  of  Calabria  Citra,  E.N.E.  of  Cosenza.     Pop.  1540. 

SPEZZIA,  sp^fse-i,  (anc.  Tipare'mis,)  an  island  of  Greece, 
government  of  Argolis,  off  its  S.  coast,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Gulf  of  Nauplia,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hydra.  Area,  26  square 
miles.  Pop.  8000.  Its  inhabitants  devote  themselves  more 
to  commerce  and  navigation  than  to  rural  industry,  and  in 
the  late  revolution  they  contributed  16  vessels  and  2  fire- 
ships  to  the  Greek  navy.  Spezzia  is  remarkable  for  the  salu- 
brity of  its  climate,  and  the  beauty  of  its  women.  The 
town  of  Spezzia  is  on  its  N.E.  shore.     Pop.  3000. 

SPEZZIA  PULO,  (•'  Little  Spezzia,")  an  islet  of  Greece, 
off  the  S.E.  side  of  the  above  i.sland. 

SPHAGIA,  sfd-ghee'd,  (anc.  Sphacteria,)  an  island  of 
Greece,  government  of  Messenia,  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  the 
Morea,  in  front  of  the  harbor  of  Xavarini.  Length,  3  miles ; 
breadth,  half  a  mile.  It  is  now  separated  into  three  or  four 
Sections  by  naiTOw  channels,  pas.sable  by  boats. 

SPIIAKIA,  spi-kee'i,  a  town  of  Crete,  on  Its  S.  coast,  43 
miles  from  its  W.  extremity.     Pop.  1000. 

SPIANATE,  spe-i-nJ/ti,  a  village  and  parish  of  Tuscany, 
4  miles  from  Monte-Carlo.    Pop.  1468. 

SPICE  ISLANDS.    See  Moluccas. 

SPICE'LAND,  a  post-township  of  Henry  CO.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1423. 

SPICELAND,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

SPI'CERYILLE,  a  small  village  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, on  Racoon  Creek. 

SPICE  VAI/LEY,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1513. 

SPIELBERG,  a  state  prison  of  Moravia.     See  Brux.v. 

SPIEROE,  spee'eh-ro^eh,  an  island  of  Norway,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Christiania,  in  Lat.  59°  4'  N.,  Ion.  10° 
69'  E. 

SPIEZ.  speets,  a  village  and  pari,«h  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  24  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  near  the  S.W.  shore  of  Lake  Thun. 
Pop.  1810. 

SPIG'GOT  (or  SPICK'ET)  RIVER,  a  small  stream,  rises  in 
Rockingham  co..  New  Hampshire,  and  falls  into  the  Merri- 
mack River  in  Massachusetts. 

SPIGXO,  speen'yo,  a  sm.all  town  of  Italy,  in  Piedmont, 
division  of  Alessandria,  province,  and  11  niiles  S.W.  of  Ac- 
qui.  on  the  Bormida.     Pop.  2667. 

SPIGNO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Gaeta.     Pop.  1600. 

SPIKE  ISLAND,  an  island  on  the  W.  side  of  Cork  Harbor, 
Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork,  half  a  mile  S.  of  Queens- 
town.  Pop.  200.  Strong  fortifications  have  been  erected 
here  since  1791,  for  the  protection  of  the  harbor. 

SPIKtm-OGE  or  SPIKER-OOG.  spee'kgr  o/ghgh,  an  i.sland 
of  North-west  Germany,  in  the  North  Sea,  4  miles  W.  of 
WanL'er-ope,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Weser. 

SPILIMBERGO.  spe-lim-bjR'go.  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
government  of  Veuice,  15  miles  W.N.^Y.  of  Udine,  on  the 
lagliamento.    Pop.  3500 
1S26 


SPILI'MBERTO.spo-lim-bjR'to,  a  market-town  of  Northern 
Itiiiv.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Modena,  on  the  Panaro. 

StlLS'BY',  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lincoln.  Pop.  in  1851,  1461.  In 
its  market-place  are  the  town-hall  and  an  octagonal  market- 
cross.  It  has  a  handsome  ehurcn,  a  subscription  library, 
and  free  school. 

SPIN.E.    See  Speen. 

SPINAZZOL  A,  spe-n3t'so-lS.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Bari,  7  miles  S.  of  Minervino.     Pop.  5300. 

SPINETO,  spe-nA'to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Moliset 
(Sannio.)     Pop.  2250. 

SPINGES,  sping'es  or  sping'ghes,  a  village  of  the  Tyrol, 
circle  of  Pusterthal,  about  12  miles  from  Brixen.  Near  it 
the  French  troops  were  defeated,  in  1797,  by  the  Tjrolese 
peasants. 

SPIN'NERSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 91  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SPINOSO,  spe-no'so,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basili- 
cata,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Lagonegro,  near  the  right  bank  of  the 
Agri.     Near  it  is  a  magnificent  Roman  bridge.     Pop.  2660. 

SPIR.\NO,  spe-rj'uo,  a  vill.ige  of  Northern  Italy,  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  province,  and  9  miles  S.  of  Bergamo.  It 
was,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  defended  by  a  strong  castle,  which 
makes  a  considerable  figure  in  history,  and  of  which  fos.ses, 
drawbridges,  towers,  and  other  parts  still  remain.   Pop.  1768. 

SPIRDlNG,speeR'ding,  the  largest  lake  of  East  Prussia, 
government  of  Gumbiuuen,  S.E.  of  Nikolaiken,  11  miles  in 
length. 

SPIRE,  a  river  of  Rhenish  Bavaria.    See  Speyerbach. 

SPIRE  or  SPIRES.     See  Spever. 

SPIRIT  CREEK,  of  Richmond  co.,  Georgia,  flows  E.  into 
the  Savannah  River. 

SPIRIT  LAKE,  in  Dickinson  co.,  Iowa,  is  the  largest  lake 
in  that  state.  Length,  near  10  miles ;  greatest  breadth, 
about  7  miles. 

SPIRIT  LAKE  or  MILLE  LACS,  nieel  Mk,  a  lake  of 
Aiken  CO.,  Minnesota.  It  is  about  18  miles  long  and  14  wide. 
It  discharges  its  waters  through  Rum  River  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

SPI RITO  SANCTO.    See  Espiritu  Santo. 

SPIRITUS  S.\NCTUS.    See  Espiritu  S.a.\to. 

SPITAL,  spit^dl.  a  market-town  of  Ilh-ria,  in  Carinthia,  21 
miles  N.W.  of  Villach.  on  the  Drave.     Pop.  1700. 

SPIT'ALFIELDS,  a  quarter  of  the  British  metropolis,  co. 
of  Middlesex,  immediately  on  the  N.E.  side  of  the  city  of 
London,  and  comprising  the  parish  of  Christchurch  and 
Bethnal  Green.  Pop.  37,484.  It  is  a  principal  seat  of  the 
silk  manufacture  in  England,  which  manufacture  was  intro- 
duced by  French  refugees  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict 
of  Nantes,  in  1085. 

SPIT'HE  A  D,  a  celebrated  roadstead  off  the  S.  coast  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Hants,  lietween  Portsea  Island  and  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  It  comni'.inicftte.'-  W.  with  the  Solent  and  South- 
ampton Water.  It  is  so  secure  from  all  winds  except  the 
S.E.,  as  to  have  been  termed  by  sailors  "the  king's  bed- 
chamber." and  it  is  a  principal  rendezvous  of  the  British 
navj-.     Portsmouth  and  Ryde  are  on  its  opposite  sides. 

SPITI,  spit/tee  or  spee'tee,  a  district  of  Little  Thibet  near 
where  the  Sutlej  breaks  through  the  Himalayas,  between  lat. 
32°  and  3.3°  N.,  Ion.  78°  E.,  surrounded  by  Ladakh,  Bussolah, 
the  Chinese  territory.  &e.,  and  paying  tribute  to  each.  Its 
villages  are  from  12.00<,1  to  12,500  feet  above  the  sea.  The 
jnTiabitants  are  of  the  Tartar  race,  and  Boodhists. 

SPITI  RIVER,  in  Little  Thibet,  is  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Sutlej.  above  the  Himalayas,  and/joins  the  main  stream  in 
lat.  31°  4S'  N.,  Ion.  78°  38'  E. 

SPIT'T.\L,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

SPITTAL  GATE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SPITZ,  spits,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the 
Danube,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Stein.  Pop.  1051.  It  has  some  iron 
factories,  and  a  trade  in  timber  and  vinegar. 

SPITZBERGEN,  spits-berg'en,  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
Arctic  Oeesn,  midway  between  (Gireenland  and  Nova  Zem- 
bla.  the  northernmost  known  land  on  the  globe.  Lat.  of  the 
northernmost  island.  80°  48  N.,  Ion.  20°  29'  E.  This  archi- 
pelago, formerly  considered  as  belonging  to  .America,  is  now 
usually  classed  among  European  islands,  and  claimed  by 
Russia  as  a  dependency  of  its  empire.  The  Islands  are 
visited  by  English.  Dutch,  and  Norwegian  whalers  for  the 
numerous  whales,  white  bears,  <tc.  on  the  coasts.  The  archi- 
pelago is  composed  of  3  large,  and  numerous  small  islands. 
Near  its  N.  extremity  is  the  group  of  7  islands,  or  Seven 
Sisters.  The  large  islands  are  Spitzbergen  proper.  North- 
east Land  and  South-east  Land  or  New  Friesland,  the  two 
last  taking  their  name  from  their  position  in  regard  to  the 
first,  from  which  the  one  is  separated  on  the  N.E.  by  Vai- 
gats  Strait,  and  the  other  on  the  S.E.  by  Walter  Tymeu'a 
Fiord.  Next  in  size  is  Charles  Island,  opposite  to  the  W. 
coast  of  Spitzbergen.  Very  little  :«  known  of  the  interior 
of  these  islands,  but  the  coasts  hav«i  been  repeatedly  ex- 
plored, and  present  immense  glaciers  and  mountain  chains 
bri.stling  with  granite  peaks,  mjiny  of  which  exceed  4000 
feet  in  height.  Between  the  mountaii.s  and  the  shore  a 
narrow  belt  of  low  land  often  intervenes,  but  frequently 


SPI 

the  ridges  reach  down  to  the  coast,  and  form  precipitous 
cliffs,  which  seem  to  overhang  the  ocean.  The  climate  is 
Intensely  cold.  Even  during  tlie  three  warmest  months,  the 
mean  temperature  on  the  W.  coast  is  only  34°-50 ;  and  vege- 
tation is  confined  to  a  few  plants  of  rapid  growth,  which  do 
not  rise  above  three  or  four  inches,  and,  for  the  most  part, 
Bpring  up,  flower  and  seed,  in  a  month  or  six  weeks,  produc- 
ing nothing  on  which  human  beings  could  manage  to  subsist. 
During  winter,  which  sets  in  at  the  end  of  September,  the 
sun  remains  for  four  months  below  the  horizon,  but  at  so 
short  a  distance  from  it  that  in  every  24  hours  the  darkness 
is  relieved  for  about  6  hours  by  a  faint  twilight.  A  similar 
effect  is  produced  by  the  unUsual  brightness  of  the  moon 
and  stars,  and  still  more  by  the  remarkable  brilliancy  of  the 
aurora  horealis.  The  larger  forms  of  animal  life  are  foxes, 
bears,  and  reindeer;  in  pursuit  of  which,  as  well  as  the 
morses  and  seals  abounding  along  the  coasts,  the  islands  are 
frequently  visited  by  the  Norwegians  and  Russians.  Sea- 
fowl  are  so  numerous  that  they  literally  hide  the  rocks  and 
darken  the  air.  The  minerals  are  known  to  include  beauti- 
ful marble  and  good  coal.  The  group  appears  to  have  been 
first  discovered  (in  1553)  by  Willoughby,  the  celebrated  Eng- 
lish navigator.  They  were  again  discovered,  in  1596,  by  the 
Dutch  navigator  Barentz,  in  endeavoring  to  effect  a  N.E. 
passage  to  India.  They  have  since  been  repeatedly  visited, 
both  by  whalers  and  discovery  ships.  On  its  W.  side  there 
is  a  small  Kussian  hunting  post. 

SPIXnvOKTlI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SPLUGEN  splu'ghen,  (Ger.  pron.  spla'ghen)  PASS,  a 
route  across  the  Rhastian  Alps,  between  the  Grisous  (Swit- 
zerland) and  Lombardy ;  its  summit  6939  feet  above  the  sea, 
is  23  miles  N.  of  the  head  of  the  Lake  of  C!omo.  The  new 
route  was  completed  by  the  Austrians  in  1823.  It  is  carried 
through  three  covered  galleries,  which  are  the  -longest  in 
the  Alps.     A  French  army  crossed  the  Spliigen  rn  1800. 

SPL&GEN,  (Spliigen,)  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Orisons,  on  the  Rhine,  4  miles  N.  of  the  summit  of  the  pa«8.  is 
a  halting  station  on  the  road  between  Switzerland  and  Italy. 

SPLUNG,  a  post-Kjfflce  of  Monroe  co.,  Mississippi. 

SPOF'FORTII,  a  parish  and  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding. 

SPOKAINS,  or  more  properly  SPOKANS,  Indians  of  Ore- 
gon, dwelling  near  the  Spokan  River. 

SPOLETIDM.    See  Spoleto. 

SPOLETO,  spo-ii'to,  (anc.  f^oleltium  or  SpoMum,)  a  city  of 
Central  Italy,  in  the  state  of  Umbria,  capital  of  a  province, 
and  formerly  of  a  Lombard  duchy,  strongly  placed  on  an 
isolated  rocky  Iiill,  24  miles  N.  of  Rieti.  Pop.  6115.  It  is 
connected  across  a  deep  ravine  with  an  adjacent  height  by  a 
noble  bridge  and  aqueduct  615  feet  in  height.  It  has  a 
massive  citadel,  a  cathedral,  with  interesting  works  of  art; 
a  Rouian  arch,  remains  of  a  theatre,  and  other  antiquities. 
It  is  an  archbishop's  see  of  very  early  date,  and  has  manu- 
factures of  woollens  and  hats.  Under  the  French  it  was  the 
capital  of  the  department  of  Thrasymeae. 

SPOLETO,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  state  of  Umbria, 
liciunded  on  the  N.  by  the  province  of  Perugia.  Area,  122S 
square  miles.    Population  in  1850, 123,765. 

SI'OLTORE,  spol-to'rA,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  10  miles  E.  of  Civita  di  Penne. 
Pop.  2800. 

SPON'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  3J  miles  E.  of 
Derby,  with  a  station  on  the  Midland  Counties  Railway. 

SPONTIN,  spon'tin,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Namur.  on  the  Bocq.     Pop.  895. 

SPONTORNO,  spon-toR'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
Stiites.  division  of  Genoa,  3  miles  N.  of  Noli,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  i'oce,  where  it  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.     P.  1278. 

SPOON'BED,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SPOONER'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office,  Otsego  CO.,  New  York. 

SPOON  RTV'Ell,  Illinois,  rises  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  the 
fctate,  and  Howing  S.,  fells  into  the  Illinois  River  near  Ila- 
vanna,  in  Mason  county.  Its  entire  length  considerably 
exceeds  100  miles. 

SPORADES,  spor'a-d4z,(Gr.5:7ropaj£j,  le.the  "scattered" 
islands.)  a  subdivision  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  consisting 
of  the  islands  surrounding  the  central  group,  or  Cyclades, 
and  belonging  partly  to  Turkey  and  partly  to  Greece.  The 
Turkish  Sporades  comprise  Crete,  Scarpanto,  Rhodes,  Kos, 
Kalimno.  Patmos,  Niciiria,  Samos,  Scio,  Mitylene,  Lemnos, 
Imbros,  Samothraki,  Thasos,  and  other  islands  along  the 
coasts  of  Asiatic  and  European  Turkey,  and  are  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  pa.shaof  Rhodes.  TheGreek  Sporades  con- 
«st  of  Skiatho.  Skopelo,  Kilidromi,  Skyro,  .a^>gina,  Salamis, 
(ydra,  Spezzia,  *c.,  comprised  in  the  Greek  governments  of 
Euboea,  Attica,  Ilvdra,  and  Argolis. 

SPORMiE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the 
railway.  2^  miles  N.E.  of  Swaffhara. 

SPORT'ING  HILL,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

SPOUTING  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
Hylvania. 

Sl'i  (T'LAND.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  near 
Rochdale,  of  which  town  it  forms  an  extensive  suburb. 

SPOTT.  a  oarish  or  ocotland,  co.  of  Haddington. 


SPR 

SPOTriEDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Staffora  co..  Virdnia, 

79  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

SPOTTS^A'ILLE.  a  village  of  Henderson  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Green  River,  6  miles  from  its  mouth.  Tobacco  and  "corn 
are  shipped  here. 

SPOTTS/WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  South  River,  and  on  the  Camden  and  Aniboy  Ka^ 
road,  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trenton,  contains  3  stores,  2 
churches,  2  mills.  2  tobacco  manufactories,  and  60  dwellings. 

SPOTTSYLVA'NIA.  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  The  Rappahannock  forms 
the  boundary  on  the  N.E..  the  North  Anna  River  on  the  S.W., 
and  the  Mattapony  rises  within  its  limits.  The  surface  is 
pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally fertile  in  the  vicinity  of  the  streams.  Two  gold-mines 
were  worked  in  this  county  in  185(.i;  granite  and  freestone 
are  abundimt.  A  canal  aliout  45  miles  long  has  been 
opened  along  the  Rappahannock,  above  the  falls,  and  the 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Richmond  and  Potomac  Rail- 
road. The  Rappahannock  affords  valuable  watei'-power  at 
Fredericksburg.  Organized  in  1720,  and  named  in  honor 
of  .Alexander  Spottswood,  at  that  time  governor  of  Vii-ginia. 
Capita],  Spottsylvania  Court-llouse.  Pop.  16,076,  of  whom 
8290  were  free,  and  7786  slaves. 

SPOTTSYLVA'NIA  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Spottsylvania  Co.,  Virginia,  on  the  Po  River,  65  miles 
N.  of  Richmond. 

SPOUT  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Appomattox  co..  Virginia. 

SPRAGG'S,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SPRAGUE'S  (spraigs)  FABLS,  a  post-office  of  Washington 
CO.,  Maine. 

SPR.\GUE'VILLE,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  70 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SPRAKER'S  BASIN,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  48  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

SPRANG,  spring,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Brabant,  il  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Pop.  1526. 

SPilAT'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

SPREA.    See  Spree. 

SPRKAD  EAGLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, alxrat  18  miles  W  N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

SPREAD  OAK.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia. 

SPREE,  spri,  (anc.  Spre/a.)  a  river  of  Germany,  rises  in 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Bautzen,  flows  N.  and 
N.W.  through  the  Prussian  province  of  Brandenburg,  past 
Spremberg.  Cottbus.  Ltibben,  and  Berlin,  which  city  it  di 
vides  into  two  portions,  and  joins  the  Havel  on  the  left,  at 
Spandau.  Total  course,  220  miles.  Frederick  William'a 
Canal  connects  it  with  the  Oder. 

SPREMBERG,  sprJm'bJp.o,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  on  an  island  in  the  Spree,  15  miles  S.  of 
Cottbus.     Pop.  4500. 

SPREMBERG,  (Ober,  o'ber.  Nieder,  nee'der,  and  Neu.  noi,) 
a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Bautzen,  near  Spolpen.  P.  1500. 

SPRENDLINGEN,  sprjnling-en,  a  village  of  Rhein-Hes- 
sen,  circle  of  Bingen.     Pop.  2021. 

SPRENDLINGEN,  a  village  of  Starkenburg,  circle  of  Offen- 
bach.     Pop.  1695. 

SPREVrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SPRID'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SPRIGG,  a  township  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  Adams 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2519. 

SPRIMONT.  spree'mi^N"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Am- 
bleve.     Pop.  2274. 

'SPRINCENHAGE,  sprin'sen-h^'Gheh,  or  HAAGE.  hS/- 
oheh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Bra^ 
bant,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Breda.    Pop.  1250. 

SPRING,  a  township  of  Centre  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  2938. 

SPRING,  a  post-borough  and  towu.ship  of  Crawfoid  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Conneaut  Creek,  and  on  the  Beaver 
and  Erie  Canal,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Moadville.    Pop.  1862. 

SPRING,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  Pop.  1442, 

SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia. 

SPRING  AR'BOR,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Jackson  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1023. 

SPRING  BANKia  post-ofBce  of  I^fayette  co.,  Arkansas. 

SPRING  BAY,  a  post-village  of  AVoodford  co.,  lUinois,  on 
the  E.  shore  of  Peoria  Lake,' about  12  miles  al)ove  Peoria. 
It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  and  an  active  business  in  ship- 
ping produce. 

SPRING/BOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Clear  Creek  town- 
ship, Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on  Clear  Creek,  37  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Cincinnati.  It  contains  a  wooUea  lactory,  and  2  flouring 
mills.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  6t». 

SPRINGBROOK,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

SPRINGBROOK.  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  70 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SPRING  CHURCH,  a  postoffice  of  Armstrong  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SPRING  COT'TAGE,  a  postKiffice  of  Marion  co.,  Mississippi. 

SPRING  CREEK,  of  Centre  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  flows  into 
Bald  Eagle  Creek. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  village  of  Dauphin  co..  Pennsylvania, 
1  about  12  miles  E.  of  Uarrisburg,  has  about  20*)  inhabitants. 

1827 


SPR 


SPR 


SPRING  CUERK.  a  post-township  of  Warren  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  20  miles  W.  of  Warren.     Pop.  828. 

SPIU.VG  CREKK;  a  post-offiee  of  Brunswick  CO.,  North 
Carolina. 

SPKING  CRE?;K,  of  Georgia,  flovys  S.,  and  enters  Flint 
Biver  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth. 

SPRING  CREKK.  a  post-office  of  Early  co..  Georgia. 

SPRING  CREEK,  an  atHueut  of  S.an  Jacinto  River, 
Texas,  forms  the  boundary  between  Harris  .and  Mont- 
gomerv  counties. 

SPRING  CREEK,  of  Traris  co.,  Texas,  flows  into  the 
Colorado  River  opposite  Austin  City. 

SPRING  CREEK,  township,  Philips  co..  .\rksn.sas. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  oo..  Arkansas. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  township,  Yell  co..  Arkansas. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  post-villaee  of  Madison  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee, 137  miles  W.S.W.  of  Nashville,  has  3  stores,  and 
about  75  inhabitants. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Miami 
CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Columbus  Piqua  and  Indiana 
Railroad.     Pop.  1601. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Berrien  CO.,  Michigan. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co..  Indiana. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  McDonoush  co..  Illinois. 

SPRING  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  S.E.  into  Chariton 
Kiver,  in  Adair  county. 

SPRING'DALE.  a  village  of  Lafiyette  co.,  Mississippi, 
167  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

SPRINGDALK,  Ohio.    See  Sprixgfield. 

SPRINGRALE,  a  township,  Ottawa  co.,  Michig.an. 

SPR1NGD.A.LE,  a  post-office  of  llarri.«on  co..  Indiana. 

SPRING  DALE,  a  pos^offi.■e  of  Ce.iar  co..  Iowa. 

SPRINGDALE,  a  post-towuship  In  the  8.W.  part  of  Dane 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  943. 

SPRINGE,  sprinnr'gh,  a  town  of  Hanover,  14  miles  S.W. 
of  Hanover.     Pop.  1906. 

SPRING'ERSVILLE,  a  village  in  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  64 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

SPRING'FIELD.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  on 
the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  1  mile  N.E.  of  Chelmsford. 
Here  are  a  county  jail,  wharves,  and  an  iron  foundry. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  on 
the  Sark.  9  miles  E.  of  Annan. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

SPRTNG'FIELD,  a  po.st-township  of  Penobscot  co..  Maine, 
115  miles  N.E.  of  .\ugusta.     Pop.  854. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 38  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1021. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windsor 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  73  miles  B. 
of  Montpelier.  It  contains  an  academy  and  a  bank,  and  has 
manufactures  of  woollrn  goods  and  other  articles.  Pop.  2958. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  city  and  seat  of  ju.'iticeof  Hampden  co., 
Massachusetts,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecti- 
cut River,  at  the  intersec-tion  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
and  the  New  Haven.  Hartford,  and  Springfield  Railroads, 
with  the  Western  Railrojid.  98  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston,  68 
miles  S.  of  Brattleborough,  A'erniont,  102  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Albany,  and  138  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York.  Lat.  42°  6'  4" 
N.,  Ion.  72°  35'  45"  W.  This  is  one  of  the  hand.somest  and 
most  flourishing  inland  towns  in  the  state.  The  various 
railways  centering  here  bring  to  it  an  immense  amount  of 
travel:  its  natural  advantages  also  render  it  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  depfits  on  the  Connecticut. 
The  city  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  midst  of  varied  and 
delightful  scenery,  the  site  comprises  th6  level  along  the 
river  bank,  and  the  W.  portion  of  an  elevated  plain  extend- 
ing several  miles  E.  Main  street,  the  principal  thorough- 
fare and  seat  of  business,  is  a  broad,  h.andsome  avenue, 
nearly  3  miles  in  length.  This  and  other  streets,  parallel, 
or  nearly  parallel  to  it  and  the  river,  are  intersected  by 
those  extending  from  the  Connecticut  to  the  plain  above 
mentioned.  In  the  centre  is  a  beautiful  enclosure,  adorned 
with  walks  and  shade-trees.  The  buildings  are  generally 
constructed  of  brick.  Among  the  public  buildings  may  be 
mentioned  the  City  Buildings,  recently  erected,  and  the 
churches,  of  which  there  are  12  or  13  of  the  various  deno- 
minations. The  city  contains  7  or  8  banks,  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $2,500,000,  3  savings  banks,  and  5  or  6  insu- 
rance companies.  There  are  a  large  number  of  hotels  in 
Sin-ingfieid,  affording  excellent  accommodation  to  the  travel- 
ler. The  nieiins  of  education  are  liberally  provided,  and  the 
public  schools  generally  are  in  a  very  flourishing  condition. 
The  newspapers  published  here  are  2  dailies,  2  weeklies, 
and  1  Semi-monthly. 
_The  United  States  Arsenal,  established  at  Springfield  in 
1795,  Is  the  most  extensive  in  the  Union.  It  is  chiefly 
situated  on  an  elevation  called  Arsenal  Hill,  about  half  a 
mile  E.  of  Main  street.  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  and 
arranged  around  a  fine  sijuare  of  aliout  20  acre.s.  presenting 
u  handsome  appearance.  \  cupola  on  one  of  them  com- 
mands a  beautiful  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country. 
The  macliine-shops  occupy  three  different  sites  on  Mill 
River,  called  the  Upper,  Middle,  and  Ix>wer  Water  Shops. 
ThKse  comprise  near  20  water-wheels,  and  abtut  30  forges 


The  armory  or  arsenal  furnishes  employment  to  about  2800 
hands,  who  turn  out  about  1000  nniskets  per  day.  Some 
175,000  stand  of  arms  are  constantly  stored  in  the  arsenal. 
The  water-power  on  Mill  River  is  also  employed  for  the 
manufacture  of  paper  and  iron,  for  various  mechaniftil 
works,  mills,  &c.  Besides  these,  there  are  establishments  in 
the  city  for  the  production  of  locomotives,  railroad  cars, 
woollen  goods,  various  kinds  of  machinery,  pistols,  specta- 
cles and  shoes.  Here  are  also  2  extensive  harness  shops 
employing  500  men. 

Springfield  is  rapidly  improving,  especially  the  W.  section 
near  the  niilroad  depot.  Gas  has  been  introduced  for  light- 
ing the  streets.  Two  bridges,'one  for  the  Western  Railroad, 
and  another,  1324  feet  in  length,  for  ordinary  travel,  span 
the  Connecticut  at  this  point,  and  connect  it  with  West 
Springfield.  During  the  season  of  na\igation,  a  steamboat 
communicates  with  Hartford.  Settled  in  1635,  under  its 
Indian  name,  Agavjam.  In  1640  it  received  the  name  of 
Springfield,  Incorporated  as  a  town  in  1646,  and  as  a  city 
in  1852.  Population  in  1820.  3970;  in  1830,  6784;  in  1840, 
10,958 ;  in  1850, 11,766 ;  in  1860, 15,199.  Since  1840,  however, 
tlie  township  of  Chicopee,  with  a  population  of  8291  has  been 
set  oft"  from  Springfield.  The  population  of  the  two  places 
in  18.50  amounted  to  20,057.  The  population  of  the  city 
in  1S65  is  said  to  be  about  30,000. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Otsego  co., 
New  York,  on  Otsego  Liike,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Cooperstown. 
The  village  contains  an  academy.     Pop.  2390. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Trenton.    Pop.  1810. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Union  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  the  Rahway  River,  and  the  Morris  and 
Essex  Railroad,  8  miles  W.  of  Newark.  The  village  contains 
3  paper,  Isaw,  and  1  grist-mill,  2  churches,  and  4  stores, 
besides  hat  and  shoe  manufactories.  Population  about  1000, 
of  the  township,  1020. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  16  miles  W.N.W.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1807. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  2700. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Delaware  co^  Pennsylvac 
uia.    Pop.  1109. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Clevel.and  and  Erie 
Railroad,  21  miles  S.W.  of  Erie  The  village  is  situated  on 
the  Ridge  Road,  about  3  miles  from  Lake  Erie.  It  is  well 
built,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  country.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  1951. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  F.<iyette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1376. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  688. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  fiercer  CO..  Pennsylvania, 
contains  Mercer,  the  county  seat.     Entire  population.  2687. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  small  village,  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1067. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  York  co..  Pennsylvania, 
about  9  miles  S.  of  York,  intersected  by  the  Baltimore  and 
Susquehanna  Railroad.    Pop.  1419. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire  co.,  Virginia, 
197  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Monroe  CO..  Virginia,  on  In- 
dian Creek.  alx)ut  245  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-oflice  of  Richmond  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-vill.age.  capital  of  Effingham  co  , 
Georgia,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah.  It  contains  a  court- 
house. 3  churches,  an  academy,  which  is  well  endowed,  and 
2  stores. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  .A.labama,  112 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Montgomery. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  small  village.  Choctaw  co.,  Mississippi. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Mississippi,  40 
miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Jackson. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  De  Soto  parish,  Louisiana,  on 
a  small  lake,  about  15  miles  N.E.  of  Man.«field. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Livingston 
parish,  Louisiana,  about  50  miles  E.  of  Baton  Rouge,  and  10 
miles  N.  of  I>ake  Maurepas. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village,  capit.al  of  Limestone  co, 
Texas,  on  the  Navasoto  River,  about  140  miles  N.E.  of  Aus- 
tin City. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Conway 
CO.,  Arkan.eas,  about  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Little  Rock.  Laid 
out  in  1850.  It  contained,  in  1851,  a  court-house  and  3 
stores. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Conway  co.,  Arkansas. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  small  village  of  .Scott  co.,  .Arkansas 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Robert.son  co., 
Tennessee,  on  Sulphur  Fork  of  Red  River,  25  miles  S.oi 
Nashville,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  turnpike.  Poti 
about  500. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  small  village  nf  Bath  co..  Kentucky. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  c!  vviishiugiun  co., 


SPR 

Kentucky.  40  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  surrounded  by 
tt  fertile  country,  and  Ii.is  considerable  business.  It  contains 
a  court-liouse,  3  chureiies.  and  about  700  inhabitants. 

SPlilNGFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  central  part 
of  Clarlie  co..  Ohio,  contains  the  city  of  Springfield.  Pop., 
exclusive  of  the  city,  about  2400. 

Sl'RI.N'GFIELD,  a  beautiful  city,  capital  of  Clarke  co., 
Ohio,  is  situated  on  the  National  Road,  at  the  confluence 
of  Jfad  Kiver  with  L.agonda  Creek,  43  miles  VV.  of  Columbus, 
and  84  miles  N.N.K.  of  Cincinnati.  It  is  considered  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  towns  in  Ohio,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
rich,  populous,  and  highly  cultivated  country.  Six  macada- 
mized roads  terminate  at  this  point,  and  railroads  radiating 
lu  various  directions  connect  it.with  the  principal  towns  of 
the  state:  the  four  followin;;  lines  are  completed,  viz.,  the 
Columbus  and  Springfield,  4o  miles  long;  the  Sandusky 
Dayton  and  Cincinnati,  214  miles  long;  the  Springfield  and 
Delaware,  50  miles  long;  and  the  Springfield  and  Xenia,  20 
miles  long  Several  newspapers  are  published  here.  Witten- 
berg College,  of  tWs  place,  under  the  direction  of  the  Lutheran 
Oliurch,  is  situated  a  short  distance  without  the  town,  and 
is  surrounded  by  spacious  grounds.  Springfield  contains 
about  10  churches,  a  flourishing  seminary,  a  lyceiim,  1  or  2 
public  libraries,  2  national  banks,  1  or  2  other  banks,  amd 
a  paper-mill.  The  Mad  River  and  Lagonda  Creek  are 
excellent  streams  for  propelling  machinery,  affording  per- 
manent water-power  here  for  30  pair  of  stones.  Within  a 
dist.ance  of  3  miles  there  are  more  than  20  mill-seats.  A 
charter  has  been  obt-iined  for  a  hydraulic  improvement, 
which  it  is  estimated  will  be  sufficient  for  120  run  of  stone, 
besides  tlie  30  which  are  now  in  operation.  There  are  in 
the  vicinity  manufactories  of  cotton,  wool,  paper,  and  ma- 
jbinery,  I  or  2  iron-foundries,  besides  numerous  flouring 
mills.  Laid  out  in  1803.  The  famous  Indian  chief  Tecumseh 
was  l»orn  al)Out  5  miles  W.  of  Springfield.  Pop.  In  1840, 
2034;  in  1850,  5108;  and  in  1860,7002. 
SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Gallia  co.,  Oliio.  Pop.  1626. 
SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of 
Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton, 
and  Davton  Railroad.     Pop.  5548. 

SPRINGFIELD  or  SPRINGDALE.  a  post-village  in  the 
above  township),  on  the  turnpike  from  Cincinnati  to  Hamil- 
ton, 15  miles  N.  of  the  former. 
SPRING  FIELD,  a  townshipof.Iefferson  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.750. 
SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  613. 
SPRING FIELD,a  township  of  Mahoningco.,  Ohio.  P.2991. 
SPRINGFIBLD,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1532. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 

eected  by  the  Mansfield  and  Sandusky  Railroad.    Pop.  1756. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  and  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio, 

on  the  Zanesville  and  Maysville  Turnpike,  and  on  the  Scioto 

River,  4  miles  N.  of  Chillicothe.    Pop.  lOgO. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio.    P.  1815. 
SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio.  P.  1451. 
SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-township  In  the  N.W.  part  of  Oak- 
land CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1425. 

SPRINGFIJiLD,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.  Popu- 
nlation  1505. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin 
CO.,  Indiana,  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  1699. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  800. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  OSS. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Whitley  co..  Indiana,  on  Eel 
River.  95  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis.  The  post-ofiice  is 
South  Whitlky. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  flourishing  postrtown,  capital  of  the 
State  of  Illinois,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Sangamon  county,  is 
situated  3  miles  S.  of  Sangamon  River,  96  miles  N.N.E.  of 
St.  Louis.  70  miles  S.  of  Peoria,  and  2-36  miles  S.W.  of  Chi- 
cjigo.  Lat.  39°  48' N,,  Ion.  SOi^  33' W.  It  is  regularly  planned, 
with  wide,  straight  streets,  having  a  public  square  in  the 
centre,  on  which  is  situated  the  statehouse  and  other 
public  buildings.  The  town  contiiins  a  court-house,  4  banks 
a  state  arsenal,  13  churches,  several  academies  and  hotels 
One  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers  are  published  hera 
Since  the  seat  of  government  was  established  here  in  1840, 
it  has  become  a  flourishing  commercial  town.  At  this  point 
the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  intersects  the 
Great  AV'estern  Railroad,  which  extends  from  the  Mississippi 
Kiver  .'icross  the  state  to  Indiana,  and  connects  with  the 
Toledo  and  Wabash  Valley  Riiilroad.  Both  of  these  roads 
are  completed.  A  charter  has  been  obtained  for  another 
railroad  to  Pana.  Springfield  also  has  2  iron  foundries,  7 
steam  flouring-mills,  and  a  large  manufactory  of  woollen 
goods.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich  and  extensive  prairies, 
which  contain  large  quantities  of  bituminops  coal.  I^aid 
out  in  1822.  Springfield  will  be  ever  memorable  as  having 
berii  the  residence  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  late  President  of 
the  United  States.  Population  in  1840, 2579 :  in  1850,  4633 ; 
and  in  1860.9320. 

SPRI.NGFIELD,  a  postrtown,  capital  of  Greene  county, 
Uissouri,  130  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City.    The  situation  in 


SPR 

high  and  healthy,  and  the  water  excellent.  Springfield  i* 
tlie  most  important  and  flourishing  town  in  Soutliwes-t 
Missouri.  It  contains  a  court-house,  6  churches,  1  bank 
12  dry-goods  stores,  3  drug  stores,  2  newspaper  offices,  1 
steam-mill,  and  1  planiiig-mill.  Pop.  in  1860,  415:  in  1800. 
about  2000.  A  battle  (in  which  Gen.  Lyon  was  killed)  was 
fought  in  this  vicinity  Aug.  10,  1861.  It  is  called  also  the 
battle  of  Wilson's  Creek. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  in  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa,  near 
the  North  Fork  of  Skunk  River,  56  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  in  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Cedar  River,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Dane  co.. 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  1207. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Walworth  county,  Wis- 
consin. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  ot 
York,  19  miles  W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  150. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Brant, 
32  miles  W.  of  Hamilton.     Pop.  about  200. 

SPRINGFIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co..  New 
York. 

SPRINGFIELD  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

SPRINGFIELD  FURNACE,  a  postK)ffioe  of  Blair  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SPRINGFIELD  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Elkhart  River,  1.34  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

SPRING  FORGE,  a  post-office  of  York  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

SPRING  FORK,  a  postK)ffice  of  Pettis  co.,  .Missouri. 

SPRING  GAR/DEN,  a  former  district  of  Philadelphia  eo., 
Pennsylvania,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  City  proper,  and 
extending  from  Delaware  Sixth  street  westward  to  the 
Schuylkill  River,  and  from  A'ine  street  northward  to  a  lina 
running  between  Girard  .\ venue  and  Poplar  street.  It  con- 
tained the  Ha.stern  Penitentiary  and  the  Fairmount  Water- 
works. It  is  now  included  in  the  limits  of  the  city.  Pop. 
in  1850,  68.894.     See  Philadf.li-hia. 

SPRING  GARDEN,  a  township  of  York  co..  Penn.syl 
vania.  contains  York,  the  county  seat.     Entire  pop.  11..537. 

SPRING  GARDEN,  a  post-village  in  Pittsylvania  co., 
Virginia.  135  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

SPRING  GARDEN,  a  post-office  of  New  Hanover  eo., 
North  Carolina. 

SPRING  GARDEN,  a  post-oflHce  of  Cherokee  co..  Alabam.i; 

SPRING  GARDEN,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Illinois, 
145  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Springfield. 

SPRING  GREEN,  a  township  in  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  smaU  village  of  Iredell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Rowan  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Laurens  district.  South 
Carolina. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Pickens  co.,  Alab.ima. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  Illinois. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co..  Iowa. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin.   Pop.  1053. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylv.inia. 
Pop.  Ifi87. 

SPRING  HILL,  small  village.  Lenoir  co..  North  Carolina. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  sm.all  village  of  York  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Marengo  co..  Alabama, 
71  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Tuscalocisa.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  Catholic 
college  of  its  own  name,  with  a  library  of  7000  volumes. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Tippah  co.,  Mis.sissippl, 
on  the  Wolf  River,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Ripley. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Union  parish.  Louisian.a. 

SPRING  IIILL,  a  post-office  of  Navarro  co.,  Texas. 

SPRING  HILL,  atown.ship  in  Drew  co.,  Arkan.sas. 

SPRING  IIILL,  a  decayed  post-village  of  Hempstead  CO., 
Arkansas.  14  miles  S.  of  the  county  seat.    Pop.  401. 

SPRING  IIILL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Maury  co., 
Tennessee,  30  miles  S.  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a  populous  and  fertile  district.     Pop.  about  500. 

SPRING  IIILL.  a  small  village.  Calloway  co.,  Kentucky. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  52 
miles  N.  of  Madison; 

SPRING  IIILL,  a  post-village  of  Whitesldes  co.,  Illinois, 
about  65  miles  S.S.E.  of  Galena. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  CO.,  Missouri. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  postoffice  of   Barnstable  co.,  Masu> 

SPRING  HILL  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

SPRING  HILLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Champaign 
CO..  Ohio,  14  miles  N.  of  Urbanna.  Pop.  in  1S60,  .ibout  400. 

SPRINGHOPE.  a  post-office  of  Nash  co..  North  Carolina. 

SPRING  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penu- 
sylvania. 

SPRING  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co..  Tennessee. 

SPRING  LAKE,,  a  post-office  of  Williams  co..  Ohio. 

SPRING  LAKE,  a  smaU  village  of  Tazewell  co..  Illinolx. 

lM-/g 


SPR 

SPRING   CAKE,  a  post-office  of  Washara  eo.,  Wisconsin. 

SPRING   LEVEL,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  A'irginia. 

SPUING  MILL,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
pylvanit,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  Kiver,  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Philadelphia,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
load.    It  has  2  blast  furnaces  in  active  operation. 

SPRING  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co..  Indiana. 

SPRING  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York. 

SPRING  JIILLS,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
18  miles  S.  of  Belvidere. 

SPRING  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Penn's  Creek,  82  miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg.  It 
contains  several  stores  and  mills. 

SPRING  MOUNT'AIN,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  in  the 
W.  part  of  Carbon  county. 

SPRING  PLACE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Murray  CO., 
Georgia,  230  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  is  situated  in 
the  midst  of  a  mountainous  country,  with  grand  and  beauti- 
ful scenery  on  every  side.  There  are  40  springs  of  good 
water  in  the  compass  of  half  a  mile.  The  village  contains 
an  academy  and  several  stores. 

SPRING  PLACE,  a  post-vUlage  in  Miirshall  co.,  Tennes- 
see, 66  miles  S.  of  Nashville. 

SPRING  PLACE,  a  post-office,  Washita  parish,'  Louisiana. 

SPRING/PORT,  a  township  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York,  on 
the  E.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake.     Pop.  2129. 

SPRING  PORT,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Mississippi. 

SPRINGPORT,  a  post^township  in  Jackson  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1114. 

SPRING  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wal- 
worth CO.,  Wisconsin,  31  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee.  The 
Tillage  contains  3  stores,  1  hotel,  and  1  Baptist  church.  Pop. 
200 ;  of  the  township.  1311. 

SPRING  RIDGE,  a  post>offlce  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi. 

SPRING  RIVER,  a  township  in  Lawrence  CO.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  966. 

SPRING  RIVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lawrence 
CO.,  Missouri,  about  140  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Independence, 
fop.  640. 

SPRING  RIVER,  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  rises  in  the 
S.  part  of  the  former  state,  and  flowing  S.E.  into  Arkansas, 
enters  Black  River  near  the  S.W.  border  of  Randolph  county. 

SPRING  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co.,  Kentucky. 

SPRING  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 

SPRING  RUN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, is  pleasantly  situated  in  Path  A'alley,  166  miles  W. 
of  Philadelphia. 

SPRING  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co..  Iowa. 

SPRING'S,  a  postK)fflce  of  Suffi^lk  co..  New  York. 

SPRINGTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SPRING'TOWN,  a  village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  about  45  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

SPRINQTOWX,  a  pos1>village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

SPRINGTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co..  Tennessee. 

SPRINGTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana,  26 
Diles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

SPRINGTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Cole  co.,  Missouri. 

SPRING'VALE,  a  post-village  in  York  co.,  Maine,  86  miles 
S.W.  of  Augusta. 

SPRINGVALE,  a  post-office  of  Fairfox  co.,  Virginia. 

SPRINGVALE,  a  post^)fficeof  Sampson  cp..  North  Cait>lina. 

SPRINGVALE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Tennessee. 

SPRINGVALE,  a  township  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Co- 
lumbia CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  S32. 

SPRINGVALE,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Fond  du 
Lac  CO..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1296. 

SPRING  VAL'LEY,a  post-office  of  Rockland  CO.,  New  York. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jersey. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  village  of  Morris  c»..  New  Jersey,  4 
miles  S.E.  of  Morristown. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  212. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Greene  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Little  Miami  Railroad,  58  miles  N.E.  of  Cincin- 
nati. It  has  1  woollen  factory  and  a  carding  mill.  Pop.  in 
1860,  about  400. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  1266. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co.,  Virsinia. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon. 

SPRING'VILLE,  a  post-vUlage  of  Concord  township,  Erie 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Spring  Creek,  in  a  rich  farming  district, 
30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches, 
several  fiictories  and  mills,  and  a  flourishing  female  academy! 
Pop.  about  1500. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  thriving  post-vUlage  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Schuylkill  River  and  Canal.  3:3  miles 
N.W.  ot  Philadelphia.  It  owes  its  existence  to  the  large 
Iron-works  which  were  established  here  a  few  years  since. 
Pop.  about  800. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  eo.,  Penn- 
wylvaiiia. 
SPRINGVILLE,  a  post-villagj  and  township  of  Susque- 


SQU 

hanna  CO..  Pennsylvania,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Montrose,  the 
county  seat,  and  155  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg.  The  towu- 
sliip  is  intersected  by  the  Lackawana  and  Western  Rail- 
road.   Pop.  1346. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co.,  Virgini.i. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Alabama, 
140  miles  N.  of  Montgomery. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  po.st-vill.ige  of  Greenup  eo.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio  River,  opposite  Port.smouth,  in  Ohio.  It  has  a 
foundry,  plough  factory,  and  tannery. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan, 
12  miles  N.W.  of  Adrian. 

SPRINGVILLE.  a  village  cf  Laporte  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
plank-road  from  Michigan  City  to  Niles,  10  miles  E.  of  the 
former. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  oo.,  Indiana, 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Bedford. 

SPRINGVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois,  about 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Charleston. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.;  Missouri,  about 
110  miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

SPRINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  A'ernon  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Bad  Axe  River.    Pop.  TSO. 

SPRINGVILLE.  a  po.^t-offiee  of  Linn  CO.,  Iowa. 

SPRINGVILLE;  a  post-office  of  Ut,ih  co.,  Utah  Territory. 

SPRING'WA'J'ER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Living- 
ston CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Coming  Railroad, 
50  miles  S.E.  of  Biitavia.     Pop.  2399. 

SPRING  WELLS,  a  village  of  Wayne  co..  Michigan,  on 
Detroit  River,  33  miles  S.W.  of  the  centre  of  Detroit.  It 
niav  properly  be  regarded  as  a  suburb  of  that  city.  Pop.  in 
1860,  1516. 

SPROAT'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

SPKOCKIIOVI.L,  NiEDER,  nee'der  sprok^hoVel,  a  village 
of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  of  Arn.sherg,  near  Hagen. 
Pop.  1904. 

SPROGOE,  spro'goYh.  a  small  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
Great  Belt,  about  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nylx)rg,  in  Kunen.  It 
has  a  lisht-house  on  a  hill,  84  feet  high.  Lat.  S>t,° -Jfyn ., 
Ion.  10°  57'  E. 

SPROT'BOROUGII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding. 

SPllOTTAU,  sprot/tfiw,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  38  miles 
N.W.  of  Lieguitz,  on  the  Bober,  here  joined  by  the  Sprotta, 
an  affluent  of  the  Pleisse,  and  on  the  railway  to  Glogau. 
Pop.  4200.     It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  linens. 

SPROUGHrrON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SPROUSTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh. 

SPROUT  BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co..  New 
York. 

SPROUT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

SPROWSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SPROXTON,  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Leio^ster. 

SPRUCE,  a  post-village  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  about  65 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Independence. 

SPRUCE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvani.-i. 

SPRUCE  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SPRUCE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsvlvania. 

SPRUCE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Highland  co..  Virginia.     . 

SPRUCE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa. 

SPUI.  HET.  hJt  spoi,  a  stream  of  Holland,  province  of 
South  Holland.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  Old  Maas,  sep,irates 
the  islands  of  Beijerland  and  Voorn,  and  falls  into  the  Ha- 
ringvliet. 

SPURN  HEAD,  a  promontory  on  the  E.  coast  of  England, 
CO.  of  Y'ork,  E.ist  Riding,  at  the  N.E.  entrance  to  the  Hum- 
ber.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Hull,  with  two  light-hou.ses,  one  of 
which,  in  lat.  .53°  34'  7"  N.,  Ion.  0°  7'  2"  E.,  is  100  feet  above 
the  sea.  Four  miles  E.  of  it  a  vessel  is  moored,  having  a 
light  38  feet  atwve  the  sea.  and  where  a  gong  is  sounded 
everv  ten  minutes  during  foss. 

SPUR'STOW.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

SPY  spi,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  about  7  miles 
N.W.  of  N.amur.  Coal  and  limestone  are  worked  in  the 
neighborhood.     Pop.  2277. 

SPYNIE,  spl'nee.  NEW,  (fbrmerly  Qttarrfiltvo(Yl.)ii  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin.  Spynie  Palace,  new  a  ruin,  situated 
on  the  S.E.  border  of  a  lake,  was  the  lormer  residence  of 
the  bishops  of  Moray. 

SQU  AM  (skwom)  BAY,  of  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts,  between 
Cape  .\nn  and  Castle  Neck,  extends  inland  about  4  miles. 

SQUAM  GROVE,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois.  P.  796. 

SQUAM  LAKE,  New  Hamp.shire.  between  Giafton  and 
Carroll  counties.  Extreme  length,  7  or  8  miles;  greate.st 
breadth,  about  4  miles.  It  is  a  beautil  111  sheet  of  wster, 
surrounded  with  picturesque  scenery.  It  contains  a  num- 
ber of  islands.  The  outlet,  called  Squam  River,  flows  into 
the  Pemigewasset. 

SQUAMMAGON'IC,  a  post-village  of  Strafora  eo.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Cocheco  Railroad,  2  nilee  ?  of  Roches- 
ter. It  has  an  extensive  flannel  manufk  torf.  The  namo 
of  the  post-office  is  Go»';j. 


SQTT 

SUTJAMSCOT  RIA'ER.    See  Exeter. 

SQUAN,  skwon,  a  villape  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  between  Manasquan  Inlet  and  Metetecunk 
RiTers.  contiins  a  neat  church,  2  stores,  and  several  hoard- 
ins-houses  for  the  reception  of  visitors.  This  place  is  often 
visited  in  the  summer  months  for  sea  bathing.  Pop. 
about  200. 

SQUAN KUM.  skwdnglviim,  a  village  of  Ocean  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  Maoasquan  River,  38  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Trenton, 
contains  a  church  and  2  mills. 

SQUANNACOOK,  skw6n'na-kook\  a  fine  mill-stream  of 
Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  falls  into  the  Nashua  in  the 
township  of  Gro ton. 

SQUARE  POND,  a  post-office  of  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut. 

SQUATTERVILLK.  a,  town  of  Contra  Costa  CO.,  California. 

SQUAW  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois. 

SQUILLACE,  skwil-ld'chi,  (anc.  Sci/lacefum  or  ScyMcium.) 
an  episcopal  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultm  II., 
10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  2600. 

SQUILLACE,  Q,ULF  OF,  {mcSUnus  SriiuWciug,)s.n  inlet  of 
the  Ionian  Sea,  near  the  S.  extremtty  of  Italy,  35  miles  v/ide. 

SQUINZANO,  skwin-z^no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Lecce.    Pop.  2720. 

SQUIR'REL  RIVER,  of  Marathon  Co..  Wisconsin,  flows 
into  the  Little  Wisconsin  River  from  the  right. 

SRAVAXA  BELGULA.  srd-va'na  bfel-goo'li,  a  well-built 
villiige  of  Ilindostan,  in  the  Mysore  dominions,  33  miles  N. 
by  W.of  Seringapatam.  Lat.  12°51'N.,lon.  76°42'E.  There 
is  here  a  colossal  statue,  73  feet  high,  of  Gomuta  Raya,  cut 
out  of  the  solid  rock. 

SKEBERNIK,  sri'ber-nik'  or  srA'b?B-neek',  written  also 
SRERERNICZA,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia, 
rapital  of  a  sanjak,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Zvornik.     Pop.  1500. 

SREBERNIK,  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  23  miles  S. 
of  the  above.     Both  have  silver-mines  in  their  vicinity. 

SRKD.VK  KOLYMSK,  srJd'nd  ko-limsk'.  a  town  and  fort 
of  East  Silieria,  province  of  Yakootsk.'on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Kolyma.  1.50  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

SilTMKNANTI,  sre-mA-nan'tee,  a  petty  state  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula.  Lat.  3°  N..  Ion.  103°  E..  N.  of  .Johole  and  Rum- 
bowe.  Estimated  pop.  8000,  who  send  tin.  sapan  wood,  wax, 
rattans,  and  rice  to  the  British  settlement  of  Mal.acca 

SKI  MUTTRA,  sree  mtlt'tra,  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan, 
48  miles  W.N.W.  of  Gwalior. 

SRI  SORREE  NAItRAIN,  sree  sor'ree  narVIn'.  a  town  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Sum- 
bhulpoor. 

SSE-NAV-FOU.     SeeSE-NAV. 

SSK.-TCIIOUAN  or  SSE-TCIIUEN.    See  Se-Chcen. 

*SSOSH.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Sozn. 

SSUR.^ZII,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  SoouAzn. 

ST.  JOHN.  See  Saint  Jony.  ST.  LOUIS.  See  Saixt  Loms, 
and  so  for  all  other  names  having  the  prefix  of  St.  or  Saint. 

STA  AB,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Stab. 

ST  A  AT.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Stab. 

STA.\TSBOYGDEN,  st|ts'boig-den,  a  village  and  parish 
of  Norway,  stift.  and  12  miles  N.W.  of  Trondhjem,  on  the 
N.  side  of  its  fiord.     Pop.  3200. 

STAATS'BURG,  a  post-village  and  station  of  Dutchess  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  lliver  Railroad,  60  miles  S.  of 
Albany. 

STAB  or  STAAB,  st.^b.  (Bohemian  Stoda,  sto'dS,)  a  market- 
town  of  Bohemia.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Pilsen.    Pop.  1302. 

STABIO.  sta'be-o.cTr  STABBIO,  stawbe-o,  (anc.  Slahidumf) 
a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Ticino,  about  10  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Lugano.    Pop.  1651. 

STABLERVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co..  Maryland. 

STABROEK  or  STABROECK,  stVbrook,  a  market-town  of 
Beliium,  province,  and  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Antwerp.   P.  2300. 

STABROEK,  a  town  of  Guiana.    See  George  Town. 

STACHELBERG,  staK'el-b4RG\  a  mountain  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Glarus.  at  the  foot  of  which,  in  the  Linth 
Valley,  is  a  bathing  establishment,  which  has  recently  risen 
into  repute. 

STACHIR.    See  GASinu. 

STAD-AAN-T'HARIXGVLIET,  stit  dnt  ha'ring-fleet\  a 
town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland,  in  the 
island  of  Overflakkee,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Briel,  on  the  llar- 
Initvliet.    Pop.  958. 

STADE,  sti'dgh,  a  fortified  town  of  Hanover,  on  the 
Schwinge,  rear  its  mouth  in  the  Elbe,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Hamburg.  Pop.  58U.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  manufac- 
tures of  flannel  and  hosiery.  Adjacent  to  the  town,  on  the 
Elbe,  is  the  castle  of  Brunshausen,  near  which  a  vessel  is 
stationed  to  receive  toll  on  all  vessels  passing  up  the  river. 

STA.OT-AM-II0F.  stdtt  Am  hof,  (anc.  Eipariaf)  a  town  of 
Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Palatinate,  on  an  i.sland  formed  by 
the  Danube,  here  joined  by  the  Regen,  and  opposite  Ratis- 
bon.  with  which  it  is  united  by  a  long  stone  bridge,  and  of 
which  it  forms  a  suburb.     Pop.  2030.  


•  As  a  single  «  ia  Gorman,  not  only  when  occurrini;  between 
»wo  vowels,  but  even  at  the  beginninK  of  a  word,  is  usually  pro- 
nounced like  our  z.  some  of  the  best  German  writers  on  /?eogra- 
pny  eniFl""  •«,  in  order  to  show  that  the  sound  is  sharp,  as 
iieedneto  for  Sednew  or  Scdtiev,  Saenna  for  Senno,  io. 


STA 

ST.\DTBERG  or  STADBERGE,  a  town  of  Prussia.  See 
Marsherg. 

STADTEL  ENZERSDORF.    See  ExzEnsnoRF. 

STADTH.\GEN,  stanfha-gh^n.  a  walled  town  of  Germany, 
principality  of  Schaumburg-Lippe,  9  miles  N.K.  of  BUcke- 
burg,  on  the  Hanover  and  Minden  Railway.  Pop.  1913.  It 
has  a  castle,  and  ducal  mausoleum. 

STADTHAMP'TON,  a  pari.^h  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

STADTILM.  a  town  of  Germany.     See  Ii.M. 

STADTL,  stdttl.or  MIESTECZKO.  myjs-tf^cb'ko,  a  village 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Rakonitz.  12  miles  from  Bei-aun.  I'.  968, 

STADTLOHN,  stdtt'lOn,  or  STADTLOEN.  statt/lon.  a  town 
of  Prussian  Westphalia,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Mtinster,  Pop.  2300. 

STADTOLDENDORK,  statt'ol'den-doRf\  a  walled  town  of 
Germany,  in  Brunswick,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Uolzminden.  Pop. 
214S.     It  has  manufactures  of  linen. 

STADTSTEINACH,  .stdtt-.stl'naK.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  ou 
the  Steinach.  15  miles  N.  of  Baireuth.     Pop.  1300. 

STADT-SULZA,  stltt  sTidWsi,  a  town  of  Saxe- Weimar,  15 
nfiles  N.E.  of  Weimar.    Pop.  1239. 

STAEDEN,  stS'dfn.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders.  18  rnill-s  S.S.W.  of  Bruges      Pop.  4533. 

STAFA,  (StSfa,)  or  STAEFA,  st.VfS.  a  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  N.  shore  of 
its  lake.     Pop.  3500. 

STAFF.\.  staf'fa.  a  small  but  celebrated  island,  one  of  the 
Inner  Hebrides,  in  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle.  from  6  to  8  miles 
W.  of  Mull.  Lat.  56°  29'  N.,  Ion.  6°  21'  AV.  It  is  of  an  irre- 
gular oval  shape,  about  li  miles  in  circumference,  present- 
ing an  uneven  table-land  resting  on  cliffs  of  variable  height. 
Greatest  elevation,  144  feet.  It  is  compo.sed  of  a  ledge  of 
rocks  of  conglomerated  trap  or  tufa,  to  which  succeeds  a 
grayish-black,  hiird,  .ind  compact  columnar  Kisalt,  which  is 
covered  by  a  mass  of  shapeless  basalt  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion, with  small  columns  interspersed  through  it.  The 
whole  fagade  of  the  island,  the  arches  and  floorings  of  the 
caves,  strongly  resemble  architectural  designs,  and  have 
been  described  in  terms  taken  from  the  works  of  art.  The 
coast  is  indented  with  numerous  romantic  caverns,  of  which 
the  most  remarkable  is  Fingal's  Cave,  the  opening  into 
which  is  a  magnificent  archway,  66  feet  high  at  mean  tide, 
supporting  a  massive  entablature  of  30  feet  additional,  and 
receding  227  feet  inwards,  the  entire  front,  as  well  as  the 
great  cavernous  sides,  being  composed  of  countless  compli- 
cated ranges  of  gigantic  columns,  beautifully  jointed,  and 
of  most  symmetrical  though  somewhat  varied  forms.  A 
deeply  channelled  fissure,  parallel  to  the  sides,  extends 
along  the  whole  length  of  the  ceiling,  which  is  ornamented 
by  pendant  clu.sters  of  columns,  whitened  with  calcareous 
stalagmite.  As  the  sea  never  entirely  ebbs  from  this  cave, 
it  forms  its  constant  fltwring.  The  water  at  the  entrance  is 
18  feet  deep,  at  the  inner  extremity  about  9  feet.  The  ave- 
rage diameter  of  the  basaltic  columns  throughout  the  island 
is  about  2  feet,  but  they  often  extend  to  3  feet,  and  even 
4  feet.  Their  general  forms  are  pentagonal  and  hexagonal, 
but  the  number  of  sides  is  sometimes  increased  to  seven 
and  nine,  and  they  are  rarely  found  rhomboidal  or  trian- 
gular. In  position  they  are  sometimes  erect,  sometimes 
oblique,  and  not  unfrequently  horizontal,  while  they  are 
often  curved,  and  variously  jointed  and  implicated.  There 
are  several  other  caves  along  the  coast  of  the  island,  of  which 
the  most  noteworthy  is  called  Clam-shell  Cave,  from  the 
peculiar  curve  in  which  the  basaltic  columns  recline,  giving 
it  somewhat  th»  appearance  of  a  pecten-shell.  It  is  30  feet 
in  heisht.  from  16  to  18  feet  broad,  and  130  feet  long,  its 
lateral  dimensions  gradually  contracting  as  it  recedes  from 
the  opening. 

STAFFELSTEIN.  staf'felstine\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
L,auter.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bamberg,  on  the  Nuremberg  and 
Hof  Railway.     Pop.  1181. 

STAF'FORD  or  STAFFORDSHIRE,  staf'ford-shir,  an  in- 
l.ind  county  of  England,  having  E.  Derbyshire,  N.  Cheshire, 
W.  Shropshire,  and  S.  the  counties  of  Warwick  and  Worces- 
ter. Area,  1138  square  miles,  or  728,320  acres.  Pop.  in  1851, 
608,716.  Its  N.E.  corner  is  chiefly  moorland,  rising  in  some 
places  to  1200  and  1500  feet  above  the  sea,  and  continues  N. 
with  the  high  lands,  separating  Yorkshire  and  Ijinca.shire. 
The  centre  of  the  county  is  level  or  undulating:  in  the  S. 
it  is  again  hilly.  The  Trent  rises  in  the  county,  intersect!) 
its  centre,  and  then  with  the  Dove  forms  all  the  E.  bound- 
ary; other  rivers  are  its  afiiuents,  the  Sow.  Tame.  Blythe, 
and  Churnet.  on  the  banks  of  all  of  which  is  fertile  soil. 
-Vbout  500,000  acres  are  estimated  to  he  in  tillage,  but  min- 
ing and  manufactures  are  more  important  than  agriculture, 
and  this  county  ranks  as  the  third  in  EuL'land  for  manu- 
facturing industry.  Very  productive  coalfields  exist  lioth 
in  the  N.  and  S.,  where  are  the  extensive  iron  manufactures 
of  Wolverhampton,  Wednesbury,  Walsall.  Tipton.  Bilston, 
and  Dudley ;  and  around  Stoke,  Handley.  and  Burslem  is 
the  district  of  the  potteries.  The  iron  goods  made,  comprise 
all  articles  from  nails  to  steam  m.achinery:  the  vast  esta 
blishment  of  Boulton  and  Watt,  at  Soho.  being  within  tho 
county.  Copper,  lead,  limestone,  sandstone,  marble,  alabas- 
ter, and  the  best  pottery  clay,  are  important  mineral  pro- 
ducts; and  around  Cheadle  there  are  extensive  copper  aud 

1831 


STA 


STA 


otaHs  •crks.  In  addition  to  all  kinds  of  earthenwares, 
glasij,  carpets  hats,  boots,  shoes,  and  chemical  products  are 
made,  and  in  1S47,  3l>89  hands  were  employed  in  cotton  and 
Bilk  mill.s.  Burton-on-Trent  is  highly  celebrated  for  its  ale. 
Nearly  all  parts  of  the  county  are  intersected  by  canals,  and 
the  London  and  Xorth-western  Kailway  traverses  it  in  two 
branches.  It  contains  the  city  of  Lichtield.  the  parliamen- 
tary boroughs  of  Stafford,  Walsall,  Tamworth,  Wolverhamp- 
ton, Xewcastle-under-Lyne,  Stoke-upon-Treut.  and  Dudley, 
besides  nearly  20  marketrtown.s,  and  upwards  of  1000  vil- 
lages and  hamlets.  Exclusive  of  boroughs,  it  sends  4  mem- 
bers to  the  House  of  Commons. 

STAF'FOKD,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  and 
town  of  England,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  the  Sow,  and 
on  the  London  and  North-western  Railway,  25  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of  the  borough  in  1S61,  12.487.  It 
is  irregularly  but  neatly  built.  In  the  centre  of  its  main 
street  is  the  market-square,  with  the  county-hall,  and  near 
this  are  the  two  parish  churches.  The  other  chief  edifices 
are  the  castle,  a  striking  edifice;  the  county  jail,  lunatic 
asylum,  and  general  infirmary.  The  grammar  school, 
founded  by  Edward  VI.,  has  an  annual  revenue  of  335J.  It 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Isaac  Walton. 

ST.4FF0RD,  West,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Dorset. 

STAF'FORD,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  border- 
ing on  the  Potomac  River,  which  separates  it  from  Mary- 
land, has  an  area  of  250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.W.  by  the  Rappahannock  River,  and  also  drained  by 
Aquia,  Potomac,  and  Accokeek  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly ; 
the  soil  near  the  Potomac  River  is  a  light  loam,  moderately 
fertile;  other  parts  are  sandy  and  poor.  Quarries  of  gianite 
and  freestone,  suitable  for  building,  have  been  opened,  and 
gold  has  been  found  in  small  quantities.  The  Rappahannock 
affords  excellent  water-power  at  Falmouth.  The  county  is 
Intersected  by  the  Richmond,  Fredericksburg,  and  Potomac 
Railroad.  Organized  in  1675,  and  named  from  Stafford,  a 
county  of  England.  Capital,  Stafford  Court-House.  Pop. 
8665,  ot  whom  5241  were  free,  and  3314  slaves.. 

STAFFORD,  a  post-township  of  Tolland  co.,  Connecticut, 
intersected  by  the  New  London  Northern  Railroad,  28  mileg 
N.E.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  4  thriving  post-villages,  viz., 
Stafford,  Staffordville,  Stafford  Springs,  and  West  Stafford. 
Stafford  Springs,  situated  on  the  Willimantic  Kiver,  and  on 
the  New  London  Northern  Railroad,  50  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
New  London,  is  celebrated  for  tlie  medical  properties  of  its 
waters,  and  is  visited  by  persons  from  all  part*  of  the  Union. 
One  of  them  contains  a  solution  of  iron,  sustained  by  car- 
bonic acid  gas,  some  earthy  substances,  and  an  element 
called  natron.  This  is  regarded  by  chemisLs  as  one  of  the 
most  efficacious  chalybeate  springs  in  the  United  States. 
The  other,  as  analysed  by  Professor  Silliman,  contains  a 
large  portion  of  hydrogen  gas  and  sulphur,  and  a  small  pro- 
portion of  iron.  A  spacious  hotel  has  been  erected  here  for 
the  accommodation  of  visitors.  The  village  of  Stafford 
Springs  has  2  churches,  1  bank,  2  cotton  and  4  woollen 
manufactories,  and  several  stores.  The  village  of  Stafford, 
2  miles  N.  of  the  above,  contains  2  chiu-ches,  2  iron  foundries 
and  machine-fihops,  1  cotton-mill  and  1  woollen  factory. 
Population  of  the  township  3397. 

STAFFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Genesee  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  railroad  from  Batavia  to  Corning,  6  miles 
E.  of  the  former.    Pop.  2077. 

STAFFORD,  a  township  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
Little  Egg  Harbor  Bay,  nbout  63  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton. 
Pop.  1436. 

STAFFORD,  a  post-offiee  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

STAFFORD,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 541. 

STAFFORD,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Indiiina.   Pop.  583. 

STAFFORD  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Staf- 
ford CO.,  Virginia,  76  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

STAFFORD  POINT,  a  post^flice  of  Fort  Bend  CO..  Texas. 

STAFFORDSHIRE,  an  inland  co.,  England.  See  Stafford. 

STAFFORD  SPRINGS, a  post-village.  See  Stafford,  Con- 
necticut. 

STAFFORD  VII/LAQE,  a  postrvillage  of  Stafford  town- 
ship. Genesee  county.  New  York. 

STAF'FORDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Stafford  township, 
Tolland  c».,  Connecticut,  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Hartford. 
It  contains  2  churches,  5  woollen  mills,  and  several  macliine- 
ehops  and  iron  foundries. 

STAQE/VILLE,  a  small  village  of  Orange  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

STAGG'VILLE,  a  post^village,  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 

STAGLIENO,  stdl-yA'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division,  hnd  about  2  miles  E.  of  Genoa,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  BLsagno.    Pop.  1984. 

STAGNO  GRANDE,  stin'yo  grju'di.  or  STOL.  stol.  a  town 
of  Dalniatia,  26  miles  N.M'.  of  Ragusa.  on  the  peninsula  of 
Sabioneello.     Pop.  5400.    It  has  extensive  s;Ut-works. 

<TA(JNONE,  stinyo/ni,  a  group  of  islets  tn  the  Mediter- 
ranean, off  the  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  from  which  they  are  sepji- 
.ated  by  a  narrow  channel,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Trapani.  The 
largest  is  about  2  miles  long. 

JJTAGNO  PICCOLO,  stan'yo  pik'ko-lo,  a  village  of  Dalma- 
1832 


tia,  N.N.E.  of  Stagno  Grande,  with  a  good  harbor  on  the 
Channel  of  Narenta. 

ST.\GS'DEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford 

STAHLSTOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  50  miles  S.K.  of  Pittsburg. 

STAIN'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STAIN'DROP,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Durham,  11  miles  W.N.M'.  of  Darlington.  Pop.  in  1851, 
2447.  The  town  is  well  built.  Near  it  are  lead-works :  and 
about  1  mile  N.W.  is  Raby  Castle,  belonging  to  the  Duke  of 
Cleveland. 

STAINES,  stAnz,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Kngland, 
CO.  of  Middlesex,  at  its  S.W.  extremity,  on  the  Thames,  here 
crossed  by  a  new  stone  bridge,  at  the  influx  of  the  Colne,  19 
miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London.    Pop.  in  1851.  2677. 

STAIN'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STAIN'FORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  We.st 
Riding. 

Sl'AIN'LAND,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

STAIN'LEY,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

STAIN'MORE,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  Westmoreland. 

STAINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  North 
Riding. 

STAINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

STAINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

STAINTON.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

STAINTON-BT-LANG  WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

Sl'AINTON  MARKET,  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STAINTON-LE-VALE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 

STAIR,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  .\vr. 

STAIUnVAY  BROOK,  a  little  village  of  Wayne  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  107  miles  from 
New  York  City. 

STAl/BRIDGK,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorset,  on  a  branch  of  the  Stour,  6J  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sher- 
borne. Pop.  in  1851,  1901.  partly  engaged  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  stockings.  In  the  town  is  a  curious  cross  .SO  feet  high. 

STA'LKY  BRIDGE,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land, COS.  of  Lancaster  and  Che.ster,  on  the  Manchester  and 
Bury  Railway,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Stockport.  Pop.  in  1851, 
20.760,  mostly  engaged  in  cotton  manufactures. 

STAL/HAM,  a  mrish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STALIMNI,  stl-lim'nee,  or  LIMNI,  lim'nee,  written  also 
STALIMENE,  (anc.  Lcmnos;  Gr.  A.r})ivo$.  Lemnos.)  an 
island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  belonging  to  Turkey,  in 
the  JEgean  Sea,  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mount  .\thos.  Area.  160 
square  miles.  Pop.  8000.  It  consists  of  two  peninsulas, 
sepamted  by  the  harbors  of  Paradiso  and  St.  Antonio.  The 
surface  is  mountainous,  with  extinct  craters  :  the  soil  is  fer- 
tile in  com,  oil,  wine,  fruits,  &c.  The  capital  town.  Lkjinos, 
is  on  the  W.  coast,  with  1000  inhabitants,  a  citadel,  harbor, 
and  ship-building  docks. 

STAL/ISFIKLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STALLA,  stdl'li  or  BIVIO,  bee've-o.  a  village  of  East 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Grison-s,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Chiavenna, 
at  the  foot  of  the  .Tulier  Pass,  6774  feet  above  the  seii. 

STALLATl,  st^lli/tee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  II.,  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  1260. 

STAI/LINGBOROUGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  IJn- 
coln.  on  the  Lincolnshire  Railway,  4y  miles  W.N.W.  of  Great 
Grimsbv. 

STALL'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Mi.ssouri, 

STALLUPOHNEN.  stai'k>o-po'nen.  a  town  of  East  Prussijj, 
16  miles  E.N.K.  of  Gumbinnen.     Pop.  3110. 

STAL'MINE.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

STALY  HOLLO'W.  a  post-office  of  Yates  co..  New  York. 

STAMBOOL  or  STAMBOUL.    See  Constaxti.n-ople. 

STAM'BORNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

STAM'BRIDGE.  GU  EAT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STAMBRIDGE.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Es<ex. 

STAMBRUOE.S,  stfiM^bruzh',  or  ESTAM BR UG ES,  ?s\st6M^ 
briizh'.  a  yillage  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut,  11  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  2063. 

ST.^MI'ORD.  a  parliamentary  and  municip,al  borough, 
and  town  of  England,  cos.  of  Lincoln  and  North.ampton.  on 
the  Welland  River,  here  crossed  by  a  5-arched  stone  bridge, 
and  on  a  railway,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  I'eterborough.  Pop.  in 
1861,  893-'5.  The  princip.a.1  buildings  are  5  parish  churches, 
the  town-hall,  theatre,  and  assembly  rooms.  The  Welland 
is  navigable  for  barges  hence  to  the  sea.  The  malting  and 
retail  trade  is  considertble.  It  sends  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  Immediately  S.  of  the  town  is  Bur- 
leigh, the  seat  of  the  Marquis  of  Exeter. 

ST.\M/FORD.  a  post-township  of  Bennington  CO.,  Vermont, 
116  miles  S.  by  W.  of  ^lontpelier.     Pop.  759. 

STAMFORD,  a  flourishing  post-1x)rough  and  township  of 
Fairfield  co..  Connecticut,  near  the  mouth  of  .Mill  River,  and 
on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad.  40  miles  S.W. 
of  New  Haven,  and  36  miles  N.E.  of  New  York.  A  t.^ual 
180  rods  in  length.  30  feet  in  breadth,  and  7  feet  deep,  has 
been  constructed,  extending  from  the  borough  to  the  bay, 
which  sets  up  from  Long  Island  Sound,  between  G  reenwich 


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«ud  Shiphan's  Points,  affording  a  fine  harbor  for  vessels 
drawing  8  feet  of  water.  Tlie  borougli  has  entirely  changed 
iu  appearance  during  the  last  20  years.  It  contains  8  fine 
churches,  and  many  of  the  dwellings  are  very  elegant. 
During  the  summer  months  it  is  much  resorted  to  as  a 
watering-place.  Stamford  has  some  trade  with  the  ports 
along  the  coast;  and  its  manufactures,  particularly  those 
of  iron,  are  extensive.  It  has  2  banks,  a  large  woollen  mill, 
and  a  savings  institution.  The  Stamford  Advocate  is  pub- 
lished weekly.  Population  of  the  township  ia  1840,  3516; 
in  1850,  5000;  in  1800,  7185. 

STAMFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.E.  part 
of  Delaware  co..  New  York,  about  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  US61. 

STAM'l'ORD,  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  TTest,  co. 
of  Welland.  about  3  miles  N.W.  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  It 
has  Episcopalian,  Presbyterian,  and  W'esleyan  Methodist 
churches.     Pop.  in  1852,  3113. 

STAM'FOKDHAJI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland.    Lime  and  coal  are  found  here  in  great  iiuantities. 

STAMMHKIM,  stimm'hime,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  cir- 
de  of  Schwarzwald,  on  the  Nagold.    Pop.  1156. 

STAMP.E.     SeeKTAMPES. 

STAMPALI.\,  stimpaiee'i  or  ISTAMPALIA.  is-tAm-pd- 
lee'd,  an  i.sland  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  government  of 
Thera.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Amorgo.  Area,  50  scjuare  miles.  Pop. 
1500.     The  chief  villages  are  St.  Andrea  and  Livoruo. 

STAMPER'S  CREKK,  a  township  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  818. 

ST.iMPFEN,  stimp'fjin,  a  market-town  of  West  Hungary, 
CO.,  and  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Presburg.     Pop.  3374. 

ST.\.Mi'HAXE,  islets  in  the  Ionian  Sea.     See  Strivali. 

STA.MI"1NG  GROUND,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 21  miles  N.W.  of  Lexington,  h.is  2  churches,  and 
several  stores.  The  herds  of  buffalo  which  formerly  re.sorted 
to  this  place  for  sjilt  water,  tramped  down  the  underbrush — 
hence  the  origin  of  its  name. 

STAN'ARDiSVlLLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Greene  co., 
Virginia,  92  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond,  and  5  miles  S.E.  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  The  village  has  been  much  improved  within  a 
few  years.     It  Ijecnme  the  county  seat  in  1838. 

STAN'BRIDGK,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

STANBRIDGE,  EAST,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co. 
of  Missisquoi,  50  miles  W.  of  Stanstead. 

STA.VCIIIO  or  STANCIIO,  an  island.     See  Cos. 

STA  N'DARD  VILLE,  a  iX)st-(jffice  of  Carroll  co.,  Tennessee. 

STAN'DKRWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

STAND/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STAND'GROUND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

STAN'DING  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee. 

STAXD'INGSTONE,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  CO.. 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  North  Branch  Canal  and  the  left  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River.  7  miles  E.  of  Towanda.  Pop.  935 

STAXDIXGSTONE  CREEK,  of  Penn3ylvania,  enters  the 
Juniata  in  Huntingdon  county. 

STAX'DISH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

STAXDISH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I^ancaster,  3i 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Wigan,  on  the  Pre.^ton  and  Wyre  Railway. 
Population  employed  in  manufactures  of  cotton  and  linen, 
and  in  coal-mines. 

STAX'DLSH,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine, 
58  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  2067. 

STAXD'LAKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

STAND'LINCII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  5  miles 
S.S.E  of  Salisbury.  Trafalgar  Park,  the  seat  conferred  by 
Parliament  on  Nelson,  is  in  this  parish. 

ST.'i.X'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford,  8  miles 
N.E.  of  Hertford.     It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  college. 

STANDON.  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford.  4  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Eccleshall,  on  the  North  Western  Railway. 

STANE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STAN'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STAX'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STANFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

STAXFOKdJ  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcesfer. 

STAN'KORD,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Dutchess  co.. 
New  York.     Pop.  2323. 

STANFORD,  a  post-vill.age,  capital  of  Lincoln  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, is  situated  50  miles  S.  of  Frankfort,  and  1  mile  from 
Logan's  Old  Fort.  The  village  has  a  turnpike  to  Frankfort, 
and  contains  4  churches,  1  academy,  1  national  bank,  and 
1  woollen  mill.     Pop.  479. 

STANFORD,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana,  60 
miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

ST.-VNFORD.  a  post-office  of  Texas  co.,  Missouri. 

STANFORD,  BISH'OPS,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Hereford. 

STAXFORD,  DING'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

STAXFORD-LF.-HOPE.  a  parish  of  i-ingland,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

ST.'VNFORD  RIVERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

PTANKORD-ox-SO.VR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

ST.A.NFORD-IN-THE-VALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Berks. 

ST.AN'FORDVILLK,  a  postrvillage  in  Stanford  township. 
Dutchess  CO.,  ISew  York,  on  Wappinger's  Creek,  about  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Pouirhkeepsie. 

IsXANFORDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Georgia, 


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about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgevllle.  It  has  1  church,  ami 
2  stores. 

STAXGENDORF,  stlng'en-doRf\  or  WANDULA,  «ii* 
doo'ld,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  about  3  miles  froa- 
Zwittau.     Pop.  1272. 

STAX'HOE,  a  p-arish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STAN'HOPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham.  6  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Wolsiugham,  and  on  the  Wear  Valley  Railway, 
Population  partly  employed  in  lead-mines.  Roman  antiqui- 
ties have  been  found  here. 

ST.\N'HOPE.  a  post-village  of  Sus.sex  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Morris  Canal  and  Musconetcong  River,  and  on  the 
Morris  and  Essex  Railroad,  52  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Trenton, 
contains  a  mill,  2  stores,  3  iron  forges,  and  from  50  to  60 
dwellings. 

STANHOPE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
128  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

STANHOPE,  a  post-village  of  Nash  co.,  North  Carolina 
32  miles  E.  liy  N.  of  Raleigh. 

STAN'HOPE,  a  seaport  on  the  N.  coast  of  Prince  Edwara 
Island.  CO.  of  Queens,  with  a  harbor  for  small  craft,  in  lat 
46°  22'  N.,  Ion.  63°  10'  W. 

ST.\N'ION,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

ST.W'ISLAUS,  a  river  of  California,  ri.ses  on  the  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  near  the  boundary  between  Tuolumne 
and  Calaveras  counties,  and  flowing  first  in  a  S.W.  and  then 
in  a  W.S.W.  course,  falls  into  the  San  Joaquin  River  on  the 
border  between  the  county  of  that  name  and  Tuolumne 
county,  ab  iUt  25  miles  above  Stockton. 

STANISLAWOW.  stan-is-lj/wov,  a  strongly  fortified  town 
of  Austrian  Galicia,  between  two  arms  of  the  Bistritz.  75 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.  with  suburbs,-9200.  It  has 
a  gymnasium. 

STAXITZ.  a  town  of  Moravia.    See  Steimtz. 

ST.WLEY.  a  village  and  ecclesiastical  district  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York.  West  Riding,  about  2  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Wakefield.  The  village  st.ands  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Cal- 
der,  among  scattered  hamlets  and  agreeable  villas,  and  am- 
ple means  of  conveyance  are  afforded  by  the  Aire  and  Calder 
Canal,  which  here  cros.ses  the  river  by  a  magnificent  aque- 
duct. The  Pauper  Lunatic  Asylum  of  the  West  Riding, 
with  accommodation  for  600  patients,  is  in  this  district. 
Pop.  in  1851,  7257. 

ST.iNLEY,  a  village  and  quoad  sacra  parish  of  Scotland, 
eo.  of  Perth,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tay,  with  a  station  on 
the  Perth  and  Fortar  Railway,  6^  miles  N.  of  Perth. 

ST.iN'LEY,  KING'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

STANLEY,  PONT'LARGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

STAXLEY,  PORT  OF.  a  town  .and  port  of  entry  of  Canada 
West,  at  the  mouth  of  Kettle  Creek,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake 
Erie.  co.  of  Elgin.  110  miles  from  Hamilton.  It  possesses 
one  of  the  best  harbors  on  Lake  Erie.  The  Bank  of  Montre;U 
has  an  agency  here;  and  there  are  2  Protestant  churches 
and  3  schools.     Pop.  about  1000. 

STANLEY,  ST.  LEONARD'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester,  3  miles  W.  of  Stroud.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a 
monastery.     The  village  had  formerly  a  market. 

STANLEY-wiTH-AVIlENrrHORPE,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  M' est  Riding. 

STAN'LY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  North  C.i- 
rolina.  Area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.  The  Yadkin 
River  forms  the  entire  boundary  on  the  E.,  and  Rocky 
liiver  on  the  S.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  soil  of 
the  valleys  produces  wheat  and  Indian  corn.  Numerous 
veins  of  gold  are  worked  in  the  N.W.  part  of  the  county, 
yielding  sometimes  large  profits,  and  a  very  valuable  silver- 
mine  has  recently  been  discovered.  The  Yadkin  affords 
abundant  motive-power  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Narrows. 
Formed  in  1842.  from  a  part  of  Montgomery.  Capital.  Albe- 
marle.    Pop.  7801,  of  whom  66.32  were  free,  and  1169  slaves. 

ST.\.\'MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 

ST  AN'MORE,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

STAN.MORE,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

STANNERN.  stdn'njrn,  (Bohemian.  Stonarzmv.  sto-uaB'- 
zov,)  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Iglau.  Pop. 
1040.     A  great  fall  of  aerolites  took  place  here  in  1807. 

STAN'NINGFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suff'olk. 

STAX'NI.XGLEY  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  5  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  l^eeds. 

STAN'NINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

STANOVOI  sa'no-voi',  or  STANNOVOI.  stdn'no-Toi', 
or  YABLOXOI.  (JABLONOI,)  yd-blo-noi/,  Mocntai.ns,  a 
long  mountain  chain  of  East  Asia,  extending  between  lat. 
50°  and  67°  N..  and  from  Ion.  110°  E..  .separating  Siberia  (Ir- 
kootsk.  Yakootsk.  &c)  from  the  Chinese  dominions  of  Mon- 
golia and  .Mantchooria.  and  afterwards  prolonged  through 
the  province  of  Okhotsk  and  the  Tchooktchee  country  to 
Behriiig  Strait.  Total  length  estimated  at  3000  miles.  It 
is  usually  called  Yaisloxoi  (lablonoi  or  .lablonoi)  in  the 
W.  part^  and  Stanovoi  towards  the  E.  extremity.  This  chain 
separates  the  biisins  of  Lake  Baikal  and  the  IjenH  on  (he  N. 
from  that  of  the  Amoor  on  the  S.E.  The  priniiiial  raraifiea- 
tious  are  those  which  cover  the  government  of  Irkootsk, 

l6il3 


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STA 


and  tbe  mountains  of  Katntchatka.  As  far  X.  as  lat.  55° 
their  lower  portions  are  clothed  with  dense  forests:  X.  of 
lat.  65°  they  are  covered  with  snow,  and  separate  the  basins 
of  the  Anadoer  and  Indijrhirka. 

STAXS'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STANSKIELD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

STAN'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STANSTEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

ST.A.X'STEAD,a  county  in  S.E.  part  of  Canada  East.  Area, 
632  square  miles.  Lake  "jiarsawippi  and  part  of  Lake  Mem- 
phremagog  are  in  this  county.  Capital,  Stanstead.  Pop. 
in  1852,  13,898. 

STAXSTEAD,a  towTi  of  Canada  East,  capital  of  the  aboTe 
county,  100  miles  from  Montreal,  and  within  a  few  miles  of 
the  United  States  frontier.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  has  a 
large  and  increasing  business.  Pop.  about  800. 
•  STAX'SXEAD  AIJ'BOTS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts, 
2i  miles  X.X.E.  Iloddesden.  In  this  p.irish  are  remains 
of  Rye-house,  which  gave  name  to  the  pretended  plot  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

STAX'STEAD  MOUXTFITCII'ET,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex,  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  3J  miles  N. 
of  Bishops-Stortford. 

STAXTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

STAXTOX,  two  chapelriesof  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

STAX'TON,  a  post-ofRee  of  Hunterdon  co.,  Xew  .Jersey. 

ST.\XTOX,  a  post-village  of  Xew  Castle  CO..  Delaware,  on 
the  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Wilmington. 

STAXTOX,  capital  of  Powell  co.,  Kentucky. 

STAXTON  ALL-SAIXTS,  a  pari.oh  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

STAX'TOX-ON-AR'ROW,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Hereford. 

STAXTOX-BT-BRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

STAXTON-BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

STAX'TON  COR/XERS.  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co.,  New 
York. 

STAXTON-BT-D.\LE,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Derby. 

STAXTON  DREW  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
7  miles  S.  of  Bristol.     It  has  Druidical  remains. 

STAXTON  EITZWAR/REX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts.    It  has  an  ancient  church. 

STAX'TON  HAR'COURT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Oxford. 

STANTON-ON-HINE-HEATH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Salop. 

STAXTON-LA'CY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

STAXTOX,  LOXG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

STAX'TOX  PRI'OR,  a  parish  of  EngUnd.  co.  of  Somerset. 

SIAXTONSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Edgecombe  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

STAX'TON  ST.  BER/NARD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

STAX'TOX  ST.  G  A'BRIEL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Dorset. 

STAXTOX  ST.  JOHX'S.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Oxford. 

STAXI'ON  ST.  MI'CHAEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cambridge. 

STAXTON  STO'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

ST.VXTOX  ST.  QUIX'TIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

STAX'TOXVILLE,  a  post-village  Qf  Anderson  district, 
South  Carolina. 

STAXTOX VILLE,  a  post-office  of  McNairy  co.,  Tennes.see. 

STAXTON  VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Calumet  co.,  Wi.wonsin. 

ST  AXT'S  STOR  E,  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STAXTZ.    See  Stan-z. 

STAX'WAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STAXWAY.  a  psirish  of  Engl.md.  co.  of  Gloucester. 

STAX'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

STAX'WICH,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut. 

ST.VX'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xortbampton. 

STANWICK  ST.  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

ST.4^N'WIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

STAX'WIX,  a  postK)ffice  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

STANZ  or  STANTZ,  stints,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Unt«rwalden,  capital  of  its  lower  division,  7  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Lucerne.  Pop.  1200.  Its  town-hall,  of  historic  celebrity, 
contains  a  series  of  historic  portraits;  in  its  market-place  is 
the  statue  of  Arnold  von  Winkelried.  a  native  of  Stanz ; 
and  near  the  town  is  a  monument  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
town  massacred  by  the  French  in  1798. 

STAP'ENIIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

STAP'HORST,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Overvssel,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Zwolle.   Pop.  of  the  parish,  4054. 

ST.VPLE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STAPLE.  FITZ/PAINE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 

STA'PLEFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

STAPLBFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertfoi-d. 

STAPLEFOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester, 
li  miles  E.  of  Melton  Mowbray.  Stapleford  Hall,  the  seat  of 
the  Earl  of  HarVjoroutth.  is  here. 

STAPLEFOKD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

ST.\PLKFOHD,  a  parish  of  Enaland,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

STAl'LKFOItD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

STAPLKFOKD.  AB'BOTS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

STAPLEFOKD.  TA  W'XEY.  aparish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

BTA'PLmROVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
1834 


STA'PLEHURST,  a  parish  of  EngLsnd.  co.  of  Kent,  4^ 
miles  X.X'.E.  of  Cranbrook.  on  the  South-eastern  Kailwny. 

STA'PLES'  BRAXCH,  a  posfroffice  of  San  Joaquin  ce., 
California. 

STA'PLETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland.  9 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Longtown.  The  ruius  of  Shank  Castle  ai* 
in  this  parish. 

STAPLETOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

STAPLETOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

STA'PLETON,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co..  New  York, 
on  the  N.E.  side  of  Staten  Island.  7  miles  S.  by  W.  of  New 
Y^ork.  It  contains  the  Seaman's  Retreat,  an  hospital  for 
sick  or  disabled  sailors,  supported  by  a  tax  paid  by  the  mas- 
ters and  crews  of  vessels.  The  building  is  about  200  feet 
long  by  50  feet  wide,  and  3  stories  high,  and  it  said  to  have 
cost  .$100,000. 

STAPLETOX  ISLAND,  an  island  of  the  middle  cluster  of 
the  Arzobispo  group,  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. 

STAPPEX,  an  island  group  of  Norway.  See  Mothers 
AND  Daughters. 

STAPUL.^.    See  Etapies. 

ST.\R,  a  post-offlce  of -Assumption  parish,  Louisiana. 

STAR,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co..  Indiana. 

STARA-CZESTOCHOWA,  stS'ri-chJs-to-Ko'va,  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  78  miles  S.E.  of  Kali.sz,  on  the  Warta. 
Pop.  1696. 

STAKAIA-ROOSSA  or  STARAIA-RUSSA,  gtS-ri'^  roos'sj, 
written  also  RUSSA-ST.AROI,  atown  of  Ru.ssi.a.  government, 
and  36  miles  S.  of  Novgorod,  on  a  river  which  flows  into 
Lake  Ilmen.  Pop.  8700.  It  is  enclosed  by  earthen  ramparts, 
and  has  an  imperial  palace,  salt-works,  and  a  large  trade 
in  flax,  linseed,  timber,  .and  flour. 

STARASOL,  stava-sol'.  or  STAROSOL.  std'ro-sol',  a  town 
of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sambor. 
Pop.  10f.fi. 

STAR'BRUCK  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  5°  20* 
S..  Ion.  155°  56'  W..  was  discovered  in  J823. 

STAR'CKOSS,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

STARE  MIASTO.  sti'rA  me-is'to  (or  my^s'to,)  or  ALTE 
SAMBOR,  ai'teh  sjm'bor,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  12 
miles  from  Sambor.     Pop.  2331. 

STARE  MIESTO,  st^'rA  me-fs'to  (or  myJs'to,)  or  ALL- 
STADT,  ail'stdtt,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  >ioravia,  circle  of 
Olmutz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Schneeberg.     Pop.  1500. 

STARF.SOV.A,  shtdhV.Vsho'vuh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  in 
the  banat  of  Temesvar.  4  miles  from  Pancsova.     Pop.  3200. 

STAR'FIELD.  a  post-office  of  Peoria  co..  Illinois. 

STAR  FUR'XACE.  a  po.st-office  of  Carter  co.,  Kentucky. 

STARG  ARD,  staR'gaRt.  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Pomprania.  on  the  left  hank  of  the  n-avigable  Ihoa,  21 
miles  E.S.E.  of  .Stettin,  with  which  it  communicates  by  rail- 
way. Pop.  13.100.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  linens,  hosiery,  tobacco,  soap,  and  leather, 

STAR'G.ARD,  a  walled  town  of  West  Prussia,  27  miles 
S.W.  of  Dantzic,  on  the  Ferse.  Pop.  3600.  It  has  Roman 
Catholic  and  Lutheran  churches. 

STAR'GARD,  a  town  of  Meeklenburg-Strelitz.  14  miles 
N.E.  of  Neu-Strelitz.     Pop.  1410, 

START  A.  sti'ree'3,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 

40  miles  S.  of  Oohrida. 

START  M  ATDAN,  stS'ree  mAMan'.  a  village  of  Turkish  Cro- 
atia, on  the  Sanna,  32  miles  W.  of  Ranialuka. 

STARITZA,  st3-rit'sa,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 

41  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tver,  on  the  Volga,  here  crossed  by  a 
fljnng  bridge.     Pop.  2400.  ' 

ST  .ARK.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of 
about  5T0  .square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  the 
Tuscarawas  River  and  NImishillen  Creek,  and  also  drained 
by  Sugar  and  Sandy  Creeks.  The  surface  is  rolling.  The 
soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  remarkably  fertile,  and  highly  culti- 
vated. Stark  county  is  reported  to  have  produced  in  1850, 
more  wheat  ami  butter  than  any  other  county  in  the  stat^. 
The  quantity  of  each  produced  being  590,594  bushels  (f 
wheat;  butter,  1,211,021  pounds.  Limestone  underlies  « 
large  portion  of  the  surface.  Stone  coal  of  good  quality 
abounds  in  the  S.E.  part,  and  fine  buildiiig-.stone  is  quarried 
near  JIassillon.  The  farmers  find  a  ready  market  on  the 
Ohio  Canal,  which  runs  through  the  county.  It  is  also  in- 
tersected by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  by  tht 
Clevel.and  and  Pittsburg  Railroad.  Ximishillen  Creek  fur- 
nishes excellent  water-power.    Capital,  Canton.     P.  42,978. 

STARK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Indiana,  contain* 
432  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Yellow  and  Kanka- 
kee Rivers.  The  surface  is  level,  and  mostly  occupied  by 
marshes,  prairies,  and  small  lakes.  A  part  of  the  laTid  is 
adapted  to  the  rearing  of  cattle.  Organized  in  1849.  i.'api- 
tal.  Knox.     Pop.  2195. 

STARK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  centr.al  part  of  Illinois,  haa 
an  area  of  290  squaremiles.  It  is  intersected  by  fpoon  River, 
an  affluent  of  the  Illinois.  The  county  is  divHled  between 
prairie  and  timbered  land.  The  soil  is  good.  Nauedin  h"noi 
of  General  Stark,  of  the  Revolutionary  war.     Pop.  90'>4. 

ST.ARK.  a  post-township  of  Coos  co.,  Xew  Hi<uip.slilrt.  on 
the  Atlantic  and  SL  Lawrence  Railroad,  90  dJ'<s  t .  f»l>m 
Concord.    Pop.  426. 


STA 

STARK,  a  townphip  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York.  Pop.  1543. 

STARK,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Oliio.     Pop.  1578. 

STARKKN15ACH,  staR/k?n-bAK\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  25 
miles  N.  of  Bidschow.     Pop.  2060. 

tiTARKKNBUKG,  staR'kgn-boCRG^  a  prnvince  of  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Central  Germany,  E.  of  the  Jlhiue.  Area  1202 
square  miles.     Pop.  317,093. 

STAR'KEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Yates  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Canaudaijjcua  and  Elmira  Railroad,  32 
miles  N.  from  Elmira.  Seneca  Lake  bounds  the  township  on 
the  W.  The  village  contains  an  academy  belonging  to  the 
"  Christians,"  with  150  pupils.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1809. 

STAR-KRUM,  (Star-KrUm.)  staR  krum,  (Tartar,  £sA««- 
Kroom  or  Kriim,)  a  town  of  South  Russia,  government 
Taurida,  10  miles  \V.  of  Kaffa. 

STARK'S,  a  post-township  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
Kennebec  and  Sandy  Rivers,  about  33  miles  N.  by  W.  from 
Augusta.  It  contains  2  churches,  3  stores.  2  boot  and  shoe 
establishments,  3  starch  factories,  grist  mill,  saw  mill,  &c. 
Pop.  1340. 

STARKS'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Addison  CO.,  Vermont,  24  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Montpelier. 
It  has  manufactures  of  castings,  woollen  goods,  starch,  Ac. 
Pop.  1437. 

STARKSTADT.  staRk'stStt,  (Bohemian,  Starkow,  staR'- 
kov.)a  town  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Koniggratz.  P.  842. 

STARKS/VILLE,  a  village  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Rensselaer 
CO..  New  York. 

STARKVILLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York, 
about  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alljany. 

STARKVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lee  co.,  Georgia, 
115  miles  S.VV.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

STARKVILLE,  a  post/village,  capital  of  Oktibbeha  co., 
Mississippi,  125  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson.  It  contains  a  court- 
house and  a  few  stores. 

STARLING  MKDICAL  COLLEGE.    See  Columbus.  Ohio. 

STAR'UNGTON,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co..  Alabama. 

STAROBIELSK,  sti-ro-be-Jlsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Voronezh,  ISO  miles  S.  by  VV.  of  Voronezh,  on  the 
Aidar,  with  a  cathedral  and  an  imperial  stud.     Pop.  1100. 

STARO-CONSTANTINOV.    See  Staro-Koxstantinov. 

STARODOOB,  STARODOUB,  STARODUB,  sti-ro-doob',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  100  miles  N.E.  of  Tcherui- 
^ov.  Pop.  9,000.  It  is  enclosed  by  earthen  rampsB'ts,  and 
has  a  cathedral  and  monastery. 

STAROI-OSKOL,  stiroi'os-kol'.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Oskol,  here 
joined  by  the  Oskla.    Pop.  5000.    It  is  mostly  built  of  wood. 

STARO-KONSTANTINOV,  STARO-KuNSTANTINOW  or 
CONSTANTINOV,  stl'ro  kon-stdn-te-nov',  a  town  of  Rus- 
si.in  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  75  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Zhitomeer.    P.  4(J00. 

STAROSOL,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia.    See  Starasol. 

STARR,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  contains  about 
3350  square  miles.  The  Rio  Grande  forms  its  entire  south- 
western boundary,  separating  it  from  the  Mexican  state  of 
Tamaulipas.  The  county  contains  extensive  prairies,  which 
produce  pasture,  and  support  large  droves  of  wild  horses 
and  e;ittle.  The  land  is  adapted  to  cotton,  sugar-cane,  and 
maize,  but  it  is  not  cultivated  to  much  extent.  Named  in 
honor  of  James  H.  Starr,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  re- 
public of  Texas.    Capital,  Rio  Grande  City.     Pop.  240(5. 

STAliR,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Hocking  co., 
Ohio.    Pop.  1417. 

STARR'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon. 

STARSOW,  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  Dittersdach. 

STARS/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STARS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia,  about 
60  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

START,  a  point  and  light-house  of  Scotland,  in  the 
Orkneys,  the  easternmost  extremity  of  the  island  of  San- 
dav ;  lat.  59°  Id'  30"  N.,  Ion.  2°  22'  W. 

START/FORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

START  POINT,  a  headland  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
CO.  of  Devon,  England,  9^  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dartmouth,  with 
a  lisht-house  and  revolving  light  204  feet  above  the  sea; 
lat.  50°  13'  4"  N.,  Ion.  3°  38'  W. 

STARUC'CA,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Starucca  Creek,  180  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

STARUCCA  CREEK,  rises  in  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
and  enters  the  Susquehanna. 

STARY  SAMBOR.    See  Sambor. 

STASSFURT,  stdss'fOoRt,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Sax- 
ony, 20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Bode.  Pop.  2040. 
On.  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Alt-stassfuet,  l\t  stdss'- 
fuoRt,  a  village,  with  550  inhabitants. 

STASZOW,  std/shov,  a  walled  town  of  Poland,  province, 
and  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sandomier,  on  the  Czarna.     P.  3985. 

STATE  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

STATIVBIIRG,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district.  South  Caro- 
lina. 

STATE  CENTRE,  small  village,  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin. 

STATE'LAND,  a  small  post-village  of  Choctaw  co.,  Mis- 
iiissippi. 


STA 

STATELEY'S  RUN.  a  post-office  of  Grant  co..  Kentucky. 

STATE  LI.NE.  a  village  and  station  of  Columbia  co..  New 
York,  on  the  line  between  New  York  and  .Ma.i.sachusetts, 
and  on  the  Western  Railroad.  38  miles  S.K.  of  .Albany. 

STATE  LINE,  a  village  on  Poultney  River,  Washinirtou 
CO.,  New  York.  The  railroad  from  Rutland  to  Whitehall 
crosses  the  river  at  this  village. 

STATE  LINE,  a  station  on  the  Buffalo  and  Erie  Railroad, 
69  miles  from  Buffalo. 

ST.\TE  LINE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STATE  LINE,  a  station  on  the  line  between  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  on  the  railroad  between  Elmira  and  Wil- 
liamsport,  9  miles  from  Elmira. 

ST.VfE  LINE,  a  post-office  of  Heard  co.,  Georgia. 

STATE  LINE,  a  station  on  the  East  Tennessee  and  Geor- 
gia Railraad,  15  miles  from  Dalton. 

STATE  LINE,  a  station  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
62  miles  from  Mobile. 

STATHXINE,  a  post-office  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio. 

S'TATE  LINE,  a  post-office  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin. 

STAT'EN  ISLAND,  in  New  York  Bay,  5  or  6  miles  S.W. 
from  the  city,  is  separated  from  New  Jersey  by  Staten  Island 
Sound,  and  from  Long  Island  by  the  Narrows.  It  is  about  14 
miles  long,  and  from  4  to  8  miles  wide,  constitutes  the 
county  of  Richmond,  and  forms  the  .southern  extremity  of 
the  state.  (See  Richmond  County,  New  lork.)  The  north- 
ern portion  of  it,  denominated  Richmond  Hill,  rises  from 
either  shore  into  a  beautifully  rounded  elevation.  307  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  this  is  occupied  with  many 
splendid  mansions,  and  surrounded  with  the  most  enchant- 
ing scenery.  A  marine  telegraph  has  been  erected  on  a  hill, 
near  the  Narrows.  On  a  bluff,  the  E.  side  of  the  island.  10 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Sandy  Hook,  stands  the  Prince's  Bay 
Light-house,  exhibiting  a  fixed  light,  having  11  lamps  30 
feet  from  its  base,  and  107  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Steam  ferries  connect  Staten  Island  with  New  York,  and 
boats  from  Newark  touch  at  different  landings  on  the  N. 
side. 

STATEN  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands,  Pacific 
Ocean.     See  Itooroop. 

STATEN  (stat/fn  or  stah'ten)  ISLAND,  an  island  of  Terra 
del  Fuego,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  South  America,  separated 
by  Le  Maire  Strait  from  King  Charle.s'  South  Land.  Length, 
45  miles.  Surface  steep,  and  shores  very  much  indented. 
At  its  E.  extremity  is  Cape  St.  John,  in  lat.  54°  42'  8"  S., 
and  Ion.  6:3°  43'  5"  W. 

STATE  RIGHTS,  a  postofflce  of  Oglethorp  CO.,  Georgia, 
about  60  miles  N.  of  Milltdgeville. 

STATE  ROAD,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co.,  Nevr  York. 

STATE  ROAD,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

STATE  ROAD,  a  post-office  of  Surrey  co..  North  Carolina. 

STATE  RUN.  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STATES/BOROUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bullock  co., 
Georgia,  63  miles  N.W.  from  Savannah.  The  village  con- 
tains a  court-house,  jail,  and  2  stores. 

STATES'BURG.  a  postrvillage  of  Sumter  district.  South 
Carolina,  about  35  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbia. 

STATES' villi;,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Iredell  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Western  Turnpike,  27  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Salisbury,  and  145  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

STATESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wilson  co.,  Tennessee, 
17  miles  S.E.  of  Lebanon,  has  a  few  stores.     Pop.  about  500. 

STAT'FOLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

STATH'ERN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

STATI  UNITI.    See  United  States. 

STA'TION,  a  post-office  of  Thomas  co".,  Georgia. 

STAUBBACH,  stdwl/l^ilK,  ("dust-stream,")  a  magnificent 
waterfall  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  in  the  Oberland,  1 
mile  S.  of  Ijauterbrunnen.  It  streams  over  the  top  of  a  rock, 
and  after  falling  for  800  or  900  feet,  is  dispersed  by  the  wind 
before  reaching  the  bottom  of  the  valley,  so  as  to  resemble  a 
vast  horse-tail ;  the  most  of  water  being  divided  into  minute 
particles,  (watery  dust,)  whence  the  name.  It  is  described 
in  Byron's  "Manfred." 

STAUFEN,  stow'fen,  a  town  of  Baden.  10  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Freiburg.  Pop.  1623.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  old  castle 
of  Staufen. 

STAUGHTON,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunt- 
ingdon. 

STiVUGHTON,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Bedford. 

STAUNTON,  stin't9n  or  stin'tgn,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Notts. 

STAUNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

STAUNTON,  stjn'ton,  a  river  in  the  S.  part  of  Virginia, 
rises  in  Montgomery  county,  among  the  Alleghany  Jtoun- 
tains:  flowing  eastward  and  south-eastward,  it  passes 
through  the  Blue  Ridge,  falling  nearly  1000  feet  in  a  dis- 
tance of  20  miles.  After  a  very  rapid  and  tortuous  course 
of  about  200  miles,  it  unites  with  Dan  River,  at  Clarksville, 
Mecklenburg  county,  forming  the  Roanoke,  which  name  is 
sometimes  applied  to  the  whole  stream.  See  Roanoke  River. 

STAUNTON,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Augusta  co., 
Virginia,  is  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Shenandoah 
River,  near  its  source,  and  on  th*>  Central  Railroad  of  Vjr- 

1836 


STA 


STE 


fints.  120  mtles  W.N.W.  from  Richmond.  The  Central 
Railroad,  which  is  nearly  completed  from  Richmond  to 
Staunton,  and  will  be  extended  to  the  Ohio  River,  will 
loubtless  bring  large  accession.s  to  the  trade  and  population 
Df  thU  place.  Staunton  is  the  seat  of  the  Western  Lunatic 
Asylum,  and  of  the  Virginia  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  and  Blind.  The  blind  are  in  the  same  building  with 
the  deaf  and  dumb,  but  under  a  separate  instructor.  The 
Lunatic  Asylum  was  established  here  in  182S,  and  has  377 
patients.  The  town  contains  4  or  5  churches,  2  academies, 
2  female  seminaries,  and  2  banks.  Three  newspapers  are 
published  here.  The  surrounding  country  is  highly  pro- 
ductive, and  beautifully  diversified,  forming  part  of  the 
great  Valley  of  Virginia.  In  the  limestone  formation  of  this 
region,  extensive  caverns  occur,  among  which  the  most  re- 
markable is  Wever's  Cave,  about  18  miles  N'.E.  of  Staunton. 
Pop.  in  1860,  3S76. 

STAUNTON',  a  post-village,  Granville  co.,  North  Carolina. 

STACNTON,  Ohio.    See  Ripley. 

STAUNTON',  a  post-villiige  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio,  near  Sugar 
Creek.  42  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus.     Laid  out  in  1S51. 

STAUNTON,  a  township  of  -Miami  co..  Ohio.    Pop  1368. 

STAUNTON,  a  post-township  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  102. 

STAUNTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Macoupin  CO.,  Illinois,  26 
miles  from  the  Mississippi  River,  at  Alton. 

ST.A.UNTON,  a  post-office  of  Clav  co.,  Indiana, 

STAUNTON  HAIVROLD,  a  township  of  England,  co,  of 
Leicester,  Sj  miles  N.N.E,  of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch.  Staunton 
Hall  is  a  noble  edifice. 

STAUNTON'S  PRECINCT,  a  post-office  of  Buckingham 
CO.,  Virginia. 

STAUNTON-os-WYE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  Hereford, 

STAV.ANGER,  stl-vjng'gher.  a  seaport  town  of  Norway, 
stifto  Christiansand,  capital  of  an  amt,  on  the  Bukke-fiord, 
an  inlet  of  the  N.  Sea,  100  miles  S.  of  Bergen.  Lat.  58°  58' 
N'..  Ion.  5°  56'  E.  Pop.  4150.  It  has  an  export  trade  in  timber. 

STAVEHAGEN.    See  Stavenh.igen. 

STAVELE.  sti'vA-leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  30  miies  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1193. 

STAVE'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  with  a 
station  on  the  Midland  Counties  Railwaj-,  4  miles  N.E.  of 
Chesterfield. 

STAVELEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

ST.WELEY,  OVER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Westr 
moreland,  parish  of  Kirkby-Kendal.  on  the  Kendal  and 
Windermere  Railroad,  6  miles  N.N.W,  of  Kendal. 

STAVELOT,  sti'vfh-lot,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and 
24  miles  S.E.  of  Liege,     Pop.  3200. 

STAVENH.\.GEN,  stI'vgn-hlVhen,  or  STAVEHAGEN, 
«ti'veh-hi*ghen,  a  town  of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  29 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Gtistrow.     Pop.  1219. 

ST.WENISSE,  sti'vi-nis'seh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlandsi, 
province  of  Zealand,  on  the  N.W.  point  of  the  i^^land  of  Tho 
•en,  about  33  miles  S.W.  of  Rotterdam.     I'op.  1257. 

STA V'ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Devon.  It  has 
extensive  slate  quarries. 

STAVERTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucestar, 

STAVERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

STAVOREN,  std'vo-ren.  a  decayed  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Friesland,  on  the  Zuyder-Zee,  13  miles  N. 
of  Enkhuysen.     Pop.  532. 

STAVROPOL  or  STAWROPOL,  .stlv-ro/pol.  a  town  of  the 
Russian  Empire,  Cauca.sus.  in  a  fertile  countrv.  on  the 
TachLi,  59  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alexandrov.  Lat.  44°  43'  N., 
Ion.  41°  38'  E.  Pop.  7OOO.  It  is  well  built,  strongly  forti- 
fied, and  has  manufactures  of  soap  and  le.ather.  The  go- 
vernment or  province  of  Caucasus,  exclurive  of  the  Tcher- 
nomorski  Co.ssacks,  has,  since  1847,  been  named  the  govern- 
ment of  Stavropol. 

STAVROPOL  or  STAWROPOL,  a  town  of  the  Russian 
Empire,  government,  and  65  miles  S.S.E.  of  Simbeersk,  on 
the  Volga.    Pop.  3400. 

ST.4.VR0S,  stlv'ros',  (anc.  Starri/ra.)  a  village  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Macedonia,  on  the  (Julf  of  Contessa,  38  miles  E. 
of  Salonica.     It  was  the  birthplace  of  Aristotle. 

STAWISKI,  sti-vlsTcee,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  39 
miles  S.W.  of  Augustowo.     Pop.  1200. 

STAW-'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Somerset, 

ST.\WR0P0L,  two  towns  of  Hussia.     See  SrAvnopot. 

STAZZEMA,  sta^s,4'mi.  I'L.  Stuthiemaf)  a  village  of  Tus- 
cany. 19  miles  N.N.W.  of  Pisa.     Pop.  10.39. 

STKADY  (st^'d'ee)  RUN.  a  post-village  in  Keokuk  00.,  Iowa, 
45  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

STE.AM  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Muscogee  CO..  Georgia. 

STEAM  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STE.AM  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Georgia. 

STKAM  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana. 

STEAM'PORT.  a  p^ist-villase  of  Hendei-son  co..  Kentucky, 
on  Green  River,  aVout  20  miles  S,E.  of  Henderson.  It  has 
2  »wireg.  and  1  tobacco  factory. 

STK.A.V.  gteen.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

PTE.\RNSVILLE.  Ptfrnz'vil,  a  manufacturing  village  in 
Pittsfield  township,  Berkshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  about  115 
miles  W.  of  Boston. 
1836 


STEB'BTNG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STECK'BORN,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurgan, 
on  the  Untersee,  8  miles  W.  of  Constance.     Pop.  2205. 

STEDE,  steed,  or  STIDD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster.  1  mile  N.  of  Ribchester,  having  a  decayed  chapel 
formerlv  belonging  to  the  Templars. 

STED''HAM.  a  parish  of  Ent'land.  co.  of  Sussex. 

STEED'MAN'S,  a  post-office  of  Lexington  district.  South 
Carolina. 

STEEL  CREEK,  a  postKifflce  of  Mecklenburg  co..  North 
Carolina. 

STEELE,  stileh,  or  STEYLE,  stPlfh,  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  on  the  railw.ij-,  21  miles  N,E.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop. 
2350.     Coal  is  rai.sed  in  its  vicinity. 

STEEL  K.  steel,  a  township  in  Daviess  CO..  Indiana.  P.  906. 

STEELE'S,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

STEELE'S,  a  post-office  of  Ru.sh  co.,  Indiana. 

STEELE'S  LAND'ING,  a  post-office.  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan. 

STEELE'S  .MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  CO.,  Illinois. 

STEKL'S  TAV/ERN.  a  post-office  of  Augusta  CO.,  Virginia, 
]v8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

STEELS'A'ILLE,  a  vill.-ige  of  Ottawa  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Grand  River,  75  miles  W  N.W.  of  Lansing.  Produce  is 
shipped  here  in  steamboats. 

SlEELSVILIiE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Crawford  co., 
Missouri,  near  the  Maraniec  River,  90  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 
It  has  a  largo  academy,  and  5  or  6  stores. 

STEELVl  LLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Octorara  Creek.  tO  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Westchester. 

STEENBERGE.V,  stain'b^RO-fn,  a  walled  town  of  the  Ne- 
therlands, province  of  North  Brabant,  20  miles  W,  of  Breda. 
Pop,  1700.' 

STEENHUFFEL,  stainTihrfel.  a  village  cf  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  on  the  Steenhuffelsche-Beek,  12  miles 
N,N.V>'.  of  Brussels,     Pop.  1097, 

STEENHUYZE  WYNHUYZE,  stain'hoiV.eh  winOioi'zeh. 
a  village  of  ISelsrium.  province  of  East  Flanders,  18  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Ghent."  Pop.  2000. 

STEKNKERKE,stain'k^Rk'eh,or  STEENKERQUE,  stain- 
kaiuk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  H.Hiiiaut.  15  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Mons.  The  .\llies.  commanded  by  William  III.  of 
England,  were  here  defeated  by  the  French  Julv  24,  1692, 

STEEXOCKERZEEL  HUMKLGHEM,  stA'nok-ker-zaiP 
hii'mel-gh^m\  a  village  of  Beliiium,  province  of  Brabant,  9 
miles  N,E.  of  Brussels,     Pop.  1606. 

STEEN'S  CKERK,  a  post-office  of  Rankin  co.,  Missis.sippl. 

STEENVOOUDE  or  STEENWOORDE.  stiiin'vOad',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Nord,  6milesN.N.E.  of  Ilazebrouck, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.     Pop.  in  18.52.  3966. 

STEENWERCK,  stain'*  Jrk.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord.  7  miles  N.  of  Hazebrouek,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected bv  railway.     Pop.  in  1852,  4800. 

STEENWYK  or  STEENWIJK,  stain'wik,  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Overyssel,  9  miles  N,E,  of  Blokzvl, 
Pop.  32S6. 

STEENWYKERWOLDE,  st.iin-«T'ker-'ftardeh.  a  village 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Overyssel,  3  miles  W.  of 
Steenwvk.     Pop.  1369. 

STEEP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

STEEP  BOTrrOM,  a  post-office  of  Beaufort  district,  South 
Carolina, 

STEEP  CREEK,  a  po.st-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Alabama. 

STEEPE'S  F.\LLS,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Cum- 
berland CO.,  Maine,  on  Saco  River,  about  22  miles  N.W.  of 
Portland.     It  contains  a  church,  and  3  stores.     Pop.  2.50. 

STEEP-HOLMES  ISLAND,  a  rocky  island  in  the  Bristol 
Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Severn.  10  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Cardiff.     Circumference,  about  H  miles. 

STEE'PING.  Gre.vt.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STEEPING,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STEE'l'LE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Dorset. 

STEEPLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STEER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

STEETTON,  a  township  of  England,  co,  of  York,"  West 
Riding,  on  the  Midland  Counties  Railwav. 

STEFFISBURG.  st^Pfis-WORfi'.  a  town  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  15  miles  S.S,E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  4595. 

STEGE.  stA'gheh,  a  town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the 
island  of  Moen,  on  its  W.  coast,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Pra'stiie. 
Pop.  1.«00. 

STKtiEN.  stA/ghgn,  an  island  and  village  of  Norwav.  pro- 
vince of  Nordland.    Lut.  6'>o  N..  Ion.  14°  30'  E.     Pop.  1700. 

STEIERMARK  or  .«TEYERMARK.     See  Sttru. 

STEILACOOM,  stTla-koom',  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Pierce  CO.,  Washington  Territory,  on  Puget  Sound.  14  miles 
N.E.  of  the  mouth  of  Nesqually  River,  about  120  miles  .\.E. 
of  Pacific  City.  The  inh.ibitants  are  chiefly  occupie<l  in 
fishing  and  the  lumber  busine-^s. 

STEIN,  stine.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  ol 
Limburg,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  1240. 

STEI.S".  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canlon,  and 
S.  of  Appenzell.     Pop.  1583. 

STEIN  or  KAMNIG.  kjm'nia,  a  town  of  Austria.  !u 
Illyria,  14  miles  N,  of  Lay  bach,  on  the  Feislritz,    Pop.  lI4Cli 


STE 

STEIN,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  11  mfles  E.S.E. 
Jf  Schiff  hausen,  on  the  rigbt  bank  of  the  Ithiiie.  Hop.  1270. 
It  has  an  ancient  abbey,  aud  near  it  is  the  ruined  castle  of 
Hohenkliageu. 

STEIX,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Danube, 
opposite  .Mautern,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge 
1000  feet  in  leiiirth,  38  miles  W.X.W.  of  Vienna.  Pop.  1700. 
It  has  manufactures  of  mustard  and  vinegar,  and  an  active 
trade. 

STEIVACII,  stI'ndK,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  circle 
of  Middle  Khine.  on  the  Kiu/.ig  Kiver,  and  on  the  railway 
from  Mannheim  to  Freiburg,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Biberach.  Pop. 
1400. 

STEINACn,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Meiningen,  on 
the  Steinach,  an  affluent  of  the  Kodach,  4  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Sonnenberg.     Pop.  2211. 

STEINACH,  Neckar,  nJk'kar  sti'ndK,  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Ilesse-Darrastadt.  province  of  Starkenburg,  on  the 
Neckar,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mannheim.     Pop.  1200. 

STKIN-AM-AXGER,  stine  dm  Ing/gr,  (Hmti.  Szombat?u;ly, 
gom'bOhHJI.)  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  on 
the  Giins,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  GUns.  Pop.  3S4S.  It  is  the 
nee  of  a  bishop,  and  has  an  episcopal  palace  and  a  cathedral. 
It  occupies  a  part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sabaria,  which, 
under  Claudius,  was  named  Chudca  August.\. 

STEINAU,  sti'niiw,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussian  Si- 
lesia, 34  miles  \.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Oder.     Pop.  2700. 

STEINAU,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Iles-iie-Cassel,  province, 
»nd  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hanau,  on  the  Kinzig.     Pop.  2734. 

STEINAU,  a  market-town  of  Germ.any,  in  Prussian  Si- 
lesia, 24  miles  S.W.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  lOoO. 

STEINBACII,  stIne'bdK,  a  small  town,  of  Germany,  in 
Baden,  2  miles  N.E.  of  Buhl,  on  the  Mannheim  and  Basel 
(Bale)  Railway.     Pop.  1882. 

STEINBACII,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in  Ilesse-Cassel, 
province  of  Fulda,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Schmalkalden.  Pop. 
2666,  mostly  employed  in  irOQ-forges  and  wire-works. 

STEINBACII,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Meinin- 
gen. E.  of  Sehweina.     Pop.  1428. 

STEINBERG  EN,  a  post-ofRce,  San  Francisco  c.o.,  California. 

STEIN'BURG,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STEINEN,  stl'njn,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and 
3  miles  N.W.  of  Sohwytz.     Pop.  1411. 

STEI'NERSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Belmont  eo.,  Ohio. 

STBINFELD.  stine'fSIt,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Lower  Franconia,  near  Rothenfels.     Pop.  1044. 

STEINFURT,  stine/fuoRt,  or  BURGSTEINFURT,  bdSRG- 
Btine'fooRt.  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  18  miles  N.W. 
of  MUnster.  on  the  Aa.     Pop.  2606. 

STEINH  EIM,  stine'hime,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Prussian 
Westphiilia,  -30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Minden.     Pop.  2082. 

STEINHEIM  or  GROSS  ST  KIN H EIM,  gi-oce  .stine'hime, 
a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Stiirk- 
enburg.  on  the  Main.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Darmstadt.  Pop.  1060. 

STEINHEIM  or  STEINHEIM-AM-AALBUCK,  stlne'- 
liTme  2m  Jl'^'Ook.  a  market-town  of  WUrtemberg,  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Heidenheim.     Pop.  158."). 

STEINHEIM,  a  vilLige  of  Germany,  in  WUrtemberg,  2 
miles  N.E.  of  Marbach.    Pop.  1715. 

STEINHUDE.  (stJ u'hoo  dgh,)  LAKE  OF.  {Qar.Steinhuder- 
Mixr,  stin'hoo'der  maiR.)  a  lake  of  North  Germany,  be- 
tween Hanover  and  the  principality  of  Lippe-Schaumburg, 
17  miles  N.W.  of  Hanover.  Length,  5  miles;  breadth,  3 
miles.  It  has  valuable  fisheries ;  in  it  is  an  island,  with  the 
fortress  of  Wilhelmstein,  belonging  to  Lippe,  and  also  the 
Till.ige  of  Steinhude.     Pop.  1235. 

STEINITZ,  sti'nits,  writt<?n  also  STANITZand  ZDONICE, 
*  market-town  of  Moravia,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brunn,  with 
a  castle  and  1840  inhabitants. 

STEINMAUERN,  stin'mOw^n^  a  village  of  Baden,  at 
the  contiuence  of  the  Murg  and  Rhine,  3  miles  N.  of  Rastadt. 
Pop.  1427. 

STEIN  SCIIONAU.  stine  shiVnOw,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
N.E.  of  Leitmeritz.    Pop.  2228. 

STEINSEIFEN,  stin'si'fen,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
eovernment,  and  S.S.W.  of'Lio?nitz.  P.  1125. 

STEINSEIFERSDORF,  stin'srfers-doRf\  a  village  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Silesia,  government,  and  S.W.  of  Bre.sUiu. 
Pop.  1276.  .     .     ^^ 

STEINWEILER,  stin'ftrier,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  the 
Palatinate,  ne.ar  Kandel.     Pop.  18-31.  ■ 

STEINWIESEN,  stin'*ee'-zfn,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in 
Upper  Franconia.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rodach.     P.  1125. 

STEIS3LINGEN,  stislingen,  a  village  of  Baden,  Lakecir- 
^e.  N.W.  of  Con.stance.     Pop.  1027. 

STEKBORN,  st^k'boRn,  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Thurgau,  ou  the  tfntersee,  8  miles  W.  of  Constance. 
Pop.  190U.  ,  „  ,  . 

STEKENE,  stA^k.i-neh,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders',  18  miles  N.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  40()0. 

STEiyL-\.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  parish 
of  Ryton,  on  the  Tyne,  which  is  here  navigable.  5  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Gateshead.  Stella  Hall  is  a  handsome  building 
of  the  sixteenth  century. 

STELLA,  stelld,  a  river  of  North  Italy,  enters  the  Adri- 


STE 

atic  near  its  he.id.  after  a  S.  conrse  of  35  miles.  It  is  navi- 
gable from  Palazzolo  to  the  sea. 

STJilLL.A.  st^l'ld.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divLsinu 
of  Genoa.     Pop.  3400. 

STELLANELLO,  st?l-ld-nJno,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa.     Pop.  1741. 

STELLENBOSCH.  st  J11en-bosk\  a  division  of  Cape  Colony, 
South  Africa,  having  E.  the  divisions  of  Worcester  and  Swel- 
lendam,  S.  the  ocean,  and  W.  the  Cape  division.  Area,  2280 
squivre  miles.    Pop.  17.130. 

STELLENBOSCH,  the  capital  town  of  a  division  of  its 
own  name,  of  Cape  Colony,  25  miles  E.  of  Cape  Town,  hai 
2400  inhabitants,  a  neat  church,  free  and  Wesleyan  schools, 
an  agricultural  society,  and  savings'  bank. 

STEI/LINQ.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STELVIO,  (stSl've-o,)  Pa.ss  of,  (Ger.  SlHpe.rjoch.  stilf'sgr- 
yoK\)  Tyrol,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  Yaltellina,  leads  from  Bor- 
mio  to  Glurns.  It  was  opened  in  1824,  and  is  the  loftiest 
carriage  route  in  Europe,  its  summit  being  9100  feet  above 
the  sea. 

STEM'BERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

STENAY,  stfh-nA/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meuse,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montmfedy,  on  the  Meuse.  Pop. 
in  1S52,  3.390. 

STEND.iL,  stSn'd3l,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
on  the  Uchte,  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Magdeburg,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  railw.ay.  Pop.  6780.  It  has  ni.aiiufiicturen 
of  woollen  and  cotton  stuffs,  gloves,  tobacco,  and  leather, 
with  a  brisk  trade  in  linen  fabrics. 

STEN'IGOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STEN'NESS'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  comprising  a 
part  of  the  Mainland  of  Orkney.  The  "  Standing  stones  of 
Stenness"  form  a  remarkable  Druidic  monument. 

STENNESS,  an  i.sle  and  a  holm  on  the  coast  of  the  parish 
of  Northmaven,  Shetland. 

STENSZEWO  or  STENSCHEVO,  stin-shil'vo,  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1165. 

STEXTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington. 

STEPAN,  sti-pin',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Tol- 
hynia,  35  miles  N.  of  Rowno,  on  the  Gorin.     Pop.  3100. 

STEPENITZ,  stJp'nits,  Gross,  groce.  and  Klei.v,  kllne,  a 
town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pomerania.  8  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Stettin.     Pop.  1843. 

STEPHENKIRK.    See  Stoneykirk. 

STEPHENSBURG,  stee'vens-bftrg,  a  post-village  of  Har- 
din CO..  Kentucky,  about  90  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

STEPHENS'  CHAPEL,  a  post-office  of  Bledsoe  co..  Ten- 

tl65>S66, 

STEPHEN'S  (stee'vens)  CREEK,  a  village  of  Atlantic  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  a  small  creek  of  its  own  name,  about  5  mileM 
S.  of  M.av's  Landinsr.  has  1  church. 

STEPHEN'S  5IILLS,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

STE'PHENSON,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Illinois, 
bordering  on  Wisconsin,  has  an  area  of  550  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Pekatonica  River,  and  also  drained  by 
Yellow  and  Richland  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  the  soil  is  excellent.  Lead  is  found  in  the  W.  part.  The 
Central  Railroad  joins  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad  at 
Freeport.  the  county  seat.  Named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Benja- 
min Stephenson,  one  of  the  early  delegates  from  Illinois  Ter- 
ritory to  Congress.     Pop.  25,112. 

STEPHENSON'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  eo., 
Virginia.  _  „„„ 

STEPHENS'  POINT,  usually  written  STEVENS  I>OI^T, 
a  thriving  post-village  of  Portage  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  tlie 
Wisconsin  River,  about  130  miles  N.  of  Madison,  aud  5  milw 
above  Plover.  The  surrounding  country  abounds  in  pines, 
and  the  lumber  business  is  carried  on  here  extensively.  The 
river  affords  extensive  water-power.  The  village  coijtaing 
4  churches,  1  bank,  18  stores,  4  hotels,  3  mills,  1  mannrao- 
tory  of  sashes,  2  of  wagons,  and  2  of  harness.  One  or  2 
newspapers  are  published  here.     Pop.  15.33. 

STE'PHENSPORT.  a  post-village  of  Breckenridge  CO.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Ohio,  110  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort. 

STE'PHENSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Wilkin.son  co.,  Geonxia. 

STty  PUENTOWN.  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extra 
mity  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York.     Pop.  2311. 

STEI^INGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

STEPNAIA  or  STEPNAJA.  st^p-nT'S.  a  fort  of  Russia, 
government  of  Orenboorg.  circle,  and  54  miles  E.N.E.  of 
VerkhneeOoraisI  ,  (Verkhnii  I  lalsk.)  on  the  Ooi.  Pop.  1'KM). 
It  is  mostly  built  of  wood,  and  has  a  church  and  official 
residences. 

STEP'NEY.  a  parish  and  E.  suburb  of  the  British  metro- 
polis, CO.  of  Middlesex,  included  in  the  borough  of  Towei 
Hamlets,  2i  miles  E.  of  St.  Paul's.  London.  Pop.  in  1851, 
80.218.  It  contains  .several  churches,  a  grammar  .sohofil.  nu- 
merous charitable  establi.ahment.';.  the  London  Hospital, 
Jews'  Hospital,  the  Thames  police  station,  and  a  station  on 
the  London  and  BlackwaU  Railway,  besides  which  a  branch 
communicating  with  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway  inter- 
sects the  parish. 

STEI"NEY.  a  post-vill.age  of  Fairfield  co..  Connecticut  on 
the  Housatouic  Railroad,  about  20  miles  W.  of  New  Haveu. 

1837 


STE 


STE 


STEPXEV  DEPOT,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Fairfield 
M..  Connerticut,  on  the  Ilousatonic  Railroad,  10  miles  from 
i'ridueport. 

?TKK/LING,  a  township  of  Lamoille  CO.,  Vermont,  about 
2/)  "niles  N.W.  of  Mout|)eIier. 

SfKKLIXG.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Jiassachusetts,  ou  the  Fitohburg  and  Worcester  Railroad,  at 
its  junction  with  the  Worcester  and  Nashua  Railroad,  40 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  chairs 
■nd  cabinet-ware.     Pop.  1881. 

STERLING,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windham  co.. 
Connecticut,  on  the  Providence,  Hartfoixl,  and  Fishkill  Rail- 
read,  46  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hartford.  It  has  manufactures 
ol  printed  good.s.     Pop.  1051. 

KTERLING.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cayuga  co., 
New  York,  on  Little  Sodus  Creek,  30  miles  N.  of  Auburn. 
Pop.  3008. 

STERLING,  a  post^township  forming  the  S.  extremity  of 
Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1302. 

STEKLING,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Georgia. 

STERLING,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  CO.,  Arkansas. 

STERLING,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1209. 

STERLING,  a  township  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan.  P.  1082. 

STERLING,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  Vl-ii. 

STERLING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Whitesides  co.,  Uli- 
nt.is,  is  beautifuUj'  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Rock  lliver, 
110  miles  by  railroad  W.  of  Chicago.  It  has  7  churches,  1 
bank,  1  newspaper  office,  &c.    See  Appendix. 

STERLING,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa. 

STKl'.LING  BOT'TOM.  a postoffice  of  Mei^s  co.,  Ohio. 

STEULING  BUSH,  a  postoffice  of  Lewis  co..  New  York. 

STEHLING  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

STERLING  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

STER'LINGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  JeSerson  co.,  New 
York.  155  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

STEItLINGVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

STKRLITAMAK,  st^R-le-tl-mlk',  or  STERLITAMASK, 
st^R-le-ti-m2sk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Orenboorg, 
at  the  confluence  of  two  affluents  of  the  Belaia,  72  miles  S.  of 
Oofa.    Pop.  3500. 

STERMIZZA,  st^R/mit-sd,  a  village  of  Dalmatia,  district, 
and  18  miles  from  'Knin.     Pop.  1094. 

STKRNAZIA,  stir-ndd'ze-d,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto,  S.S.E.  of  Lecce.    Pop.  1230. 

STERN'BERG,  (Ger.  pron.  stjRn'bluG,)  a  town  of  Ger- 
many, in  Moravia^  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Olmutz.  Pop.  8006, 
who  manufacture  woollen  and  linen  fabrics  and  hosiery. 

STERNBERG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg- 
Bchwerin,  29  miles  S.W.  of  Rostock.    Pop.  1900. 

STERNBERG,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 24  niiles  E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1423. 

STERNBERG  BOHMISCH,  (bo'mish.)  a  market-town  of 
Bohemia,  16  miles  S.  of  Kaurzim.     Pop.  525. 

STERNENBURG,  st^R'ngn-b<5oRo\  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zurich.  Pop.  1423. 

STERN'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STERREBEEK,  st^R/RA-bAk\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
Tince  of  Brabant,  6  miles  E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1041. 

STERRETTA'NIA,  a  post-offio«  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STER/RETT'S  GAP,  a  smaU  post-village  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

STERT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

STERZING,  st^Rt/sing,  or  ST(  iRZING,  stiiRt/sing,  a  town  of 
the  Tyrol,  on  the  Eisach,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Brixen.     P.  1300. 

STETCH'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

STET'SON,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  56 
miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged 
In  the  lumber  business.    Pop.  913. 

STETTEN-ijNTERM-HEUCHELBERG,  st?t/tfn  Mn'tjrm 
hoi'Kgl-beRO\  a  market-town  of  Wiirtemljerg,  3  miles  N.W. 
of  Brackenheim.     Pop.  1000. 

STETTEN-AM-KALTEN  MARKET,  stJt  tf n  im  kdl'tgn 
maR'kgt,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  Lake  circle,  about  6  miles 
N.W.  of  Sigmaringen.    Pop.  1017. 

STETTEN-IM-REMSTUALE,  stiffen  im  rJm.'i'tiMgh,  a 
market-town  of  Wurtemberg,  on  an  .affluent  of  the  Rems,  7 
miles  E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  1955.  It  has  a  royal  re.sidence, 
and  vineyards. 

STETTIN,  st^t-teen',  a  strongly-fortified  town,  and,  next 
to  Dantzic,  the  chief  port  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Pomerania,  on  the  W.  or  left  bank  of  the 
Oder,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Stettiner-haff,  79  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Berlin,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Lat.  53°  25' 
1"  N.,  Ion.  14°  34'  E.  It  communicates  with  a  suburb  across 
the  river  by  two  wooden  bridges,  and  has  a  royal  fortress, 
govet  nment-house,  mint,  exchange,  arsenal,  theatre,  large 
warehouses,  5  Lutheran  churches,  a  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
a  gy  snasium,  observatory,  school  of  navigation,  numerous 
otliw  sfhools.  and  liter.ary  associations.  A  statite  of  Frede- 
rloV  the  Great  ornaments  the  royal  square.  Anchors  for 
tin  Thole  i'russiau  navy  are  forged,  and  here  are  also  ship- 
1838  ^ 


building  docks,  sugar-refineries,  distilleries,  beer  breweries, 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  f:ibrii\s,  hosiery,  sail- 
cloth, tobacco,  soap,  and  paper.  Vessels  drawing  less  than  8 
feet  of  water  come  up  to  its  quays;  others  load  and  unload 
at  SwinemUnde.  The  following  table  exhibits  the  arrivals 
and  departures  of  vessels,  (exclusive  of  steamers,)  with  their 
tonnage,  at  Swinemtinde,  the  port  of  Stettin,  in  the  years 
1848-52:— 


18+8. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 
1852. 


1190 
1239 
1531 
1722 
1665 


190.665 
217.531 
254,467 


Departed. 


1099 
10K3 
la<i3 


Tons. 


190,337 
197,3S8 
275,854 
258,522 
390,586 


The  value  of  the  imports  in  1849  was  $8,286,000;  of  the 
exports,  $3,455,000.  The  principal  articles  of  import  were 
iron  and  copper,  dye-woods,  herrings,  salt,  coal,  train  and 
other  oils,  sugar,  coffee,  and  other  colonial  produce.  The 
principal  exports  were  gi-aip,  wood,  oilcake,  zinc,  and  brandy. 
A  large  annual  fair  for  wool  is  held  here  in  ilune.  Two  em- 
presses of  Russia,  Catherine  the  Great  and  Maria  Feodo- 
rownna,  wife  of  the  Emperor  Paul,  and  mother  of  the  Em- 
peror Nicholas,  were  born  here.  Stettin  is  a  place  of  great 
antiquity.  It  origin.ally  belonged  to  the  Sidiui,  a  heathen 
tribe.  In  1121,  Boleslas,  Duke  of  Poland,  gained  possession, 
and  introduced  Christianity.  The  peace  of  Westphalia  gave 
it  to  the  Swedes.  From  them  it  passed  to  the  Prussians, 
with  whom,  though  not  without  some  interruptions,  it  has 
since  remained.  'In  1171  it  was  besieged  by  the  Danes;  in 
1677  by  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg;  in  1713  by  the  Rus- 
sians; and  from  1S06  to  1813  it  was  occupied  by  the  Frei-ch. 
Pop.  in  1816,  25.091 ;  in  1S61,  58,487. 

STETTINER-HAFF,  stSt-tee/ngr  biff,  Germany,  an  en- 
largement of  the  Oder,  immediately  N.  of  Stetten,  having  an 
area  of  nearly  200  square  miles :  depth,  from  12  to  IS  feet. 
It  receives  the  river  Ucker  at  Uckermiiude,  and  it  commu- 
nicates with  "the  Baltic  Sea  by  three  outlets,  the  Peene, 
Swiene,  and  Delveuow. 

STETTIN,  NEU,  noi  stft-teen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Pomerania,  49  miles  S.S.E.  of  Co.slin.     Pop.  4154. 

STEUBEN,  stu'ben  or  stu-ben',*a  county  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  New  York,  bordering  on  Pennsj'lvania,  has  an  area  ol 
about  1500  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Crooked  Lake  and  Seneca  Lake,  and  is  drained  by  the  Con- 
hocton,  Canisteo,  Tioga,  and  Chemung  Rivers,  and  other 
smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant  water-power.  The 
surface  is  broken  and  hilly.  The  alluvial  flats  along  the 
rivers  are  very  fertile,  and  the  soil  on  the  uplands  generally 
of  a  good  quality.  Bog-iron  ore,  alum,  and  building  stone 
are  the  principal  minerals.  The  Conhocton  and  Canisteo 
Rivers,  branches  of  the  Chemung  River,  are  navigable  for 
boats  respectively  to  Bath  and  Ilornellsville.  The  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad  traverses  this  county,  which  is  also  partly 
intersected  by  the  railroads  connecting  Corning  with  Bloss- 
bure,  Pennsvlvauia,  Canandaigua  with  Elmira,  and  Corning 
with  Buttalo.     Capital,  Bath.     Pop.  66,690. 

STEUBEN,  a  county  occupying  the  N.E.  corner  of  Indi- 
ana, bordering  on  Ohio  and  Michigan,  contains  314  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Pigeon  and  St.  Joseph's  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  woodlands  and  prairies ;  the  soil 
is  mostly  fertile.  Organized  in  1837.  Capital,  Angola. 
Pop.  10,374. 

STEUBEN,  a  post-township  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Maine,  110 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1191. 

STEUBEN,  a  post-township  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  18 
miles  N.  of  Utica.    Pop.  1541. 

STEUBEN,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STEUBEN,  a  postrvillage  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  about  30 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Sandusky  City. 

STEUBEN,  a  towni^hip  of  Steuben  CO..  Indiana.  Pop.  1076. 

STEUBEN,  a  township  of  Warren  co.  Indiana.    Pop.  969. 

STEUBEN,  a  post-township,  Marshall  co.,  Illinois.  P.  1033. 

STEUBENVILLE,  stn'ben-vil,  a  flourishing  post-town  and 
river  port,  capital  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River, 
22  miles  above  Wheeling,  W.  Virginia,  35  mile^  in  a  direct  line 
W.  by  S.  of  Pittsburg,  and  141  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 
The  course  of  the  Ohio  is  here  nearly  due  S..  and  the  width 
about  one-third  of  a  mile.  The  town  stands  on  an  elevated 
plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  country.  Steuben- 
ville  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade,  and  is  the  seat  of 
flourishing  manufactures  of  various  kinds.  The  latter  are 
supplied  with  fuel  from  the  inexhaustible  mines  of  coal  in 
the  vicinity.  The  town  contains,  besides  the  county  build- 
ings, about  12  churches,  2  banks,  an  academy  for  boys,  and 
a  lemale  seminary,  which  is  highly  flourishing,  and  has  a 

*  This  name  appears  now  to  be  universally  accented  on  the  ls3t 
syllable  in  Western  New  York,  and  is  often  thus  iironouuceU  in 
other  parts  of  tlie  United  States  ;  but  the  original  German  uniui>. 
Baron  Stcabat,  should  undoubtedly  have  the  acoeuton  the  penul- 
timate. 


STE 


STI 


wiJely  extended  reputation.  This  establishment,  which 
cost  $10,000,  is  pleasjiiitly  situated  on  the  bank  of  the  river, 
and  has  usually  about  loO  pupils,  i'oac  newspapers  are 
published  here.  There  are  5  iuanufactories  of  wool,  2  of 
cotton,  1  of  paper,  3  of  glass,  several  machine-shops,  3  ii'on 
foundries,  a  number  of  flouring  mills,  and  large  manufac- 
tories of  copperas.  About  1000  persons  are  employed  here 
in  manufactures.  A  branch  of  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg 
Kailroad  here  intersects  the  Pittsburg  Columbus  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad.  A  railroad  is  in  course  of  construction 
from  Pittsburg  to  this  place.  First  settled  in  1798.  Popu- 
lation in  1800,  6139 ;  in  1860,  6164. 

STIiUBENVILLE,  a  village  of  Randolph  cc,  Indiana, 
about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Winchester. 

STEUROWITZ,  stoi'ro-*it.s\  Gaoss,  groce,  and  Klein, 
kllne,  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
near  Eisgrub.     Pop.  1582. 

STE'VANAGE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

STE'VENSBUKG,  a  post>office  of  Culpepper  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  road  from  Fairfax  to  Fredericksburg,  about  93  miles 
N.W.  of  Kichmoud,  contains  1  or  2  churches,  a  hotel,  and 
several  stores. 

STEVENS'  CREEK,  of  Edgeiield  district.  South  Carolina, 
flows  into  Savannah  River  several  miles  above  Hamburg. 

STEVENS'  CREEK,  New  Jersey.    See  Stephen's  Creek. 

STEVENS'  MILLS,  a  post-ofBce,  Union  co.,  North  Carolina. 

STEVENSON'S,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama. 

STEVENS'  PLAINS,  a  post-office,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

STEVENS'  POINT,  Wisconsin.    See  Stephens'  Point. 

STE'VENSTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  compris- 
ing'a  part  of  the  town  of  Saltcoats. 

STE'VENSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York. 

STEVENSVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

STEVENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  King  and  Queen  co., 
Virginia,  31  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond. 

STK'VENSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Carleton,  35  miles  N.  of  Prescott.    Pop.  about  200. 

STEVENSWEERT,  stA/vgns-ftaiRt\  a  town  of  Dutch  Lim- 
burg,  on  the  Meuse,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Roermond.     Pop.  942. 

Sf  E'VENTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railway,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Abingdon. 

STEVEN  TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

STEV'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

STEW/ART,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  con- 
tains about  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Chattahoochee  River,  which  separates  it  from  Alabama, 
and  drained  by  the  Hannahatchee,  Kinchafoona,  and  Pataula 
Creeks.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Lumpkin.  Pop.  13,422, 
of  whom  5538  were  free,  and  7884  slaves. 

STEWART,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Tennessee, 
bordering  on  Kentucky,  has  an  area  estimated  at  700  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Cumberland  River,  and  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  the  Tennessee.  The  declivity  of  the  surface 
is  towards  the  N.W.  Capital,  Dover.  Pop.  9896,  ol  whom 
7481  were  free,  and  2415  slaves. 

STEWART,  a  postroffice  of  Erie  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

STEWART  ISLAND,  an  island  of  New  Zealand,  forming 
the  county  of  New  Leinster.     See  New  Zealand. 

STKWART  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  See 
Solomon  Islands. 

STEW'ARTON,  a  thriving  manufacturing  town  and  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  on  the  Annock,  here  crossed  by  3 
bridges,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Kilmarnock.  Pop.  in  1851,  4572; 
of  the  town,  3164.  It  is  regularly  built,  and  has  manufac- 
tures of  tartans,  bonnets,  regimental  caps,  carpets,  worsted, 
spindles,  and  clocks  for  exportation. 

STEW'ARTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  turnpike  from  Nashville  to  Murfreesborough, 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

STEWART'S  DRAFT,  a  post-office,  Augusta  co.,  Virginia. 

STEWART'S  FERRY,  a  postoffice  of  Davidson  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

STEWART'S  FORK,  Texas,  rises  in  Cook  co.,  and  enters 
the  West  Fork  of  Trinity  River  in  Tarrant  couuty. 

STEWART'S  MILLS,  asmall  village,  Crawford  co.,  Illinois. 

STEWARTSON,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  58. 

STEWART'S  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

STEWART'S  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas. 

STEW'ARTSTOWN,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  Tyrone,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dungannon.     P.  in  1851,  1022. 

STEW'ARTSTOWN,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Connecticut,  130  miles  N.  of  Concord. 
Pop.  771. 

STEWARTSTOWN,  a  flourishing  village  of  Shaler  town- 
ship, Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Alleghany  River,  5  miles  above  Pittsburg.  It  contains 
several  rolling  mills.     Pop.  about  1500. 

STEWARTSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STEWARTSTOWN,  a  small  post-village  of  Monongalia  co., 
W.  Virginia. 

STEWARTSTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina,  137  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 


STEWARTSTOWN,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Ual- 
ton,  36  miles  W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  350. 

STE'WARTSVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Green- 
wich  township,  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  Mer- 
rill's Brook,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Belvidere.  It  has  3  stores, 
an  extensive  tannery — which,  in  the  perfection  and  variety 
of  its  machinery,  is  said  to  be  second  to  none  in  the  state— 
and  a  large  brick-yard.  Besides  a  large  and  beautiful  Pres- 
byterian church,  and  a  Lutheran  church  recently  erected, 
it  has  an  academy  with  a  classical  department.  The  Morris 
Canal  passes  through  this  town.     Pop.  about  500. 

STEWARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  turnpike  leading  from  Pittsburg  to 
Greensburg,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  the  foi-mer. 

STEWARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  107  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

STEWARTSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana. 

STEWK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

STEW'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STI'-YER  or  STEYR,  sti'gr.  a  river  of  Austria,  rises  on  the 
N.  frontier  of  Styria,  flows  N.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Enns  on 
the  left,  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

STEYER  or  STEYR,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  in  Traun,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Enns  and  Steyer,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Lintz. 
Lat.  54°  24'  N.,  Ion.  14°  25'  K.  Pop.  10,000.  It  is  enclosed 
by  walls.  The  principal  public  edifice  is  a  castle  of  the 
tenth  century.  It  has  large  and  important  manufactures 
of  muskets  and  other  arms,  cotton  and  cotton  velvets,  and 
of  every  variety  of  st<jel  and  iron  wares. 

STEYEREGG,  sti'er-Sk\  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  circle 
of  MUhl.  on  the  Danube,  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Traun. 
Pop.  408.     It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls. 

STEYERMAUK.    See  Styria. 

STKYLE.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prus.sla.    See  Steele. 

STEYNING,  stA'ning,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Sussex,  5  miles  from  the  English  Channel,  and 
V2i  miles  S.  of  Horsham.    Pop.  in  1851,  1424. 

STEYR.     See  Steter. 

STEZZANO,  st6t-s4'no,  (anc.  Statianum?)  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  3  miles  S.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  2065. 

STIA.  stee'd,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province,  and  23  miles 
E.  of  Florence,  on  the  Upper  Arno.     Pop.  2400. 

STIB'BAKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STIBNICZ,  Gross,  groce  stilVnits.  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
16  miles  from  KoniggrStz.     Pop.  1225. 

STICE'S  SHOAL,  a  post-office  of  CleveUind  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

STICK'FORD.  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STICK'LEYVILLE.  a  post>offlce  of  Lee  co.,  Virginia. 

STICK'NEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STIDD.    See  Stede. 

STIECHOWITZ.  stee/Ko-i^its,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Berauu,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Moldau,  16  miles 
S.  of  Prague. 

STIEGE,  stee'gheh,  a  village  of  Brunswick,  district  of 
Blankenburg,  on  the  Hasel,  about  2  miles  E.  of  Haselfelde. 
Pop.  1265. 

STIENS,  steons.  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Fries, 
land.  5  miles  N.  of  Leeuwarden.     Pop.  1617. 

STIEPANOW,  stee'pd-nov\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia, 
20  miles  S.  of  Kaurxim. 

STI  EPANOW.  a  market-town  of  Moravia,  24  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Briinn,  on  the  Schwarza. 

STIERNE  <)ERNE,  steeR'njh  o'2r-neh,  an  island  group  of 
Norway,  stiff  of  Christiansand,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bukkc 
Fiord. 

STIERNOE,  steeR'no^fh,  an  island  of  Norway,  stiff  of 
Christiansand,  in  the  North  Sea,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Ska- 
gerrack, 5  miles  S.E.  of  Mandal. 

STIERNOE,  an  island  of  Norway,  province  of  Fiumark, 
between  A!tenga.ird  and  Ilanimerfest. 

STIFFKEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STIF'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STIGLIANO.  steel-yd'no.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Basilieata,  on  a  height  27  miles  S.W.  of  Matera. 
Pop.  4300. 

STIGLIANO.  a  village  of  the  Pontifical  States,  comarca, 
and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Rome,  with  warm  springs,  the  ancient 
Aquff.  Apullinares. 

STIKAD.\.  ste-kd'dj.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Croatia,  about 
35  miles  from  Gospich.  There  is  a  silver-mine  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  1055. 

STIKOIH,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North  Carolina. 

STILES,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa. 

STILESBOROUGH,  stilz-biir'rilh.  a  postK)ffice  of  Cass  CO., 
about  150  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

STILLEST  EER.     See  Pacific  OcE.\N. 

STILESVILLE,  stilz'vil.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Hen- 
dricks CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  National  Road,  and  on  Mill 
Creek.  27  miles  S.W.  of  Indian.ipolis. 

STILLEPICA.  a  post-office  of -Madison  CO.,  Florida. 

STIL/LINGFLEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

STIL'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

I8o0 


STI 


STO 


STIL'LOR'GAN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of 
Dublin.     Pip.  in  1851.  562. 

STIIiL  PO.VD,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Maryland. 

STILL  RIVER,  Massachusetts,  a  station  on  the  Worces- 
ter and  Nashua  Railroad.  23  miles  from  Worcester. 

STILL  V.\L'LEY,  a  Hourishing  post-vill.ijje  of  Greenwich 
township,  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  near  I'ohatcong  Creek, 
about  13  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  by  W.  of  Belvidcre. 

STILLVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

STILLWATER,  a  village  of  Orono  township.  Penobscot 
CO.,  Maine,  near  Oie  Oldtown  and  Piscataquis  Railroad,  5 
miles  N,  of  Banaor. 

STILLWATER,  a  postrviUage  and  township  of  Saratoga 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Champlain  Canal  and  Iludson  River, 

24  miles  above  Albany.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  scene  of 
General  Burgoyne's  defeat  by  the  Americans  under  General 
Gates,  in  1777.  Freeman's  Farm  and  Beniis's  Heights,  in 
this  township,  are  also  noted  battle-grounds:  and  lie  re  is 
the  meadow  where  General  Frazer  was  mortally  wounded. 
Pop.  3238. 

STILLWATER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sussex  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Trenton.  The  vil- 
lage, on  the  Paulinskill  River,  contains  a  church.  2  stores, 
2  mills,  and  an  academy.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1816. 

STILLWATER,  a  pcsVoffice  of  Columbia  co..  Pennsylvania. 

STILLW.i^TER,  a  post-office  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  about 
100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

STILLWATER,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Wasih- 
injrton  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  W.  bank  of  IjUke  St.  Croix,  20 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  penitentiary 
recently  established,  and  contains  a  court-house,  church.  3 
hotels,  a  land-office,  several  stores  and  mills.  Large  quanti- 
ties of  pine  lumber  are  procured  in  the  vicinity.  First  set- 
tled in  1843.     Pop.  2380. 

STILLWjVTER  creek,  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  rises  in 
Darke  county,  flows  S.E.,  and  unites  with  Greenville  Creek  in 
Miami  county. 

STILLWATER  CREEK,  Ohio,  an  affluent  of  Tuscarawas 
River,  rises  in  Belmont  countv. 

STILiyWELL,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co,,  W.  Virginia. 

STILLWELL,  a  post-office  of  Butler  CO.,  Ohio, 

STILO,  Steele,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ul- 
tra I.,  20  miles  N.  of  Gerace.     Pop.  2200. 

STIL'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Huntingdon.  Stil- 
ton gives  name  to  a  well-known  cheese,  now  chiefly  made  in 
Leicestershire. 

STINCH'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

STIN.S'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STIPPS'  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  12 
miles  W.  of  Brookville. 

STIRCII'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop, 

STIRIA.    See  Styria. 

STIR'LING  or  STIRLINGSHIRE,  stjrling-shir,  an  inland 
county  of  Scotland,  extending  almost  across  the  isthmus 
between  the  Friths  of  Clyde  and  Forth.  Are.a,  estimated  at 
4S9  square  miles,  or  312,9tXI  acres;  200.000  are  returned  as 
arable,  50.000  uncultivated,  and  62,960  waste.  Pop.  in  1S51, 
86,237.  The  surface  is  partly  mountainous,  especially  to- 
wards the  W.  and  N.W.,  including  Benlomond;  elsewhere 
are  some  rich  alluvial  vales,  especially  the  carse  lands,  ex- 
tending 48  miles  along  the  river  Forth.  Moors  and  bogs 
prevail  in  some  parts.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Forth,  Car- 
ron,  Endrick,  Bauuockburn.  and  Avon.  The  principal 
crops  are  wheat,  beans,  barley,  potatoes,  and  clover  in  the 
lowlands,  and  oats  and  turnips  in  the  highlands.  Many  high- 
land cattle  are  pur(rhased  here  and  fed  for  the  Falkirk  cattle- 
furs,  the  largest  in  Scotland.  Coal,  ironstone,  and  free- 
stone are  raised;  and  in  this  county  are  the  Carron  Iron- 
works. There  are  manufactures  of  carpets,  tartans,  and 
shalloons  at  Stirling,  Bannockburn,  and  St.  Ninian's  ;  blank- 
ets and  serges  at  Alva,  chemical  products,  and  paper ;  and 
here  are  some  large  cotton  mills,  foundries,  dye-works,  and 
distilleries.  Railways  to  Perth,  Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh 
intersect  the  E,  part  of  the  county.  The  chief  towns  are 
Stirling,  Falkirk,  and  Kilsyth.    The  county  is  divided  into 

25  parishes,  and  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
STIIVLTNG,  formerly  STRYVELYNE  or  ESTRIVELIN, 

a  royal  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh,  river-port, 
town,  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the  above  county, 
on  the  W.  or  right  bank  of  the  Forth,  where  it  first  becomes 
fordable.  here  crossed  by  two  bridges,  31  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Edinburgh,  and  20  miles  S.W.  of  Perth.  Pop.  of  the  parlia- 
mentary burgh  in  1S51,  12.837 ;  pop.  of  the  town,  9361,  In 
the  beauty  of  its  site  it  rivals  the  Scottish  metropolis.  It 
ctands  on  the  S.E.  declivity  of  an  abrupt  basaltic  hill,  up 
which  a  spacious  main  street  leads  to  the  ancient  castle, 
•whence  a  view  is  obtained  of  the  windings  of  the  Forth,  un- 
equalled for  beauty  in  Britain.  Its  streets  generally  present 
the  appeanance  of  modernized  antiquity,  being  interspersed 
with  many  residences  of  the  old  Scottish  nobles;  the  .so- 
ciety of  the  town  is  highly  respectable.  The  castle,  of  the 
origin  of  which  nothing  is  known,  w.as  a  favorite  i-esidence 
of  J.-imes  v.,  and  contains  the  palace  and  the  pariiament- 
Louse  bnilt  by  him.  but  now  used  a«  barracks.  The  old 
Gothic  church  in  which  James  VI.  was  crowned,  the  West 
184t 


church,  and  numerous  other  places  of  worship :  the  remain* 
of  st'veml  ancient  ecclesiastical  edifices,  and  of  nn  uniiuished 
palace,  begun  in  l.'i'O  by  the  itfgent.  Earl  of  Mar:  Cowan's 
and  other  hospitiils,  the  town-hall,  athenipum,  with  a  spire 
120  feet  in  height,  corn  exchange,  jail,  and  office  of  the 
Bank  of  Scotland,  and  the  old  walls  and  bridges,  are  among 
the  most  conspicuous  structures.  Stirling  has  a  grammar 
and  other  endowed  schools,  several  large  endowments  for 
the  poor,  public  libraries  and  re.ading-rooms,  a  mechanics' 
institute,  and  several  branch  hanks.  Vessels  of  70  tons  only 
can  reach  its  quays;  but  it  has  <an  extensive  coasting  and 
export  trade  in  wool  sent  to  England,  and  in  the  products 
of  its  manufactures,  which  comprise  tartans,  shawls,  .some 
cotton  stuffs,  ropes,  malt,  leather,  and  soap.  The  dyeing  of 
yarns,  woollen  cloths,  silks,  and  other  fabrics,  is  extensive. 
The  imports  consist  chiefly  of  timber,  coaLs,  bricks,  tiles, 
lime,  and  large  ((uantities  of  corn.  It  communicates  by 
railway  with  Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  and  Perth.  Steiuners 
ply  daily  to  and  from  Granton  Pier,  near  Edinburgh,  and 
passage-boats  to  Glasgow.  The  burgh  unites  with  Dun- 
fermline, Culross,  Inverkeithing,  and  South  Queensferry, 
in  .sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons,  Near  Stir^ 
ling  are  the  remains  of  Cambuskenneth  Abbey;  and  not 
far  from  the  town,  June  24,  1314,  was  fought  the  famous 
battle  of  Bannockburn. 

STIR'LING,  a  maritime  county  of  West  .\ustralia,  60  miles 
long  by  40  miles  broad.  It  is  liilly,  heavily  timbered,  and 
swamps  are  numerous.  The  coast  is  much  indented  with 
bays  and  inlets. 

STIRLINGSHIRE,  a  county  of  Scotland.     See  Stirling. 

STISTED.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STITCH'EL-AXD-HUME,  two  united  parishes  of  Scotland; 
the  former  in  the  co.  of  Roxburgh;  the  latter  in  the  co.  of 
Berwick. 

STITTN.A,  stitt/nJ,  or  SOITNA,  soifnR,  a  village  of  Aus- 
tria, in  Moravia,  near  Hradisch.     Pop.  1045. 

STn'ICII.\LL.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

STIxnvOULD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  on  the 
Lincolnshire  Railway.  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Horncastie. 

STOBBS,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Edinburgh,  parishes  of  Temple  and  Borthwick,  on  an  af- 
fluent of  the  South  Esk.  Pop.  about  200,  mostly  employed 
in  gunpowder  mills,  which  were  erei'ted  in  1794,  and  are 
the  oldest  and  mo.st  extensive  in  Scotland. 

STOBNICA.  stoI>neet/sa,  a  town  of  Poland,  32  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Kielce.     Pop.  1578, 

STO'BO.  a  p.arish  ot  Scotland,  co.  ot  Peebles. 

STOBYCHTA  or  STOBUCHAVA.  (StobUchwa,)  sto-biK'vJ, 
a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia, 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Kovel. 

STOCK,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex, 

STOCK,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Harrison  co.  Ohio. 
Pop.  783. 

_  STOCKACH,  gtokm^K.  a  w.alled  town  of  South  Gernuiny, 
in  Baden,  circle  of  Lake,  on  the  Stockach,  15  miles  N.W.  of 
Constance.  Pop.  1655.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollens. 
In  1799.  the  .\ustrians  here  defeated  the  French. 

STOCK'BRIDGE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Hants,  on  the  river  Test  and  the  Andover  Canal.  8 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Winchester.     Pop.  in  1851.  1066. 

STOCK'BRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Windsor  co.,  Ver 
mont.  36  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1264, 

STOCKBRIPGE,  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Housatonic  River  and  R.ailroad,  120  miles 
W.  by  S,  of  Boston,  It  contains  a  bank,  an  insurance  office, 
an  academy,  3  churches,  and  a  public  library.  The  manu- 
facture of  woollen  and  other  goods  is  carried  on  here.  Two 
flourishing  villages,  viz.,  Glendale  and  Housatonicville,  have 
sprung  up  in  the  township  within  a  few  years.     Pop.  2136. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  a  township  of  Madison  Co.,  New  York, 
about  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Utica.    Pop.  2068. 

STOCKBiaDGE,  a  post-oflice  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia,  80 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Ingham 
CO.,  Michig-an,  about  30  miles  S.E.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  876. 

STOCKiJRIDGE,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Calumet 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1430. 

STfK-K'BURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STiX'K  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Scott  CO.,  Virginia. 

STOCK  EN  or  STECKEN,  st^k'ken,  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia, 29  miles  S.S.E.  of  Czaslau.    'Pop.  1369, 

STOCKERAD,  stok'kehrOw\  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  an  arm  of  the  Danube,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Korneu- 
burg,  and  connected  with  Vienna  by  raiiw.ay.  Pop.  S''.i9, 
who  manufacture  militarv  uniforms,  linen  fabrics,  and 
liquors. 

STOCK'ERSTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester 

STOCK'ERTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  Peun- 
sylvania. 

STOCK  GAY'LAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I>orset 

STOCK HEIM.  stock'hime.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Limliourg.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Maesyck.     Pop.  lOOO 

STOCK  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  Georgia. 

ST()KH.>D.  sto-Kod'.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  W.  of  the 
goverum»;ut  of  Volhynia,  flows  N.N.E  into  the  government  of 


STO 

Minsk,  and  joins  the  right  hank  of  the  Pripets,  near  the  con- 
fines of  the  government  of  Grodno.    Total  course,  110  miles. 

STOCKHOLM,  stokliolm.  (L.  Hol'mia  ;  Sp.  Kstncobno.  6s-to- 
kol'mo;  It.  Slocolma.  sto-kol'mS.)  a  city  of  Northern  Europe, 
capital  of  the  Swedish  nionarcliy,  beautifully  situated  be- 
tween Lake  Mrelar  and  the  Baltic,  330  milog  N.E.  of  Copen- 
hagen, and  4-to  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  I'etersburg.  T.at.  (ob- 
servatory) 59'^  20"  36"  N.,  Ion.  18°  3'  45"  E.  Mean  tempera- 
ture of  the  year,  42°  2;  winter,  20°;  summer,  60°  Fahren- 
heit. It  stands  partly  on  the  N.  and  S.  sides  of  the  strait, 
which  communicates  between  the  lake  and  the  sea.  and 
partly  on  several  islands,  connected  with  the  mainland  and 
with  each  other  by  a  number  of  bridges.  The  finest  of 
these  bridges  is  the  Nyabron  or  New  Hridge,  which  joins 
the  largest  of  the  islands,  called  the  Staden  or  City,  with  the 
N.  side  of  the  strait.  When  approached  from  the  Baltic,  the 
appearance  presented  by  the  city  is  very  grand  and  im- 
posing; but  a  still  better  view  is  obtained  from  the  Mose- 
backe,  a  rugged  hill  on  the  S.  side  of  the  mainland,  from  a 
platform  on  the  summit  of  which  the  eye  takes  in  the  whole 
cit}'  and  its  environs.  The  panorama  in  many  respects  re- 
sembles that  of  Venice,  but  far  surpasses  it  in  natural 
beauty.  The  whole  site  covers  an  area  of  nearly  5  square 
miles,  and  has  a  circuit  of  about  9  miles.  Till  lately  Stock- 
holm was  unprovided  with  defences  of  any  kind:  but  a 
strong  citadel  has  recently  been  erected  on  the  small  island 
of  Kastellholm,  while  the  works  of  Waxholm  have  been  so 
much  strengthened  as  effectually  to  command  the  only 
channel  by  which  a  hostile  approach  by  sea  could  be  at- 
tempted. The  principal  part  of  the  city  proper  is  situated 
on  the  three  islands  of  Gustavsholm,  Kiddarsholm,  and 
Ilelgeandsholm.  It  consists  for  the  most  part  of  naiTow 
and  crooked  streets  and  lanes,  though,  from  its  aiitiquity, 
many  of  the  most  interesting  olyects  which  the  town  pos- 
ses.ses  are  situated  within  it.  Norrmalm  on  the  N.,  sepa- 
rated from  the  city  proper  by  the  Norrstrom,  and  Soder- 
malm  on  the  S.,  separated  from  it  by  the  Soderstrom, 
though  considered  only  as  its  suburbs,  far  surpasses  it 
both  in  extent  and  regularity  of  structure.  The  houses  in 
the  city  are  generally  of  stone,  but  iu  the  suburbs  more 
frequently  of  brick,  stuccoed,  and  colored  white,  yellow,  or 
liglit-blue. 

The  public  buildings  are  numerous,  but  not  very  remark- 
able. By  far  tlie  tinest  is  the  palace,  which,  situated  on  the 
liighest  part  of  OustHVsholm.  is  seen  towering  with  its  vast 
and  massive  walls  above  all  the  neighboring  houses.  It 
was  commenced  ijy  the  eldest  Tessin  in  1097,  on  the  site  of 
a  much  older  structure,  which  had  recently  been  burnt 
down,  and  was  completed  on  his  designs  by  his  son  in  1753. 
It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  quadrangle,  with  two  wings,  and 
encloses  a  large  court.  The  basement  story  is  of  granite, 
the  rest  of  brick  and  stucco.  The  finest  front  is  the  S.E., 
which  is  adorned  with  six  Corinthian  pillars;  the  N.W. 
entrance,  rising  from  the  quay  at  the  foot  of  the  new  bridge, 
leads  to  a  spacious  platform.  The  whole  structure  is  chaste, 
simple,  massive,  and  finely  proportioned.  Besides  the  apart- 
ments of  the  royal  family,  and  the  chapel,  it  contains  a 
royal  library  of  50,000  volumes,  and  some  rare  and  curious 
manuscripts,  and  a  museum  possessing  many  valuable 
Northern,  Tuscan,  and  Egyptian  antiquities,  a  cabinet  of 
60,000  coins  .'ind  medals,  considered  one  of  the  finest  collec- 
tions of  the  kind  in  Europe,  and  a  picture-gallery,  with  fine 
specimens  of  almost  all  the  great  masters. 

The  cliurches  are  about  20  in  number,  including,  in  ad- 
dition to  those  of  the  national  establishment,  a  French  lie- 
formed,  a  Dutch  Keformed,  an  English,  a  Greek  Russian, 
and  a  Komau  Catholic.  There  is  also  a  synagogue.  Few  of 
the  churches  possess  much  architectural  merit.  The  oldest 
is  St.  Nicolas,  in  which  the  sovereigns  are  crowned.  It  was 
founded  In  1260,  but  has  undergone  so  many  changes,  that 
the  original  building  has  disappeared.  It  is  surmounted 
by  a  lofty  tower,  and  contains  the  tombs  of  King  Magnus 
Smeck,  and  his  queen,  Blanca.  The  Kiddarsholm  Kyrka 
was  originally  attached  to  a  monastery,  and  possesses  con- 
siderable historical  interest,  both  from  the  scenes  which 
hare  taken  place  in  it,  and  from  confciining  the  ashesof  a 
long  line  of  Swedish  monarchs.  Its  style  was  originally 
Oothic,  but  has  been  much  defaced  by  modem  alterations. 
Service  is  performed  in  this  church  only  once  a  year.  Tlie 
church  of  Adolphus  Frederick,  in  the  Norrmalm.  is  built  in 
the  form  of  a  cross,  and  is  rendered  conspicuous  by  its  ele- 
gant tower  crowned  by  a  copper  dome.  The  other  public 
edifices  deserving  of  notice  are  the  Ofver-stAtiiAUershuus, 
(governor's  house.)  a  handsome  structure,  by  Tessin,  facing 
the  ([uay.  on  which  a  granite  obelisk,  in  honor  of  Gustavus 
III.,  has  been  erected ;  the  Riddarhuus,  where  the  states 
and  .also  the  Academy  of  Sciences  hold  their  meeting!!,  and 
•which  contains  the  shields  of  about  3000  Swedish  nobles :  the 
exchange,  the  mint,  with  a  goad  collection  of  minerals;  the 
town-Iiouse,  a  largo  pile,  in  which  the  principal  courts  of 
justice  are  accommodated;  the  post-oflice,  bank,  merchant- 
house,  royal  theatre,  opera-house,  arsenal,  and  barracks. 

Among  the  educational  establishments  are  a  medical  col- 
lege, wifh  a  general  superintendence  of  all  the  medical 
establishments  iu  the  kingdom;  a  technological  institute,  a 
6Q 


,,|^J| 


JHIVBaSI 


navigation  school,  and  a  school^<rf'design.  ?1»^ 
benevolent  institutions  are  a  l)lin<i^)d  dcjpfAl 
a.sylum,  a  lunatic  asylum,  the  Seraphiit«slflfo|iugrj 
ing  a  handsome  edifice,  with  lofty  and  spacio 
and  300  beds  ;  Danvik's  Ilospitil,  the  Burgher  Widow's  IIos 
pital,  and  the  GaiTison  Infirmary.  Tlie  associations,  lite- 
rary, scientific,  artistic,  <ie.,  are  very  numerous,  and  in 
elude,  among  others,  the  Academy  of  Seience.s,  in  which  the 
celebrated  chemist,  Berzelius,  long  held  a  distinguished 
place,  and  possessing  a  fine  zoological  museum ;  the  Swedish 
Academy,  tlie  Academy  of  History  and  Antiquities,  the 
JIusical  Academy,  and  medical,  agricultural,  and  horticul- 
tural societies.  Stockholm  has  also  a  botanic  garden,  seve- 
ral clubs  and  reading-rooms,  and  publishes  15  newspapers 
and  11  monthly  journals. 

The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  woollen,  linen,  cotton, 
and  silk  goods,  porcelain  and  stoneware,  gla.«s,  tobacco,  re- 
fined sugar,  ironware,  including  large  castings  and  ma- 
chinery. The  harbor,  though  somewhat  difficult  of  acce.ss, 
from  the  length  and  intricacy  of  the  channels  which  lead  to 
it,  is  capacious,  and  hiis  depth  of  water  sufficient  for  the 
largest  vessels  at  its  quays.  The  principal  exports  are  iron, 
copper,  tar,  and  timber;  the  imports,  colonial  produce,  wine, 
fruit,  salt,  &c.  The  inland  trade  is  also  of  considerable  ex- 
tent, and  is  facilitated  by  canals,  which  traverse  a  large 
portion  of  the  country. 

Few  cities  can  boast  of  finer  promenades.  Of  these,  the 
most  frequented  are  the  Djurgarden,  or  deer-park,  remarka- 
ble for  its  picturesque  beauties,  and  its  magnificent  trees 
and  drives;  the  I^dugards  Garde,  or  review-ground,  the 
Ilaga  I'ark,  tlio  beautiful  cemetery  adjoining,  and  the  park 
of  Carlberg.  finely  planted,  and  connected  with  the  city  by 
a,  long  ami  beautiful  avenue.. 

Stockholm  was  founded  about  1260,  by  Birger  Jarl.  It 
was  fortified  at  an  early  period,  and  stood  several  sieges. 
One  of  the  most  memorable  of  these  w.is  in  1501,  when  it 
was  defended  against  the  Swcles.  for  the  crown  of  Den- 
mark, by  the  Danish  Queen  Christina ;  another  still  more 
memorable  w.as  in  1520,  when  an  equally  heroic  female, 
Christina  Gyllenstierna,  widow  of  Sten  Sture.  held  it  for 
the  Swedes,  against  the  perfidious  and  sanguinary  Chris- 
tian II.  The  capitulation  made  was  shamefully  viola- 
ted by  the  king,  who,  after  pledging  himself  to  respect  the 
rights  of  the  inhabitants,  was  guilty  of  the  nio.st  atrocious 
massacres.  The  indignation  which  was  thus  produced  in 
all  quarters  of  the  country  paved  the  way  for  the  war  of 
liberation,  which,  conducted  by  Gustavas  Vasa,  at  length 
terminated  gloriously,  by  the  expulsion  of  the  Danes,  and 
the  establishment  of  Sweden  as  an  independent  kingdom. 
Pop.  in  1851.  93,070  ;  in  1863, 124,691. 

STOCK'IIOLM,  a  post-township  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York,  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Canton,  intersected  by  the  Norlhern 
Railroad,     i'op.  4074. 

STOCKHOLM,  a  post-ofSce  of  Sussex  co..  New  .Jersey. 

STOCIvIIOLM  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
New  York,  iu  Stockholm  township,  on  the  Northern  Kail- 
road.  36  miles  E.  of  Ogdensburg. 

STOCK'INGTON,  a  village  of  Salem  co.,  New  Jersey,  about 
9  miles  B.  of  Salem. 

STOCK'LAND.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STOCKLAND  BRISTOL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

STOCKOiEY  ENGLISH,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Devon. 

STOCKLEY  POMERO  Y.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

STOCK'LINCII  MAG'DALEN.aparish  of  England,  co.  of 

"  STOck'LINCII  OTrrERSAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

STOCKORN  or  STOCKIIORN.  stockTionn,  a  mountain  of 
Switzerland,  canton,  and  18  miles  S.  of  Bern.  It  has  two 
conical  peaks,  one  of  which  rises  7211  feet  above  the  sea. 

STOCK'I'ORT,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
manufiicturing  town,  pari.sh,  and  town.sbip  of  England,  co. 
of  Chester,  on  the  border  of  Lancashire,  on  the  Jler.sey,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Tame,  and  on  the  railway,  C^  miles  S.E. 
of  Manchester.  The  Mersey  is  joined  here  by  the. Tame,  and 
crossed  by  four  bridges,  one  of  which  is  a  handsome  mo- 
dern structure  of  11  arches.  The  town  occupies  an  ele- 
vated, uneven,  and  rugged  site,  on  which  the  houses  rise 
in  irregular  tiers,  giving  it  at  all  times  a  picturesque,  and 
at  night,  when  its  various  factories  are  lighted  up.  a  very 
striking  appearance.  The  streets,  though  generally  steep 
and  narrow,  are  well  paved,  and  lighted  witli  gas;  and  the 
supply  of  water  is  abundant.  Besides  the  town  proper  there 
are  several  extensive  suburbs,  as  Heaton-Norris.  Edgeley, 
Portwood.  &c.  The  principal  buildings  and  estalilishments 
are  the  parish  church  of  St,  Mary,  a  handsome  modern  struc- 
ture in  the  later  English  style.with  an  ancient  chancel,  a  lofty 
pinnacled  tower,  with  a  peal  of  8  bells;  St.  Thoma.s' church, 
an  elegant  edifice  in  the  Grecian  style,  with  a  tower  crowned 
by  a  cupola;  St.  Peter's  church,  a  neat  brick  building  with 
a  square  tower;  Chri.st  church  in  Heaton-Norris,  with  a  fine 
spire;  St.  Paul's  church  in  Portwood,  recently  erected,  in 
the  Gothic  style;  a  new  church,  to  be  called  St.  Mathew's, 
is  now  (1854)  in  course  of  erection  in  Edgeley ;  also  var 

1841 


=1 


STO 

rioua  Dissenting  chapels,  including  4  Independent.  5  Wes- 
leyan  Methodist:  2  each  of  New  Connection  Methodist, 
Primitive  Methodist,  Baptist,  aud  Roman  Catholic;  Wes- 
leyan  Association,  Unitarian,  and  New  Jerusjtlem,  1  each; 
and  a  Friends'  meeting-house;  the  KirraclvS.  court-house, 
and  union-house;  the  grammar,  British,  national,  and 
other  schools,  among  which  is  the  Stockport  Sunday-school, 
attended  by  upwards  of  o8iK)  children  every  Lord's-day,  and 
occupying  a  lai-ge  brick  building  of  4  stories,  erected  by  sub- 
scription at  an  expense  of  above  10,000/. ;  attached  to  it  are 
3  district  schools,  with  an  ave;  age  attendance  of  1100  chil- 
dren; the  meeh.anics' institute,  the  infirmary,  occupying  a 
handsome  stone  building:  the  new  cemetery,  covering  a 
large  and  well  laid  out  plot  of  ground,  with  a  small  but 
handsome  chapel;  and  the  railway  viaduct,  a  msM^nificent 
structure,  which  spans  the  river  Mersey  and  a  great  portion 
of  the  town  by  26  semicircular  arches,  22  of  which  are  63 
feet  span,  and  the  centre  one  110  feet  above  the  bed  of  the 
river. 

Cotton  is  the  staple  manufiieture  of  the  town;  and.  In 
addition  to  numerous  large  factories,  emploj'ing  machinery 
moved  by  upwards  of  3800  horse-power,  there  are  several 
print,  bleach,  and  dyeworks.  The  winding  and  throwing  of 
silk,  at  one  time  the  most  important  branch  of  industry  here, 
has  greatly  declined,  only  a  few  hands  being  now  employed 
in  it,  as  well  as  in  tlie  manufiieture  of  silk  goods,  thread, 
brushes,  &c.  Several  hands  are  still  employed  in  hatting. 
There  are  also  several  engine  and  machine-shops,  iron  and 
brass  foundries,  breweries,  and  brick-works. 

Stockport,  being  situated  at  the  junction  of  several  Ro- 
man roads,  is  supposed  to  have  been  an  important  Roman 
station,  and  to  have  had  a  fort  on  the  summit  of  what 
is  now  called  the  Castle  Yard,  from  the  castle  which  was 
subsequently  erected  upon  it,  but  has  altogether  disap- 
peared. Buring  the  last  civil  war,  Stockport  was  garrisoned 
by  the  Parliamentarians,  and  became  the  scene  of  some 
severe  struggles  between  them  and  the  Royalists.  It  is 
governed  by  a  mayor,  13  aldermen,  and  42  councillors,  and 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Pop.  of  the 
borough.  54,681. 

STOCK'POUT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbia 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  llud.son  River,  and  on  the  Hudson 
River  Railroad.  24  miles  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1446. 

STOCKPORT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wayne  en.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Delaware  River,  and  on  the  Krie  R.tilmad, 
169  miles  from  New  Y'ork  City.  It  is  a  dep6t  for  lumber, 
which  is  procured  in  the  vicinity. 

STOCKPORT,  a  pnst-ofBce  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio. 

STOCKPORT  STATION,  a  post-vilLage  of  Delaware  co., 
New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Krie  Railroad,  160  miles 
firom  New  York  Citv. 

STiXJKS/FIKLD  IIAT.L,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland,  parish  of  Hywell-Ct.-Andrew,  on  the  Newcastle 
and  Carlisle  Railway,  2^  miles  W.  of  Prudhoe. 
_  STOCKSTADT,  stock'st^tt,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Lower  Franconia,  3  miles  W.  of  Aschaffenburg. 
Pop.  1394. 

STOCKrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STOCKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

STOCKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

STOCKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

STOCKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

STOCKTON,  a  town  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glouces- 
ter, on  the  shores  of  Port  Hunter,  opposite  Newcastle. 

STOCK'TON,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York.  14  miles  S.  of  Dunkirk.    Pop.  Ib87. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-village  of  Baldwin  co.,  Alabama,  on 
the  Tens;iw  River,  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mobile. 

STOCKTON,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1274. 

STOCKTON,  the  capital  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  California, 
an*!  the  fourth  town  in  population  in  the  state,  is  situated 
on  a  slough  or  channel  of  its  own  name,  about  3  miles  from 
its  junction  with  the  San  Joaq\un  River,  ami  on  tlie  main 
road  from  Sacramento  City  to  Los  .\ngeles,  about  130  miles 
E.S.K.  of  San  Francisco.  It  was  first  settled  in  1844  by  C. 
M.  Weber,  but  was  abandoned  by  him  in  1S46.  In  1848  a 
settlement  was  successfully  established,  and  since  that 
time  its  growth  has  been  rapid.  The  channel  is  navigable 
for  steamboats  and  vessels  of  400  tons  burden  at  all  sea.sons, 
affording  a  ready  communication  with  the  Pacific.  Stockton 
Is  the  great  point  where  most  of  the  goods  are  landed,  and 
tradf  is  carried  on  for  what  are  called  the  Southern  mines. 
An  hospital,  which  is  an  ornament  to  the  state,  has  been 
erected  at  Stockton.    See  Appejjpix. 

STOCKTON,  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois.    See  Appendix. 

ST(K'KTON,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey. 

STOCKTON-ON-THE-FOR/EST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  and  East  Ridings,  with  a  station  on  the  York 
and  Market-Weighton  Railway. 

STOCKTON-ON-TEES,  a  municipal  borough,  seaport  town, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  ward  of  Stockton,  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Tees.  11  miles  E.N.K.of  Darlington,  with 
which  town  and  with  Middlesborouih  it  communicates  by 
railway.  Pop.  of  the  borough  in  1851,  10,459.  It  is  one  of 
the  best-built  towns  in  the  N.  of  England,  and  has  a  town 
1S42 


STO 

hall,  custom-house,  theatre,  mechanics'  institute,  and  a 
subscription  library.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Tees  is  a 
spacious  race-course.  It  has  manufactures  of  sail-cloth, 
rope,  linens,  and  worsted:  ship-building  yards,  iron  and 
brass-works,  breweries,  and  corn  mills.  The  harbor  has 
been  improved  so  as  to  admit  vessels  of  300  tons,  and  baring 
been  made  a  bondiny-port  for  certain  goods,  has  become  the 
centre  of  a  considerable  trade,  both  coastwise  chieUy  with 
London,  Hull.  I^eith,  &c..  and  foreign  with  the  Baltic, 
Netherlands.  Hamburg,  and  the  British  colonies.  The  prin- 
cipal foreign  exports  are  lead  and  coal;  and  the  imports, 
timlx-r  for  ship-building  and  ordinary  purposes,  tallow,  &c. 
Nearly  1,400.000  tons  of  coal  have  been  shipped  here  in  a 
single  year.  In  1851  the  tonnage  belonging  to  the  port 
w.as  27.730  tons:  the  vessels  entered  were  loll.  (92,050 tons;) 
and  cleared.  3486,  (358,.j34  tons.) 

STOCK'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Buncombe  co..  North 
Carolina. 

STOCK'WITH.  East,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

STOCKWITH.  West,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
•   STOCK/WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STODA.    See  Stab. 

SToD'DAP.D,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Mi.s.souri.  boi^ 
dering  on  Arkansa.s.  has  an  area  of  900  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  St.  Francis  River,  and  on  the  E. 
by  the  Castor  and  Whitewater  Rivers.  The  N.  partis  hilly, 
but  the  greater  portion  of  the  surface  is  level,  and  e.xten- 
sively  occupied  by  swamps  and  shallow  lakes.  The  largest 
among  the  latter  are  Lake  Stoddard,  Lake  Castor,  Lake 
Micota,  and  Lak€  Nicormy.  The  last  is  represented  by  the 
maps  to  be  about  25  miles  long,  and  4  or  5  miles  wide.  The 
earthquakes  of  1811  and  1812  injured  this  county  perhaps 
more  than  any  other  in  the  state.  For  particulars,  see  the 
article  New  Madrid.  The  county  contains  extensive  prairies 
and  forests  of  cypress;  the  soil  of  the  prairies  is  moderately 
fertile.  Capital,  Bloomfield.  Pop.  7877,  of  whom  7062  were 
free. 

STODDARD,  a  post-township  in  Cheshire  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Concord.  It  has  several  tanneries, 
and  rake  factories.     Pop.  944. 

STODDARD,  a  small  village.  Cape  Girardeau  co..  MissourL 

STOD'DARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  line  between  Luzerne  and  Monroe  counties,  and  on  tha 
Lehigh  River,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Wilkesbarre. 

STOD'MARSII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STO/DY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STiECIIADKS  MAJORES.    See  Uteres. 

STO'GU.MBER,  a  parish  of  Engl.^nd.  co.  of  Somerset 

STOKK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STOKK,  .1  parish  of  England,  co.  of  S.nlop. 

STOKE,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

STOKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

STOKE,  North,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STOKE,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

STOKE,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

STOKE.  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

STOKE,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STOKE,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

STOKE,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

STOKE.  South,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

STOKE.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  D<jrset. 

STOKE,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts,  4  miles 
S.W.  of  Newark.  A  battle  was  fought  here  in  14S7.  between 
the  partisans  of  Lamliert  Simnel  and  of  Henry  A'll. 

STOKE,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

STOKE  AIVBAS,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STOKE  AL'BA.NY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  North.ampton, 

STOKE  ASH.  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STOKE  BISH'OP'S,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

STOKE  BLISS,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Hereford  and 
Woreester. 

STOKE  BRUERNE,  broo/ern,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

STOKE  C.iN'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

STOKE  CHARITY,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Hants. 

STOKI-^CLY-MES/LAND,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Cornwall. 

STOKE  COURCY,  a  parish  of  EngKand.  co.  of  Somerset 

STOKE  D'AB'ERNON,  a  p.ari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

STOKE  DAM'EKELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  DeTon, 
compri.sed  in  the  borough  of  Devonport. 

STOKE  DOYLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton- 

STOKE  DRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

STOKE  E'DITH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

STOKE.  FER'R  Y,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  with 
a  market-town  on  the  navigable  Wissey,  34  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Norwich.     Pop.  in  1851,  820. 

STOKK  KLEM'INO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

STOKE  GA'BRIEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

STOKE  GIF'FORD.  a  parish  of  Enu'land.  CO.  of  Gloucester. 

STOKE  GOLD'ING.  a  chiipelry  of  Encland,  cj.  of  Leicester. 

STOKE  GOLiyiNGTON,  a  parish  of  Eiig.wd,  co  of  Buck- 
ingham. 


STO 

STOKEOTAAI,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
STOKK-uxDER-IIAJn)OX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
mer.set. 
STi^KE  IIAMOIOXD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
STOKE-LACY,  a  pari.^ih  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
STOKE  L.AXE,  a  parish  of  Engl.-md,  co.  of  Somerset. 
ST01vK-T,Y\E.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  O.xford. 
STOKE  MAN'DEVILLE,  a  parish  of  Engljind.  co.  Bucks. 
STO'KKNCHUUCII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
STO'KKMIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
STOKE  PE'RO.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
BTOKE  I'O'GES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  4  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Windsor.     It  has  almshouses,  founded  hy  the 
Penn  family,  whose  seiit  is  in  this  parish.    The  poet  Gray  is 
burled  in  the  churchyard,  which  is  the  supposed  scene  of 
bit?  immortal  Elegy. 
STOKE  I'ltl'OR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 
STOKE  rUIOR,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Worcester,  on  the  Worcester  and  Birmingham  Canal,  and 
the  Birmingliam  and  Gloucester  Kailroad,  4  miles  N.E.  of 
Droltwiih. 

STO'KKR,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Utah. 
STOKE  HI  VERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
STctKE-KOD'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
STOKES,  stoks,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
borderiug  on  Virginia.     Area  estimated  at  SnO  square  miles. 
It  is  iuter.seeted  by  Dan  River  and  its  affluents.     The  siir- 
face  is  elevated  and  hilly.     Iron-ore  is  found  in  larfre  quan- 
tities.    Formed  from  Surry  in  17S9,  and  named  in  honor  of 
John  Stokes,  a  colonel  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.    Capi- 
tal, Dantjury.    Pop.  10,402,  of  whom  7933  were  free,  and 
24C9  slaves. 
STOKES,  a  post-offlce  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York. 
STOKES,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  616. 
STOKES,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  S98. 
STOKESAY,  st«k's.A,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
STOKESBURG,  stOks/burg,  a  small  village  of  Stokes  co., 
North  Carolina. 
STOKESBY,  stSks'be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
STOKEoN-SKV'ERN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Worcester. 
STOKESLEY,  stoks'le,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  York,  North  Hiding,  8^  miles  S.E.  of  Stockton. 
Pop.  in  1861,  2446. 
STOK  E  ST.  G  R  EG'OR Y,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 
STOKE  ST.  MABY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somei'Set. 
STOKE  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
STOKE  TAI7MAGK,  a  pari;,h  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
STOKE-IN'TEIGXIIEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Devon. 
STOKE-o.N-TERX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .«alop. 
STOK E-ui'OX-TR EXT,  a  market-town,  parliamentary  bo- 
rough, and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  14  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Staflird.    The  parliamentary  borough,  which  is  of  great 
extent,  includes  about  two-thirds  of  the  populous  district 
of  the  Potteries,  embracing   several  district  parishes  and 
townshii)s,  among  which  are  Burslem,  Lane-End,  Longton, 
Ilanley,  and  other  seats  of  the  pottery  manuftcture.    The 
town,  situated  on  the  Trent,  the  Great  Ti-unk  Trent  Canal, 
and  the  North  Staffordshire  Hallway,  has  undergone  great 
improvements  within  recent  years,  and  may  now  be  consi- 
dered well  built.     It  is  lighted  with  gas,  and  amply  sup- 
plied with  water:  it  has  a  handsome  parish  church,  in  the 
later  English  style,  with  a  beautifully  painted  window,  and 
several  good  monuments ;  Baptist.  Quaker,  and  Wesleyan, 
Primitive  and  New  Connection    Methodist  chapels,  a  na- 
tional school,  an  elegant  town-hall ;  extensive  manufactures 
of  china  and  earthenware;  and  connected  .with  these,  nu- 
merous wharves,  warehouses,  mills,  and  other  buildings. 
Lightfoot.  the  eminent  Hebrew  scholar,  was  born  in  Stoke 
Kectory.  The  borough  sends  2  members  to  Parliament.  Pop. 
in  1S-)1.  84.027. 
STOKE  TRISTER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
STOKE  WAKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
STOL.  a  town  of  Daluiatia.    See  Stagxo  Grande. 
STOL.\TZ.  sto'ldts.  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Herze- 
govina. 17  miles  S.E.  of  Mostar.     Pop.  1200. 

STOLBERG,  stol'bjro.  or  STOLLBERG,  stoll'blRO\  a  town 
of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau.  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chemnitz. 
Pop  3oi>2,  engaged  in  manufactures  of  woven  fabrics,  and 
in  mining  industry. 

STOI  BERG,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussi.a,  on  the  railway, 
7  miles  E.  of  Ai.x-la-Chapelle,  on  the  Inde  and  Vicht.  Pop. 
2756.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  needles,  and 
cutlery.  Adjoining  the  town  is  the  StoUbergburg  Castle, 
famnus  as  a  hunting  rendezvous  in  the  time  of  Charlemagne. 
STOLBEIUJ,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Saxony,  49 
allies  W.X.W.  of  Merseburg,  in  the  Harz.  Pop.  2710.  It 
has  a  fine  castle,  and  paper,  oil,  and  gunpowder  mills. 

STOLBOVOI,  stol-bo-voi',  an  island  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in 
the  ArcU".  Ocean,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Lena  and  New 
Siberia. 
STOLLBERG,  a  town  of  Saxony.    See  Stolbero. 
STOLXATZ.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Krotzka. 
STOLPE.  stdl'peh,  or  STOLP,  stolp,  a  river  issuing  from  a 
lake  on  the  frontiers  of  West  Prussia,  falls  into  the  Baltic 
after  a  course  of  about  60  miles. 


STO 

'  STOLPE  or  STOLP,  a  walled  town  of  Pmssia,  PomerniiiA, 
government  of  CBslin,  on  the  navigable  Stolpe,  10  mHeA 
S,S.E.  of  its  mouth  at  theport  of  Stolpemiindeon  the  Baltia 
Pop.  8iiOO.  It  has  a  castle,  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen  fabrics,  a  salmon  fishery,  and  a  trade  in  amber. 

STOLPE,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of  Branden- 
burg, government  of  Potsdam,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Anger- 
miinde,  with  a  castle  of  the  family  of  Von  Buch. 

STOLPEN,  stoPpen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Bautzen 
15  miles  E.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  128; 

STOLWr.JK,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Stoiwvk. 
STOLWYK,  stol'wik.  STOLWYCK  or  STOLWIJK.  stoV 
•ftik,  a  villageof  the  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland, 
13  miles  E.X.E.  of  Rotterdam.     Pop.  143.3. 

STOLZ.  stolts,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  government- 
and  S.S.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  1224. 

STOLZ  EN  AU,  stolts'eh-now\  a  market-town  of  Hanover, 
CO.  Hoya.  on  the  Weser.  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Minden.    P.  176.3. 
STOLZENIIAHX,  stol'cen-han\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  20 
miles  from  Carlsbad.     Pop.  1009. 

STOMMELEN,  stom'meh-leu,  or  STOMMELN,  stom'mfin, 
a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Cologne, 
Pop.  151K). 

STO'XAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  1  mile  N.E. 
of  Sandwich.     It  was  the  ancient  Lapis  Tiluli.  (f) 
STONARZOW.     See  Stannerx. 

STOX/DON  MAS'SEY,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 
STOXDON  5IASSEY,  Upper,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Bedford. 

STOXE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co..  and 
7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Trent  and  the  Grand 
Trunk  Canal.     Pop.  in  1851,  3443.     The  town  is  well  built, 
has  a  union  workhouse,  and  various  manufactures. 
STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
STOXE,  three  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 
STONE  ARA'BIA.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  CO.,  New 
Y'ork.  about  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

STOXEasRIDGE  or  PETEIiSBURG.  a  village  of  Canada 
West,  CO.  of  AVelland,  situated  on  the  Welland  Canal,  in  the 
township  of  Humberstone.     Pop.  about  260. 
STOXE  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Genesee  CO.,  New  York. 
STOXE  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 
STOXE  COAL,  a  post-oflSoe  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois. 
STOXE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 
STONE  EASTON,  ees/tgn,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So. 
merset. 

STOXEGl'wVVE,  stOn'grave,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  North  Riding. 

^TOXEIIAM,  (ston'.am,!  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hants. 
STOXEITAM,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
STOXEHAM.  ston'am,  a  township  in  Oxford  co.,  Maine, 
50  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  463. 

STOXEHAM.  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Middlesex 
CO..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  8 
miles  N.  of  Boston.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes.     Pop.  3206. 

STONEHAVEN,  ston-hA'vgn,  (vulgtiriy  called  StaneJiive.) 
a  burgh  of  barony,  and  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  capital,  co. 
of  Kincardine,  on  the  E.  coast,  where  the  Carron  and  Cowie 
Rivers  enter  a  rocky  bay.  14  miles  S.W. of  Aberdeen.  Pop  in 
1851.  3240.  Lat.  56°  58'  N.,  Ion.  2°  12'  45"  W.  It  consists  of 
an  old  and  new  t»wn,  connected  by  a  bridge  across  the  Carron. 
The  old  town,  on  the  S.  bank,  is  irregularly  and  ill  built;  the 
new  town,  which  has  rapidly  grown  up.  has  many  handsome 
residences,  several  banks,  and  a  free  school.  The  harbor  has 
been  improved  by  the  erection  of  piers,  but  admits  only 
small  vessels.  The  town  has  thriving  haddock  and  herring 
fisheries,  small  manufactures  of  cottons  and  linens,  a  dis- 
tillery, and  brewery;  but  the  chief  resources  of  the  inhabit- 
ants are  in  the  residence  of  families  po.ssessing  property.  It 
is  the  seat  of  sheriff  courts.  Adjacent  to  the  town  are  the 
two  parish  churches,  and  the  fishing  village  of  Cowie. 
About  2  miles  S.,  on  a  rock  projecting  into  the  sea.  are  the 
remains  of  Dunnottar  Castle,  formerly  residence  of  the  Earls 
Marischal.  feudal  superiors  of  Stonehaven. 

STOXEHENGE,  stOn'hJuj,  the  remains  of  a  gigantic  Dru- 
idic  temple  in  England,  co.  of  Wilts,  on  Salisbury  Plain, 
8i  miles  N.X.W.  of  .Salisbury.  It  consists  of  2  circles  of 
vast  stones,  partially  remaining  upright,  and  partially 
lying  prostrate,  and  which  average  14  feet  in  elevation,  7 
feet  in  breadth,  and 3  feet  in  thickness,  generally  estimated 
to  weigh  from  10  to  12  tons,  though  some  must  exceed  30 
tons  in  weight,  and  the  two  lar;^est  70  tons  e.ach.  The  outer 
circle,  of  which  17  out  of  30  stones  remain  upright,  is  stir- 
rounded  by  a  trench,  and  separated  by  an  interval,  8  feet 
acro.s.s,  from  an  inner  circleof  smaller  upright  stones,  within 
which  are  two  groups,  having  between  them  a  large  flat 
stone,  termed  the  altar.  Near  this  monument  is  a  raised 
terrace,  with  an  artificial  flat  surface  termed  A  citrous. 

STOXE'IK  lUSE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou.'enter, 
with  a  station  on  the  Cheltenham  Branch  of  the  Great 
Western  Railway,  3  miles  W.  of  Stroud. 

1843 


STO 


STO 


j^TON'I'inOUSE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 
S'''0SEH0U3K;,  KA&T,  a  parish  of  England,  and  suburb 
of  I  lymouih,  co.  of  Devon,  on  its  M'.  side,  between  ft  and 
Devonport  Pop.  in  1851,  11. .573.  It  is  well  built,  mostly 
of  stone;  and  has-  several  batteries,  extensive  barracks,  the 
victualliiitt-ofllce.  and  the  naval  hospitjil  of  the  port. 

STOM-.LKIGH.  ston'lee,  a  village  and  parish  of  Ensl.Hnd, 
CO.  of  Warwiok.  on  the  London  and  Birmingham  Railway, 
and  on  the  Sowe,  which  here,  a  little  above  its  junction  with 
the  Avon,  is  crossed  by  an  ancient  stone  bridge  of  eight 
arches,  4  miles  S.  of  Coventry.     Pop.  in  1851,  128S). 

STONE  LICK,  a  post-office  of  Kaudolph  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

STOXE  LICK,  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Clermont 
CO..  Ohio.    Pop.  1691. 

STO.NELICK  CUEEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  East  Fork  of 
Little  Miami  River,  in  Clermont  county. 

STOXK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Jeffei-son  co..  New  York. 
STON  E  MOU.NT'AIN,  a  post-village  of  McDowell  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

STONE  MOUNT .\IN.  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Georgia  Railroad.  100  railes  W.  of  Augusta.  At  this 
place  is  an  isolateii.  dome-shaped  granite  rock,  which  is 
\L«ited  annually  by  several  thousand  persons,  and  is  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  most  magnificent  natural  objects  in 
the  st;ite.  The  height  is  near  2200  feet  above  the  sea.  A 
tower,  ISO  feet  high,  has  been  erected  on  the  summit,  com- 
manding a  prospect  of  great  extent  and  picturesque  beauty. 
The  village  contains  4  hotels,  and  about  300  inh;ibitauts. 
STONER,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co..  New  York. 
STONE  RIDGE,  a  post  village  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York, 
about  t'H)  miles  S.S.W.  of  .\lbany. 

STONER'S  CREEK,  of  Bourlxin  co.,  Kentucky,  flows  in  a 
N.N.W.  direction,  passes  I'aris,  and  enters  the  South  Lick- 
ing River  near  the  N.  boundary  of  the  county. 

STONER'S  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Dane  Co.,  Wisconsin. 
STONER'S  STOKE,  a  post-office  of  Roanoke  co.,  Virginia. 
■  STO'NEUSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, 100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  llarrisburg. 

STONERSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 
STON  ESB  Y.  stonzljee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
STONESFIELD,  stOuz'feeld,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

STONESPORT,  stonz'port,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  Missouri  River,  6  miles  above  Jefferson  City. 
STONES  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Middle  Tennessee, 
rises  in  Cannon  co.,  and  flowing  N.W.,  enters  Cumberland 
River  about  6  miles  N.E.  of  Nashville.  It  affords  motive- 
power  to  numerous  mills  and  factories.  The  battle  of  Mur- 
freesboro",  (see  Murkeeesborough,)  sometimes  ctiUed  the 
battle  of  Stones  River,  was  fought  here  Jan.  1-3.  186.3. 

STONESVILLE.  stdnz'vill,  a  post-village  of  Greenville  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  97  miles  X.  of  Columbia. 

STONE  TAVERN,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

STONE  W.VLL  MILL,  a  post-village  of  Appomattox  co., 
Virginia,  on  James  River,  108  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 
STONEY  CREEK,  Connecticut.     See  Stony  Creek. 
STONEY  CREEK,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Canada  M'est,  co.  of 
Wentworth.  7  miles  from  Hamilton. 

STONEYKIltK  or  STEPHEN  KIRK,  stee'vgn-kirk,  a  mari- 
time parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigtown. 

STUN'HAM  ASPEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
STONIIAM  EARL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
STONHAM  PARVA,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
STO'NINGTON,  a  post-borough,  township,  and  port  of 
entry  of  New  London  co.,  Connecticut,  on  tlie  sea-coast,  on 
the  Stonington  and  Providence  Railroad,  t)3  miles  E.  of 
New  Haven,  and  50  miles  S.S.\V.  of  Providence.  The  borough 
is  built  on  a  peninsula  somewhat  more  than  half  a  mile  in 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  contains  5  churches  of  the  various 
denominations,  several  aourishing  schix>l.s,  2  banks,  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $160,000:  a  saving's  institution  with 
^6,182  on  deposit;  and  about  18  stores.  Mantifactnres 
have  recently  been  introduced.  Here  is  an  armory  or 
manufactory  of  guns.  Stonington  is  much  resorted  to 
during  the  summer  montlis  as  a  watering-place,  and  a 
first-class  hotel  has  been  erected  for  the  accommodation 
of  visitors.  The  harbor  of  Stonington  is  capacious,  and 
partly  protected  by  a  national  breakwater,  constructed  at 
a  cost  of  $100,000.  Previous  to  1835  the  inhabitants  were 
extensively  and  profitably  engaged  in  various  enterprises 
of  navigation,  principally  in  the  sealing  and  whaling 
business.  Some  years,  as  many  as  100,OtK)  seal-skins  were 
brought  into  port.  The  fleet  of  whalers  at  one  time  num- 
bered 27  ships  and  barques.  Sealing  and  the  whale  fishery 
have  lately,  it  is  said,  been  discontinued.  The  borough  has 
also  an  imjiortant  coast  trade.  The  shipping  owned  in  this 
district,  which  includes  Stonington  borough,  P.-iwcatuck, 
and  .Mystic,  June  30,  ls54,  amounted  to  an  nggrogjite  of 
14,109  tons  registered,  and  9972  tons  enrolled  and  licensed^ 
total,  24,081  tons.  Of  the  registered  tonnage,  7558  tons 
w«r8  employed  in  the  whale  fishery.  During  the  year  1S53, 
6  ivhaliiig  ve.ssel8  arrived  at  Stonington,  bringing  246  barrels 
of  sperm  oil,  4998  of  whale  oil,  and  50,900  pounds  of  whale- 
1844  .  .       t~ 


bone.  The  number  of  vessels  built  in  the  district  in  1854, 
was  16,  (4  of  them  ships,)  with  an  aggregate  burden  of  3752 
tons.  The  Stonington  Railroad,  which  commenced  its  ope- 
rations in  1835,  was  the  first  constructed  in  the  state.  This 
railroad  has  been  extended  to  New  Loudon.  Stonington 
hiis  steamboat  communication  with  New  York,  Providence, 
and  other  places  along  the  coast.  The  town  is  celebrated 
for  the  spirited  and  s\iccessful  resistance  it  made  against 
the  attack  of  Sir  Thomas  Hardy,  during  the  war  of  1812. 
Settled  in  1C49,  and  incorporated  as  a  borough  in  1801. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840,  3i9S ;  in  1850,  54;J1 ;  in  1800, 
6827 ;  of  the  borough  alvout  3000. 

STONINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co..  Kentucky. 

STONINGTON.  a  small  villau'e  of  Grundv  co..  Missouri. 

STONINGTON  LIGHT-HOUSE,  exhibiting  a  fixed  light.  Is 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Stonington  peninsula,  New  Lou- 
don county.  Connecticut. 

STONTON  WY'VlLLE.a  parish  of  England,  co.  I^icpster. 

STO'N  Y  BROOK,  a  village  of  .Middlesex  co..  .Mass.ichusetts, 
on  a  fine  mill-stream  of  the  same  name,  which  forms  part 
of  the  boundary  between  the  tdwnships  of  Weston  and  Wal- 
tham.  and  on  the  Fitchbnrg  Railroad.  12  miles  from  Boston. 
It  contains  a  machine  shop,  cabinet  shop,  and  saw  mill. 

STONY  BROOK,  a  postvillage  of  Brookhaveu  township, 
Suffolk  CO.,  New  York,  nn  the  N.  side  of  Long  Island,  50 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  New  York.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  a 
ship-yard. 

STONY  BROOK,  of  New  Jersey,  rises  in  Hunterdon  co^ 
crosses  Mercer  county  near  Princeton,  and  enters  the  Mui- 
stone  River. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  and  seaport  of  Bran- 
ford  township.  New  Haven  co..  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island 
Sound.  11  miles  E.  by  S.  of  New  Haven.  A  cluster  of  beauti- 
ful islands,  called  Thimble  Islands,  lie  scattered  along  be- 
tween this  place  and  Indian  Neck,  a  narrow  belt  of  land 
extending  W.  to  Branford  Harlyir.  which  it  nearly  encIo.«es. 
The  New  Haven  and  New  London  Railroad  passes  a  little 
N.  of  the  village. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  New  York. 

STONY  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  falls  into  the  Cone- 
maugh  near  .lohnstown. 

STONY  CREEK,  of  Dauphin  co.,  Penn-sylvania,  flows  into 
Su.squehanna  River. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  post-town.ship  of  Somerset  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  12  miles  E.  of  .Somerset.    Pop.1466. 

STONY  CREEK,  in  the  S.S.IC.  jxirt  of  Virginia,  rises  in 
Dinwiddle  county,  and  falls  into  Nottaway  River  in  Sussex 
county. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co..  Virginia,  on 
the  Petei-sburg  Railroad.  21  miles  from  Petersburg. 

STONY  CREEK,  of  Clinton  CO.,  Michigan,  enters  Maple 
River  2  miles  from  its  mouth. 

STONY  CREEK,  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  flows  into  Lake 
Erie  6  miles  from  Moni-oe. 

STONY  CREEK,  of  Oakland  co.,  Michig.an,  falls  into  Clin- 
ton Itiver. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ionia  co..  5Iichigan. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Oakland  m..  .Michigan, 
on  a  creek  of  its  own  name,  2(i  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.  .  It 
contains  1  church,  and  mills  of  various  kinds. 

STON  V  CRE  EK.  a  township,  Henry  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.1028. 

STONY  CREEK, a  township,  .Madison  co., Indiana.   P.  597. 

STONY  CREEK,  a  township  of  Itandolph  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1191. 

STONY  CREEK  WAREHOUSE,  a  post-offlce  of  Sussex  co., 
Virginia. 

STONY  FORK,  a  post-ofBce  of  .\mherst  co.,  Virginia. 

STONY  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Watauga  co..  North  Carolina. 

STONY  HILL,  a  small  village  of  Madison  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Blue  Ridsre  Turnpike. 

STONY  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Richmond  co..  Virginia. 

STONY  MOUNT,  a  post-office  of  Brunswick  co.,  A'irginia. 

STONY  POINT.  Orange  co..  New  York,  on  the  W.  b.ink  of 
Hudson  River,  at  the  head  of  Haverstraw  Bay,  42  miles  N. 
of  New  York.  The  capture  of  the  fort  at  this  place  by  Gene- 
ral Wayne,  on  the  lUth  of  July.  1779.  is  justly  considered 
one  of"  the  most  brilliant  exploits  performed  during  the 
RevolutioD.arv  war. 

STONY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  AlbemarM  co.,  A'irginia. 

ST(>NY  POINT,  pojitoffice.  Alexander  co  ,  North  Carolina. 

STONY  POINT,  a  post-offlce  of  East  Raton  Rouge  parish,- 
I/,uisiana. 

STr)N  Y  POINT,  a  small  post-village  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

STilNY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Bradley  co..  Tennessee. 

STONY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  Indiana. 

STONY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Miss.iurl. 

STONY  POINT  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Cumlvriand  co., 
Virginia.  61  miles  W.S.W.of  Richmond;  it  has  a  flouring  mill. 

STONY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Surrey  co..  North  Carolina. 

STONY  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Itailmad.  13  miles  from  Toledo. 

STONY  RUN,  a  postoffice  of  Cienest«  co..  Michigan. 

STOOIVLEY.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Devon. 

STOOKA  or  STUKA,  stoo'kj.  a  town  of  Morocco  iTOvlnce 
of  Soos,  tM  miles  S.W.  of  Ter'adant, 


STO 


STO 


ST0P1IAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
STOI'S'LKY.  a  parish  of  Enjj;land,  co.  of  Bedford. 
STOR,  a  Danisli  and  Swedisli  word  signifying  "  great," 

firefixed  to  a  number  of  names,  as  STORSiiiN".  '•  great  lake," 
he  n.ime  being  given  doubtless,  by  way  of  distinction,  from 
the  numerous  lakelets  in  tlie  vicinity.     See  STORSioy. 

STO){,  stou,  a  river  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Ilolstein,  joins 
the  Elbe  2^  miles  M.  of  Gliickstadt,  after  a  S.S.W.  course  of 
60  miles. 

STOR.  a  river  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  amt  of  Ringkiij- 
bing.  enters  Xissim  Fiord,  after  a  W.  course  past  Ilolstbroe. 

STOR-.\KVAN,  ston  fvin,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  \xn  of 
Umei.  receives  from  the  N.W.  the  surplus  waters  of  the 
Horn-Afvan,  and  on  the  S.E.  discharges  its  own  by  the  river 
SkelefteS.  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

STOJlA-lvOl'l'ARBERU,  sto'ra  kop'par-bSRQ',  a  name  of 
the  lasn  of  Falun,  Sweden.    See  Kald.v. 

STORA  LULKA  (Luled)  WATT.VEX,  sto'r.l  looli-o  wltf- 
njn.  Sweden,  is  a  long  expansion  of  the  river  LuleJ,  between 
lat.  67°  and  68°  N.,  and  Ion.  17°  and  -20°  E.  Length,  from 
N.W.  to  S.E.,  90  miles;  greatest  breadth,  5  miles. 

STOR-.\.\,  stoR  dn,  a  river  of  Sweden,  tea  of  Ostersund, 
tributary  to  the  .\mmer. 

STO  KC 1 1  NEST,  stoitK'nJst.  or  OSIECZXO,  o-se-Stch'no.  a 
town  of  Prussian  Poland,  37  miles  S.S.W.  of  Posen.    P.  1300. 

STORKIIKDDI.NGE,  sto'reh-hJdMing-eh.  a  town  of  Den- 
mark, in  Seeland,  26  miles  S.  of  Copenhagen.     Pop.  1000. 

ST0RK\'II.iIjK.  stSi-'vil,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  district. 
South  Carolina,  117  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

SrORKO\V,  stoR'kov.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, on  the  Storkow  Canal,  26  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frank- 
fort on  the  Oder.    Pop.  1350. 

STORM  BAY.  on  the  S.E.  side  of  A'an  Diemen's  Land,  S. 
of  lat.  43°  S.,  and  about  Ion.  147°  40'  E. 

STOIVMONT,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  has  an  area  of  391 
square  miles.  It  is  watei-ed  by  several  small  streams  flow- 
ing Into  the  river  St.  Lawrer:ce,  which  forms  its  S.E.  bound- 
ary.   Capital.  Cornwall.     Pop.  14.643. 

STORM'VILLK,  a  post-oflTice  of  Dutchess  CO.,  New  York. 

STOR.MVILLK.  a  post-oflice  of  Monroe  co..  Pennsylvania. 

STOIl'.VOW  AY  or  STOK'.N  AWAY,  a  burgh  of  barony,  sea- 
port town,  and  parish  of  the  Hebrides,  Scotland,  co.  of  llo.os, 
on  the  K.  side  of  the  island  of  Lewis,  on  a  fine  bay,  38  miles 
W.X.W.  of  the  nearest  point  of  Cromarty  on  the  mainland. 
Lat.  of  the  light-house.  .58°  11'  5"  N.,  Ion.  6°  22'  2"  W.  I'op. 
of  the  town,  in  1851.  2201.  It  is  tlae  largest  town  in  the 
Hebrides,  and  though  not  regularly  built,  has  substantial 
and  slated  houses,  and  some  good  shops,  with  a  church, 
an  endowed  female  seminary,  and  otVier  schools,  a  town- 
house,  news  room,  public  library,  custom-house,  and  a 
branch  bank.  The  harbor  is  formed  by  a  pier ;  the  bay, 
which  is  deep  and  safe,  is  sheltered  by  two  li^adlands,  on 
the  S.  of  which  a  light-house  was  erected  in  1833.  Storno- 
w.ay  has  some  wool-carding,  corn,  and  m.ilt  mill.s,  an  exten- 
sive distillery,  and  rope-walks,  but  its  chief  trade  is  in  fish 
and  kelp.  About  1500  fishing-boats  belong  to  its  district. 
Registered  burden  of  shipping  in  1848,  2447  tons.  Steamers 
ply  weekly  to  I'oll-Kwe,  and  in  summer  the  port  is  some- 
times visited  by  steamers  from  Glasgnw.  The  immediate 
vicinity  is  better  cultivated  than  most  part  of  the  Hebrides. 
In  theviclnity  is  Stornoway  Castle. 

.STORO,  sto'ro,  (anc.  Setaurtimf)  a  market  town  of  the 
Tyrol,  circle  of  Trent,  on  the  Chiese,  about  8  miles  from 
Condino.     Pop.  1076 

ST01{0E,  sto'ro'eh.  an  island  of  Norway,  sttft,  and  30  miles 
S.  of  Bergen.  Length,  from  M.  to  S..  15  miles;  breadth.  7  miles. 

STOR/IUNGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

STORR'S,  a  post-township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River.    Pop.  3862. 

STORSniN  or  STORSJOX,  stor'.se-on  or  stors'yBn,  (i.  e. 
"  Great  Lake.")  a  lake  of  Sweden,  near  lat.  63°  10'  .N..  Ion.  14° 
30'  E.  Length,  from  20  to  30  miles.  The  town  of  Ostersund 
Is  situated  on  its  E.  shore.  Another  lake  of  the  same  name 
is  situated  W.S.W.  of  Gefielx)rg.     Length.  15  miles. 

STOR-UMAX,  stor  oo'min,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  Ifcn  of 
Umeil.  in  lat.  65°  N.,  Ion.  from  16°  30'  to  17°  E.;  25  miles  in 
length,  by  6  miles  in  greatest  breadth,  and  traversed  from 
N.W.  to  S.E.  by  the  river  Umei. 

STOR-UMK-A..  (Umel)  stOR  oo'm.i-o.  Sweden,  an  expansion 
of  the  river  UmeS.  Lat.  65°  N.,  Ion.  17°  E.  Length,  from 
N.W.  to  S.E.,  25  miles  :  greatest  breadth,  6  miles. 

STORVAND,  stor'vind,  a  lake  of  Norwjiy. 
STO'RY,  a  new  county  near  the  centre  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.     It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by 
Skunk  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Mississippi.    The  surface  is 
E;cntly  undulating  and  diversified  by  prairies  and  groves; 
the  soil  is  higlily  protluctive.    Extensive  beds  of  stone  coal 
ve  found.    Capital.  Nevada.    Pop.  4051. 
STORY,  a  post-offlce  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 
STORZING.  a  town  of  file  Tyrol.     See  Sterzino. 
STOSKX.  sto'zen,  or  STOSSEX,  stos'sgn.  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxonv.  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  652. 
STOT'b'OLD.  a  pari.'h  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
STdTTKlilTS,  stot'teh-rits,  a  village  of  Saxouy,  2  miles 
S.E.  of  Leipiiic.    Pop.  25U5 


STOTTERXIIEIM,  stot/tern-hImo\  a  village  of  Saxe-Wei 
mar.  on  the  Stolberg.     Pop.  1084. 

STOT'TKSDKX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

STOUCII'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
34  miles  E.  bv  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

STOUGIIStOWX.  stows'town,  a  post-village  of  Cumber 
land  CO.,  Penn.sylvania.  on  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad. 
13  miles  S.W.  of  Carlisle. 

STOUGHTOX,  sto'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Susse.x-. 

STOUGHTON,  sto'ton,  a  po.st-village  and  township  of  Xon 
folk  CO.,  Massaehusetts,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Stoughfon 
Branch  of  the  Boston  and  Providence  Railroad,  19  miles  S, 
by  W.  of  Boston.  It  has  manufactures  of  boots  and  shoes, 
fabrics,  thread,  &c.     Pup.  ol  tiie  township  4830. 

STOUGHTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  of  Dane  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Catfish  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie 
dn  Chion  Ruilroad.  16  miles  S.E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  250. 

STOULTON,  stol'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  'Worcestor. 

STOUR,  stoor,  a  river  of  England,  cos.  of  Wilts.  Dorset,  and 
Hants,  fiows  mostly  S.E..  joins  the  .\von  atChristchurch. 

STOUR,  a  river  of  llngland,  between  Hs.sex  and  .Suii'olk, 
p.asses  Haverhill,  after  which  it  expands  into  an  estuary, 
which  joins  that  of  the  Orwell,  to  enter  the  North  Sea  at 
Harwich. 

STOUR,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  rises  by  two  headj 
which  unite  at  Ashford,  whence  it  has  mostly  a  N.E.  course, 
and  below  Canterbury  it  divides  into  two  arms,  which  enter 
the  sea  respectively  at  Reculver  and  Pegwell  Buy.  insulating 
Thanet.    It  is  navigable  from  the  sea  to  Canterbury. 

STOUR,  a  river  of  England,  cos.  of  Stafford  and  Worces- 
ter, passes  Stourbridge  and  Kidderminster,  and  joins  the 
Severn  at  Stourport. 

STOURBRIDGE,  gtar^brij,  a  market-town  of  England,  co., 
and  20  miles  N.N.I'',  of  Worcester,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Stour.  Pop.  in  1851,  7847.  It  has  a  theatre,  a  grammar 
school  with  an  annual  revenue  of  400/.,  large  iron-works, 
and  m.-mufactures  of  glass  and  earthen-wares. 

STOUR'.MOUTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STOU  U'PAl  X  ]i.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STOUR'PORT.  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester, 
parish,  and  4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kidderminster,  on  the  Severn, 
here  crossed  by  an  iron  bridge,  .at  the  influx  of  the  Stour 
and  the  Stafford  and  Worcestershire  Canal  Pop.  of  the 
township  in  1851,  2993.  It  is  wholly  of  modern  origin,  and 
the  seat  of  a  busy  transit  trade.  It  has  a  carpet  factory,  and 
traffic  in  corn,  coal  and  timber. 

STOUR'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Somerset  and 
Wilts,  2i  miles'  W.X.W.  of  Mere.  The  village  is  beautifully 
situated  and  pictviresque;  adjacent  to  it  is  Stourhead,  the 
seat  of  Sir  II.  H.  Hoare.  iu  the  demesne  of  which  is  a  monu- 
ment in  memory  of  King  Alfred.  Here,  in  658.  the  Anglo- 
Saxons  defeated  the  Britons,  and  in  1010  and  1025  the  Danes 
fought  the  Saxons. 

STOUT'IXG.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

STOUT'S,  stowts,  a  postofflce  of  Northampton  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

STOUT'S,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Oliio. 

STOUT'S,  a  po,--tofiice  of  Blount  co..  .Maljama. 

STOUT'SGROYE.  a  post-office  of  JIcLean  co.,  Illinois. 

STOUT'S  LANDING,  a  vill.-ige  of  Lewis  co..  Kentucky. 

STOUTS'VILLE,  a  village  of  Xew  Jwsey,  on  the  tjoundary 
between  Somerset  and  Hunterdon  counties.  13  miles  S.W. 
of  Somervilie. 

STOn'EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STO'VKR.  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co..  Arkansa.s. 

STOVER'S  PL.'VCE.  a  post-office.  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STO'VER'i'OWX,  a  postofflce  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

STOW,  sto,  a  parish  of  ICngland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STOW,  a  parish  of  Knglind,  co.  of  Salop. 

STOW,  West,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STOW,  a  parish  of  .Scotland,  cos.  Selkirk  and  IMinburgh. 

STOW,  st5,  a  post-township  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  65  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  .551. 

STOW,  a  po.stvillage  and  towns'ip  of  Lamoille  co..  Ver- 
mont, 20  miles  X.X.W.  of  Montpelier.  The  village  contains 
3  churches,  3  stores,  2  taverns,  and  several  starch  factories. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  2046. 

STOW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co..  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Lancaster  and  Sterling  Branch  of  the 
Fitchburg  Railroad,  27  miles  W.  by  X.  from  Boston.  The 
Assabet  River  has  here  two  falls,  which  afford  motive  power 
for  woollen  and  carpet  factories.     Pop.  1641. 

STOW,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Summit  co., 
Ohio.     I'op.  994. 

STOW  BAR'DOLPH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STOW-BE'DOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

STO^V  CREKK.  Xew  .Jersey,  forms  a  considerable  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Cumberland  and  Salem  counties,  and 
falls  into  Delaware  B;iy  4  mili^s  N.W.  from  the  mouth  of 
Cohansey  River.     It  is  navigalile  for  sloops  18  miles. 

STOW  CREKK,  a  township.  Cumberland  co.,  New  .Tersej 

STOWE.  sto,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.,  and  2^  miles  N.N.W 
of  Buckingham.  Here  is  the  celebrated  seat  of  the  Duk< 
of  Buckingham.  Its  mansion  and  grounds  rank  among  tht 
most  magnificent  in  the  country 

1845 


STO 


STR 


STOWK,  a  parish  jfy^ngland,  co.  of  Stafford. 

STOV/'K,  a  p  rish  of  Eizgland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STOAVKfi,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

STOWKVi,  a  parish  of  Knglaud,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

STO'WELL'S  OOKXEKS,  a  postoffioe  of  Jefferson  co^  New 
York. 

STOWE  NIN'»CnURCnES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Xorthampton. 

STOWEH.  East,  a  parish  of  Enjrland,  co.  of  Dorset 

STOWER.  ■WiwT.  a  parish  of  Ensrland,  co.  of  Doi-set. 

STaWEI^P^tO^'OST,  a  pai-ish  oif  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STOWEY,  sto'ee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

STOWEY.  IVether,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Somerset,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bridgewater.  Pop. 
in  1S51.  S33. 

ST()\VFORD.  sto'ford,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  DeTon. 

STO'WICK.  a  tvthing  of  England,  co.  of  Glouce.ster. 

STOW,  L.A.NG'TOFT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STOAV,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hunts. 

STOW.  MA'RIES,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

STOWMAKKET,  sfo'mar-ket,  a  market-town  and  pansh 
of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  at  the  confluence  of  three  rivu- 
lets, forming  the  Gipping,  and  on  the  Eastern  Union  Rail- 
way, 13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bury,  and  12  miles  N.W'.  of  Ipswich. 
The  town  has  manufactures  of  iron,  leather,  and  twine,  and 
an  active  trade  in  malt,  coal,  corn,  and  timber.  Pop.  in 
1851,  3161.  The  Gipping  or  Stowmarket  Canal  is  navigable 
hence  to  Ipswich. 

STiJW-wiTH-QUY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

STOWS  FEURY,  a  postK)ffice  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 

STOWSVILLE,  slSz'vill.  a  post-village  ofGaston  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  ISO  miles  W.  by  S.  from  Raleigh. 

STOW  UPLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  ad- 
joiiiinLT  Stow  Market. 

bXiiW-ox-THE-WOLD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
l.ind.  CO.  of  Gloucester,  on  a  height  on  the  Roman  Foss-way, 
8i  miles  N.E.  of  Northleach.   Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  1515. 

STOW  WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

STOYESTOWN,  stois'tOwn,  a  post-borough  of  Somerset 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  Stony  Creek,  and  on  the  turnpike 
from  Pittsburg  to  Bedford,  70  miles  E.S.E.  from  the  former. 
It  has  several  stores  and  mills.  Coal  andiron  are  abundant 
In  the  vicinity.    Pop.  316. 

STRA,  strd,  a  village  of  North  Italy,  15  miles  W.  of 
Venice,  on  the  Brenta.  Pop.  1800.  It  has  several  fine 
residences. 

STR.\B.\NE.  stra-ban/,  a  municipal  borough  and  markets 
town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tyrone,  on  the  Mourne,  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge,  and  near  its  confluence  with  the  Finn 
and  Foyle,  immediately  opposite  Lifford.  Pop.  in  1851,  4890. 
Its  trade  is  facilitated  by  a  canal,  extending  from  it  to  where 
the  Foyle  becomes  navigable  for  barges  of  40  tons.  Adjoin- 
ing the  town  is  a  salmon  fishery. 

STR-\B.\NE,  stra-ban'.  a  post-township  of  Adams  co., 
Pennsylvani.i.  about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Gettysburg.     P.  1466. 

STU.\BANE,  a  post-office,  M'ashingtou  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STll.\B.4.NE.  a  post-village  of  Lenoir  co..  North  Carolina, 
78  miles  S.E.  of  Raleigh. 

STR.\BUREK.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Trachen'bero. 

STRACIIAN,  straK'an,  (formerly  STRATUAEN,)  a  parish 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Kincardine. 

STRACIIUR  (straK'ar)  and  STR.A.LACnL.\.NE,  stral-aK'- 
laii.  two  united  parishes  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  in  Cowal, 
having  W.  Loch  Fyne. 

STRADBAULY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Leinster.  Queen's  co.,  on  the  Strad,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge 
of  3  arches,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Maryborough.  Pop.  of  town, 
1.328.  Near  it  is  Rockley  Park,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
Earls  of  Hoden. 

STRADBALLY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford. 

STRADB.\LLV,  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Galway. 

STRADBALLY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry. 

STRAIVBROKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk.  It 
gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  Rous  family. 

STRADBROKE  ISLAND,  on  the  E.  coast  of  Australia,  is 
one  of  two  principal  islands  sheltering  Sloreton  Bay  on  the  E. 

STRADELLA.  strd-dSl'ld,  a  market>town  of  North  Italy, 
Piedmont,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  A'ogliera,  near  the  Po.  Pop. 
65(>J.    It  has  silk  and  cotton  manufactures. 

STRAD/ISIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STR.\DO.\'E,  stra-don',  a  tillage  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster  co., 
and  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cavan. 

STKAD'SET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STRAF'FAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinst«r.  co.  of  Kil- 
tlare.  witha  station  on  theOraat  Southern  and  Western  Rail- 
way. 17  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dublin. 

STRAF'FOUD,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  New  Harap- 
shire,  has  an  area  of  about  35(5  siiuare  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Salmon  Falls  River,  and  is  drained  by  the 
Cocheco,  Lamprey,  and  Isinglass  Rivers,  which  afford  valu- 
able water-power.  The  surface  is  rough  and  uneven,  and 
the  soil,  although  difficult  of  cultivation,  cenerally  fertile. 
The  Piscata(iua  River  is  navigable  for  sloops  to  South  Ber- 
wick, and  the  Cooheco  to  Dover.  This  county  is  partly  inter- 
sected by  the  railroad  connecting  Alton  and  Dover,  and  by 
18ia  ' 


that  connecting  Portland  and  Boston.   Capital.  Dover.   Pop 
31,493. 

STRAFFORD,  a  post-village  .'.nd  township  in  Strafford 
CO..  New  Hampshire,  20  miles  Ji.N.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  2047. 

STR.iFFORD.  a  post-viilage  and  township  in  Orange  co, 
Vermont,  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  llontpelier.     Pop.  1506. 

STRAFFORD  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Strafford  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

STKAG'GLESTIIORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln, 

STRAHLEN.  a  village  of  Prussia.     See  Str.ales. 

STRAID  or  TEM'PLEMORE',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught  CO.  of  Mayo,  4  miles  S.  of  Foxford.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  an  abbey  .and  an  old  castle. 

STRAIGHT  CREEK,  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Ohio  River,  near  Ripley. 

STRAIGHT  CREEK,  a  postoflice  of  Brown  cb.,  Ohio,  ^OJ 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

STRAIGHT  FORK,  a  post-ofllce,  Campbell  co.,  Tenne.ssee^ 

STRAIT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama. 

STRAITON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

STRAIT'S  LAKE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

STRAITS^VILLE,  a  post-village  of  New  Haven  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

STRAITSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio. 

STRAKONITZ.  stra'ko-nits\  or  STRAKOWITZ.  striTvO- 
ftits\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Prachin,on  theWottawa, 
here  joined  by  the  Wolinka,  27  miles  E.S.E.  ofKlattuu.  Pop* 
3900.     It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

STRALACHLANE.    See  Strachur. 

STRALE,  an  island  of  Prussia.    See  Daxholm. 

STRALEN  (stralen)  or  STRAELEN,  strA'lfn.  a  village  of 
Prussia,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  Pop.  1720,  with  ma- 
nufactures of  cotton. 

STRALSUND.  strll's<i6nt,  a  strongly  fortified  town  of 
Prussia,  capital  of  the  province  of  Pomerania.  on  the  strait 
which  separates  the  island  of  Rilgen  from  the  mainland, 
and  so  completely  surrounded  by  water  as  to  be  approjiched 
only  by  bridges,  120  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Berlin.  I,at.  54°  18' 
18"  N.,  Ion.  i3°  5'  30"  E.  The  houses  have  an  old  and  in- 
teresting .appearance;  and  both  streets  and  squares,  though 
irregular  and  devoid  of  elegance,  are  clean  and  well  paved. 
The  principal  buildings  are  the  Nicolai  church,  a  brick 
structure  begun  in  1.311,  and  surmounted  by  a  lofty  tower; 
four  other  churches,  the  government-house,  the  town-bouse, 
a  turreted  edifice  built  in  1316;  the  gymnasium,  with  a 
library  and  cabinet  of  coins;  the  mint,  arsenal,  poor-house, 
work-house,  orphan  hospital,  and  infirmary.  The  manu- 
Pictures  consist  of  woollen  and  linen  cloth,  sugar,  syrup, 
starch,  soap,  candles,  tobacco,  leather,  mirrors,  and  pLaying- 
cards;  and  there  are  numerous  distilleries,  oil-works,  and 
building-docks,  in  which  a  great  number  of  vessels  are  fitted 
out.  The  port,  though  not  large,  and  somewhat  encumbered 
by  shallows,  is  good,  and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade. 
In  1S52,  269  vessels  (tons  28,798)  entered,  and  377  (tons 
30,643)  departed.  Stralsund  is  the  seat  of  a  superior  court 
of  law,  and  of  several  public  offices.  It  was  founded  in  1209 
by  Prince  Jaromar  I.,  of  Riigen,  and  peopled  with  S.axons. 
It  afterwards  became  a  free  imperial  and  Hanse  town,  and 
rose  to  great  commerciid  importance.  It  has  repeatedly 
suffered  severely  from  war.  It  w.as  unsuccessfully  liesieged 
by  Wallenstein  in  1628;  but  in  1678  Frederick  William, 
the  great  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  took  it,  after  a  bombard- 
ment, by  which  1800  houses  were  destroyed.  It  was  also 
captured  in  1713  and  1S07.  Since  1815,  its  defensive  works 
have  been  greatly  enlarged,  and  it  is  now  one  of  the  strong- 
est towns  belonging  to  Prussia.     Pop.  in  1861,  21,936. 

STR.\LSUND,  a  government  of  Prussia,  province  of  Pome- 
rania, Ixiunded  on  the  N.W.,  N.,  and  N.E.  by  the  Baltic. 
Area,  1700  English  square  miles.  It  consi.ots  partly  of 
the  group  of  islands  of  which  Riigen  is  by  far  the  largest, 
and  partly  of  the  mainland  of  Stralsuud  Propi;r.  Pop.  in 
1849,  187,058. 

STRAMBERG,  strdm'bfRG.  a  town  of  Moravia,  circle  of 
Prerau.  3  miles  S.W.  of  Freyl>erg.     Pop.  2,507. 

STRA.MBINELLO,  strlm-be-nJl'lo,  a  village  of  Italy, 
Sardinian  States,  province  of  Ivrea.    Pop.  275. 

STRAMBINO.  stram-bee'no.  a  market-town  of  Italy,  Sar- 
dinian States,  in  Piedmont  6  miles  S.  of  Ivrea.     Pep.  3907. 

STRANBENZELL,  str^n'btjn-tsjir,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  St.  Gall,  near  the  Sitter.     Pop.  1169. 

STKANDMUHLE,  (Strandmuhle,)  strand'miiMoh,  a  vil- 
lage of  Denmark,  in  Seeland.  on  the  Miiblensee;  with  an  . 
extensive  paper  mill,  producing  above  100,000  roams  an- 
nually. 

STRANG'FORD.  a  seaport  and  market-town  of  Ireland, 
in  Ul.ster,  co.  of  Down,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  entrance  to 
Lough  Strangford.  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Downpatrick.  Pop.  in 
1851,620.  It  has  many  ves.«els  engaged  in  the  fisheries. 
.\djoining  are  Castle-ward  (Viscount  Bangor)  and  4  forts. 
It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  the  Smyth  family. 

STRANGFORD.  LOUGII.  (Idn.)  is  a  large  lake,  or  inlet  of 
the  sea.  between  Belfast  Lough  and  Dundrum  Bay.  li  miles 
in  length.     It  is  shallow,  and  encumbered  with  isleti-.. 

STRANGNAS,  (Striingnks,)  or  STB.^NGN.i;S.  See 
Strkjgnas. 


STR 

STRANING,  strJ'ninK,  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of 
Lower  Austria,  on  the  ManiibartsberK.     I'op-  1-t-lO. 

STKANORLAK,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster.  CO.  of  Donegal,  on  the  N.  bank  ofthi  Finn,  i  a  mile 
N.E.  of  Ballybnfey.     I'op.  of  the  town  in  1851.  512. 

STllANRAHR.  stran-rawi-',  a  royal,  parliamentary,  and 
municipal  burgh,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
■  CO.  of  Wigton,  on  level  ground,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Loch 
Ryan,  and  intersected  by  a  small  river  here  crossed  by 
se.cral  liridges,  6  miles  N.U.  of  Port- Pa  trick.  Pop.  of  the 
parliamentary  burgh  in  18.51,  5738.  It  is  very  Irregularly 
laid  out.  The  principal  edifices  are  an  old  castle,  in  the  centre 
of  the  town:  the  town-hall,  jail,  and  several  ciiurches  and 
chapels.  It  has  a  mechanics'  institute,  suljscription  libra- 
ries, a  public  reading-room,  some  hand-loom  weaving,  tan- 
neries, and  nail  factories.  The  harbor  is  sheltered  by  a  pier, 
and  allows  vessels  of  lUO  tons  to  come  close  to  the  town. 
Vessels  of  300  tons  lie  in  the  roadstead  half  a  mile  distant. 
The  e.xports  are  cheese,  corn,  cattle,  leather,  and  shoes.  Re- 
gistered shipping,  12S2  tons.  Steamers  ply  weekly  to  Glas- 
gow, Belfast,  and  Whitehaven,  and  many  of  the  population 
consist  of  Irish  pauper  immigrant.s.  The  borough  unites 
with  Wigton.  Whithorn,  and  Xuw  Galloway,  in  sending  1 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

STRAN'SKLL.  a  parisb  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.  6  miles  N.N.K.  of  York.  Butler,  author  of  '-Hudi- 
bras,"  was  born  here  in  1612. 

STRAN'TO.V.  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Durham,  on 
Hartlepool  Harbor. 

STR.WY.  strd'nee,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  and 
about  20  miles  from  Ilradisch.     Pop.  1318. 

STRASBOURG,  stris'boon/  or  stras'bttrg.  (Fr.  pron.  strls'- 
booR';  (jer.  Slnisshury.  str.ls.s'b<">oRn;  anc.  ArrjenU>rattiim,)  a. 
strongly  fortified  city  of  France,  on  its  E.  frontier,  capital  and 
department  of  lia.s-lthin,  and  formerly  capital  of  the  province 
of  .Msaoe.  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  111.  near  the  left  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  to  wliich  its  glads  e.xtends.  and  across  which  it 
communicates  with  Kehl  (in  Baden)  by  a  bridge  of  boats, 
72  miles  .V.  of  Basel,  (Bale.)  Lat.  48°  31'  56"  N.,  ion.  7°  44'  51" 
E.  I'op.  1861,82,014.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year.  49°-7; 
winter.  31°-2:  summer,  04°-5.  Fahrenheit.  The  firtifled 
city  is  of  triangular  fornv  euclo.sed  by  bastioned  ramparts, 
strengthi'ned  by  numerous  outworks,  and  entered  l)y  7 
gates.  At  its  E  extremity  is  a  strong  pentagonal  citadel, 
built  by  Vauban,  and  by  means  of  sluices  the  adjacent 
country  may  be  laid  under  water.  It  is  generally  well  built, 
and  has  lofty  houses,  spacious  squares,  and  streets  inter- 
sected by  branches  of  the  111.  which  are  cros.sed  by  nume- 
rous wooden  bridges.  Outside  of  the  walls  are  several 
suburbs,  a  large  artillery  ground,  with  a  monument  to 
Kleljer;  a  hippodrome  or  race-course,  numerous  gardens, 
and  places  of  public  resort.  The  v.a.st  cathedral,  founded 
A.B.  504,  and  the  choir  built  by  Charlemagne,  is  chiefly  a 
modern  edifice,  begun  in  the  tenth,  but  not  fini.shed  till  the 
fifteenth  century,  with  a  spire  466  feet  in  height,  being 
higher  even  than  that  of  St.  Peter's  at  Home.  The  building 
is  in  every  part  richly  decorated  with  sculpture ;  it  has  a  re- 
markable astronomical  clock,  and  fine  stained  glass  windows. 
The  other  important  edifices  are  the  Timple  yetif.  a  Pro- 
testant church:  the  church  of  St.  Thomas,  with  the  fine 
monument  to  Marshal  Saxe;  the  new  synagogue,  theatre, 
former  episcopal  palace,  court-house,  tribunal  of  com- 
merce, prefecture,  public  library,  said  to  contain  130,000 
volumes,  and  many  manuscripts;  academy,  common  col- 
lege, corn-hall,  public  granaries,  custom-house  for  the  Rhine 
departments,  arsenal,  barracks,  and  other  military  estab- 
lishments. Here  are  several  hospitiils  and  asylums,  an 
exchange,  corn,  fish,  and  other  markets,  and  a  botanic  gar- 
den. Strasbourg  is  a  bishop's  see,  the  seat  of  a  chamber  of 
commerce,  societies  of  agriculture  and  art.s,  faculties  of  law, 
medicine,  pharmacy,  arts,  letters.  &e..  a  mint,  and  cannon 
foundry.  It  has  a  very  extensive  transit  trade,  by  its  con- 
nections with  Germany,  Switzerland,  North  Italy,  and  all 
the  W.  of  Continental  Kurope.  Its  manufactures  are  in 
great  variety;  among  the  principal  are  Iwer  and  leather, 
for  which  it  is  especially  famed:  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk 
fabrics:  canvas,  jewelry,  buttons,  cutlery.  clock;(,  musical, 
mathematical,  and  other  in.struments;  chemical  products; 
it  has  copper  and  iron  forges,  distilleries,  soap  factories, 
and  a  large  bookselling  trade.  Its  patis  de  foies  gras  have 
high  celebrity.  The  Basel  (Bale)  and  Baden  Railway,  and 
the  canals  connecting  it  with  all  the  great  rivers  of  France 
with  the  Danulie,  are  important  aids  to  its  commerce,  and  a 
railway  to  Paiis  is  in  progress.  Steamers  ply  between  Stras- 
bourg and  Basel,  (B&le.)  Rotterdam,  and  I.,ondon. 

Strasbourg  is  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  the 
Romans,  who  erectfjd  it  as  a  barrier  against  the  incursions 
of  the  Germans,  who,  however,  ultimately  made  themselves 
ruasters  of  it,  and  retained  possession  till  the  reign  of  Clovis, 
who  again  drove  them  back  lieyond  the  Rhine.  In  the  sixth 
century  it  changed  its  ancient  name  of  Argentoratum  for 
that  of  Strasbourg,  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century 
became  subject  to  the  emperors  of  Germany.  It  afterwards 
acquired  great  privileges,  became  a  free  town,  and  was 
govL-rueU  as  a  republic     In  1081  it  became  permanently 


STR 

united  to  France.  Stra.sbourg  is  tne  birthplace  of  ^^arshf! 
Kellerman,  General  Kleber,  and  of  Pierre  SchoelT*  r.  whr 
contests  with  Guttenburg  the  honor  of  the  invention  of 
printing 

STR.iSBURG,  strSs'bSrmG,  a  town  of  Prus.«ia.  province  ot 
Brandenburg,  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Templin.  i'op.  4400.  If 
has  manufactures  of  linen  and  woollen  fabrics. 

STRASBORG  or  BRODIXCZ,  bro^dintch.  a  town  of  West 
Prussia,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Marienwerder,  on  the  Drewenz, 
and  on  the  I'olishfrontier.  Pop.  3750.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  leather,  and  beer. 

STRASBURG,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia.  20  miles 
N.  of  Klagenfurth,  on  theGurk.     Pop.GSO. 

STR.A.S/BURG,  a  pleasant  post-borough  and  township  of 

Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  46  miles  S.K.  of  Harrisburg, 

and  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lancaster.    The  borough  contains  3 

.churches,  an  academy,  a  bunk,  and  several  stores.    Pop.  in 

'^1850,  880,  of  the  township  in  1800, 1858. 

STRASBURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Shenandoah  eo., 
Virginia,  on  the  North  Forli  of  the  Shenandoah  River,  and 
on  the  Jlanassas  Gap  Railroad,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Winchester 
It  has  3  churches.     Pop.  15S3. 

STRASBURG,  a  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  co..  Ohio,  on 
Sugar  Creek,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
about  110  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

STRASCIIITZ,  Ned,  noi  strd/shits,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  21 
miles  W.N.AV.  of  Prague.     Pop.  1793. 

STRASMTZ  or  STRASNIZ,  strds'nits.  written  also 
STRAZX ITZ  and  STRASSNITZ,  a  town  of  Moravia,  l:!  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Ilradisch,  on  the  March,  here  crossed  by  a  sus- 
pension bridge.  ■  Pop.  4100.     It  has  a  castle. 

STRASS.  striss,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  at  the 
S.  fix)t  of  the  ^lannhartsberg.     Pop.  1150. 

STRASSBERG,  strdss'bjRO.  a  village  of  Germany,  princi- 
pality of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,  capital  of  a  bailiwick. 
Pop.  977. 
STKASSBURG,  France.    See  Ste.\sbourg. 
STRASSNITZ.    See  Strasznitz. 

STRASSWALCHKN,   strass'*dPKen.    a  market-town   of 
Upper  Austria,  circle  of  Salzach.  on  the  MUhlbach.  15  miles 
N.li.  of  .Salzburg.     Pop.  813. 
STi!.VSZ.  a  market-town  of  Bohemia.    See  Pi-atz. 
S'J'RAT'A,  a  post-offlce  of  Jlontgomery  co..  Alabama. 
STRA'TA-FLOR'tDA,  a  cbapelry  of  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Cardigan,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Tregaron.      Pop.  819.     Here  are 
the  ruins  of  the  celebrated  abbey  of  Strata  Florid.i,  in  a 
beautiful  valley  surrounded  by  mountains.    It  was  fiiunded 
in  1164  by  a  prince  of  South  Wales,  many  of  who.se  family 
are  interred  there. 

STRAT'FIELD  MORTI.MER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Berks. 

STRAT'FIELDSAYE.  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Hants 
and  Berks,  6i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Basingstoke.  On  the  Lodder, 
in  this  parish,  is  the  estjite  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  con- 
ferred on  him  by  Pitrliament  for  his  services  in  the  Penin- 
sular war.  This  estate  formerly  belonged  to  the  gi-eat  Earl 
of  Chatham  and  William  Pitt.  The  mansion  is  a  plain  but 
elegant  edifice.  The  park  is  about  \\  miles  in  length,  by  1 
mile  in  breadth.  On  the  estate  is  the  site  of  the  ruined 
citv  of  Silchester. 
STRAT'FIELD  TUR/GIS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
STRAT'FORD.  a  post-township  of  Coos  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  117  miles  N. 
of  Conconi.     Pop.  716. 

STRATFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Faii-fleld  co., 
Connecticut,  at  the  mouth  of  Ilou.satonic  River,  on  the 
Nausatuck  Railroad,  and  on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven 
Railroad,  62  miles  from  New  York.    Pop.  2294. 

STl'.ATFORD.  a  township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Fulton  CO..  New  York.     Pop.  1172. 

STRATFORD,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  Ohio,  near 
the  Cleveland  and  Columbus  Railroad,  27  miles  N.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

STRAT'FORD.  a  town  of  Canada  AVest,  capital  of  the  co. 
of  Perth,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Avon.  It  has  an  Episco- 
pal church,  Church  of  Scotland.  Free.  Congregational.  Wes- 
leyan  Methodist,  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  distillery, 
a  brewerv.  2  tanneries,  and  2  flour  mills.     Pop.  about  900 

STRA'i'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Huron, 
110  miles  W.  of  Toronto. 

STRAT'FORD-UPON-A'VON,  a  municipal  borough,  town, 
and  townshipof  Kngland.  CO.  of  Warwick,  parishof  Old  Strat- 
ford, on  the  N.  bank  of  the  .4von.herecros.sed  by  a  bridgeof 
14  arches.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Warwick.  I'op'.of  townnhipin  1851, 
3.372.  It  is  neatly  built  in  a  modern  style.  Various  fires  in 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  destroyed  mo.st  of 
its  older  buildings,  find  that  in  which  Shakspeare  died  was 
wantonly  razed  by  its  proprietor;  but  the  house  in  which 
the  great  poet  was  born  has  been  preserved.  The  church, 
a  spacious  and  handsome  edifice  on  the  margin  of  the  river, 
surrounded  by  large  elms,  contains  a  bust  of  Shakspeare, 
and  the  tomls  of  himself,  his  wife,  and  daughters :  his  statue 
also  adorns  the  town-hall,  in  which  are  pictures  of  him  and 
of  Garrick.  The  other  principal  buildings  are  the  ancient 
chapel  of  the  holy  cross,  market-bouse,  iUmshouses,  and 

1847 


STR 


STR 


Iheativ.  The  grammar  scbnol  entiowment  amounts  to 
uearlj  700?.  a  year;  aint  here  aiv  national  and  Laucasteriau 
schools,  and  rarious  other  charities.  The  trade  is  chietiy 
in  corn  and  malt.  The  town  i.s  connected  by  railway  with 
Moreton.  15  miles  S.,  and  with  Birmingham  and  Henley  by 
the  Stratford  Can.'il. 

ST1{ATF011D-UNDER-THE-CASTLE.  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Wilts. 

STKAT'FORD.  FKN'NY,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.of 
Bucks,  on  the  Bedford  branch  of  the  Loudon  and  North- 
western Kailway,  1  mile  N.E.  of  liletchley.  Pop.  of  chapelry 
in  1851,  1092.  "it  hiis  two  principal  streets,  and  a  mauu- 
fcetoi-y  of  lace. 

STRATFORD,  LAXCTHOUXK.  a  market-town  of  Essex, 
on  the  E.  l>auk  of  the  Lea,  here  crossed  by  an  ancient  bridge, 
4  miles  E.X.E.of  London.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  many 
Dls.senting  chapels  and  schools,  tlour  mills,  chemical  and 
print-woiks,  and  distilleries,  and  is  intersected  by  the  East- 
ern Counties  Itailway  and  its  br.iuches. 

STRATFORD  LE  BOW,  a  market-town  of  England,  sepa- 
rated from  the  foregoing  by  the  Lea.  and  like  it  on  an  old 
Roman  high waj-,  whence  its  name.  Pop.  in  1851,  6989.  It 
has  a  church  of  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  a  free  school,  and 
another  school  with  an  income  of  500?.  annually. 

STRATFORD  POIXT  LIGIlT-IIOUSli,  at  the  entrance  to 
Stratford  Harbor,  Connecticut,  with  a  revolriug  light.  Lat. 
41°  9'  N.,  Ion.  73°  6'  30"  W. 

STR  ATFORD-UPON-SLA'XEY.  a  small  manufacturing  town 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Wicklow. 

STKATFORD  ST.  AX'DREW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

STRATFORD  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

ST15ATF0RD,  STO'XY,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of 
Bucks,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Newport  Pagnell,  on  the  Ouse, 
and  on  the  Roman  Watling  Street,  it  being  considered  the 
ancient  Lactodii'ram.  Pop.  in  1851,  1757,  mostly  agricul- 
tural. It  is  built  of  freestone,  and  has  a  neat  towu-hall, 
and  a  manufactory  of  lace, 

STRATFORD  TOXEY.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.of  Wilts. 

STRATFORD  WATER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Buck- 
ingham. 

STRATH,  a  Celtic  word  signifiying  "  valley,"  forming  the 
prefi.x  to  a  number  of  Scottish  names,  as  Str.\th.\ve\,  "the 
valley  of  the  Avon."  &c. 

STUATH  or  STKATH  SWOR'DLE,  an  insular  parish  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Invernes.s,  compri.siug  a  part  of  the  island 
of  Skye,  with  the  islands  of  Scalpa,  Pabbi,  and  Longa.  A 
cave  in  the  X.  of  the  parish,  during  several  nights  in  174C, 
afforded  shelter  to  Prince  Charles  Edward,  Here  are  ruins 
of  circular  towers. 

STKATHAEX.    See  Strachax. 

STRATII'AM.  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
Hampshire.  39  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Concord,  intersected  by 
the  Portsmouth  and  Concord  Railroad.     Pop.  859. 

STRATHA'VEX,  a  burgh  of  barony  of  Scotland,  co,  of  La- 
nark, parish  of  Avondale.  14  miles  S.E.  of  Glasgow.  Pop. 
in  1851,  4274,  mostly  employed  in  weaving. 

STR.\THAVEN,  a  narrow  Highland  valley  of  Scotland,  in 
the  S.W.  of  the  co.  of  Banff. 

STRATH'BLAXE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Stirling,  4 
miles  S.E.  of  KiUearn.  It  has  ruins  of  various  old  baronial 
castles. 

STRATHBOGIE,  strath-bo/ghee,  a  district  of  Scotland. 
CO.  of  Aberdeen.  Area,  120  square  miles.  It  is  commensu- 
rate with  the  original  estiite  conferred  by  Robert  Bruce  on 
the  noble  family  of  Gordon. 

STKATII'DOX  or  IXVERXOCIITIE,  in-vgr-noK/tee,  a  pa- 
rish of  Scotland,  co.  of  Alierdeen. 

STRATH'EAKNV,  the  vale  of  the  Earn,  in  Scotland,  co. 
of  Perth,  extending  from  W,  to  E,  35  miles,  from  Loch  Earn 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Earn  in  the  Tay.  Breadth,  from  6  to 
8  miles.     It  has  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in  Scotland. 

STRATHMIG'LO,  a  burgh  of  barony,  and  parish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Fife,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cupar,  on  the  Miglo. 
Pop.  of  burgh  in  1851,  1604,  chietiy  employed  in  weaving. 
It  has  an  antique  appearance,  and  has  a  large  bleachfield, 
several  corn  mills,  malt  houses  and  breweries,  and  freestone 
quarries  in  its  vicinity.  In  tlie  parish  are  numerous  cairns 
and  tumuli,  on  a  supposed  battle-tield, 

STRATII'MORE,  (••  the  great  valley,")  an  extensive  low- 
land tract  in  Scotland,  in  a  wide  acceptation  extending  from 
the  county  of  Dumbarton  to  the  sea,  in  the  county  of  Kin- 
cardine, and  embracing  part  of  Stirlingshire,  aiid  of  the 
counties  of  Perth  and  Forfar,  bounded  X.  by  the  Grampians, 
and  S.  by  the  I./enuox,  Ochil,  and  Sidlaw  Hills.  In  a  more 
limited  sense  it  comprises  the  tract  from  Methven,  county 
of  Perth,  to  Brechin,  county  of  Forfar,  40  mUes  in  lent'th, 
watered  by  the  Tay  and  its  affluents.  It  gives  the  title  of 
earl  to  the  L>on  family. 

STKATH  SWORDLE.    See  Strath. 

STBATl,  Ftri'tee,  an  island  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  22  miles 
S.W.  of  Lemnos.  Lat.  39°  30'  N.,  ion.  25°  E.  It  is  about 
25  miles  long. 

STKATOXICEA,  Asia  Minor.    See  Eskke-Hissar. 

STRAT'TOX,  a  parish  and  market-towu  of  England,  co. 
1848 


of  Cornwall,  on  the  Bude,  15  miles  N,N  W.  of  Launce.ston. 
Pep.  of  palish  in  1851.  1696. 

STKATTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

STHATTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Gloucester, 

STKATTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STKATTOX,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants, 

STRAT'TOX,  a  post-townshin  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont, 
90  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     I'op.  366. 

STKATTOX  AUD'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  BucUa 
and  Oxford. 

STRATTON-ON-THE-FOSS,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. The  Till.^ge  is  situated  on  the  ancient  Roman 
Fossway. 

STKATTOX,  LOXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STKATTOX'S  FALL,  a  post-ofiice,  Delaware  co..  Xew  York. 

STKATTON  ST.  MARGARET^S,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Wilts. 

STKATTOX  STRAW/LESS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

STRAT'TONVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clarion  co., 
Penn.sylvania,  on  the  Bellefonte  and  Erie  Turnpike,  3  miles 
E.  of  Clarion,    Pop.  323. 

STRATUM,  strl'tfim,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  .Vorth  Brabant,  close  by  Eindhoven.     Pop.  1215. 

STR.VTUS.  a  ruined  city  of  Greece,  government  of  Acar- 
nania.  Its  remains  are  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Achelous,  9 
miles  X.  of  Vrachori,  in  -i;tolia. 

STKAUBING,  strow'bing,  (anc.  Castra  AuguHanaf)  a 
walled  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on  an  eminence  beside  the 
Danube,  which  here  forms  a  large  island,  and  is  crossed  by 
a  bridge.  25  miles  S.E.  of  Ratisbon.  Pop.  10,714.  It  h.as  a, 
castle,  numerous  churches,  a  gymnasium,  the  remains  of 
several  convents,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn  and  cattle. 

STRAL'SBERG.  strows'biRG.  a  walled  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg,  on  Lake  Strauss.  20  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Berlin.  Pop.  3500.  It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woollen  fiibrjcs. 

STKAUSFURT.  strows'fofiRt,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
13  miles  X.  of  Erfurt,     Pop.  1060. 

STR.iUS'TOWN,  a  post-otRce  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STK  AW,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  Xew  Jersey,  5  miles  S.S. 
of  Philipsburg. 

STKAW'BERRY,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co..  Arkansas. 
Pop.  709. 

STRAWBERRY  HILL,  a  post-ofHce  of  Muscatine  co..  Iowa. 

STRAWBERRY  PLAINS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  .TefTer- 
son  CO..  Tennessee,  on  Holston  River,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Knox- 
ville.  The  l';ast  Tennes.see  and  Virginia  Railroad  terminates 
at  this  village,  and  connects  with  another  leading  to  Knox- 
ville. 

STRAWBERRY  POIXT.  a  post  oflice  of  Gavton  co.,  Iowa. 

STRAWBERRY  RIVER,  of  Arkansas,  rises  in  Fulton  CO., 
and  flows  into  Black  River  on  the  S.  line  of  Lawrence  county. 

STRAWBRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STRAWXTOWN,  a  village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  IS  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Easton, 

STRAWTOWX,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hamilton  CO., 
Indiana,  on  White  River,  28  miles  N.X.E,  of  Indianapolis. 
Pop.  200. 

STRAWTOWN,  a  po.st'Village  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  30  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of 
Indian.apolis. 

STRAZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Pl.\tz. 

STKAZXITZ.    See  Strasnitz. 

STREAKY  (.streo'kee)  BAY,  South  Australia,  having  at 
its  entrance  Cape  Banner  on  the  S.E.  side,  and  Point  Brown 
on  the  X.W,  It  penetrates  inlaiid  12  miles,  and  is  inter- 
sected by  the  134th  meridian  E,  Ion. 

STREATH.\N,  stree'than,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Surrey. 

STREATLEY,  street'lee,  a  parish  of  England  co.  Bedford. 

STREATLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
.  STRElv,  strA,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut, 
on  the  Monsol,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1132. 

STREEFKERK,  straifkSRk,  a  village  of  the  Xetherlands, 
province  of  South  Holland,  5  miles  X.W.  of  Gorinchem,  on 
the  Leek.     Pop.  1337. 

STREET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

STREET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.sex. 

STREET,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  chiefly  in  ct). 
of  Westmeath. 

STREET'HALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

STREETS/BOROUGH,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of 
Portage  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  and  Pitts- 
burg Railroad.    Pop.  906. 

STREET'S  RUX,  post-ofRce,  Allegh.any  co.,  Penvsjlvania. 

STREETS'VILLE,  a  village  of  Canada  We.st,  co.  of  York, 
township,  and  23  miles  fiom  Toronto,  on  tlie  Credit,  with 
Episcopal,  Methodist,  and  Free  churches,  a  tf.wu  jall,  and 
several  schooLs.     Pop.  1200. 

STREHLA,  strA'ia,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Elbe,  17 
miles  X,W.  of  Meissen.     Pop.  2100. 

STREHLEX,  strA'len,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia  £8  milo' 
S,  of  Breslau,  on  the  Ohlau.  Pop.  4700.  It  is  en(  /osed  hy 
dr.ulile  walls,  aud  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  voollou  clotU. 
and  Ittather. 


STR 

STREIILTTZ,  stiAnits,  or  STRELTE,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  governme'it  of  Breslau.     Top.  1076. 

STIlKhlTZ,  (slri'lits.)  Gross,  (rroce,  or  Great,  a  town 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  government  of  Op|)eln,  2  miles  S.E.  of 
Oppeln.  Pop.  H'iO.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics 
and  hosiery. 

SXKELITZ,  Klein,  kiine.  or  Little,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  16  miles  S..S.W.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  750. 

STIIKLITZ,  Neu,  a  town  of  North  Germany.     See  Neu 

STliELITZ.  .4lt,  in,  or  Old  STRELITZ,  a  town  of  Meck- 
lenburg Strelitz,  2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Xeu-Strelitz.  Pop.  3089. 
It  was  formerly  the  ducal  residence. 

STUKiyiTZ,  a  neat  modern  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth,  parish  of  Cargill,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Cupar-Angus,  built 
In  1763,  as  a  retreat  for  discharged  soldiers  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  German  war. 

STKEiytiEy.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  to.  of  Nottingham. 

STIIKLTE.     See  Strehlitz. 

STKEN(?X.\S,  (Strengnas.)  written  also  STRAEX6NAES, 
*  town  of  Sweden,  lajn,  and  40  miles  N.of  Nykoping,  on  the 
S.  shore  of  Lake  Mftjlar.  Pop.  llDO.   It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop. 

STRENICZ.  str.Vriich,  or  TREMTZ.  trVnits,  a  village  of 
Bohemia,  about  9  miles  from  Leitomisehei.     Pop.  1046. 

STREN'SALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  7  miles  N.E. 
of  York,  North  Riding,  on  the  York  and  North  Midland 
Railway. 

STREPY,  stri'pee,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
llainaut.  on  the  Ilaine.  9  miles  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1236. 

STRETI'iXSK,  .strA-tinsk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Irkootsk,  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nertchinsk. 

STRET'KORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

STRKTFORD,  a  chapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  I.»ancaster 

STKETll'A.M.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

STRETTO,  stret/to.  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Dalmatia, 
aix)ut  38  miles  from  Sebenico,  on  the  island  of  the  same 
name.    Pop.  1237. 

STRET'Ti)X.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  6i  miles 
S.  of  Chesterfield,  on  the  South  .Midland  Railway. 

STRETTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Jtutland. 

STRET'TOX-BAS'KERVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  AVarwick. 

STRET'TOX,  CIIORCII,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Salop,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop. 
of  parish  in  18.51,  1676.  It  has  a  woollen  manufactory,  and 
a  trade  in  malt.  Xear  it  is  Caer-Caradoc,  where  Caractacus 
is  suppo.sed  to  liave  been  defeated  by  Ostorius. 

STRETXOX-ox-DlJXSMOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
■Warwick,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Coventry.  It  has  a  nunnery,  and 
a  county  a.sylum  for  juvenile  criminals. 

STRKTT6X-en-le-FIELDS,  apari.sh  of  England,  co.  Derby. 

STRETTOX-ON-THE-FOSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

STRETTOX  GRAXD'SOME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

STRETTOX-SUG'WAS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hereford. 

STREVI,  stri/vee,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Alessandria,  province,  and  about  2  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Acqui.     Pop.  1745. 

STRIAXO,  stre-d'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
S.S.E.  of  Xola.     Pop.  1300. 

STRICIIKX.  striK'en,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

STRICK'ATIIKOW.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar. 

STRICK'EltSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  40  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

STRICK'LAXD.  a  post-village  of  Ware  co.,  Georgia. 

STKICKLAXD'S  DEl'OT,  a  post-village  of  Duplin  CO., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  railroad  from  Weldon  to  Wilming- 
ton, 47  miles  N.  of  the  latter. 

STRICKLA.ND'S  FERRY,  a  postoffice  of  Androscoggin 
CO.,  Maine. 

STRICK'LAND  WINTERBORNE,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset. 

STRIEGAU.  stree'gow,  a  wailed  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bresiau.  Pop.  5100.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  and  linen.  The  Prussians  defeated  the 
Austrians  here  in  1745. 

STKIELX.\.  stre-M'nd.  a  river  of  Rus.sia,  government  of 
Vologda,  rises  in  the  circle  of  Xikolsk,  Hows  X..  and,  after  a 
course  of  nearly  60  miles,  joins  the  Sookhona.  Vast  numbers 
of  barks  and  barges  are  constructed  on  its  banks,  and  sent 
down  unloaded  to  Oostioog  Velikee,  to  be  employed  in  the 
navigation  of  the  Xorth  Dwina. 

STRiaXO,  streen'yo,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  circle 
of  Trent,  on  the  Brenta,  6  miles  from  Borgo.     I'op.  1300. 

STRI.JKN.  a  villaiie  of  the  Xetherlands.     See  Strtem. 

STRl'IvERSVlL[.E  or  STRY'KEItSVILLE.  a  post-village 
ti  Wyoming  co.,  Xew  York,  on  Buftilo  Creek,  30  miles  E.S.E. 
•{Biilfalo.  .    ,, 

.STRILEK.  strriJk.  a  market-town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
3  miles  X.W.  of  Ilradisch.     Pop.  1087. 

STRIMl  LOW.  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Tremles. 

STRIXKS'T!>\VX.  a  post-oflice  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STUfNG   i'KAl'KlE,  a  post-office  of  Leo  co.,  Iowa. 

STRIXG'STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 


STR 

STRINGTOWN,  a  post-oflRce  of  Ripley  co.,  Tndian.i. 

STRIXGTOWX,  a  post-office  of  liichland  co..  Illinois. 

STRIXGTOWX,  a  postoffiee  of  Davis  co..  Iowa. 

STRIXGTOWX,  a  post-office  of  Cole  co.,  .'^lissouri. 

STRIVALI,  stre-vi'lee,  or  STKOFADIA,  stro^ fa-dee/a 
written  also  STAM'l'HAXE  ISLAXDS,  (anc.  Stroph'ades,)  t 
group  of  four  small  Ionian  i.slets,  28  mUes  S.  of  Zante 
llarpy  and  Convent  Islands  are  the  largest. 

STRIXTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

STROBE'S  MILLS,  a  post-olJice  of  Mifflin  co.,  I'ennsyl- 
vania. 

STROGOXOV  (stroVo-novO  BAY,  an  inlet  of  Japan,  OD 
the  W.  coast  of  Yesso,  iat.  43°  30'  X.,  Ion.  141°  E. 

STROIIKX,  sti-o'en.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  govern- 
ment of  Minden.  circle  of  Liibbecke.     Pop.  1344. 

STROKE.STOWX,  stroks'town.  a  market-town  of  Ireland, 
in  Connai'gut,  co.  of  Roscommon.  6i  miles  S.S.E.  of  Elphin. 
Pop.  in  1851,  1353.  Immediately  adjacent  is  Bawn,  th« 
demesne  of  Lord  Hartland. 

STRO'MA  or  STRO'.MAY,  an  island  off  (he  N.  extremity 
of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness,  in  I'entland  Frith,  between  the 
mainland  and  the  Orkneys,  parish,  and  2  miles  N.  of  Canis- 
bay.  Length,  2^  miles;  breadth,  \^  miles.  Shores  rocky 
and  precipitous;  it  has  some  corn-land,  and  on  it  are  the 
remains  of  an  old  castle  and  an  ancient  chapel. 

STROMAY,  a  small  island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  off  the 
N.  extremity  of  Xorth  Uist. 

STRO.MBERG,  strom'bSRO,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Westphalia,  29  miles  E.S.E.  of  MUnster.     Pop.  15U0. 

STROMBERG.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  30  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Coblentz,  with  1020  inhabitants,  and  manufactures  of 
earthenware  and  leather. 

STROMBOLl,  strom'bo-le,  (anc.  Strim'gyU.)  thenorth-east- 
ernmostof  tlieLipari  Islands,  iu  the  Mediterranean,  otf  the  N. 
coast  of  Sicily.  Shape  nearly  round;  circuit  about  12  miles, 
Pop.  1200,  who  raise  good  wine,  wheat,  bailey,  cotton,  raisins, 
currants,  and  fig.s.  It  is  wholly  of  volcanic  formation,  con- 
sisting of  a  conical  bifurcated  rock,  rising  to  2500  feet  above 
the  sea,  and  at  its  W.  extremity  is  an  active  volcano,  the 
crater  being  on  the  X.W.  side  of  the  mountain,  about  one- 
third  from  its  summit,  and  170  yards  acn.ss.  On  the  E. 
side  of  the  island  is  a  small  town  and  battery,  and  vestige* 
of  ancient  buildinsrs  are  scattered  over  the  surface. 

ST  KO.MW  ESS',  (formerly  CAI  R'STOX.)  a  burgh  of  barony, 
seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and  on  the  main- 
land of  Orkney,  beside  a  beautiful  bay,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Kirkwall.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  2055.  Mean  temperar 
tuie  of  the  year,  46®-3;  winter,  39°'3;  summer,  54°-4,  Fahren- 
heit. The  bay  or  harbor  is  excellent,  and  admits  vessels  of 
all  burdens.  Boat  and  ship-building  is  carried  on,  and 
straw-plaiting  employs  some  females. 

STR(i.MOE.  the  chief  of  the  Fiiroe  Islands.    See  Faroe. 

STl'OMSOE,  strcim'so'eh,  one  of  the  three  small  towns  of 
Norway  comprised  under  the  name  of  Dra.mmen. 

STRO.MSTAD,  strom'stld.  a  town  of  Sweden,  on  the  Ska- 
gerrack, near  the  frontier  of  Xorway.     Pop.  1100. 

STROXA,  stro'n^,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Turin,  province,  and  6  miles  N.E.  of  Biella.  I^op.  1200. 

STRONG,  a  post-town.ship  iu  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Sandy  River,  about  35  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  754. 

STItOXGA,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Struga. 

STRO.NGOLI.  stron'go-le,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra  I.,  13  miles  N.X.W.  of  Cotrone.  Pop.  12u0. 

STUOXG  RIVER,  of  Mississippi,  a  small  stre:im,  which 
flows  through  Simpson  county  into  J'earl  River. 

STROXG'S  LAXD'IXG,  a  small  village  of  Marquette  co., 
Wisconsin. 

STROXOSTOWX,  a  post-village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Turnpike  from  Ebensburg  to  Indiana  Court- 
House,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  the  latter. 

STKOXG'VILLE,  a  post  village  and  town.ship  of  Cuyahoga 
CO.,  Ohio.  14  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Cleveland.  The  village,  with 
the  adjoining  village  of  .\lbion,  has  3  or  4  churches,  several 
stores,  and  1  woollen  factory.     Pop.  of  the  township.  058, 

STRONG  YLO(?)  strong'e-lo,  an  i.slet  of  the  Grecian  Archi- 
pelago, government,  .and  8  miles  S.W.  of  I'aros. 

STHON'SA  or  STROX'SAY.  one  of  the  Orkney  TsLandg, 
Scotland,  (\  miles  X.X.E.  of  Moul-head,  Pomona,  about  "i 
miles  in  length  by  t'J  miles  in  breadth.  Area,  about  14  square 
miles.  Pop.  939.  Shores  deeply  indented  by  b.ays,  and  sur- 
face mostly  iu  pasturage.  On  its  N.E.  side  is  the  village  of 
I'apa-Sound.  With  Papa-Stronsay,  it  composes  a  parish. 
Pop.  2785. 

STROXTI.^X.  (called  stron-teo'an  by  the  people  of  the 
vicinity.)  a  quoad  sacra  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle. 

STROilD.    See  Strocd. 

STROl'HADES.    See  Strivali. 

STROl'PIAXA,  Btrop-ped'nl  a  villiige  of  the  Sardlniao 
States,  in  Piedmont,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vercelli.     Pop.  2211. 

STROl'M'O.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province,  and 
24  miles  W.X  W.  of  Coni. 

STliOUD,  strowd,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and 
parish  of  England,  co.,  and  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gloucester,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Great  Western  Railway.    Pop.  of  parish  in 

1849 


STR 


STU 


1851,  8798,  of  parti  imentary  boroTigb,  36.535.  The  town, 
01;  ar.  emr.ieno)  at  lie  confluence  of  the  Frome  and  Slade 
K.rors,  Is  well  Imllt,  and  has  many  wooUeu  and  fullins; 
mills  and  dying  establishments,  it  beinj;  the  centre  of  the 
Qlouiestershire  woollen  manufactures.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons. 

STKOUD  or  STROOD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 
on  the  "V.  bank  of  the  Medway,  continuous  across  a  bridge 
with  Ilochester.  within  the  jurisdiction  of  which  city  its 
TilUge  iR  comprised.  Here  is  the  terminus  of  the  Gravesend 
and  iWhester  ilailway. 

STKOUD,  strOwd,  a  township  in  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  22  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Easton,  contains  Stroud»  srg, 
the  countv  seat.     Pop.  3067. 

STKOUD,  a  village  of  New  South  TVales,  co.of  Gloucestei, 
on  thi;  Karruah.  7  miles  from  Bourral.  It  is  the  head- 
quarters of  the  -Australian  As^ricultur.il  Company. 

STKOUDSBURG,  strOwds'burg,  a  post-borough,  capital  of 
Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Broadhead's  Creek,  about  4 
miles  Irom  the  Delaware  River,  and  118  miles  N.K.  of  Ilarris- 
burj.  It  is  situated  in  a  ple-isant  valley,  and  gradually 
improving.  There  are  several  flour  mills  in  the  vicinity. 
C'he  town  has  an  academy,  a  public  library,  and  4  or  5 
churches ;  1  or  2  papers  are  issued  here.     Pop.  1315. 

STKOUD'S  GLADES,  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co.,  Virginia. 

STKO.YTON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STKUIVBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STKUGA,  stroo'gi,  written  also  STRO.NGA,  a  small  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania,  sanjak,  and  6  miles  W.  of 
Ochrida. 

STRUMA,  a  river  of  Turkey.    See  Kara  Soo. 

STKU.MP'SIIAW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

STKUPPA,  stroop'pi,  a  village  of  the  Sjirdinian  States, 
division,  and  3  miles  N.E.  of  Genoa,  on  tlie  Bisagno,  near 
its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.    Pop.  2689. 

STRY,  stree,  a  river  of  Austrian  Galici.i.  riises  in  the  Car- 
pathians, flows  X.  and  N.E.,  and,  after  a  course  of  110  miles, 
joins  the  Dnie.«ter  4  miles  X.E.  of  Zydaczow. 

STRV.  a  fortified  town  of  Galicia,  capital  of  a  circle,  on 
the  Strv,  42  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lemberg.     Pop.  2682. 

STRYE.N'  or  STKIJEN,  strl'gn,  a  vill.ige  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  8  miles  S.  of  Dort.  Pop. 

251n. 

St'kY'KERSVILLE.    See  Strikersvillk. 

STltYICOAV,  strik'ov,  a  town  of  Poland,  gOTemment,  and 
&4  miles  S.W.  of  Warsaw.    Pop.  1200. 

STRYMON.    See  Kara  Soo. 

STRYMONIC  GULF,  (STRYM0NICU3  SINUS.)  See 
Orphaxo. 

STRYxnE  and  STRYNOE-KALP,  strU'no'eh  klip,  two 
Islets  of  Denmark,  between  the  islands  of  Langeland,  Taa- 
wuge.  and  .Eroe.    Pop.  6,50. 

STltYPEN,  strl'pen.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders.  13  miles  S.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1474. 

STRZELNO,  str/.hjl'no,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Bromberg,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Inowrazlaw. 
Pop.  23^0. 

STRZILEK,  strzhee'lJk,  a  vilUge  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
circle  of  Ilradisch,  12  miles  from  Kremsir.     Pop.  10S7. 

STRZYZOW.  strzhee'zov,  a  village  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
near  .Taslo,  ou  the  M'yslok.     Pop.  1068. 

STU'AKT.  an  island  in  Behring's  Sea.  in  lat.  63°  33'  N., 
Ion.  162°  W  W.,  about  20  miles  in  circuit 

STUBBEKIOBING,  stoob'beh-kyo'bing,  a  maritime  town 
of  Denmark,  stift  of  Falster-Laaland,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Falster.  15  miles  S.  of  PnestSe.     Pop.  1000. 

STUI!ENB.\CI1,  stoo'bfn-biK*,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Praohin.     Pop.  1134. 

STUBTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

STUDENECZ.  stoo'd?h-nJch\  or  STUDANKA,  stoo<ian'ka, 
a  village  of  BohemLt,  circle  of  Bidschow,  on  the  road  to 
Starkenbach.     Pop.  1608. 

STUDENZK,  stoo-d^n'zA,  a  village  of  -Austria,  in  Dalmatia, 
circle  of  Spalato,  about  30  miles  from  Almissa.    Pop.  1209. 

STUD'UAM,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Herts  and  Bed- 
ford. 

STUD'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  in  the 
island  of  Purbeck,  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Corfeca,stle,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Poole  Harbor.  Studland  B.ay,  on  its  E.  side,  is 
a  fair  anchorage;  and  near  it  is  Brown.sea  Island,  with  a 
castle,  defending  the  entrance  of  Poole  Harbor.  On  Stud- 
land  Commnn  are  some  curious  Druidic  remains. 

STUD'LKY',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

STUULINGEN,(StUhlingen,)stu'ling-^n,atownofBaden, 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Schaffhausen.     Pop.  593. 

STUIILWEISShiNBUKG.  stool-<vI'seD-b()i-iRo'  (or-bftrg.)  a 
town  of  West  Hungary,  capital  of  acounty.  in  a  marshy 
tract.  10  utiles  N.E.  of  Lake  Balatony.  Pop.  21,000.  It  has 
Bome  handsome  buildings,  including  the  bishop's  palace  and 
offices,  county  hall,  the  Marienkirche.  in  which  14  kings  of 
Huntrary  were  buried:  a  gymnasium,  other  Roman  Catholic 
•chools,  a  military  academy.  Magyar  theatre,  manufactures 
of  flannels  and  leather,  a  trade  in  wine,  and  large  cattle 
niarket.s, 

BTUHM,  stoom,  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  13  miles  N.N.E. 
1850 


of  Marienwerder,  between  two  l.ikes.    Pop.12£0.    Ith^san 
old   castle.     Here  Gustavus  Adolphus  deft&ttd  tnj  Poleti 
in  1630. 
STUK-A.  a  town  of  Morocco.     See  Stooka. 
STUKELEY',  (stuklee,)  Great,  a  parish  of  Englaud,  ca  of 
Huntingdon. 
STUKELEY,  Littie,  a  p.irish of  England,  co.  Huntingdon. 
STUlCiyLEY,  a  seaport  of  British  Auieiict,  at  the  entrance 
of  Morel  River  into  St.  Peters  Bay,  on  the  N.  ftoa.'.t  of  Prince 
Edward  Island,  county  of  King's,  in  lat.  46^  26'  N.,  Ion.  62;^ 
47'  M-. 
STUMP  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  M.adison  co..  Mi.s.xissippL 
STUMP  GROOND,  a  smaU  village  of  Onslow  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

STUMPSTOWN,  a  village  of  Bethel  township,  Lebanon 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Elizabeth  Crock,  35  miles  N.W.  of 
Reading,  has  about  80  houses. 

STUR.A,  stoo'ri,  (anc.  Slu'ra.)  a  river  of  North  Italy,  iu 
Piedmont,  division  of  Turin,  after  a  S.E.  cour.se  of  35  niiles, 
joins  the  Po  3  miles  N.  of  Turin. 

STUK.A,  a  river  of  North  Italy,  in  Pie.dmont,  flows  for  70 

miles  N.E.,  and  joins  the  Tauai-o  on  the  left,  near  Cherasco. 

STUR'BRIDGE.  a  hamlet  of  England,  en.,  and  H  miles 

N.N.E.  of  Cambridge.     A  large  fair  is  held  dujing  a  fortnight 

from  September  28th,  annually. 

STUR'BRIDGE,  a  post-vill.ige  and  town.ship  of  Worcester 
CO..  Mass;ichusetts,  CO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.  It  has  some 
manufactures  of  carriages,  cotton  goods,  and  other  articles. 
Pop.  2291. 

STURGE,  stfirj,  an  island  of  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  the 
ea.sternmost  of  the  five  which  compose  the  Ballenv  group, 
in  lat.  66°  44'  S..  Ion.  163°  11'  W.  It  is  very  elevated,  the 
highest  peak  lieing  about  5000  feet. 

STURGEON,  sttirgon,  a  lake  of  British  North  America,  27 
miles  long  by  6  miles  broad,  connected  with  I'ine  ]s.^;tnd 
Lake  by  the  river  Saskatchewan,  iu  lat.  54°  N.,  Ion.  102 '  W. 
It  receives  Sturgeon  River,  a  rapid  stream.  30  mile.s  loi  5. 

STURGEON  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  E.  side  of  Green  My, 
Lake  and  State  of  Michigan. 

STUR'GEONVILLE.  a  post-vill.ige  of  Brunswick  CO.,  Vir- 
ginia, about  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

STUR'OES  RAPIDS,  a  village  of  Black  Hawk  co„  Ijwa, 
on  W.ipsipinicon  River,  80  miles  N.N.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

STUKGIS.  sttir'jis.  a  thriving  post-village  and  towithip 
of  St.  Joseph  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Michigan  Southern  ilail- 
road,  115  miles  W,  of  .Monroe.  The  village  is  situated  ou  a 
fertile  prairie  of  its  own  name.  It  ha.s  Si  national  bank,  a 
steam  llouring-mill,  a  furnace,  and  other  e^tablislimeaU). 
Pop.  of  the  township,  1020;  of  the  village,  about  700. 
STUR/MER,  a  p;irish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Essex. 
STUROIINSTEK-MAR/SHALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorset. 

STUR'MINSTER  NEW/TON  CASTLE,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  on  the  Stf>ur.  8  miles  S  W. 
of  Shaftesbury.  Pop.  of  the  parish  in  1S61,  1916.  It  has 
some  manufactures  of  teize. 

STUR'RY'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  Stour, 
here  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge,  and  on  a  branch  of  the 
South-eastern  Railway,  2^  miles  N.E.  of  Canterbury. 
STUR'STON,  a  parish  of  Enu'land,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
STUKSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suliojk. 
STURSTON,  a  hamlet  of  Englaud,  co.  of  Derby.  1  mile  E. 
of  Ashljourne.     Pop.  664. 

STURT.  a  county  of  South  -Australia,  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Murray  Rivei',  and  S.  by  Lake  Ale.xandrina. 

STURT,  a  mountain  of  New  South  Wales,  in  the  Darling- 
downs. 

STURT  MOUNTAIN,  in  South  Australia,  is  the  mo.st  con- 
spicuous  summit  of  the  Gawler  range,  W.  of  Spencer  GulC 
Lat.  32°  45'  S.,  Ion.  135°  30'  E. 
STURTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co,  of  Notts, 
STURTON.  Gre.\t,  a  parish  of  England.  .;o.  of  Lincoln,  on 
the  Lincoln  Railway,  oi  miles  N.N.W.  of  ll-3rncastle. 

STURT  RIVER,  South  Australia,  enter.-;  the  Gulf  of  St 
Vincent  at  Glenelg,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Adelaid  j. 

STUTT'QART  or  STUT'GARD.  (Ger.  pron.  st«5t'gaRt,)  the 
capital  city  of  Wiirtemberg.  Germany,  on  the  Nesenbach.  a 
small  affluent  of  the  Neckar,  I5  miles  from  ':*■>  mouth  in  that 
river,  38  miles  E.S.E.  of  Carlsruhe.  Lat.  ol  the  cathedral, 
48°  46'  36"  N.,  Ion.  9°  10'  52"  E.  Pop.  (ISfil)  56.103.  Mean 
temperature  of  the  year,  49°-4 ;  winter.  33°-2;  summer,  64°'9 
Fahrenheit.  It  is  surrounded  by  gardens  and  vineyards, 
and  is  entered  by  an  avenue  of  poplars.  It  is  mostly  well 
built,  and  has  some  broad  and  handsome  stieets  and  fine  ■ 
stjuares,  in  one  of  which  is  the  royal  palace.  1  freestone  edi- 
fice, op-ning  on  one  side  into  a  fine  park.  This  p,il.Hce  con- 
tains many  good  Flemish  paintings  and  sculptures  by  Dan- 
neker  and  Canova.  The-old  palace,  and  the  theatre  in  the 
same  square,  a  Gothic  church,  with  tombs  of  the  dukes  of 
Wiirtemlierg.  the  pal.ice  of  the  princes,  parliament-house, 
city-hall,  chancery  court,  barracks.  post-offlc«.  gymn.-«.«ium, 
city  schools,  large  hospital,  work-house,  royal  stud-house, 
stables,  and  riding-school,  are  the  other  principjU  edifices; 
and  here  is  a  public  library  containing  2(10.i'00  volumes  and 
1800  manuscripts;  al.so  a  museum  of  natural  history,  with 


STP 

a  remarkable  sedoa  of  fossils,  royal  cabinets  of  coins  and 
medals,  with  17,1)00  coins,  antiquities,  and  maps;  the  royal 
library  of  50,000  volumes,  and  many  private  libraries.  It  is 
connected  by  railways  with  Heilbronn  on  the  N.,  and  Geis- 
linden  on  the  S.  Printing  and  booli-bindin),'  form  the  chief 
branches  of  its  industry,  and  Cotta's  printinj;  establishment 
is  one  of  the  largest  on  the  Continent.  It  has  some  manu- 
factures of  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  jewelry,  mathematical 
and  musical  instruments,  perfumery,  gloves,  and  car])ets, 
with  breweries  and  vinegar-works.  In  its  vicinity  some 
good  nfTervescing  wine  is  made  ;  and  near  it  is  Cannstadt,  a 
fcvorite  watering-place,  and  the  solitude  where  .Schiller  was 
educated.  Stuttgart  is  of  ancient  date,  and  owes  its  name 
to  a  castle  which  existed  before  lOSO.  In  1119  it  obtained 
corporate  rights  from  Hudolf,  .Margrave  of  Baden,  and  in 
1320  became  the  residence  of  the  counts  of  Wurtemberg.  It 
was  much  extended  and  improved  about  1449,  and  has  since, 
with  only  a  short  interval,  been  the  capital. 

STUTTKSBURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

STUT'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

STUT'TON-wiTii-IIA'ZLKWOOD,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Hiding,  parish,  and  Ij  miles  S.W.  of  Tad- 
caster,  on  a  branch  of  the  York  and  North  Midland  Kail- 
wav. 

STUTZAITZA,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.  See  Kaeatova. 

STUYVESANT.  sti'vfs-.ant.  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Columbia  co..  New  York,  on  Hudson  liiver,  and  on  the 
Hud.«on  Uiver  Railroad,  18  miles  S.  of  Albany.  The  village 
was  fijrmerlv  called  Ki.nderiiook  Laxdixo.     Pop.  2366. 

STUYVESA.VT  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co., 
New  York,  on  Kinderhook  Creek,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Al- 
bany.    It  contains  several  mills. 

STYR,  steer,  a  river  of  .Austrian  and  Russian  Poland,  in 
Galicia,  and  in  Volhynia  and  Minsk,  aftera  N.  course  of  200 
miles,  joins  the  Pripets  22  miles  E.  of  Pinsk. 

STYRIA  or  STIR!  A.  stir'e-a,  (Ger.  Sleyrmarh; stV?r-m&Rk\ 
Fr.  Slyrie,  st*;e'ree';  anciently  a  part  of  Norlicum,)  a  province 
Df  the  .Austrian  Empire,  with  the  title  of  duchy,  between  lat. 
45°  64'  and  47°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  13°  30'  and  16°  25'  E.,  having 
on  the  E.  Hungary,  S.  Illy ria  and  Croatia,  and  N.  and  W.Upper 
Austria.  Area,  8658  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1867,  1,066,773, 
miiinlj' of  German  descent.  It  chiefly  consists  of  the  valley 
or  basin  of  the  Mur,  with  portions  of  those  of  theDrave  and 
Save  in  the  S..  and  the  Enns  in  the  N.W.,  which  valley  is 
separated  from  that  of  the  Mur  by  the  Noric  Alps.  The 
highest  point  of  these,  the  Ilochschwab,  is  upwards  of  7600 
feet  in  elevation.  The  Styrian  Alps,  S.  of  the  Mur,  rise  in  the 
Eisenhut  to  7656  feet  in  height,  and  a  branch  of  the  Carnic 
Alps  separate  the  Drave  and  Save.  The  surface  is  almost 
wholly  miiuntainouB.  except  in  the  S.E.,  where  are  some 
plains  on  which  corn,  fruit,  tobacco,  &c.  are  raised ;  elsewhere, 
pastoral  or  mining  Industry  chiefly  occupy  the  population. 
The  corn  rai.«ed  is  insufficient  for  home  consumption.  The 
chief  crops  are  wheat,  mai'.ie.  pulse,  fiuits.  hemp,  and  flax. 
Cattle  and  sheep  are  extensively  reared.  Mining  is  the  chief 
branch  of  industry.  The  average  annual  produce  of  iron  is 
616,136  hundredweight;  copper,  1047  hundredweight;  salt, 
160.000  hundredweight;  -alum,  4145  hundredweight;  coal, 
404.986  hundredweight;  with  small  quantities  of  lead,  silver, 
gold,  zinc,  and  vitriol;  marble  and  building  stones  are  .abun- 
dant, and  the  country  contains  many  medicinal  springs.  The 
manufactures  are  insignificant,  and  the  trade  limited.  The 
conveyance  of  goods  employs  many  of  the  population,  the  pro- 
vince lying  in  the  high  route  between  Austria  and  the  Adri- 
atic, and  it  is  now  traversed  by  the  railway  from  Vienna  to 
Triest.  It  is  divided  into  the  circles  of  GrStz.  (the  capital.) 
and  Marburg.  Cilley.  .ludenburg.  and  Hrtlck.  its  other  chief 
towns.  Nearly  all  its  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics. 
GrjCtz  has  a  university.  Styria  was  erected  into  a  margra- 
vlate  by  Charlem.igne :  it  has  belonged  to  Austria  since  1192. 
kii'y  and  inhab.  Stykian,  stlr'e-an. 

STYK'RUP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SUABIA.    SeeSwABlA. 

SU.IKI.V,  swd'kin,  or  SU.\KEM,  soo-STiem,  a  seaport  town 
of  the  Red  Sea.  on  an  island  off  its  W.  coast,  in  lat.  19°  7' 
N.,  Ion.  37°  20'  E.  Pop.  8000.  (?)  It  has  an  excellent  harbor, 
and  is  a  stiition  for  pilgrims  passing  to  and  from  Ara'bia. 

SUAPA.    See  Suata. 

SUAPUKE,.swa-poo'rA,orSIVAPURE,  se-vJ-poo/rA.  ariver 
of  Venezuela,  rises  in  the  .Si6rra  Parima,  near  lat.  6°  S.,  flows 
W.N.W.,  and  joins  the  Orinoco  on  the  right,  after  a  course 
of  about  TOO  miles. 

SUATA,  swJ'tii,  or  SUAPA,  swS'pl,  a  town  of  New  Gra- 
nada, province  of  Socorro,  about  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pam- 
plona.    It  consists  of  about  1000  houses. 

SUB.U'HOO  or  SUKHATOO,  soo'bd-too',  a  town  of  North- 
west Iliiidostan,  capitnl  of  one  of  the  protected  states,  be- 
tween the  Sutlej  and  Jumna,  28  miles  S.E.  of  Belaspoor. 
Pop.,  with-Sewah  and  Burowlee,  5535. 

SUBBEKMUTTY.  s&b'er  mQt/tee,  written  also  SUBBER- 
MATTEE  and  SAUBBERMUTTEE,  a  river  of  West  Ilindos- 
tan,  rises  in  the  Odeypoor  dominions,  flows  S.W.  past  Ahmed- 
nugger  and  Ahmed.ibad,  and  enters  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Canibay  by  a  wida  mouth,  15  miles  W.  of  Cambay.  Total 
coursrt,"2'J<)  mi!&!» 


SUD 

SUEBIANO,  soob-be-3'no,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  on  the 
Arno,  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Florence.     Pop.  3020. 

SUBBULGIIUR,  s&b-bul-glir',  a  town  of  IIindo=.tjui.  78 
miles  S.W.  of  Agra. 

SUBBULGIIUR,  a.  town  of  Hindost.in,  in  t>,>  iJritish 
Upper  Provinces,  district  of  Moradabad,  18  .<iiles  S.  of 
Ilurdwar. 

SUBHATOO,  a  hill-fort  of  Ilindostan.    See  ^ubathoo. 

SUBI.ACO,  .soo-be-dTiO,  (anc.  Suhla'i/ueum,)  a  town  of  Cea^ 
tral  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  comarca.  and  31  miles  E. 
of  Rome,  on  the  Teverone.  Pop.  5840.  It  is  picture.squely 
situated,  and  has  a  castle,  long  a  summer  residence  of  the 
popes;  a  famous  monastery,  founded  in  the  fifth  century, 
and  remains  of  a  villa  of  Nero. 

SUBLETTE'S  (sfib^6ts)  LAKE,  in  the  W.  part  of  Missouri 
Territory,  in  lat.  about  43°  30'  N.,  ion.  110°  W.  It  is  tho 
source  of  the  Yellowstone  River. 

SUBLETT'S  TAVERN,  a  postK)ffice  of  Powhatan  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

SUBLTG'XA.  a  post-office  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia. 

SUBLIM/ITY,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon. 

SUB  RO'SA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Franklin  co.,  Arkansas. 

SUBROY,  silb'i-oy',  a  town  of  West  Ilindostan,  province 
of  Cutch,  22  ihiles  N.W.  of  Mandavee. 

SUBTJAVA,  sool>-te-3/vJ,  a  town  of  Central  America,  state 
of  Nicaragua,  on  a  small  lake  near  the  Pacific,  40  milea 
S.S.E.  of  Leon.    Pop.  5000. 

SUBUNREEKA.    See  Soobunrekha. 

SUBZ,  a  town  of  Central  Asia.    See  Shehr-e-Soobz. 

SUBZ.\WUIl,  silli-za-wtir',  a  decayed  town  and  fort  of 
West  Afghanistan,  on  a  river,  110  miles  S.  of  Herat;  lat.  33° 
20'  N.,  Ion.  62°  10'  E. 

SUBZOW.    See  Soobtsov. 

SUBZULCOTE,  sQbV.ul-kot/,  the  N.  frontier  town  of  Sinde, 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Bukkur;  lat.  28°  13'  N.,  Ion.  69°  42'  E. 
Pop.  5000. 

SUBZWAR.  a  town  of  North  Prussia.    See  Sabzawab. 

SUCCADANA,  sak-kS-da'na,  written  also  SOEKADANA, 
a  maritime  town  on  the  AV.  coast  of  Borneo,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Simpang  River;  lat.  1°  20'  S.  The  exports  comprise 
opium,  camphor,  salt,  diamonds,  gold-dust,  and  tin. 

SUCCESS',  a  post-township  of  Coos  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
115  miles  N.E.  of  Concord. 

SUCCESS,  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

SUCE,  sii^sA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire-In- 
ferieure.  on  the  Erdre,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nantes.    Pop.  2119. 

SUCIIEW.     See  Soo-Cuow-FOO. 

SUCHILTEPEC,  soo-cheel-tA-pJk',  a  town  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, state  of  Guatemala,  capital  of  a  department,  75  miles 
W.  of  New  Guatemala,  on  the  river  Suchiltepec,  which 
enters  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  near  a  volcano  of  the  same- 
name.    Indigo  and  cochineal  are  cultivated  in  its  vicinity. 

SUCHONA.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Sookiiosa. 

SUCHTELN.  (Suchtlen,)  suK'tMn,  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dusseldorf  on  a  canal.  Pop.  1840. 

SOCK,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  flows  mostly  S., 
and  joins  the  Shannon  at  Shannon  Bridge. 

.SUCKASUX'NY,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  22  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Trenton:  contains  a  church. 

SUCKERXOCH'EE  (called  also  TUGALOO)  CREEK  risea 
near  the  W.  borderof  Noxubee  co..  in  Mississippi. and.  flow- 
ing S.E.  into  Alabama,  falls  into  the  Tombigbee  at  Moscow. 
It  is  navigable  by  small  boats  about  35  miles. 

SUCK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

SUCRE,  soo/krA,  one  of  the  names  of  the  capital  of  Bolivia, 
(see  Chuquisaca.)  Lieut.  Gibbon  is  the  only  a.uthority,  so  far 
as  we  are  aware,  that  calls  this  city  Sucre;  he  .ssiys  it  has  also 
received  the  names  La  Plata  and  Chuqui  Chaca,  or  Chuqui- 
saca.   He  invariably  calls  the  department  CuiKiUiSACA. 

SUCRO.    See  Ccllera. 

SUCURIU,  800-koo-re-oo',  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
Serra  de  Itiqueira.  province  of  Matto  Grosso.  and  joins  the 
Paran&  on  the  right,  8  miles  below  the  junction  of  theTiete. 

SUCY-EX-BRIE,  sU'see'-6N"-bree.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Seine-et-Oi.se,arrondissement  of  Corbeil.  P.  1175. 

SUCZAWA,  soo-chJ/*!.  or  SUTSCIIAWA.  a  river  of  Aus- 
tria, rises  in  the  province  of  Bukowina,  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Galicia  and  Moldavia,  and  joins  the 
Sereth  after  a  course  of  about  100  miles. 

SUCZAWA,  SUCZAVA,  soo^hi'vL  or  SUTSCIIAWA, 
(anc.  Sucidava,)  a  fortified  town  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  in 
Bukowina,  near  the  Suczawa,  on  the  frontier  of  .Moldavia,  34 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Kimpolung.  Pop.  4812.  It  has  several  Greek 
and  .\rmenian  churches,  a  synagogue,  and  a  high  school. 

SUD.\.  soo/dJ.  orSWID,  swid.  a  river  of  Russia,  ri.ses  in  the 
S.  of  the  government  of  Olonets.  and,  flowing  S.E..  joins  the 
SkeUsna  below  Chenpovetz.    Total  course,  alx>ut  140 miles. 

SUDaK.    See  Soodak. 

SUD-AMERIKA,  (South  America.)    See  page  73. 

SUDAN.    See  Soodav. 

SUD'BORXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SUD'BOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

SUD'UROOK.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SUDBURY,  stld'ber-e.  a  borough-town  of  England,  cos.  of 
Suffolk  and  Essex,  on  the  Stour,  19  miles  \V.  of  Ipswich.  Popk 

1851 


SUD 


SUF 


of  the  borouch  in  1S51,  604-3.  ITie  town,  on  the  X.  side  of 
the  river,  is  neat,  clean,  well  built,  and  has  3  parishes  and 
parish  churches,  a  handsome  town-hall,  a  grammar  school. 
in  important  manufacture  of  silks  and  buutinirs,  an  export 
trade  in  agricultural  produce,  and  imports  of  coal. 

^DDBU'RY,  a  parish  of  Enijland,  co.  of  Derby. 

gUD'BUKY,  a  post-township  of  Rutland  eo.,  Vermont,  45 
miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  696. 

SCIVBURY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts.  20  miles  \V.  Viy  N.  of  Boston.  The  township 
has  Sudbury  River  on  the  E.,  and  Asa  bet  Kiver  on  the 
N.W.  and  N.,  ^'hich  streams  unite  to  form  Concord  River. 
On  Asabet  River  is  the  village  of  Asabet,  which  has  a 
carpet  factory  moved  by  water-power,  and  is  the  terminus 
of  a  branch  of  the  Fitchburg  Railroad.  Factory  Pond  fur- 
ni.shes  annually  about  40.000  tons  of  ice.  A  beautiful  gra- 
nite monument  was  erected,  in  1S53,  over  the  remains  of 
Captaiu  Samuel  Wadsworth  and  his  brave  as.tociates,  who 
fell  in  King  I'hilip's  War  at  Sudbury,  April  18,  1676;  two- 
thirds  at  least  of  those  enga;:ed  were  slain.  The  monument 
is  situated  a  little  N.  of  Mill  Village,  near  the  spot  where 
the  action  took  place,  and  directly  over  the  remains  of  the 
dead.     Pop.  1691. 

SUDBURY  RIA^ER,  a  small  stream  of  Mid,dlesex  co..  in 
the  X.E.  part  of  Massachusetts,  unites  with  the  Asabet  to 
form  Concord  River  at  Concord. 

SUDE'LEY  MAX'OR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester, 1  mile  S.E.  of  Wiuchcombe.  The  church  is  in  ruins. 
Queen  Catherine  Parr  is  buried  here.  It  has  also  the  ruins 
of  a  castle. 

SUDKKM.\NIA,  an  old  province  of  Sweden.    See  Soder- 

MAXM.VKD. 

SUDKROE.  soo'der-fi  or  soo'dgr-ii^fh,  almost  soo'der-tlh^- 
ygh.  one  of  the  Faroe  Island.s. 

SUDKTEX-GEBIRGE,  soo'deh-ten-gheh-beeK/gheh,  or  SU- 
DET'IC  MOUNTAIN'S,  (anc.  Sude'ti  M-m'tfS.)  a  mounfcun 
range  of  Germany,  comprising  the  Fichtel-gebirge,  Erz- 
gebirge.  and  Riesen-gebirge ;  they  encircle  Bohemia,  being 
connected  on  the  E.  with  the  Carpathians,  and  on  the  W. 
with  the  mountains  of  Franconia. 

SUD.TUI5.  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Sedjoor. 

SUD'LERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Queen  Anne  co.,  Mary- 
land. 55  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Annapolis. 

SUDOST,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  SooDOST. 

SUDSI1.\,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Sooja. 

SUDUD,  sooMad',  (probably  the  Zadiid  of  Scripture.)  a 
lai-ge  village  of  Syria,  pashalic  of  Damascus,  and  E.  cf  the 
route  from  that  city  to  Iloms,  (Emesa.) 

SUDUiC,  sooMfik'(?)  ariverof  Beloochistan.  rises  near  lat. 
26^  N.,  Ion.  63<^  22'  E.,  and,  after  a  S.  course  of  140  miles, 
enters  the  Indian  Ocean  60  miles  X.W.  of  Arubah. 

SUK.  soo'A,  an  island  of  Torres  Strait,  one  of  •'  The  Sisters." 
N.N.E.  of  Cape  York:  lat.  10°  12'  S.,  Ion.  142°  52'  E.  At  the 
W.  end  of  the  island  is  a  native  village. 

SUKC.\.  sw.Vkd.  a  town  of  Spain.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Valencia, 
on  the  Jucar.  near  its  mouth  iu  the  Mediterranean.  P.  S862. 

SUECl  A.  SUECO,  SUfiDE  and  SUEDIA.    See  Sweden. 

SUEDI.\H.  swA'de-a.  (anc.  SrJfu'cia.)  a  port  of  Asiatic 
Turkev.  pashalic  of  AlepjK),  18  miles  S.W.  of  Antioch. 

^CKDOIS.    See  Swei.e>-. 

SUEROS,  sw.^'roce,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon, 
district  of  .\storga.     Pop.  1084. 

SUKSSA  AUliUNCA.    See  Sessa. 

SUESSONES  or  SUESSIONES.    See  Soissoxs. 

SUEVRES,  sU'Sv'r',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loir-et-Cher,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Loir,  on  the  railway 
to  Orleans  and- Tours,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Blois.     Pop.  1957. 

SUEZ.  soo'Jz,  written  also  SOUEZ  and  SOUEYS.  (Arab, 
pron.  soo-^z'orsoo-aiz':  anc.  Chnpa^tris  or  Arxiii'oe.)  a  frontier 
lieaport  town  of  I'^gypt.  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  (an 
arm  of  the  Red  Sea'.)  76  miles  E.  of  Cairo.  Lilt.  29°  58'  6"  \.. 
Ion.  32°  34'  2"  E.  Stationary  inhabitants,  from  1500  to  2000. 
It  is  a  station  for  numerous  caravans  and  travellei-s.  It  is  a 
wretched  town,  with  houses  of  sun-dried  bricks,  and  unpaved 
streets,  having  about  a  dozen  mosques,  a  Greek  church, 
a  custom-house.  &e. ;  the  whole  enclosed  by  a  wall  mount- 
ing a  few  cannon,  and  surrounded  by  entrenchments.  The 
country  around  it  is  a  perfect  desert,  and  all  provisions  and 
water  are  brought  to  it  from  great  distances.  Its  port  will 
not  receive  boats  of  more  than  60  tons,  and  steamers  must 
moor  2  miles  from  the  town.  From  its  position  on  the  high 
road  ijetween  Egypt  and  the  East,  Suez  has  always  been  a 
place  of  extensive  transit  trade:  and  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  overland  route  to  India,  it  has  become  the  re- 
sidence of  many  merchants  and  agents.  A  railway  recently 
constructed  from  .Alexandria  to  Carlo,  is  to  be  extended  to 
Suez.  Immediately  X.  of  the  town  is  Kolzim,  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Clyamm. 

SUEZ.  GULF  OF,  the  W.  arm  of  the  Red  Sea.  after  its 
bifurcation  in  lat.  2^°  N..  whence  it  extends  N.AV.  to  lat.  30° 
N.  Length,  200  miles:  average  breadth.  30  miles.  Shores 
desert,  and  alternately  present  arid  plains  and  rocky  head- 
lands. Two  miles  from  its  head,  it  is  supposed  bv  some 
that  the  Israelites  'rossed  the  bed  of  the  sea  during  their 
exodus  from  Egypt. 
1842 


SUEZ.  ISTHMUS  OF,  the  neck  of  land  connecting  Asia 
and  Africa,  having  S.  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  and  N.  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Breadth,  72  miles.  The  surface  consists  mostly  of 
moving  sands,  interspersed  witli  .some  rocky  elevations,  salt 
marshes,  (the  ancient  crocodile  lakes.)  and  land  fertilized  by 
Inundations  of  the  Nile.  On  it  are  traces  of  the  ancient  can;U 
connecting  the  Red  and  Mediterranean  Seas.     See  Red  Sei. 

SUFFEED  KOII  or  SUFEID  KOII,  suffeed'  ko,  (the 
"white  mountain,'")  in  Afghanistan,  iOO  miles  S.  of  the 
Hindoo  Koosh.  bounds  the  valley  of  CalK)ol  on  the  S..  ex- 
tending fi-om  W.  to  E.  near  35°  50'  S.  lat..  and  between  ion 
69°  38'  and  71°  16'  E.  It  has  three  parallel  ranges,  the  two 
lower  covered  with  pine  woods,  the  loftiest  steep  and  rocky, 
rising  in  one  part  to  14,200  feet  iu  height,  and  covered  with 
perpetual  snow. 

SUFFEDU.V.  stiffeedQu',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  district  of  Delhi.  18  miles  W.  of  I'aniput. 

SUFFEID  RUD,  a  river  of  Per.Ma.    See  Sefbed  Rood. 

SUF'FERN'S,  a  post-village  of  Rockland  co..  New  York, 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  at  the  junction  with 
the  Pierniont  Branch  of  the  same  railroad,  32  miles  from 
New  York.  Here  is  an  important  railroad  station  at  the 
entrance  of  a  mountain  pa.ss. 

SUF'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SUF'FIELD.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ilartfird  co., 
Connecticut,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut  Riyer,  16 
miles  N.  of  Hartford.  It  is  the  .seat  of  the  Connecticut 
Literary  Institution,  founded  by  the  Baptist.s.  The  town- 
ship has  some  manufactures  of  carriages,  paper,  tobacco, 
&c.    Here  is  a  national  bank.    Pop.  3260. 

SUFFIELD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Portage  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1412. 

SUFFLEN.    See  Socfflexheim. 

SUFFOLK,  stif 'fok,  a  maritime  county  of  England,  having 
E.  the  North  Sea:  X.,  Norfolk:  W.,  Cambridgeshire:  and  S., 
Essex.  Are;i.  1481  square  miles,  or  947,840  acres,  of  which 
about  820.000  are  under  culture.  Pop.  in  1851,  3:57.215.  The 
Ou.se  and  AVaveney  Rivers  form  the  N.  boundary;  the  S. 
limit  is  formed  by  the  Stour,  which,  with  the  Orwell,  ex- 
pands into  an  estuary  near  the  se,a.  The  surface  is  m.ostly 
level,  and  very  well  tilled.  In  the  N.W.  is  a  tract  of  hilly 
and  poor  soil.  Wheat,  barjey,  beans,  oats,  turnips,  and 
hemp  are  tlie  principal  crops;  some  hops  are  raised:  diiry 
hu.sbandry  is  important,  and  butter  is  a  chief  product. 
The  stock  of  sheep  is  estimated  at  600.0<)0.  Stays  are  ma- 
nufactured in  large  numbers  at  Ipswich.  AVool  manufac- 
tures, formerly  important,  have  declined,  but  some  silk 
stuffs  are  made  at  Hadleigh  and  Glemsford.  and  gun-flints 
at  Brandon.  The  rivers  are  mostly  navigable,  and  the 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Stowmarket  Canal.  Lowestoft 
and  Norwich  Navigation,  and  branches  of  the  l-^asterr. 
Counties  Railway.  Suffolk  is  in  the  E.  circuit,  and  chiefly 
in  the  diocese  of  Norwich.  Assizes  are  held  at  Burj-St.- 
Edmund's  and  Ipswich;  besides  which  boroughs,  it  con- 
tains Eye  and  Sudbury,  and  the  market-towns  of  Wood- 
bridge,  Framlinghani,  Mildenliall,  Brandon,  Lavenham, 
Stowmarket,  Saxniundham,  <tc..  with  Orford.  Aldborough, 
Southwold,  and  Ixiwestoft  on  the  coa.^t.  The  county  also 
contains  the  remains  of  Dunwich,  (he  .ancient  capital  of  East 
Anglia.  but  which  h.as  been  mostly  engulfed  in  the  sea.  It 
sends  11  members  to  the  House  of  Commons,  of  which  4  are 
for  the  county. 

SUF'FOLK,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Alassachusetts.  has 
an  area  of  about  15  square  miles,  being  the  smallest  county 
in  the  state.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  Massachu- 
setts Bay.  It  comprises  only  4  township.s,  viz.  Boston.  Chel- 
sea, North  CheLsea.  and  AVinthrop;  but  on  account  of  its 
containing  the  chief  city  of  New  England,  (Boston.)  it  m.ay 
be  regarded  as  the  most  important  county  in  the  state.  In 
1850  there  were  47  machine-shops.  3  ship-yards,  10  ship- 
joining,  14  .ship-smithing,  and  15  shipwrightestablishments, 
12  bnuss  foundries,  8  iron  foundries.  1  rolling  mill,  8  type 
and  stereotype  foundries.  9  distillei-ies,  6  breweries,  33  book 
binderies,  30  manufactories  of  stoves  and  ranges.  4  of  lamps, 
20  of  trunks.  35  of  saddles  and  harnes.s,  18  of  coaches.  78  of 
cabinet-ware.  156  of  clothing,  90  of  boots  and  shoes,  3  silver- 
plating,  and  194  carpenter  establishments,  3  glass-works,  9 
upholsterers.  23  curriers,  5  manufactories  of  chemicals.  6  of 
whale-oil,  and  23  of  piano-fortes.  This  county  is  traversed 
by  railroads,  radiating  from  Boston,  in  almost  every  direc- 
tion. Organized  in  1643 — then  comprising  the  whole  of  the 
present  county  of  Norfolk,  and  a  small  part  of  Plymouth, 
and  named  from  Suffolk,  a  county  in  England.  Capital, 
Boston.     Pop.  192,700. 

SUFFOLK,  the  easternmost  county  of  New  York,  has  an 
area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  forms  the  E.  extrei"'ty 
of  Long  Island,  and  is  lx)unded  on  the  N.  by  Long  LsLind 
Sound,  and  E.  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Irs  coast  H 
indented  with  numerous  l>ays  and  inlets,  affording  excel- 
lent harbors,  and  great  advantages  for  navigation  and  for 
fisheries.  It  is  diained  by  Peconic  River,  and  other  smaller 
streams,  which  afford  some  watei--power.  The  surfa-e  ia 
the  N.  part  is  hilly  and  uneven,  anl  along  the  sea-coa«rt 
ne.arly  level.  The  soil  is  generally  sandy:  that  horderinp 
po  the  Sound  is  more  fertile  than  in  the  interior  and  S 


SUF 

portions.  The  Lonj;  Island  Railroad  passes  through  this 
county    Orjranized  in  li'iS3.   Capital,  KiTerhead.  Pop.  43,275. 

Sl'KFOLK,  a  post-vilIa<;e,  capital  of  Nansemond  oc  Vir- 
ginia, nn  tlie  Nansemond  River,  and  on  the  Portsmouth 
and  Koannke  Railroad.  85  Miles  S.E.  of  Richmond.  The 
river  is  naTiftable  for  small  '.essels.  It  contains,  hesides  the 
county  huildiuRS,  4  churi-he-s,  and  1  or  2  newspaper  offices. 
Founded  in  1742.     Pop.  1395. 

SUFFOLK  COURT-HOUSE,  Ne-w  York.    See  Riverhead. 

SUG.\R  (shflo^'ar)  CRKKK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the 
Susquehanna  near  Towanda. 

SUO.A.R  CKEKIC,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  If*  miles  E.N.E.  of  Butler.     Pop.  1101. 

SUQAK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Venango  Co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1022. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  small  village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  rises  in  Mecklenburg 
CO.,  and,  flowing  S.,  enters  Catawba  River  on  the  E.  border 
of  York  district.  South  Carolina.  Little  Sugar  Creek  unites 
with  it  near  the  boundary  of  these  states. 

SUG.AR  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  through  Telfair  co. 
into  th.?  Little  Ocmulgee  I'.iver. 

SUGAR  CRl-IEK.  a  post-ofllce  of  Telfair  co.,  Georgia. 

SUG.VR  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  into  Elk  River,  In 
Limestone  co..  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Athens. 

SUG.\R  CREEK,  a  post-oflice,  Claiborne  parish,  Louisiana. 

SUG.A.R  CREEK,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  5Sn. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  post-oflice  of  Lawrence  co..  Tennessee. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Portage  River,  in 
Ottawa  county. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  an  affluent  of  Tuscarawas  River,  Ohio, 
rises  in  Wayne  co..  and  enters  the  Tuscarawas  at  Dover. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  9.S2. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Greene  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.l,i94. 

SUGAR  CR  H:EK,  a  townsliip  of  Putnam  co.,  i  ihio.  Pop.  925. 

SUGAR  CREEK, atownshipofStarkfo., Ohio.    Pop.1800. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1438. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Wayne  CO.,  Ohio.  Pop.  21 38. 

SDG.^R  OREEK,  Indiana,  rises  in  Clinton  co.,  and  enters 
the  Wabash  from  the  E.,  about  3  miles  S.E.  of  Newpoi't. 
Its  general  course  is  S.W.,  and  its  whole  length  about  100 
miles. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  an  affluent  of  Blue  River, 
rises  in  Henry  county,  and  falls  into  the  river  about  a  mile 
below  Edinburg. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  CMntou  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  719. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hancock 
CO.,  Indiana,  about  15  miles  E.  by  S  of  Indianapoli.^.  Pop.1646. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jlontgomery  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  82S. 

SUGAR  CREEK,a  township, Parkeco.,Indiana.  Pop.720. 

SUGAR  CREEK, a  township ofShelby  CO..  Indiana.  P.981. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  townsliip  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1328. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Illinois,  falls 
Into  Salt  Creek.  Another  little  stream  of  this  name  falls 
Into  the  Sangamon  a  few  miles  E.  of  Springiield. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  William.=on  co.,  Illinois. 

SUG.\R  CREEK,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  1713. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  and  township  of 
Walworth  CO.,  Wisconsin.  41  miles  W.S.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

SUG.VR  GROVE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Warren.  The 
village  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  has  several  stores.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  1646. 

SUGAR  G  ROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Pendleton  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  post-oflice,  Watauga  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Butler  co.,  Kentucky. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Hocking  Valley  Canal. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Tippecanoe  cc.,  Indiana. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Kane  CO.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  969. 

SU6.\R  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa, 
about  70  miles  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

SUG.VR  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Grafton  co..New  Hampshire. 

SUGAR  IITLL,  a  post-ofllce,  McDowell  co..  North  Carolina. 

SUGAR  HILL,  post-office,  Marion  district.  South  Carolina. 

SUGAR  IITLL,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

SUGAR  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Panola  co.,  Texas. 

SUGAR  L.\KK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SUG.VRLOAF,  sh6i5g'ar-lof.  a  post-village  of  Orange  co., 
New  York,  about  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  New  York  City. 

SUG.ARLO.VF.  a  village  and  township  in  the  N.E.  extre- 
mity of  Columbia  co..  Pennsylvania. 

SUGARLO.\F,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  130.3. 

SUGARLOAF,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Arkansas. 

SUGARLOAF,  a  township,  Crawford  co.,  Arkans.ts. 

SUGARLO.AF.a  township  of  M.irion  co..  Arkansas. 

SUGARLOAF,  a  post-offlce  of  Sebastianuco.,  Arkansas. 


SUL 

SUGARLOAF,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  200. 

SUGAR  PLANT,  a  post-oflice  of  Barren  co..  Kentiickv. 

SUGAR  RIVER,  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Hampshire,  forma 
the  outlet  of  Sunapee  Lake,  and  falls  into  the  Cor.necucut 
River. 

SUGAR  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  Dane  county,  ano 
flowing  in  a  S.E.  direction  through  Green  county,  passes 
into  Illinois,  and  enters  the  Pekatouiea  about  7  miles  from 
its  mouth. 

SUGAR  RUN,  a  small  post^village  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

SUGAR  RUN,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Wetzel  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

SUG  ARTOWN,  shC<5g'ar-town,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus 
CO..  New  York. 

SUG  ARTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
79  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

SUGAR  TREE,  a  post-oflice  of  Pitt.sylvania  co.,  Virdnia. 

SUGARTREE  RIDGE,  a  small  post-village  of  Highlano 
CO..  Ohio,  10  miles  S.  of  Hill.sborougb. 

SUGAR  VAL'LEY, a  po.st-office.  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania 

SUGAR  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Murray  co..  Georgia. 

SUGAR  VALLEY,  a  postrvillage  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  100 
miles  W.  of  C<ilumbus. 

SUGGS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Alabama,  IIG 
miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

SUGHEUD,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  Shugshht. 

SUGHONA.    See  Sookhona. 

SUGIIRA,  soog'ri,  a  seaport  town  of  South-east  Arabia 
with  a  fort,  in  lat.  1.3°  21'  30"  N.,  Ion.  45°  46'  E. 

SUGULMESSA.     See  Segelmesa. 

SUIIL,  sooL  or  SUIILA.  soo^ia.  a  town  of  Central  Ger- 
many, in  a  detached  di.strict  of  Prussian  Saxony,  .30  miles 
S.W.  of  Erfurt.  Pop.  8005,  engaged  chiefly  in  iron  and  steel 
works,  and  in  manufactures  of  union  fabrics  and  chemical 
products. 

SUHL.\U.  sooOriw,  a  small  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  go- 
vernment of  Breslau.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Militsch.     Pop.  800. 

SUIIR,  sooK,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau, 
2  miles  S.E.  of  Aarau.     Pop.  1423. 

SUICILLE.    See  Sovicii,i.E. 

SUIQO.    See  Switzerlanb. 

SUIGUTOL  a  misspelling  of  SURGUTOL     See  SoosGOOT. 

SUIKOW.    SeeSooiKOW. 

SUIPI'ES.  sweep',  a  town  of  France,  depart'ment  of  JIarne, 
on  the  Suippes.  an  affluent  of  the  Aisne,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Chalons.     Pop.  in  1852,  2474. 

SUIR  or  SURE,  shure,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  Muuster, 
rises  in  the  Devil's  Bit  5Iountains.  flows  S.,  through  the 
county  of  Tipperary,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the  Barrow, 
expands  into  the  estuary  of  Waterford  Harbor,  on  the  S. 
coast.    Total  course,  about  100  miles. 

SUTRA,  a.  name  of  Mogadore.    See  MoG adore. 

SUISCIO.  swee'sho,  or  SUISIO,  swee'se-o,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy.  7  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Ponte  San  Pietro,  on  the 
Adda.     Pop.  1007. 

SUISOON,  sooVsoon',  a  creek  of  California,  falls  into  Sui- 
soon  Bay. 

SUISOON  or  SUISUN,  a  bay  of  California,  E.  of  San  Pablo 
Bay,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Straits  of  Karquenas 
(or  Carquinez.)   I..ength,  15  miles;  greatest  breadth.  7  miles. 

SUISSE.    See  Switzerland. 

SUIZA,  SJJIZO.    See  Switzerlant). 

SUJAH  KAT,  a  town  of  the  Punjab.     See  SnoojtJAB.AD. 

SUJAIl,  soo-iiaR'.  or  7,U.JAR,  thoo-HaR/.  a  river  of  Spain, 
in  Estremadura,  dischai-ges  its  waters  into  the  Guadiana 
about  5  miles  E.  ot'Don  Benito.  Total  course,  about  100  miles. 

SUKEL  SHUYUKIT.    See  Sook-el-Suootookh. 

SUKHONA.     See  SonxBONA. 

SUKKERTOPPEN.  a  noted  headland  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Greenland,  in  lat.  6.5°  22'  N.,  Ion.  53°  5'  W.  It  gives  name 
to  the  district  which  it  overlooks. 

SUKKUR,  stik'ktlr',  a  decayed  but  picturesque  town  of 
Sinde,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Indu.s,  immediately  opposite 
Roree.     Lat.  27°  44'  N..  Ion.  68°  52'  E. 

SUKNA.  a  town  of  Fezzan.    See  Socena. 

SUKU-L-BASIR.     See  Soosoo-l-B.\seer. 

SUKUM-KALEII,  a  town  of  .Vbkasia.  See  Sookooom-Kal£. 

SUKYT,  soo'kit',  a  small  town  of  the  Punjab,  in  the  Bri- 
tish .lullinder-doab.  between  the  Sutlej  and  Beas  Rivers, 
15  miles  N.E.  of  Bela.spoor.  Lit.  31°  32'  N.,  Ion.  76°  52°  E. 
Around  it  are  numerous  forts  and  strongholds. 

SUI/ACOE  CREEK,  of  Georgl-i,  flows  into  the Coosawattee 
a  few  miles  from  its  mouth.    It  is  called  also  Pine  Log  Creek. 

SULED.\L.  soolA-ddP,  a  parish,  river,  and  lake  of  Norway, 
stiff  of  Christiansand:  and  a  village,  amt.  and  48  miles  N.E. 
of  .'tavanger,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  lake. 

SULEIMANEEYAH  orSULEIMANIYAH.  so9-M-m3-neo'- 
yj  or  sQl-A-mJ-nee'y3,  sometimes  written  SOULEIMANIEH, 
a  tnwn  of  Turkish  Koordistan.  capital  of  a  district,  73  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Kerkook.  It  corapri.ses  1000  houses,  with  several 
khans,  and  a  well-supplied  bazaar.  Its  vicinity  is  famed 
from  its  excellent  breed  of  horses. 

SULEIMAN  (sov-lr^-mdn')  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  in  East 
Afghanistan,  separating  Damaun  from  the  province  of  Se» 

1853 


SUL 


SUL 


westan,  Ac,  and  extencUng  from  lat.  29°  to  33°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
70°  K.  Culminatini^  point,  the  Takhti-Suleinian,  (-'throne 
of  Solomon.")  It  has  an  elevation  of  11.000  feet.  The  sides 
of  this  range  are  clothed  with  dense  forests,  and  it  nowhere 
reaches  the  snow  line. 

SULKN  (soo'lgn)  ISL.^NDS.  a  group  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Norway,  stiff,  and  45  miles  X.X.W.  of  Bergen. 

SULGKN,  sool'irhen,  a  Tilla'.re  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Thursrau.  on  the  Thiir.  4  miles  N'.W.  of  Bischofszell.    P.  1110. 

SUL/liRAVK,  a  p."\rish  of  Kn^land,  co.  of  Northampton. 

SUiyilAM.  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Berks. 

BULIIAM'STEAD  AB'BOTS.  a  parish,  Kngland.  co.  Berks. 

SULIIAMSTEAD  BAX'NISXER,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
Ot  Berks. 

SULI,  SOULI,  soolee,  or  SULLT,  a  strong  fortress  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Epirus,  on  the  river  Suli.  sanjak.  and  31  miles 
S.W.  of  Y»nina.  celebrated  during  the  Greek  revolution. 

SULIMANA.    See  Sooum.vna. 

SDLI^'V.    See  Soolix.v. 

SULITKLMA,  a  mountain  of  Norway.    Seo  Norway. 

SULKKA,  Ktil'ke-a,a  town  of  British  Indi,a.  presidency  of 
Bengal,  on  rbe  Iloogly  Kiver,  opposite  Calcutta. 

SUl/r.I.NCTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SUt/LIVAM,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  p.irt  of  New  Ilamp- 
Fhire,  h.is  an  area  of  alwut  570  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Connecticut,  and  is  drained  by  the  Ashue- 
lot  and  other  siaaller  streams.  It  contains  several  sm.iU 
ponds.  Sunapee  Lake  forms  part  of  its  E.  border.  The  sur- 
face is  generajly  elevated,  with  occasional  mountain  ridges 
and  peaks,  of  wWch  Croydon  Mountain  and  the  Sunapee 
Mountains  are  the  principal.  The  soil  is  fertile,  aspecially 
along  the  valleys  of  its  numerous  streams.  The  Connecticut 
Kiver  is  navigable  for  boats  along  the  Ijorder  of  this  county. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Sullivan  Itailroad.  Organized  in 
1827,  having  previously  formed  part  of  Cheshire  county. 
Capital,  Newport     Vop.  19,W1. 

SULLIVAN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New  Tork,  has 
an  area  of  about  890  .square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  S.E.  by  the  Shawangunk  Kiver,  and  on  the  \V.  by  the 
Delaware,  which  separates  it  from  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
drained  by  Neversink.  .Mongaup.  and  Beaverkill  Rivers,  and 
other  smaller  streams,  whith  furnish  abundant  water-power. 
It  has  several  small  lakes  or  ponds.  The  surface  is  generally 
uneven  and  mountiiinous,  although  the  valleys  are  some- 
times quite  e.xt«nsive.  The  soil  along  the  streams  is  fertile ; 
on  the  more  elevated  portions  better  adapted  to  grazing 
than  tillage.  There  is  a  lead-mine  at  Wartzlwrough,  in  the 
S.E.  part.  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  and  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad  traverse  this  county.  Capital,  Mon- 
ticello.     Pop.  32,385. 

SULLIVAN,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
has  an  area  of  about  430  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by 
Loyalsock  Creek,  an  afiluent  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and 
drained  also  by  Muncy  and  Little  Loyalsock  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  elevated,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  The 
Alleghany  Mountains  cross  the  county  in  an  E.  and  W. 
direction,  having  a  very  gradual  descent  towards  the  N. 
Lumlier  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Formed  out  of  part 
of  Lycoming  county,  in  1847.    Capital,  Laporte.    Pop.  5i37. 

SULLIVAN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Tennes.see,  bor- 
dering on  Virginia.  Area,  estimated  at  300  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Ilolston  and  Watauga  Rivers,  which 
unite  near  its  S!  border.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hi^rh 
ridges  and  valleys  connected  with  the  Alleghany  chain. 
The  soil  Ls  fertile,  well  timbered,  and  plentifully  supplied 
with  springs.  Iron  ore  is  found.  The  East  Tennessee  and 
Virginia  Kailroad  passes  through  this  county.  Capital, 
Blountsville.  Pop.  13,552,  of  whom  12,478  were  tree,  and 
1074  slaves. 

SULLIVAN,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Indiana,  bordei^ 
Ing  on  Illinois,  contains  4.30  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Busseron  Creek,  and  bounded  on  the  \V.  by  the  Wabash 
Kiver.  The  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  the  soil  productive. 
The  county  contains  extensive  beds  of  bituminous  coal. 
The  Wab.ash  is  navigable  for  steamboats  in  high  water. 
Organized  in  1S17,  and  named  in  honor  of  Daniel  Sullivan, 
who  was  killed  by  Indians  while  employed  in  the  public 
service.  Capital,  Sullivan.  I'op.  15,0&4. 
.  SULLIV.^N,  a  new  county  in  the  X.  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  650  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by 
Locust  Creek,  by  the  East  Fork  of  Medicine  Creek,  and  by 
Yellow  and  Wolf  Creeks.  The  slope  of  the  county  is  towards 
the  S.  Prairies  Df  considerable  extent  occur  in'it.  Named 
in  honor  of  .John  C.  Sullivan,  member  of  the  convention  to 
form  the  c(mHtitution  of  MissourL  Capital,  Milan.  Pop. 
0198,  of  whom  9096  were  free. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-township  in  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  90 • 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  862. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-township  of  Cheshire  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire. .38  miles  W.S.W.  of  Concord.    Pop.  376. 

SULLIV.\N,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Madison  co.. 
New  York,  on  Canasenigii  Creek,  about  120  miles  W.  by  X 
OfAlbaiiy.  The  township  borders  on  Oneida  Lake.  I'op.5233. 

S  ULLIVAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
Sjivania,  about  20  miles  E.  of  Wellsborough.    Pop.  1770. 


SULLIYAy  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ashland  co., 
Ohio,  99  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  1048. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana, 
26  miles  by  railroad  S.  of  Terre  Haute.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, a  county  seminary,  and  2  churches.   .Pop.  949. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Moultrie  co.,  Illinois, 
about  24  miles  S.E.  of  Decatur.    Pop.  528. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Mississippi  Kiver,  70  miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Jefferson 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1602. 

SULLIVAN  COVE,  is  a  b.ty  of  the  Derwent  River,  in  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  on  which  Hobart  Town  is  situated. 

SULLIVAN'S  MILLS.apost-officeofJennings  CO.,  Indiana. 

SUiyLlV-^NVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Chemung  co.,  New 
York.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Elmira.  has  2  stores. 

SUL'LY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co,  of  Glamorgan. 

SULLY,  siiriee',  a  small  town  of  France,  department  ot 
Loiret,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Loire,  24  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Orleans.    Pop.  in  1852,  2500. 

SULLY',  L.\  TOUK-  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  the  Nidvre,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Cosue.     Pop.  1598. 

SULMIRSCHUTZ.  (Sulmirschiitis.)  sool'meer-sh6.-its\  writr 
ten  also  SULMIERSZYCK,  a  town  of  Pru.ssi.an  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Posen.  1 1  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ostrowo.     Pop.  1930. 

SULMON.A,  sool-mo'ni,  (anc.  Sul'mo)  a  fortified  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  11..  in  a  fertile  plain  be- 
tween two  head  streams  of  the  Aterno.  34  miles  .'^.K.  of 
Aquila.  Pop.  5800.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  manufactures 
of  paper,  shell  goods,  confectionery,  and  leather.  Ovid  was 
born  here,  B.C.  43. 

SULOOMBKR,  soo-loomt^r,  a  town  of  West  Hindostan, 
40  miles  S,S.E.  of  Odevpoor. 

SULPHUU  (stU'furj  BLUFF,  a  postofflce  of  Hopkins  co., 
Texas. 

SULPHUR  FORK,  of  Red  River,  rises  in  Fannin  co., 
Texa-s,  and  flowing  eastward  into  Ark.ansas,  falls  into 
Red  Kiver  on  the  boundary  between  the  latter  state  and 
Louisiana. 

SULPHUR  FORK,  a  township  in  Lafayette  co..  Ark.ansas. 
Pop.  218. 

SULPHUR  HILL,  a  post-offlc*  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana. 

SULPHUR  ISLAND.  East  Sea.  N.  of  the  Loo-Choo  Islands. 
Lat.  27°  oli'  N..  Ion.  128°  30'  E.     It  is  1  mile  in  length. 

SULPHUR  ISLAND,  North  Pacific,  Volcano  group,  S.  of 
the  Bonin  Islands.     I.at.  24°  48'  N.,  Ion.  141°  20'  E. 

SULPHUR  ISLAND,  an  Lsland  of  Japan,  in  Van  Diemen'H 
Strait,  off  the  coast  of  Kioo-Sioo.  Lat.  30°  43'  N.,  Ion.  130^ 
17'  E.    It  has  a  volcano  upon  it. 

SULPHUR  LICK,  a  post-village  of  Jlonroe  co..  Kentucky. 

SULPHUR  MILLS,  a  small  village  of  Jessamine  co..  Ken- 
tucky. 

SULPHUR  ROCK,  a  post-offlce  of  Independence  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

SU  LPHUK  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Buncombe  co..  Noi  th 
Carolina.  260  miles  W.  of  Raleigh,  is  much  frequented  as  a 
summer  resort. 

SULPHUR  SPRING,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ar- 

SULPHUR  SPRING,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  247. 

SULPHUR  SPRING,  a  small  village  of  Pope  co.,  Arkansas. 

SULl'HUR  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co..  Ohio. 

SULPHUU  SPKIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  CO.,  North 
Carolina. 

SULl'HUR  SPRINGS,  a  postofRce  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  o*^  Madison  Co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

SULl'HUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  Texas. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Rhea  co.,  Tennessee. 

SULPHUR  SPRING.<.  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-offlce  of  Williamson  co.,  Il- 
linois. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co..  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  Pacific  Kailroad.  21  miles  W.  of  St.  lyiuis. 

SULPHUR  WELL,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  oo.,  Tennessee. 

SULPHUR  WELL,  a  post-office.  Jessamine  co..  Kentucky. 

SULSIQUK,  siilVeek',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders.  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent,     Pop.  1320. 

SULTANABAD.  stil-ti'nd-bdd',  a  town  of  Persia,  province 
ofKhoozistan,  near  the  Jerahi.  65  miles  E.N.E.  of  Dorak. 

SULTANEEYAH,  SULTANIYAH  or  SULTANIEH,  sool- 
tl-nee'a,  an  ancient  city  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-.\jemen. 
115  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hamadan,  once  the  capital  of  that 
country  under  the  sovereigns  of  the  race  of  Jenghis  Khan. 
It  is  now  almost  or  quite  deserted,  but  its  magnificent  ruici 
attest  its  former  glory.     I.at.  atout  30°  30'  N.,  Ion.  48°  30'  B 

SULTANEEYAH  (SULTANIYAH  or  SULTANIKHV 
HISSAR.  .sool-tj-nee'a  hisVar',  an  old  castle  of  Asia,  in  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  S.li.  bank  of  the  Hellespont. 

SULTANGUNGE.  sftl-tan-ganj',  a  town  of  India,  lo  Oudo, 
45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lucknow. 

SULTANGUNGE.  a  town  of  British  Innia,  prefidtncy  ot 
Bengal,  province  of  Bahar,  on  the  Ganges,  betwsjpi.  Bogli 
poor  and  Monghir. 


»t-: 


SUL 

STTLTAN-HISSATl,  SQ^Ytia  his'sar',  (anc.  Ni/'safoT  TraV- 
lesf)  a  villJiiie  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Jleniiere,  48  miles 
E.  of  Ayasoolook.  It  has  the  remains  of  a  temple  and  of  a 
theatre. 

SULTANIA.    See  Chanak-Kalessi. 

SUI/fANIYAII  or  SULTAXIEH.     See  SuLTA\EETAn. 

SUI/rAN-.MKIDAN,  surtau'-maMdn',  a  town  of  Persia, 
province  of  Khorassan,  is  45  miles  N'.W.  of  Nishapoor. 

SU  bT  A.N  POOR,  surtan-poor',  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Pun- 
lab,  capital  of  a  rajah.ship,  on  the  Beas,  23  miles  N.W.  of 
Aloondi. 

SUI/rANPOOH,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  di.«trict  of  Gaudeish,  24  miles  N.K.of  Naundoorbar. 

SULXAXl'OOK,  a  town  of  British  India,  dominions,  and 
44  miles  S.  of  Oude. 

SULTAN  POOU,  a  town  of  British  India,  in  Afghanistan, 
W.  of  .Jelalabad.  on  the  route  to  Oibool. 

SULUK.    t^ee  SooLoo  Islands. 

SULZ,  goolts.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  about  8 
miles  from  Wullt^rsdorf.     Pop.  1'297. 

SUliZ,  siVilts,  a  town  of  VViirtemberg,  circle  of  Black 
Forest,  on  the  Neckar,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Oberdorf.  Pop.  2349. 
Near  it  are  springs  from  which  sulphate  of  magnesia,  sal- 
ammoniac,  and  vitriol  are  extracted. 

SULZ.^.,  s(5uU/sit,  a  town  of  Saxe- Weimar,  on  the  Ilm,  15 
miles  N.!'].  of  Weimar,  with  a  grand  ducal  residence,  and 
1239  iiihabit.-ints. 

SUI.,ZB.\CII,  S(V]lts'b3k.  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  l^alatinate,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Amberj;,  on  the  Vils. 
Pop.  2J12.     It  has  a  castle,  and  a  Latin  school. 

SULZB.VCH,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Xeckar,  on 
the  .Murr,  lii  miles  .S.li.  of  Ileilbronn.     Pop.  1476. 

SUIiZB.\On,  a  villai;e  of  iiavaria,  Lower  i'ranconia,  dis- 
trict of  Oberiiburg.     Pop.  1130. 

SULZH  A(  11.  a  vill.tge  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Jaxt,  baili- 
wick or(;;iil(l;>rf  on  the  Kocher.     Pop.  1249. 

SUIiZBUKG.  sOolts'lM.oRG.  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Up- 
per F,hine,  13  miles  8.W.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  1144. 

SUr.,ZBURO,  a  villaiie  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Palati- 
nate, 7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xeumarkt.     Pop.  1144. 

SULZE.  ."CSlt/sgh,  a  walled  town  of  Mecklenburg-SchwerJn, 
21  miles  E.  of  Rostock.     Pop.  3580. 

SULZFELD,  soolts/aHt,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle 
Rhine.  3  miles  S.W.  of  Eppingen.     Pop.  1805. 

SUMADA.NG  or  SOEMAUAXG,  soo^m^-ddng',  a  large 
village  in  the  island  of  Java,  province  of  Preanger,  87  miles 
S.E.  of  Batavia. 

SCMAXAP  or  SOKMANAP.  soo'md'nap',  the  eastern- 
most division  of  the  island  of  Madara,  reigned  over  by  its 
own  sultan,  but  subject  to  the  Dutch.     Pop.  132.7(52. 

SUMAX.A.P,  capital  of  the  above  division,  lies  on  the  S.E. 
coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Maringan,  in  a  large  bay,  and 
near  it  is  a  Dutch  fort,  built  in  1783. 

SUM'AXYTOWX  or  SUM'XEYTOWN,  a  post-village  of 
Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  Perkiomen  Creek.  98 
miles  E.  of  Ilarrlsburg.  It  has  several  stores,  and  a 
newspaper  office. 

SUMAUEIX,  soo'ma-rlne\  or  SOMEREIN,  so'meh-rine'.  a 
market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  12  miles  from  Fischamend. 
Pop.  1400. 

SUM.\TRA.  Boo-m^'tra,  a  large  island  in  the  Indian  Sea, 
Immediately  under  the  equator,  and  the  first  (from  the  W.) 
of  the  chain  of  islands  which,  extending  with  a  S.  curve 
from  tlie  Malayan  peninsula  to  Papua  and  the  Philippine 
I.slands.  encloses  towards  the  X.  the  region  known  as  the 
Malay  Archipelago.  Its  extreme  limits  are  lat.  8"  45'  X., 
and  5°  65'  S. ;  Ion.  90°  40'  and  106°  6'  K.  Greatest  length, 
about  1000  miles;  greatest  breadth,  240  miles:  average 
width,  140  miles.  Area,  140,000  square  miles.  It  ranks, 
therefore,  in  magnitude,  as  the  second  of  the  Malay  Islands, 
Borneo  being  the  first.  The  N.  portion  of  Sumatra  is 
separated  from  the  Malayan  peninsula  on  the  E.  by  the 
Strait  of  Malacca,  and  its  S.E.  extremity  is  separated  from 
Java  by  the  Strait  of  Sunda. 

Mountains. — Sumatra  appears  to  one  who  sails  along  its 
W.  coast  to  be  an  elevated  ridge,  the  mountains  rising 
abruptly  at  a  distance  of  2  miles  from  the  shore,  and  in 
many  places  overhanging  the  waves  with  steep  cliffs.  These 
coast  mountains  nearly  all  reach  and  disappear  in  the 
clouds,  at  a  height  of  about  2000  feet.  In  some  places  they 
reappear  alwve  the  clouds,  and  a  few  elevated  conical  peaks 
rise  to  a  second  stratum  of  fleecy  clouds,  in  which  they  ter- 
minate. This  mountain  barrier  exhibits  little  variety  of 
form,  and  the  dense  forest  that  clothes  it  increa.ies  its  uni- 
formity. The  E.  side  of  the  island  has  a  totally  different 
character,  and  spreads  out  into  interminable  plains,  nearly 
as  level  as  the  sea.  The  mountains,  viewed  from  the  W. 
pea-shore,  appear  at  first  view  to  form  a  continuous  ridge; 
but  dense  mists  resting  in  the  valleys  indicate  at  times  the 
breaks  in  the  chain,  and  enable  the  eye  to  distinguish  also 
three  or  four  separate  chains  all  parallel  to  the  coast.  The 
chief  of  these  is  named  Bookit-Barisan.  On  the  S.W.  side  of 
the  island  the  mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  shore. 
BTid  for  300  or  400  miles  the  average  width  of  the  plains 
between  the  mountain  forests  and  the  sea  does  not  exceed 


SUM 

2  miles.  On  the  N.  half  of  the  W.  coast,  the  level  maritime 
tract  has  a  breadth  of  6  or  8  miles.  In  a  few  places, 
chiefly  at  the  opening  of  transverse  valleys,  the  mountains 
retire  so  as  to  allow  a  greater  exten.sion  of  the  alluvial  plain, 
which  In  a  few  places  has  a  width  of  from  12  to  20  miles. 
The  mountains  extend  for  hundreds  of  miles  as  uniform 
ridi^es,  at  first  (beginning  from  the  S.)  2000  or  .3000  feet  in 
height,  then  from  3°  S.  to  the  eijuator.  attaining  a  gene- 
ral height  of  5000  feet.  Farther  X.  they  retire  from  the 
shore,  and  sink  apparently  into  mere  hills.  Some  elevated 
and  conspicuous  peaks  indeed  rise  at  wide  intervals  above 
the  monotonous  ridges,  yet  in  the  whole  length  pf  1000 
miles  there  are  hardly  20  summits  exceeding  8000  feet.  The 
chief  of  these  are  as  follows : — 


Lat.  Feet. 

Dempo 3°52'S.  10,440 

Indrapoor 1    34  S.  12,140 

Tttlang IDS.  8,4SO 

Merapi 0    24  8.  9,700 

Siugallaug 0    28  S.  10.160 


Lat  Feet. 
Ophir  (Gnnong- 

Pusanian) 0'  12'  N.  9,500 

Loesa 3    48  N.  11,150 

Aboug-Abong...  i    17  N.  10,8«) 


The  first  four  of  these  are  volcanoes,  the  craters  being  In  all, 
except  Talang,  at  some  distance  below  the  summit.  The 
other  known  volcanoes  in  the  island  have  generally  an 
elevation  of  6000  or  7000  feet,  and  do  not  exceed  15  in 
number.  Sumatra  is  therefore,  in  respc^ct  to  subterranean 
fires,  far  more  quiescent  than  Java,  which,  thinigh  much 
smaller,  has  above  50  active  volcanoes.  The  summits  alKJve 
mentioned,  rLsing  abruptly  at  no  great  distance  from  the 
shore,  are  grand  and  conspicuous  objects  at  sea,  and  hence 
the  estimates  heretofore  made  of  their  height  have  been 
greatly  exaggerated. 

Valleys. — The  lateral  valleys  of  Sumatra,  descending  to 
the  coast  on  the  W.,  are  so  short  and  steep  that  they  hold 
out  no  temptation  to  the  native  husbandman.  The  longi- 
tudinal valleys,  on  the  other  hand,  often  10  miles  wide,  and 
in  one  instance  at  least  100  miles  long,  have  a  moderate  fall, 
allowing  irrigation  and  the  cultivation  of  rice,  and  conse- 
quently they  are  the  chief  seats  of  the  indigenous  popula- 
tion, and  of  the  characteristic  civilisation  of  the  island.  The 
v.alley  alluded  to  extends  from  the  cone  of  Merapi,  lat.  0° 
24'  S.,  to  that  of  Luba-Raja,  lat.  1°  25'  X.,  and  is  by  some 
regarded  as  the  cradle  of  the  Malayan  race.  But  these  val- 
leys of  the  Interior  remain  as  yet  but  imperfectly  known  to 
Europeans. 

Islands. — Along  the  shores  of  Sumatra  are  numerous 
islands,  or  groups  of  islands,  generally  represented  as  con- 
nected with  it;  but,  in  fact,  no  such  connection  exists  be- 
tween the  great  and  the  adjacent  small  islands,  which  are 
naturally  and  historically  quite  distinct.  These  i.=ilands 
are.  along  the  W.  coast,  (at  a  general  distiince  of  70  miles.) 
the  groups  of  Xias.  Batoo.  Setieero,  Pora.  and  I'ageh.  On 
the  E..  in  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  are  Padang,  Panjore,  and 
other  islands  opposite  the  mouths  of  the  rivers  Siak  and 
Kamper.  Farther  S.  is  the  group  of  Rliio  or  Lingen,  near 
Singapore,  and  after  these  Banc*  and  liilliton. 

fjienlofft/  and  Minerah. — The  predominant  rock  is  trachyte. 
With  this  are  found  granite,  sienite,  porphyry,  rod  sand- 
stone and  limestone,  in  many  varieties.  Basalt  occurs  f.long 
the  coast,  and  at  some  points  colossal  basaltic  columns  form 
convenient  land-marks.  Gold  is  collect etl  in  all  the  streams 
that  wash  the  granitic  hills,  chiefly  at  the  sources  of  the 
rivers  .Iambi  and  Indragiri.  The  amount  of  gold  annually 
exported  has  been  estimated  at  30,000  ounces.  The  steel  of 
Menancabow  is  deemed  excellent.  Copper  and  tin  are  ex- 
ported to  China  chiefly.  To  these  valuable  minerals  may 
be  added  petroleum,  sulphur,  and  nappai,  a  steatitic  rock 
resembling  soap,  and  vised  as  a  material  for  carving. 

IHvcrs  and  Lakes. — The  rivers  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra 
are  very  numerous,  but  are.  witli  few  exceptions,  little  more 
than  mountjiin  torrents.  On  the  E.  side  are  several  large 
rivers,  winding  sluggishly  through  level  plains,  and  form- 
ing extensive  deltas  at  their  mouths;  but  In  the  upper  part 
of  their  course  they  are  unknown  to  Europeans.  The  chief 
of  these  rivers  are  the  Rawas,  or  river  of  Palembang.  which 
falls  into  the  Strait  of  Banka.  and  is  navig.able  for  a  distance 
of ■  200  miles;  the  Jambi.  the  sources  of  which  are  near 
Talang  and  Indrapoor  and  the  Indragiri,  which  .springs 
from  the  feet  of  Merapi  and  Singallang.  Of  the  lakes  en- 
closed In  the  highland  valleys,  the  best  known  are  the 
Lakes  Sinkara  and  Dano,  (the  latter  name  signifies  lake,) 
the  former  lying  S.E.,  the  latter  X.W.  of  Merapi  and  Singal- 
lang. Sinkara,  about  12  miles  long,  and  4  miles  wide,  lies 
at  an  absolute  elevation  of  1035  feet:  Dano,  at  a  height  of 
1500  feet,  is  much  smaller.  Lake  Eik-Daho,  at  tlie  sources 
of  the  River  Singkel,  (lat.  2° 30'  X.,)  is  said  to  have  an  eleva- 
tion of  4000  feet. 

Climate. — Lying  directly  under  the  equator,  Sumatra  en- 
joys great  equability  of  temperature;  but  as  it  stretches 
across  the  direction  of  the  monsoons,  its  mounta'n  ranges 
arrest  all  the  vapors,  and  consequently  rain  falls  almost 
incessantly,  at  least  In  the  S.  half  of  the  island.  The  N. 
half,  owing  perhaps  to  the  vicinity  of  the  M.nlayan  penin- 
sula, is  less  characterized  by  humidity.  The  l!att«hs  and 
tribes  farther  S.  sow  fresh  land  with  rice  at  all  seasons  of 

185u 


J 


SUM 


SU31 


the  year;  hut  for  preTiously  cultivated  grounds  there  it  in 
eTpry  district  a  sowing  season,  adapted  to  the  local  climat«, 
and  chosen  so  that  the  ripening  of  the  rice  may  take  place 
In  the  driest  months  of  the  year.  It  is  said  that  the  ther- 
mometer rarely  rises  above  93°,  and  it  seldom  falls  below 
76°.  Among  the  Battihs,  and  on  the  highlands  of  Padang 
and  Palembang,  the  longevity  of  the  natives  seems  to  attest 
the  salubrity  <if  the  climate ;  but  in  the  settlements  on  the 
coast,  surrounded  by  marshes,  alluvial  flats,  and  mangrove- 
thickets,  the  Dutch  find  the  climsite  deadly. 

Animals. — It  might  be  naturally  supposed,  from  the  pro.xi- 
mity  of  Sumatra  to  the  >Iala.vaa  peninsula  and  to  Java, 
that  it  would  have  a  fauna  iu  common  with  those  countries. 
But  experience  refutes  this  expettation.  and  shows  that 
Sumatra,  in  regard  to  its  zoology,  re.sembles  Borneo  more 
closely  than  the  countries  with  w  hich  it  is  almost  in  con- 
tact. The  elephant  and  the  tapir,  common  in  Sumatra,  are 
unknown  in  Java.  The  former  island  has  the  two-horned, 
the  latter  a  single-horued,  rhinoceros.  In  the  forests  of 
Sumatra  are  two  specis.-s  of  deer  {Cen-us  rus.-:a  and  C€i-v7is 
hippehiplius)  lai-ger  than  the  European  red-deer,  and  the 
latter  of  which  is  peculiar  to  the  island.  The  orang-outang 
{Siinia  sali/nts)  inhabits  in  Sumatra,  as  in  Borneo,  the  low 
alluvial  tracts  and  thickly-wooded  deltas,  .and  is  w.<inting  in 
Javjx,  where  alluvial  plains  have  little  extension.  Of  the 
genera  Uylobates  and  Semnopithecus,  Sumatra  has  several 
species  peculiar  to  itself  The  Gymnura  Haffltsii,  a  singular 
insectivorous  aniin.al.  resembling  the  didelphis  of  America, 
is  met  with  only  in  Borneo  and  Sumatra.  Besides  the  royal 
tiger,  the  natives  describe  a  large  carnivorous  animal,  inha- 
biting the  wild  forests,  and  which  is  s.aid  to  have  a  mane; 
they  also  speak  of  a  wild  dog  of  great  size,  of  a  deep  red 
color,  and  with  a  tufted  tail.  The  only  antelope  known  in 
the  Malay  Archipelago  is  the  kamhing-ut'xn.  or  wild  buck 
of  Sumatra.  In  this  island,  the  domesticated  zebu  or 
hunched  cow  retains  its  original  characteristics  in  the 
greatest  purity,  and  the  breeds  of  kine  are-  collectively 
smaller  than  in  Java. 

The  two  neighlwring  islands  differ  much  even  in  their 
birds;  and  when  they  have  a  species  in  common,  thosu  of 
Sumatra  .are  almost  always  distinguishable  by  the  superior 
brilliancy  of  their  plumage.  In  the  classes  of  reptiles,  fishes, 
and  even  of  insects,  many  species  .are  found  in  Sumatra 
which  are  unknown  in  Java;  on  the  other  hand,  one  species 
of  crocodile  (C  bipnrcatiis)  is  common  to  these  islands, 
■while  the  great  rivers  of  Borneo  nourish  several  distinct 
species.  Of  the  domesticated  animals  in  Sumatra,  the  most 
Important  by  far  are  the  pigs;  by  the  numl)er  of  these,  is 
generally  estimated  the  we.aith  of  eiich  community.  Nest 
to  these  i-ank  cows  and  horse.s,  which  are,  however,  very 
few  in  relation  to  the  extent  of  the  island.  The  buffalo  is 
more  frequent  in  the  low  country,  but  is  only  valued  as 
food,  and  never  yoked  for  labor  as  in  Java.  The  horse  of 
the  highlands  (chiefly  Tobah,  in  the  Battah  country)  is 
small  but  vigorous,  and  capable  of  enduring  much  fatigue; 
it  resembles  closely  the  horse  of  Borneo.  The  goat  is  not 
very  common ;  the  sheep  and  ass  are  unknown.  The  dog, 
though  a  great  favorite  with  the  Battahs  and  other  hiil- 
trlbes,  is  often  killed  for  food.  The  common  fowl  is  as 
plentiful  here  as  in  the  rest  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and 
cock-fighting  is  the  darling  amusement  of  the  people. 

Vegetation. — The  swampy  deposit  on  the  caasts  is  covered 
by  mangrove,  {Khiznphnra.)  the  roots  of  which  give  consist- 
ency to  the  growing  sea-marsh,  and  promote  its  transition 
to  the  state  of  dry  land.  In  places  exposed  to  the  waves, 
the  casuarina  precedes  the  mangrove.  Above,  and  pro- 
tected by  these  plants  of  gloomy  aspect,  flourish  carnavali.a, 
crotalari.a.  calophyllum,  hibiscus,  and  many  other  species. 
the  superb  flowers  of  which  form  a  rich  garden  close  to  the 
gea-side.  A  little  farther  in  we  come  to  the  palms;  here  the 
traveller  is  checked  by  the  creeping  species,  rottang,  (rattans,) 
plectocomia.  Ac,  which  entwining  their  branches  along  the 
ground,  and  often  armed  with  thorns,  form  impenetrable 
thickets.  The  caryota.  areca,  and  nibon  palms,  the  latter 
with  sharp  spikes,  grow  erect.  On  the  steeper  shores,  the 
myrtle,  (here  a  large  tree.)  and  the  fig  in  several  varieties, 
spietid  in  families;  the  rottang  and  gomuti-palm  flourishing 
beneath  the  shade  of  the  larger  trees.  Above  the  figs  and 
myrtles,  or  from  500  to  6000  feet  in  elevation,  oaks  of  several 
species  form  the  greater  part  of  the  forest.  But  though 
decidedly  a  great  tree,  and  valuable  for  its  timber,  the  oak 
Is  here  inferior  to  the  dryobalanops,  which  produces  the 
precious  camphor.  This  tree  prevails  N.  of  Ayerbangis.  0°20' 
N.  of  the  equator.  S.  of  that  point  it  gives  place  to  the  gum- 
yislding  dipteroearpus,  which  is  truly  the  pride  of  the  Indian 
Jbrest.s.  attaining  in  height  and  circumference  an  incredible 
magnitude.  The  bare  enumeration  of  only  the  more  re- 
mark.ahle  species  in  the.se  forests  would  exceed  our  limits; 
we  must  content  ourselves  therefore  with  obsening.  that 
the  colossal  trees  of  hundreds  of  forms,  are  theuiselves 
covered  by  creeping  pl.ants  still  more  luxuriant  and  viva- 
cious; and  that  the  largest  flower  known,  the  Kafflesi.i. 
which  measures  a  yard  in  diameter,  and  has  a  calvx  capable 
of  holding  six  quarts,  Is  a  parasitic  ornament  of  trees  of 
rough  bark  in  these  forests. 
1856 


'  'When  Sun'iitra  was  first  visited  by  Europeans,  pepper 
was  its  only  cultivated  product.  This  culture  was  after- 
wards superseded  by  that  of  cotton.  But  at  the  present 
d.ay  the  tree-cotton  exported  is  of  little  value,  and  pepper  is 
again  the  chief  production.  Besides  this,  Sumatra  exports 
camphor,  which  differs  from  the  Japanese ;  benzoin,  cassia 
or  common  cinnamon,  rottang.  ebony,  te;ik.  sandal-w<«jd, 
and  aloes.  To  these  articles  of  export  may  be  added 
gambler,  edible  birds'-nests,  wax.  rice,  and  ivory.  The  Bat- 
tahs. and  other  indigenous  tribes  of  the  highlands,  culti- 
vate for  their  own  consumption  besides  rice,  maize,  (which 
is  enormously  productive.)  batatas,  and  talas,  (Oaladium 
esculcntum.)  another  edible  tuber.  Capsicum,  ginger,  betel, 
tobacco,  and  Indigo  are  reared  in  their  gardens.  Their 
fruit-trees  are  relatively  few,  particularly  on  the  S.W.  side 
of  the  island,  yet  they  have  the  Kan.ana,  papaw,  mango, 
durian.  and  a  citron  of  agreeiible  flavor. 

Divisions. — The  political  divisions  of  the  island  are  but 
imperfectly  known.  The  sultans  named  on  the  coasts  have 
often  little  power.  The  confederations  of  vill.ages,  which  are 
characteristic  of  the  interior,  form  in  general  very  unobtru- 
sive states,  and  there  is  reason  to  suspect  that  the  Dutch 
established  on  the  island,  and  affecting  its  sovereignty, 
purposely  overlook  and  consign  as  much  as  possible  to  obli- 
vion every  claim  to  independence. 

The  head  of  the  Dutch  government  of  the  W.  coast,  with 
the  title  of  civil  and  military  governor  of  Sumatra,  resides 
at  I'adang.     I,at.  0°  50'  S. 

The  country  of  the  hampongs.  comprising  the  S.  districts 
of  the  island  on  the  Strait  of  Sunda,  and  extending  N.  to 
the  Strait  of  Banka,  is  under  the  supervision  of  a  resident, 
civil  and  military,  whose  usual  seat  is  Tarabangi. 

I'alembang,  with  a  resident  in  the  town  of  that  name, 
includes  the.ancient  kingdom  of  Palembang.  together  with 
that  of  Jambi.  adjoining  the  former  on  the  N.,and  the  chiefs 
of  which  submitted  to  the  Dutch  in  1835. 

In  all  the  Dutch  possessions  the  active  administration  is 
left  to  the  native  chiefs,  in  conformity  with  ancient  customs, 
but  the  Dutch  exercise  a  controlling  influence  in  council. 
Thj  territorial  i-evenues  are  unequal  to  the  expenses. 

Inhabitants. — Sumatra  is  possessed,  at  the  present  day,  by 
a  very  mixed  population.  Kven  those  tribes  of  the  central 
highlands,  who  are  frequently  pointed  outas  types  of  a  pure 
race,  exhibit  such  diversity  of  physical  character  as  can  be 
explained  only  by  supposing  some  mixture  of  breeds  .at  a 
remote  period.  The  Malays  round  the  coast  are  not  all  of 
the  indigenous  stock,  but  are  collected  £!-ora  every  quarter 
of  the  archipelago.  Hindoos  appear  to  have  settled  at  an 
early  age  on  the  N.  coasts  of  the  island,  and  hence  the 
people  of  Acheen  are  taller  artd  more  vigorous  than  Malays 
in  general,  though  they  retain  the  fierce  looks  and  repulsive 
features  of  this  race.  The  Arabs  in  the  island,  though  few 
in  number,  have  always  formed  an  important  class.  Chi- 
nese are  numerous,  particularly  on  the  E.  coast.  In  Palem- 
bang. the  sultans,  dre.ading  the  estiblishment  of  colonies, 
would  not  allow  them  to  live  on  shore.  They  bxiilt  their 
houses,  therefore,  on  i-afts,  moored  in  the  river  close  to  the 
banks,  and  these  floating  houses  were  found  to  have  so 
many  advantages  thiit  the  Chinese  now  prefer  them,  though 
at  liberty  to  live  on  land.  N.W.  of  Palembang.  the  Orang- 
Kooboo  (or  Kubu)  live  in  a  savage  state,  and  .shun 
intercourse  with  the  Malayan  tribes  around  them.  They 
are  taller  and  stronger  than  the  other  native  tribes,  go 
nearly  naked,  and  have  no  weapon  but  the  spear.  It  is 
remarkable  that,  while  everywhere  else  in  the  Malay 
-Archipelago  the  Malays  occupy  the  coasts,  a  nation  of  ap- 
parently pure  Malays  should  be  found  here  in  the  interior 
cultivating  the  hilLs,  unacquainted  with  the  sea.  and  with 
institutions  bearing  marks  of  great  antiquity.  It  appears, 
also,  that  on  the  adjacent  mainland  the  Malays  in  general 
are  called  Menancabow.  whereas  the  name  Malayu,  meaning 
wanderers,  evidently  dates  from  an  emigration,  and  not 
from  the  origin  of  the  nation. 

The  Battahs  may  be  considered  as  fairly  representing,  in 
most  respects,  the  indigenous  population  of  the  island. 
Like  the  Mal.ays.  they  fall  short  of  the  European  stature, 
rarely  exceeding  5  feet  4  inches  in  height;  but  they  differ 
from  the  Malays  in  having  handsome  proportions  and  mus- 
cular limbs. 

f tofom.t. — The  ordinary  dress  of  the  Battahs  is  simple ; 
and  consists  merely  of  a  hungm  or  head-cloth,  worn  as  a 
turban ;  and  a  serroar  or  loose  trousers,  reaching  down  to 
the  knee.  The  upper  part  of  the  body,  the  neck,  and  arms, 
are  usually  uncovered  in  both  sexes:  but  in  cold  weather, 
or  for  ornament,  they  wear  a  jellimtit  or  scarf.  atx)ut  two 
yards  long,  over  the  shouldera.  A  hanisome  Jdliintit,  with 
a  fiinge  of  beads,  is  the  distinction  of  a  r^jah.  I'heir  cloth 
is  home-made  cotton,  very  coarse,  but  strong,  and  ^.yed 
blue  or  red  with  indigo  or  the  Myrintla  cilrifolia.  None 
but  the  poorest  mountaineers  clothe  themselves  with  the 
bark  of  trees.  Young  girls  wear  rings  of  wire  round  the 
neck,  wrist,  and  ankle.  The  rajahs  alone  wear  armlets 
of  ivory  or  of  a  large  shell,  {Tridana  gigas.)  They  never 
tattoo  themselves,  nor  do  they,  like  the  Malays,  stain  thcii 
teeth  black.    The  lower  part  of  the  Battah's  house  ooik 


SUM 

fcrun  to  the  prevalent  architectural  system  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago.  The  edifice  is  raised  on  four  posts  or  pillars, 
from  4  to  8  feet  above  the  ground.  The  dwellings  of  the 
poorer  classes  are  made  wholly  of  bamboo;  they  are  large 
baskets,  in  short,  thatched  with  the  broad-leaved  grass 
called  allang ;  but  the  better  kind  of  houses  are  framed  of 
good  timber,  and  over  the  wattled  sides  are  laid  plates  of 
bark,  10  feet  long  and  3  feet  wide,  peeled  from  large  trees, 
and  then  pressed  flat  with  heavy  weights  as  they  dry.  The 
structure  thus  framed  is  a  quadrangle,  alwut  V2  feet  wide 
and  24:  feet  long.  In  good  houses,  a  partial  ceiling  forms  a 
se(rond  story,  which  is  used  as  a  store-room ;  and  under  the 
projecting  peak  of  the  roof,  the  gables  being  both  open,  is  a 
bakouy,  sufficiently  sheltered,  yet  commanding  a  view  of 
the  village,  and  reserved  by  IJattah  hospitality  for  the  use 
of  casual  visitors  and  strangers.  The  house  is  entered  by  a 
ladder,  through  a  door  little  more  than  3  feet  high  in  the 
narrow  end,  and  has  no  windows.  In  every  village  there  is 
a  Well-built  house,  reared  on  six  elalx)rately  carved  posts, 
and  which  .seems  to  serve  at  once  as  a  temple  and  a 'town- 
hall.  In  the  forest  districts  it  is  not  unusual  to  see  houses 
buiit  in  the  trees,  sometimes  several  in  one  great  tree;  the 
main  stem  of  the  tree  being  cut  away,  aud  the  horizontal 
arms  remaining. 

Industry. — The  poor  Malays  of  Palembang  build  excellent 
and  very  beautiful  boats;  the  Battahs  construct  very  solid 
houses  fcgr  their  chiefs.  The  agriculture  of  these  people  is 
very  slovenly ;  nature  has  been  bountiful  to  them,  and 
they  require  but  little.  A  rude  spade  and  hoe  are  their 
only  implements.  Yet  on  the  highlands  of  the  Battahs  are 
to  be  seen  canals  of  ii-rigation,  10  feet  wide,  and  4  or  5  miles 
long,  carried  along  embankments,  and  surpassing  in  design 
ami  execution  .any  thing  of  the  same  kind  existing  in  Java. 
The  labors  of  the  tield  fall  chiefly  on  the  women;  and  in 
Tobah,  indeed,  it  is  customary  for  the  men  to  stay  at  home 
nursing  the  children,  while  the  women  toil  in  the  rice-fields. 
Unmarried  girls,  however,  are  exempt  from  field-work,  ex- 
cept at  the  time  of  the  rice  harvest,  when  none  are  spared, 
young  or  old,  who  are  capable  of  assisting.  In  thus  oppress- 
ing the  weaker  sex  with  an  undue  share  of  labor,  the  Bat- 
taU  men  are  guided  solely  by  the  wisdom  of  their  ancestors, 
or.  as  it  may  be  called,  perhaps  with  equal  justice,  tradi- 
tional barbarity.  When  their  feelings  are  appealed  to,  their 
treatment  of  their  partners  is  always  generous  and  kindly. 
Polygamy  is  not  forbidden  by  any  law,  and  yet  it  is  unusual; 
the  price  of,  or  perhaps  we  might  say  the  settlement  on  a 
wife,  being  so  high  that  few  can  afford  to  have  more  than 
one.    The  r.ajahs  alone  have  sometimes  six  or  eight  wives. 

Gnrerninent. — Among  the  Battahs,  and  indeed  all  the  in- 
dijienous  tribes  of  Sumatra,  the  characteristic  political  ten- 
dency is  one  that  could  have  originated  only  in  the  recesses 
of  the  mountains.  Every  village  affects  independence;  but 
to  obviate  the  incessant  petty  wars  to  which  this  state  of 
things  might  be  expected  to  give  rise,  the  villages  often  con- 
federate, the  local  chiefs  or  rajahs  forming  a  council  for  the 
regulation  of  affairs.  Thus  in  Padang  we  hear  of  the  16 
kottas,  (villi^jes.)  the  10  kottas,  &c.  But  confederation 
never  changes  the  temper  of  the  people,  and  the  Sumatran 
is  always  refractory  against  any  authority,  save  that  of  his 
village  chief. 

Religion. — There  is  no  trace  of  any  .system  of  religious 
opinions  among  the  native  tribes  of  Sumatra.  They  have 
no  temples,  no  priests,  and  perhaps  no  idea  of  Divine  benefi- 
cence. Their  Begu  seems  to  be  an  evil  spirit,  and  demons 
are  supposed  to  haunt  the  high  mountains.  On  the  coasts, 
Boodhisra  appears  to  have  been  introduced  at  an  early  age, 
but  it  has  been  since  completely  superseded  by  Mohammed- 
anism, which  among  the  Malays,  however,  is  everywhere 
of  a  very  relaxed  character.  The  Arabian  doctrine  of  Islam, 
though  seductive  and  ordinarily  successful  among  half-civil- 
ized men,  found,  in  the  interior  of  this  island,  an  insur- 
mountable ob.stacle  in  the  popular  economy;  for  the  Suma- 
tran prides  him.silf  on  his  droves  of  swine. 

Lnws  and  Learning. — The  Battahs  have  had  the  art  of 
writing  from  a  date  beyond  the  reach  of  their  traditions. 
Their  characters  are  peculiar,  and  also  their  mode  of  writing, 
for  they  begin  at  the  bottom  of  the  page,  at  the  left-hand 
side,  and  place  letter  above  letter  in  a  vertical  column  till 
they  reach  the  top,  when  they  return  to  the  bottom,  at  the 
right,  to  begin  a  second  line.  Their  ancient  books  are  writ- 
ten in  a  brilliant  ink,  on  paper  made  of  the  bark  of  trees. 
At  the  present  day,  ink  has  fallen  into  disuse  or  been  for- 
gotten, and  modern  Battah  writing  is  scratched  with  an 
iron  style  on  slips  of  flattened  bamboo.  Their  books,  of 
which  in  truth  there  is  little  known,  are  said  to  have  no 
value.  Their  laws  or  Hadat  are  not  written,  but  are  essen- 
tially oral  records  of  custom,  and  to  write  them  would  tend 
to  subvert  a  custom  essentially  connected  with  them, 
namely,  that  of  wrangling  about  their  meaning.  The  laws 
ot  the  Battahs  allow  the  penalty  of  death  to  be  commuted 
in  most  cases  for  pecuniary  fines.  But  there  are  exceptions: 
in  case  of  adultery,  if  the  injured  party  be  a  rajah  or  chief, 
and  the  offender  a  common  man,  the  latter  must  be  eaten. 
Enemies,  also,  taken  with  arms  in  their  hands,  outside  of  a 
village,  become  the  food  of  the  villagers.  If  an  enemy  be 
6B. 


SUM 

taken  within  the  village,  his  life  depends  on  the  generosity 
of  the  captor.  It  appears  that  their  criminal  laws  are  con 
stantly  strained  for  the  sake  of  making  sacrifices;  that  can- 
nibalism claims  no  great  antiquity  among  them,  but  was 
first  introduced  in  the  seventeenth  century;  that  some 
thoughtful  rajahs  have  proposed  the  abolition  of  the  cus- 
tom; but  their  wLsdom  and  moral  feeling  have  not  as  yet 
been  able  to  prevail  against  brute  appetite,  and  in  1840  two 
Roman  Catholic  missionaries  were  killtKl  and  eaten  by  the 
Battahs.  Backed  by  the  authority  of  the  Dutch,  the  ehieS 
will  probably  soon  achieve  this  important  reform. 

Population. — The  population  of  Sumatra  has  been  often 
estimated  at  7.000,000 ;  but  it  is  not  likely  that  it  exceeds 
4,500,000,  thus  distributed  :— 

Acheen  down  to  Siak 600,000 

Battahs I.'.DII.OOO 

Malays  of  Padang  and  Palembang a.Ot».i«W 

Rcjangs  and  Pa.suman3 5.5U,0O0 

LampoQgs 150.000 

4,500,000 

Histnry. — Sumatra  was  first  visited  by  the  Portu'.'uese  in 
1506;  but  it  was  not  till  1600.  when  the  Dutch  estalilishe<l  a 
factory  at  Poelo  (I'oolo  or  Pulo)  Chingko,  on  the  W.  coast, 
that  Europeans  obtained  a  firm  footing  on  the  island.  In 
1066  the  Dutch  Company  took  possession  of  Padang,  and 
soon  after  enlarged  its  territories,  by  treaty  with  the  Sultan 
of  Acheen.  Since  that  time  they  have  gone  on  continually 
consolidating  and  increasing  their  dominion,  much  more 
by  negotiation  and  the  management  of  parties,  than  by  force 
of  arms.    In  1824.  Bencoolen  was  ceded  to  the  Netherlands 

by  Great  Britain,  in  exchange  for  Malacca. Adj.  and  in- 

hab.  Sumatran.  soo-md'tran. 

SUMAUN,  soo'mawn',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces.  24  miles  N.  of  Etawah. 

SUMBA,  silm'bd,  a  town  of  India,  in  Deccan,  in  the  Ni- 
zam's dominions,  53  miles  N.E.  of  Ahmednugger. 

SUMBA.  a  name  of  Sandalwood  Island. 

SUMBAWA,  soom-baw'wa.  or  SOEMBAWA,  soom-bil/*J, 
an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  bounded  on  the  -N.  by 
the  .lava  Sea:  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean;  W.  by  the  Strait  of 
Allass,  .separating  it  from  the  island  of  Lombok  ;  and  on  the 
E.  by  the  Strait  of  Sappi,  separating  it  from  the  islands  of 
Comodo  and  Flores.  Lat.  of  the  S.W.  point,  9°  2'  S.,  Ion.  116= 
42'  E.  It  is  about  ICO  miles  long  from  E.  to  W.,  by  31  miles 
extreme  breadth,  and  of  irregular  form,  being  deeply  in- 
dented by  arms  of  the  sea.  Along  the  coasts  aie  a  number 
of  small  islands.  It  is  divided  into  6  native  states,  reigned 
over  by  rajahs;  Tomlioro  or  Tonibura, and  Sumbawaon  the 
N.  coast,  whose  inhabitants  are  the  bi-avest  in  the  island; 
Bima,  on  the  E.,  where  the  Dutch  have  a  resident ;  Dompo, 
Sangar,  andPapekat:  all  of  them  acknowledge  subjection  to 
the  Dutch.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  volcanic,  in  some  places 
fertile,  and  watered  by  several  streams.  Sappan-wcjod  and 
rice  are  the  chief  products,  beyond  the  usual  tropicJil  fruits. 
Beer  and  swine  are  plentiful;  but  cattle,  goats,  and  fowls 
are  not  abundant.  There  are  two  breeds  of  hoi-ses.  that  of 
Tomboro  and  th.at  of  Bima;  the  latter,  the  finest  in  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  is  extensively  bred  and  expoited.  Fish 
are  plentiful,  and  edible  bird's-nests  are  procured  on  the 
coasts.  Gold  is  obtained  in  Sumbawa  and  Dompo;  sulphur 
and  saltpetre  in  Bima  ;  and  pearls  on  the  coast  of  Papekat. 
Sumbawa  is  mountainous,  and  its  heights  have  such  a  re- 
markable appearance,  that  once  seen  they  are  never  forgot- 
ten, a  tact  which  renders  them  an  excellent  landmark  for 
ships  passing  to  and  from  China.  Near  the  N.  coast  is  the 
noted  volcano  of  Tomboro,  8940  feet  high,  of  which  adre:id- 
ful  eruption  took  place  in  April,  1815,  the  noise  of  which  was 
heard  in  Celebes,  the  Moluccas,  and  Sumatra,  or  over  an 
area  with  a  radius  of  above  840  miles  from  the  volcano;  so 
near  did  the  explosion  appear  to  be  in  Java,  that  many 
thought  there  was  an  eruption  of  one  of  the  largest  volcanoes 
in  that  island.  The  ashes  thrown  up  darkened  the  air;  and 
on  the  neighboring  island  of  Lombok  many  people  were 
buried  under  them,  and  many  died  from  the  famine  caused 
by  the  destruction  of  the  veget.ation :  they  fell  on  the  E.  end 
of  Java,  about  340  miles  off,  to  a  depth  of  several  inclies ;  and 
they  reached  even  to  Sumatra,  840  miles  off.  In  the  island 
of  Sumbawa  itself,  the  devastation  was  fearful :  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Tomboro  alone,  12,000  people  were  destroyed ;  the  sea 
also  ro.se.  and  swept  away  men  and  houses,  and  l5  years 
afterwards  the  vegetation  had  not  recovered  from  the  effects 
of  this  dire  disaster.  Another  eruption  occurred  in  November 
and  December,  1836,  but  much  less  destructive  in  its  effects. 

SUMBAWA,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  above  island, 
100  miles  W.  of  Bimah,  in  lat,  8=  30'  S.,  Ion.  117°  30'  E.  It 
has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  the  residence  of  a  chief,  subject  to 
the  Sultan  of  Bimah. 

SUMBIIELPUn.    SeeSuMBri. 

SUMlillUL,  siim'bril',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  B<'ngal.  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  district,  and  60  miles 
N.W.  of  Bareily. 

SUMBIIULTOOR,  sfim^bril-poor',  an  extensive  district  of 
British  India,  province  of  Gundwana.  divided  by  the  Maita- 
nuddy  into  two  unequal  portions.    The  surface  in  the  E.  is 

1867 


SUM 


SUM 


mouotainoiis  and  wooded ;  in  the  N.  and  W.  are  extensive 
plaiijs,  j'ieldiug  wiieat,  barley,  sugar-cane,  cotton,  &c.  It 
ha.s  fallen  into  the  possession  of  the  British  since  1S49. 

SU.MBIIULPOOR,  a  town  of  British  India.  Ciipital  of  the 
above  district,  on  the  M.nhanuddy,  143  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cut^ 
fcicli,  in  lat.  21°  8'  X.,  loa.  83°  37'  E.  It  is  the  largest  town 
In  a  wide  extent  of  country.  It  is  enclosed  by  wall.s,  and 
has  several  Hindoo  temples. 

SUMBUL,  sum'bul',  SIMBUL,  sim'bul',  or  SUMBHEL- 
PUR,  sum'bjl-poor',  a  village  of  Cashmere,  on  the  Jhylum, 
In  lat.  34°  11'  N.,  Ion.  74°  30'  E. 

SDMEGH,  shooViSg',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
fealad.  17  miles  X.N.E.  of  Keszthely.     Pop.  2624. 

SU  M  KIS  AT,  a  tovrn  of  .Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Someisat. 

SUMKXE,  sii^main',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gard.  5  miles  E.  of  Le  Vijan.    Pop.  1977. 

SUMIDOURO,  soo-me-(io/ro,  (-'abyss.'')  a  river  of  Brazil, 
rises  in  the  province  of  .Matto  Grosso,  flows  N.,  and  joins 
the  Arinhos  about  110  miles  below  the  confluence  of  the 
Preto.  It  plunges,  at  one  part  of  its  course,  into  a  deep  pool, 
pursues  its  course  under  ground,  and  afterwards  reappejirs. 

SUMISWALD,  soo/mis-*llt.\  or  SUMMISWALD,  sodm'- 
mis-*llt\  a  flourishing  village  of  Switzerland,  cauton,  and 
15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1300. 

SU.M'.MBRKIELD,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  co..  North  Ca- 
^olin.^.  99  miles  W.X.W.  of  Raleigh. 

SUMMERFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  co.,  Alabama. 

SUM-Mt^RFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Xoble  CO.,  Ohio,  100 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  200. 

SU.MM  ERFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  psirt  of  Mon- 
roe CO..  Michigan.    Pop.  962. 

SU.MMERFORD,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio. 

SUM/MER  GROVE,  a  postoffice  of  Smith  co.,  Te.xas. 

SL'.MMER  HILL,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Cayuga  CO.,  New  York.  Ex-President  Fillmore  is 
said  to  have  been  born  in  this  township.     Pop.  1194. 

SUMMER  HILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cambria 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  23  miles  W.  by  S.  of  HoUidaysburg.  Pop. 
1303 

SU.MMER  HILL,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, intersected  bv  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  about  10 
miles  W.y.W.  of  M«idville.     Pop.  1237. 

SUMMER  ISL.\XDS,a  group  of  30  islands  at  the  entrance 
of  Loch  Broom,  Scotland,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  counties  of 
Ross  and  Cromarty.  Only  the  largest,  Tanera-More,  about 
2  miles  in  length  and  1  mile  in  breadth,  is  inhabited. 

SUMMER  L.\KE,  in  the  S.  interior  of  Oregon  Territory, 
In  lat.  about  42°  40'  N.,  Ion.  120°  40'  W.  Length,  about  10 
miles. 

SUMM?^RS,  a  post>ofliee  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Virginia. 

SUMMEitS,  a  township  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois. 

SUM'.MERSET,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  115  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

SUMMER'S  MILL,  a  postKjfflce  of  Guildford  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

SUMMERSVILLE,  post-office.  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvani.i. 

SU.MMERSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Noxubee  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

SUM'MERVILLE.apost-village,  Butler  co.,  Peunsylvani.-j. 

SU.MMERVILLE.  a  post-village.  rapit.al  of  Nicholas  co., 
W.  Virsinia.  about  140  miles  S.  of  Wheeling. 

SUMMERVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Cumberland  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  30  miles  S.  of  Raleigh. 

SU.MMERVILLE,  a  post-vill.ige  on  the  line  between 
Charleston  and  Colleton  distriL'ts.  South  Carolina,  and  on 
the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  22  miles  X.\V.  of  Charleston. 

SUMMERVILLE,  a  post-village,  capiLil  of  Chattooga  co., 
Georgia,  on  Chattooga  River,  195  miles  N.W.  of  .Miiledge- 
ville.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  and  con- 
tiiins  a  handsome  court-house,  2  or  3  churches,  and  5  or  6 
dry-goods  stx>res.    Pop.  350. 

SUMMERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  CO.,  Kentucky, 
about  85  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

SUMMERVILLE,  a  village  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  about  50 
miles  X.W.  of  Columbus. 

SUM.MERVILLE,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Dawagiac  River,  11  miles  W.  of  Cassopoiis. 

SU.MMERVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

SU.MMERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Boone  CO.,  Missouri. 

SUM.MERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Janesville.     It  contains  about  20  dwellings. 

SUM'.MERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  pf 
Glengary,  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  70  miles  S.W. 
of  .Montre;il.     Pop.  about  80. 

SU.MMISWALD,  Switzerland.     See  SCMISW.UD. 

SUM'.M1T,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cuy.ahoga 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Tuscara- 
was River,  and  by  Wolf  Creek.  It  comprises  the  highest 
land  on  the  line  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  which  is  about  400  feet 
above  the  level  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is  sometimes  called  the 
PirLtgi:  Summit.  The  name  of  the  county  was  derived  from 
this  circumstance.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  in  snme 
parts  level;  the  soil  is  excelleut,  and  in  good  cultivation. 
1858 


Large  beds  of  stone  coal  and  of  mineral  fire-proof  paint  have 
been  discovered,  and  are  exported  extensively.  It  is  co- 
piously supplied  with  water-power.  The  Pennsylvania  and 
Ohio  Ciinal  connects  with  the  Ohio  Canal  at  Akron.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Rail- 
road, and  by  the  Cleveland,  Zanesville,  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road.    Capital,  Akron.     Pop.  27.344. 

SUMMIT,  a  railroad  station  of  Broome  co..  New  York,  on 
the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  194  miles  from  Xe"  Yrrk 
City.  Near  this  place  the  railroad  passes  through  a  .  JLI  in 
the  rock  nearly  200  feet  in  depth. 

SUM.MIT,  a  post-township  of  Schoharie  CO.,  New  York, 
about  50  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  19il. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-office  of  Esse.x  co.,  New  Jersey. 

SUMMIT  or  SU.M'MITVILLE,  a  thriving  po.st-borough 
of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Portage  Railroad, 
where  it  crosses  the  summit  of  the  Alleghany  Mountiin  by 
.several  inclined  planes.  104  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg,  and  about 
2500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road pas.ses  near  the  place.  Incorporated  in  1850.  Pop.  ia 
1860,  176. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  ister- 
sected  by  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Can.al,  about  10  miles  W.  by 
N.  Of  .Meadville.    Pop.  1147. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1144. 

SUM.MIT,  a  post-office  of  Northampton  co.,  North  Carolina. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-office  of  Blount  co.,  .Alabama. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-office  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio. 

SUM.MIT,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

SUMMIT,  a  postoffice  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana,  8  miles  W. 
of  Columbia. 

SUMMIT,  a  village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Des  Plaines 
River,  and  on  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  about  12 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waukesha  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  30  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee.     Pop.  1161. 

SU.M.MIT,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-office  of  Utah  co.,  Utah  Territory, 

SU.MMIT  BRIDGE,  a  post-vilLige  of  Xew  Castle  co.,  Dela- 
ware. al>out  30  miles  X.  by  W.  from  Dover. 

SU.MMIT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Carlxin  CO.,  Pennsylva- 
nia. 9  miles  W.  of  Mauch  Chunk.  Immense  quantities  of 
coal  are  mined  here,  and  conveyed  by  raili-oad  to  the  canal 
at  Mauch  Chunk. 

SU.M.MIT  MILLS,  a  post-olfice  of  Somerset  oo.,  Pennsyt 
vania,  about  150  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

SU  M  .MI  T  POI X  T,  a  post-office  of  Jefterson  Co.,  W.  Virginia. 

SU.MMITVILLE.  Pennsylvania.    See  Summit. 

SUM'MITVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland. 

SU.MMITV1LLE,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

SUMMITVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana. 

SU.MMITVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  about  15 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Keokuk. 

SUM'NER,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Tennes.see.  border- 
ing on  Kentucky,  h.as  an  area  estimated  at  t'OO  square  miles. 
The  Cumberland  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  S., 
and  it  is  ulso  drained  by  creeks  which  flow  N.  into  Big  Bai^ 
ren  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  excclleut. 
The  Cumlierland  I'.iver  is  navigated  by  steamboats  on  the 
border.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Louisville  and 
Nashville  Railroad.  Capital,  Gallatin.  Population  22,030, 
of  whom  14,330  were  free,  and  7700  slaves. 

SUMNER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oxford  co^ 
Maine,  40  miles  W.  of  Augusta.  It  contains  2  churcbes.  2 
grist-mills,  3  saw-mills,  and  2  shingle  maclr'aes.  Popula- 
tion n.54. 

SU.MNEYTOWN,  Pennsylvania.    See  Sumanttown. 

SUMPTER,  a  post-office  of  Trinity  CO..  Tex.is. 

SUMPTION'S  PRAI'RIES,  a  post-office  of  St.  Joseph  co., 
Indiana. 

SU.MSHU,  the  northernmost  of  the  Koorile  Isl.ands, 

SUM.-^HU.    SeeSooMSHOo. 

SU-MTER,  a  district  towards  the  S.E.  part  of  South  |Ca- 
rolina,  h.as  an  area  of  about  1500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  \Vateree  and  Santee  Rivers,  on  the  S.  by 
the  Santee,  on  the  N.E.  by  Lynch's  Creek,  and  drained  by 
the  hejid  streams  of  Black  River.  The  surface  is  level  or 
undulating,  and  partly  covered  with  pine  woods.  The  soil 
is  generally  productive.  The  Santee  is  navigable  by  steam- 
boats on  the  border  of  the  district,  which  is  intersected  by 
the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad.  Capital,  Sutn- 
terville.  Pop.  23,859,  of  whom  7177  were  free,  and  16,652 
slaves. 

SU.MTER,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  590  square  miles.  It  is  lx)und>.'d  on  the  E.  by  the 
Flint  River,  and  traversed  by  Muckalee  and  Kinchafoonee 
Creeks,  affluents  of  that  river.  The  surface  is  level,  or 
rather  flat,  and  partly  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  is  pro- 
ductive, especially  along  the  river  and  creeks.  It  is  con- 
templated to  extend  the  South-western  Railroad  thi-oirgh 
the  county.  Organized  in  1831.  Capital,  Americus.  Pop. 
9428,  of  whom  45o,s  were  free,  and  4S9u  slaves. 

SUMTER,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida.    Pop.  l.=>49. 

SUMTER,  a  county  in  the  W.part  of  Alabama,  bordering 


SUM 

on  the  Mississippi,  has  an  area  estimated  at  SOO  square  miles. 
It  is  hoan.led  on  the  K.  and  N.E.  by  Tomhii;bee  Kiver,  in- 
tersected by  the  Noxubee  River,  and  also  drained  by  Tu^aloo 
Creek.  The  surface  is  somewhat  uneven;  the  soil  fertile, 
especially  n«ar  the  rivers.  The  Torabigbee  is  navijjable  by 
steamboats  on  the  border.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Alabama  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  now  in  course  of 
construction.  Capital,  Livingston.  Pop.  24,035,  of  whom 
6944  were  free,  and  18,091  slaves. 

St'MTER.  a  township  of  Wavne  CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  734. 

SUMTER'VILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sumter  district. 
South  Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Kail- 
road,  63  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbia.  It  contains  a  bank, 
Heveral  churches,  and  2  newspaper  offices. 

SUMTERVILLE,  a  post-village  iu  Lee  CO.,  Georgia,  100 
miies  S.W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

SUMTERVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Sumter  co.,  Alabama, 
near  Tombigbee  River,  64  miles  S.W.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

SUMVIX,  soom'vix,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Orisons,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Dissentis  Mustar.    Pop.  1500. 

SUMY.    See  Soomy. 

8UN,  a  poat-olTice  of  St.  Tammany  parish,  Louisiana. 

SUNA,  soo'nd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  1  mile 
N.W.  of  Pallanza,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Lago  Maggiore.   P.  1212. 

SUNAPEK,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hampshire. 

SUX'Al'EE  LAKK,  New  Hampshire,  between  Sullivan 
and  Merrimack  counties,  is  near  10  miles  long,  and  from  1 
to  2j  miles  wide.  It  is  said  to  be  elevated  more  than  1000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  outlet  discharges  its 
waters  through  Sugar  River  into  the  >Ierrimack. 

SUN  ART,  LOCH,  loK  soo'nart,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle,  between  Ardnamurchan  on 
the  N.,  and  .Morven  and  the  i.sland  of  Mull  on  the  S.  Length, 
22  miles;  breadth,  4  miles  at  its  communiaition  S.  with 
the  Sound  of  Mull.  It  contains  Oransay,  Carnich,  and 
other  islets.  On  its  banks  are  the  villages  of  Strontian  and 
Ardnamurchan. 

SUN'BiOAM,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  Hlinois. 

SUN'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

SUN15UUY,  sQn'ber-€,  a  small  village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 10  miles  N.  of  Butler. 

SUNBUllY.  a  flourishing  and  beautifully  situated  town, 
capital  of  Northumberland  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  (E.) 
bank  of  the  Susriuehanna  River,  1  mile  below  the  junction 
of  its  branches,  56  miles  N.  of  Harrisburg,  and  134  miles 
N.W.  of  I'hilailclphia.  It  contains  seV(Tal  thnrcbes,  and  2 
newspaper  offices.  At  this  point  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie 
Railioad  connects  with  the  Northern  Central  Railroad, 
leading  to  Harrisburg  and  Baltimore,  and  with  the  Slia- 
uiokin  Valley  and  Pottsville  Railroad.  A  canal,  belonging 
to  the  state,  crosses  the  river  a  little  below  the  town,  at  the 
Shamokin  Bam,  which  is  27^3  feet  long.  A  bridge  across 
the  North  Branch  connects  Sunhury  with  Northnnibcrland. 
Stone  coal  is  procured  in  the  county,  and  shipped  here. 
Pop.  in  1850,  1218;  in  1860, 1803. 

SUNBDRY,  a  post-village  of  Gat«s  co.,  North  Carolina, 
about  150  miles  N.E.  of  Raleigh. 

SUXBURY,  a  decayed  town  of  Liberty  CO.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Medway  River,  about  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Savannah.  It  was 
built  iu  1778,  and  immediately  after  the  Revolution  wa.s  a 
flourishing  seaport.    It  now  has  only  about  6  or  8  families. 

SUNBURY,  a  thriving  postrvillage  of  Delaware  CO.,  Ohio, 
20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  almut  500. 

SUNBURY,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1369. 

SUNBURY,  a  small  village  of  .Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

SUNBURY,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  110 
miles  N.E.  bv  N.  of  Springfield. 

SUNBURY,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, intersected  by  the  river  St.  John,  and  watered  by  seve- 
ral other  streams.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is 
fertile,  and  heavily  timbered.  Steamboats  and  vessels  of 
100  tons  ascend  the  St.  John's  River  through  the  county  to 
Fredericton,  90  miles  from  its  mouth. 

SUN'COOK,  a  post-village  of  Merrimack  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Portsmouth  and  Concord  Railroad,  7  miles 
from  Concord. 

SUNCOOK  RIVER,  of  New  Hampshire,  rises  in  Strafford 
CO.,  and  flowing  through  Belknap  county,  falls  into  the  Mer- 
rimack, about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord. 

SUN  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  flows  S.E.  through  Coving- 
ton CO.,  into  Bowie  River. 

SUNDA  (sun'da)  ISLES,  Malay  Archipelago,  comprise 
Sumatra.  Java,  Bali,  Lomlwk,  Flores,  and  the  other  islands 
of  the  same  ch.ain  as  far  E.  as  Timor,  and  separate  the  seas 
of  Java  and  Flores,  with  the  rest  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
from  the  Indian  Ocean. 

SUN  DAL.  sdon'ddl,  a  river  of  Norway,  issues  from  a  lake 
at  the  foot  of  Sneehaetten,  flows  E.,  then  N..  then  W.,  and 
falls  into  the  Tingvold-flord;  total  course,  about  70  miles. 

SUNDA,  STRAIT  OF,  a  passage  between  the  islands  of 
Sumatra  and  Java,  from  the  Indian  Ocean  into  the  Sea  of 
Java.     Breadth,  from  70  to  90  miles. 

SUN'D  ^.Y  01-  R.VOUL,  ri-ool',  an  island  of  the  South  Pa- 
cific. Lat.  (N  W.  point)  29°  12'  S.,  Ion.  178°  15'  W.  It  is 
iibout  12  miles  in  circuit,  lofty  and  rugged. 


SUN 

SUNT)  AY  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Ilockhocking  River, 
a  few  miles  above  Athens. 

SUNDAY  CREEK  CROSS-ROADS,  a  nostK)fflca  '^  V-»rry 
CO.,  Ohio. 

SUXOiAY  RIA''ER,  of  South  Africa,  in  Cape  Colony,  di-; 
sions  of  Graaf-Reinet  and  Uitenhage,  rises  in  the  Sneeuw. 
bergen,  flows  S.E.,  and  enters  Algoa  Bay  18  miles  N.E.  of 
Port  Eliz.abeth,  after  a  cour.se  of  200  miles.  It  re<'eives  nu- 
merous small  affluents.  It  has  a  rapid  current:  the  tide 
rises  in  it  to  15  miles  from  the  sea,  but  a  bar  at  its  moath 
impedes  navigation. 

SUNDEELA,  sun-dee/li,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Oude,  31 
miles  N.W.  of  Lueknow. 

SUN^DEEP',  an  island  of  Hindostan,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Megna,  E.  of  Chittagong.  Length, 
about  16  miles;  average  breadth,  6  miles.  About  the  be- 
ginning of  the  seventeenth  century  it  was  taken  possession 
of  by  Portuguese  adventurers  who  had  been  expelled  from 
Ara^an,  and  who  converted  it  into  an  independent  princi- 
pality ;  they  are  said  to  have  had  a  force  of  1000  Portuguese, 
and  2000  native  infantry,  200  cavalry,  and  80  armed  vessels 
of  different  sizes.  It  afterwards  fell  into  the  possession  of 
Mughs,  who  were  finally  subdued  in  1666  by  Shaista-Khan, 
the  Mogul  governor  of  Bengal. 

SUNDERBUNDS,  siin/dfr-bunds\  a  densely  wooded  tract 
of  British  India,  extending  170  miles  along  the  coast  of  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  at  the  mouths  of  the  Ganges.  Its  rivers  are 
navigable  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

SUN'DERLAND,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
seaport  town,  and  pari.sh  of  England,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wear,  in  the  North  Sea,  co.,  and  13  miles  N.E.  of  Durham, 
with  which  city  and  with  Shield.s,  Gateshead,  Hartlepool, 
and  other  places  in  the  county,  it  is  connected  by  a  network 
of  railways.  Lat.  of  light,  on  the  N.  of  two  piers  whiqh  en- 
close its  harbor.  54°  54'  5"  N.,  ion.  1°  22'  W.  Pop.  of  parish 
in  1851,  19,058:  of  parliamentjiry  borough,  which  comprises 
also  Bishop-Wearmouth  on  the  S.,  Monk-Wearmouth  and 
Southwick  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river,  80,324.  The 
town  proper  of  Sunderland  occupies  a  peninsula  between 
the  expansion  of  the  Wear  and  the  sea;  it  has  one  good 
and  broad  street,  and  a  fine  new  market-place;  but  else- 
where consists  mostly  of  narrow  lanes.  Bishop-Wearmouth, 
on  its  W.  side,  is  a  handsome  and  increasing  quarter ;  it 
communicates  with  Monk-Wearmouth  shore  by  a  noble 
cast-iron  bridge  of  one  arch,  236  feet  in  span,  and  100  feet 
above  the  Wear  at  low  water.  The  principal  edifices  are  2 
fine  parish  churches,  numerous  chapels,  the  exchange, 
athenueum  founded  in  184<),  theatre,  assembly  rooms,  bar- 
racks, customhouse,  excise-office,  infirmary,  and  various 
almshouses.  It  has  a  mechanics'  institution,  horticultural 
and  polytechnic  societies,  and  several  JIasonic  lodges.  The 
borough  is  well  paved,  lighted,  and  supplied  with  water. 
The  harbor  is  defended  by  batteries,  and  connected  with  it 
is  a  large  wet  dock.  This  is  one  of  the  princip.al  ports  of 
England  for  the  shipment  of  coal,  of  which,  in  1842,  it  ex- 
ported 859,137  tons  ;  it  has,  besides,  a  large  export  of  lime 
to  Yorkshire  .and  Scotland,  and  of-glass,  earthenwares,  rope, 
chemical  products,  made  in  the  town  and  vicinity,  in  and 
around  which  are  also  flax  and  saw  mills,  and  grindstone 
quarries.  At  tlie  adjacent  village  of  Deptford  is  a  steam 
rope  factory.  Mercantile  ship-building  is  more  extensive 
than  at  almost  any  other  Engll.sh  port.  In  1850,  the  number 
of  vessels  built  at  Sunderland  was  158,  (51,374  tons.)  and  in 
1S5.3,  153,  (68,735  ton.s.)  The  imports  are  timber,  iron,  flax, 
tallow  from  the  Baltic,  butter,  chee.se,  and  flax  from  Hol- 
land, and  wine,  spirits,  flour,  grain,  and  various  other 
articles,  from  different  quarters.  In  1851  the  number  of 
vessels  belonging  to  the  port  was  1025  (216,635  tons;)  the 
number  of  vessels  entered  was  2747  (1.206,804  tons;)  and 
cleared,  12,884  (1.580,088  tons.)  The  fishery  of  Sunderland 
is  important.  The  borough  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  13 
aldermen,  and  42  councillors,  and  sends  2  members  to 
Parliament.  The  town  is  frequented  as  a  bathing-place.  It 
gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  Duke  of  Marlborough. 

SUN'DERLAND,  a  township  of  England,  CO.  ofCumberland. 

SUNDEKL.4ND,  North,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland. 

SUN'DERLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ben- 
nington CO..  Vermont,  on  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad, 
95  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  56". 

SUNDERL.\ND,  a  post>vilIage  and  township  of  Franklin 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  River,  82 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  A  bridge  crosses  the  river  at 
this  pl.aco.     Pop.  839. 

SUNDERLAND  BRIDGE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham. 

SUNDERLAND,  WICK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  East  Riding. 

SUNDI,  soon'dee,  of  Africa,  a  town  of  Lower  Guinea,  on 
the  Z.airo,  220  miles  N.E.  of  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

SUND'LEPOOK/,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bengal,  on  the  Nerbudd.i,  6  miles  N.  of  Hindia. 

SUNDOCH.  stlnMotch',  one  of  the  small  protected  Sikh 
States  of  North-west  Hindostan.    Pop.  1200. 

SUN'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  BedfonL 

1859 


SUN 


SUR 


PrXDRABONI,  sIlnMra-bo'nee,  a  small  state  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago.  lying  wilhin  the  bounds  of  Macassar,  on  the 
island  of  CVlebes,  with  a  town  on  a  small  island  in  the  river 
Sundraboui. 
SUND'RIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
.«UNDSVALL.  soonds'Tdll.  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  laen, 
28  miles  S.AV.  of  HernSsand,  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.    P.  1850. 
SUN'FIELD,  a  township  of  Eaton  CO..  Michigan.  Top.  507. 
SUX'FISH,  a  post-ofRee  of  Monroe  CO..  Ohio. 
SUNFISII.  a  township  of  Pike  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  495. 
SUNFISU  CKEEK,  of  Monroe  eo.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Ohio  River. 

SUN'FLOWER,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Suntlower  River,  from  which  it  derives  its 
name,  and  is  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Yazoo.  The  sur- 
face is  a  level,  alluvial  plain  or  swamp,  the  soil  of  which  is 
very  fertile.  The  Yazoo  is  a  deep  and  sluggish  stream,  na- 
vigable by  steamboats  in  nearly  all  stages  of  water.  Formed 
from  Bolivar  county.  Capital,  McNutt.  Pop.  5019,  of  whom 
1102  were  free,  and  3917  slaves. 

SUNFLOWER  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Mississippi, 
rises  in  Coahoma  county,  and  tiows  S.  until  it  enters  the 
Yazoo  near  the  N.  border  of  Warren  county. 
SUNGARI.  a  river  of  Ea.st  Asi.a.  See  Soo.noaree. 
SUXGIE-UJONG,  soon'ghee-oo-jong',  a  state  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula,  between  lat.  3°  and  4°  N.,  and  Ion.  102°  and  103° 
E..  having  Salangore  on  the  W.,  and  Jompole  on  the  E. 
Pop.  3600.  It  contains  some  of  the  principal  tin-mines  of 
the  peninsula,  and  its  chief  export  is  tin. 

SUNG-LO,  sQng-lo,  or  SU.NG-LO-SHAX.  sfing-lo-shSn,  a 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  Che-kiang;  lat,  29°  56'  N., 
Ion.  118°  15'  E.  It  rises  about  3000  feet  above  the  plains, 
and  is  famous  as  the  spot  where  the  green  tea  shrub  was  first 
discovered  and  first  manufactured. 

SUNGXAM,  sftng'ndm',  a  town  of  West  Thibet,  on  the 
Ruskalan,  a  tributary  of  the  Sutlej,  9000  feet  above  sea- 
level.  90  miles  X.E.  of  Simla. 

SUNGORA,  stln-go'r2,  a  maritime  town  of  Lower  Siam,  on 
an  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  90  miles  S.E.  of  Li^or;  lat.  7° 
40'  N..  Ion.  101°  10'  E. 

SUNGUMEER,  sun^goo-meer',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bombay,  73  miles  X.  of  Poouah. 
SU.NIUM,  CAPE,  Greece.    See  Cape  Colonx.\. 
SUXJEET,  sUn-jeef ,  a  town  of  West  Hindostan,  65  miles 
S.W.  of  Kotah. 
«UNK'H.AZE,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co..  JIaine. 
SUNK  ISL.AND,  an  islet  in  the  estuary  of  the  Humber, 
In  England,  on  its  E.  side,  S.W.  of  Patrington.     It  belongs 
to  the  crown,  is  increasing  in  extent,  and  has  now  about 
6000  acres,  let  for  nearly  9200?.  annually.    It  is  connected 
by  a  road  with  Ottrimjham,  on  the  N.W. 

SUNK  LIGHT,  in  the  North  Sea,  opposite  the  Naze,  in 
Essex. 

SUNN,  stlnn,  a  town  of  Sinde.  on  the  W.  of  the  Indus; 
lat  26°  N.,  Ion.  68°  16'  E.  Near  it  is  a  vast  fortress  built  by 
the  Ameers  of  Sinde. 

SUN'NING-HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks.  It 
has  many  villas  and  some  mineral  springs. 

SUNNINGHILL-DALE,  a  locality  of  England,  in  the  pa- 
rish of  Old  Windsor. 
SUN'NINGWELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
SUNNYSIDE,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Alabama. 
SUN  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Dane  co.,  Wiuconsin. 
See  Appendix. 
SUN'RISE,  a  post-office  of  Bath  co.,  Tirginia. 
SUN'SET,  a  post-offlce  of  Pocahontas  co.,  Virginia. 
SUN'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
SUNYPERK.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Sonxenherg. 
SUPAIWASI  (?)  soo-pl-wi'see.  or  HUAYNA  POTOSI  (hwV- 
n3  po-to-see')   PEAK,   a  mountain   pe.^k   of  the  Bolivian 
Andes.     Lat.  16°  17'  S..  Ion.  68°  10'  W.     Height,  20.260  feet. 
SUPE'RIOR,  a  township  of  AVilliams  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1.396. 
SUPERIOR,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Washtenaw 
CO.,  Michig.an.     Poji,  1346. 

SUPERIOR.  CITY  OF.  a  thriving  village,  capital  of  Doug- 
las CO.,  Wisconsin,  at  the  entrance  of  St.  Louis  River  into 
the  W.  extremity  of  I^ke  Superior,  about  250  miles  N.W. 
of  Green  Bay.  The  St.  Louis  here  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Minnesota  and  Wisconsin.  Pop.  534.  See  Appendix. 
SUPE/RIOR,  LAKE,  the  most  westerly  and  most  elevated 
of  the  North  American  chain  of  lakes,  and  the  lai-gest 
expanse  of  fresh  water  on  the  globe.  It  extends  from  lat. 
46°  35'  to  49°  N..  and  from  Ion.  84°  30'  to  92<^  20'  W.  It  has 
Minnesota  on  the  W.  and  N.W.;  Wisconsin  and  the  N. 
peninsula  of  Michigan  on  the  S.;  and  British  America  in 
all  other  directions.  Greatest  length,  measured  on  a  curve 
through  its  centre,  from  E.  to  W..  420  miles;  greatest 
bre.Hdth,  160  miles;  circuit,  about  17.50  miles.  Estimated 
area,  32,000  square  miles.  Height  above  sea-level,  630  feet; 
depth,  varying  from  SO  to  200  fathoms.  It  is  of  very  irre- 
gular shape,  widening  towards  its  centre,  and  gradually 
liarrowing.  partly  towards  its  E.,  but  much  more  towards 
Hs  W.  extremity,  so  as  to  form  an  irre'.'ular  crescent,  with 
Its  convexity  on  the  N.,  and  its  concavity  on  the  S.  .The  N. 
IfitiO 


shore  is  generally  bold  and  elevated,  and  extends  about 
12  miles,  presenting  almost  continuous  ranges  of  cliffs, 
which  vary  in  height  from  300  to  1500  feet;  the  S.  shore  is 
low  and  sandy,  though  occasionally  interrupted  by  lime- 
stone ridges,  the  most  remarkable  of  which,  .situated  to- 
wards' the  E.  e.xtremity,  presents  a  perpendicular  wall  300 
feet  high,  broken  by  numerous  caverns  and  pmjections, 
and  forming,  under  the  name  of  the  Pictured  Rocks,  one  of 
the  greatest  natural  curiosities  of  the  United  States.  The 
centi'al  portion  of  the  lake  is  clear  of  islands,  which,  how- 
ever, are  numerous  both  towards  the  S.  and  the  N.  sides 
In  the  former  direction  they  are  generally  small;  but 
in  the  latter,  several,  more  especially  the  Isle  Royal,  are 
of  considerable  dimensions,  and  along  with  the  indenta- 
tions of  the  coast,  afford  good  shelter  for  vessels.  The 
water  of  the  lake  is  remarkable  for  its  transparency,  and 
derives  its  supplies  from  a  basin  which  is  estimated  at 
100.000  square  miles,  and  is  drained  by  more  than  200 
streams.  At)out  30  of  these  are  of  considerable  she.  bnt 
they  are  almost  all  impetuous  torrents,  interrupted  by 
rocks  and  rapids.  The  outlet  is  at  the  S.E.,  by  the  St. 
-Mary's  Strait,  which  communicates  with  Lake  Huron  and 
the  other  great  American  lakes  whose  waters  reach  the 
ocean  through  the  St.  Lawrence.  St.  Mary's  Strait  descends 
22  feet  in  the  distance  of  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile,  form- 
ing a  series  of  rapids,  around  which  a  n.avig.able  canal  has 
been  constructed,  forming  the  la.st  link  of  the  chain  of  com- 
munication between  the  great  lakes,  and  adding  above  1700 
miles  to  our  coast  trade.  See  St.  Mary's  Strait.  Within 
the  lake  itself,  the  only  obstruction  to  its  navigation  are 
the  violent  g.ales  to  which  it  is  subject.  It  is  well  supplied 
with  fish,  principally  trout,  white-tish,  and  sturgeon.  The 
two  former  are  of  excellent  quality,  and  have  led  to  the 
establishment  of  a  great  number  of  fishing  stations.  The 
other  principal  export  by  tHe  lake  is  copper,  of  which  veins 
of  great  richness  and  extent  h.ive  been  discovered,  both  on 
its  shores  and  islands,  and  yielded,  in  1851,  about  25iXI  tons 
of  copper.  The  boundary  line  between  Briti.sh  America  and 
the  United  State.s,  in  passing  through  Lake  Superior,  pro- 
ceeds from  the  outlet  nearly  through  its  centre,  till  it  ap- 
proaches Isle  Royal,  when  it  bends  N.,  so  as  to  give  that 
island  entirely  to  the  United  States,  and  is  then  carried 
S.S.W.  to  its  termination  at  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  River,  in 
lat.  48°  N. 

SUPIHORA.  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Geiersbeeo. 
SUPINO,  soo-pee'no,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States,  7  miles  M'.S.W.  of  Frosinone.     Pop.  3360. 
SUPINO,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Sepiso. 
SUPOI.    See  Soopoi. 
SUR,  a  seaport  of  Arabia.    See  SooR. 
SUR.4B.\YA,  a  town  of  Java.    See  Soerabata. 
SURAFEXD,  soo'rdfJnd',  (anc.  Sarepia ;  Scriptural,  Zare- 
phatlu)  a  large  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Acre,  on  a 
hill-slope  near  the  Mediterranean,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Sidon. 
Principal  edifice,  a  mosque  erected  over  the  reputeti  spot 
where  Elijah  dwelt,  and  raised  the  widow's  son  from  the 
dead.     Sarepta  was  anciently  famous  for  its  wine.     Under 
the  Crusaders  it  was  erected  into  a  bishop's  see.    In  the 
adjacent  hills  are  many  excavated  tombs. 
SURA.J,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  Soorazh. 
SURAJEPOOR,  soo-rd'je-poor',  a  town  of  British  India, 
province,  and  district  of  Allahabad,  14  miles  E.  of  Kurrah. 

SURAJIGUR,  sooVS-je-ghr',  a  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Bengal,  district  of  Boglipoor,  68  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Patna. 
SURAKARTA  or  SUBAKERTA,  Java.  See  Soerakarta. 
SURAT,  sooVSt/.  (Fr.  SaraU.  siiVSt/,')  a  city  of  British  In- 
dia, presidencj-  of  Bombay,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Taptee,  20  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Cam- 
bay,  and  160  miles  N.  of  Bombay.  Lat.  of  castle,  21°  12'  N., 
lon.72°47'E.  Pop.  estimated  at  1.57.000.  The  town  proper, 
6  miles  in  circumference,  is  enclosed,  except  facing  the  river, 
by  a  semicircular  wall  flanked  with  towers ;  it  is  poorly  built, ' 
but  outside  the  wall  are  some  good  European  houses.  Surat 
has  a  fort  garrisoned  by  European  troops,  an  English  church 
and  school,  a  European  cemeter\',  numerous  Hindix>  schools, 
and  a  Hindoo  hospital  for  sick  animals  of  all  kinds.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  high  court  for  the  presidency,  and  the  residence 
of  a  British  military  commandant  and  other  authorities. 
Its  manufactures  of  woven  goods,  formerly  famous,  have  de- 
clined, but  it  still  has  an  active  export  trade,  and  sends 
large  quantities  of  cotton  to  Bombay.  Among  its  inh.v 
bitants  are  many  Parsees,  the  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Persian  fire-worshippers  expelled  from  Persia  by  the  Mo- 
hammedans. The  English  factory,  founded  here  about  the 
j-ear  1612,  was  the  first  mercantile  establishment  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  the  Slogul  dominions.  The  French 
also  have  had  a  factory  at  Surat  since  the  early  part  of  the 
17th  century. 

SURDAR,"silrMar',  a  village  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak 
Ajemee,  near  Menjil,  on  the  Sefeed-rood,  at  the  frontier  ht 
Ghilan.  Population  partially  employed  in  raising  and  r<r 
finine  alum  from  adjacent  mines. 

SURDH.\UR.  sQrd'hawr'.  a  town  of  West  Hin-in^taTj.  near 
the  centre  of  Guzerat.    Lat.  22°  10'  N-.  lou.  '1°  W  £. 


SUR 

SURE,  BttR  or  sU'rfh,  or  SAUER,  sSw'gr,  a  river  of  Bel- 
gium and  Dutch  Luxemburg,  after  an  K.  course  of  90  miies 
joins  ttie  Moselle,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Treves.  Affluents,  the 
Alzette  and  the  Erens. 

SUREXDAL,  Roo'ren-dll\  a  village  of  Norway,  stift,  and 
73  miles  S.W,  of  Trondhjem.    Pop.  of  the  p.-irish"  37 (JO. 

SURKSNES,  sU'rain',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine,  W.  of  Paris,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  ValeVien.  Pop.  in 
1852,  .3175. 

SUR'B'LEET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SURGEON'S  (stir'jguz)  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany 
00.,  Pennsylvania. 

SURGERES,  siiR^zhaiR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Charente-InfiSrieure,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Rochefort.     P.  ISGl. 

SURGUX,  a  town  of  Siberia.     See  Soorgoot. 

SURIAPET,  soo\-e-a-p5t/,  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan. 
in  Nizam's  dominions,  on  the  Mutty,  70  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Hyderabad. 

SUlilGAO,  Roo-re-g3/o,  a  town  of  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
in  the  Philippines,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Mindanao;  lat.  9*^ 
61'  N.,  ion.  125°  25'  E.,  with  a  fort  belonging  to  the  Spaniards. 
The  SuiiinAO  Islands  are  on  the  N.E.,  and  the  Scrigao  Pas- 
sage on  the  N.W. 

SURINAM,  soo-rin-am',  a  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  traverses 
the  centre  of  that  colony,  which  is  sometimes  called  by  its 
name,  and,  after  a  N.  course  of  300  miles,  enters  the  Atlantic 
near  Paramaribo.  It  receives  several  affluents,  and  is  navi- 
gable in  the  greater  part  of  its  course  to  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tains, aud  for  large  ships  to  aliout  30  miles  from  the  sea. 
Its  banks  are  in  general  densely  wooded  ;  below  Paramaribo 
they  are  laid  out  in  thriving  plantations.  Its  entrance  is 
defended  by  the  forts  of  New  .\msterdam  aud  Zelandia. 

SURINAM,  a  colony.    See  Guiana,  Dutch. 

SURINA>I.  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana. 

SUK'LINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SUKUENEY'S,  a  post-office  of  Tatnall  co.,  Georgia. 

SUIUIENTU.VI.    See  Sorrento. 

SUR'RKY  or  SUR/RY,  (Saxon.  Sut!,-riee,  "the  south  king- 
dom.") an  inland  county  of  England,  having  N.  the  Tliaraes, 
Separating  it  from  Middlesex  and  Rucks;  S.,  Sussex:  E., 
Kent;  and  W.,  Hants  and  Berks.  Area,  748  square  miles, 
or  478,720  acres,  of  which  moi-e  than  four-fifths  are  under 
culture.  Pop.  in  1851.  6S3.0S2.  The  North  Downs,  of  which 
the  Hog's  llack  and  IJoxhill  form  portions,  intersect  the 
county  from  W.  to  E.,  dividing  it  into  two  parts;  the  N.  of 
these  has  a  fertile  and  diversified  slope  to  the  Thames ;  the 
S.  is  again  partially  divided  by  a  steep  range  of  sandy  hills, 
(llindhead,  Hascorab,  and  Leith  Hill,)  having  the  vales  of 
Uodaliniiig,  Albury.  and  Dorking  on  the  N..  and  on  the  S. 
the  Weald,  a  rich  tract  continuous  with  the  Weald  of  Sussex 
and  Kent.  An  expanse  of  wild  heath-land  covers  all  the  W. 
of  the  county,  and  the  S.W.  hill  chain,  where  Leith  Hill 
rises  to  nearly  1000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  commands  a 
view  over  parts  of  14  counties.  In  the  vales  and  the  N. 
there  is  a  good  deal  of  fertile  soil;  the  N.E.  quarter  is 
whuUy  occupied  by  suburbs  of  the  metiopolis.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  soil  is  under  tillage,  but  agriculture  is  backward. 
Hops  of  the  first  quality  are  raised  at  Famhani;  medicinal 
plants  alKJut  Mitcham;  and  in  the  N.  a  great  deal  of  land  is 
in  gardens  for  the  supply  of  vegetables  to  the  London 
markets.  Woods  are  numerous  and  extensive;  hogs  and 
poultry  are  plentifully  reared.  Except  in  Southwark, 
Lambeth,  and  elsewhere  near  London,  manufactures  are  of 
little  importance.  The  only  river  of  consequence  is  the 
Wev,  forming  a  part  of  the  Wey  and  Arundel  Canal  to 
Gufldford.  The  Basingstoke  Canal  is  in  the  N.W.,  and  the 
South-eastern,  South-western,  Brigliton,  Croydon,  and  Rich- 
mond Railways  from  Loudon;  and  the  Reading  and  Reigate 
Railways  traverse  the  county.  Surrey  is  the  home  circuit, 
and  forms  an  archdeaconry  of  the  diocese  of  Winchester. 
Lent  assizes  are  held  at  Kingston,  and  summer  as.eiiies  at 
Crovdon  and  Guildford  alternately.  It  returns  11  meSiliers 
to  the  House  of  Commons,  of  whom  4  are  for  the  county. 
Besides  Guildford,  the  aipital,  it  contains  the  parliamentary 
boroughs  of  Southwark,  Lambeth,  and  Reigate,  and  the 
towns"  of  Kingston-on-the-Thames,  Wandsworth.  Croydon, 
Epsom,  Ewell.  Dorking,  Godalming.  and  Chertsey.  Under 
the  heptarchy',  it  chiefly  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Sussex. 

SURREY,  United  States.    See  Surrt. 

SURRO«»L,  stir'rool'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
ef  Bengal.  53  miles  S.W.  of  Moorshedabad. 

SURROUN'DED  HILL,  a  post^ffice  of  Monroe  co.,  Ar- 

SURRY,  a  county  of  England.    See  Surrey. 

SUK'RY.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  340  square  miles.  Janu-s  River  forms  the  boundary 
on  the  N.E.,  and  Blackwater  River  on  the  S.W.  The  sur- 
face is  moderately  uneven;  the  soil  is  generally  sandy, 
formed  in  1652,  and  named  from  Surry,  a  county  in  Eng- 
land. Capital,'  Surry  Coiirt-House.  Pop.  6133,  of  whom 
jeiS  were  free,  and  2515  slaves. 

SLltRY,  a  cimntvin  the  N.N.W.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virgiiiia.  Area  estimated  at  5i0  square  niiU-s. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Yadkin  liiver,  and  intersected 


SUS 

by  the  Ararat  and  Fisher's  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly 
or  mountainous.  The  famous  Pilot  Mountain  of  this  countj 
is  remarkably  symmetrical  in  its  form,  which  resembles  a 
cylinder.  The  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Iron  ore  is  abundant 
Formed  in  1770.  from  Rowan  county.  Capital,  Rocklbrd, 
Poll.  in.,SS0.  of  whom  9134  were  free,  and  1246  slaves. 

SURRY,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Union  River,  65  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Auirusta. 
Pop.  1319. 

SURRY,  a  post-township  of  Cheshire  CO.,  New  Hampshire, 
45  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  3t>9. 

SURRY  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Surrj 
CO.,  Virginia,  about  6  miles  from  James  River,  and  60  mile* 
S.E.  of  Ri'-hmond. 

SURSEE,  soor/s.V,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  li 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Lucerne,  on  the  Sar,  an  affluent  of  the  Aar. 
Pop.  4000.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls.  Near  it  are  the 
baths  of  Knutwyl. 

SURUBIA,  soo-roo'be-i,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para, 
joins  the  Amazon  opposite  Santarem. 

SURUIII,  soo-roo-hee',  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  about  6  miles  W.  of  Mage,  with 
a  harbor  in  tlie  river  of  its  own  name. 

SURUHY,  soo-roo-hee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  enters  the  Bay 
of  Rio  Janeiro,  and  is  navigable  for  some  leagues. 

SURY-LE-C(  »JITAT,  sU'ree/-leh-k(!»'i*ta/,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Loire,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Montbrison.  Pop.  iu 
1852,  2701. 

SURZUR,  sur'zUr',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Vannes.    Pop.  2199. 

SUS.    See  Soos. 

SUSA,  soo'si,  (anc.  Segusium,)  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Pied 
mout,  division,  and  37  miles  W.  of  Turin,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  railway,  opened  May  23, 1S54.  It  is  capital 
of  a  province,  and  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dora- 
It  ipaira,  at  the  junction  of  the  two  routes  across  the  Alps  by 
Mounts  Cenis  and  Genevre.  Pop.  3500.  Numerous  anti- 
quities are  here  interspersed  among  modern  edifices,  and  it 
has  a  remarkable  arcli  and  a  Gothic  cathedral.  Above  the 
town  are  extensive  ruins  of  the  fortress  of  La  Brunett.i,  and 
a  steep  height,  11,000  feet  above  the  sea,  crowned  by  a  chapel, 
to  Wliiih  an  annual  procession  takes  place,  August  25. 
Near  it  are  iron-mines  and  marble-quarries. 

SUSA,  a  province  of  the  Sardinian  States,  bordering  on 
France.    Area,  532  square  miles.    Pop.  in  1852,  82,078. 

SU'SA  or  SHOOSII,  an  ancient  city  of  Persia,  of  which 
only  a  few  ruins  now  remains.     See  Shooster. 

SUSA,  a  town  of  North  Africa.    See  SoosA. 

SUSAM.     See  SaMOS. 

SUSAN.    See  Soos. 

SUSAN'NAH  ISLAND.  British  India,  In  the  Mergnl 
Archipelago,  l.at.  10°  30'  N.,  Ion.  98°  E.,  between  Dome  and 
St,  Matthew  Islands.     Ijength.  12  miles;  breadth,  5  miles. 

SUSCOL,  soos-kol,  a  town  of  Napa  co.,  California.  16  miles 
N.W.  of  Benicia,  is  situated  on  the  Napa  River,  about  6  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

SUSIANA,  soo-se-d'nd,  a  province  of  ancient  Persia, 
answering  to  the  nKxlern  Khoozistan. 

SUSIGlilRLI-SU.    See  Soosighirlee-soo. 

SUSPEN'SION  BRIDGE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Ni- 
agara CO.,  New  York,  is  situated  on  the  Niagara  River,  2 
miles  below  the  cataract,  of  which  it  commands  a  fine  dis- 
tant view.  At  this  point  the  International  Railroad  Su.s- 
pension  Bridge  has  been  thrown  across  the  rivfcr.  to  connect 
the  Great  Western  Railroad  of  Canada  with  the  several  rail- 
ways of  New  York,  viz.  the  Rochester  and  Niagara  Falls 
Railroad,  (one  of  the  western  termini  of  the  Central  Rail- 
road,) and  the  Canandaigua  and  Suspension  Bridge  J^ailroad, 
which  is  a  branch  of  the  New  \''ork  and  Erie  road,  diverg- 
ing from  Elniira.  Another  line  extends  N.  to  Lcwiston, 
and  S.  to  Buffalo,  connecting  with  the  steam  navigation  of 
I*ike  Ontario  and  Erie.  The  width  of  the  Canadian  track  is 
different  from  that  of  the  New  York  roads,  in  consequence 
of  which  freight  is  transliipped  at  this  place.  The  bridge  is  a 
single  span  of  800  feet  in  length,  raised  230  feet  above  the 
water,  and  supported  by  4  wire  cables  9^  Inches  in  diame- 
ter, with  an  ultimate  capacity  of  sustitining  10,000  tons. 
There  are  two  floors,  the  upper  for  the  railroad  track,  and 
the  lower  for  wagons.  The  E.  end  of  the  bridge  commands 
a  fine  view  of  the  falls  and  of  the  rapids  under  and  below 
the  bridge,  for  f  of  a  mile  to  the  whirlpool.  The  water  of 
these  rapids  runs  at  the  rate  of  25  miles  per  hour,  with 
breakers  dashing  from  10  to  20  feet  in  height.  Viewed 
from  the  shore,  they  present  one  of  the  grandest  sights  of 
the  kind  in  the  world,  aud  the  tourist  has  not  seen  Niagara, 
until  he  has  stood  on  the  shore  150  rods  below  the  bridge. 
During  the  season  of  tnivel,  a  small  steamer  makes  trips 
from'the  village  to  the  foot  of  the  falls,  from  the  deck  of 
which  the  most  magnificent  view  of  the  cataract  is  obtained. 
The  late  Hon.  S;unuel  Deveaux  Viequeafhed  about  $150,000 
for  the  erection  and  support  of  a  collegiate  institute,  to  be 
called  by  his  own  name.  It  is  situated  half  a  mile  N.  of 
the  village,  and  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians. 
The  village  contiiins  4  churches,  7  hotels,  and  a  number  of 
stores.   -Pop.  about  2000. 

1861 


sus 


SUT 


STTSQTJFIIAN'NA,  a  lieautiful  river  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Maryland,  it  formed  bj-  the  union  of  two  priucipal  branches 
which  unite  at  Northumberland,  60  miles  above  Harris- 
burg.  From  this  point  the  river  fiows  nearly  S.  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Juniata,  and  turning  towards  the  S.E.,  it 
passes  Ilarrisburg,  Columbia,  and  Port  Deposit,  and  falls 
into  the  N.  extremity  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  at  Havre  de  Grace, 
in  Jiaryland.  The  main  stream  is  about  150  miles  long, 
and  has  ve-y  unequal  breadth,  which  in  some  places  ex- 
ceeds a  mile,  and  at  others  is  less  than  one-fourth  of  a  mile. 
It  is  adorned  by  numerous  beautiful  islands,  and  the  chan- 
nel is  frequently  obstructed  by  rocky  rapids,  which  prevent 
navigation  in  low  stages  of  water.  A  canal  has  been  con- 
structed along  the  river  from  its  mouth  to  Columbia.  -15 
miles,  and  another  from  Columbia  to  Northumberland, 
about  80  miles.  This  river,  which  is  the  largest  stream  in 
Pennsylvania,  flows  through  a  populous  and  highly  culti- 
vated country,  which  is  diversified  by  fertile  limestone  val- 
leys, and  by  mountain  ridges,  in  which  iron  is  abundant. 

JSranclies. — The  Kast  Branch,  called  also  the  North  Branch, 
rises  in  Otsego  Lake,  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  New  York. 
Its  course  is  very  tortuous,  and  its  general  direction  is  S.W. 
The  whole  length  of  this  branch  is  estimated  at  250  miles. 
It  flows  through  the  beautiful  valley  of  Wyoming,  and  the 
rich  coalfields  of  Luzerne  county.  A  canal  has  been  opened 
along  this  stream,  about  124  miles  above  Northumberland. 
The  West  Branch  rises  in  Cambria  county,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  W.  declivity  of  the  Allegh.any  Jlountains,  and  has  a 
very  serpentine  cour.««  of  more  than  200  miles,  the  general 
direction  of  which  is  E.  The  navigation  of  this  branch  is 
improved  for  75  miles.  The  region  through  which  it  flows 
abounds  in  pine  timber  and  stone  coal,  aiid  large  quantities 
of  the  former  are  transported  by  the  canal. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  New  York,  h.as  an  area  of  800  square 
miles.  The  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  crosses  the 
N.  border  of  the  county,  and  then  returns  to  New  York, 
forming  what  is  called  the  "Great  Bend."  It  is  drained 
also  by  the  Meshopen,  Tunkhannock.  Choconut.  and  Wya- 
lusing  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in  some  places 
almost  mountainous;  the  hills  are  generally  neither  high 
uor  steep.  Elk  Mountain,  in  the  S.E.  part,  rises  about  2000 
feet  about  the  sea.  The  land  is  particularly  adapted  to 
grazing  and  the  dairy  business.  Extensive  forests  of  beech, 
sugar-maple,  pine,  hemlock,  &c.  ovespread  part  of  the  county, 
and  lumber  is  an  article  of  export.  The  county  is  traversed 
by  the  I^aekawanna  and  Western  Railroad,  anil  by  the  Erie 
Kailroad  of  New  York.  Organized  in  1810,  and  named  from 
its  principal  river.    Capital,  Montrose.     Pop.  36,207. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  post-office  of  Broome  co.,  New  York. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  township  of  Cambria  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  879. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  post-township  of  Dauphin  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Susquehanna  Kiver.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Pennsylvania  Canal  and  by  the  Penn.sylvania  Railroad, 
and  partly  by  the  Lancaster  and  Ilarrisburg  Kailroad.  Itcon- 
tains  Ilarrisburg,  the  capital  of  the  state.    Total  pop.l5,3S7. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Susque- 
hanna CO.,  Pennsylvania,  is  finely  situ.ated  on  the  river  of 
the  same  name,  and  on  the  Erie  Railroad.  23  miles  S.E.  of 
Binghamton.  It  has  grown  up  since  1848.  It  contains  a 
large  brick  fr?ight-house,  a  good  railroad  depot,  and  a  very 
large  stone-shop  for  repair  of  engines.  The  Starucca  via- 
duct, which  is  perhaps  the  greatest  structure  on  the  Erie 
Railroad,  crosses  Starucca  Creek  about  3  miles  above  this 
village.  It  is  1200  feet  long,  110  feet  high,  having  18  arches 
■with  spans  of  50  feet.  The  post-oihce  is  Susquehanna  De- 
pot.   Pop.  2080. 

BUS'S  EX,  (anc.  Suth-seaxe.  the  "  South  Saxons.")  a  mari- 
time county  of  England,  bordering  the  English  Channel 
from  Selsey  to  Rye,  having  W.  Hampshire,  and  N.  Surrey 
and  Kent.  Area,  1466  square  miles,  or  938.240  acres.  Pop. 
in  1851.  336.844.  The  South  Downs,  a  range  of  chalk-hills 
covered  by  fine  turf,  continues  with  the  Downs  of  Hants  near 
Petersfield,  traverses  the  county  E.  to  Beachy  Head,  where 
they  terminate  on  the  Channel  in  a  lofty  cliff.  N.  of  this 
chain,  extending  to  the  hills  of  Surrey,  is  a  fertile  and  richly 
timljered  tract,  termed  the  Weald,  and  which  was  anciently 
the  forest  of  Auderida,  it  having  been  famous  for  its  woods 
frtjm  time  immemorial.  Between  the  Downs  and  the  sea  is 
a  good  defil  of  fertile  soil,  as  also  in  the  marsh  lands  E.  of 
Beachy  Head.  The  principal  livers  are  the  Arun,  Rother, 
Ouse,  and  Adur.  all  small,  and  flowing  S.  to  the  Channel. 
The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  harvests  early,  but  agrioultur* 
Is  rather  backward.  Wheat,  oats,  barley,  and  turnips  are 
the  principal  crops.  In  the  E.  many  hops  are,  raised.  The 
black-faced  South-down  sheep,  and  the  Sussex  cattle  are 
breeds  in  high  repute.  Hogs.  fowl,  and  rabbits  are  sent  in 
large  numbers  to  market.  Limestone,  charcoal,  salt,  gun- 
powder, manufactured  at  Battle.  pota.sh.  bricks,  and  earth- 
enwares, are  the  other  principal  products:  and  in  the 
small  towns  along  the  coast  some  ship-building  is  carried 
on,  but  the  trade  is  chiefly  in  rural  produce.  The  Guild- 
1862 


ford,  Arundel,  and  Chichester  Canal  intersects  the  W  and  S. 
of  the  county,  which  is  also  traversed  in  length  and  breadth 
by  the  Ix)ndon,  Brighton,  aifd  South-coast  Railway.  Sus- 
sex composes  the  iliocese  of  Chichester;  besides  which  city, 
its  capital,  it  contains  the  parliamentary  boroughs  of  Brigh- 
ton, Lewes,  New  Shoreham,  Hastings,  Horsham,  Arundel, 
and  Rye.  with  the  towns  of  East  Grinstead,  Win'chelsea.  Pet- 
worth.  Cuckfield,  Battle,  Worthing,  <fec.  Most  of  the  towns 
on  its  coast  are  resorted  to  as  favorite  watering-places  in 
summer.  Assizes  are  held  in  Lent  at  Horsham,  in  summer 
and  winter  at  Lewes.  With  its  boroughs,  it  sends  17  mt^m- 
hers  to  the  House  of  Commons.  4  of  whom  are  returned  for 
the  county.  Sus.sex  composed,  with  a  great  part  of  Surrey, 
the  .second  kingdom  erected  by  the  Saxons  in  England;  its 
antiquities  are  not,  however,  numerous,  and  are  mostly  of 
the  Romnn  period. 

SUS'SEX.  the  northernmost  county  of  New  Jersey,  has 
an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  Delaware,  and  partly  on  the  S.  by  the  Muscone- 
tong,  and  is  drained  by  Flatkill,  Paulinskill,  and  Peijuest 
Rivers,  flowing  into  the  Delaware,  and  by  several  branches 
of  Wallkill  River,  an  aftluent  of  the  Hud.son.  These  streams 
afford  valuable  water-power.  Besides  Hopatcong  l>ake,  on 
its  S.E.  border,  which  supplies  the  summit  level  of  the  .Mor- 
ris Canal,  there  are  numerous  pond.s,  the  chief  of  which  are 
Swartwout's  and  Culver's  Ponds.  The  surface  is  undulat- 
ing and  hilly,  with  the  Blue  Mountains  in  the  N.W.,  and 
the  Hamburg  and  Wawayanda  Mountains  in  the  S.E.  part. 
The  soil  between  the  two  mountain  ranges  is  very  fertile, 
and  everywhere  highly  cultivated.  Hay  and  butter  are  the 
staples.  In  1850  this  county  produced  229,795  bushels  of 
rye,  and  1,816,010  pounds  of  butter,  the  quantities  of  each 
being  the  greatest  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state. 
Franklinite.  (a  compound  of  iron,  zinc,  and  raang.anese.) 
red  oxide  of  zinc,  and  magnetic  iron  ore  are  abundant  and 
extensively  worked;  besides  these,  the  county  fmnishes  a 
great  variety  of  remarkable  and  interesting  minerals  to  the 
mineralogist.  Limestone  is  al.so  found  in  the  N.W.  part. 
The  Delaware  River  is  navigable  for  small  boats  along  the 
W.  border.  Formed  from  Morris  county  in  1753.  and  named 
from  Su.ssex  a  county  of  England.  Capit.al,  Newton.  Pop. 
23,846. 

SUSSEX,  the  southernmost  of  the  counties  of  Delaware^ 
borders  on  Maryland,  the  Atlantic,  and  on  Delaware  Bay. 
Area,  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  the  Nantieoke,  Pocomoke,  and  Indian  Rivers,  and  by  Mis- 
pillion,  Cedar^  and  Deep  Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level ;  the  soil  is  generally  good  and  well  cultivated.  In  1850 
there  were  raised  1,189,086  bushels  of  corn,  the  greatest 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Delaware  or  Peninsular  Railroad.  Capital, 
Georgetown.  Population  29,615,  of  whom  28,274  were  free, 
and  1341  slaves. 

SUSSEX,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  400  square  miles.  It  is  intei-sected  by  the  Nottoway 
River,  and  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Blackwater  River.  The 
surface  is  moderately  uneven.  The  railroad  from  Peters- 
burg to  Welden  passes  through  the  county.  Formed  from 
Surry  in  1754.  CapitJil,  Sussex  Court-House.  Pop.  10,175, 
of  whom  3791  were  tree,  and  6384  slaves. 

SUSSEX,  a  ptist-village  of  Lisbon  township,  Wauke.«ha 
CO.,  Wiscon.sin,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  contains 
1  wagon  shop,  1  saw  mill,  1  school  house,  and  an  Episcopal 
church. 

SUSSEX  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-vill.ige,  capital  of  Sussex 
CO.,  Virginia,  50  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 

SUSSEX  LAKE,  British  North  America,  N.  of  Lake  Ayl- 
mer,  is  the  source  of  liack  or  Great  Fish  River. 

SUSSICZE,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Schuttenhofen. 

SUS/TE.^L^D,  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

SUSTEREN,  sus'tfh-rjn\  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Limburg,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  1100. 

SUSUI,  soo-soiVee,  one  of  the  smallerof  theFeejeelslands, 
about  lat.  17°  21'  S.,  Ion.  178°  5S'  W. 

SUTALURY,  soo-ta-loo'ree,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency and  province  of  Bengal,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Backergunge. 

SUTCH.WA,  soo-chi'ua,  a  town  of  West  Hindustan,  in 
the  Guzerat  Peninsula,  on  the  Gulf  of  Cutch. 

SUTCHOU.  a  large  city  of  China.    See  Soo-cnow-roo. 

SUT'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

SUTERA.  soo-tA'rd,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendancy,  and  21 
miles  N.  of  Caltanisetta.     Pop.  4000. 

SUTHERL.^ND,  stiTH'er-land.  a  highland  maritime  county 
of  Scotland,  ne.ir  its  N.  extremity,  extending  from  the  sea, 
between  the  counties  of  Ross  and  CaithnesiS,  having  N.and 
W.  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  E.  Caithness  and  Moray  Frith,  and  S, 
the  Frith  of  Dornoch,  and  the  count  ies  of  Ross  and  Cromarty. 
Area,  1754  square  miles,  or  1,122,560  acres.  Pop.  in  1861, 
25,793.  The  surface,  excepting  along  the  E.  shore,  is  rugged 
and  mountainous,  and  interspersed  with  morasses  and 
large  deer  forests.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Oikel.  Fleet, 
Broa,  and  Helmsdale,  valuable  for  their  salmon  fishings. 
The  principal  lakes  are  Lochs  Shin,  I'ope,  Assynt,  Jlore, 
and  Naver.  The  arable  soil  along  thi-  E.  coast  has  been 
well  enclosed  and  drained,  and  uowbett  \a  i.r  t^ud  ha^'e 


SUT 

mtre  extensile  agricultural  improvements  been  made 
than  in  this  county.  The  chief  employments  are  sheep  and 
cattle-breeding,  espe;'ially  the  former.  The  breeds  of  sheep 
are  e-tcellent,  and  about  220,000  are  annually  sent  hence 
to  the  S.  Ptarmigan,  grouse,  blackcock,  Alpine  hares,  &c. 
are  abundant.  Lime  and  freestone  are  obtained.  Manu- 
factures, except  in  a  very  restricted  sense,  are  unknown. 
The  trade  of  the  county  consists  chiefly  in  the  exchange  of 
sheep,  wool,  cattle,  and  fish,  for  woven  £ibric.«.  and  other 
manufactured  goods,  and  colonial  produce.  The  herring 
fishery  is  successfully  carried  on,  both  on  the  K.  and  W. 
coasts,  chiefly  at  Helmsdale.  The  principal  town  is  Dornoch. 
The  county  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It 
gives  the  title  of  duke  to  the  Qower  family,  who  own  four- 
fifths  of  the  county. 

SUTHERLAND,  a  post-oflSce  of  Dinwiddie  co.,  Virginia. 

SUTHER'LAND  SPRINGS,  a  post-offtceof  Bexar  CO.,  Texas. 

SUTLEJ,  SUTLKDGE,  stitljj,  written  also  SETLKDGK, 
SUTLUJ,  and  SUTLKGE,  (Sutocdra,  -'the  Ijundred  chan- 
nelled." anc.  Ilesudrua?)  the  easternmost  and  largest  of  the 
"five  rivers"  of  the  Punjab,  of  which  it  forms  all  the  S.E. 
boundary,  rises  in  Thibet,  about  lat.  31°  5'  N.,  Ion.  81°  6'  E., 
near  the  sources  of  the  San-poo,  (Brahmapootra.)  Goggra, 
Ganges,  and  Indus,  and  at  least  20,000  feet  above  the  sea, 
flows  at  first  N.W.,  and  having  joined  the  river  of  Spiti, 
8494  feet  above  the  sea,  breaks  through  the  Himalayas,  tak- 
ing thenceforth  mostly  a  S.VV.  course  to  its  junction  witli 
the  Chenaub,  33  miles  W.  of  Bhawlpoor.  Total  length,  nearly 
1000  miles.  Principal  affluent,  the  Beas,  with  which  river 
it  encloses  the  JuUinder  Doab,  and  after  the  influx  of 
which  it  is  often  termed  the  Ghara.  In  the  upper  part  of  its 
course  it  is  a  raging  torrent;  at  Rampoor  it  is  about  100 
yards  across ;  at  Ropoor,  S.  of  the  Himalayas,  30  feet  deep, 
and  more  than  500  yards  across  at  its  greatest  fulness ;  at 
Eilor,  near  Loodianah,  700  yards  wide,  depth  from  12  to  18 
feet,  and  up  to  this  ])oint  it  is  navigable  at  all  seasons  from 
the  Indus  for  vessels  of  from  10  or  12  tons  burden. 

SUTRI,  soo'tree,  (anc.  Svflrhim.)  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Pontificiil  States,  delegation,  and  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Viterbo. 
Pop.  20  )0.     It  has  the  remains  of  an  ancient  amphitheatre. 

SUTSCHAWA.     See  Scczawa. 

SUT/TKU,  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  California,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  above  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  and  S.W.  by  the  Sacramento  River,  and  on  the  E. 
by  Feather  River,  by  which  it  is  also  intersected.  The  sur- 
face in  some  parts  is  uneven  and  mountainous.  Sutter's 
Buttes  are  the  principal  elevations.  The  soil  is  generally 
very  fertile.  The  San  Francisco  and  Maryeville  Railroad 
intersects  the  count}'.  Named  from  Captain  Sutter,  of 
Missouri.    Capital,  Ynba  City.    Pop.  3390. 

SUT'TERBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SUTTER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Calaveras  co.,  California. 

SUTTERSVILLE.  a  village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River,  below  and  ad- 
joining the  city  of  that  name. 

SUTTERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  6  miles 
B.W.  of  Boston,  with  a  station  on  the  Lincolnshire  Railway. 

SUT'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

SUTTON,  a  parish  of  Ensland.  co.  of  Cambridge. 

SUTTON,  a  township  of  Sngland,  co.  of  Chester. 

SUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

SUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SUTTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

SUTTO.V,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SUTTON,  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Salop. 

SUTT'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  with  a  station 
on  the  London  and  Epsom  Railway,  4  niiles  W.S.W.  of 
Croydon. 

SUTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

SUTTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

SUTTON,  a  post-township  of  Merrimack  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, 20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1431. 

SUTTON,  a  post-township  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont,  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  987. 

SUTTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  CO., 
Mass.achusetts.  on  the  Blackstone  River  and  Canal,  and  the 
Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad.  42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bos- 
ton. It  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  woollen,  and  other  arti- 
cles.    Pop.  2676. 

SUTTON  or  BRAXTON  COURT-HOUSE,  a  post-village, 
capital  of  Braxton  co.,  W.  Virginia,  on  the  Elk  River,  about 
112  miles  S.  of  Wheeling. 

SUTTON,  a  township  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River. 
Pop.  2129. 

SUTTON-IN-ASH'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SUT'TON  BASS'KT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

SUTTON  BEN'GER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SUTTON  BING'H  AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

SUT'TON  BON'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Notr 
tiugnam. 

SUTTON-UNDER-BRAI'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

SUTTON-COLD'FIELD.  a  borough,  town,  and  parish  of 


SVE 

England,  co.  of  Warwick,  on  a  bleak  acclivity,  (whence  its 
name,)  7  miles  N.E.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of  parish  in  ISoi: 
4574.  The  town  is  neat,  and  well  supplied  with  water;  lias 
a  public  hall,  work-house,  a  small  jail,  and  a  hand.wnio 
church  of  the  thirteentii  century,  containing  a  stiitue  or 
A'esey,  Bishop  of  Exeter  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  a  native 
of  the  town,  who  founded  .and  endowed  its  Latin  and  Greek 
school  with  lands  yielding  500?.  a  year,  and  at  whose  in- 
stance Sutton  was  incorporated  as  a  borough.  Here  are  also 
a  Itoman  Catholic  college  and  chapel,  alms-houses.  :.  wooded 
park  of  2100  acres,  common  to  the  inhabitants  for  pastur.;, 
&c.,  and  some  manufactures  of  hardwares,  tools,  and  gini- 
barrels.  The  government  is  vested  In  a  warden  and  corpo- 
ration. 

SUT/TON  COURT'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks, 

SUTTON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SUTTON  FLATS,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Missis- 
quoi.  12  miles  E.  of  St.  Armand. 

SUTTON-ON-THE-FOR'EST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding. 

SUTTON-ON-rnE-HILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

SUTTON-AT-HOME,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
.    SUTTON,  KINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  North.ampton. 

SUTTON,  LONG,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln,  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Market-Deeping.  Pop.  in 
1851.  6591. 

SUTTON-cnM-LOUND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SUTTON  MAD'DOCK,  a  parish  of  En-land,  co.  of  Salop. 

SUTTON  MAN'DEVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

SUTTON-lN-THE-M  ARSU.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

SUTTON  MON/TIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SUTTON'S,  a  postoffico  of  Williamsburg  district.  South 
Carolina. 

SUTTON'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  the  Essex  Railroad.  1  mile  from  Lawrence. 

SUTTON'S  POINT,  a  small  post-villa-e  of  Clav  co..  Illinois. 

SUTTON  ST.  ED'MUND'S,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

SUTTON  ST.  JAMES,  a  chapelry  of  England,  eo.  Lincoln. 

SUTTON  ST.  MI'CHAKL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

SUTTON  ST.  NI'CHOLAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

SUTTON  ST.  NICHOLAS,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

SUTTON-ON-TRENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

SUTTON  VA'LENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SUTTON  VE/NEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SUTTON  WAL'DJION,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

SUWALKI,  soo-wSl'kee,  a  town  of  Poland,  government, 
and  19  miles  N.  of  Augustowo.  Pop.  50u0,  half  of  whom 
are  Jews. 

SUWANEE,  a  post-village  of  Guinnett  co.,  Georgia,  about 
100  miles  N.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

SUVVA'NEE  RIVER,  rises  in  the  Okefinokee  Swamp,  Ware 
CO.,  Georgia,  .and  passing  through  Florida,  enters  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Madison  county. 

SUWANEE  SHOALS,  a  post-oflice  of  Columbia  co..  Florida. 

SUWANOO'CHEE  CREEK,  of  Ware  co.,  Georgia,  flows 
S.E.  into  the  Suwanee  River. 

SUWAR'ROW  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in 
lat.  13°  20'  S.,  Ion.  163°  30'  W. 

SUWEIK.  soo'waik',  a  maritime  village  of  Arabia,  domi- 
nion.s,  and  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Muscat. 

SUZDAL,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  .Soozdal. 

SUZE,  La,  \&  siiz,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe, 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Le  JIans,  on  the  Sarthe.     Pop.  1466. 

SUZZAR.\,  soot-sd'rd,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Lombardy,  de- 
legation, and  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mantua. 

SVANIKE,  svd'ne-keh,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Bornholm,  in  the  Baltic  Sea.     P.  (WO. 

SVAPA  or  SWA  PA,  svi/pd,  a  river  of  Russia,  flows  S.S.W., 
and  joins  the  Seim,  in  the  government  of  Koorsk.  Total 
course,  80  miles. 

SVARTSKELANDET,  svaRt/syo-ldnMet.  or  SVARTSJO- 
LANDE,  svaRfsyo-linMeh.  an  island  of  Sweden,  in  Lake 
MnMar,  laen,  and  10  miles  W.  of  Stockholm. 

SVEABORG  or  SWEABOKG,  svA'a-bor.g\  a  strongly-forti- 
fied maritime  town  of  Russian  Finland,  on  7  islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  Finland,  immediately  S.E.  of  Helsingfors.  Poj\ 
4000.  Its  a.uarters  are  connected  by  pontixms;  it  has  nu- 
merous military  works  and  batt«>ries.  a  military  ai-senal, 
and  an  excellent  hartior.    The  Russians  took  it  in  1789. 

SVKDESE.    See  Sweden. 

SVEEIl,  SVIR  or  SWIR,  sveer.  a  river  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Olonets,  leaves  Lake  Onega,  near  its  S.W.  extremity, 
and.  after  a  W.  course  of  130  miles,  enters  L;ike  Ijidoga  on  its 
E.  side.  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ladeinoe-Pole.  The  Canal  of  Svir 
or  Siaskoi,  runs  parallel  to  Lake  Ladoga  on  its  S.  side. 

SVEER.  SVIK  or  .SWIR,  a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland, 
government,  and  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vilna. 

SVEXDBORG,  svJnd'boRg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  S- 
coast  of  the  island  of  Funen,  opposite  the  island  of  Taa- 
singe.  Pop.  3900.  It  has  shipbuilding  docks,  distilleries,  a 
gociu  harbor,  and  an  active  export  trade. 

1863 


Ji 


SYE 


SWA 


SVETNIGOROD,  svi-ne-go-rod',  written  also  S'O'EMGO- 
ROD,  a  lovrn  of  Russia,  poveruiiient,  and  35  miles  W.  of  Mos- 
cow, on  the  Moskva,     Pop.  loUO. 

S-VEXICiORnDKA.  STi-iie-go-rod'ki,  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Kiev,  19  miles  S.  of  Bogooslav.    Pop.  7000. 

SVEXSK.    See  Sweden. 

SVKNTSTANY.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Svieciast. 

S  VEKIGE,  SVERIG  and  SVEZIA.     See  Swedex. 

SVIAGA  or  SWIAGA.  sve-l'gd,  a  river  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Simbeersk,  flows  N.  into  the  government  of  Kazan, 
and  joins  the  Volga  on  the  right,  near  Sviazhsk,  after  a 
«ourse  of  about  200  miles. 

SVIA.TSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  SviAznsK. 

SVIATOI-\OS,  sve-d'toi  nos,  a  headland  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Archangel,  at  the  W.  entrance  of  the  White  Sea. 

SVIAZHSK,  SVIASCHSK  or  SVIA.ISK.  sve-dzhsk',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kazan, 
on  the  Sviaga,  (or  Svi.ija.)  near  its  coutiuence  with  the 
Volga.  It  is  an  old  place,  has  7  churches,  a  monastery,  and 
a  nunnery.    Pop.  4000. 

SVIECIAXY  or  SWIECIAXY,  sve-Jt-se-d/nee,  written 
also  SVENTSIANY.  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government, 
and  45  miles  N.E.  of  Vilna.    Pop.  -iSOO. 

SVI  It,  Russia.    See  Sveer. 

SVISLOXCII,  (SVISLOTSII  or  SWISLOTSCH.)  a  river  of 
Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  Grodno,  a  little  N.W.  of 
the  town  of  Minsk,  flows  S.E.,  and,  after  a  course  of  about 
lUO  miles,  joins  the  Beresina  at  the  town  of  Svislotch, 

SVISLOTCH,  SVISLOTSII  or  SWISLOTSCH,  svis-lotsh'. 
a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  47  miles  S,  of  Grodno, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  1200. 

SVIZZERA.  sriZZEUO.    See  Switzerland. 

SWABTAor  SUABIA.  sw.Vbe-a,  (Ger.  .Sfc//«»(ift<;n,  shwj/bgn; 
Fr.  Snuahe,  soo-diy  or  swdb,)  one  of  the  old  circles  of  South 
(rermauy,  enclosed  by  France,  Switzerland,  and  the  circles 
of  Upper  Rhine.  Franconia.  and  Bavaria.  It  is  now  sub- 
divided among  the  dominions  of  WUrtemberg,  Baden,  Ba- 
varia, and  HohenzoUern.  The  Bavarian  circle  of  Swabia(or 
Upper  Danube)  is  watered  by  the  Mindel,  Lech,  and  lUer. 

Area.  3S58  square  miles.    Pop.  558,430. Adj.  and  inhab. 

SwABiAN.  sw4'be-an. 

SW ASIAN'  ALPS,  mountains  of  WUrtemberg.    See  Alb. 

SWA'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWA'CLIFKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Oxford. 

SWADLIN'BAR,  a  smiill  town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  oo.  of 
Cavan.     Pop.  492. 

SWAD'LINGCOTE,  a  h.amlet  of  England,  co,  of  Derby. 

SWAKF'H.VM,  a  raarket^town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk,  with  a  station  on  the  E;»st  Anglian  Railway.  14 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Lynn.  Pop.  of  parish  in  1851,  3S58.  The 
town,  on  an  eminence,  and  one  of  the  best  built  in  the 
county,  has  streets  diveriiing  from  a  spacious  market-place, 
an  elegant  church,  a  handsome  market-cross,  a  town-hall 
and  a,ssembly-room,  theatre,  free  school,  and  county  jail. 
Adjacent  to  the  town  are  race  and  cricket  grounds, 

SWAFFHAM  BULBECK,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.of  Cam- 
bridire. 

SWAFFHAM  PRIOR,  a  parish,  England,  co.of  Cambridge. 

SWA'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SWAIN,  a  township  of  Mississippi  co.,  Arkansas. 

SWAINS'BOROUGH.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Emanuel 
CO..  Georgia,  98  miles  N,W,  of  Savannah, 

SW.\1N'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co..  Indiana. 

SWAINS/THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SWAINSVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Alle'_'hany  co..  New  York. 

SWAINS'WICK.  a  parish  of  Kmjland.  co.  of  Somerset. 

SWAIX  VILLE,  a  village  of  New  York,  on  the  Buffalo  and 
New  Y'ork  City  Railroad.  17  miles  from  Hornellsville. 

SWAKOP,  swi'kop\  (or  SOMKRSKT)  RIVER,  in  South- 
west Africa,  enters  Walvisch  Bay,  Atlantic,  in  lat.  22°  45'  S. 

SWALK,  swail,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding,  rises  near  the  border  of  Westmoreland,  flows  E.  and 
S.E.  past  Richmond,  and  joins  the  Ure  near  Boroughbridge. 
Total  course,  70  miles, 

SW.\LE.  East  and  West,  in  England,  are  two  branches 
of  the  Medway  River,  in  Kent,  lioundinu;  the  island  of  Shep- 
pey ;  the  latter  enters  the  Thames  at  Whitstable  Bay,  and  is 
noted  for  its  oyster-beds, 

SWALE'CLTFFK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  a 
railway.  6^  miles  N.  of  Canterbury. 

SW.\l/LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWALLOW  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee. 

SWALLOWCLIFFE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

SWAL'LOWFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Berks 
and  Wilts. 

SWALLY,  Rwillee.  a  maritime  vill.ige  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Bombay,  district,  and  forming  the  outport  of 
Surat,  (from  which  it  is  20  miles  W,,)  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Taptee. 

SWAL'WELIi,  a  township  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Durham, 

SWAMl"SCi)TT,  a  post-township  of  Esse.x  co.,  Massachu- 
«etts,  on  the  coast,  about  12  miles  N,E,  of  Boston,  set  off 
from  Lynn  in  1>>52.     Pop.  1530. 

SWAN,  a  post-township  in  the  NJE.  part  of  Viutou  co., 
Oliio.     Pop.  12bl. 
lt>&l 


I      SWAN,  a  pos't-township  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1079. 

I      SWAN.  sw3n.  a  river  of  the  Punjab,  rises  in  a  range  of  the 

i  Himalayas,  in  lat.  33°  55'  N..  Ion.  T.i°  10'  E..  flows  S.W..  and, 

after  a  course  of  aliout  120  miles,  joins  the  Indus  on  the  left, 

10  miles  V)elow  Mukkud. 

SWAN'AGE  or  SWAN'WICK,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  on  the  coast  of  the  island  of  Pur- 
beck,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Corfe  Castle.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851, 
2014.  It  has  a  bay  for  vessels  of  300  tons,  a  herring  fishery, 
and  stone  ijuarries.    It  is  resorted  to  for  sea  bathing. 

SWANBOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

SWAN  CREEK,  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  falls  into  the  Maumee 
River  near  Toledo. 

SWAN  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  enters  St.  Joseph's  River, 
near  the  W.  line  of  Branch  county. 

SWAN  CREEK,  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  flows  into  Lake 
Erie. 

SWAN  CREEK,  of  Taney  co.,  Missouri,  flows  into  White 
River  at  Forsyth. 

SW.\N  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Kentucky. 

SWAN  CREEK,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.   P.  943. 

SWAN  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Gallia  co,,  Ohio. 

SWAN  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Illinois, 
about  25  miles  S.E.  of  Quincv. 

S\VaN'CY'S  FER/RY,  a  postrofflce  of  Abbeville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

SWaNG.S'TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Cleveland  co,.  North 
Carolina,  197  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

SWAN  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  Bank's  Strait,  SJ  miles  N.E. 
of  Van  Diemen's  Lani. 

SW.4.N  L.\KE,  Wisconsin,  an  expansion  of  Neen.ih  River, 
In  Columbia  county,  is  3j  miles  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide. 
The  water  is  pure,  very  deep,  and  abounds  in  fish. 

SWAN  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Arkansas  co..  Arkansas. 

SWANNA'NO.  a  post-office.  Buncombe  co..  North  Carolina. 

SWAN'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 

SWAN'NINGTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co,  of  Leices- 
ter, parish  of  Whitwick,  4|  miles  E.  of  .\.shby-de-la-Zouch, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Peterborough  and  Leicester  Railway. 

SWA.\  POND,  a  post-offiee  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Carolina, 

SWAN  QUARTER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hyde  co., 
North  Carolina,  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  half  a  mile  from 
Pamlico  Sound,  and  170  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Raleigh. 

SWAN  RIVER  or  AIT'KIN'S  FERRY,  a  post-village  of 
Benton  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  130  mile:) 
by  water  above  St.  Paul,  is  a  noted  trading  post. 

SWAN  RIVER,  the  principal  river  of  West  Australia, 
rises,  under  the  name  of  Avon,  near  lat.  32°  30'  S.,  Ion.  117° 
E..  flows  successively  N.  and  W.  through  the  counties  of 
Grantham,  York,  and  Perth,  and  enters  the  Indian  Ocean 
at  a  bay  called  Melville  Water,  in  lat.  32°  S..  and  Ion.  11.5° 
42'  E.  The  affluents  are  numerous;  the  principal  are  Dale, 
Toodyoy.  Howick,  EUenbrooke,  Helena,  and  Canning.  On 
its  banks  are  many  tracts  of  fertile  land,  and  the  settle- 
ments of  Freemantle,  Perth,  Guildfoi-d.  Toodyoy,  Northam, 
York,  and  Beverley,  It  is  liable  to  sudden  and  violent 
floods,  which  inundate  the  surrounding  country.  It  gave 
name  to  the  first  colonial  settlement  in  West  Australia, 
founded  in  1829.    See  West  Austr.alia. 

SWaNS^BOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Onslow  co..  North 
Carolino,  near  the  moiith  of  Whittock  River,  which  flows 
through  Bogue  Inlet  into  the  Atlantic,  160  miles  S.E.  of 
Raleigh. 

SWaN.S'COMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SW.A.NSEA.  swon'see,  (Welsh,  Aher-Tairy,  ah'ber  t*5w'ee.) 
a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and 
parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan,  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Tawy  or  Towv,  at  its  mouth  in  Swan.sea  Bav.  Bristol 
Channel,  28  miles  W.S.W. of  Merthyr-Tydfil.  Ljit.of  theliirht- 
house,  51°  37'  N..  Ion.  3°  56'  W.  Pop.  in  1801,  6831 ;  in  1 841, 
19.115;  inl861,  42,581.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  good  market- 
house,  court-house,  infirmary,  assembly  rooms,  and  a  theatre: 
reading  and  news-rooms,  royal  and  mechanics'  institutions, 
various  chapels,  a  synagogue,  many  schools  and  public  en- 
dowments, many  banks,  handsome  residences  near  the  sea. 
a  county  house  of  correction,  and  the  remains  of  an  old 
castle,  now  used  for  barracks,  a  prison,  and  stores.  The 
harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  nearly  enclo.stnl  by  two 
handsome  piers,  on  the  W.  side  of  which  is  a  liiiBt-house. 
Floating  docks  have  been  constructed  here,  and  Swan.sea 
communicates  by  canals  with  Henoyad  in  the  county  of 
Brecon,  and  with  Neath  and  the  coal  districts,  also  by  tram- 
roads  with  Oystermouth  and  Mumbles  Head. 

The  vicinity  of  extensive  mines  of  coal  of  a  quality  pe- 
culiarly adapted  for  smelting  purposes,  and  the  easy  access 
to  the  towti  Ixith  liy  seji  and  inland  navigation,  have  make 
it  the  principal  seat  of  the  copper  trade,  almost  all  the  cop- 
per ore  obtained  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  more 
recently  in  .Australia,  besides  con.«iderable  quantities  from 
Cuba  and  other  foreign  mines,  being  smelted  at  the  fvir- 
n.aces.  of  which  there  are  here  17  within  the  district,  and 
8  close  to  the  town.  Next  to  copper-smelting  fu'  naces.  the 
most  important  industrial  estalilishments  are  iron-works, 
including  fimndries:  zinc-works,  tinpiati^-worils.  orewerit-s, 
roperies,  2  extensive  potteries,  and  jTirds  for  the  b.;lldins 


SWA 

and  repairing  of  ships.  Owing  to  the  height  to  which  the 
tide  rises  in  the  Bristol  Channel,  vessels  of  large  burden 
easily  get  close  to  the  town,  but  at  ebb  the  harbor  is  left 
almost  dry.  In  1851,  the  vessels  registered  at  the  port  were 
191,  carrying  20.475  tons:  the  vessels  entered  are  stated  at 
4418,  (3:?2,-245  tons :)  and  cleared,  6580,  (475,082  tons.)  A  very 
large  proportion  both  of  the  ve.ssels  and  tonnage  is  em- 
ployed in  the  coasting  trade.  The  chief  imports  are  copper 
ore,  grain,  and  provisions  from  Ireland,  timber  from  Ame- 
rica and  the  Baltic,  hemp,  tallow,  and  flour;  the  chief  e.x- 
ports,  copper,  iron,  coal,  culm,  lime,  and  earthenware.  The 
borough,  called  into  existence  by  the  Reform  and  Municipal 
acts,  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  5  aldermen,  and  18  councillors; 
and  unites  with  Neath.  Loughor,  Aberavon,  &c.  in  sending 
a  member  to  Parliament. 

SWANSEY,  Massachusetts.    See  Sw.\nzet. 

SWAN'S  ISLAND,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  423. 

SWaN'SONVTLLE,  a  post-office,  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

SWAN  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SWaN'TON, apost-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  Misisque  River,  and  Vermont  Central 
Railroad,  neiir  Lake  Champlain,  about  55  miles  N.W.  by  X. 
of  Montpelier.  The  village  contains  several  manufactories, 
1  church,  1  academy,  and  1  bank  with  a  capital  of  $75,000. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  2678. 

SW ANTON,  a  post-village  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  139  miles 
N.W.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

SWAN'TON  AB/UOT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SWANTON  CENTliE,  a  post-office,  Franklin  co.,  Vermont. 

SWAN'TON  MOK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England.  CO.  of  Norfolk. 

SWAN'Tv)N-NO'VERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  Norfolk. 

SWaN'VILLE,  a  post-township  in  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  44 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  914. 

SW.VNVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Indiana. 

SWaN'ZEY  or  SWANSEY,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Cheshire  CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  Ashuelot  River  and  the 
Ashuelot  Branch  of  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad,  about 
45  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.  Tlie  inhabitants  manufacture 
pails,  cotton  goods,  and  other  articles.     Pop.  1798. 

SWANZEY  or  S.WANSEY,  a  post-township  in  Bristol  co., 
Massachusetts,  40  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1430. 

SWAR'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWARDESTON,  swards'tjii,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

SWARKESTON,  swarks't^n,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.,  and 
5  miles  S.E.  of  Derby,  on  the  Trent,  which,  with  the  adjacent 
meadows,  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  nearly  a  mile  in  length. 
The  Grand  Trunk  Canal  crosses  this  pari.sh.  Swarkeston 
House  was  fortified  for  the  Royalists  in  the  civil  war. 

SWAR/IIATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

SWARR'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

SWARTKA,  svaKfkl,  written  also  ZWRATKA,  a  market- 
town  of  Bohemia.  30  miles  from  Chrudim.    Pop.  1088. 

SWART.S'WOOD,  a  postHDffice  of  Susse.x  co..  New  Jersey. 

SWARTWOUT,  swart'wOwt,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co., 
Texas,  on  the  Trinity  River,  about  240  miles  E.  of  Austin 
City.     It  has  several  stores,  and  a  steamboat  landing. 

SWARTZ  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan. 

SWART'Z  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SWATARA,  swa-tah'ra,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in 
Schuylkill  county!  and,  flowing  in  a  S.W.  direction,  enters 
the  Susquehanna  9  miles  below  Harrisburg.  Length,  about 
60  miles. 

SWATARA,  a  township  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Lebanon,  intersected  by  the 
Union  Canal.     Pop.  2082. 

SWATAK.\^,  a  post-office  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SWA'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWATTER.\GH,  sviMte-rih,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Londonderry.     Pop.  200. 

SWAVESEY.  swiv'zee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge, 3i  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Ives,  on  the  Eastern  Counties 
Bailwav. 

SWA'VFIELD,  a  piirish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWEABORG.  a  fortre.ss  of  Russia.    See  Sve.iborg. 

SWEA'-RIKA.     See  Swedex. 

SWEAIflNGEN'S.  a  postroffice  of  Austin  co.,  Texas. 

SWE'DEN,  (Sw.  Sverige.  sva're-gheh,  or  Swea-rilM,  s^i/a- 
ree'ka;  Dun.  Svei-ig.  svA'rig  ;  Ger.  Schweden,  shwA'df  n ; 
Dutch.  Ziveilitn,  zwi'den;  Fr.  Sui'ie,  swaid  or  swJd;  Sp. 
Suecia.  swA'the-J ;  It.  Svena,  svA'ze-l :  L.  Sue'tlia,)  a  kingdom 
in  the  N.  of  Europe,  and  forming,  with  Norway,  (with  which 
it  is  now  united  under  one  monarchy,)  the  whole  of  the 
peninsula  known  in  ancient  times  by  the  name  of  Scan- 
dinavia, situated  between  lat.  55°  20'  and  69°  N.,  and  ion. 
11°  40'  and  24°  E.;  and  bounded  N.  and  W.  by  Norway; 
S.W.  by  the  Skager-Rack,  Cattegat.  and  Sound;  S.  by  the 
Baltic;  E.  by  the  Baltic  and  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia;  and  N.E. 
))v  the  TorneS  and  its  affluent  Muonio,  separating  it  from 
Finland;  greatest  length,  from  N.N.E.  to  S.S.W..  about  975 
miles,  greatest  breadth,  about  250  miles.  Area,  128.076 
ijquiue  miles.    In  addition  to  the  mainland,  it  has  a  great 


SWE 

number  of  islands,  the  most  of  them  of  very  small  dimen 
sions.  lying  clo.se  to  the  coast.  The  largest  and  also  thi 
most  distant  is  Gottland.  in  the  Baltic. 

Omsts. — The  coast-line  has  an  extent  of  above  1400  miles, 
it  is  very  irregular,  all  its  liays  and  creeks,  though  verj 
numerous,  have  neither  the  width  nor  tortuous  lengthi 
by  which  the  fiords  of  Norway  are  characterized.  The  W 
coast  is  very  rocky,  particularly  along  the  laen  of  Gotten- 
burg,  but  seldom  rises  so  high  as  30  feet.  Its  numerous 
creeks  and  the  lee  of  its  islands  furnish  a  number  of  good 
roadsteads.  The  S.  shores  from  Cape  Falsterbo  E.,  and 
then  N.  to  Solvitsborg,  are  low  and  sandy,  and  partly  en- 
cumbered with  s,andbanks.  At  Solvitsborg  a  range  of  pre- 
cipitous cliffs  liegins  to  appear,  and  though  partly  inter- 
rupted by  low  beaches,  presents  a  number  of  projecting 
masses,  rising  steeply  to  the  height  of  50  feet.  In  this 
stretch  is  the  bay  and  harbor  of  Carlscrona,  finely  sheltered 
by  the  islands  which  lie  across  its  mouth.  The  shore,  sepa- 
rated from  the  island  of  (tland  by  Kalmar  Sound,  is  gene- 
rally low.  and  in  its  S.  part  presents  almost  a  continuous 
line,  neither  broken  by  indentations  nor  lined  by  islands; 
but  towards  its  N.  entrance  the  configuration  changes,  and 
rocky  cliffs  and  islands  are  seen  along  the  whole  coast  as  far 
N.  lis  the  mouth  of  the  Dal,  a  little  S.  of  the  town  of  Gefle. 
The  cliffs,  however,  continue  to  be  of  moderate  elevation, 
and  nowhere  exceed  100  feet.  The  most  remarkable  fe.v 
tures  in  this  part  of  the  coast  are  the  long  and  narrow  bay 
of  Braviken,  and  the  vast  number  of  islands  and  islets  or 
scars  forming  the  arcliipelago  of  Stockholm,  and  stretching 
along  the  coast  N.  to  the  entrhnce  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothni.a. 
The  S.  part  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  presents  a  succes.sion  of 
moderately  elevated  shores,  alternately  rocky  and  alluvial, 
or  sandy ;  the  whole  of  its  upper  part,  from  the  Strait  of 
Quarken  N.W.  to  Torne.4,  is  of  the  latter  description,  con- 
sisting of  sandy  alluvial  deposits,  which  are  brought  down 
by  the  rivers  in  such  quantities  that  they  seem  destined  at 
no  distant  period  to  convert  a  large  portion  of  the  gulf  into 
dry  land.  It  has  been  proved  also  beyond  a  doubt  that  the 
relative  positions  of  sea  and  land  have  long  been  undergoing 
a  gradual  change  by  the  elevation  of  the  latter.  This  eleva- 
tion is  not  confined  to  the  Swedish  shores  along  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia  or  the  Baltic  generally,  but  is  equally  apparent 
on  the  W.  coast  which  lies  open  to  the  German  Ocean, 
though  the  whole  amount  of  increase  appears  to  be  greater 
in  the  N.  than  towards  the  S. 

I^ice  of  the  Country,  Mountains. — The  interior  of  Sweden 
is  not  generally  mountainous,  and  its  surface  has  far  less 
of  a  highland  than  of  a  lowland  character.  The  most  ele- 
vated portidu  commences  in  the  W..  near  the  parallel  of  02°, 
and  is  continued  N.  along  the  frontiers  of  Norway,  not  so 
much  in  a  continuous  chain  as  in  isolated  mountain-masses 
rising  from  an  elevated  tableland,  which,  where  loftiest,  is  at 
least  4000  feet,  and  forms  the  base  of  several  summits  which 
rise  more  than  6000  feet  above  .sea-level :  owing  to  their  high 
latitude,  they  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  two 
loftiest  mountains,  both  partly  within  the  Norwegian  fron- 
tier, are  Sulitelma,  in  lat.  67°,  6342  feet,  and  Sylfjellen,  lat. 
63°,  6552  feet  high.  These  mountains  and  their  table-land 
slope  E.  towards  the  Gvilf  of  Bothnia,  sending  down  nu- 
merous torrents,  which  in  their  course  often  expand  and  form 
chains  of  lakes  and  dreary  swamps.  The  same  slope  is  con- 
tinued S.  of  02°  N.,  but  besides  it  there  is  a  S.  slope  which 
attains  its  lowest  level  near  lat.  59°  N.,  on  the  shores  of  the 
magnificent  lakes  which  here  stretch  almost  continuously 
across  the  country  from  E.  to  W.  To  the  S.  of  59°  N.  the 
country  is  generally  flat,  though  in  many.parts  finely  diver- 
sified. Its  loftiest  height.  Mount  Taberg,  to  the  S.  of  Lake 
Wetter,  is  aljout  1129  feet,  and  a  considerable  part  of  what  is 
called  the  table-land  of  SmAland  is  800  feet  aliove  sea-level, 
but  the  far  larger  portion  is  under  300  feet.  Both  its  level 
and  latitude  point  it  out  as  a  region  which  should  naturally 
be  well  adapted  for  agriculture,  and  it  has  several  fertile  and 
well-cultivated  tracts;  but  the  soil,  jrenerally  consisting  of 
disintegrated  primitive  rocks,  in  which  silex  is  a  principal 
ingredient,  is  by  no  means  productive.  A  considerable  por- 
tion is  covered  with  sand  or  stunted  heath,  but  interspersed 
wiHi  forests,  green  meadows,  and  cornfields.  The  finest  tracts 
are  the  space  enclosed  between  Lake  Wetter  and  the  Bay  of 
Braviken  on  the  S.,  and  Lakes  Ilielmar  and  Msel.ir  on  the 
N..  the  plain  of  Linkoping.  the  la'n  of  Carlscrona,  and  gene- 
rally what  is  called  the  Plain  of  Scania,  occupying  the  whole 
of  the  S.  peninsula  lietween  the  Sound  on  the  W.  and  the 
Baltic  on  the  S.  and  E. 

GcolfMji/  and  Minerals. — The  geology  of  Sweden,  though 
interesting  from  the  character  of  its  rocks,  and  the  mineral 
treasures  which  many  of  them  contain,  does  not  present 
much  variety  in  it«  formations.  Almost  the  whole  of  the 
country  throughout  its  length  and  breadth  is  composed  of 
gneiss,  partially  penetrated  by  granite.  Patches  of  por- 
phyry and  greenstone,  of  Silurian  rocks,  of  oolite,  and  of 
cretaceous  rocks,  appear  in  various  localities.  The  minerals 
include  gold,  which  was  once  worked  on  the  table-land  of 
Sm.iland.  till  it  ceased  to  pay  the  expenses;  silver,  found  in 
limited  quantities  in  several  places,  particularly  Snla.  in  the 
i  laen  ot  Westenis,  and  the  vicinity  of  Faluu;  eojipar,  found 
'  1866 


SWE 


SWE 


chiefly  In  the  laeii  f  Falun,  and  smelted  to  a  consideraWe 
extent  at  Stora-Kt  pparberi;;  rich  mines  of  cobalt,  particu- 
larly in  the  lien  of  Orebro;  a  little  lead,  and  inexhauftihle 
supplies  of  iron.  The  last,  indeed,  not  only  occurs  in 
beds  of  immense  thickness,  enclosed  in  a  strata  of  gneiss, 
but  forms  the  principal  ma.ss  of  whole  mount.iins.  In 
Swi^dish  Ijapland.  some  seams  are  from  3  to  4  fathoms, 
otheis  from  14  to  15  fit  horns  in  thickness,  while  others  at- 
tain the  immense  thickness  of  34  and  38  fathoms.  These 
Lapland  ores,  however,  have  proved  of  little  economical 
value.  The  want  of  fuel  renders  the  smelting  of  them  very 
expensive,  and  what  is  worse,  the  iron  obtained  is  generally 
of  a  brittle  and  inferior  qualily.  Mount  Taberg,  to  the  S. 
of  Lake  Wetter,  on  the  table-land  of  Smaland.  forms  another 
of  the  enormous  mountain  masses  of  iron ;  Imt  the  ore, 
though  otherwise  of  good  quality,  contains  only  25  per 
cent,  of  metal,  and  cannot  be  smelted  to  advantage  with  an 
intermixture  of  other  ores.  The  most  celebrated  mines  are 
those  of  Danemora,  in  the  Iwn  of  Upsala.  where  the  irtm 
worked  is  perhaps  the  best  in  the  world,  and  being  ad- 
mirably adapted  for  steel,  is  in  great  demand  for  that  pur- 
pose in  England  and  the  United  Stjites.  where  it  commands 
a  very  high  price.  The  quantity  annually  raised,  however, 
is  only  about  3()00  tons.  Much  larger  quantities,  also  of 
excellent  quality,  are  produced  in  the  licns  of  Falun,  Gefle, 
Westerns.  Carlstad,  and  Orebro.  The  annual  produce  of  all 
the  mines  is  about  70.000  tons  of  bar-iron:  in  1846,  31,411 
tons  were  exported  into  Great  Britain.  The  richest  cop- 
per-mines are  at  Falun;  the  annual  produce  in  all  is 
about  1000  tons.  The  mining  districts  of  Sweden  extend 
over  16.000  square  miles.  The  most  valuable  quarries  are 
those  of  poi-phyry,  which  takes  on  a  fine  polish,  and  is  made 
into  a  great  number  of  articles  of  a  very  ornamental  de- 
scription. 

It'ivers  and  Loles. — These  are  very  numerous,  and  the 
latter  in  particular  are  on  a  gigantic  scale,  giving  to  the 
scenery  of  the  country  several  of  its  grandest  features.  The 
rivers  all  belong  to  the  basins  of  the  BalticSea  and  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.  The  former  receives  the  far  larger  share.  To 
it  belongs  the  TorneS.  which,  rising  in  the  Norwegian 
Mountains,  pursues  its  course  S.S.E.  for  nearly  290  miles, 
augmented  by  numerous  large  affluents,  and  falls  into  the 
N.  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia;  the  Lule.-i,  PiteS, 
SUellefteA.  and  united  Windel  and  VmeS,  which  flow  pre- 
cipitously S.E.  into  the  same  gulf;  the  Angermann,  which 
flows  230  miles,  and  in  the  lower  part  of  its  cour.se  becomes 
.sn  wide  and  deep  that  vessels  of  600  tons  can  ascend  nearly 
70  miles  from  the  sea ;  and  the  B.  and  W.  Dal,  which, 
uniting  their  streams,  receive  the  waters  of  numerous 
lakes,  and  pursue  a  more  circuitous  course  than  usual  in 
Swedish  rivers.  The  principal  rivers  belonging  to  the  basin 
of  the  German  Ocean  are  the  Klar  and  theGota;  the  former 
of  which,  issuing  from  Lake  Fiemund,  on  the  edge  of  the 
Dovrefield  Mountains,  furnishes  Lake  Wener  with  its  chief 
supply  of  water;  while  the  latter,  which  may  be  considered 
only  as  its  continuation,  discbarges  it  into  the  ocean. 
Most  of  the  rivers  have  rocky  beds  and  dangerous  shallows, 
and  in  many  places  a  complete  barrier  is  formed,  over  which 
a  whole  river  is  precipitated  in  cascade.  The  most  remark- 
able of  these  is  Trolhasta.  immediately  below  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Wener. 

The  lakes  ara  so  numerous  and  so  large,  that  their  united 
area  has  been  estimated  at  nearly  22,000  square  miles,  or 
about  one-eighth  of  the  whole  area  of  the  country.  They 
not  only  add  to  the  beauty  of  the  scenery,  but  yield  large 
supplies  of  tish,  and  both  by  their  natural  depth,  and  the 
canals  which  have  been  cut  to  connect  them,  are  of  vast 
navigable  importance,  and  furnish  a  long  line  of  internal 
communication.  In  this  way  a  direct  channel  has  been 
opened  from  Gothenburg  on  the  W.  to  Soderkoping  on  the' 
E.  coast,  and  communicating  with  the  important  towns  of 
Wenersborg,  Carlstad,  Mariestad,  Jonkiiping,  and  Linkbp- 
ing.  In  the  same  manner  the  capital  has  been  enabled  to 
extend  its  connections  with  the  interior.  In  general,  how- 
ever, the  rugged  nature  of  the  country  has  made  navigation 
difRcult.  Ijake  Wener,  after  that  of  Ladoga,  the  largest  in 
Europe,  is  55  miles  long  by  20  miles  broad,  and  covers  an 
expanse  of  2000  square  miles.  Lake  Wetter,  the  next  in 
Bi7.e,  is  about  80  miles  long  by  10  miles  broad,  and  has  an 
area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  more  alpine  in  its 
features  than  any  of  the  other  lakes,  and  in  one  place  has  a 
depth  of  420  feet.  Lake  Mselar,  better  known  than  the 
other  large  lakes  from  having  the  capital  on  its  shores,  is 
also  remarkable  for  the  numl)er  of  islands,  which  so  crowd 
its  surface,  that,  though  it  has  a  length  of  60  miles  and  a 
breadth  of  25  miles,  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  find  a  single 
square  mile  of  open  water.  The  other  lakes  whose  magni- 
tude entitles  them  to  notice  are  the  Hjelmar,  which  has 
both  a  natural  and  an  artificial  communication  with  Lake 
Ma'Iar;  the  Silja,  formed  by  an  expansion  of  the  East  Dal ; 
the  ptorsiUn,  out  of  which  the  Indal  issues;  the  IIorn-Afvan, 
which  discharges  itself  into  the  SkellefteA;  and  thg  Stora- 
Luled-Watten.  which  originates  the  LuleS. 

C/iwu//-.— The  N.  part  of  Sweden  has  naturallv  a  rigorous 
climate,  though  several  causes  concur  to  inodlfv  and  miti- 
1866  ' 


gate  its  severity.  At  Enontek»ls.  lat.  6S°  30',  at  the  height 
of  1440  feet  above  sea-level,  the  thermometer  in  Januai-y 
averages  0°  12,  or  nearly  32° below  the  freezing  point;  but  in 
the  hottest  month.  July,  averages  o8°'10;  and  for  the  whole 
year,  27°'4,  or  about  5°  below  freezing.  This  annual  mean, 
though  low,  is  fiir  above  that  of  places  in  the  same  latitude, 
situ.ated  much  farther  E..  as  in  Siberia.  In  lower  latitudes, 
the  advantage  is  still  more  favorable  to  Sweden,  particu 
larly  in  winter.  Thus,  at  Stockholm,  the  mean  temperature 
of  the  six  winter  months  is  29°  4 ;  whereas  in  St.  Petersburg 
it  is  only  21°-9.  Compared  with  places  farther  W..  Sweden 
loses  its  advantage.  Thus,  at  Wexio,  lat.  6C°  .53',  the  mean 
annual  temperature  is  44°-56:  and  in  Edinburgh,  in  lat.  65"^ 
57',  it  is  46°-97  ;  in  other  words,  Edinburgh,  though  not  1^ 
lower,  is  nearly  2i°  warmer.  In  summer  the  advantage  ia 
remarkably  in  fHvor  of  Sweden,  the  thermometer  in  July 
averaging  63°-46;  whereas  in  Edinburgh  it  averages  only 
59°,  and  even  at  London  not  more  than  62'--97.  The  result 
of  these  observations  is.  that  the  climate  of  Sweden,  though 
modified  by  the  proximity  of  the  sea,  so  as  to  be  milder  in 
all  respects  than  the  interior  of  the  N.  parts  of  the  European 
and  A.siatic  continents,  is  much  more  extreme  than  that  of 
the  British  Islands,  and  experiences  greater  degrees  both 
of  cold  and  heat.  Hence,  at  Stockholm,  the  thermometer, 
which  never  reaches  zero  at  Edinburgh,  ha.s  been  known  to 
de.scend  26°  below  it  in  January,  and  to  ri.«e  in  July  to  the 
almost  tropical  he.it  of  96°-8.  Spring  is  almost  unknown. 
The  climate,  however,  is  eminently  favorable  to  health,  and 
no  country  furnishes  more  numerous  instances  of  longevity. 
The  amount  of  rain  is  much  less  than  in  Norway.  The 
prevailing  winds  are  S.W.  and  W. 

Vegetatvm  and  AgricitUure. — At  the  N.  extremity  of  Swe- 
den, at  least  in  those  parts  where  the  surface  is  not  veiy  ele- 
vated, fine  trees  of  pine,  fir,  and  birch  are  found.  These, 
however,  occupy  only  occasional  patches,  and  the  true  fo- 
rest-land mu.«t  be  considered  as  having  its  limit  ne.ir  64°. 
Below  this  latitude,  and  chiefly  in  the  central  and  S.  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  the  forests  occupy  at  lea.st  one-fourth  of  the 
whole  surface,  and  sometimes  stretch  continuously  for  80 
miles  in  length,  by  20  miles  in  breadth.  Many  of  these, 
however,  consist  of  trees  of  stunted  growth,  available  chiefly 
for  domestic  fuel,  or  the  supply  of  the  smelting-furnaces, 
and  are  seldom  of  much  use  as  timber.  Forests  in  which 
oak  and  beech  are  the  prevailing  trees  occur  only  in  the  S. 
The  far  greater  part  of  the  available  surface  not  covered 
with  forests  remains  either  in  natural  pasture,  or  has  been 
converted  into  artificial  meadows,  from  which  good  crops  of 
hay  are  obtained.  The  quantity  of  arable  land  is  veiy 
limited,  and  does  not  in  all  exceed  4000  square  miles. 
Much  even  of  this  is  of  indifferent  quality,  and,  till  re- 
cently, was  so  poorly  farmed,  that  Sweden  was  annually 
obliged  to  import  a  considerable  part  of  its  whole  consump- 
tion of  grain.  But  in  consequence  of  the  great  improve- 
ments which  have  taken  place,  the  deficiency  has  been  sup- 
plied, and  in  ordinary  years  importation  can  be  dispensed 
with.  The  prevailing  cereals  are  rj-e,  barley,  and  oats.  The 
first  is  nearly  a  half  more  in  quantity  than  the  other  two, 
which  are  nearly  equ.al;  the  quantity  of  wheat  is  nearly  ten 
times  le.ss  than  that  of  rye.  Another  crop  which  is  scarcely 
less  important  than  those  of  grain,  is  potatoes.  These  are 
grown  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  form  one  of 
the  main  articles  of  food  among  the  lower  classes.  The 
most  important  anxiliary  crops  are  hemp  and  flax,  particu- 
larly the  latter,  which  is  of  excellent  quality ;  on  a  few  fa- 
vored spots,  tobacco,  hops,  and  madder  are  grown.  Cher- 
ries, apples,  and  pears  are  tolerably  abundant  iu  the  S. 
districts. 

Animals. — The  principal  domestic  animals  are  cattle, 
sheep,  and  reindeer.  The  last,  necessarily  confined  to  the 
N.,  are  kept  in  large  herds  by  the  Laplanders,  and  supply 
them  at  once  with  ibod  and  clothing.  The  cattle  are  gene- 
rally of  a  small  breed,  without  horns,  and  are  not  posses.sed 
of  valuable  properties  either  for  the  butcher  or  the  dairy. 
The  sheep  are  also  inferior,  and  yield  only  coarse  wool, 
though  some  attempts  have  been  made  in  the  S.  to  cross  the 
Swedish  sheep  with  the  merino.  Among  the  larger  wild 
animals,  the  wolf  and  bear  abound  in  the  forests,  and  often 
commit  great  ravages.  The  elk  and  deer  are  also  found,  but 
in  more  limited  numbers.  Of  smiiller  animals,  the  most 
destructive  is  the  lemming,  which  at  intervals  of  years  de- 
scends in  immense  numbers  into  the  low  country,  and  lay 
it  waste.  Among  birds,  the  most  remarkable  are  eagles, 
capercailzies,  and  woodcocks.  The  riveis  and  lakes  are  well 
stocked  with  salmon  and  trout,  but  the  fisheries  on  the  sea- 
coast  have  long  ceased  to  be  productive.  Herrings,  which 
used  to  visit  the  coast  of  the  Baltic  in  laige  shoals,  have 
almost  entirely  disappeared,  though  large  numbers  of  a  fish 
resemliling  herrings,  and  called  striimings,  are  taken  along 
the  E,  coast, 

ilaniifijctures. — Manufactures  in  Sweden  have  nof  made 
great  progiess.  The  more  important  article*  are  woollen 
cloths,  and  other  woollen  stuffs,  which  are  made  in  large 
factories,  chiefly  at  N'irkjoping  and  Stockholm,  and  <»iploy 
a  great  number  of  domestic  looms  iu  different  qu>rters; 
cotton,  linen,  and  silk  goods,  worsted  and  cottou-tw  lat,  to- 


SWE 

bacco.  manrifiiptuved  in  many  places,  and  on  a  lane  Pcale  at 
NorrkOping:  refined  sugar,  more  especially  at  Gottenburg; 
paper,  chiefly  in  the  tens  of  Christianstad  and  Falun;  tan- 
neries, carried  on  to  a  large  extent  in  all  the  more  im- 
portant towns,  but  more  especially  at  Stockholm;  glass, 
made  on  an  extensive  scale  in  the  Ifen  of  Mariestad ;  canvas 
and  sailcloth,  earthenware,  cordage,  and  various  articles  in 
ir.jn.  There  are  also  extensive  dj-e-works,  soap  and  oil- 
works,  jiorter-breweries,  distilleries,  and  huildiug-yards  in 
almost  (ill  the  ports  of  the  Baltic. 

CiynimerQt. — The  trade  is  chiefly  in  articles  of  raw  produce, 
umong  which  the  most  important  are  iron  and  timber. 
Nfxt  to  these  are  tar,  copper,  cobalt,  alum,  hemp,  oil.  bark, 
tobac.;o  and  snulf.  paper,  Ac.  The  chief  imports  sre  colonial 
produce,  salt,  wines,  silk,  wool,  cotton  stuffs  and  cotton- 
twist,  hemp,  hides,  skins,  butter,  bacon,  oil,  lacfiuered- 
ware,  dyes,  &c.  The  trade  is  carried  on  chiefly  with  the 
United  States,  which  takes  large  quantities  of  iron;  Great 
Britain,  which  receives  both  iron  and  timber;  Denmark, 
Hamburg,  Lubeck,  Brazil,  Kussia,  Prussia,  France,  and 
Portugal.  The  following  table  presents  a  summary  of  the 
maritime  commerce  from  1842  to  1851 : — 

Comparative.  Vietv  of  the  Tonnage  of  the  Vessels  that  ai-rived  in 
and  cleared  from  Stveden.  in  the  years  from  1842  to  1851, 
and  of  the  Value  of  the  Imports  and  Exports  in  the  same 
years. 


Tears. 

Arrived. 

Cleared. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1842 

1843 

1844 

Tons. 
8fi8.9!)6 
357,758 
40-',004 
493,5J6 
525.974 
540,902 
450,824 
450.848 
521,058 
636,674 

Tons. 
371,640 
370.730 
418,776 
505,114 
545.538 
562.394 
443,628 
508,654 
542,8-8 
651,874 

$8,125,000 
7,190.000 
7,700,000 

8,aTO.ooo 

8,580,000 
11.680,000 

9,715,0U0 
10,1)30,000 

9.990,000 
11.685,000 

$9,7.35,000 
8,100,IK)0 
9,0.10.000 
11,655,000 
10,365.000 
12.880,000 
12.000,000 
10.975,000 
10,210,000 
11,236,000 

1815 

18tB 

1847 

1848 

184» 

1850 

1851 

The  total  value  of  imports  in  1852.  was  $11.696,4.30,  and  of 
exports,  $11,15(>.393.  Of  this  commerce,  $l.831..536  imports, 
and  $4,047,853  exports,  was  with  the  United  Kingdom; 
$2.1t57;740  imports,  and  $1,307,973  exports,  with  the  Han- 
geatic  States,  Hanover,  Mecklenburg.  Ac;  $877,653  imports, 
and  $1,613,736  exports,  with  Denmai-k;  $1,365,686  imports, 
and  $410,190  exports,  with  Kussia;  $1,095,943  imports,  and 
$100,203  exports,  with  Brazil;  and  $775,448  imports,  and 
$758,168  exports,  with  the  United  States.  The  merchant 
marine,  in  1852,  comprised  1407  vessels,  (tons,  8(5.757,)  not 
Including  those  under  10  tons.  There  were  also  61  steamers, 
(tons,  3180.) 

The  means  of  internal  communication  in  Sweden  are  de- 
ficient, though,  from  the  comparative  narrowness  of  the 
country,  the  distance  from  the  sea  is  not  very  great.  The 
canals  connecting  the  different  central  lakes,  and  giving  a 
continuous  communication  from  the  Cattegat  to  the  Baltic, 
are  the  most  important  works  that  have  yet  been  con- 
structed for  improving  and  extending  the  internal  commu- 
nications; and  much  might  yet  be  done  by  deepening  and 
removing  obstructions  from  the  l)ed,«  of  rivers.  In  winter, 
when  in  most  other  countries  the  difficulties  of  travelling 
are  greatly  increased,  the  Swedes  enjoy  unusual  facilities 
fiom  the  coating  of  snow  which  covers  the  ground,  and  fur- 
nishes an  easy  means  of  transport  by  sledges. 

Government,  <£c. — Sweden  and  Norway  are  now  united 
under  one  sovereign,  but  each  has  its  own  constitution. 
That  of  Sweden  has  at  its  head  an  hereditary  constitutional 
sovereign,  who  possesses  the  sole  e.xecutive,  but  shares  the 
legislative  power  with  a  Diet  or  Parliament,  composed  of 
hereditary  noljility,  clergy,  burghers,  and  peasants  or  land- 
holders not  noble.  These  four  orders  form  four  chambers, 
which  meet  and  vote  separately.  That  of  the  nobility  con- 
sists of  the  head  of  every  noble  family  in  the  kingdom,  and 
as  these  amount  to  about  2300,  the  number  of  members 
might  be  nearly  the  same,  though  the  attendance  seldom 
exceeds  500,  and  often  not  400.  The  clerical  chamber  con- 
sists of  the  Archbishop  of  Upsala.  who  always  presides,  12 
bishops,  and  about  60  deputies  from  the  various  dioceses. 
The  burghers  are  represented  by  97  deputies,  of  whom  Stock- 
holm returns  10 ;  and  the  pe.i.sJints  by  144  deputies,  sent 
from  the  different  rural  districts.  To  effect  constitutional 
changes,  the  whole  four  orders  must  concur;  but  in  ordi- 
nary questions  the  assent  of  three  is  sufficient.  The  king 
has  in  all  cases  an  absolute  veto,  and  in  the  exercise  of  it  or 
any  of  his  other  powers,  is  responsible  only  through  his 
ministers  The  Diet  is  assembled  every  fifth  year,  and  sits 
for  3  or  4  months,  though  occasionally  much  longer.  The 
government  is  conducted  by  a  council  of  state,  composed  of 
the  2  ministers  of  justice  and  foreign  affairs,  and  8  council- 
lors, of  whom  5  are  the  neads  of  different  departments,  and 
S  only  deliberate.  Each  Isen  is  presided  over  by  a  governor, 
who  has  under  him  kronofmlt,  or  deputies  over  several 
b&i.ids  or  districts,  and  '.imsman,  1  over  each  harad. 

Justice  is  alministered  by  three  supreme  courts,  which 


SWE 

sjt  respectively  at  Stockholm,  .TiinkBping.  and  ChristUnstad 
To  each  of  these  courts  a  number  of  secondary  tribunals 
are  subordinate;  and  beneath  them,  again,  are  btiru'l- 
courts,  or  courts  of  primary  resort,  to  the  number  of  aK  u< 
264.  The  Lutheran  relijcion  is  professed  by  the  great  ma/ 
of  the  people,  and  is  the  only  religion  acknowledt'ed  by  the 
state;  and  though  a  general  toleration  is  professed,  dis- 
sidents from  the  state  creed  are  banished  the  country.  The 
sovereign  and  all  the  chief  functionaries  must  be  i-utherans. 
The  number  of  clergy  is  about  3000.  The  higher  orders  are 
nominated  directly  by  the  king;  but  all  ordinary  and  pa- 
rochial clergy  are  elected  by  the  people.  The  army  consistd, 
of  about  48,700  troops  and  militia,  raised  by  enlistment,  and 
95.300  reserve,  raised  by  conscription.  They  are  well  dis- 
ciplined, and,  under  arms,  present  a  remarkably  tine  ap- 
pearance. The  navy  consists  of  10  ships  of  the  line,  8  fri- 
gates, 8  brigs,  12  steamers,  36  smaller  craft,  and  256  gun- 
boats. This  naval  force  is  large,  compared  with  the  popula- 
tion, and  is  well  manned  by  about  8000  men.  The  total 
revenue  and  expenditure,  as  brought  forward  in  the  budget 
for  1853,  were  each  estimated  at  $5,029,582.  About  two-tilths 
of  the  revenue  are  derived  from  the  land-tnx  and  other  per- 
manent sources,  and  three-fifths  from  customs,  excises,  <i:c. 


Laens  or  Districts. 

Area, 
8q.  m. 

Pop. in 

1840. 

Pop.  in 
1850. 

Chief  Towns. 

fMalmd 

1,781 

221,670 

253.084 

.MalmA.             1 

Christianstad. 

2,432 

165,880 

189,627 

Cliristianstad. 

Halmstad 

1,900 

94,934 

105,726 

Halmstad. 

• 

Carlscrooa. ... 

1,135 

95,807 

107,827 

CarLscioua. 

^ 

We.\io 

3,787 

121,4.54 

1.36.623 

We.xio. 

.Tonlioping 

4,292 

150,477 

163,426 

JOiikoping. 

Kalniar 

4, -.'58 

184,557 

202,178 

Kalmar. 

o 

Linli  ping 

4,253 

206.625 

222,4!<4 

Linkoping. 

Mariestad  .... 

3,315 

181,048 

199,897 

Mariestad. 

AVenersborg  . . 

5,036 

218,618 

246,136 

Wenersborg. 

Gotlienburg  . . 

1,891 

164,974 

187,583 

Gothenburg. 

Wi.sby 

1,227 

41,575 

44,572 

M'isbv. 

'Stocliliolin.... 

2,911 

194,440 

207,713 

Stooi;holm. 

Upsala 

2,067 

85,294 

89,323 

Upsala. 

AVestcras 

2,661 

92,494 

96,691 

Wesleras. 

Nvlioping 

2,516 

114,9->0 

120,113 

Nvkoping. 

its 

Orebro 

3,i64 

125,061 

137,660 

Orebro. 

Carlstad 

6,946 

195,546 

221,885 

Carlstad. 

..Falun 

12,261 

138,141 

151,497 

Falun. 

Gefieborg 

7,561 

109,794 

120.158 

Gelle. 

Mi 

Horuosand.... 

9,501 

85,875 

99,558 

Hernosand. 

Ostersund  .... 

19.208 

45,769 

52,271 

Ostersund. 

r- 

Umea 

29,382 

57,164 

70,758 

Umea. 

S3,o:« 

3.562 

55  751 

The  lakes... 

Toul 

170,096 

3,138,884 

3,482,541 

The  population  of  Sweden  in  1860  amonnted  to  3,859,728. 

F.dncation  and  People.  —  Almost  all  the  inhabitants  of 
Sweden,  with  the  exception  of  the  Laplanders  and  i'inns, 
are  of  Teutonic  origin,  and  preserve  the  original  features 
of  the  race  in  great  purity,  particularly  in  the  central  and 
S.  provinces,  where  they  are  characterized  by  a  tall,  robust 
stature,  light  hair,  blue  eyes,  and  light  complexions.  They 
are  active  and  enterprising,  and  manifest  a  marked  predilec- 
tion for  scientific  pursuits.  In  point  of  intelligence  and 
education,  they  are  scarcely  surpassed  by  any  country  in 
Europe.  This  is  partly  owing  to  the  enlightened  spirit  of 
the  government,  in  endeavoring  to  provide  schools  in  every 
important  locality;  but  derives  great  additional  aid  from 
the  parents,  who,  in  many  parts  of  the  counti^  where  regu- 
lar schools,  owing  to  the  scantine.ss  of  the  population,  can- 
not be  maintained,  are  careful  to  give  a  substantiiil  educa- 
tion to  their  children  at  their  own  firesides.  The  system 
comprises  universities  at  Upsala  and  Lund.  2  secondary  and 
grammar  schools,  (classical  and  practical  .schools.)  and  3  pri- 
mary schools,  or  schools  for  the  people,  the  whole  under  the 
inspection  of  the  bishop  and  chapter  of  the  Cathedral.  In 
1850  there  were  143,526  pupils  in  the  stationary  and  126.178 
in  the  ambulatory  primary  schools,  6223  in  the  secondary 
schools,  17,4134  in  private  institutions,  128,096  educatiKl  at 
home,  and  25,718  in  Sunday-schools.  AW  children  betw«>n 
the  ages  of  9  and  15  must  attend  school  or  receive  instruc- 
tion at  home.     A  normal  school  was  establishefl  in  1842. 

Hiistory. — The  earliest  traditions  of  Sweden,  like  those  of 
most  other  countries,  present  only  a  confused  mass  of  fables. 
Christianity  appears  to  have  been  first  introduced  about  the 
beginning  of  the  ninth  century.  The  Swedes  and  Goths 
were  long  ruled  by  separate  sovereigns,  but  in  1056  they 
became  united  under  Steukill.  Margaret.  Queen  of  Den- 
mark and  Norway,  who  has  been  called  the  Semiramis  of 
the  North,  having  defeated  Albert,  King  of  Sweden,  and 
made  him  prisoner,  formed  the  famous  union  of  Kalmar  in 
1397.  and  united  the  three  crowns  in  her  own  person.  The 
Swedes  recovered  their  independence  under  Gustavus  A'asa, 
in  1521.  The  House  of  Vasa  ascended  the  throne  in  1523, 
and  gave  to  Sweden  the  celebrated  Gustavus  Adolphus.  In 
1522,  the  Heformation  was  introduced  by  Olaus  Petri,  a  dis- 
ciple of  Luther,  and  advanced  with  such  rapidity  that  iu 
1528,  at  the  Diet  of  Westerns,  the  king  and  people  solemnly 
vowed  adherence  to  the  Confe.ssion  of  Augsburg  as  theii 
standard  of  liiith.    The  reign  of  Gustavus  was  long  and 

1867 


S^rE 


SWI 


pi-^iwroas:  and  Sweden,  enjoying  the  double  blessings  of  a 
oeller  governmeat  and  a  purer  religion,  made  more  pi-o- 
gress  in  civilization  than  for  centuries  before.  The  cele- 
brated Gustavus  Adolphus  took  peaceable  possession  of  the 
throne  in  1011.  The  reii;n  of  this  most  distinguished  sove- 
reign belongs  more  to  European  than  to  Swedish  history. 
The  tirst  years  of  his  reign  were  devoted  to  internal  im- 
provements, and  the  consolidation  of  the  valuable  conquests 
which  had  been  made  on  the  continent.  By  the  treaty  of 
Stolbova.  in  1617,  he  obtained  from  Russia  a  cession  of  all 
her  possessions  on  the  Baltic;  and  by  that  of  .A.ltmark,  in 
16'29,  Livonia  and  Polish  Prussia  became  Swedish  provinces. 
In  1630  he  was  appointed  Captain-General  of  the  Protestant 
League,- and  commenced  the  series  of  brilliant  victories, 
which  at  one*  saved  Protestantism,  and  gave  a  death-blow 
to  the  ambitious  aims  of  Rome.  His  victory  at  Liitzen.  in 
1632.  cost  him  his  life,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  daughter 
Christina,  when  only  six  years  of  age.  The  evils  usually 
attendant  on  a  minority  were  avoided  by  the  abiiity  with 
which  the  celebrated  Chancellor  Oxenstieru  administered 
the  government ;  and  new  laurels  were  reaped  bj-  the 
Swedish  armies  under  the  leadership  of  captains  whom  the 
great  Gu.stavus  had  trained.  At  the  peace  of  Westphalia, 
in  1648.  Sweden  was  formally  confirmed  in  her  continental 
possessions,  which  gave  her  a  voice  in  the  Germanic  Diet, 
and  rai.sed  her  to  the  rank  of  a  first-rate  European  power. 
The  House  of  Vasa  was  succeeded  by  the  House  of  Deux- 
Ponts.  which  furnished  the  famous  Charles  XII.,  who  took 
peace-ilile  possession  of  the  throne  in  1697.  This  celebrated 
prince,  then  a  mere  youth,  found  himself  suddenly  assailed 
by  an  ungenerous  coalition  on  the  part  of  Poland.  Denmark, 
and  Russia ;  but  soon  rid  himself  of  his  opponents  by  sig- 
nally defeating  each  in  succession.  Unparalleled  success, 
however,  working  on  a  mind  in  which  ambition  and  the 
love  of  glory  were  ruling  passions,  ruined  all.  At  his  death, 
in  171S,  he  left  his  kingdom  greatly  curtailed  in  its  dimen- 
sions, and  exhausted  by  ruinous  wars.  Internal  dissensions 
were  now  added  to  foreign  disasters;  and  two  violent  fac- 
tions, known  by  the  name  of  the  Ilats  and  Caps — the  for- 
mer favoring  a  French,  and  the  latter  a  Russian  alliance — 
kept  the  nation  in  a  state  of  ferment  for  more  than  half  a 
century.  Charles  XII.  had  been  succeeded  by  his  sister 
Ulrica-Eleonora,  who  shortly  after  abdicated  in  favor  of  her 
husband,  Frederick  of  Hesse-Cassel,  during  who.»e  reign 
Sweden  was  obliged  to  submit  to  two  most  disadvantageous 
treaties  with  Russia — that  of  Nystad.  in  1721,  and  that  of 
Abo,  in  174.3;  the  effect  of  which  was  to  degrade  her  from 
the  commanding  position  she  had  previously  occupied,  and 
«ink  her  again  to  the  rank  of  a  second-rate  power.  In  1751, 
Adolphus  Frederick  of  Holsteiii-Gottorp  succeeded,  and  was 
followed,  in  1771,  by  his  son  Gustavus  III.,  who.  by  the 
support  of  the  army  and  body  of  the  people,  succeeded  in 
reestablishing  the  government  nearly  as  it  existed  in  1680. 
In  1810,  Bernadotte,  who  had  been  a  Marshal  under  Napo- 
leon, was  chosen  crown  prince,  and  ascended  the  throne  as 
Charles  John  XIV.,  in  1818.  He  showed  himself  throughout 
an  able,  enlightened,  and  patriotic  prince;  and  at  his  death. 
in  1844,  left  the  kingdom  in  a  far  more  prosperous  state 
th,in  he  found  it,  to  his  son,  who  now  (1855)  reigns  under 
the  title  of  Oscar  I.  Norway  was  annexed  to  Sweden  in  1814, 
retaining  its  own  laws.  The  united  kingdoms,  enjoying 
the  blessings  of  peace  and  good  government,  continue  to 

make  rapid  advances  in  prosperity. .\dj.  Swt/Disii;  (Sw. 

SvExsK.  pvjnsk;  Fr.  Suedois,  swAMwi';  Ger.  Schwedish. 
shwii'di-sh;  Sp.Sl'ECO,  swA'ko;  It.SvEDESE,  svi-dil'sA;)  inhab. 
Swede.  (In  Swedish,  French.  Spanish,  and  Italian,  the 
inhab.  is  the  same  as  the  adj. ;  Ger.  Schwede,  shwi'deh.) 

SWK'DEX.  a  postrtownship  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  55  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  728. 

SWEDEN,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  CO..  New  York,  18 
miles  W.  of  Rochester,  intei-sected  by  the  Erie  Canal  and 
Central  Railroad.     Pop.  in  184tl.  1885;  in  1860,  iiHh. 

SWl'iDKN.  a  post-township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  E.  of  Coudersport.     Pop.  389. 

SWEDKSBOROUGII,  sweeds/bar-rtth,  a  post-village  of 
Gloucester  co..  New  Jersey,  situated  at  the  head  of  Sloop 
Navigation  on  Racoon  C're«k,  about  12  miles  S.AV.  of  Wood- 
bury. It  contains  3  cUiircJies,  4  stores,  au  extensive  wool- 
len fiutory.  and  alx)nt  100  d'vellings. 

SW  E  ICIVli  \  HILTah  i)ostroftice,Pendleton  co.,W.Virginia. 

SWKK1''ST0NR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SWKK'K.A.  or  SI'IUA.     See  Mogadore. 

S\VKET  AIR,  a  post-oface  of  Baltimore  CO.,  Maryland. 

SWKKT  IIDMK.  a  postofllce  of  l.,avacca  co.,  Texas. 

SWEKT  IIkMK..  a  post-office  of  Nodaway  co.,  Mis.souri. 

SWEET  l/A'vT>,  a  post-office  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa. 

SWEET  iP KINGS,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  Co.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia, i«  r/e-isartly  situated  nemr  the  foot  of  the  Alleghany 
MountJiins,  about  15  miles  S.S..B.  of  Lewisburg;  This  is  one  of 
tlicol(!'st  and  moijt  f:;shionabIo  watering-places  of  the  state 

SWEKT  VAL/LEY,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SWEETVII.LE.  apostK)ffice  of  Orittenden  co..  Arkansas. 

SWKET'WATER,  a  postoffice  of  Wautauga  co..  North 
Carolina. 


SWEETWATER,  a  post- village  of  Gwinnett  eo.,  Georgia, 
96  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

SWEETAVATER,  a  post-office  of  Marengo  co.,  Alabama. 

SWEF;TWATER,  a  p(ist-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Tennissee. 

SWEKTWATER.  a  post-office  of  Menard  co.,  Illinois. 

SWEETWATKR  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Chatta- 
hoochee River  a  few  miles  N.E.  of  Campliellton. 

SWEETWATER  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co., 
Georgia.  ' 

SWEF'LING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

SWEIDEEYAH  or  SWEIDIYAH,  swA-dee'va.  written  also 
SUADIAH  or  SUADEIAH,  a  large  village  of  North  .Syria, 
pashalic  of  .ileppo,  in  a  valley.  14  miles  W.  of  Antioch. 

SWELL,  a  pjirish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

SWELL.  Lower,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SWELL.  Upper,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SWKNIGOROD,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Svexioorod. 

SWER'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SWERIGKor  SVERIGE.    See  Sweden. 

SWERZKNDZ.  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Schwersenz. 

SWET'TENIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

SWEVEGIIEM,  sw;i'veh-GhJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders.  27  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Bruges.  P.  5242. 

SWEVEZKELE.  swA'veh-zA'lfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders.  10  miles  S.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  48^. 

SWI.\G.\,  a  river  of  iiu.ssia.     See  Svi.\G.\. 

SWIECI.\NY.  a  town  of  Rus.sia.     See  Svieciant. 

SWIENEMUNDE.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Swix'emundb. 

SWIENT.4-SIERKA.  a  town  of  Pru.ssia.  See  Heilioen ;;ero. 

SWIETLA-ober-der-SAZAWA,  sve-Jt/li  oOier  dfr  sd-z^- 
vS  (?)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  17  miles  S.  of  Czaslau,  on  the 
Sazawa.    Pop.  1472. 

SM'IFT  CREE(\.  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  flows  through 
Chesterfield  county,  and  unites  with  the  Appomattox  River 
a  few  miles  below  I'etersburg. 

SWIFT  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  an  affluent  of  Tar 
River,  which  it  joins  a  few  miles  N.  of  Tarborough. 

SWIFT  CKEKK.  of  Craven  co.  North  Carolina,  enters  the 
Neu.se  River  from  the  left,  about  5  miles  above  Newbern. 

SWIFT  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into  the  Wate- 
ree  River,  near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Sumter  district. 

SWIFT  CREEK,  of  Hardin  co., "Tennessee,  flows  into  the 
Tennes.see  River. 

SWIFT  CREEK,  a  post-oflSce  of  Darlington  district,  South 
Carolina. 

SWIFT  CREEK  BRIDGE,  a  postnjfficeof  Cr.^ven  co..  North 
Carolina. 

SWIFT  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co-  North 
Carolina. 

SWIFT  RIVER,  of  New  Hampshire,  risses  in  Grafton 
county,  and  falls  into  the  Saco  River  in  Carroll  county.  It 
is,  as  it.<  name  implies,  a  very  rapid  stream. 

SWIFT  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Hampshire  county, 
Massachusetts,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  East  and  .Mid- 
dle Branches  of  the  Chickopee  River,  itself  uniting  with  the 
West  Branch  to  form  that  river. 

SWIFT'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Morean  co.,  Kentucky. 

SWIL'LAND.  a  parish  of  England. "co.  of-Suffolk. 

SWIL/LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SWII/LY,  LOUGH.  loH,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  in  the 
N.  part  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal,  extends  inland 
25  miles  S..  where  it  receives  the  river  Swilly.  On  Tannet 
Point,  at  the  W.  side  of  its  entrance,  is  a  light-house,  in  lat. 
55°  10'  3o"  N..  Ion.  7°  3S'  W.,  and  it  is  there  -31  miles  across. 

SWIM'BRIDGE,  a  parish  of  Englanu  co.  of  Devon. 

SWIN'BRfXIK.  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Oxford. 

SWIN'CO.MBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SWIN'DERBY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWIN'DON,  a  market-town  and  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts,  and  a  principal  station  of  the  Great  W&stern  Rail- 
way, 29  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bath.  Pop.  in  1851.  4876.  The 
town,  neatly  built  on  an  eminence,  has  a  free  school,  and 
several  charities. 

SWINDON,  a  parish  ofEngland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

SWINDON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  M'est 
Riding. 

SAVINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  E-ist  Riding. 

SWINE'FLEET,  a  chapelry  ofEngland,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

SW'NE'FORD,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Connanght, 
CO.  of  .Mayo.  15}  miles  E.N.E.  of  Castlebar.     P.  in  1S51,  991. 

SWINEFORDSTOWN,  Pennsylvania.     See  Middleburu. 

SWINE'IIART,  a  post-office  of  Rush  co..  Indiana. 

SWINEMUNDE  (Swinemiinde)  or  SWIENE.MUNDE, 
(SwienemUnde.)  swee'iieh-niUn'deh,  a  maritime  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Pomerauia,  36  miles  N.X.W.  of  Stettin, 
In  the  island  of  Usedom,  on  the  Swine,  the  outlet  of  the 
Frische  Haff  in  the  Baltic.  Pop.  4600.  Since  1817  its  harbor 
has  been  much  improved  by  the  erection  of  piers,  on  one  of 
which  is  a  lighthouse.  It  has  a  pilot-board,  and  here  large 
vessels  unload  cargoes  for  Stettin,  of  which  it  i.»  the  l  utport. 

SWINESHE.^D,  swinz^h^d,  a  parish  of  England,  co  nf 
Huntingdon. 

SWINESUEAD,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  Eugliiud 


SWI 

cf>.  of  Lincoln,  in  the  fens.  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
in  1851.  2044.  The  /en  formerly  reaciied  tiiis  town,  whieli 
had  a  harbor  near  its  present  uiarket-plaee. 

SWINKS'TEAD,  a  parish  of  Enriand.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWINESUND,  swee'neh-soond\  is  an  inlet  of  the  Skager- 
rack, between  Norway  and  Sweden. 

SWINE'YAUD,  a  post-office  of  Charles  City  co.,  Virginia. 

SWIN'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SWINFORD,  Old,  a  |>arish  of  England,  cos.  of  Stafford 
and  Worcester,  including  the  town  of  Stourbridge.  The 
Blue  Coat  Hospital,  founded  in  1677.  educates  70  boys. 

SWIN'FORD-Rl'yGIS  or  KING'S  SWIX'FORD,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Staffordshire  and  Worcester- 
shire Canal,  3  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stourbridge.  The  Tillage  is 
neat,  and  the  parish  has  a  massive  church,  coal,  iron,  glass, 
brick  and  tile  works,  and  numerous  potteries.  Near  it  are 
the  vestiges  of  a  large  Roman  camp,  and  Holbeach,  where 
several  gunpowder-plot  conspirators  were  taken  in  1605. 

SWING'b'IELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

SWINGLEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee. 

SWIN'IIOPR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

SWIN'NERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

S^V'IN'TON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Rid- 
ing, parish  of  Wath-ou-Dearne,  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Rotherham, 
on  the  North  Branch  of  the  Midland  Railway. 

SWIN'TON,  a  post-village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  about  50 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

SWINTON-AND-SIM'PRIN,  a  united  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Berwick. 

SWIR.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Sveer. 

SWITH'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SWIT'ZERLAND,  (Ger.  Schweiz  or  Schweitz,  shwits;  It. 
Svizzera,  svifsi-ri;  Er.  .SMis-.te,  sweess;  Sp.  Sui^n,  swee'thj : 
Port.  A  nrra  dos  Siiifos,  i  t^R^nA  doce  swee'soce,  "  the  land 
of  the  Swiss;"  L.  Hdve'tia,)  a  federal  republic  of  Central 
Europe,  situated  between  lat.  45°  50'  and  47°  50'  N.,  and  Ion. 
6°  and  10°  25'  E.,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  BaUen,  from 
which  it  is  separated  for  the  most  part  by  the  Rhine;  N.E. 
by  Wiirtemberg  and  Bavaria,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Lake  of  Constance ;  E.  by  the  principality  of  Liecht- 
enstein and  the  Tyrol,  from  the  former  of  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Rhine,  and  from  the  latter  partly  by  the  Rhine, 
but  chiefly  by  ranges  of  the  Gri.son  Alps :  S.  by  Austrian 
Italy,  Piedmont,  and  Savoy,  from  the  two  first  of  which  it  is 
separated  also  by  the  Alps,  and  from  the  latter  partly  by  the 
Alps  and  the  Lake  of  Geneva ;  and  W.  and  N.W.  by  France, 
from  which  it  is  separated  in  part  by  the  Jura  Mountains 
and  the  river  Doubs.  The  greatest  length  of  Switzerland, 
from  \f.  to  E.,  near  the  pariillel  of  46°  35'  N.,  is  216  miles  ; 
the  greatest  breadth,  measured  a  little  W.  of  the  meridian 
of  9°  E.,  is  140  miles. 

Phyncal  Features. — These  are  on  the  grandest  scale,  and 
furnish  scenery  which,  if  equalled,  is  not  surpassed  by  any 
other  part  of  the  glolie:  lofty  mountain  ranges  towering 
above  the  clouds  and  beyond  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow  : 
enormous  glaciers  descending  from  their  sieves,  and  blocking 
up  the  higher  valleys ;  magnificent  lakes,  embosomed  among 
mountains  which  often  rise  here  from  the  water's  edge  for 
many  thousand  feet ;  and  wild  romantic  valleys  forming  the 
channels  of  impetuous  streams,  fed  by  numerous  torrents 
Rnd  cascades.  The  loftiest  mountain  chains  belong  to  the 
Alps,  and  are  situated  chiefly  in  the  S.  The  immense  mass 
of  Mount  St.  Gothard  forms  the  centre  or  nucleus  of  a  sys- 
tem of  mountains,  covered  with  perpetual  snow  and  gla- 
ciers, the  peaks  of  which  are  from  90O0  to  14,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Alps  cover  all  the  central,  S.,  and 
S.E.  portion  of  the  country,  and  occupy  more  than  one-half 
of  its  superficies.  (See  Alps.)  The  Jura  Mountains  extend 
along  the  N.W.  borders;  the  culminating  points  ai-e  the 
Dole  and  Mont  Tendre,  (see  Jura.)  and  between  these  is  an 
undulating  plain  or  table-land  135  miles  in  length,  from  the 
Lake  of  Geneva  in  the  S.W.  to  the  Lake  of  Constance  in  the 
N.E.  Its  extreme  breadth  is  50  miles.  Next  the  Alps  it  is 
2000  feet  above  the  sea,  sloping  towards  the  Jura,  where  it  is 
1350  feet.  It  has  numerous  valleys,  some  of  which  are  of 
considerable  extent. 

GeoLngy  and  Minerals. — All  the  loftiest  Alpine  ranges  have 
a  nucleus  of  granite,  on  which  gneiss  and  mica  slate  recline, 
generally  at  a  high  angle.  These  rocks  are  particularly  de- 
veloped in  St.  Bernard,  St.  Gothard,  the  Faulhorn,  Ac,  and 
eontaiu  a  great  number  of  beautiful  minerals,  particularly 
garnets  and  various  kinds  of  rock-crystals.  Sienite  is  not 
jf  frequent  occurrence,  but  is  found  on  the  S.  side  of  St. 
Jothard,  and  on  the  Finster-Aarhorn.  Diallage  rock,  or 
i»abbro,  is  seen  exposed  in  steep  precipices  near  Saaz.  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  canton  of  Valais,  and  forms  whole  moun- 
tains in  various  parts  of  the  canton  of  Grisous.  In  the  same 
locality,  serpentine  is  largely  developed.  Granular  lime- 
stone is  widely  diffused  throughout  the  Alps,  and  is  more 
particularly  exposed  on  the  Great  and  Little  St.  Bernard, 
and  the  S.  side  of  St.  Gothard.  It  usually  rests  on  mica- 
slate,  and  often  alternates  with  clay-slate  and  primitive  gyp- 
sum. Mountain  limestone  composes  the  great  masses  of  the 
Dent-du-Midi,  the  Diablerets,  the  Wetterhorn,  Dodi,  Jcc.    It 


SWI 

is  also  seen  in  large  masses  on  the  E,  shore  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  oh  the  Molesson.  Stockhorn,  Pilat.  and  Sanlis.  Tht 
pif)per  carl)onifei-ous  rocks  are  very  sparingly  developed,  but 
regular  co.al-bearing  strata  are  found  in  the  Simmenthal.  the 
Kanderthal,  and  on  the  S.  .shore  of  Lake  Thun.  In  tht 
.lura,  limestone  equivalent  to  the  oolite,  often  resting  ou 
muschelkalk,  is  so  largely  developed,  that  the  name  of  Jura 
limestone  is  now  often  applied  to  the  whole  oolitic  forma 
tion.  Above  the  .lura  limestone  is  the  molasse.  a  soft  green 
sandstone,  belonging  to  the  lower  series  of  the  tertiary  foiv 
mation,  and  covering  an  extensive  area  in  the  lower  parts 
of  Switzerland. 

As  in  almost  all  mountainous  countries,  particles  of  goldi 
are  here  found  in  the  sands  of  many  of  the  rivers,  and  mcr? 
especially  in  those  of  the  Rhine,  in  the  canton  of  Grisons.  in 
the  Reuss,  the  Emmen,  and  the  Luttern,  but  in  none  ot 
them  in  such  quantities  as  to  repay  the  search.  Lead  and 
copper,  both  argentiferous,  are  found  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons, and  weire  once  worked,  though  they  are  now  aban- 
doned. Iron  is  more  widely  diffused,  and  is  worked  to  ad- 
vantage in  several  quarters,  particularly  among  the  strata' 
connected  with  the  Jura  linjestone.  Rock-salt  is  worked  to 
some  extent  in  the  canton  of  Vaud.  and'  saline  .springs  occur 
in  many  places,  but  have  not  been  turned  to  much  account. 
The  other  minerals  deserving  of  notice  are  alabaster  and 
marble,  widely  diffused ;  sulphur,  near  Lake  Thun :  gypsum, 
particularly  in  the  canton  of  Freyburg ;  and  asphalte  in  the 
Val  de  Travers,  in  the  canton  of  Valais.  Mineral  springs 
occur  in  many  quarters.  As  the  most  celebrated,  we  may 
mention  tho.se  of  Leuk  in  the  Valais,  Baden  and  Schinz- 
nach  in  Aargau,  Pfeffers  in  St.  Gall,  and  St.  Moritz  in  the 
Grisons. 

Rivers. — The  Rhone  and  Rhine  both  have  their  sources  in 
the  glaciers  of  Switzerland,  and  the  Danube  and  the  Po  are 
indebted  to  it  for  important  tributaries;  but  owing  to  the 
mountainous  nature  and  inland  position  of  the  country, 
none  of  the  rivers  acquire  .so  much  development  within  its 
limits  as  to  become  of  great  navigable  importance.  The  Rhine, 
formed  in  the  canton  ofGrisons  by  the  junction  of  the  Vorder 
and  Hinter  Rhein,  Hows  N.  into  the  Lake  of  Constance,  and 
then,  on  emerging  from  the  lake,  flows  W.  to  SchafThausen, 
where  it  forms  the  celebrated  foils  of  that  name.  Below  these 
falls  its  navigation  properly  begins,  and  is  continued  W. 
along  the  frontier  to  Basel,  where  a  sudden  turn  N.  carries  it 
into  Germany.  Its  principal  affluents  in  Switzerland  are  the 
Thur,  Toss,  Birs,  and  Aar,  which  all  join  it  on  the  left.  By 
far  the  most  important  is  the  Aar,  which  not  only  traverses 
a  large  part  of  the  country  circuitously  from  the  S.  of  Bern 
to  the  N.  frontier,  but  is  augmented  by  a  great  numl)er  of 
important  affluents,  of  which  the  largest  are  the  Linmiat, 
Reuss,  and  Emmen  on  the  right,  and  the  Saane  and  Thiele 
on  the  left.  The  Rhone,  rising  in  the  glacier  of  St.  Gothard, 
on  the  N.E.  confines  of  the  canton  of  Valais,  receives  all  the 
drainage  of  that  canton,  flowing  through  it  centrallv.  fir.st 
W.S.W  and  then  N.N.W..  till  it  falls  into  the  Lake'of  Ge- 
neva. Immediately  after  issuing  from  the  lake  at  the  town 
of  Geneva,  it  receives  the  Arve,  and  about  10  miles  below 
quits  the  Swiss  frontier.  The  waters  which  the  Po  receives 
from  Switzerland  are  carried  to  it  by  the  Ticino,  which 
drains  the  canton  of  that  name;  those  which  the  Danvibe 
receives  are  carried  to  it  by  the  Inn,  which  rises  and  has  a 
considerable  part  of  its  upper  course  in  the  E.  of  the  canton 
of  Grisons.  The  whole  drainage  of  Switzerland  is  thus 
divided  among  the  three  basins  of  the  North  Sea.  the  Medi- 
terranean, including  the  Adriatic,  which  is  properly  enly  a 
branch  of  it,  and  the  Black  Sea.  The  proportions  received 
by  each  are  in  the  order  now  stated,  but  the  far  largest  share 
belongs  to  the  first. 

Lakes. — No  country  in  Europe,  except  Scandinavia,  has, 
in  proportion  to  its  size,  so  many  lakes  as  Switzerland. 
Those  of  the  Alpine  regions  occupy  the  lower  parts  of  the 
valleys.  They  vary  in  depth  from  500  to  1900  feet,  and  are 
situated  at  an  elevation\)f  from  1200  to  1800  feet  above  the 
sea.  The  chief  of  these  are  Lake  Leman  or  the  Lake  of  Ge- 
neva, Brienz,  Thun,  WaldstStten  or  Lucerne.  Zug,  Wallen- 
stadt.  Zurich,  Constance  or  the  Boden  See;  and.  on  the  S.  of 
the  Alps,  Lugano  and  Maggiore.  Most  of  the.se  are  traversed 
by  steamboats.  The  table-land  contains  Lakes  Morat.  Sem- 
pach,  Baldeck.  Ilallwyl,  Greiffensee,  and  Pfefflkon.  In  the 
.Tura  are  the  lakes  of  Neufchatel  and  Bieuue,  the  former 
traversed  by  steamboats. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Switzerland,  owing  to  its  eleva- 
tion, and  other  causes,  is  much  more  .severe  than  might  be 
expected  from  its  position,  nearly  in  mid-distance  between 
the  Equator  and  the  North  Pole.  It  presents  the  greatest 
extremes  and  the  most  violent  contrasts.  In  Geneva,  at  an 
elevation  of  12-30  feet,  the  mean  pres.sure  of  the  barometer 
is  27  inches ;  the  range  of  the  thermometer  between  the 
mean  of  winter  "and  summer  is  from  .■?4°  to  C6°  Fahrenheit, 
and  the  average  annual  amount  of  rain  is  29  inches.  Ou 
Mount  St.  Bernard,  barometer.  21  inches;  thermometer, 
from  18°  to  43°  Fahrenheit,  and  amount  of  rain,  65  inches. 
While  winter  is  reigning  in  all  its  rigor  on  the  lofty  summits 
or  slnpesof  the  mountain.s.  it  i«  only  necessary  to  descend  iiitc 
the  lower  valleys  to  find  that  spring  is  far  advanced.     In 

1869 


SWI 


SWI 


making  Ihis  desf-ent,  we  may  direct  our  course  not  only  S., 
where,  lu  tbe  lower  valleys  of  the  canton  of  Ticino  a  truly 
Italian  climate  is  enjoyed,  but  even  N.,  and  find  iu  the 
plains  of  Basel  that  winter  has  long  departed.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  comparison,  we  may  mention  that  the  winter  tem- 
perature of  London  is  SS^-i^,  and  the  summer  temperature 
t)l°-74;  and  that  the  mean  annu.al  temperature  of  the 
hospice  of  St,  Gothard  is  nearly  two  degrees  lower  than  that 
of  the  North  Cape,  The  elevation  of  the  lower  summit  of 
snow  in  the  mountains  is  8900  feet.  On  the  table-land  and 
in  the  lower  mountains  snow  falls  in  greater  abundance 
than  in  other  countries  of  the  same  latitude  in  Europe.  On 
St.  Gothard.  snow  falls  at  least  once  a  month  in  summer. 
The  large  lakes  are  seldooi  frozen.  In  the  upper  valleys  of 
the  Jura,  winter  lasts  six  months:  it  is  longer  in  those  of 
the  Alps.  The  same  causes  which  diversify  the  climate  tend 
also  to  make  it  extremely  variable,  even  in  the  same  locali- 
ties :  and  hence  days  of  almost  insupportable  heat  are  not 
unfrequently  preceded  by  cold  mornings,  and  succeeded  by 
equally  cold  evenings.  These  sudden  changes  are  very  try- 
ing to  weak  constitutions,  and  sometimes  make  epidemic 
diseases  generally  prev.alent :  but,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  swampy  spots  from  which  deleterious  miasma  is  dif- 
fused, the  air  is  clear  and  bracing,  and  eminently  favorable 
to  health.  The  S.W.  winds,  which  are  fretiuent,  usually  bring 
rain;  the  N.E.  wind,  which  blows  on  the  table-land  in 
spring,  is  cold  and  dry.  The  warm  S.  wind  greatly  fiivors 
the  climate  of  the  canton  of  Ticino :  under  the  name  of  FV!in. 
the  sirocco  of  the  Alps,  it  blows  with  extreme  violence,  and 
causes  great  damage  on  the  lakes. 

Vi gelation.  Agriculture.  &c. — Few  countries  in  Europe, 
even  of  larger  extent,  can  boast  of  a  more  varied  vegetation 
than  Switzerland.  It  h,as  been  divided  into  7  regions.  The 
characteristic  product  of  the  first  is  the  vine,  which  grows 
up  to  1700  feet,  and  in  some  districts  of  Zurich  and  the 
Lake  of  Thuu,  to  1800  feet  above  the  sea-level.  The  next  in 
ascent  is  the  hilly,  or  lower  mountain  region.  It  rises  to 
the  height  of  2800  feet,  and  is  characterized  by  the  luxu- 
riance of  its  walnut-trees.  Though  not  well  adapted  for 
wheat,  it  produces  good  crops  of  spelt;  and  has  excellent 
meiidows,  from  which  two  cuttings  of  hay  are  annually 
obtained.  The  third,  or  «ipper  mountain  region,  has  its 
limit  at  4100  feet.  Its  princip-il  product  is  forest  timber, 
consisting  of  all  varieties  of  hard  wood,  but  more  especially 
beech.  The  walnut  grows  in  it,  though  not  vigorously,  up 
to  3500  feet,  and  good  crops  are  obtained  of  barley  and  oats. 
The  pastures,  too,  are  excellent.  Above  this,  and  up  to  the 
height  of  5500  feet,  is  the  fourth  or  subalpine  region,  dis- 
tinguished by  its  pine  forests.  Here  winter  l.-ists  from  8  to 
9  months ;  no  regular  crops  are  grown,  but  some  kinds  of 
kitchen  vegetables  are  raised,  and  a  few  potatoes,  generally 
of  small  size.  Slany  of  the  heights  are  covered  with  a  rich 
grassy  sward.  The  next  two  regions  are  sometimes  included 
under  the  common  name  of  alpine,  though  it  evidently  ad- 
mits of  two  distinct  divisions:  the  one,  lower  alpine,  termi- 
nating at  C6CK)  feet,  and  the  other,  upper  alpine,  ascending 
to  the  limit  of  perpetu.al  snow.  The  former  is  the  proper 
region  of  alpine  pastures:  the  latter  as  it  ascends  becomes 
more  and  more  stunted  in  its  vegetation,  and  the  variation 
of  the  seasons  is  lost,  spring  and  autumn  being  altogether 
excluded,  and  a  winter  of  rigorous  severity  following  close 
upon  a  short  summer  of  only  five  or  six  weeks.  In  the  lower 
parts  of  these  regions  some  trees  are  occasionally  seen;  but 
many  of  the  valleys  are  filled  with  enormous  glaciers,  and 
in  many  spots  and  ravines  which  the  sun  cinnot  reach,  the 
snow  never  entirely  melts.  The  seventh  and  last  region  is 
that  of  perpetual  snow.  Even  here  vegetation  is  not  utterly 
extinct,  and  several  varieties  of  lichens  are  found  clinging 
to  the  rocks. 

Many  parts,  even  of  the  lower  regions  of  Switzerland,  are 
of  a  stony,  sterile  nature,  but  on  every  side  the  effects  of 
persevering  industry  are  apparent,  and  no  spot  that  can  be 
turned  to  good  account  is  left  unoccupied.  Still,  so  unfavor- 
able is  the  soil  and  climate,  that  on  dividing  the  whole  area 
of  the  country  into  three  parts,  it  will  be  found  that  only 
one  of  these  produces  grain  sufficient  for  its  own  consump- 
tion: the  second  raises  not  more  than  eight,  and  the  third 
barely  six  months'  supply.  The  deficiency  is  supplemented 
partly  by  importation,  and  partly  by  the  general  cultivation 
of  potatoes;  in  the  more  mountainous  districts,  dairy  pro- 
duce forms  the  chief  article  of  subsistence.  The  best  culti- 
vated cantons  are  Basel,  Aargau.  Thurgau,  Vaud.  and  (ie- 
iieva.  The  principal  grain  crops  are,  in  the  flatter  districts, 
spelt,  wheat,  rye.  summer  and  winter  barley,  and  Turkish 
corn;  in  the  higher  districts,  summer  Ijarley  and  oats. 
Hemp  and  flax  are  extensively  grown  on  all  lands  suitable 
for  them,  and  nearly  supply  the  whole  of  the  home  con- 
sumption :  oil  and  poppy-seed  are  also  generally  cultivated, 
iind  in  some  of  the  higher  districts  car.iwav  forms  a  favorite 
crop.  ToV«cco  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  fla'ttei'  parts  of  Frey- 
burg,  Ticino.  and  Vaud.  In  the  same  cantons,  occasional 
jiatches  ol  saffron  are  seen.  Fruit  is  produced  in  abun'dance 
in  all  the  N.  cantons,  where  apple,  pear,  plum,  and  cherry 
trees  are  seen  in  almost  every  quarter,  growing  either  singly 
or  in  orchards;  they  are  met  with  less  fi-equently  in  the  E. 
1670 


[  and  W.,  and  become  somewhat  rare  in  the  S.  In  many  of 
the  warmer  spots,  with  a  S.  exposure  and  N.  shelter,  aprt 
cots,  peaches,  almonds,  and  figs  thrive  well  in  the  open  air. 
More  delicate  fruits,  as  oranges,  citrons,  lemons,  and  pome- 
granates, are  almost  confined  to  the  S,  side  of  the  Alps,  in 
the  canton  of  Ticino,  Here,  too,  the  olive  thrives,  and  a 
good  de.il  of  silk  is  obtained  by  the  cultivation  of  the  mul- 
berry. With  the  exception  of  Uri  and  Glarus,  there  is  not 
a  canton  in  which  the  vine  is  not  gj-own  to  a  greater  or  lesn 
extent.  Many  of  the  cantons  yield  more  wine  than  they 
require,  but  the  quality  in  general  is  inferior,  and  fails  to 
create  a  foreign  demand.  Timber  of  .ill  kinds  is  abundant 
in  most  of  the  cantons,  but  great  waste  has  been  committed, 
and  several  of  the  most  accessible  forests  have  been  so  much 
thinned,  that  the  prospect  of  an  ultimate  scarcity  in  several 
quarters  has  begun  to  cause  serious  apprehension. 

Animah. — Among  domestic  animals,  the  first  place  be- 
longs to  the  horned  cattle,  which  are  both  remarkable  for 
their  numbers  and  the  superiority  of  their  breeds.  Swiss 
cows  can  scarcely  be  surpassed,  either  in  beauty  or  in  the 
amount  of  their  dairy  produce;  and  the  demand  for  them 
in  other  countries  has  given  rise  to  a  very  lucrative  branch 
of  trade.  There  were,  in  1844.  853,000  horned  cattle,  about 
one-fourth  of  which  were  milch  cows;  105.000  horses.  469.000 
sheep,  347.000  goats,  and  318,000  swine.  The  horses  are 
generally  of  rather  diminutive  size,  though  strong  and 
hardy.  Where  used  merely  as  pack-horses  to  transport  bur- 
dens across  the  mountains,  they  are  generally  well  adapted 
for  the  purpose.  The  mules  used  in  the  same  w.^y  are  only 
tolerable;  the  ass.  also  occasionally  used,  is  very  inferior. 
Sheep  are  very  much  confined  to  the  lower  districts,  and 
have  not  yet  attracted  much  attention,  except  in  the  can- 
tons of  Vaud  and  Geneva,  where  the  merino,  regularly  im- 
ported from  Spain,  is  kept  pure,  both  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
plying a  foreign  demand  and  improving  the  native  breeds; 
on  the  higher  grounds,  goats  manage  to  pick  up  their  sub- 
sistence where  no  other  domestic  animal  could  live,  and 
contribute  greatly  to  the  comfort  if  not  to  the  wealth  of  their 
possessors. 

In  winter  the  population  of  the  Alps  inhabit  villages 
scattered  over  the  lower  valleys.  In  Sliiy,  the  cattle  are  led 
to  the  lower  pastures;  in  July,  they  ascend  the  regions 
6000  feet  alove  the  sea:  and  about  the  10th  of  August  they 
pasture  on  the  highest  mountains,  whence  they  descend  to 
the  valle3'S  about  the  10th  of  October.  Among  wild  .inimals 
are  bears  and  wolves,  found  both  in  the  Alps  and  Jura;  I'ha- 
mois,  found  chiefly  among  the  loftiest  mountains  of  the  Alps; 
wild  boiirs,  not  unctmimon  in  the  cantons  of  Bern,  Vaud, 
aud  Aargau;  st.ags,  in  the  canton  of  Bern,  and  occasionally 
in  the  Orisons :  badgers,  foxes,  hares,  otters,  birds  of  prey 
of  large  dimensions,  aud  many  varieties  of  winged  game. 
The  lakes  and  rivers  are  well  supplied  with  fish,  among 
whii-h  are  several  varieties  of  s.almon,  found  ehieflj'  in  the 
Khine  and  the  waters  connected  with  it:  salmou-trout  of 
large  size,  chiefly  in  the  lakes  of  Constance  .and  Geneva; 
and  common  trout  in  almost  all  the  rivers  and  lakes.  The 
only  insects  deserving  of  notice  are  bees,  the  rearing  of 
which  forms  an'  important  occupation  in  several  cantons; 
and  silk-worms,  almost  confined  to  the  canton  of  Ticino. 
In  the  la.st  canton,  too,  are  found  vipers,  the  only  venomous 
reptiles  of  the  serpent  kind  known  to  Switzerland,  and  some 
scorpions. 

Manufactures. — Manufactures  of  various  kinds  were  esta- 
blished in  Switzerland  at  a  very  early  period,  aud  have  ex- 
tended rapidly  in  recent  times,  in  face  of  the  formidable 
competition  to  which  they  are  subjected.  The  factory  sys- 
tem, however,  is  little  known,  and  the  far  grejiter  part  of 
the  tissues  are  produced  by  domestic  looms  not  kept  in 
regular  operation  throughout  the  year,  but  chiefly  during 
the  winter,  and  in  the  evenings  when  the  ordinary  labors 
of  the  field  have  ceased.  The  quantities  of  goods  thus  made 
are  great,  but  the  exact  amount  is  not  easily  ascertained. 
Among  the  staple  articles  of  Swiss  manufacture  are  silk 
goods,  chiefly  in  Zurich  and  Basel ;  cotton  goods,  also  chiefly 
in  Zurich,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  likewise  in  St,  Gall 
and  Appenzell;  linen  and  hempen  cloth  in  Aargau,  Thur- 
gau. and  St.  Gall:  jewelry  and  watches  in  Geneva,  Vaud, 
Neufchatel,  and  Bern  ;  cutlery  and  various  articles  of  hard- 
ware iu  Schaffhausen;  writing  and  stained  paper  at  Basel; 
leather  and  .skins  chiefly  in  Bern,  Vaud,  Zurich.  Geneva. 
Basel,  and  Aargau;  lace  at  Lausanne,  Couvet,  Motiers,  and 
various  other  places;  straw-hats,  and  various  articles  in 
straw,  in  Aargau  and  lucerne.  Neufcliafel  has  superior 
printing  estjtblishments.  Watches,  jewelry,  and  musical 
boxes  are  the  principal  manufactures  of  the  W.  cantons; 
here  '2."0.000  watches  are  made  every  year.  The  number  of 
individuals  employed  in  the  different  branches  of  industry 
iu  1846,  were— Silks.  40.000;  cotton.s.  90,000;  watches  and 
jewelry,  30.000;  woollens,  paper,  leather,  ironwares,  &c., 
40,000 ;  in  all,  2«3,0OO. 

O/HiJiierc*.  flfc. — The  above  articles  furnish  themselves  the 
materials  of  .i  considerable  export  trade,  .ind  to  these  must 
be  added  cattle,  butter,  cheese,  cherrj'-tnindy,  timber,  char- 
coal, mediciuiil  plants,  kc:  the  more  impotant  irapo'-ts 
are  corn,  rice,  .salt,  salt-fish,  wine,  co^  nial  product,  fine 


SWI 

woollonK.  and  various  articles  in  iron  and  copper.  In  addi- 
tion to  this  ordinary  trade,  Switzerland  sliares  in  the  very 
Important  transit  which  is  carried  on  between  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Itily.  The  nature  of  the  country  tlirows  ex- 
traordinary difficulties  in  the  way  of  this  traffic,  but  the 
means  which  have  l)een  employed  to  lessen  or  remove  them 
tire  almost  as  extraordinary  as  the  difficulties,  and  the  great 
roads  which  now  lead  across  some  of  the  loftiest  passes  of 
the  Alps  will  long  be  pointed  to  as  among  the  most  remark- 
able of  engineering  achievements.  Nor  h.ave  the  ordinary 
commuiiicjitions  of  the  interior  been  neglected.  In  almost 
every  canton,  as  far  as  the  nature  of  the  surface  will  admit, 
tlie  roads  are  both  well  made  and  carefully  kept,  and  though 
the  impetuosity  of  the  rivers  greatly  limits  their  navigable 
importance,  and  leaves  little  scope  for  the  construction  of 
extensive  canals,  many  hydraulic  works  have  been  executed 
on  a  scale  of  no  mean  extent,  considering  the  limited  re- 
nources  of  the  country  and  the  obstScles  to  be  overcome. 
Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  two  canals  of  the  Linth, 
one  con  necting  it  with  the  L.ake  of  Wallenstadt.  and  the  other 
connecting  it  through  that  lake  with  the  I^ake  of  Zurich. 
By  the  Strasbourg  and  Hasel,  (Bale,)  and  the  Baden  and  Frei- 
burg Railways,  terminating  at  Basel,  Switzerland  is  con- 
nected with  the  railway  systems  of  France,  Germany,  and 
the  other  European  states. 

Divisions,  Population,  dx. — Switzerland  is  divided  into  22 
cantons,  which,  witii  their  .separate  areas  and  populations, 
are  exhibited  in  the  following  table: — 


Cantons. 


Aargau  or  Argovie 

Appuuzell, Rhodes, outer  i 
"  "        inner  ] 

Basel,  city,  ) 

"      country,    5 

Bern 

Freyburg 

Geneva 

Glarus 

(Jiisons 


Lucerne 

Neufchitel 

St.  Gall 

SchaB' Bausen 

Scliwytz 

Soleurc 


Ticino. 


Thurgan 

Cnleiwalden, Upper  ) 
"  Lower  >  * 

Pri , 

Yalais 

Vaud 

Zug 

Zurich 


Total lo,2«l  2,390,116 


1,037 


1,B65 

l,l»,i 


Chief  Towns. 


5  2»,dD0 

i  47,830 
457,921 

99,805 
6;<.932 
30,1971 
89,8  0 

132,7891 
70.679; 

169,508, 
35. -278; 
44,159| 
69,013 

117,397, 

88.819' 
J  13.798; 
)  ll,3.'i7l 

14,500 

81.527; 
199.453 

17,456 
250,1341 


Aarau  or  Arau. 

Trogen 

Appenzell 

Ba.sel 

Liesthal 

Bern 

Freyburg 

Geneva 

Glarus 

Chur  or  Coire.. 

Lucerne 

Neufch.itel 

St.  Gall 

SchafThausen.. 

Schwytz 

Soleure 

(  Kelliazona  ... 

<  Locarno 

(  Lugano 

Frauenfcid 

Sarnen  

Stanz 

Altotf 

Sinn 

Lausanne 

Zu^ 

Zurich 


4,627 
2,611 
2,910 

27.313 
3,032 

27,758 
9,065 

29,108 
4,082 
5,943 

10,068 
7,727 

11,231 

7,710 
2,414 
5,370 
1,926 
2,676 
5,142 
3,544 
1,299 
1,877 
2,112 
3,516 

20,000 
3,302 

17,040 


Government,  Rrliginn,  tfc. — The  cantons  of  Switzerland 
are  united  together  as  a  federal  republic  for  mutual  de- 
fence, but  retain  their  Individal  independence  in  regard  to 
all  matters  of  internal  administration.  According  to  the 
Kinstitution  adopted  by  the  Federal  Diet,  September  12, 
184S,  the  Federal  Assembly  is  composed  of  two  divisions! — 
the  National  Council,  and  the  Council  of  the  States,  or  the 
Senate.  The  National  Council  is  named  by  the  cantons,  one 
member  to  e!wh  20,000;  but  when  a  surplus  of  above  10,000 
exists,  an  additional  member  is  elected.  The  members  are 
chosen  for  three  years.  Kach  canton,  and  when  divided, 
each  half  canton,  is  entitled  to  send  at  least  one  member. 
The  Senate  consists  of  44  members,  two  for  each  canton ; 
the  half  cantons  sending  one  each.  The  Federal  Council, 
composed  of  seven  members,  elected  for  three  years,  is  chosen 
by  the  National  Council  from  among  the  Swiss  citizens  eli- 
gible to  the  National  Council.  Only  the  Confederation,  repr^ 
sented  by  the  two  councils,  has  the  right  to  declare  war, 
make  peace,  and  to  conclude  treaties  and  alliances.  The 
Confederation  alone  is  charged  with  the  official  relations 
between  the  cantons  and  with  foreign  governments.  The 
Federal  Tribunal,  of  11  members  and  11  substitutes,  is  named 
by  the  Federal  Assembly  for  three  years.  This  tribunal 
judges  in  civil  causes  between  the  cantons,  or  between  them 
and  the  Confederation;  also  between  the  Confederation  or 
cantons  on  the  one  part,  and  individu.als  on  the  other.  For 
cases  of  discipline  it  is  divided  into  two  sections,  which  con- 
stitute the  chamlier  of  accusation,  the  jury,  and  the  court 
of  cassation.  November  28, 1848,  Bern  was  chosen  to  be  the 
federal  city. 

The  only  forms  of  religion  generally  professed  are  the  Pro- 
testant Presbyterian,  as  modelled  by  Calvin  .^nd  Zwinglius, 
and  the  Uoman  Catholic  The  former  numbered,  in  1850, 
1,417,7-54.  and  the  latter  971,750  adherents.  Switzerland  has 
three  universities,  viz.  at  Basel.  Bern,  and  Zuiich.  Public 
instruction  dates  from  183.3.  but  is  now  widely  disseminated: 
and  in  the  whole  of  Switzerland  it  would  be  difficult  to  meet 
with  a  bo v  or  girl  unable  to  read  or  write.  In  1844  there 
were  iu  all  6500  primary  schools,  attended  by  35,000  pupils. 


SWI 

Revenuf..  Army,  rfc— The  revenue  of  the  Swiss  Confedera- 
tion f-ir  1S54,  amounted  to  $2.75.3.000,  and  the  expenditures 
to  $2,618,000.  Of  the  revenue,  $1,100,000  was  derived  frc.m 
frontier  tolls.  The  revenue  for  1855,  as  estimated  in  the 
budget  brought  forward,  Decembei-,  1855,  amounted  to 
$.3,210,000,  and  the  expenditures  to  §2,943,000,  The  debt 
amounts  to  $2,943,000,  The  Confederation  has  no  standing 
army,  but  every  Swiss  is  a  soldier,  and  each  canton  con- 
tributes a  fixed  contingent  when  called  on.  The  armed 
force  in  1851,  amounted  to  72.000  men,  between  the  ages 
of  20  and  34;  besides  which  there  was  a  reserve  of  36,000 
men,  between  the  ages  of  34  and  44. 

People. — The  different  languages  spoken  in  Switzerland 
evidently  .show  that  the  people  have  not  a  common  origin,  but 
belong  to  different  races.  In  the  W.,  where  French  is  spoken, 
they  are  supposed  to  be  descendants  of  the  ancient  Burgun- 
dians,  whose  territories  included  Ixith  sides  of  the  Jura  ;  in 
the  N.,  where  German  is  spoken,  a  common  origin  is  indi- 
cated with  the  Germans  of  Swabia  and  the  Tyrol:  and  in 
the  S.,  both  the  language  and  physi('al  features  are  Italian, 
though  those  on  the  S.  of  the  Alps  indicate  this  more 
strongly  than  the  inhabittints  of  the  Orisons,  who  exhibit 
several  peculiarities,  and  speak  a  corrupt  Latin,  called  Ko- 
mansh.  But  apart  from  these  peculiarities  of  origin  and 
language,  the  Swi.ss  have  lived  so  long  in  a  state  of  confede- 
ration, that  they  have  acquired  a  decided  national  character, 
and  may  now  be  considered  as  forming  a  single  people. 

History. — The  Swiss  first  become  known  to  us  i).  c.  105, 
when  part  of  them,  under  the  name  of  Tigurini.  in  alliance 
with  the  Cimbri.  defeated  a  Roman  army,  and  slew  the  con- 
sul. Lucius  Ca.ssius,  who  headed  it.  About  50  years  after  we 
find  them,  under  the  name  of  Ilelvetii.  attempting  to  migrate 
in  a  body  into  Gaul,  but  driven  back  after  a  signal  defeat  by 
Julius  Caesar.  This  proved  the  commencement  of  their  sub- 
jection to  the  Roman  yoke,  and  after  vainly  struggling  for 
Independence,  the  whole  country  appears  to  have  become 
resigned  to  its  fate  about  A.  D.  70.  Near  the  beginning  of 
the  fifth  century,  the  northern  hordes  burst  in  and  formed 
permanent  settlements :  the  Alemanni  making  themselves 
masters  of  the  N..  and  the  Burgundians  of  the  S.W.  dis- 
tricts, while  at  a  later  period  the  Goths  gained  po.^.'ession 
of  the  S.E.  All  these  nations  were  ultimately  subdued  by 
the  Franks,  whose  empire,  about  the  middle  of  the  sixth 
century,  extended  over  many  countries,  and  included, 
amopg  others,  the  whole  of  Helvetia.  On  the  disruption  of 
the  Frankish  Empire,  shortly  after  the  death  of  Charlemagne, 
Helvetia  was  divided  into  two  portions;  an  E.  or  German 
portion,  which,  falling  to  the  share  of  Louis  of  Bavaria,  was 
incorporated  with  the  duchy  of  Swabia ;  and  a  W.  or  Bur- 
gundian,  allotted  to  Lotharius,  who  held  the  title  of  Empe- 
por  and  King  of  Italy.  This  latter  portion  was  afterwards 
incorporated  with  the  kingdom  of  Upper  Burgundy,  which 
was  formed  by  Rudolf  in  S89.  and  lasted  till  1016,  when  it 
came  into  the  posses.sion  of  Henry  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany, 
who  having  previou.-ly  been  in  possession  of  the  E.  part,  or 
Swabian  Helvetia,  was  now  master  of  the  whole  country. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  country  was 
subdivided  into  a  number  of  lord.sliips,  free  cantons,  and 
imperial  towns,  all  invested  with  peculiar  rights  and  privi- 
leges. Among  the  lordships,  that  of  Hapsburg,  by  a  series 
of  fortunate  events,  gradually  attained  such  pre-eminence 
that  in  1273,  Rudolf,  one  of  its  members,  was  elected  Em- 
peror of  Germ.any,  and  became  founder  of  the  house  of  Aus- 
ti'ia.  The  great  victory  of  Morgarten  in  1315,  led  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  federal  compact  between  the  three  cantons 
of  Schwytz,  Uri,  and  Unterwalden,  which  formed  the  nucleus 
of  the  existing  Confederation.  In  1:553.  it  numliered  8  can- 
tons; and  in  1513,  it  was  eompo.«ed  of  13  canttms.  In  1518, 
the  preaching  of  indulgences  provoked  opposition,  as  in 
Germany,  and  Zwinglins  appeared  as  the  pioneer  of  a  .series 
of  distinguished  reformers,  who  ultimately  succeeded  in  gain- 
ing over  a  majority  of  the  cantons  to  their  principles.  Since 
then  Switzerland  has  long  distinguished  herself  by  the 
asylum  afforded  to  refugees  from  other  counti'ies,  when 
driven  from  their  homes  by  the  tyranny  or  bigotry  of  their 
rulers.  In  1802  Switzerland  was  retluced.  by  what  is  called 
the  Act  of  Mediation,  to  a  kind  of  French  protectorate,  19 
cantons  retaining  a  nominal  independence,  while  3,  Geneva, 
Neufchatel.  and  the  Yalais,  were  incorporated  with  France. 
A  Confederation,  composed  of  22  independent  cantons,  was" 

re-established  by  the  congress  of  Vienna  in  1815, Adj. 

Swiss  ;  (Fr.  Suisse,  sweess ;  Ger,  Schweizeriscii,  shwi'tsf  r-ish ; 
It,  SvizzERO,  svifsiV-ro;  Sp,  Suizo,  swee'tho;  Port.  Snqo, 
swee'so.)  Inhab.  Swiss,  sometimes  Switz'er.  (In  French, 
Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese,  the  inhab.  is  the  same  as 
the  adj.:  Ger.  ScnwEizER,  shwifsfr.) 

SWITZ1-:RLAND,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Indiana,  bordering  on  Kentucky,  contains  220  square  miles. 
TTie  Ohio  River  washes  its  E.  and  S.  borders.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  a  range  of  hills  about  400  feet  high,  which 
are  separated  from  the  river  by  a  strip  of  flat  land,  near  3 
miles  wide.  The  soil  is  good,  both  on  the  liills  and  bottoms. 
The  blue  or  Trenton  limest<me  underlies  part  of  the  county 
.■\  company  of  Swiss  settled  here  in  1802,  and  the  county 
was  oi-gauized  iu  1814.    Capital   Vevay.     Pop.  12,<'98. 

1871 


SWI 


SYD 


SWITZERLAND,  a  township  forming  the  X.E.  extremity 
of  JInuroe  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1344. 

SWOJANOW,  STo'yi-nov^  or  svo-yl'nov,  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, 37  miles  S.E.  of  Chrudim.    Pop.  600. 

SWOKDS,  sords,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co., 
aiad  S  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Swords  Kiver.  5  miles 
from  the  Irish  Sea.  Pop.  in  1851,  2965.  Its  principal  build- 
ings, a  modern  Gothic  church,  a  ruined  abbey,  and  pillar 
tower,  73  feet  in  height,  are  clu.stered  together  on  rising 
ground  in  the  midst  of  a  low  plain.  It  has  barrack.s,  and  an 
endowed  school.  The  town  is  in  decay,,  but  was  formerly 
of  importance.  Here  the  first  Irish  army  of  ''the  Pale" 
.  assembled  in  1641,  preparatory  to  the  commencement  of  the 
civil  war  in  Ireland. 

SWRATAUCH,  svrMSwK,  or  ZWRATAUCH,  ZTra/tOwK, 
a  village  of  Bohemia.  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chrudim.    Pop.  1334. 

SWRATKA,  svrdt'kS,  a  market/town  of  Bohemia,  30  miles 
from  Chrudim.     Pop.  10S8. 

SWYNAKRDE,  swI'naR'deh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  3  miles  S.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1905. 

SWYRE,  swir,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

SYANG,  srdng',  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in 
the  Gilolo  Passage,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Waigeoo.  Lat.  0°  20' 
N.,  Ion.  129°  54'  E. 

SY'BERTSVILLE,  a  post-office.  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

SY'C'.IMORE,  a  post-office  of  Claiborne  co.,  Tennessee,  226 
miles  from  Nashville. 

SYCAMORE,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  3427. 

SYCAMORE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wyandott  co., 
Ohio,  about  45  miles  S.W.  of  Sandusky  City.    Pop.  937. 

SYCAMORE,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  De 
Kalb  CO.,  Illinois,  208  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springlield.  It  is 
situated  in  a  fertile  prairie,  near  Sycamore  Creek.  Pop.  1266. 

SYCAMORE  AL'LEY.  apost-otflce  of  Halifax  co.,  North 
Carolina,  85  miles  N.E.  of  Raleigh. 

SYCAMORE  CREEK,  in  the  N.  part  of  Middle  Tennessee, 
flows  into  the  Cumberland  River  in  Davidson  county. 

SYCAMORE  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Ingham  CO., 
and  enters  Red  Cedar  River  at  its  confluence  with  Grand 
River. 

SYCAMORE  CREEK  or  SLOUGH,  of  California,  rises  in 
Colusi  county,  and  tails  into  the  Sacramento  River  about 
00  miles  below  Shasta  City. 

SYCAMORE  MILLS,  a  post-office,  Davidson  co.,  Tennessee. 

SYCHTYN,  siK'tin,  a  township  of  North  \Vaies,  co.,  of  Flint. 

SYDENH.4.M,  sid'en-am,  a  chapeli-y  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  with  a  station  on  the  London  and  Croydon  Railway, 
8  miles  S.S.E.  of  London  Bridge. 

SYDENHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

SYD'ENHA:*!,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Oxford,  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Woodstock.     See  Owen  Sound. 

SYD'KNHAM  DA.M'AREL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Devon. 

SYDENHAM  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Nanooti. 

SYD'ERSTOXE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

SYDNEY,  sid'nee,  a  seaport  city  of  Australia,  capital  of 
New  South  Wales,  beautifully  situated  on  Sydney  Cove,  on 
the  S.  side  of  Port  Jackson,  7  miles  from  the  Heads.  Lat. 
(Fort  Macquarie)  .33'^  51'  42"  S.,  Ion.  151°  14'  E.  It  stands 
partly  on  a  small  freestone  promontory,  having  Darling 
Harbor  on  the  W..  and  partly  in  a  narrow  valley,  and  viewed 
either  from  the  sea  or  adjoining  heights  on  the  mainland, 
presents  a  very  pleasing  and  even  imposing  appearance. 
During  the  first  years  of  its  exi.stence  it  consisted  of  a  num- 
ber of  paltry  houses,  huddled  together,  or  scattered  irregu- 
larly without  any  preconceived  arrangement,  and  that  part 
of  the  town,  notwithstanding  numerous  alterations  and 
improvements,  is  still  its  least  inviting  quarter;  but  else- 
where the  streets  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  and 
are  so  spacious  that  not  fewer  than  34  of  them  have  car- 
riage-ways of  not  less  than  36  feet,  and  foot-ways  of  not 
less  than  12  feet  wide.  All  these  streets  are  well  paved  or 
macadamized,  and  lighted  with  gas.  The  houses  seldom 
exhibit  munh  taste  iu  their  external  appearance,  but  ai-e 
substantially  built  of  brick  or  stone,  many  of  them  with 
sm.all  but  neatly  laid-out  gardens;  several  of  the  streets, 
among  which  George  street  and  Pitt  street  deserve  special 
notice,  present  ranges  of  handsome  edifices  and  elegant 
shops,  which  may  vie  with  those  in  some  of  the  great  capi- 
tals of  Europe.  It  has  extensive  and  increasing  suburbs 
— W.  Pyrraont  and  Balmain.  across  Darling  Harbor;  E. 
Wooloomooloo  or  Henrietta  Town;  S.E.  Paddington  and 
Surrey  Hills;  S.  Redtern  and  Chippendal;  and  S.W.  Cam- 
perdown.  Newton,  and  the  Glebe.  The  most  important  pub- 
lic buildings  are  the  churches,  which  include  6  Protestant 
Episcopalian,  3  Presbyterian,  2  Roman  Catholic,  6  Metho- 
dist, 1  Baptist,  and  1  Quaker.  The  other  buildings  and  in- 
stitutions most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  government- 
house,  a  very  handsome  structure  of  white  freestone,  in  the 
Elizabethan  style,  and  finely  situated  among  well-wooded 
grounds,  on  a  height  overhanging  "Sydney  Cove;  Sydney 
University,  inaugurated  in  October,  1852,  occupying  a  com- 
modious building,  and  furnishing  a  good  education  in 
classics,  mathematics,  and  natural  philosophy;  a  Roman 
Catholic  college,  a  normal,  and  seyeral  other  superior  schools : 
1872  ' 


the  new  court-house,  and  adjoining  it  the  new  jail,  built  on 
an  extensive  scale,  with  a  due  regard  to  the  classification  of 
prisoners;  a  theatre,  a  museum,  the  legislative  and  execu- 
tive council-chambers,  consisting  of  a  handsome  range  of 
stonefbuildings,  with  a  noble  colonnade,  forming  a  verandah 
and  balcony;  the  new  barracks,  a  large  but  plain  series 
of  buildings;  the  custom-house,  public  library,  public  mar- 
kets, the  benevolent  asylum,  and  two  hospitals;  society  for 
the  promotion  of  the  fine  arts,  and  floral  and  horticultural 
societies. 

The  trade  of  Sydney  is  very  extensive,  and  enjoys  facili- 
ties of  which  few  other  ports  can  boast.  Its  haven,  about 
15  miles  long,  and  in  some  parts  3  miles  broad,  is  com- 
pletely land-locked,  and  indented  by  numerous  creeks,  with 
a  depth  of  water  sufficient  to  allow  the  largest  vessels  to  en- 
ter and  lie  close  to  the  warehouses  which  line  the  shore. 
To  make  the  accommodation  more  complete,  a  circular  quay 
has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  more  than  27,000i.  Nor  have 
the  means  of  defence  been  altogether  overlooked.  On  the 
highest  ground  within  the  N.  portion  of  the  town,  an  ad- 
mirable .site  for  a  citadel  has  been  selected,  and  partly  con- 
structed. Several  other  forts  occupy  commanding  positions 
within  the  cove,  and  were  the  defences  made  complete  by 
erection  of  batteries  on  the  two  lofty  headlands,  about  IJ 
miles  apart,  that  form  the  entrance  of  Port  Jackson  and 
George's  Head,  which  immediately  fronts  it,  a  hostile  ap- 
proach by  .sea  might  justly  be  regarded  as  all  but  impossible. 

The  principal  exports  of  Sydney  are  gold,  wool,  tallow,  and 
hides,  and  the  produce  of  the  southern  whale  fishery,  par- 
ticularly whale-oil  and  whalebone ;  the  principal  imports  are 
grain  and  provisions,  including  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  &c..  wine 
and  spirits,  soap  and  candles,  wearing  apparel,  fui-niture, 
carriages,  and  various  articles  of  ordinary  manufacture,  as 
ti.ssues,  hardware,  agricultural  implements,  &c.  In  carrying 
on  this  important  trade,  the  laumber  of  vessels  which  en- 
tered the  port  of  Sydney  in  1848.  was  527,  with  tonnage, 
131,086.  The  value  of  the  exports  during  the  same  year 
was  estimated  at  963.590<.;  that  of  the  imports  at  1.182.874i. 
The  following  table  shows  the  extent  of  the  exports  of  wool, 
hides,  and  tallow,  from  1846-7  to  1851-2  :— 

Alports  from  Sydney  of  Wool,  TaUnw,  and  Hides,  from 
1846-7  to  1851-2. 


Skason, 
From  Nov.  1  to 

Total  E.xports  from 
Sydney. 

Total  Product  of  Sydnej 
District. 

Oct.31,eacli  Year. 

Wool. 

Tallow.    Hides. 

Wool. 

Tallow. 

Hides. 

1846-47 

Bales. 
43,5(>5 
46,133 

52.844 
52,095 
48.486 
52,225 

Casks. 
7,988 
10,600 
13.485 
16,2:16 
10,084 
20,157 

No. 
65.1.50 
45,686 
50,066 
72,942 
60,692 
74,110 

Bales. 

42,:i55 

42,»80 
48,692 
48,2W 

Casks. 
7,741 
10,271 

12,577 
15,3-'8 

No. 

1847-48 

45.686 
50,066 
72.692 
68,641 
73,104 

1849-50 

1850  51 

1851-52 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  the  colony  (see  New  South  Wales) 
has  given  an  immense  impetus  to  the  trade  of  Sydney,  and 
added  another  most  important  article  of  export.  The  total 
amount  of  gold  exported  iu  1853,  was  estimated  at  6.000.000Z. 

In  regard  to  the  means  of  transport  within  the  town  itself 
and  in  its  environs,  Sydney  is  by  no  means  deficient.  Om- 
nibuses, hackney-coaches,  and  cabs  are  as  numerous  as  in 
the  larger  cities  of  the  United  States.  Stage-coaches  run 
regularly  to  all  the  most  important  towns;  and  ste.imers 
ply  dailj'  between  Sydney  and  Paramatta,  and  at  longer  in- 
tervals to  Melbourne,  Adelaide.  Launeeston,  &c.  For  ordi- 
nary recreation,  a  large  area,  about  2  miles  in  circuit,  called 
Hyde  Park,  has  been  judiciously  reserved,  and  already 
forms  one  of  the  chief  attractions  of  the  place.  One  side  of 
it  is  apprnpri.ated  to  a  botanical  garden;  the  other,  extend- 
ing along  the  .shore,  and  raised  a  few  feet  above  the  rippling 
waves,  is  laid  out  in  winding  walks  and  terraces,  arbors, 
shrubberies,  and  verdant  slopes.  The  management  of  the 
city  is  vested  in  a  corporation,  which  has  the  power  of  meet- 
ing its  expenditure  by  levying  a  police-rate. 

Sydney  was  founded  in  1788,  and  named  in  honor  of  Vis- 
count Sydney,  the  colonial  secretary  of  state.  It  made  com- 
paratively little  progress  till  the  time  of  Governor  Macquarie, 
who  caused  a  survey  to  be  made  of  the  whole  locality, 
marked  out  a  regular  plan  for  future  buildings,  and  made 
many  other  important  improvements.  It  received  its  char- 
ter of  incorporation  in  1842.  A  railway  has  been  projected 
to  connect  Sydney  with  Melbourne.  Pop.  in  1846,  38,358; 
in  1861.  56,470,  or  "including  suburbs,  93.202. 

SYDNEY  or  SIDNEY',  a  county  occupying  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Nova  Scotia.  Capital,  Antigonish.  Pop.  in  1851, 
13,467. 

SY'DNEY  or  SIDNEY,  an  important  seaport  town  of  Nova 
Scotia,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Cape  Breton,  situated  in  the  E. 
part  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  at  the  head  of  an  excel- 
lent harbor,  having  a  safe  and  secure  entrance,  about  200 
miles  N.E.  of  Halifax.  Lat.  46°  18'  N.,  Ion.  C0°  9'  W.  A  light- 
house has  been  erectud  on  a  low  point  of  land  at  the  S. 
side  of  the  entrance  to  the  harbor,  showing  a  fixed  light  160 
feet  above  the  sea.  Thri'e  miles  above  the  light-house  are 
the  famous  Sydney  coal  Liiues,  which  are  estimated  to  coo- 


SYD 

tttin  2.50  miles  of  workable  coal.  The  thickness  of  the  bed 
worked  is  six  feet.  The  coal  is  transported  3  miles  by  rail- 
way to  a  wharf,  where  it  is  taken  on  board  of  vessels.  At 
the  distance  of  15  miles  are  the  Bridgeport  mines,  where  the 
coal  seam  is  9  feet  in  thickness.  In  1S50.  508  vessels  (tons, 
47.661)  arrived  at  Sydney,  brintrin?  cariroes  valued  at  $50,530; 
3:39  vessels,  (tons.  39,691,)  with  cargr«3  valued  at  $184,530, 
cleared  at  the  port  for  foreign  countries.  The  above  includes 
coal  to  the  value  of  $13,300  shipped  to  the  United  States. 

SYD'.N'ORSVILLE,  a  pos^village  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia, 
160  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 
Sy  KN  K,  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  AsswAS. 
SY'KRSTONK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 
SYIIOON.  si-hcron',  or  SKIIKJUX,  .sA-hoon',  (anc.  Safrun,) 
a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  rises  among  the  mountains  of 
Taurus,  flows  S.W..  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean.    Total 
course,  about  130  miles. 

SYKEHOUSE,  sik'h$ws,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  West  Riding. 

SYKESVILLE.  siks'vlll,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  CO..  Ma- 
ryland, on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  32  miles  W.  of 
Baltimore. 

SYKHARTTZA,  se-Ki-rWai,  a  mountain  on  the  N.  frontier 
of  Greece,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Arta,  5908  feet  in  height. 

SYLACAU'GA.  a  post-village  of  Talladega  co.,  Alabama, 
about  65  miles  N'.  of  Montgomery. 

SYUAtl  or  SIL/AII,  a  fortified  town  of  North-west  Hin- 
doston,  in  the  Baroda  dominions,  on  theGuzerat  Peninsula, 
65  miles  S.W.  of  AhraedaKad. 
SYL'CO,  a  post-ofTice  of  folk  co.,  Tennessee. 
SYr>hyHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
SYIillET  or  SILIIET,  sirh^f,  a  frontier  district  of  British 
India,   presiidenfy  of  Bengal,   beyond   the   Brahmapootra, 
having  N.  the  Cossyah  Hills,  E.  Munnipoor,  S.  and  W.  the 
districts  of  Tipenih  and  Mymunsingh.  Area,  comprising  the 
territory  of  Jynteah,  estimated  at  5350  squtire  miles.     I'op. 
1,083,720,  this  being  one  of  the  most  densely  peopled  por- 
tions of  the  British  dominion  in  the  East, 

SYLtlET,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  district,  and  the 
residence  of  the  principal  authorities,  is  on  the  Soormah,  120 
miles  N,E.  of  Dacca.     Lat.  24°  55'  N.,  Ion.  91°  55'  E. 
SYLL  or  SYL,  a  river  of  Europe.     See  SciiYL. 
SYr^LAMORE,  a  township  in  Izard  co.,  Arkansas.    P.  257. 
SYLT,  an  Island  of  Denmark.    See  Silt. 
SYiyrOE,  sil'tiS  or  siil'to-gh.  an  island  of  Denmark,  duchy 
Sleswick.  off  its  W.  coast.     Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  22  miles. 
It  consists  of  3  narrow  limbs  uniting  in  a  centre.  Pop.  2600, 
chietiy  occupied  in  fishing  and  navigation. 

SYLVA,  sil'vJ.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government 
of  I'erm.    Lat.  57°  30' N.   It  flows  circuitously  N.N.  W.,  and, 
after  a  course  of  nearly  300  miles,  joins  the  Tchysovaia  24 
miles  N.E,  of  Perm. 
SYiy  VA,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 
SYl/VAN,  a  postofflce  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
STLVAN,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Washtenaw 
CO.,  Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Central  Kaili-oad. 
Pop.  1540. 
SYLVAN  DALE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois. 
SYLVAN  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia, 
64  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Milledgeville. 
SYLVAN  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Indiana. 
SYLVAN  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Illinois. 
SYLV.VNIA,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
SYLVANIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Seriven  CO.,  Georgia, 
60  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Augusta. 
SYLVANI.\,  a  post-office  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio. 
SYLVANIA,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Lucas  CO.,  Ohio, 
Intersected  by  the  Erie  and  Kalamazoo  Railroad.  Pop.  1222. 
SYLVANIA,  a  post-office  of  I'arke  co.,  Indi.ana. 
SYLVANIA,  a  post-office  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin. 
SYLVAN'OS.  a  post-office  of  Hillsdale  co„  Michigan. 
SYLVES'TER.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Greene  CO., 
Wisconsin.  35  miles  S.W.  of  M.adison.    The  village  contains 
7(>  dwellings,  1  store,  and  1  hotel.    Population  <jt  the  town- 
ship. 1132. 
SYL'VIA.  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio. 
SYM.BTHUS.     See  GiARRETT.\. 
SYME.    See  Symi. 

SY.Ml,  see'mee,  (anc,  Sy'me,)  nn  island  off  the  W.  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Symi.  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Rhodes.  Lat.  .36°  30' N.,  Ion.  27°  54' E.  l>ength  and 
breadth,  alwut  6  miles  each.  Pop.  estimated  at  7000.  The  out- 
.ine  is  very  irregular,  and  the  island  is  a  rocky  mass  of  lime- 
itone  rising  to  lu(K)  feet  above  the  sea.  Tlie  soil  is  mostly  bar- 
ren, butevery  available  ratch  of  ground  is  a.ssiduously  culti- 
vated, and  the  inhabitants  are  distinguished  for  industry 
»nd  commercial  enterprise.  Symi  exports  large  quantities 
of  sponge  and  wood  from  the  shores  of  its  gulf.  It  has 
three  harbors,  and  a  small  but  thriving  town  of  tlie  same 
name  on  its  N.  side,  with  .about  1000  inhabitants,  and  .some 
remains  of  antifiuity.  Symi  is  subordinate  to  the  Pasha  of 
Ithodes. 

SY.VU.  see'mee.  the  capital  and  only  town  on  the  island 
of  ^ymf.  IS  a  thriving  place  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  on  the  N.E. 
aigie  of  tha  island.    Pop.  about  1000. 
6S 


SYR 

STMT.  QTTLT  OF,  (anc.  Si'nus  DorHdif,)  an  inlet  of  the 
Mediterranean,  on  the  S.W.  coa.=t  of  Asia  Minor,  bounded 
by  two  long  promontories,  the  N.W.  of  which  {Trinpium  Pro- 
mnntnrium)  .separates  it  from  the  Gulf  of  Cos.  Depth  inland, 
and  breadth  at  entrance,  about  27  miles  each.  On  its  E.  side 
are  three  subordinate  bays,  (the  anc.  Tliymnias.  Schcenus, 
and  liuhassius.)  The  shores  are  very  picturesque,  and  on 
them  are  various  Cyclopean  and  other  remains.  At  its  en- 
trance is  the  island  of  Symi. 

SY.M'INGTOX.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr. 

SYMINGTON,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Laii.ark,  33  milea 
S.E.  of  Glasgow,  with  a  station  on  the  Caledonian  Railway, 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Carstairs  Junction. 

SYMMES,  simz,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co_  Ohio.  Poi). 
1107.  '  '  f  •>  f 

SYMMES,  a  township  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  801. 

SYMMES'  COR'NERS,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  4 
miles  S.  of  Hamilton. 

SYMMES'  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Jackson  county,  ami 
enters  the  Ohio  River  about  5  miles  above  Burlington. 

SYMMES'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

SYM'ONDSBURY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

SYMOND'S  HARBOR.    See  Manakoo. 

SY.VIPIIEROI'OL,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Simferopol. 

SYMPLEG.iDES,  sim-pljg'.vdfe,  a  group  of  rocky  islets  in 
the  Black  Sea,  immediately  off  the  point  of  Room-Elee,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Bosporus. 

SYMSO'NIA,  a  post-village  of  Graves  co.,  Kentucky. 

SYNGIIEM  or  SYNGEM,  sln'ohSm.  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
2400. 

SYNTEKHNO,  sin-t^K'no,  a  river  of  Greece,  an  affluent 
of  the  Aspropotamo. 

SYNTEKH.N'O,  a  mountain  of  Greece,  contiguous  to  the 
above. 

SYR  A.  see'rj,  (anc.  Sy'ros,)  an  i.sland  of  the  Grecian  Archi- 
pelago, among  the  Cyclades,  20  miles  N.W.  of  i'aros.  .-Vrea, 
about  55  square  miles.  Pop.  estimated  at  29,972.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  and  near  its  N.  extremity  is  a  peak 
ri.sing  to  4000  feet  above  the  sea.  Many  parts  of  the  island 
are  fertile,  producing  corn,  wine,  silk,  figs,  and  cotton.  It 
forms,  with  the  islands  of  Zea,  Mycone,  Thurmia,  Surpho, 
Siphanto,  Argentiera,  Milo,  and  Sikino,  a  government  of 
Greece. 

SYRA  or  HERIMOP'OLTS,  the  capiiil  of  the  above  island, 
is  a  maritime  town  on  the  E.  shore.  Pop.  (1861),  18,511.  It 
is  built  around  its  harbor,  at  the  foot  of  a  conical-shaped  hill, 
which  formed  the  site  of  the  older  town.  Since  the  Greek 
revolution  many  new  streets  and  houses  have  been  laid  out; 
and  Syra  has  attained  a  rank  for  commercial  importance  in 
Greece  next  to  Athens.  It  is  the  residence  of  consuls  of  most 
European  states,  and  is  a  principal  station  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean steamers  going  to  and  from  Constantinople.  In  1S41, 
1050  vessels,  mostly  Greek,  Turkish,  British,  Austrian,  and 
Ionian,  aggregate  bunien  104.880  tons,  entered  its  port. 

SYR.iCUSE.  sir'akuz,  (It.  ._SliWeitsa.se-re-koo'-83;anc.  5'/- 
racufsa;  Gr.  ^vpaKovaa.)  a  fortified  city  of  Sicily,  capital  of 
an  intendancy,  on  its  E  coast,  in  modern  times  occupying- 
only  the  site  of  the  original  and  smallest  quarter  of  the 
famous  city  of  antiquity,  viz.,  the  island  of  Ortygia,  be- 
tween the  .sea  and  the  great  harbor.  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ca- 
tania. Latoflight-house37°3'N.,  Ion.  15°17'5"E.  Pop., 
which  in  ancient  times  was  said  to  have  amounted  to 
200,000,  is  now  only  10,949.  The  cathedral,  formerly  the 
temple  of  Minerva,  is  of  Doric  architecture,  and  has  liieen  a 
place  of  worship  continuously  for  2500  years.  The  Church  of 
St.  Marcian  claims  to  have  been  the  earliest  in  Europe  for 
Christian  worship.  The  catacombs  and  the  latomio:.  or  an- 
cient prisons,  in  the  quarries  from  wliich  the  materials  of 
Synacuse  were  taken.  In  connection  with  the  kttomim  of 
Neapolis,  may  be  mentioned  the  famous  cavern  known  by 
the  name  of  the  '•  Ear  of  Dionysius,"  along  which,  by  means 
of  grooves  carefully  cut  and  polished,  the  slightest  whisper  Ik 
supposed  to  have  been  audibly  conveyed.  Besides  the  above, 
the  famous  fountain  of  Arethu.sa,  now  used  for  a  washing- 
trough  ;  the  remains  of  the  strong  fortress  Hexapylon,  of  a 
Temple  of  Diana,  and  Roman  amphitheatre,  some  baths, 
walls  gates,  and  the  Palace  of  Sixty  Beds,  constructed  by 
Agathodes,  are  the  chief  vestiges  of  antiquity.  The  .Middle 
Age  citadel  of  Maniaces,  barracks,  a  college,  royal  academy, 
museum  of  antiquities,  and  public  library,  with  num^roun 
churches,  may  be  chiefly  noticed  as  belonging  to  the  modern 
city.  The  noble  harbor  is  admirably  adapted  for  a  cofiimer- 
cial  emporium ;  but  its  trade  is  now  nearly  confined  to  a  few 
exports  of  salt,  wine,  oil,  and  fish.  Syracu.se  was  founded 
B.C.  736,  by  a  colony  from  Corinth,  governed  alternately  as 
a  republic  or  under  kings:  unsuccessfully  besieged  by  the 
Athenians  B.C.  414.  and  taken  by  the  Romans  B.  c.  212:  and, 
after,  a  lengthened  siege  in  878.  by  the  Saracens,  who  partially 
destroyed  it;  but  it  wag  chiefly  ruined  by  the  e;irthquak» 
of  1693.  It  was  the  residence  at  different  periods  of  I'lato, 
Simonides,  Zeno,  and  Cicero;  the  place  where  Hicetas  is  said 
to  have  first  propounded  the  true  revolution  of  the  earth 
and  the  birthplace  of  the  poets  Theocritus  and  Mi'Schus, 
and  the  philosopher  Archimedes,  who  lost  his  life  at  the 

1873 


SYR 


SYR 


enptu  -e  of  tin-  nty  bv  the  Komans. Adj.  and  Jnhab. 

BriiAf  OSAJJ,  fir  a-kO'zan. 

SYRACVSK,  Kli-'a-ktii!.  a  flourishing  city  of  Central  New 
York,  and  capital  of  Onondasa  county,  is  situated  on  the  S. 
end  of  Onondaga  Lake,  and  on  a  creek  of  that  name,  148 
luilos  bv  railroad  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  80  miles  E.  liy  S.  of 
Koehester,  and  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oswego.  Lat.  43°  4'  N..  Ion. 
76°  12'  W.  The  site  is  nearly  level.  The  city  is  regularly 
laid  out,  with  wide,  straijrht  streets  crossing  each  other  at 
right  angles.  The  principal  avenues  of  business  are  lined 
with  handsome  blocks  of  brick  and  stone  buildings.  The 
city  has  2  public  halls,  which  will  seat  2500  persons  each, 
and  are  among  the  finest  in  the  state.  The  situation  being 
more  central  than  that  of  any  other  large  town  in  New 
York,  nearly  all  the  state  conventions  of  the  political  and 
other  associations  are  held  here.  The  principal  hotels  are 
the  Globe  Hotel,  the  SjTacuse  House,  and  the  Yoorheea 
House.  There  are  4  Roman  Catholic,  and  19  Protestant 
churches,  among  which  are  4  remarkable  for  architectural 
beauty,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $125,000.  Twelve  handsome 
buildings  have  been  erected  for  the  public  schools,  each  of 
which  cost  about  $10,000.  The  city  contains  7  state  and 
3  national  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,765,000. 
The  public  press  consists  of  3  daily  and  6  weekly  news- 
papers, besides  several  monthly  periodicals.  Borne  of  these 
ai-e  devoted  to  religious  and  literary  subjects. 

From  its  position,  Syracuse  enjoys  great  facilities  for  trade. 
The  Erie  Canal,  completed  in  1825,  passes  through  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  city,  E.  and  AV.,  and  is  intersected  at  right 
angles  by  the  Oswego  Canal,  extending  N.  to  Lake  Ontario. 
The  Central  Railroad  of  New  York,  forming  the  great 
thoroughfare  from  Albanj'  to  Buffalo,  here  divides  into  two 
branches,  one  leading  directly  to  Rochester,  and  the  other 
p\irsuinga  more  circuitous  route  via.  Auburn  and  Geneva. 
The  Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad,  and  the  Syracuse  and 
Binghamton  Railroad,  also  terminate  at  this  place,  connect- 
ing it  with  the  towns  indicated  by  their  names.  Two  other 
railroads  are  projected  to  Sacketfs  Harbor  and  to  Newburg. 
Plank-roads  diverge  to  various  points  in  Onondaga,  and  in 
the  adjoining  counties.  Here  terminates  the  long  level  of 
the  Eiie  Canal,  69|  miles  in  length. 

Syracuse  is  remarkable  as  the  seat  of  the  most  extensive 
and  valuable  salt  manufactures  in  the  United  Stat«8.  The 
land  containing  the  .saline  springs  is  owned  by  the  state, 
and  is  leased  free  of  rent,  to  be  used  only  for  this  manufac- 
ture. The  wells  are  dug,  and  the  water  pumped  at  the  ex- 
pense of  tbe  state,  and  the  manufacturer  pays  a  duty  of  1 
cent  per  bushel.  Originajly  the  duty  was  12^  cents ;  then 
for  many  years  prior  to  1846,  it  was  6  cents  per  bushel. 
Some  of  the  wells  are  sunk  to  the  depth  of  400  feet.  Fine 
salt  is  prepared  by  boiling,  and  coarse  by  solar  evapora- 
tion. In  IStiS  the  naniher  of  manufactories  of  salt  in  this 
vicinitj'  was  316.  The  whole  quantity  produced  in  1861,  Wiis 
stated  at  9.053,874  bushels;  in  1S64  the  aggregate  amounted 
to  7,378,8:i4  bu-shels.  An  experiment  has  recently  been 
made,  by  the  order  of  the  .secretary  of  war,  for  the  purpose 
of  testing  the  relative  value  of  the  Onondaga  and  Turk's 
Island  salt,  the  result  of  which  proved  that  the  salt  of  home 
manufacture  was  fully  equal  to  the  foreign,  Syracu.se  also 
contains  a  variety  of  other  manufactures,  the  most  viilualile 
productions  of  which  are  machinery,  steam-engines,  farming 
implements,  stoves,  woollen  goods,  leather  and  flour. 

History. — The  township  of  Salina,  in  which  Syracuse  was 
situated,  was  formed  in  1809.  A  post-office  was  established 
here  in  1820.  prior  to  which  time  the  place  was  called  Cossit's 
Corners,  and  then  Corinth.  In  1820,  the  village  conteiued 
3  stores,  2  taverns,  and  2.50  inhabitants.  On  April  13th, 
1825,  it  was  incorporated  as  a  village,  and  in  1848  as  the 
city  of  Syracuse,  including  the  contiguous  village  of  Salina, 
situated  on  the  margin  of  Onondaga  Lake,  about  1  mile  N. 
of  the  centre  of  the  city.  Salina  Village  was  incorporated 
iu  1824.  It  appears  that  the  growth  of  this  town  was  never 
mure  rapid  than  at  the  present  time.  Pop.  in  1S40,  about 
6500;  in  1850,  22,271;  in  1855,  25,226;  in  ISCO,  28,119;  and 
in  1865  abovit33,000. 

SYRACUSE,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  at 
the  outlet  of  Turkey  Lake,  128  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Indiana- 
polis. 

SYRACUSE,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co .  Hlinois,  70  miles 
W.  of  Chicago. 

SYR'ESn.VM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

SYRIA,  slr'e-.>(Turk.5/(amr*i.yrfi. shim  ve-lI-A'tee;  Arab. 
Es  Sliam.  fes-shi'm;  It.  Soria,  so-ree'i:  Fr.  Syne,  seeVe^:  Ger. 
Si/riim.  see're-gn,)  a  country  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  between  lat. 
31°  and  37=  N.,  Ion.  33° 30'  and  39°  E. ;  and  bounded  W.  by  the 
Mediterranean;  N.  by  the  Taurus  range,  separating  it  from 
Asia  Minor;  N.E.by  the  Euphrates;  E.  by  the  Syrian  Desert ; 
S.E.  and  S.  by  Arabia,  and  S.W.  by  Egypt.  Greatest  length, 
from  N,  to  S.,  about  420  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  190 
miles.  Area,  nearly  50,000  square  miles.  The  coast  has  some 
low,  sandy  tracts ;  but  is  in  general,  though  not  deeply  in- 
dented, lofty  and  precipitous,  rising,  particularly  in  Mount 
Carmel,  to  the  height  of  3000  feet.  It  has  few  g6od  harbors, 
and  is  often  lined  with  shelves,  which  make  its  navigation 
iaugerous.  Th.>  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  interior  is  a 
1S74 


mountain  chain,  which,  continued  from  the  Sinai  Peninsula 
in  theS..  stretches  over  the  whole  length  of  the  country,  till  it 
becomes  linked  with  the  Taurus  in  the  N.  The  S.  part  of  this 
chain,  where  it  enters  P.ilestine.  con.sists  of  two  parallel 
ranges.  The  W.  range,  becoming  less  elevated  as  it  proceeds 
N.,  assumes  the  form  of  a  plateau,  which  has  an  average 
height  of  about  2500  feet  in  the  vicinity  of  Jertisalem,  but 
afterwards  sinking  rapidly. has  at  the  N.extremity  of  the  plain 
of  Esdraelon.  near  the  foot  of  Jlount  Tabor,  a  height  of  rather 
less  than  480  feet.  At  this  point,  however,  it  assumes  a  new 
elevation,  and,  taking  the  name  of  Lebanon  or  Libanus, 
att.iins  in  its  culminating  point  the  height  of  near  12.000 
feet.  The  E.  range  forms  a  continuation  of  the  great  chain 
of  West  Arabia,  pursues  the  same  diiection  as  the  W.  range, 
and  though  it  also  rests  on  a  plateau  which,  towards  Damas- 
cus, has  a  height  of  above  2000  feet,  is  in  general  of  mcde- 
rate  elevation.  On  approaching  Libanus  it  takes  the  name 
of  Anti-Libanus,  the  only  space  between  them  being  occu- 
pied bj'  a  longitudinal  valley,  kno^n  by  the  name  of  Coele- 
Syria,  Notwithstanding  its  much  lower  average  elevation, 
the  culminating  point  of  the  whole  chain  occurs  in  Anti- 
Libanus,  which,  in  Jebel-el-Sheik,  alx)ut  30  miles  W.  of  D.v 
m.ascus,  attains  a  height  variously  estimated,  by  some  at 
10.000  feet,  and  by  others  at  more  than  12,000  feet.  This 
mountain  is  visible  from  almost  all  parts  of  Syria,  and  forms 
an  important  landmark  for  the  guidance  of  its  caravans. 

The  above  mountain  chain  divides  Syria  into  three  re- 
gions: a  Western  region,  consisting  of  a  narrow  belt  of  lo%v- 
land,  extending  between  the  se;v  and  the  mountaiu.s.  in 
some  places  sandy,  but  generally  fertile;  a  central,  occupied 
by  the  principal  mountains  of  the  chain :  and  an  Eastern, 
consisting  for  the  most  part  of  a  bare,  arid,  sandy  plateau, 
occasionally  relieved  by  a  few  oases. 

The  principal  rivers  are  the  Euphrates.  confine<l  to  a  part 
of  the  N.E.  frontier;  and  the  Jordan  or  Ghor,  which,  rising 
on  the  N.  of  Jebel-el-Sheik.  continues  its  course  almost  due 
S.  through  a  valley  remarkable,  particularly  in  its  S.  part, 
for  its  great  depth  below  the  level  of  the  sea.  In  the 
course  of  the  Jordan  are  the  lakes  of  Merom  and  Tiberi.H*, 
the  latter  celebrated  as  the  scene  of  some  of  our  Saviour's 
miracles:  and  at  its  mouth  is  the  far  larger  lake  of  theDeacJ 
Sea,  which  also  occupies  a  memorable  place  in  Scripture 
history,  and  still  attests,  in  the  volcanic  rocks  lining  its 
shores,  and  the  mineral  ingredients  of  its  watei-s,  the  feai^ 
ful  catastrophe  which  overthrew  and  buried  the  cities  of 
the  plain. 

The  surface  being  very  uneven,  the  climate  and  products 
vary  greatly  within  short  distances.  Along  the  coasts  the 
heat  is  great,  and  the  orange,  banana,  and  date  flourish, 
while  the  summits  of  the  mountains  are  seen  covered  with 
snow.  In  the  N.,  and  on  the  elevated  plain  E.  of  the  moun- 
tains, the  climate  is  colder;  but  at  Aleppo  frosts  are  seldom 
severe,  and  snow  rarely  lies  on  the  ground  for  more  than  a 
day  at  a  time.  The  corn  is  nearly  ripe  early  in  May  ;  and 
from  June  to  September  summer  heats  prevail,  unbroken 
bj^  any  rain,  though  tempered  in  the  'W.  by  sea  breezes. 
The  samiel,  a  wind  like  the  simr,om  of  the  de.sert,  sometimes 
occurs  at  this  season,  and  shocks  of  earthquakes  are  fre- 
quent. Heavy  rains  occur  in  spring  and  autumn,  and  the 
trees  frequently  retain  their  foliage  till  the  beginning  of 
December,  Syria  comprises  a  large  extent  of  very  produc- 
tive soil.  What  is  called  the  "  desert''  is  not  a  sandy  waste, 
but  a  region  destitute  of  settled  inhabitants  and  villasres, 
yet  with  a  surface  of  fine  black  mould,  covered  with  rank 
grass  and  herb.s,  affording  cover  for  numerous  wild  animals, 
and  pasturage  for  many  flocks  and  herd.s,  fed  there  by  wan- 
dering Bedouins.  It  is  stated  that  the  country  is  capat'le 
of  producing  sufRcient  to  maintain  ten  times  its  present 
population ;  yet  such  is  the  rude  method  of  agriculture,  the 
depressed  condition  and  insecurity  of  the  rural  population, 
and  the  uncertainty  of  taxation  and  government  regula- 
tions, that  in  bad  years  corn  must  frequently  be  imported 
from  Egypt  and  elsewhere.  Wheat,  barley,  maize,  millet, 
lentils,  and  sesamum  are  raised  in  the  plains,  principally  iu 
the  Haooran,  (Hauran.)  which  has  always  been  considert-d 
the  granary  of  Syria.  Cotton  and  the  mulberry  flourish  on 
the  coast,  and  silk  is  produced  on  the  slopes  of  Leb  mon.  The 
cotton  annually  raised  in  the  S.  is  estimated  to  amount  in 
value  to  $1,750,000;  and  about  1700  c.-int.-irs  of  s  Ik,  10.700 
cantars  of  tobacco,  from  8000  to  10.000  cantars  of  giill-nuts, 
and  300  cantars  of  madder-roots,  are  annu.illy  produced. 
The  other  chief  products  are  sheeps'-wool,  olive-oil,  sugar, 
indigo,  scaniniony  and  other  gums,  safflower,  dates,  timber, 
hides  and  skins.  Sheep  and  other  live  stock  form,  as  in 
antiquity,  a  chief  part  of  the  wealth  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  forests  are'  extensive,  and  include  among  their  trees, 
though  now  onlj'  to  a  limited  extent,  the  famous  cedars  of 
Lebanon.  The  chief  domestic  animals  are  camels,  oxen, 
goats,  sheep,  mules,  asses,  and  horses.  Game  is  plentiful; 
and  the  bees  yield  honej'  in  such  abundance,  and  of  such 
excellent  quality,  as  to  form  an  important  branch  of  rural 
economy.  The  minerals,  as  well  as  the  general  geology  of 
the  country,  have  been  imperfectly  explored ;  the  only  metal 
of  any  consequence  appears  to  be  iron. 

Manufactures  are  in  a  very  langui.-;hing  condition.    Da- 


SYR 

masras  has  about  4000  looms  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  i^illcs.  and  the  same  niauufkcture  is  carried  on  to  a  cou- 
BiJerable  extent  iu  Aleppo.  Cotton  and  some  woollen 
fiibriis,  shawls,  gold  and  silver  thread  stuffs,  are  also  woven 
there  and  elsewhere,  and  the  total  produce  of  the  looms  of 
Aleppo  is  estimated  at  $1,250,000  in  annual  value.  Gla.ss. 
earthenware,  leather,  and  soap  are  made  in  the  above  and 
(ither  town!!,  and  in  Palestine  great  numbers  of  religious 
ornaments  are  manufactured  for  sale.  Commerce  is  greatlv 
impeded  by  the  want  of  roads,  those  that  exist  being  mere 
mule  or  camel  tracts;  also  by  the  deficiency  of  good  har- 
bors. But  as  Syria  is  on  the  high  route  from  Bagdnd,  JIosul, 
and  Krzroom,  to  Mecca,  caravans  annually  traverse  it, 
bringing  galls,  indigo,  Mocha  coffee,  skins.  Cashmere  shawls, 
and  other  Indian  manufactures;  also  the  products  of  .'Vsia 
Minor,  Mesopotamia,  and  I^ersia,  which  are  exchanged  here 
for  Kuropoan  manufactures  and  cochineal.  The  annual 
value  of  the  exports  by  sea  amounts  to  about  $1,500,000; 
of  imports,  to  $2,500,0(50.  In  1847,  the  imports  from  Great 
Britain  comprised  14,735,054  yards  of  cotton  fabrics,  worth 
$1,589,500;  cotton-twist  to  the  value  of  $304,400:  the  total 
value  of  British  and  Irish  produce  imported  being  $2,076,400. 
All  merchandise  being  conveyed  on  the  backs  of  animals,  it 
is  estimated  that  the  transit  trade  employs  80,000  beasts. 
and  about  30,000  drivers.  About  3500  okes  of  sponge,  fished 
on  the  coast,  are  sent  to  the  ports  of  the  Mediterranean  an- 
nually; the  other  fisheries  are  comparatively  unimportant. 
Latakeea,  Tripoli,  Beyroot,  Csesarea.  and  Jaffa  are  the  prin- 
cip.<il  seaport  towns.  The  trade  of  Syria  is  chiefly  conducted 
by  Christians,  Jews,  or  Armenians. 

The  population  of  Syria  is  estimated  at  2,000,000.  The 
Mohammedans  are  most  numerous  iu  the  secondary  towns 
and  in  the  rural  districts.  The  Druses  are  an  interesting 
and  peculiar  tribe  among  them,  chiefly  agricultural,  but 
partly  occupied  in  domestic  weaving  and  other  manufac- 
tures, and  inhabiting  a  part  of  Mount  Lebanon,  where  they 
live  under  an  emir  or  prince  of  their  own  race.  The  Ma- 
rouite.i  are  also  a  peculiar  people,  dwelling  in  their  vicinity, 
aiul  having  a  patriarch,  12  bishops,  and  numerous  convents. 
The  Metualis  are  Jlohammedans  of  the  Persian  or  Sheeah 
(Shiah)  sect:  and  the  Yezidis,  and  some  other  tribes,  are  ad- 
herents of  idolatrous  or  heretical  creeds.  For  administrative 
purposes,  Syria,  formerly  composing  tlie  four  pashalics  of 
Acre,  Aleppo,  Damascus,  and  Tripoli,  is  now  divided  into 
three  governments  or  eyalels:  Ilaleb,  subdivided  into  four 
provinces  or  livas.  of  which  Aleppo  or  Ilaleb  is  the  capital ; 
Saida,  subdivided  into  eight  livas,  capital,  Saida  or  Sidon ; 
and  Syria  proper,  subdivided  into  four  livas,  capital,  Da- 
ma-scus.  The  government  is  conducted  in  the  same  corrupt 
and  extortionate  manner  as  iu  the  other  pi'ovinces  of 
Turkey.  The  public  revenue  derived  from  taxation  of 
every  kind  is  estimated  at  $2,200,000.  The  chief  cities  and 
towns  are  Aleppo,  Damascus,  Tripoli,  Acre,  Antioch,  Ila- 
mah.  Horns,  Jerusalem,  Nabloos,  Saida,  (Sidon.)  and  Gaza. 

Syria,  at  an  early  period,  became  part  of  the  Assyrian 
Empire,  and  afterwards  passed  to  the  Persians  under  Cyrus, 
and  the  Greeks  under  Alexander.  It  subsequently  became 
the  centre  of  the  empire  of  the  Seleucides,  from  whom  it 
was  conquered  by  the  Romans,  during  whose  domination 
Odenath  and  his  celebrated  queen,  Zenobia.  established  a 
short-lived  kingdom  at  Palmyra.  On  the  division  of  the 
Koman  Empire  into  a  Western  and  Eastern  Empire,  Syria 
fell  to  the  latter,  but  was  taken  by  the  Arabs  in  636.  It  was 
governed  by  caliphs  till  883,  and  then  passed  under  various 
mxsters,  till  it  was  conquered  by  the  Seljook  Turks  in  1078. 
It  was  partly  wrested  from  them  by  the  Crusaders,  who 
founded  in  it  the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem,  which  lasted  till 
12ao,  when  it  waj  taken  by  the  Memlooks,  (Mamelukes.)  who 
united  it  with  Egypt,  and  retained  pos.session  of  it  till  1517, 
when  the  Ottoman  Turks  added  it  to  their  empire.  The  most 
important  events  in  the  modern  history  of  Syria  are  its  con- 
quest by  Mohammed  Alee  in  1833,  and  its  restoration  to 
Turkey  in  1840,  by  the  intervention  of  the  great  European 

powers. Adj.  Svrian,  slr'e-an;   Si'RUC,  s!r'e-jo;  inhab. 

SriuAX. 

SYRIAM.  slrVe-im',  a  town  of  the  Burmese  Empire,  in 
Farther  India,  province  of  Pegu,  15  miles  E.  of  Rangoon,  on 
a  branch  of  the  Irrawaddy,  iu  its  delta. 

SYRIE  and  SYRIEN.    See  Stria. 

SYRMIA,  sir'me-J,  or  SYKJIIEN,  sSSR/me-gn,  the  eastern- 
most county  of  Slavonia,  in  the  Austrian  Empire,  between 
the  Danube  and  Drave.  Pop.  108,500.  It  gives  title  to  a 
bishop.    Capital,  Vukovar. 

SYKOS.     See  Stra. 

SYRTIS.  Major  and  Minor,  two  gulfs  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, in  Afi-ica.     See  Cabes. 

SYSOLA,  sis-so/l3.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  N.E.  of 
the  government  of  Viatka,  flows  circuitously  N.N.W.,  and 
"joins  the  Vitchegda  after  a  course  of  about  200  miles. 

SYS'ONBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

SYSSEELE,  sis'sA'leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
■\Vest  Flanders,  40  miles  E.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1754. 

S  YS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  on  a  branch 
of  the  Midkand  Counties  Railway. 

SYSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 


SZE 

SYTCHEWSK,  a  town  of  Ru>^a.    See  Sitchevk*. 
SY'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
SYZRAN,  siz-rSn',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  78 
miles  S.  of  Simbeersk,  ,n  the  Syzran,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Volga.     Pop.  8000.    It  has  various  factories,  num» 
rous  churches,  and  4  public  schools. 

SZABADSZALLAS,  soh^bOd^s^riasW,  a  village  of  Ilnn 
gary,  district  of  Great  Cumania,  23  miles  S.W.  of  Kecskemet 
Pop.  4220. 
SZ.\BATKA,  a  name  of  Theresiesstadt. 
SZABOLCS,  soh'boltch'.  a  county  of  North  Hungary,  tha 
capital  of  which  is  Nagy  Kallo. 

SZAL.VD,  sdhHod\  a  county  of  West  Hunsary,  N.W.  of 
Lake  lialatony,  and  named  from  the  river  Szala,  a  triliutary 
to  the  lake.     Capital  town,  Szala-Keerszeg.     See  Eoerszeo. 

SZALATNA,  Nagt,  nodj  sChnofuohN  or  VELKA-SLA- 
TINA,  vJl'kOh^  sl(5h^tee'n5h\  a  town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of 
Sohl.  8  miles  E.  of  Altsohl.    Pop.  1401. 

SZALONTA,  soh'lon'tdh\  a  market-town  of  East  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Bihar,  in  a  marshy  tract,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Gross- 
Wardein.    Pop.  7210.  mostly  Protestants. 

SZALT,  sjit  or  s's3lt,  (anc.  Amutlius?)  a  town  of  Syria, 
pashalic  of  Damascus,  at  the  S.  foot  of  Mount  Gilead,  42  niileu 
N.E.  of  Jerusalem.  It  stands  on  the  declivity  of  a  height 
crowned  by  a  fortress,  and  exports  raisins,  sumach,  and 
woven  fabrics  to  the  towns  of  Palestine.  It  has  about  500 
houses. 

SZAMOBOR,  sCh'mo'boR';  or  SOMOBOR,  so'mo'boR/,  a 
market-town  of  Croatia,  co.,  and  12  miles  W.  of  Agram. 
Pop.  2266. 

SZAMOS,  sfih'mosh',  a  river  of  Transylvania  and  Hun- 
gary, formed  by  the  union  of  the  Great  and  Little  Szamos, 
10  miles  N.  of  Szamos-Ujvar,  flows  N.W.,  and  joins  the 
Theiss  at  Olesva.    Total  course,  200  miles. 

SZAMOS-UJVAR,  sdh'mosh'  ooVvdR',  or  ARMENIER- 
STADT,  aR'meh-neer'stdtt,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  co.  of 
Inner  Szolnok,  on  the  Szamos,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Klausen- 
burg.  Pop.  3400.  It  has  a  castle,  and  salt  springs  and 
mines  in  its  vicinity. 

SZANTO,  son'to,  a  market-town  of  North-east  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Aba-uj-var,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tokay.  Pop.  4895. 

SZANY,  soB,  a  town  of  West  Himgary,  co.  of  (Edenburg, 
23  miles  S.W.  of  Raab.    Pop.  2150. 

SZAROGROD,  shd^ro-grod',  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Podolia,  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kamieniec,  on  the  JIaraffa, 
with  a  Roman  Catholic  and  several  Greek  churches,  am^  a 
Basilian  monastery  and  school.    Pop.  6744. 

SZARV.A.S,  siiR'vdsh^,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Bekes,  on  the  Kbros,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Csongrad.  Pop.  1750. 
It  has  a  Lutheran  church,  and  a  high  school. 

SZASZKA,  sds'koh^  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  in  the 
Banat,  co.  of  Krasso,  9  miles  N.  of  Moldova.  Pop.  1600.  Near 
it  are  copper  and  lead-mines. 

SZASZ-REGEN,  s^s-r.VghJn',  a  market-town  of  Transyl- 
vania. CO.  of  Thorad,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Maros,  19 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Maros-Vasarhely.     Pop.  5000. 

SZASZ-SEBES,  Transylvania.     See  Muitf-ENHACH. 

SZASZVAROS,  s4sVl"'rosh\  (Ger.  Broos,  bros.)  a  town  of 
Transylvania,  in  Saxonland,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Maros,  24 
miles  S.W.  of  Karlsburg.    Pop.  3517. 

SZATHM AR.  sOt'maR',  or  SZATHMAR-VARMEGYE.  soO- 
minf  vaR'mJd'yi\  a  county  in  the  E.  and  S.E.  of  Hungary. 
Ai-ea,  2258  .square  miles.     Pop.  235,821. 

SZATHMAR,  NE.METH,  nA'nicV  sof  m|R',  a  town  of  East 
Hungary,  co.  of  Szathmar,  on  the  Szamos.  60  miles  N.E.  of 
Debreczin.  Pop.  15,021.  It  consists  of  Nemethi  on  the 
right  or  N.  bank,  and  Szathmar  on  an  island  in  the  river, 
the  latter  fortified.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  Roman  Catholic 
college,  Protestant  and  Greek  churches,  and  a  trade  iu  wine 
and  woollen  fabrics. 

SZAVA;    See  Save. 

SZCZUZIN,  shchoo'zin  (?)  a  town  of  Poland,  government, 
and  35  miles  S.W.  of  Augustowo.     Pop.  3200. 

SZ?:-CHUEN,  a  province  of  China.    See  Sechuen. 

SZECSENY,  sAV-h5fi,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  ot 
Neograd,  on  the  Ipoly,  2  miles  from  Balassa-Gyarmath. 
Pop.  3380. 

SZEGEDIN,  sJg'M-in^  or  sJg*Jd'een',  or  ZEGEDIN,  a  town 
of  South-east  Hungarj'.  capital  of  the  co.  of  Csongrad.  in  a 
marsh,  on  both  banks  of  the  Theiss.  at  the  influx  of  the  Maros, 
53milesW.N.W.ofArad.  Lat.  40°17' N.,  lon.20°10'E.  Pop. 
62.700.  It  is  divided  into  the  Palanka  or  central  town,  in 
which  the  residences  of  the  merchants  are  grouped  around 
an  old  square  Turkish  fortress,  the  upper  and  lower  tow7is, 
and  New  Szegedin,  on  the  E.  hank  of  the  Theiss,  reached  by 
a  bridge  of  boats.  It  has  a  vast  market-place,  numerous 
churches,  convents,  high  schools,  hospitals,  and  a  Magyar 
theatre.  It  is  unpaved  and  badly  lighted.  Here  are  built 
the  neatest  boats  andbest  floatingmills  in  Hungary.  Szege- 
din has  many  soap  factories,  manufactures  of  woollens, 
leather,  and  tobacco,  a  large  export  trade  in  corn,  rape- 
seed,  and  tallow,  and  imports  of  Tokay  wines,  timber,  and 
manufactured  goods  from  Vienna.  Bohemia,  &c. 

SZFX;iI.^L<)M.  sJsr'OhMom',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Bekes,  SO  miles  S.E.'of  Pesth.    Pop.  5700. 

1875 


SZE 

SZEOVAR,  sJg'vlR',  a  Tillage  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Csongrad, 
80  miles  S.E.  of  Petth      I'op.  4000. 

SZKliEbV-KElltSZTOK,  sA'kJl'  kAVJs'tooR',  a  market- 
tcwu  of  Transylvania,  on  the  Great  Kukel,  12  miles  N.E. 
oJ  Segesvar.     Pop.  4<KX). 

SZKKLER-LAND,  a  subdivision  of  TR.\NSTLT.\?fiA. 

SZEKTSO,  sJkfsho',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Ba- 
ranya,  9  miles  N.  of  Jlohacs,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Danube.     Pop.  3247. 

SZE.MPTZ,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Wartbero. 

SZENICZ,  sA'uits',  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  CO.,  and  44 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Neutra.    Pop.  3000. 

SZENTA,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Zenta. 

SZENT  ANDllAS,  sSut  ou'dr6.sh\  or  SAINT  AN'DRE'W, 
«Jnt  3u'di-A,  a  maiket-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  10  miles  N. 
of  Pesth.  on  the  \.  bank  of  the  Danube.  Pop.  2980.  It  has 
a  Koman  Catholic  and  numerous  Greek  churches.  Opposite 
it.  is  the  island  of  Szent  Andras,  formed  by  two  arms  of  the 
Danulie  at  its  great  S.  bend,  16  miles  in  length  by  2  miles  in 
breadth,  and  of  high  fertility. 

SZENT  ANNA,  (sSnt  un'nOh',)  0  and  Uj,  oo/ee,  two  nearly 
contiguous  market-towns  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Arad.    P.  7020. 

SZENT  ELKK,  s^nt  AMek',  or  STEGERSBACH,  a  village 
of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  on  the  borders 
tit  Styria.  23  miles  S.W.  of  Guns.    Pop.  1725. 

SZENTES,  sSn^t^sh',  a  town  of  East  Hungary,  co.  of  Cson- 
grad, near  the  Theiss,  30  miles  N.  of  Szegedin.    Pop.  15,800. 

SZENT  GYORGY,  s5nt  dyoRdj,  a  royal  free  town  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.,  and  S  miles  N.N.E.  of  Presburg,  at  the  foot  of  a 
castle-crowned  height.  Pop.  3709.  It  has  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  Protestant  church,  a  collesre.  and  sulphur  baths. 

SZENT  GYOHGY,  a  village  of  Hungary,  district  of  Jazy- 
gia.  on  the  Zagyva,  an  affluent  of  the  Theiss,  12  miles  S.E. 
of  Jasz-Bereny.     Pop.  2740. 

SZKNT  ISTVAN.  s5nt  eest\3n',  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Pesth,  near  Baja.    Pop.  2389. 

SZENT  ISTVAN,  a  village  of  Hungary,  8  miles  from  Becs- 
kerek.     Pop.  1608. 

SZENT  ISTVANY,  s6nt  eestV^H',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
00.  of  Borsod,  in  a  plain,  4  milesfromMezii-Kovezsd.  P.  2224. 

SZENT  JANOS,  sSnt  y|'no.sh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co. 
of  Bihar,  on  the  White  KiJriJs,  4  miles  from  Gi-osswardein. 
Pop.  1167. 

SZENT  LASZLO  MAGYAR,  sfnt  lislo  modVOR',  and 
SZE.VT  LASZI.0  NEMETII.  sSnt  la.s'io  nA-mJt/,  two  nearly 
contiguous  villages  of  Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  co.  of 
Veszprim.  13  miles  fi-om  Papa.     Pop.  1200. 

SZENT  LELKK,  sJnt  lA'l^k',  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Tran- 
sylvania, about  4.3  miles  from  Kronstadt.  It  is  the  bead 
station  of  a  military  district.     Pop.  2750. 

SZENT  LORINC'Z.  sent  lo'rints',  a  village  of  Hungary,  20 
miles  from  Tolna.    Pop.  1718. 

SZENT  M.^RIA,  sJnt  m8hVee'oh\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Thither  Danube,  on  the  high  road  from  Csaktornya  to  Also- 
Vidoveez.     Pop.  1618. 

SZENT  MAl^TON,  s5nt  m3B'ton\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Thurooz.  on  an  affluent  of  the  AVaag,  23  miles  N.  of 
Kremuitz.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  synagogue, 
breweiies,  and  6  large  annual  fiiirs. 

SZENT  MARTON,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  12  miles 
S.W.  of  Oedenburg. 

SZENT  M  AKTON,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  37  miles 
S.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2304. 

SZENT  MARTON,  a  village  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theiss,  5 
miles  from  Simend.    Pop.  1807. 

SZENT  MARTON,  a  village  of  Hungai-y,  co.  of  Szabolcs, 
on  the  Ifft  bank  of  the  Theiss.  62  miles  N.E.  of  Debreczin. 

SZENT  MARTON  or  MARTINSBEKG,  maR/tins-b*RO\  a, 
village  of  Hungary,  co..  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Raab. 

SZENT  MAilTON  SZALK.  sjnt  mgR'ton'  silk,  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  circle  of  Hither  Danube,  36  miles  S.  of 
Pesth.     Pop.  2;J04. 

SZENT  MARTON  TAPIO,  sSnt  mdRHon'  tiih'pe-o,  a  vil- 
lage of  Hungary.  35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pesth.     Pop.  2118. 

SZENT  MIUALY,  s6nt  mee'hai',  a  village  of  Hungary, 
Thither  Theiss,  co.  of  Szabolcs,  12  miles  from  Tokay,  with  a 
trade  in  agricultural  produce.     Pop.  4892. 

SZENT  MIHALY  NEMET,  sJnt  mee'hp  ni'mJt',  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Eisenburg,  3o  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Oedenburg.     i^op.  1784. 

SZENT  MIHALY,  0,  5  sJnt  mee'hil'.  a  village  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Temes,  on  the  Bega  Canal,  E.N.E.  of  Temesvar. 
Pop.  2201. 

SZENT  MIKLOS,  sSnt  mee'klosh\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Stuhlweissenburg,  on  the  Sarnez,  12  miles  from  Fold- 
var.     Pop.  1187. 

SZENT  MIKLOS.  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  Thither  Theiss, 
CO..  and  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  2686. 

eZENT  MIKLOS,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capiUl  of  LipUu, 
1876 


SZY 

on  the  Waag.  34  miles  N.E.  of  Neusohl.  Pop.  1700.  It  hiw 
a  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  synagogue,  breweries,  and  salt 
refineries. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  B.A.R,  sjnt  met/klosh' baR,  a  village  of 
Hungary,  Hither  Danube,  co,,  and  32  miles  N.  of  Presburg, 
on  tlie  Miava,     Pop.  2137. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  FERTO,  s^nt  mee^klosh^  fjR'to\  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  co.,  and  22  miles  S  E.  of 
Oedenburg.     Pop.  1746. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  KIS,  sJnt  mee'klo.sh'  kish,  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  Thither  Theiss,  co.  of  Temes,  30  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Arad.     Pop.  1 472. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  KUN,  Hungary,  See  KuN  Szent  Miklos. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  LAITA,  sjnt  mee^ilosh'  Wt6h\  a  vil- 
lage of  Hungary,  Thither  Danube,  co,  of  Oldenbui-g,  near  the 
Levta  or  Laithjv.     Pop.  12.59. 

SZENT  MIKLOS,  NAGY.  nodj  sint  meenvlosh\  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  in  Thither  Danube,  co.  of  Torental,  35 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Arad,  on  the  Maros.  It  contains  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  a  Greek  non-united  parish  church,  and  a 
practico-econoniical  industrial  school.     Pop.  14.222. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  SZIGET,  s5nt  mee/UlOsh'  sig'Jt\  a  vil- 
lage of  Hungary,  4  miles  S.  of  Pesth.,  on  an  island  formed 
by  the  left  arm  of  the  Danube,     Pop.  1803. 

SZENT  MIKLOS  TOROK,  sent  mee'klosh'  toViik',  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Heves,  68  miles  S.W.  of 
Debreczin.     Pop.  9101. 

SZENT  RATZ  MARTONY,  sjnt  r.Jts  mgR'toi5\  a  village  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal,  25  miles  S.W,  of  Temesvar,  Pop. 
2066, 

SZENT  VACZ  LASZLO,  sjnt  vSts  UsW,  a  village  of  Hun- 
gar}-,  Hither  Danube,  co,,  and  20  miles  from  Pesth.     P.  1050. 

SZERED,  sAVJd',  a  town  of  North-west  Hungary,  co.  of 
Presburg,  on  the  Waag,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Presburg,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  It  has  a  castle  of  the 
Prince  Esterhazy.    Pop.  2900. 

SZESZUPPE,  shi-shoop'pA,  a  river  of  Poland  and  East 
Prussia,  joins  the  Niemen  6  miles  E.  of  Ragnit.  after  a  N.W. 
course  of  140  miles.     Principal  affluent,  the  Schirwind. 

SZEXARD,  s6x\">Rd'.  a  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  the  co. 
of  Tolna,  on  the  Sai-viz,  near  the  Danube,  50  miles  S.E.  of 
Lake  Balatony.     Pop.  81.50. 

SZIAB.XK,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Tchabuak. 

SZIOET-G  YOR  Y,  see'gh^O  dy6'ree\  is  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.,  and  6  miles  N.W.  of  Raab.     Pop.  2700. 

SZIGETH,  see'gh6t\  (sometimes  written  ZIGET.)  a  town 
of  Hungary,  capital  of  the  CO.  of  Marniaros,  on  the  Theiss,  16 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Tecso.     Pop.  7000.    Near  it  are  salt  mines. 

SZIGETVAR,  see'ghJtVjR/,  a  village  of  South-west  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Sumeg,  (Schumeg,)  21  miles  W.  of  Eiinfkirohen. 
Pop.  3520. 

SZIV.'VCZ.  see'vits\  two  united  villages  of  Hungary,  co,  of 
Bacs,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zombor.    Pop.  6865. 

SZMYGIEL,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.    See  ScHMiEfiEL 

SZ01iOSZLO,.so'bos'slo\  or  HAIDUCKENSTADT.  hi'd<wk- 
kfn-stdtt,  a  free  town  of  East  Hungary,  in  the  H.iiduck  di» 
trict.  12  miles  S.W.  of  Debreczin.     Pop.  13,806. 

SZOLLOS  GY'OROK,  sSriosh'  dyoViik',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Sumegh,  near  Lake  Balatony,  103  miles  S.W. 
of  Pesth,     Pop,  1660, 

SZOLLOS,  Naqt,  nSdj  sSri8sh',  a  market-town  of  North- 
east Hungary,  42  miles  W.N.W.  of  Szigeth.    Pop.  2052. 

SZOLNA,  sol'n6h\  or  ZSOLNA,  (Ger.  Sillein,  sil'line.)  a 
walled  town  of  North-west  Hungary,  co.,  and  35  miles  N.E. 
of  Trentschin,  on  the  Waag.    Pop.  2400. 

SZOLNOK,  sornok',  a  market-town  of  Hungarv,  co.  of 
Heves.  on  the  Theiss,  54  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pesth.    Pop.  11.600. 

SZOLNOK,  IKNER  and  Middle,  two  ceun  ties  of  Trausyl- 
vania,  watered  by  the  Szamos  and  its  affluents. 

SZOMOLNOK,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Sohmolnitz, 

SZONY,  siifl,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  S  miles 
S.E.  of  Comorn.    Pop.  1702. 

SZORGOM,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.    See  Smoroom, 

SZRENSK,  shrJnsk,  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and 
35  miles  N,N.E.  of  Plock,     Pop,  1000, 

SZKODA,  a  town  of  Prussia,    See  Schroda, 

SZTANICSICS.  std^neeVhitch',  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
co,  of  Bacs,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Zambor,     Pop,  4572, 

SZTAP.-VR,  stOh'piR'(?)  is  a  village  of  Hungary,  co,  ol 
Bacs.  8  miles  S.S,E,  of  Zombor,    Pop.  3040. 

SZUBIN,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.    See  Schibix, 

SZURUL,  sooVool',  the  highest  mountain  of  (be  Lower 
Carpathians,  between  Transylvania  and  Wallachia,  near 
the  Rothenthurm  Pass.     Height,  7647  feet. 

SZWABENICZE,  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Schwabenitz. 

SZYDLOW,  snid^ov,  a  small  town  of  Poland,  pi-ovince, 
and  24  miles  S.E.  of  Kielce. 

SZYDLOWIEC,  shidlo've-Sts,  a  small  town  of  Poland 
government,  and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Radom.    Vo\   16U . 


TAA 


TAB 


T 


I^AAS,  TABS  or  TAEZ.  t|z  or  tds,  a  fortified  town  of 
.  Arabia,  in  Yemeu,  55  miles  E.N.E.  of  Moclia.  It  has 
numerous  mosques. 

TAASINGK.  to'singVhgh.  written  also  THOIISENGE,  an 
Island  of  Denmark,  immediately  S.  of  Funen.  Area.  27 
square  uiile.s.  Pop.  4300.  Surface  undulating,  and  liijchly 
fertile.    On  its  W.  side  is  the  village  of  Troense.     Pop.  700. 

TAB.  tdb,  called  also  ZOHKKU  and  ZORKTH,  (anc. 
Oroaltist  or  Arn/.tis  f)  a  river  of  Persia,  separates  the  pro- 
vinces of  Kars  and  Kh(X)zistan,  and.  after  a  W.  course  of  150 
milec.  *nters  the  Persiau  Gulf  near  its  X.  extremity. 

TAItj:.     See  Tabas. 

TAHAKCA.  ta-baR'kl  or  NUEVA  TABA1«3A.  nwA'ra  tl- 
baR'k/i.  or  ISLA  PLANA,  ees/li  pid'ni,  a  small  island  in  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  coast  of  Spain,  province,  and  5  miles  .S. 
of  Alicante.  Lat.  38°  9'  N.,  Ion.  0°  30'  W.,  about  IJ  miles  iu 
leni;th.  and  5  furlongs  in  breadth.     Pop.  500. 

TABARKEYAH  or  TABAlilYEir.tibVree'ya.  written  also 
T.\B.\1{IA.  (anc.  Tihi'lrias,)a.  town  of  Palestine,' pashalic.  and 
27  miles  E.S.E.  of  Acre,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  Lake  ofTibe- 
ri;is.  It  is  seated  on  a  narrow  strip  of  undulating  land,  lie- 
tween  the  lake  and  a  mountain  knot  connected  with  Mount 
Tabor,  (or  Tubar;)  and  it  is  enclosed  landward  by  a  strong 
wall  Hanked  with  towers.  Previous  to  a  disastrous  earth- 
luake,  iu  1837,  it  had  about  2000  inhabitants:  when  visited 
soon  afterwards  by  Messrs.  Uobinson  and  Smith,  it  was 
found  partially  ruined,  filthy,  and  miserable.  The  principal 
edifice  is  a  castle  at  its  N.W.  extremity.  Near  it  are  some  hot 
baths,  adjacent  to  which  is  a  palace,  erected  in  1833  by 
Ibraheem  Pasha,  during  the  Egyptian  occupation  of  Syria. 

XABAREKYEII,  TABARIYEU,  TABAKIA  or  OEN- 
NES.\i{KTn.  Lake  or  Sea  of.  (called  in  Scripture,  the  Sea 
of  Galilee,  or  of  Tiberias,)  a  famous  lake  of  Palestine,  form- 
ing part  of  its  E.  boundary,  between  lat.  32°  45'  and  32° 
5ti'  N'.,  and  in  Ion.  35°  35'  E.  Shape,  somewhat  oval. 
Length.  14  miles ;  greatest  breadth.  H  miles ;  depression 
below  the  .Mediterrane;in.  755  feet.  It  is  traver.^ed  through- 
out from  N.  to  S.  by  the  river  Jordan.  Shores  steep,  but 
not  precipitous:  this  lake  has  neither  the  imposing  scenery 
which  characterizes  the  De.ad  Sea.  nor  any  remarkable  pic- 
turesque beauty.  But  its  surface  and  environs  derive 
considerable  interest  from  being  the  scenes  of  numerous 
miracles  recorded  in  the  life  of  the  Founder  of  Christianity ; 
and  around  it  were  anciently  the  cities  of  Tiberias,  5lag- 
dala,  Capernaum,  Chorazin,  and  Bethsaida,  all  of  which, 
except  Tilierias.  have  wholly  disjippeared.  Its  vicinity  pre- 
sents numerous  traces  of  volcanic  action:  and  its  waters 
are  liable  to  be  affected  by  sudden  tempests,  one  of  which 
is  recorded  in  Holy  Writ. 

TAB  AS.  tJ'bii8\orTUBBUS,  tfiVbiis'.  (anc.  Taha-..)  a  forti- 
fied town  of  Kast  Persia,  province,  and  155  miles  .V.K.  of  Yezd. 
Its  interior  is  a  mass  of  ruinous  hut.s,  inhabited  by  100 
tamilies. 

TABA.SCO,  ta-oas'ko,  or  GRT.IALDO,  gre-nJl'Di.  a  river  of 
the  Mexican  Confederation,  departments  of  Chiapas  and 
Tabasco,  after  a  .\.  course  of  250  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Lat.  18°  35'  N..  Ion.  92°  37'  W.  AtHuents.  the 
Usumasinta.  Chilapa.  Chilapilla.  and  Tabasquillo.  At  San 
Juan,  its  arm,  the  Chiltepec.  proceeds  direct  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  it  is  said  to  be  navigable  tor  70  or  80  leagues 
above  that  town. 

TABASCO,  tJl-Bis'ko,  a  state  of  Mexico,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico:  E.  by  Yuciitan;  S.  by  Chiapas; 
S.W.  by  Oajaca:  and  N.W.  by  Vera  Cruz.  It  extends  from 
lat.  17°  to  18°  40'  N.,  Ion.  91° 20'  to  94°  40'  W.  Length,  from 
W.  to  E..  measured  on  the  parallel  of  18°  N..  about  200  miles ; 
mean  breadth,  about  (W  miles.  Area.  15.600  square  miles, 
being  one  of  the  smallest  states  of  the  Confederation.  In 
proportion  to  its  area  it  has  a  long  extent  of  coast  line, 
containing  among  other  remarkable  indentations  that  of 
the  large  lagoon  of  Termlnos  on  the  N.E..  with  its  beautiful 
islands  of  Laguna,  Carmen,  and  Puerto-Real.  The  surface 
consists  almost  entirely  of  a  great  flat,  sloping  gradually 
to  the  sea,  but  in  many  parts  so  low  as  to  be  subject  to  in- 
undations, which  often  isolate  its  villages,  and  leave  no 
means  of  communication  except  by  canoes.  The  streams, 
though  numerous,  are  short  and  shallow,  and  generally 
obstructed  at  their  mouths  by  bars  and  flats.  The  more 
Important  are  the  Usum.asinta  and  Tabasco,  which,  entering 
from  opposite  sides  of  the  Chiapas,  gradually  converge  and 
have  a  common  outlet:  the  Chiltepec,  Das  Bocas,  Tupilco, 
Santa  Anna,  remarkable  for  the  size  of  its  estuary,  the 
Tonala.  Uspapan,  and  the  Guachapa  or  Paso,  forming  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Tabasco  and  Vera  Cruz.  The  cli- 
mate is  excessively  hot.  particularly  along  the  coast,  and, 
owing  to  the  flatness  and  swampiness  of  the  surface,  very 
iinnealthy  \  Uige  nortion  of  the  state  is  still  covered  with 
primeval  forests  of  oak,  cedar,  mahogany,  and  ironwood, 
with  occasional  open  sp.aces  in  which  indigo  and  vanilla 
are  found  growing  spontaneously.  The  soil  is  very  fertile. 
The  products   comprise    maize,  excellont  sugar-cane  and 


cocoa,  timber,  and  dyewoods  of  superior  quality;  coffee  am 
cotton  have  been  found  to  thrive.  The  principal  exports 
are  logwood  and  cocoa,  chietiy  sent  to  Campeachy.  The  im 
ports  come  mostly  from  the  United  States  and  Havana.  Th4 
streams  abound  with  fish,  and  the  bees  of  the  forests  yield 
large  supplies  of  honey  and  wax.  The  inhabitants  ar» 
chiefly  Indians  of  the  Mije,  Zoque,  and  Cendal  tribes. 
Principal  towns,  San  Juan  Uautista  and  Frontera  d« 
Tabasco.     Pop.  in  1854.  f).3.5S0. 

TABASQUILLO,  tS-Bls-keel'yo,  (the  "Little  Tabasco,") 
a  river  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  joins  the  Tabasco  from 
the  W.,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Frontera.  Its  banks  are  lined  with 
fine  timber  trees. 

TABATINGA,  ti-batin'ga.  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Amazon,  near  lat.  4°  36'  S.,  Ion.  70°  20'  W. 

TABB'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co..  North 
Carolina. 

TABERO,  td'bJRg,  a  mountain  of  Sweden,  10  miles  S.S.W. 
of  JonkOping.     Height,  1129  feet. 

TA'BERG.  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  on  Fish 
Creek,  and  on  the  Rome  and  Watertown  Railroad,  25  miles 
VV.X.W.  of  Utica.  It  has  several  mills,  and  a  plank-road  to 
Rome. 

TAB/ERNACLE,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  Ne~  Jersey, 
about  12  miles  S.E.  of  Mount  IloUy,  contains  a  church  and 
10  or  12  hou.ses. 

TABERNACLE,  a  post-ofdce  of  Marion  district,  South 
Carolina. 

TABERNAS,  tJ-D§B/n3s,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15 
miles  N.E.of  Almeria,  with  4920  inhabitants;  has  coal,  lead, 
and  iron  mines  in  its  vicinity. 

TABRRNAS-I)E-VALLD1G\A,  tl-B^R'nas  dA  val-deeg'nd,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  about  22  miles  from  Valencia 
Pop.  5104. 

TABLAS,  ti/nlls  (?)  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands.  .30  miles 
S.E.  of  Mindoro.  Length,  30  miles ;  breadth,  3  miles.  Lat. 
12°  34'  N.,  Ion.  122°  18'  E. 

TABLAT,  ta'blat  or  tl'bld',  called  also  SANCT  FIDEN, 
sSnkt  fee'den.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  within"  1  mile  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  4160. 

TA'BLE  BAY,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  Green  Point  being  in  lat.  33°  53'  12" 
S.,  Ion.  18°  24'  30"  E.  Breadth  of  entrance,  about  6  miles. 
Cape  Town  is  on  its  S.  shore,  at  the  back  of  which  is  the 
conspicuous  Table  Mountain.  The  bay  is  capable  of  shel- 
tering the  largest  fleet,  and,  except  from  June  to  August, 
always  affords  secure  anchorage.  It  is  defended  by  several 
forts,  and  has  a  lighthouse  near  its  W.  extremity. 

TABLE  CAPE.    See  Cape  Table. 

TABLE  CREEK,  a  post-ofiice  of  Nebraska  Territory. 

TABLE  GROVK,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  Illinois. 

TABLE  MOUNTAIN,  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wick- 
low,  between  the  rivers  Ovoca  and  Slaney.  Height,  2,312 
feet. 

TABLE  MOUNTAIN,  in  Pickens  district.  South  Carolina, 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  natural  curiosities 
in  the  state,  has  an  elevation  of  about  4000  leet  above  the 
sea.  In  one  part  of  it  there  is  a  precipice  of  near  1100  feet 
perpendicular. 

TABLE  MOUNTAIN,  a  remarkable  mountain  of  South 
Africa,  Cape  Colony  and  district,  immediately  S.  of  Cape 
Town  and  Table  Bay.  Height,  3816  feet.  It  is  of  primitive 
formation,  owes  its  name  to  its  peculiar  shape  and  flattened 
summit,  and  is  often  seen  covered  with  a  white  cloud, 
named  the  "  Table-cloth." 

T.\BLE  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  .idams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TAB'LEY,  Netu'er,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

T.iBLEY,  Over,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

TA'BO,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  CO.,  Missouri,  alwut  36 
miles  E.  by  S.  from  Independence. 

TABOA,  td-bo'i,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Beira-Baixa,  on  the  Mondego,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vlseu. 
Pop.  1920. 

TABOA^O,  tj-bo-i'so,  a  town  and  pari.sh  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira  Alta,  15  miles  E.  of  Lamego.     Pop.  840. 

T.A.BOGA,  ti-lKi'gi,  an  islet  of  South  America,  in  New  Gra- 
nada, in  the  Gulf  of  Panama,  10  miles  S.  of  Panama. 

TABOGUTLLA.  ta-BO-gheel'yl  an  island  of  the  Bay  of  P* 
nama,  Ij  miles  N.K.  of  the  island  of  Taboga.  It  is  about  1 
mile  long. 

TABON,  ti-BOn'.  an  island  of  Chili,  off  the  N.E.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Chiloe,  about  lat.  42°  S.,  Ion.  73°  10'  W. 

TABOR,  ti'bor,  (Bohemian,  OUomow,  Ko^mov.)  a  walled 
town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Luschuits,  ao 
affl  uent  of  the  Moldau.  49  miles  S.S.E.  of  Prague.  Pop.  40 13. 
It  has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens  and  paper-hangings 
It  was  founded  by  the  Hussites,  a  sect  of  whom  derive  from 
the  name  of  this  town  the  appellation  of  Taborists. 

TA'BOR,  a  post-office  of  Koaue  co.,  Tennes.see. 

TABOR,  a  post-office  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 

TABOR,  a  post-office  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa. 

1877 


TAB 


TAG 


TA'BOR.  MOUNT,  a  mountain  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of 
Acre.  8  miles  K.  of  Nazareth.  Elevation,  1000  feet  above  the 
rtJjacout.  i)Iain.  It  is  of  limestone  formation,  highly  pic- 
turesque in  appearance,  and  eoram.inding  noble  views.  On 
it  are  numerous  remains  of  ancient  structures,  and  the 
Greek  and  Latin  monks  believe  it  to  have  been  the  scene  of 
the  TransfifTURition. 

T.\r.REl-;Z,  T.\BRIZ,  tJ'breez',  written  also  T.\URIS  and 
TEBHIZ.  (anc.  G<jzlaca,)  a  city  of  North  Persia,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Azerbaijan,  in  a  fine  plain,  on  a  river  flowing  into 
Lake  Ooroomeeyah.  Lat.  .38°  2'  N..  Ion.  46°  12'  E.  Estimated 
pop.  60,000.  It  is  beautifully  situated  among  forests,  and 
is  atiout  3i  miles  in  circumference,  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall, 
and  entered  by  7  gates,  outside  of  which  are  large  suburbs 
and  fine  gardens,  said  to  occupy  30  miles  iu  circuit.  The 
town  is  miserably  built,  and^xcept  its  citadel  and  the  fine 
remains  of  a  mosque,  it  has  no  edifice  worthy  of  notice;  but 
its  bazaars  and  caravanserais  are  extensive,  and  it  is  an  im- 
portant entrepot  of  the  trade  between  Persia,  India,  Russia, 
Constantinople,  and  the  Black  Sea.  In  1840,  the  European 
goods  sold  iu  its  bazaars  were  estimated  at  1.400,000?.  in 
value,  and  Turkish  goods  at  40,000/.  It  is  also  the  seat  of 
some  manufactures  of  silk  stuffs.  It  was  long  supposed  to 
be  identical  with  the  Cnmaca  orSmz  of  antiquity,  but  the 
site  of  that  city  has  been  clearly  identified  with  Tukhti- 
SuLEiM.^N,  125  miles  S.S.E.  Tabreez  is  said  to  have  been 
founded  iu  the  time  of  Haroun-al-Raschid. 

TABRIA,  ta-bree'a,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  in  NyflS,  80  miles 
N.  bv  E.  of  Katunga.    Pop.  about  18.000. 

TABRIZ.    See  Tabreez. 

TACALOA,  tl-kS-lo'i,  a  village  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Magdalena,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Cauca  and  Magdalena,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Mompox. 

TACALU'CHE.  a  post-oflice  of  Marshall  co..  Mississippi. 

TACAMES.  a  se;iport  of  Ecuador.     See  -Atacames. 

T.\CANOVA,  FeejeeArchipeLigo.     See  PaOO.    ■ 

TACA  PE  or  TACA  PA.    See  Cabes. 

TACARIGUA,  Lake  of.    See  Valexcia. 

TAC.ARONTE,  td-ki-i-on'ti.  »  village  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  in  Teneriffe,  3  miles  from  Laguna.     Pop.  .3011. 

TACAZZE,  TAKAZZE.  ta-kat's.-l.  written  also  TAKATSE, 
TAKATSY  and  TECAZZE,  a  river  of  Abyssinia,  st.ate  of 
Tigr6,  rises  near  lat.  12°  X..  Ion.  39°  30'  E.,  flows  N.W.,  and 
near  lat.  14°  40'  N.,  Ion.  36°  E.,  receives  the  Atbara,  which 
name  it  afterwards  assumes  to  its  junction  with  the  Nile,  as 
Its  chief  tributary  at  Ed-dahraer. 

TACHAU.  td'Kow.  written  also  TASCHOW  or  TACIIOW, 
a  town  of  Bohemia,  33  miles  W.  of  Pilsen.  Pop.  29.32.  It 
has  iron  forges,  and  tlie  oldest  glass-works  in  Bohemia. 

TACH'BROOK,  BISH'^P'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

TACIKVRA,  a  post-office  of  Marquette  co..  Wisconsin. 

TACHOW,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Taciiau. 

TACKETT'S  MILLS,  a  post-oflRce  of  Stafford  co.,  Virginia. 

TACK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

TACLAGUR,  tak'la-gilr'.  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  in  the 
llim.tlavas, about  110 miles  S.S.E.  of  Gardokh,  of  which  it  is 
u  dependency.  Lat.  30°  24'  N.,  Ion.  81°  6'  E.  It  is  a  mart 
for  wax.  borax,  wool,  cloth,  gold,  and  tea,  and  the  seat  of  a 
large  lair  in  October  and  November. 

'rACLOB.\N,  ti-klo-bSn'.  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  capi- 
tal of  a  province,  and  on  the  N.K.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Leyte.  at  the  S.E.  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  San  Juanico. 
Pop.  2505. 

TACN.i,  tik'nj,  a  thriving  town  of  Peru,  department  of 
Ai-equipa.  on  the  river  Tacna,  1700  feet  al>ove  the  ocean.  40 
miles  N.  of  Arica,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  in  the  Pacific. 
Lat.  18°  C  S..  72°  10' W.  Pop.  10,000.  It:'  fertile  vicinity 
forms  a  contrast  to  the  desert  tracts  all  around.  The  govern- 
ment has  undertaken  the  construction  of  a  railway  between 
Tacna  and  Arica. 

TACO,  tS'ko,  an  establishment  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany, at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  Port 
Snettisham.  on  the  coast  of  Russian  America,  opposite  to 
Admiralty  Island.  L.at.  57°  54'  N.,  Ion.  13:5°  37'  W.  The 
river  is  ascended  by  canoes  for  100  miles,  and  pursues  a  ser- 
pentine course  between  lofty  mountains. 

T  ACO'AH,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

TACOAUY,  a  river  of  Brazil.    See  TaQUAri. 

T.ACOLNESTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TACO'NY,  Pennsylvanifi,  a  village  included  within  the 
Incorporated  limits  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  Delaware  River, 
10  miles  above  the  State-House.  It  contains  a  depdt  of  the 
Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Railroad,  at  whicli  passengei-s 
piing  eastward  are  transferred  from  the  steamboat  to  the 
cars. 

TACONY  CREEK,  also  called  FRANKFORD  CREEK,  of 
Pennsylvania,  rises  in  Montgomery  county,  flows  south- 
ward, and  passing  the  borough  of  Frankford,  enters  the  Dela- 
waiv  Ither  at  Bridesburg.    It  is  an  excellent  mill  stream. 

T.VCURA,  ti-ko'ri,  a  mountain  of  Bolivia,  department  of 
La  Paz,  in  the  West  Cordillera  of  the  Andes,  near  lat.  17° 
10'  S..  Ion.  70°  W..  and  'rising  18,890  feet  alx)ve  the  ocean. 
The  village  of  lacoiTi.  13.690  feet  in  elevation,  is  at  the  S.W. 
base  of  the  Nevado-de-Chipicani. 
1878 


TACHRONTE.  a  smsll  town  of  Teneriffe.    See  Tacakoste. 

TACUBA,  td-koo'iia.  or  TACUBAYA,  ti-koo-iii'd.  a  town 
of  the  Mexican  Confederation.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Mexico.  Pop. 
2500. 

TACUNGA.  ta-koong'gi.  or  LACTACUNG  A,  Uk-tS-koong'- 
g2,  a  town  of  South  America,  iu  Ecuador,  between  the  Cordil- 
leras of  the  Ande.s,  55  miles  S.  of  Quito.  Estimated  pop. 
10.000.  It  is  built  of  pumice  stone,  and  has  repeiitedly 
suffered  from  earthquakes. 

T.A^CCTU.  ta-koo-too',  a  river  in  South  America,  rises  in 
the  N.E.  of  Brazilian  Guiana,  flows  first  N.,  then  S.W.,  and 
after  a  course  of  about  150  milesi  joins  the  Parima  at  Fort 
St.  Joaquim. 

TAD'CASTER,  (anc.  Calaria?)  a  market-town  and  pirish 
of  England,  co.  and  ainsty  of  York,  on  the  Wharfe,  which  is 
navigable  to  the  town,  and  here  spanned  by  a  bridge  of  9 
arches,  and  on  the  Harrogate  and  Kirkfenton  Railway,  9 
miles  S.  of  York.  Pop.  in  1851,  2.527.  It  is  neatly  built,  .and 
has  a  church  with  a  handsome  tower,  on  the  site  of  an  an- 
cient fortress,  several  Dissenting  chapels,  a  free  gramm.ar 
school,  alms-house,  and  numerous  daily  schools.  In  the  vi- 
cinity are  .stone  quarries. 

TADJIKS.    SeeT.AlJlKS. 

TAD.JU1!AII,  a  seaport  in  .Africa.    See  Tajoorah. 

TAD'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TAD'LOW.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

TAIV.M.VRTON.  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

T.\DMOR,  a  ruined  city  of  Syria.    See  Palmyra. 

TADV.\N,  t^d-vin',  a  village  of  Turkish  Armenia,  pasbalic 
of  Van.  on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  Van,  an  inlet  of  which  is 
Killed  the  Bay  of  Tadvan. 

TAE-CHOW-FOO.  a  citv  of  China.    See  T.4iChow-Foo. 

TAE-SHAN  or  TAI-CHAN.     See  Tai-Shan. 

TAEZ  or  TAES.  a  town  of  Arabia.    See  Taas. 

TAF  or  TAFF,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan, 
ri.sesin  the  co.  and  mountains  of  Brecon,  near  Bn-con  Bea- 
con, by  two  branches  which  unite  near  Merthyr  Tydvil ;  it 
thence  flows  S.E.  between  Llantriss,ant  and  Caerphilly,  and 
past  Llandaff,  to  the  estuary  of  the  Severn,  which  it  enters 
a  little  S.W.  of  Cardiff.  Total  course,  40  mile.s.  Affluents, 
the  Cynon,  Rhondda,  Rhond.afescan,  and  Elwy.  The  Taff- 
vale  Railway  accompanies  it  throuijhout  the  co.  of  Gla- 
morgan. 

TAFALLA,  tJ-fSl'yJ  (anc.  Tiibaliaf)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Navarre,  22  miles  S.  of  P.amplon.a.  Pop.  2912.  It 
has  a  ruined  palace  of  the  kings  of  Navarre.  The  town  is 
celebrated  for  its  salubrity,  and  has  distilleries,  tanneries, 
and  a  large  fair  in  February.  In  1813  the  French,  after  a 
vigorous  defence,  surrendered  this  place  to  Mina. 

TAFELNEH.  ti  ftl'neh.  written  also  TAFELANE  or  TE- 
FELNEH.  a  fortified  maritime  town  of  Morocco,  30  miles  S. 
of  Mogadore.    Pop.  3000. 

TAFELNEH,  CAPE,  of  Morocco,  5  miles  N.W.,  is  a  bead- 
land,  780  feet  aliove  the  sea. 

TAFF.    See  Taf. 

TAF'FECn  AN.  the  "  village  of  the  Taf,"  a  parish  of  South 
Wales.  CO.  of  Brecon. 

TAFFOERI,  tjf foo'ree  (?)  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, between  Celebes  and  Gilolo.  Lat.  1°  N.,  Ion.  126° 
10' E. 

TAFILET.  tJ-fi^lM/.  or  TAFILELT,  t^-fe-lflt/,  written  also 
TAFILLELT,  tS-fe-lMt/.  one  of  the  great  subdivisions  of  the 
empire  of  Morocco,  E.  of  Jlount  Atlas.  Soil  very  fertile.  It 
is  used  as  a  place  of  banishment  for  political  offenders.  The 
town  of  Tafilet,  near  lat.  31°  45'  N.,  Ion.  4°  3'  AV.,  appears  to 
comprise  the  villages  of  Ressant  and  Gourland.  The  gover- 
nor of  the  province  resides  at  Ressant.    See  Morocco. 

T.\FT,  tift,  a  town  of  Persia,  province,  and  55  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Yezd.  Pop.  6000,  who  manufacture  carpets 
which  have  a  high  repute. 

TAFTON,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania,  175 
miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

T.\FrS'VlLLE.  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont, 
54  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 

TAFYLfi.  tdfa-lA',  is  a  village  of  Arabia  Petrsea,  30  miles 
S.E.  of  the  Dead  Sea. 

T.\G.A.I,  td-ghi'.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  36 
miles  W.  of  Simbeersk.     Pop.  2000. 

TAGAl.  ta-ghi'.  (or  SOUVAROV,  soo-vJ-rovM  ISLES,  are 
in  the  Pacific  Oce.an,  Radack  Group.  Lat  11°  5'  N.,  Ion. 
169°  46  E. 

TAGAL,  ti-nSl',  or  TEGAL.  tfh-Hll'.  a  Dutch  residency  of 
the  island  of  Java.  Pop.  240,000.  It  has  iron  forges,  and 
1900  of  its  population  are  employed  in  fishing. 

TAGAL,  a  small  town  and  seaport  of  the  i.sl,wd  of  Java, 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  168  mileu  E.  by  S.  of 
Batavia.     Lat.  6°  56' S..  Ion.  109°  12' E.     Pop.  70i>0. 

TAGANROG,  ta-gan-rog',  or  TAGAN-ROCK.  tl  gln-rok',  a 
seaport  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Yekatennoslav,  on 
the  N.  shore  of  the  Sea  of  Azof  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  Novo 
Tcherknsk.  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Don.  Lat.  47°  12'  N., 
Ion.  38°  57'  E.  Pop.  16,000.  Its  poi  t,  founded  by  Peter  the 
Great,  is  sh.allow,  filled  up  by  the  sa.ids  of  the  Don,  ani  its 
commerce  much  i-educed  since  1833,  whci  Kertch  wai  de- 
clai-ed  the  only  quarantine  port  of    tie  S  ta  of  Aiof.     Tb* 


TAG 

Empwror  Alexander  died  here  in  1825.  The  district  of  Ta- 
ganrog has  a  pop.  of  "0.900. 

TAUAVOST,  tl-gd-vopt',  a  town  of  Morocco,  province  of 
Soos,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Terodant,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tes- 
set  or  Messa. 

TAGEIUVKILEN,  t^'gher-ftrien,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Thurgau,  li  miles  W.S.VV.  of  Con- 
stance.    Pop.  1020. 

TAGGIA,  tild'ji,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  Stites,  division 
of  Nice,  province,  and  4  miles  N.N.K.  of  San  Remo.  It  is  an 
ancient  place,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  Koman  Tahia. 
Taggia  and  the  vicinity  suffered  much  by  an  earthquake  in 
1831.     Pop.  o8S0. 

TAGIIA.MC,  ta-gan'ik,  a  post-town  of  Columbia  co.,  New 
York,  10  miles  S.K.  of  Hudson.     Pop.  1717. 

T.\0UAN1C  or  TAGKHAN'NUC  MOUNTAINS,  a  range 
extending  from  the  Green  Mountains,  along  the  eastern 
boi-der  of  New  York,  to  the  Highlands. 

TAGII'BOY  or  TAUGH'BOY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Roscommon. 

TAGIIKKN  or  TAUGHEKN,  tIrHeen',  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
Connouirht,  co.  of  Mavo. 

TAGIIMACON'NELL,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught, 
CO.  of  Roscommon. 

TAGHMON,  tdh'mon.  a  disfranchised  parliamentary  bo- 
rough, market-town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster  CO., 
7?  miles  VV.S.W.  of  We.xford.   P.  1100.   It  is  poor  and  decayed. 

T.\G1I'M0N.  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster  co.,  Westmeath. 

TAGIL,  ti-ghil'.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  on  the  E.  .slope  of 
the  Ural  Mountains,  36  miles  N.N.W.  of  Yekaterinlxiorg, 
flows  first  N.,  then  E.N.E.,  and,  after  a  very  winding  course 
of  nearly  200  miles,  joins  the  Toora  on  the  right. 

TAGILSK,  ti-ghilsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
13.  of  Perm,  on  a  river  of  its  name. 

T.\GI\1IANNUC  MOUNTAINS.     See  Taqhaxio. 

TA(JLIACOZZO,  tdl-yd-kot/so,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  .tbruzzo  Ultra  ll.,  capital  of  a  canton,  on  the  Ismele,  20 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Aquila.  Pop.  3000.  Near  it,  in  1268, 
Charles  of  Anjou  defeated  Conradin,  son  of  the  Emperor 
Conrad  IV.,  and  put  an  end  to  the  rule  of  the  Hohenstauf- 
fen  dvnasty  in  Italy. 

TAGLIA'MENTO,  tJl-yl-mSn'to,  (ane.  Taavemp>tus,)  a 
river  of  Austrian  Italy,  delegations  of  Udine  and  Venice, 
rises  in  the  Alps,  and  after  an  E.  and  S.  course  of  100  miles 
past  Latisana,  where  it  becomes  navigable,  enters  the  Adri- 
atic Sea  at  Porto  Tagliamento,  near  its  N.  extremity. 
Under  the  French  it  gave  name  to  a  department,  of  which 
Trevi.so  was  capital. 

TjVOLIUNO,  til-yoo'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  12  miles  E..S.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Oglio.  P.  1913. 

TAGODAST,  t4-go-dast/,  a  town  of  Morocco,  on  the  W. 
border  of  .Mount  Atlas,  98  miles  N.E.  of  Morocco.  Pop.  7000. 

TAGOLANDA,  ti-go-ldu'da,  a  small  island  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  about  50  miles  from  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Ce- 
lebes.    Lat.  2°  23'  N.,  Ion.  125°  36'  E. 

T.\GOM  AGO,  til-go-m^go,  an  islet  of  the  B.nlearic  Group, 
In  the  Mediterranean,  immediately  E.  of  the  island  of  Ivi^a. 

TA'GUS,  called  also  TAYO,  ti'o  or  ti'yo,  (Sp.  Tojo,  ta/iio; 
Port.  Tejo,  tA'zho;  anc.  Talgiis,)  a  principal  river  of  the 
Iberian  peninsula,  through  the  centre  of  which  it  flows 
from  E.  to  W.,  between  the  basins  of  the  Ebro  and  Douro 
on  the  N..  and  the  Guadiana  on  the  S.  It  rises  in  the 
Sierra  Albarracin,  on  the  borders  of  Aragon  and  New 
Castile,  in  lat.  40°  3S'  N.,  Ion.  1°  35'  W.:  it  flows  W.S.VF. 
iu  Spain,  through  New  Castile  and  Estremadura,  and  in 
Portug.-tl  between  the  provinces  of  Beira  and  Alemtejo,  and 
through  Estremadura  to  the  Atlantic,  which  it  enters  at 
Belem,  2  miles  below  Lisbon.  Total  estimated  length,  640 
miles.  Chief  affluents,  the  Jarama,  Alberche,  Alagon,  and 
Zezere  from  the  N.,  and  the  Rio  del  Monte  and  Solor  from 
the  S.  At  Punhete.  100  miles  above  its  mouth,  it  is  up- 
wards of  oOO  yards  across,  and  just  above  Lisbon  it  expands 
to  a  breadth  of  about  5  mile.s,  but  opposite  that  city  it  con- 
tracts again  to  less  than  2  miles  across.  It  has  steep  b.anks, 
an  impetuous  current,  and  flows  mostly  through  an  arid 
country.  Its  uses  for  commerce  are  at  present  much  re- 
stricted, it  being  navigable  only  to  Abrautes.  though  at- 
tempts have  been  made  to  extend  the  navigation  to  Toledo. 

T.\I£AL.  ti-il',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  N.N.K.  of  Almeria.     Pop.  1607. 

T.\IIATE,  td-hS'tA.  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  and  a 
beautiful  valley,  9  miles  from  Zebeed. 

TAHITI,  ti-hee'tee.  formerly  written  OTAIIEITE,  a  beau- 
tiful island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  being  the  principal  of  the 
So.nety  Islands.  Lat.  17°  29'  12"  S..  Ion.  149°  29'  W.  It  is 
shout  32  miles  long  from  N.W.  to  S.E..  is  an  elongated  range 
of  highland,  which  being  interrupted  in  one  part,  forms  an 
;  '«thmus  alxmt  3  miles  broad,  connecting  the  two  peninsu- 
as  ;  the  larger,  Tahiti  proper,  and  the  smaller  named  Taira- 
Boo.  From  a  low  margin  of  the  se;>-coa.st,  the  land  rises  to  a 
ver"  -onsiderable  height  on  both  extremities  of  the  island, 
•>ihile  "som"  highly  fertile  plains  or  valleys  intersect  the 
<snees  in  diBerett  parts.  The  highest  summit  in  the  island 
is  SoUU  leet  al>ove  .=ea-level ;  anotiier  attains  6979  feet.  From 
these  two  peaks  ridges  diverge  to  all  parts  of  the  coast, 


TAI 

'  throwing  off  spurs  as  they  descend.  The  fertile  portion  of 
Tahiti  lies  in  the  valleys,  which  are  of  sm.-tll  t-xtent,  and  iu 
the  plain  which  stretches  from  the  se.a-sbore  to  the  spuis  of 
the  mountains.  These  produce  tropical  plants  in  gr-,'ai 
abundance  and  luxuriance.  The  climate  is  warm,  but  net 
enervating.  The  cottages  of  the  natives,  who  seem  fully  to 
appreciate  the  beautiful  scenes  around  them,  are  found  iu 
retired  and  lovely  spots,  and  are  usually  surrounded  by 
neatly-fenced  enclosures.  In  these  are  to  be  seen  growing 
the  bread-fruit,  vi-apple,  and  orange,  and  sometimes  exten- 
sive groves  of  tall  cocoanuf-trees.  The  cottages  are  of  an 
oval  form,  usually  about  50  or  60  feet  long,  and  20  feet 
broad;  the  walls  formed  of  baml)oos:  the  floor  of  natuiaj 
earth.  There  are  no  partitions,  but  tapa  or  matting  is  em- 
ployed as  an  occasional  screen.  The  natives  are  a  gr>od-hu- 
mored.  gay,  happy,  and  cheerful  people,  and  are  further 
described  as  honest,  well-behaved,  and  obliging.  They  have 
been  converted  to  Christianity  by  the  labors  of  missiona- 
ries; and  there  are  now  few  of  them  who  cannot  both  road 
and  write.  The  island  forms  part  of  a  native  sovereignty, 
is  divided  into  seven  districts,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  supreme 
court.  Several  vessels  of  about  130  tons  have  been  built 
here;  these  have  been  employed  in  the  trade  to  .N"ew  South 
Wales,  whither  they  cai-ry  sugar,  cociianut-oil.  and  arrow- 
root, the  principal  productions  of  the  island,  bringing  hack 
in  return  hardware,  cloths,  calicoes,  &c.  Most  of  the  vessels 
that  visit  Tahiti  are  whalers,  averaging  under  100  annnally. 
Tahiti  was  discovered  in  1(06  by  the  Spaniard  Quiios,  and 
afterwards  visited  by  M  allis,  Bougainville,  and  Cf>ok.  Esti- 
m.ated  pop.  9000.  It  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French 
in  1S46. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Tahitiax.  td  hee'te-an. 

TAII'LEyUAir.  a  post-office,  of  Cherokee  co..'Arkansas. 

TAIINA,  ti'nS  or  tdii'ni.  a  town  of  the  Punjab.  125  miles 
N.  of  Lahore,  on  the  route  into  Cashmere,  with  a  large 
serai,  built  for  travellers  by  the  Emperor  Akbar.  Among 
its  inhabitants  are  many  shawl-weavers. 

TAHOORA  or  TAIIURA,  td-hoo'rii,  written  also  KAULA, 
one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.W.  of 
Niban.     Lat.  21°  39'  N.,  Ion.  160°  35'  E. 

TAIIOOROWA  or  TAIIUROA.  tihoo-ro'wa.  written  also 
KADOOLAWE.  one  of  the  Sandwich  I.s'lands.  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  S.W.  of  Mowee,  lat.  20°  .35'  N.,  Ion.  156°  60'  E. 

T.\IIRAH,  tS'rl,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Ilindostan,  pro- 
vince of  Cutch.  30  miles  S.E.  of  Luckput  Bunder.  Lat.  23" 
20'  N.,  Ion.  69°  20'  E. 

TAHTA  or  TAHTAII,  tj'ti  a  town  of  Central  Egypt,  pro- 
vince,and  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sioot.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile. 
It  has  several  mosques,  a  government  primary  school,  and 
many  large  mounds,  supposed  to  indicate  the  site  of  the  an- 
cient HrsripU. 

TAIIUACANO  (tah-wakah'no)  CREEK,  of  Freestone  co., 
Texas,  flows  into  the  Trinity  River  from  the  W. 

TAIIUATA,  ta-wd'tl  or  SANTA  CHRISTINA,  sSn'tS 
kri.s-tee'nd,  one  of  the  Marquesas  Islands,  in  the  I'acific 
Ocean,  S.  of  Dominica.  Pop.  1400.  Coast  abrupt,  and  the 
soil  verv  fertile. 

TAIIURA.  an  Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Tahoora. 

TAIIUROA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific.     See  Tahoorowa. 

TAI,  ti.  the  name  of  .several  towns  of  China. 

TAIABANA,  ti-d-bd'nA,  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil, 
province,  and  50  miles  AV.  of  Parahiba,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Parahiba.    Pop.  1400. 

TAI-CIIOO  or  TAI-TCHOU,  tT'choo'.  a  city  of  China,  capi- 
tal of  a  department,  province  of  Che-kiang,  75  miles  S.W. 
of  Ningpo. 

TAI-CHOW-FOO  or  TAE-CHOW-FOO.  trchowYoo',  a  city 
of  China,  province  of  Chekiang,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
about  25  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the  sea.  Lat.  28°  42' 
N..  Ion.  121°  26'  E. 

TAILLEBOURG,  tSh\vehbooRG'  or  tdrboop./,  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  "of  Charente-Inferieure.  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Charente,  10  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Jean 
d'Angely.     Pop.  1116. 

T.\ILS  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Gilmer  co..  Georgia. 

TAIMYR  or  TAIMUR  CAPE.    See  Cape  Taimoor. 

TAIN,  tAn.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  burgh,  mar- 
ket-town, and  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ro.as,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tain,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Dornoch  24  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Inverness.  Pop.of  the  town  in  1851,  2588.  It  has 
an  old  church,  an  ancient  tower,  a  court-hou.ae.  a  grammar 
school,  and  a  public  reading-room;  various  mills,  an  iron 
foundry,  brewery,  and  a  con.siderable  retail  trade.  The 
burgh  unites  with  Wick,  Dingwall.  Cromarty,  Dornoch,  and 
Kirkwall  in  sending  one  memljer  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

TAIN,  t^NO,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  DrSuie.  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone,  opposite  Tournon,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  a  suspension  bridge,  .and  on  the  railway 
from  Lyons  to  Avignon.  Pop.  in  1852,  2647.  Near  it  excel- 
lent Hermitage  wine  is  produced. 

T.MNTIGNES.  t^NoHeeR'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  H  linaut.  3  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Tournay.    Pop.  2191. 

TAI-OU.iN.  an  island  of  China.     See  Formosa. 

TAI-PE-SHAN  or  TAl-PECHAN^  tl-p.^-shan.  the  name 
of  several  mountains  of  China,  iu  the  N.  provinces,  and  rislajf 
above  the  snow  line. 

1879 


=J 


TAl 


TAL 


T^  I-PIXG,  trping'.  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  a  depart^ 
men'.-  province  of  Ngan-hoei.  on  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  30  miles 
6.W.  of  Nanking. 

TA  I-PIXG,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  a  department,  pro- 
vince of  Quang-see,  lat.  22°  25'  12"  X.,  Ion.  107°  K.  There  are 
other  cities  of  the  same  name  in  the  proTinces  of  Se-chuen 
»nd  Shan-see. 

TAI-PIXG-SHAX,  trpinK'sh^n'.  or  TY-PIXSAX,  trpin"- 
bAd',  the  principal  of  the  Madjicosima  Islands,  in  the  China 
Sea. 

TAIRO  or  TAIAR.4.    See  King's  Island. 

TAI-SHAX,  TAE-SIIAX  or  TAI-CHAX,  trsh^n',  an  island 
of  China,  in  the  Chusjjn  Archipelago.  The  centre  is  a 
densely-peopled  plain,  with  many  villages.  ^ 

TAI-TIXG.  tfting',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Koei-choo, 
capital  of  a  department,  80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kwei-yang. 

TAI-TONG,  trtong',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Shan-see, 
capital  of  the  department,  near  the  Great  Wall,  175  miles  VV. 
of  Peking. 

TAI-WAN.  an  island  of  China.    See  Formosa. 

TAI-WAX  or  TAI-OUAX.  tfwin',  the  capital  town  of 
the  island  of  Formosa,  in  the  China  Sea,  on  its  W.  coast, 
capital  of  a  department,  province  of  Fo-kien,  lat.  23°  S'  N., 
Ion.  120°  22'  E.  It  has  two  famous  temples,  and  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a  considerable  trade  and  of  a  Dutch 
factory,  but  its  harbor  is  now  choked  with  sand,  and  only 
fit  for  vessels  of  light  draught. 

TAI-YUAX,  ti-yoo-dn',  written  also  TAI-Y'UE\.  or  T.^.Y- 
YUEX,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Shan-see,  capital  of  a  de- 
partment on  the  Fuen-ho,  an  affluent  of  the  Iloang-ho,  2.50 
miles  S.W.  of  Peking.  It  is  stated  to  be  3  leiigues  in  cir- 
cumference, fortified,  .and  populous,  and  it  h.as  a  decayed 
palace  which  was  inhabited  by  the  sovereigns  of  the  last 
dynasty;  also  manufiicturesof  tine  porcelain,  ironwares,  and 
carpets.  On  a  neighboring  heizht  is  a  cemetery  of  its  princes. 

TAJAMCLCO  or  TAX.iMULOO,  tl-Hd-mooI'ko,  a  town  of 
Central  America,  state  of  Guatemala,  at  the  foot  of  the  vol- 
cano of  Tajamulco.    Pop.  20O0. 

TAJAKDI,  ti-jaR'dee,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Room-Elee,  on  a  river,  20  miles  N.X.E.  of  its  mouth  at 
Lagos. 

'TAJO,  the  Spanish  n.ame  of  the  river  Tagus,  which  see. 

TAJOORAH,  TA.TURRAH,  til-joo'ri,  written  also  TADJU- 
RAH.  a  seaport  town  of  North-east  Africa,  in  Adel,  on  the 
Sea  of  Bab-el-Mandeb.  X.W.  of  Zevl.a.  lat.  11°  56'  35"  X..  Ion. 
43°  0'  20"  E.  Pop.  from  1200  to  1500.  It  consists  of  about 
300  wooden  huts,  with  2  mosques,  and  it  has  an  anchorage 
adapted  for  large  ships,  but  insecure. 

TAJUNA,  til-Hoon'yd,  a  river  of  Sp-ain.  rises  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Guadalajara,  flows  ivjxmt  94  miles,  and  discharges  its 
waters  into  the  Jarama  about  7  miles  X.  bv  E.  of  Aranjuez. 

TAJURRAH.  a  seaport  of  Adel.     See  TaJoorah. 

T.\K  or  TUK.  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  district  of  Damaun, 
35  miles  X.W.  of  Deiu-Ism,aeel-Khan.  Lat.  32°  14'  X..  Ion.  70° 
50'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  has  a  citadel  mounting  artil- 
lery, and  some  transit  trade,  .and  it  is  famous  for  its  tine 
fruits.  With  its  district,  it  is  stated  to  yield  an  annual  re- 
venue of  15,000J. 

TAK,  tlk,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  140  miles  S.E.  of 
Khoten. 

T.\KA,  tiSOcI,  the  name  of  two  towns  of  Japan,  island  of 
Sikokf. 

TAKATZ.  TAKATZE  or  TAKAZZE.    See  Tacazze. 

T.^KE'LEY'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

TAKIITI  SULEIMAN  (or  SOULEIMAX.)  See  Tukhti 
Suleiman. 

TA-KIAXG,  td  ke-dng',  a  river  in  the  island  of  Hai-nan, 
enters  the  sea  on  its  N.  coast. 

T.\-KI.\XG.  a  river  of  Southern  China.  See  Hong  Kianq, 
and  Canton  River. 

TA-KIAXG.    See  Yano-tse-Kiang. 

T.VKIEX-LEOX.  tA  ke-Jn'  U'on'.  a  fortified  town  of  China, 
province  of  Se-chuen,  on  the  Toong-po-ho,  150  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Ching-too-foo. 

TAKIXOS  (ti'ktvnos')  LAKE,  (anc.  Otrcinet)  a  lake  of 
Euixipean  Turkey,  in  Macetlonia,  5  miles  S.  of  Seres,  and  N. 
of  the  Gulf  of  Contessa.  Length,  15  miles;  greatest  breadth, 
6  miles.  It  receives  the  river  Anghis.>ia.  and  is  traversed 
throughout  by  the  Struma,  (anc.  Strylmnn.)  The  shores  are 
aVirupt,  except  in  the  X.  On  its  W.  side  is  the  village  of 
Takinos. 

T.\KUTU,  ti-koo-too',  a  river  of  Brazilian  Guiana,  rises 
near  lat.  1°  30'  N..  flows  N..  then  S.W.,  and  joins  the  Rio 
Branco  at  Fort  San  Joaq«im,  in  lat;  3°  1'  46"  X.  Total 
course  estimated  at  170  miles.  The  chief  affluents  are  the 
Mabu  and  Zuruma.    Its  banks  are  densely  wooded. 

TAL.  til,  a  river  in  the  X.  part  of  .^firhauistan.  rises  in 
lat.  30°  14'  N.,  Ion.  73°  6'  E..  flows  S.W.,  and  .after  a  course 
of  120  miles  joins  the  Panj-kora  or  Lundye. 

T.\LAB.\X,  ti-lj-idn'.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura, 
province,  and  22  miles  X.E.  of  Caceres.    Pop.  1802. 

TALACH  DDU,  td/laK  THee,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
Ot  IJrei-on. 

TALACRE.  talMTifr.  a  small  port  of  Xorth  Wales,  co.  of 
Flint,  on  the  Dee  estu;iry,  within  li  miles  from  the  Point  of 
IbSO 


I  Ayr.  and  adjoining  the  grounds  of  Talacre  HalL  A  harbor 
and  quay  have  been  erected  here  for  the  export  of  coal  and 
sandstone. 

T.\LAII.4T'AH,  a  small  village  of  Newton  co,  Mississippi 

T.*L.\K.  ti'l^k'.  a  village  of  British  India,  province,  and 
68  miles  S.  E.  of  Aracan.     Lat.  20°  X..  Ion.  93°  3;!'  E. 

TALAMAX  (taid-man')  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  S.W.  coast 
of  Asia  Minor,  X.W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Makree,  (.Makri.)  It  re- 
ceives the  Talanian  River,  (aac.  Indus  f)  and  on  its  shoi-es 
are  extensive  Middle  Aire  remains. 

TALAMOXA.  tl-li-nio'nl  a  village  of  Xortliern  Italy,  2 
miles  E.  of  Morbeirno.  on  the  Adda.     Pop.  2193. 

TALANDA.  td-lin'dd.  a  village  of  Greece,  government  of 
Boeotia,  7  miles  X.  of  Mount  Talanda.  Xear  it  are  the  ruius 
of  Opuf. 

TALANDA.  Channel  of,  TALANTI,  tji-lln'tee,  or 
ATAL.\XT.\,  i-ti-\h\'ti.  (anc.  Euri'piut.)  an  arm  of  the  sea 
in  Greece,  between  the  government  of  Bceofia  and  the  X. 
half  of  the  island  of  Eutitea.  I^ength.  40  miles :  breadth, 
12  miles.  .-Vt  its  W.  extremity  it  communicates  with  the 
Gnlf  of  Molo  or  Zeitoun,  and  at  its  S.E.  end  with  the  Chan- 
nel of  Euboea. 

TALANDA,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
above  channel.  11  miles  in  breadth  at  its  entrance.  It  con- 
tains the  island  of  Talanda. 

TALANDA.  .MOU.XT,  in  the  government  of  Boeotia.  4 
miles  N.  of  the  Lake  Topolias.  Height,  3547  feet.  It  is  also 
called  Mount  Kblomo. 

TALARRUBIAS  or  TALLARRUBIAS.  ti-laR-R0on>e-l8, 
(anc.LacijM'f  ?)  a  town  of  Spain,  86  miles  E.  of  Badajos.  P.  2690. 

T.\LASH'.\.  a  village  of  .\ewton  co.,  Mississippi. 

TALAVEKA  DE  LA  REYNA.  Xi-Xk-yk'ri  Ak  \i.  r.i-ee'na.  a 
city  of  Spain,  province,  and  37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Toledo,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Tagus.  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  35 
arches.  Pop.  6363.  Its  buildings  are  interspersed  with 
many  Moorish  towers.  It  has  numerous  churches,  con- 
vents, hospitals,  schools  of  Latin  and  philosophy,  manufac- 
tures of  silks,  earthenwares,  leather,  and  so;ip.  and  two  large 
annual  fiiirs.  Here,  on  the  27th  and  2Sth  of  July,  1809.  the 
Engli.sh  and  Sp-inish  troops  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
totall)'  defeated  the  French  under  Joseph  Bonaparte  and 
Marshals  Jourdain  and  Victor. 

TALAVERA  LA  REAL,  td-ld-vi'ri  1.4  ri-^il'.  a  town  of 
Spain,  9  miles  E.  of  Badajos.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Gua- 
diana.     Pop.  2712.  who  manufacture  silks  and  leather. 

TALAVKRA  LA  TIEJA,  td-li-v.Vri  li  ve-i'Hi.  a  market- 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  72  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toledo,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tagus. 

TALBEN'XY,  a  parish  of  .South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

TAL'BOT.  an  island  of  the  United  States,  off  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Florida,  between  the  mouths  of  the  St.  John  and  the 
N.issau.  It  is  ab<iut  9  miles -long  bj- 2  miles  broad,  and 
produces  much  cotton. 

T.ALBOT.  tawl'btlt.  a  county  of  Maryl.and.  situated  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  contains  2,i0  stjuare  miles. 
The  Choptank  River  washes  the  E.  border,  and  several  navi- 
gable creeks  extend  from  the  Yay  inland.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  fertile,  and  In  a  high  state  of  culti- 
vation. Capital,  Easton.  Pop.  14,795,  of  wliom  11,070  were 
free,  and  37-5  slaves. 

T.\LBOT.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  524  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Flint 
River,  and  drained  by  the  Parchelaga.  Beaverdam,  and 
Upatoi  Creeks.  The  surface  is  very  broken;  the  highlands 
in  the  N.  part  are  called  the  Oak  Mountain.s.  The  soil  is 
partly  derived  from  primary  rocks,  and  is  moderately  pro- 
ductive. Capital,  Talbotton.  Pop.  13,616,  of  whom  5013 
were  free,  and  8o0o  slaves. 

TAI/BOTTON.  a  pleasant  post-village,  capital  of  Talbot 
CO.,  Georgi.i.  32  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  has  a  brick 
court-house.  2  academies.  3  churches,  and  a  Masonic  hall. 
The  Episcopal  church  of  this  place  is  a  fine  specimen  of  the 
Gothic  stvle. 

TALC.4.  tllOvi  a  town  of  Chili,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Maule,  on  the  river  Slaule.  40  miles  N.E.  of  Chilian.  It  was 
founded  in  1742.  and  is  now  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
thriving  towns  in  Chili.  It  possesses  a  literary  institute,  ani 
other  educational  and  charitable  establishments.    P.  14.500. 

T.\LCAGUANA,  tai-kd-gw^'na,  or  TAI/^AHUANA,  tiV 
ki-wS'nd.  a  village  and  .amall  se.aport  of  Chili,  on  the  penin- 
sula which  forms  the  S.AV.  side  of  Concepcion  Bay.  The 
anchorage  is  the  best  on  the  coast.  Coal  of  an  inferior 
qualitv  h.as  been  found  in  the  vicinity. 

TALCAN.  til-kin',  .an  island  of  South  America,  off  the 
W.  coast  of  Pataironia,  and  between  it  and  the  island  of 
Chiloe.    Lat.  42°4'7' S..  lon.72°.i8'W.     Length.  9  miles. 

TA-LEE  or  TA-LT.  tJlMee'.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Y'un- 
nan.  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  hank  of  a  lake.  80  miles 
E.  of  the  Burmese  frontier.     It  is  larere  and  populous. 

TALE-LAilA.  See  Tiuuet.  page  1913. 

TALENT,  tl-lJnt'.  a  fortified  town  of  Morocco,  pi-ninoe 
of  Soos-eI-.\csa.  capital  of  a  partially  independent  district, 
on  the  river  Te.sset,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Messa. 

TAI/G-iRTn.  a  parish  of  .South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

TA-LI,  a  city  of  China.    See  T.a-Lei. 


TAL 

TALFABO.     See  Cai  e  Talfabo. 

TAI,IAUO  or  TALYAUO,  11-16-31)0.  one  of  the  Xulla 
fslands,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  E.  of  Celelit-s,  lat.  1°  50'  S., 
Ion.  125°  K..  separated  by  a  narrow  strait  on  the  E.  from  the 
Island  of  Maugola.     Length,  100  miles;  breadth,  20  miles. 

TALlAFEIlllO,  (pronounced  tol'e-vjr,)  a  small  county  in 
the  N'.E.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area  of  185  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head-streams  of  the  Oj^eei-hee  and 
Little  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly  ;  the  soil 
in  some  parts  productive.  Granite  and  gneiss  are  among  the 
ro':ks  which  underlie  the  county.  Sulphuret  of  iron  and 
magnetic  ore  are  found  in  several  places,  and  some  gold  is  said 
to  have  been  discoveied.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the 
Georgia  Railroad.  Named  in  honor  of  Benjamin  Taliaferro, 
formerly  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia.  Capital,  Craw- 
fordsvlUe.  Pop.  4583,  of  whom  1734  were  free,  and  2849 
slaves. 

T.\.L1BENELA,  a  posNoffice  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mississippi. 

TALICHAH  or  TALICHIN.     See  Talisii. 

TALICOTA,  td-leko'td,  or  TALIKOTE.  tj-le-kot',  a  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  district  of  Darwar, 
on  an  alfluent  of  the  Kistnah,  48  miles  S.E.  of  Bejapoor. 
Pop.  53U0.  The  outer  town,  enclosed  by  stone  walls,  con- 
tains many  shops  of  Jain  traders,  and  a  Jain  temple:  it 
encircles  an  inner  fort  and  pal.ice.  It  is  famous  for  calico- 
printers  and  dyers,  and  has  a  trade  in  brasswares  and  sad- 
dlery. 

TALISII,  tl-lish',  TALISIIIN  or  TALICHIN,  t^-le-shin', 
written  also  TALICHAH.  a  province  of  Ilussian  Transcau- 
casia, between  lat.  38°  and  39°  N.,  and  Ion.  48°  and  49°  E., 
having  E.  the  Caspian  Sea,  N.  the  rivers  Koor  and  Aras, 
separating  it  from  the  provinces  of  Shirvan  and  Karabagh, 
aud  OQ  other  sides  the  Persian  provinces  of  Azerbaijan  and 
Ghilan.  The  principal  products  are  silk,  cotton,  rice,  sesa- 
mum,  tobacco,  and  wine. 

TALKING  ROCK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia,  18 
miles  S.S.W.  of  EUijay. 

TALKING  ROCK  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Coosa- 
wattee,  from  the  left,  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Cass  county. 

TALIf-0"-Tir-UILL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

TALL.*.,  tiVlL  a  village  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Florence, 
on  a  hill,  10  miles  N.N.VV.  of  Arezzo.  Pop.  2800.  Guido 
Aretino,  inventor  of  musiatl  notation,  was  born  here,  and 
it  ha.*  a  monument  to  his  memory. 

T.\LLADEGA,  talHa-dee'ga,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central 
part  of  Alabama,  has*  an  at-ea  of  1260  square  miles.  The 
Coosa  River  washes  the  W.  border  for  a  distance  of  50  miles, 
exclusive  of  the  windings;  the  county  is  drained  al.so  by  the 
Chocolocco  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by 
hills  and  valleys;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Marble 
of  fine  quality,  and  other  valuable  minerals,  are  abundant. 
The  railroad  which  is  in  progress  from  Selma  to  the  Tennes- 
see River,  will  pass  through  the  county.  Capital,  Talladega. 
Pop.  2^,  dJ.0,  of  whom  14,055  were  tree,  and  6Sti5  slaves. 

TALLADEGA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tall.adega  county, 
Alabama,  on  the  Alabama  and  Tennes.see  Railroad,  about  95 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montgomery.  The  plank-road  e.xteuding 
from  Montgomery  to  the  Tennessee  River  passes  through 
this  place.  It  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches,  2 
newspaper  offices,  and  a  number  of  store.s. 

TALLADHG.A.,  a  town.ship,  Jefferson  co..  .\rkansas. 

TAl/LAGHT.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.,  and  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Dublin.  ITntil  1803,  the  archbishops  of  Dublin 
had  a  palace  here;  and  in  the  vicinity  are  handsome  man- 
sions and  villas. 

TAL'LAIIAI/A  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  Bayou 
Pierre  from  the  N.E.,  near  the  N.W.  corner  of  Copiah  county. 

TAI/LAII.AS'SEE,  a  city,  capital  of  Florida,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Leon  county,  194  miles  E.  of  .Mobile,  130  miles 
from  Pensacohi,  and  about  25  miles  N.  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Lat.  30°  28'  N.,  Ion.  84°  36'  W.  The  site  is  comparatively 
elevated.  The  city  is  laid  out  in  reeUingular  blocks,  with 
several  public  squares.  It  contains  the  state-house,  court- 
house, jail,  a  United  States  land-office,  and  churches  of  the 
Presbyterians,  MethodLsts,  and  Episcopalians;  2  newspaper 
offices,  and  several  seminaries.  Springs  of  good  water 
abound  in  the  vicinity.  The  adjacent  country  Is  very  pro- 
ductive, and  is  the  most  populous  part  of  the  state.  Talla- 
hassee is  connected  by  a  railroad,  about  26  miles  long,  with 
the  seaport  of  St.  Marks.     Pop.  1932. 

TAL'LAHATCII'IE,  a  river  in  the  N.  part  of  Mississippi, 
the  principal  branch  of  the  Yazoo,  rises  near  the  loundary 
between  Tippah  and  Pontotoc  counties,  and  flows  in  a  cir- 
cuitous course,  the  general  direction  of  which  is  S.W.,  to 
the  mouth  of  Coldwater  Creek.  Below  this  point  it  pursues 
a  S.  course,  until  it  unites  with  the  Yallabusba  River  to 
fo-m  the  Yazoo  at  Leflore,  on  the  W.  border  of  Carroll 
county.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  250  miles.  In 
ordinary  stages.  i;t«amboats  ascend  to  the  mouth  of  Cold- 
water  Creek,  about  100  miles,  and  in  high  water  (about  four 
months  of  the  year)  they  extend  their  trips  to  Wyatt,  in  La- 
&.yette  county. 

TALLAHATCHIE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Mi.s.siE- 
sippi.  has  an  .area  of  aljout  930  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Tallahatchie  River,  (navigable  by  steamboats,) 


TAM 

from  which  it  derives  its  name.  The  surface  Is  a  level  ftUvl 
alluvial  plain,  sometimes  called  swamp-land.  The  soil  i, 
fertile,  but  the  greater  part  is  uncultivatad.  Capital,  Tills 
toba.     Pop,  7890,  of  whom  2830  wc-e  tree,  and  uo  ,t  ^i.iv  «. 

T.\LL.\HO'.MA,  a  small  riyer  of  Mississippi,  enters  Leaf 
River  from  the  N.,  near  the  centre  of  Perry  county. 

TALL.AIIOMA,  a  post-ofiice  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa. 

TALLALOCSA,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippfc 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Holly  Springs. 

TAL'LAND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwitll. 

TAL'LAP<)0'SA,  a  river  of  Georgia  and  Alabama,  a  branch 
of  the  Alabama  River,  rises  in  Paulding  co.,  Georgia,  and 
unites  with  the  Coosa  about  10  miles  N.  of  .Montgomery,  in 
Alabama,  after  a  very  tortuous  course  of  about  2.50  miles. 
Its  general  direction  is  S.W.  Small  steamboats  ascend  40 
miles  from  its  junction  with  the  Coosa.  The  Little  Talla- 
poosa rises  in  Georgia,  and  flowing  S.W.,  enters  the  main 
stream  near  the  middle  of  Randolph  county,  in  Alabama. 

TALLAPOOSA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Alabama,  con- 
tains about  700  .square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Tal- 
lapoosa River,  from  which  the  name  is  derived,  and  drained 
also  by  Ilileebee  and  Sawkeliatchee  Creeks.  The  surface  if 
hilly  or  undulating;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  productive. 
The  Tallapoosa  is  navigable  in  the  lower  part  of  the  county, 
and  the  Montgomery  and  West  Point  Railroad  passes  along 
the  S.  border.  Capital,  Dadeville.  Pop.  23,827,  of  whom 
17,155  were  free,  and  6072  slaves. 

TALLAPOOSA,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co..  GeorgLa,  on 
the  river  of  the  s.ame  name,  100  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

TALLAPOOSA,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Alabama. 

TALLARD,  tilMan/.  a  town  of  France,  depiirtment  of 
Ilautes-Alpes.  on  the  Durance,  7  miles  S.  of  Gap.    Pop.  1181, 

TALL.ARRUBI  AS,  a  village  of  Spain.     See  T.\Larrubias. 

TAL'LASAHATCH'EE  CREEK,  of  Benton  co..  Alabama, 
enters  the  Coosa  River  from  the  left,  near  the  Ten  Islands. 

TALL.\SSEE.  a  po.st-village  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama, 
134  miles  S.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

TAL'L.ASSEE'  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Coosa  iu 
Talladega  county. 

TAL/LATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon, 

TAl/LEY,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Carmarthen. 

T.VL'LEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware. 

TAl/LINGTON.  a  narish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TALI/.MADGE,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Sum- 
mit CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Ohio  Canal.     Pop.  1086. 

T.\LLM.^DGB.  a  post-town.ship  in  the  E.  part  of  Ottawa 
CO.,  Jlichigan.  intersected  by  Grand  River.     Pop.  1140. 

TALLMADGE  CENTRK.  a  post-village  of  Summit  co.,- 
Ohio,  129  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

TALLOK.AS,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Georgia. 

TAt/IiOW.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster,  CO.  of  Waterford,  on  the  road  from  Cork  to  Waterford, 
12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Youghal.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1861, 
3884.  It  has  a  handsome  modern  church,  and  a  large  Ro- 
man Catholic  chapel. 

TALLOW  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Ireland,  half  a  mile  N.N.E. 
of  Tallow. 

T.\LLUL-\II,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Issaquena  county, 
Mississippi,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  70  miles  N.W. 
of  Jackson.  The  county  seat  was  located  here  only  a  few 
years  since. 

aWLLU'LAH  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Rabuu  and  Habersham  counties,  and  enters  the  Tu- 
galoo  River. 

T.ALLYA,  fil'yCh\  a  market-town  of  North-east  Hungary, 
CO.,  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Zemplin.  Pop.  5710.  It  hiis  an 
ancient  castle,  and  Roman  Catholic  and  Protestant  churi  hes 

TAl/LYIKy,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co..  North  Carolina, 
43  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

TALMAGE,  a  post-office  of  Baldwin  co.,  Georgia. 

TALJIAS,  t^rmS/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Somme.  8  miles  S.  of  Doullens.     Pop.  1900. 

TALMAY,  tSymkf.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cdte- 
d'Or,  17  miles  E.  of  Dijon.     Pop.  1156. 

TALMIS.     See  Kalausheh. 

TALMONT.  t.4rm(S.N<",  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vendee.  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  .Sables.   Pop.  in  1S52..S123. 

TALNAIR  or  TALNEIR,  tarn.lii/.  a  town  and  fort  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Bombay,  district  of  Candeish,  13C 
miles  E.  of  Surat.     It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1818. 

TALOON  or  TALOUN,  td-loon'.  a  town  of  Russia,  in 
Transcaucasia,  province,  and  37  miles  W.N.W.  of  Erivan. 

TWI/KIG.  a  small  seaport  and  parish  of  Norway,  province 
of  Finmark,  on  a  circular  bay  in  the  fiord  of  Alten,  43  miles 
E.N.E.  of  TromsSe.     Pop.  3156. 

TALYABO.    See  Taliabo. 

TALYLLYN,  tal-U/i'«n,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Anglesea. 

TALYLLYN.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Merioneth. 

TAMA,  tah'ma,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  The  S.  part  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Iowa  River,  and  the  .\.  part  by  Wolf  Creek; 
it  is  al.BO  drained  by  Salt  and  DiH»,p  Creek.s.  The  surface  i* 
undulating  or  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  mostly  fertile.  Capl 
tal,  Toledo.    Pop.  5285. 

1881 


TAM 

TAMAI^\MEQUE.  tA-miS-la-mA'kA,  a  town  of  Soufh  Ame- 
rica, in  New  (irauada,  department  of  Magdalena,  50  miles 
i.E  of  Mompox. 

lA.MAMKS.  td-nii'mJs.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  pro- 
vince, and  32  miles  S  W.  of  Salamanca.  In  1809  the  Spa- 
niards, under  the  Duke  of  Partiue,  here  defeated  the  French 
under  General  Marchand.     Pop.  yl5. 

TAM  AN.  ta-mdu'.  written  also  TM  UTAK  AK  AN.  (anc.  Pha- 
ni'fi'trutT)  a  fortified  town  of  South  Russia,  government  of 
Caucasu."!.  on  an  island  bt-tween  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea 
of  Arof,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Yenikale.  It  has  few  inhabitants 
independent  of  its  garrison,  but  an  export  trade  in  salt,  wax, 
honey,  furs,  Ac.  and  some  import  trade. 

TAMANDAKJ^:,  ti-min-da  rA'.  a  bay  of  Brazil,  on  the  coast 
of  I'enianibuco.  40  miles  S.S.W.of  Cape  Santo  Agostiuho,  in 
lat.  8°  43'  S..  Ion.  35"^  6'  W. 

T.A..M.\.N1)UA.  ta-min'doo-3.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas  Geraes,  100  miles  AV.  of  Ouro  Preto.     Pop.  SlKKI. 

T  .\  M  .A.Q  U  A .  t;im-a  w'l  i  ujj .  a  t  h  ri  v  i  ng  post-borou  ■.'h  of  Sch  uyl- 
kill  township.  Schuylkill  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Tamaqua 
or  Little  Schuylkill' River,  lo  miles  E.N.K.  of  Pottsville,  and 
73  miles  N.tl.  of  Harrislmrg.  A  branch  railroad  connects  it 
with  the  IV'ttsville  and  Keading  R.nili-oad  at  Port  Clintoa. 
It  is  liejiutifuUy  situated  iu  a  liilly  region,  which  contains 
abund.-tnce  of  excellent  coal.  It  is  an  important  point  on 
the  t'iitawissii  Railroad.  Tamaqua  contiiins  1  bank,  K 
churches,  and  a  newspaper  office,  also,  1  rolling-mill,  and 

3  foundries  with  machine-shops.  Pop.  in  1850,  30»0;  in 
186),  4919. 

T.V'.M.VU,  (anc.  Tamarus.')  a  river  of  West  England,  be- 
tween the  counties  of  Coiuwall  and  Devon,  rises  in  a  moun- 
tainous district  near  Moorwinstow,  and,  receiving  numerous 
accessions.  Hows  S.S  E.  by  L:iunce!»ton,  to  which  town,  and 
to  Calstoek  and  Saltash.  it  is  navigable;  and  after  widening 
to  form  the  harbor  of  Hamoaze.  Dovonport,  ent«rs  Ply- 
mouth Sound  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Plymoutli.  The  principal 
affluents  are  the  Tavy  from  the  E.,  and  Liuher  from  the  W. 
Tot«l  course,  60  miles. 

T.\MA1\,  a  principal  river  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  North  and  South  Esk  at  Launceston, 
whence  it  lias  a  tortuous  coui-se  of  30  miles  X..  and  enters 
Buss's  Strait  at  Port  Dalrymple,  4  miles  from  Georgetown, 
which  is  on  its  E.  bank.    Its  valley  is  narrow  and  wooded. 

TAMARA.  timd'ra,  the  largest  of  the  Isles  de  Los.  off  the 
W.  (x«i.st  of  Africa.  70  miles  N.W.  of  Sierra  Leone,  in  lat.  9° 
2;*'  N..  Ion.  3°  48'  W. 

TAM ARA  or  TAM AUIS.     See  T.'vmbre. 

T.\MAUA\V.\.  tam-!i-raw'wa.  a  village  of  Monroe  CO.,  mi- 
nimis, on  the  Kaskaskiii,  12o  miles  S.  of  Sprinirfield. 

T.VMARID.V.  ti-md-ree'dd.  the  capital  town  of  the  island 
of  Soootra.  in  the  Inaian  ifcean.  on  a  bay  off  its  N.  coast. 

TAMARITK  orTAMARITE  DK  LITERA.  td-nii-ree'tA  dA 
le-t.Vri,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  47  miles  S.E.  of 
llu.'si-a.     Pop.  3612. 

T.iMARO,  td-uid'ro,  a  river  of  ItJily.  principally  in  Na- 
ple.-,  joins  the  Galore  3  miles  N.K.  of  Beueveuto,  after  a  S. 
coursi'  of  45  miles. 

TAMAROVKA  or  TAMAROWKA,  ta-ma-rov'ka,  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  of  Koorsk,  on  the  Vorskla,  15  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Bielgorod.     Pop.  1500. 

TAMARUS.     See  Tamar. 

T.\MATAM.  kd-mi-tim'.  a  group  of  three  low  coral  islands 
In  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  7°  32'  N..  Ion.  149°  30'  E. 

TAMATAV.  ta^md'tdv',  or  TAMATIVE,  ti'md'tcev'.  a  sea- 
port town  of  Madagascar,  on  a  bay  of  its  E.  coa.st,  in  lat.  18° 
10'  S..  Ion.  49°  28'  5"  E.  It  has  a  fort.  The  Erench  formerly 
had  a  settlement  here. 

TAMAULIPAS.  ti-mSw-lee'pas.  formerly  NEW  SANTAN'- 
DEU,  a  state  of  the  Mexican  Osufederation.  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Texas,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Rio  Grande; 
N.W.  by  Cohahuila;  W.  by  Xuevo  Leon  and  San  Luis  Potosi ; 
S.  by  S:in  Luis  Potosi  and  Vera  Cruz:  and  E.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Greatest  length,  from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E.,  400  miles; 
medium  breadth,  about  130  miles:  area. 30,334  square  miles. 
The  coast  is  low,  and  fringed  with  lagoons  varying  from 

4  to  18  miles  in  width,  and  separated  from  the  sea  by 
belts  of  sand  :  and  the  mouths  of  almost  all  the  rivers  are 
so  encumbered  with  biirs  as  to  make  their  n.-iviiration  diffi- 
cult and  dangerous.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  state  the  flatness 
of  the  coast  is  continued  to  some  distance  inland,  and  then 
rises  into  elevated,  though  still  comparatively  level  plains. 
To  the  S.  the  surface  is  finely  diversified  by  mountain,  hill, 
and  valley.  The  most  remarkable  summits  are  the  cerroi 
of  Martinez,  Xeres.  and  Coronel.  and  the  sierras  of  Palma 
imd  Carico.  Many  fine  valleys  extend  iu  the  intervals  be- 
tween the  mountains.  The  most  important  streams  are  the 
Rio  Grande,  already  mentioned;  the  Fernando  or  Tigre. 
which,  be.sides  reaching  the  coast,  also  communicates  by  a 
branch  with  the  Lacuna  del  Madre;  the  Borbon.  falling  into 
the  N.  part  of  the  same  lagoon ;  the  Santander.  and  the  Tam- 
pIco..which  forms  the  chief  boundarv  between  the  state  and 
the  S.  of  San  Luis  Potosi.  The  climate  of  the  interior  is 
temperate  and  healthy,  but  on  the  coast,  especially  in  the  hot 
deason,  is  unhealthy.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile;  the  vege- 
table products  include  most  of  the  grains,  woods,  fruits,  and 


TAM 

'  flowers  both  of  the  temperate  and  the  torrid  zones.  Cattle 
in  vast  numbeis — hor.ses.  mules,  sheep,  and  goats  to  a  less 
1  extent — are  reared  on  the  pastures;  and  a  considerallo 
I  trade,  both  iu  theiii  and  in  other  articles,  is  carried  on, 
chiefly  with  the  stat*>s  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  Zacat<?cas.  and 
Queretaro.  The  foivign  trade  is  carried  on  princi)>ally  at 
the  ports  of  Tampico  de  Tamaulipas  and  Matamora.s.  and  in- 
cludes in  its  imports  large  quantities  of  manufactures  both 
from  Europe  and  the  United  States.  Iron,  and  some  silver, 
with  salt  from  a  chain  of  lagoons  along  the  coast,  are  the 
chief  mineral  products.  Its  capital  is  Victoria.  Pop.  in 
1S54.  100.064. 

TAMAULIPAS  PUEBLO  VIEJO,  tl-mr.w-lee'pas  pw^b^o 
ve-.4'Ho,  (or  the  ■*  Old  Town  of  Tamaulipas.")  a  decayed  town 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  aliove.  on  the  river  Tampico, 
from  which  town  it  is  distant  18  miles  N.  Pop.  1500.  See 
Tawpico. 

TAMAZULA,  ta  m.isoo'll.  a  torn  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, department  of  Cinaloa.  on  the  river  Tamazula  or  Cu- 
liacan.  110  miles  E.  of  Culiacan.     Pop.  1000. 

TAMBACn,  tdm'blK,  a  market  town  of  Central  Germany, 
In  Saxe-Coburg.  principality,  and  12  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Gotha. 
Pop.  1351.  employed  in  iron-forges,  wire-works,  paper  miUs, 
and  potash  factories. 

TAMBACHERRY,  tlm-bd-chJr'ree.  a  town  of  British  In- 
dia,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  Malabar,  20  miles  N.K 
of  Calicut. 

TAMBEI.AN  (tim-b.'l-ian')  ISL.^NDS,  in  the  China  Sea, 
between  Borneo  and  Singapore.  Great  Tambelan,  the  largest 
iu  the  group,  is  in  lat.  1°  N..  Ion.  107°  35'  E. 

T.\MBO.  tdmlx),  a  town  of  Peru,  department,  and  50  miles 
N.W.  of  Cuzco.  on  the  Qnilibaniba. 

TAMBO.  a  village  of  Peru,  department  of  Arequipa.  pro- 
vince of  Moquehua,  at  the  motith  of  the  Tambo  River, 
which,  after  a  W.  course  of  90  miles,  enters  the  Pacific  20 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Ylo. 

TAMBOBAMBA,  tdm-bo-blm'bj,  a  town  of  Peru,  depart- 
ment, and  40  miles  S.W.  of  Cuzco.  on  the  Apuriniac. 

TAMBOV,  TAMBOW,  tam-bov'!  or  TAMBOF,  tdmbof,  a 
government  of  Ru.ssia.  between  lat.  51°  2o'  and  55°  N..  and 
Ion.  38°  30'  and  43°  30'  E.,  enclosed  by  the  governments  of 
Riazan,  Vladimeer,  Nizhnee-Novgorod.  Penzii.  Saratov.  ax\d 
Voronezh.  Area.  25.542  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1.006,505. 
The  surface  is  level  or  undulating.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Zna  and  Moksha,  tributaries  to  the  Oka,'  and  the  Vo- 
rona  and  Voronezh,  affluents  of  the  Don.  The  soil  in  the 
N.  is  sandy  and  marshy,  in  the  E.  and  elsewhere  fertile,  and 
the  government  is  almost  wholly  agricultural.  More  than 
one-sixth  p;\rt  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  forests,  and  up- 
wards of  one-fourth  with  meadows  and  p:isture-land.  and 
one-third  arable  lands.  The  chief  crops  are  rye,  oats,  and 
buckwheat.  The  forests  supply  large  quantities  of  timber 
for  ship  and  boat  building.  Extensive  herds  of  cattle  are 
fattened  for  the  Moscow  and  St.  Petersburg  markets.  The 
stock  of  sheep  has  been  estimated  at  l,140.(KKt.  and  of  hogs 
at  7t)0.000.  Horses  of  a  good  breed  are  reared,  but  the  stock 
is  mostly  very  inferior.  At  a  large  woollen  factory  esta-. 
blished  by  Peter  the  Great  at  Budari,  a  few  years  ago  up- 
wards of  3000  hands  were  employed,  and  1.0'26.670  yards  of 
woollen  cloth  for  the  army  was  stated  to  be  made.  Ilere  are 
also  many  forges,  distilleries,  tallow  factories,  mills.  Ac.  The 
government  is  subdivided  into  12  circles.  The  chief  towns 
are  Tamlx)v,  Lipetsk,  Morshansk,  Yelatom,  Shatsk,  and 
Oosman. 

TAMBOV,  TAMBOW  or  TAMBOF,  the  capital  of  the 
above  goyernment,  is  situated  on  the  Tsna,  1'25  miles  N.E. 
of  Voronezh.  Pop.  31,101.  It  was  founded  and  strongly 
fortified  in  1636,  as  a  defence  against  the  incursions  of 
the  Nogai-Tartars.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  wood.  It  has 
a  college,  a  militai-y  school  for  nobles,  a  high  school  for 
ladies,  founded  in  1834,  and  manufactures  Of  woollen  cloth, 
alum,  vitriol,  and  an  active  genenal  trade. 

TAMBHE.  tdm'bri.  Tanc.  Tam'ara  or  Ihrnfaris,)  a  river  of 
Spain.  Giilicia,  flows  W.S.W.,  and  enters  the  Bay  of  Noya  on 
the  Atlantic,  after  a  course  of  60  miles. 

TAM  BRO,  a  lake  of  Thibet,     See  Palte. 

TAME,  a  river  of  England,  cos.  of  Stafford  and  Warwick, 
rises  near  Walsall,  flows  E.  and  N.,  and  .after  a  course  of  38 
miles  joins  the  Trent  7  miles  N.  of  Tamworth.  Affluents, 
the  Rea  and  Anker,  from  the  S.  and  W.  It  supplies  water 
to  the  Birmingham  and  Fazcley,  the  Coventry,  and  the 
Trent  and  Mersey  Canals. 

T.VME,  a  small  river  of  England,  rises  in  Yorkshire,  flowg 
S.W.,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundarv  betwtvn  l>ancashire 
and  Cheshire,  and  joins  the  Mersey  at  Stockport,  Course, 
18  miles.     See  Thame. 

TAMEER  or  TAMIR,  tdmeeR'.  a  river  of  Central  Asia, 
in  Mongolia,  flows  E.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Orkhou.  Total 
course.  90  miles. 

TAJIEGA,  tl-mA'gJ.  a  river  of  Spain  and  Portng.il.  riw-ii 
near  Monterey,  inGalicia.  flows  S.S.W.  tl  'ough  the  provinces 
of  Tras  os  Montes  and  Minhn.  and  joins  the  Douro  00  atWen 
E.  of  Oporto.    Total  course.  90  miles. 

TAM'KRACK  CREEK,  of  Necosta  co.,  Michigan,  fl  Jwr  tot; 
the  Maskegon  Kiver. 


TAM 

TAMEUFOns  c,r  TAMERSFORT,  a  town  of  Finland. 
See  Tammerfors. 

TAM'KKTON,  North,  a  parish  of  ICnglaiid.  oo.  of  Cornwall. 

TAM'KKTON   FOL/LIOTT,  a  pai ish  of  Kugland,  co.  Devon. 

TAMKSIS.    See  Thames. 

TAM  I  AG  U  A,  tA-mt^il/j;wd,  a  petty  seaport  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  state,  and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Tampico, 
in  an  unhealthy  situation,  between  the  Lake  of  Tamiagua 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Lat.2F16'N.    Lon.97°17'K. 

TAMIAGUA,  Lake  op,  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of 
Tampico,  60  miles  in  length.  25  miles  in  !,'reatest  breiidth, 
Is  separated,  at  its  X.  extremity  by  a  narrow  isthmus,  from 
the  Lake  of  Tampico. 

TA.SlIATUIS.     SeeDAMlETTA. 

TAMIEU,  ti-uiee'ygh  (?)  a  small  town  of  Egypt,  province 
of  Fiiyoom,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Medinet-el-Fayooni,  on  a  canal 
20  miles  W.  of  the  .Nile. 

TAMTK,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Tameek. 

TAMISE,  td'meez',  (Flemish,  Temsche,  tJm'shfh;  anc. 
Timsica?)  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  on 
tlie  left  bank  of  the  Scheldt,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ghent,  with 
a  pretty  church,  chapel,  communal  house,  hospital,  a  fine 
chateau,  several  schools,  and  a  musical  society ;  manufac- 
tures of  sail-cloth,  cotton  goods,  hats,  pottery,  tobacco, 
leather,  chiccory,  oil,  &c.     Pop.  7t5o3. 

T.VM  ISE.  the  French  name  of  the  river  Thajies,  which  see. 

TAMLAGUT,  taui'ldat,  a  pjirish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Tyrone,  with  a  vill.age  SJ  miles  S.S.E.  of  Moneymore. 
Pop.  in  1851 ,  5G47,  wlio  manufacture  linens.  Here  is  a  large 
Druidical  altar. 

TAMLAGUT  FINLAG'AN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Londonderry. 

TA5ILAGIIT,  O'CRIL'LY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Londonderry. 

TA  .M  LINGTAR,  tSmMing-tar',  a  town  of  Nepaul,  in  North 
Ilindostan,  district  of  Chayenpoor,  115  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Purueah;  lat.  27°  17'  N.,  Ion.  SB"  52'  E.     Pop.  6000.  (?) 

TAMMERFORS,  tam'mfr-foRs\  written  also  TAMER- 
FORS  or  TAMERSFORT,  a  town  of  Finland,  la^n,  and  85 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Abo,  capital  of  the  district  of  Satakunda, 
between  two  lakes.     Pop.  ISOO. 

TA.MOOK,  ti-mook',  one  of  the  smaller  Sooloo  Islands: 
lat.  e°  28'  N.,  Ion.  121°  56'  E. 

TAM'PA,  a  post-village,  capitiil  of  Hillsborough  co.,  Flori- 
da, at  the  head  of  Tampa  Bay,  (navigable  by  large  vessels,) 
about  40  miles  E.  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

TAM'PA  BAY,  formerly  ESPIR/ITU  SAN/T'O  BAY,  of 
Florida,  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula,  and 
optms  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  about  27°  45'  N.  lat.  To- 
wards the  interior  it  divides  into  two  branches,  one  of 
which  is  called  Little  Tampa,  and  the  other  Ilill.sborough 
Bay.  It  is  about  40  miles  long,  and  forms  a  good  harbor 
for  large  vessels. 

TA.Ml'I'CO,  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Mississippi. 

TAMPICO,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co.,  Tennessee. 

TAMPICO,  a  postofRce  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

TA^I  I'ICO,  a  small  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana. 

TAJlPlCO,  tdm-peo'ko,  a  river  of  Mexico,  state  of  Vera 
Cruz,  after  an  E.  course  enters  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  near 
Tampico,  its  bar  Ijeing  iu  lat.  22°  15'  N.,  Ion.  97°  46'  W. 
Total  length,  200  miles. 

TAMPICO,  PUEBLO  NUEYO,  pwJVlo  nw.Vvo.  ("New- 
town,") or  SANTA  ANA  DE  TAMAULIPAS,  sdn'td  il'nd 
d-\  t3-mOw-lee'pds,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Mexican  Confetie- 
ration,  state,,and  215  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Vera  Cruz,  on  the  S. 
shore  of  the  Lake  of  Tampico.  Pop.  7000.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out  on  a  slope,  and  has  some  good  dwellings  in  the  old 
Spanisli  style,  with  military  and  naval  hospitals,  some  puVilic 
monuments,  and  well-supplied  markets.  It  is  better  drained 
and  less  unhealthy  than  formerly.  It  has  an  important  and 
increasing  trade  with  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 
The  principal  exports  are  specie,  hides,  tallow,  hones,  and 
jerked  be*t.  The  tonnage  arrived  here  in  15^52  was  77tVi; 
among  the  arrivals  were  4  steamers:  the  number  of  passen- 
gers arrived,  178:  left,  12C. 

TAM  PICO-EL-ALTO,  tdm-pee'ko  gl  Sl'to,  ("High  Tam- 
pico,") a  village  of  Mexico,  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  on  a  height, 
S.E.  of  Pueblo-Viejo. 

TAMPICO,  LAKE  OF,  a  sh.allow  lagoon  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  at  the  N.extremity  of  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz, 
20  miles  in  length  by  10  miles  across.  It  communicates 
northward  with  the  united  mouths  of  the  Tula  and  Tampico 
riveis,  and  ea-^tward  with  the  Lake  of  Tamiagua.  Large 
quantities  of  prawns,  caught  in  it,  are  salted  for  exporting 
into  the  interior. 

TAMSWEG,  t^ms'ftAo,  a  market  town  of  Upper  Austria, 
60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salzburg,  on  the  Mur.  Pop.  2300.  It  is 
a  considerable  entrepot  for  iron. 

TAM'WORTH.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  iu  the  cos.  of  Stafford  and 
\Viirwick,  on  the  Tame  and  Anker,  at  their  junction,  and  on 
the  Trent  Valley  branch  of  the  London  and  North-western 
Railway,  here  carried  over  the  Anker  by  a  viaduct  of  18 
arches,  Gi  miles  S.W.  of  Lichfield.  Pop.  in  1851,  8655.  The 
town,  iu  a  tract  of  rich  meadow-land,  has  a  large  and  hand- 


TAN 

some  parish  church  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  nnnnei-v.  aud 
containing  some  fine  monuments:  various  dissenting  chapelB, 
an  endowed  grammar-school,  with  a  .scliolarship  and  fellowl 
-ship  at  Cambridge  Univei-sity;  two  other  free  schools:  alniit 
houses,  a  town-hall,  marUet-house,  assembly  and  reading- 
rooms,  a  horticultural  society,  some  cotton  .spinning,  caliai 
printing,  and  wool-stapling  dying  iionses,  tanneries,  brew- 
eries, a  carpet  factory,  and  .small  manufactin-es  of  lace.  The 
trade  is  greatly  facilitated  by  tlie  railway,  and  Fazeley  and 
Coventry  Canal.  It  sends  two  members  to  the  Hou.ie  of 
Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  Earl  Ferrers. 
.Tamworth  stands  on  the  .ancient  Watling  Street,  and  was  » 
principal  residence  of  the  kings  of  Mercia.  Immediately  S. 
of  the  town  is  a  castle  reputed  to  have  been  founded  by 
Ethelfleda.  daughter  of  King  Alfred,  and  modernized  by  iff 
proprietors,  of  the  Townshend  family.  About  IJ  miles  S.  is 
Drayton  Manor,  the  seat  of  Sir  Robert  Peel. 

TAM  WORTH,  a  town  of  New  South  Wales,  in  East  Au.stra- 
lia,  district  of  Liverpool  Plains,  on  the  Peel,  154  miles  from 
Maitland.    It  is  the  seat  of  petty  sessions. 

TAM'WORTH.  a  post-township  in  Carroll  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 52  miles  N.N.E.  from  Concord.     Pop.  1678. 

TAMnVORTH.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Ad- 
dington,  situated  on  the  Salmon  River,  36  miles  N.W.  of 
Kingston.     Pop.  about  125. 

TAM/WORTH  IRON-WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co., 
New  Hampshire. 

TANA-ELF,  td'nS?lf,  the  most  N.  river  in  Europe,  forms 
in  most  part  of  its  course  the  boundary  between  Norway 
(Finmark)  and  Russian  Lapland,  and  enters  the  Tana-fiord, 
Arctic  Oci'an,  in  lat.  70°  30'  N.,  Ion.  28°  E..  after  a  north- 
ward course  of  180  miles.  At  its  mouth  is  the  hamlet  ot 
Tana. 

TAN  AG  A,  iA-nifgH,  one  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  in  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  Andreanov  group,  W.  of  Kanaga;  lat.  51°  59' 
N.,  Ion.  178°  10'  W.  Surface  mountainous,  and  it  contains 
an  active  volcano. 

TANj\H,  td'nd,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  near  the  centre 
of  the  Delta  of  the  Nile,  celebrated  for  its  festival  held  twice 
a  year  in  honor  of  a  famous  Mo.slem  saint,  called  Sayd 
Ahmed  el  Bedawee,  who  is  buried  in  it. 

TANAH-PILEH,  td'n^  pee/^h,  a  town  in  the  island  of 
Sumatra,  state,  and  30  miles  from  Jambi.    Pop.  4000. 

TANAI.S.    SeeDo.x. 

TANAKEKE  (td-na-kA'k.A)  or  TANEKAKE  ISLANDS,  a 
group  in  the  Malay  Aichipelago,  off  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Celebes,  the  largest  island  being  10  miles  in  circuit;  lat.  5° 
28'  S..  Ion.  119°  17'  E. 

TANANARIVOO  or  TANANARIA'OU,  ta-na-naVe-voo', 
sometimes  written  TANANARIVO,  TARNANARUVO.  and 
ANTANANARIA'O,  the  capital  town  of  the  Ovahs,  in  Mada- 
gascar, near  the  centre  of  the  island,  190  miles  W.  of  Ta- 
matave.  It  is  reported  to  be  large,  and  to  have  manufac- 
tures of  exquisite  gold  and  silver  chains,  silk  stuffs,  &c., 
but  it  is  little  known  by  Europeans. 

T.\NARO,  ta-ni'ro,  (anc.  2'an'arus.)  a  river  of  North  Italy, 
in  Piedmont,  rises  in  the  Alps  near  the  Co!  de  Tend.i, 
flows  N.  and  N.E.  past  Garessio,  Ceva.  Alba.  Asti,  and  Ales- 
sandria, 10  miles  N.E.  of  which  city  it  joins  the  Po,  after  a 
total  course  of  126  miles,  for  the  last  forty  miles  of  which, 
to  Asti,  it  is  navigable  for  barges.  Principal  affluents,  the 
Stura,  Pesio,  Ellero,  and  Corsaglia.  from  the  \V.,  and  the 
Belbo  and  Bormida,  from  the  S.E.  Under  the  French  it  gave 
name  to  a  department,  of  which  Asti  was  the  capital. 

TANASSERIM.     See  Ten.asserim. 

TANCITARO,  tan-se-ti'ro,  a  town  of  the  Me.xican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Michoacan,  100  miles  S.W.  of  Valladolid. 

TAN'COCK  Gre.\t  and  Little,  two  islands  of  Nova  Scotia, 
in  Mahone  Bay.  30  miles  S.W.  of  Halifax. 

TAN'COCK  PRAI'RIE,  a  postoffice  of  Winn  parish, 
Louisiana. 

TANCOS,  tln'koce,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pi-o- 
vinee  of  Beira  Baixa,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Thomar.     Pop.  5.';0. 

TANDAII.  tan'di,  or  TANDEH,  tan'dJh.  a  town  of  Hin- 
dostan,  dominions,  and  33  miles  S.S.E.  of  Onde,  on  the  S 
bank  of  the  Goggra;  lat.  26°  35'  N.,  Ion.  83°  35'  E. 

TANDERAGEE.  tan'der-a-ghee',  a  m.arket-town  of  Ireland, 
in  Ulster,  co.  of  Armagh,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Gilford.  Pop.  in 
1851,  1496.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  several  schools, 
flour  and  flax  mills,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  tiax,  linens,  and 
agricultural  produce.  Tanderagee  Castle  is  a  seat  of  the 
Duke  of  Manchester. 

TANDI,  tan'dee,  a  village  of  the  Punjab,  on  the  Chenaub; 
lat.  32°  32'  N.,  Ion.  77°  3'  E.,  about  8000  feet  above  sealevel. 

TAND.IEII,  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Tangier. 

TAN'DRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

TANDSHA.    See  Tangier. 

TANEGA-SIMA,  ta-n.Vgd-see'ma,  an  i.sland  of  Japan.  S.  o1 
Kioo-Sioo.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  25  miles ;  average  breadth. 
12  miles. 

TANEKAKE,  Mal.av  Archipelago    See  Tanakeke. 

TANEY,  taw'nee.  TAAV'NEY.  or  CHURCH-TOM  N.a  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster  co.  of  Dublin. 

TANEY,  tiiw'nee,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  psirt  of  Mi-ssouri, 
boi'dering  on  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  800  square  mila?. 

1883 


TAN 


TAO 


Tt  Is  inter«-xferi  bv  White  River,  and  also  drained  bT  James 
Pork,  and  Ball,  Swan.  Beaver,  and  Long  Creeks,  affluents 
jt  the  White  Hirer.  Tlie  surface  is  uneven  and  broken; 
the  soil  of  the  vallevs  is  fertile.  Tli»  county  was  named  in 
honor  of  iloger  B.  Taney,  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States. 
Capital,  Fors\th.  Pop.  3570,  of  whom  3-194,  were  free,  and 
8U  slaves. 

TANKY.  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 

TANEYTOWN.  taw'ne-tonn,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  oo» 
Maryland,  71  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis.     Pop.  al)Out  300. 

TAN'FIKLD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Durham.      . 

T.IN'B'IELD,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  r.iding. 

T.WGEUMONDE,  tdng'er-miinMeh.  a  walled  town  of 
Prus.sian  Sa.xony,  SS  miles'  X.N.E.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the 
Elbe,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tanger.  Pop.  4250.  It  has  a 
strong  castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  stuffs, 
breweries,  and  distilleries. 

TANGIER,  tin-jeer',  called  TAXJEH  or  TAXDJEH,  tin'- 
jeh,  by  the  Moors,  sometimes  written  T.\XDSII.V,(anc.  Tin/- 
gh  or  Tradudta  JuHiaf)  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Morocco, 
ne.ar  the  W.  entrance  of  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  S.E.  of  Cape 
Spartel;  lat.  (consul's  house)  35°  47'  12"  N.,  Ion.  5°  48'  30" 
W.  It  stands  on  a  height  near  a  spacious  bay.  and  rising 
In  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  presents  a  very  striking  ap- 
pearance when  approached  from  the  sea.  It  is  surrounded 
by  walls,  and  defended  by  a  castle  and  .several  forts ;  with 
the  exception  of  the  main  street,  which  traverses  it  from  E. 
to  W..  it  consists  of  wretched  houses,  huddled  together  in 
narrow,  dirty  lanes.  The  only  exceptions  to  the  general 
wretchedness  of  the  buildings  are  furnished  by  the  resi- 
deuces  of  the  European  cc^nsuls,  and  those  of  a  few  wealthy 
merchants.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  castle,  or  alcas- 
hiIm.  occupying  a  commanding  height,  but  in  a  very  dilapi- 
dated state:  several  mosques,  one  of  which  is  handsome; 
several  Jewish  synagogues,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  chuich. 
The  harbor,  which  was  once  capacious,  and  protected  by  a 
mole,  was  formerly  very  much  frequented  by  vessels  from 
almost  all  the  maritime  countries  of  Europe,  but  is  now 
much  neglected.  The  trade,  confined  chiedy  to  Gibraltar, 
and  a  few  places  on  the  Sp.anish  coast,  is  very  limited:  the 
internal  traffic  is  chiefly  with  Tetooan  and  Fez.  Tangier  is 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  the  Carthaginians,  from  whom 
it  jiassed  to  the  Komaus,  and  afterwards  successively  to  the 
Goths  and  Aral»s.  It  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  in  1471, 
and  ceded  by  them,  in  10G2,  to  the  British,  as  a  part  of  the 
dowry  of  the  Princess  Catherine.  The  British  erected  a 
mole  which  gave  protection  to  the  largest  vessel.s  and  kept 
possession  of  it  for  22  years.  It  declined  rapidly  on  falling 
into  the  hands  of  the  Moors.  It  was  bomliarded  by  the 
French  in  1844.  Outside  of  the  town  is  a  Roman  bridge:  3 
miles  S.E.  are  the  remains  of  ancient  Tingis.  Pop.  estimated 
at  10.000. 

TA.NGIER'S  (tin-jeerzD  ISLANDS,  of  Virginia,  in  Chesa- 
peake Bay,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac  River. 

T.WGIPAHA.  tan'je-pa-haw',  a  small  river  of  Louisiana, 
flows  southnaitl  along  the  boundary  between  Tammany 
and  Livingston  parishes,  and  enters  Lake  Pontchartrain. 

T.VXGlP.^II.K.apost-officeof  St.  Helena  parish,  Louisiana. 

TANG'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TANG'.MERE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TANGXOO  or  TAXGXOU  (tAng'noo')  MOUNTAINS,  in 
the  Chinese  Empire,  Khalka£  country,  in  lat.  50°  X.,  Ion. 
from  90°  to  100°  E.,  are  connected  westward  with  the  Little 
Altai,  and  separate  the  Itasins  of  the  Tobol  and  Yeni.sei 
Rivers,  and  these  again  form  the  Ijasins  of  several  rivers 
which  enter  the  lakes  of  Centi-al  Asia. 

TANGUN     See  Altai. 

TAXIXGE,  TANNINGE,or  TAXXIXGES,  tIn'nSxz'.  a 
market-town  of  Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny,  on  the  Gulre, 
3  miles  X.  of  Cluses.    Pop.  3020. 

TAN  IS.    See  Sax. 

TAXJORE,  tan'jOr',  a  maritime  district  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  India,  h.aving 
E.the  ocean,  and  landward  the  districts  of  .Madura,  Trichino- 
opoly.  and  South  Arcot:  lat.  9°  50'  to  11°  25'  N..  Ion.  78°  45' 
to  79°  55'  E.  Area  3900  square  miles.  Pop.  1,676,086.  It 
comprises  the  delta  of  the  Cavery  River,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  fertile  and  valuable  portions  of  British  India.  The 
population  is  chiefly  Hindoos,  whose  customs  are  here  per- 
petuated in  great  purity.  In  almost  every  village  are  a 
pagoda  and  a  Brahmin  establishment,  and  the  district  is 
fiimous  for  good  roads,  on  which  are  choultries  for  the  ac- 
conimod.ation  of  pilgrimsand  travellers.  The  principal  towns 
are  T.-injore.  Combacouum.  and  Xegapatam. 

T.A.NJOKE,  a  city  of  British  India,  capital  of  the  above 
district,  presidency,  and  170  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madras,  on  an 
arm  of  the  Cavery.  Lat.  10°  50'  X..  Ion.  79°  15'  E.  Pop.  from 
35,000  to  40,000.  It  is  nearly  6  miles  in  circumference,  and 
regularly  built.  Itconsistsof  two  portions,  separately  fortifi- 
ed, one  comprisingthe  rajah's  palace,  in  which  isa  sculptured 
group  by  Flaxman.  and  the  other  containing  a  remarkable 
Hindoo  temple,  with  a  tower  nearly  200  feet  in  height,  and 
a  black  granite  bull,  one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  Hindoo 
sc-ulpture.  and  close  to  which  is  an  EuKlish  church.  The 
1884 


I  British  residency  is  to  the  S.,  outside  of  the  walls.  Taiyore 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1749,  and  again  from  tht 
French  in  1773. 

TAXJORE,  a  town  of  Java.  72  miles  S.S.E.  of  Batavia. 

T.\NK.  a  post-office  of  Davidson  co.,  Tennessee. 

T.VNK'.\1{D.ST0WX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster. 
Kildare  and  Queen's  counties. 

TAXKARDSTOWX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Limerick. 

TAXK'ERSLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Biding. 

TAX X,  a  town  of  Bavaria.    See  Thanx. 

T.\XX'.\.  tin'nd.  a  town  of  Geraiany,  principality  of  Reuw, 

6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Schleitz.     Pop.  14S7. 

TAX'X.A.,  a  town  and  fort  of  British  India,  presidency, 
and  20  miles  X.X.E.  of  Bombay,  on  the  island  of  Salsette, 
and  having  many  Christian  inhabitants,  and  some  Portu- 
guese churches. 

T.\X'NA.  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Xew  Hebrides, 
near  lat.  19°  30'  S.,  Ion.  169°  28'  E.  Length,  18  miles,  by  8 
miles  in  breadth. 

TAX'XADICE,  a  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  oIFoi-far. 

TANX.W,  tdu'uA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Xiivre, 

7  miles  S.E.  ofClamecy.     Pop.  1396. 

TAX'XER'S  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  flows  through  Dearlwn 
county  into  the  Ohio  River,  near  Lawrenceburg. 

TAXNER'S  STORE,  a  postoffice  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  Vlr- 
ginia. 

TAX'XERSYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  New  York, 
about  45  miles  S.S.W.  of  .\lbany. 

TAXXERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, lis  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

TAXXIXGKor  TAXXIXGES.  town  of  Savoy.  SeeT.^NlNGX. 

TAX'XIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

T.\XXROD.\,  tdnn-ro'dd.  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  in 
Saxe-Weimar,  on  the  Ilm,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Weimar.  P.92o. 

TAXORE,  ti-nor',  a  towu  of  Briti.«h  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  on  the  Malabar  coast,  20  miles  S.  of  Calicut. 

TAX'S,  tins.  Desert  of.  a  dreary  waste  of  South  Africa, 
in  the  Damanis  country,  between  lat.  23° and  24°  S,  bounded 
on  the  N.H  by  the  mountains  of  Tans,  which  rise  to  4000 
feet  above  the  sea. 

TAN'S  BAY,  a  post-office  of  Darlington  district.  South 
Carolina. 

TANS'BOROrGH,  a  village  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  35  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Trenton,  contains  6  or  8  houses. 

T.\XS'UELF,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Webt 
Riding. 

TANS'LEY'',  a  township  of  EngUnd,  co.  of  Derby. 

T.\X'SOR.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

TANTAH.  tin'td.  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  in  the  Delta, 
province,  and  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Menoof,  on  the  Damietta 
branch  of  the  Nile.    It  has  a  government  school. 

T.VNTALEM.  tin'ti-lJm',  a  considerable  island  of  Farther 
India,  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  25  miles  E.  of  Ligor.  separated 
from  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  strait.  Lat.  8°  N.,  Ion.  101°  E. 
Length,  65  miles ;  greatest  breadth,  20  miles.  The  soil  is 
highly  fertile. 

TANUIRATH  DOORA  (or  DURA,)  ti-nwe-rath' doo'ri  (?) 
(the  AdoraHm  of  Scripture.  2  Chron.  xi.  9,  and  Adii>ra  of 
Josephus.)  a  large  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damascus, 
5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hebron,  on  the  E.  slope  of  a  hill,  enclosed 
by  olive-grounds.  It  Is  the  residence  of  a  sheikh.  It  has 
no  remains  of  antiquity. 

T.'^N'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

TAX-\'.\XG,  tin'ying'.  a  town  of  Chin-a,  provinceof  Kiang- 
Soo,  on  the  Imperial  Canal,  60  miles  E.  of  Xanking. 

TAO.  tl'o,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Iloo-nan,  near  lat. 
25°  30'  X.,  and  Ion.  112°  E. 

TAO-IIIXG-TEXG-SH AX  (or  CHAN.)  tJ/o  hing  tJng  shin, 
a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Koei-Choo.  Lat.  28°  4' 
N..  Ion.  108°  27'  E.     It  it  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

T.4.0NER0.\,  a  bav  of  New  Zealand.     See  Turaxga. 

TAOOK.  TAOUK.'ti'ook',  or  TOAK,  to'ak.  a  town  of  Turk- 
ish Koordistan.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Tigris,  30  miles  S.  of 
Kerkook.  It  was  formerly  important,  with  an  ancient  arch, 
and  a  Moslem  tomb. 

TA0RMI.N.\.  tl-oK-mee'nJ.  (anc.  TauTomelnium.)  a  town 
of  Sicily,  intendancy,  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Messina,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  the  island.  Lat.  37°  48'  X.,  Ion.  15°  18'  E.  Pop. 
3300.  It  is  enclosed  by  an  irregular  wall  and  lines,  sur- 
moulted  by  old  Saracenic  walls,  and  still  higher  by  the 
town  and  milit.iry  post  of  Mola.  It  has  many  large  churches 
and  convents,  an  hospital,  and  some  trade  in  wineand  hemp, 
the  former  of  excellent  quality.  But  its  chief  celebrity  is 
due  to  its  splendid  remains  of  antiquity,  comprising  a  thea- 
tre, capable  of  accf.mmodating  40.t>00  spectators,  and  one  of 
the  finest  ancient  structures  extant,  commanding  a  magnifi- 
cent prospect.  It  has  al.so  remains  of  the  aqueduct  and  re- 
servoir which  supplied  the  ancient  city  with  water,  sepul- 
chres, cenotaphs,  tes.'^elated  pavements,  and  ruined  edifices. 

TAOS,  tj'oce,  almost  t45wss,  a  county  forming  the  N.K.  ex- 
tremity of  Xew  Mexico,  drained  by  the  Rio  Grandp  and 
Canadian  Rivers,  and  by  several  tributaries  of  the  .Arkansas. 
The  surface  in  the  W.  part  is  mountainous,  being  tiaver^ed 
by  several  ranges,  continuations  of  the  Rocky  Momitaius.  In 


TAO 


TAR 


I860  there  were  raised  72,049  bushels  of  wheat,  the  greatest 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  of  the  tenitoiy.  Named 
from  the  Taosa  Indians,  a  tribe  who  formerly  inhabited  this 
part  of  the  country.    Capital,  Taos.     Pop.  14,103. 

TAOS,  a  post-village  of  Navarro  CO.,  Texas,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  Trinity  Kiver.  alxiut  200  miles  N.N.E.  of  Austin  City.  It 
Is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  bluff,  and  contains  2  dry-goods 
stores. 

TAOS,  a  post-office  of  Cole  cc,  Missouri. 

TAOS,  a  post-villaj;e  capital  of  Taos  co.,  Xew  Mexico,  Is 
about  12  miles  E.  of  the  lUo  Grande,  and  66  miles  nearly 
due  N.  of  Santa  Fe  It  is  situated  in  a  valley  of  the  same 
name,  one  of  the  most  romantic  and  fertile  spots  in  the  ter- 
ritory, being  finely  watered  by  several  small  aifluents  of 
the  Kio  Grande,  and  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  lofty 
mountains.  Taos  is  more  properly  a  collection  of  small 
hamlets  contiguous  to  one  another  than  a  small  village : 
ot  these  Don  Fernandez  de  Taos  is  the  largest ;  it  contains 
(t  church  and  a  school.  The  place  was  first  settled  by  a 
white  population  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 

TAO-THSEU-SHAN  or  TAO-TIISEU-CHAN,  ta'o  t'sj-oo' 
shSn',  a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Pe-ehee-lee.  I>at.  39° 
62'  N.,  Ion.  114°  4,"/  K.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TAOUDINY  or  TAOUDYNY.    See  Taudent. 

TAOUKA,  tA-ooTki.  one  of  the  Society  Islands. 

TAPAGIPE,  ta-pd-zhee'pi,  or  ITAPAGIPE.ee-ta-pl-zhee'- 
p.i,  a  village  and  parish  of  Brazil,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Ba- 
hia,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  B.iy  of  All-Saints.  It  has  exten- 
sive building-docks,  aud  Is  a  summer  residence  of  the 
archbishop  of  Brazil. 

TAPAJOS,  td-pd'zhoce,  or  TOPAYOS,  to-pi'yoce,  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  ParS,  after  a  N.  course  of  oOO  miles  joins 
the  Amazon  near  Santarem,  its  ba.sin  lying  between  those  of 
the  Madeira  and  Xingu.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Preto  and  the  Juruena,  and  is  navigable  from  the  Amazon, 
aJoiig  the  Preto,  to  within  20  miles  of  the  head  of  navigation 
of  the  Cuy.Hba,  an  affluent  of  the  Plata. 

TA-PA-LING,  ti'pd'ling',  a  mountain  of  China,  province 
of  Slien-see.  Lat.  32°  42'  N.,  Ion.  106°  8'  E.  It  is  covered 
with  perpetual  snow. 

TAPANIIUACANGA,  ta-pSn-yoo-d-kang'ga,  a  villtige  of 
Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Geraes,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Minas 
Novas. 

TAPEANTAXA,  t|-p.V3n-ta'nl,  one  of  the  Sooloo  Island.?, 
S.  of  Baseelan.     Lat.  6°  14'  N.,  Ion.  122°  8'  E. 

TAPER  A.  tap.'l'ra.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas 
Geraes.  22  miles  S.W.  of  Serro. 

TA  PI  AU,  td'pe-Ow',  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  22  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Konigsberg,  on  the  Pregel.     Pop.  2700. 

TAPl'SI,  tj-pe-see',  or  TAPICllE,  ti-pee'ch.A,  a  river  of 
South  America,  rises  in  the  N.E.  of  Peru,  flows  N.N.W., 
expanding  into  a  lake  of  its  own  name,  enters  Ecuador,  and, 
after  a  course  of  above  200  miles,  joins  the  Ucayale,  a  branch 
\>f  the  Amazon. 

TAP'LEYVILLE,  a  post-village,  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts. 

TAP'LOAV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

TAPOLCSANY.  tOh^poIY-hiH',  Kis  (kish)  or  Little,  a 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bars,  30  miles  S.W.  of  Krem- 
iiitz.     Pop.  1061. 

TAPOLCSANY,  Nagt  (nodj)  or  Great,  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.,  and  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Neutra.     Pop.  2475. 

TAPOOL,  td^pool',  an  island  of  the  JIalay  Archipelago, 
in  the  Sooloo  group,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Sooloo.  Lat.  5°4u'  N., 
Ion.  120°  .50'  E. 

TAP^PAHAN'NOCK,  a  port  of  entry  and  capital  of  Essex 
ce.,  Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  lUppahannock  Iliver, 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  a  custom-house,  1 
ehurch,  2  flourishing  seminaries,  and  5  stores.  The  ship- 
oing  of  the  district,  June  30,  1854,  amounted  to  an  aggre- 
gate of  6295  tons,  of  which  5681  were  employed  in  the  coast- 
aig  trade.    Pop.  about  350. 

TAP'PAN,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Ohio. 

TAP'PAN^  BAY,  called  also  TAPPAN  SEA,  New  York, 
Ml  expan.sion  of  the  Hudson  River,  between  Rockland  and 
AVestehester  counties.  Length,  nearly  12  miles;  greatest 
breadth,  about  i  miles.  The  lower  end  is  24  miles  N.  of  New 
York. 

TAPPANOOLY,  tip-pl-noo'lee,  a  district  of  Sumatra,  on 
the  W.  coast,  with  a  fine  bay ;  lat.  1°  43'  X.,  Ion.  9S°  45'  E. 

TAP'l'ANTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Rockland  Co.,  New  York, 
about  130  miles  S.  of  Albany.  Major  Andre  was  executed 
here  in  October,  1780. 

TAPROBANE.    See  Cetlon. 

TAP/TEE\  TUP/TEE  or  TAPTY,  a  river  of  India,  rises 
ill  the  centre  of  the  peninsula,  near  B.aitool,  flows  W.  through 
the  S.  part  of  the  Gwalior  dominions,  and  the  districts  of 
Candeish  and  Surat,  in  the  British  presidency  of  Bombay, 
and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  20  miles  W.  of  Surat.  The 
principal  aflluent  is  the  Poornah,  from  the  S.  It  is  navi- 
gable only  a  short  distance  above  Surat. 

TAQUARI,  td-kwa-ree/,  written  alsoTACOARY,  a  riverof 
Brazil,  province  of  Matto  Grosso,  flows  N.W.  and  S.W.,  and 
joins  the  Paraguay  near  lat.  20°  20'  S.,  Ion.  58°  W.  Total 
Ci Airse,  400  miles. 

i'AQUARI,  ti-kwil-ree/,  or  TEBICUARI,  ti-be-kwd-ree',  a 


;  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the  province  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio 
I  Grande,  in  "lat.  18°  S..  flows  S.,  and  after  course  of  about  140 
I  miles  joins  the  Jaeuhi.    It  is  navigated  by  small  craft  for 

about  80  miles. 
!      T.\RA,   tah'ra,  a  parish  of  Ireland,   in   lA>inster,  co.  ot 
I  Meath.  2  miles  W.  of  Skreen.  The  hill  of  Tara  was  in  remote 
I  antiquity  a  chief  seat  of  the  Irish  monarchs,  and  from  it  was 
orignally  brought  the  famous  stone  long  used  in  the  coro- 
nation of  the  Scottish  kings  at  Scone.  It  is  now  in  the  chair 
of  Edward  the  Confessor,  at  M'estminster. 

TARA,  td'rd,  a  river  of  Siberia,  joins  the  Tobol  25  miles 
S.E.  of  the  town  of  Tana,  after  a  W.  course  of  200  miles. 

T.\RA.  a  town  of  Siberia,  government  of  Tobolsk,  on  the 
Irtish,  135  miles  N.  of  Omsk.  Pop.  440<\  It  consists  of  a 
fortified  quarter  on  a  height,  and  a  suburb  on  the  river 
bank,  inhabited  by  Tartars,  who  carry  on  some  trade  with 
Chinese  and  Independant  Toorkistan.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  of  leather,  hats,  and  vitriol. 

TARABESOON.     See  Tkf.hizond. 

TARABL008,  TARABLOUSorTARABLUS.    See  TniPOU. 

TAR  ACIITCHA.  a  town  of  Russia.    The  Tahasucua. 

TARAKAI.    See  Tarrakai,  Bay  of. 

TARAKAI  or  KRAFTO.    See  Saghauen. 

TAR  AKLI,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Terekli. 
,  TARANCON,  td-rdn-kon',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  aud 
38  miles  W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  4790. 

TAUANEH,  a  town  of  Egypt.     See  Terraneh. 

TARANOVKA  or  TARANOWKA.  td-rd-nov'kd.  a  market- 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kharkov. 
Pop.  1500. 

TAR  ANS  AY,  an  i.sland  of  Scotland.     See  Tarrinsat. 

TARANTA,  td-rdn'td.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Citra.  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lanciano.     Pop.  15<X). 

TAllANTAISE,  td'rftN^'tAz',  or  TARANTASIA.  td-rdn-td/- 
se-d,  a  province  of  Savoy,  having  E.  the  Alps,  N.  the  pro- 
vince of  Faucigny,  and  S.  that  of  Maurienne.  Pop.  in  1852, 
45,841.  It  is  watered  by  the  Upper  Is6re.  and  derives  its 
name  from  the  ancient  city  of  Darentasia,  which  is  situated 
near  its  capital,  Moutiers. 

TARANTASCA,  td-rdn-tds^^d,  a  village  of  the  S.ardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  0  miles  N.  of  Coni.     Pop.  1869. 

TARANTASIA,  a  province  of  Savoy.     See  Tarantaise. 

TARANTO,  td'rdn-to,*  (Gr.  Tdpos.'Tapacros;  L.  Tarenf- 
turn,)  a  fortified  city  and  seaport  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Otranto,  on  an  island  formerly  a  peninsula,  separat- 
ing the  Mare  Piccolo,  (md'rd  pik'ko-lo;  "Little  Sea.")  its  in- 
ner harbor,  from  theOulf  of  Taranto,  or  i/arf.  Grande,  (nid'rd 
grdn'dA;  '-Great  Sea,")44  miles  W.S.W.of  Brindisi.  Lat. 40° 
27' N.,  Ion.  17°  15' E.  Pop.  19,105.  The  city,  on  the  site  of  thi- 
ancient  citadel,  is  of  an  ov.al  shape,  and  has  a  cathedral,  seve- 
ral other  churches  and  convents,  a  diocesan  school,  orphan 
asylum,  and  other  hospitals;  manufactures  of  linen  ,aiid  cot- 
ton fabrics  and  velvets,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  olive-oil, 
fruits,  cotton,  and  shell-fish,  which  last,  as  in  antiquity, 
abound  here  in  great  variety.  The  inner  harbor  is  excellent 
as  respects  both  depth  and  security,  but  the  entrance  has 
become  so  choked  that  it  is  accessible  only  by  boats.  The 
outer  harbor,  or  Mare  Grande,  is  safe,  extensive,  and  defend- 
ed by  the  islands  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  The  channel 
between  them  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  100  yards  in  length, 
over  which  is  an  aqueduct  conveying  water  to  the  city  from 
Mutina,  12  miles  distant;  and  here  are  the  remains  of  an 
amphitheatre,  and  a  few  other  antiquities.  Tarentum,  re- 
puted to  have  been  founded  by  colonists  from  Sparta  about 
B.C.  700,  was  long  a  wealthy  seat  of  commerce,  literature,  and 
science;  but  it  was  taken  by  the  Romans  under  Fabius 
Maximus  B.C.  209,  after  which  it  never  resumed  its  previous 
importance. 

TARANTO.  GniP  or,  a  large  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  bounded,  except  on  the  S.E.,  by  the  Neapolitan  pro- 
vinces of  Calabria,  Basilicata,  and  ()tranto.  Length.  TO 
miles ;  breadth  of  entrance  between  Capes  Nau  and  Santa 
Maria  de  Leuca,  70  miles ;  average  breadth,  60  miles.  It 
receives  all  the  rivers  of  Basilicata,  and  the  Crati  and  Netc 
from  Calabri.a. 

TARAPACA,  td-rd-pd'kd.  a  town  of  Peru,  department  of 
Arequipa,  on  a  river  10  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  190  miles  N.  of  Atacama. 

TARAPIA,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Therapia. 

T.\RARE,  tdVaR/,  a  manufacturing  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Rhone,  21  miles  W,N.W.  of  Lyons.  Pop.  in  1852, 
10.334.  It  has  a  chamber  of  commerce,  and  is  the  centre  of 
an  extensive  manufacture  of  plain  and  figured  muslins, 
mostly  conducted  in  the  homes  of  the  weavers,  who.se  con 
dition  is  among  the  best  of  any  in  France, 

TAR.A.SCON,  td^ids'k6s»',  (aiic.  farusiym  or  Tara-icon.)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Bouche.s-du-l!hone.  on  the 
r.iilway  from  Avignon  to  .Marseilles,  and  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhone,  opposite  Beaucatre,  with  which  it  communi- 
cates by  a  su.speusion  bridge,  12  miles  S.  of  Avignon.    Lat 


•  Taranto  fnrnishes  a  striking  instance  of  the  tendency  of  the 
Italian  tongue  to  adopt  the  Greek  accent  iustend  of  conforminii 
to  the  Latin  quantity,  as  we  do,  in  accentuating  Greek  and  l^tin 
names.    See  :jT.  UeLe.na,  ^ote. 

1886 


TAR 


TAR 


iW>  4S'  N.,  Ion.  4°  40'  E.  Pop.  ia  1852,  12.539.  It  has  a 
communal  college,  a  church  of  the  eleventh  century,  theatre, 
to-wn-hall,  court-house,  barracks,  hospitals,  and  mauCic- 
tures  of  woollen  and  silk  fabrics,  brandy  and  vinegar,  some 
boat-building,  and  an  active  general  trade.  Near  it  ai-e 
large  nursery  grounds.  Teasles,  madder,  and  almonds  are 
raised  extensively  in  the  vicinity. 

TARASC0N-SUR-AIII/:GE,  tiVis^ki.vo'  siiR  iVe-aizhJ,  a 
commune  and  town  of  France,  department  of  .\riege.  8  miles 
S.  of  Foix,  on  the  right  bank  of  Ariege.  Pop.  in  1852,  1500. 
It  ha."!  iron  forges  and  tanneries. 

TARASHCHA,  TARACllXCHA  or  TARASCHTSCHA, 
til-rash'ch.i.  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  60  miles  S. 
of  Kiev.     Pop.  2100. 

TAUASP,  tiVisiy,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Gri- 
Bons,  in  the  Engadine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Inn,  8  miles 
N.E.  of  Suss,  4265  feet  above  the  sea.  It  has  a  mineral 
spring,  with  hotels  and  lodging-houses. 

TARAAVAY,  tdVS-wd'.  written  also  KNOY,  an  island  in 
<he  North  Pacific,  in  the  Gilbert  Archipelago.  Lat.  1°  29'  N., 
ion.  173°  5'  E.     It  is  20  miles  long. 

TARAZ,  tdViz'.  a  town  of  Central  Asia,  khanat,  and  220 
niles  N.N.W.  of  Khokan,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Jaxartes. 
)  t  hiis  greatly  declined  from  its  former  importance. 

TARAZOXA,  td-ri-tho'nd.  (anc.  TariaJsn  or  Turias'soA  a 
l.iwn  of  Spain,  province,  and  52  miles  W.N.W.  of  Saragossa. 
i>n  the  Queiles.  here  crossed  by  three  bridges.  Lat.  41°  55' 
K.,  Ion.  1°  43'  W.  Pop.  5966.  It  has  a  cathedral.  4  parish 
churches,  a  bi.shop's  palace,  hospital,  ajid  poor-house,  with 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollens,  caps,  and  leather. 

TARAZUNA  DK  LA  MANCIIA,  t4-rd-tho/ni  di  li  mdu'- 
chi  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  an,d  25  miles  N.  of  Albacete, 
with  602S  inhabitiints,  and  miinufactures  of  printed  cottons 
and  handkerchiefs. 

TARBAGATAI,  taR-bi-gi-ti',  or  TARBAGTAI,  UR-bag-tl', 
(Chinese.  Soui-tsing-ching,  soo'ee-tsing-ching.)  a  frontier 
town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  capital  of  a  province,  180  miles 
N.ofEelee.  Lat.46°8' N.,  Ion.  S2°38' E.  Is  enclosed  by  stone 
walls  flanked  with  towers,  and  traversed  by  several  canals. 
Pop.  very  variable,  consisting  partly  of  Chinese  garrisons 
frequently  changed,  exiles  and  merchants,  who  resort  to  it 
for  commerce  with  the  Calmuck  tribes,  from  whom  they 
receive  cattle.  &c.  in  exchange  for  cotton  and  silk  fabrics. 

TARBAGATAI  OOLA,  taR-lm-gi-ti'  oo'li,  Central  Asia,  a 
mountain  chain  between  the  Lakes  Zaisan  and  Balk.Hsh. 

TAR/B.iN,  a  locality  of  Australia,  New  South  Wales,  oo. 
of  Cumberland,  on  Paramatta  River,  8  miles  W.  of  Sydney. 
Here  is  the  colonial  lunatic  a.sylum. 

TAIVBAT,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  11 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Tain.  Here  are  remains  of  several  old  baro- 
nial castles,  and  the  maritime  village  of  Portmaholuiack. 

TAKBKLLIC-E.     See  T.irbes. 

TARBEXA.  taR-ni'ui,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  A'alencia,  pro- 
f  Ince,  and  about  36  miles  N.E.  of  Alicante.     Pop.  1973. 

TAK'BERT  or  TAR'BET,  East  .\nd  West,  two  inlets  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Scotland,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  great  S.  penin- 
sula of  -Argyleshire,  approaching  eiich  other  within  1  mile, 
»nd,  together  with  the  narrow  isthmus  between  them, 
separating  Kintyre  from  Knapdale.  The  West  Loch  ex- 
tends for  10  miles  N.E.,  by  about  1  mile  in  breadth;  the  East 
Loch  1  mile  in  length,  from  Loch  Fyne,  h.is  at  its  head  the 
fishing  village  of  Tairbert,  with  a  pop.  of  about  500. 

TAR'BEKT,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  in  .Munster,  co.  of 
Kerry,  on  the  S.  Iwink  of  the  Shannon,  near  its  mouth,  4 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Glin.    Pop.  1024. 

TARBES.  taRb,'  (anc.  Tur'ba  or  TarheVlicce,)  a  town  of 
France,  capit.al  of  the  department  of  Hautes- Pyrenees,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Adour,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pau.  Pop.  in  1S52, 
14.004.  It  is  situated  in  a  fine  plain,  and  separated  into 
three  nearly  equal  parts  by  two  large  open  spaces.  Tarbes  has 
a  communal  college,  chamlier  of  commerce,  a  forest  board, 
schools  of  design  and  architecture,  manufactures  of  copper- 
wares,  cutlery,  and  paper,  a  national  stud,  an  active  trade 
in  horses,  and  extensive  markets  every  fortnight,  to  which 
the  inhabitants  of  the  adjacent  mountainous  districts  bring 
their  wool  and  flax,  taking  back  colonial  produce  and  manu- 
factures of  all  kinds. 

TAR'BET  or  TAR'BERT,  East  A^^J  West,  two  lochs  or 
Inlets  of  the  sea,  on  the  opposite  coasts  of  the  i.^land  of 
Harris,  Outer  Hebrides,  nearly  approaching  each  other,  and 
being  each  about  6  miles  in  length,  and  4i  miles  in  greatest 
breadth. 

TARBET,  East  Jind  West.  Argyleshire.    See  Tarbert. 

TARBET  ISLAXD,  Ireland,  in  Conn.aught,  co.  of  Galwav, 
Is  off  the  W.  coast,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Achris  Ue.ad.  Circum- 
ference, H  miles. 

TAR'BOLTON,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  pari.sh  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Ayr,  on  the  Faile,  8  miles  S.  of  Kilmarnock.  Pop.  of 
the  burgh  about  1150.  It  hiis  a  handsome  church,  a  sulv 
scription  library,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  woollen,  and 
linen  fabrics.  Here  Burns  resided  from  his  17th  to  his  24th 
year. 

TARTJOROUGH.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Edgecombe  co.. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  Tar  River.  76  miles  E.  of  Raleigh. 
It  i*  ^t  ".he  head  of  navigation,  and  has  a  considerable  trade 


by  means  of  small  boats.  Turpentine  and  lumber  are  .iniong 
the  exports.  The  vill.age  contains  1  bank,  and  an  academy 
Two  newspapers  are  published  here.     Pop.  104S. 

TARCZAL,  tdRt\-ol'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  ol 
2^mplin,  2  miles  W.  of  Tokay.     Pop.  3410. 

TARDAJOS  or  TARDAXOS,  taR-oi'iioce,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  7  miles  W.S.  W.  of  Burgos.     Pep.  548. 

TAR'DEBIGG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

TAKDEXOIS,  UKMeh-nwa',  an  old  district  of  Franca, 
capital  of  Fere-en-Tardenois,  now  included  in  the  depjirt- 
ment  of  Aisne. 

TARDUS,  taRd.  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Creuse, 
flows  circuitously  N.N.E.,  and  joins  the  Cher  on  the  left. 
Total  course.  40  miles. 

TARDOIRE,  taR'dwaR/,  or  TARDOUi!:RE,  tiR'doo-aiR/,  a 
river  of  France,  departments  of  Haute-VienneandCharente, 
after  a  W.  course  of  4o  miles  joins  the  Bandiat  3  miles 
N.W.  of  La  Rochefoucault.  It  ttirns  many  mills,  and  along 
its  banks  are  numerous  curious  caverns. 

T.\R'DY  villi;,  a  post-village  of  Pontotoc  CO.,  Mississippi. 

TARE.M.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Tarom. 

TARENTUM.     See  T.ar.anto. 

TAREXTUM,  a  post-village  of  East  Deer  township,  Alle- 
ghany county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Alle- 
ghany River,  20  miles  altove  Pittsboig.  Boat-building  is 
carried  on  here.  It  contains  also  large  manufactures  of 
salt  and  soda.     Pop.  711. 

T.\Ri"  or  T.^RFF,  several  small  rivers  of  Scotland ;  the 
principal  in  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  flowing  S.  into 
the  Dee.  2  miles  above  liirkcudbright. 

TAUGOX,  tauV>ixo',  a  market-town  of  Fr.ance,  department 
of  Gironde,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bordeaux.    Pop.  954. 

TARIF.\,  tiL-ree'fl,  (anc.  Ju/lia  Jihaf)  a  seaport  town  of 
Spain,  at  its  southern  extremity,  on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 
province  of  Seville,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Gibraltar,  with  a 
light-house  and  modern  fort  on  a  rocky  isLand,  connected 
with  the  mainland  by  a  cau.seway,  in  lat.  36°  N.,  Ion.  5°  36' 
W.  Pop.  8116.  The  town  has  a  Moorish  appearance;  it  is 
defended  by  an  old  castle  built  by  the  Jloors,  and  has  large 
barracks  and  storehouses,  tanneries  and  potteries,  and  one 
of  the  most  .active  tunny  and  anchovy  fi.«heries  in  Spain. 
Its  harbor  is  unfit  for  large  ve-ssels,  but  frequented  by 
numerous  coasters.  Tarifa  was  long  a  military  post  of  Im- 
portance to  the  Moors,  as  it  now  is  to  the  Spaniards.  It 
was  successfully  defended  by  the  British  against  the  troops 
of  Victor  and  Laval,  in  1811.  on  which  occasion  Colonel  (now 
Lord)  Gough  greatly  distinguished  him.self. 

TARIFA,  ta-ree'fd.  a  village  of  the  isthmus  of  Tehuant<^ 
pec.  Mexican  Confederation,  on  the  river  Taiifa,  an  affluent 
of  the  Coatzacoalco. 

TAR'IFF,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co..  Ohio. 

TAR'IFFVILLE,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Sims- 
bury  township,  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Farmington  River,  and  near  the  New  Haven  and 
Northampton  Railroad,  45  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  Haven. 
It  is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  carpets :  one  esta- 
blishment here  cost  $900,000,  and  employs  from  650  to  800 
operatives.  In  1S40  Ibis  village  contained  less,  than  400 
inhabitants ;  in  1S60.  the  population  was  near  2000. 

T.A.RIJA  or  TARIXA,  td-ree'Hd.  a  frontier  department  of 
Bolivia,  between  lat  21°  and  22°  S.,  Ion.  62°  and  67°  W., 
halving  S.  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  N.  the  river  Pil- 
comayo,  separating  it  from  the  departments  of  Sucre  and 
Sant,a  Cruz.  Estimated  area.  12.000  square  miles.  It  con- 
tains many  fertile  valleys,  producing  wheat,  maize,  yerha 
maU.  cocoa,  and  flax. 

TAIUJA  or  TARIXA,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  capital  of  fhe 
above  department,  on  the  river  Tarija,  an  afiluent  of  the 
A'erniejo.  80  miles  S.E.  of  Cinti.    Estimated  pop.  2000. 

TAR'KEO  CREEK,  of  Mis.souri,  rises  neiir  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.,  enters  the  Mis.souri  in 
Holt  county.  Little  Tarkeo  Creek  traverses  Holt  county, 
and  enters  the  Missouri  at  the  S.K.  extremity  of  the  same. 

TARKI,  taR'kee,  written  also  TARKHON  .and  TSCHAN- 
CHALOVA,  a  considerable  town  of  Russia,  in  Tran.scaucasia, 
province  of  Daghestan,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
70  miles  N.W.  of  Derliend.  I'op.  8000.  It  is  euclo.sed  by  hills. 
The  Russians  have  built  a  citadel  on  its  highest  point. 

TAR'KILN  CREEK,  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Cumber 
land  CO..  New  Jersey.  &lls  into  Delaware  Bay. 

TAR/KINTON'S  PRAI'RIE,  a  post-office  of  Liberty  co., 
Texas. 

TARKOE,  tar'kft',  a  post-village  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri, 
about  110  miles  N.W.  of  Independence. 

TAR'LAND-.A.ND-MIG'VIE,  a  burgh  of  barony  and  united 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Ballater 
Pop.  360. 

TARLETON,  tarl'tjn,  a  chapelry,  England,  co.  Lancaster. 

TARLOW,  taR'lov,  a  ttiwn  of  Poland,  government  of 
Radom.  22  miles  N.  of  Sandomier.     Pop.  1500. 

TARI/TON,  a  post-village  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  35  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Columbus.  It  contiins  3  churches,  several  stores. 
and  about  GOO  inh.abitants. 

T.A.RMA,  taR/niJ.  a  t.jwn  of  North  Peru,  department,  and 
25  miles  S.  of  Juuin,  in  a  healthy  valley  of  the  Andet.  I'op. 


TAR 

6000.    It  Is  resorted  to  for  the  sake  ot  its  bracing  air  and 
me<iicinal  sprinj;s. 

TAirMONHAU'RY  or  TETrMONBAR'RY,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Connaupht,  co.  of  Hoscommnn. 

TAKN.  taRu.  (anc.  Tar'nix.)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in 
Mount  Lozire,  tiows  W.  throuccli  the  departments  of  Avey- 
ron,  Tarn,  Tarn-et-Garonne,  and  joins  the  Garonne  on  tiie 
right.  3  miles  W.  of  .Moissac.  Length,  220  miles.  Affluents, 
on  the  left,  •'^he  Agout;  on  the  right,  the  Aveyron. 

TARN,  a  department  in  theS,"W.  of  France,  forme  1  of  part 
of  the  old  province  of  Upper  lianguedoc,  surrounded  by  the 
departments  of  Ilerault,  Aude,  Ilaute-Qaronne,  Tarn-et- 
Garonne,  and  Aveyron.  Area,  2185  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
18tJl,  3.')3,633.  Tt  is  traversed  by  ramifications  of  theCeven- 
nes  Mountains,  in  the  S.E.  ;the  rest  has  undulating  hills 
and  fine  plains.  Ghief  rivers,  the  Tarn,  Agout,  and  Aveyron. 
One-seventh  of  the  surface  is  covered  by  forests:  soil  fertile 
in  grain  and  fruits:  wine  is  made  of  good  quality :  cattle 
and  sheep  are  extensively  reared ;  the  horses  are  celebrated ; 
and  coal  is  worked.  Chief  manufactures,  woollens  and  cot- 
tons. The  department  is  divided  into  the  arrondissements 
of  .ilhi,  Castres.  Gaillac,  and  F>.avaur,    Capital,  AlVii. 

TARNANARUVO.  Madagascar.     See  Tanan.^rivoo. 

TARN-liT-GARONNE.  taRn  A  giVonn',  a  department  in 
the  S.W.  of  France,  formed  of  part  of  the  old  province  of 
Guienne,  and  surrounded  by  the  departments  of  Aveyron. 
Tarn,  Garonne,  Gers,  Lo^et-Garonne,  and  Lot.  Area,  1405 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1801,  232,551.  Surface  undulating, 
and  watered  by  the  Garonne,  Tarn,  and  Aveyron.  Soil  fer- 
tile in  the  plains.  The  vine  succeeds  well.  Hor.ses  and 
mules  are  extensively  reared.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  arrondissements  of  JIontaul)an,  Caussade,  Castel- 
Sarrasin,  and  Moissac.    Capital,  Mont^iuban. 

TARNOGROD,  taR-no-grod',  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Lublin,  near  the  Austrian  frontier,  34  miles  S.W. 
of  Zamosz.     Pop.  4200. 

T.ARNOPOL,  taR-no'pol,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  on  the 
Sered.  SOmiles  E.S.E.of  Lemberg.  Pop.  10.420.  Ithasagym- 
n.asium,  and  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  united  churches. 

TARNOW.  taR/uov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  on  the 
Biala,  135  miles  W.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  sub- 
urbs, 2250.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  manufactures  of 
linen  and  leather. 

TARNOWITZ,  taR/no-*it.s\  or  TARNOWSKY-GDRA,  taR- 
nov'skee  goo'ra,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  45  miles  S.K.  of 
Oppeln.  Pop.  3020.  Ithasmanufacturesof  woollen  and  linen 
fabrics.     Near  it  are  various  mines. 

TARO,  td'ro,  (anc.  Ta>rus,)  a  river  of  North  Italy,  domi- 
nions of  Sardinia  and  Parma,  joins  the  Po  7  miles  W.  of 
Casal-Maggiore.  after  a  N.E.  course  of  55  miles.  Affluents, 
the  Zeno  and  Stirone.  Under  the  French  it  gave  name  to  a 
department,  the  capital  of  which  was  Parma. 

TAROM,  tdVom',  written  also  TAUREM,  TAREM,  and 
T.\ROUN,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  96  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Sheeraz.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  wall,  sur 
rounded  by  a  fosse,  and  entered  by  a  single  gate.  It  has 
sever.al  mosques. 

TAROODANT,  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Terodant. 

TAROOSA,  TAROUSA  or  TARUSA.  td-roo'sj.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  ar!l  42  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toola,  on  the 
Osa.    I'op.  2.300.    It  has  manufactures  of  sail-cloth  and  hats. 

TAROUC.V.  td-ro'kd,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira  Alta,  7  miles  S.  of  Lamego,  on  a  small  stream 
of  the  s.ame  name.    Pop.  1690. 

TAROUDANT,  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Tebodant. 

TAROUN.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  T.arom. 

TARPAU'LIX  COVE  LIGHT-HOUSE,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  harlior,  on  the  E.side  of  Naushon  Island,  the  largest  of 
the  Elizabeth  Islands,  Massachusetts.  It  shows  a  fixed 
light.  80  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  26'  10" 
N..  Ion.  70°  46' 5"  W. 

T.VR'PORLEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chester.  Pop.  in  1851,  2632.  The 
town  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  has  a  national  school,  en- 
dowed almshou.ses,  and  other  charities.  The  ruins  of  Bees- 
ton  Castle,  a  fortress  erected  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and 
taken  and  dismantled  by  the  Parliamentary  forces,  are  on 
an  isolated  heiirht.  2  miles  S.  of  the  town. 

TARRAGONA,  t3R-Ri-go'nl,  (anc.  Tiir'nico.)  a  seaport  city 
of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province,  on  a  lofty  rock  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Francoli,  in  the  Mediterranean,  52  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Barcelona.  Pop.  13,014.  It  occupies  only  a  small  portion 
of  its  ancient  site;  has  an  upper  and  lower  town,  on  a  hill 
sloping  to  the  .sea;  is  enclo.oed  by  walls  and  ramparts,  en- 
tered by  6  gates,  and  defended  by  two  castles.  It  has  a 
cathedral,  very  richly  adorned  internally ;  an  archbishop's 
palace,  hospital,  seminary,  academies  of  design  and  naval 
architecture,  barr.acks.  theatre,  and  manufactures  of  coarse 
cloth  and  hats,  barrels,  soap,  and  spirits,  with  a  large  export 
trade  in  Barcelona  nuts,  almonds,  wine,  brandy,  and  cork, 
though  Its  harbor  is  inaccessible  except  by  small  coasting 
vessels.  Remains  of  an  amphitheatre,  a  circus,  an  aque- 
duct, sepulchres.  Ac,  testify  the  importance  of  Torracn  in 
the  time  of  the  Romans.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
ISIO. 


TAR 

TARRAGONA,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  bounded 
S  by  the  .Mediterranean  Sea,  along  which  it  .stretches  about 
90  miles.     Area.  24S8  square  miles.     Pop.  290,000. 

TARRAKAI.  tait^Ra-ki,/  orTAHAKA],  Bay  of,  theN.paH 
of  the  Sea  of  .Tapan,  in  East  Asi.i.  dividing  the  island  ot 
Saghalien  (or  Tarrakai)  from  Mantchooria.  Length,  400 
miles:  breadth,  varies  from  50  to  200  miles. 

TARRAKAI,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Tartary.    See  S.AO- 

HAUKN. 

TAli'RAXT,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  psirt  of  Texas,  con- 
tains about  960  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  West 
Fork  of  Trinity  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Clear  Fork 
and  by  Mary's  Creek.  The  surface  consists  partly  of  prai 
ries,  the  soil  of  which  is  productive.  Indian  corn,  grass, 
cattle,  and  horses,  are  the  staples.  Capital,  Birdsville,  Pop. 
in  1850,  664;  in  I860,  6020. 

TARRANT,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Hopkins 
CO.,  Texas,  on  the  road  from  Austin  City  to  Clarksville.  300 
miles  N.E.  from  the  former.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  farm 
ing  country.     It  has  been  built  since  1845.     Pop.  366. 

TARRANT  COURT-HOUSE.     See  Birdsville. 

TARRASA,  tan-Ri'sS,  (anc.  Egara?)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Barcelona.  Pop.  5118.  It  has 
manufactures  of  kerseymeres,  broad-cloths,  and  flannels. 

TARREGA,  taR-R.Vgi.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  25 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Lerida,  with  an  active  trade.     Pop.  3915. 

TAR'RING.  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  IJ 
miles  N.W.  of  Worthing.  At  Salvington,  in  this  parish,  the 
learned  Seldon  was  born  in  1584. 

TAR/RINGTON,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Hereford. 

TAR'RINSAY  or  TAR/ANSAY.  an  i.sland  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland.  CO.  of  Inverness,  pari.sh  and  island  ot 
Harris,  off  the  entrance  of  the  We.'t  Loch  Tarhert.  Length, 
4j  miles.  Pop.  55,  mostly  employed  in  fishing  and  kelp 
making.     Surface  mountainous  and  sterile. 

TAR  RIVER,  of  North  Carolina.    See  Pamlico  Rmm. 

TAR  RIV'ER,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co..  North  Carolina. 

TAR'RYTOWN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Westchester 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  27  miles  N 
of  New  York.  It  has  a  bank,  several  churches,  ami  1  or  2 
academies  or  boarding  schools.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  here  called  Tappan  B.ay.  Near 
this  place  Major  Andre  was  captured  in  17S0.  A  beautiful 
monument  was  erected  here  in  1.S53.  to  commemorate  the 
fidelity  of  Paulding,  Williams,  and  Van  Wert  who  made  his 
arrest.  The  scene  of  Irving's  story  of  Rip  Van  Winkle  is 
laid  in  this  vicinity.     Pop.  from  4OO0  to  5000. 

TARSIA,  taR'se-i.  a  walled  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Citra,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Castrovillari.  Severini,  a 
celebrated  anatomist  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was  born 
here.     Pop.  1500. 

TAR'SUS,  (Turk.  Tarsons  or  Tarsnus.  tar''soos',)  a  city  of 
Asia  Minor,  pashalic,  and  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Adana,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  river  Cydnus.  (which  anciently  flowed 
through  its  centre,)  12  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Medi- 
teTanean.  Lat.  36°  66'  .30"  N.,  Ion.  34°  58'  45"  E.  Perma- 
nent pop.  estimated  at  7000;  but  in  winter  it  is  reported  to 
have  30,000  inhabitants.  The  modern  town,  partly  sui^ 
rounded  by  a  wall,  covers  only  a  portion  of  the  ancient  site. 
The  houses  are  low.  mostly  of  stone,  terrace-roofed,  and  built 
of  the  materials  of  ancient  structures.  Principal  edifices,  a 
castle,  built  by  Bayazeed,  (Bajazet.)  several  mosques,  cara- 
vanserais, public  baths,  and  an  ancient  church.  Various 
remains  of  antiquity  exist  in  and  around  the  city.  The 
Cydnus  is  now  navig.able  only  for  small  Vioats,  and  large  ves- 
sels anchor  in  the  roadstead  of  Mersin,  8  miles  W.  of  ita 
mouth.  Its  vicinity  is  highly  productive  in  corn  and  cot- 
ton, which  articles,  with  wool,  copper,  gall-nuts,  wax.goats'- 
hair,  skins,  hides,  and  hair  sacks,  form  the  chief  exports  of 
Tarsus;  the  principal  imports  being  rice,  sugar,  coffee,  and 
hardwares,  from  Arabia  and  the  Mediterrane.in.  According 
to  some  ancient  authors,  this  city  was  founded  bv  the 
Assyri.an  king,  Sard.inapalus.  It  was  taken  by  both  Cyrus 
and  Alexander,  and  was  subsequently  famous  in  Roman 
hi.story.  It  was  the  birthplace  and  residence  of  St.  Paul; 
besides  whom,  the  stoic  Antipater.  and  the  philosopher 
Athenodoius.  ivere  among  its  natives. 

TAR'TAR/AGHAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Armagh. 

T.\RTAR0,  taR-tA'ro,  a  river  of  Austrian  Italy,  flows  S., 
and  then  E.,  and  unites  with  the  Ca.stagnaro  iu  forming  the 
Blanco  Canal ;  total  course.  60  miles. 

TART.4RY,  Gulf  of.    See  Tarrakai,  B.at  of. 

TARTARY,  a  vast  region  of  Asia  and  Europe,  ic  its 
widest  acceptation  extending  from  the  Sea  of  Japan  to  the 
river  Dnieper,  and  thus  comprising  Mantchooria.  Mongolia, 
Soongaria,  and  Thian-Shan,  in  the  Chinese  Empire;  the 
states  of  Khokan,  Khoondooz,  Bokhara,  and  Khiva;  the 
Kii-gheez  Territory,  a  large  part  of  South  Siberia,  and  the 
Russian  governments  N.  of  the  Caspian  and  Black  Seas.  It 
also  comprises  part  of  the  ancient  Sannatia.  See  the  several 
articles  relating  to  those  territories:  also  Chinese  and  In- 
dependent Toorkistax. 

TART.ARY,  CRI.M.  a  part  of  the  Russian  government  of 
I  Taurida,    See  Crimea. 

1887 


TAR 


TAU 


TARTAS.  tattHS',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Landes, 
Ou  the  Miiiouze.  15  miles  S.W.  of  Mont-de-Mars-an.  Pop.  iu 
1S52,  30ii.  It  has  large  saffron-grounds  in  its  vicinity,  and 
an  active  trade. 

TAllTLAU,  taRtldw,  or  TORTILLOX,  a  market-town  of 
Transylvania,  in  Saxonland,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Kronstadt. 
Pop.  -tOOO. 

TARUDANT,  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Tekodaxt. 

T  ARUM  AN,  a  town  of  Sumatra.    See  Troomon. 

TARDS.    See  Taro. 

TARUSA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Takoosa. 

TARUSCON.     See  Tarascox. 

TARUT.  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Bahrein.    See  TranooT. 

TAR/VERS  CROSS-ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Jefferson 
eo.,  Georgia. 

TAIVVKKSVILLE.  a  post-oflBce  of  Twiggs  co.,  Georgia, 
about  30  miles  S.K.  of  Macon. 

TARVES,  tar'vJs.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen, 
with  a  village,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Old  Meldrum.  It  has  5  annual 
fairs. 

TARrVIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

TARVIS.  tan'vis,  a  marltet-town  of  Ulyria,  In  Carinthia, 
near  the  Italian  frontier,  16  miles  S.^V.  of  A'illach.  Pop. 
1ij90.  Near  it  are  some  iron-works,  mines  of  lead  and  zinc, 
and  the  Tarvis  Pass  across  the  Carnic  Alps.  Here  the 
French,  under  Massena,  defeated  the  Austrians  on  the  26th 
of  March,  1797. 

TARA'ISIUM.    See  Treviso. 

TAS/RURGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TASCHKEND.    See  Tashkend. 

TASCHOW,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Tachau. 

T.ASCO,  tJs'ko,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state, 
and  70  miles  S.W.  of  Mexico. 

TASCO,  tfc'ko,  a  village  of  New  Granada,  department  of 
Bovaca,  province  of  Tunja. 

TASK  (or  TASCH  1  AJAK,  tilsh  rjik'C?)  a  town  of  Central 
Asia,  khanate,  and  so  close  to  Khiva  as  to  be  almost  its 
suburb.  It  is  an  old  place,  and  was  once  of  considerable 
importance,  but  a  large  part  of  it  has  been  buried  by  shifting 
Eunds.     It  con.sists  of  150  houses. 

TASHBALIK,  tashHii-leek',  a  frontier  town  of  Chinese 
Toorkistan.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Kashgar. 

TASIIEKA.  a  town  of  Rus.«!ia.    See  Koltvan. 

TASH  (or  TASCH)  IIAUS,  tlsh  hows,  a  town  of  Central 
Asia,  khanat,  and  ^2  miles  N.W.  of  Khiv.a.  on  a  canal  led 
trnm  the  Oxus.  It  lies  high,  has  about  300  earthen  huts, 
a  castle  of  the  khan,  and  a  fortress. 

TASHIN/N'Y  or  TAGHSUIN'Ny,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Lfinster.  co.  of  Longford. 

TASHKEND.tish'kend',  written  al.so  TASHKENT  and 
TASCHKEND,  a  town  of  Independent  Toorkistan.  khanat, 
and  90  miles  N.W.  of  Khokan,  on  an  affiuent  of  the  Jaxartes. 
Pop.  40,000.(?)  It  is  reported  to  be  enclosed  by  a  high  brick 
wall,  entered  by  12  gates,  and  intersected  by  canals.  It  has 
a  garrison,  many  mosques,  and  other  public  buildings. 

TASH-KUPREE.  tash  ku'pree\  (the  "  stone  bridsre,")  writ- 
ten also  TASH-KUPRI  or  KOPRI.  a.town  of  Asia  Minor,  in 
Anatolia,  52  miles  S.W.  of  Sinope.  It  is  reported  to  have  1500 
houses,  several  baths  and  khans,  manufactures  of  leather  and 
Iron-wares,  and  some  remains  of  the  ancient  PnmpnoplolU. 

TASHLID.TE,  tlfh'le-ji\  written  also  TOSHLIDSCIIA,  a 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  66  miles  S.E.  of  Bosna- 
Serai.  and  N.W.  of  Novibazar.  Pop.  4000.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Greek  bishopric. 

TASHTAPSK,  tishHapsk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Yeniseisk,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Yenisei,  100  miles  S.W. 
of  Abakansk. 

TASH  UN,  tdVhoon'  (?)  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khoo- 
tistan,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Behbehan.  It  was  once  of  import- 
ance, but  is  now  almost  wholly  in  ruins. 

TA  SIUE  SHAN  or  TA  SIUE  CHAN,  tl  seeVA/(?)  Rhln, 
(t.e.  "Great  Snow  Mountain,")  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Se-chuen.  Lat.  30°  13'  N.,  Ion.  102°  24'  E.  It  is 
covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TASMANIA,  in  Australasia.    See  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

TAS'MAN'S  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  N.  coast  of  Middle 
Island,  in  New  Zealand. 

TAS'MAN'S  PENINSULA,  in  Van  Diemen's  Land.  co.  of 
Pembroke,  is  connected  N.  with  Forester's  Peninsula. 
Length,  24  miles;  breadth,  18  miles.  On  its  N.  and  W. 
sides  are  Norfolk  and  Storm  Bays.  Capes  Raoxil  and  Pillar 
form  its  S.W.  and  S.E.  extremities. 

TASNAD,  t«sh'nAd',  or  TRESTENBURG,  trJs'tfn-b*RQ\ 
a  market-town  of  Transylvania,  eo.of  Szoluok,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Nagy-Karoly.     Pop.  3070. 

TASSIN,  tjs'sln  or  tis'seen'.  a  town  of  West  Africa,  on  a 
•mail  but  deep  and  rapid  river,  80  miles  N.E.  of  Free 
Town.  It  is  a  large  place,  fenced  with  mud  walls  about  9 
feet  high,  and  pierced  at  intervals  of  2  or  3  feet  with  holes 
to«-  musketry. 

TAS^SINOXG' GROVE,  a  postoflSce  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana. 

"T AS.'ISUDON,  tdsVsee-soo^lon',  the  capital  town  of  Bootan, 
In  North  HnuJostan.  in  a  valley  of  the  Himalayas,  near  the 
TbiiK?t  frontier.      Lat.  27°  48'  N.,  ion.  89"  4o'  E.    It  has  a 
fortified  palace  of  the  Deb-rajah. 
1888 


TASSWITZ,  t3ss'*its,  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
32  miles  N.W.  of  Znaym.    Pop.  1143. 

TATA,  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  DoTis.  \ 

TATAR  BAZARD.J1K,  ta'tar'  bi'zar-jeek',  a  town  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee.  23  miles  M'.N.W.  of  Philip- 
popoli,  on  the  Maritza.  between  Belgradeand  Constantinople. 

T.\TAY,  td-ti',  a  seaport  town  of  the  Philippines,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Calaniianes,  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the  island 
of  Palawan.     Pop.  2925. 

TATE,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohia 
Pop.  2778. 

TAT'ENHILL,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

TATESVILLE,  taits^vill,  a  post-villago  of  De  Soto  co., 
Mississippi.  14  miles  S.  of  Hernando. 

TATESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  McNairy  co.,  Tennessee. 

TATE'VILLE,  a  vilKage  of  Washita  cot.  Arkansas,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Little  Missouri  and  Washita  Rivers,  about 
85  miles  S.S.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

TAT'H.AM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  L.incaster. 

TA-THSING-SHAN  orTA-THSINO-CHAN,  td-tsing-shan, 
(the  '-Great  Blue  Mountain,")  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Shan-See,  lat.  41°  50'  N.,  ion.  109°  37'  E.  It  is 
covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TATIinVELL.  a  parish  of  EngUnd,  eo.  of  Lincoln. 

TATIHON,  td'tee'As=',  an  island  of  France,  off  the  NJS. 
coast,  department  of  Manehe.  strongly  fortified,  and  form- 
ing one  of  the  defences  of  the  roadstead  of  Hague. 

TATLIN.     See  Revel. 

T.\T'NALL,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  contains 
about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the 
Altamaha.  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Cannouchee,  and  intersected 
by  the  Ohoopee  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  the  soil 
sandy  and  rather  sterile,  excepting  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
rivers.  Capitiil,  Reidsville.  Pop.  4352,  of  whom  3195  were 
free,  and  1157  slaves. 

TATRA  MOUNTAINS.  Huncary.    See  Carpathians. 

TATRANG,  ta'trjng\  or  TIRLUNSCHIEN,  te6n'I6on- 
sheen\  a  village  of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  S.E.  of  Kron- 
stadt.    Pop.  1981. 

TAT-SEEN-LOO  or  TA-TSIEN-LU,  tlt^seenloo.  a  fortified 
town  of  China,  province  of  Se-chuen,  125  miles  W.S.AV.  of 
Ching-too.  Lat.  30°  8'  N.,  Ion.  102°  E.  It  has  an  extensive 
trade  with  Thibet.    Pop.  about  500.000. 

TATS'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

TATTA  or  T.ATTAH.  tSfta,  a  considerable  town  of  Sinde, 
in  the  delta  of  the  Indui!,  W.  of  its  main  stream,  and  48 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Hyderabad.  Lat.  24°  46'  N.,  Ion.  68°  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  10.000.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Pattala 
of  Alexander's  historians:  its  antiquity  is  unquestioned, 
ruins  of  successive  towns  surrounding  it  on  all  sides.  Its 
outward  appearance  is  imposing.  The  principal  edifice  is 
the  brick  mosque  of  Shah-Jehan.  It  has  some  manufactures 
of  silk  and  cotton. 

TATT.A,  tat'td,  a  town  and  caravan  station  of  Morocco,  on 
the  Draha,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  desert,  200  miles  S.  of 
Morocco. 

TATTARAN,  tatHd-ran',  one  of  the  Sooloo  Islands,  be- 
tween the  Baseelan  and  Belawn  Islands.  Lat.  6°  10'  N„ 
Ion.  122°  E. 

TAT/TENIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on 
the  Chester  Branch  of  the  London  and  North-western  Rail- 
wav,  4  miles  W.  of  Beeston. 

T.AT'TENHOE.  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Bucks. 

TATTERFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TAT/TERSET.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TAT'TERSHALL.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lincoln.  8j  miles  S.S.W.  of  Horhcastle,  on  the  Great 
North  Lincoln  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  987.  It  has  a  beauti- 
ful cruciform  church,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of 
Tattershall  Castle. 

TAT'TINOSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

TAUAI.  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.    See  Atauai. 

TAUBATE,  tSw-ba'ti,  a  modern  town  of  Brazil,  province, 
and  80  miles  N.  of  Sao  Paulo.    Pop.  of  the  district,  10,000. 

TAUBER,  tow/ber,  a  river  of  South  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
WUrtemberg,  and  Baden,  rises  near  Rothenburg.  flows 
N.W.  past  Mergentheim  and  Bischofsheim,  and  joins  the 
Main  at  Wertheim.    Course.  70  miles. 

TAUCHA,  tOw'Ka,  a  town  of  Saxony,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Leipsic.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Elster.    Pop.  2095. 

TAUDENY,  TOUDENY  or  TAOUDYNY,  tOwMt^nee',  a 
town  of  Africa,  on  the  Great  Desert,  noted  for  its  salt-mines. 
Lat.  about  22°  N..  Ion.  4°  W. 

TAUGHBOY.    See  T.aohbot. 

TAUOIIBOYNE.  tawHboin',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
CO.  of  Donegal,  with  the  village  of  St.  John's  Town. 

TAUGHBOYNE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

TAUGHEEN.     SeeT.AOHEEN. 

TAUGON-LA-RONDE,  tfiV^N""'  1*  rANd.a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Cbarente-Inferieure,  arrondissement  of  La 
Rochelle.    Pop.  1490.     , 

TAUISK  or  TAOUISK,  tow-isk'  or  tOw-eesk'.  a  petty  town 
of  East  Siberia,  pvovmce.  i»nd  190  miles  E.  of  Okhot<k,  on  th»t 
Tani.a  river  which  tnterl  the  Gulf  of  Tanisk,  in  the  Sea  of 
Okhotsk. 


TAU 

TATJJGAON,  a  town  of  Hindostan.    See  Tazgaos. 

TAU.JIKS,  taw'jeeks/,  or  TADJIKS,  ti'jeeks',  a  people  of 
Persia  and  Afghanistan.  They  constitute  the  principal  part 
of  the  present  population  of  Persia.  They  are  distinct  from 
the  I'ars 'PS  or  Guebas.  (Balbi.) 

TAUbfi,  toM.V  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Finistere,  4  miles  N'.W.  of  Morlaix.     I'op.  in  1852,  3037. 

TAULIGNAN,  to'leeiiVSN"',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Drome,  1.5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Montelimart,  with 
inauufactures  of  woollens  and  silks.    Pop.  1318. 

TA  UN,  a  district  of  West  .Africa,  in  Upper  Guinea. 

T.\.(INDA,  tawn'dl,  a  town  of  Hindostan.  dominions,  and 
S4  miles  8.E.  of  Oude.     Lat.  26°  33'  N.,  Ion.  82°  32'  E. 

TAU.VDA,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Gwalior  dominions,  on 
the  Annas  River.    Lat.  22°  58'  N.,  Ion.  74°  25'  E. 

TAUNDLA,  tawndli,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  a  few  miles 
E.  of  TauiiJa. 

TAU.VGU,  a  town  of  the  Burmese  dominions.  SeeTONGHO. 

TAUNSK.  a  town  of  East  .Siberia.     SeeTAursK. 

TAUNTON,  t^n'ton,  a  parliamentary  (and  formerly  mu- 
nicipal) borough  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Somenset.  on 
the  river  Tone,  with  a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway 
between  Bristol  and  Exeter,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bridgewater. 
Pop.  in  1851,  14,170.  In  an  open  space  in  the  centre  of  the 
town  is  the  fine  church  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen.  The  other 
priueipal  edifices  are  St.  .Tames'  church,  a  handsome  Roman 
Catholic  and  other  chapels,  several  of  which  are  elegant 
buildings,  the  market-house,  with  the  town-hall  and  as- 
sembly-rooms, the  Taunton  and  Somerset  Institution,  with 
news-rooms  and  a  valuable  library,  the  theatre,  and  at  the 
W.  end  of  the  town  the  castle,  built  in  the  time  of  Henry 
I.,  where  the  county  assizes  are  held.  Here  are  granmiar 
and  other  schools,  almshouses  and  other  charities,  the 
Taunton  and  Somerset  Hospital,  a  lying-in  hospitnl,  and  an 
sye  infirmary.  Manufactures  of  silks  and  woollens  have 
declined,  but  are  still  carried  on  to  some  extent.  Imports  of 
Welsh  coal,  and  exports  of  agricultural  and  dairy  pi-oduce, 
are  made  by  the  Bridgewater  Canal. 

Taunton  is  of  great  antiquity,  and  appears,  from  the  dis- 
covery of  urns  with  Roman  coins,  to  have  been  a  Roman 
station.  About  A.  D.  700,  Ina,  King  of  the  West  Saxons, 
built  a  castle  here.  Near  its  site  another  castle  was  built 
by  William  the  Conqueror.  It  figures  in  English  history, 
and  durin:;  the  civil  war.  when  held  by  tlie  Parliamentarians, 
made  a  celebrated  defence  against  the  Royalists.  The  Duke 
of  Monmouth  was  proclaimed  king  here  in  1685.  and  the  in- 
habitants, in  consequence,  suffered  much  from  the  cruelties 
of  the  notorious  Jeffreys  during  his  ••  bloody  assize."  Taun- 
tjin  has  returned  2  members  to  Parliament  since  1265. 

TAUNTON,  tdn'ton.  a  flourishing  post-town,  semi-capital 
of  Bristol  CO.,  Mas.sachasetts.  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation on  Taunton  River,  and  on  the  New  Bedford  and 
Taunton  Railroad,  35  miles  S.  of  Boston,  and  30  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Providence.  Lat.  41°  54'  11"  N.,  Ion.  71°  6'  55"  W.  It  is 
handsomely  built,  and  lighted  with  gas.  In  the  centre  is  a 
beautiful  enclosure,  called  "Taunton  Green."  Many  of  the 
residences  are  very  tasteful,  and  enclosed  with  highly  orna- 
mented grounds.  The  town  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  13 
cliurches,  a  first-class  hotel,  3  banks,  a  savings  institution, 
a  new  academy,  liberally  endowed,  a  high-school,  and  a 
social  library  with  several  thousand  volumes.  One  daily 
and  2  weekly  newsjiapers  are  published  here.  Among 
the  churches,  the  Trinitarian  Congregational,  the  Bap- 
tist, and  the  Episcopal  are  fine  specimens  of  architecture. 
The  Second  State  Lunatic  Hospital,  a  splendid  structure, 
with  3  domes,  is  beautifully  situated  about  a  mile  N  by 
W.  of  the  Green;  it  was  opened  in  1854,  and  has  250 
patients. 

The  manufactures  of  Taunton  are  extensive  and  various, 
consisting  of  locomotives,  steam-engines,  cotton  and  other 
machinery,  nails,  tacks,  brads,  cotton  goods,  and  nume- 
rous other  article.s.  The  Taunton  Locomotive  Company 
is  of  long  standing,  and  turns  out  about  50  locomotives 
annually.  William  Mason  manufactures  locomotives  and 
cotton  machinery  very  extensively.  His  works  have 
recently  been  extended,  and  are  said  to  have  a  capacity 
for  turning  out  1  loc-omotive  a  week  throughout  the  year. 
The  establishment  of  Messrs.  Field  &  Son.  for  the  manu- 
facture of  tacks  and  other  small  nails,  is  one  of  the  most 
extensive  and  best  known  in  the  United  States,  producing 
goods  to  the  value  of  nearly  S750,000  annually.  There  are 
also  several  other  eat-iiblishmenta  for  the  manufacture  of 
small  nails.  The  Old  Colony  Iron  Company  employ  a  large 
capital,  producing  manufactured  articles  to  the  value  of 
about  §1,000,000  a  year.  Taunton  has  6  large  cotton  mills,  2 
crucible  factories,  and  2  orS  manufactories  of  Britannia-wiire. 
Copper,  zinc.  bra.ss  kettles,  and  jewelry,  are  extensively  pro- 
duced :  as  are  also  garden-rakes,  hoe.s,  shovels,  enamelled 
tloth  paper,  &c.  Large  quantities  of  brick  are  made  and 
exported  to  Rhode  Isl.ind.  Ship-building,  formerly  an  im- 
portant branch  of  business  here,  is  again  being  restored. 
Taunton  has  considerable  coast  trade,  and  in  the  importa- 
tion of  Vireadstuffs  ranks  as  the  third  town  in  New  England. 
About  500,000  bushels  of  corn,  and  50,000  barrels  of  flour, 
were  received  here  in  1S64. 

6X 


TAV 

A  beautiful  cemetery,  called  the  Mount  Pleasant  Ceme- 
tery, has  been  laid  out  a  short  distance  from  the  Greeti, 
upon  the  Mount  Auburn  plan.  In  it  a  monument  has 
been  erected  to  the  memory  of  Miss  Eli/.alieth  Pool.  who. 
with  others,  came  from  Taunton  in  England,  in  iri39.  with 
the  view  to  establish  a  church  here  among  the  Indians 
This  was  the  first  settlement  made  at  Taunton.  Pop.  in 
1840.  7645;  in  1850.  10,431;  in  1860.  15,376. 

TAUNTON  RIVER  rises  in  Plymouth  co.,  in  the  E.  part 
of  .Massachust>tts.  and,  flowing  throucrh  Bristol  co.,  falls  into 
Mount  Hope  Bay.  in  Rhode  Island.  This  river  is  remarkable 
for  its  valuable  water-power;  an<l  formerly  a  gr-eat  nxiniber 
of  alewives  (a  kind  of  fish  resembling  herring)  were  taken 
in  its  waters.  It  is  navigable  to  Taunton,  about  17  miles 
from  its  mouth. 

TAUNUS,  t<5w'n5iis.  or  HOHE,  ho'eh,  a  mountain  range 
of  West  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt  and  Nassau,  extends 
for  about  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  the  Rhine,  and  is  continuous 
on  the  N.E.  with  the  Vogelsgelnrire.  separating  the  basin  of 
the  Main  on  the  S.  from  that  of  the  Lahu  on  the  N.  Height 
of  the  Gross-Feldberg,  2848  feet. 

TAU'PO  LAKE,  in  New  Zealand,  in  the  centre  of  North 
Island;  30  miles  in  length,  average  breadth.  15  miles. 

TAUPONT,  to^pANo/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan,  arrondissement  of  Ploermel.     Pop.  2161. 

TAUR,  tuwR,  a  village  of  Tyrol,  circle  of  Schwartz,  near 
Hall.     Pop.  1250. 

TAURAN'GA,  a  harbor  of  New  Zealand,  on  the  SM.  sido 
of  the  Bay  of  Plenty,  in  the  North  Island,  or  New  Ulster. 
L.at.  37°  37'  S.,  Ion.  176°  11'  E. 

TAURANO,  tdw-ri'no.  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  j;.S.E.  of  Nola.     Pop.  1280. 

TAURASI,  tdw-rS'see,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Ultra,  N.W.  of  Sant' Angelo  dei  Lombardi,  near  the 
bank  of  the  Calore. 

TAURICA  CHERSONESUS.    See  Crimea. 

TAURIDA,  tdw're-da,  (from  the  Gr.  Tavpi;,)  or  KRIM, 
krim,  a  government  of  South  Russia,  between  lat.  44°  25' and 
47°  40'  N'.,  and  Ion.  31°  .30'  and  36°  .30'  E.,  comprising,  with 
the  peninsula  of  the  Crimea,  a  territory  on  the  mainland, 
mostly  separated  from  the  governments  of  Kherson  and 
Yekaterinoslav  by  the  Dnieper,  and  its  atfluent.  the  Konska. 
Area,  25,856  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  608.832,  mostly 
Nogais  'fartflrs  on  the  mainland,  and  Kussian.s,  Jews,  and 
Greeks  in  the  Crimea.  In  the  Crimea  the  climate  resembles 
that  of  Italy.  N.  of  the  mountains  are  extensive  plain.s, 
destitute  of  trees,  and  interspersed  with  salt  lakes;  and  on 
the  mainland  the  country  is  mostly  a  desert  steppe,  on 
which,  however,  the  Tartars  rear  vast  herds  of  sheep  and 
hor.ses.  The  corn  raised  is  inadequate  to  home  consumption. 
The  Tartars  live  chiefly  on  millet  and  the  produce  of  their 
herds.     Capital,  Simferopol.     See  Crimea. 

TAURIS.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Tabrf.ez. 

TAURTS.A^NO.  tow-re-s3'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto,  S.E.  of  Gallipoli.     Pop.  1300. 

TAUKOMENIUM.     See  Taormina. 

TAURUS,  taw'rtis,  a  mount.ain  chain  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
usually  considered  as  commencing  in  the  E..  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, at  the  Nushara  Cataract,  pashalic  of  Marash.  whence 
it  stretches  W  ,  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, for  about  400  miles,  terminating  to  the  N.  of  the 
Gulf  of  Adalia.  In  theE.it  takes  the  nameof  Jebel-Kurim; 
in  the  W.  that  of  Ramadan  Ogloo  Balakav.  It  sends  off 
several  branches,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  are  Alm.i- 
Dagh.  which  proceeds  S.  into  Syria,  and  becomes  linked 
with  the  cliain  of  Lebanon,  and  the  Anti-Taurus,  which  ex- 
tends N.E,,  sending  out  ramifications  which  become  linked 
with  Ararat.  Elbrooz.  and  Caucasus. 

TAUSS,  tdws,  or  FUSTA,  foo.s'td,  (Bohemian,  Dnmnzlime, 
do-mSz-lee'chfl.  or  Drantmo.  dris'tov,)  a  walled  town  of  Bo- 
hemia, 17  miles  W.  of  Klattau.  Pop.  6500.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  tape. 

TAUSTE,  tows'ti,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Saragossa.  Pop.  3513.  It  has  manufactures  of 
coarse  woollens,  nitre,  and  soap. 

T.\UVES,  tov,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Puy-de-Dflme,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  in  1851.2647. 

T.\UXlGNy,  tox'een*yee/,  a  village  of  France,  depiu-tment 
of  Indro-et-Loire,  arrondissement  of  Loches.     Pop.  1311. 

T.WAI,  a  river  of  Farther  India.     See  Tavot. 

TAVAI-POENAMOO.  ti'vi  poon-nS-moo'.  the  native  name 
of  New  Munster,  (Middle  Island.)     See  New  ZEALAJtn. 

TAVANNES,  tdVdn'.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Bienne,  and  close  to  the  pass  of 
Pierre-Pertuis.  in  the  Jura  Mountains.     Pop.  1400. 

TAVASTEHUUS,  td-vas't.-i-hnos.  written  also  TAWAS- 
THUU.S.  a  town  of  Russian  Finland,  aipital  of  a  lapn.  78  miles 
N.E.  of.Vbo.  Pop.  1700.  It  has  a  government-house,  and 
an  ancient  castle,  with  an  arsenal  and  imperial  m.agazines. 

TAVAY,  a  town  of  British  India.     See  Tavot. 

TAVDA,  tav'di,  a  river  of  Siberia,  joins  the  Tohol,  50 
miles  S.W.  of  Tobolsk,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  200  miles. 

T.WEL,  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  Tavi--.r,s. 

TAVENNA,  tS-vJn'nJ,  a  town  of  Naples,  provinceof  Molise. 
N.W.  of  liarino.   Near  it  is  a  sulphureous  spring.    P  jp.  liiOO. 

1889 


TAV 


TAY 


TAnrKRHrtM.  a  parUh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TAVKKNA.  t3-vja'nd,  a  villa!j;e  of  Naples,  province  of  Ca- 
labria Ultra  I..  11  miles  N.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  1900. 

TA\'t:ilX  CRKKK,  of  Miller  cc,  Missouri,  flows  N.  into 
the  Osaire  River. 

TAVKRNKS,  tiV?Rn',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Var.  13  miles  X.  of  BrignoUes.     Pop.  1404. 

TAVKRXY,  tiVfR'nee'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Pontoise.     Pop.  1229. 

TAVKUS,  ti^'aiR',  or  TAVEL,  t^'fel,  a  village  and  parish 
of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Freyburg. 
Near  it  are  the  remains  of  the  old  castle  of  Maggenberg,  the 
ancient  MotUmacum.     Pop.  244S. 

T.WIANO,  ti-ve-i'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otranto.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Gallipoli,  not  far  from  the  Gulf  of 
Taranto.    Pop.  louO. 

TAVIGNANO,  ti-veen-yi'no.  (anc.  Sa'crum.  FWmen,)  the 
principal  river  of  Corsica,  enters  the  sea  on  its  E.  coast, 
after  a  course  of  45  miles.    It  gives  name  to  a  canton. 

TjVVINSK,  td-vinsk'.  a  town  of  Ru.ssia,  government  of 
Oreubcorg,  on  the  Belaia,  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oota.   Pop.  2000. 

TAVIRA.  tS-vee'ri,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Al- 
garve,  capital  of  a  comarca,  21  miles  E.N.E.  of  Faro,  on  the 
Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seca.  Pop.  8600.  It  has  a 
handsome  governor's  palace,  a  brisk  river  traffic  with  the 
interior,  and  an  active  fishery. 

T.AV'ISTOCK,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the  Tavy,  here  crossed  by  three 
bridges,  13  miles  N.  of  Plymouth.  Pop.  in  1852.  8147.  The 
town,  partly  on  an  acclivity,  is  well  built,  especially  in  its 
upper  part;  it  has  a  church,  built  in  the  cemetery  of  an 
ancient  abbey,  dissenting  chapels,  a  guildhall,  market- 
house,  almshouses,  a  l.ving-in  hospital,  and  a  dispensary. 
Some  serges  and  coarse  linens  are  m.nde:  mining  and  iron- 
works employ  a  few  hands:  but  the  population  is  chiefly 
agricultural.  The  borough  returns  2  niembei'S  to  the  llou<e 
of  Commons.  Sir  Francis  Drake  was  born  here  in  1545,  and 
the  poet  William  Browne,  iu  1590.  Tavistock  w.hs  the 
manor  and  residence  of  Orgar.  Earl  of  Devonshire,  and  gives 
the  title  of  marquis  to  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  to  whom  much 
territorial  property  there  Ijelongs. 

TAVOLAUA,  ti-vo-ld'ri.  an  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean, 
off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Sai-dinia. 

TAVOOS  or  TAVOUS,  ti'voos',  written  also  UNGI.  (anc. 
CdlbUf)  ft  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  .\natolia,  rises  in  Mount 
Bab.adagh,  flows  S.S.W.,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean 
N.E.  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  after  a  course  of  about  80  miles. 

TAVOY,  tiVoi',  written  al.=o  TAVAI.  a  river  of  Farther 
India,  has  a  very  intricate  navigation,  the  depth,  which  in 
many  places  varies  from  6  to  12  fathoms,  becoming  in  others 
not  more  than  2  or  2|  fathoms. 

T.WOY  or  T.W.-VY,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Beng-al,  in  Farther  India,  on  the  Teuasserim  coast,  capi- 
tal of  a  province,  on  the  Tavoy  River,  90  miles  S.  of  Ye,  and 
25  mile-'  from  the  sea.  It  has  a  bazaar,  and  barracks  for 
European  troop.s. 

TA  VROV,  TAWROW,  tlv'rov',  T.ATKOVSKAIA  or  TAW- 
ROW.'?KA.TA.  tiv-rov-ski'a,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia,  government, 
and  13  miles  S.  of  Voronezh,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Don 
and  the  Voronezh.  Pop.  2100.  It  was  strongly  fortified  by 
Peter  the  Greats  who  established  large  arsenals,  cloth  fac- 
tories, ic.  and  had  numerous  ves.aels  of  war  built  here; 
but  in  1744  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 

TA'VY',  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  rises  in  Dart- 
moor, flows  S.S.W.  past  Tavistock,  and  enters  the  Tamar  2 
miles  N.E.  of  Sijlt.ish.    Total  course,  20  miles. 

TAW,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  rises  in  Dartmoor, 
and  expands  into  .in  estuary,  which,  after  being  joined  by 
the  Torridge  from  the  S.,  enters  Bideford  Bay.  Total  course, 
50  mile.s.  The  aflluents  are  the  Little  Dart,  the  Y^eo,  and  the 
Moule. 

TAWALLY,  ti-wjllee.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago. 25  miles  S.W.  of  Gilolo:  lat.  0°  30'  S..  Ion.  127°  2f  E. 

TAwaptHUUS,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tavastehuus. 

TAWAT.    See  Tooat. 

TAWA'W.i.  a  post-ofllce  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 

TAWEE,  td'wee\  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off 
the  N.E.  extremity  of  Borneo,  and  continuous  with  the  Soo- 
loo  Island  chain.  Lat.  of  W.  point.  5°  18'  N.,  Ion.  119°  25' 
E.     Length.  40  miles:  breadth.  15  miles. 

TAWNE.  taun,  a  villjige  of  Ireland.  Ulster,  co.  of  Donegal. 

TAWROW.  a  .town  of  Russia.     See  Tavrov. 

TAW'STOCK,  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Devon. 

TAWTAW,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co..  Indiana. 

TAWTON,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TAWTON.  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

T  AX'A  II  AW',  a  village,  Lancaster  district.  South  Carolina. 

TAX'ALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

T.VXILA,  a  fort  and  town  of  Hindostan.     See  Attock. 

T.\Y,  tk.  a  principal  river  and  estuary  of  Scotland,  drain- 
ing nearly  the  whole  of  the  county  of  Perth,  with  a  part  of 
the  county  of  Forfarshire,  rises  by  two  main  heads,  one  in 
Loch  Tay  and  the  other  on  the  borders  of  .\rgvle.  Both 
fctreamx  unite  a  few  miles  N.  of  Loch  Tiiy.  and  then  pursue 
a  very  tortuous  course  E.  and  S.  past  Aberleldy,  Duukeld, 
lb«0 


and  Perth :  after  which  it  expands  into  a  noble  esfrnary  fronj 
1  to  3  miles  in  width,  and  joins  the  Frith  of  Forth,  North 
Sea.  between  Ferry-port-on-Craig  on  the  S..  and  Buttonnesa 
on  the  N.  Total  course,  from  120  to  160  miles.  It  receive-i 
the  Gari-y  and  Ericht  Rivers  from  the  N.,  and  the  Bran, 
Isla,  Almond.  Earn.  Ac.  from  the  W.  It  is  supposed  to  dis- 
charge more  water  than  any  other  river  in  Scotland,  and  it» 
hasin  has  been  estimated  to  comprise  from  24"X»  to  2750 
square  miles.  It  winds  through  a  country  of  great  pictn- 
re.sque  beauty.  Dundee  and  Errolareon  the  N.  side,  and  New- 
burgh  on  the  S.  side  of  its  estuary ;  extensive  sand-banks 
clog  its  entrance,  but  it  is  navigable  from  the  sea  to  New- 
burgh.  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  for  vessel"  of  500  tons  bur- 
den, and  sometimes  to  Perth  for  vessels  drawing  9  feet  of 
wat«r. 

TAYA,  WL  an  islet  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  S.E.  of 
Lingen.  in  lat.  0°  45'  N..  Ion.  104^  55'  E. 

T.4Y.\,  tl'i.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and 
about  7  miles  from  Barcelona.     Pop.  1207. 

TAY'ABAS,  ti-d'nis,  a  town  of  the  Philippines,  near  the 
S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  capital  of  a  province  of  the 
same  name,  62  miles  S.E.  of  Manila.  It  is  a  large  place, 
with  spacious  and  well-paved  streets.     Pop.  21.418. 

T.\Y'AB.VS.  a  province  of  the  Philippines,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Bay  of  Lampon  or  Lamon,  and  S.  by  the  Mindoro 
Sea.    Pop.  83.049. 

T.\Y'CIIEE'DA,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Lake 
Winneb-Hgo.  The  village  is  situated  3  miles  E.  of  Fond  du 
Lac,  contjiins  1  church,  and  has  a  plank-road  extending  to 
Sheboj'gan,  on  l^Jike  Michigan.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1494. 

TAYF,  tif.  or  TAYEF,  tfjf.  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Hejaz, 
65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mecca.  It  is  defended  by  several  forts, 
and  has  a  celebrated  mosque.  In  the  time  of  Mohammed  it 
was  a  famous  stronghold,  and  resisted  his  arms  during  a 
siege  of  20  d.ays. 

T.\YGETUS.  a  mountain  of  Greece.    See  Mouxi  St.  Euas. 

T.\Y.  LOCII.  Scotland,  in  Breadalbane.  is  15  miles  in 
length  by  1  mile  in'breadth,  and  from  100  to  600  feet  in 
depth,  surrounded  by  mountains,  Ben  Lawers,  4015  feet  in 
height,  being  on  its  W.  side.  It  receives  the  Dochart  and 
Lochy  Rivers  at  the  S.E.,  and  discharges  itself  by  the  Tay 
at  Kenmore,  its  N.E.  extremity.  It  has  been  occasionally 
subject  to  extraordinary  risings  of  its  waters. 

TAY'LOR,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  AV.  Virginia,  has 
an  area  of  130  stjuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Tygarfs 
Valley  River,  a  branch  of  theMonongahela,  and  al.so  drained 
by  Sandy  aud  Elk  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly ;  the  soil  in 
some  parts  fertile.  The  county  contains  iron-ore  and  stone 
coal.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
and  the  North-western  Railroad  has  its  E.  terminus  near 
the  county  seat.  Formed  in  1844.  out  of  parts  of  Harrison, 
Barlxjur.  and  .Marion,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  Taylor, 
of  Caroline  county.  Capital,  Willi.imsport.  sometimes  called 
Pruutytown.  Pop.  7463,  of  whom  7351  were  free,  and  112 
slaves. 

TAY'LOR,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Georgia, 
formed  since  1850.     Pop.  in  1860,  5998. 

TAYLOR,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  p.irt  of  Kentucky.  It 
is  drained  by  sever."il  small  alHuents  of  Green  River.  The 
surf;\ce  is  undulating  and  hilly ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  A  rail- 
road is  projected  through  the  county  from  Danville  to  Na.sh- 
ville.  Formed  a  few  years  ago.  out  of  the  N.  part  of  Greene 
county.  Capital,  Campbellsville.  Pop.  7481,  of  whom  5884 
were  free,  aud  1597  slaves. 

TAY'LOR,  a  new  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  560  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Platte  River  and  by  the  river  One  Hundred 
and  Two.  The  land  is  said  to  be  fertile,  but  not  heavily 
timbered.     Capital,  Bedford.     Pop.  3590. 

TAY'LOR,  a  post-township  of  Cortland  county,  New  York. 
Pop.  1265. 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,Pennsylvania.  Pop.351. 

TAY' LOS",  a  post-office  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland. 

TAY'LOR.  a  post-office  of  St.  Charles  parish,  Louisiana. 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  Harilin  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  531. 

T.\Y'LOR,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  826. 

TAY'LOR,  a  township  of  WavTie  co.,  Jlichigan,    Pop.  5«6. 

T.AY'LOR,  a  township  of  Gre'ene  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1416. 

TAY'LOR,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  1096. 

T.^Y'LOR,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  iadiana.    Pop.  312. 

TAY'LOR.  a  post-vilhige  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  172  miles,  N. 
by  E.  of  Springfield. 

T.AY'LOR,  a  township  of  Greene  co..  Missouri.    Pop.916. 

TAY'LOR,  a  postofflce  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa. 

TAYLOR'S,  a  postrvillage  of  Sumter  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

TAY'LOR'S,  a  postroffice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Alabama. 

TAYLORS.  or.TAY''LORSVILLE.  a  township  of  Hardin 
CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  I'-ie  Rail- 
road.    Pop.  5-31. 

TAY'LOirs  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Sampson  r..,  North 
Carolina.  106  miles  S.S.E.  of  Raleigh. 

T.\Y'LORSlU'i?G.  a  post-office.  Bartholomew  co.,  -ndlana. 

TAYLOR'S  COR.N'ERS,  a  post-office  of  DcKalb  co.  Indiana 


TAY 

TAYLOR'S  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  enters  the  Cannouchee 
near  Bryan  Court-llouse. 

TAYLOR'S  CREKK,  a  post-Tillage  of  Liberty  co.,  Georgia. 

TAYLOR'S  CREEK,  a  postroffice  of  St.  i'rancis  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

TAYLOR'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  York  district.  South 
Carolina. 

TAYLOR'S  FALLS,  a  village  of  Chisago  co..  Minnesota,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  30  miles  above  Still- 
Water,  and  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navi.,'ation.  It  has 
several  mills,  and  is  engased  in  the  lumber  trade. 

TAYLOR'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa. 

TAYLOR'S  ISLAND,  a  post-office  of  Dorchester  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

TAY'LORSPORT,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  12  miles  below  Cincinnati.  It  has  a  good 
landing. 

TAYLOR'S  STAND,  a  postofflce  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
rania. 

TAYLOR'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Virginia. 

TAY'LORSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  \Va.shington  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

TAY'LORSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co.,  New  York. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Delaware  River,  116  miles  E.  of  llarrisburg. 
It  has  a  bridge  across  the  river. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  village  of  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  South  River,  an  arm  of  the  Chesapeake,  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Annapolis.    The  river  here  is  crossed  by  a  bridge. 

TAYLORS V I [>LK,  a  post-village  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Richmond,  Fredericksburg,  and  Potomac  Railroad,  20 
miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

T.WLORSVILLK,  Virginia.    See  Patrick CodutIIouse. 

TAYLORSVILLB,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alexander  co.. 
North  Cai-olina,  160  miles  W.  of  Raleigh.     Pop.  about  300., 

T.AY[/)RSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Georgia. 

T.WLORSVILLK.  a  small  village  of  Newton  co..  Georcia. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Mississippi. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capifcil  of  Johnson  co., 
Tennessee,  3.50  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nashville.  It  stands  at  the 
W.  base  of  the  Stone  or  Iron  Mountain,  which  contains  in- 
exhaustible mines  of  iron  ore.  Water-power  is  abundant  in 
the  vicinity,  and  there  are  several  iron-works  in  operation. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Spen- 
cer CO.,  Kentucky,  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  valley,  at  the 
confluence  of  Salt  River  and  Brashear's  Creek,  30  miles  S.W. 
of  Frankfort.  It  possesses  a  valuable  water-power,  which  is 
used  in  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woo!,  and  contains  4 
churches  and  a  seminary.     Pop.  estimated  at  800. 

T.\YL')j;,SVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

TAVLoiiSVILLE,  Ohio.    See  Taylor's. 

T.A.Y'LORSV'^ILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Muskingum 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Muskingum  River,  9  miles 
below  Zanesville.  There  is  a  dam  across  the  river  here,  by 
which  large  water-power  is  applied  to  mills  for  grinding  and 
carding.  The  village  of  Duncan's  Falls  is  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  river.     Laid  out  in  1S>32.     Pop.  near  1000. 

T.VYLORSVILLE,  a  thriving  postrvillage,  capital  of  Chris- 
tian CO..  Illinois,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Sangamon  River, 
25  miles  S.E.  of  Sprlnglield.  It  lias  a  court-house,  3 
ihurches,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  The  adjacent  country  is 
fertile,  and  contains  extensive  beds  of  coal.    Pop.  about  1000. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  p^s^office  of  Andrew  co.,  Missouri. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co..  Iowa. 

TAYLORTON,  a  post-village  of  AVayne  co.,  Mississippi. 

TAYLORVILLE,  a  village  of  Bartholomew  co..  Indiana, 
on  th^  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  35  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Indianapolis. 

TAY'MOUTII,  a  township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan.  P.305. 

TAY'MOUTIl  CASTLE,  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Breadalbane,  Scotland,  co.  of  Pertli,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Tay,  1  mile  N.N.E.  of  Kenmore. 

TAYN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

TAYNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Oxford. 

TAYO.  a  river  of  Spain.     See  Tagcs. 

TAY  WAN,  an  island  of  the  China  Sea.    See  FORMOSA. 

T.IY-YUEN,  a  city  of  China.    See  Tai-Yuan. 

T.^Z,  tjz,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  on  the  frontiers  of  the 
government  of  Tobolsk  and  Yenesei,  flows  N.N.E.,  and  after 
a  course  of  nearly  300  mUes  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Tazovsk, 
which  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Obi. 

T.AZEEN,  tit'zeen',  a  village  of  Afghanistan,  at  the  E.foot 
of  the  pass  of  the  Huft-Kotul,  26  miles  from  Calx)ol,  in  lat. 
U°  21'  N.,  Ion.  69°  28'E.  It  was  one  of  the  scenes  of  the 
massacre  of  the  British  troops,  in  their  attempted  retreat 
from  Cabool,  in  January,  1842.  Here,  subsequently,  the 
British  entirely  defeated  a  superior  force  of  Afghans. 

TAZEWELL,  taz/wel,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, bordering  on  West  Virginia,  is  40  miles  in  length, 
and  has  sin  area  of  about  500'  square  miles.  The  Clinch 
and  Bluestone  Rivers  rise  in  the  county,  which  is  also 
drained  by  the  Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  River  and  by  Wolf 
Creek.  Clinch  Mountain  extends  along  the  S.K.  border, 
and  other  mountain  ridges  pass  across  the  county.  The 
highlands  produce  good  timber  and  pasture;  the  soil  of 


TCH 

the  valley  is  highly  productive.  Limestone,  ht)n  orr,  tBd 
stone  coal  are  abundant  in  the  county;  the  nunes  of  the 
latter  are  thought  to  be  niexhaustible.  The  county  is 
plentifully  supplied  with  water-power.  Formed  in  iVoa 
and  named  In  honor  of  Henry  Tazewell,  ynv  rcpresent'-d 
Virginia  in  the  United  States  Senate  about  that  peiiod. 
Capital,  Jeffersonville.  Pop.  9920,  of  whom  8718  were  free, 
and  1202  slaves. 

TAZEWELL,  a  county  of  Illinois,  is  situated  a  little  N.W. 
of  the  centre  of  the  state,  and  has  an  area  of  550  square 
miles.  The  Mackinaw  Creek  flows  through  it  from  E.  to  W. 
until  it  enters  the  Illinois  River,  which  forms  the  entire 
N.W.  boundary.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil 
fertile.  The  county  contains  large  prairies,  which  are  mostly 
under  cultivation.  A  railroad  is  projected  through  the 
county,  from  Peoria  to  Bloomington.  Capital,  Tremont. 
or  Pekin.     Pop.  21.470. 

T.\ZEWELii,  a  decayed  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Georgia, 
about  .35  miles  E.  of  Columbus,  was  formerly  the  couiity 
seat.     Pop.  near  100. 

T.\ZEWELL,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Claiborne 
CO.,  Tennessee,  250  miles  E.  by  N,  of  Nashville.  It  is  situated 
in  a  hilly  region,  which  abounds  in  iron,  zinc,  and  lead  ores, 
the  first  of  which  only  is  worked. 

TAZEWELL  COURT-HOUSE.    See  Jeffersonvillk. 

TAZGAON,  tdz'ga-on'.  or  T  AUJG  AON,  tAwzh^gS-on',  a  forti- 
fied town  of  India,  dominion.s,  and  58  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sat- 
tiirah,  with  a  remarkable  temple  of  Ganesa. 

TCHABKAN,  chab^kdn',  written  also  DJABKAN,  a  river 
of  the  Chinese  dominions,  in  the  Khalkas  country,  after  a 
generally  W.  course,  estimated  at  500  miles,  enters  Lake  Ike- 
Ar.al-.Vor,  near  lat.  48°  N..  Ion.  9<J°  E. 

TCHABLIAK,  ch.?Vle-,ik',  ZABLIAK,  zS-ble-lk',  SZIA- 
BAK,  see'd-bAk',  or  TCHIABAK,  chee'a-bdk',  a  town  ol 
European  Turkey,  in  Albani.a,  pashalic,  and  18  miles  N.  of 
Scutari,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Moratsha  into  the  Lake  of 
Scutari.     It  is  stated  to  comprise  250  houses. 

TCHAD,  chJid,  written  also  TSAD  or  CHAD,  a  lake  of  Cen- 
tral Africa,  between  Bornoo  on  the  W.,  Kanem  on  the  N.E., 
and  Begharmi  on  the  S.E.  The  lake  was  first  dis^tinctly 
pointed  out  by  Leo  Africanus.  in  the  sixteenth  century;  thn 
name  Seu,  which  he  .seems  to  have  given  it,  being  a  mis- 
reading of  his  unpointed  Arabic  for  Sh&wi,  the  name  of  the 
.A.rab  tribe  inhabiting  the  S.E.  shores  of  the  lake — the  Showy 
of  Denham,  and  Shuah  of  Dr.  Barth.  The  name  Tsad  does 
not  appear  to  be  known  on  \he  shores  of  the  lake  itself,  and 
the  travellers  who  first  brought  it  into  use  have  omitted  to 
state  whence  they  derived  it.  It  probably  belongs  to  some 
dialect  of  the  Houssa  language. 

The  N.AV.  shore  of  Lake  Tchad,  where  it  reaches  farthest 
W.,  and  not  far  from  its  N.  limit,  lies  in  about  lat.  14°  15' 
N.,  Ion.  12°  50'  E.  From  N.  to  S.  it  has  probably  an  ex- 
tent of  120  or  150  miles.  It  width,  from  E.  to  W.,  was  esti-. 
mated  by  Major  Denham  to  be  130  miles;  but  Dr.  Overweg, 
relying  chiefly  on  native  information,  reduces  this  to  60  or 
80  miles.  The  last-named  traveller  embarked  on  the  lake 
at  Maduari,  a  boat  harbor  a  little  to  the  E.  of  Kooka.  For 
seven  hours  he  made  his  way  through  narrow  channels  be- 
tween small  islands  covered  with  stately  reeds,  in  which 
numerous  hippopotami  find  shelter,  and  at  last  entered  the 
Inkibul  or  open  water.  Steering  N.E.  for  two  days — the 
boat  being  fastened  at  night  to  a  floating  island  of  reeds, 
illuminated  by  fire-tties — he  reached  a  labyrinth  of  islands, 
the  largest  of  which  did  not  exceed  5  miles  in  length.  On 
one  of  these  islands  (Belarigo)  he  .spent  four  days,  being 
treated  with  the  greatest  kindneR.s  by  the  natives.  He  then 
sailed  farther  E.,  still  among  islands,  with  now  and  then  a 
view  of  the  open  sea:  but  he  does  not  appear  to  have  seen 
the  shore  N.,  E.,  or  S.;  and  was  dissuaded  by  the  islanders 
from  attempting  to  land  on  the  E.  side  of  the  lake,  where 
wars  in  which  they  were  implicated  were  then  raging. 
Having  touched  at  several  islands,  he  returned  to  Maduari, 
after  six  weeks  spent  with  the  very  interesting  and  hospi- 
table insular  population. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  islands  in  the  middle  and  on  the 
N.E.  side  of  the  lake  are  the  Biddumas,  an  independent  and 
pagan  nation,  but  by  no  means  .savages,  as  hitherto  reported. 
They  seem  to  be  of  mixed  origin,  their  islands  having 
afforded  a  refuge,  probably  in  the  course  of  ages,  to  the  per- 
secuted of  all  surrounding  nations.  They  are  well  made 
and  active,  with  jet-black  or  dark-brown  complexions,  and 
regular  features.  At  the  present  day  there  are  many  Ka- 
nemboo  .and  Shu.ah  (Shawl  or  Arab  shepherds)  living  among 
them.  The  Bidduma  of  both  sexes  are  decently  clothed  in 
cotton,  generally  black.  They  wear  sandals  also,  and  a  pro- 
fusion of  ornaments.  Some  of  the  islands  are  densely 
peopled,  having  a  large  village  to  near'y  every  square  mile. 
Cattle  and  goats  are  abundant:  corn  and  cotton  are  the 
chief  objects  of  cultiviition.  The  Biddum*  know  how  to 
build  boats  with  plank  ;  and  Dr.  (Iverweg  saw  one  thus  con- 
structed which  measured  43  feet  in  leng'.h,  and  6  tlet  in 
breadth.  The  boats  are  propelled  with  long  poles,  the  use 
of  oars,  as  well  as  of  sails,  being  unknown.  The  people  also 
habitually  swim  from  island  to  island,  a^'Jed  by  small  boatd." 
or  hand-tloats. 

1891 


TCH 


TCH 


Th"  absolul-i  eleTstjon  of  Lake  Tchad  would  appear,  from 
Ur.  A'ogel's  observati  -ns,  to  be  SW)  feet.  The  country  around 
it  is  everywhere  low.  jmd,  on  il^  Vi.  and  S.  shores  at  le.ast, 
extremely  fertile.  This  great  fresh-water  lake  is  compara- 
tively shallow,  its  depth  being  found  to  vary  from  8  to  15 
feet.  At  different  seasons,  Ljwever,  it  undergoes  great 
changes;  falliUt'  at  times  so  low  that  the  channels  between 
the  islands  are  laid  dry,  while  at  other  times  it  inundates 
lil  the  lower  ground.s,  and  foices  the  people  to  retire  to  the 
hillocks.  It  is  well  stocked  with  fish  and  water-fowl.  Tur- 
tle of  enormous  size,  and  croi^odiles  also,  are  said  to  share 
unmolested  with  the  hippopotami  these  i.slets  and  the  creeks 
among  them.  Lake  Tchad  receives,  besides  many  small 
Kti-eams,  the  Yeou,  which  flows  into  it  from  the  hills  of 
Houssa  in  the  W.,  with  a  course  of  perhaps  400  miles.  It 
descends  rapidly,  and  is  dry  at  its  mouth  during  five  months 
of  the  year.  Its  chief  tributary  is  the  Shary,  a  great  and 
navigable  river,  descending  through  Begharmi. 

TCHADD.4,  a  river  of  Central  Africa.     See  Chadda. 

TCHADOBBTS  or  TCIIADOBETZ,  chj-do-b^ts/,  a  river  of 
Siberia,  rises  in  the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  not  far  from 
the  N.W.  frontiers  of  Irkootsk.  It  flows  very  circuitously, 
describing  almost  a  semicircle,  and,  after  a  course  of  about 
200  miles,  joins  the  Verkhnee  Toongoo.=ka  about  60  miles 
above  Bogootchansk.  (Bogutschansk.) 

TCHAHAN,  chi'han','  called  also  TCITAHAN-SOtJBAR- 
KA.\-K110T0N,  a  town  of  Mongoli.i.  -about  200  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Peking.  Lat.  41°  55'  N.,  Ion.  119°  5'  E.  It  has  a  sum- 
mer palace  of  the  Chinese  emperor. 

TCHALATDERE,  cha-llt-di/ril,  or  SALATDERE,  ^&'\it- 
dA-ri/,  (auc.  Grani)cus.)  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  rises  on 
the  E.  side  of  Mount  Ida,  flows  N.N.E.,  and  falls  in  the  Sea 
of  Marmora  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

TCHALBAK,  charbdk',  or  TCHKLBASIE,  chSrbl'see,  a 
river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  W.  of  the  government  of  Cau- 
casus, enters  the  country  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  Black  Sea, 
flows  W.,  expanding  into  several  lakes,  and  falls  in  the  Sea 
of  Azof.     Total  course,  150  miles. 

TCHAMOULARI,  a  mountain  of  Asia.    See  SnuMALABi. 

TCHANG,  chjng,  a  prefix  to  the  names  of  numerous 
cities  and  towns  of  China. 

TCH  ANG-Cn  A,  a  town  of  China.     See  Chaxg-Sha. 

TCHANG-LOO,  a  town  of  Japan.     See  Fitats. 

TCHANG-TCHOO  or  TCIIANG-TCIIOU,  ching^  choo',  a 
town  of  China,  province  of  Kijng-Soo,  on  the  Gi-and  Canal, 
70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nanking. 

TCHANG-TE,  ching  ik,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Hoo- 
nan,  capital  of  a  department,  situated  on  or  near  the  S.W. 
extremity  of  Lake  Tong-ting.    Lat.  29°  N.,  Ion.  112°  E. 

TCHANI.     See  Tchany. 

TCIIAX-KIANG,  a  city  of  China.    See  Ching-kiang-foo. 

TCIIANTAR.  ehan'tai',  or  SlIAN^'AR'.  an  island  in  the 
Sea  of  Okhotsk. 

TCIIANY.  TCIIANI  or  CHANY,  chj'ne.  a  lake  of  Siberia, 
governments  of  Tomsk  and  Tobolsk,  near  lat.  65°  N.,  Ion.  78° 
E.     Length.  65  miles;  greatest  breadth,  40  miles. 

TCHAO-KHING,  a  city  of  China.     See  Shao-King. 

TCHAO-XAIMAN-S06ME,cha'onrmdn/soo'md.orCHAO- 
NAIM  AN-SODME,  called  also  DOLENNOR,  TOLO.\-NOOR  or 
DOLONi'OOR,  a  city  of  Mongolia,  in  the  Kartchin  territory, 
165  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Peking,  in  lat.  42°  25'  N.,  Ion.  116°  18' 
E.  It  is  a  vast  extent,  consisting  of  a  collection  of  houses 
without  any  regard  to  regularity ;  the  streets  are  narrow  and 
crooked  ;  there  is  an  iuditferent  footpath  on  each  side  for  pe- 
destrians, but  cariiages  and  beasts  of  burden  must  force 
their  way  through  a  black,  deep,  and  disgusting  mass  of  mud. 
The  principal  edifices  are  the  Boodhist  temples,  which  are 
nimierous.  The  inhabitants  are  renowned  throughout  Tar- 
tary  and  the  most  remote  parts  of  Thibet  for  the  statues  in 
iron  and  brass  which  they  turn  out  from  their  foundries; 
and  all  countries  addicted  to  the  worship  of  Boodha  are  fur- 
nished by  them  with  idols,  bells,  and  the  different  vessels 
employed  in  their  idolatrous  ceremonies.  The  commerce  of 
the  place  is  also  extensive.  Russian  merchandise  is  brought 
to  it  from  Kiakhta.  The  Tartars  bring  numerous  herds  of 
oxen,  camels,  and  horses,  in  exchange  for  which  they  receive 
tobacco,  cloth,  and  tea.  Merchants  from  the  province  of 
Shan-see  are  extremely  numerous,  but  invariably  return  to 
their  own  country  after  improving  their  circumstances:  in- 
d.>ed,  it  is  remarked  that  the  Chinese,  in  this  commercial 
place,  always  end  by  making  a  fortune,  and  the  Tartars  by 
ruining  themselves.  The  population,  though  not  easily 
estimated,  is  said  to  be  very  great. 

TCHAOOSSY,  TCHAOUSSY  or  TCHAUSSY,  cha-oos'see, 
written  also  CHAOIISSY  and  TCIIAODZY,  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government,  and  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Moheelev.  Pop. 
(iOOO.  It  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  united  churches, 
a  synagoj^e,  and  a  Carmelite  convent.  A  great  market  is 
held  here  annually. 

TCH  A  KD  AH,  chaR'dS,  a  small  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Bulgaria.  50  miles  N.W.  of  Sophia. 

TCHARDAK.  charMdk',  a  small  town  of  Bulgaria,  27  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Hirschova. 

TCHAHTOKISK  or  CZARTORYSK,chaR-to-risk'.a  market- 
town  of  liussiau  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  on  the 
1892  ^     ■  ■'       ' 


Styr,  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lootsk,  (Lutzk.)  with  an  ancient 
castle  and  1600  inhabitants. 

TCHAKYTCH,  chd-ritch',  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  the 
Altai  Mountains,  in  the  S.  of  the  government  of  Tomsk, 
and  joins  the  Obi  near  Bijsk,  after  a  very  rapid  and  winding 
course  of  about  220  miles. 

TCH ATAL-BOORG AS  (BURGAS,)  chdHdl'  booRvas'.a  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee.  23  miles  S.^V.  of  Viza. 

TCHATALCHA,  chatai'ehl  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  r.oom-Elee,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Constantinople. 

TCIIATIR-DAGH,  a  mountain  of  Russia.    See  Crimea. 

TCHEBOKSARI,  chi-bok-sd/ree,  or  TCHEBOKSAR,  cliiJ. 
bok-saR',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  75  miles  M'.N.W. 
of  Kazan,  on  the  Volga.  Pop.  5000.  It  was  entirely  destroyed 
by  Are  in  1699  and  1733,  and  is  rebuilt  mostly  of  wood.  It 
has  a  cathedral,  a  monastery,  town-hall,  vast  salt  magazines, 
and  some  manufactures. 

TCHE-FANG,  a  town  of  China.    See  Chay-Fang. 

TCHE-KIANG.     See  Che-Kiang. 

TCHELBASIE,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Tch.albak. 

TCIIELEBI-BAZAR,  chjl'gh-bee  ba-zar',  a  market-town  of 
Bosnia,  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bosna-Serai. 

TCHELIABINSK,  chA-le-d-binsk',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Rus- 
sia, government  of  Orenboorg,  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  Troitsk. 
Pop.  3500.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  stockade,  and  was  formerly 
an  important  militai-y  post. 

TCHEM,  ch&m,  or  TCHEM-PIRA,  chJm  pee'rd,  a  river  of 
the  Chinese  Empire,  rises  near  the  centre  of  Mantchooria, 
flows  N.N.E.,  then  W.,  and  joins  the  Amoor  after  a  course 
of  about  100  miles. 

TCHE.MBAR,  ch?m-baR',  a  town  of  Russfa.  government, 
and  66  miles  W.S.W.  of  Penza.     Pop.  2700. 

TCHEM-PIRA,  a  river  of  the  Chinese  Empirtv  See  Tchem. 

TCHENG-TE,  chjng'  tA',  an  island  off  the  S.  exti'emity  of 
the  Corea,  45  miles  W.  of  the  island  of  T.soosima.  (Tsu.s-sima.) 

TCHEOO,  TCHEOU.  chj-oo',  written  also  TCHOO,  CHOO 
or  'TOUOlT&nii  CHOW,  a  Chinese  word,  signifying  properly 
a  "town  of  the  second  class,"  but  very  frequently  joined 
with  FOO,  (a  "  city  of  the  first  class,")  in  the  same  name  as 
Hang-chow-foo. 

TCHEPTSA  or  TSCHEPTZA,  chJpt/si,  a  river  of  Ru.ssia, 
government  of  Viatka,  joins  the  river  Viatka  near  the  city 
of  the  same  name,  after  a  W.  course  of  250  miles. 

TCHERCHEMBA,  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  CuARSHnMBA. 

TCHERDYN,  ch^R-din',  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  162  miles  N.  of  Perm,  on  the  Kolva,  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Vishera.     Pop.  3000. 

TCHEREMSHIM,  chA-r6m-shim',  a  river  of  Russia,  rises 
in  the  government  of  Orenboorg.  flows  N.W.  into  the  govern- 
ment of  Simbeersk,  and  joins  the  Volga,  after  a  course  of 
about  130  miles. 

TCHEREPOVETZ.    See  Cherepovetz. 

TCHERIKOV  or  TSCHERIKOW,  ch6R-e-kov',  written  al.-* 
TCHIRIKOV,  a  town  of  Rus.sia,  government,  and  40  miles 
S.E.  of  Smolensk,  on  the  Sozh.  Here  Charles  XII.  was  re- 
pulsed by  the  Russians  in  1708. 

TCHERKASI,  chjR-kd'see,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  95  miles  S.E.  of  Kiev,  on  the  Dnieper.     Pop.  6000. 

TCIIERKASK  or  TSCHERKASK,  St.aroi,  sti-roi'  ch?RV 
kSsk',  (i.e.  Old  Tcherkask,)  a  town  of  the  Russian  Empire, 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  Don  Cossack  country,  N.  of  the 
Don.  near  its  mouth,  and  on  an  island  formed  between  it 
and  the  Aksai,  45  milesE.N.E.  of  Azof.  Pop.  15,000.  It  has 
a  church  founded  by  Peter  the  Great.  Its  Tartar  church, 
old  chancei'y,  academy,  town-hall,  prisons,  &c.  are  con- 
structed of  timber.  The  stationary  population  are  mostly 
of  Greek  de.scent,  but  its  streets  pre.sent  a  curious  inter- 
mixture of  nations.  It  maintains  an  active  export  trade  in 
fish,  iron,  caviar,  and  wine  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

TCHERKASK  or  TSCHERKASK,  Nowo  or  Novo.  See 
Novo  Tcherkask. 

TCHERKKSSIA,  a  country  of  Asia.     See  Circassia. 

TCHERKIN,  ch5R*kin',  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  st;ite,  and 
40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Gondar.    It  hiis  large  markets  for  cattle. 

TCHERN,  chgRn,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  61 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Toola.     Pop.  2200.     It  was  formerly  fortified. 

TCHERNAYA  or  CHERNAYA,  chfe-ni'^,  a  small  stream 
of  Russia,  in  the  Crimea,  flowing  N.W.  into  the  head  of  the 
principal  bay  on  which  Sevastopol  is  situated. 

TCHKRNETZ,  ch5R-nets',  a  town  of  Wallachia,  on  the 
Danube,  nearly  opposite  Gladova.  Here  was  anciently  the 
Roman  station  Terines{?)  and  near  it  are  the  remains  of 
Trajan's  bridge. 

TCHI'^RMANKA.  a  town  of  Russia.   See  Novo  Evanovka- 

TCHERNIGOV,  TCHEKNIGOF,  TSCHERNIGOW,  or 
CZiiRNlGOW,  ch^R-ne-gov',  a  government  of  Rus.'.ia,  in  tho 
S.,  between  lat.  50°  20'  and  53°  10'  N.,  and  Ion.  oO°  20'  and 
34°  40'  E.,  having  W.  the  Dnieper,  separating  it  from  the 
governments  of  Minsk  and  Kiev.  (Russian  Poland,)  and  on 
Other  sides  the  governments  of  .Moheelev,  Orlov.  Koorsk.  and 
Poltava.  Area,  21.3',i6  .s(iu.ire  miles.  Pop.  in  ISol.  1.374.746. 
The  surface  is  mostly  level,  and  well  watered.  The- soil  i= 
fertile,  and  the  climate  dry,  healthy,  and  comparatively 
mild.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  D^'sna,  with  its  aflluents, 
the  Ipoot,  Seim,  Snov,  and  Oster,  all  of  which  have  a  W.oi 


TCH 

B.W.  direction.  The  chief  crops  are  rye,  barley,  and  oats, 
with  lars^e  quantities  of  flax,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  hops.  Cat- 
tld,  horses,  sheep,  and  hogs  aie  numerously  reared.  Distil- 
ling i-nd  weaving  are  somewhat  important.  The  principal 
exports  are  cattle,  tallow,  corn,  hides,  spirits,  honey,  wax, 
potash,  and  hemp-seed.  The  government  is  divided  into 
15  cintles.  The  principal  towns  are  Tchernigov,  Xezheen, 
Giookhov,  Starodoob,  .\lgleeii.  and  Novgorod-Severslioie. 

T0HKKNK40V,     TSCIIKRNIGOW,     TCIIER.NiaOF     or 
CZKRNIOOW,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above  go- 
vernment, is  situated  on  the  Desna,  80  miles  N.N'.E.  of  Kiev. 
Lat.  51°  27'  N.,  Ion.  31°  18'  K.     Pop.  7500.     It  is  the  see 
of  an  archljishop,  and  has  a  cathedral,  built  in  1024,  a  strong 
citadel,  an  episcopal  palace,  several  monasteries,  an  orphan 
asylum,  and  a  college.    It  is  the  seat  of  military  and  civil 
governors.     After  an  obstinate  resistance,  it  was  taken  and 
almost  razed  by  the  Tartars,  in  1239.    The  Poles  captured 
it  in  1617. 
TOUERNOVrXZ,  a  town  of  Poland.    See  Czernowitz. 
TCHER.NOVARSK,   ch^R-no-yansk',   or    TCHEKNOJAR, 
chSR-no-yaR',  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  government,  and 
loO  miles  N.N.W.  of  Astrakhan,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Volga.     Pop.  3500. 
TCHERSHENBEK,  A.sia  Minor.     See  Charshcmba. 
TCUERVLENSKAIA,  chJu-vlen-ski'l  a  fortified  town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Caucasus,  on  the  Terek,  70  miles  E. 
of  Moiidok. 

TCIIESKAYA  or  TCHESKAIA,  ches-ki'd,  a  gulf  in  the  N. 
of  Russia,  government  of  Archangel. 

TC1IK8.ME.  ch6s'md,  TCUIS.ME,  chis'm^h.  written  also 
TCIIE.SIIMEII,  (anc.  ds'sos,)  a  maritime  village  of  Asia 
.Minor,  in  Anatolia,  opposite  the  island  of  Scio,  40  miles 
AV.S.VV.  of  Smyrna.  Pop.  6000  or  7000.  It  has  a  large  citadel, 
the  residence  of  a  Turkish  governor,  and  near  it  are  sulphur 
and  saline  springs.  In  its  bay  the  Roman  fleet  defeated 
that  of  Antiochus,  and  in  1770  the  Russians  burnt  the  navy 
of  the  Turks.     Seven  miles  N.E.  are  the  ruins  of  Grythrea. 

TOIIETCHEN,  chA-chJn',  an  island  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
off  its  W.  coast,  near  Cape  Agrakhan. 

TCHETCIIKNTSI  or  TCHETCIIENTZT  (chA-ch?nt/see) 
COUNTRY,  The.  forms  the  K.  part  of  Circassia,  mostly  be- 
tween lat.  42°  30'  and  43°  40'  N".,  and  Ion.  44°  30'  and  46°  30' 
E.,  having  N.  the  river  Torek,  separating  it  from  the  Russian 
government  of  Caucasus,  E.  Daghestan,  W.  Kabardah,  and 
S.  the  Caucasus  chain,  dividing  it  from  Georgia.  Cattle- 
rearing  is  the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  The  popu- 
lation is  mostly  Mohammedan,  and  living  under  numerous 
chiefs,  at  the  head  of  whom  is  the  hereditary  Asian  Bey. 
The  towns  are  small,  and  mostly  seated  on  the  banks  of  the 
rivers,  all  of  which  are  affluents  of  the  Terek. 

TCHETCIIERSK,  chi-chjRsk',  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
government,  and  75  miles  S.S.E.  of  Moheelev.     Pop.  iJoOO. 

TCHE-TCIIING,  chA'ching',  several  towns  of  China,  pro- 
vinces of  Ho-nan,  Kiang-See,  and  Pe-chee-lee. 
TCIIIARAK  or  SZIAItAK.  See  Tchablvk. 
TCIIIEUOD  (or  TCIIIFOUD)  KALE,  chee-food'  k^-li,  a 
walled  town  of  the  Crimea,  2  miles  from  Bakhtchis.sarai,  on 
a  limestone  height,  inhabited  by  a  remarkable  tribe  of 
Karaite  .Tews. 

TCIIIFTLTK,  chiftleek'.  a  town  of  Turkish  Armenia,  pa- 
shalic.  and  85  miles  N.VV.  of  Erzroom.  Stone  cannon  balls 
are  hewn  in  an  adjacent  quarrv. 

TCHIGRIN.  che-grin',  written  also  TCIIIGR  and  TCHI- 
GUIRIN,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Kiev,  on  the  Tias- 
min,  21  miles  W.  of  Krilov.     Pop.  3400.     It  was  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  Dnieper. 
TCH lKIRI.,a  river  of  Mantchooria.  S(«  CtiiKiRl. 
TCHIKOTAX,  chee-ko-tan',  or  SPANBERG,  spdn'bjRG, 
the  southernmost  of  the  Koorile  Isles.     Lat.  (centre)  43°  53' 
N.,  Ion.  146° 43' 30"  E.     It  is  6  miles  long,  by  as  many  broad. 
TCH[N'.  chin,  and  TCHING,  ching,  for  names  of  Chinese 
cities  with  these  prefixes,  not  under-mentioned,  see  Chin 
and  CniNG. 

TCHIXG-AN,  ching  in,  a  remarkable  cape  on  the  N.E. 
coast  of  Siberia,  in  Behring's  Sea,  about  lat.  64°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
173°  40'  W.  It  rises  almost  vertically  from  the  sea,  to  a 
great  height,  and  is  rendered  conspicuous  by  a  red  band  in- 
tersecting it  from  its  summit  to  its  base. 

TCHT.NGKIAXG.  ching'ke-ing',  a  town  of  China,  province 
of  Kiang  Soo,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Yang-tse- 
Ki.ing.  40  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nanking. 

TCHtNG-TIXG.  chlng^ting',  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
Pe-chee-lee,  capital  of  a  department,  150  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Peking. 
TClil  NG-TOXJ-FOO;  a  city  of  China.  See  Ching-too-foo. 
TCHIN-NGAN,  chin  n'gln',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
(inang-See.  capital  of  a  department,  near  the  Tonquin  fron- 
tier.    Lat.  23°  20'  N.,  Ion.  106°  12'  E. 

TCHIX-SAX.  chinVSn'.two  small  islands  of  China,  in  the 
Chusan  group,  S.E.  of  Chusan,  about  lat.  30°  29'  N.,  Ion, 
122°  56'  E. 

TCHIX-TCIIOO  or  TCHIX-TCIIOtJ,  chinVhoo',  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Ho-nan,  capital  of  a  department,  80  miles 
S  S.E.  of  Kai-fong. 
TCHIN-TCHOO  or  TCHIN-TCHOU.  a  city  of  China,,  pro- 


TCH 

vince  of  Hoo-nan,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Yuen-kiang 
loo  miles  W.S.W.  of  the  Great  Lake  Tong-ting-hoo 
TCHIN-TCIIOU,  a  river  of  India.     See  G.4I)D^d\. 
TCHIN-TOO  or  TCHIXG-TOU.     See  Chi.ng-too  foo. 
TCHIN-YUEN,  chin^  yoo-6n',  a  city  of  China,  province  ot 
Koei-choo,  capital  of  a  department.     I.«t.  27°  1'  12°  N    Ion 
108°  10'  E. 

_TCIIIN-YUXG.  chin'y&ng^  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Koeichoo.  capital  of  a  department.  Lat.  27°  20' X..  Ion.  1 05°  E. 
TCHIX-YUXG.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Quang-See,  33 
miles  E.  of  Tchin-ngan. 

TCHIPROVATZ,  chee^ro-vats',  a  town  of  European  Cur- 
key,  in  Bulgaria,  sanjak,  and  56  miles  N.W.  of  Sophia.  Its 
Greek  bishop  has  the  rank  of  primate  of  Bulgaria. 

TCHIR,  cheer,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  government  of  the  Don  Cossacks,  flows  S.E.,  and  joins 
the  Don.  Length,  150  mile.s. 
TCHIRIKOV,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.  See  Tcherikov. 
TCHIRIKOV,  TCHIRIKOFF  or  TSCHIRIKOW,  che-re- 
kov',  one  of  the  Aleutian  Lslands,  W.  of  the  peninsula  of 
Aliaska.  Lat.  (X.E.  point)  55°  56'  N.,  Ion.  156°  W.  It  is 
about  30  miles  in  circuit. 

TCHIRKI^.  chir'kish'.  or  CHERKESII.  chJr-kJsh'.  a  small 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  .sanjak,  60  miles  E.  of  Boli. 
TCHIRMEN,  che6r-m^n'  or  chir'm^n'.  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean  Turkey,   in    Room-EIee,  capital  of  sanjak,   20  miles 
X.W.  of  Adrianople.     Pop.  2000. 
TCHISME,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Tchesme. 
TCHISTOPOL,  chis-to/pol.  a  town  of  Ru.ssia,  government, 
and  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kazan,  on  the  Kama.  Pop.  6800. 
TCm-TCHEOU-FOU.  a  city  of  China.    See  CHBE-cnoo. 
TCHITIXSK,  chee'tinsk'.  a  fortified  town  of  Siberia,  go- 
vernment of  Irkootsk,  on  the  Ingoda,  125  miles  W.  of  Xerfc- 
cliinsk. 

TCHOL,  Choi,  or  TCIIOLA.  cholj,  a  river  of  the  Chinese 
Empire,  descends  from  the  E.  slope  of  the  Iliiigan  Moun- 
tains, in  the  S.W.  of  Mantchooria.  and  after  a  course  of  about 
160  miles  joins  the  Xonni,  an  affluent  of  the  Soongaree. 

TCHOXG-KIAXG,  chong'  ke-ang'.  a  town  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Se-chuen,  50  miles  N.E.  of  Ching-too-foo. 

TCIIOXG-KING,  chong^  king',  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Se-chuen,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Yang-tse-kiang. 
Lat.  29°  45'  N.,  Ion.  106°  30'  E.     It  has  sugar  refineries,  and 
a  large  trade  in  fish. 
TCHOO.     See  Tcheoo. 

TCH(J()GOOEV  or  TCIIOUGOUEV,  choo-goo-^v/,  written 
also  TCIIUGUJEV,  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Severnoi-Donets. 
Pop.  9000.     It  has  a  garrison  of  lancers. 

TCHOOI,  TCIIOUI,  TCHUI  or  CHUI,  choo'ee,  a  river  of 
Central  Asia,  issues  from  a  small  lake  near  the  AV.  froiitieis 
of  the  Chinese  Empire,  about  lat.  42°  30'  N.,  Ion.  77°  E., 
flows  circuitously  W.X.W.  through  the  country  of  Kirgheez 
and  Independent  Tartary,  and,  after  a  course  of  from  ("00  to 
700  miles,  empties  itself  into  Lake  Kaban  Koolak,  in  lat. 
45°  20^  N.,  Ion.  67°  30'  E.  It  receives  several  large  affluenfs. 
In  spring  its  current  is  very  impetuous,  and  in  the  end  of 
autumn  broad  and  saltish  lakes  are  formed  in  the  vicinity 
by  the  heavy  rains. 

TCUOOKHLOMA,  choo-Klo'ma.  written  also  TCHOU- 
KIILOMA,  TCIIUGLOMA.  and  TCHUCULOMA.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  83  miles  X.E.  of  Kostroma.  Pop.  1800. 
TCHOOKTCHEES.  TCHOUKTCIIIS,  TCHUKTCUIS  or 
TSCHUKTSCniS,  chook'cbeez\  a  people  inhabiting  a 
couutrv  in  East  Siberia,  between  lat.  60°  and  70°  X.,  and 
Ion.  160°  and  190°  E.,  having  S.W.  and  W.  the  provinces  of 
Kamtchatka,  Okhotsk,  and  Yakootsk.  N.  the  Arctic  Ocean,  E. 
Behring  Strait  separating  it  from  Russian  America,  and  S. 
the  Gulf  of  Auadeer  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  region  is 
traversed  W.  to  E.  by  the  Anadeer  River,  but  it  has  been 
very  little  explored.  The  Tchooktchees  live  chiefly  by  hunt- 
ing and  fishing,  and  profess  a  rude  idolatry. 

TCHOOLIM,  TCHOULI Jl  or  TSCHULI M,  choo-Iim'.  a  river 
of  Siberia,  governments  of  Yeniseisk  and  Tomsk,  joins  the  Obi 
100  miles  N.W.  of  Tomsk,  after  a  X.W.  course  of  500  miles. 

TCHOOROOM.  chooVoom',  written  also  TCIIORUM.  (UIO- 
RU.M.  and  CIIURUM,  a  town  of  Asia  .Minor,  pashalic  of  See- 
vas,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Osmanjik.  Pop.  .ibout  7i;00,  mostly 
Mohammedans.  It  has  a  castle,  16  mosques,  manufactures 
of  earthenwares  and  leather,  and  a  large  trade  in  wheat. 

TCHOOSOVSKOI,  TCHOUSOVSKOl.  TCHUSSOVSKOI  or 
TSCHUSOWSKOI,  choo-sov-skoi',  Xizhnee  and  Verkiinee, 
two  contiguous  market-towns  of  Russia,  government,  ana 
40  miles  E.X.E.  of  Perm.  United  pop.  5700,  partly  employed 
in  salt-works. 

TCUOOSSOVA,  TCHOUSSOVA,  choos-so'va,  or  TCtlYSO 
VAIA,  chis-o-vl'd,  a  river  of  Russi;i,  government  of  Perm, 
rises  in  the  Ural  Mountjiins.  flows  W..  and,  after  a  course  of 
250  miles,  joins  the  Kama  11  miles  X.X.E.  of  Perm. 

TCHOO-TCIIEOO  or  TCHOU-TCHEOU,  choo  ch.VoiV,  writ- 
ten also  ClIU  CHOW,  choo-chow.  a  city  of  China,  province 
of  Che-kiang.  130  miles  S.  of  Iliing  chow-foo. 

TCHOO-TCIIOO  or  TCIIU-TCIIOU.  choo^  choo',  a  city  of 
China,  province  Che-kiang,  capital  of  a  department,  130  iniletj 
S.  of  Ilang-chow-foo,  on  the  Toon,  80  miles  from  the  coa.st. 

1898 


TVK 


TEG 


TCHO(>TUNG  or  'CHOU-YUNG,  choo  yiing,  a  city  of 
Chiiiit.  province,  and  75  miles  W.  of  Yun-nan.  It  is  capital 
of  a  department. 

TCHORGOOS,  CJIOKGOON,  TCHORGOUN  or  TCHOR- 
GUN.  ohor-goon',  a  locality  of  Russia,  iu  the  Crimea,  on  the 
'Xehernaya,  E.  of  Sevastopol.  Here,  May,  1855,  the  French 
esLsblished  a  camp. 

TCHORLOO,  TCHORLOU  or  TCIIORLU,  chornoo,  a  town 
of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Klee,  on  the  River  Ichorloo, 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Rodosto.     Pop.  40lK). 

TCHiJRVK.  cho'ruk'.  written  also  TCHORAK,  JORUK. 
J  ORAK,  and  BATOOMI,  (aue.  Acampsis  f)  a  river  of  Turkish 
Ai  Jieuia.  flows  N.E.  and  N.  through  a  part  of  the  pashalic 
of  Erzroom,  and  enters  the  Black  Sea  between  Goonieh  and 
Biitoom.     Length,  200  miles. 

TCIIOUDSKOE  or  TSCUUDSKOE.    See  Peipcs. 

TCHDUGOUEV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tchoogooev. 

TCHOXJI.  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Tchooi. 

TCII' >UKHLOMA.    See  Tchookhloma. 

TCHOUKTCHl  S.  a  people  of  Asia.    See  Tchooktchees. 

TCIIOUSOVSKOI,  Russia.    See  Tchoosovbkoi. 

TCIIDUSSOVA.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Tchoossova. 

TCIIOU-YUNG,  a  city  of  China.'    See  Tchoo-Y'i'ng. 

TClKlW  or  TSCHOU,  chow,  a  populous  walled  town  of 
West  Africa,  in  Yarriba,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Katunga. '  Lat. 
9°  15'  N..  Ion.  5°  50'  E. 

TCHTCHELINSKOE  or  CHTCIIELIXSKORchi-leen^ 
sko-A.  a  lake  of  Russia,  government  of  Kiazan,  near  the  Oka, 
to  which  its  waters  flow  bv  two  small  rivers. 

TCIIUI.  a  river  of  Central  Asia.     See  Tcuooi. 

TCIIUKTCHIS,  a  people  of  Asia.    See  Tciiooktcheis. 

TCUU'LA,  a  post-village  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
Yazoo  River.  70  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 

TCHULIM,  a  river  of  Siberia.     See  TCHOOUM. 

TCHUSAN,  an  island  of  China.    See  Chusan. 

TCIIU5S0VSK0I,  Russia.    See  TcnoosovsKOi. 

TCII  C-TCHOU,  a  city  of  China.    See  Tchoo-Tchoo. 

TCIIYSOVAIA.    See  Tchoossova. 

TE,  t.l.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Shan-toong,  on  the  Im- 
perial Canal.  05  miles  N.W.  of  Tsee-nan. 

TEACH'E  Y'S.  a  village  of  Duplin  co,  North  Carolina,  on  the 
■Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,o8  miles  fromWilmington. 

TE.\L'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TKAL/ING,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  4  miles  E. 
of  Auchterhouse,  on  the  Dundee  and  Xewtyle  Railway. 

TEAX.  teen,  Up'per  and  Xeth'er,  two  hamlets  of  England, 
CO.  of  Stafford,  parish  of  Chichley,  on  the  Tean.  Population 
chiefly  employed  in  bleach-works  and  a  manufactory  of  tape. 

TK-AN,  ta'ln',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Hoo-pe,  capital 
of  a  department,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Han-yang. 

Tii.\.\'A,  tA-d'na.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  18  miles  'W.S.W.  of  Tursi.     Pop.  1600. 

TEANO,  tA-i'no.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Capua.  Pop.  7800.  It  has  a  cathe- 
dral and  two  collegiate  churches,  a  diocesan  seminary,  and  a 
trade  in  corn  and  oil. 

TE.4PY.  an  island  iu  the  Pacific.    See  Eastiji  IsUiND. 

TEAKQUE,  tA-ar'kA,  a  village  in  the  territory  of  New 
5Iexico.  about  70  miles  S.  of  Santa  Fe. 

TEAItY  or  TEIIREE,  tee'ree(?)  a  town  of  India,  in  Bun- 
deleunj.  54  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chatterpoor. 

TEATE.     See  Chieti. 

TE.\ZE'S  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Kanawha  co.,  Tirginia. 

TEBALEH,  tA-bJ'lJh,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Y'emen.  about 
170  miles  S.E.  of  Mecca. 

TEBAR.  tA-ban',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province, 
and  42  miles  S.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  1432. 

TEBASY-TENARUBIA,  tA'ads  ee  tA-nJ-nx/be-d,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  38  miles  N.W.  of  Malaga.     Pop.  3316. 

TEBESSA.  tA-b^s'si.  (anc.  Thevesta?)  a  town  of  Algeria, 
about  75  miles  S.E.  of  Constantino,  with  extensive  Roman 
remains.  It  is  entered  by  two  gates,  one  of  them  of  Roman 
oonstruction.  in  the  form  of  a  triumphal  arch.  Pop.  from 
12.000  to  15.000. 

TEBTQTJARY  or  TEBICUARI.  tA-Bokwa-reo'.  written  also 
TCBIQUARI,  a  river  in  the  S.  of  Paraguay,  falls  into  the 
Paraauay  above  Sfeembucu. 

TE'BCi.  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri. 

TEBO  CREEK,  Missouri,  enters  Osasre  River  in  Benton  oo. 

TEBRIZ,  a  city  of  Persia.     See  Tadreez. 

TECALI,  tA-kj-lee'(?)a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, state,  and  15  miles  S.E.  of  La  Puebla. 

TECII,  tSsh,  a  river  in  France,  descends  from  the  N.  slope 
of  the  Pyrenees,  department  of  Pyr^nees-Orientales,  flows 
E.N.E.,  and  near  Ceret  falls  into  the  Mediterranean.  Total 
course.  45  miles. 

TECHE,  tJsh,  a  bayou  of  Louisiana,  commences  in  St. 
Landrj'  parish,  a  few  miles  fi-om  Opelousas,  and  after  flowing 
S.E.  in  a  very  tortuous  course  of  about  200  mile.s  unites  with 
Atchafalaya  Bayou  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Lake  Cheti- 
maches.  The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  St.  Martinsville 
and  Franklin.  It  is  bordered  by  tertile  prairies  and  plains, 
In  which  cotton  and  sugar  flourish.  During  high  water, 
steamlxiats  ascend  this  bayou  for  a  distance  of  near  200 
miles  from  the  Qulf  of  Mexico. 
1894 


TECKENDORF.  a  town  of  Austria.    SeeTtKE. 

TECKLENBUHG,  t^k'klen-bm.KG\  a  town  of  Prussian 
Westphalia.  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Miinster.     Pop  1250. 

TECOLlVTA.  a  post-office  of  San  Miguel  co..  New  Mexico. 

TECUM'SEH.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lenawee  co.j 
Michigan,  on  Raisin  River.  10  miles  N.E.  of  Adrian.  It  has 
an  excellent  water-power,  on  which  a  number  of  mills  have 
been  erected.  The  village  contains  1  bank,  5  churches,  1 
ne\vs])aper  office,  a  union  school,  2  steam  foundries  with 
machine-shops,  and  1  woollen  factory.  It  is  connected  with 
the  Mlcliig-.m  Sotithern  Railroiul  i)y  the  Jackson  Branch. 
Pop.  in  1860,  IWO;  of  the  village,  in  1865.  about  1800. 

TECTJM'SEFI,  Shawnee  co..  Kansiis.     See  Appem.ix. 

TEDAV'NET  or  TEDONAGH,  te-don'aH,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster. 

TEIVBOURXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TED'DINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Middlesex. 

TEDESCO.    See  Germany. 

TEDLA,  XhdlL  or  TEFSA,  tiPsd,  a  province  of  Slorocco, 
immediatelj'  W.  of  Mount  Atlas,  and  watered  by  affluents 
of  the  river  Tensift.    Chief  town.  Tefsa. 

TKDXEST,  ted^nfet',  a  town  in  the  dominions,  and  73 
miles  W.  of  Moi-occo.  capital  of  a  province,  on  an  affluent  of 
the  Tensift.     Estimated  pop.  4000.  of  whom  1800  are  Jews. 

TED'ROW.  a  pest-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

TEDSI,  tjd'see.  a  town  of  Morocco,  province  of  Soos,  25 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Tei-odant.  Pop.  14,000.  Its  vicinity  is 
highly  productive. 

TEiVSTOXE  DEL'AMERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hereford. 

TEDSTONE-W.\FER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford 

TEDZEX,  tedzen',  or  TKJEXD,  tA'jJud'.  (anc.  actius?)  a 
river  rising  in  the  Persian  province  of  Khora.«san,  N.E.  of 
Meished,  flows  through  the  X.E.  corner  of  the  province,  and 
is  lost  in  the  sands  of  the  desert  after  a  eour.se  of  250  miles. 

TEE.  a  township  of  Carroll  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1220. 

TEEM'BOO^  or  TIMBO,  teem'bo\  a  town  of  West  Africa, 
Senegambia,  capital  of  the  state  of  Foota  Jallon,  in  lat.  10° 
30'  X..  Ion.  10°  30'  W-     It  has  a  mosque  and  several  forts. 

TEEX-TSIX  or  TIX-TSIX,  teenOseen'.  a  town  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Pe-chee-lee.  on  the  Pei-ho,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  Grand  Canal.  70  miles  S.E.  of  Peking.  It  is  the  seat  of 
an  extensive  trade,  and  a  great  depot  for  salt. 

TEERA,  tee'rd.  a  town  and  fort  of  West  Hindostan,  in 
Cutch.  52  miles  W.  of  Bhooj. 

TEERA  or  TEEREE.  tee'ree.  a  petty  town  of  Afghanistan, 
capital  of  a  chiefship,  S.  of  Peshawer. 

TEEREE,  tee'ree\  a  town  of  Beloochistan,  province  of 
Saravan,  70  miles  X.N.E.  of  Kelat.  on  the  route  to  Shawl. 

TEES.  teez.  a  river  of  England,  between  the  cos.  of  Durham 
and  Y'ork.  after  an  E.  course  of  90  miles  joins  the  North  Sea 
by  an  estuary  nearly  3  miles  across,  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  Stock- 
ton. At  its  "mouth  is  a  bar  with  from  10  to  12  feet  water  at 
low.  and  from  26  to  2S  feet  at  high-tide:  the  river  is  tidal 
to  Y'arm,  and  navigable  to  Stockton  for  vessels  of  60  tons 
burden.     In  it  is  a  salmon  fi.=hery. 

TEESTA.  a  river  of  Hindostan.     See  AttM 

TEEZ  or  TIZ,  teez.  a  town  or  village  of  Beloochistan,  pro- 
vince of  Mekran,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Charbar,  130 
miles  S.W.  of  Kedje. 

TEFELXEH.  a  town  of  Morocco.    See  Tafeineh. 

TEFFE,  t^PlA.  a  river  of  Brazil,  after  a  XJi.  course  of  500 
miles  joins  the  Amazon  in  \%t.  Z°  4o'  S..  Ion.  64°  45'  W. 

TEF'FOXT  EYIAS.  a  parish  of  Engl!»nd.  co  of  Wilts. 

TEF'FOXT  M.\GNA.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 

TEFLIS,  a  citv  of  Georgi-a.     See  TiFUS, 

TEFSA.  t^f  s^".  or  TEFZ.\,  XWiL  a  town  of  Morocco,  capi- 
tal of  the  province  of  Tedla.  Lat.  32°  30'  X.,  Ion.  5°  45'  W. 
On  the  opposite  .side  of  the  river  is  the  .small  town  of  Efza. 
United  pop.  about  10,500,  partly  employed  in  manufacturer 
of  woollen  mantles. 

TEFSA.  a  province  of  Morocco.    See  Tedla. 

TEGAL-S.\RI,  til'gAl'  sA'ree,  a  town  of  Java,  province  of 
Madioen,  with  a  school  for  ecclesiastics,  where  about  3000 
youths  are  educated. 

TEGERA,  tA-HA'ri.  a  village  in  Xew  Mexico,  near  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  Sandia  Mount.ains;  50  miles  S.  of  .Santa  F& 

TKGERHY,  tjg'er-hee\  a  town  of  Central  .Africa,  in  Fezzan, 
on  the  main  route  to  Soodan.  120  miles  S.E.  of  Mooraook. 
It  is  enclosed  by  a  wall,  and  has  a  citadel. 

TEGERXSEE.  tA'ghern-8.A\  a  village  and  lake  of  Upp« 
Bavaria,  31  miles  S.  of  Munich.    length  of  lake.  4  miles. 

TEGLIO.  tAl'vo,  or  TELLIO.  ikVloo.  written  also  T<3G  LIO, 
tAl'yo,  a  villane  of  Northern  Italy,  province  and  K  of  Son- 
rtrio,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Adda.    Pop.  5475. 

TEGUCIG.\1.PA,  tA-goo-se-gll'pd,  a  town  of  Central  Amo- 
rica,  state  of  Honduras,  capital  of  a  department,  on  s  table- 
land, 40  miles  S.W.  of  Comayagua.  Pop.  10,00 ).(:')  In  ;t» 
vicinity  are  gold,  silver,  and  copper  mines. 

TEGUESTE.  tA-ghJ-s/t-A,  a  village  of  the  Canaries,  on  the 
N.W.  of  the  island  of  Teneriffe.     Pop.  1162. 

TEGUISE,  tA-ghee'sA.  a  town  of  the  Canary  Island.",  dpi- 
tal  of  the  island  of  Lanzarote.  near  its  centre.      *op.  £736. 

TEGULET.  tfe-oo-l^t'.  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  In  SI  oa.  m 
whicli.it  was  formerly  the  capital,  18  miles  W.  of  Ankobcr. 


TEH 

TKHAI/LON  or  TYHAL'LON,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Ulster,  CO.  of  Jlonaghan. 

TEHAMA,  ti-hd/md.  (i.e.  "Low  land.")  a  maritime  plain 
"f  Arabia,  extending  alonu;  its  \V.  coast  from  Kas  Mohammed 
to  Jiddab,  a  distance  of  650  miles. 

TiOIIAMA,  tA-hd'md,  or  BATiN  A,  bifni,  a  maritime  plain 
of  Aral)ia.  in  Mu.scat  dominions,  borderins;  on  the  Sea  of  Kab- 
el  Maiideb,  and  from  20  to  40  miles  in  width. 

TKHA'MA,  a  post-town  of  Colusi  co..  California. 

TEHKKAN.  tjh'herdn'.  or  TEHKAN,  tJh-hriln',  written 
also  TEURAUN.  the  capital  city  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak- 
Ajr-mee,  70  miles  S.  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  210  miles  N.  of 
Ispahan.  Lat.  35°  42'  N..  Ion.  51°  20'  50"  E.  Stationary  pop. 
estimated  at  10,000;  but  during  the  residence  of  the  court  in 
winter,  it  is  60,000  and  upwai'ds.  It  is  about  5  miles  in  circuit, 
and  enclosed  by  an  earthen  wall  flanked  with  towers,  a  glacis, 
and  a  dry  trench.  The  external  appearance  is  picture.sque ; 
its  mosques,  colleges,  and  caravanserais  are  in  good  repair; 
and  it  has  well-furnished  shops  and  bazaars,  with  some 
large  palaces  of  the  Persian  nobility;  but  its  dwellings  are 
mostly  built,  of  earth  ;  the  streets  are  mean  and  wretchedly 
paved;  and  in  summer  it  is  so  unhealthy  that  the  -shah 
and  the  upper  classes  leave  it  to  encamp  on  the  plains  of 
Sultaneeyah,  about  150  miles  N.W.  The  ark  or  royal  citadel 
is  extensive,  and  comprises,  besides  the  royal  harem  and 
apartments,  a  magnificent  grand  saloon,  the  public  ofiices, 
quarters  for  the  royal  guards,  numerous  baths,  and  gar- 
dens. On  a  height  near  the  city  is  another  royal  palace 
with  fine  grounds.  Teheran  has  manufactures  of  carpets 
and  iron  goods;  its  vicinity  is  fertile,  and  covered  with  vil- 
lages. It  became  the  Persian  capital  towards  the  end  of 
the  last  century.  On  its.S.  side,  and  about  25  miles  E.,  are 
extensive  ruins,  and  one  of  these  localities  marks  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Hhalijm. 

TEIIEROOT  or  TEHRUT,  t^h-h'roof,  a  town  of  Persia, 
province,  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kerman.  Its  vicinity  is  stated 
to  be  productive  of  corn,  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  fruits. 

TKIIOl'EKE,  a  post-office  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Alabama. 

TKHKAN  or  TEIlKAUN,  a  city  of  Kuj^sia.     SaeTEHfiR.^N. 

TEIIREE,  a  town  of  Hindostan.    See  Teary. 

TlillRUT.  a  town  of  Persia.    See  TEHEROOf. 

TEUUACAN,  ti-wi-kSn',  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state,  and  65  miles  S.E.  of  La  Puebla.     Pop.  12.000. 

TEFIUAXTEPEC,  tA-wdn-tl-pJk',  a  river-port  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  on  the  river  Tehuantepec,  150  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Oajaca.  Pop.  8000.(?)  who  export  indigo  and  salt, 
and  have  some  fisheries  and  a  coasting  trade. 

TEHUANTEPEC,  a  recently-organized  territory  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  occupying  the  isthmus  of  its  own 
name.     Pop.  in  1854,  82,o9.x 

TEHUANTEPEC,  Isthmus  op,  in  the  Mexican  Con- 
tederation,  is  the  narrowest  part  of  the  land  separating  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  from  the  Pacific,  distance  across  about  130 
miles.  It  is  traversed  almost  throughout  by  the  river 
Coatzacoalco.  It  has  been  proposed  to  unite  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Oceans  at  this  point  by  a  canal,  of  which  the 
river  and  some  lakes  would  form  a  part.  But  a  more  recent 
project  is  the  construction  of  a  railway  to  connect  Minatitlan, 
on  the  Coatza<?oalco,  12  miles  from  its  entrance  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  with  La  Ventosa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Tehuantepec. 

TEHUANTEPEC,  GULF  OF.    See  Gulf  of  Tehuantepec. 

TEI'FY  or  TIVY,  (both  pronounced  ti'vee.)  a  river  of 
North  Wales,  rises  in  Cardiganshire,  flows  S.W.  and  W.,  past 
Lampeter,  Newcastle-Emlyn,  and  Cardigan,  separating  that 
county  on  the  N.  from  Carmarthenshire  and  Pembrokeshire, 
and  enters  Cardigan  Bay  after  a  course  of  about  70  miles. 

TEIGH.  tee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

TEIGIISHINOD,  teshiu'od.  or  TAGIISHEE/NOD,  a  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Longford. 

TEIGN,  tain,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  rises  in 
Dartmoor,  flows  E.,  S..  and  again  E.,  between  the  Dart  and 
the  Exe,  and  enters  the  English  Channel  at  Teignmouth. 
Total  course,  46  miles.  It  flows  past  Chagford,  Chudleigh, 
and  Newton-Bushel,  to  which  last  its  estuary  is  navigable 
from  the  .sea. 

TEIGNGRACE.  tin'grace,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Devon. 

TEIGNMOUTH,  tdn'mtith,  a  maritime  town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Devon,  on  both  sides  of  the  Teign,  at  its  mouth  in  the 
English  Channel,  12i  miles  S.S.E.  of  Exeter,  on  the  South 
Devon  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851, 5013.  The  two  parts  of  the  town 
are  connected  by  a  wooden  bridgeof  34  arches,  with  a  swing, 
which  admits  vessels  of  400  tons  burden.  The  town  being 
a  place  of  resort  for  sea-bathing,  tujs  greatly  improved  of 
late  years.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  modern  octan- 
ffular  church  of  West  Teignmouth,  other  places  of  worship, 
a  bathing  establishment,  library,  spacious  assembly-rooms, 
and  a  small  theatre.  Here  is  a  dock-yard,  at  which  sloops- 
ol-war  have  been  built,  with  a  quay,  from  which  granite  and 
pipe-<;iay  u.-"  exported.  The  chief  imports  are  coal  and 
culm.    Teignmouth  gives  title  of  baron  to  the  Shore  family. 

TEIGXTON,  (tain/ton,)  BISHOP'S,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Devon. 

TEIGNTON.  DREWS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

XEIL.  Le.  leh  til,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ille- 
et-VUaine,  17  'miles  S.W.  of  Vitre.    Pop.  2394. 


TEL 

TEILLEUL,  Le,  leh  t.Vyul'  or  tail'ycl',  a  narket-town  ot 
France,  department  of  Manche,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mortain 
l"op.  2604 

TEINITZ,  ti'nits.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  27  miles  S.E.  oj 
Beraun,  on  the  railway  from  Prague  to  Olmutz.     Pop.  2403 

TEISSHOLZ,  tlss'holts,  or  TISZOLCZ,  tees^solts',  a  mai 
ket-town  of  Hungary,  co.,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Gomor.   P.  3170 

TEITH,  teeth,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  is  formed 
by  t»vo  heads  which  unite  near  Callander,  whence  it  has  a 
S.E.  course  of  about  15  miles  past  Doune,  and  joins  thii 
Forth  2^  miles  N.W.  of  Stirling. 

TE.JA.  a  town  of  Morocco.     See  Teza. 

TEJEDA  or  TEXEDA,  tA-nA'Dd,  a  sierra  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  separating  the  province  of  Granada  from  the  pro- 
vince of  Malaga:  it  abounds  with  mines. 

TEJEDA,  a  village  of  the  Canaries,  on  the  Grand  Canary, 

TEJO.  a  river  of  Spain.     See  Tagus. 

TEJDCO,  a  city  of  Brazil.    See  Diamantixa. 

TEJUTLA  or  TEXUTLA,  a-Hoo'tlii,  a  town  of  Central 
America,  state,  and  165  miles  N.W.  of  Guatemala. 

TEKAX,  td-kiH/  (?)  a  town  of  Yucatan,  between  Valladolid 
and  Merida.     It  is  well  built. 

TEKE,  tA'kA,  or  TECKENDORF,  tJk'en-doiif\  a  market- 
town  of  Austria,  in  Transylvania,  co.,  an<'  50  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Klausenburg.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sajo,  ("Salt  River.") 
with  a  salt  lake,  from  which  much  salt  is  made.     Pop.  1611, 

TEKE  DERE,  td'kA  dA'rA,  a  river  of  European  Turkey, 
joins  the  Erkene  on  the  right,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Adrianople ; 
total  conr.se,  about  70  miles. 

TEKEER  (or  TKKIR)  DAGH,  tg-keer'  d^g,  a  mountain 
range  of  European  Turkey,  in  Room-Elee,  extending  from 
the  Maritza  to  the  Sea  of  Marmora  at  RodostQ,  to  which  town 
it  gives  its  own  name  among  the  Turks. 

'TEK  NAAF,  a  navigable  river  of  Aracan.     See  Naap. 

TEKON'SHA,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Calhoun 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  651. 

TEKRIT,  tA-krit),  (anc.  Birtlta.)  a  poor  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  pashalic,  and  97  miles  N.N.W.  of  Bagdad,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Tigris.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  outside 
of  which  are  numerous  remains  of  the  ancient  city. 

TEKROVA.  tA-kro'vd,  or  FIOND.'V,  fee-onMS,  (.anc.PAct- 
se.lis.)  a  maritime  village  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia,  on  the 
W.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Adalia,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Adalia, 
with  remains  of  the  ancient  city. 

TELAV  or  TELAW,  tA-liv',  a  fortified  town  of  Russian 
Transcaucasia,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Tiflis.     Pop.  3000. 

TELCHA,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  Telsh. 

TELDE,  tJl'dA,  a  city  of  the  Canaries,  island  of  Grand  Ca- 
nary, E.  of  Las  Palmas,  in  a  beautiful  plain  called  Vega 
Mayor,  about  2  miles  from  the  sea.  The  streets  are  broad 
and  straight.  There  are  three  squares,  in  one  of  which 
are  the  town-house  and  prisons,  the  parish  chuich,  an  ele- 
gant structure,  and  the  Alameda.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures of  plain  linens,  11  flour  mills,  and  an  hospital.  On 
the  sea-shore,  to  the  E.  of  the  town,  there  is  a  mineral 
spring,  resorted  to  from  all  parts  of  the  island.  Grain  is 
exported  to  Las  Palmas  and  the  neigh toring  island.s,  and 
cochineal  to  Cadiz.  .Marseilles,  and  London  ;  also  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  blue  paving  flags,  half  a  yard  square,  to 
Cadiz  and  America.     Pop.  12,027. 

TELEMBI,  tA-l^m-bee',  a  river  of  Ecuador,  rises  in  the 
W.  slope  of  the  Andes,  flows  N.,  and  joins  the  Patia,  a  little 
above  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific,  after  a  course  of  80  miles. 

TELESE,  tA-lA'sA,  (anc.  Telelsia,)  a  decayed  episcopal  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  14  miles  N.E.  of 
Caserta,  on  the  Galore. 

TELETSKOI,  a  lake  of  Siberia.     See  Altix 

TEI/FAIR,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  lionmlcd  on  the  S.  and  S.W. 
by  the  Ocmnlgee  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Little  Oc- 
mulgee  Kiver,  and  Sugar  Creek.  The  surface  is  level,  and 
covered  with  extensive  forests  of  pirie.  The  soil  is  sandy, 
but  productive  in  the  vicinity  of  the  streams.  It  was  laid 
out  in  1807,  and  named  in  honor  of  Edward  Telfair,  Gover- 
nor of  Georgia  in  1786.  Capital,  Jacksonville.  Pop  2713, 
of  whom  1877  were  free,  and  836  slaves. 

TELFS,  t^lfs,  a  village  of  Tyrol,  circle  of  Imst,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Inn.    Pop.  2000. 

TELGTE.  tJlo'teh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  7  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Munster.  on  the  Ems.    Pop.  2186. 

TELIGOOL,  TELIGOUL  or  TELIGUL,  tA-le-gool',  a  river 
of  Kussia,  government  of  Kherson,  falls  into  a  bay  of  its 
own  name  25  miles  N.E.  of  Odessa;  its  stream  is  continuous 
only  in  the  wet  season. 

TELIORM.AN,  tA'le-o'mSn',  a  river  of  Turkey,  in  European 
Wallachia,  rises  in  a  mountain  slope  80  miles  N.W-.  of  Bu- 
charest, flows  circuitously  S.S.E.,  and,  after  a  course  ot  90 
miles,  joins  the  Vode  (Vede)  about  20  miles  above  its  mouth 
in  the  Danube. 

TELISCOF,  t^ris-kof,  or  TELKIF,  tSl-klf,  a  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mosul,  in 
a  large  and  fertile  plain  celebrated  for  the  passage  of  Xeno- 
phon  over  it  with  the  10.000  Greeks,  and  the  battle  of 
Arbela  fought  upon  it,  and  gained  by  Alexander  the  Great 
Pop.  about '4000. 

1895 


TEL 


TEM 


tTCt'jKI-BAXYA,  tJlHcee^  b3n'yfih\  a  village  of  Hungary,  ] 
in  Hither  Theiss.  co.  of  Aba-uj-Tar,  14  miles  S.S.l-I.  of  Kas-  : 
i;hau.  with  ohah-beaU!  baths.     Pop.  IISO.     Kich  gold  mines  ' 
once  existed  in  the  vicinity,  but  the  shafts  were  destroyed 
by  an  eaithiiuake:  new  mines  are  now  in  operation. 

Tlil-L,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop  1009. 

TKLLF.\.IR  CREEK.  Geoi^ia.    See  Hurricane  Creek. 

TKl.LICHKKV,  t^l-le<hk'ree,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  | 
British  India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  Malal»ar,  43 
miles  N'.X.W.  cif  Calicut.     It  has  a  gcxid  harbor,  and  an  ac- 
tive export  trade  in  spices,  sandal-wood.  &c. 

TKL/LICO,  a  small  river  which  rises  in  Cherokee  CO., 
North  Carolina,  and  flowing  into  Tennessee,  enters  the  Little 
Tennessee  Uiveron  the  X.  border  of  Monroe  county. 

TKUJCO  PLAINS,  a  post-oiTice  of  Monroe  co., Tennessee. 

TELLIO.  a  villasre  of  Italy.    See  Tmuo. 

TEL'LISFOUD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 

TELM.\,  t^l'uii,  a  town  of  Siberia,  government,  and  N.W. 
of  Irkootsk,  with  considerable  manufactures  of  cloth,  linen, 
glass,  and  paper;  the  operatives  are  all  convicts.    Pop.  2000. 

TELMESSUS.     See  M.^kree. 

TELO'G  A  SPRINGS,  a  poe^office  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia. 

TKLO  MAKTIUS.    See  ToCLO.v. 

TEIiS'COMBK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TKL.-II  or  TEL.SEII,  tJlsh,  written  also  TELSCHA  or 
TELCHA,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  150 
miles  N.W.  of  Vilna.    Pop.  2000. 

TIXTOW,  til'tov.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg. 9  miles  E.  of  Pot-sdam.     Pop.  13S0. 

lELTSCH,  twitch,  a  walled  town  of  Moravia,  17  miles 
6.S.W.  of  Iglau.     Pop.  340S. 

TKMACHIN,  ti'md  cheen',  or  EL-GUECER,  Jl-gJ'sair'.  a 
town  of  North  Africa,  in  the  Algerian  Sahara,  capital  of  an  in- 
dependent district  of  same  name,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toog- 
gourt :  lat.  33°  20'  N. ;  Ion.  0°  50'  E.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
kwip-holed  wall,  and  a  ditch  filled  with  water  in  the  winter, 
but  dry  in  summer. 

TEMASCALTEPEC.  tA-mls-kil  tA-p^k'.  a  town  of  Mexico, 
state,  and  08  miles  S.W.  of  -Mexico,  in  a  deep  valley.  It 
formerly  owed  its  prosperity  to  the  rich  mines  of  silver 
worked  in  its  vicinity.     Pop.  5000. 

TEMBLEQUE.  tem-bld'kA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
30  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  3720. 

TEMBUCTOO,  a  town  of  Africa.    See  TiMBUCTOO. 

TEM  BY.  t^m'bee,  the  most  S.  of  three  rivers  which  enter 
English  River,  in  Delagoa  Bay,  East  Africa,  and  whence  it 
ha.s  been  navigated  upwards  for  46  miles. 

TEME,  t*m,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  rises  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Newtown,  in  Montgomery,  flows  E.  between  thecr.s.  of  Radnor 
and  Salop,  and  joins  the  Severn  near  Powick.  3  miles  S.  of 
Worcester.  Total  course,  GO  miles.  Is  celebrated  for  trout 
and  graylings. 

TEMEKIN.  tA'mAVin',  a  market-town  of  South  Hungary, 
CO..  and  34  miles  E.  of  I^cs.     Pop.  6393. 

TEMES  tim'^sh',  written  also  TEMESCH,  a  river  of  South- 
East  Hungary,  in  the  Banat.  rises  in  the  Carpathian  .Moun- 
tiiins,  flows  N.W.  and  S.,  and  joins  the  DanuVwj  6  miles  E.  of 
Belgrade.  Total  course,  ISO  miles.  The  principal  affluents 
are  the  Bisztra.  Bogovitz.  and  Berzava.  It  gives  name  to  a 
county  of  which  Temesvar  is  the  capital. 

TENIESVARor  TE.MESWAR,  t^m%h-v^R/,  written  also 
TEMESCHWAR.  a  fortified  city  of  South  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  county  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Alt-Beira  and  the  Bega 
Canal,  72  miles  N.N.E.  of  Belgrade.  Lat.  45°  42'  N.,  Ion.  21° 
2(1'  E.  Pop.  19.100.  comprising  Hungarians,  Germans.  Greeks, 
Wallachs,  and  Jews.  It  is  enclo.sed  by  walls,  and  entered 
by  three  gates,  beyond  each  of  which  there  is  a  suburb. 
The  houses  are  of  solid  construction,  the  streets  spacious, 
and  there  are  a  number  of  regularly  formed  and  handsome 
squares.  The  principal  buildings  are  the  aithedral.  which  is 
a  handsome  Gothic  structure:  the  Greek  church,  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  synagogue,  palace  of  the  government,  town- 
house,  theatre,  two  convents,  Piarist  college,  gymnasium, 
high  school,  normal  school,  arsenal,  and  civil  and  military 
hospitals.  The  manufactures  consist  of  woollens,  oil.  paper, 
tobacco,  and  wire.  There  are  also  several  silk-mills.  The 
transit  trade,  consisting  chiefly  of  corn,  is  of  great  import- 
ance, and  is  much  facilitated  by  the  Bega  C,tnal.  which 
communicates  with  the  Danube.  Temesvar  is  the  seat  of  a 
Greek  bishop,  the  residence  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
and  seat  of  a  high  court,  with  jurisiiiction  over  three  coun- 
ties of  the  Banat.'  According  to  D'Anville.  Temesvar  is  the 
ancient  Tliyhiscas  to  which  the  poet  Ovid  was  banished.  In 
15.S2  it  was  taken  and  sacked  by  the  Turks,  in  whose  pos- 
session it  remained  till  1718.  when  it  was  taken  from  them 
by  Prince  Eugene,  almost  entirely  rebuilt,  and  fortified  so 
strongly  as  to  l>e  now  one  of  the  principal  Austrian  for- 
tresses. In  1849  it  stood  a  siege  of  107  days  by  the  insur- 
gents, and  was  relieved  by  Haynau,  but  not  before  nearly 
every  hou.se  had  been  damaged  by  the  bombardment,  and 
fever  and  cholera  had  made  fearful  havoc  among  the 
garri.son. 

TE.MIS/CAMING  LAKE,  between  Canada  East  and  West, 
Lat,  47°  30'  N.,  loa.  80°  W.    Length,  30  miles;  breadth,  15 
180& 


miles.  It  discharges  its  surplus  water  into  the  Ottawa  River 
Temiscamino  House,  a  station  of  tlie  Hudson  Bay  Company 
is  on  its  E.  side, 

TEMISCOUATA,  temMs-koo-a'ti  or  t^mMs-kw.Vt,a.  a  beau- 
tiful lake  in  Canada  East,  130  miles  N.E.  of  tj'uebec,  22 
miles  long,  and  from  I  to  2i  miles  in  breadth,  and  suflj 
cientiv  deep  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden. 

TE.MNIKOV  or  TEMNIKOW,  tjm-ne  kov/.  a  town  of  Rus 
sia.  government,  and  150  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tambov,  on  the 
Moksha.     Pop.  3-2W. 

TEMOURTOU-NOR,  a  lake  of  Chinese  Toorkistan.  See 
To<iz-Goot. 

TE.MPE.  t^m'pA,  a  valley  of  European  Turkey,  in  the  N.K. 
of  Thes.saly,  l)etween  the  mountains  of  Olympus  on  the  N., 
and  Os.sa  on  the  S.  The  beauties  of  its  scenei-y  are  much 
celebrated  by  ancient  writers. 

TEMPELIJUUG.  tJm'pel-lwoRcA  a  walled  town  of  Prus- 
sian Pomerania.  44  miles  S.  of  Cttslin.     Pop.  3400. 

TEM'PERANCE,  a  post-office  of  .Amherst  co..  Virginia. 

TEMPERANCE,  a  post-village  of  Telfair  co.,  Georgia, 
about  9*t  miles  S.  of  .Milledgeville. 

TEMPERANCE  HALL,  a  post-offlce  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Ten- 

TEMPERANCE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Marion  district, 
South  Carolina. 

TK.M'PEKAXCEVILLE,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Char- 
tier  township.  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  or  S. 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  li  miles  below  Pittsburg.  It  has 
a  great  variety  of  manufactures,  including  glass,  iron,  edge- 
tools,  kc,  and  has  an  active  trade  in  coal.  Pop.  in  1860, 
1600. 

TEMPERANCEVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Accomack  co., 
Viririnia. 

TEMPERANCEVILLE,  a  post-village.  Belmont  co..  Ohio. 

TEM'PEUANCEVILLE,  a  viHage  of  Canada  Mest,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  140  miles  S.W  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  80. 

TE.MPESCA.  t^m-p^s'ki  a  river  in  Turkey,  rises  in  the 
N,  slope  of  Mount  Argentaro  or  Egrisoo-Tagh,  in  the  S,E 
of  Servia.  flows  circuitously  N,N,W,,  and,  after  a  course  of 
60  miles,  joins  the  Morava  on  the  risrht,  6  miles  l>elow  Perekop. 

TEM'PE  VALE,  a  village  of  Scioto  co,,  Ohio,  2  miles  W. 
of  Portsmouth, 

TEMPIO,  t^m'pe-o,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  on  a 
mountain,  31  miles  E,N.E.  of  Sassari,     Pop,  9466. 

TEMPISQCE,  t^m-pees'kA,  a  considerable  river  of  Central 
America,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  state  of  Costa  IMc-a.  after  a  S. 
course  entei-s  the  Gulf  of  Nieoya.  8  miles  N.  of  Nicoya. 

TEM'PLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TEMPLE,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Edinburgh. 

TE.M'PLE.  a  post-town.ship  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  about 
150  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  726. 

TEMPLE,  a  post-township  of  Hillsborough  CO.,  New 
Hampshire.  33  miles  S.S.W.  from  Concord.     Pop.  501. 

TEMPLEBOY,  a  maritime  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught.  CO.  of  Slisro. 

TEMP'LEBREAD'Y.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

TEMM'LEBRED'IN,  a  paiish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  cos. 
of  Tipperarv  and  Limerick. 

TEMPLECARNE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In  Ulster,  cos.  of 
Fermanagh  and  Donegal. 

TEM'PLECOR'RAN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim.  4i  miles  N.E.  of  Carriokfergu?.  The  church  of 
Templecorran,  now  ruined,  was  the  first  benefice  to  which 
Dean  Swift  was  appointed. 

TE.MPLECRONE,  tem'pel-kron',  a  maritime  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  Doneiral,  comprising  the  town  of 
Dunglo.     Pop.  in  1851,  9592.  ^ 

TEM'PLEDER/RY,  a  parish  of  Irel.ind.  co.  of  Tipperary. 

TEMPLEKEL'LY  or  TEMPLE.IEHAL'LY.  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Munster,  co.  of  Tipperary,  comprising  the  town  of 
Ballina 

TEM'PLEMARTIN.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

TEMPLEMAllTIN  or  ST.  MARTIN,  a  paiish  of  Ireland, 
in  I^einster.  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

TE)rPLEMI'CHAEL,  a  "parish  of  Ireland,  and  comprising 
the  town  of  Longford. 

TEM  PI.EM1CHAEL.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford. 

TEMPLEMICHAEL.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperarv. 

TEMPLEMICHAEL,  DEDU'AGH,  a  paiish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  oo.  of  Cork. 

TEMPLE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Maine. 

TEMPLEMORE.  a  pari.sh  of  Ireland.     See  Straid. 

TEM*PLE.MORE'.  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Muns- 
ter. CO.  of  Tipperary,  near  the  E.  foot  of  the  Devils  Bit  Sluun- 
tains.  with  a  station  on  the  Great  Southern  and  Western 
Railway,  S  miles  N,  of  Thuries.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1  Hoi,  9.592. 
It  chiefly  consists  of  one  long  and  well-built  street.  Las  a 
handsotrie  church,  a  lioman  Catholic  chapel.  endowe<l  »;;hool, 
hospital,  dispensary,  bridewell,  and  large  infantrv  barracks. 

TEMPLEMORE.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co,-  "-.nd 
comprising  the  chief  part  of  the  city  of  Londonderry,  Pop, 
in  If-ol,  50O8. 

TEMPLENEI'RY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In  Munster,<n.  cl 
Tipperary.  The  Galtee  Mountains  rise  here  to  268fc  feet 
above  the  sea. 


TEM 

TEMPLE-NEWSOIAM,  also  written  NEWHUSUM,  a 
township  of  Kn^land.  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

TKM'PLKNOE/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kerry. 

TKMl'LENOK  or  LIS-NAVII/LA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Tipperarv. 

TK.M'l'LB  OF  HEALTH,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district. 
South  Carolina. 

TEilPLEOUTRAfiH,  tSra'pel-oo'triH,  or  UP/PER- 
CHUKCH.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Tipperarv. 

TEMM'LEPAT'RICK,  a  parish,  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Antrim. 

TEWPLEPORT',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cavan. 

TE.MM'IiEROIVIX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.,  and  in  the  har- 
bor of  Cork,  consists  of  Spike  and  Hawlbowline  Islands,  and 
a  part  of  Great  Island,  with  the  chief  part  of  Queenstown. 

TEM'PLESHAM/liO  or  TEMPLESHAN'boUGH,  a  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford. 

TE\rPLESIIAN'N()N,  a  parish  of  Irelan4.  co.  of  Wexford, 
comprising  a  part  of  the  town  of  Enniscorthy. 

TEMPLETEN'NY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

TEMPLETOQHER,  tSm'pfl-tda'hgr,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
CO.  of  Galway. 

TEMP'LETON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TE.MP'LETON,  a  village  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke, 
parish  of  Narbeth. 

TEMP'LETON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  55  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  It  has 
manufactures  of  chains,  woollen  goods,  &c.  The  Vermont 
and  Massachusetts  Railroad  crosses  the  N.E.  part  of  the 
township.     Pop.  2816. 

TEMPLETON,  a  post-village  of  Prince  George  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 36  miles  S.E.  of  Richmond. 

TEMP'LETOW.V,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

TEM'PLETOWN,  a  village  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Louth,  Zk 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Carlingford. 

TEM^PLETRINE'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Cork. 

TEM^PLETUO'NY  or  BAL'LINSIN',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co, 
of  Tipperary.     Adjoining  it  are  the  ruins  of  Lisdallen  Castle. 

TEMPLEUD'IGAN  or  ST.  PETER'S,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford. 

TEMPLEUVE,  tSM^pluv',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  on  the  French  frontier,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Tour- 
nay,  on  the  railway  to  Brussels.    Pop.  3500. 

TEMPLEUVE,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  in  1852,  3143. 

TEMP'LEVILLE,  post^village.  Queen  Anne  co.,  Maryland. 

TEMPLIN,  t^m'plin,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  on  the  lake  of  Dolgen,  2i  miles  S,E.  of 
Neu-Strelitz.     Pop.  3380. 

TEM'PO,  a  neat  village  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Fer- 
managh, on  the  Tempo,  on  the  road  from  Enniskillen  to 
Clogher.  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  the  former.    Pop.  422. 

TEMPS'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

TEMROOK,  TEMROUK  or  TEMRUK.  tJm-rook',  a  forti- 
fied town  of  South  Russia,  government  of  the  Caucasus,  on  a 
peninsula  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  about  .30  miles 
E.  of  the  Strait  of  Yenikale;  lat.  45°  15'  N.,  Ion.  37°  10'  E. 
Under  the  Turks  it  was  an  important  fortress. 

TEMSCHE  or  TEMSICA.     See  Tamise. 

TEX  AI/LY'TOWN,  a  postoffice  of  Washington  co..  District 
of  Columbia. 

TENANCINGO,  tA-nin-sing'go,  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state,  and  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mexico,  cele- 
brated for  its  annual  fiiir,  which  lasts  10  days,  and  at  which 
immense  quantities  of  foreign  manufactures  are  sold. 

TENANT'S  HARBOR,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  Maine. 

TENASSERIM,  t^n-as'seh-rim,  or  TANAS/SEREM.  a  river 
of  Farther  India,  provinces  of  Tavoy  and  Tenasserim,  rises 
in  lat.  14°  30'  N..  flows  S.  through  a  narrow  valley,  but  near 
the  town  of  Tenasserim  turns  sharply  W.,  and  enters  the 
IndianJ3cean,  iu  lat.  12°,  by  three  principal  mouths,  enclos- 
ing two  islands,  on  the  N.  of  which  the  town  of  Mergui  is 
seated.  Total  course,  220  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  vessels 
drawing  14  feet  water  for  30  miles,  and  for  boats  60  miles. 

TENASSERIM.  a  town  in  the  southernmost  part  of  the 
Tenasserim  provinces,  taken  from  the  Burmese  in  1826,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  river,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mergui.  Lat.  11° 
19' N..  Ion.  99°  10' E. 

TENASSERIM  PROVINCES,  in  British  India,  consists  of 
1  long  and  narrow  slip  of  territory  in  Farther  India,  be- 
tween lat.  11°  and  17°  40'  N.,  Ion.  97°  30'  and  99°  20'  E., 
having  E.  a  mountain  chain  separating  them  from  Siam, 
and  W.  the  Indian  Ocean  and  Salwin  River.  Length,  from 
N.  to  S..  500  miles;  breadth,  from  40  to  80  miles.  Area, 
itbout  32.500  square  miles.  Estimated  pop.  118.000,  partly 
Siamese  or  Malays,  but  comprising  many  Karean  or  wild 
trills.  The  surface  is  mostly  mountainous,  and  covered 
with  fine  forests;  there  are,  however,  some  extensive  and 
very  rich  alluvial  plains,  broken  only  by  isolated  peaks  of 
limesi,one.  and  well  adapted  to  the  culture  of  cotton,  indigo, 
»nd  tobacc.  ,  which,  with  rice,  sugar-cane,  numerous  fruits, 
excelltut  teak  and  sapan-wood  in  the  N.,  bamboos,  rattans, 
various  drugs  and  gums,  betel,  cocoanuts,  balachang,  tor- 
toise-saell.  horns,  and  coal  at  Magui,  are  the  chief  pro- 
d-ucts.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Gyen,  the  .\ttaram.  the 
Ye,  the  Tavoy,  and  the  Tenasserim,  most  of  which  are  na- 


TEN 

[  vigable  to  some  distance  inland.  Along  the  whole  ext«nt 
of  this  territory  islands  of  various  magnitude  occur  withiv" 
a  short  distance  from  the  shore,  of  which  from  seaward  thej 
appear  to  form  parts.  The  island  of  Balu.  (Balu-gyun,)  op. 
posite  Maulmain,  by  far  the  most  important  of  all.  has  allu- 
vi.al  lands  of  surprising  fertility,  and  a  greater  number  oi 
inhabitants,  in  proportion,  than  any  other  jiart  of  these  pro 
vinces.  The  climate  is  healthy,  the  thermometer  ranging 
from  75°  to  98°,  The  annual  fall  of  rain  is  108  inches.  I'h'e 
rainy  sea.son  continues  from  May  to  October,  after  a  drj 
season  of  6  month.s.  Iron  and  tin  are  plentiful  in  the  pi-o 
vinces  of  Tavoy  and  Mergui.  but  few,  if  any,  mines  ars 
wrought.  Elephants,  rhinoceroses,  tigers,  the  wild  hog.  and 
great  numbers  of  deer,  abound  in  the  forests.  The  popula- 
tion are  mostly  Bnodhists.  except  the  Kareans:  they  manu- 
facture cotton  and  some  silk  fabrics,  but  the  u.«e  of  these 
has  been  almost  superseded  of  late  years  by  the  importation 
of  India  and  British  piece-goods.  The  ports  are  entirely 
free,  and  many  ves.sel8  are  built  on  the  coast.  This  terri- 
tory is  under  the  presidency  of  Bengal,  and  was  formerly 
divided  into  the  provinces  of  Ye.  Tavoy,  Mergui.  and  Tena.s- 
serim.  so  named  from  their  chief  towns;  at  present  it  is 
subdivided  into  the  provinces  of  Amherst,  Tavoy,  and  Mer- 
g'J!,  which,  with  Moulmein,  are  the  principal  seats  of  foreign 
trade.  The  Tena.sserira  provinces  appear  to  have  lieen  visited 
by  the  Portuguese  early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  The 
country  pas.sed  into  the  hands  of  the  British  by  the  peace 
of  Yandabo,  which  terminated  the  Burmese  war,  in  1826. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  penal  colony  from  Ilindostan;  and 
2000  Thugs  transported  to  it  have  become,  it  is  .said,  respect- 
able settlers.  The  military  force  consists  of  two  Anglo-Indian 
regiments. 

T  EN  BOCTO.    See  Timhuctoo. 

TENBURY,  tjn'bere,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO..  and  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Worcester,  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Teme,  here  joined  by  the  Kyre.  Pop.  in  1851,  1786, 
It  is  indifferently  built,  and.  from  being  in  a  low  position,  is 
liable  to  sudden  inundations.  It  has  various  .schools,  some 
trade  in  hops  and  cider,  tanning,  and  glove-making.  In 
1829  a  .salt  spring  was  discovered. 

TEN'BY,  (Welsh,  Denhydi-y-P;/sffod,  denOjiK  e  pis'god,)  a 
municipal  borough  and  seaport  town  of  South  Wales,  co., 
and  9  miles  E.  of  Pembroke,  on  a  promontory  on  the  W. 
side  of  Carmarthen  Bay.  Area  of  the  borough.  322  acres. 
Pop.  in  1851,  2982.  The  town,  partially  enclosed  by  the  re- 
mains of  strong  walls,  and  defended  by  some  batter>rts  on 
the  shore,  consists  chiefly  of  a  long  and  spacious  street.  St 
Mary's  church,  enriched  by  many  ancient  monuments,  and 
a  finely  carved  roof,  has  a  spire  152  feet  in  height,  painte^J 
white  to  form  a  conspicuous  landmark.  Here  are  various 
Dissenters'  chapels,  national  and  other  schools  and  charities, 
a  town-hall,  market-house,  assembly-rooms,  theatre,  re- 
mains of  a  castle,  and  several  ecclesiastical  and  colli^iate 
edifices,  several  good  hotels,  and  spacious  bathing-houses — 
the  town  being  resorted  to  as  a  watering-place.  The  harbor, 
commodious  and  well  sheltered,  is  a  creek  of  the  port  of 
Milford.  and  frequented  by  Devonshire  fishing  ves.sels;  op- 
posite it  are  Caldy  and  St.  JIargaret  Islands.  The  exports 
comprise  oysters,  butter,  corn,  and  coal.  The  vicinity  is 
highly  beautiful,  and  fine  sands  extend  W".  and  S.  of  the 
town.  It  contributes  with  Pembroke.  Wiston,  and  Milford, 
to  send  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

TEN'BY.  a  town  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  co.  of  Pembroke, 
49  miles  E.  of  Hobart  Town. 

TENCE,  tSNss,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Loire,  on  the  Lignon,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Yssingeanx.    P.  1277. 

TENDA,  tjn'dd.  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  State.s, 
division  and  province  of  Nice.  3  miles  S.  of  the  Col  de 
Tende.  a  pass  of  the  Maritime  Alps,  to  which  it  gives  name. 
Pop.  2441. 

TENDA-MAIE,  tln'di  mi'k,  a  district  of  West  Africa,  in 
Senegambia.  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  11°  50'  N..  and  by 
the  meridian  of  13°  W.  Iron  of  fine  quality,  and  .salt,  are 
obtained  in  some  localities. 

TENDE,  COL  DE,  kol  deh  tSNd,  a  pass  in  the  Maritime 
Alps,  a  little  W,  of  the  point  where  they  become  linked 
with  the  Apennines,  on  the  frontiers  of  the  Sardinian  divi- 
sions of  Nice  and  Coni,  Height,  6160  feet  above  sea-level. 
It  is  traversed  by  an  excellent  caiTiage-road,  constructed  by 
Victor  Amedeo  III,  The  summit  is  enclo.sed  by  higher 
mountains  on  all  .sides,  except  the  S.,  in  which  direction  the 
Mediterranean  may  be  seen. 

TENDKA,  tSn/drS,  or  TENTER,  a  long  and  narrow  isl.and 
in  the  Black  Sea,  40  miles  E.  of  Odessa.  Length,  from  E.  to 
W.,  33  miles.  Lat.  of  light-house,  which  is  92  feet  above  the 
sea.  46°  22'  N..  Ion.  31°  29'  E. 

TENDRE,  MONT,  one  of  the  Jura  Mountains.  8*6  MoxT 
Tendue. 

TEN'DRING.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Essex. 

TEN'EDOS,  (Or.  TeveSogAan  island  off  the  W.  coaistof  Asia 
Minor,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Alexandria  Troas.  Length,  5  miles; 
breadth.  2  miles.  Surface  mostly  rugged;  it  produces  su- 
perior wine,  corn,  cotton,  .and  fruits.  On  its  -N.E  side  is  a 
town  which  was  anciently  a  depdt  of  the  trade  between 
Egypt  and  Europe. 

1^97 


TEN 


TEN 


TEXEMBBU  IHLAISOS,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See 
Te.vix  l-kr. 

T^;^KRIFE.  U-ni-ree'fil.  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Xew  liranada,  department  of  Cauca.  province  of  Santa 
Marta,  on  the  Magdaleiia.  50  miles  N.W.  of  Mompox. 

TKN'ERIFFK,  t^nVr-iff',  (Sp.  'finerife,  tA-nA-ree'fA ;  Fr. 
TinCriffe.  ti'nAVeeP.)  the  largest  of  the  seven  principal 
Oauary  Islands,  between  Grand  Canary  on  the  E.,  and  Go- 
mera  on  the  W.,  90  miles  X.W.  of  Cape  Bojador,  on  the 
African  coast.  Lat.  from  2S°  to  28°  35'  20"  N.,  Ion.  from 
16°  5'  U>  16°  55'  W.  It  is  of  an  irregularly  triangular  form. 
30  miles  long  from  X.E.  to  S.W.,  and  varying  in  breadth 
from  35  miles  in  the  S.W..  where  widest,  to  20  miles  near 
the  centre,  and  about  6  miles  in  the  N.E.  Area,  about  1000 
wjuare  miles.  It  is  wholly  of  volcanic  formation,  and  is  com- 
posed principally  of  enormous  masses  and  cones  of  trachyte, 
lava,  and  basalt,  which,  in  their  culminating  point,  (the 
Peak  of  Teyde.)  attain  the  height  of  12,182  feet  above  sea- 
level.  The  coast,  which  is  veiy  irregular,  presents  an  almost 
uninterrupted  succession  of  lofty  cliffs,  pierced  by  narrow, 
precipitous  fissures  or  ravines,  with  very  few  openings  in 
which  a  ves.sel  can  find  shelter.  The  Bay  of  Oratava,  on  the 
N.W..  once  the  best  and  most  frequented  anchorage  of  the 
island,  was  almost  filled  up  by  torrents  of  lava  from  an  erup- 
tion in  1706:  and  the  only  good  harbor  now  existing  is  that 
of  Santa  Cruz,  on  the  N.E.,  where  two  rocky  arms,  stretch- 
ing round  N.E.  and  S.E..  enclose  a  beautiful  semicircular 
bay.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  interior  is  in  the 
broadest  part  of  the  island,  towards  the  N.W.,  where  the 
enormous  I'eak  of  Teyde  is  seen  piercing  the  clouds,  and 
surrounded  by  a  girdle,  which  gives  it  the  appearance  of  a 
fortified  town  encircled  by  its  fosse  and  b.astion.  The  view 
from  the  summit  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  the 
world.  It  extends  over  the  whole  of  the  Canary  Archi- 
{.•elago,  while,  from  the  transparency  of  the  atmosphere, 
even  minute  objects  are  perceptible  at  the  greate.st  distance. 
The  crater  is  about  half  a  league  in  circuit,  and  slopes,  by  an 
easy  descent,  to  a  depth  of  not  more  than  106  feet.  Though 
it  seems  to  have  been  the  original  vent  of  the  whole  vol- 
cjini'  archipelago,  it  appears  to  have  been  for  ages  only  a 
solfatara — all  the  eruptions  of  the  last  3000  or  4000  years 
having  been  made  by  openings  through  its  sides.  Below 
this  crater,  and  immediately  \V.  of  it,  is  another  of  much 
larger  dimensions,  forming  the  summit  of  .Mount  Chahorra, 
which,  though  isolated  from  the  Peak  of  Teyde.  is  connected 
with  it  for  a  great  partof  its  height;  and  still  Cirtheron  the 
\V..  at  the  foot  of  Chahorra,  are  other  four  cones,  from  which 
the  last  eruption  took  place  in  1798.  The  only  other  erup- 
ti(m  since  the  occupation  of  the  island  by  the  Spaniards  in 
1496,  was  that  of  1706.  At  all  times,  however,  the  internal 
activity  of  the  volcano  is  indicated  by  frequent  streams  of 
hot  vapor. 

Teneriffe,  taken  as  a  whole,  bears  a  considerable  resem- 
blance to  Mount  Etna.  Towns  and  villages,  with  their 
fields,  gardens,  and  vineyards,  stretch  along  its  base,  and 
for  some  way  up  its  sides;  next  succeeds  a  woody  region, 
composed  of  trees,  chiefly  chestnuts  and  oaks,  with  under- 
growth of  arborescent  heaths  at  a  lower,  and  ferns  at  a 
higher  elevation ;  beyond,  and  still  higher,  is  a  wide,  barren 
plain,  covered  with  pumice-stone  and  blocks  of  lava,  and  in- 
habited only  by  a  few  rabbits  and  wild  goats.  The  portion 
of  the  surface  available  for  cultivation  has  been  estimated 
at  alx)ut  one-seventh  of  the  whole.  Where  the  surface  in 
many  parts  is  more  hilly  than  mountainous,  both  the  val- 
leys and  adjacent  hills  are  generally  cultivated,  and  the 
finest  fiuits  of  the  island  are  produced.  The  principal  pro- 
ductions of  Teneriffe  are  maixe,  wheat,  potatoes,  pulse, 
almonds,  oranges,  apples,  guavas.  honey,  wax,  silk,  cochi- 
neal, and  wine.  The  last,  which  forms  the  staple,  furnishes 
an  annu,al  export  of  from  25,000  to  30,000  pipes,  which  for- 
merly found  its  principal  market  in  the  Spanish  colonies 
of  .South  America,  but  is  now  .sent  chiefly  to  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States.  The  manufactures  are  very  insig- 
nificant, but  include,  in  addition  to  some  coarse  linen, 
woollen,  and  silk  goods,  some  excellent  specimens  of  furni- 
ture and  cabinet-work.  The  Guanches,  the  original  inha- 
bitants of  the  island.s,  almost  all  perished  in  vain  endeavors 
to  defend  their  freedom  against  the  attacks  of  the  Spaniards. 
The  present  inhabitants,  consisting  of  a  mixed  i-ace,  in  which 
Spanish  features  predominate,  are  estimated  at  about  85,000. 
Capital,  .Santa  Cruz. 

TENEKIFFK,  (TEXERIFE)  PE.iK  OP,  or  PICO  DE 
TEYDK,  pee'ko  di  td-d.i,  a  famous  volcanic  mountain  on 
the  N.W.  of  the  above  island.  Lat.  28°  16'  5"  N.,  lou.  16° 
3»'  W.     Height  alwve  the  ocean.  12.182  feet. 

TENEZ,  ti'nez,  or  TENNIS.  tJn'nis.  a  maritime  town  of 
Algeri.i,  province,  and  120  miles  E.X.E.  of  Oran.  Pop.  950. 
Near  it  is  Cape  Tenez,  on  the  Mediterranean. 

Tt^NGAN,  ti^Ngdn',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Hoo-pe, 
capital  of  a  department,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Yang-tse- 
klang;  lat.  31°  18'  N.,  Ion.  113°  30'  E. 

TK.NtJAPATNAM,  tJng-ga-pat-nim',  a  maritime  town  of 
South  India,  dominions  of  Cochin,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Cape 
Comorn. 

'XEXG-FUNG,  tSng'fllng'  or  Ung^foong',  a  town  of  China, 


province  of  Ho-nan.  capital  of  a  district ;  lat.  34°  30'  N.,  Ion. 
113°  E.     It  has  a  very  ancient  observatory. 

TENGHEEZ  or  TENGUiZ,  a  lake  of  Centr-al  Asia.  See 
Balkash. 

TENGIITSTOON  orTENGHISTOUN,  t^n'ghis-toon'.  a  t/iwn 
of  Persia,  province  of  Fars.  about  2  miles  from  the  Persian 
Gulf  on  the  road  from  Bushire  to  Fei'ozabad.  It  is  enclosed 
by  a  deep  ditch,  and  by  walls  tlauked  with  towers.  Pop 
about  2.500. 

TENGllI-NOR,  tJn'gree^  nor.  a  large  lake  of  Thibet,  about 
120  miles  N.W.  of  Lassa.  Lat.  about  31°  30'  N.,  Ion.  90°  E. 
Length.  80  miles;  breadth,  40  mile.'. 

TENG-TCUOO  or  TENG-TCIIuU,  tJng^  choo',  a  city  of 
Chin.a,  province  of  Shan-toong.  capital  of  a  department,  on 
the  coast,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee,  opposite 
the  peninsula  of  Regenfs  Sword. 

TENG-TCHOq  or  TENG-TCIIOU,  a  city  of  China,  province 
of  Fo-kien,  capital  of  a  department,  140  miles  N.W.  of  Anioy. 

TENG-YE,  tJngVA/,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Yun- 
nan, near  the  Burmese  frontier,  45  miles  N.E.  of  T.santa. 

TENIAN,  ti-ne  in',  one  of  the  Ladrone  I.sles,  in  the  North 
Pacific:  lat.  15°  2'  N.,  Ion.  145°  47'  E.  It  alxjunds  with 
limes  and  lemons,  and  has  some  cattle. 

TENIM'BER  (written  .ilso  TENEM'BER)  ISLANDS,  a 
group  of  isles  in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  of  which  the  chief 
is  Timor-laut.  They  extend  from  lat.  6°  40'  to  8°  25'  S.,  Ion. 
from  130°  40'  to  132°  E.,  and  are  mostly  coral  islands,  sur- 
rounded by  coral  reefs.  They  are  .sometimes  visited  by 
whalers.  The  natives  are  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
surrounding  islands  by  their  language,  and  also  by  their 
form ;  they  are  tall,  well  made,  and  have  regular  features. 
The  men  of  the  lower  classes  go  entirely  naked,  and  the 
women  have  only  a  small  piece  of  cloth  around  their  loins. 

TEN'.MILE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Pennsylvania. 

TENMILE,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri. 

TEN.MII/E  CREEK,  of  Greene  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
into  the  Monongahela  River. 

TENMILE  HOUSE.apost-oflfice.  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin. 

TI'^NMILE  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Otttaraugus  co..  New 
York. 

TENMILE  STAND,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Tennessee. 

TENMILE  VAL/LEY,  a  small  village  of  Greene  co.,  Penn- 
sylv.inia. 

TEN'NESSEE'.  a  river,  the  largest  affluent  of  the  Ohio,  is 
formed  by  two  branches,  the  Clinch  and  the  Holston.  which 
rise  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  Virginia,  and  unite 
at  Kingston,  in  Tennessee.  It  flows  first  S.W.  to  Chatta- 
nooga, near  the  S.  lx)Ui>dary  of  the  state,  where  it  turns  to- 
wards the  N.W.  and  W. ;  Init  its  progress  being  opposed  by 
the  Cumljerland  .Mountains,  it  changes  its  course  to  the 
S.W.,  makes  an  extensive  circuit  of  near  .300  miles  through 
North  Alabama,  and  touches  the  state  of  Mississippi  at  its 
N.E.  extremity.  Here  it  again  enters  the  sUite  of  Ten- 
nessee, traverses  its  whole  breadth  from  S.  to  N.,  and  gra- 
dually curving  towards  the  W.,  crosses  Kentucky,  and 
enters  the  Ohio  River  at  Padueah,  48  miles  from  its  mouth, 
near  37°  N.  lat.,  and  88°  35'  W.  Ion.  The  length  of  the 
Tennessee  proper  is  estimated  at  800  miles,  and  if  we  in- 
clude the  Holston,  its  longest  branch,  it  will  measure  about 
1100  miles.  The-  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Knoxville 
and  Chattanooga,  in  Tennessee;  Tu.scumbia  and  Florence, 
in  Alabama;  and  P.tducah,  in  Kentucky.  The  whole  de- 
scent of  the  river  and  branches  is  computed  to  be  about 
2000  feet.  The  channel  is  obstructed  by  no  considerable 
falls  or  rapids,  excepting  the  Muscle  Shoals,  in  Alabama, 
where  the  river  runs  over  flint  and  limestone  rocks  for 
more  than  20  miles,  affording  immense  motive-power.  (See 
Muscle  Sho.u.s.)  Stfamboats  ascend  the  river  from  its 
mouth  to  I'lorence.  at  the  foot  of  the  Muscle  Shoals,  about 
280  miles.  Above  these  rapids  it  is  also  navigable  by  steam- 
boats at  all  seasons,  as  far  as  Knoxville.  on  the  HoLston.  a 
distance  of  near  500  miles.  The  navigable  portions  of  the 
river  are  connected  by  a  railroad.  The  region  through 
which  this  river  flows  is  generally  fertile,  and  in  the  upper 
part  of  its  course  is  beautifully  diver.sified  with  mountains 
and  valleys.  The  Little  Tennessee,  which  by  .some  writers 
is  described  as  the  main  stream,  rises  at  the  base  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  near  the  frontier  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgi;*,  and 
flowing  N.W.  into  Tennessee,  unites  with  the  Holston 
.aliout  25  miles  S.W,  of  Knoxville.  after  a  tortuous  course  of 
more  than  150  miles.  The  area  drained  by  this  system  of 
rivers  is  estimated  by  Darby  at  41,000  square  miles.  In  the 
winter  of  1831-2  this  river  was  frozen  over,  even  in  the 
state  of  -\labama — an  event  of  very  rare  occurrence. 

TENNESSEE,  one  of  the  Western  States  of  the  .\roerican 
Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Kentucky  and  Vir- 
ginia. E.  by  North  Carolina,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Alleghany  Mountains;  S.  by  Georgia.  Alabama,  and  Mis- 
sissippi, and  W.  by  Arkansas  and  Mis.souri,  from  which  it  is 
separated  bv  the  Mississippi  River,  It  lies  between  3.5°  and 
30°  36'  N.  la't.,  and  between  81°  40'  and  90°  15'  W.  Ion.— being 
about  430  miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  110 
in  breadth,  including  an  area  of  about  45.600  squar  j  miles,  or 
29.184,000  acres,  of  which  only  6.795.n.''.7  were  im. roved  in 
1S60.    The  state  is  commonly  divided  into  three  .'«,>ctions  ; 


TEN 


TEN 


the  psrl  E.  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  is  called  Kast 
Tennessfe;  between  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  the 
Tennessee  River,  it  takes  the  name  of  Middle  Tennessee; 
and  VV.  of  the  river  just  named,  that  of  West  Tennessee. 

Face  (ifllie  (Muntry. — Tennessee  is  very  aj^reeably  diversi- 
hed  with  mountain,  hill,  and  plain,  containing  within  its 
limits  fertility  of  soil,  beauty  of  scenery,  and  a  deli<,'htfully 
tMiiperate  climate.  In  the  E.  it  is  separated  from  North  Ca- 
ri'lina  by  different  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  chain,  passing 
under  the  various  local  names  of  Stone,  Iron,  Uald,  and 
Imaka  Mountains  Then  follow  the  valleys  of  the  Ilolstou 
and  other  rivers,  forminfr  the  head-waters  of  the  Tennessee, 
-fext  succeed  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  an  outlying  ridge 
of  the  AUeghanies,  which  enters  the  state  from  Kentucky, 
and  crosses  it  in  a  S.W.  direction,  into  Alabama.  The  height 
of  these  mountains,  which  spread  over  about  50  miles,  is 
variously  estimated  at  from  1000  to  2000  feet.  They  are 
wooded  to  the  tops,  and  embosom  delightful  and  fertile  val- 
leys. Their  summits  are  often  rounded  and  cultivated, 
while  others  are  too  rugged  for  tillage.  Middle  Tennessee, 
lying  between  these  mountains  and  the  Tennessee  River,  is 
moderately  hilly,  while  the  section  between  the  river  last 
named  and  the  Mississippi,  called  West  Tennessee,  is  either 
level  or  gently  undulating. 

Minerals,  Mineral  Springs,  t£c. — Gold  has  been  found  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  the  state.  Among  the  other  metallic  mine- 
rals are  iron  in  abundance,  and  in  East  and  Middle  Tennes- 
see some  lead,  especially  in  Carter  county,  silver,  zinc,  man- 
ganese, and  magnetic  iron  ore^  Of  the  earthy  minerals,  coal, 
the  most  abundant  and  valuable,  is  found  in  large  quanti- 
ties in  the  counties  among  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  and 
covering  an  area,  according  to  Taylor,  of  4300  square  miles. 
There  is  also  gypsum  of  a  fine  quality,  beautiful  varieties.of 
marble,  nitre,  slate,  (suitable  for  roofing,)  alum,  burrstones, 
and  limestone,  which  forms  the  bed  of  a  large  portion  of  the 
state.  Salt  springs  exist,  but  not  of  a  very  rich  quality; 
there  are  also  some  valuable  mineral  springs.  The  iron 
business  is  beginning  to  attract  the  attention  of  capitalists. 
According  to  a  recent  statement,  there  were  on  the  Cumber- 
land Kiver,  in  the  early  part  of  18,i3,  21  furnaces.  9  forges, 
and  2  rolling  mills,  employing  $1,216,000  c.ipital,  and  manu- 
facturing 44,500  tons  of  metal,  and  1400  kettles,  valued 
together  at  $1,678,000.  Rich  deposits  of  copper  are  found  in 
tlie  S.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  in  Polk  and  ^lonroe  counties, 
which  are  now  extensively  worked.  A  plank-road  is  nearly 
finished  from  the  Hiawassee  mines  to  the  Chattanooga  Rail- 
road. This  must  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  the  mines, 
which  will  thus  be  made  readily  accessible  from  a  shipping 
port.  In  1854,  in  Polk  county.  12  different  mines  were  in 
operation,  5  of  which  shipped  640  tons  in  one  month. 

Rivfrt. — Tennessee  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  great 
Mississippi,  and  twice  crossed  by  the  river  whose  name  it 
bears.  The  Cumberland  makes  a  bend  into  the  N.  of  the 
state,  through  which  it  courses  for  about  150  miles  before  it 
returns  to  Kentucky,  thus  giving  that  portion  of  the  state 
water  communication  with  the  other  parts  of  the  groat  Mis- 
sissippi and  Ohio  valleys.  The  Tennessee  enters  the  S.E.  of 
the  state  from  North  Carolina,  receives  the  Ilolston  and  its 
tributaries  from  Virginia,  and  the  Hiawassee  from  Georgia, 
then  turns  to  the  S.W.  into  Alabama  at  its  N.E.  angle,  and 
leaves  it  at  its  N.W.  to  re-enter  Tennessee,  which  it  crosses 
In  a  course  almost  directly  N.  into  Kentucky.  The  Hatchee, 
a  tributary  of  the  Mississippi ;  Duck  River,  of  the  Tennessee, 
from  Middle  Tennessee,  and  the  Holston,  Powell's,  and 
Clinch,  tributaries  of  the  same  rivers  in  East  Tennessee,  are 
the  other  principal  streams.  The  Tennessee  has  a  total 
course  of  nearly  900  miles,  about  400  of  which  are  within 
the  state,  and  700  navigable  for  steamboats  (with  the  excep- 
tion of  that  portion  in  Alabama  called  the  Muscle  Shoals)  to 
its  junction  with  the  Holston,  in  East  Tennessee.  The  Cum- 
berland is  navigable  400  miles  for  steamboats  to  Carthage, 
about  50  miles  above  Nashville,  in  a  direct  line.  The  tribu- 
tary streams  are  all  more  or  less  navigable,  either  for  steam 
or  "keel  boats,  during  high  water.  All  the  waters  of  this 
state  ultimately  reach  the  Mississippi,  though  generally  by 
a  circuitous  cour.se.  The  Forked  Deer  River  is  navigable  150, 
the  Rig  Hatchee  above  100,  and  the  Obion  CO  miles,  for 
steamboats. 

Ohje.cU  nf  Interest  to  Tourish.— In  common  with  other 
.imestone  regions,  Tennessee  has  numerous  caves,  several 
of  which  are  at  least  100  feet  below  the  surface,  and  a  mile 
in  extent.  Some  are  several  miles  in  length.  One  has  been 
descended  for  about  400  feet  below  the  surface,  where  was 
tbund  a  stream  of  sufficient  force  to  turn  a  mill.  Another, 
on  the  tfjp  of  Cumberland  Mountain,  has  a  cave  of  perpen- 
dicular descent,  whose  bottom  has  never  been  sounded.  Big 
Bone  Cave  is  so  called  from  the  bones  of  the  mastodon  found 
within  it.  These  caves  are  nil  in  the  Cumlwrland  Moun- 
tains. In  a  spur  of  the  same  mountains,  called  the  En- 
chanted Mountain,  are  found  the  impressions  of  the  feet  of 
men  and  animals  in  the  hard  limestone  rock,  whose  appear- 
ance has  never  been  accounted  for.  Near  Manchester,  in 
Coffee  county,  is  an  old  stoue  fort,  situated  between  two 
rivers,  and  including  4T  ^^res.  encloised  by  a  wall,  on  which 
trees  are  growing  beliaved  to  be  50C  jcars  old.    In  Franklin 


county  IS  a  railway  tunnel  through  a  spur  of  the  CurnVr- 
land  Mountains,  2200  feet  long. 

Climate.,  Si>il.  and  Prmlucticms. — The  climate  of  Tennwsseo 
is  mild:  considerable  snow  sometimes  falls  in  the  winters, 
which,  however,  are  generally  short.  The  summers  are  fre« 
from  the  intense  heat  of  the  Golf  States.  The  temperature 
of  that  portion  of  the  state  among  the  Cumberland  .Aloxtu- 
tains  is  particularly  agreeable.  Most  part?  of  the  stale  .trt 
healthy,  except  on  the  alluvions  of  the  great  rivers.  Tho 
soil  of  Tennessee  is  generally  arable,  and  of  a  gofid  quality. 
In  East  Tennes-see,  much  of  the  land  among  the  mountains 
is  poor  iind  ill  adapted  to  cultivation,  but  even  here  th»val- 
leys  are  very  fertile.  This  section  is  favorable  to  grazing, 
and  great  numbers  of  live  stock  are  exported  from  tliencij 
to  the  Atlantic  State.s.  A  greater  number  of  mules  (75.303 
in  1850,  including  asses)  are  raised  in  Tennes.see  than  in  any 
other  state  in  the  Union.  Middle  Tennessee  has  much 
good  land.  Western  Tennessee  has  a  rich  black  mould,  and 
on  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi  and  Tennes.'<ee  Rivers  are  ex- 
tensive brakes  of  gigantic  cane.  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  and 
cotton  are  the  great  staples.  In  1850,  Tennes.see  produced 
more  hogs  than  any  state  in  the  Union,  was  fifth  in  the 
amount  of  Indian  corn  produced,  fourth  in  that  of  tobacco, 
and  fifth  in  cotton.  The  other  articles  cultivated  are  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  barley,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  woo 
maple-sugar,  flax,  hemp,  hay,  cheese,  butter,  wine,  whiskey, 
and  fruits;  of  the  latter,  apples,  pears,  and  plums.  Accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1860  there  were  in  Tennessee  6,795,;33'' 
acres  of  improved  land,  (13,873,828  being  unimproved,)  pro- 
ducing 52,089,926  bushels  of  Indian  corn ;  5,459,268  of  wheat , 
257,989  of  rye;  2,267,814  of  oats;  1,182,005  of  Irish  and 
2,904,672  of  sweet  potatoes;  547,903  of  peas  and  beans ;  25,14i 
of  barley;  14,481  of  buckwheat ;  50,685  of  gra&s  seeds ;  9,362 
of  flaxseed ;  1,405,236  pounds  of  wool ;  43,44S,997  of  tobacco  • 
40,372  of  rice;  10,017,787  of  butter;  135,575  of  cheese; 
164,293  of  flax ;  98,892  of  beeswax;  1,519,390  of  honey ;  74,372 
gallons  of  maple  molasses  and  706,663  of  sorghum  molasses ; 
143,499  tons  of  hay ;  296,464  bales  (of  400  pounds  each)  of 
cotton.  Live  stock  valued  at  $60,211,425;  orchard  products 
at  $305,003;  and  slaughtered  animals  at  $12,430,768. 

ihrest  Trees. — The  forest  trees  are  pine,  (in  East  Tennes- 
see,) sugar-maple,  juniper,  red  cedar,  and  savin,  (on  the 
mountains,)  poplar,  hickory,  walnut,  oak,  beech,  sycamore, 
locust,  cherry,  &c. 

The  animals  are  the  same  as  are  found  in  the  adjacent 
states  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia,  viz.  deer,  racoons,  foxes, 
squirrels,  and  sometimes,  although  rarely,  bears,  in  the 
wilder  sections  of  the  state. 

Manufactures. — The  natural  water-power,  especially  of 
East  Tennessee,  combined  with  its  abundance  of  coal  and 
other  fuel,  must,  as  soon  as  the  railway  connections  with 
the  Atlantic  States  .are  completed,  make  this  a  great  manu- 
facturing section;  for  In  addition  to  the  advantages  men- 
tioned, she  has  in  her  neighborhood  the  staple  raw  mate- 
rials cotton,  wool,  and  hemp.  There  were  in  Tennessee 
in  1860,  2572  establishments,  ooch  producing  $500  and  up- 
wards annually,  engaged  in  mining,  manufactures,  and  the 
mechanic  arts,  employing  $14,426,261  capital,  and  12,528 
hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  89,410,514,  and  yield- 
ing products  valued  at  $17,987,225.  Of  these,  30  wore  cotton 
factories,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of  $965,000,  and 
899  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $384,!>48,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  stuffs  valued  at  $698,122 ;  481  flour  and 


capital,  and  1051  hands,  and  producing  pig-iron  valued  at 
$549,640;  35  rolling-mills  or  forges,  employing  $284,835 
capital,  and  producing  bar-iron,  boiler-plate,  &c.,  valued  at 
$543,398;  265  tanneries,  employing  $851,780  capital,  con- 
suming raw  material  worth  $619,496,  and  producing  leather 
valued  at  $1,142,246;  39  tobacco  factories,  employing 
$025,118  capital,  and  producing  tobacco  valued  at  $1,176,665; 
1  woollen  factory,  employing  $6000  capital,  and  producing 
stiitfs  valued  at  $8100;  539  saw-mills,  em|)loying  $M7o,063 
capital,  and  producing  lumber  valued  at  $2,199,703;  and  58 
carriage  factories,  employing  $273,525  capital,  and  pro- 
ducing carriages  valued  at  $656,605.  Home-made  manufac- 
tures valued  at  $:J.174,977  were  also  produced. 

Internal  Improvements. — There  were  in  Tennessee,  in  1860, 
1198  miles  of  railroad  completed,  the  construction  and  equip- 
ment of  which  cost  $29,537,722.  Nashville  is  connected  by 
direct  railroads  with  Louisville  (Kentucky),  Chattanooga, 
Columbia,  and  other  towns  in  Tennessee,  aud  with  Decatur, 
in  Alabama;  Memphis  is  connected  with  New  Orleans,  Lou- 
is'ville,  and  with  various  towns  in  Mississippi  and  Alabama. 
The  western  part  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  tho  Mobile 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  the  eastern  part  by  a  great  line  of 
railway  which  extends  6  oin  Lynchburg,  Virginia  ma  Kno.x- 
ville  to  Chattanooga.  The  Nashville  and  Northwestern 
Railroad  is  completed  from  Nashville  to  Johnsonvillo,  78 
miles,  and  is  to  be  extended  to  the  Mississippi  River.  An- 
other is  projected  from  Knoxville  to  Danville,  Kentucky. 

CbniBxrce.— Tennessee  has  but  little  foreign  commerce, 
though  very  favorably  located  for  domestic  trade,   being 


TEN 


TEN 


vash^d  on  the  W.  by  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  twice  crossed  hy 
the  Tennessee  River,  and  its  northern  portion  traversed  for 
more  than  100  miles  by  the  Cumberland,  all  of  which  are 
navigable  for  steambor.ts.  The  exports  are  mainly  live 
stock,  pork,  bacon,  lard,  butter,  ginseng,  cotton  harping. 
flour.  Indian  corn,  fruits,  tobacco,  cotton,  hemp,  feathers. 
and  saltpetre,  which  find  their  way  mostly  to  New  Orleans, 
and  thence  either  to  Northern  or  foreign  ports:  but  new 
exits  are  about  lieing  opened  for  the  products  of  Ea.st  and 
Miiidle  Tennessee,  the  one  through  Virginia,  and  the  other 
through  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  both  by  railroad. 
Teniftssee  has  no  direct  foreign  trade:  tonnage  owned, 
7621,  in  1S54;  built  the  same  year,  2  vessels,  tonnage  only 
208. 
■  Education. — Tennessee  had,  according  to  the  census  of 
1860,  35  colleges,  with  2932  students,  ^2,106  income,  of 
wliich  $6758  was  endowments,  and  SliSl  from  taxation; 
29«55  public  schools,  having  138.809  pupils,  S402,90i  income, 
of  which  $196,351  was  from  public  funds,  $22,297  from  taxa- 
tion, and  $5343  from  endowments;  274  academies  and  other 
schools,  having  15,793  pupils,  $581,561  income,  of  which 
$24,239  was  from  endowments,  and  13,959  from  taxation. 
There  are  also  in  this  state  387  libraries  embracing  245,228 
volumes,  of  which  335  are  public,  containing  186,033  volumes, 

7  are  school  with  15,940  volumes,  21  Suudiij-echool,  16  col- 
lege, and  8  church  libraries. 

Jieligious  Denuminatitms.  —  Of  the  2311  churches  in  Ten- 
nessee in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  668,  Christians  106,  Kpisco- 
palians  21,  Friends  3,  Lutherans  18,  Methodists  992,  Presby- 
terians 191,  Cumberland  Presbyterians  240,  Bonian  Catho- 
lics 10,  Unionists  48,  minor  sects  14;  giving  1  church  to 
every  480  persons.  Total  value  of  church  property  in  the 
state,  $2,588,330. 

Piriodicals. — In  1860  there  were  published  in  Tennessee 

8  daily,  7  tri-weekly,  and  61  weekly  newspapers,  and  4 
monthly  and  2  quarterly  periodicals.  Of  these  66  were 
political,  10  religious,  and  6  literary.  The  whole  number 
of  copies  issued  annualU-  was  10,0.i3,152. 

Pimic  Institutions. — Tennessee  has  a  state  penitentiary, 
at  Nashville,  conducted  on  the  silent  system,  which  had 
196  convicts  confined  in  1850,  of  whom  9  were  of  foreign 
birth,  and  7  colored  persons.  There  is  alsoa  deaf  and  dumb 
asylum  at  Knoxville.  Tennessee  had  9  public  libraries  in 
1S50,  with  5373  volumes  ;  20  school  and  Sunday-school, 
with  7598  volumes ;  and  5  college  libraries,  with  9925 
vol  umes. 

Population. — Though  not  the  largest  in  area,  Tennessee  is 
the  second  state  in  point  of  population  in  the  great  Mi.s.'-is- 
sippi  Vailey.  Iler  sons  partake  of  the  same  parentage  as 
those  of  Kentucky,  her  original  settlers  having  been  mostly 
from  North  Carolina  and  Virginia:  and  they  share  with  the 
Kentuckians  a  manly  frankne.ss  of  character,  courage,  and 
loyalty  to  the  federal  constitution.  At  the  first  national 
census,  in  1790,  her  inhabitants  numbered  35.791:  105.602 
in  1800:  261.727  in  1810;  422.813  in  1820;  681.904  in  1830: 
829,210  in-1840;  and  1,002,717  in  1850.  In  18ti0,  1,109,801 
of  whom  829,722  were  whites,  7300  colored,  275,719  slaves, 
and  60  Indians.  Population  to  the  square  mile,  24.  Repro- 
sentiitive  population,  999,513.  Of  the  free  population  660,589 
were  born  in  the  state;  152,267  in  other  states ;  21,226  in  fo- 
reign countries,  of  whom  2.001  were  born  in  England,  12.498 
in  Ireland,  .577  in  Scotland.  86  in  Wales,  387  in  British  Ameri- 
ca, 3,809  in  Germany,  439  in  France,  and  1399  in  otlier  fo- 
reign countries.  Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits 
103,835  were  farmers,  25,990  farm  laborers,  24,359  laborers, 
5391  carpenters,  5106  servants,  3457  clerks,  3231  merchants, 
3017  blacksmiths,  2238  physicians,  2194  railroad  men.  2186 
teachers,  1687  ovei-seers,  1588  students,  1529  shoemakers, 
1488  seamstresses.  1186  clergymen,  1108  millers,  1037  law- 
yers, 1023  grocers,  970  wheelwrights,  852  weavers,  709 
painters,  663  ma.sons,  669  miners,  628  saddlers,  581  tailors, 
463  coopers,  406  printers,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st, 
1864,  there  occurred  15,156  deaths,  or  13-9  in  every  thousand. 
Of  *36  deaf  and  dumb,  73  were  slaves  (see  Istroddction 
to  the  volume  on  Population  of  the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  liv, 
Iv,  Ivi).  Of  554  blind,  117  were  slaves;  of  640  insane,  28 
were  slaves ;  of  881  idiotic.  149  were  slaves. 

Oiunties. — Tennessee  is  divided  into 84 counties, viz.:  An- 
derson, Bedford,  Benton,  Bledsoe.  Blount,  Bradley.  Campbell, 
Cannon,  Carroll,  Carter,  Chejithani,  Claiborne.  Cocke,  Coffee, 
Cumberland,  Davidson,  Decatur,  De  Kalb,  Dickson.  Dyer, 
Fayette,  Fentress,  Franklin,  Gibson,  Giles,  Granger,  Greene, 
Gnindy,  Hamilton,  Hancock,  Hardeman,  Hardin,  Hawkins, 
Haywood,  Henderson,  Henry,  Hickman,  Humphrey.s.  Jack- 
sen,  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Knox.  Lauderdale.  La wrence,Lewis, 
Lincoln,  Macon,  Madison,  Marion,  Marshall,  Maury,  Mc- 
Minn,  McNairy,  Meigs,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan, 
Obion,  Overton.  Perry,  Polk,  Putnam,  Rhea,  Roane,  Robert- 
son, Rutherford,  Scott,  Sequatchie,  Sevier,  Shelby,  Smith, 
Stewart,  Sullivan,  Sumner,  Tipton,  Union,  Van  Buren,War- 
ren,  Washington,  ^^'ayne,  AVeakley,  White,  Williamsom,  and 
Wilson.  Capital,  Nashville.  Five  of  these  counties,  viz. 
Clieatliam,  Cumberland,  Putnam,  Seqtiatchie,  and  Union, 
are    new,  having    been   organized  within    the    last    t«n 

1900 


Cities  and  Totons. — There  ai-e  bnt  few  large  towils  in  Ten- 
nessee. Memphis,  with  a  population  of  22,623,  is  the  largest 
in  the  state.  The  other  principal  towns  are  Nashville,  popa- 
lation  16,988:  Knoxville;  Murfreesboro',  2861;  Jackson, 
2407;  Edgefield,  1836:  Chickasaw,  940;  McMinnville,  826; 
Athens,  675:  Brownsville,  665 ;  Sparta,  452:  Salisbury,  337 ; 
Junction,  311 ;  Waverly,  288. 

Government.  Finances,  dc. — The  Governor  of  Tennessee  is 
elected  by  popular  suffrage  for  two  years,  and  receives  $-3000 
per  annum.  The  Senate  consists  of  25,  and  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  75  members,  elected  for  two  years  by  the 
people.  The  legislature  meets  biennislly  on  the  first  Mon 
day  in  October.  Every  free  white  man  of  the  age  of  21 
years,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  six  months  a 
citizen  of  the  county  in  which  he  may  offer  to  vote,  next 
preceding  an  election,  is  a  qualified  voter.  The  judiciary 
consists — 1.  Of  a  Supreme  Court,  presided  over  by  3  judjres. 
2.  Of  a  court  of  chancery,  presided  over  by  6  chancellors ; 
and  3.  Of  14  circuit  courts,  with  one  judge  to  each  circuit. 
All  the  judges  are  elected  by  the  people  for  8  years.  D»Ti(l- 
son  county,  in  which  is  the  city  of  Nashville",  has  a  sp«*cial 
criminal  court,  and  a  common  law  and  chancery  court. 
Memphis  has  also  a  special  criminal  court.  Salaries  of  the 
judges,  from  $1500  to  $2500.  Public  debt  in  1854.  $5,746,856, 
and  $1,353,209  contingent  debt.  Tot.tl.  $7,100,Oti5.  School 
fund,  $1,500,000;  other  productive  property,  .f3,P54.456; 
property  not  productive.  $1,101,390.  Annual  expenses,  ex- 
clusive of  debt  and  schools,  about  $165,0(X).  In  January, 
1855,  Tennessee  had  32  banks,.including  19  branches,  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  $6,717,848,  a  circulation  of  $5,850,202, 
and  $1,473,040  in  coin. 

History. — Tennessee  was  the  first  state  settled  by  Anglo- 
Americans  west  of  the  AUeghanies,  emigrants  from  North 
Carolina  having  built  Fort  Loudon,  in  East  Tennessee,  as 
early  as  1757.  But  this  settlement  was  attacked  by  the 
savages,  and  the  inhabitants  either  murdered  or  driven  off. 
Colonization,  however,  was  recommenced  in  a  few  years 
afterwards  in  the  same  section  of  the  state.  This  colony 
was  also  harassed  by  the  Indians  till  after  the  Revolution- 
ary war.  Originally,  Tenne.'ssee  formed  a  part  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  North  Carolina,  which  state  ceded  it  to  the  gene- 
ral government  in  1784.  but  afterwards  revoked  the  grant, 
when  the  inhabitHuts  attempted  to  form  an  independent 
state  under  the  name  of  Franklinia.  It  was  finally  ceded 
to  the  United  States  government,  and  formed  a  part  of  the 
South-Western  Territory  till  its  admission  as  a  sovereign 
state  in  1796,  forming  the  sixteenth  member  of  the  coutV-de- 
racy.  Tennessee  took  an  active  part  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
sent  several  distinguished  leaders  to  its  armies;  piominent 
among  whom  was  General  Andrew  Jackson,  since  so  cele- 
brated for  his  administration  of  the  affairs  of  the  central 
government  during  his  presidency.  James  K.  Polk,  the 
eleventh  President  of  the  United  .States,  was  also  a  citizen 

of  this  state. Inhab.  Tennessee'ax 

TENNESSEE  COL'ONY.a  post-office.  Anderson  co..  Texas. 
TENNESSEE  LAND'ING,  a  village  of  Issaquena  co., 
Mississippi. 

TENNESSEE  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  North 
Carolina.  341  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

TKNNILLE.  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO..  Georgia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad.  136  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah. 
TENNIS,  a  seaport  town  of  Algeria.    SeeTENEZ. 
TENNSTEDT.  tenn'stett,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  15 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  2984. 

TENOCHTITLAN,  ti-noch-tit-Un',  the  ancient  name  of 
the  city  of  Mexico,  and  of  the  table-land  on  which  it  stands, 
elevation  averaging  7600  feet. 
TENOS.     SeeTiNo. 

TEN  POUND  ISLAND,  in  Ann  Harbor,  Massachusetts, 
seven-eighths  of  a  mile  S.  of  Gloucester,  contains  a  fixeJ 
light  45  feet  alx)ve  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  42*^  35'  N.,  Ion. 
70°  40'  W. 

TENRIU.t^nVe-oo',  a  river  of  Japan.in  the  island  of  Niphon, 
which  it  traverses  N.  to  S..  and  falls  into  the  Pacific  a  littls 
W.  of  the  Bay  of  Totomina.  Total  course,  about  100  miles. 
TEN'SAS  or  TEN'S.VW,  a  ilver  of  Louisiana,  rises  in  Car- 
roll pari.sh,  near  the  W.bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  pursues 
a  tortuous  coui-se.  the  general  direction  of  which  is  nearly 
parallel  with  that  river,  until  it  unites  with  the  Washita  at 
Trinity.  The  river  thus  formed  is  usually  called  Black 
River.  Steamboats  can  ascend  about  150  miles  from  ita 
mouth,  during  at  least  6  months  of  the  year.  The  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  2.50  miles. 

TENSAS,  a  pari.sh  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Louisiana,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  has  an  area  of  680 
square  mile.s.  It  is  drained  by  the  Tensas  River  and  Macon 
Bayou.  The  surface  is  level  and  low ;  the  soil  fertile.  In 
1850  there  wei-e  raised  21.665  bales  of  cotton,  the  greatest 
quantity  produced  in  any  parish  of  the  state.  The  Tensas 
River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  through  this  parish 
Formed  since  1840.  from  the  N.  part  of  Concordia.  Capitil, 
St.  Joseph.  Pop.  16,078,  of  whom  1486  were  free,  and  14,593 
slaves. 
TENSAW,  a  river  of  T^ouisinna.  See  Te\s.48. 
TENSAW,  a  post-office  of  Baldwin  co.,  Alal>am«. 


TEN 

TENSIFT,  tJn'sift'  or  t^nVeeft/.  a  principal  river  of  Mo- 
rocco, whicii  kinjidom  it  divides  into  two  nearly  e<iual  parts; 
after  a  W.  course  of  190  miles,  enters  the  Atlantic  45  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Mogadore. 

TI<;NTEK,  an  island  of  Russia.     See  Tendra. 

TEXTKUDKX.  a  municipal  borouprh,  market-town,  and 
pai'ish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  the  town  on  an  eminence, 
environed  by  hop-grounds,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Maidstone.  Pop. 
of  the  borough  in  1851,  3901.  chiefly  agricultural,  or  occupied 
in  cattli>graziug  on  Komney  marshes.  Tl\e  church  has  a 
tower  conspicuous  as  a  landmark. 

TENTH  LEGION',  a  post-office,  Rockingham  co.,  A'irginia. 

TENTU(iAL,  tjn-too-gdl',  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Douro,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Coimbra,  near  the  right 
Lank  of  the  Mondego.     Pop.  1200. 

TEXTYKA.     See  Dender.mi. 

TEOGE,  tA-o'gA(?)  a  considerable  river  of  South  Africa, 
an  affluent  from  the  N.  of  Ljike  Ngami. 

TEOLOiN-MONTE,  tA-o'lo  in  mon'ti,  a  town  of  Austrian 
It.-ily,  government  of  Venice,  province,  and  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Padua,  near  the  Bacchiglione.    Pop.  2700. 

TEONIS'TA,  TEONES'TA  or  TIONES'TA  CREEK,  rises 
in  the  N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  and  falls  into  Alleghany 
River  in  Venango  county. 

TEONISTA  or  TIOXEST A,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsylvania,  at  the  confluence  of  Teonista  Creek  with 
Allegiiany  River,  about  29  miles  N.E.  of  Franklin.     See 

TlONEST.^. 

TEOPIXCA,  t,-\-o-pix'ki.  a  small  town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Chiapas,  18  miles  from  Ciudad-Real. 

TEOR.V,  tA-o'rd.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  about  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sant'  Angelo-dei-Lombardi, 
between  the  Ofanto  and  Sale.     Pop.  3800. 

TEOTIHUACAN.  tA-o-te-wd-kdn',  a  plateau  of  Mexico, 
about  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tezcoeo,  surrounded  on  all  sides, 
except  tlie  E.,  by  ridges  and  mountain  spurs,  and  celebrated 
for  two  remarkable  pyramids  which  stand 'near  its  centre. 
The  one  measures  082  feet  at  its  base,  and  terminates  in  a 
level  platform  121  feet  high.  The  other  is  of  less  dimensions. 
Both  .are  composed  of  stone  pottery  and  cement,  covered 
with  the  remains  of  obsidian  and  terra  cotta  images,  and 
are  in  a  very  dilapidated  state. 

TEOT'SA,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Rock 
River,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

TJIPALEEN  or  THPALEN.     See  Tepele\t. 

TEPEAC.\,  t.4-p.A-d'kd.  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, state,  and  20  miles  S.E.  of  La  Puebla.  It  has  a  Fran- 
ciscan convent,  founded  in  the  time  of  Cortez,  manufactures 
of  woollen  stuffs,  and  trade  in  corn. 

TEI'E.TE  or  TEPEXE,  tApA'iiA,  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state,  and  .50  miles  S.  of  La  Puebla. 

TEPEIi,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Tepl. 

TEPKLEXI,  tApi-lA'oee,  written  also  TEPWLEEN'  and 
TEP'ALEN',  a  town  of  Albania,  sanjak.  and  .32  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Avlona.  (pu  the  Voyussa.  It  is  almost  wholly  in  ruins. 
The  principal  edifice  is  the  palace  of  Ali  Pasha  of  Yanina, 
born  here  about  A.  D.  1760. 

TEPETITAN,  tApA-te-tan',  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
fwleration,  state  of  T.abasco,  on  the  river  Tepetitan,  an 
affluent  of  the  Chilapilla,  60  miles  N.AV.  of  Ciudad-Real.  Pop. 
1000.  It  is  irregularly  built  of  mud  and  sun-dried  bricks. 
Along  the"  banks  of  the  river  are  large  cattle  farms,  and 
maize,  sugar,  and  rum  are  produced  in  the  vicinity. 

TEPEXE.     See  Tepeje. 

TEPIC,  tep-ik'  or  tA-peek',  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Jalisco,  on  a  height.  25  miles  E.  of  San 
Bias.  Pop.  10,000.  It  is  the  principal  town  in  the  state 
after  Guadalajara,  and  is  the  residence,  during  the  rainy 
season,  of  most  of  the  wealthy  inhabitants  of  San  Bias, 

TEPIKINSKAIA  or  TEPIKINSKAJA.  tA-pe-kin-ski'l,  a 
marketrtown  of  Russia,  in  Don  Cossack  Territory,  on  the 
Khoper,  65  miles  E.  of  Pavlovsk.    Pop.  2000. 

TEPITITAN,  tA-pe-te-tdn',  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  of 
Tabasco,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  of  its  own  name,  it 
extends  along  the  river  for  nearly  1  mile.    Pop.  about  1200. 

TEPL,  TEPEL.  t^p'l.  orTEPLA,  t^p'ld,  a  town  of  Bohe- 
mia, 29  miles  N.W.  of  Pilsen.  Pop.  1734.  Near  it  is  the 
abbey  of  Tepl  or  Topi,  with  a  fine  library,  and  a  cabinet  of 
minerals  and  coins. 

TEPLIK,  t?p'lik.  a  market-town  of  Ru.ssi.an  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  PodoHa.  32  miles  N.N.K.  of  Olgopol.  Pop.  15li0. 

TEPLITZ.  tJp'lits,  T(EP1JTZ,or  TOP'LITZ,  several  market- 
towns  of  Hungary,  the  principal.  (Hun.  Ti-pHcz-kis.  kish 
teplif.)  CO.  of  Liptau,  on  a  mountain,  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Kesmark.     Pop.  1221. 

TEPLITZ  or  TCEPLITZ.  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Topi.iTZ. 

TEPOSCOLULA  or  TEPOZCOLULA.  tA-pos-ki>loo'll  a 
market-town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state,  and  46 
Biles  N.W.  of  Oajaca. 

TEQUENDAMA  FALLS,  in  South  America.    See  Bogota. 

TEQUI.A..  tA-kee'l.  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New  Gra- 
nada, department  of  Boyaca,  province  of  Tunja,  45  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Pamplona. 

TER,  th.  a  river  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  rises  in  the  Py- 
renees, flows  S.  and  E.  past  Gerona,  and  enters  the  Medi- 


TER 

terranean  by  several  mouths.  S.  of  the  Gulf  of  Rosas.  Ttotal 
course,  90  miles.  It  is  almost  everywhere  fordable.  and  its 
waters  near  the  sea  are  mostly  diverted  for  irrigation. 

TER.\-KAKO,  t^r'a  kd'ko.  a  peninsula  on  the  E.  coant  o 
New  Zealand.  North  Island,  bounding  the  entrance  to 
H.awke  Bay  on  the  N.E. 

TERAMO.  ter'A-mo,  (anc.  Iiiteram'nia.)  a  city  of  Naples, 
capital,  of  the  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  27  liiiles  N.E.  ol' 
Aguila.  Lat.  42°  40'  N.,  Ion.  13°  48'  E.  Pop.  lO.(HK).  It  has  a 
cathedral,  several  convents,  a  royal  college,  clerical  .seminary, 
botanic  carden,  orphan  .school,  foundling  and  other  asy  1  urns. 
Its  neighborhood  is  remarkably  fertile  in  corn.  wine,  and  oil. 

TERANEH,  a  town  of  Ecvpt.     See  Terraneh. 

TERA-WERA  (tA'rd  wA'rd)  LAKE,  of  New  Zealand.  North 
Island.  49  miles  in  length,  discharges  its  waters  NJJ.  into 
the  Bay  of  Plenty  by  Terawera  River. 

TERCEIRA,  tjR-.sA'e-rd,  one  of  the  Azores  I.slands.  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  central  group.  N.E.  of  Fayal  and  Sao  Jorge. 
Lat.  38°  30'  N.,  Ion.  27°  10'  W.,  about  70  miles  N.W.  of  St. 
Michael,  (Sao  Miguel:)  greate.st  length.  20  miles;  average 
breadth,  13  miles;  circuit,  CO  miles.  The  coast  almost  every- 
where presents  bold  and  inaccessible  cliffs.  The  interior  ri.«es 
by  gentle  slopes  towards  the  centre,  where  it  becomes  nionn- 
tainous,  and  then  descends  abruptly  towards  the  N.M'.  The 
whole  surface  bears  the  impress  of  volcanic  agency;  and 
many  enormous  mas.ses.  composing  heights  and  precipices, 
look  as  if  they  had  recently  been  under  the  influence  of 
fire.  Many  of  these  masses  are  compo.sed  of  soft  pumice 
and  tuff.  The  soil,  composed  of  decompo.sed  lava  and  other 
volcanic  matters,  possesses  the  greatest  natural  fertility. 
Heavy  crops  of  yams,  grain,  and  pulse  of  all  sorts  are  raised. 
Fruit  also  of  exquisite  flavor  is  very  abundant,  .ind  oranges 
and  lemons  are  now  rai>^ed  to  such  an  extent  as  to  furnish 
nearly  a  fifth  of  the  whole  of  these  frviits  exported  from  the 
Azores.  Some  attention  is  paid  to  the  rearing  of  cattle,  of 
which  rather  a  superior  breed  exists  on  the  island.  Tlie 
sheep  are  wretched-looking  animals,  of  little  value  in  re- 
spect of  carcass,  but  with  fleeces  of  tolerable  wool.  Pumice 
is  the  only  mineral  which  seems  capaltle  of  being  turned  to 
any  account.  There  are  no  manufactures  worthy  of  the 
name.  Licentiousness  prevails  tn  a  great  extent  among  the 
inhabitants,  and  domestic  virtue  is  in  little  repute.  The 
aipital  of  the  island  is  Angra,  which  gives  its  name  to  a  de- 
partment including  the  three  islands  of  Terceira.  St.  George, 
and  Graciosa.  During  the  usurpation  of  Don  Miguel,  this 
island  was  the  seat  of  the  regency  acting  for  the  present 
Queen  of  Portugal.  Pop.  40,000.  Terceira  signifies  •' third" 
island,  it  being  the  third  in  length  of  the  whole  group. 

TERCERO,  teR-sA'ro,  a  river  of  the  Plata  Confederation, 
states  of  Cordova  and  Santa  Fe.  after  an  E.  course  joins 
the  l'aran.4  at  the  influx  of  the  Salado.  whence  it  is  navi- 
gable for  barges  to  the  pass  of  Fereiia,  100  miles  S.E.  of 
Cordova. 

TEHCHOVA.  t?R'Ko'vOh\  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Trentschin.  12  miles  from  Sillein.   Pop.  3457. 

TERDOPPIO.  t&R-dop'pe-o,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
rises  N.  of  the  province  of  Novara.  a  little  S.  of  Lago  Mag- 
giore,  flows  S.S.E.,  and  joins  the  Po  after  a  course  of  about 
53  miles. 

TEREK.  tA-rJk',  a  river  of  South  Russia,  after  an  E.  course 
of  350  miles  enters  the  Caspian  Sea  by  several  mouth.s.  near 
lat.  44°  N.,  Ion.  46°  to  48°  E.  It  is  rapid,  and  has  numerous 
affluents. 

TEREKLT,  t^He-kleeN  written  also  TARjVKLT,  a  small 
town  of . Asia  Minor,  in  Anatolia.  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Isnieed. 

TERESHKA.  tA-rSshTid.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  on  the 
N.  frontiers  of  the  government  of  Saratov,  flows  nearly  pa- 
rallel to  the  Volga,  which  it  joins  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sa- 
ratov ;  total  cour.se.  about  180  miles. 

TERESPOL,  tA'r^s-poP  (?)  a  town  of  Poland,  government 
of  Radom.  60  miles  E.S.E.  of  Siedlce.  on  the  Bu2.    Pop.  1 600. 

TERETTE,  tA-rJt'ti,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  S.E.  of  Sora,  on  the  summit  of  an  almost  inacces- 
sible height.     Pop.  1830. 

Tl^RQ  A.  t^R/g2.  a  town  of  Morocco,  kingdom,  and  70  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Fez.  near  the  Mediterranean.    Pop.  3000. 

TERGESTE.     .See  TRIE.ST. 

TERGESTTNOS  sinus.    See  Thiest.  Gulf  of. 

TER-flOUW.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Uoitda. 

TEItGOVIST.  tiWgo-vist,  or  TERGOVITZ.  t&R'go-vits',  a 
town,  formerly  capital  of  Wallachi.a,  on  the  Jalomnitza,  13 
miles  N.W.  of  Bucharest.    Pop.  5000.     It  has  gl.i.s.s-works. 

TERK.  tjRk,  a  pretty  little  town  of  North  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  .\zerbaijan.  70  "miles  S.E.  of  Tabreez. 

TEIi'LlNG,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

TERLIZZI,  tjR-lit/see,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
17  miles  S.E.  of  Barletta.  and  7  miles  from  the  Adriatic. 
Pop.  12.000.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  parish  church,  and  3 
convents. 

TERMINI,  tfe'me-ne,  (anc.  Tlier'ma:,)  a  seaport  town  of 
Sicily,  on  the  N.  coast,  intendancy  of  Palermo,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Termini,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Palermo.  Lat. 
37°  57'  N.,  Ion.  13°  42'  E.  Pop.  25,780.  It  is  enclosed  by  wails, 
and  defended  by  a  castle  on  a  lofty  rock;  it  has  warm  mine- 
ral baths — whence  its  name ;  a  canca/m-c  or  depSt  fo.-  grain, 

1001 


TER 


TER 


erd  an  aetive  anchovy  fishery.  Six  miles  E.  are  the  ruins 
;il  the  ancient  Himera. 

TKKMINOS,  (tjR/me-noce.)  Lake  op,  an  inlet  of  the 
Caribbean  Sea.  dividing  the  Mexican  state  of  Tabasco  from 
Yucatan,  and  between  lat.  18°  and  19°  N.,  Ion.  91°  and  92° 
W.  Length,  70  miles ;  breadth.  40  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  side  of  the  sea  by  several  islands,  that  of  Carmen  being 
the  largest.     It  receives  an  arm  of  the  Usumasinta. 

TERMINOS,  LAGUNA  DE,  li-goo'ni  dd  t^R/me-noce,  a 
seaport  town  of  Mexico,  state  of  Yucatan.  Lat.  18°  38'  "24" 
N.,  Ion.  91°  50'  42"  AY.  It  is  little  more  at  present  than 
a  large  village,  about  a  third  of  it,  including  all  the  principal 
merchants'  stores  and  houses,  having  been  destroyed  by 
fire  in  April,  1850.  It  has  two  small  churches,  but  no 
other  public  buildings.  Almost  the  only  article'  exported 
is  logwood,  of  which  upwards  of  26,000  tons  were  exported 
in  1849.'   Pop.  about  2000. 

TKRMOLI,  t^R'mo-le,  a  maritime  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Molise,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Adriatic,  16  miles 
S.E.  of  II  Vasto.     Pop.  2000. 

TH:RM0^NAMUX'GAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tyrone. 

TERMONB.A.RRY,  a  parish  of  Ireland.   See  T.\RMOND.i.RRr. 

TERMONDE,  Belgium.     See  Dendermonde. 

TERVMONEE'NY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Londonderry. 

TEKMOXFECK'AN  or  TORFECK'AN,  a  parish  and  vil- 
lage of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co.  of  Louth,  on  the  E.  coast,  2 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Clogher.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  400 ;  it 
Is  a  place  of  summer  resort  for  sea-bathing. 

TKKWIONMAGUIRK',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Tvrone. 

TERNATE,  ter^njt/  or  ter-ni'tA.  an  island  group  of  the 
Malay  .\rchipelago,  in  the  Moluccas,  E.  of  Celebes,  and  N. 
of  Ceram,  comprising  Gilolo,  Morty,  Riao  or  Row,  Ternate, 
Tidor,  Marhee  or  Pottebakker,  Mortir,  .Makian,  Kaijo.  and 
the  Batshian  or  Batsian, group,  and  the  Obi  and  the  XuUa 
Islands.  The  group  is  named  from  Ternate.  a  small  island 
on  the  Vf.  coast  of  Gilolo;  lat.  (summit)  0°  48'  N..  Ion.  127° 
IS'  E. ;  the  residence  of  the  Sultan  of  Ternate,  once  the  most 
powerful  prince  in  the  Moluccas,  whose  sway  extended  not 
only  over  the  greater  part  of  the  group,  but  also  over  a  large 
part  of  Celebes.  The  island  of  Ternate  is  nearly  circular, 
about  10  miles  in  diameter,  andcomposed  almost  exclusively 
of  a  conical  volcano,  54S4  feet  high,  thickly  wooded  to  a  con- 
siderable height,  and  of  which  freijuent  and  destructive 
eruptions  have  taken  place.  One  of  the  most  recent  occurred 
in  1846.  Cocoa-nuts,  sago,  and  other  tropical  products  are 
plentiful,  and  tob;icco  and  cotton  are  grown  to  some  extent. 
Sulphur,  saltpeltre,  pumice-stone,  and  lime  are  the  chief 
minerals.  A  little  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  Sooloo  Is- 
lands, China,  Java,  Amboina,  &c. 

TERN'.\TE.  a  government  or  province  of  the  Dutch  pos- 
sessions in  the  East,  including  the  Ternate  Islands,  and 
part  of  Celebes,  the  N.  coast  of  Papua,  and  the  adjoining 
islands  of  Waigeoo,  Salawatty,  Mysole.  &e. 

TERNATE,  a  town  situated  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Ternate.  It  is  neatly  built,  has  broad,  paved  streets,  a 
large,  well-frequented  marketplace,  a  mosque,  and  a  Pro- 
testant church;  and  hard  by.  the  Dutch  fort  of  Oranjo,  built 
in  1607,  and  the  sultan's  palace. 

TKRXEUSE.  tfe'nuz',  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Zealand,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Scheldt,  6  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Axel.     Pop.  1100. 

TERN'I,  tjR/nee,  (anc.  Interam/na.)  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
in  the  Slate  ot  Umi.ria.  and  province  of  .'poleto.  ])icturesqneiy 
Seated  near  the  Nera.  5  miles  below  the  falls  of  the  Velino, 
49  miles  X.N.E.  of  Rome.  About  4  miles  to  the  E.,  on  the 
Velino.  (v.A-Iee'no.)  a  stream  which  flows  into  the  Nera,  is  a 
celebrated  cascade,  called  the  Casc.vt.^  del  Marmore,  (k3s- 
kJ'tJ  dfl  maR'mo-ri.)  The  water  falls,  by  three  leaps,  about 
700  feet,  (some  say  750  feet,)  producing  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  romantic  cataracts  in  the  world.*  Pop.  92.50. 
It  is  enclosed  by  turreted  walls,  and  has  been  much  im- 
proved within  the  last  few  years  by  the  erection  of  modern 
mansions  for  its  numerous  visitors.  It  h.as  a  noble  cathedral 
with  some  fine  paintings,  a  theatre,  a  bath  estahlishment, 
and  active  manufactures  of  woollen  and  silk  fabrics.  .Vmong 
its  remains  of  antiquity  are  the  vaults  of  an  amphitheatre." 

TERNOV.^,  in  European  Turkey.     See  Tikxova. 

TK.RODANT.  t(i-ro-dant'.  written  also  TAROODANT, 
TAIIOUDANT,  and  TARUDANT.  a  town  of  Morocco,  capital, 
province  of  Soos,  on  the  river  Soos,  125  miles  S.W.  of  Mo- 
rocco. Pop.  21.000.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  and  its  thiek 
and  lofty  walls  enclose  a  large  area.  Its  inhabitants  excel 
In  the  art  of  dyeing. 

TEROR,  tVroR',  a  town  of  the  Canaried.  Island  of  Grand 
Canary,  with  a  large  and  handsome  church,  an  epis  opal 
palace,  and  a  primary  school,  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen  cloth.     Pop.  59.38. 

TERRACIN.\,  t^R-nJ-chee'nJ,  (anc.  Anxfur.  afterwards 
T>:rraci'n'i,)  a  seaport  town  of  the  Pontifical  States,  at  the 
8.  extremity  of  the  Pontine  mai-shes,  and  on  the  Gulf  of 

•  See  ChiMe  Harold,  Canto  IV.,  stanzas  69,  70,  and  71.    Also 
the  Mcompanving  note 
19t)2 


Terraeina  in  the  Mediterranean,  58  miles  S.E.  of  Rome. 
Pop.  4240.  On  the  height  above  it  are  the  cathedral  and 
ruins  of  the  ancient  Anxur,  and  above  the.se,  on  a  bold 
height,  the  remains  of  the  palace  of  Galba,  commanding 
fine  views.  The  harbor  is  accessible  only  to  small  coasting 
vessels,  and  there  is  little  trade.  The  celebrated  Appiau 
Way,  between  Rome  and  Terraeina,  is  still  traceable.  The 
town  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1798. 

TERRA  DEI  GRECI,  t^R/R^  Ak  grA'chee,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Capitanata.  W.  of  Bovino,  on  asteep  hill.    P.  ItliiO. 

TEiyRADELFUE'GO,or  TIERRA  DEL  FUEGO,  te-^R'Rd 
dM  fw.Vgo,  the -'laud  of  fire."  (Vort.  Terra  <lo  fh^o.  tlR'f.i 
dofo'go;  Fr.  Terre  de  fiu,  taiR  deh  fch:  Ger.  Ffiwhtml, 
foi'fr-ldnt\)  a  large  group  of  island's  at  the  S.  extremity  of 
South  America,  between  lat.  52°  40'  and  50°  S.,  and  "ion. 
63°  40'  and  75°  W.  On  the  N.  it  is  separated  from  the 
mainland  of  America  by  the  long  and  intricate  Strait  ot 
JIagellan.  while  its  other  sides  are  washed  by  three  great 
oceans — the  Atlantic  on  the  E.,  Pacific  on  the'W..  and  An- 
tarctic on  the  S.  Besides  numberless  small  islands,  of 
which  that  of  Cape  Horn,  at  its  S.  extremity,  may  be  men- 
tioned as  one  of  the  most  remarkable,  it  consists  of  one 
very  large  island.  East  Terra  del  Fuego.  or  King  Charles 
South  Land,  measuring  from  E.  to  W.,  near  its  S.  shore.  385 
miles,  with  an  extreme  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  of  above  200 
miles:  and  of  lour  much  smaller,  but  still  very  consiclerai)le 
islands — Navarino  and  IIos*e  on  the  S..  separated  from  K.iKt 
Terra  del  Fuego  by  Beagle  Channel ;  and  Clarence  and  Land 
of  Desolation  on  the  Vf.  The  whole  of  the  islands  are  deeply 
penetrated  by  arms  of  the  sea,  which  give  them  the  most  ir 
regular  shapes;  they  are  almost  entirely  composed  of  moun 
tains  of  clay-slate,  greenstone,  and  granite.  These  moun 
tains  are  either  covered  with  perpetual  ice  and  snow,  which 
has  here  its  limit  at  about  4000  feet,  (many  of  their  summiti 
exceed  6000  feet,  and  Mount  Sarmiento  in  the  S.,  supposed  tc 
be  the  culminating  point,  is  estim.ated  at  6800  feet.)  or  are 
clothed  with  stunted  forests,  chiefly  of  Iieech.  growing  out 
of  a  swampy  peat,  apparently  almost  the  only  kind  of  soil 
here;  and  which,  beyond  1000  or  1500  feet,  where  the  trees 
cea.se  to  grow,  becomes  covered  with  minute  alpine  plants. 

The  term  Land  of  Desolation,  which  Cook  applied  to  the 
large  W.  island,  is  strictly  applicable  to  the  whole  group ; 
and  yet  the  scenery,  with  mountain  rising  behind  moun- 
tain, and  deep  intervening  valleys,  all  covered  by  one  thick, 
dusky  mass  of  forest,  is  not  without  a  degree  of  mysterious 
grandeur.  At  times,  too,  magnificent  glaciers  of  a  bet^l-like 
hue,  in  fine  contrast  with  the  white  expanse  of  snow,  are 
seen  descending  from  the  mountain  side  to  the  water's  edge. 
The  climate  is  one  of  the  most  wretched  which  it  is  possible 
to  imagine;  mist,  rain,  and  snow,  accompanied  either  with 
continued  storms,  or  violent  and  sudden  gusts  of  wind,  fol- 
low e:ich  other  in  constant  succession,  Dublin,  in  the  North 
Hemisphere,  is  nearly  in  the  same  latitude  as  Port  Famine, 
near  the  centre  of  the  Strait  of  JIagellan.  in  the  South 
Hemisphere;  the  former  being  in  lat.  53°  31'  N..  and  the 
latter  in  lat.  53°  38'  S.  Their  respective  climates  are  .as 
follows: — 


Summer 
Temp'ture. 

Winter 
Temp'ture. 

Difference 
of  Summer 
and  Winter. 

Mean 
of  Sumsuer 
and  Winter. 

Dublin 

590-54 
5(F-0 

39'^- L' 
330-08 

200-34 
I60-92 

490-37 
410-54 

Port  Famine, , . 

Difference.. 

»=-54 

e^-n 

30-42 

70-83 

This  kind  of  climate,  not  more  inhospitable  to  European 
feelings  than  uncongenial  to  most  European  plants  of 
warmer  regions,  is  far  from  being  unfavorable  to  native  vege- 
tation ;  and  hence  in  some  places  large  woodj'-stemmed  trees 
of  fuschia  and  veronica,  which  in  England  are  treated  as 
tender  plants,  h.Hve  here  been  seen  in  full  flower  not  far 
from  the  base  of  a  mountain  with  two-thirds  of  its  height 
covered  with  snow,  and  with  the  temperature  at  36°.  An- 
other vegetable  production  deserving  of  notice  is  a  globular 
fungus  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  and  the  size  of  a  small  apple. 
It  adheres  in  vast  numbers  to  the  bark  of  the  beech-trees. 
\Vhen  young,  it  is  elastic  and  turgid  with  moisture,  but 
after  fructification,  shrinking  and  growing  tough,  acquires  a 
mucilaginous  and  slightly  sweet  taste.  In  this  state  it  is 
eaten  by  the  natives  uncooked,  and  forms  a  staple  article  of 
food,  being,  with  the  addition  of  a  few  berries  of  dwarf  arbu- 
tus, the  only  vegetable  of  which  they  partake.  Another  re- 
markat-le  vegetable  product  is  the  sea-weed  called  f'ucu$ 
gigantms.  which,  though  not  confined  to  this  group,  is  here 
particularly  abundant,  forming  irreat  aquatic  forests,  and 
furnishing  the  haunts  of  inuumeriible  shell-fish,  but  for 
which  the  race  of  Fuegians  could" scarcely  continue  to  exist. 

The  zoology  of  the  group  is  very  scanty.  Besides  cttacea 
and  phocap.  the  only  mammalia  are  a  bat,  three  species  of 
mice,  the  fox.  sea-otter,  guanaco.  and  deer.  Birds,  however, 
particularly  sea-fowl,  are  numerous:  and  even  huniriing- 
birds  have  been  seen  sipping  the  5;weets  of  flowers  .tftei  two 
or  three  days  of  constant  rain.  snow,  and  sleet,  during  »  Met 
the  thermometer  had  been  «t  the  treeziog-poiat 


TER 

The  natives  of  the  N.E.  part  of  Terra  del  Fuepro  resemWe 
the  Patsgonians  in  color,  stature,  and  clothinj;;  those  of  the 
S.K.  portion  are  low  in  stature,  ill-looking,  and  badly  pro- 
portioned. Their  color  is  that  of  very  old  mahogany,  or 
rather  between  darli  copper  and  bronze.  The  trunk  of  the 
l)ody  is  large  in  proportion  to  their  cramp  and  rather  crooked 
limbs.  Their  rough,  coarse,  and  extremely  dirty  black  hair 
half  hides  yet  heightens  a  villainous  expression  of  the  worst 
description  of  savage  features.  The  women  are  short,  about 
4  feet  some  inches,  with  bodies  also  largely  out  of  proportion 
to  their  height ;  and  their  featureo,  especially  those  of  the 
old,  are  most  repulsive.  Their  only  clothing  is  a  scanty 
covering  of  guanaco  or  seal-skin.  Their  habits  are  extremely 
filthy,  and  their  feeding  gross  and  uncleanly,  the  most  offen- 
sive substance  being  eaten  in  a  state  of  putridity.  They  are, 
like  many  other  savages,  extraordinary  mimics,  imitating  all 
sorts  of  sounds  and  motions  with  a  marvellous  and  most 
amusing  fidelity.  Their  huts  are  generally  found  built  close 
to  the  shore,  at  the  head  of  gome  small  bay,  in  a  secluded 
spot,  and  sheltered  from  the  prevailing  winds.  They  are 
built  of  Iwughs  or  small  trees  stuck  in  the  earth,  and 
brought  together  at  the  top,  where  they  are  firmly  bound 
by  bark,  sedge,  and  twigs,  the  usual  dimensions  of  these 
huts  are  seven  or  eight  feet  in  diameter,  and  about  four  or 
five  feet  in  height.  They  have  an  oval  hole  to  creep  in  at. 
The  fire  is  built  in  a  small  excavation  in  the  middle  of  the 
h\iL  The  fioor  is  of  clay,  which  has  the  appearance  of  having 
been  well  kneaded.  Terra  del  Fuego  was  discovered  by 
Magellan  In  1.520,  and  named  "Land  of  Fire,"  from  the 
fires  he  saw  on  its  coast  during  the  night.  Tho.ie  fires  are 
supposed  to  have  been  volcanic.  The  doubt  thrown  upon 
this  opinion,  by  the  circumstance  that  no  volcanoes  had 
been  observed  by  more  recent  travellers,  has  been,  in  a  great 
measure,  removed  by  Captain  Hall,  who  him.self  witnessed 
a  volcanic  eruption  on  one  of  these  islands,  in  Novemljer. 

18-20.    (See  Hall's  Smith  America,  vol.  i.,  pp.  14,  15.) In- 

hab.  FuETiiAN.  fu-ee'jan. 

TKRltA  DKh  SOLK,  tiKfjiSi  djl  solA.  <i  town  of  Tuscany, 
46  miles  N.K.  of  Florence,  on  the  .Montone.     Pop.  354-3. 

TKRKA  m  LAVORO.  tfe'RS  dee  li-vo'ro,  a  province  of  Na- 
ples, nearly  corresponding  in  limits  to  the  Campa>nia  of  the 
ancient  Romans,  is  situated  mostly  between  lat.  40°  48'  and 
41°  48'  N.,  and  Ion.  13°  and  15°  E.,  having  S.E.  the  Mediter- 
ranean, and  landward  tlie  provinces  of  Naples,  Principato 
Ultra,  Molise,  and  the  Abruzzi,  and  N.W.  the  Pontifical 
States.  Area,  2505  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S51,  752,012. 
The  surface  in  the  E.  is  covered  with  ramifications  of  the 
Apennines ;  elsewhere  are  many  fertile  plains ;  this  is  indeed 
one  of  the  richest  parts  of  the  Italian  peninsul.a.  though 
along  the  coast  are maishy  and  unhealthy  tracts.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Volturno  and  the  Garigli.ano;  the  prin- 
cipal inlet  of  the  sea  is  the  Gulf  of  Ciaeta.  The  products 
comprise  whe.at,  oil.  fruits,  silk,  and  full-bodied  wines.  The 
chief  cities  and  towns  are  Capua,  the  capital,  Gaeta,  Sora, 
Arpino,  Maddaloni.  and  Xola. 

TERRA  DI  OTRAXTO,  Naples.     See  OtRAJfTO,  Terra  m. 

TER'R.V  FIR'MA.  an  obsolete  name  formerly  applied  to 
the  Spanish  Main.  South  America,  afterwards  called  Colom- 
bia.   See  Venezuela,  and  New  Granada. 

TERRALBA,  t^R-Rdl'ba,  a  village  of  the  Island  of  Sardinia, 
division  of  Cagliari,  on  a  very  unhealthy  plain,  near  a 
lagoon,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Oiistano.     Pop.  2500. 

TERRAX.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Tirana. 

TERRAXEII,  ih-rSJnih.  TERANKlfor  TARAXEII,  t,v 
rA'neh,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  on  the  Kosetta  arm  of  the 
Kile,  7  mile  W.  of  Menoof. 

TERRAXOVA,  t^R-id-no'vS,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ultral.,  district,  and  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  i'almi.  It  was  founded 
at  a  very  early  period,  and  had  risen  to  be  one  of  the  finest 
places  in  the  province,  when  it  was  in  great  part  destroyed 
by  the  earthquake  of  1783. 

TERRAXOVA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Citra,  8  miles  S.  of  Cassano.     Pop.  2400. 

TERRANOV.\.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba- 
silicata,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Tursi. 

TERRAXOVA,  tSR-Rd-no/vd,  a  seaport  town  on  the  S.  coast 
of  Sicily,  intendancy  of  Caltanisetta.  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Terranova,  18  miles  E.  of  Alicata  Pop.  10,000.  It  has  a 
castle,  several  churches  and  convents,  a  good  public  hospi- 
tal, and  a  handsome  palace  of  the  Duke  de  Monteleone. 
Coarse  cloth  is  mjinufiictured  here,  and  finds  a  good  m.arket 
at  the  annual  fair  in  August.  The  town  has  also  a  curica- 
tore  or  corn  magazine,  and  an  export  trade  in  corn,  wine, 
sulphur,  and  soda. 

TERRAXOVA,  (anc.  OWbia.)  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  of  Sassari,  on  a  bay  of  the  N.E.  coast,  26  miles 
S.  E.  of  Ixingo-Sardo.     Pop.  1960. 

TERRANOVA.     See  X ewfoundland. 

TERRAXOVA  FOSSASECA,  t^R-Ri-no'vd  fos-sS-s.'l'ka.  a 
town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ultra,  N.N.W.  of  Avellina, 
with  3  churches,  and  an  almshouse.     Pop.  1120. 

TERRANUOVA.t^R'Ri-nooK)'vS,a  market-town  ofTuscany, 
province  of  Florence.  7  miles  S.E.  of  Figline.     Pop.  2000. 

TEKR.\-ROSSA.  tjR'Rj  ros'sd.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
\iaoi  of  Pisa,  4  miles  S.  of  VUlafranca.    Pop.  1708. 


TER 

TERRASSON,  tfe^Ras'sAx"',  a  town  of  Prance,  department 
of  Dordogne.  16  miles  X.X.E.  of  Sarlat.     Pop.  2302. 

TERR.\UBE.  t^R^RoW.  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  (iers.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Lectoure.     Pop.  1062. 

TERRE  AUX  BCEUFS,  t^R  6  brf  a  post-village  of  St  Ber- 
nard parish.  Louisiana,  on  the  Mexican  Gulf  Railroad,  16 
miles  from  New  Orleans. 

TERRE  BONNE,  t^rr'  bonn',  usually  pronounced  tar  bOn, 
a  small  bayou  of  Ijouisiana.  flows  through  the  parish  of  the 
same  name  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  navigable  for  small 
lioats. 

TERRE  BONNE,  a  pari.sh  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Louisiana, 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  1640  .square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Terre  Bonne.  Black,  and  Cail- 
lou  Bayous,  which  are  navigable.  The  .surface  is  low  and 
level,  subject  to  inundation.  A  large  part  of  it  is  occupied 
by  •'  floating  prairies,"  or  shallow  lakes.  The  numerous 
water-courses  are  bordered  with  rich  plantations  of  sugar- 
cane, and  tracts  of  good  timber,  including  the  live-oak  ajid 
cypress.  The  New  Orleans  and  Opelousas  Railroad  will  pass 
through  the  parish.  Capital,  Houma.  Pop.12,091,  ofwhom 
5306  were  free,  and  6785  slaves. 

TERRE  BONNE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Canada  Ea.st, 
has  an  area  of  545  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  North 
River,  which  flows  into  the  Ottawa,  and  other  small  streams. 
Capital,  Terre  Bonne.     Pop.  26.791. 

TERRE  BONNE,  a  countj-town  of  Canada  East,  capital 
of  the  above  county,  on  the  river  Des  Prairies,  20  miles  N. 
of  Montreal.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  witli  9  pro- 
fessors and  2  masters,  a  large  Roman  Catholic  and  an  Epis 
copal  church,  a  public  and  2  private  <<-hools.  manufactures 
of  cloth,  iron,  and  leather,  and  several  grist  and  saw  mills. 
Pop.  in  1852,  1129;  in  1854.  1400. 

TERRE  COUPEE,  t^r'reh  koo'pee'f?')  a  post-village  of  St. 
Joseph  CO..  Indiana,  150  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

TERRE  COUPfiE  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Berrien  cc, 
Mir'higan.  on  the  Central  Railroad.  II  miles  W.  of  Niles. 

TEKRE-DE-FEU.     See  Terra  del  Fi'EGO. 

TERRE-DE-HAUT.  taiR  deh  ho.  and  TERRE-DE-BAS,  taiR 
df  h  b^,  two  islets  of  the  French  West  Indies,  together  form- 
ing the  group  of  Petit-Terre,  26  miles  E.  of  Guadeloupe. 

TERREG'LES.  parish.  Scotland,  stewartry  Kirkcudbright. 

TERRE  II.\UTE,  (for  pron.  see  next  article,)  a  post- village 
of  Champaign  co..  Ohio.  50  miles  W.  of  Columbus. 

TERRE  HAUTE,  usually  pronounced  tji-'reh  hSt,  (Fr. 
pron.  taiR'  hot'.)  a  flourishing  town  of  Harrison  town- 
ship, capital  of  Vigo  county,  Indiana,  on  the  E.  bank  of  th€ 
Wabash  River,  and  on  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  73  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis,  and  ('9  miles  X.  of  Vincennes.  The 
b<ank  on  which  the  town  is  built  is  elevated  about  60  feet 
above  the  river,  and  the  situation  Is  remarkably  beautiful. 
The  plan  of  the  town  is  rectangular:  the  streets  are  wide, 
and  bordered  with  numerous  shade-trees  and  gardens. 
.4bout  half  of  the  houses  are  built  of  brick,  and  the  others 
of  wood.  The  public  buildings  include  a  fine  court-house,  a 
town-hall.  3  banks,  a  large  academy,  and  about  12  churches, 
some  of  which  are  spacinus  and  ornamental  edifices.  Seve- 
ral newspapers  are  issued  liere.  The  opposite  l>anks  of  the 
river  are  connected  by  a  fine  bridge,  over  which  the  National 
Road  passes.  Fort  Harrison  Prairie,  on  the  AV.  border  of 
which  the  town  stands,  is  noted  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil 
and  the  beauty  of  its  landscapes.  Terre  Haute  is  the  centre 
of  an  active,  increasing  trade,  and  one  of  the  principal  ship- 
ping points  on  the  M'abash  and  Erie  Canal.  Large  quanti- 
ties of  pork,  grain,  and  flour  are  exported  from  this  place. 
It  is  tlie  terminus  of  2  iniport.aut  railroads,  viz.,  the  Terre 
Haute  and  Indianapolis,  and  the  Terre  Haute  .41ton  and  St. 
Louis  Railroad.  The  Evansville  and  Ci-awfordsville  R.R. 
also  passes  through  thi.s  place.     Pop.  8594. 

TERRE  HILL,  a  post-ofRce  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TERRENEUVE.    See  Newfoundland. 

TERRE  NOIR,  (Fr.  pron.  taiR  nw^R,  t.  e.  "Black  I>and,") 
a  post-township  of  Clarke  co.,  Arkansas.     Pop.  220. 

TERRESSA,  t^R-rJs'si.  one  of  the  Xicobar  Islands,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  In  lat.  8°  20'  N.,  Ion.  93°  15'  E. 

TERRICCIOLA,  t6R-Rit-cho'ld,  a  villau'e  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince, and  19  miles  S.E.  of  Pisa.     Pop.  2800. 

TER'RIXO.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TER'RIXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Nor*h 
Riding. 

TERRINGTON,  NORTH,  a  parish.  England,  co.  Norfolk. 

TERRINGTON  ST.  JOHN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

TER'RY,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co..  Tennessee. 

TER'RYGLASS,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  .Munster,  co.  of 
Tlpperary. 

TER'RYSVILLE,  a  small  villfige  of  Abbeville  district. 
South  Carolina. 

TER'RYTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Br.adford  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia. 149  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

TER'RYVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  township, 
Litchfield  CO..  Connecticut,  about  24  m.  W.S.W.  of  Hartford. 
The  manufacture  of  wooden  clocks  In  the  United  States 
was  first  commenced  at  this  place,  by  Mr.  Terry,  alx>ut  35 
years  ago. 

1903 


TER 


TEW 


TERSCIIELLIXG,  ter-sKjlling,  an  island  in  the  North 
Sea.  beloniiing  to  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Friesland, 
Irf-tween  Vlieland  and  Ameland.  Length,  16  miles;  greatest 
bresdth.  3  miles.     I'op.  2.522. 

fEKTENIA,  t*R-ti'ne-l  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  of  Cairliari,  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lanusei.     Pop.  1150. 

TEliUEL,  tA-roo-el'.  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province, 
on  a  hill,  near  the  Guadalavijir,  72  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia. 
Pop.  6752.  It  is  enclo.sed  by  walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  a 
bishop's  palace,  and  a  handsome  seminary. 

TEUL'EL,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Aragon.  Area,  3152 
square  miles.     Pop.  250.000. 

TERVUEREN,  teR-vii'ren,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  South  Brabant,  7  miles  E.  of  Brussels,  with  a  royal  resi- 
dence. 

TERWOLDE,  tJR'ftordeh,  a  village  of  Holland,  province 
of  Gelderland,  22  miles  X.N.E.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  1343. 

TESCIIEN,  t^sh'en,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesi.i,  capital  of 
a  circle  and  duchy,' on  the  Olsa,  a  tributary  of  the  Oder,  38 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Troppau.  Pop.  6400.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  2  ducal  castles,  a  gymna.sium  with  a  library  of 
12.000  volumes,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  c.assi- 
meres,  linen,  leather,  liqueurs,  and  fire-arms.  A  treaty  be- 
tween Austria  and  Prussia  was  concluded  here  in  177t(. 

TESEGDELT,  tjl'sjg-d^f ,  a  town  of  Morocco,  30  miles  S.E. 
of  Mogadore.    It  has  a  handsome  mosque. 

TESIIA,  TECHA,  tfeh'd,  or  TIASHA,  te-l'shl,  a  river  of 
Russia,  rises  iu  the  S.  of  the  government  of  Nizhnee  Novgorod, 
flows  X..  then  W.  to  the  frontiers  of  \ladimeer.  and  joins  the 
Oka  on  the  right,  above  Murom.    Total  course,  110  miles. 

TESIIOO-LOOMBOtS,  t^sh'oo/ loom'boo',  frequentlv  written 
CHASHE-LO-UM-BOO,  a  town  of  Thibet.  100  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Lassa  or  L'Hassa.  in  lat.  29°  4'  40"  N.,  Ion.  89°  7'  8"  E.,  on 
a  plain,  surrounded  by  high,  sterile  mountains.  It  is  pro- 
perly a  large  monastery,  consisting  of  300  to  400  houses,  the 
habitations  of  the  Boodhist  monks,  besides  temples,  mauso- 
leums, and  the  palace  of  the  Teshoo-Lama.  Above  4000 
friars  and  nuns  perform  daily  their  devotions  here.  A  large 
manufacture  of  idols  is  here  established,  at  which  the  most 
sUilful  workmen  are  employed;  but  there  are  few  laymen 
"sxcept  the  servants  of  the  Lama. 

TESI.NO.     See  TiciNO. 

TESORA,  a  town  of  Celebes.    See  Wajo. 

TESOUllAS,  tA-s6'r3s,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  among  the 
mountains  of  Tesouras,  receives  the  Peixa,  and  after  a  course 
of  about  200  mUes  joins  the  Araguay. 

TESOURAS.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  80  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Goyaz.  It  owes  its  existence  to  the  great  qu.in- 
tities  of  gold  which  were  furnished  for  a  time  by  the  small 
stream  of  the  .same  name,  and  which  attracted  a  consider- 
able population ;  but  since  the  washings  ceased  to  be  pro- 
ductive many  of  the  inhabitants  have  emigrated,  and  their 
hou.ses  have  either  been  pulled  down  or  left  tenantless. 

TESSAR.-VGH,  t^s^sd'riih.  or  TAUGIISKARA,  a  parish  of 
Ireland,  in  Counaught,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

TESSAU'RAN  or  KILGAL'LY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  King's  county. 

TESSE,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  TEZ.i. 

TESSEL.     See  Texel. 

TESSENDERLOO,  t^s-sJn'der-15\  a  village  of  Belgian  Lim- 
bourg.  15  miles  N.W.  of  Has.selt.     Pop.  2500. 

TESSIN,  tfe-seen'.  a  town  of  North  Germany,  in  Jlecklen- 
burg-Scliwerin,  duchy,  and  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Giistrow.  on 
the  Recknitz.  Pop.  2025.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

TESSIN,  a  canton  and  river  of  Switzerland.     See  TiciNO. 

TESTACCIO,  tjs-tdt/cho,  a  village  of  Naples,  in  a  beautiful 
Tallev  in  the  S.  part  of  the  Isle  of  Ischia.     Pop.  1128. 

TKSTE-DE-BUCH.  La,  H  testdeh  bUsh.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Gironde.  in  the  landes,  (heaths,)  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Bassin  d'.Arcachon.  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Bor- 
deaux, with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.     Pop.  3399. 

TESTERTON.  a  p.^rish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TESTIGOS,  t^s-tee'goce,  a  group  of  islets  in  the  Caribbean 
Sea,  belonging  to  Venezuela.  50  miles  N.W.  of  Mai'garita,  in 
Ut.  11°  23'  N.,  Ion.  63°  12'  \V. 

TESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

TET,  t^t  or  tA,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Pyrfinfies- 
Orientales.  after  an  E.N.E.  course,  enters  the  Mediterranean 
V  miles  E.  of  Perpigiian.     Tut.il  course.  55  miles. 

TET  or  TKIT,  tjt,  a  decayed  town  of  Morocco,  near  Blanco, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  .Mazagan.   "I'op.  1000. 

TKT'BURY.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  in  1851.  3.32.5.  The 
town,  near  the  source  of  the  Avon,  has  2  market-hou.ses.  a 
handsome  church,  and  various  chapels  and  schools.  Some 
manufactures  of  woollen  are  carried  on,  and  it  has  a  trade 
in  yarn,  cheese  and  butter.  The  ancient  Britons  hiid  a  cas- 
tle here. 

TET'CitTT.  a  parish  of  Eniland.  co.  of  Devon. 

TETE.  t.Va.  or  TETTE,  tiVuA.  a  town  of  Plast  Africa,  capi- 
tal of  a  government  of  the  Portuguese  territory,  on  the 
Zamlieze.  100  miles  N.  of  Senna.  It  is  lai-ge,  well  bailt,  and 
uealthy  from  occupying  an  elevated  site. 

TETE-NOIRE,  t6t  n*iR  or  tit  nwaa',  ("Black-head,")  a 
1904 


pass  of  the  Alps,  between  Switzerland  and  Savoy,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  Martigny. 

TETE-NOIRE,  a  mountain  of  the  Alps.  See  Moecle^ 
Dest  db. 

TETEREV  or  TETEREW,  tA-tA-r5v',  a  river  of  Russian 
Poland,  governmentsof  Volhyniaand  Kiev,  joins  theDniepei 

36  miles  N.  of  Kiev,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  150  miles. 
TETEROW,  tA'teh-rov\  a  walled  town  of  North  Germany, 

in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  duchy,  and  16  miles  E.  of  Giis- 
trow. Pop.  3759.  It  has  tobacco  and  woollen  cloth  lao- 
tories,  and  bleaching  establishments. 

TEI'ERSBUKG,  a  post-oiTice  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana. 

TETfORD.  a  parish  of  Engliind,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TKTIOOSHI,  TETIOUSHI  or  TETILSHl,  t:l-te-oo'she,  a 
town  of  Rus.Ma,  goveniment,  and  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kazan, 
on  the  Volga.     Lat.  54=  62'  N.,  Ion.  48°  57'  E.     Pop.  1700. 

TETIR,  t.UeeR',  or  VEGA  DE  TETIR,  vi/gj  d.i  t.'i-teeR/,  a 
town  of  the  Canaries,  island  of  Fuerteventura,  in  a  fertile 
valley.     Pop.  1387. 

TETIUSIII,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tetiooshi. 

TET'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TETOOAN,  TETOUAN,  TETU.A.N,  t^t^oo-Sn',  or  TET'- 
WAN',  (anc.  Jagut?i?)  a  maritime  town  of  Morocco,  king- 
dom of  Fez,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ceuta.  Lat.  36°  57'  N.,  Ion. 
5°  18'  E.  ■  Pop.  16,000,  of  whom  upwards  of  4000  are  Jews. 
It  is  crowned  by  a  castle,  and  is  enclosed  by  walls.  Some 
of  the  mosques  are  handsome.  The  harbor,  protected  by  a 
fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  4  miles  dist;int,  is  adapted 
only  for  small  vessels,  but  Tetooan  retains  an  active  export 
trade. 

TETSCHEN,  t^t'shjn.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Leitnieritz.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ell*.  Pop.  1423.  It 
hits  mineral  springs,  and  an  ancient  castle. 

TETSn\X)RTII.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

TETTEMIALI^-RE'GIS,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Stafford. 

TETTN.AXG,  t^tt'niing,  a  town  of  AViirtemberg,  cucle  of 
Danube,  on  the  Miihlenbach.     Pop.  1361. 

TETUAN  or  TETWAN.    See  Tetooan. 

TEUCIIERN,  tolK'ern,  a  market-towa  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
17  miles  S.  of  Merseburg.     Pop.  1558. 

TEUFFEN  or  TEUFEN,  toif'fen,  a  market-town  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  4  miles  N.of  Appenzell.  Pop.  of  parish, 
4000. 

TEUL.\.DA,  tJ^oo-M'ni,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Alicante,  near  the  Mediterranean,  9  miles  S.  of  Denia. 
Pop.  1638. 

TEULADA.  t^'oo-li'dd.  a  village  of  Sardinia,  24  miles 
S.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1654. 

TEULADA,  CAPE.     See  C.lPE  Teulada. 

TELPITZ,  toi'pits,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
bunr,  31  miles  S.E.  of  Potsdam.     Pop.  563. 

TEUSCUNITZ,  toish'uits,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  11  miles  N. 
of  Kron.ich.  with  a  castle.     Pop.  800. 

TEUTOBURtJER-WALD,  toi'to-booR'gher  ^Mt.  (anc.  Teu- 
hibuigm'sis  Siil'tus.)  a  mountain  range  of  little  elevation  in 
North  Germany,  extending  from  the  Erzgebirge  in  West- 
phalia. N.W.  to  near  Osnaburg  in  Hanover,  a  distance  of 
about  100  miles. 

TEL'TO'MA.  a  village  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania,  190 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg. 

TEL'TOP'OLIS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  EfBneham  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  National  R;iilroad,  ami  2  or  3  miles  E.  of  the 
Central  Railroad,  88  miles  S.K.  of  Springfield.  It  has  a 
Catholic  cliapcl  anil  a  wind-mill. 

TEUTSCHBROD,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Brob. 

TEA'.\,  t.Vvl,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Audahisi.a.  province,  and 

37  miles  N.W.  of  Malaga,  in  a  valley.  It  has  a  tovvn-hou.se, 
abattoir.  hospiUl,  a  small  and  insecure  prison,  and  2  aca- 
demies for  girls.     Pop.  3358. 

TEVERE.     See  Tiuer. 

TEVERONE,  t,i-v.A-ro'n.4,  or  ANIENE,  S-ne-A'ni,  (anc 
A'nio,)  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States, 
delegation  of  Frosinone,  rises  on  the  Neapolitan  frontier, 
flows  N.W.  and  W.  past  Subiaco  and  Tivoli,  and  joins  the 
Tiber  4  miles  N.  of  Rome.  Total  course,  55  miles.  In 
ancient  times  it  supplied  water  to  Rome  by  two  aqueducts, 
one  4.J  miles  long. 

TEA'KRSALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

ThlV'ERSHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

TEVIOT,  tiv'e-ot,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh, 
through  the  centre  of  which  it  flows,  and  joins  the  Tweed 
at  Kelso,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  34  miles.  Uawick  is  the 
only  town  on  its  banks. 

TEVluTD.\LE,  a  name  applied  to  the  most  part  of  Rox- 
burgh. Scotland. 

TEW.  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

TKW.  Little,  a  chapelry  of  Englasd.  co.  of 'Jxford. 

TEW'IN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

TEWKESBURY  or  TEWKSBURY.  tJiks'bgr-e,  a  parlia- 
mentary and  municipal  borough,  town,  and  pjirish  of  Eng- 
land. CO..  and  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Gloucester,  in  the  vale  of 
Eve.sham.  on  the  bank  of  the  Avon,  at  its  junction  with 
the  Severn,  and  at  the  influx  of  the  Carron  and  Swilgate 
into  the  Avon,  connected  with  the  Birmingham  and  Glou- 
cestershire Railway  by  a  branch  2  miles  in  length.    Pop. 


TEW 

of  the  borough  in  1851 ,  5878.  The  town,  picturesquely  situ- 
ated, has  a  magnificent  abbey  church,  a  new  church,  town- 
hall,  market-house,  jail,  penitentiary,  Tarious  Dissenting 
chapels,  quays  along  the  river,  a  handsome  stone  brid.s?e 
across  the  Avon,  and  an  iron  bridge  170  feet  span  over  the 
Severn.  It  ha-s  a  liturary  and  scientific  institution,  me- 
chanics' institute,  dispensary  and  lying-in  charity,  a  blue- 
coat  school,  free  grammar  school,  and  numerous  other 
schools;  almshouses  and  other  charities.  Its  woollen  ma- 
nufacture has  ce;ised :  but  it  lias  manu&ctures  of  stock- 
ings, bobbinet-l.ace,  nails.  Hnd  leather.  It  returns  2  mem- 
Oers  tiD  the  House  of  Couimons.  The  battle  of  Tewkesbury 
was  fought  in  the  "  Bloody  Meadow"  immediately  S.  of  the 
town. 

TEWKESBURY,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey.    Pop.  23•^S. 

TEWKSBUUY,  England.    See  Tewkesbury. 

TEWKS'BUHY,  tnk.s'bfr-e,  a  pOst-vill.ige  and  township 
of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  about  22  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Boston.  The  township  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Merri- 
mack Kiver,  and  int-rseeted  by  the  Boston  and  Lawrence, 
and  the  Salem  and  Lowell  Bailroads.  It  contains  2  churche.s, 
a  furniture  factory  moved  by  steam-power,  and  a  state  pau- 
per establishment  with  accommodations  for  800  inmates: 
cost,  about  .■$70,000.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  200 ;  of  the 
township,  1744. 

TEWOCKCNY  SPRINGS,  a  postoffice  of  Limestone  co., 
Te.xas. 

TEX.^NA,  tJx-ah'na,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co., 
Texas,  on  the  Lavacta  Kiver,  near  its  junction  with  the  Na- 
vidad,  150  miles  S.E.  of  Austin  City.  It  is  the  head  of  steam 
navigation,  and  is  increasing  in  trade  and  population. 

TEX.\S,  t^x'as,  (Sp.  pron.  tA'His.)  formerly,  in  conjunction 
with  Cohahuila,  a  territory  of  Mexico,  now  forms  (with  the 
exception  of  Florida)  the  southernmost  portion  of  the  United 
States  of  North  America.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  New 
Mexico,  Indian  Territory,  and  Arkansas;  on  the  E.  by  Ar- 
kansas and  Louisiana;  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico; 
and  on  the  S.W.  and  W.  by  Mexico  and  New  Mexico.  The 
Red  Hiver  separates  it  in  part  from  Indian  Territory  and 
Arkansas,  the  Sabine  from  Louisiana,  and  the  Rio  Grande 
from  Mexico.  This  state  lies  between  25=  50'  and  .36°  30' 
N.  lat.,  and  between  flj'^  30'  and  107°  W.  Ion.  Its  shape  is 
very  irregular,  but  its  extreme  length  from  S.E.  to  N.W.  is 
more  than  800  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  from  E.  to 
W.  about  750  miles,  including  an  area  of  237.504  square 
miles:  an  amount  of  territory  nearly  six  times  that  of  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  composed 
of  soil  of  great  agricultural  capabilities. 

Fjii;e  of  tlie  Couidry. — This  great  state  embraces  every  va- 
riety of  surface,  mcaintain.  plain,  hill,  and  desert  within  its 
limits.  In  the  S.E..  along  the  coast  is  a  level  belt  of  land 
from  30  to  60  miles  in  breadth,  which  is  succeeded  by  an 
undulating  and  prairie  country,  occupying  another  belt 
of  from  150  to  200  miles  in  width,  which  is  followed  in  the 
\V.  and  N.W.  by  the  mounfciinous  region  and  the  table- 
land. The  extreme  N.  is  invaded  by  the  Great  American 
Desert,  which  extends  perhaps  about  60  miles  within  the 
boundary  of  Texas.  According  to  Mr.  Bartlett,  the  plateau 
of  Texas,  including  part  of  New  Mexico,  extends  from  30° 
to  34°  N.  lat.,  and  from  the  Rio  Grande  E.  for  300  miles. 
The  N.  portion,  called  Llano  Estacado  or  "  Staked  Plain," 
is  2500  feet  above  the  sea.  This  broad  district  is  destitute  of 
forest  trees  and  shrubbery,  except  along  the  margins  of  the 
streams,  and  even  there  never  extending  100  yards  from 
the  banks.  Just  after  rains  a  short  stunted  grass  springs 
up,  but  speedily  becomes  dry,  affording  little  nourishment. 
In  this  region  rise  the  Red.  Brazos,  and  Colorado  Rivers. 
About  29°  30'  N.  lat.  the  table-land  breaks  off  into  spurs, 
which  descend  to  the  prairies.  The  rivers  have  generally 
alluvial  bottoms  of  from  3  to  20  miles  in  width,  which  are 
of  great  fertility,  and  heavily  timbered.  The  belts  referred 
to  above  run  across  the  state  in  a  direction  nearly  N.E.  and 
S.W..  .so  that  almost  all  the  N.  part  of  Eastern  Texas  is  in- 
cluded in  the  second  division,  or  the  undulating  country. 
Little  is  known  of  the  elevated  lands  of  the  W.  and  N.W., 
as  they  are  yet  the  home  of  few  white  men  except  the  hun- 
ters, who  pursue  its  buffaloes  and  other  wild  animals.  It 
is,  however,  represented  as  being  a  well-watered  and  fertile 
region.  A  low  range  of  mountains,  called  the  Colorado 
Hills,  runs  in  a  N.and  S.  direction,  E.  of  the  Colorado  Kiver; 
Indeed,  the  whole  section  of  the  state  in  the  same  parallel, 
between  the  Colorado  and  Brazos  Rivers,  is  broken  with  low 
mountains.  Between  the  Colorado  and  the  Rio  Grande, 
and  N.  of  the  sources  of  the  Nueces  and  San  Antonio,  the 
country  is  cros.sed  by  broken  ranges  of  mountiins  running 
In  various  directions,  but  of  whose  altitude  and  character 
we  have  little  reliable  information.  They  appear,  however, 
to  be  outlving  ridges  of  the  great  Rocky  Mountain  chain. 
Of  these  the  Organ.  Ilueco  or  Waco,  and  Guadalupe  Moun- 
tains extend  from  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Texas,  where  they 
terminate,  in  a  N,  direction  into  New  Mexico.  According 
to  Bartlett.  the  first  are  alxjut  0000  feet  above  the  Rio  0  rande, 
ind  the  last  the  .same  altitude  above  the  plain. 

Gt&%^.— That  part  of  Texas  which  lies  within  about  200 
5U 


TEX 

miles  of  the  coast,  and  perhaps  further  inland,  appears,  says 
Mr.  BoUaert,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  to  have  been  gradually  uplifted  from  the  bed  of  an 
ancient  sea.  into  which  the  great  rivers  of  that  period  poured 
their  waters,  charged  with  the  detritus  of  the  secondarj 
rocks.  This  detritus  was  gradually  deposited  in  sediment- 
ary beds  at  the  bottom  of  the  .sea,  and  these  deltas  at  length 
uniting,  form  the  superficial  accumulations  of  the  level  ana 
undulating  lands.  This  appears  to  be  confirmed  by  the  fact 
that  the  soils  in  the  vicinity  of  the  great  rivers  are  distin- 
guished by  the  peculiar  ingredients  brought  down  by  the 
freshets  of  the  present  day.  A  vast  belt  of  gypsum,  (some- 
times 100  miles  in  width,)  extending  from  the  Arkansas  to 
the  Kio  Grande,  passes  across  the  N.W.  portion  of  the  state. 
In  the  mountains  and  hills  of  the  N.W.  we  have  primitive 
formations  of  granites,  porphyries,  &c.  Middle  and  South- 
ern Texas  seem  to  be  composed  of  rich  surface  soils,  over- 
laid in  the  tertiary  strata  with  its  peculiar  fo.ssils;  then  fol- 
low the  oolitic  systems,  sandstone,  and  perhaps  the  new  red 
sandstone.  A  series  of  measurements  give  the  following 
elevations: — Galveston,  10  feet;  Houston,  60  feet;  .San  Fe- 
lipe de  Austin,  200  feet;  Columbus,  250  feet;  Gonzales,  270 
feet;  San  Antoniade  Bejar,  350  feet;  head-waters  of  the  San 
Antonio,  400  feet;  Kio  Frio,  450  to  500  feet;  Cibolo  River 
and  head-waters  of  the  Leona  River,  550  feet;  1st  Sabinas, 
700  feet;  2d  Sabinas,  800  feet;  Guadalupe  Kiver,  1000  feet; 
Llano  Estacado  2450  feet;  and  Guadalupe  Mountains,  3000 
feet. 

Minerah. — Texas  abounds  in  minerals.  Lying  as  she 
does  in  close  proximity  to  the  gold  and  silver  regions  of 
Mexico  and  New  Mexico,  it  is  probable  that  she  may  develop 
in  future  rich  supplies  of  the  precious  metals.  This,  how- 
ever, is  not  left  entirely  to  conjecture,  as  silver-mines  are 
known  to  have  been  worked  at  San  Saba,  and  recent  dis- 
coveiies  of  the  same  metal  have  been  made  upon  the  Bidais 
River.  In  the  spring  of  1853  the  country  was  agitated  by 
the  report  of  the  discovery  of  gold-mines  W.  of  the  Colorado 
Kiver.  between  it  and  the  San  Saba  Mountiiius,  and  N.  of 
the  Llano  River,  but  these  reports  have  not  been  confirmed, 
at  least  as  to  its  existence  in  any  considerable  quantities. 
According  to  Ilaldeman's  revised  edition  of  Taylor's  work 
on  the  Coal  Regions  of  the  United  States,  coal  exists  on  the 
Trinity  River,  200  miles  above  Galveston,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Nagadoches,  on  the  Brazos,  (in  abundance,)  near  the  city 
of  Austin,  and  on  the  Rio  Grande  S.W,  of  Bexar.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  a  belt,  distant  alxiut  200  miles  from  the  coast, 
extending  S.W.  from  Trinity  Kiver  to  the  Rio  Grande,  con- 
tains this  valuable  mineral  in  various  places.  Iron  is  found 
in  many  p.-irts  of  the  state;  there  are  also  salt  lakes  and 
salt  springs,  copper,  copperas,  aldm,  lime,  agates,  chalce- 
donj',  jasper,  and  a  white  and  red  .sandstone.  A  pitch  lake,  20 
miles  from  Beaumont,  deposits  of  nitre  and  sulphur,  and 
fire  clay  are  among  the  minerals.  "  Formations  of  secondary 
limestone,  with  others  of  carboniferous  sandstones,  shales, 
argillaceous  iron  ore  and  bituminous  coal  beds,  are  said  to 
occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  interior  of  Texas.  Westward 
of  these  occur  the  inferior  and  Silurian  strata,  trilobite 
limestone,  and  transition  slates.  Beyond  all  the  basaltic 
and  primary  rocks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  arise;  while 
N.  is  the  great  salt  lake  of  the  Brazos,  and  a  vast  red  saU- 
ferous  region.  An  immense  bed  of  gypsum,  the  largest 
known  in  North  America,  reaching  from  the  Arkansas  to 
the  Kio  Grande  River,  traverses  the  N.W.  portion  of  Texas. 
Mineral  springs  abound ;  among  the  most  important  are  the 
Salinllla  Springs,  (both  white  and  salt  sulphur.)  near  the 
Trinity  River  in  Walker  county,  a  spring  similar  to  White 
Sulphur  in  Virginia,  near  the  Bidais  River;  a  blue  sulphur, 
spring,  also  in  Walker  county;  a  mineral  spring  near  the 
Chile,  30  miles  from  Bexar,  formerly  of  great  repute  among 
the  Mexicans  for  its  medical  properties ;  and  a  white  sulphur- 
spring  near  Carolina,  in  Slontgomery  county. 

Jiivei-s,  Bays,  Sounds. — The  coast  of  Texas  is  lined  with  a 
chain  of  low  islands,  which  form  a  series  of  bays,  sounds, 
and  lagoons;  the  most  important  of  which  .are  Galveston, 
Matagorda,  Espiritu  Santo,  Aransas,  and  Corpus  Christi 
Bay.s,  and  Laguna  del  Madre.  Commencing  at  Galveston 
Bay  in  the  N.E..  they  lie  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  the 
order  in  which  they  are  named.  Galveston  Bay,  the  largest 
of  these,  extends  about  35  miles  inland  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  in  a  direction  nearly  N,  Matagorda  Bay,  60  miles 
long  by  6  to  10  wide,  and  Laguna  del  JIadre,  90  miles  long 
by  3  to  6  wide,  are  sounds  rather  than  bays,  and  run  nearly 
parallel  with  the  shore.  The  inlets  to  these  are  muih  ob- 
structed by  bars ;  Galveston  Inlet,  the  best,  is  .said  to  have 
but  12  feet  water,  the  entrance  of  Matagorda  Bay  11  feet,  and 
that  of  San  Luis  but  10  feet,  Aransas  Bay  extends  in  a 
N.E.  and  S.W.  direction  about  25  miles,  by  about  12  miles 
in  width  ;  Corpus  Christi  Bay.  40  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  by  20 
miles  from  E.  to  W.;  and  Espidtu  Santo  is  20  miles  long  by 
10  wide:  Copjino  Bay,  opening  into  Aran.«as,  is  20  miles 
long  by  3  wide.  A  writer  in  "De  Bow's  Resources  in  the 
.South  and  West,"  however,  says — "Steam.ships  of  1200  to 
1500  tons,  and  sail  vessels  of  10*)0  tons,  can  enter  the  port 
of  (Jalveston."  Texas  is  crossed  by  several  long  rivei>.  ge- 
nerally rising  in  the  table-lands  of  the  W.  and  N.W.,  .ind 

1905 


TEX 


TEX 


pnrsiiiii  <  a  S  R  course,  discharsre  their  waters  Into  the 
Gulf  of  -Mexico.  Commenoins;  with  the  Kio  Grande,  the 
larpest  river  in  Texas,  ISOO  miles  long,  and  which  forms  its 
S.W.  boundary,  and  proceeding  along  the  coast,  we  have 
the  Nueces,  San  Antonio,  Guadalupe,  Colorado,  Brazos, 
Trinity,  Neches,  and  Saliine.  whose  lengths  in  the  order 
named  are  about  StK),  250,  275,  S(XI,  500.  4(.t0,  300,  and  350 
miles,  as  estimated  by  measurements  on  the  map.  The  Ked 
Kiver  rises  in  the  N'.W.  of  the  state,  and  forms  a  large  part 
of  the  N.  boundary  line.  The  Canadian,  a  branch  of  the 
Arkansas,  crosses  the  N.  projection  of  the  state.  All  of 
these  are  navigable  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  (depending 
on  the  wetness  or  dryness  of  the  season,  and  on  local  ob- 
structions.) the  Sabine  for  about  150  miles;  the  Trinity,  to 
Porters  Bluffs,  lat.  32°  20';  the  San  -Jacinto,  50  miles;  the 
Brazos,  to  Sullivan's  Shoals,  near  lat.  31°  N. ;  the  Xueces, 
100  miles:  the  Rio  Grande.  400  miles:  and  the  Red  River, 
to  Preston,  lat.  34°  N.,  and  Ion.  96°  20'  W.,  (during  high 
water.)  The  Colorado  is  obstructed  by  a  raft  10  miles  from 
its  mouth:  but  when  this  is  removed,  which  It  doubtless 
will  be  ere  long,  it  will  give  a  navigation  of  several  hundred 
miles.  There  are  a  number  of  small-  rivers  vt  tribntaries, 
navigable  to  some  extent,  and  besides  their  value  as  chan- 
nels of  commerce,  they  afford  in  many  instances  excellent 
sites  for  mill  seats.  There  are  no  known  lakes  of  importance 
in  Texa.s.  Sabine  Lake,  an  expansion  of  the  river  of  that 
name,  near  its  mouth,  20  miles  long,  is  on  the  lioundary 
of  Texas  and  Louisiana.  There  is  a  salt  lake  near  the  Rio 
Grande,  from  which  large  quantities  of  salt  are  annually 
taken. 

Olijfcts  of  Interest  to  Thurists. — Among  the  most  remark- 
able known  natural  wonders  of  Texas  is  the  Pass  of  the 
Guadalupe  Mountains,  in  the  N'.W.  of  the  state,  thus  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Bartlett:  "  We  followed  the  intricacies  of  the 
pass  for  0  hoUrs.  winding  and  turning  in  every  direction, 
now  plunging  into  some  deep  abyss,  now  rising  upon  some 
little  ca.stellated  spur,  and  again  pas.sing  along.the  brink  of 
a  deep  gorge,  whose  bottom,  filled  with  trees,  is  concealed 
from  our  view.  In  one  place  the  road  runs  along  a  rocky 
shelf  not  wide  enough  for  two  wagons  to  pass,  and  the  next, 
passes  down  through  an  immense  gorge,  walled  in  by  regu- 
larly terraced  mountahis  of  limestone." 

The  Castle  Mountain  Pass  is  scarcely  less  wild  and  inte- 
resting. The  AVaco  Mountain  Pa.ss,  on  the  borders  of  Texas 
and  New  Mexico,  is  on  the  same  grand  .scale.  Deep  ba- 
rancas.  caflons  or  gullies,  either  worn  by  water  or  rent 
asunder  by  earthquakes,  yawn  to  a  depth  of  many  hundred 
feet,  in  its  high  table-lands.  Captain  Marey  represents  the 
Red  River,  near  its  source,  as  cutting  its  way  through  the 
solid  rock  in  the  N.  of  Te^cas,  in  a  caf5on  or  gorge  of  8()0  feet 
in  depth.  A  fall  of  120  feet  in  perpendicular  pitch  is  re- 
ported to  have  been  recently  discovered  in  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  Colorado  River,  which  falls  in  one  unbroken 
sheet  of  100  feet  in  width.  Very  large  bones,  (apjxarently 
of  the  mastodon.)  immense  horns,  vertebrse.  teeth,  silicified 
wood,  oysters,  mussels,  ammonites,  (nearly  2  feet  in  diame- 
ter.) fish,  encrinites,  trilobites.  and  other  fossils  are  found 
near  San  Felipe  de  Austin.  Columlms,  Bastrop.  Webber's 
Prairie,  Austin,  Peach  Creek.  Bntzoria,  and  many  other 
places,  but  not  all  in  any  one  localitj'.  Silicified  trees  are 
particularly  numerous  in  llonstdn  county,  mostly  nearly 
perpendicular,  inclining  to  the  X..  but  some  horizontal. 

Oimatt;. — Texas  seems  to  partake  of  a  climate  free  from 
the  extremes  of  both  the  torrid  and  temperate  zones,  pro- 
ducing in  the  N.  m.any  of  the  products  of  the  temperate,  and 
in  the  S.  many  of  those  of  the  torrid  zone.  While  it  shares 
the  genial  climate  of  Louisiana,  it  is  free  from  its  unhe;»lthy 
swamp  exhalations.  The  heats  of  summer  are  much  niiti- 
gited  by  the  refreshing  breezes  from  the  Gulf,  which  blow 
with  great  steadiness  during  that  season.  In  Xovember. 
however,  the  N.  winds  set  in  and  sweep  down  the  plains, 
with  but  little  variation,  during  the  months  of  December 
and  January.  These  winds  have  doubtless  a  purifying 
effect  on  the  atmosphere,  by  swe>'ping  off  the  exhalations 
of  the  river-bottoms  and  the  newly-broken  soil ;  the  settler 
on  the  prairies  of  the  interior  is  thus  freed  from  the  miasma 
that  exerts  usually  so  pestilential  an  influence  on  the 
••clearings"  of  new  countries  ■■»nd  in  marshy  districts.  Ice 
is  seldom  seen  in  the  S.  part:  and  during  the  sximmer 
months  the  thermometer  averages  about  S0°,  and  in  winter 
from  60°  to  75°. 

fiiil  and  Productions. — The  soil  is  equally  favorable  with 
the  clim.ate:  for  while  every  variety  is  found,  from  the 
cheerless  desert  to  the  exuberantly  fertile  river-bottoms,  the 
general  character  is  that  of  great  fertility.  The  niesquit 
grass  in  West  Texas  yields  a  fine  soft  sward,  which  is  green 
even  in  winter,  and  affords,  beyond  all  comparison,  the  best 
natural  pasture  in  the  world.  Cotton,  the  great  staple, 
grows  well  in  almost  every  part  of  the  state,  and  that  grown 
near  the  Gulf  is  considered  equal  to  the  celebrated  sea- 
biland.  Indian  corn,  the  other  great  staple,  is  also  readily 
raised  in  almost  every  part.  Two  crops  a  year  are  planted, 
one  in  February,  and  the  other  about  the  middle  of  June, 
yielding  often  75  ha«hels  to  the  acre  of  shelled  corn.  Iii 
the  undul.-»ting  country,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  and 
lituG 


the  other  .small  grains  flourish.  The  level  country  is  well 
adapted  to  the  production  of  sugar,  though  it  is  not  yet  ex- 
tensively cultivated.  Tobacco,  of  a  qualify  claimed  to  be 
equal  to  that  of  Cuba,  flourishes  with  little  ..are.  and  is 
doubtless  destined  to  form  one  of  the  staples  of  Texas.  In- 
digo, of  a  superior  kind,  is  indigenous  to  the  state.  Rice 
can  be  cultivated  to  any  extent,  and  the  soil  is  well  adapted 
to  flax  and  hemp.  According  to  the  census  of  l(<liO,  there 
were  in  Texas  2.650,781  acres  of  improved  land  (22,693,247 
being  unimproved),  prodncttig  1.478.345  bushels  of  wheat; 
111,860  of  rre;  16,500,702  of  Indi.an  com;  985,889  of  oats; 
341.961  of  peas  and  beans ;  174.182of  Irish  potatoes,l,846,612  of 
sweet  pofcitoes :  67,562  of  barley ;  11,865  tons  of  hay ;  5,850,588 
pounds  of  butter;  275.128  of  chee.?e;  28,123  of  beeswax; 
594.273  of  honey;  5099  of  cane  sugar;  26,0.31  of  rice;  97,914 
of  tobacco;  1,493,738  of  wool;  405,358  gallons  of  cane  mo- 
lasses; 112.412  of  sorghum  molasses;  431,463  bales  (of  400 
pounds  each)  of  cotton ;  live  stock  valued  at  $42,825,447 ; 
orchard  products  at  $48,047;  market  products  at  ?178,374 
and  slaughtered  animals  at  $5,143,635.  The  grape,  mul- 
berry, and  the  delicious  vanilla  are  indigenous  and  abun- 
dant. The  nopal,  (famous  for  the  prodfiction  of  the  cochi- 
neal insect,)  the  mesquit-tree,  (a  species  of  locust,  very 
valuable  for  fencing  and  building,)  and  the  tea-tree,  (a 
good  substitute  for  the  Chinese  shrub,)  are  all  native 
to  Texas,  The  cacti  and  agave  are  abundant  W.  of  the 
Nueces.  Cayenne  pepper  is  gi-own  in  va^t  quantities. 
The  fruits  are  no  less  abundant  and  various  than  its  other 
products :  here  we  have  a  peach  superior  to  that  of  the 
North,  the  nectarine,  the  quince,  the  flg,  the  plum,  the 
ci-ab-apple.  and  a  great  variety  of  beiries.  Oranges,  lemons, 
limes,  and  melons  grow  well,  as  do  all  the  garden  vegetables. 
Hickory,  walnut,  and  pecan-nuts  are  plentiful.  Shrubs  and 
flowers  ai-e  in  profusion,  and  of  great  beauty  and  variety, 
and  many  of  our  N.  exotics  and  hothouse  plants  are  indi- 
genous to  Texas :  such,  for  example,  as  the  gaudy  dahlia. 
Here  bloom  asters  of  every  variety,  geraniums,  lilies,  trum- 
pet-flowers, cardinal-flowers,  wax-plants,  mimosas.  &c,.  In 
short,  a  Texas  prairie  in  spring  is  the  very  p3radi,se  of  a 
bot.anist.  or  indeed  of  any  lover  of  the  beauties  of  nature. 

The  forest-trees  are  live-oak  and  other  varieties  of  that 
noble  tree,  cedar,  pine,  palmetto,  ash.  walnut,  hickory, 
pecan,  mulberry,  cypress,  elm.  and  sycamore.  The  K.  por- 
tion and  the  river-bottoms  are  the  most  densely  timbered. 
''Cross  Timbers"  is  a  wooded  secrron,  stretchin;:,  says 
Marcy.  from  the  Arkansas  River  in  a  s.W.  direction  thi-ough 
some  400  miles,  with  a  width  varjing  from  5  to  30  miles. 
The  limits  of  this  forest  are  very  abrupt,  and  form,  as  it 
were,  a  wall  asrainst  the  further  progress  of  the  aiid  prai 
ries.  The  trees  in  this  consist  principally  of  post-oak  and 
black-jack,  standing  at  such  distances  that  wagons  can  pass 
bet  ween/ them  in  any  direction. 

Animuli:. — Texas  abounds  in  wild  animals  of  different 
kinds.  The  buffalo  .still  roams  in  the  N.W.  of  the  state,  and 
the  wild  horse  or  mustang  feeds  in  vast  henls  on  its  undu- 
lating pi-airies.  Here.  too.  are  deer.  puma.s,  jaguai-s.  ocelots, 
and  wild  cats,  black  hears,  wolves,  foxes,  some  pecaries, 
racoons,  opossums,  rabbits,  hares,  and  abundance  of  sqxiii^ 
rels.  The  prairie-dog.  a  species  of  marmot,  burrows  in  the 
ground,  and  their  communities  extend  for  many  miles.  Mr. 
Bartlett  mentions  journeying  for  three  days  without  for 
once  being  out  of  sight  of  them.  Wild  cattle  are  in  abun- 
dance. Among  the  mountains  of  the  West  are  found  the 
graceful  .antelcpe,  the  mountain  goat,  and  the  moose,  (the 
largest  of  the  deer  kind.)  Of  the  feathered  tribes  there  are 
many  varieties  to  tempt  the  cupidity  of  the  hunter,  such  as 
prairie  hens,  wild  geese,  wild  turkeys,  brant,  teal,  canvas- 
back  and  common  duck,  pheasants,  quails,  grouse,  partridges, 
woodcock,  pigeons,  turtle-doves,  snipes,  plovers,  and  rice- 
birds.  Of  birds  of  prey  are  the  baldheaded  and  Mexican 
eagles,  vultures,  hawks,  and  owls.  Of  waterfliwl,  besides 
those  mentioned  above,  are  cranes,  swans,  pelicans,  king- 
fishers, and  water-turkeys.  Of  small  birds,  crows.  bl.ack- 
birds.  starlings,  bluejays,  woodpeckers,  redbirds.  martens, 
swallows,  and  wrens.  Of  the  1>inJs  noted  for  beauty  of 
plumage  are  the  paroquet,  the  oriole,  the  whippoorwill,  the 
cardinal,  and  the  sweet-toned  mocking-bird.  Of  fish  and 
reptiles  there  are  also  a  great  variety,  and  of  ex(^'lleat  qua- 
lity:  among  the  former  are  the  red  fish,  (a  delicious  fish, 
weighing  50  pounds.)  the  yellow,  white,  and  blue  codfish, 
sheepshead.  mullet,  flounders,  perch,  pike,  suckers,  and 
trout:  and  of  the  latter,  alligators,  gareels.  rattle,  water, 
moccasin,  eoachwhip.  copperhead,  chicken,  and  garter  snakes, 
and  horned  frogs  and  lizards.  Of  shell-fish  are  crabs,  oys- 
ters, clams,  mussels,  cravfish.  shrimps,  and  hard  and  soft 
shelled  turtles.  Among  the  insects  are  the  gadfly  gnat,  the 
canfharides  or  Spanish  fly.  the  honey-bee.  (in  a  ^ilil  state.) 
centipedes,  and  a  large  poisonous  spider  called  the  tarantula. 

Manufacture.!:. — Texas,  as  a  new  state,  has  but  few  manu- 
factures: nor  fill  her  rich  and  beautiful  prairies  and  fertile 
bottoms  are  occupied,  will  capitalists  be  likely  to  turn  their 
attention  much  to  this  branch  of  industry.  ActDiding  to 
the  census  of  1860,  there  were  in  Texas  983  esttiblishments 
engaged  in  mining,  manufacturers,  and  the  mechanic  arts, 
producing  each  ;t500   and  upwards  anuua.ly,   employing 


TEX 

capital  to  the  nmount  of  S3,272,450,  and  3440  hands,  consum- 
ing raw  material  worth  $a,367,3"2,  and  yielding  products 
valued  at  S6,o77,202.  Among  thcsu  were  2  v.oollou  factories, 
employing  $60,000  (jfipital,  and  iiroducing  annually  stufls 
valued  at  $38,79(5;  I'J'Z  s;tw-mills,  employing  $1,272,380  capi- 
tal, and  producing  lumber  valued  at  i:l,7ou,454.  Home-made 
manufiictures  v^ilued  at  $ii84,217  were  also  produced  in  the 
same  year.  XUere  were  no  cotton  lactories  in  the  state  in 
1860. 

Internal  improvements. — In  so  recently  settled  a  state, 
little  advance  can  be  expected  to  have  been  made  in  this 
respect  beyond  opening  ordiuaiy  roads ;  however,  in  I860, 
Texas  hiul  300  miles  of  railroad  completed,  including  90 
miles  of  the  Ilou.stou  and  Texas  Central,  which  extends 
from  Uouston  via  Breuham  towaids  Austin ;  72  miles  ol  the 
Galveston  IIou.st<;n  aud  Henderson,  and  2a  miles  of  the 
San  Antonio  and  Mexican  Gulf.  Other  railroads  are  iu 
progress. 

0)mmerce. — This  state  has  facilities  for  both  internal  and 
foreign  commerce.  Her  most  fertile  districts  are  crossed  by 
large  rivers  more  or  less  navigable  by  steamlioats  and  by 
smaller  boats,  while  her  numerous  bays  form  harbors  for 
transacting  her  foreign  commerce.  It  is  true  her  rivers  ar« 
obstructed  by  sandbars  and  rafts  in  some  instances :  but 
these  admit  of  removal.  Although  bars  obstruct  the  inlets 
of  her  harbors,  vessels  of  from  1(X)0  to  1500  tons  may  enter 
the  port  of  Galveston.  The  principal  article  of  export  from 
this  state  is  cotton.  The  value  of  exports  to  foreign  coun- 
tries for  the  fiscal  year  1854,  was  $1,314,449:  of  imports, 
$231,423:  tonnage  entered,  5'249 ;  cleared,  9708;  and  owned 
in  the  state,  9608,  of  which  2815  was  steam  tonnage;  ves- 
sels built,  i.  In  the  year  ending  August  31,  1853,  there 
had  been  brought  to  the  shipping  ports  of  the  state,  85,790 
bales  of  cotton,  of  which  16,346  were  exported  to  European 
ports ;  and  in  1854,  110,325  bales,  of  which  18,467  was  ex- 
ported to  foreign  ports.  Trains  frequently  leave  San  An- 
tonio for  Mexico,  loaded  with  merchandise  suitalde  for  the 
demands  of  Chihuahua,  Parras,  and  other  North  JMexican 
cities. 

Education.  —  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  Texas  has 
25  colleges,  with  2416  students,  $95,072 income;  1218  pub- 
lic schools,  with  34,611  pupils,  $414,168  income;  97  acade- 
mies and  other  schools,  liaving5910  pupils,  $142,134  income, 
of  which  $(5559  wjis  from  public  funds.  It  has  also  147 
libraries  containing  80,538  volumes,  of  which  132  are  jjublic 
with  74,563  volumes,  the  rest  belong  to  the  schools,  Suuday- 
Bchools,  colleges,  and  churches. 

Rdiginiu  Di'.wiminatums. — Of  the  1034  churches  in  Texas 
in  1800,  the  Baptists  owned  280,  Christians  53.  Episcopalians 
19,  Lutherans  19,  Methodists  410,  PresbyteriaiLS  72,  Cum- 
berland Presbyterians  62,  Roman  Catholics  23,  Uuionista 
96;  1  church  to  each  684  persons.  Value  of  church  property, 
$1,095,254. 

Public  rmtitufinns. — The  state  penitentiary  is  located  at 
Huntsville.  Texas  had  in  1850,  3  public  libraries  with 
2100  vols. ;  8  school  and  Sunday-school  libraries  with  2030 
vols.;  and  1  college  library  with  100  vols. 

Periodicals.  —  In  1860  there  were  published  in  Texas  3 
daily,  3  tri-weekly,  and  79  weekly  newspapers,  aud  4  monthly 
magazines.  The  whole  number  of  copies  issued  aniiually 
was  7.S65.80S.  ,,„.„ 

Population.— TeKSB  had,  according  to  the  census  of  18o0, 
212,592  inhabitants ;  in  1S60,  604,215,  of  whom  420,891  were 
whites,  355  free  colored.  182,566  slaves,  and  403  Indians. 
Population  to  the  square  mile  2.  Representative  popula- 
tion 531,188.  Of  the  population  153,043  were  born  in  the 
state,  225,184  in  other  sUites,  43,422  in  foreign  counties.  Of 
the  free  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  51,569  were 
farmers,  9961  laborers,  6,^.37  farm  laborers,  &c.,  &c..  In  the 
year  ending  June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  9377  deaths,  or 
15.8  in  every  thousand.  Of  181  deaf  and  dumb  24  were 
slaves  (see  Introduction  to  tlie  volume  on  Population  of 
the  Eighth  Census,  pp.  Uv,  Iv,  hi,  etc.), of  150  blind  31  were 
slaves,  of  125  insane  13  were  slaves,  of  201  idiotic  37  were 

C!mn(i««.— Texas  is  divided  into  124  counties:  Anderson, 
Angelina,  Atascosa,  Austin,  Bauderah,  Bastrop,  Baylor,  Bee, 
Bell,  Bexar,  Blanco,  Bowie,  Bosque,  Brazoria,  Biazos, 
Brown,  Buchanan,  Burleson,  Burnet,  Caldwell,  Calhoun, 
Camancho,  Cameron,  Caas,  Chambers,  Cherokee,  Clay,  Cole- 
man, CoUelian,  Collin,  Colorado,  Comal,  Concho,  Cook, 
Coryell,  Dallas,  Dawson,  Denunit,  Denton,  DeA\  itt,  Duval, 
Eastland,  Edwards,  Ellis,  El  Paso,  Ensiual,  ICrath,  Falls, 
Fannin,  Fayette,  Fort  Bend,  Free  Stone,  Frio,  Galveston, 
Guadalupe,  Gillespie,  Goliad,  Gonzales,  Grayson,  Grimes, 
Hiunilton,  Hardeman,  Hardin,  Harris,  Harrison,  Haskell, 
Hayes.  Henderson,  Hidalgo,  Hill,  Hopkins,  Houston,  Hunt, 
;«ck,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Jones,  Karnes,  Kaufmaa 
Rerr,  Kimble,  Kinney,  Knox,  Lamar,  LaniJassus,  Lasalle, 
Lav«;a,  Leon,  Liberty,  Limestone,  Live  Oak,  Ll.aoo,  Madison, 
Marion,  Mason,  Matagorda,  Maverick,  McCullooh,  McLen- 
»au,  McMuUen,  Medina,  Monora,  Jlilam,  Montague,  Mon^ 
romery,  Nacogdoches,  Navarro,  Newton,  Nueces,  Orange, 
Palo  Pinto,  Pauola,  Parker,  P<j|k,  Presidio,  Bed  River,  Re- 
fugio, Robertson,  Runnels,  Rusk,  Sabine,  San  Augustine, 


TEX 

San  Patricio,  San  Saba,  Shackleford,  Shelby,  5mith,  Starr, 
Tarrant,  Taylor,  Tlirockmoi  ton,  Titus,  Travis,  Trinity.  Tyler, 
Upshur,  Uvalde,  Yan  Zandt,  Victoria,  Walker,  Wasliington, 
Webb,  Wharton,  Williamson,  Wise,  Wood,  Young,  Zapata, 
Zavola.    Capital,  Austin. 

Cities  atul  Towns. — Texas  has  no  very  large  towns;  San 
Antonio,  the  largest  in  the  state,  had  a  population  in  1860 
of  8235.  The  other  principal  towns  are  (ialveston.  popu- 
lation 7307 ;  Houston  4845;  Austin  3494;  Brownsville  2734; 
Marshall  and  New  Braunfels,  each  about  a  1000,  besidei 
many  smaller  towns. 

Government. — The  executive  power  of  Texas  is  intrusted 
to  a  governor  and  lieutenant-governor,  elected  by  the  people, 
each  for  two  years,  the  former  receiving  $2000  per  annum 
salary,  and  the  latter,  who  is  ex  officio  president  of  the  Se- 
nate, $5  per  day  during  the  session  of  the  Legislature.  The 
latter  body  is  constituted,  as  usual  in  the  United  State.s,  of 
a  Senate,  composed  of  21  members  elected  for  4,  and  a  House 
of  Representatives,  of  66  members  elected  for  2  year? — lioth 
chosen  by  popular  vote.  The  sessions  of  the  legislature  are 
biennial,  and  meet  in  December.  Every  male  citizen  of  the 
United  States  (untaxed  Indians  and  negroes  excepted}  who 
is  over  21  years  of  age,  and  shall  have  resided  in  the  state 
1  year  next  preceding  an  election,  or  in  the  county,  town, 
or  district  iu  which  he  olTeis  to  vote,  shall  be  deemed  a 
qualified  elector,  except  United  States  soldiers,  marines, 
and  seamen.  The  judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  Supreme  Court, 
composed  of  a  chief  and  2  associate  judges;  and  2.  Of  14 
District  Courts,  held  twice  a  year  in  each  county.  Thei-e  is 
also  a  county  court  in  each  county.  All  the  judges  of  Texas 
are  elected  by  the  people  for  6  years,  but  the  governor  can, 
on  address  from  two-thirds  of  each  house,  remove  the 
judges  of  both  courts.  The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court 
receives  $2000,  and  the  district  ■  judges  each  $17.50  per 
annum.  The  state  debt  of  Texas,  in  March,  ]8o5,  was 
$11,055,694;  to  defray  part  of  which,  Congress  appropiiated 
$7,760,000  as  an  indemnity  for  certain  territory  relinquished, 
by  Texas  to  New  Mexico  on  the  formation  of  the  latter 
territory,  and  also,  for  Indan  depredations.  Ordinary  ex- 
penditures, exclusive  of  debt  and  schools.  $100,000.  Taxable 
property  in  1853.  $99,155,114.  In  November,  1851.  Texas 
had  but  one  bank,  capital,  $322,000;  circulation,  $300,000; 
coin,  $100,000. 

History. — The  present  state  of  Texas  formed,  previous  to 
the  revolution  of  1836,  the  whole  of  the  Mexican  province 
of  Texas,  together  with  portions  of  the  states  of  Tamaulipas, 
Co.xhuila,  Chihuahua,  and  New  Mexico.  In  conse(iue«ce  of. 
the  inducements  held  out  to  settlers,  an  extensive  emigrsfc- 
tion  to  this  region  from  the  United  States  commenced  ia  I 
1821,  which  had  swelled  to  sufficient  amount  in  1832  to  in- 
duce the  inhabitants  to  demandadmission  as  an  independent 
member  of  the  Mexican  confederacy ;  which  being  refiised, 
resulted  in  a  declaration  of  independence,  that,  after  vaiious 
contests  in  arms,  was  completely  achieved  by  the  defeat 
and  capture  of  the  Mexican  president,  Santa  Anna,  at  San 
Jacinto,  in  1S36.  Up  to  I.SIS,  Texas  remained  an  independent 
republic,  modelled  after  the  government  of  the  United 
States.  In  1846  it  was  admitted  a  member  of  the  North 
American  confederacy,  reserving  the  right  to  be  divided 
into  five  states,  with  the  institution  of  negro  slavery.  Dis- 
putes arising  with  Mexico  as  to  the  boundary,  ^  Mexico 
claiming  to  the  Nueces,  and  the  United  States  to  the  liio 
Grande  del  Norte.)  w.^r  ensued,  iu  which  General  Taylor 
gained  two  battles  within  the  limits  of  the  present  state  of 
Texas.  The  treaty  with  Mexico,  at  the  close  of  this  war, 
a.ssigned  to  Texas  the  Rio  Grande  as  its  S.W.  boundary.  By 
the  Compromi.-e  Act  of  1850,  the  boundaries  of  Texas  were 
somewhat  modified,  she  conceding  to  New  Mexico  a  portion 
of  her  Northern  territory,  in  consideration  of  $10,000,000, 
to  be  paid  by  the  United  States  government 

The  inhabitants  of  the  W.  and  N.^\'.  portions  of  Texas 
are  subject  to  frequent  inroads  from  the  Camanches.  Apa -hes, 
and  other  warlike  tribes,  who  desti-oy  property,  murder,  or 
carry  into  captivity  their  defenceless  victims,  aud  drive  off 
their  horses,  sheep,  and  cattle.- Adj.  and  inhab.  Tex' an. 

TEXAS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  has  au 
area  of  1250  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from  S.  to  N.  by 
Big  Piney  and  Robidoux  Forks,  affluents  of  Gasconade 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  Current,  an 
affluent  of  tlie  Big  Black  River.  The  surfiice  is  hilly,  and 
covered  with  extensive  forests  of  yellow  pine,  wliiih  here 
grows  to  a  great  sia«;  the  soil  is  said  to  be  generally  good. 
Capital,  Houston.  Pop.  0067,  of  whom  6011  were  free,  and 
66  slaves. 

TEXAS,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co..  New  York,  on  Sal- 
mon Creek,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Ontario,  above 
38  miles  N.  of  Syracuse.  Produce  is  shipped  here  iu  steam- 
boats. 

TEXAS,  a  villiige  of  I^ancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lanaister. 

TEXAS,  a  post-oflice  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TEXAS,  a  township  of  W.iyne  co.,  I'ennsylvania,  on  the 
Lackawaxen  Creek,  contains  Ilooesdale.  the  c(]unty  seat, 
which  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Carbondale  and  Hoiiesdale 
l?ailroad.     Pop.  3478. 

1907 


TEX 


TIHA 


TEXAS,  a  post-office  of  Meriwether  co.,  Qeorgin,  about  14 
miles  N.E  of  Greenville. 

TEXAS,  a  post-ofllce  of  Washington  co..  Kentucky. 

TEXAS,  a  Tillaire  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  turn- 
pike from  Urbana  to  Columbus. 

TEX' AS,  a  town.ehip  of  Crawford  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  566. 

TEXAS,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio. 

TEXAS,  a  township  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan,  inter- 
sected by  the  Slichigan  Central  Railroad.     I'op.  823. 

TEXXS,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana. 

TEXAS,  a  small  village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Iiwjuois  River. 

TEX.\S.  a  po.st-offlce  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois. 

TE.X.\S.  a  small  village  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa, 

TEX.iS  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Sacramento  co.,  California. 

TEXAS  VALLEY,  a  post-offlce  of  Cortland  co.,  New  York. 

TEXEL,  tix'i],  or  TES'SEL,  an  island  in  the  Xorth  Sea, 
belonging  to  the  Netherlands,  and  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  Marsdiep,  2^  miles  across.  Length,  13  miles ;  greatest 
breadth,  6  miles.  Pop.  4924,  engaged  in  agriculture,  fishing, 
boat-building,  and  as  pilots.  Surface  low,  and  chiefly  in 
pasturage,  on  which  fine  breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep  are 
reared.  Its  N.  part  is  termed  Eyerland,  (•'  Eggland.")  from 
the  great  abundance  of  eirgs  deposited  tiiere  by  wild  fowl. 
Its  W.  coast  is  sheltered  by  dykes,  which  were  broken 
through,  with  great  damage  to  the  island,  by  a  tremendous 
storm  in  February,  1825.  It  contains  a  town  and  several 
Tillages.  Off  the  Texel,  on  the  21st  of  July.  16,53,  the  Eng- 
lish tleet,  under  Monk,  defeated  the  Dutch  under  Van 
Tromp.  who  was  killed  during  the  action, 

TEXUTLA,  a  town  of  Central  America.     See  Tejcti-.^. 

TEY,  tA,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 

TEY,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 

TKYDE,  PEAK  OF,    See  Tenerhfe.  Peak  of. 

TEY,  MARKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

TEYXGA,  tain'gi,  the  northernmost  of  the  Sooloo  Islands, 
lat.  6°  52'  N..  Ion.  121°  43'  E. 

TEYN'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

TEZA,  tA'za,  or  TESSE,  t^s'sA,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  S.  of  the  government  of  Kostroma,  flows  cii-cuitously  S. 
Into  the  government  of  Vladiiiieer,  and  joins  the  Kliasm.i, 
after  a  course  of  alx)ut  100  miles. 

TEZA,  Wzi,  written  also  Tli^J.\.  a  town  of  Morocco,  king- 
dom, 65  miles  E.  of  Fez,  on  an  aiBuent  of  the  Selioo.  Pop. 
11,000.     It  has  a  fine  mosque,  and  well-supplied  markets. 

TEZCO/CO  or  TEZCUCO,  t^s-KooOio,  a  lake  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state,  and  about  2i  miles  E.  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  cjinal,  is  the  largest 
and  lowest  of  the  five  lakes  in  the  same  vicinity;  greatest 
length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  15  miles:  greatest  breadth,  9 
miles.  Its  depth  nowhere  exceeds  10  feet,  rfnd  in  some 
parts  is  not  more  than  2  or  3  feet,  while  its  shores,  little 
raised  above  its  level,  are  swampy.  Its  waters  are  so 
strongly  impregnated  with  salt  as  to  leave  a  white  deposit 
on  its  banks,  and  supply  a  number  of  salt-works  which  have 
been  erected.  The  lake  was  once  much  more  extensive 
than  at  present,  and  contained  several  islands,  on  which 
the  Mexico  of  the  Incas  was  built, 

TEZCOCO  or  TEZCUCO,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Conledera- 
tiou,  state,  and  about  16  miles  E.N.E,  of  Mexico,  on  the 
E.  shore  of  the  lake  of  its  own  name.  In  ancient  times  it 
was  the  second  city  in  the  kingdom,  and  though  still  a 
pl.^ce  of  some  importance,  now  derives  its  chief  interest 
from  historic^il  associations  and  remains  of  antiquity.  In 
the  X.W.  quarter  is  a  shapeless  mass  ot  pottery,  bricks,  and 
some  large  neatly-squared  slabs  of  basalt,  thickly  overgrown 
with  aloes,  said  to  be  one  of  the  palaces  of  Montezuma ;  and 
In  the  S.  quarter  are  the  massive  remains  of  three  vast 
pyramids,  each  measuring  400  feet  along  the  base  of  their 
fronts.  They  appear  to  have  been  teocalli  or  temples,  de- 
voted, like  those  of  the  capital,  to  human  sacritices  and 
other  impious  rites.  The  modern  town  contains  many 
hiiiidsome  edifices,  both  public  and  private ;  has  consider- 
able manufactures  of  woollen  and  cotton  goods,  and  carries 
on  an  active  trade  chietly  with  Mexico.  Pop.  about  SOiiO. 
THA  I.  the  prefixed  name  of  several  cities  of  China.  SeeTAl. 

THAILFINGEN,  til'fing-en.  a  village  of  WUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Schwarzwald,  9  miles  E.  of  Bahlingen,     Pop.  1667. 

THAI  I'E  SHAN  (or  CHAN.)  tl  pA  shjn,  a  mountain  of 
China,  province  of  Kan-Soo.  l^at.  32°  46'  N.,  Ion.  105°  3'  K. 
It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TIIAI  PE  SHAN  (or  CHAN,)  a  mount-iin  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Shan-.See.  Lat.  39°  20'  N.,  Ion.  111°  59'  E.  It  is 
oovered  with  perjjetual  snnw. 

THAI  PE  SHAN  (or  CHAN.)  a  mountain  of  China,  pro- 
Vin;e  of  Shen-See.  Lat.  38°  55'  N.,  Ion.  107°  42'  E.  It  is 
coyered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TH  AKE'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
IH.^L.  tAl,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  E.X.E.  of  St.  Gall,     Near  it  is  a  mineral  spring,  over 
which  a  bath  ha*  been  erected,  and  a  castle  belonging  to  the 
Prince  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.     Pop.  2065. 

THALE,  ti'leh,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Saxonv. 
anvernment.  and  S.W.  of  Magdeburg,  at  the  foot  of  thf 
Harz  Mountains.    Pop.  1385. 


THALEATN,    See  SALWiit. 

THALHEIM,  t^l'hlme.  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  and  bailiwick  of  Stolberg.     Pop.  1S66. 

TH.VLHEIM,  a  village  of  Wiirtemborg,  circle  of  Neckar, 
and  bailiwick  of  Heilbronn,  with  an  old  castle  in  ruins, 
Pop.  1314. 

THALHEIM,  a  rillasre  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of  Schwarz- 
wald. 7  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Tuttlincen.     Pop.  1201. 

THALHEIM,  a  vilKige  of  WUrtemberg.  circle  of  Schwarz- 
wald. and  bailiwick  of  Rottenbnrg,  with  the  ruins  of  an 
old  feudal  castle.    Pop.  1083. 

THALMAS3ING,  (ThalmSssing,)  til-m^s/sing,  or  TIIAL- 
ME.S/SINGEN,a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  25  miles  S.  by  E. 
of  Nuremberg,     Pop.  1169. 

THALWEIL,  tai'^He,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  6  miles  S.  of  Zurich,  on  a  height  al)Ove  the  W. 
shore  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich.  It  consists  chiefly  ofa  number 
of  houses  clustering  around  the  church,  whose  twisted  tower, 
risin?  up  among  them,  produces  a  strange  appearance. 
Pop.  1738. 

THAME  or  TAME,  a  river  of  England,  cos.  of  Bucks  and 
Oxford,  after  a  S  W.  course  of  40  miles  past  Thame,  Stad- 
hampton.  &c..  at  Dorchester  joins  the  Isis,  to  which  it 
afterwards  sives  the  name  of  Thames.     See  Tame. 

THAME  or  TAME,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.,  and  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oxford,  on  the  border  of  Bucks, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Thames,  which  here  becomes  navi- 
gable. Pop.  in  1851.  3259.  It  has  a  large  and  handsome 
church,  near  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  prebendal 
house,  a  work-house,  numerous  schools,  and  a  manufactory 
of  lace. 

TH.AMES,  tJmz,  (ane,  Tum'esis;  Fr.  Tamise.  tS'meez',) 
the  principal,  though  not  the  longest  river  of  England, 
through  the  S.  part  of  which  it  flows  mostly  in  an  E.  direc- 
tion. It  rises  under  the  name  of  the  Isis,  about  2  miles 
S,  of  Cirencester,  and  376  fieet  above  the  sea,  flows  at  first 
S.  to  ne.ar  Cricklade,  then  E.N.E.  past  lyechlade  to  near 
Oxford,  and  S.E.  past  Oxford,  Abingdon,  and  Wgllingford 
to  Reading,  after  which  its  course  is  mostly  K  to  Grave- 
send.  A  few  miles  beyond  this  it  expands  into  an  es-tu.iry 
which,  at  its  junction  with  the  North  Sea,  at  the  Nc  re, 
between  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  and  Foulness  I'oint,  is  15 
miles  across,  and  h.is  on  its  opposite  Isanks  the  towns  of 
Sheerness  and  Southend.  Total  course  estim.ited  at  215 
miles.  At  Dorchester,  it  receives  the  Thame  from  the  N., 
and  thenceforth  assumes  its  proper  name;  other  principal 
afliueuts  ,ire  tte  Churnet,  Coin,  Wainru.sh,  Evenlode,  Cher- 
well,  Cohie,  Brent,  Lea.  and  Roding.  from  the  N.,  and  tlie 
Cole,  Kennett,  (its  chief  affluent,)  Wey,  Mole,  and  gome 
smaller  rivers  from  the  S.  The  Mersey  joins  its  estuary  at 
Sheerness.  Thames-head  Bridge  is  376  feet  above  sta-level ; 
at  the  junction  of  the  Colne  above  Lechlade,  this  height  has 
diminished  to  243  feet,  showing  on  the  whole  distance  of  22 
miles  an  average  iall  per  mile  of  6  feet.  Below  this  the 
average  fill  nowhere  exceeds  2  feet  3  inches.  At  London 
Bridge,  where  the  height  above  sea-level  is  4  feet  3  inches, 
the  average  fall  per  mile  is  only  9  inches;  from  London 
Bridge  to  the  Nore,  it  does  not  exceed  1  inch,  -\t  London 
Bridge,  the  width  of  the  river  is  290  yards;  at  Woolwich, 
490  yards:  at  Gravesend.  800  yards:  and  3  miles  below,  1290 
yards.  The  basin  of  the  Thames  has  an  area  of  61  m  square 
miles.  It  thus  occupies  nearly  one-eighth  of  the  whole 
area  of  England,  but  belonging  entirely  to  the  upper  part 
of  the  secondary  and  to  the  tertiary  form.ation.  is  destitute 
of  coal,  and  hence  possesses  no  manufactures  of  importance 
except  tho.se  of  the  metropolis  itself.  It  comprehends,  how- 
ever, some  of  the  richest  agricultural  districts  of  the  king- 
dom, and  surpasses  all  others  in  point  of  wealth,  derived 
partly  from  its  containing  the  seat  of  government,  .ind  still 
more  from  its  vast  commercial  importance.  Its  depth,  in 
the  fair  way  above  Greenwich  to  London  Bridge,  is  12  to 
13  feet,  while  its  tides  h.ive  a  mean  range  of  17  feet,  and 
an  extreme  rise  of  22  feet.  Up  to  St,  Katherine's  Docks, 
adjoining  the  Tower,  it  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  800  tons, 
and  to  Blackwall  by  vessels  of  1400  ton.s.  As  far  as  Dept- 
ford  it  safely  floats  vessels  of  any  burden,  thougb.  sandbanks 
beyond  its  estuary  and  at  the  Nore  make  the  navigation 
rather  intricate.  At  London  and  below,  the  accommtKlation 
provided  for  shipping  is  of  the  most  extensive  and  magnifi- 
cent description.  Nor  has  the  navigation  of  its  upper  -han- 
nel.  and  the  importance  of  navigable  feeders,  been  iver- 
looked.  By  means  of  numerous  canals,  as  the  Thames  and 
Severn,  the  Oxford,  the  Wilts  and  Berks,  the  Kennet  and 
Avon,  the  M'ey  and  Arun.  the  Basingstoke,  and  the  Regent 
and  Paddington,  communicating  with  the  Grand  Junction, 
immediate  access  is  given  from  its  basin  to  those  of  all  the 
great  rivers  of  the  kingdom. 

Under  the  Romans  the  Thames  formed  the  N.  boundary 
of  the  province  of  Brilannia  Prima.  During  the  Saxon 
heptarchy,  it  divided  the  kingdoms  of  Wessex.  Sussex,  and 
Kent,  from  those  of  Mercia  and  Essex;  it  now  separates  the 
counties  of  Oxford,  Bucks,  Middlesex,  and  Essex  on  the  N . 
from  those  of  Berks,  Surrey,  and  Kent  on  the  S. 

THAMES,  commonly  prom^unced  thAms,  a  river  oi 
Conuecticnt,  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  QuinebauR, 


THA 


THE 


?hetncket.  and  Yantic  Rivers,  near  Norwich,  in  New  Lon- 
don county,  and  flows  S.  about  14  miles  into  the  E.  end  of 
Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  navigable  throughout  its  whole 
length,  and  forms  an  excellent  harbor  at  its  mouth. 

TIIAMKS,  tJmz.  a  river  of  Canada  West,  flows  through  a 
fertile  country  in  the  peninsula  between  Lakes  Huron  and 
Erie,  and,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  160  miles,  enters  Lake  St. 
Clair.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  from  its  mouth  to  Chatham, 
besides  which  town,  London  and  Oxford  are  on  its  banks. 

TII.VMKS  or  WAI-IIO,  wi'ho.  a  river  of  New  Zealand, 
North  Island,  aft«r  a  northward  course  joins  the  sea  by  an 
estuary  30  miles  in  breadth,  termed  the  Frith  of  the 
Thames,  (or  Waikahourounga,)  and  on  the  S.W.  shore  of 
which  is  the  town  of  Auckland. 

THAMES  (tJmz)  DIXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Surrev. 

TII.X.MES'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Ox- 
ford. 102  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  175. 

THAN  A,  tJ'nS  or  t'hi'na,  a  .small  town  of  the  North  Pun- 
jab, on  the  route  from  Lahore  to  Cashmere.  Lat.  33°  26' 
N..  Ion.  74°  16' E.   Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  shawl-weavers. 

THANASUIl,  t'hd'nl-.«&r'(?)  a  town  of  North-west  Hin- 
dostan,  capital  of  a  r.ajahship,  94  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi,  on 
the  route  to  Umballah. 

TIIAN'ET,  ISLE  OF,  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  co.  of 
Kent.  England,  surrounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  sea,  and  S. 
and  W.  by  the  river  Stour  and  its  branch,  the  Nethergong, 
both  formerly  navigable  for  ships  of  large  burden.  Length, 
10  miles ;  breadth,  5  miles.  Area,  26.500  acres.  Pop.  In 
1851,  31.798.  The  surface  is  level,  lofty,  and  commands 
views  of  the  sea  and  the  coast  of  France.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
and  produces,  among  other  products,  large  quantities  of 
canary-seed.  Its  N.E.  point,  the  North  Foreland,  lat.  51° 
22'  29"  N.,  Ion.  1°  26'  47"  E.,  has  a  light-house  340  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  visible  for  22  miles.  Near  it  are  two 
large  tumuli,  said  to  mark  the  place  of  a  battle  between 
the  Saxons  and  Danes  in  A.  D.  853.  The  town  of  Reculver, 
on  the  N.W.,  marks  the  site  of  the  ancient  Regulhium ;  and 
Eichborough,  on  its  S.  side,  was  the  ancient  Wiutujnuin. 
Thanet  was  the  first  possession  of  the  Saxons,  in  Britain. 
On  it  are  the  favorite  watering-places  Ramsgate.  Margate, 
and  Broadstairs,  and  it  is  intersected  by  a  branch  of  the 
South-Eastern  Railw;iy,  tnitween  the  two  former  towns. 

THAN  HKE  SHAN  or  THAN  HI  CHAN,  t'hin  h.i  shdn,  a 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  Yun-nan.  Lat.  23°  50'  N., 
Ion.  100°  22'  R.    It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TIIANaNOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co|of  Kent. 

TIIANK'ERTON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  with  a  station  on 
the  Caledonian  Railway.    See  Covington. 

THAN-LYENG  or  THAN-LWENO.    See  a.u.wiN. 

THANN,  t3nn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haut- 
Rhin,  on  the  Thur,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Colmar,  with  hhich 

Elace  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  in  1S52.  5864.  It 
as  a  fine  Gothic  church,  with  a  spire  025  feet  in  height, 
and  man  ufictures  of  cotton  handkerchiefs  and  twi.st,  hosieiy, 
stjirch.  and  salt. 

THANXH  AUSEN,  tlnOiOw'zen,  amarket-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Swabia,  on  the  Mindel,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  20 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1580. 

THARANADT,  tk'vl-nlti\  a  town  of  Saxony,  9  miles 
S.W^.  of  Dresden.  N.  of  the  forest  of  its  own  name.  It  has  a 
bathing  establishment,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  1733. 

THAI?  P.  a  post-office  of  Bibb  co.,  Georgia. 

THARSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THARTHAR,  tartar'  or  t'har't'har',  a  river  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  after  a  S.  course  parallel  to  the 
Tigris,  is  lost  in  a  salt  lake  70  miles  N.W.  of  Bagd.ad. 

THASO,  thd'so.  or  THA'SOS,  an  island  in  the  iEgean  Sea, 
belonging  to  European  Turkey,  off  the  S.  coast  of  Room- 
Elee.  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mount  Athos.  The  shape  is  nearly 
circular.  Are.a,  S5  square  miles.  Pop.  6000.  The  surface  is 
generally  fertile  and  well  wooded;  the  products  comprise 
corn,  fruits,  oil,  wine,  honey,  marble,  aiid  timber.  In  its 
interior  is  the  small  town  of  Volgaro,  and  on  its  N.E.  side 
the  village  of  Thaso. 

THASO  PULO  or  POULO.  thi'so  pooHo,  ("Little  Thaso,") 
a  small  island  about  3  miles  N.  of  Thaso. 

THATC'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  3  miles 
E.  of  Newburv,  on  the  Great  Western  Railway. 

THATCH'KR,  a  post-office  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois. 

THAU.  £TANG  DE.  .•IHSno'  deh  tO,  a  lagoon  of  South 
France,  department  of  Herault,  separated  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean by  the  narrow  tongue  of  land  on  which  is  the  town 
ofCette;  it  communicates  N.E.  with  the  similar  lagoon  of 
Maguelonne.  Length,  13  miles;  average  breadth.  3  miles. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Canal  du  Midi,  affords  an  abundance 
offish,  and  is  frequented  by  flocks  of  aquatic  birds. 

THAU'MACO.  (modern  Greek  pron.  thfiw'ma-ko.)  a  small 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thessaly,  35  miles  S.S.W.  of 
r«rissa.  on  a  castellated  height  on  which  are  remains  of  the 
tlioient  Thauinad. 

THANTED,  a  decayed  borough,  market-town,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Esse.x,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chelmsford. 
Pop.  in  1S51,  2556.  The  town,  on  the  Chelraer,  near  its 
source,  U  of  great  antiquity;    but  its  borough  privileges 


were  suffered  to  l.ipse  in  the  time  of  James  TT.   The  church 
erected  about  the  time  of  Edward  II..  is  a  fine  edifice. 

TH.\YA.  ti'i,  a  river  of  IjOwer  Austria  and  Moravia,  after 
an  E.  course  of  130  miles,  joins  the  March  39  miles  N.P^.  s» 
Vienna.  It  receives  the  Iglawa,  with  the  Zwittawa.  from  th^ 
N..  by  which  it  drains  all  the  S.W.  half  of  Moravia. 

THEAKI  orTHIAKL    See  Ithaca. 

TliE.\LE,  theel,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  wltli 
a  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  5  miles  W.S.AV.  oj 
Reading. 

THEB.^E.    See  Thebks. 

THE'BERTON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THEBES,  theebz,  (anc.  Dint'pnHi  JUcf/'na ;  Gr.  dcdo-woXt, 
lityaXn-  i-  e.  •'  the  great  city  of  Jove;"  the  A'n  or  Ki>-Amnion, 
of  scripture,)  a  famous  city  in  antiquity,  long  the  capital  of 
Egypt,  the  stupendous  remains  of  which,  in  Upper  Egypt, 
extend  for  7  miles  along  both  banks  of  the  Nile,  about  lat. 
25°  4T  N.,  Ion.  32°  38'  E.,  and  present,  in  every  respect,  the 
finest  collection  of  ancient  monuments  exi.sting  in  the  world. 
Its  foundation  is  lost  in  antiquity;  but  it  had  long  been  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  cities  of  Egypt,  and  attained  to 
almost  unexampled  prosperity  at  a  period  considered  coeval 
with  the  reigns  of  David  and  Solomon  in  Judea,  when  it 
began  to  suffer  by  the  rise  of  its  rival  Memphis,  and  lost 
much  of  its  importance  by  the  transfer  of  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment to  the  latter.  It  sustained  a  still  severer  blow 
during  the  invasion  of  the  Persians  under  Cambyses,  who 
captured  and  pillaged  it.  Its  destruction  was  completed,  it 
is  said,  by  Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  who,  in  the  seco7id  century 
II.  C,  after  a  three  years'  siege,  left  it  a  heap  of  ruins.  These 
ruins,  however,  bear  ample  testimony  to  its  original  gran- 
deur; and  some  of  them,  considering  their  antiquity  and 
the  usage  to  which  they  have  been  subjected,  are  still  in 
wondrous  preservation. 

The  most  ancient  and  splendid  is  the  temple  of  Kamak, 
which  covered  an  area  of  about  1}  miles  in  circuit,  and  re- 
ceived its  embellishments  from  a  succession  of  monarchs 
who  vied  with  each  other  in  the  lavishne.ssof  their  expendi- 
ture upon  it.  Its  principal  front,  forming  its  N.W.  side, 
faces  the  river,  and  is  approached  by  an  avenue  of  Crio- 
sphinxes.  which  terminatedat  twocolossal  statues  of  granite, 
standing  like  towers.  One  of  these,  though  it  has  lost  its 
summit  and  cornice,  still  retains  a  great  part  of  its  original 
height.  Beyond  the  towers  is  a  large  open  court,  329  bj 
275  feet,  with  a  double  line  of  columns  In  its  centre,  and  a 
covered  corridor  on  either  side;  and  beyond  the  court  la 
the  grand  hall  of  assembly,  32i9  by  170  feet,  with  a  cen- 
tral avenue  of  12  enormous  columns,  66  feet  in  height, 
and  38  feet  in  circuit;  and  7  side  rows  of  columns,  122  in 
num'ber.  less  than  these  of  the  centre,  but  still  of  gigantic 
dimensions — their  height  being  41  feet  9  inches,  and  their 
circuit  27  feet  6  inches.  Other  courts  and  halls  are  con- 
tinued inward  for  an  additional  length  of  600  feet,  contain- 
ing numerous  columns  and  occasional  obelisks,  one  of 
which,  still  standing,  is  92  feet  high  by  8  feet  square,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  peri.stvle  of  figures.  Numerous  his- 
torical sculptures  are  carveii  on  various  parts  of  the  temple, 
and  more  especially  on  the  interior  of  its  great  hall,  and 
furnish  vivid  representations  of  the  events  to  which  they 
refer. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  ruins  of  Kamak  are  those  of 
the  palace  of  Luxor,  rather  more  than  1  mile  above  the 
temple,  but  connected  with  it  by  a  dromns  or  street,  com- 
mencing at  two  obelisks  of  red  granit<»,  covered  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  hieroglyphics  admirably  executed.  One  of  these 
obelisks  now  forms  the  principal  ornament  of  the  Place  d« 
Concorde  nt  Paris.  The  dimensions  of  the  palace  are  less 
than  those  of  the  temple,  but  the  style  of  architecture  is 
considered  superior,  and  the  state  of  preservation  is  more 
complete.  On  the  left  hank  of  the  Nile,  which  bore  the 
name  of  the  Libyan  Suburb,  was  situated  the  quarter 
called  Memnonia,  and  a  very  extensive  necropolis,  still  con- 
taining many  magnificent  monumental  structures.  The 
Memnonia  is  so  called  from  containing  the  palace  temple 
of  Memnonium  or  liameseum,  (?)  which,  for  symmetry  of 
architecture  and  elegance  of  sculpture,  is  not  surpassed  by 
an3- monument  of  Egyptian  art.  One  of  its  most  remark- 
able objects,  now  unhappily  reduced  to  fragments  by  the 
fury  of  the  invader,  was  a  stupendous  sienite  statue,  which, 
when  entire,  must  have  weighed  887  tons.  Another  re- 
markable colossus,  once  the  wonder  of  the  ancients,  still 
exists  in  a  dilapidated  state.  It  is  called  the  Vocal  Mem- 
non.  from  a  sound  which  is  emitted  at  sunrise,  long  va- 
riously explained,  but  now  known  to  have  been  due  to  ex- 
pansion resulting  fi'om  the  heat  of  the  morning  sun.  The 
statue  possesses  great  interest,  both  from  the  skill  displayed 
in  its  formation,  and  the  number  of  the  hieroglyphics  en> 
graved  on  it.  The  necropolis,  on  the  same  side  of  the  river, 
is  rich  in  antiquities,  and  contains  numerous  catacombs, 
from  one  of  which  the  famous  tomb  of  Belzeni  was  ex- 
cavated.  Adj.  and  inhab.  The'dan. 

THEBES.  (Gr.  OriSai.  I'liehai.  pronounced  theeVil  by  the 

modern  Greeks:  Turkish.  Tcfva.)fi  town  of  Grec "vprn- 

ment  of  Boeotia,  on  a  height  anciently  occupied  by  tlia 
Cadmeian  citadel,  26  miles  E.B.E.  of  Livadia.     Pop.9000. 

1909 


THE 


THE 


Thebes,  tounded  by  Caduius  al.out  e.c.  1549,  (?)  the  birth- 
place of  l^-isiod,  Pindar,  IVlopidas,  and  Epaminondas.  was 
iiuciently  a  ity  of  jireat  wealth  and  importance ;  but  it  was 
almost  "wholly  ruined  durinR  the  Greek  revolutionary 
Btrujjgle. Adj.  and  inhab.  The/ban. 

TU  KBES.  theebz,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alexandria  co., 
Llinois,  on  the  Mississippi  liiver,  14-i  miles  below  St.  Louis. 

XHKBO,  thi/bo,  a  town  of  Burmah,  in  Farther  India,  lOD 
miles  K.  of  Ava. 

TIIK  COIViNKR,  a  post-ofBce  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York. 

THEDINGII.'VUSK.N'.  tVdini-hdw'zen,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  Brunswick,  13  miles  S.K.  of  Bremen.     Pop.  1917. 

THEiyiNGWORTU,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Leicester 
and  Northampton. 

TIIEDLETUOUPE,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

TU  BDLETUOKPE,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

THE  EOllK.  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

THE  GLA'DES,  a  post-offlce  of  Carroll  co.,  Virginia. 

THE  GLEN,  a  post-office  of  Warren  CO.,  New  York. 

THE  <iUI.iE,  a  post-office  of  Chatham  co.,  North  Carolina. 

THEISS,  tice,  (Hun.  Tisza,  tee'sdh';  anc.  Tihis'cus.)  a  river 
of  Hungary,  all  the  E.  part  of  which,  and  mo.st  of  Tran.syl- 
vania,  is  drained  by  it  and  its  tributaries,  rises  in  the  Car- 

Cathiau  Mountains,  on  the  borders  of  Galicia,  and  is  formed 
y  the  union  of  the  Black  and  White  Theiss,  20  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Szigeth.  Its  course  is  then  W.  to  Tokay,  whence  it  has  a 
S.  course  to  the  Danube,  which  it  joins  on  the  left  between 
the  Banat  and  Slavonia,  22  miles  E.  of  Peterwardein.  Total 
length,  500  miles,  for  the  greater  part  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. Chief  affluents,  the  Szamos.  the  Kraszna.  the  Koros, 
the  Maros,  and  the  Alt-Bega.  its  course  is  sluggish,  and  in 
its  lower  half  it  flows  parallel  to  the  Danube,  through  a 
marshy  plain,  and  with  many  windings.  The  chief  traffic 
ou  it  is  the  downward  conveyance  of  salt,  timber,  and  rural 
produce.  It  has  sturgeon  and  other  fisheries.  The  Theiss 
gives  name  to  two  great  divisions  of  Hungary. 

THEL'BIIIDGK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

THEI/NETHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THF.iyVETO.N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THEMAK,  til/maa,  a  town  of  Central  Germany,  duchy  of 
Saxe-Meiningen,  on  the  Werra,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Meiningen. 
Pop.  1500.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth  and  paper. 

THE.M'ILTHOUPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TlIEMSCIII'i,  tJm'sKgh,  a  marketrtown  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Den- 
dermonde.  Pop.  6160.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens, 
printed  cottons,  and  lace. 

THE  NAll/KOWS,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co..  Arkansas. 

TII1JXEZ.\Y,  tfh-n^h-zi',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Deux-S6vres,  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Parthenay. 
Pop.  in  1S52,  2249. 

i'HEN'FOKD,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Northampton. 

THENINGEN,  t.Vuing-gn,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of 
Upper  Fihine,  3  miles  W.  of  Emmendingen,  near  the  left 
bank  of  the  Elz.     Pop.  1326. 

TUENON,  thgh-n6s"',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Dordogne,  18  miles  E.SJ<:.  of  Perigueux.  Pop.  in 
Ihb-i,  1850. 

THE'OBALD,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford,  vrith 
a  fine  seat  on  the  site  of  a  palace  erected  in  1659  by  the 
celebrated  Burleigh,  who  here  entertained  Queen  Elizabeth. 

THEODOSIA.    SeeK.VFFA. 

TIIEODUKIA,  the-o-doo/re-3,  a  small  town  of  European 
•Xurkev,  iu  Epirus,  pashalic.  and  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Yanin.i. 

THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co., 
Tirgiuia. 

THE  PL.\IXS,  a  past-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  A'irginisc 

THE  PUU'CHASE,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
York,  about  130  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

THIiK.A..     See  SA.NT0Rim. 

THEIIAIN,  tgh-r^N"',  a  river  of  France,  rises  near  the  E. 
frontiers  of  Seine-Inferieure,  enters  the  department  of  Oise, 
flows  S.E.  past  Beaufais,  and  joins  the  Oise  near  Creil. 
Total  course,  50  miles. 

THEKAPIA,  t5r-a-pee'a,  written  also  TARAPIA,  a  village 
of  European  Turkey,  in  lioom-Elee,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
Bospborus.  7J  miles  N.N.E.  of  Constantinople,  with  nume- 
rous country-houses,  and  residences  of  the  French  and 
English  ambassadors. 

THERAUD,  fher'awd',  a  town  of  Ilindosfan,  province  of 
Guzerat,  capital  of  a  district,  150  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Odey- 
poor.  In  1809  it  was  a  place  of  considerable  importance, 
coataiuiog  2700  houses.  The  district  suffers  much  from  the 
»arcity  or  brackishness  of  the  water,  though  it  is  remark- 
able  that  the  best  and  freshest  water  is  in  that  part  of  the 
district  nearest  the  saltrmorass  of  the  Runn. 

TUIiRESA,  te-ree/s^,  a  post-village  of  There.sa  township, 
Jefferson  co.,  New  York,  on  Indian  River,  18  or  20  miles 
N.N  .E.  of  Watortown.    Pop.  f)f  the  township,  2fi28. 

THERESA,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Dodge  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, about  20  miles  S.of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  2433, 

THEKESIENOPEL.    See  There.sienstadt. 

THKRESIEXSTADT.  t^r-A'ze-tn-stdtt\  a  town  of  the  Aus- 
trUu  Empire,  in  Bohemia,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Leitmeritz,  ou  the 
1910 


Eger,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Elbe.    Pop.  1323.    Its 
fortre.<iS  was  built  bv  Joseph  11.  in  1780. 

THERE3IEXSTADT  or  THEKESIENOPEL,  tJr-A'za  an- 
o'pel,  (Hun.  Szcibuill.a.  soh'l  ()d'k6h\)  a  town  of  the  AuLlnau 
Empire,  in  South-east  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  25  miles  S.W. 
of  Szegedin.  Pop.53,409.  It  has  several  churches,  a  col 
lege,  large  bairacks.  and  town-hall,  with  manufactures  ot 
linen,  leather,  and  tobacco,  and  a  trade  in  horses,  cattle> 
shei^p.  raw  hides,  and  wool. 

TIIERESIOPOLIS.  t^-r-A'ze-ojVo-li.s  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
Empire,  co.,  and  18  miles  E.  of  Temesvar.     Pop.  oSOl. 

TIIEK'FIELD,  a  pari.sli  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

THERM  J,.    See  Tei:mi.m. 

THERMAICUS  SINUS.    See  Saionica,  Guir  of. 

THEHMEH  or  TERMEH.  teR'm&h,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, rises  N.N.W.  of  Kaia-IIissar,  flows  W.,  and  then  N. 
Total  course,  about  100  miles. 

TIIERMEH  or  TERMKH,  (anc.  Thermodon,)  a  sm.-ill  town 
of  A.siatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Stevas,  130  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Trebizond,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Thermeh,  in  the  Black 
Sea. 

THERMTA,  thJr-mee'a..  (anc.  O/i'i'nns;  Gr.  KvOvos  or  Kvd- 
►toj.)  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  in  the  Cyclades, 
government,  and  22  miles  W.  of  Syra,  midway  between  Zea 
and  Serpho.  Area,  48  sijuare  miles.  I'op.  6000.  It  pro- 
duces wheat,  barley,  vine,  figs,  honey,  and  .some  silk,  and 
derives  its  name  from  the  hot  springs  on  its  E.  side,  near 
the  principal  village  of  Thermia. 

THEKMIGNON,  t?;R'meen\vANi:',  a  market-town  of  Savoy, 
province  of  Maurienne.  on  the  route  leading  across  Mont 
Cenis,  3  miles  W.  of  Lans-le-ltourg.     Pop.  1254. 

THERMOPYL.T:.  th,.>r-mop/e  K-,  or  PYL.^F,  pilee,  (Gr. 
6t(C)f)07ruAaj  or  Tlv\ai,i.e.  the  -'hot  gates."  or  the  "gates.") 
a  famous  pass  of  Greece,  in  Htllas,  government  of  Phthioti^ 
between  Mount  JFAa  and  the  Gulf  of  Zeitoun.  9  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Lamia.  The  pji.ss,  about  5  miles  long,  is  hemmed 
in  on  one  side  by  precipitous  rocks  of  from  400  to  600  feet 
in  height,  and  on  the  other  side  by  the  .sea  and  an  impjis- 
sable  morass.  The  supposed  Increase  in  the  width  of  the  pass 
in  modern  times  is  chiefly,  if  not  wholly,  attributable  to  the 
circumstance  that  it  is  generally  visited  by  travellers  in  the 
dry  season.  In  winter  it  is  only  from  60  to  100  yards  wide.  It 
was  hei-e  that  Leonldas  and  his  300  Spartans  died  in  defend- 
ing Greece  against  the  invasion  of. Xerxes,  B.C.  480.  The  Poly- 
andrium.  an  ancient  tumulus,  with  the  remains  of  a  square 
pedestal,  builtof  blocksof  red  marble  breccia,  marks  the  spot. 
The  thermal  or  hot  springs,  to  which  the  pass  owes  its  name, 
are  in  the  vicinitj*,  about  half-way  between  TherniopylK  and 
Vodonitza.  They  have  a  temperature  of  111°,  and  are  im- 
cregnated  with  carbonic  acid.  lime,  sal^  and  sulphur. 

THE  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  tJpsori  co„  Georgia. 

TIliUONDELS,  tA\5NoM6l',  a  village  of  France,  depwt- 
meiit  of  Aveyron,  arrondi.ssement  of  Mur-de-I!,arrez.  P.  1600. 

TIIT^ROUANNE,  tA'roo-dnn',  a  town,  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Pa.s-de-Calais.  8  miles  S.  of  St.  Omer.  Pop.  9.')5.  It 
was  formerly  a  fortress,  taken  by  the  English  in  1380  and 
1513.  and  in  1653  b}'  the  Emperor  Charles  V. 

THE  SQUARE,  a  post-offlce  of  Cayuga  co.,  New  York. 

TIIESSALOMCA.  European  Turkey.    See  Salomca. 

THESS'ALY  or  THESSA'LTA,  (modern  Gr.  pron.  thJs- 
si-lee'a;  Fr.  Thei^mlie,  tcs'sdMee';  Ger.  Thtsaolien.  ti-sSle- 
en.)  or  TRIKHALA,  tre-kSld,  (anc.  Thmm'lia,)  one  of  tho 
S.  provinces  of  European  Turkey,  between  lat.  39°  and 
40°  30'  N.,  Ion.  21°  30'  and  2.3°  25'  E.,  having  S..  Greece, 
(Hellas;)  W.,  the  chain  of  Pindus.  sep."irating  it  fitim  Kpirus 
and  Albania;  N.,  Macedonia;  and  E.,  the  Gulfs  of  Salonica 
and  Volo,  between  which  it  sends  a  long  peninsula  into  the 
-Egean  Sea.  It  is  traversed  by  the  ramifications  of  Monnt 
Pindus,  and  contains  many  fertile  valleys,  watered  by  the 
Salembria.  (anc.  Pene'us.)  with  .some  plains,  as  tho.se  of  La- 
rissa.  Trikhala,  and  Pharsalia,  the  last  memorable  for  the 
decisive  action  between  the  fiirces  of  Cse.sar  and  Pompey, 
Near  the  coast  are  Mounts  Ki.s.sovo  and  Zagora.  (anc.  Osfa 
and  Ptlion.)  and  on  the  N,  frontier  is  the  famed  Jlount 
Olympus  of  antiquity.  Principal  products,  cotton,  olive.s, 
and  silk.  Principal  towns,  Larissa,  Trikhala,  Volo,  and 
Ambelakia. 

TllET'FORD,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
and  town  of  England,  cos.  of  Norfolk  and  Sutfolk.  on  the 
Little  Ouse,  at  the  influx  of  the  Thet.  28^  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Norwich,  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway.  Area  of  bo 
rough,  comprising  three  parishe.s,  8270  acres.  Pop.  in  1S51 
4075.  The  town  is  irregularly  but  well  built.  The  princi 
pal  structures  are  St.  Peter's,  or  the  "black  church,"  buili 
mostly  of  flint;  the  guildhall,  market-house,  jail,  bridewell, 
theatre,  and  a  cast-iron  bridge  across  the  Ou.se.  St.  Mary's, 
the  only  church  on  the  Suffolk  side,  is  a  lai-ge  thatched 
fabric,  with  a  lofty  square  tower.  Here  are  a  grammai 
school,  almshouses,  and  other  charities.  The  Little  Ouse  ii 
n.avigable  to  Thetford.  The  borough  sends  2  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  It  is  a  polling-placo  for  the  W.  division 
of  Norfolk,  and  head  of  a  poor-law  union.  Thetford  is  sup 
posed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Silimiaffiix.  and  wat 
for  a  brief  period  tho  capital  kingdom  of  East  A  -Jg'ia,  anil  in 
the  seventh  century  the  see  of  tte  bishopric  t.  Notblk  and 


THfe 


^Ht 


Suffolk.  So  late  as  the  time  of  Edward  III.  It  was  stated 
to  have  20  churches  and  8  monasteries ;  some  remains  of 
the  latter  still  exist. 

TIIKTFOKD.  a  chapelry  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Camhridge. 

TlIKT't'OKD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the 
Connecticut  and  I'assunipsic  Kivers  Kailroad.  33  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Montpilier.  It  contains  several  churches,  an  academy, 
and  manufactures  of  woollens,  furniture,  carriages,  &e. 
Pop.  1870. 

T(I1';TF0RD,  a  post-office  of  Qene.see  co.,  Michig.an. 

TIIK  UNION.  Qn'von.  a  post-office,  Powhatan  co.,TirgiDia. 

TIIKUSING,  toi'zing.  written  also  THEYSING  and  DEU- 
glNt!.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Elbogen. 
Pop.  1904. 

TIIEVX,  tuh,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and  13  mile.<! 
S.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  railw.ay  to  Aix  la  Chapelle.     Pop.  3000. 

TlIK  VIL'LAGE,  a  postK)flice  of  Pointe  Coupee  parish, 
Louisiana. 

TIIKM-EE-CirOH.   Pee  Gre.w  Fish  River. 

THKYS.  tA,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Isere, 
16  miles  \.K.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  in  1S.52,  2415. 

TIIKY.-^INO,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Thel'SIXG. 

TIIl.V(iUU.  teo\i-gtir'  or  fhe-a-gilr',  a  town  of  Ilindnstan, 
In  the  Carnatic,  62  miles  W.S.W.'of  Pondicherry.  Lat.  11°  42' 
N..  Ion,  79°  8'  E.  During  the  Carnatic  wars  of  the  last  cen- 
tury this  was  a  strong  place,  and  sustained  several  sieges. 

TUIAKI,  one  of  the  Ionian  islands.     See  IthaW. 

TIUAN-CTIAN.     See  TinA\-sn.\N. 

THIAN-MEN-SHAN  or  CHAN,  tee'Sn'  mJn  sh^n,  a 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  K.in-soo.  Lat.  33°  32'  N., 
Ion.  104°  .32'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

THIAN-SIIAN,  tee^Jn'shdn,  (or  -'celestial  mountains.")  a 
lofty  mountain  chain  of  Chinese  Toorkistau.  forming  theN. 
boundary  of  the  great  table-land  of  Central  Asia,  and  extend- 
ing from  lat.  42°  to  43°  N..  and  Ion.  80°  to  00°  E.  It 
separates  the  region  of  Thian-f^han-Nim-lon  or  Toorkistan 
proper,  on  the  S.  from  T)iian-Shan-l'f-liio  or  Soongaria.  on 
the  N.  In  many  parts  it  abounds  with  volcanic  products, 
and  rises  far  above  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow. 

THIAN-Sn.\N  PELII.     See  Soomgaria. 

TIIIAN-TIISANGSirAN  (or  CHAN.)  tee'dn' ts^ng  shSn, 
a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Yun-nan.  Lat.  25°  45'  N., 
Ion.  100°  15'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

TIIIAUCOURT,  teeVkooR\  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Meurthe,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Pont-a-Mousson.  Pop.  in  1S52, 
1660. 

TIIIBEIIVILLE,  tee^b?R'vcel',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Euro,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Bernav.     Pop.  1334. 

THIBET  or  TIBKT,  tiVet*  or  tlb-Jt'.  (native.  Pue-lnachin, 
poo-A  ko-d  fheen'  (?)  "  Snowy  Region  of  the  North ;"  Chinese, 
Txang ;  Hindoo.  Bhnt;  the  name  Tibet  or  Tiihe.t  being  of  Mo- 
hammedan origin,)  an  extensive  region,  occupying  all  the 
S.  portion  of  the  great  table-land  of  Central  Asia,  extending 
In  its  widest  sense,  between  lat  27°  and  36°  N..  and  Ion.  73° 
and  101°  E.;  bounded  on  the  N.  hy  the  Kuenlun  Moun- 
tains, and  their  continuations,  which  separate  it  from  Chi- 
nese Toorkistan,  the  desert  of  Gobi,  and  the  Koko-Nor  (Blue 
Sea)  Territory;  E.  by  the  Chinese  provinces  of  Se-chuen  and 
Y'un-nan;  S.  by  the  latter,  the  N.  provinces  of  Burmah.  and 
the  Himalaya  Mountains,  which  .separate  it  from  Assam, 
Bootan.  Sikkim.  Nepaul,  and  the  N.VV.  territories  of  British 
India;  W.  by  the  Himalayas,  separating  it  from  Cashmere. 
Punjab.  KafiVistan.  &c.  The  most  part  of  this  region,  about 
13U0  miles  in  length  from  W.  to  E.,  belongs  to  the  Chinese 
Empire;  but  its  extreme  \V.  portion,  called  Little  Thibet  or 
Bultisfan,  is  included  in  the  dominions  of  the  Maharajah 
of  Cashmere;  Ladak,  adjoining  this,  is  not  under  the  Chi- 
nese rule,  its  inhabitants  recognising  only  the  spirituiil 
authority  of  the  Tal6  Lama;  and  Sifiui  or  Sefan,  bordering 
on  China,  is  excluded  by  the  Chinese  from  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Thibetan  authorities.  Thibet  Proper,  thus  limited, 
extends  between  Ion.  78°  and  98°  E.,  and  is  divided  into 
Wei-Tsang  (anterior  or  eastern,)  and  IIop-T.sang  (ulterior 
or  western.)  Thibet;  capital  of  the  former,  Lassa,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  Grand  or  Tale  Lama,  and  the  metropolis  of  the 
Boodhic  religion ;  capital  of  the  latter,  Tesboo-Loomboo,  the 
seat  of  the  Bantchin-Remboutchi. 

Face,  of  the  Chunlry,  Jiivers,  die.— -Thibet,  as  a  whole,  is  pro- 
bably the  most  elevated  country  on  the  sui-face  of  the  globe. 
Its  plains  average  from  10,000  to  11,000  feet  in  height,  and 
many  of  its  mountains  rise  to  more  than  twice  that  eleva- 
tion. The  latter  generally  extend  in  ranges  parallel  to 
those  of  the  Himalayas,  leaving  between  them  numerous 
narrow  valleys  and  deep  ravines.  In  the  E.,  however,  the 
mountains  run  N.and  S..  enclosing  the  upper  courses  of  the 
rivers  of  India  beyond  the  Ganges.  'SVithin  the  boundaries 
of  Thibet  rise  nearly  all  the  great  rivers  of  South  and  East 
Asia,  the  Indus,  Sutlej,  Brahmapootra,  Irrawaddy,  Salwin, 
lUenam,  Mekong,  Yang-tse-kiang,  and  Hoang-ho.  besides  the 

•  "And  spicy  rods,  such  as  illume  at  night 

Tlie  bow  era  of  Tibet,  send  I'jrth  odorous  light, 
■■  ike  Peris'  wands  when  pointing  out  the  road 
for  (i.-'Uie  pure  spirit  to  its  blest  abode." 

MooKE's  Lalla  Roohh. 


floggra,  and  many  other  affluents  of  the  Ganges.  Lakes  are 
numerous.  The  Tengri  Nor  and  Booka  ^■or  are  remarkable 
for  their  size;  I-iike  I'alte  surrounds  like  a  ring  a~~targe  is- 
land of  if  sown  shape;  Manasarowar  and  Ravan.nhrada.  near 
lat.  31°  N..  Ion.  81°  E.,  are  regarded  as  "sacred  lakes,"  being 
situated  nearly  15.000  feet  above  the  sea.  in  the  tract  of 
K.aiL'is — the  mythological  01ym])ns  of  the  Hindix)s.  where 
the  greatest  rivers  of  India  have  their  sources.  The  princi- 
pal passes  connecting  Thibet  with  India  are  the  Ghangtang 
Ghaut.  (10.150  feet  in  height.)  and  the  Mti  Ghaut,  (10.814 
feet.)  at  both  heads  of  the  Ganges:  the  Dura  Ghaut.  (17.700 
feet.)  and  the  Mnsrung  Pas?  from  Nepaul;  and  at  the  head 
of  the  Konki  River,  between  Nepaul  and  Sikkim,  to  which 
ingress  into  Thibet  from  the  S.  is  said  to  l>e  easy.  (Gutz- 
lajf.)    Several  of  these  routes  are  practicalde  tor  horses. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Thibet  is  chiefly  remarkable 
for  its  extreme  dryness  and  clearness  of  the  atmosphere 
during  most  of  the  year.  In  the  spring,  from  March  to  May, 
the  weather  is  variable,  and  thunder-storms,  with  occi- 
sional  showers,  are  frequent.  Near  Lassa  the  trees  bud  in 
April.  From  June  to  September  heavy  rains  prevail,  and 
swell  the  rivers  which  help  to  inundate  the  countries  of 
South  Asia.  But  fnmi  October  to  March,  so  little  moisture 
exi.sts  in  the  air  that  vegetation  is  almost  wholly  dried  up; 
meats  and  fish  may  be  kept  for  all  that  period  unchanged; 
and  so  intense  is  the  cold,  that  M.  Hue.  in  travelling  from 
the  Koko  Nor  to  L;issa.  over  one  of  the  loftiest  portions  of 
Central  A.sia,  states  that  he  found  cakes  of  barley  continu 
ally  fi-ozen,  though  kept  close  to  his  person  under  three 
garments  of  skins  and  one  of  woollen.  It  is  remarkable, 
however,  that  the  line  of  perpetual  snow  is  considerably 
higher  in  Thibet  than  on  the  S.  declivity  of  the  Himalayan 
chain,  a  phenomenon  suppo.sed  to  be  owing  mainly'  to  the 
radiation  of  the  sun's  heat  from  the  lofty  plains.  About 
lat.  31°  N.,  the  snow-line  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Himalayas  has 
been  found  not  to  reach  below  16,626  feet,  while  on  the  S. 
slope  (the  Indian  side)  it  descended  to  less  than  13.000  feet 
above  the  ocean;  and  it  has  since  been  discovered  that 
the  difference  varies  elsewhere  between  20.000  and  15,000 
feet  Accordingly,  one  kind  of  liarley  (Hiirdiura  /w^asti- 
chim)  is  seen  growing  14,700  feet  above  the  sea.  and  another 
species  at  a  still  greater  elevation.  Wheat  succeeds  well  to 
12.1X10  feet,  birch-woods  ascend  to  above  14,000  feet,  and 
small  bushe.s,  which  serve  for  fuel,  grow,  near  lat.  31°,  to 
17.000  feet  above  the  sea,  or  nearly  1300  feet  higher  than  the 
limit  of  perpetual  snow  under  the  equator.  Goitre,  syphilis, 
rheumatism,  ophthalmia,  lepra,  hydrophobia,  and  small-pox 
are  among  the  most  prevalent  di.seases.  The  horror  of  the 
Thilietans  for  the  last-named  is  excessive,  and  the  benefits  of 
vaccination  being  unknown,  tho.oe  affected  with  sniall-pox 
are  commonly  left  exposed,  and  abandoned  to  their  fate. 

Yegetatum. — M.  Hue  remarks  that  Thibet  is  '-at  the  same 
time  the  richest  and  the  poorest  countiy  in  the  world" — 
rich  as  regards  its  minerals,  poor  in  all  tending  to  the  well- 
Ixjing  of  the  people.  The  vegetable  productions  are  vei-y 
few.  Little  wheat,  and  much  less  rice  is  seen.  At  Deba, 
indeed,  near  the  W.  frontier,  corn  is  said  to  be  raised  for  ex- 
port.ition;  hut  such  a  circumstance  is  rare  in  the  country, 
and  can  only  take  place  in  a  very  limited  di.sfrict.  Some 
buckwheat  is  cultivated ;  the  potato  has  not  been  intro- 
duced. Black  barley  forms  the  basis  of  all  Thibetan  diet,  and 
except  it,  and  beans,  turnips,  radishes,  white  cabbage,  ferns, 
and  nettles,  which  are  used  as  culinary  herbs,  all  vegetable 
products  for  food  are  brought  from  the  countries  on  the  S. 
or  W.  Unless  in  a  few  sheltered  valleys,  as  that  of  l.«assa — 
where  peach  and  some  other  fruit-trees  flourish,  and  timber 
of  unusual  size  for  Thibet  is  met  with — wood  of  all  kinds  is 
very  scarce ;  and  argol,  or  the  dung  of  animals  pounded  and 
mixed  with  earth,  is  the  fuel  chiefly  used,  and  with  which 
even  metals  are  smelted. 

Animals. — With  such  a  paucity  of  vegetable  products,  it 
is  very  remarkable  that  animals,  both  wild  and  domestic, 
should  be  numerous.  Large  droves  of  sheep  and  cattle 
exist  in  Thibet,  especially  in  its  E.  part,  where  the  herbage 
is  richer  than  elsewhei-e.  Sefan  and  Koko  Nor  territorj'  are 
inhabited  by  nomadic  and  pastoral  tribes,  whose  sole  wealth 
is  in  their  herds  and  flocks.  The  sheep  are  reared  with 
care;  dried  mutton  is  an  important  article  of  food;  and  the 
skins,  which  are  of  great  fineness,  both  constitute  the  cloth- 
ing of  the  people,  and  are  exported  in  considerable  quan- 
tities to  China.  The  bhoral  ( Ovis  ammon)  is  a  large  sheep, 
from  3  to  3i  feet  in  height,  from  5i  to  6  feet  in  length, 
exclusive  of  the  tail,  and  like  all  or  most  of  the  native 
quadrupeds  of  Thibet,  covered  with  long  hair  or  fur.  It  is 
the  principal  animal  used  as  a  beast  of  burden  in  tha 
transit  of  merchandise  across  tne  Himalayas.  The  yak  (Bos 
grunnirns)  furnishes  excellent  milk  and  luitter;  its  flesh  is 
an  important  article  of  food,  and  its  tail  forms  the  chowry  or 
fan  in  such  general  use  in  India.  Lurge  herds  of  wild  oxen, 
of  a  formidable  character,  pasture  alternately  in  the  valleys 
and  on  the  hills.  The  shawl-goat  {Cupra  liir<yij.s\  is  an  im- 
portant source  of  national  wealth,  its  woolly  hair  being  used 
for  the  manufacture  of  the  finest  shawls,  for  which  purpose 
large  quantities  of  it  are  sent  into  Cashmere,  together  with 
hair  of  the  y;ik,  and  of  some  breeds  of  dogs.    This  goat  is  of  a 

1911 


THI 


THl 


(mall  species,  straifiht  horned,  and  of  various  colors.  At- 
tempts have  been  made  to  naturalize  it  in  otlier  countries, 
hut  hitherto,  as  we  believe,  wholly  without  success,  for  the 
fineness  of  its  coat  declines  where  the  cold  is  less  excessive. 
The  Thibetan  horse  is  small,  spirited,  and  handsome;  and 
what  are  called  wild  mules  have  a  well-sh.'»ped  body  and  good 
c.'irriage,  though  a  large  and  ungainly  head  spoils  their  ap- 
pearance. Thibet  is  the  native  country  of  the  musk-deer, 
and  of  the  Cervus  Tibetanus.  a  creature  rivalling  in  magni- 
tude the  wapiti  of  the  American  contiuent.  Several  other 
kinds  of  deer,  antelopes,  wild  goats,  lynxes,  badgers,  bears, 
Ac.  are  met  with,  as  are  numerous  species  of  wild  fowl  and 
other  birds ;  the  tiger,  elephant,  and  other  formidable  ani- 
mals of  the  S.  slope  of  the  Himalaya,  are  not  met  with  in 
Thibet. 

Minerals. — In  mineral  products  Thibet  is  extremely  rich. 
Gold  is  found  in  lumps,  in  veins,  and  in  the  sands  of  the 
rivers;  W.  of  Lassa  are  several  highly  productive  mines  of 
this  metal,  and  the  quantity  obtained,  and  used  in  gilding 
the  temples,  or  deposited  in  their  treasuries  as  religious 
ofTeriogs,  must  be  enormous.  Government  permits  com- 
panies, engaging  to  paj-  iu  advance  400  pounds  of  pure 
bullion,  to  open  mines :  there  are,  however,  many  restrictions 
upon  mining.  At  Lithang  is  a  silver-mine,  at  Rywulse  an 
iron  mine;  and  at  Bathang,  mercury  and  native  cinnaKir 
are  found.  In  many  spots  there  exists  rock-salt ;  iu  Lhorund- 
song  and  Giamnlbo,  the  lapis-lazuli,  so  highly  prized  in 
China;  and  in  Draga,  the  turquoise.  Nejirly  all  the  lakes 
are  brackish:  and  tincal.  nitre,  &c.,  in  immense  quantities, 
effloresce  on  the  soil  in  many  places.  The  tribute  to  China 
is  partly  paid  in  bullion,  but  as  the  presents  in  return  from 
the  emperor  to  the  lam.as  surpass  in  value  its  amount,  a 
large  quantity  of  gold  finds  its  way  back  again  to  Thibet,  the 
laborious  carriage  of  which  might  be  conveniently  obvfcited 
by  bills  of  exchange.  The  reduction  of  iron  and  other  ores 
is  pursued  domestically,  even  by  the  shepherds ;  but  the 
scarcity  of  fuel  is  an  insuperable  obstacle  to  the  progress  of 
mining  as  well  as  manufacturing  industry;  coal  has  not 
yet  been  discovered  in  Thilxjt. 

Manufactures. — The  latest  traveller  in  Thibet,  M.  Hue.  re- 
ports that  at  I^assa,  woollen  cloth.s,  termed  ^i(io;^  or  poolon, 
incense-sticks,  formed  of  aromatic  woods,  and  wooden  por- 
ringers, out  of  which  the  Thibetans  uniformly  take  their 
meals,  are  made  with  acknowledged  skill ;  but  that  all  the 
other  manufactures  are  ill-conducted.  The  porringers,  one 
of  which  is  always  carried  about  the  person,  are  of  various 
prices.  Their  character  and  quality  are  held  to  indicate  the 
rjink  or  taste  of  their  possessors,  much  as  jewelry  would  in 
Europe.  Moorcroft,  who  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the 
method  of  weaving  at  IMti,  in  Little  Thibet,  reports  that  very 
good  sacking  is  made  from  the  hair  of  the  yak.  GutzlafTadds, 
'•The  inhabitants  (of  the  capital)  are  good  goldsmiths,  and 
excel  in  the  art  of  sculpture.  Their  idols  are  full  of  expres- 
sion, and  wherever  the  grotesque  and  colossal  form  is  not  re- 
quired by  the  tenets  of  their  creed,  the  Thibetans  imitate 
nature  very  well.  They  are,  moreover,  good  jewellers.  Their 
woollen  manufactures  resemble  felt  more  than  our  cloth, 
and  are  in  demand  in  China,  and  even  introduced  into 
India.  The  velvet  made  at  the  capital  is  celebrated  for 
beauty  of  color.  In  dyeing  they  excel ;  there  is  a  peculiar 
gloss  and  freshnes.s  in  their  tints.  Their  rosaries  are  ex- 
quisitelj- made;  the  stones  are  taken  from  the  sacred  river 
near  Lassa,  and  are  beautifully  cut.  Coral,  cornelians,  &c., 
imported  from  India,  are  most  carefully  cut,  and  then  again 
exported." 

Commerce. — Thibet  is  a  country  of  extensive  trafBc,  and  has 
several  marts  of  commercial  importance.  The  principal 
trade  is  with  China;  this  is  conducted  at  Lassa  and  at  Sl- 
uing, a  city  of  the  Chinese  province  of  Kan-Soo,  from  which 
place  caravans,  consisting  of  several  hundred  persons,  go  at 
fixed  periods  to  the  metropolis  of  Thibet  with  cattle,  mules, 
houses,  and  camels,  carrying  tea,  silver,  bullion,  k?uitas  or 
presentation  scarfs,  brocades,  and  other  silk  goods,  some 
cottons,  fruits,  tobacco,  quicksilver,  cinnabar,  furs,  porce- 
lain, and  other  Chinese  produce,  together  with  European 
cutlery  and  other  manufactures;  these  goods  are  exchanged 
in  Thibet  for  gold-dust,  fine  and  coarse  woollens,  wax-caudles, 
incense,  idols,  fleeces,  and  Indian  and  European  goods.  The 
whole  trade  with  China  is  estimated  to  amount  in  value  to 
2.000,000  taels  (about  $3,500,000)  yearly,  and  is  said  to  be 
increasing.  The  caravans  going  from  China  into  Thibet  are 
often  surprised  and  plundered  by  the  kolo  or  brigands,  who 
Invest  the  Koko  Nor  territory  and  Sefan.  A  route  exists 
♦hrough  the  latter  country,  from  Lassa  to  the  capital  of  the 
Chinese  province  of  Se-chuen,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  be 
made  use  of  for  much  trading  intercourse.  Chinese  silk.s, 
musk,  yak-tails,  siible-furs,  and  gold  are  sent  into  Nepaul, 
In  exchange  for  sugar  and  other  natural  produce,  with 
manufactured  goods  from  India. 

Bootan,  as  well  as  Nepaul.  derives  all  its  imports  from 
China  by  way  of  Thil)et.  From  2000  to  3900  Nepaulese  are 
located  In  La.ssa,  as  jewellers  and  traders;  and  Hue  states 
that  the  Pt-houn,  (or  Pe-boon.)  or  Bootanese  there,  are  the 
sole  metallurgists,  and  also  chemists  and  phv.sicians.  From 
Dootau  and  Bengal,  Thibet  receives  piece-goods,  tobacco,  rice, 


indigo,  paper,  skins,  sandal-wood,  spices,  gums,  kc. ;  from 
Assam,  some  rice,  coarse  silk,  gums,  and  iron.  Other  imjiortd 
from  India  come  by  way  of  Cashmere  and  Leli,  (in  Ladakh.) 
the  trade  with  which  is  considerable  at  three  large  annuul 
fairs.  To  Cashmere  Thibet  sends  nearly  all  its  shawl- wool.also 
bullion,  tea,  borax,  rock-salt,  turquoises,  musk,  goat  and 
lamb  skins.  Ac,  in  return  for  dried  fruits,  provisions, 
shawls,  gamboge,  saffron,  red  woollens,  and  Hussian  goods; 
some  of  which  last  alse  reach  Thiljet  from  Chinese  To<>r- 
kistan.  along  with  horses,  wool.  Ac.  Some  of  the  Katelii  or 
Mussulmeu  from  Cashmere,  who  have  settled  in  Thibet, 
make  annual  journeys  to  Calcutta,  whence  they  bring  back 
ribbons,  lace,  British  scissors,  knives,  some  hardwares,  and 
cotton  goods;  but  such  is  the  fear  and  je;)lousy  entertained 
by  the  Chinese  authorities  of  their  powerful  British  neigh- 
bors, that,  except  in  the  foregoing  manner,  .all  intercourse 
between  British  India  and  Thibet  is  .strictly  shut  out.  Several 
Kuglish  travellers,  including  Capt.  Gerard  and  Dr.  Hookfi-, 
have  been  stopped  on  the  highlands  of  the  Himalayas  at 
Chine.se  garrison  stations,  and  precluded  from  entering  the 
Thil.>etan  territory:  and  Moorcroft.  who  resided  at  Las.sa  fur 
some  year.s,  was  only  able  to  penetrate  it  from  the  south  by 
the  circuitous  route  of  Ladakh.  disguised  as  a  Mu.ssulman 
trader,  and  fiivored  by  his  fluent  knowledge  of  the  I'ersian 
language.  Except  with  the  countries  on  the  W.  and  N.W., 
the  foreign  trade  of  Thibet  is  mostly  monopolized  by  the  Chi- 
nese officials.  The  Mongols,  in  return  for  .skins,  wool,  and 
live  stock,  take  back  idols,  rosaries,  and  teas.  The  com- 
merce with  the  Calmucks  is  of  a  similar  nature,  but  on  a 
more  extensive  scale. 

The  currency  is  rude;  it  con.sists  of  silver  ingots,  and 
coins  about  the  size  of  a  shilling,  with  Persian,  Indian,  or 
Thibetan  iuscriptions.  and  which  are  often  broken  in  pieces 
of  different  fractional  values. 

I\ople.. — The  Thibetans  belong  to  the  widelj'-spread  Mon- 
golian family,  and  have  a  flattened  face,  salient  jaw-bones, 
small  black  eyes,  a  .short  no.se,  black  hair,  and  little  beard. 
They  ai-e  of  middle  height,  sfjuare  built,  and  join  much  of 
the  agility  of  the  Chinese  to  the  bodily  vigor  of  the  Tartars; 
gymnastic  exercises  and  dancing  are  their  favorite  amuse- 
ments. Their  color  is  in  general  somewhat  swarthy,  but 
among  the  upper  clas.«es  are  individuals  as  white  as  Euro- 
peans. In  disposition  they  are  reported  to  be  mild,  gener- 
ous, and  friendly;  religious,  but  less  credulous  and  bigoted 
iu  matters  of  faith  than  the  Tartars.  Want  of  cleanliness 
is  a  common  failing.  Their  diet  consists  chiefly  of  Isartiln 
or  cakes  made  of  barley,  tea.  with  butter  or  milk,  mutt^.w 
horse-flesh,  and  yak-beef;  wheaten  bread  is  u.sed  only  by 
the  weiilthy.  Pork  is  sold  in  the  capital,  but  it  is  dear. 
The  peasantry  are  mostly  clothed  iu  sheep,  goat,  or  jackal 
skins,  and  boots  of  great  thickness.  In  the  towns,  woollens, 
chiefly  of  a  red  or  yellow  color,  replace  the  garment  of  .skins ; 
a  wide  robe,  fastened  at  the  right  side  and  bound  around 
the  loins  with  a  red  girdle;  boots  of  red  or  violet  cloth:  a 
blue  cap,  with  a  large  border  of  black  velvet,  and  a  red 
ribbon;  a  bag  of  yellow  taffeta,  for  holding  the  porrin- 
ger: and  two  purses,  which,  whether  full  or  empty,  are 
worn  in  the  girdle,  constitute  the  dress  of  the  laity.  The 
higher  cla.s.ses  use  silks  and  claiks  lined  with  fur.  They  do 
not,  like  the  Chinese,  shave  the  head,  and  their  hair  is 
usually  allowed  to  hang  over  their  shoulders,  but,  within 
the  last  few  years.  Hue  informs  us  that  the  dandies  of  I^.ssa 
have  adopted  the  Chinese  mode  of  wearing  the  hair  in  a 
queue,  and  adorning  it  with  gold  trinkets.  In  the  left  ear 
a  gold  ornament  is  often  worn. 

The  women  use  a  costume  very  like  that  of  the  men,  with 
a  short  tunic  under  the  robe,  and  the  hair  divided  into  two 
tresses.  The  lower  classes  adopt  a  yellow  covering  for  the 
head,  similar  in  shape  to  a  "  cap  of  liberty."  for  which  fe- 
males of  the  upper  ranks  sub.stitute  a  kind  of  coronet,  set  off 
with  pearls  and  jewelry.  In  accordance  with  a  singular 
usage,  most  of  them,  when  appearing  in  public,  have  the 
face  smeared  over  with  a  Wack  varnish,  and  those  who  most 
disfigure  themselves  iu  such  a  manner  are  held  to  be  the 
most  pious  and  correct  iu  conduct.  It  is  stated  that  this 
custom  is  the  consequence  of  an  order  promulgated  by  a 
former  ruler  of  Thiliet,  with  the  view  of  correcting  public 
morals,  and  strange  to  say.  it  was  immedwtely  .icquie.sced 
in  by  the  female  population  without  a  murmur.  The  wo- 
men are  not  secluded  as  in  Moluimmedan  countries.  but,as  in 
China,  they  engage  actively  in  commercial  life,  and  all  the 
stall-keepers  and  small  shop-keepers  are  females.  The  prac- 
tice of  polyandry,  by  which  one  woman  becomes  the  wife  of 
several  brothers,  is  common  in  Thiliet.  as  in  Nepaul  and 
Bootan,  though  it  is  said  to  liave  been  suppressed  by  the 
Chinese  in  certain  districts. 

CuiUoms. — A  remarkable  custom  (though  not  peculiar  to 
Thitiet,  since  it  prevails  in  mo.st  other  parts  cf  »he  Chinese 
Empire,)  is  universal — the  presentation  of  the  khatti.  The 
kliatii  is  an  oblong  white  silk  scarf  of  very  fine  texture, 
thrice  as  long  as  wide,  and  with  a  mystic  sen.ence  inwoven 
at  both  ends;  one  is  invariably  exchanged  at  every  visit  of 
ceremony,  is  sent  with  every  present,  and  accempanies  every 
letter  passing  between  persons  in  any  rank  of  life,  wlUi  the 
hearty  good-will  tliat  clmrai  tcrizes  the  act  ol  Bhaking  haiidti 


THI 

in  the  United  States.  The  mode  of  salutation  in  Thibet  is 
grotesque;  it  consists  in  uncoverinsc  the  head,  thrusting 
out  the  tongue,  and  gcratchin<<  the  right  ear.  The  methods 
of  sepulture  are  various:  the  bodies  of  the  sovereign  lamas 
are  preserved,  by  being  dried  and  then  enshrined;  those  of 
Inferior  lamas  are  commonly  burned,  and  the  ashes,  or  por- 
tions of  the  body,  such  as  a  uail,  hair,  or  tooth,  are  carefully 
enclosed  in  idols,  which  are  sold  by  the  priests  to  the  de- 
vout at  a  high  price.  Burial  is  unknown.  The  bodies  of 
the  laity  are  exposed  on  heights,  as  is  customary  among  the 
Parsees,  or  are  committed  to  the  rivers.  Lastly,  is  a  mode, 
said  by  Hue  to  be  the  most  common  of  all :  the  corpse  is  cut 
Into  pieces,  which  are  given  to  dogs,  and  in  some  lamaseries 
sacred  dogs  are  reared  for  the  express  purpose.  Some  other 
Custom.s,  however,  evince  much  more  elevated  feelings.  In 
the  city  of  Lassa,  as  Hue  relates,  when  the  sun  is  about  to 
set,  the  inhabitants  meet  in  the  principal  quarters  and  pulv 
lic  places,  and  chant  hymns,  joining  in  a  solemn  religious 
concert  of  a  very  impressive  character.  The  practice  of  pub- 
lic meeting  at  sunset  also  prevails  amongst  the  Parsees  of 
India,  and  it  may  be  incidentally  mentioned  that  it  is  com- 
mon in  some  parts  of  Switzerland,  where,  likewise,  it  as- 
sumes a  religious  character. 

Arts,  Sciences,  and  Laws. — The  great  scarcity  of  fuel  and 
of  timber  has  prevented  the  Thibetans  from  excelling  in  ar- 
chitecture. At  l^assa  and  elsewhere  are  some  magnificent 
and  richly-ornamented  stone-temples;  and  the  houses 
here,  built  with  terraces  on  the  summit,  are  neatly  whi- 
tened, and  painted  externally ;  but  their  interior  is  filthy  as 
well  as  comfortless,  the  tloors  being  only  of  stone  or  marble. 
In  the  W.,  the  houses  are  built  of  pebbles  cemented  with 
clay  or  earth;  many  of  the  dwellings  of  the  peasantry  con- 
sist merely  of  hewn  stone,  piled  on  each  other  without  ce- 
ment, and  are  like  brick-kilns  in  shape;  and  a  large  number 
of  the  population  live  in  caverns  hewn  in  the  mountain 
sides.  Some  suspension-bridges  of  iron  and  ropes  are  laid 
across  the  rivers,  but  these  are  reported  to  be  very  inferior 
to  similar  works  in  China;  an  iron  bridge  of  13  arches,  over 
a  branch  of  the  Yaroo-dzang-bo,  near  Teshoo-Loomboo,  is  the 
finest  public  work  of  its  kind  of  which  we  have  any  account 
in  Thibet.  The  lioats  employed  are  commonly  built  of  hides 
alone,  and  merchandise  is  conveyed  by  land  wholly  on  the 
backs  of  domestic  animals. 

Most  of  the  chief  lamaseries,  or  Boodhist  monasteries, 
have  a  printing-office  attached,  from  which  religious  works 
are  issued,  and  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  establishment. 
Movable  types  are  not  employed;  the  books  are  printed 
with  wooden  blocks,  and  the  leaves,  which  are  separate,  re- 
sembling a  pack  of  cards,  stamped  on  both  sides,  are  held  to- 
gether between  wooden  covers.  Manuscripts  are  well  exe- 
cuted; the  lamas  write  with  bamboo  pens,  on  paper  glazed 
with  milk.  The  Thibetan  sacred  character  bears  a  resem- 
blance to  the  Sanscrit;  it  is  read,  however,  from  left  to 
right.  The  arithmetical  figures  in  use  are  almost  identical 
with  the  so-called  Arabic  numerals  used  by  ourselves.  The 
lamas  have  some  knowledge  of  astronomy.  Turner  found 
them  acquainted  with  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  satellites 
of  Jupiter,  and  the  ring  of  Saturn.  Their  historical  records 
are  obscure,  in  consequence  of  their  indifference  to  precise 
dates,  and  a  complicated  chronology.  Of  their  jurisprudence 
we  have  but  an  imperfect  knowledge;  their  written  laws 
are  of  high  anti<iuity ;  their  actual  code  is  said  to  have  been 
modified  by  the  Chinese,  since  the  political  connection  with 
China  has  existed.  In  Thitjet,  as  in  Mongolia,  robljery  and 
murder  are  severely  punished,  but  it  would  seem  that 
retribution  for  offences  is  by  no  means  certain.  According 
to  M.  Hue,  the  individual  who  has  been  injured,  or  his  im- 
mediate relatives,  must  cite  the  criminal  betbre  the  judicial 
authorities,  or  he  goes  unpunished. 

Religimi. — Thibet  may  be  called  the  popedom  of  Asia,  it 
being  the  head,  seat,  and  centre  of  the  Boodhist  religion, 
which  numbers  among  its  votaries  by  far  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  great  table-land  of  Central 
and  Eastern  Asia.  India-l)eyond-the-Ganges.  Ceylon,  China, 
Japan,  Corea,  Mantchooria.  and  the  S.  part  of  the  Russian 
Knipire  in  Asia,  together  with  a  portion  of  its  dominions  in 
Europe — the  whole  com  prising  certainly  more  than  one-third 
of  the  entire  human  i-ace.  The  country  of  Thibet  is  accord- 
ingly regarded  as  a  sacred  land  by  nearly  all  the  Mongolian 
family  of  mankind,  and  it  is  resorted  to  in  pilgrimage  by 
vast  numbers  of  devotees,  whose  offerings  to  the  numerous 
priesthood  cnmpen.-iate  the  Thil^etans  for  the  poverty  of 
their  land.  It  is  believed  that  Boodhism  and  Brahminism 
'ire  but  two  offsets  from  a  primitive  religion  which  oncepre- 
v'ailed  over  the  whnle  of  Asia  beyond  the  Indus,  and  the 
neiirhts  of  l*ameer,(l'amir.)  but  which  became  debased  in  Hin- 
dostan  by  the  introduction  of  monstrous  allegories,  a  poly- 
theistic worship,  and  institutions,  such  as  those  of  caste  and 
relative  degrees  of  purity,  which  were  foreign  to  the  original 
faith.  Boodh  is  considered  in  Thibet  as  the  necessary  in- 
dependent Being  of  the  universe,  and  the  beginning  and 
end  of  all  things ;  like  Brahma,  he  is  worshipped  under  a 
triune  term,  and  the  B'wdhists  join  with  the  Brahmins  in 
acknow'ediring  the  four  earliest  incarnations  or  avatars  of 
the  same  deity.    Siikya,  whom  they  consider  his  fifth  incar- 


THI 

nation,  is  regarded  by  the  Brahmins  as  the  ninth  avatar  of 
Vishnu,  the  intermediate  manifestations  of  which  divinitj 
are  rejected  by  the  Boodhists.  Sakya  is  said  to  have  beev 
born  at  Kapila.  in  Oude,  in  the  6th  century  before  Christ 
and  appears  to  have  been  a  reformer  of  Brahminism.  whose 
doctrines,  about  b.c.  309,  were  actively  .spread  by  Asoka.  a 
powerful  king  of  Magadha,  (Bahor  in  Ilindostan,)  contftn- 
{>orary  with  Antiochus  the  Great.  Gaya,  the  capital  of  Ma- 
gadha. is  accordingly  viewed  as  holy  by  Boodhists,  who  oc- 
casionally resort  to  it  in  pilgrimage  from  across  the  llima» 
lavas;  and  in  its  vicinity  is  BoodhaGaya,  the  supposed  place 
of  residence  and  apotheosis  of  S-akya,  a  gigantic  Image  ol 
whom,  in  the  usual  cross-legged  sitting  posture,  is  still  ex- 
tant there. 

From  the  time  of  Asoka,  Boodhism  extended  rapidly  in 
Ilindostan;  it  appears  to  have  reached  Cashmere  about  n.«; 
241:  Ceylon,  quite  early  in  the  second  Century  H.c:  andChiniy 
about  B.C.  tio.  Khoten  (Chinese  Toorkistan)  received  it  in 
the  first  century  of  the  Christian  era;  and  Burmah.  about 
A.I).  236.  From  Ceylon,  subsequently  to  the  latter  epoch 
the  faith  of  the  new  Boodh  was  conveyed  into  the  other 
countries  of  India  beyond  the  (ianges,  where  Sakya.  or  one  of 
his  followers,  is  worshipped  under  the  names  of  Gautama, 
Somona  Kodom.  &c. :  but  the  BoodhLsm  of  those  countries 
is  of  a  degraded  kind,  and  exhibits  none  of  the  intellectua* 
superiority  that  characterizes  it  in  Thibet,  in  which  coun- 
try, however,  it  is  stated  not  to  have  been  establi.shed  till 
A.D.  367.  The  Boodhists.  while  they  reject  the  multitudi- 
nous pantheon  of  the  Hindoos,  admit  an  indefinite  number 
of  incarnations  of  Boodh,  who  is  suppo.eed  to  animate  in 
sueces.sion  the  iwdies  of  their  chief  lamas  or  priests:  and 
this  tenet,  the  repudiation  of  caste,  the  use  of  animal  food, 
the  practice  of  a  contemplative  life  as  the  liighest  pursuit  of 
humanity,  and  the  belief  of  a  final  ab.sorption  into  the  deit.v, 
constitute  the  chief  points  of  difference  between  them  and 
the  followers  of  the  Brahminical  religion, 

The  ceremonies,  costume,  and  devotional  exercises  now 
prevailing  in  most  of  the  monasteries  of  Thibet,  "the  cross, 
mitre,  dalmatica,  cope,  two  choirs,  p.salmody.  exorcisms, 
censer,  benediction  by  laying  the  hand  on  the  head,  chaplet, 
ecclesi.astical  celibacy,  spiritual  retirement,  worshipof  saints, 
fasts,  processions,  litanies,  holy -water."  Ac,  bearing  so  great 
a  similarity  to  those  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  are  be- 
lieved to  have  been  introduced  into  the  ritual  and  discipline 
of  Thibetan  Boodhism  by  Tsong  Kaba,  born  in  the  Koko 
Nor  territory  about  A.D.  1357.  The  lamas  of  the  sect  of 
T.song  Kaba  wear  a  yellow  mitre;  those  adhering  to  the 
older  ritual,  &c.,  retain  one  of  a  red  color;  the  latter  prevail 
throughout  the  S.E.  part  of  Asia,  while  the  reforms  of 
T.song  Kaba  "have  triumplied  in  all  the  countries  between 
the  Himalaya,  the  R-ussian  frontiers,  and  the  Wall  of  China." 
As  respects  the  geneial  character  of  the  Boodhist  religion,  ■ 
Mr.  M.alcolm,  a  Protestant  missionary,  makes  the  following 
observation:  '-It  has  no  mythology  of  obscene  and  ferocious 
deities:  no  sanguinary  or  impure  observances;  no  selt'-in- 
fiicted  tortures;  no  tyrannizing  priesthood;  no  confounding 
of  right  and  wrong,  by  making  certain  iniquities  laudable 
in  worship.  ...  In  almost  every  respect  it  seems  to  be 
the  best  religion  man  ever  invented." 

The  lamas  of  Thibet  (lama,  "  one  who  shows  the  way") 
form  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  popv\lation,  and  reside  in 
monasteries,  many  of  which  accommodate  from  300(1  to  -WHO 
persons.  In  the  single  district  of  Lassa,  there  are  reputed 
to  be  more  than  thirty  great  Boodhic  establishments,  each 
with  nearly  15,000  lamas!  (?)  They  are  supported  partly 
from  the  revenues  of  the  establishment  to  which  they  l>e- 
long.  and  partly  from  their  private  resources.  1'he  revenues 
of  the  monasteries  are  derived  from  lands,  endowments  of 
the  Chinese  sovereigns,  and  other  eminent  persons,  and 
offerings  of  pilgrims,  which  last  are  formally  announced 
after  the  daily  prayers,  and  the  proceeds  are  divided  among 
the  inmates  in  proportions  corresp<jnding  to  their  rank.  The 
place  of  each  lama  in  his  monastery  is  fixed  Vjy  the  number 
of  sacred  books  he  has  studied.  The  lamas  are  divided  into 
four  faculties — those  of  mysticism,  liturgy,  medicine,  and 
prayers,  which  last  has  the  largest  number  of  members,  and 
is  also  stated  to  be  most  esteemed.  Those  of  the  first-named 
faculty  devote  themselves  to  a  lite  of  contemplation,  and  are 
perpetually  repeating  the  mystic  sentence.  Aum  mani padme, 
Auiti,  which  is  inscribed  on  all  temples,  banners.  I'.hatas.  Ac, 
and  is  believed  to  have  a  kind  of  talismanic  po\»er.  The 
translation  of  this  sentence  is  stated  to  be,  "0!  the  jewel  in 
the  lotus.  Amen:"  and  the  first  word  is  an  invocation  to 
Brahma.  Vishnu,  and  Seeva,  formed  of  the  initial  letters  of 
the  Thibetan  names  of  that  triad.  Convents  exist  in  Thi- 
bet for  women  as  well  as  men,  and  most  families  have  some 
member  belonging  to  the  clergy. 

The  Grand  J^ama  or  Tale  Lama,  (tl-lA'  Ij'md; — improperly 
Dalai-lama,)  "  sea  of  wisdom."  who  is  at  the  head  of  the 
hierarchy,  resides  at  the  Boodha  La.  a  vast  palace  near  Las- 
sa; he  is  deemed  to  be  the  principal  living  incarnation  cf 
Boodh.  and  as  such  he  receives  actual  worship.  I^ike  the 
Pope,  in  his  temporal  dominions  he  is  the  uole  religious 
and  political  head  of  the  state,  wnd  he  h.is  nominally  vested 
in  him  all  the  administrative  and  executive  authority,  with 

lal3 


Tin 


Tin 


powers  uncircumsoribed  liy  any  charter  or  rules  except  those 
biudiiig  on  hiiu  by  the  institutions  of  Tsong  Kaha.  When 
he  die.',  or  in  the  IJoodhist  lanfruajre  transmii/rates.  he  is 
soiitrht  for  as  animating  some  other  living  form,  commonly 
tho  lx)dy  of  an  infant  who  is  an  only  child.  Prayers  and  fasts 
ar»  ordered  in  all  the  lamaseries ;  the  lamas  of  the  capital  j;o 
in  8olemn  procession  around  the  Boodha  La,  and  the  city 
of  Lassa;  the  mani  or  mystic  sentence  is  repeated  nixht 
and  day.  perfumes  are  burned,  and  meanwhile  the  chief 
authority  devolves  upon  the  hoolonktoos,  (houtouktous.)  or 
high  college  of  lamas,  whose  collective  sacerdotal  dignity  is 
not  inferior  to  that  of  the  Tale  I>»ma  himself.  Those  families 
who  assume  to  believe  that  the  deity  is  incarnated  in  the 
person  of  their  infant,  send  notice  of  the  same  to  the  con- 
clave; this  body  choose.*  from  the  number  three  children, 
who  are  brought  to  the  capital.  After  other  ceremonies, 
the  names  of  the  candidates  are  written  on  slips  of  paper, 
which  are  placed  in  an  urn.  when  the  name  first  drawn 
out  indicates  the  future  Grand  Lama,  who  is  then  carried 
in  pomp  around  the  capital,  and  installed  for  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  the  palace  of  B(X)dha  I/a. 

All  the  hootooktoos.  or  spiritual  governors  of  provinces, 
who  receive  their  investitures  from  the  Tal6  Lama,  are,  like 
him,  believed  to  be  incarnations  of  the  deity :  and  the  lamas 
who  are  hesids  of  monasteries  are  also  deemed  to  be  "living 
Boodlia.s."  The  chief  of  the  supposed  incarnations,  next  to 
the  Tale  Lama,  are  the  Bantchin  Kemboutchi,  the  tiuison 
Tamba,  the  Tchang-kia-fo,  or  grand  almoner  of  the  imperial 
court  at  Peking, and  the  Sa  Dcha-fo,  whose  peculiar  function 
it  is,  by  continual  piayer,  to  prevent  the  melting  of  the 
snows  on  the  Himalayas,  so  as  to  averts  hostile  invasion  of 
Thiliet  from  that  quarter.  The  Bantchin  Kemboutchi  is 
scarcely  inferior  in  sanctity  to  the  Tal6  I>ama. 

G'Avrnment. — Although  the  supreme  authority  nomi- 
nally rests  with  the  Tale  Lama,  he  is  in  reality  supposed  to 
be  occupied  wholly  in  divine  contemplation,  and  the  civil 
government  is  exercised  by  the  naib  or  nomekhan,  who  is 
chosen  from  among  the  lamas,  and  holds  his  office  for  life,  or 
during  the  pleasure  of  the  Chinese  emperor.  Under  him 
are  four  kalons  or  ministers,  not  belonging  to  thesacerdofjil 
tribe,  and  who  may  retain  their  offices  for  an  unlimited  pe- 
riod, unless  dismissed  by  the  Tale  I.,ama.  The  two  pi"ovinces 
of  'f  hibet  are  subdivided  into  cantons,  each  under  the  su- 
perinteudance  of  a  hootooktoo.  In  each  of  the  capitals  is  a 
Chinese  governor,  with  comm.ind  over  the  military  force. 
The  total  number  of  troops  maiatained  by  the  Chinese  go 
vernment  in  Thiljet  has  been  stated  at  no  more  than  64.(XM}, 
most  of  whom  are  cavalry;  but  in  addition  the  Chinese  au- 
thorities have  power  to  call  in  troops,  ammunition,  and 
supplies  from  the  adjacent  province  of  Se-chuen.  between 
which  and  Lassa  several  detached  gaiTisons  are  stationed. 
Near  Lassa  a  large  body  of  Mongolian  horse  is  maintained; 
but  the  armed  force  kept  within  that  city,  and  at  Teshoo 
Loomboo,  is  insignificant.  Other  principal  posts  for  Chinese 
troops  are  at  Turkepoona,  towards  the  Laos  frontier;  Phari, 
on  the  frontier  of  Bootan ;  a  station  of  considerable  strength, 
lately  established  at  the  head  of  the  Konki  River,  opposite 
Sikkim ;  several  posts  to  check  the  incursions  of  the  Gorkhas 
of  Neptiul;  a  camp  at  Gortope,  and  some  strong  garrisons 
in  the  W.,  bordering  on  the  Ladak  territory.  The  Chinese 
troops  and  mandarins  are  paid  by  the  government  at  Peking: 
thoy  commonly  stay  but  three  years  in  ThiVjet,  unless  on 
special  permission  from  the  emperor;  and  if  they  form 
matrimonial  alliances  there,  on  their  return  into  China  they 
almost  uniformly  leave  their  wives  and  families  behind.  In 
consequence  of  the  rooted  jealousy  entertained  of  the  Chinese 
by  the  Thibetans,  they  are  prohibited  from  remaining  in 
the  country,  except  in  a  military  or  official  capacity. 

HUtnry. — No  conqueror  from  the  8.  ever  yet  possessed 
himself  of  Thibet  proper;  Shah  .lehangire.  In  1640,  attempted 
the  conquest  of  lloo-tsang;  but  the  advance  to  L6h  was  dis- 
astrous, and  his  troops  retraced  their  steps.  Jenghis  Khan 
brought  Thiliet  under  his  rule,  but  he  afterwards  esta- 
blished the  Tale  Lama  in  the  .sovereignty:  Timor  also  con- 
quered the  country,  but  he  interfered  little  in  its  internal 
regulations.  The  Thibetans  remained,  with  few  intermis- 
sions, guhi«/.f  to  their  own  sovereigns  till  the  time  of  the 
Chinese  emperor  Kang-he.  whose  supremacy  they  finally  ac- 
knowledged in  1727.  Keen-lung,  about  1790,  after  success- 
fully repelling  an  invasion  of  the  Gorkhas,  who  had  plun- 
dered Teshoo  Ixximboo,  further  extended  the  imperial  rule 
In  Thibet,  which  the  Chinese  sovereigns  have  ever  since 
«-tth  much  solicitude  preserved,  since  their  wielding  the  reli- 
gious inHuence  exercised  by  the  Tale  l.^ma  over  the  Tartar 
and  Mongolian  tribes  is  of  such  vital  importance  to  them 
thit  without  it  they  could  no  longer  hope  to  maintain  their 

dominion  in  Central  Asia. Adj.  and  luhab.  Thibet.\n,  tlb/- 

e-tan. 

TIMBODEAUX, tlVodO/.  or  TIIIBODEAUXVILLE,  tib'o- 
ao"vil,  a  post-village,  capital  of  La  Fourche  Interior  parish. 
Louisiana,  on  Bayou  La  Kourche,  on  the  New  Orleans  and 
Opolousas  Bailroad,  about  100  miles  VV.S.W.  of  Now  Orleans. 
Bteamers  navigate  the  baycm  from  this  village  to  New  Or- 
leans.    A  newsp.iper  is  published  here.     Pop.  1.3S0 

TUICK'KTY  CHEEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  through 
1914  ^  '' 


TTnion   district  into  Broad  River,  a  few  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  Pacolet  River. 

TIIICKETV  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district, 
South  Carolina. 

TIIIKL  or  TIEL.  teel.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Gelderland,  on  the  Waal,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Arnhem. 
Pop.  .5166. 

THIELE.  teelfh,  TIEL,  teel,  or  ZTIIL,  tseel,  a  river  of 
Switzerland,  cantons  of  Vaud  and  Bern,  joins  the  Aar  5 
miles  K.  of  Bienne.  after  a  N.E.  course  of  6-5  miles,  in  which 
it  traverses  the  lakes  of  Neufchatel  and  Bienne.  The  village 
of  Thiele  is  sitMated  between  the  lakes. 

TillELRODE,  teel'ro-deh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  18  miles  E.  of  Ghent. 
Pop.  1830. 

TMIELT,  teelt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant, 
on  the  Motbeek,  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brussels.  It  has  a 
brewery,  a  distillery,  and  4  flour  mills.     Pop.  1636. 

TIIIELT,  (anc.  filetumf)  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  15  miles  S.K.  of  Bruges,  in  lat.  51°  N.,  Ion. 
3°  20'  E.  It  has  a  town-house,  surmounted  by  a  Gothic 
tower,  a  college,  a  school  of  design,  a  musical  society,  several 
boarding  and  primary  schools,  and  benevolent  institutions; 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  linen  goods,  hats,  leather,  lace, 
cards,  tobacco,  glue,  oil,  soap,  and  Prussian  blue;  a  distil- 
lery, breweries,  roperies,  brick-works,  dye-works  and  bleach- 
fields;  and  an  important  trade  in  grain,  and  particularly  in 
linen.  Of  the  latter.  80,000  pieces  are  annually  sold  in  the 
weekly  market.  Thielt.  supposed  to  take  its  name  from  tVia, 
"  a  litne-tree."  had  attained  a  high  degree  of  prosperity  by 
its  woollen  and  linen  manufactures,  when,  in  1383,  it  was 
almost  destroyed  by  fire.  It  never  recovered  the  shock. 
Oliver  \^  D.ain.  surnamed  '-the  Devil,"  barber  to  I/)uis  XI. 
of  France,  by  whom  he  was  ennobled,  and  ultimately  hung 
for  his  crimes,  was  born  here.     Pop.  11,497. 

THIENEN.     See  TiRI-EMoNT. 

THIEliACIIE.  teeVh-rdsh',  an  old  subdivision  of  France, 
in  Picardy.  Guise  was  its  capital.  It  is  now  comprised  in 
the  department  of  Aisne. 

TlIIEliACHEKN.tee'raK-em.avillnge  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton,  and  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  2S-.'5. 

THIERS,  te-aiit/,  (anc.  OasUrum  Thigirl^iim  T)  a  manu- 
facturing town  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de-l)fline.  on 
the  Durolle,  23  mites  E.N.E.  of  Clermont,  in  lat.  45°  51'  N., 
Ion.  3°  33'  E.  Pop.  in  1852,  13,964.  It  has  a  chamber  of 
arts  and  manufactures,  a  commercial  college,  and  extensive 
maniifactures  of  cutlery,  paper,  and  candles. 

TIIIEULAIN,  teeH'h'lUx":',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  llainaut.  24  miles  N.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1134. 

TIIIEUSIES,  tee^uhNeo',  a  village  of  Beljjium.  province 
of  Hainaut,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Mons,  with  manufactures 
of  chiccory.  a  brewery,  and  a  distillery.     Pop.  1164. 

THIEZAC,  te-A*zdk'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Cantal.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Aurillac.    Pop.  in  1852,  2050. 

TIllM'BLEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TIflMlSTER,  tee^mees'tain/.  a  town  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  14  miles  E.  of  Liew.     Pop.  2842. 

THIONVILLE,  te-iN»\-eel',  a  fortified  town  in  the  N.E.  of 
France,  department  of  Moselle,  capital  of  .an  arrondissement, 
17  miles  N.  of  Metz,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Moselle.  Pop. 
in  1852,  8361.  It  has  a  communal  college,  manufactures  of 
hosiery,  gloves,  and  oil.  and  a  botanic  garden.  It  was  a 
residence  of  the  Merovingian  and  Carlovingian  kings,  and 
repeatedly  besieged  during  the  wars  betwei'n  France  and 
Austria.     Near  it  are  the  mineral  baths  of  Chaudes-Bourg. 

THIRD  CROSSING,  a  postoflice  of  Calaveras  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

THIRD  LAKE,  Wisconsin.    See  Four  L.akes. 

THIHK'LEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  Nortb- 
Riding. 

THIR'LAMERE  or  LEATH'ES -WATER,  a  lake  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Cumberland,  parish  of  Crosthwaite,  4  miW 
S.E.  of  Keswick,  skirts  the  base  of  Mount  Helvellyn  fbi 
about  4  miles.  The  shores  are  greatly  indented,  and  to 
wards  the  centre  becomes  so  contracted  that  it  is  spanned 
by  a  narrow  bridge  of  3  arches.  Estimated  height  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  500  feet. 

THIRSK,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  parish,  and 
township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Biding,  on  the 
York  and  Newcastle  Railway.  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Northaller- 
ton. Pop.  in  1851,  5.318.  The  town,  on  both  tflnks  of  the 
Codbeck.  an  afliuent  of  the  Swale,  has  a  fine  old  church, 
various  Dissenters"  chapels,  and  numerous  schools.  Manu- 
tactures  of  coarse  linens  and  .sacking  are  carried  on.  and  here 
are  markets  for  corn  and  fruit.  Thirsk  sends  1  member  tc 
the  House  of  Commons. 

THISNES.  teen,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Liege, 
13  miles  N.W.  of  Huy,  with  2  breweries,  and  a  sandstone 
quarry.     Pop.  1351. 

THISSELT.  tis/selt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  14 
miles  S.  of  Antwei-p.     Pop.  1741. 

THISTED  or  TISTED,  tis'tJd,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark, 
In  Jvitland,  stift  of  Aalborg,  on  the  Vilsfiord.  an  arm  of  the 
Lymfioid.  capital  of  an  amt,  12  miles  N.W.  o*  Njr'ij«>l>-og 
Pop.  2200. 


Tin 


THO 


THISTr,!:  ISLAN'D.  South  Australia,  at  the  entrance  of 
Speuiei-  (Jul.,  in  l;it.  ^5°  0'  S.,  lou.  lao^  11'  K.  Leugth.  12 
miles,    brif-idth,  2  miles. 

TUi.STbKTON,  a  parish  of  Enpcland.  co.  of  Rutland. 

THIVA.  a  town  of  (iroene.    See  Theiiks. 

TIIIV'KNKK.  a  po.st-offipe  of  Gallia  to.,  Ohio. 

TIIIVPMIVAL,  ttVvgR'vSl/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine-tit-Oi.se,  canton  of  Foissy.  Pop.  658.  Here  are  the 
chiteau  and  park  of  Orignon,  with  an  agricultural  institute 
having  .OOO  pupils,  and  a  quiury  containing  an  immense 
varietj'  of  fossil  shells. 

Tlil  VI ERS,  tee've-A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  on  a  height,  18  miles  N.E.  of  I'erigueux.  Pop.  1400. 
It  has  manutjictures  of  earthenwares  and  irou  goods,  and 
largK  cattle  and  sheep  markets. 

TIIIZY,  tee^zee/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rh6ne, 
30  miles  N.W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  1420. 

TIILONOTO  CKEKK,  of  Dooly  co.,  Georgia,  flows  W.  into 
Flint  Hirer. 

TIIOCK'RINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

TIIOGJI-CIIUMO,  thog/jee  choo'mo,  a  salt  lake  of  T.adak, 
among  the  West  Himalayas,  15.500  feot  above  sea-level,  60 
miles  S.E.  of  Leh.  It  is  about  ;i  miles  long  from  E.  to  W., 
and  has  swampy  shores,  intensely  saline,  and  covered  with 
saline  plants,  especially  the  Cheiiopodiacece.  From  a  water- 
mark, distinctly  visible,  about  150  feot  above  the  present 
level  of  the  water,  it  appears  to  have  covered  a  much  larger 
bpace  than  at  present,  and  to  have  been  then  fi-esh,  as  the 
whjle  of  the  surrounding  plain  consists  of  clay-beds,  con- 
tiuning  prodigious  numbers  of  fresh-water  shells. 

THOIKY,  twi^ree',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  pro- 
vince of  Savoy  Proper,  6  miles  KX.E.  of  Chambery.  Pop. 
1351. 

TIIOTSSEY,  twds'see',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ain,  on  the  Chalaroane,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Saone, 
9  miles  S.  of  Macon.     Pop.  in  1862,  17U3. 

TUOLSY-LA-BERCIlI^KE,  twSCiee>  \i  bfR^shSiR',  a  com- 
mune of  France,  department  of  C6te-d'0r,  5  miles  E.  of  Sau- 
lien.    Pop.  1110. 

THOLEN  or  TOLE\,  to^lgn,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Zeeland,  on  the  island  of  Tholen,  between 
the  Scheldt  and  the  Meuse,  4  miles  N.W.  of  liergen-op-Zoom. 
Pop.  2394. 

TIIOLLENBEEK,  tol'len-baikV  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  on  the  Marcct,  about  19  miles  S.W.  of  Brus- 
sels.    Pop.  2533. 

I'lIOLLON,  torioN"',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  di- 
vision of  Upper  Savoy,  province  of  Chablais,  21)  miles  E.N.E. 
of  fieneva,  near  the  S.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  Pop. 
1210. 

TIIOMAR,  to-mas/,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estre- 
madura.  capital  of  a  comarca,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Abrantes. 
Pop.  38<i0.  It  has  a  vast  convent,  and  manufactures  of 
cotton  thread  and  silk  liibrics. 

TltiJMAS.  tom'as,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
boTderinn;  on  Florida,  contains  800.  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  head  streams  of  the  Ocklockonee  River.  The 
surface  is  level;  the  soil  sandy  and  productive.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Brunswick  and  Florida  Railroad,  (unfinished.) 
Organijed  in  1825,  and  named  in  honor  of  General  Jett 
Thomas,  of  Georgia.  Capital,  Thomasville.  Pop.  10,766,  of 
whom  4.522  were  free,  and  6244  slaves. 

THOMAS,  a  post-office  of  Yates  co..  New  York. 

THOMAS'  POINT,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  entrance  to  South 
River,  Chesapeake  Bay,  contains  a  fixed  light  in  a  tower  30 
feet  high,  and  aids  vessels  bound  to  Annapolis. 

THOMAS'  HUN,  a  post-office  of  Hartford  co.,  Maryland. 

T  HOM  ASTON,  tom'usttin,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co., 
Maine,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  St.  George's  River,  80  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Portland.  It  contains  exten.sive  beds  of  limestone, 
from  which  a  superior  quality  of  lime  is  manufactured  and 
exported  in  large  quantities.  The  Maine  state  prison  is  situ- 
ated in  this  township  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  is  en- 
closed by  a  tract  of  10  acres.  The  pl.in  of  the  building  and 
system  of  discipline  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Auburn  pri- 
son. The  convicts  are  principally  employed  iu  cutting  gra- 
nite, which  is  extensively  quarried  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
a  few  miles  below.  When  wrought  into  v.arious  forms  for 
buildings,  it  is  exported  to  different  parts  of  the  United 
States.  The  village  of  Thomaston.  situated  on  the  E.  bank 
of  St.  George's  River,  12  miles  from  the  ocean,  contains  2 
banks  and  a  newspaper  office.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3218. 

THOMA.STOX,  a  neat  post-village,  capital  of  Upson  co., 
Georgia,  75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has  a  hand- 
some brick  court-house,  2  churches.  2  academies,  and  5 
stores.  There  is  a  cotton  factory  on  Potato  Creek,  one  mile 
from  the  village,  which  employs  50  operatives.  Incorporated 
in  1S25. 

THOM'ASTOWM  ^,  BALH.YMACAN'DON.a  disfranchised 
parliaiueOtary  borough,  town,  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  CO.,  and  8i  miles  3.S.E.  of  Kilkenny,  on  the  Nore. 
Pop.  in  ISaii  2180.  It  was  formerly  eQclo.sod  by  walls,  and 
has  beautiful  remains  of  an  abbey,  a  large  Roman  Catholic 
chapel,  ft  branch  back,  and  flour  mills.    Near  it  are  the  im- 


posing remains  ci    ibbey  Jerpoint,  and  of  Mount  Juilet 
Castle. 

TIIOMASTOWN  or  BALLYMACANDON,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land. CO.  of  Kild.are. 

THOM'ASTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Lestke  co.,  Mississipp', 
56  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Jackson. 

THOMASVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Davidson  co.,  Nrath 
Carolina.     Pop.  308. 

THOM'ASVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Thomas 
CO..  Georgia,  on  the  Brunswick  and  Kloi-ida  Railroad,  200 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  contains  a  co'irt-house 
which  is  creditable  to  the  county,  and  a  school  Tailed  the 
Fletcher  In.stitute,  under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists. 
Pop.  about  600. 

THOMASVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Robertson  co.,  Tennessee. 

THOMASVILLE,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Tennessee, 
290  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

THOMASVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri. 

TIIOMASWALDAU,  to'mis-*ill'dow,  Oder,  o'bgr,  and  NlB- 
DER,  nee'dfr,  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussian  Si- 
lesi.a,  government  of  Liegnitz,  circle  of  Buntzlau.     P.  1350. 

THOMERY,  to'mjh-ree',  a  village  of  F'rance.  department 
of  Seine-et-Marne,  arrondissenient  of  Fontjiinebleau,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  3^  miles  from  Fontainebleiiu,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop.  864.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  grapes. 

THOMIGSDOR  F,  to'mios  doRr,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Chrudim.     Pop.  1348. 

THOMP/SON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THOMP'SON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windham 
CO..  Connecticut,  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Norwich.  The  town- 
ship is  intersected  by  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad, 
and  drained  by  the  Quinebjiug  and  French  Rivers,  which  fur- 
nish abundant  water-power.  It  contains  several  manufac- 
turing villages,  the  principal  of  which  .are  Ma.sonsville,  Fi.sh- 
ersville,  and  Wilsonsville,  on  the  Norwich  and  Worcester 
Railroad,  and  New  Boston,  in  the  N.W.  corner  of  the  town- 
ship. The  manufactures  comprise  muslins  and  other  cotton 
goods,  woollen  goods,  forks,  &c.  The  thriving  village  of 
Thomson  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  about  1  mile  from 
a  railroad  extending  to  Blackstono.  It  contains  several 
churches,  and  a  bank.    Pop.  of  the  township,  32:')9. 

THOMPSON,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York, 
contains  Monticello,  the  county-sciit.     Pop.  38.34. 

THOMPSON,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  697. 

THOMPSON,  a  post-township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  20  miles  E.  of  Montrose.    Pop.  558. 

THOMPSON,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia,  on 
the  Georgia  Railroad,  about  60  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Milledge- 
ville. 

THOMPSON,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Arkansas.    Pop.  548. 

THOMPSON,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  870. 

THOM  PSON,  a  post-township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio.  P.  1237. 

THOMPSON,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.    Pop.  1702. 

THOMPSON'S,  a  post-offlce  of  Fairfield  district,  South 
Carolina. 

THOMPSON'S  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  rises  a  few 
miles  N.W.  of  Chesterfield  Court-House.  and  flowing  S.E. 
enters  Great  Pedee  River  about  5  miles  below  Cheraw. 

THOMPSON'S  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  Leaf  River 
from  the  N..  in  Perry  county. 

THOMPSON'S  CREEK,  of  Loui.siana,  forms  the  boundary 
between  East  and  West  Feliciana  parishes,  and  enters  the 
Mississippi  about  2  miles  above  Port  Hudson. 

THOMPSON'S  CR0S6-R0.ADS,  a  pos^office  of  Louisa  co., 
Virginia,  45  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

THOMPSON'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co., 
Virginia. 

THOMPSON'S  LANDING,  a  postK)ffice  of  Coahoma  co., 
Mississippi 

THOMPSON'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Hancock  co., 
Kentucky. 

THOMPSON'S  RIVER,  of  Missouri  Territory,  falls  into 
the  .Missouri  River  in  about  108°  20'  W.  Ion. 

THOMPSON'S  STAND,  a  post-offlce  of  Suffolk  co..  New 
York. 

THOMPSON'S  STORE,  a  small  viUage  of  Guilford  co., 
North  Carolina. 

THOMP'SONTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Juniata  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Juniata  River,  and  on 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and  Canal,  37  miles  W.N.W.  pf 
Harrisburg. 

THOMP'SONVILLE,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  En- 
field township.  Hartford  CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  E,  bank 
of  the  Connecticut  River,  at  the  month  of  the  Freshwater, 
and  on  the  New  Haven  Hartford  and  Springfield  Railroad, 
17  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  a  bank,  and  .•» 
carpet  factory  employing  about  500  hands.  Pop.  in  1840, 
800 ;  in  1860,  about  2000. 

THOMPSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York,  about  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

THOMPSONVILLE,  a  small  post-v'illa^-e  of  Washington 
CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

1913 


THO 

THOMPSOWTLLK.  a  post-Tillasre  of  Cnlpepper  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 104  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond.     It  has  2  churches. 

THOMI'SON  VIl.LE,  a  villaare  of  Racine  co.,  Wiscon.sin,  92 
njites  .S.K.  of  Madison.     It  contains  1  store  and  2  hotels. 

THOMPSON  WINTERBOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  I>orset. 

THON'E.  ton,  or  THOXEX,  to^A',  a  town  of  Savoy,  pro- 
vince of  Genevese,  on  the  Fier,  at  the  junction  of  three  Tal- 
!evs.  9  miles  E.S.K.  of  Annecy.     Pop.  2808. 

THONG,  Nether,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

THONG,  Upper,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Ridin$r. 

THONON,  to^nfiNo',  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Haute  SaToie.  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Geneva.  Pop.  4428.  Near  it  is  the  farm-house 
(formerly  chateau)  of  Ripaille,  to  which  .^madeus  VIII.  of 
Savoy  retired,  after  having  successively  renounced  the  duke- 
dom of  Savoy,  the  papacy,  and  the  bishopric  of  Geneva. 

THOK.  LE.lgh  toR,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vau- 
cluse.  8  miles  E.  of  Avi<_'non.     Pop.  in  1852.  3869. 

THORDA.  toR/di  or  THORENBURG.  to'ren-Wi<5RG\  (Hun. 
Tnrda  or  Thorda.  toR'doh.)  a  market-town  of  Transylvania, 
capital  of  a  county.  17  miles  S.E.  of  Klausenburg.  Pop. 
8112.  Near  it  are  extensive  salt-mines,  and  the  ruins  of  the 
Roman  fortress  Sulinrr.  a  station  of  lae  7th  legion,  who  have 
left  various  inscriptions  there. 

THORENS,  to'rdx"'.  a  market-town  of  Savoy,  province  of 
Genevese.  9  miles  N.E.  of  Annecy.     Pop.  2447. 

THORESBV,  thors'bee.  North,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Louth,  on  the  Lincolnshire  Rail- 
wav. 

THORESBY.  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THOBESW.iY,  thors'wi,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

THOR'G.tNBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THORGANBY.  a  parish.  England,  co.  York.  East  Riding. 

THORIGXY,  a  town  of  France.     See  ToBlONl. 

TH0R1NGT0N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THORINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Es.sex. 

THOR'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

THORLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  I.'ile  of  Wight. 

TUOR/.MANBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North 
Riding. 

THORN.  toRn.  a  strongly-fortified  town  of  West  Prussia, 
52  miles  S.S.W.  of  Marienwerder.  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the 
riffht  bank  of  the  Vistula,  in  lat.  53°  N.,  Ion.  3°  33'  E.  Pop. 
12.687.  It  is  a  place  of  great  strength,  surrounded  by  walls 
and  bastions,  and  defended  by  two  forts.  It  is  entered  by  4 
gates,  and  consists  of  an  old  and  new  town.  It  has  a  court 
of  law.  and  several  public  offices,  2  Protestant  and  3  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  one  of  them  containing  a  statue  of  Coper- 
nicus: a  Protestant  gymnasium,  a  nunnery,  several  school.s, 
4  hospitals,  and  a  work-house;  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen  cloth,  hats,  soap,  and  famous  gingerbread;  some  ship- 
ping, and  a  trade  in  com,  wood,  linen,  hides,  bark,  and 
ashes.  It  was  taken  by  Charles  XII.  on  the  13th  of  October, 
1703.  after  a  siege  of  four  months  by  the  Poles ;  it  derives, 
however,  its  chief  celebrity  from  Copernicus  having  been 
born  here  in  1473. 

THORN,  tonn,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Limburg.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Roermond.    Pop.  1162. 

THORN,  a  township  of  Perry  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1737. 

THORN'ABY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

THORN'AGE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THORNAPPLE.  a  river  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Eaton  co., 
and  flows  W.  through  Barry  co..  where  it  turns  towards  the 
N..  and  enters  Grand  River  in  Kent  co..  about  10  miles  E. 
of  Grand  Rapids.     Its  length  exceeds  80  miles. 

TilOR'N APPLE,  a  township.  Barrv  co..  Michigan.  P.1002. 

THORN'BOROUGH,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Buckingham. 

THORN'BOR(}.  a  postrvillage  of  Spottsylvania  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Po  River,  69  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

THORN'BDRY.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Gloucester,  in  Berkeley  Vale.  3i  miles  E.  of  the  estuary  of 
the  Severn,  and  11  miles  N.E.  of  Bristol.  Pop.  in  1851,  4614. 
The  town  has  an  elegant  church,  several  Dissenting  chapel.s, 
numerous  daily  endowed   schools,  alm.ahouses  and  other 
charities,  and  the  remains  of  a  magnificent  palatial  castle. 
THORN  BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
THORNBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Hereford. 
THORN  BURY,  a  post-township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, al)out  24  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia. 

THORNBURY,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Penngylvania. 
Pop.  1017. 
THORN'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Northampton. 
THORN'COMBE,  a  smaU  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon,  6  miles  E.N.E.  of  Axmiuster.     Pop.  in 
1851.  1325.  ^ 

THORN  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  \Vhitlev  co.,  Indiana. 
THORN'DIKR,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  38 
miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  958. 
TUORNDl  KE,  a  pogf-offlea  of  Hampden  co..  Maasachusetts 
THORN'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
lUld 


THO 

THORNE.  thorn,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Engtland, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  in  a  marshy  but  fertile  tract  near 
the  Don,  on  the  border  of  Lincolnshire,  7  miles  S.W.  ofGoole. 
Pop.  in  1851,  3484.  The  town  has  a  neat  church,  several 
chapels,  two  free  schools,  and  an  active  trade  in  corn  and 
other  goods.  At  Hangman  Hill,  1  mile  distant,  coasting 
vessels  are  built. 

THORNE.  COFFIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

THORNE  F.tL'CON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

THORN  ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

THORNE,  ST.  MAR'GARET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Somerset. 

THOR'NEY.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cambridge,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  March.  Pop.  in  1851,  2174, 
chiefly  descendants  of  French  Protestants. 

THORNEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

THORN EY,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  6^ 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Chichester,  consisting  of  Thomey  Island, 
between  Havling  Island  and  the  Su.ssex  mainland. 

THOR/NEYBURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

THORN'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

THORN'HAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

TH(1RNH.\M.  a  ttiwnship  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

THORNHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THORNHAM.  Great,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THORNHAM.  Little,  a  parish  of  Encland.  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THORN'H  AUGU.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

TIIORN'HILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding.  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wakefield,  on  the  Calder.  Pop. 
in  liSSi.  6851.  Here  are  4  woollen  mills,  places  of  worship 
for  Weslevans  and  Baptists,  and  18  daily  schools. 

THORNHILL.  a  burgh  of  barony,  in  Scotland,  co.,and  13 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Dumfries,  near  the  Nith,  on  the  road  from 
Ghasgow  to  Dumfries.  Pop.  in  1861,  1668.  It  has  a  neat 
parish  church,  and  a  handsome  market-cross,  with  manu- 
taclures  of  stocking.s,  leather,  jtc. 

THORNHILL.  a  small  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth. 

THOH.\  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co..  New  York. 

THORN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Virginia. 

THORN  HILL,  a  small  village  of  Marion  CO..  .\labama. 

THORN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Walker  co..  Alabama. 

THORN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Granger  co..  Tennessee. 

THORN  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
on  the  Ontario  Simcoe  and  Huron  Railroad,  14  miles  N.  of 
Toi"onto.     Pop.  about  500. 

THORN'LEV,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

THORNLEY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  I^ancaster. 

THORN'LEYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Boone  CO.,  Indiana, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Lebanon. 

THORNLIEBANK.  thornMe-bank',  a  village  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Renfrew.  H  miles  S.  of  Pollockshaws.     Pop.  1700. 

THORN'SET.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

THORNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

THORNTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

THORNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

THORNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THORNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

THORNTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

THORN'TON.  a  post-township  of  Grafton  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire. 54  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  967. 

THORNTON,  a  post-village  ofDelawareco.,  Pennsylvania, 
S7  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 

THORNTON,  a  pist-village  of  Cook  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad.  23  miles  S.  of  Chicago. 

THORNTON,  BISHOP,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Ridine. 

THORN'fON-iK-CRAn'EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  West  Riding,  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Skipton,  on  the 
North  Midland  Railway.  The  cataract  of  Thornton-Force  is 
in  this  pari.sh;  it  has  a  fall  of  90  feet. 

THORN'TON  CURTIS,  a  parish  of  Endand.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THORNTON  DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding. 

TUORNTON-iN-LONS'DALE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  o' 
York,  West  Riding.  The  celebrated  "Yord-i's  Cave"  is  io 
this  parish,  and  near  it  is  a  quarry  of  black  marble. 

THOKNTON-LE-MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Caistor. 

THORNT0N-IK-TUE-.MO0RS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

THORNTON'S  FEIWIY.  a  post-village  ofHillstorough  co., 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  railroad  11  miles  S.  of  Manchester, 
and  on  the  Merrimac  River. 

THORNTON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Rappahannock  co., 
Virginia. 

THORNTON'S  RIVER,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  riseg 
from  the  Blue  Ridge,  near  the  W.  border  of  Rappatannock 
CO.,  and  flowing  S.hl.  through  Culpepper  co.,  anit.ts  with 
Hedgman'g  River,  forming  the  North  Fork  of  thi-  Kappa 
hannock. 

THORNTON  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  TlUnofa. 

THORNTON  STEWARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding. 


THO 


THR 


_ TIIORNTON-iNiHE-STREET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
York.  North  Riding. 

THOKi\TO\  WaT'LAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  UidinR. 

TUORN'TOWN.  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Boone  CO.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  and  on 
Sugar  Creek,  3tj  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis.  It  contains  4 
churches.   Pop.  of  township,  1016. 

THORN'VILIjE,  a  iKjst-viliage  of  Perry  CO.,  Ohio,  about  3-3 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Colu.Tibus. 

TIIOKOE.  to'roVh,  an  island  of  Denmark,  off  the  island 
of  Funen,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  and  shal- 
low channel.  It  is  alx)ut  3  miles  long,  and  2  miles  broad. 
Many  vessels  are  built  here.  On  the  coast,  in  the  Thorbe 
Strait,  is  a  winter  haven  of  the  third  class,  admitting  ves- 
sels whiih  draw  IV  feet  of  water. 

TIIOlt'OLD,  a  town  of  Canada  West,  on  the  Welland  Canal, 
and  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  4  miles  from  8t.  Cathe- 
rines. It  has  several  very  extensive  tiourlng  mills,  saw 
and  planing  mills.  m.anufacture8  of  leather  and  agricultural 
implements,  3  churches,  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  public 
and  three  private  schools.   Pop.  in  1852,  1094;  in  1854,  1250. 

TIIOROTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

THOROUGHFARE,  a  post-village  of  Prince  M'illiam  co., 
Virginia,  124  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

THORl'E,  thorp,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  3 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Ashborne.  It  has  an  ancient  church.  In 
its  vicinity  is  the  beautiful  Vale  of  Dovedale. 

THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .\orfolk. 

THORPE,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

THORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

THORPE,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THOKPE-AR'IiOT'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  JSorfolk. 

THORPE-A  CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  North- 
ampton, 3  miles  N.N.E,  of  Thrapston,  on  the  London  and 
Kortli-Western  Railway, 

THORPE  A'CRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

THORPE  ARCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York. 

THOli  PE  AR'NOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

THOItPE  BAS/SET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

THOKI'E  BOCIIART,  thorp  ho/kjrt,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Nottingham. 

THOKI'E  CON'STANTINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Btaltord, 

TH01',PE-0N-THE-HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  6 
miles  W.8.W.  of  Lincoln,  on  the  Midland  Counties  R.nilway. 

THORPE  MAL'SOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton, 

THORPE  MAN/DEVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of 
Northampton. 

THOKPK  MAR/KET,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk, 

THORPE  MOUIEUX,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Suffolk, 

THORPE-iJ.\DER-THE-MOUNTAIN,  a  township  of  England, 
JO,  of  York,  West  Riding, 

THOKPE-NEXT-NORnVICH  or  THORPE  ST,  ANDREW,  a 
parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk,  2^  miles  E,  of  Norwich, 
Here  are  many  handsome  villas,  and  the  county  lunatic 
asylum, 

THORPE  SALVIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

THOKPE-LE-SO'KEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Essex. 

THORSENGE,  an  island  of  Denmark,     See  T.^asinge. 

THORSHALLA,  (ThorshSlla,)  or  TORSH.ELLA,  toRshJl'- 
la,  a  town  of  Sweden,  laan  of  Nykopiug,  on  the  river  Eskil- 
Etuna,  near  its  mouth  in  Lake  Malar,  3  miles  N,W,  of  Es- 
kilstuna.     P,  000,    Its  church  steeple  is  30(5  feet  in  height, 

THORSHAVN,  tors-hown',  the  capital  town  of  the  Faroe 
Islands,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  StriimBe,  consists 
of  about  100  wooden  huts,  with  an  hospital,  a  Latin  school, 
and  a  fortified  harbor.     Pop.  720. 

THOR'VERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TH0UARC15,  too\aR-s.V,  a  market-town  of  F''rance,  depart- 
ment of  Maine-et-Loire,  14  miles  S.  of  Angers.  Pop.  in  1852, 
1600. 

THOUARK,  too'SYi',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferieure,  5  miles  N.E.  of  Nantes,  with  which 
't  is  connected  by  railway.     Pop.  892. 

THOUAKS.  tooVR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Deux- 
M^vres,  on  the  Thoue,  22  miles  N.N.F:,  of  Parthenay,  Pop, 
in  1852,  22S7,  It  has  a  communal  college,  a  castle  on  a  rock, 
and  trade  in  grain  and  cattle, 

THOUAKSAIS  or  TOUARSOIS,  too^aR'sw^,  a  vilLige  of 
France,  department  of  Vendee,  10  miles  N.N.W,  of  Fontenay, 
Pop  1312, 

THOUE,  tooW,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Deux- 
Sfevres  and  .Maine-et-Loire,  after  a  N,  cour.se  of  70  miles,  past 
Parthenay  and  Thouars,  joins  the  Loire  near  Saumur,  It 
«  cavigable  for  its  last  12  miles.  Chief  aiHueut,  the  Dive, 
on  the  right  bank,  from  the  S, 

THOU'IN  BAY,  Van  Dieman's  Land,  Freycinet's  Penin- 
rala,    Lat,  42°  15'  S, 

THOULODSE.     See  TouLOUSE. 

IHOUllOUT,   too'roo',  a  town  of  Belgium,  provlace  of 


We.st  Flanders,  11  miies  S,W,  of  Bruges,  on  the  railway  to 
Courtrai.  Pop.  8405,  who  manufacture  hats,  starch,  mus- 
tard, and  wooden  shoes, 

THOU'SAND  ISLANDS,  of  New  York,  are' situated  in 
the  St,  Lawrence  River,  near  Lake  Ontario,  and  opposite 
Jefferson  county.     See  St,  Lawrence  River, 

THOUSAND  ISLES,  the  most  numerous  collection  of  river 
islands  in  the  world,  between  the  United  States  and  Upper 
Canada,  consist  of  about  1600  rocky  islets,  in  an  e.\pansiou 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  its  emergence  from  Lake  Ontario, 
hence  called  the  Lake  of  the  Thousand  Isles. 

THOY'DON   BOIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

THOYDON  GAR'NON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

THOYDON  MOUNT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

THRACE  or  THKACIA,  a  name  which  appears  in  very 
ancient  times  to  have  been  applied  generally  to  the  almost 
unexplored  countries  in  the  S.E.  of  Europe,  was  afterwards 
employed  more  definitely  to  designate  that  portion  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  bounded  N.  by  the  Danvibe;  E.  by  the  Eux- 
ine  or  Black  Sea;  S.  by  the  I'ropontis  or  Sea  of  Marmora,  and 
the  ^Egean  Sea  or  Archipelago;  and  W.  by  the  mountain* 
separating  it  from  Macedonia  and  Thessaly.  At  a  later 
period  it  was  used  in  a  still  more  restricted  ,s<'n.«e,  as  nearly 
identical  with  Room-F^lee  proper,  or  that  part  of  Turkey  lying 
between  Bulgaria  on  the  N.,  and  the  Archipelago  on  the  S, 

THRACIUS  CHERSONESUS,    See  Galupoli,  Pemnslxa 

OF, 

THRAN'DESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  ao.  of  Suffolk, 

TilR  APS/TON,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co,, 
and  18^  miles  N.N.E.  of  Northamplon,  on  the  railway  to 
Peterborough,  and  on  the  Nen.  Pop.  in  1831,  1183.  Here 
are  a  church.  Baptist  chapel,  and  various  sch(X>ls.  Drayt«n 
House,  in  the  vicinity,  is  a  fine  mansion,  on  the  site  of  an 
ancient  castle. 

THK  ASIMENUS  LACUS,    See  Perugia,  Lake  of, 

THREC'KINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 

THREE  BKOTH'ERS,  a  group  of  mountains  of  East  Aus- 
tralia, 22  miles  S.W,  of  Port  Macquarie, 

THKKE  CREEKS,  a  post-ofHce  of  Union  co,,  Ark.ansas. 

TIlllKK  FOKIvS,  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co,.  W.  Virsrinir, 

THI{KE  Fi>RKS,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co,.  Kentucky. 

THKEK  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  Wilson  co,,  Tennessee, 

THKEE  HUM. MOCK  ISLANDS.     See  IIuxter  Isl^vwds. 

THRKE  KINGS  or  MANAW.\-TAW1,  a  group  of  islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  N.W.  of  the  N.  island  of  New 
Zealand.  Lat.  34°  13'  S..  Ion.  172°  10'  E.  They  are  high 
enough  to  become  visible  in  clear  weather  at  tlie  distance 
of  25  miles,  but  have  a  b;irren  aspect,  and  do  not  aliogether 
extend  over  a  .space  of  about  8  miles  each  «.ay.  The  E. 
island,  which  is  the  largct,  is  .scarcely  1  mile  long. 

THREE  MILE  BAY.  a  post-village  of  .lefferson  co..  New 
York,  on  the  bay  of  Litke  Ontario,  about  16  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Watertown, 

THREE  RIVER  POINTS,  a  post-office  of  Onondaga  co,, 
New  York. 

THREE  RIVERS,  a  post-village  in  Hampden  CO.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  Chickot  ee  River,  and  the  Amherst  and  Belcher- 
town  IJailroad,  65  miles  W,S.W,  of  Boston. 

THRtE  RIVER.S.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Lockport 
township,  St.  Joseph  county,  Michigan,  on  the  St.  Joseph 
River,  near  the  mouths  of  Portage  and  Stoney  Creeks,  86 
miles  S.W.  of  Lansing,  The  creeks  furnish  extensive  water- 
power,  which  is  improved.     Pop,  957, 

THREE  RIVERS,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co,,  Iowa, 

THREE  RIVERS  or  TROIS  RIVIERES,  trwd  reVe-aiR/,  a 
town  of  Canada  Ea,st,  capit.al  and  district  of  Three  Rivers,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  rivers  St,  Maurice  and  St,  Lawrence, 
90  miles  from  Quebec,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  electric 
telegraph,  and  on  the  line  of  the  proposed  railway  thence  to 
Montreal,  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Canada,  and  was 
long  stationary  as  regarded  enterprise  or  impiovement ;  but 
recently  it  h.as  beco^ie  one  of  the  most  prosperous  places  in 
the  province — a  change  produced  piincipally  by  the  com- 
mencement of  an  extensive  trade  in  lumber  on  the  river  St. 
Maurice  and  its  tributaries,  which  had  heretofore  been 
neglected,  and  also  by  increased  energy  in  the  nianfacture 
of  iron-ware,  for  which  the  St.  Maurice  forges,  about  3  miles 
distant  from  the  town,  have  always  been  celebrated  in 
Canada.  Three  Rivers  is  the  residence  of  a  Roman  Catholic 
bishop,  whose  diocese  bears  the  .same  name;  and  contains  a 
Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  a  church  of  England,  a  S<-otch 
kirk,  and  a  Wesleyan  chapel,  an  Ursiiline  convent,  with  a 
school  attached,  where  over  200  young  females  ai-e  educated ; 
two  public,  and  several  private  schools.a  mechanics'  instif  ute, 
a  Canadian  institute,  and  a  Young  Men's  Improvement, 
and  several  other  societies^  It  sends  a  member  to  the  pro- 
vincial parliament.  Pop.  in  1862,  4936 ;  in  1861.  60.58.  The 
district  of  Three  Rivers  embraces  both  sides  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, .and  is  subdivided  into  four  counties. 

THREE  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Cambria  CO..  Pennsylvania. 

THREE  RUNS,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Alabama. 

THREE  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co„  Penn- 
svlvania, 
'three  SPRINGS, a post-officeofWashingtonco,,Virginia. 

THREE  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Hart  co,,  Kentucky. 

1917 


THR 

rnUV.X'^OV,  a  parish  of  Kn^latid.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THKICK'UV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THRING'STOXE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

THRIP'LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

THROCK'ING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

TIIROG'.?  POINT  LIGHT-HOUSE,  on  the  S.E.  point  of 
rhrog's  Neck.  Long  Island,  near  Hell  Gate.  It  contains  a 
fixed  light. 

THRONATEESKA  RIVER.     See  Flint  River. 

TUROOPSVILLE.  troops'vil.  a  post-village  of  Cayuga  co., 
New  York,  on  the  Owasca  outlet,  5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Auburn. 

THROOP.SVILLE.  apost-office,  Luxerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 

THROWLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

THROWLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

THRDMI'TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

THRUSH'ELTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

THRUS'SINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Leicester. 

THRUX'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

THRUXTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

THRY'BKRGH,  a  parish  of  EngUind,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

THSIEOO-SHAN  or  THSIEOU-CHAN,  thseeWshSn',  a 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  Shen-see.  lat.  32°  12'  N.,  Ion. 
109°  32'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

THSOONGLING,  THSOUNGLING  or  THSDNGLINQ, 
tBOong'ling',  mountains  of  Chinese  Tartary. 

THUA  tlllEN.  a  city  of  Anam.     See  Hl£. 

THUEYTS.  tii^A/.  a  mar'.cet-town  of  France,  department 
(if  Ard&che.  arrondissement  of  Largentifere.    Pop.  3071. 

THUILLUIS,  tweeryee/  or  til-eeryee'.  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  Hainaut,  on  the  Biemele.  2t  miles  E.S.E. 
of.Mons.     Pop.  1324. 

THUIN,  tU^^N"',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hainaut. 
on  the  Sambre,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Charleroi.  Pop.  4123.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  linens. 

THUIR,  tweeR',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyre- 
nees-0rientales.8milesS.W.of  Perpignan.  Pop.  in  1852.2033. 

THCLAIN,  tUMix"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Hainaut,  with  a  station  on  the  Parii  and  Brussels  Kailway. 
2i  miles  E.N.E.  of  Qui6vrain.     Pop.  1600. 

THUM,  toom.  a  town  of  Saxony.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Zwickau. 
Pop.  2100.     It  has  manufactures  of  lace. 

THUN,  toon,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  16  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Aar,  1  mile  W.N.W.  of  the  Lake  of 
Thun.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  highly  picturesque,  has  a  venerable 
church,  a  feudal  castle  700  years  old,  a  town-hall,  and  m.a- 
nufactures  of  silk  stuffs.  Being  the  principal  starting-place 
for  travellers  In  the  Oberland,  it  is  thronged  in  summer 
with  visitors. 

THUN'DER  BAY',  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Jfichigan,  on  the 
coast  of  .\lpena  co.,  is  an  arm  of  Lake  Huron.  Length, 
near  13  miles;  ereatest  breadth,  about  10  miles. 

THUNDER  BAY  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  peninsula,  and  flowing  E.,  enters  the  upper  part 
of  Thunder  Rav. 

THUN'DERiDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

THUN'DERSLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

THDXERSEE.    See  Thcx.  Lake  of. 

THUNGERSHEIM,  tfidng/ers-hime',  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
In  Lower  Franconia.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Main,  N.N.VT. 
ofWUrzburg.     Pop.  1475. 

THUN,  LAKE  OF.  (Ger.  Thuner  See,  toon'er  sA\)  in  Swit- 
serland,  10  miles  in  length ;  average  breadth,  2  mtles. 
Height  above  the  sea,  1896  feet.  It  is  traversed  by  the  river 
Aar  from  Lake  Brienz,  and  at  its  W.  end  it  receives  the 
Simmen.  The  shores  near  Thun  are  covered  with  villas  and 
gardens;  farther  E.  they  are  precipitous,  and  strikingly 
picturesque.  Two  steamboats  ply  on  it  daily.  On  its  S.W. 
side  are  the  mountains  of  Stockhorn  and  Niesen. 

THUNNINGEN,  toon'ning-en.  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg, 
circle  of  Schwarzwald,  near  Tuttlingen.    Pop.  1844. 

TIIUR,  tooR,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  cantons  of  St.  Gall, 
Thurgau,  and  Zurich,  after  a  N.  and  TT.  course  of  70  miles, 
joins  "the  Rhine  'i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Schaffhausen.  Affluents, 
the  Sitter  and  the  Murg. 

THUR'CASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester.  SJ 
miles  S.W.  of  Mount  SorreL  Latimer,  Bishop  of  Worcester, 
was  born  here  in  1470; 

THURl^.  tii'i'd'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vienne, 
arrondissement  of  Chatellerault.     Pop.  1600. 

TIIURET.  ttiV.V.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-DSme,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Riom.     Pop.  2050. 

THURfGARTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THUROARTON.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co..  and  9J  miles 
N.E.  of  Nottingham,  on  the  Midland  Counties  Railway. 

THURGAU.  toon/irOw.  (Fr.  Thurgnvie,  tUu'goVee'.)  called 
also  TIU'RGOn'IA,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  in  its  N.E. 
part,  having  X  the  Lake  of  Constance,  the  Untersee,  and 
the  Rhine,  separating  it  from  Baden,  and  on  the  other  sides 
the  cantons  of  St.  Gall.  Zurich,  and  Schaffhausen.  Area, 
270  square  miles.  Pop.  90,080.  of  whom  tbui-fifths  are  i'ro- 
test.ants.  The  surfcce  is  undul.iting  and  fertile.  Principal 
rivers,  the  Thur,  the  Sitter,  and  the  Murg.  Agriculture  is 
the  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants.  Neariy  one-third 
of  the  population  is  partiiilly  engaged  in  cotton  and  linen 


THtJ 

Kpinnlng  and  -weaving.    Principal  towns,  Frauenfeld,  the 
capital.  Bischofszell,  Arbon,  and  Steklxiru. 

THUR'GOL.\ND,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

TIIURGOVIE.    See  THtmoAtr. 

THURIA,  thu-re-a.  an  ancient  city  of  Greece,  in  the  Mo- 
rea.  the  remains  of  which,  now  called  l'alr?ocasti-o.  govern- 
ment of  Messenia.  5  miles  N.W.  of  Kalamata,  comprise  'on- 
siderable  traces  of  Cyclopean  arehitecture. 

TIIURING  ER-WALD.    See  TiiimisoiAN  Forest. 

THURINGIA,  thu-rin^ea.  (Ger.  Th&ringm.  tti'ring-fn,) 
the  name  of  an  extensive  tract  in  the  central  part  of  Ger- 
many, watered  by  the  rivers  Saale  and  Werra.  and  including 
the  Thuringian  Forest.  Its  limits  have  varied  at  different 
times,  and  the  name  is  now  but  little  used,  the  original 
Thuringia  having  become  incorporated  with  the  territories 
of  different  states.  Its  capital  was  Erfurt. Adj.  Thurin- 
gian. thoo-rin'je-an. 

TIIURIN'GIAN  FOREST,  (Ger.  Thnringfr-icald,  tti'mng- 
fr-*ilt\)  a  mountain  range  of  Central  Germany,  in  the 
Sa.xon  duchies,  extends  from  the  Frankenwald  N.W.,  along 
the  right  liank  of  the  Werra.  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the 
Horsel.  near  Eisenach,  a  distance  of  about  (50  miles.  Its  cul- 
minating points,  situated  to  the  N.  of  Zelle,  are  the  Behr- 
berg  and  the  Schneekopf,  which  have  each  a  height  of  about 
32S6feet.  The  mountains  are  composed  chiefly  of  porphyry, 
granite,  and  clay-slate,  and  are  clothed  chieHy  with  piiie 
The  minerals  include  iron,  copper,  lead,  cobalt,  <tc.  The 
drainage  is  shared  by  tributaries  of  the  Elbe,  the  Main,  and 
the  Weser. 

THURINGTSCHE,  Saale.    See  Saale. 

TllUr.a,A?^TON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

THURL'BY.  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

THCRLEBERE,  thtlr'le-beer,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ol 
Somerset. 

THURLEIGH.  thfirnee,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  Bedford. 

TIIURLES,  thfirlz.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireljind, 
in  Munster,  co..  and  21  miles  N.E.  of  Tipperary,  on  the 
Suir,  and  on  the  Gre.it  Southern  and  Western  Raihvnv. 
Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  5908.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic 
chapel,  the  ruins  of  sever.">l  ecclesiasticil  and  castellattd 
edifices,  a  Roman  Catholic  and  episcopal  paLace,  college,  and 
school,  2  nunneries,  a  court-house,  bridewell,  barracks,  2  ( 
branch  banks,  and  an  extensive  retail  trade. 

THURLESTONE,  thfiri'stone,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of       i 
Devon. 

THUR1.0W,  Great,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Suffolk 

TIIURLOW.  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THUR1.0XT0N,  a  parish  of  Engl.«id,  co.  of  Somers.'f. 

THURLSTONE.  thilri'stone,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  West  Riding. 

TIIURLTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THUR.M.  tooRm,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau, 
11  miles  S.  of  Chemnitz,  with  paper  and  flour  mills.  P.  lllS. 

THUR'MAN.  a  poMoffice  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio. 

THUR'M.\STON,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Leice.ster. 

TIIURNAU,  tooR'nOw,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  Franconia,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Baireufh.     Pop.  1425. 

THURN'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Leicester. 

THURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THURNEN,  tooR'nen.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton,  and  S  miles  S.  of  Bern.     Pop.  3945. 

THURNIIAM,  a  township  of  England,  co..  and  4J  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Lancaster.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Cocke.-staiid 
Abbey. 

THUR'NING,  a  parish  of  England,  cos.  of  Huntingdon 
and  Northampton. 

TIIURNING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THURNS'COE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

THURB,  t'htir  or  tllr.  or  TN'DTAN  DESSERT,  a  region  oc- 
cupying the  W.  part  of  Ilindostan,  between  lat.  24°  30'  ai:d 
30°  N.,  and  Ion.  70°  .and  76°  E..  extending  from  the  Runn 
of  Cutch  to  the  British  Upper  Provinces  and  the  Sutlej.  It 
is  a  succession  of  saud-hill.s.  interspersed  with  valleys  from  2 
to  3  miles  in  breadth,  and  on  which  scanty  crops  of  grain 
are  raised.  It  comprises  the  dominions  of  .lessuhnere,  .TiX)d- 
poor.  Bickaneer.  Ac.  and  is  inhabited  by  Rajpoots  and  Bhiels, 
who  are  permanently  settled  on  the  soil,  besides  a  number 
of  wandering  predatory  tribes. 

TIIUR'ROCK.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

TIIURROCK,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

THURS'BY,  ('•  Thorstown,")  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cumberland,  6i  miles  S.W.  of  Carlisle.  The  foundation  cf  a 
temple  to  the  god  Thor,  from  whom  the  parish  was  namod, 
were  discovered  here  near  70  years  ago, 

TIIURB'CROSS,  a  township  of  England,  co,  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

TIIURS'FORD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THURS'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

THUR'SO.  a  burgh  of  barony,  parish,  and  seaport  (own 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithness,  on  Thurso  li-aT, 
at  the  mouth  of  Thurso  AVater,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Wick. 
Pop.  in  1S51.  509(3;  of  the  burgh,  2P08.  It  consist  of  an 
old  and  a  new  town,  and  has  a  handsome  parish  chur  .h,  3 


Tim 

Musjnic  lodge,  imbVc  ball-room,  banks,  and  manufactures 
ot  unbn  and  woollen  goods,  straw-plait,  leather,  and  nett- 
ing, thriving  fisheries,  and  exports  of  corn.  The  harbor 
In  the  baj'  is  iafe,  and  steamers  ply  regularly  to  Leith.  A 
pier  has  been  erected  at  Scrabster,  on  the  W.  side  of  Thurso 
Bay. 

THURSTASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Choeter. 

TIIURS/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  5  miles 
E.N'.K.of  Bury  St. Edmund's, on  the  East  Union  Railway. 

THURSTON,  a  county  of  Washington  Territory,  partly 
bordering  on  Puget's  Sound,  has  an  area  estimated  at  700 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Xisqually 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Chehalis  and  Black  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  diversified;  the  soil  is  fertile.  'Wheat,  oats, 
butter  and  stock  are  the  staple  productions.  County-seat, 
Olynipia,  the  capital  of  the  tcTritory.    I'oii.  1607. 

THURS'XON,  a  post-township  of  "Steuben  co.,  New  York, 
about  7  miles  S.  of  Bath.    Pop.  1100. 

THURSTON,  a  poat-offlce  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon. 

THUK'STONLAND,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

TUUR'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TIIUKZOFALVA,  toon'zo'forvoh'.  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Trentsohin,  on  the  borders  of  Galicia,  with  mineral 
springs.     Pop.  0569. 

THUSrS,  tiiVee',  a  marketrtown  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Orisons,  11  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chur,  (Coire.)     Pop.  530. 

THUXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THW.\ITE,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

THWAITE,  a  parish  of  T.ngland,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

THWIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

TIIYATl'I'.A,  an  ancient  city  of  Asia  Jlinor,  the  seat  of 
one  of  the  "seven  churches."     See  Ak-IIissar. 

TIAGUANUCO.    See  Tiahuanuco. 

TIAGUU,  to-J-gtir'.  a  fortified  town  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  district  of  South  Arcot.  52  miles  W.S.VV\ 
of  Pondicherry.     It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1701. 

TfAIIUANUCO,  te-i-wd-noo'ko,  or  TIAGUANUCO,  te-J- 
gw^non'ko,  a  village  of  Bolivia,  department,  and  38  miles 
W.N.W.  of  I^  Paz.  on  the  S.  shore  of  Lake  Titicaca.  It  is 
now  greatly  deserted,  but  is  remarkable  for  the  ruins  and 
gigantic  monuments  that  are  found  in  great  numbers  in 
the  vicinity. 

TI  ASH  A,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Tesha. 

TIBAGI,  te-bdzhee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Paulo,  joins  the  Parapaneina  after  a  N.W.  course  of  200 
miles,  for  the  most  part  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

TIB'BATTS  CROSS-ROADS,  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co., 
Kentucky. 

TIB'RERMORE  or  TIP'PERMUIR,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO..  an<l  immediately  N.E.  of  Perth.  Here  are  the  remains 
of  Ruthven  Castle. 

TIB'BKRTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

TIBBKRTON,  a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

TIBBOO  (or  TIBBOU,  tib'boo')  COUNTRY,  a  region  of 
Central  Africa,  comprising  a  great  part  of  the  Sahara  S.E. 
of  Fezzan,  and  between  that  country  and  Lake  Tchad. 

TIB'ENH.'VM,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TIBER,  ti'ber,  (anc.  Tl'heris,  Ti'bris  or  Ti/'hris;  It.  Tevere. 
t.Vvi-ri,)  a  celebrated  river  of  Central  It:ily,  rises  in  the 
Tuscan  .Apennines,  5  miles  N.  of  Pleve  Sat.to  Stefano,  and 
flows  S.S.K.  as  far  as  Barberini,  within  20  miles  of  Rome, 
■where  it  turns  S.W.,  and,  after  a  course  of  1S6  miles,  enters 
the  Mediterranean,  17  miles  below  Rome,  by  two  mouths, 
which  enclose  a  small  delta,  the  ancient  In'sula  Sikra  (now 
Isold  Sacra,  ee'.so-W  sS'krd.)  It  is  navigable  at  certain  seasons 
as  far  as  the  confluence  of  the  Nera,  30  miles  N.  of  Rome. 
Principal  tributaries,  the  Topino,  the  Nera,  (anc.  Nar.)  and 
the  Teverone.  {a.nc.  Anio,)  from  the  E.;  and  the  Nestore, 
the  Chiana,  and  the  Nepi,  from  the  W.  Its  banks  are  not 
picturesque;  and  the  stream,  usually  sluggish,  is  rapid  |n 
spring,  and  brings  down  with  it  a  colored,  muddy  deposit, 
which  caused  it  anciently  to  be  termed  the  "yellow  Tiber." 
At  Rome  it  is  about  300  feet  across. 

TIBERIAS,  a  town  and  lake  of  Palestine.  See  Tabareeyah. 

TIBERIS.     See  Tiber. 

TIB'KRTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

TIBESA,  a  town  of  Algeria.    See  TmsA. 

TIBKSTI  or  TIBKSTY,  tee'bes'tee',  a  subdivision  of  the 
Tibboo  country,  in  Central  Africa. 

TIBKT.    See  Thibet. 

TIBET.  Little,  Central  Asia.    See  Ladakh. 

TIBI,  te-Bee',  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  16  miles  N.W. 
of  Alicante,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  Ibi.     Pop.  1577. 

TIBISCUS.    SeeTnwss. 

TIBO'HTNE  or  TAUGII'BOYNE,  »  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Counaught,  co.  of  Roscommon. 

TIBORE,  te-bor  (?)  a  native  state  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Pangansaue,  once  a  famed 
robber-nest. 

TIBRTS.    See  Tiber. 

TIB'SHELF,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

TIBUR.     See  Tivou. 

TIBUUON,  te-B'  o-ron',  ("  Shark"  Island.)  an  island  in  the 
Gulf  of  California.    Ut.  29°  N.,  Ion.  112°  26'  W.    Length, 


TIC 

30  miles;  greatest  breadth.  20  miles.  Near  its  N.  shore  Is  l 
pearl  bank. 

TIBURON,  a  maritime  town  of  Ilayti,  at  its  S.W.  ex- 
tremity. 38  miles  W.N.W.  of  Caves. 

TIBURON,  CAPE,  in  Hayli. "  See  Cape  TiBtmox. 

TICAO.  te-kd'o,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  off  the  S.E. 
point  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  l^etween  it  and  the  island  of 
.Masbate :  lat.  (N.  point)  12=  41'  N.,  Ion.  123°  39'  E.,  about  28 
miles  long,  by  7  miles  broad. 

TICCARY,  tikOt-yree,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bengal,  province,  and  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bahar. 

TICE'HURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TICHAU,  tiK'ow,  or  TYCHUW,  tiK'oSv,  a  vilbge  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Silesia,  government,  and  60  miles  S.E.  of 
Oppeln.     Pop.  2214. 

TICH'BOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TICIl'FIELD-wiiH-CROF'TON,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  2i  mile's  W.  of  Fareham,  on  a 
sm.nll  stream  flowing  into  Southampton  Water,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  a  navigable  canal,  at  the  mouth  of  which 
is  a  small  roadstead.  Pop.  4M30.  The  town  has  a  spacious 
church,  formerly  a  part  of  an  abbey  in  which  Henry  A'l. 
espoused  Margaret  of  Anjou.  Close  to  the  town  are  the 
ruins  of  Tichfield  House,  in  which  Charles  I.  vvas  concealed 
after  his  escape  from  Hampton  Court,  in  1647.  Tichfield 
gives  the  title  of  marquis  to  the  Duke  of  Portland. 

TICII'MARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton 

TICHVIX,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  TlKnvix. 

TICINETTO,  te-che-nSt'to.  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Piedmont,  province,  and  6  miles  S.E.  of 
Casale.    Pop.  1117. 

TICINO,  te-chee'no,  (Fr.  Tr^nn,  tS.s'sSN"';  anc.  Tieifnus,)  a 
river  of  Switzerland  and  Pie<.lmont.  rises  on  the  8.  declivity 
of  Mount  St.  Gothard,  flows  S.E.,  and  having  traversed  l>age 
Maggiore,  and  subsequently  fomied  the  boundary  between 
Lombardy  and  the  Sardinian  States,  (Piedmont,)  joins  the  Po 
on  the  left.  3j  miles  S.S.E.  of  I'avia.  Total  course,  125  miles. 
It  is  navigable  from  Lago  Maggiore.  In  its  lower  part  it 
forms  many  islands,  and  supplies  the  Canal  of  Naviglio 
Grande. 

TICINO.  (Fr.  Tessin,)  impi-operly  written  TESINO  or  TE- 
Cl NO.the  southernmost  canton  ofSwitzerland,  on  the  Italian 
side  of  the  Alps,  which  sepaiate  it  from  the  cantons  of  Uii  and 
Orisons:  having  S.  and  E.  Austrian  Italy,  Gri.sons.  and  the 
Val  di  Mi.socco,  and  S.  and  W.  Piedmont.  Area.  1037  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1^60.  116.-^43.  all  Roman  Catholics,  and 
mostly  speaking  Italian.  It  is  wholly  drained  by  the  Ticino 
and  its  tributaries.  Its  S.  part  comprises  the  larger  portion 
of  the  Lake  of  Lugano,  with  the  N.  extremity  of  Lago  Mag- 
giore. The  climate  and  products  are  similar  to  those  of 
North  Italy.  The  princip;»l  crops  are  wheat,  maize,  rye, 
che.stnuts.  wine,  and  .silk :  cheese,  calves,  sheep,  and  hogs 
are  exported.  Timber  is  plentiful,  but  of  little  commercial 
value.  The  ni,anufacturesare  insignificant:  the  transit  trade 
between  Italy  and  Switzerland  is  considerable.  The  inhabit- 
ants emigrate  to  neighboring  countries  to  the  number  of 
10.(X)0  annually.  The  government  is  vested  in  a  legislative 
council  of  114  memter.s,  and  an  executive  council  of  9 
members.  The  principal  towns  are  Bellinzona,  the  capital, 
Lugano.  Locarno,  and  Faido.  Ticino  formed  part  of  the 
ancient  duchy  of  MUan;  it  holds  the  18th  place  in  the  Swiss 
Confederation. 

TICINUM.    See  Pavia. 

TICK'ENCOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

TICK'ENHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

TICK'FAW  RIVER,  of  Louisiana,  rises  near  the  N.  border 
of  St.  Helena  parish,  and  flows  S.  through  Livingston  parish 
into  Lake  Maurepas. 

TICK'HILL,  a  parish,  and  formerly  a  market-town  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  4J  miles  W.  of  Bawtry. 
The  town  has  the  remains  of  a  castle.  The  church  is  spa- 
cious. 

TICK^MACRE'VAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Antrim,  comprising  the  town  of  Glenarm. 

TICK'NALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

TICONDERO'GA,  a  post-village  and  township  at  the  S.E. 
extremity  of  Essex  co..  New  York,  95  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Albany.  The  township  extends  from  Lake  Champiain  to 
Lake  George.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  outlet  of  Lake 
George,  at  the  Lower  Falls,  which  here  have  a  descent  of 
alx>ut  30  feet,  affording  an  extensive  hydraulic  power;  it 
has  a  steamboat  landing,  and  considerable  tiade.  Two  oi 
three  miles  below  this  village  are  the  ruins  of  the  old  Fort 
Ticonderoga,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Champiain.  .at  the 
entrance  of  the  above  outlet.  The  fort  was  surprised  by 
Colonel  Ethan  Allen  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  2271. 

TICOO  (tee'koo')  ISLANDS,  on  the  W.  coa.st  of  Sumatra,  3 
in  number,  small  and  woody,  about  H  miles  apart.  The 
outermost  island  is  in  lat.  0°  23'  S..  Ion.  99°  50'  E. 

TICOl'IA  ISLAND.     See  Ti  COMA. 

TICUL.  te-kool',  a  town  of  Yucatan,  44  miles  S.  of  Me- 
rida.  It  is  large,  and  Interspersed  with  gardens.  It  has  a 
fine  square,  in  which  is  a  domed  church,  a  convent,  and 
manufactures  of  earthenwares,  and  of  hats  for  exportation. 


TID 


TIG 


Most  of  its  Inhabitants  are  mestizos.  Near  it  are  the  ruins, 
«nd  extfcosive  mounds  and  sepulchral  caverns  of  Ichinul. 

TID-AN.  (Tid-dn.)  tid  on,  a  river  of  Sweden,  issues  from 
the  N.  extremity  of  a  lake  on  the  frontier  of  the  Ifen  of  Jon- 
kiipine.  about  15  miles  N.W.  of  the  town  of  that  name,  flows 
N.,  then  W.,  expanding  into  Lake  Osten,  and,  after  a  wind- 
ing course  of  nearly  80  miles,  falls  into  the  E.  side  of  Lake 
Wener  near  Mariestad. 

TID'COMBi:.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts, 

T1D'KNH.\M.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Gloucester, 

TIUESWELL,  tidz'wel,  a  market-town  and  pari.<h  of  Eng- 
land, co,,  and  29  miles  N.N,AV,  of  Derby.  I'op,  iu  1851,  3411, 
It  has  a  large  and  handsome  church,  Wesleyan  and  Homan 
Catholic  chapels,  a  free  grammar  school,  and  numerous 
other  schools, 

TIDIOUTE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co,,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Alleirhanv  River.  20  miles  below  Warren, 

TID'MARSH,  a  parish'of  England,  co,  of  Berks. 

TID'.MIXQTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

TIDOU  or  TIDORE.  te-dor'.  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, lielonging  to  the  Dutch,  W.  of  the  island  of  Gilolo, 
and  S,  of  Ternate.  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel 
atfording  good  anchoi-age.  Lat,  0°  40'  X,,  Ion,  127°  2^'  E. 
Circumference,  18  miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  with 
an  active  volcano :  it  is  densely  wooded,  and  productive  in 
spices.  The  inhabitants  are  Mohammedans,  It  was  di.s- 
covered  by  Magellan,  (Magalhaens.)  and  successiveli'  be- 
longed to  the  Spaniards,  Portuguese,  and  Dutch, 

TlD'WOR'ni,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Wilts,  2 
miles  W.S,W,  of  Ludgersh.ill,  Here  is  Chidbury  Camp,  with 
a  causeway,  numerous  barrow.s,  excavations,  and  other  anti- 
quities of  British  origin, 

TIDWORTH,  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Hants. 

TIEDRA-VIE.TA,  te-A'orA  ve-A'jia,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Valladolid,  9  miles  N,E.  of  Toro.     Pop,  1695, 

TIKFKNBRONN,  tee'fen-bi-onn\  a  village  of  Baden,  7 
miles  S.E,  of  Pforzheim.  I'op,  850,  Gall,  the  founder  of 
the  science  of  phreuolo2r\-.  was  born  here  in  1V5S. 

TIEFENOKT,  tee'fen-ORf,  a  village  of  Saxe-Weimar,  S.W. 
of  Eisenach,  on  the  Werra.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  old 
castle  of  Krevenberg.     Pop.  12:37, 

TIEFHARtMANNSDORF,teef-haKt'minns-dor,f\  a  manu- 
facturing village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  21  miles  S,W,  of  Lieg- 
nitz.    Pop,  1360, 

TlEGENHOF.'tee/ghen-hor,  a  market^town  of  West  Prus- 
sia, 22  miles  S,E.  of  Dautsic.  on  the  Tiege.     Pop,  2070. 

TI  EL.  Switzerland.    See  Thiele. 

TIEL.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Thiel. 

TIEMBLO,  El,  61  te-Jni'iilo.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Avila,  on  the  Alberche  River,     Pop.  1373, 

TIEN,  te-^n',  a  prefixed  name  of  many  towns  of  China, 
Biostly  in  the  S.  provinces, 

TIENE,  tee'neh,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy,  delega- 
tion, and  12  miles  X,N.W,  of  Vicenza,  Pop,  of  the  district, 
8800,  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  hats,  and 
linens, 

TIEXEN,    See  Tiriemoxt. 

TIEN-PE,  te-4n*-pA/,  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Quang- 
tong,  on  the  coast  of  the  China  Sea,  74  miles  N,E,  of  Looee- 
choo,  in  lat.  21°  29'  N.,  Ion.  111°  17'  E.,  and  having  a 
spacious  though  shallow  harbor,  defended  by  several  forts. 

TIEN-T.SIN,  te^nHseen',  a  large  commercial  city  of  China. 
DTOvince  of  Pe-chee-lee,  and  the  port  of  Peking,  from  which 
capital  it  is  nearly  70  miles  S.E.,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Y.uen-ling  and  the  Peking  River.  It  is  a  great  entrepot  for 
salt;  it  also  imports  grain,  woollen  stuffs,  and  furs,  in  large 
quantities. 

TIERM.VS,  te-ia/mis.  (anc.  Therima.)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  65  miles  N.  of  Saragossa,  on  the  Aragon,  with 
numerous  hot  springs,  whence  its  name. 

TIERKA  AUSTRAL  DEL  ESPIRITO  SANTO.  te-?R'Rl 
dws-trdl'  dJl  ^s-pee^re-too  sin'to,  an  isl.ind  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  the  largest  and  westernmost  of  the  New  Hebrides. 
See  New  Hebrides. 

TIERKA-BOMBA,  te-Jp'Rl  bomn)!.  an  isl.and  in  the  Carib- 
bean Seii.  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  New  Granada,  protects  the 
hartior  of  Carthagena.  from  which  city  it  is  10  miles  W. 

TIERRA  DEL  FUEGO.     See  Terra  del  Fiego. 

TIESI.  te-A'see,  or  TIEZl,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dini.i,  16  miles  S,S,E.  of  Sass.iri.     Pop.  2700. 

TIETAK.  te-A-taR',  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  New  Castile, 
province  of  Avila.  flows  S.W.,  and  joins  the  Tagus  near 
Villareal  de  San  Carlos.    Total  couiw.  90  miles. 

TIETE.  te-A'tA,  AMIEMUY  or  ANHEMBI.  Sn-ySm-bee',  a 
river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  after  a  W.  course  of 
500  miles,  joins  the  Parani  near  Int.  20°  45'  S..  Ion.  52°  W. 
Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Pipira,  Piracieaba,  and  Jun- 
diahy.     Its  navigation  is  obstructed  by  numerous  cataracts, 

TIETZ.  teets,  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  15  miles  S.W.  of 
Deutsch-Krone,     Pop,  1000, 

TIEZI.  a  village  of  Sardinia.     See  TiESI, 

T^IKEUNO,  a  river  of  .Naples,     See  Biferxo, 

TIFESIt,  tee'f^sh',  a  town  of  Algeria,  province,  and  70 
miles  E,  of  Constantine,  on  the  Hamistj. 

TIFFAIJGES,  teePfozh',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
1920 


Vendee,  on  the  Sevre-Nantalse,  10  mtlea  E.N.E.  of  Mortague. 

Pop.  916. 

TIF'FIELD,  a  parish  of  EngUnd,  co.  of  NoHiiampton. 

TIK'FIN,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1787, 

TIFFIN,  a  township  of  Defiance  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  915. 

TIFFIN,  a  thriving  town  of  Clinton  township,  capital  of 
Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Sivndusky  River,  and  on 
the  Siindusky  Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  180  milea 
N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati,  and  33  miles  S.W.  of  Ssindnsky  City. 
It  is  situated  on  level  ground,  and  is  compactly  built  Be- 
sides the  county  buildings,  it  contains  11  churches,  2  banks, 
a  union  school-house,  which  cost  about  $40.000, 1  woollen 
factory,  and  1  iron  foundry.  Two  newspapers  are  published 
here.  Titlin  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  well-cultivated  dis- 
trict.    Laid  out  in  1821.     Pop.  in  1860,  3992. 

TIFFIN'S  RIVER,  of  Michigan  and  Ohio,  rises  in  the 
former  state,  and  flowing  southward  into  Ohio  enters  the 
Maumee  at  Defiance,    It  is  sometimes  called  Bean  Creek. 

TIF  LIS,  tiflis\  or  TEF'LIS,  (native  pron.  tif-leess'  or 
tef-leess',)  the  capital  city  of  Georgia,  in  .\siatic  Russia, 
and  of  all  Russian  Tran.scaucasia,  on  the  Koor,  lat,  41°  41' 
4"  N.,  Ion.  44°  50'  30"  E.  Pop.  in  IR.iR,  .S7.930,  Mean 
temperature  of  year,  57°"4;  winter,  31°-8;  summer,  75°-9, 
F'ahrenheit.  It  stands  in  a  narrow  valley,  and  is  defended 
by  walls  and  several  forts.  The  old  quarter,  on  tlie  bank 
of  the  river,  comprises  numerous  Armenian  churches 
and  large  caravanserais;  it  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  an  -Ar- 
menian population,  and  is  the  principal  seat  of  trade.  The 
upper  town,  or  Russian  quarter,  has  broad  streets  and  open 
scjuares,  the  government  ofiices,  military  quarters,  iStc,  and 
presents  to  the  other  quarter  all  the  contrasts  of  a  Euro- 
pean town.  The  Armenian  cathedral  is  a  large  and  striking 
edifice.  Tiflis  has  .liso  several  mosques,  a  German  I'rotest- 
ant  chapel,  French  and  German  hotels,  elegant  shops,  and  a 
flourishing  hot-bath  establishment,  from  which  the  Russian 
government  re.nlizes  a  considerable  revenue.  The  Russians 
have  estalilished  various  schools  in  the  city,  the  commerce 
of  which  has  greatly  augmented  since  it  fell  under  their 
dominion. 

Tl'GER,  a  post-office  of  Rabun  co..  Georgia. 

TIGER  CREEK,  a  po?t-ofticeofClait>orne  parish,  Louisiana. 

Tl'GER  ISLAND,  an  inlet  in  the  Canton  Hiver.  China,  N. 
of  Tycocktow  Island,  in  the  Boca  Tigris.  It  is  situated  on  s 
lofty  and  conspicuous  rock,  on  which  is  a  formidable  battery. 

Tl'GER  RIVER,  of  South  Carolin.i.  a  small  stream  ri.sing 
in  Greenville  district,  near  the  N.W.  frontier  of  the  state;  it 
flows  south-eastward,  and  enters  Broad  Kiver  at  the  S.E 
extremity  of  Union  district. 

TI'GERVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Terre  Bonne  parish.  Loui- 
siana, on  Bayou  Black.  It  has  a  steamboat  landing,  and  is 
a  shipping  point  for  the  parish. 

TIGHT  SQUEEZE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia. 

TIGIL.  te-ghil',  or  TIGHILSK,  te-ghilsk'.  a  fortified  town 
of  Kamtchatka,  near  its  W.  coast,  on  the  Tighil,  near  its 
mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Penjinsk.  Lat.  58°  X.,  Ion.  158° 
16'  E. 

TIGLIOLE,  teel-yoHA.  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Alessandria,  5  miles  W,S,W. 
ofAsti.    Pop,  2409, 

TIGNALE,  teen-yJlA,  a  village  of  Northern  It.aly,  pro- 
vince, and  N.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  heights  which  flank  the 
W.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Garda,     Pop.  1153, 

TKSNES,  teeB,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Savoy,  province  of  Tarantaise,  al>out  12  miles  SJE. 
of  St.  Maurice,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Isgre.     Pop.  1077. 

TIGRANOCEKTA.    See  Sert. 

TIGKE,  tee'gr.AN  one  of  the  three  principal  states  of  Abvs- 
sinia,  l^>tween  lat.  11°  and  17°  30'  N..  and  Ion.  37°  and  41° 
E..  having  N.E.  the  Danakil  country,  S.W.  Amhara,  and  on 
other  sides  various  Galla  territories.  The  surfijce  is  mostly 
mountainous;  and  here  are  the  sources  of  the  Tacazze  and 
Mareb  Rivers.  The  princip.il  towns  are  .\ntalo.  .\xoom.  Sii-fi, 
.\dowah,  and  Dixam.  The  chief  outlet  for  its  produce  is 
Arkeeko.  on  the  Red  Sea.     See  AnrssiMA. 

TIGRE,  tee'grA.  or  PEQUETfA,  pj^-kAn'ya,  a  river  of 
Ecuador,  joins  the  Amazon  40  miles  W.  of  the  influx  of  the 
Ucayale,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  350  miles. 

Tl'GRIS,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  pash.ilics  of  Diar- 
bekir,  Mosol,  and  Bagdad,  rises  near  Arehana-Maden,  flows 
S,E.,  and  at  Korna  joins  the  Euphrates  to  fom>  the  Shat-el- 
.\rab.  Total  course  estimated  at  11 50  miles.  At  Bagdad  the 
Tigris  and  Euphrates  approach  within  30  miles  of  each  other, 
and  hold  a  parallel  cour.se  for  about  80  miles,  when  they  di- 
verge, being  distant  from  80  to  100  miles  fmm  each  other,  till 
they  unite  at  Ivorna.  The  region  between  the  Tigris  and  the 
Euphrates  is  the  ancient  Mfsopntamiri.  From  Mosiil  to  Bag- 
dad, a  distance  of  alxjut  220  miles,  the  Tigri.':  may  t>e  con- 
sidered as  having  an  average  width  of  2iiO  vMrds.  with  a 
currentin  March  of 4J  miles  per  hour.  Its  principal  affluents 
are  the  Great  and  Little  Zab,  Khaboor.  and  Diala.  all  finni  the 
N.E.  Below  Diartekir  it  contains  sevenil  islands.  Its  banks, 
in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  are  fliinh'  peopled,  and  the 
country  about  them  is  only  partially  cultivated;  but  the 
pasture-grounds  are  rich,  and  well  suited  for  the  visits  cf 
j  the  nomadic  tribes  which  come  occasionally  to  the  river  fr')m 


Tin 

the  neifrhborinpr  countries.  For  about  24  miles  below  Mosul, 
<he  country  is  highly  cultivated  on  br'.h  sides:  but  between 
that  and  Tekrit  all  cultivation  nearly  ceases,  and  is  but  par- 
tially found  between  the  latter  place  and  Bagdad.  Between 
Ba'.;dad  and  Korna  the  banks  are  steep,  and  overgrown  for 
the  most  part  with  brushwood,  the  resort  of  lions  aud  other 
wild  animals.  A  considerable  increase  of  the  river  takes 
place  during  the  rains  of  November;  subsequently  it  de- 
creases, au  1  swells  irregularly  at  intervals.  It  attains  its 
greatest  height  between  the  middle  and  the  end  of  May, 
when  its  velocity  is  7'33  feet  per  .second,  and  the  discharge 
at  Bagdad,  in  the  .same  time,  is  about  1(>4,103  cubic  feet. 
After  this  time  the  river  tails,  with  more  or  less  regularity 
and  inequality,  till  the  middle  of  June.  It  brings  down 
vast  quantities  of  deposit,  and  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course 
is  very  rapid.  The  Tigris  is  navigable  for  rafts  at  certain 
seasons,  from  Diarbekir  to  Mosul,  a  distance  of  about  296 
miles.  Below  the  latter  place  it  is  more  or  less  so  throughout 
the  year,  and  the  descent  to  Bagdad  is  performed  with  great 
easo  and  speed.  Large  rafts,  supported  by  200  or  even  300 
inflated  skins,  are  much  in  use  for  the  tran.sport  of  goods. 
During  the  tlood-season  the  voyage  is  performed  in  three  or 
four  days,  whereas  at  another  time  it  requires  fourteen  days. 
The  ruins  of  Nineveh,  JSdeucia,  Ctesiplwn,  Opis,  Ac.  are  on 
its  banks. 

TI-IIOA,  a  city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan.    See  Ooroomtsee. 

TIJARAFE,  te-ud-rd'fi,  a  town  of  the  Canaries,  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  island  of  I'almas.    Pop.  2216. 

TIJOLA  or  TIXOL.\,  te-Ho'li,  a  market^town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  27  miles  N.  of  Almeria,  with  a  celebrated  fair. 
Pop.  4920. 

TIKAX-TEPPEH,  tee'kdn'  tSp'pJh,  a  village  of  North 
Persia,  province  of  Azerbaij,an,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Tukhti- 
Suleiman,  and  the  usual  halting-place  for  caravans  going 
between  Tabreez  and  Hamadan.  Near  it  are  some  ancient 
excavations. 

TIKUVESH,  tlKVJsh',  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Macedonia,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Vardar,  65  miles  N.W.  of 
Salonica. 

TIKIIVIN  or  TICnWIN,  tiKVin',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Novgorod,  on  the  Tikhvinka,  108  miles  N.E.  of 
Novgorod.  Pop.  3600.  The  Canal  of  Tikhvin,  105  miles  in 
length,  unites  the  Tikhvinka  and  Sias  with  the  Mologa  and 
Volga,  and  thus  connects  Lake  Ladoga  and  the  Baltic  with 
the  Caspian  Sea. 

TIKHVINKA  or  TICHWINKA,  tlK-vink'i.  a  river  of 
Russia,  issues  from  Lake  Ozerskoie,  in  the  government  of 
Novgorod,  and  joins  the  Si.is  15  miles  below  the  town  of 
Tikhvin.    Total  course,  80  miles. 

Tl  KSA.  tik'sd,  a  lake  of  Russia,  government  of  Archangel. 
Lat.  66°  26'  N.,  Ion.  31°  30'  E.  Greatest  length,  from  N.W. 
to  S.E.,  16  miles.  It  is  of  very  irregular  shape,  contains 
several  small  islands,  and  discharges  itself  by  the  Chadra 
into  Ijake  Pija. 

TV'iU,  te-koo.  a  town  on  the  S.Vf.  coast  of  Sumatra.  Off 
it  are  the  Tiku  Islands,  a  wooded  group,  on  which  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  formerly  had  settlements. 

TIL  A'FAR.  til  i-faii/,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic, 
and  35  miles  W.  of  Mosul,  between  the  Tigris  and  Khaboor 
Rivers.  It  consists  of  four  divisions,  situated  on  as  many 
limestone  hills,  rising  to  about  200  feet  above  the  adjacent 
plain,  and  intersected  by  a  large  rivulet.  One  of  its  qu.arters 
is  enclosed  by  ruined  walls,  and  the  whole  comprises  about 
1000  stone  houses,  of  which  700  are  inhabited.  Pop.  mostly 
Arab  and  Koord  Mohammedans,  engaged  in  rural  industry 
and  the  manufacture  of  coarse  cotton  and  wotjlen  fabrics. 

TILANAVI,  te-U-nd'vee,  or  LISCA-NERA,  lis'k^  ni'rS, 
one  of  the  Lipari  Islands. 

TILAPA.  te-ld'pd.  a  small  town  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion, on  the  Pacific  coast.     Lat.  16°  N.,  Ion.  97°  10'  W. 

TILAVEMPTUS.    See  Tagliame.nto. 

TIL/BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

TILBURG.  til'bliRO,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Brabant,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Breda.  Lat.  51°  33'  N., 
ion.  5°  4'  E.  Pop.  16,792.  It  has  a  royal  palace,  extensive 
maflufactuves  of  woollen  goods,  print-works,  and  breweries. 

TILBURY.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Essex,  14 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Romford,  on  a  creek  of  the  Thames.  At  this 
place  the  Emiieror  Claudius  is  sujjposed  to  have  crossed  the 
Thames  in  pursuit  of  the  Britons. 

,  TILBURY.  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  ad- 
joining East  Tilbury.  In  early  Saxon  times  it  was  an 
episcopal  see.  Here  are  some  traces  of  the  camp  formad  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  in  1588. 

TIL/BURY-JUx'TA-CLARE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

TIiyBURY  FORT,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Thames,  op- 
oosite  Gravesend.  is  a  large  brick  fortification,  enclosed  by 
«  moat  in  a  marshy  tract,  which  may  be  wholly  laid  under 
water.     It  was  originally  erected  by  Henry  VIII. 

TILDEN.  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

TILDESLEY-CUM-SHAKERLY,  a  town.ship  of  England, 
CO.  of  Lancaster. 

TILE'HURST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

TILES'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

TILFF,  tilf,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  3  miles  S. 
5  V' 


TIM 

of  Liege,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ourthe ;  near  it  Is  a  vcrj 
remarkable  stalactitic  grotto.     Pop.  1166. 

TILISCH,  teeaish,  or  TILISKA.  teeMish'koh\  a  village  o| 
Austria,  in  Transylvania,  15  miles  W.  of  Hermannstadt 
Pop.  3305. 

TILL,  a  river  of  England;  co.  of  Northumberl.and.  rises  3. 
of  the  Cheviot  Hills,  flows  N..  and  joins  the  Tweed  4i  milijs 
N.F;.  of  Coldstream.  Course,  80  miles.  Afllueuts,  the 
Beamish  and  Beaumont,  from  the  W. 

TILLANCHONG,  til-ian-chong'.  one  of  the  Nicobar  Isles, 
N.  group.  Lat.  8°  30'  N.,  Ion.  93°  35'  E.  It  is  a  high,  oblong, 
rugged  mountain,  in  many  parts  covered  with  trees,  and 
inhabited  only  by  such  persons  as  have  been  banished  front 
the  other  islands. 

TILLE,  teel,  a  river  of  France,  joins  the  Saone  on  the  right 
4  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Jean-de-Losne,  after  a  course  of  about  50 
miles. 

TILLEDA,  til'lA-dl,  or  TULLEDA,  (TUlleda.)  tul'eh-di  a 
village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  government,  and  39  miles  W. 
of  Merseburg.     Pop.  1014. 

TIIVLER'S  FERRY,  a  post-oflRce  of  Kershaw  district, 
South  Carolina. 

TILLICOULTRY,  til-te-kool'tree,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Clackmann.an,  on  the  Devon,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Alloa.  The 
village  has  a  neat  church,  branch  banks,  and  manufactures 
of  shawls  and  plaidings.  Near  it  are  remains  of  a  Druidic 
circle. 

TILLIERES,  teeValK^  or  teePyain',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Eure.  6  miles  E.  of  ^'erneuil.    P.  1304. 

TILLlJlKES.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Maiue-et- 
Loire,  9  miles  S.W.  of  IJeaupreau.     Pop.  1467. 

TliyLINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

TIL'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TILLY'-suR-SEULLES,  tee^yee  (or  teePyee')  sUrsuI,  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  12  miles  W.  of  Caen- 
Pop.  1174. 

TIIVMANSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

TIiyNEY  ALL  SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

TILNEY-wiTH-IS'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

TILNEY  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of 
Norfolk. 

TILS'IIEAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

TILSIT,  til'sit,  a  town  of  East  i'russia.  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Niemen  or  Memel,  here  joined  by  the  Tilse.  and 
crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Konigsberg. 
Lat.  55°  4'  N..  Ion  21°  56'  E.  Pop.  15,371.  It  has  a  gymna- 
sium, and  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  hosiery,  arm.s, 
leather,  and  hardware.  It  exports  corn,  timber,  hemp,  and 
flax  A  treaty  between'  France,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  was 
signed  here  on  a  raft  in  the  river,  on  the  7th  .July,  1S07, 

TIL'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Chester. 

TIITTON.  a  post-village  of  Murray  co..  Georgia,  on  the 
Western  Atlantic  Railroad,  9  miles  from  Dalton. 

"ril/TON-os-iHE-HILL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Leicester. 

TIL/TONSVILLE,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  about 
16  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Steulieuville. 

TII/TY,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Essex. 

TIM,  teem,  a  river  of  Siberia,  governments  of  Yeniseisk 
and  Tomsk,  joins  the  Obi  near  Tim.sk,  90  miles  N.W.  of 
Narym,  after  a  westward  course  of  250  miles. 

TIM,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  38  miles  E.  of 
Koorsk.  on  the  Tim,     Pop,  2000. 

TIMACIIUS.    See  Timor, 

TIMANA,  te-md-ni'(?)  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarca.  province,  and  82 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Neyva.  on  the  Upper  Magdaleua. 

TIMAN  MOUNTAINS.     See  Ur.\i. 

TIMB.ALIER  (tim-ba-leer')  BAY,  of  Louisiana,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Bayou  La  Fourche,  is  partially  separated 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  long  and  narrow  islands. 

TIM'BER.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illi- 
nois, al>ont  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  l.'i.'iO. 

TIMBER  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Gloucester  co.,  New 
Jersey,  falling  into  the  Delaware  below  Gloucester. 

TlMBElt  CREEK,  a  post-oftice  of  Hunt  co.,  Texas. 

TIMBER  CREEK,  a  post-village  in  Marshall  co.,  low.i,  on 
a  small  creek  of  its  own  name,  about  80  miles  W,N,W,  of 
Iowa  City, 

TIMBERED  BRANCH,  a  post-offlce  of  Adair  co,,  Illinois. 

TIMBER  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Washington  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia. 

TIM'BERLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TIMBER  RIDG  E,  a  post-office  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Virginia. 

TIMBER  RIDGE,  a  post-vill.age  of  Union  district,  South 
Carolina. 

TIMBER  RIDGE,  a  post-offlce  of  Greene  eo.  Tennessee. 

TIM'BERSCOMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

TIM'BERVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Rockingham  co ,  Vir- 
ginia, about  150  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

TIMBO.  TIMBOO  or  TIMBOU.     See  Tf.EMnoo. 

TIMHUC'TOO.  TOMBUCTOO  or  TOMBOOCTO;  written 
also  TOMBUKTU  and  TEN  BOCTOO,  a  town  of  Centra] 
Africa,  in  Soodan,  neai-  the  border  of  the  Desert  of  Sahara,  b 

1921 


TIM 


TIN 


miles  V.  of  thf  Joliba.  'Xi}<er,)  lat.  18°  4'  N..  Ion.  1°  45'  W. 
I'eiiiii.oent  pop.  about  12.000.  principally  Negroes,  with  some 
Moors.  It  is  a  very  poor  town,  in  a  wretched  country, 
situated  amid  burning  and  moving  sands,  on  the  verge  of  a 
morR.ss.  The  walled  enclosure,  about  3  miles  in  circum- 
ference, contains  some  bricl!.  houses,  but  most  of  the  dwell- 
ings are  mere  circuliir  huts  or  wigwams  of  straw  and  earth. 
Among  its  mosques  are  2  with  towers  and  walls  about  16  feet 
in  height.  Provisions  have  to  be  brought  from  Jenne,  on 
the  Niger,  about  300  miles  S.W.;  and  the  sole  importance  of 
Timbuctoo  is  due  to  its  being  an  entrepot  for  the  trade  be- 
tween Guinea,  Senegambia,  and  North  Africa.  Caravans 
from  Morocco  and  the  other  Barbary  states  here  e.xchange 
dates.  Europe.tn  manufactures,  fire-arms,  gunpowder,  coral, 
tobacco,  and  paper,.for  slaves,  gold-dust,  salt,  ostrich  feathers, 
gums,  and  palm-oil.  It  was  twice  taken  and  held  by  the 
Moors,  but  is  now  governed  by  a  native  chieftain. 

TIME,  a  post'Office  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois. 

TIM'ERYCOTTA,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras,  district,  and  70  miles  W.  of  Guntoor,  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  river  Kistnah,  a  cataract  of  which  here  enters  a  basiu 
lined  with  numerous  Hindoo  temples. 

TIMIMOON  or  TIMIMOUN,  tee'me-moon',  a  town  of 
North  Africa,  in  Sahara,  capital  of  the  district  of  Goorara, 
(Gourara,)  oasis  of  TooHt.  Lat.  27°  50' N.,  Ion.  1°  40' E.  It 
occupies  a  large  space,  consisting  of  frotn  500  to  600  houses, 
separated  from  each  other  by  gardens,  surrounded  by  loop- 
holed  walls,  and  defended  by  a  fortress.  It  is  one  of  the 
greiit  centres  of  the  ti-affic  of  the  Sahara.  It  nominally  be- 
longs to  the  Emperor  of  Morocco,  but  has  lately  declared  itr 
self  independent. 

TIM'MONSVILLE,  a  post-ofiSce  of  Darlington  district. 
South  Carolina. 

TIMOK,  tee'mok',  (anc.  TimfacJius,)  a  river  of  European 
Turkey,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Bulgaria  and 
Servia,  and  joins  the  Danube  18  miles  N.N,W.  of  Widln, 
after  a  N.E.  course  of  100  miles. 

TIMOK,  a  town  of  Servia,  43  miles  N.W.  of  Nissa. 

TIMOLEAGUE,  tim-o-lAg',  a  decayed  market^tovni  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster.  co.  of  Cork,  on  Courtmack- 
sherry  Bay,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bandon.  Pop.  about  600.  It 
has  a  neat  church,  and  remains  of  an  abbey. 

TIMOK,  te-mor',  an  island  of  the  JIalay  Archipelago,  sepa- 
rated on  the  W.  from  the  island  of  Ombai  by  Ombai  Strait; 
washed  N.  by  the  Bauda  Sea.  and  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Lat.  (S.  point)  10°  24'  S.,  ion.  123°  32'  E.  Length,  about  300 
miles;  breadth,  40  miles.  The  N.E.  and  S.W.  extremities 
end  in  promontories.  It  is  surrounded  by  banks  and  rocks, 
but  has  two  safe  harbors — Coepang  on  the  S.,  the  head- 
quarters of  the  Dutch ;  and  Delli  on  the  N.,  the  chief  place 
of  the  small  portion  still  held  by. the  Portuguese.  In  the 
N.  is  a  lofty  mountain,  (elevation,  6000  feet:)  and  high 
mountain  chains  traverse  the  whole  i.sland.  These  hills  are 
chietly  formed  of  limestone,  with  red  chalk  in  the  lower 
parts  also,  clay-slate,  greenstone,  sienite,  and  porphyry ;  they 
are  generally  bare  and  rocky,  destitute  of  timber  and  un- 
derwood, though  in  some  places  there  are'  forests  of  con- 
siderable extent.  Iron,  gold,  and  copper  are  found.  Every- 
where are  traces  of  volcanic  origin,  and  the  whole  island  has 
frequently  suffered  from  earthquakes.  The  .streams  are 
small,  and  mostly  dry  in  summer.  Around  the  coasts 
every  spot  of  ground,  admitting  of  cultivation,  appears  to 
be  occupied,  and  the  country  is  covered  with  dwellings  and 
pl.intations.  Various  kindsofb;tmboos.  maize,  toddy-palms, 
cotton,  tobacco,  sweet-potatoes,  indigo,  bread-fruits,  pine- 
apples, melons,  cocoanuts,  sago,  mango,  lemons,  papaw, 
sandal-wood,  Ac,  are  among  the  most  valuable  vegetable 
products  of  this  island.  The  domestic  animals  are  bufTalws, 
oxen,  horses,  sheep,  pigs,  and  fowls;  end  in  the  woods  are 
deer  and  a  grwit  many  apes.  Among  birds,  may  be  men- 
tioned the  rhinoceros-bird,  lories,  and  cockatoos.  The  ani- 
mals found  on  the  N.W.  side  of  the  central  mountain  chain 
resemble  those  of  the  rest  of  the  archipelago ;  but  those  on 
the  S.E.  are  closely  allied  to  the  fauna  of  Au.atralia.  Near 
the  river  mouths  crocodiles  abound,  and  on  the  shores  va- 
rious kinds  of  turtles  are  found.  Dangerous  serpents  and 
scorpions  are  numerous,  and  insects  of  the  most  various 
hues,  and  a  sort  of  small  bee  are  met  with  in  great  quanti- 
ties. Pearl-oysters  are  obtained  on  the  coasts;  on  the  reefs 
trepang  is  caught,  and  they  yield  besides  cellepore,  madre- 
pore. Ac,  and  above  all  a  kind  of  coral  called  isis,  much 
prized  by  the  Japanese,  The  Timorese  eat  the  young  bees 
and  the  honey,  but  export  the  wax.  Agriculture  is  little 
attended  to.  The  females,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  archipe- 
lago, weave  what  cloth  is  required;  the  men  engage  in  no 
sort  of  handicraft  except  the  constructing  of  proas,  the 
hammering  of  gold-plates,  and  the  casting  of  rings  and  bells 
for  decorating  their  horses.  The  principal  exports  are  san- 
dal-wood sent  to  China,  Iieeswax  to  Java,  and  cattle,  horses, 
maize,  and  sago  to  the  Austr.alian  colonies,  Mauritius,  and 
Singapore,  in  return  for  muskets,  gunpowder,  hardwares, 
ralicoes,  and  other  British  manufactures,  which  constitute 
the  chief  imports,  liesides  rice,  arrack,  and  other  native 
pn  duce  from  Java  and  .Macassar.  British  ships  frequently 
vli.t  Timor,  chietly  homeward-bound  whalers,  as  also  Dutch 
1922 


'  ships  and  native  vessels.  The  natives  are  divided  into  the 
j  Timorese,  inhabiting  the  W.  part  of  the  island,  originally 
from  Ccram,  and  subject  to  the  Dutch :  the  Belonese.  inlia 
biting  the  E.  coast,  originally  from  flilolo,  and  subject  to 
the  I'ortuguese,  and  the  independent  tribes  of  the  interior. 
Only  princes  are  permitted  to  have  more  than  one  wife,  foi 
whom  a  price  in  gold  or  buffaloes  is  paid  to  the  father. 
Smallpox  visits  the  island  every  10  or  12  years,  and  leprosy 
'  is  endemic.  The  Dutch  possess  the  settlement  of  Coepang, 
in  the  S.W.,  which  is  a  free  port.  Dilli,  on  the  N.W.  co.-ist, 
is  a  settlement  belonging  to  the  Portuguese,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  very  fertile  territory,  but  unhealthy  for  Euro- 
pean.s.  In  these  settlements  the  natives  are  Said  to  bo 
Christians;  in  the  interior  the  great  majority  are  idolaters. 
Pop.  200,000. Adj.  and  inhab.  Timorese.-  tee'mo-reez'. 

TIMOR  LAUT,  te-mor'  lowt,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archi- 
POJago,  between  lat.  7°  10' and  8°30'S..  Ion.  131°  and  131°  40* 
E.,  260  miles  E.  of  Timor.  I./ength,  90  miles;  greatest  breadth, 
about  40  miles.     The  surface  is  mountainous  and  wooded. 

TIMPANAGOS  (frequently  written  TIMPANOGOS) 
LAKE  called  now  the  Great  Halt  Lake,  which  see. 

TIM'PEKLY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  parish 
of  Bowden,  on  the  Altringham  and  Manchester  Railway,  1 
mile  N.E.  of  .\ltringham. 

TIM.S'BURY,  ft  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

TIMSBURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Il.ints. 

TIM'WORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

TINACORO,  tena-ko'ro,  or  YOLCA'XO  ISLAND,  an  un- 
inhabited island  of  the  South  Pacific.  Lat.  10°  2.3'  S..  Ion. 
165°  49'  E.  It  consists  of  a  cone  of  about  2000  feet  high, 
falling  towards  the  sea  by  a  rapid  slope.  Smoke  and  flame 
have  been  .seen  issuing  from  its  suuimit,  and  on  its  S.W. 
side  incandescent  lava  has  been  observed  flowing  down. 

TINAJO  or  TINAXO,  te-nd'Ho.  a  town  of  the  Canaries, 
island  of  Lanzarote,  and  consists  chiefly  of  scattered  houses, 
with  a  cliurch  and  primary  .school.     Pop.  1264. 

TINCHEBRAI,  tANsh'bri'  or  tJs»Vhfhbr,V,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Orne,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Domfront. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4174.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  .and  ma- 
nufactures of  paper  and  jewelry.  Here,  in  1106.  Henry  I.  of 
England  finally  defeated  his  brother  Robert  of  Normandy. 

TIN'DALEWARD,  the  largest  of  the  six  wards  of  the 
county  of  Northumberland,  in  England,  in  the  AV.  of  the 
count}',  bordering  Durham  and  Cumberland,  and  separated 
N.  from  Scotland  hy  the  Cheviot  Hills.  Ai-ea.  514,6€0  acres. 
Pop.  44,233.  Its  centre  and  E.  parts  are  highly  cultivat^^d; 
eLsewhere  it  consists  chiefly  of  mountainous  wilds,  rich  in 
minerals.  It  is  traversed  by  theTyne  and  its  affluents,  the 
great  Roman  wail,  and  the  Newcastle  and  C.trlise  Railwiiy; 
it  contains  many  small  lakes,  and  the  towns  Hexham,  Ilalt- 
whistle,Al]endale,  Bellingham,  Corbridge,  and  St.-imfordham. 

TINDARE,  tin'dd-r.i,  or  TINDARO,  tin'dd-ro,  a  promon- 
tory on  the  N.  cofist  of  Sicily,  4  miles  N.E.  of  Patti;  a  little 
S.E.  of  it  is  a  church,  standing  among  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  TynldarU.  the  walls  of  which,  as  well  as  the  theatre, 
can  still  be  traced. 

TIN  DFIELD  or  TINDFJELD,  tind'fvild,  a  mountain  range 
of  Norway,  lat,  60°  N.,  Ion.  S°  E.,  4S71  feet  in  hei-ht. 

TIND-SOE,  tind'sO^fh,  a  narrow  lake  of  Norway,  at  the 
S.E.  foot  of  the  above  mountain  range,  18  miles  in  length; 
at  its  N.  end  is  the  village  of  Tind. 

TINEIIELY.  tin-hee'iee,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster,  CO.  of  Wicklow,  ejmiles  S.W.  of  .\ghrim.  Pop.  TOO. 
Since  its  destruction,  in  1798,  it  has  been  rebuilt  by  Earl 
Fitzwilliam.  whose  seat  (Coolattin  Park)  is  in  the  vicinity. 

TINEO.  SAN  PEDRO,  Sp.ain.    See  San  Pedro  Tinko. 

TING-CUOO  or  TING-TCHOU,  tingVhoo',  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Shan-toong,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the 
Yellow  Sea,  with  a  commodious  harbor;  lat.  37°  48'  N.,  Ion. 
120°  50'  E. 

TING-CIIOO,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Fokien,  capital 
of  a  department,  140  miles  N.W.  of  Amoy. 

TINOmviCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

TING-IIAI  or  TING-HAE,  ting'hi',  the  Kipital  city  of  the 
island  of  Chusan,  off  the  E.  coast  of  China,  province  of  Che- 
kiang.  near  the  S.  coast  of  the  island,  70  miles  E.N.E.  of  N*ng- 
po.  Lat.  30°  0'  1"  N.,  Ion.  122°  6'  E.  It  is  enclosed  by  a 
stone  wall,  entered  by  four  double  gates,  surrounded  by  a 
ditch,  and  connected  by  a  canal  and  narrow  causeway  with 
its  harbor,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  distant.  The  streets  are 
narrow  and  irregular,  flijgged,  clean,  and  well  drained;  the 
houses  are  mostly  of  one  story ;  the  shops  are  well  supplied, 
and  the  silversmiths  and  tailors  of  the  town  enjoy  some 
repute.  The  chief  edifice  is  a  fine  Boodhic  temple,  and  outside 
of  the  walls  are  several  barracks,  formerly  in  occupation  by 
British  troops.  The  harbor  is  sheltered  by  numerous  i.slots, 
and  has  deep  water,  but  it  is  difficult  of  approach.  Neigh- 
boring rice-grounds  and  swamps  render  the  city  very  un- 
healthy to  Europeans.    It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  lb40. 

TIXGIS.    hee  Tangier. 

TIN'GKITII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

TING'WALL,  WIIITK'NESS,  AND  WEKS'DALK,  a  united 
parish  of  Scotland,  comprising  a  part  of  Shetland  Mainliiul, 
with  the  village  of  Scalloway,  and  the  islar^Js  of  O.xnor 
Trousa,  Ilildetsie,  and  Linga.     Pop.  in  1851.  2S74. 


TIN 

TTNIAN.  tee-ne-Jn',  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  one  of  the  La- 
drone  Islands. 

TI.MCCM,  tiu'e-kUm,  a  township  of  Bucks  co,,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  2396. 

TINICUM,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in- 
tersected by  the  Pliiladelphia  Wilmington  and  Baltimoro 
Kailroad,  U  miles  S.W.  of  Philadelphia.     I'op.  li«. 

TINICUM  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  the  Delaware  Kiver, 
b<'Ionn:in!j  to  the  above  township. 

TIM.SCHT,  tee'uisht,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  about  11  miles 
S.K.  of  Koniggratz.     Pop.  1688. 

TINK'EK  KNOB,  a  postoifice  of  Botecourt  co.,  Virginia. 

TINKKK  RUN,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
gylvani.i. 

TINKER'S  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Cuyahoga 
Kiver  about  12  miles  from  Cleveland. 

TINKER'S  CHEEK,  a  postoffice  of  Barnwell  district, 
South  Carolina. 

TIN'MOUTH,  a  postrtownship  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont, 
70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  629. 

TINNEVELLY,  tin-ne-vyiee,  a  maritime  district  of  Bri- 
tish" India,  presidency  of  Madras,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Indian  Peninsula,  having  N.  and  N.W.  the  district  of  Ma- 
dura; Wi,  Travancore;  and  elsewhere  the  Gulf  of  Manaar, 
separating  it  from  Ceylon.  Area,  5700  square  miles.  Pop. 
1.2(i9,'216.  Principal  towns,  Palamcotta,  the  chief  seat  of 
trade,  Tinnevelly,  and  Manapar. 

TI.XNEVELLY,  a  town  in  the  above  district,  immediately 
N.W.  of  Palamcottii,  and  88  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madura.  It  is 
unhejilthy,  from  surrounding  rice-grounds. 

TIN'NKy'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Ray  co.,  Mi.ssouri. 

TINO,  tee'no,  or  TINOS,  tee'nos,  (anc.  TJnos,)  an  island  of 
the  Grecian  Archipelago,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  immediately 
S.E.  of  Andros,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel called  the  Bocca-Piccola.  Greatest  length,  about  18 
miles;  mean  breadth,  5  miles.  It  is  one  of  the  most  agree- 
able and  fertile  of  the  Cyclades,  is  well  watered  by  springs, 
has  an  excellent  climate,  and  produces  much  Viarley,  silk, 
wine,  figs,  oranges,  and  honey.  The  domestic  animals  are  nu- 
merous, and  consist  of  cattle,  mules,  asses,  sheep,  and  goats. 
The  mountains  furnish  fine  marble  of  various  colors,  and 
silver-mines  were  once  worked  to  some  extent.  The  manu- 
factures consist  chiefly  of  silk  stockings  and  gloves;  and 
the  trade  in  wine,  oil,  and  brandy  is  extensive.  The  inha- 
bitants are  very  industrious,  but  extremely  superstitious. 
They  have  both  a  Greek  archbishop  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
bishop;  and  since  1820  have  built  a  cathedral,  to  which  nu- 
merous pilgrimages  are  made.  Principal  towns,  San  Nicolo, 
Panormos,  and  Oxomeria.    Pop.  22,000. 

TINS'LEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
P.iding. 

TINTA,  t«en't3,  a  small  town  of  South  Peru,  department, 
and  60  miles  S.E.  of  Cuzco,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the 
Upper  Urubamba. 

TlNTAGEIi-(tin-taj'fl)-AND-BOS/SINEY,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Cornwall,  on  its  N.  coast,  5  miles  N.AV.  of  Camel- 
ford.  Tintagel  is  the  reputed  birthplace  of  King  Arthur, 
and  remains  of  a  castle  he;»ring  his  name  still  exist  here. 

TINTJiNIAC,  teenHA'ne-ik',  a  marketrtown  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rennes. 
Pop.  in  1852.  2156. 

TINTERN  or  KXNNEAGH,  kin'n;!/,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Leinster,  co.  of  Wexford.    Here  are  remains  of  an  abbey. 

TIN'TERN  AB'BEY.  a  celebrated  ruin  in  England,  co.  of 
Monmouth,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Wye,  4}  miles  N.  of 
Chepstow.  The  abbey  was  founded  by  the  Cistercian  monks 
in  1131. 

TINTERNE  PAE/VA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

TIN'TINHUL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

TIN'TO,  ('-The  Ilill  of  Fire,")  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Lanark,  at  the  head  of  Clydesdale,  and  between  the  pa- 
rishes of  Carmichael,  Wiston,  and  Symington.  Height, 
2316  feet  above  the  sea. 

TIN'TON  FALLS,  a  post^village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  a  branch  of  Nevisink  River,  48  miles  E.  of  Tren- 
ton, contains  a  church,  a  furnace,  2  stores,  2  grist  mills,  and 
about  25  dwellings. 

TIN-TSIN.  a  town  of  China.    See  Teen-Tsin. 

TINT'WISTLE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  9 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Stockport.  The  Manchester  and  Sheffield 
Railway  is  here  carried  through  a  tunnel  3  miles  in  length. 

TIN'WALD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

TIN'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

TKERN  or  TJORN,  t«-i)Rn'  or  tyoRn,  an  island  of  Sweden. 
20  miles  N.W.  of  Gothenburg,  in  the  Cattegat.  Length  and 
breadth,  about  10  miles  each.  Its  shores  are  greatl}'  in- 
dented, and  its  fishery  is  important.  The  surface  is  mostly 
in  pasturage ;  and  on  it  are  three  villages. 

TIOGA,  li-o'ga,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  flowing  in  a  N.  direction,  unites  with  the  Con- 
liocton,  to  form  the  Chemung,  in  Steuben  co.,  New  York. 

TIOG.i,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  .\ew  York,  bordering 
on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  about  480  square  miles.  It 
is  Intersected  by  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna 


TIP 

River,  and  is  drained  by  Jwego  and  Cayuta  <~i'<»ek8.  auc 
some  smaller  streams,  which  furnish  abundant  water-po>Ner. 
The  surface  is  hilly,  uneven,  and  sometimes  mounlainouj. 
The  soil  is  generally  good,  and  a  large  portion  is  excellent 
farming  land.  The  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  is 
navigable  through  this  county,  and  large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber are  annually  rafted  down  it.  The  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad  traverses  the  county,  and  the  Cayuga  and  Susque- 
hanna Railroad  terminates  at  Owego.  the  capital.   P.  28,748 

TIOGA,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Pennsylvania,  Ixirder- 
ing  on  New  York,  has  an  area  of  about  1100  square  iniles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Tioga  River,  from  -n  hich 
the  name  is  derived,  and  by  Pine  and  Cowanesque  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  uneven  and  hilly,  and  extensively  covered 
with  forests.  The  water-courses  flow  in  deep  channels, 
bounded  by  steep  acclivities.  The  soil  is  mostly  of  slate  and 
sandstone  formation,  and  is  better  adapted  for  pasturage 
than  tillage.  Extensive  mines  of  bituminous  coal  are 
worked  near  Blossburg,  in  the  S.E.  part.  The  creeks  afford 
valuable  motive-power.  The  county  is  partly  traversed  by 
the  Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad.  Organized  in  1804. 
Capital,  \V"eUsborough.    Pop.  31,044. 

i'lOOA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co..  New 
Y'ork,  on  the  Susquehanna  River.  The  township  is  innne- 
diatoly  W.  of  Owego  a"ud  is  intersected  by  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad.  It  contains  several  manufactories.  Popu- 
lation, 3202. 

TIOGA,  a  post- village  and  tpwnship  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  15  miles  S.  of  Corning.  The  village  is  situated 
on  the  river  of  its  own  name,  at  the  mouth  of  Crooked 
Creek,  and  on  the  Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad.  It 
contains  a  bank.    Pop.  of  the  township,  152;3. 

TIOGA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Susquehanna  River  and  the  Erie  Railroad,  5  miles 
S  W.  of  Owego. 

TIOKALINSK,  te-o-kS-linsk',  a  town  of  Siberia,  govern- 
ment of  Tobolsk,  80  miles  N.W.  of  Omsk. 

TIONESTA,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania.    See  Teonista. 

TIONESTA,  a  new  township  of  Forest  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  50. 

TIONESTA,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Alleghany 
River.     Pop.  759. 

TIOOMEN,  TIOUMEN  or  TIUMEN,  te-oo'mSn',  a  town 
of  Siberia,  government,  and  120  miles  S.W.  of  Tobolsk,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Thura,  here  crossed  by  a  floating  bridge. 
Pop.  from  10,000  to  12.000.  It  is  the  most  pleasant  and 
prosperous  town  in  West  Siberia.  The  streets  are  regular, 
and  it  has  numerous  churches,  a  public  school,  and  upwards 
of  100  factories  of  Russia  leather,  woollen  fabrics,  and  soap; 
and  around  it  much  coarse  carpeting,  carriages,  mats,  and 
wooden  articles  are  made.  Standing  at  the  junction  of  seve- 
ral great  routes,  it  has  an  active  export  trade  in  tallow  and 
bristles  into  Russia,  and  of  Russian  and  other  goods  to  the 
Kirgheez  territory  and  Bokhara.  It  is  also  a  depot  for  the 
commerce  between  Russia  and  Chin.i.  Tioomen  is  the 
oldest  town  in  Siberia,  and  was  founded  in  1586. 

TIOTOE,  te-o'to'^h,  an  island *f  Norway,  district  of  Nord- 
land,  in  the  Atlantic,  immediately  S.W.  of  the  island  of 
Alven. 

TIOUGIINIOGA  (pronounced  te-^H^ne-aw'ga.)  a  river  in 
the  central  part  of  New  York,  rises  in  Madison  co..  and 
flowing  in  a  S.  course  through  Cortland  and  Chenango 
counties,  enters  the  Chenango  River  at  Chenango  Forks,  in 
Broome  county. 

TIOUMEN,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Tioomen. 

TIPAIIENUS.     SeeSPEZzu. 

TIP'EKAH,  TIP/PERAU  or  TIP'RA,  a  district  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  beyond  the  Brahmapootra, 
having  E.  an  independent  Khyen  territory,  and  enclosed 
elsewhere  by  the  districts  of  Dacca,  Slymunsiugh.  Sylhet,  and 
Chittagong.  Area,  6830  square  miles.  Pop.  1,372,260.  Prin- 
cipal town,  Odeypoor. 

TIPITAPA,  te-pe-ti'p2.  a  river  of  Central  America,  state 
of  Nicaragua,  by  which  the  Lake  of  Leon  discharges  its  sur- 
plus waters  into  the  Lake  of  Nicaragua.  Length,  from  IG 
to  20  miles,  for  the  latter  12  of  which  it  is  from  3  to  18  feet 
deep,  and  navigable  ;  but  in  the  early  part  of  its  course  its 
navigation  is  impeded  by  falls,  one  of  which  is  near  the 
village  of  Tipitapa. 

TIl''PAH,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Mississippi,  border- 
ing on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  about  1050  square  miles. 
The  Wolf  and  Tallahatchie  Rivers,  and  Tippah  Creek,  rise 
in  the  county:  and  the  Ilatchie  River  wasihes  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  E.  border.  The  surfece  is  agreeably  diversified 
with  small  elevations;  the  soil  is  fertile,  especially  along  the 
river-bottoms.  The  rivers  afford  valuable  motive-power, 
which  is  used  in  flouring  mills.  The  route  of  the  Memphis 
and  Charleston  Railroad  passes  through  the  county,  ibis 
part  of  the  state  was  ceded  by  the  Chickasaw  Indians  to 
the  wliites.  and  divided  into  counties  in  1836,  since  which 
it  has  been  settled  rapidly,  and  this  county  is  now  among 
the  most  populous  in  the  state.  Capital,  Ripley.  Pop. 
22.550.  of  wliuin  16,219  wrre  free,  and  6331  slaves. 

TIPPAH  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  rises  in  Tippah  co.,  and 

1923 


TIP 


TIR 


ao-winjr  S.W..  enters  the  Tallahatchie  river  at  Milton,  in 
Lafayette  county. 

TlPl'ECANOE,  tip*pe-ka-noo',  a  river  of  Indiana,  rises  in 
a  lake  of  its  own  name  in  Kosciusko  co.,  and  enters  the 
Wabash  River  9  miles  above  Lafayette,  after  a  very  tor- 
tuous course  of  about  200  miles,  its  general  direction  is 
S.W.  For  more  than  100  miles  from  its  month  the  stream 
is  60  feet  wide  and  3  feet  deep  at  all  seasons.  The  abori- 
ginal name  is  Ketli-tip-pe-ce-nunk. 

TIPPECANOK,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Wabash  and  Tippecanoe  Rivers,  from  the  latter  of  which  it 
derives  its  name.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  excepting 
numerous  hills  which  occur  along  the  livers.  About  half 
Of  the  county  is  occupied  by  prairies,  which  have  a  rich, 
black  soil,  2  or  3  feet  deep,  with  a  substratum  of  clay. 
Some  of  them  are  beautifully  undulating.  In  1850  this 
county  yielded  1,8.33,311  bushels  of  corn — the  greatest 
quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  The  public 
improvements  are  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  the  Lafayette 
and  Indianapolis,  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  and  the  To- 
ledo and  Wabash*  R;iilroads.  Capital,  Lafayette.  Popula- 
tion, 25,726. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  post-office  of  Ohio  co.,  Kentucky. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  on 
Stillwater  Creek,  17  miles  W.  of  Cadiz. 

TIPPECANOE,  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    See  Appendix. 

TIPPECANOK,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.  P.1085. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana. 
Pqj).  1025. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  village  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Plymouth. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  town.ship  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana.  P.  623. 

TIPPECANOR,  a  post-township  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  In- 
diana.   Pop.  1782. 

TIPPERARY,  tip-er-i'ree,  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster,  extending  along  nearly  the  whole  W.  boundary  of 
Leinster,  and  King's,  Queen's,  and  Kilken  ny  counties,  having 
N.  and  N.W.  the  Shannon  and  Lough  Derg,  separating  it 
from  Connaught,  the  county  of  Galway,  and  the  county  of 
Clare;  and  on  other  sides  the  counties  of  Limerick,  Cork,  and 
Waterford.  Area,  liJ5i)  square  miles,  or  1,001,730  acres,  of 
which  843,887  are  estimated  to  be  aralile;  23,779  in  planta- 
tions: 178.183  uncultivated;  and  13,623  under  water.  Pop. 
in  18-il,  435,553 ;  in  1851,  331.487.  On  the  S.  it  is  separated 
from  the  county  of  Waterford  by  Knockmeledown  Mountains 
and  the  river  Suir,  which  traverses  the  centre  of  its  lower 
two-thirds ;  its  N.  third  is  separated  from  the  rest  of  the 
county  by  the  Devil's  Bit  and  other  mountains.  This  por- 
tion contains  a  part  of  the  great  Rog  of  Allen  ;  elsewhere 
the  soil  is  of  extraordinary  fertility,  yielding  large  crops  of 
wheat,  oats,  and  potatoes.  Agricultui-e  has  improved  of 
late,  but  fiirms  are  generally  small,  and  the  population  is 
very  much  depressed,  and  has  long  had  a  reputation  for 
turbulence.  Grazing  is  imjxjrtant;  large  quantities  of  but- 
ter and  other  dairy  produce,  with  cattle,  are  exported.  Coal, 
copper,  and  lead  are  met  with,  and  slates  near  Killaloe. 
The  woollen  trade  of  Carriok  is  now  nearly  extinct;  the 
principal  exports  are  the  rural  produce.  Principal  towns, 
Tipperary,  Clonmel,  Nenagh,  Cashel,  Templemore,  Thurles, 
Clogheen,  and  Carrick-on-Suir.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Great  Southern  and  Western  Railway,  and  several  branches. 
It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

TIl'PKRARY,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  above 
county,  on  the  Arra,  an  affluent  of  the  Suir,  and  on  the 
Limerick  and  Waterford  Railway,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Limerick. 
Pop.  in  1851,  8227.  It  is  beautifully  situated  in  an  undu- 
lating and  fertile  tract.  It  has  a  large  and  handsome 
church,  a  spacious  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  sessions-house, 
bridewell,  work-house,  hospital,  barracks,  savings'  bank, 
large  endowed  school,  and  an  active  retail  trade. 

TIPPERMUIR.    See  Tibbermore. 

TIPRA.    SeeTiPERAH. 

TIPSA,  tip/si.  or  TIBESA,  tib'e-sl,  a  town  of  Algeria, 
province,  and  115  miles  E.S.E.  of  Constantine. 

TIPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  on  the  Bir- 
mingham and  Liverpool  Canal,  which  has  here  many 
branches,  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  in  1851, 
24,872,  engaged  in  coal  and  iron-mines,  iron  forges,  rolling 
and  slitting  mills,  engine,  soap,  and  red-lead  factories.  It 
has  a  new  and  handsome  church,  numerous  Dissenting  cha- 
pels, and  schools;  and  at  Tipton  Green,  one  of  its  largest 
Tillages,  are  extensive  wharfs. 

TIP'TON,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  bor- 
dering on  the  Mississippi  River.  Area  estimated  at  370 
•quare  miles.  The  Hatchie  River,  navigable  by  steamboats, 
foi  ms  its  entire  N.  boundary.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the 
soil  productive.  Capital,  Covington.  Pop.  10,705,  of  whom 
6417  were  free,  and  5288  slaves. 

TIPTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tAining  280  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Cicero  and  Buck 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  fertile.  This 
county,  which  formed  part  of  the  Miami  Reservation,  was 
organized  in  1844,  and  is  settling  rapidly.  It  is  traversed 
1924 


by  the  Peru  and  Indianapolis,  and  by  the  Chicago  find  CIn- 
ninnati  Railroads.  Named  in  honor  of  General  .Ti.hn  Tip- 
ton, United  States  senator  from  Indiana.  Capital,  Tiptou. 
Pop.  8170. 

TIPTON,  a  post-office  of  Lenawe°  co..  Michigan. 

TIPTON,  a  township  of  Ca.«s  co.,  [ndiana.     Pop.  12S3. 

TIPTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Tipton  co.,  In- 
diana, on  a  branch  of  Cicero  Creek,  and  on  the  Peru  and 
Indianapolis  Railroad,  40  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.  Laid 
out  in  1845. 

TIPTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  25  miles 
N.  of  Muscatine.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high  or  up- 
land prairie,  having  timber  in  the  vicinity.  Tipton  contains 
5  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  13  stores,  3  hotels,  a  graded 
school,  and  1  steam-mill.  P.  in  1860,1190;  in  1S6.S. about  l.=i00. 

TIP'TONSPORT,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River.  6  miles  above  Delphi. 

TIP/TREE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  3  miles  E 
of  Witham,  and  formerly  having  a  priory  of  Black  Canons. 

TIPUANI,  te-poo-i-nee',  a  village  of  Bolivia,  near  La  Paz, 
on  a  stream  of  its  own  name.  It  consists  of  150  houses, 
formed  of  the  trunks  of  palm  trees,  and  is  a  dirty,  unhealthy 
place.  It  rose  in  consequence  of  important  mines  in  its 
vicinity,  which  being  wrought  out,  the  place  has  .sunk  into 
obscurity. 

TIPUTINI,  te-poo-te-nee'.  a  river  of  Ecuador,  which  rises 
about  lat.  1°  30'  S.,  Ion.  76°  30'  W.,  flows  E.,  and  joins  the 
Napo  after  a  course  of  about  80  miles. 

TIRA,  tee'ra.  or  SIIAH-.JEIIANPOOR,  shih  je hdn^poor', 
a  town  and  fort  of  the  Punjab,  in  Briti.sh  India,  on  the  Beas, 
75  miles  N.N.E.  of  Loodianah.     Pop.  about  5000. 

TIRADE,  a  post-office  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin. 

TIRA.IAXA  or  TIRAXANA,  te-rd-ni/na,  a  town  of  the 
Canary  Islands,  on  theS.  coast  of  the  Grand  Canary.   P.  31/56. 

TIRAN,  tee'rSn',  a  small  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  off  the 
Arabian  coast,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Akabah.  Lat. 
27°  55'  2"  N.,  Ion.  34°  34'  E. 

TIRANA,  tee-ra/nd,  or  TERRAN.  t^rVdn',  a  town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  in  Albania,  sanjak  of  Scutari,  12  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Kroya.  Pop.  10,000.  Outside  of  the  w.alls  is  a  fort,  the 
residence  of  a  pasha.  The  vicinity  produces  large  quantities 
of  corn,  wine,  and  olives. 

TIRANO,  te-ri/no,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and 
16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Sondrio.  capital  of  a  district,  in  the  Val- 
tellone,  on  the  Adda.  It  is  a  handsome  place,  with  a  num- 
ber of  elegant  mansions,  and  superior  courts  of  justice,  a 
.sanctuary  of  the  Virgin,  which  attracts  numerous  pilgrims. 
Pop.  4828. 

TIRASPOL,  te-rjs'pol.  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Kherson,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dniester.  53  miles 
N.W.  of  Odessa.  Pop.  5100.  About  half  a  mile  distant  is  a 
fort,  commanding  the  passage  of  the  river. 

TIREBOLI  or  TIRKHBOLI.  te-reb'o-le,  (anc.  TnynHs.)  a 
town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic,  and  50  miles  W.  of  Trebi- 
zond.  on  the  Black  Sea,  about  3  miles  W.  of  the  mouth  of 
the  Tireboli-soo.  It  has  a  ruined  castle,  several  mosques,  a 
bath,  and  a  Greek  church. 

TIREBOLI-S(X)  or  TIKEBOLI-SU,  te-rSWo-le  soo,  a  deep 
and  rapid  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  passes  W.N.W.  of 
Goomish-Khaneh,  has,  at  its  mouth,  some  silver  and  copper 
mines,  (anc.  Argyria.)  which  were  highly  productive  until 
ruined  by  the  intlux  of  water  about  40  years  ago. 

TIRKK,  tir-ee',*  TIRREE,  also  written  TIRREY,  TIRY, 
and  TYREE,  one  of  the  Inner  Hebrides.  Scotland,  co.  of 
Argyle,  of  which  it  is  the  westernniost  portion,  20  milea 
W.N.W.  of  lona.  Length,  12  miles ;  greatest  breadth.  B 
miles.  Lat.  56°  30' N.,  Ion.  7°  W.  Pop.  in  1851,3709.  The 
shores  are  greatly  indented ;  surface  low,  having  a  mean 
height  of  20  feet  above  the  sea;  and  it  is  quite  destitute  of 
wood.  It  contains  numerous  small  lakes,  and  a  plain  ot 
1560  acres  of  rich  pasture  land  in  its  centre.  Barley,  oats, 
and  potatoes  are  raised,  but  agriculture  is  in  the  most  back- 
ward condition.  Cattle-rearing,  fishing,  .and  the  export  of 
poultry  and  eggs,  are  the  chief  resources  of  the  population. 
Tiree  ^nd  Coll,  including  the  intermediate  islet  of  Ouuna, 
form  a  parish. 

TIREH,  Asia  Minor.    See  Ttria. 

TIRGOSHYL  or  TIRGUSCHIL,  t66r'go-.«hil\  a  town  of 
Wallachia,  on  the  Schyl,  a  tributary  of  the  Danube,  54  milt* 
N.W.  of  Krajova. 

TIRGU-FORMOS,  t^firVoo/  for'mos\  a  small  town  of  Mol- 
davia, .30  miles  N.W.  of  Y'assy. 

TIRHALA.     See  Trikiwla. 

TIRHEE.  tir'hee',  or  OOlt/CHA,  a  rajahship  of  India,  in 
Bundelcund.  under  British  protection.  Area,  2160  siiuaro- 
miles.  Pop.  192,000.  Annual  revenue.  lOO.OOOi.  Armed  forca 
4000  infantry,  and  1200  cavalry.     Principal  town,  Oorcha. 

TIR^HOOT',  a  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of  Ben- 
gal, between  lat.  26°  and  27°  N..  and  Ion.  84°  and  86°  E..  hav- 
ing E.,  the  district  of  Purneah;  S.,  Boglipoor  and  the  Gan- 
ges, which  separates  it  from  Bahar  and  Patua;  W.,  Sarun, 


'  They  left  Lnch-Tua  on  their  "jee, 
Audthey  wakened  the  men  of  the  wild  TiRis«." 

Scott's  Lod  iiftht  Mt$,  canto  It. 


TIR 


TIV 


from  which  it  is  partly  divided  by  the  river  Gunducl<  ;  and 
N..  N'epaul.  Estimated  area.  10,'2otj  square  miles.  Pop. 
alKjut  ■.'.+0(1.000,  of  whom  2,000,000  are  Hindoos.  Principal 
town,  MuzufFerpoor. 

TIKIIOOT,  tir'hoot/,  or  TARUT,  ti-root'.  an  island  In 
the  (3ulf  of  Bahrein,  Persian  Gulf,  opposite  Kl-Katif 

TIRIOLO,  te-re-o'lo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra,  district,  and  N.\V.  of  Catanzaro,  between  the  Coraci 
and  the  Laniato. 

TIHLKMONT.teeRrm4N«'.(Flemish,r;it«n«'nor7'/««en.tee'- 
ngn;  L.  Thehue.)  a  town  of  Uelfrium.  province  of  Bral»int,  on 
theGrande-Geete,  and  the  railway  from  Louvain  to  JAe<fe.  25 
miles  E.  of  Brussels.  It  is  surrotinded  by  walls  which  are 
above  4  miles  in  circuit,  but  a  large  part  of  the  space  en- 
closed by  them  is  occupied  by  (rardens.  It  is  entered  by 
six  gates,  and  has  generally  well-laid-out  streets,  several 
Bquares,  including  the  market-square,  near  the  centre  of  the 
town,  in  which  are  the  town-hnu.se.  a  modern  edifice,  and 
the  Gothic  church  of  Notre  Dame,  founded  at  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  rebuilt  in  the  fifteenth  century.  On 
the  top  of  a  little  hill  stands  the  parish  church  of  St.Germain. 
with  a  Komanesque  tower.  There  are  also  an  hospital  and 
asylum  for  the  aged,  and  excellent  cjivalry  barracks.  Tirle- 
mont  possesses  a  college,  an  academy  of  dei-ign,  communal 
and  private  schools,  a  reading  and  musical  society,  an  orphan 
society,  and  several  religious confr.aternities;  it  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  stuffs  and  blankets,  flannel  and  hosiery, 
salt,  beet-root  sugar,  soap,  leather:  also  malt,  oil,  and  flour 
mills,  gin-distilleries,  and  breweries,  in  which  an  esteemed 
white  beer  is  made;  and  a  trade  in  corn,  wool,  horned 
cattle,  and  swine,  for  which  seven  annual  fairs  are  held. 
Pop.  12,188.  It  wius  taken  by  the  French  in  1035,  in  1792,  and 
In  1794.  and  Its  fortifications  were  dismantled  in  1804. 

TIR'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  on  the 
Severn,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  if  miles  S.AV.  of  Tewkes- 
bury. 

TIKLUNSCHIEX,  a  village  of  Austria.     See  T.\tr,<.no. 

TIRMEZ,  tW'miz'.  or  TURMUZ,  tDr'maz',  a  town  of 
Central  Asia,  in  Bokhar.a,  on  the  Oxus.  30  miles  N.  of  Balkh. 

TIRNOVA,  tegr'no-vi,  written  al.so  TER.VOVA  or  TIR- 
N.WA,  te6r'ni-vi  a  town  of  Kuropean  Turkey,  in  Bulgaria, 
oa  the  Jantra,  a  tributary  of  the  Danube,  35  miles  S.E.  of 
Sistova.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  enclo.sed  by  a  wall  and  trench; 
has  numerous  mosques,  churches,  and  synagogues;  and  is 
the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop. 

TI'RO,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi. 

TIRO,  a  post-offiee  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio. 

TIRO,  a  small  village  of  Richland  CO..  Ohio. 

TIROL,  a  province  of  Austria.    See  Tyrol. 

TIRREK.    See  Tiree. 

TIRSCIIENREUTlI,'tiR'shen-rojt\  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Upper  Palatinate,  on  the  Xab,  15  miles  S.  of  Eger. 
Pop.  2300.     It  has  manutiictures  of  woollen  cloths. 

TIRSCIITIEGKL,  te6Rsh'tee-ghel,  written  also  TRZIEL,  a 
town  of  I'ru.ssian  Poland,  42  miles  W.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1376. 

TIRSI.  tWsee  or  teeR'see,  orORISTANO,  o-ris-tl'no.  (anc. 
Tliyrhusff)  the  largest  river  in  the  island  of  Sardinia.  It 
rises  in  the  division  of  Sassari,  province  of  Ozierl.  flows  S.W., 
and  after  a  course  of  about  80  miles,  falls  into  the  gulf  about 
3  miles  below. the  town  of  Oristano.  It  becomes  fordable 
near  its  mouth  in  very  dry  summers,  but  in  winter  often 
causes  great  damage  by  its  inundations,  from  which  large 
tracts  are  protected  bv  means  of  expensive  embankments. 

TIRY.  an  island  of'the  Hebrides.     See  Tiree. 

TI'RYNS  or  TIRY.N'TIIUS,  a  ruined  city  of  Greece,  in  the 
Moiea;  its  remains,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Argos,  comprise  fine 
specimens  of  Cyclopean  architecture. 

TIHZA,  a  post-office  of  York  district.  South  Carolina. 

TISBDRY,  a  township  of  Duke's  co.,  Massachusetts,  on 
Martha's  Vineyard,  about  70  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  1631. 

TISCIINOWITZ,  tish'no-vlts\  a  town  of  Moravia,  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Briinn,  on  the  Schwarza.     Pop.  1500. 

TISIIEET,  tee'sheet'.  written  al.so  TYSCHYT,  a  town  of 
Central  Africa,  in  Sahara,  atout  lat.  18°  15'  N.,  Ion.  8°  40' 
W.  Near  it  are  mines  of  salt ;  and  it  is  an  important  cara- 
van station  between  North  .■Vfrica  and  Nigritia. 

TISIIKMINGO,  tish-e-ming'go.  a  county  forming  the  N.E. 
extremity  of  Mississippi,  bordering  on  'Tennessee  and  -Ala- 
bama, has  an  area  of  about  1400  square  miles.  The  Tom- 
bigbee  River  rises  in  the  county,  the  Tennessee  flows  along 
Its  N.E.  border,  and  it  is  drained  by  Tuscumbia  Creek.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  small  hills;  the  soil  is  fertile,  espe- 
cially in  the  valleys,  and  generally  has  a  substratum  of  sand. 
A  large  part  of  the  county  is  covered  with  forests  of  oak, 
hickory,^  walnut,  and  pine.  The  head  streams  of  the  Tom- 
bigbee  hiruish  valuable  motive-power.  The  Mobile  and 
Ohio  Railroad  intersects  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Rail- 
road in  this  county.  Capital,  Jacinto.  Organized  in  1836. 
Pop.  24.149,  of  whom  19,168  were  free,  and  4981  slaves. 

TISKILWA.  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  about 
45  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Peoria,  on  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island 
Railroad. 

TISMANA.  tis-ma'nd,  a  town  of  LittlgWallachia,  20  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Tirgoshyl. 


TISSINOTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

TI.S'TED.  E.\ST.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TISTKD,  Wkst,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TISTED,  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  Tuisted. 

TISZA.     See  Theiss. 

T1SZ(")LCZ,  a  town  of  Ilungarv.     See  Teissholi. 

TITCHBORNE.    See  Tichbourne. 

TITCHKIELD.     See  Tichfield. 

TlTCllWELL,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TITICACA.  (te-te-kd'ka.j  LAKE,  the  most  elevated  andon« 
of  the  largest  lakes  of  South  Ameiica,  forming  a  part  of  tht 
boundary  between  South  fern  and  Bolivia,  in  the  centre  o, 
an  alpine  valley,  between  two  great  cordilleras  of  the  Andes 
Lat.  15°  15'  to  16°  35'  S..  and  Ion.  68°  40'  to  70°  W.;  greatest 
leng«h,  from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E.,  170  miles;  greatest  breadth, 
about  70  miles.  Area  estimated  at  about  4000  square 
miles.  Height  above  sea-level.  12,800  feet.  It  is  of  very 
irregular  shape,  having  numerous  large  bays,  encloseu  by 
projecting  peninsulas.  Two  ofthe.se,  towards  the  S.,  stretch 
so  far  across  the  lake,  from  opposite  directions,  as  to  leave 
only  a  very  narrow  channel,  and  thus  divide  it  into  two 
unequ.al  portions,  of  which  the  N.  is  by  far  the  larger.  Lake 
Titicaca  contains  several  islands,  of  which  the  largest  bears 
its  own  name,  and  lies  near  the  S.W.  shore.  It  contains 
many  ruins,  and  is  celiibrated  in  Peruvian  history  as  the 
spot  where  Manco-Capac,  the  first  Inca  of  the  last  Peruvian 
dynasty,  miraculously  appeared.  The  depth  has  not  been 
accurately  a.scertained.  No  soundings  deeper  than  120 
fathoms  have  been  taken,  but  these  were  near  the  shore ;  it 
is  believed  that  towards  the  centre  the  depth  is  much 
greater.  The  chief  feeders  of  the  lake  are  the  Asangaro  and 
Lagunillas,  both  of  which  enter  it  on  its  \.  shore;  Its  only 
outlet  is  the  Desaguadero,  which  issues  from  its  S.  ex- 
tremity, and  continues  its  course  S.W.  through  the  great 
alpine  valley  between  the  cordilleras.  On  its  W.  shore  are 
the  towns  of  Puno  and  Cbucuito. 

TITIRIBI.  te-te-reliee/,  a  town  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarca,  province,  and  40 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Antioquia,  on  an  aftlueut  of  the  Magdaleua, 
nearly  4000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

TIT'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

TITO.  El,  h\  tee/to,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basill- 
cata.  district,  and  7  miles  S.W.  of  Potenza.    Pop.  3400. 

TIT.SCHEIN,  Neu,  in  Moravia.     See  Neu-Titschein. 

TIT'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

TITTEL,  WCthV,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Bacs,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Theiss  with  the  Danube,  18  miles  E. 
of  I'eterwardein.  Pop.  2840.  It  is  a  steamboat  station,  and 
has  ship-building  dockS(  magazines,  and  arsenals. 

TITTERI  or  TITERY,  tifehree\  a  marshy  lake  of  Algeria, 
SO  miles  S.S.W.  of  Algiers,  and  traversed  by  the  river  Shel- 
litT.  It  gave  name  to  a  province  now  comprised  in  that  of 
Algiers. 

TITTIBAWaS'SEE,  a  river  of  Michigan,  rises  in  the  N. 
central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  S.E.,  falls  into  the 
Saginaw  River  (of  which  it  is  the  largest  affluent)  2  or  3 
miles  above  Saginaw  City.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  per- 
haps 70  or  80  miles,  and  flows  through  a  region  which  is 
covered  with  dense  forests. 

TITTIBAWASSEE,  a  township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  513. 

TITI'LESIIALL,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TITTLIS,  tif  tlis,  one  of  the  Swiss  Alps,  on  the  limits  of 
the  cantons  of  Bern,  Unterwalden,  and  Uri,  18  miles  N.E. 
of  the  Wetterhorn,  10.613  feet  above  the  sea. 

TITTMONING.  titt'mo-ning\  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria.  8 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Burghausen.     Pop.  1200. 

TIT'UROY,  a  postofflce  of  Greenville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

TITUS,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Texas,  contains 
about  1100  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Sulphur  Pork  of  Red  River,  on  the  S.  by  Big  Cypress  Bayou, 
and  is  drained  by  White  Oak  Bayou.  The  surface  is  diversi- 
fied by  prairies  and  forests  of  good  timber;  and  the  soil  is 
highly  productive.  Titus  county  was  establi-shed  in  1846, 
and  is  settling  rapidly.  Named  in  honor  of  James  Titus,  of 
Texas,  a  prominent  man  in  his  section  of  the  state.  Capital. 
Mount  Pleasant.  Pop.  964S,  of  whom  7210  were  free,  and 
2438  slaves. 

TI'TUSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware  Kivor,  and  on  the  Belvidere  Delaware  Rail- 
road, 10  miles  above  Trenton,  has  a  church. 

TITUSVILLE,  a  post-borough  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Oil  Creek,  28  miles  E.  of  Meadville,  and  on  Oil  Cretk 
Railwa3'.  It  has  an  active  trade  in  rock  oil  and  contains  3 
banks,  6  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  21  oil-refineries,  and  2 
machine-shops.    Pop.  in  18.70, 243 ;  in  1865  said  to  be  10,000. 

TIUMEN,  a  town  of  Silwria.    See  Tioomen. 

TIVERNO,  a  river  of  Naples.     See  Biferno. 

TIVERTON,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  both  sides  of  the  Exe 
and  Loman,  at  their  confluence,  and  on  the  Bristol  and 
Exeter  Railway,  13i  miles  N.N.E.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in  1!^51. 
11.144.  The  town  has  the  finest  church  in  the  county,  after 
Exeter  Cathedral,  with  a  tower  116  fett  in  height;  there- 

1926 


TIV 


TOB 


mains  of  a •  ibMp  formins  a  conspicuous  object;  a  masnifi- 
ceii*  chapel,  founded  in  tiie  sixteenth  century  :  a  gramaiar 
BcLixil,  the  revenue  of  which  supjiorts  6  students  at  the 
universities,  .sends  one  to  Baliol  College,  Oxford,  and  has 
two  exhibitions  of  30/.  a-year  each :  other  grammar  and  en- 
dowed .schot.ls,  various  almshouses  and  other  charities. 
ag.;regate  annual  revenue,  2600/.;  a  town-hall,  market- 
house,  corn-market,  theatre,  assembly  and  readinp-room. 
It  ha.^  manufactures  of  lace,  which  employs  many  hands, 
and  there  is  a  small  manufacture  of  woollens.  Tiverton  is 
connected  with  the  Tone,  Taunton,  i-c.  by  a  navigable 
canal.     It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

TIVKRTOX.  a  township  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Chester. 

TIVERTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Newport  CO., 
Rhode  Island,  on  Narraganset  Bay,  28  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of 
Providence.  It  contains  o  churches,  a,  towu-hall,  3  flour- 
mills,  and  2  saw-mills.     Pop.  1927. 

TIVERTOX,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Coshocton  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Walhoading  River.    Pop.  $80. 

TIVERTON  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Newport 
CO.,  Rhode  Island.  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Providence. 

TIVISA,  te-vee'si  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  26  miles 
W.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  3000. 

TITOLI,  tiv'o-le*  or  tee'vo-le.  (anc.  Ti'bur,)  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  comarca,  and  18  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Rome,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Teverone,  which 
here  forms  a  tine  cascade  of  80  feet.  Pop.  6200.  The  town 
is  situated  on  the  slope  of  Monte  Ripoli.  in  a  picturesque 
and  beautiful  situation,  but  it  is  dirty  and  ill-built,  and 
unhe.althy.  It  has  a  cathedral  and  convents,  and  in  the 
court-yard  of  an  inn,  on  a  rock  overhanging  the  river,  are 
the  celebrated  remains  of  a  circular  temple  of  the  Tiber- 
tine  Sybil,  or  of  Vesta.  Around  Tivoli  are  the  remains  of 
several  aqueducts,  and  of  numerous  Roman  villas,  among 
which  is  that  of  Cassius;  and  adjacent  to  the  town  are  the 
vestiges  of  a  vast  palace  built  by  Uadfian,  which  has  con- 
tributed numerous  antiquities  to  the  Vatican. 

TIVOLI,  tiv-oOee,  a  post-village  of  Butchess  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  railro.^d  of  that  name,  100 
miles  N.  of  New  York.  It  has  a  ferry  across  the  river,  and 
cont.iins  severjil  mills. 

TIVO'LI,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  20  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Dubuque. 

TIVY,  a  river  of  North  Wales.    See  Teift. 

T1X'.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

TIXCOCO,  tix-ko'ko,  an  Indian  town  of  Yucatan,  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Merida,  with  a  large  church. 

TIX'OVER,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

TIZ,  a  town  of  Beloochistan.     See-TEKZ. 

TIZZANA,  tit-sd'nd,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  dpp.artroent  of 
Florence,  on  a  hill  forming  the  N.  base  of  Mount  .\lbano. 
about  7  mUes  from  Pistoja.  It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  silk,  and 
especially  wine,  some  of  which  ranks  as  the  best  in  Tuscany. 
Pop.  7714. 

TIZZANO,  tit-si'no,  (L.  Titia'mim,)  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Parma,  near  the  right  bunk  of 
the  torrent  of  Parma.     Pop  2978. 

TJAN JOR,  ijKn^oTt,  a.  town  of  Java,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Preanper,  53  miles  S.E.  of  Batavia.  It  is  a  neat 
place,  with  straight,  broad  streets ;  and  suffered  from  an 
eruption  of  the  volcano  of  Gedeh,  and  from  au  earthquake 
In  1834. 

T.TAYA,  tyl'J.  a  town  of  Thibet,  370  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Lassa.     Lat.  31°  45'  N.,  Ion.  97^  45'  E. 

T.IIDANI,  De,  Ak  tje-dd'nee.  a  river  of  Java,  province  of 
Buitenzorg.  rises  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Pangerango,  and  fells 
into  the  Java  Sea.  after  receiving  numerous  affluents. 

TJIL.A.TJAP,  tyee-lit-ydp',  a  town  of  Java,  province  of 
Bangoemas,  on  the  S.  coast.  Ill  miles  S.W.  of  Samarang,  on 
the  bay  of  its  own  name,  with  a  good  haven,  presenting  faci- 
lities for  the  shipping  of  produce. 

TJILATJAP  BAY,  on  the  S.  coast  of  J.iva.  is  formed  by 
the  island  of  Kembangan,  on  which  two  forts  are  erected. 

TJIM.\NOK,  tyee'ml-nok',  a  river  of  Java,  province 
of  I'reanger,  flows  N.,  and  near  Cape  Indramayo  joins  the 
Java  Sea  by  two  arms.  It  is  of  gre.at  adv.Hntasre  to  the 
inland  navigation  of  the  province,  and  for  sending  coffee, 
Ac.  to  the  coast  for  export.ation. 

TJIRINGIN,  tyeeViu-ghiu',  a  maritime  village  of  Java, 
province,  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Bantam,  on  the  Strait  of 
Sunda.  It  is  the  most  flourishing  place  in  the  province. 
Pop.  ISOO. 

TJORN,  an  island  of  Sweden.     See  Thers. 

TLACOTALPAN,  tli-ko-tdl-pan'.  a  village  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  of  Vera  Cruz.  50  miles  S.E.  of  Vera  Cruz. 

TLALISCOYAN,  tia-lis-ko-yan'.  a  village  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  of  Vera  Cruz.  50  miles  S.  of  Vera  Cruz. 

TLALPAN,  tlil-pan',  or  SAN  AUGCSTIN  DE  LAS  CU- 
E  V  AS,  sin  Ow-goos-teen'  dA  l3s  kw.Vvis,  a  town  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederation,  state,  and  about  12  miles  from  Mexico. 
It  contains  a  number  of  beautiful  villas,  to  which  many  of 
the  inhabitants  of  the  capital  retire  during  the  warm  sea- 


♦  "Awake,  ye  Muses  of  Etrurian  shades. 

Or  sacre'd  Tivou's  romantio  glades."— Hemans. 
1U26 


son:  and  is  celebrated  for  its  annual  fair,  which  lasts  three 
davs.  and  attracts  numerous  visitors. 

TLAMSEN.     See  Tlemcen. 

TLAPA.  tld'pd,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state 
of  La  Puebla,  on  the  Y'opez,  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  its  mouth  in 
tlie  I'aeitic.  The  population  are  mostly  engaged  in  raising 
cotton  and  suirar. 

TLAPUJAIIUA  or  TLAPUXAHUA.tiai-poo-Hd/wa.  a  min- 
ing town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Michoacau, 
50  miles  E.  of  Valladolid. 

TLASCALA.  tlds-kjad.  a  town  of  the  Mexicai.  Confedera- 
tion, state,  and  10  miles  N.  of  La  Puebla.  When  the  Spa- 
niards took  possession  of  the  counti-y,  it  was  a  place  of  great 
size  and  importance.     Pop.  now,  4000. 

TLEMCEN.  tlem-.sjn'.  or  TLEMECEX.  tUm^h-s^n',  writ- 
ten also  TLAMSEN.  TLEMSAN,  and  TREMKCEN.  (anc. 
Tremisf  or  Tremici  Colonia?)  a  town  of  Algeria,  province  of 
Oran,  in  a  commanding  position,  68  miles  S.AV.  of  Oran.  It 
is  a  place  of  consider.nble antiquity,  is  enclo.sed  by  walls,  and 
separated  into  4  quarters.  It  has  narrow  streets,  refreshed 
by  numerous  founfciins.  with  houses  generally  of  one  story, 
built  of  brick,  stone,  or  clay.  It  contains  several  mosques, 
■with  an  extensive  citadel:  in  the  neighborhood  are  nume- 
rous interesting  remains  of  antiquity.  It  has  manufactures 
of  iron,  morocco-leather,  carpets,  and  various  fabrics  in 
woollen,  cotton,  and  linen:  and  is  the  seat  of  considerable 
trade,  being,  from  its  vicinity  to  Morocco  and  the  desert,  the 
natural  entrepSt  of  the  caravans  coming  from  Fez.  the  desert 
furnishing  ostrich  feathers,  wool,  and  ivory,  in  exchange  for 
groceries  and  manufactured  articles.  Tlemcen  was  occupied 
by  the  French  in  1S36,  but  was  evacuated  in  1837  in  cotise- 
quence  of  a  treaty  between  General  Bugeaud  and  .\lid-el- 
Kader.  It  was  again  occupied  by  the  French  in  1842.  Pop. 
in  1850,  9443. 

TLEMCEN.  GULF  OF.  an  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean,  in 
•A^lgeri.a,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tlemcen.  opposite  Cape  Gata, 
(in  Andalusia.)    It  is  35  miles  in  width  at  its  entrance. 

TLOS,  tlos.  a  ruined  city  in  the  S.  part  of  Asia  Minor;  its 
remains  are  15  miles  S.E.  of  Makree. 

TLUMATSCHAU,  tloo'mdt-show\  written  al.so  TLUMA- 
QOW,  a  market-town  of  Austi-ia.  in  Morjivia.  circle  of  Hra- 
disch,  near  the  left  bank  of  the  March,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Krem- 
sir.     Pop.  1253. 

TMO'LUS,  Mount,  (Turk.  Kinljafi  Masa  Tagh.  kizMl-ji' 
md'sd  t  Jg.)  a  mountain  range  of  Asia  Minor,  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Smyrna,  extending  E.  for  about  70  mile.s,  separating  the 
basins  of  the  rivers  Kodus  (anc.  Her'mns)  and  Cayster.  It 
is  crossed  by  several  routes,  and  has  on  its  summit  a  plain 
of  fine  pasturage,  interspersed  with  large  trees. 

TMUTARAKAN.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  T.am.vn. 

TNILAIA,  tne-li'd,  a  river  of  Ru.s.^ia,  rises  in  the  W.  of 
the  government  of  Don  Cossacks,  flows  very  circuitously 
E.S.E..  after  a  course  of  about  120  mile.s.  joins  the  Donets. 

TOA,  Alta,  ai'td  to'l  (•'  Upper  Toa,")  a  village  of  Cuba, 
near  Bay.imo.  with  -3000  inhabitants. 

TOA.  B.\XA.  bd'fid.  to'd.  ('■  Lower  Toa,")  a  village  of  Cuba, 
near  Bavamo,  with  2iX)0  inhabitants. 

TO.\.K,  a  town  of  Turkish  Koordistan.    See  Taook. 

TOB.\CCO  PORT,  a  post-village  of  Stewart  Co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Cumberland  River,  85  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nashville. 

T0B.4CC0  ROW.  a  post-oiflce  of  Amherst  co.,  Viru'inia. 

TOBACCO  STICK,  a  postoffice.  Dorchester  co..  Marvland. 

TOBAGO.  to-b.Vgo.  an  island  of  the  .British  West  Indies, 
Windward  group.  Lat.  (N.  point)  11°  25' N.,  Ion.  60°  32' W.  It 
is  24  miles  N.E.  of  Trinidad :  32  miles  long,  by  12  miles  broad. 
Area,  97  square  miles,  or  62.084  acres.  It  is  one  entire  mass 
of  rocks,  rising  with  a  steep  ascent  on  the  N.E.,  and  descend- 
ing gradually  towards  the  S.W..  with  some  small  but  pic- 
ture.sque  valleys  intervening.  The  highest  part  of  the  rock 
is  towards  the  N.E.  extremity,  where  it  attains  an  elevation 
of  about  900  feet.  The  N.W.  part  is  the  least  mountainous ; 
on  the  S.  it  terminates  in  broken  plains  and  lowlands.  It 
is  well  watered  by  rivulets  and  streams,  rising  in  the  inte- 
rior, and  passing  over  the  lowlands  to  the  sea.  It  has  seve- 
ral good  harbors  along  the  N.  coast  for  vessels  of  ISO  tons, 
and  a  few  also  on  the  S.  coast.  Tobago  is  b*yond  the  range 
of  hurricanes,  bht  is  extremely  unhealthy  to  Europeans. 
The  produce  of  the  island  consists  exclusively  of  sugar,  mo- 
lasses, and  rum.  Value  of  exports  in  1852,  56.831?.;  of  im- 
ports, 53,519/.:  56.503/.  of  the  exports,  and  17.441/. -if  the 
latt«r,  was  with. Great  Britain.  Shipping,  outwards,  9296 
tons  :  inwards.  8172  tons. 

Tobago  has  a  local  legislature,  consisting  of  a  lieutfnant- 
governor.  a  legislative  council,  and  a  house  of  assembly  of 
16  elected  meulbers.  There  are  7  Episcopal  churches,  6  Wes- 
leyan.  and  2  Moravian  places  of  worship:  9  Church  of  Eng- 
l.tnd  schools.  6  Wesleyan,  and  3  Moravian.  The  i.sland  was 
discovered  by  Columbus  in  1496,  and  was  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  by  France  in  1763.  Principal  town,  Scarborough, 
on  the  S.W.  side  of  the  island,  along  the  sea-.shore.  Pop.  iu 
1852.  14.794. 

TOBARRA.  to-nSn'Ri.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  .33 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Albacete.  with  remains  of  tbrtificatjons,  and 
a  trade  in  fruit.    Pop.  6490. 

TOB'BER.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Id  Leinster,  co.  of  Dublin. 


TOB 


TOD 


TOBBER,  a  villatre  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Tippe- 
rary,  2i  miles  S.VV.  of  Clonmel,  near  the  Suir.     Pop.  149. 

TOBBKR,  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  King's  county, 
3  mile.s  N.W.  of  Clare. 

TOB'BKKAIIEE'XA,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Tipperary,  on  the  Suir,  2^  miles  S.W.  of  Clonmel.    Pop. 

TOB'BERCUR'UY,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  CO.  of  Sligo.  on  the  road  from  Boyle  to  Ballina,  19 
miles  E.S.E.  of  the  latter.     Pop.  700. 

TOB'BERMORE\  a  .small  town  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co. 
of  Londtinderry,  on  the  road  from  Dublin  to  Coleraine,  6 
miles  N'.W.  of  Magherafelt.     Pop.  4.i0. 

TO^BEKMO'RY,  a  small  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Argyle,  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  M  ull,  8  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Toro.Siiy.  Pop.  in  18.51,  1547.  It  has  a  custom-house,  a 
land  locked  harbor  with  2  quays,  some  boat-building  and 
general  trade,  steam  and  other  communication  with  Skye, 
Lewis,  Inverness,  and  the  Clyde.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  monthly 
juJici:il  court,  anii,the  polling-place  for  the  North  Argyle- 
shire  Hebrides. 

TDBESOFKA  CREEK.    See  Chupee. 

TO'Bl.V SPORT,  a  village  and  town.ship  of  Perry  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Ohio  River,  II  miles  below  Rome.     Pop.  2156. 

TOBITSCIIAU,  to'bit-.sh6w\  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  the 
March,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Prerau.     Pop.  1916. 

TOBLACII,  to'bldK,  a  village  of  Tyrol,  circle  of  Bruneck, 
district  of  Welsburg,  with  a  church  and  an  almshouse. 
Pop.  1529. 

TOBOL,  to-bol',  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Tobolsk, 
rises  in  the  S.  part  of  the  Ural  Mountain  chain,  and  after  a 
N.E.  course  of  ."iOO  miles,  joins  the  Irtish  near  Tobolsk.  Af- 
fluents, the  Ooi,  Mias,  Toora,  and  Tavda,  all  from  the  W. ; 
and  from  the  influx  of  the  Ooi  downwards  it  is  navigable 
throughout  three-fourths  of  its  course. 

Tt)BOLSK,  to-bolsk',  the  westernmost  government  of  Si- 
beria, embracing  all  its  width  from  the  Kirgheez  Territory 
to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  between  lat.  55°  and  73"^  N.,  and  Ion. 
60°  and  80°  E.,  having  W.  the  Ural  Mountains,  and  the  go- 
vernments of  Perm  and  Orenboorg,  and  E.  the  governments 
of  Tomsk  and  Yeniseisk.  Area  estimated  at  1,000,000  square 
miles,  and  pop.  at  685,000.  The  surface  is  mountainous  iu 
the  S.  and  W. ;  elsewhere  mostly  level.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Obi  and  its  large  tributaries,  the  Irtish,  Ishim,  Tobol,  &c. 
N.  of  lat.  6.j°  or  66°,  the  whole  country  is  a  mere  sterile 
moor,  the  soil  of  which  is  frozen  during  9  months  of  the  year. 
A  wide  fore«t  region  of  firs  and  birch  extends  between  lat.  65° 
and  58°  N. ;  S.  of  which  is  the  most  productive  and  populous 
portion  of  the  government ;  this  being  succeeded  S.  by  the 
steppe  of  Ishim,  a  salt  plain  comprising  that  part  of  the  old 
government  of  Omsk,  now  included  in  Tobolsk.  Rye,  barley, 
oats,  and  buckwheat  are  produced,  and  with  other  neces- 
saries are  conveyed  down  the  Obi  and  other  rivers  to  the 
villages  in  the  N.,  in  return  for  large  quantities  of  furs  and 
skins,  which  are  sent  to  the  fair  of  Nizhnee-N'ovgorod,  and 
to  the  Kirgheez  country  and  Kiakht-a,  in  return  for  Bokhara 
and  Chinese  products.  Iron,  copper,  gold,  silver,  and  plati- 
num are  raised  in  the  Ural  chain;  and  at  Tioomen,  and 
gome  other  places  are  thriving  leather,  soap,  woollen,  and 
other  factories.  Transit  and  general  commerce  is,  however, 
much  more  important  than  manufitcturing  industry.  Popu- 
lation most  thickly  collected  between  Omsk  aud  Tobolsk,  in 
which  tract  is  a  succession  of  Tartar,  Kirgheez,  and  Russian 
"illages,  with  the  towns  Ishim  and  Tiookalinsk.  Other 
principal  towns  are  Tioomen,  Yalootrovosk,  Petropaulovski, 
Tara.  Toorinsk,  Demiansk,  Samarova,  and  Berezov,  all  on 
the  Tobol.  Obi,  and  their  tributaries. 

TOBOLSK,  the  capita!  city  of  West  Siberia,  and  of  the 
above  government,  at  the  junction  of  the  Irtish  and  Tobol 
Rivers,  in  lat.' 58°  12'  39"  N.,  Ion.  68°  16'  39"  E.  Pop. 
20.000.  The  city  proper  stands  on  the  flat  summit  of  a  hill, 
is  enclosed  by  a  strong  brick  wall,  and  has  externally  a  fine 
appearance.  The  streets  are  regular,  and  mo.stly  paved  with 
wood.  The  principal  buildings,  a  cathedral  with  5  cupolas, 
nearly  20  other  churches,  the  archbishop's  and  governor's 
palaces,  prison,  public  offices,  and  a  monument  to  Yermak, 
the  founder  of  Russian  influence  in  Siberia.  Along  the 
river  are  suburbs  enclosed  by  a  ditch  and  palisade,  and  in- 
habited chiefly  by  Tartars,  The  climate  is  so  severe  in 
winter,  that  mercury  is  sometimes  frozen.  The  city  is, 
however,  well  supplied  with  provisions  and  means  of  public 
entertainment  and  education,  and  its  society  is  stated  to  be 
of  a  superior  order.  Tobolsk  was  founded  in  1587  ;  it  is  the 
Beat  of  the  military  governor  and  archbishop  of  West  Si- 
beria, and  of  a  civil  governor. 

TOUOSO,  to-Bo'so,  a  decayed  town  of  Spain,  in  La  Mancha, 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo,  celebrated  in  "Don  Quixote." 

TOBOYNE,  to-boiu',  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  940. 

TO'BY,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  1419. 

TOBYIIAN'NA,  a  creek  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  the  Lehigh  River. 

TOBYHANNA,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  518. 

IVB^'S  RIVER,  of  Pennsylvania.    Se«  Clarion  Rivee. 


TOCAIMA.    See  Tooat.ma. 

T0C.\XT1XS,  to-k3n-teens',  a  large  river  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Goyaz,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Almas  and 
Maranhao.  nearly  in  lat. 14°  S.;  it  flows  .almost  due  N.,  receiv 
iug  the  Paranatinga,  the  Manoel-Alves.  the  Rio  do  Somno, 
and  the  Manoel-Alve.s-Septentrional  on  the  right,  and  the  Tar 
boca  and  numerous  small  streams  on  the  left.  On  reaching 
the  N.  confines  of  Goyaz,  it  makes  a  large  aud  circuitous 
bend  to  the  W.,  till  it  reaches  the  town  of  Sao-Joao-das- 
duas-Barras,  iu  lat.  6°  S.  Here  it  is  joined  and  doubled  !u 
volume  by  the  Araguay,  after  which  it  flows  almost  ai.c 
N.  across  the  province  of  Para,  receiving  in  succession  the 
Sande  on  the  left,  and  the  LMoju  and  Guama  on  the  right, 
and  falls  into  the  I'ara  about  70  miles  S.W.  of  the  town  of 
Belom  or  Para.  Its  course,  under  its  own  proper  name, 
is  about  1000  mile.s,  and  at  the  town  of  Cometa,  where 
the  embouchure  commences,  its  channel  Is  about  8  miles 
wide.  The  tide  ascends  to  Fort  Alcobaca,  300  miles  from 
the  sea. 

TOCANTIXS,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  210  miles 
N.E.  of  Goyaz.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bacalhao,  here  crossed 
by  a  handsome  bridge.  The  mines  to  whiih  it  owes  its 
existence,  were  at  first  remarkably  rich,  but  have  long 
ceased  to  be  productive,  though  many  of  the  inhabitants 
still  persist  in  working  them. 

TOCAT.    See  Tokat. 

TOCAYMA  or  TOCAIMA.  to-ki'ml  a  small  town  of  South 
America,  in  New  Granada.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Bogota. 

TOCCIA,  a  river  of  North  Italy.    See  Toce. 

TOCCO,  tok'ko,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Abruzzo  Citra,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Chieti,  near  the  Pescara. 
Pop.  3300. 

TfX^CO,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato 
Ultra,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  1300. 

TOCCO  A  FALLS,.a  post-office  of  Habersham  co.,  Georgia.  • 

TOCCO PO'LA,  a  post-village  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Jlississippi. 

TOCE,  to'ch.a,  TOCCIA,  tot'chi  or  TOSA,  UM,  a  river  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  in  Piedmont,  rises  in  the  Alps  near  the 
Simplon,  and  after  a  S.  course  of  50  miles,  enters  Lago  Mag- 
giore  on  its  W,  side,  3  miles  E.  of  Gravellona,  where  it  n^ 
ceives  the  surplus  waters  of  Lake  Orta.  Chief  affluent,  the 
Anzasca.  The  bay  of  the  lake  which  it  enters  is  called  the 
GcLF  OF  Toce.  Near  Formazza  it  pre.seats  one  of  the  finest 
series  of  cascades  in  the  Alps,  having  an  aggregate  descent 
of  1000  feet. 

TOCHOCUNO  CREEK.    See  Echacosnee. 

TOCINA,  to-thee'ni,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince, and  alxiut  "20  miles  from  .Seville.     Pop.  1039. 

TOCKEN'BCKG,  a  valley  of  Switzerland.  See  Toooenbcro. 

TOCK'IIOLES,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

TOCO'A,  a  small  river  of  Georgia  and  Tennes.see,  rises  in 
Union  county  of  the  former  state,  and  fiowiug  N.W.  through 
Polk  county  of  Tennessee,  enters  the  Hiawassee.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  Aquokee. 

TOCOA,  a  post-otlice  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

TOCUYO,  to-koo/yo,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Vene- 
zuela, department  of  Caracas,  rises  E.  of  Trujillo,  flows  X. 
and  N,E.,  and  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea  N.  of  the  Gulf  of 
Triste.  Total  course  200  miles,  for  the  latter  half  of  which 
it  is  navigable.  The  principal  affluent,  the  Carora.  Its 
banks  are  well  wooded. 

TOCUYO,  a  town  of  South  America,  on  the  above  river, 
near  its  source,  34  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trujillo.  It  has  several 
churches  and  convents,  a  college,  manufactures  of  woollen 
fabrics  and  leather,  and  a  trade  in  wheat  and  wool  of  supe- 
rior qualitv, 

TOD'BERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

TODD,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Tennessee,  contains  about  350  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Pond  River,  and  by  Elk,  Whippoorwill,  and  Clifty  Creeks. 
Ihe  surface  is  generally  undulating  or  hilly ;  the  soil  in 
some  parts  is  of  limestone  formation,  and  is  fertile.  Stone 
coal  abounds  in  the  county.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Memphis  Branch  Railroad.  Capital.  Elkton.  Named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  John  Todd,  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  11,575,  of 
whom  6726  were  free,  and  4849  slaves 

TODD,  a  post-township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Iluiitingilon.     Pop.  808. 

TODD,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio.    Poj).  1093. 

TOD'DENH.A.M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloueesttr. 

TOD'DINGTON,  a  small  market-town  and  parish  of  Knij- 
land,  CO.  of  Bedford.  5  miles  X.N.W.  of  Dunstable.  Pop.  in 
1851,  2438,  extensively  employsd  in  the  straw-plait  manu- 
fecture. 

TODDINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  2| 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Winehcombe.     Here  is  Toddington  Park. 

TODD'S,  a  post-office  of  Spottsylvania  co.,  Virginia. 

TODD'S  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  Clinton  county,  and 
enters  the  Little  Miami  in  Warren  county. 

TODDS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co..  New  York. 

TODI,  to'dee,  (anc.  Tu/der.)  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Pon- 
tifical States.  24  miles  S.  of  Perugia.  Pop.  2925.  It  is  of 
higL  antiquity,  and  has  Etruscan  walls,  and  a  cathedral. 
Here,  in  552,  Narses  defeated  and  killed  the  Gothic  king 
Totila. 

1927 


=J 


TOD 

TODIBERG   a  stiinmit  of  tie  Swiss  Alps.     See  D(EDIbebo. 

TOD'.MOUDfiX  wiTU-WAFS'DEX,  a  markeMown  and 
chnpelry  of  EnirlMnd,  co.  of  Lancaster,  parish,  and  8  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Rochdale,  on  the  Koohdale  Canal,  and  on  the  Man- 
chester and  Leeds  Rallwa}-.  I'op.  in  1851,  4532,  chiefly  em- 
ployed in  cotton  manufactures.  The  town  is  in  the  pictu- 
resque Talley  of  the  Calder.  On  an  eminence  near  its  centre 
is  an  old  and  abandoned  church.  It  has  a  new  chapel,  va- 
rious Dissenters'  meeting-houses,  and  a  mechanics'  insti- 
tute.   Coal  is  abundant  in  its  vicinitv. 

TODOS  OS  SANTOS,  BAY  OF.    See  Ail-Saixts'  Bat. 

TODTMOOS,  totf  mos,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  bailiwick,  and  near  Sauct  Blasien.    Pop.  1719. 

TODTNAU,  totf  now,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Wiesen,  4 
miles  N'.E.  of  Schonau.  2070  feet  above  the  sea.     Pop.  1377. 

TOD'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

TOEBAN,  too*hin',  a  maritime  village  of  Java,  province, 
and  00  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hembang.  It  is  large  and  bvisy, 
lies  on  an  e.xcellent  bay,  and  has  some  boat-building. 

TOEKOEKEMOU,  too-koo^kA-raoo/,  a  small  island  of  the 
Malav  Archipelago,  Carimata  Passage.  Lat.  2°  31'  S.,  Ion. 
108°  36'  30"  E. 

TCENMNGEN,  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Tonninoen. 

TCEl'LITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemiiu     See  Toplitz. 

TOFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gimbridge. 

TOFT,  MONKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TOFT-NEXT-NEWTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lin- 
coln. 

TOFTS  or  TOFT-TREES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

TO/GAS  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co..  Maine. 

TOGGENBURG,  tog'j:heu-KidRG\  the  upper  valley  of  the 
rivef  Thur,  in  Switzerland,  canton  of  St.  Gall.  Length.  30 
miles.  It  embraces  almost  all  the  various  features  of  Alpine 
scenery. 

TOG  I A  (Wghe-J)  ISLANDS,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 
are  an  extensive  group  of  islets  in  the  Gulf  of  Tominie,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Celebes. 

TOGLIO.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy.    See  Teguo. 

TOIIICK'ON  CREEK,  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
into  the  Delaware. 

TOIRANO,  to-e-ri'no,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
6  miles  N.  of  Albenga,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Barascione, 
■with  a  remarkable  stalactitic  grotto.    Pop  1416. 

TOIROS,  to'e-roce,  a  town  and  seaport  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river  which 
falls  into  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  15  miles  N.  of  Natal.  It 
contains  a  church  and  a  primary  school,  and  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  salt,  leather,  hides,  salt  pork,  and, 
above  all,  cotton  of  excellent  quality.  The  Bay  of  Toiros 
furnishes  an  excellent  roadstead,  in  which  vessels  can  lie  in 
frjm  4  to  5  fathoms,  sheltered  both  fi-om  the  S.  and  S.W. 
winds.     Pop.  of  the  district,  4000. 

TOK.  tok,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  about  50  miles  N.X.W. 
of  Orenboorg,  flows  cireuitously  W.,  and  joins  the  right  bank 
of  the  Samara  a  little  above  Bcozoolook.     Length,  120  miles. 

Ti;)KA,  to'ki,  a  town  of  Hindostan.  in  the  Nizam's  domi- 
nions. 25  miles  S.W.  of  Aurungabad,  and  a  good  deal  resorted 
to  bv  Hindoo  pilgrims. 

TOK  AT  or  TOCAT,  to'kjlt'.  a  city  of  A-oia  Minor,  pash.ilic, 
and  58  miles  N.W.  of  Seevas.  on  the  Yeshil-Irmak.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  6700  families,  of  which  5000  are  Turkish,  IbW  Ar- 
menian, and  150 Greek.  It  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by 
hills,  and  has  externally  a  handsome  appearance,  being  in- 
terspersed with  trees  and  orchards,  but  it  is  meanly  built. 
Its  commercial  importance  has  of  late  greatly  declined:  still 
it  is  a  considerable  depot  for  agricultural  produce,  and  it 
has  manufactures  of  silk  fabrics  and  calico,  dyeing  works, 
and  a  large  government  establishment,  at  which  is  refined 
:ill  the  copper  produced  by  the  mines  of  Arghana-Maden, 
near  Diarbekir,  the  annual  average  produce  of  which  is 
1000  ton.s. 

TtiKAY,  to-k.V,  (Ilun.  pron.  to-koi'.)  a  town  of  North-east 
Ilungarj',  co.  of  Zeniplin,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Theiss, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Bodrog.  43  miles  N.N.W.  of  Debrecziu. 
I-at.  48°  7'  N.,  Ion.  21°  24'  E.  Pop.  5712.  It  has  a  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral,  Lutheran,  Reformed,  and  Greek  united 
churches,  and  Piarist  and  Capuchin  convents.  It  is  cele- 
brated as  being  the  entre|:>6t  for  the  famous  Tokay  wine, 
produced  in  the  hilly  tract  called  the  Ilegyalla.  between  the 
Bodrog  and  Hernad  Rivers.  The  wine  of  premier  quality  is 
bought  up  for  the  imperial  cellars,  and  only  the  secondary 
and  inferior  growths  are  exported.     See  Hegtaua. 

TO'KEN-BES'SEYS.  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Malay  Ar- 
chipelago, 40  miles  W.  of  Bootan.    Lat.  6°  5'  S,,  Ion.  123° 
56'  E. 
TO'KENnAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
TOKMAII.  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates.    See  Kara  Sod. 
TOLA.     See  Toola. 

TU'LAND'S  PRAI'RIE.  a  post-village  in  Erie  township, 
W.Hshington  co.,  Wisconsin.  50  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Madison. 

TOL.VP.VLCA,  to-ldpil'ki.  a  mountain  pass  of  South  Ame- 
rica.    Lat.  18°  S.     Hei-lit.  14.190  feet. 
TOLBIACUM     See  Zutpicu. 
19:^ 


TOL 

TOLCSVA,  (Nagt.)  n6dj  tolch'vr)h\  a  village  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Zemplin,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Tokav.    Pop.  3629. 

TOLEDO,  to-lee'do,  (Sp.  pron.  to-U'no;  anc.  Tol^tum,)  a 
famous  city  of  Spain,  and  its  capital  under  the  Goths  and 
Moors,  now  capital  of  the  province  of  Toledo,  in  the  centre 
of  the  Iberian  Peninsula,  on  the  Tagus,  here  crossed  by  two 
noble  bridges,  and  bv  which  it  is  nearly  surrounded,  41 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Madrid.  Lat.  39°  52'  24"  N.,  Ion.  4'^  49'  W. 
Pop.,  said  to  have  amounted  formerly  to  200,000.  was,  in 
1849, 13.580.  It  is  situated  on  a  rocky  height,  and  has  an 
excessive  climate,  very  cold  in  winter,  and  hot  in  summer. 
It  is  surrounded  bj-  a  Moorish  wall,  flanked  by  numerous 
towers,  and  has  many  steeples.  The  streets  and  squares  are 
narrow,  irregular.  i!!-p.aved,  and  dull.  It  is..however,  clean, 
being  supplied  with  plenty  of  cisterns.  The  cathedral  of 
Toledo,  the  metropolitan  church  of  Spain,  founded  in  587,  is 
404  feet  in  length,  204  feet  in  width,  with  a  lofty  tower  and 
spire.  Many  of  its  paintings  have  been  transferred  to  the 
national  gallery  at  Madrid,  and  much  of  the  wealth  of  the 
cathedral,  in  gold,  silver,  and  jewels,  has  been  applied  to 
secular  uses.  The  Alcazar,  the  former'^esidence  both  of 
Moorish  and  Casfilian  monarchs,  is  an  extensive  pile  of 
three  stories,  surmounted  by  a  balustrade.  Outside  of  the 
city  is  a  public  walk,  adorned  with  statues.  Toledo  has  a 
university,  4  colleges,  numerous  hospiuils  and  asylums,  in- 
cluding two  for  foundlings  and  lunatics,  a  handsome  town- 
hall,  and  a  mint.  Toledo  has  long  been  famous  for  its  ma- 
nufacture of  sword-blades :  and  though  it  now  employs  only 
about  70  hands,  great  skill  is  still  shown  in  tempering  the 
blade.  It  has  also  manufactures  of  «>arse  woollens,  paper, 
guitar  strings,  coarse  glass,  and  leather.  An  amphitheatre 
and  some  walls  of  the  ancient  Tnletum  still  attest  its  im 
portance  under  the  Romans.  It  was  taken  by  the  Goths  in 
467.  and  by  the  Moors  in  714,  and  retained  by  the  last  till 
lo85.  when  it  was  perniarently  annexed  to  the  crown  of 
Castile.     Between  the  fifth  and  ninth  centuries,  it  was  the 

seat  of  several  general  ecclesiastical  councils. Inbab.  To- 

LEDAN,  to-lee'dan. 

TOLEDO,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  bounded  N. 
by  the  provinces  of  Madrid  and  Avila,  E.  by  Cuenca,  S.  by 
Ciudad  Real,  and  W.  by  Caceres.  Area,  5620  square  miles. 
Pop.  330,000. 

'TOLEDO,  a  flourishing  city  of  lucas  co.,  Ohio,  at  the 
western  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  pleasantly  situated  upon 
an  elevated  plain  on  the  banks  of  the  Maumee  River,  about 
4  miles  from  its  mouth,  134  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus,  and 
112  miles  W.  of  Cleveland.  The  river  affords  a  spacious,  safe 
and  beautiful  harbor  for  the  largest  steamers  and  vessels. 
Lat.  41°  3^  30"  N.;  Ion.  83°  32'  W. ;  distance  fiom  Detroit 
(55  miles.  The  average  j'early  arrivals  and  clearances  at  the 
Cxistom  House  are  now  4500,  representing  l,2iX),000  tons  bui^ 
den,  furnishing  for  eight  months  of  the  year  the  best  possi- 
ble facilities  for  transporting  and  exchanging  the  vast  and 
varied  productions  of  the  East  and  AVest.  This  is  the  ter- 
minus of  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal  traversing  the  rich  val- 
leys of  the  Maumee  and  Miami,  and  terminating  at  Cincin- 
nati ;  and  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  extending  through 
the  fertile  valle)'  of  the  Wabash  and  connecting  with  the 
Ohio  River  at  Evansville,  Indiana — 700  miles  of  canal  are 
thus,  tributary  to  its  tr.ade.  The  lines  of  completed  railway 
centered  here  are  yet  more  extended.  The  'Poledi)  and  De- 
troit furnishes  a  short  and  direct  connection  with  the  Michi- 
gan and  Canada  routes.  The  Michigan  Southern  and  North- 
ern Indiana  constitute  a  double  chain  to  Chicago :  the  one 
througli  Southern  Michigan,  the  other  through  Northern 
Indiana,  each  through  a  cultivated  and  flourishing  country. 
The  Jackson  Railroad  connects  with  the  Michigan  Central, 
and  is  lieing  finished  to  Lansing,  the  capital.  It  opens  up 
the  coal  and  salt-fields  of  Michigan.  The  Toledo  and  Wa- 
bash extends  through  the  forests  of  Northwl-stern  Ohio  to 
Fort  Wayne,  down  the  Wabash  to  I^  Fayette,  Indiana,  and 
thence  through  Central  Illinois  by  several  routes  to  the 
Mississippi,  forming  the  shortest  connection  between  Lake 
Erie  and  St.  Louis.  Tlie  Dayton  and  Michigan  uniting 
Toledo  with  Cincinnati,  is  fast  developing  the  resources 
of  Western  Ohio,  and  opens  an  extensive  commerce  be- 
tween the  southern  country  and  the  lakes.  The  Cleve- 
land and  Toledo  forms  a  strong  link  in  tlie  chain  wliich 
binds  the  East  and  the  West,  and  is  a  thorouglifare,  indeed, 
connecting  this  young  and  growing  city  with  her  elder  sis- 
ters. The  dep.^t  and  warehouse  facilities  are  unique  and  ex- 
tensive. Ten  steam  elevators,  holding  2,632,000  bushels,  af- 
ord  facilities  for  tntnsfer  of  gniin  from  the  canals  and  rfiil- 
roads  to  the  lake  vessels.  The  shipments  for  tlie  last  three 
years  average  j'earl v  in  round  numbers  :  Flour,  1,500,000  bar- 
rels ;  wheat,  7,000,000  bushels ;  corn,  5,000.000 ;  oats.  700.000 ; 
rye.  35,000;  barley.  50,000;  pork,  170.000  barrels;  beef, 
70.000;  cattle, lOO.OCk) head;  hides,  10,000,OiK) pounds;  ■nool, 
2,700.000:  tobacco,  30,000,000;  lumber,  60,000,000  feet,  be- 
side timber  and  staves  in  immense  quantities.  The  Board 
of  Tnule  represents  a  liberal  portion  of  the  ability  of  Toledo. 
Us  members  deserve  the  prosperity  they  enjoy.  The  whole- 
sale trade  of  the  city  is  increasing  as  rapidly  as  capifcil  i« 
invested  in  it:  the  <onntry  to  be  supplied  is  rich,  and  the 
facilities  for  reaching  it  abundant;  the  jot'belii  are  sound 


TOL 

ami  successful.  Manufacturing  is  in  its  infancy,  but  grow- 
iiij;.  Tliere  are  numerous  establisliuicnts  lor  working  wood 
and  iron,  flour,  toliacco,  beer,  fl;)x,  cotton,  and  chandlery. 
The  field  is  wide  and  promising  for  enterprise,  skill,  capital, 
and  work,  and  cannot  fail  to  pay.  More  men  are  needed. 
Twice  the  number  of  the  present  population  would  not  fail 
of  support  iu  so  affluent  a  field,  but  they  should  be  of  the 
Detter  sort.  The  retail  business  of  Toledo  is  not  largo,  the 
adjacent  country  is  fertile,  but  it  requires  the  strong  arm 
Dt  the  woodnuin  to  clear  it;  the  demand  for  timber  invites 
labor  in  this  direction,  and  comfortal)le  homes  are  spring- 
ing up  in  the  forest,  all  of  them  within  the  sound  of  the 
locomotive.  There  are  about  20  churches,  5  banks,  2  daily 
papers,  2  steam  fire  engines,  a  gas  company,  many  artesian 
wells,  several  miles  of  paved  streets,  and  a  street  railroad. 
The  public  schools  are  the  idols  of  Toledo,  the  buildings  are 
the  best  in  town ;  they  are  open  to  all,  and  fostered  by  all. 
Toledo  was  siqkly,  it  is  now  healthy,  and  its  tobies  of  mor- 
tality compare  favorably  with  the  older  towns  of  the  conn- 
try.  The  causes  of  malaria  are  disappearing,  and  it  is  being 
filled  with  the  homes  of  a  stable  and  prosperous  population. 
Toledo  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and  important  entre- 
pots in  the  commerce  of  the  great  lakes.  The  population 
has  more  than  quadrupled  within  fifteen  years.  Pop  in 
1840, 1322;  in  1860,  3829;  in  1860,  13,768;  and  in  1865,  from 
18,000  to  20,000. 

TOLKDO,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Illinois,  144  miles 
6.  of  Springfield. 

TOIjEDO,  the  capital  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    See  Appendix. 

TOLEDO,  MOUNTAINS  OF.    See  Spain.  » 

TOLEN,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Tholkn. 

TOLENTINO,  to-l^n-tee'no,  (anc.  'J'olenii'num,)  a  town  of 
Central  Italv,  situated  11  miles  S.W.  of  Macerata,  on  the 
left  bank  o^  the  Chienti.  Pop.  9437.  It  has  a  cathedral, 
with  memorials  of  its  builders,  the  Visconti.  Tolentiuo  h.is 
acquired  some  celebrity  from  the  humiliating  treaty  which 
was  dictated  to  Pope  Pius  VI.,  in  1797,  by  the  French, 
headed  by  Bonaparte.  In  1815  a  sanguinary  battle,  fought 
in  the  neighborhood,  sealed  the  fate  of  .Murat,  who,  at  the 
head  of  the  Neapolitans,  was  defeated  by  the  Austrians 
under  Bianchi. 

TOLER'S,  a  post-office  of  Amite  co.,  Mississippi. 

TO'LEKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  county,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Virginia  Central  Kattroad,  45  miles  N.W.  by  N. 
from  Virginia. 

TOLESBOROUGH,  tolzAjar-rah,  a  pos^oface  of  Lewis 
countv.  Kentucky. 

T<JLETU.M.    See  TotEDO. 

TOLFA,  tol'ia,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States, 
iO  miles  N.E.  ofCivita  Vecchia.  It  has  the  most  important 
alum-wnrks  in  Italy. 

TOLIMA,  to-lee'm^,  a  volcano  of  South  America,  in  New 
Oranada.    Lat.  4°  40'  N..  Ion.  76°  37'  W.    Ileiirht,  18.270  feet. 

TOLLING',  a  town  of  Thibet,  near  the  Upper  Sutlej,  18 
miles  S.E.  of  Chaprung.     It  has  a  magnificent  temple. 

TOLKEMIT.  tol'keh-rait\  a  town  of  West  I'russia,  37  miles 
E.  of  Dantzic,  on  the'  Frische  Ilafif.     Pop.  2130. 

TOL/LAND,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  .Somerset. 

TOl/LAND,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Connecticut, 
has  an  area  of  about  440  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Willimantic  atid  Hop  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  streams, 
which  furnish  valuable  water-power.  The  surface  in  the 
W.  part  is  level  or  slightly  uneven,  and  the  soil  fertile; 
while  in  the  E.  portions  the  surface  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, and  the  soil  of  inferior  quality.  The  Eastern  part 
is  generally  well  wooded.  The  New  London  Northern  and 
the  Hartford  Providence  and  Fishkill  Railroads  traverse  this 
county.  Organized  in  17S0,  having  been  formed  from  por- 
tions of  Hartford  and  Windham  countieu.  Capital,  Tol- 
land.    Pop.  in  1860,  20,709. 

TOLLAND,  a  post-township  of  Hampden  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 112  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  596. 

TOLLAND,  a  post-village  and  township,  seat  of  justice  of 
Tolland  co..  Connecticut,  about  3  miles  W.  of  the  New  Lon- 
don Northern  Railroad  and  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Hartford.  It 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  and  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  churches  of  the  Congregation- 
al, liaptist,  and  Methodist  denominations,  a  bank,  a  savings 
institution,  and  an  insurance  companj'.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 1310. 

TOr/LARD-ROY'AL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

TOLLEN,  tol'len,  a  lake  and  river  of  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
liti:  the  lake  6  miles  in  length,  and  the  river  leaving  it  at 
Neu-Brandeuburg,  and  joining  the  Peene  at  Demmin,  after 
a  N.W.  course  of  45  miles. 

TOL/LEK  FKA'TRUM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

TOI/LEK  PORCO'RUM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

TOVLERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

TOLLERTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.,  and  10  miles 
by  railway)  N.N.W.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

TOLLESBURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

TOL'LESHUNT  D'-ilVCY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

TOLLESHUNT-KXIGHTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

TOLLESirU.NT-MA'.rOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

TOLL  GATIJ,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  .\labama. 


TOM 

TOLLO.  toWo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lanciano.     Pop.  2100. 

TOLL'S  CREEK,  a  .small  stream  of  Yuba  co.,  towards  the 
N.  part  of  California,  flows  into  Indiana  Creek  about  1  mile 
from  its  mouth.    Gold  is  found  on  this  streaui. 

TOLMEZZO.  tol-m6t/so,  a  i,mall  town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Udine,  in  the  Alps,  on  the  Tagliamento, 
1000  feet  above  the  sea.  Pop.  350O.  Its  vicinity  is  perhaps 
the  most  rainy  district  in  Europe,  the  result  of  30  years' 
observation  giving  an  annual  fall  of  lUO  inches. 

TOLNA,  tol'nOh\  or  TOLNAU,  tol'nCw,  a  market-town  of 
South  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the  Danube,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Kalocsa.  Pop.  6771,  mostly  Germans.  It  ha» 
royal  tobacco  warehouses  and  potash-works. 

IXILOAR,  to-lo-aR/,  the  largest  of  the  Salibabo  Islands,  ic 
the  Malay  Archipelago,  between  Gilolo  and  Mindanao.  Lat 
4°  28'  N.,  Ion.  126°  55'  E.  Circuit,  about  80  miles.  Surfacd 
very  varied.     It  is  populous,  and  pretty  well  cultivated. 

TOLOCZYN,  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.    See  ToLOTCHls. 

TOLO.T  or  TOLOX,  to-lon',  a  town  of  .-^pain,  province,  and 
29  miles  W.  of  Malaga,  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  de  Toloj. 
Pop.  2151. 

TOLOMETA,  tfl-lo-mi'ti,  (anc.  PtohmaHs.)  a  maritime 
town  of  North  Africa,  in  Barca,  on  the  Mediterranean.  6,'> 
miles  N.E.  of  Bengazi.  Its  extensive  remains  of  antiquity 
comprise  portions  of  theatres,  a  temple,  and  sepulchral 
grottoes. 

TOLON-NOOR.    See  Tchao-N,\iman  Soome. 

TOLOSA,  to-lo'sd,  (anc.  Iturisa  t)  a  town  of  Spain,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Guipuzcoa,  on  the  Oria  and  the  Arages,  15 
miles  S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian.  Pop.  4718.  It  stands  iu  a 
narrow  defile,  enclosed  by  a  wall,  entered  by  several  gates. 
and  has  two  squares,  (one  u.sed  for  a  bull-ring.)  2  parish 
churches,  a  town-hall,  hospital,  prison,  several  fountains, 
and  2  bridges.  It  has  manufactures  of  copper  and  earthen- 
wares, woollen  cloth,  paper,  hats,  leather,  and  a  large  fac- 
tory of  arms. 

TOLOSA.    See  Toulouse. 

TOLOTCHIN,  to-lo-chin',  written  also  TOLOCZYN,  a  mar 
ke^town  of  Russia,  government,  and  43  miles  N.W^.  of  Mo- 
heelev.     Pop.  3000. 

TOLOX.  a  town  pf  Spain.    See  Toloj. 

TOL'PUDDLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

TOLTEN,  tol-tin',  a  river  of  Chili,  in  Araucani.t,  flows  from 
the  Lake  of  Villarica  W.  for  lOO  miles,  and  enters  the  Pa- 
cific Oce.iu  50  miles  N.  of  Valdivia. 

TOLUCA,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 

TOLUCA,  to-loo^ki,  a  small  town  of  the  .Mexican  Confede- 
ration. 40  miles  S.W.  of  Mexico,  near  a  volcanic  mountain. 
Lat.  19°  16'  N.,  Ion.  99°  21'  W.     Pop.  12,000. 

TOLL',  SANTIAGO  DE,  sJn-te-d'go  dd  to-loo/,  a  seaport 
town  of  New  Granada,  department  of  Magdaletia,  province, 
and  66  miles  S.  of  Cartagena,  on  the  Gulf  of  Morro-squillo 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  its  vicinity  produces  large  quan- 
tities of  corn,  with  dye-woods  and  the  aromatic  balsam  of 
Tolu. 

TOLVE,  tol'vi,  a  roarketrtown  of  Naples,  province  of  Ba- 
silicata.  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  3800. 

TOLVISCON,  tol-vees-kon/,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
43  miles  S.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  2400. 

TOLZ.  tolts,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  I.sar, 
26  miles  S.  of  Munich.  Pop.  3092.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloths,  and  iron  forges. 

TOM,  tom,  a  river  of  Siberia,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  400 
miles,  joins  the  Obi  40  miles  N.W.  of  Tomsk. 

"TOM'AHAWK,  a  post-township  of  Searcy  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  296. 

TOMAHAWK  SPRING,  a  post-oflSce  oi  Berkeley  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

TOMANTOUL.  to-man-tooP,  a  villaare  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Banff,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Grautown.    Pop.  919. 

TOMASZOW,  to-md'shov,  a  town  of  Poland,  government 
of  Warsaw,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  I'ilica.  2o  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Rawa.  Pop.  5000.  It  was  founded  only  in  1822,  but  its 
advantageous  position  for  comraei-ce  has  attracted  to  it  many 
enterprising  settlers;  and  it  has  manufautures  of  woollen, 
liuen,  and  cotton  fabrics,  and  iron  foundries. 

TOMASZOW,  a  town  of  Poland,  government,  and  66  miles 
S.E.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  2900. 

TOMBIG'BEE  or  TOMBECK'BEE,  a  river  of  Mississippi 
and  Alabama,  rises  in  Tishemingo  co..  which  forms  the  N.K. 
extremity  of  Mississippi,  and  flows  S.  to  Columbus.  It  then 
inclines  to  the  E.,  and  passing  into  Alabama,  its  general 
direction  is  S.S.E.,  until  it  is  joined  by  the  Black  Warrior 
at  Demopolis.  Below  this  point  it  flows  nearly  S.,  and  pass- 
ing through  fertile,  alluvial  plains  and  savannas,  which  are 
mostly  occupied  by  plantations  of  cotton,  it  unites  with 
the  Alabama  about  45  miles  above  Mobile.  The  river  thus 
formed  is  called  the  Mobile.  The  length  of  the  Tombigbee 
is  estimated  at  450  miles.  The  large-'t  towns  on  its  banks 
are  Aberdeen,  Columbus,  Pickensviile,  Gainesville,  and  De- 
mopolis. It  is  navigable  for  large  steamboats  to  Columbus, 
which  is  about  366  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Mobile  Kiver, 
and  smaller  boats  can  ascend  40  or  50  miles  further,  to  Aber- 
deen.   It  is  familiarly  called  the  Biytite  Ixivtr. 

1929 


TOM 


TON 


T0'>tTiO()CT00  or  TOMBUCTOO.    See  TnjBCCTOO. 

TOMliS,  Great  and  Little,  two  islands  near  the  entrance 
o<  the  Persian  'iulf,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  the  island  of  Kisliim. 
The  one  is  fran  4  to  5  miles,  and  the  other  from  2  to  3  miles 
In  circuit.  They  are  both  low  and  flat,  uncultirated.  and 
uninhabited.  The  larger  one,  at  which  Is'earchus  anchored 
durinj;  his  celebrated  voyage,  is  partly  covered  with  grass, 
an  J  abounds  with  antelopes. 

TOMBS'  KUX.  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TOMBUKTU.'Central  Afl-ica.    Soe  TiMuiCTOO. 

TOilK.  to'raA,  a  village  of  New  .Mexico,  on  the  left  bank 
of  tile  Itio  del  Norte,  about  75  miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Fe. 

TOMELLOSi),  to  mSl-vo'so,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
60  miles  EAMJ.  of  Ciudad  Keal.     Pop.  4476. 

TOMFI.VLODGH,  tom-fin'l^H,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Mun- 
ster.  CO.  of  Clare. 

TOMGll.A.N'i;Y  or  TOMGREXO:,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Munster.  co.  of  Cl.are. 

TOMHAN'NOCK,  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
York.  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  Troy. 

TOM-IIO,  tom'ho/,  a  river  of  China,  descends  from  the 
mountains  near  the  S.  frontiers  of  the  province  of  Shen- 
see,  enters  the  province  of  Se-chuen,  flows  S.S.W.,  and  joins 
tlie  Kialing  a  little  below  Paoning,  after  a  course  of  about 
100  miles. 

TOMINA,  to-mec'nj.  a  town  of  Bolivia,  department,  and 
50  miles  E.  of  Chuctuisaca,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the 
9uapev. 

TOMIXIE  BAY.    See  Goonosg-Tella. 

TO-M'LTNSOXVILLE.  a  small  village  ofScott  co.,  Missouri. 

TOMcyKA  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  into  the  Muskingum 
River  at  Dresden. 

TOMOT'LA,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North  Carolina. 

TOMP'KINS,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  situated  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  Cayuga  Lake,  which  extends  nearly  to  its  cen- 
tre, and  it  is  drained  by  Fall  Creek  and  several  smaller 
streams,  affording  abundant  water-power.  The  surface  is 
undulating,  and  in  some  parts  hilly.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and 
under  good  cultivation.  By  means  of  Cayuga  and  Seneca 
L;ikeg  this  county  has  a  water  communication  with  the 
Erie  Canal.  The  Cayuga  and  Susquelianua  Railroad  ex- 
tends from  the  county-seat  to  the  Erie  Railroad  at  Owego. 
Organized  in  1817,  having  been  formed  from  portions  of 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  counties,  and  named  in  honor  of  Daniel 
D.  Tompkins,  Governor  of  New  York.  Capital,  Ithaca. 
Pop.  .31,409. 

TOMPKINS,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Delaware  co., 
New  York,  intersected  by  the  Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  3589. 

TOMPKINS,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio. 

TOMPKINS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jackson  co.. 
Michigan.  90  miles  W.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  952. 

TOMP'KINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Castleton  township, 
Richmond  co.,  New  York,  on  New  York  Harbor,  and  on  the 
N.E.  side  of  Staten  Island,  6  miles  S.  by  W.  of  New  York. 
It  contains  a  marine  hospital  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  and  the  quarantine  buildings. 

TOMPKINSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  ALibama. 

TOMPKINSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Kentucky. 

TOMPKINSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  co., 
Kentucky,  140  miles  S.S.W.  of  Frankfort,  and  about  10  miles 
from  Cumberland  Uiver.  It  has  a  court-house,  2  churches, 
and  near  200  inhabitants. 

TOMRE'OAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In  Ulster,  cos.  of  Cavan 
aud  Fermanaiih. 

TOil'S  BROOK,  a  post-office  of  Shenandoah  co.,  Virginia. 

TOM'S  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Surry  co.,  North  Carolina. 

TOMSK,  tomsk,  a  government  of  West  Siberia,  between 
lat.  49°  and  61°  N.,  and  Ion.  75°  and  90°  E.,  having  S.  Chi- 
nese Toorki.stan  and  the  Kirgheez  territory,  and  on  other 
sides  the  governments  of  Tobolsk  and  Y^eniseisk.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  nearly  1,000,000.  Principal  rivers,  the  Obi  and  the 
[shim.  In  the  S.  it  includes  the  larger  part  of  the  Lake 
Tengheez,  (Balkash;)  on  the  S.E.  it  extends  to  the  Little 
Altii,  iu  which  part,  and  in  the  district  of  Barnaul,  are 
some  important  mining  establishment*. 

TOMSK,  a  city  of  West  Siberia,  capitjil  of  the  above  go- 
vernment, on  the  Tom,  a  tributary  of  the  Obi.  Lat.  56°  29' 
26"  N.,  Ion.  84°  57'  57"  E.  Pop.  in  winter,  about  24,000,  but 
in  summer  it  is  reduced  to  18,000,  many  of  the  population 
being  then  el.sewhere  engaged  in  gold-washings.  Me.an 
temperature  of  the  year,  31°'9;  summer,  60°-5;  winter, 
minus  4°-8  Fahrenheit.  It  is  mostly  built  of  wood,  but  has 
substantial  public  buildings,  comprising  a  cathedral,  tri- 
buuals,  treasury,  fur  magazines,  barracks,  hospitals,  and  an 
orphan  asylum.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  Bishop  of  Tomsk 
and  Yeniseisk,  of  a  civil  governor,  and  of  the  superintendent 
of  the  Altai  mines.  Its  inhabitants  carry  on  a  brisk  trade 
with  tile  Calmucks  and  Ostiaks  in  cattle  and  furs. 

TOMS  lUVER,  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  Jer.sev,  rises 
In  Monmouth  co.,  and  flows  S.E.  through  Ocean  CO..  into 
Barnegat  Bay.  Sloops  ascend  to  the  village  of  Tom's 
River,  aliont  10  m''es.  A  creek  called  the  South  Branch, 
unites  witli  the  uuMxi  stream  10  miles  from  Its  mouth. 
1930 


TOM'S  RIVER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ocean  co..  New 
.Jersey,  on  the  river  of  its  own  name,  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, atx)ut  40  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton.  It  contains  a  bricK 
court-house,  2  churches,  a  bank,  2  large  hotels,  7  stores,  and 
1  or  2  newspaper  offices.  A  bridge  crosses  the  river  herft 
About  25  sloops,  loaded  with  firewood,  cranberries  and  lum- 
ber, ply  to  New  York.    Pop.  about  1000. 

TO.MSrrOWN,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Chambersburg.     It  has  about  150  inhabitant* 

TOMSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  district.  South 
Carolina.  74  miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

TOMYSL,  Alt,  ilt  to'misl,  a  village  of  Prussian  Poland, 
33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Po.sen.     Pop.  400. 

Ti>MYSL,  Neu,  noi  to'misl,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Po.sen.     Pop.  800. 

T0NAR.\.  to-nj'rd,  a  market-towu  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  of  Cagliari,  12  miles  E.  of  Bus.i(hi."    P.  2255. 

TONAWaN'DA.  TONNEWaN'DA  or  TldNEWANTO. 
a  creek,  in  the  W.  part  of  New  York,  after  formivig  the 
boundary  between  Erie  and  Niagara  counties,  falls  into 
Niagara  Kiver  about  12  miles  N.  of  IJuffalo.  The  Erie  Canal 
enters  this  creek  10  miles  above  its  mouth,  and  leaves  it 
again  about  100  rods  from  Niagara  River. 

TONAWANDA  or  TONNEWANDA,  a  port  and  post-vil- 
lage, (chiefly  included  in  Tonawanda  townsliip,  Erie  co.. 
New  York;  a  part,  however,  extends  into  Ni.agara  co..)  at 
the  intersection  of  Tonawanda  Creek  with  the  Niagara 
River,  opposite  Grand  Island,  and  on  the  Erie  Canal,  where 
it  is  crossed  by  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  12 
miles  ??.  of  Buffalo.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  business, 
and  contains  8  or  10  spacious  warehouses,  recently  erected ; 
and  6  or  7  stores.  Many  of  the  Lake  craft  deposit  their 
cargoes  here,  to  be  forwarded  by  the  canal.  It  contains  5 
churches,  a  town-hall,  and  a  newspaper  office.  This  place 
is  the  terminus  of  a  railroad  whicli  connects  it  witli  Lock- 
port.  Another  railroad  extends  eastward  to  Batavia.  Tlie 
total  value  of  property  arriving  for  the  year  1852,  was 
$1,988,079.    Pop.  abotit  3300;  of  township.  2489. 

TONBRIDGl-.,  T0N*I5RIDGE  WELLS.    See  Tunbriiksb. 

TONCO,  ton'ko.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont, 22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Alexandria.     Pop.  1852. 

TONDELLA,  ton-djlli,  or  BESTIEROS.  bfs-te-;Vroco.  a 
market-town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira,  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Viseu.     Pop.  2400. 

TONDERN,  ton'dgrn.  or  TONDERE.  ton'der-eh,  a  town  of 
Denmark,  duchy  of  Sleswick,  25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Flensborg. 
Pop.  6500.  It  has  manufactures  of  fringe,  lace,  and  woollen 
and  linen  fabrics. 

TONDI,  ton'dee.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Madras.  64  miles  E.  of  Madura,  on  Palk  Strait. 

TONDJA,  tond'j.?,  or  TOUNDJA,  toon'ja.  a  river  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  rises  on  the  S.  slope  of  the  Balkan,  and 
joins  the  Maritza  on  the  left,  after  a  course  of  150  miles. 

TONDO,  ton'do,  a  province  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  is 
one  of  the  smallest,  and  has  only  a  circuit  of  about  80 
miles.     Pop.  215,640.' 

TONDO,  a  townof  the  PWlippinp  Islands,  in  Luzon,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Pasig.  nearly  opposite 
to  Manila.  It  has  a  governor's  house,  a  handsome  church, 
manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton  goods,  a  valuable  fishery, 
and  a  considerable  trade,  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  Metis 
and  Chinese.     Pop.  17,490. 

TON'DON',  a  town  of  Slantchooria,  on  the  .\moor.  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  river  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  49°  30*  N., 
Ion.  136°  E. 

TONE,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  ri.ses  S.  of  Bren- 
don  Hill,  flows  S.E.  and  N.E.,  and  joins  the  Parret  about 
midway  between  Langport  and  Bridgewater.  Course,  30 
miles,  for  the  last  10  of  which  it  is  navigable. — Tau.ntos  is 
on  its  S.  bank. 

TONEDAGANA,  a  county  of  Michigan.    See  Emmett. 

TONEWANTO.     See  To.nawanba. 

TONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

TONG,  a  parish  of  England,  col  of  Salop. 

TONG.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

TONGA  (tong'ga'l  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
composing  a  section  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  Lat.  20°  S., 
Ion.  175°  W.,  and  comprising  at  least  150  islands,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are — Tongataboo,  Boscawen,  and  Keppe) 
Islands ;  Vavao,  Hapai,  and  Eoa.  with  a  pop.  estimated  at 
18..500  united  under  one  .sovereignty. 

TONGATABOO.  TONG.\TABU.  ttingVtd'boo.  writtf  n  .also 
TONGA,  or  AMSTERDAM  ISLAND,  one  of  the  sou'hern- 
most  of  the  above  islands,  and  the  residence  of  their  sove- 
reign, in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  21°  4'  S.,  Ion.  175°  28'  W. 
Circuit  upwards  of  50  miles.  Estimated  pop.  8000.  Surfece 
low;  soil  very  fertile;  products  comprise  yams,  plantain.s, 
bananas,  sugarcane,  tine  timber,  coir,  exported  to  New 
South  Wiiles.  and  abundant  supplies  of  hogs  and  other  pro- 
visions adapted  for  shipping.  The  iirhabitants  have  been 
mostly  converted  to  Christlnnity  by  English  missionaries, 
who  retain  important  depots  in  the  island.  Principal  tov>  ns. 
Moa  and  Nakualo.  This  i.<land  was  discovered  by  Tasu  an. 
in  1643. 

XONGAY,  tong-ghi',  a  town  and  bay  of  South  Amei  jca, 


TOi\ 


TOO 


In  Chili.  aTiout  200  milos  N.  of  Valparaiso.  The  town  ex- 
ports oojiper  to  the  United  States. 

TOXa-CIIANa,  toiiRVhang',  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
Shan-toons;,  capital  of  a  department,  on  a  river  flowing  into 
the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee.  55  miles  S.W.  of  T.see-nan. 

TONG-CIIOW.  tongVhdw',  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
Pe-chee-Iee,  on  the  Pei-ho.  25  miles  E.S.K.  of  Peking. 

TlLVGK-wmt-HAULGH,  township.  England.co  Ijanoaster. 

TONGERLOO,  tong'gr-lo'  or  tong^Hgr-lo',  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province,  and  23  miles  E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Wimpe 
and  St«enloop,  near  a  large  forest  of  its  own  name,  and 
entered  by  a  magnificent  avenue  of  lime-trees,  some  of  which 
lire  20  feet  in  circumference.  Near  it  is  the  Abbey  of  Tong- 
erloo,  founded  in  the  twelfth,  and  suppressed  in  the  eight- 
eenth century,  hut  recently  again  established.     Pop.  1699. 

TON'jrKllN.    See  Tongres. 

TCNG-GIN,  tong^ghin'or  tong'gheen',  a  town  of  China, 
provim.-^  of  Koei-choo.    Lat.  27°  40'  N.,  Ion.  108°  55'  E. 

TONGIIO,  tong^ho',  written  also  TAUNGOO  and  TAUNGU, 
a  town  of  the  Burmese  dominions,  province,  120  miles  N.  of 
Pegu,  on  the  Setang  River.     Near  it  are  numerous  temples. 

TUNG'KOO'  BAY  or  URM'STON  IIARISOR,  an  anchorage 
In  the  estuary  of  the  Canton  River,  China,  on  its  E.  side,  6 
miles  N.  of  the  island  of  Lantao,  and  between  the  island  of 
Tongkoo  and  the  mainland. 

TONGLAND  or  TONGUELAND,  ttingland,  a  parish  of 
Scotland,  stewartry,  and  N.W.  of  Kirkcudbright,  on  the 
Dee.  Here  are  remains  of  several  old  ecclesiastical  edifices, 
ancient  encampments,  and  cairns. 

TONGOOSKS.    See  TooxGOOSE.'i. 

TONGRES,  tAsgr,  (Flemish,  Ttnigem.  tong'ern,  or  tong'- 
ngrn;  anc.  TungHf)  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
bourg,  on  the  Jaar,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Hasselt.  Pop.  6180. 
It  has  breweries,  tanneries,  manufactures  of  hats  and  chi- 
cory, and  an  active  trade  in  hogs  and  corn.  It  was  ruined 
by  Attila  in  his  retreat  from  Chalons. 

TOiN'GSAN,  tong^sin',  or  TUNG-SHAN,  ttingVh3n',  a  har- 
bor on  the  S.E.  coast  of  China,  province  of  Fokien,  lat.  23° 
40'  N.,  Ion.  117°  30*  E.  It  is  one  of  the  be.st  harbors  in  China. 
Water  is  readily  obtained  here,  even  during  the  dry  season. 

TONG-TCIIOO  or  TONG-TCUOU,  tongVhoo',  a  town  of 
China,  province  of  Shon-see,  60  miles  N.E.  o)»See-ngan. 

TONO-TCHUEX,  tong'choo-Jn',  a  town  of  China,  province 
of  Se-chuen,  near  its  S.  boundary,  and  the  Yang-tse-kiang. 
It  's  important  as  a  military  post. 

TONG-TING-HOO  or  TONG-TING-HOU,  tongH.ing'hoo',  a 
large  lake  of  China,  province  of  Iloo-pe,  near  the  limit  of 
Iloo-nan.  It  receives  several  large  rivers,  and  communi- 
cates at  its  N.  extremity  with  the  Yang-tse-kiang. 

TONGUE,  tang,  a  maritime  pari.sh  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Sutherland,  with  a  village,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Farr-Kirk.  The 
parish  extends  for  10  miles  along  the  N.  coast,  indented  by 
the  Kyle  of  Tongue,  an  inlet  85  miles  in  length,  and  con- 
tains Ben-Hope  and  Moir  Mountains,  with  many  mineral 
springs,  and  much  fertile  soil. 

TOis'G  U  ELAND,  a  parish  of  Scotland.    See  Tongland. 

TONGUE  (tang)  RIVER,  of  Missouri  Territory,  rises  in 
lat.  about  42°  30'  N.,  Ion.  106°  30'  W.  Flowing  at  first  N.E. 
and  then  nearly  N.,  it  falls  into  the  Yellowstone  River,  aftsr 
a  course  of  about  300  miles. 

TON'ICA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illlnoia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  9  miles  S.  of  La  Salle. 

TONK,  tonk,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  dominions,  and  48 
miles  S.  of  Jeypoor,  near  the  Banass.  It  stands  in  a  hollow, 
and  is  protected  by  a  stone  wall. 

TO.N KIN,  a  province  of  Anam.    See  Tonqdin. 

TONNAY-BOUTONNE.  ton'n.V  boo'tonn'.a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  on  the  Boutonue,  25 
miles  S.E.  of  La  Kochelle.     Pop.  1416. 

TONNAY-CHARENTE,  tonhii'  shIVSNf,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Charente-Inferieure,  on  the  Charente, 
3  miles  E.  of  Bochefort.  Pop.  in  1852,  3538.  It  has  a  port 
on  the  river  for  vessels  of  (500  tons. 

TONNEINS,  tonVixo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Garoune,  and  on 
the  railway  from  Bordeaux  to  Cete,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Mar- 
mando.  Pop.  in  18-52,  7549.  It  has  a  national  manufacture 
of  tobacco,  and  manufactures  of  cordage.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Madame  Cottin. 

TONNERRE.  ton'naiR',  a  town  of  France,  depjirtment  of 
Vonne.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  .\rman90n,  and  on  the  railway 
from  Paris  to  Lyons,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  .\uxerre.  Pop.  in 
18t2,  4672.  It  has  a  communal  college,  a  fine  hospital,  with  a 
monument  to  Margaret  of  Burgundy,  Queen  of  Sicily,  and 
manufactures  of  agricultural  implements,  mill-works,  and 
stained  paper. 

TONNEWANDA.     See  Ton.a.wanda. 

TONNTNGEN  or  TOENNINGE.N,  tSn'ning-gn,  a  fortified 
town  of  Denmark,  duchy,  and  29  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sleswick, 
on  the  Eider,  11  miles  from  its  mouth.  In  the  North  Sea. 
Pop.  2100. 

TO.NQUIN  or  TONKIN,  ton'keen'.  the  northernmost  priv 
vince  of  Anam,  South-east  .\sia,  between  lat.  19°  and  23° 
N..  anj  lofi.  102°  and  108°  30'  E.,  having  N.  the  Chinese  pro- 
vinces Quang-tong,  Quang-see,  and  Yun-nan ;  W.,  the  Laos 


country;  S.,  Cochin-China;  and  E..  thfe  Gulf  of  Tonqulht 
Area  and  population  uncertain.  The  furface  near  the  sea  is 
a  rich  alluvial  plain,  and  the  country  appears  to  be  watered 
by  numerous  rivers,  and  /f  high  fertility.  Rice  is  the  chief 
grain  raised;  other  products  are  sugar,  cotton,  spices,  tea, 
indigo,  saffron,  .silk,  gum.?,  varnishes,  the  precious  metals, 
and  many  of  the  other  most  valuable  articles  of  commerca 
Elephants  are  numerous,  and  other  wild  animals  are  in 
great  variety.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Boodhists 
Ketcho,  the  capital,  and  Hean,  on  the  Sang-koi  River,  are 
the  principal  towns  known  to  Europeans,  by  whom  the  in- 
terior has  not  been  explored.  Tonquin  was  conquered  by 
the  Chinese  in  1406,  and  by  the  Anamese  in  1790. 

TONQUIN,  a  river  of  Asia.    See  Sang-koi. 

TONQUIN,  GULF  OJ.  an  inlet  of  the  China  Sea,  sur- 
rounded by  Tonquin,  the  Chinese  province  of  Quang-tong, 
and  the  island  of  Hainan.  Length,  3u0  miles;  average 
breadth,  150  miles.  It  receives  the  Sang-koi  and  many  other 
rivers,  and  contains  numerous  island.s. 

TONS,  tons,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Valencia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Jucar.     Pop.  1235. 

TONSBERG,  tons'bjRO,  a  seaport  town  of  Norway,  stift 
of  Aggershuus,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Christiania  Fiord,  47  miles 
S.W.  of  Christiania.  Pop.  2200.  It  has  tobacco  factories, 
distilleries,  a  good  harbor,  and  exports  of  timber  and  fish. 

TONSBERG,  Gulp  of.  au  inlet  of  the  Skager-rack,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Christiania  Fiord. 

TONTOLI,  ton-to'lee,  a  town  of  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
on  the  N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Celebes,  on  a  bay,  capital 
and  state  of  its  name.     Near  it  are  gold-mines. 

TONYN  (to/nin)  ISLANDS,  a  small  group  in  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  Strait  of  Macassar,  W.  of  Celebes.  Lat.  5°  33' 
S..  Ion.  118°  34' E. 

TOOAREEKS,  TUARIKS,  TOUARIKS  or  TOUARYKS, 
too-^-reeks'  or  too-d-riks',  a  people  of  Central  Africa. 

TOOAT.  TOUAT,  TUAT.  too'lf,  or  TAWAT,  ta-wat'.  an 
oasis  of  Central  Africa,  in  Saharaj  nearly  equidistant  from 
Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  and  Fezzan.  Aoaiilt  is  its  chief 
town. 

TOOBONAI,  too'bo-ni'.  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat. 
23°  23'  S.,  Ion.  149°  24'  W.;  S.  of  the  Society  Islands,  and 
6  miles  in  circumference.  It  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1777, 
and  resorted  to  by  the  mutineers  of  the  "  Bounty,"  in  1789. 

TOOE'LE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Utah  Territory,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  above  12,000  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  is  drained 
by  Humboldt  or  Mary's  River,  with  a  number  of  smaller 
streams.  Several  lakes,  of  which  Pyramid  Lake  is  the  moi't 
remarkable,  are  included  within  its  limits.     Pop.  1008. 

TOOELE,  a  post-office  of  Tooele  co.,  Utah  Territory. 

T(X»GGOORT,  TOUGGOURT  or  TUGGURT,  toog'goort/,  a 
town  of  North  Africa.     Lat.  32°  46'  N..  Ion.  8°  40'  E. 

TOOL.i,  TOULA  or  TULA,  too'lj,  a  government  of 
European  Russia,  nearly  in  its  centre,  mostly  between  lat. 
63°  and  55° N.,  Ion.  36° and  38°  40'  E.,  having  E.,  Riazan ;  S., 
Orlov;  W.,  Kalooga;  and  N.,  the  government  of  Moscow. 
Area,  11,875  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1.092,473.  It  is 
densely  peopled.  The  surface  is  undulating.  The  Oka 
forms  all  the  N.E.  and  N.  boundary.  The  Don  and  Oopa 
rise  in  this  government.  The  chief  crops  are  corn,  beans, 
mustard,  turnips,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  potatoes.  Sheep,  cat- 
tie,  and  horses  are  extensively  reared.  About  one'sixth 
part  of  the  surface  is  in  forests.  Some  inferior  coal  is  met 
with,  and  iron-mines  extend  over  an  area  of  10  sijuare  miles 
near  the  capital,  but  iron  is  a  chief  import  for  the  manufac- 
tures of  Toola.  The  government  has  extensive  breweries  and 
distilleries,  leather  and  beet-root  sugar  factories,  and  exports 
corn,  hemp,  flax,  cutlery,  fire-arms,  hardwares,  and  jewelry. 
The  chief  towns  are  Toola.  Venev,  Odoiev,  and  Novosil. 

T0OL.\,  TOUL.\  or  TUL.\,  capital  of  the  above  govern- 
ment, is  an  important  manufacturing  town  on  the  Oopa, 
105  miles  S.  of  Moscow.  Pop.  in  1858,  57,705.  It  is  the 
'•Sheffield  and  Birmingham"  of  Russia,  and  has  a  fi^ne  ap- 
pearance. It  is  well  built,  and  has  several  L>onvents,  about 
30  churches,  one  of  which  is  a  very  handsome  structure, 
adorned  with  marble  columns,  and  a  free  school  and  gym- 
nasium; trades,  foundling,  and  other  Lo.spitals;  a  house  of 
correction,  prison,  arsenal,  theatre,  mu.seum,  and  a  vast  m.i- 
nufactory  of  arm.s,  which  owed  its  origin  to  Peter  the  Great, 
but  has  risen  to  its  present  importance  by  the  efforts  of  an 
Englishman  since  1817.  In  this  factory,  about  70,000  mus- 
kets and  50,000  swords  are  made  annually,  besides  carabines, 
pistols,  bayonets,  &c. ;  7000  men  and  9600  women  are  em- 
ployed, exclusive  of  3500  other  hands  in  subsidiary  occu- 
pations. The  articles  produced  are  of  good  quality,  and  the 
work-people  enjoy  peculiar  privileges  and  immunities.  Toola 
has  also  manufactures  of  mathematical  and  scientific  instru- 
ments, jewelry,  platina  wares,  silk.s,  hats,  and  leather.  It 
is  the  residence  of  a  military  governor,  a  bishop's  see,  and 
the  seat  of  a  chamber  of  manufactures.  In  its  vicinity  are 
many  gardens,  orchards,  and  nursery-grounds. 

TOOLA,  TOULA  or  TULA,  ioof\L,  a  river  of  the  Chinese 
Empire,  in  Khalkas  country,  joins  the  Orkhon  110  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Kiakhta.  after  a  S.W.  and  N.W.  course  of  200  miles 

TOOLA,  too'li,  or  TOLA,  to'li  an  island  on  the  coast  0/ 

1931 


TOO 


TOO 


Ransmebar.    Lat.  1^  0  S..  Ion.  42°  3'  30"  E.,  belonging  to  the  I      TOORISK.  TOURI SK  or  TURISK,  too-risli'  or  f oo-T(«sk', 
Juba  i^roup.  is  lone  ard  narrow,  and  has  on  its  shores  ruins    a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  gOTernment  of  Yolhyuia, 
-    .  '   .  .  ,,  .^  v...,..__-    ._j  «■_..-_=.,   -_:,.-„..      lOmiles  S.W.  of  KoTel. 

TOdRKHAL,  TOURKHAL,  TURKTIAL.  toor'kjl'.  or 
TURKHAL.L.  (anc.  &^a,^i"/)'o7i>.)atownof  Asia  Slinor.  aVK)ut 
35  miles  S.E.  of  Amssia,  on  the  Yeshil-Irmak.  at  the  foot  of 
an  almost  perpendicular  rock,  surmounted  by  an  old  castle. 
It  consists  of  800  or  9'JO  houses,  and  its  enTirons.  as  in  th« 
time  of  Strabo.  are  covered  by  fine  vineyards  cultivated  by 
Armenians  and  Greeks.     Lat.'3f»°  68'  \.,  Ion.  36°  48'  E. 

TOORKISTAX  or  TURKKSTAX.  tooR^kis-tin',  a  wide 
region  of  Central  Asia.  p;irtly  included  in  the  Chinese  Km- 
pire,  and  partly  subdivided  among  several  independent 
states  and  hordes;  its  two  portions  being  .separated  chiefly 
by  the  table-land  of  Pameer,  the  Bolor-tagh.  and  the  Muz- 
t,igh.  In  maps  it  is  sometimes  called  Bucharia — Gre\t  Uc- 
CHARIA  being  a  name  applied  to  Independent  or  West  Toor- 
kistan.  and  Little  BcciAria  to  Chinese  or  East  Toorkistan. 

CansESE Toorkista:*.  (Chinese,  man-s'ian-nan-loo ;  i.e. the 
"country  S.  of  the  Thian-sh.an,")  is  between  lat.  36°  and 
43°  .N..  and  Ion.  I'JP  and  96°  E.:  bounded  N.  by  the 
Thian-shan  Mountains,  which  separate  it  from  Soonga- 
ria  or  Thian-sh.-in-peloo.  W  by  the  table-land  of  I'ameer,  S. 
by  the  Kuenlun  Mount.iius.  dividing  it  from  West  Thibet, 
S.E.  and  S.  by  the  desert  of  Gobi,  of  which  it  includes  a  por- 
tion. Length,  from  W.  to  E.,  atwut  1250  miles ;  breadth, 
estimated  at  from  300  to  550  miles.  Area,  500.000  .sijuare 
miles.  It  is  enclosed  on  three  sides  by  lofty  mountain 
ranges,  and  on  the  E.  by  a  less  abruptly  elevated  plateau. 


(if  chapels,  castellated  buildings,  and  factorial  residences 
connected  with  the  early  Portuguese  settlements.  The 
Soa".lese  who  inhabit  it.  feed  their  cattle  and  sheep  on  its 
low  bushes  and  stunted  grass. 

TOOL.'i.  or  T0L.4..  a  river  on  the  aboye  island,  is  shallow 
at  the  entrance,  but  deep  within. 

TOOLCIIA,  XOULTCHA  or  TULTCHA,  tool'chj.  written 
also  TULDJ.A.,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  near  the  X.  ex- 
tremity of  Bulgaria,  on  the  Danube,  40  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Its  fortifications,  and  immediate  proximity  to  the  Russian 
frontier,  make  it  a  place  of  great  importance. 

TOO'LEVS,  a  post-offlce  of  Concordia  parish,  Lonisiana. 

TOOLS'BOIIOUGH,  a  pos^village  of  Louisa  oo.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Iowa  River,  about  2  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Wapello.     It  has  several  stores. 

TOO^I  or  TOOMn* KRIG,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  In  Munster, 
CO.  of  Tipperarv. 

TOOMAT,  fOUMAT  or  TUM.VT,  too'mif,  written  also 
M.^LEG,  a  river  of  Central  .\frica,  in  South  Xubia,  joins 
the  Bahr-el-Azrek.  near  lat.  11°  -JO'  X..  Ion.  34°  43'  E. 

TOO'.M.iVAR'RA,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of 
Tipperary,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Xenagh.     Pop.  885. 

TOOAiB  or  TOOME,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster,  co. 
of  Wexford. 

TOOMBS,  a  post-office  of  Richland  co..  Georgia. 

TOOMBUDDR.I,  toom-bttd'dra,  or  TiWXGABUDDRA, 
toon-i.vbud'dra,  a  river  of  India,  is  formed  by  the  junction 


of  the  Toonga  and  Buddra  in  Mysore,  flows  X.  and  E.,  and  '  The  centre  of  the  country  forms  the  basin  of  the  Lop-nor, 
after  a  course  of  400  miles,  joins  the  Kistnah  15  miles  X.E.  !  a  lake  70  miles  in  length,  fed  from  the  W.  by  the  "Tarim 
of  Kurno'il.  Principal  affluent,  the  Hindry  from  the  S.  In  '  and  its  five  great  tributaries,  the  Karakool.  Kashgar.  Yark- 
parts  of  its  course  it  separates  the  presidency  of  M.^dras     and.  Khoten.  and  Aksoo  Rivers.    The  Tarim,  traced  from 


the  head  of  the  Y'arkand  River,  its  forthest  source,  has 
total  length  of  1500  miles:  and  at  its  influx  into  the  Lop- 
nor  is  supposed  to  be  more  than  12*0  feet  abovi!  ,he  level  of 
the  sea.  Its  basin  is  almost  wholly  a  sandy  w.\.ite.  It  is 
estim.ited  that  three-fourths  of  Chinese  Toorkistan  nre  co- 
vered with  deserts,  and  the  very  small  proportion  of  the 
surface  adapted  to  culture  is  eutii-ely  situated  around  the 
declivities  and  bases  of  the  mountains  in  the  X>,  W.,  and  S. 
The  lands  here  are,  in  some  districts,  very  fertile:  from  the 
j  conformation  of  the  country,  its  climate  and  products  ap- 
i  proximate  to  those  of  much  lower  latitudes.  The  heat  in 
I  summer  is  great :  in  winter,  frost  and  snow,  though  com- 
TOOXG  (TOUXG  or  TUX6)-KIAXG,  toong'ke-lng',  (" East  mon  in  the  W.,  are  rare  at  Khamil,  (Hami.)  near  the  E.  bor- 
River,")  a  river  of  China,  rises  in  a  mountainous  district  '  der.  Abundant  rains  occur  at  this  season  in  the  moun- 
near  the  3,  frontiers  of  the  province  of  Kiang-See,  enters  |  tains,  but  seldom  in  the  lower  country,  where  water  for 
the  province  of  Quangtong,  flows  S.W.  to  Iloei-choo,  then  j  irrigation   is    carefully   preserved  in    reservoirs.     In    the 


from  the  Bombay  presidency  and  territory  of  the  Xiram. 

TOOMCOOR,  toom'koor'.  a'town  of  South  India,  in  Mysore, 
70  miles  N.X.E.  of  Seringapatam. 

TOOMEX,  TOUMEX  or  TCJMEX.  too-mJn'.  a  river  of 
Corea,  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  it  and  Man- 
tchooria.  and  enters  the  Sea  of  Japan  near  lat.  42°  30'  N., 
after  a  N.E.  and  S.E.  course  of-200  miles. 

TOOMS'BOROUGH,  a  posboffice  of  Wilkinson  co.,  Georgi.i. 

TOOX,  toon,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Yeid,  45  miles 
E.X.E,  ofTabas. 

TOOXGABUDDRA,  a  river  of  India.    See  Toombuddra, 

TOOXG  IIAI.    See  Cri.va  Sea. 


nearly  W..  and  dividing  into  several  branches,  falls  into  the 
b.iy  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  the  town  of  Canton,  after  a  cotirse  of 
about  2o0  miles. 

TOOXGOOSES,  TOTIXGOUSES  or  TUNGUSES.  toong- 
goo'sez,  or  TOOXGOOS  TART.\.RS.  a  wandering  people  of 
Siberia,  chieflv  in  the  government  of  Y'eniseisk. 

TOOXGOOS'KA.  TOUXGOCSKA  or  TUXGUSKA,  toong- 


desert  violent  storms  of  wind  are  common,  and  very  destruc- 
tive to  caravans,  which,  accordingly,  In  their  transit  from 
China,  traverse  only  its  narrowest  part  on  the  route  from 
Kansoo  across  to  Khamil. 

On  the  declivities  and  borders  of  the  mountains,  rice, 
whe-it.  millet,  pulses. and  grains  common  in  South  Europt, 
with  sesamum  and  other  oil-seeds,  cotton.  Ac.  are  raised  in 


goos'k  J.  three  rivers  of  Siberia,  tributarj-  to  the  Yenisei,  and  j  considerable  quantities,  besides  hemp,  flax,  and  dye-plants, 
all  flowing  to  it  from  the  E,  |  Grape.s,  melons,  pomegranates,  and  other  fruits  of  southern 

TOOXKAT,  '^^UXKAT  or  TUXKAT,  toon^k^t',  a  town  ;  climates,  come  to  great  perfection  :  mulberry  plantations  are 
of  Independent  Toorkistan,  khanat  of  Khokan,  50  miles  X.  numerous,  and  much  silk  is  produced.  The  rearing  of  live- 
of  Tashkend.  i  stock  is  the  chief  branch  of  rural  industry.     Most  of  the  sur- 

TOOXKlXSK.TOUXKIXSKorTUXKIXSK,  toon'kinsk',  |  face,  where  it  is  rendered  verdant  by  sufficient  irrigation,  is 
a  tf>wn  of  Siberi:i,  government.  110  miles  S.W.  of  Irkootsk.   I  employed  in  pasturing  horses,  yak  and  other  cattle,  camels, 

T00-1*IXG-LIX6  or  TOC-PIXG-LIXG,  too  ping  ling,  a  'and  sheep:  the  horses  of  this  region  are  in  high  repute,  and 
mountain  of  China,  province  of  Kan-Soo.  Lat  35°  23'  N.,  are  sent  in  large  numbers  to  China,  Thit-et,  and  several 
Ion.  103°  55'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  adjacent  countries.     Wild  horses,  camels,  and  asses  abound 

TOORA,  TOUR.V  or  TCR  A,  too'rd.  a  river  of  West  Siberia,  |  In  herds  on  the  stony  steppes  of  the  Lop  desert.  The  Argali 
governments  of  Perm  and  Tobolsk,  joins  the  Tobol  70  miles  <  or  wild  sheep,  some  antelopes,  the  tiger,  wolf,  jackal,  lynx, 
S.S.W.  of  Tobolsk,  after  a  S.  course  of  300  miles.  j  and  fox  are  among  the  other  wild  animals:  the  ranges  of 

TOOR.\V.4.K.4.IR.\.,  too-ri-vd-ki'rj.  a  fortified  town  of  |  the  Thian-shan  are  the  native  country  of  the  two-humped 
South  India,  in  Mysore,  on  au  affluent  of  the  Caverj-,  50  i  or  Bactrian   camel.     Two  large  species  of  eagles  are  con- 


miles  N'.  of  Seringapatam. 

TOORBOOT.  TOCRBOUT  or  TURBUT.  toor'boof,  a  town 
of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan,  60  miles  S.  of  Meshed. 

TOORCOMANS.    See  Tookkomaxs. 


spicuous  among  native  birds,  the  number  of  which  is  not 
great. 

Gold  is  found  in  the  Thi.in-shan,  and  in  the  affluents  of 
the  Yurungka.rh  (Khoten  River):  copper,  iron,  nitre,  asbes- 


TOORETS,  TOURETS  or  TURETZ.  too-rSt.s'.  a  market-  '  tos,  and  agate  are  also  met  with;  sal-.ammoniac  and  sulphur 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Grodno,  22  miles  !  in  greatquantities  in  the  volcanic  districts  ofBogdo-oola  and 
E.S.E.  of  Xovogrodek.     Pop.  1550.  I  around  Toorfan.     The  most  remarkable  mineral  product  is 

TOORK.^X,  TOURPAX  or  TURF.iX,  toor'fin', .an  active  j  the  yu  or  jasper,  in  which  there  is  an  imperial  monopoly; 
volcano  in  a  mountain  chain  X.  of  the  town  of  Toorfen.  i  it  is  raised  from  the  bed  of  the  Y'urungkash  (Khoten  River.) 

TOOKFAX,  TOURIWX  or  TCRFAX,  a  town  of  Chinese  ',  and  Ktrakash,  in  the  Yarkand  province;  and  about  70  miles 
Toorkistan,  180  miles  W,  of  Khamil,  It  is  the  residence  of  a  ]  S.E.  of  Yarkand  is  a  rock  stated  to  be  wholly  composed  of  th^s 
native  prince  with  authority  from  the  Chinese  over  Toorfan  j  stone.  .\t  all  the.«e  localities  Chinese  soldiers  are  stationed 
and  five  .idjacent  towns.  to  supervise  the  operations  for  procuring  the  jasper,  and  pr«- 

TOORIXSK.  TOURIXSK  or  TURIXSK,  too-rinsk'.  a  town  |  vent,  so  far  as  they  can.  any  of  it  from  pa.ssing  into  privat.a 


of  Siberia,  government  and  140  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tobolsk. 
on  the  Toora.  an  affluent  of  the  Obi.    Pop.  4000.    It  has 
iron-works  in  its  vicinity. 
TOORIXSK,  TOURIXSK  or  TURIXSK,  Nizhnee,  nizh'- 


bands;  the  whole  of  the  produce  being  officially  ■"fiir 
Pekin.  where  it  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  i./C  vase* 
and  other  »'-*v-les  of  furniture  ftir  the  imperial  p.al,Hce, 
Chinese  Toorkistan  h:is  :in  extensive  trade,  chiefly  with 


nee  too-rinsk',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Cashmere,  Independent  T<X)rkistin,  the  Russian  Empire, 
Perm,  immediately  E.  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  50  miles  S,W.  |  China,  and  Thibet.  The  caravans  from  Peking  to  Yarkand 
of  Verkhotoorie.  with  valuable  iron-mines.  ,  employ  from  three  to  six  months  on  their  route,  and  t>riug 

TOORIXSK,  TOURIXSK  or  TURIXSK.  Verkhsee.  T^rK'-  j  tea.  silver,  porcelain,  and  numerous  other  manufaetured 
nee  too-rinsk',  a  town  of  .Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  .  goods,  taking  back  silk,  horses,  cattle,  and  dyes.  From  Ci.sli- 
Perm,  contiguous  to  the  above.  mere,  by  way  of  Yarkand,  are  brought  shawls,  kincol  s.  ad  ' 


TOO 


TOP 


white  cloth,  in  retnm  for  Russian  goods,  tinned  leather, 
gold  and  silver,  embroidery,  rice.  China  wares,  and  Thibet 
phawl-wool :  from  Fyzabad,  in  T5udukh.=haii.  slaves  and  gems, 
in  return  for  silver  and  tea.  From  Andad-klian,  in  Kbokan, 
woollens  and  other  manufactured  goods  are  lirousht  on 
horses,  mules,  and  camels  to  Kashirar.  where  they  are  ex- 
changed for  Chinese  produce:  the  routes  from  the  two  latter 
countries  respectively  traver.se  the  two  main  passes  across 
the  lofty  tablis-land  of  Pameer.  Many  merchants  of  Chinese 
Toorkistan  go  to  Tobolsk  with  cotton-stuffs,  tea,  rhubarb, 
and  sal-ammoniac,  and  return  with  broadcloth,  brooades, 
bullion,  gold  coin,  copper,  iron,  steel,  and  furs;  and  the 
same  kinds  of  merchandise  come,  by  way  of  Kelee.  to  Aksoo, 
the  exports  from  which  town  are  chiefly  cotton,  silk,  cotton 
fabrics,  leather,  pottery,  and  fruit.  Yarkand  is  the  chief 
emporium  of  trade,  and  is  a  large  mart  for  Chinese  gixids. 
The  other  principal  cities  and  towns  are  Khamil  or  Il.inii. 
Pidjau,  Toorfan,  K.irachar,  Kutche,  Aksoo.  and  Useh.  along 
the  N.  route,  below  the  Thian-shan:  Kashgar,  the  city  se- 
cond in  importance,  towards  the  W.  frontier;  and  Karaliash, 
Khoten,  Kiria,  and  Peim,  in  the  S. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  the  Turkish  race, 
or  Oozbeks  ;  they  are  superior  in  civilization  to  the  Oozbeks 
of  Bokhara,  and  speak  the  purest  of  Turkish  dialects.  Tau- 
jiks  or  Persians,  Kleuths.  Cashmcrians,  Tungani.  Ac,  all 
Mohammedans,  are  among  the  population ;  the  Taujiks  carry 
on  most  of  the  foreign  trade.  In  the  X.W.  are  some  Kir- 
gheez  settlers;  at  Khamil,  (Ilami.)  many  EleuthCalmucks; 
and  on  the  banks  of  the  Lop-Xor  are  a  few  people  who,  al- 
though they  speak  Turkish,  are  not  Mohammedans ;  they 
are  occupied  in  fishing,  trading  in  furs  and  swans'-down, 
and  weaving  flax  and  wild  hemp.  Chinese  merchants  in 
the  towns,  a  few  Hindoos,  Jews,  and  Christians,  Mongols  in 
the  E.,  and  Mantchoos  in  the  Chinese  army,  make  up  nearly 
the  rest  of  the  inhabit.ants.  The  civil  government  is  vested 
in  the  hakim-beys  of  the  districts,  whose  appointment  rests 
with  the  court  of  Peking:  and  the  Mohammedans  maintain, 
with  much  astuteness,  their  freedom  from  interference  by  the 
Chinese  in  their  internal  aff^iirs.  The  Chinese  troops  which 
garrison  the  pri;.cipal  cities  amount  in  all  to  between  20,0U0 
and  30,000  men,  under  Mantchoo  officers.  At  all  the  custom- 
house stations  the  officials  are  half  Mantchoos  and  half  Ooz- 
beks.    Europeans  are  interdicted  from  entering  the  country. 

This  region  formed  anciently  a  part  of  the  territory  of  the 
Hiong-nu;  it  was  subjected  by  the  Chinese  in  the  first  cen- 
tury A.  D.,  and  from  the  fifth  to  the  seventeenth  centuries 
it  was  successively  under  the  dominion  of  Thibet.  Tangoot, 
(Tangut,)  .Tenghis-Khan,  Timur.  the  Kleuths,  and  the  Soon- 
garians.  It  was  conquered  by  the  Chinese  Emperor  Kien- 
lung,  in  1756-8.  In  1826-7,  a  great  insurrection  took 
place  under  Jehangire,  one  of  its  khodjas  or  princes,  who, 
with  aid  from  Khokan,  defeated  an  army  of  6II000  Chinese 
in  three  battles;  but  the  latter  finally  prevailed,  and  the 
chief  authorities  of  the  province  were  transferred  from 
Kashgar  to  Yarkand. 

TOORKISTAN.  TURKESTAN,  Independent,  or  INDE- 
PE.N'PENT  TAKTARY.  is  l>etween  lat.  ?,o°  and  ol°  N..  and 
loa.  51"  and  77°  E.,  bounded  E.  by  the  Pameer  table-land, 
W.  by  the  Caspian  Sea,  N.  by  the  Russian  governments  of 
Tobolsk  and  Tomsk,  and  S.  by  the  Huzareh  Mountains  and 
the  Ilindoo-Koosh,  separating  it  respectively  from  East 
Persia  and  Afghanistan.  Estimated  area,  720,800  square 
miles.  Pop.  supposed  to  be  about  4,000,000.  In  the  E.  it  is 
mountainous,  elsewhere  generally  level,  with  a  slope  towards 
the  W.,  and  in  that  direction  the  Oxus  and  .laxartes  rivers 
flow  through  it  to  the  Aral  Sea,  which  is  wholly  comprised 
within  its  limits. 

TOORKISTAN  or  TURKESTAN,  a  town  of  Central  Asia, 
khanat,  and  220  miles  N.N.W.  of  Khokan. 

TOORKOM.\NS  or  TURCOMANS,  toor'ko-mSnz',  a  nation 
of  Tartars,  originally  inhabiting  the  eastern  shores  of  the 
Caspian  Sea.  hut  who  are  now  spread  not  only  over  Toor- 
kistan, but  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  a  considerable  portion 
of  Asiatic  Turkey.  They  lead  a  wandering  life,  and  live  in 
tents.    They  are  said  to  be  excellent  horsemen,  and  to  make 

hardy  and  brave  soldiers. Adj.  Toork  or  TqoBC;  and 

Toor^koman'. 

TOORON.  TOURON  or  TURON,  tooVon',  a  town  of  Anam, 
In  Farther  India,  capital  of  a  province,  on  a  river,  near  its 
mouth  in  a  fine  bay.  Lat.  16°  7'  3"  N.,  Ion.  108°  13'  E.  Its 
harbor  is  defended  by  two  forts  of  European  construction, 
and  it  formerly  exported  cotton  to  China. 

TOOROOKHANSK.  TOUROUKIIA.NSK  or  TURU- 
KlIANSK,  too-roo-Kinsk'.  a  town  of  North  Siberia,  govern- 
ment of  Yeniseisk,  on  the  Yenisei,  near  the  influx  of  the 
Toorookha  River.    Lat.  61°  N..  Ion.  9o°  30'  E. 

TOOROVO,  TOUROVO  or  TUKOVO,  too-ro/vo.  a  market- 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Minsk.  00  miles  W.  of  Pinsk. 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Slootch  with  the  Pripets.  I'op.  2000. 

TOORSHEEZ,  TOURCHIZ  or  TURSIIIZ.  toor'flieez',  a 
town  of  Persia,  province  of  Khorassan.  76  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Meshed,  on  the  route  from  Herat  to  Astrabad. 

TOOTIXG-GR.VVENEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Surrey. 

TOOTOO-ILLAII.     See  Maoo.va. 

TOO-YAN  or  TOU-YAN,  too'yin',  a  city  of  China,  province 


of  Koei-choo,  capital  of  a  department,  lat    20°  IC  y.,  Ion. 
107°  22'  E. 

TOOZ-GOLEE  or  TUZ-GOLI.  tooz  go'Iee\  written  also  TUZ- 
GHIEUL,  (anc.  Fti'lus  To.tn'usrt  a  l«rge  salt  lake  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor, p.ishalic  of  Karamania.  its  centre  in  lat.  38°  40'  N..  Ion. 
3.3°  30'  E.  Length,  45  miles:  greatest  breadth,  16  miles. 
Height  above  the  sea,  2600  feet..  It  receives  some  small 
rivers,  but  during  a  part  of  the  year  its  bed  is  wholly  drj'. 

T(X)Z-GOOL,  T0UZ-<j0UU  TUZ-GUL,  tooz  gool.  {i.  e.  ".salt- 
lake.")  or  TEMOURTOU-NOR.  tA-moor-too/  nor.  a  lake  of 
the  Chinese  Empire,  in  Soongaria.  I^at.  42°  30'  N.,  and  be- 
tween Ion.  77°  and  79°  E.,  100  miles  S.  of  Balkash.  Length, 
from  E.  to  W.,  90  miles:  breadth.  .30  mile.s. 

TOOZKOORMATY,  TOUZKOURMATY  or  TUZKURM.\- 
TY,  tooz-koor-m3'tee,  a  large  village  of  Turkish  Koordistan, 
67  miles  N.B.  of  Samarrah. 

TOOZLA  or  TUZLA,  toozld,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
descends  from  the  S.W.  slope  of  Mount  Ida.  and  falls  into 
the  Archipelago  at  Ne.ssurak,  after  a  course  of  50  miles. 

TOOZLA  or  TUZLA,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turker.  joins  the 
Morad  Branch  of  the  Euphrates.     Length,  50  miles. 

TOPAYOS,  a  river  of  Brazil.     See  Tapajos. 

TOP'CLIFFE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Thirsk,  on  the  Swale,  anil  Great 
Northern  Railway.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  the  -Maiden 
Bower,"  a  former  residence  of  the  Percies,  in  wliich  Charles 
I.  was  confined  before  his  delivery  to  the  Scots. 

TOP'CROFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TOPDALS,  top'djls,  a  river  of  Norway,  foils  into  the  Top- 
dais-Fiord  E.  of  Christiansand.    Total  course,  80  mile.s. 

TOPE'KA,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Kansas,  and  of  Shaw- 
nee CO.,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Kansas 
River,  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Leavenworth  and  25  miles  by 
land  above  Lawrence.  Itishandsomely  laid  out  with  streets 
130  feet  wide,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles;  several 
large  blocks  of  buildings  are  being  erected  for  stores.  To- 
peka  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  moat  promising  points  in  the 
state.    Pop.  7.59. 

TOPESFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

T0PHANI5,  iofii-nk\  (•'  an  arsenal,")  a  suburb  of  Constan- 
tinople, at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  N.  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  and  immediately  N.E.  of  Galata.  It  comprises  an  ar- 
senal and  cannon  foundry,  (whence  its  name.)  extensive 
artillery  barracks,  dock-yards  for  l)uilding  coi'/nes,  a  fine 
public  fountain,  and  a  quay,  which  is  the  usual  place  of  em- 
barkation for  Scutari. 

TOPINO,  to-pee'no.  a  river  of  Central  Italy,  joins  the  Ti- 
ber from  the  E..  7  miles  S.  of  Perugia     Course,  ,30  miles. 

TOI'L  or  TOPL.\.  a  river  of  Hungary.    See  Topoit. 

TOPLICZA  or  TOPLITZA,  to-plit/sa,  a  river  of  Servia, 
joins  the  East  Morava,  10  miles  N.E.  of  the  village  of  To- 
plicza. 

TOPLIKA,  to-plee^ii.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Croatia, 
9mile8S.S.E.  of  Warasdin.     Pop.  808.     Here  are  hot  .springs. 

TOPLITZ.TOEPLITZ.  topnits.  or  TEPLITZ,  t^pnits,a  town 
and  fiimous  watering-place  of  Bohemia,  on  its  N.W.  frontier, 
16  miles  X.W.  of  Leitmeritz,  in  a  valley  of  the  Erzgebirge. 
Stationary  pop.  2794:  but  in  autumn  it  is  often  vi.sited  by 
10.000  strangers.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  consis-ts  mostly  of 
inns,  lodging-houses,  and  bathing-establishments.  The  chief 
buildings  are  the  town-house,  and  the  mansion  of  Prince 
Clary,  to  whom  the  territory  belongs.  The  principal  bath- 
ing establishments  are  tlie  Stadtbad,  FUrstenbad.  Fiirstlich, 
Frauenzinimerbad.  and  Herrnhaus.  all  in  the  Baade-pluU 
or  Great  Square — the  first  open  gratuitously  to  the  public  : 
the  second  comprising  superior  private  baths  ;  and  the  last 
royal  and  elite  liaths,  Toplitz  being  a  place  of  resort  for  the 
highest  personages  in  Germany.  There  are  in  all  about  90 
public  bathing-houses;  and  in  the  suburb  of  Schonau  are 
Steinbad,  Tempelbad,  Schangenbad,  Neubad.  Ac,  with  build- 
ings equal  if  not  superior  in  elegance  to  the  town  baths, 
the  waters  are  saline  ;  temperature  in  Toplitz  from  113°  to 
119°,  in  Schonau  from  101°  to  104°  Fahrenheit.  Here  are 
Au.strian  and  Prussian  military  hospitals,  a  civil  hospital, 
and  one  supported  by  Prince  Clary,  the  grounds  of  whose 
chateau  are  open  to  the  public.  Here  are  also  a  theatre, 
and  other  appliances  of  a  highly  fashionable  watering-place. 

TOPLITZ,  Hungary.     See  Tkputz. 

TOPLITZA.  a  river  of  Servia.     See  TOPLICZA. 

TOPOLIAS,  to-po-lee'ds?  (anc.  Oipais,)  a  lake  of  Greece,  in 
Hellas,  government,  and  in  the  centre  of  Bceotia,  0  miles  E. 
ofLivadia.  Length  in  winter,  16  miles;  greatest  breadth, 
8  miles;  but  in  summer  much  of  it  is  a  mere  reedy  marsh. 
Height  above  the  .sea,  about  1000  feet.  At  Orcliomenus, 
(Skripu,)  on  its  W.  side,  it  receives  the  river  Gavrios.  (anc. 
(.kpliistsus.)  It  contains  many  islands,  and  is  famous  for  its 
eels,  large  quantities  of  which  are  salted  and  exported. 

TOPOLOVECZ.  to-po'lo-v^ts".  a  village  of  Croatia,  peneral- 
ship  of  Warasdin,  on  .several  hills,  about  12  miles  from  Bel- 
lovar.    It  is  the  head-quarters  of  a  frontier  regiment.  P.9;!2 

TOPOLY.  to'p^I'.  written  also  TOPL  .and  TOPLA.  a  rivet 
of  North  Hungary,  after  a  S.S.E.  course  of  6.~  miles,  joine 
the  Ondava  13  miles  S.  of  Varano. 

TOPOLY.\,  to'p61'y<)h\  a  post-village  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Bacs,  8  miles  N.  of  Hegyes.    Pop.  5615. 

1933 


TOP 


TOR 


TOPOZERO,  to-po-iA'ro,  a  large  lake  of  Russian  Lapland, 
government  of  Archangel,  W.  of  the  White  Sea.  Length, 
60  miles;  breadth.  8  miles.     It  contains  several  islands. 

TOPR.\K-KULAH,  to^prik'  koo'li,  or  KALEII.  kifleh,  a 
town  of  Turkish  Armenia,  pashalic,  and  75  miles  E.S.K.  of 
Erzroom.     Pop.  200  Turkish,  and  100  .Vrmenian  families. 

TOi>'SAIL  SOUND,  a  postroffice  of  New  Hanover  co..  North 
Carolina. 

TOPSTIELD,  a  post^township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine, 
132  miles  X.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  444. 

TOPSFIELD,  a  postrvillage  and  township  of  Essex  co., 
Massachusetts,  alxiut  20  miles  N.E.  by  X.of  Boston.  The 
•'ill.^ge  contains  several  churches,  and  an  academy.  The 
1  ahabitants  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots 
tail  shoes.     Pop.  1292. 

TOPS'HAM,  a  seaport  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon,  on  the  E.  iKink  of  the  Exe,  at  the  head  of  its  estuary 
and  the  confluence  of  the  Clist,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Exeter,  and 
N.W.  of  Exmouth.  I'op.  in  ISol,  3377  ;  of  the  town,  2717. 
The  town  is  pleasantly  situated,  and  ha*  spacious  wharves, 
quays,  and  bonding  warehouses;  ship-building,  and  manu- 
factures of  ropes  and  chain-cables.  Steamers  ply  regularly 
to  London.  Near  it  is  Powderham  Castle,  the  seat  of  the 
I'jirl  of  Devon. 

TOPSIIAM.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sagadahoc  co.. 
Maine,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Androscoggin  River,  and  on 
the  Kennebec  and  Portland  Itailroad,  32  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Augusto,  The  vill.ige  contains  3  churches,  a  bank,  and 
half  a  dozen  stores.  Ship-building  and  the  lumber  trade 
are  carried  on  here.  Pop.  about  1200;  of  the  township,  170o. 
TOPSHAM,  a  post-township  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont,  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Montpolier.    Pop.  1662. 

TOR,  a  petty  seaport  town  of  Arabia  Petrsea,  on  the  E. 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  lat.  28°  19'  N..  Ion.  33°  38'  E.,  near 
♦.he  Tor  Mountains.  It  is  a  station  where  caravans  supply 
themselves  with  water,  and  has  an  old  fort,  and  a  harbor 
sheltered  by  a  coral  bank,  on  which  is  a  light-hou.se. 

TOR.A.,  tiVri,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Gaeta.     Pop.  1200. 

TORA,  to'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Lerida,  10  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Solsona. 

TORAL  DE  LA  VEGA,  toril'  dA  lA  T.Vg4.  or  TORAL  DE 
LAS  GUZMANES,  to-ril'  di  loce  gooth-mi'nSs,  a  town  of 
&p.iin,  province,  and  22  miles  S.  of  Leon,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Esla.    Pop.  2128. 

TORANO,  to-ri'no,  or  TURANO,  too-rl'no,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  N.N.E.  of  Teramo. 
Pop.  1136. 

TORANO  or  TURANO,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ca- 
labria Citra,  N.N.E.  of  Cosenza,  with  a  convent,  hospitil, 
and  almshouse. 

TOMIAT'  BAY.  New  Zealand,  is  on  the  W.  ccast  of  Middle 
Island.     Lat.  43°  37'  S.,  Ion.  169°  30'  E. 

TOR'BAY,  a  fine  and  highly  picturesque  bay  of  England, 
an  inlet  of  the  English  Channel,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the 
county  of  Devon,  between  the  headlands  Bob's-nose  and 
Berry  Head,  the  latter  in  lat.  50°  24'  N.,  Ion.  3°  28'  W.  It 
forms  a  semicircular  sweep,  bounded  by  limestone  and 
sienite  cliffs,  aiwunding  in  fine  marble  quarries,  and  con- 
taining some  very  curious  caves.  It  is  a  general  rendezvous 
for  vessels  during  W.  winds,  and  has  important  fisheries. 
On  its  N.  shore  is  Torquay,  and  on  its  W.  side  are  Brixham 
and  Paington.  Here  William  111.  landed  in  England,  5th 
of  November,  1688. 

TOR  BAY,  a  bay  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  13  miles 
W.S.W.  ofCapeCanso. 

TORBAY.  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  Newfoundland,  8  miles 
N.  of  St.  John's, 

TORBISCON,  toR-bees-kan',  (anc.  Turanianaf)  a  town  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  2303. 

TOR/BIT'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  district.  South 
Carol  in,i. 
TOR/BOCK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
TOR  BRY'AN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
TORCELLO,  toR-chJWo,  an  island  in  the  lagoon,  N.E.  of 
Venice.    It  was  a  town,  with  cithedml  and  bishops,  in  the 
seventh  century,  but  it  decayed  as  Venice  rose.    It  has  an 
old  Byzantine    church,  and  a  cathedral  of  the    eleventh 
century.    The  climate  is  very  unhealthy. 
TORCH,  a  post-office  of  .\thens  co..  Ohio. 
TORD.\,  toR/dl,  a  market-town  of  Transvlvania,  on  the 
Aranyos,  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Klausenburg.     Pop.  7000. 

TORDEHUMOS,  toR-dA-oo'moce.  a  town  of  Spain,  tn  Leon, 
province,  and  29  miles  N.W.  of  Valladolid,  with  3  churches, 
a  nunnery,  a  handsone  court-house,  .nnd  the  remains  of  an 
old  castle,  and  a  trade  in  corn  and  cattle.     Pop.  1200. 

TORDERA,  tOR-di'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  pi-ovince,  and  40 
miles  S,E.  of  Barcelona.     Pop.  1S56. 

TORDl-;SILLAS,toR-dA-seel'vas.(anc.7Y<r'n>S''OT<B;)atown 
of  .<pain.  24  m  lies  S.W.  of  Valladolid.  on  the  Dou  ro.     P.  2319. 
TORDINEZE.  toR/de-nA'z.l(?)  a  village  of  Slayonia,  co.  of 
Eyrmia.  with  a  Catholic  church.     Pop.  1272. 

TOREK,   to'ree\  a  rajiihship  of  India,  in   Bundelcund, 
under  British  protection     Area.  30  s<iuare  miles.  Pop.  6000. 
Aimed  force,  375  men. 
1034 


TORELLA.  to-rlllJ,  a  town  of  N.iples,  province  of  Priuei- 
pato  Ultra,  3  miles  N.W.  of  Sant'  Angelo  dei  Lombardi.  Pop. 
3000. 

TORELLA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise.  8  mileq 
N.W.  of  Campoba.<!SO,  with  an  almshouse.     Pop.  12(K). 

TORENO,  to-rA/no.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Sil,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Vill.Hfranca.  Pop.  1341, 

TOKFECKAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland.     See  TERMONFhXKAN. 

TORG.\U.  toa'gow,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  Saxonv, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe,  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Berlin.  P(jp. 
6425.  It  is  enclosed  by  strong  walls,  and  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  hosiery,  and  leather.  Frederick  the  Great 
took  it  after  defeating  the  Austrians  on  the  28d  of  Novem- 
ber, 1760. 

TOROELOW,  toF'gheh-loT^,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pome- 
rania,  N.W.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Ucker.    Pop.  1086. 

TORGET,  toR'gbft,  a  small  island  of  Norway,  off  the  S.W, 
coast  of  Nordland.  alxjut  lat.  65°  30'  N.  Its  most  remarkalile 
feature  is  the  mountain  of  Torgh.itt.iri,  which  seems  to  rise 
almost  perpendicularly  from  the  water  to  a  height  esti- 
mated by  Von  Buch  at  more  than  2000  feet,  terminates  in 
a  Aei'p  cleft,  forming  the  basin  of  a  small  lake,  and  is  com- 
pletely perforated,  not  far  from  the  centre,  by  an  immense 
cavern  6000  feet  long,  and  600  feet  high.  Tt  appears  to  have 
been  formed  by  a  series  of  convulsions,  evidences  of  which 
is  furnished  by  numerous  fissures  which  have  sliattered  the 
mountain,  and  cleft  it  in  one  place  almo.st  from  top  to  bottom 
According  to  tradition  common  in  the  North,  the  ancient 
kings  of  Norway,  when  crowned,  used  to  visit  this  cavern, 
and  prove  the  vigorof  their  arm  by  hurling  a  javelin  through 
it.  Torghattan  owes  its  name  to  the  resemblance  which  it 
l)ears  at  a  distance  to  a  three-c<irnered  hat. 

TORIGNI  or  THORIGNY,  toVeen^yee',  (anc.  Thrignnum.) 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  9  miles  S Ji.  of  St. 
L8.     Pop.  2206. 

TORINO.    See  TcRra. 

TORINO,  to-ree'no,  or  TURING,  too-ree'no,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of -•VbruzzoCilra,  10  miles  N.W.  of  II  Vasto. 
Pop.  2180. 

TORITTO,  to-rit'to.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Bari,  15 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Altamura.     Pup.  2800. 

TORJOK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  ToRznoE. 

TORK'SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TOR'MARTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

TORMES.  toR'mJs,  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  Santa 
Credos.  Hows  N.,  past  Alb,i-de  Tormes  and  .Salamanca,  and 
joins  the  Douro  on  the  left.  Length,  150  miles.  Many  bat- 
tles were  fought  on  its  banks  between  the  French  and  Spa- 
niards, from  ISO**  to  1814. 

TOR  MOR'HAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TORXA,  toR'noh',  written  also  TURNYA,  the  smallest 
county  in  Hungary,  bounded  N.  by  Zips.  Area,  229  square 
miles.     Pop.  27,562. 

TORNA,  a  market-town  of  North  Hungary,  capital  of 
the  above  county,  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kiischau.     Pop.  2100. 

TORNACO,  toR'nS-ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Novara.    Pop.  1339. 

TORNACUS.    SeeTouRNAT. 

TORNARECCIO.  toR-nJ-r^t/cho,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Citra,  W.S.W.  of  II  Vasto.     Pop.  1240. 

TORNAVACAS,  toR-nd-T^'kAs,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  province,  and  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Caceres.     P.  1424. 

TORNEA.  (TorneA,)  tor'tfe-o.  sometimes  written  TORNEO,* 
a  river  of  Scandinavia,  separates  the  Swedish  and  Russian 
dominions,  and  enters  tlie  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  at 
Torne^,  after  a  S.S.E.  course  of  2.30  miles.  It  is  rapid,  and 
in  it  is  the  fine  cataract  of  Julhae.  It  gives  name  to  the 
N.  part  of  Swedi.'^h  Lappmark. 

TORNEA,  (Torne.4.)  a  town  of  Finland,  on  the  TorneJ,  at 
its  mouth  in  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  Lat.  05°  50' 
8"  N..  Ion.  24°  14'  E.  Pop.  700.  It  has  an  active  trade  in 
stockfish,  reindeer,  skins,  furs,  iron,  planks,  tar.  butter, 
hemp,  ((uills,  and  pickled  salmon.  Here,  in  1736.  the  French 
academicians  made  measurements  to  ascertain  the  figure  of 
'the  eiirfh.  TorneA  was  ceded  with  Finland  to  Russia  in  1810. 

TORNEA,  OFVER.  SPv^r  toR^ne-o,  (t.  e.  "Upper  Torne.1"') 
a  place  on  the  Swedish  side  of  the  TorneA  River,  about  30 
miles  N.N.W.  of  TorneA. 

TOItNIMP.^RTE.  toR-nim-paR'tA.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  7  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Aquila,  with 
2  almshouses.     Pop.  1545. 

TORNOLO,  toR-no'lo.  a  tillage  of  Northern  Italy,  48  miles 
S.W.  of  Parma,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Taro.     Pop.  324'5. 

TORO,  to'ro.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Zamora,  on  the 
Douro,  29  miles  N.N.E.  of  Salamanca.  Pop.  6^97.  It  is  en- 
clo.sed  by  old  walls,  and  has  an  old  pal.ice  or  alcazar,  and 
another  fiirmerly  belonging  to  the  Dukes  of  Berwick;  and 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  and  linen  cloths,  brandy, 
and  leather. 

TO'KO.  a  m.Trket-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise,  dis- 
trict, and  7  miles  E.N.K.  of  Campobasso.     Pop.  2400. 

T(yRO.  a  small  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  off  the  S.W. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Sardinia. 

•  "Cold  M  the  rocks  on  ToRSio's  hoary  brow."— CiMPBBU. 


TOR 


TOR 


TO^RO',ariverof  Mongolia,  joins  the  Nonni  an  affluent  of 
the  Soongaree,  after  an  E.  course  of  250  miles. 

TO'HO.  a  postroffice  of  Sabine  parish,  Louisiana. 

TORO,  BOCA  DEL,  bo'ki  dil  to'ro,  or  "Bull's  Mouth,"  in 
Central  America,  one  of  the  straits  by  which  the  lagoon  of 
Chiriqui  communicates  with  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

TOKOK  BKCSE,  toViik'  bcVchA\  a  marke(>town  of  Hun- 
gary, CO.  of  Torontal,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Theiss,  47  miles 
e.  of  Szegedin.     Pop.  4920. 

TOKOK  KANTSA,  to'riik'  koh'nee/shCh', a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Torontal,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Theiss,  15 
miles  SI  of  Szegedin. 

TOHOK  KOPl'ANY,  toVok'  kop^piiS',  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Schumeg,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Lake  Balatony. 

TOKOK,  SZEXT  M IKLOS.    See  Szent  Miklos  Torok. 

TOUOXAICUS  SINUS.    See  Cassandr.*. 

TORONTAL,  toVon'tdl',  a  county  of  Hungary,  bounded 
E,  by  Temesvar.     Area,  2808  square  miles.     Pop.  322,246. 

lORO.NTO,  a  postrvillage  of  Vermilion  co.,  Indiana.  It 
has  an  iron  foundry. 

TORONTO,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 

TORONTO,  formerly  YORK,  the  capital  of  Canada  West, 
and  the  most  flourishing  city  in  British  America,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  beautiful  circular  bay  on  the  N.W.  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario,  in  York  county,  about  390  miles  AV.S.W.  of 
Montreal,  165  miles  from  Kingston,  45  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ha- 
milton, and  5U0  miles  .N.W.  of  Washington,  (United  Stiites.) 
Lat.  43°  39'  N.,  Ion.  79°  21'  W.  Mean  temperature  of  the 
year44°-4;  winter,  26°-4;  summer,  63°-8  i'ahreuheit.  The 
bay  is  entered  by  a  narrow  opening,  and  is  separated  from 
the  lake  by  a  low  peninsula  about  6  miles  long,  enclosing  a 
beautiful  basin  H  miles  in  diameter,  forming  a  safe  and 
well-sheltered  harbor,  capable  of  containing  a  large  number 
ofvessels.  The  peuinsulaiscalledtjibraltar  Point.  Thesite 
of  the  town  is  low,  but  rises  gently  fi-om  the  water's  edge — the 
observatory  Ijeing  lOS  feet  above  the  sea.  The  streets  gene- 
rally cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  some  running  almost 
parallel  with  the  bay.  and  intersected  by  others  which  have 
a  N.  and  S.  direction,  inclining  slightly  to  the  W.,  the 
whole  forming  nearly  a  parallelogram.  The  principal  streets 
running  E.  and  W.  in  the  denser  portions  of  the  city,  are 
Front,  King,  Richmond,  Adelaide,  and  Queen  streets;  and 
of  the  cross  streets,  Yonge,  Church,  Bay,  and  York  streets. 
King  and  Queen  streets  start  from  the  Don  bridge,  in  the 
E.  part  of  the  city,  and  slightly  diverge  as  they  proceed  W., 
till  two  or  three  streets  intervene.  King  and  Yonge  streets 
are  the  thoroughfares,  and  contain  the  largest  number  of 
shops.  The  city  generally  is  built  of  light-colored  brick,  of 
a  soft,  pleasing  tint. 

Pulilic  Buildings. — Prominent  among  the  public  edifices 
are  the  old  Parliament  Houses,  built  of  brick — soon  to  be  su- 
perseded by  new  buildings;  the  Government  House,  also  an 
old,  plain  building,  of  unpretending  appearance,  lately  used 
for  government  offices;  the  St.  Lawrence  Hall,  of  stone,  in 
the  Italian  style,  with  a  dome,  and  containing  a  public 
hall,  news-room,  Ac;  Osgood  Hall,  of  the  Grecian  Ionic 
order,  containing  the  law  courts  and  an  excellent  law 
library;  Trinity  College  University,  built  in  the  form  of  a 
quadrangle,  cSf  which  only  two  sides  are  yet  completed,  in 
the  latest  phase  of  domestic  Gothic;  the  University  of  To- 
ronto, in  the  Doric  order,  at  the  head  of  College  avenue — a 
spacious  avenue  about  h.alf  a  mile  in  length;  Upper  Canada 
College,  with  the  masters'  residences  on  each  side,  of  red 
brick,  erected  in  1830 ;  the  General  Hospital,  a  new  building 
in  the  form  of  an  open  quadrangle,  with  a  massive  central 
tower  upwards  of  100  feet  high,  and  with  smaller  towers 
at  the  extreme  angles,  which  are  roofed  in  a  manner  pecu- 
liar to  the  French — the  general  style  is  the  old  English : 
the  Provincial  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  principal  fa9ade  of 
which  is  in  the  Italian  style,  with  accommodations  for  but 
200  patients,  although  containing,  in  1855,  more  than  300; 
the  city-hall,  devot«d  to  city  offices,  in  the  Italian  style;  the 
mechanics' institute;  the  music  hall,  a  fine  building,  just 
erect<?d,  and  the  Toronto  Exchange,  now  being  built,  both 
of  the  Italian  order;  the  normal  school,  and  model  schools, 
both  in  plain  Italian  style,  grouped  so  as  to  produce  a  pic- 
turesque effect ;  the  post-office,  a  new  stone  building  of  the 
Ionic  order;  .several  new  public  school-houses,  just  erected, 
in  a  species  of  Italian  architecture;  and  three  markets,  the 
principal  of  which  is  the  St.  Lawrence,  always  well  supplied. 
Many  of  the  principal  private  buildings  and  mercantile 
houses  are  faced  with  cut  stone,  in  a  style  highly  creditable 
to  the  place.  Among  the  churches,  tlxose  most  deserving 
notice  for  their  architectural  merits,  are  the  cathedral 
Jiurch  of  St.  James.  (Episcopal.)  in  the  Gothic  style  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  with  a  nave  and  aisles,  an  unfinished 
tower,  clerestory,  chancel,  and  elaborate  open  roof,  of  the 
perpendicular  style;  the  Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  in  the 
decorated  Gothic  style,  with  nave  and  aisles  under  a  con- 
tinuous roof;  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  (Free.)  St. 
George's  cliurch,  and  Trinity  church,  (all  Episcopal.)  are  of 
the  perpendicular  Gothic  order  of  architecture;  Knox's 
(Presbyterian)  church,  in  the  decorated  Gothic  style,  with 
11  flue  t-ipered  spire  covered  with  tin,  enriched  at  the  base 
with  clusters  of  pinnacles,  and  pierced  with  traoeried  spire- 


lights.  Among  the  other  public  buildings  are  the  custom 
house,  theatre,  court-house,  on  Chun;h  street,  and  the  city 
and  county  jail,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  W.  of  the  Don  River, 
the  E.  limit  of  the  city.  The  avenues  leading  to  the  univer- 
sity are  wide  and  spacious,  and  planted  with  trees,  which, 
when  fully  grown,  will  prove  a  fine  shaded  promenade. 

Ckmeteries. — Toronto  has  in  its  viciuity  four  burying- 
grounds,  viz.  Potter's  Field,  containing  6 acres;  the  Toronto 
Necropolis,  with  16  acres;  St.  James'  Cemetery,  with  65 
acre.s — the  latter  two  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  city,  and 
the  former  W.  of  Yonge  street;  and  the  Roman  Catholic 
cemetery,  in  Power  street. 

Hospitals  and  Public  Charities. — The  Provincial  Lunatic 
Asylum  has  accommodation  for  200  patients;  the  hospit.il 
on  King  street  usually  contains  100  patients,  and  is  en- 
dowed with  land  within  the  city  limits,  besides  an  annual 
parliamentary  grant  of  750i. ;  the  Eye  Dispensary,  the  To- 
ronto General  dispensary  and  Lying-in  Hospital,  the  Pro- 
vincial Lying-in  Hospital  and  Vaccine  Institution,  Mater- 
nity Lying-in  Hospital,  an  emigration  society,  a  house  of 
industry,  the  Church  Society,  Methodists'  Dorcas  Society, 
Toronto  City  Mission,  Ladies'  Bible  Association,  Catholic 
Orphan  Asylum,  and  the  Elgin  Association  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Colored  People;  be.side8  various  Freema.sons',  tem- 
perance, Bible,  Odd  Fellows',  St.  George's,  St.  Andrew's,  St. 
Patrick's,  and  other  associations  of  a  l)enevoIent  character. 

{scientific,  Educational,  and  Literary  Institutions. — Toronto 
has  a  royal  magnetic  observatory,  a  Canadian  institute,  an 
athenteum,  a  news-room,  a  philharmonic  society,  a  me- 
chanics' institute,  and  a  society  of  arts.  Among  the  educa- 
tional institutions  are  several  schools  of  medicine;  Trinity 
College,  in  connection  with  the  Established  Church,  with  6 
professors  of  law  and  art,  and  7  of  medicine;  the  university, 
with  an  endowment  of  225,944  acres  of  land,  and  with  10 
professors;  Upper  Canada  CoJlege,  with  an  endowment  of 
6;j,642  acres,  and  with  a  principal  and  13  masters;  St. 
Michael's  (Roman  Catholic)  College,  Knox's  College,  the 
Congregational  Institute,  the  United  Presbyterian  Divinity 
Hall,  the  Provincial  Normal  and  Model  Schools,  Toronto 
Academy,  and  a  county  grammar  school. 

A'eivsjxipers. — In  1S55  there  were  published  in  Toronto  31 
newspapers  and  periodicals,  viz.  4  daily,  6  semi-weekly,  12 
weekly,  8  monthly,  and  1  quarterly. 

Churches. — In  the  same  year  there  were  more  than  30 
churches,  of  which  5  were  Episcopal,  3  Roman  Catholic, 
4  Presbyterian,  and  the  remainder  divided  among  the 
Methodists,  Baptists,  Congregationalists,  and  other  Dis- 
senters. 

Manufactures. — Among  the  manvifactures  may  be  found 
iron  and  other  foundries,  distilleries,  breweries,  candle, 
glue,  axe,  starch,  soap,  oil-cloth,  paper,  and  planing-machine 
manufactories,  besides  grist  mills,  rope-walks.  &c. 

C<»nmerce. — As  before  stated,  the  harbor  of  Toronto  is  ca- 
pacious and  well  protected,  admitting  the  largest  lake  ves- 
sels, and  affording  great  facilities  for  extensive  traffic.  Lines 
of  steamers  run  daily  during  the  summer  to  all  the  lake 
ports  and  ports  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence;  and  during  the 
winter  a  daily  communication  is  kept  up  between  Niagara 
and  Wellington's  Square.  A  railroad  communication  is 
already  opened  from  Toronto  to  Lake  Huron,  vid  the  Onta- 
rio Simcoe  and  Huron  Railroad:  and  a  road  connecting 
Toronto  with  Hamilton,  (and  thence,  through  the  Great 
Western  Railroad,  with  Detroit.)  is  expected  to  be  opened  in 
the  autumn  of  1855.  The  Grand  Trunk,  connecting  Toronto 
with  Montreal,  and  Portland  in  the  United  States,  on  the 
E.,  and  with  Sarnia  and  Goderich  on  the  W.,  it  is  confi- 
dently believed  will  be  opened  throughout  its  whole  extent 
in  2  or  3  years  at  most.  If.  as  has  been  the  fact,  Toronto 
has  increased  more  rapidly  than  any  Canadian  town  pre- 
vious to  Ihe  opening  of  railroads,  what  may  we  expect  her 
progress  to  be  with  these  additional  advantages?  The  ex- 
ports for  1850  amounted  in  value  to  77,829i.,  or  nearly 
$.350,000;  in  1851,  to  $327,368:  in  1852,  to  221,490/.;  in 
18.53,  to  about  $1,000,000;  and  in  1854,  to  273,049?.,  or  about 
$1,300,000  ;  consisting  mostly  of  flour,  wheat,  wool,  furs,  and 
skins,  with  some  pot  and  pearl  .ashes,  lumber,  butter,  bar- 
ley, oats,  rye,  pease,  beans,  malt,  and  flax-seed.  The  value 
of  the  imports  was  $2,538,892-  tor  1S50;  $2,601,928  for  1851, 
of  which  $1,625,620  was  from  the  United  States;  639,817i., 
or  about  $3,000,000,  in  1852;  1.1d5.S56J.,  or  about  $6  601,000, 
in  1853;  and  to  l,368,350i.,  or  about  $6,600,000,  in  1854. 
The  leading  articles  imported  were  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk 
manufactures,  hardware  and  other  goods,  tea,  sugar,  to- 
bacco, coffee,  and  leather,  besides  some  molasses,  brandy, 
wine,  salt,  fruits,  spices,  fur,  glass,  rice,  seeds,  coal,  dye- 
stuffs,  hides,  fish,  Ac.  The  tonnage  of  Toronto,  in  1861,  ex- 
hibited a  total  entered  of  161,439,  of  which  14.3,693  was 
steam,  and  5345  United  States  tonnage;  and  cleared,  of 
124,643  tons,  of  which  108,347  was  steam,  and  5.345  United 
States  tonnage.  In  tlie  year  ending  December  31, 1854,  there 
arrived — 

gtenmera 1420 Tonnage 

Sailiug  vessels 267 " 

Total 168T 


TOR 

tV-r  (he  protection  of  the  harbor  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  peninsula,  embjinkments  ai-e  in  course  of  construc- 
tion. There  is  a  light-house  on  the  extremity  of  the  penin- 
sula.   The  city  has  a  board  of  trade. 

Government^  Finances.  Banks,  Police,  <tc. — Toronto  is  go- 
Terned  by  a  mayor,  aldermen,  and  common  councilmen. 
Each  of  the  7  wards  elect  annually  2  aldermen  and  2  coun- 
cilmen. who  choose  one  of  their  number  as  mayor.  The  ex- 
penses for  1850  were  IV ..32:^.,  or  about  $80,000:  and  the 
debt,  84,72"?..  or  at>out  $400,000.  The  assessment  for  the 
same  year  yielded  about  lOO.OOOf..  or  §480.000;  but  this  as- 
sessment being  under  an  old  law,  is  far  below  the  real 
value.  The  Bank  of  Upper  Canada,  with  a  capit.il  of 
l.OOO.OOOJ..  has  its  head  oflioe  at  Toronto :  and  the  Bank  of 
Montreal,  the  Commercial  Bank,  the  Bank  of  British  North 
America,  the  City  Bank  of  Montreal,  the  Quebec  Bank,  and 
the  Banque  du  Peuple.  all  have  branches  or  agencies 
here.  There  are  also  2  savings  l«nks.  besides  several  build- 
ing societies  which  receive  money  on  deposit,  and  allow 
from  4  to  6  per  cent,  interest.  There  are  3  tire  and  marine 
insurance  companies,  besides  a  great  many  agencies  of 
other  Canadian  as  well  as  British  and  American  companies. 
The  Canada  Company,  which  has  about  2,000,000  acres  of 
land  in  West  Canada  tbr  disposal,  has  also  its  office  here. 
The  city  has  about  100  streets,  generally  wide,  and  with 
good  pavements,  well  lighted  with  gas,  and  well  supplied 
with  water.  The  Toronto  Fire  Brigade,  in  1850,  consisted 
of  4  engine  companies,  2  hook  and  ladder,  and  1  hose  com- 
pany. The  city  has  telegraphic  communication  with  Ha- 
milton, Niagara,  St.  Catherine's,  Montreal,  and  with  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  United  States. 

History,  I^pulation,  Ac. — This  thriving  and  beautiful 
city  was  founded  as  lately  as  1794,  and  though  its  progre.ss 
was  not  very  rapid  at  first — having  only  4000  inhabitants  in 
1S32 — it  has  amply  compensated  by  its  recent  advance- 
ment, fbr  its  earlier  and  slower  growth.  In  1S17  the  popu- 
lation was  1200:  in  1830.  1677;  in  1842,  15.336;  in  184.5, 
19,706;  in  1852,  30.763;  arid  in  1861  it  amounted  to  44,821— 
a  rate  of  increass  unequalled  in  British  America,  and  only 
Burpassad  by  some  of  the  western  cities  of  the  United  States. 
With  a  more  southern  latitude  than  any  other  large  Cana- 
dian town,  and  remote  from  the  keen  winds  of  the  ocean, 
Toronto  has  more  to  invite  a  residence,  all  tilings  con- 
sidered, perhaps,  than  any  other  Canadian  city,  though  it 
lacks  the  picturesqueness  of  Quebec  and  Montreal.  Mr. 
Chambers,  the  Edinburgh  author  and  publisher,  gives  it 
the  preference,  as  a  residence,  over  all  its  sister  provincial 
cities. 

TOROPA,  to-K/pi,  a  river  of  Russia,  issues  from  a  small 
lake  among  the  Valdai  Hills,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Pskov,  flows  S.S.W.,  forming  several  lakes  by  its 
expansion,  and  joins  the  Dwina  on  the  frontier  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Vitebsk.     Total  course,  70  miles. 

TOROPETZ.  to'ro-pets\  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Pskov,  at  the  influx  of  the  Toropa  into  Lake  Solomino,  50 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Cholra.  Pop.  8000.  It  is  mostly  built  of 
wood,  and  paved  with  planks;  it  has  a  cathedral,  several 
schools,  a  dilapidated  fort  on  an  island  in  the  Toropa,  by 
which  river  it  communicates  with  Riga. 

TOll-ORSAJA,  toR  oR-sd'yi,  a  market-tovm  of  Naples,  pro- 
Tince  of  Citra,  15  miles  S.E.  of  II  Vasto. 

TOR'OSAY,  a  piaritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Argyle, 
comprising  a  part  of  Mull  Island,  and  a  petty  village  on  the 
Sound  of  Mull, 

TOK'PENHOW.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

TORPHIOHEN.  tor-fiK'en,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.,  and 
4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Linlithgow.  The  village  was  formerly  a 
place  of  importance,  and  has  the  remains  of  a  preceptory  of 
Knights  Templars. 

TOR'POINT,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TOR'QU.\Y,  a  market-town,  chapelry,  and  favorite  water- 
ing-place of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  most  picturesquely  seated 
on  the  steep  shore  of  a  cove  of  Torbay,  on  its  N.  side,  with  a 
station  on  the  South  Devon  Railway,  \%\  miles  S.  of  Exeter. 
Pop.  in  1851,  7903.  It  consists  chiefly  of  handsome  villas 
and  terraces,  interspersed  with  plantations  and  lodging- 
hou.ses  for  visitors,  occupying  successive  ranges  on  a  steep 
slope  down  to  its  quay,  besides  which  is  a  portion  of  the 
town  on  the  strand.  It  has  excellent  hotels,  a  news-room, 
library,  and  other  appliances  of  a  watering-place,  with  some 
very  superior  schools,  a  mechanics'  institute,  bank,  Ac. 
Having  a  S.  aspect,  sheltered  on  all  other  sides  by  heights, 
and  a  mild  climate,  it  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  delicate  in- 
valids. It  has  a  griod  harbor,  some  timber  trade,  a  share  in 
the  Newfoundland  fishery,  regular  steam  communication 
with  Portsmouth  and  Plymouth,  and  well-supplied  markets. 
The  Roman  Catholic  chapel  occupies  the  refectory  of  an  an- 
cient abliey. 

TORQUF.MADA,  toR-kJ-mi'Dd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province, 
and  12  miles  N.K.  of  Palencia,  on  the  Pisuerga,  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge  of  20  arches.  Pop.  2700.  It  has  brandv  distil- 
leries, and  manufactures  of  wine-skins.  Torquemada.  the 
first  of  the  great  Spanish  inqui.sitors.  was  born  here  in  1420. 
I'oRQCEMADA  appears  to  be  a  corruption  of  ToRR£quEM.\DA. 
which  see. 

1936 


TOR 

TORR-A.LBA  DE  CALATRAVA.  toR-Eai'Bi  Al  ka-Ia-tr,Vvil 
a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  13  miles  N.K.  of  Ciudad 
Real,  with  manufactures  of  blonde  and  thre«.d-lace.  P.  Sol 6. 

TORRAO.  toR-Rowx«/.  a  market-town  of  Portug:U,  province 
of  Alemtejo,  26  miles  N.AV.  of  Beja.    Pop.  1800. 

TORR-5.0,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Douro.  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oporto.     Pop.  1180. 

TORRAZZA-COSTE,  toR-Rlt/sa  kos't.A.  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  of  Voghera. 
Pop.  1369. 

TORRE,  toR'RA,  an  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese 
word,  signifying  '-tower,''  (from  the  Latin  Turlrls,)  and 
forming  a  part  of  many  names  in  Southern  Europe. 

TORRE,  tOR/RA,  a  river  of  Italy,  government  of  Venice, 
joins  the  I.sonzo  5  miles  N.E.  of  Aquileja,  after  a  S.S.E. 
course  of  nearly  40  miles. 

TORRE,  toR'RA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  II.,  S.S.W.  of  Catanzaro.  It  suffered  greatly  by  the 
earthquake  of  1783.     Pop.  1  POO, 

TORKEBLANCA,  toR^RA-bian/kS,  (".White  Tower,")  a  vil- 
lage  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  province,  and  24  miles  N.E.  of 
Castellou  de  l.a  Plana.     Pop.  1791. 

TORRE  CAMPO,  toR'Rd  kim'po,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  45  miles  N.E.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  2518. 

TORRECILLA  DE  ALC.A.SIZ,  toR-Ri-theelNa  dA  31-kln- 
yeeth',  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  province  of  Teruel,  70 
miles  ifrom  S-iragossa.     Pop.  1034. 

TORRECILLA  DE  CAMEROS,  toR-RA-theeVyS  dA  kl-mA/- 
roce.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lc- 
groBo.     I'op.  2027 . 

TORRECILLA  DE  LA  ORDEN.  toR-RA-theel'y3  dAH  or'- 
dJn.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  province,  and  18  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Valladolid.     Pop.  1327. 

TORRECUSO.  toR-RA-koo'so.  a  market-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Ultra,  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Avellino. 
Pop.  1900. 

TORRE  DE  DON  MIGUEL,  toR^A  dA  don  me-ghjl/.  a  vil- 
lage of  Spain,  in  Jstremadnra.  37  miles  from  Caceres.  P.  1972. 

TORRE  DE  EMBARRA,  tOR'nA  dA  em-baR^EA.  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tarragona,  near  the 
Mediterranean.     Pop.  1868. 

TORRE  DE  ESTABAN  AMBRAN,  toR/RA  dA  es-tA-BAn' 
dm-brAn'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Toledo,  with  a  handsome  church,  a  court- 
house with  a  fine  colonn.ade,  and  a  p.ilace.     Pop.  1121. 

TORRE  DEI  BUSl,  toR'ni  dA  IxK/see,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italv,  province  of  Bergamo,  2  miles  N,E.  of  Capriuo.  P.  1336. 

TORRE  DEI  PASSERI,  toR/aA  dA  pAs-sA'ree,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  on  the  Pescara,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Chieti.     Pop.  1400. 

TORRE  DE  JUAN  ABAD,  toR'RA  dA  noo-An'  A-bAi»',  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  45  miles  S.K 
ofCiud-adReal.     Pop.  1140. 

TORRE  DEL  CA.MPO,  toR/aA  dll  kAm'po,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  province,  and  4  miles  W.  of  Jaen.  It  has 
broad  and  paved  streets,  a  square,  in  which  stands  a  strong 
old  castle,  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle,  several  old  watch- 
towers,  and  abundant  quarries  of  ff\'psum.     Pop.  3742. 

TORRE  DEL  GRECO,  toR'Ri  defgnffco,  a  town  of  Naples, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Naples,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Naples, 
at  the  S.W.  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  on  the  railway 
from  Naples  to  Nocera.  Pop.  13.000.  It  is  well  built  of  the 
lava  which  buried  most  part  of  the  previous  town  in  an 
eruption  of  Vesuvius  on  the  15th  of  June,  1794.  It  has 
many  hand.some  villas  with  gardens,  a  collegiate  church, 
convents,  and  an  extensive  hospital.  Its  vicinity  is  famous 
for  wine  and  fruit,s. 

TORRE  DELL'  ANNUNZIATA.  toR'RA  dMlAn-noon-ze-A'tA, 
a  town  of  Naples,  province,  and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Naples,  ai 
the  S.  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  on  the  railway  from 
Nocera  to  Naples.  Pop.  10,000.  It  is  fortified,  and  has  bar- 
racks, a  royal  manufacture  of  arms,  other  macufiictures  of 
paper  and  woollen  fabrics,  a  fishery,  and  an  active  coast- 
ing trade. 

TORRE  DELLE  NOCELLE,  toR'RA  dSllA  no-chJllA.  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Principato  Ultra,  4  miles  E.S-E. 
of  Jlontefusco.     Pop.  1600. 

TORREDEMBARRA,  toR'RA-dfm-baR'Ri  a  small  seaport 
of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  10  miles  W.N.W.  of 
TaiTagona.  on  the  Mediterranean,  lat.  41°  11'  N.,  Ion.  1°  34' 
E.    It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  an  hospital.     Pop.  18C0. 

TORRE  DE  MIGUEL  SEXMERO,  Ior'rA  dA  me-gb^l' 
s^x-m.Vro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura.  province,  and 
al)out  20  miles  from  Badiyos.  with  a  church  which  origin- 
allv  belonged  to  the  Templars.     Pop.  970. 

TORRE  DE  MONCORVO,  toR'RA  dA  mon-koR'vo,  a  forti- 
fied town  of  Portug.al,  province  of  Tras  os  Montes,. capital  of 
a  comarca,  between  the  Sabor  and  Douro,  11  miles  E.  of  An- 
ciaens.  Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  square  citadel,  a  hand.some 
church,  a  Latin  school,  and  manufactures  of  silks  and 
woollens.  Its  vicinity,  among  the  most  fertile  in  the  king- 
dom, yields  much  com.  oil.  hemp,  and  flax. 

TORRE  DE  PEROGIL,  toR'sA  dA  pA-ro-Heel'.  a  town  of 
Spain,  provinoe.  and  28  miles  N.E.  of  Jaen.     Pop.  3444 

TORRE  DE  SANTA  MARIA.  Ior'kA  dA  siu'tA  mi  ree'4. 


TOR 


TOR 


a  village  of  Spain,  in  EstremaduM.  province,  and  about  20 
miU'S  from  Oaceres.     Pop.  109o. 

TORRK  DI  ANNI15ALE,  toR/id  dee  an-ne-bdli,  ("Tower 
of  Hannibal,")  a  small  port  of  Naples,  on  the  K.  coast  of 
Calabria  Citra.  Here  Uaanibal  embarked  on  finally  quit- 
tin;;  Italy. 

T()RKl!:  DI  LUSERNA,  toR'id  dee  loo-sju/na.  a  town  of 
Italv.  in  Piedmont.  8  miles  S.  of  Pinerolo.     Pop.  2894. 

TORRK  DI  MARK,  Ior/rA  dee  mi/rk.  a  village  of  Naples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  district,  and  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Matera, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  IJasento  in  the  Gulf  of  Taranto.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Mitopontus, 
which  was  founded  many  centuries  before  the  Christian  era, 
and  in  which  l^ythatforas  tau;i;ht  and  died. 

TORRK  DI  MONDOVI,  toR/RA  dee  moii-do-vee/,  a  market- 
town  of  Piedmont.  4  miles  S.E.  of  Mondovi.     Pop.  1675. 

TORRK  DON  JIMKNO  (orXIMENO,)  toR/Rildon  He-mA'no, 
or  TORRE  DON  GIMKNO  TOSIRIA,  toR/ni  don  He-mA'no 
to-see're-d,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Jaen,  near  the  Guadal(iuivir ;  tolerably  regu- 
larly built,  with  paved  and  generally  broad  streets,  and 
several  squares,  an  ancient  dilapidated  castle,  7  flour  and  20 
oil  mills,  an  excellent  and  productive  salt-works,  5  manu- 
£ictories  of  soft  soap,  and  more  than  500  hand-looms  for  fine 
linens,  worked  bv  women.     Pop.  5787. 

TOHRKJONCILLO,  toR-aA-uon-theel'yo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
in  Estreniadura.  province,  and  21  miles  from  Caceres.  It 
has  a  square  with  arcades,  in  which  stands  the  prison  and 
town-house,  and  manufactures  of  brown  cloths,  hats,  &c. 
Pop.  6573. 

TORRK JONCILLO  DEL  REY,  toR-Ri-Hon-theel'yo  dM  rA, 
a  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  20  miles 
S.W.  of  Cuenca,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Giguela.  It  has  a 
prison  and  town-house.  In  one  handsome  edifice.  This  is 
the  birthplace  of  Alphonso  de  Ojeda.  who  was  the  first  to 
follow  in  the  track  of  Columbus,  and  who.  accompanied  by 
Amerigo  Vespucci,  discovered  a  portion  of  the  continent  of 
South  America.     Pop.  2034. 

TORREJON  DK  ARDOZ,  t0R-RA-H5n'  dA  aR-doth',  a  village 
of  Spain,  province,  and  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Madrid.     P.  2016. 

TORRE.J0N  DE  VELASCO,  toR-R.A-Hon/  dA  vA-lAs/ko,  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  16  miles  S.W. 
of  Madrid.     Pop.  1640. 

TORRK  LAGUNA,  toR'RA  IJ-goo'nJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  26  miles  N.N.E.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  2049. 

TORRKLLA.  toR-R§11l,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra.  3  miles  E.  of  Avellino.     Pop.  3500. 

TORRE  MAGGIORE,  ton'RA  xaM-joIrk,  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Capitanata,  5  miles  W.  of  San  Severo.  Pop.  4000. 

TORRKMANZANAS,  toR'RA-mAn-thA'nis,  a  town  of  Spain, 
lu  Andalusia,  province,  and  about  30  miles  from  Alicante, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Torre.     Pop.  1 106. 

TOHRKMILANO,  tOR'oA-me-U'no,  now  called  DOS  TORr 
RES,  doce  toE/R^s,  ("  Two  Towers,")  a  town  of  Spain,  in  An- 
dalu.ii.a,  province,  and  38  miles  N.N.K.  of  Cordova.     P.  3008. 

TORRK  MOCHA,  toR/RA  mo'chA,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Cacores.     Pop.  1690. 

TOlfRKN'S  LAKE,  a  large  salt  lake  of  South  Australia, 
between  lat.  28°  and  32°  S.,  and  Ion.  136°  30'  and  140°  30'  E.. 
bending  in  a  remarkable  horseshoe  direction  around  an  arid 
and  mountainous  peninsula.  Its  inner  shore  was,  in  1840, 
traced  for  400  miles  by  Mr.  Eyre,  and  found  to  consist  of 
quicksands,  which  prevented  a  close  approach  to  the  lake. 
It  is  from  15  to  20  miles  across,  and  shallow:  its  E.  and  W. 
Bides  are  bounded  by  highlands.  Its  level  is  300  feet  above 
the  sea. 

TOR  RENTE,  toR-R^n'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Valencia,  situated  on  a  small  eminence  beside 
a  mountain  torrent.  The  houses  are  large,  and  in  general 
two  stories,  and  are  laid  out  into  broad  and  comfortable 
streets  and  regular  squares,  in  one  of  which  stands  a  large 
tower,  apparently  of  Saracenic  construction.  On  a  hill,  near 
the  town,  is  a  suppressed  convent.  In  the  vicinity  are  some 
quarries  of  yellow  marble,  which  a  moderate  heat  changes 
into  red,  adorned  with  beautiful  clouds.  It  has  2  Hour 
mills,  and  70  oil  railLs.  The  natives  of  Torrente  are  remark- 
alily  thrifty  and  laborious,  and  besides  supplying  Valencia 
with  bread  and  other  articles,  many  of  them  visit  the 
principal  towns  in  Spain,  selling  oil,  lace,  and  various  fa- 
brics.    Pop.  5022. 

TORRENUEVA,  tou'R,A-nwA/v3,  (i.e.  "New  Tower,")  a 
town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province,  and  32  miles  S.E. 
of  Ciudad  Real.     Pop.  1390. 

TORRE  PALLAVICIN.4.  toR'RA  pJl-M-ve-cfiee/na,  a  vil- 
lage of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  IJergamo,  7  miles  E.S.E. 
01  Romano,  near  tne  i  ight  bank  of  the  Oglio.     Pop.  1334. 

TORREQUEM  ADA.  toR'R.A-k.A-mA'Dd,  (i.e.  '•  Burnt  Tower,") 
a  village  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province,  and  12  miles 
from  Caceres;  it  has  a  very  ancient  tower,  and  an  import- 
ant annual  cattle  fair.    Pop.  4040. 

TORRES.  toR'Rjs.  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  18  miles 
S.W.  of.laen.     Pop.  2292. 

TORRE  SANTA  SUSANNA.  toR'RA  san'ti  soo-sln'nl  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otrauto,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Brin- 
difll.  with  a  convent,  hospital,  and  almshouse.    Pop.  1500. 
6W 


TOR/RE.?DALE,  a  village  included  within  the  limits  of 
Philadelphia  City,  on  the  Delaware  River,  14  miles  above  tht 
State-house.  Here  is  a  station  on  the  Philadelphia  and 
Trenton  Railroad. 

TORRES  NOVAS,  toR'Rjs  no'vis.  (i.  e.  "New  Towers,")  a 
walled  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura,  comarca, 
and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Santarem.  Pop.  4250.  It  is  defended 
by  a  ca.stle. 

TOR/RES  STRAIT,  in  the  East  Seas,  between  Papua  and 
Cape  York,  the  N.  extremity  of  Australia,  lat.  9°  20'  to  10" 
40'  N.,  and  Ion.  142°  30'  E.,  is  about  80  miles  across,  and  on« 
maze  of  shoals,  reefs,  and  islands,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Prince  of  Wale.s's,  Mulgrave,  and  Banks's  Islands.  In 
its  narrowest  part  it  has  seldom  more  than  12  or  14  fathoms 
water,  but  its  navigation,  always  thought  difficult,  hag, 
from  the  survey  of  Captain  King,  been  ascertained  to  be 
quite  practicable.  Torres  discovered  it  in  1606,  and  Cook 
sailed  through  it  in  1770. 

TORRES  VEDRAS,  toR/R^s  vAMrJs,  a  town  of  Portug.il, 
province  of  Estremadura.  capital  of  the  comarca,  on  the  Sizan- 
dro,  27  miles  N.W.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  2300.  It  was  celebrated  in 
the  Peninsular  war  for  the  lines  of  defence  established  by 
the  Duke  of  AVellington  in  1810,  to  resist  the  approach  of 
the  French. 

TORR  ETTA,  toR-RSftl,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Nice,  near  Levenzo.  with  an  hospital  and  the  re- 
mains of  an  old  castle.'    Pop.  1286. 

TORREVIK.JA,  toR^R.A-ve-.A'na,  (i.  e.  "Old  Tower,")  a  sea- 
port town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  province,  23  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Alicante,  on  the  Mediterranean,  W.  of  Cape  Cervera,  lat. 
37°  5S'  N.,  Ion.  0°  40'  W.  It  has  straight,  broad  streets,  and 
three  squares,  but  the  cluster  of  hovels  at  the  skirts  of  the 
town  detract  much  from  its  beauty  and  .symmetry.  The  an- 
chorage is  good,  but  much  exposed.  There  is  an  extensive 
and  very  productive  salt  lake  in  the  neighborhood,  the  pro- 
duce of  which  constitutes  the  chief  export.  About  386  ves- 
sels, of  27,622  tons,  annually  clear  from  this  port.     P.  3876. 

TORRI,  toR/Ree,  a  village  of  N.  Austria,  government  of 
Venice,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Verona,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake 
Garda. 

TORRICE,  toR'Re-chA,  a  market-town,  of  the  Pontifical 
States.  3  miles  E.S.E.  of  Frosinone. 

TORRICELLA,  toR-Re-chSl'lA.  a  marketrtown  of  Naples, 
province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chieti.  Pop. 
3500. 

TORRICELLA-DEL-PIZZO,  toR-Re-cbJl'li  djl  pit'so.  a  vil- 
lage of  Northern  Italy,  province,  and  S.E.  of  Cremona,  near 
the  left  bank  of  the  Po.     Pop.  1528. 

TOR/RIDGK,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  rises  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  county,  flows  S.E.  to  its  confluence  with  the 
Oke,  and  thence  N.W.  past  Torrington,  and  near  Appledore 
joins  the  Bristol  Channel  by  an  estuary  common  to  it  and 
the  Taw.  C»ur.se  40  miles,  for  the  last  15  of  which  it  is  ti- 
dal, and  it  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Bideford. 

T(JJl/RIDON,  LOCH.  loK  tor/re-d9n,  an  inlet  of  the  sea 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ross,  between  Applecro.ss 
and  Gairloch  peninsulas,  12  miles  in  length  and  3  miles  in 
breadth.  Its  herring  fishery,  in  1840,  employed  about  3000 
hands. 

T0RRI6LIA.  toR-Reel'yd,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  State.s, 
division,  and  N.E.  of  Genoa,  in  the  centre  of  an  amphi- 
theatre of  bills  among  the  Apennines.  It  has  a  handsome 
church  with  a  lofty  spire,  a  small  convent,  and  an  ancient 
tower,  forming  the  only  remains  of  a  very  strong  castle 
which  it  once  posses.sed.     Pop.  4672. 

TORRIGO.  toR-Ree/go,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  pro- 
vince of  Saragossa,  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  above  the  Manu- 
bles.     Pop.  1275. 

TORBIJOS.  toK-Ree'noce.  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
province,  and  16  miles  VV.S.W.  of  Toledo,  in  a  damp  valley 
between  the  Tagus  and  a  small  range  of  hills.  This  much- 
decayed  place  was  once  a  walled  town,  and  is  still  entered 
by  two  ancient  gates,  and  surrounded  by  portions  of  earthen 
ramparts.  It  has  a  spacious  and  ancient  palace  of  Count 
Altamira,  a  small  hospital  for  the  sick  poor,  a  nunnery,  and 
17  oil  and  several  flour  mills.     Pop.  1824. 

T(iR/RINGFORD.  a  post-village  in  Lichfield  county,  Con- 
necticut. 25  miles  W.  by  N.  fi'om  Hartford. 

TORRINGTON,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of -Lincoln. 

TORRINGTON,  Great,  a  municipal  borough,  market- 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  a  declivity 
on  the  right  hank  of  the  Torridge,  5J  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bide- 
ford, and  30  miles  N.W.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in  1851,  3308.  It 
is  united  by  a  bridge  to  the  hamlet  of  Taddyport.  It  ha* 
two  parish  churches,  Independent,  Baptist,  and  Wesleyan 
chapels,  a  blue-coat  school,  almshouses,  and  other  charities. 
A  bowling-green  occU))ies  the  site  of  its  ancient  castle.  The 
inhabitants  are  pilncip.ally  employed  in  glove-making,  agri- 
culture, and  retail  trade.  In  1643  the  I'arliamentary  forces 
were  defeated  here,  and  in  1646  the  Royalists  by  the  troops 
of  Fairfax.  Torrington  gives  the  title  of  viscount  to  0)e 
Byng  IJimily.  Near  it  is  Steventson,  late  the  seat  of  Lord 
Rolle. 

TORRINGTON,  Little,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TORRINGTON,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 

1937 


TOR 

TOR'RTXGTOV,  a  post-towuship  of  Lichfield  county.  Con- 
neclicut,  interss-ted  by  the  Naugaluck  liailroad.  about  22 
miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  IlartforJ.  It  has  some  manufae- 
tures  3t'  wooUeo  goods,  priuts,  locks,  buttons,  and  musical 
Instruments.     Pop.  227S. 

TOliKlNGTON,  BLACK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Devon. 

TOKKISI,  toR-Ree'see,  a  village  of  Sicily,  province,  and  17 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Catania.    Fluoi--spar  is  found  here. 

TOKKITA,  toB-P.ee'ta,  a  market-town  of  Tuscany,  province 
of  Florence.  4  miles  X.N.W.  of  Montepulciano.    Pop.  3S00. 

TOKKOELLA-DE-MOXTGUI,  toR-Ro-^l'yi  dk  mont-gree', 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province,  and  16  miles  E.N.K 
of  Gerona.  on  the  Ter.  -1  miles  from  the  .Mediterranean,  at 
the  foot  of  a  hill  crowned  by  an  ancient  castle.     Pop.  3500. 

TOKKOX  or  TOKROJ,  toB-Roa',  (anc.  Cavil'cumf)  a  town 
of  Spain,  province,  and  25  miles  E.  of  Malaga,  on  the  Tor- 
rox.  near  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  3357. 

TOHKUBIA-DKL-C.A.MPO,  toR-Roo'De-J  dSl  klm'po,  a  vil- 
lase  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  province  of  Cuenca,  and  50 
miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  1750. 

TOR'KY,  a  fishing  village  on  the  E.  coast  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Kincardine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dee,  inunediately 
opposite  Aberdeen.     Pop.  250. 

TOll/RYBURN.  a  p-irish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife. 

TOK'SA.  an  Island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ar^ 
gyle.  E.  of  the  islands  of  Seil  and  Luing.    Length,  2  miles. 

T0KSm5LL.\.  a  town  of  Sweden.'  See  TnoRSH.u.LA. 

TORSHOK,  a  town  of  Rus-sia.    See  Torzhok. 

TORTIIORWALD,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfiries. 

TORTILLON.  a  town  of  Austria.    See  T.^rtlau. 

TORTIXGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TORTOLA,  tor-toHa,  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  West  In- 
dies, belonging  to  Great  Britain,  in  lat.  18°  24'  N.,  and  Ion. 
64°  32'  W.,  between  Virgin  Gorda  and  St.  John's.  Length, 
12  miles;  breadth.  4  miles.  Pop. S500.  It  consists  mostly 
of  a  range  of  hills  rising  to  1600  feet  in  elevation,  and  in  its 
N.  part  encircling  a  harbor,  on  the  AV.  side  of  which  is  the 
town  of  Tortola.  The  island  is  very  unhealthy  to  Europe- 
ans. Its  exports  comprise  sugar,  molasses,  rum,  galls,  and 
copper  ore.  Tortola  ha.s  its  governor,  council,  and  legislative 
assembly.    It  became  a  British  possession  in  1666. 

TORTOLI,  toR'to-le,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  of  Cagliari.  province,  and  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lanu- 
sei,  near  the  gulf  of  same  name,  on  the  E.  coast.  It  is  the 
Bee  of  a  bishop,  has  an  Augustine  convent,  and  a  consider- 
able trade  in  wine  and  cheese,  chiefly  with  Genoa.   Pop.  149S. 

TORTOXA,  toR-to/ul  (anc.  Dertolna.)  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  in  Piedmont,  division,  and  14  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Alessandria,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Scrivia,  at  the  foot 
of  a  height  crowned  by  a  ruined  fortress.  Pop.  10,821.  It 
has  a  cathedral,  and  manufactures  of  silk  and  other  fabrics, 
and  an  active  trade  in  corn,  wine,  <te. 

TORTtJRA.  toR-to'rd,  a  town  of  Xaples.  province  of  Cala- 
biia  Citni,  and  45  miles  N.X.W.  of  Paola,  near  the  Gulf  of 
Pollcastro.    Pop.  1580. 

TORTORELLA,  toR-to-rJl'lJ,  a  tcwn  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  E.S.E.  of  II  Vallo,  on  a  rugged  hill  near 
the  left  bank  of  the  Bucento.     Pop.  lOtK). 

TOKTORICI,  toR-to/re-che.  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendency  of  Messin.>i,  12  miles  S.  W.  of  PattL     Pop.  4000. 

TORTOSA,  toR-to'si  (anc.  Dtrtolsfi.)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  43  miles  S.W.  of  Tarragona,  on  the  Ebro,  22  miles 
from  its  mouth,  here  cros.sed  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  is 
strongly  fortified  by  walls  and  several  outworks,  is  entered 
by  7  gates,  and  has  a  large  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace,  town- 
hall,  hospital,  public  granary,  a  handsome  college,  and  a 
palace  of  the  Vail  Cabra  feimily.  Its  manufactures  comprise 
oil.  flour,  soap,  fine  delft,  cottons,  leather,  brandy,  common 
earthenware,  cordage,  linens,  wax-chandlery,  plain  glass, 
starch,  and  b;Lskets,  ropes.  Ac.  of  palm  and  esparto.  It  has 
an  important  trade  through  its  two  ports.  El  Fangar  and 
Los  Alfaques,  at  the  raouth  of  the  Ebro,  ;is  well  .is  directly — 
the  river  being  navigable  by  vessels  of  100  tons — in  the 
w'neat  of  Aragon,  timl>or  from  the  Pyrenees.  Aragon,  and 
Catalonii ;  wine  from  Galera  and  other  places  in  the  vicinity, 
as  well  as  that  of  the  country;  oil,  wool,  alum,  silk,  barilla, 
sixla,  charcoal,  li.iuoriee,  tares,  pitch,  tar.  tirewood,  jasper, 
fruits,  Ac.  This  city  was  wrested  from  the  Moors  by  Louis 
le  Debon.naire,  in  811,  but  was  soon  recovered  by  them,  and 
became  a  nest  of  pirates,  and  a  thorn  to  Italian  commerce. 
Eugenius  III.  therefore  proclaimed  a  crusade  against  it,  and 
it  was  taken  in  1148.  In  1149  the  Moors  made  a  desperate 
fcflbrt  to  regain  possession  of  the  city,  but  were  defeated, 
partly  through  the  braveiy  of  the  women,  who  mounted  the 
battlements,  while  the  men  s;«llied  forth  and  routed  the 
Moors.  Tortosa  was  tiken  in  179S  by  the  French,  under  the 
Duke  of  Orle.ans.  This  bulwark  of  Valencia  and  Catalonia 
was  shamefully  surrendered  in  1811.  by  General  Lilli,  who 
was  afterward  tried  for  cowardice  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  received  pardon  from  Ferdinand  VII.  Pop.  20.573.  Near 
the  t»)wn  are  jasper  quarries.  Here,  in  1830,  Xogueras  put 
to  death  the  mother  of  Cabrera. 

TORTi)'SA,  ^anc.  OyWiosui/')  a  seaport  town  of  Svria,  pash.v 
lic,  and  30  miles  X.  of  Tripoli.  In  the  Middle  .\ges  it  was 
a  fortress  of  importance,  but  its  walls  are  now  in  ruins. 


TOT 

TORTSVAR,  toRtsV|R/.  or  rORZBURG.  toRts'bSfijto,  a  Til- 
lage of  Transylvania,  with  a  ca^^tle  near  the  Torzburg  Pas* 
into  Wallachia,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Kronst.tdt.     Pop.  6tJ90. 

TORTCG.\.  tor-too'ga,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies,  in  tho 
Caribl^ean  Sea,  55  miles  W.  of  Margarita,  and  belonging  to 
Venezuela.  Length,  from  E.  to  W..  15  miles ;  breadth,  S  miles. 

TORTUGA.  an  island  off  the  X.W.  coast  of  Havti.  Lat 
20°  X.,  Ion.  72°  36'  W.  Length,  E.  to  W.,  22  mUes ;'  breartth, 
5  miles. 

ToRTUGA,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  85  miles 
S.  of  the  island  of  Tiburon. 

TORTUG.\S,  tor-toc/gls,  (i.  e.  the  "  Tortoises,")  a  gioup  of 
islets  or  keys  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  120 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Cape  Taueha.  the  S.  extremity  of  Florida; 
about  lat.  24°  37'  X.,  and  Ion.  83°  W.  They  are  10  in  num- 
ber, very  low,  and  partly  covered  with  mangrove-bushes. 
On  one  of  them,  called  Bush  or  Garden  Key,  a  light-house 
has  been  ere>'ted. 

TORTUO  AS.  an  island  of  the  West  Indies,  off  the  N.E.  coast 
of  Cuba,  from  which  it  is  only  separated  by  a  narrow  channel 
called  El  Savirral.  Length,  from  X.W.  to  S.E.,  26  miles; 
breadth,  about  6  miles.  It  forms  the  entrance  to  the  har- 
bor of  Xuevitas. 

TORTUUA.  toR-too'rl.  (the  Jf^rpMaih  of  Scripture.)  a  mari- 
time village  of  I'alestine.  pashalic,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Acre, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  W.  foot  of  Mount  Carmel. 

TURT'WORTH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

TO'RY  or  TOR'RY  ISLAXD,  an  island  off  the  X.W.  coast 
of  Ireland,  in  Ul.ster,  co.  of  Donegal.  5  miles  X.X.W.  of  Innis- 
boffin,  with  a  light-house  in  lat.  55°  5'  N.,  Ion.  8°  15'  W 
Length,  3  miles. 

TORZBURG,  a  village  of  Transylvania.    See  Tortsyar. 

TORZHOK,  TORSHOK  or  TORJOK,  toR-zhok',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  36  miles  W.X.W.  of  Tver,  on  the 
Tvertsa.  Lat.  57°  2'  X.,  Ion.  35°  3'  E.  Pop.  15.500.  Since 
its  partial  destruction  by  fire,  in  1707.  it  has  been  rebuilt 
with  much  regularity.  Public  edifices  comprise  a  cathedral 
and  many  other  churches,  two  convents,  a  government- 
hou.se,  normal  school,  and  orphan  asylum.  It  is  famous  for 
a  holy  spring,  visited  by  pilgrims  from  all  directions.  Its 
position  on  a  navigable  river,  and  on  the  road  from  Moscow 
to  St.  Petersburg,  renders  it  of  considera'nle  commercial  iut 
portance:  and  it  has  3  large  annual  fairs,  and  extensive 
manufactures  of  colored  Ru.ssia  leather,  from  which  shoes, 
gloves,  and  various  articles  are  made,  and  beingembroidered 
with  gold  and  silver,  are  exported  in  large  quantities. 

TOS.\,  a  river  and  gulf,  Sardinian  States.     See  ToCB. 

TOSA.  a  populous  town  of  .lapan,  island  of  Sikokf. 

TOSC.iX.\,  a  couutrv  of  Italy.    See  Tuscany. 

TOSC.A.XELLA,  tos-kd-nJl'li,  (anc.  Tusoania,)  a  town  of 
Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  23  miles  X.X.E.  of  Civita  Vec- 
chia.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Marta.  Pop.  3000.  It  is  highly 
picturesque,  surrounded  by  fortifications,  and  has  a  cathe- 
dral of  the  eighth  century.  It  was  anciently  a  city  of  Etru- 
ria;  in  and  around  it  are  numerous  Etruscan  antiquities. 

TOSCOLAXO,  tos-ko-ld'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  20 
miles  X.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Garda. 
Pop.  3000.    It  has  paper  and  oil  mills. 

TOSE'L.^ND.  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

TOSI  A,  to'seeM.(anc.  Bocea  f)  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Ana- 
tolia, 100  miles  X.E.  of  Angora.  It  is  st;)ted  to  compri.se 
3000  Turkish,  and  50  Greek  dwelling.s,  with  some  fine  mina- 
rets, and  old  Christian  edifices.  It  has  a  trade  in  gi-een  mo- 
rocco leather. 

TOSXA,  tos'nl.  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  N.W.  of  th« 
government  of  Xovgorod,  enters  the  government  of  Peters- 
burg, flows  N.X.W.,  and.  after  a  coui-se  of  at)Out  60  miles, 
joins  the  Xeva.  It  is  much  used  for  floating  timber  to  the 
capital. 

TOSS,  to.ss,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  12  miles  X.E.  of  Zurich.  It  contains  the  remains  of  a 
celebrated  Dominican  convent,  now  used  as  a  corn  and  salt 
magazine.  The  Zurichers  were  defeated  here  in  1292,  by 
Duke  Albrecht  of  Austri.a.     Pop.  1446. 

TOSS.A.,  tos'sJ.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  province, 
and  20  miles  S.  of  Gerona,  near  a  cape  of  the  same  name  ia 
the  Mediterranean,  at  the  foot  of  steep,  lofty,  and  almost 
inaccessible  heights.     Pop.  1C83. 

TOST,  tost,  or  TOSZEK,  tos'sJk',  a  town  of  Prussiaa 
Silesia,  15  miles  W.  of  Tarnowitz.     Pop.  10:>5. 

TOSTAKH,  tos-tiK',  a  river  of  East  Siberia,  province  of 
Yakootsk.  joins  the  Yaua  after  a  X.X.W.  course  of  200  miletk 

T0S'T(X:K.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

TOSZEK,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,     See  TosT. 

T0TAL.4X,  to-ta-liu',  a  village  of  Spain,  in  AndalusiA, 
province,  and  6  miles  E.X.E.  of  Malaga.  It  sends  provisions 
to  Sfcilaga.     Pop.  1068. 

TOTAXA,  to-ti'nS,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Murcia, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Lorca.  Pop.  8506.  It  has  a  handsome 
public  fountain,  and  manutactures  of  linen,  wax  candleg» 
earthenware,  brandy,  and  saltpetre. 

TOT'KRXHOE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford,  2| 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Dunstable.  Here  are  rums  of  Totemho« 
Castle. 

TOT'HAM,  Great,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E6«ex.    ■ 


TOT 

TOTITAM,  IitTTLE.  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Essex. 

TOT'TIILL.  a  parish  of  ?;n!rlan(l,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TOTIIILL  FIELDS,  a  district  of  England,  within  the  city 
of  We.'itrainstep,  and  containing  a  large  county  prison. 

TOTMA.  tot/md,  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  110 
miles  N.E.  of  Vologda,  on  the  Sookhona.  Pop.  2800.  It  has 
a  monastery  which  attracts  many  pilgrims.  Near  are  ex- 
tensive salt-works. 

TOT'NE.S,S  or  TOT'xVES,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Dart,  10  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the 
English  Channel,  and  across  which  it  commvmicates  by  a 
bridge  with  its  suburb  Bridgetown,  and  on  the  South  Devon 
Railway,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Exeter.  Pop.  in  1851,  4419.  It 
consists  chiefly  of  a  long  street,  extending  up  a  hill  to  its 
ruined  castle.  It  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  in  England, 
and  many  houses  are  ornamented  with  colonnades.  Bridge- 
town is  more  modern.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  chapels 
of  Independents,  Wesleyans,  Unitarians,  an  endowed  gram- 
mar school,  endowed  blue-co.at  school,  a  guildhall,  council- 
house,  assembly-rooms,  and  theatre.  It  hjis  an  important 
trade  in  coal.  It  returns  two  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 

TOTOIA,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands.    See  Totoua. 

TOTONICAPAN,  to-to-ne-kj  pan',  a  town  of  Central  Ame- 
rica, state,  and  100  miles  N.W.  of  Guatemala,  capital  of  a 
department,  in  a  rich  plain.  Pop.  12,000.  (?)  It  covers  a 
large  space  with  its  flat-roofed  houses,  and  has  mineral 
springs,  and  a  few  manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  wooden 
articles,  and  hardware. 

TOTOIIKAN,  European  Turkey.    See  Tuktukai. 

TOTOUA,  to-too/d.  or  TOTOIA,  to-toi'i.  one  of  the  Feejee 
Islands.  South  Pacific.    I>at,  18°  56'  S..  Ion.  179"  57'  W. 

TOT'TENIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  5i 
miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  and  intersected  by  the 
Eastern  Counties  Railway.  The  village,  extending  along 
the  road  from  London  to  Ware,  is  almost  continuous  with 
suburbs  of  the  metropolis,  and  has  an  old  and  ornamented 
church,  an  Episcopal  church,  various  Dissenting  chapels,  a 
grammar  school,  blue-coat  school,  green-coat  school,  alms- 
houses, and  other  charities.  In  the  parish  are  several  mills 
and  potteries.  Near  it  are  an  old  cross,  and  Bruce  Castle, 
an  edifice  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

TOT'TENIIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TOTTEN'8  WELLS,  a  post-ofiice  of  Obion  co..  Tennessee. 

TOT'TERIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

TOT/TINGTO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TOTTINGTON,  Higuer,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

TOTTINGTON,  Lower,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Tian- 
ca.ster. 

TOTTY'S  BEND,  a  post-offlce  of  Hickman  co.,  Tennessee. 

TOUARIKS  or  TOUARYKS.     See  Tooareeks. 

TOUARSOIS,  a  village  of  France.     See  Thouarsais. 

TOUAT.  an  oasis  of  Central  Africa.     See  Tooat. 

TOUBOUAT,  too-boo-i',  or  AUSTRAL,  a  group  of  islands 
in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  of  the  Society  Islands  and 
Low's  Archipelago.  Lat.  21°  50'  to  23°  42'  S.,  Ion,  147°  11' 
to  155°  W.  The  principal  islands  of  the  group  are  Vavitao, 
the  largest;  Toubouai  proper,  which  is  not  more  than  5 
miles  in  extent;  and  Oheteroa  or  Rourouton,  which  rises 
to  the  height  of  1300  feet,  and  has  a  numerous  and  inoffen- 
sive population. 

TOUCQUES,  took,  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Orne 
and  Calvados,  rises  near  Merlerault,  and,  after  a  N.  course 
of  55  miles,  enters  the  English  Channel  8  miles  N.W.  of 
Honfleur.     Chief  affluents,  the  Orbec  and  Calone. 

TOUC  Y,  tooVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Yonne, 
13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Auxerre.     Pop.  in  18,i2,  2975. 

TOUDENY.  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Tatjdent. 

TOUGH,  taf.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  county,  and  22  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Aberdeen.     Here  are  various  Druidic  remains. 

TOUGH,  two  parishes  of  Ireland,  in  Muuster,  co.  of 
Limerick. 

TOUL,  tool,  (anc.  TiiVlum.)  a  fortified  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Meurthe,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  on  the 
left  b.ank  of  the  Moselle,  and  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to 
Strasbourg,  12  miles  W.  of  Nancy.  Lat.  48°  40'  32"  N.,  Ion. 
6°  5'  3"  E.  Pop.  in  1852,  8506.  it  has  a  Gothic  cathedral  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  cavalry  and  infantry  barracks,  an  ar- 
sen.al,  and  manufactures  of  lace,  calicoes,  and  hardwares. 
Near  it  is  a  chalybeate  spring. 

TOULA,  a  town  and  government  of  Russia.     See  TooLA. 

TOULON,  tooMANo/,  or  TOULON-suR-MER,  too'lA^o  sUr 
maiR.  (anc.  Te'lo-Marttius.)  a  seaport  city,  and.  after  Brest, 
the  most  important  naval  station  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tar,  is  admirably  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep 
iouble  bay  formed  by  the  Mediterranean,  30  miles  S.E.  of 
Marseilles.  Lat.  of  the  observatory,  43°  7'  3u"  N.,  Ion.  5° 
66'  E.  Mejin  temperature  of  the  year,  62°-2;  winter,  48°-5; 
summer,  75°-2  Fahrenheit.  Pop.  in  1846,  39,243;  in  1861, 
84.987.  It  is  built  on  an  acclivity  which  rises  gr.adually 
from  the  sea.  and  terminates  towards  the  X.  in  a  range  of 
iOfty  hills.  These  extend  around  the  b.ay,  and  nearly  land- 
lock  It,  forming  a  roalstead  aud  harbor,  with  anchorage  for 


Tocr 

the  largest  fleet,  completely  protected,  except  on  the  S.  and 
K..  which  are  somewhat  expo,sed.  In  front  of  the  bay  is  a 
projecting  tongue  of  land,  which  nearly  closes  its  entrance, 
along  it,  as  well  as  the  adjacent  points,  numerous  torts  and 
redoubts  have  been  erected,  making  a  successful  attack  \<v 
sea  nearly  impossible.  In  like  manner,  on  the  land  side 
the  fortifications  are  of  the  most  complete  description.  It 
is  enclosed  by  a  double  line  of  bastioned  fortifications,  and 
strong  forts  and  outworks  occupy  all  the  important  heightj^. 
The  French  consider  it  impregn.able. 

In  the  town  itself,  if  we  except  the  arsenal  and  other  ma- 
rine estalilishments,  which  are  on  a  scale  of  almost  unrivalled 
magnificence,  there  is  not  much  to  excite  interest.  The 
hou.ses  are  generally  well  built,  but  the  space  occupied  by 
them  is  small  compared  with  the  extent  of  the  population. 
They  are  closely  crowded  together,  without  regularity,  in 
narrow  streets  or  on  small,  insignificant  squares.  The  only 
edifices  not  connected  with  the  marine  deserving  of  notice, 
are  the  cathedral,  possessed  of  little  architectural  merit;  the 
church  of  Notre-Dame,  with  a  fine  facade;  the  church  of  St. 
Louis,  adorned  with  an  elegant  colonnade ;  and  the  Hotel 
de  Ville.  a  handsome  structure  facing  the  hartior.  The  port 
is  separated  from  the  roadstead  ijy  moles,  which  are  hollow 
and  bomb-proof,  and  lined  by  batteries  d-fleur-d-eau.  It 
consists  of  two  divisions — the  Port-Marcliand  or  Darse- 
Vieille,  on  the  E.,  appropriated  to  merchant  ves.sels,  lined 
with  a  fine  quay  and  handsome  edifices;  and  the  I'ort-Mili- 
taire  or  Darse-Neuve,  on  the  W.,  where  are  immense  maga- 
zines and  arsenals,  ship-building  docks,  rope  and  sail  works, 
and  the  hagne  or  convict  prison,  usually  occupied  by  4000 
or  5000  culprits.  The  trade,  which  is  chiefly  in  corn,  flour, 
salt  provisions,  wine,  brandy,  oil.  capers,  and  fruit,  has  in- 
creased considerably  since  tlie  occupation  of  Algiers.  There 
are  two  annual  fairs,  one  of  which  lasts  eight  days.  Toulon 
is  the  seat  of  a  maritime  prefecture,  and  a  court  of  first  resort 
and  commerce;  and  possesses  a  second-class  school  of  hydro- 
graphy, a  medical  naval  school,  academy,  communal  college, 
botanical  garden,  museum  of  natural  history,  marine  mu- 
seum, and  public  library.  Toulon  was  originally  a  Roman 
colony  ;  it  was  taken  by  the  Constable  of  Bourbon  in  1524, 
and  by  Charles  V.  in  1536.  The  most  memorable  and  di.s- 
astrous  event  connected  with  it  took  place  in  1793,  when 
the  British,  to  whom  the  Royalists  had  surrendered  it,  hav- 
ing been  forced  to  retire  after  a  siege  in  which  Bonaparte 
gave  the  first  decided  proofs  of  his  military  genius,  the  Re- 
publicans revenged  themselves  by  giving  up  the  town  to 
pillage,  and  the  inhabitants  to  almost  iudi.scriminate  mas- 
sacre. At  Toulon,  Bonaparte  embarked  in  179S.  previous  to 
his  memorable  campaign  in  Egypt;  and  here  assembled,  in 
18.30,  the  French  armament  destined  for  the  conquest  of 
Algiei-8. 

TOULON,  toolon,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stark  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Peoriti. 

TOULON-SUR-ARROUX.  tooVjyol  sUr  aR'Roo',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Charolles.     Pop.  in  1S52,  2183. 

TOULOUSAIN,  Ioo'Ioo'zLno',  an  ancient  district  of  France, 
belonged  to  the  province  of  Languedoc,  and  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  departments  of  IIaut«-Garonne  and  Tarn-et- 
Garonne.    Toulouse  was  its  capital. 

TOULOUSE  or  THOULOUSK,  tooMooz',  Cane.  TnJo'sa.)  a 
city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Ilaute-Garonne, 
on  the  Garonne,  the  Canal  du  Midi,  and  the  railway  in  pro- 
gress from  Marseilles  to  Paris,  130  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux, 
and  200  miles  N.W.  of  Marseilles.  Lat.  of  new  observatory, 
43°  36' 47"  N.,  bm.  1°  27'  55"  E.  Pop.  in  1846, 71,895 ;  in  1861, 
11.3,229.  It  is  beautifully  situated,  chiefly  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  river,  but  partly  also  on  an  island  in  its  channel :  a 
handsome  bridge  across  the  river  communicates  with  the 
large  suburb  of  St.  Cyprien.  Its  old  walls  have  almost  en- 
tirely disappeared  to  make  way  for  extensive  modern  im- 
provements. The  town  is  mostly  composed  of  clumsy 
antiquated  houses  of  red  brick,  badly  cemented  with  clay, 
and  of  a  very  gloomy  aspect;  the  streets  are  narrow, 
winding,  ill-paved,  and  dirty.  Several  parts  of  the  city, 
however,  are  gradually  assuming  a  modern  and  handsome 
appearance.  Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  l'lac»- 
du-Capitole,  a  large  and  well-built  square,  adorned  with  four 
fountains,  one  at  each  angle,  and  the  chief  place  of  bustle 
and  traffic;  and  the  Wace-ha-Fayette,  a  circus  lined  with 
regular  mansions,  and  opening  on  the  E.  into  a  fine  pro- 
menade, composed  of  three  parallel  alleys.  The  principal 
edifices  are  the  hold-de-ville  or  capitol,  near  the  centre  of  the 
town,  in  the  square  to  which  it  gives  Its  name,  a  large  struc- 
ture, adorned  in  front  with  eight  columns  of  red  marble, 
and  including,  in  addition  to  the  municipal  buildings,  a  theai- 
tre  in  the  left  wing;  the  cathedral,  originally  built  about  the 
t)eginning  of  the  13th  century ;  the  church  of  St.  Sernin,  the 
oldest  and  most  perfect  of  the  ecclesiastical  edifices,  con- 
structed of  brick  and  stone,  in  the  Romanesque  style,  and 
rendered  conspicuous  by  a  lofty  octagonal  tower,  formed  by 
five  tiers  of  arches  ;  the  church  of  St.  Taur,  with  a  remark- 
able belfry:  the  church  of  the  Jacobins,  surmounted  by  a 
lofty  brick  tower,  and  now  converted  into  barracks:  the 
picture-gallery,  with  many  bad  and  two  or  three  i;ood  paint 

1939 


TOU 


TOU 


iiigs ;  the  Tnnsenm,  •with  a  good  collection  of  Gallic.  Roman, 
and  Gotbip  ftntiijuities:  the  Conrent  de-l'-Inquisition.  an 
obscure  edifice,  remarkable  only  for  the  atrocities  whicli  the 
tribunal  to  which  it  owes  its  name  perpetrated  within  its 
precincts:  and  the palais-de-justice.  in  wiiich  the  parliament 
of  Toulouse  used  to  hold  its  sittings,  and  said  to  have 
been  founded  in  the  time  of  Galb.a,  but  now  so  completely 
modernized  as  to  have  lost  all  its  ancient  features.  Tou- 
louse is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  the  seat  of  an  appeal  court 
for  the  departments  of  Ilaute-Garonne,  Ariege,  Tarn,  and 
Tarn-et-Garoune.  and  of  courts  of  first  resort  and  commerce; 
and  possesses  a  chamber  of  commerce  and  exchange,  a  mint. 
a  Protestant  divinity-hall,  a  dioi-esan  seminary,  faculties 
of  law,  science,  and  literature,  a  secondary  school  of  medi- 
cine, veterinary  school,  and  school  of  artillery,  an  academy 
of  "  floral  games,"  the  most  ancient  in  Kurope,  a  national 
college,  seminary,  and  normal  school,  2  libraries  of  54,000 
and  38.000  volumes,  and  an  observatory,  an  excellent  bo- 
tanic garden,  agricultural  society,  antirjuariau  society,  and 
a  national  academy  of  science,  inscriptions,  and  belles-lettres. 

The  manufactures  consist  of  coarse  woollen  cloth  and 
woollen  covers,  silk  and  printed  cotton  goods,  vermicelli, 
paUs  de-foii-de-canards,  (duck-liver  pies,)  starch,  wax- 
candles,  cutlery,  stoneware,  and  porcelain.  There  are  also 
numerous  tanneries,  both  for  common  and  morocco  leather; 
a  cannon-foundry,  gunpowder  and  tobacco  factories,  dye- 
works,  distilleries,  and  cotton  mills.  Toulouse  is  the  en- 
trep3t  for  the  commerce  between  the  Interior  of  France  and 
Spain.  Its  trade  is  greatly  favored  by  the  situation  of  the 
city,  and  facilitated  both  by  water  and  railw.ay  communica- 
tion. The  chief  articles  are  corn  and  flour,  wine,  brandy, 
coloni.il  produce,  iron  and  ironwares,  oil.  soap,  and  feathers. 
Toulouse  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  rose  to  eminence 
under  the  Romans,  who  embellished  it  with  a  capitol,  am- 
phitheatre, and  other  edifices,  of  which  vestiges  .still  remain. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  fifth  century  the  Visigoths  became 
its  masters,  and  made  it  the  capital  of  their  kingdom,  which 
it  continued  to  be  till  .508,  when  Clovis  gained  possession 
of  it.  In  732  it  was  taken  by  the  Saracens.  Subsequently 
under  Charlemagne  it  became  the  capital  of  Aquitaine.  It 
was  afterwards  governed  by  independent  counts,  and  in  the 
eleventh  century  fell  a  prey  to  the  cruel  bigots  of  the  In- 
quisition, who  here  established  their  infamous  tribunal, 
and  consigned  multitudes  of  Albigen.ses  and  Vaudois  to 
the  flames.  The  battle  of  Toulouse,  in  which  Wellington 
defeated  the  French  under  Soult.  was  fought  on  the  10th 
of  April,  1814.  Toulouse  is  the  birthplace  of  Pope  Bene- 
dict XII.,  the  jurist  Cujas.  and  the  engineer  Kiquet. 

TOULTCIIA,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Toolcha. 

TOUMAT,  a  town  of  Africa.    See  Toomat. 

TOUMEN.  a  river  of  Corea.     See  Toomen. 

TOUMEX,  a  town  of  Siberia.     See  Tioomejt. 

TOUXDJA,  a  river  of  Turkey.    See  Tonixja. 

TOUNG.  a  river  of  China.    See  Toong. 

TOUXG-HAI.    See  China  Sea. 

TOUXG-KI  AXG,  a  river  of  China.    See  Toong-Kiano. 

TOUXGOUSES,  a  people  of  Siberia.    See  Toongooses. 

TOUXGODSKA,  three  rivers  of  Siberia.     See  Toonoooska. 

TOUXG-TAO,  an  island  of  Japan.     See  Figasi-Sima. 

TOUNKAT.  a  town  of  Toorkistan.    See  Tooxkat. 

TOUXKIXSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.    See  Tooxkimsk. 

TOU-PIXG-LIXG,  a  mountain  of  China.  See  Too-ping-udtg. 

TOUR  A.    See  Toora. 

TOURAIXE.  too'rin',  an  old  province  of  France,  watered 
by  the  Loire,  Cher,  and  Vienna  Rivers,  and  now  forming 
most  part  of  the  department  of  Indre-etrLoire. 

TOU  1!  BOUT.     See  TooRnooT. 

TOURCHTZ.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Toorsheez. 

TOURCOIXG,  tooR'kwSx<  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Xord,  on  the  railway  from  Slouscron  to  Lisle,  arrondisse- 
ment.  and  7^  miles  X.E.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1S52,  27,615.  It 
has  a  town-hall,  remains  of  an  old  ch&teau  of  the  dukes  of 
Havre,  a  communal  college,  and  extensive  manufactui-es  of 
cotton  and  worsted  thread,  camlets,  plushes,  muslins,  and 
other  varieties  of  goods. 

TOUR-D'AIGUES,  La.  M  toon  daig,  a  market-town  of 
Prance,  department  of  Vaucluse,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Pertuis. 
Pop.  1463. 

TOUR-iyAUVERGXE.  La,  la  tooR  dSVaiRii',  a  market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Puy«(le-Dome,  25  miles  S.W. 
of  Clermont-Ferrand.    Pop.  2242. 

TOUR-DE-FRAXCE.  La,  M  tooR  deh  fr5>'ss,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Pyrenees-Orien'tales,  13  miles  W.X.W. 
of  Perpignan.     Pop.  1259. 

TOUR-DE-PEIL,  La.  li  tooR  dgh  pAT,  a  small  town  of  Swit- 
■erlaiid,  canton  of  Taud,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  1  mile  S.B.  of  Vevav. 

TOUR-DU-PIX,  La.  M  tooR  dil  pSx'.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Is^re.  31  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lyons.    Pop.  2572. 

TOURFAX.     SeeTooRFAX. 

TOURIXNES-LA-GR()SSE.  tooVeen'  M.  gross,  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  on  the  Xftthe,  (or  Xe- 
then.)  21  miles  E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1174. 

TOUKIXXE.S-LES-0UKT>OX.S-SAINT-LAMBERT-LTBEn. 
SART,  too*reen'  lAz  ooR'aix*'  six"  IdM'baiR'  lee'b^R'saa'.  a 
1940  ' 


rill.ige  of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Brabant,  on  the  Nil, 
24  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1702. 

TOURIXSK.     See  Toorixsk. 

TOURLAYILLE,  tooR'ld'veel'.  a  village  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Manche,  arrondissement  of  Cherbourg.  Pop.  in 
1852.  4877.    It  has  stone  quarries  and  glas.s-works. 

TOURMEXTE.  (tooR^mSxt/,)  CAPE,  a  headland  of  Canada 
East,  on  the  X.W.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  St.  l.awrence, 
33  miles  X.E.  of  Quebec,  and  rising  nearly  2000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  river. 

TOURXAISIS,  tooR^ni^zee',  an  ancient  district  of  Belgium, 
having  Touruay  for  its  capital.  With  the  exception  of  a 
part  belonging  to  West  Flanders,  it  is  now  included  in  th« 
province  of  Hainaut. 

TOURXAX,  tooR^nSx"',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Marne,  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Paris.     P.  1765 

TOURXAY,  tooR^nA',  (Flem.  DoomiA^dor'nik  ;  anc.  CiViYo* 
Nervvjirum.)  a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  on  the  Scheldt,  here  crossed  by  several  flying 
bridges,  and  which  divides  it  into  an  old  and  a  new  town, 
27  miles  N.W.  of  Mons.  at  the  terminus  of  the  Brussels 
Ghent  and  Tournay  Railway.  It  is  entered  by  seven  gates, 
and  consists  in  general  of  spacious  streets  and  squares, 
lined  by  well-built  houses.  It  has  superb  quays,  finely 
planted  so  as  to  form  excellent  promenades.  The  principal 
edifices  are  an  admirably  constructed  citadel  by  Vauban, 
the  cathedral,  a  very  ancient  structure,  of  Romanesque  and 
Ogival  architecture,  with  five  pointed  towers,  a  majestic 
interior,  of  which  the  choir  is  particularly  admired,  many 
interesting  remains  of  antiquity,  and  some  good  paintings, 
among  which  is  one  of  the  Souls  in  Purgatory  by  Rubens; 
seven  other  churches,  of  which  that  of  St.  Brice,  with  the 
tomb  of  King  Childeric  adjoining,  is  the  most  deserving  of 
notice;  the  ancient  convent  of  St.  Martin,  and  its  Gothic 
church,  now  used  partly  as  a  town-house  and  partly  as  a 
museum,  with  a  park  and  botanic  garden  adjoining;  the 
belfry,  a  lofty  tower  in  the  market-place,  of  unknown  date, 
but  supposed  to  have  formed,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  the  donjon  of  a  castle;  a  large  and  im- 
posing building  in  the  Renaissance  style,  originally  a  cloth- 
hall,  and  now  convert<?d  into  the  principal  guardhouse;  and 
a  concert-i-oom,  with  a  columnar  fagade  supporting  a  dome. 
Tournay  possesses  courts  of  first  resort  and  commerce,  supe- 
rior, primary,  and  other  schools,  a  school  of  arts,  an  academy 
of  design,  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture;  an  episco- 
pal seminary,  a  picture-gallery,  a  public  library,  an  athe- 
nicum,  a  theatre,  a  deaf  and  dumb  asylum,  literary  and 
musical  societies,  and  several  hospitals  and  similar  benevo- 
lent institutions.  The  manufactures,  which  are  extensive, 
employing  about  three-fourths  of  Uie  inhabitants,  consist 
principally  of  woollen  and  cotton  hosiery,  carpets,  which 
have  long  been  celebrated;  porcelain,  on  a  vei-y  large  scale; 
linen  and  cotton  tissues,  leather,  and  liqueurs.  The  trade, 
favored  both  by  the  railway  and  the  navigation  of  the 
Scheldt,  includes,  in  addition  to  the  manufactures,  a  large 
export  of  lime  from  quarries  in  the  vicinity;  and  besides  a 
daily  market  for  provisions,  a  weekly  market  for  corn,  flax, 
and  linei}  thread,  and  three  weekly  markets  for  cattle,  there 
are  a  number  of  important  cattle  and  linen  annual  fairs, 
two  of  which  last  10  days.    Pop.  31,115. 

TOURXAY.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Hautes-Py- 
rdnees,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tarbes.     Pop.  1316. 

TOURXEPPE,  tooR^nJpp',  a  vilLage  of  Belgium,  province 
of  South  Brabant,  with  paper  mills,  on  an  aflluent  of  the 
Sonne,  7  miles  S.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  2200. 

TOURXOX,  tooR^nAx"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardfeche,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhone,  here  crossed  by  a 
fine  suspension  bridge,  9  miles  X.X.W.  of  Valence.  Pop.  in 
1852,  4861.  It  has  a  good  quay  on  the  Rhone,  an  old  ca.stle 
on  a  neiirhboring  height,  and  a  national  college.  It  has  a 
brisk  trade  in  Hermitage  wines,  woollen  and  silk  fabrics, 
organzine.  and  timber. 

TOURXOX,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  on  the  Baudusson,  23  miles  X.E.  of  Agen.  P.  1402. 

TOURXUS,  tooR^ntlce'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sa6ne-et-Loire,  on  the  right  of  the  Sa8ne,  17  miles  X.  of 
Macon,  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Lyons.  Pop.  in  1852, 
5324.  It  has  a  chamber  of  commerce,  manufactures  of  hats, 
silks,  and  beet-root  sugar. 

TOUROX.  a  town  of  Anam.    See  Tooron. 

TOUROUKHAXSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.  See  Toorookhaxsk. 

TOUROVO,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  TooROVo. 

TOURPES,  tooRp.  a  villase  of  Belgium,  province  of  Hai- 
naut, on  the  Little  Dendre,  18  miles  X.W.  of  Mons.  P.  1.325. 

TOURS,  tooR,  (anc.  Qesarodufnum,  afterwards  Tu'rones.)  a 
city  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  between  the 
left  bank  of  the  Loire  and  right  bank  of  the  Cher,  and  at 
the  termini  of  railways  from  Paris,  Bordeaux,  and  Xantes, 
65  miles  S.W.  of  Orleans.  Lat.  47°  24'  X.,  Ion.  0°  42'  E.  Pop. 
in  1852.  3.3.530.  Tours  is  situated  at  the  extremity  of  a  fine 
plain.  The  principal  entrance  is  by  a  magnificent  bridge 
(one  of  the  finest  in  Europe)  across  the  Loire.  It  is  1 423  feet 
long,  and  consists  of  15  arche-s.  The  bridge  is  continued  by 
a  fine  street,  whirh  traver.'es  the  town  throusrhnut  its  whole 
length,  and  constitutes   its  principal  thorowrhlaro.     XUe 


TOU 

banks  of  the  river  are  enclosed  by  a  quay,  lined  with  hand- 
some houses  and  finelj'-planted  promenades.  A  great  part 
of  the  town  is  new,  and  many  of  the  streets  are  spacious  and 
elegant;  but  the  older  quarters  are  very  indifferently  built, 
and  generally  consist  of  narrow,  irregular,  dull,  and  dirty 
streets.  The  principal  edifice  is  the  cathedral.  Its  W.  front 
consists  of  three  lofty  portjils  covered  with  florid  ornaments, 
surmounted  by  a  window  of  astonishing  dimensions,  and 
flanked  by  two  domed  towers  205  feet  high.  The  interior, 
which  is  of  the  purest  Gothic,  and  lighted  by  beautifully 
stained  glass,  is  256  feet  in  length,  and  85  feet  in  height; 
among  other  objects  of  interest,  it  contains  a  fine  marble 
monument  of  the  two  only  children  of  Charles  YIII.  and 
Anne  of  Bretagne,  by  whose  early  deaths  the  succession  to 
the  crown  was  changed.  The  other  buildings  deserving  of 
notice  are  two  towers,  forming  conspicuous  objects  from 
every  part  of  the  town,  the  one  called  the  tower  of  St.  Mar- 
tin or  Horloge,  from  containing  the  principal  clock;  the 
other  the  tower  of  Charlemagne,  because  his  Queen  Luit- 
garde  was  buried  below  it;  and  both  remarkable  as  the 
only  relics  which  the  revolutions  of  1793  have  left  of  the 
vast  cathedral  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours,  after  it  had  flourished 
for  twelve  centuries:  the  church  of  St.  Julian,  degraded  into 
a  coach-house,  but  still  a  fine  pointed  edificeof  the  thirteenth 
century;  two  circular  and  machicolated  towers,  enclosed 
within  the  cavalry-barracks,  forming  part  of  the  castle  built 
by  Henry  II.  of  England;  the  church  of  St.  Clement,  a 
chaste  and  beautiful  structure,  with  a  fine  portal,  but  now 
used  as  a  corn-market;  the  archiepiscopal  palace,  regarded 
as  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the  kingdom;  the  prefecture, 
with  a  public  library  of  40,000  volumes,  and  several  remark- 
able manuscripts;  a  picture-gallery  and  museum  of  natural 
history,  the  town-house,  court-house,  general  hospital,  and 
an  elegant  fountain  of  white  marble,  occupying  the  centre 
of  the  market-place. 

The  manufactures  consist  of  silk  stuffs,  introduced  by 
Louis  XI.,  ribtwns,  broad-cloth,  serge,  rugs,  starch,  and 
wax-candles ;  the  trade  is  in  corn,  wine,  brandy,  dried  fruits, 
wax,  hemp,  wool,  &c.  Tours  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop, 
the  seat  of  a  court  of  first  resort  and  of  commerce,  and  pos- 
sesses a  chamber  of  commerce,  a  society  of  agriculture, 
science,  art,  and  belles-lettres;  a  diocesan  seminary,  a  se- 
condary ecclesiastical  school,  and  a  communal  college.  It 
early  acquired  considerable  importance,  and  under  the  Ro- 
mans became  the  capital  of  Lugdunensis  III.  In  more 
modern  times  it  had  become  famous  for  its  silk  manufac- 
tures, and  had  so  extended  as  to  have  a  population  of  80,000, 
when  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  deprived  it  of 
nearly  half  its  inhabitants,  and  almost  all  its  industry,  and 
inflicted  a  blow  on  its  prosperity  from  which  it  has  never 
recovered.  Tours  has  become  a  favorite  residence  of  the 
English,  whose  numbers  within  it  have  been  estimated  at 
3000.  In  the  neighborhood,  about  1  mile  ^A'.  of  the  town, 
is  the  castellated  den  of  Plessis-les-Tours.  of  which  an  admi- 
rable description  is  given  by  Scott  in  his  Quentin  Dunvard. 
Louis  XI.  died  here  in  1483;  the  national  powder  mills  are 
in  the  vicinity. 

TOUKTOIKAC,  tootftwJV3k',  a  village  of  France,  departs 
ment  of  Dordogne.  arrondissement  of  I'erigueux.  Pop.  12S9. 

TOUKTOUSE,  tooRHooz',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Arjege,  7  mUes  N.N.W.  of  St.  Girons.     Pop.  1500. 

TOURVES.  tooRv,  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Var,  19  miles  N.  of  Toulon.    Pop.  in  1852,  2567. 

TOURVILLE,  tooRVeel',  a  village  of  France,  department 
ef  Manche,  arrondissement  of  Coutances.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Admiral  Tourville.     Pop.  933. 

TOTJRY,  tooVee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Eure- 
et-Loir,  on  the  Paris  and  Orleans  Railway,  27  miles  S.E.  of 
Chartres.     Pop.  1250. 

TOUSSAINT  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  flows  through  Ottawa 
county  into  Lake  Erie. 

TOUTOUTLA,  an  island,  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Maoon.4.. 

TOUVET,  Le,  leh  tooVi/,  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Is^re,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  in  1852,  1683. 

TOU-YAN.  a  city  of  China.    See  Too-Yan. 

TOUZ  OOTJL.  a  lake,  Chinese  Empire.     See  Tooz  GoOL. 

TOUZKOORMATY,  Koordistan.    See  Toozkoormatt. 

TOVARNIK,  to-vaR-neek',  a  market  and  post-town  of 
Slavonia,  co.,  and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vukovar.    Pop.  2889. 

TOWALIG.\,  a  creek  of  Georgia,  rises  in  Henry  county, 
and  flowing  S.E.,  enters  the  Ocmulgee  12  miles  'R.Vj.  of 
Forsyth,  it  furnishes  excellent  water-power  in  Monroe 
countv. 

T0\V.4.LTGA,  a  post-office  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia. 

TOWAMEN'SING,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
Rylvania.    Pop.  1137. 

TOWANIJA,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  joins  the  North' 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  near  the  borough  of  Towanda. 

TOWAN'DA,  a  postborough  in  Towanda  township,  and 
capital  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn.sylvania,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  near 
the  mouth  of  Sugar  creek,  about  120  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ilar- 
risburg.  The  North  Branch  Canal  passes  through  it.  About 
oiicthird  of  tlio  houses  are  built  of  brick.  Tlie  town  has  a 
LoUegiate  institute,  6  churches,  2  banks,  2  new^spaper  of- 


TOW 

fices, and  20 stores.  Incorporated  inl82S.  Pop. in  1850, 1171 
in  1860,  1622.     Another  report  savs  1800. 

TOWCESTER.  tows'tgr,  (anc.  Lactodufrum.)  a  market 
town  and  parish  of  England,  co.,  and  8  miles  S.S.W.  o1 
Northampton,  on  the  ancient  Watling  Street.  Pop.  in  1851 
2665.  It  has  a  church  of  the  eleventh  century,  with  a  mo 
nument  to  Archbishop  Sponne,  who  founded  the  grammai 
school ;  manufiictures  of  silks,  and  bobbin-lace. 
TO'WEDNACK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 
TO'WEIi  FALLS,  a  postoffice  of  .Monroe  co.,  Tennessee. 
TOWER  HAM'LETS,  a  parliamentary  borough  of  Kng- 
land,  CO.  of  Middlesex,  comprising  all  that  part  of  the  me- 
tropolis ¥j.  of  the  city  of  London  and  Finsbury,  extending 
S.  Xo  the  Thames,  and  consisting  of  the  parishes  of  Shore- 
ditch,  Spitalfields,  Bethnal-Green,  Limehouse,  Poplar, 
Hackney,  &c.  Pop.  in  1861,  647,585.  The  borough  conUiinsr 
the  London  and  St.  Katharine's  docks,  the  mint.  Trinity- 
house,  the  London  hospital,  and  numerous  other  charitable 
institutions,  with  the  terminus  of  the  East  and  North-east 
Counties  Railways.  The  Tower  of  London,  whence  its 
name,  is  at  the  S.W.  extremity.  This  borough  sends  2 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons.    See  London. 

TOWER  HILL,  a  post-village  in  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  near  Narraganset  Bay,  25  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Provi- 
dence. 
TOWERSEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
TOWKRSVILLE,  a  post-office,  Chautauque  CO.,  New  York. 
TOWERTOWN,  a  post-offlce  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois. 
TOWIE,  tdw'ee,  or  TOWIE  KINBAT/TOCK.  a  pari.sh  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  on  the  Don,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Alford.     It  has  a  ruined  castle. 

TOWLESVILLE,  towlz'vill,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co., 
New  York. 
TOWMORE'  or  TUOMORE,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  Mayo 
TOWN  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Tvler  co.,  Texas. 
TOWN  COVE,  a  small  village  of  Walker  co..  Georgia. 
TOWN  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  through  Lawrence 
county  into  Tennessee  River. 

TOWN/ERS,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  CO.,  New  York, 
about  90  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

TOWN'GREEN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
TOWN  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 
TOWN  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Smyth  co.,  A'irginia. 
TOWN  LINE,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  on  the 
Buffalo  and  Rochester  Railroad,  15  miles  E.  of  Buffalo. 
TOWN  LINE,  a  post-oftice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
TOWNS'BURY.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey. 
TOWNSEND,  a  town  of  Maine.     See  Soutiiport. 
TOWN'SEND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  40  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Boston,  on  the 
Squanticook    River,  and   the   Peterborough    and    Shirley 
Railroad.     Pop.  2005. 
TOWNSEND,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co..  New  York. 
TOWNSEND,  a  township  of   Huron   co.,  Ohio,   on   the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  7  miles  from  Norwalk.  Pop. 
1534. 

TOWNSEND,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Sandusky 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1062. 

TOWN'SEND  BAY,  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia,  in 
British  North  America.     Breadth  of  entrance.  11  miles. 

TOWN'SEND  HAR'BOR,  a  post-village  in  Middle.^ex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Peterborough  and  Shirley  Railroad, 
42  miles  N.W.  of  Boston,  contains  a  number  of  mills. 

TOWN/SEND'S  IN'LET,  a  post-office  of  Cape  May  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

TOWN'SENDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lodi  township,  in 
the  S.  part  of  Seneca  co..  New  York.  It  contains  2  meet- 
ing-houses and  2  stores.     Pop.  about  200. 

TOWNS'IIEND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windham 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  West  River,  90  miles  S.  of  Montpelier. 
The  village  contains  several  churches,  and  an  academy. 
Pop.  of  the  township.  1376. 
TOWN'SHIP.  a  post-office  of  Albany  co..  New  York. 
TOWN'STALL.  a  paiish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
TOWN'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Anderson  district,  South 
Carolina. 

TOWN-YETH'OLM,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Roxburgh, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Beaumont  Water,  across  which  it  com- 
municates with  Kirk-Yetholm.     See  Yetholm. 

TOWSONTOWN.  a  post-village  and  capital  of  Baltimore 
CO.,  Maryland,  7  miles  N.  of  Baltimore. 

TOWtON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  2^  miles  S.  of  Tadcaster.  Here  a  great  battle  wiw 
fought  between  the  houses  of  York  .and  Lancaster  in  1461. 

TO'WY,  a  river  of  South  Wales,  rises  in  the  co.  of  Ca»li- 
gan,  flows  mostly  S.W.  through  Cannarthen.shire,  nearly  in 
its  centre,  and  joins  Carmarthen  Ray  by  a  wide  mouth,  8 
miles  S.  of  Carmarthen.  Total  cour.se.  00  miles.  It  is  naivi- 
gable  from  the  sea  to  Carmarthen  for  vessels  of  200  tons 
burden. 

TO'WYN  or  TY'WYN.  a  parish  and  maritime  village  ot 
North  Wales,  on  its  W.  coast,  co.  of  Merioneth,  near  Cardi- 
gan Bay,  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  ISarmouth.  Pop.  in  1851,  2769, 
engaged  in  woollen  mills,  slate  quarriei,  and  lead  and  co^)- 
per-minos. 

104:1 


TOX 


TEA 


TOXAWAT,  a  river  of  Pickens  disti-lct,  South  Carolina, 
is  a  small  branch  of  the  Kiowee. 

TOXTKTH  PARK,  an  extensive  parochial  district  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Lancaster,  formerly  the  N.E.  quarter  of  the  town 
of  Liverpool.    See  Liverpool. 

TOYNTOX,  High,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TOYXTON,  Low,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TOYNTOX  ALL-SAIXTS,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Lincoln. 

TGYXTON  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  Enjrland.  co.  Lincoln. 

TO'ZER,  a  town  of  Xorth  Africa,  dominions  of  Tunis,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Lake  Sibka,  (Lowdeah.)  It  has  a  large  trade 
in  dat^s. 

TllABEX.  tri'ben,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussi.i,  govern- 
ment, and  39  miles  S.W.  of  Coblentz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Tra- 
beiiberg.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Moselle,  opposite  to  Trar- 
bach      Pop.  1226. 

TRABEZH  or  TRABEJ,  tr^-bSzh',  written  also  TRA- 
BE.SCH,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  S.W.  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Tchernigov,  enter*  the  government  of  Poltava,  flows 
first  S.S.W.  to  Pereslavl,  where  it  receives  the  Alta,  then 
P.W.,  and  joins  the  Dnieper  on  the  left,  after  a  course  of 
about  90  miles. 

TRACADIE,  tr3k'S-<lee\  a  seaport  town  of  Xova  Scotia,  co. 
of  Sydney,  at  the  head  of  Pomket  Harbor,  formed  by  St. 
George's  Bay,  about  11.5  miles  X.E.  of  Halifax.  The  harbor 
is  capable  of  receiving  vessels  of  any  size,  and  considerable 
quantities  of  timber  and  gypsum  are  annually  exported. 

TRACHEXBERG,  trdK'en-bjKGN  or  STRAB0REK,  stri'- 
boo-rSk\  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  26  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Breslau.  capital  of  a  principality,  on  the  Bart.sch.    Pop.  2400. 

TRACHSEL\yALD,  traK'sel-*ait,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton,  and  15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1628. 

TRACHYS.    See  Zeitou.n. 

TRACTOX,  a  parish  of  Irel.and.  in  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

TRACY,  trd'see'.  several  villages  of  France,  the  princip,al 
in  the  department  of  Oise,  arroudissement  of  Compiegue. 
Pop.  1-127. 

TRA'CY.  a  post-village  of  Huntington  eo.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Wab.ish  River,  10  miles  S.G.  of  Huntington. 

TRACY'S  LAXDIXG,  a  post-office  of  Anne  Arundel  co., 
Maryland. 

TRA'CYVILLE,  a  flourishing  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Honesdale  and  Delaware  Plank-road.  1 
mile  E.  of  Honesdale.  It  contains  1  gliLss  manufactory,  the 
first  in  which  anthracite  coal  was  successfully  used. 

TR.\.DATE,  trd-di'tA,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Como.  near  the  Olona. 

TRADE,  a  post-offlce  of  .Tohnson  co.,  Tennes.see. 

TRA'DER'S  HILL,  a  post-oflTice  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia. 

TJIA'DERSVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  a 
few  miles  N.  of  London. 

TRADE'S  HILL,  a  postK>ffice  of  Chatham  co.,  Xorth  Caro- 
lina. 

TRADETOWX,  a  maritime  settlement  of  Liberia,  in  West 
Africa,  near  the  S.  extremity  of  the  colony. 

TKADE'WATER  CREKK.  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky, 
flows  N.W.,  and  forms  the  boundary  between  the  counties 
of  Hopkins  .and  Union  on  the  right,  and  Caldwell  and  Crit- 
tenden on  the  left,  until  it  enters  the  Ohio  River. 

TKA'DING  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Potawatamie  CO.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Missouri  River. 

TRADOK,  a  village,  island  of  Borneo.    See  Mostr.vdok. 

TRAF^ALGAR',  a  post-offlce  of  Johnson  co..  Indiana. 

TKAFALGAl!,  Spain.     See  Cape  TrapaLQ.\B. 

TKAiillAX.  trS'gSn',  a  walled  town  of  Africa,  in  Fezzan, 
40  miles  E.  of  Moorzook.  formerlv  capital  of  East  Fezzan. 

TRAGDRIUM.     See  Trau. 

TR.\HIRAS,  trd-ee'rds.  a  town  of  Br.i7.il.  province  of 
Goyas.  on  the  river  Trahiras,  15  miles  from  its  confluence 
with  the  Maranhao.     Pop.  2000. 

TitAlGUERA.  tri-gA'ril,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Cas- 
tellon  do  la  Plana,  9  miles  X.E.  of  San  Matheo.     Pop.  1916. 

TRAILIXSKAIA  or  TRAILIXSKA.JA.  trMin-ski'd,  a 
market-town  of  Itussi.i,  in  Don-Cossack  Territory,  on  the 
Don.  55  miles  E.X.E.  of  Xovo  Tcherkask.     Pop.  2000. 

TR.\ISA,  tri'ni  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendenoy  of  Catania. 
15  miles  W.  of  Bronte.  Pop.  7400.  It  has  the  oldest  mo- 
nastery on  the  i.'iland. 

TR.\INEL.  tr4*nJl'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Aul>e.  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Xogent.     Pop.  V2>n. 

TRAISKIRCHEX,  tris'k66RK'en.  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1115. 

TRAITOR'S  (or  VERRADEK'S,  fer-rd'ders.)  ISLAXD.one 
Of  the  Xavigators' group,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean;  lat. 
15°  .57'  S..  Ion,  173°  58'  W.  It  hiw  an  elevated  surface,  a 
fertile  soil,  and  appears  to  be  densely  peopled. 

TKAJAX,  trd'yjn',  a  market-town  of  European  Turkey, 
In  Bulgaria,  on  the  Osma,  23  miles  S.  of  lyjftscha. 

TKA.IAXOPOLIS.  European  Turkey.     See  Orikhova. 

T  K  A  J  KCTU.*  A  D  MOS  AM.     See  M  aestricht. 

TR.\.TKCTUS  AD  RHEXUM.    See  Utrecht. 

TRA.TETTO.  tri-y4t/to,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  district,  and  8  miles  X.E.  of  Gaeta,  with  5 
chunhes,  a  convent,  and  5600  inhabitants. 

TRALEK,tri-lee',aparliameutaryandinunlcipal  bo  rough, 


seaport  town,  and  pari.sh  of  Irekand.  hi  Munster,  capital  of 
the  CO.  of  Kerry,  on  the  l<ee.  aliout  1  mile  ab<_>ve  tile  head  of 
TraJee  Bay.  59  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cork.  Pop.  in  1S51,  13,759. 
It  is  reguLirly  and  well  built,  lighted  and  cleaned,  and  is  a 
rapidly  increasing  and  thriving  town.  The  principal  public 
edifices  are  a  handsome  church,  2  large  Roman  Catholic 
chapels,  a  nunnery  with  a  female". school  attached,  several 
other  schools,  a  new  county  court-house,  a  fever  ho.spital, 
lunatic  asylum,  eounty  infirmary,  county  jail,  infantry  bai^ 
racks,  union  work-house,  club-house,  news-itwms,  custom- 
house, and  market-hou.se.  The  port,  adependenc3' of  that 
of  Limerick,  is  the  seat  of  a  brisk  trade  in  grain  and  flour. 
Vessels  of  -300  tons  can  discharge  cargoes  at  the  town  by 
means  of  a  ship  canal;  l.irge  vessels  anchor  at  Blennerville, 
1  mile  below,  and  at  Samphire  Islands,  6  miles  W.  It  iij 
the  seat  of  county  assizes  and  qu.arter  ses.sions.  Registered 
shipping,  247  tons.  It  is  the  head  of  a  poor-law  union.  'The 
borough  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the 
vicinity  is  Tralee  Castle,  the  seat  of  Sir  E.  Denny,  who  owns 
the  town,  and  whose  pleasure-grounds  have  been  thrown 
open  to  the  inhabitants.  In  the  vicinity  is  also  a  spa,  a 
good  deal  resorted  to  by  invalids. 

TRALEE  B.\Y,  in  Ireland,  immediately  S.  of  the  estuary 
of  the  Sh.annon,  15  miles  in  length,  and  7  miles  in  bi-eadth 
at  Its.entrjince.  On  its  N.  side  are  the  bay  and  town  of 
Ballyheigh. 

TR.4L'L0XG,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

TRAM.\YE,  tra'mi/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Sa6ne-et-Loire,  11  miles  W.  of  Macon.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2630. 

TRAMELAX,  trd'meh-ldnV  or  TREMLINGEX,  trfm'- 
ling-en.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  25 
miles  X.W.  of  Bern,  near  the  .source  of  the  Birse.  It  is  well 
built,  consists  of  Upper  and  Lower  Tramelan,  and  has  m.i- 
nufactui-es  of  clocks,  and  particularly  of  a  kind  of  horse-hair 
plait,  much  used  by  the  female  peasantry  of  the  canton  in 
their  headdress.     Pop.  2317. 

TRAM'.MEL'S  CREEK  rises  in  Sumner  co..  Teiines.see, 
and  flowing  X.W.  into  Kentucky,  enters  Big  Barren  River 
in  Warren  co..  a  few  miles  above  Bowling  Green. 

TR.\.MOXTI,  tri-mon'tee,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of 
Principato  Citra,  7  miles  W.  of  Salerno,  It  consists  of  seve- 
ral scattered  hamlets,  and  contains  14  churches,  a  monas- 
tery and  nunnery,  and  several  charitable  establishments. 
A  great  deal  of  charcoal  is  prepared  here  for  the  supply  of 
Xaples.    Pop.  3300. 

TRAMORE',  a  maritime  town  and  bathing-place  of  Ire- 
land, CO.,  and  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Waterford,  on  the  X.W.  side 
of  Tramore  Bay.  an  inlet  between  two  bold  headlands,  dan- 
gerous to  shipping.    Pop.  in  1851, 1882. 

TR.\M'P.\S.  a  village  in  the  E.  part  of  Rio  Arriba  co.,  Xew 
Mexico,  about  40  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Santa  Fe. 

TRAMUTOLA,  tra-moo'to-H,  a  market-town  of  Xaples, 
province  of  Basilicata,  2:5  miles  S.  of  Poteuza.     Pop.  4000. 

TRAX,  trdn,  TRAXHAC,  trdn^hSk',  and  TRAXHAXG, 
trduMidng',  towns  of  Anam,  in  Tonquin,  near  the  Chinese 
frontier. 

TRAX  A,  trd'nj,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Turin,  province,  .and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Susa.     Pop,  1528. 

TRAXCOSO,  trjn-ko'so,  a  walled  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira,  capital  of  a  comai-ca,  26  miles  E.X.E.  of  Viseu. 
Pop.  1300. 

'rR.\XCOSO,  tr.^n-ko'so,  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  20  miles  S.  of  Porto  Seguro.    Pop.  1500. 

TRAXEKJAR,  (Tranekjar.)  tra'n5k-yaiR\  a  village  and 
pari.^h  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of  Langeland,  with  the 
ruins  of  an  old  castle,  once  a  strong  fortress,  on  an  isolated 
heiu'ht. 

TR.\X'EXT,  a  parish  ,and  small  town  of  Scotl.and,  co.  of 
Haddington,  on  the  North  British  Railway,  9^  miles  E.  of 
Edinburgh,  and  near  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Pop.  of  the  town 
in  1851,  2096,  partly  engaged  in  collieries  and  sandstone 
quarries.  The  pari.sh  contains  the  villages  of  Port  .Seaton, 
Cockenzie.  and  Seat<5n,  with  Stiell's  endowed  hospital. 

Tit  AXHAC  or  TRAXHAXG,  a  town  of  Anam,     See  Tkan. 

TR.\XI,  tra'nee,  (anc.  Turifnwn,  or  Traniumf)  a  seaport 
town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Bari.  on  the  .Adriatic,  25  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Bari.  Lat.  41°  17'  X.,  Ion.  16P  2&  E.  Pop.  22,382. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  fosse  and  a  wall  flanked  with  bas- 
tions, and  is  entered  by  three  gates.  The  houses  are  tole- 
rably well  built,  but  the  streets,  with  some  exceptions,  are 
narrow,  winding,  and  badly  paved.  The  principal  edifices 
are  the  cathedral  and  the  castle.  The  former  is  an  ancient 
and  spacious  structure,  but  its  style  of  architecture  is  indif- 
ferent. There  are,  besides.  20  parish  churches,  6  monas- 
teries, 2  nunneries,  a  large  diocesan  seminary,  a  theatre, 
and  a  female  orphan  asylum.  The  harbor,  which  is  almost 
encircled  by  the  town,  once  contained  great  depth  of  water, 
but  has  so  much  silted  up  that  small  vessels  only  can  enter. 
The  trade  is  considerable,  and  consists  chiefly  in  til,  silk, 
wine,  and  fruit.  Trani  suffers  much  from  excessi»e  sum- 
mer heats,  and  a  great  want  of  sprir.^water.  The  only 
alternative  is  the  collection  of  rain-watei  by  cisterns,  ilino?t 
every  house  being  provided  with  one.  (Jotton  is  git>wn  in 
the  district,  and  partly  muuulacliired  into  r  )«rse  goods. 


TRA 


TRA 


The  town  is  an  archbishop's  see,  and  the  seat  of  a  superior 
civil  cdurt. 

TRAN'MERE.  a  township  of  Enprland,  co.  of  Chester. 

TISANQUE,  trdn'liA,  an  island  of  South  America,  forming 
the  entrance  to  a  liay  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Chiloe. 
A  ranL'e  of  hills,  nowhere  exceedinfr  300  feet  in  heijrht,  run 
thn)u:j;h  it  from  N.W.  to  S.E.  The  inhabitants  appear  to  be 
few  in  numlier. 

TRANQUEBAR.  tran-kwe-bar',  a  fortified  seaport  town  of 
HindoKtan,  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  in  the  delta  of  the 
Cavory,  140  miles  .S.W.  of  Madras.  Lat.  11°  N.,  Ion.  81°  54' 
E.  It  stands  between  two  arms  of  the  river  Oavery.  and  is 
surrounded  by  ramparts  faced  with  masonry,  and  having, 
at  the  S.E.  angle,  the  castle  of  Dan?bor;;.  with  a  Iight-hou.se 
and  the  government  oilices.  The  town  is  neatly  built,  and 
the  houses  are  wholly  of  European  architecture,  with  Ore- 
ci:iu  porticos,  and  windows  of  rattan-lattices.  There  are  2 
Prritestant  churches,  a  Portuguese  chapel,  and  Danish, 
Enttlish.  and  Portuiiuese  sch(X)ls.  The  territory.  6  miles  in 
length,  with  an  area  of  15  square  miles,  is  sandy  or  marshy, 
and  partly  under  cultivation  for  rice,  dry  grains,  and  fruit- 
trees,  including  vines.  The  temperature  commonly  ranges 
between  70°  and  100°  Fahrenheit ;  but  tho  heat  is  mode- 
ratted  by  sea  breezes.  The  bay  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cavery 
is  always  safe  for  small  vessels,  and  the  surf  is  less  violent 
than  at  Madras  or  I'ondicherry.  Some  manufactures  of 
coarse  cottons  and  handkerchiefs,  oil,  soap,  leather,  and  salt, 
are  carried  on  ;  and  these  goods,  with  rice,  paddy,  and  skins, 
are  shipped  for  Madras.  Ceylon  and  occasionally  the  Mauri- 
tius and  Bourbon.  The  trade  with  the  adjacent  British 
t«'rritory  is  small,  owing  to  heavy  import  dues  on  all  goods 
but  grain  at  the  British  frontier.  Pop.  of  tho  teiritory. 
about  250,000;  of  the  town,  about  2000.  of  whom  about  1500 
are  Lutherans,  and  500  Roman  Catholics,  of  Portuguese 
descent.  Tranquehar  belonged  to  Denmark  till  184B,  when 
it  was  ceded  by  purchase  to  Klngland. 

TKANC)UIf/LIA.  a  post-village  of  .Tones  co.,  Georgia. 

Tl{.\N'(iUlL'LlTY.  a  post-oflice  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersev. 

TRANQUILLITY,  a  post-office  of  Granville  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 29  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

TRANQUILLITY,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

TRANS,  trSxo.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var,  3 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Draguignan.     Pop.  1317. 

TRANSC  A  UC.\SI.\,trans-kaw-kA/she-a,a  country  ofAsia  tic 
Russia.  S.  of  the  Caucasus,  extending  between  lat.  3S°  and 
4.3°  N.,  and  Ion.  41°  40'  and  49°  40'  E.',  having  E.  the  Ca.spian 
Sea;  S.,  Turkish  and  Persian  Armenia;  and  W.,  the  Rlack 
Sea.  Area  estimated  at  66,300  square  miles.  Pop.  1,625,000. 
It  is  now  divided  into  two  unequal  portions:  1.  Tho  E., 
comprising  the  old  Mohammedan  provinces  on  the  Caspian 
Sea,  namely,  Karabagh,  Talish,  Shirvan,  Bakoo,  Kooba,  Der- 
bend.  and  Sheki ;  2.  The  \V..  comprising  Grusia  or  Georgia, 
with  the  provinces  of  Oooriel,  Imeritia.  and  Ru.ssian  Arme- 
nia, divided  into  10  circles  and  2  independent  lord.ships, 
Mingrelia  and  Abkasia.  The  former  provinces  are  gene- 
rally retained  in  the  new  divisions,  and  their  chief  towns 
are  made  capitals  of  circles.  The  government  is  chiefly  mili- 
tary, but  great  religious  toleration  exists,  and  the  Russians 
have  est,ablished  schools  in  the  principal  towns.  The  direct 
taxes,  payable  to  the  Russian  government,  amount  to  325,000 
Bilver  rubles  annually. 

TR.\N'SIT.  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co..  New  York. 

TRANSIT  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  CO.,  New 
York. 

TRANSOXIANA.    See  Bokhara. 

TRANS'PADANE  REPUBLIC,  a  state  formed  in  Italy  by 
Napoleon,  in  1796.  of  part  of  Lombardy  .and  Venetia;  in 
1797.  it  was  incorporated  with  the  Cisalpine  Republic. 

TRANSPA'RENT  LAKE,  towards  the  N.E.  part  of  New 
York,  between  Hamilton  and  Herkimer  counties,  is  about  7 
miles  long,  and  3  miles  wide.  It  is  the  principal  source  of 
West  Canada  Crf»>k. 

TRANSYLVANI.\,  tran-sil-vi/ne-a,  (Ger.  Siebenhurgtm, 
see'ben-booRo^f n,  "  the  seven  towns ;"  Hun.  ErdUy  Or- 
adg.  ^RMaii'  0RV|g';  Fr.  Tronsylvanie,,  trSxoVsirvS'nee',) 
a  grand  principality.  (GrosufurstentJntm,)  forming  the  S.E. 
province  of  the  .\ustrian  Empire;  bounded  N.  and  W.  by 
Hungary.  S.  and  E.  by  the  Danubian  Turkish  principalities 
of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Carparthian  Mountains;  and  N.E.  by  the  Bukowina. 
Ijit.  49°  12'  to  47°  43'  N.,  Ion.  22°  15'  to  26°  20'  E.  It  is 
very  compact.  Greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  194  miles : 
greatest  breadth,  165  miles.  Area.  23,078  square  miles.  The 
surface  is  very  much  diversified,  but  generally  mountain- 
ous; the  Carpathian  chain  not  only  covers  its  S.  and  E. 
frontier,  but  sends  out  numerous  ramifications,  the  most 
important  of  which,  proceeding  from  E.  to  W..  give  more  or 
less  of  that  direction  to  its  principal  streams.  The  cul- 
minating points  of  the  moimtains  are  situated  near  the  S. 
fiontier,  where  Negoi,  not  Far  from  Hermannstadt,  has  a 
height  exceeding  8000  feet;  and  Butschetsch,  near  Kron- 
ftadt.  is  .scarcely  100  feet  lower.  Many  of  the  summits  pre- 
sent scenery  remarkable  for  its  grandeur.  The  mountains 
Ir  the  S.,  along  the  whole  of  the  frontier  E.  to  the  Burcza. 
(Bouzn't)  dre  entirely  composed  of  primitive  rocks,  of  which 


granite  usually  forms  the  basis.  These  rocks  are  succeedea 
by  graywacke.  which  stretches  almost  without  interruption 
across  the  country,  and  N.  to  tho  sources  of  the  Theiss. 
Still  farther  E.,  a  great  trachytic  chain  extends  from  the 
banks  of  the  Aluta.  (Aloota,)  at  the  point  where  it  flows 
S.W.,  and  thence  upward  to  the  frontiers  of  Bukowina.  To 
the  W.  of  the  primitive  and  trachytic  rocks  now  mentioned, 
the  .sand-stones  of  the  carboniferous  system  make  their  ap- 
pearance, und  occupy  a  considerable  proportion  of  the  pro- 
vince. 

The  whole  surface  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the  Danube, 
which  receives  a  great  part  of  its  waUers  by  very  circuitous 
channels.  A  little  to  the  N.  of  the  centre  of  the  province,  a 
branch  of  the  Carparthians  stretches  across  it  from  E.  to  AV., 
and  forms  a  secondary  watershed.  All  the  country  S.  of  it  is 
drained  by  rivers  which  have  a  S.W.  or  W.S.W.  direction, 
and  thus  reach  the  Danube  without  many  windings.  The 
chief  of  these  are  the  Aluta  (Aloota)  and  the  Maros.  with 
its  tributaries  the  Great  and  Little  Kokel.  But  to  theN.  of 
the  above  watershed  the  river.s.  being  barred  by  it.  take 
first  a  W.  and  then  a  N.  direction  towards  the  Theiss,  and 
hence  the  waters  of  the  N.  part  oCTransylvania  do  not  reach 
the  Danube  before  they  have  made  the  circuit  of  a  great  part 
of  Hung.ary.  The  principal  rivers  by  which  the  drainage  is 
thus  effected  are  the  Szamos,  by  far  the  largest ;  the  Krasna, 
and  the  Koriis. 

The  climate  is  very  much  modified  by  the  diversity  of 
surface:  the  higher  districts  having  a  severe  winter,  which 
not  only  covers  the  rivers  witli  ice,  but  often  extends  far 
into  spring,  causing  serious  injury  to  vegetation  ;  while,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  summerheat  of  the  lower  grounds  is  at 
times  extreme.  But,  on  the  whole,  the  air  is  healthy,  the 
.sky  clear,  and  the  temperature  well  adapted  to  bring  all  the 
more  valuable  plant*  of  Central  Europe  to  maturity. 

In  .some  of  the  loftier  districts  which  almost  Ijorder  on 
the  limits  of  perpetual  snow,  vegetation  is  necessarily  con- 
fined within  very  narrow  limits,  but  the  lower  altitudes  are 
clothed  with  magnificent  forests,  which  furnish  valuaVde 
timber.  Among  the  trees  are  several  of  economical  value, 
including  the  almond  and  chestnut,  which  are  found  thriv- 
ing in  the  vicinity  of  Kronstadt  at  the  height  of  1900  feet 
above  sea-level.  In  all  quarters,  apples,  pears,  plums,  cher- 
ries, apricots,  and  peaches  are  to  be  had  in  abundance, 
and  the  culture  of  the  vine  is  general  all  over  the  country. 
The  mulberry  would  thrive  well,  but  little  attention,  how- 
ever, appears  to  be  paid  to  it.  Notwithstanding  tlie 
general  ruggedness  of  the  surface,  there  are  many  wide  val- 
leys and  extensive  plains,  admirably  adapted  to  the  ordi- 
nary operations  of  agiiculture.  and  on  these,  though  much 
more  in  consequence  of  their  natural  fertility  than  the  skill 
displayed  in  managing  them,  rich  harvests  are  reaped.  The 
chief  crops  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye,  buckwheat,  maize, 
pulse,  potatoes,  fruits,  tobacco,  flax,  hemp,  saffron,  and 
wine.  More  corn  is  raised  than  is  required  for  home  con- 
sumption. The  rearing  of  horses,  sheep,  and  other  live 
stock,  is  important.  In  the  Szekler  country  is  a  breed  of 
hardy  ponies,  similar  to  the  Welsh,  and  the  horses  elsewhere 
have  been  much  improved.  Buffaloes  are  used  for  field 
labor;  the  bear,  wolf,  and  an  abundance  of  game  i-oam  in 
the  forests,  in  which  also  great  numbers  of  hogs  are  fed. 
The  rivers  are  remarkably  well  supplied  with  fish.  Bees  do 
not  receive  much  attention,  but  are  very  numerous,  in  a 
wild  state,  yielding  large  quantities  of  honey  and  wax. 

The  most  remarkable  mineral  product  is  rock-salt,  a  bed 
of  which  extends  from  AYallachia.  through  Transylvania  to 
Galicia.  covering  a  space  of  570  miles  in  length,  and  from  CO 
to  80  miles  in  breadth;  1.500,000  cwt.  of  salt  are  procured 
annually  from  mines ;  there  are.  besides,  120  salt  springs. 
Gold,  silver,  iron,  lead,  copper,  antimony,  arsenic,  mercury, 
alum,  sulphur,  nitre,  and  marble,  are  among  the  chief 
mineral  products.  Twenty-two  gold  mines  are  wrought, 
and  nearly  every  stream  in  the  country  is  auriferous.  The 
annual  produce  of  gold  is  2,500  meiks.  of  which  ISOO  is  ob- 
tained from  washings.  Silver  yields  annually  5000  merks. 
Crystals  and  fine  pebbles,  including  garnets,  chrysolites, 
amethysts,  chalcedonies,  agates,  carnelians,  and  jaspers,  are 
found  in  many  quarters. 

Manufactures  have  made  but  little  progress,  and  are 
chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the  German  portion  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. They  consist  principally  of  woollen  cloth,  flannel, 
and  linen,  particularly  the  last,  which  is  made  to  some  ex- 
tent, though  scarcely  in  sufficient  quantities  to  meet  the 
home  consumption.  Other  manufactures,  besides  those 
connected  with  the  working  of  the  various  metals  and  mine- 
rals, are  paper,  gunpowder,  leather,  porcelain  and  earthen- 
ware, glass,  iron  and  copper-ware,  furniture,  and  a  great 
variety  of  articles  in  wood. 

The  trade  is  in  a  great  measure  confined  to  the  natural 
produce  of  the  country.  The  most  important  exports 
are  .salt,  to  the  amount  of  70,000  tons  annually ;  com, 
cattle,  horses,  wax,  honey,  toljacco,  wood,  wool,  sv,-ine, 
hides,  skins,  iron,  and  antimony.  The  imports,  intro- 
duced chiefly  by  native  merchants,  who  make  their  pur- 
chases at  Vienna  and  Leipsic,  consist  of  all  kinds  of 
manufacturer  tissues,   millinery,   colonial  produ:e,  hats, 

1943 


TRA 


TRA 


glacis,  *c.  The  transit  snd  comnii=pion  trade  is  very  limited 
In  extent,  anl  is  entirely  carried  on  by  Armenians  and 
Greeks.  The  Maros  and  Szamos  Rivers  serve  as  the  chief 
routes  for  the  conveyance  of  goods.  Roads  are  almost  im- 
pass.ible;  and  e.xcept  in  a  few  towns,  inns  are  unknown. 

The  constitution  of  Transylvania  is  somewhat  compli- 
cated. Its  powers  were  defined  by  a  decree  or  charter  issued 
by  the  Emperor  Leopold  I.,  in  lfi9l.  According  to  this  char- 
ter. Transylvania  is  a  grand  principality.  The  sovereign  of 
Austria,  as  grand  prince,  posses.ses  all  the  usual  powers  of 
the  executive,  such  as  to  confer  titles,  honors,  and  privi- 
leges, levy  troops,  declare  peace  and  war.  call  and  dissolve 
diets,  coin  money.  &c.  To  the  states  or  diet,  (Dirvta.)  be- 
longs the  right  of  making  and  repealing  laws  relating  to 
internal  m.inagement.  voting  sums  of  money  and  taxes,  Ac. 
They  form  two  chambers,  (7h/>in.)  and  hold  their  sittings 
in  Ivlausenburg,  which  accordingly  is  considered  to  be  the 
capitHl.  Besides  the  general  rights  belonging  to  the  diet, 
composed  of  the  three  principal  nations,  Hungarians,  Szek- 
lers.  and  Saxons,  each  nation  has  it(!  peculiar  territory,  privi- 
leges, and  municipal  constitution.  In  these  respects  the  Hun- 
garians and  Szeklers.  though  differing  in  some  points,  are 
nearly  identical.  They  are  both  subdivided  into  the  three 
classes  of  nobles,  burghers,  and  peasants,  the  last  being, 
with  few  exceptions,  mere  serfs.  The  Saxons,  on  the  con- 
trary, have  no  political  distinction  of  classes. 

No  country  in  the  world  has,  within  so  small  a  compass,  so 
great  a  variety  of  inhabitants.  These  comprise  14  distinct 
races,  of  which  the  princip.al  are  Hungarians,  Szeklers.  and 
Saxons;  the  others  are  Wallachians,  German  colonists, 
Bulgarians,  Armenians,  Greeks.  Russians,  I'oles.  Jews.  Gip- 
sies, and  Moravians.  The  proportion  comprised  in  each  of 
these  are  estimated  as  follows: — Wallachians,  1,169.000; 
Szeklers,  -262,000;  Magyars  or  Hungarian;",  255.000;  Sax- 
ons, 2:37\000;  Zigueners  or  Giptsies.  60.000:  Armenvins, 
9000:  and  Jews,  7000.  Arranged  according  to  the  forms  of 
religion  which  they  profess,  there  are  760.000  Non-united 
Greeks;  580.000  United  Greeks:  290.000  Calvinists:  274.000 
Lutherans ;  and  120,00()  Unitarians,  leaving  50,000  for  other 
denominations  and  persons  lielonging  to  no  creed.  The 
peasantry  generally,  especially  those  of  the  Greek  Church, 
are  more  depressed  and  ignorant  than  those  of  Hungary, 
except  in  the  Saxon  land  in  the  S. 

The  chief  territorial  division  is  into  the  land  of  the  Hunga- 
rians, the  land  of  the  Szeklers.  and  the  land  of  the  Saxons. 
Another  division  is  into  8  counties,  3  districts,  17  stuhls,  5 
filial  stuhls,  and  115  minor  districts,  (Bezirken.)  The  inhabi- 
tants along  the  E.  and  S.  frontiers  are  subject  to  a  kind  of 
military  feudalism,  holding  their  land  under  the  tenure  of 
providing  for  the  defence  of  the  country  against  foreign 
aggression.  With  this  view  the  land  occupied  by  them  h.as 
been  divided  into  frontier  regimental  districts,  defended  liy 
4  regiments  of  infantry,  two  of  them  Szekler,  and  two  Wal- 
lachian,  and  one  regiment  of  Szekler  hussars. 

The  Roman  Catholics  have  a  lyceum  at  Klan.senburg.  and 
9  gymnasia ;  and  the  Protestants  have  4  colleges  or  large 
gymnasia,  the  chief  of  which  is  at  Nagy-Enyed.  and  9 
smaller  gymnasia;  the  Unitarians,  a  college  at  Klausen- 
burg,  2  gymnasia,  and  several  schools.  Transylvania  was 
known  to  the  Romans  under  the  name  of  Dacia  Om^ulai-is 
Mcditerranea,  and  was  conquered  by  Trajiin.  who  established 
a  colony  in  it.  Its  name  of  Transylvania  is  said  to  be  derived 
from  the  Latin  words  trans  s;/lv^s.  and  was  probably  given 
it  by  the  people  who  lived  beyond  its  W.  frontiers,  and  to 
whom  it  was  rendered  almost  inaccessible  by  a  border  of 
dense  forests.  Its  German  name  of  Siebenburgen  or  Seven 
Ca.«tles,  (Mediasch.  Mllhlenbach,  Hermannstadt,  Klausen- 
burg,  Schenerstadt,  Reussomark.  and  Broos  or  Szasvara.s.) 
is  derived  from  its  seven  walled  towns,  which  are  supposed 
to  have  been  originally  built,  and  are  still  chiefly  occupied 
by  .Saxons.  The  Hungarian  name  Erdely  is  a  derivative  of 
Erdo.  (wood,)  and  is  equivalent  to  Woodland.  After  the 
fell  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  country  was  occupied  succes- 
sively by  Goths.  Iluns,  Alans.  Slaves.  Avars,  and  Hun- 
garians. The  last  long  retained  po«.session  of  it,  and  go- 
verned it  by  princes  or  woiwodes.  It  has  formed  part  of  the 
Austrian  dominions  since  1699.  and  though,  from  its  proxi- 
mity to  Turkey  and  intern.al  dissensions,  its  tranquillity  has 
been  repeatedly  disturbed,  vt  has  made  considerable  advances 
in  population,  civilization,  and  general  prosperity.  The 
country,  in  1S4S  and  1S49,  was  the  seat  of  protracted  war- 
fare, during  which  it  is  estimated  that  200  towns  and  vil- 
lages were  burned,  and  10.000  of  the  population  perished. 
Transylvania  lately  sent  members  to  the  Hungarian  Diet. 
The  population   of  Transylvania    in    1857    amounted   to 

1,926,727. -\dj.  and  inhab.  Tra>'stlvanus,  tran-sil-v4'ne- 

Hn.    See  Hcnqart. 

TRANSYLVANIA  UNIVERSITY.  See  Lexingtos,  Ken- 
tucky, 

TRAN'TER'S  CREEK,  of  North  Carolina,  flows  along  the 
E.  border  of  Pitt  eo.,  and  enters  the  Tar  River  a  little  above 
Washington. 

TRAONA,  trJ-<ynJ.  a  village  of  Northern  Ttalv,  15  miles 
W.  of  Sondrlo,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Adda.   Pop.  1109. 
TRAP,  a  small  village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
1944 


the  Atlantic  coast,  42  miles  E.  of  Trenton,  contains  10  or  lij 
houses. 

TRAP,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia. 

TR.\!'.\NI,  trS'p3-ne.  (anc.  Drep>anum  :  Gr.  Apenavov.) 
a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Sicily,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
isliind.  46  miles  W.  of  Palermo.  Lat.  3.s°  2'  N.,  Ion.  12^  ,31' 
E.  It  has  a  castle,  senatorial  palace,  cathedral,  and  several 
convents,  two  hospitals,  a  college,  and  two  seminaries.  The 
hart.ior  is  good,  and  accessible  to  vessels  of  300  tons.  It  id 
defended  by  two  forts,  which  cross  their  fire — one  on  tb* 
m.ainland,  and  another  on  the  island  of  Columbara,  ou 
which  also  a  lighthouse  has  been  erected.  The  trade  is  con- 
siderable. The  exports  comprise  salt,  coral  from  the  coast 
of  Africa,  which  is  cut  and  poiished  by  the  inhabitants; 
soda,  alabaster  vases,  statues,  and  gems.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  shell-work,  and  articles  in  coral,  ivory, 
and  aliibaster.  Fishing,  particularly  the  tunny  fi.shery.  is 
actively  carried  on.  Trapani  being  the  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince, is  the  residence  of  its  chief  authoritie.*,  and  the  seat  of 
a  high  criminal  and  civil  court.  A  short  distance  E.N.E.  of 
the  town  is  Mount  San  Giuliano,  the  ancient  Eryx.  one  of 
the  loftiest  in  Sicily,  much  celebrated  by  the  poet.s.  particu- 
larly Virgil,  who  represents  Anchi.ses,  the  father  of  his  hero, 
as  having  died  here.  Pop.  in  1S62,  26.334.  The  ancient 
town  w.as  early  occupied  by  the  Carthagini-ans,  and  was  the 
scene  of  a  celebrated  sea-fight  (B.  c.  237)  between  the  Roman 
and  Carthaginian  fleets.  Drepanum  (Gr.  Sptiravov)  signi- 
fies a  ••  scythe,"'  or  '•  sickle."  and  was  given  in  allusion  to 
the  shape  of  the  tongue  of  land  on  which  the  town  is  built. 

TRAPANO.     See  C.\pe  Drei-.o'o. 

TRAPEZUS  or  TRAPEZUNT.    See  Treeizond. 

TRAP  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Carolina. 

TRAPPE.  La,  13  trapp.  a  Benedictine  convent  of  France 
department  of  Orne.  near  Soligny,  6  miles  N.  of  Mortagne, 
was  famous  for  the  austerity  of  its  monks.  It  was  founded 
in  1140,  suppressed  at  the  revolution  of  1789,  but  restored 
to  the  order  in  1815, 

TRAPPE,  trap,  a  post-village  of  Upper  Providence  town- 
ship, Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania.  10  miles  W.N.AV.  of 
Norristown.  It  contains  a  German  Lutheran  church,  built 
in  1743.  bv  the  Rev.  II.  M.  Muhlenburg. 

TRAPPE.  a  post-village  of  Talbot  eo.,  Maryland,  9  miles 
S.  of  Easton.     Pop.  about  300. 

TRAPPE  TOWN,  a  thriving  village  of  Worcester  co..  Mary- 
land, on  the  Pocomoke  River,  107  miles  S.W.  of  Annapolis. 
It  has  1  church,  and  2  stores. 

TRA'QUATR.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  eo.  of  Peebles, 

TR.\RB.\CH.  fraR'biK.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  36 
miles  S.W.  of  Coblentz.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mosellt, 
across  which  is  a  bridge  of  boats.     Pop.  i:i45. 

TR.\SARTS.  trls'arts',  a  people  of  Western  Africa. 

TR.\SEN,  tri'zen.  a  river  of  Lower  Austria,  descends 
from  the  N.  slope  of  the  Tr.asenberg.  near  the  frontiers  of 
Styria.  and  joins  the  Danube  after  a  very  circuitous  course 
of  nearlv  55  miles. 

TRASIMENUS  LACUS  or  TRASIMENO  LAGO.  See 
Perugia.  Lake  of. 

TR.VSK.  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Ind),ana. 

TRA.S-OS-M0NTES,  trds  cce  mon'tfs,  (•■  Hvond  the  moun- 
tains,") a  province  of  Portugal,  in  the  N.,  having  N.  and  E. 
Spain,  S.  the  province  of  Beira.  and  W.  Minho.  Aioa.  4028 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S60,  309.631.  The  Douro  forms  all 
its  S.,  and  most  part  of  its  E.  border ;  the  other  principal 
rivers  are  its  affluents,  the  Tamega  and  Sabor.  Surface 
mostly  mountainons.  but  it  contains  many  fertile  valleys, 
and  the  banks  of  the  Douro  are  famous  for  the  production 
of  port-wines.  Cattle-rearing  is  important.  Silk  and  wool- 
len fabrics,  and  linen  thread,  are  the  chief  manufactured 
products.  Principal  towns,  Bragan;a,  Villa  Real,  Torre  de 
Moncorro,  and  Miranda. 

TRASSILICO,  tris-seeae-ko,  (L.  Trans  Silicum.)  a  town 
of  Northern  Italy,  near  Massa-Ducale,  with  a  court  of  jus- 
tice.    Pup.  2165. 

TRASTEVERE.    See  Rome, 

TKAU.  trfiw,  (anc.  Tragu'rium.)  a  seaport  town  of  Dalma- 
tia,  10  miles  W.  of  Ppal.ato,  on  an  islet  in  the  Adriatic,  be- 
tween the  island  of  Bua  and  the  mainland,  and  connected 
with  both  by  bridges.  Pop.  3800,  who  cultivate  the  vine, 
olives,  and  figs. 

TR.AUN,  ti-own,  a  river  of  Upper  Austria,  after  a  N.W. 
course  of  100  miles,  joins  the  Danube  4  miles  S.E.  of  Lintz. 
It  flows  through  the  small  lakes  of  IlaUstadt  and  Traun, 
and  gives  name  to  a  circle  of  Austria.  It  is  celebrated  for 
its  ti-out. 

TRAUNKIRCHEN,  trCwnntWRKVu,  a  village  of  Upper 
Austri,a.  on  the  W..bank  of  Lake  Traun. 

TRAUN,  LAKE  OF.  or  GMUNDEN  SEE,  g'mUnd'en  s.i, 
an  exp-an.sion  of  the  river  Traun.  in  Upper  Austria,  is  ti  miles 
long,  and  2  miles  broad.     It  is  traversed  by  a  steamboat. 

TRAUNSTEIN,  trown'stine,  a  walled  town  of  tapper 
Biivaria,  19  miles  W.N.W.  of  Salzburg.     Pop.  2236. 

TRAUNSTEIXBERG,  trdwn-stin1'5R0\  in  Upper  \ns- 
tria,  on  the  E,  side  of  the  lake  Traun,  is  5470  feet  in  e.^va- 
tion. 

TRAUTENAU,  trOw'tfh-n6w\  written  also  TKUTNOW, 


TRA 

a  town  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  KBnicrgrStz,  on  the 
ri^ht  bank  of  tho  Aupa.  Pop.  2405.  It  is  the  centre  of  the 
linen  manufacture  of  the  Ricsengebirge. 

TRAVAOLIATO,  trd-Tdl-yi'to,  a  villaire  of  Northern 
Italy,  province,  and  W.S.W.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  3174. 

TllAVANCORK,  trav^-kOr',  a  st.it«  at  the  S.  extremity 
of  Indi.1,  tributary  to  the  British,  having  VV.  and  S.  the 
Indian  Ocean,  and  landward  the  Madras  districts,  Malabar. 
Coimbafxior,  Madura,  and  Tinnevelly.  Area,  including 
Cochin.  6710  square  miles.  P^ip.  1,300,000.  Surface  moun- 
tainous in  the  E. ;  elsewhere  varied  with  hiU  and  dale,  and 
well  watered,  but  only  about  two-thirds  are  capable  of  cul- 
tivation. The  products  comprise  rice,  almonds,  cardamons, 
pepper  and  other  spices,  betel  and  cocoanuts,  tobacco,  ivory, 
and  boes'-wax.  Property  of  all  kind.s.  as  in  Canara,  descends 
In  the  female  line.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Hindoos, 
but  here  are  estimated  to  be  100,000  Syrian  Christians,  and 
In  some  communes  Christian  churches  are  much  more  nu- 
merous than  pagodas  and  mosques.  Principal  towns,  Tri- 
vandrum.  (the  capital.)  Anjenga.  and  Quilon. 

TRAVANCOllK,  a  town  of  the  above  state,  50  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cape  Comorin,  but  now  In  decay. 

TRAVE,  trS'vgh,  (anc.  O/ialusux.  f)  a  river  of  North  Ger- 
many, in  Holstein  and  Lubeck  territory,  flows  E.,  and  enters 
the  Gulf  of  Lubeck  (Baltic)  at  Travemiinde,  forming  the 
lagoon  Binnen-see.    Total  course,  50  miles. 

TR  AV'ELLEIVS  REPOSE,  a  post-office  of  Pocahontas  co., 
Virginia. 

TRAVELLER'S  REPOSE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Missouri,  about  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

TRAVELLER'S  REST,  a  post-office  of  Greenville  district, 
South  Carolina. 

TRAVELLER'S  REST,  a  viUage  in  Dooley  co..  Georgia, 
near  Flint  River.  80  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville. 

TRAVELLER'S  REST,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  co..  Alabama. 

TRAVELLER'S  REST,  a  post-office.  Owsley  CO.,  Kentucky. 

TRAVEMU.VDE,  (TravemUnde,)  trd'veh-mUnMeh.  (i.e. 
"  Tr.^vemouth,")  a  fortified  town  of  North  Germany,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Trave,  in  the  Baltic  Sea.  territory  of.  and  9 
miles  N.E.  from  Lubeck,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Pop.  1476. 
It  ha.s  a  light'house,  and  public  baths. 

TliAVENTHAL,  trj'vgn-t|r,  ahamlet  of  Denmark,  duchy 
of  Holstein,  on  tho  Trave,  18  miles  W.  of  Lubeck.  Here 
the  treaty  of  1700,  between  Sweden  and  Denmark,  was  con- 
cluded. 

TRA.VERS,  traVain/,  a  village  of  Switzerland.  13  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Neufchatel.  The  Val-Travers,  in  which  it  stands, 
is  highly  picturesque. 

TRAVERSE  DES  SIOUX,  (Fr.  pron.  triVaiRs/  dA  se-oo'.) 
a  post-village,  capital  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesot.a,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  St.  Peter's  River,  50  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.W. 
Of  St.  PauL     Pop.  524. 

TKAVERSELLO.  t  ri-vlR-sJino,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  province  of  Ivrea.  The  district  is 
rich  in  mines  of  iron.    Pop.  1447. 

TRAVERSETOLO,  trd-vftE-sA-tolo,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Parma,  on  the  let't  bank  of  the 
Terniina.     Pop.  3428. 

TRAVI,  trd'vce,  a  village  of  Nortliern  Italy,  18  miles 
S.S.W.  of  I'iacenza,  on  the  left  bank  of  tho  Trebia.  It  has 
the  remains  of  an  old  castle,  and  a  quarry  which  produces 
good  whetstones.     Pop.  5343. 

TRAVIS,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas.  Area, 
about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Colorado 
Kiver.  A  con.siderable  part  of  the  surface  is  hilly.  The 
soil  is  very  fertile,  excepting  the  northern  portion.  It  is 
liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  Steamboats  ascend 
the  liver  as  far  as  Austin  City  during  high  water.  Named 
In  honor  of  Colonel  Travis,  massacred  at  Fort  Alamo  in 
1S36.  Austin  City  is  the  county  seat  and  capital  of  the 
state.     Pop.  8080,  of  whom  4944  were  free. 

TRAVIS,  a  post-office  of  Austin  co.,  Texas. 

TRAVNIK,  trdv^nik'  or  triv^neek'.  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bosnia,  capital  of  a  saiijak,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Bosna,  45  miles  N.W.of  Bosna-Serai.  Pop.  8500.  all  Moham- 
medans, except  a  few  Jews.  The  town  is  ill  built :  chief  edi- 
fice, an  old  citadel.    It  has  a  manufacture  of  sword-blades. 

TRAW'DEN  FORREST,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

TRAWS-FYNYDD,  trSws  fjn'iTH,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Merioneth. 

TRAY'LORSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Virginia, 
200  miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

TRAZEGNIES,  trS'zJn'vee'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  19i  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Mons.  The  Castle  of  Tra- 
zegnies,  in  the  vicinity,  is  a  noble  structure  of  the  ninth 
century.     Pop.  1521. 

TREADHA'VEN  CREEK,  in  the  E.  part  of  Maryland, 
flows  through  Talbot  county,  and  communicates  with  the 
mouth  or  estuary  of  Choptank  lUver.  It  is  navigable  at 
high  tide  to  Easton,  about  12  miles. 

TREALES,  treels.  ROSE'ACRE.  and  WHARLES,  hwarlz, 
a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lanca.'=ter. 

TREATY  or  PETTY'S  ISLAND,  vulgarly  called  PADDY'S 
ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Delaware  River,  opposite  Phila- 


TRE 

delplia.  belonging  to  New  Jersey.  Length,  about  2  miles. 
It  contains  3  ship-yards. 

TREBBI.\.  a  river  of  North  Itily.     See  Tkebu. 

TREBlilN,  trJb-been',  a  town  of  Prus.sia.  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, 15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Potsdam,  on  the  Berlin  and 
Leipsic  Railway.     Pop.  1680. 

TRSbSE,  trjb  or  trAb,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart 
mentof  Aude. 4 miles E.of Carcassonne. on  the Aude.    P.  1871. 

TREBIA,  tri/be-i,  orTREBBIA,  \viVhh-L  a  river  of  North 
Italy,  rises  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Apennines,  10  miles  N.E 
of  Genoa,  flows  N.N.E.  past  Bobbio  and  Travo.  and.  after  ii 
rapid  course  of  55  miles,  joins  the  Po  on  the  right  bank.  3 
miles  N.W.  of  Piacenza.  On  the  adjacent  plain,  Hannibal 
conquered  the  Romans,  B.  c.  218 ;  and  on  .June  19,  1799.  the 
French,  under  Macdonald,  were  defeated  by  the  Austro- 
Russian  army  under  Suwarrow. 

TREBIGN  E,  trA-been'yA,  or  TREBIN  JE,  trA-bin'yd.  a  forti- 
fied town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Herzegovina,  capital  of  a 
district,  52  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mostar.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  bishop,  and  stated  to  have  10,000  inh.'ibitj|nts. 

TREBISACCIA,  trA-be-sdfchS,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Calabria  Citra,  17  miles  E.N.E.of  Castrovillari.  Pop.  1200. 

TREBISOND,  a  pashalic  of  Armenia.     See  Trebizond. 

TREBITSCH,  trA'bitch.  written  also  TRZEBICZKE,  a 
walled  town  of  .Moravia,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Tglau,  on  the  Igla wa. 
Pop.  5000.     It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  woollens. 

TItEBITSCH,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 4  miles  S.W.  of  Driesen.    Pop.  600. 

TREBIZOND.  trJVe-zond\  written  also  TARABOZAN, 
(called  by  the  Turks  2'orabesoon.  t a- rj^ be-soon';  anc.  I'rajj/e- 
zus;  Fr.  Trebizrmde,  tri'bee'zANd' ;  Ger.  Trapezuni.  tr^-p^t- 
siiOnt/.)  an  important  fortified  seaport  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
capital  of  pashalic  of  its  own  name,  on  S.E.  coast  of  the  Black 
Sea,  120  miles  N.W.  of  Erzroom.  Lat.41°  1'  N.,  Ion.  39-40'  E. 
It  stands  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  facing  the  sea,  enclo.sed  by  a 
lofty  castellated  barrier,  and  further  defended  by  a  citadel 
on  an  adjacent  height.  Outside  of  the  walls  are  deep  ravines, 
filled  with  gardens  and  crossed  by  long  bridges;  besides 
several  suburbs,  in  which  are  most  of  the  Christian  dwell- 
ings, with  the  principal  bazaars  and  khans.  The  hou.ses  are 
mostly  of  one  story,  built  of  stone  and  lime,  roofed  with  red 
tiles,  and  so  much  interspersed  with  gardens  and  plantations 
that  scarcely  a  house  is  visiV)le  from  the  sea.  It  has  18 
mosques,  and  about  20  Greek  churches,  but  possesses  neither 
inns  nor  lodging-houses.  Nearly  all  its  mo.sques  have  been 
tbrmerly  Chiistian  placesof  worship ;  that  of  St.  Sophia,  al)Out 
1  mile  distiint.  is  a  handsome  edifice.  Trebizond  has  a  forx 
on  either  side  of  a  peninsula  projecting  into  the  Black  Soa. 

The  principal  articles  of  trade  in  the  bazaar  are  alum  and 
copper,  brought  from  the  mines  in  the  interior.  The  shojis 
are  well  supplied  with  English  cotton  and  printed  goods. 
The  copper  comes  in  a  rough  state,  and  is  here  manufac- 
tured into  different  articles  for  domestic  or  culinary  pur^ 
poses.  From  its  position,  Trebizond  is  the  natural  entrepfit 
of  the  trade  of  .\rmenia,  North  Persia,  and  Georgia,  with  Eu- 
rope; and  owing  to  the  establishment  of  steam  navigation 
on  the  Black  Sea,  and  between  Trebizond  and  Constanti- 
nople, Its  trade  has  recently  received  a  remarkable  exten- 
sion. Its  exports  consist  chiefly  of  silk,  wool,  tobacco,  wax, 
galls,  oil, opium,  and  other  drugs;  honey,  butter,  timber  for 
ship-building,  the  produce  of  Asia  Minor,  and  silk  fabrics; 
Cashmere  shawls,  carpets,  saffron,  cotton,  camel-skins  from 
Persia,  and  specie  forwarded  to  the  Turkish  capital.  The  im- 
ports compri.se  cotton  goods,  colonial  produce,  spices,  and 
iron  from  Great  Brit.ain;  hardwares  and  gla.ss  from  Ger- 
many ;  wines  from  F)-ance;  corn  from  Russia :  fire-arms,  tin, 
and  .salt,  three-fourths  of  all  which  are  destined  for  Persia. 
In  1852,  there  entered  the  port  88  steamers  and  130  sailing 
vessels ;  of  the  former  17,  and  of  the  latter  3,  were  British ; 
and  of  the  former  20,  and  of  the  latter  1.  were  Au.strian; 
the  remainder  of  the  steamers.  51,  and  120  of  the  ."ailing 
ves.sels,  being  Ottoman.  The  total  imports  amounted  to 
$11,200,000.  In  the  same  year.  219  steamers  and  vessels 
sailed,  the  total  exports  amounting  to  $.5,250,000.  At  this 
city,  Xenophon  and  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks  reached  the 
sea  in  their  memorable  retreat.  From  1203.  until  the  sub- 
version of  the  Eastern  Empire.  Trebizond  was  the  capital  ot 
an  independent  dominion,  extending  from  the  Phasis  to  the 
Halys.  Pop.  estimated  at  40.000.  of  whom  about  30,000  are 
Mohammedans  inhabitincr  the  walled  city. 

TREBIZOND  or  TREBISOND,  PAsn.M.ic  OF,  a  subdivi- 
sion  of  Turkish  Armenia,  extending  along  the  coast  of 
the  Black  Sea.  between  lat.  40°  30'  and  41°  30'  N.,  and  Ion. 
38°  and  42°  E.,  hiiving  landward  the  district  of  Gooriel  and 
the  pa.shalic8  of  Akhalzikh,  Kars,  Erzroom,  and  Seevas. 
The  surface  is  mostly  mountainous,  and  the  coast-line, 
clothed  with  dense  forests,  rises  to  from  4000  to  500<i  feet 
above  the  sea.  Many  tracts  are  highly  fertile  and  well  cul- 
tivated; and  it  prodi\ces  large  quantities  of  wheat,  barley, 
and  maize,  with  hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  wool,  honey,  wax, 
fruits,  charcoal  and  timber,  which,  with  some  linen  cloths, 
carpets,  leather,  soap,  saltM  fish,  wine,  tar.  and  leeches, 
form  the  chief  exports.  Its  E.  part,  called  Lazistan.  is  desti- 
tute of  towns,  from  being  inhabited  by  Lazes,  a  rude  people, 
numbering  about  50,000.    The  principal  towns  are  Trebi 


TRE 


TRE 


lond,   Kere-oon,  Tireboli,  Rezab,  and  Batoom,  all  on  its 
ooast. 

TRbBXITZ,  trJb/aits,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  15  miles 
N  N  .E.  of  Breelau.  Pop.  2430.  It  lias  manufactures  of  wool- 
len cloths  and  linens,  breweries,  and  a  trade  in  fruits. 

TIIEBXITZ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Leitr 
meritz. 

TRK'BOROUGH.  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Somerset. 

Ti;  EBOW.\,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Trubait. 

T15EB0WICE.  a  villasre  of  Bohemia.     See  Trihitz. 

TKEBSCHEX,  treb'siieu,  or  trjp'shen.  a  small  town  of 
Prussia,  government  of  Brandenburg,  5bmiles  S.E.  of  Frank- 
fort.    Pop.  428. 

TKEBSEN,  trJWsen.  a  town  of  Saxony,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Leipsic.  on  the  Mulde.     Pop.  9S9. 

TKEBUJEN.^  or  TREBUXENA,  trJ-boo-HA/ni,  a  village 
of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  26  miles  N.X.E.  of 
Cadiz,  surrounded  bv  small  streams.     Pop.  28SS. 

TKEBUR,tr4-booR'(.?)  or  TRIBUR,  tree'lxxiR' (?)  (anc.  Tn- 
burium,)  a  market-town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Darmstadt, 
province  of  Starkenburg,  on  the  Rhine,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Darmstadt.  Pop.  1397.  It  was  a  frefjuent  residence  of  tlie 
German  emperors,  and  the  seat  of  an  ecclesiastical  council 
Id  S22. 

TRE-CASALI,  tri  ki  silee,  (the  "three  villages,")  a  vil- 
la2e  of  Northern  Italy,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Parma,  on  the 
Ta'ra.     Pop.  3182. 

TRE-CASTAGXE.  trA  kils-tin'yi.  a  market-town  of  Sicily, 
8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Catania,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Etna. 
Pop.  2500. 

XRE/CASTLE,  a  district  and  hamlet  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Carmarthen. 

TRECATE,  tr.VkJ't.'i.  a  market-town  of  Piedmont  pro- 
vince, 6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Novara,  near  the  Ticjno.     Pop.  5071. 

TRECCHIXA.  tr&k-kee'nl,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Basilicata.  7  miles  S.  of  Latronegro.     Pop.  2200. 

TRECENTA.tri-chJn'ti.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
ou  the  Tartaro,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rovigo.     Pop  2600. 

TREDDYN,  trjTB'in.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

TREIVEGAR,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Mon- 
mouth. 16 miles  N.W.  of  Newport;  it  is  the  cipital  of  a  popu- 
lous district,  famous  for  extensive  coal-mines  and  iron-works. 
It  has  risen  within  40  years  from  an  insignificant  hamlet  to 
a  town  with  a  population  (in  1851)  of  I'.Gib.  It  has  a  new 
church,  Independent.  Baptist,  and  Methodist  chapels  and 
schools ;  and  it«  district  is  intersected  by  numerous  branches 
of  the  Sirhowy  Railway,  28  miles  in  length,  by  which,  and 
by  the  Monmouthshire  Canal,  its  iron  and  coal  are  exported. 

TRED'INGTON,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

TREDINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co..  of  Worcester. 

TRED'NOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

TREDOZIO,  itrA-dod'ze-o,  (L.  Treudaeium,)  a  village  of 
Tuscany,  department  of  Florence,  in  a  valley,  on  the  Tre- 
mazzo,  about  6  miles  from  Modigliana,  with  a  court  of  jus- 
tice and  a  castle.     Pop.  2502. 

THEDYFF'RIN,  (Welsh,  "town  in  a  vallev,")  a  township 
of  Chester  co.,  Penn.=ylvauia,  about  18  milesN.W.  by  W.  of 
Philadelphia,  intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Kail- 
road.  Pop.  1938. 

TREENE,  trA/neh.  a  river  of  Denmark,  rises  in  Sleswick, 
in  the  marshes,  3  miles  S.  of  Flensborg.  flows  S.S.W.,  then 
W.,  and  joins  the  Eider  at  Frederickstadt.  Total  course, 
about  40  miles. 

TRE  KI'ON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

TREI-'DRAETU.  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Andesev. 

TREFEGLWYS,  trJv-6g'loo-is  or  figl'wis,  aparish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Montgomery. 

TREFF OK.  tr^rtoR/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Bours.     Pop.  in  1852.  2154. 

TREFFURT,  tref'fooRt,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
36  miles  W.N.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Unstrut.  Pop.  2061,  who 
manufacture  woollea  and  cotton  fabrics. 

TREF-GAJ{N,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

TREF'ILAN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cardisan. 

TREFLLYS,  ixWUtlis,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.'of  Car- 
narvon. 

TREFRIIIW,  trSf-hree'oo,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of 
Carnfirvon. 

TREF  Y-CLAWDD,  a  town  of  Wales.    See  Knighton. 

THE'GARE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

TREGA'RON.  a  market-town  of  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Teify,  10  miles  N.E.  of  I^ampeter. 

TREGJANA,  a  villatre  of  Itilv.     See  Tres^na. 

TREGu'NEY  or  TREGCNY." a  market-town  of  England, 
CO.  of  Cornwall,  parish  of  Cuby.  on  the  Fal,  11  miles  N.E. 
cf  Falmouth.  Pop.  in  1851,  846.  It  has  endowed  alms- 
houses, and  exports  of  copper  and  tin;  but  it  declined  with 
the  rise  of  Truro. 

THK'GOYAN,  a  prish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Anglesey. 

TRJiGUIER,  tri'ghe-i',  a  town  of  France,  department 
Of  Cotes-du-Nord.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Jaudy  and  Guindy, 
5  miles  from  the  English  Channel.  Pop.  3302.  The  port  is 
well  sheltered  and  deep. 

TREGYXON,  tr^g-jn'oo,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  eo.  of 
Mnntgomerv. 
1946 


TRETBLEVILLE.  a  post-oflfice.  Monroe  co..  Pennsvlvania 
TREICHLEKSVILLE,  trik'lers-vill(?)  a  small  pnst-vi!!age 
of  Lohigh  CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  road  leading  from  Allen- 
town  to  Mauch  Chunk. 

TREIGNAC.  trinVdk'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Corr^ze,  on  the  A'ezere,  18  miles  N.  of  Tulle.  Pop.  in  185^ 
8359.     It  has  manufactures  of  fire-arms. 

TREIGXY,  trAn'yee',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  24  miles  S.AV.  of  Auxerre.  Pop.  in  1852,  2520. 
TKEIS.  trice,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  18  miles 
S.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Moselle,  here  joined  by  the  Diemen. 
Pop.  1330. 

TREIS-4M,  tri'sJm.  a  river  of  Baden,  after  a  N.W.  course 
of  nearly  30  miles,  joins  the  Eltz  3  miles  S.  of  Kenzingen. 
The  old  Baden  circle  of  Treisam  and  Weisen  is  now  com- 
prised in  that  of  the  Upper  Rhine. 

TREIS-AX-DER-LUMBDE,  trice  in  dJR  loom'deh.  a  town 
of  Hesse-Cassel.  in  Ober-Hessen.  on  a  peninsula  formed  by 
the  Lumbde.  with  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1189. 

TREISHXISH  (treesh/nish)  ISLANDS,  a  cluster  of  small 
islets  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotl.iud.  co.  of  .\rgyle,  between  the 
X.W.  part  of  the  island  of  Mull  and  the  island  of  Coll,  about 
lat.  66°  34'  N..  Ion.  6°  24'  W. 

TREJ.\,  a  small  river  of  It<aly,  delegation  of  Civita  Veo- 
chia,  joins  the  Tiber  from  the  W. 

TREJA.  trk'yL  a  town  of  Central  Italy,  8  miles  AV.  of  Ma- 
cerata.     Pop.  7910. 

TRELAAV'NY  or  LOOE.  loo,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of 
Cornwall,  flows  S.,  between  the  towns  of  Ejjst  and  AAest 
Looe.  and  enters  the  Engli.sh  Channel,  after  a  cour.se  of  16 
mile.s.  for  the  last  2  of  which  it  is  tidal!     See  Look. 

TRELAZE,  treh-ld'z.V,  a  village  of  France,  6j  miles  from 
Angers,  with  which  it  is  connected  bv  railway. 
TRE'LOCK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Jlonmouth. 
TRELOCK  AR-BETTWS,  (ar  b^ftoos,)  a  parish  of  South 
Wales   CO.  of  Carmarthen. 

TRj^LOX,  trAMcis"!',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Xord,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Avesnes.     Pop.  in  1S52.  2212. 

TREM'ADOC,  a  small  market-town  of  North  ATales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Cardigan  I?ay.  4 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Crickeith.  It  is  3  feet  below  the  level  of  the 
sea.  but  is  protected  by  emliankments.  The  harbor.  Port 
Madoc.  admits  vessels  of  300  tons  burden,  and  has  a  thriv- 
ing trade. 

TREMAEN,  almost  tre-min',  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  eo 
of  Cardigan. 

TREMAYXE.  tre-main'.  a  paii.sh  of  England.  co.ComwalL 

TREMBLADE,  La.  M  triVbldd'.  a  town  of  France,  departs 

ment  of Charente-Iuferieure.  5  miles  from  the  sea,  and  4  milet 

S.S.W.  of  Marennes.    It  exports  oysters  to  Bordeaux.    Pop. 

in  1852,  2712. 

TRE.MBLEUR,  trSM'blUR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province, 
and  9  miles  X.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  BoUand.     Pop.  1861. 

TREMBOAVLA.  tr^m-bnv'ld.  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia. 
18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tarnopol.  Pop.  3030.  It  was  fonnerly  the 
capital  of  an  independent  principality. 

TREMECEX,  a  town  of  Algiers.     See  TiEMCE?f. 
TREMELOO,  tni'mehl6\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Brabant,  on  the  Dyle,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop 
1658. 

TR15MENTINES,  trA^mSN-o'teen'.  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  on  the  Evre.  11  miles  S.E.  of 
Beaupreau.     Pop.  1098. 

TREAIISTIERI.  trA-rais-te-A'ree.  a  vill.ige  of  Sicily,  pro- 
vince, and  N.  of  Catania,  on  the  S.  slope  of  Mount  Etna. 
Pop.  1142. 

TREMITI  (trJm'e-te  or  trA/me-te)  ISLES,  (anc.  I>i(m}e'<h(e 
In'suUe.)  a  group  of  five  islands  in  the  Adriatic  Sea.  off  the 
co.a.st  of  X'aple.s.  province  of  Capitanata.     Lat.  48°  2'  N..  Ion. 
15°  30'  E.    The  largest,  S.in  Domenico,  is  4  miles  in  circum- 
ference: San  Xicolo.  3  miles  in  circumference,  has  a  town 
with  a  monasterv.    The  best  port  is  in  the  i.'^Iand  of  Caprara. 
TRE.MLES.  tremlDs.  written  also  TREMLITZ  and  STKI- 
MILCiAV.  a  town  of  Bohemia,  29  miles  S.E.  of  Tabor.  P.  2895. 
TREMLINGAN.  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  Trameian. 
TRE/AIONT,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maina     P.  17C8. 
TREMONT,   a  thriving    post-village    and    town.ship  of 
Schuylkill  co^  Pennsylvania,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Pottsville. 
The  village  is  surrounded  by  a  hilly  region  whii  h  contJtins 
abundance  of  an  thracite  coal,  and  the  iniiabitants  aiv  mosti  j 
employed  in  the  coal  bu.siness.     The  Mine  Hill  Raili-aad 
connects  it  with  the  Reading  Railroad  at  Schuylkill  Haven. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  1944. 
TREMOX'T,  a  post-office  of  Union  CO.,  Arkansas. 
TREMONT,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Oliio,  50  miles  W. 
of  Columbus. 

TREMONT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tazewell  cc, 
Illinois, is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  prairie,  57  miles  N. by  li 
of  Springfield.  It  contains  several  churches.    Pop.  1154. 
TREMONT.  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri. 
TREMOSINE,  tr.A-mo-see'n4,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province,  and  N.E.  of  Brescia.    Pop.  2080. 

TREMP,  trjnip,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain  in  Oital'inia, 
province,  and  38  miles  N.AV.  of  Lerida,  on  the  Nog*,  ra  Pal- 
iuresa.    Pop.  X600. 


.    TRE 

TREMPEALEAU,  trSm^pa-lO',  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin, 
risii.s  ill  .Tiicksoii  county,  and  flows  into  the  Mississippi. 

TRKNEGliOS.  a  parish  of  En^Mand,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TliENITZ,  a  villasie  of  Hohuniia.     See  Strexicz. 

TRENT,  a  river  of  England,  through  the  centre  of  which 
it  Hows,  ranking  in  importance  immediately  after  the  Thames 
and  Severn.  It  rises  in  the  moorlands  of  Statfordshire,  near 
Burslem,  about  oOO  feet  above  the  sea,  flows  at  first  S.E. 
through  the  centre  of  the  county  of  Stafford  to  Croaxall, 
and  thence  mostly  N.E.  or  X.  through  the  counties  of  Derby, 
Nottingham,  and  Lincoln,  and,  a  little  N.  of  l$urton-on-Sta- 
ther,  joins  the  Ouse  to  form  the  estuary  of  the  H  umter.  Total 
COUPS'^,  140  miles.  Its  affluents  are  the  Dove.  Derwent,  Idle, 
and  Tarn  from  the  N.  and  W. ;  the  Tame,  Soar,  and  Devon 
from  the  S.  From  its  source  to  Burton-onTrent  it  descends 
376  feet,  and  it  is  navigable  from  the  Humber  to  Gains- 
borough for  vessels  of  200  tons  burden,  and  for  barges  as 
high  as  Burton.  It  is  connected  with  all  the  rivers  of  Cen- 
tral England  by  canals,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  Trent 
and  Mersey  Canal.  The  Trent  is  of  high  importance  as  a 
means  of  exporting  the  products  of  the  manufacturing  dis- 
tricts, coal  from  Derbyshire,  and  agricultural  produce. 

TRKNT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

TRENT,  (It.  TrevJto;  Ger.  Ti-ient,  tre-Jnt';  Fr.  Trente, 
trSNt ;  anc.  Triden'tum.)  a  city  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol,  capi- 
tal of  a  circle,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Adige,  13  miles  N.N.E. 
ofRoveredo.  Lat.  46°  8' N.,  Ion.  15°30'E.  Pop.  13,195.  It 
has  manufactures  of  silks,  leather,  glass,  and  tobacco,  a  trafl^ic 
in  corn,  wine,  iron,  and  other  produce,  and  a  large  transit 
trade  between  Germany  and  Italy.  It  is  surrounded  by  em- 
battled walls,  which,  with  its  church-towers,  palaces,  and 
ruined  castle,  give  it,  when  seen  from  a  distance,  a  very  im- 
posing appearance.  The  city  is  well  built.  The  houses  are 
all  in  the  Italian  stylo,  and  the  streets  are  for  the  most 
part  wide  and  commodious,  with  good  side  and  centre  p.ave- 
ments.  It  is  traversed  by  canals  in  which  streams  of  pure 
water  constantly  circulate,  and  contribute  both  to  health  and 
cleanliness.  It  contains  a  handsome  .square,  its  centre  or- 
namented by  a  beautiful  marble  fountain ;  an  old  Gothic 
castle  of  vast  extent  and  picturesque  appearance,  but  almost 
in  ruins;  a  cathedral,  a  noble  structure  entirely  of  marble, 
finished  in  1212,  in  the  round  or  Byzantine  style;  three 
other  churches,  one  of  which,  Santa  Maria  Maggiore,  a  mo- 
dernized building  of  red  marble,  is  historically  interesting 
as  the  place  where  the  celebrated  Council  of  Trent  held  its 
sittings,  (assembled  A.  D.  1545,  concluded  a.d.  1563:)  two 
episcopal  palaces,  a  fine  court-house,  a  large  town-house,  a 
capacious  theatre,  a  number  of  elegant  private  palaces, 
three  convents  and  a  nunnerj',  an  ecclesiastical  seminary, 
a  high  school  and  a  school  of  design,  a  gymnasivim,  an  or- 
phan and  a  foundling  hospit;U.  an  ordinary  hospital  richly 
endowed,  a  poor-house,  and  a  house  of  correction.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796  and  1797,  and  was  afterwards 
capital  of  the  department  of  Adige.  Trent  is  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  and  the  seat  of  a  civil,  criminal,  and  mercantile 
court.  It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  is  said  by  Pliny 
to  have  been  founded  by  the  Rhcetians  of  Ktruria.  It  after- 
wards became  a  Roman  colony,  and  on  the  decline  of  the 
empire,  was  successively  seized  by  the  Ceaomanui,  Goths. 
Lombards,  and  dukes  of  Bavaria.  In  the  Middle  Ages  its 
bishops  made  themselves  independent,  and  sat  in  the  Ger- 
manic diet  as  princes  of  the  empire 

TRKNT,  a  small  river  of  North  Carolina,  rises  in  Lenoir 
county,  flows  E.  and  falls  into  the  Neuse  at  Newbern. 

TRENT,  a  river  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
rises  in  Trent  Lake,  in  lat.  45°  N.,  Ion.  78°  W.,  and  after  a 
tortuous  S.  and  E.  course  enters  the  B.ay  of  Quinte,  Lake 
Ontario,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Newcastle.    Total  length,  100  miles. 

TRENTE.     See  Trent. 

TRENT'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  with  a 
village  on  the  Trent,  and  on  the  Derby  and  North  StafTord- 
shiie  Railway,  3^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Newcastle-under-Lyne. 
Trentham  ILill,  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Suther- 
land, is  in  this  parish. 

TRENT'ISHOE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TKENTO.    See  Trent. 

TRENTOL.\,  trjn-to/ld.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Naples.    Pop.  2600. 

TRKN'TON,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  at  the 
head  of  Frenchman's  Bay,  75  miles  E.  of  Augusta.  Pop.  1400. 

TRENTON,  a  post-township  of  Oneida  co..  New  York,  12 
miles  N.  of  Utica.  It  contains  Trenton  Falls,  on  West  Ca- 
nada Creek.     Pop.  3504. 

TRENTON,  a  city,  capital  of  New  Jersey,  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Mercer  co.,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dela- 
ware, at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  30  miles  N.E. 
of  Philadelphia,  and  57  miles  S.W.  of  New  York.  Lat.  40° 
14'  N.,  Ion.  74°  46'  30"  W.  The  Assunpink  Creek  separates 
the  city  proper  from  South  Trenton,  which  has  several  thou- 
sand inhabitants.  The  city  is  regularly  planned,  and  well 
built,  on  a  moderately  uneven  surface.  Many  of  the  finest 
residences  are  situated  on  State  street,  which  runs  parallel 
with  the  river,  and  is  crossed  at  right  angles  by  Main  street, 
the  principal  thoroughfare  of  business.  The  capitol.  front- 
lu|E  State  street,  is  a  handsome  stone  building,  100  feet  by 


TRE 

60.  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  river  in  both  directlonii 
The  county  court-house,  in  South  Trenton,  is  built  of  biiok 
and  stuccoed,  with  a  portico  in  the  Grecian  style.  Tivntou 
is  the  seat  of  the  Stat«  Lunatic  Asylum,  founded  in  1S48.  and 
of  the  State  Penitentiary.  The  former  is  a  well-conducted 
institution,  situated  2  or  3  miles  above  the  city,  and  has 
about  200  patients.  The  number  of  prisoners  in  the  peni- 
tentiary, January  1, 1852,  was  207.  The  city  is  lighted  with 
gas.  It  contains  a  town  hall,  a  state  library,  2  banks  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  $310,000,  tuid  about  20  churches  of 
the  Viirious  denominations. 

A  substantial  covered  bridge,  1100  feet  in  length,  crosses 
the  Delaware  at  the  lower  part  of  the  city.  A  new  covered 
bridge  has  been  constructed  about  a  mile  below.  The  Dela- 
ware and  Baritan  Canal  pa.sses  through  the  town,  connecting 
it  with  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  The  following  railroads 
meet  at  this  point :— The  Philadelphia  and  Trenton,  the  Cam- 
den and  Amboy  branch,  leading  to  New  York ;  and  the  liel- 
videre  and  Delaware,  which,  when  finished,  will  e.stend  N. 
along  the  river,  about  60  miles,  to  Belvidere.  The  Trenton 
Branch  Railroad,  6  miles  long,  connects  with  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Railroad  at  Bordentown.  Trenton  possesses 
abundant  water-power,  and  is  becoming  one  of  the  first 
manufacturing  towns  of  the  state.  It  contains  4  paper 
mills,  several  iron  foundries,  a  large  manufactory  of  loco- 
motives, 1  axe  factory,  2  wire  factories,  2  rolling  milLs,  one 
of  which  carries  on  more  extensive  operations  than  any 
other  in  the  state,  a  number  of  flouring  mills  and  saw  mills, 
and  various  other  establishments.  The  former  villages  of 
Bloorasbury,  Lamberton,  and  Mill  Hill  and  the  borough  of 
South  Trenton  have  recently  been  incorporated  with  'I'lin- 
ton.  The  vicinity  of  Trenton  was  settled  by  Phineas  I'ein- 
berton  and  others,  about  the  year  1680,  and  the  present 
name  was  given  about  1720  in  honor  of  Colonel  William 
Trent,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Assembly.  The  place  was 
selected  as  the  capital  of  New  Jersey  in  1790,  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1792.  On  December  26, 1777.  was  fought  the  battle 
of  Trenton,  at  which  General  Washington  defeated  the 
enemy,  and  took  1000  Hessians  prisoners.  Pop.  in  1840, 
4035  ;  in  1860,  17,228. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jones  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Trent  River,  100  miles  S.E.  of  Raleigh.  It  is 
situated  in  a  level  and  sandy  region,  in  which  tar  and  tur- 
pentine are  procured. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dade  co.,  Georgia,  230 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville.     Pop.  about  200. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama,  177 
miles  N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

TRENTON,  a  post-office  of  Smith  co.,  Mississippi. 

TRENTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  W.ashita  parish,  Lou- 
isiana, on  the  W.  bank  of  Washita  River,  2  miles  above 
Monroe.  It  is  a  depot  for  cotton,  and  contains  8  stores,  4 
warehouses,  and  a  steam  saw  and  grist  miU. 

TRENTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Gibson  co., 
Tennes.see,  on  Forked  Deer  River,  and  on  the  route  of  the 
Mobile  and  Ohio  Railro.ad,  130  miles  W.  of  Nashville.  It 
has  a  bank,  5  churches,  12  stores,  a  newspaper  otfice,  and  a 
large  cotton  factory.  Large  quantities  of  lumber  are  ex- 
ported from  this  place. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village  of  Todd  co.,  Kentucky,  ISOmiles 
S.W.  of  Frankfort.     It  contains  1  church,  and  several  stores. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cin- 
cinnati and  Davton  Railroad,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Hamilton. 

TRENTON,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  996. 

TRENTON,  a  village  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Canal,  98  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columlms. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  Michigan,  on  tho 
W.  bank  of  Detroit  River.  17  miles  below  Detroit. 

TRE.NTON,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  CO.,  Indiana. 

TRENTON,  a  small  village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  on  Spoon 
River,  90  miles  N.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

TRENTON,  a  post  office  of  Clinton  co..  Illinois. 

TRENTON,  a  township  in  AVill  co.,  Illinois. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Grundy  co.,  Missouri, 
near  the  Crooked  Fork  of  Grand  Eiver,  about  150  miles 
N.W.  of  Jefferson  City.    Pop.  1453. 

TRENTON,  a  post-village  in  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  45  miles  S. 
by  AV".  of  Iowa  City.     Pop.  of  Trenton  township,  1520. 

TRENTON,  a  post-township,"Dodgeco.,Wiscon3in.  P.  1895. 

TRENTON,  a  township  of  Wiishington  co.,  Wisconsin,  ad- 
joining West  Bend,  contains  Newburg  village.    Pop.  1744. 

TRENTON,  an  incorporated  town  of  Canada  West.  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  the  Trent,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Bay 
of  Quinte,  62  miles  W.  of  Kingston.  It  has  several  churches, 
a  grammar  school,  and  three  or  four  private  schools ;  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  leather,  and  iron  ;  several  flour  and  .sjiw- 
mills,  and  a  distillery  ;  and  a  considerable  trade  in  export- 
ing square  and  sawed  timber  to  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.     Pop.  1500. 

TRENTON  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York, 
on  West  Canada  Creek,  15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Utira.  Here  are 
6  falls  within  a  course  of  2  miles,  with  an  aggregate  descent 
of  312  feet.  The  creek  flows  through  a  narrow  ravine,  be- 
tween perpendicular  walls  of  fine,  compact  limestone,  which 
in  some  places  are  nearly  150  feet  high.    These  cascades 

1947 


TRE 

»re  more  remarkable  for  the  wildness  and  variety  of  scenery 
than  for  the  volume  of  water  which  they  present.  The 
height  of  the  precipice  fall  is  estimated  at  100  feet.  There 
Is  a  good  hotel  in  the  vicinity.  The  Utica  and  Black  River 
Railroad  passes  very  near  the  village. 

TRKNTO.N  POINT,  a  post-office  of  JIancock  CO.,  Maine. 

TRENT-PORT,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  partly  in  a  cedar 
swamp  on  the  Trent,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  swing- 
bridge,  about  50  miles  \y.S.\V.  of  Kingston.  It  has  an 
Episcopal  and  a  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  tannery,  a  dis- 
tiller}-, and  a  large  trade  in  lumber,  immense  quantities  of 
which  are  floated  down  the  river.     Pop.  about  950. 

TllENTSCIIIN,  trJnt-sheen'.  written  also  TRENTSEN 
andTREXTSIN,  (Hun.  Trencsin,  trJnVheen',)  a  walled  town 
of  North-west  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  on  a  castle- 
crowned  height,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Waag,  40  miles  N.  of 
Neutra.     Pop.  2898. 

TRENZANO,  trJn-zS'no.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Brescia,  8  miles  S.VV.  of  Ospedaletto,  on  the  Seriola 
Trenzana  Canal.     Pop.  1287. 

TKBPORT.  Le,  leh  tri'poR',  a  seaport  town  of  France,  at 
the  N.  extremity  of  the  department  of  Seine  Inffirieure.  16 
miles  E.N'.E.  of  Dieppe,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Brele  in  the 
English  Channel.  Pop.  in  1852,  3131.  Its  harbor  was 
much  improved  by  the  late  king  of  the  French  while  at  the 
Chateau  d'Eu,  2  miles  W..\.W. 

TREPPIO-m-CANT.iGALLO,  trjp'pe-o  dee  kin-tl-gJl'lo, 
a  village  and  parish  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Florence,  6 
miles  from  Cantagallo.     Pop.  1190. 

TREPTOW,  Ai.T,  dlt  trjp'tov,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Pomerania,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Demmin,  on  the  Tollense. 
Pop.  3825.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  manufactures 
of  woollens  and  linens,  tanneries,  and  distilleries. 

TREPTOW,  Neu,  noi  trSp'tov,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province 
of  Pomerania,  on  the  Rega,  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Colberg. 
Pop.  5350,  partly  employed  in  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth. 

TREPUZZI,  tri-poot/see,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Otj-anto.  N.W.  of  Lecce.     Pop.  206S. 

TREQUANDA,  trA-kdn'di,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  25  miles 
from  Sienna.    Pop.  29S9. 

TRESANA.  triV-sd'na.  also  written  TREG.TANA,  a  village 
of  North  Italy,  situated  on  the  Magra,  with  the  rcmaiua 
of  an  old  castle.    Pop.  2373. 

TUES-BARRAS  or  RIO-DE-TRES-BARRAS,  ree' di  trjs 
biR'Ris,  (i.  e.  the  "  river  with  three  bars,")  a  river  of  Brazil, 
falls  into  the  Tapajos  near  lat.  8"^  S..  Ion.  57°  W. 

TRES'CO  or  TRES'CAW,  one  of  the  Scilly  Islands,  in  the 
English  Channel.  W.  of  Annet  Island.  Pop.  430.  It  has 
iibout  800  acres  of  fertile  land,  a  village  named  Dolphin,  a 
Christian  knowledge  society  school,  and  some  decayed  bat- 
teries. 

TRESCORRE,  trJskoR/R*,  a  market-town  of  Ix>mbardy,  8 
miles  E.  of  Bergamo,  with  2000  inhabitants,  and  sulphur 
baths  and  marble  quarries. 

TRES'COTT,  a  township  in  Washington  eo.,  Maine,  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  80  miles  E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  715. 

TRESKOWITZ,  trJs'ko-ftits\  or  TROSKOTOWICE,  tros- 
ko-to-*eet^si,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Moravia,  circle  of 
Briinn,  near  Diirnholz.     Pop.  1156. 

TRES'.MERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TRES-MONTES,  trfe  mon't^s,  (i.e.  the  "three  mountains.") 
a  large  peninsula  of  South  Anierica,  W.  of  Patagonia,  be- 
tween the  Chonos  Archipelago  and  the  Gulf  of  PeBas. 

THES-NUK  AGUES,  trj.-i  noo-rif  ghg.«.  a  village  of  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  division  of  Sassari,  province,  and  9  miles  N.W. 
of  Cagliari.     Pop.  1324. 

TRES-PONTES,  trJs  pon'tJs,  ("Three  Bridges.")  a  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas  Geraes.  between  the  Rio  Grande 
and  the  Rio  das  Mortes,  25  miles  E.  of  Lavras  de  Fuuil. 
Pop.  3000. 

TRESTENBURG,  a  town  of  Transylvania.     See  Tasnad. 

TRES'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

TRE'TIRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

TRETS,  tri,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Bouches-du- 
RhSne,  on  the  slope  of  Mount  Regaignas,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Aix.     Pop.  in  1852,  2656. 

TRETTO,  trit'to.  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  17  miles 
N.W.  of  Vicenza.     Pop.  2300. 

TREUCHTLINGEN,  troiKt/ling-fn.  a  market-town  of  Ba- 
varia, on  the  Altmuhl,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Eichstadt.  Pop. 
1583. 

TREUEN,  troi'en,  a  town  of  Saxony,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Plauen.  Pop.  4443,  mostly  employed  in  linen-weaving  and 
cotton-spinning. 

TREUENBRIETZEN,  troi'gn-breet'sgn,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Bradenburg,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Potsdam.  Pop. 
4960.  It  has  numerous  manufactures  of  linen,  woollen,  and 
cotton  fabrics,  and  leather. 

TREVAL'OA.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TREVANDRUM,  India.     See  Trivandrum. 

TREVANION,  tre-va'neK)n,  or  GUERTA,  ghSr'tl.  an  island 
In  the  South  Pacific.  Queen  Charlotte's  Archipelago.  Lat. 
lU^  40  S..  Ion.  165°  45'  30"  E..  in  a  lagoon  of  its  own  name. 
In  the  N.W.  part  of  the  Island  of  Nitendi  or  Santa  Cruz.  It 
is  nearly  10  miles  la  circuit. 
194S 


TRE 

TREVELEZ,  trd-vinJth.  or  ENTREVELEZ,  Jn-trA-v.VlMh. 
a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province,  and  about  35  mileH 
from  Granada,  S.  side  of  Nevada,  and  not  far  from  its  cul- 
minating pejik  Mulahacen.     Pop.  1590. 

TREVE.VNEN.  one  of  the  Marquesas  I.^lands.  SeeRoAP0.\. 

TREV'ES,  treevz,  (anc.  Augm'Ui  Treviroffum ;  Fr.  Trtres, 
traiv  or  trSv;  Ger.  Trii-r.  treer,)  a  city  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
capital  of  a  government  of  its  own  name,  in  a  luxuriant  val- 
ley, surrounded  by  low  vine-clad  hills,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Moselle,  here  crossed  by  an  ancient  Roman  bridge  6U0  fee< 
long,  57  miles  S.AV.  of  Coblentz.  Lat.  49°  47'  N.,  Ion.  6°  38'  E 
It  is  considered  the  oldest  city  In  Germany,  and  is  by  far  the 
richest  of  its  cities  in  Roman  remains,  though  these  are  more 
remarkable  for  vastness  than  beauty,  and  are  far  outstripped 
by  tbe  remains  both  of  Italy  and  France.  Modern  Treves  con- 
sists of  the  town  proper  and  of  nine  suburbs.  It  is  surrounded 
by  walls  with  eight  gates,  and  is  indifferently  built,  having 
few  good  public  squares,  and  a  great  number  of  irregular 
and  narrow  streets.  The  buildings  most  deserving  of  no- 
tice are  the  cathedral,  an  irregular  structure  in  the  earliest 
Romanesque  style,  supposed  tobepartly  of  Roman  construc- 
tion under  the  orders  of  the  Empress  Helena,  who,  more- 
over, is  the  reputed  depositor  of  the  Holy  Coat,  the  exhibi- 
tion of  which.  In  1844,  attracted  1,000,000  pilgrims,  and 
brought  large  sums  into  the  treasury  of  the  citadel ;  ad- 
joining the  cathedral,  and  far  superior  to  it  in  architectural  ' 
merit,  the  Liebfrauenkirche.  ("church  of  [our  j  dear  Lady,") 
one  of  the  earliest  and  mo,st  elegant  specimens  of  pure  pointed 
Gothic:  the  palace  of  the  electors  and  bi.shops.  a  handsome 
and  extensive  edifice,  now  converted  into  a  barrack,  and 
partly  occupying  the  site  of  a  vast  Roman  structure,  of 
which  a  colossal  fragment  still  exists,  under  the  name  of  the 
Heidenthurm  ("  Heathen's  tower;")  at  the  extremity  of  an 
open  space  in  front  of  this  structure,  the  ancient  remains  of 
the  Roman  baths,  in  a  very  shattered  state ;  to  the  E.  of  the 
baths,  and  outside  the  walls,  the  Roman  amphitheatre, 
scooped  out  of  the  hill  of  the  ilarsberg.  where  the  solidity 
of  the  rock  has  preserved  entire  the  form  of  the  arena,  but 
no  buildings  remain  except  two  vaulted  passages  and  the 
Schwarzes  Thor  or  Porta  Nigra,  (Black  Gate.)  one  of  the 
mo.st  interesting  monuments  of  the  town,  decorated  in  front 
with  rows  of  Tuscan  columns;  and  presenting  the  massive 
simplicity  of  Roman  structure,  but  thought  to  be  of  more 
recent  origin.  Other  buildings  and  establishments  worthy 
of  notice  are  the  town  library  of  60.000  volumes,  which  be- 
longed to  its  university,  .s<ippressed  in  1794 ;  the  museum, 
gymnasium,  theatre,  two  nunneries,  episcopal  seminary, 
provincial,  industrial,  and  numerous  other  schools,  the 
school  of  design,  savings'  banks,  burgher  hospital,  poor- 
house,  house  of  correction,  &c.  Its  manufactures  consist  of 
woollen  and  linen  cloth,  worsted,  carpets,  hats,  porcelam, 
soap,  glue,  leather,  tobacco,  and  refined  wax;  the  trade,  for 
which  the  Jloselle  affords  great  facilities,  is  chiefly  in  the 
above  articles  of  manufacture,  and  in  fruit  and  wine.  It 
has  docks  for  building  small  vessels,  and  a  steamboat  com- 
pany. Treves  is  a  bishop's  see,  the  seat  of  a  provincial  coun- 
cil, and  tribunal  of  commerce.  When  Julius  C-csar  led  his 
armies  info  the  district,  it  was  the  capital  of  a  powerful  peo- 
ple, whom  he  calls  the  Treviri.  Under  Augustus  it  was 
made  a  Roman  colony,  called  Augusta  Trevirorum;  it  sub- 
sequently became  the  capital  of  Gallia  Belgica.  It  was  the 
residence  of  Constantine  the  Great  and  other  Roman  em- 
perors, and  attained  to  such  magnificence  that  the  poet 
Ausonius  calls  it  the  second  metropolis  of  the  empire.  Dur- 
ing the  invasion  of  the  Goths,  IIun.s,  and  Vandals,  it  was 
almost  annihilated,  but  revived  and  rose  to  great  splendor 
under  the  archbishnp-electors,  who  possessed  extensive  do- 
mains, often  maintained  large  armies,  and  managed  by  their 
union  of  temporal  and  ecclesiastical  sovereignty  to  exercise 
great  political  influence  in  Germany.  St.  Ambrose,  one  of 
the  fathers  of  the  church,  was  born,  and  St.  Jerome,  another 
of  its  fathers,  studied  here.  In  the  Middle  Ages  it  suQ'ered 
repeatedly  from  wars,  and  in  the  eighteenth  century  it  was 
five  times  taken  by  the  French,  under  whom  it  became  the 
capital  of  a  department  of  Sarre.    Civil  population,  17,759. 

TREV'ETHIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

TRE  VI  AN  A,  trA-ved'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Casfile, 
province,  and  33  miles  W.N.W.  of  Logroilo.    Pop.  1224. 

TREVICO,  trA-vee/ko,  (anc.  Trivihum.)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Principato  Ultra.  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ariano,  with 
a  caili  dral,  convents,  hospital,  and  3000  inhabitants. 

TREVIGLIO,  tri-veel'yo,  or  TRIVIGLIO,  tre-veel'yo,  a 
town  of  Northern  Italy,  province  of  Bergamo,  18)^  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Milan,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway. 
i  Pop.  6440.  It  stands  in  a  rich  plain  between  the  Adda  and 
Serio;  and  has  a  large  trade  in  raw  silk  collected  from  the 
surrounding  districts. 

TREVIONO,  a  town  of  Illyria.    See  RoviGXO. 

TREVIL'LI  AN'S  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co..  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Central  Railroad,  67  miles  from  Richmond. 

TREVISO,  trev-ee'zo  or  tri-vee'so.  (Fr.  Tririse,  tr.Vveez', 

anc.  Torvi'sium,)  a  walled  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  government, 

16  miles  N.  of  Venice,  capital  of  a  delegation,  on  the  Sile.  and 

■  on  the  railway  from  Venice  to  Treviso.     It  is  surrf>uii<led  by 

!  strong  walls  and  bastions,  and  enclosed  by  a  wet-ditch,  sup- 


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TRI 


pTled  with  water  from  the  Sile.  It  is  entered  by  three  prates, 
lias  spacious  streets  and  larije  squares,  and  a  great  number 
of  handsome  houses,  (jeneraHy  lined  by  arcades,  and  often  po.s- 
Bessed  of  small  but  well-planted  jrardens.  which  give  the  town 
a  Tery  pleasing  appearance.  The  principal  buildings  are  the 
oatheilral,  a  tine  but  unfinished  structure  of  the  Lombards; 
the  church  of  San  Nicolo,  a  large  Gothic  edifice ;  the  court- 
house and  new  prison,  town-house,  register-office,  hospital, 
library  of  30,0(X1  volumes,  a  monte-de-pieta.  two  theatres,  both 
hand.some  buildings:  and  the  civil  hospital.  The  manufac- 
tures consist  chiefly  of  silk  and  cotton  goods,  and  cutlery ;  the 
trade  is  in  corn,  cattle,  and  fruit,  and  there  i.s  an  important 
annual  fair  of  15  days.  Treviso  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  the 
seat  of  provincial  and  city  courts  and  offices;  and  possesses 
a  botanic  garden,  agricultural  society,  diocesan  seminary, 
and  athenreum  of  science  and  literature.  It  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  the  celebrated  university  afterwards  transferred 
to  Padua.  It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  municipal  free  town  under  the  Konians.  On 
the  decline  of  the  Empire,  it  was  taken  pos.session  of  by  the 
Huns,  then  by  the  Ostrogoths,  and  afterwards  by  the  Lom- 
bards, who  made  it  the  capital  of  their  two  margraviates, 
under  the  name  of  Marca  Trevigniana.  During  the  feuds 
between  the  Guelfs  and  Ghibeljines  it  formed. part  of  the 
Lombardic  league,  and  became  independent.  In  1344  it 
voluntarily  placed  itself  under  the  government  of  A'enice, 
whose  fortunes  it  has  since  followed.  Totila,  King  of  the 
Goths,  and  Pope  Benedict  XI..  were  born  in  Treviso.  Pop. 
in  1846,  19,484.  Under  the  French  it  was  the  capital  of  the 
department  of  Tagliamento.  Napoleon  conferred  the  title 
of  Duke  of  Treviso  on  Marshal  Mortier. 

TREVI-THEBANA,  tr.Vvee  t.A-bi'ni,  a  market-town  of 
Italy,  in  the  Pontifical  States,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Frosinone. 
Pop.  1660. 

TREVI-TREBIA,  tr,Vvee  tri'be-a,  a  market-town  of  Italy, 
In  the  statu  of  Umbria,  10  miles  n!  of  Spoleto,  picturesquely 
situated  on  the  Flaminian  way.     Pop.  4600. 

TREVOES,  trA-vo'SNs,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Beira  Alta,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lamego.    Pop.  812. 

TKEV0RT0N,apo8t-viUagoot'ISiorthumburlandoo.,Penn- 
sylvania,  9  or  10  miles  S.E.  of  Sunbury. 

TK(:\0VX,  trAVoo/,  (ane.  Trivia;  f)  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ain,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Saone.  12  miles  N. 
of  Lyons.  Pop.  in  1852,  2995.  It  has  a  palace  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  parliament  established  by  Francis  I. ;  a  mint, 
an  hospital,  and  manufactures  of  woollens. 

TREWEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TREX'LERSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Allentown. 

TREY/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TREYSA  or  TREISA,  tri'sS,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesse- 
Cassel,  province  of  Ober-IIessen,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mar- 
burg.    Pop.  2549. 

TREZZANO,  trJt-s3/no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince of  Milan,  district,  and  2  nriles  S.W.  of  Corsica,  on  both 
Bides  of  the  Naviglio  Grande.    Pop.  1057. 

TREZZO,  trjfso,  a  market-town  of  Lombardy,  19  miles 
N.E.  of  Milan,  on  the  Adda,  with  manufactures  of  silks.  It 
was  formerly  fortified. 

TRIADEL'PIIIA,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of  Mont- 
gomery CO.,  Maryland,  on  the  Patuxent  River,  50  miles 
N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

TRIADELFHIA,  a  postrvillage  of  Ohio  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

TRIADELPIIIA.  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co..  Ohio. 

TRIADELPHIA  IRON-WORKS,  a  small  village  of  Lan- 
caster CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

TRIADITZA.    See  Sophia. 

TRIANA,  tre-J'nd,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  Seville,  Spain, 
on  the  opposite  side  or  W.  bank  of  the  Guadalquivir.  It  is 
the  residence  of  the  gypsies,  horse-dealers,  and  most  fluctu- 
ating population  of  the  city. 

TRIAN'A.  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Tennessee  River,  15  mile§  S.W.  of  IIunt.sville. 

TRI'ANGLE,  a  post^township  of  Broome  CO.,  New  York, 
16  miles  N.  of  Binghamton.     Pop.  1693. 

TRI'ANGLES,  The,  a  group  of  islets  in  the  Mal.ay  Archi- 
celago,  in  the  Strait  of  Macassar,  immediately  between  Ce- 
lebes and  Borneo. 

TRIANGLES,  The,  a  group  of  islets  off  the  E.  coast  of 
Yucatan,  in  Central  America,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

TRIBAU.  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Trudau. 

TRIBE'S  IlILL,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  38  miles  N.AV.  of  Albanv. 

TRIBITZ,  tree'bits,  or  TREBOWICE,  trA-bo-^eefsA,  a 
village  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Trebowka,  and  on  the  Bohemian 
JIailway.  6  miles  from  Leitomischl.    Pop.  1069. 

TRIBSEES,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Triebsees. 

TRIBUR.  a  town  of  Germany.     See  Trebur. 

TRIBURIUM.    See  Trebur. 

TRIC'i.LA,  a  town  of  Thessaly.    See  Trikhala. 

TRICALOOR',  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
■rfadras.  district  of  South  Arcot.  44  miles  W.  of  Pondicherry. 
H«re  Tippoo  Saib  was  defeated  by  the  British  in  1790. 

TRICARICO.  tre-ki're-ko,  a  "town  of  Naples,  province 
Of  BasiL'cata,  17  miles  E.  of  Potenza,  between  the  Basiento 


and  the  Brad.ano.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  onclrsed  by  old  wallis. 
has  a  cathedral,  and  manufactures  of  silks,  woollen  cloths, 
caps,  leather,  and  tobacco. 

THICASK,  tre-k3's.A,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto, 
23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Gallipoli.     Pop.  2300. 

TRICASS.H.     See  Tkoyes. 

TRICATOOR,  tre-kd-toor',  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  district,  and  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Madura, 
with  a  fine  tank  and  pagoda. 

TRICATOOR,  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency  of  M.o, 
dras.  district  of  Tanjore,  4  miles  W.  of  Trauquebar,  also 
with  a  fine  pagoda. 

TRICCA.  a  town  of  Thess.aly.    See  Trikhaia. 

TRICERRO,  tre-chJR'RO,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Novara,  province  of  Vercelli.     Pop.  1227. 

TKICESIMO,  tre-ch.Vse-mo,  a  market-town  of  Italy,  go- 
vernment of  Venice,  7  miles  N.  of  Udine.     Pop.  2700. 

TRICE'S  STORE,  a  post-office  ofOrange  co..  North  Carolina. 

TRICHINOPOLY  or  TRICHINOl'OLI,  tritch-in-op'o-le,  a 
district  of  British  India,  near  its  S.  extremity,  presidency 
of  Madras.  Area,  3000  square  miles.  Pop.  709,196.  The 
river  Cavery  traverses  it  from  W.  to  E. 

TRICHINOPOLY  or  TRICIIINOPOLL  a  town  of  British 
India,  pre.sidency  of  Madra.s,  capital  of  the  above  district,  and 
the  only  town  of  consequence  in  it.  situated  on  the  Cavery, 
30  miles  W.  of  Tanjore.  Pop.  (including  garrison)  lOO.OOO. 
Though  one  of  the  hottest  stations  in  the  Carnatic.  it  is  tlie 
head-quarters  of  the  S.  division  of  the  Madras  army,  which 
has  here  good  cantonments.  The  markets  are  well  supplied, 
and  communication  with  Madras  is  facilitated  by  good  roads. 
The  fortifications  are  in  decty :  but  a  citadel  is  seated  on  a 
lofty  rock  in  its  centre,  on  which  are  also  a  large  pagoda,  a 
powder  magazine,  and  in  one  of  its  angles  a  cave  temple. 
The  arsenal  contains  many  thousand  stand  of  arms.  The 
population  manufacture  jewelry,  cotton  cloths,  and  horse 
equipments,  for  which,  and  other  goods.  Trichinopnly  is  a 
flourishing  emporium.  In  1849  a  vast  num))er  of  Hindoos 
were  here  trampled  to  death,  at  the  celebration  of  a  religious 
festival. 

TRlCHOOR.tre-choor'.  a  walled  town  of  Ilindostan,  Cochin 
dominions,  under  presidency  of  Madras,  40  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Cochin.  It  contains  a  citadel  and  palace,  a  college  for  100 
Brahmins,  numerous  pagodas,  one  of  which  has  four  turrets 
erected  by  as  many  Indian  princes,  good  barracks,  an  hospital, 
magazine,  and  storehouses.  It  is  celebrated  throughout 
Malabar  for  its  sanctity,  and  is  the  place  of  a  large  annual 
festival;  it  is  also  tlie  most  important  trading  emporium  in 
Cochin,  and  the  station  of  a  regimental  company  of  the 
Anglo-Indian  army. 

TRICKUM.  a  po.st-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Georgia. 

TRICOT,  tree^ko'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Oise, 
12  miles  N.E.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  1045,  who  weave  fabrics, 
which  have  hence  derived  their  name. 

TRIDENTUM.    See  Trent. 

TRIK,  tree,  a  town  of  Fiance,  department  of  Hautes-Pyre- 
nees.  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  T.arbes.     Pop.  1.328. 

THIEBKL,  tree'l>fl.  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg. 52  miles  S.S.E.  of  Frankfort..     Pop.  15t'0. 

TRIEBES,  treefhis,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Reu.ss-Schleitz. 
Pop.  1254. 

TRIEBSEES,  treeV.».<ls.  or  TRIBSEES,  triVsAs,  a  town 
of  Prussian  Pomeracia,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Stralsund.  Pop. 
2703. 

TRIEL.  tre-JP,  a  market^town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine.  4  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Pois.sy,  on  the  Havre  Railwav.     Pop.  in  1S52.  1880. 

TRII^LE-CHaTEAU.  tree  lejfi  shi'to'.  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Oise,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Beauvais.  It 
was  formerly  of  importance. 

TRIENGEN,  treen'ghen,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton, 
and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Lucerne.    Pop.  2700. 

TRIENT.    See  Trent. 

TRIER,  the  German  name  of  Treves,  which  see. 

TRrESCH,  treesh,  a  market-town  of  Jloravia,  9  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Iglau,  with  3200  inhabitants,  and  manufacture* 
of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics, 

TRIEST.  tre-fst/,  (Fr.  'JVicste,  tre-?st/;  It.  Trieai.e.  tre-^s'td  ; 
anc.  Tergealte.)  the  principal  seaport  city  of  the  Austrian  Em- 
pire, in  Illvria,  capital  of  a  government  and  circle,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Trieste  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  73 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Venice.  Lat.  of  light-house.  45°  38'  6"  N.. 
Ion!  13°  46'  5"  E.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year.  55°-3; 
winter,  39°-4;  summer,  71°4  Fahrenheit.  A  railway  has 
been  completed  from  Venice  to  Laybach.  and  is  tobe  extended 
to  Triest.  The  city  consists  of  an  old  town,  built  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  .«teep  hill,  crowned  by  a  nearly  ruined  castle  and 
enclosed  by  old  walls:  and  tlie  new  town,  or  Theresienstadt, 
Josephstiidt,  and  the  Franzenvorstadt.  bordering  the  sea  on 
a  plain  at  its  fix)t.  It  has  altogether  a  thriving  appearance, 
and  its  streets  are  crowded  with  men  of  all  European  nations 
The  new  town  especially  is  well  built,  and  few  cities  on  the 
Continent  can  vie  with  it  in  the  solidity  and  comfort  of  its 
private  dwellings.  A  broad  canal,  deep  enough  to  float  ves- 
sels of  large  burden,  runs  up  from  the  harbor  thiiiugh  this 
part  of  the  town,  and  enables  the  mercluiuts  to  receive  or 

1949 


TRI 


TRI 


(^-•liTer  cargoes  at  their  doors.  Between  the  old  and  new  town 
winds  the  Cnrso.  a  spacious  thoroughlare,  opening  succes- 
rirely  info  several  handsome  squares,  in  the  principal  of 
wliic-h  are  a  fine  public  fountain,  the  chief  hotel,  and  the 
column  and  statue  of  the  Emperor  Charles  VI.,  to  whom 
Triest  owes  its  modern  importance.  The  principal  public 
buildings  are  the  exchange,  the  finest  edifice  in  Triest, 
situated  in  the  above  square,  and  adorned  with  a  Doric  co- 
lonnade, and  a  fine  spacious  portal  leading  to  a  nohle  mer- 
chants' hall,  while  the  story  imn)ediately  above  is  employed 
as  a  casino;  the  Dom  or  cathedral,  of  great  antiquity,  in  the 
Byzantine  style,  somewhat  resembling  ("t.  Mark's  at  Venice, 
»nd  surmounted  by  a  tower  which  is  said  to  stand  on  a 
t«mple  of  Jupiter;  the  church  of  St.  Peter;  the  Jesuit 
church,  with  a  fine  Corinthi.an  colonnade;  the  Protestant 
church,  synagogue,  custom-house,  post-office,  and  old  and 
new  theatres.  Outside  the  town,  on  the  sea-shore,  is  the 
new  lazaretto,  one  of  the  largest  and  best-arranged  in 
Europe. 

The  harbor  is  of  easy  access,  and  completely  sheltered  ex- 
cept to  the  N.W.,  from  which,  though  accidents  seldom  oc- 
cur, a  heavy  sea  is  sometimes  thrown  in.  It  is  deep  enough 
to  admit  vessels  of  300  tons  to  its  quays,  and  vessels  of  any 
Blze  to  anchor  safely  at  a  short  distance  off  in  the  roads.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a  crescent  one  side  of  which  is  formed  by 
the  Theresien  mole,  which  projects  N.W.  into  the  .sea,  and 
terminates  in  a  broad  platform,  occupied  partly  by  a  fort,  and 
partly  by  an  intermittent  light  106  feet  above  the  sea.  On 
its  N.  side  is  a  quarantine  dock,  surrounded  with  hotels 
and  every  other  convenience.  Close  to  the  harlwr  are  ex- 
tensive building-docks. 

Triest  is  the  great  emporium  for  the  trade  of  the 
Austrian  Empire  by  the  Adriatic.  It  is  a  depot  for  ware- 
housing goods  from  the  Black  Sea,  Turkey,  and  Egypt,  and 
of  late  the  route  through  it  has  been  successfully  employed 
for  the  transit  of  the  overland  mails  between  England  and 
India.  The  trade  began  rapidly  to  increase  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  when  the  Empress  Maria  The- 
resa made  gre.at  improvements  on  the  harbor,  constructed 
the  Maria  Theresa  Canal,  and  declared  it  a  free  port.  The 
principal  exports  are  corn,  rice,  wine,  oil,  wax,  flax,  hemp, 
tobacco,  silk,  wood,  hides,  marble,  iron,  lead,  quicksilver, 
copper,  alum,  vitriol,  silk  stuffs,  printed  cottons,  coarse  and 
fine  linens,  soap,  leather,  glass,  and  liqueurs.  The  principal 
imports  are  colonial  produce,  raw  and  spun  cotton,  cotton 
goods,  dried  fruits,  hides,  salt  fish,  camels'-hair,  &c.  Triest 
possesses  a  large  mercantile  navy,  and  is  the  head-quarters 
of  the  Austrian  Lloyd's  Steam-packet  Company,  which  own 
from  40  to  50  steamers  trading  to  Venice,  Alexandria, 
Varna,  Constantinople,  &c.  The  following  tables  give  a 
good  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  trade  of  this  rising  port: — 

Number  of  Vessels,  and  A  mmmt  o  f  Timnage  entered  and  ckaruf 
at  Triest,  1849-1852. 


Tear. 

Arbived. 

Depaktkd. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Veasels.         Tons. 

1849 

1,992 
2,0o7 
2,6.'t7 

2,S58 

436.090 
454.261 
589.372 
445,048 

l.SSO 

2,061 
2,297 
3,111 

451,210 

1851 

1«I 

5.'t0,920 

ImporU  and  Exports,  1846-1851. 


Year, 

Impoetb. 

Exports. 

By  Sea. 

By  Land. 

Total. 

By  Sea. 

By  Land,      Total. 

1846 
1847 
1.848 
1849 
1850 
1851 

£ 
6.789.500 
7.134.500 
5.158,720 
7.283.000 
7,885,000 
9,700,000 

£ 
1,879.100 
1,880,500 
1,475,280 
2,040.000 
2,199,700 
2,500,000 

£ 
8,668,600 
9,015,000 
6,634.000 
9,323,000 
10,084,700 
12,200,000 

£ 

4,846,800 
4,890,700 
3,437,400 
4,9«).tl00 
5,037,300 
5,860,080 

£                 £ 
2. ■.'95,600   7.142.400 
2,399.800    7,290.500 
2.003,700    5.441.100 
2,810,000    7,793,000 
3,456,200    8,493,500 
3,740,000   9,600,000 

Triest  is  a  bishop's  see,  the  seat  of  an  imperial  academy,  a 
school  of  navigation,  and  many  other  schools  and  learned 
associations.  It  has  mjiny  banking  establishments,  in- 
surance offices,  newspapers,  ic.  and  is  the  residence  of 
consuls  of  most  commercial  nations.  Its  m.anufactures  are 
numerous,  and  in  some  branc'nes  extensive.  The  principal 
articles  are  white-lead,  wax-candles,  soap,  rosoglio,  spirits, 
earthenware,  and  morocco-leather.  A  gi-eat  number  of  vessels 
also  are  built,  and  an  active  shipping  is  carried  on  in  the  bay. 
Triest  existed  under  the  Romans,  but  never  rose  to  much  im- 
portance till  alx)ut  the  middle  of  the  last  ceniury,  when  it 
attracted  the  attention  and  shared  largely  In  the  enlight- 
ened policy  of  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  who  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  prosperity  which  has  ever  since  continued 
to  advance,  and  converted  a  comparatively  insignificant 
town  into  the  first  port  of  the  Austrian  Empire.  In  the 
Middle  .\ge8  it  was  the  capital  of  an  independent  republic. 
The  French  took  it  in  1797  and  1805.     Pop.  In  1857,  (15.874. 

TRIEST.  a  government  of  the  .\ustrian  Empire,  formine 
the  3.  and  W.  parts  of  lllyria,  comprises  the  peninsula  of 
1950 


Istria.  and  the  islands  of  Veglia,  Cherso,  Lossini,  *c,  in  th« 
Adriatic,  and  the  valley  of  the  Isonzo,  It  is  divided  into 
the  circles  of  Triest.  Rovigno,  and  Goritz.  Principal  towns, 
Triest.  Goritz,  and  Pirano. 

TRIEST,  GULF  OF,  (anc.  TergeslVntis  SVniis.)  the  head  of 
the  Adriatic  Sea,  E.  of  Cape  Salvatore,  (Istria,)  and  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Tagliamento,  20  miles  in  length  and  in 
breadth  at  its  entrance.  It  receives  the  Isonzo,  the  Stella, 
and  other  rivers,  and  contains  the  islands  of  Grado.  &c, 

TRIGG,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Tennessee,  contains  an  area  estimated  at  530  square 
miles.  The  Tennessee  River  touches  its  W.  border,  and  it 
is  al.so  drained  by  the  Cumberland  and  Little  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  hilly  and  undulating;  a  part  of  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Limestone,  iron  ore,  and  stone  coal  are  found.  Formed  in 
1820.  and  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Stephen  Trigg,  who 
was  slain  by  the  Indi.-ins  at  the  battle  of  Blue  Lit-ks. '  Capi- 
tal, Cadiz.  Pop.  11,051,  of  whom  7003  were  free,  and  3+i8 
slaves. 

TRIGGIANO,  trid-j3'no,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince, and  5  miles  S,S,E.  of  Bari,  and  3  miles  from  the 
Adriatic.     Pop,  3900. 

TKIGXO,  treen'yo,  (anc.  TrinJius^  a  river  of  Naples,  rises 
in  the  Apennines  about  9  miles  W.  of  Campobasso,  flows 
N.W.  and  N.E.  past  Trivento  and  Celenza,  and  after  a  course 
of  50  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic  5  miles  S.E.  of  II  Vasto.  , 

TRIGOLO,  tre-go'lo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Cremona,  6  miles  S.  of  Soncino.    Pop.  2087. 

TRIGUEROS.  tre-gwA'roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Huelva.     Pop.  3534, 

TItlKERI,  tree'k.Wee,  a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in 
Thessaly,  at  the  extremity  of  a  peninsula  forming  the  E. 
entrance  of  theGulf  of  Voio.  30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zeitoun.  It 
has  one  of  the  best-frequented  harbors  in  this  part  of  the 
archipelago,  and  building-yards  at  which  a  great  number  of 
vessels  are  fitted  out.    Pop.  about  5000. 

TRIKKRI,  a  channel  leading  off  from  the  above  archi- 
pelago. It  communicates  with  the  GulfofVolo  on  the  N., 
and  the  Channel  of  Talanda  on  the  S.W. 

TRIKIIALA  or  TRICALA,  treenti-ia,  in  European  Tur- 
kev.  a  small  affluent  of  the  Salembria,  immediately  N.AV. 
of  Trikhala. 

TRIKIIALA,  TRICALA,  written  also  TIRHALA,  (anc. 
Tridca  or  Ti-ik>ka,)  a  town  Of  European  Turkey,  in  Thessaly, 
37  miles  W.X.W.  of  Laris.sa.  Lat,  39°  31'  N.,  Ion.  21°  48' 
E.  Pop.  from  10,000  to  12,000,  chiefly  Turks.  It  covers  a 
large  space,  and  has  several  Greek  churches  and  synagogues ; 
manufactures  of  blankets,  coarse  woollen  and  cotton  stuffs 
and  an  active  transit  trade  in  corn,  &c.,  sent  through  it 
into  Albania  and  Epirus, 

TRIKH.^^LA,  a  province,  European  Turkey.  See  Thessaly. 

TRIKKA.    See  Trikhala. 

THILLFINGEN,  trill'fing-en,  a  village  of  Germany,  in 
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,  on  a  very  bleak  and  elevated 
site.    Pop.  1049. 

TRILLO.  treel'yo.  a  small  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  30 
miles  E.  of  Guadalajara,  on  the  Tagus.  Pop.  791.  It  has 
well-frequented  mineral  baths. 

TRILPORT,  treerpoR',a  village  of  France,  on  the  Parisand 
Strasbourg  Railway,  28  miles  from  Paris. 

TRIM,  a  disfranchised  parliamentary  borough,  market- 
town,  and  pai'ish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  capital  of  the  co. 
of  Meath,  on  the  Boyne.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of 
the  town  in  1851.  6226.  It  is  old.  and  was  formerly  en- 
closed by  walls.  The  principal  edifices  are  Trim  Castle, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.,  the  ruins  of  which  attest 
its  former  grandeur;  the  remains  of  St.  Mary's  Abbey,  a 
handsome  parish  church,  a  spacious  Roman  Catholic  chapel, 
several  .schools,  various  charitable  institutions,  a  coxinty 
court-house,  jail,  infantry  barracks,  union  work-house,  and  a 
handsome  pillar  to  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  It  has  a  brisk 
trade  in  agricultural  products.  Three  miles  S,  of  the  toAvn 
is  the  demesne  of  Dangan,  memorable  as  the  birthplace  of 
the  Duke  of  AVellington.  Several  Irish  parliaments  have 
been  held  in  this  town,  which  was  taken  by  Cromwell  in 
1649. 

TRIM'BLE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kentucky,  border 
ing  on  the  Ohio  River,  contains  about  150  square  miles. 
The  surface  is  mostly  hilly,  and  the  soil  fertile.  Organized 
in  1886.  Capital,  Bedford.'  Pop.  58S0,  of  whom  5049  were 
free,  and  S31  slaves. 

TR1.MBLE,  a  post-township  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio.    P.  1112. 

TRIM'BL'CK',  a  strong  fortres.*,  in  British  India,  province 
of  .\urungabad,  near  the  source  of  the  Godavery,  80  mileri 
N.E.  of  Bombay. 

TRIM'DOX.  a  parish  of  England.  CO..  and  9  miles  S.E.  of 
Durham,  on  the  Hartlepool  Branch  of  the  York  and  Berwick 
Railroad. 

TKIM'LEY  ST.  MARTIN,  aparish of  EnL'Land,  CO.  Suffolk 

TRIMLKY  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

TRIM'MINGHA.M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TRIMMIS.  trim^mee'.  a  village  and  parish  of  Snitzer'and 
canton  of  Orisons.  3  miles  from  Chur  (Coire.)    Pup.  1105. 

TRIXACIA.     SeeSiniY. 

TlUNCO.MAUiE,  triug'ko-ms-leo',  a  seapurt  town  of  Coy 


TRI 


TRI 


ion.  on  its  N.E.  coast,  in  lat.  8°  33'  7"  N.,  Ion.  81°  14'  7"  E. 
The  small  town  is  at  the  foot  of  a  rock  crowned  by  Fort 
Frederick,  at  tlie  entrance  of  a  bay  termad  by  Nelson  •'  the 
finest  harbor  in  the  world."  and  on  the  \V.  shore  of  wliich 
is  Fort  Osterburgh,  protecting  an  inner  harbor,  and  having 
extensive  barracks  f  )r  European  troops;  but  the  station  is 
decidedly  unhealthy.  Mean  temperature  of  the  yoar  8i)°7 ; 
winter,  77°'3;  summer,  S3°-8,  Fahrenheit.  At  a  distiince 
of  7  miles  are  the  thermal  springs  of  Cannia. 

TRI.VE  MILLS,  a  post-office.  Guilford  co..  North  Carolina. 

THING,  a  market-town  .and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Herts,  on  the  London  and  North-western  Railway,  32  miles 
N.W.  of  London.  P.  in  1851,  4746,many  of  whom  are  employed 
in  manfactures  of  silk,  canvas,  and  straw-plait.  Ttie  town 
is  neat,  and  has  a  market-house,  a  L,ancasterian  free  school, 
and  various  small  charities.  The  pari.sh  is  intersected  by 
the  Roman  Icknild  Street,  and  the  Grand  Junction  Canal. 
Tring  Park  House  is  a  fine  mansion  built  by  Charles  II.  for 
Nell  Gwynne. 

TKINGAXY,  trin-gi'nee,  called  also  TRINGANO,  tring- 
gi'no,  a  maritime  stiite  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  extending 
along  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  between  lat.  5°  and  (i°  N.,  and  Ion. 
102°  and  103?  E. ;  having  N.  Kalantan,  and  S.  Kemamaii. 
Pop.  estimated  at  30,000.  The  products  are  ivory,  pepper, 
camphor,  gambler,  gold,  and  about  7000  piculs  of  tin  an- 
nually. 

TRINGANY,  a  town  of  the  Malay  peninsul.a,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  lat.  5°  25'  N.,  Ion.  103°  E.  Pop.  from  15,000 
to  20,uu0.(?)  including  many  Chinese. 

TRINIDAD,  trinVdad',  or  TRINIDAD  CITY,  a  post> 
town  of  Klamath  co.,  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  California,  at 
the  head  of  Trinidad  Bay,  is  situated  on  the  road  from  Be- 
nicia  to  Klamath,  270  miles  N.N.W.  of  San  Francisco. 

TRINIDAD,  trinVdatl'.  (Sp.  pron.  tre-ue-Daiy;  Fr.  La  Tri- 
niU.  U  tree^nee'tA',)  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the 
British  West  Indi.a  Islands,  excepting  Jamaica.  It  is  the 
southernmost  of  the  Windward  group,  and  lies  immediately 
off  the  N.E.  coast  of  Venezuela,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of 
Paria,  opposite  the  N.  mouths  of  the  Orinoco.  It  is  of  an 
oblong  form,  with  considerable  projections  at  all  its  angles 
except  the  S.E.  Point  Galera,  the  N.E.  extremity,  is  in  lat. 
10°  50'  N.,  Ion.  60°  54'  W.  Length,  from  N.  to  S..  50  miles ; 
average  breadth,  about  30  miles,  exclusive  of  its  projections. 
Area,  alxjut  l,53t),000  acres.  Approached  from  the  N.,  Tri- 
nidad appears  like  an  immen.se  ridge  of  rocks;  its  E.  and  S. 
shores  are  also  rocky  and  high ;  but  on  the  S.  side,  or  the 
side  next  theGuIf  of  Paria,  it  presents  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful and  magnificent  panoramas  imaginable— hills,  valleys, 
and  plains  being  covered  with  a  verdure  that  knows  no  decay. 
The  mountain  chains  run  from  W.  to  E.  In  the  N.,  near 
the  sea,  they  attain  an  elevation  of  about  3000  feet,  and  are 
broken  and  rugged.  In  the  centre  of  the  island  is  a  less 
elevated  group  of  mountains,  and  in  the  S.  a  series  of  beau- 
tiful hills  and  knolls,  timong  which  occur  numerous  delight- 
ful valleys.  In  the  intervals  between  the  ranges  of  moun- 
tains above  described  are  several  extensive  plain,*,  stretching 
nearly  across  the  entire  island  fi-om  E.  to  W. :  they  contain 
some  natural  meadows  or  savannas,  and  are  watered  by  nu- 
merous streams,  but  generally  terminate  towards  the  Gulf 
of  Paria  in  extensive  swamps.  Some  of  them,  also,  still  con- 
tinue in  their  natural  state,  covered  with  trees.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Caroni,  the  Oropuche,  and  the  Ortoire ; 
the  first  two  are  navigable  to  a  considerable  distance  inland 
by  small  craft. 

The  nucleus  of  the  mountains  is  a  very  dense  argillaceous 
schist,  becoming  laminated  and  friable  when  exposed  to 
the  atmosphere,  and  changing  to  a  micaceous  schist  in 
the  inferior  layers  and  near  the  beds  of  rivers ;  in  the  in- 
terstices of  the  latter,  particularly  to  the  N.,  are  found 
great  quantities  of  sulphureous  pyrites  in  cubic  crystals. 
There  is  no  granite  on  the  isl.nnd;  but  blocks  of  milky 
quartz  of  different  sizes  are  found  in  every  valley.  Gypsum 
and  limestone  are  rare.  Near  Point  Icaque,  terming  the 
S.W.  extremity  of  the  island,  are  several  mud-volcanoes,  the 
largest,  about  150  feet  iu  diameter,  has  boiling  mud  con- 
sUintly  bubbling,  but  never  overtlOwing.  Some  of  these 
volcanoes  tlirow  out  salt  water,  heavily  loaded  with  argil- 
laceous earth.  Submarine  volcanoes  also  occur  on  both  sides 
of  the  island ;  one  on  the  W.  coast,  near  Cape  Brea.  occasion- 
ally boils  up,  .ind  discharges  a  quantity  of  petroleum;  the 
otlier,  on  the  W.  coast,  near  Cape  Mayero,  gives,  in  JIarch 
and  June,  several  detonations  resembling  thunder,  succeeded 
by  tlames  and  smoke,  afterwards  ejecting  pieces  of  bitumen 
US  black  and  brilliant  as  jet.  The  most  remarkable  phe- 
nomenon-of  this  kind  is  the  Asphaltum  or  Pitch  Lake,  situ- 
ated on  the  leeward  side  of  the  island,  on  a  small  peninsula 
jutting  into  the  sea.  a  little  N.l>>.  of  Guapo  Bay.  It  is  about 
I5  miles  in  circumference,  and  elevated  80  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  The  headland  on  which  it  is  situated  con- 
sists of  bituminous  scori.ne,  vitrified  sand,  and  earth  ce- 
mented together.  In  some  places  beds  of  cinders  are  found ; 
and  a  strong  sulphureous  smell  pervades  the  ground  to  the 
distance  of  8  or  10  miles  from  the  lake.  The  pitch  at  the 
Bides  of  the  lake  is  perfectly  hard  and  cold,  but  tciwards  the 
middle  the  heat  gradually  increases,  and  the  pitch  becomes 


softer  and  softer,  until  at  last  it  is  seen  boiling  up  In  s 
liquid  state.  Sevei-al  attempts  have  bet;n  made  to  ascertain 
the  depth  of  the  lake,  but  no  bottom  has  been  ever  found. 

The  climate  of  Trinidad  is  apparently  less  unhealthy  tiwn 
that  of  many  of  the  other  West  India  islands,  and  is  not 
subject  to  drought.?.  The  beneficial  and  abundant  dews, 
arising  from  the  numerous  rivers  of  the  island  and  sur- 
rounding ocean,  cool  and  invigorate  the  atmosphere,  and 
give  an  unusual  luxuriance  to  its  vegetation.  The  soil  Jg 
in  general  extremely  fertile,  and  the  elevated  parts  of  the 
surface  are  mostly  covered  with  dense  forests,  which  contain 
the  finest  wood  for  ship-building  and  for  ornamental  pui  • 
poses,  among  which  the  red  cedar  and  a  great  variety  of 
palms  are  conspicuous.  The  principal  animals  inhabiting 
the  isl.and  are  a  species  of  small  deer,  the  mangrovi;  stag, 
the  paca  or  lapo,  about  the  size  of  a  hare;  opo.ssums,  arma- 
dilloe.s,  porcupines,  lizards,  ant-bears,  sloths,  tigei-rats, 
peccaries,  water-dogs,  monkeys  in  great  variety,  land-t  r- 
toises,  &e.  Birds — partridges,  water-hens,  flamingoes,  white 
woodcocks,  wild  ducks,  pelicans,  vultures,  vampires  and 
other  bat.s,  parrots,  parroquets,  and  humming-birds.  Only 
one-thirtieth  of  the  land  is  estimated  to  be  under  culture. 
The  settled  portions  are  chiefly  confined  to  the  N.W.  and 
S.W.  of  the  island. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  average  annual  exports 
from  Trinidad  for  the  periods  specified : — 


Sugar 1 

Cocoa 

Coffee 

Cotton 

Molasses { 

Rum 

Siuidries 

Total  e.vports. 
Total  imports. 


37,o68,( 
•2,487,1 


£  1 
£406 
£404, 


28,706,572 

2,519,010 

255.289 

150,378 

754,970 

11,152 

3,498 

431,7.)0 

460,288 


4,192 
D,196 
3,744 


0,708,278 

5,168,874 

137,.S31 

7,349 

771,160 

51,316 

4,078 

387,3.S6 

500,558 


The  exports  in  1852,  amounted  in  Talue  to  468.851?.,  and 
the  imports  to  493.274?. 

The  revenue  amounted  to  107,310?.,  and  the  expenditure 
to  110.944?. 

Trinidad  is  a  crown-colony,  the  public  affairs  being  admi- 
nistered by  a  lieutenant-governor,  assisted  by  an  executive 
and  a  legislative  committee.  The  laws  are  a  mixture  of 
Spanish  and  English;  and  neither  coroners'  inquests  nor 
trial  by  jury  are  established.  The  island  was  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  July,  1498.  It  successively  belonged  to  the 
Spaniards  and  the  French,  and  capitulated  to  the  British 
under  Abercrombie  in  1797.  Port  of  Spain,  on  the  N.W. 
side  of  the  island,  is  the  capital,  and  one  of  the  finest  towns 
in  the  West  Indies.  Trinidad  has  numerous  good  harbors 
on  its  W.  and  S.  coasts,  particularly  on  the  former;  but  few, 
and  those  indifferent,  on  its  E.  and  N,  shores.  Pop.  iu  1851, 
6S,645,  thus  cla.ssified — Roman  Catholics,  43,605:  Episcopa- 
lians, 16,246;  Wesleyans,  2508;  Presbyterians,  1017;  Inde- 
pendents, 133;  Baptists,  448;  Mohammedans,  Gentoos, 
heathens.  Ac.  4088. 

TRINID.\D,  Brazil.     Sae  Trij«id.\de. 

TRINID.4D.  tre-ue-Djo',  a  river  of  New  Granada,  isthmus 
of  Panama,  which  joins  the  Chagres  about  25  miles  from 
its  mouth  in  the  Caribliean  Sea.  It  is  navigable  for  canoes 
from  the  sea  to  Capua,  S.W.  of  Chorrera.  Its  harbor  is  fitted 
only  for  small  craft 

TRI  NIDADE,tre-ne-da'd!l,  an  island  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
10  degrees  E.  of  Brazil,  to  which  it  belongs.  Lat.  of  the  S. 
point  20°  31'  S.,  Ion.  29°  19'  W. 

TRINID.\DE,  tre-ne-dd'dA,  a  market-town  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince, and  19  miles  N.E.  of  liio  de  Janeiro.     Pop.  4000. 

TRINITA,  tre-ne-ti',  a  town  of  the  .Sardinian  State.s,  in 
Piedmont,  division  of  Coni,  province,  and  9  miles  N.W.  of 
Mondovi.     Pop,  2895. 

TRINIT.A..  a  village  of  Naples,  district  of  Castel-a-Mare,  3 
miles  E,  of  Sorrento,  wifh  2  churches,  an  abbey,  and  1500 
inhabitants. 

TRINITA  VITTORIO,  tre-ne-ti'  vit-to're-o,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  division,  and  5  miles  N.E,  of  Nice,  on 
the  Paglione.     Pop,  1393. 

TRINITlO,  L\,  ij  tree'neeHA',  atown  o'^ France,  department 
of  Morbihiin,  32  miles  N.N.E,  of  Vannes,     Pop.  627, 

TRINITY,  L.\,  Id  tree'nee'tV,  a  market-town  of  Mar- 
tinique, capital  of  an  arrondissement,  cm  its  E,  coast.  l(i 
miles  E.  of  St.  Pierre,"'   Pop.  6667. 

TRINITI5.  L.\,  an  island  of  the  West  Indies.    See  Trinid.id. 

TRIN'ITY,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  California,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  above  3500  square  miles.  It  is  iKjuuded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific,  and  on  the  E.  by  theCoa.sl  Range, 
and  is  drained  by  Eel  Creek  and  several  other  smaller 
streams.  The  surface  in  the  K.  and  W.  portions  is  uneven 
or  mountainous.  Mount  Linn,  in  the  S.E.  part,  is  the 
princip.1l  elevation;  soil  fertile,  especially  along  the  streams. 
But  little  attention  has  yet  been  paid  to  agriculture — min- 
ing ami  trading  being  the  principal  occupations  of  the 
inhabitants.     Capital,  AVeaverville.     Pop,  5125. 

1951 


TRI 


TRI 


TRINITY,  a  thriving  post-Tillage  of  Catahoula  parish, 
Louisiaua,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Black  Kiver.  at  the  con- 
flueuce  of  the  Tensjis  and  Washita  Rivers,  12  miles  below 
Uarrisouburg.  It  contains  1  church,  4  stores  besides  gro- 
ceries, 1  steam  mill,  and  a  Masonic  lodge.  Incorporated  in 
1850.     Pop.  about  500. 

TRINITY,  a  small  village  of  Alexander  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Cash  River. 

TRINITY  COLLEGE.     See  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

TRINITY  CASK  or  TARN'LY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Perth. 

TRIN'ITY  RIVER,  of  Texas,  is  formed  by  two  main 
branches,  the  Elm  Fork  and  the  West  Fork,  which  unit«  a 
few  miles  above  Dallas  Court-IIouse.  It  Hows  in  a  general 
S.E.  direction,  nearlj'  parallel  with  the  Brazos,  and  falls  into 
the  N.  extremity  of  Galveston  Bay  about  40  miles  N.  of 
Galveston  City.  The  length  of  the  main  stream  is  estimated 
at  550  miles.  It  is  a  fine,  navigable  river,  affording  more 
extensive  facilities  for  that  purpose  than  any  other  in  the 
state.  The  navigation  is  always  good  for  ste.amboats  to 
Liberty,  about  90  miles  from  the  Gulf;  during  the  rainy 
season,  t. «.  from  February  to  May,  inclusive,  they  make 
regular  passages  to  the  upper  part  of  Houston  county,  a 
distance  of  about  350  miles,  and  in  some  ca.ses  they  have 
a.scended  as  far  as  500  miles.  This  river  flows  tlirough  an 
alluvial  plain,  which  has  but  a  slight  declivity  towards  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  presents  no  great  inequalities  of  surface. 
The  valley  of  the  Trinity  is  especially  fertile,  and  is  occupied 
by  plantations  of  cotton,  maize,  sugar,  and  rice.  Timber  is 
found  here  in  greater  variety  and  abundance  than  in  the  W. 
parts  of  the  state.  Branches. — The  Elm  Fork  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  Cook  county,  within  a  few  miles  of  Red  River, 
and  pursues  a  S.K.  course  of  about  150  miles.  The  West 
Fork  rioes  in  Cook  county,  flows  S.E.  through  the  Cross 
Timbers  to  Tarrant  county,  "and  thence  E.  till  it  unites  with 
the  other  branch,  after  a  cour.^e  of  nearly  equal  length. 

TRINITY  RIVER,  rises  in  the  K.  part  of  Klamath  co., 
California,  near  the  ifoot  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  running 
first  S.W.,  and  then  N.W.,  falls  into  the  Klamath  River  in 
about  lat.  41°  20'  N.  Gold  is  found  in  abundance  on  this 
river,  miners  averaging  $7  per  da}'. 

TRINITY  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana. 

TRINIUS.    See  Tkigxo. 

TRINKSEIFEN,  trink'sPfgn,  a  TUlage  of  Bohemia,  14 
miles  from  Carlsbad.    Pop.  1511. 

TRINO,  tree'no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont, division  of  Novara.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Vercelli,  near  the 
Po.  Pop.  8217.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  a  large  trade  in 
cattle. 

TRINHDMALEE',  a  large  and  populous  town  of  British 
India,  presidency,  and  100  miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  district  of 
South  Arcot,  with  a  large  pagoda,  numerous  other  temples, 
and  a  gateway  of  12  stories,  and  222  feet  in  elevation. 

TRINS,  HOHEN,  ho'gn  treens,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Grisons,  4  miles  Vf.  of  Reichenau, 
near  the  Vorder-Rhein.  It  has  the  ruins  of  2  old  castles. 
The  Trinser-see,  ('■  Lake  of  Trins,")  in  the  vicinity,  contains 
good  pike.    Pop.  1072. 

TRI'ON,  a  post-ofiice  of  Tuscaloosa  co.,  Alabama. 

TRION,  a  postoffice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Tennessee. 

TRION  FACTORY,  a  pst-office  of  Chattooga  co.,  Georgia. 

TRIORA,  treVrd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Nice,  13  miles  N.  by  W.  of  San  Remo.  It  was 
anciently  surrounded  by  walls,  and  defended  by  two 
castles,  of  which  portions  still  remain ;  and  has  an  ancient 
collegiate  church,  an  Augustine  monastery,  a  public  school, 
an  hospital,  and  several  other  charitable  endowments.  Pop. 
4846. 

TRIP'ATOOR/.  several  towns  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Madras,  districts  of  Salem,  Madura,  and  Chingleput;  the 
last  about  27  miles  S.W.  of  Madras,  and  having  some  re- 
markable Hindoo  temples. 

TRIPETTY,  a  celebrated  Hindoo  temple,  S.  of  the  Kistnah, 
in  South  India,  presidency,  and  65  miles  N.W.  of  Madras. 

TRII'/LETT.  a  post-oflice  of  Fleming  co.,  Kentucky. 

TRIPOLE,  tre-po'l.i,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiev,  on  the  Dnieper.    P.  1500. 

TRIPOLI,  trip^o-le,  called  by  the  natives  TARABLOOS  or 
TARABLUS,  ta-rd/bloos,  (anc.  IViprtlu*)  a  country  in  the  N. 
of  Africa,  forming  one  of  the  Barbary  States,  and.  in  name 
at  least,  a  dependency  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  It  is  often 
understood  in  an  enlarged  sense  to  include  both  Barca  and 
Fe2z»n,  but  as  the.se  are  described  under  their  own  heads, 
the  present  article  is  confined  to  Tripoli  proper,  which  lies 
between  Ut.  28°  and  33°  30'  N.,  and  Ion.  10°  and  2u°  E.:  it 
Is  bounded,  N.  by  the  Mediterranean.  W.  by  Tunis,  S.  by 
Fezzan  and  the  Libyan  Desert,  and  E.  by  the  Libyan  Desert 
and  Barca.  Length,  from  W.  to  E.,  about  700  miles ;  breadth 
varies  from  100  miles  near  the  centre,  to  200  miles  near  the 
extremities.  Area,  estimated  at  105,000  square  miles.  The 
coast-line  stretches  in  an  irregular  but  almost  unbroken 

•  Under  the  Romans,  the    three  flourishing   cities  of    tEa, 
fyeptis,  and  Sabr.ata  constituted  a  kind  of  federal  union,  under 
the  name  of  Tripolis,  or  the  "  three  citiei." 
1952 


course  for  about  800  miles,  and  presents  so  few  bays  and  pro. 
tecting  headlands  as  not  to  furnish  more  than  one  good  har- 
bor— that  on  which  the  capital  is  situated ;  the  E.  hall"  forms 
the  very  remarkable  indentation  anciently  known  as  the 
Greater  Syrtis,  and  now  called  the  Oulf  of  Sidra.  The  W. 
half,  extending  from  the  Gulf  of  Cabes  or  i.e,sser  Syrtis  E.  to 
Mesurata  Point,  is  low  and  sandy ;  the  other  half  is  more  di- 
versified, and  interrupts  the  monotony  of  its  sandy  beaches 
by  numerous  rocky  points,  which  were  the  terror  uf  ancient 
mariners,  though  modern  survey  has  proved  that  their  ima- 
ginations had  greatly  exaggerated  the  real  danger. 

The  interior  of  the  country  is  very  imperfectly  known. 
The  E.  part  being  mostly  a  continuation  of  the  desert,  par. 
takes  of  its  inhospitable  character,  and  contains  large  tracts 
of  almost  barren  sands.  In  the  S.,  however,  it  is  partly 
traversed  by  the  Black  Mountains,  an  E.  offset  of  the  Atlas, 
which,  descending  in  successive  terraces,  enclose  many 
valleys  and  plains  of  considerable  fertility.  Farther  W.  the 
surface  becomes  still  more  diversified.  Two  mountain  ranges 
stretch  from  W.  to  E.,  in  directions  nearly  parallel  to  the 
coast — the  one  in  the  S.  called  the  Suara,  .and  the  other  in 
the  N.  called  the  Gharijin  Mountains.  The  latter  range  has 
a  width  of  from  12  to  15  miles,  and  att-iins  a  height  of  about 
4000  feet :  it  is  not  more  than  20  miles  from  the  coast,  and 
becomes  visible  at  sea.  It  is  composed  for  the  most  part  of 
volcanic  rocks,  and  many  of  its  summits  assume  the  form 
of  isolated  conical  peaks.  The  space  between  the.se  is  often 
occupied  by  a  kind  of  plateau.  The  soil  upon  them,  produced 
by  the  decomposition  of  lava  and  ba.salt.  is  very  fertile, 
and  being  in  many  parts  under  careful  cultivation,  produces 
heavy  crops  of  grain,  more  especially  where  the  natural  de- 
ficiency of  moisture  is  supplied  by  irrigation  from  large 
tanks,  in  which,  in  the  absence  of  running  streams,  the 
rain-water  is  collected  for  that  purpose. 

Abundant  rains  fall  from  November  to  March,  and  are 
collected  in  numerous  tanks  and  cisterns,  to  provide  against 
the  succeeding  droughts  which  prevail  throughout  the  re- 
mainder of  the  year,  more  especially  from  May  to  September, 
when  sometimes  fi)r  months  not  a  single  shower  falls.  .\t 
this  time  the  heat  is  intense,  the  sirocco  often  blows,  and 
the  thermometer  rises  from  90°  to  92°.  During  the  rainy 
season  the  fluctuations  of  temperature  are  often  very  gre.at, 
the  thermometer  frequently  falling  during  the  night  to  40°, 
or  to  the  freezing  point,  and  rising  during  the  day  to  above 
70°.  The  prevailing  winds  of  summer  are  E.;  those  of  win- 
ter W.  and  N.W. 

On  the  sides  of  hills  too  steep  to  be  arable,  vines,  olives, 
almonds,  figs,  and  other  fruits  are  often  seen  growing  in 
profusion.  In  these  hilly  tracts  much  of  the  surface  is  left 
in  natural  pastures,  which,  more  especi.illy  after  the  heavy 
rains,  become  extremely  luxuriant,  and  rear  cattle  in  such 
numbers  as  to  become  an  important  article  of  export.  But 
by  far  the  richest  and  most  fertile  tract  of  Tripoli  is  that  of 
the  Mesheea.  which  stretches  about  15  miles  along  the  coast, 
with  a  width  not  exceeding  5  miles,  and  has  the  capital 
nearly  in  its  centre.  The  whole  of  this  favored  district  is 
occupied  with  fertile  fields,  on  which  rich  crops  of  wheat, 
barley,  millet,  and  Indian  corn  are  grown;  plantations  of 
productive  p.alm-trees,  arranged  in  regular  rows,  oliveyards, 
vineyards,  orchards,  and  gardens  yielding  in  abundance, 
among  other  fruits,  oranges,  pomegranates,  lemons,  figs, 
apricots,  plums,  and  watermelons.  The  other  principal  pro- 
ducts of  the  coast  are  cotton,  silk,  tobacco,  saffron,  madder, 
and  castor-oil;  in  the  interior,  senna,  dates,  and  g.alls  are 
the  chief  sources  of  wealth,  and  the  cassob  and  lotus  are 
indigenous. 

The  surplus  produce  of  the  date  and  olive  plantations, 
with  straw  mats,  earthen  jars,  and  other  domestic  manu- 
factures, are  partly  exported  by  sea,  and  partly  disposed  of 
to  Bedouin  traders.  Wine  of  superior  quality  might  be  pro- 
duced. Cattle,  sheep,  and  poultry  are  sent  to  Malta.  Rock- 
.salt  is  an  important  article  of  export.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  carpets,  thick  cloaks,  and  otherartides  of  cloth- 
ing; camlets,  articles  of  goats'-hair,  sacking,  prepared  skins, 
morocco  leather,  earthenwares,  and  potash.  The  foreign  com- 
merce is  mostly  with  Malta.  Tunis,  and  the  Levant:  the 
chief  trade  is  in  the  barter  of  European  goods  for  those  of 
Central  Africa,  whence  several  caravans  arrive  annually 
with  slaves,  gold-dust,  ivory,  senna,  and  natron. 

The  rural  population  consists  chiefly  of  Arabs,  and  the  town 
population  of  Moors,  but  both  with  a  considerable  intermix- 
ture of  Jews.  Neither  Turks.  Memlooks.  (Mamelukes,^  nor 
Christiansare  numerous.  The  state  religion  is  Mohammedan. 
The  government  is  an  unmitigated  and  barbarous  despotism. 
The  pasha,  generally  chosen  from  among  the  Turki.«h  officers 
resident  in  the  capital,  .and  confirmed  by  a  firman  of  the 
sultan,  sets  an  example  of  tyranny  and  extortion  which  is 
naturally  and  eagerly  imitated  by  his  subordinates.  A  large 
portion  of  the  revenues  was  ut  one  time  derived  firom  piracy, 
since  the  extirpation  of  which  the  deficiency  has  been  in  It 
great  measure  supplied  not  by  developing  the  resources  of 
the  country,  but  by  establishing  monopolies,  tampering  with 
the  currency,  and  imposing  grinding  Taxes.  The  more  re- 
gular and  legitimate  sources  of  income  are  direct  trmute 
from  the  Arabs  and  distnct-governors,  a  bmd-tax,  a  tax  on 


TRI 


TRO 


Jews  and  mercliants.  and  export  and  import  duties.    Pop. 

about  1,500,000. .\dj.  and  inliab.  Trh'oune,  trip-o-leen', 

aud  Tripoutax.  tre-pol'e-tan. 

TIUPOLI,  (anc.  (E'a,)  a  seaport  town  on  the  N.  coast  of 
•Africa,  capital  of  .the  above  state,  300  miles  S.  of  the  coast 
of  Sicily,  and  600  miles  S.E.  of  Algiers.  Lat.  (pasha's  castle) 
32°  53'  54"  N..  Ion.  13°  11'  E.  It  stand.i  on  a  rocky  pro- 
montory washed  by  the  sea  on  the  N.  and  E.,  and  connected 
with  the  mainland  on  the  S.  and  W.  by  a  sandy  plain, 
partly  under  cultivation  ;  it  is  enclosed  on  the  land-side  by 
a  lofty  wall  flanked  with  bastions,  and  on  the  sea-front 
defended  by  a  formidable  line  of  batteries,  terminating  at 
the  S.E.  angle  in  a  strong  castle,  in  which  the  pasha  resides. 
The  town,  enclosing  an  area  about  1300  yards  long,  by  1000 
yards  broad,  is  entered  by  two  gates;  it  consists  of  a 
great  number  of  narrow  and  uneven  lanes,  lined  for  the 
most  part  with  mean  houses  huddled  together  without  any 
urder.  and  from  the  absence  of  front-windows,  lixiking  more 
like  dead  walls  than  inhabited  dwellings.  The  pasha's 
castle,  already  mentioned,  consl-its  of  an  ancient  pile  of  vast 
extent,  built  at  different  times,  and  .so  irregularly,  that  all 
appearance  of  symmetry  is  lost.  The  great  mosque,  situated, 
in  the  main  street,  is  a  handsome  and  majestic  structure," 
in  which  the  roof,  formed  by  a  number  of  small  cupolas,  is 
supported  by  Iti  Doric  marble  columns,  said  to  have  once 
belonged  to  a  Christian  church.  The  other  buildings  most 
deserving  of  notice  are  6  principal  and  many  smaller 
mosques,  2  or  more  Christian  churches,  a  Franciscan  con- 
vent, 3  synagogues,  a  number  of  public  baths,  each  crowned 
with  a  dome,  and  extensive  bazaars  and  caravansaries. 
There  are  several  ancient  remains,  among  which  the  most 
remarkable  is  a  magnificent  triumphal  arch,  erected  in  164, 
to  the  Roman  emperors  Aurelius  Antoninus,  and  Lucius 
Verus,  consisting  of  huge  blocks  of  marble,  beautifully 
sculptured  on  the  sides  and  ceiling,  and  now  used  as  a  store- 
house. The  only  manufiictures  of  any  consequence  are 
carpets,  which  liave  long  been  celebrated;  mantles  and 
other  woollen  stuffs,  ordinary  and  morocco  leather,  and 
potash.  The  trade  has  the  advantage  of  the  only  good  har- 
bor for  several  hundred  miles  along  the  coast.  Tt  is  formed 
by  the  E.  side  of  the  promontory  on  which  the  town  stands, 
and  two  long  lines  of  reefs  on  the  E.  and  N.E.,  furnishing 
tolerably  good  shelter.  Where  deepest  it  has  not  more  than 
5  or  6  fiithoms,  but  has  capacity  sufficient  to  admit  whole 
fleets  of  merchant  vessels:  ships-of-war  anchor  in  the  outer 
roads,  which  have  good  holding-ground  in  from  16  to  18 
fathoms.  with'indifTerent  shelter.  A  great  part  of  the  trade 
of  the  state,  and  even  of  the  more  distant  interior  as  far  as 
Timbuctoo  and  Borneo,  has  its  emporium  at  Tripoli,  to 
which  the  goods  are  conveyed  across  the  desert  in  caravans. 
Pop. estimated  at  20,000,  comprising  about  15,000  of  Tuikish 
descent,  3000  Jews,  and  2000  Christians. 

TRIPOLI,  trip'o-le,TARA15LOOS,TARA]fLOUS  or  TARA- 
BLUS,  tA-r^'bloos.  (anc.  Trip'olis.)  a  seaport  town  of  Syria, 
capital  of  a  pashalic,  on  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  foot  of  a 
spur  of  -Mount  Lebanon,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kadisha, 
46  miles  N.E.  of  Beyroot.  Lat.  34°  26'  4"  N..  Ion.  35°  49'  E. 
Pop.  15.000.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  surrounded  by  fine  gar- 
dens, but  the  marshy  character  of  its  vicinity  renders  it 
unhealthy.  The  houses  are  chiefly  of  stone,  aud  the  town 
has  many  remains  of  Medieval  architecture:  in  and  around 
it  are  numerous  granite  columns  and  traces  of  antiquity, 
and  an  old  castle  stands  on  an  adjacent  height.  Tripoli 
doubtless  owed  its  name  to  its  consisting  of  tiiree  distinct 
towns,  while  the  Marina  or  El  Mina.  the  principal  seat  of 
trade,  is  a  separate  quarter  S.W.,  on  a  projecting  point  of 
land  bordering  the  port.  The  harbor  is  small,  shallow,  and 
frequently  uns.ife,  but  the  town  retains  some  export  trade 
in  silk,  wool,  cotton,  tobacco,  galls,  cochineal,  and  soap. 
Tripoli  is  a  Greek  bisihop's  see,  and  the  residence  of  several 
European  consuls.  It  was  taken  by  the  Crusaders  in  1108, 
at  which  time  a  large  and  valuable  library  was  consigned  to 
the  flames. 

TRIPOLI,  a  ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the  Mender, 
86  miles  S.E.  of  Ak-Shehr. 

TRIPOLI,  a  town  of  Turkish  Armenia.    See  Tirbboli. 

TRIP'OLI,  a  post-office  of  Tishemingo  eo.,  Mississippi. 

TRIPOLITZA  or  TRIPOLIZZA,  tre-po-lit'sa,  a  town  of 
Greece,  in  the  Morea.  capital  of  the  government  of  Mantinea, 
in  a  plain  3000  feet  above  the  sea.  22  miles  S.W.  of  Argos. 
Previously  to  the  revolution  it  was  the  residence  of  the 
Turkish  pa.sha  of  the  Morea,  and  h.ad  20,000  inhabitants; 
out  it  was  stormed  and  taken  by  the  Greek  insurgents  in 
«.821,  and  ag.iin  in  1828  by  the  troops  of  Ibrahim  Pasha, 
Tho  razed  it  to  the  ground.  It  h.as  been  since  rebuilt.  It 
owes  its  name  to  l)eing  the  modern  representative  of  the 
Ihree  cities  of  Mantinea.  Tegea,  and  I'allantium,  traces  of  all 
which  exist  in  its  vicinity.     Pop.  7441. 

TRIPOLI  VECCHIA.  trip'o-le  vtknie-L  or  OLD  TRIPOLI, 
a  small  inaritirnetownof  the  state  of  Tripoli,  iu  North  Africa, 
45  miles  W.  of  the  capital. 

TlUPl'STADT.  tripp'stltt,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  Pala- 
tinate. IS  miles  V;.N.E.  of  Deux-Ponts.     Pop.  1576. 

TRIl'TIS.  trip'ti.s.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Weimar,  5 
miles  E.  of  Neustadt,  on  the  Orla.     Pop.  1480. 


TRISOBBTO,  tre-soVbe-o.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Statef, 
divi.sion  of  Alessandria,  province,  and  6  miles  S.E.  of  Acqul, 
with  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1324. 

TRISSINO,  tris-see'no,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  pro- 
vince, and  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vicenza.     Pop.  3000. 

TRISTAN  D'ACUNIIA,  tris-tan'  di-koon'yd,  the  principal 
of  a  group  of  islets  in  the  South  Atlantic,  lat.  37°  6'  S.,  lou. 
12°  2'  W.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  one  peak  rises' 
to  8236  feet  above  the  ocean.  The  other  islands  are  named 
Nightingale,  and  Inaccessible  Island.  They  are  claimed  by 
Great  Britain,  and  a  British  garrison  was  maintained  there 
during  the  residence  of  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena. 

TRISTE,  tris/tJ,  an  island  of  Central  America,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Terminos,  off  the  S.W.  coast  of  Yucatan. 

TRIS'TE  or  POOLO  MEGO,  poo^o  mA/go.  an  islet  off  the 
S.W.  coast  of  Sumatra.    Lat.  4°  S.,  Ion.  101°  10'  E. 

TRISTE,  GULF  OF,  a  bay  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.  in  South 
America,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Venezuela.  Lat.  10°  SO'  N.,  and 
between  Ion.  67°  .30'  and  08°  30'  W. 

.  TRITII  SAINT  l£GER,  treet  siN"  lilV.h.V,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the  Scheldt,  (Escaut,)arrou- 
dis.sement  of  A'alenciennes.  with  iron  forges.     Pop.  1799. 

TRI/TON  ISLAND,  the  southernmost  of  the  Paracels.  in 
the  China  Sea. 

TRIUGGIO,  tre-ood'jo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Milan,  on  the  Lambro,  7  miles  from  Carate.     Pop.  lUiO. 

TRIUMPIIO.  tre-oom'fo.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Pedro.  30  miles  W.  of  Porto  Alegre.     Pop.  3462. 

TRIUMPIIO  DE  LA  CRUZ,  tre-oom'fi)  d.'l  M  kroos.  a  bay 
and  group  of  islets  of  Central  America,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
the  state  of  Honduras,  district  of  Comayagua. 

TRl'UNE,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennessee. 

TRIVALOOR,  trivVloor',  a  populous  town  of  British  In- 
dia, presidency  of  Madras,  district,  34  miles  E.  of  Tandore. 

TRIVANDRUM,  tre-vdn'drtim,  written  also  TRIVAN- 
DEKU.M  or  TREVANDKUM,  a  town  of  South  llindostan, 
capital  of  the  Travancore  dominions,  on  the  Malabar  coast, 
50  miles  N.W.  of  Cape  Comoriu,  with  a  fine  palace  aud  .an 
extensive  garrison.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year,  79°-2 
Fahrenheit. 

TRIVENTO.  tre-v?n'to,  a  walled  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Molise,  on  the  Trigno,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Campobasso.  Pop. 
4000.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  wool- 
len cloths. 

TRIVERO,  tre-vA'ro,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  in  Piedmont,  division  of  Turin,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Biella. 
Pop.  3500. 

TRIVICARY,  tre-Te-kJ'ree,  a  village  of  British  India,  pre- 
sidency of  Madras,  district  of  South  Arcot,  16  miles  N.W.  ol 
Pondicherry. 

TRIVIGNO,  tre-veen'yo,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  2000. 

TRIV'OLI,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  about  17 
miles  AV.  of  Peoria.    Pop.of  township,  1617. 

TRNAW.\,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  TURN.tu. 

TROAD,  the  plain  aroujd  ancient  ?Voy.    See  Trot. 

TROARN,  tro^aRn',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Calvados,  8  miles  E.  of  Caen.    Pop.  960. 

TROBRI-iND,  tro'bre-ind'.  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Lou- 
isiade  Archipelago,  in  the  South  Pacific,  extends  from  lat. 
6°  47'  45"  to  8°  52'  30"  S.,  Ion.  147°  24'  to  151°  10'  E.  The 
islands  are  generally  low,  and  of  considerable  extent,  appa- 
rently fertile,  priducing  abundance  of  the  finest  yams,  aud 
maintaining  a  dense  population. 

TROCIITELFINGEN,  troK'tfl-fing'fn,  a  village  of  WUr- 
tcmburg.  circle  of  Jaxt.     Pop.  1020. 

TROCHTELFINGEN,  a  petty  town  of  South  Germany, 
in  Ilohenzollern-Sigmaringen,  15  miles  N.  of  Sigmaringen. 
Pop.  1136. 

TROEDYRAUR.  tro-2d-e-r5wr,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co. 
of  Cardigan. 

TROENSE,  tr6'fn-s?h.  a  village  of  Denmark,  in  the  Island 
of  Taasinge,  on  the  Thorbesund.     Pop.  700. 

TRtEZEN.    See  Dam.u..\. 

TROFA,  tro'fd.  a  tow  n  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Douro.  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Aveiro,  near  the  Vouga.     Pop.  860. 

TROGEN.  tro'ohen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  6 
miles  N.E.  of  Appenzell,  capital  of  Outer-Rhodes.  Pop.  2400. 
It  has  an  arsenal,  and  a  trade  in  muslin  and  linens. 

TROIA  or  TROJA,  tro'yi.  (anc.  Vernu'ria,)  an  LsKand  of 
the  Mediterranean,  off  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  province  of  Pisa, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Piombino,  about  2  square  miles  in  extent, 
and  rising  from  the  sea  like  a  truncated  cone. 

TROIA  or  TROJA,  tro'yj,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanatii,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Foggia.  Pop.  5000.  It  has  a 
fine  catliedral,  and  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen  cloths, 
and  a  large  annual  fair  in  August. 

TROIS-MOUTIERS,  Les,  lAtrwd  mooHe-.V,  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Loudun. 
Pop.  in  1852,  1664. 

TROIS  RIVIJfeRES,  a  town  and  district  of  Canada.  Seo 
Three  Rivers. 

TROIS  RIVIERES,  trw^  ree've-aiR/,  a  market-town  on 
the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  7  miles  S  E  of 
Basse-Terre.    Pop.  3206. 

1353 


TRO 


TRO 


TROITSK,  troitsk,  a  lown  of  Russia,  poTermnent,  and  87 
fnlles  \.W.  of  I'enza.  on  the  Moksha.     Pop.  35(i0. 

TROITSK  or  ZEMXINKI,  zJm-nin'kt'e,  a  town  of  Asiatic 
Russia,  government  of  Orenboor^.  on  the  Ooi.  an  afHuent  of 
the  Tobol.  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tcheliabinsk.  Top.  5(100.  It 
is  enclosed  by  bastioned  vrnlls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  custom- 
house, barracks,  and  an  active  traffic  with  Bokhara.  Two 
thousand  Kirgheez  are  said  to  frequent  it  annually  with 
their  goods. 

TROITZKOI,  troit'skol.  a  market^town  of  Russia,  gorern- 
ment,  and  42  miles  X.N.E.  of  Mcscow.  Pop.  7000.  On  a 
hei;.rht  immediately  abore  it  is  a  vast  ecclesiastical  establish- 
ment, founded  in  13-37,  and  the  richest  in  the  empire,  after 
that  nf  Kiev.  Within  its  fortified  enclosures  are  numerous 
churches,  imperial  and  episcopal  palaces,  an  ecclesiastical 
reminary,  with  a  library  of  6000  volumes  and  a  bell  of  70 
tons  weight. 

TROJ.i  and  TROJAN.  Asia  Elinor.    See  Trot. 

TROJA,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean.     See  Tkoia. 

TROJA,  Italy.    See  Troi.4.. 

TROKI,  tro'kee,  or  NOVO  TROKI,  no'vo  tro^kee,  a  towri 
of  Russian  Poland,  government,  and  15  miles  S.W.  of  Vilna, 
on  Lake  Troki.     Pop.  2000. 

TROLH^TTA,  trol-hgt'ta.  a  market>-town  of  Sweden,  l«n, 
and  S  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wenersborg.  Pop.  1000.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Gotha  River,  which  here  forms  the  Trolha^tta  Falls, 
obviated  for  the  navigation  of  the  Gotha  Canal  by  the  Trol' 
haitti  0-inaU  a  cut  3  miles  in  length,  and  having  12  sluices. 

TR0M13ETAS,  trom-bi'tfc,  or  OKIXIMINA,  o-re-she- 
mee'nd.  a  river  of  Brazilian  Guiana,  rises  near  the  frontiers 
of  British  Guiana,  flows  S.,  and  pa.sfes  the  town  of  Obidos. 
and  falls  into  the  Amazon  by  two  unequal  mouths  at  a 
short  distance  from  each  other. 

TR05I0E,  tro'mo'eh,  anwsland  of  Xorway.  amt  of  Nede- 
naes,  close  to  the  S.  coast,  opposite  Arendal.   Length,  8  miles. 

TUOMSOE,  trom'so^Jh.  a  town  of  Norway,  in  Finmark, 
on  the  island  of  Tromsoe,  opposite  the  Island  of  IIvalo«. 
Pop.  738.  It  has  a  wooden  quay  and  a  custom-house,  and 
is  an  outport  of  Hammei-fest. 

TRONCHIENNES,  trAN='she-?nn',  or  DROXGEN,  drong'- 
Hen,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  2  miles 
W.  of  Ghent,  on  the  Lvs.     Pop.  46.34. 

TROXDHJEM,  troud'ySm,(anc.i\W<jros?  'L.N'idrosia  ;Ger. 
Drontheim.  dront/hime.)  a  seaport  town  of  Xorway,  capital  of 
South  Trondhjem.  beautifully  situated  on  a  circular  bay  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Xid.  in  the  S.  side  of  the  Trondhjem  Fiord. 
Lat.  (cathedral)  6.3°  25'  48"  N.,  Ion.  10°  23'  45"  E.  On  the 
land  side  it  is  commanded  by  a  series  of  heights  which  make 
it  incapable  of  defence  in  that  direction,  but  towards  the 
sea  it  possesses  strong  fortifications,  both  on  the  mainland 
and  more  especially  on  the  small  rocky  island  of  Munkholm. 
It  has  spacious,  regularly-formed,  and  remarkably  clean 
streets,  with  water-cisterns  at  their  intersections.  It  was  once 
built  almost  entirely  of  wood,  which,  in  consequence  of  the  ra- 
vages of  repeated  fires,  has  chiefly  given  place  to  houses  of 
stone  or  brick.  The  most  remarkable  edifices  and  establish- 
ments are  the  cathedral,  the  greatobject  of  interest,  much  di- 
lapidated by  the  ravages  of  early  barbarians,  and  defaced  by 
the  b.id  taste  displayed  in  more  modern  renovations,  hut 
still  venerable  from  the  antiquity  of  some  of  its  parts,  which 
are  as  old  as  1033,  and  entitled  to  rank,  as  a  whole,  as 
the  most  remarkable  ecclesiastical  structure  in  the  king- 
dom; the  palace  of  the  old  Xorwegian  kings,  of  whom 
Trondhjem  was  the  capital,  now  converted  into  a  military 
and  naval  .%rsenal;  a  museum,  including  a  picture-gallery 
and  a  library  with  some  rare  manuscripts:  a  work-house, 
asylums  for  the  aged  and  deaf-mutes,  grammar,  Lancaste^ 
rian  and  other  schools,  exchange,  bank,  a  court-house,  cus- 
tom-house, handsome  theatre.  &c.  The  manufactures  in- 
clude excellent  capes,  hat-covers,  &c.  of  goat-skin,  trinkets, 
and  rifles,  said  to  be  the  best  in  Xorway.  The  breweries  are 
famous  for  a  beer  whith  is  largely  exported.  The  building- 
yards  fit  out  vessels  which  bear  a  high  name  for  their  sail- 
ing properties.  The  harbor  is  indifferent,  not  admitting 
vessels  which  draw  more  than  10  or  12  feet,  and  the  road- 
stead is  exposed  to  a  heavy  swell  from  the  X.  and  E.  The 
trade  consists  chiefly  in  exports  of  timber,  dried  and  salted 
fish,  tar,  and  copper.  The  beauty  of  the  women  of  Trond- 
hjem is  much  celebrated,  and  the  elegance  of  its  societv 
gives  it  much  more  the  appearanc^e  of  a  capital  than  Chris- 
tiana, which  supplanted  it  in  this  respect  on  the  union  of 
Korway  to  Denmark.     Pop.  1.3,818. 

TROXDHJEM.  a  stiff  or  province  of  Xorway.  comprises 
the  amts  of  Xorth  and  South  Trondhjem.  and  Romsdal. 
Area.  16.042  square  miles.     Pop.  in  1845,  155.899. 

TRONDHJEM  FIORD,  Xorway,  extends  from  the  AtUantic 
Inland  for  SO  miles,  and  at  its  X.  extremity  communicates 
with  Beitstad  Fiord.  It  receives  the  Orkel,  Guul,  Xid,  Sia- 
ker,  and  Stord.al  Rivers. 

TRONS.  trAx".  or  TKUXS,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Orisons,  on  the  Rhine,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ilanz.     P.  800. 

TROXTAXO.  tron-td'no.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Xovara.  province  of  Pallanza,  2  miles  N.X.E. 
ol'Domo  d'Os-sola.     I'op.  1195. 

TROXTO.  trou'to,  (anc.  Trueti^tus,^  r  river  of  Central  Italy, 
195-1  ■' ' 


rises  N.E.  of  Monte  Reale,  flows  N.  and  W.,  and  entem  tLe 
Adriatic  17  miles  E.  of  Aseoli.     Course.  54  miles. 

TROXZAXO,  tron-zS'no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
in  Piedmont,  province,  and  13  miles  W.  of  Yercelli.  P.  3.3<.'0. 

TROOBTCHEVSK.  TROUBTCIIEVSK  or  TRUBTSCH- 
EVSK.  troob-chjvsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  88 
miles  W.S-W.  of  Orel,  on  the  Desna.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  large 
salt  magazines,  a  manufactory  of  verdigris,  and  a  trade  iu 
corn  and  flax. 

TROO'MOX'  or  TARtJMAN.  tJ-roohnan'.  a  maritime  town 
of  Sumatra,  on  its  W.  coa.st.  Lat.  2°  50'  N.,  Ion.  107°  20'  B. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Dutch  in  1840. 

TROOX,  a  seaport  town  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ayr,  on  a  small 
bay  in  the  Irish  Channel,  and  on  the  Troon  and  Kilmai^ 
nock  Railway,  7i  miles  S-W.  of  Kilmarnock.  Pop.  in  1S51, 
2404.  It  is  well  built,  and  much  frequented  for  sea-bathing. 
It  has  a  good  harbor,  with  a  pier,  ship-building  and  wet 
docks,  and  a  light-house, 

TROPEA,  tro-pA'A.  a  town  of  X'aples-  province  of  Calabria 
Ultra  I.,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Monteleone,  at  the  S.  extremity 
of  the  Gulf  of  Santa  Eufemia.  Pop.  4500.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  a  fine  cathedral,  and  manufactures  of  coun- 
terpanes and  blankets,  with  an  active  tunny  and  anchovy 
fishery. 

TROPPAU.  trop'pSw,  a  fortified  town  of  Austrian  Silesia, 
on  the  Oppa,  a  tributary  of  the  Oder,  36  miles  N^.E.  of  Olmutz. 
Pop.  with  suburbs,  11,651.  It  has  a  cathednal,  castle,  town- 
hall,  theatre,  a  gymnasium  with  a  museum,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  soap,  leather,  arms,  and 
liqueurs.  The  diplomatic  congress,  afterwards  removed  to 
Liiybach,  was  held  here  from  the  20th  of  October  to  the  20th 
'of  Xovember.  1820, 

TROQUEER',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  stewartry  of  Kirkcud- 
brisrht,  comprising  the  burgh  of  Maxwelltown. 

TRiyRY  or  SAIXT  MICHAELS  TKORY,  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Ulster,  co.  of  Fermanagh. 

TROSA,  tro'si,  a  town  of  Sweden,  la^n,  and  22  miles  N.E. 
of  Nykiiping,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic.     Pop.  500. 

TROSACIIS,  tros/aks.  a  picturesque  valley  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Perth,  between  Lochs  Achray  and  Katrine,  It  is  the 
scene  of  Sir  AValter  Scott's  •'  Ladv  of  the  Lake," 

TROSBERG,  tros'b^RG,  or  TROSTBERG,  trost/h5KG,  a 
market-town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  with  a  picturesque  fortress, 
15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wasserburg.     Pop.  910. 

TROSKOTOWICE,  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Treseowitz. 

TROSSIXOEN,  tros'sing-fn,  a  market-town  of  'VAurtem- 
burg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  10  mUes  X,W.  of  Tuttlingen. 
Pop.  2367. 

TROSTBERG,  a  town  of  Bavaria.    See  Trosberq, 

TROSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

TROSTREY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

TROTTERSCLIFFK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 

TROT'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  3|  mileB 
W,N,W.  of  Midhurst,   The  poet  Otwav  was  born  here  in  1651. 

TROUBLE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  S"cott  co,,  Arkansas, 

TROUBLESOME,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

TROUBLESOME,  a  post-oflice  of  Clinch  co.,  Georgia. 

TROUBTCHEYSK,  a  town  of  Russia,     See  Troobtcrevbk. 

TROUP,  troop,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama,  contains  about  370  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Chattahoochee  River  and  its  affluents.  The 
surface  is  broken ;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  but  in  some 
parts  much  worn,  Troup  county  is  remarkable  for  the 
general  diffusion  of  education.  Granite  aud  other  rocks 
suitable  for  building  are  abundant.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Atlanta  and  La  Grange  Railroad,  Organized  in  1826, 
and  named  in  honor  of  George  M.  Troup,  United  States  S«- 
nator  from  Georgia,  Capital,  La  Grange.  Pop.  16,262,  of 
whom  62i'0  were  free,  and  10,002  slaves. 

TROUP  FACTORY,  a  post-village  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia, 
about  82  miles  X".  of  Columbus. 

TROUPSBURG,  troop.s'burg,  a  post-township  of  Steuben 
CO.,  New  York.  SO  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bath.     Pop.  2096. 

TROUP'YILLE.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lowndes  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Withlacoochee  River,  ISO  miles  S.  of  Mil- 
ledceville.    It  has  2  churches.  4  stores,  and  3  hotels. 

TROUSVDALE.  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Tenne.s.see. 

TROUT  (truwt)  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  a  branch 
of  Sinnemahoning  Creek,  in  Elk  county, 

TROUT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co,,  New  York. 

TROUT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Alabama. 

TROUT'.MAX,  a  pos^offlce  of  Cherokee  co„  Texa.s, 

TROUT  RIYEB,- a  post-office  of  Franklin  co„  Xew  York. 

TROUT  RUX,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co,,  Pennsvha- 
nia,  on  the  Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad,  15  miles  X. 
of  Williamsport. 

TROUT  RUX.  a  post-office  of  Winne.shiek  co.,  Iowa. 

TKOUYILLE,  trooVeel',  or  TROUYILLE-SUR-.MER. 
troo'veel'  silR  maiR.  a  .small  seaport  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Calvados.  7  niilt-s  X.E.  of  Pont-rEv<que.     Pop.  2118. 

TRiVWAY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby 

TROW'BKIDOE.  a  market-town  andjiarish,  J'.ngland,  co.ot 
Wilts.  11  utiles  S.S.W.  of  Chippenham,  connected  ^v  a  branch 
with  the  Great  Western  Railway.    Pop.  in  1851, 11  1 18     Ihe 


TRO 


TRO 


town  stands  on  the  decliTity  of  a  rocky  hill,  beside  the  Wene, 
hore  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  The  parish  church  is  a  large, 
Rtriking  edifice,  and  Trinity  Church,  at  the  \V.  end  of  the 
town,  is  also  a  fine  building.  Dis.senters  are  numerous,  and 
hare  many  chapyls  in  Trowbridge,  which  also  comprises 
many  elementary  schools,  almshouses,  and  other  charities. 
The  woollen  manufacture  has  been  established  here  from  a 
very  early  period ;  and  some  years  ago  there  were  about  19 
woollen  mills  and  16.50  looms  employed  in  the  town  and  vici- 
nity. Cassimeres,  lierseys,  and  tweeds  are  among  the  chief  fa- 
brics manufactured.  The  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal  runs  1  mile 
N.  of  the  town.  Trowbridge  had  formerly  a  castle,  but  no 
traces  of  it  remain.  The  poet  Crabbe,  18  years  rector  of  the 
;«iri.<h,  died  here  in  1832. 

TKOW'BRIDOK,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Allegan 
oo.,  Michigiin.    Pop.  897. 

TR0W15R1DGK,  a  post-office  of  Kacine  co.,  Wisconsin. 

TROW'ELIi,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

TROWSE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  IJ  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Norwich,  on  the  Eastern  Counties  Railway. 

TROY,  (anc.  Tro>ja  or  TroHa;  Gr.  Tpota.)  a  ruined  city 
of  Asia  Minor,  rendered  famous  by  the  Iliad  of  Homer.  Its 
site  is  supposed  to  have  been  on  a  height  at  the  S.  extremity 
of  the  Plain  of  Troy,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  entrance  of  the 
Hellespont  from  the  J5gean  Sea,  close  to  the  modern  village 
of  Boonarbashi.  On  that  heiglit  are  still  some  vestiges  of 
ancient  walls  and  cisterns,  and  around  it  are  numerous 
artificial  mounds. Adj.  and  inhab.  Tro'jan. 

TItOY,  Plain  op,  between  the  above  site  and  the  Helles- 
pont, about  10  miles  in  length,  by  3  miles  in  greatest  width, 
is  watered  by  three  rivers,  two  of  which  are  the  Simois  and 
Scamander  of  antiquity. 

TROY,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  38  miles  N.E. 
of  Augusta.     Pop.  1403. 

TROY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cheshire  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  45  miles  S.W.  of  Con- 
cord.   Pop.  761. 

TROY,  a  post-township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  50  miles 
N.  by  K.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1248. 

TROY,  a  city,  and  capital  of  Rensselaer  co..  New  York,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Hudson  River,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Poestenkill  Creek,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation, 
6  miles  above  Albany,  and  151  miles  N.  of  New  York.  Lat. 
42''  44'  N.,  Ion.  73°  40'  W.  The  principal  portion  of  the  city 
is  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  over  which  communication 
is  kept  up  by  a  bridge  and  ferry-boats.  The  site  is  an  allu- 
vial plain,  terminated  on  the  E.  side  by  an  eminence  named 
Mount  Ida,  which  rises  directly  in  the  rear  of  the  S.  part, 
and  commands  a  be.autiful  and  extensive  view  of  the  city 
and  the  Hudson  River,  and  of  the  neighboring  towns. 
Mount  Olympus,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  city,  is  a  bare  mass 
of  rock,  about  200  feet  high.  The  limits  of  the  city  extend 
about  3  miles  along  the  river,  and  1  mile  from  E.  to  W.  It 
is  laid  out  with  much  regularity,  and  is  handsomely  built. 
The  streets  are  GO  feet  wide,  and  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles,  excepting  River  street,  which  follows  the  curve  of 
the  river,  and  is  the  principal  thoroughfare  of  business.  A 
number  of  those  streets  which  extend  parallel  with  the 
general  direction  of  the  river,  terminate  at  their  N.  extre- 
mity in  itiver  street — a  circumstance  which  imparts  variety 
to  the  perspective,  and  increases  the  facilities  of  intercourse 
between  that  street  and  other  parts  of  the  city.  The  streets 
are  gener.iUy  well  paved,  lighted  with  gas.  and  bordered 
with  shade-trees.  River  street  is  lined  with  large  ware- 
houses and  hotels.  Congress  and  Ferry  streets  are  also  ap- 
propriated to  business  purposes.  The  finest  re.sidences  are 
situated  on  First,  Second,  and  Third  streets,  and  around 
Seminary  and  Washington  Parks.  The  latter  park  was  re- 
cently laid  out  in  the  S.  part  of  the  city.  Among  the  public 
buildings,  the  court-house,  the  Episcopal  churches  of  St. 
Paul  and  St.  John's,  and  one  of  the  Presbyterian  churches, 
deserve  particular  mention.  St.  Paul's,  of  blue  limestone, 
and  St.  John's,  of  brown  sandstone,  are  Gothic  structures 
of  different  styles,  each  beautiful  in  its  order.  The  Pres- 
byterian church  is  of  brick,  stuccoed  in  imitation  of  granite, 
In  the  Grecian  style,  massive,  and  of  a  noble  appearance. 
The  court  house  is  a  fine  marble  edifice  in  the  Doric  style. 
Among  the  principal  hotels  are  the  American,  the  Mansion 
Hi)use,  the  Troy  House,  the  Northern  Hotel,  the  National 
Temperance,  Washington  Hall,  Union  Hall,  and  St.  Charles, 
ali  of  which  rank  high.  There  are  2  substantial  brick  mar- 
ket-houses; the  Troy  Academy,  a  classical  institution  in 
hi;h  repute,  with  a  small  but  increasing  library;  the  Rens- 
selaer Institute,  a  scientific  and  practical  school,  affording 
rtn  education  to  young  men  in  the  exact  sciences  att;»inable 
at  tew  other  institutions  in  our  country  to  the  extent  here 
ivailable,  with  a  most  complete  and  extensive  apparatus; 
aid  the  Tioy  Female  Seminary,  with  a  valuable  library 
tnd  extensive  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus.  The 
iast  is  .among  the  most  celebrated  institutions  of  the  kind  in 
the  country;  averagenumberof  pupils  about  275;  it  was  es- 
tablished here  by  Mrs.  ilmma  Willard  in  1821.  The  city  con- 
t.ains  a  Lyceum,  with  a  valuable  collection  of  natural  history 
and  a  good  library  attached.  The  "  Young  Men's  -issocia- 
tiou"  annually  affords  a  courss  of  lectures,  and  has  a  library 


of  several  thousand  volumes.  Under  the  free  school  system 
of  the  state  each  ward  has  two  or  more  public  schotls,  06 
the  density  of  population  requires,  and  the  Board  of  liduca- 
tion  have  estalilished  night-schools  for  the  benefit  of  such 
as  are  precluded  the  advantage  of  the  day-schools.  The 
various  denominations  have  over  30  churches  in  the  city. 
Four  daily  and  4  weekly  newspapers  are  issued.  Tlie 
city  has  11  banks,  (aggregate  capital,  $3,500,000,)  and  some  4 
savings'  banks.  It  is  supplied  with  water  from  a  stream  iu 
the  vicinity. 

Troy  is  favorably  situated  for  commerce.  It  has  3  lined 
of  tow-boats  to  New  York  city,  a  line  of  propellers  and  barges 
to  Philadelphia,  and  a  line  of  sail-paclcets  to  Boston.  Many 
of  the  boats  which  arrive  by  the  Erie  and  Champlain  Canals 
here  discharge  their  cargoes  on  boai-d  of  large  barges,  to  l)e 
towed  down  the  river,  and  receive  in  exchange  cai-goes  of 
merchandise  passing  N.  or  W.  This  transhipment  consti- 
tutes the  principal  commercial  business  of  the  place.  There 
are  2  public  hospitals,  several  church  asylums,  and  several 
infirmaries.  A  college  is  about  to  be  erected,  its  foundation 
or  endowment  being  already  secured  by  the  Methodist 
Church;  the  structure  itself  is  soon  to  be  commenced.  Manu- 
fectures  have  recently  received  an  impulse  which  bids  lair 
to  give  Troy  no  mean  rank  in  that  class  of  productions. 
Four  railroads  meet  at  this  point,  viz.  the  Hudson  River, 
the  Troy  and  Boston,  the  Schenectady  and  Troy,  and  the 
Rensselaer  Railroads,  which,  with  their  several  extensions, 
connect  it  with  New  York,  Boston,  Montreal,  Buffalo,  &c. 
Among  the  recent  improvements  is  the  Union  Railroad, 
connecting  the  four  lines  above  named,  and  passing  through 
the  back  part  of  the  city,  with  a  large  passenger  station, 
common  to  the  four,  on  Sixth  street.  A  dam  across  the 
river  renders  it  navigable  for  sloops  to  Lansingburg.  Steam- 
boats of  the  first  class  ply  daHy  between  "Troy  and  New 
York.  The  Hudson  River  and  the  Poestenkill  and  Wynants- 
kiU  furnish  an  .ample  supply  of  water  power,  which  is  used 
iu  manufactories  of  various  kinds.  The  city  contains  nu- 
merous flouring  mills,  paper  mills,  cotton  factories,  woollen 
factories,  tanneries,  breweries,  iron  foundries,  machine-shops, 
rolling  mills,  and  forges.  Nails,  stoves,  railway  cars,  brushes, 
leather,  stoneware,  and  other  artii-ies  are  produced  iu  very 
large  quantities.  There  are  no  less  than  3  car-wheel  foun- 
dries in  Troy,  each  making  from  8  to  60  wheels  daily ;  also, 
2  large  paper  mills,  on  the  latest  improved  pl,ans;  2  malle- 
able iron-works;  2  extensive  nail  and  rolling  mills,  and 
largo  rails'oad  iron-works,  besides  woollen  mills,  carpet  fac- 
tories, (which  turn  out  a  beautiful  article,)  bleaching-works, 
&c.,  giving  employment  to  hundreds  of  mechanics.  West 
Troy,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  river,  is  situated  in  Albany 
county,  on  the  Albany  Northern  Railroad.  It  contains  a 
bank  and  a  large  arsenal  of  the  United  States.  Population 
in  1850,  7564;  in  ISfiO,  8820.  The  tonnage  arriving  and  de- 
parting from  Troy  during  the  season  of  navigation,  amounts 
to  about  150,000  tons;  and  its  manufactures  reach  all  parts 
of  the  Union.  Green  Island  Village,  on  an  island  of  that 
name  above  West  Troy,  and  also  in  Albany  county,  is  pro- 
perly a  suburb  of  Troy,  and  mainly  dependent  upon  it,  with 
a  population  of  about  3000  souls.  It  contains  the  largest 
railroad  car  and  stage-coach  factory  in  the  state,  and  contri- 
butes its  quota  to  equip  all  the  railroads  in  the  Union. 
Troy  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1801 ;  as  a  city  in 
1816.  Pop.  in  1820,  52C4:  in  1830.  11,405;  in  1850.  28.785, 
or,  including  the  W.  suburb,  36,349:  in  I860,  39,325,  or, 
iacluding  West  Troy  and  Green  Island,  49,  745. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Parci- 
pany  River,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Morristown,  contains  a  forge 
and  2  mills. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  1  mile  N. 
of  Pittsburg.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high  hill,  and 
is  composed  chiefly  of  country  seats. 

TROY,  a  post-borough  and  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Sugar  Creek,  and  on  the  Williamsport  and  El- 
mira  Railroad,  about  18  miles  W.  of  Towanda.  It  has  seve- 
ral stores  and  a  newspaper  ofiSce.  Pop.  in  1850,  480 ;  of  the 
township,  in  1860,  2368. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  950. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Redbank  Creek,  5  miles  below  Brookville.     Pop.  near  2(J0. 

TROY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montgomery  co..  North 
Carolina,  about  80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  jail,  and  1  or  2  hotels. 

TROY,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co.,  G«orgia,  about  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Canton. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Harris  co.,  Georgia,  on  Mulberry  Creek, 
about  120  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville.  It  contains  a 
manufactory  of  wooden  ware,  and  several  mills. 

TROY,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama, 
near  the  Conecuh  River,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Montgomery. 

TROY,  a  post-village  of  Y.illobusha  co.,  Mississippi,  ou 
the  Yallobusha  River,  119  miles  N.  of  .Jackson. 

TROY,  a  post-ofllce  of  Freestone  co.,  Texas. 

TROY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Obion  co.,  Tennessee,  on  a 
small  affluent  of  Obion  River,  150  miles  W.  of  Nashville. 

TROY,  a  township  of  AslUand  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  922. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1747. 

1955 


TRO 


TRU 


TRCT  or  HOCKINGSPORT,  a  Tillage  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio, 
oil  tb«  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hocking,  about  25 
jDiles  below  Marietta,  has  about  200  inliabitants. 

TROi",  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  900. 

TKOV.  a  township  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
Cnyahi  .ga  River.     Pop.  959. 

TROf ,  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of 
Miami  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Great  Miami  River, 
and  on  the  Miami  Canal,  68  miles  W.  of  Columbus.  The 
Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad  passes  through  it.  The  vil- 
lage is  regularly  built  with  broad  and  straight  streets.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  town-hall,  6  churches,  1  bank,  a 
union  school,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  The  Miami  River, 
which  affords  an  extensive  hydraulic  power  at  this  place,  is 
a  beautiful  and  rapid  stream,  flowing  through  a  very  fertile 
and  highly  cultivated  valley.  There  are  9  or  10  large  ware- 
houses on  the  bank  of  the  canal,  for  receiving  and  forward- 
ing produce.    Pop.  in  1850, 1956 ;  in  1860,  2t>13. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  696. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Columbus  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.    Pop.  1548. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  893. 

TROY,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Oakland  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  1899. 

TROY,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  491. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1355. 

TKOY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Perry  co.,  Indiana, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  Ander- 
son River,  63  miles  above  Evansville.  First  settled  in  1811. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  1741;  of  the  village,  about  500. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  on  Spoon  River, 
44  miles  W.  of  Peoria.     It  has  an  improved  water-power. 

TROY,  a  small  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois,  about 
22  miles  S.E.  of  Alton. 

TROY,  a  small  village  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri. 

IROY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  near 
Cuivre  River,  about  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis.  It  has  a 
brick  court-house,  a  jail,  and  5  stores.    Pop.  about  700. 

TROY,  a  small  village  of  Madison  co.,  Missouri. 

TROY,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  about  90  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

TROY,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
plank-road  from  Milwaukee  to  .lanesville,  34  miles  S.W.  of 
the  former.     Pop.  of  Trov  township.  1238. 

TROY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co ,  Mains,  about 
37  miles  N.E.  of  Augusta. 

TROY  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  32  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

TROYES,  trwi,  (anc.  Augustoho'na.  afterwards  Tricas>s(t.) 
a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Aube.  90  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Paris,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine.  Lat.  48°  18'  N.,  Ion.  4°  5'  E.  Pop.  in 
1852,  27,376.  Troyes  was  the  capital  of  the  old  province  of 
Champagne.  It  is  partly  surrounded  by  the  Seine,  which, 
being  drawn  off  by  numerous  channels,  both  supplies  it 
with  water-power  and  contributes  to  its  cleanliness.  Many 
of  the  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular,  and  lined  with  auti- 
qtuated  houses,  but  these  are  gradually  giving  way  to  others 
of  modern  construction,  and  some  quarters  have  already 
assumed  a  handsome  appearance.  The  old  ramparts  have 
been  almost  completely  thrown  down,  and  their  site  is  now 
occupied  by  fine  promenades.  The  principal  edifices  are  the 
cathedral,  a  splendid  specimen  of  florid  Gothic,  374  feet 
long  and  06  feet  high,  with  a  nave  composed  of  five  aisles, 
and  beautiful  patterns  of  the  richest  stained  glass;  the 
church  of  St.  Urbain.  somewhat  dilapidated,  but  still  re- 
garded as  a  model  of  light,  aii-y  Gothic ;  the  church  of  St. 
John,  of  some  historical  interest,  as  the  place  where  the 
marriage  of  Henry  V.  of  England  with  Catharine  of  France 
was  celebrated ;  the  church  of  St.  Madeline,  with  a  stone 
rood-loft,  richly  decorated,  and  of  great  beauty;  the  Hotel 
de  Ville,  with  an  elegant  fagade;  the  prefecture,  occupying 
part  of  the  buildings  of  an  ancient  abbey ;  the  hospital,  mu- 
seum, padais  Ur  justice,  aMi  public  library,  containing  55,000 
printed  volumes  and  nearly  5000  manuscripts.  It  is  the  see 
of  a  biHhop,  the  seat  of  a  court  of  first  resort  and  commerce, 
and  possesses  a  chamber  of  commerce,  comseil-de-prud'/iom- 
JHex.  diocesan  seminary,  secondary  ecclesiastical  school,  com- 
munal college,  and  society  of  agriculture,  science,  art,  and 
X'.Uf.s-letires.  It  is  the  seat  of  extensive  manufactures,  con- 
sisting of  cotton  ho.sier^^^  cotton  cloths,  bombazines,  mole- 
skin, calico,  ticks,  woollen  cloth,  woollen  covers,  prints,  lace, 
strings,  soap,  bone-combs,  starch,  &c.  There  are  also  nume- 
rous worsted  and  cetton  mills,  oil-works,  breweries,  tan- 
neries, wax-refineries,  bleachfields,  t;»n,  fulling,  and  paper 
mills.  It  carries  on  an  important  tr.ade.  chiefly  in  grain, 
wine,  brandy,  colonial  produce,  famous  sausages,  hemp, 
wax.  wool.  wood,  i-on,  lead,  zinc,  &c.  In  889  Troves  was 
burned  down  by  the  Normans:  and  in  1415  it  was  seized  by 
the  Duke  of  Burgundy.  In  1420  the  marriage  of  Henry  V. 
of  England  with  Catharine  of  France,  by  which  ihe  former 
was  ultimately  to  have  united  both  crowns  in  his  own  per- 
son, was  celebrated  here.  Nine  years  after,  the  English 
were  finally  expelled  from  it.  by  the  heroism  of  Joan  of  Arc. 
In  1814.  during  the  last  struggles  of  Napoleon  previous  to 
ly5ti 


his  abdication,  it  was  his  head-quarters,  and  suffered  severt'ly, 
having  been  twice  taken  by  the  allies,  and  once  retaken  by 
the  French.  Pope  Urbain  IV.  was  the  son  of  a  tailor  in 
Troves.     Our  troy  weight  takes  its  name  from  this  town. 

TROY  GROVeI  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  about 
80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

TROY  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  East  Troy  township,  Wal- 
worth CO.,  Wisconsin,  54  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

TROY  MILLS,  a  post-ofllce  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 

TROY'S  STORE,  a  post-oflaca,  Randolph  co..  North  Carolina. 

TRSCHEMESNO,  tr'shi-mSsh'no,  written  also  TRZE- 
MESZNO,  tzh.Vm6zh'no,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Bromberg,  between  two  lakes,  42  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Posen.    Pop.  3182. 

TRSZTENNA,  trshtin'nl,  a  market-town  of  North  Hun- 
gary, with  a  Franciscan  convent,  on  the  Black  Arva,  co., 
and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Arva.    Pop.  3050. 

TUUA'GO,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on  Detroit 
River,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Detroit. 

TRlfB,  troOb,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton,  iind  20  miles 
E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  of  parish,  2700. 

TRUBAU,  (Triibau,)  trU'bdw,  or  BOHMISCH  TRIBAU, 
bS'mish  trii'bow,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Chrudim,  on  the  railway,  7  miles  N  .E.  of  Leitomischel.  Pop. 
2600. 

TRUBAU,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  JIahmsch  Trubau. 

TRUBAU  (or  TRIEBAU)  MAURISCH.  See  Mahrisch 
Trubau. 

TRUBTCHEVSK.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Troobtchevsk. 

TRUCCAZZANO,  troo-kat-sa'no,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province,  and  10  miles  from  Milan,  with  the  remains 
of  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1526. 

TRUCHAS,  troo'chJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  province,  and  45 
miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  13C8. 

TRUCKS'VILLE,  a  post-office,  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TRUENTUS.     See  Tronic. 

TRUEYRE  or  TRUYKrE,  trUVaiR'.  a  river  of  Franco, 
rises  in  the  Cevennes,  department  of  Lozfere,  and  joins  tho 
Lot  at  Enti-aigues.    Total  course,  81  miles. 

TRUITSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Greenup  CO.,  Kentucky. 

TRUJILLO  or  TRUXILLO  troo-ueel'yo,  (anc.  Tui-'ris 
Juflia,)  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  province  of  Caceres, 
130  miles  S.W.  of  Madrid.  It  is  a  dull,  miserable  place. 
The  streets  are  narrow  and  ill  paved,  yet  some  of  the 
dilapidated  houses  mark  theformer  opulence  of  those  adven- 
turers who  returned  hero  laden  with  the  spoil  of  Peruvian 
conquest.  The  city  is  divided  into  two  portions ;  the  Villa — 
the  acropolis — is  the  upper  and  more  ancient,  where  the 
streets  are  cutout  of  granite,  and  once  the  seat  of  the  aristo- 
cracy and  the  garrison  ;  it  is  now  abandoned,  and  used  as  a 
buryingrplace,  tho  people  of  Trujillo  preferring  the  lower  and 
more  convenient  site  of  the  under  town  or  Ciudad.  The 
Villa  is  bounded  by  a  wall  which  crests  the  ridge  ;  at  the  N. 
end  stands  a  fortress,  originally  Roman,  with  fl.inkiug 
towers  of  granite ;  this  castle  has  been  much  added  to  in 
modern  times.  Trujillo  possesses  a  town-house,  archives, 
granary,  hospital,  a  small  theatre,  a  bull-ring,  several 
schools,  and  five  parish  churches,  the  most  remarkable  of 
which  is  St.  Mary's,  a  solid  Gothic  edifice,  with  three  naves, 
which  contains  the  tomb  of  the  brave  Garcia-de-Paredes.  the 
Spanish  Samson.  Almost  all  the  conventual  establishments 
of  Trujillo  are  totally  or  partially  ruinous.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood is  a  mine  of  argentiferous  lead,  which  does  not, 
however,  repay  the  expense  of  working.  It  has  potteries  of 
glazed  and  unglazed  delft,  chocolate-making,  and  flour- 
mills.  Fairs  are  held  yearly,  June  2,  and  December  8.  At 
the  former,  one  of  the  most  frequented  in  the  kingdom,  the 
usual  number  of  animals  is  about  50,000  head  of  sheep, 
30,000  swine,  and  10,000  horned  cattle,  besides  horses  and 
mules.  Trujillo  was  wrested  in  1233  from  the  Saracens,  by 
whom  it  was  greatly  prized.  I'izarro,  the  conqueror  of  Peru, 
was  born  here  in  1480.     Pop.  6026. 

TRUJILLO  or  TRUXILLO,  troo-neel'yo,  a  town  of  North 
Peru,  capital  of  the  department  of  Libertad.  in  the  midst  of 
the  valley  of  Chiuiu.  alx)ut  1?  miles  E.  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lat.  8°  7'  30"  S..  Ion.  79°  9'  W.  It  occupies  the  S.W.  side  of 
a  granite  mountain  ;  is  surrounded  by  a  kind  of  mud-wall, 
flanked  with  bastions;  consists  of  regular  streets,  contain- 
ing a  number  of  good  houses,  built  of  brick,  but  generally 
low;  is  the  see  of  a  bishop;  and  has  a  cathedral  and  seve- 
ral other  large  churches,  a  college,  hospital,  and  theatre. 
At  Iluauehaoo.  which,  though  8  or  9  miles  N.W.,  is  the 
port  of  Trujillo,  a  consideral>le  export  takes  place,  chiefly 
of  rice  and  spice.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  a  vast  space  is 
covered  by  tumuli  and  other  ancient  Peruvian  remains. 
Trujillo  was  founded  in  1535,  by  Pizarro.  who  gave  it  the 
njime  of  his  native  town  in  Spain.     Pop.  about  8i)U0. 

TRUJILLO  or  TRUXILLO,  a  former  department  of  Peru, 
divided  into  the  departmejits  of  Amazones  and  Libertad. 

TRUJILLO  or  TRUXILLO,  a  city  of  A'enezuela.  depart- 
ment of  Zulia.  capital  of  a  provi)ice.  90  miles  S.W.  of  B.ar- 
quesimeto,  and  N.Ji.  of  Merida.  Pop.  4000.  It  was  formerly 
the  handsomest  town  in  this  part  of  Sou'h  America,  and 
earlv  in  the  pre.sent  century  it  had  12,1X10  inhabitantii 

TRUJILLO  or  TRUXILLO,  a  seaport  town   of  \^caln 


TRU 


TSC 


Ameilca,  state  of  Honduras,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the 
Carlbbeau  Sea.  and  the  Mosquito  frontitr.     Lat.  (of  port) 
15"=  55'  N.,  Ion.  85°  59'  W.     Pop.,  with  adjacent  hamlets, 
4000.     Its  luirlior,  on  the  hay  of  Trujillo,  is  defended  by 
several  forts.     Principal  exports,  niahosany. 
TKULL,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Somerset. 
TRULUKON,  (TrUlliUon.)  trUl'le-kon\  a  village  and  pa- 
rish of  Switzerland,  canton,  and  N.N.E.  of  Zurich.    In  1799 
the  French  were  here  defeated  by  the  Austrians.     P.  1253. 
TRU'MANSBURG,  a  thriving  post-villau'e  of  Ulysses  town- 
ship. Tompkhis  co..  New  York,  H  miles  N.W.  of  Ithaca.     It 
Is  pleasantly  situated  2  miles  W.  of  Cayuga  Lake,  and  con- 
tains 19  stores,  4  churches,  a  larire  Union  scliool-liouse,  1 
furnace,  1  foundry,  and  2  grist-mills.     Pop.  about  1600. 

TRUMOJAURSVILLB,  a  post-office  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

TRUMBULL,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  Pennsylvania,  contains  about  625  square  miles.  It  is 
intei-sected  by  Mahoning  and  Grand  Rivers,  and  also  drained 
by  the  Mosquito,  Pymatuning,  and  Meander  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  undulating,  and  p.irtly  covered  with  forests.  The 
soil  is  good,  well  watered,  and  adapted  to  dairy  farming. 
Iron  ore  and  stone  coal  are  abundant  in  the  S.  part.  The 
streams  afford  extensive  water-power.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal,  and  by  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad.  Capital,  Warren. 
Population  30,656. 

TRUMBULL,  9  post^townshipof  Fairfield  CO.,  Connecticut, 
intersected  by  the  Housatonie  River  and  Railroad,  about  25 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  1474. 

TRU.MBULL,  a  posfc-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Ashtabula 
CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  1033. 

TRUM'BULL.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama. 

TRUMBULL  CORNER,  a  post-office  of  Tompkins  co..  New 
York. 

TRUMBULL  LONG  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull 
township,  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut,  18  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
New  Haven,  very  conspicuous  from  the  ocean. 

TRUMKLLO,  troo-mjl'lo.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Novara,  province  of  Lomellina,  on  the  Terdoppio, 
with  an  oratory,  a  monte-de-pUU,  and  a  small  hospltiH.  Pop. 
3675. 

TRUMP'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

TRUNCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TRUN'DLE'S  CROSS-ROADS,  a  postoflice  of  Sevier  co., 
Tennessee. 

TRUNS,  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  Trons. 

TRU'RO,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
seaport  town  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Falmouth,  on  the  rivers  Allen  and  Kenwin,  which  are  here 
crossed  by  stone  bridges,  and  unite  to  form  the  creek  or 
river  Truro,  that  opens  into  Falmouth  Harbor.  Pop.  of  par- 
liamentary borough  in  1851,  10,733.  The  town,  in  a  hollow 
surrounded  by  hills,  Is  the  largest  in  the  county.  Its  in- 
crease and  prosperity  are  partly  owing  to  its  being  the  centre 
of  an  important  manufiicturing  district,  and  a  principal 
stannary  town.  Chief  edifices,  St.  Mary's  church,  of  the 
time  of  Henry  VII.,  various  dissenting  chapels,  a  town-hall, 
coinage-hall,  custom-house,  county  infirmary,  lying-in  insti- 
tution, Ijarracks,  the  theatre,  and  union  workhou.se.  The 
grammar  school  has  two  exhibitions  of  30?.  to  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  and  here  Sir  Humphry  Davy  received  his  early 
education.  Truro  has  a  mining  college,  royal  institution 
for  science  and  literature,  a  Dorcas  society  and  other  cliari- 
ties,  and  a  public  subscription  library.  Vessels  of  100  tons 
come  up  to  its  quays.  Imports,  chiefly  coal,  timber,  and 
articles  required  in  mining  operations.  Exports,  tin,  cop- 
per, paper,  carpeting,  pottery-ware,  and  pilchard-oil.  Regis- 
tered shipping  In  1848, 3016  tons.  The  borough  is  divided  into 
three  wards.  It  sends  two  members  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

TKURO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Barnstable  co., 
Massachusetts,  occupying  the  northern  part  of  Cape  Cod, 
about  110  miles  by  land,  and  55  by  water,  S.K.  of  Boston. 
The  inhabitants  derive  their  chief  support  from  the  fisheries. 
In  1852,  52  vessels  (tons  3626)  and  581  men  and  boys  were 
employed  in  the  mackerel  fishery.  The  mackerel  in- 
spected for  the  year  amounted  to  2541  barrels.  In  the 
great  gale  of  1841,  this  town  lost  57  men  whose  homes  were 
wif.hin  a  circuit  of  2  miles:  27  of  them  were  married,  and 
only  S  were  more  than  30  years  of  age.  The  population  at 
that  time  was  about  1900:  the  number  of  widows,  105. 
Pop.  in  1850.  2051 ;  in  1860,  1583. 

TRURO,  a  township  of  Franklin  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  2227. 

TRURO,  a  po.st-ofBce  of  Knox  co..  Illinois. 

TRU'RO,  a  Seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  capital  of  the  co. 
>f  Colchester,  at  the  head  of  Cobequid  Bay,  the  waters  of 
•rhich  flow  W.  through  Mines  Bay  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

TRU'SHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TKUSLKY,  a  parish  of  Eng;land,  co.  of  Derby. 

TI{USS..a  postroffice  of  .Teffer.son  co.,  Alabama. 

TKUSTHORI'E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

TIIUTNOW,  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Tr.vute.vau. 

TUU.VILLO,  a  city  of  Spain.     See  Tkujillo. 

TRUXILLO,  several  towns,  Spanish  Aiuerica.  See  Trujillo. 


TRUX'TCN,  a  pst  village  and  town.ship  of  Cortland  co. 
New  York,  on  Tioughnioga  River,  28  miles  S.  of  Syracuse 
It  contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  several  mills.  Pop.  of  tht 
township,  1914. 

TRU.XTUN,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  about  "C 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

TRUYJiRE,  a  river  of  France.    See  Truetre. 

TRY'BERG,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Upper  Rhine, 
miles  S.  of  Hornberg.     Pop.  1114. 

TIIY'ON,  a  post-oifflce  of  Rutherford  co..  North  Carolina. 

TRYON,  a  seaport  of  Prince  Edward  Island,  co.  of  Queens, 
on  the  S.  coast,  at  the  head  of  a  small  bay,  in  lat.  40°  17'  N* 
Ion.  63°  38'  W. 

TRYON  F.\CTORY.     See  Trion  F.ictort. 

TRY'SULL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

TRZCIANKA,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.     See  ScH»x- 

LAMKE. 

TRZEBOCHOWICE,  Bohemia.     See  IIohenbruck. 
TRZEMESZNO,  a  town  of  Pru.ssia.     See  TiiSCHEMESNO. 
TKZIANKA,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  SchSnlanke. 

TRZIEL,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.     See  Tirscutiegel. 
TSAD,  a  town  of  Central  Africa.    See  Tchad. 
TSADDA,  a  river  of  Central  Africa.     See  Chadda. 

TSAMPAYNAGO,  tsim-pl-ni'go,  a  town  of  Burmah,  at 
the  confluence  of  a  small  stream  with  the  Irrawaddy.  76 
miles  N.  of  Ava.  It  has  a  custom-house,  and  is  the  limit 
N.,  beyond  which  even  native  Burmese  cannot  pass  without 
special  permission  from  the  government. 

TSANA.  a  lake  of  Abj'ssinia.     See  Dembea. 

TSANTA,  tsdn^td',  a  fortified  city  of  China,  province  of 
Yunnan,  capital  of  a  department  on  the  Burmese  frontier, 
50  miles  N.E.  of  Bhamo. 

TSAO-TCHOO  or  TSAO-TCHOU.  tsd'o  choo',  a  town  of 
China,  province  of  Shang-toong,  capital  of  a  department,  140 
miles  S.W.  of  Tsee-nan. 

TSAKEVOKOKSHAISK  or  TZAREVOKOKSHAISK.  ts,i- 
rA-vo-kok-.shlsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government,  and  72  miles 
N.W.  of  Kaz.an. 

TSAREVOSAXTCHOORSKorTZAREVOSANTCHURSK, 
tsd-ri-vo-sint-chooRsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Viatka.  33  miles  S.W.  of  Yaransk. 

TSARITSIN,  TZARITZIN  or  ZARI'TZYN,  tsi-rit-sin'.  a 
fortified  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Saratov,  on  the  Volga, 
110  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kamishin.  Pop.  4600.  It  was  formerly 
an  important  station  on  the  line  of  defence  between  the  Don 
and  Yolg.a.  and  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters. 

TSARITSINO  or  TZARITZINO,  tsi-rit-seo'no,  a  vill.age  of 
Russia,  government,  and  7  miles  S.  of  Moscow,  with  a  palace 
built  by  Catherine  II.,  and  fine  gardens  in  the  Arabian  style. 

TSARSKOE-SELO  or  TZARSKOE-SELO,  ts,aRs/kcv4  sA'lo,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government,  and  17  miles  S.  of  St.  Peters- 
burg, with  which  it  communicates  by  a  railway,  capital  of  a 
circle.  Pop.  10,233.  It  has  a  college  with  14  professors,  a 
military  school,  and  manufactures  of  carpets,  but  is  chiefly 
noted  for  a  summer  residence  of  the  emperor ;  founded  by 
Peter  the  Great,  i»  1710,  and  the  favorite  abode  of  Cathe- 
rine II.  Since  its  destruction  by  fire,  in  1822,  it  has  been 
rebuilt  and  furnished  in  a  style  of  great  m.Hgnificence :  it  is 
surrounded  by  a  large  park,  in  which  is  another  imperial 
summer  residence.  Near  it  is  the  imperial  palace  of  Pavlovsk. 

TSATS.4K.  a  town  of  Servia.     See  Csatsak. 

TSA-\'UEN.  tsi-yoo-Jn',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Che- 
kiang,  S.W.  of  Hang-chow-foo.  It  is  a  large  and  important 
place ;  and  has  opposite  to  it  a  curiously  shaped  hill,  com- 
posed chiefly  of  granite  of  a  be.autiful  green  colour,  which 
being  much  prized  by  the  Chinese,  is  extensively  quarried, 
and  largely  exported.  It  is  employed  for  various  orna- 
mental purposes,  and  more  especially  for  building  tombs. 

T.SCHANC1IAL0VA.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Tarki. 

T.SCHA IITORISK,  a  town  of  Rus.sia.    See  Tchartorisk. 

T.SCHEBEN.  a  village  of  Hungary.     See  Czebe. 

TSCHEBOKSARY.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tchedoks.4.ri. 

TSCHEUABTNSK,  Russia.     See  Tcheliaui.vsk. 

TSCHENKOWITZ,  tskJn'ko-«its,  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
E.  ofChrudim.     Pop.  1466. 

T.SCHKIillvOW.  a  town.  European  Russia.  See  Tcherikov. 

TSCHERKASSY.  a  town  of  Ru.ssia.     See  Tcherka.sk. 

TSCHERNEMBEL,  tshjR'-nem-bftl,  a  town  of  lUyria.  in 
Carniola,  16  miles  S.  of  Neustadtl.  Pop.  1000.  (For  other 
names  sometimes  spelt  with  Txch,  refer  to  TCH  or  Cz. 

TSCHEBXIGOFF  or  TSCHERNIGOW,  a  government  and 
town  of  Russia.    See  Tchernigov. 

TSCHERNOWITZ,  in  Austrian  Galicia.    See  Czbrnowitz. 

TSCHETSCHKRSK.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Tchetcuersk. 

TSCHIRIKOFF  or  TSCHIRIKOW.    See  Tchirikov. 

TSCHIRMEN,  a  town  of  Turkey.     See  Tchirme.v. 

TSCHIRNAU,  tshg&R'nOw,  Gross,  groce,  and  Nieder,  neeA 
dgr.  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Silfsla,  government,  .and  N.N.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  1319. 

TSCHIR.XE,  tshfigR'neh.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz.  circle  of  Buntziau.  P.  1049, 

TSCHISTA.  tshis'til,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Bids- 
chow,  capital  of  a  district.     Pop.  1388. 

TSCHISTAY.  chis-tl',  or  SISTAY,  a  market-town  of  Bo- 
hemia, near  Rakonitx.    Pop.  1428. 

1957 


TSC 


TUG 


TSfHOTT.  a  town  of  West  Africa.     See  TcHOW. 

TSCI)  CKTSCHIS.  a  pe<ple  of  Asia.    See  Tchooktchkes. 

TSKfrNAN  or  TSI-NAX.  tsee^in',  a  city  of  China,  capital 
of  the  province  of  .'^han-tunsr,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ta-tsin 
River.  100  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee.  It  is  large, 
populous,  and  venerated  as  the  residence  of  a  former  dy- 
nasty, has  manufactures  of  gray  silks  and  class  wares. 

TSE-KEE  or  TSE-KI,  tsA'keeA  a  town  of  China,  province  of 
Che-kiang.  VT.  of  Nin<:-po,  taken  by  the  British,  March.  1842. 

TSEKINOVKA  or  TZEKINOVKA,  tsi-ke-nov'k4,  a  town 
of  Kutsian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia.  on  the  left  bank 
nf  the  Dniester,  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Moheelev. 

TSI.PAL.  a  river-island  of  Hunfrary.     E^ee  CsiPlX. 

TSE-TCHOO  or  TSE-TCHOU,  tsiVhoo/,  a  city  of  China, 
-province  of  Shan-see,  capital  of  a  department,  40  miles  N.  of 
the  Hoang-ho. 

TSIAMPA,  tse-Sm'pi.  or  CHAMPA,  a  small  state  of  South- 
east A  sia.  partly  situated  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Siam, 
now  subject  to  Anam,  (Cochin-China.)  of  which  It  forms 
the  most  southern  province.  Chief  town,  Nluirtrang.  In- 
habitants partly  Mohammedans. 

TSIEKH.\NOVETS.     See  CifiCHAXOWlEC. 

TSIEX-KIANG,  tse-Jn^ke-ini:',  a  river  of  China,  province 
of  Se-chuen,  tributary  to  the  Kia-liug. 

TSIEX-TANG-KI AXG,  a  river,  pi-ovineeof  Che-kiang.  joins 
the  sea  by  a  wide  estuary  E.  of  the  city  of  Hang-chow-oo. 

TSIKUQOGAWA,  tse-koo'go  gaw/wl,  (?)  a  river  of  Japan, 
the  largest  in  the  island  of  Kioo-Sioo.  It  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains on  the  W.  side  of  Buntro,  fiows  through  the  province 
of  Tsikugo,  and  after  receiving  the  waters  of  a  great  number 
of  rivulets,  forms  two  mouths  as  it  fells  into  the  Gulf  of 
Simabara,  between  the  towns  of  Saga  and  Jana-gawa,  in  lat. 

TSIKUZEX,  tse-koo-zJn',  (?)  a  province  of  Japan,  occupy- 
ing the  X.E.  portion  of  the  island  of  Kioo-Sioo,  and  com- 
prising about  56  islands  and  isleta. 

TSI-X  AN,  a  city  of  China.     Se&  Tseb-nan. 

TSIXGHAI,  Chinese  Empire.     See  KOKO-XOR. 

TSIX-TCHOO  or  TSIN-TCHOU,  tsinVhoo',  a  city  of  China, 
capital  of  a  department,  province  of  Shan-toong,  80  miles  E. 
of  Tsee-nan. 

TSIX-TCHOO  or  TSIN-CHOU,  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Quang-tong,  65  miles  ^y.  of  Oo-tchoo,  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Hong-kiang. 

TSlTSIKAR,  tsit-se-kar',  a  town  of  Mantchooria.  near 
the  border  of  Mongolia,  on  the  Nonni  River,  240  miles  S.W. 
of  Saahalien-Oola. 

TSiUEX-TCHOO  or  TSIUEN-TCHOU,  tseoo-Jn'choo',  a 
maritime  city  of  China,  provmce  of  Eokien,  30  miles  X.E. 
of  Amoy. 

TSKHINVALI,  a  town  of  Russian  Transcaucasia,  Georgia, 
65  miles  N.W.  of  Tifiis. 

TSX  A  or  TZX  A,  tsnS,  written  also  ZXA,  a  river  of  Russia, 
government  of  Tver,  after  a  N.E.  course,  joins  the  Msta, 
which  it  connects  with  the  Tv«rtsa  and  Volga  by  the 
Vishnee-A'olotchok  Canal. 

TSXA  or  TZXA.  written  also  ZNA.  a  river  of  Russia, 
government  of  Tambov,  joins  the  Moksha  38  miles  SJS.  of 
Yelatom,  after  a  N.  course  of  2iX)  miles. 

TSO,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  No  ami. 

TSO-MAPHARA.     See  Manasarow.ar. 

TSOXG-GAN-HIEX,  tsong'gln'he-en'.  a  town  of  China,  pro- 
vince of  Fokien.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Min.  Lat.  27°  47'  38" 
X.,  Ion.  118°  15'  E.  It  consists  of  the  town  proper,  sur- 
rounded by  walls  and  ramparts,  partly  ruinous,  and  ovei^ 
grown  with  weeds.  Its  staple  trade  is  black  tea.  Through- 
out the  town  are  large  tea-hongs,  where  the  teas  are  sorted 
and  packed  for  foreign  markets,  and  numerous  tea  mer- 
chants from  Canton  and  all  parts  of  China  come  here  to 
make  their  purchases.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

TSOXG-MIXG,  an  island  of  Chins.     See  TsuNG-MlXG. 

TSOOKASAKI  or  TSUKASAKI,  tsoo'kj  siOtee,  a  small 
town  of  Japan,  island  of  Kioo-Sioo,  near  Uresino.  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  three  high  mountains  called  San- 
saka.  It  is  much  frequented  by  invalids  on  account  of  its 
hot  baths  of  the  temperature  of  121°  Fahrenheit. 

TSOOROOKIIAITOO.  TZURUKHAITU,  t.soo-rook-hi-too', 
or  TZURUKHAISHEVSK,  a  town  of  East  Siberia,  In 
Irkootsk,  on  the  Argoon,  and  on  the  Chinese  frontier,  (Man- 
tchooria.) 140  miles  S.E.  of  Xertchinsk. 

TS<X1SIMA  or  TSUSIMA,  tsoo-see'ml  an  island  of  Japan, 
Jn  the  Strait  of  Corea.  Lat.  cf  X.  extremity,  34°  40'  N..  Ion. 
129°  29'  E.  Length,  46  miles;  breadth,  12  miles.  Surface 
mountainous  and  rugged. 

TSOOTSI-YAMMA  orTSUTSI-YAMMA.  tsoot^see-yam'ml, 
and  TSOOVA,  (TSUVA,)  tsoo/vi,  are  other  islands  of  Japan, 
of  much  less  size. 

TSOO-TUNG  or  TSU-YUXG,  tsooVftng',  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Yun-nan,  capital  of  a  department,  70  miles  W. 
of  Yun-nan. 

TSdUR.  a  town  of  Svria.    See  SooB. 

TSCGAR,  a  strait  of  Xiphon.    See  Sasoar. 

TSl"K.\SAKI.  a  town  of  J.ipan.     See  Tsookas.aki. 

TSUXG-LIXG,  Asia.     See  Karakorim. 

TSUXG-MIXG.  tsUug'ming',  an  island  of  China,  proTince 


of  KLing-soo,  off  the  W.  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tane-t>ie 
kiang.  Its  E.  extremity  is  iu  lat.  31°  28'  X..  Ion.  121°  51'  K. 
Length.  36  miles:  breadth,  10  miles.  On  its  S.  coast  is  a 
town  of  the  same  name. 

TSDX-HOA.  tsfin-ho-^/.  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Pe- 
chee-lee,  capiUil  of  a  district,  SO  miles  E.X.E.  of  Peking. 

TSUX-Y,  tstin  ee,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Koei-choo, 
capital  of  a  department.  70  miles  X.  of  Koei-vang. 

TSU-YUXG.  a  city  of  China.    See  Tsoo-Ycno. 

TSYPA  or  TZIPA,  tsiiV^.  a  river  of  Siberia,  government 
of  Irkootsk,  joins  the  Vitim  after  a  X.E.  course  of  230  miles. 

TUA,  too'd,  a  river  of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os- 
Montes.  joins  the  Douro  after  a  S.W.  course  of  70  miles. 

TUAL.A.TIX,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  Oregon. 

TU'AM,  an  episcopal  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  co.,  and 
19  miles  X.X.E.  of  Galwav,  on  the  Clare,  here  crossed  bv  a 
bridge.  Lat.  53°  30'  N.,  'ion.  8°  50'  W,  Pop.  of  town  7819. 
The  town  consists  of  five  principal  streets,  market-place,  and 
some  squalid,  straggling  thoroughfares ;  but  it  has  KoDian 
Catholic  and  Protestant  cathedrals.  2  episcopal  palaces,  the 
Roman  Catholic  college  of  St.  Jarlath.  diocesan  and  other 
public  schools,  a  court-house,  bridewell,  union  wcirk-hou.se, 
barracks,  market-house,  reading  and  assembly-rooms,  ruins 
of  a  castle,  some  manufactures  of  linen  and  canvas,  and  a 
large  retail  trade.  It  was  the  see  of  a  Protestant  archbi.shop 
until  1839.  Xinetsen-twentieths  of  the  population  are 
Roman  Catholics. 

TUARIKS,  a  people  of  Africa.    See  Tooareeks. 

TUAT.  an  oasis  of  Central  Africa.     See  TiX)AT. 

TUBAC,  too-bdk',  a  town  in  the  N.  of  Mexico. 

TCBAI,  too-bi'.  and  TUBUAI-MAXU,  too-boo-i'  ma-noo', 
two  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Sec 
Society  Islands. 

TUB.\L,  too-BiV,  a  river  of  Chili,  which  has  its  mouth  in 
the  Pacific,  close  to  the  Bav  of  Arauco.  Lat.  37°  14'  25"  S., 
Ion.  73°  27'  30"  W.  It  once'  had  depth  of  water  sufficient  to 
allow  vessels  of  200  tons  to  pass  up  nearly  1  mile :  but  an 
earthquake  in  1835  so  raised  the  bar,  that  it  is  now  ac- 
cessible only  to  boats, 

TUB.*R1YEH.  a  town  of  Palestine.    See  Tab.areetah. 

TUBBERAN,  a  town  of  Persia,  province,  and  100  miles 
N.X.E.  of  Kirman. 

TUB'BRID,  a  parish  of  Irel.ind,  co.  of  Tipperary. 

TUBBRID,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

T  UBBUS.  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Tab.aS. 

TUBIXGEX,  (Tiibingen.)  tU1iing-en,  a  walled  town  of 
Wtirtemberg,  circle  of  Black  Forest,  on  the  Xeckar.  at  the 
intiux  of  the  Ammer.  18  miles  S.3.W.  of  Stuttu-art.  Lat. 
48°  31'  X..  Ion.  9°  4'  E.  Pop.  7500.  Its  celebrated  univer- 
sity, which  had  among  its  earliest  professors  the  Refoi-mers 
Melancthon  and  Rauchlin.  is  seated  in  the  ancient  castle  of 
the  counts-palatine,  and  has  l^elonging  to  it  an  observatory, 
botanic  garden,  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  a  libi-ary  of 
70.000  volumes.  In  lS4r>  it  was  attended  by  8fi8  students. 
The  town  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  gunpowder. 

TUBIZE.  tU'beez',  a  market-town  of  Belginm.  province  of 
South  Br.ibant.  on  the  railway.  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brussels. 

TUBXAH.  tooWna.  (anc.  Titfbuna.)  a  town  of  Algeria,  pro- 
vince, and  120  miles  S.W.  of  Constantine. 

TUBXEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

TUBUXA.     See  Tubnah. 

TCCAXO.  too-k^no,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia, 
8  miles  from  the  river  of  Itapicuru.     Pop.  1200. 

Tt  CAPEL,  a  river  of  Chili.    See  Laxa. 

TUCHAN,  tii^shSK"^',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Aude.  25  miles  S.W.  of  Xarbonne.     Pop.  1220. 

TUCHEL.  tCO/Kel.  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Conitz.     Pop.  18S5. 

TUCK,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,    fee  Tar. 

TUCPLMIOE,  tftkVhS',  a  creek  of  Xew  Jersey,  forms  the 
boundary  between  Atlantic  county  on  the  right,  and  Cum- 
berland and  Cape  May  counties  on  the  left,  and  fells  into 
Great  Esg  Harbor  Bay. 

TUCKAHOE.  a  small  river  in  the  E.  part  of  Mar>-land, 
rises  in  Queen  Anne  county,  and  flows  S.,  fo.-Tning  the 
boundary  between  Caroline  and  Talbot  counties,  until  it 
enters  the  Choptank  River. 

Tl'CKAHOE.  a  post-office  of  Westchester  co..  Xew  York. 

TUCKAHOE.  a  flourishing  post-vill.sge  of  New  Jersey,  on 
the  line  between  Atlantic  and  Cape  May  counties,  and  on 
both  sides  of  Tuckahoe  Creek.  16  miles  in  a  straight  line  N. 
by  E.  of  Cape  May  Court-House.  It  has  2  churches  and 
several  stores.     Pop.  about  000. 

TUCKAHOE.  a  post  office  of  Jefferson  co..  Tennessee. 

TUCK'ALEE'CH K  COVE,  post-office.  Blount  co.,Tennef>9ee. 

TUCKASAG.\.  ttikVsaw'ca.  a  post-village  of  MeckleubuT^ 
CO..  Xorth  Carolina.  169  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

TUCK/ASA W^  CREEK,  of  Georgli.  called  al-x.  TUSX^.V 
H.4TCH'EE.  enters  the  Ocmulgee  River  in  PulaeH  county. 

TUCK'ER.  a  township  of  Clark  co..  Arkansas. 

TUCKER'S  CABIX.  a  village  of  Henry  co.,  J^orgi*,  8C 
miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

TUCKER'S  ISLAM,  a  low  coral  island  co%»red  Mitb 
cocoanut-trees.  in  the  Xorth  Pacific  J»t.  7'  3i}  V.  lui 
146°  48' E.     Pop.  3>» 


TUG 


TUL 


TUCKER'S  ISLAND  or  TUCKER'S  BEACH,  or.  the  inlet 
to  Little  Egg  Harbor  liiiy.  New  Jersay. 

TUCK'EltTON,  a  post-villajre  and  port  of  entry  of  Bur- 
lington CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  Little  Egg  Harbor  Bay,  about  60 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Trenton.  It  contains  3  churches,  and  several 
stores.  The  shipping  of  the  district,  January  1,  1865, 
amounted  to  about  10,000  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  nil 
of  which  were  employed  in  the  coasting  trade.  Eleven 
Bcliooners  were  built  here  in  1864.    Pop.  aliout  TOGO. 

TUCKERTON,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TUCbl'IA,  too-ko'pe-a,  or  TICOPIA,  tg-ko'pe-d.  an  island 
of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  12°  21'  10"  S.,  Ion.  168°  43' 
30"  E.,  about  7  miles  in  circuit.  Near  its  N.E.  end  it  attains 
the  height  of  3000  feet,  and  becomes  visible,  in  clear  weather, 
at  the  distance  of  40  miles.  It  produces  yams,  cocoanuts, 
&(;.,  and  has  from  400  to  500  inhabitants.  It  was  on  this 
island  that  the  sword-hilt  and  other  remains  of  the  expe- 
dition of  I^  Perouse  were  found,  and  led  to  the  discovery 
of  the  exact  site  of  the  wreck. 

TUCOVIA.  too-ko've-i.  an  island  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  12°  16'  S.,  Ion.  108°  42'  E. 

TUOUMAN,  too-koo-min',  a  province  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. (La  Plata,)  mostly  Ijetween  lat.  26°  and  27°  30'  S.,  and 
Ion.  62°  and  66°  W.,  having  E.  the  Gran  Chaco,  one  of  the 
vast  interior  plains  of  South  America,  and  on  other  sides  the 
departments  of  Salta,  Catamaica,  and  Santiago.  Estimated 
pop.  44.000.  The  surface  in  the  W.  is  mountainous,  and 
alternately  covered  with  forests  of  lofty  trees  and  fine  pas- 
tures. Its  centre  is  one  of  the  richest  parts  of  the  republic, 
yielding  tine  crops  of  wheat,  maize,  rice,  tobacco,  and  sugar. 
Many  mules  are  exported,  and  the  cattle  are  of  good  breeds. 
The  province  contains  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and 
lend;  the  other  products  are  cocoa,  cotton,  indigo,  honey, 
wax,  dyewoods,  salt  from  mines  and  lakes,  and  a  little  wine. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  leather,  cotton  and  woollen 
fabrics,  and  cheese.     Principal  towns,  Tucuman  and  IMtos. 

TUCCMAN  or  SAN  MIGUEL  DE  TUCUMAN,  sHn  me- 
ghiV  di  too-koo-min'.  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic. 
(La  Plata.)  capital  of  the  above  province,  on  a  tributary  of 
the  -VIedinas,  94  miles  N.W.  of  Santiago  del  Estero.  Pop. 
from  8000  to  12,000.  It  has  a  cathedral,  several  convents,  a 
Jesuits'  college,  and  a  trade  in  oxen  and  mules  sent  into  Bo- 
livia. Here  the  independence  of  the  Plata  Provinces  was 
first  promulgated,  aud  the  first  Congress  of  the  republic 
was  held  in  1816. 

TUD.B.     See  Tut. 

TUU'DBNIIAM,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

TUDUENIIAM,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TUDIIKNHAM.  North,  aparish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TUDKLA,  too-D.Vld.  (anc.  Tute>la.)  a  city  of  Spain,  province 
of  Navarre,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ebro,  here  crossed  by 
a  stone  bridge  of  17  arches,  52  miles  N.W.  of  Saragossa. 
Pop.  6790.  It  is  neat,  but  dull.  It  has  remains  of  ancient 
fortifications.  Its  cjithedral  contains  the  tomb  of  Blanche 
of  Castile,  queen  of  Peter  the  Cruel ;  and  it  has  many  other 
churches,  convents,  and  hospitals,  a  work-house,  prison, 
Latin  and  medical  schools,  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens, 
hair  fabrics,  soap,  tiles,  bricks,  and  earthenwares.  The 
celebrated  rabbi  Benjamin  Ben  Jonah  (Benjamin  of  Tudela) 
was  born  here  in  the  twelfth  century.  On  November  23, 
1808,  the  French  here  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
Spaniards. 

TUDKLA  DE  DUERO,  too-D,Vll  di  dw.Vro,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province,  and  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Valladolid. 

TUDHLEY,  tood'lee.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

TUDI-;!!..     SeeTOM. 

TUDOR  HALL,  a  post-oflice  of  Prince  William  co.,  Virginia. 

TUEDA.     See  Tweed. 

TUEJAR  or  TUEXAR,  too-A-nan/,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince, and  43  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia,  on  a  slope  above  the 
Chelva.     i'op.  1346. 

TUERTO,  tw^R'to.  a  village  in  the  interior  of  New  Mexico, 
near  the  S.  laase  of  the  Placer  Mountain,  30  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Santa  Fe. 

TL'F.\KA,  too-fi/r3,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Molise, 
E.S.K.  of  Campob.asso,  on  the  Fortore.     Pop.  2360. 

TUFFfi,  tuf^fil',  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe.  16  miles  N.E.  of  Le  Mans.     Pop.  in  1852,  1818. 

TUFINO,  too-fee'no,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra 
li  Lavoro,  N.E.  of  Nola.  with  a  church  and  2  chapels.  Pop. 
1000.  '* 

TUFrrON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Southampton. 

TUin'ONBOROUGIL  a  post-township  of  Carroll  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  E.  side  of  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  45  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1186. 

TUXJALOO',  a  river,  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Savannah, 
rises  near  the  S.  frontier  of  North  Carolina,  and  flowing  first 
S.W  and  then  S.E.  along  the  l)oundary  between  South  Cai-o- 
llna  and  Georgia,  unites  with  the  Kiowee  near  Anderson- 
ville.  TP"  name  of  Chattooga  is  applied  to  the  upper  part 
of  thL  ..ter. 

TUG  ALOO  CREEK,  Alabama.    See  Suckernochek. 

TUG'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

TUG'FORT,  a  parish  of  Knglauu,  co.  of  Salop. 

TUGGUET     S«e  Tooggoobi. 


TUGHLTCKABAD.  ttig'lik-a-bad',  a  fortified  town  of  Bri- 
tish India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  in  the  Upper  Provinces,  li 
miles  S.  of  Delhi,  with  some  extensive  ruins,  and  the  massive 
mausoleum  of  Tughlick  Shah,  an  edifice  of  the  tburteeutlt 
century. 

TUG  LIE,  tool'yA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  7 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Gallipoli.  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain.  P.  1000. 

TUG  RIVER,  a  post-oflice  of  McDowell  co.,  W.Virginia. 

TUINEJE.  a  town  in  the  Canary  Islands,  in  Fuerteveu- 
tura,  on  a  mountain  .slope.    Pop.  1377. 

TUITUIM.    See  Dkutz. 

TUKHTI  SULEIMAN.  tfiKtV  S09-lA-man',  or  TAKHTI 
SULEIMAN,  tdK'tee  sooMA-man',  written  also  TAKHTI 
SOULIMAN,  (?'.  e.  "Throne  of  Solomon,")  a  remarkable  hill 
and  collection  of  ruins  in  North  Persia,  province  of  Azer- 
baijan, 115  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tabreez,  identified  by  Major  Raw- 
linson  with  the  ancient  Atropatenian  Ecbatana,  the  Plira a- 
ta,  Gaza,  and  Canzaca  of  classic  authors,  and  the  SItiz  of  the 
Arabians.     Lat.  36°  .30'  N.,  Ion.  47°  10'  E. 

TUKHTI  SULEIMAN,  a  mountain  of  the  Suleiman  Range, 
E.  of  Afghanistan.  Lat.  31°  35'  N.,  Ion.  about  70°  E.,  and 
11,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  the  name  of  several  other 
mountains  in  Central  and  West  Asia. 

TUKHTI  SULKIMAN  or  USCH,  oosh,  a  town  of  Inde- 
pendent Toorkistan.     See  OoSH. 

TUKUM,  too'kOOm  or  too-koom',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Courland,  near  the  Gulf  of  Riga,  on  the  Slok,  38 
miles  AV.  of  Riga.  Pop.  2800.  It  has  a  ruined  castle,  and  a 
female  seminary. 

TULA,  a  government  and  town  of  Rus.sia.     See  TooLV. 

TULA,  a  river  of  the  Chinese  Empire.     See  T001.A. 

TULA,  too'ia,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  the 
ancient  capit.1l  of  the  Toltees.  state,  and  40  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Mexico.  It  is  upwards  of  6000  feet  above  the  sea  on  the 
banks  of  the  Tula  or  Montezuma,  a  river  which,  after  a 
N.E.  course  of  200  miles  pa.st  Valles  and  Panuco.  joins  the 
Tampico  River  near  its  mouth  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

TLLANG-BAVANG.  too-iang/ ba-vAng',  a  river  and  town 
of  Sumatra.  The  river  enters  the  Sea  of  Java  after  an  E. 
course  of  100  mile's;  the  town  is  70 miles  S.S.E.  ofPalembang. 

TULARE.  too-lA'ree  or  too-li'rA,  a  large  county  in  the 
E.S.E.  part  of  California,  has  an  area  estimat^ed  at  above 
12,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Coast 
Range,  and  is  drained  by  King's  River  and  several  smaller 
streams  flowing  into  Tule  Lake,  and  by  Kern  River  flowing 
into  Kern  Lake.  The  surface  in  the  central  part  is  broken 
by  the  mountain  range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  between 
this  and  the  Coast  Range  lies  the  lieautiful  and  fertile  valley 
of  the  San  Joaquin.  The  soil  of  this  valley  is  very  produc- 
tive, though  but  little  attention  has  yet  been  paid  to  agricul- 
ture. The  county  derived  its  name  from  the  Tule' Lake, 
which  lies  within  its  border.  County-seat,  Visalia.  Popu- 
lation 4638. 

TUI/BAGH,  a  village  of  the  Cape  Colony,  in  South  Africa, 
division,  and  37  miles  N.N.W.  of  Worcester. 

TCLDJA,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Toolcha. 

TULE.  too'lee  or  too'lA,  {i.e.  "a  bulrush,")  a  lake  in  Cali- 
fornia, is  included  within  the  limits  of  Tulare  co.,  about 
midway  between  the  Coast  Range  and  the  Sierra  Nevada. 
Length,  from  30  to  40  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  22 
miles.  The  outlet  joins  San  Joaquin  River.  Kern  Lake, 
perhaps  20  miles  farther  S.,  is  sometimes  called  the  Upjjer 
or  Smaller  Bulru.sh  Lake.  The  valley  in  which  these  two 
lakes  are  situated  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  fertile  and 
beautiful  to  be  found  on  the  globe. 

TULE  LAKE,  a  small  lake  of  Yolo  co.,  towards  the  N.W. 
part  of  California,  is  about  half  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter  of 
a  mile  wide. 

TULIJ.\  or  TULIXA.  too-lee'RA.  a  river  of  the  Mexican 
Confe<leration.  st.ate  of  Tabasco,  tributary  to  the  Usumasinta. 
At  their  junction  it  is  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  breadth. 

TU'LIP,  a  creek  of  Arkansas,  enters  the  Washita  River  a 
few  miles  above  Camden. 

TULIP,  a  post-town.ohip  of  Dallas  co.,  Arkansa.9. 

TULIXA,  a  river.  Mexican  Confederation.     See  Titjja. 

TUL'LA  or  TULLOH,  ttil'loh,  a  market-town  and  parish 
of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Clare.  9|  miles  NJ5.  of  Ennis. 
Pop.  1000. 

TULLA,  tfil'lA.  a  town  of  Arabia,  district  of  Yemen.  30 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Sana. 

TULLAGH.  tftllah.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co. 
of  Cork,  comprising  the  port  of  Baltimore  and  the  island  of 
Innisherkin. 

TULLAGHANBROGUE.  tfillah-an-brog',  a  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  Leinster,  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

TULLAGHANOGE.  taWa-nog',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of 
Meath. 

TULLAGHLEASE.  tOl'laH-leez'.  or  TULLILEASE,  a  p,v 
rish  of  Ireland,  in  Muuster.  co.  of  Cork. 

TULLAGHNISKEN,  tftl-laH-nis'kfn,  a  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  Ulster,  co.  of  Tvrone. 

TULLAGHOBIGLY,  tlil-lan-o-biglee.  or  RYETULLAGH- 
OBIGI^Y,  a  maritime  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Donegal,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Dunfanaghy,  including:  sevjCiil 
isiauds. 

1960 


TDL 


TUN 


rrLtAGHOUTOX,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  eo. 
of  Tipperarv. 

TL'I-LAGUOUGHT,  a  parish  of  Irelan^J,  in  Leinster,  co. 
of  Kilkenny. 

TDL'LAH(yMA,  a  post-rillage  and  important  railroad  sta- 
tion of  Coflfee  CO..  Teuuessee.  on  Rook  Creek,  70  miles  S.E.  of 
Kashville.  The  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad  here 
Intersects  the  MeMinnville  and  Manchester  Railroad,  which 
will  probably  render  ic  a  place  of  much  business.  Laid  out 
!n  1S51. 

TDLLAMORE,  ttiria-mOr',  an  inland  town  of  Ireland,  in 
Iieiuster,  capital  of  King's  co.,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Clodagh, 
and  on  the  Grand  Can.nl.  in  the  centre  of  the  Bo<r  of  Allen, 
50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  iu  ISol,  40»).  It  has 
risen  since  1790  from  a  small  village.  It  is  the  princip.il 
shipping  station  on  the  Grand  Canal.  Charleville  Forest, 
adjacent,  is  the  seat  of  Earl  Charleville,  who  owns  the  town. 

TULL-\RO.\X,  tulMa-ron'.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster, 
CO.  of  Kilkenn}-,  5  miles  s>.S.\V.  of  Freshfbrd.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  Courtstowu  Castle. 

TULLE,  tull.  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  department 
of  Correze.  on  the  Corr^ze,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Soulane, 
45  miles  S.E.  of  Limo^;es.  Pop.  in  1862.  11.895.  It  has  a 
communal  college,  normal  school,  public  library,  prison, 
barracks,  and  hospital;  with  manufactures  of  coarse  woollen 
cloth.s.  hats,  paper.  wax-cand)es.  and  leather,  and  an  e.tten- 
sire  national  factory  of  fire-arms.  Three  miles  N.  are  the 
ruins  of  Tintignac. 

TUL'LIAL'L.4N,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Perth,  comprising  the  town  of  Kincardine. 

TCTi'LlBOD'Y,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Clackmannan. 
2|milesN.W.  of  Alloa. 

TULLIXS.  tiiriiN<^,  a  m.\rket-town  of  France,  department 
of  Is^re.  13  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.  Pop.  iu  1852,  4618. 
engasied  in  steel  and  copper-works. 
•TULLN,  t<5dln,  a  walled  town  of  Lower  Austria,  17  miles 
N.W.  of  Vienna,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  here 
joined  by  the  Tulner.  Pop.  1788.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollens  and  tape.  Here  .Sobieski  collected  his  troops  for 
the  defence  of  Vienna  in  1683. 

'    TULL(3CII.  ttilloK.  a  village  of  Scotland  co.,  and  2  miles 
N.  of  Perth.    Pop.  about  300. 

TUI/LOW,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Lein- 
ster, CO.  of  Dublin,  on  the  Slaney.  here  crossed  by  an  elegant 
stone  bridge.  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Carlow.  Pop.  of  town,  3097. 
It  has  a  castle  of  the  twelfth  century. 

TULLS  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Currituck  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

TULLUM.    See  Ton. 

TUt/LY  or  TULLYFERNE'.a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  LHster, 
CO.  of  Donegal,  comprising  a  part  of  the  town  of  Ramelton. 

TUL'LY  or  COG'LAXSTOWN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in 
Leinster.  co.  of  Kildare. 

TUL'LY,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Leinster.  co.  of  Dublin. 

TUI^LY^,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Onondaga  co.. 
New  Y'ork,  about  20  miles  S.  from  Syracuse.  X  plank-road 
extends  fit)m  the  village  to  Syracuse.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
1690. 

TULLY,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  757. 

TULLY.  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Van  Wert  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  5S4. 

TULLY',  a  thriving  post-village  of  I^wis  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  192  miles  above  St.  Louis.  A  large 
quantity  of  pork  and  other-  produce  is  shipped  at  this  point. 
It  contains  2  churches.  6  stores,  and  2  steam  mills.  Laid 
out  in  1833.     Pop.  about  600. 

TULL'YCOR/BET,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of 
Monaghan. 

TUL'LYLISH',  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Down. 

TULLYXES/SLE-.\Ni>-FORBES,  a  united  parish  of  Scotr 
land.  CO.  of  Aberdeen. 

TUI/LYTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Railroad,  5  or  6  miles  S.W. 
of  Trenton. 

TUt/LY'  VAVLEY,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  eo.,  New 
York,  about  130  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

TUiyLY'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Arkansas. 

TULMARO,  tool-m^'ro.  orTULMERO.  tool-mVro.  a  town 
of  South  America,  in  Venezuela,  department,  and  50  miles 
W.S.W.of  Caracas,  near  the  Lake  of  Valencia.  Pop.  8000.  It 
has  an  active  trade  in  tobacco,  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

TULOLA.  too-Wll,  a  small  island  of  Russi.a,  in  Finland, 
near  the  N.  shore  of  I^ke  Ladoga,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Las- 
kila,  which  here  forms  a  fine  ca,scade.  It  is  about  6  miles 
in  circumference,  and  contains  fine  granite  quarries,  the 
Stone  of  which  is  much  used  for  building  in  the  capital. 

TULOS  or  TOULOS.  toolos,  a  lake  of  Russi.a.  in  the  N.W. 
of  the  government  of  Olonets.  about  24  miles  long  from  N.W. 
to  S.E.,  by  6  miles  broad.  Its  banks  are  very  steep,  and  it  con- 
tains several  Islands.  It  has  no  apparent  outlet,  though 
several  small  lakes  send  their  wafers  into  it. 

TUI/OUlt  ISLANDS,  .Malay  Archipelago.     See  S.iun.^BO. 

TULPEIKXJK'EN,  a  creek,  of  Pennsylvania,  rises  in  Le- 
banon CO.,  and  Hows  into  the  Schuylkill  KivHr  nSar  Read- 
lug.    Its  general  course  is  E.S.E. 
1»00 


TULPEHOCKEN.  a  post-township  of  Berks  co.,  Peiinsj-V 
vania.  about  20  miles  S.  by  W.of  I'ottsville.     Pop.  1956. 

TLbSK,  tQlsk,  a  borough  and  village  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught.  CO.  of  Roscommon. 

TULTCHA  or  TULDJA.  European  Turkey.    See  Toolcha. 

TULU.M'B.i,  a  large  and  populous  town  of  the  Punjab, 
near  the  Ravee,  50  miles  N.E.  of  Mooltan,  with  the  reniaiuK 
of  a  fort  ruined  by  Timur. 

TCMACO.  too-nid'ko.  or  GORGOXILLA.  gcR-go-neel'yJ, 
an  island  of  South  America,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Ecuador,  SH 
miles  N.E.  of  Esmei"ald.is. 

TUM.VT  or  .MALKG.  a  river,  Central  Africa.    See  Toomat. 

TUMBALA.  toom-bjli,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confeder- 
ation, state  of  Chiapas,  70  miles  K.X.E.  of  Ciudad  Real,  and 
picturesquely  seated  on  i-o<;kv  precipices. 

TUM'BELAN'  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  the  Malay  Arclipel- 
ago,  between  Borneo  and  the  Malay  Peninsula.  Lat.  of 
G'leat  Island,  1°  N..  Ion.  107°  34'  E.  Principal  i.sland,  Tum- 
belan.  5  miles  in  length. 

TUMBEZ,  toomOj^s  or  toom'b^th,  a  small  town  of  South 
America,  in  Ecuador,  department  of  Asuay,  on  the  I'eivt- 
vian  frontier,  and  on  the  Tumbez  River,  near  the  Pacific, 
and  70  miles  N.W.  of  Loja.  Here  the  Spaniards  first  disem- 
barked, in  1526. 

TUM'BLING  CREEK,  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
flows  S.W.,  and  enters  Duck  River  ou  its  right  bftnk,  in 
Humphreys  county. 

TUMBLING  CREEK,  a  post-ofl?ce,  Tazewell  co.,  Virginia. 

TUMBLING  SHOALS,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district, 
South  Carolina. 

TUM'BO  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Isles  de  Log.  West  Africa. 

TUM'LINSOX,  a  township  of  Scott  co..  Arkansas. 

TUM'LIXSOXVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co..  Arkansas. 

TU-M'LOOK'.  a  town  of  British  India,  presidency,  and  pro- 
vince of  Bengal,  district  of  Hoogly,  on  an  afllueut  of  the 
Ganges.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Calcutta. 

TU.M'XA  or  TOEMO'XIA,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught,  eo.  of  Roscommon. 

TU.MORE'.  a  p.irish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Sligo. 

TUNA,  to&ui,  a  village  and  parish  of  Sweden,  Iflfn.  and 
13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Falun,  near  the  Dal-Elf,  with  a  castle  and 
cinnabar-works. 

TUX. A.  New  Y'ork.    See  TrNUNGWANT. 

TUNAMA.  a  river  of  Brazil.     See  Itu.v.^ma. 

TUNAMAGUOXT,  too-nam\a-gwont'(?;  a  thriving  village 
of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name, 
al)Out  220  miles  N.W.  of  Ilarrisburg.  It  has  an  active  trade, 
principally  in  lumlier. 

TUX'BRIDGE  or  TOX'BRIDGE,  a  market-town  and  pari.<=h 
of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  Medway,  and  on  the  South- 
eastern Railway,  on  which  it  has  a  principal  station.  27  niiies 
S.E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  16,548,  of  the  town,  4539.  It 
is  a  quiet  old  town,  with  5  stone  bridges  over  so  many  arms 
of  the  .Medway.  one  of  which  arms  is  called  the  Tun.  Prin- 
cipal edifices,  the  grammar  school,  which  has  16  exhilitions 
of  1007.  each  at  the  universities,  12  minor  exhibitions,  a 
.scholarship  and  a  fellowship  at  Oxford,  the  town  hall,  union 
work-house,  market-house,  church,  chapels,  ic.  and  fine 
remains  of  a  Norman  castle  and  of  a  priory.  Tunbridsie  has 
been  long  noted  for  a  manufactory  of  toys  and  turned  wares, 
and  it  has  some  exports  of  timber. 

TUNBRIDGE,  a  post- town  ship  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont 
28  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier,  intersected  by  a  branch  of 
White  River.  It  contains  3  small  villages,  the  principal  of 
which  is  at  the  centre.  The  others  are  called  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Villages.     Pop.  1546. 

TUXBRIDGE  WELLS,  a  market-town  and  watering-place 
of  England,  cos.  of  Kent  and  Surrey,  with  a  station  on  the 
Hastings  Branch  of  the  South-eastern  Railway,  5  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Tunbridge.  Pop.  in  1851,  10.587.  The  springs  are 
chalybeate.  The  pump-room  and  baths,  public  parade,  ball- 
rooms, libraries,  theatre,  and  market-house,  are  in  a  small 
valley,  enclosed  by  sloping  hills.  Mounts  Ephraim,  Pleasant, 
and  Sion.  on  which  are  excellent  hotels,  and  many  elegant 
villas.  It  has  a  church  and  elegant  chapel,  numerous  dis- 
senting chapels,  an  infirmary,  dispensary,  many  schools,  and 
literary  institutions. 

TUXCHA,  tfinV-hi',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Ngan- 
hoei.  about  20  miles  from  Hoei-choo-foo,  to  which  it  forms 
a  kind  of  port.  Lat.  29°  48'  N.,  Ion.  118°  30'  E.  It  is  a 
Large,  busy,  and  thriving  place,  arrtl  carries  on  a  very  ex- 
tensive trade,  esj>eciall}-  in  green  tea.  the  greater  part  jf 
which  is  sent  down  the  river,  and  thence  onward  to  Shane- 
hai.  being  shippetl  here.     I'op.  about  150.000. 

TUX'DERGARTH.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

TUNEXUM  or  TUXETA.    See  Tunis. 

TUNG,  several  cities  of  China.    See  Teno. 

TUNG.     See  Too.ng. 

TUNG-CH.ANG.  toongVhing'  or  tfingVhJng',  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Shan-toong.  capital  of  a  department  on  the 
river  Ta-tein,  near  the  Grand  Canal,  50  miles  b.W.  of  Tsee-nan, 
It  is  large,  populous,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  .Among 
its  public  edifices  is  an  octagon  tower  of  8  strtrics.  faced  with 
porcelain. — TiNrt-CniNG.  Tung-Chaw,  Tuno-Yaxg.  &c..  are  the 
names  of  Chinese  cities  aud  towns  of  minor  imptrtauce. 


TUN 

TCNfl-KTANG.  a  river  of  China.    See  Toono-Kiano. 

TUNGKI.     SoeToNGRES. 

TUXOUUAGUA,  toonjj-j^oorl'gwi  or  toon-jroo-rd'wi.  the 
river  Amazon,  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course  in  North 
Peru,  is  ctlleil  the  Tunjiarairua  or  Lauricocha.     See  Amazon. 

TUNGUKAGUA,  a  volcano  of  South  .\merica,  iu  Kcuador. 
Lat.  1°  :;SI'  S..  Ion.  79°  Hy  W.     Height.  10.424  feet. 

TUN'OU.SKS.     Pee  Tooxgooses. 

TIIXGUSKA,  three  rivers  of  Siberi.i.    See  Toonoooska. 

TUXICA,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  JIis.si.s.sippi.  bor- 
derinsr  on  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Arliansas,  has  .in  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Tunica  and  Coldwater  Itivers.  The  surface  is 
flat,  and  some  parts  sutiject  to  be  overflowed.  Capital, 
Austiu.     Pop.  43C6,  of  wliom  883  were  free. 

TCXIS,  tu'niss  or  too'niss,  one  of  the  States  of  North  Afi-ica, 
and  nominally  dependent  on  Turkey,  is  situated  lietween  lat. 
31°  and  37°  .\..  and  Ion.  8°  and  11°  E.  It  is  bounded  N.  and 
N.E.  by  the  .Mediterranean,  S.E.  by  Tripoli,  S.  and  S.W.  by 
the  Great  Desert  or  Stihara,  and  \V.  by  Aljieria:  greatest 
length,  from  N.  to  S.,  a))out  440  miles;  mean  breadth,  mea- 
sured on  the  parallel  of  3d°,  160  miles;  area,  estimated  at 
70,000  square  miles.  The  coast-line  is  very  irregular,  and 
much  broken;  it  presents  three  remarkable  indentations, 
forming  the  Bay  of  Tunis  on  the  N.,  and  the  bays  of  Ham- 
mamet  and  Cabes,  or  the  Lesser  Syrtis,  on  the  E.  On  the 
N.W.,  as  far  as  the  Cape  of  Karina,  it  is  bold  and  rocky,  and 
presents  in  Cape  Blanco  the  most  N.  point  of  the  African 
continent.  The  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Tunis  are  low  and 
generally  swampy,  but  rise  towai-ds  its  extremity,  and  ter- 
minate in  Cape  Bon.  Beyond  this  cape,  and  S.,  the  shore  is 
generally  low,  hut  is  occasionally  diversified  by  rocky  head- 
lands of  moderate  elevation. 

The  interior  of  Tunis  is  very  imperfectly  known.  The 
N.W.  portion,  lying  between  the  frontiers  of  Algeria  on  the 
W..  and  the  valley  of  Mejerdah  on  the  S.  and  E..  is  tra- 
versed by  a  range  of  mountains  which,  entering  from  the  W., 
spread  over  the  whole  district.  These  mouutmns  are  estimated 
to  have  an  elevation  of  from  4000  teet  to  5000  feet;  they  are 
covered  with  fine  timber,  and  on  their  lower  slopes  have 
many  fertile  tracts,  partly  under  culture  and  partly  under 
olive-plantations.  Among  the  mountains  rich  veins  of  lead 
are  said  to  exist.  Between  these  mountains  and  the  Gulf 
of  Ilammamet  on  the  E.,  stretches  the  extensive  plain  or 
plateau  of  Kairwan,  which  is  about  100  miles  long,  by  .30 
wide;  and  though  elevated,  is  almost  an  unbroken  flat, 
nearly  destitute  of  trees,  and,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
town  of  Kairwan,  uncultivated.  Over  this  plain  tlie  Arabs 
roam,  pasturing  their  horses  and  camels.  Little  is  known  of 
the  country  to  the  S.  Its  fertility  was  colebi-ated  by  the 
ancients,  but  it  is  understood  to  be  at  present  little  better 
than  a  desert. 

The  only  river  of  any  consequence  Is  the  Mejerdah,  (anc. 
Bagradas.)  already  mentioned:  both  at  its  mouth,  and  con- 
Bideratily  to  the  W.  of  it,  near  the  Gulf  of  Biserta,  are  nu- 
merous large  lagoons  abounding  with  several  kinds  of  fish. 
The  only  other  remarkable  expanse  of  water  is  the  great 
lake  of  Al-Sibkah,  situated  far  to  the  8..  on  the  borders  of  the 
Sahara.  It  is  about  70  miles  long,  by  25  broad;  but  with 
the  exception  of  its  S.  part  becomes  dry  in  summer,  when  a 
Layer  of  salt  is  found  deposited  on  its  bed.  The  climate  is 
one  of  the  best  in  the  Barbary  States,  the  atmosphere  being 
generally  pure  and  wholesome,  and  the  excessive  summer- 
heats  moderated  by  sea  breezes.  In  the  town  of  Tunis,  the 
thermometer,  on  an  average  of  three  years,  showed  a  mean 
of  65°-9  in  winter,  71°  iu  spring,  83°-9  in  summer,  and  C4° 
iu  autumn — the  mean  of  the  whole  year  being  69°-2.  Rains 
fall  at  intervals  from  November  to  April,  but  long  continued 
and  almost  uninterrupted  droughts  prevail  during  the  rest 
of  the  year.  Most  part  of  the  surface  is  of  high  fertility,  and 
n  ancient  times  it  was  one  of  the  granaries  of  Home;  but 
owing  to  the  extortions  of  the  government,  and  the  uncertain 
Venure  by  which  property  is  held,  agriculture  is  very  much 
neglected,  and  large  tracts,  capable  of  yielding  produc- 
tive returns,  remain  in  a  state  of  nature.  The  principal 
'rops  are  wheat,  barley,  and  maize;  olives  also  are  exten- 
Mvely  raised,  and  date-plantations  are  so  numerous  as  to 
♦urnish  the  principal  subsistence  of  the  inhabitants.  To- 
bacco is  largely  cultivated,  and  cotton,  indigo,  saffron,  and 
jpiuui  are  partially,  grown.  Almost  all  the  fruits  of  Southern 
Europe  alx>und.  and  in  vaiious  quarters  drugs  and  dyes  form 
special  cbjects  of  culture.  Copper,  lead,  silver,  and  salt,  from 
5ibkah.  are  amongst  the  mineral  products,  and  near  Porto- 
Fariua  is  a  quicksilver-mine;  but  mining,  like  agriculture, 
Is  very  backward.  The  principal  domestic  animals  are  mules, 
oxen,  and  camels:  on  several  parts  of  the  coast  the  fisheries, 
including  that  of  coral,  are  valuable. 

The  manufactures  consist  chiefly  of  woollen  fabrics,  more 
especially  the  beretti  ov  red  caps,  known  all  over  the  Medi- 
terranean; soap,  both  soft  and  hard,  mjide  on  an  extensive 
Boaleat  Soosa;  dyed  skins,  and  ordinary  and  morocco  leather; 
the  trade,  both  with  the  interior  and  with  different  parts  of 
Kurope,  is  of  considerable  extent.  Caravans  come  annually 
from  Central  .Africa,  bringing  slaves,  senna,  ostrich-feathers, 
gold  dust,  gum,  and  ivory,  which  are  exchanged  tor  mauu- 


TUN 

factured  goods,  spices,  and  gunpowder.  Others  from  Oon- 
stantinople  bring  wax,  dried  skins,  cattle,  and  sheop.  t« 
return  for  muslins  and  other  woven  fabrics.  Tunis  mantles, 
colonial  produce,  essences,  &c.  The  principal  imports  oy 
sea  are  cochineal,  raw  silk,  coffee,  sugar,  Spanish  woollju 
cloths,  wines,  and  coin.  The  inhabitants,  amounting  u 
about  2.500.000,  consist  of  a  mixture  of  Moors,  Arabs.  Turks 
and  Jews,  the  two  first  principally,  with  a  few  Christians ; 
they  rank  as  the  most  civilized  in  Barbary,  though,  as  c>,m- 
pared  with  the  lea.st  advanced  of  European  nations,  they  are 
lamentably  deficient  in  evei-y  thing  that  constitutes  true 
civilization.  The  state  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  The 
government  is  exerci.sed  by  an  hereditary  bey,  nominally 
tributary  to  the  Turkish  Sultan,  by  whom  he  is  confirmed 
in  his  rule,  and  assisted  by  a  divan  of  37  members.  Ilis 
revenue  is  estimated  at  S;8.00f),000  annually,  but  double  this 
sum  is  yearly  raised  by  taxation,  customs,  &c.,  the  resilue 
being  retained  by  the  collectors.  The  armed  force  amounts 
to  aljout  50.000  men.  The  naval  force  consi.sts  of  a  corvette, 
some  smaller  vessels,  and  about  32  gun-l>oats.  Besides  Tunis 
the  capital,  the  chief  towns  are  Soosa.  Ilammamet,  Bizerta, 
Stax.  ('aljes.  Monastir,  Gafsa.  Kairwan,  Zoughwan,  and  Beja. 
(For  adj.  and  inhab.,  see  end  of  next  article.) 

TU.MS.  (anc.  Time/turn  or  Tafnea ;  Gr.  Totii/tj  or  ToDftf,) 
a  seaport  town  of  North  Africa,  capital  of  the  above  state,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Jlejerdah.  on  the  W.  side  of  an  oval  lagoon 
connected  by  a  narrow  strait  with  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
and  on  a  large  and  beautiful  plain  bounded  in  the  distance 
by  lofty  mountains,  400  miles  K.  by  N.  of  Algiers.  Lat.  (Fon- 
douc)  36°  48'  N.,  Ion.  10°  24'  15"  E.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
double  wall — the  exterior  being  about  5  miles  in  circuit,  en- 
closing the  suburbs,  and  pierced  by  four  gates,  and  the  in- 
terior still  more  lofty,  enclosing  the  city  proper,  and  pierced 
by  six  gates.  It  is  also  defended  by  a  strong  Oistle  com- 
pletely commanding  the  Goletta,  or  narrow  strait  already 
mentioned,  and  by  several  detached  forts  in  other  dir-ixv 
tions.  AVhen  approached,  whether  by  land  or  sea.  it  be- 
comes visible  at  a  considerable  distance,  and  rising  in  long 
ranges  of  buildings  of  dazzling  whiteness.  pre.«ents  a  very 
striking  and  picturesque  appearance.  The  impression  thus 
made  is  not  confirmed  by  a  nearer  inspinition.  The  strei'ts 
are  narrow,  uneven,  unpaved,  and  filthy  in  the  extreme; 
tile  houses  are  of  stone  or  brick,  generally  of  very  mean 
appearance,  consisting  only  of  a  single  story  without  ex- 
terior windows.  The  interior,  however.  In  the  form  of  a 
court,  with  the  apsirtments  ranged  round  it,  is  often  fitted 
up  with  Oiiental  magnificence.  Water  is  abundantly  sui> 
plied,  partly  from  cisterns  placed  on  the  flat  roof  of  each  to 
collect  the  rain,  and  p,artly  by  an  aqueduct  carried  from  s 
neighbouring  spring.  The  public  buildings  include  a  great 
number  of  mosques,  several  of  them  handsome,  and  one  a 
magnificent  structure,  adorned  with  columns  and  marbles 
brought  at  an  immense  expen.oe  from  ruins  in  the  interior 
of  the  country;  the  bey's  palace,  a  h.and.some  modern  liuilding 
in  the  Saracenic  .style,  adorned  with  courts  and  galleries  of 
marble:  several  large  and  well-arranged  barracks,  one  of 
which  is  fitted  to  accommodate  40iX)  men ;  a  Moorish  college 
for  theology  .and  jurisprudence,  many  other  superior  and 
elementary  schools,  several  synairogues,  a  Roman  Catholic 
and  a  Greek  church,  a  Roman  Catholic  convent,  a  theatre, 
several  elegant  public  baths,  and  extensive  and  well-fur- 
nished bazaars. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  linen  and  woollen  cloths, 
red  woollen  caps,  in  such  extensive  demand  that  50.000 
persons  are  said  to  have  been  at  one  time  employed  on  them; 
embroidery,  ordinary  and  morocco  It.ather,  and  various  cele- 
brated essences  both  of  musk.  rose,  and  jasmine.  The  trade 
is  very  extensive,  and  includes  among  its  principal  exports 
oil,  beretii  or  Tunis  caps,  soap,  grain  and  pulse,  wool,  hides, 
cattle,  tunny-fish,  sponges,  senna,  wax,  gold-dust,  ele- 
phants'-teeth,  Ac;  among  the  principal  imports,  cotton, 
linen,  and  woollen  goods,  tin.  lead,  and  iron,  raw  and  manu- 
factured; coffee,  sugar,  spices,  &o.  In  carrying  on  this 
trade,  notwithstanding  the  admirable  situation  of  the  town, 
considerable  disadvantages  are  experienced.  The  depth  of 
water  within  the  lagoon  is  not  more  than  6  or  7  feet,  and  heiice 
even  merchant  vessels  are  obliged  to  lie  outside  the  Goletta, 
and  can  only  load  or  unload  by  means  of  lighters.  The  place 
of  anchorage,  however,  formed  by  an  inner  bay  off  that  of 
Tunis,  has  in  its  centre  a  depth  of  from  10  to  20  fathoms, 
and  is  so  capacious,  that  the  largest  fleet  may  ride  in  it  with 
perfect  shelter  from  all  winds  except  those  from  the  N.E. 

Tunis  is  situated  about  3  miles  to  the  S.W.  of  the  ruins  of 
ancient  Carthage,  and  it  is  itself  a  place  of  great  antiquity, 
and  has  been  the  scene  of  many  important  historical  events. 
During  the  Punic  wars  it  was  repeatedly  taken  and  re- 
taken. In  439  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Vandals,  but 
h.aving  been  wrested  from  them  about  a  century  thereafter 
by  Belisarius.  it  continued  to  be  subject  to  the  Greek  Empire 
till  the  end  of  the  seventh  century,  when  Northern  Africa 
was  overrun  by  the  victorious  arms,  and  became, a  depend- 
ency of  the  caliphs  of  Bagdad.  In  1206,  Tunis  became  on 
absolute  sovereignty  under  .\boo-Ferez,  (.4ibu-Ferez.)  who 
soon  added  to  it  the  greater  part  of  Algiers  and  Tripioli. 
About  this  time  it  became  notorious  for  its  piracies,  and  in 

1901 


TUN 


TUR 


12T0,  Louis  TX.  of  France,  in  a  chiralrotiR  attempt  to  sup- 
press tn<-u>.  lost  both  bis  army  and  his  life.  The  last  of  the 
Tunisian  kings,  Muley-Hassem,  having  been  dt-prived  of 
his  throne  l>y  the  celebrated  pirate  chief  called  IJarbarossa 
11..  in  1.531,  had  recourse  to  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  who 
restored  him,  but  made  his  kingdom  tributary  to  Spain.  It 
so  continued  till  1574,  when  it  wjis  subjugated  by  the 
Turks,  who  at  first  governed  it  by  a  Turkish  pasha  and 
divan,  with  a  body  of  Janissaries  sent  from  Constantinople, 
but  were  ultimately  obliged  to  allow  the  Moors  to  elect 
their  own  bey,  only  reserving  to  themselves  the  power  of 
»ufirming  the  election  and  exacting  a  tribute.  The  piracies 
of  the  Tunisians  subjected  them  to  severe  chastisement, 
first  from  the  IJritish  under  Admiral  Blake,  and  afterwards 
from  France  and  Holland.  In  1816.  under  threat  of  the 
same  punir^hment  which  had  just  been  intlicted  by  Jyord  Ex- 
nouth  on  the  Algerinef,  they  engaged  forever  to  renounce 
piracy  and  Christian  slavery.  Pop.  variously  estimated  at 
from  liiO.tKK)  to  2U0.000 ;  of  whom  about  "Za.uOu  are  Jews,  and 
.1000  Christians,  the  remainder  being  chietly  Moors,  Arabs, 
*nd  Negroes. — ^.\dj.  and  inhab.  Tu.msiax,  too-nee'she-an, 
and  TusisixE.  too-ne-seen'.  The.se  terms  perhaps,  more 
properly  applied  to  the  city  of  Tunis,  may  also  be  extended 
to  the  state  or  regency. 

Tt'NLS,  GULF  OF,  an  inlet  of  the  Mediterranean,  extends 
inland  for  30  miles,  between  Capes  Bon  and  Farina.  Breadth 
at  entrance,  45  miles.  It  everywhere  affords  good  anchor- 
age in  from  4  to  10  fathoms  of  water,  receives  the  river 
Mejerdah,  and  has  on  its  S.W.  side  the  Goletta.  or  entrance 
to  the  lagoon  of  Tunis,  and  the  ruins  of  Carthage. 

TUNIS.  LAGOON  OF,  a  shallow  lake  communicating  on 
Its  E.  side  with  the  Gulf  of  Tunis  by  the  Goletta.  a  short 
and  narrow  strait.  Length.  12  miles:  brejidth,  5  miles.  In 
it  is  a  fortified  isl.ind.  opposite  the  city  of  Tunis,  on  its  ^^'. 
shore,  and  on  its  N.E.  side  are  the  ruins  of  Carthage,  of 
whicli  city  it  was  the  port. 

TUN  J  A,  toong'Hi.  a  town  of  South  America.  New  Granada, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Boyaca,  on  a  high  table-land,  70 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Bogota.  Pop.  7{'00.  It  has  several  convents, 
a  college,  a  military  hospital,  manufactures  of  woven  fabrics, 
and  a  large  trade  in  tobacco.  On  its  N.N.W.  side  are  mineral 
springs,  and  near  it,  in  1819,  was  fought  the  battle  of  Boy- 
i<a.  in  which  the  Spaniards  were  routed  by  Bolivar. 

TUNKAT.  a  town  of  Toorkistan.     See  Toonkat. 

TUNKHAN'NOCK,  a  creek  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, falls  into  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
lliver  at  Tunkhannock. 

TUNKHANNOCK,  a  thriving  post-borough,  capital  of 
Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  on  the  North  Brancn 
of  the  Susquehanna  lliver,  at  the  mouth  of  Tunkhannock 
Creek,  145  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg,  and  about  20  miles 
N,W.  of  Scrauton.  The  North  Branch  Canal  passes  through 
the  place,  by  means  of  which  lumber,  grain.  Ac,  are  ex- 
ported. It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  several 
churches,  and  mills  of  different  kinds.  Two  newspapei-s 
ai-e  issued  here.     Pop.  in  1860,  1019. 

TUNKHAN'NOCK  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylvania,  occupies 
the  N.E.  part  of  Wyoming  county. 

TUNKINSK,  a  town  of  Siljeria.    See  Toonkinsk. 

TUNNELL,  a  postroffice  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

XUNNELL  HILL,  a  posbofflce  of  Pickens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

TUNNELL  HILL,  a  post-vill.age  of  Whitfield  co.,  Georgia, 

TUNNELL'S  STORE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Sussex  ai.,  Delaware. 

TUNNELLTON,  a  post-offtce  of  Preston  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

TUNSTALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  3  miles 
S.  of  Kirkby-Lonsdale.  It  has  an  ancient  church.  Thur- 
land  Castle  here  is  a  moated  residence. 

TUNSTALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

TUNSTALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

TUNSTALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk, 

TUNSTALL,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Biding. 

TUNSTALL-COURT,  a  markeHown  and  ch.apelry  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Stafford,  4  miles  N. N.E.  of  Newcasile-under-Lyne. 
Pop.  in  1851.  9566.  The  church  is  a  handsome  edifice,  and. 
here  is  a  neat  court-hou.se.  In  the  vicinity  are  numerous 
collieries,  extensive  potteries,  large  chemical  works,  and 
productive  veins  of  clay  and  iron  ore. 

TUNS'TEAl).  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

TUNUNGWANT  or  TUNA,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraugus 
oc.,  New  York,  on  the  Alleghany  Kiver.  and  on  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  about  55  raile,s  S.E.  of  Dunkirk. 

TUNUYAN.  too-noo-yin',  a  river  of  South  America,  in  La 
Plata  Confederation,  department  of  Mendoza.  after  an  E. 
course  of  20O  miles,  is  lost  in  a  lake  of  the  Llanos,  a  great 
plain.     Lat,  34°  S..  Ion.  Gti"  30'  W. 

TUN'VVUKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hanta. 

TUOLUMNE,  twol'fim-ne.  a  river  of  California,  rises  at 
the  foot  of  the  Siena  Nevada,  in  the  E,  part  of  Tuolumne 
CO.,  and  flowing  in  a  general  W.S.W.  course,  falls  into  the 
San  Joaquin  alMut  40  miles  above  Stockton,  It  is  navi- 
gable for  small  steamboats  to  Empire  City,  near  30  miles 
from  its  rouuth. 

TUOLU.MNK,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Califor- 
nia, has  an  area  estimated  at  alxiut  2000  square  miles.  It 
1962 


is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  partly  on 
the  N.W.  by  the  Stanislaus  River,  and  is  drained  b\-  the 
Tuolumne  River,  and  the  Middle  Fork  of  Stanislaus  River, 
which  afford  some  water-power.  The  surface  in  the  eastern 
part  is  rough  and  mountainous;  the  western  section  is 
more  level  and  fertile.  The  gold  mines  of  this  county  are 
among  the  richest  in  the  state,  and  especially  rich  in  nug- 
gets. It  is  stated  that  a  nugget  weighing  33  pounds  wiis 
found  here  in  1858.  The  county  is  among  the  most  popu- 
lous in  the  state.  Named  from  the  Tuolumne  River,  which 
rises  within  it.     Capital,  Sonora.    Pop.  16,220. 

TUOLUMNE,  a  town  of  Stanislaus  co.,  California,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Tuolumne  River,  about  7  miles  above  its 
entrance  into  the  San  Joaquin. 

TUOSIST.  KlLMACALOtiUE  or  KILMICHAELOGUE,  a 
parish  of  Ireland,  in  Munster,  co.  of  Kerrj-, 

TUPAKKO,  too-pjR'RO,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  New 
Granada,  joins  the  Orinoco  after  an  E.  course  of  2iK)  miles. 

TUPISA  or  TUPIZA.  too-pee'.s4,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  depart- 
ment, and  140  miles  S.  of  Chuquisaca,  (Sucre.)  Pop.  5000. 
Near  it  are  silver-mines. 

TUPOA  URRY  or  NEW  ALDEREY,  an  island  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  Santa  Cruz  Archipelago. 

TUPPKR-S  PLAINS,  a  post-office  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio. 

TUPS^LEY',  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

TUPTKE,  a  river  of  India.     SeeTAPTEB. 

TUPUNGATO,  too-poong-gS/to,  one  of  the  Chilian  Andes, 
45  miles  E.  of  Santiago,     Lat.  33"^  10'  S.     Height,  15,000  feet 

TURA.  too'i-c"ih\  a  market-town  of  West  llungary,  co.  of 
Neutra,  district  of  Freistadtl.  Pop.  048S.  It  has  a  trade  iu 
cheese  with  Vienna  and  Pesth. 

TURA,  a  river  of  AVest  Siberia.    See  Toora. 

TUR'ABOO',  one  of  the  Society  Islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Estimated  pop.  2000. 

TUUAN/(iA  or  POVERTY  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  E.  coast 
of  New  Zealand,  North  Island.  Lat.  38°  47'  S..  Ion.  178^  7' 
E.,  extending  inland  tor  10  miles,  with  a  circular  basin. 
Breadth,  at  entrance,  S  miles. 

TUR  ATE.  too-ri'tA.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Como,  6  miles  S.  of  Appiauo,    Pop.  2261, 

TURBA.    SeeT.\ui!ES, 

TURBACt),  tooK-nd'ko,  an  Indian  village  of  South  .Ame- 
rica, in  New  Grenada,  department  of  Ma'.;dalena.  province, 
and  12  miles  S.E.  of  Cartagena.  Here  Humboldt  resided  in 
1801. 

TURBENTIIAL.  tooR'ben-tir.  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland.  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Toce.  Pop. 
2250.     Near  it  is  the  Castle  of  Landenberg. 

TURBETT,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Penn.sylvania.  inter- 
sected bv  the  Pennsylvania  liailroad,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Mifliin- 
town.    Pop.  703. 

TURBIGO,  tooR/be-go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
ot  Milan,  5  miles  from  Cuggiono,  on  the  Ticiuo.  Popular 
tion  1236. 

TUR'BOT,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, intersected  by  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroad,  about 
13  miles  N.  of  Sunbury.     Pop.,  including  Milton.  3462. 

TUR'BOTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Northumberland  co,, 
Penn.sylvauia, 

TURBUT,  a  town  of  Persia.    See  Toorboot. 

TURCHIA  and  Ti'JW.    See  Turkey. 

TURCKHEIM,  tiiRk'Jm',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haut-Rhin.  3  miles  W.  of  Colmar.  Pop.  in  1852,  2879. 
It  has  a  trade  in  wine  of  superior  quality.  The  Impe- 
rialists were  here  defeated  by  the  French,  under  Tureuue, 
in  1075. 

TVBCO.    See  Turket. 

TURCOING,  a  town  of  France.    See  Toitecoino. 

TURCOMANS.    See  Tookkomass. 

TUREAUD,  tu'riy,  a  post-ofliee  of  Ascension  parish,  Lou- 
isiana. 

TUREGANO,  too-rA-g3'no,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
province,  and  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Segovia,  in  a  valley  watered 
by  the  Valseco  and  Mulas.  It  has  a  palace  which  belonged 
to  the  bishop  of  Segovia.     Pop.  1140. 

TURENNE.  tU'rJnn',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Corrfeze,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brive.  with  ruins  of  the  ancient 
castle  of  the  family  of  Turenne.    Pop.  IbOO. 

TU KEN U M.     See  Tr ani. 

TUKETZ,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.    See  Toorets. 

TURFAN,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,     See  T«h.irfan. 

TURI,  loo'ree,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Bari,  IS  niilef 
S.S.E.  of  Bari.     Pop.  3000. 

TURI,  tooree',  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  M.'irauhao,  40 
miles  N.N.AV.  of  Guimaraens,     Pop.  of  district,  500o. 

TURIA,  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Guabalavlar. 

TURIASO.     See  Tarazoxa. 

TURICUM.    SeeZlKicH. 

TURIJA.  too-ree'yi.  (?)  a  river  of  Rus.«ia,  ri.ses  in  th« 
S.W,  of  government"  of  Volhynia,  flows  N.N.E.  through  ex 
tensive  morasses,  and  joins  the  Pripets  after  a  course  oj 
about  100  miles. 

TURIN,  tu'rin.  (Fr.  pron.  tiiVSso' ;  It.  Tbrtno,  to-ree'no ;  »nc 
Tavrasia,  afterwards  Aiigus'ta  Tatir>nn'ium,{  a  large  (-tj 
of  Italy,  capital  ol   Piedmont,  beautifully  situated  in  .m 


TUR 


TUR 


extensive  and  fertile  plain  surrounded  by  the  Alps,  at  the 
contlucuce  of  the  Dora-Susina  with  the  I'o.  79  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Milan.  Mean  temperature  of  the  year,  53°'l ;  winter, 
S'2P1;  summer,  71°'5,  Fahrenheit.  Each  river  i.s  here  crossed 
by  a  magnificent  stone  bridi^e.  the  former  of  five  elliptic 
arches,  and  the  latter  of  a  sinjrle  arch,  with  a  span  of  150 
feet.  The  approach  from  the  W.  is  by  a  noble  avenue,  one 
of  the  longest  in  Kurope  ;  and  the  general  appearance  of  the 
city  and  its  environs  is  scarcely  surpassed  in  grandeur. 
Turin  was  at  one  time  surrounded  by  walls  and  bastions, 
and  ranked  as  a  place  of  considerable  strength.  Its  large 
and  imposing  citadel  still  remains,  but  all  the  other  fortifi- 
cations have  been  removed,  and  the  site  occupied  by  them 
covered  partly  with  finely-planted  walks,  and  partly  with 
magnificent  houses.  The  older  quarters  are  closely  built, 
and  the  streets  are  somewhat  narrow  and  irregular;  but  all 
the  modern  portions  have  l>een  built  on  a  uniform  plan, 
in  wide  streets  which  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles, 
and  thus  form  a  series  of  square  blocks  and  piles  of  build- 
ing, the  effect  of  which  would  be  unpleasing  were  not  the 
monotony  relieved  by  the  loftiness  of  the  house.s,  their 
endless  variety  of  sculptured  fronts  and  rich  decorations, 
and  the  fine  bursts  of  scenery  which  are  ever  opening  on 
the  view.  Several  of  the  principal  streets  are  lined  with 
arcades.  The  finest  squares  are  the  Piazza-del-Castello, 
which  is  of  great  extent,  and  surrounded  by  splendid  and 
lofty  palaces;  the  Piazza-di-San-Carlo,  almost  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  arcades,  and  adorned  with  a  tine  statue  of  Em- 
manuel Kiliberto,by  Marochetti;  the  Piazza-di-Sau-Giovanni, 
and  the  I^iazza-dell'-Erbe. 

Few  cities  in  Italy  are  so  poor  in  ancient  buildings  and 
historical  recollections  as  Turin,  but  its  modern  edifices  are 
numerous,  and  several  of  them  magnificent.  The  ecclesi- 
astical eiliflces  most  deserving  of  notice  are  the  cathedral  or 
dimmn,  completed  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
of  sra.iU  dimensions,  but  h.aving  an  interior  which  has 
recently  been  richly  and  elaborately  decorated  with  frescoes : 
it  contains  some  good  paintings,  and  a  remarkable  chapel  of 
marble,  called  Santo  Sudario,  regarded  as  the  masterpiece 
ofOuarini;  the  church  of  San  Maurizio.  surmounted  by  a 
handsome  dome;  San  Filippo  Neri,  one  of  the  finest  edifices 
of  the  city,  though  with  an  unfinished  fagade :  Santa  Chris- 
tina, with  a  facade  considered  to  be  one  of  the  best  produc- 
tions of  Juvara;  Corpus  Christi,  remarkable  for  the  richness 
of  its  marbles,  gilding,  and  other  decorations;  La  Consolata, 
formed  of  a  combination  of  three  contiguous  churches,  and 
remarkable  for  the  number,  variety,  and  richness  of  its 
furnishings  ;  Sanf  Andrea,  of  an  oval  form,  with  numerous 
frescoes,  sculptures  in  bronze  and  marble,  and  some  fine 
wood-carvings ;  San  Rocco,  in  the  form  of  an  octagon,  with 
a  concave  facade  and  a  well-constructed  dome ;  and  I/a 
Gran-Madre-di-Dio.  a  new  unfinished  church,  on  which  v.ist 
snms  have  been  expended,  erected  in  commemoration  of  the 
restoration  of  the  royal  family,  but  merely  a  servile  and 
meagre  imitation  of  the  Pantheon.  In  addition  to  these,  a 
remarkably  handsome  church,  in  the  old  Lombard  style,  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  Waldenses,  and  forming  one  of 
the  chief  ornaments  of  Turin,  was  consecrated  on  December 
15,  185-3.  The  cathedral  was  formerly  very  wealthy  in  plate 
and  jewels,  which  Napoleon  sold,  and  applied  the  proceeds 
tij  embank  and  build  the  bridge  over  the  Po. 

Of  the  edifices  not  ecclesiastical,  the  most  conspicuous  is 
the  royal  palace,  built,  like  most  of  the  other  structures  of 
Turin,  of  brick,  and  remarkable  only  for  its  magnitude. 
Under  the  roof  of  the  palace  are  the  king's  private  library, 
with  some  cui-ious  manuscripts  and  letters:  and  the  royal 
armorv.  a  large  and  curious  collection,  considered  one  of  the 
principal  sights  in  Turin.  The  old  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Sa- 
voy, or  Palace  of  Carignano,  situated  in  the  square  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  large  and  rather  imposing  structure,  in  an  extra- 
vagant style.  It  has  recently  bean  converted  into  govern- 
ment offices.  Other  conspicuous  buildings  are  the  register- 
otflce,  or  Palazzo-degli-Archivi-Reali,  a  vast  edifice  by 
Juvara:  and  adjoining  it  the  custom-hou.se.  or  Palazzo- 
delle-Dogane ;  the  town-house,  or  Palazzo-di-Cittk,  with  a 
lofty  but  unfinished  tower ;  the  court-houses,  or  Palazzi-di- 
Guistizia;  the  university,  or  Universita-lleale,  a  large  and 
magnificent  building,  by  a  Genoese  architect;  the  large 
lilirary,  now  attiiched  to  the  university,  and  originally 
formed  by  the  ancient  Dukes  of  Savoy,  containing  110,000 
volumes ;  the  picture-gallery,  with  an  extensive  and  valu- 
able collection;  the  Palazzo-dell'-Academia-Ueale,  under  the 
r(K)f  of  which  are  several  museums — an  Egyptian,  with 
;;'<iny  curious  antiquities ;  a  museum  of  natural  history, 
particularly  rich  iu  minerals ;  and  a  cabinet  of  15,000  coins 
ana  medals ;  and  several  theatres,  one  of  them  among  the 
largsst  and  most  splendid  in  Italy. 

Among  the  educational  establishments,  in  addition  to  the 
university,  which  comprises  five  faculties,  and  in  1812  had 
42  professors,  and  was  attended  by  1120  students,  are  the 
episcopal  seminary,  occupying  an  elegant  structure,  the 
royal  military  academy,  two  colleges,  and  various  superior 
and  inferior  schools.  Turin,  as  the  residence  of  the  court 
and  seat  of  government,  concentrates  all  the  principal  offices 
of  the  state,  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and  has  numerous 


societies— economicil,  literary,  scientific,  and  artistic.  The 
charitable  e.stiiblishments  include  numerous  rich  endow- 
ments, of  which  the  most  interesting  and  important  are  the 
Retiro-tlelle-Rosine,  a  kind  of  religious  community,  in  which 
400  girls  are  maintained,  chleHy  by  their  own  htbor;  the 
general  hospital  or  infirmary,  Spedal-Maggiore ;  the  Ospizio» 
di-Carita.  which  receives  about  1500  inmates;  the  Reale 
Albergo-di-Virtu.  a  kind  of  iudustri.il  school;  the  Regicy 
Manicomio,  or  lunatic  a.sylum;  the  8pedale-di-San-Luii;i,  N 
large  and  well-managed  establishment,  supported  chiefly  b> 
voluntary  contribution,  and  giving  relief  not  only  to  nume- 
rous inmates,  but  to  an  annual  average  of  120.000  out- 
patients; and  theCompagnia-di-San-Paolo,embracingagreat 
number  of  objects — education,  marriage-portions,  and  relief 
to  the poveri-vf.rgognoH,  or  bashful  poor  sufTeriug  in  secret. 

The  manufactures  of  Turin  consist  chiefly  of  woollen, 
cotton,  linen,  and  silk  goods;  wax,  cloth,  stained  paper, 
ironmongery,  leather,  glass,  carriages,  printing-types,  philo- 
sophical and  mu.sical  instruments ;  and  there  are  numerous 
dye-works,  and  silk  and  other  mills,  distilleries,  and  a  royal 
gunpowder  manufactory.  The  staple  trade  is  in  silk,  which 
has  here  its  chief  entrepot,  employs  a  vast  number  of  hands, 
and  forms  the  principal  source  of  wealth.  Other  articles  of 
trade,  in  addition  to  the  above  articles  of  manufacture,  are 
corn,  wine,  fruit,  and  liqueurs. 

The  foundation  of  Turin  is  generally  attributed  to  a 
colony  of  Transalpine  origin,  called  Taurini  or  Taurisci. 
Shortly  after  Hannibal  crossed  the  Alps,  he  made  himself 
master  of  the  territory  in  which  it  is  situated ;  but  after  his 
expulsion  from  Italy,  the  Romans  resumed  possession,  and 
converted  Turin  into  a  Roman  colony,  which  took  the  name 
of  Colonia  Julia.  This  name  was  afterwards  changed,  in 
honor  of  Augustus,  into  that  of  Augusta  Taurinornnr.  It 
was  taken  and  sacked  by  the  Goths  under  Alaric.  To  ward 
off  similar  di-sasters,  it  was  shortly  after  surrounded  by 
walls,  but  did  not  escape  the  ravages  of  the  Iiongoliards.  . 
Charlemagne,  into  whose  hands  it  subsequently  pas-sed.  be- 
stowed it  as  a  feudal  tenure  on  its  bishops,  several  of  whom 
ruled  it  with  tyrannical  sway.  It  was  afterwards  governed 
by  the  Marquises  of  Susa,  with  whom  it  remained  till  the 
heiress  of  that  family  conveyed  it  by  marriage  to  the  Counts 
of  Savoy.  In  1118  it  was  declared  by  Amadeo  V.  the  capital 
of  the  states  of  Savoy,  and,  following  the  fates  of  his  family, 
ultimately  rose  to  be  the  capital  of  the  whole  Sardinian 
States.  The  environs  of  Turin  are  veiy  beautiful,  and  pre- 
sent many  objects  of  interest,  among  which  tlie  church  of 
Superga,  on  the  top.  of  the  lofty  Mount  CoUina,  immediately 
overlooking  the  city,  is  conspicuous.  The  terrace  in  its 
front  commands  one  of  the  be.st  views  of  the  plains  of  Ijira- 
bardy.     Under  the  French,  Turin  was  the  capital  of  the 

department  of  the  Po.     Pop.  in  1862,  180,o20. Adj.  and 

jnhab.,  (It.  Torinese,  to-re-n.VsA;  Fr.Tuni.vois,  tU^ree'nwd'.) 

TU'KIN,  a  post-villiige  and  township  of  the  S.  central  part 
of  Lewis  CO..  New  York.  The  township  is  inter.sected  by 
Black  River.'    Pop.  1849. 

TUItlXO,  a  town  of  Naples.     See  Torino. 

TURINSK.    See  TooRixsK. 

TL'RIS,  too-reeee,  or  TURRIS.  tooR-Reece'.  a  village  of 
Spain,  province,  and  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  A'alencia.  Pop. 
3900.     Marble  and  jasper  are  procured  in  its  vicinity. 

TURISK,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  Tooni-SK. 

TURIVICARY  or  TUKAVACARA,  a  fortified  town  of 
South  India,  in  Mysore,  52  miles  N.  of  Seringapatam. 

TURKA,  tooR'kd,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galieia,  28  miles 
S-S.W.  of  Sambor,  with  a  trade  in  tobacco,  which  is  largely 
grown  in  the  district. 

TURK-DEAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester 

TURKESTAN  In'depende.m,  a  region  in  the  ceutrtj  "f 
Asia.    See  Toorkist.\n,  Ixdepexdent. 

TURKKSTAN,  a  town  of  Central  A-Ma.     See  Toorkistan. 

TURKESTAN,  Chinese,  a  region  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 
See  TooRKiST.\N. 

TUR-KEVI,  tooR-kA'vee',  a  vill.-jge  of  Hungary,  district  of 
Great  Rumania,  on  the  Beretyo,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Kardzag, 
Pop.  9400. 

TURKEY,  (Turk.  Osmanli  Vilaieti,  os-m3n1ee'  Te-l3-y5t'- 
ee-th.Tur'cicumJmpe/yium;  Fr.7'urquie,tU.v.'^kee';Ger.Tii)l-ei, 
tiiR'ki;  Dutch,  Turkije,  ttlR-kl'eh ;  It.  Turchia.  tooR-kee'd; 
Sp.  and  Port.  Turquia,  tooR-kee/i)  or  THE  OTTOMAN  EM- 
PIRE, comprehending  all  the  countries  in  which  Turkish 
supremacy  is  directly  or  indirectly  recognised,  includes  some 
of  the  fairest  portions  of  the  world,  and  several  of  its  earliest 
and  most  celebrated  seats  of  civilization.  It  is  not  so  much 
a  continuous  dominion,  ns  a  mere  aggregate  of  governments, 
often  widely  separated  both  by  position  and  interest,  and 
only  accidentally  united  by  having  been  the  subjects  of  a 
common  conijuest.  its  vast  territories,  consisting  partly 
of  mainland,  and  partly  of  islands  scattered  over  the  bo-^om 
or  along  the  shores  of  inland  seas,  are  situated  in  three 
different  quarters  of  the  globe.  ^  iz.,  in  the  S.E.  of  Europe, 
the  W.  of  .'Vsia,  and  the  N.E.  of  Afrfca;  they  extend  over  3" 
degrees  of  lat.  (from  11°  to  48°  N.,)  and  41  degrees  of  Ion. 
(from  8°  to  49°  E..)  and,  though  scarcely  admitting  of  l)eing 
geographically  defintHl  as  a  common  wh,>le,  may  be  c<m- 
sidered  as  bounded,  N.  by  the  Bl.:ck  Sea,  Russia  and  Au»i- 

llMi3 


TUR 


TUR 


tria;  W.  hy  Austria,  the  Adriatic,  the  Mediterranean.  Al- 
Fzria.  and  the  African  Desert:  S.  by  the  desert.  Soodan, 
Abyssinia,  and  the  Gulf  of  Bab-el-Mandeh:  E.  by  Indepen- 
dent Arabia,  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  Persia;  and  N.E.  by 
Transcauoasian  Russia.  The  total  area  of  the  empire  is 
estimated  at  1,895,194  square  miles,  and  the  population  at 

as.Sfw.ooo. 

As  the  leading  dirisions  of  the  empire  form  the  subjects 
of  separate  articles,  in  which  the  more  important  details 
ftre  given,  the  sketch  here  introduced  will  be  only  of  a  gene- 
ral description.  To  prevent  confusion,  the  territories  of 
each  continent  are  presented  under  the  separate  heads  of 
Turkey  in  Africa,  Turkey  iu  Asia,  and  Turkey  In  Europe. 

1.  Turkey  in  Africa  may  be  considered  as  an  immense 
triangle,  one  side  of  which,  facing  the  N.,  is  formed  by  the 
S.  shore  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  another,  facing  the  E., 
by  the  W.  shore  of  the  Red  .Seit  and  the  Isthmus  of  Suez, 
while  the  base  or  third  .side  is  represented  by  an  indefinite 
line  drawn  across  the  desert  in  a  S.E.  direction,  from  the 
frontiers  of  Algeria  to  those  of  Abyssinia.  It  originally  in- 
cluded Algeria,  which,  though  now  a  French  colony,  has 
never  been  formally  dissevered  from  it,  and  still  includes 
the  three  separate  governments  of  Tunis,  Tri)X)li,  and  Egypt, 
the  last  comprising  not  only  Egypt  proper,  but  also  Nutiia 
or  Dt>ngola,  and  Senaar.  The  aggregate  area,  estimated  at 
959.05S  square  miles,  amounts  to  more  than  one-h.-ilf.  but 
the  population,  only  3.810,000.  falls  short  of  one-ninth  of 
that  of  the  whole  empire.  This  great  disproportion  indi- 
cates the  nature  of  the  territfrry.  a  large  part  of  which  is 
composed  of  sandy  deserts  in  the  partial  occupation  of  wan- 
dering Arabs,  though  there  are  not  wanting  other  regions 
which  strikingly  contra.st  with  the  general  barrenness. 
Tuni.s,  belonging  principally  to  the  plateau  of  the  Atlas,  is 
intersected  by  many  fertile  valleys,  and,  owing  partlj'  to  its 
natural  resources  and  its  maritime  advantages,  became  the 
seat  of  an  empire  (the  Carthaginian)  which  long  contended 
for  mastery  with  that  of  Home;  and  Egypt,  enriched  by  the 
periodical  overfiowings  of  the  Nile,  continues,  in  spite  of  all 
that  barbarism  has  done  to  mar  its  fertility,  to  be  one  of  the 
principal  granaries  of  the  world. 

The  remoteness  from  the  seat  of  government,  rendei-s  it 
difficult  for  the  Turkish  authorities  to  maintain  a  firm  hold 
of  their  possessions  in  Africa,  and  at  one  period  this  portion 
of  the  empire  not  only  came  near  establishing  its  inde- 
pendence, but  it  seemed  as  if  the  Ottoman  rule,  both  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  were  aliout  to  be  transferred  from  Constanti- 
nople to  Cairo.  More  recently,  however.the  Porte  has  un- 
expectedly regained  her  ascendency.  Tunis,  indeed,  is  ruled 
by  a  bey,  who  holds  his  appointment  for  life,  and  has  even 
been  expre.ssly  relieved  from  the  payment  of  tribute;  but 
Tripoli,  which  had  long  possessed  its  own  hereditary  chief 
of  the  Caramanli  family,  has  been  compelled,  by  a  violent 
stretch  of  power,  to  accept  of  a  pasha  arbitrarily  nominated 
by  the  sultan,  and  maintained  in  his  position  by  Turkish 
troops;  and  Egypt,  after  maintaining  open  and  "successful 
war  against  the  I'orte.  has  been  made,  by  the  direct  inter- 
ference of  the  great  European  powers,  so  complete!}'  to  suc- 
cumb, that  instead  of  being  the  most  arrogant,  it  is  now,  at 
least  iu  profession,  the  humblest  and  most  submissive  of 
vassals.  The  hereditary  sovereignty  is  in  the  family  of  the 
late  Mohammed  Alee,  but  the  Porte  claims  the  right,  as  each 
vacancy  occurs,  of  selecting  the  particular  member  of  the 
family  who  is  to  fill  it,  draws  a  fourth  of  the  gross  revenue 
in  the  name  of  trilmte,  and  has  the  uncontrolled  nomina- 
tion of  all  the  higher  offices  of  the  government.  Tiie  con- 
nection of  the  Turkish  Empire  with  Africa  is.  therefore,  by 
no  means  so  nominal  as  it  is  often  represented  to  be.  Its 
possessions  on  this  continent  not  only  exceed  all  the  others 
in  area,  but  in  consequence  of  the  almost  uiiiversal  preva- 
lence of  Mohammedanism,  have  a  stronger  bond  of  union 
with  the  central  government  than  many  other  territorie.s, 
which,  from  their  greater  proximity,  might  seem  to  be  more 
closely  connected  with  it.  See  Egypt,  Nubia,  SEN.iAR,  Tums, 
Tripoli,  Fezza.v,  and  Barca. 

2.  Turkey  in  Asi.a,  taken  in  its  widest  sense,  includes 
within  Its  geographical  limits  the  long  belt  of  Arabia  which 
lines  the  E.  shore  of  the  lied  Sea,  and  consisting  of  the  two 
provinces  of  Hejaz  and  Yemen,  now  forms  the  eyalet  of 
Jidda,  which  has  an  area  of  194.400  square  miles.  This 
eyalet.  however,  being  politically  attached  to  Egypt,  is  sel- 
dom considered  as  forming  part  of  Turkev  in  Asia,  which  is 
usually  confined  to  that  part  cf  theAsiat'ic  continent  lying 
between  lat.  31°  and  42°  N..  and  Ion.  26°  and  48°  E..  and 
bounded  N.  by  the  Black  Sea,  the  Bosporus  or  Straits  of 
Constantinople,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Hellespont  or 
the  Straits  of  the  Dardanelles:  W.  by  the  Archipelago  and 
the  Mediterranean ;  S.  by  Arabia,  and  E.  by  the  Persian 
Gulf.  Persia,  and  Transcaucasian  Kussia.  The  space  de- 
fined by  these  boundaries  has  an  area  of  63S.0ri8,  or  in- 
cluding Jidda.  732,468  sijuare  miles,  and  a  population  of 
16.050,000.  When  viewed  in  regard  either  to  its  physical 
features  or  to  the  wonderful  events  of  which  several  of  its 
regions  have  at  .liferent  periods  been  the  theatre,  this  por- 
tion of  the  Turkish  Empire  possesses  an  almost  unrivalled 
luterest.     It  may  properly  be  described  as  conBistins  of  two 

1964  * 


plateaus  and  of  an  extensive  plain.  The  larger  and  morr 
elevated  of  these  plateaus  occupies  the  whole  of  its  N.  por- 
tion, stretching  across  it  from  the  shores  of  the  Archipel.ago 
to  the  frontiers  of  Persia  and  Tran.scaucasia.  and  comprising 
within  its  limits  the  peninsula  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  high 
land?  of  Armenia  and  Koordistan.  It  has  an  average  eleya- 
tion  of  from  4000  to  5000  feet,  and  forms  the  base  of  two 
parallel  mountain  chains,  the  Taurus  and  the  Anti-Taurus, 
which  increase  in  height  as  they  proceed  towards  the  E, 
presenting  many  remarkable  cones  and  peaks,  several  of 
which  ri.se  beyond  the  line  of  perpetual  snow.  The  other 
plateau,  that  of  Syria  and  Palestine,  is  also  traversed  by  two 
parallel  ranges,  which,  breaking  off  nearly  at  right  angles  •ic 
the  Taurus,  proceed  S.  at  no  great  distance  from  the  t-horen 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  are  continued  almost  without  in- 
terruption across  Arabia  Petraea  and  the  peninsula  of  Sinai 
to  the  Ked  Sea.  This  plateau  is  less  remark.! ble  for  its  height 
than  for  the  depression  of  one  of  its  valleys,  which,  in  the 
line  of  the  Jordan,  is  more  than  1300  feet  beneath  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

The  extensive  plain  of  Irak  and  Mesopotamia,  forming 
the  lower  basin  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Armenian,  and  on  the  Vi.  by  the  Syrian 
plateau,  and,  though  now  little  better  than  a  steppe,  oftener 
covered  with  sand  than  verdure,  originally  possessed  at- 
tractions which  marked  it  out  for  the  cradle  of  the  human 
race,  and  made  it  the  earliest  seat  of  empire.  The  drainage 
cf  this  vast  territory,  divided  info  numerous  basins  by 
the  mountains  which  traverse  it,  is  carried  to  four  different 
seas,  of  which  the  Persian  Gulf  receives  the  largest  share 
by  means  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris  alieady  mentioned. 
The  Black  Sea  receives  its  portion  chiefly  by  the  Yeshil  and 
Kizil-Irmak,  and  the  Sakareeyah,  while  the  streams  which 
flow  into  the  Archipelago  and  the  Mediterranean  are.  for  the 
most  part,  only  mountain  torrents.  The  only  lake  deserv- 
ing of  notice  for  its  magnitude  is  that  of  Van,  in  the  E.  of 
Koordistan,  though,  for  other  reasons,  a  far  greater  interest 
attaches  to  those  of  Tiberias  and  the  Dead  Sea  in  Palestine. 
The  principal  islands  Mitylene.  Scio,  Samos,  Nicaria,  I'atmos, 
Cos.  lihodes.  and  Scarpanto,  with  Cyprus  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

The  soil  and  climate  present  many  varieties:  in  the  S.  are 
vast  arid  plains,  but  on  the  river  banks  and  in  the  valleys 
of  Lebanon,  the  soil  is  extremely  fertile.  The  summits  of 
Taurus  are  clad  with  snow,  and  their  fianks  are  covered 
with  the  vegetation  of  cold  and  temperate  countries,  while 
the  valleys  have  a  temperature  almost  tropical,  and  produce 
the  fruits  of  South  Asia.  The  climate  of  Anatolia  is  tem- 
per.ate,  and  the  soil  is  capable  of  producing  all  kinds  of 
grain  and  fruit.  The  mountains  contjiius  all  the  useful 
metals.  The  chief  products  are  oil.  dye-stuffs,  medicinal 
plants,  gums.  wax.  dried  fruits,  gall-nnts,  cotton,  silk,  wool, 
poats'-hair.  leeches,  and  sponges.  See  Anatoua,  Arme.m.a, 
Syria.  Palestine,  Bagdad.  &c. 

3.  Turkey  in  Europe,  the  remaining  portion  of  the  Turk-' 
ish  Empire,  is  of  very  limited  extent  in  comparison  with 
its  African  and  Asiatic  possessions;  but,  from  containing 
the  seat  of  government,  and  being  more  closely  allied  to 
great  European  interests,  is  the  most  important  of  the 
whole.  It  occupies  the  far  greater  part  (and  before  the 
kingdom  of  Greece  was  dissevered  from  it,  comprised  nearly 
the  whole)  of  the  S.E.  extremity  of  the  continent,  con.'isting 
of  an  extensive  peninsula  in  the  form  of  an  irregular  tri- 
angle, with  Cape  Matapan  for  its  apex ;  the  E.  shores  of  the 
Ionian  Sea  and  the  Adriatic  for  one  side;  theW.  shores  of  the 
Archipelago,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Black  Sea  for  the 
other  side;  and  the  Save,  the  Danut)e,  and  the  East  Carps^ 
thian  Mountains  for  its  ba.se.  The  only  part  of  European 
Turkey  not  contained  within  this  triangle  is  Moldavia, 
which  forms  an  almost  isolated  projection,  stretching  N. 
between  the  Austrian  territories  of  Transylvania  and  Buko- 
wina.  from  which  it  is  scpaiated  by  the  Carpathians  on  the 
W.,  and  the  Russian  government  of  Bessarabia  on  the  E. 
Thus  defined.  European  Turkey  lies  between  lat.  39°  and 
48°  N..  and  Ion.  16°  and  29°  30'  E. ;  it  is  washed  by  the 
Adriatic  and  the  Ionian  Seas  on  the  W.,  the  Archipelago  on 
the  S.E.,  the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Black  Sea  on  the  E., 
and  borders  N.W.  and  N.  on  Austria,  N.E.  on  Kussia.  and 
S.  on  Groece.  Its  gi-eatest  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  measured 
nearly  on  the  parallel  of  45°,  is  670  miles ;  greatest  breadth, 
from  V.  to  S..  from  the  Pruth,  on  the  Moldavian  frontier,  to 
the  \  icinity  of  GnUipoli,  640  miles ;  area,  203,628  square 
miles.    Pop.  15.350.0u0. 

fbce  of  the  Omnlry.  Mountains,  d-c. — In  respect  to  phy- 
sical configuration,  European  Turkey  has  been  not  inaptlj' 
compared  to  a  truncated  triangular  pyramid,  which,  rising 
with  more  or  less  lapidity  from  a  very  extensive  base,  forms 
at  its  termins^ion  the  lofty  plateau  of  Ma;.=^ia.  This  central 
plateau,  forming  a  kind  of  common  nucleus  for  the  high 
lands  of  Bosnia,  Servia.  Macedonia,  and  Albania,  is  of  a 
quadrilateral  shape,  and  sends  off  several  mountain  raiiges 
in  different  directions.  One  of  the.se.  proceeding  N.AV.  be- 
tween Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  becomes  linKeo  with  a 
branch  oftheDinaric  Alps,  and  thus  connects  tl.«  moun- 
tains of  Turkey  with  the  -ilpine  system.     Anoth'-r  ranges 


TUR 

branching  off  nearly  due  S.,  attains,  near  its  commence- 
meut  1q  Tchar  Da,i,'h.  the  culminating  heitrht  of  lO.lWO 
feet,  traverses  the  frontiers  of  Jiacedonia  and  Albania,  and 
under  the  name  of  Pindus,  is  continued  throut,'h  Thessaly 
Into  Greece.  A  third  ranj^e  proceeding  K.,  forks  on  reach- 
ing the  common  junction  of  Macedonia,  Bulgaria,  and 
K(x>m-l';iee,  and  forms  two  distinct  branches,  one  of  which, 
under  the  name  of  Balkan,  Hiemus,  or  Emineh  Dagh,  ex- 
tends K.N.E.  towards  the  Black  Sea,  while  the  other  pro- 
ceeds S.K.,  under  the  name  of  Khodope  or  Despoto-Dagh. 
Besides  these  principal  (ftiains,  whic-h  form  the  great  water- 
sheds, and  furni.sh  the  sources  of  the  most  important  rivers 
of  the  country,  there  are  numerous  minor  ramifications 
which  often,  maintaining  a  parallelism  to  the  central  axis, 
form  a  series  of  descending  terraces  with  intervening  val- 
leys, while  in  other  directions  the  mountainous  districts 
aril  succeeded  tirst  by  hills,  and  then  by  wide  and  open 
plains.  Of  these  plains  by  far  the  largest  is  that  of  the  lower 
basin  of  the  Danube,  embracing  the  greater  part  of  Walla- 
chia,  and  considerable  portions  of  .Moldavia  and  Bulgaria, 
and  finally  sinking  down  in  the  latter  into  the  lagoons  and 
pestilential  swamps  of  the  Dobrudja,  the  tract  comprised 
within  the  last  great  bend  of  the  Danube,  and  stretching 
S.  from  that  river  to  Trajan's  Wall,  which  strikes  the  shore 
of  the  Black  Sea  at  Kustendji.  Other  plains,  far  less  exten- 
sive than  the  former,  though  equalling  it  in  fertility,  and 
surpassing  it  in  beauty,  occur  in  the  S.  of  Macedonia,  the 
S.E.  of  Thessaly,  apd  the  S.W.  of  Albania. 

Geolngfi  and  Minerals. — The  geology  of  the  country  has  not 
been  fully  or  accurately  explored.  Primary  fossiliferous 
strata  occur  only  in  isolated  spots,  and  that  part  of  the  .se- 
condary formation  in  which  the  coal  measures  are  usually 
found,  is  believed  to  l)e  altogether  wanting.  The  upper  part 
of  the  secondary  formation,  including  the  cretaceous  system. 
Is  very  largely  developed;  the  limestones,  sandstones,  and 
other  rocks  belonging  to  it,  compose  almost  the  entire  strati- 
fication of  extensive  tracts,  particularly  in  the  W.  Tertiary 
formations  also  prevail  both  in  the  E.  and  in  the  basin  of  the 
Danube,  and  along  almost  all  the  larger  rivers,  and  at  the 
mouths,  alluvial  deposits  of  more  or  less  thicknessare  usually 
found.  Crystalline  schists,  composed  of  gnei-ss  and  mica,  and 
chlorite  slates  are,  if  not  the  most  largely,  the  most  con- 
spicuously developed  of  all  the  rocks,  inasmuch  as  they  form 
the  great  bulk  of  the  loftiest  mountain  chains.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  schists,  granite  also  is  of  frequent  occurrence, 
and  is  sometimes  seen  piercing  the  gneiss  at  high  elevations. 
No  evidence  of  active  volcanic  agency  anywhere  appears, 
but  the  important  part  which  it  must  have  performed  in 
giving  the  country  its  final  configuration  is  indicated,  both 
by  the  existence  of  thermal  springs,  and  by  the  masses  of 
trachyte  and  other  volcanic  products,  which  cap  some  of  the 
summits  both  of  the  Pespoto  and  the  Tchar-Dagh.  Many 
of  the  veins  which  traverse  the  crystalline  schists  have  been 
ascertained  to  be  highly  metalliferous :  and  lead,  yielding  a 
considerable  percentage  of  silver,  has  at  different  periods 
been  actually  workeil.  Iron  also,  of  the  best  quality,  is 
very  abundant ;  but  neither  the  government  or  people  seem  as 
yet  inclined  to  turn  their  mineral  treasures  to  good  account. 
RivfTS. — The  number  and  irregularity  of  the  greater  and 
minor  mountain  ranges  render  the  system  of  drainage  very 
complicated,  dividing  it  into  four  principal,  together  with  a 
great  number  of  subordinate,  basins.  By  far  the  most  im- 
portant is  that  of  the  Black  Sea,  into  which  the  Danube, 
augmented  on  the  right  by  the  Save,  with  its  tributaries 
Unna,  Verbas,  and  Drin ;  by  the  Morava,  Timok,  Isker,  Vid, 
and  Osma;  and  on  the  left  by  the  Schyl,  Aloota,  (Aluta.)  Ar- 
gish,  Jalomnitza.  Sereth,  and  Pruth.  pours  the  accumulated 
Waters  of  more  than  half  of  the  whole  country.  Next  in 
importance  is  the  basin  of  the  Archipelago,  which  receives 
the  Salembria  from  Thessaly,  the  Indje  Kara-soo.  Vardar. 
and  Struma  (Kara-soo)  from  Macedonia,  and  the  Maritza  from 
Koom-Elee.  The  Adriatic  and  Ionian  Seas,  properly  re- 
garded as  only  one  basin,  wash  a  large  extent  of  the  Turkish 
coast,  but  owing  to  the  proximity  of  the  mountain  chains, 
receive  from  it  no  rivers  deserving  of  notice,  except  the  com- 
paratively insignificant  Albanian  Drin,  Scombi.  and  VogatKa. 
The  fourth  basin,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  receives  only  a  few 
mountain  torrents.  Considering  the  mountainous  cha- 
racter of  the  country,  and  its  numerous  perennial  streams 
fed  from  snowy  heights,  it  is  remarkable  that  Turkey  in 
Europe  does  not  possess  a  single  lake  worthy  of  the  name, 
with  the  exception  of  those  of  Ochrida  in  the  E.,  and  of 
Hcutari  in  the  X.W.  of  Albania. 

Climate.. — The  climate  is  more  severe  than  might  be  sup- 
posed from  the  geographic;iI  position  of  the  country.  The 
Danube  regularly  freezes,  and  in  the  recesses  of  the  highest 
mountains  snow  lies  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  It 
is  excessively  cold  in  winter  during  N.E.  winds,  whii.'h  are 
then  prevalent,  and  in  the  plains  of  Walachia  and  Moldavia 
the  sledge  is  used  as  in  Russia.  The  olive  will  not  grow  in 
the  latitudes  which  in  Spain  and  ItiOy  are  found  to  be  most 
congenial  to  it,  and  much  hardier  plants  are  often  nipped 
by  keen  frosts  after  the  season  has  considerably  advanced. 
On  the  other  hand,  a  great  portion  of  Albania,  protected  by 
elevated  mountains  from  the  N.E.  winds,  enjoys  a  delicious 


TUR 

'  climate.  Even  in  the  more  exposed  districts  the  vintage 
becomes  general  before  the  end  of  July,  Xo  part  of  tlie 
world  is  better  adapted  to  the  production  of  the  ordinary 
cereals;  and  the  grain  at  present  raised  clearly  indicates 
the  immense  quantities  which,  under  better  circumstances 
might  easily  be  produced.  In  the  rocky  districts  of  the  in- 
terior, and  in  the  maritime  valleys  of  Albania,  the  summei 
is  insupportably  hot.  Devastating  storms  are  frequent  in 
the  S.  Albania  is  liable  to  be  visited  by  destructive  earth- 
quakes. The  only  exceptions  to  the  general  .salubrity  ol 
theclimate  are  produced  by  the  miasma  of  .some  low,  swampy 
tracts  of  no  great  extent,  and  by  occasional  visitations  of  the 
plague.  The  latter,  however,  are  attributable  not  so  much 
to  the  climate  as  to  the  complete  neglect  of  sanitary  ar- 
rangements. 

Vegelatiim,  Agriculture,  <fe. — In  an  empire  where  the 
number  of  the  inhabitants  bears  no  proportion  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  countries  nominally  occupied  by  them,  the  natu- 
ral products  form,  both  in  amount  and  value,  no  incon- 
siderable part  of  the  returns  yielded  by  the  .soil.  Tlie  twc 
great  classes  of  artificial  products  are  furnished  by  agri- 
culture and  manufactures.  Both  of  the.»e.  owing  to  the 
insecurity  of  every  kind  of  property,  the  natural  indolence 
of  the  Orientals,  their  pertinacious  adherence  to  .antiquated 
customs,  the  absence  of  means  of  communication,  and 
various  other  causes,  are  in  a  very  neglected  condition,  and 
yield  a  mere  fi-action  of  the  profitable  returns  which,  under 
more  favorable  circumstances,  might  e.isily  l>e  obtained 
from  them.  In  many  districts,  however,  the  natural  capa- 
bilities of  the  soil,  and  the  excellence  of  the  climate,  seem 
to  surmount  all  obstacles,  and  cotton,  tobacco,  olives,  sesame, 
rice,  maize,  wheat,  and  other  crops  are  raised  in  immense 
quantities.  The  vine,  cultivated  extensively,  e.specially  by 
Christian.s,  produces  the  finest  wines ;  both  the  common 
and  finer  kinds  of  fruit  are  grown  jn  almost  every  quarter; 
the  poppy  is  raised  on  a  liirge  scale  for  the  manufacture  of 
opium;  immense  numbers  of  silkworms  are  reared  on  the 
leaves  of  the  muUierry.  and  whole  gardens  are  employed  in 
producing  flowers  for  the  preparation  of  the  celebrated  atar 
of  roses. 

A  large  portion  of  Turkey  is  covered  with  forests :  the 
best  oak  grows  in  Serviii  and  Lower  Bosnia;  the  largest 
forests  of  fir  and  pine  occur  in  Bosnia  and  Upper  Croatia. 

Animals. — The  principal  wild  animals  are'  the  brown 
bear,  found  in  the  wooded  mountains  between  Albania  and 
Macedonia,  Bosnia,  and  the  Lower  Hhodope,  but  seldom  in 
the  Balkan ;  the  wolf  is  common :  the  wild  boar,  chamois,  and 
stag,  abound  in  the  forests:  the  hare  is  numerous  in  Wala- 
chia: these  are  mostly  hunted  for  their  skins.  The  domestic 
animalscomprise  thedog.  cat.  and  hog;  sheep  form  the  princi- 
pal riches  of  the  Walachian  provinces,  whence  an  inimen.se 
quantity  of  wool  is  exported.  Goats  are  more  abundant  in 
Turkey  than  in  any  other  country  of  Europe.  Cattle  are 
extensively  reared  in  Wallachia,  Servia.  and  Bosnia;  and  the 
buffalo  is  common  in  Wallachia,  Bulgaria,  and  Thrace.  The 
horse  of  Turkey  is  small  but  active;  the  ass  and  mule  are 
chiefly  employed  in  Thrace.  Trout,  kc.  are  plentiful  in  the 
rivers;  and  leeches,  which  abound  in  the  mar.-ihes,  form  an 
important  article  of  export. 

ilanufacture.%.—'Yhe  manufactures  are  almost  entirely 
domestic;  the  chief  comprise  saddles,  copper  and  tin  uten- 
sils, fire-arm.s,  swords,  coarse  woollen  cloths,  linen  and  cot- 
ton spinning.  Silks  are  manufactured  chiefly  at  Salonika, 
Sei-es,  and  Laris.«a.  Carpets  wrought  by  hand,  in  the  style 
of  the  Gobelins  tapestry,  are  extensively  manufactured  in 
Bulgaria  and  in  Servia.  Cotton,  at  one  time  the  staple 
branch  of  industry,  carried  on  to  a  greater  or  less  extent 
in  almost  every  town,  village,  and  hamlet,  has  nearly  cea.sed 
to  exist,  from  its  inability  to  compete  with  the  products 
of  the  power-looms  of  Great  Britain,  and  .shows  .symptoms 
of  revival  only  at  Beyroot.  (in  Asiatic  Turkey,)  where  British 
capital  has  been  employed  with  some  success  in  introducing 
the  factory  system.  Of  the  red  dye,  formerly  an  important 
industrial  branch,  scarcely  a  vestige  now  remains.  Emliroj- 
dery  is  carried  on  by  females  in  the  S.  provinces.  Tan- 
neries are  numerous:  and  distilleries  of  brandy  from  prunes 
are  common  throughout  all  the  country.  Printing  is  done 
only  at  Bucharest.  Belgrade.  Constantinople,  Cettigne,  and 
Montenegro;  filigree  work  is  made  in  the  large  towns,  and 
there  are  powder  mills  near  Constantinople. 

Having  thus  cursorily  surveyed  the  different  territories 
more  or  less  subject  to  Turki.sh  sway,  on  the  three  great 
continents  of  the  Old  World,  each  separately,  the  leniaining 
observations  will  be  applicable  to  the  empire  considered  as 
a  whole. 

Commerce.,  dc. — In  regard  to  commerce,  the  most  enlight- 
ened stjites  have  only  recently  began  to  furnish  full  and 
correct  statistics,  and  hence,  in  Turkey,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, it  is  impossible  to  make  even  a  distant  approxima- 
tion to  accuracy.  It  is  evidtmt,  however,  that  a  country 
possessed  of  so  many  valuable  products,  and,  in  consequence 
both  of  its  position  and  the  extent  of  its  coasts  and  inland 
seas,  accessible  at  so  many  points  either  from  the  W.  or  K., 
must,  under  any  circumstances,  command  a  very  extensive 
traffic,  both  direct  and  transit.   The  commerce  of  the  country 

1966 


TUR 


TUR 


is  however,  rerr  tnitoh  pramped  by  the  impolitic  restriction 
or  the  hf.Hvy  duty  of^  12  per  cent,  rigidly  exacted  on  all  ex- 
perts, with  the  important  exception  of  wheat,  which  by  a 
tirman.  in  1S<37,  was  declared  free ;  while  the  manufac- 
tures have  hsea  annihilated  by  the  unlimited  admission 
of  all  imports  on  the  payment  of  a  duty  never  exceeding  5 
per  cent.  The  commercial  emporium.s,  in  which  the  home 
and  foreign  trade  is  chiefly  concentrated,  are  Constanti- 
nople, Adrianople.  and  Salonica,  in  Europe;  Smyrna.  Alep- 
po. Beyroot,  Bassora.  Trebizond,  Samsoon,  Bagdad.  Brusa, 
and  Damascus  in  .\sia;  and  Alexandria,  Suez,  Cairo,  and 
Tunis  in  Africa.  The  exports  of  l!So2,  consisting  chietly  of 
olive-oil.  atar  of  roses,  silk  and  silk  goods,  cotton,  sheeps' 
and  goats'  wool,  grain,  toiocco,  drugs,  opium,  leeches,  &.C., 
Were  estimated  at  $.i2.S6S,000  ;  and  the  imports,  consisting 
chietly  of  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  goods,  metals,  iron,  steel, 
and  glas.sware,  colonial  produce,  coals,  cordage,  Indian  and 
Chinese  goods,  fancy  gooUs,  Ac,  at  $59,099,000.  The  follow- 
ing table  exhibits  the  share  which  Great  Britain  and  other 
X)uutrie3  have  in  the  ti-ade  of  Turkey : — 

Foreign  Trade  in  1852. 


1                           Countri«s. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1  Great  Rritala,  IXaltk,  and  the  Ionian 

(12.615,000 

10.875,000 

5.435,000 

5,685,000 

4,862,000 

1,321,000 

2.32,000 

182,000 

87,000 

5.435,000 

4,590.000 

4,565.000 

1,890,000 

945.000 

SSO.OOO 

6,.S25.000 

10.875.000 

11.145,000 

9,2a'),000 

3,710.000 

450.000 

103,000 

521 ,000 

P 

935.000 

3-'6,000 

Switierlaud,  United  States,  &c 

2.975,000 
4.020.000 

1,260,000 

630.000 

108,000 

59.099,000 

52.86'<.000 

The  declared  value  of  British  and  Irish  produce  and 
manufactures  imported  into  Turkev  from  the  United  Kins- 
dom  in  1831.  was  $4,440,000;  in  1841,  $8,235.000 ;  in  1845, 
$12,210,000;  in  1S4S,  $15.580.000 ;  in  1849,  $14,650,000.  and 
in  1850,  $15,565,000.  The  commerce  with  the  United  States 
in  1852,  comprised  imports  amounting  to  $.310,196.  and  ex- 
ports to  $556,100;  in  1853,  imports  to  $287,339,  and  exports 
to  $727,516;  and,  in  1854,  imports  to  $325,198,  and  exports 
to  $803,114. 

In  regard  to  means  of  internal  transport,  Turkey  is  still 
In  the  rudest  state  possible,  and  only  a  few  of  the  principal 
roads  are  constructed  so  as  to  admit  of  wheel-carriages.  The 
different  races  of  the  population  are  thus  kept  aloof  from 
each  other,  cooped  up  within  their  natural  barriers,  and  the 
products  of  one  district  ai'e  often  perishing  from  want  of 
consumers,  while  the  inhabitants  of  another  district  may 
be  suffering  severely  from  inabilitj'  to  obtain  them.  Nothing 
seems  better  calculated  to  develope  the  internal  resources 
of  Turkey,  and  even  further  the  cause  of  good  government, 
by  fiivoring  the  amalgamation  of  its  hostile  races,  than  the 
establishment  of  a  system  of  good  roads.  In  travelling,  the 
distance  is  commonly  estimated  by  the  hour. 

Government. — This  bears  throughout,  the  characteristic 
features  of  an  Asiatic  despotism,  in  which  the  arbitrary  will 
of  the  sovereign  has  the  absolute  force  of  law.  and  is  subject 
to  no  restraint,  except  that  which  may  arise  from  the  pre- 
cepts of  the  Koran,  from  ancient  traditions  and  customs, 
and  still  more,  perhaps,  from  actual  national  prejudices, 
which  must  be  consulted  in  order  to  avert  rebellion.  In 
such  a  government,  the  existence  of  a  constitution,  in  the 
usual  sense  of  the  term,  is  impossible,  though  something 
of  the  kind  was  attempted  to  be  introduced  in  1839.  when, 
in  the  presence  of  the  great  officers  of  the  empire  and  the 
representatives  of  the  liuropean  powers,  the  sultan  issued 
the  celebrated  edict  known  by  the  name  of  the  Ilatti- 
scheriff  of  Gulhane.  This  edict  appears  to  have  been  issued 
in  perfect  good  faith,  but  owing  partly  to  the  opposition  of 
the  more  fanatical  Turks,  and  partly  to  the  corruption  of 
the  ofBcials  who  ought  to  have  carried  it  into  effect,  lias  re- 
mained in  a  great  measure  a  dead  letter,  though  it  is  not 
to  be  denied  that  im|K)rtant  improvements  have  taken 
place,  and  that  the  gener.il  tendency  of  the  government  is 
towards  more  enlightened  view?  and  a  higher  civilization. 
The  monarch,  usually  de.'^ignated  by  the  titles  of  sultan  or 
grand-.segnior.  khan,  and  padish,>i"h,  is  regarded  by  the 
Turks  as  the  caliph  or  head  of  Islam,  and  is  addressed  by 
European  courts  as  majesty  or  highness.  His  edicts  bear 
the  name  of  Uatti-scheriff.  and  his  government  is  generally 
designateti  as  thd  Sublime  I'orte.  (See  Const.\ntinople.) 
The  sovereignty  is  hereditary  in  the  family  of  Osman,  the 
presumptive  heir  being  the  eldest  son  who  is  born  to  the 
sultan  after  his  accession  to  the  throne.  On  a  new  succes- 
sion, the  sultan  is  not  crowned,  but  is  girded  with  the  sword 
Of  Osman  in  the  mosque  of  Ejub.  at  Constantinople,  after 
Kwearing  to  defend  Islam.  His  dignity  is  conceived  to  be 
19ti6 


too  transcedent  to  allow  him  to  enter  into  the  married  rela- 
tion, and  he  has.  therefore,  no  proper  wives,  .\mong  the 
females  of  his  harem,  however,  there  is  a  gradation  of  rank, 
From  four  to  seven,  Isearing  the  title  of  kudin.  take  pre- 
cedence of  all  the  others;  while  a  still  higher  place  and  in- 
fluence are  assigned  both  to  the  mother  of  the  sultan  and 
to  the  mother  of  his  presumptive  heir. 

The  public  officers  who  condi'.ct  the  administration  undei 
the  sultan,  are  (li\  ided  into  three  classes.  The  first  class  ig 
that  of  law,  which,  being  founded  entirely  on  the  Koran, 
makes  no  distinction  between  religious  and  civil,  and.  ao 
cordinglj',  includes  all  persons  who  disch.irge  either  eccl©- 
sia-ftical  or  judicial  functions.  At  their  head  is  the  sheikh.- 
ul-lslam,  usually  called  mufti;  and  subordinate  to  him  aro 
mollahs,  cadis,  imams,  and  ulemas.  The  second  class  con- 
sists of  the  officials  of  the  pen.  or  the  members  of  the  ad- 
ministration, pi-operly  so  called.  At  their  head  is  the 
grand-vizier  or  sadr-azam,  who  is  regarded  as  the  centre  of 
all  administrative  functions,  domestic  and  foreign.  Subor- 
dinate to  him  are  his  vicegerent  or  deputy,  (kaimakan.)  the 
reis  effendi.  or  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  the  president  of 
the  council,  the  grand-master  of  artillery,  the  minister  ot 
police,  the  minister  of  trade,  agriculture,  and  public  works, 
the  muteschar  of  the  grand-vizier,  who  acts  as  minister  of 
the  home  department,  the  superintendent  of  the  civil  li.st, 
the  inspector  of  revenue,  and  the  minister  of  pious  endow- 
ments. The  third  class  includes  all  the  ofBcials  of  the 
sword,  or  those  who  preside  over  the  army  and  navy,  the 
bead  of  the  former  being  the  seraskier,  or  minister  of  war, 
and  of  the  latter,  the  cjtpudan  pasha,  or  high  admiral  and 
minister  of  marine.  The  sheikh-ul-Islam  and  the  above 
ministers  of  the  second  class,  together  with  the  seraskier 
and  capudan  pasha,  constitute  the  divan,  or  liighest  delilie- 
rative  council  in  the  empire. 

Army  ami  JVin-y. — The  regular  army,  compcsed  entirely 
of  Mohammedan  troops,  organized  on  European  principles, 
consists  of  six  ordiif  or  divisions,  each  equally  divided  into 
active  or  nuamie,  and  reserve  or  redif ;  and  commanded  by 
a  field-marshal  or  muthir.  The  strength  of  the  division  is 
from  25,000  to  30.000  men,  and  accordingly,  previous  to  tlie 
commencement  of  the  war  with  Russia  in  1853,  the  regular 
active  army  amounted  to  138.680,  of  whom  100,800  were  in- 
fantry. 17.280  cavalry,  and  9100  field  artillery.  Adding  the 
army  of  reserve,  also  138,680.  irregulars  to  the  number  of 
61.500,  compose<l  partly  of  Tartars  of  the  Dobrudja,  Co.«- 
sacks  of  Asia  Minor,  and  soldiers  employed  as  urban  and 
rural  police,  but  chiefly  of  50,000  Mussulman  volunteers 
the  entire  Ottoman  force  is  increased  to  448.860  men.  The 
qualities  of  the  troops  thus  variously  composed,  differ  ne- 
cess-trily.  according  to  the  physical  and  moral  characteristict 
of  the  nations  from  whom  they  are  raised,  and  the  kind 
and  degree  of  discipline  which  they  have  received;  but  in 
regard  to  all  those  of  Turkish  origin,  it  may  be  affirmed 
generally  that  they  are  distingnished  by  great  natural 
courage,  and  manifest  a  remarkable  degree  of  coolness  in 
the  most  trying  circumstances.  This  coolness,  amounting 
to  a  kind  of  stoical  indifference,  iS  chiefly  the  result  of 
fatalistic  views  inculcated  by  the  Koran,  .lud  instilled  into 
them  from  their  earliest  years,  and  has  often  enabled  them, 
especially  when  placed  under  any  kind  of  shelter,  liowever 
indifferent,  to  defend  them.selves  with  the  greatest  obsti- 
nacy and  heroism.  The  navy,  previous  to  1853,  consisted 
of  16  ships  of  the  line.  14  frigates,  6  steamers,  12  corvettes, 
4  brigs,  and  alxiut  20  smaller  craft,  carrying  about  4000 
cannon,  and  manned  by  25.000  sailors,  chietly  Greeks,  on 
whose  fidelity  little  confidence  can  be  placed.  The  only 
naval  arsenal  is  at  Constantinople,  and  the  principal  dock- 
yards are  at  Sinope  and  Erekli,  in  the  Black  Sea,  and  at  the 
islands  of  Mitylene  and  Rhodes. 

Justice-. — Justice  is  administered  according  to  a  code  de- 
rived chiefly  from  the  Koran,  but  partly  also  from  tradition 
and  custom,  by  a  series  of  courts  which  descend  by  regular 
gradations  from  the  arz  odassi,  or  most  supreme  court,  di- 
vided into  two  presidencies,  a  European  and  an  Asiatic, 
to  the  mevleviets,  or  high  courts,  each  with  jurisdiction 
over  one  or  more  eyalets :  and  numerous  subordinate  inli»- 
rior  courts,  presided  over  by  a  mollah  or  kaili  as  proper 
judge,  or  by  a  naib  or  deputy.  In  these  courts  the  forniK 
of  process  are  simple,  and  the  decision  is  seldom  long  de- 
layed: but  the  judges  are  notoriously  venal,  and  perjury  is 
everywhere  practised  almost  openly.  As  one  means  of  ob- 
tainiug  redress,  the  people  have  the  right  of  naming  certain 
officers,  who.  in  cases  of  grievance,  are  authorized  to  call  to- 
gether the  principal  inhabitants  of  a  place,  to  make  repre- 
sentations to  the  higher  powers,  and  even  to  the  sultan. 

Religirm. — Islamism,  professed  by  about  20.000,000.  is  in 
every  sense  the  dominant  religion,  inasmuch  as  it  is  not 
merely  the  only  one  established  by  the  state,  but  affects  to 
regard  all  others  with  contempt.  The  leading  sect  is  tho 
Sunnite,  which  is  adhejed  to  by  the  Turks  proper,  Turco- 
mans, Arabs,  Africans  proper.  .Albanians,  snd  a  consider 
able  numlier  of  Slaves  in  Bulgaria,  Bosnia,  and  Herzego- 
vina. The  Sheeite  sect  has  its  adherents  chietly  among  flu 
tribes  E.  of  the  Tigris:  while  different  modificitinns  of  Mp. 
hammedauism  are  professed  by  the  iBhm.telltes,  'WahHbis, 


TUR 


TUR 


Motualis.  and  Ansarieh.  The  Druses  and  Ye^idis  have 
forms  peculiar  to  themselves.  Christianity,  under  the 
Greek  form,  is  professed  by  a  large  majority  of  the  Greeks, 
Wallachians,  Bulgarians,  and  Serbs,  and  more  partially  by 
Hosniann  and  Albanians.  The  Koman  Catholic  Church 
claims  a  'lonsiderable  number  of  the  last  two,  and  also  the 
whole  of  the  Maronit«s,  part  of  the  Armenians,  and  a  few 
Greeks.  According  to  the  usual  estimate,  the  Christians 
exceed,  in  European  Turkey,  three-fourths,  and  ia  Asia  a 
fifth,  while  in  Africa  they  fall  short  of  a  fiftieth  of  the  whole 
population.  Notwithstanding  the  strong  support  and  en- 
couragement given  by  the  government  to  Jlohammedanism, 
it  is  continually  losing,  while  Christianity  is  adding  to  its 
adherents.  One  of  the  most  hopeful  signs  in  this  respect  is 
exhibited  in  the  fact  that,  within  a  comparatively  recent 
period,  10  Protestaot  communities,  counting  nearly  2000 
members,  have  been  formed,  chiefly  by  the  labors  of  Ame- 
rican missionaries  in  Armenia. 

Educatirm. — According  to  a  system  which  had  long  been 
established,  the  Turkish  educational  institutions,  until  re- 
cently, were  only  of  two  sorts,  mekteb  or  elementary,  and 
medresseh  or  high  schools,  the  latter  intended  to  prepare 
for  the  higher  ecclesiastical  and  judicial  functions.  This 
system  was  greatly  improved  in  1847,  by  the  introduction 
of  a  class  of  schools  intermediate  between  the  mekteb  and 
the  medresseh,  and  intended  chiefly  for  the  commercial 
cla.sses.  The  present  educational  system,  accordingly,  now 
includes  elementary  schools,  attendance  at  which  is  com- 
pulsory on  all  Mohammedan  children  who  have  attained 
their  sixth  year;  middle  schools,  in  which,  among  other 
branches,  geography,  history,  geometry,  and  composition 
are  taught;  and  colleges,  arranged  under  the  different  heads 
of  military,  naval,  medical,  veterinary,  agricultural,  &c. 
Mo!«t,  of  the  medressehs  and  colleges  have  libraries  attached 
to  them,  containing  a  respectable  list  of  works  in  various 
branches  of  literature.  Those  in  Turkish  are,  like  the  lan- 
guage itself,  derived  in  a  great  measure  from  Arabian  and 
Persian  sources. 

Revenue. — The  whole  revenue  is  estimated  at  $36,540,000. 
The  sources  from  which  it  is  derived,  and  the  modes  in  which 
it  Is  expended,  may  be  gathered  from  the  following  table, 
containing  the  budget  of  1852 : — 


Income. 

Tithei $11,000,000 

Land  taxes 10,000,000 

Poll  tax 2,000,000 

Ciistoma 4,»00,000 

iDrtirect  taxes 7,500,000 

Tribute  of  Egypt 6,500.000 

•'       of  Wallaohia..  95,000 

"       of  Moldavia...  50,000 

"       ofServia 95,000 


Total $30,510,000 


Expenditure. 
Civil  list  of  the  sultan    $3,750,000 
Do.  sultan.a-mother,  &o.      «0,000 
Army,  navy,  and  ord- 
nance  18,370,000 

Payof  the  functionaries   9,750,0^10 
Foreign  department....       500.000 

Public  works 500.000 

Charitable  institutions       600,000 
Interest     of     treasury 

bonds i45,000 

Life  annuities 2,'200,000 


Total $36,535,000 


PeopU. — These,  consisting  of  various  races  accidentally 
brought  into  juxtaposition  or  political  relationship  by  im- 
migration and  conquest,  present  none  of  the  kindred  fea- 
tures which  combine  to  form  a  national  character.  First  in 
order  are  the  Osmaulee  Turks,  who,  as  the  dominant  race, 
are  diffused  over  the  empire,  though  most  numerously  in 
Asia  Minor,  Armenia,  and  the  S.K.  of  European  Turkey. 
By  right  of  conquest  they  are  the  proprietors  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  soil,  and  fill  all  the  civil  and  military  offices. 
They  live  generally  in  towns,  employed  in  various  trades, 
and  are  never  found  as  agriculturists,  except  in  districts 
where  they  have  settled  iu  great  numbers.  Accustomed  to 
obtain  their  wives  and  supply  their  harems  fi-om  other 
races,  they  now  constitute  a  very  heterogeneous  mixture, 
retaining  few  of  the  leading  features  of  their  ancient  na- 
tional character,  though  the  masses  are  still  distinguished 
by  fanaticism,  ferocity,  and  .Asiatic  indolence,  as  well  a.s  by 
a  certain  degree  of  good-nature,  frankness,  and  hospitality. 
Their  temper  is  essentially  phlegmatic,  and  hence,  except 
on  very  extraordinary  occasions,  they  never  give  way  to 
violent  bursts  of  passion.  Their  highest  enjoyment  is  to 
allow  the  time  to  pass  indolently  .and  luxuriously  away, 
and  their  great  places  of  resort  are  baths  and  coffee-rooms. 
The  former,  usually  handsome,  and  often  magnificent  struc- 
tures, are  u.sed  universally  by  both  sexes,  and  all  classes; 
the  latter,  placed  often  in  the  vicinity  of  natural  or  arti- 
ficial fountains,  shaded  by  trees,  and  open  to  the  sky,  may 
be  .seeu  crowded  at  all  times  by  visitors,  in  all  forms  of  list- 
less attitudes,  apparently  enjoying  the  highest  happine.ss 
of  which  their  nature  seems  capable  from  such  simple  in- 
dulgences as  a  cup  of  coffee,  or  a  tobacco  or  opium  pipe. 
The  only  striking  contrast  to  such  phlegmatic  manifesta- 
tions is  presented  by  the  general  fondness  for  children,  and 
the  s-trong  attachment  of  children  to  their  parents,  particu- 
larly to  their  mothers.  Both  of  these  affections  are  exem- 
plified iu  numerous  ways,  but  nowhere  more  affectingly 
'han  in  the  deep  grief  produced  by  family  bereavements, 
the  care  liestowed  on  their  cemeteries,  and  the  numerous 
mourners  who  are  constantly  resorting  to  their  cypress 
Kliadcs  to  bewail  their  loss. 


"The  personal  appearance  of  the  TurKS  Is  in  general  prp- 
possessing;  they  have  dark  eyes,  an  aquiline  no.se,  liuibM 
in  general  well  proportioned,  and  set  off  to  advantage  Ly  i 
dress  which  forms  a  medium  between  the  straight  cloth- 
ing of  Europe,  and  the  flowing  drapery  of  Asia.  Their  gait 
is  slow  and  stately,  and  their  mode  of  speaking,  clear  and 
deliberate.  The  number  of  the  Turks  proper  is  nearly 
12,000.000,  or  about  a  third  of  the  whole  population.  To 
the  Turkish  stock  belong  also  the  Toorcomans,  who  lead  a. 
nomadic  life  in  Armenia  and  the  centre  of  Asia  Minor. 

Among  the  Semitic  races  the  first  place  is  due  to  the 
Arabs,  who,  not  confined  to  their  native  Arabia,  form  a 
considerable  element  in  the  population  of  Syria,  Palestine, 
and  the  lower  basin  of  the  Eujjhrates.  and  constitute  a 
gi'eat  majority  in  Egypt.  More  or  less  allied  to  them  are  the 
Maroiiites  and  Druses  in  Lebanon,  and  the  Jebel-Uaooran, 
(Ilauran,)  the  Motualis  in  Coelo-,Syria,  the  Ansarieh  or  Nos- 
sairi  in  North  Syria,  the  Nestorians  or  Chaldeans  in  the 
highlands  of  Koordistan  and  .Mesopotamia,  and  the  Jews 
who  are  scattered  over  all  parts  of  the  empire,  but  have 
their  favorite  seats  in  Syria  and  Palestine. 

To  the  Caucasian  stock  belong  the  Armenians,  who.  be- 
sides fonniug  at  least  a  third  of  the  population  in  their 
native  Armenia,  are  diffu.sed  as  traders  throughout  all  the 
larger  towns;  the  Mohammedan  Koords,  apparently  Pel- 
sian.  though  their  language  bespeaks  a  very  mixed  origin ; 
the  Yezidis,  chiefly  inhabiting  the  Sindjar  Mountains,  iu 
the  N.  of  Mesopotamia ;  the  Greeks,  forming  the  bulk  of  the 
population  in  Asia  Minor,  Thessaly,  Macedonia,  and  the 
islands,  and  constituting,  to  a  very  considerable  extent, 
the  mercantile  and  trading  community  of  Turkey,  more 
especially  in  the  seaports ;  the  Arnauts  in  the  S.,  and  to- 
wards the  coasts  of  Albania;  the  Wallachians  or  Roumains, 
computed  at  about  4,000,000.  who  not  only  occupy  Wallachia 
and  Jloldavia,  but  are  found  under  different  names  in  most 
provinces  of  European  Turkey :  and  lastly,  the  races  of 
Slavonic  origin,  confined  exclusively  to  the  European  part 
of  the  empire,  but  so  numerous  as  to  form  almost  the  entire 
population  of  the  territories  between  the  Balkan  and  the 
Danube,  amounting,  under  the  name  of  Bulgarian  Slaves, 
to  about  4,000,000  in  Bulgaria  and  the  N.  of  Macedonia  and 
Thrace,  and  under  the  name  of  Serbs,  to  upwards  of 
•3,000,000,  principally  in  Servia.  but  partly  also  in  Monte- 
negro, Bosnia,  Herzegovina,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Al- 
bania. To  complete  this  long  list  of  races,  it  is  necessary  to 
add  the  Gipsies,  widely  diffused,  and  especially  numerous  in 
Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  where  their  condition  is  one  of 
complete  slavery ;  the  Berbers,  abounding  in  Tripoli,  Tunis, 
and  part  of  Nubia;  and  the  negro  tribes  of  Kordofen,  Se- 
naar,  and  Darfooi.  The  following  tables  exhibit  a  summary 
of  the  population  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  classified  in  the 
first  according  to  religion,  and  in  the  second  according  to 
race : — 

PopulatCim  according  to  Bdigiong. 


Creeds. 

Xfoh.immedan 

Greeks  and  Armeniant 

Roman  Cattaolies 

Jews 


Knrope.  !      Asia. 


3,800.000  .12,9oi/,000 

11,370.000  '  2,.'i60,000 

ieO.OOO  i      640.000 

70,000  I      100,000 


15,500,000  ,16,050,000 


Total. 

■-H).5,W.00(1 

13,7:)n.00O 

900.000 

180,000 


35,360,000 


Pirpidation  according  to  Rates. 


Races  or  Tribes. 


Osmaus 

Slavonians 

Runiiinians 

Arnauts 

Greeks 

Armenians....     

Jews 

Tartars 

Arabs 

Syrians  and  Chaldeans. 

Dru.ses 

Koords 

Toorkomans 


Europe. 


1,100,000 
7,200.000 
*,000,000 
1,500,000 
1,000.000 

400,000 
70,000 

230,000 


1.000.000 

2,1X10,000 

100,000 

960,000 

235.000 

25.000 

1.000,000 

90.000 


10,000 
3,800,000 


Total. 


11.800.000 

7,200.000 

4,00O.0iH) 

1,600.0(X) 

2,000.000 

2,400.000 

180.000 

2.10.000 

4,700.000 

235,000 

'.'5.000 

1,000.000 

90,000 


15,500,000   IC.050,000  1  3,810,000   35,300,000 


Division.^. — The  administrative  division  is  into  eyalels  or 
governments,  and  sanjaks  or  provinctis.  but  these  have  been 
so  often  arbitrarily  and  even  capriciou.sly  changed,  that  it  in 
difficult  to  speak  with  certainty  of  tho.se  actually  subsist- 
ing. In  the  subjoined  table,  extracted  from  Dieterici"s  Mit- 
ilieilungen  des  ,?tutistisclien  Bureaus  in  Berlin.  (1853.)  the 
territories  of  which  European  Turkey  consists  are  classified 
as  immediate  and  me/liatf,.  the  former  term  denoting  tho.se 
in  which  all  the  rights  of  sovereignty  are  exercised  directly 
by  the  sultan,  and  the  latter  those  in  which  the  sovereign 
rights  are  not  only  modified  and  restricted  by  others  legally 
secured  to  the  local  governments,  but  are  also  shared  to  u 
large  and  not  well-defined  extent  by  Russia,  under  a  name 
of  a  Protectoiate. 

1967 


TUR 


TUR 


Byilett  and  Sctnjaks  of  the  TurJcish  Empire 


Ti-BKBV  IN  El-hope. 

I.  Immediatk  Possessions. 

II.  Armenia  and  Koordistan. 

1.  Xfolet  0/  Room-Elee: 

1.  Eyalet  of  Erzroom. 

Sanjak  of  Sofia. 

2.           "       Kars. 

Yanina. 

3.           "       Van. 

"       Salouica  or  Salonlkl. 

4.          "       Bayazeed. 

"        Trikhala. 

5.          "       Moosh. 

"        Scutari. 

Total  area  of  Armenia  and  Koor- 

"        Montenegro. 

disun,  49,095  square  miles. 

"        Ochrida. 

"       Avlona  or  Valons. 

m.  Syria  or  Sham. 

"        Gliliist«ndil. 

1.  Eyalet  of  Haleb  or  Aleppo. 

"        Uskup. 

2.          "       Damascus. 

"        Weltsoheierin  (T) 

3.           "       Acre,  (with  Beyroot.) 

"        Moaastir  or  Vitolia. 

4.          "       Tripoli. 

**     .  Perseriu  or  Prisrend. 

5.          "       Jerusalem. 

"        Akhissar,     or      Croja 

6.  The  territory  of  the  Druses  and 

Ilbessan  or  Elbessap. 

Maronites. 

Total  area  of  the  e jalet  of  Room- 

Total     area    of    Syria,    53,225 

Elee,  61,492  square  miles. 

square  miles. 

2.  Eyalet  of  Bosnia : 

IT.  Irak  and  Mesopotauia, 

Sanjak  of  Bauialuka. 

I.  Eyalet  of  Oorfa. 

"        Travnik. 

2.          "       Diarbekir. 

"        Zvornik. 

3.          "       Bagdad  and  Shehri- 

"        Srebernik. 

zoor  or  Turooma- 

"       Herzegovina  or  Hert- 

nia. 

sek. 

4.          "       Bassora. 

Total  area  of  the  eyalet  of  Bos- 

5.         "       Mosul. 

nia,  27,042  square  miles. 

Total  area  of  Irak  and  Mesopo- 

tamia, 165,748  square  miles. 

a.gyaUtofSUUtria: 

SaajakofWidin. 

v.  Arabia. 

"        Nikopolia. 

Eyalet  of  Jidda,  194,400  square 

Bilistria. 

miles. 

"        Tchirmen. 

"       Kirkkilisseh. 

TtTSKsT  IK  Africa. 

"        Tiza. 

Tributary  States. 

Territory  of  Constantinople. 

I.  Kgypt. 

Total  area  of  Silistria,  36,625 

1.  Eyalet  of  Egypt,  with  the  Oasis 

square  miles. 

in  the  Libvan  Desert. 

2.  Kubia  or  Dongola.  with  Seli- 

^  Byalet  ofJezayr,  (Dschetair,) 

meh,  and  other  bases. 

or  the  "Islands:" 

3.  Evalet  of  Senaar,  and  Meroe. 

Saniak  of  Gallipoli. 

Total    area  of    Egypt,    579,560 

The  islands  of  Candia,  Goizo 

square  miles. 

SUndie,  and  the  other  small 

islands  in  the  vicinity. 

II.  Taipou. 

The  islands  of  Thasos. 

1.  Barca. 

"            Samothraki. 

2.  Fezzan. 

"            Imbro. 

Total  area  of  Tripoli,  300,394 

"            Stalimnl  or  Lem- 

square  miles. 

"            Strati. 

III.  Tdnis. 

Total  area  of  the  eyalet  of  Je- 

Tunis  has  an  area  of    79,144 

Eayr,  13,106  square  miles. 

square  miles. 

II.  Mbdiiti  Poss«ssiox8. 

1.  Wallachia  : 

_. 

Great  Wallachia. 

Little  Wallachia. 

Total  area  of  Wallachia,  28,578 

SUMMARY. 

square  miles. 

1.    TtTRKIT  IN  EOROPK. 

2.  Servia: 

1.  Immediate  possessions.    1.18.266 

Sanjak  of  Semendri*. 

2.  Mediate  possessions. . .      65,362 

*'        Novibazar. 

'•        KruschoTatz. 

Total 203,628 

Pristina. 

Total    area   of    Servia,    21,239 

II.  TtjRKEY  ra  Asia. 

square  miles. 

I.Asia  Minor 270,000 

2.  Armenia  and  Koordia* 

S.  Moldavia,  15,S91  square  miles. 

tan 49,095 

3.  Syria  or  Sham 53,225 

Ti^KKT  IN  Asia. 

4.  Irak  and  Mesopotamia.    165.748 

I.  Asia  Minor. 

5.  Arabia 194,400 

1.  Eyalet  of  Anatolia. 

2.          *'       Karamania. 

Total. 732,468 

S.         "      Itchelee  or  Adana. 

4.          "       Sivas. 

III.  TtiKintT  IN  Afbica. 

5.          "       Marash. 

I.Egypt 579,560 

6.         "      Treblzond. 

2.  Tripoli 300.394 

T.          "       Jezayr,  or  the  islands 

S.Tunis 79.144 

in  the  .lEgean  Sea. 

8.          "       Cyprus. 

Total 959,098 

ToUl  area  of  Asia  Minor,  270,000 

Total  area  of  the  Tur- 

square miles. 

kish  Empire  2,095, 194 

History. — The  Tuik.s  appear,  in  the  remotest  periods,  to 
have  been  thinly  scattered  over  extensive  Asiatic  tracts, 
from  the  desert  of  Gobi  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  from  the 
N.  of  Siberia  to  the  Persian  Gulf.  Among  the  most  power- 
ful tribes  were  the  Oprhoozes.  (Ophuzes.)  suppo.sed  to  have 
been  the  parent  race;  the  Seljooks,  who,  by  their  e.xtensive 
conquests,  long  ranked  .is  the  dominant  race:  and  the  Os- 
manlees.  (Osmanlis.)  who.  thousjh  at  one  time  threatened 
with  extinction,  suddenly  rose  to  importance,  and  became 
the  founders  of  the  present  Ottoman  Empire.  In  1224,  when 
Soliman  Shah  was  obliged  to  flee  before  the  Monjrols.  they 
formed  part  of  a  body  of  50.000  men.  who  quitted  Khora.s- 
san,  and  emigrated  westward.  After  Soliman"s  death  they 
became  again  scattered:  but  about  400  families  attached 
themselves  to  Krtoj;hral.  .Soliman's  youngest  son.  who  en- 
tered the  service  of  Aladdin,  the  Seljook  sultan  of  Konieh. 
In  reward  fbr  their  services  against  the  Mongols  and  the 
liyiantine  Greeks,  a  considentble  tract  of  Phrygia,  which 
hud  been  wrested  from  the  Bvzantines.was  distributed  among 
them  us  Seljook  vassals.    Towards  the  end  of  the  thirtfenth 


century,  they  found  themselves  strong  enough  to  throw  off 
the  vassalage,  and  in  12!>y,  headed  by  Othmau,  greatly  e.i 
tended  their  posses.«ions  by  brilliant  successes  against  the 
Greeks.  Othman  was  succeeded  by  Orchan.  who  in  lo20  took 
Brusa,  which  he  made  his  capital;  in  1327,  Nicomedia;  and 
in  1330,  Nica^a,  the  strongest  of  the  Byzantine  frontier  fort 
regses,and  was  soon  masterof.\sia  Minor  as  far  a.s  the  Helles- 
pont. He  assumed  the  title  of  padishah,  a  term  of  Persian 
origin,  equivalent  to  Ici7ig  or  prince,  and  called  the  gate  of  his 
paliice  the  "  High  or  Sublime  Porte."  which  has  since  be- 
come a  common  name  of  the  empire  which  he  founded.  His 
sou  Soliman.  in  1357,  obtained  a  footing  in  Europe  by  cro.-is- 
iug  over  and  fortifying  Gallipoli  and  Sestos,  thereby  securing 
the  command  of  the  Dardanelles.  Orchan  died  in  1359.  and 
was  succeeded  by  bis  younger  sou,  Murad  1.,  who,  in  1362, 
made  Adrianople  his  capital,  and,  continuing  his  conquests, 
was  soon  master  of  a  large  part  of  what  now  forms  European 
Turkey.  The  great  victory  gained  in  1389  over  the  united 
.Albanians  and  Slavonic  nations  of  the  Danube,  confirmed 
his  dominion,  but  cost  him  liis  life,  and  he  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Bayazeed.  (Bajazet.)  who.  in  1396.  struck  a  blow 
at  Western  Christendom,  by  the  defeat  of  King  Sigismund 
iit  Xicopiilis,  in  Bulgaria,  and  reduced  the  Greek  emjieror  to 
the  degradation  of  paying  him  tribute.  Shortly  after,  Ba- 
yazeed's  career  was  suddenly  stopped  by  Timur,  who  com- 
pletely defeated  him  at  Angora,  in  1402,  and  afterwards  kept 
him  prisoner  for  life. 

Timur  divided  the  Osmanli  territories  among  Bayazeed's 
sons,  but  they  again  became  united,  in  1413,  under  Ma- 
houimed  I.,  who,  after  making  the  empire  more  extensive 
than  in  the  prosperous  days  of  Bayazeed,  left  it  to  his  yon, 
Murad  II.,  whose  numerous  conquests  and  exploits  were 
crowned  by  the  annihilation  of  the  Hungarian  host  in  1444. 
The  most  remarkable  event  in  the  reign  of  his  successor, 
Mohammed  II..  was  the  taking  of  Const.intinople  in  1453. 
His  grandson,  Selim  I.,  by  driving  back  the  Persians  to  the 
Tigris,  conquering  Egypt,  Syria,  and  Palestine,  and  making 
himself  master  of  Mecca,  gave  still  further  extent  and  vigor 
to  the  empire,  which,  under  his  son  and  succes.sor,  Solinuin 
II.,  surnamed  the  Magnificent,  who  succeeded  in  1519.  at- 
tained the  summit  of  its  prosperity.  Even  before  his  death, 
however,  symptoms  of  decline  became  apparent,  and,  under 
a  series  of  successors  generally  as  deficient  as  his  predeces- 
sors had  been  superior  in  talent,  the  downward  progress 
has  been  very  rapid.  Unable  to  support  its  own  weight, 
torn  by  internal  dissensions,  and  continually  preyed  upon 
by  formidable  neighliors,  it  has  lost  province  after  province, 
and  is  mainly  indebted  for  its  prolonged  existence  to  the 
interference  of  foreign  powers.  The  first  sult.Hn  who,  after 
a  long  series  of  disasters,  endeavored  to  arrest  the  progress 
of  decline,  was  Selim  III.  This  prince  introduced  the  Eu- 
ropean system  into  the  army,  and  commenced  many  inter- 
nal ref.jrms.  which,  however,  he  was  never  able  to  complete. 
Mohammed  II.,  the  last  of  the  race  of  Osman.  a.scended  the 
throne  in  180S.  lie  possessed  talents  not  unworthy  of  the 
earlier  princes  of  his  line,  and  endeavored  to  carry  on  the 
work  of  reform ;  Imt.  as  if  disease  were  too  deeply  seated  to 
admit  of  cure,  his  reign  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  unfor- 
tunate in  Turkish  annals.  His  successor,  Abdul  Medjid, 
who  ascended  the  throne  in  1839,  in  his  sixteenth  year,  has 
hitherto  only  been  enabled  to  preserve  his  empire  through 
aid  derived  from  foreign  powers.  By  their  direct  inter 
ference,  llie  Pasha  of  Egypt,when  on  the  eve  of  dismembering 
the  empire,  wiis  driven  iVoiu  his  Syrian  conquest,  and  agjiin 
reduced  to  vassalage;  and  in  the  ye.ars  18.i4-o5  the  power  of 
Russia  was  kept  at  bay  by  the  anii.ed  interventifm  of  Eng- 
land and  France. Adj!  TtJRK'iSH ;  (Fr.  TiiRC.  tuRk;  femi- 
nine. TmiQUE,  tllRk;  It.  Sp.  and  Port.  TcRCO,  tooiiTio;  Ger. 
TuKKiscH.  tiiRk'ish.)  Inhab.  Turk;  (the  same  as  the  ad.;e<}- 
tive,  in  French.  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portugue.se;  Ger. 
TuRKE.  tURk/eh.) 

TL'K'KEY.'a  post-office  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 

TUliKKV  COVK,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Virginia. 

TUUKEY  CKEEK,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co.,  Korth 
Carolina. 

TUKK  EY  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  through  Ches- 
ter district  into  Broad  Kiver. 

TURKKV  CKEKK.  of  Louisiana,  rises  on  the  W.  border 
of  Madison  parish,  and  flowina  S.W.,  unites  with  Boeuf 
Bavou  at  the  S.  extremitv  of  Franklin  parish. 

tUKKEY  CREEK,  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  IMau- 
mee  River. 

TUUKEY  CREEK,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1032. 

TURKEY'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana. 

TUKKEY  CREEK,  a  post-vill.nge  of  Benton  co.,  Missouri, 
about  75  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

TUR'KEYFOOT.  a  former  township  of  Somerset  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, now  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Torkeyfoot, 
which  see. 

TURKEYFOOT,  a  post^fflce  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TURKEYFOOT,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Kentucky,  2a 
miles  N.  of  Lexington. 

TLRKI.V  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co..  Iowa. 

TURKEY  mLL,aviUage  of  Lancaster  co.,  Peuu!sylTunia> 


TUR 


TUS 


TURKEY  ISLANDS,  in  the  Java  Sea.    See  Kaikoo::?. 

TURKKY  LAKK,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kosciusko  co.,  In- 
diana, is  about  12  miles  in  length. 

IXUfKKY  lUV'EK,  of  Iowa,  is  formed  by  two  forks  which 
unite  in  Fayett«  county,  and  after  a  S.E.  course,  falls  into 
the  Mississippi  in  Clinton  county.  The  two  forks  are  called 
the  North  and  the  Middle.  Another  stream,  called  the  South 
Fork,  enters  the  river  from  the  W.,  18  miles  from  its  mouth. 

TUHKEYTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Alabama, 
near  the  Coosa  River,  128  miles  N.E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

TUH/KEYTOWN  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Coosa 
River  from  the  right,  in  Cherokee  county. 

TUltKHAL,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Toobkhal. 

TURKHEI.VI,  tooRk'hime,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  Wertaeh.  25  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Augsburg,  with  a  castle 
and  a  Capucliin  convent.     Pop.  1491. 

TURKU EIM,  (Ober,  o'bgr,  and  Unter,  oon't?r,)  two  con- 
tiguous villages  of  Wiirtemberg,  3  miles  E.  of  Stuttgart,  on 
the  Neckar.    United  population,  3000. 

TURKIJE.     See  Turkkt. 

*URK  ISLANDS  or  TURK'S  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small 
islands  among  the  Bahamas,  the  largest  (called  Turk's  Is- 
land) about  110  miles  N.  of  Ilayti.  Lat.  21°  20'  N.,  ion.  71° 
W.    Thev  are  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  salt. 

TURKi.>TAN.     See  Toorkistan. 

TURICOMANS.    See  Toorkomans. 

TURK'S  ISLAND.    See  Turk  Islands. 

TUR'LOUGII,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Connaught,  co.  of 
Mayo,  3J  miles  N.E.  of  Castlebar.  In  the  village  are  the  re- 
mains of  an  abbey,  and  a  verv  perfect  pillar-tower. 

TURMA.V,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1722. 

TU R.MAN'S  CREEK,  Indian.^,  flown  through  Sullivan 
county  into  Wabash  River.  6  miles  aboye  Merom. 

TURMAN'SCREEK,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana. 

TUKMUZ,  a  town  of  Central  Asia.     See  Tirmez. 

TUKNA,  tooR'nS,  a  firtified  town  of  W'allachia,  on  the 
Danube,  opposite  Nicopolis. 

TURX'.\CiAIN,  an  island  off  Russian  America,  at  the 
head  of  the  more  extensive  part  of  Cook's  Inlet;  lat.  61°  8' 
N.,  Ion.  150°  30'  W.  It  is  about  3i  miles  long,  and  scarcely 
half  that  in  width.  The  branch  in  which  the  island  lies 
diverges  in  a  N.E.  direction  from  the  main  inlet,  and  was 
called  by  Captain  Cook  Turnagaiu  River,  under  the  idea 
that  it  would  prove  to  be  a  river.  Its  true  character  was 
ascertained  by  Vancouver,  who  called  it  Turnagaiu  Arm. 

TUR/N  ASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

TUItXAU,  tfluR'nSw,  TURNOW,  tooR-nov,  orTURNAWA, 
tooR-nd'vrd.  a  walled  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Iser,  15  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  4500. 

TUKN'liAOK.  a  postvillage  and  township  of  Dade  co., 
Missouri,  140  miles  S.W.  of  JefTer.son. 

TL'RN'BULr>,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Alabama,  80 
miles  S.W.  of  Montgomery. 

TUR^NEFF'.  a  group  of  islets  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  near 
the  coast  of  British  Honduras ;  lat.  17°  3(5'  N..  Ion.  87°  46'  W. 

TUR'NER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Androscoggin 
CO.,  M.aine.  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Androscoggin,  which  here 
receives  Twenty  Mile  Rivei",  and  about  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Au- 
gusta. The  village  is  situated  on  Twenty  Mile  River,  which 
here  affords  a  fine  water-power,  improved  for  a  saw  mill, 
grist  mill,  oil  mill,  chair  factory,  woollen  factory,  machinery 
for  making  boxes,  besides  lath,  shingle,  and  clapboard  ma- 
diinery.  It  has  also  a  church,  3  stores,  a  tannery,  and  nu- 
merous boot  and  slioe  fectories.  Besides  the  above,  there 
are  in  the  township  6  saw  mills,  3  grist  mills,  an  iron 
foundry,  machinery  for  carriages  and  sleighs;  also  for  lath, 
shingles,  and  clipboards,  for  .sawing  sash,  door,  and  banister 
stuff,  turning  wooden  bowls,  carding,  &c.  The  Androscog- 
gin, in  this  part  of  its  course,  is  crossed  by  two  toll-bridges. 
Pop.  2682. 

TURN  ER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TUR/NER'S,  formerly  CEN'TREVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Orange  co..  New  York,  on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad, 
67  miles  from  New  York  City. 

TURNER'S  PUDDLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

TURNER'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia. 

TURNERS  STORE,  a  post-office  of  JIadison  co.,  Alabama. 

TUBN'EilSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

TURNERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Robertson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 35  miles  N.W.  of  Nashville. 

TURN'IIAM  GREEN,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Middle- 
sex, 8  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London.  It  has  a  new 
cliurch.  and  many  villas. 

'TURNIIOUT,  ttiRn'hSwf,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province, 
find  25  miles  E.  of  Antwerp,  in  a  wide  heath.  Pop.  13,250. 
It  has  manufactures  of  sacking,  carpets,  linen  cloths,  cut- 
lery, lace,  paper,  and  oil,  with  bleaching,  dyeing,  brick,  and 
tile-works. 

TURMTZ,  tSOR'nits,  or  TWORDONICZE,  tvoR-do-neeVsA, 
■  market-town  of  Moravia,  35  miles  S.S.E.  of  BrUnn.  Pop. 
1255. 

TURN'OUT,  a  station,  Cattaraugus  co..  New  York,  on  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  444  miles  from  New  iTi  rk  City. 

TURNOW,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  TrasAU. 
6Y 


TURNPIKE  CREEK,  of  Telfair  co.,  Georgia,  unites  with 
Sugar  Creek,  near  its  mouth. 
"TURNS,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
TURNWORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 
TURON,  too-ron',   (anc.  Turnl/>iiffa,)  a  village  of  Spain, 
province,  and  54  miles  S.E.  of  Granada.     Pop.  2655. 
TURON,  a  town  of  Anam.    See  TooROX. 
TUROXES.    See  Tour.s. 
TUIIOVO.  a  town  of  Russia.    See  TooROVO. 
TUIVPENTINE,  a  village  of  Burlington  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  1  mile  E.  of  Mount  IIollv. 
TURQUIA.  TURQUIE  and  TURQXTE.    See  Turkey. 
TURQUIXb,  tooR-kee'no,  called  also  PICO  TURQUINO, 
pee'ko  tooR-kee'no,  the  highest  mountain. summit  of  Cuba, 
in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  island.  50  miles  W.  of  Santiago  do 
Cuba.    Elevation,  about  8000  feet. 

TUR'RAII,  a  townof  We.st  Ilindostan,  in  the Baroda  domi- 
nions, 20  miles  N.  of  Rahdunpoor,  comprising  2500  houses. 

TURRE.  tooR'RA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province, 
and  o7  miles  N.E.  of  Almeria.     Pop.  3300. 

TURRl,  tooR/Kee,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
sion of  C.agliari,  province,  and  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Isili. 

TURRI,  a  village  of  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra, 
near  the  Pescara,  district,  and  10  miles  S.W.  of  Chieti. 

TUR'RIEF.  a  burgh  of  barony,  town,  and  p.wish  of  Scot- 
land, CO.  of  Aberdeen,  85  miles  S.S.E.  of  Banff.  Pop.  of  the 
town  in  1851,  1693.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and 
thread,  and  a  bleachfield. 

TURRITANO,  toon-ne-td/no,  a  river  of  the  island  of  Sar- 
dinia, division  of  Sassari.  after  a  general  N.N.W.  cour.se  of 
about  35  miles,  enters  the  Mediterranean  on  the  N.  coast 
of  the  island,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sassari. 
TL'RSIIIZ,  a  town  of  Persi.a.     See  Toorsheez. 
TURST,  tooR'see,  an  episcopal  city  of  Naples,  province  of 
Basilicata,  39  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lagonegro.     Pop.  3900. 
TUIt'TLE,  a  township  of  Rock  cc.  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1412. 
TURTLE  B.AY,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  Lower  Guinea, 
in  ISenguela,  N.  of  Little  Fi.-^h  Bay. 

TURTIiE  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Mononga- 
hela  in  Alleghany  county. 

TURTLE  CREEK,  of  Wisconsin,  ri.ses  in  W.alworth  county, 
and  flows  into  Rock  River  near  Heloit.  in  Rock  county. 

TURTLE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, on  a  stream  of  its  own  name,  and  on  the  I'ennsyl- 
vania  Railroad,  12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  J'itfsburg.     A  plank 
road  e.xtends  from  this  place,  through  Braddock's  Field,  to 
Pittsburg. 
TURTLE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Shelby  co..01iio.    P.  9-53. 
TU  RTLE  CREE  K,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio.  P.  2945. 
TURTLE  ISL.VXD.  one  of  the  Feejee  group,  in  the  Pacific 
TURTLE  ISLANDS,  in  West  Africa,  W.  of  the  iskind  of 
Sherlwro'. 
TURTLE  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  islets  in  the  Sea  of  Banda. 
TURTLE  POINT,  a  headland  of  North  Australia,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Port  Essington. 
TUR'TLETOWX,  post-office.  Cherokee  co..  North  Carolina. 
TUR'TON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  4J 
miles  N.N^.E.  of  Great  Bolton.     A  Roman  road  p.assed  here. 
TURTUKAI,  toor'too-kl',  a  town  and  fort  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  pashalic,  and  28  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Silis- 
tria.  on  the  Danube. 
TURUKHAXSK.  a  town.  North  Siberia.  SeeTooROOKH.osK. 
TURUKHA  RIVER,  a  river  of  Siberia.  See  Toorookuansk. 
TUR'VEY,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 
TURVILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
TURWESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 
TURWICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.ssex. 
TURYASSU.  t«o-re-ds-.soo',  a  river  of  Brazil,,  separates  the 
provinces  of  Maranhiio  and  Vaxk.  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
at  the  Bay  of  Turyassu,  after  a  N.W.  course  of  350  miles. 
Its  banks  are  richly  wooded.    On  the  bay  are  the  towns  of 
Tury  and  Arcos. 

TUSA,  too'sS,  a  town  of  Sicily,  near  its  N.  coast,  6  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Mistretta.     Pop.  4000. 

TUSAPAN,  a  ruined  city  of  the  Mexican  Confederation. 
See  TusPAN. 
TUSCAIIATCHEE.    See  Tuckasaw. 
TUS'CAHO'IMA,  a  post-village  of  Choctaw  CO.,  Alabama. 
TUSCAHOMA,  a  post-village  of  Tallahatchee  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  Yallobusha  River,  105  miles  N.  by  E.  of  .Jackson. 

TUSCALAME'TA  CREEK,  of  Mississippi,  enters  Pearl 
River  from  the  E..  in  Scott  county. 
TUSCALOOSA,  (River.)  See  Black  Warrior. 
TUS'C.ALOO'SA,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of 
-Alabama,  has  an  area  of  1620  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Black  Warrior  River,  dividing  it  into  nearly 
equal  parts,  and  also  by  Sipsey  or  New  lUver.  The  surface 
is  hilly  or  uneven ;  the  ."oil  is  remarkably  fertile.  In  1850 
thtre  were  raised  73,561  bales  of  cotton — the  greatest  quan- 
tity produced  in  any  county  in  the  United  States.  Ex- 
tensive beds  of  iron  ore,  stone  coal,  and  carboniferous  lime- 
stone are  found  in  it.  Steamboats  navigate  the  Black  War- 
rior River  from  its  mouth  to  Tu.scaloos.a,  the  county  seat. 
A  plank-road  extends  to  Montgomery.  Pop.  23,200,  of  whom 
13,055  were  free,  and  10,145  slaves. 

1969 


TUS 


TUS 


TUSCALOOSA,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Tuscaloosa  co., 
Albania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Black  Warrior  River,  at 
the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  125  miles  N.W.  of  Mont- 
gomery, and  818  miles  from  Washington.  Lat.  33°  12'  N., 
Ion.  87°  42'  W.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Alabama, 
and  is  still  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  the  state,  remark- 
able for  its  literary  institutions  as  well  as  its  active  trade. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Alabama,  founded  in 
1831,  having  9  instructors.  135  undergraduates,  and  a 
library  of  80UO  volumes.  The  buildings  of  the  university, 
which  are  tjeautifully  situated  half  a  mile  from  the  river, 
cost  not  less  than  $150,000.  The  president's  residence  cost 
$35,000.  The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  is  established  at  Tus- 
caloosa, which  also.contains  a  handsome  court-house,  a  num- 
ber of  churches,  a  United  States  land-offlce,  3  or  4  news- 
paper offices,  and  several  academies  or  seminaries.  The 
manufiicture  of  cotton  and  iron  is  carried  on  in  the  vicinity. 
Large  quantities  of  cotton  are  shipped  here  by  steamboats 
to  Mobile.  A  plank-road  connects  this  town  with  Mont- 
gomery, and  a  branch  railroad  is  projected  to  the  Mobile  and 
Ohio  liailroad.    Pop.  in  1860,  3989. 

TUSCANIA.    See  Toscixzu-A. 

TUS'CANY,(It.  Joscana,tos-kd'nd;  Fr.  Tojicane,  tos'kan'; 
anc.  Elru'ria  or  Tu^cut.)  a  former  grand  duchy  of  Italy, 
lat.  42°  13'  to  44°  .SO'  N..  Ion.  9°  12'  to  12°  20'  E..  bounded 
N.  by  the  duchies  of  Parma  and  Modena,  and  the  Papal 
States ;  K.  and  S.  by  the  Papal  States;  W.  by  that  part  of  the 
Mediterranean  which  takes  the  name  of  the  Tyrrhene  or 
Tyrrhenian  Sea ;  and  N.W.  by  isolated  parts  of  Modena,  and 
the  division  of  Genoa  in  the  Sardinian  States.  In  the 
boundaries  here  described  is  included  the  duchy  of  Lucca, 
situated  in  the  N.W.,  and  declared.  October  11,  1847,  to  form 
an  integral  part  of  the  grand  duchy.  Tuscany  also  pos- 
sesses several  islands,  of  which  by  tar  the  most  important 
is  Elba.  In  the  S.  the  country  terminates  nearly  in  a  point, 
from  which  it  gradually  widens  out  both  on  the  E.  and  W., 
till  it  attains  its  greatest  breadth  in  the  N.,  thus  assuming 
a  triangular  form.  Greatest  length,  from  X.  to  S.,  130 
miles;  central  breadth,  100  miles;  estimated  area,  8586 
square  miles.     Pop.  in  1862,  1,801,875. 

Face.ofthe  Oauntry,  Mountains,  <Ec. — The  coast  has  a  length 
of  about  150  miles,  and  in  the  X.  consi.sts  of  a  long  and 
nearly  continuous  sweep,  terminating  in  one  of  its  most 
conspicuous  promontories,  called  Piombino.  The  S.  part, 
continued  from  Piombino  to  its  termination  in  the  still 
more  conspicuous  promontory  formed  by  Monte  Argentaro, 
is  broken  into  a  number  of  small  bays,  of  which  the  largest 
are  those  of  Piombino,  Grossetto.  Orbitello,  and  Porto-Ercole. 
The  shore,  though  sometimes  bold,  is  generally  low,  and 
lined  by  extensive  swamps  or  Mareinina.  The  inferior  of 
the  country  is  finely  diversified.  The  chain  of  the  North 
Apennines  forms  a  considerable  part  of  its  X.  boundarj', 
and  then  turning  S.S.E.,  traverses  its  N.E.  portion.  This 
chain  sends  out  numerous  ramifications,  which  extend  in 
all  directions  over  the  country,  and  leave  in  the  intervals 
between  them  valleys  of  greater  or  less  extent,  distinguished 
alike  by  their  tertility  and  their  beauty.  The  Arno,  the 
largest  and  richest  of  these  valley.s,  occupies  nearly  a  sixth 
of  the  whole  surface.  None  of  the  principal  heights  of  the 
Apennines  are  situated  in  Tuscany,  which  has  its  culmi- 
nating point  of  about  4200  feet  in  Bosco-Lungo,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Modena,  S.  of  Mount  Cimone.  The  other  summits 
are  generally  so  much  lower,  that  the  average  height  has 
been  estimated  not  to  exceed  1900  feet. 

Geology. — The  far  greater  portion  of  the  strata  belong  to 
the  upper  part  of  the  secondary  formation,  and  are  usually 
classed  as  cretaceous,  being  composed  of  limestones  with 
numniulites.  and  hippurites,  and  of  intervening  sandstones 
containing  numerous  fucoius.  These  cretaceous  strata  are 
very  largely  developed  tioth  in  the  N.  and  S..  but  are  sepa- 
rated or  rather  partially  overlain  by  a  broad  belt  composed 
chiefly  of  marls,  travertine,  and  sandstone,  belonging  to  the 
tertiary  formation.  An  earlier  tertiary  appears  to  the  S. 
and  W.  of  Vol  terra,  and  is  penetrated  in  numerous  places 
by  plutonic  rocks,  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  serpentine, 
and  apparently  forming  the  great  mass  or  nucleus  on 
which  the  other  strata  lie.  The  most  remarkable  develop- 
ment of  volcanic  rocks  is  in  Mount  Amiata,  and  a  portion 
of  the  country  immediately  surrounding  it.  Ilere  trachyte, 
basalt,  and  volcanic  tufas  are  common.  The  oldest  forma- 
tion which  occurs  Is  near  the  W.  coast,  lietween  Grossetto 
and  Castiglione.  where  a  space  nearly  of  an  oval  form  is  oc- 
cupied by  Silurian  rocks ;  and  the  m^ist  recent  formation  is 
in  the  plains  extending  along  the  ^ore  from  Leghorn  to 
Pisa,  and  to  some  distance  inknd;  it  consists  of  deep  beds 
of  diluvial  gravel  and  alluvium. 

Minrrals. — The  minerals  are  more  varied  than  valuable. 
They  in"lude  copper,  cinnabar,  argentiferous  lead,  generally 
in  too  small  quantities  to  be  worked  to  much  advantage; 
iron  of  excellent  quality,  found  partly  on  the  mainland, 
but  to  a  much  larger  extent  in  the  Isle  of  Elba,  where  it 
has  been  advantageously  worked  for  ages :  borax,  obtained 
In  large  quantities  from  a  remarkable  series  of  lagoons  to 
the  S.  of  Volterta;  salt,  the  produce  chiefly  of  brine-springs 
in  the  same  locality:  sulphur,  alum,  nitre,  and  several  va- 
1970 


rieties  of  beautiful  marble,  among  others  that  of  Sleuna, 
well  known  throughout  Europe. 

Jtiveis. — The  whole  surface  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the 
Tyrrhene  Sea,  with  the  exception  of  the  small  corner  on 
the  N^E.  side  of  the  Apennine  chain,  belonging  to  the 
Adi'iatic.  In  the  latter  the  streams  are  very  numerous, 
but  so  small  as  never  to  lose  their  character  of  mountaiu- 
torrents  within  the  Tuscan  territory;  they  have  all  a  N.E. 
direction;  in  the  former,  a  secondary  water-shed  formed  by 
a  ramification  of  the  Apennines,  which  crosses  the  country 
from  E.  to  W.,  sends  the  waters  on  each  side  of  if  in  oppo- 
site directions.  The  N.  side  is  almost  wholly  drained  by 
the  Arno,  which,  commencing  its  course  very  cireuitou-ly, 
flows,  though  not  without  considerable  deviations,  nearly 
W. ;  the  waters  on  the  other  side  are  received  by  several 
independent  streams,  all  of  which,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Cecinii,  whose  course  is  nearly  parallel  to  that  of  the 
Arno,  flow  S.  Of  these  latter  streams,  the  most  important 
are  the  Tiber,  (which,  however,  only  commences  its  course 
in  Tuscany.)  the  Flora  and  Albegno,  which  drain  fheS. ; 
and  the  Oinbrone,  second  only  to  the  Arno ;  it  rises  near  the 
centre,  deriving  its  supplies  from  numerous  tributaries. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  on  the  whole  one  of  the  liest  in 
Italy.  So  far  as  the  principal  chain  of  the  Apennines  ex- 
tends, the  <?old  in  winter  is  often  severe,  and  in  the  low  fiats 
along  the  shore  and  near  it  a  worse  evil  is  felt,  where  in 
summer  the  air  becomes  charged  with  the  pestiietitlal  V!V 
pors  of  the  Maremma;  but  with  these  exceptions,  there  are 
few  if  any  countries  which  can  boast  of  a  milder  tempera- 
ture, and  a  more  salubrious  atmosphere.  In  January  the' 
thermometer  marks  37°,  and  in  August  90°  Fahrenheit, 
Cases  of  longevity  are  of  frequent  occurrence,  and  the  an- 
nual mortality,  never  so  high  as  1  in  36,  often  does  not  ex- 
ceed 1  in  40  of  the  population. 

VegetiHon,  Agriculture,  d-c. — In  such  circumstances,  vege- 
tation has  most  of  the  advantages  which  climate  is  able  to 
bestow.  The  lofty  barriers  of  the  Apennines  exclude  the 
keen  blasts  of  the  north,  and  when  heat.and  drought  become 
excessive,  the  numerous  streams  afford  an  easy  means  of 
compensating  for  any  deficiency  of  natural  mf)isture,  by 
means  of  irrigation.  To  these  advantages.  Tuscany  adds 
that  of  a  generally  fertile  soil.  Some  of  the  loftier  summits, 
indeed,  have  a  bare  and  arid  appearance,  but  in  general  all 
the  land,  which,  from  its  elevation  or  ruggedness.  cannot 
be  brought  under  cultivation,  is  covered  with  forests  or 
natural  pasture.  These,  nearlj'  equal  to  e.ach  other  in  ex- 
tent, share  between  them  rather  more  than  a  half  of  the 
whole  surface.  Of  the  remainder,  nearly  one-half  of  the 
avaiijible  land  is  arable,  one-third  in  vineyards,  and  one- 
sixth  in  olive-yards,  orch;u'ds,  gardens,  and  meadows.  On 
the  arable  land  the  favorite  crops  are  m.aize  and  wheat.  Of 
the  Litter,  a  peculiar  species  is  cultivatt>d  solely  for  the  straw. 
In  the  low  fiats  a  good  deal  of  rice  is  grown.  The  principal 
subsidiary  crops  are  barley,  rye,  and  pulse. 

The  grain  pi'oduced  falls  considerably  short  of  the  con- 
sumption, and  is  supplemented  partly  by  chestnuts,  which, 
among  the  lower  classes,  are  much  used  for  food,  and  partly 
by  importation,  chiefly  from  the  Black  Sea.  This  deficiency 
of  produce,  where  climate  and  soil  are  so  fiivorable.  is  mainly 
the  result  of  the  small  proportion  of  the  land  under  grain- 
crops,  and  of  the  vicious  system  of  agriculture  carried  on, 
keeping  the  produce  greatly  lower  than  it  might  otherwise 
be.  Each  occupant  has  only  a  minute  portion,  seldom  ex- 
ceeding a  few  acres.  This  he  cultivates  on  what  is  called 
the  metai/er  system,  under  which  he  gives  little  more  than 
bis  labor,  and  shares  the  produce  with  his  landlord.  The 
inevitable  tendency  of  such  a  system  is  to  perpetuate  old 
routine.  Accordingly,  in  Tuscany,  as  in  other  countries 
where  the  same  system  is  pursued,  th»  implements  are  of 
the  most  imperfect  description,  the  rotations  generally  pro- 
ceed on  the  principle  of  deriving  the  largest  amount  of  pre- 
sent produce,  without  reference  to  future  productiveness,  and 
the  farmer,  in  regard  to  all  his  views,  feelings,  and  habits, 
is  merely  a  peasant.  All  that  persevering  industry  can  ac- 
complish in  farming  is  to  be  seen  in  every  part  of  Tuscany, 
but  the  skill  necessary  to  guide  industry,  and  secure  its  most 
valuable  results,  is  very  seldom  witnessed. 

The  culture  of  the  vine  is  the  next  in  importance  to  that 
of  grain,  and  displays  the  .same  combination  of  remarkable 
industry  and  defective  skill.  In  many  parts  where  the  hilln 
are  naturally  too  steep,  they  have  been  laid  out  in  artifl.'ial 
terraces,  on  which  the  vines  thrive  admiially.  and  yield 
.abundant  produce.  Oil  is  also  more  plentiful  than  excel- 
lent, though  th.at  of  Pisa  and  one  or  two  other  towns  is  well 
known  in  commerce.  The  rearing  of  silk-worms  occupies 
far  less  attention  than  it  deserve.s.  though  the  annual  pro- 
duce of  silk  is  est im.ated  .at  not  less  than  2.W  OOO  pound?. 
The  grass-hu.sbandry  is  not  carried  to  much  perfection  in 
Tuscany.  Artificial  me.adows  are  not  exten.sive,  and  the 
number  of  cattle  kept  is  comparatively  small. 

Animals. — Oxen  and  buffaloes  are  almost  the  only  ani- 
mals used  for  draught,  and  horses  are  of  a  very  inferior  de- 
scription. Asses,  on  the  other  hand,  which  are  kept  In 
great  numbers,  are  considered  the  test  in  Italy.  Sheep  ani 
goats  are  also  numerous,  the  former  very  indifferent,  w'tli 


TUS 

a  coarjie  wool,  fit  only  for  inferior  purposes ;  the  latter  supe- 
rior, and  yielding  a  milk  which  is  much  ustd  in  makinjt<a 
bighly-prized  cheese.  Large  herds  of  swine  roam  at  will, 
and  feed  on  the  m.ist  of  the  forests.  In  the  neit^hborhood 
of  l*isa  an  extensive  establishment  and  breeding-stud  of 
camels  is  kept. 

Manufactures. — The  manufactures  employ  few  large  esta- 
blishments in  which  machinery  is  employed,  but  are  for 
the_  most  part  the  produce  of  manu.al  labor,  carried  on  by 
individuals  in  their  own  homes.  They  consist  chieHy  of 
silks,  in  which  Tuscany  maintains  its  celebrity;  woollens, 
which  at  one  time  employed  .30,000  persons  in  Florence  alone, 
but  which  are  now  confined  to  coarse  cloths;  paper  of  e.K- 
cellent  qualKy  is  extensively  manufactured.  The  making 
of  straw-hats  has  greatly  declined,  although  still  important, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  capital,  where  large  numbers 
of  the  peasantry  are  employed  in  preparing  the  straw.  The 
other  branches  of  industry  comprise  the  manufacture  of 
glass  and  crystal,  articles  in  marble,  alabaster,  iron,  brass, 
porcelain,  coral,  wax,  carpet--making,  and  typography. 

Trade. — The  trade  is  almost  wholly  centered  in  Leghorn, 
but  is  also  shared  to  a  small  extent  by  I'iombino  and  Porto 
Ferrajo.  The  export  of  manufactured  goods  forms  a  chief 
branch  of  the  trade  of  Leghorn,  whence  40  or  50  barges,  with 
10  or  12  men  each,  are  annually  sent  to  the  coral-fishery. 
The  other  principal  exports  are  "olive-oil,  hides,  straw-hats, 
borax,  rags,  wool,  hemp,  potash,  coral,  marble,  tallow,  cork- 
building  timber,  and  paper.  The  imports  comprise  British 
manufactures,  grain,  colonial  goods.  French,  .Swiss,  and  Ger- 
man manulactures,  and  salt-fish.  The  commercial  shipping 
in  1853  comprised  120  square-rigged  vessels,  and  911  smaller 
craft.  Of  these  more  than  one-half  belonged  to  Leghorn, 
and  above  a  third  to  Elba. 

The  divisions  of  Tuscany,  with  their  areas,  population,  &c. 
are  exhibited  in  the  following  table : — 

Divisions,  Area,  and  Population  of  Tuscany. 


ProTS.  or  Deps. 

Area, 
sq.  m. 

Pop.  1852. 

Chief  towns. 

2,270 
516 
1,186 
1,470 
1,278 
1,7-2S 
40 

98 

700,015 
^60,745 
227,719 
1SB,J63 
218,283 
77,891 
85,834 

21,271 

Lucca 

Pisa 

Leghorn,  with  island  ) 
of  Gorgona ) 

Island  or  Klhaaud  ad-  > 
jacent  Islands J 

Total 

Leghorn. 
PortO'Ferrjy'o. 

8,586 

Governintrnt. — The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 
It  is  divided  into  the  five  departments  of  the  interior,  jus- 
tice, foreign  affairs,  ecclesiastical  affairs,  public  instruction, 
and  war,  each  presided  over  by  a  minister  of  state,  who 
owes  his  appointment,  and  is  accountable  only  to  the  grand 
duke.  Justice  is  administered  by  14  courts  of  first  resort, 
who  judge  in  all  cases  where  the  value  exceeds  $<)4,  and 
have  a  powerof  reviewing  all  thedecisionsof  inferior  judges, 
who  are  competent  only  in  cases  of  smaller  amount.  The 
supreme  court  or  Corte-Regia  sits  in  Florence,  and  has  a 
general  equitable  jurisdiction  over  the  whole  grand  duchy, 
as  well  as  a  direct  power  of  review  in  all  cases  exceeding 
$800.  It  consists  of  a  president,  four  vice-presidents,  and 
16  councillors,  and  five  of  these,  including  a  president  or 
vice-president,  .are  necessary  to  form  a  quorum.  Trial  by 
jury  is  unknown,  and  in  penal  sentences  there  is  no  ap- 
peal. Punishments,  however,  are  generally  mild,  and  crimes 
are  neither  numerous  nor  of  an  aggravated  character. 

Religion. — Almost  all  the  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catho- 
lics, who  are  governed  by  3  archbishops  and  17  l)ishop.s.  and 
form  the  established  church;  but  the  principles  of  reli- 
gious toleration  are  well  understood,  and  till  lately,  (1853-t.) 
when  the  spirit  of  persecution  appears  to  have  regained  its 
ascendency,  Tuscany  had  greatly  honored  herself  and  added 
to  her  prosperity,  by  giving  effect  to  them  in  the  case  of 
Jews  and  others,  long  before  they  were  recognised  in  other 
countries. 

Edwalinn,  (Cc. — Elementary  schools  are  very  generally 
established,  but  a  large  proportion  of  the  population  still 
remain  uneducated.  Superior  schools  exist  in  all  the 
larger  towns,  and  both  Sienna  and  Pisa  have  universities. 
The  latter,  once  celebrated  over  Europe,  is  still  in  high  re- 
putation, though  the  number  of  students  is  under  600. 
There  are  numerous  learned  societies  and  literary  esta- 
blishments. who.se  labors  are  well  known,  and  have  pro- 
cured Tuscany  an  honorable  place  in  the  annals  of  literii- 
ture.  The  Italian  spoken  by  the  educated  classes  has  long 
been  admitted  tr  be  the  standard  of  purity,  though  Rome 
claims  superiority  in  pronunciation.  The  people  generally 
have  fine  physical  forms,  and  bear  a  high  name  for  indus- 
try, sobriety,  and  honesty.  Tiie  revenue,  amounting  in 
1853  to  $5,b49.1S4,  is  derived  chiefly  from  customs,  and  the 
monopolies  of  salt  and  tobacco.  Nearly  one-sixth  is  obtained 
by  a  land-tax,  and  the  lottery  furnishes  a  considerable  item. 
The  expenditure  exceeds  the  revnue.  but  the  amount  of 


TUS 

debt  is  not  accurately  known     The  army  amounts  to  IS.oTQ 
men. 

History. — Tuscany  embraces  the  fir  greater  part  of  an- 
cient Etruria,  and  was  inhabited  by  a  people  who  had  early 
made  great  advances  in  civilization.  They  w.jre  divided 
into  12  tribes,  each  headed  by  a  king  or  Liictimnn,  (Lucwiio.) 
and  all  confederated  together  for  mutual  defence.  The  most 
celebrated  of  these  kings  was  Porsena,  who  entertxi  into  a 
league  with  the  Tarquiiis,  and  in  order  to  restore  them  laid 
siege  to  Rome.  Etruria  at  last  shared  the  common  fate  of 
all  the  other  Italian  states,  and  fell  under  the  Romans  about 
2S0  B.  c.  From  the  Romans  it  passed  first  to  the  Goths, 
next  to  the  Lombards,  and  then  to  Charlemagne,  who  go- 
verned it  by  counts.  These,  under  Louis-le-Debonnairo, 
took  the  name  of  marquis,  and  continued  to  govern  as  vas- 
,«als  of  the  empire  till  1160,  when  the  last  of  them.  Guelf 
VI.,  sold  his  marquisate  to  the  emperor  Frederick  I.  His 
successors  portioned  it  out  into  a  number  of  small  fiefs. 
jMeanwhile  the  cities  of  Florence,  Pisa,  and  Sienna  acquired 
importance,  and  became  each  the  nucleus  of  a  celebrated 
republic.  After  numerous  vicissitudes,  the  whole  of  Tus 
cany  became  united,  in  1557,  under  the  Medici  family,  the 
second  of  whom.  Cosmo  I.,  assumed  the  title  of  grand  duke. 
Under  the  Medici,  who  greatly  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  patronage  of  literature  and  art,  it  rose  to  great  ce- 
lebrity, and  possessed  one  of  the  most  brilliant  courts  of 
Europe.  In  1";!7  the  Medici  became  extinct,  and  the  grand 
dnchy  passed  to  the  Duke  of  Lorraine,  who.  bj'  his  marriage 
with  JLaria  Theresa,  succeeded,  in  1743,  to  the  throne  of  Aus- 
tria. His  succes.sors.  among  whom  the  Grand  Duke  Leopold 
deserves  special  notice  for  the  ability  and  wisdom  with  which 
he  governed,  retained  uninterrupted  possession  till  1801, 
when  Bonaparte,  to  compensate  the  Prince  of  Parma  for 
territories  of  which  he  had  deprived  him,  erected  Tuscany  in 
his  favor,  into  the  kingdom  of  Etruria,  but  shortly  after  in- 
corporated it  with  his  kingdom  of  Italy.  In  1814  it  returned, 
with  its  old  title  of  grand  duchy,  to"  the  Archduke  Ferdi- 
nand, a  bi-other  of  the  Emperor  of  Austria. Adj.  and  iu- 

hab.  Tcs'can:  (It.  Toscano.  tos-kl'no.    See  Italy. 

TUSCARAWAS,  tus-k.a-raw'wtiss,  a  small  river  of  Ohio, 
rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  state,  and  uniting  with  the 
Walhonding  River  at  Coshocton,  forms  the  Muskingum. 

TUSCARAWAS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  contains 
about  520  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Tuscarawas 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Sugar  and  Stillwater  Creeks, 
The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  except  some  level  land 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  larger  stre.am.a.  The  soil  is  excellent, 
and  in  many  parts  under  high  cultivation.  The  county 
contains  deposits  of  stone  coal  and  iron,  which  are  thought 
to  be  inexhaustible,  but  have  not  yet  been  worked  to  much 
extent.  The  coiil  is  of  good  quality,  and  easily  accessible  by 
means  of  the  Ohio  Canal.  The  streams  furnish  abundant 
water-power.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Pittsburg, 
Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  and  partly  hy  the  Tus- 
carawas Branch  Railroad.  Capital,  New  Philadelphia. 
Population  32.463. 

TUSCARAWAS,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  Muskingum  Rtiilroad  and  Ohio  Canal. 

TUSCARAWAS,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio.   Pop. 2176. 

TUSCARAWAS,  a  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio, 
108  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

TUSCARO'R  A.  a  creek  of  Niagara  CO.,  New  York,  falls  .into 
the  W.  end  of  Lake  Ontario. 

TUSC.\RORA,  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  Ju- 
niata River  a  little  below  Mifflintown. 

TUSCARORA,  a  creek  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Virginia, 
flows  through  Berkeley  county,  passes  by  Martinsburg,  and 
falls  into  the  Potomac,  or  into  some  small  affluent  of  th.at 
river.    It  affords  fine  water-power. 

TUSCARORA,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  CO.,  New  Tork. 

TUSCARORA,  an  Indian  village  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York, 
2J  miles  E.  of  Lewistown. 

TUSCARORA.  a  township  of  Juniata  co..  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1303. 

TUSCARORA.  a  post-village  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylv.v 
nia.  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  73  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 
It  is  connected  with  Pottsville  by  a  branch  railroad,  on 
which  coal  is  transported. 

TUSCARORA,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  70  miles  S. 
of  Iowa  Citv. 

TUSCARORA  MOUNTAIN,  Pennsylv,ania,  extends  from 
the  Juniata  River  S.W.  along  the  N.W.  border  of  Perry 
county,  and  thpnce  S.,  under  the  name  Sf  Cove  Mountain, 
into  Marvland. 

TUSCTIKAU-OB-DER-MIES.  toCsh'kow  op  d?r  mees,  or 
TAUSSKOW,  tOwssHiov,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  6  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Pilsen,  on  the  Mies  or  Missa.    Pop.  1000. 

TUSCIA.    See  Tuscaxt. 

TUSCO'LA.  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  ha.s 
an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  Saginaw  Bay,  and  intersected  by  Cass  Kirer, 
Capital.  Vassar.    Pop.  4886.    See  Appendix. 

TUSCOLA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston  co., 
Michig.an,  about  30  miles  E.  of  Lansing. 

TUSCULUM.    See  Fr-ISCAti. 

1971 


TUS 


TWE 


TUSCULUIt  COLLEGE.  See  Table  of  Coileoes.  Appendix. 

TUSCUM'BI  A.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ala- 
bama, is  situat<?d  1  mile  S.  of  the  Tennessee  Kiver.  and  111 
miles  N.  of  Tuscaloosa.  Steamboats  from  the  Ohio  River 
can  ascend  to  this  place  in  the  higher  stages  of  water.  Two 
newspapers  are  published  here.  A  railroad  about  45  miles 
long  extends  E.  to  Decatur,  and  forms  part  of  the  route  of 
the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  which  is  here  inter- 
sected by  a  branch  railroad,  abijut  5  miles  long,  extending 
to  Klorence.  At  Tuscunibia,  there  is  a  spring  issuing  from  a 
huge  tissure  in  the  limestone  rock.  It  is  s-iid  to  discharge 
20,000  cubic  feet  per  minute,  forming  a  large  stream,  which 
joins  Tennessee  Kiver  between  2  and  3  miles  below. 

TUSCUMBIA,  a  p^st-viIlage.  capital  of  Miller  co..  Mis- 
souri, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Osage  River,  35  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Jefferson  City. 

TUSK.AR,  toos'kaR',  or  KUR.A,  koo'ra,  a  river  of  Russia, 
joins  the  Seim  a  little  below  Koorsk.     Total  coui-se,  90  miles, 

TUSKE'GEE,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  M.icon 
CO.,  -Alabama,  -W  miles  E,  by  X.  of  Montgomery.  It  has  seve- 
ral flourishing  seminaries. 

TUSMORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

TUSl'AX,  toos-pJn',  or  TUSAPAN.  too-sa-pSn'.  a  small 
maritime  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  st-<te.  and 
145  miles  X.W.  of  Vera  Cruz,  on  a  river,  5  miles  from  the 
Gulf  of  Jlexico.  Pop.  1000.  It  has  some  trade  with  Tam- 
pico  and  Campeachv. 

TU.SQUITA,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North  Carolina. 

T0SSEKIAK.  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  CO.,  Virginia, 

I'US'SEY'S  MOU.NT.AIN,  I'ennsylvania,  one  of  the  smaller 
ridges  of  the  Appalachian  chain,  traverses  Bedford  county 
in  its  whole  length  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Bl.iir  and  Huntingdon,  and 
may  be  traced  through  Centre  county  towards  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehann.a. 

TU.STEN,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  York,  organ- 
ized siitce  1H50.     Pop.  871. 

TnSTERE.V,  tooster-en.  an  island  off  the  W.  co.ist  of  Noi^ 
way.  E.  of  Christiansund.  Length,  12  miles ;  bre.adth.  6  miles. 

TUT'BURY,  a  parish  and  village,  formerly  a  market-town, 
of  England,  co.  of  StifTord.  on  the  Dove.  4i  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Burton-on-Trent,  on  a  railway.  Pop.  1798.  The  church, 
a  large  edifice,  is  a  p-irt  of  an  ancient  priory,  erected  in  lOSO. 
Wool-stapling  was  formerly  the  chief  trade  of  the  town ;  it 
now  has  a  cotton  factory  and  glass-works,  and  large  fairs 
for  cattle.  In  the  ruined  castle,  once  a  .seat  of  the  Mercian 
kings,  and  afterwards  of  the  earls  and  dukes  of  Lancaster. 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  was  confined  in  1569-70,  and  from  1584 
to  158C. 

TUTELA.    See  TnDKL.t. 

TUT'IIILL,  a  small  postrvillage  in  the  S.  part  of  Ulster 
CO.,  New  York. 

TDnCOll'IN,  a  maritime  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  65  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Comorin,  with  a 
share  in  the  pearl  fishery  of  the  Gulf  of  Manaar. 

TUT'X  EL-wiTii-COB'LEY.  a  hamlet,  England,  co.  Warwick. 

TUTOY.A.  too-tjAd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province,  and  160 
miles  from  Maranhao,  on  theTutoya.  which  forms  the  west- 
ernmost branch  of  the  Parnahiba.  It  cont.ains  an  old  parish 
church,  and  is  well  situated  for  trade,  having  a  harbor  in 
which  small  vessels  are  completely  sheltered,  lying  on  the 
deepest  and  most  frequented  of  all  the  entrances  to  the 
Parnahiba. 

TUTSCIIAP,  toofshap,  or  TUCAP.  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  T.nbor.  with  a  castle.     Pop.  112-3. 

TUTSCIIKOW,  tootch-kov',  a  modern  town  of  South  Rus- 
sia, Btissarabia,  on  the  Danube,  3  miles  E.  of  Ismail, 

TUT'TIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  Ensrland,  co,  of  Norfolk. 

TUTTLINGEN,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  circle  of  Black 
Forest,  on  the  Danube,  20  miles  W.S.W.  gf  Sigmaringen. 
Pop.  5160.  It  hiLs  m.-inufactures  of  woollen,  linen,  and 
silken  fabrics,  and  paper. 

TUTUILA,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.    See  Maoon.^. 

TUTZ,  tiitz.  or  TUCZNO.  toots'no,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  West  Prussia,  government  of  Marienwei-der,  on 
three  lakes,  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dramburg.     Pop.  1278. 

TUTZIS,  a  village  of  Nubia.    See  Ghyrche. 

TU.VFOKD.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co., 
and  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nottingham.  Pop.  in  1861.  1211.  It 
has  a  free  grammar-school,  and  trade  in  hops,  raised  in  the 
neighborhood. 

TUXTLA,  tooxflj,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
fc-tate  of  Chiapas,  near  the  Tabasco,  37  miles  W.  of  Ciudad- 
lleal.  with  a  trade  in  tobacco  and  cocoa.     Pop.  5000. 

TUY,  twee,  (anc.  Tu/da  or  TiiJcUe  dd  Fi'nes.)  a  walled  fi-on- 
tier  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  27  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ponte- 
vedra,  on  the  Minho,  opposite  the  Portuguese  town  of  Va- 
len9a.  Pop.  4212.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  manufactures 
of  table  linens,  hats,  leather,  and  liqueurs.  The  country 
around  it  is  of  high  fertility,  but  unhealthy  from  marshes. 
^  TOY,  twee,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Venezuela,  flows 
E..  and  enters  the  Caribbean  Sea  60  miles  E.  of  Caracas. 
Total  course,  90  miles. 

TUZ^illlKOL,  GiJL  or  GHOLI,  a  large  salt-lake  of  Asia 
Minor.    See  Tooz-Golee. 
197:2 


TUZ-GUL.  a  lake  of  the  Chinese  Empire.    See  Tooz-Qooi. 
.TUZKUHMATY,  a  village  of  Turkish  Toorkistan.    See 

TOOZKOiiRMATT. 

TfZL.A.  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  ToozLA. 

TVEU  or  TWEK.  tvjit  or  tvalR,  a  government  of  Russia, 


square 

miles.  Pop.  in  1851.  1.359.920.  Surface  more  elevated  than 
in  most  parts  of  Russia,  and  here  the  Volga  and  its  affluent'?, 
the  Tverts.%.  Molo<:a.  and  Medvieditsa.  rise.  The  N.  of  the 
government  is  hilly;  elsewhere  the  surface  is  chiefly  level, 
abounding  in  small  lakes.  The  soil  is  generally  poor:  but 
sufficient  corn  is  produced  for  home  consumptions  Ijarge 
quantities  of  hemp.  flax,  and  beans  are  raised.  Forests  are 
extensive,  p.articularly  in  the  N.  Cattle  fir  consumption  are 
mostly  imported.  The  m.anufactures  comprise  bricks,  glass- 
ware, woollen  cloths,  leathef-.  dyeing  materials,  and  spirits. 
Commeice active.  Principal  towns.  Tver,  the  capital,  Rshev, 
Torzhok,  Ostashkov,  and  Vishnee-Volotchok. 

TVER  or  TWEI5,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above  go- 
vernment, is  situated  on  the  Volga,  here  crossed  by  a 
wiXKlen  brid'ze  550  feet  in  length,  and  joined  bv  the  Tvertsa, 
90  miles  N,W,  of  .Moscow,  Pop.  25,260.  SinVe  its  almost 
total  destruction  by  tire,  in  IliXi.  it  has  been  rebuilt  with 
much  regularity.  It  comprises  the  town-proper,  several 
suburbs,  and  a  citadel:  an  imperial  palace,  a  cathedral, 
numerous  other  churches,  and  a  seminary.  Here  are  also 
numerous  government  oflices.  barracks,  inns,  a  theatre,  a 
college,  and  various  schools..  The  trade  is  considerable,  and 
facilit.ated  by  can.als,  which  establish  a  water  communication 
between  the  Baltic  and  Caspian  Seas.  Tver  being  on  the 
high  road  between  Moscow  and  St.  Petersburg,  is  an  entre- 
p3t  for  corn  from  the  S.  destined  for  the  capital,  and  for 
goods  conveyed  overland  to  and  from  Riga.  It  was  founded 
In  1182.  and  was  capital  of  a  principality  from  1240  to  1490. 

TVERTSA.  TVEKTZA  or  TWERTZA,  tw^Rt'sS.  a  river  of 
Russia,  government  of  Tver,  after  a  S.E.  course  of  110  miles, 
joins  the  Volga  on  the  left,  at  Tver.  A  canal  joins  the 
Tvert.sa  to  the  Msta.  an  affluent  of  L.ike  Ilmen.  and  thus 
forms  a  communication  between  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the 
Baltic. 

TWaI/ITY  plains,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
Oreiron. 

TW.VRDAQOR  A.  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Feste^tberg. 

TWEED,  (anc.  Tio'da.)  a  river  of  Scotland  and  England, 
draining  almost  all  the  E.  portion  of  the  Scotti.sh  Lowlands. 
It  rises  at  Tweedshaws,  S.  extremity  of  Peebles-shire,  1.500 
feet  alx)ve  the  sea;  flows  N.E.  and  E.  through  the  counties 
of  Peebles.  Selkirk,  and  Roxburgh:  and  then  between  Ber- 
wickshire on  the  N.,  and  the  English  counties  of  Northum- 
berland and  Durham  on  the  S. ;  and  finally  enters  the  North 
Sea  at  Berwick,  after  a  course  of  95  mile.s.  in  which  it  tra- 
verses a  biisin  estimat<?d  at  1870  s^iuare  miles,  which  is  larger 
th;in  that  of  any  other  Scottish  river,  except  the  Tay.  Prin- 
cipal affluents,  the  Yarrow,  Ettrick,  Teviot.  and  Till,  from  the 
S. ;  Bigsrar,  Gala,  Leader,  and  .Adder,  from  the  N.  Before  reach- 
ing Peebles,  it  has  completed  KhIO  feet  of  descent,  and  in  the 
remaining  part  of  its  course  it  has  irenerally  a  verj-  gentle 
curreut.  It  is  tidal  to  Norham  Castle,  10  miles  from  the 
sea.  but  navigable  only  in  its  last  6  miles  for  baits  of  30 
tons  burden,  and  the  traffic  on  its  waters  is  mostly  confined 
to  Berwick.  The  Tweed  and  Clyde  take  their  origin  in  the 
same  mountain  range,  and  flow  for  a  considerable  way  very 
near  each  other.  The  Biggar.  an  affluent  of  the  Tweed,  is 
separated  from  the  Clyde  only  by  a  level  boggy  tract,  6 
miles  across :  they  could  be  easily  connected  by  a  canal. 
The  salmon  fisheries  of  the  Tweed  were  formerly  of  more 
value  than  at  present. 

TWEED,  a  river  of  Australiit,  New  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Rous,  enters  the  Pacific  near  lat.  28='  10'  S..  Ion.  153°  30'  E. 

TWEED,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Hastings,  33 
miles  from  Belleville.     Pop.  about  100. 

TWEEDD.\LE.  the  popular  name  of  Peebies-srire. 

TWEED'.MOUTU.  a  p.irish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tweed,  opposite  Berwick, 
of  whirli  it  forms  a  handsome  suburb,  connected  with  it  by 
a  stone  bridge,  and  on  the  Newcastle  and  Berwick  Railw.ay. 
Pop,  in  1851,  5714,  It  has  a  neat  Gothic  church,  a  large 
iron  foundry,  and  a  thriving  salmon  fishery. 

TWEEDSMUIK.  tweeds^miir',  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Peebles,  at  its  S,W.  extremity.  Here  are  the  remains  of 
several  old  baronial  castles, 

TWELLO,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gel- 
derland.  3  miles  W.  of  Deventer.     Pop.  1000. 

TWELVE  MILE,  a  postHjflice  of  Pickens  district.  South 
Carolina. 

TWELVE  MILE,  a  post-office  of  Cass  CO..  Indiana. 

TWELVE  MILE  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into 
Saluda  River  in  Lexington  district.  1 2  miles  above  Columbia. 

TWELVE  MILECREEK,  of  Pickens  di.strict.  South  Caro 
lina.  flows  into  Iviowee  River  12  miles  S.  of  tho  court-house 

TWELVE  MILE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co, 
Illinois,  alMiut  .38  miles  S.S.E.  of  .Alton. 

TWEXTY-FOUR  PERGUN'NAHS,  a  maritime  district  o» 


TWE 


TYN 


British  India,  presidency  of  Bengal,  having  S.  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  and  landward  the  districts  of  Nuddea,  Jessore.  Cal- 
cutta, Uoofily,  and  Midnapoor.  The  surface  is  a  dead  level, 
intersected  hy  arms  of  the  Ganges,  and  it  comprises  a  part  of 
the  jungly  tract  termed  the  Suuderbunds. 

TVVENTY-SIXMILECREEK,  of  Anderson  district,  South 
Carolina,  flows  S.W.  into  Kiowee  River. 

TWKlt.    See  Tver. 

TWJCK'E.MIAM.  a  village  and  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Thames,  immediately  op- 
posite Richmond,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  handsome 
Btone  brid^ie,  and  on  the  railway  between  London  and 
Staines,  Hi  miles  W.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  6254. 
The  village  is  antiquated  and  dull,  but  along  the  river  are 
many  beautiful  villas  and  grounds.  Here  was  the  resi- 
dence of  I'ope,  the  poet,  also  Strawberry  Hill,  the  residence 
of  Horace  Walpole.  Twickenham  Ait,  or  Eel-pie  House,  on 
an  island  in  the  Thames,  is  a  favorite  resort  of  holiday  visi- 
tors from  the  metropolis. 

TWKKJS.  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  400  square  miles.  The  Ocmulgee  Kiver  forma  its 
W.  boundary,  and  it  is  drained  by  Big  Sandy,  Turkey,  and 
other  creeks.  The  surface  in  the  upper  or  northern  part  is 
broken.  It  contains  extensive  beds  of  limestone,  and  burr- 
stone  is  found.  The  Ocmulgee  Kiver  is  navigable  by  steam- 
boats, and  the  Central  llailroad  passes  along  the  northern 
border.  Organized  in  1809,  and  named  in  honor  of  General 
John  Twigg.'s.  Capital,  Marion.  I'op.  8320,  of  whom  3002 
were  free,  and  5318  slaves. 

TWIGGSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Twiggs  co.,  Georgia. 

TWIN,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

TWIN,  a  township  of  Preble  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1890. 

TWIN,  a  township  of  Ross  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  2549. 

TWIN' Ell  AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

TWINING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

TWIN  UIVEHS,  of  Miinitoowoc  co.,  Wisconsin,  are  two 
small  streams  which  ri.'ie  in  the  E.  part  of  the  state,  and 
enter  Lake  Michigan  at  the  same  point. 

TWINSBUKG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Summit  co., 
Ohio,  143  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  village  has  4 
churches,  and  a  flourishing  seminary,  with  160  pupils.  The 
township  is  intersected  by  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg 
Railrojid.     Pop.  1141. 

TWINSTEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

TWIS'EIi,  a  township  of  England,  co.  (detached  from) 
Durham,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Berwick-upon-Tweed.  The  van- 
guard of  the  English  army  crossed  the  river  Till  at  this 
place  on  their  march  to  Elodden-field. 

TAVISS,  a  county  of  West  Australia,  having  N.  the  cos.  of 
Mellxjurne  and  Glenelg,  E.  Victoria,  S.  Perth,  and  W.  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Moore  and  North- 
cote  Rivers,  and  by  afiluents  of  the  Swan  Kiver;  it  contains 
Borne  gootl  soil,  forest  land,  and  several  fresh  and  salt  lakes. 

TWITCII'EN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

TWIV/ERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on 
the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  an  iron  bridge,  and  on  the  Great 
Western  Railway.  2  miles  W.  of  Bath. 

TWOFOLD  BAY,  an  inlet  on  the  E.  coast  of  Australia,  co. 
of  Auckland,  30  miles  N.  of  Cape  Howe.  Lat.  of  Point 
Brierly,  near  the  head  of  the  bay,  37°  6'  2"  S.,  Ion.  149°  58' 
2"  E.  It  receives  the  Towamba  River,  affords  good  anchor- 
age, is  surrounded  by  much  fertile  land,  and  is  conveniently 
situated  for  commerce,  about  midway  between  Sydney  and 
Melbourne,  Launceston,  and  HobartTown.  On  the  N.  side 
Is  the  village  of  Eden,  and  on  the  S.  shore  the  new  and 
thriving  port  of  Boydtown,  which  has  a  good  jetty,  a  light- 
house, Gothic  church,  hotel,  and  an  active  export  trade, 
and  is  resorted  to  by  numerous  whaling  vessels,  steamers, 
and  emigrant  ships.  It  communicates  with  Maueroo  Plains 
by  a  good  road,  45  miles  in  length. 

TWO  LICiC  CREEK,  of  Indiana  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
Into  Yellow  Creek. 

TWO  MILE  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Smyth  CO.,  Virginia. 

TWO  MILE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Davis  CO.,  Kentucky. 

TWO  .MILE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co..  Indiana. 

TWO  MOUNTAINS,  a  county  of  Canada  East,  having  the 
Ottawa  Kiver  for  its  S.  boundary.  Area,  1404  square  miles. 
It  is  watered  by  the  North  River,  RiviSre  du  Chene,  and 
River  Range,  which  flow  into  the  Ottawa.  Capital,  St. 
Eustache.     I'op.  in  1852,  30,470. 

TWO  RIVERS,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
near  the  junction  of  the  Lackawaxen  with  the  Delaware. 

TWO  RIVERS,  a  post-village  of  Manitoowoc  co.,  Wiscon- 
«u.  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  15  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Manitoowoc.  This  place  has  a  large  trade  iu  lumber,  fish, 
kc.     It  contains  a  bank.     Pop.  of  township,  1337. 

TWORKAU,  t*0R/k6w,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of 
'ilesi,a,  government,  and  S.S.E.  of  Oppeln.     Pop.  1071. 

TWO  SICILIES,  Kingdom  of.    See  Naples  and  Sicily. 

TWO  T.WERNS,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TWY'CROSS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I^eicester. 

TWYFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

TWYFOKD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TWYFOKD,  a  pari.'ih  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

iWYi'OIlD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 


TWYFORD,  a  chapelry,  cos.  of  Berks  and  Wilts,  with  an 
important  station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  5  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Reading. 

TWY'MAN'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Spottsylvauia  co.. 
Virginia. 

TWYN'IIOLM  or  TWINE/HA.M,  a  parish  of  Scotland, 
stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright. 

TWYWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

TYB.4.1N,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Tybeix. 

T YBEE'  ISLAND,  in Tybee  Bay.  the  S.  sideof  the  entrance 
to  Savannah  River.  Georgia.  At  its  N.  end  is  a  fixed  light. 
80  feet  high.    Lat.  32°  N.,  Ion,  80°  52'  W, 

TYBEIN  or  TYBAIN,  te-biu',  (It.  Duino.  doo-ee'no,)  a  sen, 
port  town  of  Austria,  in  Illyria.  2  miles  from  Triest,  with 
a  small  harbor.    It  whs  once  walled  and  otherwise  fortifiel. 

TYBOHINE.    See  Taugiiisoy.vb. 

TYBRIS     See  Tiber. 

TYCOCKTOW  island,  in  the  Canton  River.  Chiiia,  8 
miles  long,  6  miles  broad,  bounds  the  '•  inner"  and  "outer 
waters"  at  the  entrance  of  the  Boca  Tigris,  Its  forts  were 
taken  by  the  British  in  1841. 

TYDD,  ST.  GILES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

TYDD,  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Linccfln. 

TYDWEILIOG,  tid-wi'le-og,  a  parish  of  North  AVales,  co. 
of  Carnarvon. 

TYE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Virginia,  rises  at  the  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  flows  S.E. 
through  Nelson  co.,  and  enters  James  River.  It  furnishes 
motive-power  for  mills. 

TYE  KIVER  JIILLS,  a  post>office  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia, 
128  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

TYE  RIVER  WAREHOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Nelson  co., 
Virginia. 

TY'GARTS  CREEK,  a  post-office.  Greenup  co..  Kentucky. 

TY/GART'S  VAL'LEY  RI'VER,  in  the  N.E.  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, rises  in  itandolph  county,  among  the  Greenbrier  Moun- 
tains, passes  through  Bartour  and  Taylor  counties,  and 
unites  with  the  AVest  Fork  of  the  Monongahela  1  mile  S.  of 
Fairmont,  in  JIarion  county.  Its  general  direction  is  N.; 
its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  150  miles.  It  is  navigable  by 
small  boats  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course. 

TY-HO.     See  Lantao. 

TYKOCZYN.  te-kotch'in,  a  frontier  town  of  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Augustow,  on  the  Narew,  17  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Bialystok.  Pop.  1000.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  and  a 
trade  in  corn.     The  Russians  and  Poles  fought  here  in  18:51. 

TY'LER,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  W.  Virginia,  situated 
on  the  Ohio  River,  some  50  mile^  below  Wheeling.  Area, 
390  square  miles.  The  Ohio  River  forms  its  N.W.  lioundary, 
separating  it  from  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  it  is  intersected  by 
Middle  Island  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken,  anil 
partly  covered  with  forests  of  good  timber.  The  soil  is  e.x- 
cellent,  well  watered,  and  adapted  to  wool  growing.  The 
county  contains  abundance  of  stone-coal,  iron-ore.  and  good 
building-stone;  limestone  is  one  of  the  principal  rocks. 
Large  quantities  of  ore  resembling  zinc  are  found.  Middle 
Island  Creek  is  a  fine  mill  stream.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected by  three  good  turnpike  roads.  Organized  in  1814, 
and  named  in  honor  of  John  Tvler,  governor  of  Virginia  in 
1810.  Capital.  Middlebourn.  Pop.  6517,  of  whom  6499  were 
free,  and  18  slaves. 

TYLER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area  of 
about  1350  square  miles.  The  Neches  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  N.  and  E.,  and  the  Big  Sandy  Creek  on 
the  S.  the  surface  has  but  little  elevation.  Capital,  Wood- 
ville.     Pop.  4525,  of  whom  3377  were  free. 

TYLER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Smith  co.,  Texas,  about 
220  miles  N.  of  Galveston.     Pop.  1024. 

TYLER,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  about 
05  udles  E.  of  Galena. 

TVLEH  MOUNTAIN,post-oirirp.Kanawliaco..W.Virginia. 

TYLERSBURG.  a  post-office  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TYLER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Orangeburg  district. 
South  Carolina. 

TYLERSPORT,  post-office,  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TYLERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  85  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

TYLERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  10 
miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Lock  Haven. 

TYLERSVILLE,  post-office,  Laurens  district,  S.  Carolina. 

TYLOS.    See  Bahrein. 

TYMOCIITE,  a  creek  of  Ohio,  enters  the  Sandusky  Kiver 
in  Wyandot  county. 

TYMOCHTE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wyandot  co., 
Ohio,  on  Tymochte  Creek,  75  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 
Pop.  1874. 

TYNAGH,  ti'n.aH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  en.  of  Galway,  7i 
miles  N.W\  of  Po'rtumna,  with  the  remains  of  4  castles. 

TY'NAN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster,  co.  of  Anuagh. 

TYNDARIS.    SeeTiNDARE. 

TYNE,  tin,  an  important  river  of  Engl»nd,  co.  of  North- 
umberland, the  W.  and  S.  parts  of  which  it  drains,  is 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  .North  and  South  Tyue 
near  Hexham,  from  which  town  it  has  mostly  an  K.  ?ours««, 
past  Corbridge,  Prudhoe.  Newcastle,  and  Gateshead  to  the 

1973  ' 


TYN 


TYR 


ITi/itli  Sea,  »t!fttiat  eg  the  boroughs  of  North  and  South 
Shields,  i'otal  course  from  Ilexbam.  35  miles,  for  the  last 
18  miles  of  which  it  forms  the  boundary  lietweeu  the  counties 
of  Northumberland  and  Burham;  but  from  the  head  of  the 
North  Tjne,  the  length  of  its  course  is  at  least  SO  miles. 
Principal  alfluent,  the  Derwent,  from  the  S.  Its  banks  are 
steep,  ar  d  it  is  navigable  from  the  sea  to  Newcastle  for  ves- 
Bels  of  iA)0  to  -too  tons  burden,  and  for  several  miles  farther 
by  keel-boats.  Spring  tides  rise  at  its  mouth  18  feet,  and  at 
Newcastle  Hi  feet.  It  is  of  great  commercial  importance. 
lt«  salmon  fisheries,  formerly  of  consequence,  have  been 
mostly  destroyed  bj'  the  erection  of  locks  at  By  well. 

TYNE,  NoKTH,  rises  on  the  border  of  Scotland,  and  runs 
S.E.  and  S.  past  BelUugham  and  Chellerford.  It  receives  the 
Beed,  from  the  N. 

TYNE,  South,  rises  in  Cumberland,  flows  N.  and  E.  p.|»st 
Aldstone  and  Haltwhistle,  and  with  the  Tyne  is  accompanied 
in  its  whole  course  by  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway. 

TYNE,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,  rises  iu  the  parish  of 
Borthwick,  flows  mostly  N.E.  through  Haddingtonshire, 
and  enters  the  North  Sea  at  Tynninghame,  2|  miles  N.W. 
of  Dunbar,  after  a  cour.«e  of  28  miles. 

TYNEH.\M.  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

TYNE'MOUTH-wiTH-NOKTII  SHIELDS,  a  parliamentary 
borough,  parish,  and  two  contiguous  towns  of  England,  co. 
of  Norlhumberland,  on  the  left  hank  of  the  Tyne,  at  its 
mouth  in  the  North  Sea,  opposite  South  Shields,  and  on  a 
railway,  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  in  1851,  30,624 ; 
of  parliamentary  borough,  comprising  5  townships,  (18G1,) 
33,991;  of  township  of  'i'ynemouth,  14,650;  of  township  of 
North  Shields,  8882.  Tynemouth,  at  the  E.  angle  of  the 
borough,  facing  the  sea,  is  well  built,  has  many  inns  and 
lodging-houses  for  visitors,  wlio  resort  to  it  for  bathing,  and 
a  castle  of  the  eleventh  century,  on  a  lofty  rock,  now  used 
for  barracks  and  military  magazines,  and  a  light-house  in 
lat.  55°  1'  3"  N.,  Ion.  1°  25'  W.  North  Shields,  which  has 
risen  up  chiefly  within  the  present  century,  is  a  flourishing 
and  well-built  seaport,  having  a  spacious  market-place,  gas 
and  water-works,  a  stone  church,  numerous  chaptjs,  a 
marketrhouse,  jail,  theatre,  mechanics'  institution,  master 
mariners'  asylum,  public  libraries,  a  Laucasteriau  endowed 
school,  and  other  schools  and  charities.  It  is  extending 
itself  rapidly  into  Chirton  township,  on  the  W.  Its  harbor, 
bordered  with  quaj's.  is  capable  of  containing  2000  vessels  of 
500  tons  burden.  It  belongs  to  the  port  of  Newcastle  and 
North  Shields,  and  has  a  large  share  iu  the  coal  trade,  ship- 
building, manufactures  of  rope  and  naval  stores,  and  chemi- 
cal products,  hats,  gloves,*and  tobacco.  Tynemouth  and  in- 
cluded townships  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

TYNGS'BOROUGH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middle- 
sex CO.,  Mas.sachusetts,  on  Merrimack  River,  and  the  Nashua 
and  Lowell  Railroad,  32  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.  The  village 
contains  1  or  2  churches,  and  an  academy.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  026. 

TY'NISII.  an  islet  off  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  in  Con- 
naught.  CO.  of  Galway,  2  miles  W.  of  Lettermore.  Pop.  150, 
Piostly  employed  in  fishing. 

TYXRO.V,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries. 

TYPINSAN,  tipin-san',  the  most  E.,  and  largest  of  the 
Madjieosima  Islands,  in  the  China  Sea.  Lat.  24°  43'  N., 
Ion.  126°  29'  E.  Length.  20  miles:  greatest  bi-eadth,  10  miles 
at  its  W.  end.  A  dangerous  reef  is  on  the  N.  side,  on  which 
the  '•Providence"  was  lost  in  1V97. 

TY'RAN.^.,  te-ri'nj,  a  city  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania. 
15  miles  N.  by  E.  of  El-Bassan.  It  is  a  wretched  place,  but 
is  noted  for  its  beautiful  mosques  and  spacious  marketrplaces. 

TYR  AS.    See  Dniester. 

TYRE,  a  maritime  city  of  antiquity.    See  SOOR. 

TYRE,  tir,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Seneca  co..  New  York,  on  the  Seneca  River  and  the  Erie 
Canal.     Pop.  1437. 

TYREE  or  TYRY.    See  Tiree. 

TYREE'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co..  Tennessee. 

TYKEE  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Summer  co.,  Tennessee. 

TYK'ELL'S  BAY,  an  inlet  at  the  S..  extremity  of  the 
island  of  St.  Vincent,  in  the  Biitish  West  Indies.  On  it  is 
the  village  of  Calliaqua,  2i  miles  S.F^.  of  Kingstown. 

TYillA,  tlr'e-l.  or  TIKEH.  tee/reh,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
near  the  Little  Mender  River,  (anc.  CUyt'ler.)  44  miles  S.E. 
of  Smyrna,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Tmolus.  It  lia«  numerous 
mosques. 

TYRIE.  a  pari.sh  of  Scotl.ind,  co.  of  Aberdeen. 

TYRI-FIOHD.  tii're  feoRd'.  a  lake  of  Norway,  stia.  and  16 
miles  W.  of  Christiana.  Length,  16  miles;  bre.Hdth,  7  miles. 
On  the  N.  it  receives  the  Beina-el^  and  on  the  S.  it  gives 
pfiHux  to  the  Drammen  River. 

TV1{IXGH.\M.  a  post-township  of  Berkshire  CO.,  Massa- 
chusftts.  126  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.     Pop.  7S0. 

TYRXAU,  t66R'niiw,  (Hun.  A'tgy  Szombath.  nodj  som^- 
bot/.)  or  TEUN  AVA.  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  co.,  and  27 
miles  N.E.  of  Presburg,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
way. Pop.  .5830.  It  has  numerous  fine  churches,  a  Roman 
Catholic  college,  military  and  other  schools,  a  public  library, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  a  consider- 
ttble  general  tnide,  and  8  important  annual  liiirs. 
1974 


TYRNATJ.  avillage  of  .Moravia,  circle,  and  N.W.  of  Olmutz. 

TYROL,  tir'rol,  (Ger.  pron.  te-rOl',)  and  VORARLBEIIQ, 
for-aKl'ljt-RO,  (anc.  i?/ia'<i«,  and  a  \>nrt  of  ^'oricum.)  aproTinoe 
of  the  Austrian  dominions,  on  the  S.W.  frontiers  ^jf  Ger- 
many. Lat.  45°  40'  to  47°  41'  N..  Ion.  9°  30'  to  12°  30'  E.; 
the  W.  portion,  to  the  sources  of  the  Stanz,  forming  Vo- 
rarlberg,  and  the  E.  portion  Tyrol  proper.  It  is  bounded  N. 
by  Lake  Constance  and  Bavaria,  E.  by  Salzburg  and  Illyria, 
S.E.  and  S.  by  Austrian  Italy,  and  W.  by  Switzerland  and  the 
principality  of  Lichtenstein :  greatest  length,  from  Lake  Con- 
stance to  the  extremity  of  the  I'usterthal,  105  miles;  great- 
est breadth,  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  157  miles;  area,  11,084  square 
miles.  It  is  mountainous  thioughout,  and  in  regard  to 
scenery  is  second  only  to  Switzerland,  of  which  it  may  be 
regarded  as  a  continuation.  The  .\lps,  entering  it  fi-om 
Switzerland,  stretch  across  it  fxom  W.  to  E.  in  three  nearly 
parallel  chains.  The  loftiest  of  these  is  the  Rhetian  Alps, 
which,  occupying  the  centre,  divide  the  country  into  a  N. 
and  S.  portion.  In  this  chain  are  situated  Mount  0;  tier, 
the  culminating  point  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  12,852  feet; 
and  the  Gross-Glockner,  12,500  feet.  The  second  pjirallel 
chain,  situated  in  the  N.,  not  far  from  the  frontier,  forms 
the  Tyrolese  or  German  Alps;  and  the  third  chain,  to  which 
the  name  of  the  Trent  Alps  is  sometimes  given,  bends  round 
from  the  Lake  of  Garda,  and  continues  E.  till  it  becomes 
linked  with  the  Carnic  Alps.  All  these  chains  descend  very 
abruptly  on  the  S.  side,  and  form  short  lateral  valleys,  but 
on  their  N.  sides  generally  slope  gradually  by  parallel  ter- 
races, the  spaces  between  which  are  occupied  by  long  longi- 
tudinal valleys.  Many  of  the  summits  are  capped  with 
perpetual  snow;  and  glaciers,  to  the  number  of  Su,  covering 
in  all  a  space  of  about  170  square  miles,  descend  into  the 
valleys  to  the  level  of  about  4000  feet.  The  most  remarkable 
of  these  glaciers  are  the  Oesthal,  Suldeu,  Floiten,  and  Dux. 
Notwithstanding  the  height  of  the  chains,  (he  Tyrol  h.ss 
several  of  the  lowest  passes  in  the  Alps.  The  celebi-ated 
Brenner  Pass  is  little  more  than  4000  feet  above  sea-level. 
The  other  principal  passes  are  the  Malserheide,  Timblji.ch, 
Arll)erg,  Schlossberg,  Achen  Pass,  and  the  pas's  near  San 
Pellegrino.  The  loftiest  of  all  the  passes  is  the  Stilfser  or 
Wormserjoch. 

The  prevailing  rock  in  these  mountains  is  granite,  which 
usually  forms  the  crest  of  the  chain.  On  the  S.  slopes  pri- 
mitive schists  and  limestones  overlie  the  granite;  on  the  N. 
slope  the  rocks  are  almost  entiivly  calcareous.  At  lower 
elevations  a  gre.nter  variety  of  rocks  appears,  and  in  some 
localities,  of  which  the  Fassathal  is  the  most  remarkable  ex- 
ample, .ilmost  all  the  great  formations  of  Europe  may  be 
.seen  in  miniature.  The  principal  chains  mentioned  above 
form  three  principal  valleys — the  lunthal,  Etschthal  or 
Adige  Valley,  and  I'usterthal.  Into  these  a  vast  number  of 
minor  valleys  open,  and  tlius,  though  no  proper  nlains  oc- 
cur, large  portions  of  the  surface  become  flat  enough  to  t)e 
placed  under  regular  culture. 

The  drainage  is  divided  between  the  lasins  of  the  Rhine, 
the  Danube,  and  the  Po.  The  first,  forming  part  of  the 
N.W.  boundary,  is  confined  to  that  locality,  and  receives 
only  the  waters  of  the  A'orarlberg,  in  part  directly,  and 
in  part  by  the  111  and  the  Bregenz;  the  latter,  through  the 
medium  of  the  Lake  of  Constance.  A  much  larger  share 
of  drainage  is  received  by  the  Danube,  whose  important 
tributary  the  Inn,  traversing  the  celebrated  valley  of 
that  name,  enclosed  on  the  S.  by  the  Rhetian.  and  ou 
the  N.  by  the  Tyrolese  Alps,  receives  from  bc>th  chains, 
but  especially  from  the  former,  numerous  torrents  and 
streams  fed  by  perpetual  snow  and  glaciers.  -Another 
large  supply  sent  to  the  Danube  proceeds  from  the  S.  side 
of  the  Rhet;ian  Alps,  where  the  waters  of  the  E.  part  of  the 
Pusterthal,  and  of  a  number  of  lateral  valleys,  go  to  augment 
the  Drave.  The  Adriatic  receives  its  share  chiefly  through 
the  Etsch  or  Adige.  None  of  these  rivers,  except  the  Inn, 
are  of  navigable  importance;  but  their  effect  on  the  scenery 
may  be  estimated  from  the  fact  that  they  form  above  160 
large  waterfalls. 

The  largest  lakes,  the  Idrio,  Gard.i.  and  Constance,  being 
situated  on  the  frontiers,  belong  less  to  the  Tyrol  than  to 
other  countries.  The  others,  though  veiy  numerous  and 
picturesque,  are  small. 

The  climate  is  generally  healthy,  but  differs  much  on  the 
opposite  sides  of  the  Alp.s.  In  the  N.,  and  more  especi.-)lly  in 
the  lateral  valleys,  it  is  severe,  but  still  not  so  much  so  aa 
in  the  W.,  where  the  greatest  degree  of  cold  is  felt ;  in  ttaa 
S.  it  becomes  much  milder,  and  almost  Itjilian.  At  Inns- 
pruck,  1700  feet  alx>Te  sea-level,  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  49°:  at  Botzen.  6ii0  feet  ab<jve  sea-level,  it  is  65° SO'. 
The  annual  fall  of  rain  is  very  nearly  equal  both  in  the  N. 
and  S.,  and  averages  about  26  inches. 

Alxiut  one-third  of  the  whole  surface  is  unavailable  for 
any  economical  purpose,  being  occupied  by  perpetu.-il  snows, 
glaciers,  and  inaccessible  barien  roifks.  Rather  more  than 
another  third  is  covered  with  ti>rests.  The  remaining  portion 
includes  large  tracts  of  commons — mo.tly  in  a  state  of  na- 
ture, though  capable  of  cultivation — nieadown,  gardens, 
vineyards,  and  arable  lands.  The  commons  and  nicadown 
are  employed  in  rearing  cattle,  which  m  all  the  higher  dis> 


TYR 

tricts  forms  the  principal  occupafion.  Tho  most  numerous 
stock  are  slieep  and  goats.  In  the  gardens  and  orchards 
vast  quantities  of  the  finest  fruits  are  grown.  The  vine  also 
succeeds  well,  particularly  in  the  circles  of  Botzen,  Trent, 
and  Koveredo,  where  it  occupies  a  large  extent  of  surface, 
and  produces  several  wines  of  excellent  quality.  Other  ob- 
jects of  subsidiary  culture  are  olives  and  mulberries;  the 
former  to  a  very  limited  extent,  but  the  latter  so  generally 
in  the  circle  of  Itoveredo,  as  to  form  one  of  the  most  common 
and  lucrative  sources  of  employment.  After  deducting  all 
the  land  appropriated  as  above  described,  there  still  remains 
nearly  SOO^OOO  acres  under  ordinary  culture.  From  the 
minute  subdivision  of  property,  farms  are  generally  small,, 
and  the  operations  of  husbandry  are  conducted  with  little 
skill;  but  the  spirit  of  industry  is  untiring,  and  a  larfje 
amount  of  produce  is  obtained,  though  it  fails  to  meet  the 
consumption.  The  principal  crops  are  maize,  rye,  wheat, 
barley,  aits,  and  potatoes.  Hemp,  flax,  tobacco,  and  sumach 
are  also  largely  grown.  The  rearing  of  caoary-birds  is  pur- 
sued on  a  large  scale  in  the  valley  of  the  Inn,  and  most 
parts  of  Europe  are  supplied  with  singing  birds  from  the 
Tyrol.  Wolves,  bears,  wild  boars,  marmots,  chamois,  &c. 
inhabit  the  mountain  districts.  The  minerals,  which  once 
formed  the  chief  source  of  wealth,  are  less  productive  than 
formerly,  but  are  still  worked  extensively.  The  most  impoit- 
ant  are  iron  and  salt;  but  both  gold  and  silver  are  obtained 
in  small  quantities,  and  also  copper  and  lead. 

The  manufactures  of  the  Tyrol  are  more  numerous  than 
Important.  The  first  place  belongs  to  the  spinning  and 
weaving  of  silk,  which  lias  its  principal  localities  in  Kovere- 
do, Botzen,  and  Trent.  The  next  in  order  is  metal-ware, 
which  is  made  in  a  variety  of  forms:  the  most  deserving  of 
notice  are  the  brass  manufactures  of  Achenrain  and  Lientz, 
largely  exported;  articles  in  copper,  iron,  shovels,  wire, 
n.ails,  and  scythes.  Another  manufacture  in  which  the 
Tyrolese  display  considerable  ingenuity,  is  that  of  articles  in 
wood,  many  of  which  are  carried  into  other  countries  by 
the  makers  or  their  children,  and  form  a  lucrative  branch 
of  traffic,  fiace  and  embroidery  and  glove-making  employ  a 
great  many  persons  regularly,  and  fill  up  the  spare  hours  of 
many  others.  The  transit  trade,  owing  to  the  many  easy 
passes  through  the  Alps  which  the  Tyrol  presents,  is  of  con- 
siderable iuiportiiuce. 

There  are  few  countries  in  which  the  devotional  feeling  is 
BO  strong ;  and  though  it  may  be  often  disfigured  by  sviper- 
stition,  it  has  doubtless  mainly  contributed  to  the  forma- 
tion of  that  simple,  pure,  manly,  and  independent  charac- 
ter for  which  the  Tyrolese  are  remarkably  distinguished. 
Nearly  all  are  Roman  Catholics,  under  10  bishops,  suffi-a- 
gans  of  the  archbishop  of  Salzburg.  Many  of  the  inhabit- 
ants emigrate  annually  as  labourers  into  the  neighbouring 
countries.  The  Tyrol  has  its  own  national  diet,  compo.sed 
of  the  nobility,  clergy,  deputies  of  the  towns  and  of  the 
rural  districts,  who  meet  in  one  chamber.  It  is  divided  into 
the  7  circles  of  Roveredo,  Trent,  Etsch,  Pusterthal  and 
Eisach.  Lower  Inn  and  Wipperthal,  Upper  Inn  and  Yintsch- 
gau,  and  Vorarlberg,  also  named  from  their  chief  towns; 
capital,  Innspruck. 

Tyrol  formed  part  of  ancient  lihmtia,  and,  after  along  and 
noble  struggle  to  maintain  its  independence,  was  converted 
into  a  Roman  province.  It  suffered  much  from  the  ini-oads 
of  the  northern  barbarians,  and  at  a  later  period  was  govern- 
ed by  counts,  who  continued  in  posse.ssion  till  1254,  when 
the  line  becoming  extinct,  the  Count  of  Goritz  succeeded. 
His  heirs  governed  till  1363,  when  the  succession  opened  t<i 
a  female,  who  ceded  it  to  the  Archduke  of  Austria.  It  has 
since  remained  in  the  possession  of  that  family,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  short  period  in  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  when  Xapoleon  gave  it  to  the  Bavarians.  Pop.  in 
1850.  859,706. Adj.  and  inhab.  Tyrolese,  tirVleez'. 

TYRONE,  ti-ron',  an  inland  county  of  Ireland,  in  Ulster, 
having  X.  the  co.  of  Londonderry.  E.  Armagh,  S.  Monaghan, 
and  W.  Donegal.  Area  1260  square  miles,  or  806,640  acres, 
of  which  450,286  are  arable,  311,867  uncultivated,  and  11,981 
in  plantations.  Pop.  255,819.  Surface  hilly  and  ill  wooded, 
rising  into  mountains  in  the  N.  and  S.  Principal  rivers, 
the  Blackwater  and  Foyle,  with  their  tributaries.  Lough 
Nejigh  forms  part  of  the  E.  boundary.  Soil  in  the  lower 
districts  fertile,  but  agriculture  generally  very  backward. 
Principal  crops,  potatoes  and  oats,  with  a  little  bailey,  flax, 
and  clover.  A  considerable  quantity  of  good  coal  is  raised. 
The  principal  manufactures  are  those  of  linens,  coar.se  wool- 
lens, blankets,  whisky,  beer,  flour,  meal,  and  coarse  earthen- 
wares. The  Enniskillen  and  Londonderry  Railway  inter- 
sects the  county;  and  the  navigation  of  the  Tyrone  Canal 
Is  wholly  within  its  E.  district.  Principal  towns,  Strabane, 
Dungannon,  Cookstown,  and  Om;igh.  Tyrone  sends  two 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Tho  O'Xeils  were  kings 
in  Ireland  antecedent  to  Christianity,  and  were  chiefs  of 
Tyrone  when  the  memorable  rebellion  of  1597  broke  out 
ander  their  auspices. 

TYRONE,  ti-rOn',  a  post-village  and  towasliip  of  Schuyler 
CO.,  New  York,  1 S  milsjs  E.N.E.  of  Bath.  Tue  village  contains 
several  churches  and  stores.    Pop.  of  tho  township,  2096. 

TYKON  E,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Blair  co., 


TZU 

Pennsylvania.ontheLittle  Juniata  River,  and  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  117  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Harrisburg.  The  village,  whiih 
was  commenced  in  1849,  is  an  important  depOt  on  the  rail- 
road, and  is  improving  rapidly.  The  trade  and  travel  '~< 
Centre  and  Clearfield  counties  meet  the  i«riiv,aJ  at  iu«s 
point,  which  is  the  S.  terminus  of  a  railroad  extending  tc 
Bellefonte  33  miles.  It  has  4  churches  and  1  neivspapor. 
There  is  a  large  iron  forgo  hero.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1766. 

TYRONE,  a  township  of  A  dams  CO.,  Pennsylvania.    P.9»0. 

TYRONE,  a  township,  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.  14S5. 

TVKOXE,  a  township  of  Perry  CO.,  Pennsylvani.a.    P.  1180. 

TYROXE,  a  village  of  'VVilkes  co.,  Georgia,  65  miles  N,fi 
by  X'.  of  Milledgeville. 

TYROXE,  a  post-office  of  Co.shocton  co.,  Ohio. 

TYROXE,  a  post-township,  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  ot 
Livingston  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1176. 

TYROXE,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Durham,  '7 
miles  from  Bowmanville.    Pop.  about  SO. 

TYROXE  MILLS,  a  post-office,  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TYROS.    See  Bahrei.'j. 

TYRREL,  tlr'rgl,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, bordering  on  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  Sounds.  Area 
estimated  at  320  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Alli- 
gator River.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil  sandy.  A 
large  pjirt  of  it  is  covered  with  swamps,  and  forests  of 
cypress,  red-cedar,  and  pine.  This  county,  one  of  the  origi- 
nal precincts,  was  formed  in  1729,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Sir  John  Tyrrel,  the  proprietor  of  this  part  of  the  province. 
Capital,  Columbia.  Pop.  4941,  of  whom  3347  were  free,  and 
1597  slaves. 

TYRRELL,  a  postrvlllage  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

TYR'REL'S  I'ASS,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  co.'of  West- 
meath,  8^  miles  S.S.W.  of  JIullingar.  Pop.  fOO.  It  was 
the  scene  of  some  bloody  contests  in  the  time  of  Klizabeth 

TYRUIIEXE,  tlr'reen  or  tirreen',  or  TYRKHK'XIAX 
SEA,  (anc.  Tyrrhdnum  Ma>re.,)  is  a  name  given  by  tha 
ancients,  and  retained  by  many  modern  geographers,  to  that 
part  of  the  Mediterranean  which  extends  between  the  coast 
of  Italy  and  the  islands  of  Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily. 

TYR'RIXOHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

TYR.^ILD,  a  river  of  Norway.    See  Kiar, 

TYliUS.    SeeSooR. 

TYRY.    See  Tiree. 

TYSMIENICA,  tis-myjn-eefs3,  a  town  of  Austrian  Ga- 
licia.  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stanislawow.  between  the  Toiona  and 
Bistritza.  Pop.  2900.  It  has  Catholic,  Greek  United,  and  Ar- 
menian churches :  and  a  trade  in  wax,  leather,  and  cattle. 

TYSXOSOE,  tiis'no-so'Jh,  an  i.<;land  of  Norway,  stift.  and 
25  miles  S.  of  Bergen,  at  the  entrance  of  Ilardanger-Cord. 
liength,  11  miles:  breadth.  7  mile.s. 

TY'SOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

TYSON'S  FURNACE,  a  post-office,  Windsor  co.,  Vermont. 

T\''SOXVILLE,  a  village  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee,  15 
miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

TYSSA.  tis'sj,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Leitmeritz, 
about  9  miles  from  Tetschen.     Pop.  1456. 

TYSSOWICE,  tls\so-veet's.A,  a  town  of  Poland,  government, 
and  08  miles  S.E.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  24.30. 

TYTHBY.  t!lh1)ee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Nottingham. 

TYTIIFX^ST'ON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales;,  co.  Glamorgan. 

TYTII'E!!IN(iT(»X,  a  parish  of  England,  ro.  of  Gloucester. 

TYTHEKlNtiTOX,  a  pari.'h  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

TYTII'ERLY,  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

TYTHERLY,  West,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  6^ 
miles  S.W.  of  Stockbridge.  Here  is  the  establi.shment  of 
'■  Harmony,"  founded  on  the  social  principles  of  Robert 
Owen, 

TYTH'ERTOX-KELL'AWAYS,  a  Sloravian  hamlet  of 
Engl.and,  co.  of  Wilts,  2\  miles  N.E.  of  Chippenham,  on  the 
Avon,  and  the  Great  Western  Railway. 

TYTHERTON-STAXLEY.  a  chapelry,  England,  co.  Wilts. 

TY-WAX-FOO,  the  capital  of  Formosa.     See  Taiwan. 

TYWARD'RETH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

TZAGLAIK,  tsag-llk'(?)  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Macedonia,  sanjak,  and  54  miles  E,  of  Seres,  on  the  Kara- 
soo,  near  its  mouth  in  the  JUgean  Sea. 

TZAXA  or  Z.\XA,  a  lake  of  Abyssinia,    See  Dembea. 

TZAREVOKOKSIIAISK.    See  Tsarevokokshaisk. 

TZAREA'O^AXTCHURSK.    See  Tsarevosantchooesk. 

TZARITZIX,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tsaritsin. 

TZATALZE.  a  town  of  Thessaly.     See  Satalge. 

TZEIvINOVKA,  Russian  Poland.     See  Tsekinovka. 

TZERIX  A,  a  town  of  Cyprus.    See  Cerisa. 

TZIMOVA.  tse-mo'yd,  a  largo  village  of  Greece,  in  the 
Morea,  district,  on  the'  E.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Koron,  20 
miles  X.N.W.  of  Cape  Matapan. 

TZIXTZOUTZAX,  tsint-soo-tsan',  a  town  of  Slexieo, 
state  of  Michoacan,  20  miles  S.W.  of  A'alladolid,  witll 
some  remains  of  ancient  architecture,  and  originally  capital 
of  the  Indian  kingdom  of  Michoacan.     Pop.  2000. 

TZIPA.  a  river  of  Sil«ria.     See  Tstpa. 

TZIVILSK  or  TSIVILSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government, 
and  62  miles  W.  of  Kazan. 

TZNA.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  TsXA. 

TZURUKHAITU,  Siberia.    See  Tsoobookh.otoo. 

1975 


UAN 


UFA 


u 


UASAPU,  oo-2-n3-poo',  or  ANAPU,  3-u3-poo',  a  river  of 
Brazil,  province  of  fant,  joins  the   Para,  S.  of  the 
Island  of  Marajo,  after  a  N.  course  of  400  miles. 

UATU.MA,  oo-d  too'mi,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para, 
joins  ihe  Amazon,  50  miles  E.X.E.  of  Silves,  after  a  S.S.E. 
course  es timatetl  at  350  miles. 

UAUPi;S.  wow'pis,  a  river  of  South  America,  in  Brazil, 
joins  the  Rio  fiegro  on  the  right,  near  the  equator.  Lon. 
67°  40'  W. 

UBA,  oo'bl,  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas-Oeraes,  near  an  affluent  of  the  I'arahiba  do  Sul. 

UBA,  oolhi,  a  post'OfRce  of  Piatt  co.,  Illinois. 

UBACII,  oo'biK,  a  village  of  llhenish  Prussia,  government 
and  12  miles  N.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  1316. 

UBA  III,  a  river  of  Brazil.     See  Itahi. 

UB.iHY,  a  lake  and  river  of  Bolivia.     See  Magmlena. 

UB.VTUBA.  oo-ba-too/bd.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  San 
Paulo,  100  miles  X.E.  of  Santos.     Pop.  with  district,  6000. 

UBAYE.  u'bA',  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Basses- 
Alpcs,  after  a  W.  course  of  40  miles  joins  the  Durance  on 
the  left. 

UBBESTOX,  rib'ston,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

UBEDA,  oo-bA'd^,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  26  miles 
N.E.  of  .Taen.  Pop.  13,809.  It  has  remains  of  ancient  walls, 
a  cathedral,  formerly  a  mosque:  manufactures  of  woollens 
and  earthenwares,  and  a  trade  in  corn,  fruits,  oil,  wine,  and 
horses.    It  wa-s  taken  from  the  Moors  in  1212. 

UBES,  SAINT,  a  city  of  Portugal.    See  Setubal. 

UIJEKAA'A,  oo-bA-ri'vi,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Minas-Goracs.    Pop.  of  the  district,  0000. 

UBERSDOUF.  a  village  of  Switzerland.    See  Uebersiwrf. 

UBEKLIXGEX,  a  town  of  Baden.     See  Uebebungen. 

UlilGAU,  oo'be-gOw,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the 
Elster,  13  miles  E.X.E.  of  Torgau.     Pop.  1250. 

UIVLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

UBOLDO,  oo-boPdo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
of  Milan,  3  miles  from  Saronno.     Pop.  1778. 

UBKIQUE,  oo-Bree'kA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  46 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Cadiz.  Pop.  5439.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollens. 

UBSTADT,  oop'st^tt.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Sliddle 
Rhine.  3  miles  X.E.  of  Bruchsal.     Pop.  1140. 

UCAYALE.  oo-kT-Sl-A,  UCAYALI,  oo-ki-d/lee.  or  PARO,  pi>- 
ro,  a  large  river  of  Peru,  E.  of  the  Andes,  and  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal head  streams  of  the  Amazon.  It  unites  witli  the  Tun- 
guragua,  after  a  X.  course  of  500(?)  miles,  near  lat.  4°  25'  S., 
lon.  72'-  30'  E.,  to  form  the  .\mazon.  It  receives  numerous  and 
considerable  affluents,  the  chief  being  the  Apurimac.  It  is 
navigable  from  the  Amazon,  for  large  vessels,  to  Sarayacu, 
lat.  7°  S. 

UCCLE.  ilk'l,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Bra^ 
bant,  capital  of  a  canton,  2  miles  S.  of  Brussels. 

UCKDA.  oo-thi/ci,  a  decayed  city  of  Spain,  province  and 
25  miles  W.  of  Soria.  Pop.  750.  In  its  castle  Ximenes  was 
once  confined.  Xear  it  a  small  Christian  population  lived 
independent  and  undisturbed  throughout  the  Jloorish  do- 
minion. 

UCII.\UD,  tl'shr/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gard,  on  the  railway  between  Ximes  and  Montpellier. 
Pop.  907. 

UCIIEE,  a  post-village  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama,  about  68 
miles  E.  of  Montgomery. 

U/CIIEE  AX'.XA  or  EU'CHEE  AX'XA,  a  post-village, 
capital  of  Walton  CO.,  Florida,  about  120  miles  W.  of  Tal- 
lahassee.   It  contains  a  court-house,  and  several  stores. 

U'CIIKE  CHEEK,  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia,  flows  into  the 
Savannah  River. 

UCIIIZY'.  UVhee'zee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
SaiJne-et-Loire.  arrondissement  of  Macon.     Pop.  1500. 

UCH-KELEESEH,  Armenia.     See  Utch-Kilissa. 

UCUTE.  ooK'teh,  a  village  of  Xorth  Germany.  Hanover, 
county  of  IIoya,"l6  miles  S.W.  of  Xienburg.     Pop.  1200. 

UCHTE.  a  river  of  Prussian  Saxony,  government  of  Mag- 
deburg, tributary  to  the  Elbe. 

UCKER,  fiok'ker,  a  small  river  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
flows  into  the  Little  Haff,  at  Uckermtinde,  and  formerly 
gave  name  to  the  district  of  Uckermark. 

UCKERMUXDE,  (Uckermtinde,)  Wk'kgr-mUn'deh, a  town 
of  Prussia.  Pomerania,  32  miles  X.AV.  of  Stettin,  at  the 
month  of  the  Ucker  in  the  Kleine-HalT.     Pop.  2310. 

UCK'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

UCL£S,  oo-kliV,  (»nc.  Urcesaf)  a  fortified  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  32  miUs  \V.  of  Cuenca.  at  the  fcKJt  of  a  height 
crowned  by  a  famous  monastery,  founded  in  the  12th  cen- 
tury, on  the  site  of  a  Moorish  castle.  Pop.  1602.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1S09. 

UDDKVALLA.  oodMeh-vdna.  a  town  of  South  Sweden, 
Iwn  and  45  miles  N.  of  Gothenburg,  on  a  deep  inlet  of  the 
Catti-gat.    Pop.  3920.    It  has  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
linen  fabrics,  tnuff,  sugar,  and  leather. 
1970 


UD'DIXGSTOX,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  ou 
the  right  bank  of  the  Clyde,  with  a  station  on  the  Caledo- 
nian Railway,  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Glasgow. 

UDEM,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.     ,?ee  Uedem. 

UDEX,  ii'den,  a  village  of  theXetherlands,  Xortb  Brahant, 
14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bois-le-Due.    Pop.  1710. 

UDKXIIOUT,  ii'den-huwt\  a  village  of  the  Xetherl.sndg, 
province  of  North  Brabant,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Bois-le-Duc. 
Pop.  2084. 

UDEPOOR,  a  town  of  India.    See  Oodeepoob. 

UDIGE,  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Umxe. 

U'DIM01{E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

UDI'XA,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

UDIXE,  oo'de-nA,  or  UDIGE,  (anc.  Veilinlum;  L.  VtiHutm^ 
a  town  of  .\ustrian  Italy,  capital  of  the  delegation  of  Friull, 
government  and  60  miles  X.E.  of  Venice,  in  an  extensive 
plain  on  the  Canal  of  La  Roja,  between  the  Torre  and  Cor-' 
mare.  It  forms  a  kind  of  double  town — an  outer,  surrounded 
by  walls,  and  an  inner,  also  surrounded  by  walls  and  ditches. 
It  was  once  defended  by  a  ca.stle  occupying  a  commanding 
height  near  its  centre,  but  now  converted  into  a  house  of 
correction.  It  is  entered  by  six  gates,  and  consists  for  the 
most  part  of  narrow  and  crooked  streets  lined  with  arcades. 
Its  principal  square  is  spacious,  and  adorneii  with  a  fine 
pillar  by  Camolli,  intended  to  commemorate  the  peace  of 
Campo-Formio.  a  village  in  the  neighborhood.  Immediately 
tielow  the  castle  is  a  fine  promenade,  laid  out  in  planted 
alleys,  and  containing  a  large  pond  with  an  island;  and  in 
the  vicinity,  approached  by  an  avenue  of  stately  plane  trees, 
is  the  Campo-Santo,  which,  from  the  taste  dj.'playinl  in  its 
arrangements,  and  the  number  and  elegance  of  its  monu- 
ments, ranks  as  one  of  the  finest  cemeteries  in  Europe. 
The  ecclesiastical  edifices  include  twelve  parish  churches, 
and  numerous  chapels,  but  the  only  one  particularly  deserv- 
ing of  notice  is  the  Cathedral,  distinguished  Ift'  its  marble 
pillars,  carvings,  and  pictures.  The  other  public  buildings 
and  establishments  are  the  Episcopal  Palace,  Theatre.  Court- 
house, the  Guard-house,  surmounted  by  a  tower;  the  Ly- 
ceum, Gymnasium,  and  several  elementary  schools.  The 
manufactures  consist  of  linen,  silk,  and  woollen  goods,  cop- 
per.nnd  earthenware,  hats,  and  pajwr;  and  there  are  several 
liqueur-distilleries,  and  numerous  fiour-mill.s.  Udine  is  the 
see  of  an  ardibishop,  and  the  seat  of  a  court  of  justice  and 
several  important  public  offices.     Pop.  25,201. 

UDIXSK,  a  town  of  Siberia.     See  Oodinsk. 

UDIPU,  a  town  of  Ilindostan.     See  Ood.^pek. 

UD'XY'.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Alienleen. 

UDVARIIELY,  ood\iR'hM,  SZEKELY,  si'kM'.  (Ger.  Oher- 
/(eW.ycn,  o'ber-hJl'yen,)  a  market-town  of  Transylvania,  Szek- 
ler-iand,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the  Great  Kokel,  90  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Klausenburg.  Pop.  2999.  It  has  Reformed  and 
Roman  Catholic  churches  and  colleges,  and  a  moua>terv. 

UEBERLIXGEX  or  UBEKLIXGEX.  ii/ber-ling'en.  a  town 
of  Baden,  on  an  arm  of  the  I.,ake  of  Constance,  called  the 
Ueberlingen-See,  8  miles  N.  of  Constance.  Pop.  2700.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linen,  hosiery,  and  tobacco. 

UEBERSDORF.  ii'bers-doKr,  or  UEBERSTORFF,  U'bgMH 
toRf\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  8  miles  N.E.  of 
Frevbnrg.     Pop.  1033. 

UEBERWASSER,  U'ber-ftds'ser,  a  village  and  pari.sh  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Westphalia,  government  and  near 
Miinster.     Pop.  1012. 

UECKERMUNDE,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Uckep.munde. 

UEDEM  or  UDKM,  ti'dJm,  a  walled  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  39  miles  X.W.  of  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  170O. 

UEHLFELD.  til'fflt,  or  UHLFELD,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  21  miles  X.AV.  of  Xuremberg.     Pop.  1012. 

UKLMEN.  iil'men,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  29  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Coblentz.  on  a  lake  called  the  Uelmen-See.    P.  783. 

UELZEN  or  ULZKX,  lilt'sen.  a  town  of  Hanover,  20  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Liineburg.  on  the  railway  to  Celle.     Pop.  3US1. 

UERDIXGEX,  liR/ding-en,  or  OERDIXGEN,  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Dusseldorf.  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  manufactures  of 
silks  and  cottons. 

UERSPRIXGEN,  UB'spring-en,  or  URSl'RIXGEX,  a  vil- 
lage of  Bavaria,  Lower  Franconia,  district  of  Remliugen. 
Pop.  1059. 

UESSLIXGEX,  Ue.s'ling-en,  a  village  and  p.irish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Thurgau,  4"  miles  X.W.of  Frauenfeld,  on  the 
Thur.    Pop.  1198. 

UETERSEN  orUTERSEX,  U'ter-sen,  a  market-town  of 
Denmark.  Holstein,  on  the  Pinnau,  16  miles  X.W.  of  Ham- 
burg. Pop.  3313.  It  has  an  asylum  for  noble  ladies,  sugar 
refineries,  starch  factories,  and  potteries. 

UETIKOX,  U'te-kon,  a  village  o^ Switzerland,  canton  and 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich.     Pop.  1100. 

UETLIBERG.  Ut1e-b^RG\  a  summit  of  Mount  Albi.s,  W 
of  the  lake.  2844  feet  in  h.  ight. 

UFA,  a  river  of  European  Russia.    See  Oofa 


UFF 


ULE 


UFFCULME,  tiff'kom,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

UFFKMIKIM,  uOffen-hime',  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Middle  Kranconia,  on  the  Gollach,  23  miles  N.W.  of 
Ansp;ifh.  I'op.  16-i(j.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloth  and  leather. 

UFFIIol/rZ.  oiif/holts,  (Fr.  pron.  tif'holts',)  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Ilaut-Khin.     Pop.  1852. 

UFFIIOVKN,  uof-bo'ven,  a  village  of  Pru.ssiaa  Saxony,  1 
mile  W.  of  Liuigensalza.     Pop.  1003. 

XJF'FINGTO.N.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks.  Here  is 
the  Vale  of  the  White-horse,  so  called  from  a  figure  cut  on 
the  face  of  a  chalk  down. 

UFF1XGT(J.\.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  on  the 
railway,  2f[  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stamford.  The  church  has  a 
fine  tower. 

UFFI.XGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

(JF'FIXGTO.N,  a  post-office  of  Monongalia  co.,  W.Virginia 

UF'FOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

UFFOKD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

UFOl'KUE,  a  creek  of  Alabama,  flows  through  Macon 
CO.  into  Tallapoosa  River,  about  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Tuskegee. 

UFTO.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

UFTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

UG'liOKOUGll,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

UGEIN,  a  city  of  Central  Ilindostan.    See  Oojei.v. 

UGENTO,  oo-jin'to,  (anc.  UxenHum.)  a  small  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  li  miles  S.E.  of  Gallipoli. 
Pop.  1500. 

UGOESIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

UGGIAXODELLA-CUIESA,  ood-jj^no  dJl/li  ke-.VsJ,  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  23  miles  S.E.  of  Lecce. 
Pop.  1517. 

UGGIANO-MONTE-FUSCOLI,  oo-ji'no  mon'til  foo.s/ko-le,  a 
town  of  Naples,  province  of  Otranto,  E.S.E.  of  Taranto. 
Pop.  500. 

UGIE,  oo'ghee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Aberdeen,  rises 
at  the  village  of  Aberdour,  2J  miles  from  the  N.  coast,  flows 
S.E.,  and  enters  the  North  Sea,  2  miles  N.W.  of  Peterhead, 
after  a  course  of  21  miles.  Principal  affluent,  the  Deer.  It 
Is  navigable  for  about  1?  miles. 

UGIJAll,  UXIXAR  or  UJIJAR,  oo-He-HaR',  a  town  of 
Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Granada, 
on  the  Ugijar.  It  has  a  town-house,  prison,  college,  a 
school,  academy,  and  a  hospital.     Pop.  3002. 

UGINE,  oo'je-ni,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  province 
of  Upper  Savoy,  on  the  Arley,  IS  miles  S.E.  of  Annecy.  It 
has  several  interesting  anti(j[uities,  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle.     Pop.  2944. 

UG'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

UGhlANO,  ool-yJ/no,  or  UGLIAN,  ool-ydn',  an  island  of 
Dalmatia,  Adriatic,  opposite  the  city  of  Zara,  from  whi^h  it 
is  separated  by  a  channel  3  miles  across.  Length  14  miles, 
breadth  2  miles. 

UGLITCII,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Ooglitch. 

UGOCS,  oo'goch/.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Hungary, 
bounded  N.  and  N.AV.  by  the  county  of  Beregh,  S.W.  and  S. 
by  Szalhmar,  and  E.  and  N.E.  by  Marmaros.  Area  479 
wquare  miles.     Nagy-SzoliJs  is  the  capital.    Pop.  48,170. 

UGRA,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Oogra. 

UGRINOVEZE,  oo'gre-no-vJy8eh,(?)  a  village  of  Austria, 
Slavonla.  32  miles  S.E.  of  Peterwardein.    Pop.  1647. 

UIIAREE  or  UWH.^RIE,  y  u-hS,r'ree.  a  small  river  of  North 
Carolina,  which  flows  through  Randolph  and  Montgomery 
counties,  and  enters  the  Yadkin  a  few  miles  below  the 
Narrows. 

UlILERSVILLE,  ulers-vil,  a  post-office  of  Northampton 
CO..  Pennsylvania. 

UIILERVILLK,  a  smiill  village  in  the  N.  part  of  Bucks 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  River. 

UIILFELD,  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  Uehlfeld. 

UUKF.\IIR,  ooR'fan,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  on 
the  Drave.  opywsite  to  Lientz.     Pop.  2589. 

UIIItlCKSVILLE,  u'riks-vil,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Mill  town.^hip,  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  on  Stillwater  Creek, 
about  100  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  It  is  at  the  head  of  slack- 
water  navigation,  a  few  miles  from  the  Ohio  Canal.  Pop.  in 
I860,  646. 

UI.  a  river  of  West  Siberia.     See  Ooi. 

UIG.  tig,  a  district  comprising  the  W.  part  of  Lewis  Island, 
Hebrides.  Scotland,  and.  with  the  islands  of  Bernera,  Vuia- 
Tore,  and  Pabbay,  forming  a  parish  of  the  county  of  Ross. 
Area  275  pquare  miles.     Pop.  in  1851.  3209. 

TJIST.  (wist  or  list.)  NORTH,  an  island  and  parish  of  the 
Outer  Hebrides,  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  2j  miles  N.  of 
the  island  of  Benbecula,  and  separated  on  the  N.E.  from 
Harris  by  the  Sound  of  Harris,  8  miles  across.  Shape  very 
Irregular.  Length  17  miles,  breadth  from  3  to  12  miles, 
fop.  in  1851,  3302.  Its  E.  part  is  a  dreary,  marshy  moorland. 
Indented  by  the  ramifications  of  Lochs  Maddy  and  Evort. 
and  containing  several  inland  lakes.  Its  W.  part  is  hilly  or 
mountainous,  comprising  some  tracts  of  very  fertile  land,  on 
which  oats,  barley,  and  potatoes  aie  raised.  It  contains  Ben- 
Croghan.  a  mountain  1500  feet  abo^  e  the  sea,  and  several  bold 
headlands,  with  gome  remarkable  caves.    With  Balighare, 


Gramesay,  Illery,  Ronay,  and  other  adjacent  islands,  it  forms 
a  parish.    Pop.  in  1861.  3988. 

UIST,  SOUTH,  a  parish  and  the  largest  island  of  the  Outer 
Hebrides,  Scotland,  co.  of  Inverness,  S.  of  Harris,  separated 
from  Benbecula  on  the  N.  by  a  rocky  strait,  1  mile  across. 
Length  22  miles,  greatest  breadth  8  miles.  Estimated  area, 
110  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  4006.  Like  North  Ulst,  its 
E.  coast  i«  indented  by  lochs,  and  it  confciins  several  lakes; 
a  band  of  fertile  country  borders  its  W.  coast;  elsewhere 
it  is  an  alluvial  plain  of  peat,  interspersed  with  mountains, 
among  which  Mount.  Hecla  rises  to  2500  or  3000  feet  above 
the  sea.  AVith  the  islands  of  Benbecula,  Eri.skay.  and  Bona, 
it  forms  a  parish,  pop.  in  1851,  6173;  of  whom  about  five- 
sevenths  are  Roman  Catholics.  The  population  of  both 
North  and  South  Uist  are  in  general  miserably  poor,  anO! 
chiefly  engaged  in  fishing  and  rural  labor.  Many  go  annu 
ally  to  Skye  and  other  parts  of  West  Scotland,  and  they 
have  emigrated  largely  to  America  and  Australia. 

UITE.MIAGE,  oiHfU-hi'ohfh.  a  division  of  the  Cape 
Colony,  South  Africa,  between  lat.  33°  and  34°  S.,  and  Ion. 
23°  30'  and  26°  30'  E.,  having  S.  the  ocean.  Area  8960 
square  miles.  Pop.  11,000.  It  is  watered  by  the  Camtoos 
and  Sunday  Rivers.  Coal,  iron,  argentiferous  lead,  and 
copper  are  procurable,  and  near  the  coast  are  valuable  salt- 
pans.    Principal  towns,  Uitenhage  and  Port  Elizabeth. 

UlTENHAGE,  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  the  capital  of 
the  above  district,  is  situated  on  the  Zwartkops  liiver.  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Port  Elizabeth,  with  which,  and  with  Gra- 
ham's Town,  Albany,  it  has  an  active  trade.  It  has  a  Re- 
formed church,  Wcsleyan  and  Independent  chapels,  and  a 
free  school. 

UITGEEST.  oifrHalst/,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  North 
Holland,  S.  of  Alkmaar.     Pop.  1200. 

UlTHUIZEN,  oit-hoi'zen,.a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  and  14  miles  N.E.  of  Groningcn.     Pop.  3238. 

UlTHUIZERMEEDEN,  oit-hoi/zer-moi'dgn,  or  UlTHUIS, 
TEBMEEDEN,  oit-hois'tfr-miMpn,  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
vince and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Groningen.    Pop.  2202. 

UJ,  oo'e,  a  Hungarian  word  signifying  "  new,"  prefixed  to 
many  places  in  Hungary ;  as  Uj  Vab;  (t.  e.  "  new  fort,")  ic. 
For  those  not  undermentioned,  see  additional  name. 

UJEST,  oo'yJst,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  28  miles  S.E. 
of  Oppeln,  on  the  railway  to  Kosel.     Pop.  433. 

UJHELY-SATORALJA,  oo/e-hSr  s|Ho'r('jl/yOh\  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  co.  and  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Zemplin,  on 
the  Rougyva.     Pop.  6548. 

UJHELY  VAGH,  oo'e-hll*  v|g,  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Neutra.    Pop.  5417. 

UJIJ.\R,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Ugijar. 

UJLAK.  a  town  of  Slavonia,    See  Illok. 

UJVAROS,  oo\>-vd/rosh\  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co 
of  Szabolez,  16  miles  N.W.  of  Debreczin.    Pop.  6719. 

UJVIDEK,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  NECS.tTZ. 

UKRAINE,  u/krane  or  oo-krane',  (Polish  Ukraina,  oo-kr3- 
ee'nd.  "  a  frontier,")  an  old  subdivision  of  Russia  and  South- 
Ea.«t  Poland,  comprising  the  country  now  subdivided  among 
the  governments  of  Kiev,  Poltava,  and  Kharkov,  and  tra- 
versed by  the  rivers  Dnieper  and  Donets,  with  their  afflu- 
ents.   Its  capital  city  was  Kiev. 

ULAI.    See  Kakoon. 

ULLO'A,  or  ULAO,  Wisconsin.    See  Appendix. 

UL.\SH.  a  village  of  Asia  Minor.    See  Oolash. 

ULCEBY,  fils/bee,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Barton-on-Humber,  with  a  station  on  thej^in- 
colnshire  Railway. 

ULCEBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  85  milea 
S.W.  of  Alford.  A  lofty  hill  in  this  parish,  called  the  Bull's 
Head,  serves  as  a  landmark  to  navigators. 

UL'COFAUHACH'EE  or  AL'COFAUHATCH'EE.  a  small 
river  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Georgia,  rises  in  Gwinnett 
CO.,  flows  southward,  and  enters  the  Ocmulgee  River,  on  the 
boundary  between  Butts  and  Jasper  counties.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  Alcovy. 

UUCOMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

UL'DALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

ULE.\.  oo-l.Va,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15  miles 
N.W.  of  Murcia,  near  the  Segura.     Pop.  1181. 

ULEA,  (Ule3,i  oole-o.  or  ULEO,  a  river  of  Rus.sia,  Finland, 
issues  from  the  N.W.  extremity  of  a  lake  of  same  name,  flows 
N.W.,  and  aftet- a  course  of  about  180  miles  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia  near  Uledfeorg.  Before  it  reaches  its  moutU 
it  divides  into  four  branches  and  forms  several  cataracts. 

ULEABORG.  (Uledborg.)  oo/le-o-boBgS  a  seaport  town  of 
Finland,  capital  of  a  \wb.  on  a  peninsula  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Vh-A  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  72  miles  S.S.E.  of  TorneS. 
Pop.  6000.  Mean  temperature  of  year.  31°.8;  .winter  8°.4, 
summer  55°.4  Fahrenheit.  Since  its  destruction  by  fire,  in 
1825.  it  has  been  rebuilt  in  a  regular  style,  and  it  is,  after 
Abo.  the  principal  commercial  town  of  Finland.  Chief  ex- 
ports, pitch,  tar.  fish,  and  salted  provisions.  It  was  founded 
in  1610.  and  belonged  to  Sweden  till  1809.  On  an  adjacent 
island  is  the  Castle  of  Uledborg.  built  in  1590. 

ULE.l-TRASK,  oo'le-o  tnlsk,  a  lake  of  Finland,  govern- 
ment and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Uleilborg.  of  very  irregular  shape, 
35  miles  in  length  by  10  miles  in  average  breadth.    It  re- 

ly77 


ULE 


UMB 


eel.'  i!  s  .Yeral  rivers  from  the  E.,  and  discharges  its  surplus 
wattTij  into  th'i  Gulf  of  Bothnia  by  the  river  Uled,  75  miles 
in  leugth. 

ULEO,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  TJlea. 

ULEY,  a  parish  of  Enjjland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

ULIA.    See  Montemator. 

ULIARUS.     See  Ol£ro.v. 

ULTE  (oo'lee)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  13  islands  in  the  Ta- 
cific  Ocean,  forming  a  portion  of  the  Carolines. 

ULITEA  or  TJLIETA.     See  R.uatea. 

ULLA,  ool'yd,  a  river  of  Spain.  Galicia,  enters  the  Bay  of 
Arosa,  after  a  S.TT.  course  of  80  miles. 

UL'LAII-BUND.a  mound  in  Sinde,  20  miles  X.  of  Luckput, 
thrown  up  by  an  earthquake,  in  1819,  across  the  Poorana, 
or  E.  branch  of  the  Indus,  which,  however,  in  1826,  burst 
through  it,  forming  a  channel  35  yards  wide,  and  30  feet 
deep. 

Uli^L-APOOT/,  a  maritime  village  of  Scotland,  counties  of 
Cromarty  and  Ross,  on  the  W.  coast,  N.  of  Loch  Broom,  35 
miles  N.W.  of  Dingwall.  Pop.  790,  mostly  employed  in 
fishing.  The  village  was  built  in  1788,  by  the  British  Fish- 
ery Society,  but  the  failure  of  the  herring  fishery  has  re- 
duced it  to  insignificance.  Its  harbor  is  good,  and  steamers 
ply  to  Portree  and  Stornoway. 

UI/LARD,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Carlow,  2^ 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Graigue.  It  has  remains  of  a  castle  and 
eome  ecclesiastical  edifices. 

L'LLDECOXA,  ooI-dA-ko'nl,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Tarragona,  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Torto.sa.    Pop.  4617. 

ULLERSDORF,  GROSS,  groce  ooUlers-doKr,  a  village  of 
Austria,  Moravia,  circle  of  Olmutz,  with  a  castle.    Pop.  2114. 

ULLERSDORF,  NEU,  (noi.)  or  LOSINA-XOWA,  lo-zee'ud 
no'wa.  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia,  circle  of  Olmutz.  P.  819. 

ULLERSDORF,  NIEDER,  (iree/dgr,)  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Koiiiggratz.    Pop.  1067. 

ULLESKKLFE,  ul.s'kjlf,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  West  Riding,  with  a  station  ou  the  Nolrth  Midland 
Kailway,  9  miles  S.W.  of  York. 

ULLESTIIORPE,  tils'thorp,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester,  3  miles  X.VT.  of  Lutterworth.  Pop.  iu  1851,  592. 
It  has  a  station  on  the  Jlidland  Counties  Railway. 

ULLESWATER.    See  Ullswater. 

UL'LID,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster,  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

UI/LIN,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  20  miles 
from  Cairo. 

UL'LINGSWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

ULLOA,  ool-yo'i,  or  ULUA,  co-loo's,  a  river  of  Central 
America,  Honduras,  flows  first  N.W.,  then  N..  and  after  a 
course  of  about  160  miles  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Honduras. 
It  is  partly  navigable  by  vessels  of  200  tons. 

ULLOA,  SAN  JUAN  DE.     See  San  Joan  de  Ulda. 

ULLSWATER  or  ULLESWATER,  Qlz'wA-ter,  the  largest 
of  the  English  lakes,  next  to  Windermere,  from  which  it  is 
8  miles  N.,  between  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  West- 
moreland, 5  miles  S.W.  of  Penrith.  Length  9  miles;  ave- 
rage breadth  1  mile ;  depth  210  feet.  Near  its  S.W.  extre- 
mity it  is  bordered  by  the  mountai,n  Ilelvellyn ;  and  its 
scenery,  though  not  equal  to  that  of  Windermere  in  pic- 
turesque beauty,  far  surpasses  it  in  grandeur. 

ULM,  film,  (Ger.  pron.  oOlm,)  a  frontier  town  of  Wurtem- 
berg,  capital  of  the  circle  of  Danube,  46  miles  S.E.  of  Stutt- 
gart, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  where  it  begins  to  be 
navigable,  and  a  station  on  the  Augsburg  and  Ulm  Railway, 
66^  miles  from  Augsburg.  Pop.  22,736.  Mean  temperature 
of  year  47°;  winter  29^.3,  summer  63°.6,  Fahrenheit.  It  is 
antiquated  and  dull,  but  has  a  fine  Gothic  cathedral,  a  town- 
hall,  government  and  custom-house,  a  corn-hall,  arsenal, 
gymnasium,  hospitals,  theatre ;  and  manufactures  of  tobac- 
co, pipe-bowls,  playing  cards,  leather,  vinegar,  and  linen 
fabrics;  building  docks,  and  an  active  transit  trade.  Ulm 
was  long  an  imperial  free  town,  strongly  fortified,  and  a  mili- 
tary post  of  much  importance  In  the  German  wars.  Here, 
on  the  17th  October,  1805.  General  Mack,  with  near  30,000 
Austrian  troops,  capitulated  to  Napoleon,  without  firing  a 
shot.  As  a  Germanic  fortress  it  is  garrisoned  during  peace 
by  W  Urtemberg  and  Bavarian  troops,  and  a  body  of  Aus- 
trian artillery.  In  time  of  war  one-third  of  the  force  is 
Austrian. 

ULM,  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  10  miles 
K.E.  of  Offenburg.    Pop.  588. 

ULM,  NEU,  (nol,)  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube, 
opposite  Ulm,  being  a  suburb  of  that  town. 

ULMB.\CIL  uolm'bilK.  a  village  of  Hesse-Cassel,  province 
of  Ilanau,  near  Salmiinster,  on  a  stream  of  same  name. 
Pop.  1282. 

ULRICEIIAMN,  ool-ree's.i-ham,  formerly  BEGESUND, 
b4'gbJh-soond\  a  town  of  South  Sweden,  la'n  and  54  miles 
S.E.  of  Wenersborg,  on  Lake  Asunda.     Pop.  1645. 

UL/STER.  the  most  N.  province  of  Ireland,  between  lat.  5.3° 
46'  at.3  55°  26'  X..  and  Ion.  5°  24' and  8° 45'  W.,  having  S.  Lein- 
ster. S.W.  Counaught,  W.  and  N.  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  E.  the 
Irish  Sea  and  the  North  Channel.  In  one  part  separated  only 
by  13  miles  from  the  Mull  of  Kintvre,  Scotland.  Area  852S 
nquiire  miles,  or  5,457,820  acres;  of  which  3,407,539  are  esti- 
mated to  tie  arable,  1,764,370  uncultivated,  and  214,856  under 
1878 


water.  Pop.  in  1841. 2,286,622.  and  in  1851. 2.011,786,  Ihema- 
jority  being  I'rotestants.  Shores  mostly  bold  and  rocky,  and 
on  the  N.  and  E.  are  remarkable  basaltic  cliiTs,  including  the 
Oiai  t's  Causew.iy.  Principal  headlands,  Malin,  Teelin,  and 
Fair  Heals,  respectively  the  N.W.  and  N.E.  extremities; 
and  l;ere  are  the  large  inlets,  Donegal  Bay  on  the  W..  Loughs 
Swilly  :  nd  Koyle  on  the  N.,  Belfast  Lough  and  Dundrum 
B.ay  in  the  E.  Surface  very  much  diversified;  mountainous 
inthe  W.,  where  sever.il  summits  rise  to  upwards  of  2000 
feet;  the  province  is  more  free  from  bosrs  and  plains  thau 
the  other  parts  of  Ireland.  It  contains  the  large  lakes 
called  Loughs  Neagh,  Strangord,  and  Erne ;  principal  rivers, 
the  Bann,  Foyle,  Erne,  and  eome  tributaries  of  the  Shan- 
non. It  is  traversed  by  the  Ulster  Canal,  24  miles  iu  length, 
and  connecting  Loughs  Neagh  and  Erne:  and  the  Ulster 
Railway,  between  Belfa.st,  Armagh,  and  Dallymena.  This 
province  is  the  head-quarters  of  the  Irish  linen  manu- 
facture, and  of  other  branches  of  manufacturing  industry 
iu  Ireland,  which  h.ave  their  chief  seat  at  Belfast ;  the 
annual  value  of  the  linens  made  is  estimated  at  5,000,001)^, 
and  the  manufactures  employ  170.0(K)  hands.  The  province 
is  divided  into  the  counties  of  Donegal,  Londonderry,  An- 
trim, Down,  Armagh,  Mouaghan,  Cavan,  Fermanagh,  and 
Tyrone. 

ULSTER,  OOl'ster,  a  river  of  Central  Germany,  rises  in  the 
Rhiingebirge,  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  Francouia.  flows  N. 
for  30  miles  past  Thanu  and  Geysa,  and  joins  the  Werra, 
2  miles  W.  of  Vach.  It  partly  forms  the  frontier  between 
Saxe-Weimar  and  Hesse-Cas.<el. 

UL/STER,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  1150  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  is  drained  by  Rondout,  Wal- 
kill,  Neversiuk,  and  Shawaugunk  Rivers,  and  by  Esopus 
Creek,  which  supply  motive  power.  The  surface  is  gene- 
rally uneven  and  mountainous,  the  Catskill  and  Shawan- 
gunk  Ridges  traversing  the  county.  The  soil  is  usually 
productive  where  not  too  rugged  for  cultivation.  Iron  ore, 
limestone,  slate,  and  marl  are  abundant,  and  lead,  plum- 
bago, coal,  and  alum  have  been  found.  The  Hudson  River 
is  navigable  for  .ships  along  its  entire  eastern  border.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal. 
Named  from  Ulster,  a  province  of  Ireland.  Capital,  Kings- 
ton.   Pop.  76,381. 

ULSTER,  New  York.    See  Saugerties. 

UI>STER,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  and  on  the  North  Branch  Canal.     Pop.  1073. 

ULSTER.  NEW.  the  N.  Island  of  New  Zeaiaxd.  which  see. 

UL'STERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co..  New  York, 
about  90  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

ULTIMA  TIIULE,  ul'te-m.a  thu/lt^e,  a  post-office  of  Sevier 
CO.,  Arkansas. 

UL'TING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

ULU.\,  a  river  of  Central  America.     See  Ulloa. 

ULUBAD,  oo-loo-b3d/,(?)  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  Anatolia, 
near  the  W.  end  of  Abullionte,  32  miles  W.  of  Brusa,  with  a 
large  ruined  Bvzantine  fortress. 

ULUL.\-DELCAMPO,  oo-loonl  dJl  kim'po,  a  town  of 
Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  about  30  miles  from  Aim©- 
ria,  on  a  gentle  height.     Pop.  1600. 

UL'VA,  an  island  of  the  Inner  Hebrides,  Scotland,  co.  of 
Argyle,  separated  by  narrow  straits  from  the  W.  coast  of 
Mull,  and  the  E.  of  Gometra  Island.  Length  5  miles; 
breadth  2  miles.  Pop.  800.  Surface  mountainous  and  ba- 
saltic, rising  in  terraces  to  1400  feet  in  height. 

UL'VERSTONE,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Lancaster,  on  the  N.W.  side  of 
Morecambe  Bay.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1S51,  6433.  The  town 
has  various  churches,  dissenting  chapels,  and  minor  schools, 
two  libraries,  assembly  rooms,  theatre,  and  savings  bank. 
Besides  the  parish  church,  there  are  six  other  perpetual 
curacies.  Conishead  Priory  is  2  miles  S.  A  canal,  1^  miles 
in  length,  connects  the  town  with  Morecambe  Bay,  navig.a- 
ble  for  vessels  of  200  tons.  Manufactures  of  coarse  cottons 
and  linens,  rope,  hats,  and  woollen  yarn  are  carried  on, 
with  some  ship-ljuilding.  and  a  coa-sting  trade  in  iron  ore, 
pig  and  bar  iron,  limestone,  slates,  and  corn.  Port  subordi- 
nate to  that  of  Lancaster. 

ULYSSES,  u-lis's4z,  a  township  of  Tompkins  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Ithaca 
Pop.  3329. 

ULYSSES,  a  post'township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  15  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Coudersport.     Pop.  993. 

ULYSSES  CENTRE,  a  post-oilice.  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

ULZEX,  a  town  of  Hanover.     See  Uelzen. 

UM,\N.  a  town  of  Ru.«.«ia.     See  Ooman. 

UM'B.iGOG  L.4KE,  of  New  England,  is  situated  partly  iu 
Oxford  county,  Maine,  and  partly  in  Coos  county.  New 
Hampshire.  Its  length  is  about  12  miles,  and  its  breadth 
varies  from  1  to  5  miles.  The  outlet  unites  with  the  Mar- 
gallaway  River  to  form  the  .Androscoggin. 

UMB.AL'L.AH.  a  town  of  Hindcstan.  and  an  important 
station  of  British  subsidiary  troops,  capit.il  of  a  smull  chiof 
ship,  in  the  Sikh  territory,  province  aud  120  miles  N.N.AV. 
of  Delhi,  on  the  route  to  Lahore. 


UMB 

UM'BKT;,  a  town  of  IXindostan,  Nizam's  dominions,  35 
inilcx  ?.K.  of  Auniugabad. 

UMBllK  or  UMHKKII,  oom'brA  or  oom'brfh,  a  river  of 
Africa,  an  affluent  of  the  Congo. 

UMliRKTK,  oombri'ta,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  pro- 
Tince  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Seville,  with  a  beautiful  palace 
and  1,'arden  belonging  to  the  Archbishop  of  Seville.    1*.  1835. 

UMIJIIIATICO,  oom-bre-d/te-ko,  a  marljet-town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Calabria  Ultra  I.,  2i  milea  N.N.W.  of  Cotrone. 
Pop.  liOO. 

U.MBKO.     See  Ombrone. 

UJICOL'CUS,  a  post-office  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

U.MKA,  (Umed,)  oo'me-o,  a  river  of  Sweden,  rises  on  the 
E.  slope  of  the  mountains  which  ."ieparate  Norway  from  Swe- 
den, iu  hit.  66°  N.,  flows  S.E.,  forming  several  lakes  by  its 
expansion,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  IJothnia  by  a  wide 
embouchure,  a  little  below  the  town  of  UmeS,  after  a  course 
of  above  250  miles.  The  water,  which  at  its  mouth  is  about 
15  feet  deep,  is  only  8  feet  at  Umed. 

UMHA,  (Umeil,),  a  seaport  town  of  North  Sweden,  capital 
of  a  Isen  near  the  mouth  of  the  UmeA  Kiver.  in  tlie  Gulf 
of  Bothni.a,  95  miles  N.E.  of  Hernosand.  Lat.  6.3°  49'  5"  N., 
Ion.  20°  18'  l-;.  Pop.  1410.  It  is  mostly  built  of  wood,  and 
has  been  twice  destroyed  by  fire  by  the  Kussians.  It  has 
two  ?afe  harbors. 

UyrKKRGIIUR'or  AM^EERGHUR',  a  considerable  town 
of  Iliiidostiin,  Kajpootana,  dominion  and  128  miles  S.K.  of 
Jiimliwor,  with  several  temples,  and  a  manufactory  of  chintz. 
Near  it  is  a  strong  fort. 

lliLMENDORF,  oOm'men-doRf',  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony,  government  and  W.  of  Magdeburg.  Pop, 
1015. 

UMMERAPOORA,  Burmah.    See  Amarapoob.4. 

L'MM-ER-R'BIEII,  a  river  of  Morocco.     See  Morbeta. 

U.MMERSTADT,  oi:>m'mer-stdtt\  a  town  of  Central  Ger- 
many, Saxe-Meiningen,  principality  aud  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Ilildburghausen.     Pop.  726. 

UMPQOA,  ump'quaw,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Oregon, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  alwve  1500  square  miles.  It  ig 
bounded  on  the  ^V^  by  the  Pticific.  and  is  drained  by  the 
Cmpqua  River,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  This  county 
was  formed  since  1850.    Pop.  1250. 

UM  I'QUA  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Umpqua  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  Umpqua  River,  a  short  distance  above  its  mouth,  about 
100  miie.s  S.S.W.  of  Salem. 

U.MIMTSIR,  a  city  of  the  Punjab.    See  AjraiTSF.ER. 

UM.STADT,  Oom'stdtt,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hes.*e-Darm- 
Htadt.  province  of  Starkenburg,  capital  of  a  district  ia  the 
OdenwalJ.  13  miles  E.  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  2699. 

UMZIX  YATI,  um-zin-yd'tee,  or  BUFFALO  RIVER,  a  river 
of  South  East  Africa,  forming  the  N.E.  boundary  of  the 
British  territory  of  Natal,  rises  in  the  Drakenburg  Moun- 
tains, flows  E.S.E.,  and  joins  the  Tugela,  50  miles  from  its 
mouth  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 

UMZIMKULU,  oom'zim-koo-loo',  OM'ZIMKOLO'  or  UM- 
ZTMKUr,W.\NA.  oomzim-kool-wi'n,^,  a  river  of  South-east 
Afric  a.  forming  the  S.AV.  frontier  of  Natal. 

UNA,  oo'nd,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Paulo,  flows 
E.  for  60  miles,  and  falls  into  the  sea  by  a  large  mouth  40 
miles  N,  of  the  mouth  of  the  Iguape. 

UNA,  a  river  of  Brazil,  forming  the  boundary  between 
the  provinces  of  Alagoas  and  Pernambuco,  falls  into  the 
ocean  about  12  miles  N.  of  the  Barra-Grand,  after  a  course 
of  150  miles.  Its  mouth  is  wide,  and  admits  barges,  which 
ascend  to  tlie  forests  on  its  banks  and  those  of  the  Jacuhipe, 
and  take  in  cargoes  of  excellent  timber. 

UNA,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia,  flows  E.,  pass- 
ing the  town  of  Oliveug.a,  aud  about  4  miles  below  falls  into 
the  ocean. 

UNA,  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  de  .Taneiro, 
falls  into  the  sea  between  Cape  Buzios  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Sao  .loao. 

U.\\\D1L'LA,  a  small  river  near  the  centre  of  New  York, 
forms  the  boundary  between  Otsego  county  on  the  left,  and 
Madi.-ion  and  Chenango  counties  on  the  right.  It  flows  into 
the  lOast  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River. 

UNADIIjLA,  a  po.st-village  aud  township  at  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Ot«ego  CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  side  of  Unadilla 
Kiver.  about  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany,  The  village,  on 
the  .Susquehanna  River,  contains  a  bank,  and  several  mills 
and  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2702. 

UXADILL.*^,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Portjige  Kiver,  about  33  miles  S.E.  of  Lan- 
rtng.     l»op.  1110. 

U.VADILLA  CENTRE,  a  postrvillage  of  Otsego  CO.,  New 
York,  about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Cooperstown. 

UN.^DILLA  FORKS,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Unadilla  Kiver.  at  the  junction  of  its  branches, 
about  85  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany,  It  contains  several 
niills  and  factories. 

U'NAKA  or  U'NIKA  MOUNTAINS,  a  name  given  to  a 
portion  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  dividing  North  Ca- 
rolina from  Tennessee,  and  situated  S.W.  from  the  Tennes- 
Bfce  River. 

UN.'VLASCIIKA.    See  Ooxal-^sk-V. 


UNI 

UNARE,  oo-n3/r\  a  river  of  South  America,  Tenezneta, 
enters  the  Caribbean  Sea,  40  miles  W.  of  Barcelona,  after  a 
N.  course  of  120  miles.  Near  iU  source  is  the  village  of 
Un.ire 

UNCASTILLO,  oon-ki^s-teel/yo,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  43  miles  N.N.W.  of  Saragossa,  Pop.  2113.  It  has  an 
old  castle,  and  remains  of  an  ancient  aqueduct. 

UN'DEKBARKOW,  a  ehapelry  of  England,  co.  of  West- 
moreland. 

UN/DERCLIFF,  a  maritime  tract  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
extending  along  its  S.  coast  from  Niton,  5  miles  eastward  to 
Boncliurch.  It  averages  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  width, 
and  has  been  formed  by  a  landslip  from  a  range  of  chalk, 
cliffs,  which  bound  it  on  the  land  side,  whiire  they  form  an 
abrupt  wall  from  90  to  120  feet  in  height.  It  is  highly  pic- 
turesque. 

UN'CASVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montville  town.ship.  New 
London  co.,  Connecticut,  uear  the  New  London  Williuiantic 
and  Palmer  Railroad,  about  6  miles  N.  of  New  London.  It 
contains  a  cotton-mill,  dyeing  establishment.  &c.  Name  do- 
rived  from  Uncas,  a  celebrated  Indian  chief. 

UN'DEKIIILL,  a  posttownship  in  Chittenden  CO.,  Ver- 
mont. 23  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1637, 

UN/DERHILL  CENTRE,  a  postofftce  of  Chittenden  CO., 
Vermont. 

UN'DERMILI/BECK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  West- 
moreland. 

UN'DEROOT'  or  ANDEROT,  Indian  Ocean,  the  largest  of 
the  Laccadive  Islands,  which  see, 

UN'DEK-SKID/DAW,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

UNDERWALDEN.    See  Untekwaldes. 

UN'DEKWOOD.  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  co.,  Kentucky. 

UNDERWOODS,  a  post-otlice  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio. 

UN/DY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

UNGARN,  a  country  of  Europe.    See  Hungary. 

UNGAVA,  ting-gah'va,  or  SOUTH  BAY.  a  bay  in  the  N. 
part  of  Labrador,  extending  southward  from  Hudson's 
Strait.    It  receives  the  Koksoak  River, 

UNGHERIA.    See  Hungary, 

UNGIIVAR  or  UXGVAR,  oongVdR/,  a  market-town  of 
North-East  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the  Ungh,  80 
miles  N, N.E.  of  Debreczin.  Pop.  5000,  It  has  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  Greek  United  churches,  and  a  trade  in  wines. 

UNGI,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Tavoos. 

UXGRIA.    See  Hu.ngary. 

UNIE,  oon'yi,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic,  16  miles  S.E.  of 
Istria.     Length  6  miles,  breadth  2  miles.     Pop.  300. 

UNIEII,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,     See  Unyeh, 

UNIEJOW,  oon-yA'yov,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Warta, 
34  miles  N.E.  of  Kalisz.    Pop.  800. 

UNION,  yoon'yrm,  a  county  In  tho  E.  central  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, contains  about  300  square  miles.  Tlie  entire  east- 
ern boundary  is  formed  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  together 
with  its  West  Branch.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  south 
by  Penn's  Creek,  and  ia  drained  also  by  Buffalo  and  W'hite 
Deer  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  minor  ridges  of 
tlie  Alleghany  Mountains,  the  names  of  whicli  are  Buffalo, 
Nittany,  Shade,  and  Jack's  Mountains.  Tlie  soil  of  the 
valleys,  especially  that  of  Buffalo  Creek,  is  extremely  fertile. 
Iron  and  limestone  are  the  most  valuable  minerals.  The 
creek  affords  motive-power  for  numerous  mills  and  facto- 
ries. The  Susquehanna  Canal  passes  along  the  eastern 
border.  Formed  in  1813.  Capital,  New  Berlin.  Popula- 
tion 14,145. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  North  Carolina,  bor- 
dering on  South  Carolina:  area  estimated  at  500  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Richardson's  and  War.^aw  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly;  a  portion  of  the  soil  is 
productive.  Granite  underlies  a  part  of  the  surface,  and 
extensive  beds  of  slate  suitable  for  building  Sre  found  in 
other  parts.  Several  rich  gold-mines  are  worked,  and  it  is 
stated  that  lumps  have  been  found  worth  fnini  J;2000  to 
S3000  each.  Hones  or  whetstones  of  fine  quality  are  found 
8  miles  from  Monroe.  According  to  some  accounts.  General 
Andrew  Jackson  was  born  in  this  county,  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  the  border  of  South  Carolina.  Formed  in 
the  year  1842,  from  parts  of  Anson  and  Mecklenburg  coun- 
ties. Capital,  Monroe.  Pop.  11,202;  of  whom  8956  were 
free,  and  2246  slaves. 

UNION,  a  district  in  the  N,  part  of  South  Carolina,  con- 
tains about  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  Broad  Kiver,  on  the  S.  by  the  Ennoree,  and  intersected 
by  the  Pacolet  and  Tyger  Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly,  the 
soil  productive,  and  well  watered.  This  district  is  remarkable 
for  mineral  wealth:  one  gold-mine  is  worked  with  profit; 
iron  ore  of  fine  quality  is  found  in  immense  quantities;  and 
granite  is  one  of  the  principal  rocks.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Spartanburg  and  Union  Railroad,  The  streams  furnish 
motive-power  for  mills,  &c.  Capital,  Unionville,  Pop.  19,^5, 
of  whom  8S34  were  free,  and  10,801  slaves. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering  on 
Noith  Carolina,contains  about  400  scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  head  streams  of  tlie  Hiawassee,  Notley,  and  Tocoa 
Rivers,  which  flow  northwestward  to  the  Tennessee  Rivor. 

1979 


UNI 

T&e  county  is  travel sed  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  serernl  peaks  of 
wliicli  nro  distinguisheti  by  the  names  6f  Ivy  Log,  Coopers, 
Track  Itock.  and  Kouud  Top  Mountains.  Pilot  Mountain, 
situated  in  the  N.K.  part,  is  said  to  be  very  difficult  of  ascent; 
the  N.W.  side,  according  to  White's  Statistics,  is  400  yard  s 
perpendicular.  Union  county  abounds  in  valuable  minerals, 
particularly  iron,  granite,  marble,  and  gold.  Several  mines 
of  gold  are  worked,  which  are  said  to  be  rich ;  and  a  few 
diamonds  have  been  found.  Organized  in  1S32.  Capital, 
Blairsvilie.  Pop.  4413,  of  whom  4297  wore  free,  and  116 
slaves. 

IJXION,  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  Louisiana,  bordering 
on  Arkansas,  contains  about  1000  square  mile.«.  It  is  tounded 
on  the  K.  by  Washita  Kiver.  and  intersected  by  its  affluents, 
the  D'Arbonne  and  Lutre  Bayous.  The  surface  is  diversified 
by  pine-clad  hills  of  moderate  height.  The  soil  is  sandy  and 
fertile.  Extensive  forests  of  pine,  oak,  and  hickory  are  found 
here.  The  Washit.a  is  navigated  by  steamboats  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  pari.'h,  and  the  D'Arbonne  is  navigable  to  Farmers- 
ville,  the  seiit  of  justice.  Pop.  10,3S9,  of  whom  C04i  were 
free,  and  3745  slaves. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Arkansas,  bordering 
on  Louisiana :  area  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.W.  by  Washita  Rivor,  and  drained  by  Siilphur 
Creek  and  the  North  Fork  of  the  Bayou  D'Arbonne.  The 
surface  is  moderately  hilly ;  the  soil  is  sandy  and  productive. 
In  ISoO  it  produce<l  7037  bales  of  cotton  ;  93.060  bushels  of 
sweet  potatoes.  The  quantity  of  sweet  potatoes  was  the 
greatest  produced  in  any  county  of  the  state;  and  the 
quantity  of  cotton  greater  than  in  any  except  Chicot  county. 
The  Washita  River  is  navigable  by  steamboats.  In  1850, 
Union  was  the  most  populous  county  in  the  state.  Capital, 
El  Dorado.  Pop.  12,288,  ot  whom  5957  were  free,  and  6331 
Elaves. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  bonler- 
ing  on  the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Indiana  and 
Illinois,  has  an  area  estimated  at  350  square  miles.  The 
Ohio  River  washes  the  whole  western  and  part  of  the  north- 
ern border :  Tradewater  Creek  forms  its  boundary  on  the 
S.W.,  and  Highland  Creek  on  the  N.E.  The  surface  is  level. 
Undulating,  and  hilly  ;  the  soil  is  good.  Extensive  beds  of 
bituminous  coal,  and  several  sulphur  and  chalybeate  springs 
are  found  in  it.  Formed  in  1811.  Capital,  Morganfield. 
Pop.  12,791,  of  whom  9t5^C  were  free,  and  3105  slaves. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  contains 
about  445  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  draine<l  by  Darby,  Mill,  Rush, 
and  Boques  Creeks,  affluents  of  the  Scioto  River.  The  sur- 
face is  generally  level,  and  heavily  timbered,  except  some 
prairies  of  small  extent :  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  Valuable 
limestone  quarries  are  worked  in  the  eastern  port.  Three 
railroads  traverse  the  county,  the  Springfield  and  Delaware, 
the  Columbus  and  Ui  banna,  and  the  Atlantic  and  Ureut 
Western.     Capital,  Marysville.    Pop.  10,607. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  K.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering  on 
Ohio,  contains  168  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  East 
Fork  of  Whitewater  Kiver.  The  surface  is  level  in  the  E., 
and  undulating  in  the  W.,  and  the  soil  is  unilbrmly  good. 
The  underlying  rock  is  the  blue  or  Trenton  limestone. 
Union  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power.  It  is 
intersected  by  1  or  2  railroads  leading  to  Cincinnati.  Capi- 
tal, Liberty.    Pop.  7109. 

UNION,  a  county  near  the  S.  extremity  of  Illinois,  has 
an  area  of  about  320  square  miles.  The  Mississippi  River 
forms  its  western  boundary,  and  the  county  is  drained  by 
Clear  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified,  and  in  some  parts 
hilly;  the  soil  is  fertile.  This  county  is  rich  in  minerals, 
among  which  are  iron,  lead,  stone-coal,  chalk,  porcelain 
clay,  alum,  and  coppera.s.  Saltpetre  caves  are  numerous. 
The  lead-mines  have  not  been  much  explored;  the  beds  of 
coal  and  porcelain  are  extensive.  The  Central  Railroad 
passes  throijgh  the  county.  Capital,  Jonesborough'.  Popu- 
lation 11,181. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Iowa,  lias  an  area 
of  432  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Grand  River,  and 
several  of  its  affluents,  or  forks,  and  by  Platte  River  which 
rises  within  it.  The  surface  is  rolling  or  nearly  level; 
the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Alton.  Population  ia  ISCO, 
2012. 

UNION,  a  post-township  of  Knox  Co.,  Maine,  28  mileM 
S.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1957. 

UNION,  a  pos^ofBc«  of  Carroll  co.,  New  Hampshire. 

UNION,  a  post-township  of  Tolland  CO.,  Connecticut,  33 
miles  N.E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  732. 

U.MON.  a  small  village  of  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island, 
about  15  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Providence. 

UNION,  a  thriving  postrvillage  and  township  of  Broome 
CO.,  New  York,  in  the  valley  of  Nanticoke  Creek,  the  village 
half  a  mile  from  the  Union  Station  of  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad,  224  miles  from  New  York  City.  Settled  in 
178'J,  by  Judge  Mersereau.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about  1200 ; 
of  the  townsiiip,  2092. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Camden  Co.,  New  Jersey.  Popu- 
lation 2^65. 

UNION,  a  post-town.ship  of  Union  co..  Now  Jersey,  about 
46  miles  N.E.  of  Treutou.    Pop.  1812. 
X9S0 


UNI 

UNION  or  CONNECTICUT  FARMS,  a  post-village  in  th« 
above  township,  abo\it  50  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1118, 

UNION,  a  township  of  Bedford  Co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.1704. 

UNION,  a  town.-hip  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.    P.  1968. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  l'enn.-<yl  vania.  P.  296. 

UNION,  a  town^liip  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1949. 

UNION,  a  towuship  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  coutainn 
the  county-seat. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  8 
miles  S.  from  Huntingdon.     Pop.  897. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  532. 

UNION,  a  town.ship  of  Lebanon  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1590. 

UN  ION,  a  towusliip  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1029. 

UNiriN,  a  township  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1415. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania,  inter- 
sected by  the  Catawissa  Rjiilroad.    Pop.  1849. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Tiogii  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  1293. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Union  co,  Pennsylvania, contains 
New  Berlin,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  1492. 

UNION,  a  small  village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

UNION,  a  village  and  township  of  WashingU>n  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  15  miles  S.  of  Pittsburg.    Pop.  1452. 

UNI<JN,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

UNION,  a  handsome  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  CO., 
W.  Virginia,  about  200  miles  S.  of  Wheeling.  It  contains  2 
or  3  churches.     Pop.  about  600. 

UNION,  a  thriving  village  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  Deep  River,  a  few  miles  from  Ashborough.  It  has 
a  fine  water-power  and  a  cotton  factory. 

UNION,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co..  North  Carolina. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Greene,  co.,  Alabama,  33  mileH 
S.S.W.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

UNION,  a  small  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Slissi.ssippi. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Mississippi,  75  miles 
E.  of  Jackson. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Ashley  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Conway  co.,  Arkan.siis. 

UNION,  a  post-township  of  Fulton  CO.,  Arkan.sas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  256. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Izard  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Lafayette  co..  Ai-kansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  I<awrence  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Newton  co.,  .Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

UNION,  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky. 

UNION,  a  towuship  of  Belmont  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1999. 

UNION,  a  township  of  P.rown  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River. 
Pop.,  including  R,ii)ley,  5650. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Butler  co..  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Cincinnati,  Ilajuilton  and  Dayton  Railroad.  Popula- 
tion 2056. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  664. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Champiiign  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  16S1. 

UNION,  a  township  of  CJermont,co.,01iio.  Poj).  2003. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  contains  Wil- 
mington, the  county-seat.     Pop.  3709. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Fayette  co,  Ohio,  contains  the 
county-seat.    Pop.  2401. 

UNION,  a  towuship  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1G04. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1457. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  partly  intersected 
by  the  Walhonding  and  Vernon  Rivers.     Pop.  1095. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1663. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  partly  inter- 
sected by  the  Ohio  Canal.    Pop.  2035. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  729. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Madison  co..  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Columbus  and  Xenia  Railroad.    Pop.  1120. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
St.  Mary's  River.    Pop.  1228. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
Miami  River.    Pop.  2950. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Morgan  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1815. 

UNIO.N,  a  township  of  Mu.skingum  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1632. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio.     I'oj).  766. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  883. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Ohio  Canal.     Pop.  2"32. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Scioto  co ,  Ohio.    Pop.  1070. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  771. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Union  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1109. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  224. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Little  Miami  Railroad  and  the  Miami  Canal.    Pop.  1719. 

UNION  or  UNION  VILLAGE,  a  Shaker  Village  in  the 
above  township,  about  .30  nn'los  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

UNIO.N,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  intersects* 
by  the  Muskingum  Kiver.    Pop.  1470. 


UNI 

TJXION,  a  township  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  16S6. 

UNION,  a  post-villiige  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  160  miles 
W'.S.W.  of  Detroit. 

UNION,  a  townsliip  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  703. 

UNION,  a  townsliip  of  Uartholoniew  co  ,  Indiana.  P.  800. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  921. 

UMON,  a  township  of  l>e  Kalb  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1548.« 

UNION,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1061. 

UNION,  a  township  of  EUdiart  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1193. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  976. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Hancock  CO.,  Indiana. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1343. 

UNION,  a  township  of  La  I'orte  co.,  Indiana.     Pup.  945. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  859. 

UNION,  a  townsliip  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  771. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana.    P.  4863. 

UNIO.V,  a  township  of  Parke  co.  Indiana.    Pop.  1204. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Piiry  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1086. 

UNION,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana. 

U.MON,  a  township  of  Porter  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  867. 

UNION  or  UNION  CITY,  a  post-village  situated  partly 
In  Randolph  CO.,  Indiana,  and  partly  in  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Bellefontaine  Railroad  Line  47  miles  N.W.  of  Dayton. 
It  is  a  terminus  of  two  other  railroads,  viz.,  the  Dayton 
and  Union,  and  the  Columbus  and  Union.  It  contains  5 
churches,  2  banks,  2  newspaper  offices,  3  hotels,  7  dry-goods 
stores,  2  drag  stores,  2  steam  grist-mills,  1  machine-shop, 
and  3  warehouses  for  grain.  The  post-office  is  Union  City. 
Pop.  about  2400. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  969. 

UNION,  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.1469. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1177. 

UNION,  a  towuship  of  Union  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1258. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Vanderburg  co.,  Indiana.    P.  791. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Wells  co.,  1  ndiana.     Pop.  1186. 

UMON.  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co.,Illinoi.s,  105  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Sjiringfield. 

U.MOX,  a  township  of  Fulton  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1067. 

UNION,  a  village  of  McIIenry  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Galena 
and  Chicago  Union  Railroad,  62  miles  N.\V.  of  Chicago. 

UNION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri, 
about  5  miles  S.  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  65  miles  W.  of  St. 
Louis.  The  ISourbeuse  Rivei*,  which  passes  near  the  village, 
affords  fine  water  power.  Rich  mines  of  copper,  iron,  and 
lead  are  worked  in  the  county.  Union  has  1  church,  and 
1  flour-mill. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri.    Pop.  1165. 

UMON,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  .Missouri.   Pop.  1020. 

UNION,  a  township  of  St.  Genevieve  co.,  Missouri. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Wasliington  co.,  Missouri.   P.  1558. 

UNION,  a  post-office  of  Maury  co.,  Tennessee. 

UNION,  a  townsliip  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1694. 

UNION ,a  post-village  and  township  at  the  N.W.  extremity 
of  Rock  co  ,  Wisconsin,  22  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  .Madison.   P.  1646. 

UNION,  a  post-office  of  Salt  Lake  co.,  Utah  Territory. 

UNION,  a  seaport  town  of  Central  America,  state  and  70 
miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Salvador,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Conehagua 
Gulf. 

UNION  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland. 

UNION  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Titus  co.,  Texas. 

UNION  CKNTRE,  a  po.st-village  of  Broome  Co..  New  York. 

UNION  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  St.  Joseph's  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Coldwater  River,  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  115  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit.  It 
contains  an  iron  foundry  and  several  mills. 

UNION  CITY,  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.     See  Union. 

UNION  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Jeffer.«on  co..  Mississippi. 

UNION  COLLKGE.     See  SciiENECT.\Dy,  New  York. 

UNION  COLLEGE.    See  Murfreesborouoh,  Tennessee. 

UNION  COKNERS,  a  post-office,  Livingston  co.,  New  York. 

UNION  CORNERS,  a  village  in  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa,  on 
5t.  Fox  River,  90  miles  S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

UNION  CROSS  ROADS,  a  small  village  of  Gloucester  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  4  miles  S.E.  of  Woodbury. 

UNI(.»N  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  in  Union  parish, 
Louisiana. 

UNIONDALE,  post-office,  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

UNION  DEPOT,  a  village  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  .'30  miles  N.  of  Harrisburg. 

UNI(  »N  DISTRICT,  a  post-office,  ^V.ishtenaw  co.,  Michiiran. 

UNION  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co..  New  Tork, 
on  Saranac  River,  about  160  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

UNION  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Iluntingfion  co.,  Penn. 

UNION  FURN.VCE,  a  village  of  Union  co.,  Penn. 

UNION  GROVE,  a  post-offlceof  Prince  George  co.,  AMrginia. 

UNION  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Whitesides  co.,  Illinois. 

UNION  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin. 

UNION  HALL,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.  Virginia,  200 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 

UNION  ISLAND,  Grenadines,  British  West  Indies,  5 
miles  N.  of  Carrittcou. 

UNION  LEVEL,  a  post^ifflce  of  Mecklenburg  co..  Virginia. 

UNION  MEETING  HOUSE,  a  postofflce  of  Baltimore  co., 
Maryland. 


PNl 

UNION  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co..  New  Y'ork, 
40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albany. 

UNION  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania 
on  French  Creek,  and  on  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroad 
22  miles  S.E.  of  Erie. 

UNION  illLLS,  a  post-village  in  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  66 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

UNION  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Fluvanna  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Rivanna  River,  75  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond.  The 
river  affords  water-power,  which  is  used  in  a  cotton  factor}' 
and  several  mills. 

UNION  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  H-eard  co.,  Georgi.a. 

UNION  MILLS,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  La  I'orte  co, 
Indiana,  11  miles  S.S.W,  of  La  I'orte. 

UNION  MILLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Mahaska  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  10  miles  'W.  of  Oskar 
loosa. 

UNION  PLAIN,  a  post-office  of  Brown  CO.,  Ohio. 

UNION  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  Georgia,  on 
the  Georgia  Railroad,  at  its  junction  with  the  Athens  Brancli, 
48  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

UNION  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon. 

UNION  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Ohio,  about  80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Shawneetown. 

UMON  I'RAIRIE.  a  post-office  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

UNION  RIVER,  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  opposite  Mount  Desert  Lsland.  It  has 
numerous  tributaries,  and  in  some  parts  is  rapid,  affording 
fine  mill-seats. 

UNION  SETTLEMENT,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York. 

UNION  SOCIETY,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  New  Y'ork. 

UNION  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  in  Springport  township, 
Cayuga  co..  New  Y'ork,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  E.  shore 
of  Cayuga  Lake,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Auburn,  and  6  miles  from 
the  Central  Railroad.  It  contains  1  Catholic  and  6  Pro- 
testant churches,  a  newspaper  office,  a  national  bank  a 
Friends'  Boarding  School,  founded  in  1859,  having  140  pupils, 
a  Ladies'  Collegiate  Institute,  with  normal  school,  founded 
in  1863,  having  55  pupils,  12  stores,  an  insurance  company, 
2  flonring-mils,  2  saw-mills,  1  plaster-mill,  1  lumber-yard, 
1  macliine-shop,  1  tannery,  a  large  nursery,  and  2  store- 
houses for  grain.  Quarries  of  gypsum  and  limestone  are 
worked  at  this  place.  Steamboats  plying  between  Ithaca 
and  Cayuga  stop  here  daily,  and  a  steam  ferry-boat  commu- 
nicates witli  the  opposite  shore  of  the  lake.  Here  are  some 
remarkable  springs  which  supply  motive-power  to  several 
mills,  and  never  fail  in  seasons  of  the  greatest  drought. 
Pop.  about  1200. 

UNION  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  Girard  and  Mobile  Railroad,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of 
Montgomery. 

UNION  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Union  en.,  Arkansas. 

UNION  SQUARE,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co..  New  York, 
on  Salmon-Creek,  12  miles  E.  of  Oswego. 

UNION  SQUARE,  a  post-village  of  Jlontgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 92  miles  E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

UNION  STAlv,  a  post-office  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Kentucky. 

UNION  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY.    See  New  York. 

UNION  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY.  See  Prixce  Ed- 
ward CocNTT,  Airginia. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Union  town- 
ship, capital  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  is  pleasantiy 
situated  on  the  National  Road,  about  45  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Pittsburg.  It  is  compactly  built,  and  contains  a  neat  courts 
house,  7  brick  churches,  1  academy,  1  female  seminary, 
Madison  College,  and  2  banks.  Two  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished here.  The  surrounding  country  is  fertile  and  popu- 
lous, and  contains  an  abundance  of  stone  coal.  It  is  the 
S.  terminus  of  a  railroad,  72  miles  long,  which  connects  it 
with  Pittslinrsr.    Pop.  in  lS6'i,  1^007. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Susquehanna  River,  12  miles  S.  of  Williauisport.  It 
contflined  in  1851,  4  stores,  and  near  200  inhabitants. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  40 
miles  N.W.  of  Baltimore.     Pop.  in  1850,  350. 

UNIONTOWN.  a  post^villngc  in  Perry  co.,  Alabama,  on 
the  Alabama  and  Mississippi  liailroad,  60  miles  S.  of  Tusca 
loosa.     Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Union  co..  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  244  miles  below  Louisville.     Pop.  1046. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  post-village  cf  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  111 
miles  E.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  300. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  132  miles 
N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  in  1850,  245. 

UNIONTOWN.  Ohio.    See  Fcitonh.\m. 

UNIONT()WN.  a  poist-village  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana,  114 
miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  on  tht 
Peoria  and  Oquawka  Railroad,  26  miles  W.  of  I'eoria. 

U.MONTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Delaw.are  co..  Iowa. 

UNIONTOWN.  a  post-town  of  Trinity  co.,  in  the  N.N.W 
part  of  California,  is  situated  on  Humboldt  Harbor  and  oc 
the  main  road  from  Benicia  to  Klamath,  235  miles  in  a 
straight  line  N.N.W.  of  San  Francisco. 

^  1981 


UXI 

tJXION  VALE,  a  township  of  Dutchess  co^  New  York,  12 
miles  10.  of  Pouglikecpsie.     Pop.  1502. 

UNION  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Cortland  CO.,  New  York. 

UXIO.X  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  in  Orange  co.,  Vermont, 
16  miles  S.E.  of  Montpelier. 

UNION  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Broome  co.,  New  York, 
ab-iut  20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Binghamton. 

UNION  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Battenkill  River,  about  35  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Albany.  It  contains  .several  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank, 
and  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  iron,  and  other 
articles. 

UNION  VILL.\GE,  a  post/village  in  Northumberland  CO., 
Virginia.  88  miles  E.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

UNION  VILLAGE,  Warren  co.,  Ohio.     See  Umou. 

UNIOXVILLE,  yoon'yun-vil,  a  post-village  of  Hartford 
CO..  Connecticut,  on  a  branch  of  the  New  11a von  and  North- 
ampton Railroad,  and  on  Farniington  River  about  14  miles 
W.  of  Hartford.    It  contains  1  ch\nch,  and  2  stores. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  post^village  of  Orange  co.,  New  York, 
.»bout  120  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

UNIONVILLE,  formerly  WKANGLEBOROUGII,  a  small 
village  of  Atlantfc  co..  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on  Nacote 
Creek,  about  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  May's  Ijinding. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Centre  oo., 
Pennsylvania,  is  situated  in  Bald  Eagle  Valley,  6  miles  W. 
of  Bellefonte.  A  railroad  connects  it  witli  the  Central 
Railroad  at  Tyrone.  It  contiiius  several  stores,  1  flour-mill, 
and  1  tannery.    The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Fleming. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  handsome  and  thriving  post-village  of 
Chester  co..  Pennsylvani.i,  35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  well  built,  and  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  highly  culti- 
vated country.  It  contains  3  churches,  2  boarding-schools 
of  respectable  patronage.  5  stores,  and  about  3U0  inhabitants. 

UNION  VI LLE,  a  small  village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
9  miles  from  .^llentown. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Frederick  CO.,  Maryland, 
67  miles  N  \V.  of  Annapolis. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Union  district. 
South  Carolina,  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbia.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  hilly,  and  contains  an  abundance  of 
granite  and  iron  ore.  The  Spartanburg  and  Union  Railroad 
jMisses  throusih  it,  connecting  it  with  the  Greenville  and 
Columbia  Uailrosd. 

UNIO.WILIjE.  a  post-village  in  Monroe  co.,  Georgia,  55 
miles  W.  hy  N.  of  Milledgeville. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cass  co.,  Texas. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Bedford  CO.,  Tennessee, 
46  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nashville. 

UNIO.WILLE,  a  post^village  of  Lake  co.,  Ohio,  near  the 
Cleveland  and  Erie  Railro.id,  184  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  villages  in  the  county.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  700. 

U.NIONVILLK,  a  small  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 

UNIO.NVILLE.  a  village  of  Ohio,  on  the  Columbus  Piqua 
and  Indiana  Railroad,  23  miles  from  Columbus. 

UNIONVILLE,  a  post-vill.oge  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana,  8  or 
9  miles  N.E.  of  Bloomington. 

UNIO.WI  LLE.  a  post-village  of  Appanoose  CO.,  Iowa,  about 
120  miles  S.AV.  of  Iowa  City. 

UNIONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
19  miles  N.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  300. 

UNIONVILLE  CENTRE,  a  po.st-viilaee  of  Union  co.,Ohio, 
on  Big  Darhy  Creek.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

UNIOP'OLIS,  a  postroffice  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio. 

U'NISON,  a  post-village  of  Loudon  ca,  Virginia,  16  miles 
S.W.  of  Leedsburg.  contains  3  churches,  and  several  stores. 

UNISON,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

UNIT.\'RIA.  a  post-office  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 

UNITED  STATES,  THE,  (Fr.  EtaU-Unis,  A'tiz/U'ne©'; 
Port,  and  Sp.  Kstados  Unidos,  ^s-tl'dos  oo-nee'dos  or  ka-W- 
Doceoo-nee'Doce;  It.  Slati  fnirt,  gtd/tee  oo-nee'tee;  Ger.  Fe- 
reinit/te  iUatilen  von  Nbrd-America.  fer-i'ni&-teh  stdtgn  fon 
noRt  d-m^r'e-ki,  less  correctly  Vereiniyte  Staaten  simply; 
Dutch  rereent'jde  SUiaten,  fer-i'nio-dgh  std'ten.)  a  federal 
republic  in  tho  Western  Continent,  occupying  more  th.in 
half  the  territory  of  the  temperate  zone  in  North  America, 
lies  between  24°  30'  and  49°  N.  kt.,  and  between  66°  50' 
and  124°  30'  'VV'.  Ion.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  British 
America,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Lukes 
Superi'ir.  Huron,  St.  Clair.  Erie,  and  Ontario,  and  by  the 
river  St.  Lawrence:  E.  and  N.E.  by  the  British  province  of 
New  Bruuswick  and  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  S.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  and  the  Jlexican  Republic,  from  which  it  is  partly 
separated  by  the  Itio  Grande  del  Norte,  and  on  tho  W.  by 
the  I'aeiiic  Ocean.  The  territory  of  the  United  States  now 
forms  nearly  a  parallelogram  of  about  2400  miles  in  mean 
ength  from  E.  to  W.,  and  about  1300  miles  in  average 
breadth  from  N.  to  S.  The  extreme  length,  however,  is 
nearly  2,00  miles,  and  its  greatest  bremlth  about  1600  mile.s, 
(lie  W.10I3  presenting  a  frontier  line  exceeding  10.000  miles. 
Ihe  domaui  of  the  United  States  has  been  more  than  doubled 
Mn.|e  the  t..rmation  of  the  confederacy,  by  the  acquisition, 
Vm  . ,  •  V'  *"*-'  'farritory  of  Louisiana;  by  the  purchase  of 
Honda,  "'  1SI9;  by  the  annexation  of  Texas  in  1846,  by 


i= 


UNI''  ' 

the  conquest  of  California  and  New  Mexico  in  1848,  and  by 
the  purchase  of  a  portion  of  Northern  Mexico  in  1854.  The 
whole  forms  an  area,  according  to  the  estimate  made  by 
the  Topographical  Bureau,  at  Washington,  of  2.03(5.166 
J;quare  miles,  nearly  equalling  in  extent  that  of  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe.  The  same  authority  assigns  766,002  square 
miles  of  this  area  to  the  Pacific  slope.  1.217,562  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley.  514.416  to  the  Atlantic  slope  proper,  112.04't 
to  the  northern  lake  region,  aud  325,537  to  the  Gulf 
region. 

Face,  of  the.  Chuntrt/. — In  an  extent  of  country  reaching 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  through  24<^  of  lati- 
tude, we  find,  as  might  be  expected,  every  variety  of  surface 
— mount.iin,  plain,  and  valley.  Topographically  considered, 
tho  United  States  are  divided  by  the  Alleghnny  Mountains 
in  the  E..  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the  W..  into  three 
grand  sections:  1.  The  Atlantic  or  Alleghany  Slope;  2.  The 
Pacific  or  Rocky  Mountain  Slope:  and.  3.  'I'he  Mississippi 
Valley.  The  first,  lying  l^tween  the  Alleghany  Range  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  commences  in  the  E.  part  of  Maine,  and 
extends  (with  a  breadth  varying  from  80  to  .about  300  miles) 
to  Alabama.  This  region,  ne.ar  the  .sea.  is  generally  I)order- 
ed  by  a  belt  of  alluvial  sand,  and,  where  uncultivated,  usu- 
ally covered  with  a  growth  of  pine  and  cedar.  Farther  in- 
land the  country  becomes  hilly,  and  gradually  merges  into 
the  Appalachian  chain  of  mountains.  The  rivers  of  this 
section  mostly  run  in  a  S.  or  S.E.  direction,  with  lengths 
varying  fiom  100  to  600  miles,  and  are  ascended  by  the  tide 
to  the  hilly  country,  a  distance  of  from  50  to  150  miles, 
to  which  points  they  are  generally  navigated  by  the  smaller 
ocean  craft  and  steamboats.  In  some  soutli-eastern  State.s, 
steamboats  ascend  above  tide-water,  when  the  rivers  are 
full,  in  sj)ring  and  fall.  The  second  section  includes  all  the 
country  lying  W.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  aud  between 
them  and  tho  Pacific,  occupying  a  tract  varj-ing  from  600 
to  1000  miles  in  breadth,  intersected  by  several  mountain 
ranges  of  great  elevation.  The  third  and  largest  section, 
called  the  Mississippi  Valley,  comprises  that  vast  region  lying 
between  the  .Mlegliany  Mountains  on  the  E.,  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains  on  the  W.,  extending  through  18°  of  latitude, 
with  a  breadth  of  from  about  800  to  1600  miles.  A  high 
table-land  terminates  this  valley  on  the  N.  From  its  high- 
est points,  alout  1900  feet,  or  an  average  of  1450  feet  in  el6 
vation,  the  streams  descend  towards  every  point  of  the 
compasi?,  some  seeking  the  ocean  through  Hudson's  B.iy  and 
the  great  lakes,  and  others  through  the  Missouri  and  ilis- 
si.ssippi  Rivers  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  plateau  covers 
Minnesota,  and  parts  of  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  and  Iowa. 
The  middle  sections  of  the  state  of  Ohio  have  an  elev.ation 
of  1000  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Outlying  ridges  of 
the  Alleghany  chain  extend  into  Ea*:tern  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee. The  western  slope  of  the  valley  ascends  by  an  almost 
imperceptible  rise  to  the  height  of  7500  feet,  forming  the 
elevated  base  of  the  more  rugged  prominences  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain.s.  A  low  range,  or  rather  belt,  called  the  Ozark 
Mountains,  traverses  portions  of  the  Indian  Territory,  Ar- 
kansas, and  Missouri,  and  extends  even  into  Wisconsin. 
Another  low  range,  called  the  Black  Hills,  runs  through  the 
E.  and  S.  parts  of  the  Territory  of  Nebraska,  forming  the 
dividing  ridge  between  the  head-waters  of  the  Missouri  and 
its  great  tributary,  the  Yellowstone.  The  country  adja- 
cent to  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  below  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio,  is  mostly  low  and  level,  aud  a  large  portion  of  it 
is  overflowed  on  every  great  rise  of  that  river.  Immediately 
adjoining  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  it  is  one  great  marsh. 

Jlfnuntains. — The  Rockj'  Mountains  are  the  mo.ot  extensive 
and  important  in  the  United  States.  They  are,  in  reality, 
a  part  of  the  great  chain  which  extends  from  the  Polar  Sea, 
under  various  names,  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  iu  South 
America.  Commencing  at  the  Pacific  coast  aud  journeying 
eastward,  we  come  upon  a  chain  of  mountains  stretching 
from  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca  to  about  the  34th  de- 
gree of  N.  latitude,  where  it  joins  the  Sierra  Nevada  in 
the  S.  part  of  California.  These  mountains  are  in  some 
places  broken  into  scattered  groups,  some  of  which  ex- 
tend at  right  angles  to  the  coast,  but  as  a  raiige  they  run 
parallel  to  the  Pacific.  They  do  not  generally  rise  to  an 
elevation  of  more  than  20O0  or  2500  feet.  Jlount  Olympus, 
however,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington  Territory,  is  said 
to  attain  a  height  of  8197  feet;  Mount  St.  Johns  8000, 
Mount  Ripley  7500,  and  Mount  Diabolo  3780  feet  all  iu 
Califwnia.  Proceeding  east,  we  come  upon  a  lofty  chain, 
bearing  the  name  of  Cascade  Range,  in  Washington  Ter- 
ritory and  Ore|:ou.  aud  Sierra  Nevada  iu  California.  Tho 
greatest  ascertained  heights  in  the  United  States  are  in  this 
chain.  Mount  Shast^,  Mount  St.  Helen's,  Mount  Hood,  and 
Mount  Rainier,  rear  their  snowj'  summits  to  heights  varying 
from  12,000  to  14,000  fe(*,  and  .some  parts  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada are  s.aid  to  attain  about  the  height  of  Mount  Blanc,  in 
.Savoy,  (15.500  feet)  This  chain  may  be  said  to  extend 
from  Russian  America  to  the  southern  extremity  of  Old 
California,  at  an  average  distance  from  the  sea  of  fnmi  100  to 
150  miles,  and  to  have  a  mean  elevation  of  5000  or  PuOO  feet 
As  we  extend  our  journey  towards  the  Atlantic  Crast.  ws 
pass  irregular  groups  of  mountains,  some  reaching  th*  suo* 


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line,  anJ!  having  various  appellations,  such  as  Blue,  vtum- 
boldt,  and  Wabsatch  Mountains,  and  occupying  the  great 
l^isin  between  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  ifountains.  The  latter 
run  also  parallel  to  the  Pacific,  at  distances  varying  from 
450  to  SoO  miles,  within  tlie  territory  of  the  United  States, 
and  attain,  in  Fremont's  I'eak.  (the  highest  known  summit.) 
an  elevation  of  V.i.a'O  Utet.  Having  crossed  this,  (the  divid- 
ing ridge  betwei'n  the  waters  flowing  into  the  Pacific  and 
those  ilowing  into  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico.)  we  descend  a  long  slope 
of  nearly  1U!)I)  miles,  liy  an  inclination  of  about  6(100  feet 
from  South  Pass,  (on  the  great  route  to  California  and  Ore- 
gon.) to  the  Mis.«issippi  River,  the  grand  recipient  of  the 
streams  between  the  .VUeghany  and  the  ){ocky  Mountains. 
Tlie  sources  of  tiie  Jlissouri  are  at  about  6000  feet  elevation 
at)0Te  the  sea,  those  of  the  Platte  at  about  7500,  of  the  Xr- 
kansas  about  SSOO,  and  the  Rio  Grande  11.150  feet.  Ascend- 
ing from  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  we  come  first,  in 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  upon  outlying  ridges  of  the  great 
Appalachian  Range,  which  extends,  with  various  interrup- 
tions, from  Maine  to  Alabama.  This  is  not  a  hi;rh  range, 
though  .Mount  Katahdin.  in  Maine.  Mount  Wasliington,  in 
New  IL'uups'hire,  Mount  Mansfield,  in  Vermont,  and  Mount 
Tahawus  or  Mount  Marcy,  in  New  York,  reach  .severally 
the  heights  of  5000,  6234,  4280,  and  54G0  feet.  South  of 
New  York  this  chain  and  its  outlying  ridges  arc  mostly 
within  an  elevation  of  2000  feet,  though  the  peaks  of  Otter 
and  White  Top,  in  tlie  S.  part  of  Virginia,  and  Black  Moun- 
tain, (the  highest  land  E.  of  the  Mississippi.)  range  fi-om 
4000  to  6476  feet,  but  in  no  case  do  the  summits  reach  the 
line  of  perpetual  snow.  (For  descriptions  of  the  various 
ridges,  Iiearing  different  local  names,  see  the  several  states, 
also  the  articles  under  their  respective  heads.)  The  head 
waters  of  the  Ohio,  Cumtwrland.  and  Tennessee  Rivers, 
which  drain  the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  range,  are 
at  elevations  of  from  1600  to  2500  feet  aljove  the  sea. 

MineraU. — The  United  States  contains  within  its  limits 
almost  every  variety  of  mineral  wealth,  from  the  gold  of 
California  to  the  coal  of  the  .\lleghany  .Mountains  and  the 
Mississippi  Valley.  The  gold  deposits  in  California  are 
among  the  richest  existing  on  the  globe ;  the  metal  is  found 
In  everj'  form  and  position,  sometimes  in  large  isolated 
masses,  sometimes  imbedded  in  the  solid  quartz  rock,  and 
Bometimes  diffused  through  the  layers  (placers)  of  allu- 
vial strata.  Gold  also  exists  in  large  qnantities  in  Arizona, 
Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana  and  Nevada.  It  is  stated  that  gold 
mines  have  been  worked  extensively  by  the  Spaniards  in 
New  Mexico.  This  precious  metal  occurs  in  a  narrow  belt 
of  schistose  rocks,  near  the  base  of  the  Alleghany  Range, 
extending  from  Maryland  to  Alabama.  Small  quantities  of 
the  ore  have  even  been  found  as  far  N.  as  New  Hampshire 
and  Maine ;  but  the  richest  ndues,  and  those  which  have 
been  most  extensively  wrought,  are  in  North  and  South  Ca- 
rolina and  Georgia.  The  invention  of  the  quartz-crusher 
must  give  additional  value  to  the  Alleghany  mining  region, 
by  diminishing  the  expense  of  extracting  the  ore. 

The  exports  of  gold  from  San  Francisco  from  1854  to  1864 
inclusive,  were  iis  follows : 

For  1854 $52,045,633 

1855 45.161,731 

1856 50.697,431 

1857 48,976.697 

185,S 47,548,026 

1859 47,640,462 

1860 42,325,916 

1861 40.676,758 

1862 42,561,761 

1863 46,071,920 

1864 51,264,0'23 

Adding  to  the  last  number  (51,264,023)  $2,136,686  the  pro- 
duct of  Colorado,  Montana,  &c.,  we  shall  have  for  the  pro- 
duet  of  the  whole  United  States,  in  lS6t,  $53,400,709.  The 
product  of  gold  from  the  Alleghany  region  amounts  to  about 
$9,000,000.  The  tofctl  product  from  all  the  gold  regions  of 
the  United  States,  between  1804  and  1805,  probably  does  not 
fall  much  short  of  $1,000,000,000. 

Silver  occurs  in  viirious  parts  of  the  United .  States,  es- 
pecially in  the  state  of  Nevada,  and  the  territories  of  Idaho, 
Montana,  and  in  Stanley  county.  North  Carolina.  There  is 
reason  to  believe  that  it  will  be  found  in  considerable  abun- 
dance in  New  Mexico,  tliongh  the  mines  of  this  region  have 
liOt  yet  attracted  much  attention.  Deposits  of  that  metal 
exifit  near  Donna  (Doiia)  Ana,  in  New  Mexico,  and  on  the 
San  Saba,  in  Texas.  Silver  is  also  reported  to  exist  abun- 
dantly near  Fort  Fillmore,  and  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Gila, 
towards  its  mouth.  The  amount  of  silver  coined  at  the 
mint  of  the  United  States  in  1862, w.as  83,2-31,081.  Rich  mines 
of  quicksilver  are  now  worked  at  New  Almaden,  in  Cali- 
fornia; the  annual  product  of  these  mines  is  estimated  bj- 
Ilittel  (Resources  of  Califnrnia.)  at  2,400,000  pounds,  and 
the  entire  product  of  the  State  at  3,700,000  pounds  yearly. 
Traces  of  platina  have  been  discovered  in  California,  Lancas- 
ter, Pennsylvania,  and  in  North  Carolina. 

Probably  the  richcS.  and  purest  copper  mines  in  the  world 
are  t.<  oe  found  iu  Jlichigan,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior, 
wh'-re  the  native  Ketals  have  been  chiselled  out  in  masses, 
weighing  150  tons  of  almost  unadulterated  copper.    These 


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iiiines  are  only  in  their  infancy,  and  yet  they  have  produced 
6283  tons  of  copper  in  a  single  j-ear.  Mines  of  this  metal, 
of  great  richness,  are  worked  in  the  S.K.  of  Tennessee, 
on  the  Iliwassee  River,  in  North  Carolina, and  Connecticut, 
while  it  exists  in  greater  or  less  abundance  in  New  Mexico, 
Missouri,  Maryland,  Virginia,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Georgia,  and  various  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  The 
total  product  of  copper  in  the  United  States,  for  18<jO,  was 
14,432  tons. 

The  great  lead  district,  occupying  the  north-western  por- 
tion of  Illinois,  and  the  adjoining  counties  in  W'iscon.sin 
and  Iowa,  is  for  richness  perliaps  unsurpassed  on  the  globe. 
The  shipments  from  this  region  in  the  twelve  years  pre- 
ceding 1854.  averaged  more  than  43,000,000  pounds  annually. 
Mines  rich  in  the  same  mineral  are  worked  also  in  Miss'.uri, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania.  But  the  exist- 
ence of  lead  is  not  limited  to  the  localities  named,  being 
more  or  less  abundant  in  other  parts  of  the  Union.  The 
entire  product  of  the  different  lead  regions  of  the  United 
States,  in  1860,  has  been  estimated  at  about  11,000  tons,  but 
in  1845  the  yield  reached  59,360,000  pounds.  A' cry  rich 
mines  of  zinc  are  worked  in  New  Jersey ;  the  same  mineral 
is  also  found  largely  mi.xed  witli  the  lead  ore  of  the  Galena 
district,  in  Arkansas,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  other  states. 
The  product  of  the  zinc-mines  of  Pennsylvania,  for  1860,  is 
estimated  at  11,800  tons.  Bismuth,  antimony,  nickel,  and 
cobalt  .are  all  found  in  Connecticut;  cobalt  is  abundant;  it 
is  found  also  in  Maryland.  Tin  has  been  discovered  in  small 
quantities  in  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts.  The  only 
mines  of  quicksilver  which  are  known  to  exist  in  the  United 
States  are  situated  in  California,  abotit  12  miles  from  San 
Jose.  The  quidcsilver  is  found  in  ferruginous  clay,  forming 
part  of  a  hill,  which  rises  1360  feet  above  tlie  sea.  Tht,  d<> 
posit  is  large,  and  the  mine  is  being  systematically  worked. 

Iron,  the  most  important  of  all  the  American  minerals, 
is  the  most  widely  diffused.  Whitney  estimates  the  entire 
produce  of  the  mines  of  the  country,  in  1854,  at  1,000,000 
tons.  In  the  census  of  1860  it  is  stated  at  2,.51i,282  tons. 
Pennsylvania  produces  one-half  of  the  whole.  Ohio,  which 
holds  the  second  rank,  yields  less  than  one-tenth.  Tlvp 
states  next  in  importance  are  New  York,  !\Iiiryland,  Ken- 
tucky, New  Jersey,  and  Tennessee.  Missouri,  from  the  rich 
deposits  of  Pilot  and  Iron  Mountains,  is,  in  all  probability, 
capable  of  furnishing  as  much  iron  as  any  other  country  in 
the  world.  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina  possess 
inexhaustible  supplies  of  ore,  which  are  mostly  the  hydrou? 
peroxides  of  iron.  The  iron-mines  of  northern  New  York 
are  of  great  extent  and  remarkable  richness.  The  Sandford 
Lake  mine  is  between  COO  and  700  feet  thick,  and  one  cubic 
yard  of  the  ore  weighs  four  tons.  The  iron  mountains  of 
Lake  Superior,  in  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  ore  not 
less  rich  than  the  mines  of  northern  New  York.  The  brown 
ores  of  East  Tennessee  and  the  hematites  of  Vermont  are 
very  extensive,  especially  the  former.  The  largest  sections 
or  formations  destitute  of  iron  ores  are  the  cretaceous  aifd 
tertiary,  skirting  the  Atlantic  coast  and  forming  our  great 
basins  and  valleys.  So,  also,  the  Silurian  and  devonian  sys- 
tems are  in  a  great  mea.sure  destitute  of  iron  ores,  with  the 
exception  of  the  argillaceous  and  oolitic  ores  of  the  Clinton 
group.  The  great  centres  of  the  iron  interest  are  Philadel- 
phia. Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  Baltimore,  and  St.  Louis. 

Of  the  other  minerals,  coal,  the  most  useful,  is  also  the 
most  abundant.  The  great  anthracite  bed  in  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  already  mines  and  sends  to  market  more 
than  10,000,000  tons  annually,  and  is  capable  of  increasing 
the  supply  to  any  conceivable  demand.  Small  qnantities 
of  this  species  of  coal  have  been  found  in  some  of  the  New 
England  States  and  in  New  York,  and  a  larger  deposit  in 
North  Carolina.  A  great  bed  of  bituminous  coal,  commeno 
ing  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  In 
Pennsylvania,  extends  in  a  wide  belt  through  the  western 
part  of  that  state,  through  Ohio,  West  Virginia,  Keu- 
tncky,  Tennessee,  and  into  North  Alabama.  Insulated  bitu- 
minous coal-fields  exist  in  the  counties  around  and  W.  of 
Richmond,  Virginia,  and  in  some  of  the  central  counties  of 
North  Carolina.  In  the  latter  state  the  coal  sometimes  as- 
sumes a  semi-bituminous,  and  in  others  an  anthracite  cha- 
racter. The  great  bituminous  coal-field  of  the  Western  States 
occupies  a  large  portion  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Illinois, 
where  it  exists  in  inexhaustible  abundance. 

Professor  Hitchcock  is  of  opinion  that  a  vast  coal-field  ex- 
tends from  28°  45'  to  43°  N.  lat.,  and  between  94°  30'  anc*. 
103°  W.  Ion.  It  is  not  meant  by  this,  that  the  coal  exisM 
everywhere,  but,  in  the  words  of  the  professor,  ••  that  a 
large  part  of  this  vast  region  may  be  underlaid  by  coal. 
The  greater  part  may  be,  and  undoubtedly  is.  covered  by- 
newer  deposits,  but,  if  coal  does  actually  exist,  it  may  be 
reached  beneath  the  newer  rocks,  as  it  has  been  in  like 
Instances  in  Europe,  although  no  trace  of  it  exists  at  tho 
surface."  This  mineral  has  also  been  found  in  extensive 
deposits,  ne.TF  Puget's  Sound,  in  Washington  Territory, 
and  also  in  different  parts  of  Oregon.  Tlie  product  of  anthra- 
cite coal  in  East  Pennsylvania,  in  1864,was  about  10,000,000 
tons ;  of  the  Pittsburg  district,  about  50,000,000  bushels  of 
bituminous  coal;  and  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  about  30,000,000 


TJNI 

bashels.  But  onring  to  the  abnntlant  supply  of  -n-ood  in  most 
parts  of  the  United  States,  the  coal  trade  is  yet  in  its  in- 
fancy. Mr.  Taylor,  in  his  excellent  work  on  the  coal  regions, 
wtiniiitea  the  coal  areas  cf  the  United  States,  at  44,000 
square  miles  for  Illinois;  21,195  for  Virginia;  1.5,437  for 
Peniisvlvania;  13,.500  for  Kentucky;  11,900  for  Ohio ;  7700 
for  Indiana;  6000  for  Mi^-souri ;  5000  for  Michigan ;  4800  for 
Tennessee;  S400  for  Alabama;  550  for  Maryland;  and  150 
for  Georgia— total,  133,1:52 ;  exclusive  of  the  coal-fields  of 
Iowa,  and  the  extensive  region  referred  to  above.  Coal 
(bituminous)  has  also  more  recently  been  found  in  Califor- 
nia, neiu-  Mt.  Diablo. 

Copious  salt  springs  abound  in  various  localities  in  the 
United  States;  in  1S60  there  were  produced  in  New  York, 
chicflv  in  Onondaga  county,  7,521,335  bu.shels  ;  2,05fi,513  in 
Virginia,  about  the  waters  of  the  Kanawha:  1,011,800  in 
Pennsylvania,  mostly  in  the  region  about  the  Kiskemi- 
nctas;  1,743,200  in  Ohio;  69,665  in  Kentucky;  and  small 
quantities  in  several  other  states;  making  a  total  product 
iu  the  United  States,  according  to  the  census,  of  12,717,200 
bushels.  Saline  springs,  or  lakes,  are  abundant  in  Texas, 
New  Mexico,  California,  and  Utah.  Medicinal  mineral 
gprinjJTs  exist  in  many  places,  but  those  of  the  greatest  re- 
pute are  the  Saratoga,  Sharon,  New  Lebanon,  and  Avon 
SprinfTS,  in  New  York;  the  Bedford  Springs,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania; the  different  sulphur  springs,  in  Virginia;  and  the 
Blue  Lick  Springs,  in  Kentucky.  Extensive  beds  of  gypsum 
are  found  in  New  York.  Maine,  Virginia,  and  other  states ;  but 
the  largest  bed  of  this  mineral  in  North  America  extends 
from  tlie  Arkansas  River,  in  the  Indian  Territory',  to  the 
Kio  Grande,  in  Texas,  through  a  space  of  400  miles.  Build- 
ing material.'*  of  an  ornamental  character  are  abundant, 
viz.,  marble,  fine  granite,  sandstone,  and  breccia,  or  conglo- 
merates. Porphyry  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  and 
on  the  St.  Croix  River,  between  Minnesota  and  AVisconsin. 
Professor  Owens  says :  "  I  caused  a  piece  of  the  St.  Croix 
porphyry  to  be  cut  and  poli-shed ;  it  cuts  easily,  and  its 
colors  show  beautifully ;"  it  differs,  he  says,  but  little  from 
the  Norway  porphyry,  but  that  it  polishes  unequally.  Pro- 
fessor Silliman  informs  us,  that  he  found  walls  of  porphyry 
bounding  a  dyke  of  iron  several  j-ards  wide,  among  the 
Iron  Mcmntaius  of  Missouri,  near  a  place  called  Arcadia. 

Gitlfs.  Bays,  Rivers,  and  Lukes. — In  our  articles  on  the 
states,  we  have  so  fully  described  the  great  waters  of  the 
United  Stutes,  that  we  shall  confine  ourselves  here  to  such 
as  have  a  national  importance.  Perhaps  no  portion  of  the 
globe  is  more  favored  with  navigable  waters,  both  external 
and  internal,  than  tlie  United  States.  AVa.shed  on  the  E.  by 
the  Atlantic,  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  W.  by 
the  Pacific,  and  on  the  N.  by  the  great  Lakes  Superior,  Michi- 
gan, Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  it  presents,  according  to  the 
report  of  the  officers  of  the  Coast  Survey,  and  of  the  Topo- 
graphical Department,  12,609  miles  of  .shore  line,  exclusive 
of  bays,  sounds,  islands,  and  lakes;  of  which  6861  are  on  the 
Atlantic;  2281  on  the  Pacific;  34C7  on  the  Gulf;  besides3620 
miles  of  shore  line  on  the  northern  lakes,  (including  bays. 
Bounds,  and  islands,)  and  49.065  miles  of  river  shore  line, 
(including  both  banks,)  to  the  head  of  navigation  in  the 
interior,  or  to  the  head  of  tide  iu  coast  rivers;  o<-ean  line 
in  steps  of  ten  miles,  6107  miles,  of  which  2059  are  on  the 
Atlantic,  1405  on  the  Pacific,  and  1043  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

The  most  important  bays  on  the  Atlantic  coast  are 
Massachusetts.  Cape  Cod,  Buzzard.  Raritan.  Delaware,  and 
Chesapeake  Bays ;  and  on  the  Pacific,  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  leading  into  Pun-et's 
Sound,  and  having  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  world. 
Long  Island,  Albemarle,  and  I'amlico  Sounds,  varying  from 
60  to  120  miles  in  length,  iire  all  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the 
first  washing  the  shores  of  Connecticut,  and  the  last  two 
that  of  North  Carolina. 

The  interior  of  the  United  States  is  veined  by  some  of  the 
grandest  rivers  on  the  globe.  Almost  exactly  throu-h  iis 
middle,  from  the  summit  of  the  great  table-land  of  .Minnesota 
runs  the  Mississippi  for  3000  miles,  like  the  trunk  of  a  "real 
tree,  with  its  roots  in  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico,  and  its  branches 
extending  E.  to  the  Alleghanies,  and  westward  to  tlie  J'.ockv 
Monutains,  receiving  the  tribute  of  perhaj.s  100  important 
afliuents,  some  of  them,  such  as  the  Missouri.  Arkan.sas,  and 
Red  layers  from  the  W  .,  and  tlie  Ohio  from  the  E..  streams  of 
the  first  class  in  point  of  magnitude,  and  the  volume  of  watti 
rol  ..^Idoun  their  channels.  These  rivers  are  severally,Tn 
he  order  named,  about  2900,  2000,  2000,  and  1000  miles  iu 
length  ,  while  many  of  the  secondary  tributaries  have 
courses  01  from  300  to  lOOO  miles.  Tbe  country  drained  )y 
the  Mississippi  reaches  from  Western  New  York  and  i'ei  u 
Vlvania  on  the  E.,  to  the  summits  of  the  Rocky  Muntai.^ 

Gulf  of \r  "■'"*  '^^w'"  M'«  *'»'b  parallel  of  latitude  to  tie 
(iulf  of  .Mexico.    The  rivers  of  the  All«rrh,.„„  .i,....  'r  .,  „ 


^j-rivers  ..f  ^^^^^:;:^'^^^-z:.^x^t^ 

limore  m-^ess  navigable,  some  for  vessels 'oVthe^'iargl^'^ 


tTNI 

class,  100  miles  or  more,  and  all  emptying  themselves  directly 
into  tlie  Atlantic,  or  into  bays  opening  into  that  ocean. 
The  southern  slope,  tending  to  the  Gull  of  Jlexico,  has  also 
several  large  rivei-s  independent  of  the  Mississippi,  viz.,  the 
Appalachicola,  Mobile,  and  their  large  tributaries  on  the 
E.  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Sabine,  Trinity,  Jtrazos,  Colo- 
rado, and  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  on  tbe  W.  of  that  river. 
These  streams  vary  in  length,  including  their  main  afilu- 
ents,  from  300  to  1800  miles,  and  are  navigable  by  steam- 
boats to  various  poiuts  within  500  miles.  The  Rio  Grande 
forms  the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico.  The  Pacific 
slope  has  but  one  great  river  breaking  through  the  Cascade 
Mountains  into  tlie  ocean.  This  is  the  Columbia,  a  stream 
of  1500  miles  in  length,  and  with  several  important  affluents 
having  courses  of  from  300  to  800  miles.  If  we  except  the 
Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  there  is  but  one  other  great  opening 
into  the  territory  of  tlie  United  States  on  the  Pacific  border, 
viz.,  the  Channel  or  Strait,  from  1  to  2  miles  in  width,  lead- 
ing into  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  which  receives  the  Sac- 
ramento and  San  Joaquin  Rivers,  each  about  300  miles  in 
length.  The  Color.ado  of  the  AVest,  entering  tlie  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, drains  the  E.  and  S.E.  and  S.  portions  of  the  great 
plateau  between  tlie  Rocky  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

The  whole  of  the  United  States  N.  of  the  42d  parallel 
of  latitude  is  dotted  over  with  beautifully  transparent 
sheets  of  water  of  varying  sizes,  from  a  few  miles  in  cir. 
cult,  to  tho.se  majestic  inland  seas  which  separate  British 
America  from  the  United  States,  and  which  chicBy  merit 
notice  in  a  national  point  of  view.  TJere  are  five  of 
these,  viz.,  Lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  Huron,  Superior,  and  Michi- 
gan ;  the  latter  only  being  wholly  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States.  These  vast  lakes  are  navigated  by  steamers 
of  the  highest  tonnage,  and  by  sailing  vessels  of  large  capa- 
city, affording  a  continuous  navigation  of  1100  miles,  and,  by 
aid  of  the  AVelland  Canal  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and 
that  around  the  Saut  St.  Mary,  (recently  completed,)  furnish 
an  inland  ship  navigation  of  1600  miles.  The.se  lakes  cover 
areas  of  from  6300  to  32,000  square  miles  each,  or  a  total  of 
90.000  square  miles. 

CUduUc. — A  region  so  vast  as  that  of  the  United  States 
must  necessarily  include  almost  every  variety  of  climate, 
from  the  long  and  frigid  winters  of  the  North,  to  the  almost 
tropical  regions  of  the  South.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that 
the  temperature  of  Western  Europe  is  about  10  degrees 
milder  than  in  the  same  latitudes  in  Eastern  North  America; 
while  California  has  a  climate  as  mild  as  tliat  of  Italy,  indeed 
partaking  rather  of  the  character  of  the  tropical  regions, 
especially  in  the  S.,  with  its  wet  and  dry  seasons.  Again,  on 
the  plateaus  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  we  find  a  climate 
similar  to  that  of  the  plains  of  Tartary.  The  summera 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States  are  as  warm 
as  those  of  Italy,  while  the  winters  are  scarcely  less 
frigid  than  those  of  Sweden  and  Norway.  N,  of  42°  the 
climate  is  especially  suited  to  the  winter  grains ;  that  of  the 
states  between  36°  and  42°  favors  the  winter  grains  and 
Indian  corn  as  staples;  and  that  S.  of  36°  produces  cotton, 
rice,  sugar,  Indian  corn,  and  some  of  the  tropical  fruits. 
The  temperature  of  the  North-Eastern  States  is  rendered 
disagreeable  by  the  chilling  winds  from  the  Atlantic  in  the 
spring  montlie,  causing  pulmonary  diseases,  wliich  swell 
the  bills  of  mortality  in  that  region  beyond  those  of  any 
section  of  the  Union  except  Louisiana.  Being  sliielded  by 
no  great  chain  of  mountains  towards  the  N..  the  great  ice- 
plains  of  British  America  pour  upon  the  United  States,  upon 
every  considerable  augmentation  of  heat  in  the  regions  S.  of 
them,  their  cold  blasts,  causing  sudden  variations  to  be  the 
unpleasant  characteristic  of  the  climate  of  the  Northern  and 
Central  United  States.  Nor  are  the  Southern  States  entirely 
free  from  these  sudden  changes,  when  periods  of  unusually 
cold  weather  and  unseasonable  frosts  not  unfrequently 
destroy  the  orange-buds  of  Florida,  and  the  cotton-blossoma 
of  the  other  Southern  States.  The  Central  State.s  have  fri>- 
quently  in  the  same  winter  a  mixture  of  the  mildness  of  an 
Italian  with  the  frigidity  of  a  Rus.sian  winter.  The  great 
reservoir  of  cold  winds  at  the  North  acts  particularly  unfa- 
vorably on  the  fruits  of  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  as,  • 
tempted  by  the  early  springs  belonging  to  the  latitude,  they 
put  forth  their  blossoms  in  March  or  April,  only  too  often 
to  have  them  nipped  by  these  ice-blasts  that,  in  the  Kama 
latitude  of  Kurope,  would  be  warded  off  by  the  great  moun- 
tain barrier  between  them  and  the  frigid  regions. 

There  are  local  causes  affecting  the  climate  of  particular 
district.'  that  must  always  be  taken  into  con.«ideration.  Tha 
lakes,  for  example,  mitigate  to  some  degree  the  tempcraturu 
of  the  rcfgions  bardering  on  them,  while  the  elevated  table- 
lands  of  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Ea-stern  Oregon  are  rendered 
cooler  and  drier  than  the  same  parallels  elsewhere.  In  con- 
nexion with  climate,  it  will  be  proper  to  .speak  of  tlie  dis- 
eases incident  to  the  different  sections  of  the  United  States. 
In  the  settling  of  ail  new  countries,  the  breaking  up  of  the 
sod  leads  to  miasmatic  exhalations,  producing  agues  and 
fev-ers  that  are  not  to  be  considered  climatic,  as  they  rapidly 
diminish  as  the  country  becomes  settled.  The  old  Romans 
dreaded,  it  would  appear,  the  agues  of  Spain  as  much  as  we 
do  those  of  the  Western  States : — "  He  had  a  fever  when  ha 


UNI 

was  in  Spain,  and  I  did  mark  how  he  did  shatie."  At  pre- 
sent we  may  say  the  prevailint^  diseases  of  tlie  West  are  inter- 
mittent and  biliuis  fevers  and  dysimteries:  of  the  Snutli. 
bilious  fevers,  with  occanlonal  desolatlnx  visitations  of  the 
yellow  fever  in  the  Gulf  States.  The  cholera  has  irenerally 
been  more  fatal  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  than  in  other  pivrts 
of  the  Union.  The  most  fatal  diseases  in  the  New  Enijland 
and  .some  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States  are  con.-ump- 
tion  and  other  affections  of  the  lungs.  The  census  tables 
show  the  jrreatest  ratio  of  deaths  in  tlie  year  ending  .Tune  1, 
ISaO,  to  have  been  in  Louisiana,  (about  23  to  eacli  1000  per- 
sons.) and  the  least  in  Wisconsin,  (about  9  to  each  1000  per- 
sons.) In  Vermoot,  Iowa,  Florida.  r.eorf,'iR.  Michigan,  Ten- 
nessee, North  Carolina,  Alabama,  South  Carolina,  Penn.syl- 
viinia,  Indiana,  Maine,  Delaware,  New  Jer.spy,  Virginia,  New 
Hampshire,  Illinois,  and  Arkansas,  the  ratio  of  deaths  was 
the  lowest,  and  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  named,  viz. 
from  Vermont,  about  10  to  the  1000.  to  Arkansas,  about  14i 
to  1000  persons.  The  ratio  of  deaths  was  highest  in  the 
order  named,  in  the  following  states,  viz.  Massachusetts, 
Missouri,  Maryland,  Connecticut.  Kentucky.  Khode  Island, 
Ohio,  Mississippi.  Texas,  and  New  York :  being  from  about 
19j  in  Massachusetts,  to  about  14^  to  the  1000  in  New  York. 
It  is  proper  to  remark  in  regard  to  Florida,  which  is  in  winter 
a  great  re.sort  for  invalids  from  the  North,  the  catalogue  of 
deaths  may  Hot  have  fairly  represented  the  character  of  the 
state.  It  is  estimated  by  competent  judges  to  be  equal  in 
healthfulness  to  any  of  the  United  States. 

Snil  and  Productions. — The  diver.sity  in  respect  to  soil  ig, 
perhaps,  even  more  striking  than  that  of  climate,  the  ex- 
treme on  the  one  hand  Ijeing  found  in  the  rich  alluvions  of 
the  great  Mississippi  Valley,  (where  the  mould  is  often  many, 
and  sometimes  25  feet  deep,)  and  on  the  other,  in  the  barren 
plains  of  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  and  Indian  Territories. 
The  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  Mississi|)pi  Valley  are  be- 
lieved to  be  unefiualled  on  the  globe,  if  perhaps  we  except 
the  valley  of  the  Amazon,  in  South  America.  A  belt  of  land 
of  tertiary  formation  coasts  the  .\tlantic  from  Long  Lsland 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  (inclusive  of  both.)  which  is  about  00 
miles  in  width,  and  mostly  covered  with  pine  and  cedar,  not 
very  productive  in  its  natural  state,  but  easily  improved  by 
marl  and  other  manures.  The  coasts  of  Massachusetts  and 
Maine  are  rough  and  unproductive,  and  New  England 
generally,  and  North-Eastern  New  York,  are  rough  and 
difficult  of  tillage,  being  better  adapted  t«  grazing  than 
culture.  The  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  and  the  hilly  region 
at  their  feet  are  generally  productive,  esneii.illy  in  tlie 
valleys;  while  the  Pacific  watershed  has  comparatively  but 
a  s  nail  portion  of  cultivable  land  ;  but  in  that  portion  W. 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  as  in  the  valleys  of  the  AVilLamette, 
Sacramento,  San  Joaquin,  and  other  smaller  rivers  near  the 
coast,  the  fertility  is  great;  but  the  slopes  of  the  llocky 
Mountains  are  generally  a  barren  lava,  throuirh  which  the 
rivers  cut  their  way  to  great  depths,  without  fertile  valleys 
to  border  them.  The  census  tables  for  1S50  report  for  the 
whole  United  States  1,449,075  farms  and  plantations,  with 
113.032.614  acres  of  improved  land,  and  180.528,000  acres  of 
unimproved  land.  By  improved  land  is  here  meant  only 
BU'h  as  produces  crops,  or  in  some  way  adds  to  the  produc- 
tions of  tlie  farmer.  According  to  tlie  census  of  1800  tliero 
were  in  the  United  States  2,044,077  farms,  with  163,110,720 
acres  of  improved  land,  and  244,101,818  acres  of  unimproved 
land.  The  average  number  of  acres  to  each  farm  was  194. 
The  cash  value  of  farms  was  estimated  in  1860  at  $3,270,- 
733,093,  and  in  1860  at  $6,645,045,007.  The  average  quan- 
tity of  improved  land  to  each  person,  was  3.7  acres  in  New 
York,  3.6  acres  in  Pennsylvania,  about  7  acres  in  Virginia, 
6.0  acres  in  Kentucky,  and  7.6  acres  in  Illinois. 

Agriculture  being  the  great  interest  of  our  country,  it  is 
deemed  proper,  in  this  article,  to  speak  of  its  great  staples 
somewhat  more  fully  than  has  been  done  under  the  heads 
of  the  respective  states. 

Maize  or  Indian  Corn. — Among  the  olyeets  of  culture  in 
the  United  States,  maize  takes  precedence  in  tlie  extent 
of  its  cultivation,  as  it  is  best  adapted  to  the  soil  and 
climate,  and  furnishes  the  largest  amount  of  nutritive 
food.  When  due  regard  is  paid  to  the  selection  of  varieties 
and  its  cultivation  in  a  proper  soil,  it  may  lie  regarded  as  v 
sure  crop  in  almost  every  portion  of  the  habitable  globe, 
between  tlie  44th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  a  corres 
ponding  parallel  south.  The  first  successful  attempt  of  the 
Eiiglisli  to  cultivate  this  grain  in  the  pre.sent  territory  of 
the  United  States,  was  made  in  the  valley  of  James  River, 
Virginia,  in  1608.  The  mode  adopted  was  tliat  practised  bj 
the  Indians;  and  this,  with  some  modifications,  has  been 
preserved  ever  since.  The  yield  at  that  time  is  repre-sented 
to  have  been  from  200  to  more  than  1000  fold.  The  present 
yield  varies  from  20  to  135  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  quantity 
rai.sed  in  ISoO.was  592,071,104  bushels ;  1860,  s3S,792,7 40  bush- 
els. Of  all  thestates  Illinois  produced  the  largest  quantity— 
115,174,777  bushels.  The  next  in  order  comes  Ohio,  with  a 
product  of  73,543,190  bushels;  then  Mi.isouri,  yielding 
}2,S02.1.57  bushels;  then  Indiana,  producing  71,588,919  busli- 
els:  tiien  follow  in  order  Kentucky.  Teuuesaee,  Iowa,  Vir- 
ginia, Alabama,  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Mississippi,  Penn- 
5Z 


UNI 

sylvania.  New  York,  which  include  all  the  most  prominent 
of  the  corii-iirodiicing  states. 

H7(M(;. — \V  Ileal,  wiu-ii  the  soil  and  climate  are  adapted  to 
its  growth,  is  preferred  to  all  other  grains,  and  next  to  niaiza 
is  the  most  important  crop  in  the  United  States,  not  only  oa 
account  of  its  general  use  for  bread,  but  for  its  safety  and 
convenience  for  exportation. 

The  whe.'it  region  of  the  United  States  E.  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  lies  cliiefly  between  the  30th  and  50th  peniUels  of 
N.  latitude.  W.  of  that  barrier  it  extends  one  or  more  degrees 
further  N.  At  the  liondon  Exhibition  very  little  wheat  was 
exhibited  equal  to  that  from  the  United  States,  especially 
that  from  the  Genesee  country  of  New  York — a  soft  white 
variety — to  the  exhibitor  of  which,  a  prize  med.il  w.ns 
awarded  by  the  Koyal  Commissioners.  The  wheat  crop 
of  the  United  Stsites,  accoriiing  to  the  census  of  1840, 
ivmounted  to  84,823,272  bushels ;  of  1850,  to  100,503,'<99 ;  and 
in  1860,  to  173,104,924,  In  1860,  of  all  the  states  Illinois  pro- 
duced the  largest  amount,  viz. :  23,837,023  busliels.  Indiana 
comes  next,  producing  16,848,267  busliels.  Wisconsin  fol- 
lows, with  a  yield  of  15,657,458  busliels.  Ohio  is  the  fourth 
in  order,  having  a  product  of  15,119,047  bushels.  Virginia 
is  tlie  fifth,  producing  13,130,977  bushels.  Pennsylvania  is 
the  sixth,  yielding  only  13,042,165  bushels,  (although  she 
stood  first  in  1850,  wlien  her  product  was  15,367,091  bushels). 
The  other  states  follow  in  their  respective  order  :  New  York, 
Iowa,  Michigan.  Kentucky,  Maryland,  California,  Tennes- 
see, North  Carolina,  Missouri,  Georgia,  Minnesota,  New  Jer- 
sey, Te.xas,  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  Arkansa.s,  Delaware, 
Oregon,  Missis.-ippi, Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  Kan- 
sas, Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Rhode 
Island, 

The  quantities  of  wheat  and  flour  exported  from  the 
United  States  at  different  periods  since  1791,  are  shown  in 
the  subjoined  Table : — 


Years, 

■VTheat. 

Flour 

bushels 

barrels 

1791 

1,018.339 

619.681 

v.nn 

26.853 

653,0.52 

IMIO 

325. »i4 

798,431 

1820-1 

25.821 

1,0,56,119 

1830-1 

408.910 

1,806,529 

1840-1 

868,585 

1,515,817 

184f>-7» 

4.399.951 

4,382,496 

18.T0-I 

I,02(J,-25 

2,202.335 

1662-3 

36,060,-114 

4,390,055 

Rye. — The  culture  of  this  grain  is  principally  restricted  to 
the  JEastern  and  Middle  States,  but  in  some  parts  it  is  giving 
place  to  more  profitable  crops.  The  yield  varies  from  10  to 
30  or  more  bushels  per  acre. 

The  jiroduction  of  rye  in  tlie  United  States  increased  from 
14,188,f)37  bushels  in  1850,  to  21,101,380  in  1860.  Although 
the  production  has  somewhat  decreased  in  tlie  New  Eng- 
land states  since  1S50,  it  has  increased  in  all  the  middle 
states.  It  has  increased  more  than  threefold  in  Delaware, 
and  more  than  double  in  Maryland.  Pennsylvania  pro- 
duces 5,474,788  bushels,  more  than  any  other  state.  New 
York  como.<4  next,  yielding  4,7^6,905  bushels;  then  New  Jer- 
sey, with  1,439,497  bushels.  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  produce  more  than  lialf  of  tiio  rye  raised  in  Jlie 
wliole  United  States.  There  is  a  decided  incresise  in  the 
production  of  rye  in  all  the  Western  states,  which  produced 
four  times  as  much  of  this  grain  in  1860  as  in  1850.  Penn- 
sylvania, however,  produces  more  rye  than  all  the  Western 
states  together. 

Barhy. — In  the  Atlantic  States  the  growth  of  this  product 
is  confined  to  the  tract  lying  between  the  ,30tli  and  50th 
parallels  of  N.  latitude;  on  the  Pacific  side  of  the  continent 
its  range  is  principally  between  the  20th  and  62d  degrees  of 
N.  latitude.  The  barley  chiefly  cultivated  is  the  two-rowed 
kind,  which  is  preferred  for  the  fulness  of  its  gi-ain  and  its 
freedom  from  smut.  The  yield  usually  varies  from  30  to  50 
bushels  per  acre,  weighing  from  45  to  65  pounds  to  the 
laushel.  The  quantity  raised  in  the  United  Stiites,  as  re- 
turned liy  the  census  of  1850,  Wi«s  5,167 ,016  bushels ;  of  1860, 
15,825.898  bushels;  in  other  words,  the  amount  produced  in 
1860,  is  about  three  times  as  great  as  that  of  1850.  Tliis  in- 
crease is  principally  due  to  the  increased  demand  for  barley 
for  the  manufacture  of  beer.  Barle.v  has  never  been  much 
exported  from  this  country;  it  is  principally  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  malt  and  spirituous  liquors. 

Buckwheat. — Tliis  grain  appears  not  to  have  been  much 
cultivated  in  this  country  prior  to  the  last  century.  It  is 
chiefly  raised  in  the  Middle  and  Now  England  States.  From 
30  to  45  bushels  per  acre  is  considered  an  average  yield  in 
favorable  seasons  and  on  suitable  soils,  but  60  bushels  are 
not  unfrequently  obtained.  Tlie  qu.antity  raised  in  the 
United  Sbites,  according  to  the  census  of  I860,  was  17,571,818 
bushels,  against  8,956,916  bushels  in  1850.  Hitherto  this 
grain  has  not  entered  into  our  foreign  commerce. 

Oats. — Tills  grain  maybe  regarded  as  constituting  one  of 
the  most  inijiortant  crops  in  the  United  States.     It  is  so 


•  Famine  year  in  Ireland. 


1985 


UXI 

hardy  as  to  be  »-iUH  to  climHtPS  too  hot  and  too  cold  either 
for  wheat  or  rj-e.  Its  growth  in  this  country  is  confined 
principally  to  the  Northern,  Middle,  and  Western  States. 
The  vieid  varies  from  40  to  90  bushels  per  acre,  weighing 
from"  25  to  40  pounds  per  bushel.  According  to  the  cen- 
sus of  IS.iO,  the  total  proiluce  of  the  United  States  was 
146.078,879  bushels;  of  1860,  172,643,185.  Oats,  like  rye, 
have  never  entered  largely  into  our  foreign  commerce.  The 
average  of  the  annual  exports  for  several  ye^irs  preceding 
1S17,  was  70,000  bushels;  since  whicJi  time  the  amount  of 
its  export  has  been  comparatively  unimportiint. 

Peas  and  Beans. — The  kidney  bean  is  said  to  have  been 
extensively  cultivated  by  the  Indians  of  New  York  and 
New  England  long  before  the  whites  established  themselves 
here,  and  both  beans  and  peas  of  various  hues  were  largely 
cultivated  by  the  natives  of  Virginia  prior  to  the  first  land- 
ing of  Captiiin  John  Smith.  The  cultivation  of  the  pea  as  a 
field  crop  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  Ejistern,  Middle,  and 
AVestern  States.  The  usual  yield  is  from  25  to  40  bushels  per 
acre,  weighing  about  64  pounds  to  the  bushel.  The  quantity 
annually  exported  from  the  United  States,  during  20  years  I 
preceding  1S17,  amountdl  to  alKJut  90,000  bushels  of  beans,  ] 
and  from  30,000  to  40,000  bushels  of  peas.  In  1850  there 
were  produced  in  the  United  States,  9,219,901  bushels  of 
peas  and  beans ;  in  1860, 15,061, 9;J5  bushels.  Mississippi  pro- ! 
duced  the  largest  quantity,  viz.:  1,954.666  bushels.  The 
other  most  productive  sfcites  in  this  respect  were  North  Ca- 
rolina, Georgia,  South  Carolina,  New  York  and  Alabama. 

nice. — This  grain,  the  chief  food  of  perhaps  one-third  of 
the  human  race,  is  cultivated  throughout  the  torrid  zone 
wlierever  there  is  a  plentiful  supply  of  water,  and  it  will  ma- 
ture under  favorable  cirt  umstanccs  in  the  Eastern  Continent 
as  high  as  the  forty-fifth  parallel  of  N.  latitude.  It  was  first 
introtluced  into  Virginia  by  Sir  William  Berkeley,  in  1647, 
and  into  theCarolimis  in  1694.  Its  culture  in  Louisiana  was 
commenced  in  1718  by  the  "Company  of  the  West."  This 
grain  in  the  United  States  is  chiefly  confined  to  South  Caro- 
lina (which  produced  119,100,528  bushels,  nearly  two-thirds 
of  the  whole  quantity  niised  in  the  United  States).  North 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Mississippi,  Louisiana  and  Texas. 
The  yield  per  acre  varies  from  20  to  60  bushels,  weighing 
from  45  to  48  pounds,  when  cleaned.  Under  favorable  6ir- 
cumgtances,  as  many  as  90  bushels  to  an  acre  have  been 
raised.  Another  variety  called  Cochin-China,  or  dry  moun- 
ttin  rice,  from  its  adaptation  to  a  dry  boil  without  irriga- 
tion, is  cultivated  to  a  limited  extent.  It  will  grow  sever.il 
degrees  farther  N.  than  the  South  Carolina  rice,  but  yields 
only  15  or  20  bushels  to  the  acre.  At  the  Industrial  Kxhibi- 
tiou  in  London,  the  Carolina  rice  was  awarded  a  prize  medal. 
The  total  crop  of  the  United  States,  according  to  the  census 
of  1840,  was  80.841,42-2  pounds;  of  1850,  215,312,710  pounds; 
and  in  1860, 187,167,03::  pounds.    The  following  table  shows 


Tears. 

Tierces. 

IS30-t  .     . 

.     1  I6,.il7 

I&IO-I  .     . 

.     101.617 

lSoO-1  .     . 

.     103,309 

ce$  and  3496  barrels. 

UNI 

the  quantities  of  rice  exported  from  the  United  States  at 
diflerent  periods : — 

Years.  Tierces. 

1800.    ,    .    .     112,036 
1810.     .     .    .     131,341 
1820-1  .     .    .      88.221 
Is  1862-3  It  was  only  494  tiei 

Potatoes. — The  common  Irish  (or  white)  potato  is  regarded 
as  of  but  little  less  importance  in  our  national  economy 
than  maize,  wheat,  or  rice.  It  has  been  found,  in  an  indi- 
genous state,  in  Chili,  Paraguay,  Eqnador,  as  well  as  in 
rSanta  Fe  de  Bogota,  and  more  recently  in  Mexico,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Orizaba.  It  was  not  until  near  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century  that  it  became  generally  known 
either  in  Britain  or  North  America.  In  tlie  United  States 
it  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  Northern,  Middle,  and  Western 
States.  Its  perfection,  liowever,  depends  as  much  upon  the 
soil  as  the  climate  in  which  it  grows :  for  in  the  red  loam  on 
the  banks  of  Bayou  Boeuf,  in  Louisiana,  where  the  land  is 
new,  it  is  stated  that  potatoes  are  produced  as  large,  savory, 
and  as  free  from  water,  as  any  raised  in  other  X)arts  of  the 
world.  The  yield  varies  from  50  to  400  bushels  per  acre,  but 
generally  it  is  below  200  bushels.  This  is  one  of  the  four 
crops  which,  in  the  census  of  1850,  appears  smaller  than  in 
that  of  1840,  The  decrease  is,  without  doubt,  owing  to  the 
"rot,"  wliich,  during  the  la-st  ten  years,  has  prevailed  to 
such  an  alarming  extent,  not  only  in  our  own  country,  but 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, and  has  been  felt  more  or  less 
seriously  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  The  quantity  of  po- 
tatoes producedin  the  United  States  in  1850,  was  65,796,793 
bushels ;  in  18C0, 111,148,867  bushels. 

Sweet  Potatoes. — This  vegefcible,  a  native  of  the  East  In- 
dies and  of  intertropical  America,  appears  to  have  been 
introduced  into  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Virginia  soon  after 
their  settlement  by  Europeans,  being  mentioned  as  one  of 
the  cultivated  products  of  those  colonies  as  early  a.s  1648. 
It  grows  in  excessive  abundance  throughout  the  Southern 
Stiites,  and  as  far  N.  as  New  Jersey  and  South  Michigan. 
According  to  the  census,  the  potato  crop  of  the  United 
States, (including  all  sorts.)  was  108,298.000  bushels  in  1840; 
there  were  3"<,259,196  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes  in  1850;  and 
42,095,026  bushels  in  1^60. 

The  following  Table  exhibits  the  quantities  of  the  forego- 
ing articles  of  culture  produced  by  eiich  State  in  the  Union, 
as  returned  in  the  census  of  1860. 

Hay  ami  Fodder. — The  hay  and  fodder  crops,  including 
the  dried  blades,  shucks,  and  tops  of  Indian  corn,  as  well 
as  of  the  succulent  corn  plants,  chopped  straw,  the  haulm 
of  beans,  peas,  potatoes,  &c.,  are  among  the  most  valuable 
in  the  United  States.  The  culture  of  liay  is  principally 
confined  to  the  Eastern,  Middle,  and  Western  States,  trom 
which  the  southern  markets  are  mainly  supplied,  in  the 


Productions  of  Agriculture  in  the  United  States  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  I860.— Eighth  Census. 


States  and  Territories. 


.Maine 

New  Hampshire  .  . 
Vermont  .... 
^lassachusetts  .  . 
Rhode  Island  .  .  . 
C.innecticut  .  .  . 
New  York  .  .  . 
New  Jersey  .  .  . 
I'ennsyUauia  .  .  . 
Delaware  .  .  .  • 
.Maryland  .... 
District  nf  Columbia 

Vir|:iiii» 

North  Carolina  .  . 
South  Carolina    .    . 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama  .... 
Mississippi  .... 
Louisiana    .... 

Texas 

Arkansas     .... 

Tennessee  .... 

Kentucky    .... 

Ohio   ...... 

Michinn    .    .    .    . 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Mis.ouri      .    .    .    . 

I.wa 

Wisconsin  .... 
Minnesota  .... 

Kansas 

California    .... 

Oregon    

Nevada 

Nebraska  .  •  .  , 
Dakota  .... 
New  Mexico  .    .    . 


Wasl)in(toa     . 


bushels  of. 


Wheat, 
bushels  oC 


1,546.071 

1,4U,6J8 

I.5'i6,411 

»,137,06-.' 

461,497 

2,059.835 

20,061.049 

9,723,336 

28.1968J1 

3,892,337 

13,444,922 

80,840 

38,319.999 1 

30,0-8.564 1 

15,065.606 

30,776,293 

2,834,391 

JS,i26,282 

29.057,682 

16,853,745 

16,500,70-2 

17.823,5-8 

52,089.926 

64,043.6.?3 

73.54.3,190 

12,444,676 

71,58S,9I9 

115,174,777 

72,802, 157 

42,410.(W6 

7,517.300 

2,94],9i2 

6.130,727 

510,7118 

76,122 

460 

1,482,080 

'20,269 

709,'>01 

90.482 

4,712 


233,876 

238,965 

437.037 

119.783 

1,131 

.S2.401 

8.681.105 

1,763,218 

13,042.163 

91A94t 

6,I03,4«0 

12,760 

13,130,977 

4,743,706 

1,283,631 

2,544,913 

2.808 

1,218,444 

587,925 

32.208 

1,478,  ■)45 

9->7,601 

5,439,268 

7.394.809 

15.119.047 

8.336.368 

16,84.8,267 

23.837,023 

4,227.588 

8,449,403 

15.657.458 

2.186.993 

194.173 

5.928.470 

826.776 

3.631 

147,867 

945 

4S4.S09, 

S8J.iJ92 

86.219 


Rye, 

bushels  of. 


123.2.«7 

1-28.247 

139.271 

388.085 

28,259 

618.702 

4,786.903 

1,439,497 

5,474,788 

27,209 

518.901 

6,919 

944.330 

436.856 

89,091 

115,532 

21,396 

72.457 

39.474 

36,063 

111.860 

78,092 

257,989 

1,035. --W 

683,686 

514,129 

463,495 

931. -281 

293,-.'62 

183.022 

8S-<,544 

1-21,411 

3.833 

5-2, 140 

2,704 

98 

1,495 

700 

1,300 


8S8.792,:i0   173.104,9-24     21,101,380 


l«2,108 

121.103 

79.211 

134,891 

40.993 

20.813 

4,186.668 

24.915 

530,714 

3.646 

17,330 

173 

68,846 

3,443 

11,490 

14,682 

8.369 

15.133 

1,873 

2-24 

87.562 

3.158 

25,144 

270.683 

1,663.868 

S07.888 

38-2,245 

1,036,338 

•2-28.502 

467.103 

707.307 

101,668 

4,716 

4,413,423 

.     26,234 

1,597 

1,I0S 

00 

6.059 

9.976 

4,621 


2,988.939 

1,3-29,233 

3,630,267 

1,180,073 

244.453 

1,3-2-2.218 

33,175,134 

4,539,132 

27,387.147 

1,046.910 

3,959,298 

-29,548 

10,186.7-20 

2  781.860 

936.974 

1,-231,817 

46,899 

68-2,179 

221.  233 

89,377 

983,889 

475,268 

2,267,814 

4.617.029 

15.409,234 

4.036,980 

5.317  831 

15.2-20,029 

S.680,870 

5,887.645 

11,059.-260 

2,176.002 

88.325 

1,043,006 

885.673 

1,082 

74,502 

2,540 

7,246 

63.21 1 

134,334 


Buck- 
wheat, 
bushels  of.   bushels  of. 


2:<9,319 

89,996 

2-25,415 

I-23.-202 

3.373 

309.107 

5,126,307 

877,386 

5,572,024 

16.355 

212,.338 

445 

478.090 

33,924 

602 

2,023 

1,347 

1,699 

160 

1,349 

509 
14.481 

18,9-28 
2,370,650 
529,916 
896,989 
S-24,117 
182,-292 
215,703 
33,987 
28,052 
«I,5T5 
76.8?7 
2,749 


12,224 


ni 


246.915 

79.454 

70,654 

45.246 

7,698 

25,864 

1,609,3.39 

27,674 

123,090 

7,488 

84.407 

3,749 

513,166 

1,932,204 

1,728,074 

1,763,214 

S63.2I7 

1,482.036 

1,954,666 

431,148 

341,961 

440,472 

547,803 

288,346 

102,511 

163,128 

79,902 

108.0-28 

107,999 

41,081 

99,484 

18.988 

9,827 

165,574 

34,407 

15 

5,0-29 

286 

38.514 

2.3.35 

I0.S50 


Rice, 
pounds  of.   (jy^,;; 


Irish 
Potatoes, 


8,225 

7,393.976 

119,100,528 

52,.->07.632 

223,704 

493,465 

809,082 

6JJ3I,257 

28,031 

16,831 

40,372 


.of. 


6,374,617 

4,137.543 

5,253,498 

3,201,901 

542,909 

1,833.148 

'26,447,394 

4,171.690 

11,687,467 

377,931 

1,264,4-29 

31.693 

2,292.398 

630.365 

2-26,733 

803,789 

18,766 

491,646 

414,320 

294.635 

174,182 

418,010 

1,18-2,005 

1,756.531 

8.693,101 

5.'261  245 

3.8C6.647 

5,540,390 

1,690.R30 

2.806,7-20 

3,818,309 

2,565,485 

296.333 

1,789.463 

3C3,SI9 

5.686 

162,188 

9.489 

5.223 

141.001 

163.594 


15,823,898  I7-2.64S.1S5     17.571,818     13.061,995  187.167,0:2  111. 148,867     42,093,0'2« 


1,435 
16 

628 

616 

946 

2,710 

7,5-29 

1,034,832 

1113,187 

142,213 

236,740 

5,606 

1,960,817 

6  140,039 

4.113688 

6,508.541 

1.129,759 

5,439,917 

4.563.878 

2.060,981 

1.846,612 

1,366,540 

2,604.672 

1.057,557 

304,445 

38,492 

299.5  IB 

306.134 

833,102 

51,. '162 

-2,396 

792 

9.965 

214,307 

335 

200 

168 


UNI 

form  of  pressed  packages  or  bales.  According  to  the  censug 
of  1840  the  hay  crop  of  the  United  States  amounted  to 
10,'248-,1083ii  tons :  of  1850, 13,838.579  tons ;  in  1860, 19,083,896 
tons. 

Tlie  amount  of  clover-seed  raised  in  1850  was  468,9711 
bushels ;  in  1860,  956,188 ;  and  of  other  grass-seeds,  416,811 
bushels  in  1850 ;  and  900,040  in  1860.  Of  the  clover-seed, 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  produced  nearly  one-half  of  the 
whole. 

Hnps. — In  the  production  of  these  the  census  of  1860 
shows  a  gain  of  nearly  200  per  cent.  Almost  the  whole  of 
the  increment,  however,  was  in  the  state  of  New  York, 
which,  from  more  than  two  and  a  half  millions  in  1850,  in- 
creased to  9,671,931  in  1860.  This  exceeds  five-sevenths  of 
the  whole  crop  of  the  United  States. 

Tobacco. — Tliis  plant  is  indigenous  to  Central  America, 
and  wjus  cultivated  by  the  aborigines  in  various  parts  of  the 
continent,  previous  to  the  discovery  by  Europeans.  Colum- 
bus found  it  on  the  island  of  Cuba  in  1492,  when  he  was 
invited  by  a  chief  to  take  a  cigar.  Sir  Hicliard  Greenville 
found  it  in  Virginia  in  1585,  when  the  English,  for  the  first 
time,  saw  it  smoked  by  the  natives  in  pipes  made  of  chiy. 
So  early  as,  1610  it  was  extensively  cultivated  iu  Virginia. 
Previous  to  the  war  of  Independence,  nearly  all  Europe 
was  supplied  from  this  country ;  but  at  present  most  of  the 
sovereigns  of  the  Old  World  derive  a  considerable  part  of 
their  revenues  from  the  cultivation  of  tobacco.  According 
to  the  census  of  1840  the  entire  crop  of  the  United  States 
amounted  to 219,163,319 pounds;  of  1850, 199,762,646 pounds; 
and  of  1860,  434,209,461  pounds.  The  following  shows  the 
quantity  of  tobacco  and  suufif  exported  at  different  periods : 


Yeari. 

Raw  Tobacco. 

Manufactured. 

Snuff. 

hhdi. 

lbs. 

Ibi. 

1800 

78,680 

457,713 

41,452 

1810 

84,134 

495,427 

46,&U) 

1S20-1 

66,858 

1,332,949 

44,352 

1S30-1 

86,718 

3,639.836 

27,967 

lS.10-1 

147,828 

7,503,644 

68,553 

1850-1 

95,945 

7,235,538 

Sugar.— TlXie  introduction  of  the  sugar  cane  into  Florida, 
Texas,  and  Louisiana  is  supposed  to  date  back  to  their  earli- 
est settlement  by  the  Spaniards  or  French.  A  perennial  plant, 
very  sensitive  to  cold,  it  is  necessarily  restricted  to  regions 
bordering  on  the  tropics.  On  the  Atlantic  side  of  this  con- 
tinent it  does  not  thrive  beyond  the  33d  degree  of  N.  lati- 
tude, and  the  35th  parallel  S.  In  most  parts  of  Louisiana  the 
cane  yields  three  crops  from  one  planting:  the  first  season 
is  denominated  "  plant  cane,"  and  each  of  the  suiwequent 
growths  "ratoons."     Mithin  the  tropics,  as  iu  the  West 


UM 

Indies  and  elsewhere,  the  ratoons  frequently  conhnne  t« 
yield  abundantly  from  the  same  roots  for  twelve,  fifteen, 
and  even  twenty-four  years.  The  quantity  of  sugar  pro- 
duced on  an  acre  varies  from  500  to  3000  pounds,  averag- 
ing perhaps  from  800  to  1000  pounds.  In  1815  it  was 
estimated  that  the  sugar  made  on  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi alone  amounted  to  10,000,000  pounds.  In  1818,  the 
entire  crop  of  Louisiana  was  only  25,000,000  pounds.  Iu 
1860  it  had  rejiched  the  enormous  quantity  of  221,726.000 
pounds,  besides  13,439,772  gallons  of  molasses.  According 
to  the  census  of  1840,  the  amount  of  cane  and  maple  sugar 
made  in  the  United  States  was  15'4,101,809  pounds,  of  which 
119,947,720  pounds  were  raised  in  Louisiana.  The  census  of 
1860  reports  the  cane  sugar  made  in  the  United  States,  at 
230,982,000  pounds,  besides  14,963,996  gallons  of  molasses ; 
of  maple  sugar,  40,120,205  pounds;  of  maple  molasses, 
1,597,589  gallons;  and  6,749,123  gallons  of  sorghum  mo- 
lasses. It  may  be  interesting  to  state  that,  althou<ih  the 
culture  of  the  sorghum  was  introduced  into  the  United 
States  but  a  short  time  before  the  taking  of  the  last  census, 
we  have  returns  of  sorghum  molasses  from  28  out  of  the  34 
states  reported. 

Butter  and  Cheese. — New  York  is  far  in  advance  of  any  other 
state  in  the  productiveness  of  its  dairies,  which  yield  nearly 
one-fourth  of  all  the  butter,  and  nearly  one-half  of  the 
cheese  iiroduced  in  the  Union.  With  regard  to  the  latter 
article,  Ohio  is  before  all  other  competitors  except  New  York. 
Pennsylvania  makes  58,000,000  pounds  of  butter,  but  pro- 
duces less  cheese  than  several  smaller  states.  The  total 
quantity  of  butter  produced  in  the  United  States,  according 
to  the  census  of  1860,  was  459,681,372  jwunds,  and  of  cheese, 
103,063,927  pounds.  The  following  is  the  quantity  expoi'ted 
at  different  periods  since  1820-1 : — 


Butter. 

Cheese. 

Years. 

Buller. 

Cheese. 

lbs. 

Ibn. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1820-1 

1,069,024 

766,431 

1840-1 

3,7a5,993 

1,748,471 

1830-1 

1,728,212 

1,131,817 

1850-1 

3,994,542 

10,361,189 

In  1863, 42,045,054  pounds  of  cheese  (valued  at  $4,216,804) 
were  exported  from  the  United  Stiites. 

7'lie  Vive. — As  yet  this  is  one  of  the  least  prominent  among 
the  different  objects  of  culture  in  the  United  States.  The 
census  returns  of  1860  give  the  entire  produce  of  wine  in 
the  United  States  at  1,627,242  gallons.  The  states  producing 
the  greatest  amount  are  California,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  In- 
diana, and  North  Carolina.  The  annual  consumption  of 
foreign  wines  in  the  Unitefl  States  averages  only  about  one- 
fourth  of  a  gallon  to  each  person.  This  is  almost  precisely 
the  rate  of  consumption  in  Great  Britain;  but  in  France, 
according  to  official  returns,  thera  is  produced  and  retained 


Productions  of  Agriculture  in  the  United  States  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 1860. — Eighth  Census. 


Hay, 

tons  of. 


Hops, 
pounds 


Tobacjco, 
pounds  of. 


Maple 

Sugar, 

pounds 

of. 


Sugar,        Cane 

hhd^.of  Molassei 

1000     gallons  o: 


Honey, 
pounds 


Butter, 
pounds  of. 


Cheese, 
pounds  of. 


Wine, 
gallous  of. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire    . 

Vermont'.  .  .  . 
Massachusetts  .  . 
Rhode  Island  .  . 
Connecticut .  .  . 
New  York  .  .  . 
New  Jersey.  .  . 
Pennsylvania  .  . 
Delaware  .  .  . 
Maryland  .  .  . 
District  of  Columbi; 
Virginia  .... 
Nnrlh  Carolina  . 
Soult  Carolina  . 
Georgia  .  . 
F|-rid.»  .  .  . 
Alabama  .... 
Mississippi  .  .  < 
Louisiana     .    .    . 

Texas 

Arkansas  .  .  . 
Tennessee  .  .  . 
Kentucky     .    .    . 

Ohio 

Michigan  .  .  . 
Indiana  .... 
Illinois  .... 
Missouri  .... 


California  . 

Oregon     .  . 

Nekrada    .  . 
Nebraska 
Dakota     . 
New  Mexico 

Utah    .    .  . 


I  WattingtoD 
Aggregate 


975,803 

64'i,741 

940,178 

665,.3.'!1 

82,722 

562,42- 

3,564,793 

508,726 

3,245.413 

36.975 

191,744 

3.180 

445,133 

181,365 

87,387 

46,448 

11,478 

62,211 

32,901 

52,721 

11,865 

9,356 

143,499 

158,476 

1,564.502 

768,256 

622,4-26 

1,774,354 

401.070 

813,173 

855,037 

179,482 

56,232 

305,655 

27,986' 

2,213j 

24.43i; 

833 

1,113 

19.235 

4.580 


102.987 

130,428 

638,677 

111,301 

.50 

959 

9,671,931 

3,722 

43,191 


123 

146 

1,581 

S.899 

37.533 

60.602 

27,884 

7,234 

2,265 

2.078 

135,587 

132 

197 


1.583 

18,581 

12.245 

3,233,198 

703 

6.000.1,33 

5.764,582 

149,485 

».1«1,386 

9,699 

38,410,965 

15,200 

123.968,312 

32.853,250 

104.412 

919.318 

828.813 

232,914 

139.141 

39.940 

97.914 

91-9.980 

43,448,097 

108.126.840 

25,092  381 

121.099 

7,993,378 

6,885,262 

23,086,lE-6 

303,168 

87,340 

38,938 

20.349 

3,150 

403 

10 
7,044 


306.742 
2.255.012 

9.897.7«1 
1,006,078 

44.239 

10,816.419 

3.455 

2,767,335 

63,281 

"93'8',i63 

30,845 


3.077 

115.620 

380.941 

3,345.508 

4,051,822 

1.541,761 

134,193 

142.028 

315.4.36 

1,584,431 

370.669 

8,743 


221.726 
3,099 


314.685 

125,142 

213,150 

59  125 

5,261 

62,730 

2,369.751 

185,925 

1,402,128 

66.137 

193,354 

510 

1.431,591 

2,055.969 

526.077 

953,913 

113.520 

47.233 

708.237 

2i>3.481 

594.273 

806,327 

1.519.390 

1.768,692 

1,459,601 

769,282 

1,224,489 

1,346.803 

1,385,983 

917,877 

207,294 

34,283 

16.944 

12,276 

821 


5,843 


5,256 


4,936 

8,794 

3,289 

540 

4,371 

121.020 

8,130 

52,369 

1,993 

6,960 

24 

94.660 

170  495 

40,479 

61.503 

10.899 

100.987 

42,603 

20,970 

28,123 

50,949 

98,892 

68,339 

53.786 

41,632 

34.325 

56,7.30 

79,190 

34.226 

19,854 

1,344 

1.181 

584 

179 


11,687,781 

6.936,764 

15,900,359 

8.297.936 

1,021,767 

7,620  912 

103.097,280 

10,714,447 

58.653,511 

l,430.ii)2 

5,263.295 

18.835 

13,611,328 

4.735,495 

3,177,934 

5.439,765 

408,855 

6,028,478 

5,006,610 

1,444,742 

5,850,583 

4,067,556 

10,017,787 

11,716,609 

48.543,162 

15,.303.482 

18,306.651 

28.052,351 

12,704.837 

11,953,666 

13.611,3(28 

2,957.673 

1,093,497 

3,093,035 

1,000,157 

7,700 

342.541 

2,170 

13,259 

316.046 

153,092 


1.799,862 

2,232.092 

8,215,030 

5,294.090 

161,311 

3,898,411 

48,548,289 

182,172 

2.508,556 

6,579 

8,342 


280,852 

51,119 

1,543 

15,587 

5,280 

15.923 

4,427 

6,150 

275.128 

16.810 

135.575 

190,400 

21,618,893 

1,641,897 

605,''95 

1,848,.557 

259.633 

918,635 

1,104.300 

199,314 

29.045 

1,343,689 

105,379 

12,342 


37,240 
53,331 
12,146 


3,164 

9,401 

2,923 

20,913 

507 

46,783 

61,407 

21,083 

38,621 

683 

S,222 

118 

40,808 

54,064 

24,964 

27,646 

336 

18,207 

7,262 

2,912 

14,199 

1,004 

13,566 

179,948 

668,617 

14,42> 

102,895 

50.690 

27,827 

3,369 

6,278 

412 

583 


8,260 


19,083,896  i6,d91.996:  434,209.461  40,120,-205    230,9821  14,963,996'  23,366,3571  1,322  787;  4,39,681,372  103,663.927'     1,627,241 

1987 


UNI 

for  consnmpti^i  SOO.OOO.OOO  gallons  of  wine,  allowing  25% 
gallons  to  each  person. 

In  the  preceding  Table  is  shown  the  quantities  of  th« 
shove  commodities  produced  in  the  United  States,  as  re- 
turned in  the  census  of  1860. 

tWfOTi.— This  plant,  which  admmisters  so  bountifully 
to  the  wants  of  man,  and  to  the  wealth  and  economy  of 
countries  producing  It,  stands  pre-eminent  in  the  United 
States,  both  as  regards  its  superior  staple  and  the  degree  of 
perfection  it  has  attained.  One  or  more  of  its  species  is 
found  growing  wild  throughout  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  in 
several  countries  adjacent  to  it.  It  has  been  an  important 
object  of  culture  from  time  immemorial.  Columbus  found 
it  used  by  the  American  Indians  of  Cuba  in  1492;  Corti-z 
by  those  of  Me.xico  in  1519 ;  Hzarro  and  .\lmagro  by  the 
Tnfas  of  Peru  in  1532 ;  and  Cabeja  de  Vaca  by  the  natives 
of  Texas  and  California  in  1536. 

The  precise  time  of  its  introduction  as  an  object  of  culture 
by  the  American  colonists  is  not  known.  The  seed  of  the 
Sen  Island  cotton  was  introduced  from  the  Bahama  I.«lands 
about  the  year  1785.  It  was  first  cultivated  on  Skidawny 
I.'land,  near  Savannah,  and  subsequently  on  St.  Simon's 
Island,  at  the  mouth  t^'  the  Altamaha,  and  on  Jekyl  Island, 
Previous  to  1794 — the  year  after  the  invention  of  Whitney's 
saw  gin — the  amount  of  cotton  produced  in  North  America 
W.1S  comparatively  inconsiderable;  but  since  that  period, 
there  is  probably  nothing  recorded  in  the  history  of  industry 
(including  its  manufacture  in  this  country  and  Europe)  that 
would  compare  with  its  subsequent  increa.«e.  The  chief  va- 
rieties cultivated  in  the  United  States  are  the  black  seed,  or 
Sea  Island,  {Gossypiwn  arhoreuin — a  tree  cotton,  indigenous 
to  India.)  known  also  by  the  name  of  "long  staple,"  from 
its  fine,  white,  silky  appearance,  and  long  fibres :  the  green 
seed,  (Gossypium  herhaceum,)  called  "short  staple."  from  its 
shorter,  white  staple,  with  green  seeds,  and  commercially 
known  by  the  name  of  •'  upland  cotton ;"  and  two  kinds  of 
Nankin  or  yellow.  {Gossypium  barbaJense ;)  the  Mexican, 
and  Petit  Gulf.  The  average  yield  is  about  500  pounds  to 
the  acre.  Mississippi  occupies  the  first  place  as  a  cotton- 
planting  state,  having  nearly  trebled  its  proiluution  since 
1850.  In  Tirgiuia  and  North  Carolina  tlie  cotton  crop  is  be- 
coming comparatively  unimportant.  According  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1840,  the  amount  cultivated  in  the  United  States  was 
790,479.275  pounds;  of  1850, 987 ,449,(,00 pounds;  and  of  1860, 
2,154.820,800  pounds,  or  5,387,052  bales.  Mississippi  pro- 
duced in  1860,  1,202,507  bales,  more  than  any  other  state. 

Wool. — Analogous  in  its  uses  to  cotton,  wool  is  destined, 
nndonbtedly,  to  become  a  scarcely  less  important  object  of 
naticnal  industry  than  that  great  staple.  In  no  object  of 
culture  has  there  been  a  more  decided  improvement  during 
the  past  ten  years  than  in  this;  for  while  the  number  of 
theep  in  the  United  States  has  increasetl  but  12  per  cent., 
the  aggregate  weight  of  their  fleeces  has  augmented  46  per 
cent.  In  1840  the  average  weight  of  the  fleece  was  1.84 
pounds;  in  1850  it  had  risen  to  2.43  pounds.  The  greatest 
attention  has  been  paid  to  sheep  breeding  in  Vermont, 
where  especial  efforts  have  been  directed  towanls  obtaining 
a  breed  combining  the  greatest  weight  and  fineness  of  fleece. 
Although  the  number  of  sheep  in  that  state  declined  nearly 
one-half  in  the  period  from  the  sixth  to  the  .seventh  cen.sus, 
the  yield  of  wool  remained  nearly  the  same.  The  average 
weight  of  the  fleece  in  1840  was  2.2  pounds;  in  1850,3.71 
pounds,  the  gain  being  almost  equal  t«  70  per  cent.  In 
Massachusetts  the  weight  of  the  fleece  rose  from  2.5  pounds 
to  3.1.  The  state  of  New  York  produced  226.000  pounds 
more  wool  from  3.453.000  sheep  in  18.50  than  from  5.118.000 
sheep  in  1840,  showiag  that  the  weight  of  the  fleece  had 
increased  from  less  than  two  to  nearly  three  pounds. 

The  total  amount  of  wool  produced  in  the  United  States 
in  1860,  was  60,264,913  pounds.  Ohio  is  the  principal 
wool-growing  state,  having  a  yield  of  10,608,927  pounds- 
next  comes  New  York,  with  9,454,474  ponnds ;  Pennsylvania 
IB  third,  producing  4,752,522  pounds;  Michigan  is  "fourth 
yielding  3.960,888 ;  the  next  in  order  are,Vernioiit,California 
Indianii,  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Missouri,— the  produce  of 
the  other  states  being  comparatively  unimportant.  Ver- 
mont produces  nearly  half  of  the  total  quantity  raised  in  the 
New  England  States,  which  is  only  6.578,0t>4  pounds  The 
product  of  wool  in  the  Pacific  st-.teg  and  territories  shows  an 
extrafirdinary  increase  since  1850,  when  it  was  onlv  77  329 
poiirids.  In  l.S6(),  it  amounted  to  3,489,350  pounds,  o"f  which 
California  produced  2,683,109. 

The  imports  of  wool  into  the  United  States  from  1844  to 
1851,  inclusive,  were  as  follows  :— 


UNI 

Flax  and  Hemp. — During  the  Ia.'t  half  century,  great 
efforts  have  been  made  in  Europe,  and  to  some  extent  of 
late  in  the  United  States,  to  inciea.se  and  improve  the  pro- 
duction and  niauufacture  of  flax  and  hemp.  Formerly  they 
were  considered  as  indispensable  crops  among  our  plantei-s 
and  farmers;  but  their  use  has  in  a  me.isure  been  super- 
seded by  the  cotton  of  the  South.  Common  flax  is  a  native 
of  Bril;un.  where  it  has  been  cultivated  from  time  imme- 
morial. Hemp  is  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  India.  Bi>th 
these  products  are  mentioned  as  growing  in  New  England 
prior  to  1632.  According  to  the  census  of  1S40.  there  were 
rai.-<ed  in  the  United  States  95.251J  tons  of  flax  and  hemp  ; 
of  1850,  35,093  tons  of  hemp,  and  7,715,961  ponnd.s  of  flax; 
of  1860,  74,493  tons  of  hemp,  and  4,720,145  pounds  of  flax. 
The  fibre  of  these  plants  has  never  been  produced  in  this 
country  in  sufficient  abundance  to  form  an  important  articlo 
of  foreign  commerce,  but  flaxseed  was  formerly  shipped  to 
Eui-ope  in  large  quantities. 

Silk. — Silk  appears  to  have  been  first  known  in  Asia, 
where  it  was  called  Surica.  from  the  name  of  the  country 
(probably  China)  in.which  its  use  is  suppfised  to  iiave  been 
discovered.  The  Chinese  claim  to  have  manufactured  H 
2700  years  before  the  Christiau  era.  The  silk  culture  wa.« 
agitated  in  the  Virginia  colony  a.s  early  as  1622 ;  introduced 
into  Louisiana  in  1718;  into  Georgia  in  1732;  and  into  Con- 
necticut in  1760.  Its  introduction  into  the  latter  state  was 
effected  by  Dr.  Aspinwall  of  Mansfield,  who  succeeded  in 
forming  extensive  nurseries  of  the  mullierry  at  New  Haven, 
Long  Island.  Pennsylvania,  and  other  places.  Connecticut 
is  the  only  state  in  the  Union  that  has  continued  the  busi- 
ness without  interruption,  and  has  probably  produced  more 
silk  than  all  the  other  states  together.  Mansfield  is  still 
the  chief  seat  of  the  silk  interest  In  1.844  the  amount 
raised  in  Connecticut  was  176.210  pounds,  and  in  the  United 
States  396.790  pounds.  Accortiing  to  the  census  of  1840.  the 
amount  of  silk  cocoons  produced  in  the  United  States  was 
61,552i  pounds:  of  1850, 10,843  pounds,  from  which  it  would 
appear  that  the  production  of  silk  cocoons  has  decreased 
46,789  pounds  ."iuce  1840,  and  382,027  ).x)unds  since  1S44. 

The  quantities  of  each  of  the  foregoing  objects  of  culture, 
as  returned  by  the  census  of  1860,  are  exliibited  in  the 
subjoined  Table : — 

Productions  of  Agriculture  in  the  United  States,  during  the 
year  ending  June  30,  i860. — Eighth  Census. 


Tear*. 

18U    . 

ISlfl    , 
1M7 


Wool  in  lb>. 
U.OOH.UOO 

,    'is.sa.oio 

le.ai-*,.'!! 
8,4tiO,109 


Tear*. 
IMS 
!)<«» 
1850 
1851 


Wool  in  lbs. 
ll,841.Vi9 
I7.««9,0.'2 
18,fi«).-»l 
32,548,t>93 


aJII  f.??*fi;'^'''-°f  .*^'?  imported  wool  came  from  Buenos 
tin.  ,7      ^  neighboring  states  on  the  Hio  de  la  Plata, 


-  S-^ 

;•  . 

Statei  and  Terri- 

=j"!| 

§•3 

s » 

toriei. 

^i 

h  S 

"  = 

S. 

a 

jfi  i 

c     — 

to 

M.iine 

1,495,060 

50 

2,997 

73 

New  Han)p»hire   . 

1,160,222 

81 

I,W7 

1 

Vermont.     .     .    . 

3,118,950 

7,007 

Massichusetti  .     . 

377,267 

163 

Rhode  Island     .     . 

90,699 

Connecticut.     .     . 

333.896 

3 

1,187 

18 

New  York    .    .    . 

9,454,474 

3 

1,518,025 

239 

New*  Jersey.     .    . 

&19,250 

430 

48.651 

Pennsylvania    .     . 

4,752,522 

46 

312,368 

163 

Delaware      .     .     . 

50,201 

8,112 

Maryland      .     .     . 

491,511 

272 

14,481 

3 

District  of  Columbia 

too 

Virginia  .... 

12,727 

2,510,019 

is 

4«7.868 

ZJ5 

North  Carolina     . 

145,514 

883,473 

216,490 

338 

South  Carolina     . 

333,412 

427,102 

1 

344 

20 

Georfia   .... 

701,840 

946,227 

31 

3,303 

72 

Florida     .... 

65,153 

59,171 

1 

Alabama  .... 

989,995 

775,117 

111 

315 

Mississippi   .     .    . 

1,202.507 

663,959 

£0 

10 

Louisiana     .    .     . 

777,738 

290,817 

i 

Texas 

431,463 

1,493,738 

179 

iis 

27 

Arkansas     .     .     . 

367,393 

410.382 

447 

3.821 

5 

Tennessee    .     .     . 

296,461 

1,403,236 

2,243 

16),291 

71 

Kentucky     .     .     . 

2.329,105 

39.409 

72.- iM 

340 

Ohio    ..... 

10  (-'-.' 2- 

882.423 

7,394 

Michigan      .     .     . 

r 

4,128 

12 

Indiana    .... 

97,119 

575 

Illinois     .... 

1  1 

48.233 

1,5451 

Missouri.     .    .     . 

41,1-- 

_     ^ 

109.  "-37 

127 

Iowa 

M.IJ.-OS 

G>1 

30.226 

124 

Wisconsin    .    .    . 

1,011.933 

356 

21,614 

15 1 

Minnesota    .     .     . 

20.388 

109 

1,983 

62 

Kansas     .... 

61 

24,746 

44 

1.135 

40 

California     .     .     . 

2,683,109 

Oregon     .     .     .     , 

219.012 

162 

Nerada     .... 

330 

Nebraska      .     .     . 

3,302 

9 

120 

Diknta     .... 

New  Mexico    .     . 

19 

492,645 

TJlah 

136 

74,765 

114 

4,343 

Washington      .     , 
Aggregate.     . 

19,819 

5,387,032 

60,261,913 

74,493 

4,720,145 

11,944 

Fanning  Implements. — In  no  muntry  of  the  world  has 
such  an  amount  of  ingenuity  been  exercised  in  the  produc- 
tion of  labor-saving  machinery  as  in  the  United  States,  and 
nowhere  has  it  been  so  successfully  applied  to  the  common- 
est operations  of  agriculture.  According  to  the  census  of 
1850.  $151,569,675  were  invested  in  implements  and  ma- 
chines for  aiding  and  abridging  the  work  or  the  hands  in 


UNI 

cuUirating  the  earth,  and  in  preparinf;  its  produce  for 
C'liMiinptiou.  Of  this  amount  Now  York  had  iMvest<Kl 
$J;i.us4.y26:  Pennsylvania.  JU.T'i-i.-i+l ;  Ohio.  .?1-2.7.'>0..')R5  ; 
Louisiana,  §11.576.938,  (probably  the  gre.itfr  part  lipinfrin 
machinery  for  crushing  pugar  cane:)  Virsrinia,  $7,021,772; 
Indiana,  $6,70-t.4M;  Illinois,  $6.4iJ5,561 ;  and  Georgia. 
$5,894,150. 

Domestic  Animals.— For  the  sake  of  convenience  it  may 
be  proper  to  treat  of  these  under  four  principal  heads. 

Hirrses,  Asses,  ami  Mules. — The  number  of  horses  in  the 
United  States  in  1850,  was  4,3;^6,719;  in  18eO,  it  amounted 
to  6,249,174.  Ohio  had  more  horses  than  any  other  state, 
viz.:  625,346;  Illinois,  which  was  next  in  order,  had  563,736; 
Indiana  was  the  third,  having  520.677;  Kew  York  was  the 
fourth,  having  603,725;  Pennsylvania  came  next,  with 
437,6.54.;  then  follow  iu  order,  Missouri,  Kentucky,  Texas, 
Tennessee  and  Virginia.  Vermont  liad  more  horses  th.an 
any  other  New  England  State,  viz,.:  69,071.  There  were 
more  horses  in  the  Pacific  States,  in  proportion  to  the  popu- 
lation, than  in  any  other  section. 

The  number  of  asses  and  mules  in  the  Union  in  1850,  was 
5.59,:$31;  and  1,151,148  iu  1860;  of  these,  Tennessee  had 
(1M60),  126,345,  (more  than  any  other  state);  Kentucky  had 
117,634;  Alabama,  111,687;  Mississippi,  110,723;  Georgia, 
lO:,  069;  and  Missouri,  80,941. 

fforned  Cattle. — Under  the  general  term  "neat  cattle" 
were  embraced,  in  the  census  of  1840,  the  three  descriptions 
of  animals  designated  in  that  of  1850  as  milch  cows,  work- 
ing oxen,  and  other  cattle.  The  aggregate  of  the  three 
chiases  in  1840  was  14,971,586;  in  1850,  18,3.55,287  ;  showing 
an  increase  between  the  two  periods  of  3,383,701,  or  about 
20  per  cent.;  in  1860,  2.5,61  fi,0 19.  They  appe.-ir  to  be  dis- 
tributed pretty  equally  over  the  Union.  The  states  contain- 
ing the  greatest  number  were  (in  the  order  named)  New 
York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  Illinois.  Among 
the  various  races  of  cattle,  a  preference  is  given,  when  a 
strict  regard  is  paid  to  breeding,  to  the  Durh.ams  or  short- 
horns, the  Ilerefords,  the  Ayrshires,  and  the  Dovoiis.  The 
Darhams.  from  their  nipid  growth  and  early  maturity,  are 
adripted  only  to  the  richest  pastures  of  the  Northern,  Middle, 
and  Western  States.  The  cows,  when  judiciously  crossed  with 
other  breeds,  are  regarded  as  the  best  milkers.  The  Ilere- 
fonls,on  the  contrary,  are  better  adapted  to  poororiudifter- 
ent  piistures,  and  regions  subject  to  contiinied  drought; 
and  lor  this  reason  they  are  well  suited  for  California,  New 
Mexico,  Texas,  and  other  parts  of  the  South.  The  oxen  are 


UNI 

good  in  the  yoke,  and  the  cows,  when  properly  fed,  give  ai 
abuiulanceof  milk.  The  De.vnns  are  beautifully  formed,  poa 
sess  good  tempers,  and  make  the  l)e8t  teams.  The  cows  ar» 
fair  milkers,  and  their  flesh  very  good  beef.  They  also  possesi 
great  aptitude  for  taking  on  fat.  Of  milch  cows.  New  York 
had  the  greatest  number,  viz.:  1,123,634;  Ohio  was  next, 
having  676,585:  I'entisylvania  came  third,  with  673,.547 ; 
then  Texas,  with  601,540;  then  Illinois,  h.aving  622,6;J4.  Of 
working  oxen,  Texas  had  the  l.irgest  number,  viz.:  172,492; 
next  came  Missouri,  with  166.688;  then  New  York,  with 
121,703.  Of  other  cattle,  Texas  had  more  than  twice  aa 
many  a£  any  other  state,  viz.:  2,761,736. 

Sheep. — There  was  an  increase  in  the  total  number  of 
sheep  in  the  United  States,  during  the  ten  years  ending 
June  1,  1850,  of  2.309.108.  In  New  f^ngland.  however,  and 
in  the  five  Atlantic  States — New  York.  New  Jersey.  I'enn- 
sylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland — there  was  a  remarkable 
decline.  In  New  Kngland  the  number  decrea-sed  fi-om 
3,811,307  in  1840  to  2,164.450  in  1850.  or  about  45  per  cent., 
and  in  the  states  named,  from  7,402.851  to  5.641.391,  or  aljr.ut 
22g  per  cent  In  Pennsylvania,  however,  there  was  a  gain 
of  165.000  sheep.  \Vhile,'as  it  will  be  seen  that  the  diminu- 
tion in  the  alxjve  state.*  was  3.408,00<t.  there  was  an  increase 
in  those  S.  of  .Maryland  and  W .  of  New  York,  of  6,717.608. 
Ohio  has  gained  the  most  largely,  having  returned,  in  1840, 
2,028,401,  and  in  1860,  3.942,929;  an  increa.se  of  1,914.528, 
or  nearly  100  per  cent.  The  number  of  sheep  returned  from 
New  Mexico  in  1860  was  ^30,116,  or  more  than  6  to  each  in- 
habitant, proving  the  soil  and  climate  of  that  territoi'V  to 
be  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  this  kind  of  stock.  The 
kinds  of  sheep  most  sought  for  are  the  pure-blooded  Meri- 
noes,  the  Saxons,  the  Cotswolds,  the  Leicest<-rshires.  the 
Oxford.shires,  and  the  South  Downs.  The  last-named  are 
especially  esteemed  for  their  flesh,  but  their  wool  is  consi- 
dered inferior  to  the  others  mentioned. 

The  total  number  of  sheep  in  the  United  States,  according 
to  the  census  of  1840,  was  19,412,904;  of  1860,  21,721,812; 
of  1860,22,471,275. 

Swine. — The  whole  number  of  swine  in  the  United  States, 
as  shown  by  the  census  of  1^60,  Wiis  30,316,608;  in  1*60,  it 
amounted  to  33,512,867.  Indiana  returned  tlie  largest  num- 
ber, after  which  came  Illinois,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Ohio. 

The  annexed  Table  exhibits  the  number  of  acres  of  im- 
proved and  unimproved  land,  also  the  number  and  value 
of  tiie  live  stock  in  each  state  iu  the  Union. 


Area,  Products,  Live  Stock,  &c. — Eighth  Census. 


Acres  of  Land  in 

Farms. 

Live  Stock 

Stitei  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Value  of 
Live  Stock. 

Improved. 

Unim- 

Asses and 

Milch 

Working 
Oxen. 

Other 

Swine. 

proved. 

Horiei. 

Mules. 

Cows. 

Catlle. 

Sheep. 

Maine     .... 

2.704,133 

3,023,538 

60,637 

104 

147,314 

79,792 

149.S27 

452,472 

54,783 

$15,437,533 

New  Hampthire. 

2,367,034 

1,377,.591 

41,101 

10 

94,880 

51,512 

118,075 

310,534 

81.P35 

10,924,627 

Vermont      .     .     . 

2.823,157 

1,451.257 

69,071 

43 

174,667 

42,639 

153,144 

752,201 

52.912 

16,24 1,S89 

Ma8sacliu«ett«     . 

2,155,512 

1,183,212 

47,786 

lOS 

144,492 

38,221 

97,201 

114,829 

73,948 

12.737,744 

Rhode  Island  .     . 

335,128 

1S«.096 

7,121 

10 

19,700 

7,857 

11,548 

32,624 

17,478 

2,042,014 

Connecticut     .     . 

1,830,807 

673.457 

33.276 

82 

98.877 

47,939 

95,091 

117,107 

75,120 

11,311.079 

New  Vork  .     .     . 

14,358,403 

6,616,555 

605,725 

1,553 

1,123,634 

121,703 

727,837 

2,617,855 

910,178 

103.856,2961 

New  Jersey    .    . 

1.944,441 

1,039,084 

79.707 

6,362 

138,818 

10.067 

89,909 

135,228 

236,089 

16,131,653 

Pennsylvania .     . 

10,463,296 

6,548.844 

437.654 

8.832 

673..547 

60.371 

683,575 

1,631,540 

1,031,266 

69,672,726 

Delaware  .     .     . 

637,065 

367,230 

16.562 

2.294 

22.595 

9,530 

25,596 

18,8.57 

47,818 

3,144,706 

.Maryland    .     .     . 

3,002,267 

1,833,304 

93,406 

9,829 

99,463 

34,524 

119,254 

165,765 

387,756 

14,667,853 

District  of  Columbia 

17,474 

16,789 

641 

122 

639 

69 

198 

40 

1,099 

109,040 

Virginia      .     .     . 

11,437,821 

19,679.215 

287.579 

41,015 

330,713 

97,872 

615,882 

1,043.269 

1,599,919 

47,803.049 

North  Carolina   . 

6,517,284 

17.245,685 

150,661 

51,388 

K8,623 

48,511 

416,676 

546,749 

1,883,214 

31,130,805 

South  Carolina    . 

4,572.060 

11,6-23,859 

81,125 

56.456 

163,938 

22,629 

320,209 

233,509 

965,779 

23,934.465 

Georgia.     .    .     . 

8,062.758 

18.587.732 

130,771 

101.069 

299,688 

74,487 

631,707 

512,618 

2,036,116 

38,372.734 

Florida  .... 

654.213 

2,266.015 

13,446 

10.910 

92,974 

7.361 

287,725 

30,158 

271,742 

5,553,356 

Alabama     .     .    . 

6,385,724 

12,718.821 

127.063 

111,687 

230,.537 

88,316 

4.54,543 

370,156 

1,748,321 

43,411,711 

Mississippi.    .    . 

5.065,755 

10.773.929 

117,571 

110,723 

207,646 

103.603 

416,660 

a52.632 

1,532,768 

41,891,692 

Louisiana   .     .     . 

2.707.108 

6,591.468 

78,703 

91,762 

129,662 

60.358 

326,787 

181,253 

634,325 

24.546,940 

lexas     .... 

2,650,781 

22.693,247 

325.698 

83,334 

601,540 

172.492 

2,761,736 

7.53,363 

l,37l,.532 

42,825,447 

Arkansas    .     .     . 

1,983,313 

7.590,393 

140, 198 

57.338 

171,003 

76,707 

318,089 

202,733 

1,171,630 

22,096,977 

Tennessee  .     .     . 

6,795,337 

13,873.828 

290,882 

126.315 

249.514 

102.158 

413,060 

773,317 

2.347,321 

60,211,425 

Kentucky  .    .    . 

7,644.208 

11,519,053 

355,704 

117,634 

269.215 

108,999 

457.S45 

938,990 

2,330,.595 

61,868.237 

(Ihio 

12,625,394 

7,846,747 

625,346 

7,194 

676.585 

63,078 

895,077 

3,546,767 

2,251.653 

80,36-1,819 

Michigan    .     .    . 

3,476.296 

3,554,538 

136,917 

330 

179.543 

61,686 

238,615 

1,271,743 

372,386 

23,714,771 

Indiana  .... 

8.242, 183 

■8,146,109 

520,677 

28.893 

363.553 

117.687 

688, 144 

991,175 

3,099,110 

41.855,539 

Illinois  .... 

13,096,374 

7,815,615 

563,736 

38.539 

522.634 

90,380 

970,799 

769,135 

2,502,308 

72,.50 1,225 

Missouri     .     .    . 

6.216.871 

13,737.939 

361,874 

80.941 

34.5.243 

166.588 

6.57,153 

937,445 

2,354,425 

63.693,673 

lowa 

3.792,792 

6,277.115 

17.5,088 

5.734 

189,802 

56.964 

293,322 

259,041 

934,820 

22,476.293 

Wisconsin.     .     . 

3,746. 167 

4.147,420 

116,180 

1.030 

203,001 

93.652 

225.207 

332,954 

334,0.55 

17,807,375 

Minnesota.     .    . 

556.2.0 

2,155.718 

17,065 

377 

40,344 

27.568 

51,345 

13,044 

101,371 

3,642.841 

Kansas  .... 

405.468 

1.372,932 

20.344 

1.496 

28.350 

21.551 

43,354 

17,569 

138,224 

3,332,4.50 

California   .    .     . 

2,468,034 

6,262,000 

160.610 

3.681 

205.407 

26,004 

948.371 

1,068,002 

456,396 

85,585,017 

Oregon  .... 

896.414 

1,164,125 

36.772 

980 

63,170 

7,469 

93,492 

86,052 

81,615 

5,946,2551 

Nevada.     .     .     . 

14. 132 

41,986 

541 

134 

947 

620 

3,904 

376 

3,571 

17'r,&18i 

Nebraska    .     .     . 

118.789 

512,425 

4,449 

469 

6,995 

12,594 

17,608 

2,355 

25,369 

1,128,7-1! 

Dakota  .... 

2.115 

24.333 

84 

19 

2S6 

348 

167 

193 

287 

39,116; 

New  Mexico  .    . 

149.274 

1,265.635 

10.066 

11,291 

a4.369 

25,266 

29.094 

830,116 

10,313 

4.499.746] 

Utah 

77.219 

12,692 

4„565 

851 

11,967 

9,168 

12.959 

37,332' 

6,707 

1  516,707 

Washington    .    . 
Assragate    .     . 

81,869 

284,287 

4,772 

1.59 

9,660 

2,671 

16,228 

10,157 

6,383 

l,r<J9,911 
ei,089,329,91- 

163,110,720 

244,101,818 

6,249,174 

1,151,148 

8,581,735 

2,254,911 

14,779.373 

22,471,275 

33,512,867 

Firest  Tree.i. — No  country  on  the  globe  can  boast  of  so  !  we  meet  with  the  various  speciesof  oak,  including  the  white 
many  species  of  noble  forest  trees  as  are  found  within  the  j  and  black  oak,  the  chestnut  oak.  the  live  oak,  and  post  oak ; 
territory  of  the  United  States.  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  j  the  white  and  yellow  pine,  the  former  sometimes  attaining  a 

1989 


UNI 

height  ij  (wer  2iX)  feet ;  the  chestnut ;  the  black  walnut :  the 
tulip  tree  or  poplar  ,one  of  the  noblest  in  the  American  fortwts, 
not  nnfrequently  attaining  a  height  of  from  120  to  130  fi'it, 
with  a  diameter' of  from  5  to  7  or  8  feet ;  the  different  kinds 
of  maple,  among  which  is  the  sugar  maple,  from  the  sap  of 
which  is  obtained,  by  boiling,  a  sugar  of  peculiar  character 
and  most  delicious  taste ;  the  elm,  one  species  of  which,  (the 
ulmus  Arnericoiia )  Michaux  regarded  as  the  most  magnifi- 
cent free  of  the  American  ^ylva;  the  magnolia,  which,  when 
in  flower,  gives  to  the  forests  of  the  South  the  appearance 
of  a  gigantic  and  riagiiificent  flower  garden ;  the  red  cedar, 
remaikal'ie  for  its  durability;  the  huge  cyprecs,  growing 
in  the  swumpy  and  low  land?  of  the  Southern  States. 

The  forests  of  California  and  Oregon  surpass  those  of  every 
other  region  in  the  prodigious  magnitude  of  their  trees. 
The  red-wood  (a  species  of  cypress)  of  California,  is  sometimes 
found  30  and  nften  20  feet  in  diameter,  and  of  a  proportionate 
height.  The  pine  trees  growing  on  the  mountain  slopes  of 
Oregon  are  said  not  nnfrequently  to  attain  a  height  of  near 
300  feet,  with  diameters  varying  from  8  to  20  feet.  For  a 
more  particular  enumeration  of  the  different  trees,  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  articles  on  the  several  states. 

Wild  Animals. — These  comprise  the  moose  and  caribou 
or  reindeer,  (rare,')  the  black  bear,  panther,  deer,  wolf, 
and  wildcat  in  the  N. ;  grizzly  bear.  Rocky  Mountain  goat, 
sheep,  and  antelope  on  the  slopes  of  the  liocky  Mountiiins; 
buffalo,  (once  general  on  the  plains  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
now  W.  of  the  Mi-ssissippi,)  prairie-dog,  (a  burrowing  animal.) 
fox, beaver,  muskrat,  marmot,  squirrel,  rabbit,  weiisel.  skunk, 
opossum,  racoon,  and  wolverine.    Among  birds  there  are 


UNI 

turkey-buzzards,  golden  and  bald  eagle,  black  vulture,  wild 
turkey,  grjuse,  canvassb.iek  and  other  wild  duck.'.  flamingiH-s,, 
cranes,  .spoonbills,  pheas.int.s,  partridges  or  quiiils,  hawks, 
owls,  pelicans,  &c.  Among  reptiles,  alligators,  (in  the  South.) 
rattlesnakes  and  various  other  snakes,  salamanders,  tor- 
toi.«es,  lizanls,  Ac.  Among  fish,  the  shark,  codfish,  salmon, 
salmon  trout,  whitefish.  (the  latter  two  in  the  great  lakes,) 
mackerel,  shad,  herring,  halibut,  sheepshead.  trout,  rock- 
fish,  bass,  maskelonge,  ^c;  and  among  shellfish,  oysters, 
clams,  crabs,  lobsters,  terrapins,  and  turtles.  In  the  zoo- 
logical department,  of  those  peculiar  to  America,  are.  the 
moose,  grizzly  bear,  liocky  Mountain  goat  and  sheep,  bison, 
prairie  dog,  wild  turkey,  canvassback  duck,  rattlesnake, 
salmon  trout,  white-fish,  shad,  and  terrapin. 

ilanufaclures. — Manufactures,  in  this  country,  compared 
with  the  other  two  great  divisions  of  industrial  employment, 
viz.,  agriculture  and  commerce,  are  fast  taking  the  relative 
stand  they  occupy  in  Europe.  According  to  the  census, 
there  were  in  the  United  States,  in  18G0,  140,43:i  establish- 
ments, producing  more  than  $500  each,  engaged  in  niauu- 
faclures,  mining,  and  the  mechanic  art8,.cniidoying  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $1.0u9,i-5o,715,  and  l,040,34t»  male  and 
'270,897  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material  woilh 
$1,031,005.09-2,  and  producing  manufactured  articles  valued 
at  f  1,885,861 ,67 6. 

In  the  subjoined  Table  are  exhibited  the  number  of  est*. 
bli.shments  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  ^1(0  and  up- 
wards, number  of  hands  employed,  raw  material  consumed, 
and  the  value  of  articles  piixiuoed  in  each  state  and  territory 
of  the  Union,  as  returned  in  the  census  of  1860. 


Product  of  Manufactures,  Mining,  and  the  Mechanic  Arts, — 1860. 


States  ind  Territories. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire  .  . 
Vermont  .  .  .  . 
Massachusetts  .  , 
Rhode  Islaod  .  .  . 
Connecticut  .  .  . 
New  York  ,  . 
New  Jersey  .  .  . 
Pennsylvauia  .  ,  , 
Delaware  .  .  . 
Maryland  .  .  .  , 
District  of  Columbia' 

Virginia 

North  Carolina  .  . 
South  Carolina    .    , 

Georeia 

Florida 

Alabama  .  .  .  . 
Mississippi .  .  .  , 
Louisiana    .    .    .     , 

Texas 

Arkansas    .     .    .    . 

Tennessee  .     .     .     , 
KenluckT    .    .    .    . 

Ohio   ...... 

Michi/ran    .    .    .     . 

Indiana  

Illinois 

Missouri  •  .  .  . 
Iowa.  .  .  ,  ,  , 
Wisconsin  .  .  .  . 
Minnesota  ,  .  .  . 
Kansas  .  .  ,  .  . 
California   ,    .    .    . 

Oregon 

Nebraska ,  .  •  .  , 
New  Mexico   .    ,     . 

Utah 

Washington     .    ,    . 


Aggregate     .    . 


3,810 

»22,144.0ao 

2,592 

23,274.094 

\,>m 

9,498.617 

8,176 

132,792.327 

1.191 

24,278.295 

S,019 

45,390,430 

22,624 

172,S»3,6,i2 

<,17$ 

40,521,048 

S2,363 

190.035,904 

615 

5.452.887 

3,0!S3 

23  KW.eOS 

^iS 

2.905,865 

5.385 

26.935,560 

3,6S9 

9.693.703 

1,230 

6.931.756 

1,890 

10.890.875 

185 

1.874.125 

1,459 

9.098  181 

976 

4,384.492 

7,151,172 

983 

3,272,430 

1.316,610 

14.426,261 

3,450 

20,2-*.579 

57.295.303 

3,448 

23,808,226 

5,3-23 

18,451,121 

4,268 

27,348,563 

20,03J,220 

7,2-;7, 130 

s.oei 

15,831,581 

2,388,310 

344 

1.0»t.935 

8,468 

22.043,096 

309 

1,337,238 

2,oos.3y) 

4«..'i56 
1,296,200 


»l,009,855,715 


$21,553,066 

20.539.857 

7.608,858 

135,0,33,721 

19.858.515 

40.909.090 

214.813.061 

41.429,100 

153  477,698 

6,028.918 

».494,007 

28»1.1S5 

30  840,531 

10,203^28 

5,198.881 

9,986.532 

874.506 

5.489.963 

3.I4C.636 

6,738,486 

3,367.372 

1,280,503 

9.416.514 

22.295,759 

69,800,270 

17.635,611 

27.142,597 

35,558,782 

23,»I9,»4I 

8,612,259 

I7,137,.'!34 

1.904.070 

1.444,973 

27.051.671 

1,431,932 

237,215 

367.892 

439.312 

502,021 


Hands  employed. 


Male. 


24,827 
18.379 
8.563 
146,268 
20,793 
44.002 
176.885 
43.198 
182.593 
5.463 
21.630 
2,653 
S2.606 
12.101 
6.096 
9.492 
2,297 
6,792 
4,732 
7,873 

3.,^w 

1,831 
11,582 
19,587 
63,749 
22,144 
20,563 
22,489 
18.628 

6.142 
14,61 1 

2,104 

1.700 

49,169 

968 

334 

1,044 
390 


1,010,349 


^saSn  ^n^^V^''^-  ^^^  '*"*'«  ""^^  rao^t  extensively 
engaged  m  niiinufacturing  are  New  York    I'ennsvlvnni.f 

^nStSin'ih'  r -^""'r"™*-  «h'-5e  i"lan» 
rreona  emn^LJS  -^  ^'"°"'  ''*«  *'»^  greatest  number  of 
IH.rsons  employed  in  manulactiires  in  proportion  to  its  dodu 
Ution ;  and  Connecticut  stands  next.  ^^ 

and  i^n^^T^ ??i' ''*'*P!f  '"?""*■'«=»»'•««  «re cottons.wooUens 

lively  retent  origin,  the  fimwi  f.  «**'^«'-e  "f  9on„^.ra- 
e6tablishedonlySout30v.^l-.  *'  *'i''""?  '""'nj;  been 
«us  of  1860,  wwUen  Eool*  wJr^^  According  to  the  cei,- 
but  to  a  considerate  «^nTn^.  "!»""f"Pt'"-ed  in  24  statel. 
(nearly  onc^thTrd''';  fhe  w  .^  H'  Xe'w  Wk^T^'^'T"^' 

Pem.sylvania  Rhode  Island.'l'dN-e^HHSsh^""''"'''"'' 
The  a„,.,n^t  of  capital  invested  in  1860.  ^^^^"I^.ise  954- 


9.792 

13,961 

1,934 

71,153 

11.695 

20.487 

53  227 

12.829 

39,539 

956 

6,773 

495 

S..368 

2,113 

898 

2,083 

157 

1,097 

203 

916 

111 

46 

946 

1.671 

9.853 

1,016 

732 


(8.368,691 

8,110,561 

3.004.986 

66.!)60,913 

8,760,125 

19,026,196 

63.J46.739 

16,277.337 

60,369,163 

1,905.754 

7,190.672 

1.139,154 

8,544,117 

2,689,441 

1,380,027 

2,9-25,148 

619,840 

2,13-2,9«0 

1.6!.«.320 

3,683.679 

1,162,756 

.551,240 

8,370,687 

6,020,082 

22.302.989 

6.735.047 

6.318.335 

7.637,9-21 

6.669,916 

1,92-2.417 

4,268,708 

7IZ214 

8«0,316 

28,432, -JS? 

633.256 

103.332 

341.306 

231,701 

453,601 


Annual  value  of 
products. 


1378,878,966 


»38,193.2i4 

37,586,453 
14,637,807 
255,345,922 
40,711,296 
81,924,553 
•T78.870.939 
76,306,104 
:290.121.1S8 

9.892.90-2 
41,735.157 

5.412.102 
50,652, 124 
16,678,696 

8,615,195 
16.925,564 

2,447,969 
10,588,566 

6,590.687 
15,587,473 

6,577,202 

2.880,378 
17,997,223 
37,931,240 
121.691,148 
32.6.58.356 
42.803.469 
57,5(«,8S6 
41,782.731 
13.971,325 
27.849,467 

3,373,172 

4,357,408 
68,-253,-228 

2,976,761 
607,3-28 

1,249,123 
900,153 

1,406,921 


tl,SS5,861,678 


numl)er  of  establishments  In  operation,  1.227;  hands  em- 
ployeil,  24,471  males  and  16,126  females,  who  consumed  raw 
material  worth  $35,652,701.  The  anniuU  value  of  the  pro- 
duct was  S60,6S5,190. 

Inm  Manufactures. — The  iron  manufactures,  including 
pig,  ca.st,and  wrought  iron,  next  to  those  of  cotton,  are  the 
most  important  in  the  Uniti-d  States.  In  1860,  they  emploved 
a  capital  of  $74.579,6i-.7,  and  68,108  hands,  who  consumed  raw 
materiiU  worth  $50,218,t48,  in  the  production  of  pig-iron,  cast- 
inj^,  bar-iron,  forged  iron,  Ac, valued  sit $96,450,744,  A  capital 
ot  $24,368,243  was  invested  in  the  manufacture  of 'roii-cist- 
>"f?s,  yielding  an  annual  prwluct  of  $36,638,073 ;  $iK?,343.Cr3 
was  invested  in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  wrougrht,  roll'il, 
Ac,  producing  $36..5.37 ,259 :  824,672,824  was  in  vetted  in  the 
manufacture  of  pig-iron,  prodficing  1-20,870,120  yearly.  In 
1860,  908,300  tons  of  iron  ore  were  mined  in  tlte  UkLvI 
States.  Of  this  amount,  more  than  half,  \iz. :  50<i,100  tons 
were  mined  in  Pennsylvania  alone.  The  next  greatest 
amount  (130,000)  w.is  obtained  in  Michigan,  Of  the  987.559 
tons  of  pig-iron  manufactured  in  the  United  States,  Penn- 
sylvania produced  considerably  more  than  half,  viz. :  580.049 
tons.    Ohio,  the  second  state  iu  this  respect,  fvrod  iced  only 


UNI 


UNI 


117,754  tons.  Tliere  worn  also  mantifartured,  509,084  tnns 
of  bar,  sliet't  and  riiilruiid  iron,  of  which  iiinount  I'einnyl- 
Viiiiia  produced  26ti.i^3  tons.  In  l^&i  it  is  estimated  that 
142,000  car-wheels  were  made  in  the  United  States,  and  that 
Pennsylvania  produced  4.5.0)0;  New  York  and  Delaware, 
each,  30,000;  and  New  .lei-sey,  18,000.  It  is  estimated  that 
470  (or  upwards)  locomotives  were  made  in  1n60,  Pennsyl- 
vaHia  producing  172,  and  New  Jersey,  166.  According  to 
the  census  of  1860.  111,363  sewing-machines  were  made  in 
that  year.  New  York  manufactured  24,230;  Connecticut, 
24,046;  Massachusetts,  21,700;  and  Pennsylvania,  12,S00. 

The  almost  entire  substitution  of  stoves,  grates,  and 
ran^e^  for  the  common  fire-place,  the  unexampled  extent 
to  which  machinery  is  applied  to  the  various  operations  of 
labor,  its  substitution  for  horso-power  in  laud-c.;irrlage,  and 
for  wind  in  river,  lake,  and  oce.an  navigation,  have  combino<l 
with  numerous  other  causes  to  render  the  iron  manufacture 
of  the  United  States  more  InifKjrtant  than  in  any  other 
country  in  the  world  except  Kngland.  Besides  supplying 
the  home  demand,  locomotives,  steam-engines,  machinery, 
and  numerous  other  articles  are  extensively  exported,  'flio 
principal  seats  of.  tlie  iron  manufacture  are  Philadelphia. 
Pittsburg,  Cincinnati,  New  York,  Boston,  Baltimore,  and 
St.  Louis. 

The  manufjicture  of  boots  and  shoes  employs  a  larger 
number  of  hands  than  any  other  branch  of  American  in- 
dustry, except  agriculture,  and  more  than  one-twelfth 
of  all  the  operatives  engaged  in  manufactures.  There 
were  in  the  United  .^tites  in  1860,  12,487  establishments  en- 
gaged in  tliis  manufacture,  having  a  capital  of  $23,358,527, 
consiuning  raw  material  worth  $42,729,640,  and  employing 
94,515  miUo  and  28,514  female  hands,  and  yielding  an  annual 
profluct  vi-.lued  at  $9I,891,49S.  Of  the  States,  Massachusetts 
Wius  by  fiir  the  most  extensively  engaged  in  this  business, 
with  a  CJipital  of  $9,010,977,  and  producing  goods  valued 
at  $16,230,.529 ;  New  York  w.xs  second,  having  a  capital  of 
$.3,298,.3i3,  and  producing  goods  worth  $10,925,173;  Penn- 
sylvania was  third,  with  a  capital  of  $:j,038.17i>,  and  an  annual 
product  worth  $8,474,127  ;  Ohio  was  fourth,  having  a  capital 
of  $1,199,231,  producing  goods  to  the  value  of  $3,662,831. 

TlKsre  were  also  399  salt  works  in  12  states,  employing  a 
capital  of  $3,692,215  and  2213  hands,  producing  12,717,200 
bushels  of  salt,  valued  at  $2,289,504.  New  York  produced 
aliout  59  per  cent. (7,521,335  bushels)  of  all  the  salt  manu- 
factured in  the  United  States.  Next  to  New  York,  the  largest 
prodiict  of  salt  was  in  Virginia  (now  West  Virginia),  viz.: 
2,076,.'iT3  bushels.  The  next  in  order  is  Oliio,  having  a  pro- 
duct of  1.743,200  bushels.  Pennsylvania,  the  fourth,  maau- 
factiu-od  1,011,800  bushels. 

There  were  in  1860,  5040  estiiblishments  for  the  manu- 
facture of  leathor( exclusive  of  the  manufactories  of  morocco 
and  patent  leather),  employing  a  capital  of  $35,655,370,  and 
22,622  male  and  57  female  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $  14.520,737 ,and  yielding  an  annual  product  valued 
at  $H7, 306,452. 

In  the  subjoined  Table  is  exhibited  the  number  aiid  class 
of  vassels  built  in  the  Unitetl  States  at  different  periods,  and 
their  tonnage;  compared  with  that  of  vessels  built  in  the 
United  Kingdoms  the  .same  years : 


=  s 

t 

a 

a 
x«2 

E 

it 

t-  6 

a| 

E 

Is 

"u 

J3 

III 

i> 

i^i 

>■ 

186 

■y: 

CO 

to 

£-  o 
I3U 

H 

sSt- 

1815 

224 

681 

274 

154,624 

1820 

21 

60 

31)1 

152 

534 

47,784 

18.'5 
18;w 
ISIa 

56 

•i5 
25 

197 
56 
50 

.5:19 
403 
301 

168 

lis 
too 

35 
37 
30 

994 
637 
507 

114,i»97 
58.094 
46.2:19 

1840 

37 

109 

378 

224 

64 

872 

118.309 

211.289 

18« 

124 

87 

822 

342 

16:1 

lo:S8 

146,018 

123,230 

lK.iO 

247 

117 

547 

290 

1.59 

i:jt» 

272,219 

133,686 

1851 

211 

65 

522 

326 

233 

1367 

298.204 

149,6,37 

ln.il 

255 

79 

684 

267 

259 

1444 

351,493 

167,491 

ims 

269 

95 

681 

394 

271 

1710 

425,572 

203,171 

m'>4 

334 

112 

661 

386 

281 

1774 

5:i5.til6 

1863 

97 

34 

21i 

1113 

367 

1823 

310,884 

Since  the  year  1855  there  has  been  a  decline,  generally 
gradual,  up  to  1862,  inclusive.  From  1858  to  1850.  there 
Wiis  au  extraordinary  falling  off,  the  amount  of  tonnage,  the 
liust  n  imed  year  being  only  about  three-fifths  of  that  of  the 
year  previous,  and  scarcely  more  than  ono-fourth  of  that 
of  1855. 

Of  the  1774  ve-ssels  built  in  the  United  States  in  1854, 
Maine  constructed  348— tons  168,632;  New  York  300— tons 
117.167 ;  and  Ma-'ssachusetts  180 — tons  92.570,  from  which 
It  will  be  perceived  that  these  three  states  produce  nearly 
three-fourths  of  the  entire  tonnasie  built  in  the  Union.  The 
decided  superiority  which  M.tine  holds  in  respect  to  this 
great  branch  of  national  industry,  i.s  chiefly  owing  to  the 
enterprise  of  her  inhabitants,  aided  by  the  great  number 
of  deep  .^na  secure  bays  scattered  along  the  caists :  for  it  is 
not  upon  her  forests  that  she  mainly  depends  for  her  sup- 
plies of  building  materials,  but  upon  Virginia  and  North 


Ciirolina,  wWthor  she  sends,  every  autumn,  vessel*  with 
men.  oxen,  provisions,  and  other  things  requisite  for  cutting 
and  haulins  timber,  which  they  return  with  in  the  spring. 

Among  the  many  other  branches  of  mechanical  industry 
pursued  in  the  United  States,  our  limits  will  permit  us  to 
mention  only  one.  viz.,  book-publishing.  This  business, 
though  not  yet  a  century  and  a  h.ilf  old,  h.-us  already  become, 
ander  our  system  of  free  government  and  free  schools, 
more  extensive  in  the  United  States  than  In  the  wealthiest 
and  most  civilized  countries  of  the  Old  World.  Including 
type-founding,  printing,  and  book-binding,  it  absorbs  a  vast 
amount  of  capital,  and  furnishes  employment  to  a  great 
number  of  persons.  The  numl)er  of  books  published  in 
1853  was  about  730.  o£  which  278  were  reprints  of  Knglish 
works,  35  translations  of  foreign  authors,  and  417  of  native 
production.  Classified  as  follows:  History  46;  Fiction  59; 
Theology  97;  Poetry  28;  Travels  29;  Juvenile  49:  Kdura- 
liointl  24;  Scientific  45;  Law  14;  Geography  6;  Philology 
5;  Ethnology  5;  and  Miscellaneous  180.  The  number  of 
publishing  houses  in  the  United  States  is  ivbout  375,  some 
of  which  are  among  the  largest  in  the  world.  The  number 
of  American  books  reprinted  in  Kngland,  in  1853,  was  119; 
and  in  1854,  185.  •The  three  great  seats  of  the  publishing 
bu.sincss  are  Philadelphia,  New  Y'ork,  and  Boston.  The 
amount  of  printed  matter  annually  issued  in  either. one  ol 
the.'e  cities  probably  eciuals,  if  it  does  not  exceed,  that  pub- 
lished either  in  I.,ondon  or  I'aris. 

Internal  ImprmfineyiU — Railways,  Canals,  Ac, — In  a  new 
and  sparsely-ficopled  country  the  highways  of  communica- 
tion are  apt  to  be  poor,  and  the  inhabitants,  for  a  time, 
settle  on  the  great  rivers,  and  other  navigable  waters,  ex- 
tending their  rough  roads  (often  little  more  than  paths) 
as  occasion  demands;  and  such  is  still  the  condition  of  the 
more  recently  and  more  thinly  inlrabited  portions  of  the 
United  States.  The  first  great  internal  improvement  in 
this  country  was  the  Philadelphia  and  I'ittsburg  Turnpike, 
completc^d  near  the  close  of  the  last  century.  Pp.'vious  to 
the  introduction  of  railways  or  the  anticipation  of  tlieir 
introduction,  Congress  commenced  a  great  National  Uoad 
from  Washington  to  St.  Louis,  which  has  been  completed- to 
Springfield,  Ohio,  and  partially  undertaken  in  Indiana  and 
Illinois;  but,  railways  having  superseded  its  nece.ssity,  this 
great  work  will  probably  never  be  finished.  Washington 
early  urged  the  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  the  Poto- 
mac and  the  .lames  Kivers,  and  had  his  plans  been  vigorously 
geconded  by  his  native  state,  possibly  Norfolk  would  have 
been  the  commercial  emporium  of  the  United  States,  for 
which  it  has  probably  greater  natural  advantages  than  any 
other  city  in  the  Union ;  but  the  genius  of  De  Witt  Clinton, 
by  the  opening  of  the  Krie  and  Hudson  Canal  in  1824,  has 
secured  that  advantage  for  the  metropolis  of  his  native  state. 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  were  little  behind  New  Y'ork  in 
their  zeal  in  the  construction  of  canals,  though  not  with 
€>qually  favorable  results.  Ohio  and  Indiana  led  the  way  in 
the  West,  but  the  introduction  of  railways  seems  likely  to 
su]ier.«ede  canals  as  a  means  of  transport,  and  few  new  en- 
terprises of  that  kind  are.  we  believe,  now  undertaken.  The 
total  length  of  canals  in  the  United  States  in  1854  was  about 
4798  miles. 

The  first  railroiids  constructed  in  the  United  States  were 
the  Quincy  Kailroad.  for  the  tran.sportalion  of  granite  from 
the  quarries  at  Quincy  to  Neponset  Kiver,  Ma.ssachu.setts, 
and  the  Mauch  Chunk  Railroad,  extending  from  the  coal- 
mines to  Lehigh  Kiver,  in  Pennsylvania;  the  former  opened 
in  1826.  and  the  latter  in  1827.  The  wonderful  rapidity 
with  which  the  system  of  internal  improvemenLs,  thus  com- 
menced, has  been  extended,  is  perhaps  the  most  striking 
feature  in  the  progress  of  the  United  States  in  power  and 
civiliz.ition.  The  numtier  of  miles  of  railway  completed, 
up  to  1848,  was  stated  at  about  6000  miles,  and,  according  to 
Hunt's  Magazine,  there  were  21,528  miles  in  operation,  Janu- 
ary 1, 1855,  and  16,738  in  course  of  construction.  In  1860 
there  were  30,793  miles  of  completed  railroad,  the  constnio- 
tion  and  equipment  of  which  cost  $1,151,560,829.  That 
young  and  vigorous  giant  of  the  West,  Oliio,  which  had  no 
political  existence  till  about  the  commencement  of  the 
present  century,  now  has  the  greatest  nurrtber  (^2999  miles) 
of  completed  railway  of  any  of  the  36  United  States  of 
North  America;  Illinois,  a  still  more  youthful  member, 
ranks  next,  having  2867  miles  in  operation ;  then  New  York, 
with  2701;  Pennsylvania,  with  2.542:  Indiana  2125,  and 
Massachusetts  1272.  Massachusetts  has  much  the  largest 
amount  in  proportion  to  her  area.  Illinois  stiuids  fli-st  ill 
proportion  to  poiiulation. 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  miles  in  Alabama,  there  are 
connected  lines  of  railway  from  Bangor  in  Maine  to  New 
Orleans,  the  southern  commercial  metropolis  of  the  Uiuon, 
Lines  of  completed  railroad  also  now  connect,  more  or  less 
directly,  the  four  great  cities  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard, — 
Bo-ston,  New  Y'ork,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore, — as  well 
as- the  National  Capital,  with  the  large  cities  and  towns  of 
the  upper  portion  of  the  Mississippi  Valley— Detroit,  Clevt- 
land,  Chicago,  Mil\»-aukee,  St.  Louis.  Louisville,  Cincimiati, 
Pittsburg,  and  all  important  intermediate  places.  The  towiia 

1991 


UNI 

iD«nrioned  all  now  hold  unintemipt^'d  intercourse  by  rail- 
way with  ten  points  on  the  Mississippi  River,  viz. :  at  La 
Criigse,  rnirie  du  Chien,  Dubuque,  Fulton,  Quincy,  Bock 
Island,  Burlington,  Alton,  St.  Louis,  and  Cairo. 

Cliarleston  and  Savannah  are  now  connected  by  railway 
with  the  Mississippi  at  Memphis ;  while  they  have  extended 
another  of  these  iron  arms  to  Nashville,  eagerly  stretching 
to  seize  the  tnide  of  La  Belle  Riviere,  (the  Ohio;)  and  roads 
are  completed,  which  unite  the  (j  ulf  of  Mexico  with  the  Great 
lakes,  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  South  may  exchange  their 
grateful  fruits  for  the  pure  and  cooling  ices  of  tlie  lake 
streams  of  the  North,  and  the  people  of  New  England  pass  in 
two  days  from  the  middle  of  the  temi)erate  to  the  verge  of  the 
torrid  zone.  Prominent  among  these  roails  now  in  course 
of  consiruction,  is  the  Pacific  Bailroajd.  from  the  share  it 
occupies  in  the  minds  of  the  lea<iing  men  of  the  nation,  it 
seems  highly  protwible  that  the  period  is  not  distiint  when 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  will  be  united  by  rail- 
way. The  prominent  lines  of  communication  between  the 
Atlantic  coast  and  the  Mississippi  Valley,  now  are  first,  by 
the  Hudson  River  and  Central  New  York  Railroiuls  to  Buf- 
falo, through  Ciinada  West  and  South  Michigan  to  Chicago 
and  Galena;  2,  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  through 
the  S.  counties  of  New  York,  and  by  the  Lake  Shore  Rail- 
roads— through  Dunkirk,  Erie,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  and 
Toledo— to  the  points  named  above,  or  to  the  more  southern 
towns;  3,  by  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Riiilroad  through 
Pittsliurg,  thence  either  to  Cleveland,  to  Cincinnati,  or  Terre 
Uaute.  and  to  St.  Louis  direct;  and,  4,  by  the  Baltimore  and 
Oliio  Railroad,  to  Wheeling,  and  thence  W.  to  Cincinnati, 
&c.  We  give  below  a  Table  of  Receipts,  for  1863  and  IHbi, 
of  the  following  roads : — 


New  York  Central  . 
New  York  and  Erie  . 
Fenniylvania  Central 


♦  10.897,889 
10,169,481 
11.891,412 


$12,997,889 
13,295.619 
14,759,037 


In  the  southern  portion  of  the  Union,  are,  1,  A  line  through 
Richmond  and  Lynchburg  to  Knoxville,  (where  it  connects 
with  other  lines  leading  south  and  west ;)  and,  2,  a  series  of 
railroads  connecting'  Charleston  and  Savannah  with  Mem- 
phis. 

Omaha,  on  the  Missouri  River,  in  Nebraska,  is  the  Eastern 
terminus  of  a  Northern  branch  oif  the  Pacific  Railroad,  which 
is  in  progress  of  construction  towards  California.  About  50 
miles  of  it  have  been  completed.  Another  branch  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad  extends  Westward  from  St.  Louis  via  Kan- 
sas City,  Lawrence,  Ac. 

Tdegrapfis.— About  the  year  1832,  Professor  S.  T.  B.  Morse 
first  conceived  the  idea  of  an  electro-magnetic  telegraph,  and 
in  1844,  he  erected,  between  Wajiiington  anil  Baltimore,  a 
distance  of  about  40  miles,  the  first  line  established  in  the 
United  States  or  in  the  world.  This  line  was  extended  north- 
ward through  Philadelphia  and  New  York  to  Boston  in  Dn45. 
The  telegraphic  wires  now  in  operation  form  a  network  over 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land,  from  the  Great  Lakes  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  shores  of 
the  Pacific.  They  also  connect  with  the  telegraph  wires  in 
the  British  Provinces,  where  they  have  received  a  remark- 
able development,  and  are  now  extended  from  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island  to  St.  John,  in  Newfijundland.  the  most  eastern 
point  of  America.  It  is  also  proposed  to  effect  a  telegraphic 
comnmnication,  by  means  of  a  submarine  cable  or  otherwise 
between  this  country  and  Europe.  Two  unsuccessful  at^ 
tempts  have  been  made  to  accomplish  that  object  and  ener- 
getic preparations  are  now  being  made  for  a  third  attempt 
llie  line  is  designed  to  extend  from  Valentia,  on  the  Wosi 
Bide  of  Ireland,  to  Ilearfs  Content  Cove,  in  Trinity  Bay  New- 
foundland. At  the  commencement  of  18W,  the  number  of 
nules  of  telegraphic  wire  in  operation  amounted  to  41  30-' 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $6,(571,800,  or  about  $160  per  mile  '  At 

iiiri^rftS*  *A'"tii*«^V''?  ^°^^  '«"«'*>  "f"  "'e  telegraphic 
wires  in  the  United  SUtes  is  estimated  at  55.000  milSf 

CbwBMroe.— The  commercial  progress  of  the  Unitefl  Suites 
^u  ,.?.?■  r*"'^'^  .'*!?  «'»fP"«n8  than  the  increase  of 
T^.^^  f"'"'.^",''  *V^  growth. of  its  hundred  cities. 
The  ofticial  rei>ort  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1-63,  states 
the  tonnage  of  the  Unite!  States  to  be  2,026.114  reKistered 
and  3.128,941  enrolled;  toUl,  5,156,0oo.  Of  the  rSr^ 
tonnage,  99,2-,  was  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery,  a^ 

I'^VL  w  f'*^"  •^>'"'°°-  "f  the  enrolled  t,,^  4e, 
2j960,W2  was  en^ged  in  the  coasting  trade,  117,289  in  Uie 
cod-flshery  and  51,118  in  the  mackerel  fishery.  Tl."  in! 
crease  ,n  the  total  tonnage  since  1S54,  was  352,153  tons 

In  1S54  there  entered  frx,ra  foreigi  ports  19,^  vetsels 
ilSio^  ^f^^  tonnage  of  5,884,;S9  tons  of  S 
Ml  1038  boys;  cle.-ired  in  the  same  peri-Kl,  19  073  vessel, 
with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  6.019,194.  of  which  'l^l^i 
WM  foreign  tonimge,  i.uinned  by  239  645  men    ml  Kwi  iL 

1-henu.n^rofvesseU  Which  ^nt^lS^dS-lSgX'S'?,^]:  : 


UNI 

Ing  June  30, 1R63,  was  21,961  with  an  aggregate  toiii.age  of 
7,255.076,  of  which  2,640,378  was  foreign  tonniige,  tlio  whola 
manned  by  249.996  men  and  boys.  The  number  cleartnl 
during  the  same  yeiar,  22,0.i7,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of 
7,511,284,  of  which  3,064,023  was  foreign  tonnage ;  the  crews 
amounted  to  247,019  men  and  boys.  The  tonnage  entered  from 
foreign  ports  increased  from  973,681  in  1825,  to  7,265,076  in 
1863;  and  the  tonnage  cleared  for  foreign  ports,  from 
1,0.56,446  to  7,511,284  between  the  same  years.  The  tonnage 
owned,  increa.sed  from  1,298,958  in  1821,  to  5,155,055  in  l!>t>3; 
and  the  tonnage  of  vessels  built,  from  55,856  in  ls21,  to 
310,884  in  1863. 

The  tonnage  (registered)  employed  in  the  whale  fisheries, 
increased  from  26,070  in  1821,  to  99,228  in  1863;  the  en- 
rolled tonnage  employed  in  the  cod  fisherj-,  from  51,351,  to 
106,559  in  1S63.  The  tonnage  employed  in  the  mackerel 
fishery  in  1863,  amounted  to  only  51,018.  The  tonnage 
engaged  in  the  coasting  trade,  increased  from  659,435  in 
1821,  to  2,918,613  in  1863. 

The  total  value  of  the  imports  for  the  year  1854  was 
$304,562,384 ;  for  the  years  1861-2-3-4 : 


Iinports. 
$3=>2.07i.,V35 
20i,S  19,^23 
2>2.lf7.i»7 
32a,3 14,559 


Exports. 
t410,S56,BI8 
i»,93f.S75 
350,0.'>2.125 
aiO,GI>5,5tjO 


It  has  been  thought  best  to  retain  the  following  table 
(for  the  year  1K54)  exliibiting  the  import  and  export  trade 
of  the  United  Suites  with  each  foreign  state,  as  it  is  in  some 
respects  more  comi)lete  than  any  we  can  furnish  at  the  pre- 
sent time,  and  it  will  perhaps  give  a  more  correct  idea  of  tlie 
"normal  condition"  of  our  commerce  than  any  statement 
made  a  decade  later,  when  all  commercial  movements  wer« 
more  or  less  influenced  by  the  disturbing  forces  of  war. 


Countries. 


Foreign 
Imports. 


KuMia 

Prussia , 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Swediah  and  West  Indies 

Denmark 

Danish  West  Indies 

Bremen 

Uambuig 

Holland 

Dutch  East  Indie 

Dutch  West  Indies 

Dutch  Guiana 

Belgium 

England 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Gibraltar 

Ualta 

British  East  Indie 

British  West  ludies 

British  Honduras 

British  Guiana 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

British  American  Colonies     •    .    ,    , 

Other  British  Colonies 

Canada     

Australia 

France  on  the  Atlantic 

France  on  the  Mediterranean    ,    .    . 

French  Guiana 

French  West  Indies 

Spain  on  the  Atlantic 

Spain  on  the  .Mediterranean  .    .     .    . 

Teneriffe  and  other  Canaries     .    .    . 

Manilla  and  other  Philippine  Islands 

Cuba 

Other  Spanish  West  Indies   .... 

Portugal 

Madeira 

Fayal  and  other  Azores 

Cape  de  Terdes     

IttlT 

SIcMj 

Sardinia 

TuBcanj ] 

Trieste  and  other  Austrian  port*  .    . 

Turkej,  Levant,  te 

HayU ; 

Mexico 

Central  Republic  of  America     .    .    . 

New  Granada 

Venezuela 

Brazil 

Orienul  Republic  of  Uraguar  .    .    ', 

Argentine  Bepubllc 

Chili 

Peru \ 

Ecuador  

China .'    .    .* 

Asia  generally  .,.',,,.', 

Africa  generally 

South  America  generallv  ..... 
South  .Seas  and  Pacific  6cean    .    .    . 

Sandwich  Islands 

AUantic  Ocean  and  uncertain  places 


$l,a44.'2.<t5 
47.773 
515,178 
22,690 
8.097 
286.044 
14.643.927 
2,3J2,97I 
1,695,970 
1,041,609 
534,978 
104,1'36 
S.462,241 
I40,3»!,733 
5,820,469 
2.'9,.335 
59.673 
83,695 
5,378,.t2I 
1,126,417 
288,954 
47,489 
448.903 
2,206,021 
4.344 
6,721 ,5.'!9 
214,J02 
82,892.021 
J,889,371 
29,618 
161.085 
5:«,504 
1,579,074 
39,598 
S.?65,2«2 
17.124.339 
2,850,.t53 
243,592 
30,007 
21,584 
8,985 
971,718 
959.300 
85,676 
1,152,717 
741,918 
803,114 
2,357,252 
3,463,190 
2,360,4-22 
1,478,520 
S.07?.649 
14,110,387 
457,179 
2,144,971 
3,332,167 
1,005,406 
57.5.34 
1^506,3.-9 
60,730 
1,3S«..T«8 
235.69.1 
10.103 
119.130 


Domestic 
Exports. 


$335,521 


1,085.602 

1-2,741 

87.870 

928.924 

8,3i6,077 

2,-255,519 

2,-299,710 

109,-203 

371,380 

53,745 

S.848,890 

135.111  708 

3,097,662 

1,006,017 

446.445 

148.5.'8 

567,193 

4,756,398 

•203.913 

718.096 

292.6-28 

4,693,771 


10,510.373 

2,999,635 

29,749.466 

l,218,7^6 

100,148 

551,5-25 

1,S90,.34N 

3,212,36i< 

19.613 

27,852 

8,228,116 

990,8I<« 

127.150 

47,708 

lo.aw 

30.03- 

1,586,327 

246,151 

188.305 
11,735 


,319 


219,496 

1,*-«,I87 

2,091,870 

-2.T0.i39 

855.-2,M 

1,131.604 

4,046,H,S7 

450.855 

658,7;0 

1.942,330 

651,707 


1,293.9-25 


Total 


$301,494,094   I  t2S2.U47,8UG 


UNI 

Thp  above  stntement  of  exports  only  includes  etomcstic 

mcreh.Hudise  sliipiieil  to  tins  places  desiirimted.  The  value 
of  fiirci^ii  merchandise  re-exported,  durhig  the  year  ending 

June  30. 1854,  was  $23,748,514;  making  the  total  exports  for 

the  year  $27 5. 7 96,320.    This  includes  the  gold  and  silver 
coin  and  bullion. 

Of  the  leading  articles  import(;d  into  the  United  States  in 
the  fi,>^cal  year  1854,  vfere,  free  of  duty : — 

Value. 

Gold  and  Silver  liullion $1.K10,314 

Gold  and  Silver  Ooia 4.94H.i'4.'J 

Teas 6,715,726 

Coffee 14,5:)6,H45 

Copper,  in  ptatca  and  ore  .    .     .    .    , l,4IO,0<t'i 

Sheathing  meul ■»8,'.'01 

Guano '      69>.01i 

ArUcIes  not  specified,  more  than 3,000,000 

And  paying  duties: — 
Uanufactures  of  Wool : 

Cloths  and  eassimerei S13.15A.5R3 

Worsted  stuff  goods 10,S7o.f79 

Blankete 1.7!«,.i!K) 

Merino  shawls  of  wool 1,476.07'i 

Hosicrv  and  articles  on  frames l,*272,.So7 

Carpeting 2,V68.8I5 

Uanufactures  of  Cotton :  Value. 

Printed,  stained,  or  colored $I7,4-'S.249 

White  or  uncolored a.l9I.V17 

Tamboured  or  embroidered 4,015.476 

Hosiery  and  articles  made  on  frames 3.013,664 

Twist  varn  and  thread 1,076,987 

Articles  not  speciUed  above 6,000,000 

Uanufactures  of  Silk: 

Piece  good.s 825,296.519 

Articles  tamboured  or  embroidered 1.1h;i,:'99 

Hosiery  and  articles  made  on  frames 1,001,299 

Articles  not  specified,  nearly 9.000,000 

Silk  and  worsted 1,594,038 

Uanufactures  of  Flax: 

Linens,  bleached  and  unbleached    ......  $9,4.17, S46 

Not  specified,  nearly 1,500,000 

Manufactures  of  hemp,  more  than $,'>00.(HX( 

Clothing  ready  made  and  articles  of  wear      ....  3,927,141 

Laces,  trimmings,  braids,  &c 1,221,951 

Uanufactures  of  Iron,  and  Iron  and  Steel : 

Firearms (6.39.584 

Cutlery  of  various  kind 2,469,249 

Chain  cables 429.958 

Sheet  Iron 1,153,662 

Various  articles  of  iron,  more  than 6,000.000 

Bar  iron 1»,278.208 

Pig  and  scrap  Iron 3.-.'38.KS2 

Steel 2,477,709 

Copper  and  manufactures  of  copper 2,020.560 

Brass  and  manufactures  of  brass 337,700 

Tin  and  manufactures  of  tin 4,H22,7.36 

Lead  and  manufactures  of  lead 2,102,487 

Manufactures  of  gold,  silver,  jewelry,  4o.,    .    .    .    .  991,763 

Watches  and  parts  of  watches 4,256,843 

Clock 99,709 

Glass  and  manufactures  of  glass -.    •     .  2,193,452 

Paper  and  manufactures  of  paper 757,829 

Printed  books,  magHzines.  &a 917,044 

Leather  and  manufactures  of  leather 3,661,194 

China,  porcelain,  st^ne,  and  other  ware 4.632,873 

Furs  and  manufactures  of  fur 1,h62,222 

Wood  and  manufactures  of  wood  and  cork     ....  2.882,106 

Raw  hides  and  skins 7,620,272 

Wool 2,822,185 

Wine,  ne,arlv S.SOO.OM 

Brandv  Bnd"distilled  spirits 2,990,272 

Molasses 3.126.293 

Linseed  oil 775,058 

Sugar 13,706.502 

Fruits 1.524,j>:ll 

Spice 1,079,824 

Saltpetre 1,0:17,6.30 

Indigo 1,151.516 

Segara 3,3h4,0:i6 

Other  tobacco 808.912 

Manilla  and  other  hemp 1,906.375 

Riigs  of  all  kinds 1,010,443 

Salt 1.310.SS3 

Wheat 2,164.091 

Wlieat  flour 2.443..5M6 

Fish 1,061,207 

The  leading  articles  of  export  of  domestic  produce  for  the 
fame  period  were : — 

Products  of  fisheries $3,044,301 

Products  of  the  forest 11,646,571 

Products  of  Agriculture: 

or  animals $K,325.61S 

Wheat 12.4.'0.172 

Flour 27,701.444 

Indian  corn 6,074,277 

Indian  meal 1,002.976 

Ric:e 2,634.127 

And  other  articles  of  vegetable  food,  making  a  total  of  {51.190,680 

Cotton        $93,596,220 

Toducco 10.016,046 

Cotton  manufactures 5.5:^5.516 

Iron  manufactures 4,210.290 

Gold  and  silver  leaf 1,311,513 

finulT  and  tobacco      .     .    '. 1.550..127 

Spirits  of  turpentine 1.0.55.720 

Leather,  boots,  and  .shoes 893,723 

Tallow  candfes  and  soap 888.557 

Spiriw  from  molasses 809,965 

Refined  sugar • 370,488 

Ice    .    . 202.118 


UNI 

Gold  and  Sliver  coin  and  bullion 141.197,900. 

The  export  of  cotton  for  1859-60,  vva.s  1,752.087,640  pounds 
valued  at  $191,806,555;  for  1860-61,  :307,51«,099  pounds 
valued  at  .$34,051,483;  for  1861-2,5,064,564  pounds,  valued 
at  51,180.113;  for  186J-3, 11,.384,986  pounds,  valued  at. $6,r,52,- 
405 ;  for  1863-4,  10,840,534  jiounds.  valued  at  .*9,044.S40 
The  amount  of  petroleum  exported  in  1864,  was  1,036.915 
barrels ;  and  in  1863, 1,020,747  barrels.  * 

The  value  of  tobacco  exported,  varied  between  the  ye.oi'ik 
1821  and  1860,  from  $4,855,566  to  819,273,000  (luclndln* 
manufiictured  tobacco,  snuff.  &c.) ;  of  rice,  from  $1,494,  iCn 
iu  1821,  to  $2,567,399  in  1860;  of  flour,  from  S3,7&'5,075  in 
1821,  to  $15,448,.')07  (the  highest  having  been  .$27,701,44-4  in 
1854),  and  $25,458,989  in  1864;  of  pork,  hams,  lard,  iin, 
bacon, from  $l.291,2:i2  in  1821,  to  $9,951,000  in  1800;  of  beet 
tallow,  hides,  Ac,  from  .$.371,046  in  1821,  to  iibove  $5,300,000 
in  1860:  of  butter  and  cheese,  from  $96,176  in  1821,  to 
$2,709,000  in  1860;  of  ti,<h.  from  $453,010  in  1821,  to  $881,000 
in  1860;  of  lumber,  from  $1,307,070  in  IS.'l,  to  $4,120,0O;i  in 
1864,  and  $936,000  in  1860.  Total  domestic  exports,  from 
$43,671,894  in  1821,  to  $324,092,877  in  1862-3. 

Great,  however,  as  is  the  foreign  commerce,  there  is  renson 
to  believe  that  its  value  bears  a  sjiiall  proportion  to  the 
domestic  trade  of  the  United  States,  althougli  we  arc  nut 
possessed  of  sufficient  data  for  forming  any  definite  estimate 
on  this  head. 

Among  the  items  of  domestic  trade,  lumber  and  coal  form 
a  large  fraction.  The  great  sources  of  the  former  article  are 
the  pineries  about  the  head  waters  of  the  Mi.«»lsslppi  Kiver, 
in  .Maine,  iu  Southern  New  York,  in  North  Carolina.  South 
Carolina,  Georgia.  Florida,  and  Oregon  and  Washington  Terri- 
tories. The  lumber  trade  of  Hangor.  .\lbany.  the  lake  porUi, 
and  from  the  upper  waters  of  the  Mis-si.a.sippi  and  Susquehan- 
na Kivers,  sums  up  an  annual  total  exceeding  1,400.000.000 
feet,  lie.sides  great  quantities  of  staves,  shingles,  laths.  &c. 

Tlie  lake  comuierc(!  employeti  in  1863,  1870  vessels,  in- 
cluding all  classes,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  470,1X54 
tons,  valued  at  $16,720,800.  The  numl.«er  of  vessels  which 
entered  the  lake  ports  in  1863  was  7617,  with  a  tonnage  of 
8,378,086;  the  number  cleared,  was  772 »,  with  a  tounase  of 
8,879,817.  Of  the  former,  696  vessels  I'tonnage  03,213)  were 
foreign;  of  the  latter,  690  vessels  (tonnsige  67,988)  were 
foreign.  In  1861,  286  steamers,  94  barques,  75  brigs,  892 
schooners,  and  lOS  tugs  were  engaged  in  the  lake  trade. 

In  1862  the  surplus  of  cereals  exported  from  Lake  Michi- 
gan, wore. 

From  Chicago 57.676,741  bushels. 

"      Milwaukee 18,723,000        " 

Other  parn  (estinialed) 10,000,000        •' 

Tlie  total  product  of  the  basin  of  the  lakes,  for  the  same 
ye,ar,  is  estimated  at  $,tOO,000,000. 

Such  is  the  outline  of  the  commerce  of  the  Unite<l  States, 
which  has  elements  of  increase  unknown  in  any  former 
period,  or  in  any  other  nation.  A  new  country,  a  virgin 
soil,  the  precious  metals  in  unprecedented  abundance,  coal, 
iron,  copper,  zinc,  gypsum,  liuie,  and  most  of  the  useful 
minerals  in  profusion,  her  coasts  indented  with  bays,  her 
northern  border  washed  by  nearly  2000  miles  of  inland  sea.s, 
navig.ible  by  vessels  of  any  tonnage,  her  great  int<?ri()r  tra- 
versed from  N.  to  S.  by  the  Mississippi,  receiving  tributaries 
from  1000  miles  to  the  E.  and  to  the  W.;  with  nenrlv 
5000  miles  of  canal,  and  more  than  30,000  miles  of  rail- 
way: with  an  eniignition  now  approiicliin.g  half  a  million 
annually  ;  with  schools  and  a  teeming  press  to  spread  intel- 
ligence and  quicken  entt^rprise:  with  unbounded  liberty  of 
action  to  stimulate  exertion ;  with  new  regions  ojiened  daily 
to  market  by  iron  road.s,  what  is  there  to  set  a  limit  to  the 
extension  of  a  commerce  as  far  beyond  present,  as  the  pre- 
sent has  gone  bt>yond  past  conception?  The  acquisition  of 
California,  too,  has  openinl  a  new  field  to  commerce  on  the 
greatest  ocean  of  the  glolie.  on  one  of  whose  bays  a  city, 
with  twice  the  population  of  i'hiladelpliia  or  New  York  at 
the  era  of  the  Kevolution,  has  sprung  into  existence  in  the 
short  space  of  five  years,  and  a  place  that,  previous  to  1848, 
was  known  only  as  a  refreshing  station  for  ships,  has  be- 
come a  commercial  town  of  the  first  rank — holding  regular 
Intercourse  with  China,  Australia,  the  different  ports  of 
South  America,  of  Europe,  and  the  isles  of  the  Pacific,  and, 
as  we  have  elsewhere  remarked,  seems  destined  to  become 
a  second  Alexandria  iir  the  overland  commerce  of  the  East 
to  Europe.  By  a  treaty  with  the  Argentine  Uopublic,  the 
Eio  de  la  Plata  has  been  opened  to  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States. 

There  are  in  the  United  States  149  districts  for  the  collec- 
ton  of  the  revenue  on  foreign  merchandise ;  of  which  about 
90  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  Gulf,  11  on  the  Pacific,  16 
on  the  lake  coast,  and  29  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Fisheries. — The  fisheries  of  the  United  States  are  of  great 
value,  and,  in  1860.  employed  a  capiul  of  $17.919,9.)9.  The 
total  number  of  fisheries  wms  1970.  distriliuted  among  the 
following  states,  (named  in  the  order  of  their  importance:) 
Massachusetts,  (considonibly  more  tlian  one-half  of  the 
whole.)  Connecticut,  (about  one-filth,)  Maine,  New  York, 
North  Caroliua,  Virginia.   Miciiigan,  Khode   Island,  Now 

1993 


UNI 

flan  {fcsuire,  Ohio,  Florida,  and  Wisconsin.  The  nuniher  of 
hands  employed  was  30,3S3,  and  the  estimated  anmiul  pro- 
duct $14,284,405.  The  whale,  cod,  and  maclierel  fislieries 
are  by  far  the  most  important,  and,  in  1863,  employed 
89,228,  117.28y,  and  61,018  tons  of  shipping  respectively. 
filucation—OiUeffes,  Academies,  Pitblic  Schools,  &c.— The 
general  ^gstem  of  "education  in  the  United  States  may  be 
arranged  under  three  heads,  as  follows :  1.  Elementary  or 
Primary  Education,  taught  in  the  public  schools;  2.  Aca- 
demic or  Secondary  Education,  pursued  in  academies,  high 
schools,  private  seminaries,  kc;  and  3.  Collegiate  or  Supe- 
rior Education,  acquired  in  such  institutions  as  embrace  a 
course  of  study  usually  made  the  condition  of  granting 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
the  Hon.  Ilenry  Barnard  extends  the  classificatioa  as 
follows : — 

4.  Professional  or  Special  Edooation. 
a.  Theology,    b.  Law.    o.  Medicine,    d.  Engineering,     e.  Agri- 
culture,   f.  Mechanics,    g.  Commerce,    h.  Teaching.    1.  Fine 
Arts.    j.  Deaf-mutes.    Is.  Blind.    1.  Idiots. 
6.  Supplementaiv  Kducation. 
a.    Kveuing    Schools,      b.   Lyceums,      c.   Courses  of  Lectures, 
d.    Libraries    of  Circulation.        e.    Libraries    of    Reference, 
r.  Adult  Schools,    g.  Mechanic  Societies. 

6.  Beformatory  Schools. 

7.  Orphan  Houses. 

8.  Societies  for  the  encouragement  and  advancement  of  science, 
the  arts,  and  education. 

The  general  system  of  puhlic  instruction  in  the  United 
States  originated  with  the  pilgrim  fathers  of  New  England ; 
where,  as  early  a.s  162S,  provision  was  made  for  the  educa^ 
tion  of  •'  every  child"  in  the  settlements.  In  1637,  a  school 
Iras  ordered  to  be  provided  for  every  neighborhood  of  50 
families,  and  another  for  a  higher  grade  of  in-struction  for 
every  100  families.  A  sum  sufticient  to  maiutaiu  these  schools 


UNI 

was  annually  raised  by  a  town  tax.  voluntarily  impo.«ed.  and 
each  school  district  drew  its  proportion  of  the  "whole  sum  for 
its  own  school  or  schools.  Thus  the  property  of  the  town 
was  made  liable  for  the  education  of  the  children. 

The  same  system,  with  various  moditications,  has  gradu- 
ally extended  it.self  to  most  of  the  states  in  the  Union,  and 
in  part  has  been  acted  upon  by  the  general  government. 
Chancellor  Kent  says,  "It  has  been  uniformly  a  part  of 
the  land  system  of  the  United  States  to  provide  for  public 
schools.  The  Articles  of  Confederation,  178",  the  nets  ad- 
mitting into  the  Union.  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Slissouri, 
Louisiana.  Florida,  .\rkan,aas,  &c.,  all  provide  for  the  appro- 
priation of  lands  in  each  township  for  the  use  of  public 
schools."  The  amount  of  lands  thus  appropriated  liy  the 
Federal  Government,  up  to  January  1,  1854,  is  exhibited  ia 
the  subjoined  Table. 


States. 

Acres. 

I 

t               States 
and  Territories. 

Acres. 

Florida     .... 
Alabama  .... 
Mississippi    .    .    . 
Louisiana      .    .    . 
Arlcausas  .... 

Ohio 

Michigan  .... 
Indiana     .... 
lUinoia      .... 

908,530 
90^,774 
837,584 
786,044 
886,460 
704,488 
1,067,397 
650,317 
978,755 

Missouri    .... 

Iowa 

■Wisconsin     .    .    . 
California     .    .    . 
Minnesota     .    .    . 
Oregon      .... 
New  Mexico  .    .    . 
Utah 

Total     .    .    . 

1,199.1.39 
905.144 
958,648 
6.719,3:i4 
5,089,  i!i4 
12,140,907 
7,493,120 
6,681,707 

48,909,535 

The  following  Table  exhibits  the  number  of  public  schools 
academies  and  colleges,  with  their  income,  as  well  as  of  the 
pupils  attending  each  class  of  institutions ;  also  the  number 
of  libraries  and  volumes,  of  the  Beveral  states,  according  to 
the  census  of  1860 : 


Table  exhibiting  the  Schools  and  Libraries  in  the  United  States,  for  1860. 


States  and  Terri- 

Publ 

c  Schools 

Academies  a 

nd  other  Schools. 

Colleges. 

Libiaries. 

•5 

» 

■3 

•s 

ii 

•s 

;           lories. 

« 

V 

u 

o 

J. 

». 

a 

« 

S 

*«  -  = 

.2 

— 

J2 

"rt  *  S 

*«  **  - 

.o 

Z 

H 

3 

h  =  = 

Z 

H 

a. 

S-=J 

z 

17 

^ 

a. 

H  =  2 

Z 

> 

1,903 

2,038 

61,731 

J489.474 

206 

400 

10,778 

1221,6.34 

116 

2,120 

1124.894 

395 

|15£,275 

Arkansas    .    .    . 

727 

757 

19,242 

120.613 

log 

168 

4,415 

68,146 

4 

9 

225 

5.585 

115 

23.221 

496 

503 

24,977 

353,096 

92 

168 

3,15a 

140,753 

10 

55 

524 

66,000 

70 

149,0£4 

1,805 

82,530 

374.954 

197 

367 

8,749 

273,281 

5 

66 

903 

100,239 

490 

40.  ,206 

Delaware  .    .    . 

236 

296 

11.736 

67.847 

40 

101 

1,957 

47,462 

1 

8 

90 

9,300 

114 

88,470 

Florida  .    .    .     . 
Georgia.    .    .     . 

1,752 

1,884 

56,087 

20,099 
449.966 

138 
242 

18;3 
375 

4,486 
11,073 

73,412 
237,373 

66 
364 

46,375 

272,fl33 

32 

181 

S.3C2 

167.931 

Illinoi 

8,489 

11.099 

433,018 

2,186.872 

211 

441 

13,203 

233,262 

18 

126 

2,901 

97,412 

854 

244,391 

ludiana  .    .    .    . 

6,9S2 

686.1 88 

261 

493 

22,97 1 

114,050 

17 

99 

2,460 

82,450 

1,123 

467,062 

Inwi 

4,565 

16.3. 5S8 

614,975 

67 

183 

4,94S 

37.667 

13 

62 

1,233 

48,474 

530 

107,104 

Kansa 

22,807 

29 

52 

1,059 

17,985 

2 

4 

95 

10,000 

46 

9.733 

Kentuclcy  .     .     . 

4,507 

4,646 

156,138 

499.644 

223 

639 

17.597 

442.912 

20 

110 

2,485 

138,244 

196 

148,012 

Louisiana  .    .    . 

713 

856 

31,813 

469,210 

152 

446 

11,274 

462,496 

15 

86 

1,530 

88,020 

68 

116,604 

Maine    .    .    .    . 

454,589 

110 

216 

8,273 

79,021 

2 

17 

337 

21,000 

814 

405,901 
l,997,i5i 

Massachusetts     . 

4,134 

5,30S 

206,974 

1,545,454 

819 

633 

14,001 

490,047 

8 

96 

1.733 

195,110 

1.852 

Michigan    .    .    . 

652,477 

84 

184 

9.683 

69,090 

10 

79 

1,631 

95,099 

1,120 

250,688 

Minnesota.    .    . 

879 

914 

31,083 

85,784 

29 

48 

1,605 

15,598 

4 

21 

366 

15.320 

89 

33.649 

Mississippi .    .    . 

1,116 

1,215 

30.970 

385.679 

169 

430 

7,974 

313,522 

13 

,50 

856 

34,420 

166 

178,743 

Missouri     .    .    . 

802.836 

240 

625 

20,143 

248,830 

.% 

211 

4,291 

207,353 

310 

184,884 

Netv  Hampshire. 

2,301 

2,983 

70..5.39 

218.244 

20S 

331 

11.444 

125.331 

2 

29 

390 

26.370 

306 

237,312 

New  Jersey    .    . 

1.496 

1,890 

110,320 

536,531 

251 

559 

12,892 

262.098 

5 

.39 

775 

59,500 

725 

"43a  321 

3.3il.0SS 

910 

3,019 

86,563 

1,576,706 

17 

126 

2,970 

140.1'7 

8,360 

2,436,576 

North  Carolina  . 

2,994 

2,928 

103,025 

268,719 

434 

661 

13, 169 

387,965 

Ifi 

94 

1540 

101.760 

301 

190,091 

Ohio 

11,783 

15,852 

590,349 

2,531,844 

131 

1,030 

54,035 

274,011 

45 

298 

7,077 

206.885 

3,082 

790,666 

Oregon  .    .     .     . 

239 

243 

8, 138 

49.302 

15 

32 

1.651 

10,768 

5 

15 

447 

12,986 

11 

5,300 

2.493,0,36 

487 

1,296 

33,638 

640.763 

24 

1.36 

3,286 

243,196 

1,416 

1,314,924 

1.38,9.33 

58 

129 

3,127 

54.374 

1 

10 

212 

22,500 

302 

465,419 

South  Carclina    . 

204.393 

226 

367 

8.277 

293,244 

14 

90 

1,384 

192.675 

257 

471,^2 

Terinesiee  .     .    . 

2,965 

3,064 

138,809 

402,904 

274 

618 

15.793 

581..56I 

.3.5 

149 

2,932 

92,106 

387 

245,228 

414,168 

97 

236 

5.916 

142  131 

2.5 

107 

2,416 

95.072 

147 

86.538 

\  erniont     .    . 

2,696 

3.314 

80,904 

220,6^1 

95 

272 

7,851 

73,711 

3 

17 

173 

3.250 

836 

167,429 

Vtr^inia.     .    .    . 

498.638 

398 

720 

13.204 

544,241 

23 

163 

2,824 

246,940 

1,453 

543,010 

Diit.  of  Columbia 
Dakota  .    .    .    . 
Nebraska   .    .    . 
New  Mexico  .    . 

Ut.h 

Washington    .    . 

Total     .    . 

596,975 

120 

290 

10,031 

106,991 

12 

59 

1.291 

66,130 

599 

150,559 

85 

17 

173 

46 

93 

16 
220 

46 

3,078 
233 

6,483 
879 

4,917,352 

"■"iV.eig 

1,999 
27.M8 
16,176 

2 

S 
2 

6 

3 

12 
5 
9 

&') 

19;! 

210 
159 

600 

7,450 
4.900 
7.800 

■■"ei 

17 
12 
10 

10,742 
10.670 
5.47( 
11,395 

1 

5 

170 

3,700 

106,911 

130.126 

$22,297,865 

6,636 

15,763 

455,559 

«  8,683,3 19 

455 

2,773 

54,969 

83,009,291 

26,564 

1 12,889,60' 

Maine  has  1  pupil  at  school  to  every  3.2  of  the  whole  popu- 
lation; being  a  greater  propottion  than  in  any  other  state 
or  country.  In  the  whole  United  States  the  proportion  at 
•chools  is  1  to  4.9,  not  including  slaves,  or  1  to  5.7,  including 
Blaves,  either  of  which  is  greater  than  in  any  other  country 
In  the  world  except  Denmark,  where  the  proportion  is  1 
to  4.6.  ^ 

A  greatly  increased  interest  In  the  subject  of  popular 
education  has  been  manifested  within  the  last  few  vears  • 
e.'tpecially  in  the  Northern  and  Western  States.  Public  sen- 
timent has  demanded  a  higher  standard  of  qualification  in 


the  teachers;  and,  as  a  consequence,  normal  schools,  ex 
pre.osly  designed  for  their  instruction  and  training,  have 
been  established  in  several  states;  besides  whiih.  teachers 
meet  regularly  in  convention,  to  interchange  view.s  i.pon 
the  best  methods  of  teaching;  thus  opening  a  larger  field 
of  comparison,  and  stimulating  through  emulation  to  far 
greater  efforts  for  improvement.  These  conventions  we 
believe,  are  now  held  in  every  free  state  in  the  Union,  »ul 
in  some  states  they  assemble  twice  annually  in  each  cou;itv ; 
the  sessions  generally  continuing  a  week.  The  classification 
of  schools  is  also  undergoing  a  thorough  revision.     Ud'sq 


UNI 


UNI 


Behools,  or  what  is  termed  the  "graded  system,"  which 
«omprises  hi);h.  grammar,  interm«diate,  and  primary 
schools,  are  being  established  in  all  the  principal  cities, 
towns,  and  villnjes.  By  placing  the  classes  in  the  interme- 
diiiti!  and  pritnjuv  schools,  in  charge  of  competent  female 
instructors,  school  •«mmittees  are  enabled  to  secure  the  ser- 
vices of  rpiili  teachers  of  the  highest  qualifications  for  the 
more  advanced  pupils,  without  increasing  the  aggregate  cort 
of  tuition. 

The  education  bestowed  in  many  of  the  high  schools, 
especially  in  the  Free  Academy  of  New  York,  and  the  Phi- 
ladelphia High  School,  is,  in  the  opinion  of  competent 
judges,  equal  if  not  superior,  in  all  that  relates  to  the 
;;»ractical  ourauits  of  life,  to  that  of  any  other  institution, 
of  wnatever  class,  in  this  or  any  other  country. 

For  further  inforr:?tion  on  this  subject,  the  reader  is  re- 
ferred to  Mr.  Barnard's  work  entitled  "National  Edvca- 
Tio>'  IN'  THE  United  States;  or  Contributions  to  the  History 
and  Improvement  of  Common  or  Public  Schools,  and  other 
means  of  Popular  Education  in  the  United  States." 

It  should  be  remarked  that  not  only  in  the  public  schools 
(which  are  especially  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  observa- 
tions), but  also  in  the  various  private  schools  throughout 
the  country,  renewed  zeal  has  been  manifested,  and  impor- 
tant improvements  have  been  maile. 

Scientific  Institutions. — The  government  of  the  United 
States  has  in  various  ways  shown  a  dLaposition  to  promote 
the  cause  of  science.  An  exploring  expedition  was  fitted 
out  by  the  general  government  under  the  administra- 
tion of  Mr.  Van  Biiren,  which  sailed  in  August  1838, 
visiting  the  coasts  of  South  America,  the  coa.st  of  North 
America,  the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  and  the  coa-its  of  Asia 
and  Africa,  surveying  harbors,  determining  latitudes  and 
longitudes,  and  the  altitudes  of  mountains,  making  goo- 
logical  researches,  collecting  specimens  of  natural  his- 
tory in  every  department,  &c.  The  collections  of  natunU 
hi.-story  form  an  extensive  and  valuable  museum,  which 
Is  dopo.sited  in  the  Smithsonian  Institute.  The  exploring 
expedition  added  a  new  cohtinent  to  the  geography  of 
the  world,  by  the  discovery  of  an  .\ntarctic  mainland.  An 
exp<>dition,  sent  out  by  the  United  States  government, 
under  Commodore  I'erry,  ent<(red  the  bay  of  Yeddo,  in 
Japan,  in  the  summer  of  1853,  was  favorably  received, 
and  a  treaty  concluded  in  1854.  opening  an  entirely  new 
field  to  American  commerce  and  enterprise.  The  Smith 
sonian  Institute,  at  Washington,  (.see  W.vshingtox.)  though 
founded  by  the  private  munificence  of  a  forei'.rner.  is  a 
national  institution,  "for  the  increase  and  dilTn.Mon- of 
knowledge  among  men."  which  is  under  the  direction  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States.  The  l.ilirary  of  Congres.s. 
now  numbering  50,000  volumes,  the  Military  .\caderay  at 
West  Point,  and  the  Naval  Academy  at  .\nnapolis,  sjo  the 
other  principal  institutions  of  this  class  that  are  of  a  national 
charaoier.  For  a  notice  of  the  last  two  institutions  the  reader 
Is  referred  to  the  heads  of  their  respective  localities.  Coast 
surveys  on  the  shores  of  both  the  .\tlautic  and  Pacific 
Ocean,-,,  and  military,  topographical,  and  geological  surveys, 
especially  of  the  new  territories,  have  been  and  are  being 
made  under  the  direction  of  the  competent  heads  of  their 
respective  bureaux.  The  names  of  Professor  A.  D.  Bacho, 
,  at  the  head  of  tiie  coast  survey,  and  of  Colonel  J.  J.  Abert, 
of  the  topographical  bure.iu,  are  well  known  to  the  scientific 
world;  as  are  those  al.so  of  Colonels  Fremont,  Johnston, 
Sitgreaves.  Lieutenants  Kmory.  Simpson.  Marry,  Stansbury, 
Herndon,  Gibbon,  and  that  of  Captain  Wilkes  of  the  exploring 
ei'pedition;  all  of  whom  have  published  valuable  journals 
of  ilic>r  proceedings.  Professor  David  Dale  Owens's  report 
on  the  geology  of  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  under  the 
direction  of  the  commissioner  of  the  land-office,  is  also  an  in- 
valuable contribution  t>  science.  It  accords  with  the  genius 
of  the  people  of  this  great  republic  to  rely  rather  on  indi- 
vidual entirpri.se.  than  on  governmental  action ;  and  the  re- 
liance has  been  justly  placed,  as  scarcely  a  week  passes  but 
its  journals  inform  us  of  some  wealthy  individual  endowiisg 
a  college  or  professorship,  or  founding  a  library ;  or,  at  least, 
•nakiug  liberal  bequests  for  scientific  and  literary  objects. 

When  it  is  considered  that  the  United  States  have  been  a 
nation  scarcely  beyond  the  period  of  an  ordinary  life,  and 
have  not  yet  finished  cutting  down  their  forests  and  clearing 
their  lands,  and  that  almost  the  entire  energies  of  the  people 
Iiave  hitherto  been  directed  to  procuring  a  subsistence  and 
erecting  habitations;  they  surely  have  no  cau.se  to  blu.sh 
if  their  literature  has  not  equalled  that  which  has  grown  up 
in  Kurope  under  the  fostering  care  of  a  wealthy  aristocracy, 
amid  institutions  which  had  been  enriched  with  all  the 
choicest  productions  extant  of  ancient  and  modern  learning, 
long  before  the  white  man  had  fixed  his  dwelling  on  any 
part  of  the  vast  domain  o**he  United  Slates.  This  country 
has  indeed  just  ground  to  glorv.  that  in  spite  of  all  the  dis- 
advantages alluded  to.  it  ha."-  proaueed  so  many  names  illus- 
trious in  science,  literatu-e.  and  art — names  which  posteritj", 
whether  in  the  Old  or  New  World,  will  not  willingly  let  die. 

The  Press, — Closely  connected  with  the  literary  institu- 
♦'••ns  of  the  United  .States  is  th* public  pres.s,  the  most  effi- 
cient instrument  for  the  diHusiou  of  general  intelligence, 


and  the  most  powerful  engine,  whether  to  promote  or  nnder- 
mine  the  great  interests  of  morality  or  religion.  The  fol- 
lowing Table  will  show  the  number  of  daily,  weekly, 
montlily,  and  other  issues  for  1860 : 

Nuniber. 

Dailies 387 

Tri- week  Ties 86 

Semi-weeklies '9 

Weeklies 3173 

Monthlies 280 

Quarterlies 30 

Anuals 16 

Total 4051 

The  whole  number  of  copies  printed  annually,  was 
927,951,548.  Of  the  4051  newspapers  and  periodicals,  324^ 
w?re  pcditical,  '/il  religious,  298  literary,  and  234  miscella- 
neous. 

The  number  of  post-ofHces  on  the  30th  of  June,  1863,  was 
29,047 ;  aggregate  lengtli  of  mail-routes,  139,098  miles  (it 
was  219.395  miles  in  1854);  the  annual  expenditures  of  tlio 
department  were  $11,314,206,  and  the  receii)ts,  $ll,lti3.7^9; 
leaving  a  deficiency  of  $150,417.  The  revenue  for  the  year 
ending  June  30, 1865,  was  $14,556,158,  and  the  expenditures, 
$13,694,728 ;  leaving  a  surplus  of  $861,430.  The  number  of 
postage-stamps  issued  during  the  year  was  387,419,455,  re- 
presenting $12,099,787,  besides  25,040,425  stamped  envelopes, 
representing  $724,135.  The  aggregate  postages,  sea,  inland 
and  foreign,  upon  the  correspondence  exchanged  with 
foreign  countries,  amounted  (in  1865)  to  $1,819,928.56,  of 
which  amount  $1,449,530.76 accrued  on  the  mails  exchanged 
with  Great  Britain,  France,  Prussia,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and 
Belgium.  The  cost  of  the  United  States  tran.satlantic  ser- 
vice performed  by  steamships  receiving  the  sea-postage  only, 
was  $105,479.5B. 

Relvjiiius  l)f:nnminations.-~TheTe  is  no  state  religion  in 
the  United  States, all  denominations  being  regarded  equally 
by  the  government.  The  ministers  depend  for  subsistence 
upon  the  voluntary  contributi(Jns  of  their  congregations,  or 
upon  funds  approjiriattMl  for  this  purpose. 

ITie  principal  sects  are  the  Adventists,  Baptists,  Chris- 
tians, Congregationalista,  Dutch  Reformed,  Episcopalians, 
Friends,  German  Reformed,  Jews,  Lutherans,  Method- 
ists, Moravians,  Presbyterians,  Roman  Catholics,  Sweden- 
borgians.  Unionists,  Unitarians,  and  Universalists.  Of  these 
the  -Methodists  are  the  most  numerous,  having  according  to 
the  census  of  1800, 19,883  churches,  and  accommodations  for 
6,259,799  persons;  the  Baptists  come  next  in  order,  with 
11,222  cliurclies,  accommodations,  3,749,553;  the  Presby- 
terians are  third,  churches,  5,061,  accommodations,  2,088,838 ; 
(this  is  exclusive  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians,wlio  have 
820  churches,  the  Reformed  Presbyterians,  with  136,  and 
the  United  Presbyterian.s,  with  389  churches) ;  the  next  in 
order  are  the  Roman  Catholics,  having  2,550  churches,  ac- 
commodations, 1,404,437;  the  Congregationalists  are  fifth, 
having 2,234  churches,  accommodations,  956,351 ;  then  follow 
the  Episcopalians,  with  2,145  churches,  accommodations, 
847,296;  the  Lutherans  are  next,  with  2,128  churches,  ac- 
commodations, 767,6o7.  Then  come  the  other  sects  in  the 
following  order:  Christians,  Friends,  Unionists, German  Re- 
formed, Universalists.  Dutch  Reformed.  Unitarians,  Jews, 
Adventists,  Swedenborgians,  and  Moravians. 

Public  institutions,  cC-c. — The  United  States  government 
has  a  Naval  Asylum  at  Philadelphia,  (which  see,)  and 
Marine  Hospitiils  at  Chelsea,  near  Boston,  Brooklyn,  Cleve- 
land, Chicago,  Pittsburg,  Louisville,  Evansville,  St.  Louis, 
Key  West,  and  San  Francisco.  There  are  navy  yards  at 
Kittery  in  Maine,  (opposite  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire, 
of  which  it  is  a  suburb,)  at  Boston,  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, Washington,  Norfolk,  Penaicola,  and  Vallejo. 
There  is  a  mother  Mint  at  I'hiladelphla,  and  branches  at 
Charlotte,  (in  North  Carolina,)  Dahlonega,  (in  Georgia,)  San 
Francisco,  Denver,  Carson  City,  and  Dalles  City,  and  an 
assaying-house  in  New  York  City.  The  other  principal 
erections  are  custom-houses,  (many  of  them  of  great  archi- 
tectural merit,)  forts,  arsenals,  armories,  post-offices,  trea- 
sury and  sub-treasury  offices,  lighthouses,  &c. ;  the  offices 
of  state,  war,  navy,  treasury,  general  post-office,  patent  office, 
and  other  national  buildings,  at  Washington  City,  will  be 
described  under  that  head.  There  were,  in  1854, 24  arsenals, 
besides  national  armories,  at  Springfield.  Massachusetts,  and 
Harper's  Ferry,  Vii'ginia,  and  more  than  100  forts  and  bar- 
racks scattered  over  different  parts  of  the  Union.  There  are 
now  (1865)  28  permanent  armories  and  arsenals.  The  navy 
contained,  in  1854,  11  ships  of  tlie  line,  mounting  from  84 
to  120  guns  each ;  13  frigates,  mounting  from  50  to  56  guns 
each;  20  sloojjs  of  war,  mounting  from  16  to  22  guns  each; 
4  brigs,  mounting  from  4  to  6  guns  each ;  1  schooner,  mount- 
ing 3  guns;  6 steam  frigates,  mounting  from  6  to  51  guns 
each;  4  first  class  steamers,  mounting  from  1  to  10  guns 
each;  5  less  than  first  class  steamers,  7  store-ships,  and  2 
permanent  receiving  vessels'. 

The  navy  list,  January,  1864,  contained  6  rear-admirals 
on  the  active  list  and  8  on  the  retired  list;  18  commoili>re» 
on  the  active  list  and  31  on  the  retired  list ;  86  captaiu'>  ou 

1995 


UXI 

the  •ctive  list,  Li  on  the  retired  list,  and  10  on  the  reserved 
lidt;  72  commanders  on  theiictive  list,  7  on  the  retired  list, 
■nd  15  on  the  reserved  list :  144  lieutenant-commanders  on 
the  HCtive  list;  96  lieutenants  on  the  active  list.  8  on  the 
retired  list,  and  9  on  the  reserved  list;  58  ensigns  on  the 
active  list  and  32  on  the  reserved  list. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  year  1865  there  were  in  com- 
mission 530  vessels  of  all  classes  and  descriptions,  armed 
with  3000  guns  and  manned  by51,iKX)  men.  The  number  of 
Tassels  in  commission,  in  December,  lS6o,  was  117,  with  830 
guns  and  12,128  men. 

The  pay  of  a  rear-admiral  is  $5000  per  annum  when  at 
eea,  $4000  when  on  shore  duty,  and  $3000  when  on  leave, 
WHiting  orders ;  that  of  a  commodore  is  $4000  when  at  sea. 
$3200  when  on  shore  duty,  and  S2400  when  on  leave,  waiting 
orders ;  that  of  a  captain  $:i500  when  at  sea,  $2800  when  on 
■hore  duty,  and  $2100  when  on  leave,  waiting  orders;  that 
of  a  commander  varies  from  S16S0  to  $2800 :  that  of  a  lieu- 
tenant-commander, /rom  $1500  to  $2343;  that  of  a  lieuten- 
ant, from  $1200  to  $1875 ;  that  of  a  master,  from  $960  to 
$1500;  that  of  ensigns,  from  $:6S  to  $1200:  that  of  a  snr- 

teon,  from  $1600  to  $:}000 ;  that  of  an  assistant-surgeon,  from 
SOO  to  $1250 :  that  of  a  paymaster,  from  $1400  to  $3100 ;  that 
of  a  professor  of  mathematics,  from  $960  to  $l'-00;  that  of  a 
boatswain,  gunner,  carpenter,  and  sailmaker,  from  600  to 
$1450 ;  that  of  a  chief-engineer,  from  $1200  to  $2600 ;  that  of 
engineers,  from  $900  to  $1250;  that  of  a  midshipman  is  $500. 
The  marine-corps  has  its  head-quarters  at  Washington, 
and  is  comfiosed  of  1  colonel-commandant,  (with  a  salary  of 
$3186,)  1  colonel,  2  lieutenivnt-colonels,  4  majors:  a  pay- 
master (with  the  rank  of  major) :  a  quartermaster  (with  the 
rank  of  major),  an  adjut;int  and  inspector  (with  the  rank 
of  major),  two  assistant-quartermasters  (with  the  rank  of 
captain),  20  captains.  30  first-lieutenants,  and  30  second-lieu- 
tenants. The  maximum  strength  of  the  corps  is  3000  men. 
The  pay  for  major-general  is  equivalent  to  $4512  per 
annum;  of  a  brigadier  or  quartermaster-general,  $2958;  of 
a  paymaster  or  surgeon-general,  $2500;  of  an  adjutant,  in- 
spector, or  assistant  quarterm;ister-general,  and  of  a  com- 
missary-general of  subsistence,  or  a  colonel,  $2196  (but  a 
colonel  of  artillery  and  infantry  receives  only  $1192) ;  the  pay 
of  the  inferior  officers  varies  from  $774  to  $1924  per  annum. 

Dix^ions. — There  are  in  the  confederacy  36  state*,  and, 
(including  the  District  of  Columbia)  11  organized  territories. 
These  have  been  hitherto  grouped  as  follows : — 6  New  Eng- 
land States,  viz.:  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massa- 


UNI 

chnsetts  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  containing  6-3,273 
square  mih-.s ;  5  Middle  States,  viz.:  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  Maryland,  containing  111.796 
square  miles ;  9  Southern  States,  viz. :  Virginia,  North  Caro- 
lina, South  CarolinJ^Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas,  containing  about  629.750  square  miles ; 
and  15  Western  States,  viz.:  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin.  Inwa.  Missouri,  Ar- 
kansas, California,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  Oregon,  and  Nevsda, 
containing  993,674  square  miles.  Besides  these  there  are  (he 
10  organized  territories,  viz. :  Nebra.ska,  Indian  TeiTitory, 
New  Mexico,  Utih,  Washington.  Colorado,  Dakota,  Idaho, 
Arizona,  and  Montana.  The  District  of  Columbia  is  a  small 
territory  set  apart  as  the  seat  of  the  national  government 

The  above  is  the  usual,  but  not  very  philosophical  cla-'Sifl- 
cation  of  the  states.  The  following  arrangement,  (ln-lng 
essentially  the  same  as  that  suggested  by  Mr.  Kennedv,) 
ba.«ed  on  the  climate  and  productions  of  the  different  states, 
and  on  the  habits  and  pursuits  of  their  inhabitants,  is.  in 
our  judgment,  far  preferable  to  the  old  classification : — 1. 
The  six  New  Kngland  States;  2.  Six  Middle Stat«'B.  including 
Maryland.  Delaware,  and  Ohio;  3.  Seven  Coast  Planting 
States,  including  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida.  Alabama, 
Mississippi.  Louisiana,  and  Texas;  4.  Six  Central  Slave 
States,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee.  Kentucky.  Mis- 
souri, and  Arkan.sas;  5.  Five  North- Western  Agricultural 
States,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa; 
California. 

"  There  are  points  of  agreement  in  the  general  character, 
jgtics  of  the  states  combined  in  the  foregoing  groups,  which 
warrant  the  mode  of  arrangement  adopted.  Maryland  ij" 
classed,  as  heretofore,  with  the  Middle  States,  bet-ause  its 
leading  interests  appear  to  connect  it  rather  with  the  com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  section  to  which  it  is  here  as- 
signed, than  with  the  purely  agricultural  states.  Ohio  is 
placed  in  the  same  connexion  for  nearly  similar  rea.ion.s 

"  The  central  ninge  of  states  .south  of  the  line  of  the  Poto- 
mac are  obviously  distinguishe\l  from  that  division  to  whirh 
we  have  given  the  appellation  of  the  Coast  I'lanting  States. 
In  the  latter,  cotton,  sugar,  and  rice,  are  the  great  staples, 
the  cultivation  of  which  is  so  absorbing  as  to  stamp  its  im- 
press on  the  character  of  the  people.  The  industry  of  the 
central  states  is  more  diversified." 

The  area  of  the  several  states  and  territories,  and  their 
population  at  different  periods,  are  exhibited  in  the  follow- 
ing Table: 


Area  and  Population  of  the  several  Sfcites  and  Territories  of  the  United  States. 


Miiae.    .    ,    . 
r  Haropffaire 

Vermont  .  .  . 
Musachusettt  . 
Kliode  Iiland  . 
tiecticut .  . 
NewVorIc  .  . 
New-Jen«y.  • 
Fennsylvaaia  • 
DeUwire.     .     . 


Virgini*  .  .  . 
JCnrth  Carolina 
South  Carolina ■ 

Georgia    .    .  • 

Florida  .  .  . 
Alabama  ... 

Mississippi   .  , 

Louisiana  •  . 
Texas  .... 

Arkansas .    .  , 

Tennessee    .  . 

Kenluckr     .  . 

Oliio     .    .    .  . 

Michigan .    .  . 

Indiana    .    .  . 

Illinois     .     .  . 

Missouri  .     ,  , 

Iowa    .    .    .  . 

Wisconsiu    ,  , 

Cslifornia     .  . 

Kansas      .     .  , 

Nebraska      .  . 

Minnesota     ,  . 

Ne*"  Mexico  . 

UakoU     .     .  , 

Colorado  .    ,  , 

Utah     .     .    .  . 

Orecon     ,    .  . 

Ne.ada     .    .  . 

Wasliingtoo  .  . 


l'!aho  .... 
Montana  .  .  . 
Indian  Territory 


Population  in  1860. 


Whites.     rre«  ColM.     Slaves 


Sl,766 
9,280 
10,vri2 
7,800 
1,S0« 
4,67-1 
47.000 
8.3-.'0 
46.000 
2,l» 
11,124 
60 
61.So2 
50,704 
29.385 
58.000 
59.268 
50.722 
47,15« 
41.255 
257.504 
52.198 
45.600 
37.6«^0 
39.961 
56.243 
33.809 
55.405 
67.380 
50.9U 
5.3.924 
155.980 
78.418 
75.000 
81.259 
124.500 
240.000 
106.475 
108,000 
101.400 
83.500 
70,000 
121.000 
90.000 
153.300 
71.0U0 


626,947 

3-25,579 

SI<,3A9 

1,221. 4:U 

170.ft)9 

451,504 

3,831.590 

646.699 

2,849.259 

90.589 

515,918 

60.763 

1.047.299 

629.942 

291. .too 

591.550 

77.747 

526.271 

35.3.899 

357,456 

420,891 

324,143 

826.7Z2 

919.484 

2.302.808 

736.142 

I,3:t8.710 

1.704,291 

1,063. 4,'<I9 

673.779 

773,693 

358,110 

106.390 

28.S96 

169.395 

82.924 

2,576 

34.231 

40.125 

62.1J0 

6.812 

11,138 


2,987,957     26.957,471 


494 

709 

9.602 

3,952 

8.627 

49.005 

25.318 

56.')49 

19.829 

83.492 

11.131 

58.012 

30.-16:1 

9.914 

3,500 

9)2 

2,690 

773 

18,647 

355 

144 

7,300 

10.684 

36,673 

6,799 

11.428 

7,628 

3,572 

1,069 

1,171 

4,086 

625 

67 

259 


87.189 
.3,185 
490.865 
3:n.059 
402.406 
462.198 

61.745 
435.080 
436.631 
S3I.7-J6 
182.566 
111.115 
275.7 1» 
225.483 

'i6172»i 

[2»0»] 

[S-2»] 

114.931 

[63»] 

[10I7»1 

[17.79S*] 

1189»] 

[6.3«) 

[2-36»»] 

(I0.507*] 

[2.26  !•] 


189*1 
[n7»] 


t426«] 


Total. 


628.279 

326,073 

315.098 

1,231,066 

174,620 

460,147 

3.8-«,735 

672.017 

2.906.215 

112.216 

687,049 

75.080 

1.596.318 

992,622 

703,708 

1,057,286 

140,424 

964.201 

791. .305 

708,002 

604.215 

435.450 

1,109,801 

1,155.684 

2,339,511 

749,113 

1,350,428 

1,711,951 

1,182.012 

674.913 

775,881 

S79.994 

107.204 

28,826 

172.0-23 

93,516 

4.837 

34,277 

40,244 

52,465 

6.857 

11,594 


583.169 
317,976 
314.120 
994.514 
147,545 
370,792 

3,097..394 
489,5.5 

2,311,786 
91, .532 
683.034 
51,687 

1,421.661 
869.039 
868.507 
906,185 
87.445 
771.6-23 
606.526 
517,762 
21-2.592 
209.897 

1,002,717 
98-2.405 

1,980.329 
397.654 
988.416 
851.470 
68-2,044 
I9-2.2I4 
305.391 
82,597 


501,793 
284.574 
291.948 
737,699 
108.8.30 
309,978 
2,428.921 
373.306 
1,7-24.033 

78.0a5 
470.019 

43.712 
1, -239.797 
753.419 
594..398 
691,392 

54.477 
590.756 
375.651 
35-2.411 

"97! 574 
829.-2I0 
779.828 

1,319.467 
212.-267 
685.866 
476.183 
3S3.702 
43.112 
30,945 


-399,455 
269.3-28 
280-652 
610.408 

97.199 

297,675 

1.918,608 

3-20.8-23 

1,348.233 

76,748 
447.040 

39,834 
1,211,405 
737.987 
581,185 
516,823 

ai,730 
309,527 
136,621 
215,739 

"sb'.38S 
681.904 
687,917 
937.903 
31,639 
343,031 
137,443 
140,455 


Pop.  In      Pop.  in 
1820.  1810. 


298,335 
244,161 
235,764 
525,287 
8a059 
275,  ..'02 

1,372.812 
277,r 

1,049.458 
72.7-19 
407,350 
33,039 

1,065.379 
638, '•29 
50-2.741 
340,987 


127,901 
75,448 
153,407 

"14,273 

42-2.813 
564.317 
581.43.3 
8.896 
147.178 
55  211 
66,586 


228.705 
214.:<60 
217.713 
472.040 

77.031 
262.012 
939,019 
245,555 
810.091 

72,674 
SS0.546 

24,023 
974,6-22 
555.500 
415.113 
232,433 


40.352 
76,556 


261.727 
406.511 
230.760 
4,762, 
24,530 
12.222 
20.845 


131.719 
183,762 
154.465 
423. -243 

69.1-22 
251,002 
5Se,756 
211.949 
60-2,365 

64.273 
341..546 

IJ.OfS 

850,200 

■  478.103 

^5.591 

16-2,101 


105.602 
220,955". 
45,36SI 

"4,875 


9,638,131  7.239,814 


5,305.925 


•  Th«  numbers  in  brackets  and  marked  with  an 
•t*l«  uid  territories  as  returned  bv  >he  ce-nur  < 

i»»e 


asterisk,  indicate  the  Indian  populations  of  the  respective  Slates.     The  nuiuber  of  Icdiansiu  'in»» 
ru  41030 ;  but  this  does  uot  appear  to  include  auy  of  the  wauierinj  tr''»-«» 


UNI 


UNI 


Pypidation. — In  no  repon  of  tho  globe,  ancient  or  modern, 
under  one  government,  anrt  intermingling  among  each  other 
in  the  daily  offlces  of  public  and  private  life,  was  there  ever 
a  population  composed  of  such  varied  elements  as  in  tho 
United  States — English,  Irish,  German,  Scotch,  French,  and 
Welsh,  besides  a  small  admixture  frojn  every  other  state  in 
Europe,  from  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  from 
Africa,  Asia,  and  even  from  the  isles  of  the  Pacific.  Though 
the  English  or  An?:lo-Saxon  is  undoubtedly  the  stem,  and 
that  race  founded  the  principal  colonies,  giving  tone  to  the 
customs,  manners,  and  laws  of  the  country,  yet,  so  large  is 
the  infusion  from  other  stocks,  (estimated  at  5,000,000  by 
Edward  Everett,)  as  to  make  the  national  characteristics 
essentially  distinct  from  the  English. 

Tlie  total  population  of  the  United  States,  in  1790,  was 
8,9l'>,827,  of  whom  697,S97  were  slaves.  The  population  of 
the  thirteen  colonies,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  in  1775,  was  2,80:5,000,  (including  500,000 
slaves;)  in  1749,  l,04fi,000;  and  in  1701,  262,000. 

The  ratio  of  increase  in  the  population  is  very  remarkable 
for  its  uniformity,  being  an  average  of  about  35  per  cent, 
for  each  of  the  six  decennial  periods  that  have  occurred 
since  1790.  For  the  first  period,  to  ISOO,  it  Wiis  about  35.01 
per  cent.;  from  1840  to  1850,  3.5.86  per  cent.;  and  for  the 
last  decade  fi-om  1850  to  1860,  35.58. 

The  slave-holding  states  had  an  area  of  851,508  sqiiare 
miles,  with  12,240,000  inhabitants ;  and  the  non-slave-holding 
states  an  area  of  612,-597  square  miles,  with  19,203,(X)8  in- 
habitants. The  population  of  the  same  territory  in  1790  was 
1,961,372  in  the  former,  and  1,968,419  in  tho  latter.  The 
white  population  of  the  slave-holding  states  rose  from 
1,271,488  in  1790  to  8,039,000  in  1860;  and  of  the  non-slave- 
holding  states,  from  1,900,976  to  19,20:1,008.  The  mimber 
of  free  colored  persons  in  the  slave-holding  states  increased 
from  32,357  at  the  former  period  to  25 1 ,000  at  the  latter; 
and  in  the  non-slave-holding  states,  from  27,109  to  2.37,000. 
Maryland  and  Virginia  had  the  greatest  number,  and  New 
Hampshire  and  Arkansas  the  least.  The  number  of  slaves 
in  the  United  States  in  1790  was  R97,897  ;  in  1800,  893,041 ; 
in  1810,  1,191,364;  in  1820,1,5.38,038;  in  18.30, -.',009,043;  in 
1840,  2,487,455 ;  in  1850,  3,204,313 ;  and  3,953,760  in  1860.  Of 
the  last  number,  3,542,147  were  black  or  of  unmixed  African 
descent,  and  411,613  mulatto.  In  1860.  Virginia  had  the 
greatest  number  of  slaves,  and  Delaware  the  least.  In 
South  Carolina  and  Mississippi  the  slaves  considerably  out- 
numbered the  whites.  The  number  of  slave-holders  in  tho 
United  States  was  347,525. 

The  population  of  the  several  geographical  division.?,  at 
different  periods,  is  shown  in  the  following  Table : — 


Population 
iu  1790. 

Population 
in  18-'0. 

Population 
in  1H5U. 

I'aciflc  Slope 

Mississippi  Valley  .... 

Atlautic  Slope 

Gulf,  East  of  the  Mis.sissippi 
Gulf,  West  of  the  Mississippi 

117.271 
8,B41.754 

l-i,7-9.S.59 

1,414,098 

28«,394 

205,a80 

S,70»,118 

IB.Ml 

•i,419,:«9 

7,0i:j.lo4 

a)1.5»6 

The  states,  exclusive  of  the  territories,  have  a  population 
of  about  16  to  the  square  mile.  The  Midille  States  are  the 
densest  portion  of  the  Union,  being  57.79  to  the  square 
mile;  next  come  the  New  England  States.  (41.94;)  then  the 
Northwestern.  (16.13;)  then  the  Southern,  (15.27;)  and 
lastly  the  South-Western,  (7  to  the  square  mile.)  The  non- 
slave-holding  states  (21.91  to  the  square  mile)  are  nearly 
twice  as  densely  populated  as  the  slavi!-holdiug  states,  (11.35 
to  the  square  mile.)  The  territories  have  only  one  inhabit- 
ant to  every  16  square  miles. 

Of  the  free  population  in  1860,  23,353,386  were  born  in 
the  United  State.?,  and  4,136,175  in  foreign  countries,  viz.: 
1,(511,304  in  Ireland;  1,301,13>>  in  Germany;  431,692  in  Eng- 
land; 249,970  in  British  America;  103,518  in  Scotland; 
109,870  in  France;  45,763  in 'Wales ;  63,327  in  Switzerland; 
27,466  in  Mexico;  43,995  in  Norway;  2-27,6t)l  in  Prussia; 
and  28,281  in  Holland.  Of  the  white  population,  11,856  were 
deaf  and  dumb,  of  whom  1055  were  foreign  born.  There 
were  also  deaf  and  dumb,  808  slaves,  and  157  free  colored. 
Tlie  total  number  of  whites  who  were  blind  was  10,729;  in 
atUlition  to  this  number  there  were  1510  slaves,  415  free 
colored,  and  4  Indians.  Tho  number  of  insane  whites  was 
23,280;  of  insane  slaves,  406;  and  of  in.sane  free  colored  per- 
sons, 360.  The  total  number  of  whites  who  were  idiotic, 
was  16,952;  of  idiotic  slaves,  1589;  and  of  free  colored  idiots, 
389.  The  numlier  of  free  persons  born  in  the  year  ending 
June  1,  1860,  was  820,071.  being  3.35  per  cent,  of  the  free 
population;  of  marriages,  224. 682,  being  .82  per  cent.;  the 
whole  number  of  deaths  was  394,12.3,  or  1.28  per  cent. 

In  addition  to  the  civilized  population,  it  is  estimated  that 
liear  400,000  Indians  or  aborigines  exist  in  the  United  States, 
found  chiefly  in  the  uucultivated  territories.  From  17,0ii0 
to  18,000  of  these  are  found  east  of  the  Mississippi,  and  above 
100.000  along  the  frontiers  of  the  Western  States. 

Im.mifjratinv . — The  number  of  foreigners  who  arrived  in 
the  United  States  in  1820  was  5993;  iu  1830,23,074;  in  1840, 


8.3,504;  in  1850,279,980;  and  in  18.53, 3P8.643.  From  1851  to 
1^60,  inclusive,  2,598,214,  of  whom  748,740  were  born  in  Ire- 
land. 9u7,780  i)i  Germany  (not  including  Prussia i,  247,125  ip 
England,  76,358  in  France,  59,309  in  British  .America,  4::.88 
in  Prus.sia.  41,397  in  China,  38,.331  in  Scotland,  25,011  ir 
Switzerland,  20,9.31  in  Norway  and  Sweden,  10,789  iu  Hol- 
land, 10,060  in  the  West  Indies,  9298  in  Spain,  and  7012  in 
Italy. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  progress  of  the  cities  of  the  United 
States,  as  a  mass,  has  been  without  a  parallel  in  the  history 
of  the  world.  Some  cities  in  tlie  old  world,  favored  by  im- 
perial caprice  and  power,  may  have  had,  lor  a  .short  periotl, 
a  more  rapid  rise  than  th  se  of  the  American  Confederacy; 
but  in  the  aggregsite,  we  have  no  example  of  such  an 
amazing  extension  and  growth  of  towns  as  this  republic 
exhibits.  At  the  first  census,  in  1790,  there  was  but  one 
city  (Philadelphia)  numbering  40,000  inhabitants,  in  the 
Union.  St.IxmisandNew  Orleanswere  mere  villages;  I'itts- 
burg  was  but  a  frontier  fort;  the  site  of  Cincinnati  had 
merely  been  chosen,  and  the  name  of  Buffalo  did  not  exist. 
In  1860  there  were  more  than  70  cities  and  towns,  with 
poi)ulations  exceeding  10.000  each,  viz. :  New  York,  805.6i' 1 ; 
Philadelphia,  562,529 ;  Baltimore,  212,418 ;  Boston,  excluding 
suljurbs,  177,812;  New  Orleans,  168,675;  Brooklyn,  206,  61 ; 
Cincinnati,  161,044;  St.  Louis,  160,773;  Chicago,  109,260; 
Huffalo,  81,129 ;  Pittsburg,  including  Alleghany  City,  77,919 ; 
N«wark,  71.914;  Louisville,  68,0:B;  Albany,  62,31)7;  Wash- 
ington, 61,122;  San  Francisco,  56,802;  Providence,  50,66'); 
Detroit,  45,619;  Milwaukee,  45,246;  Rochester,  48,204; 
Charleston,  40,-578;  Cleveland,  43,417;  New  Haven, .39,267; 
Troy,  39,232;  Richmond,  37.910;  Lowell.  30,827;  Mobile, 
29.258;  Jersey  City.  29,226;  Hartford,  29,154;  Syracnse, 
28,119;  Portland,  26,341;  Roxbury,  25,137;  Cambridge, 
26,060;  Worcester.  24,9i.O;  Reading  (Pennsylvania),  Salem 
(Massachusetts),  Memphis,  Utica,  Savannah,  Wilmington 
(Delaware),  Dayton,  and  JIanchester  (New  H.imp.-^hire), 
between  20.000  and  25,000;  Paterson,  Lynn,  Indianapolis, 
Columbus  (Ohio),  Petersburg  (Virginia),  L.anc!i8ter  (Penn- 
sylvania), Bangor,  Lawrence,  Trenton,  Kingston  (New 
York),  Na.shville,  Oswego,  Norfolk,  Newburg  (New  York), 
Springfield  (Massachusetts),  and  Tauntcm,  between  15,000 
and  20,000;  Poughkeepsie,  Fall  River,  I'eoria,  Wheeling, 
Norwioli,  Harrisburg  .  Pennsylvania),  Lockport,  Dubuque, 
Newburyport,  Alexaiuiria,  Augusta  (Georgia),  and  Bridge- 
liort  (Connecticut),  between  12.000  and  15,000.  Sacramento, 
Camden  (New  Jersey),  Quincy  (Illinoi.s),  and  New  Albany 
(Indiana),  between  12,000  and  15.000;  and  Davenport,  Au- 
burn, New  Bnmswick,  Newport  (Rhode  Island),  Fort  Wayne, 
Nashua.  New  London,  Gloucester  (Massachusetts),  Evan.s- 
ville  (Indiana^  between  10,000  and  12,000  This  relation  is 
now  considerably  altered,  but  sis  we  have  no  official  reports, 
and  only  in  a  few  instances,  a  partial  and  local  census,  we 
have  taken  the  only  one  which  could  give  a  just  comp.Trison 
as  to  the  populousness  and  importance  of  the  different 
towns. 

Some  twenty  of  the  above  towns  might  be  named  as  bt^ing 
distinguished  even  in  this  country  for  their  amazing  pro- 
gress, but  our  limits  compel  us  to  pass  tho  greater  part  in 
silence.  We  will,  however,  cite  three  or  four  as  striking 
ex.'imples  of  that  rapid  increase  which,  as  we  have  before 
observed,  is  without  parallel  in  the  history  of  the  world. 
Cincinnati  had,  in  1840,  46,:}38  inhal^itants ;  in  1850, 115,4.38 ; 
and  in  1860,  161.044 — the  population  doubling  itself  about 
every  7  or  8  years — a  rate  of  increase  which,  if  continued, 
would  in  about  30  years  from  the  present  time,  give  the  city 
a  population  of  above  2,000,000.  St.  Louis  h.ad,  in  1840, 
16,469;  in  1850,77,850;  and  in  1860, 160,773— the  poi)ulation  • 
doubling  itself  about  every  5  years;  Chicago  had,  in  1840, 
a  population  of  4853;  in  1850,  29,9a3;  in  1860,  109,2^0, 
doubling  itself  about  every  4  years.  The  progress  of  Cleve- 
land and  Detroit  has  been  scarcely  less  rapid. 

Grrvemment. — The  government  of  the  United  States  is  a 
confederation  of  various  states,  delegating  a  portion  of 
their  power  to  a  central  government,  whose  edicts  and 
laws,  so  far  as  granted  constitutionally,  are  always  para- 
mount to  state  authority;  but  iwll  powers  not  expressly 
conceded  by  that  constitution  are  tacitly  reserved  to  the 
states.  The  governmental  power  of  the  American  Con- 
federacy is  divided  into  legislative,  judicial,  and  execu- 
tive. The  executive  power  is  lodged  m  a  president  and 
vice-president,  elected  for  four  years  by  electors  chosen  I'y 
popular  vote  in  each  state;  the  electors  being  equal  to  the 
number  of  senators  and  members  of  the  House  of  Bepie- 
sentatives  for  each  state  at  the  time  of  said  election.  For 
example,  Pennsylvania,  having  at  the  present  time  (1805), 
24  members  in  the  national  House  of  Representatives,  and 
each  state  having  2  senators,  is  entitled  to  26  electoral  votes 
tor  pre.sideut  and  vice-president.  A  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  electoral  votes  is  necessary  to  a  choice,  and  if  no 
person  has  a  majority,  then,  from  the  three  highest  on  the 
list,  the  House  of  Kepre.senlatives,  voting  by  states,  (each 
state  having  but  one  vote,  and  a  majority  of  ail  the  states 
being  necessary  to  an  election,)  shall  proceed  to  choose  a 
president;  but  if  no  candidate  receives  a  majority  before 
the  4th  of  March  next  following,  then  the  vice-president 

1997 


UM 

Miafl  ict  JLS  president  If  no  candidate  for  vice-president 
has  a  minority  of  all  the  electoral  votes,  then  from  the  two 
higl^it  numbers  on  the  list  the  Senate  shall  proceed  to 
chotse  the  vice-president;  but  a  niiijority  of  the  whole 
numter  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  The  president  is 
oommapder-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United 
States,  and  has  power  of  reprieve  and  pardon  for  offences 
ai;ainst  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment 
lie  has  power  (provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  concur) 
to  make  treaties,  and  to  nominate  the  memliers  of  his  cabi- 
net, foreign  ministers,  and  other  officers  of  the  United 
States,  to  the  Senate  for  its  approval  or  disapproval.  Of 
some  inferior  officers  he  has  the  absolute  appointment  The 
president  may  also  remove  any  officer  subject  to  his  appoint- 
ment, at  his  pleasure. 

The  legislative  power  is  exercised  by  a  Congress  composed 
of  two  branches,  a  Senate  and  House  of  Kepresentatives. 
The  Senate  is  composed  of  two  members  from  each  state, 
chosen  by  the  legislature  thereof,  for  sii  years,  so  that  one- 
third  shall  retire  at  the  close  of  every  -second  year.  The 
House  of  Representatives  is  composed  of  members  chosen 
every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  states,  and 
the  electors  in  each  state  shall  have  the  qualifications  requi- 
site for  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  state  legislature. 
A  senator  must  be  at  leqst  30  years  of  age,  and  must  have 
been  9  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  a  representa- 
tive be  25  years  of  age,  have  been  7  years  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  a  resident  of  the  state  in  which  he  shall 
be  chosen.  Kepresentatives  and  electoral  vottis  for  president 
are  apportioned  according  to  the  whole  number  of  free  per- 
sons (except  Indians)  and  three-fifths  of  all  others.  The 
population  necessary  to  form  a  constituency  for  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  is  determined  by  act  of 
Congress,  and  is  usually  increased  after  the  taking  of  each 
census,  being  a  little  over  30,000  between  1790  and  1800 ; 
but  had  risen  to  70,680  between  1840  and  1850,  and  is  about 
120,000  under  the  8th  or  last  census.  Those  states,  however, 
that  have  fractions  of  population  of  more  than  half  the 
requisite  number,  send  an  additional  member;  but  each 
state,  whatever  its  population,  must  have  at  least  1  member. 
By  a  law  passed  in  March  4, 1862,  the  number  of  represen- 
tatives was  increased  to  241,  besides  delegates  from  each 
territory  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  who  speak,  but 
do  not  vote.  The  senate  represents  the  states  in  their  sov- 
ereign capacity,  and  the  House  of  Representatives  (as  its 
luuue  implies)  the  people. 

Congress  has  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  and  imposts, 
to  borrow  money,  to  pay  debts,  to  regulate  commerce  with 
foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several  states,  and  with 
the  Indians,  to  coin  money  and  regulate  its  value,  to  fix 
a  standard  of  weights  and  measures,  to  punish  counter^ 
feiting,  to  establish  post-offices  and  post  roads,  to  grant 
patents  for  inventions  and  copyrights  for  books,  &c.,  to 
punl-sh  piracies,  &c.,  on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against 
the  laws  of  nation.s,  to  declare  war.  and  to  proviile  and  main- 
tain an  army  and  navy,  to  provide  for  calling  forth  the 
militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the  Union,  and  to  suppress 
invasions  and  rebellions,  to  exercise  exclusive  jurisdiction 
over  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  over  all  places  where 
forts,  arsenals,  magazines,  dock-yards.  Ac,  have  been  legally 
established.  .A.11  bills  for  raising  revenue  and  for  taxation 
must  originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  A  bill 
must  have  received  a  majority  of  the  votes  neces.sary  to  form 
a  quorum  in  each  house,  and  have  received  the  signature 
of  the  president  before  it  can  become  a  law;  but  if  the 
president  objects  to  a  bill,  or  part  of  its  provisions,  he  must 
Fend  his  objections  in  writing  to  the  house  in  which  it  ori- 
ginated, when  that  house  proceeds  to  vote  on  it,  and  if  two- 
thirds  of  both  houses  sustain  the  bill,  it  is  a  law,  without 
the  approbaUon  of  the  president;  or  if  the  president  does 
not  return  it  in  ten  days,  exclusive  of  Sabbaths,  it  is  a  law 
In  like  manner,  providetl  Congress  remain  in  session  so  long 
alter  the  bill  has  been  sent  to  the  president  A  census  of 
the  people,  products,  Ac,  of  the  several  states  is  taken  by 
order  of  Congress  every  tenth  j-ear;  the  seventh  having 
been  taken  In  1850.  The  vice  president  is  ex-offlcio  presidenl 
of  the  Senate,  and,  in  case  of  the  death  or  disability  of  the 
pre.sident  becomes  president  of  the  United  States.  In  case 
of  the  death  or  disabUity  of  both,  the  speaker  (pro  temptire) 
or  the  Senate,  who  is  usually  elected  towards  the  close  of 
each  ses-sion,  with  refen-nce  to  such  a  contingency,  shall  be 
the  president  In  the  event  of  the  death,  refu.sal  to  serve, 
or  any  other  disability,  of  all  the  three  named  above,  the 
Sf- 1  '■.'' J^"  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  president. 
.  K»°  *•/  I"'«'"<l«s  »n  the  popular  branch,  and  on  the 
Msembling  of  every  new  Congress,  (a  Congress  continuea 
two  J  ears,  or  the  period  for  which  the  members  of  the  Hou«e 
or  Representatnes  are  el.-cted,)  a  new  speaker  is  elected. 
oith^?H.'i"f'jK'"'?,*'  ^y""*  *■'"■'''''  *"»!  of  impeachments; 
1^.«H,»  ,r;  .V''^*'^  I'resident  of  the  United  States,  the  chief 
onlv  ^vtl„^^''"'"■^"•*'  ?**:*  "'""  ^^^'^'^^-  but  its  decisions 
™«l  h.         ^  removals  from  office.    The  territories  are 

.:^f  th'^lrV^nTJslatr  "'*'  '*'  ''''  ^^^^"''''^  '^^  ^^^ 
1898 


UNI 

Judiciary. — The  United  States  judiciary  consistg  at  pr«Hr4t 
of  1  supreme  court,  9  circuit,  and  47  district  courts.  The 
supreme  court  is  presided  over  by  a  chief  and  8  iissoeia'fl 
justices,  who  hold  their  appointments  during  life  or  goo\ 
behavior.  The  supreme  court  holds  one  session  annually, 
commencing  on  the  first  Monday  in  December.  A  circuit 
court  is  held  twice  a  year  in  each  state,  by  one  judge  of  the 
supn-me  court,  and  the  district  judge  of  the  state  or  district 
in  which  the  court  is  held.  The  district  courts  arc  held  by 
special  judges,  mostly  one  for  each  district,  but  sometimes  one 
judge  may  have  two  or  even  three  districts  under  his  charge. 
In  most  cases  each  state  constitutes  a  di.>trict,  but  New 
York,  I'ennsylvania.  Virginia,  Georgia,  Florida,  Missi.ssippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  CaJifornia  are  divided  into  two 
and  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  Iowa  into  three  districts  each. 
The  United  States  Courts  have  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of 
law  and  equity  arising  under  the  constitution  and  laws  c: 
the  United  States,  and  treaties  made  under  their  authority 
in  all  cases  concerning  foreign  ministers  and  agents ;  in  a'.- 
cases  of  marine  jurisdiction;  in  all  controversies  in  which 
the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  in  controversies  between 
states,  or  between  a  state  and  citizen  of  another  state; 
between  citizens  of  different  states ;  between  citizens  of  the 
same,  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  states,  and 
between  a  state  and  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states, 
citizens,  or  subjects.  A  court  of  3  judges  to  adjudicate 
claims  against  the  United  States  was  established  in  1S55. 
In  each  district  of  the  United  States  courts  there  is  a  prose- 
cuting attorney  and  a  marshal. 

Sakiries. — The  President  of  the  United  States  receives 
$25,000  a  year,  and  has  the  use  of  the  executive  mansion 
at  Washington.  The  vice-president  receives  $8tXHJ;  the 
judges  of  the  supreme  court  $6000,  except  the  chief  justice, 
who  receives  $6500;  members  of  Congress  $8  a  day;  the 
secretaries  of  state,  treasury,  war,  navy,  interior,  the  post- 
master-general and  attorney-general,  each  $8000  per  an- 
num. The  various  grades  of  foreign  envoys  and  ministers 
plenipotentiary  receive  from  $6000  to  $17,500  per  annum. 
Of  these  the  envoy  to  Great  Britain  receives  $17,500;  the 
ministers  to  France  and  China  $15,000  each ;  those  to  Spaiu, 
Russia,  Austria,  Prussia,  Brazil,  and  Mexico  $12,000  each; 
the  envoy  to  Peru  $10,000;  and  to  Turkey  and  Cliili  each 
$9000.  Ministers  of  the  second  grade  receive  $7500  per 
annum:  and  secretaries  of  legation  from  $1500  to  $2500. 
rie  commissioner  to  the  Sandwich  Islands  receives  $6000 
per  annum. 

Revenue,  Finances.  <tc. — The  revenue  of  the  United  States 
has  been  mostly  derived  from  imposts  on  foreign  merchan- 
dise, and  from  the  sale  of  public  lands,  but  direct  taxes 
have  occasionally  been  levied.  The  revenue  has  increased 
(with  occasional  depressions)  with  considerable  regularity, 
from  $3,652,014  in  1792,  to  $73,549,705  in  1S55.  Of  the  re- 
venue for  the  bust  nauied  year,  $64,224,190  were  derived  from 
the  customs,  and  $8,470,978  from  the  sale  of  public  lanils.  The 
expenditures  during  the  same  period  varied  from  $1,877-904 
to  $75,354,630,  of  which  last  $4,049,384  was  for  the  civil 
list;  $7,726,677  for  foreign  intercourse;  $2,609,054  for  the 
interior  department;  $11,733,629  for  the  war  department; 
$10,768,192  for  the  navy  department;  $24,336,380  for  the 
redemption  of  public  debt;  and  miscellaneous  $13,531,310. 
The  smallest  revenue  was  in  1792.  and  the  largest  in  1855 ; 
the  greatest  exp«'nditurcs  (exclusive  of  the  payment  of  the 
public  debt)  were  in  1847  and  1849,  during,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  Mexican  war;  and  the  least  in  1793.  The  smallest 
expenditure  for  the  civil  list,  foreign  intercourse,  and  miscel- 
laneous was  $472,450,  in  1793,  and  the  greatest  $28,516,427, 
in  1854;  the  least  expenditure  for  the  military  establish- 
ment was  $944,958.  in  1S03;  the  greatest  (in  the  Mexican 
war.)  $41,281,600,  in  1847;  the  Iciist  expenditure  for  the 
navy  was  $53,  in  1792.  and  the  greatest.  $10,891,639,  in 
1853.  The  public  debt  has  varied  from  $75,463,476.  in  1791, 
to  $41,878,831.  January  1,  1865.  The  smallest  debt  waa 
$37,513,  in  1836;  the  greatest,  $127,334,934.  in  1816. 

The  receipts  of  the  government,  exclusive  of  loans,  &c, 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1865,  were  as  follows; 

Receipt,  from  customs $84,928,260  60 

'•     I»nd» 996.5t3  31 

"           "     direct  t« I.200.S73  03 

"           "     iriternll  revenue 2n9.^ftJ.2IS  25 

«           •*     miscetlaDeous  sources 5l',97S,2S4  -17 

Totil $329,367,856  66 

The  expenditures  for  the  same  year  were, 

For  the  civil  service $44,764,533.12 

"     Pensiousand  Iiiiiiiiis H.258,573.38 

"     War  department 1,031.323.36«  79 

"    Navv  departuieul 122,367,776.12 

"    Interest  on  public  debt 77,397,712.00 

ToUl 81,290,312.982.4! 

If  to  this  we  add  $607,361,241.68  for  the  redemption  of  p-ib 
lie  debt,  we  shall  havea  total  expenditureofSl  ,897.674,240.^9 
The  public  debt  in  the  liiited  States,  on  the  31st  day  of  <*« 
tober,  1865,  amounted  to  $2,740,854,750. 


UNI 

The  coinage  of  Mints  in  the  United  States,  from  1T93  to 
June 30,1864  was,  gold,S77V,421,471.3x ;  8ilver,Sl3;i,804,947.69 ; 
copper,  *:3,705,723.5o ;  total,$9U,932,14i62.  The  total  num- 
ber of  pieces  coined  amounted  to  §927,864,366. 

According  to  the  re)K)rt  of  the  eighth  census,  there  were 
in  tlie  United  States,  1642  banks  and  brandies,  witli  an  ag- 
gregate capital  of  5>421,890,095,  a  circulation  of  $207,102,477, 
and  $83,504,528  in  s])ecie.  At  the  end  of  1865  there  were 
about  1625  national  banks. 

Tlie  a.ssesKed  value  of  the  real  and  personal  property 
of  the  United  St;ites,  in  1850,  was  $5,983,149,407 ;  true  or 
estimated  value,  $7,068,157,779;  the  a-ssessed  value  in 
1800,  $12,084,660,005;  and  the  true  value  estimated  at 
$16,159,616,068.  The  coinage  of  the  United  States  Mint, 
Since  its  establishment  in  1792  up  to  October  1,  l>-54,  was: 
gold,  $350,092,954.46;  silver,  $100,290,026.90;  aggregate, 
$460,382,981.36.  Of  the  gold,  $247,070,977.88  was  domestic 
product;  $238,061,861.88  from  California. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1866  there  were  in  the  United 
StJites,  1627  national  bank.^i,  with  a  cajtital  of  $408,868,943.50. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  e.\i)orts  and  imports  of 
gold  and  silver  from  1860  to  1864,  inclusive : 


I860.. 
1861.. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 


Imports. 


$8,.'i50,I35 
46,339,611 
I6.415.0'i2 
■9,5ai,103 
13, 153,706 


Eiports. 


866.546,239 

29,791,180 
36,887,640 
82,361,48-2 
103, 125,730 


Histriry. — The  earliest  settled  portion  of  the  present  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  was  Florida,  about  the  year  1566; 
but  as  this  state  was  not  acquired  till  1819,  and  was,  more- 
over, not  an  Kn^:lifh  settlement,  it  is  usual  to  date  the  com- 
mencement of  the  settlement  of  the  colonies  which  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  present  confederation,  from  the  settle- 
ment of  Jamestown,  in  Virginia,  in  1607.  The  order  of  the 
Settlement  of  the  other  original  states  (i.  «.  states  of  the  Re- 
volution) was.  New  York,  by  the  Dutch,  at  Fort  Orange, 
(now  Albany.)  in  1614;  Mas.sachusetts,  at  Plymouth,  in 
1020;  New  Hampshire  and  Maine,  in  1623;  New  Jersey, 
about  1624;  Delaware,  about  1627;  Connecticut,  in  1033; 
Maryland,  in  1&34-5;  Rhode  Island,  in  1636:  North  Caro- 
lina, (permanently,)  between  1640-50 ;  Sfmth  Carolina,  about 
1070 ;  Pennsylvania,  1682,  and  Georgia,  in  17.33.  These  were 
all  English  settlements,  (though  with  admixtures  from  Ger- 
many, Ireland,  and  Scotland,)  except  New  Jersey  and  Uola- 
ware;  the  former  by  Dutch,  Sw  '-,  and  English,  and  the 
latter  by  Swedes. 

For  an  account  of  the  war*'  rfith  the  Indians,  and  of  sepa- 
rate colonial  matters,  see  histories  of  each  state.  The  first 
contest  in  which  the  colonies  unitedly  and  generally  took 
part  was  the  Old  French  and  Indian  War.  as  it  was  called, 
which  commenced  so  disastrously  with  the  defeat  of  General 
Braddock,  in  175i  near  the  present  city  of  Pittsburg,  and  in 
which  W»-*:.'„«3on,  by  his  prudence  and  bravery,  saved  the 
army  f-.m  utti^r  destruction.  But  the  contest  raged  most 
sev»  ,.y  in  New  York  (which  see)  and  in  Cana/la.  This  war 
wa»  concluded  by  the  Peace  of  Paris,  in  1763;  the  interval 
between  which  and  the  skirmish  at  Lexington.  April  19, 
1776,  (the  actual  commencement  of  the  Revolution,)  wa.« 
little  else  than  a  contest  with  the  mother  country  concern- 
ing disputed  rights,  in  which  the  colonies  contended  for 
representation  in  Parliament  as  the  only  terms  on  which 
they  would  consent  to  taxation  by  that  body;  while  the 
imperial  government  maintjiined  the  absolute  right  to  im- 
pose taxes  without  consulting  the  colonies.  A  .■Jeries  of 
events  followed  the  skirmish  mentioned  alxjve.  in  many  of 
which  the  colonial  chief  was  frequently  brought  almost  to 
the  verge  of  despair.  The  battle  of  Lexington  taught  the 
British  it  was  no  mere  sedition  they  had  attempted  to  put 
down,  but  that  they  had  to  contend  with  men  animated  by 
a  firm  purpose,  whom  one  defeat,  or  a  series  of  defeats,  was 
not  likely  to  divert  from  a  course  not  undertaken  without  a 
full  estimate  of  its  difficulties.  The  taking  of  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point,  by  the  Americans,  in  May;  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill,  near  Boston,  in  June,  in  which  the  Americans 
retrejited  for  want  of  ammunition ;  the  investment  of  Boston 
by  Washington,  and  the  unsuccessful  expeditions  of  Arnold 
and  Schuyler  to  Quebec,  In  the  autumn,  the  former  by  way 
of  the  Kennebec  River,  and  the  latter  by  way  of  Lake  Chani- 
plain— were  the  principal  events  of  the  opening  campaign  of 
1775.  That  of  1776  commenced  with  the  evacuation  of  Boston 
by  the  liritish  troops  in  March,  and  was  followed  by  their 
repul.«e  from  Sullivan's  Island,  before  Charleston,  in  June : 
by  tlie  Declaration  of  Independence,  at  Philadelphia.  July 
4;  by  the  disastrous  battle  of  Flatbush.  on  Long  Island,  in 
August;  by  the  skirmish  at  Whiteolains,  north  of  New 
York,  in  September;  by  the  loss  of  Forts  Wa.shington  and 
Lee.  and  of  2000  prisoners  ;  by  Washington's  retreat  across 
New  Jersey,  and  by  the  succesiCal  oa^saare  of  the  Delaware, 
and  the  surprise  and  capture  '■■  Ooo  IJosfjans.  at  Trenton. 
an  the  morning  "f  Decembo-  t&.    The   ptter  event  revived 


mi 

the  drooping  spirits  of  the  Americans,  and.  following  up 
their  success,  W'ashington.  in  the  early  part  of  January, 
opened  the  campaign  in  1777,  by  driving  the  British  from 
Princeton,  New  Jersey;  after  which  he  took  up  his  winter- 
quarters  at  Morristown,  in  the  same  state.  In  April.  Gov- 
ernor Tryon  took  and  burnt  Banbury,  in  Connecticut:  Bur- 
goyne  invaded  New  York,  from  Canada,  and  took  Fc:t 
Ticonderoga  in  July  ;  Colonel  Baum  is  defeated  by  General 
Stark,  near  Bennington,  in  .August;  the  Americans  are  de- 
feated by  Cornwalli.s.  at  Brandy  wine.  September  11.  and  the 
British  take  possession  of  I'hiladelphia:  Gates  defeats  liur- 
goyne  at  the  battles  of  Stillwater  and  Saratoga,  September 
19  and  October  7.  and  on  the  16th.  Burgoyne  surrenders 
with  5790  men;  Wa.shington  is  repulsed  by  Howe,  at  Ger- 
mantown,  and  soon  after  retires  to  winter-quarters,  at  Val- 
ley Forge,  where  the  army  suffer  ;ireatly  from  cold,  hunger, 
want  of  clothing,  and  suitable  barracks,  and  fnmi  ciai.so- 
quent  disease.  The  successful  defence,  by  the  Amevicaiis, 
of  Fort  Mercer,  at  Red  Bank.  C  miles  below  Phiiiidelphl.i, 
and  the  opening  of  the  navigation  by  the  British,  at  Pliila- 
delphia.  closed  the  campaign  of  1777.  February  6,  1778. 
France  formed  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  the  United  States; 
the  British  army  evacuates  Philadelphia  June  18.  and  i-. 
defeated  at  Monmouth  the  2Sth  of  the  same  month;  Sulli- 
van besieges  Newport  August  15.  but  raises  the  siege  on  the 
2Sth.  and  has  a  skirmi.sh  with  Pigot,  whom  he  routs  on  the 
following  day ;  the  massacre  of  Wyoming  takes  place  in 
July;  Savannah  is  taken  by  the  British  December  29;  in 
the  same  mouth  Washington  goes  into  winter-quarters  at 
Middlebrook,  and  terminates  the  campaign  of  1778;  about 
one-fourth  of  Lincoln's  army  in  the  South  destroyed  by  the 
British,  in  March,  1779;  in  May,  Charleston  is  invested  by 
the  British,  who  retire  on  the  approach  of  Lincoln ;  skir- 
mish at  Stono  Ferry,  June  20 ;  Stony  Point  taken  by  the 
British,  June  1,  and  retaken  by  Wayne,  July  15:  in  the 
same  month  Tryon  invades  Connecticut,  burns  the  shipping 
at  New  Haven,  and  the  villages  of  Fairfield  and  Norwalk; 
August  29,  Sullivan  defeats  the  tories  and  savages  in  New 
York;  September  24,  the  French  fleet  and  the  American 
army  invest  Savannah,  but  are  repul.sed,  October  9.  Paul 
Jones  gains,  in  the  autumn  of  this  year,  a  splendid  naval 
victory  in  the  British  seas.  The  army  goes  into  winterquar 
ters  at  West  Point  and  Morristown,  and  thus  closes  the 
campaign  of  1779.  Charleston  besieged  by  Sir  H.  Clinton, 
in  April,  1780,  surrenders  May  12,  and  Clinton  becomes 
master  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Soutli;  August  6,  SumteT 
defeats  the  British  at  Hanging  Kock;  but  the  Americans 
are  ilefeated  at  Camden,  August  16,  and  at  Fi.«hing  Creek 
on  the  18th;  Arnold  attempts  to  betray  West  Point  Septem- 
ber 21,  but  is  discovered,  and  flies:  the  Britisli  defeated  at 
King's  Mountain  in  South  Carolina  October  7,  and  Corn- 
wallis  retreats.  The  campaign  of  1781  is  opened  by  the  de- 
feat of  the  British  at  Cowpens,  January  17,  and  is  followed 
by  the  rout  of  the  Americans  at  Guilford  Court-house  in 
March,  and  at  Ilobkirk's  Hill  in  April;  Forts  Marion  and 
Lee  surrender  in  May  to  the  Amc^ricans,  and  Augusta  in 
June;  General  Greene  routs  the  British  at  Eutaw  Springs; 
an  indecisive  engagement  takes  ])lace  between  the  British 
and  French  fleets  off  Cape  Henry,  in  March ;  Forts  Trumbull 
andGriswold  taken,  (the  garrison  of  the  latter  slaughtered.) 
and  New  London  burned  by  Arnold  in  September:  and 
finally  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  October 
19th,  1781,  puts  an  end  to  the  active  operations  of  the  war, 
and  leads  to  an  acknowledgment  by  Great  Britain  of  the 
independence  of  the  United  States,  in  1783.  A  political 
event  of  more  Importance  perhaps  never  took  place  on  our 
globe,  or  one  more  truly  revolutionary  in  its  effects  upon 
systems  of  government  throughout  the  world,  or  more  preg- 
nant with  promises  of  future  benefit  to  the  human  race. 

The  government  that  carried  the  nation  throuch  the  try- 
ing scenes  of  the  Revolution  was  a  simple  confederntion  of 
states,  represented  by  members  elected  by  the  legislature  of 
each  of  the  13  separate  sovereignties.  This,  but  for  the 
patriotism  and  virtue  of  the  people,  would  have  been 
wholly  inefficient,  and  depended  for  its  effectiveness  on  the 
willing  oliedience  of  the  great  mass  of  the  population.  This 
government  endured  from  1777  to  1787,  when  a  convention 
of  delegates,  representing  all  the  states,  framed  the  present 
Constitution,  which  went  into  operation  March  4,  1789,  by 
the  inauguration  of  Washington  as  President.  An  experi- 
ence of  more  than  60  years,  under  this  Con.stifution,  has 
more  than  realized  the  favorable  predictions  of  its  most 
zealous  supporters.  It  has  proved  itself  the  best  adapted  to 
the  ruling  of  an  extensive  region  of  any  governmint  ever 
framed,  inasmuch  as  its  action  is  confined  to  matters  of 
general  interest,  while  each  region  governs  itself  in  local 
affairs.  Indeed,  its  wide  extent  has  in  some  instances 
proved  an  especial  safeguard,  and  prevented  wars  and  rebel- 
lion from  sectional  excitement.  M'hile  different  localities 
have  been  several  times  agitated  to  the  point  of  reliellien 
or  warfare,  the  rest  of  the  nation,  remote  from  the  distiirVied 
region,  have  remaiw^d  calm  and  determined  in  the  support 
of  the  central  authority. 

The  disturVH-d  state  of  Europe,  con.sequent  upon  tht 
breaking  out  of  the  French  Revolution,  acted  favorably  for 

1999 


the  dpvelopnient  of  the  resources  of  the  United  States,  ex- ' 
hausted  hv  a  lonfc  war.  as  it  not  only  createtl  a  market  for 
herairicultural  products,  but  gave  her  a  large  portion  of 
the  carrying  trade  of  the  world.  The  principnl  events  fol- 
lowing the  establishment  of  the  government  of  17S9.  were 
the  treaty  with  the  Creek  Indians,  in  1790 :  the  «dmis.sion 
„f  Vermont  into  the  Confederacy  in  1791 :  and  of  Kentucky 
In  1792:  the  Insurrection  in  I'ennsylvania  to  resist  the  duty 
on  distiller!  spirits,  and  the  defeat  of  the  North-West  In 
dmns  by  General  Vavne.  in  1794;  Tennessee  atlniitted  in 
1796:  the  death  of  Washinstou  in  1799:  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment remove<l  to  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1800 :  Ohic 
admitted  in  1802:  I-ouisiana  purchaseil  in  1803:  Tripoli  bom- 
barded by  Commodore  Preble,  and  Hamilton  .shot  by  Burr,  in 
1S04 :  Burr  tried  for  conipiracy  in  1807 ;  Harrison  defeats  the 
Indians  in  Indiana  in  ISll;  war  declared  against  Great  Bri- 
tain in  1812.  on  account  of  violations  of  neutrality,  and  the 
se.'irch  of  our  ships  for  British  subjects;  capitol  at  Washing- 
Ion  burned  by  the  British,  1814;  peace  concluded,  February, 
1815;  and  war  with  Algiers  the  same  year:  Indiana  admit- 
ted in  1816;  Seminole  war  in  1817;  Illinois  admitted  in 
1818;  Alabama  admitted,  and  Florida  ceded  by  Spain  in 
1819;  Maine  admitted  in  1820,  and  Missouri  in  1821 ;  Gene- 
ral Lafayette  visits  America,  and  is  rweived  with  great 
marks  of  respect,  in  1824;  cholera  breaks  out,  and  Black 
Hawk's  war  occurs,  in  1S32;  Arkansas  admitted,  Wisconsin 
becomes  a  teriitory.  and  great  lire  in  New  York,  in  1835; 
Texa-s  achieves  her  independence  of  Mexico  in  1836;  Michi- 
gan admitted  in  1837 ;  Te.xas  admitted,  and  war  breaks  out 
in  consequence  with  Mexico,  and  Iowa  admitted,  in  1846; 
peace  with  Mexico,  acquisition  of  Upper  Caiitbruia  and  New 
Mexico,  and  ailmission  of  Wisconsin,  in  1848;  admission  of 
California,  and  creation  of  the  territorie.-s  of  New  Mexico 
and  Utah,  in  1850;  the  reclamation  by  the  United  States 
of  .Martin  KosUi — formerly  an  .Austrian  subject — from  that 
power,  which  had  .seized  him  at  Smyrna;  the  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  compromise  lino,  (which  had  restricted  slavery 
below  36^  30'  N.  lat. :)  and  the  destruction  of  San  Juan  de 
Nicaragua  or  Greytown  by  a  United  States  naval  force — 
all  in  1864. 

AlKiut  1854  the  Republican  party  was  formed  to  prerent 
the  extension  of  slavery,  which  had  become  the  oiuse  of 
an  '•  irrepressible  conflict."  Great  excitement  was  pro<iuced 
by  an  attempt  to  introduce  slavery  into  Kansas,  where, 
after  a  violent  and  bloody  contest,  the  friends  of  free  labor 
at  length  prevailed.  In  1860  the  llepublican  party  nomi- 
nated for  President,  Abraham  Lincoln,  whose  success  was 
-endered  almost  certain  by  the  division  of  the  Democratic 
party.  Many  Southern  politicians  and  editors  no\v  threat- 
ened to  dissolve  tl;e  Union  in  case  of  the  election  of  Lincoln. 
Some  who  had  predetermined  to  destroy  the  Union  proba- 
bly desired  his  election,  in  the  hope  "that  the  Southern 
people,  morbidly  sensitive  in  relation  to  slavery,  could  be 
induced  to  reg;ird  that  event  as  a  provocation  to  revolt. 
On  the  day  of  election,  November  6,  all  the  free  states,  ex- 
cept New  Jersey,  voted  for  Lincoln,  who  received  180  elec- 
toral votes,  more  than  those  of  all  his  competitors  put  to- 
gether. These  wore  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  Union  Democrat, 
John  C.  Breckenridge,  Disunion  Democrat,  and  John  Bell, 
who  was  pledged  to  support  "  the  Union,  the  Constitution, 
and  the  enforcement  of  the  laws."  Before  this  election 
large  numbers  of  muskets  had  been  removed  from  Northern 
armories  to  the  Southern  strifes  by  Floyd,  then  Secretary 
of  W.ar,  to  subserve  the  purposes  of  a  long  meditated  con- 
spiracy against  the  cause  of  liberty  and  the  Union.  South 
Carolina,  tsiking  the  lead,  seceded  on  the  20th  of  December, 
1860,  and  wjis  followed  by  .Mississippi  (January  9),  Florida 
(January  10),  Alabama  (January  11),  Georgia  (January  19), 
Louisiana  (January  25),  and  Texas  (February  1).  A  conven- 
tion, which  met  at  Montgomery  on  the  4th  of  Febru.ary, 
1801,  adopted  a  provisional  constitution,  to  continue  i'n 
operation  for  one  year.  Under  this  constitution  Jefferson 
Davis  was  elected  President  of  the  Confederate  States,  and 
A.  H.  Stephens,  Vice-President.  The  movements  which  the 
disumonists  initiated  to  found  and  fortify  a  Southern  Con- 
federacy (of  which  slavery  wiis  to  be  the  chief  corner-stone) 
encountered  little  or  no  opposition  from  the  outgoing  Federal 
admmistration.  Nearly  all  the  forts,  arsenals,  custom- 
houses, Ac,  belonging  to  the  United  States  in  the  seceded 
states  were  seized  by  the  insurgents  in  the  winter  of  1S60- 
01.  Bvery  department  of  the  government  was  paralyzed 
by  treason.  Ministers  and  consuls  returned  from  foreign 
conntnes  to  abet  the  rebellion.  Even  in  the  Northern 
states,  political  combinations  and  secret  societies  were 
formed  to  promote  the  cause  of  disunion.  A  Peace  Con- 
ference, in  which  all  the  states  that  had  not  seceded  were 
represented,  met  at  Washington  on  the  4th  of  February 
and  endeavored  to  effect  a  compromise,  but  without  suc- 
cess, in  V  irginia,  Kentucky,  and  other  border  states,  were 
rn«J,,V",°°i'"",'  '■''2  •*«8t«<l.  for  a  time  successfully,  the 
attempts  to  nvolve  those  states  in  the  rebellion.  On  the 
Uth  <;f  Apnl  the  insurgents  bombarded  Fort  .<umter,  which 
*.i»  Uefeiided  by  a  small  garrison  under  Major  Anderson 
"■" ^"'  '"  '^'  ^*^^     '^'^  di««u>i"uUti  havtog Thus 


UNI 

flred  the  first  gun,  and  appealed  to  fierce,  the  people  of  tb 
loyal  states  rose  with  enthusiasm  to  defend  the  existence  and 
integrity  of  the  republic.  A  proclamation  of  the  President, 
issued  April  15,  calletl  for  an  army  of  75,000  men  to  .sup- 
press the  rebellion.  On  the  17th  of  the  same  mouth,  an 
ordinance  of  secession  was  adopted  by  the  Virginia  Con- 
vention by  a  vote  of  88  to  55,  though  a  majority  of  the 
membei-8  had  been  elected  as  professed  Unionists.  Arkansas 
seceded  on  the  6th  of  May,  Tennessee  on  the  7th,  and  North 
Carolina  on  the  21st  of  that  month.  The  capital  of  the 
rebel  government  was  removed  to  Richmond  about  the  21st 
of  May.  The  Congress  of  the  United  States  met  in  an  extra 
session  on  the  4th  of  July,  1861,  and  co-operated  with  the 
President  in  vigorous  measures  for  quelling  the  rebellion. 
The  first  important  battle  of  the  war,  fonght  at  Bull  Run 
on  the  21st  of  July,  resulted  in  favor  of  the  insurgents. 
About  the  end  of  October,  the  navy  of  the  Union  obtained 
possession  of  Port  Royal,  in  South  Carolina. 

In  February,  1862,  Jefferson  Davis  was  chosen  President 
of  the  Confederacy  for  6  years.  General  Grant  gained  an 
important  victory  at  Fort  Donelson  in  February,  1862,  and 
at  Pittsburg  Landing  on  the  6th  and  7th  of  April.  The 
Unionists  also  claimed  the  victory  at  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge,  in  Arkansas.  The  capture  of  New  Orleans  by  Com- 
modore Farragut,  about  the  26th  of  April,  was  a  great  loss 
to  the  insurgents. 

In  the  meantime  General  McClellan,  who  was  appointed 
commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  July,  1n61,  and 
had  reniainetl  for  a  long  time  inactive,  was  urged  by  the 
President  and  the  Northern  people  to  march  against  Rich- 
mond. Moving  by  way  of  the  Chesapeake  and  the  Penin- 
sula, the  Army  of  the  Potomac  reached  a  point  about  6 
miles  from  Richmond  on  the  2Sth  of  May.  After  a  series 
of  battles  at  Mechanicsville,  Gaines'  Mill,  Savage's  Station, 
and  Malvern  Hill,  fought  between  June  26  and  July  1, 
1862,  McClellan  retreated,  and  abandoned  the  siege  of  the 
rebel  capital.  Between  the  27th  and  30th  of  August, 
several  battles  were  fought  near  Mauiissas  Junction  between 
General  Pope  and  General  Lee.  Pope  having  been  driveu 
back  to  the  defences  of  Washington,  the  rebel  army  under 
Lee  cro>sed  the  Potomac,  and  was  repulsed  at  the  great 
battle  of  .\ntietam  (September  17).  Subsequently,  McClellan 
having  remalne<l  inactive  for  several  weeks  after  the  Presi- 
dent had  ordered  him  to  advance  in  pursuit  of  Lee,  was 
removed  from  command  Bl>out  the  5th  of  November,  1862. 
On  the  22d  of  September,  President  Lincoln  issued  a  memo- 
rable Proclamation  of  Emancipation,  in  which  it  was  an- 
nounced that,  "  On  the  1st  day  of  January,  1863,  all  persons 
held  as  slaves  in  any  state  or  designated  part  of  a  state, 
the  people  whereof  shall  then  be  in  rebellion  against  the 
United  States,  shall  be  then,  thenceforward  and  forever  free." 

The  principal  military  events  of  1863  were  the  repulse 
of  the  rebels  near  Murfreesborough  (January  1-3) ;  the  battle 
of  Chancellorsville,  on  the  2d  and  3d  of  May ;  the  defeat 
of  General  Lee  at  the  great  battle  of  Gettysburg,  on  the 
2d  and  3d  of  July ;  the  capture  of  the  strongly  fortified  post 
of  A'icksburg  by  General  Grant  on  the  4th  of  July;  the 
battle  of  Chickamauga,  in  which  the  rebels  had  the  advan- 
tage (September  19);  and  the  decisive  victory  of  the  Union 
army  near  Chattanooga  about  the  25th  of  November.  Tha 
battle  of  Gettysburg  and  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  occurring 
as  they  did  at  almost  the  same  time,  may  be  regarded  as  the 
turning  point  of  the  war.  A  few  days  after  the  cjipture  of 
Vicksburg,  the  Mississippi  River  was  opened  from  its  sourc* 
to  its  mouth,  and  the  Confetleracy  thus  severed  into  twt 
parts.  On  the  8th  of  December,  1863,  the  President  issuec" 
a  Proclamation  of  Amnesty,  offering  pardon  to  the  insurgent* 
(with  some  exceptions),  on  condition  that  they  should  tak». 
an  oath  to  support  the  Constitution  and  the  Union. 

In  the  early  part  of  March,  1864,  in  accordance  with  the 
recommendation  of  Congress,  Lieutenant-General  U.  S. 
Grant  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  armies 
of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  insure  the  co-operative 
action  of  the  same.  The  forces  of  the  enemy  were  mostly 
concentrated  in  two  large  armies;  one  in  Virginia,  com- 
manded by  Gener.ll  R.  E.  Lee,  and  the  other  in  Northern 
Georgia,  led  by  General  J.  E.  Johnston.  Major-General  W. 
T.  Sherman  commanded  all  the  Union  armies  operating 
against  Johnston,  and  Major-General  Meade  had  the  im- 
mediate command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  General 
Griint,  however,  was  jiresent  with  the  latter  army,  which 
began  to  move  towards  Richmond  on  the  4th  of  May,  and 
fought  the  bloody  but  indecisive  battle  of  the  Wilderness 
on  the  5th  and  t  th.  By  a  series  of  flank  movements,  alter- 
nating with  great  battles  at  Spottsylvania  Court  House 
(May  vt-12)  and  Cold  Harbor  (June  3),  in  which  both  sides 
suffered  severe  losses.  Grant  moved  his  army  to  the  south 
side  of  the  James  River,  and  commenced  the  long  siege  of 
Petersburg. 

In  the  meantime  Sherman,  whose  objective  point  wn^ 
Atlanta,  had  fought  several  actions  with  sncci^ss,  and 
driven  the  enemy  across  the  Chattahoochee  abimt  the  iid 
of  July.  He  took  Atlanta  on  the  ■2d  -^f  September,  and  on 
the  14th  of  November  commenced  his  famous  march  iv 


UNI 

wards  the  sea-coast,  which  was  attended  with  complete  and 
brilliant  success.  He  captured  Savannah  December  21,  and 
thence  marching  through  South  Carolina,  induced  the 
enemy  to  evacuate  Charleston,  February  17,  ISfiS.  In  18&4 
Mr.  Lincoln,  who  had  .acquired  immense  popularity,  was 
nominated  for  President,  and  re-elected  by  the  Union  party. 
His  only  competitor  was  General  George  J!.  McClellau,  who 
received  but  21  votes.  All  the  free  states,  except  New 
Jersey,  voted  for  Lincoln  and  Johnson,  who  received  212 
votes.  An  amendment  of  the  Constitution,  prohibiting 
slavery,  was  projiosed  by  the  House  of  Representatives  on 
the  31st  of  Janu:iry,  1865.  and  has  since  been  ratified  by 
more  than  tliree-fourths  of  the  states. 

The  armies  operating  against  Kichmond  began  to  move 
about  the  30th  of  March,  1865.  By  a  great  "battle  near 
Petersburg  on  the  2d  of  April,  Lee  was  forced  to  evacuate 
both  Petersburg  and  Kichmond.  Having  been  closely  pur- 
sued in  his  retreat  towards  Danville,  he  surrendered  liis 
army  to  General  Grant  at  Appomattox  Court  House  on  the 
9th  of  April.     Thus  ended  the  great  rebellion. 

The  general  joy  was  soon  turned  into  mourning  by  the 
death  of  the  President,  who  was  shot  by  a  partisan  of  the 
defeated  cause  on  the  night  of  the  14th  of  April.  Although 
at  the  same  critical  time  Mr.  Seward,  the  first  Minister  of 
State,  was  prostrated  by  an  almost  fatal  wound  from  the 
hand  of  an  assassin,  the  government,  devolving  of  course 
upon  the  Vice-President,  Andrew  Johnson,  moved  on  in 
tlio  usual  order  as  if  nothing  had  occurred  to  disturb  its 
stability. 

Such  is  d  brief  chronicle  of  the  principal  events  of  a  na- 
tion's history,  now  one  of  the  first  powers  on  the  globe ; 
whose  friendship  is  sought,  and  enmity  avoided,  by  the  most 
potent  rulers  of  Europe.  The  seventeenth  president  now 
peaceably  directs  the  national  affairs  of  a  confederacy  of 
tliirtj'-six  states,  reaching  from  the  middle  of  the  tem|)er- 
ate  to  the  torrid  zone,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Our  government  has  been  tried  under  all  circum- 
stances, (but  that  of  famine.)  rebellion,  pestilence,  war, 
strong  party  dissensions,  and  jarring  sectional  interests, 
and  is  perhaps  now  stronger  than  ever.  Disajjpointed  aspi- 
rants have  sometimes  endeavored  to  create  dissension,  but 
have  only  sunk  themselves  into  contempt  and  neglect.  The 
furests  fall  beneath  the  settler's  axe,  the  bowels*  of  the 
earth  are  searched  for  mineral  wealth,  railways  are  laid 
down,  canals  opened,  rivers  deepened,  commerce  extended, 
schools  and  colleges  founded,  books  disseminated,  cities  built, 
populations,  invited  by  the  freedom  of  our  government, 
swarm  from  other  lands  in  sufficient  numbers  to  form  a 
state  almost  every  successive  year,  thus  expanding  and  ex- 
tending the  area  of  truth,  light  and  liberty;  and,  with  the 
blessing  of  Him  without  whom  no  increase  is  given,  our 
Institutions  seem  destined  to  revolutionize  the  world. 

L'MTIA,  a  post-offlce  of  Blount  co.,  Tennessee. 

UNITY,  yoo'ne-to.  a  post-township  in  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  33 
miles  N.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1320. 

UNITY,  a  post-township  in  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hampshire, 
40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Concord.     Pop.  887. 

UNITY,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

UNITY,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  3760. 

UNITY,  a  small  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Maryland, 
30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Raltimore. 

UNITY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Columbiana  co., 
Ohio,  35  miles  N.  of  Steubenville.  The  township  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  itailroad.     Pop.  2096. 

UNITY,  a  post-village  of  Alexander  co.,  Illinois,  on  Cash 
River,  225  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

UNIVERSITY  AT  LKWISBUKG.  See  LEWlSBuna,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ALABAMA.   See  Tuscaloosa.  Alabama. 

UNI  VERSIT V  OF  LOUISIANA.    !?e«  New  Orleans. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  .MICHIGAN.  See  Ann  Aruor.  Michigan. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSLSSIPPI.   See  Oxford.  Mississippi. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NASHVILLE.  See  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NEW  YORK.    See  New  York  City. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA.   See  Chapel  Hill. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA.    See  Philadelphia. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS.     See  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  VERMONT.  See  Burlington,  Vermont. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  VIRGINIA,  a  post-oUice  of  Albemarle 
CO.,  Virginia.    See  Charlottesville. 

UNKEL.  dOnk'nl,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  24  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.    P.  627. 

UNKIAR-SKELESSL  (i.e.  "landing-place  of  the  Empe- 
ror.") a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  Bosporus,  8  miles  N.N.E. 
■«f  Constantinople,  with  a  large  paper  factory,  but  chiefly 
inowd  for  the  treaty  signed  here  June  26,  1833,  between 
Russia  and  Turkey. 

UNLINGEN,  oOngling-gn.  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle 
of  Danube,  bailiwick  of  Riedlingen.     Pop.  1008. 

UNNA,  uon'nd,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  19  miles 
N.W.  of  Arnsberg.  Pop.  6300.  It  has  manufactures  of  cot- 
tons, and  extensive  salt-works.  It  was  formerly  one  of  the 
llauia  Towns. 

6A 


UPII 

UNNA,  Mn'nl,  a  river  of  Turkish  Croatia,  after  a  tortuoui 
N.  course  of  110  miles,  joins  the  Save  60  miles  S.E.  of  Agram. 
Its  chief  affluents  are  the  Unnatz  and  Senan,  on  the  foI•me^ 
of  which  is  the  village  of  Unnatz. 

UNRUIISTADT,  oon'roo-st3tt.\  (Polish  Karge,)  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1879. 

UNSCHA.  a  town  and  river  of  Russia.     See  Oonzha. 

UNST,  tinst,  the  most  N.  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Sect- 
land,  separated  from  Yell  on  the  S.W.  hy  Blumol  .Sound,  1 
mile  across,  fjcngth  11  miles,  average  breadth  3j  miles. 
Area  36  s(iuare  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  2977.  Its  shores  in  the 
W.  and  N.  are  steep,  but  elsewhere  are  several  low  .«audy 
bays.  The  population  are  chiefly  employed  in  fishing  and 
agriculture.  Unst  has  a  village  on  Uyea  Sound,  at  its  S. 
side;  it  contains  some  country  mansions,  and  is  skirted  all 
round  by  Scandinavian  towers. 

UN'STONE,  a  t<iwn.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

UNSTRUT,  oon'stroot,  a  river  of  Prussian  Saxony,  after 
an  E.  course  of  110  miles,  joins  the  Saxon  Saale  near  Naum- 
burg.     Its  principal  affluents  are  the  Wijiper  and  Helme. 

UNTEK,  (a  German  word  signifying  '"Lower,"  prefixed 
to  numerous  names  in  Central  Europe.)  For  those  not 
undermentioned,  see  additional  name. 

UNTER-BEURKN,  cwn'ter  boi/ryn,  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  near  Baden.     Pop.  1148. 

UNTER-GROMHACH,  oon'ter  grom/b^K.  a  village  of  Baden, 
circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Bruchsal.     Pop.  1600. 

UNTERJE.-^SINGEN.  Oon/ter-ySs^sing-en.  a  village  of  Wiir- 
temberg, circle  of  Schwarzwald,  near  the  Ammer.  Pop. 
1328. 

UNTERKOCHEN,  eWn'ter-ko^Ken,  a  village  of  Wiirtem- 
berg, circle  of  Jaxt,  on  the  Kocher,  with  gunpowder,  paper, 
and  other  mills,  and  extensive  iron-works. 

UNTERMIEMINGEN,  Ckm'ter-mee'niing-en,  a  village  of 
Austria,  Tyrol,  circle  of  Imst.     Pop.  1607.    '     ' 

UNTERMUN.STERTI1AL,  (UntermUnsterthal.)  Wm'tei^ 
mlin'ster-tdP,  a  village  and  parish  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  in  a  valley  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  1920. 

UNTERSACIISENSBERO,  odn'tfr-sJk'sfn-bjKo',  a  village 
of  Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  bailiwick  of  A'oitsberg.   P.  1078. 

UNTER-SHE,  Oon'ter-sA',  the  W.  and  detached  portion  of 
the  Lake  of  Constance,  between  Baden  and  Switzerland- 
Length  10  miles. 

UNTERSEEN,  Oon'tfr-sA'pn,  a  small  town  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  26  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  in  the  Interlackeu  Valley, 
between  tU»  lakes  Thun  and  lirieuz.     Pop.  lUOO. 

UNTERTURKHEI.M,  OOn%r-tuRk/hIme,  a  village  of  Wiir- 
temberg, circle  of  Neckar,  S.E.  of  Cannstadt,  with  wliioli  it 
is  connected  by  railway,  on  the  Neckar.     Pop.  2040. 

UN'TERWaL'DEN,  (Ger.  pron.  oou>r-*ai'deu.)  UPPKR 
and  LOWER,  two  contiguous  cantons  of  Switzerland,  in  its 
centre,  having  N.  the  Lake  of  Lucerne.  United  area  2C3 
square  miles.  Pop.  of  Upper  Unterwalden  in  1860,  13,376; 
of  Lower  Unterwalden,  11,526.  It  consists  of  4  valleys,  in 
which  pasturage  and  dairy  husbandry  are  the  chief  employ 
ments.  Corn  is  imjiorted  from  Lucerne;  cheese,  timber,  and 
fuel  are  the  principal  exports.  It  formed,  with  Uri  and 
Schwytz,  early  in  the  13th  century,  the  nucleus  of  the  Swiss 
Confederation,  in  which  it  holds  the  6th  place.  After  Sur- 
nen.  the  principal  villages  are  Engfelherg  and  Stanz. 

UNTERWIESENTIIAL,  oon/tgr^*ee'zen-tdr,  a  town  of 
Saxony,  circle  of  Zwickau,  near  Wiesenthal."  Pop.  1778. 

UNVERRE.  n.Ni'vaiR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir,  12  miles  N.W.of  Ch&teaudun.   P.  in  1852.  2442. 

UNY'Ell,  UNIEII  or  EUNIEH,  yoo/ne-eh  or  yoo-nee'eh.  a 
maritime  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of  Seevas.  on 
the  Black  Sea,  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Samsoon.  Near  it  are 
some  Greek  remains,  and  the  only  iron-mines  in  Asia  Minor. 

UPA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Oop.a. 

UP^ADRANG'.  a  town  of  Nepaul,  North  Hindostan,  35 
miles  S.W.  of  Khatmandoo. 

UI''ARAH,  an  important  fishing  village  of  Hindostan,  on 
the  Bay  of  Bengal.  16  miles  N.E.  of  Vizagapatam. 

U'PATOI'  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  Hows  south-westward 
and  enters  Chattahoochee  River  9  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

UPATOI  or  L'PATOIE,  a  post-village  of  Muscogee  co., 
Georgia,  on  the  Muscogee  Railroad,  about  20  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Columbus. 

UPA'VON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

UP/CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  5^  miles 
E.  of  Chatham.     The  church  spire  serves  as  a  landmark. 

UP'DEGRAFF'S,  (commonly  pronounced  up'teh-grJffs,)  a 
post-office  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Ohio. 

UPERNAVIK,  oo'per-ni'vik.  the  most  northern  Danish 
settlement  in  Greenland,  lat.  72°  40'  N.,  Ion.  56°  W. 

UPHA.  a  town  and  river  of  Russia.     See  Oofa. 

UP'ilALL,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Linlithgow. 

UP'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants.  2j  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Bishop's  Waltham.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Young, 
author  of  "  Night  Thoughts." 

UPIIAU'PEE,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co.,  Alabama. 

UP'HTLL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

UP-HOL'LAND,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co  of  Lancaster, 
on  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway,  4  miles  W.S.VV. 
of  Wigan. 

2001 


CPL 

UP/LAN'D.  k  Tbriving  Tillage  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  | 
38  miles  W.  bj  S.  of  t'hiladt-rphia.  _ 

UPLAND,  a  post-office  of  MasoQ  CO.,  W.Virginia. 

Cl'LAXD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Penn- 
gylvania,  on  Chester  Creek,  about  92  miles  E.S.E.  of  Harris- 
burg.  It  has  several  mUls  or  factories  moved  by  water- 
power.    Pop.  about  500.  * 

UHLEA'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

UPLEATH'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.         - 

Dl'liOWMAN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

UP/LY.ME.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

UP'llINSXEK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

UPOLU,  oo'po-loo',  or  0\iUTOOAK',  one  of  the  Samoan 
Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  14°  2'  S.,  Ion.  171°  21'  W.  EsU- 
mated  area  60  square  miles,  and  pop.  25,000.(?)  It  is  a  mis- 
gionary  station,  and  four-fifths  of  the  population  are  Chris- 
tians. It  affords  a  plentiful  supply  of  fruit.'>  and  vegetables, 
and  is  visited  annuallv  by  English  and  American  whalers. 

UP-OT/TERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

VPIPER.  For  names  of  places  not  mentioned  below,  Bee 
the  additional  names. 

UPPEK,  a  township  of  Cape  May  co..  New  Jersey.  Pop. 
1562. 

UPPER,  a  township  of  Crawford  co^  Arkansas. 

UPPER,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1228. 

UP'PER  AL'LEN,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co^  Penn- 
sylvania.    Population  1275. 

UP'PER  AL'LO WAY'S  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Salem 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  72  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Trenton.    Pop.  2S99. 

UPPER  ALPS.    See  Hautes-Alpes. 

UP'PER  ALTON,- a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois, 
2i  miles  E.  of  Alton.    It  is  the  seat  of  Shurtleff  College. 

UP'PER  AQUEBOGUE,  (ak'we-bOg.)  a  post-village  of  Suf- 
folk CO.,  New  York,  75  miles  E.  by  X.  of  New  York  City. 

OP'PKR  AUGUSTA,  a  township  of  Northumberland  CO., 
Pennsvlvania.     Pop.,  including  Sunbury,  the  co.-scat,  3715. 

UPPER  BERN,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Pottsville  Rjiilroad.    Pop.  2027. 

UPPER  BLACK  EDDY,  a  postoffice  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

UPPER  or  NEW  CALIFOR'NIA,  (Sp.  Alia  Ctdifomia, 
Sl'ta  ki-le-foR'ne-d,  or  Kiieva  (nwi'vi)  California.)  the  name 
formerly  applied  to  the  Spanish  province  or  territory  lying 
immediately  N.  of  Lower  or  Old  California.  From  it  has 
been  formed  the  whole  of  the  present  state  of  California, 
and  portions  of  the  territories  of  Utah  and  New  Mexico. 

UP'PER  CIIICII'ESTER,  a  township  of  Delaware  CO., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  555. 

UP'PERCO,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co..  Maryland. 

UPPER  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Uarford  co.,  Ma- 
ryland. 

UP'PER  DAR/BY,  a  posfc-townsbip  of  Delaware  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  9  miles  \V.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  2571. 

UP'PER  DICK'INSON,  a  township  of  Cumberland  CO., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  2360. 

UP'PER  DUIVLIN,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  15  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  1437. 

UP'PER  E.MBAli'KAS,  a  post-office  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 

UPPER  FALLS,  a  po.«t-office  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont. 

UPPER  F.ALLS,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

UPPER  FALLS  OF  COAL,  a  post-office  of  Kanawha  co., 
W.Virginia. 

UPPER  FOURCHE,  (foorsh,)  a  township  of  Yell  co.,  Ar- 
kansas. 

UP'PER  FREE'HOLD,  a  township  of  Monmouth  co..  New 
Jersey.     Pop.  3198. 

UP'PER  GII/MANTOX,  a  post-office  of  Belknap  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

UPPER  GLOUCESTER,  (glos/tgr,)  a  post-office  of  Cumber^ 
land  CO..  Maryland. 

UP'PiiR  IIAM/BURG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hardin 
CO..  Tennessee,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River,  130 
miles  S.W.  of  Nashville.    It  ha.s  several  warehouses. 

UP'PER  HAN'OVER,  a  township  of  Montgomery  CO., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  2125. 

Ul"PER  HUNT/ING  CREEK,  a  post- village  of  Caroline 
CO.,  Maryland,  57  miles  E.  of  Annapolis. 

UP'PER  I'OWA,  a  small  river  which  rises  in  the  S.E.  part 
Of  Minnesota,  and  pas-sing  into  Iowa,  flows  first  S.E.,  then 
K.E.,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  in  Allomakee  county. 

UPPER  JAY.  a  post-office  of  Esisex  co..  New  York. 

UPPER  KEECHI  CREEK,  Tex.is-    See  Keechi. 

UP'PER  LEA/COCK,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  2091. 

UPPER  LISLE,  a  post-offic*  of  Broome  co..  New  York. 

UPPER  LOIRE.    See  Haute-Loire. 

UP'PER  MACUN'GIE,  a  township  of  I^high  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, a»X)ut  10  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Allentown.     Poo.  2647 

UP'PER  MAHANTAN'GO,  a  post-township  forming  the 
W.  extremity  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvani.a. 

UP'PER  .MAUO'NOY,  a  township  of  Northumberiand  CO., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop,  990. 

UIVPER  MAKFyFIELD.  a  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
Q'lvauia.  lnt^^sected  by  the  Delaware  Canal.     Pop.  1694. 


UPS 

rPPERMARK,  8«p'p?i^mark\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, government  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  Dinkel.     Pop.  lloO. 

UP'PER  MARL/ROKOUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Prince  George  co..  Maryland.  17  miies  E.S.E.  of  Washington. 
A  newspaper  is  published  here. 

UP/PER  MID/DLETOWN.  a  village,  Middlesex  co.,  Conneo 
ticut,  on  Connecticut  River,  immediately  N.  of  Middletown. 

UPPER  JIIDDLETOWX,  a  post-village,  Fayette  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Redstone  Creek,  40  miles  .-^.S-E.  of  Pitt-burg. 

UP'PER  MlI/rORD,  a  township  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  2029. 

UP'PER  MOUNT  BETH'EL,  a  township  of  Northampton 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  3357. 

UP'PER  NAZ'ARETII,  a  township  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1684. 

UP'PER  O'KAW,  a  township  in  Coles  co.,  Illinois.   P.  657. 

UP'PER  O.X'FORD,  a  township  of  Chester  co^  Pennsylva 
nia.    Pop.  1105. 

UP'PER  PAXTON,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  2244. 

UPPER  PEXX'S  NECK,  New  Jersey.    See  Penn's  Neck. 

UP'PER  PROVIDENCE,  a  township  of  Delaware  CO., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  884. 

UPPER  PROVIDENCE,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading 
Railroad,  25  miles  N.W.  of  I'hiladelphia.     Pop.  282.3. 

UPPER  RED  HOOK,  a  post-village  of  Dutchess  co.  New 
York,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Catskill. 

UPPER  ST.  CLAIR,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co„ 
Pennsylvania,  about  9  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Pittsburg.    P.  1847. 

UP'PER  SAI/FORD,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1G84. 

UP'PER  SANDUS'KY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wyandot 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  left  bank  of  Sandusky  River,  and  on 
the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  63  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Columbus.  It  was  formerly  the  chief  town  of  the 
Wyandot  Indians.  Three  miles  N.  is  the  battle-ground, 
where  Colonel  Crawford  was  defeated  by  the  Indians  in 
1783.  The  village  is  beautifully  situated.  It  contains  6. 
churches,  1  national  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  1  machine- 
shop,  &c.     Pop.  in  1850,  780 ;  in  18o0,  1599. 

UP'PER  SAU'CON,  a  township  of  Lehigh  county,  Penn- 
sylvani;i.     Pop.  2943. 

UP'PER  STILI/WATER,  a  post- village  in  Penob.'cot  co, 
Maine,  on  the  Penobscot  River,  and  on  the  Bangor  and 
Piscataquis  Railroad,  9  miles  N.  of  Bangor. 

UP'PER  STRAS'BURG,  a  post-village  in  Franklin  co, 
Pennsvlvania,  about  10  miles  N.X.W.  of  Chambersburg. 

UP'PER  SWATARA,  (swd-tah'ra.)  a  township  of  Dauphin 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Cana., 
and  by  the  Lancaster  and  Ilarrisburg  Railroad.     Pop.  1830. 

UPPER  THREE  CREEK,  of  Barnwell  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina, Hows  S.W.  into  the  Savannah  River. 

UP'PER  TOWAMEX'SIXG,  a  township  of  Carbon  co, 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  801. 

UPi'ER  TRACT,  a  post-office  of  Pendleton  co.,W.  Virginia, 

UP'PER  TULPEIIOCK'EN,  a  township  of  Berks  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1125. 

UP'PER  TUK'KEYFOOT,  a  township  of  Somerset  co, 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.941. 

UP'i'ER  TY'GART,  a  post-office  of  Carter  CO.,  Kentncky. 

UP'PERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia, 
situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  loo  miles  X.  by  W.  of 
Richmond.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  farming  district,  and 
contains  3  churches.  Pop.  398. 

UP'PER  YAR/MOCTII,  a  village  in  Cumberiand  co.,  Maine, 
35  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Augusta. 

UP'PINGHAM.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  ca 
of  Rutland.  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stiimford.     P.  in  ls51,  2068. 

UP'PINGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

UPS.AL.  up'sal,  or  UPS.ALA.  up-si/iS,  a  lajn  or  province  of 
Sweden,  having  N.E.  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  S.  the  Lake 
of  Mielar.  Area  2067  square  miles.  Pop.  89,323.  It  ex- 
tends from  Lake  Maelar  in  the  S.,  to  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  and 
its  centre  is  traversed  by  the  river  Sala.  It  contains  the 
irou-mines  of  Dannemora,  and  several  important  smelting- 
works.    Principal  towns,  Ups.il  and  Enkj.iping, 

UPSAL,  a  city  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  lain,  on  the  Sala, 
45  miles  N.W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop.  9252.  It  is  one  of  the 
finest  old-fashioned  cities  in  Europe.  Principal  edifices, 
governor's  palace,  new  buildings  of  the  university,  and  a 
venerable  cathedral,  in  which  the  Swe<iish  kings  used  to  bf 
crowned,  and  in  which  are  man}"  of  their  tombs,  including 
those  of  Gustavus  A'a.sa  and  of  Linnaeus.  The  uuiver-sity, 
founded  in  1478,  has  a  library  of  100,000  volumes,  and  nu- 
merous ancient  manuscripts,  a  bot.inic  garden,  observatory, 
and  good  museums;  in  1843,  it  was  attended  by  1367  stu 
dents.  Upsal  has  also  an  ecclesiastical  sihool.  cosmo^jraphic, 
and  other  learned  societies,  manufactures  of  silk  and  tobacco, 
and  a  small  trade  by  the  river,  on  which  it  has  ste.Mm  com- 
munication with  Stockholm.  It  is  the  see  of  the  archbishop- 
primate  of  Sweden. 

UPSALA,  GAMLA.  or  OLD  UPSAL.A,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
about  3  miles  N.  of  the  present  Ups.il.  It  is,  nex'  ♦o  Sig- 
tuua,  the  most  ancient  residence  of  the  Swei'ia'-  kings,  but 


UPS 


URB 


is  now  reduced  to  a  small  Tillage.  The  church  has  been 
built  out  of  the  ruins  of  old  heathen  temples,  and  its  tower 
Is  understood  to  have  forme-i  part  of  the  temple  of  Odin. 
Among  the  tumuli  in  the  vicinity  are  the  graves  of  Odin, 
Freya,  and  Thor. 

UPSHIRK.  up/shir,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 
parish  of  Waltham,"l2  miles  N.E.  of  X>ondon.     Pop.  800. 

UP'SIIUH,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  West  Virginia,  on 
the  W.  forlc  of  the  Monongahela  Kiver.     Pop.  Tli'Ji. 

UPSHUR,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Texas,  contains 
about  950  square  miles.  The  Sabiue  Hiver  bounds  it  on  the 
8..  and  the  J5ig  Cyprus  Bayou  on  the  N.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally rich.  Formed  in  18-16,  from  part  of  Harrison  county. 
An  active  immigration  is  directed  to  this  section  of  Texas. 
Named  in  honor  of  Abel  P.  Upshur,  secretary  of  state 
under  President  Tyler.  Capital,  Gilmer.  Pop.  10,(>16,  of 
whom  68.51  wore  free. 

UI'SIIUR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Western  Turnpike,  about  50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

UP'SON,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Georgia,  con- 
tains 38-t  square  miles.  The  Flint  River  bounds  it  on  the 
P.W.,  and  it  is  drained  by  Potato  Creek.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified by  hills,  some  of  which  rise  about  800  feet  above 
the  level  of  Flint  River.  The  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  especially 
near  the  river.  The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  water- 
power.  Organized  in  1824,  and  named  in  IJonor  of  Stephen 
Upson,  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Georgia.  Capital.  Thomaston. 
Pop.  9910,  of  whonx  5022  were  free,  and  •1^S8  slaves. 

UP'SONVILLK,  a  post-village  in  Susquehanna  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, ISO  miles  N.N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

Ol'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

Ul'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

UPTON,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

UPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

UPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

UPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

UPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

UPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

UPTON,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

UI'/TON,  a  post-township  of  AVorcester  co.,  Massachusetts, 
83  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.    Pop.  1986. 

UPTON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Chambersburg. 

UPTON,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa.    • 

UPrrON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Drummond, 
43  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal. 

UPTON  BISHOP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

UPTON  CRKSSETT.  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Salop. 

UPTON  GRAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

UP/TON  HE'LIONS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

UPTON  ST.  LEONARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

UPTON  LOYEL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

UP'TON  MAG'NA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  on 
the  railway,  4  miles  E.  of  Shrewsbury. 

UPTON  NOBLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

UPTON  PYNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

UPTON  SCUDAMORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

UPTON  SXODSBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Worcester. 

UP'TON-UPON-SEV/ERN,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  and  9  miles  S.  of  Worcester,  on  a  cliff  beside 
the  Severn,  here  crossed  by  a  six-arched  stone  bridge.  Pop. 
in  1851,  2693.  The  town  lias  a  harbor  for  river  barges,  and 
an  export  trade  in  Herefordshire  cider. 

UPTON  WARRE.V,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

UPTON  WATERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

UP'WAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

UP'WELL,  parish  of  England,  cos.  Norfolk  and  Cambridge. 

UP/WOOD,  a  pari-^ih  of  England,  co.  of  Hunts. 

UR  OF  THE  Chaldees.    See  Oorfa. 

URACH,  oo'r^K,  a  walled  town  of  Wurtemberg.  on  the  Ems 
and  Elsiich,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  2058.  It  has  a 
castle  and  a  theological  seminary;  it  is  a  depot  for  linen 
goods,  and  has  also  bleaching  and  dyeing  establishments, 
gunpowder  and  paper  mills.  Near  it  are  the  ruined  mona.s- 
tery  of  Giiterstein,  and  the  decaved  fortress  of  Hohen-Urach. 

URAGO-D'OGLIO,  oo-rd/go  diil'yo.  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  government  of  Milan,  20  miles  \V.  of  Brescia.  P.  1560. 

UR.\K,  a  river  of  Turkey.    See  Vin. 

URAL,  yoo'ral,  OURAL.  oo-rjl',  YAIK  or  JAIK,  ylk.  (ane. 
lihymnus?)  a  large  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  Ural  5Ioun- 
tains,  in  the  N.  of  the  government  of  Orenboorg,  near  lat.  55° 
N. ;  flows  S.  past  Verkhnee-Ooralsk  toOrsk,  then  W.  through 
an  opening  in  the  Ural  chain  to  Orenboorg,  where  it  turns 
S.W..  and  then  S.,  retaining  the  latter  direction  till  it  reaches 
the  N.  shore  of  the  Caspian,  which  it  enters  liy  several  mouths, 
the  largest  passing  close  to  Gooriev.  Its  whole  length  is  esti- 
mated at  lOUO  miles.  Its  principal  affluents  .ire.  on  the  right, 
the  Kizil,  Tanalik,  and  Sakmara;  and  on  the  left,  the  Sun- 
duK.  Or,  lick,  and  Oratchi.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course 
it  tiows  along  a  channel  bristling  with  steep  and  lofty  rocks; 
its  lower  portion  is  throutrh  extensive  steppes  and  saline 
marsliea.  It  abounds  with  fish,  particularly  towards  its 
mouth,  where  the  Ural  Cossacks  have  extensive  fisheries. 
its  dtdta.  already  extensive,  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  seve- 


ral of  its  branches,  which  were  navigalle  a  few  years  a^, 
are  now  drv  and  overgrown  with  reeds. 

URALorOURAL  MOUNTAINS,  a  great  mountain  system 
of  the  Russian  Empire,  forming  a  vast  undulating  region, 
consisting  of  various  round-backed,  plateau  shapetl  ma-snea 
of  land,  mostly  of  small  elevation.  Its  central  ridge  is  gene- 
rally considered  as  separating  Europe  from  Asia,  about  Ion, 
CO^'E.;  it  divides  the  governments  of  Vologda  and  Archan- 
gel from  Tobolsk,  covering  with  its  ramifications  portions  of 
the  governments  of  Perm  and  Orenboorg,  and  separating 
the  basins  of  the  A'olga  and  Obi  in  the  middle  and  S.  'Ilie 
Urals  extend,  in  a  limited  sense,  from  tlie  Arctic  Ocean  in 
the  N.  to  Orenboorg  in  the  S.,  through  18°  of  latitude,  but 
considered  as  traversing  the  islands  of  Nova  Zenibla,  and 
terminating  in  the  high  grounds  between  the  Aral  and  Ca* 
plan  Seas,  they  cover  an  extent  of  30  degrees  of  latitude. 
The  Obdor.sk  Mountains  leave  the  middle  chain  in  latitude 
62°,  and  trend  N.N.W.  600  miles  to  the  promontory  of  Kamen 
Nos.  The  chief  part  of  this  chain  is  called  the  Timan  M(mn- 
tains,  (first  known  in  Europe  only  in  1843.)  The  highest 
points  are  Konjakofski-Kamen,  lat.  59°  45'  N.,  Ion.  59°  20'  K., 
5397  feet ;  OMorsk  Mountain,  lat.  67°  N.,  5286  feet ;  Taganai, 
lat.  55°  20'  N.,  3592  feet;  Iremel,  lat.  54°  30'  N.,  5075  feet. 
In  lat.  65°  N.,  a  contrefort  stretches  N.N.E.  and  joins  the 
Obdorsk  Mountains  and  the  promontory  which  separates 
the  gulfs  of  Obi  and  Kara.     Highest  point  5286  feet. 

The  \Y.  flank  of  the  Ural  chain  is  approached  across  a  low 
undulating  region,  occupied  by  that  immense  development 
of  the  youngest  rocks  of  the  palaeozoic  era  to  which  Murohi- 
son  has  given  the  name  of  the  Permian  system.  Rising  from 
beneath  the  Permian  system,  and  hence  geologically  beneath, 
though  here  locally  above  it,  occur  in  descending  series,  car- 
boniferous, old  red  or  Devonian,  and  Silurian  rocks,  all  oc- 
casionally full  of  fo.ssils.  The  crest  of  the  chain  consists 
chiefij  of  chloritic,  quartzose,  and  metamorphic  palieozoic 
rocks,  which  are  immediately  succeeded  towards  the  E.  by 
rocks  of  igneous  origin.  In  these  igneous  rocks,  and  the 
metamorphic  strata  in  contact  with  them,  occur  all  the 
richest  mines  of  gold,  platinum,  copper,  and  magnetic  ircn, 
for  which  the  chain  is  renowned.  On  the  E.  flank  the  Per- 
mian deposits  are  altogether  wanting.  Their  place  is  occu- 
pied by  low  hills  of  older  granite  and  other  eruptive  rocks, 
palaeozoic  and  metamorphic  deposit.s,  covered  towards  their 
E.  edges  by  tertiary  accumulation,  and  detritus,  in  which 
mammoth  and  rhinoceros  bones  are  mixed  up  with  the  sand 
and  shingle  of  the  gold-washings.  The  vegetable  produc- 
tion which  may  Ixj  regarded  as  the  type  of  the  whole  chain 
is  the  Pinus  cemhra,  accompanied  in  the  North  Ural  by  firs 
and  birch  only,  but  in  the  S.  by  numerous  trees  and  iilauts 
of  warmer  latitudes.  In  the  S.  also  are  many  broad  valleys 
of  remarkable  fertility,  with  occasional  belts  of  deep  black 
loam,  covered  with  splendid  natural  crops,  and  rank  veg© 
tation.  The  Petchora,  Kama.  Oofa,  Ural,  and  numerous 
other  rivers  rise  in  the  chain,  but  it  is  nowhere  cros»«d  by 
any  stream,  and  the  only  good  carriage-road  across- it  is  that 
from  Perm  to  Yekaterinboorg. 

URALSK  VERKIINII,  two  towns  of  Rus.sia.  See  Ooramk. 

URAS,  oo'rds,  a  village  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Cagliari, 
near  the  centre  of  the  island.     Pop.  1847. 

URATEPE.  a  towB  of  Toorkistan.     See  Ooratepe. 

URBANA,  tir-bah'nii,  a  vill.ige  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa,  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Albia,  the  county  seat. 

URBANE,  iir  bain',  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Hlinois,  about 
50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kaskaskia. 

URBANI.\,  ooit-bd'ng-l,  a  town  of  Central  Italy.  Marches, 
7  miles  S.W.  of  Urbino,  on  the  Metauro.  Pop.  3716.  It  was 
founded  under  the  name  of  Castel-Durante.  in  the  13th  cen- 
tury, near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Urbinium  Mctaurense. 
Bramante  was  born  near  it  in  1444. 

URBAN/NA,  township,  Steuben  co..  New  York.     P.  1983. 

URBANNA,  a  postrvillage  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland,  78 
miles  N.W\  of  Annapolis. 

URBANNA,  a  pos^village,  capital  of  Middlesex  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia.  on  Urbanna  Creek,  84  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

URBANNA,  a  beautiful  postrvillage  and  township,  capital 
of  Champaign  county,  Ohio,  on  the  Sandusky  Dayton  and 
Cincinnati  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Atlantic 
and  Great  Western  Railroad,  42  miles  W^  of  Columbus. 
Urbanna  contains  7  churches,  2  or  3  banks,  a  Swedenborgian 
college,  2  newspaper  offices,  1  foundry,  and  1  woollen  fac- 
tory. The  Columbus  and  Indianapolis  Railroad  intersects 
tlie  above-named  road  at  this  point.  The  first  house  Wiia 
built  in  1806.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  3414 ;  of  the 
village,  2020;  in  1860,  3429. 

URBANNA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Champaign  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 2  miles  E.  of  the  Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central  Rail- 
road, 92  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Springfield,  and  128  miles  firom 
Chicago.     It  has  2  churches  and  1  newspaper  office. 

URBANN.4,  a  small  post-village  of  Hickory  co.,  Missouri, 
about  80  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

URBAU,  ooR'bow.  or  WRBOWEC,  a  village  of  Austria, 
Moravin.  circle  of  Znaim.     Pop.  1069. 

URBENTHAL,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  WiiRBEjJTHAL. 

UUBERACH.  00R/ber-aK\  a  village  of  Uesse-Darmstailt 
province  of  Starkenbach,  ne  ir  Offenbach      Pop.  1213. 


URB 

rSBINO   coR-bee/no,  (anc.  ITrhihium  Horten'se,)  a.  dt/  of  1 
Ceiitral  "itaiy,  in  the  Marches,  capital  of  the  ProyuKeofLT- 
bino  and  Pesaro.formerl  y  capital  of  a  duchy,  -JO  miles  fe-"  •  M 
Pe-;ai-o     Pop.  7000.    It  has  an  old  ducal  palace  and  a  cathe- 
dral, loomed  with   fine  works  of  art,  a  college,  diocesan 
seminary,  an  extensive  manufactory  of  pins,  4  annual  tairf!, 
and  the  house  of  Raphael,  who  was  born  here  in  14:?3.     U  is 
also  the  native  place  of  Uaroccio,  Baldi,  and  Pope  Clement  XI. 
In  the  loth  century  it  was  the  seat  of  a  splendid  ducal  court 
URBIXO-E-PES  \R0,  ooK-bee'no  A  pd'si-ro,  a  lornier  dele- 
gation of  the  Papal  States,  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the 
Aihiatic.    Area  1477  square  miles.     Pop.  in  ISoO,  241,012. 
CKBIXUM  HOHTEXSE.    See  Ukbino. 
CKBS  VETL'S.     See  Orvieto. 
i'RCH'FONT,  a  parish  of  Enerland.  co.  of  wilts. 
CKCHILLA.  an  island  of  the  Caribbean  Sea.  See  Orchiixa. 
TRCuS.  ooR/koce,  a  town  of  South  America,  Peru,  depart- 
ment and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Cuzco.  ^„„     ,,      air 
URDA,  ooR'di.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  32  mUes  S.E. 
of  Toledo.     Pop.  2676.                                  ,„^     .  .   t,        . 

UKDENBACH.  ooR'den-blK\  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
government  of  Dusseldorf,  on  the  Rhine.    Pop.  1077. 
URE.  a  river  of  England.    See  Yore. 
URESIXO,  oo-rA-see'no.  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Kioo- 
Sioo.  celebrated  for  its  thermal  medicinal  springs,  which  are 
used  both  iuternally  and  as  baths  in  cutaneous  disorders, 
cout,  paralysis,  rheumatism,  &c.    The  waters  are  pellucid, 
have  a  slight  taste  of  sulphur,  contain  sulphuric  and  mu- 
riatic salts,  and  have  a  temperature  of  200°  Fahrenheit. 
The  environs  bear  striking  marks  of  violent  volcanic  action. 
CRFA.  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.     See  Oorfa. 
URFAHR,  ooR'fte,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Austria,  circle 
of  Muhl.  on  the  Danube,  opposite  Lintz,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  bridge.     Pop.  2.iS9. 

URG.A.,  a  city  of  Mongolia.     See  Oohga. 
URGANTZ.    See  Oorguenj. 

URGEL,  SEO  DE,  a  city  of  Spain.    See  Seo  de  TIr/jel. 

URGENJ.  URGHEXD.IE.  or  URGHENZ.    See  Oorghenj. 

rRGHUNDAUB,  ur'guu-dawb',   written   also  IRGIIEN- 

DAB,  and  URGHUNDAB.  a  river  of  Afghanistan,  joins  the 

llelmund,  SO  miles  W.  of  Candahar.  after  a  S.\V.  course  of 

about  230  miles. 

URGHDNDAUB,  IRGIIEXDAB,  or  TTRGHUMDAB,  a  vil- 
lage on  the  above  river.  66  miles  N.E.  of  Candahar. 

'JHG.'>^'V.XO,  ooRn-yi'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  go- 
Ternment  of  Milan,'9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bergamo.     Pop.  3563. 
TRI,  oc/ree,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division 
and  7  miles  S.W.  of  Sassari.    Pop.  1039. 

URI,  u'ree,  (Ger.  pron.  oo'ree.)  a  canton  in  the  E.  of  Swit- 
zerland, consisting  of  the  valley  of  the  Reuss  and  its  afflu- 
ents, and  having  on  its  S.  frontier  Mount  St.  Gothard,  and 
westward  the  Galleustock,  and  Sustenhorn,  principal  heights 
of  the  main  chain  of  the  Alps.     Area  422  square  miles. 
Pop.  in  1860, 14,741,  all  Roman  Catholics.    Cattle  rearing  is 
the  chief  branch  of  industry.     Chief  town,  Altorf.     Uri 
united  with  Unturwalden  and  Schwytz,  early  in  the  14th 
century,  to  form  the  Swiss  Confederation,  in  which  it  now 
holds  the  4th  place.    It  was  the  theatre  of  war  between  the 
French  and  the  Austrians  and  Russians  in  1799. 
URIA,  a  town  of  Naples.     See  Oria. 
URIAS  SINUS.    See  Mantredoxia,  Gotp  op. 
U'RIEVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  JIaryland. 
URI,  L.\KE  OF,  of  Switzerland,  is  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
the  Lake  of  Lucerne.    Its  shores  are  precipitous  and  path- 
less: it  receives  the  river  Reuss.    See  Ldcerxe  Lake. 
URITANA,  a  town  of  Naples.    See  Okia. 
URIUPINSKAIA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  00R100PErSK.UA. 
UltJUM,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Oorzhoom. 
URK,   ORk,  a  small  island  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
Zuider-Zee,  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Enkhuysen.    Pop.  1130. 

UR'LINGFORD,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
Leinster,  county  and  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kilkenny,  on  the 
road  from  Dublin  to  Cork.     Pop.  of  the  town  in  1S51, 1168. 
URLOFFEN,  ooR-loffen,  a  village  of  Badsn,  circle  of  Middle 
Rhine,  on  the  railway,  7  miles  N.  of  Offenburg.     Pop.  1996. 
URLUJAII,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor.     See  Oorloojah. 
URMI.\H,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Oouoomeetah. 
URM-STOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
URMSTON  HARBOR.    See  Tongkoo  Bat. 
VRX.  a  post-otHce  of  Knox  co.,  Illiuois. 
URN.\SCI1EN,  (Urnaschen,)  ooR-n.V.shen,   a  village   of 
Switzerland,  canton    and  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Appenzell. 
Pop.  2500. 

VRXEN,  ooR'n^n,  (Ober  and  Nieder,)  two  villages  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  6  miles  X.X.W.  of  Glarus.     The 
former  possesses  much  frequent«i  baths.    Pop.  1500. 
UH/XEV,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ul.ster,  co.  of  Tyrone. 
URXEY.  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  county  of  Cavan. 
URXIETA,  ooR-ne-A/ti,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Gui- 
puzcoa,  9  miles  S.  of  St.  Sebastian.     Pop.  1209. 
CR/PETII,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
tRQUII.^RT,  GrkOiart,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Elgin, 
on  Moray  Frith,  with  a  village  4  miles  E.  of  Elgin. 

UHQUH.\RT  and  GLEX-MOR/RISTOX,  a  pari-h  of  Scot, 
"^o.  of  Inverness,  with  a  village  on  the  W.  side  of  Loch 


DRD 

Ness.  13  miles  S.W.  of  Inverness.    Her6  are  extensive  re- 
mains of  a  famous  castle,  and  several  Druidic  antiquities. 

URQUIIART  AND  LOG'GIE-WES'TER.  a  parish  of  Scot- 
land, counties  of  Ross  and  Nain,  on  Cromarty  Frith,  2  milec 
E.X.E.  of  Dingwall. 

URR.  a  lake,  river,  village,  and  parish  of  Scotland ;  the 
lake,  between  the  counties  of  Dumfries  and  Kirkcudbright, 
4  miles  S.  of  Minihive.  and  2  miles  in  circuit.  The  river, 
or  Urr-water,  issues  from  it,  and  after  a  S.S.E.  course  of  2C 
miles,  through  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  joins  Solw.iy 
Frith  bv  an  estuary,  2  miles  across,  10  miles  E.  of  Kirkcud- 
bright.'  It  is  navigable  for  7  miles  from  the  frith:  and  ou 
its^E.  banks,  H  niTles  W.N.W.  of  Castle-Douglas,  is  the  vil- 
lage of  Urr.     Pop.  of  the  village,  900. 

URKAY,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  counties  of  Ross  and  In- 
verness. 6  miles  S.W.  of  Urquhart.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
Fairburn  Tower,  and  various  mansions. 

URREA-DE-GAEN,  ooe-rA'S  di  gS-6n',  a  village  of  Spain, 
Aragon,  province  of  Teruel,  on  the  Martin,  60  miles  from 
Saragossa.     Pop.  1072. 

UR'SA,  a  small  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  114 
miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

URSEL,  uR/sel.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  Hi  m'iles  N.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2510. 

UllSEL.  OBER.  o'bor  oOR'sel,  a  town  of  Germany,  Nas.«au, 
on  the  Ursel.  8  miles  N.AV.  of  Frankf  rt-on-tlie-Main.   P.  1952. 
URSEREX-  (ooK'se-ren)  or  URSEKX-TIIAL,  ooR/.sem-till, 
a  valley  of  Switzerland,'  composing  the  S.  part  of  the  canton 
of  Uri. 
URSHUM,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Oorzhoom. 
URSPRIXGEX.  a  village  of  Bavaria.     See  Uerspringen. 
URSWICK,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancas- 
ter. 3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ulverstone.     Fox.  the  founder  of  the 
societv  of  Friends,  resided  at  Swartmoor-hall.  in  this  parish. 
UR'TICK,  a  post-ofHce  of  Whitesides  CO..  Illinois. 
URUBAMB.i,  oo-roo-bdm'bd,  a  town  of  South  Peru,  de- 
partment and  -to  miles  N.W.  of  Cuzco,  on  the  river  Uru- 
bamba.    Pop.  4000. 

URUBU,  oo-roo-boo',  or  URUBU-DE-CTMA.  oo-roo-boo'  dA 
see'md,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Sao  Francisco,  120  miles  N.W.  of  Rio  de  Contas. 
URUBU,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  joins  the  Ama- 
zon nearlv  opposite  to  the  junction  of  the  Madeira. 

URUBUCUARA  or  URUEUQUARA,  oo-roo-boo-kw^/ri,  a 
river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Para,  rises  in  the  Serra  Veiha, 
flows  S.,  and  expands  into  a  lake  of  its  own  name,  and  20 
miles  below  joins  the  Amazon. 

URUC-\I1I,  oo-roo-ki-ee',  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Piauhi.  rises  in  the  Serra  Gurguea.  flows  N.,  and  joins  the 
Parnahiba.  nearly  opposite  to  the  junction  of  the  Balcas. 

URUCAIA.  oo-i-oo-ki'S.  a  river  of  Brazil,  joins  the  Sao  Fran- 
cisco 16  miles  N.  of  Sao  Romao,  after  a  course  of  200  miles. 
URUCAXGA,  oo-roo-kang'gl,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in 
the  W.  of  the  province  of  Santa  Catharina.  and  flows  E. 
after  passing  a  lake  with  which  it  communicates.  It  has  a 
depth  of  from  3  to  4  fathoms,  but  unfortunately  its  mouth 
is  almost  blocked  up  with  a  sandbank,  on  which  the  wavea 
break  with  such  violence  as  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  vessels. 
URUGU.\Y,  oo-roo-gwi',  a  river  of  South  America,  rises  in 
Brazil,  on  the  W.  slope  of  a  Cordillera,  in  the  N.  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Sao  Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  lat.  28°  S.;  and  flows 
N.W.  for  about  100  miles,  entering  the  plains  of  Vicaria, 
where  it  is  joined  on  the  right  by  the  Pelotas,  and  on  the 
left  by  the  Pepiri-Gua^u ;  here  turning  W.  it  receives  on  the 
left  the  Uruguay-Puita  and  the  Albneni,  and  shortly  after, 
on  the  right,  the  Repiri,  which  forms  the  N.  boundary  of  the 
state  of  Entre-Rlos.  It  now  proceeds  S.S.W.,  and  is  aug- 
mented by  numoj-ous  streams,  particularly  by  the  Ibicui, 
and  the  Arapihi,  which  separates  Brazil  from  the  Bands 
Oriental.  In  its  remaining  course,  almost  due  S.  for  about 
400  miles,  it  forms  the  boundary  between  the  Banda  Oriental 
and  Entre-Rios,  receiving  on  the  right,  from  the  latter  state, 
the  Aguapihi,  Mirinai,  Gualeguaichu,  together  with  num- 
berless small  streams;  and  on  the  left,  from  the  former 
state,  the  Daiman,  and  last  of  all.  the  most  important  of 
its  tributaries,  the  Negro.  About  50  miles  below,  in  lat. 
34°  S.,  and  Ion.  61°  40'  W.,  it  unites  with  the  Parana  in 
forming  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  The  whole  course  of  the  Uru- 
guay is  about  800  miles.  It  is  navigated  by  sailing  barks 
up  to  a  great  fall  40  miles  below  the  Ibicui ;  after  the  fall 
is  passed,  large  canoes  ascend  as  far  as  the  confluence  of 
the  Pelotas,  and  small  canoes  almost  to  the  sources  both  of 
this  afSuent  and  of  the  main  stream.  The  banks  of  the 
Uruguay  are  fertile  but  ill  cultivated.  The  principal  pri> 
ducts  are  cotton  and  mate,  and  considerable  numbers  of 
cattle  are  reared.  The  articles  exported  by  it  are  chiefly 
hides,  tallow,  and  honev. 

URUGUAY  or  BANDA  ORIENTAL  DEL  URUGUAY, 
b3n'dA  o-re-Jn-tAl'  dhi  oo-roo-gwi'.  a  republic  of  South  An>e- 
rica,  bounded  N.  and  N.E.  by  Brazil;  E.  by  the  Atlantic; 
S.  by  the  Rio  de  la  Plata;  and  W.  by  the  Uruguay,  separa- 
ting it  from  the  Argentine  Republic.  It  is  of  a  compact 
shape,  somewhat  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  with  a  convex  an.i 
almo.it  circular  base  in  the  S.  and  S.E..  and  its  apex  in 
the  N.W.;  greatest  length,  measured  from  the  centre  of  lae 


URU 

base  near  Maldonado,  to  the  apex  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Guartiy,  ;>oO  miles;  greatest  breadth  from  S.W.  to  N.K.,  3:i0 
miles;  area  estimated  at  75,000  square  miles.  Viewed  as  a 
whole,  it  miiy  be  regarded  as  a  vast  undulating  plain, 
generally  flat  towards  the  Uruguay,  the  Kio  de  la  Plata,  and 
the  ^•e»-const,  but  broken  in  the  interior  by  several  ridges  of 
moderate  elevation,  which  are  composed  tor  the  most  part 
Df  clay-slate,  gneiss,  and  gi-anitt>.  and  from  the  watersheds 
of  tlie  more  importjmt  rivers;  these  are,  the  Negro,  by  far 
the  largest,  which,  rising  on  the  N.E.  frontier,  in  the  Sierra 
Xecla,  flows  S.W.  to  its  junction  with  the  Uruguay,  and 
divides  the  state  into  two  nearly  equal  portions;  the  Guar 
ray  ou  the  N.  frontier,  the  Arapey,  Daiman,  and  Queguay, 
also  tribut^iries  of  the  Uruguay;  the  San  Lucia,  and  San 
Jose,  which  unite  their  streams  and  fall  into  the  Kio  de  la 
Plata:  the  Seljollati,  with  its  numerous  affluents;  and  the 
Yaguaron,  the  two  most  important  feederff  of  the  large  Lake 
of  Merio,  which  is  .situated  in  the  N.E.,  partly  in  Krazil.  and, 
after  the  rivers,  forms  the  most  important  hydrographical 
feature  of  the  country.  The  climate  is  generally  humid  but 
temperate  and  healthy;  in  the  winter  heavy  rains  and  cold 
winds  are  prevalent,  but  in  the  lowlands  frost  is  said  to  be 
unknown.  Natural  pastures  are  very  extensive  and  luxu- 
riant. The  extensive  plains,  covered  with  rich  turf,  and 
almost  destitute  of  ti'ees.  seem  a'fmirably  adapted  to  agricul- 
ture ;  but  remain  for  the  most  part  in  a  stiite  of  nature,  and 
are  roamed  over  by  immense  herds  of  horses  and  cattle. 
These  form  the  chief  sources  of  wealth  to  the  inhabitants, 
supplying  large  exports  of  hides,  skins,  hair,  horns,  jerked 
beef  and  tallow.  Wheat,  maize,  beans,  and  melons,  are  pro- 
duced, and  the  country  is  adapted  to  the  culture  of  most  of 
the  fruits  of  temperate  climates.  Agricultural  proces.ses  are 
of  the  rudest  kind,  and  at  present  no  more  produce  is  raised 
than  is  required  ffir  home  consumption.  Monte  A'ideo,  the 
capital,  on  the  Kio  de  la  Plata,  is  the  centre  of  all  the  foreign 
trade,  the  total  value  of  exports  thence  in  1842,  was  estimafM 
at  S6,500.000,  and  of  imports  at  $8,000,000.  In  18-48  the 
value  of  exports  amounted  to  .$5,a73,'21S.  of  which  hides 
stood  for  $4,124,203.  The  value  of  exports  to  the  United 
States  in  lSo4  is  stated  at  $457,179,  and  the  imports  from  this 
country  at  $512,957. 

The  constitution  of  the  republic  gives  great  facilities  for 
naturalization,  and  encourages  foreign  emigration.  The 
principal  towns,  besides  .Montevideo,  are  .\Ialdonado,  La 
Colonia,  Santa  Lucia,  San  Joae,  and  Sau  Carlos ;  Camelones, 
Soriana,  and  Cerro  Largo. 

After  years  of  struggle  between  Buenos  Ayres  and  Brazil, 
a  treaty  was  concluded  under  the  mediatiou  of  England, 
in  1825,  by  which  the  debatable  territory  was  erected  into  an 
independent  republic,  termed  Cisplntina,  on  account  of  its 
lying  this  side  of  the  La  Plata,  (with  respect  to  Europe.) 
The  Spaniards  called  the  country  BancUi  Orientul,  (i.  e.  E. 
bank  of  the  river,  or  E.  frontier.)  because  it  separated  them 
to  the  eastward  from  Brazil.  Of  late  years  it  has  had  cease- 
lessly to  contend  against  the  intrigues  and  hostility  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  who,  taking  an  ungenerous  advantage  of 
Its  possession  of  the  mouth  of  the  Kio  de  la  Plata,  pro- 
hibited all  communication  between  the  countries  bordering 
on  this  river  and  the  ocean.  In  1852,  however,  its  naviga- 
tion was  declared  open  to  the  commerce  of  the  world,  from 
which  it  is  supposed  the  material  prosperity  of  Uruguay 
will  be  greatly  increased. 

UKUMI  YAH.  a  town  and  lake  of  Persia.  See  Ooroomeetah. 
UKUMPTSI,  a  city  of  the  Chinese  Empire.  See  Oouoomtsee. 
UKUP.  one  of  the  Koorile  Islands.     See  OoROOP. 
URURAHI,  oo-roo-ri-heo',  or  SANTA  KITA,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  on  the  river  or 
channel  of  same  name,  forming  the  outlet  of  Lake  Cima,  16 
miles  from  Campos.     Pop.  2000. 
URVOLGY,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  Herkengiiund. 
URZEDOW,  ooR'ze-dov,  a  tow^n  of  Poland,  government 
and  20  miles  S.W.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  1900. 
USA,  a  river  of  Russia.     See  OosA. 

USAGRK,  oo-sd/grA,  a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadura,  pro- 
vince and  60  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.  with  mines  of  quick- 
silver, three  of  which  are  worked.     Pop.  1440. 

U'SAN,  a  fishing  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Forfar,  parish 
of  Craig.  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montrose.     Pop.  loO. 
USBKKISTAN  or  OOZBEKISTAN.    See  Bokhara. 
USCH.  a  town  of  Toorkestan.     See  OosH. 
USCHUTZ,  (Uschiitz,)  OOsh'uts,  a  town  of  Prussian  Po- 
land, 54  miles  W.  of  Bromberg,  on  the  Netze.     Pop.  1290. 

USCIO,  oo'sho,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  near  Recco.  Pop.  1902. 
USCUP.  a  town  of  Turkey.  See  UsKCP. 
USEDOM,  oo/zeh-dom^  an  island  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
near  the  S.  coast  of  the  Baltic,  between  two  outlets  of  the 
Haff,  9  miles  S.E.  of  the  island  of  RUgen.  Shape  very  irregu- 
lar. Length  30  miles,  greatest  breadth  14  miles.  Surface 
not  very  fertile.  The  population  is  chiefly  occupied  in  cattle- 
rearing  and  lishing. 

USEDOM,  a  town  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  the  ahove  island, 
on  the  Kleine  HafT.  Pop.  1415.  Remains  of  the  ancient 
town  of  Vi7teia,  built  A.  i).  778.  are  said  to  have  been  seen 
beneath  the  water  ou  the  N.  coast. 


UST 

TJSERAS,  oo-si/rlg,  a  village  of  Spain.  Valencia,  province 
and  17  miles  N.W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana.  Pop.  1900. 
USH  or  USCll,  a  river  of  Ku.s.sia.  See  <  >ozH. 
USHAK.  09-.shak'.  or  HUSH AK,  h«Kshdk',  a  town  of  Asi 
atic  Turkey.  138  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Smyrna,  and  t>4  miles 
S.W.  of  Kutaieh.  It  is  built  of  sun-dried  bricks,  and  is 
noted  as  the  place  where  the  largest  and  finest  Turkey  car- 
pets are  made;  the  weaving,  dyeing,  Ac,  of  which  occupy 
the  most  of  the  inhabitants. 

USHANT,  fish'ant,  (Fr.  Ouessant.  wJg'sSN"';  anc.  UxaiiHis,) 
the  mostW.  of  the  islands  off  the  coast  of  Brittany,  P'rance, 
department  of  i'inistire.  26  miles  W.N.W.  of  Brest.  Length 
4j  miles.  Lat.  of  lighthouse,  48°  28'  5"  N..  Ion.  5°  S'  2"  W. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2271.  It  has  some  villages,  and  a  small  port, 
with  an  active  fi.shery  of  pilchards.  Off  iUs  ccist.  in  1759, 
the  French,  under  Admiral  Conflans,  were  totally  defeated 
by  the  British  fleet  under  Sir  Edward  Hawkes;  and  an  in- 
decisive action  took  place  27th  July,  1778,  between  the  Eng- 
lish fleet  under  Admiral  Keppel,  and  the  French  under  Count 
d'Orvilliers, 

USIIITZ.1  or  USICZA,  oo-shecf.sj,  a  town  of  Servia,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Morava,  87  miles  S.W.  of  Belgrade.  Pop. 
4000,  mostly  Turks.  Principal  edifices,  a  rock  fortress,  seve- 
ral mosques,  and  a  Greek  church. 

USHITZA,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Po- 
dolia.  on  the  Dniester,  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kamieniec.    P.  750. 
USHNEI,  a  town  of  Persia.     See  Ooshjjei. 
USHRUi'F,  a  town  of  I'ersia.     See  Ashruff. 
USICZA,  a  town  of  Servia.    See  Ushitza. 
USINOEN,  oo'ziug-en,  a  town  of  Na.'^sau,  on  the  Usbach, 
17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Frankfort-on-tlie-Main.    Pop.  1953. 

USK,  a  river  of  South  ^Vales,  enters  the  estuary  of  the 
Severn,  oj  miles  S.  of  Newport.    Course  60  miles. 

USKK,  usk,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinstcr,  co.  of  Kildare. 
USKE.\NE,  us-kain/,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary 
USKUP,  oos/kup,  or  USKIUP,  oos'ke-oop/,  written  alao 
USKUB  and  USCUP;  called  also  SKOPIA,  sko'pi-a.  (anc 
Scupi.)  a  town  of  European  Turkey.  Jlacedonia,  capital  of  a 
sanjak,  on  the  Uskup  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Vardar.  loO 
miles  N.W.  of  Salonica.  Estimated  population,  10,000.  It  hag 
many  handsome  mosques,  Greek  churches,  a  citadel,  with  a 
Turkish  garrieoB,  and  important  manufactures  of  leather. 

USLAK,  oos'lar,  a  walled  town  of  Hanover,  16  miles  N.W. 
of  Giittingen,  on  the  Able.    Pop.  2118. 
US.MAN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Ousman. 
USMAS'l'UN,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 
US.M.A^TE,  oos-md'tA,  a  village  of  .A.ustri.an  Italy,  province 
and  18  miles  from  Milan.    Pop.  1045. 
USOP,  a  river  of  Siberia.     See  1'akla. 
USPALLATA,   oos-pSl-yi/td.    a  tableland,    with    silver- 
mines,  Plata  Confeder.ition,  40  miles  N.W.  of  Meudoza. 

USPANAPAN,  oos-pd-nil-pdn'.  a  river  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Taba.sco.  tributary  to  the  Coatzacoalco. 

U.-'QUEBAUGH,  ti6'kwe-baw\  a  post-offlce  of  Washington 
CO.,  Rhode  Island. 

USSAC,  iis'sdk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cor- 
reze.  3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Brivcs-la-Gaillarde.     i'op.  2100. 

USSANA,  oos-sd/nd,  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  and  12  miles  N.  of  Cagliari.     I'op.  1136. 

USSKAUX,  tis'so'.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Turin,  province  of  Pinerolo.  near  Fenestrelle.     Pop.  1468. 
USSEGLIO.  oos-sil'yo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Stares, 
division  of  Turin.     Pop.  2360. 

U8SEL,  iis'sjl',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Correze, 
on  the  Sarsonne,  32  miles  N.E.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  in  1852,  430<3. 
It  is  partly  enclosed  by  ruined  walls. 
US'SELBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
USSON,  Us'sis"'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Loire, 
16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montbrison.     Pop.  in  1852,  3736. 

USSON,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  22 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  in  1852,  2130. 

USSON,  a  village  of  Franc*,  department  of  Puy-de-Dome, 
5  miles  W.  of  Is.soire,  with  840  inhabitants,  and  a  ruined 
castle,  the  residence,  during  twenty  year.s,  of  Margaret,  the 
first  queen  of  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

USSO'RA,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  joins  the  Bosna, 
a  little  atiove  Doboi,  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

USTARITS,  lis^tdVeets/,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Basses-Pyrenees,  7  miles  S.  of  Bayonne.  I'op.  in 
1852,  2259,  who  manufacture  woollen  cloths  and  leather. 

USTER,  oos'ter,  a  parish  and  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton and  9  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich,  with  an  old  castle.     P.  4500. 
U.STICA,  oos'te-kl,  {a.nc.  Etimiimn  and  OaterAles.)  sn\  island 
of  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Naples,  off  the  N.  coast 
of  Sicily,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Palermo.     Length  3  miles, 
breadth  2  miles.    Soil  volcanic,  and  highly  fertile.   The  town 
of  Santa  Maria,  on  its  S.W.  side,  has  1800  inhabitants,  and  a 
harlx)r  defended  by  strong  batteries. 
USTIUG  VILIKI,  Russia.    See  OosTiooa  Veleekee. 
USTTUSCHNA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Oo»tioozhxa. 
USTON,  tl8H6N'''.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ariega, 
on  the  Aleth,  13  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Girons.     Pop.  1135. 
USTROM,  a  village  of  Austrian  Silesia.     See  Oostrom. 
U.ST-SYSOLSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Oost-Stsoi.sk. 
UST-UISKAIA,  Asiatic  Russia.    See  O03t-0oskaia. 

2005 


UST 

IT?T  VITJUSK,  a  town  of  Sibcia.    See  Tn.iooisK.  Oosj. 
n;:LM4SlNTA,  oo-«K>ma-sin'id  or   oo-soo-mi  seeu'td,  a 
*n4»Jrubla  river  of  Ceutral  America,  rises  in  Guatemala 
*paV™  n    of  Vera  I'az,  flows  N.W.  through  Chiapas  and 
tX'"0  and  aft«r  a  course  of  400  miles,  joms  the  'tabasco 
nLr  lUmouth.    It  is  also  connected  by  a  navigable  channel 
with  the  Lake  of  Terminos. 
TJSrxCIIOBI,  European  Turkey.    See  Uzundja-Ova. 
USDIIBIL,  o.^sooR-beel/,  a  town  of  Spain,  Province  of 
Guijiazeoa,  5  wiles  S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian.     Pop.  1203. 
iJSURI,  a  river  of  Mantohooria.    See  Oosooree 
rSAVORTIl,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
UT\.  oo>a,\  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  division 
and  12  miles  N.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1214.       „  .^  ^  _^  , 

UTAH,  yoo'taw  or  yoo'td,  a  territory  of  the  United  btates 
of  North  America,  originally  a  part  of  the  territory  of 
tipper  California,  ceded  to  tlie  United  States  by  the  treaty 
with  Mexico  in  1848,  was  erected  into  a  separate  territory 
in  1850.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  territory  ol  Idalio, 
on  the  E.  by  Colorado,  on  the  S.  by  Arizona,  and  on  the  V, . 
by  Nevada.  It  lies  between  37°  and  42°  N.  lat.,  and  between 
109=  and  115°  W.  Ion.,  being  about  345  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  320  miles  wide  from  E.  to  W. 
Area  estimated  at  108,000  square  miles,  or  69,120,000  acres, 
of  which  77,219  only  were  improved  in  1860. 

Face  of  the  Countri/.— This  territory  is  generally  an  ele- 
vated, mountuinous  and  barren  region.  The  central  part 
is  traversed  by  the  Wasatch  mountain  range,  the  direction 
of  which  is  nearly  north  and  south.  The  portion  of  Utali 
which  lies  W.  of  this  mountain  range  forms  part  of  the 
Great  or  Fremont  Basin,  wliich  has  a  general  elevation  of 
4000  or  5000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  arid  and 
sterile  basin  has  its  own  system  of  lakes  and  rivers,  which 
have  no  communication  with  the  ocean.  The  eastern  part 
of  the  Great  Basin  is  covered  with  a  white  incrustation  of 
saline  and  alkaline  substances.  The  Wasatch  Mountains 
rise  to  a  height  varying  from  4000  to  7000  feet  above  the 
adjacent  plains  or  valleys,  and  some  of  the  peaks  are  cov- 
ered with  perpetual  snow.  Other  ranges  of  mountains 
occur  in  various  parts  of  Utah.  It  is  stated  that  some  of 
the  valleys  in  the  settled  part  of  the  teiTitory  have  an  ele- 
vation of  about  6000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  the 
£.  side  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains  is  an  extensive  plain  or 
valley,  which  is  said  to  be  as  sterile  as  that  which  occupies 
the  western  pai-t  of  Utah. 

Of  the  geology  of  Utah  as  yet  very  little  is  known.  It 
appears,  however,  that  volcanic  rocks  are  found  In  various 
parts.  Basalt  occurs  on  the  slopes  of  the  mountains  in 
many  places. 

Lakes  and  Mivers, — Great  Salt  Lake  is  the  prominent  ob- 
ject to  be  considered  in  treating  of  the  waters  of  Utah. 
This  extensive  and  peculiar  sheet  of  water,  lying  N.E.  from 
the  centre  of  the  territory,  is  about  70  miles  long  and  30 
miles  wide,  with  no  visible  outlet.  The  water  is  so  liighly 
saline  that  no  living  thing  can  exist  in  it,  and  by  the  eva- 
poration in  hot  weather,  leaves  on  its  shores  a  thick  incrus- 
tation of  salt.  According  to  Fremont's  analysis  of  some  of 
the  salt  of  this  lake,  there  were  in  100  parts,  97-80  of  chlo- 
ride of  sodium,  or  common  salt;  sulphate  of  lime,  1-12; 
chloride  of  magnesium,  0-24;  and  sulphate  of  soda,  0-23. 
About  25  miles  S.  of  this,  and  communicating  with  it  by 
the  river  Jordan,  is  Utah  Lake,  a  body  of  fresh  water  about 
35  miles  in  length.  It  is  stored  with  trout  and  other  iish. 
These  lakes  are  elevated  from  4200  to  4500  feet  above  the 
sea.  In  the  interior  are  Several  small  lakes,  which  are  the 
recipients  of  the  streams  of  the  interior  basin,  and  are  often 
mere  sinks  or  sloughs.  The  most  important  of  these  known 
is  Sevier  Lake,  in  Millard  county. 

As  before  stated,  the  rivers  of  the  Great  Basin  have  no 
apparent  connection  with  the  ocean,  but  all  either  discharge 
themselves  into  the  interior  lakes  or  are  absorbed  by  the 
sands  of  the  desert.  The  principal  rivers  of  Utali  are  the 
Colorado,  the  Green,  the  Grand  River,  the  Sevier  and  the 
Bear  River.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  Colorado  is  included 
in  this  territory.  Green  River,  after  crossing  the  northern 
border,  traverses  the  eastern  part  of  Utah,  flowing  south- 
ward, and  unites  with  the  Grand  River  to  form  the  Colorado, 
which  flows  southwestward  into  Arizona.  Grand  River, 
rising  in  Colorado,  crosses  the  eastern  boundary  of  Utah, 
and  flows  southwestward  until  it  unites  with  the  Green 
Kiver.  The  Bear  River  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Utah,  and 
flows  first  northward  into  Idiiho.  Having  returned  into 
Utah  Territory,  it  pursues  a  southwestward  course  and  en- 
ters Great  Salt  I^ake.  Sevier  River  rises  in  the  S.  central 
part  of  the  territory  and  terminates  in  Sevier  Lake,  which 
is  about  39°  N.  lat.  The  Weber  River  is  a  small  tributary 
of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  Its  general  direction  is  nearly 
northwestward.    None  of  these  rivers  are  navigiible. 

Miiuralt.  —  lrou  ore  abounds  in  Iron  county  and  in  Bea- 
ver county.  A  lead  mine  hits  been  opened  near  Minersville, 
ill  Beaver  county.  It  is  stated  that  silver,  copper  and  zinc 
have  been  discovered  in  Utah,  but  the  mineral  resources  of 
this  territory  have  not  yet  been  developed— mining  enter- 
iiri.-es  being  generally  Oiscouraged  by  the  leaders  of  the 
Mormor.«. 

2006 


UTA 

Objects  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Of  these  there  is  no  scar- 
city in  this  widely  extended  territory.  Among  the  most 
remarkable  objects  of  this  region  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 
In  the  saltness  of  its  waters,  in  the  circumstance  of  its 
having  no  outlet,  and  being  fed  from  another  smaller  and 
fresh-water  lake  (with  whicli  it  is  connected  by  a  stream 
called  the  "Jordan"),  and  in  the  rugged  and  repulsive  char- 
acter of  some  portions  of  the  surrounding  region,  it  bears 
a  remarkable  resemblance  to  the  Dead  Sea  of  Palestine. 
Instead,  however,  of  lying  1000  feet  below,  it  is  more  than 
4000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  its  waters,  moreover, 
being  an  almost  pure  solution  of  common  salt,  are  free  from 
that  pungency  and  nauseous  tiiste  which  cliaracterize  those 
of  the  Dead  Sea.  There  is  also  a  remarkable  cataract  on 
the  Prove  or  Timpanogos  River,  about  7  miles  above  Provo 
City.  Here  the  stream  descending  the  mountain  is  said  to 
fall  500  feet,  until  it  appears  like  a  white  veil  or  drapery. 
Fremont  describes  an  appearance  similar  to  the  mirages  of 
the  great  deserts  of  the  Old  World.  In  travelling  over  tlie 
salt  deserts  of  the  Fremont  Basin,  they  saw  their  party  re- 
flected in  the  air,  probably,  as  Fremont  suggests,  from  saline 
particles  floating  in  the  atmosphere.  Near  Brown's  Hole, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Green  lliver,  in  about  lat.  41°  N., 
Ion.  109°  W.,  are  a  number  of  narrow  caSons  or  gorges, 
with  nearly  perpendicular  walls  from  600  to  800,  and  even 
1500  feet  in  height,  presenting  scenes  of  great  wildness  and 
grandeur. 

Climate. — As  elsewhere  remarked,  the  climate  of  the  great 
plateau  between  the  Rocky  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 
seems  to  partake  of  the  characteristics  of  the  great  Tai-tar 
plains  of  Asia.  According  to  Orson  Pratt,  the  midsummei 
is  dry  and  hot,  the  heat  ranging  at  midday  from  90°  to  105°, 
but  with  cool  mornings  and  evenings,  refreshed  with  moun- 
tain breezes.  The  winters  are  mild,  snow  seldom  falling 
more  than  a  few  inches  deep  in  the  valleys,  nor  does  it  lie 
long.  Spring  and  autumn,  though  mild,  are  subject  to  sud- 
den changes,  and  the  wind  is  vei-y  variable,  sliiftiug,  almost 
everyday,  to  every  point  of  the  compiiss.  Rain  seldom  falls 
between  April  and  October;  but  when  heavy  showers  do 
come,  they  are  generally  accompanied  by  thunder  and  bail, 
and  sometimes  with  strong  winds.  Dr.  Beriihisel  and  Mr. 
Snow  say  that  the  climate  of  Great  Salt  Lake  City,  in  lat. 
40°  45'  N.,  is  milder  alid  drier  than  the  same  pjirallel  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  and  the  temperature  more  uniform,  the 
thermometer  rarely  descending  to  zero.  During  three 
years,  according  to  observation,  the  highest  point  attained 
by  the  thermometer  was  100°  above,  and  the  lowest  5°  be- 
low zero.  The  variation  between  the  temperature  of  day 
and  night,  in  midsummer,  is  from  20°  to  40°.  Frosts  in 
Utah  Valley  fall  as  late  as  the  last  of  May,  and  as  early  as 
the  first  of  September. 

Soil  and  Productions.  —  A  very  small  portion,  compara- 
tively speaking,  of  Utah,  can  ever  be  made  available  in  pro- 
ducing Ibod  for  man  or  beast.  The  few  fertile  spots  are 
found  in  the  valleys  watered  by  the  pure  streams  flowing 
from  the  neighboring  mountains,  and  at  the  bases  of  most 
of  the  mountains  is  a  strip  of  fertile  land.  The  line  of 
Mormon  settlements  occupy  the  valleys  from  N.  to  S.,  lying 
near  the  western  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains.  These 
are  highly  fertile.  Irrigjition,  however,  is  necessary  even 
here  to  successful  husbandry ;  but  large  portions  of  the  val- 
leys themselves  are  too  remote  from  streams  to  profit  by 
irrigation. 

Bear,  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  South,  Sevier,  and  Land 
Pitch  Valleys,  are  the  principal  agricultural  districts.  The 
upper  portion  of  the  valleys  of  the  Green  and  Grand  Rivers 
is  represented  as  "incapalile  of  supiKirtiug  any  population 
whatever.  The  Uintah  and  Green  Kiver  Valleys,  lying 
lower  down  on  the  ti-ibutaries  of  the  Colorado,  are,  how- 
ever, not  so  sterile." 

Wheat,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  Indian  corn,  and  the  gar- 
den vegetables  of  the  Middle  States,  are  the  products  of 
Utah.  There  is  a  fine  bunch-grass,  which,  owing  to  the 
dryness  of  the  climate,  does  not  decay,  but  furnishes  fodder 
for  the  cattle  during  winter,  without  being  cured.  The 
Indian  corn  and'vines  are  liable  to  be  blighted  by  early  and 
late  frosts.  The  experiments  in  rearing  fruits  do  not  appear 
yet  to  have  been  sufficiently  tested  to  pronounce  definitely 
as  to  the  congeniality  of  the  climate  with  their  healthful 
production ;  peaches  and  other  fruits  have,  however,  been 
raised.  In  1860,  there  wore  in  Utah  77,219  acres  of  land 
improved  in  farms,  producing  384,892  bushels  of  wheat,  754 
bushels  of  rve,  30,482  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  63,211  of  oats, 
141,000  of  Irish  potatoes,  2535  of  peas  and  beans,  9976  of 
barley,  19,236  tons  of  hay,  74,765  pounds  of  Wool,  316,046  of 
butter,  53.331  of  cheese,  545  of  hops,  4343  of  flax,  and  25,475 
gallons  of  sorghum  molasses;  also  live  stock  valued  at 
11,516,707,  orchard  products  valued  at  $9281 ,  and  slaughtered 
animals  valued  at  $244,862.  There  were  in  Utah  4565 
horses,  11,967  milch  cows,  9168  working  oxen,  12,959  other 
cattle,  and  37,322  sheep. 

Forest  Trees. — Timber  is  scarce  throughout  this  territory, 
except  on  the  mountains,  and  is  principally  comixjsed  of 
pine  and  fir  trees.  There  are  some  groves  of  cottonwjod 
and  box-elder  in  the  bottoms  of  the  piii  «ipal  streams,  and 


UTA 


UTI 


a  Bcriib  cedar  also  in  some  of  the  valleys.  Wood,  both  for 
building  and  fuel,  is  scarce. 

Animals. — This  region  is  scarcely  more  fruitful  in  animal 
than  vegetable  life,  but  elli,  deer,  antelopes,  gilzzly  bears, 
mountain  sheep,  Ibxes  and  wolves  are  found.  ^Va'ter-fowl 
ara  abundant  in  the  lakes,  and  trout  and  very  fine  salmon 
in  the  mountain  streams. 

Manufactures. — Much  progress  in  manufactures  is  hardly 
to  be  expected  in  so  youthful  a  settlement;  but  Mr.  Pratt 
represents  them  as  starting  up  with  vigor,  particularly  the 
manufacture  of  flour,  and  the  more  necessary  implements 
of  hiisbandry  ami  housewifery,  and  the  cheaper  stuffs  for 
clothing.  The  great  distance  from  supplies  from  abroad, 
and  tlio  great  cost  of  transport,  must  perforce  encourage 
home  manufactures.  The  census  of  1860  reports  148  estab- 
lishments engaged  in  mining,  manufactures,  and  the  me- 
chanic arts,  producing  each  $500  and  upwards  annually, 
employing  $443,350  capital  and  389  hands,  consuming  raw 
material  worth  $439,512,  and  yielding  products  valued  at 
$900,153.  Home-made  manufactures  were  pi'oduced  in  the 
same  year  to  the  value  of  $66,851. 

Omnierce. — The  trade  of  Utah  is  pretty  much  confined  to 
traffic  with  the  overland  emigrants  to  California,  and  with 
the  miners  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  Colorado,  <fee.,  who  obtain 
here  supplies  of  provisions  and  live  stock.  It  is  possible 
that  a  trade  down  the  Colorado  River  with  Califoi  iiia  may 
be  opened  at  some  future  day,  as  recent  explorers  report 
that  river  navigable  for  steamers  of  light  draft  above  the 
Rio  Virgen  in  Arizona. 

Educatir/n.  —  The  American  spirit  seems  to  pervade  the 
people  of  Utah  on  the  all-important  sulijoct  of  education. 
According  to  the  census  of  ISOO  Utah  had  173  public  schools, 
with  5486  pupils  and  $27,838  income,  of  wliich  $10,150  wiis 
derived  from  taxation, $6980  from  public  funds;  2  academies 
with  210  pupils,  10  public  libraries  with  4738  volumes,  2 
school  libraries  with  738  volumes. 

lidigion.  —  The  Mormon  Church  is  governed  by  a  series 
of  liierarchies,  the  highest  of  which  is  styled  the  First  Presi- 
dency, composed  of  three  persons,  Brigiiam  Young,  Heber 
C.  Kimball  and  Daniel  II.  Wells.  The  next  quorum  in  au- 
thority is  tlio  Twelve  Apostles.  The  third  quorum  is  the 
Seventies.  The  70  members  that  constitute  the  first  quorum 
of  seventies  are  all  presidents  of  the  first  ten  quorums  of 
seventies,  making  seven  presidents  to  each  quorum.  The 
Mormons  are  required  to  give  one-tenth  of  tlieir  property 
to  the  church.  According  to  the  census  of  1860,  there  were 
in  Utah  21  churches.  Value  of  church  property,  $888,700. 
A  remarkable  feature  in  Mormonism  is  that  polygamy  is 
allowed  and  encouraged. 

Cimnties.  —  Utah  is  divided  into  17  counties,  viz:  Bearer, 
Box  Elder,  Cache,  Davis.  Green  River,  Iron,  Juab,  Millard, 
Morgjin,  Salt  Lake,  San  Pete,  Summit,  Tooele,  Utah,  Wa- 
satch, VV'tishington,  and  Weber. 

Cities  and  Towns.  —  The  principal  city  is  Salt  Lake  City, 
the  population  of  which  in  1800  was  8236.  The  other  prin- 
cipal places  are  Provo  City,  population  in  1800,  2030,  in  1805 
about  3300;  Ogden  City,  population  1464;  Hrigliam  City, 
pojndation  975 ;  Farniington,  591 ;  Manti,  916;  and  Parovan, 
526.  These  towns  are  chiefly  built  of  adobes  or  sun-dried 
bricks,  and  are  mostly  situated  noMr  the  base  of  the  Wasatch 
Mountiiins.     Capilal,  Salt  Lake  City. 

Pi'pulation.  —  The  population  is  principally  composed  of 
Mormons,  who  settled  here  in  1847,  after  their  expulsion 
from  Missouri  and  Illinois.  Continual  accessions  of  this 
new  sect  are  arriving  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  from 
Kuiope.  According  to  the  national  census  of  1800,  there 
were  40,273  inhabitants,  of  whom  20,178  were  white  males, 
19,947  white  females,  13  colored  males,  17  colored  females, 
29  slaves,  and  89  Indians.  According  to  an  enumeration 
made  in  1853,  by  the  Mormons  themselves,  the  total  popu- 
lation Wius  18,200,  exclusive  of  Indians,  of  whom  there  are 
several  tribes  in  a  very  degraded  state,  subsisting  mostly  on 
roots,  berries,  fish,  <Sio.,  and  living  generally  in  caves  or 
bushes,  but  sometimes  in  wigwams  or  tents,  and  going 
nearly  naked.  Of  the  white  population  in  ISOO,  15,908  were 
born  in  the  teiTitories  of  the  United  States,  11,522  in  other 
parts  of  the  Union,  7084  in  Enjiland,  278  in  Ireland,  1228  in 
Scotland,  945  in  V\'ale8,  and  1824  in  Denmark.  In  the  year 
ending  June  1st,  1860,  there  occurred  374  deaths,  or  more 
than  9-4  in  every  1000  persons.  Of  the  entire  population,  17 
were  blind,  15  insiuie,  and  5  idiotic. 

Gnrcrnnunt. — Tlie  governor  and  secretary  are  appointed 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  for  a  term  of  4  years, 
but  their  commissions  are  at  any  time  revocable  by  the  ap- 
pointing power.  The  other  oflicers  are  chosen  under  territo- 
rial authority.  The  legislative  power  of  the  territory  is  vested 
in  a  legislative  assembly,  composed  of  a  council  and  house 
.  <■  representatives.  The  council  is  composed  of  13  members, 
ele<;ted  by  the  people  of  the  territory  for  2  years;  and  the 
house  is  comt)osed  of  26  members,  chosen  in  the  same  way 
for  1  year.  The  legislative  assembly  meets  annually  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  on  the  2d  Monday  in  December,  and  its  session 
is  limited  to  40  days.  The  general  election  is  held  on  the 
let  Monday  in  August  annually. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  territory  is  vested  in  a  supreme 


court,  district  courts,  probate  courts,  and  in  justices  of  th» 
peace.  The  supreme  court  consists  of  a  chief  justice  aucl 
two  associate  justices,  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
Uniled  Stiites,  and  they  h<jld  their  offices  for  a  period  of  i 
years.  One  session  of  the  sujireme  court  must  be  held 
yearly  at  the  seat  of  the  territorial  government. 

History.  — th.(i  materials  for  a  historv  nf  Utah  arn  v^^y 
meagre.  As  has  elsewhere  been  stated  it  was  a  pan  oi  the 
territory  of  Upper  California,  acquired  from  Mexico  by  the 
treaty  of  1848,  after  the  conclusion  of  the  late  war  with 
that  country.  Previous  to  1847,  when  the  Mormons  com- 
menced directing  their  steps  thither,  it  had  been  in  posses- 
sion of  the  miserable  tribes  that  gained  a  most  precarious 
living  from  its  churlish  soil  —  undisturbed  except  by  the 
occasional  visits  of  exploring  parties  or  roaming  trappers 
and  hunters.  Utah  was  organized  as  a  territory  on  the  9th 
of  September,  1850. 

UTAH,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Utah  Territory, 
has  an  area  of  abtiut  2100  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Timpanogos  or  Provo  River,  and  contains  Utah  lake,  a 
large  body  of  fresh  water.  The  surface  is  diversified  with 
valleys  and  mountains,  among  which  is  the  Wasatch  moun- 
tain range.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile.  The  county 
is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power,  and  has  some  timber 
on  the  mountains.     Capitjil,  Provo  City.    Pop.  8243. 

UTAH,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio. 

UT.-VII,  a  post-office  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 

UTAH,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois. 

UTAH  or  YOUTA  (yoo^td  or  yoo'taw)  INDIANS;  often 
written  EUTAW,  a  numerous  tribe  of  Indians  dwelling  in 
Utah  territory. 

UTAH  L.\KE,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Utah  territory,  in 
about  lat.  40°  20'  N.,  Ion.  112°  W.  It  is  the  source  of  the 
Jordan  River.  Length  about  30  miles,  greatest  breadth  10 
miles.    The  water  is  said  to  be  fresh. 

UTAWAS.    See  Ottawa. 

UTCII-KILISSA,  ootch  ke-lis'.^a.  (i.  e.  the  "  three  churches.") 
a  famous  convent  in  Turkish  Armenia,  pashalic  and  110 
miles  S.E.  of  Erzroom,  on  the  Moorad-(-hai,  or  E.  arm  of  the 
Upper  Euphrates.  Here  is  a  remarkable  church,  said  to 
have  stood  nearly  1550  years,  and  greatly  noted  in  Arm^ 
nian  church  history. 

UTCH-KILIS.«A.  a  name  of  EoriMiEDZiN,  which  see. 

UTELLE,  oo-til'LA.  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  State*, 
province  and  15  miles  X.  of  Nice.     Pop.  2136. 

UTKliSEN.  a  village  of  Denmark.     See  Uktersen. 

UTIC.\,  yoo'te-ka.  a  handsome  city  of  Oneida  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  Erie  Canal,  and  Central  Kail- 
road.  95  miles  W.N.W.  of  AUmny,  50  E.  of  Syracuse,  and 
383  from  Washington.  Lat.  43°  6'  49"  N.,  Ion.  75°  13'  W. 
It  is  pleasantly  .situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  and 
is  regularly  laid  out.  The  site  is  nearly  level,  with  a  gentle 
declivity  towards  the  N.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  the 
houses  mostly  well  built,  of  brick  or  stone.  The  greater 
part  of  the  public  buildings  and  mercantile  houses  are  sit- 
uated on  Genesee  Street.  Among  the  principal  hotels  are 
Bagg's  Hotel,  the  National,  the  Franklin,  the  Central,  the 
Eagle,  and  the  Broad-street  House.  A  new  City  Hall,  of 
Milwaukee  brick,  has  recently  been  erected  on  Genesee 
Street.  The  city  contains  about  20  churches,  of  the  various 
denominations,  2  flourishing  academies,  with  about  1.50 
pupils  each,  1  or  2  public  libraries,  and  a  mechanics'  asso- 
ciation. Three  daily  and  5  weekly  newspapers  are  pub- 
lished here,  besides  several  monthly  periodicals.  There  are 
6  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,635,000,  and  several 
insurance  offices.  The  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  situated  1 
mile  W.  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  consists  of  several  large 
and  expensive  buildings  of  stone.  The  number  of  patients 
in  November,  1863,  w;u3  514;  of  whom  262  were  males,  and 
252  females.  The  streets,  stores,  &c.,  are  lighted  with  gas. 
The  Erie  Canal,  here  70  feet  wide,  and  the  Central  Railroad, 
pass  through  the  centre  of  the  city,  connecting  it  with 
Albany  and  Buffalo.  The  Chenango  Canal,  97  miles  long, 
extends  from  Utica  to  Binghamton.  Utica  is  also  the 
Southern  terminus  of  the  Utica  and  Black  River  Railroad 
Plank-roads  and  turnpike-roads  radiate  towards  all  parts 
of  the  surrounding  country.  Handsome  bridges  cross  the 
canal  at  several  points  in  the  city.  Utica  is  surrounded  by 
a  highly  productive  and  populous  country,  and  is  a  place 
of  extensive  trade.  The  manufactures  of  the  city  are  also 
important  and  flourishing.  There  are  2  cotton  factories, 
several  woollen  mills,  1  rolling-mill,  1  manufactory  of 
locks,  employing  about  200  hands,  2  of  organs,  several  iron 
foundries  and  tanneries,  and  a  manufactory  of  railway  cars. 
In  1794  there  were  only  3  or  4  houses  in  the  place,  it  was 
built  upon  the  site  of  old  Fort  Schuyler,  wjis  incorporated 
as  a  village  in  1817,  and  as  a  city  in  1830.  Pop.  in  1820, 
2972;  in  1830,  8323;  in  1840, 12,782;  in  1850,17,565;  and  in 
1860,  22,529. 

UilC.\.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Venango  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  French  Creek,  and  on  the  Franklin  Branch 
Railroad,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Franklin.  It  has  manufactures 
of  iron  and  wool. 

UTICA.  a  post-village  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi,  38  miles 
W.  of  Jackson. 

2007 


UTI 

rnCA. »  thriving  post-village  of  Licking  eo..  Ohio,  on  the 
railroad  between  Sandusky  and  Newark,  12  miles  N.  of  the 
latter.  It  contains  several  churches  and  a  union  school. 
Pop.  about  1000. 

UTICA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Clinton  River,  20  miles  N.  ol  Detroit.  The  river  furnishes 
e.xcellent  water-power  for  flouring  and  other  mills.^  Utiea  is 
situated  in  a  rich  farming  region,  and  has  an  active  trade. 
Pop.  about  1000. 

UTIC.'V,  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township  of  Clarke  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  River.  7  miles  above  Louisville,  in 
Kentucky,  and  ll-l  miles  S.  by  K.  of  Indianapolis.     P.  1702. 

UTIC.\.  a  small  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  about  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Peoria. 

UTICA.  a  village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Illinois 
River  and  CanaL  9  or  10  miles  W.  of  Ottawa,  and  on  the 
Chiiago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  5  miles  E.  of  La  Salle. 
Pop.  992. 

UTIC.\.  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Grand  Kiver,  70  miles  N.E.  of  Independence. 

UTICA.,  a  post-office  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa. 

UriC.\,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  AVisconsin. 

UTICA.  a  township  of  Winnebaso  co.,  Wisconsin.    P.1201. 

UTICA  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland. 

UTIEL,  oo-te-el',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Cuenca,  9 
miles  N.W.  of  Requena.  Pop.  5780.  who  manufacture 
hempen,  linen,  and  .silken  fabrics,  leather,  and  soap. 

UTILLA,  oo-teel'yi.  or  UTILLK.  an  island  in  the  Carib- 
bean Sea.  Honduras  Bay.  lat.  16°  5'  N..  Ion.  86°  60'  W.,  about 
7  miles  long,  and  2i  miles  broad  in  the  widest  part. 

UTIS.    See  Moxtone. 

UT'KIXTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

UTOE,  u'tii^A,  or  ^oo-toV'h,  an  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Bal- 
tic, 25  miles  S.E.  of  Stockholm.   Lat.  58°  55'  N.,  Ion.  18°  12'  E. 

UTOE,  an  island  of  Finland,  in  the  Baltic,  with  a  light- 
house, in  lat.  59°  46'  5"  X.,  Ion.  21°  22'  E. 

UTOY,  a  post-offlce  of  De  Kalb  co..  Georgia. 

UTRECHT,  yoo'trJkt,  (Dutch  pron.  il'trjKt;  anc.  Ultratra- 
jeclum  or  lYajectum  ad  Iihenum,)an  important  town  of  Hol- 
land, capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  3-3  miles  S.E. 
of  Amsterdam,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  It  is 
situated  in  a  plea-sant  district,  on  the  Old  Rhine,  where  the 
Vecht  branches  off  frr)m  it.  It  is  traversed  by  two  canals. 
acro.s.s  which  are  28  stone  bridges.  The  old  walls  have  been 
levelled  and  planted,  and  now  form  pleasant  walks ;  besides 
which,  outride  the  walls,  is  the  .Maliebaan,  a  promenade 
planted  with  eight  rows  of  lime  trees,  bordered  with  fine 
ganlens,  and  having  four  foot  and  three  carriage  ways. 
Utrecht  is  the  seat  of  the  provincial  government,  and  of 
superior  courts,  civil  and  military;  and  pnsse.*si-s  a  govern- 
ment-house, court-house,  pri.'^on,  and  house  of  correction,  a 
mint,  a  town-hsill,  a  fine  building,  with  a  small  library,  a 
gHllery  of  paintings  chiefly  by  native  artists,  and  a  rich  col- 
lection of  drawings  of  old  Utrecht  houses:  the  buildings  of 
the  society  of  art  and  science,  several  barracks,  an  arsenal, 
and  numerous  remains  of  antiquitv.  Besides  the  Cathedral, 
which  has  a  tower  388  feet  high.  Utrecht  has  11  Protestant 
churche.s,  and  8  Roman  Catholic  churches,  of  which ."  belong 
to  the  Jansenists,  this  being  the  head  quarters  of  that  body ; 
a  synagogue,  town  hospital,  several  orphan  hospit.-jls,  and 
numerous  other  benevolent  institutions,  besides  many  be- 
nevolent, religious,  and  literary  and  scientific  .societies,  i 
university,  with  abotanical  garden,  anatomical  hall,  labora- 
tory, observatory,  library  of  50,000  volumes,  and  a  museum 
of  natural  history  attached;  a  veterinarv  school,  schools  for 
drawing  and  architecture,  and  numerous  other  educational 
establishments.  The  University  in  18-17  was  attended  by 
340  students.  ' 

Utrecht  is  well  situated  for  trade,  which  is  chiefly  in  grain 
and  cattle;  a  considerable  amount  of  shipping  business  is 
done.  The  manufactures  of  the  town  include  cotton  and  wool- 
en spinning, cloth-dyeing,  silk  twistingand  weaving,  and  the 
kind  of  plush  called  Utrecht  velvet,  carpets,  and  floorcloth, 
metal  and  bone  buttons,  metal  ca,stings,  snuff  and  cigars 
soap  leather,  ropes,  salt,  brandy,  fluid  coffee,  boat-building! 
&c.  Ltr^htisthe  birth-place  of  Adrian  Kloriszoon.  tutor  to 
Charles  V  Bishop  of  Utrecht,  and  afterwards  Pope  Adrian 
M.  In  the  audiencp-hall  of  the  Universitv.  in  1579.  was 
signal  the  act  of  confederation,  declaring  the  seven  United 
1  rovinces  independent  of  Spain;  and  in  the  British  minis- 
w«7  !i"°^"  "''"J??''"'*?.  ^J  *  barrack,  the  treaty  of  Utrecht 
was  signed  in  1713,  which  ended  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
succession.     Pop.  in  1863,  66  921  -pauisn 

N  'b^v  the  7nvH'"7'°'*.°^'^.*'  Netherlands,  bounded  on  the 

it>^,4.9.  The  I*ck  or  Rhine  forms  its  S.  boundarv  •  its  other 

o'rhy'han   in'^th'""!^^™'  J"""  '-f-«  '  "e^' flafa'nd 

ViZ-M   AmL  f     *•>«   *"^,^''^"*    provinces.     Chief   towns, 

LTKKK  *   r^i'lS^^i "°"tf°?,'^-  "nl  Wyk-by-Durstede.      ^ 

agriculturists,  who  rear  the  most  fcrocio^-biiisinTnda^ 
Ul.  a.    It  stands  around  a  fortified  enXuTe,  ha    a  M^rfsh 

2uS^  ^  '■"°°*°«  streams;  and  here  are  some 


uzz 

remarkable  churches,  one  resorted  to  by  a  great  nonconrM 
of  devotees  in  September;  various  convents  and  hospitals 
a  town-hall,  prison,  cavalry  barracks,  some  manufactures  of 
soap,  starch,  and  leather;  and  near  it  are  productive  salt 
springs. 

UTl'EXWEILER,  C<5t/ten-«rifr,  a  village  of  Wurlemberg, 
circle  of  Danube,  Riedlingen,  on  the  Reuiibach.     Pop.  1116. 

UTTEKBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

UT/TER'S  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  co.,  'Wis. 
consin,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Madison.  It  has  a  Methodist  chur.ii, 
1  store,  and  a  hotel. 

UTTOXETER,  ux'e-tfr,  a  market^town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  and  12  miles  N.E.  of  Stafford,  on  the  railway,  and 
beside  the  Dove,  across  which  it  communicates  with  the 
county  of  Derby  by  a  bridge  of  six  arches.  Pop.  in  ISjI. 
4990.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  and  has  three  well  built  street* 
meeting  in  a  marketplace,  and  has  a  church  with  an  ancient 
tower  and  spire,  179  feet  in  height.  Roman  Catholic  and 
other  chapels,  a  free  sihool,  almshouses,  numerous  iron 
forges  and  hardware  factories,  and  a  large  trade  in  agricul- 
tural produce,  facilitated  by  a  branch  of  the  Trent  and 
Mersey  navigation. 

UTl'RlGSllAUSEN,  fHTiytrios-hOwVen,  a  vilKige  in  the  S. 
part  of  Germany.  Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  Hauau.    P.  1045. 

UTUS.    See  Vin. 

UTWEIL,  oofwTI,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Thurgau,  on  Lake  Constance,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Constance. 

UVAt/DE,  (Sp.  pron.  oo-vdl'di,)  a  county  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Texas,  contains  about  1100  square  niile.s.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Rio  Frio,  and  also  drained  by  the  Sabinal 
River.    Pop.  506. 

UVELK.A.,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Oovkt.ka. 

UWCIILAN,  yook'Ian,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, now  divided  into  Upper  and  Ixiwer  Uwchlan. 

UWHARIE,  a  river  of  North  Carolina.    See  Ubarse. 

UXANTIS.    See  Ushaxt. 

UX'BRIDGE,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex, 
parish  of  Hillingdon,  on  the  W.  verge  of  the  county,  17 
miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Paul's.  London.  Pop.  in  1851,  3236.  It 
is  well  built,  and  has  a  convenient  market-place,  Lancan- 
terian  and  other  schools,  and  the  largest  corn  market  .n 
the  kingdom.  Here  are  numerous  flour-mills,  malt-work.s, 
and  a  brick-field.  It  communicates  with  Loudon  by  the 
Grand  Junction  Canal  and  branch. 

UX'BRIDGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Blai-kstone  River,  and  on  the  Provi- 
dence and  Worc«ster  Railroad,  18  miles  S.S.  K.  of  Worcester. 
It  contains  6  woollen  mills.  1  cotton  mill,  and  a  bank.  P.  ol.33. 

UXBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
42  miles  X.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  125. 

UXENTUM.     See  Ugexto. 

UXIXAR  or  UJIJ.\R,  oo-ne-Haii'.  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Granada,  2-i  miles  N.W.  of  Almeria. 

UX.MAL.  oox-mil',  a  ruined  city  of  Yucjitan,  45  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Merida.  and  presenting  some  of  the  most  remark- 
able architectural  remains  in  America.  These  comprise 
several  lar^e  edifices,  the  lanrest  buiklina  occupying  a  space 
of  640  feet  in  length  by  410  feet  in  width,  and  all  being 
adorned  with  elatorate  sculptures. 

UXUE,  oo-Hwi'.  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  and  27 
miles  S.E.  of  Pamplnna. 

UXUE,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre,  on  the  I'y- 
renees,  27  miles  S.E.  of  Pamplona.    Pop.  1208. 

UYKA,  oo-y.V.(,?)  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland, 
parish  of  and  immediately  S.  of  Unst.  It  is  a  chief  ren- 
dezvous of  shipping  for  the  deep  sea  fishing. 

UYEA,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands.  Scotland,  4j  miles 
from  the  N.  extremity  of  Shetland  Mainland,  and  about  2 
miles  in  circumference. 

UYTBERGKN.  oit'b^RGVn,  a  village  of  Belgium,  East  Flan- 
ders, on  the  Scheldt,  10  miles  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1073. 

UZBECKS.  a  people  of  Tartary.    See  Oozbeks. 

UZBECKI.*TAN.     See  Bokhar.\. 

UZEL,  iiVfel',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cotesdn- 
Nord,  on  the  Oust.  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Loudeac.  Pop.  In 
1852.  2090.  It  has  2  market-halls  for  linen  cloths,  in  which 
it  has  a  large  trade. 

UZEX,  two  rivers  of  European  Russia.     See  OozEN. 

UZEKCHE.  U^zaiRsh'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Correze,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Tulle.     Pop.  in  18.52,  3428. 

UZES,  li'zAce'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard.  on 
the  Auzon,  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nfmes.  Pop.  in  1852,  6934. 
It  has  a  communal  college,  an  old  episcopal  palace,  and  a 
turreted  castle  of  its  former  dukes,  with  manufactures  of 
silk  hosiery,  common  woollen  cloths,  and  fine  pasteboard, 
and  a  brisk  trade  in  silk,  corn,  wine,  and  brandy, 

UZN.\CH,  oots'n^K.  a  petty  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  24  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  1472. 

UZUND.T.A-OVA,  u-zun'ja  o/vL  written  also  USUNCHOBI, 
a  town  of  European  Turkey.  Room-Elee.  near  the  Maritza, 
56  miles  W.N.W.  of  Adrianople,  and  having  a  large  fair 
in  October. 

UZZANO,  oot-sd'no,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  province  cf  Flo- 
rence, 1  mile  from  PesoCa,  witli  a  church  »  castle,  -ind  a 
schooL    Pop.  4064. 


VAA 


VAL 


V 


VAAQ.  a  river  of  Hungary.    See  Waao. 
VAAUKN,   vd'j^hfn,  (Ea8t  and   West,)  two  of  the 
Loffoden  Islands,  Norway,  \V.  of  Ilindiien,  each  about  30 
miles  in  leni^th  by  16  miles  across;  the  former  having  1600 
and  the  latter  24u0  inhabitants. 

VAAGOK.  one  of  the  Faroe  Islands.  See  Faroe. 
VAAL,  v^I,  a  river  of  South  Africa,  after  a  VV.  course  from 
the  Quathlamba  Mountains,  joins  the  Orange  Kiver  about 
lat.  29°  5'  S.,  Ion.  25°  20'  E..  and  forms  the  N.  boundary  of  a 
territory,  partly  occupied  by  Dutch  farmers,  and  annexed 
in  1848  to  the  Uritish  colony  of  the  Cape  of  Goo<l  Hope. 

VAALS  or  VAELS,  v^ls,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Limburg,  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Maestricht.  Pop. 
2897. 

VAAS,  v<is,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  on  t'lie  Cher,  18  miles  E.  of  La  Fleche.  Fop.  1872. 
It  waF  formerly  fortified. 

VAUHK,  viib'r,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Tarn, 
10  miles  K.  of  C^stres.     I'op.  in  1852,  2726. 

V.\CAS'SAR,  a  small  bay  on  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula 
of  Florida,  in  Levy  county. 

VAC'CHKLUCE,  v^k-k.tloo/chi,  or  BASILUZZO,  bd-se- 
loofso.  one  of  the  smaller  Lipari  Islands,  Mediterranean,  4 
miles  E.  of  I'anaria. 

A'ACIIA,  vd'Ki,  a  walled  town  of  Germany,  Saxe-Weimar, 
principality  and  16  miles  S.W.  of  Eisenach,  on  the  Werra. 
Pop.  2239. 

VACHE  (vdsh)  ISLAND,  in  the  West  Indies,  is  off  the  S. 
coast  of  llayti,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Ciiyes.  10  miles  in  length  by  3 
miles  across.     It  has  some  good  anchorages. 
VACIIKA.     See  Vashka. 

VACZ,  a  town  of  Central  Hungary.    See  Waitzes. 
VADAGHERY,  vd-dd-ghir/ree,  a  town  of   South   India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  district  and  35  miles  N.W.  of  Tin- 
nevelly. 

VADAGHEUY,  a  town  of  South  India,  district  of  Malabar, 
on  the  coast,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Calicut. 

VAOATATE,  vd-dd-vi'tA,  a  river  of  South  Ilindostan, 
rises  in  the  West  Ghauts,  flows  N.N.E.,  and  after  a  course 
of  about  200  miles  joins  the  Toombuddra. 

VADISCO,  vd-dis'ko,  a  small  Si-aport  of  Naples,  province 
of  Otranto.  It  has  often  been  used  for  shelter  by  the 
Barbary  corsairs. 

VADKElt'f,  vM'kaiRf,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of 
Neograd,  26  miles  S.S.E.  of  Karpfen.  It  has  mineral  springs. 
Pop.  2484. 

VADKKRT.  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Pesth,  about  16 
miles  from  Kalocsa.     I'op.  3315. 

VADO.  vi/do,  a  seaport  towruof  the  Sardinian  States,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Savona. 
Pop.  1408. 

VAD8TENA,  vM-stVni,  a  town  of  Sweden,  Isen  and  28 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Linkoping,  on  a  Imy  of  Lake  Wetter.  Pop. 
2188,  with  the  ancient  castle  of  Wettersborg. 

VADUZ  or  VADUTZ,  vd/doots,  a  town,  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Liechtenstein,  in  the  valley  of  the  lihine.  on 
the  frontiers  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  Grisons.  21  miles  S.S.E. 
of  St.  Gall.  It  contains  an  old  castle  seated  on  a  height 
which  overhangs  the  town.     Pop.  876. 

V.\EI>S,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Vaais. 
V^^iKDAL,  vAR'ddl,  a  parish  and  village  of  Norway,  45 
miles  N.E.  of  Troudhjem,  at  the  head  of  its  fiord.    Pop.  1900. 
VAG.     See  Waag. 

VAGA  or  WAG.\,  vS'gd,  a  river  of  Russia,  governments 
of  Vologda  and  Archang(^l.  joins  the  Dwina  after  a  N.  course 
of  250  miles.  Principal  afilueuts,  the  Uste  and  Kokshenga 
from  the  E. 

VAG AI,  vi/ghi!.  or  WAGAI,  a  river  in  Siberia,  government 
of  Tobolsk,  after  a  N.  coui-se  of  150  miles,  joins  the  Irtish,  34 
miles  S.E.  of  Tobolsk. 

VAGII-I5ESZTE15CZE,  v|g  hJs'tSRfs.V.  a  market-town  of 
Hungary,  co.  and  22  miles  N.E.of  Trentsehin,  on  the  Waag. 
here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  a 
synagogue,  two  castles,  and  extensive  manufactures  of 
earthenware.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  stands  the 
ca.«tle  of  Podhragy.     Pop.  2145. 

VAGLIO.  vdl'yo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata, 
7  miles  Vj.  of  Potenza.    Pop.  3000. 

VAGNEY.  vdn'yA'.  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Vosges.     Pop.  in  1852,  3419. 

V.A.GOS,  vS'gos,  a  market- town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Beira.  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aveiro. 

VAGOS.  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro, 
•.;  miles  S.  of  Aveiro.     Pop.  3390. 
VAHALIS.    See  Rhine,  page  1664. 

YATGATS.  WAIGATZ,  or  VAIGATZ,  vl-gdts',  or  VAT- 
GATCfL  vf^sitoh'.  an  island  of  Russia.  Arctic  Ocean,  between 
the  N.E.  coast  of  tlie  government  of  Archangel,  from  whiih 
it  is  separated  by  the  Straits  of  Vaigats.  and  the  Island  of 
Nova  Zembla,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Straits  of 


Karsljy ;  greatest  length,  from  N.W.  to  S.E.,  60  miles:  great 
est  breadth,  35  miles.  The  interior  is  said  to  be  mountaiti 
ous.  and  the  S.  and  S.E.  shores  pre.simt  deep  rocky  cliffs  not 
exceeding  200  feet  in  height.  The  cliffs  are  partly  composed 
of  clay-slate,  which  contains  cubical  crystals  of  pyrites,  and 
yielding  very  rapidly  to  the  action  of  the  frost,  the  air,  and 
the  water,  crumbles  down,  and  is  soon  worn  by  the  sea  into 
balls  of  an  incli  in  diameter,  which  are  known  by  the  name 
of  oreshniki.  or  nut-stones.  All  the  streams  of  the  island 
have  bars  across  their  mouths,  formed  by  banks  of  these 
stones;  which,  in  the  case  of  a  strong  wind  towards  the 
shore,  sometimes  accumulate  so  rapidly,  as  to  choke  up  the 
streams,  and  convert  them  for  a  time  into  lakes.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  Samoiedii,  by  whom  the  island  is  called 
Khayodeya.  Part  of  them,  who  own  reindeer,  remain 
throughout  the  year;  but  others,  as  well  as  Russians,  only 
go  over  in  summer  to  fish  and  hunt. 

VAIGES,  vAzh  or  v^zh,  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne,  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Laval.    Pop.  1592. 

VAIHINGEN,  vi'hing-gn,  a  town  of  South  Germany.  Wtlr- 
temberg.  on  the  Enz,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  3072. 
VAl'L.4.  one  of  tlie  smaller  Shetland  Island.'.  Scotland, 
pari.sif  of  Walls,  in  Vaila  Sound,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  main- 
land, 4  miles  N.W.  of  Skeldaness.    Pop.  29. 

VAILATE,  vi-U/td,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  9  miles 
from  Ixidi.  with  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle.     Pop.  2.307. 
VAILLY,  vih'yee'  or  v^l'vee',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  on  the  Saudre,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Sancerre. 
Pop.  in  1852.  720. 

VAILLY  SUR  AISNE,  vSh\vee/s(iR  An,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Aisne.  9  miles  E.  of  Soissons.     Pop.  1700. 
VAIL'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-ofRce  of  Morrow  co..  Ohio. 
YAIL'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co..  New  Y'ork. 
V.\1MUGA,  vl-moo^gd,  a  river  of  Rus.sia,  government  of 
Archangel,  after  a  course  of  about  70  miles  joins  the  North 
Dwina  near  the  town  of  Emetzoe.     Its  banks  are  covered 
with  fine  timber,  large  quantities  of  which  are  cut  and 
transported  to  Archangel. 

VAIRANO,  vT-rd'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  I^voro, 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Teano.    Pop.  1706. 

VAIRO,  vi'ro,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  32  miles  S.  of 
Purma.     Pop.  3474. 

V  AISE,  vAz  or  vJz,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rhfme, 
forming  a  N.W.  suburb  of  Lyons,  on  the  Saoue.  Pop.  7277. 
See  LYON.S. 

VAISON.  tA'zAs"',  (ane.  Va'sio,)  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Vauduse.  15  miles  N.E.  of  Orange,  on  the 
Ouvdze.  Pop.  in  1852,  3059.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  a  fine 
quay,  circus,  and  aqueduct,  belonging  to  Vasin,  the  capital 
city  of  the  ancient  Vrxxmtii.  an  important  Roman  colony. 

V.^ISSAC,  vAs'sdk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne. 
VAITUR.\NI.  a  river  of  Hindostan.    See  Bttcbnet. 
VAJCA  or  VA.TKA.     See  Vashka. 

VAJDA-HUNYAD,  vl/doli'  hoon\v(M',  a  market-town  of 
Transylvania,  on  the  Czema,  40  miles  S.AV.  of  Karlshuri;. 
I'op.  2000.  It  has  Roman  Catholic,  Relbrmed,  and  Greek 
churches.  In  its  environs  are  the  largest  iron-mines  in 
Transylvania. 

V.\KH.  vdk,  a  river  of  Siberia,  governments  of  Yenisei 
and  Tobolsk,  joins  the  Obi.  100  miles  E.  of  Soorgoot.  Course 
westward,  estimated  at  350  miles. 

VAL,  an  Italian  word  signifying  "valley,"  and  forming 
the  prffix  to  many  names  in  Italy,  Sicily.  Ac.  A'al  is  also  a 
prefix  to  the  names  of  old  divisions  of  Sicily,  as  Val  Demose, 
(vdl  d.A-mo'nA.)  comprising  the  N.E.  quarter,  with  Mount 
Etna ;  the  Val  di  Mazzara.  fvdl  dee  mdt-.sd'rd.)  in  the  W..  and 
the  Val  m  Noto,  (vdl  dee  no'to.)  the  S.  parts  of  the  island. 

V.\L,  Le.  leh  vdl.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Var, 
3  miles  N.  of  Brignolles.     Pop.  1734. 
VALACHIE.     See  Wallachia. 

VALAIS.  vdMA/,  (Ger.  WalUs.  ■ftdllis,)  a  canton  of  Switzer- 
land, in  its  S.E.  part,  consisting  of  the  upper  valley  of  the 
Rhone,  shut  off  N.  and  S.  by  two  primary  Alpine  chains 
from  the  canton  of  Bern  and  from  Savoy.  Area  1665  sqjiare 
miles.  Pop.  in  1860,  90,792,  all  Roman  Catholics,  two-thirds 
of  whom  speak  French.  It  has  been  described  as  an  im- 
mense trough,  70  miles  in  length.  H  miles  in  depth,  and  2 
miles  wide  at  the  bottom;  the  mountains  on  each  side  are 
among  the  highest  in  Europe,  and  it  is  exposed  to  furious 
torrents  and  destructive  avalanches.  Cattle  rearing  is  the 
chief  liranch  of  industry.  Its  transit  trade  is  pretty  active. 
Chief  towns.  Sion.  the  capital,  Martigny.  and  Vispach.  It 
hnlds  the  twentieth  place  in  the  Swiss  Confederation.    Under 

the  French  it  formed  the  department  of  Simplon. Adj. 

and  inhab.  Valaisan,*  val\A-zdn'. 

*  "  There  did  she  blossom  till  a  Valaisan, 
A  townsman  of  Martigny,  won  her  heart." 

KooEKS'i  fta/j  part  i.  caoto  V. 
2009 


VAL 

7/H.  1 LTA,  tSI  ll'ti.  a  Tillage  of  Northern  Italy,  jrovein- 
mtnt  of  >Illan,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Berjramo.     Top.  1100. 
ViVL4  VGIX,  a  village  of  Switzerland.     See  Valtjingin. 
T.'iL.'iQrlK,  VAI.AQUIA,  VALAQCE.    See  Wallaciiia. 
VALASZK.-i,  T(5hno.«s'kcih\   or  BELA,  h.Vieh\  a  villafre 
of  Hungary,  co.  of  Neutra,  12  miles  from  Baimocz.    It  has 
several  saw  and  flour  mills.     Pop.  3027. 

VALATIe,  val'a-tee\  a  post-village  of  ColumWa  oo.,  \ew 
York,  in  Kinderhook  township,  at  the  junction  of  theA'alatie 
and  Kinderhook  Creeks,  about  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany. 
It  contains  manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  machinery,  and 
other  articles. 

VALBEXOITE,  varbeh-nwdt/,  a  Tillage  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire,  1  mile  W.  of  St.  Etienne,  of  which  it  forms 
an  indu.strious  suburb.    Pop.  in  1852,  6040. 

VALBONNAIS,  vdrbon^ni',  a  vUlage  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  r.«ere.  20  mile.s  S.S.E.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  1327. 

VAL-BREGAGLIA.  vdl  brd-gdl'y^,  a  valley  of  Switzerland. 
Orisons,  on  the  Italian  side  of  the  Alps,  immediately  S.  and 
Vi.  of  Mount  Septimer.  and  traversed  by  one  of  the  main 
roads  from  Italy  into  Switzerland. 

A'ALCAKES.  ETANG  DE.  4H6n<='  deh  TdrkaR/.  a  salt  lagoon 
of  South  France,  in  the  island  of  Camargue,  delta  of  the 
Kb  one. 

VALCARLOS,  val-kaRloce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Navarre,  in  a  Talley  of  the  same  name,  35  miles  from  Pam- 
plona, with  manufactures  of  iron.     Pop.  962. 

VAIXJOUR  (val-koor')  ISLAND,  New  York,  situatfd  in 
Lake  Champlaiu,  about  6  miles  S.  of  Plattsburg. 

VALDAGNO,  vdl-ddn'j-o,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy, 
province  and  li  miles  N.W.  of  Vicenza,  at  the  foot  of  Mount 
Castello,  on  the  Agno.    Pop.  3100. 

VALDAI  or  WALDAI,  vil'di,  a  walled  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  80  miles  S.E.  of  Novgorod,  on  the  small 
Lake  Valdai,  and  on  the  road  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Moscow. 
Pop.  3000. 

VALDAI  HILLS,  in  the  government  of  Novgorod,  consist 
of  a  series  of  plateaux  which  extend  between  the  S.  end  of 
Lake  Peipus  and  the  river  Diina,  with  an  average  height  of 
«lK)ut  1000  feet,  forming  a  dome-shaped  elevation  in  the 
lentre  of  Russia,  and  the  watershed  between  rivers  flowing 
to  the  Baltic  and  Caspian  Seas. 

VAL-D'AJOL,  Le,  leh  v^l  diVhol',  or  LAITRE,  lAt'r,  a 
fillage  of  France,  department  of  Vosges,  15  miles  from 
Remiremont.    Pop.  1031. 

VALDARACETE,  vai-di-ri-thA'tA,  a  town  of  Spain.  New 
Castile,  province  of  Madrid.  21  miles  from  Ocaila.    Pop.  1698. 

VAL  B'ARNO,  vil-daR/no,  ('•  Vale  of  the  Arno,")  a  valley 
of  Tuscanv,  greatly  renowned  for  rural  beauty.    See  Arxo. 

VALDEALGORFA,  vdklA-ai-gOR/fa,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Aragon,  province  of  Teruel,  9  miles  from  Alcailiz,  near  the 
Guadalupe.     Pop.  1400. 

VALDEBIMBRE.  vai-di-beemnsri,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  10  miles  from  Leon.    Pop.  1314. 

VALDEFUENTES,  vil-di-fwJn'tls,  a  scattered 'village  of 
Spain,  Estremadura,  province  and  17  miles  S.E.  of  Caceres. 
It  hiis  many  mills.    Pop.  1917. 

VALDKGAXGA,  vil-dA-gdn'gi,  a  town  of  Spain,  Murcia, 
province  and  18  miles  from  Albacete,  on  a  lofty  height  above 
the  Jucar.    Pop.  1164. 

VALDELASCA,  vai-d.^-iasHcl,  a  village  of  Spain,  Estre- 
madura, province  and  70  miles  from  Caceres,  near  the  Tagus. 
Pop.  1095. 

A'AL-DEMONE,  t31  d.i-mo'ni,  an  ancient  division  in  th« 
E.  of  Sicily.    Its  capital  was  Messina.     See  V.iL. 

VALDEMORILLO,  vdl-di-mo-reel'yo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
New  Ca,stile,  province  and  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Madrid.  It 
has  manufactures  of  superior  stoneware.    Pop.  1223. 

VALDEMORO,  vil-dA-mo'ro,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  16  miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  1712. 

VALDENGO,  vdl-dftn'go.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  province  of  Biella.    Pop.  1203. 

V.A.LDE0B1SP0,  vdld.Wbees/po.  a  village  of  Spain,  Estre- 
madura, province  and  45  miles  from  Cacere.s.    Pop  1205 

VAL  DE  OLIVA,  \il  dA  o-lee'vi.  a  town  of  Spain,  nro- 
Tince.  and24milesN.  ofCuenca.    Pop.  2690. 

VALDEPENAS,  vdldA-pain'yJs,  (i.  e.  '•' vallev  of  rocks,")  a 
town  of  Spain,  province,  and  30  miles  S.E.  of  Ciudad  Real 
on  the  Jabalon.  Pop.  9870.  The  town  has  no  object  of  inte- 
rest, but  IS  celebrated  for  its  excellent  wines. 
:  s  H-^  fH  ^*^NAS,  a  town  of  Spain,  province,  and  15  miles 
s.^.^^  .  of  Jaen.     Pop.  4209. 


about  100  miles. 

3o'mil?fs*F'  l^^f^'^''-,".  t?'^","^'  ^P«'°'  P^°^"<^-  «"«i 
gchS,  r»  hnu' .  ^"\  ^*  ^"^  *^^"''  ^"''"•'^■''  ^nl  several 
rnd^Carm^lu  '^•^'''f''"^;;"  Substantially  built  hospital, 
ana  a  l  armellte  convent.     Pop  3433 

VALDERROBRES.  vai-djR-Ro'BrJs.'  a  village  of  Spain  Ara- 

•^v/lDK^^e^rML''  "'-"r  ^■•'^-  °f  Teruel"' PoprS  " 
I-  tu'Sfc  \.*';*1«'-  an  '"land  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  America 

mo         '^'^  '"'■  ^  ^■' '°''-  ^2^°  ^'  ^     " '^  the 


VAL 

largest  of  all  the  islands  in  the  vicinity,  and.  along  w  tb 
A'ancouver's.  forms  the  continuation  of  the  gulf.  whicL  is 
also  called  Discovert  Pas.sage.  There  is  a  village  upon  it, 
seated  on  the  summit  of  a  steep,  sandy  cliff,  about  100  Wiet 
high. 

VAL  DE  PANTO  DOMINGO,  vrll  ik  siln'tn  do-ming'go,  n 
town  of  Spain,  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  1869. 

VALDEVERDEJA  or  VALDEVERDEXA.    See  Valver. 

DEJA. 

VALDTBLORA,  vll-de-blo'rJ.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Nice.  It  has  a  church  and  .\o 
old  castle.    Pop.  1179. 

A'AL  DT  CHI  AN. \,  v3l  dee  ke-i'ni.  formerly  a  swampy 
tract  in  the  E.  part  of  Tuscany,  in  the  province  of  Arezza 
It  has  been  drained  and  converted  into  one  of  the  most  pio- 
ductive  parts  of  Italv. 

VALD7ERI,  vdl-de-AVee,  written  also  VANDIER.  a  vil- 
lage  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  divisi-  n  and  pro- 
vince of  Cuneo.  on  the  Ges.ao,  and  on  the  railway  from  Turin 
to  Genoa.  17  miles  from  the  latter.    Pop.  2357. 

VAL  DI  MA7.ZARA.    See  Val. 

VAL  DI  XOTO.     See  Val. 

VALDXVIA,  vil-dee've-S.  a  river  of  Chili,  traversing  a  de- 
partment of  its  own  name,  from  the  Andes  tc  the  Pacitio 
Ocean,  which  it  enters  after  a  westward  course  cf  120  miles. 

VALD1VI.\,  the  most  S.  department  of  Chili,  on  the  miiin- 
land  of  South  America,  about  lat.  40°  S.,  and  Ion.  73°  W., 
enclosed,  except  on  the  Vf..  by  Independent  Araucaiiia 
Estimated  area  740  square  miles.     Pop.  6800 

VALD]  VIA,  a  seaport  town  or  village  of  Chili,  on  the  A'al- 
divia  or  Calcutta  River.  16  miles  from  its  mouth.  Itwaa 
ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1837. 

VALDiVIA,  PORT,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Valdivi.>^ 
Chili,  lat.  39°  49'  S.,  Ion.  73°  19'  35"  W.  It  was  formeriy  one 
of  the  best  and  most  strongly  fortified  harbors  on  the  Paciiic. 

VALDOBBIADENE,  vil-dob-be-d-dfi'nA.  a  village  of  Aug. 
trian  Italy,  province  and  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  TrevL^o.  1'.  2400. 

VALDCOOI.\,  v3l-dood'jd.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States.  Piedmont,  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Novara.     Pop.  3100. 

V.ALEENE,  v,vleen',  a  small  postrvillage  of  Orange  CO., 
Indiana.  104  miles  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

V.\LEOGIO,  vl-l5d'jo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy.  7  miles 
S.  of  Pe.«chiera,  on  the  Mincio,  where  it  leaves  the  Lake  of 
Garda.  Pop.,  including  4  adjoining  hamli'ts.  4000.  It  haa 
a  fortified  bridge  or  causeway,  upwards  of  600  yards  long, 
defended  by  several  lofty  towers. 

VALE  M'ILLS.  a  post-office  of  Giles  CO..  Tennessee. 

VAFiEN(^.\,  vi-lJn'sd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  90 
miles  W.N.'W.  of  Rio  de  .laneiro.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  deoloral 
college,  and  the  head-quarters  of  a  body  of  the  National 
Guards.    Pop.  of  the  district.  5000. 

VALENC.i,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia.  capital 
of  a  comarca.  10  miles  N.  of  Cayru.  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Una.  near  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic.     Pop.  12<M. 

VALENQA  or  CATINGUINHA,  kd-teen-gheen'yd.  a  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Piauhi,  on  the  Catinguinha,  56  miles 
N.E.  of  Oeiras.     Pop.  3000. 

VALENCA-DO-DOURO.  vd-Un'si  do  do'ro,  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira-Alta,  9  miles  S.E.  of 
Lamego.     Pep.  635. 

VALEN^A-DO-MINHO,  vi-lJn'.«d  do  meen'yo,  a  fortified 
frontier  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho.  capital  of  a 
comarca,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minho,  immediately  oppo- 
site Tuy.    Pop.  1100. 

VALENQAY,  vdM3N0^s.V,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Indre,  agreeably  situated  on  the  Nahon.  25  miles  N.  of 
Chateauroux,  and  chiefly  remarkable  for  a  tine  palace,  with 
gardens,  where  Napoleon  retained  Ferdinand  VII.  during 
his  own  usurpation  in  Spain.     Pop.  in  18.52.  3627. 

VALENCE.  vS*l3>-ss',  (anc.  Valen'tia.)  a  town  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Drome,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhone,  here  crossed  b.v  a  suspension  bridge,  and  on  the  rail- 
way  from  Lyons  to  Avignon.  57  miles  S.  of  Lvons.  lat.  44'' 
56*  N.,  Ion.  4°  53' E.  Pop.  in  1852.  16,122.  It  is  surrounded 
by  orchards,  vineyards,  and  woods,  and  enclosed  by  walls. 
Principal  edifices,  the. cathedral,  with  the  tomb  of  I'ojie  Pius 
VI.,  barracks,  citadel,  court-house,  prison,  and  theatie.  It 
has  a  communal  college,  with  a  public  library  of  10.000  vo- 
lumes, school  of  artillery,  chamber  of  manufactures,  school 
of  design,  docks  for  building  river  craft,  cotton  printing 
and  dyeing  establishments,  and  manufactures  of  silk  good-s. 

VALENCE.  vdMSsss',  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gers,  on  the  Baise,  5  miles  S.  of  Condom.  Po] .  in  1852, 
1625. 

A'ALENCE  D'AGEN,  vdMSsss'  ddVhSN"'.  a  town  (  f  France, 
department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  13  miles  W.  of  Moissac. 
Pop.  in  1852,  3088. 

VALENCIA,  vMfn'she-a.  (Sp.  pron.  vd-len/tbe-d.)  an  old 
province  or  kingdom  of  Spain,  on  the  E.  coast,  now  forming 
the  provinces  of  A'alencia,  Alicante,  and  Castellon-de-la- 
Plana.  United  area  9512  square  miles.  Pop.  1.110,960. 
The  N.W.  part  of  the  region  is  covered  with  arid  mountain*, 
but  the  centre  presents  a  fertile  and  well-watered  pl.iin,  and 
around  I-ake  .Mbufera  are  extensive  rice  grounds.  The  soil 
is  well  cultivated.    The  chief  products  comprise  wine,  figs, 


VAL 

almonds,  olives,  and  excellent  oranges.  The  .sugar-cane, 
lieuip.  lint,  ami  silk,  yield  valuable  return.i.  The  principal 
mineral  riche.""  are  salt,  marble,  and  potters'  clay.  It  was 
first  colonizetl  by  the  Phoenicians  or  Carthaginians,  who  had 
established  many  flourishing  settlements  in  it,  when  it  was 
wrested  from  them  by  the  Komans.  Under  them  it  made 
great  prot;ress  in  civilization,  and  was  one  of  the  most  tran- 
quil provinces  of  the  empire,  when  it  fell  a  prey  to  the  Goths. 
About  the  beginningof  the  8th  century,  the  Saracens  became 
its  masters.  In  the  lllh  century  it  was  erected  into  a  sepa- 
rate Moorish  kingdom,  un<ler  the  dynasty  of  the  Ahmerides, 
and  retained  its  independence  till  12.38,  when  Don  Jaime  I., 
availing  him.self  of  its  civil  dissensions,  completely  subdued 
it,  and  incorporated  it  with  his  kingdom  of  Aragon.  It 
afterwards  passed  to  the  crown  of  Castile,  and  has  since  fol- 
lowed its  fortunes, Adj.  and  inhab.  Valenci.4.n,  vd-lJn'- 

ghe-an,  (Sp.  VaUnciano,  vd-l&n-the-^uo.) 

VALENCIA,  (anc.  Valentia-Edetanorum;  Fr.  Valence,  vd^- 
16nss';  It.  VaUnm,  vd-lJn'zi.)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  and  modern  province  of  the  same  name,  in 
a  fine  plain  on  the  Turia,  here  crossed  by  5  wide  bridges, 
about  2  miles  from  the  sea,  and  190  miles  K.S.E.  of  Madrid; 
lat.  39°  28'  46"  N.,  Ion.  0°  24'  23"  W.  It  is  the  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop, the  residence  of  a  captain-general,  and  has  a  supreme 
court  of  justice.  The  city  is  of  a  circular  shape,  and  enclosed 
by  walls,  built  in  1850  by  I'edro  IV.  There  are  S  gates,  some 
of  which,  with  their  towers  and  machicolations,  are  very  pic- 
turesque.  The  houses  are  lofty  and  gloomy-looking,  and,  with 
few  exceptiens,  the  streets  are  tortuous,  and  so  narrow,  that 
Irhen  one  looks  down  from  the  cathedral-tower,  the  openings 
are  scarcely  to  be  seen,  amid  the  irregular,  close-packed  roofs. 
Of  the  public  buildings  and  institutions  the  following  may 
be  mentioned :  a  new  theatre,  various  hospitals,  among  them 
the  General  Hospital,  which  has  baths;  the  Poorhouse,  a 
fine  edifice;  the  I'oundling  Hospital,  kc;  a  University, 
founded  in  1500,  with  chairs  of  jurisprudence,  medicine,  and 
philosophy,  for  which  there  are  70  professors;  the  library 
numbers  40,000  volumes,  and  the  University  was  attended 
in  1841  by  1600  students;  a  museum  of  natural  history, 
chemistry,  and  physics ;  a  botanic  garden  in  the  environs  of 
ihe  city,  a  theatre,  and  chapel ;  the  seminario^imciliar,  where 
theology,  Greek,  and  Latin  are  taught ;  the  College  of  Corpus 
Christi,  founded  in  1580,  which  contains  many  fine  paintings 
Dy  Ilibalta;  a  national  museum  in  one  of  the  suppressed 
wnvents,  containing  six  or  seven  hundred  pictures,  and  in 
which  the  great  Valencian  school  may  be  studied  to  advan- 
tage, especially  A'icente  .Tuanes,  the  Spanish  Raphael,  Ri- 
baita,  and  Ribera,  (Spagnoletto.) 

The  Cathedral,  built  on  the  site  of  a  temple  of  Diana,  and 
a  Moorish  mosque,  was  raised  to  metropolitan  rank  in  1492; 
it  is  unint«!rcsting  in  point  of  architecture,  but  is  rich  in 
paintings  by  the  great  masters  of  the  Valencian  school. 
There  are,  besides  14  parish  churches,  numerous  suppressed 
convents,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  was  St.  Dominic's; 
21  nunneries,  a  Magdalen  asylum,  22  hermitages;  a  hand- 
some custom-house,  a  college  for  orphans  of  both  sexes,  a 
normal  school,  an  academy  of  fine  arts,  a  school  of  com- 
merce, a  chair  of  agriculture,  a  college  of  ailvocates,  a  medi- 
cal institute,  with  various  other  educational  establishments ; 
an  episcop.'il  palace,  containing  a  library  of  11,000  volumes; 
the  silk-hall  or  chamber  of  commerce,  a  V)eautiful  Gothic 
building;  a  noble  Doric  court-house,  a  bull-ring,  a  casino,  a 
hippCKlrome,  fine  pascos  and  gardens,  good  bath.s,  prisons, 
and  penitentiaries.  There  is  only  one  fountain  in  the  town, 
that  in  the  great  square.  The  citadel  was  built  by  Charles 
v.,  to  defend  Valencia  against  liarbarossa,  T'he  Glorieta, 
with  its  fountains  and  statues,  is  a  delicious  pi-omenade, 
and  frequented  by  the  fashion  and  beauty  of  the  place. 
The  climate,  though  hot,  is  salubrious,  and  the  city  is 
resorted  to  by  invalids. 

Valencia  is  celebrated  for  its  manufactures,  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  is  spinning  and  weaving  silk,  in  which 
great  numbers  are  employed:  the  rest  comprise  sackcloth — 
the  exportation  of  rice  alone  requiring  about  50,000  sacks 
annually — cordage,  hats  of  wool,  hair,  silk,  and  straw; 
gloves,  fans,  glass,  painted  tiles,  which  are  very  celebrated ; 
ordinary  and  fine  woollens,  soap,  combs,  and  leather.  There 
are  also  two  foundries,  a  nail-work,  and  a  tobacco-manufac- 
tory, which  gives  employment  to  more  than  3000  women. 
The  harbor  of  Valencia  is  very  imperfect,  and  its  foreign 
commerce  has  greatly  declined.  The  principal  articles  of 
import  are  linens,  ironmongery,  drugs,  bar-iron,  planks, 
and  colonial  produce;  and  the  chief  articles  exported  com- 
prise corn,  rice,  silk,  saffron,  almonds,  and  oranges. 

i'or  its  opposition  to  the  French,  in  the  war  of  succession, 
it  was  despoiled  of  its  liberties  and  wealth  by  Philip  V.  It 
^m»  taken  in  1812  by  the  Trench  under  Suchet,  who  held  it 
till  June,  1813.  Population,  about  100,000;  including  the 
suburbs  (1867),  145.512. 

VALENCIA,  vd-14n'she-a,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  New 
Mexico,  bordering  on  Texal<=  T+  >s  bounded  on  the  \V.  by  the 
Rio  Grande,  and  drained  by  several  small  atfluents  of  that 
Blream.  Indian  corn  and  wheat  are  the  staples.  In  1850, 
this  county  produced  more  corn,  peas,  beans,  and  wine  than 
any  other  in  the  territory.    It  yielded  in  that  year  157,795 


VAL 

bu.shelii  of  corn ;  8115  of  peas  and  beans;  and  1973  gallons 
of  wine.     Capital,  Valencia.     I'op.  11,.321. 

VALENCIA,  a  village  and  capital  of  Valencia  CO..  NeV 
Mexico,  on  the  left  liank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  80  milos 
S.S.W.  of  S-inta  Fe.    Pop.  1101. 

VALENCIA,  vi-l^n'she-a,  (Sp.  pron.  vd-lJn'the-i.)  a  city 
of  South  .\mcrica,  Venezuela,  capitiil  of  a  province,  depart- 
ment of  Car.icas.  with  which  it  coomiunicates  by  a  good 
road.  Lat.  10°  12' N..  Ion. . 67^55' W.  Estimated  population 
17,000.  It  is  finely  situated,  covers  a  large  surface,  and  hao 
an  active  commerce  with  Car.icas  and  Puerto  Cabello. 

VA  LENCIA,  a  seaport  town  and  island  of  Ireland.    Se« 

VALENCIA  DE  ALCANTARA,  vd-ljn'the-a  ah  il-kln'ti-nl, 
a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  on  a  height,  near  the  frontier  of 
I'ortugal,  province  of  Caceres,  25  miles  S.W.  of  AkantarA 
Pop.  4700.  It  has  a  citadel,  barracks,  and  manufactures  of 
hats,  linens,  and  leather,  and  is  supposed  to  occupy  the  sit« 
of  the  ancient  Ormtrafta. 

VALENCIA  DE  DON  JUAN,  vi-lJn'the-a  dA  don  Hoo-h\', 
(anc.  Ooiacaf)  a  to*n  of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Leon,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  ELsa.  Pop.  1698.  Near  it 
are  copper-mines  and  marble  quarries. 

VALENCIA-DE-LAS-TORRES,  vd-lJn'the-rl  dA  Us  ton'Rfs, 
a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadura,  province  and  about  40  miles 
from  Badajos.     I'op.  1230. 

VALENCIA  DEL  VENTOSO.  va-Un'the-S  dM  vSn-to/so.  or 
VALENCIA  DEL  BARRIAL,  vaJSn'the-i  dJl  baR-Re-dl',  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  43  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.  Pop. 
2960.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and  sacking,  and  some 
Roman  antiquities. 

VALENCIA  (vd-lJn/she-a)  LAKE  OF,  or  TACARIGUA 
td-kd-ree'gwi,  is  near  the  Caribbean  Sea,  2  miles  E.  of  the 
alx)ve  city.  Length  22  miles,  average  breadth  6  miles. 
Me.an  depth  from  12  to  15  fathoms.  Shores  desert  on  the 
S.,  but  on  the  N.  well  cultivated.  It  contains  many  islands, 
and  receives  the  river  Aragua. 

VALENCIANA,  vd-lcn-se-ji'nd,  a  famous  silver-mine  and 
small  town  of  the  Mexican  C'onfwleration,  state  and  a  few 
miles  N,  of  Guanajuato.  From  1771  to  1804  the  mine  yielded 
an  annual  produce  of  600,000i.,  but  the  works  have  been 
subsequently  destroyed. 

VALENCIENNES,  vdM6se'se-2nn',  (anc.  rakntia'na.)  a  for- 
tified town  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  on  the  Scheldt, 
(Escaut.)  and  on  the  railway  from  Paris  to  Mons.  27  miles  S.E. 
of  Lille.  Lat.  50°  21' N.,  Ion.  3°  31' E.  Pop.  in  1852,23.2&X  It 
has  a  citadel  on  an  island  in  the  Scheldt ;  a  fine  town-hall  and 
belfry;  several  churches,  a  general  and  two  military  hospi- 
tals ;  asylums,  barracks,  an  arsenal,  a  public  library  and  mu- 
seum, and  a  theatre.  Its  industry  is  very  variou.s,  comprising 
manufactures  of  lace,  linen  and  lawn,  printed  mu.slius,  beet 
root  sugar,  gold  and  silver  tissues,  toys,  earthenware,  and 
leather,  being  the  principal :  and  it  has  numerous  bleaching 
and  dye  works,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  timber,  coal,  and  agri- 
cultural produce.  It  was  taken  in  1793  by  the  English  and 
Austrians  after  a  siege  of  six  weeks.  Ihe  historian  Frois- 
sart  was  born  here  in  1337. 

VALENS,  vd'lSxo/,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Gall. 

VALENSOLE,  vdUON^^sol',  (anc.  Vaflens  Snla>riumt)  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Basses-Alpes,  30  miles  S.W.  of 
Digne.     Pop.  in  1852,  3151. 

VALENSOLLE,  vdHSNo'soll',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Basses-Alpes,  22  miles  S.W.  of  Digne.  Pop. 
in  1S52,  3151. 

VALENTANO,  vd-lSn-td'no,  (anc.  reren/lum,)  a  town  of 
Italy,  Pontifical  States,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Viterbo.    Pop.  1000. 

V.\LENTIA,  France.     See  Vaixsoe. 

VALENTIA  EDETANORUM.    See  Valencia. 

VALENTIA,  VALENCIA,  vd-ljn/sho-a,  or  KENMORE/,  an 
island  off  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland.  Munster,  co.  of  Kerry.  3 
miles  S.W.  of  Cahirciveen,  and  separated  from  the  mainland 
by  a  strait  I5  miles  in  breadth,  and  which  forms  the  most 
W,  harbor  in  the  British  Islands;  lat.  61°  55'  8"  N.,  Ion. 
10°  19'  W.  Length  of  island  7  miles,  breadth  2  miles.  It 
gives  the  title  of  Viscount  to  the  Annesley  family. 

VALENTIA  or  VALENCIA,  a  town  or  village  at  the  S.E. 
extremity  of  the  i.sland  of  Valentia,  Ireland,  is  beautifully 
enclosed  among  brown  mountain  slopes.  Pop.  of  town  and 
parish,  2482.  The  harbor  is  deep,  capacious,  and  com- 
pletely land-locked,  and  being  the  most  Sv.  port  of  Europe, 
has  lately  attracted  considerable  attention  in  consequence 
of  a  proposal  to  make  it  the  W.  terminus  of  railway  com- 
munication, and  a  principal  station  for  Atlantic  steamers. 

V.iLENTIA,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea.     See  D188EE. 

VALI^N'TIA.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio. 

VALENTIANA.     See  Valencien.nes. 

VALENTINE,  vd'lSN'Heen',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Haute-Garonne,  1  mile  S.W.  of  St.  Gaudens,  on  the 
Garonne.     Pop.  1500,  who  manufacture  woollen,s. 

VALENZ.\,  vd-l^n'zd,  (anc,  FuVvii  F')>T~um;  Vcdcnti'num  f) 
a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Piedmont,  7  miles  N,  of 
Alessandriii,  on  the  Po.  Pop.  7477.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
entered  by  4  gates,  and  hai=  manufacturee  of  woollen  cloth, 
soap,  and  leather. 

2011 


VAL 

VAtKNZATfO,  ri-lfn-z^no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
and  S.  of  Bari.     Pop  24S0.  ,  „     .      ^, 

VALKNZUELA,  Ta-lJn-thwa/ll  a  Tillage  of  Spain,  >ew 
CastUe,  province  and  10  miles  from  Ciudad-Real.     Pop. 

VALEXZUELA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  28  mues 
E.S.E.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  2224. 

VALEKA-DB-ABAJO.  yi-Wri-dk-i-hi'EO,  a  town  of  Spam, 
New  Castile,  province  and  20  mile.s  from  Cuenca.     Pop.  109O. 

VALEKA-l)I-)-ARiaBA.  vd-lA'ri-dA-aK-Ree'iii,  a  town  of 
Spain,  Xew  Castile,  province  and  S.  of  Cueuea.     Pop.  1187. 

A'ALESPIR,  viU^s'peea',  an  ancient  district  of  Franctj, 
which  belonged  to  the  former  province  of  Hous.'illon,  and  Is 
now  included  in  the  department  of  Pyrenees-Orien tales. 

VALETTA,  yi-lit/ii,  or  LA  VALETTA,  Id  vi-let/td,  a  sea- 
port city,  capital  of  the  island  of  Malta,  on  the  N.E.  coa,st, 
lat.  (of  palace.)  35°  d-S'  48"  N.,  Ion.  14°  31'  Li"  K.  It  is  pic- 
turesquely situated  on  a  long  neck  of  land  called  Mount 
Xiberras,  which,  with  the  maiuland  on  either  side  of  it, 
forms  two  large  and  commodious  harbors,  one  on  the  E.. 
called  the  Great  Harbor,  and  the  other  on  the  W.  called 
Marsa  .Musceit.  or  the  Quarantine  Harbor.  The  view,  on 
approaching  it  from  the  sea,  is  .singularly  magnificent.  At- 
tention is  fi'ret  attracted  by  the  mxssiveness  and  strength  of 
its  fortifications.  The.se  consist  principally  of  Forts  St.  Klnio 
and  Ricasoli.  guarding  the  grand  barlior.  the  former  an 
enormous  work  of  granite,  with  barracks  sunk  in  its  lower 
bastions  for  2000  men;  Fort  St.  Angelo,  Forts  Tigne  and 
Manuel,  guarding  the  quarantine  hartx)r.  and  the  lines  of 
Floriana,  extending  from  harbor  to  harbor,  across  the  isth- 
mus. The  unevenness  of  the  site  makes  it  necessary  to 
keep  up  the  communication  between  the  different  streets  by 
flights  of  steps,  forming  one  of  the  peculiar  features  of  the 
pUce.  The  principal  street,  called  Strada  Reale,  stretches 
across  the  crest  of  the  hill,  and  the  other  leading  street'  run 
parallel  to  it  at  lower  elevations.  All  these  streets  are  wide, 
and  well  paved  with  lava.  There  are  also  spacious  and  hand- 
some squares  in  different  parts  of  the  town :  and  in  the  lower 
part,  or  Marina,  the  splendid  quays,  with  the  elegant  edifices 
which  line  them,  are  especially  deserving  of  notice.  Besides 
the  town  proper,  Valetta  comprises  a  number  of  suburbs, 
of  which  the  most  important  are  Floriana.  immediately  be- 
yond the  lines  already  mentioned ;  and  Sanglea.  Burmola, 
and  Vittoriosa.  on  the  E.  side  of  the  great  harbor. 

The  ecclesiastical  edifices  include  20  churches,  of  which 
the  cathedral,  built  in  1-580.  is.  though  not  externally  at- 
tractive, by  far  the  most  interesting.  Along  its  mosaic  pave- 
ment are  numerous  tombs  of  the  knights  of  Malta,  repre- 
sented in  white  marble,  and  in  full  costume:  other  more 
gorgeous  monuments  stand  around  in  marble  and  bronze: 
and  among  other  pictures,  the  "  Beheading  of  St.  John." 
r^^rded  as  one  of  the  finest  works  of  Caravaggio;  in  a 
chapel  are  deposited  the  keys  of  Jerusalem,  Acre,  and 
Rhodes.  The  other  more  remarkable  buildings  and  estab- 
lishments are  the  Palace  of  the  Grand  Master,  now  the  go- 
vernor's residence,  with  a  corridor  hung  with  portraits  of 
the  knights,  and  an  armory,  which,  besides  eontiining  10.000 
muskets  for  actual  service,  is  rich  in  trophies  and  ancient 
armor;  the  Library  and  Museum  adjoining  the  Palace,  the 
University,  founded  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century, 
and  furnishing  at  a  very  moderate  expense  a  regular  etiii- 
cation  in  divinity,  law,  meilicine.  and  arts :  the  English  Col- 
legiate Church  of  St.  Paul,  founded  by  Queen  Adelaide  at  a 
cost  of  IS.OOOi. ;  the  Exchange,  theatre,  the  Militarv  Hospi- 
tal, occupying  a  noble  eilifice  erected  by  the  knights:  the 
Naval  Hospital,  two  civil  hospitjils,  one  for  males  occu- 
pying the  old  monastery  of  Maddalena.  and  another  for 
females  founded  by  a  lady  of  Sienna ;  several  auberges,  or 
separate  knights' palaces,  some  of  them  remarkable  for  their 
magnificence,  and  the  beauty  of  their  architecture;  the 
dockyard,  capable  of  admitting  the  largest  man-of-war:  the 
House  of  Industry,  the  extensive  barracks,  the  burial- 
grounds,  formed  out  of  the  bastions  of  the  fortifications 
around  Valetta;  the  great  aqueduct,  extending  from  Citta- 
Aecchia;  and  the  Botanic  Garden,  in  the  suburb  Floriana. 

The  only  manufactures  of  any  consequence  are  carried 
on  at  the  Creek  of  Sanglea.  where  many  excellent  merchant 
vessels  are  built,  and  fitted  out  at  private  building-yards ; 
the  trade  is  always  important  in  time  of  war,  when  the 
fctrong  and  central  position  of  Malta  makes  it  a  great  em- 
porium for  the  traffic  of  the  Mediterranean ;  when  the  more 
natural  channels  are  open,  it  becomes  insignificant  in  time 
of  peace.  Having  scarcely  any  resources  within  itself.  Va- 
letta depends  on  other  countries  for  the  chief  necessaries 
or  ifc.  importing  corn,  oil,  and  wine  from  Italy  and  Sicily 
and  rattle  and  horses,  chiefly  from  Barbary.'  and  partly 
alTO  from  Ori*cc  and  Albania.  The  mail-steamers  for  Alex- 
andria. Constantinople.  &c.,  call  here  regxvlarly.  It  was 
fouud.,1  by  the  Grind  Master.  Valette,  in  1566.  occupied  by 

ilb^ut'sofm         '  ""*  ^^^"^  ^^  ^^^  ^"'^""•^  '"  ^^"1-  ^'°P- 

rfVa^Til^ll^v  V  '*;'i**'-,"  ""*!^*  "^  ^""'<'«'  department 
Of  V  a,,  4  mile,  ^  j^  ^.f  Toulon.     Pop.  1800. 

^ALPEXERA,  vil-fA-nA/ri,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
State-,  province  of  Asti,  near  VUlanuova.    Pop.  1572. 


VAL 

TALGANA.  v3l-g3'ni,  a  virage  of  Northern  Italy,  provinco 
and  about  22  miles  X.W.  of  Como.  Near  it  are  quarries  of 
alabaster,  and  red  marble  and  iron-mines.     Pop.  1010. 

VALGORGE,  vdrgoRzh'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  9  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Largeutiere.     Pop.  1400 

VALGRAXA,  val-grd/nd.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  S  miles  W.  of  Coni.  near  the  Grana.     Pop.  2181. 

VALGREGHEXTIXO,  val-gr.H'hJn-tee'uo,  a  village  'f 
Northern  Italv,  province  and  18  miles  E.X.E.  of  Como,  on 
the  Adda.     Pop.  1040. 

VALGU.\RXERA.  vil-gwaR-ni/rJ,  a  town  of  Sicily,  pro- 
vince and  25  miles  W.X.W.  of  Xoto.    Pop.  5500. 

VALK  or  WALK,  villk,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Livonia.  90  miles  X.E.  of  Riga.     Pop.  1800. 

VALKEXBURG,  vai'ken-bt>oRG\  (Fr.  FuuquemmU  fo'keh- 
mAN"'.)  a  town  of  Dutch  Limburg,  on  the  Geul,  and  on  the 
railway  to  Aix-la-Chapelle.  7  miles  E.  of  Jlaestricht.  Pop.  717. 

VALKI  or  ■\VALK1,  vilHiee,  a  townof  Rus.sia.  goveruincut 
and  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kharkov,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Donets.     Pop.  8937.     It  has  6  large  annual  fairs. 

V.\LL,  voU,  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Stuhlweis- 
senburg,  aboi^t  16  miles  from  Martonvasar.     Pop.  2197. 

VALLABREGUES,  varid'braig/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  on  the  Rhone,  13  miles  E.  of  Ximes.    P.  1600. 

VALLADA.  vdl-lri/l>3,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Valencia,  on  the  Caiiolas.    Pop.  1973. 

VALLADOLID.  vaPla-do-lid',  (Sp.  prou.  vdl-yS-Do-leeD'.) 
(anc.  PiiiHia.)  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  a  province,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Pisuerga,  at  the  influx  of  the  E.«gueva.  27 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Palencia;  laL  41°  40'  N.,  Ion.  4°  42'  W. 
It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  entered  by  6  gates,  and  has 
many  large  and  decayed  dwellings,  having  been  the  resi- 
dence of  the  court,  prior  to  its  removal  to  JIadrid,  at  the 
end  of  the  16th  century.  Valladolid  is  subdivided  into  16 
parishes;  principal  edifices,  an  unfinished  and  h.alf  ruined 
cathedral,  and  the  Palace  of  Philip  III. :  hospitals,  asy- 
lums, barracks,  a  museum  containing  paintings,  sculptures, 
and  a  library  of  14,000  volumes.  The  University,  one  of 
the  best  in  Spsiin.  is  chiefly  celebrated  for  jurisprudence, 
and  was  attended  in  1841  by  1300  students.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  silk,  cotton,  and  woollen  stuffs;  jewellery,  hats, 
linen,  and  cotton  yarn;  paper,  perf urn -■^ry ,  earthenwares, 
and  leather ;  and  the  city  has  a  trade  in  white  wines,  madder, 
silk,  and  olives,  raised  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  the  residence  of 
a  captain-general,  a  military  intendant,  and  other  authori- 
ties, and  is  a  see  suffragan  to  that  of  Toledo.  Belad  Waleed, 
(or  Belad-Walid.)  as  it  was  called  by  the  Moors,  was  wrested 
from  them  by  OrdoBo  II.,  in  920.  At  the  begining  of  the 
15th  century,  when  it  became  the  residence  of  Juau  II.,  it 
was  already  consideretl  the  finest  town  in  Castile;  under 
Charles  V.  it  was  adorned  with  splendid  eilifices,  and  his  son 
Philip  II.  favored  his  native  place;  he  gnve  it  the  title  o' 
City  in  1596,  having  induced  Clement  VIII.  to  elevate  it  tc 
a  bishopric  in  the  preceding  year.  On  the  removal  of  the 
court  to  Madrid,  it  began  to  decline.  Columbus  died  here 
in  1506,  and  Ilernandes  the  great  artist  in  1636.  Philip  II. 
was  born  here  in  1527.    Pop.  30.000. 

VALLADOLID.  a  province  of  Spain,  Old  Cistile ;  area  2984 
square  miles.     Pop.  210,000. 

VAL'LADOLID',  (Sp.  pron.  v3l-yil-Do-leei)',)  a  city  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  capital  (?)  of  the  state  of  Micho- 
aean.  in  a  fine  vallev,  115  miles  W'.X.'VV.  of  Mexico;  lat. 
19°  42'  N.,  Ion.  100°  "52'  E.  Estimated  population  18,000. 
It  has  a  magnificent  cathedral,  and  numerous  other  rich 
churches.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  Iturbide,  the  short-lived 
Emperor  of  Mexico. 

V.\LLADOLID.  the  second  city  of  Yucatan,  capital  of  a 
department  of  its  own  name.  90  miles  E.S.E.  of  Merida.  Its 
appearance  from  a  distance  is  verj'  pretty,  each  house  having 
a  little  garden  in  front,  filled  with  trees  and  flowers.  The 
streets  are  well  laid  out  and  clean,  but  grass  grows  in  the 
centre  of  the  most  frequented.  The  houses  are  principally 
of  one  story,  with  flat  roofs,  large  doors,  and  barred  windows, 
with  court-yards  and  stone  and  mortar  floors.  It  has  some 
good  public  buildings;  a  fine  square,  a  h.andsome  stone 
church,  a  town-house,  elegant  aqueduct,  which  supplies  the 
town  with  water;  and  a  pretty  large  cotton  factory,  built  of 
stone.  The  sellers  in  the  market-place  are  principally  In- 
dians, squatted  about  upon  the  ground,  with  small  pieces  of 
meat  laid  out  iu  piles,  and  vegetaVjles  displiiyed  in  the  same 
mail'  or  upon  benches  be.side  them  in  the  public  square. 
Valladolid  is  noted  throughout  the  peninsula  for  the  salu- 
brity of  its  climate,  and  is  much  resorted  to  on  this  account 
by  invalids  from  other  parts  of  the  province.    P.  about  15,000. 

VALLADOLID  DE  COMAYAGUA.    See  Comataoua. 

VALLAMARTIX,  vai-yd-maR-teen',  a  town  of  Spain, 
Andalusia,  province  and  44  miles  N.E.  of  Cadiz,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Sarracin  with  the  Guadalete.    Pop.  3176. 

VALL.iTA.  vdl-13'ti.  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Priu- 
cipato  Ultrji.  district  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Ariano.    Pop.  4400. 

VALLAURIS,  vdrio'rees',  (anc.  TaVlia  Au'reaf)  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Var,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Grasse.  Near  it 
is  a  mine  of  manganese.     Pop.  2282. 

VAI^L-W,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  Outer  Ilebrides,  on. 
of  Inverness,  parish  and  on  the  N.W.  coast  of  North  Uist, 


"VAL 


VAL 


from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  sound.  Length  2 
miles.     Pop.  59. 

VALL-DE-UXO.  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Valle-de-Ujo. 

VAr.,LD01?F,  \dll'doRf\  a  Tillage  of  Prussia,  province  of 
We.stphalla,  government  of  Minden.     Pop.  1113. 

VAijLECt'TO,  a  mining  town  of  Calaveras  co.,  California, 
about  5  miles  N.  of  the  Stanislaus  Kiver.  Pop.  iu  1800, 
about  1600. 

VALLECORSA,  vdWi-koR/sil,  a  town  of  Italy,  Pontifical 
States,  delesation  and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Frosinone.    I'op.  32.S0. 

VAL'LE-CRU'CIS,  a  ruined  abbey  of  Wales,  co.  of  Denbigh, 
parish  of  Llangollen.  It  was  founded  by  a  prince  of  Powys 
for  Ci-'tercian  monks. 

VAL'LE  CRU'CIS,  a  post-office  of  Watauga  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

VALLE  BE  ABDALA.TIS,  vSl'y.i  di\  ab-dd-M-Hees',  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Malaga.     P.  3211. 

VALLE-DE-GUERRA,  viVyk  dd  ghl-rjRi,  a  village  of 
the  Canaries,  i.sland  of  Teneriffe.     Pop.  1258. 

VALLE-DE-SANTA-ANNA,  vdl'yA  dA  sdn'tl  Sn'nd.  a  Til- 
lage of  Spain,  Estremadura,  province  and  about  40  miles 
from  Badajos.     Pop.  1406. 

VALLE-DE-UJO,  (or -UXO,)  vil'yA  dA  oo'ho,  or  VALL-DR- 
UJO,  vdl  dA  oo/ho,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15  miles 
S.AV.  of  Castcllon-de-la-Plana.  Pop.  6847.  It  has  potteries 
and  distilleries. 

VALLE  DI  FIANO-NA.    See  Fianosa. 

VALLEDUL5I0,  vSl-lA-dool'mo,  or  YAI^DELL'-OLMO, 
Til-dJl-ol'mo,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  and  40  miles  S.E.  of 
Palermo.    Pop.  3800. 

VALLEGTO,  v3l-lA/jo,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  province 
and  16  miles  S.W.  of  Verona,  near  the  Mincio.  It  has  an 
old  castle,  with  a  lofty  dungeon,  and  a  remarkable  bridge  or 
causeway,  about  600  yards  long,  battlemented  on  either  .«ide, 
and  defended  by  several  lofty  towers.  Pop.,  including  four 
adjacent  villages,  4000. 

VALLE-III'IRMOSO,  vAl/yA  Sn-mo'so,  a  town  of  the  Cana- 
ries, N.  end  of  the  island  of  Gomera.  It  consists  of  500  houses, 
including  several  hamlets.     Pop.  2857. 

VALLEJO,  val-yA/no  or  val-lA'ho,  the  former  capital  of 
California,  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  entrance  of  the 
fltrait  connecting  San  Pablo  and  Suisun  Bays.  It  waa  named 
in  honor  of  General  A'allejo,  who  agreed  to  give  to  the  state 
a  quantity  of  liind  and  a  large  sum  of  money,  on  condition 
of  its  being  made  the  capital.  It  is  in  Solano  co.,  28  miles 
N.N.E.  of  San  Francisco.  The  steamboats  running  between 
San  Francisco  and  Sacramento  pass  Vallejo.   See  .Appesmx. 

VALLE-LAGARINA,  villA  M-gS-ree/nd,  is  a  town  of  the 
Tyrol,  circle  of  Roveredo.     Pop.  2400. 

VALLELONGA,  vJl-lA-lon'gd,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
cf  Calabria  Ultra  II.,  E.  of  Monteleone.  It  is  supposed  to 
occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Kicfphr»-a. 

VALLELUNGA,  vAllA-loon'ga,  a  town  of  Sicily,  Intend- 
ency  and  18  miles  N.W.  of  Caltanisetta.     Pop.  SiJOO. 

VALLENDAR.  vdl'len-<laR\  a  village  of  Rheni.^h  Prnssia. 
3  miles  N.N.E.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Rhine.  Pop.  2910.  It  has 
an  ancient  ca.stle. 

VALLENGIN,  vAriSN'^zhSNo',  or  VALANGIN.  vAMft>--='- 
zhl\N<'',  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  2  miles  N.W. 
of  Neufchatel,  in  the  fertile  Val  de  Buz,  with  a  castle  and  a 
Gothic  church.     Pop.  6300. 

VAL'LEXS,  a  post-office  of  Sumrilit  CO..  Ohio. 

VALLERAUGUH,  vAPleh-rog',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  on  the  Ilerault,  39  miles  N.W.  of  Nimes.  Pop. 
In  1852.  4190. 

VALLE-ROTONDA,  vSllA  ro-ton'dJ.  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  district  of  Sora,  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Venafro.    Pop.  2200. 

VALLES,  vdl'yfs,  a  town  of  Mexico,  state  and  135  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  on  the  Montezuma.     Pop.  3500. 

VALLET.  vAlMA/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loirc- 
Inferieure,  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852,  6268. 

VAI/LEY,  a  township  of  Montour  co.,  I'eunsylvania.  Pop. 
901. 

VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Tazewell  co.,  AMrgiiria. 

VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Bexar  co.,  Texas. 

V.\LLFiY,  a  post>offlce  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa. 

VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co..  Pennsylvania. 

A' ALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co..  Illinois. 

VALLEY  FALLS,  a  manufacturing  post-village  in  Smith- 
Ce'.d  township.  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island.  7  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Providence.  It  contains  5  large  cotton-mills.  3  of  which 
are  owned  by  H.  &  S.  B.  Chase.    Pop.  about  1(K)0. 

VALLEY  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  W.  A'irginia. 

VALLEY  FARM,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co..  Indiana. 

VALLEY  FORGE,  a  post-village  on  the  line  between  CheB- 
ter  and  Montgomery  counties,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  on  the  Reading  Railroad. 
0  miles  above  Norristown.  It  is  situated  at  the  month  of 
Valley  Creek,  and  contains  a  cotton  factory.  It  is  memo- 
rable for  the  sufferings  of  AVashington's  army,  during  the 
winter  of  1777-8. 

VALLEY  FORGE,  a  post-office  of  .Tasper  co..  Missouri. 

A'ALLEY  FORGE,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co..  Illinois. 

VALLEY  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  Arkansas. 


VALLEY  HiiAD,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Alaiinma. 
about  200  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Montgomery. 

A'ALLEY  HEAD,  a  post-office  orRiuniolphco..W.A'irgiuia. 

A'ALLEY  PLACE,  a  village  of  Harris  co.,  Georgia,  32  miii* 
N.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

VALLEY  i>OINT.  a  post-office  of  Preston  CO.,  W.A'irginia. 

A'ALLEY  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Barry  co.,  Missouri. 

A'AI/LEYTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Cherokee  co..  North  Ca 
rolina. 

VALLIEVO  or  VALLJEVO,  vil-le-A/vo,  a  town  of  Servia, 
55  miles  S.W.  of  Belgrade.  Pop.  4500.  It  is  reported  to  h»ve 
numerous  mosques  and  well  frequented  markets. 

A' ALLIQUIERA'ILLE.vAriee'ke-aiB'veel'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-Inferieure,  3  miles  W.  of  Yvetot 
Pop.  1600. 

A'ALIA  It'  eel  vjl/lo,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Prin- 
cipato  Citra,  41  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  2400. 

A'ALLOIRE.  vdriwAa'.  a  village  of  the  Sanlinian  States, 
division  of  Savoy,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Jean-de-Maurieune. 
Pop.  1826. 

A'ALLON,  vAPIAn"',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardeche,  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Largentifere.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2756.  Near  it  is  a  cataract  of  the  Ardeche  above  a  natural 
bridge. 

A'ALLON,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Sarthe,  K  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Le  M»ns.     Pop.  1600. 

VALLON,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aliier,  14  miles 
N.  of  Montlucon.     Pop.  1000. 

A'ALLONGO,  a  village  of  Portugal.     See  A'.^LONOO. 

VALLO'NI.\,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  74 
miles  S.  of  IndianapoMs. 

A'ALLONIA  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Broome  co..  Now 
York. 

VALLORBE.  vArioRb'.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  A'aud.  near  the  French  frontier,  8  miles  W.  of  Orbsv 
Pop.  1500. 

A'ALLOUISE.  vArioo-eez'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Ilautes-Alpes.  8  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Brian^n.     Pop.  1200. 

VALLS,  vMs.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  10  miles  \. 
of  Tarragona,  in  a  plain  watered  >py  the  Francoli.  Pop. 
11.084.  who  spin  cotton  and  woollen  yarn,  di.stil  brandy,  and 
manufacture  leather  and  soap.  The  French  under  St.  Cyr 
defeated  the  Spaniards  here  in  1809,  but  were  in  their  turn 
defeated  in  1811. 

VALLY.  vAl'lee',  (anc.  Ad  VaVhsr)  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Savoy,  province  of  Chablais,  near  Thonon. 
It  has  tine  marble  quarries.     Pop.  1165. 

VALJIACCA.  vAl-mdk'kA.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  Shites, 
divi.»ion  of  Alessandria,  province  of  Casale,nearFrai,i>inetto. 
Pop.  1.309. 

VALMADRERA.vAl-mAdr.VrA.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  about  15  miles  from  Como.     Pop.  2848. 

VALAIASEDA,  vai-mS-sA'pA.  a  walled  town  of  Spain.  pr<». 
vince  of  Biscay.  22  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Bilbao,  on  the  S.tlcedon. 
Pop.  1384.  It  has  a  custom-house,  copper  and  iron  works, 
tanneries,  and  coal-mines. 

A'ALMONT.  vAPmANo'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-InfiTieure.  13  miles  N.AV.  of  A'vetot.     P.  1100. 

VALMONTOXE,  vAl-mon-to'nA,  a  village  of  Italy,  Ponti- 
fical States,  delegation  of  Frosinone.  25  miles  S.E.  of  Rome. 

VALAIOZZOLA,  vAl-mot/.so-lA,  or  P1EVF>DT-VALM0ZZ0- 
LA,  pe-A'vA  dee  vAl-niot'so-l A,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  30 
miles  S  AV.  of  Parma,  on  the  Mozzola.     Pop.  1869. 

VALAIY,  vAI'mee',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Marne.  arrondissement  of  Ste.  Menehould.  Here,  in  1792, 
the  Pru.ssians  were  defeated  by  Kellerman. 

A'ALOGNES.  vA'loii'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche.  on  the  Morderet.  11  miles  S.E.of  Cberliourg.  Pop. 
in  1852,  6072.  It  has  a  communal  college,  and  manufactures 
of  bats,  l.tce.  and  gloves. 

A'ALOIS,  vA'lwA'.  an  old  district  of  France,  now  comprised 
in  the  departments  of  Oise  and  Ai.sne. 

A'ALOXA.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.     See  Aviona. 

A'ALONGO,  vA-long'go,  or  VALLONGO.  a  large  village  of 
Portugal-,  province  of  Alinho.  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oporto,  and 
where  most  of  the  breatl  consumed  in  that  city  is  mnde. 
Here  are  some  productive  antimony  and  other  mines,  known 
and  wrought  durini  the  Roman  dominion. 

VALONOO  or  VALLONGO-DO-VOUGA,  vAl-long'so  do 
vfVgA.  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro,  on  the  A'ouga, 
about  10  miles  from  Aveiro.     Pop.  2160. 

A'ALOR.  vA-1or'.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  province 
and  about  55  miles  from  Granada,  S.  side  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.     Pop.  1644. 

VALPARAISO.  vIlpA-rl'so.  (i.  e.  A'al  de  Paraiso.  "  A'ale  of 
Paradise" — .so  named  from  its  delightful  situation.')  the 
capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  and  the  principal  port 
of  Chili,  is  situated  on  a  larire  bav  in  the  I'acific.  90  miles 
W.N.AV.  of  Santiago:  lat.  .33°  1'  5'6"  S..  Ion.  71°  41'  45''  AV. 
The  Bay  of  A'alparaiso  is  of  a  .semicircular  form,  and  capable 
of  accommodating  a  very  large  fleet.  It  is  well  sheltered 
on  the  E.,  S..  and  AA'..  but  is  entirely  open  towards  the 
N.:  and  during  the  prevalence  of  winds  from  this  quarter 
in  the  winter  season,  accompanied  as  they  always  are  by 
a  heavy  rolling   sea.  the  shijppiug  is  much  exposed,  and 

2013 


VAL 

eerlons  accidents  often  take  place.  The  town  has  a  Tery  \'lc- 
turesque  situation.  The  part  properly  called  the  Port  is  built 
on  the  lowerslofesof  araiigeof  lofty  hei-hts  which  encircle 
the  bay.  and  on  a  narrow  beach,  widened  here  and  there  by 
deep  cuttings  into  these  steep  acclivities.  The  Almendral, 
formerly  a  rural  suburb,  is  gradually  becoming  the  principal 
part  of  the  town.  Here  the  base  of  the  hills  is  farther 
removed  frt)m  the  .sea  than  it  is  in  the  W.  part  or  Port,  and 
the  intervening  gp-ice  being  quite  level,  forms  excellent 
building-ground.  Valparaiso  cannot  boast  of  fertile  envi- 
ri'Bs :  the  hiily  nature  of  the  country,  but  especially  the 
want  of  water,  restrict  agricultur.al  operations  to  very  narrow 
limits,  con.sequently  it  is  chiefly  indebted  to  other  parts  of 
the  country  for  its  supplies  of  provisions;  thus  Santiago 
furnishes  cattle;  Aconcagua  and  Quillota,  fruit,  vegetables, 
and  brandy;  flour  is  obtained  from  different  points,  princi- 
pallv  from  the  S.  A  fine  carriage-road,  the  best  in  the 
couotry,  connects  this  place  with  the  capital.  But  the  rail- 
way to  Santiago,  passing  through  the  rich  valleys  of  Quillota 
and  Aconcagua,  a  work  of  great  magnitude,  cannot  fail  to 
be  of  the  highest  benefit  in  a  country  so  mountainous  and 
BO  deficient  in  good  roads. 

Valparaiso  is  ill  paved;  the  houses  have  nothing  remark- 
able ;  few  can  be  called  handsome.  Of  the  public  buildings, 
the  C*stom-house.  situated  near  the  landing-place,  is  the 
only  one  worthy  of  notice.  It  has  an  extended  fa(;ade.  sur- 
mounted by  a  tower  of  elegant  design  ;  the  stores  attached 
to  it  are  extensive.  The  merchants  have  an  exchange  and 
reading-room,  where  they  meet  to  transact  business,  and 
read  foreign  journals,  with  which  it  is  plentifully  supplied. 
The  theatre  is  one  of  the  best  in  South  America,  and  is  gene- 
rally well  attended.  Valparaiso  has  two  parish  churches, 
La-Matriz  in  the  Port,  and  Los-SantosApostoles  in  the 
A!mendral,  besides  chapels  in  different  parts  of  the  town; 
also  several  convents  for  males..and  one  of  French  nuns, 
chiefly  intended  for  the  education  of  poor  children.  The 
Protestants  have  two  places  of  worship,  one  ISritish  Episco- 
palian and  one  Inde|^>endent ;  they  have  also  a  cemetery  of 
their  own.  There  are  in  Valparaiso  a  British  naval  hospital, 
two  hospitals  for  other  foreigners,  and  one  for  natives,  Val- 
paraiso possesses  no  public  library  or  scientific  institution; 
the  inhabitants  generally  are  not  much  given  to  reading  or 
study.  There  are,  however,  numerous  schools  for  both  sexes, 
in  most  of  which  the  English  language  is  freely  taught,  this 
being  considered  by  the  Valparaisians  to  be  an  essential 
branch  of  education,  Valparaiso  has  3  printing-presses, 
and  2 daily  papers.  There  arealso  2  clubs,  chiefly  frequented 
hy  foreigners.  Hotels  and  cafes  are  numerous,  and  are 
chiefly  kept  hy  Frenchmen.  The  foreigners  in  Valparaiso 
constitute  no  slight  proportion  of  the  population.  The 
English  are  the  most  numerous,  then  the  Germans,  French, 
and  Americans;  they  live  in  perfect  harmony  with  the 
natives,  who  here  more  than  anywhere  else  in  Chili  have 
experienced  the  benefit,  and  appreciated  the  value  of  such 
a;n  element  of  civilization.  Many  of  the  artisans  are  Euro- 
pean; so  are  the  principal  houses  of  business,  together  with 
their  numerous  retinues  of  clerks;  and  this  gives  to  the 
foreign  body  a  standing  and  influence  it  possesses  in  no 
other  part  of  the  country  or  the  coast. 

From  the  moment  that  Chili  attained  the  rank  of  an  inde- 
pendent state,  and  was  left  free  to  hold  out  the  hand  of 
fellowship  to  the  nations  of  the  earth,  A'alparaiso  began 
rapidly  to  advance  in  commercial  importance;  indeed,  with 
the  single  exception  of  San  Francisco  in  California,  no  place 
Is  to  be  found  on  the  W.  side  of  the  continent  that  can  be 
compared  with  it  in  the  rapidity  of  its  growth.  In  184-5  the 
value  of  the  imports  of  the  whole  country  (nine-tenths  at 
least  being  through  Valparaiso)  was  S9,100.tX>0:  that  of  the 
export*",  $7,600,000.  In  1851,  after  the  gold  discoveries  in 
California,  the  former  rose  to  $15,8-30.000.  and  the  latter  to 
$9,000,000;  whereof  $4,280,000,  and  $4.&42,000  res-pectively 
were  from  and  to  Great  Britain.  The  above  finures  do  not 
include  the  value  of  goods  introduced  in  transitu,  and  which 
is  of  considerable  magnitude.  In  1845  the  number  of  vessels 
that  entered  the  harbor  was  859:  in  1851  it  increased  to 
1561.  In  the  first  of  these  years  the  income  derived  from 
*o'f??,^'°  ■,^^'P*'"*''*  **^  $1,605,000;  in  the  second 
$.2,435,000.  Valparaiso,  as  a  seat  of  commerce,  possesses 
advantages  of  no  ordinary  kind.  It  is  the  first  port  of  any 
note  In  the  South  Pacific.  It  lies  ot)posite  the  Australian 
colonies,  and  stands  on  the  direct  route  of  vessels  proceeding 
to  California  and  the  other  countries  bordering  on  the  Pacific, 
'»-  moreover,  the  port  of  the  capital,  and  the  natural 
outlet  of  large  tracts  of  fertile  land.  Thus,  independentlv 
or  being  the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  local  trade,  it  is  the 
general  rendezvous  of  ships  entering  the  Pacific:  besides 
being  the  emporium  from  which  Bolivia,  the  South  Sea 
islands,  and  a  variety  of  other  states  draw  their  supplies 
of  foreign  commodities,  and  the  port  which  chiefly  provides 
.«w  ""  r'"^'"^''*"'"^*  "*■  **""  "^'^^  ««""  wheat,  and  other 
CMnr,!f.  ,*'"^";^'r-  The  discovery  of  the  gold-fields  in 
bv  l^Ti^f    ■     t'*'''",'  •""'■''  *"  '^""^  importance  cff  Valparaiso. 

^ll-..  .J-»      n  u'-'*'  ""'  P''"^^^  *°  '^y  ""thing  of  the  n.any 
tha^^  call  h«re  lor  supplies  on  their  way  to  and  from 


VAN 

that  country.  A  similar  intercourse  has  sprung  tip  lately 
with  Australia  in  consequence  of  like  discoveries  there. 
That  portion  of  the  Argentine  Provinces  situated  along  the 
E.  base  of  the  Andes,  is  chiefly  dependent  on  Valparaiso  for 
European  fiibrics  and  all  articles  not  produced  by  its  own 
soil;  this  branch  of  trade  has  become  more  important  since 
the  expulsion  of  Kosas  from  Buenos- Ayres.  This  also  is  the 
bead-quarters  of  the  foreign  ships-of-war  stationed  in  the 
Pacific.  During  the  Spanish  domination.  Valparaiso  was  a 
place  of  very  little  note,  and  was  scarcely  known  to  the 
world.  In  1819  the  population  barely  amounted  to  5'JOO 
souls;  in  184",  40,000;  and  in  1854  (estimated  at)  60,000. 

VALPARAISO,  a  maritime  province  of  Chih,  formerly 
included  in  that  of  Santiago,  but  erected  into  a  separate 
territorial  division  hy  the  law  of  October  27th,  1842.  Its 
VV.  border  is  the  Pa<ific  Ocean.    Pop,  in  1S47,  75,962. 

VALPARAISO,  varpa-ri/zo,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Por- 
ter CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  Railroad, 
and  on  .Salt  Creek,  44  miles  S.E.  of  Chicago.  It  contains  a 
conrt-honse.  2  or  3  churches,  and  a  bank.     Pop.  1G9S. 

VALPERG.4,  vdl-p^R/gi,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  13  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Ivrea.     Pop.  3500. 

VALPO,  vil'po,  a  town  of  Slavonia,  with  a  castle,  near 
the  Drave,  16  miles  W,N.W.  of  Eszek, 

VALRfi.iS,  T.irrA*3',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vauduse,  19  miles  N.E.  of  Orange.     Pop.  in  1852,  4713. 

VALS.  vdl.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
d^che,  12  miles  AV.S.W,  of  Prlvas.  Pop.  in  1852,  2875.  Close 
to  it  are  6  clialybeate  springs,  much  frequented  by  visitors. 

VALSEQUILLO,  vil-.s.'l-keel'yo,  a  town  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  on  the  E.  side  of  Grand  C.inary  Island.    Pop.  2788 

VALSTAGNA,  valstdu'yi,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  23 
miles  N.E.  of  Vicenza,  on  the  Brenta.  Pop.  2200.  It  has 
manufactures  of  Tyrolese  hats,  and  trade  in  charcoal. 

VALSUGANA,  vdl-soo-gl'nd,  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
Tyrol,  on  the  Brenta.  and  the  road  from  Trent  to  the  Vene- 
tian frontiers.     Pop.  2600. 

VALT.\NAS,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Balt.vnas. 

VALTELLIXA,  vai-t^l-lee/ui,  or  VALTELLINE,  Tll-t?!- 
leen',  a  former  circle  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  consisting 
of  the  upper  valley  of  the  Adda,  S.E.  of  the  Grisons,  and 
forming  the  Austru-Italiau  delegjxtion  of  Sondrio,  which, 
with  Tii-ano,  Cliiavenim.  and  Burniio,  are  its  chief  towns. 

VALTIEURA.  vil-te-^R/Ri,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Navarre,  on  the  Ehro,  42  miles  S.  of  Pamplona.    Pop.  1181. 

VALTOURN.A.XCIIE,  vaPtooR^nS-Nsh/,  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  division  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Aosta.     P.  1437. 

VALOOIKI,  VALOUIKI  or  WALUJKI,  va-loo-ee/kee,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Voro- 
nezh, on  the  Oskol.  here  joined  by  the  ValooL     Pop.  3200. 

VALV.\,  La.  Id  vdl'vd,  a  small  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Principato  Citra,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Campagna.     Pop.  ISOO. 

V.\LVKKDE,  val-v^R'd.'i,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  ol 
Badajos,  near  the  Guadiana.  10  miles  E.  of  Merida.  Pop 
1500, 

VALVER/DE,  (Sp,  pron,  vdl-vjR/d.i,)  a  village  of  New 
Mexico,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte, 

VALVERDE,  the  capital  town  of  the  island  of  Ferro,  Ca- 
naries.    Pop.  45S0. 

VALVERPE  DE  JUCAR,  vdl-v^R'd.i  dA  Hoo^kar,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  23  miles  S.  of  Cuenca,  near  th« 
Jucar,  with  a  palace  of  its  counts. 

VALVERDE-DE-LA-VERA,  vdl-vjR'di  di  \i  vA'rd,  a  town 
of  Spain,  Estremadura,  province  of  Caceres,  12  miles  from 
Jarandilla,     Pop.  1314, 

VALVERDE  DEL  CA5IIN0,  Til-v5R/d.i  d6l  kl-mee'no.  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  of  Huelva,  38  miles  W.  of  Seville. 
Pop.  5239. 

VALVERDE  DE  LEGANES,  vil-vfR/d.i  dil  lA-gd/nos,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  12  miles  S.W.  of  Badajos. 

VALVERDE-DEI^FRESNO,  vdl-v^R'dA  del  frJs'no,  a  village 
of  Spain,  Estremadura,  65  miles  from  Caceres,  in  a  valley. 
Pop.  1008. 

VALVERDE-DE-LLERENA,  vdl-T^R'd.l  d.i  H-ri'nd.  atown 
of  Spain,  Estremadura,  province  of  Badajos,  10  miles  from 
Llerena.     Pop.  1120. 

VALVERDE-DElrMAJONA,  vdl-vja'di  dM  md-Bo/nd.  a 
a  town  of  Spain.  New  Castile,  province  and  about  6  miles 
from  Segovia.     Pop.  829. 

VALVERDE.TA  or  VALVERDEXA,  vdl-v^R-di/Hd.  a  mar- 
ket-town of  Spain,  province  and  50  miles  W.  jf  Toledo,  near 
the  Tagus.    Pop.  2tJ87. 

VAN,  vdn,  or  WAN,  wdn,  (anc.  Artemitaf)  capital  of  a 
pashalic  of  its  own  name,  is  a  fortified  city,  on  the  E.  shord 
of  the  Lake  of  Van,  145  miles  S.E,  of  FIrzroom;  lat,  38°  30' 
N.,  Ion.  43°  40'  E.  Pop,  variously  estimated  at  12,000  and 
40,000.  It  stands  enclosed  by  a  double  line  of  ramparts,  at 
the  S.  face  of  an  isolated  rock,  crowned  by  its  citadel :  it  is 
ill-built,  but  has  several  large  Armenian  churches,  mosques, 
baths,  caravanserais.  &c. ;  bazaars  abundantly  supplied  with 
produce  niisetl  in  the  vicinitj',  and  some  massive  and  remark- 
able antiquities,  which  have  been  attributed  to  Scmirami.s. 
About  500  lix)ms  here  are  reported  to  be  employed  in  maiiu 
facturing  fabrics  from  cotton  importetl  from  Persia,  and  thest 
goods,  with  rural  produce,  constitute  its  chief  exi)ort8 


VAN 

VAN,  or  WAN,  PAsnAUC  op,  (anc.  Armenia  f)  a  territory  of 
Turkish  Armeuia,  between  lat.  37°  and  39°  30'  N.,  and  Ion. 
i\°  and  44°  30'  B.,  having  E.  Persia,  and  on  the  other  siJes 
the  pashalics  of  Kars,  Erzroom,  Diarbekir,  and  Mosul.  It 
consists  chiefly  of  a  lofty  basin  surrounded  by  steep  moun- 
tain.'i,  and  the  centre  of  which  is  occupied  by  tlie  Lake  of 
Van,  the  estimated  area  of  which  is  2000  square  miles.  The 
corn  raised  is  not  sufficient  for  liome  consumption;  fruits, 
■wine,  flax,  tobacco,  cotton,  timber,  gall-nuts,  manna,  and 
honey  are  the  chief  products.  Great  numbers  of  live  stock  are 
reared.  Pop.  chiefly  Armenian  Cliristians  in  the  N.,  else- 
where Mohammedans;  Turks  occupying  the  centre,  and 
Koord  tribes  the  S.  part  of  the  pashalic. 

VAN,  LAKE,  (anc.  Araishaf  or  TMnisf)  a  salt  lake  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  intersected  by  the  parallel  38°  30'  N.  lat., 
and  the  43d  meridian  of  E.  Ion.  Greatest  length  near  70 
miles,  greatest  breadth  about  50  miles.  Area  about  2000 
square  miles.  It  receives  the  waters  of  a  few  small  streams, 
but  has  no  outlet.     The  town  of  Van  is  on  its  E.  shore. 

VANA,  VAN  or  the  BHECK'XOGK-BEA'CON.  the  loftiest 
mountain  of  South  Wales,  county  and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Bre- 
con.    Height  alx)ve  the  sea,  2862  feet. 

VAN  BUREX,  (bu'rgn,)  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part 
of  Arkansas,  contains  1260  squ.are  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Little  Red  River.  The  soil  of  the  river  bottoms  is  fertile, 
and  adapted  to  cotton,  Indian  corn,  and  wheat.  Capital, 
Clinton.  Pop.  .5.'557,  of  whom  -=1167  were  free,  and  200  slaves. 
VAN  BUREN,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Tennes- 
see :  area  estimated  at  350  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
tlie  Caney  Fork  of  Cumberland  River.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. The  county  is  well  timbered,  and  contains  stone- 
coal.  A  railroad  is  projectefl  through  the  county.  Capital, 
Spencer.  Pop.  2581,  of  whom  2312  were  free,  and  239  slaves. 
VAN  BUREN.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Michigan, 
bordering  on  Lake  Michigan,  contains  033  square  miles. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Pawpaw  River  and  its  branches,  and 
also  drained  by  Dowagiac  River,  and  the  South  Branch  of 
Black  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  tlie  'soil  fer- 
tile. About  half  of  the  county  is  heavily  timbered,  and 
the  remainder  consists  of  plains,  with  a  sparse  growth  of 
oaks.  Wat«r-power  is  abundant  on  the  streams,  and  the 
Pawpaw  is  navigable  from  its  mcith  to  the  county  seat.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Michigan  Central  Itailroad. 
Capital,  Pawpaw.  Pop.  15,224. 
VAN  BUREN  COUNTY,  Mi.ssouri.  See  Cass. 
VAN  BUREN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  border- 
ing on  Jlissouri,  has  an  area  of  468  square  miles.  The  Des 
Moines  River  flows  diagonally  through  the  county  in  a 
Bouth-east  direction,  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  parts.  It 
is  also  drained  by  Fox  River,  and  by  Indian.  Choquest,  and 
Lick  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  forests. 
The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich  and  well  watered.  In  1850, 
Van  Buren  county  produced  a  greater  quantity  of  oats  and 
wool  than  any  other  of  the  state.  There  were  raised  166,608 
busliels  of  oats,  and  40,858  pounds  of  wool.  Valuable  mines 
of  stone-coal  have  been  opened  in  the  county.  The  streams 
afford  water-power.  Public  works  are  in  progress  for  im- 
proving the  navigation  of  the  Des  Moines.  The  county  is 
traversed  by  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad,  which  con- 
nects it  with  Keokuk  on  one  hand  and  Des  Moines  City  ou 
the  other.  Capital,  Keosauqua.  Pop.  in  1860. 17,081. 
VAN  BUREN,  a  postoffice  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 
VAN  BUREN,  a  post-township  of  Onondaga  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  S.  side  of  Seneca  River,  intersected  by  the 
Rochester  and  Syracuse  Railroad,  about  140  miles  W.  bv  N. 
of  Albany.     Pop.  3037. 

VAN  BUREX,a  postofRce,  Washington  CO.. Pennsylvania. 
VAN  BUREN.  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Alabama,  150 
miles  N.  of  Montgomery. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  CO.,  Mississippi, 
near  Tombigbee  River,  about  200  miles  N.E.  of  Jackson. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township, 
capital  of  Crawford  co.,  Arkansas,  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Little 
Rook,  and  5  miles  E.  of  the  Indian  Territory.     The  village 
is  finely  situated  on  the  left  (N.)  bank  of  Arkansas  River. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  places  in  the  whole  state 
— the  annual  sales  amounting  to  more  than  a  million  dol- 
lars.    An  extensive  jobbing  business  is  done  here,  in  sup- 
plying the  .'mailer  places  of  the  surrounding  country.     It 
iiiis  a  cotton  factory  in  successful  operation,  with  an  engine 
of  65   horse-power,  and  a  steam  flouring-mill   making  50 
barrels  per  day  of  the  finest  flour.    The  village  contains  4 
churches,  including  1  Methodist  and  1  Presbyterian,  both 
fine  brick  edifices.     Two  newspapers  are  published  here. 
Stone-coal  is  found  in  the  vicinity.    Laid  out  about  1841. 
Pop.  in  1860,  969. 
VAN  BUREN.  a  township,  Newton  co.,  Arkansas. 
V,\N  BUREN,  a  township.  Union  co..  Arkansas. 
VAN  BUREN,  a  post-village  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennessee, 
172  miles  from  Nashville. 
VAN  BUREN.  a  post-ofRce  of  Anderson  CO..  Kentucky. 
VAN  BUREN,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  '912. 
V.A.N  BUREN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hancock 
CO..  Ohio,  about  100  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  713. 
VAN  BUllE.V,  a  township,  Montgomery  CO.,  Ohio.  P.  1722. 


VAN 

VAN  BTIREN,  a  township  forming  the  N.E.  exueniity 
of  Putnam  co  ,  Ohio.    Pop.  625. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Shelby  co., 
Ohio.     Pop:  996. 

V A N  BUREN,  a  township,  Wayno  CO..  Michigan.   P.  1748. 

VAN  BURi:N,a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1370. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  post-township.  Clay  co.,  Indiana.  P.  14S8. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  township  of  Daviess  co  ,  Indiana.  P.  960. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  township,  Fountain  CO.,  Indiana.  P.  1266. 

VAN  BUREN.  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  882. 

VAN  BUR  EN,  a  township,  Kosciu.sko  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1111. 

VA.V  BUREN,  a  township,  Madison  co.,  Indiana.    P.  672. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  township,  Monroe  co.,  Indiana.    P.  1020. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  township,  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  661. 

VAN  BUREN.  township  of  Shelbv  CO,  Indi.ana.  Pop.  1108. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  post-office  of  De  Kalb  oo.,  Illinois. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ripley  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Current  River,  140  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Jefferson 
City. 

VAN  BUREN  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co., 
New  York,  about  150  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

VAN  BUREN  FUIUNACE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Shenandoah  co., 
Virginia. 

VAN  BUREN  HARBOR,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.. 
New  York,  on  Lake  Erie,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Dunkirk. 

VAN  BU'RENSBURG,  a  small  post-village  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Illinois. 

VANCE,  vdxss,  a  village  of  Belf^um,  province  of  Luxem- 
bourg, on  the  Semoy,  5  miles  AV.  of  Arlon.     Pop.  1135. 

VANCE'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  CO.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  liiver,  20  miles  above  Maysville,  contains  several 
stores,  and  about  200  inhabitants.  There  is  a  quarry  of 
slate  and  of  limestone  in  the  vicinity. 

VANCEBURG,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois, 
near  the  Chicago  and  Galena  Railroad,  about  15  miles  W. 
of  Itockford. 

VANCE'S  FERRY,  a  post-village  of  Orangeburg  district. 
South  Caroliua. 

VANCE'VILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

VAN  CLEVESVILLE,  a  post-ofiice,  Berkeley  CO.,  Virginia. 

VANCOUVER'S,  van-koo/vers,  or  QUADRA  (kwSd'ra)  aN'D 
VANCOUVER'S,  an  island  off  the  W.  coast  of  British  North 
America :  lat.  48°  19'  to  50°  53'  N..  Ion.  123°  17'  to  128°  28'  W. ; 
length,  from  N.AV.  to  S.E.,  278  miles;  breadth,  varying  from 
50  to  65  miles.  On  the  E.  and  N.E.  it  is  separated  from  tlie 
mainland  of  British  America  by  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and 
Queen  Charlotte's  Sound,  and  on  the  S.  from  that  of  the 
United  States  by  the  Strait  of  Juan-<le-Fuca,  on  the  N.  and 
W.  it  lies  open  to  the  North  Pacific.  The  interior,  of  which 
scarcely  anything  is  known,  is  said  to  be  fertile,  well-tim- 
bered, and  finely  diversified  by  intersecting  mountain-ranges 
and  extensive  prairies;  the  shores,  most  of  which  have 
been  carefully  explored,  are  generally  high,  steep,  and 
rocky,  nearly  unbroken  on  the  N.E.,  but  presenting  in 
other  directions  numerous  indentations,  many  of  which  are 
60  completely  land-locked,  either  by  jjrojecting  promontories, 
or  minor  islands,  stretching  acro.ss  their  mouths,  as  to  form 
excellent  natural  harbors..  Among  them  may  be  mentioned 
Nootka  Sound  on  the  W..  and  Camosack  or  Victoria  Hartor 
in  the  S.  The  only  navigable  river  at  present  known  is 
that  of  Nimkis,  in  the  N.E.  In  the  same  part  of  the  coast, 
and  it  is  believed  to  a  considerable  extent  inland,  a  field  of 
excellent  coal  exists,  and  lies  so  near  the  surface,  that  by 
the  aid  of  the  natives,  60  tons  were  obtained  at  an  average 
cost  of  about  $1  per  ton ;  the  seams,  however,  arc  only  from 
10  inches  to  18  inches  thick.  Fogs,  remarkable  both  for  den- 
sity and  duration,  are  of  frequent  occurrence.  The  winter  is 
very  stormy,  and  heavy  rains  fall,  particularly  in  November 
and  December.  Frost  occurs  on  the  lowlands  in  January, 
but  seldom  continues  long,  and  can  scarcely  be  said  to  in- 
interrupt  agricultural  operations.  Vegetation  begins  to 
advance  in  February,  makes  rapid  progre.ss  in  March,  and 
continues  to  be  fostered  by  alternating  warm  showers  and 
sunshine  in  April  .and  May.  The  .summer  heats  of  June 
and  July  are  excessive,  and  by  the  end  of  August,  or  begin- 
ning of  September,  the  long  grass  has  become  so  thoroughly 
parched  as  to  lie  easily  ignited. 

The  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  island  areunque.sti'on- 
ably  great,  and  the  farming  operations,  carried  on  chiefly  at 
Victoria,  near  the  harbor  of  that  name,  are  said  to  have 
succeeded  beyond  the  most  sanguine  expectations.  The 
principal  products,  in  addition  to  those  of  the  .soil,  are  furs, 
obtained  chiefly  from  the  beaver,  racoon,  land  otter,  and 
sea  otter;  and  fish  of  the  most  valu.ible  species  aVjound  on 
all  parts  of  the  coasts.  The  natives,  belonging  to  twelve 
tribe-s,  of  which  the  Kawitohin,  Quaquidts.  .and  Nootka  are 
the  most  numerous,  are  estimated  at  11.000.  They  appear 
to  be  industrious  and  friendly,  though  much  addicted  to 
thieving.  The  property  of  the  whole  island  was  granted  in 
1849  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  under  the  express  con- 
dition of  colonizing  it.  Attempts  with  this  view  h,Hve  ac 
cordingly  been  made,  but  have  not  met  with  much  success, 
partly  in  con.^equence  of  the  greater  attr.-ictions  offered  V'y 
the  gold-fields  of  California    p.'.xd  Australia.     Vancouver's 

.  :iOli> 


VAN 

relnnd  wiui  supposed  to  form  part  of  the  mainland  till  1799, 
wh«n  the  cHptain  of  an  American  vessel  sailed  through  the 
E.  channel  which  separates  it.  In  1702  it  was  visited  by 
Vancouver,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Quadra  aud  Vancouver ; 
thfl  former  name,  given  in  compliment  to  the  Spanish  com- 
mandant of  Nootka  Sound,  is  now  generally  dropped.  The 
agents  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  had  long  been  accus- 
tomed to  visit  it  regularly  for  the  furs  and  other  commodi- 
ties provided  by  the  natives,  but  it  attracted  little  attention 
till  recently,  when  the  discussion  of  the  Oregon  question 
brought  it  prominently  into  view.  By  the  boundfiry  treaty, 
the  entire  possession  of  it  has  been  formally  fixed  in  Great 
Britain,  and  there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  that  its  posi- 
tion, its  agricultural  capabilities,  its  excellent  harbors,  and 
its  coal,  destine  it  ere  long  to  occupy  a  prominent  place 
among  their  colonial  possessions. 

VANCOUVER,  FOKT,  is  the  principal  settlement  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company.  \V.  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the 
United  States,  Washington  Territory,  on  the  N.  side  of  Co- 
lumbia River,  here  1  mile  acros-s  90  miles  from  the  .«ea.  and 
at  the  bead  of  its  navigation  for  sea-going  vessels.  It  con- 
sists of  an  oblong  picketed  enclosure,  600  feet  in  length  by 
200  feet  in  breadth,  containing  dwellings,  workshops,  and  an 
elementary  school;  here  are  granaries,  an  open  village,  large 
farms,  fine  prairies,  and  woods  belonging  to  the  Company. 

VANDALIA,  van-dAle-j,  a  pos^vlllagfe  of  Montgomery 
eo..  Ohio. 

VANDALIA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  has 
grown  up  since  1850. 

VANDALIA,  a  post-office  of  Owen  CO.,  Indiana. 

A'ANDALIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois, 
and  the  former  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  Kas- 
kaskia  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  National  Road,  80 
miles  S.S.K.  of  Springfield.  It  w.as  laid  out  in  1818,  and  re- 
mained the  seat  of  government  till  1836,  during  which  period 
it  continued  to  flourish,  and  the  population  increased  to 
2000.  After  the  removal  of  the  scat  of  government  to 
Springfield,  the  prosperity  of  Vandalia  declined,  and  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  reduced  to  500,  or  less.  Since 
the  year  1^50,  however,  an  improvement  has  taken  place  in 
the  condition  and  prospects  of  the  village.  It  has  5  clnirches, 
1  academy,  and  1  machine-shop.  At  tiiis  point  the  Central 
Railroad  (main  line)  intersects  the  National  Road.  Two  news- 
papers are  published  here.  Pop.  in  1860,  1999;  in  1866, 
about  2100. 

VANTJALUSIA,  Spain.    See  asd.\lcsia. 

V'ANDELLOS,  v3n-d^l'yoce,  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia, 
province  and  about  24  miles  from  Tarragona.     Pop.  1175. 

VAN'DKRBURG,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  216  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the 
Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Kentucky.  The  surface 
is  mostly  undulating,  except  the  river  bottoms,  which  occupy 
about  one-fifth  of  its  area,  and  are  highly  productive.  An 
abundance  of  bituminous  coal  is  found.  The  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal,  459  miles  in  length,  terminates  at  Evausville, 
and  the  county  is  traversed  by  the  Kvansville  and  Craw- 
fordsville  Railroad,  which  extends  northward  to  'I'erre 
Haute,  Ac.  Organized  in  1818,  and  n.imed  in  honor  of  Henry 
Vanderburg,  who  was  a  judge  of  the  fir.st  court  formed  in 
Indiana     Capital.  Evansville.    Pop.  20.552. 

VAN'DERGRIFF'S.  a  post-offlce  of  Knox  co..  Tennessee. 

VAN  DEUSENVILLE,  van  diVzen-vill,  a  post-village  in 
Berkshire  eo.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Housatonic  River  and 
Railroad,  115  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  Albany  Branch 
Railroad  terminates  at  this  place. 

VAN  DIE.MEN'S  (van  dee/menz)  GULF,  North-West  Aus- 
tralia, between  Coburg  Peninsula  and  Cape  Hotham,  and 
Melville  Island.  It  is  aliout  100  miles  in  length  from  E 
to  W.,  and  50  miles  in  breadth. 

VAN  DIEMEN'S  LAND  or  TASMANIA.  taz-mA'ne-a,  an 
Island  about  100  miles  off  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Australia 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  Bass  Strait;  between  lat.  40° 
45  and  43°  35'  S.,  and  Ion.  144°  50'  and  148°  20'  E.  It  is  of 
the  shape  of  a  heart,  or  an  irregular  triangle,  with  its  base 
stretching  in  a  concave  curve  between  Cape  Grim  in  the 
A.W  and  Cape  Portland  in  the  N.E..  its  sides  taperin-'  gra- 
dually from  those  points,  the  one  in  a  S.S.E.,  and  the  other 
in  a  b.h.W.  direction,  till  they  meet  in  the  apex  at  South 
Cape;  greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  measured  on  the  me- 
ridian  of  14/°,  186  miles;  medium  breadth,  measured  on  the 
parallel  of  42°,  165  miles;  estimated  area  24.000  square  miles 
ahe  shores  are  generally  bold  and  rocky,  particulariv  on  the 
«.,  winch  present  long  ranges  of  barren  cliffs  of  co'lnmnar 
Dasalt,  with  scarcely  .an  opening  in  which  a  ve.ssel  can  find 
TV,  V  V^^'l'^P*  ^^"^^  "*■  ^I»<^"arie  Harbor  and  Port  Davev. 
h.,r  t\  J^^  u""^  *''°°^'  ^"""y  '^'<1  »"'!  unprovided, 
h.;.  .  -'.^^"l^  ^""""^  lo*  """''y  *>«aches  o<-cur,  we 

and  inThr^^l'"'^'''Y'^"-  **»«  ""^  ^^'"'''•y  of  the  Tamar, 
and  ill  the  S.E  and  S.  an  almost  uninterrupted  series  of 
anchorages  which,  for  shelter,  bottom,  and  depth,  are  scareel  v 
L'FnTlr  any  other  part  of  the  world.  In  ^XSlir 
D  Entrocasteaux  Channel,  which  stretches  forabout  .30  miles 

^  viZ  rom  aT"^*  ''",'*  *•?"  ^^"'""  °f  »■•""'•  -"!>  »  ^^^^^^^ 
varying  from  2  to  8  miles,  is  a  continuous  line  of  land-locked 
barU.rs  in  the  midst  of  maKuificeut  scenarv.  " 


2Uia 


maguificuut  scenery. 


VAN 

Facf  of  the  Country. — The  interior  is  remarkably  rugged 
and  mountainous.  The  main  chain,  commencing  in  the 
N.E.  at  Cape  I'orlland.  where  its  continuity  with  the  great 
E.  chain  of  Australia  is  made  apparent  by  peaked  i.-'lnnds 
extending  across  the  strait,  pursues  a  very  irregular  course, 
first  nearly  due  S.,  at  no  great  distance  from  the  E.  coast, 
till  it  reaches  Oyster  Bay,  where  it  turns  W.N.W.,  and  con- 
tinues in  that  direction  more  than  half-way  through  the 
centre  of  the  island.  It  then  suddenly  resumes  its  original 
direction,  curving  gradually  round  to  the  S.E.,  and  finally 
terminating  at  South  Cape.  This  tortuous  range,  formini^ 
the  water-shed  of  the  island.  Laa  a  mean  height  of  about 
3750  feet,  and  attains  its  culminating  point  of  5520  feet  in  the 
S.W.. in  Mount  Humboldt;  lat.  43°  25' S.,  Ion.  146°  7' E.  The 
other  most  remarkable  summits  occur,  not  in  the  main- 
chain,  but  in  two  lofty  branches  which  it  throws  off.  The 
one  of  these,  stretching  bet^veen  St.  Patrick's  Head  on  the  E., 
and  Port  Dalrymple  on  tlie  N.  coast,  presents  in  succession 
the  remarltable  summits  of  Ben  Lomond.  5000  feet;  Ben 
Nevis,  3910  feet;  aud  Mount  Arthur,  3900  feet  in  height;  the 
other,  breaking  off  at  Mount  Humboldt,  proceeds  E.,  and 
terminates  a  little  W.  of  Hobart-Town.  in  Mount  Wellington, 
4195  feet  high.  A  liue  drawn  from  the  Huon  in  the  S..  to 
Clarence  Lake  in  the  interior,  and  eontinuefi  N.W.  to  Cape 
Grim,  would  divide  the  island  into  two  nearly  equal  parts. 
The  section  to  the  E.  and  N.  has  been  minutely  surveyed, 
and  comprises  the  inhabited  portion  of  the  island  ;  that  to 
the  W.  aud  S.  is  not  only  uninhabited,  hat.  from  the  impe- 
netrable nature  of  the  vegetation,  and  the  alpine  character 
of  the  region,  which  have  baffled  the  most  intrepid  explo- 
rers, but  very  little  of  it  is  known.  From  the  highlands  in 
the  interior  snow-capped  peaks  are  seen  in  the  summer, 
skirting  the  horizon  to  the  westward,  and  it  is  conjectured 
that  these  mountain  ranges  are  between  7000  feet  aud  8000 
feet  high. 

Geoldyy. — In  all  the  mountain  ranges,  and  generally 
throughout  the  island,  the  prevailing  rocks  are  crystalline, 
consisting  of  basalt,  granite,  gneiss,  quart/.,  &c.,  either  \)t6- 
duced  directly  by  volcanic  action,  or  changed  and  moulded 
by  it,  and  hence,  as  might  be  expected  in  svich  circum- 
stances, the  scenery  is  often  of  the  wildest  description. 
Enormous  peaks,  of  the  most  fantastic  shapes,  tower  into 
the  clouds,  or  overhang  profound  and  tortuous  abysses, 
evidently  formed  by  rending  whole  mountains  asunder.  In 
these  the  most  frightful  precipices  occur,  among  others  one 
in  Ben  Lomond,  with  a  perpendicular  depth  of  3000  feet. 
Beyond  the  range  of  these  convulsions,  however,  regular 
sedimentary  strata,  chiefly  of  sandstone  and  limestone,  are 
largely  developed,  and  form  gentle  hills  or  undulating  val- 
leys, equally  remarkable  for  beauty  and  fertility,  and  usually 
watered  by  copious  streams. 

Minerals. — .\niong  minerals,  freestone,  limestone,  roofing- 
slate,  and  coal  have  already  been  turned  to  good  account. 
The  coal  occurs  in  two  fields,  one  in  the  S.E.,  at  Port  .Ar- 
thur, of  an  inferior  quality,  requiring  to  be  burned  along 
with  wood  to  assist  its  combustion ;  and  the  other  in  the 
N.E.,  near  the  Douglas,  of  better  quality ;  aud,  though 
much  disturbed  by  irruptions  of  trap,  contains  seams  of 
great  aggregate  thickness,  and  has  been  succe.-sfully  worked 
by  pits,  one  of  which  is  60  fathoms  deep.  Among  metals 
which  may  yet  be  made  available,  are  mentioned  both  gold 
and  silver;  lead,  of  which  a  vein  has  been  found  in  a  moun- 
tain-lime.stone  ridge;  copper,  believed  to  exist  in  the  same 
quarter;  and  iron,  both  excellent  and  abundant.  Silicified 
wood  is  found  here  in  great  abundance,  much  of  it  of 
opaline  texture,  and  su.sceptible  of  a  beautiful  polish. 

Itivers  and  Lakes. — The  river  system  radiates  from  the 
central  portions  of  the  island  towards  the  coast,  and  issues 
from  lakes  and  springs,  at  an  average  altitude  of  2000  feet 
above  the  .sea.  Of  these  streams  by  far  the  largest  is  the 
Derwent.  which,  issuing  from  the  beautiful  mountain-lake 
of  St.  Clair,  in  lat.  42°  S.,  flows  S.E.,  augmented  by  the 
Dee,  Ouse,  Clyde,  Jordan,  Ac,  aud,  after  forming  a  broad 
estuary,  pours  its  waters  into  two  main  channels,  that  of 
D'Eutreca-steaux  on  the  W'..  and  that  of  Storm  Bay  on  the 
E.  side  of  Bruni  Island.  Another  river  of  much  shorter 
length,  but,  from  the  width  and  depth  of  its  channel,  of 
scarcely  less  navigable  importance,  is  the  Tamar,  which, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  N.  and  S.  Esk  Rivers  at  the 
town  of  Launceston.  flows  N.N.W.  into  Port  Dalrymple. 
The  other  principal  streams  are  the  Huon  in  the  S.;  the 
Gordon,  which  has  its  mouth  in  Macquario  Harbor,  in  the 
W.;  and  the  A  thur  in  the  N.W.  The  two  la.st,  flowing 
through  distri^.s  of  the  most  inhospitable  character,  are 
very  little  known.  Great  or  Clarence  Lake,  the  largest  in 
the  island,  situated  ne.<ir  its  centre,  about  90  miles  N.W.  of 
Hobart-Town.  is  15  miles  long,  by  5  miles  broad,  but  owing 
to  the  numerous  creeks  and  windings  of  its  shores,  mea- 
sures nearly  100  miles  in  circuit. 

Climate.. — The  climate  is  colder  and  more  humid  than  that 
of  Australia,  and  in  respect  both  of  vegetative  power  and 
salubrity,  is,  on  the  whole,  superior  toit.  The  spring  month* 
those  of  September,  October,  and  November,  are  usually 
bright  and  clear,  with  occasional  rain  and  high  winds;  the 
summer  heat,  which  averages  ahont  70°,  sometimes  rises 


VAN 


VAN 


suddenly  to  100°  or  110°,  partly  in  consequence  of  a  stifling  1 
anil  blighting  N.  or  N.W.  wind,  but  is  almost  always  tem- 
pered by  alleviatinL;  land  and  sea  breezes;  autumn,  by  far 
the  pleasantest  season,  comproliending  March,  April,  and 
May,  is  generally  clear  and  bri>;ht,  and  free  from  clouds  and 
mists;  winter  is  never  severe,  except  in  high  or  exposed 
situations,  where  frost  is  frequent,  and  snow  often  falls, 
while  in  the  lower  grounds  its  moderate  and  genial  showers 
rather  assist  than  obstruct  the  husbandman's  labors. 

ZiKihtgy,  Agriculture,  &c. — The  indigenous  herbivorous 
animals  are  mostly  of  the  pouched  kind,  common  to  Aus- 
tralia, but  exist  in  greater  numbers  than  on  the  mainland; 
so  much  so,  that  the  kangaroo  leather  for  boots  and  shoes, 
and  opossum  furs,  constitute  articles  of  export.  Here  also 
Is  fiiuiid  a  unique  animal  of  its  kind,  called  the  "native 
tiger"  by  the  colouist-s,  being  the  largest  carnivorous  ani- 
mul  iu  Australasia,  though  not  larger  than  a  wolf.  The 
principal  natural  productions  are  extensive  native  forests, 
chietly  of  the  eucalyptus  pine  and  acacia,  several  of  which 
furnish  timber  for  ship-building  and  cabinet  work ;  and 
large  tracts  of  rich  and  verdant  pasture,  well  adapted  for 
cattle,  but  more  especially  for  slieep,  which  form  by  far  the 
most  important  source  of  wealth.  The  arable  lands  lie 
mostly  in  the  valleys,  in  quality  resembling  the  alluvial 
lands  of  Scotland,  and  in  about  the  same  proportions  to 
unavailable  land ;  45  bushels  to  the  acre  is  considered  an 
average  crop  of  wheat.  In  agriculture  considerable  pro- 
gress has  been  made,  and  all  the  ordinary  cereals  are  suc- 
cessfully cultivated.  The  wheat,  in  particular,  is  so  supe- 
rior in  quality,  that  when  brought  to  the  London  market  it 
commnnded  a  higher  price  than  any  other  grain.  In  1S28, 
the  whole  acres  under  crop  were  only  34.0X3,  but  20  years 
later,  in  1S48,  amounted  to  171,540.  Of  these,  t)4,700  were 
under  wheat,  14,042  under  barley,  29,463  under  oats,  3016 
under  potatoes,  and  49.313  under  hay.  In  live  sto<^k,  par- 
ticularly horses  and  sheep,  the  progress  has  been  equally 
rapid,  the  former  having  increased  in  the  same  perioJl  fi-om 
2034  to  17,196,  and  the  latter  from  553.698  to  1,752.963:  In 
1848  the  exports,  consisting  chiefly  of  wool,  wheat  and  flour, 
oil,  and  timber,  amounted  to490,28U. ;  theimport^,  of  which 
spirits  and  tobacco  seem  unfortunately  to  form  the  largest 
items,  to  594,154Z. 

I'liptilati/m,  G'lvernment,  Ac. — The  population  of  Van  Die- 
men's  Land,  in  1848,  amountetl  to  74,741,  of  whom  28,459, 
considerably  more  than  a  third  of  the  whole,  were  convicts. 
This  is  unquestioual  Jy  the  worst  feature  iu  the  social  sj-stem 
of  the  island.  Neither  the  religious  nor  educational  institu- 
tions have  been  able  to  provide  in  any  adequate  degree  for  the 
evils  which  it  entails,  but  a  more  effectual  remedy  will  proba- 
Wy  be  found  in  the  recent  enactments  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment abolishing  transportiition.  To  their  labor,  however,  must 
be  attributed  the  construction  of  the  many  excellent  public 
works  throu-rhout  the  island;  especially  the  turnpike  road 
from  Ilobart-l'own  to  Launceston,  a  distance  of  130  miles, 
which  cost  50U0/.  per  mile,  without  taxing  the  colonists  for 
the  outlay.  The  aboriginal  population,  once  sufficiently 
numei'ous  and  powerful  to  contest  the  superioritj'  of  the 
colonists,  is  now  all  but  extinct.  The  government  consists 
of  a  governor  and  executive  council,  nominated  by  the 
Crown,  and  of  a  legislative  council  of  at  least  24  members, 
of  whom  a  third  is  nominated  by  the  Crown,  and  two-thirds 
obtain  their  seats  by  election.     Capital,  IIobart-Town. 

History. — Van  Diomeu's  Land  was  discovered  in  1642  by 
the  Dutch  navigator  Abel  .Tanz  Tasman,  who,  believing  it 
to  be  a  part  of  the  Australian  continent,  gave  it  the  name 
of  the  then  Dutch  governor  of  the  East  Indies.  Its  other 
name  of  Tasmania  has  been  given  it  in  honor  of  the  navi- 
gator himself.  Its  next  vi.sitor  was  Captain  Cook,  who  Siiiled 
along  the  coast  in  1769.  The  fact  of  its  separation  from 
Australia  was  first  made  known  iu  1797.  by  .\Ir.  Bass,  a  sur- 
geon of  the  British  navy.  The  first  settlement  on  it  was 
made  iu  1803,  by  a  g\iard  of  soldiers  with  a  body  of  con- 
victs. The  natives,  after  having  been  reduced  from  a  com- 
paratively dense  population  of  several  thousands  to  a  mere 
remnant,  were  removed  first  to  Flinders  Island,  and  then 
to  Maria  Island  on  the  S.K.  coast.  There,  at  the  beginning 
of  1849, 12  men,  23  women,  and  one  male  child,  were  the 
only  survivors  of  the  unmixed  aboriginal  race.  They  have 
siuce  been  removed  to  comfortable  dwellings  near  IIobart- 
Town.  They  were  reduced,  in  (1854)  to  28  individuals.  The 
convict  stations  are  now  almost  wholly  confined  to  Maria 
iLilaiul  and  Tasman  Peninsula. 

V  ANDIER.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States.   See  Valbieri. 

VANDOLA,  La.  Id  vdn-do^a,  the  most  E.  of  the  Admiralty 
Islands ;  lat.  (centre)  2°  14'  S.,  Ion.  148==  10'  16"  £.,  under  3 
miles  iu  circumference,  densely  inhabited. 

VANDSBL'KG,  fands'booKO,  a  town  of  West' Prussia,  13 
miles  S.  of  C;immin,  bordering  a  lake,  upon  an  island  in 
Thicli  is  a  castle.     Pop.  915. 

VAN-DVKE,  van-dik,  (Little,)  an  island  of  the  British 
West  Indies,  Virgin  Islands,  near  Tortola,  of  which  it  is  a 
dependency. 

VAX-DYKE.  (JosT,)  an  island  of  the  British  'West  Indies, 
Virgin  Lslands.  3  miles  X.AV.  of  Tortola,  of  which  it  is  a  de- 
pendency, is  3  miles  in  length  by  Ij  miles  iu  breadth. 


VANDYKE'S  JITLL.  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co..  Kentuckj 

V.VNET'TEXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chemung  co.,  >ew 
Y'ork,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Elmira. 

V.iNOK.  a  parish  of  Englnnd,  co.  of  Essex. 

A'.'VN  HILL,  a  post-ollice  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee. 

VAN  IIISE'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co..  Xew  Jersey 

VAN  HOOli'3  STOKE,  a  post-office  of  Person  co..  North 
Carolina. 

VAN  IIORNESVILLE,  van  hornz'vil.  a  post-office  of  Her- 
kimer CO.,  New  York. 

A'ANIAMBADDY,  vil-ne-3m-bad'aee,  a  town  of  Briti-sb 
India,  presidency  and  105  miles  AV.S.W.  of  M.adrjis.  on  an 
island  in  the  Palaur.     It  has  temples  of  Sceva  and  Vishnu. 

VANIKORO,  vJ-ne-ko'ro,  VANICOLO,  .MANNICOLO  or 
PITT'S  ISLAND,  an  i.-land  of  the  South  I'acific,  lat.  (Mount 
Kapogo)  11°  36'  30"  S.,  Ion.  166°  53'  24"  E.  It  is  30  miles  in 
circuit,  lofty,  and  covered  with  trees  to  the  water's  edge,  and 
remarkable  as  the  .scene  of  the  disastrous  shipwreck  of  La 
Perou.se.  in  17S8.     l>op.  1500. 

VANKLUEK'  HILL,  a  town  of  Canada  'West,  co.  of  Prcs- 
cott,  60  miles  from  Montreal,  with  2  churches  and  3  schools. 
It  has  manufjictures  of  pot  and  pe.arl  ashes,  iron,  and  cloth, 
and  steam  flour  and  saw  mills.     Pop.  750. 

VANLU,  van-loo',  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hancock  co.. 
Ohio,  on  the  Eindlay  Branch  Kailroad,  about90  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Columbus.     Pop.  about  .300. 

A'AN  METER'S,  a  small  village  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

VANNES,  vdnn,  formerly  VENNES,  vjnn,  (anc.  Dari- 
nrliffum,  afterwards  yenfeti,)  a  seaport  town  of  Friince, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Morbihan,  near  the  liigoon 
of  Jlorblhan,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Brittany,  61  miles  N.AV.  of 
Nantes;  lat.  47°  39'  20"  N.,  Ion.  2°  45'  W.  Pop.  in  1852, 
13,585.  It  has  a  massive  cathetlral.  an  ancient  castle,  now 
the  prefecture,  a  theatre,  and  several  other  public  edifices, 
formerly  monastic  institutions;  3  ho.spitals,  and  other  cha- 
rities; a  school  of  navigation,  communal  college,  public 
library  of  8000  volumes,  numufactures  of  woollens,  linens, 
cottons,  liice,  and  leather,  some  ship-bnilding.  and  a  brisk 
coasting  trade,  though  its  port  is  adapted  only  for  vessels 
of  small  burden.  In  the  vicinity  are  traces  of  the  ancient 
Darioriijum,  which  opposed  an  obstinate  resistance  to  the 
Roman.s. 

VANNOY'S  MILL,  a  small  post-village.  Pike  co.,  5Iissour!. 

VA  NN'S  V  AL'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Georgia,  about 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Rome. 

VANN'S  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio. 

VANOSC,  vd^nosk',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Ard^che.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Toumon.     Pop.  1667. 

VAN  RENSSELAER,  (rens'sfl-lgr.)  a  township  of  Ottawa 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  707. 

V.\NS.  Les,  \k  v5k",  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Ardeche,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Largentiere.    Pop.  in  1852.  2875. 

VANSIT'TART  BAY,  North-West  Australia,  is  E.  of  Ad- 
miralty Gulf;  lat.  14°  S.,  Ion.  126°  20'  E. 

VANSITTAHT  HILLi?,  East  Australia,  are  N.  of  Liver- 
pool Plains,  near  lat.  31°  1.5'  S..  Ion.  149°  50'  E. 

VANSITTART  ISLAND,  British  North  America,  is  be- 
tween Southampton  Island  and  Melville  Peninsula;  lat.  65" 
40'  N.,  Ion.  84°  W. 

VANU.\-VALAVO,  vil-noo/d  vd-ld/vo,  or  SIR  CHARLES 
MIDDLETON'S  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific, 
1)elonging  to  the  Feejee  group;  lat.  (N.AV.  point)  17°  10'  S., 
179°  2'  50"  W.  It  has  on  its  W.  sitle  a  spacious  harbor,  with 
a  village  at  its-  head,  and  a  large  stream  of  water.  Pop. 
about  lOOO. 

VANVES,  v3nt,  or  A'ANVRES.  tSnvV,  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine,  with  a  detached  fort  for  the 
defence  of  Paris,  and  a  lunatic  asylum.     Pop.  in  1852.  3862. 

VA.N  AVERT,  a  county  iu  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering 
on  Indiana,  contains  about  390  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  St.  Mary's  and  Little  Auglaize  Rivers.  The  surface 
is  level,  and  covered  with  a  great  variety  of  timber.  The 
soil  is  a  fertile  loam,  with  a  substratum  of  blue  marl,  im- 
pervious to  water.  The  land  requires  draining  in  some 
parts.  The  Jliami  Canal  passes  along  the  eastern  bonier  of 
the  CO.,  which  is  intersected  by  the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne 
and  Chicago  R.R.  Orgsinized  in  1820,  and  named  in  honor 
of  Isiuic  A'an  AVert,  one  of  the  militiamen  who  captured 
Major  Andre.     Capital,  Van  AVert.     Pop.  10.238. 

A'AN  AVERT,  a  i>ost-vil!age  of  Paulding  county,  Geor- 
gia, on  the  Euharlee  Creek,  150  miles  N.AA'.  of  Milledgeville. 
It  has  1  church,  1  academy,  and  2  or  3  stores. 

A'AN  WERT,  a  pa-it-village,  capital  of  A'an  AVert  co..  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Indiana  IJailroad.  136  miles  N.AV.  of  Colum 
bus.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  sandy  ridge  extending 
B.  and  AV.  This  riJge  is  raised  about  20  feet  above  the 
plain,  and  forms  an  excellent  read.  A'an  AVert  contains 
1  national  bank,  2  churches,  6  dry-goods  stores,  and  2  news- 
paper offices.     Laid  out  in  1837.     P'op.  1015. 

VANZAG HELLO,  vdn-zd-ghMlo,  a  village  of  Northern 

Italv,  province  and  atout  22  miles  N.AV.  of  .Milan.     P.  1064. 

A'ANZ.iGO,  vdn-zd'go.  or  AMCNZ.A.GO,  vjn-zd/go,  a  village 

of  Northern  Italy,  province  and  10  miles  N.AV.  of  Milan,  on 

the  Olona.     Pop.  1259. 

1      VAN  ZANDT,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Texas, 

■i-jlT 


VAP 

lua  an  area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
roni-Cf  8  of  tUe  Neclies,  and  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Sa- 
bine River  Named  in  honor  of  Isaac  Van  Zandt,  member 
of  the  Texan  Congress.  Capital,  Jordan's.  Pop.  37  h,  of 
■whoD-  3455  were  free. 

VAl'RIO.  va'pre-o.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Pied- 
mont, province  and  13  miles  N.M.W.  of  Xovara.  Pop.  3000, 
partly  engaged  in  paper-mills.  ,,„     ., 

A' A  PIUO,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  delegation  and  18  miles 
E.  of  Milan.     Pop.  2000. 

YAR,  var,  (It.  Varo,  vi'ro ;  anc.  rii/rus,)  a  frontier  river 
of  France  and  Italy,  rises  in  the  Alps,  flows  S..  then  K.  and 
S  ,  and  after  a  course  of  CO  miles  enters  the  Mediterranean 
at  St.  Laurent,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Antibes.  For  the  last  15 
miles  it  forms  the  boundary  between  the  French  depart- 
ments of  Var  and  Alpes  Maritimes. 

VAR,  the  most  S.  E.  department  of  France,  bordering  on 
the  Mediterranean  and  the  Sardinian  States.  Area  2773 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  315,526.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Chief  rivers,  the  Var,  Argens,  and  Verdon.  Olive 
oil,  oranges,  lemons,  dried  fruits,  cork,  and  silk,  are  among 
its  principal  exports;  the  corn  raised  is  greatly  below  the 
quantity  required  for  home  consumption.  The  principal 
aia'iufaitures  are  of  perfumery,  soap,  paper,  leather,  coarse 
woollens,  earthenware,  and  marble  goods.  Var  is  divided 
into  the  four  arrondissemeuts  of  Draguignani  Toulon,  Brig- 
poUes,  and  Grasse.    Capital,  Draguignan. 

VARADES,  vJ'rSd',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Loire-Inferieure,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  and  on 
the  railway  to  Tours,  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nantes.  Pop.  in 
18o2,  3-Wl. 

VARAGES,  vJVJzh',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Var,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Brignolles.    Pop.  1500. 

A'ARAGGIO,  a  town  of  Italy.    See  Vakazze. 

VARAITA,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  States.    See  Vraita. 

VARALLO,  vl-rillo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  division  and  30  miles  N.W.  of  Novara,  on  the  left 
bauk  of  the  Sesia.  Pop.  2S07.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron 
and  copper  wares,  and  adjoiuing  it  a  remarkable  hill,  the 
Sacro  Monte,  on  which  are  a  handsome  church,  and  about 
50  oratories. 

VAR  ANGER-FIORD,  v^rjng'gher  fe-oRd'.  a  deep  inlet  of,' 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  between  Russian  Lapland  and  Norwav, 
(Finmark,)  lat.  70°  N.,  and  Ion.  28°  40'  to  31°  E.  It  receives 
the  surplus  waters  of  the  Lake  Enare. 

VARANO,  vl-rd'no.  (anc.  La'cus  I'yicJnusf)  a  lagoon  of 
Naples,  province  of  Capitanata,  on  the  Adriatic  shore,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Peninsula  of  Gargano.  Length  5  miles, 
breaith  4  miles.    On  its  E.  side  is  the  village  of  Varano. 

VARANO.  v.^^r3'no',  (Slavonian  Varanov.  v5-r3-nov'?)  a 
Tillage  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zempliu,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Hanuj'falva. 

V.\R.^F^DIO,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Cala- 
bria Ultra  L,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Gioja.    Pop.  1200. 

VARANO-DE-MELEGARI,  vH-r^'no  dA  mi-1.4-ga/ree.  a  vil- 
lage of  Northern  Italy,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Parma,  on  the 
Ceno.    Pop.  1975. 

VARASDIN,  a  fortified  town  of  Austria,  in  Croatia.  See 
Warasdin. 

VARAZZE.  vl-rat's-i,  or  VARAGGIO,  vj-ridgo.  a  market- 
town  of  the  Sardinian  dominions,  division  and  18  miles 
S.W.  of  Genoa,  with  a  harbor  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  and 
Bome  ship-buildiug.    Pop.  7779. 

VARBERG,  vaR'ljJRG.  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden,  hrn  and 
37  miles  N.N.W.  of  Halmstad,  on  the  Cattegat.     Pop.  1690. 

VARDAR,  vJrMdr',  (anc.  jixfius.)  a  river  of  European 
Turkey.  Macedonia,  after  a  S.  course  of  170  miles,  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Salonica,  12  miles  W.S.\A'.  of  Salonica. 

VARDE  or  WARDE,  vaRMgh.  a  town  of  Denmark,  pro- 
vince of  Jutland,  amt  and  23  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rlbe,  on  the 
Vanie.    Pop.  1400.    It  has  manufactures  of  tobacco. 

VARDOE  (Vardiie)  or  WARDOE  (Wardoe.)  vaR'do>h.  an 
Island  of  Norway,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  off  Finmark.  with 
Vaediehlus.  the  most  N.  fort  in  Europe,  lat.  70°  20'  36"  N 
Ion.  31=  10'  E. 

VAREDO.  vj-ri/do.  or  VARfe,  vj-ri',  a  village  of  Northern 
lUily.  about  8  miles  N.  of  Milan,  on  the  Seveso.     I'op.  1648. 

VAREL,  fl'rfl,  a  market-town  of  North  Germany,  Oklcn- 
buri:.  near  the  mouth  of  the  Jahde.  in  the  German  Ocean. 
35  miles  N.W.  of  Bremen.  I'op.  3164.  It  has  a  harbor  de- 
fendeil  by  the  fort  Cbristiansburg. 

VARELA,  vd-r-i'ia.  an  islet  in  the  Strait  of  Malacca,  60 
miles  E.  of  Delli.  Sumatra. 

VARKLLA,  vd-rtlli.  or  AVARELLA.  a-vJl-rMli.  CAPE. 
Atiam,  is  the  most  E.  headland  of  Cochin-China.  76  miles 
S..S.E.  of  Quinhone.— The  False  Cape  Avarella  is  another 
headland.  90  miles  further  S. 

VAItENNA.  vd-rJn'n-l,  a  village  of  Northern  Ttalv,  delp<Ti- 
Uon  of  Conin.  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Conio.  Pop.  2000 
.  "^r^'^'l'^'^'l^S.Ta-r^nz',  a  postvillaseof  Anderson  district, 
Bonth  rarolina,  about  100  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Columbia. 

V.^RENNES,  vJV6nn'.  a  village  and  parish  of  Canada  East, 
^.  of  \erchftres,  15  miles  from  Montreal. 

VARENNE?-EN-AI!O0NNE.  vJVJnn'  zJn  aR'sfonn'.  a  vil- 
lage of  France,  department  of  M«use,  on  the  Aire,  16  miles 
2018  ' 


VAR 

W.N.W.  of  Vei-dun.  Pop.  in  1852, 1607.  Here  l/ouia  XVI 
and  his  family  were  detected  and  seized  in  their  attemptod 
flight,  20th  June.  1791. 

VARENNES-SAINT-SAUVEUR,  vdVfnn'  sSn«  sO'vcr'.  ■ 
town  of  France,  department  of  SaOne-et-Loire.  on  the  Sevron. 
arrondissement  of  Louhans.     Pop.  in  1852.  2287. 

VARENNES-SOL'S-DUN,  vdVun'  soo  dii.N".  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  arrondissement  oi 
Charolles.     Pop.  1435. 

VARENNES-SOUS-MONTSOI?EATJ,  Trr2nn'  soo  mf'S''^ 
Bo'TiJf,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Slaine-et-Loire.  on 
the  Tours  and  Nantes  Railway,  arrondissement  of  Sauriiur. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2536. 

VARENNES-SUR-ALLTER,  TSV^nn'  sur  Srie-A',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Allier,  18  miles  S.  of  Moulins.    P.  2461, 

VARESE,  vd-r.Vs4.  a  town  ot'Northern  Italy,  in  Lombardy, 
13  miles  W.  of  Como,  E.  of  the  L;ikc  of  Varese.  Pop.  8360. 
It  has  thriving  silk  manufactures. 

VARESE,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian  dominions, 
division  of  Genoa,  province  and  14  miles  N.E.  of  Chiavari, 
near  the  Apennines.    Pop.  of  commune,  0600. 

VAKESE,  LAKil  OF,  Northern  Italy,  in  the  province 
of  Como,  4  miles  E.  of  Lago  Slaggiore.  into  which  it  pouri 
its  surplus  waters.    I>ength  5  miles,  greatest  breadth  2  miles. 

A'ARGULA,  vaR'goo-l3,  (Gross,  groce,  and  Kleix,  kline,) 
two  nearly  contiguous  villoges  of  Prussian  Saxony,  circle 
of  Langensalza.     Pop.  1120. 

VAR  II  ELY.  vaR'hM',  (Wallack  Gradisfje,  grS-disfyi,  a 
village  of  Transylvania,  county  of  Hunyad,  17  miles  S.W. 
of  V.ijda-IIunyad.  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  capital  of  Dacia, 
afterwards  occupied  by  the  Romans,  and  named  Utjria  Ira- 
jana,  of  which  some  vestiges  exist,  consisting  of  defensive 
works,  <tc.     Pee  Udvarhely. 

VARIA.  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Verta. 

A'A'RICIv,  a  post-township  of  Seneca  co.,  New  Y'ork,  ex- 
tending from  Cavuga  Lake  on  the  E.  to  Seneca  I-ake  on  the 
W..  abgut  165  ni'iles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1904. 

VARI'ETY  51  ILLS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia, 
112  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

VARIGNANA,  vd-reen-j'i'nS,  a  town  of  Central  Italy, 
situated  11  miles  S.E.  of  Bolocna.    Pop.  3000. 

VARILLES  or  VARILHES,  vaVeel/,  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Ari6ge,  5  miles  N.  of  Foix,  on  the 
Ariege.     Pop.  1700. 

VARINAS,  vd-ree'nas,  or  BARTNAS,  Ba-ree/nS.s,  a  town 
of  A'enezuela,  capital  of  a  province  of  its  own  name,  on  the 
San  Domingo.  SO  miles  S.E.  of  Merida;  lat.  al«>nt  7°  40'  N., 
Ion.  70°  20'  W.  The  river  becomes  navigable  at  Torunc. 
about  14  miles  below  the  town ;  so  that  Toruno  may  be  con- 
sidered the  port  of  Varinas.     Pop.  estimated  at  12.000. 

A' .\K IOC- BE,  an  island  of  Maaaga.=car.     See  No^Beh. 

VARKIIAN.  vaiOkJn',  alargp  village  of  Turkish  Armenia, 
pashalic  of  Van,  22  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Bitlis.  on  route  to  Sert. 

A'ARL.  vaRl.  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Westphalia, 
government  of  Minden.  near  Lubbecke.     Pop.  1863. 

A'AR'MINTOWN,  a  village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New  Jfersey, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton. 

A\4RNA  or  AVARNA,  vaR'n^,  (anc.  Odfs'svsf)  a  fortified 
seaport  town  of  European  Turkey,  Bulgaria,  on  the  S.AV. 
shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pravadi,  47 
miles  E.  of  Shoomla.  Lat.  of  the  tower  43°  12'  2"  N.,  ion. 
27°  56'  E.  It  occupies  a  gentle  height  on  the  N.W.  side 
of  a  semicircular  bay,  formed  by  two  rocky  promontories; 
is  surrounded  by  a  stone  wall,  10  feet  high,  which  is  loop- 
holed,  and  defended  by  several  batteries  and  other  outworks. 
It  is  wretchctlly  built,  and  the  whole  place  has  an  appear^ 
.ince  of  decay ;  the  only  public  buildings  of  any  note  are  a 
few  mo.equps  with  tall  minarets.  There  is  no  projier  harbor, 
but  the  bay,  though  open  to  the  E.  and  S.E..  affords  good 
anchorage,  it  being  sheltered  on  the  N.  and  N.E..  from  which 
blow  the  most  dangerous  winds  of  the  Black  S<>a.  Imme- 
diately AA'.  of  the  town  is  the  Lake  Denna.  formed  by  the 
Pravadi  and  other  streams  from  the  neighboring  hills.  It 
has  been  proposed  to  make  a  navigable  cut  connecting  this 
lake  with  the  bay.  AVere  this  effected,  A'arna  would  h.Hve 
one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  Bl.ick  Sea.  and  might  soon 
rival  Odessa  as  a  seaport.  Even  at  present  it  has  a  consider- 
able trade.  In  1847  its  exports,  chiefly  of  grain,  poultry,  and 
eggs,  amounted  to  .ibout  ^^5,000,000.  The  Hungarian  army  of 
Ladislaus  and  .Tohn  II unlades  w.is  totally  defeated  at  Aarna 
by  the  Turks  under  Amurath  II..  November  10, 1444.  The 
town  was  taken  by  the  Russians  In  1S28.  A  great  fire, 
August  10.  18<i4.  destroyed  about  one-fourth  of  the  houses, 
and  vast  quantities  of  military  stores  prepared  for  the  expe- 
dition to  the  Crimea.  There  has  recently  been  established 
a  submarine  telegraph  from  A'arna  to  Balaclava,  a  distance 
of  about  300  miles.     Pop.  about  14,000. 

A'AR'NA,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co  ,  New  York,  on  Fall 
Creek,  5  miles  E.  of  Ithaca.     It  contains  several  mills. 

A'ARNAVIN  or  AVARXABIN,  vaR-nd-veen',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government,  and  165  miles  E.S.E..of  Kostroma,  on 
the  A'etl'coga.     Pop.  1600. 

VAR/X ELL'S,  a  station  on  the  Eart  Tennps.see  aud 
Georgia  Railroad,  9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Dalton,  Geoigia 

VARO,  a  river  of  France.    See  Vak. 


VAR 


VAU 


TARO'QTIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Vernon  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  90  miles  W.N.W.  of  Madison.  It  has  2  churches, 
i  stores,  and  1  bank.    Pop.  of  Varoqua  township  1164. 

VAUS,  van,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Cha- 
rente,  8  miles  N.  of  Angouleme,  on  tlie  Chareute.  Pop.  in 
18r)2,  2076. 

VAIiSAND,  FAZEKAS,  fd'zi'kosh'  vfiR'shond',  a  village  of 
Hungary,  co.  of  Arad,  3  miles  from  Simand.    Pop.  4069. 

VAKSI,  a  village  of  Italy.     See  Varzi. 

VAKtiOVIE  or  VAKSOVIA,  a  city  of  Poland.  See  Warsaw. 

VAIITA.     See  Warta. 

VARUS.     See  Var. 

VA'RVSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  New  York, 
on  Tonewanda  Creek,  30  miles  E.  by  S.  of  BulTalo.  It  con- 
tains 2  or  3  churches,  and  several  mills. 

VARZI,  vard'zee,  or  VARSI.  vaR'see,  a  village  of  North- 
ern Italy,  2.5  miles  S.W.  of  Parma.     Pop.  1500. 

VAliZI  or  VARSI,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
sion of  Genoa,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Po,  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Bobbio.     Pop.  2045. 

Y.\RZO,  vard'zo,  a  village  of  the  Sardiniail  States,  division 
of  Novara,  province  of  Pallanza.     Pop.  2846. 

VARZV,  ViiR'zee',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Niijvre.  at  the  foot  of  a  vine-clad  hill,  27  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Novers.    Vop.  in  1852.  3302. 

VASA  or  \VASA,  vi'.-id,  a  seaport  town  of  Finland,  capital 
of  a  lajn,  on  a  small  bay  of  the  Baltic,  60  miles  N.E.  of 
Chri-xtiaiistadt.  Lat.  63°  4'  3"  N.,  Ion.  21°  43'  E.  Pop.  3340. 
It  was  founded  in  1611,  by  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  Its 
port  has  become  much  obstructed  by  sand. 

VAS.V-BAKRIS,  v.i'.sa-b!iR-rees',  or  IRAPIRANO,  ee-rd-pe- 
r3ng',  a  river  of  Brazil,  ri.««s  in  the  Serra  Itiuba.  province  of 
Bahia,  flows  E.  and  unites  with  the  Sergipe.  The  united 
stream  continues  its  course  8  miles  further,  and  falls  into 
the  Atlantic. 

VASAKHELY,  a  town  of  Transylvania.    See  Maros  A'a- 

BARHEI.y. 

VASARIIELY,  IIOLD-ilEZO,  hold-mA'zo^  vi'shan'hJr.  a 
large  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  C.«ongrad,  on  Lake 
Ilodos,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Szegediii.  Pop.  26,166,  employed  in 
rai.sing  wine  and  tobacco.  It  has  several  well-frequented 
fairs. 

VASAKHELY,  KEZDI,  kjz'dee'  va'shdR^hJlN  a  large 
market- town  of  Tran.'sylvania,  Szeklerland,  co.  of  Ilaromszek, 
34  miles  N.E.  of  Kronstadt. 

VASARIIELY,  SO.MLYO,  shomlo^  va/shdit'her,  a  large 
market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  and  26  miles  ^V.  of  Veszprim, 
on  the  Torna.  and  at  the  foot  of  the  Somlyo  Mountain. 
Pop.  25.000,  who  raise  wine  and  tobacco. 

VASHKA.  VACHKA,  VASCHKA  or  BASHKA,*  vJsh'ka, 
written  alsoA'A.lCA  or  V.\.IK.\,  vdzh'k.i.  a  river  of  Ru.ssia, 
rises  iu  the  government  of  Vologda,  lat.  62°  20'  N..  flows 
N.N.^V.,  and,  after  a  coui-se  of  above  200  miles,  joins  the 
Mezen. 

VASILISIIKIorVASILICIIKT,vase-lish'kee,town,Russian 
Poland,  government  of  Groduo,  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lida. 
Pop.  1550. 

VASILKOV  or  WASILKOW,  vl-.':il-kov',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kiev.  Pop.  8000,  among 
whom  are  maiiy  Jews. 

VASIO.     See  Vaisoji. 

VASIOOGAN  or  VASIOUGAN.  v^se-oo-gdn',  written  also 
WASIUGAN  and  WASSIOUGAN,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
rises  in  the  E.  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk,  flows  E.N.E., 
and  juins  the  Obi  on  tlie  left,  about  30  miles  below  Narim, 
after  a  course  of  about  170  miles. 

VA.'^KU'f,  vdshlioot,  a  village  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Biics,  4 
miles  from  Baja.     Pop.  3388. 

VAS.S.\LBOKOUGlI,  vas'sal-bur-riih,  a  post-village  and 
township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  on  the  E.  side  of  Kenn(!- 
bec  River,  14  miles  \.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  The  village  is  the 
centre  of  an  active  trade,  and  by  means  of  a  lock  and  a  dam 
across  the  Kennebec  at  Augusta,  vessels  are  enabled  to 
ascend  the  river  to  this  place.  Leather  and  cotton  goods  are 
manufactured  here.     Population  of  the  township,  3181. 

VAS'S.\R,  a  post-villiige,  capital  of  Tuscola  co.,  Midiigan. 

A'ASSOURAS,  viis-sCrds.  a  village  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Eio  de  Janeiro.     Pop.  of  the  district,  4000. 

VASSY,  vds'see',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute- 
Mavne,  on  the  Blaise,  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chauraont.  Pop. 
in  1852.  2867.  It  is  celebrated  in  history  for  the  massacre 
of  its  Protestant  inhabitants  by  order  of  the  I)uke  de  Guise 
in  1662. 

VASSY,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados,  10 
miles  E.  of  Vire.     Pop.  iu  1852.  3250. 

VAST,  Le,  leh  vdst.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Mauche,  11  miles  E.  of  Cherbourg.     Pop.  in  1852,  1521. 

V.\ST,V\.  v^^tdn'.  a  village  and  ra.stle  of  Turkish  .\rmenia. 
pashalic  of  Van,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Van,  on 
which  it  has  a  small  port. 

VASTO.  iL,  eel  vds'to.  (anc.  Istohiium?)  a  town  of  Naples, 
prfivince  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  31  miles  S.E.  of  Chieti,  and  li 
ffillea  from  the  Adriatic'  Pop.  9000.    It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 

*  Sea  note  to  Sevastopol,  page  1757. 


and  has  a  spacious  market  square,  two  churches,  one  erected 
on  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Ceres,  8  convents,  hospitals, 
asylums,  a  handsome  palace,  and  manufactures  of  wooller. 
cloth,  silks,  and  coarse  earthenware,  with  an  active  lishery, 
anil  a  large  annual  fair. 

VASTO-OKRARDO,  vds'to  ji-raR/do,  a  market-town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Molise,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lsernia.  on 
the  Trigno.     Pop.  1800. 

VATAN,  vk'tiffs^l,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre, 
12  miles  N.W.'of  l.ssoudun.     Pop.  in  1852,  3212. 

VATERSA,  vdt'er-s,%  or  WATEliSA,  wA'ter-sa,  a  littl* 
island  of  the  Outer  Hebrides,  .Scotland,  co.  of  Inverntss, 
immediately  S.  of  Barra,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
narrow  sound.     Pop.  64. 

VATHI  or  BATIIl.  vd'thee.  the  capit-il  town  of  the  Ionian 
island  of  Ithaca,  on  the  S.  side  of  its  gulf  or  harbor.    1 '.  2,'.00 

VATHI,  a  town,  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  the  island  of  Samos, 
with  2400  inhabiUnts. 

VATRENUS.     See  S.\NTERN-o. 

VATU-LELE,  vd'too  lA'lA,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands.  S.  of 
Viti-Levu;  lat.  (N.  point)  18°  31'  S.,  Ion.  177°  35'  W.  It  is 
surrounded  by  dangerous  reefs. 

VATZ,  OBKR.  o/ber  vilts,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Grisons,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rhine,  11  miles  S.  of  Chur- 
Loire.     Pop.  S72. 

VATZ,  UNTER,  Cfln'ter  vdt.s,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  5 
miles  N.  of  Chur  (Coire.)"    Pop.  1150. 

VAUBECOURT,  vob'kooR/,  a  market-town  of  France,  de- . 
partment  of  Meuse,  on  the  Aisne,  10  miles  N.  of  Bar-le-Duc. 
Pop.  1100. 

VAUCLIN,  Le.  lA  vo^klSx"',  a  town  of  the  French  West 
India  island  of  Martinique,  on  its  E.  coast.    Pop.  4878. 

VAUCLUSE,  vO'kluz',  (L.  VaVlis  CUiti/sa;  It.  Veil  Cliiusa, 
vdl  ke-oo'sd.)  a  depHrtment  in  the  S.E.  of  France,  having  S. 
and  W.  the  Durance  and  Rhone  Rivers.  Area  132S  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  268,255.  Surface  hilly  in  the  E.,  where 
it  is  traversed  by  ranges  of  the  Alp.s,  highest  point  Mount 
Ventoux;  and  the  soil  is  not  generally  fertile.  Less  corn 
Is  raised  than  is  required  for  home  consumption ;  principal 
proilucts  wine,  silk,  almonds,  and  other  fruits;  madder, 
saffron,  and  aromatic  seeds.  Chief  manufactures  are  of^ilk 
stuffs  at  Avignon  and  Orange;  woollen  fabrics,  perfumery, 
c6nfectionery,  printing  types,  and  gla.ss  wares.  Vaudusa 
is  divided  into  the  arrondLssements  of  Apt.  Avignon,  Carpen- 
tras,  and  Orange.  Capital,  Avignon.  The  name  of  VaI'- 
CLUSB  (••  enclosed  valley")  is  derived  from  the  fountain  of 
Vaucluse,  the  source  of  the  little  river  Sorgues.  issuing  fr<jm 
an  imtnen.se  cavern  overhung  and  surrounded  by  rocks  and 
mountains.  This  fountain  is  celebrated  for  the  loves  of  Pe- 
trarch and  I/aura. 

VAUCLUSi;.  FONTAINE  DE,  fiNo'tdn'  deh  vo'kUiz',  a 
village  and  remarkable  fountain  of  France,  department  of 
Vaucluse,  15  miles  E.  of  Avignon.  Its  scenery  Ls  mo.-'t 
picturesque,  but  it  derives  its  chief  celebrity  from  having 
t)een  the  residence  of  Petrarch.     (See  preceding  article.) 

VAUCLUSE',  a  small  village  of  Edgefield  district.  South 
Carolina. 

VAUCOULEURS,  vO'kooMuR',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  and  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Commercy.  Pop.  in 
1852.  2655.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  geographer  Claude 
de  Lisle. 

VAUD,  vo,  or  PAYS-DE-VAUD,  p,Ve-deh-vo',  (Oer.  Waatlt, 
^^t,)  a  canton  of  West  Switzerland,  having  S.  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,  W.  France,  and  on  the  other  sides  Savoy  and  the 
cantons  of  Valais,  Bern,  Freybourg,  Neufchatel.  and  Geneva. 
Area  1185  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1860,  213,157,  nearly  all 
Protestant.?.  The  surface  in  the  S.E.  is  covered  by  ram- 
parts of  the  Alps,  and  in  the  N.W.  by  those  of  the  .lura; 
elsewhere  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  the  Cpper  Rhone, 
Orbe.  and  Broye ;  it  compri.«es'the  Lake  Joux  and  part  of 
the  Lakes  Neufchatel  and  Morat.  The  raising  of  corn  and 
wine,  and  the  rearing  of  live  stock,  are  the  chief  branches 
of  industry ;  and  the  best  vineyards  of  Switzerland  are  in 
this  canton.  Salt  from  the  springs  of  Bex,  marble,  coal, 
sulphur,  and  a  few  metals  are  produced;  manufactures 
unimportant;  transit  trade  into  France  and  Germany  active. 
The  government  is  more  aristocratic  than  in  most  of  the 
Swiss  cantons.  Chief  towns,  Lausanne  the  capital.  Vevay, 
Morges,  Nyon,  and  Avenches.  It  holds  the  19th  place  in 
the  Swiss  Confederation.  Previously  to  1798  it  was  subordi- 
nate to  Bern,  under  the  name  of  the  Pays-de-Vaud. 

VAUDftMONT,  v(Vdi'mA.N»',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  C  miles  S.  of  Vezelize,  formerly  fortified. 
Pop.  400. 

VAUDREUIL,  (Fr.  pron.  voMruI',)  a  county  of  Canada 
East,  situated  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  province.  Ik.unded  on 
the  S.E.  by  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  on  tlie  N.  by  tha 
Lake  of  the  Mountains.  It  is  watered  by  the  river  De  I'lsle, 
and  numerous  other  streams.  Area  330  square  miles.  Capi- 
tal, Vaudreuil.     Pop.  21,429. 

VAUGHA.NSVILLE,  vawnz'vill,  a  post-office  of  Newbeixy 
district.  South  Carolina. 

VAUGHXSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co..  Ohio. 

VAU'GINE.  a  township  in  .TefTerson  co.,  Arkansas. 

VAUGIRARD,  vOVhee'raR',  a,commune  of  France,  depart- 

2019 


TAU 


VEL 


at-nt  of  Sf'me,  foinaing  a  guburti  of  Paris  on  the  S.W., 
tritbin  Its  foi-tificatioiis.    Pop.  in  1852,  15,615. 

VACLIOX.  viiUe-<j><^,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Yaud,  at  the  foot  of  Uent-de-Vaulion.    Pop.  9S0. 

V.\UL10.V,  DENT  UK,  dlN"  (li-h  vO'le-(i>"^,  a  mountain  of 
Switzerland,  Jora  chain,  canton  of  Vand,  4898  feet  above 
the  !<ea. 

VAULyXERSnOLME,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

VAU-VKS.  a  river  of  Central  America.    See  Capk  Kiver. 

VAU'SIM'  or  B.\U'S1M',  a  town  of  India,  Deccan,  Nizam's 
domiuions,  85  miles  S.W.  of  EUicbpoor. 

VAU  VEKT,  vOHaiR/,  a  market>town  of  France,  department 
of  <jard,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Nimes.    Pop.  in  1852,  4167. 

VAUVILLEKS,  vO'veeV^'j  a  town  of  i' ranee,  department 
of  llaute-Saune,  20  miles  N.  of  Vesoul.     Pop.  1240. 

VAUX,  vO,  a  village  of  Prance,  department  of  Rhone. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2280. 

VAUX.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  22  miles 
■W'.N.W.  of  Vervius.    Pop.  1000. 

V.\UX'IIALL',  a  suburb  of  the  British  metropolis,  in 
Surrey,  W.  of  Kenuiugton,  24  miles  S.S.VV.  of  St.  I'auPs, 
London,  comprised  in  the  borough  of  Lambeth,  and  con- 
nected with  Westminster  by  a  bridge  across  the  Thames,  950 
feet  in  length.  Here  are  Vauxhall  Gardens,  numerous  dis- 
,.illerie.s,  fiiotorie.'J,  and  gas  works,  chiefly  along  the  low 
chore  of  the  river.  It  has  a  station  on  the  South  Western 
Itaihvay. 

VAliXHALL,  a  suburb  and  gardens  of  Birmingham,  Eng- 
land, at  ha  N.E.  extremity. 

V.iUXIlALL.  a  village  of  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey,  7  miles 
W.  of  Newark.' 

VAUX-SOL'S-CIl£VREMONT,  v6  soo  sh.iv'r'mA.x"/,  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  and  4  miles  S.E.  of  Liege,  on  the 
Yesdre.     I'op.  2386. 

YAYAO,  vd-vi'o,  or  YAVAU,  v3-v5w',  an  island  in  the 
Pacitic  Ocean.  Friendly  Islands;  lat  18°  39'  2"  S.,  Ion.  17 4-^ 
1'  W.  Length  10  miles.  Estimated  population  OOOO.  It  is 
of  coral  rock,  well  wooded,  fertile,  and  has  a  good  harbor. 

YAVITOLf,  vrl-ve-too/,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  Pacific 
OceAn.  Lat.  23"  42'  S.,  Ion.  147°  60'  W.,  discovered  in  1791. 
Surface  elevated. 

YAVRZENCZTCI.    See  Wawrzencztce. 

YAY'NOR,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Brecon. 

YAYR.\0.  vA*rfk'.  a  villacre  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
21  mites  N.E.  of  Gourdon.    Pop.  1700. 

A'AYR  ES,  viR.  a  villaee  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
on  the  Dordosne.     Pop.  IfiOO. 

A'AZAB.\RIU?,  v.^-zS-b^R-Beece'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  enters 
the  Atlantic  near  lat.  11°  S.    Length,  about  300  miles. 

Y.\ZEEKABAD,  vd-zeeVd-bdd',  YAZIKABAD or  WAZEE*- 
RABAIV,  a  town  of  the  Punjab,  near  the  Chenaub,  64  miles 
N.W.  of  Lahore.  It  is  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in 
India,  having  been  rebuilt  in  European  style,  and  possess- 
ing a  good  bazaar  and  a  palace,  erected  by  Runjeet-Singh. 

YE.VLTOWX,  veel'tOwn,  a  small  village  of  Somerset  co.. 
New  Jersey,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Somerville. 

YKASKY,  vee/so,  a  township  in  Drew  co.,  .Arkansas. 

YE  AZI E,  a  posttownship  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine ;  incorpo- 
rated -March  26,  1853. 

YECUELDE,  f^K'Jrdeh,  a  village  of  Germany,  duchy  and 
C  miles  W.  of  Brunswick,  on  the  Hanover  Railway. 

YECIIIXGE.V,  vjK'ing-en,  or  VECIIIOEN,  v^K/ig-en,  a 
village  and  pari.sh  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Bern,  on  the 
■«  orblun.     Pop.  2597. 

YECHT,  v^Kt,  or  WECIIT.  «^Kt,  an  arm  of  the  Rhine, 
jn  the  Netherlands,  branches  from  the  Old  Rhine  at  Utrecht, 
and  after  a  northward  and  navigable  course  of  18  miles 
enters  the  Zuyder-Zee  at  Muiden. 

YECIIT  or  WECHT,  a  river  of  Prussian  Westphalia.  Han- 
over, and  the  Netherlands,  enters  the  Zuyder-Zee  at  Gene- 
niuiden,  Overyssel,   after  a  N.>V.  course  of  90  miles. 

A  EC'UTA,  vOK'ti,  a  walled  town  of  North-Mest  Germany, 
duchy  and  28  miles  S.  of  Oldenburg,  Pop.  1976.  It  has 
manufactures  of  linens. . 

VECKENSTADT,  fek'ken-statt\  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony,  government  of  Magdeburg,  S.S.E.  of 
Osterwick.  on  the  Use.     Pop.  1052 

YECKERliAGEX,  fik^kfr-ki^-hen.  a  market-town  of 
Germaiiy.  Ilesse-Cassel,  province  of  Nieder-IIessen.  on  the 

V rr-ri\"n" v.^r ?'■  °i ^''V'*'-   ^'°P-  1**S8.   U  has  a  castle. 
\  l-Lfls  or  VECI'A.    See  Isle  op  Wight. 

n,il^-"N'o0.1t''"?'„*?l!.r''''''°'^''"™"=''y'«''°"*^- 
I   ^  ''Vv'^'^.k''  ^'^^DA^O-DoLONA,  viKia/no  do-lo'n.i,  a  vil- 

VKHf"'*]!""""";'"^''*"  "  ^'"  "^'^  theOlona.   Pop.1547^ 

^^tPIl■.?,Jj''e'•  of  Turkey.    See  Vode.  ^ 

A  EDI  NUM.     See  Ul>lXE. 

YEDKIN.  vAMrjN"'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province,  and  N. 


°'^v  l"1?v"^"  T  *  "™'""  "'■  '♦"  O""  "an>e.     Pop.  1355 


and  Arrhem  Railway.    In  the  spring  of  1S55,  it  stiffered 
greatly  from  an  inundation  of  the  Rhine.     Pop.  2997. 

A'EFSEX.  vjf'sen,  a  river  rising  in  Sweden,  and  traversing 
Norwav.  enters  the  .\tlantic.     Length.  90  miles. 

YEERAX-SHEHR  or  YIRAX-SHEHR.  ve-ran'sh?h'r,  a 
ruined  city  of  Asia  Minor.  5S  miles  E.  of  Kaisareey^■h.  It  baa 
some  remains,  and  excavations  in  the  adjacent  rocks. 

YEG.\,  v.Vgrl,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon,  9  miles 
from  Pouferrada.     Pop.  1090. 

VEHR,  vaiR.  formerly  KAMPYEER,  kjmp'vair.  a  mari- 
time town  of  the  Xetherlands.  province  of  Zeeland,  on  the 
X.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  M'alcheren.  Pop.  1082. 
YE'GA,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa. 
YEGA,  L.\,  Id  vd'gd.  a  town  of  Hayti.  78  miles  N.W.  of 
St.  Domingo,  in  an  elevated  region,  on  the  site  of  a  city  of 
same  name,  ruine<l  by  an  earthquake  in  1564. 

YEGACERYERA,  va-ga-lh^R-vA'rd,  a  village  of  Spain, 
province  of  Lvon,  on  the  Torio.     Pop.  1458. 

YEGA-DELrYALARCE,  vA'gd  dfl  vd-laR'th.^  a  village  of 

Spain,  province  and  about  70  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1080. 

YEGA-DE-Rn'ADEO,   vA'gd  dA  re-va-i>i/o,   a   village   of 

Spain,  Asturiius,  province  and  60  miles  W.  of  Oviedo,  at  th« 

confluence  of  tlte  Suaron  and  Eo.     Pop.  1^7. 

YEGA-DE-SANT.i-BRIGIDA,TA/gddA  sdn/td  bre-Hee'Da,  a 
village  of  the  Canary  Islands,  on  the  Grand  Canary,  in  the 
centre  of  the  island,     i'op.  3382. 

YEGAS-DE1.-C0XDAD(),  vd'gds  dJl  kon-dd/do,  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  12  miles  from  Leon.    Pop.  1071. 

YEGEX.  vA'gh^n,  an  Island  of  Norway,  province  of  Trom- 
stie,  15  miles  off  the  coast,  lat.  65°  44'  N.,  Ion.  12°  K,  about 
30  miles  in  circumference. 

YEGESACK.  v!l/ght'h-.sdk\  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
territory  and  10  miles  X.W.  of  Bremen,  on  the  Weser.  Pop. 
2000.    It  has  ship-building  docks. 

YEGLIA,  v.-il'yd  or  v^l'yd,  an  island  of  the  Adriatic,  com- 
prised in  the  Austrian  kingdom  of  Illyria,  government  of 
Triest,  in  the  Gulf  of  Quarnero,  E.  of  Istria.  separated  from 
the  Hungarian  Littorale  and  Croatia  by  the  Channel  nf  -Mop- 
lacca,  and  having  S.W.  the  island  of  CliersO,  3  miles  distant. 
Length  23  miles,  greatest  breadth  12  miles.  I'op.  15.000. 
Surface  mountninou.«,  sterile  in  the  X.  and  E.,  fertile  else- 
where. It  produces  timber,  wine,  silk,  fruits,  marlile,  salt, 
and  many  live  stock.  Corn  is  imported  from  Croatia.  The 
fisheries  are  important. 

YEGLIA,  the  capital  town  of  the  above,  on  ita  S.W.  sidej 
has  a  small  harbor,  defended  by  a  castle.     Pop.  3600. 

YEGLIE.  v.'ll'yi,  a  town  of  Xaples,  province  of  Otranto, 
21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brindisi.    Pop.  1350. 

YEILE  or  WEILE,  vj/leh.(?)  a  town  of  Denm.irk.  Jutland, 
capital  of  an  amt  on  the  Yeile,  at  the  head  of  the  Yeile- 
fiord.  13  miles  X.W.  of  Fredericifu    Pop.  2000. 

YjilLEFIORD.  vilfh  fe-oRd/,  is  an  inlet  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Jutland,  15  miles  in  length  and  4  miles  in  breadth  at  its 
entrance. 

YEIGY-FOXCEXXEX.  vA'zhee'  f6xo'sJn*nd',  a  village  of 
theSanlinian  States,  division  of  Savoy,  province  of  Faucigny, 
near  the  Ilermance.     Pop.  1125. 

YEITSHOCHEIM,  (Yeitshocheim.)  vTt'sho-KTme\  a  village 
of  Bavaria,  Lower  Francocia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Main, 
4  miles  X.W.  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  1346. 

YEJER,  v,i-HaiR',  or  BEJER  DE  LA  FROXTERA,  K-l-naiR/ 
dd  Id  fron-td'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  27  miles  S.E. 
of  Cadiz,  on  the  Barbate.  Pop.  S360.  It  has  manufactures 
of  wooHens  and  sacking. 
yEK.\  SLATIXA.  a  town  of  Hungary.  See  Szal.\t.\.4. 
A'EL.\.  La.  Id  vAld,  a  seaport  town  of  Yenezuela,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Coro,  lat.  11°  25'  N.,  ion.  69"  40'  W. 

A'ELAIXE,  veh-lAn',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  1 
mile  S.  of  Xamur,  on  the  Sambre.    Pop.  1627. 

YELAIXES,  Vfh-lain',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ilainaut,  6  miles  X.E.  of  Tournai.    Pop.  2528. 

YEL.\S'CO.  (Sp.  pron.  vA-lds'ko.)  a  viiKage  of  Brazoria  co., 
Texas,  at  the  month  of  the  Brazos  River,  aljout  45  miles  S.AY. 
of  Galveston,  and  30  miles  by  water  S.E.  of  Brazoria.  It  has 
a  landing  for  steamboats,  but  is  said  to  be  not  improving. 

Y ELATE.  vA-ld'fA.  avillageof  Northern Italv.  province  and 
16  miles  X.E.  of  Milan.     Pop.  1086. 

YELAUR.  ve  lawr'.  a  river  of  llindostan,  presidency  of 
Madras,  rises  in  lat.  10°  28'  N.,  Ion.  78°  21'  E.,  f:ows  E 
through  Madura  and  Tanjore.  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, at  lat.  10°  0'  X.,  Ion.  79°  17'  E. 

YELAUR.  a. river  of  llindostan,  rises  in  the  F.ast  Ghauts 
in  South  Arcot,  flows  E.  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal', 
ne."ir  Porto  Xovo:  lat.  11°  29'  X.,  Ion.  79°  50'  E. 

YEL.\Y.  veh-lA',  an  cild  province  of  France,  now  comprise*? 
in  the  department  of  llaute-Loire.    Its  capital  was  Le  Puy. 
YELAZGHERD,  vA-Idz-gherd'.  a  towu  of  Persia,  province 
of  Kirman.  55  miles  N.E.  of  Gombroon. 

YELBURG.  fel'boORG,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  24  miles  I  .W.  of 
Ratisbon.     Pop.  944. 

YELDEX,  f^l'den,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Nuremberg. 

VELDEX.  a  market-town  of  Lower   Bavari.1,  12  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Landshut. 
YELDEX,  a  village  of  Carinthia,  10  k  I  »s  E.  of  YiUach. 


VEL 


YEN 


VELliAVUZELT,  vlld'^i-zelt,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
irinci'  of  Limburg,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Hasselt.    Pop.  1076. 

VKLE.  a  river  of  France.     See  Vesle. 

VELKIA.     See  Velleia. 

YKLliSTINA,  vA-lfs-teu'ni,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Thessaly.  10  miles  W.  of  Yolo. 

VELEZ.  v.Vl^s  or  vilJlh.  a  town  of  New  Granada,  province 
ana  GO  miies  N.  of  Tunja,  lat.  (fi  10'  X.,  Ion.  73°  nO'  \V.,  on  the 
guare/!.    The  waters  are  bad  and  unwholesome.    Pop.  7546. 

VELEZ  BL.\XCO,  vMJth  bldnlio,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  GO  miles  N.N.E.  of  Almeria.  Pop.  7546.  It  has 
oil-mills,  tili!-works,  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens,  hats, 
and  soap,  and  a  trade  in  excellent  wool. 

VEI-EZ  DF.  BEXAUDALLA,  v.Wfth  dk  M-nciw-dai'yJ,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  30  miles  S.E.  of  Granada. 
Pop.  3150. 

VELEZ  MALAGA,  v,Vl?th  mini-gi,  (anc.  .Ifcnola.)  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  14  miles  E.N'.E.  of  Malaga,  on  the 
river  Velez.  ue.ar  its  mouth  in  the  Mediterranean,  Pop. 
16.000.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  at  the  foot  of  .oteep 
mountains,  and  its  spires  and  convents  are  clustered  around 
a  .Moorish  castle,  now  in  ruins.  It  trade  has  greatly  declined, 
and  it.-j  roadstead,  defended  by^  a  ca.'itle,  is  indifferent. 

VELEZ  itUBIO,  vilfth  roo'be-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  54  miles  N.X.E.  of  Almeria.  Pop.  12,342.  who  manufac- 
ture woollen  fabrics.  It  is  clustered  around  a  castle,  and 
near  it  are  chalybeate  springs. 

VElillA,  vil'yd,  a  lofty  and  extensive  serra  in  Brazilian 
Guiana,  between  the  Para  and  the  Amazon. 

VEIJIAS,  KIO  DAS,  ree'o  dds  vjl/yis,  or  GUAICUIII, 
gwi-koo-ee'.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Gerees, 
rises  in  the  N.  slope  of  the  Serra  Paraupeba,  flows  E.,  and 
joins  the  Sao  Francisco  on  the  left. 

VKLTJ,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  VELizn. 

A'ELIK.\IA.  vA-le-kI'd,  a  river  of  Russia,  chiefly  in  the 
government  of  Pslv)v,  flows  N.  past  Opotchna,  Ostrov,  and 
Pskov,  and  enters  tlie  Lake  of  Pskov  at  its  S.E.  extremity, 
after  a  course  of  160  mili^s.    It  is  large  and  rapid. 

VELIKEE  LOOKI  or  VELIKI-LOUKI,  vi'lee'keo  looTcee, 
("the  Larin  ifexidnw")  a  town  of  Ilussia,  government  and 
132  miles  S.E.  of  I'skov,  on  the  Lovat,  Pop,  4000.  It  has 
7  churches,  several  schools,  and  upwards  of  32  factories, 
chietiv  for  leather. 

VELIKI-XOVGOHOD.    Sec  Novgorod. 

VELTKl-USTIUG.  a  town  of  liussia.    See  OosTiooo. 

VELILLA  DE  EBIIO,  v.Vleel'yd  di  .Vbro,  a  marketrtown 
of  Spain,  province  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Sarago.«sa. 

VELILLE,  v.\-leel'yd,  a  town  of  South  Peru,  department 
and  70  miles  S.  of  Cuzco. 

VELIXO.  vA-lee'no,  (anc.  Velihius,)  a  river  of  Italy,  rising 
on  the  X.  declivity  of  Monte  Veliuo,  flows  N.X.W.  past  Ifieti 
to  join  the  Xera,  in  the  State  of  Umbria,  4  miles  E.  of  Ternl. 
Length  ,54  miles,  in  which  it  has  some  rapid  descents.  The 
fall.-i  of  the  Velino,  called  the  Cascata  del  M.VR!UORE,(kis-ki'tl 
dJl  man'mo-r.A,)  near  its  junction  with  the  X'era,  are  celebrated 
as  amongst  the  finest  cascades  in  the  world,  and  the  more 
curious  as  being  artifici.il  for  drainage.  They  consist  of  3 
separated  leaps.     Total  height  850  feet. 

VELINO,  MOXTE,  mon't.i  v4-lee'no.  a  mountain  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  Xaple.s,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  II.,  N.W.  of 
Lake  Fucino,  is  8174  feet  high,  and  one  of  the  principal 
summits  of  the  Apennines. 

VELITK.E.     See  Velletri. 

VELIZII  or  VELIJ,  v.i-lizWor  vJ-leezhA  or  VELISII,  (Pol. 
Wicliz.  <\e  4'lish,)a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  and 
17  miles  N.P'.  of  Vitebsk,  on  the  Dwina.  Pop.  6S00.  It  has  a 
citadel,  and  considerable  exports  of  corn,  hemp,  and  linseed, 
to  liiga.  It  was  founded  by  the  Russians  in  1536,  and  taken 
by  the  Poles  in  loSO,  but  it  reverted  to  Russia  in  1722.- 

VELL.VXO.  vJl-lJ'no,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Val  di 
Xievole.  4  miles  N.X.E.  of  Pescia.     Pop.  2500. 

VI:LLAUX0DUXUM.    see  Beaune. 

VKLrj.\UU.  vjl-lawr',  a  river  of  British  Tndi.i.  presidency 
of  iladras,  enters  the  Indian  Ocean  30  miles  S.  of  Pondi- 
sherry,  after  an  eastward  course  of  100  miles, 

VELLEBITZ  or  VELLEBITII,  a  mountain  range  in  the 
Austrian  Empire,     See  Morlacca. 

VELLEIA,  vM-lA'yd,  or  VELEIA,  v.\-l.Vyl,  a  buried  city 
of  nnti(juity,  "the  Pompeii  of  Northern  Italj',"  jiroviuce  of 
Parma,  on  the  Nura,  18  miles  S.  of  Piacenza.  It  is  supposed 
to  have  been  submerged  by  the  crumbling  of  an  adjacent 
mountain  about  the  end  of  the  3d  century,  and  it  remained 
concealed  till  the  year  1760,  when,  and  subsequently,  an 
am  phi  theatre,  temples,  a  forum,  and  many  dwellings  were 
discovered. 

VELLETRI,  vJl-lA'tree,  (anc.  Vditrcf.)  a  walled  town  of 
Italy.  Pontifical  States,  comarca  and  21  miles  S.E.  of  Rome. 
Pop.  10.000,  mostly  agricultural.  It  stands  on  a  heii;ht, 
rommanding  fine  views  of  tlie  Campagna  di  Roma  and  Pon- 
tine Marshes,  and  has  a  town-hall,  constructed  by  Bramante, 
The  Borgian  Museum,  now  in  Naples,  was  originally  formed 
in  the  Borgian  Palace  here.  Velitra;  was  an  important  city 
of  the  Volsci.  and  tlie  original  residence  of  the  Octavian 
family.    Augustus  is  believed  to  have  been  born  here  B.  c.  63. 

VELLORE,  vJPlOr/,  a  town  and  fort  of  British  India,  pre- 


sidency of  Madras,  district  and  15  miles  "W.  of  Arcot.  Th» 
fort  is  large,  and  conUiins  spacious  barracks.  handiiom<i 
quarter.?,  and  a  curious  pagoda.  The  town,  immediately 
southward,  and  3onnected  to  the  fort  by  outworks,  is  also 
large  and  populous.  Vellore  was  the  residence  of  Tippo> 
Saib's  family  from  1799  to  1806,  when  a  native  revolt  hei\ 
cau.sed  their  removal  to  Calcutta. 

VELSEX,  vjl'sgn,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  North 
Holland,  5  miles  X.  of  Haarlem.     Pop.  862. 

VELSiQUE-KUDBERSHOVEN,  v61/se-keh  rood'ders-ho^ 
ven,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders,  lOi 
miles  S,  of  Glient.     Pop.  2061. 

VELSK,  vJUk,  or  VIATLSK,  ve-dtlsk'.  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  130  miles  N,E,  of  Vologda,  on  the  \  aga, 
here  joined  by  the  Vel.  Pop.  1800.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and 
trade  in  corn,  tallow,  and  pitch, 

VELTHEM-BEYSSEM,  vflt'hem  bais'sem,  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1202. 

YEiyrSl'URG,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria.    See  Feldsrepq. 

VELUCIII,  vA-loo'Koe,  (anc.  TympliresHtts,)  the  principal 
summit  of  Mount  Oita,  North  Greece,  N.E.  of  the  village  of 
Karpenisi,  and  7657  feet  in  elevation, 

A'ELUWE,  v.A-loo'vA,  a  district  of  Holland,  forming  the 
X^.W.  part  of  the  province  of  Gelderland,  and  compri-sed  be- 
tween the  Zuider-Zee,  the  Ys.sel,  and  the  Rhine, 

VELZEX.  vJIfsen,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Holland,' on  the  Y,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Amsterdam. 
Pop.  2088. 

VEM'ENTKY,  one  of  the  small  Shetland  Islands.  Scot>- 
land,  5y  miles  E.  of  Papa-Stour,  on  the  S.  side  of  St.  Magnus 
Bay.     It  has  good  pasture  laud. 

VEX ACIIOI R  or  VEX  X  ACHAR,  LOCH.  loK  v^n-nS-Kar'.  of 
Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  is  an  expansion  of  the  Teitli.  21  miles 
S.W.  of  Callander,  3^  miles  iu  length  by  1  mile  in  width, 
and  having  wooded  shores. 

A'EX  ADO,  vA-nA/Do,  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
department  and  45  miles  N.  of  San  Luis  Potosi.     Pop.  8000. 

VENAFRO,  v,A-ni'fro,  (anc.  JVw«f/r«m.)  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro,  district  of  Piedimonte,  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Capua.     Pop.  2800.     It  has  a  cathedral. 

VEXAISSIN,  Vfh-nAsV^N"',  an  old  county  of  France,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Rlione,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Pope, 
and  now  comprised  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse. 

VEX'ANGO,  ve-nang'go,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Penn- 
.sylvania;  area  860  square  miles.  Alleghany  liiver  flows 
throiigii  the  middle  of  the  county  in  a  S.W.  direction ;  F'rencb 
Creek  (called  by  the  Indians  Venango  Creek)  enters  tha* 
river  near  the  county  seat ;  it  is  abso  drained  by  Oil,  Teonistiv, 
and  Racoon  Creeks.  The  surface  is  broken;  the  streams 
flow  through  narrow  valleys,  which  are  separated  from  the 
uplands  by  steep  and  rugged  hils.  The  soil  of  the  uplands 
is  moderately  fertile,  and  adapted  to  pasturage.  Iron  ore, 
stone-coal,  and  limestone  are  the  most  valuable  mineral 
products.  Immense  quantities  of  oil  are  procured  in  tliis 
county,  by  boring  through  the  rock.  The  creeks  furnish  copi- 
ous and  permanent  motive-power.  Alleghany  River  is  navi- 
gable for  steamboats.  Organized  in  1800,  and  named  from 
Venango  Creek.     Capital,  Franklin.     Pop.  25,043. 

VENANGO,  a  village  and  township  forming  the  N.E, 
extremity  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

VENANGO,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
intersect<!d  by  French  Creek,  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Meadville. 
Pop.  1997. 

A'EN.\NGO,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Penn.sylvania,   P.  1616. 

VtlNANGO  CREF;K.  of  Pennsylvania.    See  French  Creek. 

VEXAXS,  veh-nSx"',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  division  oT  Turin,  2  miles  W.X.W.  of  Susa. 
Pop.  1428. 

VlilXASCA,  vA-nJs'kd,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  division  of  Coni,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Saluzzo,  on  the 
Varaita.     Pop.  2650. 

VEXASQUE,  vA-nd.s'kA.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  54 
miles  N.E.  of  Iluesca,  near  the  Pyrenees  and  the  French 
frontier.  It  has  a  fort,  a  custom-house,  and  medicinal 
springs. 

VEXASQUE,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Vauclu.se,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Carpentra.s.    Pop.  980. 

VEXCATIGHERRY,  ven-kA-te-ghSr/ree,  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  South  Arcot,  on  the 
My.sore  frontier,  43  miles  W.  of  Vellore. 

VEXCE,  v6nss,  (anc,  Vinlcium?)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Var,  11  miles  N<E.  of  Grasse.  Pop.  in  1852,  3612. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 

VEND.\,  GRAXDE,  grAn'dA  vin'dA,  a  village  on  the  coast 
of  Brazil,  province  and  8  miles  from  Rio  de  ,/aneiro. 

VEXD£e  or  LA  V£XDf-E,  lA  vAn^MA',  a  lirer  of  France, 
giving  name  to  a  department,  the  S.E.  part  oi  which  it  tra- 
verses, rises  in  the  Forest  of  Chantemarle,  department  of 
Deux-Sevres,  flows  S.W.  past  Fontenay-le-Cj^mte,  and,  after  a 
course  of  46  miles,  joins  the  Sevre-Xiortaise,  a  little  above 
Marans, 

VENDUE  or  L.A.  VEXD£e.  a  maritime  department  in  the 
W.  of  France,  having  N.  the  Atlantic,  Area  2595  square  miles. 
Pop,  in  1861,  395,695,    The  surface  is  level  in  the  X.  and  W. 

2021 


TEN 

nortiODS,anf  marshy  toward  tlie  const,  elsewhere  undulating 
au-1  woTdeJ.  More  corn  and  wine  are  i-aised  than  are  required 
for  hoTie  coi  sumption ;  other  products  are  hemp,  flax,  wool, 
filled  lattle  for  the  Paris  markets,  coal,  and  a  lew  metals. 
The  mauutictures  are  paper,  woven  fabrics,  le;»ther,  and 
beet-root  su-ar,  but  unimportant.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  arrondissements  of  Bourbon- VeudCe,  Fonienay,  and 

Les  Sables  d'OIonne.    Capital,  Uourbon-Vendee. Adj.  and 

iuhab.  Vexd£.\x,  v^n-dee'.Hn.  ,  •     .     ± 

VENDKN  or  WKNDEX,  vJn'den  (Russ.  Kess,  kess.)  a  town 
of  Kussia,  government  of  Livonia,  on  the  Aa,  50  miles  X.E. 
of  Ki"-a.  Pop.  2000.  It  was  founded  in  1205,  and  once  con- 
tained the  residence  of  the  Grand  Masters  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  now  a  ruin.  j        »        . 

VENDEUVRE.  T8s°Muhv'r',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Aube,  at  the  .-ource  of  the  Barse,  13  miles  W.  of  Bar-sur- 
Aube.    Pop.  in  1852, 1946.  ,         ^        x     , 

VKNDEUVKE,  a  commune  of  France,  department  ol 
A'ienne,  arroudissemeut  of  Poitiers.    Pop.  in  1S52,  2182. 

VENDOME,  v6x«\lome',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ltar-el-Chcr,  on  the  Loir,  39  miles  W.  of  Orleans.  Pop.  in 
1852,  9325.  It  has  a  ruined,  but  once  strongly  fortified 
castle  of  the  Dukes  of  Vendome;  a  communal  college  and 
public  library,  hospital,  cavalry  barracks,  theatre,  public 
baths,  and  manufactures  of  leather  gloves,  coarse  cotton 
fabrics,  cotton  hosiery,  and  paper.  It  was  formerly  capital 
of  a  district  cidled  the  VmdOmois,  now  comprised  in  the 
departments  of  Loir-et-Cher  and  Sarthe. 

VENDOTEN'A,  vto-do-tA'nd,  (aiic.  randakt'ria,)  an  island 
of  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Naples,  23  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Ischia.  It  is  8  miles  in  circumference;  fertile,  well  culti- 
vated, and  having  a  small  town  and  fishing  port.  Pop.  500. 
It  was  used  by  the  Komans  as  a  place  of  banishment  for  state 
prisoners. 

VENDRELL,  v5n-drJI',  (anc.  Palfuriana  f)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  17  miles  N.E.  of  Tarragona,  near  the  Mediter- 
ranean, on  which  it  has  a  small  port.    Pop.  3982. 
VEN'ECI.^.    See  A'EXtCE. 
VEXEDTG.  a  city  of  Tt.nlv.    See  Ventte. 
VEXEUIA.  vA-nA-ree'3.  a  town  of  Italy.  Sardinian  States.  6 
miles  X.AT.  of  Turin,  with  a  roval  palace  and  sardens.  P.  3000. 
VENERIS  PORTUS.    See  Porto  Yexere." 
VENETIA.     See  Venice. 

VEXEV  or  WENEW,  vA-nfT',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment, and  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tools,  on  the  Venevka.  Pop. 
SIOO.  It  has  a  cathedral,  and  woollen  and  linen  manufactures. 
VENEZIA,  a  city  of  Italy.  See  Venice. 
VENEZUELA,  vjn'^iz-wee'la,  (Sp.  pron.  v.i-nJth-wMd  or 
vto-is-wi'ld,)  a  republic  occupying  the  N.E.  portion  of 
South  America,  between  l.at.  1°  8'  and  12°  16'  N.,  and  Ion. 
53°  15'  and  73°  17'  W.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Caribbean  Sea  and  Atlantic  Ocean,  E.  by  British  Quiana,  S. 
\y  Brazil,  and  W.  by  New  Granada.  The  western  boun- 
dary, according  to  the  treaty  between  the  two  republics, 
begins  on  the  coast  at  Cape  Chichibacoa,  Ion.  72°  24'  W., 
runs  to  the  sources  of  the  Maimachi,  an  affluent  of  the  Kio 
Xegro,  and  is  determined  throughout  chiefly  by  the  junc- 
tions and  courses  of  rivers,  its  whole  length  being  1100  miles. 
The  S.  and  E.  boundaries  running  through  countries  but 
iittle  known,  are  imperfectly  determined.  The  former  of 
the,se,  towards  Brazil,  from  the  source  of  the  Maimachi  in 
the  W.,  to  the  junction  of  the  Rupununi  and  Essequibo  in 
tlie  K.,  follows  the  water-bounds  or  ridges  separating  the 
biisins  of  rivers  which,  in  the  present  state  of  our  geographi- 
cal knowledge,  can  only  be  represented  hypothetically.  On 
the  E.  the  republic  assumes  that  its  boundary  extends  from 
tlie  river  Cuyuni  to  the  mouth  of  the.  Moroco  on  the  coast, 
while  the  British  government  claims  for  Guiana  a  territory 
N,  of  this  line,  and  all  the  coast  between  the  Esse<iuibo  and 
Orinoco.  The  area  of  the  republic  is  about  400,000  square 
miles,  or  double  that  of  France. 

Fact  of  the.  Cmmtri/,  Mnuntiins,  &c. — In  A'enezuela,  the 
mountains  hold  a  secondary  importance,  and  occupy  but  a 
third  of  the  whole  territory.  The  E.  Cordillera  of  the  An- 
des divides  into  two  branches  before  it  leaves  New  Granada. 
The  W.  branch,  which  incloses  the  Lake  of  Maracaibo,  bears 
in  its  different  portions  the  names  of  Sierra  de  Ocafia,  Sierra 
de  Perija,  (in  the  middle,)  and  where  it  reaches  the  coast  at 
Cape  Cliichibacoa,  Montes  de  Oca.  It  has  but  a  moderate 
elevation,  rarely  exceeding  4000  feet,  and  is  nowhere  culti- 
vated. The  thick  forests  which  cover  it  in  its  whole  extent 
sliolter  the  independent  Indian  tribes,  the  Cucinas  and  the 
Goajinw.  ITie  E.  branch  enters  Venezuela  much  further 
S.,  and  stretches  N.E.  for  about  300  miles,  with  a  general 
breadth  of  atxjut  60  miles.  It  is  an  immense  pile  of  rocks, 
forming  ridges  narrow  at  the  summit,  and  rising  to  the 
limits  of  .\lpine  vegetation.  The  paramos,  or  summit-plains, 
have  generary  an  elevation  of  12.000  feet.  The  Nevado 
de  Merida,  the  loftiest  of  the  summits  which  rise  above 
them,  is  15.300  fi-et  in  height,  and  always  covered  with 
enow.  Where  cultivation  has  obtained  a  footing  on  the 
slopes  If  these  luounUiius.  it  succeeds  to  a  height  of  8000 
or  900<J  feet,  the  line  which  separates  the  cereal  crops  of 
temperate  climates,  wheat,  barley,  Ac,  from  tropical  pro- 
ductions, maize,  coffie,  the  ynea,  *c.,  being  at  an  elevation 
20*2U 


YEN 

of  about  4000  feet  Breaking  off  from  these  mountain* 
near  Trujillo,  the  coast-chain  runs  N.E.  towards  the  Gulf 
of  Tacarigua  or  Valencia,  which,  enclosed  by  mountains, 
presents  the  most  diversified  and  beautiful  scenery;  the 
chain  then  continues  onwards  parallel  to  the  sea-coast.  Its 
N.  branch,  known  as  the  sierra  de  Mariara,  terminates  at 
Cape  Codera.  It  ri.«es  in  the  Siila  de  Caracas  to  an  elevation 
of  S600  feet,  forming  a  conspicuous  olject  from  the  sea. 
The  S.  branch,  known  as  the  Mountains  of  Guacjmo  and 
Yusma,  sends  a  winding  chain.  Sierra  de  Alta  Gracia  S.  to 
the  Orinoco ;  while  towards  the  E.  and  S.E.,  it  forms  the 
chains  of  the  Bergantin  and  CoioUar.  The  valleys  and 
table-lands  of  these  coast-chains,  which  have  collectively  a 
moderate  elevation,  are  the  chief  seats  of  cultivation  in  Ve- 
nezuela, and  form  together  the  most  populous  region  of  the 
torrid  zone  in  the  New  \Vorld.  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  on  the  frontiers  of  Guiana,  rises  an  insulated  group 
of  mountain.s,  between  the  rivers  Orinoco  and  Amazon, 
divisible  into  several  chains,  e.xteuding  fur  the  most  part  E, 
and  W.,  and  called  collectively  the  Mountains  of  Parima. 
This  extensive  mountain  region  still  remains  unexplored,  a 
wilderness  overgrown  with  superb  forests.  It  is  known, 
however,  that  the  Mountains  of  Parima  nowhere  attain  the 
elevation  of  paramos,  (12,000  feet,}  so  that  their  summits, 
when  cleared  of  trees,  would  be  capable  of  yielding  the  grains 
of  Europe. 

Llanos. — From  the  Slountains  of  Parima  to  the  coast-chain 
at  Caracas,  and  from  the  mouths  of  the  Orinoco  to  the  foot 
of  the  Andes,  extends  an  immense  plain,  with  an  area  of 
above  150,000  square  miles,  having  in  .some  places  on  its 
margin  an  elevation  of  1300  feet,  though  a  great  portion  of 
it  is  little  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  in  the  rainy  season 
it  is  flooded  by  the  rivers  to  an  extent  equal  to  the  surface 
of  the  British  I.sle.s.  Such  are  the  llanos.  Id'noce,  ("  plains")  of 
Venezuela.  They  are  generally  de.^titute  of  trees,  which  in 
the  most  favored  spots  occur  onl}"  in  small  clusters.  The 
mnriche  (Mauritia)  palm  is  scattered  thinly  over  the  waste, 
which  is  often  quite  treeless.  Tlie  change  of  level  is  rarely 
discernible  by  the  eye,  though  in  .'^ome  places,  patches  of 
rock,  showing  horizontal  stratification,  and  occasionally 
some  square  miles  in  extent,  rise  a  few  feet  above  the  .sur- 
rounding plain.  In  the  dry  season,  the  greater  part  of  the 
llanos  presents  to  the  view  a  bare  sunburnt  desert,  over 
which  the  least  agitation  of  the  air  whirls  clouds  of  dust. 
The  intense  heat  reverberated  from  the  naked  ground,  the 
w.int  of  landmarks,  with  the  frequency  of  extensive  mirage, 
and  the  difflculty  of  finding  water,  then  render  a  journey 
through  the  llanos  a  dangerous  undertaking.  But  no  sooner 
does  the  rain  fall — and  it  pours  down  with  the  \  ioleure 
peculiar  to  the  tropics — than  the  scene  changes  totally; 
vegetation  springs  forth  and  spreads  itself  abroad  with  sur- 
prising rapidity,  the  arid  waste  becomes  a  rich  garden,  the 
moistened  earth  is  seen  to  heave  and  open,  and  forth  come 
the  crocodile  and  the  boa-coustrietor,  shaking  off  their 
lethargy,  and  releasing  themselves  from  their  temporary 
imprisonment.  The  rivers,  hitherto  dry,  are  now  quickly 
filled,  and  their  bjinks  being  low,  the  waters  spread  over 
the  llanos,  forming  great  seas,  which,  towards  the  foot  of 
the  Andes,  penetrate  even  into  the  majestic  forests.  The 
plains  above  the  level  of  the  inundation  feed  cattle  and 
horses  in  groat  numbers. 

Rivers. — The  great  river  of  A'enezuela  is  the  Orinoco, 
which  holds  the  third  rank  among  the  great  rivers  of  South 
America.  The  exuberantly  fertile  valley  of  this  noble  river, 
into  which  How  above  400  other  rivers  reputed  navigable, 
watering  a  territory  of  150,000  square  miles,  offers  to  ad- 
vancing civilization  all  the  natural  conditions  of  an  opu- 
lent and  populous  state.  (See  Orinoco.)  AVithin  the  limits 
of  the  Venezuelan  Republic,  the  rivers  that  have  a  course 
of  at  least  100  miles,  are  about  60  in  number;  the  chii:f 
of  these  belong  to  the  basin  of  the  Orinoco:  of  the  re- 
mainder, few  call  for  especial  notice.  The  Cuyuni  runs  E. 
from  the  Mountains  of  Parima,  S.  of  the  Orinoco,  to  join 
the  Essequibo  in  British  Guiana.  Further  W.  the  Ouainia 
or  Rio  Negro  crosses  the  territory  of  Venezuela,  on  its  way 
from  the  foot  of  the  Andes  in  New  Granada,  to  the  Amazim 
in  Brazil.  The  rivers  flowing  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  are 
much  inferior  in  magnitude  to  those  already  mentioned; 
the  most  important  are  the  Zulia,  Catatuniba.  and  Motat.in, 
falling  into  Lake  Maracaybo;  the  Tocuyo,  running  N.E  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Coro  and  Carabobo;  the  Tuy.  flowing 
E.  through  the  plains  S.  of  Caracas;  the  Unare,  50  miles  fur- 
ther E. ;  and  the  Guarapiche,  which  enters  the  Gulf  of  Paruu 
Lakes  and  Harlim-s. — Above  200  lakes  or  lagocuis  are  enu- 
merated within  the  territory  of  A'enezuela,  but  most  of 
these  are  the  results  of  inundation,  being  only  mar.>ihe» 
more  or  less  permanently  covered.  Only  two  of  the  whoiq 
number,  namely.  Lakes  .Maracaybo  and  Tacarigua.  are  de- 
serving of  notice  for  their  extent  or  beauty.  The  chief 
harbors  are  those  of  Cumana,  at  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf 
of  Cariaco,  and  capacious  enough  to  receive  and  .shelter  all 
the  fleets  of  Europe;  and  Puerto  Cabello,  which  is  also 
roomy  and  secure.  La  Gnayra  owes  its  imiwrtance  chiefly 
to  it,<  vicinity  to  Caracas,  and  to  the  populov  sue*  o)  the 
neighboring  country. 


YEN 

Minerals. — The  altention  of  the  first  Spanish  settlers  in 
this  country  was  forcibly  attracted  by  the  gold  ornnmeuts 
»rorn  by  the  Indians,  and  their  search  for  mines  of  the  pre- 
cious metals  was  not  wholly  fruitless.  The  towns  of  Bar- 
quesimeto  and  Nirj;ua  owed  their  origin  to  the  discovery 
of  ttold-mines  in  the  mountains  lyini;  between  them.  In 
1560  were  discovered  the  mines  of  Los  Teques.  In  15S4  the 
city  of  San  Juan  de  la  Paz  was  founded  on  the  Tuy,  and  for 
some  years  derived  wealth  and  prosperity  from  the  neigh- 
boring gold-mines  of  Apa  and  Carapa.  Several  other  mines 
enjoyed  a  transient  reputation.  But  owing  to  the  rapid 
exhaustion  of  the  supposed  treasures,  and  the  ravages  of 
climate,  these  mines  seem  to  have  been  all  abandoned  early 
in  the  17th  century,  and  were  soon  forgotten.  Silver-mines 
were  also  discovered  at  Guanita  between  Aroa  and  Nirgua; 
8.nd  in  the  present  century,  silver  ores  have  been  found  in 
the  Mountains  of  Jlerida,  S.  of  Lake  Slaracaybo,  and  Caras- 
8uno,  all  of  which  are  very  ri(-h,  but  have  not  as  yet  been 
fully  developed.  But  the  copper  of  Aroa  has  proved  more 
valuable  than  its  silver.  These  copper-mines,  situated  in 
the  hills  of  San  Felipe,  about  70  miles  W.  of  Puerto  Cabello, 
are  extremely  productive.  The  tin-mines  of  Barquesimeto 
were  worlied  for  many  years  on  account  of  the  Crown,  their 
whole  produce  being  used  in  casting  brass  guns ;  they  were 
at  length  sold  to  a  private  speculator,  who  abandoned  them. 
Coal  is  said  to  be  excellent  and  abundant  in  many  of  the 
coast-district.s,  but  chiefly  in  Coro.  Extensive  deposits  of 
coal  exist  on  the  margin  of  the  Barcelona  Bivcr,  and  only  9 
miles  from  the  port  of  the  same  name.  It  is  bituminous 
coal,  and  is  said  to  be  equal  to  the  best  English  cannel. 
Among  the  mineral  resources  of  A^enezuela,  salt  is  not 
the  least  importiint.  The  salt-mines  of  Araya,  facing  the 
sea.  on  the  peninsula  N.  of  Cumana,  were  discovered  by 
the  followers  of  Columbus  In  1499,  and  as  they  offered  an 
Inexhaustible  supply  of  the  purest  salt,  they  continued  for 
some  years  to  atfract  adventurers  of  all  nations.  Asphalte 
and  petrolevun  are  abundant  round  Lake  Maracaybo.  At 
Laguuillas,  in  Merida,  is  a  lagoon,  which,  in  the  dry  season, 
yields  a  large  quantity  of  the  se.'qui-carbonate  of  soda,  known 
to  druggists  by  the  African  name  of  trona.  The  Indians 
use  it  to  mix  with  their  tobacco.  At  the  present  time  vessels 
may  be  laden  from  the  immense  salt  deposits  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  La  Guayra  at  the  smallest  possible  cost. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Venezuela  exhibits  in  the  high- 
est degree  the  equatorial  character,  llie  change  of  seasons 
Is  scarcely  perceptible,  and  vegetation  goes  on  perpetually. 
On  the  coast,  the  thermometer  ranges  from  80°  to  90°  Fah- 
renheit the  year  round.  But,  notwithstanding  the  continu- 
ous heat  that  prevails  along  the  coast,  epidemic  diseases  are 
rare,  and  the  climate  is  comparatively  healthy.  To  those 
unacclimated,  however,  a  due  amount  of  care  is  necessary, 
IS  a  too  great  exposure  and  inattention  to  diet  are  often  fol- 
lowed by  violent  fevers.  The  table-land  Ixirdering  the  coast 
has  an  almost  uniform  range  of  temperature  thi-oughout  the 
year,  the  thermometer  varying  only  aliout  ten  degrees,  from 
70°  to  80°.  In  the  llanos,  especially  those  portions  subject 
to  inundation,  the  climate  is  not  very  salubi-ious. 

Butany. — Owing  to  the  equatorial  position  of  Venezuela, 
the  variety  of  its  surface,  and  its  humid  climate,  the  flora 
of  that  country  is  one  of  the  richest  on  the  earth ;  but  our 
limited  space  will  only  permit  us  to  cast  a  rapid  glance  at 
the  several  gradations  of  veget.ible  forms  from  the  sea-side 
to  the  snows  of  the  Andes.  From  the  level  of  the  sea  to  the 
height  of  3300  feet,  extends  the  region  of  palms.  Only  3 
species  floxirish  above  these  limits,  one  being  the  wax-palm, 
which  often  attains  an  elevation  of  9000  feet;  another  is 
the  royal  palm,  remarkable  for  its  great  .size  and  beauty. 
Of  the  palms  in  the  lower  plains,  the  most  important  is  the 
moriche,  (Cncus  Maurilia,)  called  by  the  missionaries  the 
bread  of  life,  or  the  Indian  sago.  This  tree  thrives  best  on 
marshy  gi-ound;  it  is  thinly  scattered  even  over  the  llanos. 
Every  part  of  it  is  serviceable  ;  its  farinaceous  pith,  called 
yurunia.  is  made  into  bread.  The  berries,  leaves,  cortical 
fibres  of  the  root,  and  the  wood  itself,  are  all  converted  to 
use  by  the  Caribs  and  Guaranis.  The  chiquichiqtii  yields 
the  fibrous  tufts  of  which  the  natives  make  their  strong 
and  elastic  ropes.  The  yaijui  supplies  the  place  of  the  olive; 
two  kinds  of  oil.  one  of  them  extremely  fine,  being  made 
from  its  fruit.  The  chaguarama,  a  palm  of  most  elegant 
and  majestic  appearance,  produce.s,  in  imjnense  clusters,  a 
fruit  equally  palatable  and  nutritious.  Mingled  with  the 
palms  are  the  cardones  and  cacti  of  candelabra  forms,  sensi- 
tive mimosiB.  pine-apple  or  bromelia;  nor  must  we  forget  the 
milk-tree,  called  also  palo  de  vaca  or  cow-tree,  which  yields 
on  incision  a  nutritious  fluid  resembling  milk. 

Among  the  large  timber  trees  may  be  mentioned  the 
bauhinia.  of  colossal  size,  the  Bnmhax  Cnba,  and  mahogany. 
iSarsaparilla,  copaiba,  dragon's-blood,  and  other  drugs,  be- 
Bides  caucho  or  caoutchouc  from  several  tilees  of  different 
kinds,  are  all  produced  in  the  region  of  palms.  In  the 
forests  thus  richly  stored  with  useful  products,  the  plants 
which  chiefly  engross  the  stranger's  attention  and  admira- 
tion, are  the  arborescent  grasses,  (bombusa,)  and  tree-ferns. 
Beginning  at  an  ab.solute  elevation  of  600  (generally  of  2000) 
feet,  and  extending  up  to  9000  feet,  are  the  febrifuge  plants, 


VEN 

(cinchona.)  sometimes  forming  great  forests  by  themselves. 
This  is  the  native  zone  of  many  flowering  plants  now  inti-o- 
duced  into  foreign  conservatories.  Here  also  grow  wild  the 
aromatic  vanilla,  the  plantain,  the  strychnos  or  poison  })!ant 
of  the  Indians,  and  the  niopo,  an  acacia,  of  the  bruised 
seeds  of  which  the  natives  make  snufl'.  Trees  grow  stuiitei! 
and  rare  at  the  elevation  of  8000  feet,  where  all  the  grains 
of  tcnfperate  regions  attain  perfection.  Alpine  plants  shc^ 
themselves  at  a  height  of  6500  feet,  increasing  upwards  till 
they  approach  their  upper  limit,  between  13.000  and  14.000 
feet.  Above  11,000  feet  bushes  cease,  and  only  humblo 
plants  remain.  At  the  height  of  13.700  feet,  phanerogamous 
vegetation  disappears  altogether,  and  only  lichens  and  he- 
paticas  cover  the  rocks  as  far  as  the  limits  of  perpetual 
snow,  about  1300  feet  higher  up. 

Of  the  cultivated  plants,  subservient  to  the  wants  of  the 
country,  or  to  the  demands  of  commerce,  the  first  rank  is 
due  to  the  cacao.  Owing  to  the  remissness  of  the  colonists, 
however,  the  coasts  of  Venezuela,  which  are  particularly 
adapted  for  its  culture,  were  long  unable  to  supply  the  de- 
mand of  the  mother-country,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  17th 
century,  chocolate  was  even  imported  into  Caracas  from  tha 
Dutch  colony  of  Cura^oa.  It  was  about  1728  that  the  cacao 
of  Caracas  began  to  attract  notice,  and  towards  the  end  of 
the  century,  the  exportation  of  cocoa  was  very  large.  At 
present  it  is  supposed  to  attract  less  attention.  Cotton, 
coffee,  sugar,  and  indigo  are  extensively  cultivated,  and, 
with  cocoa,  form  the  chief  articles  of  export.  The  quantity 
of  coffee  exported  alone  amounts  to  about  800,000  bags  an- 
nually. The  plantain*  supplies  the  staple  food  of  the  great 
majority  of  the  population.  The  species  ore  numerous,  and 
some  of  them  thrive  at  an  elevation  of  5000  feet;  but  lower 
down  the  tree  is  more  prolific,  and  continues  bearing  for  80 
years,  loaded  with  fruit  at  all  seasons.  Slaize,  which  at  a 
height  of  6000  or  8000  feet  ripens  slowly,  is  gathered  in  four 
months  near  the  coast,  and  thus  two  crops  of  it  are  easily 
taken  in  the  year,  each  protlucing  240  fold.  The  yuca  is 
cultivated  chiefly  by  the  Indians,  who  prepare  from  the  root 
the  farinaceous  meal  called  manioca.  The  cocoa-nut  is  now 
very  generally  cultivated  along  the  coasts  of  A'enezucla  for 
the  sake  of  its  oil,  and  is  found  to  be  more  remunerative,  in 
suitable  situations,  than  the  cacao.  In  1779  the  e.ftanco  or 
emporium  of  the  royal  monopoly  of  tobacco  was  established 
in  Venezuela.  The  privileges  thus  conferred  were  abolished, 
however,  in  1832,  by  the  congress.  The  tobacco  of  Variuas 
in  Merida  is  much  esteemed  in  Europe. 

Animals. — The  forests  of  A'enezuela  are  amply  stocked 
with  the  feathered  tribes  and  with  monkeys.  Of  the  spe- 
cies peculiar  to  this  country,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  men- 
tion the  titi,  a  diminutive  monkey  only  6  inches  in  length, 
the  most  elegant  varieties  of  which  are  found  only  on  the 
banks  of  the  Cassiquiure.  AVhile  the  monkeys  occupy  in 
families  the  upper  region  of  the  remote  forest,  the  tapir, 
the  largest  of  the  American  pachyderms,  wanders  below  in 
solitude  along  the  banks  of  the  rivers.  The  vaquira,  a  kind 
of  wild  hog,  though  much  smaller  than  the  tapir,  is  more 
formidable,  and  when  in  large  herds,  fearlessly  attacks  the 
hunter.  The  jaguar  or  American  tiger,  being  hunted  for 
the  s;ike  of  its  highly  prized  skin,  is  growing  rare.  The 
puma  or  lion,  prefers  the  hills  and  mountain-sides  to  the 
deep  forests.  Immense  herds  of  wild  cattle  roam  over  the 
plains.  They  are  .slaughtered  in  vast  numbers  for  their 
hides  and  tallow.  The  chiguire  is  an  amphibio\is  animal  re- 
.sembling  a  large  otter ;  it  is  often  domesticated  in  ponds  for 
the  sake  of  its  flesh.  Besides  dolphins  of  great  size  which 
ascend  the  rivers,  the  manati,  often  weighing  800  pounds,  is 
found  in  the  Orinoco  and  its  aflBuents  at  the  foot  of  the  An- 
des, as  well  as  in  Lake  Maracaybo. 

Islands,  Ac. — AVithin  the  jurisdiction  of  Venezuela  are 
numerous  islands,  of  greater  and  less  extent,  on  the  northern 
coast,  in  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The  chief  of  these  is  Marga^ 
rita,  which  constitutes  a  province  in  itself.  The  other 
islands  are  mostly  uninhabited,  and  are  the  re.sort  of  innu- 
merable se:<-fowl.  Some  of  the  uninhabited  islands,  among 
which  are  the  Eocas,  the  Orchillas.  the  Monks,  and  the  Isle 
of  Aves,  (Birds  Island,)  in  lat.  15°  X.,  Ion.  64°  W.,  contain 
valuable  deposits  of  guano.  The  exclusive  privilege  of 
removing  the  guano  has  been  granted  by  the  government 
of  Venezuela  to  a  number  of  gentlemen  in  Philadelphia. 
The  guano  is  of  excellent  quality. 

Divisions,  Government,  &c. — The  republic  is  divided  into 
the  following  16  provinces,  namely,  Aragua,  Guarico,  Portu- 
guesa,  Caracas,  Carabobo,  Barquesimeto,  Coro.  Maracaybo, 
Trujillo,  Merida,  Barinas,  Apure,  Barcelona,  Cumana,  Mar- 
garita, (the  island,)  and  Guayana.  The  last  nearly  equals 
in  extent  all  the  others.  In  Carabobo,  Apure.  Margarita, 
and  Guayana.  the  capitals  are  respectively  Valencia,  Achar 
guas,  Asuncion,  and  Ciudad  Bolivar.  The  other  provinces 
all  bear  the  names  of  their  capitals.    The  constitution  de- 


*  The  plantain  tree  belongs  to  the  same  species  as  the  banana. 
The  fruit  has  a  farinaceons  tlesh,  in  color  resembling;  the  finest 
yellow  butter.  It  sometimes  attains  the  weight  of  60  ami  evea 
80  pounds.  Some  varieties  have  an  exquisite  flavor,  surpassing, 
it  is  said,  that  of  the  finest  kinds  of  pear. 

20t» 


VEN 

volv;  i  01  A  enpzuela  by  the  parent  republic  of  ColombL^,  is 
a,  sMitlv  modified  copy  of  that  of  the  United  State?.  The 
government  is  vested  in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Kepresenta- 
tives;  the  executive  power  being  in  the  hands  of  a  president 
and  vice-president  The  iioman  Catholic  religion  is  the 
religion  of  the  state,  but  other  creeds  are  tolerated.  The 
clergy  are  held  to  be  strictly  subordinate  to  the  civil  power. 
The  papal  sauttion.  when  required,  is  transmitted  tlKouph 
the  government,  which  also  administers  the  patronage  of 
the  churth.  The  revenue  for  1S62-3  amounted  to  about 
$V.0OO,(X)O.  and  the  expenditures  to  $.8,248,001.  At  the  close 
of  the  revolutiun,  the  delit  c mtraeted  by  loans  in  England 
aloue,  amounted  to  $33,500,000. 

There  are  very  few  manufactures  carried  on  in  the  repub- 
lic. The  land  attracts  all  tl;e  industry ;  still,  hardly  a  tenth 
of  the  fertile  territory  has  been  reached  by  cultivation.  The 
commerce  is  mostly  with  i'rance.  Germany,  the  United  States, 
Great  Britain,  and  t>pain.  The  total  value  of  exports  in 
1852  amounted  to  about  $9,000,000,  and  the  imports  to 
$7,000,000.  Besides  coffee,  cocoa,  sugar,  indigo,  and  cotton, 
before  mentioned,  the  exports  comprise  annually  about 
750,000  hides,  and  large  quantities  of  live  stock,  t\llow, 
horns.  <tc. ;  sarsaparilla,  dye-woods,  and  timber.  The  imports 
compri.«e  woven  fabrics,  chiefly  cottons  and  linens,  flour  and 
provision.",  hardwares,  wines,  and  specie.  In  this,  as  in 
most  of  the  South  American  countries,  the  development  of 
the  internal  i-esourc«s  of  the  country  is  much  hindered  by 
the  want  of  gotid  roads.  A  railwaj',  however,  has  been  sur- 
veyed, and  is  about  being  put  under  contract  from  Puerto 
CuLello  to  San  Felipe,  a  distance  of  50  miles.  An  American 
company,  with  exclusive  privileges  of  navigating  the  Ori- 
noco, has  3  steamers  plying  regularly,  carrying  large  quan- 
tities of  produce  from  the  interior.  The  Lake  of  A'alencia 
(40  miles  long)  is  likewise  navigated  by  steam.  Steamers 
run  along  the  coast,  carrying  the  mail  and  produce  from  La 
Guayra  to  Maracaybo,  touching  at  intermediate  ports. 

Population.  Saoe,  itc.— The  population  of  Venezuela,  like 
that  of  the  other  Spanish  American  colonies,  exhibits  a  sin- 
gular mi.xture  of  the  Spanish,  Indian,  and  African  races. 
3Iore  than  one-third  of  the  population  are  people  of  color, 
that  is  to  say,  Mestizoes,  Mulattoes.  Zambos,  and  other  mixed 
breeds.  The  Creoles,  or  people  of  Kuropean  descent,  amount 
at  the  utmost  to  a  fourUi.  The  domesticated  Indians  make 
about  a  sixth.  The  population,  as  shown  by  a  census  taken 
in  1854,  amounts  to  1.419,289.  Of  the  population,  about 
50.000  are  independent  Indians,  who  add  nothing  to  the 
gtrength  or  resources  of  the  st«te.  These  are  divided  into  at 
least  100  different  nations  or  tribes,  some  of  them  numbering 
but  100  people,  and  speaking  apparently  different  languages, 
which  are  doubtless  but  dialects  derived  from  a  compara- 
tively few  tongues.  Among  the  nations  which  may  be  re- 
garded a.s  parent  stems  of  this  various  and  alienated  progeny, 
that  of  the  Caril.s  holds  the  first  rank.  These  are  tall,  strong, 
couragcius,  and  intelligent.  It  is  not  believed  that  can- 
nibalism was  ever  an  estabhshed  custom  with  those  on 
the  continent,  though  it  certainly  existed  among  their 
brethren  in  the  Antilles.  The  surviving  remnants  of  their 
nation  in  the  present  day  iuhabit  a  few  villages  in  Guiana, 
on  the  rivers  Caroni,  Cuyuni.  and  Mazaruni.  and  about  the 
lower  part  of  the  Orinoco,  The  delta  of  this  river  and  the 
mouths  of  the  rivers  entering  the  sea  from  the  Sierra  Ima- 
taca.  are  inhabited  by  the  Gnaranis.  who  are  all  boatmen 
trading  with  Trinidad,  and  sub.^isting  chiefly  on  the  moricbe- 
palm.  Some  of  them,  quitting  their  woods  and  marshes, 
have  .settled  in  villages  near  I'iacoa  in  Guiana.  The  Guaicas. 
also  in  the  neighborhood  of  I'iacoa,  are  remarkable  for  their 
lair  complexion  and  diminutive  stature.  Their  language 
resembles  that  of  the  Guaharibos,  a  savage  tril«?  dwelling 
near  the  upper  falls  of  the  Orinoco.  The  Maquiritares. 
another  light-colored  tribe,  dwell  on  the  banks  of  the  Ven- 
tuarl  and  Cunucanuma,  and  trade  with  Demerara.  The 
Ottom.ics.  (ft  tomaques.)  in  the  plains  of  the  Apure.  area 
wretohed  tribe,  remarkable  for  their  extreme  addiction  to 
InL'tv^^c  '""  ?J"  *'*■'""-  '''^y •  T^*^  Gu.njiros,  on  the  penin- 
Iw  I."  :*  '  y»racayl«>,  are  still  a  considerable  nation : 
they  cultivate  maize,  y  uca.  and  sugar-cane,  and  breed  horses, 
niu  es.  and  goats.  By  a  decree  dated  March  10. 1854.  passed 
lUr\?'"''''"''\°J  Venezuela,  and  sanctioned  bv  Jose  Gre- 
C  V  I  ?^^''.,''"'  ^T'i^'^nt  of  the  Kepnblic,  slavery  wju« 
Tn  UiJ^unS** '  "^  '^"^  *"«  '^°^  "°t '^'«t «  single^lave 

»£X~i^?i?0<P^'rh''""'^^'''''""''  '"^^''^  the  Lake  of 
luJ™m\ilial    -^'  '  ^^'^-"^  surprised  to  find  there  an 


Of  Tu  r™  YWml  ^i^'"  .^'''"'^V.'T'"''  ""'''•'•  ^^e  Rcneral  name 
the  V^mrt     ?'  M  '«  »Pl;'';.d  "t  the  present  day  onlv  to 

tnclud.'.rt  kJm  "'!.''*'"'"  "^  Venezuela.  Tlie  vici-rovaltv 
Md  hnse  o7  VeV  ^  terrftoneB  of  ,he  present  rep,\hli^. 
="-  onns^he  Rrr^?n,""''A-''''','''°e^''^'"  of  Qnito.'which 
VM  n  aTin  isfo  "^1  «  1^  'ir""*'?-  "^^  ^'^^  settlement 
O'sdMn^lSlO,  at  Santa  Maria  la  Antiqua,  on  the  Gulf 


VEN 

of  Darien.  It  was  not  till  near  the  middle  of  the  ICtb  cen- 
tury, that  the  interior  wa.s  conquered  by  Bei;a!caz.ir  and 
Ximenes  de  Qucsneda.  The  country  continued  sulgect  to 
Spain  till  1811.  when  it  became  independent.  In  1819  New 
Granada  and  Venezuel.i,  being  united  into  one  repul.lii;, 
adopted  a  constitution  at  the  Congress  of  Kosario  de  Cucuta, 
in  1K21.  and  received  into  the  union  Quito  and  Panama,  in 
1823.  This  union  was  dissolved  in  3831.  and  the  Republic 
of  Colombia  divided  into  the  three  republics  of  Venezuela, 

Xew  Granada,  and  Quito  or  Kcnador A<lj.  and  inhab! 

Venkzuel.\s,  vJn-ez-wee'lan,  (Sp.  V£Xi:zol.\no.  vA-nA-tho- 
U'no.) 

VEXICARLO.  a  town  of  Spain.  See  Br.xtcvRLO. 
A'EMCE,  T?n'iss,  (It.  n-vezia.  v.l-nJd'ze-d:  Fr.  Venise,  veh- 
neez/;  GKr.Venetli/j.yk-nAWo;  Sp.  Fc^cVa.  v.vn,-i'the-i:  anc. 
Veneltia,)  a  fortified  city  of  Au.strian  Italy,  capital  of  th« 
government  and  delegation  of  its  own  name,  and  one  of 
the  two  capitals  of  the  Lonibardo- Venetian  Kingdom,  is 
situated  in  the  lagoons  of  Venice,  a  sort  of  v.-i.-^t  lake, 
separated  from  the  Adriatic  by  a  long  belt  of  low  land, 
and  2  miles  from  the  continent,  with  whiih  it  is  connected 
tiy  a  stupendous  bridge  of  222  arches,  forming  jart  of 
the  railway  to  Padua ;  lat.  of  St.  Mark  45°  2.5'  9"  N.,  Ion. 
12°  .SC  2"E.  Population  in  1857,  118,172.  Me.m  tempe. 
rature  of  year,  55°.3:  vrintor  380;  summer  73°  Fahren- 
heit. It  is  the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  primate,  Creek  and 
Armenian  bishops,  and  the  residence  of  the  viceroy  during 
part  of  the  winter;  the  centre  of  the  maritime  establish- 
ments of  Austria,  and  the  residence  of  the  cnmmander- 
general  of  the  imperial  marine.  This  city,  one  of  the 
finest  in  Eurojie.  and  formerly  for  many  centuries  the 
first  maritime  and  commeri'ial  city  in  the  world,  is  unique, 
both  .IS  regards  position  and  construction,  being  built 
entirely  on  piles  and  occupying  82  small  i.Nlands,  sepa^ 
rated  by  150  canals,  which  are  crossed  by  3t50  bridges.  On 
the  land  side  it  is  defended  by  the  water,  and  on  the  sea 
side  it  is  defended  by  the  land,  the  only  ajiproach  to  it  being 
through  narrow  openings,  commanded  by  powerful  batterief 
crossing  their  fire  with  each  other,  and  inaking  a  successful 
attack  on  the  town  impossible,  till  thase  formidable  batteries 
are  silenced.  Among  the  canals,  the  first  that  claims  atten 
tion  is  the  Canalazo  or  Grand  Canal,  which  has  a  varying 
breadth  of  from  lt)0  feet  to  180  feet,  and  pursues  a  series  of 
serpentine  windings  through  the  heart  of  the  city,  dividing 
it  into  two  distinct  and  nearly  equal  portiors.  Both  sides 
of  this  canal  are  lined  by  buildings,  many  of  them  marble 
palaces  of  great  magnificence,  and  so  close  to  the  water's 
edge  as  to  he  entered  from  the  gondolas  or  water-coaches 
which  are  constantly  plying  in  all  directions,  and  give  won- 
drous animation  to  the  scene.  The  only  bridge  across  this 
canal  is  the  Hi.ilto,  which  spans  it  by  a  single  arch.  It  is 
built  of  white  marble,  and  has  no  rival  in  Venice.  The 
other  canals  branching  off  from  the  Canalazo  and  from  each 
other,  are  much  narrower  and  shorter.  The  numerous 
bridges  across  them,  to  give  a  free  passage  to  the  gondolas, 
have  a  considerable  elevation,  and  having  been  erected  long 
belnre  horizontal  bridges  were  known,  are  very  steep,  rising 
rajiidly  from  both  extremities  towards  the  centre.  To  make 
the  ascent  more  easy  or  less  dangerous,  it  has  been  formed 
into  steps,  and  hence,  the  person  who  attempts  to  thread 
his  way  on  foot,  has  no  alternative  but  to  submit  to  the 
most  fatiguing  of  all  operations — a  continued  Widk  up  and 
down  stairs.  5Io.«t  of  the  hou.ee.s.  in  addition  to  their  main 
entrance  by  water,  have  a  land  side  communic.iting  with  a 
c«ffc  or  lane  for  foot-passengers.  Iliese  streets  or  lanes  are  .so 
narrow  and  intricate  as  to  render  the  city  a  Ta.«t  labyrinth. 
.Most  of  them  are  only  4  feet,  and  but  a  few  as  much  as  6 
feet  in  width.  There  are,  however,  two  exceptions.  The  fir.«rt 
is  the  street  Cidled  the  Merceria,  (m?Reh.irec'ii.)  situated 
near  the  centre  of  the  city,  lined  with  handsome  shops,  and 
so  wide,  that  by  careful  driving  two  carriages  meeting  miiiht 
manage  to  pass.  The  other  is  the  Piazza  of  St.  Mark,  and 
the  Piazzetta  leading  to  it.  These  form  two  main  branches 
at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and  united  by  the  Basilica  of 
St  JIark  and  the  Ducal  Palace.  The  Piazzetta,  the  shorter 
of  the  two,  opens  upon  the  sea.  where  in  front  of  it  stand 
two  magnificent  granite  obelisks,  each  formed  out  of  a  sin- 
gle block,  and  crowned  with  a  bronze  figure,  the  one  the 
winged  lion  of  St.  Mark,  and  the  other  a  statue  of  St  l"heo- 
dore. 

Among  ifj!  many  squares,  the  most  remarkalle  for  extent, 
regularity,  and  beauty  of  situation,  is  the  Piazra  di  fiin 
Marco,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  city,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Grand 
Canal.  It  is  about  200  feet  long,  by  100  feet  broad,  and  ia 
by  far  the  finest  part  of  the  city.  It  contains  seme  of  the 
most  remarkable  public  buildings,  and  is  lined  by  arcades 
with  h.indsome  shops  and  cifils.  Along  with  the  i'iazzetta, 
on  its  E.  side,  it  is  the  centre  of  concourse,  and  at  all  times 
presents  a  very  gay  and  animated  scene.  In  some  other 
places,  where  the  islands  are  large  enough  to  adinit  of  them, 
there  are  a  few  small  squares,  and  In  similar  localitie."  suc- 
cessive rows  of  narrow  streets  occur,  where  the  houses  have 
the  di.i;advantage  of  not  being  accessible  by  the  gondola. 
The  ordinary  houses  are  built  of  brick,  and  "have  generally 
3  or  4  stories.    They  are  seldom  lined  by  arcade*,  but  aw 


YEN 


YEN 


for  the  most  part  provided  with  balconies,  and  have  a  very 
showy  appearance.  The  larger  are  generally  of  a  square 
form,  with  an  interior  court,  in  which  a  cistern  for  contain- 
ing rain-wat<<r  is  never  wanting.  This  water  forms  the 
main  supply  of  the  city,  and  in  addition  to  the  private  cis- 
terns is  collected  by  100  public  cisterns. 

Venice  contains  a  vast  number  of  magnificent  churches 
and  palaces,  adorned  with  the  paintings  of  Titian  and  the 
frescoes  of  Tintoretto  and  Paul  Veronese.  The  first  which 
claims  attimtion  is  the  ancient  palace  of  the  doge,  the  l"a- 
lazzo  di  San  Marco,  which  dates  from  the  10th  century,  but 
was  reconstructed  in  1354  by  the  Doge  Marino  Faliero,  and 
has  .since  received  many  important  additions,  among  others 
the  beautiful  entrance  called  the  Porta  della  Carta.  The 
style  of  its  architecture  is  Gothic,  of  a  kind  to  which  the 
name  of  Oriental  or  Venetian  has  been  not  improperly  ap- 
plied, but  in  many  of  the  repairs  and  alterations  there  is  a 
mi.Kture  of  Italian,  introduced  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to 
impair  the  unity  of  the  whole.  It  is  in  the  form  of  an 
irregular  square,  two  of  its  sides  resting  on  double  ranges 
of  arches,  the  columns  and  tracery  of  which,  though  neces- 
sarily massive,  have  been  so  skilfully  worked,  as  to  have  an 
appearance  of  airy  lightness,  particularly  around  the  capi- 
tals, which  are  covered  over  with  numerous  groups  and 
figures  of  an  allegorical  description.  In  the  interior  are  a 
number  of  licautifiil  halls,  among  which  the  most  remarka- 
ble are  the  Sala  delle  Quatro  Porte,  so  called  from  its  four 
symmetrical  d0t>rs  designed  by  Palladio;  it  has  a  richly 
ornamented  ceiling  and  walls  covered  with  frescoes  by  Tin- 
toretto, and  paintings  by  distinguished  masters,  among 
others  Titian;  the  Sala  del  Collegio  or  presence-chamber, 
where  the  doge  held  his  court,  adorned  by  national  and  his- 
torical alle^ries  by  I'aul  Veronese:  the  Sala  del  Consiglio- 
dci  Dieci.  (si'ld  del  kon-seel'yo  d.Ve  de-A'choe — "  hall  of  the 
Council  of  Ten")  where  the  fearful  tribunal  of  that  name 
held  its  fittings;  and  the  Sala  del  Maggior  ConsigUo,  a  vast 
apartment,  154  fce't  long  by  74  feet  broad,  occupying  the 
greater  part  of  the  upper  story,  adorned  with  splendid 
paintings,  said  to  be  the  earliest  specimens  of  oil  painting 
upon  canvas,  but  much  injured  in  its  appearance  and  gene- 
ral etfc^ct,  from  having  been  converted  into  a  museum  and 
a  library.  The  celebrated  Ponte  de'  Sos))iri  (Hridge  of  Sighs) 
connects  the  palace  with  the  pulilic  prisons,  a  long  and  gloomy 
range  on  the  side  of  a  narrow  canal. 

The  edifice  next  entitled  to  notice  is  the  church  of  San 
Marco,  originally  the  ducal  chapel,  and  not  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  a  cathedral  till  1817,  but  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the 
grandest  and  most  interesting  ecclesiastical  structures  in 
Christendom.  Its  style  is  mainly  Byzantine,  with  an  inter- 
nii.tture  of  Gothic  and  modern  Italian,  and  its  form  that  of  a 
Greek  cross,  the  nave  24.5  feet,  and  the  transept  201  feet.  It 
is  surmounted  by  five  domes,  the  one  in  the  centre  90  feet, 
and  each  of  the  others  SO  feet  in  height.  The  principal 
front,  170  feet  wide,  has  500  splendid  columns  of  black, 
white,  and  veined  marble,  bronze,  alabaster,  verd  antiq\ie, 
and  serpentine,  several  of  them  being  covered  with  deeply 
cut  Syrian  inscriptions ;  it  terminates  in  point«l  arches  sur- 
mounted by  numerous  crosses,  statues,  pinnacles,  and 
spires.  Over  the  portal  of  this  magnificent  temple  were 
replaced,  in  1815,  the  four  celebrated  bronze  horses  which 
were  foundtHj  at  Corinth,  and  successively  adorned  Athens, 
Rome,  Constantinople,  Venice,  and  Paris.  In  the  interior, 
everything  is  gorgeous  almost  beyond  description,  resplend- 
ent cupolas  above,  rich  and  variegated  jasper  and  por- 
phyry pavement  below,  gold-grounded  mosaics  spread  over 
roof  and  wall  in  such  profusion  as  to  make  the  whole  look 
a-s  if  it  were  lined  with  gold.  Among  the  multitude  of  pre- 
cious objects  claiming  attention  is  the  celebrated  Palla 
d'Oro,  a  species  of  mosaic  in  gold,  silver,  and  enamel,  made 
at  Constantinople  in  the  10th  century.  In  front  of  St. 
Mark  are  three  bronze  pedestals,  with  masts,  now  bearing 
the  Austrian  standards,  and  near  it  the  Campanile  Tower, 
where  astronomical  ob.servations  were  made  by  Galileo. 

Among  the  many  other  edifices  deserving  of  notice,  either 
for  their  architecture  or  the  historical  associations,  is  the 
church  of  Santa  Maria  Gloriosa  dei  Frari,  a  lofty  and  venera- 
ble Gothic  structure,  built  in  the  l.Sth  century,  filled  with 
magnificent  monuments,  among  which  the  plain  slab  which 
mark's  the  grave  of  Titian  is  not  to  be  forgotten,  and  adorned 
with  paintings  by  Titian  and  Tintoretto ;  the  church  of  San 
Giovanni  e  I'aolo,  a  solemn  and  majestic  structure,  remark- 
able for  its  fine  painted  glass,  and  the  monuments  of  nu- 
merous doges;  the  church  of  La  Madonna  dell'  Orto.  once 
the  richest  in  Venice,  but  in  a  dilapidated  state :  the  church 
of  San  Piotro  di  Castello.  with  a  fine  campanile,  and  some 
iTOod  paintings  and  mosaics ;  the  church  of  San  Francesco 
della  Vigna.  ort  a  magnificent  plan,  but  only  partly  finished ; 
the  church  of  the  Jesuits,  in  the  theatrical  and  luxurious 
style  not  uncommon  in  churclK-s  of  the  order;  the  church 
of  II  Santissimo  Redentore.  built  as  a  votive  offering  after 
the  staying  of  the  plague  in  1576,  and  re.'arded  &:>  the  finest 
of  Palladio's  structures;  the  church  of  Santa  Maria  della 
Salute.  anoth(!r  votive  offering,  ereetefl  in  1032.  after  the 
^.ssation  of  a  still  irre.tter  plague,  particularly  distinguished 
by  the  boldness  uf  its  principal  cupola,  and  decorated  within 


with  many  admirable  works  of  art;  the  Palazzo  Rcale,  orl 
ginally  the  Procurazie  Vccchie,  standing  on  50  arches,  auo 
occupying  one  entire  side  of  the  piazza  of  San  Marco;  th* 
Orologio,  a  lofty  tower  with  a  very  curious  clock,  and  a 
number  of  gigantic  figures  in  bronze ;  the  Palazzo  dei  Canier- 
lenghi,  close  to  the  Rialto  Bridge,  and  now  converted  into 
the  Tribunale  d'Appello;  the  Dogana  or  Custom-house,  a 
massive  structure  of  the  early  part  of  the  Uith  century, 
with  coupled  arches  and  arched  porticoes;  the  Ar.-;enal,  a 
vast  range  of  buildings  nearly  two  miles  in  circuit,  sur- 
rounded by  battlemented  walls  and  towers,  and  containing 
an  armory  in  which  are  many  remarkable  curiosities;  the 
Palazzo  Foscari,  Ca.sad'Oro,  I'alazzo  Grimani,  now  the  post- 
office;  Palazzo  Pisani,  Palazzo  Trevisano,  Palazzo  Manlrinl 
with  one  of  the  best  private  collections  of  paintings  in 
Venice;  various  other  palace.s,  the  Conveuto  della  Caritjl, 
now  occupied  by  the  Academy  of  Painting;  and  six  thea- 
tres, the  seventh  and  finest  having  been  destroyed  by  the 
great  fire  of  18.36,  The  old  library  of  St,  Mark  occupfes  a 
magnificent  hall,  and  in  the  same  building  is  the  Zecca  or 
Mint,  where,  in  1284,  the  celebrated  ducat  of  Venice,  the 
most  ancient  coin  in  Kurope,  was  struck. 

The  chief  scientific  and  literary  institutions  of  Venice,  are 
the  Lyceum,  with  a  rich  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  a 
botanic  garden,  2  royal  gymnasia,  and  the  Seminary  of  the 
Salute,  occupying  the  former  convent  of  this  name,  with 
valuable  scientific  collections,  and  a  rich  library;  Normal 
High  School,  Marine  College,  Academy  and  School  of  the 
Fine  Arts,  the  oldest  of  its  kind  in  existence.  The  Library 
of  St,  Mark,  comprising  90,000  volumes,  with  a  fine  cabinet 
of  antiquities  and  medals,  is  one  of  the  richest  in  Italy,  and 
among  the  largest  in  Europe.  One  of  the  most  remarkalile 
institutions  in  Venice,  is  that  of  the  Archivio  Generale, 
which  contains  an  immense  mass  of  documents  relative  to 
the  history  of  A'enice.  There  are  also  various  establi.-ihments 
of  a  charitable  nature,  under  the  name  of  Scuole,  of  which 
the  most  deserving  of  notice,  both  for  the  elegance  of  their 
buildings,  the  beautiful  paintings  which  adorn  them,  and 
the  rich  endowments  which  they  once  possessed,  are  those 
of  San  .Marco  and  San  Rocco. 

In  the  middle  ages,  Venice  had  a  monopoly  of  the  manu- 
facture of  glass,  but  this  has  greatly  declined.  The  princi- 
pal at  present  produced  are  woollen  cloth,  serge,  canvas, 
cord.age.  cloth  of  gold  and  silver,  velvet,  silk  hosiery,  lace, 
pearls,  counterfeit  gems,  mirrors,  colored  glass,  jewelry,  wax- 
work, Ac.  The  printing-presses  of  Venice,  which  in  early 
times  iK'came  celebrated  over  Europe  for  the  beautiful  inii- 
tions  of  the  classics  which  issued  from  them,  are  still  active, 
and  send  out  more  works  than  any  other  town  in  Italy. 

During  the  middle  ages,  before  the  western  nations  of 
Europe  hful  devoted  themselves  to  maritime  enterprise, 
Venice  naturally  became  the  great  mart  for  the  commerce 
lietween  the  East  and  West.  The  progress  of  discovery 
having  opened  new  channels,  and  other  causes  concurring, 
the  trade  rapidly  sunk,  and  has  at  last  dwindled  down 
to  a  mere  shadow.  Even  In  Its  own  neighlxirhood  it  is  out- 
stripped by  Triest,  and  the  utmost  which  it  can  now  claim 
is  a  share  in  the  trade  of  the  neighboring  seas,  and  particu- 
larly in  the  Levant.  Its  harbor  is  ample  beyond  all  possible 
requirement,  being  nearly  co-extensive  with  its  lagoons; 
but  the  very  deepest  of  the  openings  in  the  belt  of  land 
which  follows  them  does  not  exceed  16  feet  at  the  highest 
rise;  and  at  Malmocco,  the  most  fre<}uented  of  them, 
there  is  a  bar  outside  on  which  the  water  is  never  more 
than  10  feet.  The  great  vessels  by  wliich  the  foreign 
commerce  of  modern  times  is  principally  carried  on  are 
consequently  excluded,  and  though  it  has  been  a  free  port 
since  1829,  both  the  exports  and  inipiirts  are  very  insignifi 
cant.  In  1853  there  cleared  816  ves.sels,  tonnage  129.811, 
half  of  them  in  ballast,  besides  3694  coasters,  tonnage 
299.883 ;  and  there  arrived  876  vessels,  tonnage  134,444,  be- 
sides 3908  coasters,  tonnage  286,651.  The  imports  include 
colonial  wares,  dye-woods,  wool,  skins,  grain,  oil,  liqueurs, 
tallow,  coals,  iron,  salt  fish,  &c, ;  and  the  exports,  timber, 
rice,  linen,  glass,  coral,  white-lead,  &c. 

The  history  of  Venice  extends  over  many  centuries,  and 
derives  great  interest  from  its  intimate  connexion  with  many 
of  the  most  Important  events  of  which  Europe  has  been  the 
theatre,  both  in  early  and  in  more  modern  times.  Its  origin 
dates  from  the  period  of  the  invasion  of  Attila  in  452,  when 
a  number  of  the  inhabllants  of  Venetia,  and  other  parts  of 
Italy,  taking  refuge  in  the  islands  of  the  Adriatic,  formed  a 
confkleration  to  oppose  the  barbarians.  In  697  they  elected, 
as  the  head  of  their  government,  a  doge  or  duke,  (in  Latin 
dux,  i.  e.  '•  leader  or  general.")  A  republic  was  establisheil  in 
809.  In  997  the  Venetians  took  possession  of  the  town  of  Na- 
rerita,  a  nest  of  pirates,  and  thus  commenced  their  maritime 
power;  they  afterwards subjugateil  all  thetownsof  Dalniatia. 
The  crusades  were  a  source  of  aggrandizement  for  the  Vene- 
tians, giving  lucrative  employment  to  their  shipping  in  the 
conveyance  of  troops  and  the  munitions  of  war.  At  the  end 
of  the  12th  century,  the  Venetians  made  themselves  masters 
of  part  of  the  Morea,  Corfu.  Cephalonia,  and  Crete.  During 
two  centuries  they  monopolized  the  commerce  of  India  by 
the  route  of  Egypt;  but  they  lost  this  on  the  discovery  of 

2U2S 


V£N 

the,  «s80ge  bj  th»  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  About,  the  middle 
of  t.e  15th  ceutury  was  established  the  Council  of  Ten,  who 
were  t^elucted  from  the  grand  council,  and  subsequently,  in 
1464.  three  state  inqui.sitors  were  selected  from  the  Council 
of  Ten.  These  imiuLsitors,  in  whom  uU  the  powers  of  the 
state  were  ab.solutely  vested,  formed  a  court  whose  atro- 
cious proceedinjis  have  probably  never  been  equalled  by 
those  of  any  other  tribunal.  This  ri^id  despotism  had,  how- 
over,  the  elTect  of  giving  a  stern  unity  of  purpose  to  the 
proceedings  of  government,  aud  doubtless  contributed  in 
liome  degree  to  consolidate  tlie  various  accessions  of  territory 
which  had  been  made  into  one  whole:  The  state  attained 
the  height  of  its  prosperity  in  the  16th  century.  It  began 
to  decline  at  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century,  aud  its 
overthrow  was  completed  by  the  French  in  1797.  By  the 
treaty  of  I'resburg,  iu  1805,  it  was  made  over,  with  the  pro- 
vinces of  the  continent,  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  was 
heU>  by  the  I'rench  till  1814,  when  it  reverted  to  Austria. 
In  1S48,  the  Venetians  revolted  against  the  Austrians,  and 
held  the  city  for  several  months.  Pop.  in  1840,  127,925. — - 
Adj.  and  iuhab.  Venetian,  ven-ee'shQn;  (It.  Veneziano,  v4- 
nJd'ze-a'no;  Fr.  V£nitiex,  vA^nee'te-iN"';  Ger.  adj.  Venedisch, 
vA-nfi'dish,  iuhab.  Venetianer,  v4-nJt-se-i'ner.) 

VKMCE,  vJn'iss,  a  post-township  of  Cayuga  cc,  New 
York,  situated  about  3  miles  E.  of  Caj'uga  Lake,  and  16 
miles  S.  of  Auburn.    Pop.  2012. 

VENICE,  a  post-ofRce  of  VVa.shiagton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

VENICE,  a  postrvillage  of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  on  Sandusky 
Bay,  and  on  the  Junction  Railroad,  2  miles  W.  of  Sandusky 
City.    It  ha.s  water-power  and  large  ilouring-mills. 

VENICiil,  a  township  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2013. 

VEXlCli,  a  town.ship  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michigan.    P.  575. 

VENICE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  Kiver.  6  miles  above  St.  Louis. 

VENICK,  GOVERNMENT  OF,  one  of  the  two  great  divi- 
sions of  the  Lo>rB\RDo- Venetian  Kingdom,  (which  see.) 

VENICE,  GULF  OF.    See  Adriatic. 

VENISE,  a  city  of  Italy.    See  Venice. 

VENISSIEUX,  veh-nee.s'se-uh',  a  town  of  Franco,  depart- 
ment of  Isere,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  2040. 

VENLOO,  \in-\ol,  or  VENLO,  a  fortified  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  of  Limburg,  on  the  Meuse,  15  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Roermond;  lat.  51°  22'  N.,  Ion.  G°  10'  E.  Pop. 
7179,  employed  in  brewing,  tile-making,  tanning,  audiu  tin, 
lead,  tobacco,  and  vinegar  factories. 

VENNKS,  a  town  of  France.     See  Vannes. 

VENOSA,  vA-no/si,  (anc.  Venu/sia.)  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  liasilieata,  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Potenza.  Pop.  6000. 
It  has  a  noble  cathedral,  5  parish  churches,  a  market-hall, 
and  various  Roman  remains.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the 
poet  Horace. 

VEN-OT'TERY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

VENUAY  or  VENRAIJ,  vJn-ri',  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
Tince  of  Limburg,  22  miles  N.  of  Roermond.    Pop.  1695. 

VENTABREN,  vSNo'td'hrSN'/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Itouches-du-Rhone,  on  a  branch  of  the  railway  from 
Avignon  to  Marseilles.    Pop.  1600. 

VENTA  DEL  MORO,  vhi'td  dil  mo'ro,  a  village  of  Spain. 
New  Castile,  province  and  about  60  miles  from  Cuenca,  on 
the  Cabriel.    Pop.  1432. 

VENTANA,  SIERRA,  se^Rlid  vln-WnL  a  mountain  of 
La  Plata,  province  and  320  miles  S.W.  of  Buenos  Ayros;  lat. 
38°  5'  S.  It  is  of  quartz  formation,  bare  and  jagged,  and 
attains  a  heiglit  of  3500  feet. 

VENTAS  CON  PENA  AGUILERA,  vjn/as  con  pAn/yJ 
4-ghe-l.Vri,  a  village  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province  and 
18  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  1200. 

VENTIMIGLIA,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States.    See 

VIXTIMICLIA. 

VENTIl'OOR,  v?n-te-poor',  a  village  of  Cashmere,  near 
the  Jhylum,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Serinagur,  and  having  some 
remarkable  Hindoo  remains. 

VENT'NOR,  a  rapidly  increasing  town  on  the  S.  coast  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  between  the  villages  of  Bonchurch  and  St. 
Laurence,  and  about  4  miles  E.  of  Niton,  with  which  and 
with  Newport,  C<.>wes,  and  Ryde,  it  communicates  by 
coaches  daily.  It  stands  shelt<!red  by  high  land  on  the  N. 
aud  K,  and  it  has  risen  since  1830  from  a  mere  hamlet  into 
a  fashionable  watering-place.  It  has  a  chapel  of  ease,  Inde- 
pendent and  We,sleyan  chapels,  and  schools,  haudsome 
U-rraccs.  and  many  detached  villas. 

VK.\T(JUX,  MONT,  m6N»  vdN^Hoo/,  France,  department 

?;  .  w  i.',":':;  '^  '\^"  *'"'  f»°n««f  of  the  department  of  Drome. 
Uel^tit  Di<i3  feet 

.'KN/TIIY.  a  maritime  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
ivTii'  '  "P-,2-*''^«-  '^'he  harbor  of  Ventry,  which  affords 
i'f.  '•'"'Iwase,  Is  divided  from  that  of  Dingle  by  a 
m^nT    c'l,  .'"u"'  °1  *'"'■''   "'•'-'  ''*^«"-"'l  Danish   intrench- 

^rir:;;' \l.!j;;^n- -ar-^  the  geog;aS 

VENZO.NI-.^v^D-zoaA,a  market-town  of  Austrian  Italy, 


VER 

government  of  Venice,  delegation  and  i8  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Udine,  on  the  Tagliamento.     Pop.  3L'00. 

VEPRITT  or  AVEl'RIT,  v.A-prii/,  a  town  of  Russia,  gorem- 
ment  of  Poltava,  10  miles  E.  of  GaUjatsch.   Pop.  1800. 

VERA,  vA'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre,  on 
the  Bidas.soa,  40  miles  N.  of  Pamplona.     Pop.  1764. 

VERA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  39  miles  N.E.  of 
Almeria,  near  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  8470.  It  h.is  a  small 
harbor,  manufactures  of  nitre,  an  active  fishery,  aud  some 
export  and  import  trade.  Near  it  are  traces  of  the  ancient 
Ur'ci. 

VERA  CRUZ,  vA'rd  krooss,  a  maritime  state  of  the  Mexi- 
can Confederation,  consisting  of  a  long  and  somewhat  nar- 
row belt  of  territory,  stretching  along  the  S.W.  p;trt  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  aud  bounded  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  states  of 
San  Luis  Potosi  and  Queretaro;  W.  by  Mexico  lyid  Puebla; 
S.  by  Oaj.aca;  aud  E.  by  Tabasco.  It  extends  from  lat.  17" 
30'  to  22°  15'  N.,  Ion.  94°  30' and  99°  W.  Greatest  length, 
from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E.,  nearly  600  miles;  bre.'vdth  only 
about  80  miles.  Area  27,595  .square  miles.  The  coasts 
are  generally  low,  level,  and  sandy,  and  the  streams  which 
fall  into  the  Gulf  are  cither  obstructed  by  bars  at  their 
mouths,  or  else  are  navigable  for  only  a  short  distance. 
The  most  important  are  the  Tampico,  the  Pan  .Tuan  ot 
Alvarado,  and  the  Iluasacualco,  separating  Vera  Cruz  from 
Oajaca  and  Tabasco.  Another  characteri.stic  feature  of 
the  coast  is  the  number  of  its  lagoons.  One  of  these, 
the  Tamiagua.  in  the  N.,  is  about  55  miles  long  by  20  miles 
broad,  and  communicates  with  the  Gulf  by  two  mouths, 
which  here  form  the  island  of  Tuspan.  Within  the  lagoon 
are  the  two  islauds  of  Juan-Ramirez  and  El-Toro.  The  la- 
goon next  in  size  and  still  farther  N.  is  Tampico,  12  miles 
long  by  9  miles  broad;  the  largest  in  the  S.  is  that  of  Alvar 
rado,  subdivided  into  eight  smaller  lagoons.  The  interior, 
after  the  low  sandy  belt  of  sea-shore  is  passed,  rises  gradu- 
ally, and  becomes  either  clothed  with  magnificent  forests,  or 
covered  with  verdant  pasture,  and  cultivated  fields  of  cane 
and  corn.  Its  most  mountainous  region  is  near  the  centre, 
to  the  W.  of  the  capital,  where  the  volcanic  peak  of  Orizaba 
rises  to  the  height  of  17,374  feet.  The  climate  is  almost 
pestilential  on  the  coast,  where  from  May  to  November 
yellow  fever  always  more  or  less  prevails,  but  becomes  genial 
and  healthy  in  the  higher  and  more  inland  districts.  The 
products  embrace  numerous  varieties  both  of  the  temperate 
and  torrid  zone,  including,  among  others,  maize,  barley,  and 
wheat,  tobacco,  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  sarpa|>arilla,  vanilla, 
pine-apples,  oranges,  bananas,  and  similar  fruits,  dye-woods, 
and  many  valuable  species  of  cabinet-timber.  The  domestic 
animals,  consisting  chiefiy  of  horned  cattle,  and  to  some 
extent  also  of  horses  and  sheep,  are  so  numerous  that  their 
value  has  been  estimated  at  above  $20,000,000.  Through 
this  state  lies  the  main  route  to  Mexico  from  the  Atlantic. 
Vera  Cruz  is  divided  into  4  departments,  Jalapa,  Orizaba, 
Acayucam,  and  Vera  Cruz,  subdivided  into  12  districts. 
Capital,  A'era  Cruz.  Pop.  in  1854,  composed  of  mixed  races, 
chiefiy  Creoles  and  Indians,  with  some  Ilavanese,  foreign- 
ers, negroes,  and  on  the  coasts  a  considerable  number  ot 
Zamlws,  274.686. 

VERA  CRUZ  or  VILLA  RICA  DE  LA  VERA  CRUZ,  veel^ 
yi  ree'kd  dA  Id  v4/rl  krooss,  (the  "  rich  city  of  the  true  cross,") 
a  seaport  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  the  above  state,  iu  a 
sandy,  marshy,  and  unhealthy  plain  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  185  miles  E.  of  Mexico;  lat.  (San  Juan  de 
Ulna  light)  19°  11'  54"  N.,  Ion.  96°  8'  36"  W.  It  presents  an 
imposing  appearance  from  the  sea,  is  defended  by  the  strong 
castle  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua,  built  upon  an  island  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  shore ;  and  consists  of  several  squares 
and  regular  streets,  with  houses  of  coral-limestone,  some- 
times three  stories  high,  flat-roofed,  and  generally  provided 
with  wooden  balconies.  The  principal  buildings  are  16 
churches,  of  which,  however,  only  6  are  in  use,  though  the 
cupolas  of  all  still  remain,  and  form  very  con.spicuous 
objects;  the  Government  House,  which  is  tolerably  haud- 
some, and  some  dilapidated  monasteries.  The  harbor,  a 
mere  roadstead  between  the  town  and  the  castle,  is  very 
insecure,  having  neither  good  anchorage  nor  sulTiiieiit  pro- 
tection from  N.  winds.  It  is  provided,  however,  with  a  good 
stone  mole,  and  on  the  island  of  Sau  Juan  de  Ulua  there  is 
a  lighthouse  showing  a  bi'illiant  revolving  light,  89  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  tide  ebbs  and  flows  here  only  once  in 
twenty-four  hours;  the  highest  rise  observed  is  24  febt. 
The  trade,  though  considerable,  is  rather  declining,  iu  con- 
sequence both  of  the  unheal thine.«s  of  the  climate,  the 
scarcity  of  good  water,  and  the  superior  attractions  of  the 
rising  port  of  Tampico.  It  ranks,  however,  as  the  fourth 
port  in  the  Confederation,  being  surpas.sed  in  the  extent  of 
its  commerce  only  by  Afapulco,  Mazatlan.  and  San  Bias. 
The  aggregate  tonnage  of  the  arrivals  in  1852  (including  7 
steamers)  was  28,203;  number  of  pa.isengers  arrived,  1429; 
number  left,  1346.  In  1845,  268  ships,  aggregate  burden 
30.416  toiLs.  chiefly  Mexican,  United  States.  French.  Briti  di, 
and  Spanish,  entered,  with  cargoes  to  the  value  of  $2.341,0('0; 
and  271  vessels,  burden  31,229  tons,  cleared  from  the  port 
The  exports  consist  principally  of  bullion,  cochineal,  sugai', 
flour,  indigo,  provisions,  drugs,  vauilla.  loirwood  and  pimento 


VER 

and  imports  woven  fabrics,  cocoa,  paper,  brandy,  wines, 
anil  metals.  Vera  Cruz  was  founded  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
null  century,  near  the  spot  where  Cortez  first  liindeil,  and 
obtained  the  rank  and  privilct^es  of  a  city  in  1615.  Its  cas- 
tle, which  completely  commands  it,  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  182y.  Vera  Cruz  was  bombarded  and  taken  bj'  the  army 
Of  the  United  States  under  General  Scott,  in  1847.  Pop., 
once  about  20.000,  in  lSf)4  was  only  8228. 

VKKA  CKV'l.  OLD,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confedera- 
tion. 1-5  miles  N.W.  of  Vera  Cruz.  Here  Cortez  disembarked 
in  1518. 

ViCRA  CRUZ,  a  post-offlce  of  Wells  co..  Indiana. 

VERAGUA,  ve-rah'gwa,  (Sp.  pron.  \i-ri'i^v/L)  or  SANTI- 
AGO DK  VERAGUA.  sin-te-d'go  lik  vk-rSi/g\f&,  a  town  of 
Central  America,  but  belonging,  with  it.s  province,  to  the 
republic  of  New  Grenada,  department  of  Istmo,  22  miles 
N.  of  Moutijo  Bay,  Pacific  Ocean,  and  125  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Panama.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  well  built,  ancl  has  some  trade 
in  gold-dust,  copper,  cotton,  and  dyes. 

VERAGUA,  the  most  western  province  of  the  state  of 
New  Grenada,  between  lat.  7°  15'  and  9°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  80*^ 
20'  and  82°  50'  W.,  extends  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  and  lias  on  its  N.  side  the  lagoon  of  Chiriqui, 
^nd  \V.  the  state  of  Costa  Rica,  in  Central  America.  Most  of 
the  surface  is  covered  with  mountains  and  forests.  The  rivers 
have  short  courses,  but  frequently  inundate  the  country  after 
heavy  rains.     A'eragua  is  its  only  town  of  importance. 

VJJRAXO,  v4-rd/no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  16  miles  N.  of  Milan.     Pop.  1.373. 

VER/A  PAZ,  (Sp.  pron.  vA/rl  pdss  or  pilth,)  a  province  of 
Contr.al  America,  state  of  Guatemala,  mostly  between  lat. 
16°  and  18°  N.,  and  Ion.  89°  30'  and  91°  40'  W.  Besides  the 
city  of  Coban,  the  principal  places  are  Tactic,  Salama,  and 
Kobinal. 

VERAPOIil,  vA-rJp'o-le,(?)  a  town  of  Ilindostan,  Malabar 
Coast.  7  miles  N.E.  of  Cochin. 

VER.4WO\V,  vJrVwow',  the  principal  town  in  the  di.strict 
of  Parkur,  Sinde,  on  a  fresh-water  lake,  3  miles  in  circuit, 
lat.  24°  33'  N.,  Ion.  70°  46'  E.  It  comprises  350  houses,  aud 
near  it  are  extensive  remains  of  the  ruined  city  Pareenugger. 

VER'RANK,  a  post-office  of  Dutchess  co..  New  York. 

VERHANUS.    See  Lago  Maooiore. 

VERBAS,  vJr'bils',  or  VERBITZA,  vJn-bit/sJ,  a  river  of 
European  Turkey,  Bosnia,  joins  the  Save  13  miles  E.  of  Ora- 
diska,  after  a  N.  course  of  100  miles.  • 

VEIVBKNICO,  vjR-b,Vne-ko.  a  village  and  seaport  of  Aus- 
tria, Illyria.  on  the  island  of  Veglia.     Pop.  1290. 

VERBEllIE,  v^R'beh-ree'.  a  marketrtown  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Oise,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Senlis,  on  the  Oise.  Pop. 
in  18.52.  1450. 

VERBICARO.  v?R-be-k3/ro.  a  market-town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Calabria  Citra,  28  miles  N.  of  Paola,  and  5  miles 
from  the  Mediterranean.     Pop.  4000. 

VERBICZ,  vfeM)its'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  co.  of  Lip- 
tau,  on  the  Waag,  1  mile  S.S.E.  of  Szent  Miklos.    Pop.  2010. 

VERBINU.M.     See  VnRVixs. 

VKRBITZA,  a  river  of  Turkey.    See  Verbas. 

VERBOVSZKO,  v^R-bovs'sko.  a  market-town  of  Austria, 
Croatia,  on  the  Dobra,  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Carlstadt.  P.  1000. 

VERCANA.  v^K-kd'nd,  a  village  of  Italy,  province  and  27 
miles  N.E.  of  Como,  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Como. 
Pop.  1032. 

VKRCEL,  vJr^JII',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Doubs.  17  miles  K.  of  Besan^on.    Pop.  1200. 

VERCELLI,  via-chi^llee,  (anc.  Vercelll4V.)  a  city  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Piedmont,  division  of  Novara,  capital  of  a 
province,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sesia,  here  crossed  by  a 
hand.some  bridge,  14  miles  N.  of  Casale.  Pop.  19,352.  It' 
is  enclosed  by  boulevards,  replacing  its  old  fortifications, 
is  well  built,  and  ha.s  an  appearance  of  prosperity.  Its 
cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  Piedmont,  contains  the  tomb 
of  St.  Amadeus  of  Savoy,  and  a  valuable  library  of  old 
manuscripts,  including  a  copy  of  the  laws  of.  the  Lom- 
bards, and  a  manuscript  of  the  gospels,  written  by  St.  Euse- 
bius,  the  founder  of  the  see,  in  the  4th  century.  It  has  a 
large  hospital,  a  royal  palace,  clerical  seminary,  manufac- 
turiis  of  woollen  and  silk  fabrics,  and  a  large  trade  in  rice, 
raised  in  its  vicinity.     A  canal  connects  it  with  Ivrea. 

VERCELH-BORGO,  vJR-chJl'lee  boR/go,  a  town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  division  of  Novara.  province  and  4  miles  N.E. 
of  Vercelli,  near  the  Sesia.  It  has  a  palace  occupying  the 
site  of  an  okl  castle.     Pop.  2588. 

VEItCIlERES,  vJR'shaili',  a  town  of  Canada  East,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  23  miles  below  Montreal, 
with  a  church,  2  schools,  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  several 
tanneries.     Pop.  1000. 

VKRDACUELLU.M.  v^r-dd-chJl'lum,  »  town  of  British 
{ndia,  pre.^^idency  of  >railras,  96  miles  S.  of  Arcot,  and  for- 
•nerly  the  seat  of  the  British  courts  for  the  S.  division  of  its 
colleetorate. 

VERD.  CAPE,  West  Africa.     See  Cape  Verb. 

A'ERDE,  RIO,  ree'o  vjR'd.A.  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Mmas-Geraes,  rises  S.W.  of  the  town  of  Ajuijuoca,  flows  cir- 
cuitousiy  first  N.  and  then  W.,  and  after  a  course  of  about 
ISO  miles,  joins  the  Sapucahi. 


VER 

VERDE,  RIO,  an  auriferous  river  of  Br.Tzil,  province  of 
Minas-tieraes,  rises  in  the  marshes  to  the  W.  of  Sorra  Grao 
Mogor.  flows  N.  then  N.W.  and  then  W,  .md  joins  me  SaO 
Francisco  on  the  right,  neaily  opposite  to  the  mouths  of 
the  Japore  and  Carinhenha. 

VERDE,  RIO,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia,  flows 
N.,  and  joins  the  Sao  Francisco,  nearly  opposite  to  the  town 
of  I'ilao  Arcado. 

VERDE,  RIO,  a  river  of  Brazil,  province  of  Goyaz,  rises  in 
the  N.  slope  of  the  Serra  dos  Pirenneos,  flows  N.,  and  joina 
the  Marauhao. 

VERDE,  RIO,  a  river  of  Brazil,  pro\  ince  of  Matto-Grosso. 
It  takes  a  northerly  direction,  aud  after  a  course  nearly  par 
rallel  with  that  of  the  Guapore,  joins  that  river  about  100 
miles  from  the  town  of  Matto-Grosso. 

VERDELLO,  vJu-dJllo,  or  VERDELLO-MAGGIORE,  viii- 
dJl'lo  mdd-jo'rd,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  and  9 
miles  S.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  1760. 

VER'DEN,  (Ger.  pron.  fSR'den,)  a  town  of  Germany, 
Hanover,  capital  of  a  duchy,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Aller, 
aud  on  the  railway  to  Hanover,  21  miles  S  E.  of  Bremen. 
Pop.  4670.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  an  ancient  cathe- 
dral, manufactures  of  tobacco,  breweries,  distilleries,  aud 
an  export  trade  in  corn  and  cattle. 

VER/DIERVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Orange  co.,  Virginia. 

VERD()N,  vSrMAn"'.  a  river  of  P'rance,  department  of  Bas- 
ses-AIpes,  rises  near  Colmar,  flows  S.  to  near  Cast«llane,  and 
thence  W.  between  the  departments  of  Basses-Alpes  and  Var, 
aud  joins  the  Durance  after  a  course  of  100  miles. 

VER'DON,  a  postrvillage  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia,  on  Littlo 
River,  30  miles  N.  of  Richmond.     It  has  a  cotton  factory. 

VERDU,  v^R-doo/,  a  town  of  Spain,  Cataloniii,  province 
and  21  miles  E.  of  Lerida.    I'op.  1514. 

VERDUN,  v^rMQh'^/,  (anc.  VermMnum,)  utovm  of  France, 
department  of  Meuse,  28  miles  N.  of  Bar-lo-Duc,  on  the 
Slouse,  which  here  becomes  navigable.  Lat.  49°  9'  31"  N.. 
Ion.  5°  22'  E.  Pop.  in  1852,  13.941.  It  is  strongly  fortifiedi 
and  has  a  cathedral,  a  Protestant  chapel,  military  and  civil 
hospitals,  a  bishop's  palace,  clerical  seminary,  communal 
college,  and  public  library  of  14,000  volumes;  distilleries, 
breweries,  manufactures  of  wooden  wares,  nails,  leather, 
woven  fabrics,  liqueurs,  and  confectionary.  In  1792,  it  waa 
bomlmrdod  and  taken  by  the  Prussians,  but  restored  to  the 
French  after  the  battle  of  A'almy. 

VERDUN-SUR-GARONNE,  vJrMQno'  sUr  gdVonn',  a  town 
of  France,  department  of  Tarn-et-(iaronne,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Garonne,  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Castel-Sarrasiu.  Pop.  in 
1852.  4140,  who  manufacture  leather.  It  was  formerly  the 
cajiital  of  the  district  of  Verdunois. 

VERDUN-SUR-SAONE,  vjR\iriN«'  sliR  son.  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Snone-et-Loire.  on  the  SaOne,  at  the 
influx  of  the  Doubs.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Chftlons.     Pop.  2032. 

VERDUNOIS,  v^RMU'nwi',  an  old  district  or  division  of 
France,  now  comprised  in  the  departments  of  Tarn-et- 
Garonne  and  HaJate-Garon ne.     Its  capital  was  Verdun. 

A'ERE,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Veer. 

VEREIXIGTE  STAATEN.    See  Unitkd  States. 

VERENTUil.    See  Vai.entaxo. 

VEREYA,  VEREIA  or  VERE.TA.  vA-r,Vyi  a  town  of  Ru.s- 
sia,  government,  and  62  miles  W.S.W.  of  Moscow,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Protva.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  enclosed  by  high 
rampai-ts,  and  has  a  cathedr.il.  Its  inhabitants  carry  on 
an  active  trade  with  the  Don  Cossacks. 

VERFEIL,  v^R'fAI',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Garonne,  12  miles  E,N.E.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  2342. 

VERGARA,  vJR-gJ'rd.  a  town  of  Spain,  pi-ovince  of  Gui- 
pu.scoa.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Tolosa.  Pop.  3480.  A  convention 
concluded  here  in  1839,  put  an  end  to  the  war  in  Bisray. 

VERGENNES,  ver-j  Jnz/,  a  city  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  Otter  Creek,  7  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  on  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  22  miles 
S.  of  Burlington.  The  creek  is  here  about  500  feet  wide,  and 
navigable  for  the  largest  vessels  on  the  lake.  Two  i.«landa 
opposite  the  city  divide  the  stream  into  three  channels, 
which  have  three  distinct  sets  of  falls,  affording  an  hydraulic 
power  equal  to  the  best  in  the  state.  During  the  war  and 
non-intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  extensive  iron  manu- 
factories were  put  in  operation  at  these  falls,  and  among 
other  things  produced  was  177  tons  of  cannon-.shot.  In  1816 
most  of  the  iron  works  were  suspended,  and  have  since  only 
in  part  been  resumed.  A'ergenues  enjoys  admirable  advan- 
tages for  ship-building.  The  flotilla,  commanded  by  Com- 
moilore  McDonough.  at  the  battle  in  which  the  British  fleet 
on  Lake  Champlain  were  captured,  September  11,  1814,  was 
fitted  out  at  this  place.  The  city  is  beautifully  situated,  and 
contains  3  or  4  churches,  a  bank,  a  newspaper  office,  and  18 
or  20  stores.  A  United  States. arsenal,  the  only  military 
establishment  in  the  state  belonging  to  the  general  govern- 
ment, was  erected  here  in  1828.  The  principal  edifice  (of 
stone)  is  80  feet  by  36,  and  3  stories  high,  and  with  the  others 
is  enclosed  by  about  28  acres  of  ground.  Arms  and  other 
munitions  of  war  to  the  value  of  about  1^5.000.  belonging 
to  the  United  States,  and  of  upwards  of  |30,000  to  the  state 
of  Vermont,  are  constantly  stored  in  the  cuildipgs.  Settled 
in  1766,  by  Donald  McIntoEh,  who  was  a  native  of  Scotland, 

2027 


J 


VER 

M.-  had  been  in  the  battle  of  Cnlloden.  Incorporated  as  a 
dty  October  23.  17S3.    Pop.  1286. 

VKRGE.N'XES.  a  popt-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Kent  CO., 
Michigan,  interfwted  by  Flat  Kiver.    Pop.  1344. 

VKUCiENXKS.  a  post-rillaire  of  Jackson  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
10  miles  \.  of  Murphy.sl)Oi-ough.     '  ^        j.    ^ 

Vf:RGEZE,  vJiOzhaiz',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Gard.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Xlmes,  on  the  railway  to  Montpellier. 
Pop.  1300.  „ 

VERG  HERETO,  v?R-gA-rA'to,  a  village  of  Florence,  on  a 
spur  of  the  .Apennines.  5  miles  from  Bapmo.    Pop.  2246. 

V  ERG  I N I U  M  M  .\  R  E.    See  St.  George's  Ch.vxjiel. 

VERGILI.\.    Pee5IrRaA. 

VERI.\.  ve-ree'a,  or  K.\R.4  VERH.  k&'rS.  Te-ree'a..fnnc. 
Bercda;  Rr.  Btooia.  Bernta.)  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
Macedonia,  35  miles  W.  of  Salonica.  Pop.  8000.  mo-stly 
Greeks,  en-iaiied  in  cotton  weaving,  dyeing,  and  rai.=ing  fruit. 
The  ancient  town  of  llercea  is  alluded  to  in  ,\cts  xvii.  11. 

VJCKKFTXEEor  TERKIfXIL  verK'iiee  or  v^RK'flee.  (mean- 
ing "Upper.")  a  prefixed  name  of  mauv  towns  of  Russia. 

TERKIINEE  DXIEPROVSK,  v^RK'nee  dne-A-provsk',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  34  miles  'W.X.AV.of  Yeka- 
terinoslav.  on  the  right  hank  of  the  Dnieper.     Pop.  2800. 

TERKIIXEE  KOLYMSK,  vJnii'nee  ko-limsk',  a  town  of 
Russia,  East  Siteria,  government  of  Y^akootsk,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Kolyma,  165  miles  S.W.  of  Sredne-Kolymsk. 

VERKIIXEE  S.A.LTOV  or  VERKHXII  S.4LT0W.  v^RK'nee 
eil-tov',  a  market-town  of  European  Russia,  government  of 
Kborkov.  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Voltchansk.    Pop.  1500. 

VERKIIXEE  VILIOOSK,  v^RK'nee  ve-le-oosk',  a  town  of 
Russia,  province  of  Y^akootsk,  on  the  Yiliooi,  175  miles  N.  of 
Olekminsk. 

VERKIIXEE  TAXSK  or  VERKIIXn  JAXSK,  vfrK/nee 
yjnsk',  a  town  of  East  Siberia,  province  of  Y'akootsk,  on 
the  Yana:  lat.  66°  45'  X.,  Ion.  133°  10'  E. 

VERKIIOLEXSK.  vte-Ko-l^nsk',  a  town  of  East  Siberia, 
government  and  140  miles  X'.N.E.  of  Irkootsk.  on  the  Lena. 

VERKHOTiX)RIE  or  VERKHOTURIE,  vJR-Ko-too're-A,  a 
town  of  .Asiatic  Russia,  government  of  Perm,  capital  of  a 
circle,  on  the  Toora,  85  miles  N.  of  Alapaevsk.  Pop.  2800. 
It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and  has  an  exchange,  and  vast 
corn  magazines. 

VERKlIOVASHKOT,  v?R-Ko-v3sh-koi',  a  town  of  Rus-sia, 
government  of  Vologda,  on  the  Vaga,  and  on  the  road  from 
Vologda  to  Archan^rel,  18  miles  S.  of  Velsk.    Pop.  1540. 

VERL.\IXE.  v^R'lain',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
13  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Liege,  on  the  Yerne.     Pop.  1291. 

YER'LEY'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

VERMAXD,  vJr^uiSng'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  6  miles  X.W.  of  St.  Quentin.    P.  in  1852, 1278. 

VERM.\.XI>01S,  vjR*m5s"Mwi/,  (anc.  Veromanfdui.)  an  old 
subdivision  of  France,  in  Picardy.  Its  capital  was  St. 
Quentin. 

VERMEJO,*  vjR-mA/Ho;  called  also  RIO  GRANDE,  ree'o 
gr3n'd.i,  a  considerable  river  of  the  Plata  Confederacy,  South 
America,  rises  on  the  Bolivian  frontier,  flo*s  S.E.  and  joins 
the  Paraguay,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Xeembucu.  Total  course 
estimated  at  750  miles.    Affluents,  the  Jujuy  and  Tarija. 

VERMELH0,*T4R-mJl'yo,  a  river  of  Brazil,  rises  in  the 
mountains  S.E.  of  the  town  of  Goyaz,  and,  after  a  N.W. 
course  of  about  240  miles,  joins  the  Araguay. 

VERJIENTO.X,  vjR'm6x«'tA><^'.  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vonne.  13  miles  S.E.  of  .^.uxerre.     Pop.  2171. 

VKRMILIOX.  ver-miUyfin.  a  parish  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Loui>-iana,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  contains  about 
1850  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Vermilion  and  Mermen- 
teau  Rivers.  The  surface  is  flat,  and  partly  occupied  by 
prairies  and  marshes.  The  soil  is  adapted  to  sugar  and  In- 
dian corn.  The  Vermilion  is  navigable  by  steamboats.  Capi- 
tal, Vermilion  Court  House.  Pop.  4324,  of  whom  3u08  were 
free,  and  1316  slaves. 

VEKMILIOX.  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Indiana,  bor- 
dering on  Illinois,  contains  about  290  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Wabash,  and  drained  bv  the  Ver- 
milion River.  The  surface  is  mostly  level :  the  soil  varies 
from  sandy  to  clayey  :  and  is  very  fertile.  About  one-third 
of  its  area  is  a  beautiful  prairie.  Exten.=ive  mines  of  coal 
and  iron  ore  are  found.  Ou  the  border  of  a  prairie  in  Kelt 
town^^hip  there  is  a  conical  mound,  which  is  60  feet  high, 
and  alioHt  GOO  yards  in  circuit  at  the  base.  The  Wabash 
and  brie  Canal  passes  along  the  E.  border  of  this  county. 
Capital.  Xowport.    Pop.  9422. 

VERMILION,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordei^ 
ing  on  liiiliaiia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  900  square  miles. 
1  u^  "'.T'  .*'y  *''*  "^'"rmiUon  River  (affluent  of  the  Wa- 
V.  .  T  ,^  It*  branches  the  Salt  Fork.  Middle  Fork,  and 
♦kJ I  •,..",-•  ■'')^  ""''*  "''"  "'«  n"<l'Jle  f>f  the  countv; 
the  Little  \ermiiion  River  flows  through  the  S.  part  The 
M«  Th"  "?""'"'■:'">•  l'^'-<^'=  the  soil  is  deep,  fertile,  and  dura- 
n!;tvl?f  «■""."  '■..r'"*"'"''  "  '""■"«  portion  of  prairie,  with 
P^ent}  of  timWr  dirtributed  aloni  the  streams  A  plank- 
toad  connects  Danville  with  the  Wabash  River  and  Can^. 

MmJ- "virtmlirn!^"*"'"-  ■""*  ^''^"■''' '"  Spanish,  signify  the 


VER 

This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Great  Western  Railroad 
Vermilion  River  affords  vnlnablo  water-power.  Slone-coal 
abounds  on  the  banks  of  the  river.  Capital,  Danville.  Pop. 
19,SW. 

VERMILION,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co ,  New  York. 

VERMILION,  a  township  of  Ashland  co  ,  Ohio.  Pop.  2253. 

YERMILIOX,  a  post-vill.tge,  township  and  shipping  port 
of  Erie  co.,  Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  Vennilicn 
River,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  21  miles 
E.  of  Sanilusky  City.  It  has  4  churches,  1  steam  gri.*t-mill, 
and  1  Mast-furnace.     Total  population  about  1800. 

V ERMILIOX,  a  towiiship,Vermilion  CO  ,  Indiana.  P.  1678. 

VERMILION  BAY,  in  the  S.  part  of  Ix)uisiana.  commu- 
nicates through  Cote  Blanche  Bay  with  the  Gulf  of  Slexico. 
Length  about  20  miles. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  of  Louisiana.  ri.»es  near  Opelousas, 
and  flows  southward  through  Lafayette  and  Vermilion  pa- 
rislips,  into  the  hay  of  its  own  name.  It  is  liordered  by  fer- 
tile prairies,  and  plantations  of  sugar  and  cotton,  and  is 
navigable  by  small  steamboats  for  about  80  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  of  Ohio,  a  small  stream  which  flows 
into  Lnkc  Erie,  near  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Erie  coniitv. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Iliinois, 
falls  into  the  Illinois  River.  3  or  4  miles  above  Peru. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  of  Illinois  and  Indiana,  is  formp<l 
by  three  branches,  the  North.  Middle,  and  South,  which 
unite  near  Danville,  Illinois.  It  then  flows  southeastward, 
and  enters  the  Wabash,  about  8  miles  below  Perryville.  in 
Indiana.  It  is  navigable  to  Danville,  a  distance  of  30  miles; 
The  Little  Vermilion  River  enters  the  Waba.-h,  4  or  5  miles 
below. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  of  Dakota  Territory,  falls  into  the 
Mis.souri,  aTiout  :!0  miles  In  a  straight  line  N.W.  of  the 
mouth  of  Sioux  River. 

VKRMIL'IONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capit.al  of  Lafayette 
parish,  Louisiana,  on  Bayou  Vermilion,  aliout  60  miles  W. 
liy  S.  of  Baton  Rouge,  and  20  miles  S.  of  Opelousas.  The 
bayou  is  navig;ible  by  small  steamers.  A  newspaper  is 
issued  here.     Pop.  49S. 

VERMILIONVILLE,  a  post-ofl3ce  of  La  Salle  county,  Illi- 
nois. 

VERMONT',(named  from  the  French,  Mants  reHs.oT  Vrrta 
Monis,i.  «.,  "Green  Mountains,"  the  princip.il  mountain 
range  in  the  .state,)  one  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  the  faost  north-western  of  the  New  England 
States.  It  lies  between  about  42°  44'  and  45°  N.  lat..  and 
71°  25'  and  73°  26'  W.  Ion.,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  Canada 
East;  E.  by  New  Hampshire,  from  which  it  is  separated  liy 
the  Connecticut  River;  S.  by  Massachnsett.o.  an<i  W.  b"- 
New  Y^ork  and  Lake  Champlain.  Length  from  N.  to  S., 
about  150  miles,  and  greatest  breadth  from  E.  to  AV.  aliout 
85, or  about  35  in  its  narrowest  part  at  the  south,  includinj?' 
an  area  of  about  10,212  square  miles,  or  6,535,680  acres,  ol 
which  2,823,157  were  improved  in  1860. 

Fiicf.  of  the  Onintry,  ifountm'ns.  &c. — Tlie  Green  Mountain 
Range  traverses  the  whole  extent  of  this  state  from  N.  to 
S..  dividing  it  into  nearly  equal  portions.  These  mountains, 
which  give  name  to  the  state,  attain  their  greatest  elevation 
(43.59  feet)  in  .Mount  Mansfield,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier. 
South  of  the  capital  the  range  separates  into  two  ridges,  the 
higher  but  more  broken  taking  a  nearly  N.  dire<'tion.  and 
the  other  extending  X.K..  almost  parallel  with  the  Con- 
necticut, but  at  some  distance  from  it.  This  ridge,  though 
lower  and  of  easier  ascent  than  the  western,  is  continuous, 
while  the  wi-stern  is  broken  by  the  passage  of  the  Onion, 
Lamoille,  and  Mis.eisque  Rivers.  From  the  point  of  .sepnrar 
tion  southwan:!.  the  mountains  are  not  divided  by  the  pa.'* 
age  of  any  considerable  stream.  They  approach  the  western 
boundary  in  this  direction.  Ascutney  Mountain.  (3".20  feet,) 
near  the  Connecticut  River,  in  Wind.eor  county,  is  famops 
for  its  picturesque  views.  The  other  principal  p<?nks  are 
Killingtim's.  near  Rutland.  ."075  feet  high :  the  Camel's 
Rump.  17  miles  W.  of  Montpelier.  4188  feet,  and  the  Nose 
and  Chin,  (a  few  feet  higher  than  the  la.st.)  in  Mansfield 
Mountain,  the  highest  peaks  in  the  state,  or  in  the  Green 
Mountain  Range.  The  mountains  are  generally  clothed 
with  the  evergreen  fir,  spruce,  and  hemlock,  and  hence 
their  name.  The  southern  part  of  the  range  divides  the 
rivers  flowing  into  the  Hudson  from  those  emptying  into 
the  Connecticut :  a  portion  of  the  trianile  between  the 
northern  ridges  is  drainwl  by  Lake  Memphremagog,  and 
the  W.  and  X.W.  portion  by  Lake  Champlain. 

Genlnffj/. — The  greater  portion  of  the  state  is  of  primary 
formation,  though  the  valleys  of  the  rivers  are  mostly  allu- 
vion, and  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain  transition  forma- 
tion. On  the  western  side  of  the  mountains  the  rocks  are 
principally  old  red  sandstone,  graywacke,  limestone,  caldfo 
rous  sandstone,  and  grsinular  quartz,  containing  iron  ore 
and  manganese;  hornblende,  mica  slate,  granite,  and  gneifa 
form  the  body  of  the  mountains:  serpentine  occurs  both  ia 
the  southern  and  northern  part  of  the  state,  .\long  He 
Connecticut  is  a  continuous  lied  of  clay  slate.  A  beil  tf 
granite  crosses  the  Connecticut  at  Bellows  Fails.  :uiii  ai*i-- 
forms  Ascutney  Mountain.    There  is  an  extensi  e  deno*!! 


VER 


VER 


of  primitive  limestone  in  Caledonia  county.  Tlie  eastern 
slope  of  tlie  mouiitnins  is  composed  mostly  of  hornblende 
rock,  gneiss,  granite,  and  clay  slate. 

Mi'Krals. — Iron  is  found  in  abundance — "  bog  ore  through- 
out the  state,  but  the  best  ores  of  the  tertiary  age  are 
found  alrng  the  western  base  of  the  Green  Mountains." 
A  bed  of  brown  coal,  in  connexion  with  iron,  exists  in 
lirandoo.  Vast  quantities  of  copperas  are  made  from  iron 
pyrites,  or  sulphuret  of  iron,  in  Strafford.  Of  other  metals 
there  are  found  titanium,  oxide  of  manganese,  lead,  mag- 
netic iron  ore,  plumbago,  copper,  and  zinc.  A  lump  of  gold 
was  discovered  in  Xewfaue,  in  1826,  weighing  8^  ounces: 
this  precious  ore  also  occurs  in  the  towns  of  Bridgewater 
and  .Stowe.  Granite  suitable  for  building-stone  in  abun- 
daiue.  and  vast  beds  of  tine  marble,  are  found.  The  marble 
quarries  at  Middlebury  are  particularly  celebrated.  A  black 
Tariety  of  this  beauliful  building  material  is  extensively 
quarried  at  swanton,  on  Lake  Champlain.'  A  fine  oilstone 
is  manufactured  into  hones,  from  a  small  island  in  Luke 
Memphremagog.  Slate  quarries  are  worked  on  the  Con- 
necticut. Kaolin  (porcelain  clay)  of  excellent  quality,  lime- 
stone, steatite,  (in  great  abundance  iu  Grafton,  where  it  is 
largely  quarried,)  talc,  and  marl,  all  exist  in  this  st.ate.  Fine 
white  marble  is  found  all  along  the  base  of  the  Green  Moun- 
tains, for  50  miles  above  and  below  Rutland,  at  which  town 
an  extensive  trade  is  carried  on  in  this  article.  Manganese 
and  slate  are  mined  and  quarried  in  the  same  vicinity. 

Kivers,  Ldkes,  aiul  Jdands. — Tlie  larg(>  and  beautiful  Lake 
Champlain,  so  famous  In  the  brief  history  of  our  country, 
from  the  naval  events  that  have  taken  place  on  it.  and  the 
battles  on  its  shores,  bounds  the  state  on  the  W.  for  105 
miles,  (its  entire  length  being  about  115,  and  breadth  from 
1  to  15  miles.)  separating  it  for  that  distance  from  New  York. 
Its  shores  are  bold  and  picturesque,  though  inferior  to  Lake 
George,  whose  waters  it  receives.  It  is  navigable  for  steam- 
boats of  the  largest  class,  and  is  in  the  main  line  of  travel 
from  Montreal  to  New  York.  Lake  M  mphremagog  is  the 
next  in  size  on  the  N.  boundary,  but  lies  mostly  in  Canada ; 
it  is  about  30  miles  in  length,  and  2  or  3  in  width.  There 
are  several  smaller  lakes,  and  among  them  Dunmore,  in  the 
W.,  Austin  and  Bombazine  in  the  S  W..  and  Long  Pond  in 
the  N.W.  The  latter  is  somewhat  celebrated  for  an  irruption 
of  Its  banks,  in  ISIO,  by  which  a  large  extent  of  country 
was  devastated,  and  trees  and  dwellings  swept  away.  An 
attempt  had  been  maile  to  tip  the  lake  when  this  disaster 
occurred.  Vermont,  though  well  watered,  has  no  large 
rivers  with  their  courses  entirely  within  the  state;  the  Con- 
ni-cticut,  however,  washes  its  eastern  boundary  for  it.s  whole 
extent.  The  mountains  dividing  the  state  nearly  through 
the  middle,  the  Connecticut  Kiver  receives  the  streams  from 
the  eastern,  and  Lake  Champlain  and  the  lludson  those  of 
the  western  slope,  after  short  and  for  the  most  part  rapid 
courses.  The  Otter  Creek,  Onion,  Lamoille,  and  Missis-que. 
(or  -quoi.)  all  empty  into  Lake  Champlain,  after  courses  of 
from  70  to  100  miles  each,  and  are  the  largest  rivers  whose 
courses  are  within  the  state.  The  rivers,  abounding  in  falls 
and  rapids,  are  well  adapted  for  mill  sites ;  but  are,  on  the 
game  account,  navigable  for  but  short  distances;  even  the 
Connecticut  itself  is  only  available  for  trafBc  by  means  of 
canals  and  locks,  by  which  boats  ascend  250  miles  above 
Hartford.  This  river  was  once  famous  for  its  abundance  of 
salmon,  but  they  have  disappeared;  shad  are,  however,  sjill 
taken.  The  islands  of  North  and  South  Hero,  and  Lamoille 
Island,  in  Lake  Champlain.  with  several  smaller  islands  and 
a  small  peninsula,  constitute  the  county  of  Grand  Island. 

Objects  of  Iitt.ere.it  to  Tourists. — Vermont  abounds  in  pic- 
turesque and  sublime  scenery,  and  will  well  reward  the 
lover  of  nature  for  the  toil  and  expense  of  peniimbulating 
its  mountains  and  valleys.  Among  the  more  striking  ob- 
jects, in  addition  to  the  principal  mount;un  summits  already 
referred  to.  are  the  Falls  of  the  Clyde  iu  Charleston,  descent 
loo  feet  in  40  rods;  Falls  of  the  Winooski,  Falls  of  the  Mis- 
si.-que  or  Missisco,  in  llighgate ;  McConnell's  Falls,  in  the 
Lamoille  River,  in  Johnson;  Falls  of  the  Passumsic  in 
Lydon;  the  Great  Falls  also  on  the  Lamoille,  in  Milton, 
descent  150  feet  in  50  rods;  Bellow's  Falls  in  the  Connecticut, 
In  the  S.E.  part  of  the  state,  is  the  grandest  object  of  the 
kind  in  Vermont;  Black  River  Falls,  in  Springfield;  the 
Fails  of  the  Missisco,  in  Troy,  70  feet  perpendicular,  and  the 
Falls  of  Otter  Creek,  in  Vergennes,  are  all  picturesque  ol)- 
jects.  We  question  if  any  city  in  the  Union,  at  least  K.  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  can  present  a  grander  or  more  beau- 
tiful panorama  than  is  to  be  witnessed  from  the  cupola  of 
the  Vermont  University  at  Burlington.  If  you  look  towards 
the  W.  you  have  beneath  you  the  beautiful  town  of  Bur- 
lington, with  the  no  less  beautiful  Lake  Champlain,  stretch- 
ing X.  and  S.  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  and  laving  on  th« 
W.  the  blue  Adirondack  Mountains  of  New  York,  which 
stretch,  ridge  after  ridge.  Ijeyond  the  reach  of  vision.  Turn- 
ing to  the  E.,  you  have  the  Mansfield  Mountain  (the  highest 
in  Vermont)  on  the  N.E..  and  Camel's  Hump  to  the  S.E.,  all 
In  clear  perspective,  while  the  whole  mountain  range,  of 
which  they  form  a  part,  shuts  out  the  eastern  horizon.  Lake 
\V'iiloughby.  N.  of  St.  Johnsbury,  is  becoming  a  fashionable 
resort  for  its  picturesjue  scenery. 


Climate. — The  climate  of  Vermont  is  severe  %\'  'he  win- 
ters long :  yet  it  is  one  of  the  healthiest  states  •<!  thn  Union. 
The  extremes  of  temperature  ranged,  in  18M.  from  17°  below 
zero  to  92^  above.  The  cold  of  winter  is.  bcwi  ver,  inorp 
steady  than  in  the  other  New  England  State,i.  and  the  >pring^ 
are  not  chilled  by  the  raw  winds  from  the  ocean,  especiallj 
W.  of  the  mountains.  Frosts  fall  early  in  September,  though 
the  winters  do  not  regularly  begin  til!  December;  but 
when  they  do  set  in,  they  generally  continue  to  April  with- 
out much  thaw.  According  to  otjservations  made  by  J.  B. 
Wheeler,  at  Montpelier.  in  1851,  there  were  115  clear,  221 
cloudy,  18  rainy,  and  11  snowy  d.ays.  During  the  year  there 
fell  7.75  feet  of  snow.  For  two  year.s.  the  most  that  fell  in 
any  one  month  was  50  inches  in  December.  1850,  and  30 
Inches  in  November,  1851.  Mean  noon  temperature  of 
January,  21°;  February,  24o.2;  March,  32°.4;  April.  41°.3; 
May,  51°.2;  June,  5"'=.5;  July,  63°.4;  August,  60°.9;  Sep. 
tembcr.  57° ;  October,  4S°.4 ;  November,  30°.3 ;  and  Decem- 
ber, 17°.9 ;  mean  for  the  year,  42°.l ;  greatest  average  heat 
iu  July,  73°;  least,  22°.6"  in  December;  lowest  average  at 
sunrise  in  December.  11°.7 ;  warmest  noon.  June  30  and 
September  10,  84°;  coldest  noon,  January  30,  8°. 

Snil  and  Prodioctions. — Though  a  mountainous  state,  Ver- 
mont has  a  large  portion  of  cultivable  soil,  and  the  valleys 
of  the  rivers  have  a  rich,  fertile,  alluvial  deposit.  Tho 
rougher  and  mountainous  portions  alTonl  exc-ellent  pasture 
for  cattle,  and  especially  for  sheep,  and  Vermont  produced 
more  wool,  live  stock,  maple  sugar,  butter,  clieese.  hay,  hops, 
and  Irish  potatoes,  in  1850,  (iu  proportion  to  population,) 
than  any  state  in  the  Union.  It  also  produced  large  quan- 
tities of  Indian  corn,  oats,  wheat,  rye,  pea.s.  beans,  fruits, 
grass-seeds,  beeswax,  and  honey,  besides  considerable  barley, 
market  products,  and  wine,  molasses,  and  silk  cocoons. 
According  to  the  census  of  1S60,  tliere  were  in  Vermont 
2,823,157  acres  of  improved  land,  (1,451.2.57  being  unim- 
proved,) producing  437,037  bushels  of  wheat;  139,271  of 
rye;  1,525,411  of  Indian  corn;  3.630.207  of  oats;  70,654  of 
pciis  and  beans;  5.253,498  of  Irish  potatoes;  79.211  of  bar- 
ley; 225,415  of  buckwheat;  11,578  of  jjrass  seeds;  3,118,950 
pounds  of  wool;  15,900.359  of  butter;  8.215,030  of  cheese; 
638.677  of  hops ;  9,897.781  of  maple  sugar;  212,150  of  honey; 
940.178  tons  hay;  12,245  ponnds  of  tobacco;  7007  pounds 
of  flax ;  and  S794  pounds  of  beeswax ;  value  of  live  .stock, 
$16,-i41,989;  of  miuket  products,  S21,S02;  orchard  products, 
$211,693;  and  slaughtered  aniniiils,  $3,."!65,261. 

Fiirest  Trees. — The  principal  forest  trees  on  the  mountains 
are  hemlock,  fir,  and  spruce;  on  the  lower  tracts,  oak,  pine, 
hickory,  sugar  maple,  elm,  butternut,  beech,  basswood,  and 
birch ;  and  in  tho  swamps,  cedar. 

Manufactures. — Though  Vermont  is  not  so  extensively 
engageil  in  manufactures  as  most  of  the  other  New  England 
States,  it  has  water-power  enough  to  supply  the  Union.  In 
1850  there  were  in  the  state  1849  establishments  engaged  in 
mining,  manufactures,  and  the  mechanic  arts,  producing 
each  S500  and  upwards  annually,  employing  capital  to  the 
amount  of  $9,498,617,  and  10,497  hands,  consuming  raw  ma- 
terial worth  S7,008,85S,  and  yielding  products  valued  at 
Sl4,ii37,837.  Among  these  were  7  cotton  factories,  employ- 
ing $241,200  capital,  and  337  hands,  consuming  raw  material 
worth  $121,030,  and  producing  annually  stuffs  valued  at 
$274,450;  45  woollen  factories,  employing  $1,744,800  capital, 
and  2070  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $1,661,450, 
and  producing  goods  valued  at  $2,936,826 ;  18  iron  foundries, 
employing  $133,600  capital,  and  producing  castings  valued 
at  $-2;il,2J0;  108  tanneries,  employing  $498,675  capital,  con- 
suming raw  material  worth  $719,727,  and  producing  leather 
valued  at  $1,002,853 ;  50  m.irble  works,  employing  capital 
to  the  amount  of  $034,650,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$499,208,  and  producing  marble  valued  at  $946,235 ;  2  man- 
ufactories of  weighing  scales,  employing  a  capital  of 
$380,000,  and  producing  scales  valued  at  $655,000 ;  24  manu- 
fivctories  of  machinery,  employing  a  capital  of  $1,025,200, 
and  producing  steam-engines,  Ac,  valued  at  $o01,276; 
and  133  carriage  factories,  producing  carriages  valued  at 
$475,060.  Home-made  manufactures  valued  at  $63,334  were 
also  produced  in  the  same  year. 

Oiinnierce. — All  the  commerce  connected  with  navigation 
in  this  state  is  carried  on  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain.  The 
foreign  exports  of  Vermont  for  the  fiscal  year  1862-3, 
amounted  to  $736,663;  the  imports  to  $2,567,892.  Tonnage 
entered,  22,012 ;  tonnage  cleared,  23,281 ;  owned  in  the  state, 
6067.  Number  of  vessels  built,  2;  tonnage,  146.  Ac- 
cording to  Andrews'  invaluable  report,  the  Canadian  trade  of 
the  Vermont  district  amonnted,  in  1861.  to  $1,033,989,  em- 
ploying 695  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of  91.967.  There  were 
3950  vessels  entered  in  1851  in  both  foreign  and  coasting 
trade.  The  enrolled  tonnage  was  3240  tons  of  steam,  and 
692  tons  of  sailing  vessels.  The  aggregate  value  of  the  trade 
on  both  shores  of  the  lake  amounted  to  $26,390,895.  and  the 
tonnage  to  197,500.  As  the  tonnage  of  the  vessels  entering 
ou  the  New  York  side  was  4208  to  3932  on  the  Vermont  side, 
the  inference  is,  that  the  greater  moiety  of  the  trade  was  in 
the  Champlain  or  New  York  district.  The  lumber  trade 
forms  a  large  portion  of  the  commerce  with  Canada,  but  this 
probably  passes  mostly  down  to  the  Hudson  River.    The 

2029 


TER 

anmber  of  vessels  belonging  toTermont  on  Lake  Chatnplain 
In  1S54.  was  52,  tonuage  tiUl.  ^  .     .       ,- 

Internal  hnproi-eimnts.—y ermont  Js  crossed  by  two  lines 
of  railway  from  Boston  to  Burlington;  one,  entering  the 
state  at  the  mouth  of  the  White  Kiver,  and  traversing  its 
valley  with  that  of  the  Onion,  meets  the  more  southern 
road  (which  eut«rs  the  state  at  Bellow's  Falls,  and  coasts 
the  shores  of  (.>tter  Creek  River,)  about  6  miles  K.  of  Bur- 
lingt'n.  when  the  united  roads  pass  on  to  Kouse's  Point,  at 
the''head  of  Lake  Champlain,  from  whence  other  roads  lead 
to  Montreal  and  Oadensburg.  Branch  roa<J«  connect  Troy, 
Schenectady,  Bennington,  Saratoga,  and  Whitehall,  with  the 
Rutland  Koad,  at  the  village  of  Rutland ;  and  the  latter 
point  also  is  united  to  the  towns  in  Western  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut.  The  Grand  Trunk  R,'iiIroad,  extending 
from  Portland  to  Montreal,  passes  through  the  X.E.  part 
of  Vermont  for  about  35  miles.  Other  roads,  coasting  the 
Connecticut  River  below  the  mouth  of  the  PaMumsic,  con- 
nect St.  Johnsbury  and  all  the  lower  towns  on  the  Connec- 
ticut with  Hartford,  New  Haven,  and  New  York.  Accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  ISeO,  tliis  state  had  556  miles  of  com- 
.pleted  railway,  the  construction  and  equipment  of  which 
cost  $23,336,215.  Two  fine  railroad  bridges  cross  the  two 
ai-ms  at  the  head  of  Like  Champlain. 

Education. — According  to  the  American  Almanac,  Ver- 
mont had  in  1851,  9U,110  pupils  attending  her  public 
schools,  at  a  cost  of  $217,402;  of  which  $90,893  was  from 
the  public  funds;  the  office  of  Public  School  Superintend- 
ent having  been  discontinued  in  consequence  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  school  fund  in  1846,  there  have  lieen  no  state 
returns  since  1861.  According  to  the  census  report  of  1860, 
Vermont  has  3  colleges  with  173  students,  $:3250  income; 
2696  public  schools,  having  80,9W  pupils,  ?220,634  income, 
of  which  $143,382  was  from  taxation,  92,246  from  public 
funds,  and  $999  from  endowments ;  96  colleges  and  other 
schools  hiiving  7851  pupils,  $73,711  income,  of  which  $8774 
was  from  public  funds.  $4361  was  from  endowments,  and 
$4027  from  taxation.  There  are  also  in  this  state  33()  libra- 
ries, embnxcing  167,429  volumes,  of  which  211  are  public 
containing  101,105  volumes;  8  school  with  16.532  volumes, 
98  Sunday-school  with  30,842  volumes,  1  college  and  18 
church  libraries,  with  19,950  volumes.  The  National  Al- 
manac for  1864  gives  Vermont  3  colleges,  1  theological 
seminary,  and  3  medical  schools. 

Public  InstitiUiims. — .Among  the  benevolent  institutions, 
Etands  conspicuous  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  Brattle- 
borough.  Since  the  opening  of  the  asj-lnm  in  1836,  3552 
patients  had  been  admitted  in  1863,  of  whom  1635  had  re- 
covered. The  number  of  patients  remaining  August  1, 1863, 
was  442.  Admitted  during  the  preceding  year,  98.  The 
Stiite  Prison  at  Windsor  had,  Sept.  1, 1863,  74  inmates.  The 
annual  expenditures  for  the  support  of  the  prison  were 
$8495;  the  total  income  from  the  labor  of  convicts  was 
$6725.  The  services  of  the  convicts  are  let  out  to  contrac- 
tors, notwithstanding  which,  the  expenditures  exceed  the 
income  by  $»51.  Vermont  has  a  Historical  Society  at 
Uoutpelier. 

Sdigious  Denominations.  — Of  the  697  churclies  in  Ver- 
mont in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  98,  Christians  11,  Congre- 
gationalists  178.  Episcopalians  33,  Friends  5,  Methodists  171, 
Presbyterians  11,  Roman  Catholics  27,  Unionists  82,  Univer- 
salists  55,  the  minor  sects  15;  giving  1  church  to  450  per- 
sons.   Totjil  value  of  church  property,  $1,800,600. 

Pr:rirKlicals.  — There  were  published  in  A' ermont  in  1860 
2  daily  and  28  weekly  newspapers,  26  of  which  were  politi- 
cal and  4  religious;  also  1  monthly  magazine.  The  whole 
number  of  copies  issued  annually  was  2,.579.0S0. 

Palliation.— 'the  population,  like  that  of  the  other  New 
England  States,  is  mainly  composed  of  the  descendants  of  < 
the  English  race.  Though  the  figures  do  not  show  a  very 
rapid  increase  in  Vermont,  her  population  has  had  a  steady 
growth;  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  has  contributed  in  a 
large  ratio  to  peopling  other  states  with  a  portion  of  their 


1840;  314.120  in  1850;  in  1860,  31.5,098;  of  whom  314..369 
were  whites.  907  colored,  and  20  Indians.  Population  to 
the  squiue  mile,  30 ;  representative  population,  315,098.  Of 
the  population.  239,087  were  born  in  the  state,  43,268  in 
other  states,  32.743  in  foreign  countries;  of  whom  1632 


.  »i  Vi-  -■- •".-•"•J.  •  "•  iiusniii,  1  lu  awitzeriana, 
.  •.  o  ."S-  ^'"^"**-.  "^^  *^«  population  in  the  leading  pur- 
■mts.38  90,  were  farmers,  14,022  farm  laborers,  94tB  ser- 
vants. MA)0  laborers,  2739  ciirpenters,  1951  teachers,  1317 
blacksmiths,  \2M  shoemakers,  1273  merchants,  1359  factory 
hands,  8S  ra.lro;«i  inen,  876  clerks,  718  mechanics,  6;U  cler- 
Ruieii,  094  physicians,  478  machinists,  432  maaons,  347 
stone  and  m/irble  cutters,  &c.   In  the  year  ending  June  1st, 

Th^'n.  mlir'f"7'1  '■'''f  ?*"";''"•  "■■  ^^'^  "'  every  thousand 
fc>  .hL  .        ^  deaf  and  dumb  was  144,  (see  Introdcction 

IT,  IV),  lie.,)  blind  16o,  insane  693,  and  idiotic  203 


VER 

Counties. — The  state  is  divided  into  14  counties,  viz.,  Addi- 
son, Bennington,  Caledonia,  Chittenden,  Essex,  Franklin, 
Grand  Isle,  Ijaraoille.  Orleans,  Orange,  Rutland,  Wa.-ihiug- 
ton,  Windham,  and  Windsor.     Montpelier  is  the  caiiital. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Vermont  has  iio  very  lar-^re  towns ;  the 
largest  are  Burlington,  with  a  jKipulation.  in  1860.  of  7713, 
Rutland  7577.  Bennington  4389,  Bnittleborougli  3S55,  St. 
Albans  3637,  Woodstock  3002,  Springfield  2958.  Middlebury 
2879,  Castleton  2S52.  St.  Johnsbury  3409,  Vergeunes  1286, 
and  AVindsor  1669. 

Government,  Finances,  &c. — A  governor,  lieutenant-go- 
vernor, senate,  and  house  of  representatives,  are  each 
elected  annually  by  popular  vot«.  The  governor  receives 
a  salary  of  $750  per  annum,  and  the  lieutenant-jiovernor, 
who  is  ex-officio  president  of  the  senate.  $4  per  diem  during 
the  sessions  of  the  legislature.  There  are  30  senators  and 
230  representatives,  who  each  receive  $2  per  diem  during 
the  sessions  of  the  legislature,  which  meets  annually  on  the 
second  Thursday  in  October.  Vermont  is  entitletl  to  3  mem- 
bers in  the  national  House  of  Representatives,  and  to  5  elec- 
toral votes  for  President  of  the  llnited  States.  Every  male 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  who  shall  have  been  a  year 
next  preceding  an  election  an  inhabitant  of  the  state,  ig 
entitled  to  a  vote — if  of  quiet  and  peaceable  beha\iur.  The 
judiciary  consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court,  composed  of  3 
judges,  which  holds  a  session  in  each  county  annually;  2. 
Of  county  courts,  which  are  held  in  4  circuits ;  and  3.  ()f  a 
court  of  chancery,  which  holds  two  stated  sessions  annually 
in  each  county.  An  appeal  from  the  chancellor's  court  lies 
to  the  supreme  court.  The  circuit  judges  are  appointed  by 
the  legislature,  but  2  associate  judges  in  each  county  are 
elected  by  the  people.  Salaries  of  judges.  $1375.  The 
assessed  value  of  real  estate  in  1854  was  $77,001,697;  esti- 
mated value,  $92.'VV^.049  in  1850.  and  $101,425,553  in  1852. 
Public  debt.  none.  Ordinary  expenses,  about  $80,000.  In 
August,  1854,  Vermont  had  40  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capi- 
tal of  $3,275,650 ;  a  circulation  of  $3,986,709,  and  $196,680 
in  specie. 

History. — Vermont  was  first  settled  by  some  emigrants 
from  Massachu.setts.  at  Fort  Dummer,  now  Krattleborough, 
in  1724.  The  French  erected  a  fort  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lake  Champlain.  in  1731,  but  soon 
deserted  and  destroyed  it.  Vermont  was  long  claiuietl  both 
by  New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  which,  though  decided 
by  the  king  as  belonging  to  New  York,  created  difficulties 
and  troubles  for  the  settlers  until  the  breaking  ont  of  the 
Revolution,  which  event,  gave  Vermont  an  opportunity  to 
assume  her  place  as  an  independent  state,  tliou^-'h-  even 
then  Congress  h.ad  con.siderable  difficulty  in  inducing  New 
York  to  relinquish  her  claims  and  acquiesce  in  tiie  admis- 
sion of  Vermont  into  the  confederacy  as  an  independent 
state;  this,  however,  was  consummated  March  4,  1791.  In 
this  state  occurred  the  battle  of  Bennington.  .Augu.st  16, 
1777.  in  which  the  British  were  defeated  in  two  engast^menfs. 
The  soldiers  of  Vermont  were  known  in  the  Revolution  as  the 
Green  Mountain  Boys.  Vermont  w.is  the  first  new  member 
of  the  American  confederacy  added  to  the  original  thirteen. 

VERMONT,  a  post-office  of  Chaiitauqua  co..  New  York. 

A'ERMONT,.  a  post^village  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Wildcat  River,  6  miles  E.  of  Kokomo. 

VERMONT,  a  thtiving  post-village  and  township  of  Ful- 
ton CO.,  Illinois,  about  CKJ  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield.  Pop. 
1564. 

VERMONT,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri,  about  40 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Jeff'erson  Citv. 

VERMONT  MEDICAL  COLLEGE.    See  Woopstock. 

VERMONT  SKTTLEMENT,  a  village  of  Will  co.,  lUinois, 
36  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

VERMONT'VILiiE,  a  post-village  of  Eaton  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Thornapple  River,  about  30  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Lansing. 

A'ERN,  vaiRn,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  lUe-et- 
A'ilaine.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Rennes.    Pop.  1700. 

VEKN.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  M.iine-ct-Loire, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Angei-s.     Pop.  in  1852.  2079. 

A'EKNAlS0N.veR'ni'z6s«',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Rhone,  on  the  railway  to  St.  Etienne.    Pop.  1000. 

VER'N.AL.  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co..  New  York,  38 
miles  E.  of  Buffalo. 

VEK'NAL,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Mi.sfissippl 

VERN  ANTE,  veK-n4n'tA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  10  miles  S.  of  Coni.     I'op.  3171. 

VEltXANTK.S.  vtR^nfiNf .  a  market-town  of  France.  dep.arf- 
ment  of  Maine-et-Loire,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Bauge.  Pop.  20o0. 
It  has  the  remains  of  a  Cistercian  abbey. 

A'ERNAZZA,  viR-ndt/s^,  a  village  of  the  .Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Levante,  on  the  side  of  a  ragged  rock  jutting 
into  the  sea.  It  has  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle.  3"he  anti- 
quary Quirino  Visconti  was  iwrn  here.     Pop.  1078. 

V1?RNE,  fi5R  nfh,  a  village  of  Prussia,  pioviuce  of  Westr 
phalia,  government  of  Miuden,  circle  of  Biii'eu.  Pupiilaiiol 
1053. 

VERNEUIL,  v^R'nul',  a  town  of  France,  departuv  n<  oi 
Eure.  on  the  Avre.  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Evreu.x.  P-'/.  \\ 
1852,  3904.     It  was  formerly  fortified,  has  a  i-hurjl    wjtl 


\L-. 


VER 


YER 


B  lofty  tow-r,  and    manufactures  of  druggete,   flannels, 
meriuos,  mid  cotton  hosiery. 

VKKNK.UirA  a  Tilla!,'e  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Vienne.  on  the  Vienne,  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Limoges.  Top. 
in  1802.  2216. 

VKIIN'IIA.M-DKAN,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Hants. 
VKR.MiJ.  vt'R'ne-o,  a  village  of  Tuscany,  about  24  miles 
from  Florence,  with  an  old  castle.     Pop.  3998. 

A'EKNON,  TcR'nix"','  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure,  on.  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  here  crossed  by  a  fine 
bridge,  and  on  the  I'aris  and  Havre  jjailway,  13  miles  N.AV. 
of  .Mantes.  I'op.  in  1852.  6463.  It  was  formerly  fortified, 
has  an  antique  church,  a  college  founded  by  Henry  IV.,  and 
manufactures  of  cotton-cloth  and  velvet.  Near  it  is  the 
forest  of  Vernon. 

VKR'.\()N'.  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  the  ludian  Territory.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Osage  and  South  Urand  Rivers,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Deepwator  and  the  Miatiii  Creeks.  This  county  is  not  in- 
cluded in  the  census  of  1850.  The  soil  and  productions  are 
similar  to  those  of  Cass  and  Bates  counties,  out  of  which  it 
was  firmed.     Capital,  Nevada  City.     Top.  48.50. 

VKRNl»N',  a  post-township  of  Windham  eo.,  Vermont,  on 
the  W.  side  of  Connecticut  Kiver,  66  miles  S.  by  \V.  of  Con- 
cord, intersected  by  the  Connecticut  Kiver  Railroad.  1*.  72-5. 
VKR.NON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  Hartford  Providence  and  Fishkill  Railroad. 
12  miles  K.N.E.  of  Hartford.  The  townshii)  is  drained  by 
the  Hockanum  and  the  Sankerooson,  which  afford  water- 
power.  l?l•^ides  the  village  at  the  centre,  it  contains  the 
uianufactniing  village  of  Ilockville,  which  employs  an  as- 
gregate  capital  of  $3UO,000  in  the  production  of  woollen  and 
cotton  good.s.     Pop.  38.38. 

VKRNO.V,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  Oneida  Co.,  .New  York,  111  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 
The  village  contains  4  chtirchos,  a  bank,  an  incorporated 
academy,  boys'  boarding-scliool,  4  stores,  a  large  tiinnery, 
a  fulling-mill,  and  a  fla.v  factory.  A  plank-road  connects 
it  with  Utica.  In  the  township  are  also  the  villages  of  Ver- 
non Centre,  and  Oneida  Castle.  Between  Oneida  Castle  and 
Vernon,  are  the  remains  of  what  was  once  a  beautiful  grove, 
known  as  Butternut  Orchard.  It  was  the  Council  Ground 
of  the  Oneida  Indians,  whose  settlements  were  in  this  town- 
ehip.  Only  about  200  of  the  Indians  are  now  left.  Pop.  of 
the  village,  atout  650;  of  the  town.'^hip,  2908. 

VKR.NO;^,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sus.sex  co..  New 
Jersey,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Trenton  ;  the  village  contains  2 
stores.  2  mills,  and  a  church.     I'op.  of  the  townsl)ip,  2190. 

VlOltXON,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1553. 

VKRNON,  a  postrvillage  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  32  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Dover. 

VKRNON',  a  post-village  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Chattahoochee  River,  6  miles  \V.  of  La  Grange. 

VKKNON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wa.sbington  CO.,  Flo- 
rida, on  Holmes'  Creek,  which  flows  through  a  fertile  valley 
of  the  same  name,  110  miles  VV.  of  Tallahassee. 

VERNON,  a  village  of  Autauga  co.,  Alabama,  on  the  Ala- 
bama River,  25  miles  W.  of  Montgomery. 

VKRNON,  a  postrvillage  of  Madison  co..  Missis.«ippi,  on 
the  Big  Black  River,  25  miles  N.N.\V.  of  Jackson. 
VKRNO.V,  a  post-oflice  of  Jackson  parish,  Ixmisiana. 
VKRNON,  a  post-village  of  Hickman  co..  Tennessee,  on 
I'iney  Creek,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville.    The  creek  affords 
extensive  water-power. 
VERNON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1168. 
VERNON,  a  township  of  Crawford  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1095. 
VERNON,  a  township  of  Jackson  Co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  133'1. 
VERNON,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  TrumhuU 
CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  954. 

VERNON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Shiawassee 
CO.,  Michigan,  partly  intersected  by  the  Shiawa.ssee  River. 
Pop.  1089. 
VERNON,  a  townsliip  of  Hancock  co ,  Indiana.  Pop.  1637. 
VERNON,  a  post-villdgo  and  township,  capital  of  Jennings 
00^  Indiana,  on  the   Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad, 
0110  mile  and  a-half  S.  of  the  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis  Kail- 
road,  66  miles  S.S.E.  of  Indianapolis.   The  village  is  beauti- 
fully situated  on  the  Vernon  Fork  of  the  .Muscatatuc  Kiver, 
by  which  it  is  almost  entirely   encircled.    It  contains  4 
churches,  1  newsp.aper  office,  and  several  Victories.    Pop. 
about  1000 ;  of  the  township,  3330. 
VERNON,  a  township,  AVashington  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1170. 
VERNON,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Illinois,  about 
16  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Vincennes,  in  Indiana. 

VERNON,  a  township  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1219. 

VERNON,  A'an  Buren  co.,  Iowa.    See  Appendix. 

VERNON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waukesha  co., 

Wisconsin,  about  24  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee.    The  village 

contains  1  hotel  and  a  wagon  shop.   Pop.  of  the  township.1145. 

VERNON,  a  small  town  of  Sutter  co.,  California,  is  situiited 

at  the  confluence  of  Sacramento  and  Feather  Rivers,  on  the 

main  road  from  Sacramento  city  to  Shasta,  about  105  miles 

N.N.E.  of  San  Francisco. 

VEIVNON,  a  county  of  New  south  Wales;  lat.  31°  S.,  Ion. 


132°  E.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Apsley  River,  and  the  Jtacleay 
forms  its  N.E.  boundary. 

VKRNON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  A'ernon  township, 
Oneida  co..  New  York,  108  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  It 
contains  2  churches.  8  stores,  and  a  distillery. 

VERNON  DEPOT,  a  post-ofiicoof  Tnll»iid  co..  Connecticut. 

VERNON  ISLES,  three  islands  lying  in  the  centre  of  the 
W.  entrance  of  Clarenctj  Straits,  N.W.  of  Australia;  lat.  12° 
5'  S.,  Ion.  13K  E. 

VERNON  RIVER,  a  sm.ill  stream  of  Ohio,  which  risec  in 
N.  central  part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  through  Knox  co., 
enters  the  Walhonding  Kiver  in  Coshocton  co.  It  is  also 
called  Owl  Ckeek. 

VKRNOU.  v?R'noo',  a  town  of  Franco,  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire,  9  miles  E.  of  Tours.     Pop.  1900. 

VERNOUX,  vJr'uoo',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardeche,  11  miles  N.  of  Privas.     Pop.  in  1852,  3251. 

VKRNOUX-EN-GaTINE,  vte'noo/  Sn"  ga't«en/,  a  com- 
mune of  France,  department  of  Deux-S6vres,  12  miles  AV. 
of  Parthenay.     Pop.  1400. 

VEROCZ,  vdVots',  or  VEROCZE,  (Verik-ze.)  viVofs^h, 
(Ger.  Wrmcitz,  vA'ro-<vits,)  a  town  of  the;  Austrian  Empire, 
Slavonia,  capital  of  a  county,  near  the  boundary  of  Croati.o, 
65  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Eszek.  Pop.  3200.  It  has  ii  castle.  Its 
county  comprises  1772  square  miles.     Pop.  223.500. 

VERODUNUM.    See  Vkkdun. 

VKliOLA  NUOVA,  vA-ro'lJ  nwo'v^,  a  markeMown  of 
Italy,  Lombardy,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  4200. 

VEROLA  VECCHIA.  vA-ro/M  vfk'ke-d,  a  market-town  of 
Italy.  1  mile  W.  of  Vcrola-Nuova.    Pop.  2000. 

VEROLKNGO,  vA-ro-l4n'go,  a  market-town  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  Piedmont,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Turin.    Pop.  4761. 

VEROLI,  v.Vri-lee.  (anc.  Ver>ul<T.)  a  town  and  bisliop's  see 
of  the  Pontifical  States,  delegation  and  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Frosinone.     Pop.  3590. 

VEROMANDUI.    See  Verm.\ndois. 

VERONA,  vd-ro'nd,  (Fr.  I'civwx,  vA'ron',  anc.  Vero/na,) 
a  fortified  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  government  of  A'enice, 
capital  of  a  delegation,  on  the  Adige,  here  cros,sed  by  4 
bridges,  and  on  the  railway  (in  progress)  from  Milan  to 
Venice,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Mantua;  lat.  45°  26'  N.,  Ion. 
11°  1'  E.  Pop.  59,169.  Situated  near  the  gorges  of  the 
Tyrol,  and  surrounded  by  the  fortresses  of  Peschiera.  3Ian- 
tua.  and  Legnano,  Verona  has  always  been  considered 
an  important  position  for  the  defence  of  Upper  Italy.  It  is 
enclosed  by  a  .series  of  turreted  walls,  and  its  fortifications 
have,  since  1822,  been  much  improved.  From  its  fine  situa- 
tion, rich  historical  remains,  and  literary  institutions,  it  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  cities  in  Italy.  The  principal 
jiublic  edifices  are  the  church  of  St.  Zeno,  sup))Osetl  to  date 
from  thp  7th  century ;  the  cathedral,  built  in  the  9th  cen- 
tury ;  the  church  of  St.  Anastusia,  remarkable  for  its  great 
size  and  its  monuments;  and  that  of  St.  George,  for  its  fine 
paintings  :  two  magnilicent  gates  ;  the  pa'.ace  of  the  Grand 
Guanlid,  a  modern  edifice;  the  palace  of  conin'i/Jio,  and  the 
custom-house.  It  has  many  noble  private  palaces.  Ita 
Roman  anticiuities  comprise  the  celebrated  amphitheatre,  a 
building  of  imposing  grandeur,  the  most  perfect  of  its  kind, 
and  the  only  one  still  used  for  public  s|iecfacles;  traces  of  a 
Roman  theatre  and  two  Roman  arches.  The  tombs  of  the 
Scaliyers.  a  curious  monument  of  the  Middle  Ages,  are  a 
series  of  Gothic  pyramids  surmounted  by  an  equestrian 
statue  of  each  prince.  The  literary  institutions  of  Verona 
comiirise  a  lyceum  with  fine  scientific  collections,  episcopal 
seminary,  the  royal  school  for  'the  education  of  ladies,  3 
gymnasia,  a  school  of  painting  and  design,  academy  of 
agriculture,  commerce  and  arts,  a  botanic  garden,  a  philhar- 
monic academy,  2  valuable  public  libraries,  and  the  museum 
>of  the  hipklario,  with  remarkable  Etruscan  inscriptions. 
Verona  is  renowned  for  its  dye-works.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollens  and  cottons;  numerous  .silk-mills  moved  by 
water-power,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  silk  and  rural  pro- 
duce. It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  the  seat  of  several 
superior  courts  and  public  ofRces.  It  is  sujipnsed  to  have 
been  founded  in  the  4th,  and  to  have  been  subjected  to  the 
Romans  in  the  2d  century  before  the  Christian  era.  It 
afterwards  rose  to  great  importance,  and  was  adorned  with 
numerous  magnificent  structures,  of  which  the  amphitheatre 
still  presents  a  distinguished  specimen.  On  the  decline'  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  it  was  taken  by  the  Goths,  and  mado 
by  Theoiloric  the  capital  of  his  empire.  In  774  it  was  taken 
by  Charlemagne,  and  so  long  as  the  power  of  the  emperors 
in  Italy  lasted,  took  a  lead  among  the  Italian  cities.  It 
afterwards  became  an  independent  republic,  lost  its  liberty 
under  lords  of  its  name  who  ruled  it  with  despotic  sway, 
passed  through  the  hands  of  various  masters,  and  at  length, 
weary  of  the  vicissitudes  to  which  it  had  been  subjected, 
voluntarily  ceded  itself  to  Venice,  under  which  it  remained 
till  1797.  A  congress  was  held  here  in  1822.  It  was  thebirth- 
pl.ace  of  Cornelius  Nepos,  Catullus,  the  elder  Pliny,  Paul 
A'eronese.  Bianchini,  the  Marquis  Maffei.  and  many  other 
distinguished  men.     A'erona  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of 

its  environs. .\dj.  and  inhab.  Veko.nese,  vJrVneez/;  (It 

Vebonksk.  vi-ro-nA'sA.') 

A'ERONA,  »  post-village  and  township  of  Oneida  co.,  Ne\c 

ami 


VER 

TorTc,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  13  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Eome.  Oneida 
Lake  bounds  tbe  township  on  the  W.,  and  the  New  York 
Central  IJailroad  passes  along  its  southern  border.     P.  5967. 

VKKijNA,  a  post-village  in  Boone  CO.,  Kentucky,  53  mUes 
N.  of  Frankfort. 

VliRiiN'A.  a  Tillage  in  A'anderburg  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ohio.  165  miles  S.AV.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

V1:R0NA,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Dane  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, S  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.    Pop.  1221. 

VKKON'A  DEl'OT,  a  post-village  in  A'erona  township, 
Oneida  co..  Xew  York,  on  the  Centi-al  Kailroad,  30  miles  K 
of  Pvrai"use.  • 

VJJRON.^  MILLS,  a  postofBce  of  Oneida  oo.,  New  York. 

TEROQUA,  Wisconsin.     Pee  V.iroqua. 

A'KIVI'LANCK'S,  a  post-village  and  station  of  fl'estchester 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Uudsoh  Kiver  Itailroad,  about  40 
miles  from  New  York. 

VERKKS.  vJh/r^s,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  Pied- 
mont. 10  miles  E.  of  Aosta.     Pop.  1122. 

VER'RET  LAKE,  Louisiana,  situated  in  Assumption 
parish,  is  connected  by  a  short  outlet  with  Grand  River  and 
Lake  Chetjmacbes.     length  about  10  miles. 

VERi!li;RES,  vfR^Re-aiR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seine- etOise,  arrondissement  of  Yersailles.     Pop.  1100. 

VERillfiUES,  v5R-Re-aiR/.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Neufchatel,  on  the  French  frontier,  6  miles  E.  of  Pontar- 
lier.     Pop.  3000. 

A'ERUt)  or  WERRO,  vJr'ro,  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Livonia,  on  the  Vcrro  and  Tuda,  and  on  Lake  'f  ammula, 
44  miles  S.S.E  of  Dorpat.  Pop.  1600.  The  Canal  of  Verro 
unit<?s  the  Gulfs  of  Finland  and  Livonia. 

VElilU'A.  veR'Roo-3,  a  formerly  fortified,  but  now  dis- 
mantled, town  of  Piedmont,  province  and  23  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Turin,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Po,  opposite  Crescentino. 
Pop.  2*«3. 

VERUUCHIO,  v^R-RooTve-o,  a  village  of  Italy,  state  of 
jDniilia,  province  of  F'orli,  3  miles  N.W.  of  San  Marino. 

YER.-'AILLES,  ver-sAlz'  (Fr.  pron.  vSr'sJI',  or  vjR'sS'ye, 
a  ci  ty  of  France,  capital  of  the  department  of  Seine-et-Olse,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Pari^.with  which  it  communicates  by  two  lines 
of  railway  i  lat.  48°  48'  N.,  ion.  2°  8'  E.  Pop.  In  1852,  35.367. 
It  is  diridetl  into  the  quarters  of  St.  Louis  and  Notre  Dame, 
to  which  Montreuil  is  attached,  and  is  remarkable  for  the 
elegance  and  regularity  of  its  construction.  A'ersailles  is 
justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  Europe. 
The  i^lace  Hoche  has  a  statue  of  General  Hoche,  and  from 
the  Place  du  CliiUeau  diverge  the  three  grand  avenues  of 
Paris,  St.  Cloud,  and  Sceaux,  finely  planted  with  trees.  The 
chief  edifices  are  the  Church  of  St.  Louis,  the  Prefecture, 
and  the  Chancery.  The  magnificent  Palace  of  Yersailles 
was  restored  during  the  reign  of  Louis-Philippe,  and  is  now 
u>ed  as  an  historical  museum :  the  immense  galleries,  freshly 
decorated,  contain  a  series  of  paintings  and  statues  arranged 
in  chronological  order  from  Clovis  downwards.  Connected 
with  the  palace  are  a  superbly  decorate<i  chapel  and  theatre, 
an  orangery,  spacious  flower-gardens,  and  a  park,  in  which 
are  numerous  statues  and  splendid  fountains,  supplietl 
with  water  by  the  machine  of  :\Iarly,  and  at  the  extremity  of 
the  Park  the  two  palaces  called  the  Great  and  Little  Tria- 
non. Yersailles  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  has  a  national  college, 
a  normal  school,  many  scientific  and  literary  societies."  a 
public  litirary  of  48.000  volumes,  and  a  Chamlwr  of  Com- 
merce. The  Palace  of  Versailles,  built  by  Louis  XIV.,  was 
from  lf.72  to  1790  the  residence  of  the  Kings  of  France. 
Many  treaties  have  been  signed  here,  at  one  of  which,  in 
1783.  England  recognised  the  independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America:  and  here,  on  the  20th  of  June,  17S9,  the 
representatives  of  the  communes  of  France  constituted  the 
National  Assembly,  and  took  the  famous  oath  of  the  Jeu-de- 
rauim.  From  1790  to  1S37,  Versailles  was  neariy  deserted 
but  situe  the  opening  of  the  Museum  in  the  latter  year  it 
hiis  regained  much  of  its  former  importance.  It  was  the 
birth-plac..  of  Philip  V.  of  Spain;  Louis  XV..  XVI.,  and 
XVllI.,  and  Chnries  X.  of  France;  the  Abbe  de  I'Epee, 
Ducis,  and  General  Hoche. 

VERSAILLES,  ver-sailz/,  a  postofHce  of  Cattaraugus  co.. 
New  York.  °  ' 

Tan-'^'^^Po^^^'^  "  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 

Tvl'f  MI'H:^'  *  P^'t-^ffl'-e  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee. 
»  \  y  .  '*^'  *  beautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Wood- 
ford CO.  Kentucky,  on  the  turnpike  from  Frankfort  to  Lex- 

i"''i  i'lP'u'r  ^h  ''*■  "'"  '■°™<^'"-  It  !s  surrounded  by  a 
rich  and  highly  cultivated  region,  and  contains  a  hand.some 
brick  court-house,  2  banks,  4  churches,  2  eemlnariee  for 
g>rl»,  and  1  carriage  factory.  It  is  supplied  with  nnre 
water  issuing  from  a  cave  or  natural  conduit,  which  ex- 
ttnds  under  the  foundations  of  the  houses 

VERSAILLES  a  village  of  Darke  co ,  Ohio,  on  the  Belle- 
fontaine  and  Indiana  Railroad,  about  90  miles  N.  of  Cinciii- 

D.tti. 

VERSAILLES  a  thriving  post-villago.  capital  of  Ripley 

«^;i  Jn^St'  r  V'*"p^''.7-'  ^I'^'h  *''^  "'"^^  S.  of  the  Ciucin- 
nati  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  70  miles  S.E.  of  Indiana- 
pDhs.    It  18  situated  in  a  rich  farming  region,  and  has  con- 


VES 

siderable  trade,  which  is  Ihcilitated  by  a  plank-road  leading 
from  Madison  to  Greensburg,  A  weekly  newspaper  is  j;ul> 
lished  here. 

VERSAILLES,  a  post-village  in  Brown  cc  ,  Illinois,  60 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Springfield. 

A'ERS.ilLLES,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Morgan  co.,  Mis- 
souri, 40  miles  W.S.W.  of  .Tefter.«on  City.  Laid  out  iu  1S.J6. 
It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertije  country.  Free  popu* 
lation  22.T 

VERSCIIITZ.  a  town  of  Ilungarv.    See  Versecz. 

YERSECZ.  VERSETZ.  WERSCHETZ.  yhilsbits\  or  YER- 
SCHITZ.  vjR/shits',  a  fortified  town  of  the  Hungarian  Banat, 
CO.  and  41  miles  S.  of  Teinesvar.  Pop.  15.7.''8.  It  is  the  see 
of  a  Greek  bishop,  and  has  a  college  and  cavalry  barracks. 
In  its  vicinity  large  quantities  of  wine,  silk,  and  rice  are 
raised. 

VER'SHIRE,  a  postrfownship  In  Orange  co.,  Vermont,  2.5 
miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1054. 

A'ERSMOLD,  fi^R-s'molt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia, 
24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Miinster.     Pop.  1420. 

VERSOIX  or  VERSOY,  vJr^swI'.  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  6  miles  N.  of  Geneva,  on  tlie  W.  shore  of  its 
lake.     Pop.  800.     It  belonged  to  France  previous  to  1815. 

VERSOYAH.  vJr-so'v^  a  maritime  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  14  miles  N.  of  Bombay,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
the  island  of  SalEette. 

VERSOY,  a  village  of  Switzerland.    See  Versoix. 

VF;RTAIS0N,  vSk^tA'sAN^',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Pu}'-de-DGmc,  9  miles  E.  of  Clermont-Ferrand. 
Pop.  in  1852,  2450. 

VEllTEILLAC,  vJR'UlVik'orvfRHi'yIk',  a  market-town 
of  France,  department  of  Dordogne,  7  miles  N,  of  Riberae. 
Pop.  1100. 

A'ERTEUIL,  v?»'tul',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Charente.  at  the  foot  of  a  castle-crowned  height,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Charente,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Ruflfec.    Pop.  1400. 

A'ERTEUIL,  a  market^town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-ct-Oaronne,  12  miles  E.  of  JIarmande.     Pop.  1200. 

VERTEUIL.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gironde, 
arrondissement  of  Panllac.     Pop.  1010. 

VERTOU,  vJrHoo'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-lnferieure,  near  the  gevre-Nantsuse,  5  mUes  S.E.  of 
Nantes.     Pop.  in  1852.  5.949. 

YERTOA'A,  vJR-to'vJ,  a  village  of  Northern  Ital  v.  province 
and  12  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Serio.    Pop'.  1748. 

A'ERTCS.  Les,  1.4  vJrHU',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Marne,  16  miles  W.S.AV.  of  Chalons-sur-Mame.    Pop.  2432. 

A'ERUL.E.     See  Verou. 

A^ERVICK  or  WERAVICQ.  vjR'vik,  a  frontier  town  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  AVest  Flanders,  ou  the  Lys,  9  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Ypres.    Pop.  5657. 

A"ERA'IERS,  v?R've-.V,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and 
14  miles  E,  of  Liege,  on  the  railw.ay  to  Cologne,  and  on  tbe 
A'esdre.  Pop. 29.284.  It  has  celebrated  manufactories  of 
woollen  cloth  and  yam,  for  which  various  steam  and  water- 
mills  are  employed;  it  has  also  dyeing  and  soap  works, 
breweries,  &c. 

A'ERA'INS,  vJrVSn-*',  (anc.  Terri'nwn  or  TerhVnnm.)  a 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aisne,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Laon.  Pop.  in  1852,  2707.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce, 
a  communal  college,  and  manufactures  of  hosiery  and  um- 
brellas. In  1598  a  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  here  be- 
tween Henrv  lA'.  and  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 

A'EK'AVICK,  a  parish  of  South  AVales,  co.  of  Cardigan,  hun- 
dred of  Trocdyraur. 

A'ERYAN,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

YERZEXAY.  vfR'zeh-n.V.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Marne.  S.  of  Reims.     Pop.  1300. 

A'ERZUOLO,  veR-zwoHo,  a  town  of  Pieilmont,  province 
and  3  milos  S.  of  Saluzzo.    Pop.  3901. 

VERZY,  vjR^zee',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Marne,  8  miles  S.S.E.  of   Reims.     Pop.  in  1852,  1034. 

A'ESCOA'ANA,  vJs-ko-vS'nS,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italv, 
delegation  of  Padua,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Este.     Pop.  3300. 

VESCOVATO,  vJs-ko-v3'to,  a  town  of  Northern  Italy,  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Cremona.     Pop.  2400. 

VESCOVATO,  v?s-ko-va'to,  a  marke^town  of  Corsica,  13 
miles  S.  of  liistia.    Pop.  1025. 

A'ESDRE,  vjsd'r.  a  river  of  Rhenish  Prussia  and  the  Bel- 
gian province  of  Liege,  joins  the  Ourthe.  3  miles  S.E.  of 
Liege,  after  aAA'.  course  of  45  miles,  past  Limbourg  and  A'er- 
viers.    Its  valley  is  highly  picturesque. 

VESEGONSK,  v,i-s.A-gftnsk',  written  al.so  WESS.TEGONSK, 
a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  134  miles  N.E.  of  Tver. 
Pop.  2800.  It  has  two  annual  fairs,  attended  by  merchants 
from  every  part  of  the  empire. 

'vKSIME,  vi-see/mi,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Acqui.  near  Bobbio,  on  the  Bormida.  It  has  the 
remains  of  an  ancient  castle.    Poo.  1156. 

A'ESINS,  vfh-zSNs»,  a  village  of  France,  department  and 
14  miles  N.AV.  of  Aveyron.     Pop.  iu  1852,  2040. 

A'ESLE  or  A'ELE,  vail  or  vjl,  a  river  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Marne  and  Aisne,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  65  milee, 
past  Rheims,  joins  the  Aisne  6  miles  E,  of  Soissont. 

VESONTII.    See  Besanjon, 


VES 


VIA 


VKSOUIi,  vth-zool',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Haute-Saone,  at  the  foot  of  a  Tine-clad  height, 
the  Mott€-de-\'osiiul,  near  the  Durjjeon,  an  affluent  of  the 
SaOne,  27  miles  N.  of  Be.«an(;on.  Lat.  47°  38'  N.,  Ion.  0°  10' 
E.  Pop.  in  1852,  6621.  It  has  a  communal  college,  a  nor- 
mal ,«chool,  and  manufactures  of  calicoes,  caps,  and  lace. 

VES'PKll,  a  post-othce  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York. 

VES'PEUA,  a  small  village,  Tallahatchee  co.,  Mississippi. 

VESPOLATE,  ves-po-ld/tA,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Piedmont,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  NoTtra.     Pop.  1840. 

VESPRIM.     See  Veszprim. 

VESTAL,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Broome  co..  New  York,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  about 
145  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2211. 

VESTAIi  CENTRE,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township. 

VESTAL  FURNACE,  a  po.st-offlce,  Broome  co.,  New  York. 

VESTKI5AS.  a  town  of  Sweden.     See  WestkiUs. 

VESTKRVIK.  a  seaport  town  of  Sweden.    See  Westervik. 

VESTIGNE,  vJsHeenVA',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Turin,  near  liorgomasino.     Pop.  1.340. 

VESTONK,  vCs-to'nA.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province, 
and  20  miles  N.E.  of  Brescia,  with  a  ruined  castle,  noted  in 
the  earlx  Itilian  wars,  and  extensive  iron-works.    Pop.  1272. 

VESONNA.     See  PfiRiGUEUX. 

VESUVIUS,  (Mou.vT,)  ve-su'vl-ug.  (It.  Vemvio,  v.'l-soo've-o,) 
a  celebrated  mountain  of  South  Italy,  and  the  only  active 
volcano  of  any  con.eequence  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Naples.  Lat.  of  crater  40°  49'  N., 
Ion.  14°  26'  E.  It  rises  out  of  a  fertile  and  luxuriant  plain 
to  the  height  of  394S  feet  abote  the  sea ;  the  diameter  of  the 
circular  area  occupied  by  it  and  Monte  Somma  Ixnng  about 
8  mile.s.  Its  lower  part  is  a  sloping  plain,  covered  with 
stones  and  scoria?,  3  miles  in  length,  and  rising  to  2000  feet, 
above  which  a  cone  of  black  stones  extends  to  3500  feet.  It 
is  flanked  on  the  land  side  by  Monte  Somma,  an  abrupt  cir- 
cular precipice.  The  summit  of  its  cone  Is  2000  feet  in  di- 
ameter, and  after  the  irruption  of  1839,  had  in  its  centre  a 
crater  1500  feet  in  diameter,  and  500  feet  deep.  Somma  and 
Vesuvius  are  very  different  in  their  geological  formation ;  the 
former  consists  of  leucite  porphyry,  tufa,  and  rocks  contain- 
ing shells;  Vesuvius  is  almost  wholly  compo.sed  of  lava  and 
scoriae.  Around  it  a  larger  number  of  simple  minerals  have 
been  discovered  than  on  any  other  area  of  like  dimensions ; 
and  the  vegetable  products  on  its  flanks  comprise  euphorbias 
and  many  other  plants  not  found  elsewhere  in  Italy.  The 
famous  wine,  kigrima  chrisli,  is  raised  on  Its  sides.  The 
earliest  eruptions  of  Vesuvius  are  lost  in  remote  antiquity, 
and  no  symptoms  of  its  activity  had  been  evinced  within 
the  memory  of  man,  till  a.  d.  63,  when  an  earthquake  da- 
maged many  of  the  surrounding  cities.  In  79  it  again  began 
to  show  symptoms  of  activity,  and  immediately  thereafter, 
gent  forth  the  terrible  irruption  which  buried  the  cities  of 
Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  and  Stabire.  In  this  irruption  the 
elder  Pliuy  perished.  A  graphical  description  of  it  is  extant 
in  a  letter  by  the  younger  Pliny  to  Tacitus.  A  succession 
of  eruptions  followed,  more  especially  in  203,  472,  512,  and 
993,  but  were  not  attended  with  any  flow  of  lava,  the 
ejected  matter  consisting  apparently  only  of  stones,  ashes, 
.or  volcanic  sand,  and  fragments  of  older  lava.  The  first 
recorded  discharge  of  liquid  lava  took  place  in  1036.  Since 
then  various  eruptions,  some  of  them  extremely  violent, 
have  oecurred.  Among  others  may  be  specified  those  of 
1779, 1793, 1834, 1838, 1847,  and  1850.  Adj.  Yesovian,  ve-su'- 
Te-.an. 

VESUmUS  FUR/NACE,  a  postofflce  of  Lincoln  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

VESZPRIM,  VESPRIM,  v^s/primS  or  WESPRIM,  -ftSs/- 
prim\  a  town  of  West  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the 
Sed,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Buda.  Pop.  9079.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop,  and  has  a  fine  cathedral,  an  epi.sco- 
pal  palace,  Piarist  and  Roman  Catholic  colleges,  and  a  brisk 
trade  in  salt,  corn,  wine,  potash,  and  glass. 

VESZPRIJI  or  AVESPRIM,  a  county  in  the  S,W.  part  of 
Hungary.  It  is  occupied  in  the  S.  by  part  of  Lake  Balatony. 
Pop.. 185,167. 

VET/ERAN,  a  township  of  Chemung  co..  New  York,  10 
miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Elmira,  intersected  by  the  Canandaigua 
and  Elmira  Railroad.     Pop.  2171. 

VETKA  or  WETKA,  vjfka,  a  village  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Moheelev,  district  and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Novo- 
Blelitza.  on  the  Sozh.     It  was  formerly  a  considerable  town. 

VETLOOG A.  VETLOUGA  or  VETLUGA,  vJt-loo'gS.  written 
also  BETLL\;A  and  WETLUGA,  a  river  of  Russia,  chiefly  in 
the  governments  of  Kostroma  and  Nizhnee-Novgorod,  flows 
S.,  past  Vetlooga,  and  joins  the  Volga  after  a  course  of  300 
miles. 

VETLOOGA,  VETLOUOA,  VETtUGA  or  BETLUGA,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Kostroma,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Vetlooga,  75  miles  E.  of  Makarlev.     Pop,  1800. 

VETO,  a  post-oflice  of  Washington  CO.,  Ohio, 

VETRALLA.  \h-trm?L,  a  town  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States, 
delegation  and  7  miles  S.W.  of  Viterbo.     Pop.  4460. 

VETSCHAU,  fi^Vshow,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg.  44  miles  S  W.  of  Frankfort,     Pop,  1700. 

VEULES,  vul,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
60 


Selne-Tnferieure,  on  the  English  Channel,  13  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Dieppe.     Pop.  1500. 

VEUHDRE,  1,E,  li>h  vURd'r.  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  AUier,  18  miles  N.W.  of  .Moulins.     Pop.  1300. 

VEURNE,  a  town  of  Iteltfium.     .See  Furnks. 

VEVAY,  ve-v.Vor  veh-vA/,  (Ger.  Vivis,  vee'vis.)  a  small  town 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  11 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Lau.sanne.  I'op.  of  the  Cfimmune,  48U0.  The 
church  of  St  Martin  contains  the  tombs  of  the  regicides 
Ludlow  and  Broughton.  who  died  here  in  exile.  It  has 
manufactures  of  leather,  woollens,  and  jewellery,  andatrade 
in  wine. 

VEH'AY/,  a  neat  and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Switzerland  co.,  Indiana,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  l>hio 
River,  75  miles  below  Cincinnati,  It  was  settled  in  1813  by 
a  company  of  Swiss  emigrants,  who  formerly  cultivated  the 
grape  extensively,  but  this  branch  of  business  is  but  little 
attended  to  at  present.  The  navigation  of  the  river  and  the 
fertility  of  the  adjoining  country  render  it  a  place  of  active 
business.  It  contains  4  churches  and  1  newspaper  olhco. 
Pop.  in  1800,1198. 

V  KVA  Y,  a  townslup  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan,    Pop.  940. 

VEYLE,  vi^l.  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  Hows  first  N.  and  then  W.,  and  joins  the  Saone,  a 
little  Ih<1ow  Macon,  after  a  c-ourse  of  about  05  miles. 

VEYNES.  vain,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilautes- 
AIpe.s,  13  miles  W.  of  Gnp.     Pop.  1900. 

VEYR.\C,v.Vrak'.  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Ilauto 
Vienne,  arrondissement  of  Limoges!     Pop.  1550. 

VEYRE,  vain,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Puy-de- 
Dome.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont-Ferrand.     Pop.  in  1852,  2796. 

Vi;/,KKR(orVEZTRVKOPRI,  vA-zeer/  ko/pree,  or  KEDI- 
KAIjAH,  kA'dee  k3/lA,  a  town  of  A.sia  Minor,  pashalic  of 
Seevas,  42  miles  W.S.W.  of  Samsoon.  Pop.  1000  Moham- 
medan, 50  Armenian,  and  20  Greek  families.  It  is  divided 
into  quarters  by  in  tersecting  walls,  and  has  a  tolerable  bazaar. 

A'KZEr<AY.  veh-Zfli-LV,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Yonne,  8  miles  W.S.W.  of  Avallon.  Pop.  in  18.52, 1139.  It  wag 
the  birth-place  of  Theodore  de  Beza  and  Vauban.  St.  Bernard 
preached  the  crusade  to  the  parliament  of  Vezelay  in  1145. 

VJ^ZKLl  ZE,  vA'zeh-leez',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe.  at  the  confluence  of  the  Breuou  and  Uvrv,  15  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Nancy.     Pop.  1600. 

VfiZKNOItRES,  vA'zeh-nob'r',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Alais,  on  the  railway  to 
NImes.    Pop.  1066. 

VJ^ZERE,  vA^zaia',  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Cor- 
rfeze  and  Dordogue,  joins  the  Dordogne,  20  miles  E.  of  Ber- 
gerao.  f\fter  a  S.W.  course  of  100  miles. 

Vf;ZERE,  HAUTE,  bOt  vA'zaiR/,  a  river  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Correze  and  Dordogne.  joins  the  Isle,  6  miles  E, 
of  Perigueux,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  50  miles. 

VEZIN,  veh-z^N"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pi-ovince  and  9 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Namur.  on  the  Meu.se.     Pop.  1186. 

VEZIR-KOPRI.    See  Vezeer-Kopri. 

A'EZON,  vfh-zAN"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilain- 
ault,  24  miles  W,  of  Mons.     Pop,  1359, 

VEZOUZE,  veh-zooz',  a  river  of  France,  departmeist  of 
Meurthe,  ri.ses  in  the  Vosges  Mountains,  flows  W.,  and  joins 
the  Meurthe  at  Luneville.    Total  course  45  miles. 

VEZZA,  vit'sA.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province  and 
66  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Val-Grande.     Pop.  1400. 

VEZZA.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Coni, 
province  of  Alba.     Pop.  2125. 

VEZZ.\NO,  vJt-sA'no,  a  market-town  of  tlie  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa,  12  miles  E.of  Levante.     Pop.  2838. 

VIADANA,  ve-d-dd'nA,  a  market-town  of  Northern  Italy, 
21  miles  S.W.  of  Mantua,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po. 

VIADEIl'OS,  ve-A-dA/e-roce,  a  mountain  range  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Goyaz, 

VIAGRANDE,  ve-3-grin'dA,  a  town  of  Sicily,  7  mile.?  N.E. 
of  Catania,  on  the  E.  slope  of  Mount  Etna.     Pop.  3100. 

VIA-MALA,  ve-A-md/lA.  ("bad  or  difficult  way,")  a  deep 
defile  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Grison.s,  along  the  Upper 
Rhine,  between  Chur  (Coire)  and  the  Splugen,  about  4  miles 
in  length,  and  walled  in  by  precipices,  in  some  places  1600 
feet  in  height. 

A'I.\MAO,  ve-i-mi5wN»'.(?)  a  lake  of  Brazil,  prr)vinceof  Sao- 
Pedro-do-Rio-Grande.  It  stretches  from  N.  to  S.  over  a  large 
space  between  the  mouth  of  the  Jacuhi  and  the  Lake  of 
Patos,  and  receives,  besides  the  Jacuhi,  a  great  number  of 
other  streams. 

VIAMAO.  a  village  and  pari.sh  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Pedro  do  Rio  Grande,  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  above  lake, 
about  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Porto-Alegre.     Pop.  2816. 

VIANA.  ve-i'nA,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Minho,  capital  of  a  comarca,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Lima,  40  miles  N.  of  Oporto.  Pop.  8110.  It  is  enclo.sed  by 
tuneted  w.alls,  and  has  a  harbor  defended  by  batteries;  an 
.active  coasting  trade,  fishery,  and  a  large  annual  fair  in 
August  It  surrenderetl  to  Admiral  Sir  C.  Napier  in  the 
revolution  which  dethroned  Don  Miguel. 

VIANA,  ve-A'nA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Navarre,  near 
the  Ebro,  45  miles  S.AV.  of  Pamplona.  Pop.  3146.  It  liaa 
manufactures  of  coarse  woollens  and  hats. 

2033 


VIA 

TIANDEX  ve4rfden,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince and  24  n-iles  N   cf  liuxemburg.    Pop.  800. 

VIANKN  vei'njn.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  South  Holf»nd,  on  the  Leek,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Utrecht. 
Pop.  iioo.  ^       , 

VI J  XX A.  Tft  in'nl,  a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  pro- 
Tince  of  Alemtejo,  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  ETora,  near  the 
Jarama.      Pop.  IS**. 

VIANOS.  Tc-ii/noce,  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  proTinc© 
and  about  45  miles  from  Albacete.    Pop.  1895. 

VIAK,  Te-aR',  a  riTier  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  mountains  of 
Monasterio,  near  Montemolino,  proTince  of  Badajos,  flows 
about  50  miles  S.E.  and  joins  the  Guadalquivir  at  Cantillana, 
16  miles  N.E.  of  Seville. 

A'lAREGGIO,  ve-d-rWjo,  a  seaport  town  of  Central  Italy, 
Tuscany,  13  miles  W.  of  Lucca,  on  the  Mediterranean,  with 
6!>o0  inhabitants  a  liarbor  defended  by  a  foit,  and  export 
trade  in  statuary  marble. 

VIAKIGGf,  ve-d-rid'jee,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  and  13  miles 
6.S.W.  of  Casale.    Pop.  1V"9. 

TIASMA.    See  Tiazma. 

VIATKA  or  WJATKA,  ve-lfki.  a  river  of  Russia,  travers- 
ing all  the  centre  of  the  government,  to  which  it  gives  name, 
rises  17  N.  of  Glazov,  flows  X.W.  and  S..  and  joins  the  Kama 
in  the  government  of  Kazan,  after  a  course  of  500  miles. 

VIATKA  or  WJATKA,  a  large  government  of  European 
Russia,  in  its  E.  part,  between  lat.  55°  30'  and  60°  N.,  and 
lou.  4t>°  and  54=  E.,  having  X.  Aologda,  E.  Perm.  W.  Kos- 
troma, and  S.  Xizhnee-Novgorod.  Kazan,  and  Orenlx>org,  from 
which  last  it  is  separated  by  the  Kama.  Area  53,493  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1,818,752,  comprising  many  Tartar 
tribes,  and  alwut  50,000  Mohammedans.  Its  E.  part  is 
covered  with  the  extreme  ramifications  of  the  Ural  Sloun- 
tains ;  surfaf  e  elsewhere  undulating  or  level.  A  surplus  of 
corn  over  home  consumption  is  raised.  Principal  crops,  rye, 
barley,  and  oats,  witn  some  wheat,  and  peas,  lentils,  flax, 
and  hemp.  The  climate  is  too  severe  for  fruits  to  ripen,  and 
potatoes  are  grown  only  in  gardens.  Forests  of  tir,  oak,  elm, 
and  birch,  are  very  extensive.  Cattle  rearing  is  of  less  im- 
portance than  agriculture.  Furs.  tar.  iron,  and  copper,  are  the 
chief  protlucts.  Manufactures  are  increasing ;  there  lately 
were  about  60  woollen,  linen,  and  other  factories  for  woven 
goods  in  the  government.  Paper,  soap,  potash,  leather,  and 
copper-wares  are  made ;  fire-arms  are  manufactured  at  Sara- 
pool,  and.  at  Viatka,  anchors,  gun-carriages,  and  iron  ma- 
chinery on  a  large  scale.  The  exports  are  com,  timber,  and 
manufactured  goods.  The  imports  comprise  salt,  tea,  and 
other  Asiatic  produce. 

VIATKA  or  WJATKA,  a  city  of  European  Russia,  the 
capital  of  the  above  government,  is  s^ituated  on  the  Viatk.-\, 
near  the  influx  of  the  Tcheptsa,  lat.  5S°  24'  N.,  Ion.  50°  E. 
Pop.  6890.  It  has  2  convents,  diocesan  and  high  schools, 
gymnasium,  extensive  distilleries,  and  iron  works,  and  it  is 
the  great  centre  of  the  commerce  of  the  government. 

VIATLSK,  a  town  of  Kussi.a.     See  Velsk. 

A"IAUR,  v©<)e',  a  river  of  France,  rises  in  the  department 
of  Aveyrbn,  flows  circuitou.'sly  S.W.,  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  the  departments  of  Tarn  and  Aveyron, 
and  joins  the  Aveyron  after  a  course  of  about  60  miles. 

VHZ.MA  or  VI  ASM  A.  ve-dz'mi.  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  100  miles  E.X.E.  of  Smolensk,  on  the  Viazma,  an 
affluent  of  the  Dnieper.  Pop.  12,000.  It  has  22  churches  and 
convent-;,  several  schools,  and  a  trade  in  linen,  hemp.  linsee<1, 
and  hempseed.  The  French  were  defeated  here,  October  22, 
1812.  by  the  troops  of  Miloradovitch. 

VIAZXIKI  or  WIASXIKI.  ve-ds-nee'kee,  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  78  miles  E.  of  Vladimeer,  on  the 
Kliasma.  Pop.  1900.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and 
leather. 

VIBOLBOXE.  ve-bol-do/n.^  or  VICOBOLDOXE.  veko-bol- 
do'tiA.  a  village  of  Northern  It.ily.  province  and  8  miles  from 
Milan,  between  the  Lambro  and'  the  Olona.  It  figures  much 
In  early  Italian  history.     Pop.  1297. 

VIBOUG,  WIBORG  or  WYBORG.  vee'borg,  VIBOURG 
Tcc'boorg,  written  also  MIBURG  and  VYBORG.  (Finnish  IPii- 
piiri.  «U-}x)o'ree.)  a  spaport  town  of  Finland,  capital  of  a  la?n. 
on  a  deep  inlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  74  miles  X.W  of  St 
Petersburg.  Pop.  3500.  It  consists  of  the  town  proper,  and 
the  St.  Petersburg  and  Viborg  suburbs.  The  citadel  is  built 
on  the  site  of  the  original  town,  founded  by  the  Swedes  in 
1293.  Viliorg  has  a  college  and  a  female  school,  and  an 
active  export  trade.  In  its  vicinitv  is  the  park  Monrepos, 
ft  favorite  holiday  resort  of  the  inhabitants. 

VI  BOKO  or  WIBOHG,  veeOxiRG.  a  town  of  Denmark,  capi- 
tal of  a  stlft  and  amt,  on  the  small  lake  of  Vitorg.  36  miles 
N.« .  of  Aarhuus.  Pop.  5600.  It  has  a  cathedral,  manu- 
actures  of  woollen  fabrics,  cards,  leather,  and  tobacco,  and 
a  large  fair  in  June. 

VIBKAVK.  vee^bri'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Barthe,  2/>  miles  R.  of  Le  Mans.  Pop.  in  1852.  3005. 
.i._^  ^9'J,''*'^'  *  '"*"  ""^  France,  department  of  Meurthe.  on 
the  Seille.  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Xancy.  Pop.  in  1S52.  2884 
It  ha^  quarries  of  Paris  plaster  and  rock  salt,  and  a  trade 
in  coru  and  wiue. 
•JOU 


VIC 

VICALVARO,  ve-kSl-Til/ro,  a  village  of  Spain.  New  Castile, 
province  and  about  4  miles  from  Madrid,  with  fine  alabaster 
quarries.     Pop.  1503. 

VICAKELLO,  ve-k3-reno,  (anc.  Vi'ciis  Mireliif)  a  village 
of  Central  Italy,  near  the  N.  side  of  the  Lake  of  Bracciano, 
with  ruins  of  an  imperial  villa  of  the  time  of  Trajan,  and 
mineral  waters,  (the  ancient  TheHmce  Aure'lia'?) 

VICARI.  ve-ki'ree,  a  town  ef  Sicily,  province  and  S.S.E. 
of  Palermo.     Pop.  4500. 

VICCIIIODEL-JIUGELLO,  vifc/keK)  del  moo-jMlo.  a  walled 
town  of  Tuscany,  aliout  18  miles  from  Florence.     Pop.  1197. 

AIC  DESSOS.  veek  dJsVos',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Ariege.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Foix.    Pop.  1142. 

VIC  EX  BIGORRE,  veek  6n=  bee'goR'.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Ilautes-Pyrences,  II  miles  N.  of  Tarbes 
Pop.  in  1852,  3663. 

VICEXZA,  ve-sJn/za  or  ve-chfn'zi,  (anc.  Tice.ntlia,)  a  city 
of  Austrian  Italy,  capital  of  a  delegation,  on  the  Bacchi- 
glione.  40  miles  W.  of  Venice,  with  which  it  communicates 
by  railway ;  lat.  45°  32'  N.,  Ion.  11°  33'  E.  Pop.  33,300.  It 
is  enclosed  by  dry  moats  and  decaying  walls,  but  it  has 
many  handsome  edifices,  built  by  I'alladio.  a  native  of  the 
city.  Its  public  buildings  comprise  a  cathedral  and  several 
other  churches,  episcoii.il  and  numerous  other  psriace.s,  a 
city-hall.  Olympic  theatre,  built  in  imitation  of  the  ancient 
theatres;  a  triumphal  arch  leading  to  the  Campo  Marzo- 
lyceum,  clerical  seminary,  orphan  a.sylum,  and  several  hos- 
pitals. It  has  a  public  library,  two  gymnB.«ia.  and  a  society 
of  agriculture.  Manufactures  of  silk,  woollen,  and  linen 
fabrics,  hosiery,  hats,  paper,  porcelain,  and  earthenware, 
leather,  gold,  and  silver  articles,  &c.,  with  a  brisk  trade  in 
its  manufactures  of  timber,  corn,  and  other  agricultural 
produce.  A'icentia,  after  being  pillaged  successively  by 
Alaric,  Attila.  the  Lombards,  and  the  Emperor  Frederic  Tl., 
came  early  in  the  15th  century  into  the  posses.^ion  of  the 
Venetians,  who  held  it  till  the  downfall  of  their  republic  in 

1796. Adj.  and  iuhab.  ViceNtixe,  vee'sJn-teen',  (It.  ViCEJf- 

Tixo.  ve-chju-tee'no.) 

VIC  FEZEXSAC,  veek  fil'zoNo'sdk',  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Gers,  on  the  Losse,  16  miles  N-^V.  of  Auch. 
Pop.  in  1852.  4157. 

VICH,  vik,  or  VIQUE,  veek,  (anc.  Ausona.  afterwards 
Viciisf)  a  city  of  Spain,  province  and  37  miles  X.X.E.  of 
Barcelona.  Pop.  10,667.  It  has  a  cathedral,  with  some 
curious  architecture. and  which  in  the  10th  century  was  the 
metropolitan  see  of  Catalonia ;  and  manufactures  of  linen, 
hempen,  printed  cotton,  and  coarse  woollen  fabrics.  It  is 
famous  for  its  sausages. 

VICIIADA,  ve-chi'nd.  a  river  of  New  Granada,  flows  E. 
through  the  great  N.  p^iin  of  South  America,  and  joins  the 
Orinoco,  after  a  course  of  260  miles. 

VICIIERA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Vishera. 

VlCIITE.  viK'ti,  a  river  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders,  22  miles  S.  of  Bruges.    Pop.  1359. 

VICHY,  vee'shee',  or  MOUTIERS-LES-BAINS.  mooHe-A'  U 
bSs",  (anc.  Ahjtue  CaVid<s,)  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
AUier,  1  mile  W.  of  Cusset,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Allier. 
Pop.  1360.  It  has  mineral  springs,  and  well  frequented 
baths,  hotels,  and  lodging-houses.  The  baths  were  known 
to  the  Romans. 

VICK'EUY'S  CREEK,  Gooi^ia,  enters  the  Chattahoochee 
in  the  N.E.  part  of  Cobb  county. 

VICKERVS  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  county, 
Georgia.  115  miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

VICKS/BURG,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Warren 
county,  Missis.«ippi,  is  situated  on  the  jiississippi  River,  400 
miles  above  New  Orleans,  and  50  miles  W.  of  Jack.son,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  the  Vicksburg  and  Brandon  Rail- 
road. The  situation  is  clev.ited,  the  ground  uneven,  and 
the  city  is  not  compactly  built.  It  contains,  be.sides  the 
county  buildings.  4  or  5  churches,  and  several  academies  for 
both  sexes.  Three  newspapers  are  published  here.  A'icks- 
burg  is  the  most  commercial  place  on  the  river  between 
Natchez  and  Memphis,  and  is  an  important  mart  for  cotton ; 
of  which  article  about  100.000  bales  are  annually  exported. 
The  greater  part  of  this  is  received  by  railroad.  Ste.'imlioata 
ply  regularly  between  this  place  and  New  Orleans.  The 
Vicksburg  and  Brandon  Railroad  has  been  extended  east- 
w^ard  to  Selma,  in  Alabama.  Another  railroad  has  been 
surveyed  from  A'icksburg  to  Marshall,  in  Texas,  via  Shreve- 
port.  The  receipts  of  cotton  by  railnmd  for  3  years  were 
as  follows:  in  1850,  49,722  bales;  in  1801,62.134:  and  in 
1852,  88,732.  Pop.  in  1840,  3104;  iu  1850,  367S;'ln  1860, 
4591.  Vicksburg  was  captured  from  the  rebels,  after  a 
long  siege,  by  (ieneral  Grant,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1863. 

VICKSVILLE.  a  post-oflice  of  Southampton  co..  Virginia. 

A'IC-LE-COMTE,  veekleh  kist,  a  village  ol  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-DOme,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Clermont.  Pop.  in 
1852.3151. 

A'ICO.  vee'ko,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  district  of  Xola.     Pop.  1130. 

A'ICO.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Turin, 
province  of  Ivrea,  in  the  valley  of  Bro.^so.     P)p.  106S. 

VICO,  a  town  of  Italy,  Pontifical  States,  delegation  and  9 
i  miles  N.  of  Frosinone.    Pop.  3000, 


VIC 

VTCO.  a  town  of  Italy,  Naples,  prorince  of  Capitauata,  on 
Monte  C.arf?nno,  14  miles  W.  of  Viestl.  Pop.  2580.  It  has 
niaiiufnrturts  of  woollens  and  wax  candles,  and  a  trade  in 
wine,  olives,  and  Faffron. 
VICO,  a  town  of  Corsica,  17  miles  N.  of  Ajacclo.  Pop  isr9. 
VlCO  DT  MONDOVJ,  Tee/ko  do-e  mon'do-vee.  a  town  of  the 
Sardinian  State.',  Piedmont,  division  of  Conl,  province  and  2 
miles  8.K.  of  Mondo^  1.    Pop.  2584. 

VICO  EQUKNSK,  veelio  i-kwcii'^oa.  (ane.  Pqtia  ?)  a  town  of 
Italy,  province  iind  16  miles  S.K.  of  Naples,  on  a  rocky  head- 
land in  the  Ray  of  Naples.     Pop.  9700.    It  is  a  hishop's  sec. 

VICO.  LAKE  OF.  a  lake  of  the  Pontifical  States,  dclefra- 
t5on  and  S  miles  S.  of  A'iterlx),  immediately  W.  of  Konci- 
glione.  is  2i  miles  in  lenjjth.  and  discharges  its  surplus  waters 
Into  the  Tiber.  It  is  surrr.nnded  by  woods,  and  is  apparently 
the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 

VICOMARINO,  vee'ko-md-ree'no,  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  17  miles  S.VV.  of  Piacenza     Pop.  4508. 

VICON AGO,  VG-ko-ni'go,  a  villapre  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince and  27  miles  from  Como,  with  mines  of  argentiferous 
load,  copper,  and  antimony.     Pop.  1170. 

VICO  PISANO,  vee'ko  pe-sS'no.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  pro- 
vince and  9  miles  E.  of  Pisa.     Pop.  1200. 

ViqOSA,  ve-so/sl  or  COMETA,  ko-mMtA.  a  town  of  Brazil, 
province  and  140  miles  W.  of  Ceara.  in  the  Perra-Ilibiapaba. 
The  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Indians.  Pop.  of 
the  district,  6000. 

VICOVARO.  ve-ko-vj/ro.  (anc.  Vafria\)  a  small  town  of  the 
Pontifical  States,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Tivoli,  with  1010  inhabit- 
ants, and  a  fine  old  castle. 

VICQ,  veek,  a  village  of  France,  the  chief  in  the  departs 
mcntof  Haute- Vienne,an-ondiRsemBnt  of  St.  Yrieix.   P.  2200. 

VIC-SUR-AISNE,  veek  siiR  An',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  10  miles  W.  of  Soissons.  Pop.  in  1852,  800. 
It  has  an  active  tratfic  by  the  river. 

VIC-SUR-CfcllE,  veok  sliR  sain,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Cantal,  on  the  C«re,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  Aurillac. 
Pop.  in  1862,  1976. 

VICTOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontario  co..  New 
York,  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  Railroad,  20  miles  S.E.  of 
Rochester.     Pop.  2404. 

VICTOR,  a  jiost-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Clinton  co., 
Michigan.     I'op.  662. 

A'lCTORIA.  vik-to'rea,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  775  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Guadalupe  River,  bounded  on  the  S.AV.  by  Coleto  Creek, 
and  also  drained  by  Garcitas  Creek.  The  surface  has  but 
little  elevation  above  the  .sea;  the  soil  is  represented  to  be 
fertile.  A  portion  of  the  county  is  prairie.  Capital,  Vic- 
toria.  Pop.  4171;  of  whom  2758  were  free. 

VICTORIA,  a  post-village  in  Bolivar  co.,  Mis.sis.sippi. 

VICTORIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Victoria  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Guadahipe  River,  about  120  miles  S.S.E. 
of.\ustin.     It  contains  1  newspaper  office.     Pop.  1986. 

VICT(>RIA,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  about  45 
miles  N.AV.  of  Peoria. 

VICTORIA,  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri. 

VICTORIA,  a  county  of  Nova  Scotia,  island  of  Cape 
Breton.    Capital.  Bedeq'ue.     Pop.  in  ICSl,  10.000. 

A'TCTORl  A.  a  heavily-timbered  county  in  the  X.  part  of 
New  Brunswick.     Capital.  Perth.     Pop. "in  1861,  5408. 

VICTO'HIA,  CAMVSACK'  or  CAM'MUSAN',  a  harbor  at 
the  S.?j.  extremity  of  Vancouver's  Island :  lat.  48°  24'  46"  N., 
Ion.  12.3°  2.'!'  W.  The  Hudson  Bay  Company's  settlement 
Victoria,  with  the  fort  of  that  name,  is  in  the  vicinity. 

VICTORIA,  a  town  of  the  Slexican  Confederation,  capital 
of  the  state  of  Tamaulipas,  300  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mexico. 
Pop.  5500. 

VICTORIA,  yeek-to/re-a,  or  CONQUTSTA,  kon-kees'tj,  a 
town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia.  SO  miles  S.E.  of  Uriiba. 
It  suffers  from  the  aggression  of  the  wild  Indians,  who  live 
in  the  recesses  of  the  forests. 

VICTORIA,  a  maritime  town  of  Brazil,  c.tpital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Espirito-Snnto,  in  the  Bay  of  Espirito-Santo.  270 
.  miles  N.E.  of  Rio  .Taneiro.  Pop.  5000.  It  stands  on  the  V,'. 
side  of  an  island  about  15  miles  in  circuit,  is  neatly  built  in 
the  old  Portuguese  style,  and  has  a  governor's  residence, 
and  a  harbor  defended  by  several  forts.  Its  vicinity  proiluccs 
rice,  manioc,  sugar,  and  bananas,  in  which  goods  it  has  all 
active  coasting  trade.     Frigates  can  sail  up  to  the  town. 

VICTORIA,  a  town  of  the  Argentine  Republic.  (La  Plata,) 
province  of  Eutre  Rios.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Uruguay. 

VICTO'RIA,  formerly  AUSTRA'IJA  PE'LIX  and  PORT 
PHIiyLTl*.  a  British  colony  in  the  S.E. of  Australia:  between 
lat.  34°  and  39°  S..  and  Ion.  141°  and  150°  E. ;  bounded  N.E. 
and  N.  by  New  South  Wales,  from  which  it  is  separated  in 
the  latter  direction  by  the  river  Murray;  W.  by  .South 
Australia:  and  S.  by  the  ocean  and  Bass  Strait,  separntins;  it 
trom  Van  Biemen's  Land ;  length,  from  E.  to  W..  500  miles ; 
mean  breadth,  measured  on  the  meridian  of  144°.  about  200 
miles ;  area  about  90.000  square  miles,  nearly  the  same  as  that 
of  Great  Britain.  The  coast  is  generally  low  and  unbroken 
In  the  W..  frnni  the  mouth  of  the  Glenelg  to  Cape  Otway.  t)e- 
tween  'vhich  are  situated  the  available  harbors  of  Portland, 
I'ort  F.tiry,  and  Waruambcol ;  and  in  the  E.,  from  the  bar- 


VIC 

bor  ot  Port  Albert,  in  Ion.  147°,  tc  Tape  Tjowe.  betwc-en 
which  latter  points  almost  the  only  features  which  tend  to 
diversify  its  monotonous  appearance  are  a  series  of  lagoons, 
of  which  Lake  King  is  the  largest.  From  Wilson  I'romou 
tory  to  Cape  Otway  the  coast  liecomes  skirted  with  perpendi- 
cular cliffs,  rising  from  500  feet  to  1000  feet  above  tlie  sea.  and 
indented  by  numerous  bays.  Of  these  the  most  remarkable 
is  Port  Phillip,  wlii'h,  scarcely  2  miles  wide  at  its  entrance, 
forms  a  kind  of  inland  sea.  stretching  from  N.  to  S.  for  atioul 
35  miles,  and  expanding  from  E.  to  W.,  near  its  centre,  to 
50  miles,  though  its  average  width  may  not  exceed  18  miles. 
Within  this  capacious  basin,  covering  an  area  of  875  square 
mile.s,  the  largest  fleet  that  ever  went  to  sea  might  ride  in 
perfect  safety.  Separated  from  Port  Phillip  by  a  low  pro- 
mont<-iry,  is  the  well-formed  but  shallow  harbor  of  Western 
Port,  eliectually  protected  by  Phillip  or  Grant  Island  at  its 
mouth,  and  divided  into  an  E.  and  a  W.  arm  by  French 
Island  near  its  centre.  Still  farther  E.  the  most  remarka- 
ble feature  of  the  coast  is  Wilson  I'romontory,  connectea 
with  the  mainland  by  a  low  sandy  isthmus;  it  consists  ot 
a  lofty  mass  of  granite,  with  summits  rising  to  the  height 
of  3000  feet,  and  usually  enveloped  in  mist.  On  the  N.  of 
this  promontory  is  the  last  great  indentation  of  the  coast, 
Corner  Basin,  protected  S.  and  E.  by  several  low  sandy 
islands,  of  which  the  largest  is  La  Trobe.  The  entire  sea- 
board faces  the  S.,  and  has  an  extent  of  about  COO  miles. 

Mice  of  the  O/urttry,  Mmmtains,  &c. — The  interior  is  finely 
diversified,  both  by  mountains  and  plnins,  but  is  chiefly 
characterized  by  tfie  latter,  which  are  oft<m  of  great  extent, 
and  so  sparingly  wooded  and  free  from  other  obstructions, 
that  it  has  been  said  the  plough  could  in  some  ])arts  be 
drawn  continuously  for  100  miles  across  tracts  well  suited 
to  agricultural  purposes.  The  mountains  form  two  princi 
pal  raiiges  near  the  opposite  extremities  of  the  colony.  The 
E.  range  is  a  continuation  of  the  long  chain  which  .stretches 
from  N.  to  S.  through  New  South  Wales,  at  no  great  distance 
from  the  coast,  and  nearlj'  parallel  to  it.  Shortly  after  at- 
taining its  culminating  point  of  6600  feet  in  Mount  Ko.sci 
usko  or  Wellington,  this  chain,  under  the  name  of  the 
Au.stralian  Alp.s,  enters  Victoria,  and  proceeds  S.W..  with  a 
bold  outline  but  gradually  diminishing  height,  to  the  coast 
at  Wilson  Promontory,  from  which  it  is  continued  almost 
visibly  by  the  islands  of  Bass  Strait  to  Portland  Caiie,  and 
thence  circuitously  to  the  S.  extnmity  of  Van  Diemen'g 
Land.  This  range  sends  out  numerous  ramifications,  chiefly 
N.  and  W.,  and  covers  an  area  estimated  at  7000  square 
miles.  The  W.  range,  called  the  Grampians,  commences  in 
Mount  Zero,  lat.  30°  52'  S.,  Ion.  142°  20'  E..  and  stretches  8. 
for  54  miles,  with  a  breadth  of  20  miles,  to  its  termination  at 
Mount  Sturgeon,  which  ri.ses  abruptly  1070  feet  alx>ve  the 
level  of  the  plain,  in  lat.  37°  38'  S.  It  forms  three  distinct 
masses  or  ridges — a  N..  S..  and  W.,  called  respectively  the 
Grampians  Proper,  the  Serra,  and  tlie  Western  or  Victoria 
Range — which  liave  their  common  nucleus  and  culminating 
point  near  the  centre  in  Mount  William,  the  height  of  which 
above  sea-level  is  4500  feet.  The  other  loftiest  summits 
which  occur  in  the  N.  are  generally  bare  and  rocky,  but 
have  some  fine  timber  on  their  slopes ;  in  the  S.  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  summits  is  Mount  Abrupt,  a  few  miles 
N.W.  of  Mount  Sturgeon.  It  is  1700  feet  in  perpendicular 
height;  contains  a  crater  446  feet  In  breadth,  and  80  feet  in 
average  depth. 

Geology. — The  Grampians  and  the  Australian  Alps,  not- 
withstanding their  position  at  opposite  extremities  of  the 
colony,  are  visibly  connected  by  these  ramifications,  so  as  to 
form  parts  of  the  same  mountain  system,  and  thus  consti- 
t\ite  a  continuous  water-shed,  sending  the  whole  drainage 
of  the  colony  either  N.  to  the  Murray  River  or  S.  to  the 
ocean.  It  may  be  considered  as  a  vast  region  of  primary 
and  transition  formations,  extending  E.  to  W.  for  about 
300  miles,  with  breadths  varying  from  100  to  150  miles, 
exhibiting  numerous  cones  and  extinct  craters,  apparently 
submarine,  and  composed  chiefly  of  metamorphic  rocks  of 
granite,  sieuite,  quartz,  gneiss,  Ac,  overlain  on  their  slopes 
by  more  recent  secondary  and  tertiary  formations.  AVithin 
this  region  lie  all  the  gold-fields  which  have  recently  been 
discovered  in  Victoria,  and  have  added  so  suddenly  and  ex- 
tensively both  to  its  wealth  and  population,  making  it  the 
great  centre  of  attraction  for  emigrants,  not  only  from  the 
United  Kingdom,  but  from-  various  other  quarters  of  the 
world. 

Rivers  and  Lales. — The  rivers  which  descend  from  this 
water-shed  are  more  numerous  than  important.  In  the 
rainy  season  they  fill  their  channels,  overflow  their  banks, 
and  have  all  the  appearance  of  magnificent  streams:  Ijut 
as  the  summer  advances  they  shrink  rapidly  in  their  di- 
mensions, and  ultimately,  for  the  most  part,  become  either 
altogether  dry,  or  leave  only  a  chain  of  large  and  deep,  but 
often  unconnected  pools.  By  far  the  most  important  river 
is  the  Murray,  which,  as  already  mentioned,  forms  the  N. 
frontier,  and  receives  the  whole  of  the  drainage  of  the  N. 
.side  of  the  water-shed.  The  magnitude  of  its  volume  is 
small  in  proportion  to  its  length.  It  was  explored  in  ISnl 
by  the  governor  of  the  colony  as  far  as  the  junction  of 
the  river  Darling,  being  the  first  exploration  made  since  ita 

2005 


VIC 

(1l900Terr  by  Stuart,  in  1830.  Three  .steamers  were  con- 
stvucttit  iu  1S53  to  ply  on  the  waters  of  this  river,  one  >pith 
*b<;  view  of  reaching  ."^wan  Hill,  a  distance  of  1300  miles, 
and  the  other  the  villajre  of  Albury,  in  New  South  Wale.«, 
upwards  of  1500  miles  from  tlie  moutli  of  the  Murray,  in 
Kncounter  Bay.  Its  chief  feeders  come  from  New  South 
W.ik-i.  while  \  ictoria  .sends  it  only  a  few  small  stream.».  as 
the  Mitta-Mitta  and  Ovens  towards  the  E.,  and  tlie  Goul- 
hurn,  Campaspe,  and  the  Loddon  or  Yarrayne.  towards  the 
centre.  On  the  south  side  of  the  water-shed  the  principal 
rivers  are,  proceeding  from  the  E.,  the  Snowy  Kiver  or  Mar- 
galong.  the  Tumho,  Nicholson,  Mitchell,  Avon,  Macalister, 
and  La  Trobe,  which  contribute  to  form  a  chain  of  lagoons; 
the  Yarra-Yarra,  important  from  having  on  its  banks  the 
capital,  Melbourne,  to  which  it  is  navii;able  by  vessels  of 
200  tons;  and  along  with  it  the  Marriburnong  or  Salt- 
AVater  IJfver,  AVerriljee.  and  Little  Kiver,  all  falling  into 
I'ort  Phillip:  the  Mooratwol  and  Barwon,  at  the  entrance 
of  I'ort  Phillip;  and  the  Glenelg,  which  forms  part  of  the 
AV,  boundary,  its  mouth  being  variously  laid  down  on  the 
inapA  by  the  colonial  surveyors.  The  lakes  are  so  numerous 
as  to  form  one  of  the  principal  physical  features  of  the  in- 
terior. Few  of  them,  however,  are  fed  by  perennial  streams, 
and  hence  many,  which  at  one  sea.son  cover  large  areas, 
dwindle  away  at  another,  or  become  altogether  dry.  By  far 
the  lai-gest  is  Lake  Corangamite,  situated  50  miles  W.  of 
Geelong;  it  is  of  very  irregular  and  serpentine  form,  about 
90  miles  in  circuit,  and,  though  fed  by  several  fresh-water 
streams,  is  perfectly  salt.  Lake  Colac,  about  8  miles  E,  of 
this,  though  only  10  miles  in  circuit,  is,  however,  the  most 
imiKirtant,  from  the  fact  of  its  being  fresh,  and  affording 
water  to  upwards  of  200,000  sheep  that  feed  in  ita  vicinity. 

CUnia/e.— The  climate  of  A'ictoria,  though  liable  to  great 
and  sudden  fluctuations,  is  on  the  whole  temperate  and 
eminently  salubrious.  Its  worst  feature  is  its  hot  winds, 
which  commence  in  November,  and  recur  at  intervals 
throughout  the  summer  till  near  the  end  of  February.  The 
days,  however,  during  which  these  winds  prevail  average 
annually  not  more  than  20.  and  of  these  only  a  third  are 
oppressively  hot.  At  Port  Phillip  the  maximum  and  mini- 
mum  summer  temperatures  are  respectively  90°.6  and  4S°.8 ; 
the  maximum  and  minimum  winter  temper.itures,  69°.8  and 
39°.6 ;  the  mean  annual  is  61°.3.  nearly  that  of  Naples.  The 
annual  fall  of  rain  at  Mellwurne  is  abo'ut  27  inches,  but  this 
is  very  unequally  divided  over  the  year,  about  a  fifth  of  the 
whole  falling  in  July. 

Aifriculture,  Mines.  Ac— The  agricultural  capabilities  of 
"Victoria  have  been  very  partially  tested,  but  there  cannot 
lie  a  doubt  that  though  much  of  the  soil  is  of  light  texture, 
it  po.ssesses  great  natural  fertility,  and  is  capable  of  raising 
cereals  of  the  best  quality,  and  in  quantity  sufficient  to 
maintain  a  large  if  not  dense  population.  The  vine  also 
thrives  well,  and  both  the  ordin.iry  and  many  of  the  finer 
fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  N.  temperate  zone  have  alrpadv 
become  acclimatizeti  and  abundant.  The  number  of  acre's 
under  crop,  with  the  produce  in  the  year  endino-  March  31 
1853,  was  as  follows:— Wheat,  16.823 acres,  498.704i  bushels; 
™*'^o„^.-^'^'*'  ^^  bushels;  barley,  -Uli  acres.  9431  bushels; 
oats,  294, i  acres, 96,980  bushels;  potatoes,  1978A  acres  4512J 
bushels;  sown  grasses,  U.lOli  acres:  green  food  for  cattle. 
4C1J  acres;  hay,  21,280}  tons.  Total,  36.663|  acres.  The 
same  year  there  were  107|  acres  in  vineyards,  yielding  4500 
gallons  of  wine,  and  500  gallons  of  brandy,  "in  the  year 
ending  December  31,  1852.  the  live  stock  numbered  34,021 
horses,  431,380  horned  cattle,  and  6,551.906  sheep. 

This  last  Item  proves  the  vast  progress  which  Victoria  has 
made  in  the  production  of  what  was.  previous  to  the  gold 
discoveries.  Its  only  great  staple.  It  now  furnishes  one-half 
of  the  whole  wool  imported  into  Great  Britain.     Its  first 


rf^Vi^..!^.if,\°*'  *''f™?el"»  establish  the  prominent  claim 
of  Mctoria  as  a  f^eld  for  enterprise,  have  recently  been  in  a 

ftrmitv  oTr  "'T^  ^y  ^''  ""'"^-^l  '^''»«"">«-  The  ^n 
with  L/nVM'-'*^''''l"'l  "','■"''"'•''  of  *he  mountain  ranges 
^nfii  L"'.*  \^^  ^*''  '•^'J  Murchison  to  predict,  with 

mo^"n,  «=c  %^^.''"'^?'^'y  ^'"^^^  rumo?ed.  on  grounds 
more  or  less  authentic.  Its  discovery,  however  within  the 
colony,  dat*.s  only  from  1851.     Since^then  the  numC  of 

of  di"":;;:  t^l'lT  ^»^«  «'-<^?"y  >"'=--ed.  and  mu^tUudes 
or  diggers  have  been  successfully  at  work,  partly  in  the  F 

T:ZrT:^>w:\7AT^\l'^  "•"'^-  «»>ong^otheVyaluaWe 

^eh  vet  expt,^^  i^"};;"?-  v\*l'  "'^  '*^«^t  continuous 
nem  yei  explored  is  that  which  has  Mount  Alexander  for 
It*  centre    and  occupies  an   exten.sive  area  between  the 

MiMdes  these,  the  diggings  which  have  hitherto  acquired 


VIO 

most  celebrity  are  those  of  Ballarat,  at  the  sources  of  i!he 
Yarrowee  or  Lea,  45  miles  N.N.\V.  of  Geelong,  and  those  of 
Mount  Freeth,  among  the  range  of  the  Pyrenees,  at  the 
sources  of  the  Avoca  ;  but  there  are  doubtless  many  others 
of  equal  value  only  remaining  to  be  brought  to  light.  In 
July,  1S54.  the  number  of  gold-fields  then  bi-ing  worked  wm 
10.  extending  over  uo  less  than  5  degrees  of  longitude.  The 
quantity  of  gold  which  passes  by  private  h.iuds.  and  of  which 
no  public  return  can  be  made,  makes  it  difficult  to  f'rm  even 
an  approximate  estimate  of  the  gro.^s  produce.  The  total 
quantity  of  gold  obtained  within  Victoria  up  to  the  end  of 
1852,  lias  been  estimated  at  4,891,000  ounces,  which,  at  31. 
lbs.  per  ounce,  give.s  a  value  of  18,341. 2C0i.  The  quantity 
exported  in  the  Siinie  year  was  4.263,042  ounces,  valued  at 
15,986,407/.  In  1853  the  ascertained  and  estimated  quantity 
exported  was  3.090.342  ounces,  which,  valued  at  3/.  19s.  6d. 
per  ounce,  the  current  rate  of  the  colony,  gives  12.284,110?., 
or  upwards  of  30,500,000?.  as  the  produce  of  lesj  than  2J 
years.  The  following  Table  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the 
gold  export  on  the  customs  list  for  that  year,  (1853) : 


Exported. 

Ounces. 

Value, 

To  London 

"  Liverpool    

"  Southampton  .... 

"  Glasgow 

"  Sydney    

"  Calcutta 

"  Singapore  

"  Cevion 

"  New  York 

"  Callao 

"  Havre 

1,718,318 

453, -.'58 

202,042 

450 

25,033 

3,892 

44,758 

8J,710 

10,500 

6,700 

61 

£6,443,692 

1,699,717 

767,657 

1,687 

93,873 

14.595 

167,842 

121,662 

39.375 

25,l-'0 

228 

Total    .... 

2,497,722 

£9,365,448 

The  immen.se  addition  thus  suddenly  made  to  the  wealth 
of  the  colony  has  necessarily  produced  a  complete  revolu- 
tion in  its  circumstances.  The  nece.ssity  of  entering  into 
detail  on  this  subject  is  saved  by  the  following  Table,  which 
exhibits  a  summary  of  the  most  remarkable  changes : 


Comparative  Sommasy 

,  1850-1853. 

1850, 

1851.     [    1852. 

1853. 

Revenue,  general  .... 

i:4,4fi9 

180.004      845.834 

1.648,42.1 

Revenue,  territorial      .    . 

136.852 

199,820     730.967 

I, .553,825 

Total  revenue 

261. 3 Jl 

379,824  1,576.801 

3,202,248 

Import* 

744,925 

1,056,437  4,043,896 

15.842,637 

1,041,796 

1,423,909  7,451,540 

11,061,543 

Shipping^  Number    .    .     . 

555 

6S9          1 ,657 

inwards;  Tonnage  .     .     . 

108,030 

126,411      408,216 

Bank  deposits,  4tli  quarter 

,  , , 

822,254  4.834,241 

6,239,297 

Circulation.            do. 

... 

180,058il,3;7,:ill 

1,919,086 

Coin  and  gold        do. 

310,724  3,034,53s 

4,335,08? 

Number  of  Banks      .     .     . 

2 

3i               5 

5 

Population,  31st  December 

75,O0O|      95,000l    200,000 

235,000 

It  ought  to  be  observed  that  gold  is  not  the  only  source 
of  mineral  weiUth  possessed  by  Victoria.  The  copper  found 
so  abundantly  in  .South  Australia,  doubtless  exists  here 
also;  limestone,  granite,  and  sandstone  are  already  worked 
in  quarries  apparently  inexhau.stible ;  and  an  extensive 
field  of  coal  has  been  traced  along  the  co."».st.  though  no 
mine  has  yet  been  opened  in  it.  The  want  of  proper  means 
of  communication  has  been  much  felt,  but  a  railway  was 
opened,  extending  from  Melbourne  to  the  shipping  in  its 
harbor,  in  1854,  and  others  which  will  bring  the  principal 
diggings  into  connexion  with  Melbourne,  Geelong.  and  Hob- 
son's  Bay,  are  in  course  of  construction.  Efforts  are  also 
being  made  to  establish  a  system  of  telegraphs. 

Gmxrnment.  Ulucation,  Ac. — For  administrative  purposes 
the  squatting  districts  of  Gipps  I,.and.  AVestern  Port,  and 
Portland  Bay  are  divided  into  24  counties,  of  which  that  of 
Bourke  contains  the  capittl,  Melliourne.  The  government, 
similar  to  that  of  the  other  Australi.in  colonics,  consists  of 
a  governor,  an  executive  council,  and  a  legislative  assembly, 
of  which  a  third  is  nominated  by  the  Crown,  and  twtvthirds 
are  chosen  by  qualified  electors.  The  number  of  schools  in 
the  colony,  in  1853.  was  115,  attended  by  7841  pupils,  and  sup- 
ported atacost  of  13,495?.. 7703/.  beingderived  from  the  gov- 
ernment,  and  5732?.,  the  amount  paid  for  school  fees.  .The 
nuraljer  of  churches  was  49,  of  which  13  belonged  to  the 
Church  of  England,  7  to  the  Presbyterian.s,  17  to  the  Wes- 
leyans,  3  to  the  Independents,  2  to  the  Baptists,  6  to  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  1  to  the  Jews,  Whole  number  of  ac- 
commodations or  seats,  16,0tX). 

i/<>?or^.— Port  Phillip  w.^s  first  discovered  in  1802,  and  he- 
came  the  gen«!ral  name  of  the  whole  colony,  which,  after  it 
had  been  partially  settled  by  emigrants!,  chiefly  from  Win  ^^ie- 
men's  Land,  was  formally  recogni.sed  in  1835,  whc-;  the  first 
.sale  of  crown-lands  took  place.  It  formed  tlie  S  division  of 
New  South  Wales  till  1851.  when  it  was  eitcftxl  into  a  .scpa- 
rate  colony,  and  assumed  its  new  name  in  bon<ir  of  Queen 
Victoria.  The  rapid  progress  of  Victoria  in  i'?  nat«riai 
prosperity  is  unparalleled  in  the  annuls  of  Briti'h  colonic 


VIC 

lion.  Without  government  aid,  and  in  spite  of  local  jea- 
lousies, it  hn«  become  by  far  the  m'ost  flourishing  shoot  from 
the  parent  stem  in  the  Britisli  colonial  empire. 

VICTOKIA,  a  cfiunty  of  West  Australia,  mostly  between 
13°  lat.  nnd  31°  30'  S..  and  Ion.  116"  and  117°  E.,  having  N. 
the  county  of  Glenelg.  E.  Durham,  S.  York,  and  \V.  Twiss. 
Principal  settlements  are  IJejoonlong  and  Toodyoy.  on  the 
Toodyo}'  River.  Numerous  heights  and  other  localities  in. 
the  Austrian  colonies  have  this  name. 

■VICr()UI.\.  a  newly  erected  district  of  the  Cape  Colony, 
South  Africa,  composed  of  what  wag,  before  the  late  Kaffre 
w^ar,  deemed  neutnil  territory,  on  the  E.  frootiar  of  the 
colony,  between  the  Great  Fish  and  Keiskammaltivers,  by 
which  latter  it  is  separated  from  liritlsh  Kaffraria.  In  it  are 
Alice  Town,  and  Forts  I'eddie,  Fitzroy.  and  Albert. 

VICTORIA,  a  town  of  the  British  colony  of  Hong  Kong, 
stretching  for  4  miles  along  its  N.  coast,  and  having  Roman 
Catholic  and  other  chapels.  Chinese  schools,  and  numerous 
storehouses  and  European  dwellings. 

VICTOHI.^,  a  firt  in  British  India,  presidency  and  70  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Bombay. 

VICTORIA,  a  Dutch  fort  on  the  island  of  Amboyna. 

VlCTilKIA.  the  modern  appellation  of  Mah6,  the  capital 
town  of  the  .''evthelles  Islands.  Indian  Ocean. 

VICTORIA,  of  North  Australia.    See  Port  Essingtou. 

VKT0K1.\,  a  river  of  North-East  Australia,  discovered 
in  184B  by  Sir  T.  Mitchell,  and  found  flowing  westward  in 
lat  24°  14'  S..  Ion.  144°  »4'  E. 

VICTOltlA.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Canada  West, 
near  Lake  Simcoe.  Area  749  square  miles.  It  contains 
several  small  lakes.    Capital,  Metcalf    Pop.  11,657. 

VICTORIA  or  l.A  VICTORIA,  a  town  of  Venezuela,  pro- 
vince and  35  miles  8.W.  of  Caracas. 

VICTOKIA  (or  ALE.XANDUl'.NA)  LAKE,  in  South  Austra- 
lia, is  on  the  8.  K.  side  of  the  settled  part  of  that  colony,  between 
lat.  35°  6'  and  35°  35'  S.,  and  hm.  139°  and  139°  45'  E.,  enclosed 
by  the  counties  of  Hindmarsh,  Sturt,  and  Russell,  and  open- 
ing south-westwanl  by  a  short  passage  into  Encounter  liay. 
Length  and  breadth  about  30  miles  each.  On  its  N.W.  side 
it  receives  the  Mvirray  River,  of  which  it  is  an  expansion; 
it  also  receives  the  Bremer,  .\ngus,  and  Finni.s  Rivers,  is 
connet  ted  south-eastward  with  Lake  Albert,  by  a  strait  5 
miles  in  length,  and  contains  Hindmarsh  and  some  other 
islands.  Its  N.  and  \V.  banks  are  low,  and  skirted  with 
plains  like  those  around  Adelaide;  E.  and  S. -shores  mostly 
undulating,  interspersed  with  boW  headlands.  Its  naviga- 
tion is  safe,  but  access  from  the  sea  is  impeded  by  a  sand-bai 
at  the  mouth  of  the  str.ait. 

VICTORIA  LAKE,  a  lake  of  Central  Asia,  In  the  table- 
land of  I'ameer.  15.000  feet  above  the  sea. 

VICTORIA  LAND,  the  name  given  to  the  supposed  Ant- 
arctic Continent  discoverefl  by  Sir  .lames  Ross  in  1841.  Its 
shores  were  seen  and  partly  explored  from  lat.  70°  to  79°  S. 
Near  its  N.  extremity,  in  Ion.  168°  12'  E.,  is  Mount  Erebus, 
an  active  volcano,  elevation  12,400  feet;  and  Mount  Terror, 
10,900  feet.  The  position  of  the  S.  magnetic  pole  was  also 
ascertained  by  Ross  to  be  in  lat.  75°  5'  S..  Ion.  154°  8'  E. 

VICTORIA  LAND,  an  insular  tract  of  British  North  Ame- 
rica, N.  of  lat.  68°  N..  and  extending  from  about  Ion.  103°  to 
110°  W.  It  is  separated  from  the  North  American  continent 
on  the  S.  by  Dease  Strait,  and  from  Boothia-Felix  on  the  E. 
by  A'ictoria  Strait.  It  was  discovered  and  named  by  Simp- 
son ;  and  explored  bv  Dr.  Rae  in  1851. 

VICTORIA  RIVER,  of  North  Australia,  joins  the  Indian 
Ocean  by  the  wide  estuary  Queen's  Channel,  East  Cambridge 
Gulf.  lat.  14°  46'  S.,  Ion.  129°  21'  E. ;  the  estuary  between 
Turtle  and  Pearce  Points  being  26  miles  .in  width.  It  has 
been  traced  inland  to  lat.  15°  9'  S.,  Ion.  130°  52'  E..  where  it 
was  found  stiil  flowing  from  S.E.  to  N.AV.  Opposite  its  mouth 
are  several  islands;  its  banks  are  bold  and  often  steep;  and 
50  miles  inland  it  rushes  rapidly  between  rocky  ranges  from 
500  to  600  feet  in  height;  but  it  is  said  to  be  navigalile  for 
vessels  of  large  burden  for  at  least  60  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Ei.srhty  miles  from  its  mouth  it  traverses  a  valley  16  miles 
wide,  and  of  alluvial  soil.  The  country  along  its  banks  is 
alternately  fertile  and  barren. 

VICTORH  STR.MT,  a  broad  arm  of  the  sea,  Arctic  regions, 
separating  Victoria  Land  and  Prince  of  Wales  Land  on  the 
\\..  from  Boothia-Felix  and  North  Somerset  on  the  E.  It 
communicates  N.  by  Omnianey  Inlet  with  Barrow's  Strait 
W.  of  the  entrance  to  Wellington  Channel. 

VICTORY,  a  township  of  Essex  co.,  Vermont,  about  45 
miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  212. 

VICTORY,  a  post-village  and  to\ynsliip  of  Caynga  county, 
New  York,  about  7  miles  from  Lake  Ontario,  and  22  miles 
(J.  by  W.  of  Anburn.     Pop.  2077. 

VICTORY,  a  post-ofl[ice  of  Wayne  co..  Tennessee. 

VICTORY  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Saratoga  co.,  New  York. 

VICUS  SI'ACORUM.     See  Vioo. 

VID.  vet>d,  or  URAK.oo-r.lk'.(?)  (anc.  U'tus  or  Almr)  a 
river  of  European  Turkey.  Bulgaria,  rises  in  the  Balkan  near 
the  Kourfes  of  the  Iskerand  Maritza,  flows  N.X.E.  and  joins 
the  Danube.  8  miles  W.  of  Nicopolis.    Total  cour.se  130  miles. 

VID.VLIA.  a  post-vill.ige.  capital  of  Concordia  imrish. 
Louisiana,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  oppo- 


VIE 

site  Natchez,  and  about  150  miles  above  Baton  Ronge 
During  the  Spani.«h  dominion  it  was  railed  the  Post  of  Con 
cordia.     It  contains  1  tavern,  and  1  newspaper  office. 

VI DASOA,  a  river  of  Spain.     See  Bidasso.*. 

VIDAUBAN,  veeMo'bfiN"'.  (anc.  P/Hum  KooowWi /)  a  villag* 
of  France,  department  of  Var,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Draguiguaii 
Pop.  in  1852,  2150. 

VIDKiUEIRA,  ve-de-g.^'e-r3,  a  market-town  of  Portugal 
province  of  Alemtejo,  13  miles  N.E.  of  Beja.     Pop.  2.500. 

VIDIGULFO.  ve-de-go<il'fo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro 
vince  and  7  miles  N.  of  Pavia,  on  the  Lambro.     I'op.  1491. 

VIDIN.    See  Wiwn. 

VIDO.MBAK,  vee'dom'bok\  or  WEIDENBACII.  <viMen- 
b3K\  a  village  of  Transylvania,  4  miles  from  Kronstadt.,  on 
a  stream  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  1100. 

VI DOUBLE,  vee'dooRl',  a  river  of  France,  departments  of 
Oard  and  Herault.  enters  the  lagoon  de  Maugio.  11  miles  E. 
of  Montpellier.  after  a  S.  and  W.  course  of  40  miles. 

VIDZY  or  WIDZY,  vid'zee,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  go- 
vernment and  72  miles  N.E.  of  Vilna.     Pop.  4000. 

VIE,  vee,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Vendee,  rises 
S.  of  Belleville,  and  flows  N.  into  the  Atlantic,  which  it 
enters  at  St.  Gilles.  after  a  course  of  30  miles. 

VIE.  a  river  of  France,  departments  of  Orne  and  Calva- 
dos, flows  30  miles  N.W.,  and  joins  the  Dives  near  Corbon. 

VIECHTACH,  feeK't^^K,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
44  miles  N.W.  of  Pas.'^^au.     Pop.  1469. 

VIEILLE-VIGNE,  ve-ill'  veefl,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Loire-Inferleure.  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nantes,  on  the 
left  hank  of  the  Ognon.  Pop.  in  1862. 5422.  It  has  3  annual 
fairs. 

VI  ELLA,  ve-?l'y3,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Lerida, 
in  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  Garonne,  near  its  source.     Pop.  7.38. 

VIELLA,  ve-^rid',  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
26milesN.W.  of  Mirande.     Pop.  1811. 

VIELMUR,  ve-JPniiiR',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Tarn,  on  the  Agout.  7  miles  W.  of  Castres.     Pop.  1035. 

VIEL  SALM,  ve-Jl'  s3lm,  a  market-town  of  Belgian  Luxem- 
bourg, 12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ilouffiilize. 

VIENNA,  vS-en'na,  (Ger.  Wien,  *een:  Fr.  Vienne,  ve- 
?nn';  Sp.  Vitna.  ve-AHid;  Dutch  Weenen,  ftMien;  L.  and  It. 
Vienna,  ve-^n'nl;  anc.  Vindnb'Jnn.)  a  celebrated  city  of  Eu- 
rope, capital  of  the  Austrian  Empire,  and  of  the  archduchy 
of  Austria,  is  situated  about  2  miles  from  the  main  stream 
of  the  Danube,  but  traversed  partly  by  an  arm  or  branch 
which  Ijears  the  name  of  the  A'iennese  Danube,  serving  the 
purpose  of  a  canal,  and  partly  by  an  insignificant  stream 
called  the  Wien  or  Vienna,  which  empties  itself  into  this 
arm  of  the  river,  390  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milan,  137  miles  N.W 
of  Pesth,  340  miles  S.S.E.  of  Beriin,  380  miles  E.S.E.  o. 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  and  650  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Paris. 
The  site  is  480  feet  al>Me  sea-level,  lat  48°  12'  .32"  N.,  Ion. 
16°  23'  E.  Like  Paris,  Vienna  stands  near  the  centre  of  a 
tertiary  basin  rich  in  fossil  shells,  but  of  less  extent,  as  the 
secondary  and  transition  rocks  form  conspicuous  mountain 
boundaries  to  the  J4.W.,  W.,  and  S.,  at  average  distances  of 
10  and  12  miles.  With  the  exception  of  two  suburbs,  the 
whole  of  the  buildings  are  on  the  right  bank  of  this  branch 
of  the  Danube,  rising  from  it  in  terraces,  which  give  a  con- 
siderable declivity  to  many  of  the  streets. 

A'ienna  consists  of  the  town  proper,  or  Innere-Stadt  and 
of  upwards  of  30  suburbs.  Its  whole  circuit,  about  16  miles, 
is  traced  for  the  far  greater  part  by  walls,  or,  as  they  are 
called,  lines,  12  feet  in  height,  provided  with  a  ditch  and  12 
gates  or  barriers.  The  Innere-Stadt.  the  original  nucleus  of 
the  town,  forms  a  kind  of  circle  near  its  centre,  and  except 
on  the  N.E.  side,  where  it  reaches  the  river,  is  surrounded 
by  ramparts  from  30  to  50  feet  high,  flanked  with  11  regular 
bastions,  and  lined  by  a  deep  fosse;  it  is  separated  from 
the  suburbs,  partly  by  the  river,  but  to  a  much  greater 
extent  by  a  glacis  or  esplanade,  about  600  yards  wide,  fur- 
nishing ample  space  for  relaxation.  The  Innere-Stadt  does 
not  cover  a  tenth  of  the  whole  area  occupied  by  the  city,  but 
being  more  compactly  built  than  the  suburbs,  contains  more 
than  a  seventh  of  the  whole  population.  It  is  entered  by  12 
gates,  is  divided  into  4  quarters,  and  consists  of  127  streets, 
generally  narrow,  but  well  paved  with  granite,  and  kept 
clean  by  a  very  complete  system  of  subterranean  drainage. 
It  has  20  squares,  the  largest  of  which,  called  the  Ilof.  is 
420  feet  long,  by  2-30  broad.  The  others  most  deserving 
of  notice  are  the  Ilohemarkt,  the  Josephsplatz,  the  Burg- 
platz.  the  Neumarkt,  and  the  Stephen splatz,  all  situated 
within  the  inner  town,  which  is  the  court-end  and  centre  of 
gayety  and  fashion.  This  marks  the  social  aspect  of  Vienna 
from  all  the  other  great  cities  of  Europe,  where  the  noliility 
shun  the  confined,  olcVfashioned  streets:  but  in  A'ienn.-i, 
although  there  is  no  (rottnir.  ladies  of  the  highest  order,  and 
princely  nobles,  may  be  seen  at  all  times  of  tlie  day  walking 
along  the  streets  of  the  Innere-Stadt.  In  the  inner  town 
also,  and  nearly  in  the  very  htart  of  it,  is  the  Graben.  which 
is  sometimes  considered  as  a  square,  but  is  more  properly  a 
street.  540  feet  long,  by  160  feet  broad,  constituting  the 
greatest  thoroughfare,  and  containing  some  of  the  finest 
shops.  The  other  principal  .streets  in  the  inner  town  are  the 
Herrengasse  and  Wallnergasse,  wliere  the  finest  mansions 

2037 


VIE 

ot  thf  no!  ill  y  n  £  situated ;  tbe  Kohlmarkt  and  the  Bischotf- 
•^<,'-si-.  coiitiuuea  by  the  Karuthnersti-asse  on  the  S.,  and 
U-iiaiL.ated  by  tL\i  Kotheiithurmstrasse  on  the  X.  There 
aiv  also  many  elejrant  street.-  in  the  suburbs,  particularly  in 
those  of  Schottenleld  and  Breitenfeld  on  the  W.,  Mariabilf 
on  the  S.\V.,  and  Leopoldstadt  and  Jagerzeil  on  the  N.K. 
In  the  last  in  particular,  the  street  of  its  own  name  is  one 
of  the  most  8howy  and  animated  in  Vienna. 

The  dnellin;;,s  are  usually  from  four  to  five  stories  high, 
and  of  very  large  dimeujioiis,  occupied  by  a  number  of 
families,  who  obtain  access  by  a  common  stair.  Some  of 
the  houses,  built  round  court.s,  and  hence  designated  by  the 
name  of  Ilofen,  are  of  enormous  extent.  Among  others 
may  be  specified  the  Schotten-IIof  or  Scotch  Court,  so  called 
from  having  been  originally  attached  to  the  church  of  the 
Scotch  Bencdictiues,  who  settled  here  in  1 158 ;  the  Miilker- 
Hof.  belonging  to  the  monastery  of  Mijlk ;  and  the  Trattner- 
Uof,  situated  in  the  Gralten.  tenanted  by  400  persons.  From 
ita  altitude  and  inland  position,  Vienna  is  one  of  the  most 
salubrious  cities  in  Kuropc;  the  atmosphere  is  remarkably 
pure  and  balmy,  and  the  inhabitants  enjoy  robust  health, 
without  being  much  attaeketl  with  colds  or  pulmonary  affec- 
tions, while  epidemic  diseases  pass  over  the  city  lightly. 
Few  cities  are  better  provided  with  the  means  of  relaxation 
in  the  open  air.  The  broad  glacis  encircling  the  inner  town 
has  been  alreai-ly  mentioned,  the  Augarten  in  the-  N.,  and 
the  Belvedere  gardens  in  the  E.,  are  equally  commodious, 
but  are  all  eclipsed  by  the  Prater  in  the  N.E.,  about  4  miles 
long  by  2  miles  broad,  situated  between  two  arms  of  the 
Danube,  and  so  beautifully  planted,  laid  out,  and  otherwi.-e 
decorated,  that  it  is  regarded  as  the  finest  public  park  in 
Kurope. 

Churdiejt. — ^Tlie  first  in  order  is  the  Dnm-KircM  or  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  Stephen,  a  lofty,  cruciform,  Gothic  structure, 
3o0  feet  long,  2.j5  feet  broad,  and  90  feet  high.  It  stands  in 
the  centre  of  Stephensjdatz,  and  is  built  of  large  blocks  of 
hewn  limestone.  The  ^V.  facade,  210  feet  high,  is  adorned 
with  rich  tracery  and  sculpture,  and  flanked  by  2  oct.agonal 
towers.  From  the  centre  of  the  S.  facade  rises  a  magnificent 
tower,  diminishing  gradually  from  its  base  in  regularly 
retreating  arches  and  buttresses,  till  it  terminates  in  a  |X)int 
465  feet  in  height,  the  loftiest  in  Kurppe,  with  the  exception 
perhaps  of  Strasbourg.  \Vithin  it  is  a  great  bell  of  nearly 
Jb  tons  weight,  castof  cannon  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1711. 
Besides  the  tower  there  is  a  dome  covered  with  several  re- 
diarkable  statues,  carvings,  and  sculptures.  The  interior, 
supjtorted  by  12  pillars,  remarkable  for  their  size,  is  some- 
wiiat  gUioiny,  but  very  impo.sing.  It  has  38  marble  altars, 
and  various  monuments  of  which  that  of  the  Emperor  Fre- 
derick IV.,  with  a  "  Passion,"  by  Sandrart,  placed  over  it.  is 
the  most  gorgeous,  and  that  of  the  celebrated  Prince  Eugene 
♦he  most  iuteresting.  Near  the  Jo.sephsplatz  is  the  court 
parish  church  (Hofpfarr-Kirclie)  of  the  Augustines,  a  finely 
propf)rtioned  edifice,  founded  by  Fretlerick  the  Fair  in  1330, 
in  fulfilment  of  avow  made  during  his  imprisonment  in  the 
'.n.'tle  of  Trausnitz;  it  contains  a  beautiful  monument  to 
fOe  Archduchess  Christina  by  Canova;  in  the  chapel  are 
preserved  the  hearts  of  the  imperial  family.  The  Capuchin 
church  is  remarkable  only  as  coutaining  the  imperial  hury- 
ing-vault;  and  the  Barnabito  or  St  Michael's  Church,  for 
being  the  most  ancient  in  the  city;  the  Church  of  St.  Peter 
is  built  on  a  model  of  the  Ba.silica  of  St  Peter  at  Rome.  Of 
tbe  numerous  other  churches,  notice  is  due  to  the  Castle- 
Chapel,  where  the  music  of  the  greatest  compo.sers  is  re- 
gularly performed  in  the  best  style;  and  the  University 
Church,  with  16  richly  decorated  marble  columns.  The 
Lutheran  Church,  in  the  suppres.sed  mon.'»stery  of  St  Doi-o- 
thea.  has  an  excellent  organ ;  and  the  Calvinists  or  members 
of  the  Helvetic  Confession,  have  a  handsome  church  after 
designs  by  Nigelli.  The  Jews  have  3  synagogues,  one  of  them 
with  a  magnificent  interior. 

Palacet  and  Government  nr  Municipal  .El/j/ices.— The  im- 
perial palace,  (Kaiserliclie-liuiy.)  on  the  S.W.  side  of  the 
inner  town,  near  the  glacis,  is  an  ancient  and  irregular 
structure  of  little  merit  consisting  of  three  courts  or  quad- 
rangles, one  in  the  centre  called  the  Burgplatz,  another  on 
the  E.  side  called  the  Amalieii-Hof.  and  a  third  on  the  W 
side  called  the  Schwetzer-Hof.  The  apartments  of  the 
imperlil  family  are  in  the  last.  Immediately  adjoining. 
and  on  the  bastion,  is  the  palace  of  the  An-hduke  Charies, 
a  splendid  structure  by  Fl«cher-d'Erlnoh.  The  other  prin- 
cipal palaces  are  the  Belvedere,  consisting  of  two  buildings 
one  at  th.^  foot  and  another  at  the  summit  of  a  gentle  emi- 
iiencc  with  a  fine  garden  tetween  them;  the  palace  was 
built  by  Innce  Eugene,  who  spent  the  latter  years  of  his 
iile  in  It;  the  palace  of  the  Prince  of  Liechtenstein,  con- 
spicuous both  by  its  architecture  and  its  enormous  extent: 
the  pnlacfl  of  Count  Schontorn,  Prince  Schwarzenbur", 
Irince  Auer.»perg.  Prince  Esterhazy,  &c.  The  principal 
government  buildings  are  the  hotels  of  the  ministry  the 
innjeslic  structure  in  which  the  sUtes  of  Lower  Austria  sit 
the  lown-house,  the  National  Bank,  the  Mint,  the  Imperial 
.ind  the  Civil  Arsenal.  Imth  with  collections  of  ancient 
armor,  and  tlie  former  with  l.iO.000  stand  of  arms 

ruUic  Jl'mununli.— These  are  neither  numeroag'nor  Tery 
2038 


VID 

remarkable.  Among  the  finest  are  the  equestrian  and 
colossal  statue  of  Joseph  M..  by  Zaunet,  in  the  Joseplisplatz ; 
the  handsome  monument  of  the  late  omperor  Francis  I.,  by 
Marchesi,  in  the  Burgplatz:  and  above  all  the  marble  statue 
of  Theseus,  executed  by  Canova,  and  set  up  in  tlie  temple 
of  Theseus  in  the  Volk.sgarten. 

Kducutitnud  EatubUs)iments  and  Lihraries. — Among  the 
former,  the  first  place  is  due  to  the  University,  founded  in 
12:i7.  but  re-organized  by  Maria  Theresa  under  the  dirpctiou 
of  Van  Swieten.  Its  average  attendance  of  students  is  the 
largest  in  Euroije.  lieing  about  5250.  It  has  about  .Si.  pro- 
fessors, who  ai-e  all  paid  by  the  government  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  school  of  medicine,  which  has  a  most  valu;tble  ana- 
tomical museum,  and  botanic  garden.  The  University 
occupies  a  large  isolated  building  in  the  form  of  a  parallelo- 
gram, with  a  facade  opening  upon  a  public  square.  The 
Josephinuin,  a  medico-chirurgieal  academy  for  army  sur- 
geons, has  a  very  extensive  series  of  anatomical  preparations 
in  wax.  The  Polytechnic  Institute,  occupying  a  handsome 
structure  facing  the  glacis,  instructs  600  pupils  in  the  arts 
and  practical  sciences,  as  well  as  trade  and  manufactures. 
In  the  normal  school,  established  by  Maria  Theresa,  ori- 
ginated that  most  important  class  of  insstitutions,  which  in 
Austria  practically  exemplified  their  utility  almost  half  a 
century  Inifore  they  were  thought  of  in  Great  Britain.  Uther 
important  educational  establishments  are  the  Seminarium 
or  Koman  Catholic  Instituti;,  in  which  tbe  greater  part  of 
the  best  educated  priests  of  the  empire  finish  their  education ; 
a  Hungarian  theological  institute  or  Pazmaerum,  a  similar 
Protestant  institute;  the  Theresiauum,  specially  intended 
for  the  education  of  young  nobility ;  the  Academy  of  Oriental 
Languages,  to  qiralify  persons  fordiplomatic  appointments  in 
the  East;  the  Military  Geographical  Institute,  3  gymnasia, 
attended  by  15(50  scholars ;  14  schools  of  design,  an  agricul- 
tural, a  veterinary,  and  a  riding  school ;  29  Volks  or  common 
schools,  7  high,  and  19  girls'  schools,  at  which  the  averaga 
attendance  amounts  in  all  to  at  least  30.000. 

The  Imperial  Library,  occupying  a  handsome  edifice  which 
forms  one  .sideof  Josephsplatz.  and  immediately  adjoins  the 
imperial  palace,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  in  Eu- 
rope, containing  306,000  printed  volumes,  and  10,000  manu- 
scripts, many  of  the  latter  being  either  unique  or  of  extreme 
rarity.  Annexed  to  the  librai-y  is  an  almost  unrivalled 
collection  of  engravings,  originally  commenced  by  Prince 
Eugene,  and  now  containing  300.000  of  the  finest  prints. 
The  University  Library  has  120.000  volumes,  that  of  the 
Theresianum  30,000,  and  that  of  military  archives  24.000. 
Besides  these  are  several  valuable  private  libraries,  to  which 
access  can  easily  be  had,  among  others  the  emperor's  private 
library,  50,000  volumes;  that  of  the  Archduke  Charles, 
20.000;  of  Prince  Liechtenstein,  50.000;  of  Prince  Schwar- 
zenburg.  40.000:  of  Prince  Est«rhazy,  36,000;  and  of  Count 
Schonhorn-Bucheim,  20,000. 

Museums,  Piclure-GnUei-iei,  and  other  Cnll^iinns. — The 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  adjoining  the  Imperial  Li- 
brary, has  one  of  the  largest  herbariums  in  existence,  and 
is  particularly  rich  in  ornithology.  The  Cabinet  of  Jline- 
rals  consists  of  five  divisions — mineralogy,  geognosy,  fossils, 
aeroliths,  and  pictures  in  mosaic — all  excellent  and  some 
unrivalled  Tlie  Cabinet  of  Antiquities  contains  about 
80.000  coins  and  meilals.  12.000  Greek  vases,  .several  cele- 
brated cameos  and  intaglios,  and  an  enormous  onyx.  28J 
inches  in  diameter,  which  formed  part  of  the  dowry  of  Mary 
of  Burgundy,  wife  of  tlie  Emperor  .Maximilian.  The  Schatz- 
kammer  or  treasury,  contains  the  imperial  jewels,  and 
among  other  remarkable  curiosities  the  regalia  of  Charle- 
magne, taken  out  of  liis  grave  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.  The 
Cabinet  of  Egyptian  Antiquities  is  particularly  rich  in 
mummies,  and  the  ColIevSlion  of  Ambras.  so  called  from  a 
castle  in  the  Tyrol  where  it  -va-s  commenced,  includes  a  re- 
markable a.«semblage  of  antitnt  and  modern  armor,  toge- 
ther with  a  series  of  antique  sculptures,  and  a  maseum  of 
natural  objects  and  work.?  o/  ait.  Among  the  latter  is  the 
celebrated  salt-cellar  made  by  Beuvenuto  Cellini  for  Francis 
I.  The  Imperial  Picture  Gallery,  in  the  Upper  Belvedere, 
contains  above  1"200  pictures.  tM»icng  which  are  excellent 
specimens  of  almost  all  the  dil.'e.-e.nt  schools  of  painting. 
The  other  principal  galleries  are  those  of  Prince  Esterhazy, 
Prince  Liechtenstein.  Count  Citeraia.  and  Count  Schiinborn- 
Bucheim.  The  Sculpture  Ojkllety  owts  its  chief  attractions 
to  modern  artists.  Canova,  Thorw  aldt-en.  4c. 

Sficieties.  &c. — The  most  important  are  the  Tienna  Acoi- 
demy  of  Science.s.  tha  Geolojjioal  Instiluve  of  the  .'Vustrian 
Empire,  the  Imperial  Geographical  Society,  t^e  Polytechnic 
Institute  or  Society  of  Arts,  with  a  valuaWe  collection  of 
implements,  models,  and  designs;  the  AcaJeiAy  of  tlie  Fine 
.\rts,  including  four  schools — one  for  painverf  and  sculp- 
tors, another  for  architecture,  a  third  for  en^T.ivel.s,  and  a 
fourth  for  manufacturing  design!;:  the  Impeiial  Agricul- 
tural Society,  the  Philharmonic  Society  of  the  Austrian  Em- 
pire, and  Conservatory  of  Music,  and  varioo*  othei  m'jsi'uU 
associations. 

Sanatory.  Correctional,  and  Charitable  'is'dblish-itents.-— 
These  are  very  numerous,  and  include,  a  gen-ral  lospltal. 
(AUgenmn«-Krankenhaus,)  an  oaormous  pile   jc  Ki]  >s«d  o. 


=^ 


VIE 

geven  quadi-ano;les,  containing  2C00  bwls,  and  annually 
receiving  16,000  patients;  connected  with  it  is  a  general 
lying-in  and  foundling  hospital,  greatly  needeil  in  a  city 
in  which,  according  to  the  statistics  of  1849,  above  one-half 
of  the  births  are  illegitimate;  a  lunatic  asylum,  recently 
jompleted  on  a  new  plan,  and  regarded  as  a  model  of  its 
class;  a  humane  society  for  the  recovery  of  persons  only 
apparently  dead  by  drowning  or  otherwise;  a  deaf  and 
dumb  institute,  a  Jewish  and  various  other  hospitals,  pai^ 
ticularly  those  of  the  Brothers  and  Sisters  of  Charity;  a 
large  bridewell,  a  penitentiary  and  house  of  correction  for 
the  province,  and  an  imperial  penitentiary  and  workhouse ; 
a  blind  asylum,  an  orphan  hospital,  and  various  establish- 
ments of  a  similar  description:  a  savings'  h&nk,  a,  viont-<le- 
picti,  a  society  for  the  relief  of  widows  and  orphans,  and 
numerous  almshouses  and  charitable  foundations,  both  pub- 
lic and  private. 

Amusements. — Of  these  the  citizens  of  A'ienna  are  extra- 
vagantly fond,  and  the  demand  thus  created  has  not  failed 
to  call  tbrth  a  corresponding  supply.  In  all  quarters  gar- 
dens, cafes,  and  similar  establishments,  are  open,  where 
e.xceilent  music,  much  harmless  and  not  a  little  vicious 
pleasure,  are  easily  obtained.  The  more  systematic  esta- 
blishments for  amusements  are  an  opera-house,  where 
operas  and  ballets  are  performed  in  a  style  not  surpassed 
elsewhere ;  and  four  theatres,  one  called  the  Ilof  or  Burg 
Theatre,  attached  to  the  palace,  and  appropriated  to  the  re- 
gular drama;  another,  the  Vienna  Theatre,  the  largest  and 
handsomest  in  the  city,  and  celebrated  for  melodramas  and 
spectacles;  the  third,  in  the  Josepbstadt,  of  an  intermediate 
description ;  and  the  fourth,  in  the  Leopoldstadt,  which  is 
the  favorite  resort  of  the  middle  and  lower  classes,  and 
furnishes,  in  the  humor  and  rather  coarse  jokes  of  the 
pieces  performed,  an  accurate  idea  of  the  popular  taste  and 
character. 

Manufactures  and  Trade. — Vienna  is  unquestionably  the 
first  manufiicturing  town  in  the  empire.  The  most  import- 
ant articles  are  cotton  and  silk  goods,  particularly  shawls, 
saddlery,  shoes,  and  other  articles  in  leather;  porcelain, 
matie  chiefly  at  the  government  factory,  and  distinguished 
equally  by  the  fineness  of  the  ware,  the  beauty  of  its  de- 
signs, and  the  brilliancy  of  its  colors;  sword-cutlery,  fire- 
arms, and  cannon,  the  latter  made  chiefly  at  the  govern- 
ment foundry;  tobacco,  a  government  monopoly;  meer- 
schaum-pipes, and  musical  and  optical  instruments,  cutlery, 
hardware,  white-lead,  bronne  and  other  metallic  goods ; 
paper,  liqueurs,  chemical  products,  watches,  and  jewelry. 
In  the  arts  of  letter-press  and  lithographic  printing,  and  in 
the  adaptation  of  the  electrotype  process  to  printing,  the 
nnperial  office  has  produced  specimens  not  surpassed  any- 
where. 

The  trade,  notwithstanding  the  disadvantage  of  an  inland 
position,  is  al.so  very  extensive,  Vienna  being  a  central  depot 
•  not  only  for  its  own  provinces  N.  of  the  Alps,  but  for  the 
traffic  between  the  E.  and  the  W.  of  Europe.  The  number 
of  wealthy  mercantile  houses,  many  of  them  in  the  hands 
of  Greeks,  is  great,  and  money  transactions  to  a  very  large 
amount  are  carried  on.  The  National  Bank,  established 
during  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  well  managed,  has  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  commercial  prosperity,  and  its  shares 
bear  a  high  premium. 

Vienna  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  system  of  railways, 
connecting  it  with  Triest  on  the  Adriatic,  Pesth  in  Hungary, 
and  in  other  directions  with  Breslau.  Warsaw.  Berlin,  Paris, 
aud  the  other  principal  cities  of  the  continent. 

Hialriv}/. — Vienna  appears  to  have  been  a  Koman  station 
In  the  1st  century,  and  to  have  borne  the  name  of  Fabiana, 
It  was  afterw.ards  included  in  Upper  Pannonia,  and  received 
the  name  of  Vindobona,  On  the  decline  of  the  Iloman  Em- 
pire it  experienced  the  common  fate,  and  was  pillaged  by 
the  Goths  and  Huns.  It  afterwards  formed  part  of  the  em- 
pire of  Charlemagne,  who  erected  it  into  a  bishopric,  and 
contributed  much  to  its  prosperity.  Under  him  it  became 
the  capital  of  a  margraviate,  and  the  surrounding  territory 
received  the  name  of  Austria,  or  Oester-reich,  the  Eastern 
Kingdom.  Its  first  margraves  were  princes  of  the  Babcn- 
berg  family,  who  afterwards  changed  their  title  to  that  of 
Dukes,  and  continued  to  rule  till  the  13th  century,  when 
the  line  became  extinct.  Vienna  then  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  Ottokar  of  Bohemia,  By  him  it  was  greatly  increased 
in  extent,  and  improved  in  appearance;  but  in  consequence 
of  his  refusal  to  acknowledge  the  election  of  the  Emperor 
Rudolph,  was  subjected  to  a  six  weeks'  siege.  Not  long 
after  it  passed,  with  Austria  itself,  to  the  hou.se  of  Haps- 
burg.  In  11S4.  Matthias.  King  of  Hungary,  gained  posses- 
sion of  it.  and  made  it  the  seat  of  his  court  Under  the 
Emperor  JIaximilian  I.  it  became  the  capital,  and  has  ever 
since  been  the  habitual  residence  of  the  head  of  the  Au.s- 
trian  family.  Under  Ferdinand  I.  a  host  of  Turks,  muster- 
ing 120.000  men,  and  300  pieces  of  cannon,  appeared  before 
the  vails,  burned  the  suburbs,  and  battered  down  a  great 
pai .  of  the  citv ;  but  the  defence,  though  conducted  by  only 
16,0C0  regular  troops,  and  4000  citizens,  was  so  valiant  that 
the  Turks  were  forced  to  retire.  Before  the  disasters  which 
thev  iad  caused  wwr*  reoaired,  the  plague  visited  the  city 


VIE 

in  1070,  and  carried  off  120,000  persons  in  11  months.  In 
ItiSo  the  Turks  re-appeared,  with  a  still  more  formidabln 
host  than  betore,  headed  by  tlie  grand-vizier  Kara-Mustapha- 
The  defence  was  most  valiantly  conducted  for  two  months 
by  Count  Uudiger,  of  Starhemberg,  but  had  become  almost 
hopeless,  when  the  celebriited  John  Sobieski  suddenly  ai»- 
peared  with  his  Poles,  and  the  Turkish  host  was  almost 
annihilated.  A  long  period  of  re»t  and  prosperity  followed. 
The  French  took  it  in  1806  and  ni  1809.  The  Congress  of 
Vienna,  which  fixeil  the  present  limits  of  the  countries  of 
Europe,  was  held  hero  from  November,  1814,  to  June,  1815. 
The  city  was  held  by  the  revolutionary  party  for  a  short 
time  in  1848;  the  barricades  were  raised  on  6th  October 
but  it  surrendered  to  the  imperial  troops  on  30th  of  saiua 
month,  having  suffered  severely  from  a  bombardment.    Pop, 

in  18,17.  476,222. .\dj,  aud  inhab,  Vie.nnese,  veeV'U-neez', 

(Fr.ViENN.iis,  ve-Jn*n,V;  It.  Vjenxkse,  ve-in-n.Vs.i ;  Oer.adj. 
WlENERiscn,  wee'ni_jrish;  inhab.  Wienek,  wee'ner.) 
VIENNA,  France,     See  Viesxe. 

VI  E\N  A.  vi-tm'na,  a  post-township  in  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
22  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop,  878, 

VIENNA,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N,W,  part  of 
Oneida  «o,,  New  York,  on  Oneida  Lake,  120  miles  W,  by  S. 
of  Albany.     Pop.  3460. 

VIENNA,  a  thriving  village  of  Phelps  township,  Ontario 
CO..  New  York,  on  the  Canandaigua  Outlet,  at  its  junction 
with  Flint  Creek,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  li.ailroad, 
7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Geneva.  It  is  divided  into  East  and  West 
Vienna,  and  has  3  or  4  churches,  numerous  stores,  and 
manufactures  of  fiour,  iron,  and  other  articles.  I'op.  esti- 
mated at  1600. 

VIENN.\,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey,  ou 
Pequest  River,  about  48  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Trenton. 

VIENN.4,  a  pc>st-vil)ag6  of  Dorchester  CO.,  Maryland,  on 
Nanticoke  River,  68  miles  S.E,  of  Annapolis. 

VIKNN.t.  a  village  in  Forsyth  co.,  North  Carolina,  115 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

VIENN.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dooley  co.,  Georgia, 
95  miles  S.W.-of  .Milledgeville,  is  situated  in  a  level  region, 
containing  extensive  pine  forests.     Pop.  about  100. 

VIENN.\,  a  post-village  in  Pickens  co.,  Alabama,  on  Tom- 
bigbee  River,  near  the  mouth  of  Sipsey  River,  135  miles  N.W. 
by  W.  of  Montgomery, 
VIEXN.i,  a  post>ofBce  of  Jackson  pari.sh.  Louisian.a, 
VIENNA,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co..  Ohio,  34  miles  W. 
of  Columbus.    The  post-office  is  called  ViEN.v.\  Cross  Roads. 
VIENNA,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Trumbull 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  944. 

VIENNA,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Genesee  co., 
Michigan.    Pop.  lOoO. 
VIENNA,  a  post-village  in  5Iacomh  co.,  Micliigan. 
VIENNA,  a  post-township  in  Scott  co..  Indiana.     P,  224^., 
VIENN.'i,  a  post-village  of  .Scott  co,,  Indiana,  on  the  Jef- 
fersonville  aud  Columbus  Railroad,  8  miles  W,  of  Lexington. 
VIKNNA,  a  township  in  Grundy  co.,  Illinoi.s.     Pop.  783. 
A'IEXN.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Johnson  co.,  Illinois, 
190  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

VIEXN.\,  a  township  of  Dane  co..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  748. 
VIENNA,  a  post-village  in  Spring  Prairie  township,  Wal- 
worth CO.,  Wisconsin.  55  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

VIEXN.4.  a  post-village  of  Cana<.la  West  co.  of  Jliddlesex, 
134  miles  S,W,  of  Toronto,  Pop,  about  800, 
VIENNA  CROSS  ROADS.  Ohio.  See  Viexma. 
VIENNE,  ve4nn',  (anc.  Vigen'na  f)  a  river  of  France,  rises 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  department  of  Correze.  passes  St.  Leo- 
nard, Limoges,  Confolens,  Chatellerault.  (where  it  becomes 
navigable.)  Chinon,  and  joins  the  Loire  on  the  left  at  Can- 
dos.  after  a  N.  and  N.W.  course  of  220  miles. 

VIENNE,  a  department  of  France,  in  the  N.W.,  formed  of 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Poitou.  surrouniled  by  the 
departments  of  Indre.  Haute- Vienne.  Charente.  Deux-Sevres, 
Maineet-Loire,  and  Loire.  Area 2574  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1861,  322,028.  The  surface  is  generally  flat;  it  is  watered 
by  the  Vienne  and  its  affluent  the  Clain,  the  Charente  in 
the  S,,  the  Gartempe  and  Creuse  In  the  N,E.,  and  the  Dive 
in  the  N,W,  Soil  very  unequal  in  fertility ;  chief  crops,  all 
kinds  of  cereals!,  chestnuts,  lint,  hemp,  aud  maize  of  inferior 
quality.  Fine  horses,  mules,  and  sheep  are  reared.  The 
chief  mineral  products  are  iron  and  lithographic  stones,  and 
the  principal  manufacture  is  that  of  arms  and  cutlery  at 
Chatellerault.  The  depcrtment  is  divided  into  the  arron- 
dissements  of  Poitiers.  Chatellerault,  Civray,  Loudun,  and 
Jlontmorillon.     Capital,  Poitiers. 

VIENNE,  (anc.  Vienlna.)  a  town  of  France,  the  capital  of 
an  arrondissement  in  the  department  of  Isere,  45  milej 
W.N.W.  of  Grenoble,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone,  and  on 
the  railway  from  Lyons  to  Avignon;  lat.  45°  33'  N,,  Ion,  4° 
54'  E,  Pop,  in  18.52,  20,753,  The  town  is  situated  between 
the  Rhone  and  the  mountains,  and  is  traversed  by  the  river 
Gere,  It  has  a  Gothic  cathedral  and  numerous  ancient  re- 
mains, a  communal  college,  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  linens,  silk,  and  paper.  In 
its  vicinity  are  lead  and  silver  mines;  and  near  it,  at  Am- 
puls, the  celebrated  wine,  called  Cote-Rotie.  is  made.  Vienna 
was  the  capital  of  the  Allobroges ;  it  became  afterwards  tha 

2039 


VIE 

metropolis  of  Tieunois.    A  council  was  held  here  in  1311, 
which  abolished  the  order  of  the  Templars. 

.lENNOIS.  Te-Jn'nwl',  an  ancient  district  of  France, 
which  Iwlouged  to  the  former  province  of  Dauphine,  and 
had  Vienne  for  its  capital.  It  is  now  included  in  the  de- 
partments of  DrOme  and  Isere. 

VTEQUE.  ve-.A'kA,  BIEQUK.  be-AIcA,  or  CKAB  ISLAND,  a 
British  West  India  island.  9  miles  E.  of  Porto  Rico,  and  S. 
of  Culebra.  I^nt.  of  E.  point.  18°  7'  N..  Ion.  65°  34'  W. 
T,<>n,sfh  from  W.  to  E..  18  miles:  breadth,  4  miles.  On  its  S. 
side  are  several  small  harl)ors. 

VIEItL.VXDt;.  feea'linMfh,  a  small  territory  of  North 
Germany,  between  the  Elbe  and  Bille.  S.E.  of  Hamburg, 
which  city  shares  ils  sovereignty  with  Lubeck.  It  comprises 
the  four  villages  of  Altengam,  Curslack.  Kjrchwarder,  and 
Keuemiam.     United  pop.  C445. 

VEKLlNCiS15EEK,  vju1)ug.-i-bak\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
land.s.  province  of  North  Brabant,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bois- 
le-Duc.  near  the  Meuse.     I'op.  806. 

VIEKNIIEIM, feeKn'hime\  a  village  of  Ilesse-Darmstadt, 
8  miles  S.S.W.  of  lleppenheim.     I'op.  24S3. 

VIERKADEX.  feeB/ulMen.  a  town  of  l'rus.sia,  province 
of  Brandenburg,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  ItUO. 

VIERSEX,  feeR'sen,  a  town  of  llhenish  Prussia, T.8  miles 
W.  of  Uusseldorf,  oil  the  Niers.  Pop.  3700. 
VIEKWALDSTATTEKSEE.  See  Lucerne,  LxKf:  OF. 
VIEKZOX,  ve-iK^zdy',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cher,  on  the  Yevre,  near  its  junction  with  the  Cher,  on  a 
railway,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Bourges.  Pop.  in  1852,  6730.  It 
has  blast-furnaces  and  forges,  steel  refindl'ies,  manufactures 
of  porcelain  and  earthenware. 

VIESLY,  ve-^sMee',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord.  10  miles  N.E.  of  CambraL  Pop.  2715. 
.  VIESTl,  ve-is'tee,  (anc.  Ajtenestm?)  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Capitanata,  on  the  Adriatic,  at  the  E.  foot  of  Mount 
Gargano,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Manfredonla.  Pop.  5900.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  castle,  a  cathedral,  convents, 
and  bishop's  palace. 

VIETIll,  ve-.A'tree,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  Principato 
Citra.  li  miles  W.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  2400. 

VIETiU,  a  market-town  of  Naples,  province  of  Basilicata, 
15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Potenza.    Pop.  2800. 
VIETTA.  a  postoffice  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois. 
VIETZ,  feets,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 26  miles  N.X.E.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1525. 

VIEUX-CONDE,  ve-uh'  k^NoMA/,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Xord.  9  miles  N.  of  Valenciennes.    Pop.  4386. 

VIEUX-GEXAPPEorVIEU.XGEXAi'P,velh'zhgh-n(ipp', 
("  Old  Genappe,")  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant, 
on  the  Dyle,  17  miles  S.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  1199. 

VIF,  veef.  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Isfere, 
8  miles  S.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  in  1852,  2435. 

VIG,  veeg,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  N.  cf  the  govern- 
ment of  Olonets,  expands  into  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
flows  about  170  mile.s,  and  falls  into  the  White  Sea.  Its 
current  is  broken  l^y  several  cataracts. 

A'IG.iX.  ve-gdn',  a  seaport  town  of  the  Philippines,  on  the 
N.W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  capital  of  a  province,  at 
the  mouth  of  an  arm  of  the  Abra,  with  an  important  trade 
chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the  Chinese.     Pop.  17,225. 

VIG.\X,  a  commune  of  France,  department  of  Lot,  on 
the  Blnue.  3  miles  E.  of  Gourdon.    Pop.  1700. 

VIG.\X.  Le.  leh  vee'gSx"',  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Card,  on  the  Arre,  an  affluent  of  the  Herault.  40  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Xlmes.  Pop.  in  1852.  4993.  It  has  a  communal 
college,  and  manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton  hosiery,  cotton 
yarn,  leather,  paper,  and  glass. 

A'lGATl'ii,  ve-git'to,  (anc.  Vicatulnf)  a  village  of  Nor- 
thern Italy,  6  miles  S.  of  Parma.    Pop.  4488. 

VIGEAX,  Le,  leh  vee'zhftiN"',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Vienue,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Montmorillon.     Pop.  1300. 
VIGEOIS,  vee'zhwi/,  a  fliarket-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Correze,  near  the  Vezere,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Tulle. 
Pop.  2388. 

VIGEVAXO,  ve-j.i/v3-no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Lomellina,  on  the  Mora,  near  the  Ticino.  15  miles 
S.S.E.ofXovara.  Pop.  15.221.  It  has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's* 
palace,  and  manufactures  of  silk-stuffs,  haU,  soap,  and 
macaroni. 
>IGGI.\NELLO,  vld-jd-nfiao,  a  market-town  of  Naples, 


has  manufactures  of  woollens,  soap,  and  wax  candles. 

MGGTU,  vid-joo',  or  VIGIU,  vee-joo'.  a  village  of  Northern 
Italy,  province  and  21  miles  W.  of  Como,  with  fine  marble 
quarries     Pop.  2100. 

VIGIA.  ve-zliee'i,  or  SlO-JORJE-DOS-ALAMOS,  sowso 
iboR/zhil  doce  d'14-moce,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  50 
niUes  N.  of  I'ani.  on  the  estuary  of  the  Para  River.  Pop.  of 
the  dig  net,  10.0f)0.  It  has  an  export  trade  in  fine  coffee, 
grown  in  its  vicinitv. 

VIOIPAKA.     Sce'BljBAHAB. 

VI(i.V\CX)URT.  veen^a^kooR/.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  x>mme,  11  miles  from  Amiens.    Pop.  3851 


2040 


TIL 

VIGNALE,  veen-yAI.A,  a  market-town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Piedmont.  It)  miles  S.  of  Cas.ile.     Pop.  2189. 

VIGXAXKLLO.  veen-yd-n^l'lo,  a  town  of  the  Papal  States, 
8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Viterbo. 

AIGXEMALE,  a  mountain  of  France.    See  Pyrenees. 

A'IGXOLA,  veen-yo/ld,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  ot 
Basilicata,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Potenza.     Pop.  4200. 

VIGXOLA,  a  village  of  Northern  lUily,  on  the  Panaro, 
11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Moden.i.    Pop.  2200. 

VIGNOLO,  veen-yo'lo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  5  miles  S.W.  of  Coni,  with  a  parish,  an  oratory, 
apd  a  charitable  endowment.     Pop.  1309. 

VIGXOXE,  veen-yo/nA,  a  village  of  Tu.scahy,  province  of 
Vienna,  5  miles  S.W.  of  Pienza,  with  chalybeate  and  sulphur- 
ous baths. 

VIGO,  vee'go,  (anc.  Ti'cus  Spaco/rum,)  a  seaport  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  Poutevedra.  Pop. 
4167.  It  is  enclosed  by  \*'alls  and  a  trench,  and  has  an 
excellent  harlor,  with  deep  water,  close  in  shore.  It  has  a 
lazaretto,  a  fortress,  and  export  trade  in  wine,  bacon,  and 
maize ;  and  an  active  pilchai-d  fishery.  It  wa.-<  much  injured 
by  the  attacks  of  the  English  under  Drake  iu  1585  and  1589, 
and  in  1719  under  Lord  Cobham. 

Vl'GO,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering  on 
Illinois,  contains  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Wabash  Kiver.  The  surface  is  level  or  gently  undulating, 
and  is  mostly  occupied  by  majestic  forests  and  beautiful 
prairies.  The  laud,  with  small  exceptions,  is  highly  fertile 
and  well  cultivated.  Tlie  county  contains  rich  mines  of 
coal,  and  quarries  of  limestone  and  freestone.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  The  Terre  Haute 
and  Richmond  Railroad,  the  Evansville  and  Crawfordsville 
Railroad,  and  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  R-tilroad,  meet  at  the 
county-seat.  Organized  iu  1818,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Colonel  Francis  Vigo,  a  native  of  Sardinia,  and  a  citizen  of 
Vincennes.    Capital,  Terre  Haut«.    Pop.  22.517. 

VIGO.  BAY  OF,  Spain,  iu  Galicia,  S.  of  that  of  Ponteve- 
dra,  is  about  20  miles  in  length  by  5  miles  across  at  its 
mouth,  and  contains  the  islands  of  Bayona  and  Estelas. 

YIGO,  (vee'go,)  L.\KE,  Russia,  government  of  Olonets,  45 
miles  N.  of  I^ke  Onega.  Length,  from  S.  to  N".,  45  miles; 
greatest  breaiith  35  miles.  It  is  tr.iversed  throu;:hout  by  the 
river  Vig,  which  carries  its  surplus  waters  northward  into 
the  White  sea. 

VIGOLEXO,  ve-go-lA'no,  a  village  of  Italy,  Parma,  22  miles 
S.E.  of  Piacenza.    Pop.  4267. 

VIGOLZOXE,  ve-gol-zo'nA,  a  village  of  It^ly,  Parma,  10 
miles  S.  of  Piacenza.     Pop.  3038. 

YIGOXE,  ve-po'nA,  a  market-town  of  the  S.ardinian  States, 
Piedmont,  province  and  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Piiicrolo.     P.  0203. 

VIGTEX,  vig'ten,  IND,  ind,  MEL,  mM,  and  YT,  tit,  three 
parallel  islands  lying  close  to  each  other  in  a  S.W.  and  N.E. 
direction  off  the  W.  coast  of  Norway;  lat.  (W.  extremity) 
64°  46'  N.,  Ion.  10°  24'  E. 

YIGUER.\.  ve-gA'rl,  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Castile,  province 
and  13  miles  S.  of  Logroiio.     Pop.  13C6. 

VIGUZZOLO,  ve-gofit'so-lo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  PiedmonL  3  miles  N.E.  of  Tortona.     Pop.  2105. 

VIHAR.  a  principlity  of  Hindostan.    See  Cooch-Bahar. 

YIHIERS,  vi«'e-iv,  a  market^town  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Saumur.     Pop.  1505. 

A'lJAPAR.i,  a  town  of  Cashmere.     See  Eudahar. 

VIJAY'AXAG.\RA,  a  city  of  Hindostan.    See  Bijanagcr. 

A'lJ.WAPOOR.  ve-ji-i-poor',  a  town  of  Nepaul,  132  miles 
S.E.  of  Khatmandoo. 

Yl.IAYAPURA.     See  Bejapoor. 

VIKKUR,  a  town  of  Sinde.    See  Bcnder  Vikkab. 

Y'lLAFAFELA,  ve-ld-fi-fil.A,  a  town  of  Spain,  Leon,  pro- 
vince and  18  miles  N.X.E.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  1158. 

VILAFAMES,  ve-li-fd'mSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
7  miles  X.X.E.  of  Ca.stcllon  de  la  Plana. 

VIL.\GOS,  veeUo^gosh',  a  town  of  S.E.  Hungary,  county 
and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Arad.    Pop.  6186. 

VILAINE,  vee'lain',  (anc.  Jferius.  T'lanoria  ?)  a  river  of 
France,  rises  in  the  department  of  Mayenne.  flows  W.,  past 
Vitre  to  Rennes.  where  it  receives  the  llle  from  the  X.,  and 
thence  has  a  S.S.W.  course,  past  Redon  and  La  Roche  Ber- 
nard, to  the  Atlantic  at  Penerf,  department  of  Morbihan. 
Total  course  130  miles,  for  the  last  SO  of  which  it  is  navigable. 
The  tide  ri.ses  in  it  as  high  as  Redon,  where  it  receives  th« 
Oust.  Principal  aflluents,  the  llle  and  Oust  from  the  N. 
and  W.;  the  Cher,  Don,  and  Isac  from  the  E.  With  the 
Hie,  it  gives  name  to  the  department  in  which  its  upper 
course  chiefly  lies. 

VILALLOXGA,  ve-Ml-yon'gJ,  a  village  of  Spain.  Catalonia, 
province  and  about  7  miles  from  Tarragona.     I'op.  1121. 

A'lLASECA.  ve-ld-s.'l'kd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  7 
miles  S.W.  of  Tarragona,  near  the  Mediterranean.     P.  3364. 

A'lLBEL.  fil'bel,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hessc-Darcsfadt, 
province  of  Olier-IIessen.  on  the  Nidda,  fi  miles  N.E.  of 
Fraukfort-on-the-Main,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
wav.     Pop.  2042. 

YILCABAMBA.  veel-kabam'ba,  YUCAY,  yooki'.  o  QUI- 
LABAMBA,  ke-ld-bdm/l.!  a  river  of  Peru,  flows  N.E..  aD<J 
joins  the  Apurimac  to  form  the  Ucayale. 


VIL 

■\^T.CA5;0TA,  veel-kan-yo/tl,  a  river  of  Peru,  tributary  to 
the  Ucayiile.  • 

YILCANOTA.  a  preat  mountain  knot  of  the  Andt's,  near 
lat.  14°  30'  S..  on  wLieli  perpetual  snow  lies  at  the  elevation 
of  15.800  feet. 

VliXHKS,  veel'chSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  31 
milA  N.N.K.  of  .Taen.  Pop.  1837.  It  has  an  ancient  castle. 
There  are  mines  and  quarries  in  its  vicinity. 

VILEIKA.  re-lA/kd.  or  VILEIKI,  ye-I.A/kee.  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  >Jinsk.  on  the 
Vilna.  Pop.  1800,  mostly  Jews.  In  1831,  the  Poles  were 
defeated  here  by  the  Uus-sians. 

VILI.\  or  W1L1.\,  vee'le-3,  a  river  of  Russian  Poland, 
governments  of  Minsk  and  Vilna.  flows  W.,  and  joins  the 
Kiemen  at  Kovno.    Total  course  250  miles. 

VIIIOOI.  VILIOUI  or  VIMUl,  vire-oo/e.  written  also 
BILIUI,  a  river  of  Siberia,  government  of  Yakootsk,  flows 
;a«terly.  and  falls  into  the  Lena  at  Oost  Viliooisk.  Length 
about  700  miles. 

VILIOOISK.  OosT,  or  OUST  VILIOUISK.  oost  ve-le-ooMsk,  a 
town  of  East  Siberia,  government  and  180  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Yakootsk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Viliooi  with  the  Lena;  lat. 
63°  25'  N..  Ion.  125°  35'  E. 

VILIUI,  a  river  of  Siberia.     See  ViLlOOI. 

V1L.IEV0,  vil-yA'vo,  a  village  of  Austrian  Slavonia,  co. 
of  A'erocze,  about  10  miles  from  Siklos. 

VILKOMEER,  VILKOMIR,  viPko-meer'.  or  WILKO- 
MIERZ, <»il-kom'e-aiRzh. a  town  of  Russian  Poland, govern- 
ment and  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Vilua,  on  the  Svitsa.  Pop. 
6000.    It  has  several  cliurclieH  and  schools. 

VILLA-ALBESE,  vil/ld  al-bA/sA,  a  village  of  Northemltaly, 
province  and  0  miles  S.  of  Como.     Pop.  1489. 

VILLA  ALKONSIX  A,  vil'ld  dl-fcm-see'ril  a  town  of  Naples, 
province  of  .\bruzzo  Citra,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Il-Vasto. 

VILLA  ALI'ANDO,  veel'yd  dl-pduMo,  a  town  of  Spain,  31 
miles  N.E.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  24(30. 

VILL.i  B.\X  EZ.  veel'vd  bd-n  Jth/,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Valladolid. 

VILLA  RARTOLOMEA,  vil'ld  baR-to-lo-mA'd.  a  town  of 
Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Adige,  3^  miles  S.E.  of  Legnago.  Pop.  2300,  chiefly 
engaged  in  the  culture  of  rice. 

VILLA  BASILICA,  vil/ld  bd-sil'e-kd,  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
about  i  miles  from  Pescia.    Pop.  OSol. 

VILLA-BELLA,  a  town  of  BraziL     See  Matto-OrossO. 

VILLA-BELL.\-1)A-PBIXCEZA,  veel'ld  bjl'ld  dd  preen-sA/- 
zd,  (or  PRINCESSA,  preen-stVsd.)  a  town  of  Brazil,  on  the  N. 
part  of  the;  island  of  Sao  Sebastao.  province  and  85  miles  E. 
o(  Sao  P:\ulo.  with  a  commodious  and  secure  harbor.   P.  3000. 

VILL.\-BIANCA,  vil'ld  be-dn'kd,  a  town  of  Sicily,  13  milbs 
W.S.W.  of  Palermo.     Pop.  2500. 

VILL.\-BO.'V^,  a  town  of  Brazil.     See  Gqyaz. 

VILLA-BOA-DE-RODA.  veel'ld  bo'd  dd  ro/dd.  a  town  and 
parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho,  comarca  of  Gui- 
marSes.     Pop.  1108. 

VILLA-CAN  AS.  veel'vd  kdn'yds.  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  43  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  3745. 

VILLA-CAI'ELLO.  vil'ld  kd-pel'lo.  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Abruzzo  Citra,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Il-Vasto.     Pop.  1500. 

VILLA-CAKILLO.  ve('l'yd  kd-reel'yo,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  42  miles  N.E.  of , Taen,  between  the  riv«r6  Gua- 
dalquivir anil  Guaflalimar.     Pop.  4060. 

VILLA-CASTIN,  veel'vd  kds-teen',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Segovia.     Pop.  802. 

V1LL.\CE.  veel-yd'th.-i,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  5 
miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1350. 

VILLACII.  vil'ldK\  (Illyrian  Belak,  b-Aldk.)  a  town  of 
Illyria.  Carinthia.  52  miles  N.W.  of  lyaybach,  on  the  Drave, 
near  the  influx  of  the  Gail.  Pop.  2487.  It  is  defended  by  a 
strong  castle,  and  is  the  principal  entrepot  for  the  pro- 
duets  of  the  Carinthian  mining  districts,  and  has  numerous 
forges.  marVile  quarries,  copper  and  lead  mines,  and  a  brisk 
transit  trade  between  Germany  and  Italy. 

VILLA-CIDKO.  vil'ld  chee'iiro,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  divi- 
sion and  2fi  miles  N.W.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  5944. 

VILLADA,  veel-yd'nd,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province 

and  27  miles  N.W.'of  Palencia.  on  the  Sequilla.     Pop.  2950. 

VI  LL.\-D'ADDA,  vil'ld  ddd'dd.  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 

on  the  Adda,  with  a  parish  church  and  a  trade  in  silk  and 

wine.     Pop.  2081. 

VILLADEATI.  vil-ld-dd-d'tee,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Alessandria,  province  and  12  miles  W.  of 
Casale.     Pop.  2149. 

VILLADECANES,  veelyd-dd-kd'n^s.  a  village  of  Spain, 
province  and  60  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1071. 

VILLA-DE-FUADES.  veel'ld  d,^  frd'dfs.  a  town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  .\lgarve.  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Beja.     Pop.  1340. 

V1LL.\-DE-IGRE,TA.  veel'ld  de-grA'zhd.  a  village  of  Portu- 
gal, province  of  Beira  Alta,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Vlseu.  P.  1200. 
VILLA  DEL  FUERTE.  veel'yd  diM  fwJa'U,  a  town  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  state  and  76  miles  N.  of  Cinaloa,  on 
the  KiodelFuerte.  Pop.  5000.  Though  Kidly  situated,  it  is 
icomnieri'ial  depot  for  goods  passing  tn  and  from  Ouaymas, 
ind  i1  is  the  seat  of  most  of  the  chief  authorities  of  the  state. 
VILLA,  veel'yd,  (or  SANTA  MARIA,)  DEL  PRINCIPE. 


VIL 

sdn'td  ma-iee'i  dJl  preen'se-p4,  a  considerable  town  of  Cuba, 
140  miles  N.W.  of  Santiago  de  Cuba.     Pop.  30,000? 

VILL.i  DEL  RIO,  veel'yd  d^l  ree'o,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  3368. 

VILLA  DIEGO,  veel'yd  de-d/go,  a  town  of  Spain,  piovincw 
and  16  miles  N.W.  of  Burgos.     Pop.  896. 

VILLA-DI-'I'IRANO,  vil'ld  dee  tt!-rd'no,  a  village  of  Nor- 
thern Italy,  ])roviuce  and  12  miles  N.E.  of  Suiidiio.  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Poschiavino  with  the  Adda,  here  cro.sseo 
by  a  handsome  bridge.  It  has  a  parish  church,  and  a  con- 
siderable transit  trade.    Pop.  3408. 

VILLA  DI  VILLA,  vil'ld  dee  vil'ld.  a  village  of  Austrian 
Italy,  government  of  Venice,  delegation  of  Padua,  4  mi'.es 
S.E.  of  Este.     Pop.  2200. 

VILLA-DO-BISPO,  veelld  do  bees'po,  a  town  and  pnri.su 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Douro.  20  miles  from  Opoi-to.  P.  1380. 
VILLA  DO  CONDE,  veel'ld  do  kon'di\,  a  maritime  to»_< 
of  Portugal,  province  of  Jlinho,  at  the  mouth  of  Ibe  Rin 
d'Este,  15  miles  N.  of  Oporto.     Pop.  3100.     Many  coastinp 
and  larger  vessels  are  built  here,  and  it  has  a  fishing  and 
coasting  trade. 
VILLA  DO  FORTE,  a  town  of  Brazil.    See  Fortaleza. 
VILLA  DO  PRINCIPE,  veel'ld  do  preen'se-p,4,  now  called 
SERRO,  s^r'ro,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Minas-Geraes, 
capital  of  a  cfimarca,  130  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ouro  Pretti.    P.  4000. 
VILLA.DO  PRINCIPE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao 
Paulo,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Curitiba. 

VILLA  DO  RIO  PARDO,  veel'ld  do  ree'o  paR/do,  a  town 
of  Brazil,  province  of  Sao  Pedro  do  Sul,  on  the  Jacuhy,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Pardo,  80  miles  W.  of  Porto-Alegre.  Pop., 
with  district,  6000. 

VILLA  DOSE,  villd  do'sd,  a  town  of.  Northern  Italy,  6 
miles  E.  of  Rovigo.  on  the  Adigetto.     Pop.  2000. 

VILLAESCUSA-DFJ-IIARO,  veel-yd-Js-koo'sd  dd  hd/ro,  a 
town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  35  miles  from  Cuenca.  P.  1356. 
VILLA  FALETTO,  vil'ld  fd-lJt/to,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  Piedmont,  10  miles  N. of  Coni,  on  the  Maria.  P.  3790 
VILLAFAMES,  veel-yd-fS'mJs.  a  walled  town  of  Spain, 
Valencia,  province  and  10  miles  from  Castellon  de  la  Plana, 
on  the  Monleon.     Pop.  1973. 

VILLA  FELICIIE,  veel'yd  f^lee'ch.i  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince of  Saragos.sa,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Calatayud.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  gunpowder  and  porcelain. 

VILLA-FLOR,  veel'ld  floR,  a  market-town  of  Portugal, 
province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Torre-de-Mou- 
cor«o.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  entered  by  four  gates,  and 
encircled  by  almond  groves. 

VI  LLA-FL(JR.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Rio  Grande  Jo 
Norte.  SO  miles  S.E.  of  Natal.     Pop.  2500. 
VILLAKHANCA.    See  Villefrancue. 
VILLA-FRANCA,  vil'ld  frdn'kd,  or   VILLA  LEALE,  vil'- 
ld lA-dLi,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  situated  in  a  plain  neitf 
the  Magra,  about  9  miles  from  Pimtremoli.    Pop.  .(212. 

VILLAFRANCA,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  9  miles  S.W, 
of  Verona,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tartaro.  It  has  a  fine 
castle  of  the  14th  century. 

VILLAFRANCA,  a  seaport  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  and  2  miles  E.  of  Nice,  with  a  good  harbor  on  the 
Mediterranean.  Pop.  2974.  Its  ports  and  do<'kyards  are  io 
a  good  condition ;  and  it  has  an  active  tunny  fishery,  and  a 
trade  in  oranges,  lemons,  silk,  wine,  corn  and  hemp. 

VILLAFRANCA,  a  town  of  Sicily,  ^5  miles  N.W.  of 
Girgenti.    Pop.  2500. 

VILLAFRANCA,  vil-ld-frdng/kd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Na- 
varre, province  and  36  miles  S.W.  of  Pamplona,  on  the  Ara- 
gon.     Pop.  2762. 

VILL.AFRANCA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Teruel,  on 
the  Jiloca,  32  miles  S.  of  Daroca. 

VILLAFRANCA,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  and 
29  miles  W.  of  Avila. 

VILLAFRANCA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Guipuzcoa, 
20  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Sebastian.  It  is  walled,  and  entered  by 
4  gates,  and  has  a  large  annual  fair. 

VILLA  FRANCA,  veel'ld  frdng'kd,  a  town  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  island  of  St.  Michael,  Azores,  14  miles  E.  of  Ponta 
J)elgada.     Pop.  3000. 

VILLA  FRANCA,  veelld  frdng'kd,  a  town  of  Brazil,  pro. 
vince  of  Para,  near  the  Amazon,  20  miles  S.VV.  of  Santarem. 
Pop.  4000. 

VILLA-FRANCA,  veel'yd  frdng'kd,  a  small  town  of  Para- 
guay, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Paraguay,  30  miles  below  As- 
gumption. 

VILLAFRANCA  DE  LA  MARISMA,  veel'ydfrdng'kd  dA  Id 
md-rees'md.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  15  miles  S.  of 
Seville.     Pop.  3527. 

VILLAFRANCA  DE  LAS  ABUJAS,  veel-yd-frdng'kd  dA  Ids 
d-Boo'nds,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  12  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Cortlova,  on  the  Guadalquivir.     Pop.  3596. 

VILLAFRANCA-DE-LA-SIERRA,  veel-yd-frdng'kd  dA  11 
se-SR'Kd.  a  town  of  Spain,  Old  Castile,  province  and  22  milea 
W.  of  Avila.     Pop.  1119. 

VILLAFRANCA-DEL-CID,  veel-yd-frdng'kd  d?l  theeD,  a 
town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  province  and  38  miles  N.W.  cf 
Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  1189. 

VILLAFRANCA  DE  LOS  BARROS,  veel'yd-frdng'kd  dA  lo«> 

2041 


VIL 

b«R/Roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  proTince  of  Badajos,  20  miles 
6.\V  of  Merida.     Pop.  5887.  ,     ,  ,  ,      „  a 

■»  tLLAFKAXCA  DK  LOS  CABALLEROS,  veel-y«-friinp'k.'i 
di  .n^e  ki-Bdl-y.Vroce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Toledo,  8 
mil  n  X.W.  of  Alcazar  de  San  Juan. 

\  iLLAFUANCA  DEL  VIEKZO.  veel-yd-fi^ng'ka  AiUe-CKf- 
tho.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Leon,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of 
PoDfiTrada,  on  the  Burl.ia.  Pop.  2996.  It  has  a  Franciscan 
convent,  superior  school,  and  a  trade  in  wiEe. 

VII.LAFKANCA  DE  MOXTES  DE  OCA,  veel-ya-frtlnsr'ka 
dA  mon'us  dd  oTkL  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles 
E.  of  Bur;,'0?.  at  the  N.E.  foot  of  the  Sierra-Oca. 

AILLAFRAXCA  DE  PANADES,  veel-ya-friliig'ki  di  pj- 
nl'iws,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  27  miles  N.E.  of 
Tarr.-igona.andW.  of  Barcelona.  Pop.5516.  It  is  enclosed  by 
■wall?,  and  has  manufeictures  of  cottons,  leather,  and  brandy. 

VILLAFBANCA  DE  XIRA,  yeeUi-friugfki  dA  shee'rd,  a 
town  of  Portusral.  province  of  Estremadura.  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Taigus,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  4900.  It 
Is  the  re-sideuce  of  a  military  governor,  and  has  salt  works, 
and  an  active  general  trade.  It  was  founded  and  named 
Cornnalla  (or  Cornwall)  by  the  English  settlers  in  1160. 

VILLAFKANCA  DI  PIEMONTE,  vil-ia-frdng'k^  dee  pe-;V 
mon't^.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division  and  20 
milef  S.S.W.  of  Turin.     Pop.  8572. 

VILLAFRANGA-DO-IMPERADOR,  Brazil.    See  Fkaxca. 

VILLA  FKATI,  villi  frMee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  16  miles 
B.S.E.  of  Palermo.     Pop.  2000. 

VILLAFRECIIOS,  veel-vd-fri/choce.  a  town  of  Spain,  Leon, 
province  and  33  miles  N.W.  of  Valladolid.    Pop.  1314. 

VILL.UiARCIA,  veel-yi-gaR-thee'd,  a  marketrtown  of 
Epain,  province  of  Badajos,  3  miles  N.  of  Llerena.     Pop.  2000. 

VILLAGARCIA,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Pontevedra,  20  miles  N.  of  Vigo,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  bay 
of  Arosa,  on  which  it  has  a  small  harbor.    Pop.  1443. 

VILL.4GARCI.\,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  of 
Cueiica.  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Tarazona. 

VILLAG.\RCIA,  a  marketrtown  of  Spain,  province  and  30 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Valladolid.    Pop.  1859. 

VIL'LAGE,  a  township  in  Jackson  CO.,  Arkansas. 

TILLAGE,  a  village  in  Wapello  co.,  Iowa,  80  miles  S.W. 
of  Iowa  City. 

VILL.AGE  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chester. 

VILLAGE  SPRINGS,  a  postofflce  of  Blount  co.,  Alabama. 

VILLAGONZALO,  veel-yd-gon-thaio,  a  town  of  Spain, 
Zstremadura,  about  30  miles  from  Badajos,  near  the  Guadi- 
ana.    Pop.  1120. 

VILLAGORDA  DE  GABRIEL,  veel-y^-gou'dj  Ak  gJ-Bre-fl', 
a  town  of  Spain,  provin(<e  and  50  miles  S.E.  of  Cuenca. 

VILLAGORDA  DE  JUCAR,  veel-yl-gOR/di  dA  Hoo-kaR/,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  of  Albacete,  on  the  Jucar,  5  miles 
S.W.  of  Tarazona.    Pop.  1422.  * 

VILL.\GR.AS.A,  veel-yi-grd'sl,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Lerida.  7  miles  W.  of  Cervera. 

VILLAHEKMOSA,  vcelyl-fR-mo'sl,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  48  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cindad  Real.    Pop.  2600. 

VILLAIIER.MOSA.  vecl-ya-^R-mo/sl,  (t.  e.  "beautiful 
town,")  a  town  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  of  Ta- 
basf^),  on  the  Grijalva.  50  miles  N.  of  Chiapas. 

VILLAIXF^LA-JUIIEL.  vee'yAn'  1*  zhU#,  a  market-town 
Of  France,  department  of  Mayenne,  29  miles  N.E.  of  Laval 
Pop.  in  1852.  -liW. 

VILLAJOYOSA,  veel-yJ-Ho-yo'si,  a  maritime  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  20  miles  N.E.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, on  which  it  h.ts  a  harbor,  and  some  docks  for 
building  vessels.     Pop.  8087. 

VI  M.AJIAX,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Sobrajt. 

VI LLA  LB.\,  veel-yill'bS,  numerous  market-towns  of  Spain, 
the  principal  being  in  the  province  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Ba- 
dajos.    Pop.  1630. 

VILLALBA,  a  town  of  Spain,  Catalonia,  province  and  45 
miles  from  Tarragona.     Pop.  1323. 

VI1,I,ALBA,  vil-ldl'ba,  a  town  of  Sicily,  and  not  &r  from 
Caltanistslta.     Pop.  1400. 

«o^  'm ''  x,''*^'^'  ^■'*'*lyi-lon'.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
82  miWs  N.W .  of  Valladolid,  having  3  parish  churches.  Pop 
4e.4,  partly  employed  as  muleteers,  or  engaged  in  making 
cht«s«s.  Iiiu'bly  esteemed  at  .Miulrid. 

VILLALOXOA.  veel-ydlong/gd.  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia, 
province  and  40  miles  X.  of  Alicante,  on  the  Alcoy.    P.  1598 

MLLALI'.\XDO,  veel-ydl-pdn'do,  a  village  of  Spain,  Old 
^tlle.  province  and  42  miles  N.N.W.  of  Valladolid,  on  the 
Valderadney.     Pop.  2500. 

VILLALI'AXDaS,  veel-yai-pAnMoce,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vmce  and  30  miles  N.E.  of  Zamora.  Pop.  2460.  It  was 
formerly  Kn  important  city 

lro^'l;';!;!^';'tf^,'?'*^-  \'^'^'-y^J-P«n''loce,  a  rich  mine  of  Mex- 
ico, adjacent  to  Giianajuuto. 

yiLLALUEN(JA.pP,L.\.SAGRA,  veel-vJ-lwJn'gd  dA  \i  sd'- 

SrL^RrTotfo'^'poJ'ToOo""'^'^""^'"^^  -""^  »^"'  '' 
^^'l!l^^l'^*'^^^,^:^^^-^<>SARW,  Teel-yd-lwJn'gd  m  nv 

tead/r'pi  ^^62^;'  ^'"*'^""'''  p-'°-  «»^  «o  -u- 

2042 


VIL 

Tn.LALTA-DEL-ACOR,  veel-ydl'vl  dM  d-koR/.  n  village 
of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  25  miles  E.X.E.  of  lUielvo, 
with  a  Gothic  parish  chunh,  which  formerly  belonged  to 
the  Templars,  and  was  ei-ected  on  the  site  of  an  ancient 
temple  of  Juno.     Pop.  2.362. 

VILLALVA-DEUREY,  veel-ydl'vd  dJl  rA,  a  town  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  province  and  26  miles  from  Cuenca.     Pnp.  1149. 

VILLA  MAGXA,  vil'ld  mdn'yd,  a  town  of  .\aple«,  province 
of  Abruzzo  Citra,  on  a  steep  height,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Chieti. 
Pop.  2000. 

VILL.AMALEA,  veel-yd-md-lA'd,  a  town  of  Spain.  Murcla, 
28  miles  from^Albacete,  near  the  Gabriel.     Pop.  1S4S. 

VILLAMANAX,  veel-yd-mdn-ydn',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  16  miles  S.  of  Leon,  near  the  Esla.     Pop.  1951. 

VILLAMAXRIQUE,  veel-yd-mdn-roe'kA.  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Seville.     Pop.  2280. 

VILLAMAXRIQUE.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Cindad 
Real.  13  miles  S.  of  VilLanueva  de  los  Infantes.     Pop.  1100. 

VILLAMAXRIQUE-DE-TAJO,  veel-yd-mdn-ree'kA  dA  W- 
HO,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Madrid,  on  the  Tagus,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Ocafia. 

A'lLLAMAR,  a  village  of  Sardinia.    See  Mara-.Arbarei. 

VILLA  M-\RIA.  veelOd  nia-ree'd.  a  small  town  of  Brazil, 
province  of  Matto-O rosso,  on  the  Paraguay.  100  miles  AV.S.W. 
of  Cuyaba.     Pop.  1000. 

VILL.\-MARTIN,  veel'yd  maR-teen',  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  43  miles  S.E.  of  Seville,  on  the  Guiidalete.   P.  2740. 

VILLA  MASSARGIA,  viind  mds-.«aR'jd.(?)  a  town  on  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  division  of  Cagliari,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Igle- 
sias.     Pop.  1496. 

VILLAMAYOR-DE<!AMPOS,  veel-yd-mi-OR/  dA  kdm^poce, 
a  town  of  Spain,  Leon,  province  and  about  40  miles  N.W. 
of  Valladolid.  near  the  Valderadney.    Pop.  1304. 

VILLAMAYOR  DE  SANTIAGO,  veel-yd-ml-oR'  dA  sdn-te- 
d/go,  a  town  of  Spain,  46  mile*  W.  of  Cuenca.     Pop.  2612. 

VILLAMAYOR-DI  CALATRAVA,  veel-yd-mT-OR'  dee  kd- 
Id-trd'vd.  a  town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province  and  12 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Ciudad  Real.    Pop.  1115. 

VILL.AMEDIANA,  veel-yd-mA-ne-d'nd.  a  town  of  Spain, 
Leon,  province  and  9  miles  S.  of  Palencia.     Pop.  1219. 

VILL-AMI  iCL,  veel-yd-me-Jl',  a  town  of  Spain,  Estremadura, 
province  and  55  miles  from  Caceros. 

VII/LAMONT',  a  township  of  Arkansas  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  162. 

VILLAMOR-DE-LOS-ESCUDEROS,  veel-yd-moR/  dA  loce 
Ss-koo-nA'rore.  a  town  of  Spain,  I/COn.  province  and  21  miles 
S.E.  of  Zamora.    Pop.  1008. 

VILLANOV.\,  vil-ld-no/vd.  a  village  of  Sardi"ia,  division 
and  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sassari.     Pop.  3676. 

VIL'LAXO'^'.A.  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co..  New 
York.  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dunkirk.     Pop.  1274. 

VILLA-XOVA,  veelld  no/vd,  or  VILLA-^^STOSA-DA- 
MADRE-DE-DIOS,  veel'ld  vees-to/sd  dd  md'drA  dA  dee'oce,  a 
town  of  Brazil,  province  and  200  miles  W.X.W.  of  Para. 

VILLAXOV.\,  veel-ld-no'vd,  a  village  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Santa  Catharina,  on  the  N.  shore  of  La  Laguna,  (a  lagoon 
near  20  miles  long.)  60  miles  S.  of  Desterro.  It  ha.«  a  harbor, 
and  is  advantageously  situated  for  trade  and  manufactures 
of  linen,  from  flax  extensively  cultivated  on  a  large  scale  in 
the  vicinity. 

VILLANOV.A,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  and  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Rio  Janeiro,  near  the  Macacu.  The  inhabitants  are 
partly  brancns  ("whites")  and  partly  Indians.     Pop.  2000. 

VILLANOVA  DA  CERVEIRA.  veel-ld-no'vd  dd  .«eR-vA'e-rl, 
a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Minho,  5  miles  S.W.  of  A'a 
lenca.     Pop.  1100.     It  is  a  frontier  fortress  opposite  Galicia. 

VILLANOVA  DA  RAIXHA.  veel-ld-no'vd  dd  rd-eeu'yd,  « 
town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Estremadura,  near  the  Tagus 
5  miles  E.  of  .Aleniquer. 

VILLANOVA  DA  RAINHA,  veel-ld-no'vd  dd  rd-een'yd,  a 
town  of  Brazil,  in  the  Interior  of  the  province  of  Bahia,  120 
miles  N.  of  Jaoobina.    Pop.  2000. 

VILLANOVA  DA  RAINHA.  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Pari,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Manhe  and  Canoma  with 
the  Amazon,  in  a  rich  district. 

VILLANOVA  DA  RAIXHA,  a  town  of  Brazil.   See  Cahf.te 

VILLA-XOVA-DE-F'OZ-COA,  veolld  no'vd  dA  foz  ko/d,  a 
town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Beira  Alta,  near 
the  Coa.  where  it  joins  the  Douro,  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Torre- 
de-Moncorvo.     Pop.  27(K). 

VILLAXOVA  DE  MILFONTES,  veel-ld-no'vd  dA  meel-fon'- 
t^s,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  Alenitejo.  on  the  Barra 
de  Odemira,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic,  32  miles  W.  of 
Ourique. 

VILLANOVA  DE  PORTIMAQ,  veel-ld-no'vd  dA  poR-te- 
mowNo',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of  .Algarve,  with  a 
harbour  at  the  mouth  of  the  Silves,  10  miles  E.X.E.  of  I..agos. 
Pop.  3500. 

VILLAXOVA  DE  PORTO,  veel-ld-no/vd  dA  poR'to,  «  toirn 
of  Portugal,   province  of  Minho,  on   the   Douro.  opposite 
Oporto,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.     It  has  active  ship^buil Jiug ;  . 
and  Oporto  wines,  destined  for  England,  are  wai-ehoused 
here. 

VILLANOVA  DE  SAN  ANTONIO,  veel-ld-no'vd  d  sdn 
dn-to'ue-o,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province  of  Sergipe,  ou  the  rigl  t 


VIL 


VIL 


bank  of  ►he  Sea  Francisco,  20  miles  N.  of  the  Atlantic. 
Pop.  4000. 

VILLA?;OVA  DE  S aO  LUIS,  Brazil.    See  Guarattoa. 

VILLANOVA  DK  SOUZA,  veel-li-no/vd  dA  so/zd,  a  town 
Of  Brazil,  province  and  2S0  miles  W.  of  Paraliiba.     Pop.  5000. 

VILLANOVA  DO  I'KINCIPE,  veel-ld-no'va  do  preeu/se-pA, 
a  tovMi  of  Brazil,  province  of  Bahia,  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Kio 
de  Contas.     Pop.  2000. 

VILLANOVA  BO  PRINCIPE,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Kio  Grande  do  Norte,  on  the  Serido,  150  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Natal.     Pop.  3000. 

VILLANOVA  SOLARO.  Til-li-no'vl  ko-Wto,  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  division  of  Coni,  province  and  8  miles 
K.N.E.  of  Saluzzo,  on  the  Vraita.    Pop.  1676. 

A'lL'LANMjW.  a  )iost-o(fice  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia,  205  miles 
N.W.  of  Milk'd^'eville. 

VILLAXTEHIO,  vil-ldn-tA're-o,  a  market-town  of  Northern 
Italy,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pavia.    Pop.  2000. 

ViLLANUEVA  DE  ALCOLEA,  veel-ya-nwA/vd  di  Sl-ko- 
WL  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  province  and  17  miles  from 
Castellon  de  la  Plana.     Pop.  1071. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  ALGAIDAS,  vecl-ya-nw.A'vl  d.i  ai-jrhi'- 
Dds,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  35  miles  N.  of  Malaga. 
Pop.  2102. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  CARDENAS,  veel-ya-nw.VvJ  di  kaR/- 
di-nSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  35  miles 
from  Cordova.     Pop.  1388. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  CORDOVA,  veel-yl-nw.VvJ  di  koR/- 
do-vd,  (or  DE  LA  JARA.  dA  Id  iid'rd,)  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cordova,  on  the  S.  slope  of  the 
Sierra  llorena.     Pop.  6572,  who  trade  in  cattle  and  hops. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  GALLEGO,  veel-yd-nwA'vd  dA  gdl-vA'- 
go,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  6  mile.<<  N.  of  Saragossa^on 
the  Gallego.     Servetus  was  born  here  in  1509. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LA  FUENTE,  veel-yd-nwA/vd  dA  Id 
fwJn'tA.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  56  miles  E.S.E.  of 
CiiKlad-Real.     Pop.  2070. 

VILL.\NUEVA  DE  LA  JARA,  veel-yd-nwA/vd  dA  Id  iid/rd, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  42  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cuenca. 
Pop.  2502. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LA  REINA,  Teel-yd-nwA'vd  dA  Id  rA- 
ee'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  13  miles  N.W.  of  Jaen. 
Pop.  1748.    It  has  a  trade  in  fruit  and  grain. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  ARISCAL,  veel-yd-nwA/vd  m  d-rees- 
Kdl',  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  7  miles  from 
Seville.     Pop.  1370. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  ARZOBISPO,  veel-yd-nwA^vl  dJl  aR- 
tho-bees'po,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  50  miles  N.E.  of 
Jaen.  on  the  Guadalquivir.     Pop.  3624. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LA  SERENA,  veel-yd-nwA/vd  dA  Id 
sA-rA'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  near  the  Guadiana,  province  and 
6S  miles  E.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  8980. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LA  SIERRA,  veel-yd-nwA'vd  dA  Id 
se-Jn/nd,  a  town  of  Spain,- province  and  68  miles  N.E.  of 
Caceres.     Pop.  1500. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LA  VERA,  veel-yd-nwA'vd  dA  Id  vA'rd, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Caceres,  42  miles  E.  of  Pla- 
seneia.     Pop.  1750. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  CAMPO,  veel-yd-nwA/vd  dSl  kdm'po, 
a  market-town  of  Spain,  province  and  8  miles  W.  of  Leon, 
with  a  larjre  annual  fair. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  CARDETE,  veel-yd-nw.Vvd  dfl  kaR- 
dA'tA.  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  56  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Toledo.     Pop.  2156. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  FRESNO,  veel-yil-nwA'vd  dJl  frSs^no, 
a  town  of  Spain,  near  the  frontier  of  Portugal,  province  and 
30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  2122. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LOS  CASTILLEJOS,veel-yd-nw.Arvd  dA 
loce  kd.a-teel-yA'Hoce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles 
N.W, of  Huelva.     P.  2996,  engaged  in  a  trade  with  Portugal. 

VILLANUEVA  DE  LOS  INFANTES,  veel-yd-nwA'vd  dA 
loce  in-f  dn'tSs,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  51  miles  E.S.E. 
ofCiudad-Real,  near  the  Jabalon.  Pop.  4975.  It  is  agreeably 
situated.  It  has  several  fountains  and  an  hospital ;  in  the 
neighborhood  are  several  springs  and  copper-mines. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  RIO.  veel-yd-nw.A/vd  dhl  ree'o,  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  15  miles  from  Murcia,  on  the  Segura. 
Pop.  1499. 

VILLANUEVA  DEL  ROSARIO,  veel'yd-nwA/vd  dil  ro-sd'- 
re-o,  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  about  20 
miles  from  Malaga.     Pop.  1547. 

VILL.ANUEVA  DE  SAN  JUAN,  veel-yd-nwA'vd  dA  sdn 
Hoo-dn'.  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  65  miles 
from  Seville.     Pop.  1320. 

VILLANUEVA  Y  LA  GELTRU,  veel-yd-nwA/vd  e  Id  hJI- 
tr^i.'.  1  town  and  seaport  of  Spain,  province  and  25  miles 
6  W.  of  Bar^-Inna.  on  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  with  Geltru, 
10,309.  It  has  manufacture"  of  hats,  lace,  paper,  and  soap, 
and  brandy  distilleries, 
provi'ice  of  Otranto,  on  the  Adriatic,  4  miles  N.  of  Ostuni. 

VILLANUOVA,  a  viibige  of  Northern  Italy,  29  miles 

VILLANUOVA,  a  village  of  Italy,  duchy  and  29  miles 
N  W.  of  I'arma,  on  the  Anla.     Pop.  2905. 

VILLANUOVA.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi.Mon 
Of  Alessandria,  province  and  3  miles  N.  of  Casale.    P.  2582. 


VILLANUOVA,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  province  and  4  miles  VV.  of  Albenga.     Pop.  1148. 

VILLANUOVA  D'ASTI.  vil-ld-nooo/vd  dds'tee.  a  town  of 
Italy,  Piedmont,  province  and  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  AstL 
Pop.  3121. 

VILLANUOVA  DI  MONDOVI,  vil-ld-nwo/vd  dee  mon-do- 
vee/,  a  town  of  Italy,  Piedmont,  province  and  ^  'ailes  S.W. 
of  Mondovi.     Pop.  3623. 

VILLA  PIEDl MONTE,  La,  Id  villd  pe-A- dee-mon'ta,  a  town 
of  Naples,  province  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.     Pop.  1360. 

VILLA  PONCA  DE  AGUIAR,  veel'ld  pon'kd  dA  d-ghe-aR', 
a  town  and  parish  of  Portugal,  province  of  Tras-os-Montes, 
33  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Braga.     Pop.  13G0. 

VILLA  PUZZU,  vil'la  poot-soo',  a  market-town  of  the 
island  of  Sardinia,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Cagliari.     Pop.  2161. 

VILLAR  ALMESE,  vil-laR/  dl-niA'.sA,  a  village  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States,  division  of  Turin,  province  of  Susa.     P.  1261. 

VILLARAMIEL,veel-yd-rd-me-61',  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province  of  Palencia,  near  the  Sequillo,  27  miles  N.  of  Val- 
ladolid. 

VILLARASA,  veclyd-rd'sd,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
province  and  20  miles  N.E.  of  Iluelva.     Pop.  2011. 

VILLARBASSA,  vil-laR'bds/sd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  near  Rivoli.    Pop.  1110. 

VILLAR  BOBBIO,  vil-lar/  bob^e-o,  a  village  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  Piedmont,  province  and  11  miles  S.W.  of  Pinerolo. 
Pop.  2393, 

VILLARD,  veePyaR'i  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
province  of  Upper  Savoy,  3  miles  W.  of  Beaufort.    Pop.  1140. 

VILLAR  DE  CANAS,  veel-yaR/  dA  kd/nds.  a  town  of  Spain, 
New  Castile,  province  and  24  miles  from  Cuenca,  near  the 
Zancara.    Pop.  1439. 

VILLAR  DE  CIERVOS,  veel-yaR/  dA  the-^R/voce,  a  town 
of  Spain,  Leon,  province  and  N.W.  of  Zamora.     Pop.  1020. 

VILLARD  DE  LANS,  vee'yaR'deh  l6No',a  marketrtown  of 
France,  department  of  l.^^re,  near  the  Bourne,  11  miles 
S.W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  in  1852,  2597. 

VILI<AH  DEL  ARZOBISPO,  veel-yan'  Ail  dR-tho-bees'po,  or 
VILLAR  DE  BENADUF,  veel-yaR/  dA  bA-nd-doolT,  a  village 
of  Spain,  province  and  24  miles  N.W.  of  Valencia.    Pop.  2191. 

VILLAR  DEL  REY,  veel-yaR'  d^l  rA,  a  market-town  of 
Spain,  province  and  21  miles  N.  of  Badajos.     Pop.  2(X)0. 

VILLAR  DE  SAN  ANTONIO,  veel-yaR/ dA  sdn  dn-to'ne-o, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Algarve,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Ta- 
vira,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Guadiana.  It  is  fortified  seaward, 
and  has  1750  inhabitants. 

VILLA  REAL,  veePyd  rA-dl',  (t. «.,  "  Royal  Town,")  a  town 
of  Spain,  province  and  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Castellon  de  la 
Plana,  on  the  Mijares,  4  miles  from  the  Jlediterranean,  Pop. 
8207,  It  is  enclosed  by  ruined  wail.",  entered  by  4  gates, 
and  lias  manufactories  of  woollen  fabrics  and  tape,  and 
brandy  distilleries, 

VILLAREAL,  veelld-rA-dl',  a  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Tras-09-Montes,  capital  of  a  comarca,  on  the  Corgo,  14 
miles  N,  of  Lamego.     Pop.  4500. 

VILLA  REAL  DE  CONCEPCION,  veel'yd  rA-dl'  dA  kon- 
thJp-the-on',  a  town  of  South  America,  republic  of  I'araguay, 
on  the  river  Paraguay,  130  miles  N.N.E.  of  Assumption. 
Pop.  4000,  It  is  the  depot  to  which  the  yerlta  muti,  or 
Paraguay  tea,  is  brought  from  the  forests  eastward  in  transit 
to  Assumption, 

VILLAREGGIA,  vll-ld-rfd'jd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Turin,  province  and  about  10  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Ivrea.     Pop.  1377, 

VILLAREJO  DE  FUENTES,  veel-yd-rA/iio  dA  Iwfn'tfs,  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  37  miles  S.W.  of  Cuenca.  I'op. 
2600. 

VILLAREJO  DE  SAL  VANES,  veel-yd-rA/no  dA  sdl-vA/n?s, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  26  miles  S.E.  of  Madrid,  be- 
tween the  Tagus  and  Tajuiia.  I'op.  2700,  who  manufacture 
rush  wares,  and  trade  in  wines. 

VILLARES,  Los,  loce  veel-yd'rJs,  a  village  of  Spain,  An- 
dalusia, province  and  6  miles  S.  of  .laen.  Near  it  are  quar- 
ries of  limestone  and  gypsum.     Pop.  1968. 

VILLARES  DE  ORBIGO,  veel-yd'r?s  dA  OR-bee'go,  a  vil- 
lage of  Spain,  province  and  18  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1075. 

VILLAR  FOCCIIIARDO,  vil-laR/  fok-ke-aR'do.  a  village  of 
the  Sardinian  States,  province  and  9  miles  E.  of  Susa,  on  the 
Dora-Ripaira.     Pop.  2120. 

VILL.\RGORDO,  veel-yaR-goR'do,  a  village  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  12  miles  N.E.  of  Jaen,  on  the  Guadalquivir. 

VILLARGOKDO  DE  JUCAR,  veel-yaR-goR'do  dA  Hoo-kaR/, 
a  village  of  Spain,  province  of  Cuenca,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Jucar.  6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Tarazona. 

VIL'LA  RI'CA,  a  pleasant  post-village  of  Carroll  county, 
Georgia,  147  miles  W,N,W  of  Milledgeville,  It  is  a  place  of 
some  importance,  on  account  of  its  gold-mines,  and  has  seve- 
ral pounding-mills  in  operation.  The  amount  of  business 
done  here  in  a  year  exceeds  $100,000. 

VILLA  RICA  or  VILLA  REAL,  a  town  of  BraziL  See 
Ocbo-Preto. 

VILLA  RICA,    See  Vera  Cruz. 

VILLARINO,  veel-yd-ree'no,  a  village  of  Spain,  province 
and  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Salamanca,  at  the  confiuenoe  of  th« 
Tormes  and  Duuro. 

2043 


TIL 

TILLAR  LUEXGO,  yeel-yaii/  IwSn'go,  a  market-town  of 
goain,  province  and  35  miles  NJ!.  of  Teruel. 

VILLAUODOXA.  veel-yd  ro-do'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Cata- 
lonia, province  and  about  16  miles  N  JJ.  of  Tarragona,  on  the 
Gaj-a.    Pop.  1679. 

VILLA  KOSA,  vUld  ro'sl,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendancy 
and  12  miles  N.E.  of  Caltanisetta.    Pop.  2S00. 

VILLAKOY A  DE  LA  SIERRA,  veel-yi-ro'yi  di  Id  se-?R/B4, 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  53  miles  W.  of  Saragossa. 
Pop.  1130.  who  manufacture  woollens. 

VILLAROYA  DE  LOS  PIXARES,  veel-yd-ro/yi  ddloce  pe- 
ni'ris,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  20  miles  X.E.  of  Te- 
ruel.   Pop.  1251. 

VILLAR  PEROSA,  vil-laR'  pi-ro'sd,  a  town  of  Italy,  pi-o- 
vince  and  5  miles  X.W.  of  Wnerolo.    Pop.  1162. 

A'ILLARR015LED.\,  veel-ydR-Ro-bl.VDd,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  65  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Pop.  2070.  It 
has  manufactures  of  coarse  woollens  and  earthenwares. 

VILLAKRUBIA  DE  LOS  OJOS  DE  GUADIAXA,  veel-yaR- 
Roo'be-d  dd  loce  o'Hoce  dd  gwd-De-d'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  20  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ciudad  Real.  Pop.  4710.  It 
has  a  palace  of  the  Dukes  of  Ixar,  and  a  trade  in  wines  of 
fine  quality.  ,     ,        , 

VILLARKUBIA  DE  OCANA,  veel-yaR-Roonje-d  dd  o-kdn'- 
yd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  35  miles  E.X.E.  of  To- 
ledo.   Pop.  2000. 

VILLARUBIA  DE  SAXTIAQO,  veel-yd-roo'be-d  dd  sdn-te- 
ifgo,  a  village  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province  of  Toledo,  32 
miles  S.E.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  1946. 

TILLAR  SAX  COSTAXZO,  vil-laR/  sdn  ko-stdn'zo.  a  town 
of  Italy,  province  and  11  miles  X'.W.  of  Coni.    Pop.  2067. 

VILLASABARIEGO,  veel-ydrsl-bd-re-d'go,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province  and  about  8  miles  from  Leon,  on  a  height. 
Pop.  1377. 

VILLA  SALTU,  vil'ld  sdl-too',  a  village  of  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  32  miles  N.E.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1537. 

VILLASAXDI^tO,  veel-yd-sdn-dee'no,  (anc.  Desobrigaf)  a 
town  of  Spain,  Old  Castile,  province  and  21  miles  W.  of 
Burgos.    Pop.  1050. 

VILLA  SAN  GIOVANNI,  villi  sin  jo-vin/nee.  a  village 
of  Naples,  province  of  Calabria  Ultra,  8  miles  N.  of  Repgio, 
on  the  Strait  of  Messina,  with  manufactures  of  fine  silks. 
Pop.  1250. 

VILLA  SANTA  MARIA,  viiad  sdn^td  md-ree/i,  a  town  of 
Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Citra,  20  miles  S.&.W.  of  Lan- 
ciano,  on  the  Sangro.     Pop.  1700. 

VILLASARRACINO,  veel-yd-sdR-si-thee/no,  a  town  of 
Spain,  Old  Castile,  province  and  about  30  miles  from  Palen- 
cia.    Pop.  1098. 

VILL.VSAVARY,  veeVd'sdVdVee',  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Aude,  on  the  Mezuran,  8  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Castclnaudary.     Pop.  1800. 

VILLASECA  DE  LA  S.\GRA,  veel-yd-s.Vkd  dd  Id  sd'gri.  a 
town  of  Spain,  New  Castile,  province  and  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Toledo.     Pop.  1034. 

VILLASOR,  vil-ld-soB/.  a  village  of  the  island  of  Sardinia, 
division  and  14  miles  N.W.  of  Cagliari.    Pop.  1893. 

VILLASTELLONE.  vil-ldst^l-lo'nd,  a  town  of  the  Sardi- 
nian States,  division  of  Turin,  not  far  irom  Caramagnola, 
on  the  Stellone.     It  was  once  walled.    Pop.  2402. 

VILLATA,  vil-Id'td,  a  village  of  the  Sanlinian  States,  di- 
vision of  Xovara,  province  and  near  Vercelli.    Pop.  1715. 

VILLATOBAS,  veel-vd-to'iids,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  35  miles  E.S.E.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  2443. 

VILLAVEJA,  veel-yd-vd'nd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Leon,  pro- 
vince of  Salamanca,  18  miles  N.  of  Ciudad  Rodrigo.  Pod. 
1290.  ^  ^ 

■\aLLAVELASCO,  veel-yd-vd-lis^ko,  a  village  of  Spain, 
35  miles  from  Leon,  on  the  Valderaduey.    Pop.  114". 

VILLA  VELIIA,  a  town  of  Brazil.    See  Espirito-Santo. 

VILLAVERDE,  veel-ld-vJa/d.d,  a  town  of  Brazil,  province 
of  Bahia,  on  the  Buranhon,  20  miles  W.  of  Porto  Seguro. 
It  exports  timlxT  and  cotton. 

VILLAVERDE,  a  market-town  of  Ferro,  Canary  Islands, 
on  its  X.E.  coast. 

VILLAVERDE  DE  LEGAXES,  veel-yd-vlR/dddd  Id-gd'nfs, 
a  town  of  Spain,  16  miles  S.  of  Badajos.    Pop.  2040. 

VILLAVICIOSA,  veel  yd-ve-the-o'sd,  a  town  of  Spain,  pro- 
vince and  18  miles  W.X.W.  of  Cordova,     Pop.  1800. 

VILLAVICIOS.K.  a  village  of  Spain,  Asturia.s,  province 
and  27  miles  X.E.  of  Oviedo,  on  the  Linares,  with  a  custom- 
house.   Pop.  1341. 

VILLAVICIOSA  DE  ODON,  veel-yd-ve-theo',sd  dd  o-DOn', 
a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Guadalajara,  53  miles  N.E.  of 
Madrid.  I'op.  856.  Here  was  fought  in  1710  the  battle 
which  terminated  the  '•  War  of  the  Succession,"  and  seated 
Philip  V.  on  the  Spanish  throne. 

VILLA  VigoS.V,  veel'ld  ve-so'sd,  a  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
vince of  Aleiiitejo.  capital  of  a  comaroa.  15  mile*  S.W.  of  El  vas 
I  op.  3600.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  ditch,  and  defended  by  an 
old  castle.  It  has  a  brisk  tr,^  le  in  oil  and  wine.  In  the 
ueighlxirliond  Is  a  royal  hunting  palace,  with  a  large  park. 

MLL.\  MCOg.V  ve,.nd  x^so'sL  a  town  of  BraziUpro- 
Daa^'"po     50ol  Ceara,amongst  groves  of  cocoa 

■MU 


VIL 

VILLAVIEJA,  veel-yd-ve-A/nd,  a  village  of  Spain,  Valen- 
cia, province  and  10  miles  X.W.  of  Ca.stellon  de  Ui  Pinna. 
chietly  remarkable  for  its  thermal  springs.     Pop.  1S39. 

VILLA\'I  EJ  A.  veel-yd-ve-.d/Hd.  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state  of  Costa  Rica,  7  miles  W.  of  San  Jose. 

VILLA  Y  LOS  PALACIOS,  vcel/yd  e  loce  pd-ld'lhe-oce,  a 
town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province  and  12  miles  S.  of  Se- 
ville.    Pop.  3187. 

VILL£,  vee^yd/,  or  WEILER,  vdMaiR',  a  market-town  ol 
France,  department  of  Bas-KLin,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Stra* 
bourg.     Pop.  in  1852,  1126. 

VILLEBRUMIER,  veel'brii^me-d',  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Tarn-et-Garonne,  on  the  Tarn,  18  miles  S.E.  of 
Montauban.     Pop.  789. 

VILLECOMTAL,  veerkos^'tdl',  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment  of  Aveyron,  on  the  Dourdon,  9  miles  M".  of  Espalion. 
Pop.  17,58. 

VILLEDIEU-LES-POELES,  (Poele.s.)  veerde-ch'  Id  po'ail', 
a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Manche,  on  the 
Sienne,  12  miles  N.E  of  Avranches.  Pop.  3848.  It  has  iron, 
copper,  and  bell  foundries,  and  manufactures  of  hardwares, 
buttons,  buckles,  parchment,  lace,  and  clocks. 

VILLEFAGXAX,  veePfSu^yfe'^',  a  small  town  of  France, 
department  of  Charente,  5  miles  W.  of  Rulfec,  with  1004 
iuliabitants,  and  12  annual  fairs. 

VILLEFORT,  veerfoB',  a  small  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lozi're,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  3Ieude.  Pep.  1625.  Near 
it  are  argentiferous  lead-mines. 

VILLEFRAXCI1I->DE-BELVKS,  veePfrSxsh'  deh  bjl'vd',  a 
village  of  France,  department  of  Dordogue,  20  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Sarlat    Pop.  1712. 

VILLEFRAXCIIE-DE-CONFLEXT,  veePfrS-Nsh'  deh  kAxo^ 
fl6N«',  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyrenees- 
Oriontiiles.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Prades.     Pop.  914. 

VILLEFRANCIIE-DE-LAURAGAIS,  veerfrftjfsh'  deh  10'- 
rd'gd',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaute-Garonne, 
near  the  Canal-Ju-Midi.  20  miles  S.E.  of  Toulou.se.    P.  2769. 

VILLEFKAXCIIE-DE-ROUEKGUE,  veerfrdxsh/  deh  roo'- 
aiRg'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aveyron,  26  milet 
W.  of  Khodez,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Aveyron;  lat.  44'" 
23'  N.,  Ion.  2°  2'  E.  Pop.  in  1852,  9513.  It  has  a  communal 
college,  public  library,  town-hall,  mu.seum.  and  club-rooms, 
with  numerous  copper,  iron,  and  brass  work.s.  and  tanneriet 

VI LLEFRAXCIIE-DU-QUEYRAN.  veelYn^Nsh'  dU  k.dVo.\=', 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et-Garonne,  14  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Xerac.     Pop.  875. 

VILLEFRAXCHE-SUR-SAOXE.  (Saone.)  veePfr^Nsh' suR 
son,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rhone,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Saone.  and  on  the  railway  to  Paris,  17  miles 
N.W.  of  Lyons.  Pop.  in  1852,  8019.  It  has  a  chamber  of 
commerce,  communal  college,  normal  school,  and  manu&o 
tures  of  cotton  and  linen  fabrics. 

VILLEJUIF,  veerzhweef,  ^i'.  e.  '-Jew-town,")  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Seine,  4  miles  S.  of  Paris.     Pop.  1503. 

A"1LLEMUR,  veermiiF.',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ilaute-Garonne,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tarn,  19  miles  N. 
of  Toulou.se.     Pop.  in  1852,  5314. 

VILLENA,  veel-yd'nd,  (anc.  Ttirhulaf)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  32  miles  N.W.  of  Alicante.  Pop.  8224.  It 
stands  near  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  Cristoval,  which  is 
crowned  with  a  castle  now  in  ruins.  It  has  an  extensive 
modern  suburb,  town-hall,  palace,  hospital,  barrack.s,  soap 
factory,  and  brandy  distilleries. 

VILLEXAUXE.  veePnox'  or  veePleh-nox',  a  town  of 
France,  departmenfof  Aube,  7  miles  N.N,E,  of  Xogeut-sur- 
Seine.     Pop.  2553. 

VILLEXAVE.  veel'ndv'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Gironde.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  1535. 

VILLEXEUVE,  vecrnuv'  or  veePleh-nuv'.  a  town  of 
Fi-ance,  department  of  Aveyron,  6  miles  N.  of  Villefrauche. 
Pop.  3723. 

VILLENEUVE,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lande.s, 
10  miles  E.  of  Mont-<le-Marsan,  on  the  Midou,     i'op.  1604. 

VILLENEUVE,  veel'nuv',  (Gcr.  ^'eusUidt.  noi'stitt,  sign- 
fying.  as  well  as  the  French  name  Villeneuve.  •'  new  town,'') 
a  small  walled  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Vaud,  at  tho 
E.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lau- 
sanne.    Pop.  11)96. 

VILLEXEUVE  D'.A.GEX.    See  Viluekkuvr-sitr-I/)t. 

VILLEXEUVE  DE  BERG,  veePnuv'  deh  haiR,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Ardeche,  14  miles'  S.S.W.  of  Privas. 
Pop.  2007. 

VILLEXEITVE  L'ARCHEVEQUE,  (Archeveque.)  veel^- 
nuv'  laR'shfh-vaik',  a  town  of  France,  depaitment  of  Y'onne, 
12  miles  E.  of  Sens,  on  the  Vannes.     Pop.  1925. 

VILLEXEUVE-LF:-R0I,  veel'nuv'  leh  rwd,  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Yonne,  7  miles  X.X.W.  of  Joigny,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  I'onne.     Pop.  in  1862.  520(i. 

VI  LLEXEUVI^LES-AVIGXON.  veel'DUv'  Idz  d'veen'yAs<>', 
a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard.  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Rhone,  opposite  Avignon,  with  manufactures  of 
woollens  and  silks.     Pop.  3723. 

VILLEXEUVE-SUR-LOT,  veernuv'  silR  lo.  or  VILLE- 
XEUVE D'AOEX,  veernuv/  dd'zhdx"'.  (L.  IWUi  AVivi,.'  s 
town  of  France,  department  of  Lo^et-6aroDne,  10  mi]<i6  ^' 


11= 


VIL 

of  Agen.  on  both  sides  of  the  Lot.  Part  of  its  old  fortifioa- 
tions  slill  remain.  It  has  courts  of  first  resort  and  com- 
merce, and  the  buildings  of  nn  old  abbey,  used  as  a  house 
of  correction  for  11  departments,  capaVile  of  receiving  1200 
convicts,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  prunes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
13.212. 

VI(,LK  PL.\TTK,  reel  plat,  a  post-office  of  St.  Landry  pa- 
rish, Loui.-fiana. 

VlLIiKKS.  vei-ryi/  or  vee^yk'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Hnibant,  21  miles  S.S.K.  of  Brussels,  with  the  mag- 
nificent ruins  of  a  Cistercian  abbey  foumleil  in  1147. 

AILLEKS-BRKTONNEUX,  vec^vi'  breli-ton'nuh',  a  town 
of  Franco,  department  of  Somnie.  10  miles  E.  of  Amiens, 
with  manufactures  of  woollens  and  flannels.     Pop.  3284. 

VIM^KIiS-COTTKKETS,  veeyV  knt'tfh-rA',  a  town  of 
France,  department  of  Aisne.  14  miles  S.W.  of  Soissons. 
Pop.  in  lSf)2.  31502.  It  has  a  castle  built  by  Francis  I.,  now 
n  depot  of  mendiiity  for  the  department  of  Seine,  and  manu- 
factures of  wooden  utensils. 

VILLEKS  OU I  LAIN,  vee'yA'  pheenftN"'.  a  town  of  France, 
deoartment  of  Nord,  11  miles  S..S.W.  of  Cambrai.    Pup.  2073. 

ViriLEKS-OUTHEAU,  vee>:\/  oo'tnV.  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  .\ord.  10  miles  S.E  of  Cambrai.     Pop.  2701. 

i'lLIiETTE,  La,  II  veelUitf,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine.  arrondis.«ement  of  St.  Denis,  included  within 
the  fortifications  of  Paris  on  the  N.E.  Pop.  in  1852.  18,051. 
It  contains  the  great  terminal  basins  of  the  Canals  de 
I'Ourcq.  St.  Denis,  and  St.  Martin.  It  has  potteries,  vinegar 
works,  soap-boiling  houses,  sugar-refineries,  and  numerous 
warehouses. 

A'lLLEURBANNE.  veePlUR'b.Inn'.  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Isfere,  15  miles  N.  of  Vienne.    'Pop.  4000? 

VILLEVEQUE,  (Villeveque.)  veeriVvaik',  a  vill.ige  of 
France,  department  of  Maine-et-Loire,  9  miles  N.E.  of  An- 
gers.    Pop.  1743. 

VILLEVEYUAC.  veePvAVSk',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  llerault.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Monfpellier.     Pop.«2137. 

VILLIEKS.  vil'yer.«,a  county  in  tlie  British  colony  of  Vic- 
toria, Australia.  It  contains  several  small  lakes,  and  the 
m.aritime  inlet  of  Port-Fairy. 

VILLIERS-LE-BEL,  vee^A'  leh  bM.  a  village  of  France, 
decartment  of  Seine-et-Oise,  1  mile  S.E.  of  Ecouen.    P.  1883. 

^'ILLIEKSTOU'N,  vil'yers-town,  a  chnpelry  and  village 
of  Ireland,  co.  of  Waterford.  9^  miles  N.  of  Youghal.    P.  300. 

Vn.M.MPENTA,  vil-Iim-pJn't,4.  or  VILLIMPIXTA,  vil- 
Hm-pin't,i.  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  government  of  Venice, 
province  and  6  miles  S.E.  of  Mantua.  In  1790.  after  a  severe 
contest,  a  body  of  French  were  here  almost  cut  to  pieces  by 
the  Austrians.     Pop.  1400. 

VILLI  NO  EN,  fil'ling-en,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Imke. 
capital  of  a  district,  in  the  Black  Forest,  42  miles  N.W.  of 
Constance.     I'op.  3870.    It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified. 

VILLMAU.  fil'maR,  a  market-town  of  Germanv.  Nassau, 
near  the  Lahn.  8  miles  S.W.'of  Weilburg.     Pop.  1046. 

VILLMEKGEN,  vill'mi^R'ghen,  tbrmeriy  VILLMAUIN- 
GEN.  vill'inaR-ingen.  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Aargau.  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aargau.     Pop.  1372. 

VILLDQUILAMBRE,  veel-yo-kee-ldm/br-A,  a  village  of 
Spain,  province  and  4  miles  from  Leon.     Pop.  1201. 

VILLOSLADA,  vee!-yo-sli'D3,  a  market-town  of  Spain, 
province  and  29  miles  S.  of  Logroiio.  Pop.  1512,  who  manu- 
facture woollens. 

VILLU'LA,  a  small  post-village  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama. 
It  contains  2  .stores. 

VILMANSTRANDorWILMANSTRAND.  vil'mSn-strand*, 
(Finlandish  Lapperanda,  Idp-p.A-rdn'dii.)  a  town  of  Finland, 
laen  and  30  miles  N.W.  of  A'iborg,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the 
8.  shore  of  lAke  Saima.  Pop.  308.  The  Russians  defeated 
the  Swedes  near  it  in  1741,  when  the  town  was  taken  by  the 
Russians,  to  whom  it  was  ceded  by  the  treaty  of  Abo. 

VILX.\  or  WILNA,  vil'ni,  a  government  of  Russian  V(>- 
land,  mostly  between  lat,  53°  40'  and  50°  20'  N..  and  Ion. 
21°  10'  and  27°  E.,  having  on  the  S.  the  government  of 
Grodno.  E.  Minsk,  N.  Courland.  W.  East  Prussia,  and  on 
the  S.W.  the  kingdom  of  Poland,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  river  Niemcn.  Area  16.434  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1851,  787,009.  The  surface  is  a  wide  plain,  interspersed 
with  a  few  sand-hills,  and  numerous  marshes  and  lakes. 
Principal  rivers,  the  A'ilia.  and  other  affluents  of  the  Niemen 
in  the  S..  Windau  and  Alass  in  the  N.  Rather  more  corn 
(chiefly  rye)  is  raised  than  is  required  for  home  consump- 
tion. Large  quantities  of  hemp  and  flax  are  produceil; 
hops  ami  pul.se  to  a  less  extent.  The  forests  are  very  ex- 
tensive, and  tar.  potash,  deals.  &c.,  are  important  products, 
also  honey,  and  skins  of  elks,  bears,  wolves,  foxes,  mar- 
tens,-and  squirrels.  The  urns,  or  wild  bull,  is  here  met 
with.  Manufactures  have  increased  of  late,  but  they  are 
not  yet  of  much  consequence.  The  raw  produce  is  exported 
down  the  Duua  to  Riga,  or  overland  to  the  Baltic  by  way 
of  Prussia.  The  trade  is  mo.stly  in  the  hands  of  .lews.  This 
government  retains  many  of  its  old  privileges.  It  is  diviiled 
Into  11  circles.  Principal  towns,  Vilna,  the  capital,  Kovno, 
Troki.  Hossienna,  and  Kieydani. 

VII^N.V  or  WlLN.\.acity  of  Russian  Pol.'ind.  capital  of  the 
government  of  same  name,  and  formerly  capital  of  Lithua- 


TIN 

nl.a.  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Vileika  and  Vilia,  9( 
miles  N.E.  of  Grodno.  Pop.  51,154,  of  whom  20,000  are  Jews. 
It  stands  on  hilly  ground,  enclosed  by  a  wall,  and  is  built 
chiefly  of  timber.  It  has  a  cathedral  of  the  14lh  century, 
containing  good  paintings,  and  the  marble  chapel  and  tomb 
of  St.  Casimir;  numerous  other  Roman  Catholic,  and  Greek, 
Lutheran,  and  Ciilvinist  churches,  2  synagogues,  a  mo.^que, 
a  fine  town-hall,  an  arsenal,  exchange,  theatre,  several  hos- 
pitals, barracks,  magazines,  a  governor's  )ia!ace,  and  some 
noble  residences,  which  are  handsome  buildings,  and  re- 
mains of  the  royal  castle  of  the  Jagellons,  kings  of  Poland. 
Vilna  is  the  residence  of  civil  and  military  governors,  the 
see  of  a  Greco-Russian  archbishop,  and  a  Roman  Catholic 
bishop,  and  the  seat  of  a  medico-chirurgica.l  sdiool,  with  a 
botanic  garden,  an  ecclesiastical  seminary,  several  gymna.sia, 
and  other  high  schools,  and  an  acadc^my,  replacing  its  uni- 
versity, which  was  suppressed  in  1832,  and  the  library  and 
museums  of  which  were  chiefly  removed  to  Kiev.  It  has  a 
few  manufactures  and  a  considerable  trade.  Vilna  waa 
founded  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century.  Many  ot 
the  nobility  still  continue  to  reside  in  it.  It  repeatedly 
s\ifTer(;d  from  fire  in  the  last  century. 

VI LS.  fils,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  circles  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Bavaria,  joins  the  Danube  at  A'ilshofen.  nfteran  E.N.E.  course 
of  70  miles. 

V1I..S.  a  river  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  Franconia,  after 
a  S.  course  of  oO  miles,  joins  the  Nab.  21  miles  S.  of  Ambcrg. 

VILS,  a  town  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the  Bavarian  frontier,  and  on 
the  Vils,  a  small  aflluent  of  the  Lech,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Fussen 
Pop.  588.  * 

VILSBIBURG,  fils'lie-boORa\  a  w.iUed  town  of  Lower 
Bavaria,  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Vils,  11  miles  S.E.  of 
Landshut.     Pop.  1246.     It  has  nitre  factories  and  breweries. 

VILSECK.  fil'sjk,  a  small  town  of  I^wer  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  Palatine,  on  the  Vila,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Amberg. 
Pop.  1218. 

VILSUOFEN,  fils^o'fen,  a  walled  town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Danube,  here  joined  by  the  Vils, 
13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Pa.ssau.     Pop.  2150. 

VILTERS,  vil'ters,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  1700. 

VILVESTRE,  veel-v^s'trA.  several  market-towns  of  Spain; 
the  principal  46  miles  W.N.W.  of  Salamanca,  near  the  Portu- 
guese frontier.     Pop.  14(X). 

A'lLVOOKDEN,  vil-voR'den,  (Fr.  Tilvm-rle,  veoPvoRd'.)  a 
town  of  Belgium,  province  of  South  Bi-abant,  6  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Brus.sels,  on  the  railway  to  Antwerp.  Pop.  5200.  Its 
large  old  castle  now  serves  for  a  penitentiary.  Here  Tindal, 
who  first  translated  the  Bible  into  English,  suffered  martyr- 
dom as  a  heretic  in  1536. 

VIMEIRA,  ve-m.A'e-r3,  a  petty  town  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Estremadura,  near  the  coast,  7  miles  N.  of  Torres- Vedras, 
famous  for  the  defeat  of  the  French  by  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. August  21.  1808. 

VIM ERCATE,  ve-m jR-kd'tA,  (anc.  Vilais MarHius  f)  a  town 
of  Nortliuru  Itiily,  al)out  14  miles  N.E.  of  Milan.  Pop. 
2300. 

VIMIEIRO,  ve-me-A'e-ro,  a  Tillage  of  Portugal,  province 
of  Alemtejo,  20  miles  N.  of  Evora. 

VIMIOSO,  ve-me-o'so,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  pro- 
•  vince  of  Tras-os-Montes,  near  the  Spanish  frontier,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Braganza.     Pop.  1000. 

A'IMOUTIER,  vee'moo'te-A',  a  market-town  of  France, 
department  of  Orne,  on  the  Vire,  17  miles  N.E.  of  ,\rgentan. 
Pop.  in  1852,  4078.  Linen  fabrics  are  extensively  made  here 
and  in  the  vicinity. 

VINADIO.  ve-nd'doo.  a  town  of  North  Itiily,  Piedmont, 
21  miles  W.S.W.  of  Coni,  on  the  Stura.     Pop.  3114. 

VPNALHA'VEN,  a  township  of  Knox  co..  Maine,  com- 
prising the  South  Island  and  several  smaller  islands  in 
Penobscot  Bay,  about  60  miles  E.S.E.  of  Augusta.  The 
inhabitants  have  2000  tons  of  shipping  employed  in  the 
fisheries.  The  island  has  about  half  its  surface  covered  with 
granite.     Pop.  1667. 

VINALMONT,  vee''nirm<!iN<'',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince and  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Liege,  on  the  Mehaigne. 
Pop.  1144. 

VINAROZ,  ve-ni-roth',  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  4C 
miles  N.E.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plana,  near  the  mouths  of  the 
Ebro,  and  close  to  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  10,000.  It  is 
partly  enclosed  by  ruined  walls,  ill  built,  but  has  a  fine 
parish  church,  hospital,  ship-building  yard,  a  coasting  trade, 
and  active  fisheries. 

VINAY.  vee^nA',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isere, 
16  miles  W.  of  Grenoble.     Pop.  in  1852,  3429. 

VINCA,  viso^si',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pyr6- 
nees-Onentales,  near  the  Tct,  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  Perpignan. 
Pop.  2021.  1 1  is  enclosed  by  walls.  In  its  vicinity  are  medi- 
cinal spring.s. 

VIXCENNES,  vin-sJnz'.  (Fr.  pron.  v^N^Wnn',)  a  town  and 
castle  of  France,  department  of  Seine,  4  miles  E.  of  the 
Barriere  du  Trone,  Paris.  Pop.  in  1852,  8451.  The  castle, 
erected  in  1339,  in  the  midst  of  a  forest,  was  used  as  a  royal 
residence  till  the  time  of  Louis  XV.  It  was  afterwards  m.ide 
a  state  prison,  and  has  a  square  turreted  keep,  is  enclosed 

2045 


YIN 

l>y  ilrf  ^Itohea,  and  entered  by  two  drawbridges.  The  great 
CouAi  Diderot,  Minil>eau.  and  many  other  distinguished 
rxTSor-R  hare  been  confined  in  this  fortress,  outside  of  which 
the  D  ike  D'Knghien  was  shot,  March  21.  ISOl.  It  contains 
a  fine  armory,  depot  of  artillery,  and  the  tomb  of  the  Duke 
D'iinii^hien.  Tlie  wood  of  A'incennes  is  a  favorite  holiday 
resor'.  of  the  I'arisiaus. 

VI.VCKXXKS,  Tin-sinz',  a  pleasant  town,  capital  of  Knox 
CO.,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Wabash 
River,  l-JO  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis,  and  56  miles  X.  of 
Evansville.  Lat.  38°  43'  N.,  Ion.  87°  20'  W.  Vincenues  is 
the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  and  possesses  more  historical 
interest  than  any  other  place  in  Indiana.  It  was  settled  by 
a  colouy  of  French  emigrants  from  Canada,  about  the  year 
1735.  For  several  generations  they  were  the  only  tenants 
of  these  vast  solitudes,  excepting  the  tribes  of  savages,  with 
whom  they  lived  on  friendly  terms.  It  was  the  seat  of  the 
territorial  government  until  1813,  when  it  was  removed  to 
Corydon.  Many  of  the  present  inhabitants  are  of  French 
descent.  It  contains  a  Catholic  cathedral,  9  Protestant 
churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  and  an  orphan  asylum. 
The  river  is  navigable  by  steamboats  in  this  part  of  its 
course.  The  Cincinnati  and  St.  Ixiuis  llailroad  here  inter- 
sects the  Exansville  and  Cn\wfords«lle  Railroad.  Vincen- 
nes  has  2  iron  foundries,  2  woollen  factories,  4  steam  flour- 
ing-mills,  1  manufactory  of  furniture,  2  of  civixiages,  and  1 
of  plows.     Pop.  in  18.50,  2070;  in  18(j0,  3960. 

TIX'CENT,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

VINCEXT,  ST.,  an  island.    See  S.unt  Vixcext. 

TIN'CEXTTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  S.  branch  of  Rancocas  Creek,  5  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Mount  Holly.  It  contains  3  churches,  1  bank,  1  academy, 
1  mill,  sevoraf  stores,  and  about  150  dwellings,  which  are 
chiefly  on  a  single  street. 

VJXCHI.^TUllO,  vin-ke-^-too'ro,  a  town  of  Naples,  pro- 
vince of  Molise,  district  and  6  mUes  S.S.W.  of  Campobaiso. 
Pop.  3000. 

VIXCIIIO,  vin'ke-o,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Alessandria,  province  of  Asti.     Pop.  1078. 

VIXCI,  vin'chee,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  province  and 
17  miles  W.  of  Florence.    Pop.  5300. 

VIXDAU,  WIXDAU,  vinMOw,  or  VIXDAVA,  vin-d.?'va, 
a.  river  of  Russia,  rises  near  t-havli.  government  of  Vilna, 
flows  X.X.W.  past  Goldingen.  and  enters  the  Baltic  at  Yin- 
dau  after  a  course  of  100  miles. 

VIXDAU,  WIXDAU  or  VIXDAVA,  a  seaport  town  of 
Russia,  government  of  Courland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vin- 
dau,  in  the  Baltic.  100  miles  X.W.  of  Mitiui.  Pop.  2000. 
It  has  a  considerable  export  trade  in  com,  timber,  linseed, 
flax,  and  salted  provisions. 

VIXDUVA  (vind'yd.)or  VIXDHYAX,Mnd'}-4n)  SIOUX- 
TAINS,  a  mountain  range  of  Ilindostan.  extending  from  E. 
to  W.  across  the  peninsula  of  ludia,  from  the  basin  of  the 
Ganges  to  Guzerat.  It  forms  the  X.  boundsiry  of  the  valley 
of  the  .Xerbudda,  unites  the  X.  extremities  of  the  East  and 
West  Ghauts,  and  extends  from  lat.  22°  to  25°  X.  It  is  of 
granitic  formation,  overlain  with  sandstone.  All  S.  of  this 
range  was  called  the  Deccan  under  the  Moguls,  while  all  X. 
of  it  was  named  Ilindostan. 

VIXDICARI,  vin-de-kJ'ree.  (anc.  Navstathmus f)  a  small 
town  and  port  of  Sicily,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Noto. 

VIXDO.    See  Wertach. 

VIXDOBOXA.    SeeViENKi. 

VIXDOXISSA.    SeeWiNDiscH. 

VIX'EGAR  HILL,  Ireland,  Leinster.  co.  of  Wexford,  im- 
mediately E.  of  Ennisoorthy.  was  in  1798  the  head-quarters 
and  scenes  of  many  of  the  atrocities  of  the  Irish. insurgent 
forces. 

VIXEGAR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  .To  Daviess  co.,  Illinois. 

VINE  (JROVE.  a  post^iflce  of  Washington  co.,  Texas. 

VIXEYARD,  Vermont.     See  La  Motte. 

yiXiyy.tKD,  a  post-office  of  Irwin  co.,  GeorgL<i. 

VIXEYAKD,  a  township  in  Washingtou  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  7H. 

VIXEYARD  MILLS,  a  postofflce  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

VIXEYARD  SOUXD.  Massachusetts,  separates  Martha's 
<  ineyard  from  the  Elizabeth  Islands ;  length  about  20  miles, 
average  )>readth  from  4  to  5  miles. 

y}'.^!^!''/,?'*^^  •^'  *  Post-offit-e  of  Lincoln  co-  Tennessee. 

>IXGA  SOUXD.  Sweden.    See  Wisqa. 

V1NG0K/L.\, 


lodian  Ocwan. 

VINH  AES.  veen-yi'Jss,  a  town  of  Portugal,  province  of 
T>~M.H-Monte8,   14  miles   W.  of  Braganza.    It  is  walled, 
enten-d  by  two  gates,  and  has  an  old  fort. 
fl«J«  ^^*  °'/I^:"Z.A   v,.„it/«l,  a  town  of  Austrian 
^i  vk-2^-f  "i-v*  T'  ,<^  >-^V.  of  VV«ra.sdin.  with  a  castle. 

\  IN  K  fc\  KhN.  vm'kfh■vaiu^  a  village  of  the  Xetherlands, 
^'?M  v';r  Tlh  ""'"^  ''"•^^-  "<■  Utrecht.     Pop.  903. 
♦„wi  Jm.i";   "  ^j"-''"^t'«?l>- or  VIXKO'WITZ.  a  market- 
town  of  Military  Slavonia,  capital  of  the  co.  of  Broo.,  in  a 
2046 


YIR 

picturesque  situatiouon  the  Boszut,  (bo'8oot\)20  miles  S.B. 
of  Eszek.  Pop.  22IX>.  It  has  Greek  and  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  a  high  school,  and  a  Ger- 
man normal  school. 

VIXKOVITTS  or  WIXKOWITZ,  vink-o-vits/,  a  inarUet- 
town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  28  niiljs 
N.  of  Ooshitsa.    Pop.  1500. 

VIX'LAXD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  N.  part  cl' 
Winnel«go  co..  A\  iscoiisin.     Pop.  962. 

VIXXIXGEX,  vin'ning-f  n,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Palatinaf  f, 
district  of  Pirmasens.     Pop.  1076. 

VIXMTSA.  WIXXITZA  or  WIXXICA,  rin-nit'si  or  vln- 
neefsi,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia, 
capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Bug,  80  miles  N.K.  of  Kamienieo. 
Pop.  7500.  It  is  enclosed  Ijy  a  deep  ditch,  and  has  a  citadel, 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  college,  and  a  .synagogue. 

A'lXOVO,  ve-no'vo.  a  village  of  North  Italy,  i'iedmont, 
province  and  9  miles  S.  of  Turin.    Pop.  3007. 

VIXSOBI\ES.  v.^xo\sob"r',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Drome,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Valreas.     I'op.  1576. 

VIXTIMIGLIA,  vin-te-meol'yl  or  VKXTIMIGLIA,  T?n- 
te-meel'yi,.  (anc.  A'lbiutn.  Jnlime'lium,)  a  fortitied  town  of 
the  Sanlinian  dominions.  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Xice.  on  the 
Mediterranean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Roya.  Pop.  5000.  It 
has  a  cathedral,  a  bishop's  palace.  2  convents,  a  clerical 
seminary,  hospital,  and  castle.  The  surrounding  district 
is  protluetive  in  wine,  oil.  and  fruit. 

^^XTOX,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area  of 
about  414  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Salt  and 
Racoon  Creeks,  which  flow  nearly  southwartl.  The  surface 
is  undulating  and  well  timbered;  the  soil  is  highly  produc- 
tive. Vinton  county  contains  large  dejwisits  of  iron  and 
stone-coal,  which  have  not  been  worked  hitherto,  but  have 
now  become  easily  accessible  by  means  of  the  Marietta  and 
Cincinnati  Railroad,  whicli  pjisses  through  them,  and  is 
completed.  Formed  in  1850,  by  a  division  of  live  atljoining 
couiiti«3.    Capital,  McArthurstown.     Pop.  13,631. 

VINTON,  a  village  of  Lowndes  eo.,  Mississippi. 

VINTON,  a  post-village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  branch  of 
Racoon  Creek,  about  00  miles  S.W.  of  Muriettju 

VIXT' »',  a  tow-nship  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  807. 

VINTON,  a  post-village,  capifcil  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Cedar  River.    See  Appendix. 

VIXUESA,  ve-nwA's,^,  (anc.  Tiscmiiium  f)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  15  miles  N.W.  of  Soria,  on  the  A'inuesa  and 
Lacrar,  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Ameros.  Pop.  722.  Here 
are  traces  of  a  Roman  highway. 

VIXZAGLIO,  vin-zil'yo,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy, 
Piedmont,  4  miles  E.  of  Aercelli.     I'op  1123. 

VIOLA,  ve-o'ld,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  about  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Mondovi,  on  both  sides  of  the  Monza.    P.  1365. 

VHyLA.  a  p<ist-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa* 

Vl'OLET,  a  township  of  Fairfield  oo.,  Ohio.     Pop.  2030. 

VIo'LY,  a  post-office  of  Blount  CO.,  Alabama. 

VIOXE,  ve-o'uA.  a  village  of  Xorthera  Italy,  province  and 
68  miles  N.E.  of  Bergamo.    Pop.  11C3. 

VIQUE.  a  city  of  Spain.    See  Vich. 

VIRANCHll'OORA,  VIRAXCIIIPURA,  ve-rln-che  poo'rl, 
or  BKIXJEVERAM,  brin-je-ve-rdm',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  district  of  North  Arcot,  near  Vellore, 
and  formerly  importsmt. 

VIRAX  SHEUR,  Asia  Minor.    See  Veeran  Shehh. 

VIRAPELLY.  ve-rd-p^l'lee.  a  town  of  British  India,  tex- 
ritory  and  9  miles  X.E.  of  Cocliin. 

VIR'DEN",  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on  thq 
Chicago  and  St.  liOuls  Railroad,  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Alton. 

VIRE,  veeR,  (anc.  Viria?)  a  river  of  France,  departments 
of  JIanche  and  Calvados,  after  a  N.  course  of  70  miles  enteru 
the  English  Channel,  15  miles  N.  of  St.  Lo.  It  is  navigable 
for  its  last  '20  miles. 

VIKE.  (anc.  Viriaf)  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cal- 
vado.s,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Vire.  34  miles  S.W.  of  Caen. 
Lat.  48^:  51'  X.,  Ion.  0°  55'  W.  Pop.  in  1S52.  7206.  It  has  a 
handsome  church,  communal  college,  public  library,  cham- 
ber of  manufactures,  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloths  and  paper,  needles,  and  other  steel 
goods,  horn  work  and  leather ;  and  in  its  vicinity  are  iron- 
mines  and  forges. 

VIREY'.  vee^r.V,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Mauche, 
9  miles  S.W.  of  Mortain.     Pop.  1485. 

VIRGKX  RIVER.     See  Rio  Virges. 

VIR/GIL.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cortland  CO.,  New 
Y'ork.  40  miles  S.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  of  the  townsliip.  2'i23. 

VIRGIL,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  about  60 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Peoria. 

VIR'GIX  GOR'DA.  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands.  British 
AVest  Indies,  in  the  W.  part  of  the  group,  lat.  18°  oO'  X., 
Ion.  64°  14'  W..  is  of  a  very  irregular  shai^e.  Length,  from 
N.E.  to  S.W.,  9  miles;  greatest  breadth  4  miles.  It  has 
many  inlets  affording  anchorage.  It  suffered  froxn  an 
earthquake  in  1830. 

VIRGIL  a  township  in  Kane  co..  Illinois.     Pop.  1200. 

VIRGINIA,  ver-jin'e-a.  a  small  market  town  of  Ireland, 
Ulster,  CO.  and  15  miles  S.E.  of  Cavan. 

VIRGINIA,  (Fr.    VirginU,  veeR'zhee'nee/,)   one    of   thfl 


VIR 

original  gtat'ia  of  the  North  American  Confederacy,  is 
hounded  on  the  N.  by  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mary- 
land ;  E.  bv  Maryland  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean ;  S.  by 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee;  and  W.  by  Kentucky  and 
Ohio.  It  is  separated  from  Ohio  by  the  river  of  the  same 
name;  from  Maryland  by  the  Potomac  Kiver;  and  from 
Kentucky  partly  "by  the  Cumberland  Mountains  and  the 
Big  Sandy  Kiver.  Virginia  is  very  irregular  in  outline,  with 
a  narrovr  projection  extending  N.  between  the  Ohio  Kiver 
tnd  the  W.  boundary  of  Pennsylvania.  It  lies  between  30° 
30'  and  40°  38'  N.  lat.,  and  between  75°  10'  and  83°  30'  W. 
Ion.,  being  about  42.5  miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  E.  to 
W.,  (but  a  line  through  the  middle  would  e.Ktend  about  350 
miles.)  and  210  in  breadth,  exclusive  of  the  projection  men- 
tioned above,  or  280  miles  with  it,  including  an  area  of 
about  61, .352  square  miles, or  39,205,280  acres,  only  11,437,821 
of  whicli  were  improved  in  ISOO. 

Face  nf  the  Omnlry  and  Mountains. — No  state  in  the  con- 
federacy presents  a  greater  variety  of  surface  than  Virginia, 
from  the  mountains  of  the  interior,  and  the  ruggetl  hills  E. 
and  W.  of  them,  to  the  rich  alluvions  of  the  rivers,  and  the 
sandy  flats  on  the  seacoast.  This  state  has  probably  a 
greater  extent  of  mountainous  country  witliin  its  limits 
than  any  one  E.  of  the  Kocky  Mounfciins,  though  they  do 
not  attiiin  so  great  an  elevation  as  in  New  Hampshire  and 
North  Carolina.  White  Top,  in  Grayson  county,  the  highest 
land  in  Virginia,  is  elevated  about  0000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  The  state  is  usually  divided  into  four  sections. 
1.  The  tidewater  district,  containing  37  counties,  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic  and  Chesapeake  Hay,  is  generally  level,  not 
more  than  00  feet  above  tide,  even  in  its  highest  parts.  2. 
Passing  V\'.,  we  come  to  a  more  elevated  tract,  called  by  some 
the  Piedmont  (foot  of  the  mountain)  district,  containing  32 
counties.  This  is  more  varied,  as  well  as  more  elevated  iu 
surface  than  the  district  we  have  just  left.  3.  The  valley 
district,  containing  10  counties,  is  ent«!red  by  ascending  the 
Blue  Ridge,  (the  outlier  of  the  great  Alleghany  chain  on 
the  E.,)  which  passes  from  Maryland  into  Virginia,  near 
llarper's  Ferry,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Washington.  This 
district  is  crossed  by  the  diiferent  ridges  of  the  great  Appa- 
lachian chain,  known  by  various  local  names,  and  including 
extensive  valleys  of  fertile  land  between  them;  and  4,  The 
traus-.\lleghany  district,  containing  49  counties,  and  (as  its 
name  implies)  lying  W.  of  the  mountains.  This  portion  is 
mostly  hilly  and  broken,  or  occupied  with  outlying  spurs 
of  the  jllleghanies. 

The  mountains  extend  across  the  middle  of  the  state,  in 
a  S.W.  and  N.E.  direction,  and  occupy  a  belt  of  perhaps 
from  80  to  100  miles  in  width.  As  before  statetl,  tlie  Blue 
Ridge  forms  the  eastern  barrier  of  the  mountjiinous  region, 
and  the  Laurel,  Oreenbrier,  and  Great  Flat  Top  Mountains 
the  western.  Between  these  last  and  the  Blue  Ridge  lie  the 
Great  North,  Sliort.  Mill.  Jackson's,  Peters',  Potts',  Walker".s. 
Iron,  North  Branch,  and  Cheat  ilountains.  Next  to  White 
Top,  the  highest  known  summit  is  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  be- 
tween Bedford  and  Botetourt  counties,  about  4200  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Cumberland  Mountains  are  on 
the  boundary  between  Kentucky  and  Virginia.  The  valley 
district  is  in  fact  a  table-land,  elevated  from  1200  to  1500 
feet  alrave  tide-water. 

Gi:ol(>gij. — A  tract  of  the  tertiary  formation  ocsupies  the 
S.E.  part  of  Virginia,  from  the  .sea  and  bay  coast  to  a  line 
slightly  diverging  S.W.  from  the  N.W.  angle  of  King  George 
county,  on  the  Potomac,  passing  near  Richmond,  and  leaving 
the  state  near  the  S.W.  angle  of  Brunswick  county.  This  is 
Buccee  led  by  a  wide  belt  of  primary  formation,  reaching  to 
the  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountain.s.  Two  narrow  belts  of 
new  red  sandstone,  having  the  same  S.W.  trend,  come  to  the 
surface  in  several  parts  of  this  great  primary  bed.  West  of 
the  Blue  Ridge,  a  narrow  rim  of  Potsdam  sandstone  crops  out, 
succeeded  by  a  zone  of  Black  River,  Birdseye,  and  Trenton 
limestone,  having  near  the  middle  of  it  the  towns  of  Win- 
chester, Staunton,  and  Lexington.  This  in  turn  is  followed 
by  various  groups,  (extending  in  the  same  direction  to  the 
western  mountain  ridge.)  viz.,  of  gray  sandstone,  Hamilton 
Group,  including  'fully  limestone,  (this  group  contains 
shales  of  various  colors,  greywacke,  pyrites,  producing  rock 
and  limestone  shales,)  Ilelderberg  limestone.  Portage  and 
Chemung  Groups,  (flag-stones,  shales,  and  thin  bedded  sand- 
stones.) Jlediua  sandstone,  (consisting  of  variegated  sand- 
stones and  marl,  and  giving  origin  to  brine  springs.)  and  the 
Cirboniferous  limestone.  The  great  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
iBituniinou.<  coalfield  occupies  the  space  between  the  western 
slope  of  the  mountains  and  the  Ohio  River,  and  the  state  of 
Kentucky. 

MinernU. — Virginia  is  rich  in  minerals  of  the  more  useful 
?ort,  and  some  of  the  precious  metals.  Her  list  of  mineral 
treasures  includes  gold,  copper,  iron,  lead,  plumbago,  coal, 
salt,  gypsum,  (in  vast  beds.)  porcelain  clay,  fine  granite, 
glate,  marble,  soapstone,  lime,  water-lime,  and  fire-clay. 
The  most  productive  gold-mines  are  in  Fluvanna,  Orange. 
Spottsylvania,  Goochland,  and  Buckingham  counties,  and 
have  proved  rather  expensive  working  hitherto,  but  recent 
reports  from  that  district  say  that  by  the  aid  of  the  quartz- 
crusher,  at  *he  Wyckoff  Mine,  102i  pennyweights  of  fine 


VIR 

metal  was  extracted  from  about  a  ton  of  earth  and  roclt 
The  .Marshall  Mine,  in  Spottsylvania  county,  is  said  to  have 
yielded  $300,000.  This  gold  is  extracted  from  a  portion  of 
an  auriferous  region  reaching  from  the  Rappahannock  Ifivor 
to  tlie  Coosa,  iu  Alabama.  According  to  the  Report  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  for  1854.  the  gold  received  at  thu 
diiferent  mints  of  the  United  States,  the  product  of  Virgi- 
nia since  1792.  w^as  §1,420.131.  The  copper-mines  of  Vivcinia, 
in  the  same  district,  are  al.so  beginning  to  attract  attention, 
and  the  ore  of  the  .Manassas  Gap  Mine,  Fauquier  county, 
70  miles  from  Alexandria,  is  said  to  yield  75  per  cent,  of 
pure  copper.  Carroll  and  Floyd  counties  are  also  reported 
as  alx)uuding  in  this  ore;  but  the  greatest  sources  of 
wealth  of  Virginia,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  are  her  homelier 
minerals,  coal  and  iron,  which  e.xist  in  inexhaustible 
quantities.  In  the  valley  of  Virginia  hematites  occur  iu 
abundance,  and  sj^ecular  and  magnetic  ores  throughout 
the  South-We.st  MounUiins.  Vast  fields  of  bituminous  coal 
abound  around  Richmond,  on  the  North  Potomac  and  W. 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Large  beds  of  anthracite 
are  found  also  beyond  the  Great  Valley.  An  inexhaustible 
supply  of  coal  exists  on  the  Kanawha  and  its  tributaries, 
and  a  vein  of  cannel  coal  has  recently  been  discovered 
near  Charleston,  of  considerable  extent.  Taylor  computes 
the  area  of  the  coal  regions  of  Virginia  at  21,195  square 
miles,  which  is  probably  below  the  truth.  A  great  variety 
of  mineral  springs,  sulphur,  warm  and  ehalyb(!at<!,  are 
found  in  the  Valley  district,  about  the  middle  of  tlie  state. 
Copious  salt-springs  abound  in  the  Kanawha  and  in  the 
S.W.  counties,  and  the  completion  of  the  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee Railroail  must  greatly  enhance  the  value  of  these. 
From  100  t<j  150  barrels  of  petroleum  are  annually  collected 
from  a  spring  on  Hew's  River,  0  miles  from  its  mouth,  in 
the  Little  Kanawha.  Extensive  salt-mines  occur  iu  the 
same  region,  and  are  doubtless  the  source  of  the  saline 
springs,  spoken  of  above.  A  deposit  of  this  valuable  culi 
nary  mineral,  situated  near  the  source  of  the  Holston  River, 
is  encased  in  a  bed  of  gypsum,  220  feet  beneath  the  surface. 

livjs.  Kiv.rs,  and  ULands. — There  are  no  large  lakes  in 
Virginia.  Cliesapeake  Bay,  which  has  its  outlet  in  tliis  state, 
though  more  than  half  its  length  is  in  Maryland,  receives 
tile  waters  of  most  of  the  rivers  on  the  Atlantic  slof>e  of 
Virginia,  viz.,  the  Potmnac,  navigalile  for  the  largest  ships 
to  Alexandria,  100  miles  from  the  Bay;  the  Rappahannock, 
navigable  to  Fredericksburg  for  vessels  of  140  tons;  the 
York  and  its  branches,  navigable  to  Vorktown.  40  miles, 
for  large  ships;  the  James  audits  principal  aflluent,  the 
Appomattox,  the  former  navigable  to  Kichmond,  and  the 
latter  to  Petersburg,  for  vessels  of  100  tons.  The  Cliowau 
and  Roanoke,  with  their  numerous  affluents,  rise  in  the  S. 
of  the  state,  and  find  an  outlet  in  Albemarle  Sound,  in 
North  Carolina.  The  Shenandoah,  South  and  North  Branch, 
(aftluents  of  the  Potomac.)  drain  the  northern  portion  of 
the  valleys  of  the  .\ileghanies,  and  the  head  waters  of  the 
James,  the  central.  The  Monongahcla,  Little  Kanawha, 
Great  Kanawha,  navigable  05  miles,  Guyandot,  and  Big 
Sandy  Rivers,  navigable  50  miles,  drain  the  N.W.  slope  of 
the  state,  and  empty  into  the  Ohio.  The  Great  Kanawha  is 
navigable  00  miles  for  steamboats.  The  Holston  and  Clinch, 
with  their  smaller  branches,  have  their  sources  in  the  S.W. 
of  Virginia,  and  pass  olf  into  Tennessee,  to  join  the  river 
of  that  name.  There  are  a  few  small  but  unimportant 
islands  off  the  S.E.  coast  of  Virginia. 

Olijccts  of  Interest  to  Tourists. — Virginia  abounds  in  objects 
of  this  class.  Among  the  mountains  of  her  central  coun- 
ties. l)etween  the  Blue  Itidge  on  the  K.  and  the  Alleghany 
on  the  W.,  are  found  the  noted  medicinal  springs  of  Virgi- 
nia, the  most  celebrated  of  which  are  Berkeley  Springs,  in 
IMorgan  county;  Capon,  in  Hampshire;  Shannoudale,  in 
Jefferson;  White  Sulphur,  in  Fauquier;  Rawley'.s,  in  Rock- 
ingham; Augusta,  in  Augusta;  Bath,  Alum,  Warm,  and 
Hot  Springs,  in  Bath;  Alum,  in  Rockbridge;  Dibbrell's,  in 
Botetourt;  White  Sulphur  and  lilue  Sulphur,  in  Green- 
brier; Red,  Sweet.  Salt  Sulphur,  and  Red  Sulphur,  in  Mon- 
roe, and  White  Sulphur  Springs,  in  Grayson,  couiity.  The 
AVhite  Sulphur  Spring,  of  Greenbrier  county,  'the  most 
celebrated,  is  strongly  impregnated  with  carbonic  and 
nitrogen  gases,  and  with  sulphates  of  lime  and  magnesia, 
and  carbonate  of  lime;  the  principal  ingredients  of  the  Salt 
Sulphur  Springs  are  sulphates  of  lime,  soda,  and  magnesia, 
and  carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia,  and  of  gaseous  mat- 
ter, nitrogen,  carbonic  acid,  and  sulphuretted  hydrogen;  the 
Red  Sweet  Springs,  sulphates  of  lime,  magnesia,  and  soda, 
and  carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesium,  and  of  gaseous 
matter,  carbonic  acid  and  nitrogen;  and  warm  sulphui, 
muriate  of  lime,  sulphates  of  lime  and  m.agne.sia.  and  car- 
bonate of  lime;  of  ga.seous  matter,  nitrogen,  cartionic  acid, 
and  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  Temperature  about  100°;  tem- 
perature of  the  hot  springs,  100°  to  107°.  In  all  cases  we 
only  give  the  prominent  ingredients.  There  are  also  to  be 
found  in  this  region,  commencing  at  the  north,  the  far- 
famed  passage  of  the  Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  at 
Harper's  Ferry, so  eulogized  by  Jefferson;  Wyers'  or  Wier's 
Cave,  -Madison  Cave,  and  the  Chimneys,  in  Augusta  county; 
the  celebrated  Natural  Bridge,  in  Rockbridge  county  ;  PeakB 

^2047 


VIR 

of  Ottor.  in  Bedford,  and  White  Top  Mountain,  in  Grayson 
county;  the  Buffulo  Knob,  in  Floyd  (wunty;  the  Natural 
Tunnel,  in  foott  county,  through  which  a  stream  passes 
under  au  arch  of  70  feet  in  elevation,  with  twice  that  thick- 
ness of  superincumbent  earth;  Peak  Knob  and  Ghiss  ^\  in- 
dows.  (elevations  of  peculiar  formation.)  in  Pulaski  county ; 
the  Hawk's  Nest,  on  New  Kiver,  in  Fayette  county,  and  the 
Falls  of  the  Potomac,  a  few  miles  above  Georgetown,  District 
of  Columbia,  When  Virginia's  railroads  shall  have  been 
guffi<;ientlv  completed  to  make  her  springs,  her  mountains, 
her  caves."  water-falls,  natural  bridges,  &c.,  as  accessible  as 
those  of  New  York,  she  can  scarcely  fail  to  share  largely 
with  that  state  the  prosperity  that  attends  extensive  travel 
of  wealthv  pleasure-seekers  and  valetudinarians.  Though 
Virginia  has  no  Niagara,  yet  her  springs  are  situated  among 
mountains  abounding  in  picturesque  scenery,  and  are  good 
resting-places  from  whence  to  make  excursions  among  the 
mountains,  or  to  visit  the  caves  and  other  objects  of  interest. 
AVier's  Cave,  one  of  these  objects,  17  miles  N.K.  of  Staunton, 
extends  about  2600  feet  beneath  the  earth,  and  is  hung  with 
gparklins  stalactites.  JIadison,  in  the  same  neighborhood, 
and  Blowing  and  Saltpetre  Caves,  40  miles  N.W.  of  them, 
are  smaller,  but  interesting  objects.  But  the  great  natural 
lions  of  Virginia  are  the  Ilawk's  Nest,  9  miles  from  Mhite 
Sulphur  Springs,  on  New  Kiver,  where  there  is  a  per|ien- 
dicular  clift  of  1000  feet  above  the  river,  declared  by  Miss 
Slartineau  to  have  produced  a  greater  effect  on  her  mind 
than  Niagara  itself;  and  the  world-renowned  Natural  Bridge, 
over  Cedar  Creek,  in  KockbriJge  county,  formed  jiroliably 
either  by  the  action  of  water  during  the  long  course  of  ages 
on  the  subjacent  rock,  or  by  some  convulsion  of  the  earth. 
Tbe  fissure  is  about  90  feet  wide ;  the  height  of  the  under 
side  of  the  arch  200,  and  of  the  upper  side  240  feet  above  the 
water.  High  up.  on  this  rock,  carved  by  his  own  hand,  the 
loftier  name  of  Washington  stands  engraved.  Though  less 
noteil,  the  Peaks  of  Otter  are  spoken  of  by  Jefferson  as  afford- 
ing one  of  the  grandest  views  in  our  country.  Looking 
from  its  summit  (4260  feet)  to  the  E.  and  S.K.,  you  have  be- 
fore you  the  whole  extent  of  the  country  to  the  shores  of 
the  Atlantic.  In  -illeghany  county  is  the  highest  cataract 
in  the  state,  but  the  Ixxly  of  water  is  not  great.  In  Giles 
county  is  a  small  lake,  elevated  3700  feet,  which  is  600  feet 
deep.  But  we  can  only  afford  space  to  say,  that  of  the  nu- 
merous springs  the  White  Sulphur,  in  Greenbrier  county, 
is  the  most  in  repute,  and  of  course  the  most  visited.  The 
w.iters  of  the  different  springs  contain  lime,  sulphur,  soda, 
magnesia,  iron,  iodine,  and  phosphorus. 

Ciimate. — There  is  necessarily,  from  its  topography,  great 
variety  in  the  climate  of  Virginia.  In  the  low  country,  near 
the  coast,  it  is  hot  and  unhealthy  in  summer,  and  bilious 
and  intermittent  fevers  prevail  in  autumn.  It  is  mild,  how- 
ever, in  winter,  but  liable  to  be  visited  by  long  drouglits  in 
summer.  The  central  or  mountain  counties  have  a  cool  and 
salubrious  temperature,  with  warm  days,  it  is  true,  but  the 
nights  are  cool  and  refre.shing.  West  of  the  mountains, 
though  some  degrees  cooler  than  on  the  coast  in  winter, 
the  summers  in  parts  are  very  hot. 

Soil  and  I'rnductions. — Washington  pronounced  the  central 
counties  of  Virginia  to  be  the  finest  agricultural  district  in 
the  United  States,  (of  course,  as  he  knew  it,)  and  Daniel 
Webster  declared,  in  a  public  speech  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  that  he  had  seen  no  finer  farmiug  land  in  his 
European  travel,  than  in  that  valley.  A'irgiuia,  with  a  better 
system  of  culture,  has  every  element  of  industrial  greatness  ; 
a  climate  equally  removed  from  the  extremes  of  "tlie  north 
and  the  south ;  a  soil  with  every  variety,  from  the  light  sands 
of  the  south-east,  (favorable  to  the  peach,  sweet  potato, 
melon,  and  other  fruits.)  to  the  rich  alluvions  of  the  river 
bottoms  and  mountain  valleys,  favorable  to  wheat,  Indian 
corn,  tobacco,  and  even,  in  some  parts,  to  cotton  and  rice; 
mountain  pastures,  capable  of  supporting  large  flocks  of  sheep, 
and  herds  of  cattle  and  swine;  the  finest  harbor  on  the 
Atlantic  coast;  navigable  rivers,  abounding  in  shell  and 
fin  fish,  furrowing:  her  plains  and  valleys  on  the  e-ist  and  on 
the  west,  and  affording,  besides,  immense  water-power ;  and 
with  the"  most  useful  minerals  in  abundance,  what  needs 
she  but  for  her  people  to  will  it,  to  make  her  the  leading 
State  of  the  confe-Jeracy,  and  one  of  the  most  desirable  to 
reside  in?  The  emigration  that  has  commenced  from  the 
North  to  the  worn-out  lands  of  Virginia,  is  a  proof  of  her 
ad%-antages  in  agriculture.  According  to  an  address  of  E. 
Kuffin,  Esq..  of  \  irgiiiia.  the  tide-water  lands  of  that  state 
have  mcreasod  in  value  $17,000,000  in  12  years.  In  the  cul- 
ture of  tobacco,  Virginia  has  always  surpassed  every  other 
state  m  the  Union,  and  was  also  tbe  first  state  in  which  its 
eulture  was  practised  by  civilized  men  to  any  considerable 
extent.  It  was  even  used  for  a  Ume  as  the  currency  of  the 
country.  A  irginia  is  the  lourth  state  in  the  Union  in  the 
amount  of  Hax  produced.  The  other  great  sfciules  are  In- 
dian com,  wheat  (in  which  it  stands  filth  in  amount). 
oats,  live  stock,  and  butter.  She  also  produces  larnelv 
rye.  wool,  peas,  beans,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  buckwheat, 
fruits,  market  products,  cheese,  hay,  gra*s-«eed8,  flax 
maple  sugar,  beeswax,  and  honey,  besides  some  rice,  cotton! 
barley,  wine,  hops,  hemp,  suk.and  molasses.   lu  1S60  there 


YIR 

were  in  Virginiall,437,821  acres  of  improved  land  (19,679,215 
being  unimproved),  producing  13,130,977  bushels  of  wheat ; 
944,330  of  rye;  38,819,999  of  Indian  corn;  10,186.720  of  oats; 
515,168  of  peas  and  be;ins;  2.292,398  of  Irish  potatoes; 
1,960.817  of  sweet  potatoes;  478,090  of  buckwlieat ;  90,025 
of  grass  seeds ;  32,691  of  fla.xseed ;  123,908,312  pounds  of 
tobacco;  2,510,019  of  wool;  13.464,722  of  butter;  280,852  of 
cheese;  487.808  of  flax;  938,103  of  maple  sugar;  94,8t;0  of 
beeswax;  1.431,591  of  honey;  445,133  tons  of  hay;  live 
stock  valued  art  $47,803,049;  orchard  products  at  SSOO.650; 
market  products  at  $589,467;  and  slaughtered  animals  at 
$11,491,0'27.  According  to  a  state  census  in  1851,  there 
were  produced  14,516,950  bushels  of  wheat;  35,538,583 
of  Indian  corn;  53,.S33  of  flaxseed;  66,516,492  pounds  of 
tobacco;  11,126,785  of  butter;  2,850,909  of  wool;  1,223,905 
of  maple  sugar ;  370,117  tons  of  hay ;  4599  of  hemp ;  and 
wood,  oysters,  fish,  peas,  beans,  potatoes,  garden  vegeta- 
bles, friiits,  &c.,  worth  $5,000,000,  making  a  total  value  of 
$.Sr.,000,000. 

Manufactures. — As  is  generally  the  case  in  the  Southern 
States.  Virginia  is  less  engaged  in  manufactures  than  in 
agriculture,  though  the  former  branch  of  industry  is  yearly 
claiming  more  attention  and  enlisting  more  capital:  and 
Virginia,  if  true  to  herself  in  applying  her  vast  natural 
resources  of  coal,  iron,  copper,  and  abundant  water-power, 
must  soon  ninge  herself  amoni:  the  manufacturing  states. 
There  were  in  this  state,  in  lSi30,  6385  establishments,  pro- 
ducing each  S500  and  upwards  annually,  engaged  in  min- 
ing, manufactures,  and  the  mechanic  arts,  employing  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $26,935,560,  and  36,174  bands,  consum- 
ing raw  material  worth  $30,840,531,  and  yielding  products 
valued  at  $50,652,125.  Among  these  were  17  cotton  fac- 
tories, employing  capital  to  the  amount  of  $1,387,543, 
and  ItKJl  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  SS31,187, 
and  producing  annually  stuffs  valued  at  $1,520,766;  45 
woollen  factories,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of 
$4(>3,600,  and  494  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth 
$389,204,  and  producing  stuffs  valued  at  $717,*>27;  54  iron 
foundries,  employing  $42:>,6S2  capital,  and  producing  cast- 
ings valued  at  $621,025:  20  rolling-mills,  employing  a  capi- 
tal of  $1 ,047,725.  consuming  raw  material  worth  $854,466,  and 
producing  bar-iron,  railroad-uon,  ic,  valued  at  $1,666,885; 
13S3  flour  and  grist-mills,  employing  $o,9S6,0t:O  capital,  and 
2241  hands,  and  producing  flour  and  meal  valued  at 
$15,851,SS6;  261  tobacco  fai:torie3,  employing  $3,856,990 
capital,  and  11,3S2  hands,  and  producing  tobacco  valued  at 
$12,236,683;  and  305  tanneries,  producing  leather  valued  at 
$1,355,806.  Home-made  manufactures  valued  at  $1,576,627 
were  also  produced. 

Internal  Improvements. — Though  Virginia  has  not  kept 
pace  with  the  older  and  larger  sister  states  in  works  of 
internal  improvement,  she  has  at  length  become  fully  im- 
pressed with  their  importance,  and  railroads  have  beeu 
projected  in  every  direction.  According  to  the  census  of 
18011,  there  were  in  this  state  1771  miles  of  railroad  com- 
pleted, the  construction  and  equipment  of  which  cost 
J64.95S,S07.  Alexandria  is  the  northeast  terminus  of  the 
Orange  and  Alexandria  Kailroiid,  which  extends  via  Manas- 
sas Junction,  Culpepper,  and  Chailottesville  to  Lynchburg. 
.\nother  railroad,  38  miles  long,  extends  from  Alexandria 
to  Leesborg.  The  Manassas  Gap  Railroad  is  completed 
from  ManassiiS  Junction  to  Mount  Jackson,  about  95  miles. 
The  Virginia  Central  is  in  operation  from  Richmond  to  Jack- 
son's River,  195  miles.  The  Great  Southern  Line,  passing 
from  Aquia  Creek,  through  Fredericksburg,  Richmond,  and 
Petersburg,  has  about  1.50  miles  of  its  track  in  tliis  state. 
Roads  are  completed  which  unite  Winchester  to  Harper's 
Ferry ;  Alexandria  to  Strasburg  and  Staunton ;  Petersburg 
to  City  Point,  Lynchburg,  and  Newbern,  Virginia;  Rich- 
mond to  Keesville,  Gordonsville,  Charlottesville,  Staunton, 
Danville,  Lynchburg,  and  other  points  Most  of  these  form 
parts  of  one  or  other  of  the  great  lines  crossing  the  state, 
the  princii)al  of  which  are  the  Virginia  Central,  intended 
to  unite  Richmond  with  some  point  on  the  Ohio,  at  or  near 
Guyandotte;  the  A'irginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad,  to  con- 
nect Lynchburg  (and  indirectly  Richmond,  Petersburg,  and 
Norfolk)  with  Knoxville,  in  Tennessee,  and  (by  uniting 
with  other  lines)  to  Memphis  and  intermediate  points;  and 
the  Southsiiie  Railroad,  to  connect  with  Charlotte,  North 
Carolina,  and  from  thence  with  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
A  line  connects  Norfolk  with  the  Great  Southern  Rttiiroad, 
at  Weldon,  North  Carolina.  Virginia  was,  we  belieye, 
among  the  very  first  to  propose  opening  a  communication 
with  the  West  by  canal,  a  project  in  which  Washington 
took  great  interest,  if  he  was  not  the  projector.  In  1834  was 
commenced  the  James  River  and  Kanawha  Canal,  designed 
to  connect  Richmond  with  the  navigable  waters  of  th« 
Great  Kanawluu  This  work  is  now  completed  from  Rich- 
mond through  Lj-nchburg  to  Buchanan,  a  distance  of  196}/^ 
miles,  and  is  in  progress  to  Covington,  30  miles  farther  west. 
This  canal  has  already  cost  $10,714,306.  Dismal  Swamp 
Canal  is  partly  in  this  state.  The  legislature  had,  in  185b. 
appropriated  $4,OuO,000  and  upwards  lor  railroad  purposeii, 
and  invested  $9,430,159.48  in  works  of  internal  improve- 
ment not  completed,  and  $1,409,986.94  in  works  which  yield 


yiR 

no  income.  Tlie  Dutch  GjiI)  Canal  is  cut  through  a  neck 
of  laiiii  Ibrnu'd  by  the  James  River  below  Riclimond,  by 
which  a  distance  of  about  5  miles  is  saved. 

O'mniercx,. — Compared  with  her  advantages,  both  as  to 
harbors  and  rivers,  as  well  as  to  products,  Virginia's  direct 
foreign  trade  is  small,  her  commerce  being  mainly  carried 
on  through  the  ports  and  the  shipping  of  the  North.  Her 
foreign  imports  for  the  fi.scal  ye.ir  1854  amounted  to 
$1,270,216,  and  her  exports  to  f4.754.148;  tonnage  entered 
for  the  same  year  was  90,74-3,  and  cleared  83,3.30;  tonnage 
owned,  84.840,  of  which  22,388  was  registered  tonnage; 
vessels  built  19.  aggregate  tonnage  3227,  of  which  6  were 
steamers.  In  the  years  1852-3  and  '4  respectively,  there 
were  inspected,  in  Virginia,  51,806.  50.567.  and  47.802  hogs- 
heads of  tobacco;  and  exported,  13.771,  10,081,  and  14.420 
hogsheads;  and  of  flour,  from  Richmond  and  Petersburg, 
74,920,  114,706.  and  167.331  barrels,  in  the  years  and  in  the 
order  named  above.  But  the  great  trade  of  Virginia  is  the 
coasting  trade,  which  consists  in  the  export  of  her  tobacco, 
Indian  corn,  wheat,  coal,  tlour,  woml,  oy.sters.  kc.  In  18,52 
there  were  delivered  at  Richmond  by  the  different  public 
works,  property  valued  at  $10,0*)0,422.  of  wliich  more  than 
5;7.(XXl.OOO  were  transported  by  the  James  River  and  Ka- 
nawha Canal.  There  were  inspected  at  Richmond  450,000 
barrels  of  flour  in  1853,  of  which  114,766  were  exported  to 
foreign  ports. 

JCihicatimi. — A'irginia  has  no  general  free  school  system, 
but  makes  an  appropriation  for  the  instruction  of  the  poor. 
The  appropriation  for  primary  schools  in  1854  was  S"5,0*)0, 
and  the  annuity  to  the  Unlversitv  nf  Viririnia  is  ?15.000. 
According  to  the  census  report  of  1860,  there  were  in  Vir- 
ginia 23  colleges,  with  2824  students,  1246,940  income,  of 
which  $48,800  Wiis  from  endowments,  S15.000  from  public 
funds;  3778  public  schools,  with  85,443  pupils,  $498,638  in- 
come, of  which  ?1 04,801  was  from  public  funds,  $72,338  from 
taxation,  and  $4446  was  endowments;  398  academies  and 
other  schools,  with  1.3,204  pupils,  S-544,241  income,  of  which 
$33,600  was  from  endowments,  826,927  from  public  funds, 
and  $15,324  from  taxation.  There  are  also  in  this  state  1453 
libraries  containing  543,010  volumes,  1350  of  which  are  pub- 
lic, 10  are  school,  71  are  Sunday-school,  18  are  college,  and 
4  church  libraries.  Of  the  colleges,  the  most  flourishing 
and  most  numerously  attendetl  is  the  University,  which 
had,  in  1854.  more  than  500  students.  There  were  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  18.i4.  according  to  the  American  Almanac,  10  col- 
leges, with  1168  students;  3  theological  schools,  with  119 
students;  2  law  schools,  with  110  students;  and  3  medical 
schools,  with  some  250  students.  Oeneral  Robert  E.  Leo, 
the  late  commander  of  the  confederate  army,  has  recently 
been  elected  president  of  Washington  College  at  Lexington, 
an  institution  of  high  standing,  founded  in  1781. 

Religious  Denominations.  —  Of  the  3105  churches  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1860,  the  Baptists  owned  787,  the  Christians  73,  the 
Episcopalians  188,  the  Friends  17,  the  German  Reformed  12, 
the  Jews  3,  the  Lutherans  69,  the  Methodists  1403,  the  Pres- 
byterians 290,  the  Reformed  Presbyterians  10,  the  Roman 
Catholics  33,  the  Unionists  175,  the  various  minor  sects  45; 
giving  1  church  to  every  533  persons.  The  total  value  of 
church  property,  $5,459,605. 

Periodicals. — In  1860  Virginia  had  15  daily,  5  tri-wcekly, 
11  bi-weekly,  and  103  weekly  newspapers ;  and  5  monthly 
magazines  or  reviews.  The  whole  number  of  copies  issued 
annually  was  26,772,568. 

Public  Institutions. — At  Staunton  are  the  Institution  for 
the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind,  and  tlie  Western  Insane  Asylum, 
both  state  institutions.  The  Eastern  Insane  Asylum  is  ai 
Williamsburg,  and  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Richmond.  The 
latter  had  199  inmates  in  1850,  of  whom  11  were  of  foreign 
birth,  and  69  slaves.  This  state  had  in  the  same  year,  21 
publit  libraries,  with  32,595  volumes;  17  school  and  Sundaj- 
school,  with  4081;  14  college,  with  50.850;  and  2  church 
libraries  with  .330  volumes..  The  Virginia  Historical  Socii'ty, 
founded  in  1832,  had  Chief  Justice  Marshall  for  its  president 
for  some  years. 

Population. — The  white  population  of  Virginia  is  mainly 
of  British  origin,  and  until  a  recent  period  was  very  slightly 
affected  by  admixture  from  other  sources.  The  Virginians 
have  always  prided  themselves  on  their  purity  of  descent, 
and  "one  of  the  first  families  of  Virginia,"  has  become 'a 
proverb.  In  1790,  this  state  numbered  748,.308  inhabitiints: 
880,200  in  1800;  974,622  in  1810;  1.065.379  in  1820;  1.211,405 
in  1830;  1,239,797  in  1840;  l,4iil,6til  in  1850;  in  1800, 
1,590,318;  of  whom  1,047,299  were  whites,  58,042  free 
colored,  490,865  slaves,  and  112  Indians.  l'op\ilation  to 
squ.are  miles,  26,  Rejtresentative  population,  1,399,972,  Of 
tlie  free  population,  1,001,710  were  born  in  the  state;  68,685 
in  other  states;  35,0.58  in  foreign  countries;  of  whom  4104 
were  born  in  England;  16,501  in  Ireland;  1386  in  Scotland; 
584  in  Wales;  389  in  British  America;  10,512  in  Germany; 
570  in  France;  and  1012  in  otlier  foreign  countries.  Of  the 
fiee  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  108,958  were  far- 
mers; 44.041  laborers; 30,518 farm  laborers;  11,053  servants ; 
9482  carpenters;  5459  overseers;  6134  clerks;  4904  mer- 
chants; 4536  seamstresses;  4224  blacksmiths;  3728  shoe- 
makers: 3550  teachers;  2467  physicians;  2357  Btudeuts; 
6D 


VIR 

2244  apprentices,  Ac,  &c.  In  the  year  ending  June  1st 
1864,  there  occurred  22,474  deaths,  or  14-3  in  every  1000 
Of  816  deaf  and  dumb,  121  were  slaves  (see  Introbuctiom 
to  the  volume  on  Ptpulation  of  the  Eightli  Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv 
Ivi,  Ac);  of  789  blind,  232  were  slaves;  of  1179  insane,  58 
were  slaves;  of  1279  idiotic,  214  were  slaves. 
Counties. — Virginia  is  divided  into  148  counties,  viz.  Acco- 
mac,  Alexandria,  Albemarle,  Alleghany,  Amherst,  Amelia, 
ApjKJmattox,  AugJista,  Barbour,*  Bath,  Bedford,  Berkeley,* 
Boone,*  Botetourt,  Braxton,*  Brooke,*  Brunswick,Buchanaa. 
Buckingham,  Cabell,*  Calhoun,*  Carroll,  Campbell,  Caroline, 
Charlotte,  Charles  City,  Chesterfield,  Clarke,  Clay,  Craig, 
Culpepper,  Cumberland,  Dinwiddle,  Doddridge,*  Elizabeth 
City,  Essex,  Fauquier,  Fairfax,  Fayette,  Fluvanna,  Floyd, 
B'ranklin,  Frederick,  Giles,  Gilmer,*  Gloucester,  Goochland, 
Grayson.  Greenbrier,*  Greene,  Greensville,  Halifax,  Hamp- 
shire,* Hancock,*  Hanover.  Hardj',*  Harrison,*  Henry,  Hen- 
rico, Highland,  Isle  of  Wight,Jackson,James  City,  Jefferson,* 
Kanawha,*  King  George,  King  William,  King  and  Queen, 
Lancaster,  Lee,  Lewis,*  Logiin,*  Loudon,  Louisa,  Lunenburg, 
Madison,  Marion,*  Marshall,*  Mason,*  Matthews,McDowel  !,♦ 
Mecklenburg,  Mercer,*  Middlesex,  Monongalia,*  Monroe,* 
Montgomery,  Morgan,*  Nansemond,  Nelson,  New  Kent, 
Nicholas,*  Northumberland,  Northampton,  Norfolk,  Notta- 
way,  Ohio,*  Orange,  Page,  Patrick,  Pendleton,*  Pittsylvania, 
Pleasants,*  Pocahontas,  Powhatan,  Preston,*  Piince  Edward, 
Princess  Anne,  Prince  George,  Prince  William,  Pulaski, 
Putnam,*  Raleigh,*  Randolph,*  Rappahannock,  Richmond, 
Ritchie,*  Roane,*  Roanoke,  Rockbridge,  Rockingham,  Rus- 
sell, .Scott,  Shenandoah,  Smyth,  Southampton,  Spottsylva- 
nia.  Stafford,  Surry,  Sussex,  Taylor,*  Tazewell,  Tucker,* 
Tyler,*  llpsluu-,*  Warren,  Warwick,  Washington,  Wayne,* 
Webster,*  Westmoreland,  Wetzel,*  Wirt,*  Wise,  Wood,* 
Wyoming,*  Wythe,  York.    Capital,  Richmond. 

Cities  and  Tnwns. — Richmond  is  the  largest  town  in 
Virginia.  Popuhition  in  1860,  37,910;  Petersburg,  18,266; 
Norfolk,  14,620;  Wheeling,*  14,083;  Alexandria,  12,7.54; 
Portsmouth,  9496;  Lvnchburg,  6863;  Fredericksburg,  5023; 
Winchester,  4:i92;  Staunton,  3875;  Martinsburg,*  3304; 
Manchester,  2793;  South  Wheeling,*  2630;  Piukersburg,* 
2493;  Lexington,  2135;  Woodstock,  2113. 

Government,  Finances,  Ac. — The  executive  power  is  vested 
in  a  governor,  electetl  by  the  people  for  4  years,  and  receiv- 
ing a  salary  of  $5000  per  annum.  The  governor  cannot  be 
elected  for  two  terms  successively.  A  lieutenant-governor, 
who  is  also  president  of  the  Senate,  is  elected  in  like  manner 
and  for  the  .«ame  period,  and  receives  $8  per  day  during  the 
sessions  of  the  legi.-^laturo.  The  secretary  of  the  common- 
wealth, the  treasurer,  and  auditor,  are  each  elected  for  two 
years  by  the  legislature  on  joint  ballot.  Three  comniissiou- 
ers  of  public  works,  from  as  many  districts,  are  elected  for 
H  years,  so  that  one  shall  go  out  every  second  year.  The 
Senate,  apportioned  on  the  basis  of  pniperty  and  taxation 
combined,  consists  of  50  members,  elected  for  4  years,  so 
that  one-h.ilf  shall  go  out  every  second  year.  The  IIou.se  of 
Kepresentatives,  apportioned  on  the  basis  of  wliite  popula- 
lation,  consists  of  152  memliers,  cho.-ien  for  two  years.  The 
sessions  of  the  legislature  are  biennial,  and  meet  on  the 
second  Mond.ay  in  January.  The  legislature  may  not  con- 
tinue in  s(\«8ion  more  than  90  days  without  the  consent  of 
three-fifths  of  the  members,  and  then  but  for  30  days  longer. 
A  re-apportionment  must  take  place  in  1805,  and  every  10 
years  thereafter.  The  judiciary  consists — 1.  Of 'a  supreme 
court  of  appeals,  compose<l  of  5  judges,  elected  by  the  voters 
of  each  of  the  5  sections  into  which  the  state  is  divided,  for 
12  years;  2.  Of  10  district  courts,  composed  of  the  judges 
of  the  circuits  for  each  section,  and  the  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  for  that  section ;  3.  Of  21  circuit  courts,  held  twice  a 
year,  each  presided  over  by  a  judge,  elected  by  the  people 
of  hi«  particular  circuit,  for  8  years.  Every  white  miile 
citizen,  21  years  old,  a  resident  of  the  state  for  2  years,  and 
of  the  county,  lity,  or  town  in  which  he  votes  for  12  months 
next  preceding  an  election,  is  a  qualified  voter,  excepting 
paupers,  criminals,  in.sane  per.sons,  and  officers  of  the  United 
States  government,  temporarily  stationed  in  the  state.  Vir- 
ginia is  entitled  to  13  members  in  the  national  House  of 
Representatives,  and  to  15  electoral  votes  for  President. 
The  state  debt  of  Virginia  w,as  $22,389,477,  October  1,  1S54, 
besides  $3,779,732  contingent  debt,  consisting  of  guarantees 
to  corporations  for  purposes  of  internal  improvement;  school 
fund,  $1,153,006;  prixluctive  property,  $8,011,668;  unpi-o- 
ductive  property.  $5,899,958;  ordinary  expenses,  exclu.<ive 
of  debt  and  school.  $600.000 ;  income  for  1853-4.  $1,397,047  ; 
assessed  value  of  property  in  1850,  $381,376,060;  true 
valuation,  $391,640,438;  true  or  estimated  value  in  1852, 
$473,771,190.  There  were  in  Virginia,  January  1,  1855,  20 
banks  and  38  branches,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
S14,0:i3,83H,  a  circulation  of  $10,834,863,  and  $2,728,482  in  coin 

History. — Virginia  is  the  oldest  of  the  permanent  settle- 
ments made  by  the  English,  and  the  oldest  of  the  thirteea 
states  that  confederated  at  the  Revolution.  It  was  settled 
by  a  party  of  English,  led  by  the  celebrated  Captain  John 
Smith,  in  1607,  and  had  in  its  earlier  career  great  difficulties 

*  These  coutitiei,  towus,  &c.,  are  now  included  in  tlie  State  of  Weftt 
Virginia. 

2049 


YIR 

to  cotitend  with,  in  the  shape  of  famine,  disease,  and  the 
hostilities  of  the  natives,  often  incited  to  depredations  by 
worthless  settlers.  Bacon's  rebellion,  the  most  serious  of 
these  disturbances,  broke  out  in  the  autumn  of  1676.  A 
party  who  wore  discontented  with  Berkeley  for  refusing  to 
commifision  Bacon  to  lead  them  against  the  savanres  who 
had  invaded  the  white  settlements,  slaughtering  and  burn- 
ing, as  was  their  custom,  chose  Bacon  for  their  commander, 
despite  the  governor,  who,  on  Bacon's  return  from  a  suc- 
cessful foray  against  the  Indians,  declared  him  a  rebel.  The 
people  rose  again,  put  Bacon  at  their  head,  and  commenced 
a  civil  war  against  the  governor,  in  which  Jamestown  w.is 
burut.  and  the  total  defeat  of  the  governor's  party  was  only 
prevented  by  the  death  of  Bacon.  Berkeley  put  to  death 
many  of  the  adherents  of  Bacon's  party.  In  1677,  Virginia 
obtained  a  new  charter,  depriving  her  of  some  of  her  former 
privileges,  as  a  punishment  for  the  rebellion.  It  wai<,  how- 
ever, soon  after  annulled  by  Charles  II.  on  account  of  the 
discontents  of  the  people.  In  1752.  AVashington,  then  a 
young  man,  was  sent  bj'  Governor  Dinwiddle  as  an  envoy 
to  the  French  commander  at  Fort  Du  Quesne,  (Pittsburg.) 
and  two  years  after,  at  the  head  of  400  men,  defeated  the 
French  party  at  the  Great  Meadows,  but  was  obliged  to  ca- 
pitulate shortly  after  to  nearly  a  quadruple  force.  In  1755. 
Wa.<hington  served  as  a  colonel  in  Braddock'a  army,  and 
saved  it  from  utter  ruin.  Virginia  took  an  active  part  in 
the  events  leading  to,  and  in  the  conduct  of  the  war  of  the 
Kevolution,  and  gave  to  the  army  and  to  the  nation  that 
illustrious  chief  who.se  wi.sdom  and  firmness  not  only  con- 
ducted us  through  the  perils  of  a  seven  years'  war,  but  also 
contributed  so  greatly  to  establish  our  government  on  a 
firm  basis.  Besides  Washington,  several  eminent  statesmen 
ami  officers  were  natives  of  Virginia;  among  them  were 
Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  the  two  Lees,  Patrick  Henry, 
Chief  Justice  Marshall,  Henry  Clay,  and  a  number  of  others. 
On  her  soil  occurred  several  events  of  the  Revolution;  pro- 
minent among  them,  the  surrender  at  Yorktown  in  October. 
1781,  which  in  reality  put  an  end  to  the  war.  Washington 
died  December  14, 1799.  Alexandria  capitulated  to  the  Bri- 
tish, August  27,  1814.  Nat  Turner  headed  a  negro  insur- 
rection in  1831,  in  which  a  number  of  whites  were  massa- 
cred. Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  and  Tyler, 
all  presidents  of  the  United  States,  were  citizens  of  Virginia; 
and  President  Harrison  was  also  a  native  of  this  slate, 
though  not  a  citizen  at  the  period  of  his  election.  A  con- 
stitution was  formed  in  1776,  suited  to  the  changed  circum- 
stances of  the  state  as  a  republic,  which  wa«  remodelled  in 
1830.  and  again  in  1851. 

VIRGINIA,  a  township  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  984. 

VIRGINIA,  a  post-village  of  Casa  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River  Rjiilmad,  13  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Beardstown. 

VI RGINIA  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  about 
40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

VIRGINIA  MILITARY  INSTITUTE.  See  Lkxington, 
Virginia. 

VIRGINIA  ilTLLS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Buckingham  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

VIRGINIA  MINES,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  Maramec  River,  about  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  St. 
Louis. 

VIRGINIA  SETrrLEMENT,  a  small  village  of  Wayne  co., 
Missouri. 

VIKGIXIE.    SeeVraorxiA. 

VIRGIN  (vir'jin)  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  about  100  small 
islands  in  the  West  Indies,  between  lat.  18°  5'  and  18°  50' 
N..  and  Ion.  64°  10'  and  65°  40'  W..  occupying  a  space  of 
aboiu  100  miles  long  by  20  miles  wide.  Not  alx)ve  a  fourth 
are  inhabited  and  cultivated.  The  chief  exports  are  sugar, 
nmlnssi-s,  rum.  cotton,  and  salt,  ginger,  turmeric,  tobacco, 
pimento,  and  indigo.  Vegetables  and  fruits  are  abundant. 
The  climate  is  subject  to  much  fluctuation,  and  slio-Iit 
shocks  of  earthquakes  are  occa.sionally  felt.  The  islands  are 
exfjosed  to  a  heavy  swell,  and  the  obstacles  opposed  to  the 
tidal  wave  between  them  produce  some  extraordinary  phe- 
nomena; the  waves  sometimes  breaking  against  the  shore 
with  great  violence,  without  there  being  any  indication  of  a 
previous  gale.  The  Virgin  Islands  are  shared  by  Great 
Britain,  which  has  alxiut  50.  the  principal  of  which  are 
Tortola,  Anegada,  Virgin  Gorda.  Jost  van  Dykes,  Guano  Isle 
Beef  and  Thatch  Islands,  Prickly  Pear.  Camanas.  Cooper's, 
N'Ut,  St  Peter's,  and  several  smaller  islands:  Denmark, 
which  has  St.  Thomas.  Santa  Cruz,  and  St.  John,  with  a 
ronwderable  number  of  islets;  and  Spain,  which  has  Cule- 
hra.  and  several  islets.  Bieque  or  Crab  Island  forms  a 
nort  of  joint  possession  of  the  three  powers.  The  groun 
*  vn  ?m vI?!^x^J  Columbus  on  hys  second  voyage,  in  1494. 

^  rr^T^lv?T^'^*  ^^"'^  "^  KJiand,  eo.  of  Devon. 
V.IJ.   ^^^7^  v^^  t  VOJ^J»l^  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.  68  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg. 

yiRIEU,  ve<'^re-ch'.  a  market-town  of  France  denartment 

'"vnui-rV°l"j'n^'^''^'  °f  «^''»°»"«-    P™P  im^         ° 
MUIKL.VLFXJRAND,   vee^re-uh'  Ijh   gVft.va.  a    market- 
town  of  France,  department  of  Aln,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  B«l- 
|py.     I  op,  (94, 

^'"^^'•WW  ''^''^''''■^«^'  *  ^"'»g«  of  France,  depart- 


VIS 

mcnt  of  Is^re,  13  miles   N.N.W.  of  St.  Marcellin.     Pop. 

2078. 

VI  RLE,  veeR/lA,  a  Tillage  of  the  Sardinian  States,  diviaion 
of  Turin,  province  of  Pinerolo,     Pop.  1747. 

VIRLE  or  WIRLE,  veeiileh,  a  market-town  of  Austria; 
Croatia,  about  10  miles  from  Kopreinitz.  and  near  the  Drave 
It  is  the  head-quarters  of  a  frontier  regiment.     l>op.  3694. 

VIROFLAY,  vee'ro'fi.i',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Seineet-Oise.  arrondi.ssement  of  Versailles.     Pop.  1057. 

VIR(XiUA.    See  VABoaUA. 

VIRTON,  veeR^ti.No/,  the  most  S.  town  of  Belgian  Luxem- 
bourg. 15  miles  S.W.  of  .\rlon.     Pop.  2000. 

VIRTZKRV  (veeat  z4rv/)  LAKE,  or  WURZSEE,  (Wiirz- 
see,)  wiiRt-'.s.V,  Russia,  government  of  Livonia,  between  Dor- 
pat  and  Fellin,  is  26  miles  in  length,  breadth  8  miles.  It  is 
an  expansion  of  the  Embach,  which  leaves  its  N.E.  extre- 
mity to  enter  Lake  Peipus. 

VIRY,  veeVee',  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divisioD 
of  Savoy,  province  of  Genevese,  3  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Julien, 
with  a  ruined  castle.     Pop.  1844. 

VISAN,  yee^zis"/.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Orange.     Pop.  in  1852.  2136. 

VISCARDO,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Viscardo. 

VISCARI,  a  town  of  Sicily.    See  Bisc.ari. 

VISCAYA.    See  Biscay. 

VISCIIE,  vi.s/kA,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Turin,  province  and  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ivrea,  on  the  Dora 
Balte.i.     It  has  an  old  castle.     Pop.  2154. 

VISCIIE(n{.\D.  vish\-h-grdd/.  a  village  of  Bosnia,  on  the 
Drin,  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bosna  Serai. 

VISCHERA.  a  river  of  Russia.     See  Vishera. 

VISCHER'S  (vish'erz)  FERRY,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga 
CO.,  New  York,  about  16  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

VISCHNII-VOLOTCIIOK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Vishneb 

VOLOTCHOK. 

VISCI.\NO,  ve-sha'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Ter- 
ra di  Ijivoro,  district  and  E.  of  Nola.    Pop.  1367. 

VISE,  Tee'M'.  (Ger.  IVesel.  w.i/s^t.)  a  town  of  Belgium, 
province  and  8  miles  N.E.  of  Liege,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Meuse.     Pop.  2076. 

VISEU,  vee's.i-oo,  a  city  of  Portug<al,  province  of  Eeira, 
capital  of  a  comarca,  46  miles  N.N.E.  of  Coimbra.  Pop.  9160. 
It  is  ill  built  and  dirty,  but  its  cathedral  contains  some  good 
works  of  art.  and  it  has  a  college,  preparatory  to  the  Uni 
versity  of  Coiiubra.  a  large  hospital,  many  Moorish  and 
Gothic  edifices,  Roman  antiquities,  and  a  large  annual 
fair. 

VISHERA,  VISCHERA,  VICIIERA  or  WISCHERA,  ve- 
shi'rd  or  vish-.A-rd/,  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of  Perm, 
ri.ses  in  the  Ural  Mountains,  flows  W.  and  S.,  and  after  re- 
ceiving some  large  affluents,  joins  the  Kama,  24  miles  N.W. 
of  Solikamsk.  Cour.se  260  miles.  It  is  navigable,  and 
traver.ses  a  densely  wooded  country. 

VISHNEE  (or  VISHNU)  VOLOTCHOK,  vish'nee  or  vish'- 
nyee  vo-lo<hok',  written  also  VISCHNII  VOLOTCHOK  and 
WISCHNEI  WOLOTSCHOK.  a  town  of  Russia,  government 
and  70  miles  N.W.  of  Tver,  on  the  Tsna,at  thecommenc«ment 
of  the  canaKwliich  unites  it  with  the  Tvertsa,  and  on  the 
great  route  between  Mo.s<»w  and  St  Petersburg.  Pop.  9115. 
It  has  a  cathedral,  bazaar,  and  3  annual  fairs.  The  canal 
between  theTsna  and  Tvertsa, constructed  uuder  Peter  the 
Great,  connects  the  navigation  of  the  Baltic  and  Caspian 
Seas,  and  is  frequented  by  upwards  of  2lX)0  vessels  annually, 
rendering  the  town  a  large  entrepot  for  corn,  malt,  chiccory, 
seeds,  butter,  tallow,  and  soap. 

VISHNU  PRAYAGA,  vi.s)i/noo  prj-y^'ga.  aplaoeof  Hindoo 
pilgrimage,  in  North  Hindostau,  at  the  junction  of  two 
heads  of  the  Ganges.     Lat.  30°  34'  N.,  Ion.  79°  4'  E. 

yiSIAPOUR.    See  Bejapoor. 

VISINGSO,  ( Visingsii.)  vee'sings-o',  an  island  of  Sweden,  in 
the  S.  of  Lake  Wett<-r.  It  is  a  narrow  strip  little  more  than 
1  mile  wide,  stretching  about  6  miles  N.  to  S.,  with  the 
remains  of  two  old  castles  of  great  historical  interest. 

A'ISIOOG.AN  or  VISIUGAN.  ve-seoo-gdn'.  a  riv?r  of  Si- 
beria, rises  in  the  E.  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk,  lat.  58° 
30'  N.,  flows  E.N.E.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  170  miles 
joins  the  Obi.  about  30  miles  below  Narym. 

VI  SO,  El,  il  vee'so.  a  village  of  Spain.  Andalusia,  province 
and  40  miles  N.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  2704. 

VISO  DEL  ALCOR.  vee'so  Ail  dl-koR/,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Seville.     Pop.  2991. 

VISO  DEL  .^I  AKQUE.S,  vee'so  del  maR'kJs,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  28  miles  S.E.  of  Ciudad  Real,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Sierra  Morena.     Pop.  2010. 

VISO  DE  LOS  PEDROCHES.  vee/so  Ak  loce  p.^Bro'chSs.  a 
town  of  Spain,  province  and  .35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Cordova,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Morena.     Pop.  2596. 

VISOKA,  Te-siAd.  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  BusnA. 
on  the  Bosna,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Bosna  Serai.  Pop,  20'j0. 
Near  it  are  iron-mines  and  me<licinal  springs. 

VISO,  MONTK,  inon'tA  vee'so,  a  principal  summit  of  the 
Alps,  at  the  junction  of  their  Maritime  and  Cottiaii  ditisions, 
40  niiles  S.W.  of  Turin,  and  13.599  feet  in  elevation. 

VISONE.  ve-8o'n.i.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi 
sion  of  Alessaudria,  province  and  mar  Acqui.    Pop.  1360. 


VIS 


VTV 


VISP,  Tlsp,  a  Tillape  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Valais,  on 
are  Visp,  6  miles  W.g.W.  of  Urieg. 

VISSKGRAD,  visiiWgroJ',  (Ger.  Plintenhurg,  plin'ten- 
bOoRo\)  a  market-town  of  Hungary,  county  and  21  miles 
N.X.AV.  of  I'estli,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube.  It  has 
a  ruined  castle,  formerly  the  residence  of  Matthias  Corvinus. 

VIS^TA,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.,  New  York, 
about  120  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany. 

VISTAHKLLA  DKL  MAESTKAZGO,  vees-ta-lijl'yj  diM 
m3,-J.-r-trdth'go,  a  town  of  Spain,  Valencia,  province  and  27 
miles  X.W.  of  Castellon  dc  la  Plana.     I'op.  1239. 

VIS'TA  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana. 

VISXOIUO,  vis-to/re-o,  a  village  of  the  Sardiniiiu  States. 
division  of  Turin,  province  and  about  10  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Ivrea,  on  the  Chiusella.     Pop.  1651. 

VISTRE,  vee.st'r,  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Gard, 
after  a  S.W.  course  of  30  miles  joins  the  canal  connecting 
Beau(aire  with  the  Mediterranean,  near  Aigues-Mortes. 

VISTKITZ,  vis'trits,  or  VISTRITZA,  vis-irifsd.  (anc.  E)-'i- 
gon.)  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  Macedonia,  after  a  N.E. 
and  S.E.  course  of  80  miles,  joins  the  Vardar  near  its  mouth 
in  the  Gulf  of  Salonica. 

VISTULA,  vis'tula,  (Ger.  Weichsel,  -ftik'.sel;  Polish,  Wida, 
<>ees'ld;  anc.  Vis'tula,)  a  river  of  Europe,  riws  in  the  Carpa- 
thian Mountains,  flows  in  Austrian  Silesia,  partly  separates 
Galicia  from  Poland,  traverses  Poland  and  liast  Prussia, 
forming  the  main  channel  of  trade  in  these  countries,  past 
Cracow,  Warsaw,  Plock,  Thorn,  Culm,  Graudeuz,  and  Dant- 
.iic,'and  enters  the  Baltic  by  several  mouths,  of  which  the 
most  E.,  called  the  Nogat,  enters  the  Frische-IIaff,  N.W.  of 
Elbing.  The  W.  branch  again  divides  into  2  arms,  one  of 
which  enters  the  Baltic  near  Dant/.ic,  and  the  other  by  a 
new  channel  which  it  foree<l  for  itself  in  1840.  Total  course, 
including  windings,  530  miles.  Principal  aflluents,  on  the 
right,  the  Wisloka,  San,  Wieprz,  and  Bug;  and  on  the  left, 
the  Pilica  and  Bzura. 

VISTULA,  a  post-office  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana. 

VISORGUS.    See  Weser. 

VITA,  vee'td,  a  town  of  Sicily,  near  the  source  of  the 
Birgi,  S.W.  of  Palermo.     I>op.  2800. 

VIT.\..  an  island  on  the  east  coa.st  of  Africa.    See  Mombas. 

VITCIIEGDA,  VYTCHEGD.\,  VYCHEGDA,  ve-ch6g'da, 
or  WITSCIIEGDA,  a  river  of  Russia,  traverses  the  centre 
of  the  government  of  Vologda,  chiefly  in  a  W.  direction,  and 
joins  the  Dvina,  12  miles  W.  of  Solvitchegodsk.  Total  course 
380  miles,  mostly  navigable.  Affluents,  the  Yolva,  Yarenga, 
and  Sysola. 

VITKBSK  or  WITEPSK,  vo-tJbsk',  a  government  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  mostly  between  lat.  54°  58'  and  57°  20'  N..  and 
Ion.  25'^  30'  E..  surrounded  by  the  governments  of  Moheelev, 
Minsk,  Courland,  Livonia,  Pskov,  and  Smolensk.  Area 
17,336  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851  ,742,811.  mostly  Roman 
Catholics.  Surface  generally  level ;  soil,  though  interspersed 
with  sandy  and  marshy  tracts,  is  pretty  fertile,  and  more 
cyjrn  is  raised  than  is  required  for  home  consumption,  as 
well  as  large  quantities  of  hemp  and  flax,  pease,  beans,  hops, 
and  fruits.  Principal  river,  the  Diina,  which  traverses  its 
S.  part,  and  by  which  and  the  canals  uniting  it  with  the 
Berezina  and  Lovat,  its  trade  is  greatly  facilitated.  Forests 
and  pasture-lands  are  extensive,  and  in  the  latter  many 
cattle  and  coarse-wooUed  sheep  are  reared.  The  manufac- 
tures comprise  those  of  woollen  cloth,  leather,  glass,  and 
earthenwares.  The  exports  are  mostly  confined  to  agricul- 
tural produce,  timber  and  masts,  hides,  wool,  tallow,  honey, 
and  wax.  The  government  is  divided  into  12  circles.  Princi- 
pal towns,  Vitebsk,  the  CJipital,  Velizh,  DUnaburg,  and  Po- 
Ictzk. 

VITEBSK  or  WITEPSK,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  the 
capital  of  a  government  of  its  own  name,  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Diina,  here  joined  by  the  Viteba,  95  miles  N.  of 
Jloheelev.  Pop.  29,8.32.  It  is  enclosed  by  old  walls,  and 
built  mostly  of  wood;  but  has  numerous  Greek-United 
and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  convents,  and  synagogues, 
an  old  castle,  a  bazaar,  college  of  nobles,  a  medical  direc- 
tion, and  several  hospitals,  with  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth  and  leather.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  civil  governor, 
and  a  military  governor,  with  authority  over  the  govern- 
ments of  Vitebsk,  Smolensk,  and  Moheelev.  Here  the  Grand 
Duke  Constantiue  of  Rus.siadied  on  the  27th  of  June.  1832. 

VITERBO,  ve-tSa'bo,  a  city  of  Central  Italy,  Pontifical 
States,  capital  of  a  delegation,  at  the  foot  of  Monte  Cimino, 
in  the  Campagna  di  Koma,  42  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rome. 
Pop.  13,869.  It  is  enclosed  by  turreted  walls,  chiefly  con- 
structed by  Desiderius,  the  last  Lombard  king  of  Italy, 
is  generally  well  built  of  volcanic  tula,  and  has  many 
handsome  residences  and  public  fountains.  In  its  ca- 
thedral, which  contains  the  tombs  of  four  popes.  Prince 
Henry  of  England,  nephew  of  Henry  III.,  was  assassinated 
by  Guy  of  Montfort;  and  it  was  in  its  public  square  that 
tK-  emperor.  Frederick  Barbarossa,  humiliated  hiaiself  be- 
fore the  English  pope,  Adrian  IV.  Several  of  the  churches 
are  rich  in  works  of  art,  and  in  one  Is  a  masterpiece  of  Se- 
b»oriau-de)-Piombo.  The  Bi-shops  Palace  and  Cityhiill  are 
fine  buildings,  and  the  latter,  as  well  .as  the  Museum  of  the 
Academy  contaius  various  Etru.scan  antiquities.    The  ma- 


nufactures are  unimportant;  alum,  vitriol,  and  siilphui 
abound  in  its  vicinity,  in  which  are  al.so  many  niedi(  inal 
springs.  This  city  was  one  of  the  principal  in  the  Etru.scan 
league;  and  it  was,  in  the  middle  ages,  the  capit-d  of  tho 
I'atrimony  of  St.  Peter,  bestowed  in  the  12th  century  uix)U 
the  papal  see. 

VITH,  feet,  a  town  of  RhenLsh  Prussia,  government  and 
30  miles  S.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  the  Our.     Pop.  808. 

VITI  or  FID.II  ISLANDS.    See  Feejee  Islands. 

VITIGUDIXO,  ve-te-goo-Dee/no,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  36  miles  S.W.  of  Salamanca.     Pop.  928. 

VITIM.  vifim'  or  ve-teem'.  a  river  of  East  Siberia,  rise.K 
in  the  Vitim-Steppe,  S.E.  of  Lake  Baikal,  government  of 
Irkootsk,  flows  N.E.  and  N.  for  nearly  900  miles,  forming 
the  boundary  between  that  government  and  the  province 
of  Yakootsk,  and  joins  the  Lena,  opposite  Vitimsk.  It  haa 
several  large  aflluents. 

VITIMSK,  ve-timsk',  a  village  of  East  Siberia,  with  300 
inhabitants,  and  a  mine  yielding  the  largest  sheets  of  talc ; 
lat.  59°  15'  N..  Ion.  112°  E. 

VITORIA,  ve-to're-a,  or  VITTORIA,  vit  tr^re-i,  a  town  of 
Spain,  capital  of  the  province  of  Alava,  29  miles  S.  of  Bilbao, 
on  the  road  from  Madrid  to  Bayonne.  Pop.  10,260.  It  con- 
sists of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  which  contrast  strongly  with 
each  other;  it  has  a  spacious  market-square,  several  cliurches, 
a  town-hall,  custom-hou.se,  orphan  asylum,  general  hospital, 
public  library,  and  museum  of  antiquities.  The  manuf'ao 
turcs  comprise  brass  and  iron  wares,  earthenware,  ebony 
wares,  caudles,  table  linen,  and  leather;  and  it  is  an  import- 
ant entrepot  between  the  interior  of  Spain,  Navarre,  and 
Bilbao,  especially  for  crude  and  manufactured  iron,  choco- 
late, confectionery,  woollen  and  silk  fabrics,  shoes,  and  bats. 
Vitoria  is  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  the  Peninsular  War 
as  the  scene  of  a  signal  victory  gained  by  the  English  over 
the  French,  on  the  21,st  of  June.  1813. 

VITRi;,  veeHrA'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et- 
Vilaine,  on  the  Vilainc.  21  miles  E.  of  Rennes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
8800.  It  has  a  communal  college,  manufactures  of  cotton 
hosiery  and  leather,  trade  in  wax,  honey,  and  cantliaridi-s, 
and  22  annual  fairs.  One  mile  S.  is  the  Chateau  des  Kochers, 
(shd'^tT)'  dA  roVhA/,)  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  Madame 
de  Sevigne.  Nicholas  Savary,  the  French  traveller  and  au- 
thor, Wfis  born  here,  in  1750. 

VITRY,  vee'tree',  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas- 
de-Calais,  with  a  sbition  on  the  North  Railway,  10  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Arras.     Pop.  in  1852.  2437. 

VITRY-LI>FRANgOI.S,  veeHree'  leh  frSNo'swd',  a  fortified 
town  of  France,  dejiartment  of  Marne,  on  the  Paris  and 
Stra-sbourg  Railway,  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chalons,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Marne.  Pop.  in  1852,  8253,  It  has  a  commmial 
college,  and  manufactures  of  hosiery,  cotton  yarn,  and 
leather,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  corn. 

VITRY-SUU-SEINE,  vee'tree'  siiR  s.in,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine,  arrondissement  of  Sceaux,  5  miles 
S.E.  of  .Paris,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine.     Pop.  2559. 

VITTEAUX,  veet'to',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cote-d'Or,  on  the  Brenne,  24  miles  W.N.VV.  of  Dijon.  P.  1888. 

VITTEFLEUR.  vee'tgh-fluii'.  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Yvetot,  on  the 
Dourdon.     Pop.  1255. 

VITTEL.  veet'tJl'.  a  market- town  of  France,  department 
of  ^osges.  23  miles  W.  of  Epinal.     Pop.  1426. 

VlTrORI.\,  vit-to/re-a,  a  town  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  \or< 
folk,  7  miles  from  Simcoe.  with  three  Protestant  churches, 
two  schools,  several  grist  and  saw  mills,  two  distilleries,  and 
manufactures  of  cloth,  iron,  and  leather.     Pop.  about  600. 

VITTORIA,  vit-to're-3,  a  town  of  Sicily,  intendency  of 
Syracuse,  district  and  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Modica,  Pop. 
11.000,  who  trade  in  honey  and  silk. 

A'lTTORIA,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Vitoria. 

VITTORIOSA,  vit>to-re-o'si,  a  strongly  fortified  town  and 
suburb  of  Valetta,  Malta,  on  the  S.E.  side  of  its  great  hart>or. 
See  Valetta. 

VITUL.\NO,  ve-too-Id'no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  district  and  20  miles  N.W.  of  Avellino. 
Pop.  2500.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  fabrics,  silks, 
and  leather,  and  quarries  of  fine  colored  marbles.    . 

VI U.  vee-oo',  a  village  of  North  Italy,  Piedmont,  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Turin,  on  the  Chiara.     Pop.  3745. 

VIUZ-EN-SALLAZ,  ve-uz/  6no  siVW.  a  village  of  the 
Sardinian  States,  division  of  Savoy,  province  of  Fauciguy. 
It  w;is  nearly  buried  by  a  landslip  in  1715.     Pop.  2480. 

A'^IVARA,  ve-vd/rd,  an  islet  of  South  Italy,  between  Procida 
and  Tsehia.  at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Naples. 

VIVARAiS.    SeeVwABOis. 

VIVAROIS  or  VI-sgblAIS.  veeVdVA/,  an  old  district  of 
France,  in  LangnedodSpfT which  Viviers  was  the  capital.  It 
is  now  comprised  in  the  departments  of  Ardeche  and  Haute- 
Loire. 

VIVEL,  ve-vjl',  a  village  of  Spain,  Valencia,  province  and 
27  miles  W.  of  Castellon  de  la  Plaua.  on  the  Palancia.  P.  2087. 

VI VERO,  ve-vA'ro,  a  town  of  .Spain,  province  aud  45  miles 
N.  of  Lugo,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Landrova  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.  Pop.  4606.  It  has  a  seminary  and  a  hospital,  a 
government  factory  of  arms,  and  manufactures  of  linens. 

2051 


VIV 

qiilltlngs,  and   earthenware.     The  port  has  a  bar  at  its 
lU'.iuth.  ,  ^  ,         , 

VI VKROLS,  veeVeh-rol',  a  niarkpt-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Puy-de-Dome,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Ambert.     Pop.  1325. 

VIVEKONE,  ve-v.Wo'nA,a  village  of  the  ijardiuian  States, 
10  miles  S.  of  Biella,  on  a  lake  of  same  name.     Pop.  182t3. 

VIVIKRS,  veeVe-A',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Arleche.  on  the  phone,  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Priras.     Pop.  2714. 

VIVONNE,  veeS'onn'.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tienne.  at  the  continence  of  the  Clain  and  Voune,  11  miles 
S.ri.W.  of  Poitiers.    Pop.  in  1852,  3488. 

VIX.  veex,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  A'endfee,  8 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Fontenay-le-Comte.     Pop.  2010. 

VI ZA,  VTS.\  or  WIS.'V.  vee'zJl.  Cane.  Byziaf)  a  town  of 
European  Turkey.  Room-Elee,  capital  of  a  saiyak,  74  miles 
K.W.  of  Constantinople,  on  the  route  to  Kirk-kilisseh.  It  is 
enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  a  ruined  fortress. 

V1ZA0APAT.4M,  ve-zd'g?-p:i-tim',  a  maritime  district  of 
British  India,  presidency  of  .Madras,  having  E.  the  Bay  of 
Beniral.  and  landward  the  distri'ts  of  Rajahmundry.Ganjam, 
aud'^the  Bengal,  S.  ceded  districts.  Area,  15,300 square  miles. 
Pop.  1.254.272. 

"\IZAGAPATAM,  a  city  of  British  India,  capital  of  the 
alx)ve  district,  on  the  Coromaudel  coast,  67  miles  E.  of 
Golcondah;  lat.  17°  42'  N.,  Ion.  83"  24'  E.  It  has  a  court- 
house, barracks,  and  many  good  European  buildings;  but 
its  unhealthincss  lias  driven  most  of  the  British  authorities 
to  reside  in  the  ailjacent  village  of  Waltier. 

VIZCAYA,  a  province  of  Spain.     See  Blsc.^T. 

VIZELLA,  ve-z^l'ld,  a  village  of  Portugal,  province  of 
Minho,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Guimaraens,  in  a  picturesque  vale. 
It  is  greatly  frequented  for  its  warm  sulphur  baths,  known 
to  the  Romans,  whose  tesselated  pavements,  and  bathing 
Bites,  have  been  discovered  here. 

ViZI.\XAGKU.M,  vee'ze-a-na-grum',  a  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  of  Madras,  district  and  25  miles  N.E.  of 
"Vizagapatam.  Though  large,  it  is  meanly  built.  Principal 
edifice,  a  stone  fort,  with  the  rajah's  palace.  Near  it  are 
British  military  cantonments. 

VlZIADROliG,  vee'ze-a-droog',  a  .seaport  town  of  British 
India,  presidency  and  165  miles  S.  of  Bombay,  with  one  of 
the  be.st  harbors  on  the  Malabar  coast. 

VIZILLE,  vee^zeel',  a  marketrtown  of  France,  department 
of  Isere,  on  the  Romanche,  8  miles  S.  of  Grenoble.  Pop. 
in  1852,  2115.  It  ha.s  a  castle,  in  which  the  states  of 
Dauphine  assembled  in  1788. 

VIZZINI,  vit-see'nee,  a  town  of  Sicily,  province  and  29 
miles  S.VV.  of  Catania.     Pop.  9000. 

VLAANDEREN.    See  Flanders. 

VLAARDIXGEN,  vldR'diug-en,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lauds,  province  of  South  Holland,  capital  of  a  district,  with 
a  port  on  the  Meuse,  (Maas,)  0  miles  \V.S.^V.  of  Rotterdam. 
Pop.  72-54.  mostlv  emploved  in  the  herring  fishery. 

VLA1>I-KAVKAS,  vld/dee  k^v-kis/,  a  town  and  fort  of 
Circassia,  N.  of  the  Caucasus  Range,  on  the  great  route 
aouthward  into  Georgiii,  47  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mozdok. 

VLADIMKER  or  VLADIMIR,  vldMe-meer',  written  also 
■WLADIMIR,  a  government  of  Russia,  nearly  in  its  centre, 
mostly  between  lat.  55°  and  57°  X.,  and  Ion.  37°  40' 
and  43°  20*  E.,  surrounde<l  by  the  governments  of  Mos- 
cow. Tver.  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Xizhnee-Novgorod,  Tam- 
b-n-.  and  Riazan.  Area  18.445  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851, 
1.168,303.  Surface  level;  the  Kliasma  River  intersects  its 
centre,  and  the  Oka  its  S.E.  part.  Soil  not  fertile,  and 
the  corn  produced  is  insufficient  for  home  consumption. 
Princl|>al  crop.«,  rye,  barley,  oats,  some  wheat,  hemp, 
flax,  millet,  pease,  apples,  cherries,  hops,  and  cucumbers. 
Cattle  rearing  is  of  inferior  importance.  Forests  are  very 
extensive;  in  that  of  Murom  are  valuable  iron-mines,  and 
s<.)ine  of  the  most  extensive  iron  works  in  Russia  are  at 
Yixa.  on  the  Oka.  The  sterility  of  the  soil  ha.s  caused  the 
inhabitants  to  direct  attention  greatly  to  manufactures, 
wliuh  frr.m  1830  to  1840  had  doubled  in  extent,  and  in  the 
latter  year  employed  neariy  84,000  bands.  Cotton  goods  are 
made  at  Shooya  (Shuya)  and  Ivanova,  woollens  and  linens 
ore  next  in  importance;  and  several  years  ago  4000  persons 
were  employed  in  iron  foundries,  and  1300  in  glass  and  crys- 
tal works,  besides  others  in  manufactures  of  leather,  earthen- 
wares, ic.  Exports  of  these  products  are  mostly  sent  down 
the  \  olga,  or  W.  overiand  to  Moscow.  The  principal  imports 
are  com.  cotton-twist,  and  flax,  from  the  N.  and  N.E.  The 
government  is  divided  into  13  districts.  Principal  towns, 
\  livlinieer.(the  capital,)  Murom,  Shooya,  I'ereslaVl,  Suzdal 
and  \  1,-iznikov. 

VLADI  MEEIl,  VLADI.MIR  or  WLADIMIR,  a  town  of  Rus- 
Hia.  capital  of  the  above  government,  on  the  Kliasma,  120 
miles  K.N.K.  of  .Moscow  ;  lat.  56°  10'  N.,  Ion.  40°  20'  E  The 
roa.1  to  Moscow  is  through  a  succession  of  populous  villages 
I  op.  .400,  comprising  many  Jews.  It  has  a  cathedral  with  5 
oom,^  an  archbishop's  palace,  court-house,  governor's  resi- 
dence, college,  and  other  schools,  manufactures  of  linens 
and  either,  and  a  trade  in  fruit  It  wa«  capital  of  the 
prand  duchy  of  Russia  from  1157  to  1328 

VI.Al.I.MEKR  or  VhADIMIlt,  (Pol.  \vi'diimv:rz,yloA-z^. 
inesiiKzh  .1  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Volhynia,  capital 


vol 

of  a  district,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kovel.    Pop.  5500.  mostly 
Jews,  who  trade  in  silks  and  salt,  and  have  -1  annual  fairs. 

VLADSLOO.  vUd-sUV,  a  village  of  Belgium.  West  Flandeis 
on  the  Zydelink-Vaert.  16  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2:,'J7. 

VLAMERTIXGIIE,  vla'mer-ting'Heh,  a  village  of  Bel 
gium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  29  miles  S.W.  by  S.  oi 
Bruges,  on  the  Kemmelbeke.     Pop.  2730. 

VLASKIM.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  WnscniM. 

VLEDKNY,  vla'difi',  or  VLADEN,  vli^den',  a  village  of 
Austria.  Transylvania,  district  of  Kronstadt.     Pop.  V-i'M. 

ALESENBEEK,  vli'zen-l)dk\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Brussels.    Pop.  1178. 

YLIE.  Het,  het  vlee,  or  DE  VLIESTROOM.  deh  vlees' 
trom,  the  name  given  to  the  current  that  flows  from  the 
North  Sea  towards  the  Zuyder-Zee.  through  the  entrance 
between  the  islands  of  Vlielaud  and  Terschelliug. 

VLIELAND,  vlee'ldnt,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Holland,  off  the  entrance  to  the  Zuyder-Zee, 
between  the  islands  of  Texel  and  Schelling.  Length  10 
miles,  greatest  breadth  I5  mile.s.     Pop.  800, 

VLIKRMAEL,  vleeR/mdl,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Limbourg,  7  miles  N.  of  Tongres.     Pop.  1922. 

A'LIERZELE,  vleeR'zd^leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Ghent     Pop.  1918. 

ALISSINGEN,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Flcshing. 

A'LOTHO,  flo'to,  a  town  of  Prussian  AVestphalia,  9  mile* 
S.S.A\'.  of  Miuden.  on  the  We.ser.  Pop.  2200.  It  is  enclosed 
with  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  chiccory,  colors,  soap, 
tobacco,  and  paper. 

VLY'MEN.  vli'men,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Nortlr 
Brabant,  8  miles  AV.  of  Bois-le-Duc.    Pop.  2408. 

A'OAK,  vok,  a  post-office  of  Yates  co..  New  York. 

\'OB.\RNO,  vo-baR/no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince and  20  miles  N.£.  of  Brescia,  on  the  Chiese.  Po;>, 
1800. 

VOCKLABRUCK,  (VocklabrUck,)  ToknclS-bruk',  a  town 
of  Upper  Austria,  circle  of  Hausruck,  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Agger  and  Viickla,  20  miles  S.W.  of  AVels.     Pop.  1500 

A'OCKL.AMARKT,  vok'kl4-maRkt\  a  market-town  of 
Upper  Austria,  8  miles  W.  of  Aiicklabruck. 

VODE,  vo/dd,  or  A'EDE,  vA^di,  a  river  of  Turkey  in  Eu- 
rope, rises  in  a  mountainous  district  in  Upper  AVallachia, 
flows  S.S.E.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  120  miles  joins  the 
Danube  on  the  left,  aljout  7  miles  below  Sistova. 

\'0D1NA,  vo-dee'nd,  or  AODE/N  A,  (anc.  Mes'sa,)  a  town  of 
Eui-opeau  Turkey,  Room-Elee.  46  miles  N.AV.  of  Salonica,  on 
the  A'istritza.  Pop.  estimated  at  12,000,  who  weave  cotton  and 
woollen  fabrics. 

A'ODLA,  vod'ld,  a  lake  and  river  of  Russia,  government  of 
Olonets ;  the  lake,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Poodosh,  30  miles  in  length 
by  12  miles  in  breadth,  discharges  its  surplus  waters  by  the 
river,  which  enters  Lake  Onega,  on  its  E.  side,  after  a  course 
of  120  miles. 

VO'EL,  LOCH,  (loK,)  a  lake  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth, 
parish  of  Balquhidder,  and  the  source  of  the  Balvnig,  prin- 
cipal affluent  of  the  Teith.     Length  3  miles,  bi-eadth  1  mile. 

A'O'GANSA'ILLE,  a  postoflice  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

VOGELBERG,  vSg'fl-berg,  (Ger.  pron.  fo/ghel-b^KO'.)  a 
mountain  range  of  Germany,  Hes.se-Cassel  and  Darmstadt, 
between  the  Main  and  AVeser.     Highest  point,  2430  feet. 

VOGESUS  MONS.    See  Vosges. 

VOQIIERA,  vo-gA'ra,  a  town  of  North  Italy,  Piedmont, 
division  and  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Alessandria,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince on  the  Staffora;  lat.  44°  59' N..  Ion.  83-^  24' E.  Pop. 
10.706.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has  manufactures  of 
woollen  and  silk  fabrics. 

A'OriOONA,  vo-gAu'yii,  a  market-town  of  North  Italy, 
Piedmont,  division  of  Novara.  province  of  Pallanza,  on  the 
Tosa,  8  miles  S.  of  Domo  d'Ossola.    Pop.  1056. 

AOHBURG,  vo/buuRG,  a  walled  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
district  and  9  miles  E.  of  Ingolstadt,  on  the  Danube.  Pop. 
1195.  On  a  j-ock  in  the  vicinity  is  the  ruined  castle  of 
A"ohburg. 

.  VOHEMAR,  TOHEMARE,  vo'he-mar',  or  VOUEMARO, 
vo-hi-ma'ro.  a  river  and  bay  of  Madagascar. 

A'uHENSTR.AlUSS,  fo'gn-stR6ws\  a  market-town  of  B.ava- 
rai,  Upper  Palatinate,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Amberg.   Pop.  1355. 

AuHL,  (Vtihl,)  fiil,  a  markettown  of  Germany,  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  near  the  Eder,  29  miles  N.N.E.  of  Marburg,  with 
a  castle.     Pop.  520. 

AOHUENBACU,  (Yiihrenbach,)  fiyrgn-bdK',  a  town  of 
Germany,  Baden,  circle  of  Lake,  8  miles  AV.  of  Aillingen. 
Pop.  940. 

A'OIIRINGEN,  (A'iihringen.)  fi/ring-fn,  a  town  of  South 
Germany,  principality  of  HohenzoUern-Siginaringen,  with 
the  ruins  of  a  castle,  7  miles  N.  of  Sigmaringen.     Pop.  700. 

A'OHRINGEN,  a  village  of  Germany,  AVUrtemberg,  circle 
of  Black  Forest,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Sulz.     Pop.  1507. 

A"OID,  vwd,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Meuse,  arrondissement  of  Commercv.     Pop.  1561. 

VOIGTLAND,  foigtiint.  an  old  subdivi.sion  of  the  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  now  comprised  in  the  circle  of  Zwickau. 

A'OIRON,  vwd'rds"',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Isere,  14  miles  N.VV.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  in  1852,  84S0.    T 


vol 


VOL 


has  extensive  manufactures  of  hempen  cloth,  (called  totles 
de  roir'OT.)  andof  iron  and  steel  good.-!,  chip-hats,  and  paper. 

VOISEY,  vwa^zA/.  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Haute-Marne,  21  miles  E.  of  Langres.     Pop.  1873. 

VOITSUEKG,  voits'bSRO,  a  town  of  Styri!^  13  miles  W.  of 
Gratz.     Pop.  1000.     Near  it  are  coal-mioes  and  metallic 

VOKHAN,  vo^sdn/,  or  WACHAN,  wl^Kin',  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral A.>^ia.  in  the  Bolor-Tagh,  on  an  afBuent  of  the  Budukh- 
shan  Uiver.     Lat.  38°  20'  N.  Ion.  70°  34'  E. 

VOLANO,  vo-U'no,  a  market  town  of  Italy  province  of 
Ferrara,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Oommachio,  on  the  Po-di-Volano. 
at  its  mouth  in  the  Adriatic. 

VOLCAN  DE  AGUA,  vol-kSn'  di  ^'gwi,  (t.  e.  "water  vol- 
cano,'') a  remarkable  volcano  of  Central  America,  state  and 
from  25  to  30  miles  S.VV.  of  Guatemala.  Old  Guatemala, 
(Guatemala  la  A'icga,)  in  1541  was  destroyed,  it  is  said,  liy 
the  irruption  of  enormous  masses  of  water  from  this  volcano, 
whence  iLs  name.  There  ia  al.-o  a  fire  volcano,  (Volcan  db 
FuKGO.  vol-kdn'  di  fw.Vgo.)  in  the  vicinity. 

VOLCA'XO,  a  po.st-village  of  Calaveras  CO.,  California,  50 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Stockton. 

VOLiCANO,  an  island  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  off  the 
N.E.  coast  of  I'apua,  lat.  5°  3'  S.,  Ion.  145°  30'  E.  It  has  the 
form  of  a  truncated  cone,  about  2500  feet  high,  with  a  dia- 
meter of  .3700  feet  at  the  base,  and  looks  as  if  it  had  risen 
directly  from  the  depths  of  the  ocean.  When  discovered  by 
Dampier,  March  4.  1700,  it  was  in  a  state  of  activity,  vent- 
ing fire  and  smoke;  but  when  passed  by  D'Urville,  in 
August,  1827,  was  extinct,  and  clothed  with  an  agreeable 
verdure  on  tiie  E,  face. 

VUI>CANO,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  central  one.  Sulphur  Island,  lat,  24°  48'  N.,  Ion.  141° 
13'  E..  is  about  5  miles  long,  and  evidently  volcanic. 

VOLCANO,  an  island  of  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  S.E.  of 
Japan;  lat.  34°  6'  N.,  Ion.  139°  35'  E. 

VOLCANO,  an  island  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  one  of 
the  Japan  Islands;  lat,  30°  43'  N,.  Ion.  130°  17'  E, 

VOLCANO  or  BAR/REN  ISLAND,  an  island  in  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  one  of  the  Audamans;  lat.  12°  16'  N.,  Ion.  93° 
64'  E. 

VOLCANO,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean.  See  Vulcano. 

VOLCIANO,  vol-<'hi'no,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  pro- 
vince and  17  miles  N.E.  of  Brescia,  on  the  Chiese.    Pop,  1000, 

VOLCONDA,  vol-kon'di,  a  town  of  British  India,  presi- 
dency of  Madras,  district  and  36  miles  N,E.  of  Trichinopoly. 

VOLGA  or  WOLGA,  vol'gi,  (anc.  Rha.)  a  river  of  the  Rus- 
gian  Empire,  and  the  largest  in  Europe,  rises  in  Lake  Seli- 
5her,  on  the  plateau  of  Valdai,  government  of  Tver,  in  lat. 
67°  N,,  Ion.  33°  10'  E.,  at  an  elevation  of  560  feet  above  the 
gea,  flows  E,N,E,,  E,S.E„  S.S.W,,  and  S.E.,  past  Kiev,  Tver, 
Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Nizhnee-Novgorod,  Kazan,  Simheersk, 
Saratov,  and  Astrakhan,  near  which  it  enters  the  Caspian 
Sea  by  00  or  70  mouths,  83  feet  lielow  the  level  of  the  ocean. 
The  extent  of  its  basin  is  estimated  at  400.000  square  mill's, 
and  Including  windings),  its  course  is  2500  miles,  during 
which  its  entire  fall  is  only  633  feet.  The  principal  affluents 
on  the  right  are  the  Oka  and  the  Soora;  on  the  left,  the 
Tvertza,  Mologa,  Sheksna,  and  Kama.  Its  affluents,  which 
are  connected  by  several  canals  with  the  Neva,  establish  a 
communication  between  the  Caspian  and  the  Baltic,  White, 
and  Black  Seas,  It  contains  an  abundance  offish;  and 
salmon,  sturgeon,  Ac,  are  extensively  exported.  The  Volga 
forms  the  principal  channel  of  commerce  in  Russia.  It  is 
navigable  by  barges  of  12iX(  tons,  but  its  navigation  is  fre- 
quently intt^rrupted  by  sand-banks  and  the  changes  of  its 
channel,  and  it  is  frozen  over  for  170  days  in  the  year.  In 
'ts  lower  cour.«e  small  steamboats  for  goods  attempted  the 
navigation  in  1820.  In  1846.  a  splendid  iron  steamer,  called 
the  ■'  Volga."  400  feet  long,  31  feet  broad,  carrying  1250  tons, 
nnd  drawing  5  feet  water,  was  launched  on  its  stream,  and 
performed,  in  16^^  days,  the  voyage  from  Rybinsk  to  Samara, 
which  formerly  required  from  3  to  4  months, 

VOL'GA  Cri'Y,  a  post-office  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa. 

VOIvGSK.  a  town  of  Rus.sia,     See  Volsk. 

VOLHYMAorWOLIIYMA,vol-hin'e-a,  (Polish  Wdynsk, 
*o-leensk',)  government  of  Russian  Poland,  between  lat.  49° 
25'  and  52=  10'  N.,  and  Ion.  23°  30'  and  29"  12'  E..  having  S.E. 
Galieia,  W,  the  kingdom  of  I'oland,  and  on  other  sides  the 
governments  of  Grodno,  Minsk.  Kiev,  and  i>odoIia.  Area 
27.742  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851,  1,469,442,  mostly  of  the 
Greek  United  Church.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  flat,  in 
the  N.  marshy.  The  Bug  forms  the  W.  boundary.  The  other 
principal  rivers  are  the  Styr  and  Gorin.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
and  this  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  agricultural  provin<'es  of 
Russia :  a  considerable  surplus  of  corn  over  home  consump- 
tion is  usually  produced,  b'-sideg  large  quantities  of  hemp 
and  flax.  The  pastures  are  good,  live  stock  numerous,  and 
forests  extensive.  The  fishing  is  of  some  importance.  The 
mineral  products  comprise  tiog  iron,  millstones,  potters' 
cl.iy.  nitre,  and  flint.  Leather,  glass,  earthenwares,  paper, 
potash,  tar,  and  charcoal,  are  made  in  many  places.  The 
I  riueipal  exports  are  corn,-cattle,  and  hidc^g.  The  trade  is 
chiefly  In  the  hands  of  Jews,  of  whom  there  are  about 
40.U0U.     The  government  is  subdivided  into  12  districts. 


The  chief  towns  are  Zhitomeer,  the  capital,  Kremenets. 
Rowno,  Staro-Konstantinov,  Dubno,  Radzivilov,  and  Berdit- 
chev,  which  last  is  the  .seat  of  a  large  annual  fair. 

VOLINIA,  vo-lin'e-a,  a  post-township  of  Cass  co.,  Michi- 
gan, 10  miles  N,  by  E.  of  Cassopolis.     Pop.  993. 

VOLKACH,  fol'MK,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  Lower  Franconia. 
on  the  Main,  15  miles  NMi,  of  Wiirzburg,     Pop,  1984, 

VOLKERAK,  vol'keh-rdkS  or  VOLKKAK,  vol'krik.  Neth- 
erlands, the  stream  coming  out  of  Hollands  Diep,  between 
the  i.sland.s  of  Overflakke  and  Schouwen,  and  separating  th 
province  of  South  Holland  from  Zealand, 

VOLKERMAKKT,  (Viilkermarkt,)  fol'ker-maRkt\  a  town 
of  Austria,  Carinthia,  government  of  Laybach,  15  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Klagenfurth,  on  the  Drave.  It  has  large  cattle 
markets. 

VOLKERSHAUSEN,  (Volker-shausen,)  fol'kers-h^wVen,  a 
village  of  Central  Germany,  Saxe-Weimar,  principality  of 
Eisenach,  5  miles  S,K,  of  Vacha,     Pop.  552. 

VOLICIIOV  or  WOLKHOW,  vol-Kov'.  a  river  of  Ru.ssia, 
governments  of  Novgorod  and  St.  Petersburg,  issues  from 
Lake  Ilmen,  on  its  N.  side,  near  Novgorod,  which  town  it 
intersects,  flows  in  a  very  direct  course  N.N.E,  for  130  mile-s 
and  enters  Lake  Ladoga  at  Novaia-Ladoga  on  its  S,  side.  It 
is  deep  and  navigable,  but  its  navigation  is  impeded  by  its 
rapidity  and  by  falls. 

VOLKMARSEN,  folk'mau'sjn,  a  walled  town  of  Ilesse- 
Cas.sel,  province  of  Nieder-Hessen,  capital  of  a  di.strict,  18 
miles  N,N,W.  of  Ca,ssel,  Pop,  2S1S.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloths  and  leather,  and  4  annual  fairs. 

VOLKOVISK  or  WOLKOWISK,  vol-ko-visk',  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  government  and  42  miles  S.S.E,  of  Grodno, 
on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Niemen,     Pop.  3000, 

VOLLENHOVE,  voUlen-ho'veh.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Overys.sel,  on  the  Zuyder-Zee.  13  miles  N.N.W,  of 
Zwolle.     Pop,  1318. 

VOLLEZEKLE,  volleh-zA'leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1775. 

VOLLORE,  vorioR/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy- 
de-DOme,  6  miles  S,S,E,  of  Thiers.  Pop.  3832.  It  had  for- 
merly a  fortress  of  importance. 

VOLMAR  or  WOLMAH.  vol-maR',  a  town  of  Russia,  go- 
vernment of  Livonia,  on  the  Aa,  65  miles  N.E,  of  Riga,  Pop. 
1700,  mostly  of  German  descent.  It  has  a  church,  which 
was  formerly  fortified.  In  1622  it  was  taken  by  GustavuB 
.\dolphU8,  who  conferred  it  on  his  celebrated  chancellor 
Oxenstiern. 

VOLME  KDINGSEN,  vol'mer-dingsVn,  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Westphalia,  government  of  Minden,     Pop.  1258. 

VOLNAY,  voPni',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Cote-d'Or,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Beaune,  Pop.  605.  Some  of 
the  finest  champagne  wines  are  produced  in  this  vicinity, 

VOL'N  KY,  a  town.ship  of  Oswego  co„  New  York,  on  (Jswego 
River,  intersected  by  the  Oswego  Canal,  24  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Syracu.se,     Pop,,  including  Fulton  Village,  8045, 

VOLNKY,  a  post-office  of  Logan  co.,  Kentucky. 

VOLNEY,  a  post-office  of  AUomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

VOLO,  volo,  a  town  of  Europtsan  Turkey,  Thessalv,  on 
the  N,  side  of  Its  gulf,  lat,  39°  24'  N,,  Ion.  22^  56'  30"  K. 
Pop.  2000,  comprising  many  Jews. 

VOLO,  GutF  OF,  (anc.  Sifnus  I'elas'gieus,}  an  inlet  of  the 
iEgean  Sea,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Turkey 
and  Greece,  bounded  E.  by  the  peninsula  of  Zagorda,  and 
opening  southward  into  the  channel  of  Trikeri.  Length 
and  breadth  about  18  miles  each.  In  it  is  the  island  of 
Trikeri. 

VOLOGDA  or  WOLOGDA,  vo-log'di,  a  va.st  government  of 
European  Russia,  and  its  largest  next  to  Archangel,  imme- 
diiitely  S.  of  which  it  lies,  mostly  between  lat,  68°  and  04°  30' 
N,.  and  Ion,  38°  and  60°  E,,  having  W,  the  governments  of 
Olonets  and  Novgorod,  S,  Yaroslav,  Kostroma,  Viatka,  and 
Perm,  and  E,  the  Ural  Mountains,  separating  it  from  Siberia. 
Estimated  area  148.674  square  miles.  Pop,  in  1851,  864  268 
Except  in  the  E.,  where  it  is  covered  by  ramifications  of  the 
Ural  Mountain.s,  the  surface  is  an  undulating  plain,  watered 
by  the  Dwina,  and  its  affluents,  the  Sookhona,  Ac,  by  which 
it  is  almost  wholly  drained,  and  the  Upper  Petchora.  Lakes 
numerous;  the  principal  is  that  of  Koobinsk  in  tl>e  W. 
In  the  S.  and  S.W.  some  of  the  soil  is  fertile;  elsewhere  it  is 
mostly  sandy,  marshy,  or  covered  with  pine,  oak,  and  beech 
woods.  Climate  very  severe ;  rye  and  barlej"  are  the  only 
grains  rai.sed,  and  scarcely  in  sufficient  quantity  for  home 
consumption.  Other  crops  are  hemp,  flax,  hops,  and  pulses. 
Horses  and  cattle  are  numerous ;  liears,  wolves,  and  great 
quantities  of  game  afford  an  abundance  of  objects  of  chase. 
Copper,  iron,  marble,  granite,  salt,  and  flint  are  the  chief 
mineral  products.  The  government  has  from  150  to  200  fac- 
tories of  woollen  and  linen  fsibrics,  soap,  leatner,  candles, 
glass,  paper,  rope,  &c,,  with  iron  foundries,  brick-kilns,  dis- 
tilleries, and  salt-works;  and  it  sends  furs,  tallow,  pitch, 
wooden-wares,  timber,  masts,  turpentine,  and  other  raw  pro- 
ducts into  the  governments  of  Archangel  and  Tobolsk. 
PopuKition  mostly  Russians,  with  some  Finns,  an  1  in  the 
N,  wandering  Samoied  tribes,  Vologda  is  divided  Into  teu 
districts.  Chief  towns,  Vologda,  the  capital,  Totma,  Kadin- 
kov,  Solvitcbegodsk,  and  Oostioog-Velikee. 

2053 


YOL 

TOLGODA  or  WOLOGDA.  a  city  of  Xorth  Russia,  capital 
of  a  "OTernmen',  near  its  W.  extremity,  on  the  Vologda,  an 
affluent  of  the  tookhona,  110  miles  X.  of  Yaroslav,  lat.  59° 
13' N,  Ion.  40°  10' E.  Pop.  14,000.  It  was  formerly  enclosed 
by  wtJls,  and  is  chiefly  built  of  stone ;  it  has  2  cathedrals, 
aiid  i;i  the  residence  of  the  archbishop  and  governor.  It  has 
nianuiactures  ol'  candles,  woollens,  soap,  potash,  cordage, 
bells,  ropes,  leather,  and  spirits.  Its  trade  is  large,  and  fa- 
cilitated by  the  Dwina.  which  connects  it  with  the  White 
Sea;  it  has  also  an  active  trade  overland  with  Siberia,  and 
a  largo  annual  fair  in  January  and  February.  Near  it  is  a 
famous  convent  founded  in  the  14th  century. 

A'DI.OGESIA.     See  Mlsjid  Hosseis. 

VOLOKOLAMSK  or  WOLOKOLAMSK,  vo-lo-ko-lSmsk',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  64  miles  W.X.W.  of  Moscow, 
capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Lama,  at  the  influx  of  the  Goro- 
denka.  Pop.  3000.  It  has  sustained  many  misfortuues, 
having  been  burned  in  1177,  ruined  by  the  Tartars  in  1237 
and  1293,  and  taken  bv  the  Poles  in  1613. 

VOLOTCHOK.  Russia.    See  Vish^jee  Volotchok. 

A'OLPEDO.  voi-pA'do,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  divi- 
«ion  of  Alessandria,  6  miles  E.  of  Tortona.    Pop.  1070. 

V(>LPI.ANO,  volpe-i'no,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  and  11  miles  X.N.E.  of  Turin.    Pop.  3663. 

VctLSINlUM.    See  Bolsexa. 

TOLSK  or  WOLSK,  volsk,  written  also  WOLGSK  and 
t'OLGSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  70  miles  N.E. 
of  Saratov,  on  the  Volga.  Pop.  3000.  Previous  to  1780,  it 
was  a  mere  village ;  it  has  now  an  exchange,  4  churches, 
tanneries,  and  brick-kilns. 

VOLTA,  vol'ti,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  delegation  and 
12  miles  X.N.W.  of  Mantua,  near  the  Miueio.     Pop.  4000. 

VOLTA,  vol'ta,  ASM' ADA,  ds-wd'da,  or  ADIRRI,  i-<leeR/- 
Kee,  a  river  of  Guinea,  rises  in  the  Kong  Mountains,  flows 
S.E.  and  S.  through  the  E.  part  of  the  Ashantee  territory, 
and  enters  the  ocean  at  Adda,  in  lat.  5°  45'  N.,  Ion.  0°  40' 
E.,  after  a  course  estimated  at  360  miles. 

VOLTAGGIO,  vol-tid'jo,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Genoa,  province  and  24  miles  S.S.E.  of  Novi,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Bocchetta.     Pop.  2180. 

VOLTAS,  vol'tis.  a  cape  of  South  Africa,  at  the  S.  entrance 
of  the  Gariep  or  Orange  River,  lat.  28°  44'  S..  Ion.  16°  32'  E. 

VOLTCHANSK,  VOLTSCHANSK  or  WOLTSCHAXSK, 
TOl-chdnsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  42  miles 
NJE.  of  Kharkov,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Voltcha.  Pop. 
7090.    It  has  2  annual  fairs. 

VOLTERRA,  vol-teE'Kd,  (anc.  Volaier'ne,)  a  town  of  Cen- 
tral Italy,  Tuscapy,  province  and  32  miles  S.E.  of  llsa.  Pop. 
4500.  It  stands  on  a  lofty  rock  of  tertiary  sandstone,  is 
enclosed  by  walls  of  curious  Etruscan  architecture,  and  has 
2  ancient  gates.  Principal  buildings,  a  citadel,  divided  into 
an  old  and  new  portion,  the  former  of  which  is  now  con- 
verted into  a  criminal  house  of  industry;  a  cathedral,  and 
several  churches  with  fine  paintings;  a  Piarist  college,  clas- 
sical seminary,  hospital,  orphan  asylum,  and  some  hand- 
some private  palaces.  The  chief  interest  of  the  town,  how- 
ever, is  in  its  Etru-ocan  antiquities,  its  curious  necropolis, 
warm  baths,  amphitheatre,  and  Etruscan  Museum  in  the 
town-hall.  Some  alabaster  manufactories  are  supplied  from 
the  quarries  at  Ulignano  and  St.  Anastasio;  there  are  cop- 
per-mines at  Monte  Catini  in  the  vicinity;  on  the  banks  of 
the  Cecina  are  salt-works  and  brine  springs. 

VOLTORINO,  vol-to-ree/no,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Capitanata,  district  of  i'oggia.    Pop.  1560. 

A'OLTOYA,  vol-to'yi,  a  river  of  Spain,  rises  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Old  Castile,  flows  N.W.,  then  NJi..  and  joins  the  Eres- 
ma,  15  miles  below  Segovia,  after  a  course  of  nearlv  60  miles. 

VOLTRI,  vol'tree,  a  town  of  North  Italy.  Sardinian  domi- 
nions, 9  miles  W.  of  Genoa,  on  the  G  ulf  of  Genoa.    Pop.  3000. 

\OLTSCHANSK,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Voltchassk. 

Vl(LTL'RAR.\,  vol-too-rd/rS,  a  town  of  Naples,  province 
of  Priucipato  Ultra,  district  and  14  miles  W.S.W.of  Sant' An- 
gelo  dei  Lombard!.    Pop.  1900. 

VOLTURARA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  Capitanata. 
district  and  25  miles  AV.  of  Foggia,  in  the  Apennines.   P.  2600. 

VOLTURNO,  vol-toor.'no,  (anc.  Vidturlnus,)  a  river  of  Na- 
ples, rises  in  the  province  of  Molise.  flows  mostlv  S.E.,  sepa- 
rating that  province  from  Terra  di  Lavoro,  to  its  junction 
with  the  Galore,  and  afterwards  W.  past  Capua,  and  enters 
the  Mediterranean  20  miles  S.E.  of  Gaeta.  Course  90  miles. 
By  its  chief  afliuent,  the  Caloro,  it  drains  almost  all  the  pro- 
vince of  Principato  Ultra. 

VOI/UNTOWN.  a  post-township  of  Windham  oo.,  Connec- 
ticut, E.S.E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  1059. 

VOLU'SIA,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  oo..  New  York, 
about  340  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany. 

VOLUSIA,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Florida,  on  St.  John's 
Kiyer  a  little  above  Lake  George,  about  200  miles  E.S.E.  of 

yolAKRA,  yol-vA'rl.  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  State.s 
division  of  Turin,  province  of  Pinerolo.  near  None     P  1939 

\OLMC,  voPveek',  a  market-town  of  Fnin.-e.  department 
Of  Puy-de-Di.me.  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  IJiom.    Pop.  3403.    It  has 
extensive  quarries  of  lava,  of  which  the  town  is  built  and 
whlcii  is  sent  in  large  quantiUes  to  Paris  for  flaggln". 
2054  " 


TOR 

TOMAXO,  vo-m3/no,  (anc.  yomaJnits.)  a.  river  of  Central 
Italy,  Naples,  province  of  Abruzzo  Ultra  I.,  after  an  E 
course  of  50  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic  Sea,  17  miles  X.N.W 
of  Pescara. 

VOMO,  vo/mo,  the  south-easternmost  of  the  Asaua  group 
belonging  to  the  Feejee  Islands,  in  the  South  Pivcific  Ocean  j 
lat.  17°  29'  S.,  Ion.  177°  13'  E.     It  is  2  uiiies  in  circuit. 

VONITZ.\  or  VONIZZA,  vo-nit^sd,  a  town  of  Greece,  go- 
vernment of  Acarnauia,  on  the  Bay  of  Vomiza,  au  inlet  ot 
the  Gulf  of  Arta,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Prevesa.     Pop.  2500. 

VOORBURG,  voR'btiEG,  a  village  of  the  Netlierlauds,  pro- 
vince of  South  Holland,  2  miles  E.SJi.  of  the  Hague,  with 
2307  inhabitants. 

VOORDE.  voB'deh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  qf  East 
Flanders,  24  miles'S.S.E.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  11U9. 

V(X»RMEZEELE,  voR'meh-zA'leh,  a  village  of  West  Flan- 
ders. 27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1105. 

VOORN,  vuBu,  an  island  of  South  Holland,  between  the 
Meuse,  (Maas,)  and  Ilaring-vliet,  in  the  North  Sea.  Length 
13  miles,  breadth  6  miles.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Helvoet- 
sluis  and  Brielle. 

VOORSCHOTEN,  voR/sKoHen,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  railway  between  Leyden 
and  the  Hagne.  3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leyden.     Pop.  1432. 

VOOTCHANG,  VOUTCHANG  or  VOUCIIANG,  voo'chang', 
a  city  of  China,  province  of  Hoo-pe,  capital  of  a  department, 
on  the  Yang-tse-kiang.  at  the  influx  of  the  Hau-Yang. 

VOO-TCHING  or  VOU-TCHING,  vooVhing',  acity  of  China, 
province  of  Kiang-see. 

VOO-TING  or  VOU-TING,  voo'ting',  a  city  of  China,  pi-o- 
vince  of  Yun-nan. 

V0R.\RLBKR6,  for'aiil'b?RG,  a  circle  of  the  Austrian  Em- 
pire, at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Tyrol,  in  which  it  is  oflicially 
included.    See  Tyrol. 

VORAU,  To'row,  a  market-town  of  Styria,  32  miles  N.E 
of  Griitz.  with  iron-mines.     Pop.  630. 

A'OKCHHEIM.  a  town  of  Bavaria.     See  FoRcnHEiM. 

VOKD.ATE,  voR-dd'tA,  the  northernmost  island  of  the 
Timor-Laut  group,  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

A'ORDEN,  voR'den,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands  province 
of  Gelderland,  5  mUes  E.S.E.  of  Zutphen,  on  the  Vorden,  an 
afliuent  of  the  Yssel. 

VOUDEN,  foR'den,  a  market-town  of  Hanover,  in  a  marshy 
tract,  and  14  miles  N.E.  of  Osnaburg.     Pop.  762. 

VOKDEN,  a  village  of  Prussia  Westphalia,  circle  of  Min- 
den.  8  miles  N.W.  of  Uoxter.     Pop.  760. 

VORDEKNBERG,  voR/deru-bSRG\  a  market-town  of  Sty- 
ria.  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Briick,  with  iron-mines. 

VORDINGBORG  or  WORBINGBORG,  voR/ding-boKG^  a 
maritime  town  of  Denniiirk,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Seelaud,  opposite  Falstcr.  It  has  a  ruined  castie,  and 
1000  inhabiUnts. 

VOllEPPE,  vo^rSpp',  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Isere.  9  miles  N.W.  of  Grenoble.    Pop.  2907. 

VOREY,  vo*rA/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Haute- 
Loire,  10  miles  N.  of  Le  Puy.     Pop.  2116. 

VORIA  or  WORIA,  vo're-d,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  neux 
Gzhatsk,  government  of  Smolensk,  flows  S.S.W.  and  joins 
the  Oogra;  total  course  60  miles. 

VORMS  or  WORMS.  voRms,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  be- 
longing to  Russia,  government  of  Revel,  between  the  island 
of  Dago  and  the  mainland.  Length  10  miles,  breadth  i 
miles.     Population  of  Swedish  descent. 

VORONA  or  WORONA,  vo-ro'nd,  a  river  of  Russia,  go. 
vernments  of  Penza,  Tambov,  and  Voronezh,  flows  S.W.,  and 
after  a  course  of  220  miles,  joins  the  Khoper  6  nules  S.S.E. 
of  Novo-Iihopersk. 

VORONEZH  or  VORONEJ,  vo-ro-nJzh'.  written  al.so  VORO- 
NIEJ,  VORONEJE,  VORONETZ.  WORONKTZ  and  WORO- 
NESCH,  a  government  of  South  Ru.ssia,  mostly  between  lat. 
48°  40'  and  53°  N.,  and  Ion.  37=  40'  and  43°  E.,  surrounded 
by  the  governments  of  Tambov,  Orel,  Koorsk.  Kharkov,  and 
Y'ekaterinoslav,  Saratov,  and  the  Don-Cossaek  country.  Area 
25,878  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S51,  1,629,741.  Surface  level 
or  undulating.  Principal  rivers,  the  Don  and  its  afliuent  s, 
which  drain  nearly  the  whole ;  the  Oskol  in  the  \\'.,  and  the 
Donets,  which  forms  the  S.  boundary.  Soil  fertile.  Climate 
comparatively  mild,  and  most  of  the  product-s  of  temperate 
countries  are  raised,  including  large  quantities  of  melons, 
which  are  sent  to  the  markets  of  Moscow  and  St.  Peters- 
burg; tobacco,  poppies,  hemp,  flax,  cucumbers,  onions, 
pulsfts,  &c  The  vine  is  cultivated  in  some  parts,  and  th'*  .sur- 
plus produce  of  corn  in  good  j-ears,  is  estimated  at  2,2iK),000 
quarters.  Honey,  iron,  limestone,  and  nitre,  are  iuii>ortaut 
products.  The  cattle  are  estimated  at  550,000,  sheej)  upwards 
of  1.000,000 ;  and  horses  are  numerous,  and  of  good  bi-eeds, 
hunting  being  a  favorite  pursuit.  Manufactures  of  coarse 
woollens,  soap,  &c.,  have  increased  verj'  rapidly.  Principal 
exports,  corn,  cattle,  skins,  honey,  wax,  fruits,  and  iron 
wares.  The  government  is  subdivided  into  12  circles.  I'rin- 
cipal  towns,  Voronezh,  (the  capital.)  Ostrogoisk,  Pavlovsk, 
Bogootchar,  Korotaiak,  and  Novo-Khopersk.  The  erowc 
revenue  from  this  government  amounts  to  about  16  mil- 
lions of  rubles  annually. 

VOJiONEZU  or  VOKUNEJ,  written  also  \  t  UIONIEJ,  YO 


VOR 

RONKJE,  VOROXETZ,  WORONETZ  and  WORONESCH,  a 

city  of  S~<)Uth  Russia,  capital  of  the  al)Ove  government,  situa- 
twi  on  the  Vorona.  near  its  confluence  wicli  tlie  Don.  130  mile.s 
E.  of  Koorsk.  Lat.  61°  40'  N.,  Ion.  39°  22'  E.  Pop.  -40,439.  It 
Btaiids  on  a  steep  height,  and  is  naturally  strong.  It  con- 
sists of  an  upper  and  lower  town,  and  suburbs.  The  latter 
are  black  and  gloomy:  but  the  town  has  many  spacious 
thoroughfares,  and  its  principal  street  is  lined  by  noble  edi- 
fices, including  the  governor'sand  vice-governor's  residences, 
the  tribunals,  post-office,  commissariat,  academy.  &c.  In 
Moscow  street  are  the  cathedral  and  bishop's  palace,  and 
there  are  about  20  churches,  several  convents,  a  bazaar,  and 
many  good  shops,  numerous  superior  schools,  a  hospital, 
military  Jrphan  asylum,  manufactures  of  soap,  tallow, 
leather,  and  vitriol.  Peter  the  Great  here  founded  a  palace 
and  large  dockyards  and  arsenals,  and  here  was  built  the 
first  vessel  of  his  fleet  for  the  Sea  of  Azof;  but  most  of  the 
naval  establishments  have  been  removed  to  Tuvrov  and 
Rostov.  Since  his  time,  however,  Voroni'zh  has  become  one 
of  the  chief  commercial  towns  in  South  Russia.  It  exports 
iron,  corn,  flour,  oil,  wine,  rope,  siiil-doth,  woollens,  lime, 
&c.,  and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with  the  Black  Sea. 
the  Crimea,  and  Turkey;  and  some  of  its  merchants  travel 
annually  to  Tobolsk  for  furs,  which  they  afterwards  sell  at 
the  German  fairs. 

VOROSPATAK,  (Voriispatak,)  viiViish'poh'tok'.  a  vi.Ilage 
of  Austria,  Transylvania,  on  both  sides  of  the  Viiros,  2.i  miles 
N.W.  of  Karlsburg.  It  consists  of  atiout  600  well-built 
houses,  and  is  liimous  for  its  gold-mines,  wliich  have  been 
wrought  from  very  early  times  and  are  still  valuable. 

VOKSELAEK,  voR/seh-l4R\  a  village  of  Uelgium,  province 
of  Antwerp,  2  miles  W.S.W.  of  Turnhout.     Pop.  1500. 

VORSFELDE,  foRs/f^l-dfh.  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
duchy  and  19  miles  N.E.  of  Brunswick,  capital  of  a  circle, 
on  the  AUer,  with  1300  inhabitants,  distilleries,  tanneries, 
and  an  active  trade  in  tobacco,  flax,  and  liops. 

VOHSKL.\.  voRsk'ld,  a  river  of  Russia,  government  of 
Kharkov  and  Poltava,  flows  S.W.  past  Poltava  and  Kobiliaki, 
and  after  a  course  of  150  miles,  joins  the  Dnieper,  40  miles 
N.W.  of  Yekaterinoslav. 

VOKST,  foRst,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government 
of  Dusseldorf,  (3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kempen.  ■  Pnp.  1070. 

VOK.ST,  TORst,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  E.  of 
Antwerp.     Pop.  1894. 

VOSOES,  vozh,  (anc.  Vngesus  ^fnn^;  Ger.  Vngesm,  fo'ghfh- 
zen,  or  Wafgaugehirge.  <^Js-guw-ga-b&6R'ga.)  a  chain  of  moun- 
]  tains  in  the  N.E.  of  France,  the  SJ'".  of  Belgium,  and  theW. 
j  of  Germany.  It  commences  in  France,  on  the  limits  of  the 
departments  of  Haute-SaSne.  Ilaut-Rhin,  and  Doubs,  and 
terminates  in  Germany  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  near 
Mentz.  It  is  connected  on  the  S.W.  with  the  mountains  of 
the  Cote  d'Or,  which  are  prolonged  to  the  Cevennes ;  on  the  S. 
w!tb  the  Jura  5Iountains,  and  in  the  N.W.  with  the  Ardennes. 
The  mountains  often  as.sume  a  rounded  form,  and  are  hence 
called  ballons ;  the  culminating  points  are  the  Ballon  d'Alsace, 
4688  feet,  and  the  Ballon  de  Gwebwiller,  43U0  feet  in  eleva- 
tion. Their  summits  are  covered  with  vast  forests,  and  they 
contain  silver,  copper,  lead,  and  coal;  but  the  most  valual>le 
mineral  product  is  rock-salt.  The  Vosges  give  rise  to  the 
rivers  Sa6ne,  Moselle,  Meuse,  Marne.  and  Aube. 

VOSGES,  a  department  in  the  N.E.  of  France,  formed  of 
the  S.  part  of  the  old  province  of  Lorraine.  Area  2230  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  1861,  415,485.  Surface  generivlly  mountain- 
ous, having  the  Tosges  in  the  E.,  and  the  Faucille  Mountains 
in  the  S.  Chief  rivers,  the  Meurthe,  Mortagne,  Moselle, 
Madon,  and  Meuse.  One-third  of  the  surface  is  covered  with 
forests.  The  plain  in  the  W.  and  N.W.  is  fertile  in  wheat, 
maize,  hemp,  and  excellent  flax;  cherries  are  extensively 
grown  for  the  manufacture  of  kirschenioasser,  (kSeRsh'en- 
*^s^ser,  i.  e.  "cherry-water.")  Many  cattle  are  reared,  and 
butter  and  cheese  are  important  products.  The  department 
is  rich  in  mines  of  iron,  copper,  silver,  and  marble.  It  has 
numerous  miner.il  springs,  the  chief  of  which  are  those  of 
Plombieres  and  Bains.  It  is  divided  into  the  arrondis.se- 
ments  of  Epinal,  Mirecourt;  Neufchateau,  Remiremont,  and 
St.  Die.    Capital.  Epinal. 

VOSKRESENSK  or  WOSKRESENSK,  vos-kr.i-sJn.sk',  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  34  miles  W.N.W.  of  Mos- 
cow. Pop.  1500.  Here  is  a  famous  monastery  termed  the 
New  Jerusalem. 

VOSMAERSBAAI,  De,  deh  TO.^m^Rs-br,  a  bay  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago,  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  Island  of  Celebes, 
In  the  Gulf  of  Tamaiki  or  Tolo,  with  a  small  fort  on  its  N. 
side. 

VOSNESENSK  or  WOSNESENSK,  vos-nA-s5nsk/,  a  large 
market-town,  the  chief  of  the  military  colonies  of  South 
Russia,  government  of  Kherson,  on  the  Bug,  85  miles  N.W. 
of  Kherson. 

YOSTANI,  vos-ti'nee,  or  WUSTANEE,  wfis-t^'nee.  some- 
times called  MIDDLE  EGYl'T,  a  region  of  Egypt,  generally 
nnderstood  to  extend  from  the  nelghlxjrhood  of  Cairo  south- 
waiil  to  near  27°  30'  N.  lat. 

VOSTIZZ.\,  vostit'si,  (anc.  JFyghim.)  a  maritime  town  of 
Greece,  Morea.  government  of  Achaia.  on  the  Corinthian 
Quit  18  miles  E  «.E..  of  Patras.    Pop.  2500.    It  is  ill  built 


VUK 

and  unhe.ilthy,  but  has  a  good  harbor,  and  an  active  com- 
merce in  currants  and  pine  timber. 

VOSTOCHNII  NOS,  vos-toK'ilee  nos,  one  ot  the  Russian 
names  of  East  Cape,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Siberia.  See 
C.\PE.  East. 

VOTKA  or  WOTK  A,  vot/ka,  a  town  and  important  manu- 
facturing district  of  Russia,  government  of  Viatka,  on  tho 
Ii;h,  (Ij.)  12  miles  from  its  influx  into  the  Kama.  Pop.  9000. 
Here  are  extensive  imperial  iron-works,  anchor  forges,  and 
mu.sket  factories;  also  an  arsenal  and  hospital. 

VOTTEM,  vot'tfm,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province,  and  Z 
miles  N.  of  Liege,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Meuse.     Pop  1746. 

YOU-CIIANG,  a  town  of  China.     See  Voo-tchang. 

VOUCHING,  a  town  of  China.    See  Vootchino. 

VOUGA,  vo'gi.  a  river  of  Portugal,  province  of  Boira, 
enters  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  5  miles  N.  of  Avoiro,  after  a 
W.S.W.  course  of  60  miles. 

VOUILLfi,  voo\yA'  or  voory,i'.  a  market^town  of  France, 
department  of  Vienne.  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Poitiers.     P.  14.35. 

VOULTE,  La,  li  voolt,  (anc.  VoVlaf)  a  market-town  of 
France,  department  of  Ardeche,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Privas, 
on  the  ri^ht  bank  of  the  Rhone.     Pop.  in  1852,  3153. 

VOUNEUIL-SUK-VIENNE,  voo'nd'  suR  ve-<^nn',  a  village 
of  France,  department  of  Vienne,  8  miles  S.  of  Chatellerault. 
Pop.  1326. 

VOUTEZAC,  voo'teh-zik'.  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Correze,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  lirives.     Pop.  2537. 

VOU-TING,  a  town  of  China.     Sec  Voo-TlNO. 

VOliVRAY,  vooVrA',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Indre  et-Loire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  and  on  the 
railway  to  Orleans,  7  miles  E.  of  Tours.     Pi)p.  2418. 

VOUZIEKS,  voo^ze-4/,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aj-donnes,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Aisne,  25  miles  S.  of 
Mezieres.     Pop.  2862. 

VOUZON,  voo'zAn"',  a  market-town  of  France,  department 
of  Loir-et-Cher,  27  miles  N.E.  of  Romorantin.     Pop.  1213. 

A'OVES,  vov,  a  market-town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loir.  12  miles  S.S  E.  of  Chartrea.     Pop.  1256. 

VOW'CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

VOYAVAD.    See  Boiab.ad. 

VOYUSSA,  TO-yoos'si,  (anc.  Aofus,)  a  river  of  European 
Turkey,  Albania,  rises  near  Mezzovo,  and.  after  a  W.  course 
of  130  miles,  enters  the  Adriatic  Sea,  14  miles  N.  of  Avloua. 
Its  affluents  are  the  Deropuli  and  Desvitza. 

A'OZII  or  VOJ,  vozh,  written  also  VOSCH  and  VOJE,  a  lake 
of  Russia,  at  the  N.E.  extremity  of  the  government  of  Nov- 
gorod. 40  miles  N.E.  of  Lake  Bielo.  Length  25  miles,  breadth 
10  miles.  It  receives  the  river  Vozhda,  and  discharges  its 
surplus  waters  northward  by  the  Svid  into  Lake  Latcha. 

VRACE.N'E,  vrlAs.Vnfh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders.  25  mih^s  N.E.  of  Ghent     Pop.  5300. 

VRACHORI.  vrit-ko/ree,  a  town  of  Greece,  capital  of  the 
government  of  J'.tolia,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Lepanto.  Five  miles 
S.E.  is  the  Lake  Vrachori,  ancient  Trichmiis,  6  miles  in 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  by  4  miles  in  breadth. 

VRAITA,  vri/ta.  or  VARAITA.  vi-ri'tii.  a  river  of  the  Sar- 
dinian States.  ri.ses  on  the  E.  slo|>e  of  the  Maritime  Alps, 
and  joins  the  Po,  about  3  miles  above  the  confluence  of  the 
.Maira. 

VR.\NA,  vrS/nd.  a  town  of  Turkey,  formerly  a  dependency 
of  Servia,  43  miles  E.  of  Pristina.  Pop.  3,000.  (?)  Near  it 
are  .some  iron-mines. 

VRANA,  a  village  and  ruined  fortress  of  Dalmatia.  circle 
and  20  miles  S.E.  of  Zara.  on  the  Lake  of  Vrana,  which  is  8 
miles  in  length  and  nearly  the  same  in  breadth.  Here  was 
formerly  a  residence  of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Templans. 

VR.\NA.  a  village  and  convent  of  Greece,  government  of 
Attica,  on  the  plain  of  Marathon.  20  miles  N.E.  of  Athens. 

VRANDUK  or  VRANDOUK.  vrdnVlookCa  town  of  Turkey, 
in  Bosnia,  on  the  Bosna.  28  miles  N.E.  of  Travnik. 

vm^C<JUI{T,  vrA'kooR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  13  miles  S.  of  Neufchateau.     Pop.  931. 

VRKDEN,  vrMlen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  Westphalia,  35 
miles  W.N.W.  of  MUnster.  on  the  Berkel.     I'op.  2600. 

VREESWYK  or  VREESWIJK,  vrais/wik\  a  village  of  the 
Netherlands,  province  and  6  miles  S.W.  of  Utrecht,  on  the 
Leek.     Pop.  1078. 

VRIES,  vrees,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Drenthe,  5  miles  N.  of  Assen,  with  1697  inhabitants. 

VRIESEVEEN,  vree'seh-vain\  a  village  of  the  Neihep- 
lands,  province  of  Overyssel,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zwolle. 
Pop.  2893. 

VRIESLAND,  a  province  of  .Holland.    See  Friesiand. 

VRIGNE-AUX-BOIS,  vreefl  o  bwd,  a  village  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  on  the  A'rigne,  4  miles  N.W.  of  Sedan, 
Pep.  1155,  engaged  in  iron  works. 

VUGHTor  VUGT.vuHt,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  2  miles  S.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Pop  1018. 

VUKOVAR.  voo'ko-vaR',  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Empire, 
Slavonia,  capital  of  the  county  of  Syrmia.  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the  Vuko,  which  divides  it 
into  an  old  and  a  new  town,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Eszek.  Pop. 
5670.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  protopapas.  and  has  several 
Greek  churches,  a  Franciscan  monastery,  and  a  Reman 
Catholic  high  school. 

iJ0o5 


VUL 


WAD 


rVJjCK'SlM  lySVLM.    see  Lipari  Islands. 

TL'IXANO.  Tool-kd'no.  or  VOLCANO,  vol-ka'no,  (anc.  Vul- 
annut,)  the  most  S.  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  and  12  miles  X.  of  the  coast  of  Sicily ;  lat.  3b°  22' 
X..  Ion.  I  4°  55'  15"  E.  It  is  about  7  mile.s  in  length  by  3 
miles  in  breadth,  mountainous,  and  has  near  its  centre  a 
crater  about  one-fourth  of  a  mile  in  circumference  and  one- 
fourth  of  a  mile  deep,  which  constantly  emits  vapour  charged 
with  sulphur,  alum,  Titriol.  and  ammonia.  The  island  has 
two  ports ;  its  interior  is  almost  wholly  sterile,  but  the  S.  shore 
yields  grapes,  flax,  fruit,  and  excellent  corn.  Off  its  N.  coast 
is  the  islet  of  Vulcaxello,  Tool-ki-uJl'lo,  ('•  Little  Vulcano,") 
joined  to  it  by  a  low  rock  formed  of  its  own  lava,  and  In 
which  are  two  small  craters,  one  frequently  emitting  smoke. 

VULSINII  or  VOLSIMI.    See  Bolse.na. 

VULTERXUS.     See  Voltekno. 

A' UNA,  voo'nd.  one  of  the  principal  of  the  Feejee  Islands, 
South  Pacific  Ocean;  lat.  17^  2'  S..  Ion.  179°  56'  E.,  26  miles 
long  aud  5  miles  broad.     Pop.  7000. 

VUOXEX,  vooK)x'en,  a  river  of  Finland,  flows  S.S.W. 
through  nuraerou.*  lakes,  including  Lake  Saima.  on  emerging 
from  which  it  forms  the  grand  Cataract  of  Imatri ;  after  a, 


northward  turn  it  enters  Lake  Ladoga  at  Kexholm.  on  its 
W.  side.     Total  course  estimated  at  from  300  to  350  miles. 

VUPABU^'U,  Too-pd-boo-soo/,  a  lake  of  Brazil,  province  ol 
Minas-Geraes,  near  the  frontiers  of  the  province  of  Babia. 
It  was  once  celebrated  for  its  gold  and  emeralds. 

VUREX.  voo'rfn,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  GeUer- 
land,  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  TieL  on  the  Waal-dyke.     Pop.  9(33. 

VUSITRIX,  Too-se-trin/,  written  also  VkLTCHISTEKX, 
a  town  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Servia,  on 
the  I  bar.  35  miles  S.E.  of  Novi-Bazar.     Pop.  3000. 

VYBORG.     See  Viborg. 

VYXCKT.  vinkt.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Eairt 
Flanders.  12  miles  W.  of  Ghent.    Pop.  2219. 

VYSERT.    See  Bisert. 

VYTCHKGDA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Viichegda. 

VYTEGUA  or  WYTEGRA,  ve-tA/grd,  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  of  Olonets,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Vytegrai 
12  miles  from  Lake  Onega,  and  73  miles  S.E  of  Petrozavodsk. 
Pop.  2500.  It  has  manu&ctures  of  linen  and  caudle.«.  with 
ship-building  docks;  and  is  connected  by  ils  river  with  the 
Lakes  Onega  aud  Ladoga.  It  carries  on  a  large  trade  with 
St.  Petersburg  and  ArdiangeL 


w 


WAADT.    See  Vaih). 
WAAG,  w|g.  or  VAAG.  a  river  of  West  Hungary, 
rises  in  the  Carpathian  Mouut«ins,  and  after  a  course  of  200 
miles  joins  the  Danube  at  Comorn,  in  conjunction  with  the 
Jieutra.    Course  S.W.  and  S.    Chief  affluent,  the  Arva. 

WA-\00  or  VAAGO.  one  of  the  Faroe  Islands,  which  see. 

M'AAL  or  WAUL,  wil,  (anc.  Vahalu.)  a  river  of  the  Xether- 
Iand.<,  being  one  of  the  principal  arms  of  the  Rhine.  (See 
Rhine.) 

WAALHEM,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Waelhem. 

WAALWYK,  wil'wik,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Xorth  Brabunt  10  miles  W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.  Pop.  2750. 

WAAKD,  The,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands.   See  Jan  Kb- 

BELLEX. 

WA.\RM.\.\RDE,  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  Waerm.aesde. 

W.\ATZEX,  a  town  of  Central  tlungary.     See  W.aitzen. 

AV ABASH,  waw'bash,  an  important  river  of  Indiana  and 
Illinois,  rises  in  Mercer  county.  Ohio,  near  the  W.  boundary 
of  the  state.  It  flows  north-westward  to  Huntington,  iu  In- 
diana, then  pursues  a  westerly  course  to  Carroll  county; 
from  this  point  it  flows  south-westward,  passing  by  Lafavette 
and  Attica,  until  it  approaches  within  8  or  10  miles  from 
the  W.  border  of  Indiana;  here  it  turns  towards  the  south, 
•ud  passing  by  Covington  and  Terre  Haute,  strikes  the 
boundary  of  Indiana  and  Illinois,  a  few  miles  below  the 
latter  town.  From  this  point  its  general  direction  is  S.S.W., 
and  it  continues  to  form  the  boundary  between  the  two 
states  until  it  enters  the  Ohio,  about  140  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  latter,  in  lat.  37°  50'  N.,  and  Ion.  8S°  AV.  It 
If  the  largest  river  which  intersects  the  state  of  Indiana, 
and  the  principal  affluent  of  the  Ohio  from  the  N.  The 
whole  length  is  estimated  at  550  miles,  for  more  than  300 
of  which  it  is  navigable  by  sU-amboats  in  high  water.  The 
AVabash  and  Erie  Canal  follows  the  course  of  this  river  from 
Huntington  to  Terre  Haute,  a  distance  of  180  miles.  Stone- 
coal  is  found  nearly  everywhere  along  its  banks,  below  La- 
fayette. 

AVABASH.  a  county  towards  the  N.E.  part  of  Indiana, 
contains  420  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  AVabashi 
Salamonie,  and  Eel  Rivers.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diver- 
sified and  the  soil  fertile.  A  large  portion  is  covered  rfith 
heavy  timber.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  AVabash 
and  Erie  Canal,  and  by  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad. 
The  streams  furnish  an  extensive  water-power.  Capital 
A^  ^bash.    Pop.  17,647.  ' 

AVABASH.  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bor 
aenng  on  Indiana,  is  among  the  smallest  counties  of  the 
state:  area  110  square  miles.  The  Wabjish  River,  from 
winch  Its  name  is  derived,  forms  its  boundary  on  the  E  and 
i>.,  and  Bonpas  Creek  flows  along  the  western  border  until 
It  enters  that  river.  The  county  conUins  some  prairie,  aud 
Jf,  P?.'-"y  ^"^e.'-ed  with  forests ;  the  soil  is  good.  The  rkpids 
of  W  abash  River  afford  abundant  water-power,  near  Mount 
Carmel,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  7313 


vr .  n  » ^„  "**"*'}'P'''^''»l>pe«inoeco.,Indiana.Pop.l566. 
„«•«••?'  *  ''""'"tubing  post-village  and  township,  capital 

af,d  nn  tf. '  w^k'^:.^"'^^;!,'^  "^  ""*  »"'•  »f  >t«  own  name 
and  on  the  AVabash  and  Erie  Canal,  90  miles  N.N  E  of  Inl 

?rv"«5!"i  Jl' .  ^''«.^|"««e  "  situated  in  a  rich  farming  coun- 
try, which  is  rapidly  improving.  It  contiins  a  court-house 
and  seyenU  churches.  The  Toledo  and  Wab.ash  RaUroad 
comiecu  it^th  Fort  Wayne.  Lafayette,  &c.    Two  n^w^ 


papers  are  published  here.    Settled  in  1835.    Population 
of  the  township,  1520. 

AA' ABASH,  a  town.ship  of  Coles  co.,  Illinoig. 

AVABASH,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois. 

WABASH,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Little  Wabash  River,  about  70  miles  S.E.  of  A'andalia. 

AVABASH  AAV,  wawTja-shaw,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Minnesota,  contains  .about  525  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.E.  by  the  Mississippi  aud  Lake  Pepin,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Embarras  River.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  the  soil  fertile.  Capital,  AVabashaw.  Population 
7228.    See  Appknoix. 

AA'ABASH.\AA',  a  post-village,  capital  of  AVabaflliaw  co- 
Minnesota,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  about  87 
miles  below  St.  I'aul.    Pop.  about  2000.    See  Appexdix. 

AVABASH  COLLEGE.    See  Crawfordsvillk,  Indiana. 

WABASH  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co..  Illinois. 

AV.4BERN,  *d'bern.  a  village  of  Uesse-Cas?ol.  province  of 
Niederhessen,  on  the  nailway  from  Frankfort  to  Cassel,  4 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Fritzlar.     Pop.  1035. 

AVA/BEKTIIWAIT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Cumberland, 

AVACAHOOTIE,  a  post-office  of  JIarion  co.,  Florida. 

AVACCAMAAV,  a  river  which  ri.ses  in  the  S.  part  of  Xorth 
Carolina,  and  flowing  S.W.  tbroufih  Horry  district,  iu  South 
Carolina,  unites  with  the  Great  Pedee  at  Georgetown.  These 
rivers  here  form  an  estuary  called  AVinyaw  Bay. 

AVACIUX.  a  town  of  Centr.al  Asia.     See  Aokhax. 

AV.\CIIBACH.  wds'bdK,  a  village  of  AVurtemburg,  3  miles 
S.  of  Meriientheim.     Pop.  1201. 

AVACHEXHEIM.  wik'gn-hime\  a  market-town  of  Rhe- 
nish Bavaria,  14  miles  X.W.  of  Speyer.     Pop.  2920. 

AV.^CHOKO,  *i-Ko'ko,  a  town  of  Poland,  government 
and  24  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Radom,  on  the  Kamienna,  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  A'istula. 

AVACHSTEDT.  *lK/st^tt,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  10 
miles  N.AV.  of  Miihlhausen.     P.  1155. 

AVACHTENDOXK,  «dK'ten-donk\  a  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  25  miles  X.W.  of  Dtisseldorf,  on  the  Xeers.  Pop. 
2000.  employed  in  manufactures  of  velvet  ribbons. 

AVACHTERSBACH,  *aK'tv'rs-bdK\  a  town  of  Hesse<^assel, 
province  and  E.X.E.  of  Hanau.  on  the  Kinzig.     Pop.  1363. 

AVACHUSETT  (waw-chu'set)  MOUXTAIX,  in  Princeton 
township,  Worcester  co.,  Massachusetts,  has  an  elevation  of 
above  2000  feet.  The  view  from  its  summit  is  extensive,  aud 
exceedingly  picture.sque. 

WACHUSETT  VILLAGE,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts. 

WACKEN.  <rdk'ken.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2800. 

AVA'CO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  McLennan  co.,  Texas,  on 
the  right  hank  of  the  Brazos  River. 

WACOO'CIIEE,  a  post-village  of  Russell  co.,  Alabama,  65 
miles  E.  bv  X.  of  Montgomery. 

AVACOUSTA,  wa-koo.s/til.  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Mich- 
igan, on  the  Looking-s;lass  River,  aliout  11  miles  X.W.  of 
Lansing.     It  has  2  mills  and  2  stores. 

AVA'CO  VIL'LAGE.  a  post-office  of  Milam  co..  Texas. 

AV  ACTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hcrefoid. 

AVACTOX,  MAG'XA  and  PAIVVA,  a  parish  of  England 
CO.  of  Norfolk. 

WAD.  an  Arabic  prefix.    See  Wadt. 

WAD-AL-KEBIR..  See  Gc.adalquivir. 

WADaY  or  WADY,  wa'dl,  (written  in  French,  Ouaday,) 
a  country  in  the  interior  of  Africa,  S.  of  the  Great  Desert 
and  E.  of  Darfoor.  It  5s  called  AA'aday  ir  Fezzan,  in  I!arh« 
ry,  and  Morocco;  but  the  natives  themselves,  though  uim 


WAD 


WAD 


often  use  the  name  Wiiday,  or  Wadiday,  prefer  that  of  Dar- 
Saleyh;  while  their  neighbors  in  Darfoor,  Kordofan,  and 
Bonioo,  call  it  BargCi  or  Uorgoo. 

The  country  has  not  been  yet  visited  by  any  European, 
and  consequently  very  little  is  known  of  it  with  any  decree 
of  certainty. 

It  is  said  to  be  a  larger  territory  than  Darfoor,  which  it 
excels  also  in  fertility  and  in  abundance  of  water.  The 
hills  which  diversify  its  surface  run  chiefly  in  chains  E.  to 
W.,  thus  forming  two  hollows,  the  more  southerly  of  which 
is  styled  ISatha — that  is.  the  valley  or  lowland ;  the  more 
northerly.  IJoteyha.  the  diminutive  of  iSatha.  Through  these 
valleys  How.  from  the  highland  on  the  E.  confines  of  \Vaday, 
two  streams,  so  copious  in  the  rainy  season  as  to  overflow 
the  adjoining  plains,  and  in  the  dry  sea.son  they  are  never 
wholly  exhaust<Mi.  They  unite,  lower  down,  to  form  the 
river  ( Bahr-el-Gazal)  which  periodically  converts  into  a  lake 
the  hollow  plain  of  Fittro,  about  '200  miles  W.  of  Waday. 
According  to  tl\e  Sheikh-el-Toonsy.  another  river,  the  Bahr- 
Iro,  far  exceeding  in  magnitude  those  already  mentioniid. 
Bows  N.W.  through  Waday  from  the  mountains  of  Marrah, 
S.  of  Darfoor. 

The  strip  of  desert  on  the  E.  side  of  Waday,  separating  it 
from  Darfoor,  is  by  no  means  utterly  inhospitable,  but  lying 
within  the  limits  of  occasional  rains,  it  affurds  pasture,  and 
has  in  many  places  trees;  yet  it  is  wholly  uninhabited.  On 
the  X..  Waday  has  the  mountainous  and  rocky  desert  of  the 
Tibboos.  The  plains  on  the  W.,  towards  Fittre  and  Beghar- 
mi,  with  an  extent  of  eight  or  ten  days'  journey,  resemble 
the  desert,  but  are  not  quite  arid.  Towards  the  S.,  the 
country  improves  continually  in  luxuriance  of  vegetation, 
and  copiousness  of  water,  till  at  last  the  forests  of  baobab 
and  ebony,  and  numerous  communities  of  pagan  negroes, 
mark  the  limits  of  the  horse  and  camel-keeping  Mohamme- 
dans of  Waday. 

The  country  produces  in  abundance  durra,  dokhn,  maize, 
and  the  other  grains  as  well  as  the  fruits  of  the  torrid  zone. 
It  is  often  visited  by  violent  hurricanes  during  the  rains. 
The  cold  X.  winds  in  the  winter  diminish  the  evaporation, 
so  that  the  rivers  in  general  never  wholly  dry  up.  The 
banks  of  the  Batha  and  Bot<,'yha  are  lined  with  a  broad 
seam  of  trees,  behind  which  spread  well  cultivated  plains. 
Cattle  and  horses  are  reared  in  great  numl)ers.  and  the  va- 
rious tribes  and  races  inhabiting  the  countrj'  find  each  a 
suitable  spot  for  its  peculiar  husbandry,  whether  pastoral  or 
a'zricultur.al.  There  is  little  manufacturing  industry  in 
Waday.  The  people  know  how  to  spin  and  weave  cotton, 
and  can  dye  their  webs ;  they  can  work  iron,  and  can  make 
coarse  implements  for  their  own  use;  but  the  manufactured 
articles  chiefly  in  demand,  and  most  prized  by  them,  are 
imported  from  Egypt  or  Barbary.  In  return  they  export 
gum,  ivory,  ostrich  feathers,  tamarinds,  senna,  skins  to 
make  water-bags,  and  slaves. 

In  manners,  dress,  and  mode  of  life,  the  Mohammedan  in- 
habitants of  Waday  resemble  those  of  Darfoor.  Their  houses, 
however,  are  said  to  be  superior,  being  often,  of  good  mason- 
ry; whereas  in  Darfoor  they  are  constructed  wholly  of  straw. 
It  is  said  that  the  sultan's  body-guard,  the  Ozbau,  amounts 
to  4000  men ;  and  that  1000  of  them,  in  cloaks  and  round 
iron  helmets,  and  armed  with  clubs,  keep  watch  every  night 
round  his  palace  in  Wara,  the  population  of  which  town  does 
not  exceed  40.000. 

Sultan  Abd-el-Kereem,  surnamed  Saboon,  subdued  the 
mountaineers  of  El  Tamah,  a  rocky  district  N.E.  of  Waday, 
and  leading  an  army  S.W.  Into  Begharmi,  he  deposed  the 
profligate  sultan  of  that  country  in  1803.  Sensible  of  the 
disadvantages  attending  his  secluded  position,  the  road  on 
one  side  being  commanded  by  Darfoor,  on  the  other  by 
Begharmi  and  Bornoo,  or  by  the  powerful  tribes  seated 
round  Fittre,  and  Kanem.  he  resolved  on  exploring  new 
and  more  direct  routes  across  the  desert.  With  this  view 
he  sent  an  envoy  to  Mohammed  .\lee,  the  pasha  of  Egypt, 
who  met  his  wish»s.  and  despatched  in  return  a  caravan  to 
Waday.  This,  however,  never  reached  its  destination,  being 
seized  and  plundered  by  the  Darfoorians.  The  experiment, 
however,  has  since  been  frequently  repeated,  with-  tolerable 

W.\D'BOROUOrr.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester, 
with  a  station  on  the  Birmingham  and  Bristol  Railway,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Worcester. 

W.\D'DAM'S  GROVE,  a  post-township  in  Stephenson  co., 
Illinois. 

WAD'DELL'S  STORE,  a  post-oflice  of  Charles  City  county 
Virginia. 

WAIVDESOX,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WAD'DIXGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WAD'DIXGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WADDINGTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Kiding. 

WAD/DIXGTOX,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co..  New 
York,  on  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  about  18  miles  E.X.E.  of 
)gdensburg.  Opposite  the  village  is  Ogden's  Island,  sepa- 
■ated  from  the  mainland  by  a  channel,  which  has  a  fall  of 
libout  11  feet  in  the  distance  of  3  miles.  By  the  construction 
of  a  dam  across  to  the  island,  and  a  canal  extending  parallel 


with  the  river  in  front  of  the  village,  an  hydraulic-power 
hiis  l>eon  obtained,  of  unlimited  extent.  There  are  in  ope- 
ration here  2  saw-mills,  1  flax-mill,  2  shingle-mills.  2  carri- 
age-shops, 1  stave  factory,  2  grist-mills,  wool  and  cardiii;» 
machines,  furnace  and  machine-shop,  trip-hammer,  sash, 
and  steam  machines,  and  1  paper-mill.  Waddington  con- 
tains 4  churches.  Previous  to  1818  the  village  bore  the 
name  of  Hamilton,  in  honor  of  Goneral  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, who  was  associated  in  business  with  the  Ogdens  of  the 
place.  Pop.  in  1855.  632;  of  the  township  in  18(30,  2768. 
WAD'DIXGWORMI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln- 
WA'DEBRIDGK.  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Corn, 
wall,  on  the  navigable  Alan,  here  cro.s.sed  by  a  bridge  of  17 
arches.  6  miles  E.S.K.  of  I'adstow.     Pop.  in  1851.  800. 

WAD-EL-HABIDorOUAD-EL-IIABID,  wdd' Jl  hd-bccj', 
a  river  of  Morocco,  flows  X.W..  and.  after  a  course  of  alH>ut 
100  miles,  joins  the  .Morbcya  on  the  left. 

WADKLIMS.  wad'e-linis\  a  people  of  Africa,  occupy irig 
the  W.  part  nf  the  Great  Desert. 

\V.\'L)EXlIi)E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton 

WADEXSOIIWYL,  (Wiidenschywl.)  ft.Vden-shwir,  o. 
WADENSWEIL.  (Wjidensweil.)  *!l/dfns-\vrr,'a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich.  It  has  a  castle,  and  ClOO  inha- 
bitants. 

WADER,  B  town  of  Afghanistan.     See  Wabor. 

AV.VDK'S.  a  post-office  of  Bedfnrd  co.,  Virginia. 

WADEs?nOROUGU.  waids'bur-ruh,  a  flourishing  po.<:t 
village,  capital  of  Anson  county.  North  Carolina.  120  miles 
S.W.  of  Raleigh,  and  14  miles  W.  of  the  Yailkin  River.  Jt 
is  surrounded  by  a  productive  cotton  region,  and  is  the 
centre  of  an  active  trade.  A  company  has  been  formed  to 
construct  a  plank-road  from  this  place  to  Cheraw.  in  South 
Carolina.  24  miles  distant.  The  Bank  of  Wadesborough  w.as 
charterefJ  in  1850-1,  capital  §200.000.  Two  newspapers  are 
published  here.  Incorporated  in  1825.  Pop.  in  1860,  about 
1600. 

WADESBOROUGH,  a  post>viIlage  of  Callaway  co..  Ken- 
tucky, about  250  miles  W.S.W.  of  i'raukfort,  was  formerly 
the  county  seat. 

.WADESBOROUGH,  a  post-offlce  of  Livingston  parish, 
Louisiana. 

WAUKSTOWN,  walds'town.  a  post-village  of  Monongalia 
CO..  W.  Virginia,  200  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

W.^DESVILLE,  a  po.s^vlllage  of  Clarke  cq.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Winchester  and  Potomac  RaHroad,  9  miles  from  Win- 
chester. 

\>^4DETZ.  a  town  of  Austria.    See  W.^dowice. 

W.VDGIKK,  one  of  the  Arroo  Islands.     See  Wadjier. 

WAD'HAM'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co..  New 
York,  on  Boquet  River,  9  or  10  miles  E.  of  ElizabetJitown. 

WAD'HUIl.ST,  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England,  co. 
Sussex.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Tunbridge-Wells.  Pop.  in  1851,  2802. 

WADI-ASH.     See  Gc.adix. 

WA'DIXO  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Burlington  co., 
New  .lersey.  flows  southward  into  Little  Egg  Harbor  liiver. 

W.-VDING  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co.,  New  York, 
near  Long  Island  Sound. 

WADIXOOX,  wa'de-noon',  (written  in  French  OUADI- 
XOOX  or  OUADY-NOUN,)  a  town  of  Soos,  in  Africa,  near 
the  river  Noon,  which  is  called  by  the  Arabs  and  Moors 
Wadv-Xoox. 

WADJIER  or  WADOIER,  wdd'joeR',  one  of  the  smaller 
Arroo  islands,  with  a  village  of  the  same  name,  on  its  W. 
side.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Christians,  with  a  smaller 
number  of  Mohammed.ins. 

WADJ(JE,  wild'joo'.(?)  a  native  state  near  the  middle  of 
the  island  of  Celebes,  Malay  Archipelago,  on  the  Bay  or 
Gulf  of  Boni. 

WAD'LEY'S  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Strafford  CO.,  New 
Hampshire.  36  miles  E.  of  Concord. 

WAD-MEDINA  or  OUAD-MEDIX.A.,  wdd  mA-dee'ni  a 
town  of  the  Egyptian  dominions,  in  the  S.  of  Xubia.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Blue  River,  (Xile.)  about  80  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Khartoom.  It  is  of  considerable  importance,  and  was  once 
regarded  as  the  capital  of  East  Soodan.  having  for  that 
purpose  been  substituted  for  Sennaar,  though  it  was  itself 
afterwards  supplanted  by  Khartoom.  Pop.,  including  th» 
garrison,  nearly  4000. 

W.VDOIl,  wdMoR',  a  town  of  Afghanistan.  17  miles  W.  of 
Dera-Ghazee-Khan.  on  the  route  to  Candah.ar. 

WADOWICE.  wd-do-*eet  sA  or  WADETZ,  ftd'dJts,  a  town 
of  -Austrian  Poland.  Galicia,  on  the  Skawa,  23  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Cracow.     Pop.  3090. 

WADS/WORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

WADS'WORTH.  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Medina 
CO..  Ohio.  12  miles  S.E.  of  Medina.     Pop.  1703. 

WAD'WORTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

fVADl'  wdd'ee,  or  WAD.  wdd,  an  Arabic  word  signifying 
"  valley"  or  •'  river,"  forming  a  part  of  many  names  in  North 
.■\frica  and  Western  Asia.  This  root  furnishes  also  the  pre- 
fix in  such  Spanish  names  as  Guadalquivir,  Guadiaua,  and 
Quadalete. 

2057 


WAD 

WADY-MOOS.A  01  WADY-MOUSA,  wid'e  moo'si.  a  valley 
of  Arabia  IMnta.  opening  on  the  W.  into  El-Ghor,  the  great 
depression  between  the  Bead  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Akaba. 
At  its  S.E.  extremity  are  the  ruins  of  Petra. 

WAPY  NOON.     See  WAmsnoy. 

WAELn*:M  or  WAALHKM,  *.^l'hfin,  a  villajre  of  Bel- 
^um.  12  iniles  S.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Nethe.     Pop.  1075. 

WAEPJNG,  a  town  of  China.    See  Waipi.w. 

W.iKREGHEM.  wd'reh-ghC-m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,'  on  the  Brus.sels  and  Tournay  Rail- 
way, 9  miles  N.E.  of  Courtrai.     Pop.  .5000. 

WAEUMAERDE  or  AVAAUMAAKDE,  w^R/mJa'd*.  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt, 
28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bruge.s.    Pop.  1388. 

WAEKSCUOOT.  wjtR'sKof.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders.  9  nliles  N.N.W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1200. 

W.iERTEN,  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Warnetos. 

W.\EU'I"OWN.  New  Jersey.     See  Warktowx. 

MAES-MUNSTEK,  was/mftn'ster,  a  town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Ghent,  on 
the  Uui  me.    Pop.  5393. 

^VAES,  P.\^YS-DE-,  pAVe'  deh  vi'A',  an  ancient  district  of. 
Belgium,  province  of  East  Flanders.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  tracts  in  Europe,  and  was  formerly  calletl  the  "  plea- 
sure-garden of  Flanders." 

WAETOUE,  vSH'too',  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province 
of  ^Vest  Flanders,  12  miles  S.  of  Furnes.     I'op.  2735. 

WAGENFELD,  w^'ghgn-f^ltS  a  village  of  Hanover,  S.E. 
of  Diepholz.     Pop.  279-1. 

W.tGENINGEN,  *d/ghenMngVn,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  Gelderland.  on  the  Rhine,  11  miles  M'.  of 
Arnhem.     Pop.  2000,  who  trade  in  corn  and  cattle. 

WAG  ECO,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  See 
Waigeoo. 

WAGER  (wA'jer)  RIVER,  a  large  estuary  or  inlet  of  Bri- 
ti.«h  North  America,  W.  of  Southampton  Island,  its  centre 
near  lat.  66°  N.,  Ion.  90°  W. 

WA/GIIEN  or  WAWN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
Fast  Riding,  with  a  village,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Beverley.  Here 
are  remains  of  Melsa  Abbey,  founded  in  the  12th  century. 

WAG'ONER'S  REST,  a  post-office  of  Mobile  CO.,  Alal>ama. 

WaGO.NER'S  ripple,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

WAG'ONTOWN,  a  j>ost-village  of  Chester  eo.,  Pennsylva- 
nia. 62  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

W.\GRAM,.wd'gr.^m  or  wd'grim.  a  village  of  rx)wer  Aus- 
tria, on  the  left  bank  of  ^he  Rossbach.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Vi- 
enna. It  is  famous  for  the  victory  of  Napoleon  over  the 
Austrians,  6th  July,  1809,  which  was  followed  by  the  treaty 
of  Schonbrunn. 

WAG'RAM,  a  post-office  of  Accomack  co.,  Virginia. 

WAGROWIEC,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland.    See  Wojf- 

OROWITZ. 

WAGSTADT,  ^-dg'stltt,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia.  14 
miles  S.E.  of  Troppau,  on  the  Waag.  Pop.  433.  It  has  a 
castle,  and  manufactures  of  linens  and  woollens. 

\V"AirAGIlBOU'SY,  a  post-office  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa. 

WAlIAIi.    See  Waal.    ' 

WAHAIVACK  or  WAIIOL'OCK,  a  post-village  of  Kemper 
eo.,  .Missis.«ippi. 

WAH-A-TOY-A  or  SPANISH  PEAKS,  a  range  of  the 
Ro<ky  .Mountains,  in  the  eastern  part  of  Utah  Territory. 
Lilt,  about  37°  25'  N.,  Ion.  105°  10'  W. 

WAH'KIAC'UM  or  AVAK^IACU.M,  a  county  of  Washing- 
ton Territory,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Columbia  River,  and 
separated  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  Pacific  county.  Area 
about  250  square  miles.    Capifcil,  Ciithhimet.     Pop.  42. 

WAH'KON,  a  former  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Iowa,  had 
nn  area  of  700  square  miles.  Silssouri  Kiver  forms  its  boun- 
dary on  the  W.,  and  the  Little  .<ioux  River  flows  through 
the  S.E.  part.  This  county  appears  to  coincide  with  "the 
present  connty  of  Woodbury. 

WAHLAH'GAS,  a  river  in  the  N.  part  of  Maine,  has  its 
origin  in  a  cham  of  small  lakes  in  Piscataquis  countv,  and 
Bowing  in  a  general  northerly  course,  falls  into  the  Wal- 
loostook  River,  near  its  union  with  the  St.  Francois 

WAIILEREN.  Wd'lA-ren,  a  village  and  parish  of  g 
land,  canton  and  9  miles  S.W.  of  Bern.     Pop  4975 

WAHLEUSHAtSEN,  ^ilers-hOw'zen,  a  villa.-e  ...  „^,.^ 
Cassel,  Niederhe.*s«n.  circle  of  Cas«el,with  two 'castles,  one 
of  them  a  fine  old  ruin.    Pop.  1478 

WAHLSTA-rr,  ftdl/stdtt,  a  viilage  and  monastery  of 
l»rug..«ian  Silesia,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Liegnitz.  Here,  in  1241, 
Henry  of  Liegnitz  was  .l.-feaU-d  by  the  Mongols;  and  here! 
.JOth  August,  1813.  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  I'rus- 
'!!"»".  "'"'er  IHiieher,  who  thence  derived  hU  title  of  Prince 
of  » iinlstadt. 

W.\UOU)CK.    See  Wah.alack. 

\\  A 1100/,  a  post-office  of  MaiJison  oo.,  Iowa. 

W  AlIRENBRLX'K,  (Wahrenbrtlck.)  vvd'ren-brUk\  a  small 
town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Black  Elster,  15  miles  E. 
of  rorgau.     Pop.  574. 

..n^i'Vf ';"'", '■^^"'''iPf^  ?'■  ^^ARING.  (W«ring.)  wA/ring,  a 
»ill.Hge  of  Austria,  adjoining  Vienna  on  the  \Y.     Pop  1300 
It  gives  name  to  a  circle  of  Lower  Austria 
WAIPSATCUr  MuUNXAlNS.  a  rau^e  in  the  E.  central 
2U09 


'  Switzer- 
!  of  Hesse- 


WAK 

part  of  Utah  Territory,  extending  nearly  X.  and  S..  imme- 
diately W.  of  Greeu  River.  The  highest  6ummit«  vary  fi-om 
8OO0  to  11.000  feet  in  height. 

WAH-T.\-W.\1I,  a  post-office  of  Adair  co.,  Iowa. 

WAHUNGEN,  'wd'hOimg-en,  or  WASLNGKN,  wd'soong- 
en,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Saxe-Mciningen,  7  miwtt 
N.N.AV.  of  Meiiiingen,  on  the  Werra.  Pop.  2400.  It  liaH 
manufactures  of  linen  fabrics  and  cutlery,  and  a  trade  iu 
corn  and  cattle. 

WAIA,  wi'd,  one  of  the  Feejee  Islands,  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  lat.  (peak)  17°  7'  20"  S.,  Ion.  177°  4'  35"  E.  Pop. 
about  3000. 

W.-VIBLINGEN,  ■fti'bling-en,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  cir- 
cle of  Neckar,  on  the  Items,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Stuttgart.  Pop. 
3100.  The  emperors  of  the  Ilolienstautfen  family  received 
their  name  of  O'/iiOelliuess  from  this  town,  formerly  called 
WibeliiKjen.    (See  page  747,  note.) 

W.\IliSTADT,  wilVstitt,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lowei 
Rhine,  24  miles  S.E.  of  Mannheim.     Pop.  1854. 

WAlDlluFEN,  wid  ho-fyn,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on 
the  Ips,  43  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  I'olten.  Pop.  30O0.  It  is 
the  centre  of  the  iron  manufacture  of  Lower  Austria. 

WAIDHOFEN,  BOHMISCII  (Bohmisch,)  bomi.*h,  or  BO- 
IIE.MIAN,  bo-hee'me-au,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  ou  the 
Thaya,  32  miles  N.^V.  of  Kivms.     Pop.  1400. 

WAIG.\TS  or  WAIGATZ,  an  island  of  Russia.     See  Vai- 

GATS. 

WAIGEOO,  WAIGIOU,  WAYGEOU  or  WAYGIOU,  wi^ 
ghe-oo',  written  also  WAGEOO  ISLAND,  Pacific  Ocean,  N. 
of  New  Guinea,  tbrms  part  of  the  region  called  Papualaud. 
Lat.  of  the  Bay  of  Offak  0°  1'  8"  S.,  Ion.  130^  43'  E.  It  is 
mountainous  in  the  centre,  and  covered  with  vast  marshes 
on  the  shores. 

WAl-UO  and  WAIKAHOUROUNGA,  a  river  and  estuary 
of  New  Zealand,  New  Ulster.     See  Thames. 

WAIKATO.  wi-kd'to,  the  principal  river  of  New  Zealand, 
North  Island.  (New  Ulster.)  rii^es  in  Lake  Taupo,  flows  N., 
and  cnteFs  the  ocean  at  Waikato  Harbor,  on  the  W.  coast, 
35  miles  S.  of  Aukland.  Total  course  estimated  at  250  miles. 
Principal  affluent,  the  Waipa. 

WWlLS/BUROUGIl,  a  post-office,  Bartholomew  co..  Indiana. 

W.\IN/FLEET,  a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
15  miles  N.E.  of  Boston.     Pop.  in  1851,  2082. 

WAIN-GUNGA.  a  river  of  Hiudostan.     See  P.ayn-Ganga. 

WAIPING  or  WAEPING.  wi^ping',  a  walled  town  of  China, 
province  of  Che-kiang,  near  the  frontiers  of  Kiang-soo,  S.W. 
of  Hang-Chow.     Pup.  about  160,000. 

W.VIRAU,  wl'raw,  a  river  of  New  Zealand,  Middle  Island, 
enters  Cloudy  Bay.  It  is  navigable  to  some  distunoe  above 
its  mouth.  A  massacre  of  English  settlers  took  place  ou  its 
banks,  in  April,  1843. 

WAIROA,  wi-ro'd,  a  river  of  New  Zealand.  North  Island, 
enters  Kaipara  Harbor,  55  miles  N.W.  of  .\uckland. 

W.\IltO.\,  a  bay  of  New  Zealand.     See  Hawke  Bat. 

WAIT,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

WAITIIE,  w.Ath,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ijncoln. 

WAlTi{.\,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria.     See  Weitra. 

W.VIT.S/BURG,  a  vilKage  of  Pulaski  co..  Kentucky,  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation,  96 
miles  S.  of  Frankfort. 

WAITSFIELU.  a  post'township  in  W'ashington  co.,  Ver- 
mont. 12  miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1006. 

WAIT'S  RIVER,  a  mill-stream  of  Oi-ange  co.,  Vermont, 
falls  into  the  Connecticut  River. 

WAITZE.X,  wifsen,  or  WAATZEN,  wdfiien,  (Hun.  T'acz. 
vdts.)  a  town  of  Central  Hungary,  co.  of  Peslh.  ou  the  right 
bauk  of  the  Danube,  20  miles  N.  of  Pesth,  with  which  it  it 
connected  by  railway.  Pop.  11,271.  It  is  theseeofa  '  ishop 
and  has  a  tiue  cathedral,  an  episcopal  palace,  a  town-hall, 
Piarist  college,  a  militjiry  school,  seminary,  a  deaf  and  dumb 
asylum,  papermills,  large  cattle  fairs,  and  a  tra<^le  in  wine. 

WAJEREZY,  a  town  of  Pra-^sia.     See  HoYtKswERDA. 

WAJO,  wd'yo,  a  kingdom  of  Celebes  ou  its  W.  arm,  N.  of 
the  state  of  Boni,  on  the  Gulf  of  Boni.  Its  capital  is  Tesora 
(tA-so/rd,)  a  large  straggling  town  with  extensive  ruins.  Pop 
now  reduced  to  about  6U0O. 

WAK.\S.\S^SA,  a  post-office  of  Levy  co.,  Florida.    . 

WAK'ATO.M'ICA,  a  post-office  ol"  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  6J 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

W.\KE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  North  Carolina: 
area  estimated  at  950  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Neuse  and  Little  Rivers.  The  surfoce  is  hilly;  the  soil  i» 
generally  fertile.  The  rocks  which  underlie  the  surface  are 
primary,  including  granite  and  plumbago.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  North  Carolina  Central  Railroad,  and  in 
part  by  the  Raleigh  and  G,iston  Railroad.  Wake  county  is 
the  mo.st  populous  in  the  state.  It  was  formed  in  1770,  and 
derived  its  name  from  the  maiden  nameof  Governor  Tryou'H 
wife.  Capitiil,  Raleigh.  Pop.  28,627,  of  whom  17,894  were 
free,  and  10,73^3  siaves. 

WAK ENFIELD,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  parish, 
and  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding,  on  the 
Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway.  9  miles  S.  of  Leeds. 
Pop.  of  parish,  in  1851,  33.117;  ot  parliamentary  borough, 
comprising  the  township  of  Waki-«ieid,  with  parts  of  some 


WAK 

others,  C2,057.  The  town  is  on  the  sloping  N.  bank  of  the 
Calder.  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge  of  8  arches.  It  is 
well  built,  and  has  several  handsome  churches,  an  elegant 
chapel,  projecting  over  the  K.  side  of  the  bridge,  suppo.sed  to 
date  from  1340,  but  to  have  been  redecorated  by  Edward 
IV.,  grammar  and  proprietary  schools,  library,  and  news 
rooms,  corn  exchange  and  saloon,  court-house,  prison,  dis- 
senting chapels,  and  a  Doric  market-cross.  The  grammar 
school,  foundid  by  Queen  Klizabeth,  has  a  large  revenue, 
and  6  exhibitiou.s  to  the  universities;  in  it  Archbishop  Pot- 
ter, a  native  of  Wakefield,  Dr.  KadclilTe,  and  Dr.  Beutley, 
were  educated.  Here  are  many  charitable  endowments,  the 
We.^t  Hiding  lunatic  asylum,  a  fever  hospital,  masonic  lodge 
for  the  West  Kidiag,  literary,  philosophical  and  horticultu- 
ral societies,  a  mechanics'  institution,  and  theatre.  The 
town  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth  and  yarn,  but  these  have  declined.  The  chief  trade 
at  present  is  in  corn,  wool,  and  cattle.  It  has  also  coal- 
mines, and  an  active  export  of  coal.  The  town  is  governed 
by  an  officer  popularly  elected.  It  sends  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

WAKEFIELD,  a  post-township  in  Carroll  CO.,  New  Ilamp- 
Bhire,  35  miles  N.E.  of  Concord,  intersected  by  the  Great 
Falls  and  Conway  Railroad,  contains  Lovwell's  or  Lovell's 
Pond,  celebrated  in  the  early  Indian  wars.     Pop.  1478. 

WAKEFIELl),  a  post-village  in  Washington  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  30  miles  S.  by  \V.  of  Providence,  contains  1  or  2 
churches,  and  2  banks. 

WAKEFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WAKEFIELD,  a  postrvillage  in  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  68 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

WAKEFIELD,  a  post-village  in  Wake  co..  North  Carolina, 
25  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Raleigh. 

WAKEFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin. 

WAKE/MAN,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Vermilion  River,  and 
the  Cleveland  Xorwalk  and  Toledo  Railroad.     Pop.  1115. 

WAKERING,  (wAk/ring,)  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Rochford.  It  has  a  small  har- 
bor at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 

WAKERING,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

M'A'KERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WAKE.SII'MA,  a  ix)st-township  forming  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  658. 

WAKIACUM,  a  county  of  Washington  Territory.  See 
Wahkiaoum. 

W.\KUL'LA,  a  small  river  of  Florida,  flowing  into  an  arm 
of  Appalachee  Bay. 

WAKULLA,  a  county  of  Florida,  bordering  on  Appalachee 
Bay,  contains  576  square  miles.  The  Ocklockonnee  River 
forms  its  W.  boundary,  and  it  is  drained  ))y  the  Wakulla 
and  St.  Mark's  Rivers,  branches  of  the  Appalachee.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  uneven,  and  partly  covered  with  pine 
timber.  The  county  is  traversed  by  a  railroad  connecting 
Tallahiwsee  with  St.  Mark's,  the  county-seat.  Pop.  2839, 
of  whom  1672  were  free. 

WALACIIIA.    See  Wallachu. 

WALADIA.  El,  M  wi-ld/de-3,  a  maritime  town  of  Morocco, 
with  a  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  in  the  Atlantic,  100 
miles  N.W.  of  JIarocco. 

WALAHMUTTE.    See  Willamette. 

ft'AL.A..JANAGUR,  wd-ld-jd-ni-gur'.  a  considerable  town 
of  British  India,  presidency  and  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madras, 
district  of  North  Arcot,  on  the  Palaur. 

WALBECK,  «ai'bJk,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  28 
miles  W.N.AV.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Aller.     P.  1225. 

WAL'BERSWICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WAL/BERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

WAL'BRIDGEVILLE,  a  village  of  Bennington  township, 
Bennington  co.,  Vermont,  about  4  miles  N.W.  of  Bennington 
Centre,  on  the  VValloomscoik  River.  Besides  other  manu- 
factories, it  has  2  or  3  extensive  paper-mills. 

WALCHEN-SEE,  ^dlK'en  si,  a  lake  of  Upper  Bavaria,  S. 
of  the  Kochel-see,  near  the  Tyrol.  Length  4  miles,  breadth 
3  miles.     It  has  a  productive  fishery. 

WALCHEREN,  ftdl'Ker-fn,  the  most  W.  of  the  islands  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  between  the  East  and 
West  Scheldt,  and  having  W.  the  North  Sea.  Length  11 
miles,  breadth  10  miles;  lat.  51°  30'.>iV.,  Ion.  3°  30'  E.  Pop. 
45,000.  It  is  fertile,  but  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  against 
which  it  is  protected  by  extensive  dunes  and  dykes.  Chief 
town,  Middelburg.  The  English,  under  the  Earl  of  Chatham, 
occupied  it  in  1809. 

WAL'COT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WALCOT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  partly 
included  in  the  city  of  Bath.     Pop.  in  1851,  27.471. 

WALCOT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WALCOT,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.  Pop.  in 
1851,  617. 

WAL/COTT,  y.  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Arkansas. 

WALCuURT,  wdrkooa',  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  and 
27  miles  S.W.  of  Xamur,  on  the  Sambre  and  Meuse  Railway. 
Pop.  800.  It  has  a  church,  with  an  image  of  the  A'irgin, 
which  attracts  numerous  devotees. 

WALCZ,  a  town  of  Prussia,    See  D£UTSC^-KK0^•B. 


WAL 

WALD,  <^5lt.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  governmeut  of 
Dusseldorf,  circle  of  Solingen.     Pop.  5278. 

W.\LD,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  7  miles  IS.N.E 
of  Appeuzell.     Pop.  1489. 

M'ALD,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  ami 
19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zurich.  Pop.  4000,  partly  employed  i. 
cotton  spinning,  and  in  iron  works. 

WA  LDASCH  AFF,  wdld'ash'dff,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Lower 
Franconia,  at  the  source  of  the  Aschaff.     Pop.  1324. 

WALDAU,  ftdl'dow,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  OJ 
Silesia,  government  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  2233. 

WALDBOCKELUEIM,  (Waldbockelheim,)  -ftarbiikY- 
hinie\  a  market-town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  oi ' 
Coblentz,  6  miles  W.  of  Kreutznach.     Pop.  1270. 

AVALDC.\PPEL.  a  town,  Ilesse-Cassel.     See  Waldkappei, 

A\'.\LDE'BOROUGU,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  parish, 
Louisiana. 

WALDECK,  wol'dek  or  <^3l'd5k,  a  town  of  Germany,  pni\ 
cipality  of  Waldeck,  oii  the  Eder,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Corba'h. 
Pop.  1000. 

AVALDECK,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper 
Franconia,  IS  miles  E.S.E.  of  Baireuth. 

W.\LDECK,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  25  miles  S.S.W.  oi 
Vienna. 

WALDECK-PYRMONT,  w6l'd5k  p66r'mont,  (Ger.  pron. 
*Sl'd5k  pefiii/mont.)  a  principality  of  Germany,  consisting 
of  two  detached  portions;  first,  of  Waldeck.  lying  between 
lat.  51°  and  51°  3(1'  N,  Ion.  8°  30'  and  9°  11'  E.,  enclosed 
by  Prussian  Westphalia  and  Ilesse-Cas-sel ;  secondly,  of  Pyr- 
mont,  30  miles  northwai-d,  surrounded  by  the  territories 
of  Hanover,  Lippe-Detmold,  and  Brunswick.  United  area, 
401  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1852.  59,097,  of  whom  53,074 
were  iu  Waldeck.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Lutherans. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  Both  portions  of  territory  are  situated 
in  the  b.-i8in  of  the  Weser,  and  are  watered  by  its  tributa- 
ries the  Eder,  Diemel,  and  Emmer.  Sufficient  corn  it 
raised  for  home  consumption,  with  potatoes,  fruits,  and  flax. 
Cattle  rearing,  and  the  production  of  timtwr,  are  highly  im- 
portant ;  nearly  one-third  of  the  surfijce  is  in  forests.  The 
mineral  products  comprise  iron,  s-ilt,  alabaster,  marble,  and 
slates,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  prince's  revenue  is 
derived  from  the  export  of  the  waters  of  Pyrmont,  one  of 
the  chief  spas  of  Germany.  Manufactures  of  linen  and  wool- 
len stulTs,  paper,  iron,  leather,  and  cotten  hosiery,  are  car- 
ried on,  but  the  principal  articles  of  commerce  are  corn, 
cattle,  fine  wool,  honey,  iron,  mineral  waters,  Ac.  The  go- 
vernment is  a  limited  monarchy,  with  a  diet  of  representa- 
tives of  the  nobility,  the  towns,  and  the  rural  districts.  The 
territory  is  subdivided  into  5  circles.  The  chief  towns  are 
Arolsen,  (the  capital,)  iu  Waldeck;  and  Pyrmont.  The  pub- 
lic revenue  in  1854  was  estimated  at  $266,813 ;  public  debt, 
$80,000. 

WALDEGRAVE  ISLAND,  South  Australia,  on  the  S.  side 
of  .\nxious  Bay,  Eyre  L.ind,  and  N.E.  of  Flinders  Island;  lat 
33°  35'  S.,  Ion.  134°  37'  E. 

W.\I/DEN,  township  of  England,  co.  York,  North  Riding. 

WAI^DEN.  a  post-township  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont,  22 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1099. 

AVALDEN,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co..  New  York,  on  Wall- 
kill  River,  about  90  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Albany.  It  contains 
several  mills  and  stores. 

W.\LDEN.  a  township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

AVALDENBACH,  *Jld'en-bdK\  a  town  of  AV Urtemberg,  10 
miles  S.S.AV.  of  Stuttgart."    Pop.  1952. 

AVALDEXBURG,  *aid'en-bOoRG\  a  town. of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, 43  miles  S.W.  of  Breslau,  on  the  Polsnitz.  Pop.  2750.  It 
has  manufactures  of  linens  and  poroelain.  Near  it  are  exten- 
sive coal-mines. 

AVALDENBURG,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Mulde,  U 
miles  AA'.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  2253.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
and  has  a  fine  castle. 

AVALDENBURG,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  28  miles  N.AV. 
of  EUwangen.     Pop.  1060. 

AVALDENBURG,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Basel, 
Oi  miles  S.  of  Liesthal.     Pop.  600. 

AVALDEN  SAFFRON.    See  Saffrox  Walden. 

AVA  L'DEN'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Tennessee. 

AAALDENSES,  wfil-dSn'isfez,  a  people  inhaijiting  a  seque.s- 
tered  district  of  Piedmont,  called  the  Four  A'alleys.  They 
are  remarkable  for  having  been  the  first  community  in  the 
AVest  of  Europe  that  separated  from  the  Church  of  Rome, 
and  for  the  great  persecuticms  and  haiilshijjs  which  they 
have  suffered.  They  still  exist  as  a  distinct  people,  inhabit- 
ing three  of  the  Four  Valleys,  namely,  Perousa,  Lucerna, 
and  St.  Martin;  Agrogna  no  longer  belonging  to  them.  The 
district  of  the  AValdenses  is  situated  on  the  French  frontier, 
about  30  miles  AA'.N.W.  of  Saluzzo.  Length  about  20  miles, 
breadth  10  miles. 

AVALDKX'S  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  Tennessee. 

AA'ALDEX  ST.  PAUL'S,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

AA'.\L'DEXSA'ILLE,  a  post-village,  Schoharie  CO.,  Xew  York. 

AVAL'DERSIIARE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WALDHEIM,  «ait/h!me,  a  town  of  Saxony,  33  miles  S  E 
of  Leipsic.  Pop.  3872.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and 
woollen  stufifs. 

2059 


WAL 


WAL 


VTALAirarM.  a  vflliige  of  Bohemia,  41  miles  W.  of  Pilsen. 

■WALD'XXGFIKLD,  GKKAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
gnffolk. 

WALDINGFIELD,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

WALDITZ,  wil'dits,  (Gross,  groce,  and  KLEry,  kllne.)  two 
nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Prussia,  province  of  Silesia,  go- 
Ternment  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1397. 

WALDKAPPEL  or  WALDCAPPEL,  ^Jlt'kapVfl.  a  town 
Of  Germany,  Hes!se-Ca.ssel,  20  miles  S.  K.  of  Cas.*el.    Pop.  1304. 

W.\LDKIRCU,  ■ftdlt'keeRK.  a  walled  town  of  Baden,  on 
the  Eltz,  8  miles  X.E.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  257(5. 

WALDKIRCH,  ^ilfkfeRK,  a  \illage  and  parish  of  Swit- 
gerlaml.  canton  and  W.  of  St.  Gall,  on  the  Sitter.    Pop.  2681. 

WALDKIRCHKN.  *ait'kd6RKVn,  a  village  of  Saxony,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Chemniti.     Pop.  1182. 

WALDKIRCHEN,  a  village  of  Lower  Bavaria,  13  miles  N. 
of  Passau. 

WALDMlCHELB.ACn,  «llf miK'el-biK\  a  village  of 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Starkenburg,  23  miles  S.S.E. 
erf  Darmstadt     Pop.  1694. 

WALDMOHR.  «AlfmoR.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on 
the  Glan,  11  miles  N.  of  Deux-Ponts.     Pop.  1191. 

W.iLDMCXCUEX,  (WaldmUnchen.)  «ilt'munKVn.  a 
town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  Palatinate,  on  the  Schwar- 
Bach.  38  miles  N.E.  of  Ratisbon.  Pop.  2132.  It  has  miinu- 
factures  of  linens  and  glass,  with  a  trade  in  flax  and  yarn. 

WALDNIEL.  *ilfneel,  or  BURGWALDXIEL,  booRO- 
■ftilfneel.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  government  and 
W.  of  Dusseldorf     Pop.  1175. 

W.IL'DO.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Maine,  has  an  area 
of  about  800  square  miles.  The  navijable  river  Penob.scx>t, 
and  the  bay  of  this  name,  form  the  greater  part  of  its  eastern 
boundary,  affording  a  great  number  of  excellent  harbors, 
and  invaluable  advantages  for  navigation  and  for  fisheries. 
The  surface  is  generally  undulating,  and  the  soil  moderat<'ly 
fertile.  In  1850  there  were  47  cod  and  mackerel  fisheries. 
Capital,  Belfast.     Pop.  38,447. 

WALDO,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  CO.,  Maine,  35  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  728. 

W.\LDO,  a  post- village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Olen- 
tangy  River,  36  miles  N.  of  Columbus. 

W.VLDO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio. 
36  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  of  the  village,  about 
300:  of  the  township.  1081. 

W.tLDO,  a  small  post-village  of  Wright  co.,  Missouri. 

WALDOBOUOUGH,  wol'do-bur-ruh.  a  post-town  and  port 
of  entry  of  Lincoln  county.  Maine,  at  the  entrance  of  Mus- 
congus  River  into  Musoongus  Bay,  about  55  miles  \.E.  by 
E.  of  Portland.  The  shipping  of  this  district,  (which  com- 
prises several  ports.)  June  30, 1854.  amounted  to  53.825  tons 
registered;  and  the  enrolled  and  licensed  to 68,911  tons.  Of 
the  latter,  60,944  tons  were  employed  in  the  coast  trade: 
6045  in  the  cod  fishery;  1094  in  the  mackerel  fishery:  and 
399  in  steam  navigation.  The  ship-building  of  the  district 
the  same  year,  both  in  regard  to  the  number  of  vessels 
a^lme.^surea.  and  their  aggregate  burthen,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  New  York,  Boston,  and  Bath,  exceeded  that  of  every 
other  district  in  the  United  States.  This  branch  of  business 
con)prised  64  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  burthen  of  31,476 
t-  )ns.  The  tonnage  of  the  vessels  built  in  1864  was  15,968  63-95. 
The  town  contains  8  churches,  a  custom-house,  from  20  to 
30  stores,  and  2  banks.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840,  3661 ; 
in  1850,  4199 ;  and  in  1860,  4,'-)&S. 
WALD'RINQFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
W.Vl/DRON',  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Sussex. 
W.ALDRON.  a  po.stoffice  of  Scott  co.,  .Arkansas. 
WALDSASSEX,  wilt^sis'sen,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Dpper  Palatinate,  on  the  Eger,  32  miles  E.N  E  of 
Baireuth.     Pop.  1522. 

WALD3EE,  *iiysi\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Palatinate,  cir- 
cle of  Speyer.    Pop.  1179. 

WALDSEE,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg.  circle  of  Danube.  32 

miles  S  s.W.  of  Clm.     Pop.  1570.    It  has  a  church  resorted 

•i'i°.''i  '''"'"*^*'  """^  *  "^"^  °^*'''^  princes  of  Waldburg 

\V  ALDSIILT,  ■»aits/hoot\  a  walled  town  of  Baden,  circle 

or  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  Rhine,  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Schaff- 

hausen.     Pop.  1364. 

W.VLDST.\TT,  »ait'8titt.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  4  miles  W.N.W.  of  Appenzell.  Pop.  957. 
J^^:''^^,^Zu'"/'^^  (Waldstiitter,)  Die  Vif.r,  dee  feeR*llt'- 
BWtter,  ('the  four  forest  towns  or  cantons.")  a  name  an- 
ciently and  still  sometimes  given  to  the  four  Swiss  cantons— 
Lrf.  Schwytz,  Unter«ralden,  and  Lucerne-probably  from 

,rr  .  .  i;5,:.       "*''^^'^'^-      See  LUCERXE,  L.^KE  OF. 

WALDT  lURX,  «.tlt/tooRn,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria 
K  874     ^^'    P'Jitinate,  27    miles    N.E.  of   Amberg. 

H^^r.r';"^^^:.^^''''^""-)  *il'dtiRn.  a  town  of  Baden,  cir- 
8136  u'h«'^T'  f  '"'^"'  ^^•^•^^-  °f  WUrzburg  Pop 
»i*J.  It  has  a  church,  resorted  to  in  pilgrimage  I  caatle 
convent,  and  three  annual  fairs.  P"ri"mage,  a  castle, 

W  AI.D'WIOK,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Iowa  CO,  -W^uwn.    It  ha«  rich  lead  mines.    Pop.^lyS. 


WALDWfMMEnSBACH,  *ait-wira'mprs-hlK\  a  village  of 
Bailen.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  621. 

W.\LEXI  or  VALENl,  vi-l.Vnee,  a  small  town  of  Walla- 
chia.  50  miles  X.  of  Bucharest     Near  it  are  beds  of  salt. 

W.\LE.«,  wailz.  ("Welsh.  Ciimry.  kim'ree:  Fr.  GaUet.  trJll.  or 
Pai/f  (iff  GnVts.  pVe  dA  gail:  Sp.  Gnhf.  glljs:  L.  nim'bria  or 
Wtl'Iia :  anc.  Brit/in'ma  Secun'rla.)  a  principality  in  fhf  S.W. 
part  of  Great  Britain,  givintr  the  title  of  Prince  of  Wales  to 
the  heir  apparent  of  the  British  crown:  it  is  divided  into 
North  and  South  Wales,  each  comprising  six  counties.  Tho.se 
of  North  Wales  are  Anglesey,  Carnarvon.  Denbigh,  Flint, 
Merioneth,  and  Montgomery :  of  South  Wales.  Brecon,  Car- 
dig.-<n.  Carmarthen.  Glamorgan.  Pembroke,  and  Radnor. 
(See  EsoLAND.  page  a'^4.)  As  part  of  the  British  Empire, 
Wales  has  been  generally  described  under  that  head,  but  its 
comi:>aratively  isolated  position,  and  Its  very  marked  physical 
features,  demand  for  it  a  short  additional  notice. 

Wales  is  composed  of  a  peninsula,  with  the  island  of 
.4.nglesey  situated  at  its  N.W.  extremity,  and  separated 
from  it  by  the  Menai  Strait,  now  cros.«ed  by  two  very 
remarkable  bridges,  and  with  a  numlier  of  smaller  islands 
chiefly  at  a  short  distance  from  the  S.W.  coast.  The 
peninsula,  washed  N.  and  W.  by  the  Irish  Sea.  and  S.  by 
Bristol  Channel,  and  bounded  W.  by  the  four  English 
counties.  Cheshire,  Shropshire.  Ilerefbni,  and  Monmouth, 
is  135  miles  long:  where  widest  95  miles,  and  where  nar- 
rowe.«t  only  35  miles  broad;  and  has  an  area  of  7398 
square  miles.  It  is  very  mountainous,  particularly  in  North 
Wales,  where  Snowden.  the  culminating  point  of  South  Bri- 
tain, ri.ses  to  the  height  of  3571  feet;  it  is  intersected  by 
beautiful  valleys,  traversed  by  numerous  streams,  including 
among  others  the  Severn,  which  has  its  source  within  it; 
and  is  rich  in  mineral.s.  jvirticularly  copper  in  the  N..  and 
coal  and  iron  partially  here  also,  but  much  more  extensively 
in  the  S.  The  Silurian  formation,  so  called  after  the  Silures, 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  principality,  covers  more 
than  twcothirds  of  the  whole  surface,  extending  continu- 
ously from  the  mouth  of  the  Conway  to  the  vicinity  of  St. 
David's  Head:  but  is  succeeded  in  the  S.  by  the  old  red 
sandstone,  above  which  lies,  first  the  mountain-limestone, 
and  then  the  large  and  valuable  coal-field  already  mentioned. 
Besides  the  Severn,  before  alluded  to,  the  principal  rivers 
are  the  Dee,  which  h.Hs  part  of  it-s  lower  cour.se  in  Cheshire ; 
the  Clwyd.  in  Denbigh  and  Flint:  the  Conway,  forming  the 
boundary  between  Denbigh  and  Carnarvon;  the  Dovey, 
and  the  united  Rheidiol  and  Ystwith,  which  have  their 
mouths  near  the  centre  of  Cardigan  Bay ;  the  Teifv,  sepa- 
rating Cardigan  on  the  N.  from  Carmarthen  and  Pembroke 
on  the  S. ;  the  Cleddy  and  Cleddeu,  remarkable  chiefly  from 
contributing,  by  their  junction,  to  form  the  splendid  estuary 
of  Milford  Haven:  the  Towy  and  Bury,  which  both  fall 
into  Carmarthen  Bay:  the  Ebry  and  Taf,  which  have  a 
common  estuary  in  Bristol  Channel;  the  Romney,  which 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  M'ales  and  England ; 
and  the  Usk  and  Wye,  which,  though  rising  in  the  princi- 
pality, have  only  the  earlier  part  of  their  course  within  it. 
The  lakes  are  numerous,  but  the  largest,  that  of  Bala,  is 
only  4  miles  long,  and  scarcely  1  mile  broad.  The  climate  is 
on  the  whole  moderate  and  ei^uable,  though  somewhat  keen 
in  the  loftier  districts.  In  all  the  counties,  but  more  espe- 
cially in  the  maritime,  humidity  is  in  excess,  the  average 
fall  of  rain  in  the  principality  being  34  inches,  while  that 
in  England  is  only  22.  Hence  both  climate  and  surface 
concur  in  rendering  Wales  much  better  adapted  to  pasture 
than  agriculture.  The  soil  seldom  pos-sesses  great  natural 
fertility,  except  in  some  of  the  vales,  of  which  those  of  the 
Clwyd  in  the  N.,  and  of  Glamorgan  in  the  S..  are  celebrated 
for  productiveness.  The  latter,  rather  a  plain  than  a  vale, 
is  of  great  extent,  and  produces  excellent  wheat.  The  sys- 
tem of  agriculture,  however,  notwithstanding  recent  im- 
provements, continues  in  a  very  backward  state.  The 
minerals,  as  already  observed,  are  very  valuable;  the  S. 
portion  of  Wales  contains  some  of  the  largest  coal  and  iron 
works  in  the  kingilom.  as  well  as  the  smelting-works  of 
Swansea,  probably  the  most  extensive  in  the  world.  Manu- 
factures of  woollen  fabrics,  especially  of  flannel  and  hosiery, 
are  very  generally  pursued  in  the  cottages  of  the  peasantry, 
particularly  in  North  Wales,  where  Welshpool  is  the  chief 
mart  for  the.se  products.  The  cotton  manufacture  has  ex- 
tended into  some  of  the  N.  counties;  and  in  1847. 1860  hands 
were  i>raployed  in  woollen,  cotton,  flax,  and  silk  factories.  \ 
manufactory  of  slate  articles  exists  at  Bangor.  The  tiade 
con.sists  principally  in  the  export  of  mineral  produce,  cittle, 
and  woollen  goods.  The  principal  ports  are  Swansea,  New- 
port, Cardiff,  Carnarvon,  and  Beaumaris,  besides  which 
Holyhead  is  a  chief  packet-station  for  communication  with 
Ireland,  and  Milford  is  a  naval  port,  and  the  .seat  of  a  go. 
vernment  dock-yard.  The  roads  through  the  principality  are 
now  generally  gor>d:  and  in  the  S.  are  several  shf)rt  rail- 
ways, and  a  part  of  the  Ellesmere  Canal.  Wales  is  in  the 
ecclesiastical  province  of  Canterbury,  and  ilivided  into  the 
4  bishoprics  of  Llandaff.  St.  David's,  Bangor,  tnd  S*..  -tniph. 
It  contains  13  Ixiroughs.  besides  contributory  bon'ii^hs,  ojicb 
of  whi>-h  sen<ls  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons  aa  does 
each  of  its  counties. 


WAL 


WAL 


Wales  was  entitled  Britannia  Secunda  by  the  Romans, 
who  conslructed  many  roads  and  stations  in  tlie  country. 
Tile  inliai>j(ants  long  struggled  maul'uUy,  first  against  the 
Romans,  and  afterwards  against  tile  Anglo-.Saxons.  Tliey 
became  tributary  to  England  in  the  10th  eeutury,  and  after 
various  vicissitudes,  iu  which  their  attempts  to  throw  off 
the  yoke  only  riveted  it  more  firuily,  were  tinally  and  com- 
pletely incorporated  with  the  English  monarchy  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VllX.  Jioth  in  language  and  manners,  however, 
they  continue  to  be  a  distinct  people,  and  give  undeniable 
evidence  of  a  Celtic  origin.  Their  dialect  bears  a  marked 
aftiiiity  to  the  Gaelic  or  l-;r.se,  but  is  much  more  closely  allied 
to  the  ancient  Cornish  dialect,  and  that  which  is  still  exclu- 
sively u.sed  by  tiie  peasantry  in  the  \V.  of  the  Erench  pro- 
vince of  Rretagne.  There  is  .strong  reason  to  believe  that 
the  Welsh  are  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Ctmbri,  whence 
Cyiiiri/.  the  name  by  which  th^y  call  themselves  at  the  pre- 
sent day.  The  Cimbri,  though  called  a  German  nation,  ap- 
pear to  have  been  of  Celtic  origin,  and  quite  a  distinct  people 
from  the  Teutones,  with  whom  they  invaded  Italy,  about 
lUU  years  li.  c.  It  is  sui)posed  that  after  their  great  defeat 
by  Marius,  many  tied  into  the  mountains,  and  that  from  a 
portion  of  these  have  sprung  the  Waldenses.  Another  rem- 
nant established  themselves  in  Brittany,  (Uretagne;)  this  will 
account  for  the  very  close  resemblance  between  the  provincial 
dialect  of  this  part  of  France  and  the  Welsh  language. 

The  Welsh  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  languages  now 
Bpokeu  in  Europe,  and  has  also  a  literature,  compo.sed  chiefly 
of  the  poetical  effusions  of  bards,  some  of  whom  flourished 
as  early  as  the  6th  century,  but  partly  also  of  prose,  of  which 
the  translation  of  the  IJible,  completed  in  1588,  is  considered 
one  of  the  best  specimens.  Among  the  peculiarities  which 
characterize  the  people,  one  of  the  most  striking,  at  least 
to  a  stranger,  is  the  female  dress,  consisting  generally  of  a 
plain  or  checked  gown,  a  mantle,  a  napkin  of  gay  flaunting 
colors  around  the  neck  and  shoulders,  and  a  black  beaver 
hat,  either  cylindrical,  like  that  worn  elsewhere  by  men, 
or  broad-brimmed  and  tapering  to  the  form  of  a  trun- 
cated cone.  All  classes  are  distinguished  by  civility  and 
hospitality.  Many  curious  superstitions,  handed  down  by 
immemorial  custom,  still  retrain  their  hold,  and  even  the 
gross  imposture  of  Mormonism  has  found  many  followers, 
pirticularly  in  the  mining  districts;  but  in  a«Jdition  to  the 
labors  of  the  Established  clergy,  those  of  the  Methodists 
have  been  signally  successful  in  diffusing  a  knowledge  of 
religion,  and  the  great  body  of  the  people  belonging  to  what 
are  calleil  the  Calvinistic  Methodists,  find  one  of  their  prin- 
cipal sources  of  enjoyment  either  as  teachers  or  taught  in 
the  primitive  services  of  their  church,  or  in  the  Sunday 
school  almost  invariably  attached  to  it.    Hop.  in  1841,  911,705 ; 

in  1851,  1,005,721. Adj.  Welsh;  iuhab.  Welshman.    (See 

Britain.) 

WALKS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  and  West 
Riding. 

WA1.K.S,  apost-township  in  Kennebec  CO.,  Maine,  17  miles 
S.W.  of  Augusta. 

AVAIvES,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Hampden  co., 
Massachusetts,  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.  It  has  woollen 
manufactures.     Pop.  of  the  township.  677. 

WALES,  a  postrtownship  of  Erie  co..  New  York,  about  22 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Buffalo,     i'op.  1710. 

WALKS,  a  post-township  in  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan.    P.  903. 

WALKS,  a  small  post-village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois. 

WAL1']SB0110UGII.  a  village  of  Indiana,  on  the  Jefferson- 
ville  Railroad,  46  miles  from  Indianapolis. 

^VALESBY,  wailz'be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WALKSBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

WALES  CKNTKE,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  New  York. 

WALKS'VILLE,  a  manufacturing  post-villaj^e  of  Oneida 
CO.,  New  York. 

WALET,  wA'ljy,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  260  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Timbuctoo. 

WaL/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WAI/GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

walhain-saint-paul-saktlez-walhain,     vir- 

baxo'  sKu"  pol  saRtUA'  viPhiVN"',  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant,  on  the  Nil,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1745. 

WALHAL'LA,  postofSce,  Pickens  district.  South  Carolina. 

WAL'HAM  GREEN  or  ST.  JOHN'S,  a  chapelry  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Middlesex,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  I'aul's,  London. 

WALHO.N'DING,  a  river  of  Ohio,  also  called  the  MOHIC- 
CAN,  and  WHITE  WOMAN  RIVER,  is  formed  by  several 
fork.s,  which  unite  near  Loudonville.  It  theu  flows  south- 
easterly, and  joins  the  Tuscarawas  at  Coshocton  to  form  the 
Muskingum. 

WALHtJNDING,  a  post-office  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

WALINCOURT,  vd^l^N^'kooR/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Cambrai.     I'op.  in  1852,  2127. 

WALIUKI.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  V.\liooki. 

W'ALKENRIED,  *dl'ken-reet\  a  market-town  of  Bruns- 
wick, district  and  20  miles  S.W.  of  Blankeuburg,  on  the 
Wieda.  with  570  inhabitants,  and  an  ancient  abbey. 

WALKER.  waw'kt>r,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  contains  about  050 


square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Chicka- 
mauga  River,  an  afiiuent  of  the  Tennessee,  an  t  by  the 
Chattooga  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Coosa;  also  by  I'eavintu, 
Rocky,  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  traversed  In-  severa 
mountain  ridges,  abounding  in  magnificent  scenery.  The 
most  considerable  of  these  are  called  Taylor's  Ridge,  Pigeon. 
White-oak,  and  Lookout  Mountains.  The  soil  of  the  valleys 
is  fertile.  It  abounds  in  mineral  springs  and  valuable 
minerals,  including  stone-coal,  fine  marble,  limestont,  gi  p 
sum,  and  lead.  The  Red  Sulphur  Springs  and  Gordoi  's 
Springs  are  watering-places  of  some  celebrity.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  It  w^ 
named  in  honor  of  Freeman  Walker,  United  States  senator 
from  Georgia.  Capital,  Lafayette.  Pop.  10,082,  of  whom 
8547  were  free,  and  1535  slaves. 

WALKEU,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Alabama,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  traver.sed  by  the 
.Mulberry  F'ork  of  Black  Warrior  River.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  presenting  many  wild  and  picturesque  gorges : 
the  highlands  afford  excellent  pasturage,  and  are  .separated 
by  beautiful  and  fertile  valleys.  A  large  part  of  the  ci>unty 
IS  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  oak,  and  other  timber.  A 
natural  bridge  has  been  found  in  this  county,  which  is  said 
to  rival  that  of  Rockbridge,  Virginia.  Capital,  Jasper.  Pop. 
798(1,  of  whom  7461  were  free,  and  519  slaves. 

WALKER,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Texas,  con- 
tains about  950  square  miles.  The  Trinity  River  bounds  it 
on  the  N.,  and  the  San  Jacinto  rises  within  its  limits.  The 
surface  is  an  alluvial  plain.  Much  of  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 
The  Trinity  River  is  navigable  when  the  water  is  high,  and 
the  produce  of  the  county  is  exported  by  steamboats.  Named 
iu  lionor  of  Robert  J.  W'alker,  secretary  of  the  treasury  un- 
der President  Polk.  Capital,  Huntsville.  Pop.  8191,  of  whom 
4056  were  free,  and  4135  slaves. 

WALKER,  a  post-township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  E  of  Bellefonte.     Pop.  1587. 

WALKER,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Juniata  River,  oi)posite  Hunting- 
don.    Pop.  831. 

W'ALKER,  a  township  of  Juniata  co..  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Juniata  River,  intersected  by  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  and  by  the  Pennsylvania  Canal.    Pop.  1719. 

WALKER,  a  township  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WALKER,  a  post-office  of  Wakulla  co.,  Florida. 

W.^LKEK.  a  township  in  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  intersected 
by  Grand  River.     Pop.  1430. 

W.-VLKER,  a  towu.ship  in  Rush  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1264. 

WALKERINGHA.M.  waw/ker-ing-am,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Nottingham. 

WALKERN,  wawkern,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Hertford. 

WALK'ER'S,  a  po'st-ofilce  of  Colleton  district.  South 
Carolina. 

WALKER'S,  a  postofRce  of  Crittenden  co.,  Kentucky. 

WALKER'S  BRANCH,  a  small  village  of  Lincoln  Ok', 
Georgia. 

WALKER'S  CHURCH,  a  post-office  of  Appomattox  co., 
Virginia. 

WALKER'S  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  rises 
in  Wythe  co.,  flows  north-eastward,  and  enters  New  River 
in  Giles  countv. 

WALKER'S"  FORD,  a  small  village,  Randolph  co.,  Georgia. 

W^ALKER'S  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois. 

WALKER'S  I/RONWORKS,  a  small  village  of  Wayne  CO., 
Tennessee. 

WALKER'S  LAKE,  in  the  south-western  part  of  Utah 
Territory,  in  lat.  about  38°  45'  N.,  Ion.  118°  20'  W.,  received 
the  waters  of  Walker's  River,  but  has  no  outlet.  Length, 
above  30  miles;  greatest  breadth,  about  10  miles. 

WALKER'S  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Alleghany  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WALICER'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Coffee  co.,  Tennessee. 

WALKER'S  NECK,  a  post-office  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois, 
about  75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

WALKER'S  RIVER  rises  in  Cal.averas  co.,  California,  and 
flows  first  north-easterly,  passing  into  Utah  'I'erritory,  then 
taking  a  S.E.  course,  it  falls  into  Walkers  Lake. 

WALKERSVILLE,  waw/kerz-vil,  a  thriving  post-village 
of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in  Half-moon  Valley,  100  mileA 
N.W.  of  Harrisburg,  contains  4  stores. 

WALKERSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Frederick  co.,  Mary- 
land. 81  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

WALKERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  North 
Carolina,  194  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

WALKERSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Missmri. 

WALK'ERTON,  a  post-office  of  King  and  Queen  co.,  Vi^ 
ginia,  on  the  Mattapony  River,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond 

WALK'ERTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Chester 'co  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  29  miles  vV. 
of  Philadelphia. 

WALKERTOWN,  &  post-village  of  Forsyth  r>..  North 
Carolina. 

WALK/ERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  o^.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WALKHAMP'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ttv^n. 

WALKI,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Valki. 

2061 


WAL 

WAtKflNGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 

WAl.KRIXGEX,  *aik'rinp-en,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Swjtierland.  canton  and  8  mile's  K.N.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  1859. 

WAl/LABOUT  BAY,  of  King's  co..  Long  Island.  New 
York,  is  a  semicircular  bay  setting  up  from  the  Kast  River, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Brooklyn.    See  Broosltx. 

WAl/LABV  ISLANDS,  two  small  islands  of  the  Abrolhos, 
off  the  8.W.  coast  of  Australia. 

WALLACE,  a  postoffice  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

WAL'LACE.  a  post-office  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WALL-VCE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Virginia. 

WALLACE,  a  post-office-ofChesterdistrict.  South  Carolina. 

WALLACE,  a  post-village  in  Jones  co.,  Georgia,  20  miles 
S.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

WALLACE,  a  township  in  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  480. 

WALLACE,  a  post-village  in  Fountain  co.,  Indiana. 

WALLACE,  a  postoffice  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska. 

WALLACE,  a  county  of  New  South  Wales.  Ea.st  Australia, 
bordering  Victoria  Colony,  and  surrounded  by  the  counties 
of  Welle.sley,  Beresford.  Cowley,  and  Buccleugh.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous,  covered  by  the  Australian  Alps,  and 
watered  by  head  streams  of  the  Murray. 

WAiyLACEBURG,  a  town  and  port  of  entry  of  Canada 
West,  on  Big  Bear  Creek,  26  miles  from  Chatham.  Pop. 
about  800. 

WAI/LACE  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Independence  co., 
Arkansas.  • 

WAL/LACES  CROSS  KOADS,  a  post-office  of  Anderson 
CO..  Tennessee. 

WALLACE'S  FACTORY,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina. 

WALL.\CE-TOWN.  a  modem  and  populous  suburb  of 
Ayr,  Scotland,  immediately  W.  of  Newton,  and  separated 
firom  the  royal  burgh  by  the  river  Ayr. 

WAI/LACEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Venango  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WALLACE'^TXLE,  a  small  viUage  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

WALLACHTA  or  WALACHIA,  wj-li'ke-a.  (Ger.  Walaehd, 
*d-)d-Ki':  Fr.  Valadiie  or  Valaquie.  vi^ld^kee/;  Sp.  Valaquia, 
vi-li-kee'i;  L.  Valafchia  or  ITtiZa'c/iia,)  c  principality  of  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  between  lat.  4-3°  40'  and  46°  40'  N..  and  Ion. 
2-^  30'  and  28°  E..  and  bounded  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  Car- 
pathians, separating  it  from  Transylvania  and  the  Banat  of 
Hungary;  W.,  S.,  and  E.  by  the  Danulie.  sep.irating  it  in 
the  first  direction  from  Servisu  and  in  the  last  two  from 
Bulgaria;  and  N.E.  by  Moldavia,  from  which  it  is  chiefly 
separated  by  the  Sereth.  and  its  tributary  the  Milkov.  Aiea 
•bout  27,000  square  miles.  Its  surface  may  be  regarded  as 
a  vast  inclinixl  plane,  sloping  from  the  Carpathians  towards 
the  Danube.  Among  the  mountains  of  the  N.  and  W.  the 
elevation  avera:res  from  3000  to  4000  feet,  but  rises  in 
particular  summits  to  7000  feet,  and  in  Mount  But-^rhetesch. 
N.  of  Kimpolung,  exceeds  8000  feet;  but  this  elevation  is 
soon  succeeded  by  a  region  of  hills  and  undulating  plains, 
and  finally  sinks  down  into  extensive  flats,  often  swampy, 
and  fringed  near  the  banks  of  the  Danube  by  a  chain  of 
sh.<illow  lakes.  Many  of  the  loftier  summits  are  composed 
of  gneifss  and  mica-schist ;  in  the  hilly  region,  though  the 
lower  part  of  the  secondary  formation  appears  to  be  want- 
ing, the  cretaceous  system  is  largely  developed,  and  is  over- 
lain by  tertiary  conglomerates,  clays,  marls,  and  sandstones. 
In  the  S.  and  E.  diluvial  gravels,  and  alluvial  deposits  of 
great  depth,  form  large  and  fertile  plains.  The  most  valua- 
ble mineral  of  Wnllachia  is  salt,  the  mines  of  which  seem 
alranst  inexhaustible.  Petroleum  and  asphaltum  are  also 
abundant:  sulphur  is  found  in  more  limited  quantities. 
The  only  metal  of  consequence  is  copper,  which  has  been 
worked  to  some  extent;  gold  is  wa-^hed  fi^m  the  sands  of 
several  streams.  The  drainage  belongs  to  the  basin  of  the 
Diinulw.  which  receives  it  on  its  left  bank.  Ixith  directly  and 
by  numerous  affluents,  particularly  the  Schvl.  Aluta.  united 
Vede  and  Teliorman,  Argisch  or  Ardjish,"  Jalomitza,  and 
Sereth. 

The  climate,  in  the  more  mountainous  districts,  is  severe, 
and  even  on  the  plains  the  winter  continues  long.  The 
Dnnulie  and  its  tributaries  are  regularly  frozen  over  for 
■bout  six  weeks.  The  soil  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility, 
and  with  few  exceptions  the  whole  principality  admits  of 
bemg  cultivated  like  a  garden.  With  very  imperfect  culture, 
wheat,  barley,  and  maize  are  everywhere  raised  in  abun- 
dance. Tobacco,  hops,  and  flax  are  also  extensively  grown ; 
the  vine  thrives  well,  and  there  is  a  profusion  of  all  the  ordi- 
nary fruit.s.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  goats  are  reared  in  va<=t 
numbers.  The  manufactures  .are  iusignificant;  the  trade  is 
principally  m  raw  pro«luce,  exchanited  for  coffee,  su'ar. 
pepper,  foreign  wines,  furs,  and  various  manufactures,  priu- 
cipally  from  Germany.  Russia,  and  Great  Britain.  The  in- 
babitants.  chiefly  pure  Wallarhians.  who  are  believed  to 
Uave  descended  without  much  intermixture  from  the 
ancient  Dacians.  have  lost  almost  all  their  better  qualities 
dunng  long  misgovernment.  and  have  now  few  virtues  to 
compensate  for  their  prevaUiug  indolence,  sotUshness,  cun- 


WAL 

ning.  and  revenge.  They  belong  generally  to  the  Greek 
church,  which  provides  very  imperfectly  either  for  the  reli- 
gious or  moral  eilucntion  of  its  adherents.  Walltichia.  witb 
the  adjoining  principality  of  Moldavia,  is  nominally  a  de- 
pendency of  Turkey,  to  which  it  pays  an  annual  tribute, 
and  till  recently  was  under  an  undefined  kind  of  Kus.sian 
protectorate.  'The  prince  or  hospndar  is  ele<-ted  for  life  by 
the  hoyards  (Jr  nobles,  who  hold  a  kind  of  le-.r)slative  diet, 
by  which  the  sovereign  power  is  modified.  Administralivoly 
the  principality  is  divided  into  18  districts,  13  in  Great  and 
5  in  Little  Wallacliia.  The  inhabitants  speak  a  corrupt 
dialect  of  the  Latin  language.  This  country  formed  part  of 
Dacia  in  the  Roman  Empire.  It  was  afterwards  under  the 
dominion  of  the  Goths  and  Huns:  it  formed  a  sepjirate 
kingdom  in  1290:  in  1479  it  was  conquered  by  Mohammed 
II. :  it  regaine<l  its  independence  for  a  short  time,  and  after- 
wards formed  a  province  of  yie  Ottoman  Empire  till  IS'i!'. 
By  the  treaty  of  Ailrianople  in  1830,  it  was  placed  under 
the  protection  of  Russia. 

In  1853.  Wallaohia.  as  well  as  the  other  northern  provinces 
of  European  Turkey,  was  occupied  by  the  armies  of  Russia, 
a  circumstance  constituting  one  of  the  principal  c.iuses 
of  the  present  war.  After  their  unsuccessful  siege  of  Silis- 
tria.  in  1854,  the  Russians  evacuated  all  the  Turkish  pro- 
vinces.    Pop.  about   2.000.000. Adj.  and   inhab.  Wali.a- 

cniAX.  w&l-l.-l'ke-an.  and  Wallach.  wcSl'Ids,  (Fr.  Valaqve, 
vi'lik';  Ger.  adj.  Wallachisch,  <vdl1i-Kish ;  inhab.  Wallach, 
Cval'WK.) 

WALLAJABAD,  wil-li-ji-bid',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras.  14  miles  N.W.  of  Chingleput,  with 
some  extensive  military  cantonments. 

WALLAMETTE,  a  river  of  Oreu'on.    See  Willamette. 

WAiyLAMKTTE.  a  post-office  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon. 

WALLAXCHOON,  wdndn-choon'.  or  WALLOONG.  w^l^- 
loong'.  a  large  village  of  Ea-«tern  Nepaul,  on  the  Wallan- 
choon  or  Tambur  River,  10.385  feet  above  sea-level.  It  has 
some  transit  trade  with  Thil>et  through  the  Wallanchooc 
Pass.  16.756  feet  high,  and  alxiut  two  davs'  journey  to  the  N. 

W.\LLAROB'B.\^  a  village  of  New  South  Wal'>a,'.\ustralia, 
CO  of  Durham.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Clarence,  in  a  fine  grazing 
district,  between  Paterson  and  William  Rivers. 

WALL.\  WALLA,  w6ria  wol'la,  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  Oregon,  and,  flowing  in  a  W.N.W.  direction,  fells 
into  the  Columbia  Kiver  at  Wallula,  in  Wasliington  Ter- 
ritory. The  emigrants'  route  to  Oregon  City  follows  this 
river  for  nearly-its  whole  course. 

WALLA  WALLA,  a  county  of  Washington  Territory,  in- 
tersected by  the  Columbia  Eiver.  which  forms  part  of  the 
southern  boundary.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Snake  or  Lewis  River,  and  drained  by  the  Y'akinia,  flowing 
from  the  N.W.  Area  estimated  at  5500  square  miles. 
Capitil.  Walla  Walla.     Pop.  1318. 

WALLA  WALLA  or  FORT  WALLA  WALLA,  the  capital 
of  Walla  Walla  county,  ^VashingtoIl  Territory,  is  situated 
on  the  Walla  Walla  River,  30  miles  E.  of  the  Columtiia 
River,  and  is  409  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  See  Ap- 
pendix. 

WAL'LAZEY,  a  parL«h  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

W.\LL-BOT'TLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  North, 
umberland. 

WALL'DITCH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

W.ALLDORF.  *illMoRf.  a  village  of  Germany,  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen,  principality  and  4  miles  N.  of  Meiningen,  on  the 
Werra.     Pop.  1500. 

WALLDCRN.  a  town  of  Baden.     See  WaldUrn. 

W.\L'LED  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan. 

WALLENDORF.  *dI'leu-doRf\  (Hun.  Olaszi.  o"10s'see\) 
a  town  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Zips,  on  the  Hernad,  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Leut»chau.     Pop.  3000. 

WALLEXFKLS.  fvdllen-f^l.s'.  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  on  the  Rodach,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Kronach.     Pop.  1121. 

WAL'LENP.VU'PACK  CREEK,  in  the  N,E.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, enters  the  Lackawaxen  a  few  miles  below  Hones- 
dale. 

WALLENSTADT.  ft3l'len-stitt\  a  lake  and  small  town  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  St  Gall :  the  lake  (in  German  Walles- 
STjiDTER-SEE.  *il'len-stJtHfr-sA'.)  is  11  miles  in  length,  by  2 
miles  across,  9  miles  S.E.  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  the  Linth  Canal.  Height  above 
the  sea.  1385  feet;  average  depth,  500  feet.  Shores  moun- 
tainous and  grand,  the  precipices  along  its  N.  fide  varying 
from  2000  to  3000  feet  in  height  It  receives  the  rivers  Linth 
and  Seez.  The  town  Wallenstadt.  at  its  E.  extremity,  popu- 
lation 1800,  is  a  depot  for  the  transit  trade  between  Germany 
and  Italy. 

WALLENSTADTER-SEE.    See  preceding  article. 

WAt/LER,  a  post-village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  6  miles  from 
Chilicothe. 

WALLERFANOEN.  ftiller-fdng^en,  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  government  of  Treves,  on  the  Saar.     Pop.  1051. 

WALLERN,  ft-al'lern.a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Prachin, 
30  miles  S.S.W.  of  IMsek.    Pop.  2009. 

WALLERS,  viriaiR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  arroudisaement  of  Valenciennes,  on  the  railway  from 


WAL 

Calais  to  Paris.  1  mile  from  Valenciennes.  Pop.  in  1852, 
8301. 

WALLERSTP:IN,  «Jl'lor-8tTne\  a  town  of  Ravaria.  circle 
of  Swabia.  30  miles  S.SAV.  of  .\nspach.  Pop.  1950.  It  has 
a  castle,  the  resilience  of  the  Princes  Oettingen-Wallerstein. 

WALLHAUSKN.  -fvJl'hOwVen,  a  town  of  Prussian  .'^axony, 
government  of  Merpeburg,  on  the  Helme,  4  miles  W.  of 
Sangershausen.     I'op.  1055. 

WaL'LINGFOKD,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough, town,  and  parish  of  England,  chiefly  in  the  county  of 
Berks,  on  the  ri;j:ht  bank  of  the  Thames,  here  crossed  by  a 
Htone  bridge  of  19  arches,  with  4  drawbridges,  12^  miles 
N.W.  of  Reading.  Pop.  of  municipal  borough  in  1861,  2819; 
of  parliamentary  borough,  comprising  also  some  parishes  in 
the  county  of  Oxford.  8064.  The  town  has  3  churches,  a 
town-hall,  market-house,  small  jail,  various  dissenting  cha- 
pels, several  schools,  almshouses,  and  on  its  N.  side  are  the 
traces  of  a  castle  demolished  in  16.53.  It  has  some  trade  in 
malt,  corn,  and  flour,  and  communicates  by  canals  with  IJatb, 
Bristol,  and  the  central  parts  of  England.  The  liorough 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  confers  the 
title  of  Viscount  on  the  V^rl  of  Banbury.  The  Wallingford- 
Koad  Station  of  the  Great  Western  Kailway,  3  miles  from 
the  town,  is  47^  miles  N.W.  of  London. 

WaL'LINGFORD.  a  post-township  in  Rutland  CO..  Ver- 
mont, intersected  by  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  62 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  4  churches,  6  stores, 
and  11  mills  and  manufactories.     Pop.  1747. 

WALLING  FORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  New 
Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Hartford  and  New  Haven 
Ruilroad.  11  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  Haven.  The  village  has 
a  beautiful  situation  on  elevated  ground,  with  broad  and 
straight  streets,  finely  shaded.  It  contains  4  churches,  seve- 
ral stores,  and  several  flourishing  schools.  Manufactures 
have  recently  been  intro.luced.  and  are  now  in  a  very  thriv- 
ing condition.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3206. 

WALLINGFORD,  a  post-village  of  Will  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
160  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

WaL'LING'S  FKRRY,  a  iwst-oflfice  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas. 

WAiyLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

WALLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WALLTNGTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

WALLIS,  a  canton  of  Swit7.crland.     See  Valais. 

WALLISCIIBIRKEN,  (Wiillischbirken,)  *Jl'lish-b66R^- 
keu,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Prachin,  about  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Prague.    Pop.  2142. 

WaL'LIS  CREEK,  of  New  South  Wales,  East  Australia, 
eo.  of  Northumberland,  flows  N.,  dividing  the  lioroughs  of 
East  and  W^est  Maitland,  and  joins  the  river  Hunter. 

AVAL'LTS  ISLAND,  of  New  South  Wales.  East  Australia, 
CO.  of  Northumberland,  in  PorMIunter,  opposite  KuUarton 
Cove.  lat.  10°  51'  S.,  Ion.  142°  4'  E. 

WALLTS  ISLAND,  (native  Ueu,  oo-A'd.)  the  principal  of  a 
group  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat.  13°  24'  S.,  Ion.  176° 
le'W. 

WALLIS  LAKE,  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of  Gloucester, 
bordering  the  coast  near  Cape  Hawke.  Length  10  miles, 
breadth  .5  miles. 

WALiyKILL  RIVER,  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  New 
Jersey,  flows  in  a  N.N.E.  course,  and  after  receiving  the 
Shawangunk,  falls  into  the  Rondout,  in  the  E.  part  of  Ulster 
CO.  Tlie  name  Wallkill  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  main 
stream  below  the  junction  with  the  Rondout. 

WALLKILL,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Orange  co., 
New  York,  intersected  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad. 
Pop.  6603.     It  contains  tlie  village  of  Middleton. 

WALLO'NIA,  a  postrvillage  of  Trig  CO.,  Kentucky,  on 
Muddy  Creek.  8  miles  N.  of  Cadiz. 

W.\LLOOM'SCOIK  RIVER,  rises  in  Bennington  co.,  Ver- 
mont, and  falls  into  the  Iloosiick  River,  in  New  York. 

WALLOOSTOOK'  ItlVER.  Maine,  is  formed  by  two  small 
branches,  called  the  North-West  and  the  South- West 
branches,  in  Somerset  co..  and,  flowing  in  a  general  north- 
easterly course,  unites  with  the  St.  Frangois  to  form  the  St. 
John's  River. 

WaL'LOP,  NETHER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WALLOP,  OVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WALLPACK  CENTRE.     See  Walpack  Centre. 

WALLS  and  FLO'TA,  a  united  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Orkney,  comprising  the  S.  half  of  the  island  of  Hoy,  with 
the  islands  of  Flota.  Fara.  Cava,  and  Gransay. 

WALLS  and  SAND^NESS',  a  united  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Shetland,  comprising  the  most  W'.  part  of  the  Shetland 
Mainland,  and  the  islands  of  Foula,  Linga,  Papa-Stour,  and 
Vaila. 

W.\LL'SEND.  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland.  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Newcastle,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Newcastle  and  Shields  Railway,  Pop.  in  1851, 
5721,  chiefly  engaged  in  collieries,  but  partly  in  lime-kilns, 
manufactures  of  copperas  and  earthenwares,  aal  in  ship- 
building. The  village  is  large  and  well-built.  The  Wall- 
send  coal  is  of  very  superior  quality,  and  upwards  of 
i.OOO.000  tons  are  annually  imported  into  London. 

WALL".S  ST>  IKE.  a  po.st-olflce  of  ,\mite  Co..  Missis,«ippi. 

WALLSTADT.  wdl'stdtt.  (GR03b,  groee,  and  IvLii.N,  kllne.) 


WAL 

two  contiguous  market-towns  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Ijowor 
Franconia".  on  the  Main.  34  miles  W.N.W.  of  WUrzburif. 
Pop.  of  the  former,  1317  ;  of  the  latter.  1805. 

WALLS/A^ILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WALL-TOWN,  a  township  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Northumber- 
land, supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  Roman  station  Vin- 
(JMnna. 

WAL'LUM  POND,  a  village  in  Burrillville  township.  Pro- 
vidence CO..  Rhode  Island,  about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Providence. 
It  contained  1  cotton-raill.  with  33  looms. 

WaL'MER.  a  parish  of  Fingland,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  E. 
coast.  1  mile  S.S.W.  of  Deal,  in  the  borough  of  which  it  i.s 
comprised.  The  village  of  Upper  Walmer  adjoins  Deal; 
and  separated  from  it  on  the  S.E.  is  Lower  Walmer,  on  rising 
ground  near  the  .shore,  containing  the  church,  partly  of 
Norman  architecture,  some  good  residences,  and  marine  vil- 
hi'.'es.  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing.  Facing  the  sea,  oppo- 
site the  Downs,  is  Walmer  Castle,  built  by  Henry  VIII.,  now 
fitted  up  for  the  use  of  the  Lord-Warden  of  the  Cinqueports, 
and  was  the  frequent  residence  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington 
in  that  official  capacity. 

WaL'MEKSLEY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WALMESGATE,  w6lms/gate,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

WaL^IS'LEY,  a  seaport  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Pictou,  on 
Pictou  Harbor,  opening  into  Northumberland  Strait,  about 
90  miles  N.E.  of  Halifax. 

W AL'NEY  ISLAN  D,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lancas- 
t«»,  between  Morecambe  Bay  and  the  estuary  of  the  Duddon, 
Lenath  of  the  island  from  N.  to  S..  9  miles,  average  breadth 
1  mile.  At  its  S.  extremity  is  a  lighthouse,  rising  70  feet 
at>ove  the  sea.  in  lat.  54°  2'  9"  N.,  Ion.  3°  10'  5"  W. ;  and  near 
this  the  "  Pile  of  Fowdrey."  a  castle  formerly  of  great 
strength,  erected  in  1327  for  the  protection  of  the  harbor. 

WaLN'FOKD,  a  post-oftice  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey. 

WAL'NUT,  a  post-offlce  of  Juniata  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WALNUT,  a  town.ship  in  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas.  .Pop.  541. 

WWLNUT.  a  township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  intersected 
by  the  Ohio  Canal.     Pop.  2130. 

WALNUT,  a  township  of  Gallia  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1134. 

W A LNUT,  a  township  of  Pickaway  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1768. 

W.\  LNUT,  a  townshipof  Montgomery  Co..  Indiana.  P.1301. 

W'ALNUT,  a  post-village  in  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  55  miles 
S.W.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

W.4LNUT  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 

W  A  LN  UT  BOT'TO.M,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WALNUT  BOTTOM,  a  post-offlce  of  Henderson  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 

WALNUT  CA5IP,  a  small  post>village  of  Poinsett  co., 
Arkansas. 

WALNUT  COVE,  a  post-village,  Stokes  co..  North  Carolina. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  southward  from 
Jones  CO..  and  enters  the  Ocmuigee  River  at  Macon. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  of  Ba.strop  co.,  Texas,  enters  the  Colo- 
rado from  the  rittht.  a  few  miles  Ijelow  the  county  seat. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Buncombe  co..  North 
Carolina. 

W.VLNUT  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of 
Holmes  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1278. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Copiah  CO.,  Nebraska 
Territory. 

WALNUT  FIELD,  a  small  village.  SuUiv.in  co.,  Tennessee. 

WALNUT  FL.4.T,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Kentucky, 
has  1  church,  and  .about  100  inhabitants. 

WALNUT  FOR'EST.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri, 
about  115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

WALNUT  FORK,  a  postroffice  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Morris  CO.,  New  Jersey. 

WALNUT  OR  )VE,  a  post-otflce  of  Kanawha  county,  W. 
Virginia,  3-30  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  post-offlce.  Orange  co.,  North  Carolina. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Spartanburg  di.strict, 
South  Carolina. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Walton  CO.,  Georgia. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Blount  co.,  Alabama. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  post-offlce.  Independence  co..  Arkans.tg. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Overton  co.,  Tennesse*. 

WALNUT  GKOVE.  a  post-offlce  of  Caldwell  co.,  Kentucky. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  about 
45  miles  N.W.  of  Peoria. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Mi.ssouri. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Scott  co..  Iowa. 

WALNUT  GROVE  MILLS,  a  post-offlce  of  Potawatamie 
CO..  Iowa. 

WALNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Virginia. 

W.\LNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Georsi.i. 

W.-VLNUT  HILL,  a  pfist-office  of  Rapides  co..  Ix>uisiana. 

W.\LNUT  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Panola  co.,  Texas. 

W.\LNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Lafayette  CO.,  Arkansaa. 

WALNUT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Favette  eo.,  Kentucky. 

WALNUT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  CO.,  Ohio.  It 
has  a  union  school. 

WALNUT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on 

2063 


WAL 

the  roail  from  Salem  to  Chester,  12  miles  from  the  former, 
h^  alx.iit  -'110  iiiliabitants. 

WALNUT  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Buchanan  co..  Missouri. 

WALNUT  LAKE,  a  postoJflce  of  Tunica  eo..  Mississippi. 

WALNUT  LANE,  a  post-village  of  Yadkin  co.,  North 
Carolin:i.  .....     . 

W A  LNUT  PEAK,  a  postroffice.  Tisheminsco  co.,  Mississippi. 

WALNUT  I'OST.  a  post-offtceof  LauJenlale  co.,  Tennessee. 

WALNUT  UIlHJE.apost-ofBceof  Washington  CO.,  Indiana. 

A\'.\LNUT  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Wisconsin. 

WALNUT  V.\L'LEY.  a  post-offlce,  Warren  co..  New  Jersey. 

W  ALNUT  V A L LEY,  a  post>office  of  Marion  CO.,  Tennessee. 

WALNUT  VALLEY,  a  post-offlce  of -Madison  CO.,  Kentucliy. 

W.VL'I'.\CK.  a  townshipof  Susse.x  co..  New  Jersey.   P.  851. 

WALPACK  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co.,  New 
Jersey. 

WaI/POLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

W.\LPOLE.  a  post-village  and  township  in  Chaohire  co.. 
New  Hampshire,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connerticut  River,  and 
on  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  44  miles  W.S.W.  of  Concord. 
The  river  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  There  are  also  2  other 
villaires  in  this  township.     Pop.  1868. 

WALPOLE.  a  post-village  and  township  in  Norfolk  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad.  17  miles 
S.W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  township  is  watered  by  Neponset 
River.    It  contains  5  cotton  and  3  woollen  mills.    Pop.  2037. 

WALPOLE.  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

W.ALPOLE  EAST,  a  post-office,  Norfolk  co.,  Massachusetts. 

WALPOLE  ISLAND.  Pacific  Ocean,  E.  of  New  Caledonia; 
lat.  22°  40'  S..  Ion.  169='  2'  E. 

WALPOLE  ST.  ANDREW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

WALPOLE  ST.  PETER,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WaIVS.ALU  a  parliamentery  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stnffortl.  on  nn  eminence 
be-^iile  the  Tame,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  London  and  North- 
Western  Railway,  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of 
piirliiimentary  and  niuiiicrpal  borough  in  1861,  37,726. 
Tlie  town  iiiis  a  handsome  new  church  in  a  commanding 
situation;  St.  Pauls  chapel;  two  Roman  Catliollc,  and 
various  other  chapels ;  an  old  town-hall  and  jail ;  a  grammar 
school,  annual  revenue  SOOl. ;  almshou.«es.  national  blue-coat 
and  other  schools;  subscription  and  news-rooms.  Saddlers' 
and  coaohniakers'  ironmongery  and  domestic  iron  utensils 
are  the  staple  articles  of  trade;  it  has  also  several  brass  and 
iron  foundries,  extensive  coal  and  lime  works,  and  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  malt.  The  town  was  fortified  bj'  Ethelfleda, 
daughter  of  Alfred,  and  was  a  royal  demesne  at  the  Con- 
quest.    It  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WALSALL  FOREIGN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford.     Pop.  in  1851,  18.061. 

WALSCHEID,  *ai'shitc.  (Fr.  pron.  TaisVhA'  or  vIl'shAd',) 
a  village  of  France,  department  of  Meurthe,  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Sarrebourg.     Pop.  1783. 

WALSCHEIDT.  «ai/shlte,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
government  of  Treves.  6  miles  N.  of  Sarrebriick. 

WaLSCHLAND.    See  Wklschl.\xd. 

WALSCHLEBEN.  ftilshl.Vben.  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony,  government  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  1230. 

WaLS/DEN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  Lancaster,  10  miles 
£.  of  Haslingden.  on  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway. 

WAL'SER'S  MILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Davidson  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

Wa  LSHAM  IN  THE  WILLOWS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Suffolk. 

WaLS'HAM,  NORTH,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Norfolk,  near  the  river  Ant,  which  is  navigable 
from  Yarmouth  to  Walsham,  6  miles  from  the  E.  coast,  and 
14  miles  X.N.E.  of  Norwich.  Pop.  in  1851,  29U.  The  town 
has  a  grammar  school,  in  which  Lord  Nelson  received  a  part 
of  his  education,  several  minor  charities,  a  theatre.  &c.  In 
the  parish  are  extensive  water-mills;  and  1  mile  S.  of  the 
town  is  a  stone  cross  erected  to  commemorate  a  victory  of 
Bishop  Spencer  and  others  over  a  band  of  rebels  in  1381. 

Walsham,  SOUTH,  a  village  and  district  of  England, 
CO.  of  Norfolk,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Yarmouth. 

WaI'SINGHAM, GREAT orOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

WAL/SINGHAM,  LITTLE  or  NEW,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  Stilfkey,  5  miles 
8.E.  of  Wells.     Pop.  In  1851.  1207. 

K-l^'^r'?.*:^'^'^^-  "^  P"""''  °^  England,  co.  of  Norfolk.  1  mile 
N.h  of  V\isbeach,  with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the  East 
Anglian  Railway. 

axr^H'^l"^!;'-  ^^''''ro'deh.  a  town  of  Hanover,  45  miles 
S.W.  of  Lilneburg.  on  the  IJiihme.     Pop.  2001. 

»^  «  ^l'**^'"^- "  ^''l»«eof  Hanover,  government  and  S.W, 
Of  Lilneburg,  near  the  above.     Pop.  1528. 

jy.^I'^'^'*-  *  Parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark. 

W  ALThNBEKG.  *ai'ten-b^RG\  a  market-town  of  Transvl- 
T«ma,  CO.  of  Szolnok.  39  miles  N.W.  of  Klausenburg.  P6p. 
»4.5().  inostiv  agricultural.  *" 

Hwf  I''l^''VK'n"^,?"-  *  P"'^^"'"?^-  capital  of  Colleton 
?-    u     V^'"""  Carolina.  99  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Columbia.    It 
b  situated  in  a  level  and  ferUle  district. 
3064 


WAL 

WALTERSDORF,  *(ll'tenHloRf\  a  Tillage  of  Germany. 
Saxonv.  circle' of  Bautzen,  on  the  Bohemian  frontier,  7  milei) 
W.  ofZittau.     Pop.  1470. 

AV.M.TERSDOKF.  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  circle 
of  Zwickau.  S.  of  Freiburg. 

WALTERSDORF,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  40  mile!" 
S.W'.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  1380. 

WALTERSDORF,  a  vill.ige  of  Prusssiti,  province  of  Brau- 
denburg.  38  miles  S.  of  Berlin. 

WALTERSDORF.  a  village  of  Germany,  East  P:;ussia, 
government  of  Kiinigsbei-g. 

AVALTERSDORF,  a  village  of  Germany,  grand-duchy  of 
Saxe-Weimar.  7  miles  E.S.E.  of  Weida. 

W.A.LTE1!SD0KF,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  30  mileu 
from  Gitschiu.     Pop.  10.37. 

WALTERSDORF,  a  Tillage  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Chrudim, 
on  a  small  stream  10  miles  from  Landskron.     I'op.  1509. 

WALTERSDORF,  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia,  about  24 
miles  from  Olmutz.     Pop.  1400. 

WALTERSDORF,  (Alt,  5lt.)  a  village  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia, 
government  of  Breslau.  circle  of  Ilalberschwerdt.    Pop.  1042. 

WALTERSDORF.  (WcsTE,  Tus/teh,)  a  village  of  Pru.'sian 
Silesia,  government  of  Breslau,  circle  of  Waldenburg.  Pop. 
1365. 

WALTERSDORF,  a  Tillage  of  Prussia,  government  of 
Liegiiitz.     Pop.  1039. 

■H'ALTERSHAUSEN.  ^Jl'ters-how^zgn,  a  town  of  Csntral 
Germany,  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.  principality  and  7  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Ootha,  on  tlie  Bodewasser.  A  railway  connects 
it  with  Frottstedt.     Pop.  3148. 

WALTERSHOF,  «dl'ters-h6f\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
Upper  Palatinate.  20  miles  E.  of  Baireuth.     i'op.  1200. 

WAL'TERSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford, 

WALTERSVILLE,  a  postK)ffice  of  Adair  oo..  .Missouri. 

W.\LTH.\M,  wSl'tam,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln, 
4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Great  Grimsby,  with  a  station  on  the  East 
Lincolnshire  Railway. 

WAliTHAM.  a  post-township  in  Hancock  co.,  Maine,  25 
miles  S.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  374. 

WWLTIIAM,  a  township  in  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  on  the 
E.  side  of  OtU^r  Creek,  33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Montpelier.    P.  26.3. 

WAl/rH.\M,  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  post-village  and 
township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massachusetts,  on  Charles  River, 
and  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad.  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  B6ston. 
The  village  is  built  principally  on  one  extended  street, 
upwards  of  a  mile  in  length,  and  contains  several  fine 
churches,  a  bank,  a  savings  institution,  and  a  ga-slight  com 
pany,  incorporated  in  1853.  JIany  of  the  inhabitants  do 
business  in  Boston.  Waltham  has  the  first  cotton  establish- 
ment in  Massachusetts.  It  was  the  great  leader  in  this 
work;  500  hands  are  employed  here  in  mills.  Here  is  a 
manufactory  of  watches — the  largest  in  the  Union,  employ- 
ing 500  men.  Prospect  Hill,  nearly  500  feet  in  height,  a 
short  distance  from  the  village,  affords  an  extensive  view 
of  the  surrounding  country,  with  Boston  and  its  harbor 
seen  in  the  distance.  Pop.of  the  township  in  1830,  1857; 
in  1*^40,  2504;  in  1850,  4464  ;  and  in  1860,  6397. 

WALTHAM,  a  post-township.  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.  P.96T. 

WaLT'HAM-AB'BEY  or  HOLY  CROSS,  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Es.eex,  on  the  Lea,  amidst  fine 
pastures.  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  London.  Pep.  of  town  in  1851, 
2329.  The  church,  partly  a  portion  of  a  famous  abbey, 
founded  in  tlie  time  of  Canute,  and  restored  by  Harold  II., 
is  one  of  the  earliest  specimens  of  Norman  architecture  in 
Enc-l.ind.  The  Lea  is  here  diverted  into  several  channels, 
turning  4  powder-mills  belonging  to  the  government.  Wal- 
tham lias  also  corn  and  silk  mills,  a  pin  fiictory.  and  malt 
kilns.  At  Enfield-lock,  2  miles  S..  the  government  has  a  fao- 
torr  supplving  annu.illv  alx)ut  10.000  percussion  miLSkets. 

WALTHAM,  BISHOP'S,  a  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  county  and  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Southampton,  on 
the  road  between  Portsmouth  and  Win<'hester.  Pop.  in 
1851,  2266.  It  is  neatly  built,  and  on  its  S.  side  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  palace  of  the  bishops  of  Winchester, 

WALTHAM.  BRIOIIT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

■WALTHAM.  COLD,     See  Cold  Waltham. 

WALTHAM-CROSS,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Herts, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  river  Lea.  li  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wal- 
tham Abbey,  and  deriving  its  n.ime  from  a  cross  erected 
here  at  one  of  the  hnlting-places  of  the  funeral  pro<-essiou 
of  Eleanor,  queen  of  Edward  I.,  on  its  way  to  Lfmdon. 

WALTHAM.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WALTHAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  E.ssex. 

WALTHAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hanta. 

WALTHAM  ON  THE  WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England,  co, 
of  I>eicester.  with  a  village  formerly  a  market-town. 

WALTHAM  ST.  LAURENCE,  a  p-irish  of  Engl.snd.  co. 
of  Berks.  5  miles  S.W.  of  Maidenhead.  The  Romans  had  a 
station  on  Castleacre  in  the  neighliorhood. 

WaLT'HAMSTOW,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co,  of  Essex,  on 
the  Fjca,  which  is  here  navigable.  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  London. 
The  village  is  chiefly  inhabited  by  wealthy  raerch.tnts  of  the 
metropolis,  and  is  pleasantly  situatwi  on  the  lorders  of  Ep- 
ping  Forest. 

WALXHAM  TEM/PLE  a  parish  ot  England,  co.  of  Kent 


WAL 


WAN 


WALTHAM,  UP'PER,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Sussex. 

WALTIIAM.  WKST,  a  hamlet  of  Enijland.  co.  of  Essex. 

WALTIIAM,  WHITE  or  ABBAS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
Of  Berks. 

WALTHOURVILLE,  wal-thoor'Til.  a  post-village  of  Liberty 
CO.,  Georgia,  about  44  miles  S.W.  of  Savannah,  is  the  hirgest 
place  in  the  county.  It  has  2  flourishing  academies,  2 
churches,  and  2  stores. 

WALTIKR,  wilHeer',  a  maritime  village  of  British  India, 
presidency  of  Madras,  3}  miles  from  Vizagapatam.  and  the 
actual  residence  of  the  British  authorities  of  tliat  station. 

WALTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumterland.  3  miles 
N.  of  Brampton,  and  containing  the  townships  of  High  and 
Low  Walton.  The  parish  contains  Cnstlesteads,  or  Cambeck- 
fort,  a  mid  surrounded  by  a  grove  of  oaks. 

WALTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  the 
coast.     Here  was  formerly  a  castle  of  Kouian  origin. 

W^ALTON,  a^arish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WAIiTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  county  and  ainsty  of  York. 

WALTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 

WALTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WALTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  4  miles 
X.E.  of  Lutterworth.     Pop.  G47. 

WAL/TON.  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  390  square  miles.  The  Appalachee  Kiver  flows 
along  its  N.E.  border;  it  is  intersected  by  the  Alcovy,  (Ul- 
cofauhachee.)  a  branch  of  the  Ocmulgee,  and  also  drained 
by  Cornish,  Bay,  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  elevated 
and  uneven:  the  soil  is  derived  from  primary  rock.s,  and  is 
moderately  fertile,  excepting  the  higher  ridges.  The  county 
contains  an  abundance  of  granite  and  iron,  and  small  quan- 
tities of  gold  have  been  found  in  it.  It  is  intersected  in 
the  southern  part  by  the  Georgia  Kailroad.  Named  in  honor 
of  George  Walton,  who  was  governor  of  Georgia  in  1780. 
Cai)ital,  .Monroe.  Pop.  11,074,  of  whom  0453  were  free,  and 
4621  shives. 

WALTON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Florida, bordering 
on  Alabama  and  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  about 
1250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  K.  by  IlicClioctaw- 
liatchee  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Yellow-water;  the 
southern  border  is  w.Tshed  by  Clioctjiwhatchee  Bay,  navi- 
gable by  steamboats.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and 
partly  covered  with  pine;  the  soil  is  generally  poor.  Capi- 
tal, Uchee  Anna.  Pop.  3037,  of  whom  26y0  were  tree,  and 
441  slaves. 

Walton,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Delaware  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Delaware  River,  about  90  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Albany.     It  contains  an  academy.     Pop.  2740. 

W.\LT0N,  a  post-ofilice  of  Kaninvh!i  co.,  W.Virginia. 

'\V.\LT0N,  a  post-office,  Newberry  district.  South  Carolina. 

W.\I/rON.  a  post-village  of  Boone  co..  Kentucky,  20  miles 
S.W.  of  Covington.  It  contains  2  tobacco  factories,  and  about 
200  inhaVatants. 

W.\IjTON,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Eaton  oo., 
Michigan.     Pop.  1011. 

WALTON  XJAR/DIFF,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

W.\LT0N,  E.\ST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WALTON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

WAI/TONHAM.  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri. 
12  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

WALTON,  INFERIOR  and  SUPERIOR,  two  townships 
of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on  the  Mersey  and  Irwell  Canal. 

WALTON-IN-GORDA'NO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

WALTON  LE  DALE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, on  a  height  beside  the  Derwent.  near  the  Wyre  and 
Preston  Railway,  2  miles  S.S.E.  of  Preston.  Population 
chiefly  engaged  in  cotton  manufacturi-s. 

WALTON-ON-SO'KEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 
on  the  coast,  12  miles  S.E.  of  .Manningtree.  Pop.  721.  The 
village  is  resorted  to  as  a  watering-place,  and  has  a  hand- 
some terrace,  hotel,  and  jetty.  On  the  N»7,e  is  a  brick  tower. 
80  feet  in  hei;.;ht.  forming  a  sea-mark.  The  ancient  church 
was  submerL'ed  in  the  scia. 

WALTON-ON-THE-HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster, 3  miles  N.E.  of  Liverpool.  Pop.  79,212,  partly  engaged 
in  cottou  manufactures.  It  has  several  endowed  schools 
anil  mansions,  belonging  to  Liverpool  merchants. 

WALTON-ON-THE-WOLDS,  a  parUh  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester, 

WALTON-ON-TRENT,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WALTON'S  FORD,  a  post-office,  Habersham  co.,  Georgia. 

WALTON-CPON-THAMES,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
/urrcy,  on  the  Thames,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  with  a 
station  on  the  l/)ndon  and  South-Western  Itailway.  17  miles 
^V.S.W.  of  London.  The  church  has  some  fine  monuments; 
#nd  in  the  p.irish  are  many  elegant  villas  and  se.its.  includ- 
ing Apps-Conrt,  on  the  site  of  a  mansion  of  Cardinal  Wol- 
sey:  Pain's  Hill,  with  fine  grounds;  Oatlands.  the  seat  of 
the  late  Duke  of  York.  At  the  village  of  Hershara,  Lilly 
the  astrologer  died  in  1681.  On  St  George's  Hill  are  traces 
of  an  ancient  camp. 

WALTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
6£ 


WALTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke, on  St.  Bride's  Bay. 

WALTON  WOOD,  a  purLsh  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

WALT'S  HILLS,  a  post  office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WALTZ,  a  township  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiitna.    Pop.  2234 

WALUIKI.  a  town  of  Kus.sia.    See  V.\i.uiKl. 

WALMSCH,  wil'vish,  {i.  e.  '•  Whale.")  or  WALFISCD 
(wSl'fish)  BAY,  a  harbor  of  South  Africa,  extending  along 
its  W.  coast  for  20  miles,  terminated  .southward  by  Pelican 
Point,  in  lat.  22° -52'  5'  S.,  Ion.  14°  27'  E.,  and  frequented  bf 
whaling  vessels,  ^whence  its  name.) 

WaL'WORTH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  n 
suliurb  of  the  metropolis,  2j  miles  S.  of  St.  I'aul's.  London. 

WaL'WORTH,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
bordering  on  Illinois,  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  Honey,  Sugar,  and  Geneva  Creeks,  atfluents 
of  I'islitaka  River,  and  by  Turtle  and  Whitewater  Creeks, 
affluents  of  Rock  River.  Lake  Geneva,  in  the  S.  part  of  the 
county,  is  8  miles  long,  besides  which  there  are  23  smaller 
lakes.  The  surface  is  undulating  and  diversified  with 
forests,  prairies,  and  "  oak  openings."  There  are  no  steep 
hill-s,  and  but  little  wa.stc  land  in  the  county.  The  soil  ii 
of  limestone  formation,  highly  productive,  and  well  watered. 
By  the  census  of  1850,  Walworth  county  produced  moro 
hay  than  any  other  county  in  the  state,  and  more  wheat, 
corn,  and  butter  than  any  other  excepting  Rrck  county, 
and  more  barley  than  any  county  in  the  United  States  ex- 
cept Waukesha  county,  AVisconsin.  There  were  raised  in 
that  year  655.704  bushels  of  wheat ;  215,242  of  corn ;  31,599 
of  barley ;  27,193  tons  of  hay ;  and  333,012  pounds  of  butter. 
It  is  intiTsected  by  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien 
Railroad,  liy  the  Riu  ine  and  Beloit  Railroad,  and  has  plank- 
roads  leading  to  Milwaukee  and  Racine.  Capital,  Elkhorn. 
I'op.  in  1,>50.  17,802;  in  1S60,  26,490. 

WALWORTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wayne  co., 
New  York,  18  miles  E.  of  Rochester.  It  contain*  an  aca- 
demv.     Pop.  2096. 

WALWORTH,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  S.  part  of 
AViihvnrth  co..  Wisconsin.  53  miles  S.E.  of  Madison.     P.  1403. 

WAiyWYN'S-CASTLE.  a  ^■^^ish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke 

W.\  LZK.\H.4USKN,  wJlt'svn-how'zfn,  a  village  and  parish 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Appenzell,  on  a  hill  at  the  extre- 
mity of  the  liheinthal,  with  a  chun'h  so  commandingly 
situated  that  the  Tyrolese  mountains  are  seen,  and  92 
churches  counted  from  it.     Pop.  1004. 

WAMBEEK,  ■fi','im'bAk\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  9  miles  W.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1481. 

AVAMBERG,  fiam/bjR«,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  24  miles 
E.S.H.  of  Kiiniggratz.     Pop.  1905. 

WAMBOOL.  a  river  of  East  Australia.     See  M.\CQrARlE. 

WAMBRECHIES,  v&M'l)reh-shee',  a  market-town  cf 
France,  department  of  Nord",  4  miles  N.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in 
1852.  3.575.      . 

WAIM'BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WAMEL.  *d'mel,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gel 
derland.  on  the  Waal,  opposite  Tiel.    Pop.  1453. 

WAMPHItAY,  wam'fr.i.  a  pari-^h  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dum- 
fries, on  the  Waniphray,  an  affluent  of  the  .\nnan.  with  a 
station  on  the  Caledonian  Railwav,  6  miles  S. E.  of  Beattook. 

WAMPS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Centr.al  Railroad,  23  miles  E.  of  Syracuse. 

AV.\NAS.  wjl'nds,  a  town  of  Sweden,  liien  of  Linkiiping,- 
with  an  important  fortress  at  the  mouth  of  the  Canal  of 
Gotha.  in  Lake  Wettern. 

WAX'BOROUGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WANCHOW,  wdn-chow',  or  TUNGOW-CHINO,  tun'gfiwV 
ching/.  written  also  WEN-TCHEOU-FOU,  a  large  seaport 
town  of  China,  province  of  Che-kiang,  150  miles  S.  of  Ningpo, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  own  name:  lat.  28°  N.  Its 
streets  are  intersected  by  canals,  and  expo.'ed  to  frequent 
inundation,  and  it  is  esteemed  very  unhealthy  for  Euro- 
peans. It  has  manufactures  of  silk,  shamsoo.  and  soy.  I'op. 
200,000. 

WAN'DA.  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Illinois. 

WANDERSLEBEN,  ftdu'ders-LVben,  a  market-town  of 
Prussian  Saxony,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  1025. 

W.iNDIPOOR,  win'de-poor'.  a  town  of  Bootan.  18  mile? 
E.  of  Tassisudon,  on  an  isolated  rock,  and  having  many 
ecclesiastical  establishments. 

WANDIWASH.  wdnMe-wdsh',  a  town  of  British  India, 
presidency  and  58  miles  S.W.  of  Madras.  Here,  in  1760,  the 
French  were  defeated  by  the  British. 

W.VNDORF.  -fi-Hu'doRf.  a  town  of  Hungary,  co.  anil  about 
2  miles  from  OeUenburg.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  extensive 
coal-mines  of  Brennberg. 

WANDRfi,  v6xi=Mri'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Liege.     Pop.  2000. 

W.\NDSBEK.  ftinds'bJk.  a  market-town  of  Denmark, 
duchy  of  Ilolstcin,  3  miles  N.E.  of  Hamburg,  on  the  AVands 
Pop.  4200.  It  has  a  royal  castle  and  park,  and  4  well-fro- 
quented  annual  fairs.  It  is  a  favorite  summer  resort  of  the 
merchants  of  Hamburg. 

WANDSAVORTH,  wonz'wtirth,  a  parish  and  large  village 
of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the  \Vandle.  near  its  mouth 

2065 


WAN 

In  the  Thamps.  cr  the  South-Western  Railway.  5  milesi  S.TT. 
of  London.  Pop.  Iv  '  851,  961 1.  The  village,  on  and  between 
two  low  hills,  has  n  amcrous  manufactories  for  boltin<:  eloth.s 
vinegar,  whivc  lead,  and  other  chemical  products,  di.^tilleries. 
calico  printing,  and  iron  works,  linseed  oil,  flour  and  other 
mills,  wrought  by  water-power.  A  tram-road,  formed  be- 
tween it  and  Croydon  at  the  commencement  of  this  cen- 
tury, at  a  cost  of  60,0001.,  has  long  proved  totally  usele.^s. 
Around  the  village  are  many  handsome  detached  mansions. 

WANFKRCKK-BAULET,  "vftx°'f?R'sV  bo'hV,  a  Tillage  of 
Bel^'ium.  province  of  Ilainaut,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Charleroi. 
Pop.  25.38. 

■\VANFUIED,  «ln'freet,  a  walled  town  of  Germany,  Hes- 
Be-Ca.-iseI,  province  of  Nieder-IIessen,  on  the  Werra,  5  miles 
a.  of  K.<chwege.     Pop.  2045. 

AVANGAXL'I,  wan-gd-noo'ee,  a  river  of  New  Zealand, 
North  Island,  enters  the  ocean  on  its  AV.  coast,  60  miles 
B.K.  of  New  Plymouth.     On  it  is  the  village  of  Petre. 

WAXGAKT.  wdn-gi'ree,  a  bay  of  New  Zealand,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  the  North  Island.  C5  miles  N.N.W.  of  Auckland. 

WANGAUUIIU,  win-gj-nxyroo.  a  bay  of  New  Zealand,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  the  North  Island,  110  m'iles  N.N.W.  of  Auck- 
land. 

AV.\NOAROA,  w3n-gl-ro'd.  a  bay  of  New  Zealand,  on  the 
E.  coast  of  North  Island,  140  miles  N.N.W.  of  Auckland. 

VTANGAROA,  a  harbor  and  river  of  New  Zealand,  North 
Island,  5.3  miles  S.  of  Auckland. 

WANGEN.  *3ng'fn.  a  town  of  Wiirtemburg,  circle  of 
Danube,  on  the  Ober-Argen,  50  miles  S.W.  of  Ulm.    P.  1456. 

M'ANGEN,  a  towu  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  Bern,  on  the 
Aar,  5  miles  W.  of  Aarwangen.     Pop.  1710. 

WANGEN,  a  village  of  AVurtemberg.  circle  of  Neckar, 
near  Cannstadt,  on  the  Neckar.    Pop.  1339. 

WANGEN,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bchwytz.  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  Buckberg.     Pop.  1014. 

W.\NGERIN, -(v^ng-f  h-reen',  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
24  miles  N.E.  of  Stargard.    Pop.  1450. 

AVANGEROOG,  «'Jng'fr-og\  or  WANGEROGE,  <^3n.g'er- 
o'gheh,  an  island  of  North  Germany,  grand-duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, in  the  North  Sea,  oflf  the  estuary  of  the  .Tahde  and 
Weser.  Lat.  of  lighthouse  53°  47'  6"  N.,  Ion.  7°  51'  5"  E. 
Pop.  250.     It  has  extensive  oyster  beds. 

AVANOFOUD.  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AA'ANGII'TOAVN,  a  postoflBce  of  Forsyth  CO.. North  Carolina. 

AV'ANGI,  i^AVangi,)  fteng'ghee,  a  village  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton  of  Thurgau,  on  the  Murg.  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Frauenfeld.     Pop.  1586. 

AV.\N'KANEER\  a  town  of  India,  Baroda  dominions, 
peninsula  of  Guzerat,  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Joonaghur. 

AVANLIN,  wanMeen'.  written  also  OUANLIN  and  OO.A.N- 
LIN,  a  town  of  -Mantehooria,  on  the  Soongaree ;  lat.  475°  N. 

AVAN'IilP.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I.ieicester. 

AA'aN'LOCK-IIEAD,  a  mining  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Dumfries,  at  the  head  of  the  AA'anlock  Rivulet,  6J  miles 
E.N.E.  of  .Sanquhar,  and  1380  feet  above  the  sea.  Pop.  in 
1851.  872.  employed  in  mines  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  15uc- 
Cleuch,  which  yields  chiefly  lead  ore,  but  also  sm.ill  quanti- 
ties of  copper,  manganese,  and  gold.  The  neat  village,  on 
a  hill-side  amidst  tine  mountain  scenery,  has  a  new  church, 
and  a  miners'  library  of  a  superior  character. 

AVANNEHECQ,  wan/neh-l)aik\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Ilainaut,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Dendre,  24  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  1098. 

AA^ANNEGEM-LEDE,  wJn'neh-chJm'  l;Vdeh,  a  village  of 
Belgium.  12  miles  S.AV.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1468. 

A\'ANSEN,  ftin'sen.  a  town  of  Prussi.an  Silesia,  23  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Bre.slau,  on  the  Ohiau.     Pop.  1570. 

AVaN.S'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton, 
with  a  Btation  on  the  Peterborough  branch  of  the  I^ondon 
and  North-AVestern  Railway,  7  miles  AV.  of  Peterborough. 

AVaN'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex,  on  the 
Roding.  6  miles  N.E.  of  London.  It  has  an  orphan  asylum, 
founded  in  1841. 

AVAX'STUOAV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

AVaN'TAGE.  a  parish  and  market-town  of  England,  co. 
of  Berks,  in  the  vale  of  the  AVhite-horse,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Ock,  and  of  the  AVilts  and  Berks  Canal,  3  miles  S.  of  the 
Great  A\  estern  Railway,  21  miles  AV,N.AA'.  of  Reading,  pon. 
of  the  town,  in  1851,  2951.  It  has  a  handsome  cruciforni 
church,  almshouses,  and  other  charities,  some  manufactures 
of  sacking,  twine,  and  coarse  cloth.s,  and  an  active  trade  in 
malt  and  corn.  Here,  in  849,  Alfred  the  Great  wa.s  born,  and 
a  festival  commemorating  the  1000th  year  since  his  birth, 
wag  hcM  25th  October,  1849. 

AVa.VTAGK.  a  township  of  Susgex  co.,  New  Jersey,  inter- 
nectcl  by  the  AValkiU  River.    Pop.  3682. 

A^■^^-3'''?^'■'^'  *  P'""'*'^  "f  England.  CO.  of  Suffolk. 
A\ANmONG  or  AVAXTUNG,  wanHoong^  North  and 
SODIH.  two  islets  in  the  Canton  River,  China,  between  the 
f  1"«  ■  .  '^"""Jr'"'y  an'J  Ty-cock-tow,  the  former  strongly 
u'^il-  V^",  Chinese,  and  the  latter  temporarily  by  the 
British  in  the  late  war. 

ii-il^^/l^^'P/o'  V.V.'^  va.NtV,eh-mV,  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Bas-lihln.  near  the  Rhine,  6  miles  N.N.E,  of 
Btr»sb</urg.    Pop.  in  1&52,  2501. 
2060 


WAR 

AA'ANYANEE  or  AVANYANI,  wan-y3/ne<j,  one  ot  the  prin- 
cipal arms  or  channels  by  which  the  waters  of  the  Indui* 
enter  the  sea.  Its  length  is  near  20  miles.  It  is  said  net  to 
be  navigable. 

AA'.\NZLEBEN,  ^dnts'l.Vben,  a  walletl  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  10  miles  S.AV,  of  Magdeburg.     Pop,  3010. 

WaPAKONETA.  wop'a-ko-n^t'ta,  a  post-village  of  Du- 
chouquet  township,  capital  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Auglaize  River,  and  on  the  Dayttm  and  Michigan  Railroad, 
95  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Columbus.  It  contains  5  churches,  1 
bank,  1  newspaper  office,  2  steam  flouring-mills,  2  saw-mills, 
1  planing-mill,  and  a  Union  school.  The  Society  of  Friends 
had  a  mission  here  for  many  years,  among  the  Shawnee 
Indians.     Pop.  in  1860,  900. 

AA'APAN'SEE,  a  township  of  Grundy  co..lllinois.  Pop.  628. 

AVAPATOO,  a  post-otBce  of  AV'ashington  co,,  Oregon. 

AVAPEL'LA,  a  post-village  of  DeAVitt  co,,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  18  miles  S,  of  Bloomiugtop. 

AVAPEiyiiO,  a  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  ai» 
area  of  432  square  miles.  The  River  des  Moines  flows  dia- 
gonally through  the  middle  of  the  county,  in  a  S.E.  direc 
tion  ;  it  is  also  drained  by  Cedar  and  Avery's  Creeks.  Tho 
surface  is  slightly  undulating;  the  .soil  is  hiirhly  productive 
Stone-coal  is  found  along  Des  Aloines  River,  and  limestone 
underlies  a  part  of  the  surface.  The  river  affords  valuable 
water-power  at  the  county  seat.  Organized  in  1S42— 3.  Ca- 
pital. Ottumwa.    I'op.  14,518.  * 

AA'APPILLO.  a  post-village,  capital  of  lyouisa  county.  Iowa, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Iowa  River,  about  12  miles  fron. 
its  mouth.  42  miles  S.S.E.  of  Iowa  City,  and  5  miles  AV.  of 
the  Mississippi  River.  The  Iowa  River  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  during  three  months  in  the  year,  and  affords 
motive  power  at  this  i)lace  to  a  large  flouring-niill.  AVa- 
pello  contains  a  court-liouse  and  3  cliurches.  One  neAvspa- 
per  is  published  here.    Laid  out  in  1S39.    Pop.  in  l>iiO.  992. 

AV.^P'EXBURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVarwick. 

AA'AP/LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

AVAPPANOCCA,  a  township  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas 
Pop.  462. 

AVAP'PENn  A  AI,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Northampton, 

AA'.\PPING,  wftp'ping.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AlidiUe- 
sex,  2  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  and  forming  a 
suburb  of  tho  metropolis,  bordering  the  Thames,  on  whicb 
are  many  large  warehouses,  and  the  entrances  from  the 
Thames  to  the  London  Docks.  It  is  comprised  in  the  metro- 
politan liorough  of  Tower-Hamlets. 

AVAP'PINGER'.S  CREEK,  of  Dutchess  co.,  in  the  E.S.E 
part  of  New  York,  falls  into  the  Hudson  River,  8  miles 
below  Poudhkeepsie. 

AVAPPINGER'S  FALLS,  a  post-office  of  Dutche.ss  co.,  New 
York. 

AV.\P'SIPTN1C0N,  a  river  of  Iowa;  rising  near  the  N. 
boundary  of  the  state,  it  flows  .south-eastward,  and  enters 
the  Mississippi  about  25  miles  above  Davenport.  Length 
estimated  at  200  miles. 

AVAPnVALLO'PEN,  a  creek  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
flows  into  the  Susquehanna. 

AV.\PAVALLOPEN,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsvl- 
Tania. 

AV  .A. 'QUOIT,  a  post-offlce  of  Barnstable  co.,  Massachusetts. 

AVAR.A..  wA'rd,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  state  of  Bergoo, 
250  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Kobbe. 

AVARADEIN.    See  Gross  W.^rbein'. 

AV.\R\V.TU'  RIA'ER,  in  the  southern  part  of  Minnesota 
Territory,  falls  into  St.  Peter's  River,  AV.  of  Marrah  Tankah 
Lake.    Length  about  80  miles. 

AVARANGOL.  wa-rdn-gfil',  or  AVARANGUL.  wd-ran-gul', 
a  city  of  India,  Deccan,  Nizam's  dominions,  87  miles  N.E. 
of  Hyderabad. 

AVARASDIN  or  VARASDIN,  vj'ras-din\  (Hun,  Varasd, 
vSh'rCishd',)  a  fortificfl  town  of  Austrian  Croatia,  capital  of 
the  county,  on  the  Drave.  28  miles  N,N.E,  of  Asram.  Pop. 
9151.  It  lias  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  a  high  school,  manu- 
factures of  stonewares,  silks,  tobacco,  and  vinegar.  In  tho 
vicinity  are  suliihur  baths,  and  extensive  vineyards. 

AVARBERG,  ^^R'bfRG.  a  se.iport  town  of  .South  Sweden, 
Iren  and  36  miles  N.AV.  of  Halmstad,  on  the  Cattegat.  Pop. 
1691.  Its  harbor  is  safe  and  convenient.  It  is  much  fre- 
quented in  summer  for  sea-bathing. 

AVAR'BLETON.  a  parish  of  Enirland.  co.  of  Sussex. 

AVAR'BLINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Havant.  It  has  an  ancient  church,  and  pictu- 
resque ruins  of  a  castle, 

AVARB'I/»AV,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  CO.,  Missouri,  about  90 
miles  S.E.  of  Independence. 

AVAR/BOROUGH,  «  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

AV.^R'BOYS.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

AV.ARB'STOAV.  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Cornwall. 

AV.4.RBURG,  ft.^R'bMRG.  a  walled  town  of  Prussi.an  AVest- 
phalia.  37  miles  S.S.E.  of  Minden.  on  the  Diemel.  Pop.  3500. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and  tobacco. 

AVAU'BURTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  .o,  of  Chester. 

AVAR'COP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVestmoreland. 

AA'ARD,  a  township  in  Yell  co..  Ark«nsas. 

AiVARD,  a  township  of  Hocking  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1070. 


WAR 


WAR 


W.ATtl)  a  townsliip  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1274. 
WA.nn'BOROUGir,  a  post-office  of  Warren  CO.,  New  York. 
WXkDK.  a  twwn  ol  Denmark.     See  Varde. 
W'ARDEI.V,  GftOSS,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Gross  W.^R- 

DEIX. 

WARDKTN,  KLKIX,  kline  «aR'dIne,  (Ilun.  Kis  Varad, 
kirih  Td'n")d\)  a  village  of  North  Hungary,  co.  of  Szabolcs, 
15  miles  N.E.  of  Batka. 

WAR/DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WARDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

WARDEN,  OLD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

WAR/DEN'SVILl/E,  a  postofflce  of  Hardy  co..  Virginia. 

WARD'INOTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WAIiD/LEWORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
cashire. 

AVAKD'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

WARDOE,  (Wardiie.)  an  island  of  Norway.     See  Vardoe. 

WAItDS'liOROUGH,  a  post-township  in  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  93  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpulier,  drained  by 
branches  of  West  River.     Pop.  1004. 

WARD'S  GROVE,  a  post-village  in  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois, 
140  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

WARDS'VILLE,  a  town  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Middle- 
sex. ")6  miles  from  London,  with  two  Protestant  churches, 
a  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  public  and  two  private  schools, 
and  manufactures  of  cloth,  iron,  &c.     Pop.  about  750. 

WAItI5,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and  2J 
miles  E. N.E.  of  Hertford,  on  the  Enfield  Branch  of  the  East- 
ern Counties  Railw.ay.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  4882.  The 
town,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Lea,  which  here  flows  with 
great  rapidity,  is  well  built,  has  a  large  cruciform  church, 
and  an  active  trade  in  grain,  sent  to  London  down  the  Lea 
in  barges,  which  return  with  coals.  In  the  town  is  preserved 
the  "great  beil  of  Ware,"  12  feet  square,  and  of  uncertain 
oriirin  and  use.  The  town  was  founded  by  Edward  the 
Elder,  at  the  place  of  a  wear  or  dock,  previously  formed  by 
the  invading  Danes,  and  here  are  some  remains  of  an  an- 
cient priory,  and  the  head  springs  of  the  New  River,  by 
which  water  is  conveyed  for  the  supply  of  the  N.  part  of  the 
metropolis. 

AVARE  (or  WEAR)-GIEFORD,a  parLsh  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

WARE,  a  county  Jn  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering 
on  Florida,  contains  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  traversed 
in  tlie  Northern  part  by  Santilla  liiver,  and  also  drained  by 
tlie  Little  Hurricane  Creeli  and  other  creeks.  The  surface 
is  level  or  flat,  and  extensively  occupied  by  swamps.  The 
Okeionokee  Swamp,  in  the  S.E.  part,  is  30  miles  lo)ig  and  17 
broad.  Tlie  soil  is  sandy  and  light.  Cotton,  sugar-cane, 
Indian  corn,  oranges,  and  figs  flourish,  and  the  piilmetto  is 
indigenous  in  this  region.  Capital,  Waresborough.  Pop. 
2200,  of  whom  1823  were  free,  and  377  slaves. 

W.'VRE,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  ot  Hamp- 
shire CO.,  Massachusetts,  80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The 
township  is  drahied  by  Ware  River  and  branches,  which 
afford  good  water  power.  It  contains  4  cotton  and  2  woollen 
mills.  The  former  are  owned  by  the  Otis  Company,  who 
employ  fioO  hand.^.  and  run  20,000  spindles.  About  240  per- 
sons lire  employed  in  the  woollen  mills,  consuming  annually 
about  425.000  pounds  of  woo!.  There  are  two  establishments 
for  the  manufacture  of  straw  bonnets,  employing  from  400 
to  500  persons.  Considerable  buslTiess  is  also  done  in  work- 
ing tin,  copper,  and  sheet  iron.  The  village  is  delightfully 
situated  In  the  midst  of  varied  and  pictutesque  scenery,  and 
contains  a  bank.  4  churches,  a  .«avings  institution,  a  high 
scho'-I,  and  a  gaslight  company;  incorporated  in  1853.  Pop. 
of  the  township  in  1840,  1890;  in  1860,  3597. 

AVAR  EAGLE,  a  post-township  in  Madison  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop  9S5. 

W  AR  E'H.VM,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
town  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  between  the  Frome  and 
Piddle,  each  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  aboiit  1  mile  from 
their  mouths  in  Poole  Harbor,  and  with  a  station  on  the 
South- Western  Railway,  15|  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dorchester.  Pop. 
of  the  parliamentary  borough,  in  18.51,  7218;  of  the  muni- 
cipal borough,  .3078.  The  town  is  laid  out  with  great  regu- 
larity, and  surrounded  by  an  earth  rampart,  between  which 
and  the  streets  are  many  gardens  for  market  produce,  and 
traces  of  ancient  buildings.  It  h.is  a  church,  a  very  old 
structure,  an  independent  free  school,  other  endowed  schools, 
flimshousi's.  and  various  minor  charitie.«,  and  a  union  work- 
houpe.  Some  manufactures  of  stockings,  shirt-bvittons.  and 
straw  plait,  are  carried  on.  .•Vbout  10,000  tons  of  pipe-clay 
are  annually  exported,  and  large  quantities  of  garden  pro- 
duce are  sent  to  Poole;  but  its  trade  has  declined  with  the 
shallowing  of  its  harbor,  which  is  now  only  acce.ssible  by 
(iuiall  craft.  Its  salmon  fishery,  formerly  important,  is  at 
present  all  but  abandoned.  With  Corfe-Castle  it  sends  one 
member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WAREHAM,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Plymouth 
10.;  Massachusetts,  on  Buzzard's  Bay  and  on  the  Cape  Cod 
Bft'iroad,  40  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Boston.  It  contains  a  bank, 
»  savings  institution,  4  manufactories  of  nails,  1  of  steel,  1 
paper-mill,  flud  2  churches.     Pop.  3186. 

WARE'UOKNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 


WARE/HOUSE  POINT,  a  thriving  manufacturing  psfc 
village  in  East  Windsor  township.  Hartford  co..  Conneciicut, 
on  the  E.  .side  of  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the  New  Haven 
Hartford  and  Springfield  Railroad,  13  mik-s  N.  by  E.  of 
Hartford. 

W'AREMME,  written  also  WAREM.  vSVJm',  a  small  town 
of  Belgium  provinces  and  13  miles  W.  of  Liege,  on  tue  rail 
way  between  Brussels  and  Cologne.     Pop.  1500. 

WAREN  ftd/ren,  a  town  of  North  Germany,  Mecklea 
burg-Schwerin,  duchy  and  54  miles  E.S.E.  of  Schw^erin,  on 
Lake  Miiritz.     Pop.  4861. 

AVARENDORF,  *r('ron-doRf,  a  town  of  Prussian  AV«st- 
phalia.  16  miles  E.  of  Miinster,  on  the  Enw.     Pop.  42.50. 

W.\R1';  RIVER,  rises  near  the  centre  of  Mass,achusetts.  iu 
AVorcesterco.,  and  fiills  into  the  Connecticut  River,  in  Hamp- 
den CO. 

AVARESBOROUGII,  wairs'bfir-rfih,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Ware  co..  Georgia.  163  miles  S.E.  of  Milledgeville.  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Brunswick  and  Florida  Railroad,  and  contains  a 
court  house,  tavern,  and  a  store. 

AVARES'LEY,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

AVARE'TOWN  or  WAER'TOWN,  a  village  of  StafFonl  town- 
ship. Ocean  co.,  New  .Tersey,  Is  situated  on  the  shore  of  Bai^ 
negat  B.iy,  nearly  opposite  the  inlet  of  that  name,  about  12 
miies  S.  by  E.  of  Tom's  River.  It  has  2  churches.  3  stores, 
and  several  elegant  dwellings.  The  inhabitants  are  largely 
engaged  in  navigation. 

WARFFUM,  waRffoom,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Groningen,  14  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  Appingedam.     Pop.  1853. 

AVAR/FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

AVaR/FIELDBURG,  a  i)ost-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mary- 
land,  55  miles  N.AV.  of  Annapolis. 

AVaR'F0I{DSBUR6,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania,  85  miles  S.AV.  of  Harrisburg. 

AV,\R  GAI*.  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  CO.,  Tennessee. 

AVaR'GRAA'E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

AA'aR/II.^M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

AV.VRHKM.  vaR^Jm',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Dunkirk.     Pop.  2571. 

AV.\KIN,  -fi-.i-reen',  a  town  of  North  Germany,  Meckleu- 
burg-Schwerin,  on  a  small  lake,  12  miles  S.E.  of  AVismar. 
Pop.  1383. 

AVAR  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Georgia. 

AVAR/INGSTOAVN.  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co. 
of  Down,  G.J  miles  E.  of  Portadown.  Pop.  in  1851,  956,  em- 
ployed in  extensive  cambric  and  linen  manufactures. 

AV.\RK.  a  pari.sh  of  I)ngland,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

AVaRK'LKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

AVaRK'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

AVaRK'AVORTH,  a  parish  and  village  of  England,  co.  of  . 
Northumberland,  on  the  Coquet,  which  nearly  surround.* 
it,  1  mile  from  the  North  Sea,  and  here  crosse<I  by  an  an 
cient  stone  bridge,  with  a  station  on  the  Newcastle  and  Be»- 
wick  Railwaj',  6^  miles  S.E.  of  Alnwfck.  Warkworth  Castib, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Coquet,  is  much  dilapidated,  but 
commands  a  magnificent  view.  About  1  mile  distant  is* 
AVarkworth  Hermitage,  on  the  richly-wooded  bank  of  the 
Coquet. 

AV  ARKAVORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northamptou. 

AVARLEO'G.A.N,  a  parish  of  England;  co.  of  Cornwall. 

AVaR'LEY,  great,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

AVARLEY,  LI'lTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WARLEY  AVIGORN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  AYor- 
cester. 

AVaR'LINGHAAI,  a  parish  of  Endand,  co.  of  Surrey. 

AVARLOY-BAILLON,  vaRMwd'  bSVyAs^',  a  village  of 
France,  department  of  Somme,  13  miles  N.E,  of  Amiens. 
Pop,  in  1852,  2018. 

AVARMBKUNN,  ■ftaRm'broon\  a  town  of  Prussi.m  Silesia,. 
31  miles  S.W.  of  Liegnitz.  on  the  Zacken.  Pop.  2506.  It 
has  sulphur  b.aths,  and  manufactures  of  linens. 

AVARM'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVest 
Riding. 

AVAHAI'FORK.  a  post-ofllce  of  Oregon  co.,  Mis,?ouri. 

AVARAIIA  and  AVARMIK.     See  Ermei,am>. 

A^ARAI'INGIIAAI,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co,  of  Chester; 

AVARM1NGH0RST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex, 

AVARM'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

AVARMINGTON  ARLESCOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
AA'arwick. 

AVaR'MINSTER,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  AVilts,  at  the  AV.  extremity  of  Salisbury  Plain,  on  the 
AVilley.  21  miles  AV.N.AA'.  of  Salisbury.  Pop.  of  the  town  iu 
1851.  4220.  Its  woollen  manufacture,  formerly  important, 
has  declined;  hair-cloth  weaving  and  mailing  are  the  prin- 
cipal branches  of  industry,  and  it  has  an  active  trade  in  corn. 
Near  it  many  Roman  antiquities  have  been  discovered ;  and 
a  tesselated  pavement,  found  at  Pitmead,  2  miles  E..  is  now 
deposited  at  Longleat.  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  Marquiij 
of  Bath,  lord  of  the  manor,  4i  miles  distant,  on  the  boi-der 
of  Somersetshire. 

AA'aR'MINSTER,  ft  township  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  987. 

AVARMINSTER.  a  post-village  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  James  River,  100  miles  AV.  of  Richmond. 

2067 


WAR 


WAR 


WARM  Srra-N'GS,  called  also  BATH  COURT  HOUSE,  a 
pDst-vjIiage,  capital  of  IJath  county,  Virginia,  110  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Kichiiiond,  is  situat«l  iu  a  narrow  valley,  be- 
tw«en  two  mountain  ridges.  The  springs  are  much  fre- 
quented during  the  summer  season  by  invalids  and  others. 
I'he  ti'mperature  of  the  water  at  all  seasons  is  98^.  without 
the  .•^li.i^lit^st  change.  The  largest  spring  is  4U  feet  in  diame- 
ter. Fine  buildings  have  been  erected  for  the  accommoda- 
tion oi  visitors.  These  improvements,  together  with  the 
salubrity  of  the  air,  and  the  romantic  character  of  the 
Sf^enory,  render  this  one  of  the  most  attractive  watering- 
places  in  the  slate.  The  water  contains  muriate  of  lime,  sul- 
pliate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  and  sulphate  of  magnesia. 

WARM  SI'RINGri,  a  postrvjllage  of  Buncombe  co.,  North 
Carolius,  on  the  French  Broad  iiiver,  about  21)0  miles  W.  of 
Raleigh,  and  near  the  E.  base  of  the  Ii-on  Mountain.  This 
is  a  popular  and  delightful  place  of  resort,  and  worthy  the 
attention  of  the  tourist.  A  turnpike  extends  from  the  vil- 
lage toward  Greenville.  South  Carolina,  pa.<siug  along  the 
margin  of  the  river,  which  is  enclosed  by  8t«ep  and  lofty 
eminences. 

WAIOI  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Meriwether  co.,  Geor- 
gia, 36  miles  X.X.E.  of  Columbus.  The  spring  at  this  place 
is  one  of  the  greatest  wonders  in  Georgia.  It  has  a  tem- 
perature of  90°,  and  discharges  1400  gallons  per  minute, 
i'ine  bathing-houses  have  been  erectetl  here. 

AVAR.Ms/\V01lTII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riiliug. 

WAKM'^'ELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WAKXA.     See  Var.\.\. 

WARXABIX  or  WARXAVIX.    See  V.\RSAVI.\. 

AVARXBOROUGH,  NORTH.    See  Odiham. 

WARX'BOROUGH,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

WARX'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  CO.,  of  Worcester. 

W.^RXEMUXDEH,  (Waruemumleh.)  waB'neh-munMeh, 
a  seaport  town  of  North  Germany.  Meckleuburg-Schwerin, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Warnow,  in  the  Baltic,  7  miles  N.N.W. 
of  I'ostm^k,  of  which  it  is  the  outport.     Pop.  ll.iO. 

WaR'XER.  a  post-vill.age  and  town.ship  in  Merrimack  CO., 
Now  Iliimpshire,  on  the  ¥*arner  River  and  the  Connecticut 
and  Merrimack  River  Railroad.  16  miles  \V.  by  N.  of  Con- 
cord. The  village  contains  5  or  6  stores,  and  a  bank.  Pop. 
of  the  biwuiihip,  1970. 

WAR/NER'S  LANDING,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

WAR/XERSVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WARXERSVILLE,  a  post-office.  Berks  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WAIVNERVILLE,  a  post-vUlage  of  Schoharie  co..  New 
York. 

W  ARNERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Meriwether  co..  Georgia. 

WARXEIIVILLE.  a  post-office,  Livingston  co..  Michigan. 

WARXETOX,  vaRu^iN"/,  or  WAERTEX,  Ma'ten,  a 
frontier  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the 
Lys,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Ypres.  Pop.  5983,  eng.iged  id  manufac- 
tures of  chocolate  and  starch,  breweries  and  salt  refineries. 

WARX'FOUD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WARX'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.'«x. 

WAR/XIXO,  MOUXT,  Xew  South  Wales,  East  Australia, 
on  the  Tweed;  lat.  28°  24'  S.,  Ion.  153°  15'  E.;  3300  teet  in 
elevation. 

WARXOW,  *aR/now  or  ^au'nov.  a  river  of  Germany,  rises 
S.  of  Sternberg,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  flows  first  W., 
then  N.E.,  then  N..  and  falls  into  the  Baltic  at  Warnemiinde. 
Total  course  70  miles. 

WARXSDORF,  Alt,  dlt  *aRns'doRf,  a  village  of  Bohemia. 
i  miles  S.E.  of  Rumburg.     Pop.  ;i32S.  t 

WARNSDORF  or  WERMIKOWICE,  ^jR-me-ro-fteefsi.  a 
village  of  .Moravia,  circle  of  Prerau.     Pop.  1100. 

WARXSFELD,  waRus'f Jit,  or  WARXSVELD,  waRns/fSlt, 
a  Tillage  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Gelderland,  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Arnhem.     Pop.  1900. 

WARP,  Alt,  dlt  wanp,  a  village  of  Pru.ssia,  province  of 
Ponierania,  government  and  X.X'.W.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  1064. 

\V.\RP,  Xeu,  noi  waRp.  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  pitivince 
of  Pomerania.  government  and  25  miles  N.N.W.  of  Stettin, 
on  a  lake  of  it-^  own  name.    Pop.  1821. 

WAK'l'OLE.  a  post-office  of  Wyandott  co.,  Ohio. 

M'AKPS'OIIOVE.  a  parish  of  Jingland,  co.  of  Oxford. 

W.4.RREK.  wir'ree\  a  town  of  Guinea,  in  the  doltji  of  the 
Niger,  58  miles  S.  of  Benin.    Lat  5°  32'  N.,  Ion.  5°  28'  K. 

WaR'RK.X.  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 

WaR'REX,  a  county  in  the  E.X.E.  part  of  New  York,  has 
an  area  of  about  850  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  I^ike  George,  (the  southern  portion  of  which  ex- 
tends into  it,)  intersected  by  the  Hudson  River,  which  forms 
part  of  the  southern  Iwundary ,  and  also  drained  by  Schroon 
Kiver.  These  streams  furnish  valuable  water-power.  The 
Mirface  is  uneven,  and  in  manv  parts  mountainous,  and 
usually  covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  timlier.  The  soil 
Is  genei-ally  of  an  inferior  (lualitv.  The  county  abounds  in 
excellent  iron  ore;  limestone,  black-lead,  and  marl  are  also 
'''""^-  .'^'■«'^'''^«*J  in  1813,  having  previously  formed  part 
of  Washington  cjunty,  and  named  iu  honor  of  GeneralJo- 
2068 


seph  Warren,  who  lell  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  C»tA 
tal.  Caldwell.     Pop.  21,434. 

WARRltiX',  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  New  Jersey,  ha« 
an  area  of  about  550  Sfiuare  miles.  It  is  bouuded  on  the 
W.  by  the  Delaware,  and  on  the  .S.E.  by  the  .Musc<metcong 
River,  and  is  drained  by  Paulinskill  and-Pequest  Rivers, 
and  Poh.itcong  Creek,  affluents  of  the  Delaware.  The 
streams  of  this  county  afford  valuable  water-power.  The 
surface  is  uneven  and  mountainous,  with  S<'Ott's  Mountain 
and  Jenny  Jump  Mountain  in  the  S.E.,  and  the  Blue  .Moun- 
tain iu  the  N.W.  The  soil  is  various;  that  of  the  valley  ig 
fertilized  by  the  decomposition  of  limestone  rock,  mingling 
with  sand,  loam,  and  clay,  washed  from  the  mountains, 
and  is  usually  highly  productive.  In  1850  this  county  pro- 
duced 198,760  bushels  of  wheat,  the  greatest  quantity  pro- 
duced by  any  county  in  the  state.  Magnetic  iron  ore.  browa 
hematite,  bog  iron  ore,  zinc,  manganese,  marble,  soapstone, 
and  roofing  slate  are  abuudant.  The  Delaware  is  navigable 
for  small  boats  along  the  W.  border.  The  Xew  Jersey  Cen- 
tral Railroad  and  the  Morris  Canal  intersect  this  county. 
Organized  in  1824,  having  been  fonnetl  from  part  of  Su.ssex 
county.    Capital,  Belvidere.    Pop.  28,432. 

W.\RREX,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  New  York,  hits  an  area  of  800  sijuare  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Alleghany  River,  and  draineil  also 
by  the  Conew^ngo,  Brokenstraw.  Teonesta,  and  Ivenjua 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly,  ami  in  some  parts  broken  and 
rocky;  the  soil  is  generally  good  in  the  N.  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, and  along  the  large  streams.  Lumber  is  the  chief  article 
of  export.  The  creeks  afford  abundant  motive  power.  Small 
boats  navigate  the  Alleghany  River.  Tliis  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Philadeli)hia  and  Erie  Railroad.  The  .Atlantic 
and  Great  Western  R.R.  also  passes  through  the  N.W.  cor- 
ner.   Organized  in  1819.     Capital.  Warren.     Pop.  19,190. 

W.\RREX,  a  county  iu  the  N.E.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an 
area  of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  She- 
nandoah River,  and  also  drained  by  the  N.  fork  of  the  .same. 
The  county  occupies  part  of  the  great  valley  bounded  on  the 
S.E.  by  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  surface  is  hilly  :  the  soil  mostly 
gooii  and  well  watered.  Limestone,  cop^ier.  iron,  and  snan- 
ganese  are  abundant.  It  is  amply  supplied  wiih  water- 
power.  The  weiilth  of  the  county  has  recently  been  in- 
creased by  several  public  works,  viz.,  the  Manassas  Gap 
Railroad,  extending  to  Alexandria;  a  plauk-road  from  the 
county  seat  to  Winchester,  and  two  or  three  turnpikes. 
Organized  in  18S6.  Capital,  Front  Koyal.  Pop.  6442,  of  whom 
4867  were  free,  and  1575  slaves. 

AVARREN,  a  county  in  the  \.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Virginia,  area  estimated  at  480  .square  miles. 
Warren  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  N.W. ;  Roanoke 
River  flows  through  the  N.E.  part.  It  is  al-so  drained  by 
Fisliiug  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating,  the  soil  fertile. 
Tobacco  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Raleigh  and  Gaston  Railroad,  and  the  Roanoke  Valley 
Railroad.  The  county  contains  valuable  mineral  springs. 
Formed  in  1779.  Capital,  Warrenton.  Pop.  15.726;  of 
whom  5325  were  free. 

WARREN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  The  Ogeechee  Kiver  forms 
its  S.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  also  drained  by  Rocky  Comfort 
Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  .soil  is  moderately  fertile. 
Granite  and  soapstone  are  abundant  The  Ogeechee  fui^ 
nishes  motive  power  for  mills.  The  county  is  intersected  by 
the  Georgia  lUiilroad.  Capital,  Warreutou.  I'op.  9810,  of 
wli'>m  4441  were  free,  and  5379  slaves. 

WARREN,  a  county  in  the  \V.  part  of  Mississippi,  border- 
ing on  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  about  725  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  .Mississippi  River,  on  the  S.E. 
by  the  Big  Black,  and  intersected  by  the  Yazoo  Kiver.  _  The 
surface  is  generally  level  and  low.  except  in  the  vicinity  of 
Vicksburg,  where  the  AValnut  Hills  ri.se  several  hundred 
feet  above  the  river.  The  si^il  is  alluvial  and  very  fertile. 
The  county  is  intersected  bv  the  Vicksburg  and  Brandon 
Railroad.  Capital,  A'icksburg.  Pop.  20,090,  of  whom  6933 
were  free,  and  13,763  slaves. 

AV.iRRKN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Tennessee;  .irea 
estimated  at  450  square  miles.  Collins  River  Hows  through 
the  County  into  the  Cauey  fork  of  Cumberland  River,  and 
tlie  Caney  fork  washes  its  N.E.  border.  The  suiface  is  hilly 
or  mountainous.  A  railroad  extends  from  the  county-seat 
to  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad.  Cajiital.  Mc- 
Minnville.  Population  11,147,  of  whom  8827  were  free,  and 
2320  slaves.- 

WARREN,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Kentucky,  con- 
tains  560  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Big  Barren  River, 
an  affluent  of  Green  River,  which  flows  along  the  northern 
border.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil,  resting  on  a 
substratum  of  i-lay  and  limestone,  is  well  adapted  to  farm- 
ing. The  river  h:is  lately  been  improved  by  the  construc- 
tion of  dams  and  locks  which  render  it  navigable  at  aU 
times.  The  limestone  formation  of  this  region  present? 
several  extensive  caverns ;  and  the  eoxinty  contains  rumei^ 
ous  iponumental  mounds.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Louisville 
and  Nashville  Railroad.  Capital,  Bo"-"*ji»  Green.  Pop. 
17,320,  of  wliom  12,006  were  free,  and  o.OlS  slaves. 


WAR 


WAR 


WARTIEN  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ohio,  has  an  area 
of  440  Siinare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Little  iliami 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Cscsar's,  Todd's,  and  Clear  Creeks. 
The  Great  Miami  touches  the  X.W.  extremity  of  the  county. 
The  surface  is  rolling;  the  .soil  is  of  limestone  formation, 
remarkably  fertile,  and  hi,i;hly  cultivated.  The  rock  which 
underlies  tliis  part  of  the  state  is  tlie  blue  limestone.  The 
tstreams  furnish  extensive  water-power.  The  couijty  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Cincinnati  and  Dayton  Kailroad,  by  the 
Little  .Miami  Kailroad,  and  in  part  liy  the  Cincinnati  and 
Zanesville  Kailroad.    Capital,  Lebanon.    Pop.  26,902. 

WAKI5EN,  a  county  In  the  W.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering 
on  Illinois,  contains  about  364  square  mi!es.  The  Wabash 
River  forms  the  S.K.  boundary.  The  surface  is  mostly  un- 
iulatin;.;.  and  uearlj'  half  of  the  county  is  occupied  by  the 
Grand  i'rairie,  the  soil  of  which  is  a  sandy  loam  and  hij;hly 
productive.  The  river  Is  bordered  by  a  strip  of  timlter  land 
about  6  miles  wide,  and  by  bluffs  which  vary  from  60  to  200 
feet  in  heij^ht.  Public  improvements — the  Toleilo  and 
Wal  jvsh  Kailroad,  and  the  \Val)ash  and  Krie  Canal.  Organ- 
ized in  1.S2S.    Capital,  Williamsport.     Pop  10,057. 

WAKKliX,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Illinois,  hag  an 
area  of  540  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  Henderson 
Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Ellison's  aufl  !?wan  Creeks.  The 
eui'face  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  highly  productive.  The 
county  contains  extensive  prairies,  and  is  liberally  supplied 
with  tinil)er.  Stone-coal  and  limestone  are  the  most  valua- 
ble minerals  of  the  county.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cliicago 
Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad.  Capital,  Monmouth.  Pop. 
18.3:36. 

■\\'.\KREy,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Missouri,  contains 
about  400  square  miles.  The  Jlissouri  Kiver  forms  the 
.  boundary  on  the  S.S.W.,  and  the  county  is  drained  by  Pe- 
ruque,  Massics,  Smith's,  Charette,  and  Rear  Creek.s.  A 
range  of  bluffs  extends  along  the  river,  leaving  a  fertile 
bott<im.  from  1  to  5  miles  in  width.  Limestone  and  sand- 
stone, suitable  for  building,  are  abundant.  Capital,  War- 
renton.  Population  8839,  of  whom  7805  were  free,  and  1034 
slaves. 

\V  A  Kit  EX,  a  now  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  South 
River,  an  aftluent  of  the  Des  Moines,  and  by  the  Prairie 
branch  of  Middle  Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Squaw,  Otter, 
and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  divided  between  prairies 
and  woodlands;  the  .soil  is  productive.  Stone-coal  is  said 
to  be  abundant.    Capital,  Indianola.     Pop.  10,281. 

WAKKh;N,  a  post-village  and  township,  of  Knox  county, 
Maine,  on  both  sides  of  St.  George's  River,  20  miles  fiom 
its  mouth,  and  about  40  miles  S  E.  by  E.  of  Augusta.  It 
is  situated  on  a  bed  of  limestone.  The  St.  George,  which  is 
navigable  to  the  village  for  vessels  of  a  large  class,  lias  here 
a  peri)cndicular  fall  of  about  15  feet,  affording  a  very  valu- 
able water-power.  Warren  contains  an  academy,  2  cliurches, 
a  public  library,  a  powder-mill,  1  woollen-mill,  2  tiuineries, 
and  several  .saw  and  grist-mills.  One  barque  wius  built  here 
in  1864.  The  inhabitants  are  also  largely  engaged  in  navi- 
gation, and  own  considerable  shipping.  Pop.  of  the  township 
in  1850.  2428;  in  18(>0,  2321. 

WARREN,  a  post  township  of  Grafton  CO.,  NewIIampshire, 
watered  by  the  N.  branch  of  Baker's  Ifiver,  and  intersected 
by  the  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad.  Population 
1152. 

W.\RREN,  a  post-township  in  Wa.shington  co.,  Vermont, 
16  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Montpelier,  drained  by  Mud  River. 
Pop.  1041. 

W.\RKEX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  Chicopee  Kiver,  and  on  the  Western  Rail- 
road. 73  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.     Pop.  2107. 

W.\RKEN.  a  post-village  and  township  In  Bristol  co., 
Rhode  Island,  on  the  E.  side  of  Narraganset  Bay,  10  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Providence.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and  contains 
several  churches,  3  banks,  an  academy,  and  1  newspaper 
office.  It  has  manufactures  of  oil,  machinery,  paper-hang- 
ings, and  other  articles.     Pop.  of  the  township.  2636. 

W.\RREN,  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township  of  Litch- 
field CO.,  Connecticut,  40  miles  W.  of  Hartford.  The  village 
contains  a  church  and  a  boarding-scliool  for  boys.  The 
Ranuiang  I'ond,  partly  in  this  township,  is  a  beautiful  sheet 
of  water,  furnishing  at  and  below  its  outlet  a  valuable 
water-power.     Pop.  of  the  township.  710. 

W.-VRREN',  a  postrtownship  in  Herkimer  co.,  New  York, 
about  70  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1812. 

WAItREX,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2:W8. 

WARHEX,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Bradford  co.,  I>ennsylvania.     Pop.  1563. 

W.\KREX,atownship,  Franklin  CO.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  736. 

WARREX,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  AVarren  co.,  Penn- 
^•ylvania.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  .\lleghany  River,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Conewango  Creek,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and 
Erie  Railroad,  about  120  miles  N.X.E.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is 
handsomely  situated  on  a  small  plain  40  feet  above  tlie  level 
»f  the  river.  The  streets  are  wide,  straight,  and  rectangular, 
tnd  the  houses  are  generally  of  wood.  The  streams  above 
lamed  are  navi;;able  for  boats,  and  afford  extensive  water- 


power.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  2  new? 
paper  offices,  1  national  bank,  6  churches,  a  union  school,  a 
foundrv,  2  tanneries,  and  several  mills.  Population  in  1860, 
1013;  in  1860,1738. 

WARREX,  a  post-village  in  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland,  4* 
miles  N.  of  .\nnapolis. 

WARREX,  a  post-village  of  .^Uiemarle  co.,  Virginia,  on 
James  Kiver,  about  88  miles  above  Richmond. 

WARREX,  a  post-village  of  Fannin  co.,  Texas,  on  Red 
River,  about  12  miles  X.W.  of  Bonhiim. 

AV.\RR1';X,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Bradley 
CO.,  Ark.ansas,  3  miles  W.  of  Saline  River,  and  about  1<M 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Little  Rook. 

W.\RREX,  a  township  of  Belmont  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Central  Railroad.     Pop.  2258. 

WARREN',  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  intiTsected 
by  the  Wellsville  and  Wheeling  Railroad.     Pop.  17H7. 

WARREN,  a  handsome  post-village  and  township,  capital 
of  Trumbull  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Mahoning  River.  160  miles 
miles  X.E.  of  Columbus,  and  60  miles  fnim  Cleveland.  The 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal  connects  the  village  with  Lake 
Erie  and  the  Ohio  River.  Iron  ore  and  stone-coal  are  abund- 
ant in  the  vicinity,  and  immense  quantities  of  cheese  are 
exporte<i  from  the  county.  The  village  contains  about  6 
churches,  1  bank,  3  newspaper  offices,  20  stores.  2  foundrii'S, 
2  machine-sliops,  I  oil-inill,  1  fulling-mill,  and  2  flouring- 
mills.  It  is  on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad. 
Pop  in  1850,  •J957;  in  1S60,  2402. 

WARRKN,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  966. 

WARREN,  a  township  of  W.ashington  co.,Ohio.  Pop.  2921. 

WARREX.  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Macomb  Co.,  Michigan.     Pr^p.  1.3;i5. 

WARREX,  a  township  of  Clinton  CO..  Indiana.    Pop.  12.35. 

WARREX,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Huntingdon  conntj', 
Indiiina,  on  the  Sahimonie  River,  85  miles  N.E.  of  In(Uana- 
polis.     Pop.  750. 

W.\  RR  K  N ,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  2168. 

WARREX.  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1194. 

W  ARRK.N'.a  township  of  St.. Ti)seph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  734. 

WARREX,a  township  of  Warren  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  112;i, 

WARREX,  a  thriving  post^villaj^e  of  Henderson  co..  lUi- 
noi,s,  about  120  miles  X.W.  of  Springfield,  It  is  the  terminuj* 
of  a  plank-road  leading  to  Burlington,  Iowa. 

WARREX.  a  post-village  in  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  145 
miles  X.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

WAKRKX,  a  township  in  Lake  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1124. 

W.\RI{EX,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Marion  co., 
Missouri.  95  miles  X.X.E.  of  Jefferson  City.     Pop.  2289. 

WAliRKN,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

WARRKX,  a  small  p<istvillage  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin. 

W.\RRKX.  a  township  in  Waushara  co..  Wisconsin. 

WARREX  CENTRE,  a  post-oftice  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

AVAR'KEXHAM.  a  post-office.  Bradford  co.,  Penn.sylvania. 

WARREX  RIVER,  a  small  stream,  rises  in  Bristol  co., 
Massachusetts,  and  falls  into  Narraganset  Bay  in  Rhode 
Island. 

WAK'REXgBURG.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Warren 
CO.,  Xew  York,  about  65  miles  X.  of  .Albany.  The  township 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Hudson  River,  and  intersected 
by  Schroon  River,  on  which  the  village  is  situated.  Pop.  of 
the  township.  1704. 

WARRKXSIiURG,  a  post-village  in  Greene  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  Xolichucky  River,  236  mili'S  E.  by  8.  of  Nashville. 

WARREXSHURG,  a  nost-village,  capital  of  .Johnson  co., 
Missouri,  on  the  Black  River,  and  on  the  Pacific  Itoilioad, 
98  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Jefferson  Citv.     Pop.  1080. 

WAR'REXSPOINT'  or  WAIVRENPOIXT',  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  Ireland,  Ulster,  co.  of  Down,  at  the  mouth  ot 
the  Xewry  in  Lough  Carlingford,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Newry. 
Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851.  1769.  It  is  well  built,  clean,  and 
resorted  to  for  sea-bathing. 

WARREN'S  KIVER.  of  North  Carolina,  a  small  stream 
which  forms  the  boundary  between  Warren  and  Granville 
counties,  and  enters  the  Roanoke  River  from  the  S.,  neat 
the  N.  border  of  the  state. 

WAR/RENSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WARREXSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio, 
154  miles  X.X.E.  of  Columbus. 

WARRE.XSVILLE.  a  postrvillage  in  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois, 
30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chicago. 

WARREXSVILLIO.  a  post-village  in  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Skunk  River,  80  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

WARREX  TAVERN,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WAR'REXTON,  a  beautiful  town,  capital  of  Fauquier  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  turnpike  from  Alexandria  to  Charlottesville, 
100  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
beautiful  and  productive  country,  and  has  an  active  busi- 
ness. ■  A  branch  railroad  connects  the  town  with  the  Orange 
and  .Alexandria  Itailroad.  10  miles  distant.  Warrenton  ('on- 
tains  a  handsome  court-house,  3  or  4  churches,  2  academies, 
and  2  newspaper  offices.    Free  pop.  604. 

W'ARREXTON,  a  thriving  post- village,  capital  of  Warrei: 

2069 


"WAR 

«  Xi'ith  Ciirolina.  on  the  Gastoi.  and  Raleigh  Eailroad,  24 
.ui.e«.  W.ft.\V.  of  Gai:t'>n,  and  (53  niles  by  railroad  N.X.E.  of 
Raloi"-h.  It  is  situated  near  tlie  oource  of  Fishing  Creek,  a 
branch  of  Tar  River.  It  has,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
2  or  3  churches,  a  newspaper  office,  and  several  stores. 
Pop.  in  ISoO,  124-2,in  1860.  1520. 

WAKRENTON,  a  postrvillajie  in  Abbeville- district,  South 
Carolina,  103  miles  W.  of  Columbia. 

AVAKRENTON,  a  pleasant  and  flourishing  post-village, 
mpital  of  Warren  co.,  Georgia,  on  Goulden's  Creek,  42  miles 
SV.  of  Auitusta.  and  3  miles  S.  of  the  Georgia  Railroad,  with 
vhich  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  railroad.  The  court-house 
i?  built  of  brick,  and  the  jail  .-  ,j-anite.  It  contains  2  or  3 
cLurilos.  2  acatlemies.  and  5  dry -goods  stores. 

WAKRENTON,  a  post-vllJage,  capital  of  Marshall  co.,  Ala- 
bama, a  few  miles  S.  of  Tenne-ssee  River,  and  135  miles  N.E. 
of  Tusoaloosa.    It  contains  a  court-house  and  several  stores. 

WAKRENTON,  a  postrvillage  of  AVarren  co.,  >Ii.«sissippi. 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  8  miles  below  Vicksburg.  It  con- 
tains 4  stores.     Fop.  about  250. 

WARRE.V'TON,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  Barren  River,  about  150  miles  S.W.  of  Frankfort  The 
river  has  been  rendered  uavlgjible  to  this  point. 

WARKKXTOX.  a  postvillage  of  Jeffer.sou  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  11  miles  below  .Steubenville. 

WARRENTOX,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  14 
miles  S.  of  Princeton. 

WARRKXTOX,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Warren 
CO.,  Missouri,  75  miles  E.X.E.  of  Jeffer.son  City,  and  14  miles 
X.  of  the  Missouii  River.  It  en  tains  an  institute,  2  churches, 
7  ston-s.  iind  a  steam  flouriiig-miil.     Free  pop.  480. 

WARRENTON  SPRIXGS,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co., 
Virginia. 

WaR'REXTOWX,  a  village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Kiskiminetas  River  and  Pennsylvania  Canal, 
47  miles  by  water  E.X.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

WARREXTOWX,  a  p-ist-office  of  Lake  co„  Illinois. 

WAR'REXVILLE,  a  post-office,  Somerset  co..  Xew  Jersey. 

WARREXVILLE,  a  post'township  in  Cuyahoga  co.,  Ohio, 
Intersected  by  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad.   P.  1554. 

WAR'RlCk.  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Indiana,  bor- 
dering on  the  Ohio  River,  contains  336  square  miles.  It  i.s 
drained  by  Big  Pigeon  and  Little  Pigeon  Creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  mostly  undulating,  and  the  soil  productive.  In  the 
vicinity  of  the  Ohio  esix>cially  the  land  is  very  rich.  Coal  is 
abundant,  but  not  much  used  as  yet.  The  county  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  Organized  in  1S13, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Captain  .lacob  Warrick,  who  fell  at 
the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.    Capital,  B<X)neville.     Pop.  13,201. 

WAR'KIXGTOX,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  parish,  and  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  5 
miles  S.  of  Newton,  on  the  Mersey,  here  cro.ssed  by  a  bridge, 
and  equidistant  between  Liverpool  and  Stockport,  with 
which  towns,  and  with  Manchester  and  Preston,  It  is  eon- 
n<!cted  by  the  Xorth-Western  Railway  and  branches.  Pop. 
of  the  parliamentary  Iwrough.  in  1861,  26,852.  The  princi- 
pal edifices  are  a  massive  church  of  Saxon  origin,  numerous 
dissenting  chapels,  the  Town-Hall,  Ses.sions-liousc,  Market- 
House,  with  assembly  rooms,  several  cloth  halli?.  the  The- 
atre, Infirmary.  School  for  Orplian  Daughters  of  the  Clergy, 
several  conspicuous  aucieut  buildings  around  the  market- 
place, besides  the  cotton  and  other  mills  and  factories  which 
employ  most  of  the  population.  Its  grammar  school  has  an 
annual  revenue  of  between  700/.  and  800/..  and  is  free  to 
natives  of  Lancashire  or  Cheshire:  the  Bluecoat  School  has 
an  anntial  revenue  of  450i. ;  and  here  in  1757  w.hs  founded 
the  Academy  out  of  which  grew  the  Central  Unitarian  Col- 
lege, afterwards  transferred  to  York,  and  now  seated  at 
Manchester.  A  subscription  library  was  established  in 
1758 ;  and  here  the  first  newspaper  in  L!incii.''liire,  and  first 
stage  coach  in  England,  were  started.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  of  fustians,  twills,  corduroys,  and  other  cotton 
goods,  sidl-cloth.  sacking,  glasswares,  hardwares,  files,  and 
other  tools  of  the  finest  quality,  pens,  soap,  leather,  and  ale, 
for  which  Inst  Warrington  is  lamous.  The  Mersey  is  navi- 
gable up  to  the  bridge  for  vessels  of  100  tons  burden.  War- 
rington sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
town  is  of  high  antiquity.  In  the  civil  wars  it  was  the  place 
of  many  actions  between  the  royal  and  parliamentary  forces. 

WAK'RINGTOX.  a  post-town.ship  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 6  miles  X.W.  of  Doylestowu.     Pop.  1007. 

WAUKIXGTOX,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  ItiSl.  ■' 

M  AKKIXGTOX.  a  post-oiSce  of  Escambia  co.,  Florida. 

W  AURINGTOX,  a  small  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  In- 
diana, about  12  miles  X.E.  of  Greenfield. 

WAR'RIOR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Wilkes  CO.,  North 
Carolina. 

WARRIOR'S  BRIDGE,  a  small  village  of  ChocUw  co., 
Ahibamn. 

WARRIOR'S  LAXDIXG,  a  small  village  of  Lewis  co.. 
Kentucky. 

WAltlUOR'S  MARK,  a  posUvillage  and  townsliip  of  Hunt- 
Insdon  CO..  Pennsylvania,  about  105  miles  W.X.AV.  of  Uar- 
nsburg.    Pop.  1341. 
2070 


WAR 

WARRIOR  ^TAXD,  a  post-office  of  Macon  co..  Alaljama. 

WaII'SAW,  (Polish  ^yilrs^awa,  vaR-shS/vJ  or  *dKJ,uji/wd; 
Gcr.  II aj-scAau,  ^aa'show ;  Fr.  Tarsofi'e,  vau'so'vee/;  it.  and 
Sp.  Varsovia.  var-so've-i;  L.  Warsovia.)  the  capitsl  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Poland,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  aoross 
which  it  communicates  by  a  bridge  of  boats  with  its  fortified 
suburb  of  Praga.  Lat.  of  ob.«ervatory,  52^  13'  5"  X.,  Ion.  2P 
2'  9"  E.  Pop.  in  1844,  154.078,  of  whom  35,000  wire  Jews. 
Pop.  in  1860,  162,805.  Mean  temperature  of  ye."ir,  44°.l ; 
winter,  24°.9;  summer,  G3°.2  Fahrenheit.  The  city,  sur- 
rounded by  ramparts  and  trenches,  and  several  suburbs, 
has  a  fine  appearance  from  the  X.  and  E.,  but  inter- 
nally it  presents  striking  contra.^ts  of  magnificence  ami 
misery,  its  streets  being  ill-paved  and  lighted,,  and  its 
stone  buildings  interspersed  with  hovels  of  timW.  The 
principal  edifices  are  the  ZameJc,  a  vast  palace  of  the  former 
kings  of  I'oland,  now  an  imperial  residence,  and  containing 
the  hall  of  the  Polish  diet,  and  archives  of  the  kingdom ; 
the  Saxon  Palace,  having  attached  to  it  fine  gardens  open  to 
the  public;  the  Government  Palace,  containing  the  Xational 
Theatre,  custom-house,  htgh  tribunals,  and  government 
offices,  and  also  having  attached  to  jt  gardens,  which  are  a 
fashionable  place  of  resort;  the  Casimir  Palace,  with  a  sta- 
tue of  Co|)ernicus;  modern  palaceof  the  minister  of  finance; 
new  exchange,  Briihl  and  Radzivil  Palaces;  many  colos^al 
churches,  including  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  of  St. 
John.  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Augustine,  and  Alexander 
Churches,  the  Church  of  St.  Borromeo,  a  Lutheran  church, 
and  the  Citadel.  The  Marieville  Bazaar  is  a  large  square, 
surrounded  by  arcades.  Warsaw  has  a  Greek  United  cathe- 
dral, Armenian  and  English  chapels,  many  .synagogues,  6 
hospitals.  5  theatres,  barracks,  a  mint,  school  i^f  artillery,  2 
colleges  replacing  its  university,  (suppressed  in  1834,  and 
its  library  of  150,000  volumes  removed  to  St.  Petersburg.) 
a  theological  seminary,  rabbinical  college,  observatory,  bo- 
tanic garden,  musical  conservatory.  2  gymnasia,  .schools  of 
arts,  numerous  Russian  schools,  libraries,  and  learned  asso- 
ciations. Its  public  places  abound  with  statues:  the  princi- 
pal of  these  are  the  bronze  statue  of  Sigisuiund  111.,  and 
the  equestrian  group  of  Poniatowski.  It  is  furnished  "■ith 
some  of  the  finest  promenades  of  any  Europ<>an  city,  and  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  is  a  villa,  formerly  the  residence  of 
Stanislaus  .Augustus,  containing  fine  paintings,  and  sur- 
rounded by  public  grounds,  in  which  is  an  equestrian  statue 
of  .lohn  Sobieski. 

War.saw  has  manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics, 
hosiery,  hats,  gold  and  silver  wares,  saddlery,  paper,  and 
tobacco,  chemical  and  cotton-printing  work.*,  numerous 
breweries,  &c.  It  is  the  centre  of  industry,  commerce,  and 
literary  activity  of  the  kingdom,  and  the  great  entrepot  of 
commerce  in  Poland;  it  is  the  seat  of  the  national  bank, 
and  has  large  fairs  in  May  and  September,  frequented  by 
merchants  of  both  Europe  and  .\sia.  It  communicates  by 
railway  S.W.  past  Czenstochau  with  Cracow  and  the  Aus- 
trian lines  of  railway.  A  railway  is  also  in  course  of  con- 
struction from  Warsaw  to  St.  Petersburg,  a  distance  of  608 
miles.  Warsaw  sucei;eded  Cracow  as  the  capital  of  Poland 
in  1566.  In  1807,  it  was  made  capital  of  the  Grand  Duchy 
of  AVarsaw.  Since  1815,  it  has  been  capital  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Poland,  a  dependency  of  Russia.  In  1830,  the  Rus.siana 
were  driven  from  it  by  the  Poles,  but  they  retook  it  in  lt>31. 

WaR'SAW.  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Wyo- 
ming CO.,  Xew  York,  on  Allen's  Creek,  and  on  the  BuflTalo 
and  New  York  City  R;iilroad,  45  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Buffalo. 
The  public  buildings  in  the  vilbige  are  neat  and  commo- 
dious. It  contains  5  churches,  .a  bank,  3  hotels,  a  large  Union 
scliool-lmuse,  1  iron  furnace,  1  tannery,  and  2  flouring-mills. 
Two  newspiii)ers  are  published  here.  Settled  in  1803.  Fop. 
Dftiie  township.  2K58. 

WARS.\W,  a  township  of  Forest  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

W.\RS.\.W.  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Penn.sylvania, 
about  7  miles  X.E.  of  Brookville.    Pop.  933. 

W.ARSAW,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Richmond  co.,  Virgi- 
nia, 70  miles  X.E.  of  Richmond,  aud  about  3  miles  from  the 
Rappahannock  River.  It  contains  several  stores,  and  about 
30  dwellings. 

WARS.AW,  a  post-village  of  Duplin  co.,  North  Carolina, 
on  the  railroad  from  Weldou  to  Wilmiugtou,  65  miles  X.  of 
the  latter. 

WARSAW,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  co..  Georgia,  near 
Chattahoochee  River,  90  miles  X.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

WARS.\W,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  co.,  .Maluima, 

WARS.XW,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  pari.<h,  l>ouisiana. 

WARS.iW,  a  plea.sant  post-village,  capital  of  Gallatin  CO., 
Kentucky,  on  the  Ohio  River,  50  miles  below  Cincinnati. 
It  has  a  large  flouring-mill  and  several  tobacco  factories; 
also  3  churches  aud  several  schools.  It  was  formerly  called 
Fre<lericksburg.    Pop.  658. 

WARSAW,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Walhoiiding  river  and  Canal,  83  miles  E.N.K.  of  Columbus. 

M'.\RSAVV,  a  thriving  post-village,  capitiil  of  Kosciusko 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  Tippecanoe  River,  and  on  the  Pittsburg 
lort  Wayne  and  Chicago  R.R.,40  miles  W.N. W.of>ort Wayne. 
It  has  1  bank,  3  churches,  2  iiews^per  offices.  t6  stores,  2 
Bour-mills,  2 foundiies, and  1  macuine-shop  rai'. about 2(00. 


v 


Ji 


WAR 


WAR 


WARSAW,  a  flourishing  river-port  of  Hancock  county, 
Illinois,  is  finely  situated  on  tlie  Mississippi  Kiver,  at  tlie 
foot  of  tlie  Lower  KapiAs,  about  3  miles  below  Keokuk. 
The  site  of  the  town  is  liigh  and  beautiful,  and  its  jjosition 
is  favorable  for  trade.  The  largest  steamers  ascend  the  rivir 
to  the  Lower  Kai)ids.  Warsaw  does  a  large  exporting  and 
importing  business.  It  contains  6  churches,  1  national  bank, 
a  large  pul  ilic  school,  4  flouring-niills,  1  foundry,  1  plow  fac- 
toi-y,  15  cooper-shops,  &c.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  ^^■abash  Itailroad.  One  now»pai)er  ispublished 
here.     Poji.  in  18U0,  2896;  in  1865,  about  4000. 

AVARSA  W,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Benton  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  left  or  N.  bank  of  Osage  River,  80  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Jefferson  City.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail,  a  number  of 
stores,  Ac. 

WARSAW,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Peter- 
boro.  14  miles  from  Peterboro.    Pop.  about  100. 

WARSAW  l'l{AIRIK,  a  post-offlce  of  Kaufman  co.,  Texas. 

W.MtSCHAU,  a  city  of  Poland.     See  Warsaw. 

WAR'SOl'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

WARSOVIA.    See  Warsaw. 

W.A.RSTKI.\,  ^^aR/stlne,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  13 
miles  K.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Westerbach.     Pop.  2100. 

WAK.SZAWA,  a  city  of  I'oland.     See  AVarsaw. 

AVARTA  or  WARTIIA,  *aR'tj(,  (anc.  Var'ta.)  a  river  of 
Poland  and  Germany,  its  basin  lying  between  those  of  the 
Oder  and  Vistula,  rises  36  miles  N.W.  of  Cracow,  flows  \. 
and  W.  throu;;h  a  level,  and  in  many  parts  marshy  country, 
in  Russia  and  Prussian  Poland,  and  joins  the  Oder  at  Kus- 
trln,  province  of  Brandenburg,  after  a  course  of  450  miles. 
Chief  affluent,  the  Netze,  from  the  K.,  by  a  canal  from  which 
it  is  connected  with  the  Vistula;  other  tributaries  are  the 
Widawka  and  Ner  from  the  K.,  Obra  and  Prosna  from  the 
S.,  which  last  forms  the  boundary  Iwtween  Poland  and 
Prussian  Silesia. 

W.VRT.\..  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  24  miles  E.  of 
Ealisz,  -.G'j'tal  if  i  county,  on  the  Warta.     Pop.  2000. 

WAHTA,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  43  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Breslau,  on  the  Neis.se.  Pop.  1110.  It  has  a  church  greatly 
resorted  to  in  pilgrimage. 

WAU  r.\U.  waR'tow,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  23  miles  S.S.K.  of  St.  Call,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Ithine.     Pop.  1757. 

WARTBEItU,  *aRf  bjRG,  or  SZKMPTZ,  s?mpts,  a  market- 
town  of  Hungary,  co.,  and  12  miles  from  Presburg.  Pop. 
178L 

WAUTBURO,  a  castle  of  Germany.    See  Kisesach. 

WARTENBEUG,  Ober,  o'ber  <vaR'ten-b5RG\  a  town  of 
Bohemia.  22  miles  N.X.W.  of  Bunzlau.'    Pop.  1300. 

WAKTENBEKG,  Polmsch.  pol'nish  «aR/ten-bJRa\  a  town 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  32  miles  E.N.E.  of  Breslau.  Pop.  in 
1852,  2542. 

AVARTENBUR6,  *aR'tfn-bO()Ro\  a  town  of  Ea.st  Prussia, 
<50  miles  S.  of  Kiinigsberg.  Pop.  3100.  It  has  a  castle,  3 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  and  a  hospital.  Alt-Wartenburo 
(dlt)  is  a  village  adjacent  to  the  above,  on  the  W, 

AVARTENBURG,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  8  miles 
E.S.E.  of  \Vitteaberg,  near  the  Elbe.  Here,  in  1813,  BlUcher 
defeated  the  French. 

WARTK.XFKLS,  waR'tpn-fMs\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Upper  Francoiiia.  20  miles  N.  of  Baireuth. 

AVaRTKK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 

WARTIIA.     See  AVarta. 

AVaR'TIIIi;X'S  store,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co., 
Georgia,  134  miles  N.W.  of  Savannah. 

AVAKT'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.of  York,'North  and 
East  Ridings. 

AVARTTylNG,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.of  Sussex. 

A\'.\RTO'LA,  a  post-oflice  of  Union  district,  South  Carolina. 

AVAUrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
•  AVAItTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WAK'TR.\CE  DKPOT,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Ten- 
nes.«ee,  on  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  55  miles 
S,  by  E.  of  Nashville. 

WaKTS'BUKG,  a  small  village  of  Morgan  co,,  Tennessee. 

AVAltUXGUL.  wj-riin-gfil/,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  Nizam's 
dominions,  8t5  miles  N.E.  of  Hyderabad,  the  ancient  town 
capital  of  Telingana,  of  which  "now  little  remains  but  four 
gateways  of  the  temple  of  Seeva. 

AVARWICK  or  AVAKAVICKSHIRE.  wSr/rik-shir.  a  county 
!n  the  centre  of  England,  enclosed  by  the  counties  of  Staf- 
ford, Leicester.  Northampton,  Oxford.  Gloucester,  and  AVor- 
cester,  -\rea  881  square  miles,  or  574,080  acres,  of  which 
above  563,*40  are  arable,  or  in  meadows  and  pastures.  Pop. 
In  1851,  475,013.  Surface  elevated :  its  N.  part  was  formerly 
the  extensive  forest  rif  Arden,  and  is  still  interspersed  with 
■woods,  heaths,  and  moors;  in  the  S.  part  is  much  fertile 
soil,  and  the  county  generally  is  well  cultivated.  Principal 
rivers,  the  Avon  and  its  affluents  in  the  S.  and  E.;  the  Tame 
in  the  N  The  usual  grain  crops  are  raised.  The  county  is 
noted  for  its  grazing  and  dairy  husbandry.  Stock  of  sheep 
estimated  at  350,000,  and  produce  of  wool  between  8000  and 
9000  packs  annually.  Coal,  stone,  lime,  and  mjirl,  are  pro- 
cured. JIanufactures  are  important;  Birmingham  is  the 
SPAt  of  hardware  manufactures,  and  famous  for  those  of  1 


arms,  and  others  in  great  variety ;  Coventry  for  ribbouK  aue 
other  silk  goods,  watches,  and  jewellery;  fish-hooks  auo 
needles  are  made  at  Alcester;  hats  at  Atherstone;  horn 
goods  at  Kenilworth.  In  1847,  1300  handii  were  employed 
in  silk,  and  100  hands  in  cottouuiills.  The  countv  ia 
intersected  Ijy  numerous  canals,  and  by  the  North-VVestern 
Itailway  and  branches  of  the  Midland  and  Great  AVestern 
Railways,  also  by  the  Roman  Foss-way  and  AVatiing  and 
Icknield  Streets.  Principal  towns,  AVarwick.  Birmingham, 
Coventry,  Alcester,  Nuneaton,  Rugby,  Leamington,  and 
Stratford-upon-.\von.  Excluding  its  boroughs,  it  sends  4 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

AVARAVICK,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  and 
town  of  England,  capital  of  a  county,  near  its  centre,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Avon,  here  crossed  by  a  single-arched 
stone  bridge,  and  on  canals  connecting  it  witli  Birmingham 
and  Napton,  2j  miles  W.  of  I<eamington,  and  20  miles  S.E. 
of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of  borough  in  1851,  10.973.  It  is 
regularly  laid  out,  and  well  built.  At  either  end  of  the 
town  is  a  gateway,  the  western  surmounted  by  a  beautiful 
ancient  chapel.  AVarwick  hius  2  parish  churches,  one  with  a 
tower  130  feet  in  height,  places  of  worship  for  Independ- 
ents, Friends,  AVesleyans,  Unitarians,  and  Baptists;  several 
remarkable  monuments;  a  court-house,  county  hall,  jail 
and  bridewell,  marke^house,  with  the  museum  of  the 
AVarwickshire  natural  history  and  archaiologi.tal  society ; 
public  library,  a  granmiar  school,  with  2  exhibitions  at  Ox- 
ford University,  and  occasionally  others  at  Cambridge; 
Ijeicester's  Hospital  for  aged  brethren,  annual  revenue 
2000?,;  almshouses  and  numerous  other  charities,  aggregate 
revenue  nearly  4500^  annually.  Between  the  town  and 
river,  on  a  steep  acclivity  beside  the  .\von,  is  AVarwick  Castle, 
seat  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  and  perhaps  the  most  perfect 
and  magnificent  feudal  fortress  in  England,  still  used  as  a 
residence.  It  is  suppose<J  to  have  been  founded  by  Ethel- 
fleda.  daughter  of  King  Alfred,  has  some  conspicuous  portioiia 
named  Guy's  and  Ca'sar's  ToAvers.  contains  a  tine  collection 
of  pictures,  and  is  surrounded  on  both  sides  of  the  river  by 
grounds,  in  a  part  of  which  is  kept  the  noble  AVarwick  vase, 
found  in  a  lake  near  Tivoli.  Around  War%vick  are  many 
remains  of  monastic  establishments.  The  town  has  several 
banks,  a  manufactory  of  hats,  a  worsted  and  silk  mill,  and 
iron  foundry.     It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons- 

AVARWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Cumberland, 

AVaR'WICK,  a  county  in  the  S.E,  part  of  Virginia,  con- 
taining about  50  sr(uare  miles,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula 
between  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  mouth  of  James  Itiver,  the 
latter  of  which  washes  its  W,  Imrder,  The  surface  is  slightly 
diversified;  th-'  .«oil  is  alluvial.  Oysters  and  firewood  (oak 
and  pine)  are  important  articles  of  export.  Capital,  AVar- 
wick.    Pop.  1740,  of  whom  721  were  free. 

AVARWICK,  a  post-townsliip  in  Fninklin  co.,  Mossachu- 
Bctts,  72  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Boston.     Pop.  932. 

AVARAVICK.  a  largo  and  populous  post-township  of  Kent 
CO.,  Rhode  Island,  bordering  on  Narraganset  Bay,  and 
intersected  by  the  Stonington  and  Providence  Railroad,  10 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  I'rovidence.  It  contains  several  manu- 
facturing villages,  2  bank,s,  and  a  newspaper  office.  The 
fiourishing  village  of  Apiwnaujj  is  situated  at  the  head  of 
an  arm  of  the  Narraganset,  which  sets  up  nearly  5  miles 
from  the  bay,  and  affords  facilities  for  navigation.  About  a 
mile  from  this  village  is  a  huge  rock,  ,so  nicely  balanced 
upon  another,  that  a  boy  can  set  it  in  motion,  producing  a 
noise  heard  sometimes  to  the  di.stanee  of  0  and  even  8  miles. 
From  the  resemblance  which  the  noise  thus  proiluced  has  to 
a  drum,  the  rock  has  been  denominated  "  Drum  Rock." 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  1830,  5529;  in  1840,  C726;  and  in 
1850,  7740  :  in  1860,  ^916. 

WARAVICK,  a  post-village  of  Warwick  township,  Orango 
CO,,  New  York,  about  110  miles  S,  by  AV,  of  Albany,  It  con- 
tains 2  or  3  churches,  the  AVarwick  Institute,  and  about  500 
inhabitants.     Pop.  of  the  township,  462S. 

AVARAVICK,  ti  township.  Bui'ks  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  881. 

AVARAVICK,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  1410. 

AVARAVICK,  a  village  and  township  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Conestoga  Creek,  about  9  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Lancaster.     Pop.  3o56. 

WARAVICK,  a  small  post-village  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland,  73 
miles  N.E.  of  Annapolis. 

AVABAA'ICK,  a  handsome  post  village,  capital  of  AVarwick 
CO.,  A'irginia.  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  James  lUver, 
about  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

W.\UAVICK,  a  post-otfice  of  Dooly  co.,  Georgia. 

AA^ARWICK,  a  township  in  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  Ohio  Canal,     Pop.  1384. 

AVARAVICK,  a  village  of  Canada  AVest.  co.  of  Lambton. 

AVARVi'ICK  NECK,  a  point  of  land  projecting  into  Narra- 
ganset Bay  from  Kent  co.,  Rhode  Island.  Near  its  southern 
extremity,  at  the  entrance  to  East  Greenwich  Harlx>r,  is  a 
lighthouse  showing  a  fixed  light.  Lat.  41°  34'  12"  N.,  lou. 
71°27' W. 

AVARWICK  NECK,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co.,  Rhode  Island 

WARAVICKSHIRE,  a  county  of  England.    See  Warwick, 

AA'ARYE,  wdVi',  a  small  protected  state  of  Hindostan,  ill 

2071 


WAR 

UJe  N  vr.  of  th»  province  of  Guzerat.    Pop.  about  20.000, 
chiefly  Jut«.    Xlie  town  of  its  name  is  in  lat.  :W    4i    -n.. 
Ion.  71°  29'*:. 
WASA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Tasa. 
WASCO'l'L  M,  ii  post-office  of  ClKckemas  co.,  Oregon,  Has 
been  discontinued. 
WASELOXNE.  a  town  of  France,    isee  Wasselon.vb. 
WASOAU.  tlie  German  name  ol  tlie  Vosges  Mou.maixs. 
WASH,  an  estuarv  on  tlie  E.  coast  of  England,  between 
the  counties  of  Norfollt  and  Lincoln,  20  miles  in  length  by 
15  miles  in  breadth,  and  receiving  the  rivers  W  itham,  «  el- 
land.  Ou.«e.  Xen.  and  Nar.     Its  shores  are  everywhere  low 
and  marshy,  and  it  contains  many  shoals  which  are  left  dry 
at  low  water ;  measures  for  embanking  and  draining  have 
lately  been  put  in  force.     Its  two  principal  channels  are 
called  the  "  deeps"'  of  Boston  and  Lynn. 

WASH  or  GW  ASH,  a  river  of  England,  chiefly  in  the  county 
of  Rutland,  joins  the  Welland  near  Stamford,  after  an  E. 
course  of  23  miles. 

WaSH'A,  a  lake  of  Louisiana,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  New 
Orleans,  is  connected  by  several  bayous  with  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.     Length  12  miles. 

WaSH'BOUKXE,  great,  a.  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

WASHBOORXE,  LITTLE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  parish 
of  Overbury. 

WaSH'BOURNE  PRAIRIE,  a  postoffice  of  Barry  co.,  JIis- 
Bouri.  about  185  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Independence. 
WaSH'BKOOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
WaSU'BURX,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas.    Pop. 
877.      . 
WASHBURN,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  CO.,  Illinois. 
W.\SH'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
WASH'FORD-l'YNE.a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
WaSH'I.NGBOROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  3 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Lincoln,  with  a  station  on  the  Lincolnshire 
Kailwav. 
WaS"1I'IXGLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
WaSH'IXGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  with 
a  station  on  the  York  and  Berwick  Railway,  of  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Gateshead. 
WASHINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 
WASHINGTON,  a  territory  occupying  the  extreme  N.W. 
portion  of  the  domain  of  the  United  Suites  of  North  Ame- 
rica.   It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Straits  of  Juan  de 
I'uca  (which  separate  it  from  Vancouver's  Island)  and  Bri- 
tish Columbia,  on  the  E.  by  Idaho,  on  the  S.  by  Oregon, 
from  which  it  is  sep,arated  by  the  Columbia  River,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean     It  lies  between  45°  33'  N.  and 
49°  N.  lat.,  and  between  116°  66'  and  124°  43'  W.  Ion.,  being 
about  360  miles  in  its  greatest  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and 
235  miles  in  width,  from  N.  to  S.    Its  form  is  nearly  a 
parallelogram.   The  area  is  estimated  at  70,000  square  miles. 
Ihce.  of  the  Oountri/. — A  large  part  of  the  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, the  mountain  ranges  being  continuations  of  those 
which  are  described  in  Oregon.    Tlie  Cascade  Range  extends 
across  the  teiiitory  in  a  north  and  south  direction,  dividing 
it  into  unequal  portions,  the  larger  of  which  is  on  the  east- 
ern side.    The  principiil   peaks  of  the  Cascade  Range  in 
Washington  are  Mount  Rainier,  the  altitude  of  which  is 
about  12,300  feet,  Mount  Saint  Helen,  Mount  Adams,  the 
altitude  of  which  is  about  9500  feet,  and  Mount  Baker,  the 
height  of  which  is  estimated  at  10,700  feet.    These  peaks  are 
covered  w^ith  perpetujil  snow.    Between  the  Cascade  Range 
and  the  ocean  rises  the  Coast  Range,  the  highest  peak  of 
which  is  Mount  Olympus,  on  the  line  between  Clallam  and 
and  Jefferson  counties.    Its  altitude  is  about  bloO  leet.    In 
the  S.E.  part  is  a  range  called  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Minerals. — The  mineral  resources  have  not  yet  been  fully 
develoi)ed.  Gold  is  reported  to  have  been  fimiid  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Cascade  Range,  near  the  Wenatchie  River,  on  the 
Okanagon  River,  in  Stevens  county,  and  ou  the  Columbia 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Lewis  River.  Coal  piines  have  been 
opene<l  near  Bellingham  Bay.  The  coal  is  accompanied  by 
new  rc-d  sandstone,  valuable  for  building.  Coal  is  also 
found  in  King  county,  and  other  places. 

Hirert,  Bai/s.  Sounds. — The  principiU  rivers  are  the  Colum- 
bia, the  Clarke's  River,  the  Li-«is  or  Snake  River,  the  Spo- 
kane, the  Okanagon  or  Okinagan,  the  Yakima,  the  Cliehalisi, 
the  Skagit,  and  the  Cowlitz  River.  The  Columbia,  after  enter- 
ing the  N.E.  part  from  British  Columbia,  flows  with  a  very 
circuit')US  course  through  the  entire  breadth  of  the  terri- 
ttiry.  Near  the  46th  parallel  of  north  latitude  it  turns 
westwani,  and  pursuing  that  general  direction  until  it  enters 
the  fariflc  Ocean,  it  forms  about  three-fourths  of  the  bound- 
ary between  Wushini;ton  and  Oregon.  It  is  navigable  by 
steaiiilxMts  from  its  mouth  to  the  rapids  at  Dalles  City,  and 
from  Wallula  downward  to  the  sjuno.  Twelve  stelimers 
navigatt'd  the  Upper  Columbia  (from  the  Dalles  to  Wullula) 
in  1864.  Clarke's  Riv<Jr. an  nllluent  of  theColumbia. crosses 
the  K.  iMMiiidaiy  and  traverses  the  N.E  part  of  the  terri- 
tory. U'wis  or  Snake  River,  after  forming  part  of  the  E. 
boundary,  flows  wwtward  through  the  S.E.  part  of  Wash- 
ington and  enters  the  Columbia.  The  Okanagon  crosses  the 
northeru  Iwrder,  and  flows  southward  to  the  Columbia.  The 
2072 


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Yakima  rises  in  the  central  part,  flows  southeastward,  and 
enters  the  Columbia  al>out  14  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Lewis.  The  Skiigit  River  flows  southwestward  through 
Whatcom  county,  and  enters  Puget  Sound.  The  ChehaHs 
rises  in  the  S.W.  part  and  flows  through  Gray's  Harbor 
into  the  Pacific.  The  navigation  of  ail  these  rivers  is  ob- 
structed by  falls  and  rapids.  The  rivers  of  Washington, 
particularly  W.  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  having  their 
sources  in  those  snowy  suniinits.  are  liable  to  sudden  floods, 
which  inundate  the  lowlands  on  their  shores.  The  rapids 
and  falls  abound  in 'splendid  sites  for  mills. 

The  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  between  Washiugtoti  and 
Vancouver's  Island,  connects  the  Pacific  Ocean  with  .Ad- 
miralty Inlet  and  Puget  Sound,  a  large  bay,  extending 
alx)ut  70  miles  in  a  S.  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  Georgia. 
All  these  are  navigable  for  the  largest  ships,  which  ijiay 
moor  to  the  very  banks,  such  is  the  preciiiituusm-ss  of  the 
shores.  On  the  N.W.  border  is  Bellingham  Bay,  an  arm  of 
the  Gulf  of  Georgia. 

Gray's  Harbor,  an  expansion  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chehalis 
River,  is  about  20  miles  long,  and  has  a  good  entrance. 
The  water  at  the  bar  is  siiid  to  be  20  feet  deep  at  low  tide. 
Lake  Chelan,  in  the  N.  central  part,  is  about  33  miles  long, 
and  is  probably  the  largest  in  the  territory. 

Cape  Flattery,  at  the  entrance  of  Juan  de  Fuca  Straits,  and 
Cape  Disiippointment,  within  the  entrance  of  Columbia 
River,  are  the  principal  capes,  Tliere  are  no  large  islands 
on  this  coast.  The  most  imporfcuit  is  Destruction  or  Isle  of 
Grief,  about  40  miles  S.  of  Cape  F'lattery.  In  Admiralty 
Inlet  is  Whidby's  Island,  about  40  miles  long,  covered  with 
fertile  prairies,  and  noted  for  its  deer.  It  hiis  suflicient  tim- 
ber, but  a  scarcity  of  water.  Northwest  of  it  are  the  Arroo 
Islands,  so  valuable  for  their  fisheries. 

Objects  of  interest  to  I'uiirisU. — Washington  shares  with 
Oregon  the  grand  scenery  on  the  Columbia,  the  Cascades, 
the  Dalles,  and  other  interesting  points.  Here  the  lofty 
summits  of  Mount  St.  Helen,  Mount  Adams,  Mount  Rainier, 
and  Mount  Baker  rear  their  snowy  peaks  IVoni  the  Cascade 
Range,  and  Mount  Olympus  from  the  Coast  Mountains.  Ac- 
cording to  Itev.  G.  Ilines,  "  Mount  St.  Helen,  in  the  month 
of  October,  1842,  was  observed  to  be  covered  with  a  dense 
cloud  of  smoke,  which  continued  to  enlarge  and  move  00"  to 
the  eiistward,  filling  the  heavens  in  that  direction,  and  pre- 
senting an  appearsmce  like  that  occasioned  by  a  tri-mendoua 
couflagratiou,  viewed  at  a  vast  distance.  When  the  first 
volumes  of  smoke  had  passed  away,  it  could  be  distinctly 
seen  from  various  parts  of  the  country  that  an  eruption 
had  taken  place  on  the  N.  side  of  St.  Helen's,  a  little  below 
the  summit;  and  from  the  smoke  that  continued  to  issue 
from  the  chasm  or  crater,  it  was  pronounced  to  be  a  volamo 
in  active  operation.  When  the  explosion  took  place,  the 
wind  was  N.W.,  and  on  the  same  day,  and  extending  Irom 
30  to  fifty  miles  to  the  S.E.,  there  fell  showers  of  ashes  or 
dust,  wliich  covered  the  ground  in  some  i>laces  so  as  to 
admit  of  its  being  collected  in  quantities.  This  last  phe- 
nomenon has  been  of  frequent  occunence,  and  has  led 
many  to  suppose  tliat  volcanic  eruptions  are  not  uncommon 
in  this  country." 

Climate,  Soil,  and  Productions. — The  climate  is  very  similar 
to  that  of  Oregon,  with  some  variations  caused  by  difl'erence 
of  latitude  and  local  peculiarities.  The  same  may  be  said 
of  the  soil.  The  Cowlitz  Valley  is  the  most  fertile  portion 
of  this  territorv  in  which  agriculture  has  been  attempted. 
The  Chehalis  Valley  on  the  W.  is  siiid  to  have  400,000  iicres 
of  excelUnt  prairie  and  heavily  timberetl  land.  The  country 
immediately  around  Puget  Sound  is  represented  as  sandy 
and  unfertile,  but  producing  large  fir  and  cedar  trees.  On 
going,  however,  some  distance  back  from  the  sound,  you 
come  upon  flue  prairies  and  forests,  and  small  lakes  filled 
with  fine  fish, and  skirted  with  timber.  Wludby's  Island  is 
also  very  fertile,  but  deficient  in  w  atcr.  There  are  reported, 
to  be  rich  valleys  on  the  streiuns  flowing  into  Bellingham 
Bay.  The  valley  of  the  Dwamish  or  Duwamish,  w  hich  flows 
into  Elliott  Bay,  is  very  fertile,  and  is  rapidly  settling.  The 
lowlands  bordering  on  the  streams  are  very  productive,  and 
covered  densely  with  timber.  Mr.  T.  Winthrop,  of  New 
York,  who  left  that  region  in  September,  1863.  speaks  of  the 
country  between  Puget  Sound  and  the  Cascade  Mountjiins 
as  heavily  timbered,  chiefly  with  fir,  with  some  scattered 
prairies  and  dry  barrens,  the  latter  covered  with  pebbles  of 
trap-rock,  and  sparsely  wooded,with  oak.  Across  the  moun-. 
t-ains.  the  land  is  open  prairie,  well  watered,  with  small  and 
thinly-wooded  valleys.  The  country  to  the  N.  of  this,  belong- 
ing to  the  Flatheads,  Mr.  W.  reports  as  more  aliuudant  in 
timber  and  well  adapted  to  settlements.  The  wable  land  in 
Washington  Territory,  W.  of  the  Columbia  River,  is  esti- 
mated at  22,000  square  miles.  The  governor  of  the  territory 
thus  spoke  of  its  resources  in  January,  1854 :  "  Y'ou  are  un- 
questionably rightly  informed  as  to  the  maritime  advantages 
of  Puget  Sound,  in  "atfording  a  series  of  hiirbors  almost  une- 
qualled in  the  world  for  capacity,  safety,  and  facility  of  ac.-ess; 
nor  need  vou  be  told  of  their  neighborhood  to  what  are  now 
the  best  whaling  grounds  of  the  Pacific.  It  is,  however,  only 
recently  that  tlie  settlement  of  this  part  of  our  country  has 
commenced  to  develop  its  resources,  or  to  show  tb«  auviui- 


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tagc-s  whicn  maybe  derived  from  its  position,  nnd  it  Is  these 
poitUs  wliicli  I  desire  to  bring  to  your  notice.  Tliat  portion  of 
Wasliiiigtoii  Territory  lying  between  tlie  Cascade  Mountains 
And  tlie  ocean,  altliougli  equalling  in  richness  of  soil  and  ease 
of  tranxpLirtation  the  best  portion  of  Oregon,  is  heavily  tim- 
bered, and  time  and  labor  are  required  for  clejiring  its  forests 
and  opening  tlie  earth  to  the  production  of  its  fruits.  The 
great  body  of  the  country  on  tlie  other  hand,  stretching 
eastward  from  that  range  to  the  Rocky  MountJiins,  while  it 
30Utains  many  fertile  valleys  and  much  g(X)d  land  suited  to 
tlie  farmer,  is  yet  more  especially  a  grazing  coiuitry,  one 
which,  as  population  increiiaes,  promises  in  its  cattle,  its 
horses,  and  above  all  its  wool,  to  open  a  new  and  vast  field 
to  American  enteriirise.  But  in  the  meantime  the  staple  of 
the  land  must  continue  to  bo  the  one  which  nature  herself 
lias  planted,  in  the  inexhaustible  forests  of  fir,  of  spruce, 
and  of  cedar.  Kitlier  in  furnishing  manufiictured  timber  or 
spars  of  the  first  description  for  vessels,  Washington  Terri- 
tory is  uiisuipasse<l  by  any  jiortion  of  the  Pacific  coast." 

According  to  the  Kighth  Census,  there  were  in  this  terri- 
tory, in  ISGO,  284,287  acres  of  unimproved  land  (  in  farms), 
and  81,869  iicies  of  improved  land,  which  produced  86,219 
bushels  of  wheat,  4712  of  Indian  corn,  134,3:i4:Of  oats,  153,.594 
of  Irish  potatoes,  4580  tons  of  hay,  153,092  pounds  of  but' 
ter.  and  19,819  pounds  of  wool.  There  were  4772  horses, 
9600  milch  cows,  2671  working  oxen,  16,228  other  cattle, 
and  10,157  sheep. 

Fiiresl  Trees. — Washington  abounds  in  fine  timber.  Here 
is  the  same  species  of  gigantic  tir  tree  wliich  is  found  in 
Oregon  and  California,  attainiug  a  height  of  nearly  300  feet, 
and  from  8  to  12  feet  in  diameter.  The  forest  trees  around 
Puget  Sound  are  •especially  large,  and  >  comiiriso  yellow  fir, 
cedar,  maple,  oak,  ash,  spruce,  hemlock,  and  alder.  The 
cedar  tree  of  this  region  is  represented  as  ditfering  in  some 
respects  from  either  the  red  or  wliito  cedar  of  New  Jing- 
land,  thougli  resembling  both.  Chehalis  county  is  heavily 
timbered  with  fir,  cediir,  spruce,  hemlock  and  maple  on  the 
uplands.  The  bottom  lands  are  overgrown  with  the  ash, 
alder,  maple,  balm,  willow,  &c.  The  region  W.  of  the  Coast 
Kange  is  mostly  occupied  with  dense  forests. 

Animals. — Tiie  forests  abound  in  game  and  wild  animals ; 
among  the  latter  are  the  elk,  deer,  bear,  fox,  otter,  beaver, 
muskiat,  and  rabbit;  and  among  birds,  swans,  geese,  brant, 
gulls,  ducks,  eagles,  grouse,  pheasants,  partridges,  wocidcock, 
hawks,  ravens,  and  robins.  Perhaps  no  region  on  the  globe 
more  abounds  in  fish  than  Washington.  This  is  especially 
true  of,  Puget  Sound  and  the  adjoining  watei-s.  Cod, 
mackerel,  halibut,  herring,  and  flounders ;  and  of  shell-fish, 
the  oyster,  crab,  clam,  lobster,  and  many  other  species  are 
found.  The  salmon  resort  to  the  Columbia  and  its  tributa- 
ries in  immense  shoals. 

C'immerce. — Washington  has  excellent  facilities  for  foreign 
commerce.  Among  the  chief  articles  of  export  are  lumber 
and  coal.  "The  finest  spar  and  nnist-timber  to  be  found 
in  the  world,"  says  Captain  Mullan,  "  is  here  grown  and 
shipped  to  all  quarters  of  the  globe.  This,  together  with 
the  great  coal  trade  from  Bellingham  Bay,  and  the  fishing 
Interests  of  Puget  Sound  is  destined  to  render  this  great 
inland  sea  one  of  our  richest  possessions  on  the  North 
Pacific." 

During  the  six  months  ending  Jnne  .30,  1863,  there  were 
shipped  from  Puget  Sound  65,000,000  feet  of  Inmber. 
7,525,000  laths,  6,775,000  shingles,  46,000  feet  of  piles,  and 
431  spars. 

Stlueatinn. — According  to  the  Eiglith  Census  this  terri- 
tory had,  in  1860,  46  public  schools  vnth  879  pupils,  $16,176 
income,  of  which  $5957  was  from  taxation;  6  academies, 
with  159  pupils,  and  $7800  income.  It  had  also  10  libraries, 
comprising  11,325  volumes,  of  wiiich  9525  volumes  belonged 
to  public  libraries.  The  government  has  donated  about 
46,000  acres  of  land  for  the  endowment  of  a  University. 
The  buildings  are  located  at  Seattle. 

Jteliginus  Denominations.  —  Of  the  12  churches  in  Wash- 
ington Territory  in  1860,  the  Episcopalians  owned  1,  the 
Methodists  8,  Presbyterians  2,  and  Roman  Catholics  1, 
There  was  1  church  to  1043  persons.  The  value  of  church 
property  was  $53,200. 

Fopulaliim. — In  1860,  the  population  of  Washington  was 
11,594,  of  whom  8.225  were  white  males,  2913  white  females, 
?0  free  colored  persons,  and  426  Indians.  Of  tlie  total  popu- 
iation  833  were  born  in  New  York,  557  in  Maine,  656  in  Ohio, 
i84  in  Oregon,  464  in  Illincjis,  441  in  Pennsylvania,  1217  in 
/1-eland,  672  in  Germany,  419  in  England,  and  407  in  British 
America. 

O'unties.  —  Washington  is  divided  into  22  counties,  viz., 
Chehalis,  Clallam,  Clarke,  Cowlitz,  Ferguson,  Island,  Jef- 
Serson,  King,  Kitsap,  Klikitat,  Lewi.s,  Pacific,  Pierce.  Sawii- 
wish,  Skamania,  Snohomish,  Spokane,  Stevens,  Thurston, 
Wahkiakum,  Walla  Walla,  Whatcom, 

Tijwns.—tha  principal  towns  are  Olympia,  Walla  Walla, 
Vancouver,  Seattle,  Steilacoom,  and  Cascades.  Capital, 
Olympia. 

Ooivrnment. — The  governor,  secretary,  receiver,  and  regis- 
ter are  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  The 
governor  receives  $3000  per  annum.    The  legislature  con- 


sists of  a  council,  composed  of  9  members,  and  a  house  oJ 
representatives,  composed  of  30  members.  Washiugloi 
was  organized  as  a  territory  in  March,  1853,  before  whicb 
date  it  was  a  part  of  Oregon. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kansas,  bor 
dering  on  Nebraska,  has  an  area  of  900  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Little  Blue  River,  by  Snake  Creek,  and  othei' 
creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified;  the  soil  is 
fertile.    Pop.  383. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  forming  the  9.E.  extremity  of 
Maine,  has  an  area  of  about  2700  square  miles.  It  is  sepa- 
rated from  New  Brunswick  on  the  E.  and  N.E.  by  the  St. 
Croix  Kiver,  and  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Atlanlie.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Sehoodicand  East  and  West  .Machias  Rivers, 
and  contains  numerous  lakes,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  Sehoodic  and  Bascankegun  Lakes.  The  sea-<-oast  of 
about  50  miles  extent  abounds  in  bays  and  inleti,  whieh 
afford  excellent  harbors.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and 
the  soil  fertile,  especially  in  the  interior.  The  Calais  nnd 
Barring  and  the  Franklin  Railroads  are  within  the  county; 
the  St.  Croix  is  navigable  along  its  border  to  Calais,  28  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river.  Named  in  honor  of  (ieneral 
George  Washington,  "  the  father  of  his  country."  Capital, 
Maehia.1.     Pop.  42,634. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ver- 
mont, has  an  area  of  about  580  square  miles.  It  is  watered 
chiefly  by  Onion  River  and  its  branches,  which  furnish 
abundant  water-power.  The  surface  is  rough  and  uneven, 
and  in  some  parts  mountainous.  It  lies  chiefly  between 
the  E.  and  W,  ranges  of  the  Green  Mountains.  The  soil  is 
generally  fertile.  The  railroad  connecting  Concord  and 
Burlington  passes  through  this  county.  Organized  in  1810 
under  the  name  of  Jefferson,  whirh  in  1814  was  exchanged 
for  that  which  it  now  bears.  Capital,  Montpelier.  Pop. 
27,612. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Rhode  Island,  has  an  area  of  about  340  square  miles.  It 
Is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Narraganset  Bay,  and  S.  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  is  drained  chiefly  by  the  I'awcatuck 
River  (forming  part  of  its  western  border)  and  its  branches, 
which  furnish  valuable  water-power.  It  has  several  gix>d 
harbors,  which  afford  great  facilities  for  navigation  and  the 
fisheries.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  in  the  W.  part  hilly. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  well  adapted  to  grazing.  The  rail- 
road connecting  Stonington  and  Boston  traverses  thecounty. 
Capital.  South  Kingston.     Pop.  18,715. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  New  York, 
bordering  on  Lake  Chauiplain,  contains  about  800  square 
miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Hudson,  and 
on  the  N.W.  by  Lake  Qiwrge.  It  is  drained  by  the  Hoosick, 
Pawlet,  and  Poultney  Rivers,  with  Batten  Kill  and  Wooc 
Creek,  which  all  afford  valuable  water-power.  The  surface 
in  the  N.  part,  around  Lake  George,  is  ronirh  and  moun- 
tainous; in  the  southern  portions,  moderately  uneve'" 
The  soil  in  the  more  level  parts  is  generally  fertile;  in  th* 
N,  well  adap'ted  to  grazing.  In  1850  this  county  produced 
457,053  pounds  of  wool,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  in 
any  county  of  the  state  except  Ontario.  1  ron  ore.  slate,  marble, 
water  limestone,  marl,  and  some  lead  and  copper,  are  among 
its  mineral  treasures.  Lake  Champlain  is  navigable  along 
part  of  its  border.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Cham- 
plain  Canal,  by  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Kailroad,  and 
the  Rutland  and  Wa.shiugton  Kailroad,  Washington  county* 
received  its  present  name  in  1784,  having  previously  been 
called  Charlotte.  Capitals,  Salem  and  Sandy  Hill.  Pop. 
45,904. 

WASmNGTOX,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  A'irginia,  has  an  area  of  850  square 
miles.  The  Monongahela  forms  its  E,  boundary ;  Chartier's 
and  Racoon  Creeks  rise  in  the  county  and  flow  into  the  t>hio 
River;  the  S.  part  is  drained  also  by  Ijranches  of  Wheeling 
and  Tenmile  Creeks.  The  surtiice  is  elevated  and  traversed 
by  deep  ravines,  formed  by  the  watercourses ;  the  uplands 
are  generally  undulating.  The  soil  is  well  cultivated.  In- 
dian corn,  whe>it,  oats,  hay,  wool,  cattle,  and  pork  are  tlie 
staples.  In  1850  this  county  produced  933;lti7  pounds  of 
wool,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  an)'  county  of  the 
United  States.  Bituminous  coal  is  abundant ;  limestone  and 
sandstone  are  the  principal  rocks.  The  county  is  liberally 
supplied  with  w.-iter-power.  The  Monongahela  is  navigable  by 
steamboats  along  the  border.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Na- 
tional Road,  and  by  the  Ilempfield  Railroad.  Organized  in 
17S1,    Capital,  Washington,     Pop,  46,805. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  N,  part  of  Maryland, 
bordering  on  Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  about  480  square 
miles.  The  Potomac  forms  its  S.W.  boundary,  and  separate* 
it  from  Virginia,  and  it  is  intersected  by  Antietim,  Cone- 
cocheague,  and  Licking  Creeks.  The  surface  is  broken  by 
hills  of  moderate  height,  the  Blue  Kidge,  or  South  Moun- 
tain, extending  along  the  eastern  b<jraer.  The  sdls  are  of 
limestone  and  slate  formation ;  the  former  is  hiL^hly  pro- 
ductive. In  1850  the  county  produced  809,0St3  bu.shels  of 
wheat,  a  greater  quantity  than  any  other  county  in  the  state 
Limestone  and  iron  are  the  most  valuable  minerals.  The 
river  and  creeks  furnish  abundant  water-power,  which  is 

2U73 


WAS 

Ksei  n  Bcveral  cotton  factories,  erected  since  1850.  The 
Chesaoetike  and  Ohio  Canal  passes  along  the  border,  and  the 
lran,.;liu  Uailroad  terminates  at  llageistown.  the  connty- 
«eat     Poll.  31 ,417,  of  whom  29.982  were  free,  and  14^  slaves. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county,  co-extensive  with  the  District 
of  Columbia,  which  see.  .   . 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  A  irginia, 
bordering  on  Tennessee,  has  an  area  of  484  sfjuare  miles.  It 
t=  intersected  by  the  North,  Jliddle.  and  ;?outh  Forks  of 
Hulstou  Kjver,  UiviJing  it  into  three  fertile  valleys,  branches 
of  the  great  valley  of  Virginia.  The  Clinch  Mountain  forms 
the  N.W.  boundary,  and  the  couuty  is  traversed  by  Walkers 
Modntain.  This  couuty  is  remarkable  for  its  valuable  mine- 
ral-s.  its  fertile  soil,  and  e.xcelleut  pastures.  Limestone,  gyp- 
vum.  iron,  and  stone-coal  are  abundant,  and  large  quantities 
of  salt  are  procured  on  the  N.E.  border.  The  Virginia  ami 
Tennessee  lljulroail  pjusses  through  the  county.  Capital. 
Abingdou.  JPop.  16,891,  of  whom  14,345  were  li-ee,  and  2547 
slaves. 

AVASniNGTON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina, at  the  mouth  of  Hoanoko  liiver :  area  estimated  at  4(Xi 
square  miles.  Albemarle  ^ouud  washes  its  N.  border.  The 
surface  is  level,  and  much  of  it  is  covered  by  swamps,  which 
produce  cypress  and  red  cedar.  Formed  from  Tyrrell  in 
1799.  Capitul,  Plj  mouth.  Pop.  6357,  of  whom  3«y2  were 
free,  and  2465  slaves. 

WASIUXGTOX.  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Geor- 
gia, contains  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.W.  by  the  Oconee  River;  the  Ogeechee  washes  its  north- 
eastern border,  and  it  is  drained  b^-  the  Ohoopee  Kiver  and 
Buffalo  Creek.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is  hilly,  in  others 
level.  The  soil  is  calcareou-s,  and  generally  fertile.  Exten- 
sive caves  occur  near  the  county  seat,  containing  tlie  remains 
of  huge  ajiimals,  and  fossils  in  endless  variety :  opal,  jasper, 
agate,  and  chalcedony  have  been  found  near  this  locality, 
and  the  county  contains  an  abundance  of  limestone  and 
burrstoue.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad.  Caoi- 
tal,  Saundersville.  Pop.  12,698,  of  whom  0166  were  free,and 
6532  slaves. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Florida,  bor- 
dering on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  about  1160 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Choctaw- 
hatchce  River,  intersected  by  Holmes'  Creek,  and  drained 
by  the  Econfena  Kiver.  Tl»e  Bay  of  St.  Andrew's,  on  the 
southern  coast,  forms  a  good  harbor.  The  surface  is  some- 
what uneven ;  the  soil  not  very  productive.  Capital,  Ver- 
non.    Population  2154,  of  whom  16S0  were  free,  and  474 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Alabama, 
bordering  on  the  Mi,<sissippi,  has  an  area  of  alx)ut  960  square 
miles.  The  Tombigbee  Kiver  forms  its  entire  E.  boundary. 
The  surface  is  uneven.  The  soU  is  sandy,  and  rather  poor. 
The  Tombigbee  is  navigated  by  steamboats  on  the  E.  bor- 
der, and  the  Jlobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  passes  near  the  W. 
border.  Capital,  Old  Wi^hingtou.  Pop.  4609,  of  whom 
2176  were  free,  and  2494  slaves. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Mississii)pi, 
bordering  on  the  Mississippi,  wliich  separates  it  from  Arkan- 
sas, hits  au  area  of  about  1250  square  miles.  Sunflower 
River  flows  through  the  county.  The  surface  is  a  level 
plain ;  the  soil  is  alluvial  and  fertile,  but  a  part  of  it  is  sub 
ject  to  inundation.  Capital,  Greensville.  Pop.  15,679  of 
•  whom  1212  were  free. 

WASHINGTON,  a  parish  in  the  E.  part  of  Louisiana,  boi^ 
dering  on  >Iississippi,  contains  about  850  .square  miles.  It 
Is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Pearl  Kiver,  and  intersected  by 
Bogue  Chitto.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  or  undulating. 
The  soil  is  sandy,  and  protluces  the  pine.  Capital.  Frank- 
hiiton.     Pop.  470S,or  whom  3018  were  free,and  1690.slave8. 

^^ASIIINGTON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Texa-s,  has  an  area  of  about  825  square  miles.  The  Brazos 
Kiver  lK>unds  it  on  the  E.  and  the  Yegua  Creek  on  the  N. 
The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  mostly  a  deep  and  fer- 
tile loam.  The  live-oak  and  red  cedar  are  abundant  alon  '  the 
Brazos  Kiver.  Produce  is  exported  by  the  river  in  steam- 
boats, which  ascend  to  Wa.shington.  This  countvis  one  of 
the  oldest  and  mo.^^t  thickly  settled  in  Texas.  The  indepen- 
flence  of  the  republic  was  declarini  here  in  1836,  Capital, 
Bmdiiim.  P.  1.1.J15,  of  whom  7274  were  free,  and  7941  slaves. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  N,W,part  of  Arkans.is, 
norilering  on  the  territory  of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  conUins 
about  00(J  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  branches  or 
bead  streams  of  the  White  Kiver.  and  by  the  Illinois,  an 
amueiit  of  the  Arkan.-ii»s.  The  surface  is  diversilied  by  hills 
Ulid  valleys.  Many  cattle  and  swine  are  exporte<l.  In  1860 
i!lc'"n««''7  ™.''*'*  ^'^' ■'^"  ^"■'^"'»  Of  •^0™  ;  34,472  oJ  wheat; 
136,08b  of  oatj.,  and  101.496  pounds  of  butter.  The  produce 
of  corn,  oats,  and  wheat  was  greater  than  of  any  other 
tounty  in  the  state,  and  that  of  butter  the  greatest,  with 
Uie  exreption  of  Pope  county.  An  active  emigration  is  di- 
rected to  t  us  county,  which  la  already  among  the  mo.st 
populous  01  the  state.  Capital,  FayetteviUe.  Pop.  14.673. 
of  whom  t3,lsO  were  free,  and  1493  slaves. 

W  .^SIIINGTOX,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  imrt  of  Tennessee 
bordenngon  North  Carolina;  area  estimated  at  500  square 


WAS 

miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Nolichucky  River,  and  the 
Watauga  Kivur  forms  its  N.E.  boundary.  The  surface  is 
finely  diversified  by  mountains  and  valleys;  the  soil  rf  the 
latter  is  highly  productive,  well  watered,  and  much  im- 
proved. Iron  is  exported  from  the  mines  of  the  county, 
which  are  very  extensive.  The  streams  furnish  abundant 
water-power.  It  is  traversed  by  the  route  of  the  East  Ten- 
nessee and  Virginia  Railroad.  Washington  county  is  among 
the  oldest  in  the  state,  having  been  settled  before  the  Revo- 
lution, Capital,  Joiiesborongh.  Pop.  14,829,  of  whom  13,877 
were  free,  and  962  slaves, 

W.\SHINGTON.  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  4.j0  square  miles.  Chaplain's  Fork 
of  Salt  River  flows  through  the  N.  part  of  the  eounty,  and 
also  forms  it-)  boundary  on  the  N.W.  The  surface  is  "undu- 
lating and  well  timbered  :  the  soil  is  calc.ireous  and  fertile. 
The  underlying  rock  is  a  fine  limestone,  valuable  for  build- 
ing. Urgitnized  in  1792,  Capital,  Springfleld,  Pop,  11,575, 
of  whom  S7-i3  were  free,  and  2822  slaves, 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  S.E,  part  of  Ohio,  bor- 
dering on  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  fn)m  Virginia, 
contains  about  C50  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Muskingum  and  Little  Muskingum  Rivers,  The  surface  is 
finely  diversified  ;  the  soil  is  productive.  Bituminous  coal 
is  abundant,  and  iron  ore  is  found.  This  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Cincinnati  and  Marietta  Railroad,  Oil  (petro- 
leum) is  exported  from  this  county.  Tlie  streiuns  afford 
motive  power,  which  is  used  extensively  in  manulactories. 
This  county  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  oldest  in  the 
state;  it  was  settled  in  1786,  by  natives  of  New  England. 
Capital,  Marietta.  Population  in  1850,  29,540;  in 'I860, 
36.268.  • 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 540  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Blue  Kiver  and 
Ix)st  River,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Muscakituck.  and 
the  E,  fork  of  White  Kiver,  A  range  of  hills,  called  the 
"  Knobs."  extend  near  the  E,  border.  The  other  portions 
of  it  are  undulating,  and  have  a  fertile  soil.  Cavernous 
limestone  and  sandstone  underlie  the  surface.  The  Lost 
Kiver  of  this  county  enters  a  subterranean  channel,  and 
after  flowing  a  considerable  distance,  returns  to  the  surface. 
In  1850  this  county  produced  215,596  bushels  of  oats,  the 
greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Kaiii-oad. 
Organized  in  1813,     Capital,  Salem.    Pop.  17,9u9. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  Uie  S.  part  of  Illinois,  h.is  an 
area  of  626  square  miles.  The  Kaskaskia  Kiver  washes  itg 
N.W,  border,  and  the  county  is  drained  by  Elk.  Beaucoup, 
and  Crooked  Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  con- 
sists partly  of  prairie,  and  partly  of  timber  land.  The  soil 
in  some  parts  is  productive.  The  Central  Itiiilroad  pas.ses 
through  the  county.    Capital.  Nashville.    Pf)p.  13,731. 

WASUINGTUN,  a  couuty  in  the  E.S  E.  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  800  square  miles.  The  Maramec  River 
washes  its  N.W.  border.  The  Big  Kiver  rises  in  the  county, 
and  forms  part  of  the  N.E.  boundary;  it  is  also  drained  by 
the  head  streams  of  the  Big  Black  Kiver,  and  by  Courtois 
and  Indian  Creeks.  The  surface  is  generally  hilly  and 
broken,  and  covered  with  forests.  The  county  is  chiefly 
remarkable  for  its  mineral  resources.  Iron  and  lead  are  tlie 
most  abundant.  The  Iron  Mountain,  on  the  S.E.  border,  is 
described  as  "  literally  a  mountain  of  magnetic  iron  ore," 
rising  about  300  feet  above  the  pJain.  and  measuring  a  mile 
and  a  half  acro.ss  the  summit  Numerous  lead-mines  have 
been  opene<l  near  Potosi.  Silver,  copper,  plumbago,  copperas, 
chall^  and  liiiicstoue  arc  also  found.  A  i-ailroad  is  comple- 
ted from  St,  Louis  to  the  Iron  Mountains,  Capital,  Potosi. 
Pop,  y723.  of  whom  8696  were  free,  and  102S  slaves, 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  tlie  S.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  570  square  miles.  The  Iowa  Kiver  washes  the  N.E. 
border,  the  Skunk  River  intersects  tlie  S.W.  part,  and  the 
English  Kiver  flows  through  the  northern  part  into  the  Iowa, 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  rolling  prairies  and  groves  of 
timber,  which  are  generally  distributed  along  the  large 
streams;  the  soil  is  good  and  well  watered.  The  streams  of 
tills  county  afford  motive-power  for  mills.  This  county  is 
wniiiected  by  railroad  with  Muscatius.  CapitU, Washington. 
Pop.  14,235. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
has  an  area  of  about  430  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Milwaukee  Kiver,  and  al.so  drained  by  Ossiu  and  Kubieou 
Rivers,  small  affluents  of  Rock  Kiver,  and  by  Ceilar  and 
Sauk  Creek.s,  The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level; 
the  soil  is  baseti  on  limestone,  and  is  very  productive.  The 
limestone  which  underlies  the  surface  is  i  good  material 
for  building,  A  mine  of  iron  ore  has  been  ojieued  in  the 
township  of  Hartford.  The  county  is  copiously  supplied 
with  water-power.  Public  Works — Milwaiil.ee  and  Saint 
Paul  Railroad.  Settled  in  l^ae.  In  lS5u  llie  population  of 
the  county  was  19,486,  but  since  that  time  t)  o  limits  liave 
been  reduced  by  the  formation  of  Ozaukee  county.  Capitol, 
West  Bend.     Pop.  in  1860,  23,622. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  jf  MJcnedots, 
contains  about  370  square  miles.  It  Is  I.^>unded  <u  the  S, 
by  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  the  E   -jy  the  lit.  Croix. 


WAS 


WAS 


which  separates  it  from  Wisconsin.  The  surface  is  some- 
what (Ji.iTsified,  and  the  swl  fertile.  In  1850  the  county 
produced  n,8;J0  hushels  of  corn;  23.262  of  oats;  1196  of 
barley;  9340  of  potiitoes;  and  755  tons  of  hay;  the  quanti- 
ties of  corn,  oats,  barley,  and  potatoes  being  the  greatest  pro- 
duced by  any  one  county  in  the  territory.  Capital,  Still- 
water.    Pop.  6123. 

WASIIINUTON,  the  most  southern  county  of  Utah  Ter- 
ritory, bordering  on  Arizona,  has  an  area  estimated  .at  above 
10,iiOO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Rio  Colorado, 
and  by  the  Rio  San  Juan  and  others  of  its  tributaries. 
This  county  was  formed  from  part  of  Iron  county  since  1850, 
and  consequently  the  census  gives  us  no  information  re- 
specting it.     Pop.  691. 

"VVASlIIXGTON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon  has 
an  area  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.VV.  by  the  Coast  Range,  and  drained  by  the  Tualitan  lliver, 
Tlie  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Hillsborough,  Pop, 
2S01. 

WASFIINGTON',  a  post-township  in  Knox  county,  Maine, 
22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  1662. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-township  in  Sullivan  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  29  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Concord,  drained  by  Ashue- 
lot  and  Contoocook  Rivers.     Pop.  897. 

W.\SH1NGT0N,  a  post-township  in  Orange  co.,  Vermont, 
IS  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.  It  has  manufactures  of 
castings,  machinery,  and  cotton  and  woollen  goods.  Pop. 
1249. 

W.\SHINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berkshire 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  IKS  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  948. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litchtield 
CO.,  Connecticut,  33  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Hartford.  Much  of 
the  scenery  of  this  township  is  picture.sque  and  beautiful. 
The  Shcpang  River  passes  througli  it,  and  furnislies  water- 
power  for  a  puddling  forgo  at  Woodville,  and  a  woollen-mill, 
foundry,  and  machine  shop  near  tlie  centre.  In  the  N.W. 
corner  of  the  township  is  the  romantic  village  of  New  Pres- 
ton, (in  the  outlet  of  Waramaug  Pond.  A  blast-furnace  and 
several  other  manufacturing  establishments  are  here  loca- 
ted. The  principal  business  on  this  stream  is  the  sawing 
into  slabs  of  the  pure  white  marble  quarried  from  the  neigh- 
boring liills.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1659. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Dutchess  county,  New 
York,  aliout  70  miles  S.  of  Albany.    Pop.  2685. 

W.^SHINGT'  iN,  a  township  of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey, 
bordering  on  the  Passaic  River.     Pop.  2273. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey.   Pop.  1723. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1307. 

WASHINGTON,  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  left  bank  of  South  River,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Perth 
Amboy,  contains  4  stores,  and  about  50  dwellings.  Steam- 
boats ply  between  this  place  and  New  York  during  the 
summer. 

W.\SH1NGT0N,  a  township  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  2.504. 

W.^f'HINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey. 
See  Gkrman  V.^li.et. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Warren 
CO.,  New  Jersey,  about  48  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Trenton.  Total 
populiition,  2634. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1600. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  9M3. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and  by  the  Alle- 
ghany Portage  Railroad.     Pop.  1215. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1191. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Vo\t.  914. 

WASllINGTON,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2416. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1506. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Franklin  co' Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  3419. 

WASHINGTON,  a  village  and  township  of  Greene  county, 
Pennsylvania  about  7  niiies  N.  of  Waynesburg.     Pop. 757. 

WASHINGTON, atownship  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

roi).  1301. 

VViVSHINGTON.  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,Pennsylvania, 
intersecttHl  by  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroail.     Pop.  1079. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-borough  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  E.  bunk  of  the  Sust^uehanna  River,  about 
3  miles  below  Columbia.  It  has  2  churches,  and  several 
uteres.     Incorporated  in  1827.     Pop.  639. 

WASHINGTO.V,  a  t^iwusbip  of  Lehigh  co..  Pennsylvania, 
on  th"  lr?t  bank  of  the  Lehigh  River.     Pop.  2414. 

W.tSHI.N'GT  JN,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, iiiteiseeted  by  the  route  of  the  Suuburv  and  Erie  Rail- 
road.   Pop.  1086. 


WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Snyder  c"  iPennsylvanJa. 
Pop.  1370. 

WASHINGTON,  a  pleas.ant  ani  floun.shing  town,  capiiai 
of  AVashington  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  thw  ^'ational  Road,  an»; 
on  the  Ilempfield  Railroad,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Pittsburg.  The 
Ilemptield  Railroad  (not  yet  finished)  extends  from  Wheeling 
to  the  Central  Railroad  at  Greensburg.  The  town  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  literary  institutions,  and  the  elegance  of 
its  public  building.s,  among  which  are  the  court-house,  a 
number  of  well-built  churches,  a  female  seminary,  a  bank, 
and  the  edifice  of  Washington  College.  The  latter  is  a 
flourishing  institution,  founded  in  1806.  Two  or  3  n<wspapers 
are  published  here.  Incorporated  in  1810.  Pop.  in  ISOO,  3587. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1389. 

WA.siIINGTON,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  764. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1407. 

WASHINGTON,  a  city,  the  political  metropolis  of  tho 
United  States,  is  finely  located  between  the  Potomac  River 
and  a  tributary  called  the  East  Branch.  The  Observatory 
lies  in  38°  53'  39"  N.  hit.,  and  77°  2'  48"  W.  Ion.  from  Green- 
wicli ;  it  is  itself  a  meridian,  and  many  of  our  maps  reckon 
their  longitude  from  this  city.  Its  distances  from  tlie  prin- 
cipal cities' of  tlie  United  States  are,  on  the  N.  anil  N.E.  from 
Baltimore,  38  miles;  Philadelphia,  136;  New  York,  226; 
Albany,  376;  Boston,  432;  and  Portland, 542  miles;  on  the 
N.W.  and  W..  from  Buffalo,  376;  Detroit.  526;  Milwaukee, 
700;  Chicago,  763;  San  Francisco,  about  2000,  (in  an  air- 
line;) St.  Louis,  856;  Louisville,  590;  Cincinnati,  497 ;  and 
Pittsburg,  223  miles ;  and  on  the  S.  and  S.W.,  from  Rich- 
mond, 122;  Wilmington,  (North  Carolina,)  416 ;  Charleston, 
644 ;  Mobile,10:i3;  New Oi-leans,1203 ;  and  Nashville,714 miles. 

General  A.'pecl. — Though  not  a  seven-hilled  city,  'Wash- 
ington has,  as  well  as  Rome,  its  Capitoline  Hill,  command- 
ing views  scarcely  less  striking  tlian  those  of  the  Eternal 
City.  It  is  situated  on  tho  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  River, 
between  two  small  tributaries,  the  one  on  the  E.,  called  the 
East  Branch,  and  the  one  on  tlie  W.,  called  Rock  Creek. 
The  latter  separates  it  from  Georgetown.  The  general  alti- 
tude of  tlie  city  plot  is  40  feet  above  the  river,  but  this  is 
diversified  by  irregular  elevations,  which  serve  to  give  va- 
riety and  commanding  sites  for  the  public  buildings.  The 
plot  is  slightly  amphitheatrical,  the  President's  House  on 
the  W.  standing  on  one  of  the  sides,  and  the  Capitol  on  the 
other,  while  the  space  between,  verges  towards  a  point  near 
the  river.  The  President's  House  and  tho  Capitol  stand 
centrally  with  regard  to  the  whole,  though  situated  at  tlie 
distance  of  a  mile  and  a  half  from  each  other,  the  former  44 
feet  above  the  Potomac,  and  the  latter  72  feet.  The  summit 
of  the  hill  on  which  the  Capitol  stands  is  the  commence- 
ment of  a  plain,  stretching  E.,  while  that  to  the  N.  of  the 
President's  House  tends  westward.  When  tlie  streets  shall 
have  been  lined  with  buildings,  few  cities  can  ever  have 
presented  a  grander  view  than  that  which  will  be  offered 
to  the  spectator  from  the  western  steps  of  the  Capitol,  look- 
ing towards  the  President's  House,  with  Pennsylvania 
Avenue  stretcliing  before  him  for  more  tlum  a  mile,  with 
a  breadth  of  ICO  feet,  the  view  terminated  on  the  west 
by  the  colonnade  of  tbe  Treasury.  In  front,  towards  the 
river,  (itself  more  than  a  mile  in  widtli,)  is  an  extensive 
park,  enclosing  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  with  its  pic- 
turesque towers,  and  the  lofty  column  reared  to  tlie  memory 
of  Washington.  On  the  left,  Maryland  Avenue  terminates 
at  Potomac  Bridge,  witli  Arlington  Heights  in  tlie  distance, 
and,  looking  south  he  sees'  the  Arsenal,  and  at  a  distance  of 
8  miles,  Alexandria.  On  the  rigiit  he  will  have  beneath 
hiiB  the  General  Post-Office,  the  Patent-Office,  the  City 
Hall,  and  doubtless  still  more  splendid  public  and  many 
sumptuous  private  dwellings,  which  m.'iy  have  been  erected 
ere  another  generation  passes  away.  Nor  would  Washing- 
ton lack  commercial  facilities,  but  for  the  still  greater  ad- 
vantages possessed  by  its  older  sister  cities.  The  natural 
commercial  advantages  are  probably  not  surpassed  by  any 
capital  in  Europe;  but  our  country  so  abounds  in  fine 
localities  for  commercial  towns,  that  those  of  Washington 
are  thrown  into  tlie  background.  Tlie  plan  of  the  city  is 
unique,  and  everytiiing  is  laid  out  on  a  scale  that  shows  an 
anticipation  of  a  gi-eat  metropolis;  and  though  these  antici- 
pations have  not  yet  been  realized,  tliey  are  entirely  within 
the  probaliilities  of  the  future.  'The  city  plot,  which  lies 
on  the  W.  border  of  the  60  square  miles  which  now  consti- 
tute the  District  of  Columbia,  extends  i],-^  miles  in  a  N.W. 
and  S.E.  and  about  2}/^  in  a  N.E.  and  S.W.  direction,  cover- 
ing an  area  of  nearly  11  square  miles.  A  veij'  small  portion 
of  this,  however,  is  as  yet  built  upon.  '1  he  city  was  planned 
by  an  arcliitect  named  L'Enfant.  Taking  the  Capitol  Hill 
for  a  centre,  he  laid  down  streets  parallel  thereto,  and  in 
due  lines  from  East  to  West.  These  are  distinguished  by 
letters — the  street  immediately  North  of  the  Capitol  being 
called  A  Street  North  ;  that  immediately  South  of  the  Capi- 
tal, A  Street  South,  and  so  on  through  most  of  the  alphabet. 
Another  set  of  streets  running  from  Nortli  to  South  inter- 
sect .the  lettered  streets  at  right-angles  and  are  distinguished 

2075 


WAS 

by  nnmoers,  the  first  street  East  of  the  Capitol  being  1st 
^reet  East;  the  first  street  West  of  the  Capitol,  1st  Street 
yVest  and  so  on  to  the  number  each  way  of  about  30  streets. 
The  squares  or  building  lots  formed  by  these  streets  are  of 
very  irregular  size  and  shapes.  This  is  caused  by  some  15 
avenues,  named  after  the  states  existing  when  the  site  of  the 
Capitol  was  chosen.  These  avenues  run  in  a  S.E.  and  N.U., 
or  in  a  S.W.  and  N.K.  direction;  often,  but  not  always, 
parallel  to  each  other,  and  their  points  of  section  forming 
large  open  spaces.  Four  of  these  avenues  and  North  and 
South  and  East  and  West  Capitol  Streets,  intersect  each 
other  at  the  Capitol  Grounds,  and  5  avenues  and  a  number 
of  streets  at  the  Pttrk  around  the  President's  House.  The 
ground  taken  up  in  streets  is  greater  than  that  devoted  to 
buildings,  and,  as  many  of  tlie  streets  are  of  enormous 
width,  the  expense  of  keeping  them  in  proper  order  will  be 
very  great.  A  plan  is  now  proposed  for  inclosing  the  cen- 
tre or  sides  of  the  larger  avenues  for  grass  and  shrubbery 
or  court-yards.  Many  of  the  spaces  at  the  intersections  of 
the  avenues  and  streets  are  enclosed  and  planted,  and  are 
very  ornamental. 

The  city  is  supplied  with  the  greatest  abundance  of  water, 
which  is  brought  from  the  Grejit  Falls  of  the  Potomac, 
distant  some  18  miles,  by  an  aqueduct  wliich  passes  through 
11  tunnels,  and  over  6  bridges,  one  of  which,  crossing  the 
Cabin  John  Creek,  is  a  beautiful  piece  of  ai-cliitccture, 
being  of  wliite  marble,  wWi  a  single  arch  of  220  fiel  span, 
the  largest  arcfi  in  tlie  world.  The  supply  from  this  aque- 
duct is  estimated  at  3(5,000,000  of  gallons  a  day.  The  source 
of  the  water  is  108  feet  above  tide-water.  The  highest 
g;round  in  the  city  (Eleventh  and  N  Street;-)  is  103  feet. 

Public  Buildings. — In  this  respect  alone  does  Washington 
at  present  fulfil  the  ideas  entertiiined  of  a  great  metropolis. 
The  Cfipitol,  President's  House,  Treasury  Buildings,  Patent- 
Office,  Post-Ofiice,  and  Smitiisonian  Institute,  are  structures 
that  would  grace  any  city.  First  of  these,  in  architectural 
merit  and  in  point  of  interest,  is  the  Capitol,  cont'iining  the 
halls  of  the  national  legislature,  supreme  court  room,  &c. 
This  building  is  situated  on  an  eminence  (looking  towards 
the  W.)  of  72  feet  above  tide-water,  and  consists  of  what  is 
known  as  the  centre  Capitol  and  extensions.  The  centre 
building  was  commenced  in  1792,  wlien  the  corner-stone 
was  laid  by  Washington.  The  extension  was  commenced 
In  1851,  by  President  Fillmore.  The  centre  or  original 
Capitol  is  352  feet  long  by  121  feet  in  depth ;  the  extensions 
comprehend  two  wings,  each  238  bj'  140  feet,  connected  by 
corridors  44  feet  long.  The  whole  building  is  737  feet  long, 
and  covers  an  area  of  3}^  acres.  The  material  of  the  centre 
Capitol  is  a  porous  freestone  of  a  light  yellow,  painted 
white;  but  the  extensions  are  of  pure  white  marble.  A 
rotunda,  96  feet  in  diameter  in  the  centre  of  th"e  building, 
is  surmounted  by  a  dome  of  iron,  upon  tlie  top  of  which  is 
Crawford's  bronze  statue  of  liberty.  The  head  of  the  statue 
is  287  feet  above  the  basement  of  the  Capitol,  and  377  feet 
above  low-tide.  On  the  eastern  front  are  tlxree  grand  por- 
ticoes of  Corinthian  columns.  Tlie  western  front  projects 
83  feet,  including  the  steps,  and  is  embellished  with  a  re- 
cessed portico  of  10  columns.  This  front,  though  not  so 
imposing  in  itself  as  the  eastern,  commands  the  finest 
view  anywhere  to  be  had  in  Washington,  overlooking  all 
the  central  and  western  portion  of  the  city,  and  all  the 
principal  public  buildings.  On  the  steps  of  the  eastern 
central  portico  are  groups  of  statuary  by  Persico  and 
Greenough.  In  the  eastern  part  is  a  colossal  statue  of 
Washington  by  Greenough.  The  tympani  of  the  porticoes 
are  intended  for  stiituary,  one  being  already  filled  by  nu- 
merous figures  representing  the"  Progress  of  Ci\-ilizjition, 
from  the  chisel  of  Crawford.  The  centre  Capitol  contains 
the  rotulldi^  which  is  filled  with  historical  paintings,  8  in 
number,  four  by  Trumbull,  the  subjects  of  which  are:  1. 1'he 
Declaration  of  Independence;  2.  The  Surrender  of  General 
liurgoyne;  3.  The  Surrender  of  Lord  Corn wallis ;  4.  Gene- 
ral ^^  ashington  Resigning  bis  Commission  at  Annapolis. 
The  subjects  of  the  remaining  pictures  are  the  Embarkation 
of  the  Pilgrims  from  Leyden,  by  Weir;  the  Landing  of 
tolurabiis,  by  Vanderlyn;  tlie  Baptism  of  Pocahontiis  by 
aiapman,  and  the  Discovery  of  the  Missis.sippi,  by  Powell. 
Vi  est  IS  the  Mbrary  of  Congress,  containing  over  100,000 
^^''w'll'  ,^"'^  "•"  *■'«'  rotunda  the  visitor  ^.asse8  into  Uie 
old  Hall  of  Representatives,  now  a  passage-way  to  the  new 
Ilall  and  intended  for  a  hall  of  statuary.  This  is  by  far 
the  finest  hall  m  the  building,  being  senii-cu-cular,  96  feet 
long  CO  Icet  high,  and  surroundwl  by  24  columns  of  Potomac 


.    .        -,  .  ,v  -  spreiid  wings.    In  front  of  the 

chair,  aiul  inimethately  above  the  north  entranc,  is  a  ficiire 
representing  llistory  Recording  the  Events  of  the  Nation. 
This  18  regarded  as  one  of  the  gems  of  the  CapitiU.  The 
north  door  of  the  rotunda  leads  to  various  halls,  on  the 
right  of  «l|ich  IS  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Lnite<l  States, 
^"'Tl'^^l  ''"  .^J""*"  Chamber,  semi-circular,  75  feet  lo^ 
and  45  high,  with  columns,  in  the  rear  of  the  judges'  seats  of 
Potomac^narble.    Under  the  Supreme  Coutt  Koom  is  the 


WAS 

room  formerly  occupied  by  that  tribunal,  now  devoted  to  a 
law  library,  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  heavy  arches  At  the 
entrance  are  the  corn-stjilk  columns,  or,  as  tliey  have  been 
called,  the  American  order  of  aix-hitecture.  In  the  northern 
extension  the  visitor  finds  the  new  Senate  Chamber;  in  the 
southern,  the  House  of  Kepreseiitatives ;  both  con.-itructed 
of  iron,  of  oblong  form,  with  fiat  ceilings,  and  differing 
little  from  each  other  except  in  size.  The  ornamentation 
of  these  rooms  is  mostly  gilding  and  painting;  and,  though 
more  convenient  for  members  and  spectators,  far  inferior, 
in  architectural  beauty,  to  the  old  halls,  with  their  domed 
ceilings  and  columns,  which  fejitures,  however.were  tliought 
to  interfere  with  the  acoustics  of  the  old  Representative 
Ilall.  The  passages  in  the  extensions  are  much  more  spa- 
cious than  in  the  centre  building,  and  the  staircases  of 
vaiious  marbles  are  very  imposing.  The  Senators'  Retiring 
Room  is  the  most  costly  and  cha.stely  ailorned  of  any,  being 
entirely  of  marble,  thu  sides  of  gold-veined  Tennespee,  and 
the  ceiling  of  Italian.  Adjoining  is  the  room  occupied  by 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  painted  in  fresco,  with 
portraits  of  Wa-sliington  and  his  Cabinet ;  also,  a  beautiful 
room  for  the  Vice  President.  The  Senators'  Reception  Room 
is  also  elaborately  painted  in  fresco.  Many  of  the  Commit- 
tee Rooms  below  are  adorned  with  paintings,  a  lafresai,  on 
the  hard  wall.  The  passiiges  under  the  Senate  are,  in  like 
manner,  covered  with  the  principal  plants,  birds  and  ani- 
mals of  the  country,  but  are  so  dark  that  the  painting  ia 
seen  to  poor  advantage.  Adjoining  the  Senate  Chamber 
are  exquisite  statues  of  Franklin,  by  Powers,  and  Hancock, 
by  Stowe.  Two  pairs  of  bronze  doors  were  intended  to  be 
placed  at  the  doors  on  the  poi^icos.  One  of  these,  by 
Rogers,  representing  the  princijial  inciilents  in  the  life  of 
Columbus,  has  arrived,  but,  by  some  mistake,  was  not  fitted 
to  the  entrance  door,  and  is  placed  in  the  pa-ssage-way  from 
the  old  liepresentative  Hall  to  the  new — a  bad  ix>sitioii. 
They  cost  over  $20,000.  Adjoining  the  Representative  Ilall, 
is  a  statue  of  Jefferson,  by  Powers;  and,  on  the  landing  of 
one  great  staircase  is  a  very  large  and  admiral  >le  fresco 
painting,  by  Leutze,  rej)resenting  AVestern  Progress.  The 
Speaker's  Room  is  highly  finished  with  gilding  and  paint; 
and  the  room  of  the  Committee  on  Agriculture  is  especially 
.admired  for  its  frescoes  representing  Ciiiciiinatus  and  Put- 
nam leaving  their  respective  ploughs;  also  the  sickle  and 
mowing-machine  in  contrast.  Under  the  Representative 
Hall  is  a  fine  row  of  monolithic  columns  with  capitals  com- 
posed of  the  tobacco  and  thistle.  The  24  columns  and  40 
piliisters  in  the  grand  vestibules  of  the  Senate  and  House 
are  entirely  original,  the  capitals  being  conijiosefl  of  corn- 
leaves,  tobacco,  and  magnolias.  The  gilded  omanientationa 
of  the  ceilings  and  cornices  of  the  two  Houses  are  all 
drawn  from  the  natural  products  of  the  country.  The 
steam  hesiting-apparatus  in  the  basement  of  the  building  is. 
an  object  of  great  interest.  The  grounds  around  this  fine 
building  comprise  about  25  acres,  but  are  soon  to  be  en- 
larged to  nearly  double  the  size.  On  the  western  front 
they  were  intended  to  extend  to  the  Potomac,  with  the 
occasional  transit  of  city  streets.  That  portion  near  the 
Capitol  was  greatly  abridged  in  size  in  consequence  of  an 
unwise  sale  of  portions  for  private  purposes.  What  remains 
is,  however,  being,  by  degrees,  improved  according  to  plans 
of  the  late  A.  J.  Downing,  who  died  just  as  he  had  com- 
pleted the  part  in  front  of  the  Smithsoiiian,  and  south 
of  the  lYesident's  Hou-se;  his  design  being  to  carry  out  the 
plan  of  the  commissioners  who  laid  out  the  city,  by  form- 
ini;  a  connection  through  gardens  and  parks  between  the 
Capitol  and  President's  House.  That  part  imraeiliately  in 
front  of  the  Capitol  between  the  Pennsylvania  and  Slary- 
land  Avenues  is  being  converted  into  a  Botanical  Garden; 
the  basis  being  a  large  collection  of  plantn  brought  out  by 
the  South  Sea  and  Jai)anese  Exploring  Expeditions.  The 
President's  House  interrupts  Pennsylvania  Avenue  at  a 
distance  of  1]/^  miles  N.W.  of  the  "Caiiitol,  having  been 
]ilaced  at  a  distance,  on  Washington's  suggestion,  that  the 
Exi-cutive  and  Legislative  Departments  ought  to  be  so  far 
ajmrt  as  to  insure  separate  hours  of  business  for  each.  It 
hiis  a  front  of  170  fett  by  8()  feet  deep,  is  2  stories  high,  and 
built  of  freestone  painted  white.  The  northern  front  ha*  a 
portico  ornamented  with  4  Ionic  columns  facing  Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue,  and  3  at  the  sides;  under  tliis,  carriages 
drive  to  deposit  tlieir  visitors.  The  Potomac  front  lias  a 
circular  colonnade  of  6  Ionic  columns.  In  the  centre  of  the 
north  lawn  is  a  statueof  Jefferson,  and  across  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  also  on  tlie  north  side  of  the  building,  in  the  cen- 
tre of  Lafayette  Square,  is  a  bronze  equestrian  statue  to 
General  Jackson,  placed  there  in  January,  1853. 

The  plan  of  the  city  contemplated  the  pHcing  of  all 
executive  offices  near  the  President's,  or  on  the  level  of  the 
Park  before  described,  but  this  has  been  greatly  interfered 
with  by  the  erection  of  the  Treiisiiry  Building  on  a  site 
which  shuts  out  the  view  of  the  President's  House,  and 
gives  the  first  building  a  verj- cramped  position.  An  im- 
mense edifice,  about  6".^  feet  long,  and  about  200  feet  widp, 
is  devoted  to  the  Treasury  and  State  Departments  The  eaf  I 
front  (on  the  north  bend  of  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  chuk-'' 
by  the  interruption  from  the  park  around  tho  I'rueideut « 


WAS 


WAS 


ITouso)  has  a  colonnade  of  Ionic  columns,  300  feet  long. 
The  north  and  south  ends  of  the  building  also  have  projec- 
ting porticos.  This  edifice  has  about  500  rooms,  and  con- 
tiiins,  besides  tlie  accommodations  for  an  army  of  clerks,  an 
immense  engraving  and  printing  establishment.  The  Navy 
and  War  Department  and  Pension  Office  are  very  large, 
plain  brick  structures,  west  of  the  President's.  About  half- 
way between  the  Capitol  and  President's  House,  north  of 
Pennsylvania  Avenue,  fronting  E  Street,  is  the  structure 
occupied  by  the  General  Post-Office,  one  of  the  finest  edifices 
in  Washington.  It  is  of  white  marble,  20i  feet  long  and 
102  deep,  and  contains  over  200  rooms..  Occupying  the 
square  between  Eighth,  Ninth,  and  F  and  G  Streets,  is  the 
building  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  or  Home  De- 
partment, generally  called  (from  one  of  its  bureaus)  the 
Patent-Office.  This  edifice  covers  an  entire  square,  and  is 
not  surpassed  by  any  structure  in  Washington  for  extent 
or  elegance,  if  we  except  the  Capitol.  Here  are  deposited 
models  of  every  machine  or  invention  that  is  patented; 
here  also  are  at  present  the  rooms  of  the  Agricultural  De- 
partment, with  large  collections  illustiative  of  the  fruits 
and  cereals  of  the  countrj'.  It  Is  to  be  regretted  that  this 
edifice  was  not  placed  nearer  the  other  departments,  but  in 
the  erection  of  all  the  buildings,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Capitol  and  President's  House,  no  attention  has  been  paid 
to  the  plans  of  the  founders.  On  the  ])roposed  new  park  at 
the  angle  between  the  President's  House  and  Iho  Capitol, 
has  also  been  connnenced  a  colossal  monument  to  Wash- 
ington, to  be  erected  by  voluntary  contributions  of  the 
people.  This  site  was  set  apart  by  the  commissioners  for  a 
proposed  monument  to  Washington,  and  he  died  under  the 
impression  that  here  would  be  erected  an  e(iuestriaji  statue 
which  had  becni  voted  to  him  by  the  Continental  Congress. 
The  plan,  as  finally  decided  upon,  is  an  obeli.sk  of  white 
marble,  55  feet  square  at  the  base,  and  diminishing  at  the 
height  of  500  feet,  to  25  feet  square,  standing  on  a  pedestal 
17  feet  high,  which  is  to  contain  arched  rooms  for  reception 
of  relics,  &c.  Every  state  has  furnished  a  block  of  nati\e 
stone  or  copper,  which  are  to  be  inserted  at  each  landing 
of  tlie  inside  staircase.  It  is  now  about  ISO  feet  high.  If 
ever  completed,  it  will  be  as  a  nionimient  of  the  restored 
Union.  It  should  be  mentioned  that  the  statue  ordered  by 
the  Continental  Congress  was  never  erected;  but,  after  the 
monument  Iiad  been  commenced.  Congress  ordered  an 
equestrian  statue,  which  was  erected  by  Clarke  Mills,  in 
the  Circle,  near  Georgetown.  The  statue  of  Jackson  in 
Lafayette  Square  is  by  the  same  artist.  East  of  the  monu- 
ment, and  about  midway  between  that  and  the  Capitol,  on 
a  gently  rising  ground,  in  the  midst  of  the  new  park  now 
being  laid  out,  stands  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  one  of  the 
noblest  institutions  and  finest  structures  in  Wiishington. 
The  edifice  is  450  feet  long  by  140  wide,  is  built  of  red  sand- 
stone, in  the  Romanesque  or  Norman  style,  embellislied  by 
9  towers  of  from  75  to  150  feet  in  height,  and  when  viewed 
from  Capitol  Hill,  has  an  imposing  effect.  In  the  building 
is  a  museum  for  objects  of  natural  history,  200  feet  long, 
one  of  the  best  supplied  laboratories  in  the  United  States, 
a  gallery  for  paintings  and  statuary,  120  feet  long,  and  a 
room  capable  of  containing  a  library  of  100,000  volumes, 
and  actually  numbering  40,000,  in  1805;  of  which  4539 
were  copyright  works.  Tliis  Institution  was  endowed  by 
James  Smithson,  Esq.,  an  Englishman,  who  left  to  the 
United  States  $515,169,  "  to  found  at  Washington  an  estal)- 
lishment  for  the  increase  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  among 
men."  The  structure,  which  was  commenced  in  1846,  has 
been  built  by  the  interest  accumulating  up  to  that  time, 
and  still  leaves  a  surplus  (in  1855)  of  $139,159.  The  fund 
yields  an  annual  income  of  more  than  S30,0U0.  Works  on 
ethnology  and  antiquities  have  already  been  published  by 
the  institution.  The  cabinets  collected  by  the  exploring 
expedition  will  be  transferred  thither.  TJie  officers  of  the 
institution  are  the  President  and  Vice  President  of  the 
United  States,  members  of  the  Cabinet,  Chief  Justice,  Com- 
missioners of  the  Patent-Office,  and  the  Mayor  of  ^V'ashing- 
ton,  besides  a  Hoard  of  Regents,  who  elect  a  Chancellor, 
Secretary,  and  Executive  Committee.  The  active  literary 
and  scientific  duties  of  the  institution  fall  upon  the  Secre- 
tary and  his  Assistant  Secretaries. 

The  National  Observatory,  one  of  the  institutions  most 
creditable  to  the  govemnient,  occupies  a  commanding  site 
on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  S.W.  of  the  President's  House, 
and  is  under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant  Maury,  of  the 
navy.  Besides  the  astronomical  observations  constantly 
made  here,  chronometers,  for  the  use  of  the  navy,  are 
thoroughly  tested,  researches  made  as  to  tides,  currents, 
&c.,  and  longitudes  determined  with  greater  accuracy  by  the 
aid  of  the  electric  telegraph.  The  large.^t  telescope  is  a  14 
feet  refractor;  smaller  telescopes  are  constantly  employed 
searching  the  heavens  for  comets.  Precisely  at  12  o'clock 
mean  time,  e:ich  day,  a  black  ball  is  let  fall  from  the  flag- 
staff of  the  Observatory,  by  which  the  inhabitants  of  Wash- 
ington may  regulate  tlieir  time.  The  Arsenal,  on  Green- 
leafs  Point,  at  the  junction  of  the  East  Branch  with  the 
•  Potomfic.  is  one  of  the  principal  arsenals  of  construction  in 
the  United  States. 


About  V/^  miles  N.E.  from  the  arsenal,  atid  the  same  dia 
tance  S.E.  of  the  Capitol,  on  the  East  Branch,  is  the  Navy 
Yard,  which  covers  about  20  acres,  enclosed  by  a  wall.  This 
)8  one  of  the  most  extensive  yards  in  the  Union,  an<l  em- 
ploys more  than  400  hands  in  the  manufacture  of  anchors, 
chain-cables,  steam-engines  and  boilers,  pyrotechnics,  in 
brass  and  iron  foundries,  &c.,  &c.  On  the  ojiposite  side  of 
the  Eastern  Branch,  from  the  Navy-Yard,  is  the  government 
asylum  for  the  insane  of  the  district  of  Columliia  and  the 
army  and  navy,  one  of  the  most  extensive  institutions  of 
the  kind  in  the  United  States,  .surrounded  by  an  exten.sive 
farm,  and  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  city.  The  Con- 
gressional burying-ground  is  situated  about  1  mile  E.  of 
the  Capitol,  on  the  Eastern  Branch.  Here  have  been  de- 
posited, for  a  short  time  at  least,  the  remidns  of  some  of  the 
most  distinguished  men  in  the  nation,  and  here  are  erected 
«enotaphs  to  all  members  of  Congress  dying  while  in  office. 

The  buildings  of  the  Coast  Survey  do  not  in  themselves 
deserve  any  notice,  but  the  oi)erations  carried  on  here  imder 
the  superintendence  of  Professor  A.  D.  Bache,  a  name  well 
known  to  science,  are  of  the  most  important  nature.  Here 
are  transacted  the  computing,  drawing,  engraving,  electro- 
typing,  printing,  instrument-making,  ic,  connected  with 
the  coast  surveys,  and  the  construe  tion  of  standard  weight.i 
and  measures,  &c.  Ou  the  north  of  the  city,  on  extensive 
grounds  commanding  a  view  of  the  PoKjmac,  are  handsome 
white  marble  edifices,  devoted  to  the  Military  Asylum,  the 
inmates  of  which  are  mostly  soldiers  of  the  war  of  1812 
and  the  Mexican  war.  One  of  these  edifices  has  been  lat- 
terly api)roj)riated  as  the  sunnner  residence  of  the  president. 

Forts. — The  important  position  of  Washington  during  the 
great  rebellion  led  to  the  most  careful  jjrcparatious  for  its 
defense,  and  the  fortifications  around  this  city  and  Alex- 
andria embrace  a  circuit  of  nearlj-  40  nules.  There  are  56 
large  forts  mounting  from  10  to  50  guns  each,  and  many 
small  batteries  which  mount  from  3  to  12  guns  each.  The 
forts  and  batteries  are  further  connected  by  rifle-pits.  A 
fine  military  road  through  the  valleys  behind  the  works, 
and  out  of  observation  of  an  enemy,  connects  the  forts  north 
of  the  Potonuic.  so  that  in  case  of  attack  troops  could  rapidly 
be  concentrated  at  any  one  point  without  marching  through 
the  city.  All  the  works  are  of  earth  and  trunks  of  trees, 
with  secure  bomb-proofs,  and  nearly  every  fort  has  a  well 
of  excellent  water.  None  of  these  works  were  assailed 
during  the  war  but  Fort  Stephens,  on  the  Seventh  Street 
road,  which  was  for  a  short  time  threatened  by  a  band  of 
raiders,  who  succeeded  in  eft'ectiug  their  retreat  with  soma 
loss  of  life,  but  much  plunder. 

Railroads,  <£v. — Washington  communicates  with  the  S. 
and  S.W.  by  steamboat  to  A  quia  Creek,  55  nules  below 
Washington,  and  thence  by  the  Fredericksburg  Richmond 
and  Potomac  Railroad.  A  branch  road  running  N.  to  Bal- 
timore connects  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Objects  (if  hiterest  in  the  Vicinity. — F'ifteen  miles  S.  of 
Washington,  on  the  Potomac,  is  Mount  Vernon,  once  the 
home,  and  now  the  tomb  of  Washington.  Thirteen  miles 
above  Georgetown  are  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac, 
thought  by  many  to  equal,  in  wildness  and  picturesque 
interest,  any  in  the  country.  The  Little  Falls,  which  have  in 
all  a  descent  of  15  feet,  are  only  3  miles  above  Georgetown. 

Washington  contains  6  banks,  and  about  14  newspaper 
offices,  6  or  6  of  which  issue  dailies.  For  manufactures  and 
commerce*  see  DrsiRicT  of  Columuia. 

Population. — The  resident  population  of  Washington  in 
1860  was  60,000 ;  in  1855,  about  55,000 ;  and  including  George- 
town, 65,000.  But  this  number  is  gieatly  increased  during 
tlie  sessions  of  Congress,  ^y  the  accession  not  only  of  the 
members  and  their  families,  but  of  visitors  and  persons 
spending  the  winter  or  a  portion  of  it  here,  for  the  purpose 
of  enjoying  the  society  and  gayety  of  the  capital.  Though 
the  growth  of  Washington  has  not  been  rapid,  it  has  been 
steady,  and  the  city  has  increased  within  the  past  few  years 
in  a  considerably  greater  ratio  than  heretofore.  During  the 
[For  continuation,  see  Appendix.] 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rappahannock 
CO.,  Virginia,  120  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond.  It  is  beautifully 
.situated  at  the  S.K.  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  on  one  of 
the  branches  of  the  Rappahannock  River.  It  contains  1  or 
2  churches,  1  academy,  and  several  stores.     Pop.  about  400. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Beaufort  co., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  left  bank  of  Tar  River,  127  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Raleigh,  and  about  40  miles  from  I'amlico  Sound. 
Vessels  drawing  8  feet  of  water  ascend  to  this  village,  and 
smaller  boats  to  Tarborough.  It  h.is  2  l)anks,  c.-ipital 
$.300,000,  several  stores,  and  a  newspaper  office.  Pop.  esti- 
mate<l  at  1400. 

WASHINGTON,  a  hand.some  post-village,  capital  of  Wilkes 
CO..  Georgia,  is  situated  on  the  dividing  ridge  between  the 
Broad  and  Little  Rivers,  53  miles  W.N.W.  of  Augusta.  It 
has  an  active  business,  and  contains  a  court-house,  4 
churches,  1  bank,  and  a  newspaper  office.  A  branch  rail- 
road about  20  miles  long  extends  southward  to  the  Georgia 
Railro.id. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  in  Aut-iuga  eo.,  Alabama, 
on  Alabama  River,  12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jlontgotuery. 

a)77 


WAS 

WASHIXGIOX,  a  ros^vlllage  of  Adams  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  SO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jackson.  It  contains  2  or  3 
diurclies,  and  several  seminaries. 

WA.SIJIXtJTOX,  a  thriving  post-village  of  St.  Landry 
parish.  Louisiana,  on  tlie  Courtableau  Bayou,  at  the  head  of 
rteaml'Oat  naviiration.  and  on  the  Now  Orleans  Opelousas 
and  Western  Railroad,  7  miles  N.  ot  Opelousas.  Free  pop.  536. 

WA.SlllNGTON,  a  flourishing  po.str.village  of  Wa.-ihington 
CO.,  Texatf,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Brazos  Uiver,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Xavasoto,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Houston,  and  120 
miles  E.  of  Austin  City.  The  Independence  of  Texas  was 
proclaimed  in  1836.  at  this  place,  which  was  the  capital  of 
the  republic  at  the  time  of  annexation  to  the  United  States, 
and  for  several  years  previous.  It  is  favorably  situated  for 
trade,  being  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Brazos.  The  river  flows  through  a  fertile  planting  region. 
In  which  cotton,  maize,  and  rice  are  produced,  and  the  live- 
oak  and  red  cedar  are  abundant.  It  contained,  in  1860, 
1000  inlitiliitants. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Conway  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  325. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hempstead  co.. 
Arkan.sa.n,  125  miles  S.W.  of  Little  Kock.  It  has  a  court- 
hou.«e.  a  j.iil.  a  United  States  land-office,  a  male  and  female 
Hcminary.  and  a  newspaper  office.    Pop.  in  IS50,  469. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Independence  co.,  Arlian- 
fias.    Pop.  405. 

W.'VSIIINGTON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  519. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Sevier  co.,  Arkansas.   P.  465. 

W.-VSHINGTON,  a  township  of  Washitaw  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  469. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rhea  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River,  134  miles 
K.S.E.  of  Na.«hville. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mason  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  railroad  from  Maysville  to  Lexington,  3j  miles 
S.W.  of  tlie  former.  It  is  beautifully  situated  in  a  rich  and 
well-improved  country.  It  contains  3  churches.  Pop. 
(f45. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Auglaize  co.,dhio.  P.  980. 

WASHINGTON,  a  townsliip  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Belmont 
CO ,  Ohio,  lias  1  bank.    Pop.  1472. 

WASHINGTON,  a  town&hip  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1229. 

WASHINGTON,  a  townsliip  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  CarroUton  Branch  Railroad.     Pop.  74;t. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township.Clerniont  co.,01uo.  Pop.  2717. 

WASHINGTON,atownshipof  Clinton co..Ohio.  Pop.1319. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  in- 
tersected by  tlieClevelandaud  Pittsburg  Railroad.  Pop.1333. 

WASllINGTON.a  towuship.Coshoctou  co.,Ohio.    P.905. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.     P.  1397. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio.  P.  749. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-vill:ige,  capital  of  Fayette  co..Ohio, 
on  Paint  Creek,  and  on  tlie  Cincinnati  and  Zanesville  Kail- 
road,  77  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.  It  has  3  cliurclies,  1 
academy,  2  newspaper  offices,  2  banks.  2  woollen  factories, 
and  several  mills.    Laid  out  in  ISU.    Pop.  1035. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Franklin  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1420. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Guernsey  county,  Ohio, 
on  the  National  Road.  32  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Zanesville.  It  is 
situated  in  a  fertile  country,  and  has  an  active  bnsine.ss.  It 
contains  1  Catholic  and  4  Protestant  churches,  1  bank,  and 
a  woollen  factory.    Pop.  832. 

WASHINGTON,  a  town.ship  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.  P.  741. 


WASllINGTON.a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  894. 

WAS  1 1 INGTO  \.  a  township  of  Hocking  co..  Ohio.  P.  1629. 

WASllINGTON.a  township  of  Holmc-s  co..Ohio.  P.  1433. 

M  .\SniNGTON,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio.   P.  1050. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Lawrenceco.,Ohio.  P.  1019. 

W  ASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Licking  co..  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  Columbus  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad.   Pop.  140S. 

WASHINGTON, a  township  of  Logan  co.,Ohio.   Pop.tSl 

WASHINGTON,  a  townsliip  of  Lucas  co.,OIiio.  Pop.  137l! 

«  A  SHINGTON,  a  townsliip  of  Mercer  co,  Ohio.    Pop.  958 

H  ASHINGTON,  a  township  or  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  Miami  Canal.  It  contains  the  village  of  Piqua 
1  op.  5S66 

JJ!-J^STIINOTON,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.  P.  1554. 
P      .>()-4  ''"^^^""^'  *  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
P^  10i«  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Raih-oad. 
pJ^^"-*|^lli^'QTON,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

\^  i  « f  JJv'-"P?'  "^  township  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio.  P.  574. 
»  .\iMllNC.Ti  'N,  a  townsliip  of  Pickaway  CO.,  Ohio.  P.1068. 


«•  A  cJ  ,  vi,^SS' "  to'^u'liip  Of  Preble  co..  Ohio.    P.  3166. 

T.\  ASHING  ION.  a  village  and  township  of  Richland  CO., 

ir '/i1 .  T  vrH^Ax,'"^'"'  •""•  ^'^^  ^"«  Railroad.    Pop.  1797! 

ar"  township  of  Sandusky  co,  Ohio,  inter- 


WAS 

sected  by  the  Cleveland  Norwalk  and  Toledo  Railroad. 
Pop.  19'J2. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected  by  the  Ohio  Canal.     I'op.  956. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Shelby    o.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  Miami  Canal.     Pop.  1105. 

WASHINGTON.atownship  of  Stark  co., Ohio, intersected 
by  the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad.     Pop.  2032. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio 
Pop.  8t0. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Union  co..  Oliio.  Pop.  601. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Van  Wert  co.,  Ohio,  intei^ 
sected  by  tlie  Miami  CanaJ.    Pop.  957. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 899. 
WASHINGTON,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ma- 
comb CO..  Michigan.    Pop.  1S45. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Adams  co.,Indiana.  Pop.811. 
WASHING  ION,  a  township,  Allen  co  .Indiana.  Pop.1496. 
WASHINGTON,  a  townsliip  of  Blackford  co.,  Indiana 
Pop.  7.S2. 
WASllINGTON.a  township,  Brown  co, Indiana.  P.  1594 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.  P.  681. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Ca-ss  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1317. 
WASllINGTON.a  township,  Clarke  co, Indiana.  P.1169. 
WASllINGTON.a  township  of  Clay  co..  Indiana.  P.  1757 
W\\SniNGTON,  a  township,  Clinton  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1140. 
W^ ASHINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Daviess  co..  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad 
106  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis,  and  3  miles  E.  of  the  Wa 
bash  and  Erie  Canal.    The  village  is  the  principal  place  of 
business  in  the  county,  and  contiiiiis  3  or  4  churches,  a 
newspaper  office,  and  a  land  office.    Pop.  estimated  at  1200 ; 
of  the  township  in  1860,  3183. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Decatur  county,  Indiana. 
Pop.  3!»:il. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1076. 
WA  SHINGTON,  a  township.  Elkhart  cc.Indiana.  P.  1124. 
W.\SllINiiTON,  a  township,  Gibson  co.,  Indiana.  P.  908. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Grant  co ,  Indiana.  P.  1209. 
W.\SIIINi;  TON.  a  township, Greene  co.,  Indiana.  P.  736 
WASHINGTON,  a  townsliip  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  2925. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1427. 
WASHINGTON.atownship,  Jackson  co., Indiana.  P. 825. 
WASHINGTON,  a  townshi;)  of  Jay  co..  Indiana. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,'  Indiana. 
Pop.  1431. 
WASHINGTON,  a  town.ship.  Marion  co.,  Indiana.  P.  2143. 
WASllINGTON.a  township.  Miami  co..  ImUana.  P.  1221. 
W'ASHINiiTON.  a  township.  Monroe  co.,  Indiana.  P.  965. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Morgan  co.,  Indiana.  P.  2717. 
WASIIlXGTON.atownship,  Noble  co..  Indiana.  Pop.  940. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Owen  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1991. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Parke  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1116. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Porter  co.,  Indiana.  P.  493. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Putnam  county,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1958. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1798. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township.  Bipley  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1212. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Rusli  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1085 
WASHINGTON.atownship.  Shelby  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1357 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Starte  co.,  Indiana.   P.  302. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana 
Pop.  1124. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Warren  co., Indiana.  P.  733. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Washington  co^  Indian.i. 
Pop.  2N32. 

WASHINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Wayne  co..  Indiana,  on  the  Railroad  from  Richmond  to  New- 
castle, about  12  miles  N.W.  of  the  former.  Pop.  in  1850, 
283;  of  the  township  in  1860,  2171. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-viUage  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois,  71 
miles  N.  of  Springfield. 

WASHINGTON,  a  village  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois,  about 
10  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Peoria. 

W.tSHINGTON,  a  township  of  Buchanan  CO.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  3230. 

WASHINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Franklin  co., 
Missouri,  is  situated  on  the  Slissouri  River.  55  miles  by  rail- 
road W.  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  the  principal  depot  for  the  pro- 
duce which  is  exported  from  the  county.    Pop.  121  o. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Missouri. 
Pop.  Ifrll. 
WASHINGTON,  a  township,  Osage  co..  Missouri.  P.  1319. 
WASHINGTON,  a  post-viUage  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  60 
S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

WASHINGTON,  a  thri\ing  post-village,  capital  of  Wash- 
ington CO.,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  a  i>rairie.  about  30  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Iowa  City.  It  is  connected  by  railroa  J  with  Mus- 
catine, 37  miles  distant.  It  conUiins  a  court  nouse,  and,a 
national  bank     Pop.  2755. 


WAS 


WAT 


WASTIINT.TOX.  township,  Greene  co..  Wisconsin.  P.  838. 
\VA.SIUN<iTO\,  a  town  of  Yolo  co..  California. 
ATASIIINCiTON,  a  region  of  land  in  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
discovered  in  18.o4  by  the  United  States  Expedition  under 
Dr.  Kane.  It  is  connected  to  Greenland  hy  an  immenoe 
glacier,  which,  i.«suing  in  t'iCP  W.  Ion.,  runs  nearly  due  N..  pre- 
Bentind  a  face  SOU  feet  in  perpendicular  heijiht.  This  gla- 
cier was  followed  alond  its  base  for  a  distance  of  SO  miles  in 
one  unbroken  esc-M-pment.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  largest 
glacier  ever  discovered  by  any  navigator,  and  the  only  ob- 
Btacle  to  the  insularity  of  Greenland. 

WASII'INGTON,  or  UAIIUGA.  oo-a-hoo/pa.  one  of  the 
Marquesas  Islands,  South  Pacific  Ocean:  lat'.  8°  50'  S..  Ion. 
139°  ya'  V>'.  It  is  al)Out  9  miles  lonj;  and  of  striking  appeaI^ 
ance,  formine'  in  the  middle  a  mountain  2430  feet  hiirh. 

■\VA.SIIIXGTOX  BUTTE,  (lute,)  a  post-office  of  Linn  co., 
Orejron. 
AVASIIIXOTON  COLLEGE.  SeeCHF.STERTOWx.  Maryland. 
WASHINGTON  COLLKGK.  See  LF,.xi.\(iT0\.  Viririnia. 
AVA8II1NGT0N  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Washington 
CO.,  Tennessee. 

WA.SHINGTON  nEIGIITS,  a  post-office  of  New  York  co.. 
New  York. 

WASHINGTON  IIOLOrOW,  a  post-villaRe  of  Dutchess 
CO..  New  York,  14  miles  K.N.K.  of  Poufrhkeepsie. 

WASHINGTON  LAKK.  of  Yolo  county,  towards  the  X.W. 

part  of  California,  is  alwut  3  miles  longby  half  a  mile  wide. 

WA.-IIINGTON  MILLS,  post-office,  Oneida  co..  New  York. 

WASHINGTON  SOUTH  YUBA,  a  post-office  of  Nev.nda 

CO..  California. 

WASH'INGTONVILLE,  a  Tillape  of  Orange  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Newburg  Branch  Kailroad,  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Newburg. 

WASHTNGTONTILLE,  a  village  of  Oswego  co..  New  York. 
WASHINGTONVILLE,  a  post-village  of   Montour  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  75  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

WASHINOTONVILLE,  a  postofflce  of  Baltimore  co.,  Ma- 
ryland. 

WA8HINGT0NTILLE,  a  village  of  Columbiana  eo.,  Ohio. 
162  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

WASHITA,  formerly  OUACHITA.  wosh'e-taw\  a  river 
formed  by  three  branches,  the  North,  Middle,  and  South 
Forks,  which  unite  in  .Alontgomery  county,  in  the  W.  pjut 
of  Arkan.eas.  It  flows  in  a  general  8outh-east*r!y  course 
until  it  cros.ses  the  N.  boundary  of  I>ouisiana.  Below  this 
Its  direction  is  nearly  southward,  and  it  falls  into  Red  River 
by  three  channels,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  above  500  miles.  The  portion  of  this 
river  below  the  mouth  of  the  Tensas  is  sometimes  called 
Black  River.  It  is  regularly  navisated  Iiy  large  steamboats 
to  Camden,  in  Arkansas,  about  300  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  smaller  boats  sometimes  ascend  as  far  as  Rockport. 
The  chief  towns  on  its  hanks  are  Camden,  on  the  right,  and 
Monroe,  on  the  left  liank. 

WASHITA,  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  Louisiana,  contains 
735  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Washita  River,  and 
is  drained  by  Boeuf  and  Bartholomew  Bayous.  The  surlace 
is  diversified  by  pine-clad  hills.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is 
fertile,  especially  .along  the  river.  The  parish  contains  ex- 
tensive forests  of  pine.  oak.  and  hickory.  All  of  the  streams 
above  named  are  navigable  by  steamboats.  A  railroad  is 
projected  through  the  parish  from  Vicksburg  to  Slireveport. 
Capital,  Monroe.  Pop.  4727,  of  whom  1S87  were  free,  and 
2840  slaves. 

WASniT.\.  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  .\rkansa.s, 
is  intersected  by  the  AVashifa  River,  navigable  by  large 
stvamljoafs.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  hills  of  m(xierate 
height!  The  soil  is  mostly  sandy  and  fertile.  Washita  county 
is  among  the  most  populous  of  the  state,  and  is  rapidly  fill- 
ing up  with  einigriiTits.  Capital,  Oanideu.  Pop.  12,y3C,  of 
whom  S4.iS  weie  free,  and  4478  slaves. 
WASHITA  CITY.  See  Ouachita  City. 
WASHOUGAL,  w.i'shoo-gal\  a  post-office  of  Clark  co., 
Washington  Territory. 

W.ASil'TENAW\  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Michigan, 
has  an  area  of  720  squ.ire  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Huron 
Kiver.  and  by  the  North  Branch  of  the  Raisin ;  the  East 
Branch  of  Grand  River  (lalled  by  the  Indians  Washtenong) 
ri.ses  in  the  county,  which  is  also  drained  by  the  sources  of 
Macon  River,  and  by  Saline  and  Stony  Creek.s.  The  surface 
is  agreeably  diversitietl  with  prairies,  oak-openings,  (plains 
producing  a  scattered  growth  of  oaks  free  from  underbrush,) 
and  dense  forests.  The  soil  is  a  deep  and  fertile  sandy  loam. 
In  1850  it  produced  528.042  bushels  of  wheat,  40,387  tons  of 
hay.  and  250.775  pounds  of  wool.  The  prtxiuce  of  wheat, 
hay.  and  wool  was  greater  than  that  of  any  other  county 
in  the  state  excepting  Oakland.  The  streams  afford  exten- 
sive water-power.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Michi- 
gan Central  Railroad.    Capital,  Ann  Arlx)r.     P.  36,686. 

WASItrNV,  viiVseen'yee',  a  market-town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Ardennes,  8  miles  N.  of  Kethel.    Pop.  1000. 
W.\'SING.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
WASIUOAN.     See  Vasioogan. 

WASLUt  or  VASLUI.  vaa-loo/ee,  a  town  of  Moldavia,  on 
the  Biriat,  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Yatay. 


W.\SMES,  \Am.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Haina«t, 
6  miles  W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  60()4. 

AVAsMi';S-ANDK.METZ-liKlFFtEII,.vamO.Nd'm.VbreerfCi^, 
a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut,  7  mile*  E.S.E.  of 
Tournay.     I'op.  lO'JC. 

WAS'PERTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVarwick. 

WA.Sl'lK.  wd.s'pik.  a  village  and  parish  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabant,  10  miles  N.E.  of  lireda. 
Pop.  2418. 

WAS'SAIC,  a  postrvillage  and  station  of  Butchess  co., 
New  Y'ork.  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  85  miles  from  New  York. 

WASSAU.     See  Wausait. 

WASSKIGES,  vds'saizh',  a  vill.age  of  Belgium,  province 
and  35  miles  W.  of  Lie^e.     Pop.  1020. 

WASSELA,  wd8'8.>ia\  or,  more  properly,  WASSOOLO, 
(WmssooIo.)  written  OUASSOULO  in  French,  a  country  of 
West  Africa. 

WASSELONNE,  vSsVseh-lonn',  a  town  of  France,  departr 
ment  of  Bas-Rliin,  14  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Strasbourg.  I'op.  in 
1852,  4731,  who  manufacture  woollen  and  cotton  yarn  and 
hofiery. 

WASSKLY.  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Wesseu. 

W.\SS1;M0N  KIA'ER.  AVLsconsin.     See  Pekatonica. 

AVASSI;nAAR,  wJls'sch-naR\  a  village  of  Holland,  pr, 
vince  of  South  Holland,  5  miles  W.  of  Leyden,  and  2  niilex 
from  the  Noi  th  Sea.     Pop.  1292. 

WASSl-;!UiL'l!0,  fti!s'si,T-booRo\  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
on  the  Inn,  31  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jlunich.     Pop.  2238. 

AVAS.SKHLKBEN,  wJs'ser-lA^ben,  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Saxony,  government  and  12  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Mag- 
deburg, on  tlip  Use.     Pop.  1150. 

AVASSKROLS.  a  village  of  Prussia.     See  Krl'MMkjjois. 

AVASSERTRUDINGEN,  (AVa8.«ertrUdingen,)  ftas'si.'r-trii'- 
ding-en,  a  walled  town  of  l5avaria.  circle  of  .Aliddle  Franco 
nia.  and  on  the  railway,  19  miles  S.  of  Anspach.    Pop.  2017. 

AV.\SSIG.\Y,  <S'ds'seen*yee',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aisne.  31  miles  N.  of  Laon.     Pop.  in  1852.  1224. 

AVAS/SONVILLE,  a  post-village  in  the  N.  part  of  AVa-sii- 
iniiton  CO..  Iowa,  situated  on  or  near  the  English  Kiver. 

WASSOOLO.    See  AVassela. 

AVASSOTAH,  was-so'td,  a  strong  hill-fort  of  South  India, 
20  miles  AV.  of  Sattarah,  and  taken  bv  the  British  in  1818. 

AVASTnVATER,  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
parish  of  St.  Bees.  It  is  the  deepest  of  the  Curaberland 
lakes,  being  45  fathoms  in  depth  off  the  S.  shore.  Its  bank* 
are  precipitous  on  that  side,  but  elsewhere  they  present 
little  variety. 

AVASUNGEN,  <^3'80ong-fn,  a  town  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  on 
the  AVerra,  6  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Jleiuingen.     Pop.  2497. 

AA'ASUNGEN,  a  town  of  Central   Germany.     See  AV.A- 

HCNGEN. 

AVATAB,  wi'tab,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mi.*sissippi.  100  miles  al/ove  St. 
.\nthony.  It  was  laid  out  in  1850,  and  has  some  trade  with 
tile  Indians.     Pop.  3.3. 

AVATAUGA,  (w^-taw'ga,)  a  river  of  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee,  rises  at  the  biise  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  AVatauga 
CO.,  North  Carolina.  After  passing  through  a  mountain 
range,  which  forms  the  AA'.  boundary  of  that  state,  it  flows 
in  a  AV.N.W.  direction,  and  enters  the  llolston  River  in 
Tennessee,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Joncsborougb.  It  is  navi- 
gable bj'  small  boats  from  its  mouth  to  Elizabethtown,  and 
6  miles  higher.  The  motive  power  which  it  affords  is  very 
abundant,  and  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  iron. 

AVATAUGA,  a  county  in  the  N.AV.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Tennes.see:  area,  estimated  at  550  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  A\atauga  River,  from  which  it  derives  its 
name.  The  county  is  a  mountainous  region,  having  the 
Stone  or  Y'ellow  Mountain  on  the  N.AA'.  border.  Organized 
in  ls49.  Capital,  Boone.  Pop.  4957,  of  whom  4853  were 
free,  and  104  slaves. 

AVATAUGA  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Ten 
nessee. 

AV.\TCH'ET,  a  maritime  town  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset, 
with  a  pier  on  a  creek  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  5  miles  E.  of 
Duuster.     Pop.  900. 

AVATCH  HILL  POINT,  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance  to 
Fisher's  Island  Sound,  about  2  miles  S.E.  of  Stonington, 
Connecticut.  On  it  is  a  revolving  liiiht  50  feet  alx)ve  the 
level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  41°  18'  12"  N.,  ion.  71°  52'  AV. 

AVATEE'O,  one  of  the  Harvey  Islands,  Pacific  Ocean.  Lat. 
19°  68'  S..  Ion.  158°  6'  AV.  Length  8  miles,  breadth  5  miles. 
Surface  hilly  and  fertile,  and  the  inhabitants  were  partially 
converted  to  Christianity  by  the  missionary  AMlliams  in 
1823. 

AVaT'ENS.^AV,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Arkansas. 

AA'.'iTERBl'^ACn,  wd'ter-beech,  a  parish  of  England,  co 
and  5  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cambridge,  with  a  station  on  the  East 
Counties  Railway. 

AVATERBOROUGH,  wA'ter-bQr-ruh,  a  post-town. ship  in 
York  CO..  Maine,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Augusta.  It  is  intersected 
bj-  the  York  and  Cumberland  Railroad,  and  drained  liythe 
head  branches  of  the  Monsum  and  Little  O.ssipee  Riven. 
Pop.  1824. 
WATERBOROUOH,  a   post-village   of   Chautauqua  co, 

2079 


WAT 

New  York,  on  Conewango  Creek,  about  10  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Jamestown. 

WATJiKBOKOUGII  CEXTKE,  a  post-office  of  York  co., 
Maine. 

W.-kTERBURG,  a  post-office  of  Tompkins  co.,  New  York. 

WATEK15URY.  wa'ter-b4r-re.  a  tliriving  post-village  and 
town.-:hip  of  Wasliiugton  co.,  Vermont,  near  Onion  River, 
and  oil  tlie  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  12  miles  M'.X.AV.  of 
Montpelicr.  A  piank-road  liere  intersects  the  railroad. 
Tlie  village  contains  4  churches,  1  bank,  a  large  hotel,  16 
stores,  and  a  manufactory  of  vrillow-wiire.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 2198. 

AVATERBURY,  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  city  of  New 
Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Xaugatuck  Rjulrond,  and  on 
the  Hartford  Providence  and  Fishkill  Railroad,  3:i  miles  by 
railroad,  S.AV.  of  Ilartford,  21  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  New 
Haven,  and  82  mileii  N.E.  of  New  York.  It  i.s  delightfully 
situated  in  tlie  Nauj^tuck  Valley,  the  site  extending  east- 
ward from  the  stream,  up  a  graceful  slope  occupied  with 
numerous  tasteful  residences.  The  dwellings  generally  are 
remarkable  for  tlieir  neatness,  and  are  usually  adorned  with 
«hade-trees,  flower-gardens,  and  shrubbery.  In  the  centre 
is  a  beautiful  public  square.  There  are  now  7  churches  in 
the  city,  several  of  which  are  elegant  structures.  St.  John's, 
(Episcopal.)  situated  on  the  principal  street,  near  the  upper 
part  of  Centre  square,  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  church 
editices  in  New  England.  It  is  built  of  granite,  in  the  Nor- 
man style,  and  was  di-dicated  in  1848.  A  new  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  erected  in  1853,  has  two  towers,  and 
makes  a  very  tine  appearance.  The  Second  Congregational 
Society  also  completed  iu  the  early  part  of  1854  is  a 
splendid  brick  edifice.  Among  the  otlier  buildings  deserving 
of  notice.  ni.iy  lie  mentioned  the  Scovil  House,  a  hotel  of  the 
first  ela.«s.  frontiog  Centre  square;  Hotclikiss  Block,  an  ele- 
gant brick  row,  in  which  are  seven  fine  stores ;  and  several 
of  the  fjictory  buildings.  There  are  a  tianks,  the  AVaterbury 
Bank,  with  a  capital  of  over  half  a  million,  and  the  City  Bank, 
receiltly  e.>^taUished,  also  a  savings  institution,  and  2  build- 
ing a.s.«ociatioiis.  Great  attention  has  of  late  been  paid  to 
the  subject  of  education ;  and  by  a  vote  of  the  inhabitants, 
the  pubiic  schools  are  now  free.  A  commodious  brick  build- 
ing has  been  erected  for  a  high  school,  with  arrangements  to 
accommodate  over  200  pupils.  The  whole  number  of  pupils 
in  attendance  upon  the  various  schools  of  the  city,  is  about 
1100.  A  flourishing  institution,  called  the  Young  Men's 
Institute,  now  numbers  400  members,  and  is  p.rovided  with 
regular  courses  of  lectures,  and  a  library  of  600  volumes. 
There  are  also  si^veral  benevolent  and  other  societies  in  the 
place.  Two  newspa|iers  are  published  here,  one  of  which, 
the  Waterbury  American,  is  of  9  yeanj*  standing. 

Waterbury  has  long  been  distinguished  for  its  varied  and 
extensive  manufactures.  The  business  of  making  gilt  but- 
tons was  commenced  here  as  early  as  1802,  by  Abel  Porter, 
J)aniel  Clark,  and  others.  It  wa-s  not  carried  on  to  any  con- 
siderable extent,  however,  till  after  the  war  of  1812,  when 
the  proprietors,  having  procured  suitable  machinery  from 
England,  extended  their  operations — rolling  bra.=s  and  cop- 
per, and  making  copper  and  brass  wire,  not  only  for  their 
own  consumption  but  for  the  general  m.irket.  The  second 
rolling-mill  and  button  factory  was  erected  in  1824.  At 
that  time,  the  whole  amount  of  capital  employed  in  manu- 
factures in  the  town  was  less  than  $100,000.  There  are 
now  in  operation  7  rolling-mills,  each  emploving  a  capital 
of  from  $100,000  to  $300,000.  There  are  also"  alxiut  40 
joint-stock  as.-iociations  in  the  place,  8  of  which  have  each 
a  capital  of  over  $150,000,  the  others  from  $125,000  down  to 
$10,000,  making  in  the  aggregate  a  capital  of  $4,400,000. 
The  raw  copper  annually  used  in  the  mills  for  manufactur- 
ing rolled  copper  and  brass,  brass  and  copper  wire,  tubing, 
German  silver,  plate  bra=s,  &c..  is  estimated  at  2300  tons, 
and  a  third  of  that  amount  of  spelter.  The  number  of  per- 
sons employed  in  the  factories  is  estimated  at  3000.  A  va.«t 
amount  of  metal  is  worked  up  into  d.-jguerreotype  plaU-s, 
brass  butts,  gilt  and  brass  buttons,  brass  kettles,  hooks  and 
eyes,  pins,  umbrella  trimmlncs.  rinsrs.  ic.  The  pin  factory 
here  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  couutry.  There 
are^  also  manufactories  of  India-rubber  suspenders  and 
webbing,  Florentine  or  covered  buttons,  felt  cloth,  pocket- 
cutlery,  porcelain  ware,  cotton  gins,  machinery,  files,  cast- 
lugs,  ic.  The  business  prosjiefts  of  Waterbury  are  very 
promising.    Over  200  liouses  were  erected  in  1853.     Pop.  in 

10j1o4  "^  ^^^'  ^^'*'   '"   "^^^'■^'   ^'^^'   """*   '°   ^^^' 

Jl'^'il^P^^^'-  *  P"'*^^  °^  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

«A/'ihRI)0\NN,  a  post. village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of 
Ilalton.  ,  miles  N.  of  Hamilton. 

^!'^7x."^'''''  "  ^'''*"^  ^'^  '^o"*^  Carolina:  rising  in  the  W 
part  of  North  Carolina,  it  flows  first  eastward  .nnd  then 

rT'r:  •«"'"';;'■  'J"^  ^r'"."^  ^■••''''"■'«^'  ^-^i*  it  retail. 

umil  It  pa>ses  RfKky  Mount,  near  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Chester  district.  South  Carolina:  then  flowing  SE  and 
S,  It  passes  by  Camden,  and  unites  with  the  Congaree  at 
\  •^;''-- ""t'e'l'X.v  of  Richland  district.  The  river  formed 
Ik  called  the  Sairtee.  Steamtx^its  can  ascend  to  Camden 
more  than  200  miles  from  the  sea.  t^amden, 

20S0  I 


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■SVATEREE,  a  creek  of  Fairfield  district.  South  Caiollua, 
enters  the  Materee  Kiver  from  the  right,  near  the  S.  extn.*- 
mity  of  Lancaster  district. 

WATEREE.  a  post-village  of  Richland  district.  South  Ctir 
rolinn,  at  the  junction  of  the  South  Carolina  Railroad  with 
the  Columbia  Brancli  Ruilroiid,  9  miles  from  Kiiigsville. 

Waterfall,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Siallord.  It 
is  nearly  surrouudetl  by  the  river  Humps,  which  here  tlowD 
for  3  miles  underground. 

Wa/TERFOUD,  a  maritime  county  of  Ireland.  Munster, 
on  its  S.  coast,  having  E.  Waterford  Harbor,  sepamiting  it 
from  the  county  of  Wexford,  W.  the  county  of  Cork,  and  N. 
the  counties  of  Tipperary  and  Kilkenny,  from  both  ol 
which  it  is  separated  liy  the  Suir.  Area  721  square  miles,  or 
401.553  acres,  of  which  325,345  are  ai-able,  2o,u4!>  in  plan- 
tations, and  105.490  uncultivated,  i'op.  iu  1851,  164,051. 
The  KncK-kmeleUou  and  Cuinmcragh  Mouutnius  intei-sect 
the  county  from  \\.  to  E.,  rising  in  some  places  to  2000  feet 
above  the  sea;  and  most  part  of  the  surface  is  mountainous, 
though  there  is  much  undulating  and  fine  level  land  along 
the  Suir  in  the  N.  and  E.,  the  Blackwater  and  Bride  in  the 
W.,  aud  skirting  the  coast,  which  is  indented  by  Tvamoie, 
Dungarvon,  and  Youghal  llarlxirs.  This  is  the  principsil 
dairy  county  of  Ireland.  Tillage  is  increasing,  and  agricul- 
ture improving  on  the  larger  properties.  Bacon  and  Imtter 
are  the  principal  exports.  Lead,  iron,  and  copper,  are  met 
with,  but  few  if  any  mines  are  now  wrought.  Limestone 
and  marble  are  tlie  chief  mineral  products.  The  fisheries 
are  important.  Some  glass  wares  are  mauufacturtil,  and  in 
1847,  1223  persons  were  employed  in  cotton,  and  135  in  silk 
factories.  Waterford,  Lismore,  Uungarvon,  Portlaw,  Tal- 
low, and  Cappoquin.  are  the  principal  towns.  The  county 
sends  2  meuiliers  to  the  House  ofConimous. 

WATERFORD,  a  city  aud  county,  parliamentary  borough, 
and  seaport  of  Ireland,  capital  of  a  county,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Suir.  which  forms  its  harbor,  and  is  lined  by  a  fine 
quay  about  1  mile  in  length,  and  cro.sscd  by  a  wooden  bridge 
of  39  arches,  connecting  it  with  its  suburb  Ferrybank,  9 
miles  from  the  sea,  29  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kilkenny,  and  85  miles 
S.&.W.  of  Dulilin.  Pop.  of  the  city,  in  1S61,  23,220.  It  hag 
some  handsome  but  many  miserable  streets;  its  quay  and 
harbor  are  the  finest  iu  Ireland.  The  principal  editices  are 
the  Cathedral,  Bishop's  Palace,  Ueauery  House,  several 
parish  churches,  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  5  other 
churches,  and  College  of  St.  John ;  many  uis.-enting  chapels, 
the  Town-Hall,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  County  and  City 
Prisons,  and  Court-Houses;  Artillery  Barracks,  Custom- 
House,  St.  Reginald's  Tower  on  the  quay,  an  ancient  for- 
tress, now  a  police  barrack ;  the  Blueioat  f-diools.  several 
hospitals,  the  District  Lunatic  Asylum.  Glynn's  I'oor-House. 
and  the  Savings  Bank.  Here  are  several  remains  of  ancient 
fortifications  and  monasteries;  also  various  endowed  schools, 
one  with  an  income  of  1300i.  a  year;  among  the  public 
establishments,  are  a  house  of  industry,  mendicity  institu- 
tion, several  orphan  societies;  the  Waterford  Institution, 
with  a  library  and  museum ;  literary,  scientific,  agricul- 
tural, and  liorticultuial  scK'ielies.  Waterford  is  the  entre- 
pot for  a  large  extent  of  country,  the  exports  of  which  are 
valued  at  2  millions  sterling  annually,  chiefly  consisting 
of  dairy  produce,  bacon,  live  stock,  agricultural  produce, 
salmon,  and  cotton  goods.  Vessels  of  800  tons  can  load  and 
unload  at  the  quay.  In  1851  there  entered  1052  sailing 
vessels,  tonnage  110.556;  and  cleared.  787  ve.-^.«els,  tonnage 
80.2:^2.  The  same  year  there  entered  240  steamers,  tonnage 
59.775;  and  cleared,  252,  tonnage  68,818.  Registered  ship- 
ping in  1847,  "ilM  vessels;  aggregate  burden,  27.386  tons. 
Steamers  afford  the  city  continual  communication  with 
Dublin,  Liverpool,  and  Bristol.  Waterford  has  a'yai-d  for 
ship-building,  and  some  manufactures  of  glass,  starch,  and 
blue,  with  distilleries  and  breweries.  The  city  sends  2 
members  to  the  llou.eo  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  title  of 
Marquis  to  the  head  of  the  Beresford  family,  w  hose  magni- 
ficent seat,  Curraghmore,  is  in  the  vicinity,  the  demesne 
comprising  4000  acres,  traversed  by  the  Clyde,  and  finely 
wooded. 

Waterford,  a  post-township  in  Oxford  CO.,  Maine,  54 
miles  W.  by  .S.  of  Augusta.  Cixioked  River  flows  tluough 
its  N.E.  border.     Pop.  1407. 

AV.\TERF0RD,  a  post-township  in  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont, 
bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  Connecticut  Kiver,  and  intersected 
by  the  Connecticut  and  I'assixmsic  Rivers  Railroad,  45 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1171. 

WATERFORD.  a  post-village  and  township  in  New  Ixin- 
don  conuty.  Connecticut  near  the  coast,  and  on  the  New 
Haven  and  New  Ixjndon  lUiiiroad,  3  miles  S.W.  of  New 
London.     Pop.  2555. 

WATERFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Saratoga 
county,  New  York,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Huci- 
son  liiver.  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk,  and  10 
miles  above  Ali«ny.  A  bridge  across  the  Hudson  connects 
it  with  Ijinsingburg.  The  river  is  navigable  by  mean''  of 
IcK-kage  to  this  point.  The  Albany  Northern  Railroad  and 
the  Cliamplain  Canal  pass  through  it.  Waterford  contaiu.s 
several  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  a  newspaper  office, 
numerous  stores,  several  flouring-miils,  and  a  variety  ol 


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manufactures,  including  cotton  goods,  machinery,  and  other 
articles.  Pop.  of  the  township,  3260;  of  the  village,  about 
2000. 

WATERFORD,  a  township  of  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  195.5. 

WATERFORD,  a  flonrishing  jyost-borongh  and  township 
of  Erie  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  Philadelpliia  and  Erie 
R.R.,  and  on  Le  Boeuf  Creek,  15  miles  i«.S.H.  of  Erie.  It 
is  surrounded  by  a  fine  grazing  country,  and  has  considera- 
ble trade  in  lumber  and  the  products  of  the  dairy.  The 
creek  furnishes  water-power  for  several  mills.  A  plank- 
road  connects  the  town  with  Erie  and  Meadville.  Pod.  of 
the  borough  in  1850,  498;  of  the  township,  in  1860.1926. 

WATKRFORD.  a  posi^village  in  .luni.itft  co.,  Pennsylvar 
nia.  on  Tuscarnra  Creek,  00  miles  W.  of  Hiirrigburg. 

WATKRFijKD.  a  village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, 55  miles  E.  by  8.  of  Pittsburg. 

WATERFORD,  a  thriving  past-village  of  Loudon  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  Kittoctan  Creek,  156  miles  N.  of  Richmond,  con- 
tains 2  churches  and  several  mills.    Free  pop.  429. 

W.\TERFORD,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi, 
near  the  route  of  the  Central  Railroad,  and  9  miles  S.  of 
Holly  .Springs. 

WATKRFORD.  a  post-village  in  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee,  121 
miles  W.  by  3.  of  Nashville. 

WATKRb'ORD,  a  post-ofBce  of  Spencer  co.,  Kentucky. 

WATKRFORD,  a  village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  branch 
Of  Vernon  River,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Mount  Vernon.  It  has 
2  mills  and  1  church. 

WATERFORD,  a  post-township,  forming  the  N.N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Mus- 
kingum River.     Pop.  2019. 

WATERFORD,  a  village  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Pawpaw  River,  10  miles  E.  of  Lake  Michigan. 

WATERF()RD,  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of  Oak- 
land CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1289. 

WATERFORD,  a  thriving  village  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Elkhart  River,  2^  miles  8.  of  Goshen.  The  water- 
power  of  the  river  is  used  in  a  flouring-mill,  saw-mill,  and 
cardini  machine. 

WATERFORD,  a  postK)fflre  of  La  Porte  co.,  Indiana,  6 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Michigan  City. 

WATERFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fulton  co., 
Illinois,  on  Spoon  River,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 
Pop.  453. 

WATERFORD.  a  thriving  post  village  of  Racine  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Pishtaka  or  Fox  River,  25  miles  S.W.  of 
Milwaukee,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  It 
has  valuable  water-power,  and  contains  3  flouring-mills,  3 
saw-mills,  a  woollen  factory,  6 stores,  1  paper-mill, 3  churches, 
and  3  hotels.     Pop.  780. 

WATKRFORD,  wa/ter-fprd.  a  post-village  of  Canada  We.st, 
CO.  of  Norfolk,  40  miles  S.'W.  of  Hamilton.     Pop.  about  500. 

WATERFORD,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Cum- 
berland, at  the  head  of  I'ugwash  Bay,  80  miles  N.  of  Halifax. 

WATERFORD  CEN'TRE,  a  post-office  of  Oakland  co., 
Michigan. 

WATKRFORD  MILLS,  post-office  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana. 

WAT^RFORDVILLE,  a  village  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  5  miles  fi.  of  Camden,  on  Waterford  Creek,  contains  a 
glass  factory. 

WATERFORD  WORKS,  a  post-office  of  Camden  co..  New 
Jersey. 

WA'TERGRASS^  HILL,  a  market-town  of  Ireland,  Mun- 
Bter,  CO.  and  10  miles  N.E.  of  Cork.     Pop.  in  1861,  651. 

WATERINGBURY,  w,i'ter-iug-berV.  a  parish  and  formerly 
a  market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Kent,  with  a  station  on 
the  South-Eastern  Railway,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  Maidstone. 
It  is  surrounded  by  hop  and  fruit  plantations,  and  its 
vicinitv  has  been  styled  "  the  garden  of  Kent." 

WATERINGEN,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  South 
Holland.  12  miles  N.W.  of  Rotterdam.    Pop.  1260. 

AVATERLAND,  wd/ter-ldnt',  a  district  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  North  Holland,  between  Amsterdam  and 
Alkmaar,  which  sulfered  a  destructive  inundation  in  1825. 

W.Vi'ERLAND,  a  group  of  islets  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  the  Solomon  Archipelago  and  Australia. 

WATERLOO,  wAHer-loo',  (Dutch  pron.  «d'ter-I(V,)  a  vil- 
lage of  Itelgium,  province  of  South  Brabant.  9  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Brussels,  famous  for  the  victory  of  the  allied  armies, 
commanded  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  over  the  French 
commanded  by  Napoleou,  June  18,  1815.  On  the  field  of 
battle,  an  artificial  mound,  425  feet  in  diameter  at  its  base, 
and  about  150  feet  liigh,  and  surmounted  by  a  colossal  Belgic 
lion  of  cast-iron,  has  been  raised,  from  which  the  be.st  view 
of  the  scene  of  the  action  is  obtained.  On  either  side  of  the 
road  to  Genappe,  and  not  far  from  the  mound. referred  to.  two 
other  monuments  have  been  erecte<l— one  a  pillar  to  the 
memory  of  Colonel  Gordon,  and  the  other  an  obelisk  in 
honor  of  the  Hanoverian  officers  of  the  German  legion,  who 
fell  on  tiie  spot.     Pop.  2756. 

WA'TERLOO/,(wd'tei^loo/,)  a  post-village  of  Waterloo  town- 

nhip.  and  semi-capital  of  Seneca  co..  New  York,  is  pleasantly 

situated  on  both  sides  of  the  outlet  of  Seneca  Luke,  and  on 

the  Auburn  and  Canaudai.'ua  Branch  of  the  Central  Rail- 

6F 


road,  20  miles  W.  of  Auburn.  It  contains  a  beautiful  court 
house,  an  academy,  1  Catholic  and  5  Protestant  churches,  a 
bank,  2  public  halls,  1  newspaper  office,  about  30  stores,  9 
hotels,  3  foundries  with  machine-shops,  2  flouring  and  grist- 
mills, 1  large  manufactory  of  shawls  and  woollen  goods.  1 
of  morocco,  1  of  corn-shellers,  and  a  dry  dock  and  boat-yard 
The  outlet  Au'nishes  water-power,  and  is  used  as  part  of  th< 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal.  Incorporated  in  1824.  Pop.  about 
3500;  of  the  township  in  1860,  4.594. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey. 

WATERLOO,  a  village  of  Franklin  co..  Pennsylvania,  58 
miles  S.W.  of  Harrisburg,  has  about  1.50  inhabitants. 

WATERLOO,  «  post-village  of  Juniata  co.,  I'enn.sylvania, 
69  miles  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

WATERLOO,  a  small  villageof  A'enangoco.,  Pennsyhania. 

WATERIjOO,  a  post-village  of  Fauquier  co.,  Viririnia,  on 
the  Rappahannock  River,  6.3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Washington. 
It  contains  2  stores  and  1  mill. 

WATERLOO,  a  small  village.  Guilford  io.,  Nortli  Carolina. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-village  in  Granville  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina. 50  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

WATERLOO,  a  post  village  in  Laurens  district,  Soutli 
Carolina.  65  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Columbia. 

WATERLOO,  a  post^villa:.'e  of  Laudenbile  CO..  Alabamn, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Tennessee  River,  26  miles  W.  of  Flo- 
rence. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-village  in  Pointe  CoupCe  parish.  Loui- 
siana, on  the  W.  bank  of  Mississippi  River,  20  miles  N.W.  by 
W.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  eo.,  Kentucky. 

WATERLOO,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Athens  co., 
Ohio.     Pop.  1483. 

WATERLOO,  a  vill^e  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  Canal,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

W.\TERLOO.  a  villaie  of  Fayette  CO.,  Ohio,  on  Deer  Creek, 
100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Ohio. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1461. 

W.\TERLOO,  a  post-village  and  town,"hip  of  Fayette  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  W.  fork  of  Whitewater  River,  7  miles  N.E. 
of  Connersville.     Pop.  651. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  co.,  Illinois, 
about  22  miles  S.  of  St.  Louis.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
and  a  newspaper  office.    Pop.  1435. 

WATERI>00,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clark  CO.,  Mis.sonri, 
about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Alexandria. 

WATERLOO,  the  capital  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Cedar  River,  93  miles  by  rail  W.  of  Dubuque.    See  Appendix. 

WATERLOO,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 

WATERLOO,  a  i)ost-village  and  township  of  Jefferson  co., 
Wisconsin,  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Madison,  contains  1  church, 
2  hotels,  4  stores,  1  manufactory  of  pumps,  1  of  fannmg- 
mills,  and  1  of  plows.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1566. 

WATERLOO,  a  small  village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin. 

Wa'TERLOO/,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated  in  the 
W.  central  part  of  the  province.  Area  513  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Grand  River.  Pop.  26,537.  Capital, 
Bedin. 

WATERLOO,  a  post^village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Water- 
loo, 2  miles  W.  of  Berlin. 

WATERLOO,  a  village  and  township  of  Canada  East, 
district  of  Montreal,  about  60  miles  from  the  city  of  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  2500. 

WATERLOO  or  FORT  ERIE,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Canada  AVest,  co.  of  Welland,  situated  on  the  Niagara  River, 
and  on  the  Buffalo  Brentford  and  Goderich  Railroad.  3  miles 
N.W.  of  Buffalo.  A  wharf  2000  feet  lonsr,  and  a  fine  brick 
depot,  have  been  constructed  here  for  the  accommodalii-Ti 
of  the  business  on  the  Railroad. 

WATERLOO,  a  village  situated  in  the  township  of  Kings- 
ton, Canada  West,  2  miles  from  the  city  of  Kingston.  Pop. 
about  250. 

WATERLOO,  a  town  or  township  of  West  .\ustralia.  co. 
of  Wellimiton,  on  Collier  River,  S.E.  of  .\nstral)nd. 

WATERLOO  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Watermelon,  a  post-office  of  Tatnall  CO.,  Georffia. 

WA'TER-.MIiyLOCK.  a  chapelry  of  England,  cx).  of  Cum-  , 
berland,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Penrith.   The  scenery  is  very  pictu- 
resque, and  here  is  the  cataract  of  Airv-Force. 

WaTER-CVRRTON  or  OR'TON,  a  "chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Warwick,  on  the  West  Midland  Railway,  7  miles  N.E, 
of  Birmingham. 

Wa/TERPERRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WAT'ERPORT,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co..  New  York. 

Wa/TERPROOF,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Tensas  pa- 
rish, Louisiana,  on  the  right  or  '\V.  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  17  miles  S.  of  St.  Joseph.     It  has  a  good  landing. 

WATERSA,  an  island  of  the  Hebrides.     See  Vateksa. 

Waterside,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  ULster,  co.  of 
Londonderry,  on  the  Foyle.  opposite  Londonderry,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge.     Pop.  600. 

WaTBRSTOCK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
WATER  STREET,  a  village  of  Morris  to..  New  Jersey, 

2081 


WAT 


WAT 


on  IJie  Whlppany  Ilivep,  about  45  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tren- 
ton. 

WATER  STREET,  a  post-village  of  IluntingUon  co.,  Penn- 
fijlvauia,  ou  the  Juaiata  Rivex,  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Harris- 
burg 

W.aTERTOWN,  a  post-township  in  Middle-sex  co.,  Massa- 
chusett'!,  intersected  by  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  8  miles  W. 
by  -V.  of  Boston.  Charles  River,  which  washes  its  southern 
bordei ,  affords  water-power,  and  is  navigable  for  ve.ssel8  of 
ei.\  feet  draught.  Watertowu  contains  various  manufacto- 
ries, a  United  States  arsenal,  and  Mr.  Cushiug's  beautiful 
gjirden.  »mprisiug  60  acres.  The  arsenal  is  situated  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  river,  near  the  village,  and  covers  40  acres  of 
ground.  The  village  is  very  pleivsant,  and  connected  with 
the  FiU-hburg  Railroad  at  West  Cambridge  by  the  Watertown 
Branch  Railroad.     I'op.  in  1840,  1810 ;  in  1860,  3270. 

WATEUTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Litchfield 
CO..  Connecticut,  on  the  Naiigatuck  River  and  liailroad.  30 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Hartford.  The  manufactures  of  silk  thread, 
umbrella  trimmings,  sewing  machines,  hooks  and  eyes,  <tc.. 
arc  carried  on  to  some  extent.     Pop.  15S7. 

W.\TERTOWX.  a  flourishing  post-borough,  capit-al  of  Jef- 
ferson county.  New  York,  is  situated  in  Watertown  town- 
ship, on  the  left  or  S.  bank  of  Black  River,  and  on  the  Rome 
and  \Vatflrt«wn  Railroad,  about  160  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany, 
and  86  miles  by  railroad  N.N.W.  of  Utica.  The  railroad 
above  named,  extends  northward  to  Ogdensbnrg  and  Pots- 
dam, and  southward  to  the  Central  Railroad.  The  town 
contains  a  brick  court-house  and  jail,  a  state  arsenal,  7  banks, 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $650,000,  9  churches.  3  public 
schools  and  an  orphan  asylum.  One  daily  and  5  weekly 
newspapers  are  published  here.  The  river,  which  is  here  60 
yards  wide,  is  crossed  by  a  wire  bridge  and  other  bridges. 
There  is  a  fall  of  about  24  feet  opposite  the  town,  and  rapids 
for  3  or  4  miles  below,  from  which  almost  unlimited  water- 
power  may  be  derived  with  facility.  The  manufactories  of 
this  place  are  various  and  extensive,  producing  woollen 
goods,  paper,  flour,  machinery,  iron-ware,  farming  imple- 
ments, leather,  lumber,  and  other  articles.  Laid  out  in  1805. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840, 5027 ;  in  1850, 7201 ;  in  18tiO,  7562. 

WATERTOWN,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Wash- 
ington CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1406. 

WATERTOWN,  a  township  of  Clinton  co,  Michigan. 
Pop.  808. 

W.\TERTOWN,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Jeffer- 
son CO.,  Wisconsin.     I'op.  1734. 

W.VrERTOWX,  a  city  of  Wisconsin,  on  the  line  between 
Dodge  and  Jefferson  counties,  on  Rook  River,  and  on  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  40  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Wailison.  It  is  finely  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  at 
the  Great  Bend,  where  its  course  is  changed  from  N.W.  to 
neiirly  due  S.  The  rapids  above  the  town  luive  a  fall  of  24 
feet,  from  which  abundant  water-power  may  be  derived. 
Watertown  is  the  largest  place  in  the  connty.    It  contains 

11  churches,  3  newspaper  offices.  2  bjiuks,  2  select  schools, 

12  dry-goodi  stores,  about  20  other  stores,  and  a  variety  of 
manufiictories,  among  which  are  3  flouring-mills,  4  saw- 
mills, 1  iron  foundry  witli  a  machine-shop,  1  pottery,  1 
woullen  factory,  4  manufactories  of  fiirming  implements.  6 
of  wagons,  and  6  of  cabinet-ware.  A  branch  of  the  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railroad  intersects  here  the  above 
named  R.R.  Settled  in  1836.  Poii.  in  1850, 1451 ;  in  1860, 
6302.    The  post-office  is  in  Jefferson  county.  * 

W.\TER\  ALE.  a  post-village  of  Onondaga  co.,  New  York, 
about  13  miles  S.E.  of  Syracuse. 

WATER  VALLEY,  a  postoffice  of  Erie  co..  New  Y'ork. 

WATER  VALLEY,  a  postroffice  of  Yallobusha  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

WATER  VILLAGE,  a.  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  48  miles  X.E.  of  Concord. 

WaTEKVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township 
of  Kennebec  co.,  Elaine,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kennebec 
River,  at  the  Ticonic  Falls,  (18  feet  in  height,)  and  on  the 
Maine  Central  Railruaxl,  where  it  is  crossed  by  tlie  Kennebec 
and  Purtliiud  R.R.,  18  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta,  and  78 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Portland.  The  township  contjiins  two  vil- 
higss,  viz.  Waterville  (called  also  Ticonic).  and  West  Watkr- 
viiXE,  which  see.  The  water-power  afforded  by  the  Ticonic 
Falls  and  others  in  the  vicinity  is  very  great,  and  might 
Ciisily  be  made  available  to  almost  any  extent.  There  are 
here  in  operation  numerous  mills  for  grinding  grain  and 
pliuster,  sawing  lumber,  carding,  &c.  There  are  also  various 
manufactories,  chiefly  of  edge-tools,  railroad  cars,  shirts, 
miicliinery,  castings,  and  fanning  implements.  An  import- 
ant trade  is  carried  on  with  the  surrounding  couuntry  and 
tlirough  the  Kennebec  Uiver,  which,  by  means  of  a  dam 
and  locks  at  Augusta,  is  navigable  to  the  foot  of  the  falls 
opposite.  The  village  of  Ticonic  contains  4  churches,  3 
banks,  1  newspaper  office,  and  about  35  stores.  It  is  the  seat 
of  Waterville  College,  a  flourishing  institution,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Baptists.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840, 
2971 ;  in  1850, 3',t6o;  in  1^60,431*0.  '  ' 

WATERVILLE,  a  township  of  Grafton  co.  New  HamD- 
•hire,  54  miles  N.  of  Concord.     Pop.  48. 

^^  ATERVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lamoille 
2082 


CO..  Vermont,  abont  40  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Montpelier.  The 
village  contains  1  church.  1  academy,  2  taverns,  2  stores,  and 
a  number  of  shops.    Pop.  of  the  townsiiip,  747. 

WATERVILLE,  a  thriving  po-'t-village  of  New  Haven  co, 
Connecticut,  on  the  Naugatuck  Kivcr  and  Railroad,  28  miles 
N.N.W.  of  New  Haven.  It  is  chiefly  noted  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  pocket  cutlerj'. 

WATERVILLE.  a  post-village  in  Sangerfield  township 
Oneida  co..  New  York,  on  a  branch  of  Oriskany  Creek,  4? 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Syracuse.  It  contains  5  cl  nrcncs,  1  news- 
paper office,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  manufactories  of  flour, 
machinery,  and  other  articles. 

AVATEKA'ILLE,  a  village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Ridley  Creek,  about  4  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Media. 

W.\TEIiVILLE,  a  post-ofiice  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania. 

WATERVILLE,  a  postrtownship  in  the  S.W,  part  of 
Lucas  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1320. 

W.4.TKRVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Maumee  River,  and  on  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal.  14  miles  above  Toledo. 

WATERVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  CO.,  Wiscon 
sin.  18  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee. 

WATERVLIET.  wd*tfr-vleet/.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  on  the  frontiers  of  Holland,  16  miles 
N,  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1831. 

WATERVLIET,  wAHer-vleef,  a  township  forming  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  Alba,-7  co..  New  York,  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Hudson  River,  opposite  froy.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Erie  Canal,  and  by  three  railroads  which  terminate  at  Al- 
bany or  Troy.     Pop.  6229. 

WATER  V  LIE T,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co..  Michigan. 

WATERVLIET  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Watervliet 
township,  Albany  co..  New  Y'ork. 

WaT'FORD,  a  market- town  and  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Herts,  on  the  ancient  Watling  Street,  close  to  a  ford  over 
the  Colne.  (whence  its  name.)  and  with  a  station  on  the  North- 
western Railway,  15  miles  N.W.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the  town, 
in  1851,  3800.  The  town  has  a  spacious  church,  several 
chapels,  free  schools,  almshouses,  and  other  charities.  The 
manufacturesof  straw-plait  and  malting  are  important:  and 
the  town  is  a  large  mart  for  corn  and  live  stock.  The  Grand 
Junction  Canal  runs  on  its  W.  side,  and  the  railway  here 
passes  throuirh  a  tunnel  upwards  of  1  mUe  in  length. 

W.\TF0RD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 
In  the  vicinity  are  strong  chalybeate  springs.  5  miles  N.N. 
E.  of  Daventry .  It  is  intersected  by  the  London  and  North- 
Western  Railway. 

WATH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North  Riding. 

WaTH  on  DEARNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding,  on  tlie  railway,  Oj-  miles  N.  of  Rotberham. 

WATKIN.S,  New  York,     i^ee  Jkfkkrson.   See  Appendix. 

WaT'KINSVILLE.  a  village  of  Goochland  CO.,  Virginia, 
36  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

WaTKINSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clarke  co., 
Georgia.  64  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Milledgeville.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  2  churches.  2  schools,  and  2  stores.  Pop.  8i3. 

WATKINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  9 
miles  from  M.-irvsville. 

WaT'LING-STREET,  a  famous  Roman  highway  extend- 
ing .Hcross  South  Britain,  in  a  direction  from  S.E.  to  N.W. 
Commencing  at  Dover,  it  extends  past  Canterbury,  Roches- 
ter, and  Dartford.  to  the  city  of  London,  a  street  in  which  it 
retains  the  name:  thence  it  proceeds  through  the  counties 
of  Middlesex.  Herts.  Bucks.  Northampton,  Warwick,  Staf 
ford,  to  Chester,  and  W.  through  North  Wales  to  Caer-Seiont, 
in  Carnarvonshire.  From  Wroxeter,  a  branch  proceeds  N. 
to  Manchester,  Lancaster.  Kendal,  and  Cockerniouth,  and 
thence  into  Scothmd.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  named 
in  honor  of  Vitellius,  the  Via  (or  SIrata)  VitdUna.  of  which 
the  mo<lern  name  is  a  Saxon  corruption.  It  is  in  some  parts 
still  an  importint  highway. 

WaT/LI.\G  S  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Bahamas.  British  West 
Indies,  50  miles  E,S.E.  of  San  Salvador,  lat-  23"  56'  7"  N., 
Ion.  74-  28'  W.  Length  18  miles.  Soil  fertile:  a  lake  occu- 
pies its  centre.  It  contests  with  San  Salvador  the  distinc- 
tion of  liaving  been  the  first  land  in  the  New  World  seen 
by  Columbus. 

WaT'LINGTON.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Oxford,  between  two  roads  from  Oxford  to  London, 
and  near  the  Roman  Ikenild  Street.  6  miles  S.  of  Tetsworth. 
Pop.  in  1851, 1884.  The  town  has  in  its  centre  a  curious 
market  cross. 

WATLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WaT/ONW.W  RIVER  has  its  source  in  a  small  lake  in 
the  Southern  part  of  Minnesota,  and  niniiing  first  N.K, 
and  then  easterly,  empties  itself  into  Blue  1-Jirth  River, 
near  44°  N,  lat.,  and  94°  12'  W.  Ion.  Length  estimated  at 
80  miles. 

WATOU,  viHoo'.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  West 
Flanders.  35  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2975. 

WaT'SON,  a  post-township  in  the  K.  part  of  Lewis  co , 
New  York.    Pop.  1028. 

WATSON,  a  township  of  Lycoming  oo,  Penub-vlvauia. 
Pop.  290. 


WAT 


WAV 


WATSON,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  902. 

WATSON,  a  post-"ffice  of  Marshall  co.,  Mississippi. 

AVATSON'S  BRIDGE,  a  po.st-office  of  Moore  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WATSON'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio. 

WATSONTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Northumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  18 
miles  above  Suubury. 

WATSONVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Santa  Cruz,  co.  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

W.\TTEN,  vStH3N«',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  on  the  Aa,  and  on  a  railway,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  St. 
Diner.     Pop.  1106. 

WaT'CEX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Caithne.ss,  9  miles 
N.W.  of  Wick.  In  it  are  Toftingall  and  Watten  Lochs,  and 
many  Scandinavian  antiquities. 

WATTENHEIM,  «dt'ten-h!me\  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Pa- 
latinate, 9  miles  S.S.E.  of  GrUnstadt.     Pop.  1215. 

WATTENSCHEIDT  or  WATTENSCHEID.  Wdt/ten-.shTte\ 
a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  fl  miles  W.N.W.  of  Arns- 
berg.     Pop.  1150. 

WATTENWEIL,  fi-at/ten-f^IleS  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bern.    Pop.  1916. 

WATTESFIELD,  wots/feeld,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
SuGfolk. 

WATTISHAM,  wSftis-am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Suffolk. 

WATTIGNIES,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
3  miles  S.W.  of  Lille.  Pop.  2183.  The  French  vanquished 
the  Austrians  here  in  1793. 

WaT'TON,  a  marketrtown  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk,  on  the  border  of  the  open  tract  of  Filand.  21  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Norwich.  Pop.  in  1851,  1353.  Near  it  is  Wayland 
(or  Wailing)  Forest,  the  reputed  scene  of  the  tragic  ballad 
of  the  '•  Babes  in  the  Wood." 

WATTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding, 
5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Great  Driffield.  It  has  spacious  aud  im- 
po.^ing  remains  of  an  abbey  and  adjoining  nunnery,  founded 
in  1148,  rebuilt  in  the  Tudor  era,  and  still  in  part  habitable. 

WATTON-AT-STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

^^■ATTRELOS,  vdtH'rlo'.  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Lille.  Pop.  in  1852, 9132.  It  has  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  cotton  aud  oil-mills. 

WATTS,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WaTTS/BOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co.,  Virgi- 
nia, 97  iniles  S.W.  of  Fdchmond. 

WaTTS'BURG,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Erie  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  French  Creek,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Erie.  It  has 
several  saw-mills  and  grist-mills.  A  plank-road  connects  it 
with  Erie.     Pop.  329. 

WATTS  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WaTTS'VILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Carroll  co..  Ohio. 

WATTWILLER,  vJOveer  laiR',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ilautrllhin,  24  miles  N.E.  of  Belfort.     Pop.  1854. 

WATTWYL,  ftatfftil,  a  village  and  pari.*  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  17  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Gall,  on  the  Thnr.  Pop.  of 
puvi.<h,  4541.  employed  in  manufactures  of  muslins  and  calico. 

WAU'BESEPIN'ICON  or  WaP'SEI'IN'ECON,  a  village  of 
Scott  CO.,  Iowa,  on  Wapsipinicon  River,  60  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Iowa  City. 

WAUCON'DA,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois. 

WAUCOUSTA,  w^-koos'ta,  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     It  has  2  mills  and  30  houses. 

WAUHATCH'EE,  a  post-village  of  Dade  co.,  Georgia,  240 
miles  N.W.  of  MilledgevlUe. 

WADKAU',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winnebago  CO., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  outlet  of  Rush  Lake,  about  60  miles  N.E. 
of  Madison.  The  village  contains  3  hotels,  7  stores,  and  5 
mills.    Pop.  about  500. 

WAUHOO',  a  postroffice  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana. 

WAUKEE'NAH,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Florida. 

WAUKE-'GAN,  formerly  LITfTLEFORT,  a  flourishing 
post-town,  capital  of  Lake  county,  Illinois,  on  the  W.  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Rail- 
road, 35  miles  N.  by  AV.  of  Chicago  and  50  miles  S.  of  Mil- 
waukee. The  lake  is  about  80  miles  wide  opposite  this  place. 
The  principal  part  of  the  town  is  built  on  a  bluff  which 
rises  rather  abruptly  to  the  height  of  50  feet,  from  which 
extensive- views  of  water  scenery  may  be  obtained.  Between 
the  bluff  and  the  shore  there  is"  a  flat  tract  of  ground  about 
400  yards  wide,  which  is  occupied  by  gardens,  dwellings, 
and  warehouses.  Waukegan  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and 
is  rapidly  increasing  in  extent  and  business.  Steamboats 
make  frequent  and  regular  passages  from  this  town  to  Chi- 
cago, and  other  ports  on  the  lake.  Grain,  wool,  and  butter 
are  the  principal  articles  of  export.  The  value  of  the  annual 
exports  and  imports  is  estimated  at  about  3*00,000.  It  con- 
tains 1  bank,  7  churches,  1  academy,  3  book-stores.  30  dry- 
goods  stores,  1  newspaper  office,  2  steam  flouring-mills.  and 
1  woollen-factory.     Pop.  in  1850,  2949  ;  in  I860.. 3433. 

WAUKESHA,  wd'keh-sha',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Wisconsin,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Pishtaka  or  Fox  River,  and  by  the  Bark  River,  both  of  which 
else  within  its  borders ;  .and  it  is  interspersed  with  numerous 


small  lakes,  none  of  which  exceed  4  miles  in  length.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous  and  highly  pvc-. 
ductive.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  consists  of  prairinH 
and  oak  openings.  By  the  census  of  1850,  this  county  prc- 
duced  52,369  bushels  of  barley — the  greatest  quantity  raised 
in  any  county  in  the  United  States.  The  rock  which  ia 
found  near  the  surface  is  the  blue  limestone,  an  excellent 
building  material.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Milwau- 
kee and  Prairie  du  Chien  and  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
Railroads,  and  hy  numerous  plank-roads.  Capital,  AAanke- 
sha.    Pop.  26,831. 

WAUKESHA,  formeriy  PRAimiEVILLE,  a  flourishing 
post>village  and  township,  capital  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wiscim- 
sin,  on  the  Pi.shtaka  or  Fox  River,  and  o;i  the  Milwaukee 
and  Pridrie  du  Chion  Railroad,  18  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee,  a'ld 
60  miles  E.  of  Madison.  Plank-roads  have  been  laid  in 
several  directions  from  the  village.  These  facilities  for  trade, 
together  with  the  water-power  of  the  river,  and  the  fertility 
of  the  adjacent  land,  render  this  a  place  of  active  business. 
It  is  situated  at  the  extremity  of  a  beautiful  prairie.  The 
Court-house  and  .Tail  are  built  of  Waukesha  limestone,  a 
superior  article,  quarried  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  There 
are  6  churches,  1  or  2  banks,  1  or  2  newspaper  offices,  and 
an  institution  styled  Carroll  College,  incorporated  in  1846. 
The  village  contains  8  dry-goods  stores,  above  12  other  stores, 
an  iron  foundry,  a  machine  shop  and  car  factory,  4  hotels, 
a  fiouring-mill,  a  carding-mill,  and  4  saddle;  and  harness 
shops.  Incorporated  in  1852.  Pop.  of  the  village,  2073;  of 
the  township.  1455. 

WAUPAC'CA,  a  small  river  of  Wisconsin,  flows  into 
Wolf  River  in  Waupacca  county. 

WAUP.^CC.A,,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, contains  720  squans  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Waupacca, 
Wolf,  and  Embarras  Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and 
partly  occupied  with  forests.  Orgitnized  in  1861.  Capital, 
Waupacca.     Pop.  in  1800,  8851. 

WAUPACCA,  capital  of  Waupacca  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
about  1500.    See  Appendix. 

W.^U'PUN,  a  thriving  post-village  on  the  line  between 
Fond  du  Lac  aud  Dodge  counties,  Wisconsin,  and  <>a  a  branch 
of  the  Milwaukee  and  Lii  Crosse  R.R.,  68  miles  N.W.  of  Mil- 
waukee. It  contiiins  6' churches,  1  bank.  1  newspaper  office, 
the  State  prison,  20  stores,  and  a  manufactory  of  fai-ming 
implements.     Pop.  in  1860,  1658. 

WAUREKAURI,  waw-re-kaw'ree,  the  largest  of  the  Chat- 
ham Lslands,  Pacific  Ocean,  E.  of  New  Zealand.  * 

WAU/SAU  or  WaS'SAU,  formerly  BIG  BULL  FALLS,  a 
post-village,  capital  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wis- 
consin River,  175  miles  N.  of  Mafiison.  Large  quantities 
of  lumber  are  procured  here  annually,  and  sent  down  the 
river  by  rafts.  It  contains  5  stores,  4  fiour-mills,  and  9  saw- 
mills. It  has  a  migratory  population,  which  the  census  of 
1800  states  at  543. 

WAUSH.AR'A,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Wisconsin, 
contains  about  050  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Nee- 
nah,  While  and  Pine  Rivers.  Organized  in  1852.  Capital, 
Wautoma.     Pop.  8770. 

W.AUSHARA,  a  township  of  Waushara  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Neenah  River. 

WAUSII.\RA,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  43 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Madison,  contains  2  churches,  3  hotels,  6 
stores  and  2  mills.     See  Fox  L.\ke. 

WAUTHIEU-BK  AINE,  vo'te-A'brJn,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Brabant,  on  the  Haiue,  12  miles  S.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  121'.t. 

W  AUTO'MA,  capital  of  Waushara  county,  Wisconsin.  See 
Appendix. 

WAUHVATO'SA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Milwau- 
kee CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi  Rail- 
road, 5  miles  W.  of  Milwaulcee.  The  village  contains  3 
chiu'ches,  2  hotels,  1  flour  and  1  saw-mill,  and  4  stores.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  3415. 

WAA'E'LAND,  a  pleasant  post^village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Indiana,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Crawfordsville.  Pop. 
about  300. 

W.W'ENDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WA'VENEY,  a  river  of  England,  rises  near  the  source  of 
the  Little  Ouse,  with  which  it  forms  nearly  the  whole 
boundary  between  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  flows  E.  and  N.E., 
past  Diss,  Harloston.  Bungay,  and  Beccles.  and  joins  the 
expansion  of  the  Yare.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Yarmouth,  after  l 
course  of  50  miles.  It  is  navigable  in  the  latter  half  of  ita 
course  to  Bungay,  and  by  a  short  cut  it  is  joined  to  the 
Lothing.  2  miles  W.  of  Lowestoft. 

WA/VERLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  parish 
of  Farnham,  with  the  remains  of  a  famous  Cistercian  abbey, 
founded  in  1128. 

W.\'VERLY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Tioga  co..  New 
York,  on  the  Chemung  River,  and  on  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad,  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Elmira.  It  is  an  important 
railroad  station.  It  contains  a  national  bank  and  several 
hotels  and  stores. 

WAVERLY,  a  small  village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

W.WERLY,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
See  Abington  Centre. 

2083 


WAV 

WAVEBLY,  a  small  village  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia. 

WAVEHLY,  a  post-office  of  Chaml>er8  co.,  Alabama. 

■W'AVEULY,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi. 

■WA\'EliLY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Iluuiphreys  CO., 
Tennessee,  66  miles  W.  of  J^ashville.  It  has  several  stores. 
Pop.  288. 

WAVERLY,  a  postr-village  of  Peepee  township,  capital  of 
Pike  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  on  Crooked  Creek,  61 
miles  S.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  in  1850,  643;  in  1860.  1057. 

WAVERLV,  a  post-township  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan,  intersected  by  the  N.  branch  of 
Pawpaw  River.    Pop.  614. 

WAVERLY,  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  West 
Fork  of  White  River,  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WAVERLY,  a  post^village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  about 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  of  township,  1336. 

WAVERLY,  a  thriving  village  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  23  miles  below 
Lexington.    Laid  out  in  184;3.    Pop.  about  500. 

WAA'ERLY,  capital  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.    See  Appendix. 

WAVERLY  HALL,  a  post-office  of  Harris  co.,  Georgia, 
about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Hamilton. 

WAVERLY  STATION,  a  post-office.  La  Salle  CO.,  Hlinois. 

WA/VERTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WAVEUTOX.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

WA'VERTREE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WAVRE,  vSv'r,  a  town  of  Belgium,  pi-oviuce  of  South 
Brabant,  on  the  Dyle,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Brussels.  Pop.  5241, 
who  manufacture  hats,  leather,  beer,  and  cotton  yarn.  Here 
the  French,  under  Grouchy,  engaged  the  Prussians,  June 
18,  1815. 

WAVIiE-NOTRE-DAME,  vdv'r  not'r  d^m,  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  and  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Antwerp.     I'op.  2172. 

WAVBi^SAlNT-CATHKRINE,  vdv'r  sis"  k^tgh-reen',  a 
village  of  Belgium,  province  and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Antwerp. 
Pop.  3174. 

WAVRIN,  v3vV1n»',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  9  miles  S.E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  in  1852,  2818. 

WA'WARSING,  a  post-township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ulster 
CO.,  New  York,  intersected  by  Rondout  Creek,  and  by  the 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal.     Pop.  8311. 

WAWBINCK  (waw'bink)  RIVER,  Wisconsin,  rises  near 
the  centre  of  Waupacca  county,  and  flowing  S.E.  enters 
Wolf  River 

WinvEWANI'ET  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Plymouth 
•JO.,  in*the  E.  part  of  Massachusetts,  flows  into  Buttermilk 
Bay. 

WAWKON,  Allamakee  co.,  Iowa.    See  Appendix. 

WAW-PE-CONO,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana. 

WAWRZENCZYCE,  •savVhSn-cheet/seh,  a  markeUown  of 
Poland,  province  of  Kielce,  18  miles'  E.N.E.  of  Cracow. 
Pop.  2000. 

AVA.VAH  ACIPIE,  a  creek  of  Texas,  flows  S.E.  through  the 
middle  of  Ellis  co.,  and  unites  with  Pecan  Creek,  in  Navarro 
county. 

WAXAHACHIE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Ellis 
CO.,  Texas,  about  20  miles  W.  of  Trinity  River,  and  190  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Austin  City.  It  contained,  in  1851,  a  church,  a 
flourishing  school,  a  Masonic  hall,  and  2  dry-goods  stores. 
Laid  out  in  1850. 

WAX'HAM,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WAX'IIAW  CREEK  rises  in  Norvh  Carolina,  and  flows 
S.W.  through  Lancaster  district  of  South  Carolina,  into 
Catawba  River. 

WAXHAW  or  WAX'SAW,  a  settlement  in  the  S.W.  part 
of  Union  co.,  North  Carolina,  on  a  creek  of  its  own  name. 
It  is  the  oldest  and  most  wealthy  settlement  in  the  county, 
and  is  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  General  Andrew  Jackson, 
who  is  said  to  have  been  born  one-quarter  of  a  mile  from 
the  boundary  between  North  and  South  Carolina. 

WAXHAW,  post-office,  Lancaster  district,  South  Carolina. 

WAXIIOLM,  ^vdx'holm,  (improperly  written  VAXIIOLM,) 
a  strongly  fortified  town  of  Sweden,  ten  and  15  miles  E.  of 
Stockholm,  on  the  island  of  Waxii,  (vix'o,)  in  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia.     I'op.  1000. 

WAX'WAY,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  off  the 
E.  coast  of  Celebes;  lat.  3°  33'  S.,  ion.  123<^  17'  E. 

WAY,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana. 

WAY'BOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WAY/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WAYGEOU  or  WAYGIOC.    See  Waiqeoo. 

WAY'LAND,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  16  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  Cochifuate 
I<ake,  from  which  Boston  is  supplied  with  water,  lies  partly 
on  Its  southern  boundary.    Pop.  1188. 

W AYLAND,  a  township  in  Steuben  co..  New  York,  inter- 
sected by  the  Buffalo  and  Corning  Railroad.     Pop.  2809. 

WAYLAND,  a post-tnshp.ofAUegan  CO.,  Michigan.  P. 917 

WAYLAND,  a  po8^office  of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois 

^^^H2S  CE>>TRK,  a  post-office,  Allegan  co..  Michigan. 

WAYLAND  DEPOT,  a  post-vUlage  of  Steuben  co.,  New 

WAY/LANDSBCRG,  a  post-village  of  Culp<.pper  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  Crooked  Creek,  102  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond.    It 
contains  2  mills. 
2084 


WAY 

WAYLAND'S  SPRINGS,  a  thriving  village  of  Lawrence 
CO.,  Tennessee,  95  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nashville.  The  mi-di-jnij 
springs  at  this  place  have  lately  attracted  public  atieuiion. 

AVAY/MANSVILLK,  a  village  of  Upson  co.,  Georgia,  *j 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has  2  cotton  factories, 
which  employ  above  100  operatives. 

AVAY'.MART,  a  post-borough  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania 
on  the  turnpike  from  Easton  to  Belmont,  9  or  lO  miles  W 
by  N.  of  Ilonesdale.    Incorporated  in  1861.     Pop.  400. 

WAYNE,  wAn,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Lake  Ontario,  and  is  drained  by  Clyde  River, 
with  its  two  principal  branches,  Canandaigua  Uutlet  and 
Mud  Creek,  and  by  several  smaller  streams,  which  afford 
valuable  water-power.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the 
soil  very  fertile.  Iron  ore,  water  limestone,  and  gypsum  are 
found;  also  sulphur  and  weak  salt  springs.  It  has  a  lake 
coast  of  about  35  miles,  aud  comprises  Sodus,  East,  atid  Port 
Bays,  which  afford  facilities  for  the  lake  trade.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Erie  Canal,  *nd  by  the  Rochester  and  Syracuse 
Direct  Railroad,  and  organized  in  1823,  having  Ijeen  lormed 
out  of  iiortions  of  Ontario  aud  Seneca  counties,  and  named 
in  honor  of  General  Anthony  Wayne.  Capital,  Lyons. 
Pop.  47,762. 

WAYNE,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  New  York,  has  an  area  of  700  square 
miles.  The  Delaware  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  E. 
and  N.E.  It  is  also  drained  by  Lackawaxen,  Dyburry, 
Starucca,  and  Equiuunk  Creeks.  The  surface  is  elevated 
and  hilly,  having  a  high  ridge,  named  Moosic  Mountain, 
near  the  W.  border,  i^uraber  is  the  chief  article  of  export, 
a  large  part  of  the  county  being  covered  with  forests.  The 
surface  rocks  are  sandstone  and  red  shale.  The  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad  psissos  along  the  E.  border.  The  canal 
and  nvilroad  of  the  Delaware  aud  Hudson  Canal  Company 
traverse  the  county.  Organized  in  1798.  Capital,  Ilones- 
dale.    Pop.  32,239. 

AVAYNE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  West  Virginia,  area 
estimat(fd  at  500  square  miles.  The  Oliio  River  forms  its 
boundary  on  the  N.,  separating  it  from  Ohio,  and  the  Sandy 
River  separates  it  from  Kentucky  on  the  W. ;  it  is  also 
drained  by  Twelvepole  Creek.  The  surface  is  broken  by 
numerous  hills  or  ridges,  aud  mostly  covered  with  forests. 
The  soil  is  productive.  The  highlands  abound  in  stone-coal. 
Ginseng  is  one  of  the  articles  of  export.  Formed  in  1842.  out 
of  part  of  Cabell  county.  Capital,  Wayne  Court  House. 
Pop.  6747,  of  whom  6604  were  free,  and  143  slaves. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina :  area  estimated  at  450  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  Neuse  River,  navigable  for  steamboats,  and  bounded  on 
the  N.N.E.  by  the  Contentny  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level;  the  soil  is  generally  sandy,  and  fertile  near  the  river. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Weldon  and  Wilmington  Railroad, 
and  the  North  Carolina  Central  Railroad.  Capital,  Golds- 
borough.  Pop.  14,905,  of  whom  9454  were  free,  and  5451 
slaves. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the 
Altamaha,  navigable  by  steamboats,  and  intersected  in  the 
southern  part  by  Santilla  River.  The  surface  is  nearlj'  level, 
and  mostly  covered  with  pine  woods.  The  soil  is  sandy  and 
generally  sterile.  Capital,Wayne3ville.  Pop.2268,  of  whom 
1647  were  free,  and  621  slaves. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Jlississippi, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  about  870  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chickasnwhay  River.  The 
surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil  is  .sandy,  and  is  said  to  be  rather 
inferior.  The  county  contains  forests  of  pine.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Capital.  Win- 
chester.    Pop.  3691,  of  whom  1744  were  free,  and  1947  slaves. 

W.AYNE,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Tennessee,  border- 
ing on  Alabama:  area  estimated  at  750  square  miles..  The 
Tennessee  River  washes  the  N.W.  border;  it  is  also  drained 
by  Cypress  and  Reinses  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and 
the  soil  productive.  The  surplus  produce  of  the  county  is 
exported  by  steamboats  on  the  Tennessee  River.  The  Nash- 
ville and  .South- Western  Railroad  is  projected  through  the 
county.  Iron  ore  is  found.  Capital,  \Vayuesborough.  Pop. 
9115,  of  whom  7846  were  free. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
on  Tennessee :  area  estimated  at  700  scjuare  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Beaver  and  Otter  Creeks,  and  South  Fork,  afflu- 
ents of  Cumberland  River,  which  forms  its  northern 
boundary.  The  surface  is  diversified  with  hills  aud  valleys ; 
the  latter  of  which  have  a  fertile  soil,  ba.sed  on  limestone. 
Extensive  beds  of  coal  and  iron  ore  are  found.  The  Cum- 
berland River  is  navigable  for  about  8  months  in  the  year, 
and  the  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power 
Organized  in  1800.  Capital,  Munticello.  Pop.  10,259,  of 
whom  9272  were  free,  and  987  slaves. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  has 
an  area  of  550  square  miles.  It  is  traver.-ied  from  N.  to  S. 
by  Killbuck  Creek,  and  the  Muddy  Fork  of  the  Walhonding 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Chippfwa  River  .nd  Sugar  Creek. 
The  surface  is  generally  rolling.     The  soil  is  a  deep  c!ay«v 


WAY 

lonm.  remarkalily  fertile,  and  under  good  cultivation. 
Wheat,  Iiniian  corn,  oats,  hay,  wool,  butter,  and  live  stock 
are  the  stapli-s.  By  the  census  of  1850  this  county  yield- 
ed more  oats  than  any  other  county  in  the  state,  and 
more  wheat  ami  butter  than  any  other  county  excepting 
Stirk.  There  were  produced  in  that  year  571.377  bushels  of 
wheat;  427,.'U9  of  oats;  and  1.027,923  pounds  of  butter. 
Large  mines  of  stone-coal  have  been  opened  in  the  eastern, 
and  quarries  of  limestone  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and 
Chicago  Railroad,  and  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Rail- 
road.   Capital,  Wooster.     Pop.  32,483. 

W'  A  YN  K.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Michigan,  bordering 
on  Lake"  Krie  and  St.  Clair,  and  on  Detroit  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Canada  West :  area  about  600  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  Huron  River,  and 
also  drained  by  Rouge  River,  and  its  North,  Middle,  and 
South  Branches,  and  by  Campbell's  and  Brownstown  Creeks. 
The  general  surface  is  level,  excepting  the  western  part,  which 
is  rather  undulating.  The  soil  contains  a  large  proportion 
of  claj',  and  is  very  productive.  Nearly  all  the  surface  was 
originally  covered  with  dense  forests.  Limestone  of  fine 
quality  is  procured  in  the  S.E.  part,  near  Detroit  River; 
sulphur  springs  are  also  found  in  the  same  vicinity.  The 
Rouge  River  and  its  branches  furnish  motive  power  for 
mills.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Railroad, 
by  the  Detroit  and  Toledo  Railroad,  and  by  other  rnilroada. 
Wayne  county  is  the  most  populous  and  important  in  the 
state.     Capital,  Detroit.     Pop.  7.5,547. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Indiana,  bordering 
on  Ohio,  contains  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
several  forks  of  Whitewater  River.  The  surface  is  agreeably 
diversified  by  gentle  undulations.  The  soil  is  mostly  a  rich 
loam  based  on  clay  and  limestone,  and  is  so  highly  culti- 
vated that  this  is  regarded  the  model  county  of  the  state. 
Blue  limestone  underlies  the  surface.  The  county  is  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  water-power,  which  is  extensively 
used  in  manufactures.  The  Whitewater  Canal  extends 
from  this  county  to  the  Ohio  River.  The  other  public  im- 
jirovements  arc  the  Indiana  Central,  the  Cincinnati  and 
Chicago  Air-Line  and  the  Ham)lt<m  Eaton  and  Richmond 
Railroads,  and  the  National  Road.  Wayne  county  is  the 
most  populous  in  tlie  state  except  Marion.  Capital,  Rich- 
mond.    Pop.  29,558. 

WAYNE,  a  county  In  the  S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  070  square  miles.  It  is  intersecte<l  in  the  E.  part 
by  the  Little  Wabash  River,  in  the  S.W.  part  by  the  Skillett 
Fork  of  that  river,  and  also  drained  by  Elm  Creek.  The 
county  is  ext«insively  covered  with  forests,  and  contains 
prairies  of  moderate  size.  The  soil  is  productive.  Capital. 
Fairfield.     Poi».  12,223. 

WAYNE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  has  an 
area  of  750  sqviare  miles.  It  is  traversed  by  the  St.  Francis, 
Big  Bl.ick.  and  Castor  Rivers,  all  of  which  flow  south-east' 
want,  and  also  drained  by  Beaver,  Brushy,  and  Big  Creeks. 
The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Capital,  Greenville.  Pop. 
5G29,  of  whom  5368  were  free. 

WAY.NE.  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on 
Missouri,  has  an  area  of  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  S.  fork  of  Chariton  River,  and  by  the  sources  of  .Medi- 
cine and  Locust  Creeks,  which  flow  southward.  This  county 
is  said  to  be  fertile  and  well  watered,  but  deficient  in  tim- 
tier.  The  S.  fork  of  the  Chariton  affords  motive  power  for 
mills.  Organized  about  the  year  1850.  Capital,  Corydon. 
Pop.  6409. 

\VA  YN  E.  a  post-township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,12  miles 
W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1194. 

WAYNE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Steuben  co.,New 
York.  12  miles  N.E.  of  Bath.  The  township  borders  ou 
Crooked  Lake.     Pop.  944. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1576. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.576. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Crawford  co .  Pennsylvania,  inter- 
sected by  the  Pennsylvania  Canal.     Pop.  1320. 

WAYNE,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
27  miles  S.E.  by  S.  of  Erie.     Pop.  128*). 

WAY  \  E,  a  township,  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  1443. 

W.\YNE,  a  townsliip  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in- 
tersected by  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal,  14  miles  N.  of  Bea- 
ver.    Pop.  988. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Sfifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  inter- 
«ected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  about  19  miles  S.W. 
(«f  Lewistown.     Pop.  1724. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1415. 

WAYNE,  a  post-office  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  11 91. 

WAYNE,  a  townshi])  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  907. 

WAYN  K,  a  township  of  Auglaize  CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  877. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Belmont  co  ,  Ohio.     Pop.  1912. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  16.59. 

WAYNE,  a  town.ship  of  Chiimpaign  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1313. 

W.\.YNE,  a  township  of  Clermont  CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Hillsborough  and  Cincinnati  Railroad.    Pop.  1631.         ' 


WAY 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1160. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  831 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1652. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1492. 

WAYNE,  a  town-ship  of  .lefferson  co.,  Ohio,  intersecliMl 
by  the  Steubenville  and  Indiana  Railroad.    Pop.  1781 

WAYNE,  a  townsliip  of  Knox  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  178.3. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1.324. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  intersecJ 
ed  by  the  Miami  Canal.     Pop.  1170. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  160fc 

WAYNE,  a  town.ship  of  Pickaway  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  Scioto  River,  intersected  by  the  Ohio  Canal 
Pop.  800. 

W.\YNE,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  164. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1092. 

WAY'NE.  a  townsliip  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  Little  Miami  Railroad.  It  contiiins  the  villages  of 
Wiivnesville  and  Corwin.     Pop.  3005. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Warren  co,  Ohio.,  bordering  on 
the  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad.     Pop.  1133. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan  intersected  by 
the  Michigan  Central  Railroad.     Pop.  938. 

WAYNE,  a  post-otlice  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Alleia  co.,Indiana,  intersected  by 
several  niilroads.  It  contains  Fort  Wayne,  the  county-seat. 
Pop.  10,388. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana.  P.  1880. 

WAYNE,  a  townsliip  of  Fulton  Co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  942. 

AV AYNE,  a  towiisliiii  of  Hamilton  CO..  Indiana.  Pop  1426. 

WAY'.NE,  a  townsliip  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  2555. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1089. 

WAYNE,  atownsliip  of  Kosciusko  co.,Indiana.  Pop.  2271. 

W  .\  YNE,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  3101. 

WAYN  E,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co..  Indiana.  P.  1333. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1841. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  852. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  2197. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  intersected 
by  the  Central  Riilroad  and  others.  It  contains  the  village 
of  Richmond.     Pop.  28.34. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Buelianaii  co..  Missouri.  Pop.  955. 

WAYNE,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa. 

"WAYNK,  a  township  of  Lafayette  co.,Wisconsin.  Pop.  673. 

W.\YNE,atownshii),  Washiiigtonco.,  Wisconsin.  P.1630. 

WAYNE,  a  iiost-office  of  Dupage  co.,  Illinois. 

WAY'NE  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Dupage  CO.,  Illinois. 

WAYNE  CITY,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
right  bank  of  tlie  Missouri  river.  It  is  the  landing-place 
for  Indi  iieiidcnce,  which  it  is  4  or  5  miles  distant. 

WAYNE  COURT-HOUSE,  capital  of  Wayne  co,;  W.  A'ir- 
ginia.  275  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  from  Richmond.  Laid  out 
in  1842. 

WAYNE  FOUR  CORNERS,  a  po8tK)fflce  of  Steuben  co., 
New  Y'ork. 

WAYNESBOROTJGH,  wAnz'biir-rrili,  a  pleasant  post-bo- 
rough of  V\  ashington  township,  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  turnpike  from  Mercersburg  to  Baltimore,  57  miles 
S.W.  of  Harrisburg.  It  contains  4 churches,  1  bank,  1  news- 
paper office,  and  a  manufactory  of  steam-engines.  Within  3 
miles  of  the  town  are  9  flouring-millsand2  woollen-factories. 
The  surrounding  country  is  of  limestone  formation,  fertile 
and  highly  cultivated.    Pop.  in  1860, 1233. 

WAYNESBOROTJGH,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  or  near  th<j  Central  Kailrnad,  and  on  the  South 
River,  at  the  W.  base  of  the  Blue  Kidge,  108  miles  W,N.W. 
of  Uichmond.  The  village  contains  2  or  3  churches,  and  an 
academy.    Free  population,  457. 

WAYNESBOHOUGH.  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on'  the  left  bank  of  the  Neuse  River,  below  the 
mouth  of  Little  River,  and  on  the  North  Carolina  Railroad, 
51  miles  S.E.  of  Raleigh,  and  about  1  mile  W.  of  the  Weldon 
and  Wilmington  Kailroad.  It  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 
Two  or  three  newspapers  are  issued  here. 

WAYNESBOllOUGH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Burke 
county.  Georgia,  30  miles  S.  of  Augusta.  It  contains,  be- 
sides the  county  buildings,  2  churches,  an  academy,  and 
several  stores.  A  railroad  extends  from  this  village  to  the 
Central  Railroad  at  Millen,  and  in  the  opposite  direction  to 
AugusUi.    Pop.  307. 

\V".'V\'NESBOROUGH,  a  post- village,  capital  of  Wayne 
county,  Tennessee,  90  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville,  is  situated 
in  a  hilly  and  fertile  country,  and  has  several  stores. 

WWYNKSBUKG,  waiuz'burg,  a  village  of  Che.ster  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  48  miles  AY.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia,  wita 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  turnpike 

WAYNEr^BURG,  a  thriving  town  of  Marion  township, 
and  capital  of  Greene  county,  Pennsylvania.  45  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  which 
has  a  fertile  soil.  It  contains  a  handsome  court-house,  6 
churches,  1  seminary,  2  banks,  a  college  under  the  direction 
of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterians,  and  2  foundries.  Three 
newspapers  are  published  here.  Pop.  in  1850,  852 ;  in  1860 
about  1100. 

2086 


WAY 

WATNKSBl'SO,  a  small  village,  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
WAYNESBLRG,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Kentuclsy, 
04  miles  S.  of  frrankfort,  has  3  stores. 

WAYNESBUKO,  a  post-village  of  Sandy  township,  Stark 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal,  12  miles  S.H.  of 
Canton.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  country,  from  which 
large  quantities  of  wheat  are  exported.  Pop.  estimated 
at  700. 

■ftAYNESBUI-G,  a  thriving  village  in  Congress  township, 
Wayne  co..  Ohio.  18  miles  N.W.  of  Wooster. 

"■A'AYNESBURG,  a  village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles 
8.W.  of  Greenfield. 

WAYNESFIELD,  wainz'feeld,  a  post-village  of  Auglaize 
CO..  Ohio. 

WAYNESFIELD,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  inter- 
sected by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  It  contains  Maumee 
City,  the  county  seat.     Pop.  1926. 

WAYNESVILLE,  wainz'vil,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hay- 
wood county,  North  Carolina,  on  the  Western  Turnpike.  285 
miles  of  Raleigh.  It  is  situated  between  the  Blue  Kidge 
and  Iron  Mountain,  in  an  elevated  and  hilly  region. 

WAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wayne  county, 
Georgia,  176  miles  S.E.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has  a  church, 
academy,  and  1  store. 

WAYNESVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wayne  town- 
ship, Warren  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little  Miami  Hiver,  and  near 
the  railroad  of  that  name,  37  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 
It  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  and  has  a  newspaper  office,  3 
churches,  1  bank  and  several  mills  in  operation.  Laid  out 
in  1802.     Pop.  in  1850,  756. 

WAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  De  Witt  co.,  Illinois, 
about  4  miles  from  the  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Clinton.    It  has  8  or  10  stores.   Pop.  above  400. 

WAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pulaski  county, 
Missouri,  on  a  fork  of  the  Gasconade  River,  80  miles  S.  of 
Jefferson  City.    It  has  an  active  trade  in  pine  lumber. 

WAYNETOWN,  wain'town,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery 
CO..  Indiana,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Crawfordsville. 

WAYN/MANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Up.ion  co.,  Georgia. 

WAY,  PooLO,  poo'lo  wi,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Siam, 
lat.  9°  58'  N.,  Ion.  102°  48'  E. 

WAY'PORT,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana,  8  miles  N. 
of  Bloomington. 

W.i^ZCIORZ,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  See  Herrnstadt. 

WAZEERAB.VD.  a  town  of  the  Punjab.    See  Vazeerab.4.d. 

WAZEMMES,  vd^zSmm/,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  and  an  important  suburb  of  the  city  of  Lille,  on 
the  S.W.    Pop.  in  1852,  13,086. 

WEA,  weo,  or  WEATON,  wee'tpn,  a  village  of  Tippecanoe 
CO.,  Indiana,  near  the  Watiash  River,  on  the  Wabash  and 
Erie  Canal,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WEA  CREEK,  of  Indiana,  enters  the  Wabash  River  from 
the  S.,  4  miles  below  Lafayette. 

WEAK'LEY,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Tennessee, 
bordering  on  Kentucky.  Area  estimated  at  700  square 
miles.  It  is  iutersected  by  several  forks  of  Obion  River. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  .fertile.  The  Nash- 
ville and  North  Western  Railroad  passes  through  the  county, 
and  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  near  the  western  border. 
Capital,  Dresden.  Pop.  18,216,  of  whom  14,003  were  free, 
and  4213  slaves. 

WEALD,  weeld,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WEALD,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WEALD,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,'  co.  of  Es.sex. 

WEALD,  The,  of  Kent,  Sussex,  and  Surrey,  comprises  the 
area  formerly  occupied  by  the  Saxon  Andredswald,  (or  An- 
derida  Sylvaunder  of  the  Romans,)  long  a  dense  forest,  be- 
tween the  North  and  South  Downs,  from  near  Farnham 
and  Petersfield,  (Hants,)  eastwaVd  to  the  sea  at  Hythe,  Rye. 
and  Eastbourne.  It  is  still  in  a  great  part  richly  wooded 
with  oak  and  beech,  and  is  a  highly  fertile  agricultural  re- 
gion, interspersed  only  with  a  few  small  towns,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Horsham,  East  Griustead,  Cuckfield,  Cranbrook, 
and  Tunbridge-Wells. 

WEAR,  wcer,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  the 
centre  of  which  it  traverses,  rises  at  the  W.  extremity  of 
the  county;  flows  E.S.E.,  past  Stanhope  and  Wolsingham 
to  Bishop-Auckland,  and  thence  mostly  N.E.  p.nst  Durham 
and  Chester-le-Street  to  Sunderland,  where  it  is  crossed  by 
a  magnificent  one-arched  iron  bridge :  and  enters  the  North 
Sea  at  Wearmouth,  after  a  course  of  67  miles. 

WKAR/DALE-ST.JOHN,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of 
England,  co.  of  Durham,  parish  and  6i  miles  W.  of  Stanhope. 
Pop.  chiefly  employed  in  lead-mines,  and  included  in  the 
parish. 

W'E.^RE,  wair,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WEARE,  wair,  a  post-township  in  Hillsborough  co..  New 
Hampshire,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Concord,  intersected  by  the 
Merrimack  and  Connecticut  River  Railroad.  It  contains  the 
villages  of  East  Ware  and  North  Ware,  both  on  the  railroad, 
and  various  manufactories.     Pop.  2310. 

WIOARE'S  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Sevier  co.,  Tennessee. 

WEAR-GIFKORD;  England.    See  Ware-Gifford 

WEARMOUTH,  (weer'muth,)  BISHOP,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of.  Durham,  included  in  the  borough  of  Sunderland. 


WEB 

WEARMOUTH,  5iONK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dur. 
bam,  comprised  in  the  borough  of  Sunderlaud.  The  mona* 
tery  formerly  here,  and  from  which  the  parish  derives  its 
name,  was  long  the  residence  of  the  venerable  Beds. 

WEASEL,  wee/zel,  a  village  of  Essex  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Passaic  River,  60  miles  N.E.  of  Trenton, 
contains  about  40  dwellings. 

WEASENHAM  (wee/zgn-am)  ALL-SAINTS,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WEASENHAM  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 
WEATH'ERLY,  a  post-office  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
WEATH'ERSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
WEATH'ERSFIELD,  a  post-township  in  VViud.sor  co.,  Vei* 
mont,  65  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier,  on  Connecticut  River, 
intersected  by  the  Black  River,  which  affords  water-power. 
It  contains  the  manufacturing  village  of  Perkinsville  and  2 
or  3  others.    Ascutney  Mountain  is  situated  on  its  northern 
boundary.     Pop.  1765. 

WEATHEKSFIELD,  a  township  in  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio, 
intersected  by  the  Mahoning  River.    Pop.  3063. 

WEATHERSFIELD,  a  thriving  vUlage  of  Henry  co.,  Illi- 
nois.  55  miles  N.N.V\^  of  Peoria. 

WEATHERSFIELD  CENTK  K,  a  post-office  of  Windsor  co., 
Vermont. 
WEAUBLEU.  wo-bloo/.  a  post-offlce,  St.  Clair  co.,  Mis.souri. 
WE.VVER  or  'WEE/VER,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Chester, 
joins  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey  at  Winton,  after  a  course 
of  45  miles,  for  20  of  which  it  has  been  made  navigable.  Prin- 
cipal affluents,  the  Dane  and  Peover. 

WEA'VERHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 
WEA'VERSVILLE.  a   post-village   of  Northampton   CO., 
Penn.sylvania,  100  miles  E.N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

W'EAVERSVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Fauquier  CO.,  Virginia, 
114  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

WE A/VERTHORPE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

AVEA'VERVILLE,  or  WE  A'VERSVILLE,  a  post-town,  ca- 
pital of  Trinity  co.,  California,  near  one  of  the  branches  of 
Trinity  River,  abont  220  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  of  San 
Franci.sco.    Pop.  in  1860,  777. 

WEBB,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  on  the 
Rio  del  Norte  River,  which  separates  it  from  Mexico,  has  an 
area  of  about  1420  square  miles.  The  land  is  adapted  to 
cotton,  sugar-cane,  and  corn, but  its  cultivation  is  hindered 
by  frequent  inroads  of  the  Indians.  The  chief  business 
of  the  inhabitants  is  the  raising  of  horses  and  cattle.  This 
county  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Named  in 
honor  of  Judge  James  Webb.  Capital,  Laredo.  Free  popu- 
lation, 13S7. 

WEBBER'S  PRAIRIE,  a  post-offlce  of  Travis  co.,  Texas,  18 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Austin. 

WEBB'S  FORD,  a  postoffice  of  Rutherford  co..  North 
Carolina. 
WEBB'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 
WEBB'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Chemung  co..  New  York. 
WEBB'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Ritchie  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 
WEBB'S  PRAIRIE,  a  postoffice  of  Franklin  CO.,  Illinois. 
WEBBS/VILLE,  a  small  village  of  Newton  co.,  Georgia. 
WE'BER,  a  county  in  the  JJortli  part  of  Utah  Territory, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  500  square  miles.    It  is  bounded 
on  the  West  by  the  Great  Salt  Jiake,  intersecte<l  by 'Weber 
River  and  drained  by  Ogden  River.    The  surface  in  the  cen- 
tral part  is  mountainous.    Capital,  Ogden  City.    I'opula- 
tion  3675. 

WKBER  RIVER  rises  in  Salt  Lake  co.,  Utah,  and  flowing 
first  N.W.  and  then  S.W.,  fells  into  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  It 
forms  part  of  the  iKiundary  between  Davis  and  Weber 
counties. 

WKB'STER,  a  new  county  of  Iowa,  comprising  the  lata 
counties  of  Risley  and  Yell.  It  lies  a  little  N.  and  W.  of  the 
central  part  of  the  state,  and  is  30  miles  long  and  24  wide, 
with  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Des 
Moines  River,  and  the  Ligard  and  Boone  branches  of  the 
same  stream.  The  centre  of  the  county  is  about  145  miles 
N.W.  of  Iowa  city.  Capital,  Fort  Bodge.  Population  in 
1860,  2504. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-township  of  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine, 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  890. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-township  in  Worcester  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, Intersected  by  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad, 
55  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston.  The  principal  villages  ai-e 
Webster  and  North  Weljster,  both  on  the  railroad.  The 
streams  afford  excellent  water-power,  which  is  largely  em- 
ployed in  manufactures.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1840, 
1043 ;  in  1850,  2371;  in  1860,  2912. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Monroe  co.,  New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.    Pop.  2650. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  I'ennnyl- 
vania,  on  the  Monongahela  River,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Greens- 
bui«g. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  North  Carolin*, 
on  a  small  branch  of  the  'Tennessee  River. 
WEBSTER,  a  past-office  of  Winston  CO.,  Mississippi. 
WEBSTER,  a  post<>fflce  of  Breckenridge  co.,  Ixuutuckj 


WEB 

WEBSTER,  a  small  pos(>villa!?e  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

WEBSTEH,  a  township  in  \Vo<jd  CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  671. 

WEHSTER,  a  poiit-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Wa.shtenaw 
CO.,  Micliigan,  partly  intersectea  by  the  Huron  River.  1M1U6. 

WEBSTER,  a  village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  on  Tippe- 
canoe River,  about  120  milea  N.  by  E.  of  Indiauapolia. 

WEBSTER,  a  postoftice  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana. 

WEBSTER,  a  pos^oftlce  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-office  of  Oregon  co»,  Missouri. 

WEBSTER,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Missouri,  about 
76  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

WEBSTER,  a  small  town  of  Sacramento  co.,  California,  on 
tlie  right  bank  of  the  Sacramento  Kiver,  about  20  miles 
below  Sacramento  City. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama. 

WEBSTER'S  MILLS,  a  small  post-village  of  Fulton  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

WECHSELBURO,  <>5K'sgl-bi)euG\  a  town  of  Saxony,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Zwickau  with  the  Mulde,  13  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Chemnitz.     Pop.  1192. 

WECIIT.     See  Vecht. 

WECKELSUOKF,  *6k'kgls-doRf \  (Oder,  o'bfr,  and  U.vter. 
6on'ti;r,)  two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Koniggriitz.  on  the  Mettau.     Pop.  1804. 

WECKEKSDORF,  •8'6k'kers-doRf\  or  SKRINICE,  skre- 
neet'seh,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Kiiniggrjitz,  4  miles 
from  l$raunau..Pop.  1435. 

WliDDllVOrEN,  *Jd'ding-en,  three  contiguous  villages  of 
Prussian  Saxony,  10  miles' S.S.W.  of  Magdeburg.  United 
population  3U80,  mostly  employed  in  glass-works,  charcoal- 
burning,  and  stone-quarries. 

WED'DINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WEDEL,  *i'del,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Ilolstein, 
on  the  Elbe.  12  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Hamburg.     Hop.  ISOO. 

WEDG  E  ISLANDS,  South  Australia,  Spencer's  Gulf.  See 
G.^MDiER  Islands. 

WED'.MiiRE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WEDXEs^BURV,  wJnz'ber-e,  or  WODENSBURV,  (vul- 
garly called  W&lgcbury,)  a  market-town  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Stafford,  near  the  source  of  the  Tame,  on  tiie 
Birmingham  and  Walsall  Canal,  and  on  the  North-West 
Railway,  7i  miles  N.W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of  town  in 
1861,  11,914,  employed  in  coal  and  iron  mines,  iron-rolling 
mills,  and  manufactures  of  muskets,  coach  and  saddlers' 
Ironmongery,  nails,  tools,  and  grates.  The  church  has 
surious  monuments. 

WEDNESFIELD,  wSnz'feeld,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford,  2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Wolverhampton.  Edward  the 
Klder  here  obtained  a  decisive  victory  over  the  Danes  in  910. 

WEE'DON-BECK  or  WEEDO.\-ON-THE-STREET,  (so 
called  from  its  position  on  the  ancient  Watling  Street.) 
a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton,  on  the  Grand 
Junction  Canal,  and  with  a  principal  station  on  the  North 
West  Railway,  6i  miles  N.W.  of  Blisworth.  Hero  is  the 
central  depot  in  England  for  military  arms  and  stores,  with 
dpacious  barracks.  Weedou  was  the  royal  residence  of  Wulf- 
here.  king  of  Mercia. 

WEEDON-LOYS  or  PINKNEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Northampton. 

WEEDOAV'WEE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Randolph  co., 
Alabama,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tallapoosa  and  l>ittle  Tal- 
lapoosa Rivers,  about  150  miles  E.  of  Tuscaloosa.  The  county 
seat  was  located  here  quite  recently. 

WEED'S  CORNERS,  a  post-otfice.'Walworth  CO.,  Wisconsin. 

WEEDS'PORT,  a  post-village  in  Brutus  township.  Cayuga 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Rochester  and 
Syracuse  Direct  Railroad,  24  miles  W.  of  Syracuse.  It  con- 
tains 2  or  3  churches,  a  bank,  and  several  warehouses. 

WEE/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

WE.EK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WEEK  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Somerset. 

WEEK  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

WEEK'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WEEKS'  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine. 

WEELAU'NEE.  a  fost-office  of  Winnebago  co..  Wisconsin. 

WEELDE,  wAl'deh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Aa.     Pop.  1174. 

WEIVLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WEEM,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Perth,  consisting  of 
Beveral  detached  districts  between  Lochs  Tumme!  and  Earn. 
Near  the  church,  in  StrathTay,  is  Castle-Menzies. 

WEE\  or  WEEXEN.     See  Vienna. 

WEENDAM,  a  village  of  Netherlands.     See  Veendam. 

WEENDE,  wain'deh,  a  village  of  Hanover,  government  of 
Hlldesheim,  near  Giittingen,  on  the  Leine.     Pop.  1110. 

WEENER,  *.Vner,  a  village  of  Hanover,  21  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Aurich,  on  the  Ems.  Pop.  2600.  It  has  a  small  harbor, 
»nd  a  trade  in  horses  and  cattle. 

WEEP/ING  WIL'LOW,  a  post-ofl»ce  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa. 

WEERBERG,  ftaiR/b^RO,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  near 
Scbwatz.     Pop.  1024. 

WEERDT  or  WEERT,  *aiRt,  a  town  of  Dutch  Limburg, 
on  the  Bree  and  the  Canal  of  AVeerdt,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Boermond.  Pop.  6285.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  the  Austrian 
general  John  Von  Weerdt. 


WEI 

WEERDT,  NEDER,  n;\'der  -ftaiRt,  a  village  of  Dutch 
Limburg,  3  miles  N.E.  of  the  above. 

^VEEKE,  wA/reh,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Zealand,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  the  island  Waleheren.    P.  1500. 

WEERSELO,  waiR'sfh-lo',  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Overyssel,  7  miles  E.  of  Almelo.     Pop.  5135. 

WEESP,  waisp,  a  town  of  North  Holland,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Amsterdam.     Pop.  2945. 

WEE'SAW,  a  post-office  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan. 

WEETH'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

W'Kji/Xj^CJ.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

AVEE'TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WEEVER,  a  river  of  England.     See  Weaver. 

WEEWAK.\T/KEE  CREEK,  Alabama,  flows  south-west- 
ward through  Coosa  county  into  Coosa  River. 

WEEWA'KAVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Talladega  CO.,  Ala- 
bama, 107  miles  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

WEEZE,  wA'zeh,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  on 
the  Neers,  10  mi'les  N.N.W.  of  Gelders.     Pop.  800. 

WEFERLINGEN,  wi/fer  ling'^^n,  a  village  of  Prussian 
Saxony.  28  miles  W.N.W.'of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  1935. 

WEGATCH'IE,  a  post-office  of  .bt.  Lawrence  co..  New  York. 

WEGELEBICN,  *.Vgheh-hl^bfn,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  27  miles  S.W.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Bode.  I'op. 
2470.     It  has  manufactures  of  woollen*. 

WEGGIS,  w^g'glii.s,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and 
on  the  liake  of  Lucerne,  at  the  foot  of  the  Righi  Mountain, 
which  is  generally  ascended  from  hence. 

WEGROW,  w.A-grov',  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  19 
miles  N.W.  of  Siedlce.  Pop.  3380.  It  has  two  monasteries, 
and  an  ecclesiastical  seminary. 

W^EGSCIIEIDjWaio'shite.  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria, 
on  the  Austrian  frontier.  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Pa.ssau.     P.  980. 

WIOGSTADT,  ftaia'stdtt.  or  WEGSTADTEL.  (Wegstiidtel,) 
*Jg'st^ttVl,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Elbe,  27  niiles  N.  of  Prague,     i'op.  1042. 

WEHAD/KEE,  a  post-oHice  of  Randolph  co.,  Al.ibama. 

WEIIDEN,  wA/den,  a  vilhige  of  Prussia,  province  of  West- 
phalia.  government  and  21  miles  N.N.W.  of  .Minden.   P.  1410. 

WEIIE,  *.Veh,  a  village  of  Prus.sia.  province  of  West- 
phalia, government  of  Minden.     I'op.  2057. 

■NVEHINGEN,  *a/ing-eu,  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle 
of  Schwarzwald,  S.S.W. 'of  Tilbingen.     Pop.  1220. 

WEHLAU  or  WELAU,  *A/low,  a  walled  town  of  East 
Prussia,  28  miles  E.  of  Konigsberg,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Aile  and  Pregel.  Pop.  3580.  It  has  nutoerous  tanneries, 
steam  engine  factories,  and  a  copper  foundry.  The  treaty 
by  which  Prussia  was  recognised  as  a  kingdom,  was  con- 
cluded herein  1657. 

WEHLEN,  ■frd/len,  a  town  of  Saxony,  15  miles  S.E.  of 
Dresden,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe.     Pop.  932. 

WEIIO'GA,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama. 

WEIIR,  *aiR,  a  village  of  Prussia,  province  of  West- 
phalia, government  of  Miinster.     Pop.  1000. 

WEHR,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  on  the  Wehr,  an  aflluent 
of  the  Rhine,  26  miles  S.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  1517. 

WEHRAU,  *4/row,  a  village  of  I'russian  Silesia,  on  the 
Queiss,  11  miles  N.W.  of  Buntalau.  Pop.  590.  It  has  a 
castle,  ii-ou-forges,  and  paper-mills.  The  mineralogist  Wer- 
ner was  born  here. 

WEIIRHEIM,  ftaiR/hime,  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
Nassau,  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Usingen.     Pop.  1429. 

WEHRSDORF,  firaiRs'doRf.  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  and 
not  far  from  Bautzen.     Pop.  1539. 

WEICIISEL,  *iK'sel,  or  WIS1>A.  ■ftis'ld.  a  village  of  Aus- 
trian Silesia,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Tescheu,  on  the  Vistula.  Pop. 
2600. 

WEICHSEL,  a  river  of  Germany.    See  Vistula. 

WEICHSELBURG,  *Ik'sel-booRQ\  or  WEIXELBURG, 
f^Ik'sel-bfirg.  a  town  of  Illyria.  Carnlola,  25  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Neustadtl.  Pop.  4000.  It  has  iron-forges,  and  manu- 
factures of  woollen  stuffs.  The  ruined  castle  Weichselburg 
is  on  an  adjacent  height. 

WEICHSELMUNDE,  (Weichselmtlnde.)  ftik'sel-mUn'deh, 
a  fortress  of  West  Prussia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  W.  arm  of 
the  Vistula,  in  the  Baltic. 

WEICKERSIIEIM,  wrk'kers-hlme\  a  town  of  WUrtem- 
berg, circle  of  Jaxt,  bailiwick  of  Mergentheim.     Pop.  1923. 

WEIDA,  «I'di,  or  WEYDA.  wiMd,  a  town  of  Central 
Germany,  Saxe-Weimar,  14  miles  E.  of  Neustadt,  on  the 
Auma  and  Weyda.     Pop.  .3765. 

WEIDEN,  *i'den,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Upper  P.v 
latinate,  32  miles  S.E.  of  Baireuth.  Pop.  2280.  It  has  a 
castle,  and  a  trade  in  corn  and  cattle. 

WEIDiiN,  (Hun.  Vedeni/,  va'di^fl')  a  market-town  of  West 
Hungary,  co.  of  Wieselburg,  on  the  N.E.  bank  of  Lake 
Neusledl. 

WEIDENAU.  *lMeh-n5w\  a  walled  town  of  Austrian  Si- 
lesia, 45  miles  J<.W.  of  Troppau.     Pop.  1802. 

WEIDENBACH,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Vidomsach. 

WEIDEN  BERG,  *i/den-b^RO^,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Upper  Franconia.  7  miles  E.  of  Baireuth,  on  the 
Steinach.  with  2  castles,  and  1384  inhabitants. 

WEIDENTHAL,  *i'den-t|P,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Palati- 
nate, canton  of  Neustadt.    Pop.  1028. 

2087 


WEI 


WEI 


•WETGELStORP,  <^i'gbels-doRf\  seTwal  places  of  Pnigfia, 
particularly  a  village,  proTince  of  Silesia,  government  of 
Breslau.  circle  of  Reicheubach.     Pop.  1217. 

AVEIGUTON"  (wi't^n)  MARKET,  a  market-town  and  pa- 
rish of  England,  co.  and  19  miles  on  the  railway,  E.S.E.  of 
York.  Ea,st  Riding,  at  the  AV.  foot  of  the  Wolds,  and  con- 
nected by  a  canal  with  the  Humber.  Pop.  of  the  parish,  In 
1851.  2427.  The  town  is  small;  it  has  in  its  centre  a  hand- 
some church. 

WEIKERSHEIM,  *I'kers-hime\  a  town  of  Wurtemberg, 
circle  of  Jaxt,  on  theTauber,  38  miles  N.X.W.  of  Ellwangen. 
Pop.  2000.  It  has  a  residence  of  the  Princes  of  Hohenlohe- 
Oehringen.  

WEIL.  *ne,  or  SCBLOSSWYL,  8hloss'*il,  a  village  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bern, 
famous  for  its  castle,  which  is  seated  on  a  height,  and  has  a 
very  ancient  tower,  supposed  to  be  of  Roman  construction. 
Pop.  888. 

WEIli,  a  village  of  Baderj,  circle  of  Rhine,  bailiwick  of 
Liirrach,  with  a  parish  church.     Pop.  1137. 

WEIlrDIE-STADT.  *ile  dee  stdtt,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg, 
circle  of  Neckar,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stuttgart  Pop.  1775. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  tobacco,  and  is  the 
birth-place  of  Kepler. 

WEILAR.  ■S'I'lar.»a  village  of  Central  Germany,  Saxe- 
Weimar.  S.E.  of  LengsfeUl.     Pop.  1125. 

WEILBAOH,  *na)jK,  a  watering-place  of  Nas.aau,  E.S.E. 
of  Wiesljaden,  with  a  mineral  spring,  from  which  about 
70.000  bottles  of  water  are  annually  exported.     Pop.  581. 

WEILBURG,  fi'Il'bOORG,  a  town  of  Oerm.-jny,  Nassau, 
on  the  Lahn,  here  crossed  by  an  iron  suspension  bridge,  28 
miles  X.N.E.  of  Wiesbaden.  Pop.  2081.  It  has  a  castle,  and 
manufactures  of  paper. 

WEILD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WEILE,  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Veile. 

WEILE-FIORD.  an  inlet  near  Funen.     See  Vkile-Fiord. 

WEILERBACH,  fti'ler-hdK',  a  village  of  Bavaria,  Palati- 
B»te.  canton  and  near  Kaiserslautern.     Pop.  1286. 

WEILHEIM,  ftrlHiIme,  a  walled  town  of  Upper  Bavaria, 
on  the  Amper,  29  miles  S.W.  of  Munich.  Pop.  1910.  It 
has  a  castle,  aud  manufactures  of  leather. 

AVEILHELM-AN-DER-TECK,«il'hime  In  dJr  tSk,  a  town 
of  S-.iuth  Germany,  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Danube,  on  the 
Lindiioh.  26  miles  N.W.  of  Ulm.     Pop.  3450. 

WEILMCXSTER,  (Weilmiinster,)  wil'miin-ster,  a  village 
of  Nassau,  on  the  Weilbach,  an  affluent  of  the  Lahn,  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Weilburg.    I'op.  1124. 

WEIL-IM-DORF,  »Ue  im  doRf.  a  village  of  WUrtemberg, 
8  miles  from  Leonberg.     Pop.  1346. 

WEIL-IM-SCHOXBCGH,  (Weil-im-Schonbuch,)  *ne  im- 
shiim'bOoK,^  Tillage  of  WUrtemberg,  bailiwick  of  Boblingen. 
Pop.  2234. 

WEIM.\R,  fti'mar,  the  capital  city  of  the  grand-duchy  of 
Saxe-Weimar,  Central  Germany,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ilm.  and  on  the  railway  from  Gotha  to  Halle,  13  miles  E.  of 
Erfurt;  lat.  60^  59' X..  Ion.  11="  21' E.  Pop.  13,887.  Mean 
temperature  of  year  51°.l ;  winter  37°.6;  summer  66°.3  Fah- 
renheit. It  is  surrounded  by  hills,  and  is  handsomely  though 
irregularly  built,  and  no  city  in  Germany  of  its  size  has  so 
many  good  public  buildings  and  excellent  public  establish- 
ments, or  is  a  more  agreeable  place  of  residence.  The  grand- 
ducal  palace  is  in  a  simple  but  elegant  style,  and  has  an 
extensive  park  which  forms  the  favorite  public  promenade. 
The  principal  church,  with  tombs  of  the  gi-aud-dukes.  has 
a  large  organ,  and  an  altar-piece  by  L.  Cranach.  The  grand- 
duoal  library  comprises  140.000  volumes,  manu.scripts.  me- 
dals, and  coins,  aud  is  open  to  the  public,  who  have  the 
privilege  of  borrowing  the  books.  The  opera-house  is  fa- 
mous; the  theatre  was  once  under  the  superintendence  of 
Goethe  and  Schiller,  who  are  buried  in  the  new  cemetery, 
and  besides  whom.  Herder  and  Wieland  made  Weimar  their 
residence.  The  Landes-Jndustrie-comptoir  is  an  important 
book-publishing  establishment,  known  chiefly  for  its  geo- 
graphical and  statistical  works.  The  Geographical  Institute 
publishes  excellent  maps,  and  the  Weimar  .\lmanac  has  a 
great  circulation.  Wi-imar  has  manufactures  of  metallic 
gocKls,  cards,  gloves,  and  woven  fabrics,  and  a  trade  in  corn 
and  wool;  but  the  chief  resources  of  the  inhabitants  are 
derived  from  the  presence  of  the  court  and  visitors.  Kotze- 
bue  was  bom  here  in  1761.  About  2  miles  S.E.  is  the  Bel- 
vedere, a  summer  residence  of  the  grand-duke;  and  x,a  the 
road  thither  is  the  village  of  Ober-Weimar,  with  650  inha- 
bitants. The  circle  of  Weimar,  comprising  more  than  two- 
thirds  of  the  grand-duchy,  has  an  area  of  973  square  miles. 
Pop.  175,596. 

WEIX  PELDEX,  «in'fSrden,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Thurgau,  on  the  Thur,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Constance. 
Pop.  2140. 

WEIXGARTEX.  *In'gaKHen.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Middle  Rhine,  7  miles  E.N.E.of  Carlsruhe,  with  which 
it  )S  connected  by  railway.     Pop.  3097. 
WEIXGUNGA.     See  Wtse  Gu.voa. 

WEI.VUEIM.  ftlneOiime,   a   town   of  Baden,   circle    of 
Lower  Rhine,  on  the  WeschniU,  and  on  the  Baden  RaUway, 
2088 


10  miles  N.E.  of  Mannheim.    Pop.  5.346.    It  is  enclosed  bj 
walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollens. 

WEIXSBERG,  ftlns'buRG,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  on  the 
Sulm.  3  miles  E.X.E.  of  Ileilbronn.     I'op.  1S75. 

WEIPERSDORF,  *i'pers-doRf ',  or  WEIPEKTSDORF,  «V- 
pert-«-doRf',  a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  28  miles  from  I/eit- 
omischel.     Pop.  1990. 

WEIPERT  or  WEYPERT,  fti'pgrt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  24 
miles  X.E.  of  Elbogpn,  near  the  frontier  of  Saxony.  Pop. 
26J0.  employed  in  manufactures  of  lace  and  fire-arms. 

WEIR'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-vill.-vge  and  watering-place  of 
Belknap  co..  New  Hamp.shire,  on  Lake  Winnipiseogee,  on 
the  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad,  30  miles  X.E.  of 
Concord. 

AVEISCHENFELD,  «rsh'en-fJlt\  a  villase  of  Bavaria, 
circle  of  Upper  Franconia,  12  miles  S.W.  of  IJairouth.    P.  700. 

WEI'SEXBURG,  a  post-township  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  12  miles  W.  of  AUentown.     Pop.  1823. 

WEISEXHEIM-A.M-SAXD,  «T'zen-hime  ha  sSnt,  a  village 
of  Bavaria,  Pal.atinate,  canton  of  Durkheim.    Pop.  1760. 

WEI'SESBURG,  a  post-village  in  Baltimore  co..  Maryland, 
60  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Annapolis. 

WEISSBACH,  *T.ss'bilK,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle  of 
Buntzlau.    Pop.  1550. 

WEISSBACH  or  OBER-WEISSBACH,  oOjgr  *Is.s'haK,  a 
village  of  Bohemia,  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,  t>ailiwick  of 
Rudolstadt.     Pop.  1716. 

WEISSBAD,  ftTs.s'b3t,  a  village  and  watering-place  of  . 
Switzerland,  canton  and  2  miles  S.E.  of  .^ppenzcU.     TIm 
bathing  establishment  attracts  numerous  visitors. 

WEISSEXBERG,  ftIs'sen-b^RG\  AVendish  Wospor?,;  «os'- 
poRk.)  a  town  of  Saxony.  10  miles  E.  of  Bautzen.    Pop.  990 

WEISSEXBURG.  wi'sen-boORG\  a  fortified  town  of  Bava- 
ria, circle  of  Middle  Franconia,  on  the  Rezat,  27  mile.s  S  E. 
of  Anspach.  Pop.  4194.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  flanked 
by  towers,  and  was  formerly  a  free  city  of  the  Empire. 

WEISSEXBURG,  a  town  of  France.    See  WissE-mbourg. 

WEISSEXFELS,  *Is'sfn-f51s\  a  walled  town  of  Prussiau 
Saxony.  11  miles  S.  of  Merseburg.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Saale,  aud  on  the  railway  from  Ilalle  to  Gotha.  Pop.  8290. 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  4  suburbs,  2  churches,  one  con- 
taining the  remains  of  Gustavus  Adolphu.s;  2  hospitals, 
almshouses,  a  normal  schoek  with  manufactures  of  pcjrc©- 
lain,  merinoes,  aud  other  woollen  fabrics,  leather,  and  gold 
and  silver  articles.  In  the  vicinity  are  the  castle  of  Angus- 
tusburg  and  numerous  vineyards. 

WEISSEXFELS.  a  market-town  of  Carniola,  52  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Laybach. 

WEISSEXHORX.  ftTs'.sen-hoRn\  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Roth,  an  affluent  of  the  Danube,  lOmilesS.E.  of  Ulm.  P.  1605. 

WEISSE.VSEE.  wls'scn-s.i\  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  16 
miles  X.  of  Erfurt.     Pop.  2634. 

WEIS5EXSTADT.  <vis'sfn-stdtt\  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria. 
Up;>er  Franc-onia,  on  the  Eger,  17  miles  X.E.  of  Bairuuth. 
It  has  nail  factories.     Pop.  1468. 

WEISSENSTEIX,  <vls'sen-stine\  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Esthoni-i,  50  miles  S.E.  of  ReveL  Pop.  3000.  It 
has  a  ruined  castle  and  a  district  school. 

WEISSE.VSTEIX.  a  town  of  W  Urtemberg,  circle  of  Danulje, 
23  miles  X.X.W.  of  Ulm. 

WEISSEXSULZ.  wis'sen-.s(5olts\  or  BIEL.A,  be-A/lJ,  a  vil- 
lage  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Klattau.    Pop.  1449. 

AVEISSES  }tlEER.    .?.■«  White  Sea. 

WEISSKIRCII.  OTss'keSRK.  or  WEISSKIRCHEX.  «iss/- 
k66RsVn,  a  villaee  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau.     P.  1203. 

WEISSKIRCHEX,  *Iss'keeRK-en,  (IIuu.  FehMemplotn, 
fi'haiR't5m"plom',)  a  town  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  Hun- 
garian Banat,  co.  of  Temes,  on  the  Xera,  63  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Temesv.ar.  I'op.  5585.  It  has  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek 
churches,  manufactures  of  silk  and  leather,  and  extensive 
vineyards  in  its  vicinity. 

WEISSKIRCHEX.  (Bohemian  Branitze.  hran-ifseh?)  a 
town  of  the  Austruin  dominions.  Moravia,  on  the  railway 
to  Kiisel,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Olmutz.  Pop.  5380.  It  Iws  n 
fine  castle,  aud  manufactures  of  wot^len  cloth. 

WEISS.M.\IX,  *iss'min,  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  circle 
of  Upper  Franconia,  18  miles  X.W.  of  Baireuth.  with  a  castle. 
Pop.  1014.  who  manufacture  leather  and  woollen  cloths. 

WEISS'I'OKT,  a  post-village  of  Carbon  co..  I'ennsylvania, 
on  the  Lehigh  Kiver,  3  or  4  miles  below  Mauch  Chunk. 

WEISSSTEIX,  ■feiss'stlne,  a  village  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia,  go- 
vernment of  Breslau.     l>op.  1143. 

WEISSAVASSER.  ftis.s'ftds'ser.  or  XEU-POZIG.  noi  plit'sio, 
(Bohemian  Biela,  be-A/li.)  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  S  miles 
X.X.W.  of  Buntzlau.  Pop.  1624.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloth  and  paper. 

WEISSWASSER.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  57 
miles  X.W.  of  Troppau.     Pop.  494. 

WEISSWEIL.  *iss'»ile.  a  village  of  Baden,  circl*  of 
Upper  Rhine,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  16  miles 
X.W.  of  Freiburg.     I'op.  1611. 

WEISSWEILER.  *iss'#in?r.  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
government,  and  £.:N.£.  of  Aii-la-Chap«Ue,  ""n  th«  Inde 
Pop.  1068. 


WEI 


WEL 


WEISTRITZ,  ^■Igs/trits,  a  town  and  river  of  Prussian 
Silecia. 

Wia-TCIIOU,  a  city  of  China.    See  Hoei-choo. 

WKTTRA  or  WAITUA,  ■Cvi'trd,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
near  the  border  of  Bohemia,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Krems.  It  has 
double  massive  walls.     Pop.  18(10. 

WKIXELIJURG.  a  town  of  Illyria.    See  WEicHSELBiTRn. 

MKIZ.  Wits,  a  villa-re  of  Styria.  13  miles  N.E.  of  Oriitz, 
with  826  inhabitants,  wlio  manufacture  arms. 

WKijAK'A,  a  post^village  of  Putnam  co.,  Florida,  on  St. 
Jolin's  River. 

WELAU,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  Wehhu. 

AV  KUBOKN  or  WEI/BOURN,  a  township  in  Conway  co., 
Arlinnsas. 

WEiyiiClRXE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WEr/BOURNE,  a  parish  of  Eujiland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WEL'Bl'RY,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Hiding. 

WEL'BY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WELCEI'ER'S  JIILL,  a  post-office  of  Roan  co.,  Tennessee. 

WELCH'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Cabarrus  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WELCII'VILLE,  a  pnst-village  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

WEL'COMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WELD,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  about  44 
miles  N.W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1035. 

WELDEN,  *il'den,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Scheldt,  16  miles  S.  of 
Ghent.     Pop.  1C13. 

WEL'DON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Halifax  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Roanoke  River,  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation,  95  miles  N.E.  of  Raleigh.  Four 
railroads  meet  here,  viz.,  the  Wilmington  and  Raleigh,  the 
Seaooard  and  Roanoke,  the  Gastfin  and  Raleigh,  and  the 
Petersburg  Railroad.  Two  newspapers  are  published.  A 
canal  has  been  made  around  the  falls,  by  which  batteaux 
can  ascend  to  Danville. 

AV EL/DON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

WELDON,  LITTLE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

WEiyoON  RIVER,  rising  In  the  S.  part  of  Iowa,  flows 
southward  through  Decatur  CO.,  into  Slissouri,  and  enters 
the  Crooked  Fork  of  Graud*iliver,  In  Grundy  co.,  near 
Trenton. 

WELD'S  FERRY  or  WELD'S  LANDING,  a  post>village 
of  Dubuque  co..  Iowa,  on  tlie  W.  bank  of  Mississippi  Kiver, 
12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Dubuque. 

WEL'FORD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

WELFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Gloucester 
and  Warwick. 

WELFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WEL'II.VM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

WELKA,  'ft^l'kd,  a  market-town  of  Austria,  Moravia,  12 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Hradisch.     Pop.  1597. 

WELKERSDORF,  «gl'kers-doRf\  a  village  of  Prussian  Si- 
lesia, government  of  Liegnitz.     Pop.  1438. 

WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  2  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Alford.  There  are  three  Celtic  barrows  in  this  parish, 
and  in  the  vicinity  600  Roman  coins  were  found,  (1725.) 

WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

WEI/LAND,  a  river  of  England,  rises  near  the  heads  of 
the  Nen  and  Avon,  flows  N.E.,  separating  Northampton- 
shire from  the  counties  of  Leicester,  Rutland,  and  Lincoln, 
to  near  Croyland.  where  it  turns  N.,  and  divides  into  two 
arms,  one  of  which  branches  E.  to  Wisbeach,  and  the  other 
enters  the  Wash  at  Fossdyke.  Total  course  70  miles,  for 
the  latter  half  of  which  it  has  been  made  navigable  by 
means  of  locks. 

WELLAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

WELLAND  or  CHIP/PEWAY,  a  river  of  Canada  West, 
district  of  Niagara,  flows  E.  and  joins  the  Niagara  shortly 
above  its  Falls,  after  a  course  of  60  miles,  in  progress  of 
which  it  forms  a  part  of  the  Welland  Canal.  It  is  deep, 
300  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  and  fringed  by  fine  woods.  The 
Wei-land  C.iNAL,  35  miles  long,  connects  the  I.akes  Erie  and 
Ontario,  avoiding  the  Falls  of  the  Niagara  River. 

WELLAND,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated  at  the 
E.  end  of  Lake  Erie,  by  which  it  is  bounded  on  the  S.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Welland  River.  Area  356  square  miles. 
Pop.  20.1 41.    Capital,  Chippewa. 

WELl/BORN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Coffee  county, 
Alabama,  about  70  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  by  E.  of  Mont- 
gomery.   It  is  a  new  place,  and  contains  but  few  dwellings. 

WELLBORN'S  MILLS,  a  post-office.  Houston  co.,  Georgia. 

WELLE,  wJl'leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  on  the  Dendre,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
1258. 

WELLE,  wMleh,  an  island  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.E.  of 
Papua ;  lat.  9°  41'  S.,  Ion.  150°  58'  E. 

WELLEN,  *M'lgn,  a  village  of  Belgian  Limbourg,  6  miles 
e.  of  Hasselt.     Pop.  2044. 

WELLENDINGEN,  «J11en-dingVn.  a  villa^re  of  Wiirtem- 
Uirg.  circle  of  Schwarzwald.  near  Rottweil.     Pop.  1367. 

WEiyiiER.  a  township  of  Richland  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1201. 

WEl/LERSBCKG,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Somerset  co., 


Pennsylvania,  on  the  plank-road  from  Cumberland  to  Wes* 
Newton,  128  miles  W.S.W.  of  Harrisburg.     I'op.  466. 

WEL'LERA'ILLE,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co..  Ohio. 

WELLESBOURNE  HASTINGS,  w^llz/burn  haLs'tingz,  «• 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WELLESBOURNE  MOXTFORD,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co 
of  Warwick,  5  miles  N.W.  of  Kingston.     Pop.  in  1851.  728. 

WELLESLEY,  wMslee,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co 
of  Waterloo.  92  miles  W.  of  Toronto. 

WELLESLEY,  wjlslee,  a  county  of  New  South  W.iles. 
having  S.W.  the  Briti.»h  colony  of  Victoria,  and  on  othei 
sides  the  counties  of  Auckland,  Boresford,  and  Wallace. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  covered  by  ramilicaliong 
of  the  Australian  Alps.     Principal  station,  Bomballo. 

WELLESLEY  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  the  Gulf  of  Carpen- 
taria, North  Australia.  Mornington  Island,  the  most  N 
and  largest,  is  40  miles  in  length  by  15  in  bn-adth;  hit.  of 
N.  point  16°  24'  S..  Ion.  139°  37'  E.  The  other  islands  arc 
Bontinck.  Sweers,  Bountiful,  and  Pisonea. 

WELLESLEY  PROVINCE,  British  territory  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula.     See  Province  Wei.i,ksi.ey. 

WELiyFLEjyr.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Barnstable 
CO.,  .Massacliusetts,  on  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula 
of  Cape  Cod,  about  70  miles  by  water  and  100  by  laud  S.E. 
fit>m  Boston.  The  village  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
peninsula,  at  the  head  of  Wellfleet  Bay,  which  afi'ords  good 
anchorage  for  ves.eels,  being  protected  from  the  sea  by  seve- 
ral islands.  The  mackerel  fishery  is  more e.xtensively  carried 
on  here  than  at  any  other  port  of  Massachusetts,  Gloucester 
only  excepted.  In  1851,  79  vessels  (tons  5411)  and  852  men 
and  boys  were  employed  in  the  mackerel  fishery  aloue ;  the 
inspections  for  the  year  amounted  to  ll,o67i  barrels.  In 
1855  about  105  vessels  were  owned  here,  employing  some 
1200  men  and  boys.  Wellfleet  has  3  churches,  22  stoics,  1 
savings  bank,  and  4  wharves  whore  fish  are  put  up  fur  iriar- 
ket.  Some  sliijibuilding  is  ciu-ried  on  here.  Pop.  of  the 
township  ill  M-tH).  23_'2. 

WELLINGBOROUGH,  welling-bur-rilh,  a  market  town 
and  parif^h  of  England,  co.  and  lOj  miles  E.N.E.  of  North- 
ampton, on  a  branch  of  the  North-Western  Railway.  The 
town  has  a  central  market-place,  a  handsome  church,  aud 
an  endowed  free  school.     Pop.  in  1851,  5001. 

WEULINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WEL/LINGORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WEI/LINGTON.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Salop,  on  the  Shrewsbury  and  Shr<*p^hiro  Canal,  and 
with  a  station  on  the  Shrewsbury  and  Stafford  Railway,  10 
miles  E.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  4i;ul. 
The  town,  near  the  ancient  Watling  Street,  is  well  built, 
and  has  an  elegant  church,  Roman  Catholic  and  other 
chapels,  free  and  national  schools,  a  prison,  almshou.<es,  and 
a  union  workhou.se.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged 
in  coal  and  iron  mines,  limestone  quarries,  smelting  fur- 
naces, nail  and  glassworks.  Some  malting  and  a  timber 
trade  are  carried  on.  Near  the  town  are  a  chalybeate  and 
sulphureous  springs,  resorted  to  by  visitors. 

WEI>LINGTON,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  England, 
CO.  of  .Somerset,  with  a  station  on  the  Bristol  and  Exetet 
(Great  Western)  Railway,  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Taunton.  Pop. 
of  the  town,  in  1851,  3926.  The  town,  built  in  modern  style, 
has  a  markethouse  in*its  centre,  a  handsome  church,  with 
the  magnificent  tomb  of  Sir  J.  Popham,  the  founder  of 
almshouses  here;  an  elegant  chapel  of  ease,  many  dissent- 
ing chapels,  an  union  workhouse,  woollen  mills,  and  a 
manufactory  of  earthenwares.  This  town  successively  gave 
the  titles  of  Viscount,  Earl.  Marquis,  and  Duke  to  Arthur 
Wellesley ;  and  on  a  lofty  hill.  3  miles  S.,  is  an  obelisk  120 
feet  in  height,  commemorating  his  victory  at  Waterloo. 

WELLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WELLINGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

WELLINGTON,  a  postrtownship  in  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine, 
50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  694. 

WELLI.N'GTON,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Georgia, 
about  110  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

WELLINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lorain  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus  Railroad,  36  miles 
S.W.  of  Cleveland.    It  has  a  bank.     Pop.  1029. 

WELr.,INGTON.  a  post-office  of  Lake  co..  Illinois. 

WELLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri. 
on  the  S.  bank  of  Missouri  River,  115  miles  N.W.  of  Jelfer 
son  City. 

WEL'LINGTON,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  centrally 
situated  in  the  western  part  of  the  province.  Area,  1237 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Grand  River  and  its 
branches.     Pop.  26.796.     Capital,  Guelph. 

WELLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  county  of 
Prince  Edward,  situated  on  West  Lake,  10  miles  from  Pio- 
ton.     Pop.  about  500. 

WEL'LINGTON,  a  county  of  New  South  Wales,  East  Au* 
tralia,  bounded  everywhere  by  aftluents  of  the  Macquarie 
River,  which  traverses  its  centre  in  a  N.W.  direction.  Area 
1656  squ.are  miles.  Pop  in  1850.  2000.(?)  Two  mountain 
ranges  diversify  the  county,  which  has  a  fine  dale  e:^!!^) 
Wellington  Valley,  and  soil  well  adapted  for  grazing.    Prin- 

8089 


WEL 

dpal  rillages.  MnJgee,  the  capital,  Wellington,  Carwell, 
iJiimmcrhill.  aud  Molong.  where  are  valuable  copper-mines 
and  smelting  works.  With  the  county  of  Roxburgh  it  re- 
turns one  member  to  the  Legislative  Assembly. 

WKLLIXGTON,  a  county  of  West  Australia,  having  W. 
the  ocean.  The  Darling  Mountains  traver.se  it  from  X.  to 
S.  Principal  rivers,  the  Brunswick,  Collier,  Preston,  and 
Capel.  A  line  of  lagoons  borders  the  coast,  on  which  are 
Leschenault  Inlet  and  Koombanah  Bay.  Principal  town- 
ships. Waterloo.  Picton,  Bunbury,  and  Australind. 

WELLINGTON,  a  parish  of  Tasmania,  (Van  Diemen's 
Land.)  CO.  of  Buckingham,  on  the  Derwent. 

WKLLINGTON,  a  settlement  of  New  Zealand,  Ulster  or 
North  Island,  on  Cook's  Strait,  and  on  the  W.  shore  of 
Port  Nicholson.  The  houses  are  picturesquely  situated  in 
tiers  around  and  above  the  margin  of  the  bay.  The  town 
h;is  Episcopal,  Scotch,  Wesleyan,  and  Roman  Catholic 
churches,  a  mechanics'  institute,  savings  bank,  custom- 
house, exchange,  bari-acks, -jail,  and  hospital;  a  brewery, 
steam  flour  and  sawing  mills,  &c.  Pop.  of  township  and  sub- 
urbs, in  1848,  2t349. 

WELLINGTON,  an  island  of  South  America,  the  largest 
of  the  chain  which  stretches  along  the  W.  coast  of  Patagonia, 
between  lat.  47'^  30'  and  50°  20'  S^,  and  in  Ion.  75°  W. ;  great- 
est length,  measured  along  the  coast  from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E., 
138  miles:  medium  breadth  35  miles.  It  is  separated  from 
the  mainland  by  Messier  and  Wide  Channels,  and  from 
Madre-de-Dios  on  the  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Trinidad,  and  on  the 
N.  forms  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Penas.  Its  N.  extremity 
Is  Cape  San  Roman. 

\VELLINGTON  LAKE,  Victoria,  South-East  .\ustralia.  co. 
of  Bruce,  in  Gipps  Land.  Length  20  miles,  breadth  6  miles. 
It  receives  La  Trobe,  Maeonochie,  Barney,  Dunlop,  and 
Perry  Rivers. 

WELLINGTON  MOUNT,  Tasmania,  co.  of  Buckingham, 
4  miles  W.  of  IIobart-Town,  and  4000  ifeet  in  height. 

WELLINGTON  STATION,  South  Australia,  near  the 
head  of  Lake  Victoria,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Adelaide. 

WELLI.XGTON  SQUAKK,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West, 
county  of  Haltou,  situated  on  Lake  Ontario,  35  miles  8.W. 
of  Toronto. 

WKI/LOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

WELLOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

AVKLLOW,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WELLS,  a  city,  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
of  England,  co.  df  Somerset,  S.  of  the  Mendip  Hills,  and  19 
miles  S.W.  of  Bath.  Pop.  of  the  city,  in  1851,  4736.  The 
town  is  small  but  handsome,  from  its  numerous  ecclesias- 
tical buildings.  On  its  E.  side  is  a  spacious  market-place, 
with  the  town-hall,  city  and  county  jail,  and  a  conduit  that 
su|)plies  the  city  with  water,  communicating  through  an 
ancient  gateway,  with  the  close,  in  which  are  the  fine  Cathe- 
dral and  bishop's  palace.-  The  Cathedral,  dating  from  the 
time  of  Uenry  111.,  has  a  central  tower  178  feet  in  height:  its 
interior  is  richly  decorated,  and  has  the  tomb  of  Ina.  King 
of  Wessex.  Other  principal  edifices  are  the  Episcopal  Palace, 
chapter  hou.se,  deanery,  St.  Cuthbert's  parish,  dissenters' 
chapels,  and  almshouses.  Here  are  a  collegiate  school,  and 
many  other  schools.  The  trade  is  chiefly  retail,  the  former 
silk  and  other  manufactures  have  ceased,  and  the  corn  mat^ 
ket  has  greatly  declined,  but  the  msS-ket  for  cheese  is  exten- 
sive. It  has  quarter  sessions,  and  a  court  of  record,  and  is 
the  seat  of  county  assizes,  alternately  with  Taunton.  Wells 
sends  2  members  to  the  Uouse  of  Commons.  Its  bishop's 
see,  erected  in  905.  and  annexed  to  that  of  Bath  at  the  end 
of  the  next  century,  has  been  filled  by  Cardinal  Wolsey 
and  Archbishop  Laud. 

WELLS,  a  seaport  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk,  on  a  creek,  1  mile  from  the  North  Sea.  and  4^  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Walsingham.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  3033.  The 
town  has  a  spacious  church,  built  of  flint,  with  a  lofty 
tower,  a  theatre,  and  subscription  library.  Vessels  of  150 
tons  reach  the  town.  The  principal  trade  is  in  the  ship- 
ment of  corn,  malt,  and  oysters,  and  the  import  of  coal  and 
timber.  About  3  miles  distant  is  Holkham,  the  seat  of  the 
Earl  of  Leicester. 

WELIA  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
880  square  mUes.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Wabash  River. 
The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  "level,  and  the  soil  is 
fertile.  There  are  a  few  small  prairies  in  the  county :  the 
other  parts  produce  the  oak.  hickory,  beech,  ash,  and  sugar- 
maple.  The  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad  passes  within  3 
miles  of  this  county.    Capital,  Bluffton.    Pop.  1 0  844 

W  ELLS,  a  post-township  of  York  co„  Maine,  bordering  on 
Uie  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  intersected  by  the  Portland  Saco  and 
Portsmouth  Railroad,  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Portland  The 
inhabitants  are  engaged  to  a  considerable  extent  in  navi- 
gation, ship-buildiiig  and  manufiictures.    Pop.  2878 

-,     ok  ,-.-''  P'^^t-tfwnship  of  Rutland  co.,  Verm 
mile«  S.S.H .  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  642. 

WELLS,  a  post-township  of  Hamilton  county.  New  York 
about  S4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  738 

W  ELI.S,  a  village  and  township  in  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Bradf<>r<l  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1159. 

^^  ^^^'aJao'^^  ■'"'"^  "^  I'ulton  CO,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  627. 


>.,  Vermont, 


WEL 

WELLS,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  intiTsecied  by  a  branch  of  the  Cleveland  and  Pitts- 
burg Railroad.    Pop.  1482. 
WELLS,  a  township  of  Laporte  co.,  Indiana,    Pop.  890. 
WELLSBOROUGH,  w^elz'bur-rCih,  a  post-borough,  capital 
of  Tioga  CO..  Pennsylvania,  145  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Harris- 
burg.    It  is  neatly  built  and  contains  a  stone  court-house, 
several  churches,  an  academy,  a  jail,  a  bank,  a  gnwled  school, 
and  a  foundry.    Two  newspapers  are  issued  here.    Incor- 
porated in  1830.  Pop.  in  1 850,  e.'O  ;  in  1 860,  809 ;  in  1865, 1050. 
WELLS'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Chemung  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Chemung  River,  and  on  the  New  York  and  Erie 
Railroad,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Elniini. 

WELLSBUKG,  a  villageof  Erieco.,  Pennsylvania,  26  miles 
S.W.  of  Erie. 

WELLSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Brooke  county, 
West  Virginia,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Ohio  River,  16 
siiles  above  Wheeling.  It  contains  6  churches,  1  academy, 
1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  1  manufactory  of  cotton,  1  of 
woollen  goods,  2  of  stoneware,  6  flour-mills,  and  2  paper- 
mills.  Rich  mines  of  coal  are  worked  in  the  vicinity.  Wool 
is  the  chief  article  of  export.    Pop.  about  3000. 

WELLSBURG,  a  post-village  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri, 
about  38  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

MELLS'  COR/NERS,  a  pos^oftice  of  Orange  CO.,  New  York. 
WELLS'  CORNERS,  a  post-offlce  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
WELLS'COTT,  a  postoflfice  of  Union  co.,  Georgia. " 
WKLLS'  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Y'ork  CO..  Maine,  on  the 
Portland  Saco  and  Portsmouth  Railroads,  28  miles  S.W.  of 
Portland. 

WELLS'  MILLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Appanoose  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Chariton  River,  several  miles  S.E.  of  Centre- 
ville. 

WELLS'  RIVER,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Vermont,  rises 
in  Caledonia  county,  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  River 
in  Orange  county.     It  affords  some  fine  mill-seats. 

WELLS'  RIVER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Orange  co., 
Vermont,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  at  tlie 
mouth  of  Mells'  River,  and  on  the  Connecticut  and  Pas- 
snmpsic  Rivers  Railroad.  o5  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Montpelier. 
The  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroiid  connects  hero 
with  the  railroad  above  niimed.  It  is  a  phice  of  active  trade, 
and  contains  a  bank  and  various  manufactories,  for  which 
Wells  River  affords  good  water-power. 

WELLS'VILLE,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Alleghany 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  G  enesee  River,  and  on 
the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  358  miles  from  New  York, 
and  8  miles  S.E.  of  Belmont.  A  plank-road  connects  it  with 
Coudersport  in  Pennsylvania.  The  railroad  station  is  called 
Genesee.  Pop.  of  township,  2432. 
WELLSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
WELLSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Yellow  Creek 
township,  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  Ifiver,  52  miles 
belo\v  Pittsburg,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Rail- 
road, 102  miles  S.E.T)f  Cleveland.  It  has  an  active  trade,  and 
contains  1  national  bank,  6  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  a 
Union  school,  2  machine-shops,  2  foundries,  and  large  repair^ 
shops  of  the  railroad  company.     Pop.  1;'iS7. 

WELL/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Nottoway  co.,  Virginia,' 

on  the  Petersburg  and  Lynchburg  Railroad,  31  miles  from 

Petersburg. 

W  EL/N  KTHAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

WELNETHAM.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Suffolk. 

WEIANEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  cos.  of  Norfolk  and 

Cambridge. 

WELS,  ftels,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  capital  of  the  circle 
of  HausrUck.on  the  Traun.  and  the  Budweis  and  Gmunden 
Railway.  16  miles  S.W.  of  Lintz.  Pop.  4300.  It  has  Roman 
Catholic  churches,  a  Lutheran  ch.ipel.  a  vast  hospital,  a 
military,  high,  and  other  schools,  cotton  manufactures, 
copper  foundries,  and  an  active  transit  trade.  The  Emperor 
Maximilian  I.,  and  Charles  V..  Duke  of  Lorraine,  died  hero. 
WELSCHLAXD  or  WALSCBLAND.  vijlshiant.  a  Ger- 
man word  originally  signifying  any  foreign  country,  but 
usu.iUv  applied  to  Italy. 
WELSH/FIELD,  a  postoffice  of  Geauga  co.,  Ohio. 
WELSH/POOL  or  WELCH/POOL,  a  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  town,  parish,  and  township  of  .North 
Wales,  of  which  it  is  regarded  as  the  capital,  co.  of  Mont- 
gomery, immediately  W.  of  the  Ellesmere  Canal  and  the 
Severn,  18^  miles  W.S.W.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  of  township 
in  1851,  2432.  'The  town  leads  up,  on  the  S..  to  Powys 
Castle  and  Park,  (seat  of  Earl  Powys  and  included  iu 
the  borough.)  and  consists  of  a  long  main  street,  having 
in  its  centre  the  County-hall.  It  is  built  with  great  regu- 
laritj'.  neat,  and  cheerful;  it  has  a  spacious  modern  Gothio 
church,  chapels  of  Independents,.  Wesleyaus,  Calvinists, 
Baptists,  Ac;  national  and  free  schools,  and  almshouses. 
It^s  flannel  trade,  formerly  important,  has  declined;  it  has 
some  woollen-mills,  tanneries,  and  malt-houses.  It  uniteii 
with  Montgomery.  Llanfyllin.  Llanidloes.  Machynlleth,  and 
Newtown,  in  sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  0>n.mons. 
WELSH  RUN,  a  post-offlce  of  Franklin  co.  Penns/lvania. 
WELSLKBEX,  *61s'li^ben.  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
goverumeut  of  Magdeburg,  circle  of  Wanzleben.    Pi  y.  12UL 


WEL 

WELTEN,  ^6l't?n,  a  villase  of  Dutch  Limburg,  11  miles 
W.S.K.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  3304. 
WKLTON,  a  parish  of  Knsrland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
VVKLTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Northampton. 
W ELTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Hiding. 
AVELTON,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa. 
WELTON-IN-TUJJ-MARSH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 
WELTON-LE-WOLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
AVELTONVILLE,  a  post-oftice  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York. 
WELWAllN,  #Sl'warn.  a  walled  town  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Itakonitz,  on  the  llothenbach,  19  miles  N.W.  of  Prague. 
Pop.  1449. 
WEL'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  Riding. 
WKL'VVYN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  7  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Hertford.    The  endowed  school,  revenue  bSl.,  was  founded 
by  Dr.  Young,  author  of  "Night  Thoughts,"  who  was  long 
rector  of  the  parish,  and  is  buried  in  the  church. 

WELZIIEIM,  ftjlts/hime,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  circle 
of  .Taxt,  on  the  Leine,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stuttgart.     P.  1674. 
WK.M,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop, 
11  miles  N.N.E.  of  Shrewsbury.     Pop.  of  parish  in  1851, 
3747.    The  town,  near  the  Roden,  has  a  handsome  church, 
grammar  school,  manufactures  of  leather,  and  a  malting 
trade.    It  gave  the  title  of  Baron  to  the  notorious  Judge 
Jeffreys. 
WEMB'DOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
■WEM'IiUKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
WE.MB/WORTHY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
WEilDING,  *5m'ding,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swabia, 
31  miles  S.S.E.  of  Anspach.    Pop.  2171.    It  has  an  ancient 
castle  and  manufactures  of  lire-arms. 

WEMELDINGE,  *Jm'el-dingVh,  a  village  of  Holland,  pro- 
Tince  of  Zealand,  6  miles  E.  of  Goes.     Pop.  810. 

WKMMEL,  wJm'mel,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  on  the  Moleubeek,  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Brussels. 
Pop.  1353. 
WEMSEN,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  See  Mseno. 
WE'MYSS,  a  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Fife,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  N.E.  of  Dysart.  On  the  rocky  shore  is 
VVemyss  Castle,  the  proprietor  of  which  U  the  29th  in  lineal 
descent  from  Macduff,  the  famous  lord  of  Fife. 

WEN-CHANG  or  WEN-TCUANG,  the  N.E.  district  of  the 
island  of  Hainan. 

WENDEL,  wSn'del,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  29  miles 
S.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Blies.     Pop.  in  1852,  2436. 

WEN'DELBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
WEN'DELL,  a  post-township  iu  Sullivan  co.,  New  llamp- 
Bhire,  33  miles  N.W.  of  Concord. 

WENDELL,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Massachu- 
getts,  intersected  by  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Rail- 
road, about  «tO  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield.     l'op.704. 

WENDELL'S  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Railroad,  40 
mil<!3  W.  by  N.  of  Fitchburg. 

WENDELSTEIN,  wfe'del-stine\  a  market-town  of  Bavaria, 
Middle  Franconia,  near  the  Ludwig  Canal,  S.  of  Nuremberg. 
Pop.  1197. 
WEN  DEN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Vendex. 
WEN'/DLING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the 
East  .\nglian  Railway,  4  miles  W.  of  East  Dereham. 
WEN/DON-LOFTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
WEN'DONS-.i^MBO.  a  pari,sh  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
WEN'DOVER,  a  market-town,  parish,  and  disfranchised 
borough  of  England,  eo.  of  Bucks,  at  the  foot  of  the  Chiltern 
Hills,'21  miles  S.E.  of  Buckingham.    P.  of  parish  in  1851, 19.37. 
The  town  is  small,  and  near  a  reservoir  of  the  Grand  Junc- 
tion Canal;  lace  making  occupies  part  of  its  female  popula- 
tion     Hampden,  in  five  successive  parliaments,  represented 
the  borough,  which  was  disfranchised  by  the  Reform  Act. 
VVEN'DY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 
WENER,  *iVaer,  or  WENNER.  *Jn'ner,  a  lake  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Sweden,  and  the  largest  in  Europe  after  those  of  La- 
doga and  Onega,  between  lat.  58°  22'  and  59°  25'  N.,  and  Ion. 
12°  20'  and  14°  12'  E.,  enclosed  by  the  lasns  of  Wenersborg, 
Mariestad,  and  Carlstad.  Length  94  miles,  breadth  from  15  to 
50  miles  near  its  centre,  where  two  peninsulas  extend  into  it 
from  N.  and  S.,  and,  with  a  group  of  islands,  nearly  separate 
it  into  Wener  Lake  N.E.  and  Dalbo  Lake  S.W.     Estimated 
irea  2120  square  miles :  average  height  above  the  sea  147 
feet,  but  its  level  varies  at  different  times  as  much  as  10  feet. 
Shores  greatly  indented;   it  receives  about  30  rivers,  the 
principal  of  which  is  the  Klar  from  the  N.;  and  it  discbarges 
its  surplus  waters  by  the  Goet,a-elf  S.W.  into  the  Cattegat. 
Xhough  deep  in  some  parts,  it  is  in  others  too  shallow  for 
navigation ;  it  is  connected  by  a  canal  with  Lake  Wetter  on 
the  E.,  by  which,  and  the  Gotba  Canal.  Lake  Roxen.  Ac,  a 
continuous  line  of  inland  communication  extends  between 
the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic  Sea. 

WEN/ERSBORG  or  ELFSBURG,  Jlfs'boRg,  a  Iren  of  Swe- 
aen,  has  an  area  of  5036  square  miles.  Pop.  246,136. 
Principal  towns,  Wenersborg,  Allinggaes,Boris,Ulricchamn, 
and  Amal. 

WE.NERSBORG,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  lasn.  at 
the  S.W.  eitremity  of  Lalte  Wener,  at  the  efflux  of  the 


WER 

Goeta-elf,  has  been  regularly  laid  out  since  its  doatruction 
by  fire  in  1834,  and  is  tiie  seat  of  the  principal  govern  incnt 
establishments  for  the  province.  Pop.  2950.  Near  it  are 
brick-kilns  and  large  military  magazine*. 

WENEW,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  VeneV. 

WEN'FOE,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

WEX/H.'VM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk- 

WENHAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk 

WEN'HAM.  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  iissex 
CO.,  M.issachusetts,  on  tlie  Eastern  Railroad,  20  miles  N.  by 
E.  of  Boston.  The  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  is  ac 
important  branch  of  business,  furnishing  employment  to 
some  200  persons.  Four  ships  are  owned  here  and  employed 
in  foreign  trade.  In  the  town.ship  is  a  beautiful  slicet  of 
water  called  Wenham  Lake,  from  which  about  30.000  tons 
of  ice  are  taken  annually.  The  village  contains  a  town 
house,  just  completetl,  with  accommodations  for  a  high 
school ;  a  chnrch,  and  2  stores.  Pop.  about  500 ;  of  the  town- 
ship in  1860, 1105. 

WEN'IIASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WEN'LOCK,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  and  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  the  borough 
crossed  by  the  Severn,  and  the  town  12  miles  S.E.  of  Shrews- 
bury. Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough  in  1851, 20,588,  cliictly 
engaged  in  coal-mining  and  manufactures.  The  town,  Mucli- 
Wenlock,  has  a  spacious  church,  a  free  school,  and  minoj 
charities,  and  on  its  S.  side  are  the  remains  of  a  famous 
abbey  founded  in  the  7th  century.  Wcnlock,  which  received 
its  franchise  from  Edward  IV.,  was  the  first  borough  that 
acquired  the  right  of  representation  by  charter  from  the 
sovereign.     It  returns  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WEN 'LOCK,  a  township  in  Essex  co.,  Vermont,  on  the 
Grand  Trunk  Itailroad,  55  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier. 

\\  ENNECONNE,  w6u'ne-konn/,i?)  a  posfroffice  of  Winne- 
bago CO.,  Wisconsin.    See  Winneconna. 

WENNER.    See  Wener. 

WEN'NINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WENO/NA  STATION,  a  jxjst-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois. 

WENS^LEY,  a  parish  and  township  of  England,  co.  of 
York,  North  Riding.  In  Wen.slcy-Dale,  an  extensive  tract 
on  the  Ure,  are  Bolton-hall,  and  the  remains  of  Bolton  Castio, 
which  for  a  time  was  the  prison  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

WENSLEYand  SNIT/TERTON,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  Derby. 

WPJN'SUM,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  rises  near 
Fakenham,  and  after  a  S.E.  course  of  45  miles,  joins  the  Yare, 
2  miles  below  Norwich. 

WEN-TCHOO  or  WEN-TCHOU,  wJn-choo',  a  maritime  city 
of  China,  province  of  Che-kiaug,  capital  of  a  department, 
145  miles  S.  of  Ningpo. 

WENl'/NOR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WENT'WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  C.imbridge. 

WENTWORTH.  a  township  and  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  York,  West  Riding.  The  church  cf>ntains  monuments  of 
the  Fitzwilliam  family,  whose  seat,  Weutworth-hall,  is  in 
the  vicinity. 

WENT'WORTH,  a  post-township  in  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire,  intersected  by  the  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal 
Railroad,  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1257. 

WENTWORTH.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rockingham  co., 
North  Carolina,  106  miles  N.W.  of  Raleigh.     Pop.  about  300. 

WENTWORTH,  a  post-village  in  Imke  co.,  Ulinois,  on  Des 
Plaines  River,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

WENTWORTH,  a  county  of  Canada  West,  situated  at  the 
head  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  forms  its  eastern  boundary. 
Area  426  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  branches 
of  Welland  River,  and  other  small  streams.  Pop.  42,019. 
Capit.al,  Hamilton. 

WENTWORTH'S  LOCATION,  a  post-township  of  Coos  co., 
New  Hampshire.     Pop.  55. 

WEOBLEY  or  WEOBLY,  woo/blee,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  and  11  miles  N.W.  of  Hereford.  Pop. 
in  1851,  908.  It  has  a  free  grammar  school,  and  remains  of 
a  castio  famous  in  the  wars  of  Stephen  and  the  Empress 
Matilda.     The  borough  was  disfranchised  by  the  Reform  Act. 

WEGGUTKA,  a  post-office  of  Coosa  co.,  Alabama. 

WEPRIT,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Vepritt. 

WE'QUIOC,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Louisiana. 

WERBEN,  ^Jii'ben,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony.  54  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Magdeburg,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Havel  with 
the  Elbe.     Pop.  1790. 

WERB.ACH.  ■ftju'bte.  a  village  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower. 
Rhine,  on  the  Tauber.  3  miles  N.  of  Bi.schofsheim.     P.  1157. 

WERCHTER,  w^RK'ter,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Brabant,  at  the  junction  of  the  Demer  with  the  Dyle,  17  miles 
N.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1992. 

WERCKEN,  <T§Rk'ken,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  IS  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges."  Pop.  1576. 

WERDAU,  wjR/dow,  a  town  of  Saxony,  5  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Zwickau,  on  the  I'leisse,  and  on  the  Saxon  Bavarian 
Railway.  Pop.  6218.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
cotton  fabrics,  cotton-printing  works,  and  dyeing  establish 
ments. 

WERDEN,  ftfR'den,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  16  miles 
N.E.  of  Dus.seldorf,  on  the  Ruhr.    Pop.  in  1852,  5605.     It  hai 

2091 


TVER 

rwkoullictvres  of  woollen  and  linen  cloths,  cotton  yarn, 
cutlery,  soup,  machinery,  and  leather,  with  iron  foundries 
and  coal-mines  in  its  vicinity. 

WKKDEXBERG.  *^R'dfn-bJRG\  a  town  of  Ea-ot  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  St.  Gall,  near  the  Rhine,  7  miles  N.K.  of 
Wallenstadt.  with  a  castle  and  SoO  inhabitanti. 

WEKDKK,  ^^R/der,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, government  and  5  miles  W.  of  Potsdam,  on  the 
Havel.     Pop.  in  1852,  2.555. 

WEUE'H.\M.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfollc 

WK.KE.JA,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Yekeya. 

^YERKHdTURIE,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Verkhotoome. 

WERL,  «Jb1.  a  town  of  Pru.esian  Westphalia,  government 
of  Arnsberg.  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Soest.  Pop.  In  1852,  4109. 
It  has  a  Capuchin  convent,  with  a  greatly  venerated  imajre 
of  the  Virgin,  which  attracts  numerous  pilgrims.  Kear  it 
are  important  salt-works. 

WERMELSKIRCHEX,  *fR'mels-k66RKVn,  a  village  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  government  and  E.S.E.  of  Dusseldorf. 
Pop.  1126. 

WERMSDORF,  ^jRms'doRf,  a  village  of  Austria,  Moravia, 
circle  of  Olmutz.     Pop.  1206. 

WERMSDORF.  *6Rms'doBf,  a  village  of  Saxony,  23  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Leipsici    Pop.  1609. 

WERNE,  «-^R/ngh,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  20 
miles  S.  of  Munster,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lippe.  Pop. 
1850,  mostlv  employed  in  linen  weaving. 

WEKXERSREUTH.  *jR'ners-roit\  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
on  the  Elster,  3  miles  from  Asch.     Pop.  1046. 

WER'XEItSVILLE,  a  post-ofSce.  Berks  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WER/NETH.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester.  The 
Inliabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  coal-mines  and  freestone 
quarries. 

WERNIGERODE.  *jR^ie-ga-ro'deh,  a  walled  town  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony,  43  miles  S.W.  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  Ilolzemme. 
Pop.  5600.  It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  town,  and  the 
suburb  Noschenrode.  It  has  a  castle,  the  residence  of  the 
Counts  Stolberg-Wernigerode,  with  a  library  of  40.000 
volumes;  a  gymnasium,  and  manufactures  of  woollen 
stuffs,  Sx. 

WERXITZ,  ft^R/nits,  or  WORNITZ,  •ftoR'nits,  a  river  of 
Bavaria,  circles  of  Middle  Franeonia  and  Swabia.  after  a  S. 
course  of  60  miles  joins  the  Danube  at  Donauwiirth.  Its 
affluents  are  the  Sulz  and  Eger. 

WERNSTADTEL.  (Werustadtel.)  ^-^Rn'st^tHel.  a  town  of 
Bohemia,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Leitmeritz.     Pop.  1453. 

WEROWITZ.  a  town  of  Slsvonia.     See  Verocze. 

WEKRA,  w^r/r^,  a  river  of  Central  Germany,  rises  in  the 
Thuringiau  Forest,  16  miles  N.  of  Coburg.  flows  N.W.  throuiih 
the  territories  of  Hildburghausen,  Meiningen,  Weimar, 
(Eisenach.)  Hesse-Cassel.  and  Hanover,  and  at  Munden  joins 
the  Fulda  to  form  the  Weser.  Total  course,  150  miles,  for 
120  of  which  it  is  navigable.  Its  affluents  are  the  Schleuse, 
Schwarze,  and  Horserfrom  the  E.,  the  Ulster  and  Soutra 
from  the  S. 

^^■£I!RE.  wfa/Reh,  a  river  of  Germany,  after  a  N.  and  E. 
course  of  35  miles,  joins  the  Weser,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Minden. 

WER/RIBEE\  a  river  of  the  British  colony  Victoria.  Aus- 
tralia, flows  S.E.  for  50  miles,  between  the  counties  of  Grant 
and  Bourke,  and  enters  Port  Phillip,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Mel- 
bourne. 

WEKRIXGTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WERRINGXOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 

WERRO.  Russia.    See  Verro. 

WEKSCHETZ.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Versecz. 

WERTACH.  wjR/t^K,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swabia. 
rises  on  the  frontier  of  the  Tyrol,  flows  X.E.  past  Kauf  beuren 
and  Turkheim,  and,  after  a  course  of  70  miles,  joins  the  Lech, 
immediately  beyond  Augsburg.  Its  affluents  are  the  Gen- 
nach  and  Singold  from  the  S.E. 

WEUTACII.  a  village  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Swabia,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  near  iU  source.     Pop.  650. 

WERTEVIBERG.  Pennsylvania.     See  Wltitembero. 

WERTHEIM,  *jRt/hime,  a  walled  town  of  B."\den.  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tauber  with  the 
Main,  20  miles  W.  of  WUrzburg.  Pop.  34-34.  It  has  3  cas- 
tles. 2  of  which  are  residences  of  the  Princes  Uiwenstein- 
Wertbeim;  a  church,  which  serves  fo:  ".wMi  Roman  Catholics 
and  Lutherans :  a  synagogue,  gymnasium,  and  manufactures 
of  linen  and  cotton  fabrics. 

WEUTHER.  «-^R'ter,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  26 
miles  S.W.  of  Minden.     Pop.  1915. 

WKRTIXGEN,  wjR/ting-fn.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Swabia.  16  miles  N.X.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  1590. 

WEItTSVILLE.  a  postofflce  of  Hunterdon  co.,  Xew  Jersey. 

WEKWICQ.  a  town  of  Belgium.    See  Vervick. 

WK'i>AW,  a  township  of  Berrien  co..  Michigan.   Pop.  755. 

WES/COSVILLE,  n  posf>office  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

W  ESEL,  XlEDKR.  nee'der  ft.Vzel.  a  frontier  and  strongly 
rortili«l  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dussel- 
dorf. circle  of  Rees,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  here  joined 
by  the  Lipjie.  Pop.  in  1S52.  12.2S9.  besides  the  garrison, 
moRtly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woollen 
Stuffs,  leather,  and  tobacco,  in  distilleries,  breweries,  and 


WES 

an  actjye  trade  on  the  rivers.  Its  port  is  convenient,  and 
packets  ply  between  it  and  .\msterdarn.  The  Romans  had 
a  fortified  post  here,  and  the  town  formerly  belon_:;ed  to 
the  Hanseatic  League.  Since  1815,  its  defences  have  been 
strengthened  by  the  erection  of  Fort  BlUcher,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Rhine. 

WESEL.  Ober.  o'ber  *A'zel.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  23 
miles  S.S.E.  of  CoMentz.  on  the  Rhine.     Pop.  in  18i2,  2586. 

WESELY.  ftA-zAleet?)  a  town  of  Bohemia,  19  mil»p  N.E. 
of  Budweis.    Pop.  1198. 

WESELY.  a  town  of  Bohemia.     See  Hocb-Weselt. 

WESEMAEL.  wA'zeh-mdr.  a  village  of  Belgium,  piovince 
of  Brabant.  4  miles  X.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1362. 

W'ESEX.  *,A'zpn.  a  village  of  Switzeriand,  c.inton.  and  24 
miles  S.W.  of  St.  Gall,  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
Wallenstadt.     Pop.  598. 

WESEXBERG.  «i'zen-bjRG\  a  town  of  Mecklenhurs-Stre- 
litz.  on  Lake  Woblitz.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Xeu-Strelitz.     P.  1.370. 

WESEXBERG.  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Esthonia,  60  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Revel.     Pop.  1500. 

WpySER,  (Ger.  pron.  WA'zgr;  anc.  Visuriffis.)  a  river  of 
Germany,  its  basin  lying  between  that  of  the  Elbe  on  the 
E.,  and  those  of  the  Ems.  Rhine,  and  Main  on  the  W.  and 
S..  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Fulda  and  W'erra  at 
Minden,  (Hanover,)  whence  it  has  a  N.  cour.«e  through 
Hanover.  Hesse-Cassel.  Brunswick,  Bremen,  and  Oldenburg, 
and  enters  the  North  Sea  in  injunction  with  the  Jahde.  by 
an  estuary  24  miles  acro.«s  at  its  entrance.  It  drains  nearly 
all  of  the  dominions  above  named,  with  the  W.  part  of  the 
Saxon  duchies,  its  affluents  comprising  the  Leine,  with  the 
AUer  and  Wumrac  from  the  E.,  the  Aue  and  Hunte  from 
the  W.  Total  course  250  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  boats 
nearly  to  its  source,  for  vessels  drawing  7  feet  water  to  Bre- 
men, and  for  those  drawing  from  13  tol4  feet  from  the  sea 
to  Vegesack.  but  ships  of  large  size  ascend  it  no  further 
than  Bremershafen  near  its  mouth. 

WESET.  a  town  of  Belgium.     See  Visl 

WESI.TEGONSK,  a  town  of  Rusisia.    See  Vesegoksk. 

WE.S'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  120 
miles  E.X.E.  of  Augusta.    Pop..'}43. 

WESLKY,  a  post-village  of  Veuango  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
60  miles  X'.  of  Pittsburg. 

WESLEY,  a  village  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee,  190  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Nashville. 

WESLEY,  a  small  village  of  Tipton  co.,  Tennessee. 

WESLEY,  a  post-village  of  Hickman  co.,  Kentucky. 

WESLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington  CO., 
Ohio,  16  miles  W.  of  Marietta.    Pop.  1504. 

WESLEY,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana,  107  miles  N. 
of  Indianapolis. 

WESLEY,  a  post-offlce  of  Arkansas  co.,  Arkansas. 

WESLEYAX  FEMALE  COLIJiGE.    See  Maciln,  Georgia. 

WESLEYAN  UNIVERSITY.  See  Middletown,  Conneo 
tJcut. 

WESLEY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Illinois  River.  4  miles  below  Peoria. 
Produce  is  shipped  here  in  steamboat*. 

WE.*'LEYVILlf;,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Ridge  Road.  5  miles  E.  of  Erie,  and  2  miles  from  the 
lake.    Pop.  about  200. 

WESLIXGBUREN.    See  Wesseibuben. 

WESOBUL'GA,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 

WESPRIM.  a  town  of  Hunearv.    See  Veszprim. 

WESSELBUREN,  *Js'sel-buVfn,  or  WESLIXGBUREN, 
OJsOing-booVen.  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Holslein, 
in  Xorth  Ditmarsch.    It  was  anciently  walled.    Pop.  13tX). 

WES'SEL  ISLANDS,  a  group  ofi'  Xorth  Australia,  N.W. 
of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  extending  for  60  miles  from 
S.W.  to  N.E. ;  the  principal  and  northernmost  island  being 
30  miles  in  length,  by  6  or  7  miles  across.  Lat.  of  Cape 
Wessel.  at  its  X.  extremity,  l6°  59'  S.,  Ion.  136°  45'  E. 

WESSELI  or  WESSEL Y,  ftfs-s.Vlee.(?)  a  town  of  Moravia, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Hradi,sch,  on  an  island  formed  by  the  March. 
Pop.  2543.     It  has  a  castle,  and  sturgeon  fisheries. 

WESSEM,  *fo's^m.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Limburg,  on  the  Meuse,  (Maese,)  5i  miles  S.W.  of  Roer- 
mond.    Pop.  1050. 

WES'.SIXGTOX.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby, 

WESS.TEGONSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Vesegonsk. 

^VEST,  for  names  with  this  prefix  aot  below,  see  aAiA- 
tional  word. 

Mi,ST,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  8 
miles  N.  of  Huntingdon,  intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania 
or  Central  Railroad.     Pop.  1672. 

WEST,  a  township  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  interse'.ted 
bv  the  Sandv  and  Beaver  Canal,  and  the  Cleveland  and 
Pittsburg  Railroad.     Pop.  202O. 

WEST-A'CRE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  5  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Swaffham.  It  has  some  remains  of  a  pri'ry, 
founded  in  the  reign  of  William  Rufus. 

WEST  ACTON,  a  post-village  of  Acton  township.  Middle- 
sex CO..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road. 27  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  AD'DISON.  a  po«t-Tillage  of  Steuben  co.,  new 
York,  about  2.30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Aibauy. 


WES 


WES 


WEST  All's  A.NY,  a  village  of  Orleans  CO.,  Vermont,  about 
86  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Montpeiior. 

WEST  AIVBURO,  a  post-village  of  Grand  Isle  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  Lake  Champlain,  opposite  Rouse's  Point,  and  ou 
the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  77  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier. 
WEST  ALEXAN/DER,  a  po.st-village  of  Preble  eo.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Dayton  Turnpike,  and  on  Twin  Creek,  90  miles  W. 
of  Columbus.    Tt  has  some  water-power. 

WEST  ALEXAN'DRIA,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  ^National  Road,  and  on  the  Henipfield 
Ridlroad,  12  miles  E.  of  Wheelin<>;. 

WEST'ALL  I'OINT,  South  Australia,  Eyre-Land.  Lat.  32° 
62'  S.,  Ion.  133°  59'  E.  A  mountain  named  Westall,  East  Aus- 
taralia,  near  Shoal  Bay,  is  an  important  landmark." 

WEST  AL'MOXD,  a  po.st-townsUip  of  Alleghany  county, 
New  York,  about  78  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rochester.    Pop.  935. 

West  ALTOX,  a  post-villa'j;e  of  Belknap  co..  New  llamp- 
Bhire,  near  the  Cocheco  Railroad,  25  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of 
Concord. 

WEST  AMBOY/,  a  post-office  of  Oswego  co.,  Nevr  York. 

WEST  AMESBURY,  (aimz/ber-e,)  a  post-village  of  Ames- 
bury  township,  Essex  co.,  Massachusetts,  near  the  Merri- 
mack River,  41  miles  N.N.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  AM/WELL,,  a  township  of  Ilunterdon  co.,  New 
Jersey.   Pop.  1089. 

WEST  AN'DOVER,  a  post-village  of  Merrimack  co..  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  Northern  Railroad,  33  miles  N.W.  by  N. 
of  Concord. 

WEST  ANDOVER,  a  postK)ffice  of  Ashtabula  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  AN'SON,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  AR'LINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Bennington  co., 
Vermout,  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Montpelier. 

WKST  ASH'KORD,  a  post-village  of  Windham  CO.,  Con- 
necticut, 30  miles  E.N.E.  of  ILirttord. 

WEST  AU'BURN,  a  post-office  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WEST  AVON,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut. 

WEST  BAIN/BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Cheuango  co..  New 
York. 

WEST  BALDWIN,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  BAL'TIMORE,  a  postvillage  of  Montgomery  co., 
Ohio. 

WEST  BAR/NET,  a  post-office  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont. 

WEST  BARN'STABLE,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co., 
Massachu.sotts,  65  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  BAH/RE,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co..  New  York. 

WEST  BARRE,  a  post-office  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WEST  BARRE,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  BATA'VIA,  a  post-village  in  Batavia  township, 
Genesee  co.  New  York. 

WEST  BATH,  a  township  of  Sagadahock  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  BATON  rouge,  (bat/9n  roozh.)  a  parish  in  the 
S.E.  central  part  of  Louisiana,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River:  area  about  240  square  miles.  The  surface  is  a 
level  plain,  which  is  partly  subject  to  be  overflowed.  The 
arable  land  is  mostly  confined  to  the  margin  of  the  river, 
which  is  elevated  a  few  feet  above  the  general  surface. 
Pop.  7.312,  of  whom  1972  were  free,  and  5340  slaves. 

WEST  BEA'VER,  a  village  and  township  of  Snyder  co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1172. 

WEST  BEAVER,  a  post-office  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  BECK'ET,  a  post-village  in  Becket  township,  Berk- 
shire CO.,  Massachusetts,  15  miles  S.S.  \i.  of  Pittsfield. 

WEST  BED'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  CO.,  Ohio, 
73  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus.     It  contains  an  academy. 

WEST  BEDFORD,  a  post-village  of  White  CO.,  Indiana,  95 
miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

WEST  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri. 

WEST  BEND,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township,  capi- 
tal of  Washington  county,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee 
River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Fond-du-Lac  Plank-road, 
about  20  miles  W.  from  Lake  Michigan,  and  35  miles  N.N.W. 
from  Milwaukee  City.  The  river  atlorcls  fine  water-power. 
The  village  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  district,  which  is 
improving  rapidly.  It  contains  5  churches,  2  mills,  nume- 
rous stores,  2  newspaper  offices,  about  200  dwellings,  and  a 
large  wooUon-factory  employing  about  400  hands.  Total 
population  in  1860, 1619. 

WEST'BERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WEST  BER'GEN,  a  post>village  of  Genesee  eo,,  New  York, 
on  the  Rochester  and  Buffalo  Railroad,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Uochester. 

WEST  BERK/SHIRE,  a  post-office,  Franklin  co.,  Vermont. 

WEST  BERLIN',  a  post-office  of  Ren.sselaer  eo..  New  York. 

WEST  BERLIN,  a  postoffice  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan. 

WEST  BETHANY,  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co..  New  York. 

W  EST  BETH'EL,  a  post-village  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine,  on 
tlie  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  74  miles  N.W.  by 
N.  of  Portland. 

WEST  BETH'LEHEM,  a  township  of  Washington  co., 
Peonsvlvania.  about  32  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Pittsburg.   P.  1961. 

WEST  BLOOM'FIELD,  a  postvillago  and  township  of 
Ontario  co.,  New  York,  on  the  Canandaigua  and  Niagara 
Falls  Railroad,  16  nules  W.  of  Canandaigua.    Pop.  1646.        j 


WEST  BLOOMFIELD.  a  post-v.^lage  of  Essex  co.,  Nt»w 
Jersey,  about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Newark. 

WEST  BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  S.  centra* 
pait  of  Oakland  Co.,  Michigan,  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Pou 
tiac.     Pop.  1114. 

WEST  BOLTON,  a  post-office  of  Chittenden  co..  Vermont 

WE3T'Bi)R0UGH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WESTBOROUGH,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co..  Ma* 
sachusetts,  intersected  by  the  Boston  and  Worcester  RaiV 
road,  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston.  The  village  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  railroad,  and  contains  5  churches  aud  1  na- 
tional bank.  It  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  sleighs: 
boots  and  shoes  are  also  manufactured  extensively.  A 
State  Reform  School  is  located  in  the  township,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  about  2  miles  N.  of  the 
village.  The  building  of  the  institution  is  a  spacious  brick 
edifice,  standing  in  tlie  midst  of  extensive  and  highly  cul- 
tivated grounds.  The  garden  comprises  the  slope  between 
the  building  and  the  water's  edge.  During  the  year  1852, 
the  capacity  of  the  institution  was  gieiitly  increased  by  ex- 
tensive additions  made  to  the  main  building.  (See  Mass.i- 
CHUSETTS. — I'ublic  Institutiims.)  A  cai)aciou8  water-cure 
establishment  is  in  operation  about  a  mile  W.  of  the  Keform 
School  near  the  village.  A  handsome  bnilding  for  a  high 
school  has  been  erected  here.  Population  in  1850,  2371 ; 
in  1860,  2913. 

WESTBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co,  Ohio,  on  the 
Cincinnati  and  Hillslx)rough  Railroad. 

WEST  BOS'CAWEN,  »  post-office  of  Merrimack  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

WEST  BOX'FORD,  a  post-office  of  Essex  CO.,  Massachusetts. 

WEST  BOYLS'TON,  a  po.st-township  in  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  40  miles  AV.  by  N.  of  Boston,  intersecteil  by 
the  Fitchburg  and  Worcester  Railroad.  It  has  some  manu- 
factures of  carriages  and  other  articles.     Pop.  2.509. 

WEST  BRAD'FORD,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1734. 

WEST  BRAIN'TREE.  a  post-office  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont 

WEST  BRANCH,  a  post-viliage  of  Oneida  eo..  New  York. 
on  a  branch  of  the  Mohawk  River,  10  or  11  miles  N.  of  Rome, 

WEST  BRANCH,  a  township  of  Potter  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  207. 

WEST  BRAN'DYWINE,  a  township  of  Chaster  eo.,  Peon- 
sylvaiiia.    Pop.  828. 

WEST  BRATTLE  BORO',  a  post-village  in  Windham  co^ 
Vermont,  115  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  Glenwood  Liulies'  Seminary. 

WEST  BREW'STEK,  a  post-office  of  Barnstable  co.,  Ma* 
sachusetts. 

WEST  BRIDGE'TON.  a  post-office,  Cumberland  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  BRIDGE/VVATEli,  a  post-township  in  Plymouth 
CO.,  Massachuscts,  on  the  Old  Colony  and  Newport  Railroad, 
26  miles  S.  of  Boston.  It  has  several  foundries,  and  boot, 
shoe,  and  carriage  factories.     Pop.  1846. 

WEST  BRIGHTON,  brl't9n,  a  post-offlce  of  Monroe  co. 
New  York. 

WEST'BROOK,  a  township  in  Cumberland  co.,  Maine, 
intersected  by  the  Prosumpscot  River,  which  affords  exten- 
sive water-power,  employed  in  manufacturing.  It  contains 
several  villages,  the  principal  of  which  is  Sacarappa,  on  the 
York  and  Cumberland  Railroad,  7  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Port- 
land. The  township  contains  a  bank  and  several  cotton- 
mills.     Pop.  5113. 

WESTBROOK,  a  post-village  aud  township  of  Middlesex 
CO.,  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  New 
Haven  and  New  London  Railroad,  28  miles  E.  of  New  Haven. 
It  contains  4 churches,  3  stores,  and  an  academy.     Pop.  1050, 

WESTBROOK,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  New  York. 

WESTBROOK,  a  post-office  of  Bladen  co..  North  Carolina. 

WEST  BROOK'FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  69  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Boston.     Pop.  1548. 

WEST  BROOKFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  BROOK'VILLE,  a  post<)ffice  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine, 
52  miles  E.  of  Augusta. 

WEST  BROOKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
York,  about  95  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  BROWNS'VILLE,  a  post  village  of  Washington  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Monongahela  River,  opposite  Brown* 
ville.     Pop.  613. 

WEST  BRUNS'WICK,  a  township  in  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, intersected  by  the  Reading  Railroad.     Pop.  2425. 

WEST  BUF'FALO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Union 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  24  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Williarasport. 
Pop.  1940. 

WEST  BUFFALO,  a  postoffice  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa. 

WEST-BURDWAN,  British  India.    See  B.iNCOORAH. 

WEST  BURKE,  a  postoffice  of  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont. 

WEST  BUR'LINGTON,  a  postoffice  of  Otsego  co.,  New 
York,  about  30  miles  S.  of  Utica. 

WEST  BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  902. 

WEST  BURLINGTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Kane  co.,  Hlinois. 

WESTBUIIY,  wSsf  ber-e,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  hundred,  town,  parish,  and  township  of  England. 

:^93 


WES 


WES 


CO.  o'Wilts,  on  thoN."W  side  of  Salisbury  Plain,  with  a  station 
on  a  branch  of  the  Great  Western  Railway,  4^  miles  S.S.K. 
of  Trowbridsce.  Pop.  of  borouirh  in  18.51,7029.  The  town 
Is  irreiiularly  built;  chief  edifice,  a  handsome  town-hall. 
The  rhurch  is  an  old  cruciform  structure.  In  the  pari.^h  are 
2  chapels  of  ea^e,  dissenting  chapels,  and  a  national  school 
endowed  with  lOOOi.  Westbury  returns  1  member  to  the 
House  of  Commons. 

WKSTBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WKSmUKV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WESTBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

WEST'BURY,  a  town  and  parish  of  Van  Diemen's  Land, 
00.  of  Westmoreland,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Launceston. 

WEST'BURY.  a  post-office  of  Wavne  co.,  Xew  York. 

WEST'BURY-ON-SEV'ERN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Qlou'X'ster. 

WESTBORT-ON-TRIM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

WESTBUSn.  a  post-ofiice  of  Fulton  co..  New  Y'ork. 

WEST  BUT'LEK,  a  post-office  of  Wavne  CO.,  Xew  York. 

WEST  BUXTOX.  a  pnst-offiee  of  York  co.,  Maiue. 

WEST'BY  WITH  PLU.Ml'TOXS,  a  township  of  England,  co. 
of  Lancaster. 

WEST  CAI'RO,  a  post-office  of  .lllen  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  CALN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1290. 

WEST  CAM'BRTDGE,  a  pos^village  and  township  of  Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  Mass.ichusetts,  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  from 
which  here  diverges  the  Lexington  and  West  Cambridire 
Branch  Railroad,  6  mile.s  N.W.  of  Boston.  Pop.  in  1S40, 
1363 ,  in  1S50,  2202  ;  in  1860,  2681. 

W  EST  C.\M'DEX,  a  postnjllice  of  Knox  co.,  Maine. 

WBST  CAMDEX,  a  post-viIla<re  of  Oneida  co.,  Xew  York, 
on  the  Watertown  and  Rome  Railroad,  25  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Rome. 

WEST  CAM'ERON,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

WEST  CAMP,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  eo.,  Xew  York,  on 
the  W.  bank'of  the  Hudson  River,  42  miles  below  Albany. 

WEST  CAMPTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Grafton  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  45  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord. 

WESTCA'XAAN,  a  post>village  of  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire,  oa  the  Northern  Railroad,  56  miles  N.W.  of 
Concord. 

WEST  CANAAN,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  22 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

WEST  CAN/ADA  CREEK,  of  Herkimer  co.,  in  the  N.E. 
central  part  of  Xew  Y'ork,  after  forming  a  small  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Oneida  and  Herkimer  counties,  falls  into 
the  Mohawk  River  at  Herkimer.  The  noted  Trenton  Falls 
are  on  this  stream. 

WEST  CAX'DOR,  a  postrofflce  of  Tiosa  co..  New  York. 

WESTCAPELLE,  a  village  of  Belgium.    See    West  Ka- 

PELLE. 

WEST  CAR'LISLE',  a  posf>village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio, 
about  64  miles  E.N.E.  from  Columbus.  Population  in  1860. 
223.  '■ 

WEST  CARLTON,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co..  New  York, 
about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Lockport. 

WEST  CASTLETOX,  a  post-offlce  of  Rutland  co.,  Vermont. 

WESTCAYUTA.  a  post-village  of  Chemung  co..  New 
York,  15  miles  X.X'.E.  of  Elmira. 

WESTCIIAR/LEMOXT.  a  post-village  of  Charlemont  town- 
ship, Franklin  co..  Massachusetts.     It  contains  3  churches. 

WEST  CHARLESriX)X,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  TO  miles  X.E.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 

MEST  CHARLESTON,  a  postvillage  of  Orleans  co.,  Ver- 
mont, near  Clyde  River.  55  miles  X.E.  bv  X.  of  Montpelier. 

WEST  CHARLESTOX,  a  post-vlUage  "of  Miami  co.,  Ohio, 
about  1 1  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Troy. 

WEST  CHARLTOX.  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co..  New 
York,  about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  CHA'ZY,  a  post-village  of  Champlain  township. 
Clinton  CO.,  Xew  Y'ork.  on  the  Platteburg  and  Montreal 
Rtilroad,  10  miles  N.  of  Plattsburg. 

WEST  CIIELMS'FORD,  a  postrvillage  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts.  25  miles  N.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  ClIESH'IRE.  a  post-village  of  New  Haven  CO.,  Con- 
necticut, on  a  railroad  15  miles  N.  of  New  Haven. 

^^  EST/CHESTER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  .Xew  York, 
bordering  on  Connecticut  and  Long  Island  Sound,  has  an 
area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  the  Hudson,  and  is  drained  by  Croton.  Bronx,  and  Har- 
lem Rivers,  which  turn  numerous  mills.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  and  in  the  N.W.  broken  by  the  highlands.  The  soil 
is  geTierally  very  fertile.  Large  quantities  of  marble  are 
round  in  Mount  Plea.caut  and  some  copper  has  been  disco- 
vered. The  Hudson  River  is  navigable  for  ships  along  the 
entire  border.  The  Hudson  River  Railroad,  the  ILrriem 
Railroad,  and  the  Xew  York  and  Xew  Haven  Railroad,  all 
pas.s  through  this  county,  and  the  aqueduct  which  supplies 
the  city  of  Xew  York  with  water  from  the  Croton  River, 
^V-7  ''?'?'"^<^^.'t.  Organised  in  1788.  SeaU  of  jusUce^ 
^^  hite  Plains  and  Bedford.     Pop  99  497  ' 

r,2!'2^J^o^*'^'F-^^  t  post-villaee  of  New  London  co.,  Con- 
necti'sut,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Hartford. 
20M 


WESTCHESTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  West- 
chestor  co..  New  York.  12  miles  N.E.  of  the  City  Hall  of  Xew 
York.  The  township  is  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  Long 
Island  Sound  or  East  River,  and  sloops  ascend  Westche.',tei 
Creek  to  the  village.     Pop.  4250. 

WEST  CHESTER,  a  post-borough,  capital  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania,  is  finely  situated  on  elevated  ground,  22J 
miles  \V.  of  Philadelphiiu  This  place  is  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  its  situation,  the  excellence  of  its  schooLs.  and  the 
elegance  of  it*  public  buildings.  The  private  houses  are 
ne.arly  all  built  of  brick,  and  much  taste  is  displayed  in  the 
embellishment  of  the  adjoining  grounds.  The  court-house 
is  a  beautiful  and  substantial  edifice,  recentlv  erected,  in  the 
Corinthiffti  style,  with  six  noble  columas  in  front.  It  con- 
tains 2  national  banks,  with  an  aggreg;ite  capital  of  $275,000, 
one  of  these  is  a  Doric  structure  of  white  marble,  which  would 
be  creditable  to  any  city  in  the  Union.  The  town  also  contains 
several  flue  churches,  a  cabinet  of  natural  sciences,  and  a 
horticultural  hall.  Some  of  these  are  built  of  a  kind  of 
stone  found  in  the  vicinity,  which  has  a  greenish  tint,  and 
is  admirably  adapted  to  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture. 
The  educational  institutions  include  a  military  academy  in 
the  building  formerly  occupied  by  Bolmar  s  celebrated  school 
for  boys  (the  buildings  and  other  improvements  probably 
cost  S50.0001,  several  boariUng  schools,  3  newspaper  offices, 
1  largo  public  schnolhouse,  2  machine  shops,  and  2  nur,series. 
The  town  is  supplied  with  good  water  from  a  spring  in  the 
vicinity,  and  is  lighted  with  gas.  Three  newspapers  are 
published  here.  A  branch  railroad  connects  West  Chester 
with  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railrojid,  and  a  more  direct 
road  with  Philadelphia.  Population  in  1S50, 3172 ;  in  1860, 
4757. 

WEST  CHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Butler  eo.,  Ohio,  106 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

WEST  CHESTER,  a  township  in  Porter  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  890. 

WEST  CHESTERFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Hampshire  co., 
Massachusetts. 

WEST  CLARE/MONT,  a  post-offlce  of  Sullivan  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

^VEST  CLARKS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co., 
New  Y'ork. 

WEST-CLIFFE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WEST  CLI/.M.4.X,  a  post-office  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan. 

WEST  COLESVILLE,  kolz/vU.  a  postrvillage  of  Broome 
CO.,  New  Y'ork,  about  4  miles  E.N.E.  of  Binghamton. 

WEST  COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  Mason  county ,We8t 
Virginia,  on  the  Ohio  River,  1(50  miles  below  Wheeling.  It 
owtss  its  growth  and  Importance  to  the  valuable  salt  spring* 
recently  found  here :  5  or  6  wells  have  been  sunk,  and  several 
furn.aces  put  in  operation.     Laid  out  about  1850.     Pop.  714. 

WEST  COX'CORD,  a  post-village  of  Merrimack  co.,  Xew 
Hampshire,  on  the  Xorthern  Railroad,  with  a  station  on  the 
Merrimack  and  Connecticut  Rivers  Railroad.  3  miles  X.W. 
of  Concord.  It  contains  manufactories  of  cottons,  Uannels, 
and  other  articles. 

WEST  COXCORD,  a  post-village  in  Concord  township, 
Essex  CO.,  Vermont,  on  Moose  River,  about  37  miles  N.E.  by 
E.  of  Montpelier,  and  7  miles  E.  of  the  depot  at  St.  Johns- 
bury.  The  Moose  River  afforils  excellent  water-power.  This 
vill.ige  hiis  risen  out  of  the  woods  within  the  last  IG  years, 
and  is  now  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  in  the  county. 
It  contains  a  town-house,  a  manufactory  of  furniture,  a  pail- 
factory,  shingle  and  clap-board  machines,  large  grain  and 
lumber-mills,  a  church,  and  2  stores. 

WEST  COXEQUENES'SING,  a  township  of  Butler  oo., 
Penn.sylvania. 

WEST  COXE'SUS,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  eo..  New 
York. 

WEST  OON'STABLE,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST  CORTN'NA,  a  post-office  of  Penob.«cot  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  CORNWALL,  a  post-office,  Addison  co.,  Vermont. 

WEST  CORXWALL,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Cornwall 
township,  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Housatonic 
River  and  Railroad,  about  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford. 
It  contains  1  or  2  churches,  a  blast  furnace  and  a  number 
of  manufactories. 

WEST'COTE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WEST  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey. 

WEST  CREEK,  a  post-township  in  Lake  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  945. 

AVEST  D.\NAaLLE,  a  post-vilbige  of  Androscoggin  co., 
Maine,  about  28  miles  X.  of  Portland. 

WEST  DALE,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
CruiU  Creek,  and  on  the  Philailelphia  and  West  Chester 
Railroad.  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

WEST  D.\N  'BY,  a  post>vi!l!ige  of  Tompkins  CO.,  New  York. 

AVEST  DAX'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co, 
Maine. 

WliST  DAV/ENPORT,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST  DAY,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York,  on 
Sacondaga  River,  about  50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  DED'HAM,  a  post-village  in  Norfolk  co,  Hiumr 


WES 

cUtiKetts,  OD  the  Norfolk  County  Railroad,  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Bo.«lon. 

WEST  DEER,  a  township  of  Alleghany  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1865. 

WliST  DflN'NIS,  a  postrvillage  in  Dennis  township,  Barn- 
utablo  CO.,  Maasachusetts,  near  the  western  shore  of  Cape 
Cod  peninsula,  about  75  miles  S.  by  E.  of  IJoston.  The 
inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  mackerel  fisheries. 

WEST  DEK'BY,  a  post-village  of  Derby  township,  Orleans 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  K.  shore  of  Memphremagog  Lake,  and 
on  the  Clyde  River,  about  55  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Mont- 
pelier. 

WEST  DONEGAL,  don-e-gawl/,  a  township  of  Lancaster 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lancaster  and  Harrisburg  Kail- 
road. 

WESTDORPE,  w^sfdoR-pfh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Zealand,  15  miles  S.  of  Goes.     Pop.  1410. 

WEST  DO'VER,  a  postoffice  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  DOVEK.  a  postHsffice  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont 

WEST  DUES'DEN,  a  postofflce  of  Yates  co..  New  York. 

WEST  DRY'DEN,  a  postrvillage  of  Tompkins  eo.,  New 
York,  about  170  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

^V'EST  DUIVLIN,  a  small  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WEST  DUM'MERSTON,  a  postoffice  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont. 

WEST  DUR'HAM,ap08tofficeof  Androscoggin co.,Maine 

WEST  DUX'BURY,  a  post-village  in  Duxbury  township, 
Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  40  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  EAItL,  (url,)  a  post'township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Conestoga  Creek,  about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Lan- 
caster.    Pop.  1900. 

WEST  EATON,  (ee't9n,)  a  postoffice  of  Madison  co..  New 
York. 

W  EST  EATON,  a  posfrofflce  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WES/TECUNK,  a  village  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
Little  Egg  Harbor  Bay,  50  miles  S.E.  of  Trenton,  contains  2 
stores. 

WEST  E^DEN,  a  post-offlce  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  ED/MESTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York, 
28  miles  S.  of  L'tioa. 

WEST  ELIZ/ABETH,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  township, 
Alleghany  co.,  Penn.';ylvania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mouon- 
gfthela  River,  20  miles  by  water  S.  of  Pittsburg,  and  opposite 
Klizabeth  borough.  Glass  is  manufactured  here.  Pup.  in 
1800, 304. 

WEST  ELK'TON,  a  small  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Elk  Creek. 

WEST  EL/LERY,  a  post-office  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST  E'LY,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri,  about 
»0  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

WEST  EMIVDEN,  a  postoffice  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  END,  a  post-office  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WEST  EN'FIELD,  a  post-offlce  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  ENFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  co.,  New  Hamp- 
Ehire. 

WEST'ENHANH>ER,  a  former  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent,  now  included  in  the  parish  of  Stouting,  and  having 
a  station  on  the  South-East  Railway,  3i  miles  N.W.  of 
Hythe. 

WESTENHOLZ,  *?s'ten-hAlts\  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince o£  West|)halia,  government  of  Minden,  circle  of  Pader- 
bom.    Pop.  1093. 

WEST  E/NOSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Vermont. 

WESTERAS,  (WesteritS,)  wJs/ter-os\  written  also  V'K.S- 
TERAS,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  la;n,  60  miles  W.N  'W. 
of  Stockholm.  Pop.  3345.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a 
fine  cathedral,  an  ancient  castle,  and  a  towu-hall.  Its  college, 
the  most  ancient  in  Sweden,  has  a  library  of  11,000  voliuiies, 
and  a  botanic  garden.  It  has  also  exten.sive  ship-building 
docks,  and  is  an  entrepot  for  iron,  copper,  brass,  vitriol,  &c., 
sent  to  Stockhttlm.  It  has  an  important  annual  fair  on  10th 
Septeuib(!r.  The  Isen  or  province  of  Westerds  has  an  area 
of  2055  square  miles.     Pop.  92,494. 

WESTEKBUUG,  *fs'ter-buoRo\  a  village  of  Germany, 
Nassau,  capital  of  a  lordship  of  the  Counts  of  Leiningeu- 
Westerburg,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hadamar.  Pop.  1367.  It 
has  a  castle,  .several  tanneries,  and  large  coal-mines. 

WEST'ERDALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

WEST'ERFIEBD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WEST'ERH.\M,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
00.  of  Kent,  19^  miles  W.  of  Maidstone,  on  the  Darent. 
Pop.  of  town,  in  1851,  1247.  The  town  has  a  handsome 
church,  in  which  is  a  monument  to  General  Wolfe,  who 
was  born  here,  and  whose  victory  at  Quebec  is  commemo- 
rated by  a  pillar  in  this  parish.  Bishop  Iloadley  was  born 
here  in  1670. 

WESTER  HAUSEN,  ftJs'ter-how'zgn.  a  village  of  I'russian 
Saxony,  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Quedlinburg.     Pop.  1030. 

WKSTEKIIEIM.  «Js/tgr-hime\  a  village  of  Wurtemberg, 
circle  of  Danube,  on  the  Rauhe-Alp  Mountains,  near  Geis- 
llngen.     I'op.  879. 

WEST'JilUClRK,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Dumfries,  in 


WES 

Eskdale,  N.W.  of  Langholm.  Here  are  several  Roman  aad 
Druidic  remains. 

WESTERLEIGH,  w^s'ter-le,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester,  2i  miles  S.w!  of  Chipping-Sudbury.  It  has  a 
handsome  church.  A  railway  9  miles  in  length  connects 
Coalpit  Heath  iu  this  parish  with  Bristol. 

WESTERLOO,  Wis'tHr-10\  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
and  25  miles  S.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Great  Nethe.  Pop. 
2300. 

WEST/ERLOO,  a  post-township  of  Albany  co.,  New  York, 
about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2692. 

WESr'ERLY,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Washington  co.,  Rhode  Island,  on  the  Pawcatuck  River, 
the  boundary  between  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  and 
on  the  Stonington  and  I'rovidence  Railroad.  45  miles  S.W. 
of  Providence.  The  inhabitants  are  exteu.^ively  engaged 
in  cotton  and  other  manufactures.  Ship-buildiug  and  the 
coast  trade  is  also  carried  on,  for  which  the  river  ali'orda 
facilities,  being  navigable  for  vessels  of  from  40  to  50  tona 
burden.  The  village  contains  3  or  4  chunjhes,  3  banks,  and 
about  15  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  iu  1840,  1912;  in 

1850,  2763;  in  1860,3470. 

WEST'ER.\IAN'S  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Baltimore  co., 
Maryland. 

WES'TERN,  a  township  of  Oneida  co,.  New  York,  inter- 
sected by  the  Black  River  Canal.    Pop.  2497. 

WEST'ERN  AUSTRA/LIA,  (formerly  SWAN  RIVER  CO- 
LONY,) a  British  colony  occupying  the  S.W.  angle  of  Aus- 
tralia, between  lat.  28^^  15'  and  35~^  IU'  S.,  and  Ion.  114^  4c 
and  119°  35'  E.;  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  485  miles, 
greatest  breadth  240  miles;  extent  of  coast-line  800  miles. 
Its  first  appearance  is  not  very  inviting,  the  coast  being 
bordered  by  dull  green-looking  downs.  The  interior  is 
traversed  from  N.  to  S.  by  three  parallel  mountain  ranges, 
which  increase  in  height  inland.  The  elevation  of  Tul- 
banop,  the  culminating  point,  is  about  500U  feet.  The  pre- 
vailing rocks  are  granitic,  with  claystouo  and  limestone. 
Columnar  ba-salt  is  met  with  around  Geographe  Bay,  and 
other  localities.  A  liand  of  coal  extends  parallel  witli  tha 
coast  from  Geographe  Bay  northward  to  Shark  Bay,  a  dis- 
tance of  above  tiOO  miles.  The  other  minerals  include  iron, 
lead,  copper,  mercury,  and  zinc.  A  cargo  ol  lead  was  pro- 
cured from  the  Geraldine  mine,  about  40  miles  from  Port 
Gregory,  and  sent  to  Singapore  iu  1853.  This  was  the  first 
lead  exported  to  the  East.     Ojpper  is  also  exported. 

The  principal  stream  is  Swan  lUver,  which,  like  »il  the 
other  rivers  of  Australia,  is  subject  to  sudden  floods,  inun- 
dating a  large  extent  of  country.  In  the  interior  are  seve- 
ral salt  lakes  and  pools,  but  in  general  the  colony  is  not  well 
watered.  The  climate  is  arid,  but  comparatively  healthy ; 
mean  winter  temperature  58-',  summer  70"^  Fahrenheit. 

The  soil  is  light  and  dry,  both  on  .the  coast  and  iu  the 
interior,  but  in  general  it  is  not  remarkable  fur  fertility.  The 
laud  on  which  sheep  have  been  folded  yields  on  an  average 
about  20  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  Barley  is  extensively 
grown,  but  oats  do  not  thrive,  and  the  climate  is  uusuited 
to  flax.  The  vine,  fig,  and  olive,  however,  are  cultivated 
with  success,  'i'he  extent  of  vineyards  already  planted 
exceeds  300  acres.  Grapes  and  currants  of  every  species  also 
thrive  Well.  In  1849,  the  number  of  acres  of  land  under 
cultivation  was  0700.  The  year  1852  shows  a  large  increase 
iu  the  sale  of  land  over  1851.  during  which  the  quantity  of 
land  sold  was  nearly  double  that  of  any  previous  year.  Agri- 
culture, however,  receives  but  comparatively  little  attention, 
and  is  by  no  means  prosperous.  I'he  governor's  report  for 
1852  contains  the  fulowing  observation:  "It  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  assign  any  very  satisfactory  reason  for  this  appa- 
rent supiueuess,  in  the  midst  of  an  increasing  population  and 
a  certain  market,  where  breadstuffs  have  reached  a  price 
more  than  double  that  realized  previous  to  this  having  been 
made  a  penal  settlement."  The  rearing  of  sheep  has  been 
tolerably  successful,  and  horses  and  cattle  thrive  well.  The 
total  number  of  live  stock  in  1848  was  157,618,  against 
87,938  in  1843.  According  to  the  report  referred  to,  the  live 
stock  in  the  colony  had  continued  to  increase  up  to  1852; 
"  but,"  says  the  governor,  •'  to  look  forward  to  any  very  large 
addition  to  our  present  numbers  in  sheep  or  horned  cattle, 
unless  some  new  and  extensive  pastures  be  discovered,  is,  I 
am  aware,  in  the  opinion  of  many,  nearly  hopeless." 

The  commerce  of  Western  Australia  is  carried  on  chiefly 
with  Singapore  and  other  places  in  the  East,  and  with  the 
mother  country.  The  principal  exports  are' wool,  live  stock, 
especially  horses,  and  the  products  of  the  whale  fishery.  Lead 
and  copper  are  also  beginning  to  be  exported.  The  export 
of  sandal  wood  was  recently  important,  (amounting  in  1847 
to  370j-  tons,)  but  in  1852  had  entirely  cea,sed.  The  total 
value  of  exports  rose  from  7088(.  in  1843,  to  29.59St.  in  1848. 
Their  value  for  1852  is  not  given,  but  the  governor  states 
that  there  had  been  a  falling  off  of  208S(.  as  compared  with 

1851.  The  value  of  imports  increased  from  37.480/.  in  1843, 
to  45,41  U.  in  1848 ;  56,598/.  in  1851,  and  97,303/.  iu  1852.  Ton- 
nage entered  in  1852.  25.326;  being  an  increase  of  S78G 
over  1851.  The  colony  has  an  available  supply  of  ship-build- 
ing timber,  which  grows  quite  close  to  the  sea:  it  is  analo- 
gous to  Honduras  mahogany,  is  of  great  size,  and  pussesses 

20^6 


WES 


WES 


tile  p<>oulinr  property  of  resisting  sea-worms.  It  also  forms 
a  very  valualile  aiiiteiial  for  house-buildinti,  beins;  imper- 
vious to  the  white  ant.  It  is  coufiUently  expect<,'(]  that  when 
the  value  of  this  timber — the  jarmk  of  the  inhabitants — 
becomes  more  widely  known,  it  will  materially  promote  the 
prosperity  of  the  colony.  It  is  more  easily  worked  than  any 
other  timber  in  Australia. 

The  colony  of  Western  Australia  is  divided  into  about  30 
counties,  and  ruled  by  a  Governor  and  Legislative  Council. 
Liberal  means  are  provided  for  the  promotion  of  the  reli- 
gious instruction  and  intellectual  culture  both  of  the  immi- 
grant and  native  population.  School-houses  capable  of 
ftcccmmodatini;  400  pupils  were  in  course  of  erection  in  1852 
at  Perth  and  Freemantle.  The  estimatetl  cost  of  these  houses 
was  1400?.  In  Perth  there  are  no  less  than  5  public  schools 
receiving  government  aid;  also  several  private  ones.  There 
are  also  2  public  and  several  private  schools  in  Freemantle. 
In  Guilford,  the  school  is  under  the  charge  of  a  clergyman 
of  the  Church  of  England,  receiving  government  aid. 
There  are  also  schools  at  York,  Bunbury.  and  Albany,  under 
lay  masters  paid  by  government.  The  revenue  of  the  colony 
in  1S52  was  37.021/.,  and  the  expenditures  34.777/. 

The  colony  of  Western  Australia  was  founded  in  1829  by 
Captain  Stirling,  who  was  appointed  the  first  governor.  The 
European  population  in  1832  was  1540;  in  1849.  4622;  and 
in  1852,  8711 ;  of  whom  6645  were  males,  and  3066  females. 
Of  the  popvilation  6574  were  free,  1432  bond,  and  705  mili- 
tary. The  number  of  the  aboriginal  population  is  estimated 
at  1700.  The  capital  of  the  colony  is  Perth,  situated  on 
the  estuary  of  Swan  River.  The  principal  port  is  Freeman- 
tie.  British  mail-steamers  touch  at  .\lbany,  at  the  S.  extre- 
mity of  the  colony. 

WESTERN  BAPTIST  THEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTION. 
See  CoviNOTON',  Kentucky. 

AVESTERN  COLLEGE  OF  HOMCEOPATHIC  MEDICINE. 
See  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

WESTERN  FORD,  a  po.stK)ffice  of  Tucker  co.,  "W.  Vir- 
ginia, 240  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

WESTERN  ISLANDS,  Scotland.    See  Hebrides. 

WESTERN  ISLES,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  Azores. 

WESTERN  MILITARY  INSTITUTE.  See  Drenkox 
Sprixgs.  Kentucky. 

W  KSTE  R  NORRL AND,  a  laen  of  Sweden.    See  Hernosand. 

WE.ST'ERN-PORT,  an  inlet  of  the  S.  coast  of  Australia. 
Victoria,  co,  of  Mornington,  12  miles  S.E.  of  the  inlet  of 
Port  Phillip,  and  separated  from  it  by  the  peninsula  of  Ar- 
thur's Seat.  Length  and  breadth  about  20  miles  each,  but 
it  is  nearly  filled  up  by  French  and  Grant  Islands,  and  only 
the  entrance  on  their  W.  side  is  adapted  for  large  vessels. 
It  forms  a  secure  harbor.  Lat.  of  the  N.E.  point  of  Phillip 
Island.  38°  26'  42"  S.,  Ion.  145°  18'  15"  E, 

WEST'ERNPORT,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Potomac  River,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Cumberland. 

AVESTERN  RESERVE  COLLEGE.    See  Hudson,  Ohio. 

WESTERN  SARATO/GA,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 142  miles  S.  of  Springfield,  owes  its  rise  to  a  medicinal 
spring,  which  attracts  numerous  visitors  in  the  warm  season. 

WKST'ERN  STAR,  a  post-office  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio,  122 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

WESTERN  THEOLOGICAL  SCHOOL.  See  Meadville, 
Pennsylvania. 

WES/TERNVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Mohawk  River,  and  on  the  Black  River  Canal,  8  or  9 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Rome. 

WESTERVIK,  «^s/ter-vik\  sometimes  written  VESTER- 
VIK,  a  town  of  South  Sweden,  Isen  and  75  miles  N.  of  Kal- 
mar,  on  a  deep  inlet  of  the  Baltic,  here  crossed  by  a  bridge 
of  boats.  Pop.  3025.  It  has  a  fine  church,  safe  and  conve- 
vient  harbor,  ship-building  docks,  manufactures  of  linen 
faljrics.  and  a  trade  in  iron,  wooden  wares,  tar,  and  pitch. 

WES'TERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  668. 

WESTERWALD,  *Js'ter-*ait\  a  Tiill-chaln  of  West  Ger- 
many, forming  the  boundary  between  Westphalia  and  the 
duchy  of  Nassau,  stretches  N.E.  from  Coblentz  for  about  70 
miles.  Its  principal  summit,  the  Salzburgerkopf,  is  2847 
feet  in  elevation.    The  mountains  are  well  wooded. 

WKST  KX'ETER,  a  post-offlce  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York, 

WKST  FAIR'FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  125  miles  W.  of  Hiirrisburg. 

WEST  FAIR'LEE,  a  post-township  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont, 
29  miles  S.E.  of  Montpielier.     Pop.  830. 

W  KST  FAIR/VIEW,  a  postoffiee  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
iylvinia. 

WKST'FALL,  a  post-township  of  Pike  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Delaware  River,  about  68  miles  E.  by  N,  of'Wilkes- 
barre.     I'op.  506. 

WEST  FAL'LOWFIELD,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sj'lvaiiia.     l>op.  1273. 

WKST  FALLOWFIELD,  a  township  of  Crawford  co., 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Beaver  and  Erie  Canal. 
Pop.  720. 

WV.fiT  FALLS,  a  postofflce  of  Erie  co..  New  York 

WKST  FAL'MOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  oo.. 
Maine. 

2096 


WEST  FALMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  oo.,  Maa- 
Siichusetts.  62  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  FAR/MINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Ontario  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST  FARMS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Westehe* 
ter  CO..  New  York,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York  City.  The 
township  borders  on  the  East  River  or  Long  Island  Sound, 
and  is  intersected  by  the  Harlem  Railroad.  The  village  is 
situated  on  Bronx  River,  at  the  head  of  sloop  niivi.'ation. 
It  contains  churches  of  4  or  5  denominations,  and  numerous 
stores  and  ftietories.     Pop.  of  the  township,  7098, 

WEST  F.W'ETTE'.  a  post-office  of  Seneca-co..  New  York. 

WKST  FELICIANA,  (fij-lis-e-ah'na.)  a  parish  of  Louisiana, 
bordering  on  Missis.sippi.  and  on  the  E.  bank  of  Missis.<ippi 
River,  cont/iins  480  squai-e  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Bayou 
Sarah.  The  surface  is  gently  undulating:  the  soil  is  fertile. 
The  parish  is  intersected  by  a  railroad  from  Woodville  to 
the  Mississippi  River.  Capital,  St.  Francisville.  Pup.  11,671, 
of  whom  2100  were  free,  and  9571  slaves. 

WEST'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WE.-<TFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

WEST'FII'XD.  a  post^township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont, 
44  miles  N.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  618. 

WESTFIELD.  a  flourishing  post-village  and  township  of 
Ilampilen  CO..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Westfield  River,  and 
on  the  Western  Railroad,  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 
The  village  is  delightfully  situated  in  a  plain  bordered  with 
beautiful  hills.  In  the  centre  is  a  fine  public  square,  around 
which  are  situatetl  the  principal  stores.  The  village  con- 
tains about  6  churches,  a  town-house,  2  banks,  a  sjivinga 
institution,  an  insurance  company,  and  1  newsjiaper  office. 
It  is  tlie  seat  of  the  Westfield  Academy,  incorporiited  in 
1793,  and  of  one  of  the  state  rormal  schools.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  engaged  in  various  kinds  of  manufactures.  Among 
the  principal  articles  produced  here  are  whips  and  cigars. 
Pop.  in  1S40,  3526;  in  1860,  5055. 

WESTFIELD,  a  po.st village  and  township  of  Chautnufiua 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Chautauqua  Creek,  and  on  the  Buft'alo 
and  State  Lino  Railroad,  57  miles  W.S.W.  of  Buffalo.  The 
township  borders  on  Lake  Erie,  The  village  contains 
5  churches,  an  academy.  2  banks,  a  newspaper  office  and 
several  mills  and  factories.  Pop.  of  the  township,  3t)40. 
See  Appendix. 

WhSTFIELD,  a  township  of  Richmond  co.,  New  York, 
forms  the  S.W'.  extremity  of  Staten  Island,  and  contains 
Richmond,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  3985. 

WESTFIELD,  a  village  of  Burlington  Co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  22  miles  S.W.  of  'I'renton. 

WESTFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Union  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  the  New  Jersey  Central  Railroad,  36  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Trenton.    Pop.  1719. 

WESTFI KLD.  a  post-township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  16  miles  N.W.  of  Wcllsbnrongh.     Pop.  11.30. 

tVESTFIELD,  a  township  in  Medina  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop,  1122 

WESTFIELD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  E,  branch  of  Whet- 
stone River,  and  bv  the  Cleveland  Columbus  and  Cincinnati 
Railroad.     Pop.  1432. 

WE.STFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hamilton  co., 
Indiana.  6  miles  W.  of  Noblesville. 

WESTFIELD,  a  small  post-village  of  Qarke  co.,  Ilinois, 

WESTFIELD,  a  post-township  in  the  N,E.  part  of  .Mar- 
quette CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  496.  • 

WESTFIELD.  »  tmvnship  of  Sank  co..Wisconsin.  Pop.  718. 

WESTFIELD  RIVER  is  fbrmed  by  the  junction  of  its 
North.  Middle,  and  West  branches,  which  unite  in  Hamp- 
den county,  in  the  W.  part  of  ilassachusetts,  and  falls  into 
the  Connecticut  ne.ir  Springfield.  The  railroad  from  Spring- 
field to  Albany  passes  along  this  stream  for  about  20  miles. 
Branches. — The  North  Branch  rises  in  Hampshire  county, 
as  also  does  the  Middle  Branch,  which  flows  into  it;  tha 
West  Branch  rises  in  Berk.shire;  the  North  Branch,  after 
uniting  with  the  Middle,  joins  the  West  Branch  in  Hamp- 
den county. 

WEST  FIND'LEY.  a  post-township  forming  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1453. 

WEST  FITCH'BURG.  a  post^village  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Eailroad, 
43  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bo.ston. 

WEST  FLOR'ENCE.  a  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  on 
Four  Mile  Creek,  100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Colunibu.s. 

WEST'FORD,  a  post-township  in  Chitterfden  co.,  Vermont, 
31  miles  N.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1231. 

WESTFORD.  a  post>village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Stony  Brook  Railroad.  27  miles  N.W 
by  W.  of  Boston.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and 
an  academy.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1624. 

WESTFORD.  a  post-village  in  Windham  co.,  Connecticut, 
on  Mount  Hope  River,  30  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Hartford. 

WESTFORD,  a  po.st-township  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Cooperstown.     Pop.  1382. 

WEST  FORK,  a  post-office  of  Overton  CO.,  Tennes.«ee. 

WEST  FORT  ANN,  a  post-office  of  Wasnington  co..  New 
York. 

WEST  FOWLER.  \  postoffloe,  St  Lawrence  co.,  New  York. 


WES 


WES 


WEST  FOX'DOROUGII,  a  postvillage  of  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  FRANKFORT,  a  post-office  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
Tork. 

WEST  FRANK/LIN,  a  postK)fflce  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WKST  FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  in  Posey  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  N.  bank  of  Ohio  River,  1 70  miles  S.W.  of  InUianapolis. 

WEST  FREK'DOM,  a  post-office  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  FItEE'MAN,  a  postK)ffice  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  FRIESLAND,  frtes'Unt,  a  former  district  of  Hol- 
land, province  of  North  Holland,  being  the  seu-lxjard  of  the 
Zuyder-Zee,  N.  of  Edam.  It  comprehended  the  towns  of 
Enkhuyzen,  lloorn,  and  Me<leniblik. 

WEST  FUL'TON,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co..  New  York. 

WEST  FULTON,  a  post-village,  Itawamba  co..  Mississippi. 

WEST  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Virginia. 

WEST  GAINES,  a  post-office  of  Orleans  co.,  New  York. 

WEST  GAL'WAY,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York. 

WEST  GARDINER,  a  township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
Ini^orporated  August  8,  1850.    Pop.  1294. 

WEST  GAR'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

WE.ST'GATE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumber- 
land, parish  and  forming  the  N.NV.  suburb  of  the  town  of 
Newcastle.     Pop.  in  1851,  10.477. 

WEST  GENESEE/,  a  post-villaze  of  Alleghany  co..  New 
York,  about  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

WEST  GENESEE,  a  township  in  Genesee  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  232. 

WEST  GEORGIA,  jor'jj,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co., 
Vermont. 

WEST  GILBO'A.  a  postofflce  of  Schoharie  co.,  New  York. 

WEST  GIL'EAD,  a  village  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Cleveland  with  Columbus,  42  miles 
N.  of  the  latter.  It  was  laid  out  in  1851,  and  contains 
•everal  warehouses. 

WEST  GIR.VKiy,  a  village  of  Erie  ca,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Elk  Creek.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Erie,  and  2  miles  from  Lake  Erie. 

WEST  GLI>;N'BURN,  a  postofflce  of  I'enobscot  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  GLOUCESTER,  (glos'ter,)  a  post-office  of  Cumber- 
land CO.,  Maine. 

WEST  GLOUCESTER,  a  manufacturing  post-village  of 
Gloucester  tnvnship.  Providence  co.,  Rhode  Island,  on  the 
route  of  the  proposed  Woousocket  Union  Railroad,  about  22 
miles  N.W.  of  Providence. 

WEST  GLOVER,  (gluv'gr,)  a  recently  sprung  up  village 
in  Glover  township,  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  about  35  miles 
N.E.  by  N.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  a  church,  an  unusu- 
ally fine  school-house,  and  several  mills. 

WEST  GORHAM,  (go'ram,)  a  post-office  of  Cumberland 
CO..  Maine. 

WEST  GO'SIIEN.  a  po8(>village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, about  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  a 
Methodist  church  and  several  mills  and  factories. 

WEST  GO'SHEN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
contains  or  adjoins  West  Chester.  The  Philadelphia  and 
West  Chcsttr  Railroad  terminates  in  it.    Pop.  1067. 

WEST  GOULDSBOROUGH,  west  goolds'bur-ruh,  a  post- 
Tillage  of  Hancock  co..  Maine.  95  miles  E.  of  Augusta. 

WEST  GRAX'BY.  a  postrvillage  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Hartford. 

WEST  GR.\N'VILLE,  a  post-village  in  Hampden  co.,  Mas- 
gachusetts,  110  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  GREAT  WORKS,  a  postofflce  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine. 

WEST  GREECE,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

WEST  GREEN/FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co.,New 
York,  36  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  GREENFIELD,  atownship.  La  Grange  co.,Indiana. 

WEST  GREEN'VILLE,  now  called  GREENVILLE,  a 
thriving  post-borongh  of  jviercer  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Shenango  Creek,  on  the  Erie  Extension  Canal,  and  on  the 
Pittsburg  and  Erie  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  At- 
lantic and  Great  Western  R.  R.,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Meadville, 
and  85  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  several  churches, 
1  national  bank,  and  some  factories.  Pop.  in  1860, 1101.  The 
name  of  the  post-office  has  been  changed  to  Greenville. 

WEST  GREENWICH,  a  township  In  Kent  co.,  Rhode 
Island,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Newport  The  streams  affoKl 
water-power,  employed  for  cotton  and  other  mills.  Pop.  1258. 

WEST  GREENWICH  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Kent  »., 
Rhode  Island,  situated  in  the  above  township. 

WEST  GREENWOOD,  a  post-office  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST  GRO'TON.  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  Peterborough  and  Shirley  Railroad,  39  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  GKOTON,  a  post-village  of  Tompkins  co.,  New 
Vork.  55  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

M'E.ST  HAU'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Saratoiia  eo.,  New  York. 

WKXT  HAL'IFAX.  a  post-office  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont. 

WEST'llALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WEST'H.\M  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  So\ith  Coast  Railway,  4i  miles  S.E.  of  Ilailsham 
6G 


WESTHAM.  a  parish  of  England.     Soe  Ham,  Wes* 

WEST  HAM'ILTON,  a  village  of  La  Porte  co.,  In'unna, 
on  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  4  or  5  miles  N.E.  of  La 
Porte. 

WESTHAM  LOCKS,  a  post-office  of  Henrico  co.,  Virginia. 

WEST  HAMP/DEN,  a  post-office  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  HA.MP'NETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sus.«ex. 

WEST  HAMPTON,  a  posl-townsliip  of  Hiinipshiro  co., 
Massachusetts,  95  miles  W.  of  Bu.ston.     I'op.  60S. 

WEST  HAN'OVER,  a  post-township.of  Dauphin  co..  Penn- 
sylvania, about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Ilarrisburg.     Pop.  943. 

WEST  UAR/PETH,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co..  Ten- 

DBSSOC 

WEST  HARPS'WELL.  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine. 

WEST  HART'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  White  River,  which  affords  water-power,  and 
on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  66  miles  S.E.  of  Montpe- 
lier.    Manufacturing  is  carried  on  here  to  gome  extent. 

WEST  HARTFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hart- 
ford CO., Connecticut,  5  r.iiles  W.  of  ILirtl'ord.    Pop.  1296. 

WE.ST  H.\RT'LAND,  a  post-office  of  Somer.sot  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  HARTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co.,  Con- 
necticut, 25  miles  N.W.  of  Hartford. 

WEST  HAR'WICK,  a  post-village  of  Barnstable  co.,  Mas- 
saihusetts,  75  mites  S.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  H.\'VEN.  a  post-township  of  Rutland  CO.,  Vermont, 
on  Lake  Cbamplain,  60  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Montpelier. 
Pop.  580. 

WEST  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  New  Haven  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  5 
miles  S.W.  of  New  Haven.  It  contains  a  church  and  au 
academ  y . 

WEST  HAV/ERFORD,  a  postK)fflce  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WEST  HAW'LEY,  a  po.st-village  of  Hawley  township, 
Franklin  co.,  Massachusetts;  contains  a  church  and  a  store. 

WEST  HE'BKON,  a  po,-t-village  of  Washington  co.,  New 
York,  22  miles  S.  of  Whitehall. 

WEST  HEBRON,  a  po.st-village  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois, 
70  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

WEST  HKM'LOCK,  a  township  of  Montour  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  433. 

WEST  HE.MP/FIELD,  a  town.ship  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, traversed  by  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Rail- 
road.    Pop.  exclusive  of  Coluniliia,  3108. 

WEST  HEN'NEI'IN,  a  small  village  of  Bureau  CO.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Illinois  River,  nearly  opposite  Hennepin. 

WEST  HENRIET'TA,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New 
York. 

WEST  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WE.ST  HILLS,  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  c-o..  New  York. 

WE.ST  HIN.S'DALE,  a  village  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New 
York,  about  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

WEST  HO'BOKEN,  a  post-village  of  Hudson  co.,  New 
Jersey,  2  miles  N.  of  Hoboken  Landing. 

WESTHOFEN.  *esrho'fgn,  a  markeUown  of  West  Ger- 
many, Ilesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Rhenish  Hessen,  on  the 
Seebach,  20  miles  S.  of  Mentz,  (Mayntz.)     Pop.  1838. 

WESTHOFEN,  a  market-town  of  West  Germany,  Prussian 
Westphalia,  7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dortmund,  on  the  Ruhr.  Pop. 
1025. 

WESTHOFEN,  vJst'o'fftN"/,  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Bas-Rliin,  14  miles  W.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852, 
2054,  engaged  in  woollen-weaving. 

WI';.ST'HOKPE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WEST  HUR'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

WEST  INDIES,  wJst  jn'diz,  ANTILLES.  dnHeel'.  or 
COLUM'BIAN  ARCHIPEl/AGO,  (L.  AnUVl(T,In'dicE  occiden- 
ta'les ;  Fr.  lies  Antilles,  eel  ftNo'teel' ;  Spi  Antillas,  dn-teel'yS's ; 
Ger.  Antillen,  in-tll'lgn,  West  Indien,  *Jst  in'de-^n;  Dutch, 
West  Indien,  wJst  in'de-gn.)  an  extensive  system  of  Islands  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  stretching  from  the  N.W.  of  Cape  Florida 
in  North  America,  to  the  Gulf  of  Paria,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
South  America,  and  comprised  between  lat.  10°  and  27°  30 
N.,  and  Ion.  59°  and  85°  W. ;  having  N.  and  E.  the  Atlantic, 
and  S.  the  Caribbean  Sea,  which  separates  them  from  Central 
and  South  America.  They  are  mostly  disposed  in  three  dis- 
tinct groups,  called,  resjtctively,  the  Lesser  Antilles  or  Ca- 
ribbean Islands,  the  Greater  Antilles,  and  the  Bahama  or 
Lucayos  Islands.  The  islands  that  compose  the  first-named 
division  form  the  most  southerly  of  the.se  groups;  they 
are  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  with  the  convex 
side  facing  the  E.,  and  are  divided  into  the  Windward 
or  Southern  Caribbee  Islands;  and  the  Leeward  Islands; 
the  latter  terminating  with  the  Virgin  Islands.  The 
Greater  Antilles  comprise  the  four  largest  and  finest 
islands  in  the  Archipelago — Cuba,  Ilayti  or  San  Domingo, 
Porto  Rico,  and  Jamaica,  with  the  small  islands  along  their 
coasts.  The  Bahama  Islands  form  the  most  N.  portion  of 
the  system,  of  which  they  are  also  the  most  numerous,  but 
the  least  valuable  and  interesting.  Besides  the  thi-ee  great 
groups  named,  there  are  several  small  islands  disperse! 
along  the  coast  of  South  and  Central  America.  The  .'^^irface 
of  all  the  Archipelago  does  not  exceed  95,000  square  miles; 

2097 


WES 

and  of  this  area  the  Greater  Antilles  occupy  nearly  8?  000 
square  miles.  In  the  following  table  is  giveu  a  list  of  the 
principal  islands,  arranged  in  the  groups  to  whi.h  they 
respectively  belong;  the  area  and  population  are  also  shown, 
and  the  power  under  whose  sway  they  are  held  :— 


I  Area  in 
I  sq.  m. 


Pop. 


Gbkatks  AKTnxu. 
Cawnanbrack       f 
Cavman  (Liule)   >• 
Cayman  (Great)  ) 
Cuba 


HaTti 

Isle  of  Pine* 

Jamaica      •■•••• 
Porto  Rico 

LesSIS   AKTIU.IS. 

\Windtcard  Islands,  or  Soutk 
I        Caribbee  Island*  ."— 

Barbadoes      •    •    •    •    • 

Grenada     " 

Grenadine! 

Martinique 

St.  Lucia    ■••••• 

St.  Viacent 

Trinidad     .••••• 

Tobago 

Leeward  IsUmdt,  or  North 
Caribbee  Islaruis  ;— 

Anguilla 

Antigua 

Barbuda 

Deseada 

Dominica  .«■••• 

Guadeloupe    .    .    ,    .    . 

Marie  Galante    .    .    •    • 

Montserrat 

Nevis     ..••••■ 

Saba 

St.  Bartholomew     .    .    . 

St.  Christopher  .... 

Saintes  (Les)      .... 

St.  Eustatiui       .    .    .    • 

St.  Mariin 

Santa  Crui 

rirgin  Island* : — 

Anegada    •••••• 

Culebra 

St.  Jan 

St.  Thomai 

Tortola 

Vieque  (Bieque)      .    .    . 

Virgin  Gorda      .... 
Bahima  Islands. 

Abaco  (Great  and  Little) 

Andros 

Crooked  Islandl 

Eleuthera 

Exuma  (Great  and  Little) 

Great  Bahama 

Inague  (Great  and  Little)  , 

Key  or  Cayco  (Great)         f 

Long  Island 

Mariguana 

Xew  Providence 

Procideociales 

St.  ib'alvador 

'VTatliag  Islands 

SocTR  AMxaiCAJt  Coast, 

Buen  Ayre      .    . 

Coche     

Cuagua  or  Cabagna     . 

Curacoa     ..... 

Margarita       .... 

Oruba 

Tcrtuga 


34.mO 
27,600 

600 

3,000 


200 

1,009,060 

943,000 

1.400 

377,433 

500,000 


121.478 
24,318 
30.128 
60,319 
18,208 


J.934 
S6,405 
1,600 

22.200 
129,050 

1.'.749 
7..H6b 

lO.iOO 
1,617 
1.800 

23.133 
1,100 
1.903 
7,773 

25,600 


SOO 
3.560 

12.800 

8,500 

211 


^BritUh. 

Spanish. 

Independent* 

Spanish. 

British. 

Spanish. 


(BrlUsli. 
French. 


VBritUIk. 

French. 
British. 
French 
French. 

/British. 
British. 
Swedish. 
British. 
French. 
British. 

French  ft  Dvtotu 
British. 


British. 
Spanish. 
Panish. 
Danish. 
British. 
British. 
British. 


1,955 


Dutch. 

Venezuela. 

Venezuela. 

Dutch. 

Yenezuelik 

Dutch. 

Dutch. 


Besides  the  islands  above  named,  there  are  a  vast  number 
of  barren  rocky  islets  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the 
archipelago,  which  it  is  unnecessary  and  impossible  to 
enumerate;  the  Bah.ima  group  alone  amounting,  altogether, 
to  500  in  number,  and  the  Virgin  Islands  to  at  least  50  more 
than  those  given  iu  the  table. 

The  Antilles  are  generally  con.«idereJ  to  be  the  remains 
of  a  mountain  range,  which,  at  some  remote  period,  united 
the  continents  of  North  and  South  America.  Some  of  the 
Lesser  Antilles  are  flat,  but  the  general  character  of  the 
We<t  Indian  Islands  is  bold,  with  a  single  mountain  or  group 
of  mountains  in  the  centre,  which  slopes  to  the  sea  all  round, 
more  precipitously  on  the  E.  side,  which  is  expo-nnl  to  the 
force  of  the  Atlantic  current  Volcanic  .iction  is  confined  in 
this  an!hipelago  to  the  smaller  islands,  which,  forming  a 
line  in  a  meridional  direction,  extend  from  12=  to  18°  N.  lat.; 
■wmmencing  with  Grenada,  and  cea-Mng  with  St.  Kustatius. 
Most  of  the  intervening  islands,  wliich  rise  to  great  elevar 
tions.  possess  craters  recently  extinct,  that  have  vomited 
ashes  and  lava  within  historical  periods,  while  tho.«e  which 
are  low,  are  composed  of  either  calcareous  or  conil  rocks. 
The  most  considerable  eruptions  in  modern  timps  have  been 
those  of  St.  Vincent;  but  more  remotely,  ^an  Domingo  and 
Jamaica  have  been  the  scenes  of  some  of  the  most  trenien- 
doas  earth'|U!ikes  on  record. 
at«08 


WES 

The  climate  in  the  Antilles  is  extremely  hot.  but  the  length 
of  the  uij^ht,  the  sea-breezes,  and.  in  many  of  them,  the 
elevation  of  the  land,  tend  to  modify  the  sun's  influence. 
Hurricanes  of  great  viuieuie  are  of  frequent  ix-curreuce.  the 
West  Indies  being  the  foi-us  of  tlie  most  de>olaling  on  record. 
These  hurricanes  commi-nce  near  the  Leeward  i  slauds,  travel 
to  the  \V.N.W.,  and  then  round  tlie  shores  or  across  the  Gulf 
of  -Mexico,  and  following  the  Gulf  Mream,  are  lost  in  the 
Atlantic,  between  the  Bermudas  and  iLtlifax.  They  are 
most  frequent  between  June  an  i  October.  Navigation 
within  these  islands,  from  \V.  to  K,  is  attended  with  great 
difficulty,  on  account  of  the  opposition  of  the  passage-windg 
and  the  currents,  i'rom  Otis  cau.se,  a  voyage  from  W.  to  K 
requires  almost  as  many  weeks  as  days  iu  an  opposite 
direction. 

The  rich  and  varied  productions  of  the  West  Indian  Islands 
give  them  an  important  place  iu  the  commercial  world.  The 
piiucipal  of  these  are  sugar  and  collee.  both  introduced  by 
man.  The  first  West  India  sugar  was  produced  in  the  island 
of  Hayti.  As  early  as  151S,  the  Spaniards  had  here  numerous 
sugar-presses  in  operation.  I'rom  Hayti  the  manufacttlre 
subsequently  spread  to  the  other  islands.  Coffee  found  its 
way  to  the  West  Indies  from  Ceylon  and  the  Isle  of  BouriK>u, 
about  the  middle  or  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  Itith  cen- 
tury. The  other  more  important  productions  are  molasses, 
rum,  pimento,  tobacco,  ctitton,  logwood,  indigo,  cochineal, 
mahogany,  lignumvitw,  various  dye-woods,  copper,  and  an 
immense  variety  of  tropical  fruits.  At  the  time  of  their 
discovery,  the  S.  islands  of  this  Archipelago  were  inhabited 
by  a  fierce  and  warlike  race,  called  Caribs;  the  more  N.  by 
a  gentler  race,  the  .^^rrowauks.  Both,  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  hundreds  in  Trinidad,  are  now  extiuct.  San  Salvador 
was  the  tirst  land  discovered  iu  America,  on  which  Columbus 
landed  iu  October,  1492.  Under  the  erroneous  impression 
that  the  archipelago  fcrmed  part  of  Asia,  it  was  called  )(««< 
Itulies.     (I'articular  descriptions  are  given  under  the  heada 

of  the  various  islands.) Adj.  and  inhab.  West  Ix'dian. 

WKST  ISLKS,  a  group  of  islands  belonging  to  New  Bruns- 
wick, Charlotte  county,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  near  I^tport, 
Maine.  They  are  noted  for  their  fisheries,  which,  in  1850, 
employed  691  men.  The  yield  was  20.800  quintals  of  pol- 
lock and  hake;  3750  quintals  of  cod;  3500  barrels  of  her- 
rings; SOO  barrels  of  pickled  cod  and  haddock;  450  barrela 
of  oil ;  and  6000  boxes  of  smoked  herrings. 

WKST  JA.S/l>El{,  a  post-oflice  of  Steuben  co.,  Xew  York. 
WK.ST  JliF'FEKS<)N,  a  post-village  in  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 
16  miles  S.Ji.  of  Augusta. 

WKST  JEFFERSON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Madison 
county,  Ohio,  on  the  National  Koad,  and  on  the  Columbus 
and  Xenia  Railroad,  15  miles  W.  of  Columbus.    It  has  1  or 
2  churches,  and  1  academy.     Pop.  abnut  500. 
WEST  JER'SEY,  a  post-ofTice  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois. 
WEST  JU'NIOS,  a  postoffice  of  Seneca  co.,  New  York. 
WEST  KAl'ELLE,  w^strkd-pSl/leh,  or  WEST  KAl'ELLEN, 
west  kd-pil1en,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of 
Zealand,  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Middelbnng,  on  the  most  W. 
point  of  the  island  of  Walchereii.     Pop.  1800. 

WKST  KAI'i.LLEX,  west  kd-p^l'len,  a  market-town  of 
Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  b  miles  N.E.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  15O0. 

WEST  KAPELLEN,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.  See  Wiat 
Kap.:u.e. 

WEST  KENOJALL,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  oo.  New 
York,  about  2e0  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

WESTKERKE,  *Jst/kjR-keh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro. 
vince  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  canal  of  Bourgogne,  10  miles 
W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  1228. 

WEST  KILL,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  New  York,  about 
60  miles  S.W.  of  Alljany.    It  contains  several  mills. 

WKST  KIULINGLY  or  DAN'IELSONVILLE.  a  flourish- 
ing post-village  in  Killingly  township,  Windham  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  W.  side  of  Quinebaug  River,  and  on  the 
Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad,  32  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of 
Norwich.   It  contains  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1  bank, 
with  a  capital  of  55110.000,  5  cotton-mills,  1  woollen-mill,  1 
batting-mill,  1  iron-foundry,  1  planing-mill.  10  dry-goods 
and  grocery  stores,  and  2  drug  stores.    Pop.  about  2500. 
WEST  KIN'DERHOOK.  a  post-offlce,  Tii^n  co..  Indiana. 
WEST  LACHvAWAX'NOCK,  a  township  of  Mercer  co., 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  968. 
WEST  LAF.WKTTE',  a  post-office  of  Coshocton  CO.,  Ohio. 
WEST  LAN'CASTER,  a  postrvilla^e  of  Fayette  co.,  Ohio, 
near  Rattlesnake  Creek,  12  miles  N.\V'.  of  Watihiugton,  the 
countv  seat. 

WEST'LAND,  a  post-village  in  Halifax  co.,  North  Carolina, 
86  miles  N.E.  of  lialeigh. 

WKSTLAND,  »  township  in  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio      ?op. 
975.- 
\VESTLAND.  a  post-ofBoe  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 
WEST  LAW/RENS,a  post-village  of  Otaego  co.,  New  York, 
about  84  miles  W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  LEIVANON.  a  postK)fllce  of  York  co.,  Maine. 
WEST  LEB.4X0N,  a  post-village  and  important  railway 
station  of  Qnifcon  co.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  left  bank  of 
i  the  Connecticut,  69  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.    The  Northern 


WES 


WES 


Railroad  connects  at  this  point  ^nth  the  Vermont  Central 
and  the  Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Kivers  Railroads. 

WKST  LEBANON,  a  post-villas;e  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
rnnia.  3o  miles  in  a  direct  line  K.  by  N.  of  Pittsb.urg. 

WKST  LKHANON,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

WKST  LKB.VNON,  a  post-village  In  Warren  co.,  Indiana, 
80  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WK.ST  Li:  ROV,  a  post-offise  of  Calhoun  co..  Michigan. 

WE.ST't,ETON.  a  parish  of  Engl.-md,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WKST  LEVANT',  a  postofflce  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  LEX'INGTON,  a  post-yillage  in  the  W.  part  of 
Green  co.,  New  York,  about  35  miles  W.  of  Cafskill. 

WEST  LEY1)EN,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York, 
55  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Utica. 

WESTLEY  Waterless,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Cambridge. 

y  EST  LIB'ERTY,  a  post-village  in  Ohio  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia, about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Wheeling. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  Liberty  co.,  Texas. 

WE.ST  LIBERTY,  a  po.st-village,  capital  of  Morg.an  CO., 
Kentucky,  on  Licking  River,  107  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Frank- 
fort.    It  has  a  courthouse,  2  churches,  and  several  stores. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  66  miles 
N.  of  Columbus. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Liberty  town- 
ship, Logan  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Sandusky,  Daj'ton  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad,  48  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dayton.  It  has  a  valu- 
able water-power  furnislied  by  Mud  River,  and  contains  a 
newspaper  office,  4  churches,  1  bank,  an  academy,  1  or  2 
woollen-mills,  and  a  machine-shop.    Poj).  916. 

WKST  LIBERTY  a  post-office  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa. 

WEST  LIMA,  a  township  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana. 

WEST  LITTLETON,  a  post-office  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

WEST  LOCUST,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri. 

WEST  LO'DI,  a  postoffice  of  Seneca  co.,  Oliio. 

WEST  LOAV/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York, 
about  140  miles  N.W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  LU'BEC,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 

WEST'LY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sutfolk. 

WEST-LIN/TON,  a  township,  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

WEST  MACEDON,  mas'se-dgn,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.. 
New  York. 

WEST  MADAWaS^KA,  a  post-office.  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  MAUOWING,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Penusyl- 
Tania.     Pop.  Wl. 

WESTMALE,  wlsVmJl-leh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince and  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Tapelbeek  or 
Hanckbeek.    Pop.  1064. 

WEST  MAN/CHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co., 
Pennsylvania.     See  M.\N'CHESTEr. 

WEST  MANCHESTER,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  1532. 

WEST.MAN'NA,  a  group  of  islands  off  the  S.  coast  of 
Iceland,  a  few  of  which  are  inhabited.  Lat.  of  S.  point  63° 
20'  N.,  Ion.  20°  23'  W. 

VV  EST  MA  RL'BOROUGir.  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  11  miles  S.W.  of  West  Chester.     Pop.  1175. 

WEST  MAR'TINSBURG,  a  post-villago  of  Lewis  co..  New 
York,  about  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oswego. 

WEST.MEATH,  west/meeTfl,  an  Inland  county  of  Ireland. 
Lein.'iter,  surrounded  by  the  counties  of  Longford,  Moath, 
,  King's  county,  and  Roscommon.  Area  709  square  miles,  or 
453,700  acres,  of  which  305,218  are  arable,  8803  in  planta- 
tions, and  50,392  uncultivated.  Pop.  in  1851. 111,409.  Sur- 
lace  undulating,  diver.-iiiied  with  woods,  lakes,  and  bogs, 
comprising,  however,  much  fertile  soil  and  agre(!able  scenery. 
On  tlie  W.  it  is  bounded  by  Lough  Ree  and  the  Shannon ; 
the  Inny  flows  through  its  N.  part  and  tlie  Brosna  through 
its  centre,  and  connected  with  the.^e  rivers  here  are  lakes 
Derevera;:h,  Ennel,  Owhel,  Lane.  Iron,  Sheelin,  &c.  Graz- 
ing and  dairy-farming  are  the  chief  occupations,  and  cattle 
and  sheep  are  of  superior  breeds;  agriculture  is  increasing. 
Princi]ial  crops,  oats  and  potatoes,  with  some  wheat ;  Hour 
and  uieal  are  made  in  large  quantities.  The  Royal  Canal 
intersects  the  county,  and  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Canal  pro- 
weds  to  Kilbeggan.  Principal  towns,  MulUngar  the  capital, 
Moate.  and  a  part  of  Atblnne.  E.xcluding  its  boroughs,  it 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the 
title  of  .Maniuis  to  the  Nugent  family. 

WEST  MED'FOHD.  a  post-village  of  Middle.sex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad,  5  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  MED'WAY,  a  post-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  MEN/DON,  a  village  of  Monroe  CO.,  New  York,  on 
Honeoye  Creek.  15  miles  S.  of  Rochester. 

WEST  MEIi/EDlTII.  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co..  New 
York,  about  75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .\lbany. 

WEST  MER'IDEN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  New 
Haven  co.,  Connecticut,  in  Meriden  township,  on  the  Hart- 
£ird  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  17  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New 
Haven,  and  hiilf  a  mile  W.  of  the  village  of  Meriden.  It  con- 
tains a  large  and  beautiful  church,  a  high-school,  with  a 
Vaudsome  building,  a  national   bank,   the   State  Reform 


School,  established  in  1851,  and  a  nawopaper  office.  In  the 
village  and  ricinity  are  numerous  niaiiufactoiies,  aniotig 
which  may  bo  mentioned  a  large  establishment  for  nuikiug 
ivory  combs,  a  foundry,  and  a  machine  shop.  Tinware  and 
various  kinds  of  hardware  are  extensively  manufactureil. 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  1500. 

WEST'MESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

WE.ST  MID'DLEBOROUGH,  a  village  of  Plymouth  ca 
Massachusetts,  about  40  miles  from  South  Boston 

WEST  MID'DLEBURG,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio, 
56  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Columbus. 

WEST  MID'DLESEX,  a  postoffice  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WEST  MTD^DLETOWN,  a  post^borougb  of  Wa«liington 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  about  13  miles  N.W.  of  Washington,  the 
county  town.     It  contains  several  stores.    Pop.  in  1850.  326. 

WEST  M1'L.A.N,  New  Hampshire,  a  station  Ou  the  Grand 
Trunk  Railway,  40  miles  from  Island  Pond. 

WEST  MIL'FORD,  a  post-township  of  Passaic  co.,  N«w 
Jersey,  40  miles  N.W.,  of  Jersev  City.     Pop.  2402. 

WES'l'  MILFOED,  a  post-office,  llarri.son  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

WEST/MILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

WEST  MILL'BURY,  a  post-office  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  MII-L  CREEK,  a  postK)ffice,  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WE.ST  MILL  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  MILTON,  a  post-office  of  Strafford  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

WEST  MILTON,  a  post-village,  Chittenden  co.,  Vermont. 

WE.ST  MILTON,  a  post-village  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York, 
31  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

WEST  MILTON,  a  small  village.  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WEST  MILTON,  a  post-office  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  MINOT,  a  post-village  in  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine, 
on  a  railroad  40  miles  N.  of  Portland. 

WEST'MINSTER.  CiTr  and  Liukkt?  op,  England,  co.  of 
Middlesex,  is  the  W.  part  of  the  British  metropolis,  hav- 
ing on  the  S.  and  W.  tlie  parishes  of  Chelsea  and  Ken- 
sington; N.  the  liorough  of  Marylebone,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Oxford  Street;  E.  the  Thames  separating  it 
from  the  borough  of  Lambeth,  (with  which  it  communicates 
by  Vauxhall,  Westminster,  Hungerford.  and  Waterloo 
bridges;)  and  on  the  E.  also  tlie  Strand.  Pop.  in  1861, 
253,985.  Its  dift'erent  parts  preBcnt  a  great  contrast.  In 
the  vicinity  of  its  .A.bbey  is  one  of  the  worst  p.arts  of  the 
metropolis,  but  in  the  other  parts  of  Westminster  are  the 
finest  quarters  of  the  capital,  the  principal  government 
offices,  and  by  far  the  larger  number  of  the  town  residenctfl 
of  the  pobility.  Principal  structures.  Westminster  Abbey 
and  Hail,  the  new  and  magnificent  Houses  of  Parliament, 
I'rivy  Council  Office,  Treasury,  aild  Board  of  Trade,  in 
Whitehall;  St.  James's,  Buckingham,  and  Kensington  Pa- 
laces; Somerset  House,  with  King's  College ;  Westminster, 
St.  George's,  and  Charing-cross  Hospitals.  Westminster 
sends  2  memb«>rs  to  the  House  of  Commons.     See  LoNDo.v. 

WEST'MINSTER,  a  post-township  of  Windhjim  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  W.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  82  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Montpelier.  The  principal  village  is  delightfully 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the 
Vermont  Valley  Railroad,  4  miles  S.  of  Bellows'  Falls.  The 
main  street,  which  ii  perfectly  level.  cros.ses  a  table-land 
about  a  mile  in  diameter,  considerably  elevated  above  the 
river.  In  early  times  the  courts  of  justice  and  several  ses- 
sions of  the  Ipirislature  were  held  here.     Pop.  1300. 

■WESTMINSTER,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Mas.sv 
chusetts,  on  the  Vermont  and  Ma.'sachusetts  Railroad,  48 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches  and 
several  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township.  1840. 

WESTMINSTER,  a  post-village  of  Windham  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, near  Little  River,  40  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hartford. 

WESTMINSTER,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Carroll 
CO.,  Maryland,  is  situated  near  the  source  of  Patapsco  River, 
58  miles  N.N.W.  of  Annapolis.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
2  newsjjapor  offices,  5  churches,  3  banks,  a  number  of  stores, 
and  a  machine-shop.  The  Western  Maryland  Railroad  con- 
nects it  with  Baltimore.  Population  in  1850,  835;  in  1S65, 
about  1500. 

WESTMINSTER,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, 98  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

WESTMINSTER,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  92 
miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

WESTMINSTER,  a  postoffice  of  Shelby  co..  Illinois. 

WESTMINSTER  WEST,  a  posl/village  of  Windham  co., 
Vermont,  95  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.    ' 

WEST  MONROE,  a  post^township  of  Oswego  co.,  New 
York,  on  Oneida  Lake,  20  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Syracuse. 

WEST.MORE,  a  township  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  about, 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  324. 

WEST'MOR ELAND,  a  county  of  England,  in  its  N.  part; 
bordering  on  Yorkshire.  Area  758  square  miles,  or  480,420 
acres,  of  which  only  40.000  are  estimated  to  be  in  tillage, 
and  140,000  in  pasturage.  Pop.  in  1851,  58.287.  It  is.  as 
its  name  implies,  a  country  of  mountains  and  moors,  inter- 
spersed with  Lakes  and  highly  picturesque.  Helvellyn,  on 
the  border  of  Cumberland,  rises  to  3313  feet  above  the  sea 

209U 


WES 


WES 


other  mountains  ar  >  Rydal  Mount,  Bowfell.  Crossfell,  and 
a  luouutain-ntiige  in'>stly  separates  it  from  Yorkshire.  The 
principal  lakes  are  Windermere  on  its  \V.,  and  Ulleswatcr 
on  its  N.W.  boriJer;  its  rivers  are  the  Ken  in  the  S.,  and 
Ddeu  in  the  N..  along  which  are  tlie  chief  fertile  lands.  The 
wool  produced  is  used  in  the  manutacture.';  of  Keudal  and 
Broadfoid,  (in  Yorkshire,)  or  in  hosiery  manufactures  at 
Kirby-Slephen.  and  Ortou.  Geese  are  reared  in  large  num- 
bers "on  the  mountains  for  exportation.  The  lake  fish  are 
ext.en.>;ively  exported.  Slate  is  quarric-d  in  lai-ge  quantities ; 
granite,  marble,  copper,  lead,  and  coal,  are  procurable,  and 
near  Dufton  are  copper-mines.  The  Lancaster  and  Kendal 
Canal,  and  Kendal  and  Windermere  Railway  intersect  the 
S.  part, and  the  Lancaster  and  Carlisle  Railway  traverse  the 
county  throughout  from  S.  to  N.  Principal  towns,  Appleby 
the  capital,  Ambleside,  Kendal,  Kirkby.  Shap,  and  Orton.  It 
sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Under  the 
Heptarchy  it  formed  a  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Xorthiunbria. 
It  contains  Roman  and  other  ancient  remains. 

WJiSTMORE'LAXD,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania, contains  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  X.W.  by  the  Alleghany  River,  and  intersected  by 
the  Y'oughiogheny  River.  The  surface  in  the  S.E.  is  moun- 
tainous, and  in  the  other  parts  diversified  by  hills  of 
moderate  height  A  high  ridge  called  Laurel  Hill,  forms 
the  S.E.  boundary,  and  Chestnut  Ridge  extends  across 
the  county  in  a  N.E.  and  S.W.  direction.  Excepting  these 
ridges,  the  soil  is  nearly  all  amble,  fertile,  and  well  watered, 
producing  wheat  of  superior  quality.  Beds  of  stone-coal, 
from  3  to  9  feet  in  thickness,  extend  over  nearly  the  whole 
area.  Iron  ore  is  procured  in  the  S.E.,  and  salt  in  the  N.  part. 
Limestone  and  slate  are  among  the  principal  rocks.  The 
Central  Railroad  passes  through  the  county,  and  the  Hemp- 
field  Railroad  has  its  eastern  terminus  at  the  countj-  seat. 
The  Pennsylvania  Canal  passes  along  the  northern  border. 
Organized  in  1773,  and  named  from  Westmoreland,  a  county 
of  England.     Capital.  Greensburg.     Pop.  53,736. 

WESTJIORELAXD,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  the  Potomac  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Maryland,  has  an  area  of  about  170  square  miles.  It  occu- 
pies part  of  the  Northern  Neck,  a  peninsula  formed  by  the 
Potomac  and  Rappahannock  Rivers,  the  former  of  which 
washes  the  county  on  the  N.E.,  and  the  latter  on  the  S.W. 
It  is  penetrated  by  inlets  from  the  Potomac,  named  Nomini 
Bay,  and  Pope's  and  Monroe  Creeks.  The  surface  is  some- 
what diversified  by  hills,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of 
pine  and  cedar.  The  soil  near  the  river  is  fertile.  West- 
moreland county  is  distinguished  as  the  birth-place  of  two 
presidents  of  the  republic,  Washington  and  Monroe,  and 
also  of  Richard  Henry  Lee.  The  spot  on  which  Washington 
was  ijorn,  half  a  mile  from  the  Potomac,  is  marked  with  a 
»tone  liearing  this  inscription,  "  Here,  ou  the  11th  of  Feb- 
ruary, (0.  S.,)  1732,  Qeorge  Wa«hiugton  was  born."  Capi- 
til,  Westmoreland  Court-House.  Pop.  82S2,  of  whom  4578 
Were  free,  and  3704  slaves. 

WESTMORELAND,  a  post-township  of  Cheshire  co..  New 
Ilamp.shire,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  River,  with  a 
station  on  the  Cheshire  Railroad,  about  52  miles  S.W.  by  W. 
of  Concord.     Pop.  1285. 

WEST.MORELAND,  a  post-township  of  Oneida  co.,  New 
York,  12  miles  W.  of  Utica.    Pop.  81t)6. 

WESTMORELAND,  a  maritime  countv  in  the  E.  part 
of  New  Brunswick,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and 
Northumberland  Strait,  and  connected  with  NoTa  Scotia 
by  a  narrow  isthmus.  It  is  drained  by  the  Petcondiac 
River,  which  is  navigable  for  ressels  of  the  largest  class 
for  25  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The 
surface  of  Westmoreland  county  is  ag'reeably  diversified 
with  hills  and  valley.s,  and  is  heavily  timbered.  Shediac 
Harbor,  on  its  coast,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  New  Brunswick, 
and  a  large  amount  of  timber  is  shipped  here  annually  for 
England.  The  railway  from  St.  John  to  Halifax  will  touch 
the  Bay  of  Shediiic.    Capital.  Dorchester.  Pop.  in  1851, 17.814. 

WEST'MORELAND,  a  county  of  New  South  Wales,  East 
Australia.  Area,  1592  square  miles.  Pop.  1575.  The  Blue 
Mountains  here  rise  to  nearly  4000  feet  in  height.  The  Wol- 
tondilly  bounds  the  county  ou  the  S..  and  Cox's  River  on  the 
E.  Principal  town,  O'Connel.  With  the  counties  of 
Georgiana  and  King,  it  sends  I  member  to  the  Legislative 
Council. 

WESTMORELAND,  a  county  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  com- 
prising the  S.  part  of  what  were  formerly  Norfolk  Plains. 
The  Mersey  and  West  Rivers,  South  Esk  and  Lake  Rivers, 
Shannon  and  Great  Lake,  form  respectively  its  N.E.  and  S. 
boundaries.  Quambay's  Bluff  rises  to  3500  feet.  Lakes  are 
numerous  in  the  S.  and  E.  Principal  towns  Deloraine, 
thudleigh,  Carrick.  Longford,  and  Westburv. 

WESTMORELAND  Ct)URT  HOUSE,  a  village,  capital  of 

,^^,^''""'*'*°'^  •'°"  ■^''rginia,  65  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond. 

Wi-STMOR  EL  AND  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Cheshire  CO., 
Hew  Hampshire. 

WEST.MOR&LANDVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Uuderdale  co., 

WE.ST  NANrriCOKE,  a  i»ost-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
ZIOO 


WEST  NANT'MEAL,  usually  pronounced  nant'mlll.  a 
township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1032. 

WEST  NEED'lIAM,  a  post-village  in  Norfolk  co.,  Massu- 
chusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  15  mil(>6 
S.W.  by  W:  of  Boston. 

WEST  NEWARK,  a  post-ofRce  of  Tioga  co.,  New  York. 

WEST  NEW'BURY,  a  posttownship  ol  Essex  co.,  Ma9.s». 
chusetts,  on  the  S.  side  of  Merrimack  River,  about  34  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Boston.     Pop.  2202. 

WEST  NEW'FIELD.  a  post-oflEce  of  York  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  NEW/PORT,  a  postniflice  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont 

WEST  NEW'STEAD,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

WEST  NEWTON,  a  thriving  pos^village  in  Newton  town- 
ship, Middlesex  co..  Massachusetts,  on  the  Boston  and  Wor- 
cester Railroad,  9  miles  W.  of  Boston.  It  contains  2  churches 
the  West  Newton  English  and  Classical  School,  and  a  town- 
house.    Pop.  about  1300. 

WEST  NEWTON,  a  thriving  post-borough  of  Westmore- 
land CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Y^oughio- 
gheny  River,  and  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Conuellsville  Kail- 
road  32  miles  S.E.  of  Pittsburg,  ft  contains  5  chuiches,  1 
paper-mill,  and  several  factories     Pop.  949. 

WEST  NEW^TON,  a  post-office  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  NILES.  a  post-oflice  of  Cavuga  ca,  New  Y'ork. 

WEST  NOR/FOLK,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  CO.,  Oon- 
necticut,  35  miles  N.VV.  by  W.  of  Hartford. 

WEST  NORTH/FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co..  Ma* 
sachusetts. 

AVEST  NORTHFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

WEST  NORTUmOOD,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co. 
New  Hampshire. 

WEST  NOT'TINGHAM,  a  township  forming  the  S.W.  es- 
tremit}'  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  829. 

WES/TOE,  a  township  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham,  parish  of  Jarrow,  forming  a  large  suburb  of  South 
Shields.     Pop.  in  1851,  19..349. 

WEST  OG'DEN,  a  post-office  of  Lenawee  co.,  IMichigan. 

WES'TON,  a  parish  of  Eiiglantl,  co.  of  Hertford. 

WESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

W'ESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WESTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

WESTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WES'TON,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine,  135 
miles  N.E.  of  Augu.sta.     Pop.  S94. 

WESTQN,  a  post-office  of  Collin  co.,  Texas. 

WESTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windsor  co, 
Vermont,  68  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  932. 

WESTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Fitchburg  Railroad,  13  miles  W.  of 
Boston.  The  township  is  also  intersected  by  the  Boston 
and  Worcester  Railroad.  It  has  Stony  Brook  on  the  E.  and 
Charles  River  on  the  S.E.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  town 
library,  a  high-school,  3  machine-shops,  and  several  fac- 
tories.   Pop.  1243. 

WESTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Faii-field  co., 
Connecticut.  55  miles  S.W.  of  Hartford.  The  village  con- 
tains .several  churches  and  an  academy.     Pop.  1117. 

WESTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Steuben  co..  New  Y'ork. 

WESTON,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jersev.  on 
the  left  side  of  Millstone  River.  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Treiiton. 

WESTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lewis  co.,  W.  Virginia, 
on  the  W.  fork  of  Monongahela  River,  about  88  miles  S.  of 
Wheeling.  The  hills  in  this  vicinity  abound  in  coal.  The 
village  has  1  bank.    Free  pop.  820. 

WESTON,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  Of  Wood  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  W.  side  of  Maumee  River.    Pop.  1359. 

WESTON,  a  post-village  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Apple  Creek.  15  miles  S.E.  of  Galena.    It  has  lead-mines. 

WESTON,  a  post-office  of  Nicholas  co..  Kentucky. 

WESTON,  a  post-office  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont. 

WESTON,  a  flourishing  city  and  river  port  of  Platte  co., 
Missouri,  picturesquely  situated  on  the  Mis.souri  River.  200 
miles  by  the  road  W.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City,  7  miles  above 
Leavenworth,  and  about  30  miles  by  land  S.  of  St.  Joseph. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  on  tlie  Missouri 
River.  Its  lirontier  position  renders  it  a  favorable  starting- 
point  for  the  emigrants  to  California,  &c.;  and  the  vast  ex- 
tent of  this  emigration,  for  a  few  years  past,  has  opened  a 
ready  market  for  cattle,  provisions,  &c.,  at  excessively  high 
prices.  A  constant  and  heavy  trade  is  carried  on  with  Siilt 
Lake  City  and  Valley.  The  Platte  County  Rai'road  con- 
nects it  with  St.  Joseph  on  the  one  hand,  and  Ki.nsas  City 
on  the  other.  Weston  contains  several  churches  and  a 
branch  of  the  Mechanics'  Bank  of  St.  I.ouis.  Seviral  news- 
papers are  published  here.  First  settled  in  1838.  Popu- 
lation in  1800,  1816. 

WESTON,  a  post-office  of  Marathon  county,  Wisconsin. 

WES'TON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  o)  York,  12 
miles  N.W.  of  Toronto.     Pop.  about  500. 

WESTON  BAM'FLYDE,  a  parish  of  England,  ( lunty  of 
Somerset. 

WESTON  BEG'GARD,  a  parish  of  England,  county  of 
Hereford. 


WES 


WES 


WESTON  BIRT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WESTOX  COLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WESTON  COL'VILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Cambridge. 

WESTON  CO'NEV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WESTON  COY'NEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  Stafford. 

WEST  ONEON'TA,  a  post-office  of  Otsego  co..  New  Vork. 

WESTON  F.^'VELL,  a  parish,  England,  co.  Northampton. 

WESTOX-IN-GORDA/NO,  a  parifh  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 

WESTON  MAR'KET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WESTON,  OLD,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

WESTON-ON-.\.V'ON,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of 
Warwick  and  Gloucester. 

WEST  ONONDA'GA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Onondaga  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST'ONING,  a  carish  of  England,  co.  of  Redford. 

WESTON-ON-THE-CLAY,  a  parish  oif  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

WKSTON-ON-THE-GREEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

WESTON-ON-TRENT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WESTON-ON-TREXT,  a  parish  of  l';ngland,  co.  of  Stafford. 

WES'TON-ON-WEL'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northampton. 

WES/TON  PAT'RICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  South- 
ampton. 

WESTON  PRONG,  a  post-ofBce  of  Bladen  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

WESTON  RHEN,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WESTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WESTOX-SUli-EDOE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

WESTOX-SU'l'ER-MA'RE,  a  maritime  town  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Somerset,  en  Uphill  Bay,  Bristol  Channel, 
with  a  station  on  the  Uristol  and  Exeter  (Great  Western) 
Railway,  Si  miles  N.W.  of  Axbridge.  Pop.  in  1851,  4034. 
From  an  insignificant  village  it  has  recently  risen  into  a 
favorite  watering-place,  of  which  it  has  all  the  applianci'S, 
with  good  sands,  bathing  establishments,  many  new  villa- 
residences,  and  a  view  of  the  opposite  coast  of  Wales. 

WESTON  TUK'VILLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WESTON-UXDER-LIZ'ARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Stafford. 

WESTON-UNDER-PENAYARD,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Hereford. 

WESTON-UNDER-WETU'ELE,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 

WESTON  UXa)ERWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Bucks. 

WESTON-WITII-AL'CONBURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Huntingdon. 

WESTON  ZOY'LAND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Somerset. 

WEST  OS'SIPEE,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  right  bank  of  a  small  stream  falling  into  Os- 
Bipee  Lake,  42  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Concord. 

WEST  O'TIS.  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  co.,  Massachu- 
Betts,  110  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

WESTOUTRE,  vJsHoot'r',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  on  the  frontiers  of  France.  33  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Bruges.     Pop.  1228. 

WES'TOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  East  Riding. 

WEST  PARIS,  a  post-oflice  of  O.xford  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  PAR'SON FIELD,  a  post-viilage  of  York  co.,  Maine, 
80  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Augusta. 

WEST  PAW'LET.  a  post-village  of  Rutland  CO..  Vermont, 
about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Rutland.  It  contains  a  Baptist  and 
an  Episcopal  church. 

WEST  I'EXN,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Schuylkill  CO.,  I'ennsylvania.     Pop.  2789. 

WEST  PENXS'BOROUGH,  a  township  of  Cumberland  CO.. 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Cumberland  Valley  Rail- 
road.    I'op.  2175. 

WEST  PER/RYSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Cattaraugus  co., 
New  York. 

WEST  PERTH,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York. 

WEST  I'EKU'.  a  postroffice  of  Oxford  co..  Maine. 

WESTPHALIA.  w?st-fA'le-a,  (Ger.  mi<lp?ialm.  ftjst-fjien; 
Fr.  Weitphalie,  vJst'fd'lee',)  a  province  of  Prussia,  com- 
prising the  N.W.  portion  of  its  territory,  W.  of  the  Weser, 
8.  of  Hanover,  E.  of  the  Netherlands,  and  N.  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  Estimated  area,  7848  square  miles.  Pop.  in  18til, 
1,618.065,  comprising  887,420  Roman  Catholics  713,231 
Protestants.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  tlie  S.W.  but  level 
in  the  centre  and  N.W.  part  of  the  province.  Chief  rivers, 
(Jie  Ems,  Weser,  Werra.  and  Lippe  Climate  healthy, 
soil  generally  very  fertile,  but  interspersed  with  some 
extensive  marshes  and  heaths.  Large  quantities  of  corn, 
flax,  tobacco,  hops,  and  potatoes  are  raised.  Horses,  cat- 
tle, sheep,  and  hogs  are  numerous,  and  the  last-named 
furnish  the  celebrated  Westplialian  hams.  The  mine- 
Tils  comprise  coal,  iron,  lead,  copper,  rock-salt,  and  it  has 
■numerous  salt-springs.  The  province  has  manufactures 
of  cottons,  hardwares,  paper,  tobacco,  and  spirits.  Fla.x- 
spinning  and  weaving  occupies  many  of  the  population,  and 
cutlery  is  a  chief  article  of  manufacture.  The  province  is  sub- 
divided into  3  governments,  and  these  again  into  .37  circles. 
Principal  towns.  MUnster.  (the  capital.)  Miiiden,  .\rnsberg, 
Paderborn,  and  Hamm.    The  Old  CiECtB  of  Westphalia,  in 


the  German  Empire,  situated  between  the  Rhine  and  tlw 
Weser.  Lower  Saxony  and  the  Netherlands,  formed  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  KiN«DOM  OK  Westphalia,  created  by  Naiioleon  for 
his  brother  Jerome,  and  dismembered  in  1813.  The  Duch^ 
OF  Westphalia,  of  which  Arnsberg  was  the  capital,  wiv  a 
small  territory  belonging  succes.sively  to  the  Archbishops 
of  Cologne  and  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  ceded  to  Prussia  in 
1815. Adj.  and  inhab.,.WESTPHAl.iAN.  w^st-fAle-an. 

WESTPHA'LIA,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  part  of  Clin- 
ton CO..  Michigan.    Pop.  1089. 

WESTPHALH.  a  pogt-village  of  Osage  co..  Missouri,  on 
Marais  Creek,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

WEST  PHILADEL'PHIA,  a  former  post-borough  or  dis- 
trict  of  Philadelphia  CO.,  I'ennsylvania.  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Schuylkill,  opposite  Philadelphia,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  three  bridges.  The  corporate  limits  included  nearly  two 
miles  of  river  front,  and  extended  westward  a  mile  or  more. 
It  is  now  comprised  within  the  chartered  limits  of  I'hilar 
delphia.  The  gi-ounJ  is  high  and  undulating,  and  afford 
good  sites  for  buildings.  Washington  or  Market  Street 
extends  E.  and  W.  through  the  middle  of  the  town,  and 
meets  the  river  at  Market  Street  Bridge.  About  a  quarter 
of  a  mile,  from  the  river  the  Lancaster  Turnpike  and  tlie 
Darby  Road  diverge  obliquely  from  Market  Street,  the 
former  tending  towards  the  W.N'.W..  and  the  latter  towards 
the  S.W.  Parallel  with  .Market  Street  on  the  S.  are  Chest- 
nut or  James  Street,  Walnut  or  Andrew  Street.  Locust, 
Spruce,  and  Pine  Streets.  The  new  Town-hall  on  M'ashing- 
ton  Street  is  a  five-storied  brick  building,  with  an  iron  front. 
Numerous  elegant  residences  have  been  erected  within  a 
few  years.  The  town  is  liglited  with  gas,  and  supplied  with 
good  water  from  the  Schuylkill,  raised  by  2  steam-engines 
to  the  top  of  an  iron  stand-pipe,  situated  on  Blwkley  or 
Sixth  Street,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  district.  The  jiiyte  is  5 
feet  in  diameter,  and  130  feet  high,  or  230  feet  aliove  the 
level  of  the  river,  and  is  composed  of  thick  twiler  plates  of 
wrought  iron.  The  works  are  capable  of  supplying  1.000.0i)C 
gallons  daily,  and  can  raise  the  water  100  feet  aViove  the 
highest  ground  in  the  district,  and  more  than  200  feet  above 
the  lowest.  The  tower  is  surrounded  by  a  spiral  stairway 
of  iron,  in  order  that  the  public  may  enjoy  the  delightful 
view  which  the  summit  commands.  See  1'hiladelphia,  page 
1475.  The  depot  of  the  West  Chester  Railroad  is  established 
here.  A  variety  of  manufactures  are  produced  in  West 
Philadelphia,  of  which  the  following  are  the  principal  arti- 
cles: locomotives,  iron  castings,  white  lead,  chemicals,  glass, 
and  cotton  goods.     Pop.  in  1860,  5677. 

^VEST  PIERPONT,  (peer/pont.)  a  post-office  of  Ashtabula 
CO.,  Ohio. 

WEST  PIKE,  a  post-offlce  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WEST  PIKE'LAXD,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  905. 

WEST  PIKE  RUN,  a  township  of  Washington  eo.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WEST  PITTS'FIELD.  a  post-village  of  Berkshire  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, about  50  miles  X.W.  of  Springfield. 

WEST  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri, 
about  140  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

WEST  PLATTS'BURG,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  New 
York. 

WEST  PLYM'OUTH,  a  post-village  of  Grafton  co..  New 
Hampshire.  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord. 

WEST  POINT,  the  site  of  the  United  States  Military  Aca- 
demy, is  situated  in  Cornwall  township.  Orange  co..  New 
Y'ork,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson.  .52  miles  N.  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  The  natural  strength  of  the  place  led 
to  its  selection  for  a  fortress  in  the  Revolution,  and  Fort 
Putnam,  erected  at  that  period,  crowns  a  hill  of  598  feet 
elevation  above  the  river,  commanding  a  view  probalily 
equal  in  picturesqueness  to  any  in  the  highland.'.  The 
buildings  of  the  academy  occupy  a  plateau  elevated  188  feet 
above  the  Hudson,  and  covering  an  area  of  about  1  mile  in 
circuit,  with  ample  room  for  the  necessary  structures,  for 
military  evolutions,  and  the  practice  of  gunnery.  The  ap- 
proach from  the  river  on  the  E.  is  interrupted  by  a  nearly 
perpendicular  bank  or  wall,  while  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  the 
place  is  defended  by  a  rampart  of  high  and  rugged  bills. 
The  same  causes  that  render  it  so  strong  as  a  fortress  make 
this  place  in  point  of  scenery,  second  to  none  in  the  country. 
As  the  visitor  sits  in  the  piazza  of  the  hotel  which  stands 
on  the  brow  of  the  third  terrace,  he  has  liefore  him  towards 
the  N.  the  finest  known  pass  in  any  river  in  the  world ; 
while  the  whole  N.W.  and  S.W.  horizon  is  shut  out  from 
the  view  by  highlands  and  mountains  of  from  COO  to  1500 
feet  in  height.  Towards  the  E.  are  beautiful  promenadei 
on  the  summit  of  the  rocks  that  overlook  the  river.  The 
view  from  the  ruins  of  old  Fort  Putnam  is  perhaps  une- 
qualled in  its  peculiar  beauties.  The  Catskill  and  other 
mountains  may  command  more  extensive  prospects,  bnt 
none  have  such  a  river  as  the  Hudson  immediately  at  their 
feet,  or  such  a  pass  as  that  through  the  highlands  within 
the  scope  of  distinct  vision.  Fort  Putnam  is  on  a  spur  nf 
the  highlands,  extending  towards  the  S.  or  S.W.,  and  sur- 
rounded on  three  sides  by  deep  ravines  and  steep  descents 
On  the  plateau  named  above,  were  Fort  Clinton  and  the 

2101 


1 


WES 


WES 


other  works  th-it  constituted  the  fortress  at  the  period  of 
tlic-  Revolutior.,  defended  by  retloubts  on  the  summits  of 
the  hi  is  of  winch  Fort  Putnam  was  the  chief.  Arnold  was 
in  cousmind  ol  this  fortress  when,  in  1780,  he  entered  into 
a  base  conspiracy  with  Major  Andre  to  surrender  it  into  the 
hands  of  Ihe  British.  Here,  too,  the  patriot  Kosciusko  held 
a  command,  and  a  small  plateau  or  ledge  on  the  side  of  the 
precipice  leading  down  to  the  river  is  known  as  Kosciusko's 
Garden.  At  the  top  of  the  staire  descending  to  this  garden 
is  a  cenotaph  to  his  memory,  (a  conspicuous  object  ascend- 
ing the  river,)  erected  by  the  cadets  of  1828,  at  an  expense 
of  $tWO.  The  Military  Academy  was  established  "by  Con- 
gress in  1802,  and  is  wholly  supported  by  the  general  go- 
vernment. The  education  given  is  gratuitous,  so  far  as 
money  is  concerned ;  but  each  cadet  must  give  8  years'  ser- 
vice to  the  government,  unless  sooner  released.  The  corps 
of  cadets  must  not  e.xceed  250  at  any  one  time,  and  the 
candidates  for  admission  must  not  be  under  16  or  over  21 
years  of  age.  The  corps  must  spend  three  months  of  each 
year  in  encampment.  The  course  of  study,  which  is  full 
and  thorough  in  the  mathematics  and  all  that  pertains  to 
the  military  art.  embraces  5  years.  During  the  Hevolution, 
a  heavy  chain  was  stretched  across  the  river,  which  is  here 
very  narrow,  to  prevent  the  passage  of  the  enemy's  ships. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Orange-  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

WEST  POINT,  a  thriving  posWillage  of  Troup  co.,  Geor- 
gia, on  both  sides  of  the  Chattahoochee  River,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  La  Grange  Railroad  with  the  Montgomery  and 
West  Point  Railroad,  87  miles  S.W.  of  Atlanta,  and  about 
40  miles  above  Columbus.  It  h.is  an  active  business,  and  is 
a  depot  for  the  cotton  which  is  exported  fi-om  the  vicinity. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Lowndes  co..  >Iississippi. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-office  of  White  co.,  Arkansas. 

WEST  POINT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ijawrence  CO., 
Tennessee.  95  miles  S.W.  of  Nashville. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Salt  River,  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Louisville.    It  has  an  extensive  boat-yard  and  several  stores. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  158 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

WKST  POINT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Tippecanoe  co., 
Indiana,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Lafayette.  It  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  the  border  of  Wea  Prairie.    Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

WEST  POINT,  a  township  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois,  in- 
tersected by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  135 
miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

WEST  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri,  about 
24  miles  S.W.  of  Harrisonville.  It  has  some  trade  with  the 
Indians. 

WEST  POINT,  a  beautiful  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Dubuque  and  Keokuk  Railroad,  24  miles  N.  of 
Keokuk.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  populous  and  fer- 
tile farming  district,  and  contains  an  academy  and  6  stores. 
Pop.  1973. 

WEST  POINT,  a  township  of  Columbia  oo.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  743. 

\\  EST  PO'LAND,  a  post-office,  Androscoggin  co.,  Maine. 

WEST'PORT,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland.  Connaugbt.  co. 
of  Mayo,  on  a  rivulet,  near  its  mouth  in  Clew  Bay,  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Castlebar.  Pop.  in  1S51,  4120.  It  is  one  of  the 
neatest  Uiv/us  in  Ireland,  having  been  regularly  laid  out 
by  the  first  Marquis  of  Sligo.  In  its  centre  is  a  handsome 
space  termed  the  Mall,  from  which  the  principal  streets 
diverge  at  right  angles.  It  has  a  pari.sh  church,  large 
Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  linen  hall,  court  and  market 
houses,  barrack.s,  a  bridewell,  and  work-house.  The  linen 
trade,  formerly  more  important,  is  still  thriving,  and  it  has 
an  active  e.xport  trade  in  rural  produce.  It  gives  the  title 
of  Viscount  to  the  Marquis  of  Sligo,  whose  beautiful  domain 
adjoins  the  town  on  the  W. ;  and  besides  which,  the  Reek, 
a  mountain  celebrated  in  the  legendary  history  of  Ireland, 
is  in  its  vicinity.  Westport  Qu.\t,  its  port,  1  mile  W..  is  at 
the  S.K.  extremity  of  Clew  Bay,  termed  Westport  Bay.  It 
has  a  fishery  of  some  importance,  and  several  coast-guard 
stations.     Pop.  694. 

W  KST'PORT,  a  township  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  occupying 
an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sheepscott  River,  28  miles  S 
by  E.  of  .\ugusta.     Pop.  798. 

WESTPORT.  a  post-village  of  Cheshire  co.,  New  Hamp- 
Blnre,  on  the  Ashuelot  Railroad,  60  mUes  S.W.  by  W  of 
Concord. 

WESTPORT,  a  post-township  of  Bristol  co.,  Massachusetts, 
B5  miles  S.  of  Boston.  The  village  is  situated  on  both  sides 
of  the  Acoasett  River,  near  its  entrance  into  the  mouth  of 
Buzzard  g  Bay.  It  contains  3  or  4  churches,  and  several 
Btore.s.  The  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  the 
whahng  business.    Pop.  2767.  J       b  b 

WESTPORT,  a  post-township  of  Fairfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  intersected  by  the  New  York  and 
New  Haven  Railroad,  28  miles  S.W.  of  New  Haven  The 
village  is  situated  1%  mile  N.  of  the  railroad,  and  on  both 
•ides  of  the  Saugatuok  River,  about  3  miles  from  its  mouth. 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  active  and  increasing  business,  and  cou- 
2X02 


tains  8  churches,  1  bank,  and  about  25  stores.    The  town- 
ship contains  10  churches.     Pop.  3293. 

WESTPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co. 
New  York,  on  the  W.  side  of  Ljike  Champlain,  about  110 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albany.  It  coatains  2  churchee  and  a 
State  Armory.     Pop.  1981. 

WESTPORT,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

AVESTPOIVT,  a  post-village  of  Oldham  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  43  miles  W.N.W.  of  Frankfort,  was  formerly 
the  county  seat 

WESTPORT,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  60  mUea 
S.E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

WESTPORT,  a  small  village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River  and  Canal,  75  mUes  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WESTPORT,  a  thriving  town  of  Jackson  co.,  Missouri, 
about  1  mile  from  the  boundary  of  Kan.sas,  4  miles  S.  of  the 
Missouri  River,  and  175  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 
It  is  on  the  road  from  Independence  to  Santa  Fe  and  Culi- 
fornia.  12  miles  W.  of  Independence,  of  which  it  is  the  rival. 
Pop.  1195, 

WKSTPORT,  a  post-township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  lies 
on  the  Northern  shore  of  Fourth  Lake,  about  5  miles  N.  of 
Madison.     Pop.  1095. 

WESTPORT  POINT,  postroffice.  Bristol  co.,  Slass-ichusetts. 

WESTPORT  RITERi  a  small  stream  of  Bristol  co..  in  the 
S.S.E.  part  of  Massachusetts,  discharges  its  waters  into  the 
Atlantic,  a  few  miles  E.  of  the  Rhode  Island  boundary. 

"WEST  POTS'DAM,  a  postoffice  of  St.  Lawrence  county, 
New  York. 

WEST  POULTNEY,  (polt'nee.)  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Rutland  co.,  Vermont,  about  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rutland. 
It  contains  a  bank  and  3  churches,  the  Poultney  Normal 
Institute  and  Hipley  Female  College.  Both  of  these  have 
a  high  reputation.  The  buildings  are  of  brick,  4  stories  high, 
and  arranged  to  accommodate  200  pupils  in  each.  The  pro- 
per name  of  this  place  is  simply  Poultney. 

WEST  POW'NAL,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  county, 
Maine. 

WEST  PRAIOIIE,  a  post- village  of  Stoddard  co.,  Missouri, 
about  28  miles  W.N.W.  of  New  M.idrid. 

WEST  PROVIDENCE,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1106. 

WEST  QUOD'DY  HEAD,  Maine,  a  pointat  the  W.  entrance 
of  Passamaquoddy  Bay. 

WEST  RAN'DOLPH.  a  post-office  of  Onnnge  CO..  Vermont. 

WESTRAY,  one  of  the  Orkney  Island,s,  Scotland,  9^  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Pomona,  from  which  it  is  separated  bv  Westray 
Frith.  Length,  9  miles :  breadth.  4  miles.  Pop.  in"l851. 2088. 
The  coast  is  rocky,  but  on  the  E.  side  is  the  secure  harbor 
Pierow ell,  near  which  is  the  ruined  Gothic  castle  of  Northland. 
With  Papa  I.sland  it  forms  a  parish.     Pop.  in  1851.  2459. 

WEST  RED'DING,  a  post«ffice  of  Fairfield  co..  Connecticut 

WEST  RICH'MOND,  a  post-village  of  Ontario  co.,  New 
York,  about  220  miles  W.  of  All>any. 

WEST  RICHMOND VILLE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Schoharie  co., 
New  York. 

WEST  RIP'LEY,  a  post-office  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  RIV/ER  rises  in  Wind.sor  co.,  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of 
Vermont,  and  running  in  a  S.E.  course,  falls  into  the  Con- 
necticut River. 

W'EST  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  New  Haven  co.,  in  the 
S.  part  of  Connecticut,  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound  at  New 
Haven. 

WEST  RIVER,  a  post-office,  Anne  Arundel  co.,  Maryland. 

WEST  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan. 

WEST  RIVER,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1600. 

WEST  ROCH'ESTER,  a  post-office  of  Windsor  co.,  Vermont 

WESTROOSEBEKE.  w^^st-riyzeh-b^'keh,  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  21  miles  S.  of  Bruges.  In 
1382.  a  great  battle  was  fought  here  between  the  united 
French  and  Flemings,  under  their  Count  Louis-de-Maele, 
and  the  revolted  men  of  Ghent  under  Philip  Van  .\rtevelde, 
when  the  latter  lost  their  leader  and  aliove  20,000  men. 
Pop.  1928. 

WEST  RCSENDALE,  a  post-offtce  of  Fond-du-Lac  co., 
Wisconsin. 

WEST  ROX'BURY,  a  post-township  in  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, intersected  by  the  Dedham  Branch  Railroad,  6 
miles  S.W.  of  Boston.  It  was  taken  from  Roxbury  in  1852, 
and  contains  the  villages  of  West  Roxbury  and  Jamaica 
Plains.    Pop.  6310. 

WEST  RUM/NEY,  a  past-village  of  Grafton  co.,  New 
Hampshire,  on  the  right  bank  of  Baker's  River,  and  on  the 
Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad,  59  miles  N.W.  by 
W.  of  Concoi-d. 

WEST  RU'PERT,  a  post-village  of  Bennington  co.,  Vei^ 
mont,  on  the  Rutland  and  Washington  Railroad,  38  miles 
S.W.  of  Rutland. 

WEST  RUSH,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  V»vf  York,  on 
the  Canandaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  31  miles  E.  of 
Batavia. 

WEST  RUSH'VILLE.  a  post^village  of  Fairfl.  Id  co..  Ohio 
on  the  Zanesville  and  Maysville  Turnpike,  ahc  it  14  tmiltt 
£.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 


WES 


WES 


■WEST'RTJTHER,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick,  with 
a  village,  "  iriiles  K.N.E.  of  Lauder. 

WKST  RUT/LAND,  a  thrivinj;  post-village  in  Rutland  co.. 
Vermont,  on  Otter  Creek,  and  on  the  Rutland  and  Washing- 
ton Railroad,  4  mile.s  VV.N.W.  of  Rutland.  In  the  vicinity 
Bre  extensive  marble  quarries  of  tlie  finest  quality,  the 
working  of  which  afford.s  employment  to  about  500  person.s. 
The  annual  product  amounts  in  value  to  about  $500,(100. 

WEST  RUTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  60  miles  W.  of  Boston. 

WEST  SA'LEM,  a  post^township  of  Mercer  co.,  Penn- 
gylyania,  intersected  by  the  Beaver  and  Krie  Canal,  about 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Mercer.     Pop.  2980. 

WEST  SALEM,  a  post-offlce  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  SALEM,  a  post-oflftce  of  Morgan  co..  Indiana. 

WEST  SAL'ISBURY,  (sawWh^r-e,)  apost-ofJlce  of  Addison 
CO.,  Vermont. 

WEST  SAND  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co.,  New 
VTork,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Albany. 

WE.ST  SAND'WICH,  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  co., 
Massachusetts,  on  the  Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad,  65  miles 
S.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  SCHUYLER,  skllgr,  a  post-ofHce  of  Herkimer  co.. 
New  York. 

WEST  SCIT'UATE,  a  post-village  in  Plymouth  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 22  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

AVEST  SEDGE/WICK,  a  post-offlce  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  SEXE'CA.  a  post-offlce  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

WEST  SENECA  CENTRE,  a  post-office.  Erie  co..  New  York. 

WEST  SHANDA'KEN,a  post-offlce  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 

WEST  SHEFFIELD,  post-office,  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WE.ST  SHON'GO,  a  post-offlce  of  Alleghany  co..  New  York. 

WEST  SID/NEY,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  7 
miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Augusta. 

WEST'S  MILLS,  a  postrofflce  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  SO-M'ERS.  a  post-village  of  Westchester  CO.,  New 
York,  about  115  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

WEST  SOM'ERSET.  a  post-ofiice  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 

WEST  SOUTH'OIiD.  a  post-office  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York. 

WEST  SPRING  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Warren  co.,  Penu- 
Bylvania. 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hamp- 
den CO.,  Massachusetts,  on  the  Western  Railroad,  100  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Boston,  and  100  miles  S.E.  of  Albany.  It  is 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  opposite  Spring- 
field, with  which  it  is  connected  by  2  bridges,  Cone  for  the 
Western  Railroad.)  The  streets  are  broad,  and  finely  sh.ided 
with  lofty  elms.  It  hiis  1  cotton-mill  and  2  paper-mills; 
also  2  churches.  Westfleld  River  affords  water-i)ower  near 
tliis  place.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2i05 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Penn- 
Bylvani■^,  on  the  Conncaut  Creek.  26  miles  S.W.  of  Erie. 

WE.ST  SPRINGFIELD,  a  postoffice  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri. 

WEST  STAF'FORD,  a  post-village  of  Stafford  township, 
Tolland  co.,  Connecticut,  about  25  miles  N.E.  of  Hartford. 
It  has  manufactures  of  shoe-thread,  machinery,  &c. 

WEST'S  STOR  E.  a  post-office  of  Wa.«hington  co.,  Tennessee. 

WEST  STEPHENTOWN,  (sU-e/vfn-town,)  a  post-office  of 
Rensselaer  co..  New  York. 

WEST  STER/LING,  a  post-office  of  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

WEST  STEW/ARTSTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Coos  co..  New 
Hampshire. 

WEST  STOCK/BRIDGE,  a  posttownship  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  bordering  on  New  Y'ork,  160  miles  by  railroad 
W.  of  Boston.  Three  railroads  meet  at  the  State-line  Sta- 
tion, viz.,  the  West  Stockbridge,  the  Western,  and  the  Hud- 
son and  Berkshire  Railroads.  The  principal  village  is  on  the 
West  Stockbridge  Railroad ;  it  contains  3  churches,  1  iron 
furnace,  and  about  1000  inhabitants.  In  the  townsliip  are 
extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  and  inexliaustible  quarries  of 
marble.     Pop.  1589. 

WEST  STOCK'HOLM,  a  post-village  of  St.  Lawrence  co., 
New  York,  about  30  miles  E.  of  Ogdenshurg. 

WEST  SUF'FIELD,  a  post-office,  Ilartford  co.,  Connecticut. 

WEST  SCM'NER,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  co.,  Maine. 

W^EST  SUTrrON,  a  post^village  in  Worcester  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, 45  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Boston;  it  contains  2  or  3 
churches,  and  several  stores. 

WEST  SWAN'ZEY,  a  postoffice  of  Cheshire  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

WEST  TAGHKANIC.  (ta-gan'ik,)  a  post-offlce  of  Columbia 
CO.,  New  York. 

WEST  TH  ERE'S  A.  a  post-offlce  of  Jefferson  co..  New  York. 

WEST  THORNTON,  a  post-office  of  Grafton  co.,  New 
Hanipshire. 

WEST  TIS'BURY,  a  post-vinage  in  Duke's  co.,  Massachu- 
setts. 75  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston,  contains  several  churches 
and  stores. 

WEST  TOPS'HAM,  a  post-offlce  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont. 

WESTTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Orange  CO.,  New  York, 
about  60  miles  N.W.  of  New  York. 

WESTTO\VN.  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  23  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  a  large  and 
flourishing  boarding-school  for  pupils  of  both  sexes,  under 


the  direction  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  Ths,  buildings  art 
surrounded  by  grounds  in  the  highest  state  of  improve- 
ment, and  covering  an  area  of  about  t'OO  a<-res.  The  vii-w 
from  the  summit  of  the  principal  building  is  remarkably 
beautiful  and  pioturesijue.  There  are  in  the  instilutiojj 
accommodations  for  about  250  scholars.  Pop.  of  the  town 
ship.  6.59. 

WEST  TOWN'SEND,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  a  branch  of  Nashua  River,  and  on  the  Peter 
borough  and  Shirley  Railroad.  47  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  female  seminary. 

WEST  TOWNSKND,  a  post-offlce  of  Sandusky  co.,  Ohio. 

WE,ST  TOWNSHEND.  a  post-village  of  Windham  co.,  Ver- 
mont,  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Bennington. 

WEST  TOWN'SHIP,  a  po.st-office  of  Albany  co..  New  York. 

WEST  TRENTON,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Maine, 
70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta. 

WEST  TROUPS/BURG.  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co.,  New 
York.  28  miles  S.W.  from  liath. 

WEST  TROY,  a  post-village  of  Albany  co.,  New  York. 
See  TuoT. 

WEST  TU'RIN,  a  township  of  Lewis  co.,  New  York.  Pop. 
2410. 

WEST  U'NION,  a  post-office  of  Stenben  co..  New  York. 

WEST  UNION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Doddridge  co.. 
West  Virginia,  on  Middle  Island  Creek,  and  on  the  North- 
western Virginia  Railroad,  54  miles  E.  of  Parkersburg. 
Lumber  is  exported  from  this  vicinity  by  flat-boats  and 
rafts. 

WEST  UNION,  a  village  of  Miu-shall  county,  W.  Virginia. 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

WEST  UNION,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Maysville  and  Zanesville  Turnpike,  84  miles  in  a 
direct  line  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.  It  is  plea.aantly  situated 
on  a  ridge,  several  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  <Jhio. 
The  court-house  is  a  substantial  stone  edifice,  built  by 
ex-Governor  Metcalf.  of  Kentucky,  who  bears  the  soubriquet 
of  "Stone  Hammer,"  from  the  occupation  of  his  early  life. 
Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  I.^id  out  in  1804.  Pop. 
in  1850,  462. 

WEST  UNION,  a  thriving  pf)st-village  of  Fayette  CO.,  In« 
diana.  65  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

Wi;ST  UNION,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana,  110 
miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WEST  UNION,  a  small  village  of  Parke  co.,  Indian.i,  on 
the  Waba.sh  and  Erie  Canal,  68  miles  W.  of  Indiatiaiiolis. 

WEST  UNION,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Fayette 
CO.,  Iowa,  85  miles  N.W.  of  Dubuque.  It  has  4  churches, 
&c.     See  .^PPKNDix. 

WEST  U'NITY,  a  post-offlce  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio. 

WEST  VAN  BU'REN,  a  post-<ifflcc  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 

WE.ST  VAN  BUREN,  a  township  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indi- 
ana.   I'op.  979. 

WE.ST  VIENOsA,  a  post-village  of  Oneida  co..  New  York, 
125  miles  W.N.W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  VIEW,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia,  8 
miles  \Y.  of  Staunton.     It  has  2  stores. 

WEST  VIEW,  a  post-offlce  of  Hamilton  CO.,  Tennessee. 

WEST'VILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  New  Haven  town- 
ship and  county,  Connecticut,  about  2]/^  miles  N.W.  of  the 
State  Hou-se.  It  is  surrounded  with  varied  and  romantic 
scenery,  being  situated  at  the  southern  base  of  West  Rock, 
which  presents  a  steep  and  rugged  precipice  nearly  400  feet 
in  height.  The  inhabitiints  are  engaged  in  various  manu- 
factures. It  has  3  churches,  3  large  paper-mills,  3  manufac- 
tories of  hardware,  &c.  Pop.  in  1850, 871;  in  1864,  about  12(i0. 
W  ESTVILLE,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  New  York. 
Pop.  1635. 

WESTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co..  New  York, 
about  fio.miles  W.  of  Albany.    It  has  several  mills  and  stores. 

WESTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gloucester  co..  New  Jersey, 

WESTVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Simpson  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Jackson. 

WiOSTVILLE.  a  po.at-viilage  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Columbus  I'iqua  and  Indiana  Railroad,  51  miles  W.  by 
N.W.  of  Columbus. 

WESTVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Columbiana  co.,.Ohlo,  ]t>5 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

WESTVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Western  Turnpike,  104  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 
The  post-offlce  is  New  Westville. 

WESTVILLE,  a  posfrvillage  of  I>aporte  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  18  miles  S.  of  Michi- 
gan City. 

WEST  VIN'CENT,  a  post-township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  12  miles  N.  of  West  Chester.     Pop.  1407. 

WESTVLETEREN,  wJst-vlA'teh-rgn,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Vleterlseke,  27  miles  S.W, 
of  Bruges.     Pop.  1472. 

WEST  WaL'WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  New 
York. 

WEST'WARD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cuml)erland. 

WEST  WARDS'BOROUGH,  a  post-office  of  Windham  co^ 
Vermont. 

WEST  WARE/HAM,  a  post-village  in  Plymonth  co..  Ma* 

2103 


WES 

Mchuseili!.  on  the  Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad,  near  Buzzanl's 
Bay.  45  miles  S.S.E  of  Boptoa.  In  the  village  and  vicinity 
are  n-jnierous  manufactories  of  ironware. 

WEST  WAR'REN,  a  small  village  of  Monongalia  co^  W. 
Virginia. 

WEST  WARREX,  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WEST  WASHINGTON',  a  post^ffice  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

WEST  WaTERVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Maine  Central  Railroad,  14  miles  N' .  of  Augus- 
tii.  It  has  4  churches.    Scythes  and  edge-tools  are  made  here. 

WEST  WEIVSTER,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co..  New  York. 

WEST'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

WESTWELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WEST  WIIEEL/IXG.  a  village  of  Belmout  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  opposite  Wheeling.  Several  railroads  meet  at 
this  point.    Pop.  in  1850,  43S ;  in  1860,  326. 

WEST  WHEELING,  a  post-office  of  Rock  co.,  Illinois. 

WEST  WHITE'LAND,  a  post-township  of  Chester  co., 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Central 
Riiilroad,  and  bv  the  Chester  Valley  Riiilroad,  about  5  miles 
K.  of  West  Chester.    Pop.  1214. 

WEST'WICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WEST  WIL/LIAMSBURG  or  MOR'RISBUKG,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Oundas,  situ-ited  on  the  Williams- 
burg Canal.  23  mil&«  N.E.  of  Prescott.     Pop.  about  200. 

^V"EST  WIL'LIAMSFIELD,  a  postoffice  of  A»htabula  co., 
Ohio. 

WEST  WII/LIXGTOX,  a  post-office  of  Tolland  co.,  Con- 
necticut. 

W  EST  WILTON,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  about 
SO  miles  N.W.  of  Augusta. 

WEST  WIN'CHESTER,  a  manufacturing  village  of  Che- 
shire CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Ashuelot  Railroad,  near 
Ashuelot  River.  50  miles  S.W.  of  Concord. 

WEST  WIXD'IIA.M,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

WEST  WINDHAM,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
svlvania.  152  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Harrisburg. 
"  WEST  WIND'SOR.  a  postrvillage  of  Broome  CO.,  New  York, 
about  130  miles  W.S.W.  of  Albany. 

WEST  WINDSOR,  a  township  of  .Mercer  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  1497. 

WEST  WINDSOR,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  67 
miles  N.N.E.  of  ColumlJus. 

WE.*T  WINDSOR,  a  post-office  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan. 

WEST  WIN'FIELD.  a  post-villa-e  of  Herkimer  co.,  New 
York,  about  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Utica.    It  has  an  academy. 

WEST  WIN.STED.  roiinwticut.     S(.'0  Winstbd. 

^VEST'WOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  «o.  of  Wilts. 

WEST'\VOOD,  a  small  pos^village  of  Woodford  co.,  Illi- 
uois.  about  3.3  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 

WEST  WOOD'sTOCK.  a  pos^village  in  Woodstock  town- 
ship, Windham  co.,  Connecticut,  about  44  miles  N.E.  by  E. 
of  Hartford.     It  contains  1  church. 

WEST  WOOIVVILLE,  a  post-vUlage  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio, 
89  miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

WEST  WORTH INGTON,  a  post-village  of  Hampshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Boston. 

WKST  WRENT'H.\M,  a  fiost-village  of  Norfolk  co.,  Mas- 
sa<-husetts.  alout  30  miles  S.AT.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

WEST  WYN/TON.  a  posto.-fice  of  Calhoun  co.,  Florida. 

WEST  Y  AR/.\10CTH,  a  post-viliagc  in  Barnstable  co.,  Ma»- 
Mobusetts,  60  miles  S.E.  of  Boston. 

WEST  YORK,  a  post-office  of  St.  Joseph  co..  Indiana. 

WEST  YORKSHIRE,  a  post-office  of  CatUiraugus  co.,  New 
York. 

WESTZAAN,  wjst'zan,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
Tince  of  North  Holland,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Haarlem,  on  the  Y. 
Pop.  2252. 

WEST  ZANESVILLE.    See  Zasesvule. 

WET  GLAIZE,  a  post-office  of  Camden  co.,  )Iissouri,  about 
62  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jefferson. 

WETH'ERAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland, 
on  the  railway,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Carlisle.  The  church  is  a 
handsome  edifice,  built  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

WETH'ERBY,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  York,  West  Riding,  parish  of  SpolTorth,  on  the  Wharfe, 
with  a  station  on  the  York  and  Harrogate  Railway.  7  J  miles 
S.E.  of  Harrogate.  I*op.  in  1851,  1494.  The  town  has  a 
market-place,  in  which  is  the  old  courtrhouse  of  the  lord  of 
the  manor;  and  an  old  church. 

WETH'ERDEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WETII'ERDVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Mary- 
land. 

WETH'ERINGSET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

M  ETH'E1!.«FIELD.  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co.,  Con- 
necticut, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Counc-cticut  River,  about 
3J  miles  S.  of  Hartford.  Large  quantities  of  onions  and 
iome  tobacco  are  raised  here  for  exportation.  The  village 
stands  in  a  beautiful  plain  bordering  the  river,  and  has 
broad  streew  finely  shaded  with  elms.  It  contains  3 
churchis.  an  academy,  and  a  number  of  handsome  dwellings. 
M'ethersfield  is  the  seat  of  the  Connecticut  State  Prison 
(gee  CojcNFCTicuT  )  Pop.  2706. 
2104 


WEV 

WETHERSFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Wyoming  co.,  New 
I'ork,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Warsjtw.     Pop.  1683. 

WETHERSFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co., Illinois, 
near  the  Chicago  and  Quincy  Raihoad,  110  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Springfield. 

WETHERSFIELD  Sl'RINGS,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming 
CO.,  New  York,  about  250  miles  W.  from  Albany.  It  baa 
several  churches  and  stores. 

WETTA.  wet'til,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  30 
miles  N.  of  Timor.  Lat.  of  the  t3wn  of  Sau.  on  the  S.E.  side, 
8°  6'  S..  Ion.  126^  12'  E.  Length,  from  N.E.  to  S.W.,  60  miles, 
brea«lth  30  miles. 

WETTER,  w^ftfr,  a  river  of  Germany,  Ilesso-Darmstadt, 
after  a  S.W.  and  S.  cour.se  of  35  miles,  joins  the  Niddu. 

WETfEK,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesse-Ca-sSel.  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Ohm.  7  miles  N.W.  of  Marburg.     Pop.  1400. 

WETTER,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  is  between  lat.  57°  .50' and  58° 
65'  N.,  and  Ion.  14°  and  15°  E..  25  miles  S.E.  of  Lake  Wener, 
and  enclosed  by  the  Iveus  of  Mariestad,  Jdnkoping.  l.inkop- 
ing.  and  Orebro.  Length  80  miles,  average  breadth  10 
miles.  Hei,uht  above  the  sea,  295  feet.  In  some  places  it  is 
7o  fathoms  deep,  and  it  is  often  agitated  by  storms  and  sud- 
den variations  in  its  level,  but  it  is  of  high  utility  for  inter- 
nal tnilBc,  being  connected  by  a  canal  with  Lake  Wener,  by 
which  and  the  Motala  River,  serving  as  an  outlet  for  its  sur- 
plus waters  on  the  E,  it  completes  the  inland  navigation 
between  the  lialtic  Sea  and  the  Cattegat. 

WETTEREN.  wjt'teh-ryn,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  J-Jist  Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  8  mile8  E.S.E.  of 
Ghent,  on  the  railway  to  Mechlin.  Pop.  8302.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  woollens  and  cottons. 

WETTERHOK.S,  *Jt/tvr-hoRn\  ("peak  of  tempests,")  one 
of  the  Alpine  Mountains  of  the  Bernese  Oberland.  Switzer- 
land, between  the  valleys  of  Hasli  and  Grindelwald,  N.  of 
the  Schreckhorn.  Height  12,162  feet.  It  was  ascended  to 
its  summit  for  the  first  time  in  1845. 

WETTIN.  'w^t-teen'.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  th» 
Saale.  10  miles  N.W. of  Haile.  Pop.  33(XJ.  It  ha.=  au aucleni 
caistle,  and  manufactures  of  chiccory,  tobacco,  and  oil. 

WETl'INGEN,  wJt/ting-^n,  a  villaj^e  and  parish  of  Swit- 
zerland, canton  of  Aargau,  in  a  beautiful  plain,  1  mile  S£. 
of  Baden.     Pop.  2112. 

WETTOLSUEIM.  wft'tols-hime',  a  vill.<ige  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Haut-Rhin.  3  mili'S  S.W.  of  Colmar.     Pop.  1392. 

WETTON.  a  parish  of  Engliind.  co.  of  Stafford,  'i  miles 
N.N.W.  of  .\shbourne.  near  the  plawj  where  the  rivers  Uamp 
and  Manyfold  become  subterranean.  Near  it  are  lead  and 
copper  mines,  and  excellent  quarries  of  marble. 

WETUMP'K.\.  a  flourishing  city  and  river-port  of  Coosa 
CO.,  .\lal>ama.  is  situated  on  the  Coosa  River,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  14  miles  N.  of  Montgomery,  and  al)Out  10  miles 
from  the  .\laliauia  River.  The  situation  is  advantageous 
both  for  triide  and  for  manufactures.  The  .\labania  is  one 
of  the  best  streams  in  the  Union  for  steamboat  navigation  ; 
it  is  never  closed  by  ice  like  the  northern  rivers,  nor  ob- 
structed by  snags  and  sawyers  like  those  of  the  south-west. 
The  fall  of  the  Coosa  is  sufficient  to  afford  an  abundant 
water-power,  which,  however,  has  not  been  improved  to 
much  extent.  Wetumpka  is  the  principal  market  for  the 
cotton  produced  in  Coosa  and  several  adjoining  coun- 
ties. About  30,000  bales  were  shipped  here  in  1851.  The 
city  has  4  or  6  churches,  several  flourishing  .seminaries,  a 
newspaper  office,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Slate  Penitentiary. 
A  plank-road  extends  from  this  place  to  the  Tennessee  River, 
near  Gunter's  Landing,  which  is  about  150  miles  distant 
Pop.  in  1860,  about  3500, 

WETUMPK.A.  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  enters  the  Euche* 
Creek  in  Russell  co. 

^\ET'\VANG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  East  Riding. 

WET'ZEI.,,  a  fjjunty  in  the  N.  part  of  West  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  Ohio  River,  which 
separates  it  from  the  state  of  Ohio:  area  about  250  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  Fishing  Creek  and  branches.  The 
surface  is  exceedingly  hilly  ;  the  soil  of  the  river  bottoms  is 
excellent,  and  of  the  uplands  moderately  fertile.  The  county 
contains  stone-coal.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  passes 
along  the  N.E.  border.  Formed  a  few  years  ago  out  of  part 
of  Tyler  county.  Capital,  New  Martinsville.  Pop.  6703,  of 
whom  66^3  were  free,  and  10  slaves. 

WETZLAB,  *^ts1ar.  a  walled  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
42  miles  E.N.E.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Lahn.  Pop.  in  1852, 
6153.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  and  was  formerly  a  free  city  of 
the  empire. 

W.ETZWALDE,  ftjts/ftil'deh,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Buntzl.iu,  3  miles  from  Grafenstein,     Pop.  1285. 

WEVELGHEM.  w4/vel-gh^m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro 
vince  of  West  Flanders,'2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Monin.  "Pop.  3709. 

WEVELINGHOFEN,  «A'veh-ling-ho"fen.  a  vill.tge  of  Rh». 
nish  Prussia.  11  miles  S.W.  of  Dusseldorf     Pop.  1810. 

WE'^VERTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Frederick  co, 
Maryland,  is  situated  on  the  Potomac  River,  and  on  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  80  miles  W.  of  Baltimore,  and 
2  miles  from  Harper's  Ferry.  It  stands  near  the  foot  of 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  is  surrounded  by  h*"|;hly  picturesque 
scenery.    The  river  afl'ords  abundant  wal  <r-poviet    We'  er- 


WEX 


WHA 


ton  containe  2  churches,  1  foundry,  and  2  or  3  other  fac- 
tories. The  Chesapeake  and  Oliio  Canal  passes  through  tho 
place.    It  originated  about  1848. 

WEX'FOKI).  a  maritime  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  S.  part 
of  I/einster.  having  on  the  E.  and  S.  the  Irish  Sea  and  St.- 
Georj^e's  Channel.  Area  901  square  miles,  or  57^'',640  acres, 
of  which  510.702  are  estimated  to  be  arable.  14.640  in  plan- 
tation, and  45.500  uncultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  179.790.  The 
surface  hilly  or  mountainou-i  in  the  N.W..  declines  to  a  level 
plain  along  the  coa.«t.  The  Slaney  intersects  the  county  in 
its  centre.  Several  lagoons  skirt  the  .S.  shores.  Soil  gene- 
rally fertile,  and  property  in  considerable  estates.  The  land 
is  less  subdivided,  and  the  farmers  in  a  better  condition 
than  in  most  other  Irish  counties.  The  barony  of  Forth,  in 
the  S.W.,  is  occupied  by  descendants  of  a  Welsh  colony,  and 
peculiarly  well  cultivated.  Limestone  is  the  chief  mineral 
product.  The  fisheries  are  of  importance.  The  South-East- 
ern  Kailway  is  prolonged  throughout  the  valley  of  the  Sla- 
ney, pa.st  Wexford  and  Euniscorthy,  which,  with  New  Ross, 
Gorey,  and  Xewtownbarry,  are  the  principal  towns.  It  sends 
2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WEXFOIID,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  and 
seaport  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Slaney,  where  it  expands  into  Wex- 
ford Harbor,  and  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  733  feet  in  length, 
12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Enni.scorthy,  and  64  miles  S.W.  of  Dublin. 
Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  12,819.  Much  of  the  town  consists  of 
narrow,  crooked,  and  dirty  lanes ;  but  the  quay,  and  one  or 
two  other  streets,  are  lined  with  good  houses.  Here  are  .some 
remains  of  ancient  walls,  of  an  abbey,  and  other  ecclesias- 
tical edifices;  and  outside  of  the  town  is  a  fine  granite 
column,  in  memory  of  the  exploits  in  Egypt  by  the  army 
under  Abercrombie.  Wexford  has  Protestant,  diocesan,  and 
other  .schools,  a  chamber  of  commerce,  several  banks,  some 
malting  establi.shuients,  ship-building  docks,  and  an  active 
export  trade  in  cattle,  dairy,  and  agricultural  produce,  tim- 
ber, tallow,  hides,  cotton  yarn  and  wool,  tobacco,  provisions, 
British  manufactures,  and  colonial  goods.  Registered  ship- 
ping in  1847,  113  vcs.sels;  aggregate  burden,  9036  tons. 
Wexford  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WE.X'FOUD,  a  new  unorgauized  county  in  the  N.W.  part 
of  Michigan,  contains  aliout  576  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Manistee  River.  The  surface  has  but  little 
elevation  above  Uike  Michigan.  This  county  is  not  named 
in  the  census  of  1860. 

WEXFORD,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WEXFORD,  a  post-office  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

WEX'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WEXIO,  (Wexiii.)  wjk/she-ti,  or  VEXIO,  (Vexli},)  a  town 
of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  ten,  on  Lake  Sodre,  60  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Italmar.  Pop.  22*K).  It  has  a  fine  cathedral,  a 
college  with  a  library  of  15,000  volumes,  and  cabinets  of 
medals;  manufactures  of  carpets,  and  several  important 
annual  fairs. — The  lasn  or  province  of  WEXlii  has  an  area 
of  3787  square  miles.     Pop.  136.623. 

WEY,  wA.  a  river  of  England,  counties  of  Hants  and  Sur- 
rey, rises  near  SeUiorne,  flows  N.E.  past  Godalming,  Guild- 
ford, and  Weybridge,  and  joins  the  Thiimes  2  miles  S.E.  of 
Chertsey,  after  a  course  of  40  miles.  It  is  navigable  from 
Goilalming.  and  from  Guildford  it  forms  part  of  the  Wey 
and  Arun  Navigation,  or  canal  to  Arundel  and  Chichester. 

WEY,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  after  a  S.E.  course, 
enters  the  English  Channel  between  Weymouth  and  Mel- 
combe-Kegis. 

WEYAUWE'GO.a  post-township  in  the  S.  part  of  Wau- 
pacca  CO..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  727.    See  Appendix. 

WEYBODRNE,  w4n)nrn.  a  parish,  Eniiland.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WEYVRREAD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WEY'BRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  11 
miles  N.N.E  of  Guildford.  Oatlands.  the  seat  of  the  late 
'Duke  of  York,  and  the  ancient  mansion  of  Ham,  are  in  this 
parish. 

WKYBRIDGE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WJJY'BRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Addison  co.,  Vermont, 
on  theS.  side  of  Otter  Creek,  about  35  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of 
Montpelier.     Pop.  667. 

WEYBRIDGE  LOWER  FALLS,  a  postoffice  of  Addison 
CO.,  Vermont. 

WEYER,  fti'gr  or  wire,  a  market-town  of  Upper  Austria, 
circle  of  Traun.     Pop.  1230. 

WEYER,  a  village  of  Austria,  Styria,  circle  of  Bruck. 
Pop.  1200. 

WEYER,  (Ober,  o'bgr,)  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria, 
circle  of  Traun,  near  the  Ens.     Pop.  1350. 

WEYERSHEIM,  wl'ers-hime\  (Fr.  pron.  vi'yjRs'Jm',)  a 
villasre  of  Franca,  department  of  Bag-Ilhin,  10  miles  N.  of 
Strasbourg.     Pop.  in  1852,  2190. 

WEY'HILL,  a  parish  of  England.  N.W.  extremity  of  the 
county  of  Hants,  3  miles- W.N.W.  of  Andover.  Pop.  in  1851, 
419.  For  six  days,  from  October  9,  annually,  it  is  the  piaffe 
of  the  largest  fair  in  South  England  for  sheep,  cattle,  hops, 
cheese,  and  leather,  attended  by  dealers  from  all  parts  of 
England 

WEYMOUTH.  w.Vmfith.  (with  MEL'COMBE-RE'GIS.)  a  i 
parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  and  seaport  of  Eng-  | 


land,  CO.  of  Dorset,  comprising  the  town  and  ehapelry  of 
Weymouth,  and  town  and  parish  of  Melcombe.  the  I'ormei 
on  the  S.,  the  latter  on  the  N.  side  of  the  mouth  of  tke  Wey 
which  forms  the  port,  3  miles  N.  of  the  isle  of  Portland,  and 
8  miles  S.  of  Dorchester.  Lat.  of  Weymouth  jetty-fort,  50^ 
36'  6"  N.,  Ion.  2«^  26'  W.  Pop.  of  Weypiouth  in  1851,  2957; 
of  Melcombe.  5273.  Weymouth  is  old  and  indifferent^  j 
built;  Melcombe,  on  a  low  peninsula  between  the  sea  and 
a  wide  shallow  backwater,  formed  by  the  Wey.  is  more 
regularly  laid  out,  better  built,  and  has  lacing  the  sea  a 
fine  terrace  and  esplanade,  nearly  1  mile  in  length;  a  spa- 
cious assembly  room,  neat  theatre,  libraries,  good  hotfl> 
and  lodging-houses  for  visitors,  and  bathing  establishments 
on  an  excellent  beach.  The  towns  communicate  by  a  stone 
bridge  of  two  arches,  with  a  swing  in  the  centre  to  lulmit 
shipping:  and  Melcombe  is  connected  by  a  branch  with 
the  London  and  South-Western  Railway.  An  equestrian 
statue  of  George  111.  stands  at  the  X.  extremity  of  .Mel- 
coml»e.  About  half  a  mile  .S.W.  of  Weymouth  is  the  decayed, 
but  formerly  important  fortress,  Sandsfoot  Castle,  erected  by 
Henry  VIll..  on  a  cliff  facing  the  castle  of  Portland.  The 
harbor  ha.s  about  14  feet  of  water  at  high  tides;  small  ves- 
sels only  can  lie  close  to  the  quays,  but  there  is  good  anchor- 
age in  the  bay  in  7  or  8  fathoms  water.  Someship-buildiug, 
and  rope  and  sail-making  are  carried  on.  Portland  stone, 
tiles,  bricks,  and  Roman  cement,  are  exported.  Weymouth 
is  the  station  of  the  mail  packets  for  Guernsey,  to  which  it  ii 
the  nearest  English  port,  70  miles  distant.  The  markets  are 
well  supplied,  and  the  climate  is  very  suitable  for  invalids, 
being  equable,  and  sufficiently  milii  for  geraniums  and 
myrtles  to  flourish  in  the  open  air.  Registered  .shipping  in 
1847,  6817  tons.  Weymouth  is  the  seat  of  a  medico-chirur- 
gical  society.  It  has  ra'.-es  and  a  regatta  annually.  The 
united  boroughs  send  2  members  to  the  llou.se  of  Commons. 

WEY.MOUTH,  wA'mftth,  a  post-township  of  Norfolk  co., 
Massachusetts,  bordering  on  Boston  harbor,  and  intersected 
by  the  South  Shore  branch  of  the  Old  Colony  Railroad,  12 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston.  Two  estuaries  or  arms  of  Boston 
harbor,  called  Fore  and  Back  Rivers,  afford  facilities  for 
navigation.  There  are  several  pleasant  villages  in  the  town- 
ship, th"  principal  of  which  are  Weymouth  Landing,  or 
Washington  Square,  and  South  Weymouth.  The  former,  at 
the  he*d  of  Fore  River,  is  a  place  of  active  trade,  having 
several  hundred  tons  of  shipping,  and  a  bank  with  a  capital 
of  $300,000.  The  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes  is  exten- 
sively carried  on.  The  township  contains  9  churches.  1 
newspaper  office,  2  banks,  and  1  savings  hank;  also  iron 
works.     Pop  in  1850,  5369;  in  1860,  7742. 

WEYMOUTH,  apost- township  of  Atlantic  co.,New  Jersey, 
about  55  miles  .■<.  of  Trenton.     Pop.  823. 

WEYMOUTH,  a  thriving  post-village  in  Hamilton  town- 
ship, Atlantic  co..  New  Jersey,  about  6  miles  N.W.  of  May'g 
Landing.    It  has  a  church,  2  mills,  and  about  40  houses. 

WEY.MOUTH,  a  post-office  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio. 

WEYMOUTH,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Digby, 
at  the  entrance  of  Sis-seboo  River  into  St.  Mary's  Bjiy,  ojipo- 
site  NtiW  Edenborough,  W.  of  Halifax.  The  inhabitants, 
mostly  of  French  origin,  are  principally  engaged  in  the 
fisheries,  for  which  the  neighboring  waters  are  celebrated. 

WEY'.MOUTH  CAPE,  of  North  East  Australia,  is  in  lat 
12°  37'  30"  S.,  Ion.  143°  27'  5"  E.     Height  300  feet. 

WEY  PERT,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Weipert. 

WEYRE.  wir  or  wAr,  a  fortified  town  of  llindosfan.  do- 
minions and  25  miles  S.W.  of  Bhurtpoor,  having  a  large 
fort,  some  sculptures,  and  a  Hindoo  college. 

WEZENBERG,  wi/tsen-b^ro,  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Estbonia,  capital  of  a  circle,  60  miles  E.S.E.  of  Revel. 
Pop.  1500. 

WEZIKON.  <vJt'se-kon,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Zurich.  Pop.  of  parish,  3289,  mostly 
weavers. 

WHAD'DON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WH.\DDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

WH.iDBON,  a  pari.'h  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WHADDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WIIADDON  WHAD'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

WHALE'S  BACK,  a  small  island  at  the  E.  side  of  the 
entrance  to  Portsmouth  harbor.  New  Hampshire.  On  it  is  a 
lightfiou.se  68  feet  high,  containing  two  fixed  lights,  one  10 
feet  above  the  other.     Lat.  43°  2'  30"  N.,  Ion.  70°  42'  45"  W. 

WHA'LEYSVILLE,  a  thriving  post-villlage  of  Worcester 
CO..  Maryland,  on  the  Pocomoke  River,  115  miles  S.E.  by  E. 
of  Annapolis.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  contains 
3  stores. 

WHAiyLEY,  an  extensive  parish  of  England,  counties  of 
Lancaster,  Chester,  and  Y'ork,  on  the  Manchester  and  Clithe- 
roe  Railway,  contains  the  borough  of  Clitheroe  and  3  market- 
towns  in  the  county  of  Lancaster.  Pop.  in  1851,  134.196. 
The  parish  is  30  miles  in  length  and  15  miles  in  breadth. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Liverpool  and  Leeds  Canal.  The 
church,  a  spacious  building,  with  fine  internal  decoration, 
formerly  belonged  to  an  abbey,  established  here  in  1296 

W  HAL'LONSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Essex  co..  New  York. 

WHAL'SAY,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland,  parish 

2Iua 


WHA 


WHI 


of  Nestiii^.  uer.^th  from  X.E.  to  S.W..  51  miles;  breiidth  2 
niik'i.  Pup.  ♦  iS  The  shores  are  rocky  and  deeply  iudented. 
llie  soil  isamoug  the  most  pro<luctive  in  Shetland. 

WHaIjTON,  a  parish  of  Kuglaiid.  co.  of  Northumberland. 

ttllAlVLODE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WHAP'LODE  DROVii.  a  chapelry  of  Kn^laud.  co.  Lincoln. 

WlL\rvRAM-IN-TlIE-SrKiii;r,  a  parish  of  England,  oo. 
of  York.  Ep.st  Riding. 

WHAK/RAM  PERCY,  a  parish^  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
East  Riding. 

'AHAR/rOX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WIIAR/TON.  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texa.«,  has  an 
area  of  lOSO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Colorado 
Rirer,  bounded  on  the  X.E.  by  the  San  Bernard,  and  drained 
by  Mustang  and  Sandy  Creeks.  Named  in  honor  of  the 
Wharton  family  of  Texas.  Capital,  Wharton.  Pop.  3380 
of  whom  (U6  were  free,  and  2734  slaves. 

WHARTON,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 
The  National  Road  intersects  the  township.    Pop.  1623. 

W  HARTON,  a  post-township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  40  miles  N.W.  of  Lock  Haven.     Pop.  378. 

Wn.\.RTON,  a  post^village,  capital  of  Wharton  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  Coloriido  River,  60  miles  N.  of  Matagorda. 

M'HARTON,  a  po.'St-offiee  of  Noble  co..  Ohio. 

WHARTOXSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Wyandott  CO.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  Railroad,  about  60  miles 
S.W.  of  Sandusky. 

WHATCOM,  a  co.  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Wash- 
inicton  Territory,  having  N.  British  America,  E.  Mount 
Baker,  a  peak  of  the  Ca.scade  Mountains,  and  W.  the  Gulf 
of  Georgia,  in  which  are  numerous  islands  comprised  within 
the  countv.    See  Appendix. 

WIIAT'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WIIATE'LY^,  a  post-township  in  Franklin  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  Connecticut  River,  and  inler.sected  by  Con- 
necticut River  Railroad.  88  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Bo.ston.   P.  1057. 

WIIAT'FIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WIIAT'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WIIAT'LINGTON.  a  pari.sh  of  En:;land,  co.  of  Sussex. 

WIIATTON  or  WIIATTON-ON-SMITE,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Nottingham. 

WHATTON,  LONG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

WIHY'PAW,  a  sm.%11  river  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin, 
which  flows  into  Wisconsin  River,  on  its  right  bank. 

WHKATACRE  (hweet/i-kgr)  ALL-SAINTS,  a  parish  of 
Knp:Iand,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WIIEAT'ENHCRST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Gloucester. 

WIIEAT'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  O.xford. 

WIIEAT'FIELD,  a  township  of  Nia-ara  co..  New  York, 
Intersected  by  the  Canandaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad, 
and  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Railroad,  12  miles  N,  of  Buffalo. 
Pop.  3484. 

WIIEATFIELD,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Pennsylvania  Canal. 

WUEATFIELD,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  and  Canal,  6  miles 
E.  of  Bloomfield.    Pop.  749. 

WIIK.\TFIELD.  a  post-township  in  the  central  part  of 
Ingham  co..  Micliisan.     Pop.  573. 

WIIEATHAMP/STEAD,  p.irish,  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

WIIKAlVHiLIv,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WHEATIIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WUEAT'L.\NI).  a  post^township  of  Slonroe  co..  New  Y'ork, 
on  the  Genesee  River,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rochester.  It  is 
traver.sed  by  the  Genesee  Canal.     Pop.  2560. 

WHEATLAND,  a  post-office  of  Loudon  CO.,  Virginia. 

WHEATLAND,  a  township  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1539. 

WHEATLAND,  a  post-office  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan. 

WHEATL.AND,  a  post-township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Will 
CO.,  Illinois,  intersected  by  Des  Plaines  River  and  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Canal.     Pop.  1069. 

WHEATLAND,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Kenosha 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  aliout  70  miles  S.E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1095. 

WHEATLAND  CENTliE,  a  post-otfice  of  Hillsdale  co., 
Michigan. 

WIIEAT'LEY,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
tingham. 

WHEATLEY,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Not- 
Hngham. 

WHl'IATLEY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

M  HE.\TLEV,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia. 

WHEA'TOX.  a  post-village  of  Dupage  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Galena  and  Chicago  R.R..  Zj  inilw  W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  645. 

\\  HEAT  HIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio, 

W  HEAT'VILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Genesee  co..  New  York. 

WHE.VIVILLE.  a  post-office  of  I'reble  co.,  Ohio. 

WIIEE'LKR,  a  postnjfflce  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 

W  II  EK'LERSBURG.  a  postrvillage  of  Scioto  Co.,  Ohio,  near 
the  (Jhio  River,  9  miles  E.  of  Portsmouth.     Population  in 

WIIEE'LING,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  and  the  present 

capital  of  W  est  ^  irgiuia  and  of  Ohio  county,  is  finely  situ- 

afui  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  on  both  sides  of 

WheeUug  Creek,  92  miles  below  Pittsburg,  305  miles  above 

2106 


Cincinnati,  and  about  630  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Lat.  40"^  7'  N.,  Ion.  80°  42'  W.  The  site  is  a  narrow  alluvial 
tract,  overlooked  by  precipitous  hills,  and  extending  about 

2  miles  along  the  river.  Wheeling  is  the  most  impoi-taut 
pliice  on  the  Ohio  River  between  llttsburg  and  Cincinnati, 
and  in  respect  to  trade,  manufactures,  and  population,  the 
most  considerable  town  of  West  Virginia.  It  contains  a 
fine  court-house,  a  custom-house.  19  churches,  3  academies, 
4  banks,  aggregate  capital  about  $2,000,000,  and  3  savings 
institutions.  Four  or  five  newspapers  are  published  liere. 
The  town  is  supplied  with  water  raised  from  the  river  by 
machinery.  The  National  Road  crosses  the  river  at  Zane's 
Island,  opposite  the  city,  by  a  beautiful  wire  suspension 
bridge,  the  span  of  which  is  one  of  the  longest  in  the  world, 
meaiijring  lOlO  feet.  The  height  of  the  towers  is  153  feet 
above  low  water  mark,  and  60  feet  above  the  abutments. 
The  bridge  is  supported  by  4  wire  cables,  each  1380  feet  in 
length,  and  8  inches  in  diameter.  The  cost  of  this  structure 
is  estiinutt-d  at  $210,000.  Wheeling  is  the  western  terminus 
of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  380  miles  long,  finished 
in  1853,  and  of  the  Hempfield  Railroad,  whicli  joins  the 
Pennsylvania  liailroad  at  Grecnsburg ;  4  miles  S.  is  the  E. 
terminus  of  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad.  The  Cleveland  and 
Pittsburg  Railroad  has  been  extended  from  Wellsville  to 
this  city.  In  1864, 49  stejiin boats  were  owned  in  this  place, 
with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of  7561  tons.  During  the  same 
year,  19  steamboats  and  about  20  other  vessels  were  built 
here.  The  hills  wliich  rise  in  the  immediate  vicinity  con- 
tain inexhaustible  beds  of  coal,  which  supply  fuel  at  a 
small  expense  to  the  numerous  manufactories  of  Wheeling. 
In  1864  it  contained  6  iron  foundries,  3  forges,  5  manufac- 
tories of  nails,  9  of  glassware,  2  or  3  of  cotton  goods,  3  of 
paper,  4  of  steam-engines,  and  1  of  silk  goods.  Flour,  wool- 
len goods,  white-lead,  leather,  and  other  articles  are  also 
produced  here.  Wheeling  became  theciipital  of  the  county 
In  1797.  Population  in  1820, 1567 ;  in  1830,  5221 ;  in  1840, 
7885;  and  in  1850, 11,391.  Free  population  in  1860,  includ- 
ing South  Wheeling,  16,713.    Pop.  in  1865,  about  22.500. 

WHEELING,  a  post^village  of  Holmes  co.,  Mississippi, 
near  Big  Black  River,  75  miles  N.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

WHEELING,  a  township  of  Belmont  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1425. 

WHEELING,  a  township  of  Guernsey  Co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  1281. 

WHEELING,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  .Mississinewa  River,  about  15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Muncie 

WHEELING,  a  post^village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Des  I'laines  River,  about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Chitago. 

WHEELING,  a  post-office  of  Madison  CO.,  Iowa. 

WHEELING  CREEK  rises  by  two  branches  the  North  and 
South  Forks,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio  River 
at  Wheeling,  Virginia. 

W^HEELING'S  FORD,  a  village  in  Cass  co..  Iowa,  on  Nisb- 
nabatona  River,  about  200  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Iowa  City. 

WHEELING  VAL'LEY,  a  post-offlce  of  Marshall  co.,  W. 
Virginia. 

WHEE'LOCK,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WHEE'IjOCK,  a  post-township  in  Caledonia  co.,  Vermont, 
29  miles  N.E.  of  Moutpelier.     Pop.  832. 

WHEEIjOCK,  a  post-office  of  Robertson  co.,  Texas. 

WIIEELOCK.  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  Nation,  Arkan.sas. 

WHEEL/TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  L-anca.ster. 

WHEL/DRAKE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

W  HEVPINGTON-KIRK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
umberland. 

WHEN'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding. 

WHEP'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

W^HKR'STE.\D,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WHER'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants,  3|  miles 
S.S.E,  of  Andover.  A  stone  cross  in  this  parish  commemo- 
rates the  death  of  Earl  A<hewold,  slain  by  King  Edgar. 
Queen  Elfrida  founded  a  nunnery  here  in  which  she  died. 

WHET'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

WHETSTONE,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  l)erl)y, 

WHETSTONE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex. 

WHET'STONE,  a  post-viliage  of  Pickens  district,' South 
Carolina, 

WHETSTONE,  a  town.ship  in  Crawford  co.,  Ohio.  P.  151>1. 

WHETSTONE,  a  post-offlce  of  Morrow  co..  Ohio. 

WHETSTONE  RIVER,  Ohio.     See  Olentangy  River. 

WH1CH'.\M,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland. 

WHICH'BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Wilti 
and  H.ints. 

WHICH'FORD,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WHICK'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

WHIDAH.  a  town  of  West  Africa.     See  Whvd.ah. 

WHID'BYS  ISLAND  or  WHllVBEY  ISLAND,  a  iarg» 
island  at  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Washington  Territory,  E. 
of  Vancouver's  Island.     It  is  near  50  miles  long,  and  from 

3  to  10  miles  wide.  It  contains  a  number  of  extensive  and 
fertile  prairie-s,  and  is  becoming  settled  rapidly.  M'hidby'f 
Island  is  included  in  Island  county,  of  which  the  s  lat  of 
justice  is  at  Penn-s  Cove,  a  thriving  settlement  nei  r  the 
middle  of  the  island. 

WHIIVDY  ISLAND,  Ireland,  Munster.  co.  of  Cork,  neat 
the  head  of  Bautry  Bay,  opposite  Bautry,  is  3  miles    4ug 


will 


will 


and  1  mile  broad.  Pop.  400.  On  it  are  a  coa-it-guard  Btation, 
and  several  forts  for  the  defence  of  Bantry  harbor. 

WIIIG'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio. 

WUIGVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan. 

WHILE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford,  now  united 
with  I'uddleston. 

WIIIIVTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

■yViriM'PLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WUXN'BUKG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WHIP'PANY  or  WHIf'POXONG,  a  manufacturing  Tillage 
of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  on  VVlJippany  Kiver,  about  52 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Trenton.  It  contains  2  churches,  1  cloth- 
ing, 5  cotton,  and  3  paper  mills,  and  3  stores.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  800. 

WHIP/PINGHAM,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

WHIP/PV  SWAMP,  a.  postrTUlage  of  Beaufort  district, 
South  Carolina. 

WHU»S/\ADE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

WIUPS'TOWN.  a  post>office  of  l>erry  co..  Ohio. 

WIIIS/KEY  KUN,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1037. 

WHIS/SENDINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland,  on 
B  railway,  5?  miles  N.N.W.  of  Oakham. 

WlilS'SONSETT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WHIS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WUISTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

WUISTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WHISTONS,  a  tything  of  England,  co.,  of  Worcester, 
forming  a  part  of  the  city  of  Worcester.  Pop.  in  1851, 
2998. 

WIIIT'ACRE,  NETH'ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Warwick. 

WIIITACRE,  OVER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WlllT'AKER'S  BLUFF,  a.  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Ten- 

WIIIT'BECK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberiand. 

WIIIT'BOUKNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WIIIT'BURN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham,  on  the 
coast,  3  miles  N.  of  Sunderland.  Population  employed  in 
fisheries  and  coal  and  lime  works.  It  is  resorted  to  for 
Eoa-bathing,  and  has  several  chalybeate  springs  in  great 
re))ute. 

WIIIT'BURN  or  WHITE/BURN,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co. 
of  Linlithgow. 

WIIIT'BY,  a  parliamentary  borough,  seaport  town,  parish, 
and  township  of  England.,  co.  of  York,  North  Riding,  on  the 
Esk,  here  bordered  by  fine  piers,  and  crossed  by  a  swing 
iron  bridge,  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Scarborough,  at  the  termi- 
nation of  a  railway  from  York.  Lat.  of  liglithouse  at  the 
head  of  the  W.  pier,  5-1°  29'  7"  N.,  Ion.  0°  30'  7"  E.  Pop.  of 
parliamentary  borough  in  1861,  12,05-i;  of  township,  8040. 
The  older  parts  of  the  town  have  narrow  streets  along  the 
river  banks ;  the  newer  parts  extend  up  steep  aixjlivitlos ; 
that  on  the  E.  is  crowned  by  the  church,  and  the  remains  of 
an  abbey,  founded  in  the  7th  century.  The  principal  edifices 
are  baths,  a  public  library,  literary  and  philosophical  society, 
with  museum;  seamen's  hospital,  town-hall,  custom-house, 
and  large  warehouses.  It  has  dry-docks  and  some  ship- 
"auilding,  and  manufactures  of  sail-cloth  and  cord.ige,  an 
active  export  trade,  especially  in  alum  manufactured  in  the 
vicinity;  and  imports  of  Americ^an,  Baltic,  and  Ea.st  India 
nroduce,  and  coal.  Registered  shipping  1015  vessels,  aggre- 
.^ate  burden  54,590  tons.  It  returns  1  member  to  the  House 
of  Commons. 

WHITBY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WHIT'CIIURCII,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Hants,  on  the  Test,  12  miles  N.  of  Winchester.  Pop. 
of  parish  in  1851, 1911.  'The  inhabitants  are  partly  engaged 
in  a  silk  manufactory,  and  a  mill  for  the  fabrication  of  most 
of  tile  bank-note  paper  used  by  the  Bank  of  England. 

WHITCHURCH  or  BLANCMINSTER,  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  counties  of  Salop  and  Chester,  19  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  3619.  The 
town  stands  on  an  eminence  crowned  by  its  church.  Here 
are  numerous  dissenting  chapels  and  schools,  a  public  lend- 
ing library,  some  cotton  manufactures,  and  a  trade  in  corn 
and  malt. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer.set. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WHITCHURCH,  a  parish.  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

WHITCHURCH,  two  parishes  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pem- 
broke. 

WHITCHURCH  CANONICCRUM,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset. 

WHIT'COMB,  a  po8tK>ftce  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 

WHIT/COMBE,  a  pari.-^h  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WHITCOMBE,  MAG'NA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

WHITE,  e  couniy  eltuated  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Arkansas,  contains  1050  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Little  Red  River  and  Bayou  des  Arc,  affluents  of  White 


Rirer,  which  forms  the  E.  boundary  of  the  county.  White 
River  is  navigated  at  all  seasons,  on  the  bi^rdei  of  the 
county,  by  steamboats,  in  which  staves  and  other  lumbtr 
are  exported.  Capital,  Searcy.  Pop.  8316,  of  whom  68Si 
were  free. 

WHITE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Tcnne8se<i 
has  an  area  estimated  at  445  square  miles.  The  Caney  I'orh 
of  Cumberland  River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.  and  V\  ., 
and  it  is  also  watered  by  Falling  Water  and  other  ir-M^ks 
The  streams  furnish  water-power  for  mills.  The  South- 
western Railroad  is  in  progress  througli  the  county.  Capi- 
tal, Sparta.  Pop.  9381,  ol  whom  8236  were  free,  and  1145 
1145  slaves. 

WHITE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Indiana,  contains 
about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  'Tippecanoe 
River,  which  affords  abundant  water-power.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  highly  productive.  About  two- 
thirds  of  the  area  is  occupied  by  prairies.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad.  Organized  in 
1834.     Capital,  Monticello.     Pop.  8258. 

WHITE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Wabash  River,  intersected  by 
the  Little  Wabash,  and  also  drained  by  the  Skillet  Fork  ot 
the  Little  Wabash.  The  county  is  well  timbered,  and  has 
several  small  prairies.  The  soil  is  excellent.  Tlie  Wabash 
River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  on  the  border.  The  Littio 
Wabash  affords  valuable  water-power  at  Carmi.  A  plank- 
road  extends  from  Graysville  to  Albion.  Named  in  lionor 
of  Colonel  White,  who  formerly  resided  in  this  section  of 
tlio  state.    Capital,  Carmi.     I'op.  12,403. 

WHITE,  a  township  of  Cambria  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  761. 

WHI'TE,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania.  It 
contains  Indiana,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  3080. 

WHITE,  a  township  of  Ashley  co.,  Arkansas. 

WHITE,  a  township  of  Newton  co.,  Arlcansa*. 

WHITE,  a  to\ynship  of  Pike  co.,  Arkansas. 

WHITE,  a  town.ship  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas. 

WIHTE.\SH,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WIH'TEBREAST  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Marion  co, 
Iowa,  lalls  into  the  Des  Moines  River. 

WHITEBREAST,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Iowa. 

WHITE  CHAP'EL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middle- 
sex, forming  an  E.  suburli  of  the  metropolis,  and  comprised 
in  the  borough  of  Tower  Hamlets.    Pop.  in  1851,  37,848. 

WHITE  CllIM/NEYS,  a  post-office  of  Caroline  CO.,  Virginia. 

WHITE/CHURCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Waterford. 

WHITECIIURCH,  a  parish,  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of  Cork. 

WHITECIIURCU  GLYNN,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Leinster, 
CO.  of  ^Vexford. 

WHITECIIURCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Wexford. 

WHITECIIURCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Dublin. 

WHITECUURCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  Munster,  co.  of 
Tipperary. 

\VHITECIIURCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kilkenny. 

WHITECIIURCH,  a  parish  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Kildare. 

WHITE/CLAY  CREEK,  a  branch  of  Christiana  Creek, 
rises  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  unites  with  the 
other  branches  about  6  miles  W.  of  Wilmington. 

WHITE  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana. 

WHITE  COTTAGE,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Texas. 

WHITE  COTTAGE,  a  postoffice  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio. 

WHITE  COTTAGE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsyt 
vania. 

WHITE  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  flows  southward  into  the 
river  One  Hundred  and  'Two,  near  the  S.  border  of  Nodaway 
county. 

WHITE  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co..  New 
York,  situated  in  White  Creek  township,  and  on  a  creek  of 
that  name,  33  miles  N.N.E.  of  Albany,  It  contains  2  or  3 
churches  and  several  stores.     Pop.  of  the  township,  2802. 

WHI'TE'CROSS,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co..  North  Carolina. 

WHITE'DAY,apost-offlceof  Monongalia  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

WHITED  A  Y  G  LADES,a  post-ofl]ce,Marion  co.,W  .Virginia 

WHITE/DEER,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, 78  miles  N.  of  Harrisburg. 

WHITEDEER,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
Pop.  1639. 

WHITEDEER  MILLS,  a  postoffice  of  Union  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WHITE  EARTH  RIVER,  of  Missouri  territory,  rises  in 
British  America,  and  crossing  the  N.  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  joins  the  Missouri  in  about  103'^  10'  W.  Ion.  Length 
about  200  miles. 

WHITE  EYE  PLAINS,  a  post-office,  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio. 

WHITE  EYES,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Coshocton 
CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  998. 

WHITE/FIELD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WHITE'FIELD,  a  township  of  Lincoln  CO.,  Maine,  intep- 
sected  by  Sheepscott  River,  which  affords  good  watej^power, 
12  miles  S.E.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1883. 

WHITEFIELD,  a  post-township  in  Coos  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, 88  miles  N.  of  Concord.    Pop.  1015. 

210T 


WHI 

A  HTTEFTELD.  a  post-office  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  MississippL 

vnilTKFlKLD,  a  postoffice  of  Marshall  CO.,  Illinois. 

WUI'f  K'FOKD,  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint, 
3f  mile?  .N.W.  of  Holywell.  Lead,  copper,  coal,  and  cala- 
mine abound  in  this  parish.  Hfre  are  remains  of  a  Roman 
lighthouse  and  stoue  cross  of  beautiful  workmanship. 

WIllTiiKOKD.  a  post-office  of  Lui-as  co.,  Ohio. 

WHITEFOKD.  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  inter- 
sected by  the  Krie  and  K.ilamazoo  Railrord.     Pop.  1136. 

WIIITE'lJ.^TE,  a  parish  of  Eu;;land.  co.  of  Chester. 

WIIIXEG.VTE,  a  large  fishing  village  of  Ireland,  Munster, 
CO.  of  Oirk.  on  Cork  Hiirlwr,  2^  miles  S.S.K.  of  Queenstown. 
Pop.  in  ISol,  1228.    Carlisle  Port  is  in  iU  vicinity. 

\VHITEG.A.TE,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITE  GKOVE.  a  postoffice  of  Ja.sper  CO.,  Indiana. 

WHrrE'II.\LL.  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Washington 
county.  New  York,  is  beautifully  situated  in  Whitehall 
township,  at  the  head  or  S.  extremity  of  Lake  Champlain. 
and  on  tlie  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  77  miles  X. 
by  E.  of  Albany.  The  Champlain  Canal  terminates  here, 
connecting  the  village  with  Troy.  Five  steamtioats  ply 
daily  to  the  ports  on  the  lake  during  the  summer.  Pawlet 
River  and  Wood  Creek  enter  the  lake  at  this  place,  and  fur- 
nish extensive  water-power.  It  contains  5  churches,  an 
academy,  3  banks,  2  newspaper-oflSces,  and  has  an  extensive 
trade  with  Canada.  Machinery,  woollen  goods,  flour,  lum- 
ber, and  other  articles  are  manufactured.  A  railroad  is 
projected  from  this  place  to  Plattsburg.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
eliip.  4862:  of  the  village,  about  4000. 

WHITEHALL.  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the  Philadel- 
phia and  Columbia  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia. 

WHITEIULL.  a  post-oflice  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey. 

WHITEHALL,  a  small  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WHITEH.VLL,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WHITEH.^LL,  a  post-office  of  Montour  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WHITEH.A.LL,  a  postoffice  and  station  of  lialtimore  co.. 
Maryland,  on  the  Raltimore  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  26 
miles  N.  of  Baltimore. 

WHITKII.\  LL,  a  small  post- village.  Frederick  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITEH.VLL,  a  pi>st-vill.ige  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina.  160  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

WH1TEH.\LL.  a  thriving  village  of  Wayne  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Xeuse  River.  Turpentine  is  shipped  here 
in  steamboats. 

WHITEH.VLL,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co..  Kentucky. 

WHITEHALL,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana. 

WHITEH.VLL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Greene  co., 
Illinois,  is  situated  on  a  prairie  of  its  own  name,  24  miles 
by  railroad  S.S.W.  of  Jacksonville. 

"WUITE/UALLVILLE,  a  postroffice  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WHITE  HARE,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  -o.  Missouri, 
about  110  mil(«  S.S.E.  of  Independence. 

WHITEU.V'VKX.  a  parliamentary  borough,  a^  seaport 
town  and  township  of  England,  co.  of  Cumberland,  on 
the  Irish  Sea,  near  the  entrance  of  Solway  Frith,  3  miles 
N.E.  of  St.  Bees'  Head,  and  36  miles  S.W.  of  Carlisle, 
with  which  it  is  connected  bv  railway.  Lat.  of  hght- 
house.  54^"'  33'  11"  N.,  Ion.  .3°  35'  49"  W.  Pop.  of  the  borough, 
including  the  township,  and  a  part  of  Preston  Quarter,  in 
1851,  18.916.  The  town,  on  a  creek  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Poebeck,  is  surrounded  by  heights  which  approach  clo.se  to 
the  buildings;  the  streets  are  spacious  and  regularly  laid 
out  The  public  buildings  comprise  the  churches  of  St. 
Nicholas,  St.  James,  and  Trinity,  and  many  places  of  wor- 
ship for  dissenters,  the  West  Cumberland  Infirmary.  Town- 
Hall,  market-house.  Custom-house.  Library,  News-room, 
biiths,  a  neat  theatre.  Mechanics'  Institute,  and  a  county 
House  of  Correction.  The  town  has  good  .shops,  a  convenient 
m.trket  place,  and  beautiful  environs.  Immediately  S.E.  is 
the  Castle,  the  seat  of  Viscount  Lowther.  The  harbor  is 
formed  by  two  piers,  on  each  of  which  is  a  lighthouse,  and 
from  it  are  exported  great  quantities  of  coal,  raised  from 
tbe  deepest  known  coal-mines,  which  extend  a  long  way 
under  the  town  and  beneath  the  sea.  Here  are  also  iron- 
smelting  works,  iron  and  brass  foundries,  extensive  bonding 
warehouses,  dry  docks,  and  slips  for  building  and  repairing 
vessels;  manufactures  of  sail  cloth,  cordage,  soap,  coppera.*, 
and  tobacco  pipes.  The  exports  consist  chiefly  of  coal  and 
iron  ore;  the  imports.  West  Indian.  American,  and  Baltic 
produce;  flax  and  linen  from  Ireland,  and  pVl-iron  from 
Wales.  Steamers  maintain  continual  communication  be- 
tween Whitehaven  and  Dublin,  Dumfries,  and  the  Isle  of 
Man.  Registered  shipping,  in  1847-8,  39,462  tons.  It  re- 
turns 1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WHITE  HA'VKN.  a  flourishing  post-borough  of  Denison 
township,  Luzerne  co..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  River. 
25  mile*  above  Mauch  Chunk.  A  railroad  20  miles  long 
connects  it  with  Wilkesliarre.  The  town  carries  on  an  act- 
ive trade  in  coal  and  lumber.  It  has  4  churches,  a  large 
cur-factory,  and  a  niachin<vi^hop.     Pop.  943. 

WHITE  HAVEX,  a  pos^village  of  Somerset  co..  Mary- 
laud,  on  the  V>  icomico  Kiver,  70  miles  S.E.  of  Annapolis 


WHI 

WHTTEHATEN,  a  harbor  of  Nova  Scotia,  British  North 
Americ.1,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cape  Canso. 

WHITE'HE.VD.  a  small  isUud  lying  S.W.  of  the  W.  en- 
trance to  Penobscot  Bay.  On  it  is  a  fixed  light,  58  feet  aliove 
the  level  of  the  se.i,  having  a  bell  attached  to  it  weighing 
1000  pounds,  which  is  struck  in  foggy  weathei  Lat.  43°  5^ 
N.,  Ion.  69^  2'  W. 

WHITEHEAD,  a  post-office  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas. 

WHITE  HILL,  a  village  of  Burlington  CO.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Delaware,  contain.s  10  or  12  dwellings. 

WHITE  HlliL,  a  post-office  of  Union  co..  North  Carolina, 

WHITE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tenne.ssee. 

MHITE  HILU  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co.,  .Missis.«ippi. 

WHITE'HILLS.  a  fishing-village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Banff, 
41  miles  E.  of  Portsoy.     Pop.  660. 

WHITEHORSE'.  New  Jersey,  a  station  on  the  Camden 
and  .Vtlantic  Railroad,  10  miles  from  Camden. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  Rockaway  Creek,  and  on  the  New  Jersey  Central 
Railroad,  about  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Trenton,  contains  a 
church,  a  mill.  2  stores,  and  an  academy. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Cumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Mecklenburg  co..  Virginia. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Ca- 
roUna. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-offlce  of  Henry  co.,  Georgia,  7 
miles  N.E.  of  .McDonough. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co.,  Tenne.ssee. 

WHITE'HOUSE  ABBEY,  a  village  of  Ireland.  Ulster  co., 
Antrim,  on  Belfast  Lough,  3J  miles  N.E.  of  Belfiist.  Pop. 
iu  1851,  852.  mostly  employed  in  a  large  cotton-mill. 

MHITE  ISLAND,  off^  New  Zealand,  North  Island,  in  the 
Bay  of  Plenty,  is  in  Int.  37°  33'  S.,  Ion.  177=  14'  E.  It  con- 
sists of  an  active  volcano,  rising  to  between  1000  and  1500 
feet  in  height. 

MHITE'KIRK  .txi>  TYN'NINGHAME,  a  united  maritime 
parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Berwick. 

WHITE-LADY-ASrrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wor- 
cester. 

WHITE  L.VKE,  a  postoffice  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York. 

WHITE  LAKE,  a  post-township  in  the  W.  central  part  of 
Oakland  co..  Michigan.     Pop.  1143. 

WHITE'LETS,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  1^  miles  N.IS. 
of  Ayr,  on  the  road  to  Galston.  Pop.  in  1851,  alxiut  900. 
mostly  employed  in  raising  coal,  conveyed  by  a  railway  to 
Newton-upon-.Vyr. 

WHITE'LEY,  a  post-township  of  Greene  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia. ab<jut  7  miles  S.E.  of  Waynesburg.   Pop.  919. 

WHITELEY.  a  small  post  village.  Greene  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

WHITELEY'S.  a  post-office  of  Newton  co„  Arkansas. 

WHITE'LEYSBURG,  a  village  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Dover. 

WHITE'LICK  CREEK.  Indiana,  rises  in  Boone  co.,  and 
flowing  southward,  enters  the  W.  fork  of  White  River,  7 
miles  above  Martinsville. 

WHITE'M.VRSH.  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  intersected  by  tbe  Philadelphia  and  Norris- 
town  Railroad.  6  miles  S.E.  of  Norristown.     Pop.  3048. 

WHITEM.VRSU,  a  postoffice  of  Columbus  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WHITE  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WHITE  MOUN'TAINS,  the  name  of  a  group  in  the  N. 
central  part  of  New  Hampshire,  being  included  chiefly 
within  the  limits  of  Coos  and  Grafton  counties.  Tlie 
principal  summit.  Mount  Washington,  rises  6226  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  other  summits  are.  Mount  .Vdamg, 
having  an  elevation  of  about  i759  feet;  Mount  Jefferson, 
5657  feet;  Mount  Madison,  5415  feet;  Mount  Monroe.  5349 
feet;  Mount  Franklin,  4850  feet:  and  Mount  I^afayette,  55C»0 
feet.     For  a  more  particular  description,  see  New  IIampsbif.e. 

WHITENESS,  a  parish  of  Scotland.  See  TiNaw.tLL. 

WHITE  OAK.  a  post-offlce  of  Ritchie  CO.,  W.  Virginia. 

WHITE  OAK.  a  small  village  of  Polk  co..  North  Carolina. 

WHITE  OAK.  a  village  of  Fairfield  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroad,  46  miles 
N.  of  Columbia. 

WHITE  OAK,  a  postvillage  of  CoVumbia  co.,  Georgia,  2S 
miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

WHITE  OAK.  a  post-office  of  Hopkins  CO.,  Texas. 

WHITE  OAK,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  1052. 

WHITE  O.VK,  a  post-office  of  Humphreys  co.,  Tennessee. 

WHITE  OAK.  a  small  village  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky. 

WHITE  OAK,  a  township  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
936. 

WHITE  O.VK.  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Ingham 
CO..  Michigan.     Pop.  777. 

WHITEOAK.  a  township  in  Jefferson  co..  Indiana. 

WHITE  O.VK.  a  post-offlce  of  Bladen  co..  North  Carolina. 

WHITE  OAK  BAYOU,  of  Texa.s.  flows  eastward  through 
Titus  CO.,  and  enters  Sulphur  Fork  of  Red  River,  at  the 
N.E.  extremity  of  that  county. 

WHITE  OAK  CREEK,  of  Georgia,  flows  through  Meri- 
wether county  into  Flint  Kiver. 


WHI 


Win 


WHITE  OAK  CREEK,  in  the  \.  part  of  Tennes»ee,  enters 
New  River  on  the  K.  bortler  of  Fentress  county. 

M'HITE  OAK  CRKEK.  of  West  Tennessee,  flows  onstward 
and  enters  Tennessee  River  in  Harden  county. 

WHITE  OAK  CRKKK.  of  Ohio.  rl>es  in  Hi^'hland  county, 
and  enters  tlie  Ohio  River  atout  8  miles  IkjIow  Ripley. 

WHITE  OAIC  UllOVK.  a  po.st-offlce  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana. 

WHITE  OAK  GROVE,  a  small  post-village  of  Ogle  co., 
niinoig. 

WHITE  OAK  GROVE,  a  post-offlce  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri, 
ahout  128  miles  8.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

WHITE  OAK.  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Fleming  co..  Kentucky. 

WHITE  OAK  POI.NT,  a  post-offlce  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa. 

WHITK  OAK  SPRINGS,  a  small  village  of  Sullivan  co., 
Tennessee. 

WHITE  OAK  SPRINGS,  a  small  postrvillage  of  Brown 
CO.,  Illinois. 

WHITE  OAK  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  and  township  In 
the  S.  part  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  60  miles  S.W. 
of  Madison.  The  village  contains  1  hotel,  4  strres,  and 
about  300  inhabitants.  Lead  ore  abounds  in  its  vicinity. 
Pjp  of  tlie  township,  513. 

WHITE  OAK  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Lee  county, 
Virginia. 

WHITEPARISH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

AVHITE  PATH,  a  post-ottice  of  Gilmer  co.,  Georgia. 

WHITE  PIGEON,  (pij'fm,)  a  thriving  post-village  and 
township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  creek  of  its  own 
mime,  and  on  the  .Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  120  miles  E. 
of  Chicago.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  pro<Juctive  farming  re- 
gion, and  has  an  active  business.     Pop.  959. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  a  pst-village,  s<!mi-c.ipital  of  West- 
chester CO.,  New  York,  situated  in  White  Plains  township, 
«n  the  Harlem  Railroad,  26  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York.  It 
contains,  besides  the  county  buildings,  5  churches,  1  news- 
paper office,  and  several  seminaries.  A  noted  battle  of  the 
Revolution  was  fought  in  the  vicinity,  October  28,  1776. 
Pop  of  the  township,  1846. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  a  postrofflce  of  Brunswick  CO.,  Virginia. 

WHITE  PLAINS  a  postofflce  of  Cleveland  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  a  small  village  of  Anderson  district. 
South  Carolina. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia, 
about  30  miles  N.N.E.  of  Milledgeville.  It  has  a  church  and 
•everal  stores. 

M'HITE  PLAINS,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Alabama, 
in  Chocolocco  Valley,  7  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Jacksonville. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  a  post-offlce  of  Jacksou  co.,  Tennes-see. 

WHITE  POND,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district.  South 
Carolina. 

WHITE  POST,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Virginia,  12 
miles  S.K.  of  Winchester,  Is  pleasantly  situated  a  few  miles 
from  the  Blue  Ridge. 

WHITE  POST,  a  township  in  Pulaski  CO.,  Indiana.    P.  522. 

WHITE  RIVER.     See  Nile. 

WHITE  RIVER  rises  in  Addison  co.,  Vermont,  and  flow- 
ing in  a  winding  course  through  Windsor  county,  falls  into 
th(i  Connecticut  l{iver.  On  the  N.  it  receives  three  tributaries, 
called  the  First,  Second,  and  Third  Branches,  which  aCTord 
some  fine  mill-seats. 

WHITE  RIVER,  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri,  Is  formed  by 
three  small  branches  which  rise  among  the  Ozark  Moun- 
tains, and  unite  a  few  miles  E.  of  Fayetteville,  .Arkansas.  It 
flows  first  north-easterly  into  .Missouri,  and  after  making  a 
circuit  of  about  100  miles,  returns  into  Arkansas,  and 
pursues  a  south-easterly  cour.se  to  the  mouth  of  Black  River, 
which  is  its  largest  affluent.  From  this  point  its  direction 
Is  nearly  southward,  until  it  enters  the  Mississippi,  15  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas.  The  whole  length 
probably  exceeds  80O  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  steamboats. 
In  all  stages  of  water,  to  the  mouth  of  Black  River,  .350  miles, 
and  during  a  large  portion  of  the  year  they  can  ascend  to 
Batesville,  about  50  miles  higher.  The  navigation  is  not 
obstructed  by  ice  In  ordinary  seasons.  Below  Batesville  the 
channel  is  about  4  feet  deep  throughout  the  year.  The 
i\)untry  through  which  it  flows  is  generally  fertile,  and 
ailapted  to  Indian  corn  and  cotton.  Pine  forests  are  fou;;d 
on  its  banks  above  Batesville,  and  cypress  swamp3.along  the 
Uwer  part  of  its  course. 

Branc/ies. — James  Fork  rises  near  the  E.  border  of  Green 
county,  Missouri,  and  flowing  south-westerly,  enters  the 
White  River  in  Taney  county.  Big  North  Fork  rises  in  the 
S.  part  of  Mis.souri,  and  flows  southward  through  Fulton 
county,  Arkansas,  Into  the  main  stream,  liryant's  Fork 
ent.<irs  the  Big  North  Fork  in  Ozark  county,  Missouri.  Little 
North  Fork  ri.ses  in  Ozark  county.  Mi.^.souri.  and  enters 
White  River  in  Marion  county.  Arkansas.  Buffalo  Fork 
rises  in  Newton  county,  Arkansas,  and  enters  White  River 
from  the  right  at  the  S.E.  e.\treuiity  of  Marion  county.  All 
of  these  are  more  properly  affluents  than  brandies. 

WHITE  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  .Newaygo  county, 
and  flows  south-westward  through  Oceana  county  Into  Lake 
Michigan. 

WlilTE  RIVER,  of  Indiana,  is  formed  by  two  branches. 


called  the  East  and  West  Fork,  which  unite  at  the  S.W 
extremity  of  Davie.-s  county,  5  miles  N.E.  of  I'etersburg. 
After  a  south-westerly  course  of  40  or  50  miies,  it  falls  intii 
the  Wab.ish.  100  miles  (by  water)  from  its  mouth,  and  nearly 
opposite  Mount  Carniel,  Illinuis. 

Branches. — The  West  Fork,  which  is  the  longest  branch. 
rises  in  Randolph  county,  near  ^he  E.  border  of  the  stat^, 
and  pursues  a  south-westward  course  of  about  300  miled 
nearly  through  the  middle  of  the  state.  The  cliief  town.s 
which  it  passes  from  its  source  downward  are  .Muncie,  Ander- 
.son,  Indianapolis,  .Martinsville  and  Bloomfield.  It  flows 
through  a  fertile  farming  region,  the  surface  of  which  is 
nearly  level.  In  high  water,  boats  of  light  draught  ascend 
this  branch  to  Martinsville,  al)Out  200  miles  from  the  mouth 
of  White  River.  The  East  Fork,  called  also  Driftwood  Fork, 
rises  in  Henry  county,  and  flowing  south-westwardj  passes 
by  Newcastle,  Shelbyville,  Columbus,  and  Hockford.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  250  miles.  It  is  navigable  by  flat- 
boats  to  Rockford  during  a  few  months  of  the  year.  This 
stream  is  commonly  called  Blue  River,  until  it  passes  the 
mouth  of  Sugar  Creek,  near  Edinburg. 

WHITE  RIVElt,  of  Utah,  rises  in  San  Pete  CO..  and  flow- 
ing westerly,  falls  into  Green  River,  in  Utjih  county. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township  in  Benton  co.,  Arkanssa 
Pop.  385. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Desha  co.,  Arkansas. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township  in  Independence  co.,  Arkan- 
sas. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township,  Izard  co.,  Arkansas. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township  in  Marion  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  261. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  town.ship,  Pr.iirie  co.,  Arkansas. 

AVHITE  RIVER,  a  townsliip  in  Washington  co.,  Arkansas. 
Pop.  695. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township.  Gib.son  co.,  Indiana.     P.14.32 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township  in  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  17 1». 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township  in  Johnson  co.,  iDdiann. 
Pop.  16»4. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  township  in  Randolph  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  3477. 

WHITE  RIVER  JUNCmON,  a  post-village  of  Windsor 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Vermont  Central,  the  Connecticut  and 
Passumpsic,  and  the  .Northern  New  Hampshire  Railroads; 
conUiins  a  large  iron  foundry,  machine  shop.  &c. 

WHITE  ROAD,  a  post-office,  Forsytli  co..  North  Carolina. 

WHITE  R<X;K,  a  post-offlce,  Alamance  co..  North  Carolina. 

WHITE  ROCK,  a  post-offlce  of  Hill  co.,  Texas. 

WHITE  ROCK,  a  township  in  Franklin  co.,  Arkan.sas. 
Pop.  159. 

WHITE  ROCK,  a  postTlllage  in  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  90  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

WHITE  ROCK,  a  post-offlce  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITE  ROCK  CREEK,  of  Texas,  rises  in  Houston  co., 
and  flows  into  the  Trinity  River  from  the  left  in  Trinity 
county. 

WHITE  ROCK  CREEK,  of  Dallas  co.,  Texas,  enters  the 
Trinity  River  from  the  left,  a  few  miles  below  Dallas  Court 
House. 

WHITES'BOROUGII,  a  handsome  post-village  in  Whites- 
town  township,  and  semi-capital  of  Oneida  CO.,  New  York, 
on  the  Mohawk  River,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  on  the  Central 
Railroad.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Utica.  It  contains  churches  of  4 
or  5  denominations,  I  or  2  academies,  a  bank,  and  several 
factories.  Incorporated  in  1829.  Pop.  of  the  village  est* 
mated  at  2200  ;  of  the  township,  4367. 

WHITES'BURG,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Alabama, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River,  11  miles  S.  of 
Huntsville. 

WHITESBURG,  a  post-village,  capitnl  of  Letcher  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  N.  fork  of  the  Kentucky  River,  150  miles  S.E 
of  Frankfort.     It  contains  a  court-house,  and  2  churches 

WHITESBURG,  a  postoffice  of  Lee  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITE'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

WHITE'S  CORNERS,  post-offlce,  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WHITE'S  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Bladen  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WHITE  SEA,  (Rusg.  BieZoe  Afore,  he-^no^  mo'ri ;  Fr.  Mer- 
Blanche,  niair  bldxsh;  Ger.  We.isses  Meer,  *fs'ses  niaiR.) 
called  also  the  GULF  OF  ARCHANGEL,  a  vast  gulf 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  entrance  of  which  is  formiHl  by 
Cape  Sviatol,  lat.  68°  W  N.,  Ion.  39°  47'  E.;  and  Cape 
Kanin,  lat.  68°  39'  2"  N.,  Ion.  43°  32'  5"  E.  It  extends  S. 
and  S.W.  into  European  Russia,  between  Lapland  and  Arch- 
angel, 380  miles  ;  breadth  from  30  to  150  miles.  Area  esti- 
mated at  45.000  square  miles.  On  the  N.W.  it  forms  the 
Gulf  of  Kandalaska.  and  on  the  S.  the  Gulfs  of  Onega  and 
Archangel.  The  chief  affluents  are,  the  Mezen,  Dwina, 
One.ga,  and  Vigo.  It  is  deep  and  n.-»vigable  for  large  ves.«els, 
except  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dwina,  where  there  are  large 
sandlianks;  the  greater  portion  is  frozen  over  from  October 
till  May.  It  contains  the  Solovetskoi  IsKinds,  and  abounds 
in  herrings  and  codfish. 

2109 


WHI 

WrriTE'SrDES,  »  county  in  the  W.X.W.  part  of  Illinois, 
ha.-;  an  area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  \V.  by  the  Mississippi  lliver,  which  separates  it  from 
Iowa,  intersiected  by  Kock  River,  and  also  drained  by  Klk- 
horn  and  Kock  Creeks.  The  county  contains  extensive 
prairies,  among  which  groves  of  timber  are  distributed.  The 
soil  is  very  productive.  'Rock  River  furnishes  valuable 
water-power.  This  county  is  intersected  by  a  railroad 
which  extends  from  Chiciigo  to  Iowa.  Organized  in  1839, 
and  named  in  honor  of  General  Samuel  Whitesides,  who  was 
distinguished  as  a  captain  of  rangers  in  the  war  of  1812. 
Capital,  Sterling.     Pop.  18,737. 

WUITKSIDKS  COli/NEKS,  a  posiK)ffio8  of  Saratoga  co., 
N^ew  York. 

WHITE  SPRING,  a  post-office.  Union  co..  Pennsylvania. 

AVIIITK  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Florida. 

MHITK'S  SAiyiNES,  a  post-office  of  AVhite  co.,  Tennessee. 

WHITE'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co.,  N.  York. 

WHITE'S  STORE,  post-office,  Anson  co.,  North  Carolina. 

WHITES  STOKE,  a  .small  village  of  York  district,  South 
•Jarolina. 

WIIITE-STAUN'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WHITE'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WHITE  STONE,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITESTOWN,  Oneida  co.,  New  York.  See  Whites- 
BOROuaa. 

WHITESTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WHITESTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Booue  co.,  Indiana. 

WHITE  SUL't'HUR,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Tennes-oee. 

WlflTE  SULPHUR,  a  postoffice  of  S<'Ott  co..  Kentucky. 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,a  postrvillage  of  Greenbrier 
CO.,  W.  A'irginia,  on  the  route  of  the  Covington  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, (unfinished,)  205  miles  W.  ot  Riclimond.  .ind  9  miles 
E.  of  Lewisburg.  This  is  the  most  celerated  watering-place 
in  Virginia,  or  perhaps  in  any  of  the  Southern  States.  It  is 
situated  in  a  valley  6  or  8  miles  W.  of  the  top  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  and  is  surrounded  by  highlands  and 
charming  scenery.  The  principal  stream  discharges  atxiut 
IS  gallons  per  minute,  at  a  uniform  temperature.  Accord- 
ing to  the  analysis  of  Professor  Kogers.  100  cubic  inches  of 
water  contains  6-^.54  grains  of  solid  matter,  composed  of  seve- 
ral salts  in  the  following  proportions : — 

Sulphnte  of  lime 31.680 

Sulphate  of  magaeslit 8.241 

Sulpliat«  of  eoda i.060 

Carbouate  of  lime 1.530 

Carbouate  of  magnesia 0.506 

Cliloride  of  magnesium 0.071 

Chloride  of  calcium 0.010 

Chloride  of  sodium 0."^-6 

Proto.sulpliate  of  iron  • 0.069 

Sulphate  of  alumiue 0.012 

Earthy  phosphates,  a  trace. 

Aiotized  oi-gauio  matter,  blended  with  a  large  proportion  of 

sulphur,  about 6  grelna. 

The  village  contains  several  fine  hotels  and  rows  of  cotfciges, 
among  which  are  Virginia  Row,  Baltimore  Row,  South  Caro- 
lina Row,  Alabama  Row,  Louisiana  Row,  &c.  The  accom- 
modations are  sufficient  for  1200  or  1500  persons. 

WHITE  SULl'HUR  SPRIN(JS,  a  post-viHage  of  Meri- 
wether CO.,  Georgia.  118  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .Milled"-eville 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  postoffice  of  Limestone 
CO.,  Alabama. 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  small  village  of  Lauder- 
dale CO.,  Mississippi. 

AVHITE  SUH'HUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Catahoula 
parish,  Louisiana,  about  200  miles  N.W.  of  Baton  Rouge. 
It  is  a  place  of  resort  for  invalids,  and  contains  2  large 
boardinghou.-<es,  1  church,  and  2  stores.  First  settled  in  1846 

WHITE  SULPHUR  Sl'RINGS,  a  small  village  of  Bath  co., 
Kentucky. 

WHITE  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  small  village  of  Union 
CO.,  Kentucky. 

WHITES'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co..  New 
York.  25  miles  S.S.E.  of  Angelica. 

WHITESVILLE,  a  postoffice  of  Ilalifa.T  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Racine  co..  Wisconsin. 
»T    .?^^'*'^^^^^^'*  Pf>st-TJllage,  capital  of  Columbus  co., 
Nortli  Carolina,  100  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Raleigh.     The  Wil- 
mmgton  and  Manchester  Railroad  passes  through  it  44  miles 
from  Wilmington. 

WHITESVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Effingham  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  30  miles  N.AV.  of  Savannah. 

WHITESVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Harris  co.,  Georgia,  27 
miles  N.  of  Columbus,  has  150  inhabitants. 

V  ^l^^Vlr^u^^^-  *  ^'"'"Se  in  Duval  to.,  Florida,  155  miles 
h.b.tj.  of  Tallahassee. 

io\^"7^iy/r''u  "^o*  ^'""Se  in  Wilkinson  oo.,  Mississippi, 
126  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Jackson. 

WHITESVILLE',  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hardeman  co., 
Tennessee,  about  6  miles  from  Hatchee  River,  and  12  miles 
W.W .  of  Bolivar. 

WMnrl:- vIM'5'  *  P''S*-''»'«ge  of  Daviess  oo.,  Kentucky. 
W      TK^v  M  J^'  "  P°^'-«*»''o  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana. 
wui.ri->.\  •.'(,'''  "  PO't-offlce  of  Andrew  oo..  Missouri. 
ill  ^  i'ost-offlce  of  Kent  co..  Michigan. 


WHI 

WHITE  TOP,  a  post-office  of  Grayson  co.,  Virginia. 

WHITE  TOP,  a  post-office  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee. 

WHITE  TOP  .MOUNTAIN.     See  iRO.v  Mou.main. 

WHITE/VILLE.  a  small  postvillage  of  Fayette  CO.,  Ten« 
nessee. 

WHITE/WATER,  a  postofflc*  of  Fayette  co.,  Georgia. 

WHITKWATEK,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Alabama. 

WiriTEW.\TER,  a  towiishi|.i  in  the  W.  part  of  Hamilton 
CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Miami  River  and  WhiU;wat«i 
Canal.    Pop.  1421. 

WHITEWATER,  a  township  in  Franklin  oo.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1584. 

WHITEWATER,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  Indiana. 

WHITEWATER,  a  small  post-Tillage  of  Cape  Girardeau 
CO.,  Missouri. 

W'HITE'WaTER,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Walworth  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  dn 
Chien  Railroad,  48  miles  S.E.  of  Madison,  and  50  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Milwaukee.  An  affluent  of  Rock  River  furnishes  waters 
power  here,  which  is  employed  in  flouring  and  paper-mills. 
Tlie  village  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  tUstrict,  and  has  an 
active  business.  It  has  5  churches,  2  banks,  1  newspaper 
office,  2  potteries,  and  extensive  nurseries.  Reapers,  culti- 
vators, plows,  chairs,  stoves,  &.C.,  are  made  here.  Laid  out  in 
l.'<40.    Pop.  of  the  village  in  1860,  2731 ;  of  the  township,  1006. 

WHITEWATER  CIIEEK,  of  Georgia,  ilows  southward 
and  enters  Flint  River  on  the  W.  border  of  I'ike  co. 

WHITEWATER  RIVER,  of  Indiana  and  Ohio,  is  formed 
by  two  brandies,  the  East  Fork  and  the  West  Fork,  which 
rise  in  the  E.  part  of  Indiana,  and  flowing  nearly  S.,  unite 
at  Brodkville.  After  a  south-easterly  course  of  a  few  miles 
it  enters  Ohio,  and  falls  into  the  Miami  6  miles  from  its 
mouth.  The  main  stream  is  about  lOO  yards  wide,  and  the 
whole  length,  including  the  longest  branch,  near  100  miles. 

WHITEWATER  RIVER,  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  rises 
in  the  N.  part  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Missouri,  and  flowing 
first  south-easterly  and  then  southerly,  divides  itself  into 
two  arms,  called  JiastandWest  Whitewater;  then  mingling 
its  waters  with  those  of  Liake  St.  .Mary,  it  receives  the  Castor 
River,  and  after  being  joined  by  the  outlet  of  Lake  Pemisco, 
it  falls  into  Big  l>ake  communicating  with  the  St.  Francis  by 
Little  River.  The  entire  length  is  estimated  at  above  260 
miles.     See  C.\stor  River. 

WHITEWO.MAN  RIVER,  Ohio.    See  W.*LnoxDi!fO. 

WHIT'FIELU,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WHITFIELI),  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Noithampton. 

WHITFIKLD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland. 

AVHITFIELI),  a  township  of  Knglaud,  co.  of  Derby. 

WHIT'FIELD  or  WHITEFIELD,  a  new  county  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  Georgia,  it  is  drained  by  the  Connas;iuga 
River,  a  branch  of  the  Oostenaula.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Formed  about  the  year  1852,  by  a  division  of  Mur- 
ray and  Walker  counties  and  named  in  honor  of  the  cele- 
brated George  Whitefield.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Western 
and  Atlantic  Railroad,  and  in  part  by  the  East  Tennessee 
and  Georgia  Railroad.    Capital,  Dalton.     Pop.  10,047. 

WHIl'iTELD,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine. 

WIIITKIELD,  a  post-office  of  Hickman  co.,  Tennessee. 

WHIT'FORD,  a  township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Monrve  co.,  Michigan,  partly  intersected  by  the  Erie  and 
Kalamazoo  Railroad.     Pop.  1136. 

WHIT^ilFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  West  Riding. 

WHIT'HORN,  (Leucopkibia,  Ptolemy;  V<indida  Casa, 
Bede,)  a  royal  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  town, 
and  maritime  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Wigtown,  on  the 
peninsula  between  Luce  and  Wigtown  Bays,  the  town  about 
4  miles  N.  of  Burrow-head,  and  3  miles  N.W.  of  its  port  at 
the  Isle  of  Whithorn.  Pop.  of  parliamentary  borough,  in 
1851,  1652.  The  town  has  a  town-hall  and  jail  surmounted 
by  a  tower  and  spire  with  a  set  of  bells,  several  churches, 
schools,  a  subscription  library,  branch  banks,  and  remains 
of  a  priory,  probably  one  of  the  earliest  Christian  cliurclieS 
in  North  Britain.  The  borougli,  with  Wigtown,  Stranraer, 
and  New  Galloway,  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. The  Isle  of  Whithorn,  about  2  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Burrow-head,  connected  to  the  mainland  by  a  causeway,  has 
an  area  of  30  or  40  acres;  a  small  harbor  and  some  ship- 
building and  trade,  and  a  village  with  a  population  of  550. 

WHIA'PING.  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  on 
Machias  Bay,  130  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  479. 

WHITING,  a  post-township  of  AddLson  co.,  Vermont,  on 
Otter  Creek,  and  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  Railroad,  44 
miles  S.W.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  542. 

WHITINGHAM,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 112  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  It  contains  a 
mineral  spring  discovered  in  1822,  and  extensive  beds  of 
limestone,  the  burning  of  which  affords  employment  to  a 
large  number  of  pei-sons.     Pop.  1372. 

Wnin.'INGS.  a  postoffice  of  Baldwin  co.,  Georgia. 

WHITINSVILLE,  a  postvillage  of  Worcester  co.,  Mass* 
chusetts,  40  miles  W.  of  Boston. 

W  IIIT'KIKK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  York,  West  Riding 

WHIT'LEY,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Bciks.  2  mjl«-s  d 
of  Reading.     Pop.  in  1851.  6.39. 

WHITLEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  NorthumbcrUind 


wni 

■WHTT'LET,  a  county  5n  the  S.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bor- 
dering on  Tennessee.  Area  estimated  at  50iJ  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Cumberland  Uiver.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  broken.  Indian  corn  is  the  staple,  and  pork  the 
principal  export.  The  county  contains  extensive  beds  of 
coal  and  iron  ore.  The  falls  of  the  Cumberland  Kiver  in 
this  county  present  one  of  the  must  remarkable  objects  in 
the  state,  having  a  perpendicular  descent  of  63  feet.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Danville  and  Kuoxville  liail- 
roiid.  Capital,  Williamsburg.  Pop.  7762,  of  whom  7579 
were  free,  and  183  slaves. 

WHITLEY,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Indiana,  con- 
tains 326  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Kel  Uiver.  an 
affluent  of  the  Wabash.  The  surfeoe  varies  from  level  to 
undulating;  the  soil  is  mostly  a  fertile  sandy  loam.  The 
county  contains  several  small  prairies.  It  is  traversed  by 
the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad.  Organ- 
ized iiil.S42.  Capital,  Columbia.  Population  in  1850,5190; 
in  IStlO.  10,730. 

WUITLKY  COURT  HOUSE,  Kentucky.  See  Williamsburo. 

WHITLEY  COURT  HOUSE,  Indiana.    .*oe  Columbia. 

WHITLEY,  LOWER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
West  Riding. 

WHITLEY'S  POINT,  a  small  village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Illinois. 

WHITLEY'S  POINT,  a  post-oflice  of  Moultrie  co..  Hlinois. 

WHITLEY,  Ul'I'EK,  a  township  of  .England,  co.  of  York. 
West  Riding.  Whitley-IIall,  (Beaumont  family.)  and  Denby- 
Graiige,  (Kaye  family.)  are  in  this  township. 

WIIITLEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  .lackson  CO.,  Tennessee. 

WIIIT/LINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WHIT'LOCKVILLE.  a  village  of  Westchester  co..  New 
York,  near  the  Croton  Kiver  and  Harlem  Railroad,  44  miles 
N.N.E.  of  New  York.     I'op.  about  2U0. 

WHIT'MELL,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  A'irginia. 

WlinVMIRE'S,  a  postHjfRce  of  Newberry  district,  South 
Carolina. 

WHIT'.MORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  with  a 
station  on  the  London  and  North  West  Railway,  10  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Crewe. 

WHIT'NASH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WHIT'NEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WHIT'NEY'S  CORNERS,  a«post-office  of  Jeffersoa  co..  New 
York. 

WHITNEY'S  POINT,  a  post-office.  Broome  co..  New  York. 

WHITNEY'S  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  ISuffalo  and  New  York  City  Railroad,  78 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

WHIT'NEYVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co., 
Maine.  The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged  in  the  lumber 
trade.    Pop.  579. 

WHITNEYVILLE.  a  pleasant  village  of  New  Haven  co., 
Connecticut,  about  3  miles  N.  of  New  Haven.  A  stream 
flowing  through  the  village  affords  water-pf)wer,  which  is 
employed  for  the  manuliiclure  of  rifles,  and  other  fire-arms. 
It  is  on  the  New  Haven  and  Northampton  Railriwid. 

WHITNEYVILIjE,  a  post-office  of  Kent  co..  Michigan. 

WHIT'PAINE,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
yunia.  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Norristown. 

WHIT'SOME  A.ND  HIL/TON,  a  united  parish  of  Scotland, 
CO.  of  Berwick. 

WHlT'.SONTOWN,asmall  village,  Franklin  co..  Arkan.oas. 

WHIT'STABLE.  a  maritime  village  and  parish  of  England, 
county  of  Kent,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Swale  into  the  estu- 
ary of  the  Thames,  opposite  the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  and  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Canterbury,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
way. Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851.  3086.  The  town  and  harbor 
are  protected  by  substantial  embankments  from  land-fioods, 
and  incursions  of  the  se.a.  It  has  2  churches,  one  forming 
an  important  landmark.  From  an  insignificant  fishing- 
place,  it  is  rapidly  rising  into  some  importiince  through  the 
repute  of  its  oyster  beds  and  its  vicinity  to  Canterbury,  of 
which  it  may  be  regarded  as  the  port;  al)Out  90,000  tons 
annually  of  coal  from  the  N.,  and  the  principal  heavy  goods 
from  ln^ndon,  destined  for  Canterbury,  Ac,  bt'ing  landed 
here.  The  extensive  oyster  grounds  are  dredged  by  an  in- 
corporated company  of  w'orking  fishermen,  whose  gross 
returns  are  sometimes  40,000/.  per  ^nnum.  Coasting  and 
fruit  trade,  and  collecting  cementstone  at  low  water,  employ 
others  of  the  population.  In  the  vicinity  is  Tankerton 
Castle.  Whitstable  was  the  principal  scene  of  the  exploits 
of  the  religious  impostor  Thom,  shot  in  1838;  and  here  was 
first  brought  into  operation  the  diving  apparatus,  invented 
by  Charles  Deane. 

WHIT'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

WHIT'STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

WHIT'SUNDAY  ISLAND,  South  Pacific  Ocean,  is  in  lat. 
19°  24'  S.,  Ion.  138°  36'  W. 

WIIIT'TERING,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WHIT/TINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northum- 
berland. 

WHITTINGHAM.  a  township,  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WHIXTINGIIAM.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Haddington, 
6  miles  E.  of  Haddington.  Near  the  village  are  Whitting- 
haiu  Castle  and  Whittiugham  House. 


WIC 

WIIITTINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby.  * 
miles  N.  of  Che.5terfield.  It  has  a  chalybeate  spring,  wlijco 
attracts  a  considerable  number  of  visitors.  The  Chesterfield 
races  are  annually  held  on  Whittington  Moor. 

WHITTINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WHITTINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WHITTINGTON,  a  pari.sh  of- England,  co.  of  Salop.  3 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Oswestry,  with  a  station  on  the  Shrewsbury 
and  Chester  Railway.  The  village  has  remains  of  a  castle 
of  the  Peverells,  and  is  said  to  be  the  birthplace  of  the 
celebrated  Sir  K.  Whittington,  three  times  lord  mayor  of 
London. 

A\  HITTINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

WHITTINGTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

WHITTINGTON,  a  post-village  in  Hot  Springs  CO.,  Ar- 
kansas, about  40  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Little  Rock. 

WHIT/TLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WHIT'TLEBURY,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WHITTLE  LE  WOODS,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

WHIT/TLESEY  or  WIIIT/TLESEA,  a  village,  formerly  a 
market-town  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge,  Isle  of  Ely.  ou 
the  Eastern  Counties  Railway,  6  miles  E.S.E.  of  Peter- 
borough. Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851,  5472.  The  church  is 
a  handsome  structure,  and  liere  are  places  of  worship  for 
Wesleyans,  Independents.  Baptists,  and  Calvinists. 

WHITTLESEA  MERE,  a  lake  of  England,  co.  of  Hun- 
tingdon, 4J  miles  S.  of  Peterborough,  2^^  miles  in  length  by 
Is  miles  in  breadth. 

WHIT'TLESEY,  a  post-village  in  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  100 
miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Columbus.  It  contains  1  steam  Uour- 
iug-mill.  and  several  saw-mills. 

VV'IUTTLESKOKD.  a  parish  of  J^ngland,  co.  of  Cambridge, 
on  the  North  and  East  Counties  liailway,  6^  miles  S.  of 
Cambridge. 

WHllTTLE'S  MILLS,  a  postK)ffice  of  Mecklenburg  co., 
Viriiiula. 

\\  HIT'TON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WHITTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WIUTTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Radnor. 

WHIT/TON'S  EEKRY,  a  small  village,  Cole  co.,  Missouri. 

WHIT'WELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WHITWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WHITWELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Rutland. 

WHITWELL,  a  parish  of  England.  Isle  of  Wight. 

WHIT'VVICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester 

WHIT'WOKTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

WH1X'H.\LL,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WHl.VLEY,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  York.  West  Riding. 

WH1.\'0E,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

W  HURL/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

WHYDAH  or  WIIIDAH,  hwid'da,  a  district  of  Africa, 
foruiiug  a  province  of  Dahomey,  on  the  Slave  Coast  of  Gui- 
nea, bordering  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  in  lat.  6°  30'  N.,  Ion.  '2fl 
to  2°  30'  E.  It  is  highly  fertile,  and  the  inhabitants  manu- 
focture  and  dye  good  cloths,  which,  with  gold-dust,  palm-oil. 
ivory,  and  slaves,  they  exchange  to  American  and  Portu- 
guese traders  for  European  manufactures  and  other  produce. 

WHYD'AH  or  WHID'AH,  sometimes  written  JUDAIl,  a 
town  of  West  Africa,  in  the  above  district.  Dahomey,  on  the 
Atlantic.  100  miles  W.  of  Lagos ;  lat.  of  Hagstaff,  6P  18'  9"  N., 
Ion.  2°  5'  E.  It  was  one  of  the  largest  on  this  part  of  the 
coast,  but  was  burned  down  in  1852.  In  the  ruins  were 
found  the  charred  remains  of  150  slaves,  who  had  been 
chained  together  by  the  neck,  ready  for  shipping,  and  had 
Ix-en  unable  to  escape.  Palm-oil,  ivory,  and  salt,  the  last  of 
which  is  made  here,  are  the  principal  articles  of  trade.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  notorious  slave-ports  on  the  const  of  Africa. 

W1IYB(X>,  hwiWoo.  a  large  town  of  West  Africa,  on  the 
route  inland  to  Abomey,  about  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  Whydiih. 

WHY  NOT,  a  post-office  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Mississippi. 

WIASMA,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Viazma. 

WIASMKI,  a  town  of  Kussia.     See  ViAzxtKi. 

WIBLI.NGWEKDE.  *iWling-*^RMeh.  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Westphalia,  government  and  22  miles  W.S.NV. 
of  Arnsberg.     Pop.  1239. 

WIBORG,  a  town  of  Denmark.    See  Viboro. 

WIBORG,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  ViBORa. 

WIBRIN,veeM)r5xo',avillageof  Belgium,  province  of  Lux- 
embourg, 35milesN. of  Arlon.    Pop.  1194. 

WIB'.'SEY,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  York.  West  Riding. 

WICHELEN,  wiK'eh-len,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  East  Flanders,  on  the  railway  between  Ghent  and  Mech- 
lin. 6  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dendermonde.  'Pop.  3965. 

WICH'ENFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

WICHFORD,  GREAT,  England.     See  Wishfori.. 

WICK,  a  royal  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the* county 
of  Caithness,  on  its  E.  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  M  ick.  in 
a  deep  bay.  16  miles  S.W.  of  Duncan sby-head.  Pop.  of  pa- 
rish in  1851,11.851.  Wick-proper,  on  the  N.  bank  of  th« 
river,  communicates  N.  with  I.ouisburKh.  and  S.  with  Pul- 
teney  Town,  a  new  and  well-built  suburb.  The  principal  eili- 
flees  are,  a  Gothic  parish  chureh,  town-hall,  banking  office, 

2111 


WIC 


WIE 


Bohool-Louse,  and  several  churches.  Here  are  a  gubscription 
library,  reaJinj?  rooms,  a  chamlier  of  comuu-rce.  brauch  and 
8ariii);s  bunks,  and  i  weekly  newspapers.  Two  good  har- 
bors have  been  formed ;  Wick  having  been  for  upwards  of 
half  a  century  the  headquarters  of  the  herring  fishery  of 
Scotland.  Above  SdO  boats,  manned  by  about  6000  men 
»nd  boys,  are  employed  in  its  herring  fishery.  Ship  and 
boat  building  i?  actively  carried  on  in  Wick,  and  inany  of  its 
female  inhabitants  are  occupied  in  spinning  and  iu  making 
nets;  it  has  an  export  trade  in  corn,  wool,  and  cattle,  and 
Imports  of  coal,  timber,  and  colonial  produce.  Kegistered 
shipping  in  1!^7,  (sailing  vessels,)  33  ships;  aggregate  bur- 
den, 1827  tons.  Steamers  ply  to  lieith,  Aberdeen.  Kirkwall, 
and  IjerwicK.  The  borough  unites  with  Dingwall,  Tain, 
Cromarty,  Kirkwall,  aud  Dornoch,  in  sending  1  member  to 
th"  House  of  Commons. 

WICK,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

WICK,  a  post-ofBce  of  Tyler  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

WICK'.VHOE.  a  small  village,  Lenoir  CO.,  North  Carolina. 

WICK'E.V,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Cambridge. 

WICKE.W  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WICKEX  BO'.NAXT,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  of  Essex. 

WICK'ENHY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  on  the 
Lincoln  and  Hull  Kailway,  4  miles  8.W.  of  Market- Kaisin. 

WICKE.N'RODE.  wik'kgn-ro'deh,  a  village  of  Ue.'^ee-Cassel, 
Njcder-llesseu.  10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cassel.     Pop.  1076. 

WICKERSLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

WICK'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WICK'FOIID,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Washington  oo., 
Rhode  Island,  on  an  arm  of  Narraganset  Bay,  about  10  miles 
from  the  ocean,  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Providence,  and  2i^ 
miles  E.  of  the  Stonington  and  Providence  Railroad.  It  has 
a  good  harbor,  and  several  vessels  employed  in  the  coast- 
ing trade.  The  village  contains  2  churches,  2  banks,  about 
25  stores,  and  3  cotton-mills  running  7000  spindles.  Wool- 
len goods  are  also  made  here. 

WICK'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WICKHAM  BISH'OPS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WICKHAM  BREAUX,  bro,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent 

WICKHAM  BROOK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WICKHAM,  CHILD3,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Glou- 
cester. 

WICKHAM,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  Kent. 

WICKHAM  MARKET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WICKHAM  ST.  PAUL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WICKHAM  .«KEYTH.  a  parish  of  England,  o.  of  Suffolk. 

WICKHAM.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambiidge. 

WICKHAM.  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WICK'HAMFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

WICKIIAMP'TOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WICK'LEWOOD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WICK/LIFFE,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Erie  Railroad,  14  miles  from  Cleveland. 

WICKLIFFE,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana. 

WICKLIFFE,  a  post-ofBce  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa. 

WICKLOW,  wik'lS,  a  co.  of  Ireland,  iLeinster,  having 
E.  the  sea,  N.W.  and  S.  the  counties  of  Dublin,  Kildare, 
Carlow,  and  Wexford.  Area  781  square  miles  or  499,840 
acres,  of  which  280.393  are  reported  to  be  arable.  17,600  in 
plantation,  and  200,745  uncultivated.  Pop.  in  1851,  98,978. 
The  coast  is  mostly  precipitous,  dangerous  owing  to  shoals, 
and  presenting  only  the  indifferent  harbors  of  Wicklow  and 
Arklow;  the  centre  of  the  county  is  a  maze  of  mountains. 
Principal  rivers,  the  Liffey  and  Slany  in  the  W.,  the  Ovoca 
and  Vartrey  in  the  E.,  all  of  which  nse  in  the  county.  The 
soil  is  fertile  in  the  low  lands;  the  county  is  in  many  parts 
well  wooded  and  extremely  picturesque.  The  estat&s  are 
generally  large.  Principal  crops,  oats  and  potatoes,  with 
Bome  wheat  in  the  E. ;  in  the  mounUxins.  grazing  is  the  prin- 
cipal branch  of  husbandry.  From  10,000  to  12.000  tons  of 
copper  ore.  and  from  1400  to  3800  tons  of  lead  annually  are 
produced;  and  large  quantities  of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and 
some  gold,  are  met  with.  Principal  towns,  Wicklow,  .irklow, 
and  Bray.  The  county  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  At  Glandalagh  or  Glandalough,  formerly  an 
episcopal  see  in  this  county,  is  one  of  the  finest  collections 
of  ruins  la  the  Unit«i  Kingdom,  termed  the  "seven 
churches." 

WICKLOW,  a  seaport  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the 
above  co.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vartrey,  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  of  8  arches,  and  at  the  head  of  a  small  bay,  27  miles 
8.E.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1851,  3141.  It  is  resorted  to  for 
sesrhathing.  and  has  some  import  trade,  and  exports  copjier 
or»^  and  corn.  The  harbor  admits  only  vessels  drawing  9 
feet  water  at  high  tides.  Races  are  held  annually  on  the 
coast.  It  gives  the  titles  of  Eari  and  Viscount  to  the  How- 
ard family.  Wicklow  He.vd.  about  2i  miles  E.S.E..  is  sur- 
mi. untied  hy  two  lighthouses,  respectively  540  and  250  feet 
in  height,  in  lat.  52='  57'  9"  N.,  Ion.  6"  W. 

WICK'I  OW,  a  county  of  West  Australia,  surrounded  by 
the  counties  of  Wellington,  Grantham.  Peel.  Goderich.  and 
Nelnon.  The  William  traverses  its  X.  part;  the  other  rivers 
aiw  the  Arthur,  Buchanan,  and  Beaufort;  and  it  contains 


many  salt  lakes,  and  some  fine  grass  lands.  The  Saddleback 
Mountain,  2500  feet  in  height,  is  near  its  N.W.  extremity 
Principal  vill«gi-s.  Bannister  and  Williamsburg. 

WICK'.MERE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WICK  ST.  LAWRENCE,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  S> 
merset. 

W1CK'W.\R,  a  market-town,  nominal  borough,  and  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester,  on  the  Birmingham  Railway, 
13  mile*  N.E.  of  Bristol.     Pop.  of  parish  in  1851,  966. 

WICOM'ICO.  a  small  river  which  rises  in  Sussex  oo.,  Delv 
ware,  and  flows  south-westward  through  Somerset  county, 
Maryland,  into  Fishiug  Bay,  an  arm  of  the  Chesapeake.  It 
is  navigable  to  Salisbury. 

W 1  COM  ICO  CH  U  RCH.  a  post-office  of  Northumberland  co, 
Virdnia.  98  miles  N.E.  of  Uiihmond. 

WICONIS'CO  CREEK,  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  flows 
into  the  SuS'juehanna  River. 

WICONISCO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dauphin  od, 
Pennsylvania,  on  Wiconisco  Creek,  about  33  miles  .\.  of  Hap. 
risburg.  Large  quantities  of  coal  are  taken  from  the  liear 
Mountain,  near  the  village,  and  are  transported  by  railroad 
to  the  Susquehanna  River.     Pop.  2522. 

WIDAWKA,  *eHlav'kd,  or  WIDAWA,  Oe-dl'vi,  a  town 
of  Poland,  province  and  44  miles  S.E.  of  Kalisz,  on  the  Wi- 
dawk.i.  Pop.  1610.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens  and 
hosiery. 

WID'CO-MBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WUVDECOMBE-IN-THE-MOOR,  a  parish  of  England,  oa 
of  Devon. 

WIDDERN,  «id'dern,  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  on  the  Jait, 
8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Oehringen. 

WID'DIAL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

WIDDIN,  a  town  of  Turkey.    See  Wiwn. 

WID'DINGTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WID/DRINQTON  or  WID'RINGTON,  a  parochial  ch.ipelry 
of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland,  on  the  York  and  Ber- 
wick Itailway,  7i  miles  N.E.  of  Morpeth. 

WIDE-BAY,  an  inlet  of  East  Australia,  lat.  26°  S.  It 
receives  the  Mary  River,  and  has  opposite  to  it  Great  Sandy 
Island. 

WIDE'MAN'S,  a  postofflce  of  AbhevHle  district.  South 
Carolina. 

WID'FORD,  a  parish  of  Enaland,  co.  of  Essex. 

WIDFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WIDFORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

M'lDl N,  WIDDIN,  *id'din\  or  VID/IN,  (L.  Wda,)  a  strong- 
ly  fortified  town  of  European  Turkey,  Bulgaria,  on  the 
Danulie.  near  the  Servian  Frontier,  46  miles  S.  of  Gladova. 
Pop.  25,000.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  pasha  and  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop, has  numerous  mosques,  and  some  trade  in  rock-salt, 
corn,  and  wine;  but  its  only  good  building  is  the  oflice  of 
the  .Austrian  Steam  Navigation  Company. 

WID'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WID'.MERE-POOLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Netting, 
ham. 

WIDXAU,  *id'ndw,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  St.  Gall,  near  the  Rhine.    Pop.  2052. 

WID/NESS-WITH-Al'/PLETON,  a  township  of  England, 
CO.  of  Jjincaster. 

\^ID'WORTHY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WIDZ.Y,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  ViDZT. 

WIEBELSHEI.M,  ftee/bfls-hime',  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  government  of  Treves.    Pop.  1277. 

WIED  or  WIED-XEW-WIED.     See  Nkw-Wied. 

WIED.\.,  ■ftee'di,  a  village  of  Brunswick,  circle  of  Blank< 
enhurg,  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Walkenried.     Pop.  1129. 

WIEDENBRUCK.  (WiedenbrUck,)  ■ftee'dyn-bruk^  a  town 
Of  Prussian  Westphalia,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Miuden,  on  the 
Ems.     Pop.  2710. 

WIEDIKON,  *ee'de-kon,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  close  to  the  Botanic-il  Garden  of  Zurictt.     Pop.  1341. 

AVIEGSTADTL,  (Wiegstiidtl.}  Vfeeo'st^tt'l,  or  WICH- 
STADEL.  (Wlchstadel.)  ftiK'stA'?!,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Silesia,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Troppau.     Pop.  3195. 

WIEGST.\DTL.  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  36  miles  E.S.B. 
of  Kijniggratz.    Pop.  848. 

WIEHE,  *ee'eh.  or  WECHE,  ^^fK'gh,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony.  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Merseburg,  capital  of  the  circle 
of  Eckartsberge.     Pop.  1850. 

WIEKEVOUST,  wee'kfh-voRst',  a  vill!»ge  of  Belgium, 
province  and  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Wimpe. 
Pop.  1030. 

SviELB.iRK,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  AVillenbibo. 

WIELD,  a  parish  of  En'.;land,  co.  of  Hants. 
WIELICHOWO.  *e-AMe-Ko'vo,  a  town  of  Prussiat  Poland, 
32  miles  S.W.  of  Posen.     Pop.  1070. 

WIELICZK.A..  <ve-litch'ka  or  vy.'i-litch'kl,  a  mining  town 
of  Austrian  Poland.  Galicia,  18  miles  W.  of  Bochnia.  Popk 
4500.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  salt-mine,  probably  the  largest 
and  most  productive  in  the  world,  yielding  annually  up- 
wards of  700.000  cwts.  of  rock-salt.  Within  this  mine  are 
a  fresh-water  lake,  a  rivulet,  and  a  chapel  hewn  out  of  — -"k- 
salt. 

WIELIZ.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  TELTZft. 
WIELSBEKE,  weels'bd'k^h,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro 


WIE 

vince  of  West  Flanders,  on  the  Lys,  18  miles  S.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  1954. 

WlKhUX,  <^e-Aloon,  a  town  of  Poland,  proTlnce  and  44 
miles  .S.K.  of  Kalisz.  I'op.  oUOO,  many  of  whom  aro  Jews. 
It  lias  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths. 

WIKX,  the  capital  city  of  Austria.    See  Vienxa. 

WIKMilVNEUSTADX,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria.  See 
Neustadt. 

WIKNERWALD,  ♦ee'ner-Odlt\  (the  "Vienna  Forest,")  a 
mouiUaiii-range  of  South  Germany,  a  branch  of  the  Noric 
Alp-x.  extending  from  the  Styrian  frontier  N.K.  to  the  Dan- 
ube, near  Vienna,  and  separating  Lower  Austria  into  the 
clreles  above  and  below  the  Wienerwald. 

■WIKl'UZ,  *yjpuzh  or  *e-JpRzh',  a  river  of  Poland,  ro- 
vernmeut  of  Lublin,  rises  S.  of  Zamosz.  flows  N.  an*  W., 
and  after  a  course  of  150  miles  joins  the  Vistula. 

WIEKDK,  wecR/deh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and 
4  miles  S.E.  of  Namiir,  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name.  Pop. 
1166. 

WIEItDEN,  weeR'den,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of 
Overyssel,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Deventer.     Pop.  1704. 

WIKKINGKN,  *ee'ring-en,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Xortn  Holland,  in  the  Zuyder-Zee.  9  miles  S.E. 
of  the  Ilelder.     Length  0  miles,  breadth  1 J  miles.     P.  1500. 

AVIEKS,  weeRs.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Ilainaut, 
on  the  Canal  of  Antoing,  22  miles  \V.  of  Mons.     Pop.  3.'J40. 

WllOltt'SZOW,  <ve-A-rooshov/,  a  town  of  i'oland,  province 
and  81  miles  S.  of  Kalisz,  on  the  Prosna.     Pop.  3400. 

WIi:i;ZBOLO\V,  <ve-aiRzh-bo'lov,  WlHBALLExN  or  WYn- 
BALLtlX,  *!R-bdI1en,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of 
Augustowo,  8  miles"  W.8.AV.  of  Wilkowiszki.     Pop.  20(i0. 

■\V!ESBAD1-:N,  ftees/baMet,  or  WISBADEN,  ^isMMen,  a 
town  and  one  of  the  principal  watering-places  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  duchy  of  Nassau,  on  tlie  Salzbach,  an  affluent 
of  the  lUiine.  and  at  the  S.  foot  of  the  Taunus  Mountains.  5 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Mentz.  Population  in  lS6:i,  22.284,  be- 
sides the  military.  The  cliief  edifices  aro  a  catliedral, 
ducal  residence,  infantry  and  artillery  barracks,  mint,  and 
theatre;  the  Kursaal,  a  large  edifice,  contains  a  vast 
saloon  and  many  fine  apartments.  It  has  many  good  inns 
and  lodging-houses,  an  old  and  new  castle.  Koman  Catholic, 
Lutheran,  and  Calvinist  churches,  a  hospital,  orphan  asy- 
lum, public  library  with  50,000  volumes,  museum  of  anti- 
quities, and  gallery  of  paintings.  Its  springs,  the  ancient 
Aijua'-.Miittiaci,  are  saline,  containing  .silica,  iron,  and  free 
carbonic  acid ;  and  the  hottest,  the  Krichhrurm,  lias  a  tem- 
perature of  150°  Farenheit.  It  is  connected  by  railway  with 
Frankfurt  and  Biherich. 

WIKSE.  Oee/zyh,  WIESEN,  ftee'zen,  or  WTESA,  wee'z.i. 
a  river  of  Germany,  rises  on  the  Feldberg,  in  the  S.  of  Ba- 
den, and  flows  about  45  miles,  first  S.W.  then  W.S.W.,  and 
joins  the  Rhine  on  the  right,  about  2  miles  below  Basel. 

■NVIK-SE,  ftce'zeh,  or  WIliSA,  *ee'z3,  a  village  of  Saxony, 
15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Chemnitz,  with  public  baths,  and  1200 
inhabitants. 

WIESE,  GRAFLICH,  (Griiflich,)  grJfliK  ■frce'zeh,  a  village 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  government  of  Oppelu,  circle  of  Neu- 
.jtadt.    Pop.  1504. 

WIESKLBUUG,  wee'zel-b5f>RG\  (Hun,  Mosnny,  mo'shoiH',) 
a  town  of  West  Hungary,  capital  of  a  county,  on  an  arm  of 
the  Danube,  21  miles  S.S.E.  of  Presburg.     Pop.  2960. 

WlK.SKLliUllG,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Austria,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Great  and  Little  Erlaf,  23  mHes  W.S.W.  of 
St.  IMlten. 

WIE.-^KN,  <>ee'zen,  a  river  of  South-West  Germany  and 
Switzerland,  after  a  S.W.  course  of  40  miles,  past  Todtnau 
and  Scliiinau,  joins  tlie  Rhine,  2  miles  N.  of  Basel.  It  for- 
merly gave  name  to  a  circle  of  the  grand-iluchy  of  Baden. 

WIE.-^EN'BRONN,  *ee'zenbronn\  a  village  of  Bavaria, 
Lower  l-'i-anconia,  near  Kitzingen,     Pop.  1080. 

WIESENSTiilG,  ftee'zen-stio',  a  town  of  Wiirtemburg.  cir- 
cle of  Danube,  on  the  Fik  19  miles  N.W.  of  Ulm.     P.  1396. 

WIESIiNTHAL,  ftee'zen-tSr,  Oder,  o'ber,  and  Unter, 
Ci3n'ter.  two  towns  of  Si>  souy,  circle  of  Zwickau,  on  the 
Bohemian  frontier,  27  miles  S.  of  Chemnitz.  United  pop. 
3040,  cliii -fly  engaged  in  mining. 

WIESENTHAL,  a  tfjwn  of  Bohemia,  circle  and  20  miles 
N.E.  of  Elbogen,  in  the  Erzgeberge.  Pop.  1670,  employed 
in  .silver,  copper,  and  tin  mines. 

WIESP^NTIIAL,  town  of  Germany,  grand-duchy  of  Ba- 
den. 3  miles  R.S.E.  of  Philippsburg.    Pop.  1450. 

AVIE.SRNTHEID,  <vee'zen-tlte\  a  market-town  of  Bava- 
ria. 20  miles  E.N.K.  of  Wiirzburg.    Pop.  1091. 

WIESI^OCH.  ^ees'loK,  a  town  of  Baden,  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  on  the  Leimbach.  and  on  the  Baden  Railway,  8  miles 
S.  of  Heidelberg.     Pop.  2721. 

WIES.^  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  .Ta.sper  co..  Texas. 

WIESTKTZ-KRALOWY.     See  KiiMCSTADTL. 

WIIOWALITZ,  a  village  of  Prussia.    See  Lanoendorp. 

WIEZE,  wee'zeh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
glanders.  18  miles  E.S.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1603. 

WIFLTSBURG,  a  town  of  Switzerland.     See  AvENxnES. 

WIG'.VN,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  town, 
parish,  and  township  of  fingland,  co.  of  Lancaster,  on  the 
Douglas  liiver,  near  its  head,  on  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Ca- 

e  u 


WIG 

nal,  and  on  the  Xorth-We.stcrn  Railway,  at  the  intersection  of 
the  I..ancashire  and  Yorksliire  Line,  loi  miles  S.  of  Preston. 
Pop.  of  borough  in  1861,  37,657.  The  town,  the  centre  of  8 
pi-oductive  coal-field,  is  pretty  well  built  and  improving,  but 
it  has  a  blackened  appearance  from  numerous  furnaces. 
The  church  is  a  stately  old  edifice,  containing  several  fine 
monuments;  and  here  are  several  dissenting  chapels,  a, 
large  town-hall,  sessions-hall,  commercial-hall  for  the  sale 
of  manufactures,  a  borough  jail,  subscription  library,  me- 
chanics' institute,  dispensary,  barracks,  grammar  school, 
bluecoat  school,  and  a  scliool  of  industry  fur  the  education 
of  domestic  servants.  Annual  revenue  of  charities  about 
2000/.  The  population  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  woollen  and  cotton  goods  and  in  iron  works,  and 
factories  for  edge  tools,  nails,  brass  wares,  machinery,  and 
agricultural  implements.  Wigau  returns  2  members  to 
the  House  of  Commons.  This  town  zealously  supported 
the  royalists  in  the  civil  war;  and  at  its  N.  end  is  a  pillar, 
commemorating  the  death  of  Sir  T.  Tildosley,  killed  in  an 
action  here,  25th  .\ugnst,  1660. 

AVIO'BOROUGH,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

WIGBOROUGH,  Liri'LE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Essex. 

SVIG'GENHALL  ST.  GERMAN,  a  parish  oi  England,  co. 
of  Norfolk. 

WIGGENHALL  ST.  MARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

^V■IGaENIIALL  ST.  MARY  MAGDALENE,  a  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WIGGENHALL  ST.  PETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

WKJ'GENHOLT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

M'lGGHER,  frikOier,  a  river  oi'  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Lucerne,  flows  N.,  and  joins  the  Aar  on  the  right  at  Aar- 
burg.     Length  21  miles. 

WIG'GINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 

WfGGINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WIGGINTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding. 

ANKiGINTON,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  StafTord. 

WIG'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  county  and  ainsty  of 
York. 

AVIGHT,  ISLE  OF.    See  LsLE  OF  Wight. 

WIGHTON,  wl'ton,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

AVIGOIORE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

VVIGRY,  *ee'gree  or  vee'grlh,  a  lake  of  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Augustowo,  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Suwalki ; 
greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S..  6  miles,  mean  breadth  about  1 
mile.  On  an  island  in  the  Lake  is  an  old  monastery,  now 
the  residence  of  the  Bishop  of  Lithuania, 

WIG'.'^TON  MAGNA,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  I^icester, 

WKiSTON  PAIVVA,  a  chapelry,  England,  eo.  of  Leicester. 

WIGTOFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WIGTON,  a  market-town,  parish,  ""d  town.ship  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Cumberland,  on  the  Carlisle  and  Whitehaven 
Railway,  Hi  miles  S.W.  of  Cariisle.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851, 
4244.  The  town,  pleasantly  situated,  has  an  endowed  gram- 
mar school,  a  Friends'  school  for  60  boys,  ai  hospital  for 
widows  of  the  clergy,  several  branch  banks,  manufactures 
of  ginghams,  muslins,  fustians,  and  cheeks.  There  is  a 
large  horse  fair  held  here,  February  20,  and  5  other  annual 
fairs.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Sir  R.Smirke,  and  of  the  Cum- 
berland poet  Ewan  Clarke.  About  1  mile  S.  of  the  town  is 
Old  Carlisle,  anciently  a  Roman  st.ation. 

WIGTON,  a  township.  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

WWrON,  M'IGrrOWN  or  WIGTONSIURE,  wig'ton-shir, 
or  WEST  GAiyLOWAY,  the  most  S.W.  county  of  Scot- 
land, having  on  the  E.  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright, 
N.  Ayrshire,  W.  the  North  Channel,  and  on  the  S.  the  Irish 
Sea.  Area  451  square  miles,  or  288.640  acres,  of  which  about 
100.000  acres  are  estimated  to  be  arable ;  100.000  acres  uncul- 
tivated, and  the  remainder  waste.  Pop.  in  1851,  43.389.  On 
the  S.  it  is  indented  by  Wigton  and  Luce  Bays,  and  the  latter, 
with  Loch  Ryan  on  the  N.W.,  nearly  shut  off  from  the  rest  of 
the  area,  form  the  peninsula  called  the  Rbinns  of  Galloway. 
Surface  undulating,  rising  towards  the  N.  to  1500  feet  above 
the  sea.  Principal  rivers,  the  Cree,  which  forms  the  E. 
boundary,  Bladeuoch,  Tarf,  and  Luce,  all  flowing  S.  About 
one-third  of  the  county  consists  of  moorlands,  interspersed 
with  small  lakes,  the  principal  of  which  are  Dowalton  and  ' 
Castle  Kennedy  Lochs;  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  pretty 
well  tilled,  or  in  excellent  pastures,  especially  in  the  ma- 
chers,  or  "  low  country,"  between  Wigton  and  Luce  Bays, 
and  in  the  Rhinns,  where  the  land  is  highly  fertile.  Prin- 
cipal crops,  oats  and  barley,  but  considerable  quantities  of 
wheat,  potatoes,  and  turnips  are  raised.  Breeds  of  cattle 
are  very  superior.  Estates  mostly  large;  farms  of  mefiium 
size;  and  farm-hou.ses  and  roads  are  mostly  in  excellent 
order.  Principal  towns.  Wigton,  Stranraer,  and  Whithorn. 
The  county  .sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  It 
abounds  with  antiquities,  chiefly  those  antecedent  to  the 
Roman  dominion. 

WIGTON  or  WIGTOWN,  a  royal  parliamentary  and 
municipal  borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  the  above  county,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Bladenoch 
in  Wigton  Bay,  9  miles  N.  of  Whithorn.    Pop.  of  burgh  in 

2113 


WIG 

I8bj  "£232.  It  is  well  built  and  clean,  and  has  a  town-house, 
ritli  8  jourt  and  assembly  rooms,  a  subscription  library, 
uid  pvison  ;  custom-house,  stamp-offlce,  and  an  elegant 
mnrket  cross.  The  harbor,  about  i  of  a  mile  distant,  be- 
longs to  the  port  of  Dumfries.  Steamers  ply  to  Liverpool. 
The  burgh  unites  with  Stranraer,  AVhithorn.  and  New  Gal- 
loway, in  sendini;  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WIGTON  HAY.  an  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  between  Wig- 
tonshire  and  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright,  is  15  miles  in 
length,  breadth  at  entrance  12  miles.  At  its  head  it  receives 
the  Cree. 

•W'lGTOXSIIIRE  or  WIGTOWX,  Scotland.    See  Wigton. 

WIIIKRIES,  veeVh-ree',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  Hainaut,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Mons.     Pop.  161-1. 

WLICHKN,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Wtchen. 

WI.THE,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Wthe. 

WI.Tii.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Wyk. 

WIJK-BI.I-DUORSTKDE.    See  Wyk-bei-Duckstede. 

VMNKOOl'SBAAI,  De.    See  Wynkoopsbaai. 

WIKF;.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

WIiyBARSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

■\ViryBKRKORCE.  a  town  or  village  of  New  South  Wales, 
Australia,  co.  of  Cook,  on  Ilawkesbury  River,  30  miles  N.AV. 
of  Sydney. 

AVIfBERFOSS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

WIL'BRAIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

WILBItAIIAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge, contiguous  to  Wilbraham. 

WlLnjllAUAM.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hampden 
CO.,  Massachusetts,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Springfield.  The 
village  is  situated  2  miles  from  the  Western  Railroad,  by 
which  the  township  is  intersected,  and  contains  2  churches, 
3  stores,  antl  the  Wesleyan  .\cademy,  an  institution  of  high 
repute,  founded  in  1824.    Pop.  of  tlie  township,  2081. 

WIL'BURTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

WIL'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WIL15Y.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WILBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AVILCIIIXGEN,  «il'King-fn,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Schatfhausen.     Pop.  1139. 

WIL'COT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WIL'COTE,  a  parish  of  Englaud,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WIL'CO.K,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  central  part  of  Alabama, 
has  an  aiwa  of  940  square  miles.  The  Alabama  River  flows 
through  the  county,  and  it  is  also  watered  by  Piue  Barren 
Creek.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  partly  occupied  by 
prairies  and  forests  of  pine.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile, 
producing  cotton  and  Indian  corn.  The  Alabama  River  is 
navigable  by  large  steamboats  through  the  county  during 
the  whole  year.  Capitiil,  Camden.  Pop.  24,618,  of  whom 
6821  were  free,  and  17.7'J7  slaves. 

WILCOX,  a  post-office  of  Choctaw  co..  Mississippi. 

WILCOX'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Casey  co.,  Kentucky. 

WIL'COXVILLE,  a  po.st-vill.ige  in  Schuyler  CO.,  Illinois, 
near  the  Illinois  River.  66  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

WILDBAD  G  ASTEIN,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  Gastein. 

WILDBAD,  <vilt'bdt,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  circle  of 
Black  Forest,  on  the  Enz,  in  a  deep  valley,  28  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Stuttgart.  Pop.  1735.  It  has  warm  baths,  with  a  tem- 
perature from  94°  to  100°  Fahrenheit,  and  is  much  fre- 
quented by  visitors  in  summer. 

WILDBERG,  ftilt'bJRG,  a  town  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of 
Black  Forest,  on  the  Nagold.  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Stuttgart. 
Pop.  1787. 

WILDBERG.  a  vill.-ige  of  Upper  .\u8tria,  circle  of  MUlil. 
near  Kirchschlag,  with  a  mountain  fortress  in  which  King 
Wenceslaus  (Wenzel)  of  Bohemia  was  kept  prisoner. 

WILD  CAT,  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co.,  Kentucky. 

WILD  C.\T,  a  township  in  Tipton  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  787. 

WILD  CAT,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana. 

WILD  CAT.  postKifflco,  Lancaster  district.  South  Carolina. 

WILD'CAT  CREBK,  of  Indiana,  rises  in  Howard  county, 
and  flows  westward  into  the  Wabash,  4  miles  above  La- 
fayette, after  a  course  of  about  75  miles. 

WILDEM  ANN,  ftil'deh-mSDn',  a  mining  town  of  Germany, 
Hanover,  in  the  Ilarz,  3  miles  N,W,  of  Clausthal.    Pop.  1000. 

WIL'DEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Bedford, 

WILDENFKLS,  *iPdfn-f^l8\  a  town  of  Saxony,  18  miles 
B.W.  of  Chemnitz,  with  a  noble  residence.     Pop.  2:374. 

WILDE.NSCIIWERT  or  WILDENSCHWEHD,  «'il'dpn- 
shw?Rt\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  25  miles  E,  of  Chrudim,  on  the 
Adior.  and  on  the  railway  from  Brunn  to  Prague.     P.  2883. 

WtiyDEUN  ESS,  ft  post-iffice  of  Spottsylvariia  co.,  Virginia. 

WiLDKKXESS.a  small  po.st-village  of  Clark  co,,  Alabama. 

M  ILDERVANlv,  wil'der-vdnk'  or  wil'der-fank\  a  village 
of  the  .Netherlands,  province  of  Groningen,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Wincchoten.     I'op.  3820, 

WII,DESIIAUSEN,  *il'dfs-h«wVn,  a  town  of  Oldenburg, 
on  the  Huute.  20  miles  S.W.  of  Bremen.     Pop.  2008. 

W1I.DHAU8,  «ilt'hows8,  a  mountain  village  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  and  J5  miles  S,  of  St.  Gall,  with  the  house  in 
which  the  reformer  Zwingli  was  t)orn  January  1,  1484. 

WILD  HAWS,  a  post-village  of  Izard  co.,  Arkansas,  about 
80  miles  N.E.  of  Mount  Olive. 
21U 


WIL 

WIL'DON,  a  market-town  of  Austria.  Styria,  circle  of 
Gratz,  on  the  railway  from  Griitz  to  Marburg.    Pop.  2o(X). 

WILD  RICE  RIVER,  a  stream  of  Minnesota,  ris'ng  in 
about  45°  63'  lat,,  and  97°  7'  VV.  Ion.,  flows  N,N,E.  and  falls 
into  the  Red  River  of  the  North.     Length  near  100  miles, 

AVILDSCHUTZ,  (Wildschutz,)  frilfshuts,  or  WILTSCU, 
ftiltsh,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  27  miles  N.E.  of  Bidscnow. 
Pop.  1266. 

WILDSCHUTZ  or  WILTSCH,  a  villi^e  of  Jloravia,  circle 
of  Troppau,  in  the  valley  of  Buchberg.     Pop.  1341. 

WILDUNGEN.  Alt,  jtlt  ftilMOongen,  a  town  of  Germany, 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Waldeck,  on  the  Wilde.     Pop.  400. 

WILDUNGEN,  Niedkr,  nee'der  <filMoong-en,  a  town  of 
Germany,  S,  of  Alt  Wilduagen,  has  a  lyceum,  and  mineral 
springs.     Pop.  1780. 

WILES,  (wilz.)  CAPE,  South  Australia,  co.  of  Flinders, 
bounds  Sleaford  Bay  on  the  AV.  I.at.  34°  57'  S.,  Ion.  135°  38'  E. 

WI'LEY"S  COVE,  a  post-office  of  Searcy  co.,  Arkan.sas. 

AVI'LEYVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Desha  co.,  Arkansas. 

AVIL'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

WILHAM'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  "iieilford. 

WILHELMSBURG,  ^iPhflms-booRG^  a  market-town  of 
Lower  Austria,  on  the  Trosen,  6  miles  S.  of  St,  Polteu, 

WILHELMSBURG,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Middle  Franconia,  17  miles  N.W,  of  Nuremberg. 

WILHELMSBURG,  a  pari.sh  of  Hanover,  N.E.  of  Ilarburg. 

AVILHELMSDORF,  ftil'helms-doRf*,  is  the  name  of  vil- 
lages  in  Bavaria  and  Prussian  Silesia. 

WILHELMSTHAL,  ftil'helms-tir,  a  town  of  Prussian  Si- 
lesia, near  the  Austrian  frontier.  19  miles  S.S.E.  of  Glatz. 
Pop.  500. 

WILHERMSDORF,  «il'h5R»s-doRf\  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria,  W.N.W.  of  Nuremberg.    Pop.  1302. 

AVI  LI. \,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  A'ii.ia. 

AVILKES,  wilks,  a  county  in  the  N.AV.  part  of  North  Cft- 
rolina:  area  estimated  at  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Yadkin  River.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  espe- 
cially towards  the  N.W.  border,  which  extends  near  the 
summit  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fer- 
tile, and  the  land  is  mostly  adapted  to  pasturage.  The 
county  contains  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore.  Organized  in 
1777.  and  named  in  honor  of  John  AVilkes,  who,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  British  Parliament,  op))Osed  the  oppressive  mea- 
sures of  the  government  towards  the  American  colonies. 
Capital,  AVilkesborougU.  Pop.  14,749,  of  whom  13,541  wore 
free,  and  1208  slaves. 

AVILKES,  a  county  in  the  N,E.  part  of  Georgia,  contains 
390  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Broad  and  Little  Rivers, 
and  by  Dry  Fork  and  Fishing  Creeks.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, and  the  soil  is  various.  The  county  contains  some 
wornout  iand.  In  1860  this  county  produced  133,213  bushels 
of  oats,  the  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  in 
the  state.  AVilkes  county  contains  iron  ore,  granite,  quartz, 
and  other  minerals  of  the  primary  formation.  A  branch 
railroad  extends  from  the  Georgia  Railroad  to  the  county- 
seat.  Formed  in  1777.  Capital,  AV'ashington.  Pop.  11,420, 
of  whom  3467  were  free,  and  7953  slaves. 

WILKESBARRE.  wilks/bJr-re,  a  thriving  post-borough 
and  township,  capital  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  North  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  110 
miles  N.E.  from  Ilarrisburg.  It  is  situated  in  the  beautiful 
and  fertile  valley  of  AVyouiing,  and  commands  a  line  view 
of  river  and  mountain  scenery.  The  borough  contains, 
besides  the  county  V)uildings.  several  churches  and  acade- 
mies, 3  national  banks,  and  2  or  3  newspaper  offices;  also 
an  iron  furnace,  and  other  factories.  A  bridge  across  the 
river  connects  the  borough  with  Kingston,  The  Lehigh 
and  Susquehanna  Railroad  extends  southward  20  miles  to 
AVhito  Haven.  The  Lackawanna  and  Bloomsburg  Railroad 
connects  AA'ilkesliarre  directly  with  Scranton  on  the  one 
hand,  and  Danville  on  the  other.  Another  railroad  is  pro- 
jected to  the  Delaware  AVater-Gap.  The  trad?  of  the  borough 
is  facilitated  by  the  North  Branch  Canal,  and  by  a  plank- 
road  le;iding  to  Scranton.  Large  quantities  of  anthracite 
coal  are  procured  from  the  beds-  which  surround  the  town, 
and  which  are  among  the  thickest  in  the  state.  An  exten- 
sive rolling-mill  was  erected  here  about  1840,  but  its  opei-a- 
tion  was  suspended  a  few  years  since.  Incorporated  in  1806. 
Pop,  in  1850.  2723 ;  in  1800.  4263, 

WILKESBOROUGII,  wilks^bur-rQh,  a  postrvillage.  capital 
of  AVilkes  co,.  North  Carolina,  on  the  Yadkin  Rive',  near 
its  source.  170  miles  AA'.  by  N.  of  Raleigh.     Pop.  about  200. 

AVILKESBOROUGU.  a  post-village  in  McLean  co.,  Illinois, 
CO  miles  N.E.  bv  N.  of  Springfield. 

AVILKESBUllG,  wnks/bQrg,  a  postoffice  of  Covington  co, 
Mississippi. 

AVILKESA'ILLE,  wilks'vill,  a  small  village  of  Gallia  co, 
Ohio. 

WILKESA'ILLE,  a  post^village  and  township  of  A'inton 
CO.,  Ohio,  atx)ut  75  miles  S.S.E  of  Columbus.  The  township 
is  intersected  by  Racoon  Creek,  which  flows  into  the  Ohio 
River.    Pop,  1316, 

WIL'KIXS,  a  [lost-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, .about  9  miles  E  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  2260. 

AVILKINS,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Oluo. 


WIL 


WIL 


WIL'KINSBURR,  a  post-village  of  Wilkins  township, 
Alleghany  CO..  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
7  miles  K.  of  Pittsburg.  It  has  a  number  of  stores,  and 
nbout  700  inh.ibitants. 

WliyivlNSOX,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Oeorgia, 
has  an  area  of  435  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.K. 
by  the  Oconee  River,  intersected  by  Commi.s.-iioner's  and  Big 
Sandy  Creeks,  and  also  drained  by  Cedar  and  Turkey  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  undulating,  and  extensively  covered 
with  forests  of  pine.  On  the  Oconee  and  several  creeks  the 
land  i.s  productive,  but  the  pine  lands  are  not  of  the  fir.«t 
quality.  The  soil  is  described  as  a  mixture  of  gray  .sandy 
and  "mulatto  land."  The  county  is  interfected  by  the 
Central  Railroad.  It  contains  one  sulphur  and  chalybeate 
spring.  Named  in  honor  of  General  James  Wilkinson,  of 
Maryland.  Capital,  Irwiiigton.  Pop.  9376,  of  whom  oisu 
Wen-  IVee,  and  38S7  slaves. 

WILKINSON,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Slis^issippi,  bordering  on  Louisiana,  has  an  area  of  about 
700  square  miles.  The  Jlississippi  River  forms  its  boundary 
on  tlje  W..  and  the  Ilomoehitto  on  the  N.  The  surface  is 
uneven ;  the  soil  is  highly  productive,  and  is  mostly  occu- 
pied by  plantations  of  cotton  and  Indian  corn.  The  county 
IS  partly  intersected  by  the  West  Feliciana  Railroad.  Capi- 
tal, Woodville.  Pop.  15,933,  of  whom  2801  were  free,  and 
13,132  slaves. 
WILKINSON,  a  township  of  Desha  co.,  Arkansas.  P.  205. 
WILKINSON'S  LANDING,  a  small  village  of  Perry  co., 
Missouri. 

WILKINSONVILLK,  a  po?t-village  in  Worcester  co.,  Mas- 
sachusetts, 39  miles  W.  of  lloston. 

Wl  LKIN.SON  VILLK.  a  village  in  Chesterfield  oo.,  A'irginia, 
82  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

WILKINS villi;,  a  post-villa>:e  fn  Union  district,  South 
Carolina.  98  miles  N.W.  by  N.  of  Columbia. 
WILKINSVILLV;,  a  post-office  of  Dyer  co.,  Tennessee. 
WILKOMIERZ  or  WILKO.MIR,  a  town  of  Russian  Po- 
land.     See  VlLKOMEER. 

WILKOWISZKI,  «iI-ko-<»ish'kee.  a  town  of  Poland,  go- 
vernment of  Augustowo,  37  miles  N.  of  Suwalki.  Pop. 
3511,  of  whom  two-thirds  are  Jew.s. 

WILKSBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
WILL,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Illinois,  bordering 
on  Indiana,  has  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Kankakee  and  Des  Plaines  Rivers,  branches 
of  the  Illinois.  The  .-surface  is  generally  level,  and  destitute 
of  timber,  excepting  small  groves.  The  soil  is  very  fertile, 
and  much  of  it  is  under  cultivation.  The  soil  of  the  pr.ai- 
ries  is  a  deep,  sandy  loam,  adapted  to  Indian  corn  and  grass. 
Quarries  of  building-stone  are  worked  near  the  county  seat. 
The  Des  Plaines  River  furnishes  wnt"r-power.  The  county 
Is  intersected  by  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  by  the 
Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central  Ilailroail.  the  Chicago  .\lton 
and  St.  Louis,  and  by  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Kailroad. 
Named  in  honor  of  Conrad  Will,  for  many  years  a  member 
of  the  Illinois  Legislature.     Capital.  Joliet.     Pop.  •.iO.'i-il. 

WILLAMETTE,  wil-Iah'met,  written  also  WALLAMETTE 
and  WAIILAMUTTE  RIVER,  in  the  W.  partof  Oregon  terri- 
tory, rises  in  Lane  county,  near  the  foot  of  the  Cascade  Range, 
and  flowing  first  N.W.,  and  then  in  a  northerly  direction  for 
alKiut  150  miles,  falls  into  the  Columbia  River  about  8  miles 
below  Fort  Vancouver.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the 
largest  class  to  Portland.  15  mile.s.  Above  the  falls,  which 
are  25  miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  said  to  be  navigable  for 
small  steamboats  60  miles.  Commencing  at  the  mouth  of 
this  river,  and  proceeding  upwards,  we  have  on  the  W.  side  the 
Tuality.  (tw6l'e-te.)  Vam  Hill,  Rickrenl,  (rick're-awl.)  Lucki- 
miute,  Mary's,  and  Long  Tom  Rivers,  all  rising  in  or  at  the 
base  of  the  Callapooya  Mountains.  Turning  and  descending 
on  the  right  bank,  we  pass  McKenzie's,  Sexton's,  Coupe, 
Sandyam,  Pudding,  Clackamus,  and  Milwaukee  Riveris, 
having  their  sources  on  the  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range. 
The  chief  towns  on  its  banks  are  Marysville,  Salem,  Oregon 
City,  and  Portland.  The  valley  of  the  Willamette  is  exceed- 
ingly beautiful  and  fertile,  and  is  regarded  as  the  garden  of 
Oregon.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  features  of  this  valley 
is  the  buttes,  (pronounced  bnts  or  butes.)  high,  conical  hills, 
which  are  generally  insulated.  Ne.ar  the  mouth  of  Coupe 
River  there  are  two  buttes,  called  Pisgah  and  Siuai,  which 
are  half  a  mile  apart  at  their  bases,  and  ri.se  about  1000  feet 
above  the  plain,  with  a  level  country  all  around  them  for 
20  miles.  From  one  part  of  Willamette  Valley,  ne.^r  the 
Rickreal,  seven  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Range,  crowned  with 
everlasting  snow,  may  be  seen  at  once.  Length  about  200 
miles. 
WILLAMETTE  FORKS,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon. 
WlL'L.iND,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
WILL.\U'M  K/,.  a  small  island  in  the  South  Pacific,  off  the 
coast  of  New  Rritein,  lat.  5°  15'  3"  S.,  Ion.  149"=  58'  10"  E. 
WILL'BAR,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Carolina. 
WILLKBADESSEN,  <vil'leh-bd-dJs'sen,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Westphalia.  4^  miles  S.  of  Minden,on  thie  Nethe.  Pop.  1305. 
WILLEBROEK,  wil'leh-brook\  a  market-town  of  Belgium, 
province  of  Antwerp.  2  miles  S.  of  Boom.  Pop.  3000. 
WILLEMSTAD,  wil'lf  m-stdt\  a  fortified  town  of  the  Neth-  , 


erlands.  province  of  North  Brabant,  en  nollands-dieo   V 
miles  N.W.  of  Breda.     Pop.  1890. 

WILLEMST  AD,  the  capital  town  of  the  island  of  Curacoa, 
on  its  S.  coast.  Lat.  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  V^  &  3"  N.,  Ion. 
68°  64'  W.  Pop.  7000.  It  has  a  government  house,  and  is 
the  centre  of  the  commerce  of  the  Dutch  We.st  Indies. 

WII7LEN.  a  parish  of  Kn<;land.  co.  of  B<iekR. 

WILLEXBElUi,  <\il'!en-bd'r.G\  or  WIELBARK.  weel'l.aEk, 
a  town  of  Eiist  Prussia,  91-  miles  S.S.E.  of  Konigsberg.  Pop. 
1820. 

WIL'LENIIALL.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  StafTord.  3 
miles  E.of  W(dverhampton,on  the  North-Western  Railwav. 

WILLER,  vee'yA/,  or  WEI  LLER.  v!l'y;\',a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Haut-lihin,  23  miles  N.N.E.  of  Belfort.    I'.  242t>. 

WIiyLERBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

WIIVLERICK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

WIL/LERSEY.  a  parish  of  Enirland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WIL'LERSLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WILLESBOROUGII,  wills'bur-ruh,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Kent. 

WIL'LESDEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Middlesex,  on 
the  London  and  N.W.  Railway.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Paddington. 

WIL'LESLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WIL'LET,  post-township.  Cortland  co..  New  York.    P.  983. 

WILLET,  a  post-office  of  G'-een  co.,  Wisconsin. 

WILLET.  a  post-office  of  Indiana  co..  Pennsvlvania. 

WIL'LETTVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Ilisrhland'co.,  Ohio. 

WIL'LEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WILLEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WILLIAM  AND  MARY  COLLEGE.  Se«  Willi amsburq, 
Virginia. 

WILLIAM  HENRY,  a  town  of  Canada.    See  Sorel. 

WJL'LIA.M  ISLAND,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  is  between  New 
Ireland  and  New  Brit.iin. 

WILLIAM,  MOUNT',  the  loftiest  peak  of  Graham's  Land, 
Antarctic  Oean. 

WILLIAM,  MOUNT,  the  loftiest  and  most  E.  of  the  Aus- 
tralian Grampian  Mountains.  Victoria.     Height  4500  feet. 

WILLIAM  RIVER,  co.  of  Wicklow,  East  Auiitralia.  flows 
W.  and  joins  Murray  Itiver,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Willianisburgh. 

WILLI  A.M  RIVER,  of  New  South  Wales,  after  a  S.  coursa 
of  70  miles,  between  the  counties  of  Durham  and  Gloucester, 
joins  the  Hunter  near  liaymond-terraco.    See  Fokt- Wiii.HM. 

W'lL'LIAMS,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Ohio,  bordering  on  Indiana  and  Michigan,  has  an  area  of 
about  4S0  square  mil(^s.  It  is  intersected  by  the  St.  .Joseph's 
and  Tiffin  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level  or  undulating;  the 
soil  is  fertile.  The  western  part  consists  of  "  o.\k  openings." 
plains  which  produce  a  sparse  growth  of  oaks.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  Toledo  and  Chicago  Railroad.  Capital,  Brvan.  Pop. 
16,633. 

WILLIAMS,  a  township  of  Northampton  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, at  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  Rivers, 
immediately  below  Easton.     Pop.  28.30. 

WILLIAMS,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co.,  Kentucky,  15 
miles  N.  of  Ilnpkinsville. 

WIL/LIAMSBOROUGH,  a  po.st^village  in  Granville  co., 
North  Carolina,  about  50  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Raleigh. 

WILLIAM'S  BRIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Westchester  cc., 
New  York. 

WIL'LIAMSBURG,  a  district  in  the  S.E.  part  of  South 
Carolina,  has  an  area  of  1170  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  Santee  River,  on  the  N.E.  by  Lvnch's  Creek 
and  the  Great  Pedee,  and  intersected  by  the  Black  River. 
The  surface  is  level,  and  partly  overspread  with  pine  forests; 
the  soil  is  generally  sandy.  The  most  fertile  land  is  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivers.  It  is  intersected  by  the  North-Eastern 
Railroad,  (unfinished.)  The  Santee  River  is-  navigable  by 
steamboats  along  the  border  of  the  district.  Capital,  Kings- 
tree.     Pop.  15,4>>9,  of  whom  5230  were  free. 

WILMAMSBUlKi,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.j 
Maine,  SO  miles  V.N.E.  of  Auarusta.     Pop.  182. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hamp- 
shire CO.,  Massachusetts,  95  miles  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Boston. 
It  has  •manufactures  of  iron  castings,  machinery,  edged  tools, 
carriages,  woollen  goods,  and  other  articles.     Pop.  2095. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  Kings  co..  New  York,  with  the  vil- 
lage of  Greenpoint,  and  the  town  of  Brunswick,  forms  the 
prineiiial  part  of  the  eastern  district  of  the  consolidated  city 
of  Brooklyn,  which  includes  generally  that  portion  of  tlie 
city  which  lies  North  and  East  of  the  Wallabout  Bay.  The 
site  is  elevated,  with  a  surface  diversified  with  gentle  undu- 
lations, and  gradually  rising  as  it  recedes  from  tlie  Ea.'*t' 
River,  Like  the  western  district,  it  owes  its  growth  and 
prosperity  to  its  proximity  to  the  city  of  New  York,  a  largo 
portion  of  its  residents  doing  business  in  that  city  d\iring 
tlie  day.  Six  steam  ferries  connect  the  eastern  distri&t 
with  the  metropolis,  two  running  from  the  foot  of  South 
Seventh  Street,  and  two  from  the  foot  of  Grand  Street,  in 
Williamsburg,  and  two  from  the  foot  of  Greenpoint  Av(j- 
nue,  in  Greenpoint.  Williamsburg  and  Greenpoint  are 
regularly  laid  out,  the  streets  being  straight,  and  generally 
crossing  at  right  angles,  though  the  pl.an  is  8omel!:ues  va. 
ried  to  correspond  with  the  configuration  of  the  ground, 

2115 


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and  to  connect  with  tho  streets  of  the  ■western  district. 
Grand  Street  and  South  Seventh  Street  are  the  principal 
thorouglifares ;  First  Street  and  Fourth  Street  are  also  ac- 
tive business  streets.  The  houses  of  the  eiistcrn  district  are 
neatly  and  well  built,  thouph  generally  not  more  than  two 
stories  high.  Many  of  the  dwellings,  however,  especially  in 
the  newer  portions  of  tlie  city,  are  large  and  very  handsome 
buildings.  The  eastern  district  of  Brooklyn  contains  about 
60  churches,  among  which  are  .12  Methodist,  6  Baptist,  7 
Protestiint  Episcopal,  6  Reformed  Dutch,  5  Presbyterian,  6 
Roman  Catholic,  3  I-utheran,  a  Universalist,  and  a  German 
Church,  and  a  Jewish  Synagogue.  Of  these,  tlie  most  worthy 
of  notice  are  the  First  Baptist  Cliurch,  at  the  corner  of  Fifth 
and  South  Fifth  Streets,  a  handsome  building  of  fine  stone, 
in  a  commanding  situation,  with,  the  front  facing  East 
River ;  tlie  Catholic  Church,  a  fine  brick  building,  on  Second 
street,  between  South  Second  and  Soutli  Third  streets;  and 
the  First  Presbyterian,  a  handsome  brick  edifice,  with  a 
steeple  and  clock  The  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church,  at 
the  comer  of  Fourth  and  South  Fifth  Streets,  is  a  massive 
and  imposing  structure,  with  a  square  tower,  and  enclosed 
by  grounds  highly  improved.  Of  the  newer  churches,  the 
niost  noticeable  is  Christ  Church  (Episcopal  ~i,on  B<?dford  Ave- 
nue, an  elegant  structure  of  brown  freestone,  and  one  of  the 
finest  churches  in  Brooklyn.  To  one  approaching  from  New 
York  or  the  western  district  it  is  the  most  conspicuous  fea- 
ture of  this  part  of  the  city.  Being  flanked  on  each  side  by 
elegant  brownstone  houses,  partially  fronting  a  small  pub- 
lic square,  it  forms  the  centre  of  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
rows  in  New  York  or  Brooklyn.  The  Loe  Avenue  Reformed 
Butch  Church  is  another  large  and  handsome  building,  be- 
longing to  a  society,  wliose  Sunday  Sghool  is  noted  as  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  in  the  United  States. 
The  eastern  district  of  Brooklyn  contains  3  banks,  2  sav- 
ings institutions,  and  one  daily  newspaper  office.  Among 
the  institutions  are  a  Bible  Society,  organized  in  1845 ;  a 
medical  society,  established  in  1852,  and  iiii  industrial  school. 
A  Mercantile  Library  Association  is  now  (March,  1865)  being 
formed.  A  medical  dispensary  has  also  been  established. 
The  district  has  a  sj'stem  of  water-works  and  two  gas  com- 
panies, one  for  Williamsburg  and  one  for  Greenpoint. 
Numerous  manufactories  of  various  kinds  are  estiiblished  in 
this  district,  and  several  ship-yards  are  located  here,  some 
of  which  are  among  the  largest  in  the  United  States.  Many 
of  the  manufacturing  establishments  are  situated  on  the 
East  liiver,  and  are  conspicuous  objects  to  one  approiiching 
from  the  water.  At  the  American  Plate  Glass  Manufactory, 
[For  continuation,  see  Appendix.] 

WILLIAMSBUKG  or  PENN'S  NEClv,  a  Tillage  of  Middle- 
sex CO.,  New  Jersey,  contains  2  churche.o. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  New  Jersey.    See  Cedar  Creek. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  tlourisliiiig  post-borough  of  Blair  co„ 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  JuAiata  River,  and  on  the  I'eunsyl- 
vania  Canal.  157  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg.  It  contains  4  or  6 
churches,  1  woollen  factory,  and  several  mills.     Pop.  798. 

WILLIAMSBUKG,  a  small  village  of  Northampton  co., 
Pennsylvania,  alwiut  70  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

WILLIAMSBUKG,  a  city,  capital  of  James  City  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, 60  miles  E.  of  Richmond,  and  68  miles  N.W.  of  Nor- 
folk. It  Is  situated  on  a  level  plain  between  James  and 
York  Rivers,  6  miles  from  each.  It  is  the  oldest  incorporated 
town  in  the  state,  and  is  interesting  in  historic  associations. 
It  was  the  seat  of  the  royal  government  previous  to  the 
Revolution,  and  afterwards  capital  of  the  state  until  1779. 
William  and  Mary  College,  founde<l  at  this  place  in  1692.  is 
the  oldest  literary  institution  in  the  Union,  excepting  llar- 
vanl  University,  and  is  at  present  in  a  flourishing  condition. 
The  library  contains  about  5000  volumes,  and  the  students 
in  attendance  generally  number  from  100  to  150.  Williams- 
burg is  the  seat  of  the  Eastern  Lunatic  Asylum,  which  stands 
deservedly  high  for  its  neatness,  order,  and  «)mf<)rtable 
accommodations.  It  has  about  200  patients,  and  a  hand- 
some edifice,  with  all  the  modern  improvements  in  arrange- 
ment. The  town  contains  3  churche.s.  Episcopalian.  Baptist, 
and  Methodist.    First  settled  in  16;>2.    Pop.  estimated  at  1500. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  po.st-village  in  Iredell  co.^  North 
Carolina,  L')7  miles  W.  of  Raleii;!!. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Covington  co., 
Mississippi,  on  an  affluent  of  Leaf  River,  00  miles  S.E.  of 
Jackson. 

WILLIAMSBUKG,  a  post-ofRce,  Henderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

WILLIAMSBUKG,  a  small  village  of  Owen  co..  Kentucky. 

WILLIAMSBUKG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Whitley  co.. 
Kentucky,  on  the  Cumberland  River,  and  on  the  rout«  of 
tho  Danville  and  Knoxville  Railroad,  125  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Frn n k fort,  has  1  church  and  several  stores.  Fourteen  miles 
below,  the  river  presents  a  perpendicular  fall  of  60  feet, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  objects  in  the  state. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cler- 
mont CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  E.  fork  of  Little  Miami  River,  28 
miles  E.  of  Cincinnati,  was  formerly  the  county  seat.  P.  2084. 

WII,L1  AMSBUUG,  a  small  village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio. 

WI  1,1,1  AMSltUUO.  a  thriving  village  of  Noble  co..  Ohio, 
near  the  Central  Ohio  Railroad,  about  40  miles  E.  of  Zanes- 
vUlo. 

2119 


WIL 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  pleasant  village  of  Johnson  co,, 
Indiana,  on  Nineveh  Creek.  8  miles  S.  of  Franklin. 

AVILLIAMSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana, 
on  a  branch  of  Whitewater  River,  about  72  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  about  300. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  post-viUage  in  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois, 
about  60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  a  small  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinoia. 

"WILLIAMSBUKG,  a  post-village  in  Callaway  co.,  Miseouri, 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

W1LLI.\MSBURG,  a  small  village  of  JIacon  co.,  Missouri. 

AVIiyLI  AMSBUim,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  llalten, 
35  miles  W.  of  Toronto.    Pop.  about  200. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  NORTH,  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co. 
of  Dundas,  115  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal. 

WILLIAMS  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio, 
171  miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

WILLIAMS  COLLEGE.    See  Wiluamstown,  Massacho- 

WILLIAMS  COLLEGE  GRANT,  a  township  of  Aroostpok 
CO.,  Maine. 

WILLIAMS  CROSS  ROADS,  a  small  post-village  of  Choo- 
taw  CO.,  Alabama. 

WIL'LIAMSFIELD,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Aslitabula  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  971. 

WIL'LIAMSON,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  1150  square  miles.  It  is  traversed  from 
W.  to  E.  by  San  Gabriel  River,  and  also  drained  by  Brushy 
Creek.  Tlie  surface  is  diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlauds. 
Named  in  honor  of  Judge  Robert  M.  'Williamson,  member 
of  Congress  of  the  republic  of  Texas.  Capital,  Georgetown. 
Pop.  4529,  of  whom  3638  were  free,  and  891  slaves. 

WILLIAMSON,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Tennessee. 
Area  estimated  at  650  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head 
brandies  of  Ilarpeth  River.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the  soil 
highly  prculuctive  and  extensively  cultivated.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  the  Nashville  and  Decatur  Railroad.  It  is 
among  tlie  most  populous  counties  of  the  sbite.  Capital, 
Franklin.  Pop.  23,827,  of  whom  11,460  were  free,  and  12,367 
slaves. 

WILLIAMSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Illinois,  has  an 
area  of  390  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Big  Muddy 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  S.  fork  of  Saline  River.  The 
county  consists  partly  of  prairie  and  partly  of  timbered 
land;  the  soil  is  productive.  Stone-coal  is  abundant.  Ca- 
pital, Marion.    Pop.  12,205. 

WILLIAMSON,  a  post-village  and  town.ship  of  Wayne  co.. 
New  York,  26  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Rochester.  The  township 
borders  on  Lake  Ontario.     Pop.  26S2. 

WILLI.^MSON,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky. 

W1LLI.\MS0N,  a  post-office  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana. 

WILLIAMSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Lexington  dis- 
trict, South  Carolina. 

WIL'LIAMSPORT,  a  flourishing  town,  capital  of  Lycom- 
ing county.  Pennsylvania,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left 
liank  of  the  West  Branch  of  Susquehanna  River,  and  on  tlie 
Philadelphia  and  Lrie  Railroad,  90  miles  N.  of  llarrisburg, 
and  198  miles  N.W.  of  Philadelphia.  The  Williamsport  and 
Elmira  Railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  Elmira,  78 
miles.  Williamsport  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  in  sum- 
mer, on  account  of  its  healthy  situation,  and  the  beautiful 
scenery  which  surrounds  it.  It  contains  a  fine  new  brick 
court-liouse,  12  churches,  2  national  banks,  1  state  bank, 
2  public  halls,  2  seminaries,  and  many  handsome  dwellings. 
Six  newspapers  are  published  here.  The  West  Branch 
Canal,  which  passes  through  the  town,  affords  a  ready  ac- 
cess to  the  best  markets,  and  large  quantities  of  lumber  and 
grain  are  shipped  at  this  place.  The  hills  in  the  visinity 
contain  coal  and  iron  ore.  Hero  are  3  foundries.  2  or  3 
machine-shops,  1  blast-furnace,  1  woollen  factory,  20  steam 
saw-mills,  &c,  Pop.  in  1850,  1615;  in  1860  5664;  in  1S65, 
about  10.000 

WILLIAMSPORT,  Pennsylvania.  See  Monongahela  Cut. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  a  post-villa.ire  of  Washington  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Potomac  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Coneoocheaguo 
Creek,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Ilagerstown.  The  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  Canal  passes  through  the  place.  It  contains  a  bank, 
with  a  capital  of  $135,000,  and  numerous  stores. 

WILLIAMSPOItT.  a  post-village  of  Hardy  Co.,  W.  Tir- 
ginia,  about  124  miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

WILLIAMSPORT  or  PRUNTYTOWN,  capital  of  Taylor 
CO..  W.  Virginia,  about  1  or  2  miles  from  the  Northwestern 
Railroad,  and  100  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wheeling.  It  is  the  seat  of 
Rector  College,  founded  in  1839,  and  contains  2  churches. 

WILLI.VMSI'ORT,  a  i-illage  of  Wood  Co.,  W.Virginia,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  ojiposite  Marietta,  Ohio.     Pop.  about  250. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  a  post-office  of  Pointe  Coupee  parish, 
Louisiana. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  a  post-village  of  Maury  co..  Tenne.sse". 
on  Duck  Kiver,  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Nasl.tille.  i-op. 
about  250. 

WILLI.'VMSPORT,  a  thriving  village  of  (V'u.nbiana  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Sandy  and  Beaver  Canal,  163  miles  N.E.  of 
Columbus. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  a  post- village  of  PicKaway  co ,  Ohio,  on 


WIL 


WIL 


the  rinnnnati  AV'ilmington  and  Zanesville  Railroad,  9  miles 
W.  hv  S.  of  Ciri-lcville/ 

AVlLLTAMSI'Oirr.  !i  smnll  Tillatre  of  Richland  cc,  Ohio. 

WILLIAM^rOUT,  a  tlirivin;;  post-Tillage,  capital  of  War- 
ren CO..  Indiana,  on  the  rijtht  hanl<  of  the  Waba.sh  River, 
75  miles  N.W.  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  an  active  trade, 
which  is  facilitated  by  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.  The 
Toli'ilo  and  Wabash  Railroad  also  pusses  throuj.'h  tliis  place. 
It  luis  '1  cliurclies.  A  newspaper  is  published  here.  Popu- 
lation 5-JO. 

WILLIAMS'  RIVER,  in  the  E.S.E.  part  of  Vermont,  rises 
In  Windsor  co..  and  falls  into  the  Connecticut  alwut  3  miles 
above  IJellows  Falls. 

WILLI  A.MS'  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Hardeman  cc,  Ten- 
nessee. 

WIULIAMSTON,  n  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  Pembroke. 

WIL'LIAM.STON.  a  post-villa,!;eof  Anderson  district.  South 
Carolinsu  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  19  miles 
from  Greenville. 

WILLIAMSTON.  a  villaire  of  Barbour  co.,  Alabama,  65 
mib's  S.E.  t>y  K.  of  Montjtoniery. 

WI  LLI.\>ISTOX,  a  townslnp  in  the  central  part  of  Dodge 
CO..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  2199. 

WI  L'L1AM.ST()W.\,  a  seaport  town  or  village  of  the  British 
colony  of  Victoria.  Australia,  on  a  headland  in  I'ort  I'hillip, 
5  miles  S.W.  of  Melbourne,  and  opposite  which  vessels  of 
larire  burden  can  anchor.     I'op.  322. 

W1I.'L1.\MST0WN',  a  township  of  Orange  co.,  Vermont, 
11  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  1377. 

WILIjIAMSTOWN.  a  pleasant  post-village  and  township 
of  Berlishire  co..  Massachusetts,  about  120  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Boston.  It  is  the  seat  of  Williams  College,  a  flourishing  in- 
stitution founded  in  1793.  The  institution  coni])rise8  5  brick 
buildinj^s  for  the  accommodation  of  the  students,  a  library 
building,  an  astrouonncal  observatory,  a  stone  chapel,  and 
a  stone  g.vmnasium.  Tlie  two  last  have  been  completed 
witlnii  a  few  years.  Important  additions  have  recently 
been  made  to  the  chemical  and  pliilosoplncal  api>aratii8. 
The  institution  is  cudowtnl  to  tlie  amount  of  about  $75,000. 
Williamstown  haa  manufactures  of  woollen  and  otlier 
fabrics,  boots  and  shoes,  carriages,  cooperage,  edge  tools, 
&c.     It  contains  4  churches.     Pop.  2iill. 

WILLIAMSTOW.\,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oswego 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Watertown  and  Rome  Railroad,  28 
miles  N.W.  of  Rome.     Pop.  1144. 

AVILLIAMSTOWN  or  SQUANKUM,  a  post-village  of 
Camden  co..  New  Jer.sey,  11  miles  S.K.  of  Woodbury,  con- 
tains 2  churches.  3  stores,  and  several  glas.s-works. 

WILLI.\MSTOWN,  a  small  village  of  Lancaster  cc,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Martin  co..  North  Carolina,  on  tlie  right  bank  of  the  Roanoke 
River.  100  piiles  E.  of  Raleigh.  The  surrounding  country 
is  partly  occupied  by  cypress  swamps,  which  supply  an 
artiile  of  export.     Pop.  616. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Grant  co.. 
Kentucky,  on  the  turnpike  from  Covington  to  Lexington, 
37  miles  S.  of  Ciucinuati.  It  contains  a  brick  court-hou.se 
and  4  churches.     Pop.  about  450.  Eree  pop.  2.50, 

Wl  LLIAMSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Hancock  co., 
Ohio,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Findlay.      • 

WII,LIAMSTOWN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ingham  co., 
Michigan,  on  Cedar  River,  about  20  mifes  E.  of  Lansing.  It 
contains  several  stores,  flouring-mills,  and  saw-mills.  Pop. 
in  ISf*,  about  600. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  a  village  of  Clay  cc,  Indiana,  on  the 
National  Road.  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

WILLI.\:\1ST0WN,  a  pos(>village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana, 
45  nules  S.E.  of  Indianapoli.s. 

WIL'LIAMSTOWN.  a  village  of  Canada  We.st.  co.  of  Glen- 
garv.  70  miles  S.W.  of  Montreal.     Pop.  about  400. 

WIL'L1.\MSVILLK.  a  post-village  in  M'indliam  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  South  Branch  of  West  Kiver.  about  100  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.  The  South  Branch  affords  water- 
power. 

WILLIAMSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  New  York, 
on  Kllicott's  Creek,  8  miles  N.E.  of .  Buffalo.  It  contains  1 
Roman  Catboli;  and  3  Protestant  churches,  3  or  4  stores, 
several  flouring  and  saw  mills.  a_  carding  machine,  and  a 
larL'e  tannery.     Pop.  in  J800,  about  1000. 

WILLI.\MSVILLE,  a  village  of  Essex  co..  New  Jersey,  5 
miles  N.W.  of  Newark. 

WILLIAMSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Elk  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
WILLI.\MSVILLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Kent  co.,  Delaware, 
22  miles  S.W.  of  Dover. 
WILLIAMSVILLE,  a  postrofflce  of  Bath  cc,  Virginia. 
WILLIAMSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  l^erson   co..  North 
Carolina,  on  an  affluent  of  Dan  River,  65  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Ral.d-h. 
WILLIAMSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dickson  co..  Tenne.s.see. 
WILLIAMSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  cc,  Ohio, 
14  miles  N.  of  Columbus. 

WILLIAMSVILLE,   a  village  of  Canada  West.   co.  of 
Haldimand.  35  miles  .S.  of  Hamilton.     Pop.  about  100. 
WIL'LIAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Herts. 


WTLLTGTOWN.  a  small  village  of  Greene  eo.,  Arkansas. 

WIL'LIMANSCTT.  a  post-village  in  Hampden  co..  Massa 
chu.setts,  on  the  left  bank  of  Connecticut  River,  and  oh  tl*" 
Connecticut  River  Railroad,  75  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Boston. 

WILLIM-iN'TIC.  a  fine  mill-stream,  rises  in  Tolland  co. 
Connecticut,  and  unites  with  Shetueket  River,  in  Windliaas 
county. 

WILLIMANTIC,  a  flourishing  post-borough  in  Windham 
township,  Windham  CO.,  Coiniecticut,  on  the  Willimant;e 
River,  wliere  the  Providence  Hartford  iind  Fishkill  Raili-oiiiJ 
intersects  the  New  London  Northern  Railroad,  .'i2  nules  E. 
by  S.  of  Hartford.  It  is  also  on  the  route  of  the  Air-lino 
Railroad  from  New  York  to  Boston,  about  1-0  miles  N.E.  of 
the  former,  and  80  miles  S.W.of  tlie  latter.  The Willimar.- 
tic  is  here  a  large  stream,  and  has  a  fall  of  more  than  lOi'" 
feet  in  the  distance  of  a  mile,  affording  an  extensive  hydrau 
lie  power.  Here  are  5  cotton-mills,  2  woollen-mills.  2  threaC 
factories,  and  1  machine-sliop,  in  which  paper  machinery 
is  made.  In  addition  to  the  otlier  advantages  of  the  place, 
is  an  abundance  of  building  stone  of  an  excellent  qualitj 
found  in  tlie  vicinity.  Tlie  borough  contains  4  churches,  a 
newspaper  office,  and  upwards  of  20  stores.  Population 
about  3500. 

WIL'LINQ,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  cc.  New  York. 

WIL'LINGALE  DOK,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  cc  of  Essex. 

WILLINGALE  Sl'AIN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex, 
contiguous  to  the  above. 

WIL'LINGBOROUGH,  a  township  of  Burlington  cc.  New 
Jersey.     Pop.  643. 

WIL'LINGDON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

WIL'LINGIIA.M.  a  parish  of  Engl.and,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

WILLTNGH.\M,  a  parisli  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AVILLINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WILLINGHAM  CHERRY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  ot 
Lincoln. 

WILLINGHAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

WILLINGHAM,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  cc  of 
Lincoln. 

WIL'LINOTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

WILLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  IH  miles 
S.W.  of  DerViy,  on  the  Derby  and  Birmingham  Railway. 

WILLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

WILLINGTON,  Piscatacjuis'co.,  .Maine.     See  Weli.ixgtov. 

M'lLLINGTON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tolland 
CO..  Connecticut.  24  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hartford.  The  town- 
ship is  interHccted  by  the  New  London  Northern  Railroad. 
It  contains  2  cluuxhes,  a  glass-factory,  a  number  of  cotton- 
mills,  and  1  woollen-mill.     Pop.  1166. 

WILIJNGTON.  a  post-village  of  Abbeville  district.  South 
Cair.lina,  near  Savannah  River,  90  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Cc 
lumbia. 

.WIL'LINK,  a  postrvillage  of  Erlecc,  New  York,  16  miles 
S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

WILLINK'SCREEK.  of  Niagara  co.,  New  York,  falls  into 
the  W.  end  of  Lake  Ontario. 

WILLISAU,  fi-ille  Rdw\  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lucerne,  on  the  river  A\igger. 
Pop.  llfiO 

WIL'LISBITRG.  a  post-office  of  W.ashington  cc,  Kentucky. 

WIL'LISHAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WIL'LIS  RIVER,  a  small  affluent  of  James  River,  Vir- 
ginia, rises  in  Buckingham  county.  Flowing  eastward  and 
north-eastward,  it  crosses  Cumlierland  county,  and  falls 
into  James  River  near  Cartersville.  It  is  navigable  by  boats 
from  it.s  mouth  to  Curdsville.  above  30  miles. 

WILLIS'S  STORE,  a  post-village  of  Appling  cc,  Georgia, 
about  100  miles  S.E.  of  Milledgeville. 

AVIVLISTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chittenden 
CO.,  Vermont,  on  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad.  30  miles 
W.N.AV.  of  Montpelier.  The  village  contains  2  or  3  churches, 
a  town-house,  and  an  academy.    I'op.  of  the  township.  1479. 

WILLISTON,  a  post-office  of  Potter  cc,  Pennsylvania. 

WTIjLISTON,  a  post-village  of  Barnwell  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  99  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Charle.ston. 

AVILLISTON,  a  village  of  Callaway  co.,  Kentucky,  255 
miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Frankfort. 

AVIL'LISTOWN,  a  township  of  Chester  cc,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1521. 

WILLOUGHBY,  will^be,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

WILLOUGHBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WILLOUGHBY.  a  parish  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  o\ 
Cumlx^rland.  on  Port-.Iackson. 

WILLOUGHBY,  wil'lo-be,  a  pleasant  post-village  and 
township  of  Lake  co.,  Ohio,  on  Chagrin  River,  and  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Erie  Railroad,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Cleveland. 
The  village  contains  a  medical  university,  a  flouidshing 
female  seminary,  and  several  churches.  The  township  bor- 
ders on  Lake  V>ie.     Pop.  1721. 

WILLOUGHBY  CAPE,  the  E.  point  of  Kangaroo  Island, 
South  Australia,  lat.  35°  54'  S..  Ion.  138°  15'  E. 

WILLOUGHBY  LAKE,  a  post>village  and  fashionabls 
resort  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 

2117 


=n 


WIL 

and  on  the  great  Uioroughfare  just  opened  from  Boston  vid 
St.  Joliii?l)ury  to  .^tanstead.  in  Canada  East.  Willoughby 
Lake  is  a  boautifii]  sheet  of  water,  nearly  5  miU^s  in  length, 
celebiftteil  for  its  romantic  scenery,  about  35  miles  N.E.  by 
N.  of  Mont|ielier. 

WILLOUGIIBY-OX-TIIE- WOLDS,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Nottingham. 
WILLOUGHBY  SCOTT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Lincoln. 
WILL()UGIIB\,  SILK.    See  Silk  Willouqhbt. 
WILLOUGHBY  WATERLESS,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Leicester. 
WIL'LOUGIITOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
WII/LOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Marion  district.  South 
Carolina. 

WI LLOW  CREEK,  a  pos(>vilIage  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  about 
80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chicago. 
WILLOW  CREKK,  a  post-office,  Marr[uette  co.,  Wisconsin. 
WlLLi)W  DALK,  a  post-office  of  Trumbull  co..  Ohio. 
WILLOW  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Jlontgomery  county, 
Peiin.aylvania,  on  the  turnpike  loading  from  Philadelphia 
to  Easton,  13  miles  N.  of  the  former.     It  contains  3  goo<l 
hotels,  2  stores,  and  about  12  dwellings.    The  medicinal 
springs  at  tills  place  are  much  resorted  to  during  the  sum- 
mer season. 

WILLOW  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district,  South 
Carolina. 
WILLOW  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Coweta  co.,  Georgia. 
WI1,L')W  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Sumner  co.,  Tennessee. 
WILLOW  GROVE,  a  small  village  of  Crittenden  co.,  Ken- 
tucky. 
WILLOW  HILL,  a  post-township  of  Jasper  co.,  Illinois. 
WILLOW  ISLAND,  a  piLst-office,  Pleasant  co.,  W.Virginia. 
WILLOW  RIVER,  Wiscon.«in.     See  Hudson. 
WILLOW  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  St.  Croix  co..  Wis- 
consin, flows  south-westward,  and  enters  St.  Croi.x  I..ake  at 
llu'lson. 
WILLOW  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Virginia. 
WILLOW  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Claiborne  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

WILLOW  SPRINGS,  a  post^village  and  township  in  the 
N.  part  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wiscon.sin,  near  the  Pekatouica 
River.     Pop.  838. 

■HILLOW  STREET,  a  post-office  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 
WILLO^t  TREE,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
WILLS,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1267. 
WILLSBOROUGII.  wilz/biir-ruh,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  E.ssex  CO.,  New  York,  on  Boquet  River,  about  140 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Albany.  The  township  is  on  the  W.  .side  of 
Lake  Champlaiu.    Iron  is  produced  here  to  a  considerable 
extent.    Pop.  1519. 

WILLS'  CREEK,  of  Alabama,  flows  south-westerly 
through  De  Kalb  co.,  thtn  tu»ns  to  the  S.K.,  and  enters 
Coosa  River,  near  Gadsden. 

WILLS'  CREEK,  of  Ohio,  rises  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the 
state,  flows  north-westwanJ  through  Guern.sey  co.,  and  en- 
ters the  Mu.ikiugum  River  about  10  miles  S.  of  Coshocton. 
WILLS'  CREEK,  a  postoffice  of  Coshocton  co..  Ohio. 
WILLSIIIRE.  will/shir,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
A  an  Wert  co..  Ohio,  on  the  St.  Mary's  River,  mi  miles 
>V.N.^V.  of  Columbus.  The  village  contains  1  church,  2 
store.s,  and  several  mills.  It  was  settled  in  1822  by  Captain 
James  Riley,  with  whose  sufferings  in  Africa  the  public  are 
famihar.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1429. 

WILLS  MOUN'TAIN,  a  ridge  extending  from  the  S.W. 
part  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  E.  of  \\ills'  Creek,  into 
Alleghany  county,  in  Maryland. 

WILiysOX'S  MILL,  a  village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  on  Skunk 
River,  00  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

)J^JH"'^Ll'9l,^'^''  "  Post-oflice  of  Benton  co..  Tennessee, 
w  V  J,V'^■"lT^^pT,  will/stJtt,  a  market-town  of  Baden.  5  miles 
N.N.A\.  of  Offenbursj.     Pop.  1000. 
^•Jl'/Wx^-^Til^/'''^' "  *"'''"  "*■  '■'Inland.  See Vilmanstrand. 
w5    ^„  v-"n^w  '  "  P*'*"''  '''■  ^''"S^'"^^^  CO.  of  Kent 
WlLMl.NtrfON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su&sex.    It 
^WM  ,^,'vl^'l?''"'"  '"^  '•>«  Marquis  of  Northampton. 
:  i",L     -.^^'i-  "  PO'^t-township  of  Windham  co..  Ver- 

nnW  ;.    ?  v""'**"  ^..''^  )y-  P*"  iI°"tP«"er.    One  newspaper  is 
published  here.     Pop.  14-J4.  '^^ 

WILMINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  co..  Massa- 
chiisetts,  intersected  by  the  Boston  and  lx)well.  the  Boston 
and  Maine,  the  Sa  em  and  Ix>well  Railroads,  and  a  branch 

»  lLMINC.rO.V  a  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co 
^  wn  v^vf",.;^!"'  ^•^^'-  "^  '''>'t'«'"«'^'-    I'op  S61,  ' 

lML.MIN(iT()\    nr    VKW    VVT  I  aitv/.t.^  -  -   *^ 

Law 


WIL 

Baltimore  Railroad  passes  through  the  place.  The  tipper 
part  of  the  city  is  built  on  the  southern  slope  of  a  hill,  the 
summit  of  which  is  110  feet  above  the  tide  level,  and  com- 
mands an  extensive  view  of  the  Delav/are  River,  and  the 
city  itself.  Wilmington  is  regularly  planned,  with  wi<le 
and  straight  streets,  and  is  generally  well  built  of  brick. 
The  streets  running  parallel  to  the  Christiana  (commencing 
near  the  creek)  are,  Water,  J'ront,  2d,  .3d,  &c.,  u|)  to  1.5th 
street.  The  principal  thoroughfare  of  business  is  Market 
street,  which  extends  from  the  Christiana  to  the  Brandy- 
wine,  rather  more  than  a  mile,  intersecting  the  other  streets 
at  right-an.gles,  and  at  each  end  terminated  by  a  handsome 
bridge.  Kings,  French.  Shipley,  Orange,  and"other  streets, 
are  parallel  with   Market  street.     Th'.  city  contains  29 


WILMINGTON  or  NEW  WILMINGTON,  a  township  of 
Awrcnre  co..  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  1752. 
■op.  .^7s""'''"™'''''  "*  '""'"^'^'P  of  ^i«rcer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WILJIINGTON.  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  New  Castla 
CO.,  ^cb,  ware   is  situated  on  the  Christiana  (or  Ctetfuo) 

^(ine  o'n.'.r'^'f  "'^  '^^''\^.  1""  J"'"^''""  withShe  Bm  Sy- 
r.i  I  ' ,  ■  ""  '^^°"'  "'"  Delaware  River,  28  miles  S  W  of 
PhiUidelplua.  and  70  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baltimore  La  "soo 
41  N.,  Jen   ,0°  2«'  W.     The  Philadelphia  Milmiugton  imd 


was  built  in  169S.  There  are,  also,  a  town-hall,  a  largo 
hospital  and  almshouse,  situated  on  high  ground  in  the 
western  part  of  the  town,  and  a  Catholic  College,  which  is 
a  handsome  brick  edifice.  The  custom-house,  built  of 
granite,  is  another  prominent  building.  The  Institute  is  a 
largo  brick  edifice  on  .^larket  street.  It  contains  a  spacious 
hall,  a  scientific  lecture-room,  and  a  library  of  7000  volumes. 
There  are  5  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,246,000, 
2  savings  institutions,  and  several  insurance  companies. 
Five  newspapers  are  published  here.  Wilmington  contains 
4  boarding,  3  or  4  private,  and  9  public  schools,  which  are 
well  conducted,  and  liberally  patronized.  The  streets, 
stores,  ^c,  are  lighted  with  gas,  and  the  city  is  supplied 
witli  water  from  the  Brandywine.  There  is  an  efficient 
fire  department,  with  I  steam,  and  5  or  6  hand  fire-engines. 

Wilmington  is  the  metropolis  of  Delaware,  and  by  far  the 
most  important  and  populous  town  in  the  stat^  It  is 
remarkable  for  its  mannfactures,  of  which  the  following 
are  some  of  the  most  imiiortant :  iron  steamboats,  railway- 
cars,  steam-engines,  milroad-wheels,  locomotive  and  cai^- 
springs,  mill-machinery  and  other  iron,  powder,  carriages, 
flour,  leather,  shoes,  cotton  and  woollen  gooils,  and  fiirming 
implements.  There  are  about  5  iron  foundries.  6  larjje  ma- 
chine-shops, 2  rolling-mills,  2 cotton  factories,  several  m.\nu- 
factoiies  of  woollen-goods,  and  2  large  saw-mills.  The 
powder-works  of  E.  I.  Diipont  *  Co.,  2  miles  from  the 
city,  have  long  been  celebrated.  There  are  large  flour- 
ing-mills  on  the  Brandywine  here  which  annually  gi-inr 
about  1.000.0  )0  bushels  of  wheat.  A  city  railway  extendi 
from  the  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  Railroad  Depot,  vit 
Market  street  (on  which  there  is  a  double  track)  and  Dela 
ware  avenue,  to  the  N.W.  exti-emity  of  the  town,  whenct 
it  is  continued  2  miles  up  the  Brandywine.  Five  turnnike 
roads  radiate  from  the  city.  The  Delaware  Railroad,  whicl 
travei-ses  the  whole  state  from  its  southern  extremity,  tep 
minates  here.  Pop.  in  18.30,  6628;  in  1840,  8367,  in"  18.50 
13,979;  in  1853,  16,163;  and  in  1860,  21,258,  among  whom 
there  were  but  four  slaves.  It  may  now  (1865)  be  estimated 
at  about  25,000,  having  nearly  doiibletl  within  the  last  15 
years. 

WILMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Fluvanna  co..  Virginia, 
on  the  Rivanna  River.  55  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

WILMINGTON,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of  New 
Hanover  co..  North  Carolina,  is  situated  on  the  left  or  K 
bank  of  Cape  Fear  River,  just  below  the  entrance  of  its  N.F. 
branch.  34  miles  fi-om  the  sea,  135  miles  S.E.  of  Raleigh,  180 
miles  N.E.  of  Charleston,  and  416  from  Washington.  Lat. 
34°  11'  N.,  Ion.  78°  10'  W.  It  is  the  largest  and  most  com- 
mercial place  in  the  state,  the  bnsine.ss  and  population  hav- 
ing been  greatly  increased  by  the  construction  of  the  Wil- 
mington and  Raleigh  Railroad,  which  extends  N.  to  Weldon, 
on  the  Roanoke  River,  162  mile.s.  and  forms  part  of  the  gre.at 
highway  of  travel.  North  and  South.  The  citv  has  about 
.$500,000  invested  in  this  work,  which  cost  $2,500,000,  and  is 
now  in  excellent  condition.  Another  railroad  has  recently 
been  opened  from  Wilmington  to  Manchester,  in  Soutll 
Carolina,  where  it  connects  with  the  Camden  Branch  Rail- 
road. The  length  of  this  line  is  156  miles,  and  the  cost 
$1,800,000.  of  which  $.500,000  were  subscribed  by  the  citizen* 
of  Wilmington.  A  plank-road  is  extending  from  this  city 
towanls  Onslow  county.  The  town  contains  3  banks,  with 
an  aggregate  capital  of  §1.150.000.  Five  or  six  newspnpers 
are  published  here.  More  than  20  steam-engines  are  em- 
ployed in  the  manufactories  of  this  idace.  among  which  are 
7  steam  saw-mills  and  2  planing-mills.  with  a  capital  of 
.•!;275.000,  protlucimr  annually  aliout  thirty  million  feet  of 
lumlwr:  3  rioe-mills:  10  turpentine  distilleries,  working 
about  25  stills,  capital  estimated  at  $100,000;  and  several 
mnchiiie  shops. 

Four  mail  steamers  keep  up  a  daily  communication  witlj 
Chnrle,9ton.  and  9  steamboats  and  20  tow-boats  ply  from  this 
port  to  Fayetteville.  The  whole  number  ol  steamboats  on 
the  river  in  1852  was  19.  It  is  expected  that  the  ej  tensive 
deposits  of  coal  in  Chatham  county  will,  by  Qieauf,  of  the 
Deep  River  improvement,  now  in  progress,  find  an  outlet 
here,  and  open  a  new  source  of  wealth.  Ihi  .<hi|.f  ing  of 
the  district.  June  30.  1854.  according  to  the  ■  uston  -house 
returns,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  IP  <84  V  >m  registered, 


WIL 


WIL 


and  9271  tons  enrolled  and  licensed.  The  foreign  and  coast- 
wise ai  rivals  for  1852,  exclusive  of  the  Charleston  steanier.s 
and  Xortli  Carolina  coastpr.s.  were  75.'!. 

The  f< ilIowinR  Table  exhibits  the  principal  articles  exported, 
OOfistwise  and  foreign,  in  1853  and  1854. 


Articles. 

1853. 

1854. 

Coast- 
wise. 

Foreign. 

Coast-    1  p : 

wise,     jFo'-o'S". 

Bpiriis  of  Turpentiue,  bbla. 
Crude  Turpeutiue,  bbU.     . 

Rosiu,  bbls 

Tar,  bbls 

I'ltch,  bbls 

Fluur.  bbla 

Timber,  feet 

Lumber,  feet 

Sbhiglea 

Staves  

Grouiid  Pea»  or  Pea-  > 
nul8,  bus.      .            J  ■    ■ 

CoCtou,  bales 

Cotton,  sheetlns,  bales  .    . 
Cottou,  yarn,  bales    •    .     . 
Cotton,  waste,  bales  .    .     . 
Cotton,  warp,  bales    .    .    , 
Paper,  uows,  bundles     .    . 

AVool,  bales, 

Hice,  cbian,  casks       .     .     . 
Rice,  rough,  bus 

113,717 

51.828 

369,770 

2 1, fins 

5,019 

1.349 

1,030,441 

•25,646,79-.' 

69,624 

7,515 

2,320 

2,581 

317 

122 

2,120 

182 

1,724 

102,917 

1,457 

21,454 

10,679 

4,521 

1,904 

86 

85,154 

12,511,1.58 

5,223,750 

154,782 

87 
252,4 

119.308 

65,102 

441,692 

32,919 

4,624 

14,431 

I,.3.)0,2fi3 

20,003,958 

91,807 

10,328 

1,«SS) 

1,573 

236 

181 

2,805 

39 

401 

137,672 

1,314 

12,071 

11.603 

7.IS8 

1,001 

630 

206,915 

11,118,180 

5,l28,-259 

133,819 

32 

164 

The  total  value  of  coastwise  exports  in  1852  was  $3,991,501, 
foreign.  $549,107. 

In  1819  a  great  fire  occurred,  which  consumed  about  200 
buildings,  and  property  valued  at  $1,000,000.  I'op.  in  IS.Ii). 
alx)ut;:U00;  1840.4744;  inl8o0,72t4;  and  in  1860,9552.  Wil- 
niiiigtdn  was  capturecl  from  tlie  rebels  in  February,  1865. 
In  the  preceding  month  tlie  Union  army  and  navy  gained  a 
great  victory  at  Fort  Fislier.  which  defended  ttie  |MHt. 

WILMINQTOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Union  co., 
Arkansas,  on  the  Washita  Kiver,  about  100  miles  in  a  direct 
line  S.  of  Little  Hook. 

WILMIMjTON,  a  village  of  McCrarkon  co.,  Kentucky, 
255  miles  S.W.  by  \V.  of  Kriinkfort. 

W1J,,MIN(jT0X.  a  flourishing  post-village  in  Union  town- 
ship, capital  of  Clinton  county,  Ohio,  on  Todd's  Fork  of 
Little  .Miami  lUver,  72  miles  S.VV.  of  Columbus.  It  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  undulating  ground,  and  is  well  built. 
It  is  one  of  the  principal  stations  on  the  Cincinnati  Wil- 
mington and  Zanesville  Railroad.  Wilmington  contains, 
besides  the  county  buildings,  5  or  6  churches,  and  2  news- 
paper offices.     Laid  out  in  1810.     Pop.  iu  1860,  915. 

WILMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.  6 
miles  S.W.  of  Lawrenceburg,  was  formerly  the  county  seat. 
It  contains  the  county  seminary.     Pop.  in  1850.  287. 

WI  L.MINGTON,  a  township  in  De  Kalb  co..  Indiana.  Pop. 
1499. 

WILMINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Will  co.. 
Illinois,  on  the  Kankakee  River,  and  on  a  railroad  16  miles 
S.S  VV.of  Joliet.  The  villagecohtains  a  woollen  factory  and 
a  national  bank.    Pop.  of  the  township,  1552. 

Wl  LMINGTON  ISLAND,  of  Chatham  co.,  Georgia,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Savannah  Kiver.  enclosed  on  the  N.K.  and 
N.W.  by  small  outlets  of  the  Savannah  Uiver.  Length  5 
miles:  greatest  breadth  about  4  miles. 

Wlh'MORE.  Cambria  CO.,  Pennsylvania.     See  Appe.ndix. 

WILMOT.  a  post-township  in  Merrimack  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire. .".0  miles  N.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  1195. 

Wl  L.MOT,  a  township.  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania.   P.1020. 

WILMOT,  a  post-oftice  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana. 

WlIiMOT,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  about  22 
miles  N.K.  of  Uockford. 

WILMOT,  a  post-village  of  Kenosha  co..  Wisconsin,  on 
Pishtaka  or  Fox  Kiver.  about  25  miles  W.  of  Kenosha. 

WII/MOT,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  co.  of  Annapolis,  in  the 
be.iutiful  and  fertile  valley  of  the  Annapolis,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  ahjiit  49  miles  from  its  entrance  into 
Annapiilis  Bay.  and  70  miles  N.W.  of  Halifax. 

WILMOT  FLAT,  a  post-office  of  Merrimack  co.,  New 
Hampshire. 

WI  LM'SLOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  on  the 
Manchester  Branch  of  the  North-Western  Railway,  7J  miles 
B.S.W.  of  Stockport. 

AVIL'MUKT,  a  post-township  of  Herkimer  co.,  New  York, 
about  90  miles  N.W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  260. 

WtLN.\,  a  government  and  town  of  Russia.     See  Vlt.y.\. 

WIL'.XA.  a  post-township  of  Jelferson  co..  New  York, 
^bout  150  miles  N.W.  of  .ybany.  It  is  drained  by  Black 
River,  and  contains  the  villaire  of  Carthage.     Pop.  3662. 

WILN.V,  a  post-village  or  Houston  county,  Georgia,  50 
miles  S.W.  by  S.  m  Milledgeville. 

WIL'XEOOTE.  a  hamlet  of  Engl.ind.  co.  of  Warwick,  pa- 
rish And  3  miles  S.S.E.  of  Tamworlh,  on  the  Birmingham 
and  lierby  Railway.     Pop.  in  1S51.  824. 

WILNE.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WILNIS,  wil'nis,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
aud  15  miles  N.W.  of  Utrecht.    Pop.  1041. 


WTLRYK,  wil'rTk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  4 
miles  S.  of  .\ntwerp.     Pop.  2275. 

WILS/DEN,  a  town.ship  of  England,  :o.  of  York,  Wedt 
Riding.     See  Wii.LF,sr>E>f. 

WlhSDRUF,  *ilsMrr.of,  a  town  of  Saxony,  9  miles  W.  of 
Dresden,  on  the  Wilde-Sau.     Pop.  2135. 

WILSFjLE,  wilVi-l^h,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  ol 
Brabant,  on  the  Dylo  and  the  canal  from  Louvain  to  the 
Kupel,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bru.ssels.     Pop.  1063. 

WIL'SEYVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co..  New  York, 
on  the  railroad  between  Ithaca  and  Owego,  14  miles  N.  of 
the  latter. 

WILS'FORD,  a  parish  of  Eniland.  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WILSKOKD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WILS'FORD  DAUNTS/EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Wilts. 

WILSNACH.  ftil.s'niK.  a  town  of  Prussi.t,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Potsdam.     Pop.  ISUO. 

WIL'SON,  a  county  iu  the  N.  central  part  of  Tennessee, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  550  square  miles.  The  Cumlier- 
land  River  forms  its  entire  N.  boundary,  and  it  is  also 
drained  by  creeks  which  flow  into  that  river.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  hills  of  moderate  height.  The  soil  is  ex- 
ceedingly fertile,  anil  extensively  cultivated.  In  1850  this 
county  produced  51.813  pounds  of  wool,  the  greatest  quan- 
tity produced  in  any  eoiuUy  of  the  state.  The  county  is 
intersected  by  a  turnpike-road  leading  to  Nashville.  Cum- 
l)erland  River  is  navigable  by  steamboats  along  the  border. 
A  large  cotton  factory  is  in  successful  operation  at  Lebanon, 
the  founty-town.  Pop.  26,072,  of  whom  18,108  were  free, 
and  7964  slaves. 

WIL.SON,  a  post-township  in  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine,  70 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Augusta. 

WILSON,  a  thriving  post-village,  shipping-port,  and  town- 
ship of  Niagara  co..  New  York,  Is  situated  on  Lake  Ontario, 
at  the  mouth  of  Twelve  Mile  Creek,  15  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Locki)ort.  The  village  contains  3  churches,  a  hirge  and 
flourishing  seminary,  5  stores,  1  steam  lumber-mill,  1  hotel, 
1  iron  foundry,  and  numerous  other  mechanic  shops  Wil- 
son Collegiate  Institute,  situated  in  this  place,  employs  3 
teachers,  and  has  1.00  pupils.  The  library,  with  the  philoso- 
phical apparatus,  cost  516,000.  Hero  is  a  goOd  harbor,  which 
has  been  improved.  Pop.  of  the  township,  3372;  of  the 
village,  ill  1860,  about  700. 

WILSON,  a  post-offlce  of  Edgecombe  co.,  Norfh  Carolina 

WIL.SON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Yadkin  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina. It  was  laid  out  about  the  year  1851,  when  the  county 
was  formed. 

WILSON,  a  post-office  of  Anderson  co.,  Tennessee. 

WIli.SON,  a  small  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio. 

WILSON,  a  town.ship  iu  Will  co.,  Illinois. 

WILSON,  atownship.  Shelmvirnn  co..  Wisconsin.    P. 1105. 

WILSON'S  CREEK,  of  South  Carolina,  flows  into  Saluda 
River,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  Ediefield  district. 

WILSON'.S  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Abbeville  district. 
South  Carolina. 

WII,SOX"S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Graves  co..  Kentucky. 

WI  I.SON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  post-office  of  Williiim.son  co., 
Tennessee. 

Wl  hSON'S  DEPOT.  (Depot.)  a  post-office  of  Dinwiddle  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  South  Side  Railroad,  28  miles  \V.  of  Peters- 
burg. 

WILSON'S  INLET,  West  Australia,  co.  of  Plantagenet,  30 
miles  W.  of  Albany. 

WILSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Oxford  CO.,  Maine. 

WILSON'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Veuango  CO.,  Ponnsyl- 
vani.t. 

WILSON'S  PEAK,  in  the  Clarence  River,  district  of  New 
South  M'ale.s.  on  the  principal  dividing  range  of  mountains. 

WIL'SON'S  PROM/ONTORY,  a  British  colony  of  Victoria, 
forms  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Continent  of  Australia,  in 
Bass'  Strait;  lat.  39°  8'  S..  Ion.  140=  23'  E.  It  is  3000  feet 
above  the  sea.  Around  it  are  many  small  islands,  and  on 
its  E.  side  are  Corner  Inlet  and  Waterloo  Bay. 

WIiysON'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio. 

WILSON'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Stokes  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WIIASONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Penn.sylvania, 
on  the  Wallenpaupack  Creek. 

AVILSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Virgiui.1, 
135  miles  N.W.  by  W.  of  Kiclimond. 

WILSONVILLE.  a  post-vilLige  of  Shelby  CO.,  Alabama,  80 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Montgomery. 

AVILSONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Cocke  co.,  Tennessee. 

WILSONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Spencer  co.,  Kentucky, 
35  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Frankfort. 

WILSTER.  *il'ster,  a  town  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  IIol- 
stein,  on  the  Wilsttraue,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of  GlUckstadt. 
Pop.  2900.     It  has  a  consi.Ierable  trade  in  corn. 

WILTEN,  *il'ten,  a  village  of  Austria,  Tyrol,  circle  of 
Schwatz.  near  Imst.     Pop.  1295. 

WIL'TON.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts.  3^  miles  W.N.W.  of  Salis- 
bury. Pop.  of  town,  in  1851.  1804.  The  town,  In  a  valley 
in  the  peninsula  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Madder 
and  the  VVilj',  is  neat;  chief  edifices,  the  church,  town-hall, 

:iillU 


WIL 


WIN 


jiMtentins  chapels,  and  the  hospital  of  St  John,  the  only 
f  --lie  of  many  monastic  estabiishmeuts.  It  lias  an  endowed 
lichool  and  other  minor  charities.  AVilton  has  long  been 
celebrated  for  a  manufactory  of  carpets  bearing  its  name, 
but  its  woollen  manufactures  generally  have  de^'Iined. 
The  borou;;h  returns  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Wilton-IIoiise,  the  magnificent  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke, and  containing  a  fine  gallery  of  paintings,  stands  on 
the  site  of  a  famous  abbey  founded  by  a  sister  of  King 
Egbert,  A.  i>.  800. 

WILTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  half  a 
mile  S.W.  of  Taunton,  of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  It  has  a 
countv  house  of  correction. 

M'lLTON.  a  chafielry  of  England,  co.  York.  North  Riding. 

WIIyTON.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Ko.xburgh. 

WIL/TON,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co..  Maine,  on  the 
8.  sile  of  Sandy  Kirer,  about  30  miles  X.W.  of  Augusta. 
Pop.  1920. 

Wir.TO.V,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsborough  co.. 
New  Hampshire,  at  the  terminus  of  the  Wilton  Railroad, 
and  on  the  I'etersborough  and  Sbirly  Railroad.  30  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Concord.  The  inhabitants  are  engaged  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  in  manufactures.     I'op.  1369. 

WILTON,  a  po^t-village  and  township  of  Fairfield  CO., 
Connecticut,  on  the  Danbury  and  Norw.ilk  Railroad,  about 
30  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  .New  Haven.  The  village  contains 
2  churches,  an  academy,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  2208. 

WILTON,  a  post-township  of  Saratoga  co.,  New  York,  in- 
tersected by  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  about 
38  miles  N.  of  .\lbany.    Pop.  1499. 

WILTON,  a  village  of  Granville  co.,  North  Carolina,  34 
miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

WILTON,  a  post-office  of  Pike  co.,  Arkansas. 

WIL'TON,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Adding- 
ton.  16  miles  N.W.  of  Kingston.    Pop.  about  200. 

WILTON,  a  village  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of  Camden, 
on  the  river  Cordeaux. 

WILTON'S  UPPER  MILLS,  a  village  of  Wilton  township, 
Franklin  co.,  Maine,  on  Wilton  River,  about  28  miles  N.W. 
of  Augusta.  It  contains  2  taverns.  2  churches,  2  saw-mills. 
1  large  flour-mill,  2  starch  manufactories,  and  a  number  of 
other  establishments. 

WILTS  or  WILTSHIRE,  wilt'shir,  an  inland  county  of 
England,  in  its  S.  part,  enclosed  by  the  counties  of  Hants. 
Dorset,  Somerset,  Gloucester,  and  Berks.  Area  1352  Sijuare 
miles,  or  805.280  acres.  Pop.  in  1851,  254.221.  Its  centre  is 
occupied  by  the  table-land  of  Salisbury  Plain,  in  which  rise 
its  principal  rivers,  the  Somerset  and  Hampshire  A»on.  the 
Kennet,  and  some  affluents  of  the  Thames,  which  partly 
forms  its  N.  border.  In  the  N.  and  S.  is  some  highly  fertile 
land,  and  here  dairy  husbandry  is  important.  Agriculture 
is  generally  well  conducted ;  principal  crops,  wheat  and 
barley,  with  green  crops  and  potatoes.  Sheep  estimated  at 
700,000,  of  which  number  nearly  six-Sevenths  are  pastured 
on  the  Downs;  annual  produce  of  wool  between  800  and 
900  packs.  Many  hogs  are  reared,  and  Wiltshire  is  famous 
for  its  bacon;  its  cheese  and  butter  are  also  in  repute. 
There  are  quarries  of  freestone  on  the  border  of  Somerset : 
chalk  is  the  other  principal  mineral.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  of  woollen  stuffs,  and  in  1847,  32i>5  persons 
were  employed  in  woollen,  and  625  in  silk  and  cotton  mills. 
Wilts  is  intersected  by  the  Great  Western  and  South-West- 
ern  Railways,  and  the  Kennet  and  Avon,  and  Wilts  and 
Berks  Canals,  .\fter  Salisbury,  its  capital,  the  chief  towns 
are  Wilton,  Devizes,  Warminster.  Trowbridite.  Chippenham, 
Malmsbury,  Marlborough,  Swindon,  and  Cricklade.  With 
its  boroughs  it  sends  18  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
Besides  Stonehenge  and  Avebury,  it  contains  numerous  ves- 
tiges of  antiquity,  having  been  a  frequent  seat  of  warfare  in 
the  middle  ages. 

WILT'S  Sl'UR.  a  post-ofBce  of  Patrick  co..  Virginia, 

WILTZ  or  WILZ,  wilts,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
Tince  of  Dutch  Luxemburg,  on  the  Wiltz,  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Diekirch.     I'op.  2500. 

WILY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WILZ.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Waw. 

WIM'BISH.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ensex. 

WIM'llLEDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey.  8i 
mil's  S.W.  of  St.  Paul's,  London,  with  a  staOon  on  the 
Soiith-Western  Railway. 

WIM'BLINGTON,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge, 
en  the  Eiuitern  Counties  Railway,  3i  miles  S.  of  March.  Pod 
In  1851. 1158.  ^ 

wni'BORNE-ALL-SAINTS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Dorset- 

WIMBORNE-MIN'STER,  a  market-town,  parish,  and 
nominal  borough  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  l)etween  the  Stonr 
and  Allen,  and  on  the  South-Western  Railway,  7  miles  N 
of  Poole.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1851.  2295.  The  town  has  a 
noble  minster  or  collegiate  church,  founded  nirly  in  the  7th 
century,  but  the  present  structure  dates  from  about  the 
time  of  the  Conquest.  Here  are  several  endowed  schools. 
»lin«hous.'s.  and  charities,  having  an  as^Tciate  income  of 
OMTly  1000/.  annuaUy.  Wimborne  has  small  manufactures 
2120 


of  woollen  goods  and  stockings;  its  borough  portion  la 
governed  by  two  baililTs.  chosen  annually,  and  the  manor 
of  the  deanery  by  a  constable. 

WIMESBOTUAM,  wimz^both-jm,  a  parish  of  England,  oo. 
of  Norfolk. 

WIMKSWOULD,  wimz/wood,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Leicester. 

WI.MILLE,  Te'meel',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Pa.«-de-CalaJ«,  2  miles  N.  of  Boulogne.     Pop.  in  1852.  1S59. 

WIMMIi/RA,  a  river  of  the  Briti.sh  colony  Victoria.  Aus- 
tralia, in  its  W.  part,  flows  W.  into  Lake  Uiudmarsh.i^?)  It 
gives  name  to  an  extensive  partially  settled  district,  S.  of 
the  river  Murray, 

WIM/MERBY.  a  town  of  South  Sweden,  72  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Kalmar,  32  mile.s  S.W.  of  Westervik.     Pop.  1465. 

WIJIMIS.  *-im'mis,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and 
21  miles  S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Simme.     Pop.  1169. 

WIMPFEN,  *inip'fen,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, province  of  Starkenburg,  capital  of  a  detached  district, 
between  B.aden  and  Wiirtemberg,  at  the  confluence  of  th« 
Jaxt  and  Neckar.  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  lleilbronn.  Pop.  2187. 
It  is  enclosed  I)}'  walls,  and  was  formerly  a  free  city  of  the 
empire.  It  has  an  extensive  salt-work,  and  five  aunual 
fairs. 

WIM'POLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge.  6  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Caxton.  The  noble  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Uardwicke 
is  in  this  parish. 

WIN'AMAC/  or  WINN^iMEC,  a  post^village,  capital  of 
Pnlaski  co.,  Indiana,  is  situated  on  the  Tippecanot-  River, 
and  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Chicago  Railroad,  79  niiles  S.E. 
of  Chicago. 

WINANDERMERE  LAKE.    See  Windermere. 

WI'NA.NSVILLE,  a  village  of  Greene  co..  New  York,  30 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

WIN'C.\NTON,  a  market-town  and  pariiih  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset,  on  a  declivity  beside  the  Cale,  23  miles  S.  of 
Bath.  Pop.  in  1851.  2488.  The  town  h-is  a  spacious  church 
with  an  embattled  tower,  manufactures  of  linens,  bed- 
ticking,  and  silk.  It  is  an  important  mart  fur  cheese,  butter, 
corn,  and  cattle.  In  16S8,  the  Prince  of  Orange,  soon  after 
his  landing  at  Torbay,  here  attacked  and  destroyed  a  body 
of  royal  troops. 

WINCE'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WINCH'.\M.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

AVINCII'BURGH,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  and  6  mile« 
E.S.E.  of  Linlithgow,  on  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Rail- 
wav.     Pop.  200. 

WINCII'COMBE,  a  market-town  and  pari.sh  of  England, 
CO.  of  Gloucester,  in  the  vale  of  the  I.'^lip.  immediately  N.  of 
the  Cot-swold  Hill.s.  6  miles  N.E.  of  Cheltenham.  I'op.  of 
the  town  in  1851.  2052.  It  has  a  fine  Gothic  church  with  a 
lofty  tower,  grammar  school,  large  paper-mills,  a  silk-tnill, 
and  some  manufactures  of  stockings  and  thread.  During 
the  Saxon  dynasty,  the  town  was  a  county  of  itself,  and  a 
place  of  importance.  In  798,  Kenulph,  King  of  We.s.sex, 
founded  a  famous  abbey  here,  but  of  which  few  traces  remain. 

WINCH.  East,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on 
the  East  Anglian  Railway,  5  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lynn. 

WINCH.  SVest,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WINCHKLSEA,  win'chi'1-.se,  a  parliamentary  borough, 
cinque-port,  market-town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Su.ssex.  near  its  E.  extremity,  2  miles  S.W.  of  Rye.  Pop.  in 
1851,  778.  The  town,  about  2  miles  in  circuit,  extends  into, 
three  adjacent  parishes.  Old  Wiuclielsea,  a  place  of  im 
portance  in  the  Roman  period,  stood  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Rother.  2  miles  dist.int.  but  »as  de.stroyed  by  an  inunda- 
tion of  the  sea  in  1287,  after  which  the  inhabitants  removed 
and  founded  the  pre.sent  town,  which  has  been  ruined  by  a 
precisely  opposite  cause,  the  sea  having  retired  to  H  miles 
distant  since  the  16th  century,  leaving  around  it  a  salt 
marsh.  The  church,  formerly  an  elegant  structure,  is  partly 
in  decay,  but  has  several  fine  old  monuments;  two  other 
churches  have  fiillen  into  ruin,  and  Cumbre  or  Winchelsea 
Castle,  built  by  Henry  VIII.,  is  now  luseless  for  deitnoe. 
Winchelsea  returned  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons 
until  the  Reform  Act  included  it  in  the  Ixirough  of  llye.  It 
gives  the  title  of  Earl  to  the  Finch  family. 

WINCH'ENDEN,  Nether.  apari.<h.  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WINCIIENDEN,  Upper,  a pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WINCH'KNDON,  a  post-township  of  Worcester  CO..  Masaa- 
chusetts,  intersected  by  the  Cheshire  Railroad.  54  mile* 
W.N.W.  of  Boston.  It  is  drained  by  Miller's  River,  which 
affords  water-power.  Cotton  and  other  manufactuiesare 
produced  to  some  extent.     Pop.  in  1840,  1754:  in  1860,  2624. 

WIN'CHESTER,  (anc.  ren'ta  Bdyalrum,)  a  city  and  par- 
liamentary and  municipal  borough  of  England,  of  which  it 
was  long  the  capital,  now  cafAtal  of  the  county  of  Hants, 
nearly  in  its  centre,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  lu-hin.  across 
which  it  communicates  with  a  sul>nrb  by  a  good  stone 
bridge,  on  the  South-Western  Railway.  12  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Southampton,  and  62  miles  W.S.W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1861,  14,784.  The  city  is  clean,  well  built,  and  paved ;  it  has 
a  venerable  appearance.  cun.sisting  chiefly  of  a  main  stroet, 
crossed  at  right  angles  by  many  others,  which  have  antique 
edifices.    The  ancient  city  was  enclosed  by  w.ills,  ut  which 


WIN 


WIN 


the  site  only  is  now  traceable.  Nearly  all  the  S.E.  quarter 
of  tli«  fity  is  occupied  by  the  Cathedral  and  its  precincts. 
The  Catliedral,  Bupposed  to  have  been  originally  founded  in 
the  2(1  century,  is  a  vast  structure,  545  feet  in  length  ex- 
ternally, 208  feet  in  breadth  at  the  transept,  with  a  nave 
851  feet,  a  choir  136  feet  iu  length,  and  a  ponderous  central 
tower,  150  feet  in  height.  Kxcept  its  beautiful  \V.  front,  its 
exterior  is  heavy,  but  its  interior  in  niany  respects  equals 
In  magnificence  and  beauty  that  of  York  Minster.  It  con- 
tains tlie  tomb  of  William  Rufus;  and,  in  a  series  of  carved 
chests  over  the  choir,  the  remains  of  many  of  the  kings  of 
Wessex,  and  of  the  Saxon  kings  of  England.  Its  altar-piece 
is  the  celebrated  "  Uaising  of  Lazarus,"  by  West.  The  see 
of  Wiiichi^ster  comprises  the  county  of  Ilants,  the  greater 
part  of  Surrey,  and  the  Channel  Islands,  including  384 
parishes,  and  it  is  the  richest  in  England  after  that  of  Dur- 
iiaiu.  At  one  period,  Winchester  is  said  to  have  had  90 
churches,  chapels,  and  monastic  institutions,  many  of  which 
were  swept  away  by  the  Keforniation ;  at  present  it  has  9 
parish  churches,  of  which  those  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  Mother- 
church,  into  which  the  bishop  makes  solemn  entry  on 
taking  the  see;  St.  Maurice,  rebuilt  in  1840 ;  St.  Michael's,  a 
handsome  new  edifice;  and  St.  Swithiu's,  over  a  postern 
gate,  are  most  worthy  of  notice. 

Winchester  College,  founded  by  William  of  Wykeham  in 
13S7,  has  tine  buildings,  and  its  instruction  is  preparatory 
to  that  of  New  Coll<'ge.  Oxford,  alsso  founded  by  Wykeham; 
Sir  T.  Hrowne,  Sir  II.  Wotton,  and  the  poets  Collins,  Otway, 
llayley.  Young,  and  the  two  Wartons,  were  educated  at 
this  school.  iSear  it  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  episcopal 
palace.  Other  principal  structures  are  St.  John's  House, 
an  elegant  city  cross,  barracks  for  2000  men,  and  the 
Assize  Ilall,  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  castle;  tlie  Quild-ball, 
county  jail,  county  house  of  correction,  county  hospital,  a 
fine  Roman  Catholic,  and  other  disisenting  chapels,  a  Bene- 
dictine nunnery,  removed  hither  from  Brussels;  the  market- 
house,  theatre,  and  a.ssembly  rooms.  Of  4  ancient  gates, 
only  tlie  W.  remains.  In  an  apartment  over  it,  are  pre- 
served the  original  Winchester  bushel  of  King  Edgar,  and 
other  Anglo-Saxon  standards  of  measure.  Near  it  is  an 
obelisk  to  commemorate  a  destructive  visitation  of  the 
plague  in  ItWiO,  and  a  public  cemetery  was  laid  out  here  in 
1840.  The  hospital  of  St.  Cross,  1  mile  S.  of  the  city,  but 
now  included  within  the  borough,  founded  in  the  reign  of 
Stephen,  has  still  a  kind  of  monastic  body  of  brethren,  and 
affords  entertainment  to  the  poor  and  travellers.  It  has  a 
very  remarkable  ancient  church,  and  other  buildings.  Win- 
chester has  many  almshou.ses  and  other  charities ;  also  a 
mechanics'  institution,  public  library,  and  savings  hank. 
It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  6  aldermen,  and  18  councillors, 
is  the  scat  of  the  county  assizes,  and  has  quarter  and  petty 
gessions,  a  i-ccorder's  court,  and  a  cheney  court  of  the  bishop. 
It  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

IlndiT  the  name  of  Cue.r-Gwcnt.  Winchester  was  one  of  the 
most  important  cities  of  the  ancient  Britons;  it  became  an 
important  Roman  st^ition,  and  having  been  taken  by  Cerdic 
in  510,  it  remained  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Wessex, 
and  of  England,  throughout  all  the  Saxon.  Danish,  and  early 
Normnn  dynasties.  In  the  time  of  Henry  I.,  it  had  reached 
its  greatest  eminence;  but  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  it 
had  materially  declined;  it  was  however  a  principal  residence 
of  the  English  sovereigns  down  to  the  accession  of  George  I. 
Henry  III.  was  born  here  in  1207 ;  and  here  also  Henry 
VIII.  entertained  the  Emperor  Charles  V.;  and  their  off- 
spring, Mary  and  Philip,  were  married  at  Winchester  in  1564. 

WIN'CHESTEH.  a  thriving  post-village  and  town.ehip  of 
Cheshire  co.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Ashuelot  Kiver  and 
Railroad,  about  55  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.  It  contains 
several  churches,  1  bank,  a  number  of  mills  and  factories. 
The  village  of  Ashuelot  in  this  township  has  3  woollen  fac- 
tories.    Pop.  of  the  township  in  1850,  329t);  in  IStiO.  2J25. 

WINCH  ESTER,  a  new  post-village  and  township  of  Middle- 
sex co..  Massachusetts.  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Boston;  taken  from 
Wobnrn,  Medford,  and  West  Cambridge,  and  incorporated 
In  1850.  It  forms  a  beautiful  place  of  residence  to  persons 
doing  business  in  Boston.  A  gaslight  company  was  incor- 
porated here  in  1852.     Pop.  1937. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  county,  Con- 
necticut, about  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Hartford.  It  contains 
the  village  of  Winsted,  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Nau- 
gatuck  Railroad.    Pop.  3513.    See  Winsted. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-office  of  Wyoming  county,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

WINCHESTER,  a  thriving  town,  capital  of  Frederick 
county.  Virginia,  150  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond,  and  71 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Washington.  It  is  pleas,-)ntly  situated  in 
a  beautiful  and  fertile  country  which  tbrms  part  of  the 
great  valley  of  Virginia.  With  the  exception  of  W  heeling, 
tt  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state  W.  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
which  is  about  20  miles  distant.  It  is  quite  regularly 
planned  ;  the  houses  are  built  in  a  compitct  and  sul  stanfijil 
manner,  mostly  of  brick  and  stone,  and  are  supplied  with 
excellent  water,  which  is  brought  in  iron  pipes  from  a 
spring  half  a  mile  distant.  Winchester  contains  about  12 
cjiurches,  1  academy,  2  banks,  (aggregate  capital,  $680,000,) 


2  newspaper  nifices,  and  a  lyceum.  This  place  is  the  tf-rmi- 
iius  of  the  Winchester  and  Potomac  Railroad,  30  miles  lopg, 
which  connects  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railrrad  ■«1 
Harper's  Ferry;  and  it  has  a  number  of  turnpike  road< 
radiating  in  every  direction,  which  attract  a  large  amount 
of  trade  and  travel.     Pop.  in  1850,  4500;  in  1860,  4392. 

WINCHESTER,  a  small  village  of  Lenoir  county,  North 
Caiolina. 

WINCHESTER,  a  postroffice  of  Union  county,  North 
Carolina. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post  otlice  of  .Macon  co.,  Georgia. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-village,  ciipitjil  of  Wayne  co..  Mis 
sissippi,  on  Chicka.sawha  River,  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jackson. 

WINCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Frank 
lin  county,  Tennessee,  ou  a  small  branch  of  Elk  River,  aui. 
on  the  Winchester  and  Alabama  Railroad,  2  miles  S.  of  the 
Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  and  84  miles  S.E.  oi 
Na-shvilie.  A  branch  of  the  railro.Kl  first  named  connects 
this  place  with  Iluntsville  in  Alabama.  Since  the  com- 
mencement of  these  roads,  th(!  population  of  the  villa;.'0  has 
rapidly  increased.  The  tunnel  which  has  been  cut  through 
Cumljerland  Mountain,  in  Franklin  county,  for  the  pas.sage 
of  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooi;a  Railroad,  is  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  works  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  ex- 
tends 2200  feet  through  the  solid  rock,  in  which  there  is 
scarcely  a  break  to  be  found,  ^\■inchester  has  1  bank,  and 
2  flourishing  female  schools. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clarke  county, 
Kentucky,  on  the  Lexington  and  Big  Sandy  Railroad,  now 
in  progress,  45  miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort.  It  has  an  active 
trade,  and  contains  3  churches,  2  academies,  and  i  hemp 

WINCHESTER,  a  township  of  Adams  oo.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1558. 

WINCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio, 
80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  about  500. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Guernsey  co.,Ohio,  about 
35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zanesville. 

WINCHESTER,  a  vUlage  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio,  83  milea 
S.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

WINCHESTER,  a  thriving  village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  on 
Twin  Creek,  about  40  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

WINCHESTER,  a  flouri.shing  post-village,  capital  of  Ran- 
dolph county,  Indiana,  on  White  River,  and  on  the  railroad 
from  Bellefontaine  to  Indianapolis,  75  miles  E.N.E.  of  the 
latter,  and  9  or  10  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Union  City.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  rich  farming  district,  and  is  connected  by 
plank-roads  witli  Richmond  and  Fort  Wayne.    It  cmitains 

1  national  bank  and  a  number  of  stores.  Large  flouring- 
mills  and  saw-mills  have  lately  been  erected  here.  The 
village  also  contains  several  churches  and  1  newspaper  offlco. 
Pop.  in  1864,  estimated  at  1500. 

WINCHESTER,  a  thriving  post- village,  capital  of  Scott 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  Sandy  Creek,  51  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Spring- 
field. The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  manufac- 
tures. Good  limestone,  stone-coal,  and  potter's  clay  are 
found  at  this  place.  It  contains  5  churches,  1  bank,  and  2 
newspaper  offices;  also  a  number  of  flour-mills,  saw-mills, 
tanneries,  and  potteries.    Pop.  estimated  at  1800. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri,  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Alexandria. 

WINCHE.STER,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa, 
about  70  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Winne- 
bago CO..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  855. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post^village  of  Umpqua  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Umpqua  River,  about  135  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Salem. 

WINCHESTER  CENTRE.     SeeWlNSTED. 

WINCH'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England  co.  of  Ilant*. 

WINCK'LEV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WIN'DALE.  a  decayed  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 

2  miles  N.W.  of  Beccles.  now  annexed  to  Gillingham. 
WINDAU,  a  town  of  Russia.     See  Vind.\u. 

WIND  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Tallapoosa  co.,  Al* 
bam  a. 

WINDECKEN,  Oin'd?k'kgn,  a  town  of  Germany,  IIes.so- 
Cassel,  province  and  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Uanau,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Nidder.     Pop.  1535. 

WlNHJERilERE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Westmore- 
land, 8J  miles  N.W,  of  Kendal,  with  which  it  communi- 
cates by  railway.  The  church,  an  ancient  structure,  eon- 
tains  a  curious  window  of  stained  glass.  The  islands  of 
Windermere  Lake  are  in  this  parish. 

WINDERMERE  or  WINANDERMERE,  LAKE,  one  of 
the  finest  of  the  English  lakes,  partly  between  the  counties 
of  Westmoreland  and  Lancaster,  but  <;hiefly  in  the  latter 
county,  is  14  miles  in  length  by  1  mile  in  width,  and  dis- 
charges its  surplus  waters  southward  by  the  Leven  into 
Morecambe  15ay.  §hores  mostly  well  wojde<l,  especially  on 
its  W.  side,  where  Furness-fell,  a  steep  height,  is  clotheil  with 
a  forest  of  larch  and  fir.  In  its  centre  is  a  group  of  small 
islands,  the  largest  of  which  comprises  28  acres.  Bowness 
is  on  its  E.  side,  and  Ambleside  near  its  N.  extremity. 
Among  the  fish  talcen  here  is  the  chax,  peculiar  to  the 

2121 


WIN 

deep  lakes  in  this  region,  and  which,  ■when  potted,  is  a 
higiily  esteemed  delicacy. 

WIND  GAP,  a  post-village  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 15  miles  N.N.W,  of  Easton.  Here  is  au  opening 
through  the  Ulue  Mountain. 

W'l  ND'HAM,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Vei^ 
mopt,  has  an  area  of  about  SoO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Connecticut  Kiver.  and  drained  by  the 
Deei field  and  West  Rivers,  and  other  smaller' streams, 
which  afford  abundant  water-power.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
and  in  the  W.  part  mountainous.  The  soil  along  the  Con- 
necticut River  is  fertile,  but  in  the  western  portions  is 
better  adapted  to  grazing  than  tillage.  Large  quantities 
of  Ijne-gruined  granite  are  found  in  this  county.  Along 
the  eastern  border  the  Connecticut  is  navigable  for  .xmall 
boats  by  means  of  canals  around  the  different  falls  and 
rapids  that  occur  in  this  portion  of  the  river.  The  railroad 
connecting  Hartford  and  Burlington  pa.sses  through  the 
countv.  Organized  in  1789,  under  the  name  of  Cumberland. 
Ca)>ital.  Fayetteville.    Pop.  26.982. 

WINDII.\JI,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Connecticut,  has  an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Quinebang,  Shetucket,  Willimantic.  and 
Natchaug  Rivers,  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  supply 
motive  power  to  numerous  mills.  The  inhabitants  are 
largely  engaged  in  manufactures.  The  surface  is  uneven 
and  in  some  parts  rough  and  rocky.  The  soil  along  the 
streams  is  very  fertile,  but  in  other  portions  of  the  county 
is  often  of  an  inferior  quality.  The  county  is  intersected 
by  the  railroads  connecting  Norwich  with  Worcester,  and 
New  London  with  Palmer.  Organized  in  172G.  having  been 
formed  out  of  portions  of  IlartfonI  and  New  London  coun- 
ties.   Capital.  15rooklyn.  Pop.  in  1850, 31 ,079:  in  ISiJO,  34,747. 

WINDHAM,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Maine, 
intersected  by  the  Presumpscot  River,  which  affords  water- 
power.  48  miles  S.W.  of  Augusta.  ■  Pop.  2635. 

WIXDII.^M,  a  post-township  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
Hamp.'ihire,  intersected  by  the  Manchester  and  Lawrence 
Railroad.  :i8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Concord.     Pop.  846. 

WIXDIIA-M,  a  post-township  of  Windham  co.,  Vermont, 
75  miles  S.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  680. 

WINDHAM,  a  pofst-village  and  township  of  Windham  co., 
Conneclicat,  on  the  New  London  Northern  Railroad,  about 
30  miles  K.  by  S.  of  Hartford.  The  village  contains  2 
clrarclies.  1  bank,  and  an  academy.  The  township  contains 
3  other  villages,  viz.:  Willim.\jjtic,  North  Wixdh.vm,  and 
South  Windh.\m,  which  see.    Pop.  of  the  township,  4711. 

WINDUAM,  a  township  of  Greene  co..  New  York.  Pop. 
1659. 

WINDHAM,  a  posMownship  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennss'lva- 
nia,  about  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Towanda.    Pop.  1129. 

WINDHAM,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  reQ. 

WINDHAM,  a  post^township  in  the  E.  part  of  Porlaee 
CO.,  Ohio     Pop.  Xol.  * 

WINDHAM  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co..  New 
York,  near  Schoharie  Creek,  about  35  miles  S.W.  of  Albany. 

WIND  HILL,  a  post-offlce  of  Montgomery  oo..  North  Ca- 
rolina. 

WINDJSCH,  ftin'dish,  (anc.  VindonWsa.)  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Aarau.  near 
Brugg,  on  the  Keuss.  The  ancient  city  was  one  of  the  most 
Important  .settlements  of  the  Romans  in  Helvetia,  and  a 
few  traces  of  it  still  remain. 

WINDISCHGARSTEN,  «in'dish-gaRs'ten,  a  market-town 
of  tpper  Austria,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Steyer.     Pop  1000 

WINDISCHGRATZ,  (Wlndischgratz.)  win'dish-grJt.s\  a 
town  of  Styria,  21  mUes  N.W.  of  Cilly,  on  the  MLslingbach. 
Fop.  loO. 

)rPP  ^'•*^'''  »  post-officft  Of  Radne  co..  Wisconsin. 

JUN'DLE,  a  township  of  Enjland.  co.  of  Lancaster. 

«-lx  i?''"''^"'*^*'-  *  P*"***  °^  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

MIND  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Monit«au  ca.  Missouri. 

w  vm,l'.kl<  i'*^^*"*"^'  *  Po^tofflc"'  «rand  Isleco.,  Vermont. 

w  v/,?.„^,^V  ?  post-office  of  Greene  co..  Pennsvlvania. 
«A  «  ''J^  xf  ^"J^-^TAINS,  the  name  given  to  a  portion 
Of  the  Rocky  Mountams  on  the  E.  border  of  Oregon  Terri- 


one 
situated 


^  .1"  "^?'' ♦*'e  sources  of  Green  River.  Fremont's  Peak, 
(T  the  highest  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Is  situi 
in  this  range. 

\vlvn!;\V??.'x''i*?'^f^  °/  Englai-J,  co.  of  Gloucester, 
.h!  I.      ?  ,-^^"i  *'."','''''^^'  *  "'^"ed  town  of  Bavaria,  on 

UTvnS  ?.,'V.''**'^^^-°*"'^'«'-'^">''erg.     Pop.  1196. 
V  V  w     V  r  •  '  *'ntsmime.  a  town  of  Bavaria.  16  miles 
ltlU.n  cli"^^'"'^      ''"P;  ?^*^-.    "  ^"^  "'"""factures  of 

w  vni  « -/"I**  '**\""^  "^  sold  and  silver  articles. 
h«I„V,i;  .„  (*in'zf.)  New,  a  pariianientary  and  municipal 
bon.ugb,  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  on  the 
pf-m  nT\  ^  u"  1  '"""«"•  a'-'^*  which  it  is  connected  with 
2  m?I.  s  i".  f 't^'  *  "'"t«"-h«l  iron  brid«e.  on  granite  j.lers, 
£  miles  S.  of  the  Slou-h  Station  of  the  Great  Western  Raill 

a'^Mf,?;\'^'.f-^l^'""<'""-     l"0P0fP«Hi^nentay 
thl^.x  V  ;  ^f^-    ^^^  '°"'"  ="n^i^ts  chiefly  of  a  main 

Wl^^r  c!i^hr-  two^ofw  .'"^"•'^  I*""  ^!.'-  *"**  ^-  •''1^  ^  I  Carolina,  on  the  Cashie  River,  an  affluent  ot  the  lU^nolio. 
am    '  ^"^  rnncipal,  and  several  smaller    120  miles  E.  of  Raleigh.    The  river  is  navigaJ-<e  fo.  »!<»,>» 


WIN 

streets.  It  is  well  built,  and  of  late  years  many  new  and 
handsome  residences  have  been  erected  on  its  W.  side- 
Principal  edifices,  the  Town-hall,  standing  out  conspicu- 
ously in  the  High  Street,  and  containing  numerous  portraits 
of  royal  and  distinguished  persons;  a  neat  market-place, 
infantry  barracks,  a  spacious  parish  church,  with  some  fine 
carved  work,  monuments,  and  an  altar-piece  presented  by 
George  III.;  various  dis.senting  chapels,  a  neat  theatre,  and 
buildings  of  schools  and  charities.  It  has  a  public  ground, 
with  an  olielisk  commenionitive  of  the  jubilee  of  1820;  and 
S.  of  the  town  are  handsome  cavalry  barracks.  The  Charity 
Scliool  fouudt-d  by  Queen  Anne  has  an  annual  revenue  of 
25W. ;  one  was  founded  by  Queen  Charlotte:  George  III. 
established  a  hospital  for  invalid  soldiers;  and  here  are  a 
parish  hospital  for  12  poor  persons,  a  lying-in  charity,  royal 
general  dispensary,  almshouses,  minor  charities,  with  an 
aggregate  annual  revenue  of  about  SOOl.  It  has  well-sup- 
plied markets,  some  trade  in  com.  and  is  famnus  for  its  ale, 
but  the  resources  of  the  inhabitants  are  almost  solely  de- 
rived from  the  presence  of  the  court,  and  the  influx  of 
visitors. 

WINDSOR,  Old,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  li 
miles  E.S.E.  of  New  Windsor,  crossed  by  a  Roman  road 
from  Silcliester.  During  the  Saxon  dynasty  a  palace  existed 
here,  but  the  royal  residence  was  removed  to  the  present 
locality  by  William  the  Conqueror. 

WINDSOR,  win'zer,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Vermont,  has  an  area  of  about  1040  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Connecticut,  and  is  traversed  by 
the  White  River  and  other  smaller  streams,  which  furnish 
abundant  wat«r-power.  The  surface  is  generally  uneven, 
and  in  the  W.  part  mountainous.  The  soil  is  fertile.  In 
1850,  the  county  produced  312,581  bushels  of  corn;  118.865 
tons  of  hay,  and  1,741,228  pounds  of  butter;  the  greatest 
quantity  of  each  produced  by  any  county  in  the  state. 
Steatite  and  limestone  are  found  here.  The  Connecticut 
River  is  navigable,  by  means  of  canals  round  the  falls,  along 
the  E.  border.  The  county  is  intersected  by  the  Rutiaud 
Railroad,  and  also  by  the  railroad  connecting  Concord  and 
Sfontpelier.  Organized  in  1781.  Capital,  Woodstock.  Pop. 
37.193. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-township  in  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  9 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  of  .\ugusta.  It  contains  a  town-house,  4 
churches.  3  tanneries,  and  1  cloth  and  wool-dyeing  estab- 
lishment.    Pop.  1.54-S. 

WIND.SOR.  a  township  in  Hillsborough  CO.,  New  Ilamp- 
shire.  2;J  miles  S.W.  of  Concord.     Pop.  136. 

WIND.SOR,  a  beautiful  post-village  and  township  of  Wind- 
sor CO..  Vermont,  at  the  union  of  the  Sullivan  and  the  Ver- 
mont Central  Railroads.  77  miles  S.S.E.  of  Montpelier.  Th^ 
sceniry  is  exceedingly  varied  and  picturesque,  the  view  em- 
bracing Ascutney  Mountain,  only  o  miles  distant.  Windsor 
is  the  seat  of  the  Vermont  State  Prison,  besides  which  it  con- 
tains 2  banks,  2  nc\vspn()er  ofticcs,  a  seminary,  and  4 
chui-ches.  It  is  in  the  centre  of  one  of  the  finest  agricul- 
tural and  wool-growing  sections  of  the  state.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  .securing  an  available  water-power,  a  dam.  300  feet 
in  length  and  42  in  height,  was  constructed  across  Mill- 
brook  in  1835,  about  half  a  mile  from  its  entrance  into  the 
Connecticut.  The  entire  fall  is  tiO  feet  in  one-tliird  of  a  mile. 
WiiuUor  is  on  the  Connecticut  River.  It  Iims  an  armory, 
a  machine-shop.  2  foundries,  and  a  United  States  court- 
honse.     Pop.  lt)6'J. 

WIND.SOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Berkshire  co., 
Massachusetts,  110  miles  VV.  by  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  839. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-township  of  Hartford  co..  Connecticut, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Connecticut  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  thj  Farmington  River,  6  miles  N.  of  Hartford. 
The  first  English  settlement  in  the  state  was  ma^le  here  in 
leSJ,  by  Captain  William  Holmes  and  others,  who  cam* 
from  the  Plymouth  Colony  in  Massachusetts.  The  town- 
ship contains  three  handsome  and  thriving  ■villages,  viz., 
Wind.sor.  Wind.sor  Locks,  and  Poquannnck.  Almost  all  the 
Inhabitants  of  that  portion  of  the  township  which  was  first 
settled  reside  in  Windsor  Village,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Connecticut,  and  on  the  New  Haven  Hartford  and 
Springfield  Railroad.  It  is  built  principally  on  a  single 
street  upwards  of  2  miles  in  length,  parallel  with  the  river, 
and  beautifully  shadeil.  Wind.sor  has  been  the  birth-place 
of  several  eminent  men,  among  whom  may  be  mentioned 
Roger  Wolcott.  Governor  of  Connecticut,  and  Oliver  Ells- 
worth, for  nearly  four  years  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  Pop.  in  1850, 3254;  in  1860, 3!Sti6. 
WINDSOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Broomeco..  New 
York,  on  the  Susquehanna  Kiver.  about  120  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Albany.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and  storei 
It  has  an  academy.  Pop.  of  the  township,  2072. 
WINDSOR,  a,  post-offiee  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey. 
WINDSOR,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
2784. 

WINDSOR  or  UPPER  WINDSOR,  a  post  to's  nship  of  York 
CO..  Pennsylvania,  about  9  miles  S.E.  of  York.     Pep.  1731. 
WINDSOR,  a   post-village,   capital  of  Bertie  co..  North 


WIN 


WIN 


lis  hljrh  as  this  villnge.  Windsor  contains  1  or  2  churches 
and  5  stores. 

WINUSOll.  a  pnst-villoKe  of  Walton  co.,  Georgia,  about  80 
miles  N.W.  of  MilktlKeville. 

WINDSOR,  a  thriving  post-villago  and  township  of  Ash- 
tabula CO.,  Ohio,  180  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus.  The  town- 
ship is  intersected  liy  Giand  River.     Pop.  11)05. 

WINDSi  III,  a  towiiship  of  Lawrence  to.,  Ohio.   Pop.  lf)80. 

WIXDsOR,  a  village  and  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Morgan  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  216". 

AVINDSi^R,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Eaton  co., 
Michigan,  intersected  by  Grand  River.     Pop.  820. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  Co.,  Indiana,  near 
White  River,  60  miles  N.K.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

WINDSOR,  a  village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  110  miles  X. 
by  E.  of  Springfield. 

WIXDSOR,  a  postroflice  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-oflice  of  J'ayette  co.,  Iowa. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dane  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Token  Creek,  10  miles  N.E.  of  .Ma'lison. 

WINDSOR,  a  village  of  Sierra  co.,  California.    P.  1021. 

WINDSOR,  a  village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Sherbrooke, 
14  miles  N.  of  Slierbrooke. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  Essex,  2 
miles  N.E.  of  Sandwich,  on  the  Detroit  River. 

WINDSOR,  a  seaport  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  capital  of 
Hants  county,  on  an  arm  of  Mines  Ray,  whicli  sets  up  far 
into  the  interior  of  the  peninsula,  about  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Halifa.x.  It  is  rapidly  becoming  a  place  of  commercial  im- 
portance in  consequence  of  the  mines  of  coal,  plaster,  lime- 
stone, and  other  valuable  minerals  abounding  in  its  vicinity. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  principal  college  in  the  province. 

WINDSOR,  a  town  of  Canatla  West,  Home  district,  co.  of 
York,  on  the  N.  bauk  of  Lake  Ontario,  27  miles  N.E.  of 
Toronto. 

WIND'SOR,  a  borough  of  New  South  Wales,  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, on  the  Ilawke.sliury  River,  at  the  confluence  of  South 
Creek.  28  miles  N.W.  of  Sydney.  Pop.  1079.  The  llawkes- 
bury  is  navigable  from  the  sea  to  4  miles  above  Windsor, 
and  the  town  has  an  active' trade  by  tlie  river,  and  daily 
communiciition  by  coaches  with  Sydney.  It  is  the  capital 
of  a  hundred,  pop.  3220;  and  with  the  other  Cumberland 
boroughs,  Richmond,  Campbelltown,  and  Liverpool,  it  sends 
one  member  to  the  New  South  Wales  Legislative  Assembly. 

WINDSOR  CASTLE,  the  principal  residence  of  the  sove- 
reigns of  Great  Britain,  is  situated  immediately  K.  of  New 
Windsor.  This  magnificent  structure  was  originally  built 
by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  has  been  embellished  by 
most  of  the  succeeding  sovereigns.  The  great  park  of  Wind- 
sor cumprises  about  3800  acres,  well  stockeil  with  deer.  W. 
of  it  is  WiXDSOR  FoRKST,  5b  miles  in  circumference. 

WIXDSOR  LOCKS,  a  post-village  of  Windsor  township, 
Hartford  CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Connec- 
ticut itiver,  where  it  is  cros-sed  by  tlie  New  Haven  Hartford 
and  Springfield  Railroad.  13  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  A 
canal,  navigable  for  boats  of  85  tons  burthen,  has  been  cut 
around  the  rapids  in  the  Connecticut  at  this  place,  at  a  cost 
of  about  $300,000,  furuisliing  an  immense  hydraulic  jK)wer 
for  manufacturing  purposes.  This  village  has  come  into 
existence  within  the  last  thirty  years,  and  contains  exten- 
ei ve  paper-ini lis,  iron  and  steel  works,  machiiie-sliops,  cotton- 
^lill,  fiiundrv,  &c.     Pop.  in  1S60,  about  1200. 

WINDSORVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  co.,  Con- 
necticut, about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Hartford. 

WINDWARD  ISLAND.S.    See  West  Indies. 

WINESBURO,  wTnz'burg,  a  post-village  of  Holmes  co., 
Ohio,  about  54  miles  N.N.E.  of  Zanesville. 

WIXE'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  cc.  of  York,  East 
iliding. 

WIN'FARTiriNG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WIN'FIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Herkimer  co.. 
New  York,  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Utica.  It  is  drained  by  the 
head  waters  of  the  Unadilla  River,  which  affords  water- 
power.  It  contains  3  churches,  5  stores,  a  bank,  an  aca- 
demy, 4  grist-mills,  8  saw-mills,  and  1  newspaper  oftice.  The 
inhaliitants  are  largely  engaged  in  making  cheese,  which 
is  of  a  superior  quality.     Pop.  1480. 

WINVIELD,  a  post-oftice  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WIN  FIELD,  a  post-ofBco  of  Carroll  co.,  .Maryland. 

AVINFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Putnam  co.,  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Great  Kanawha  River,  31  miles  from  its 
month,  and  about  28  miles  N.W.  of  Charleston.  It  has 
grown  up  since  1848. 

WIXFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Georgia. 

WIN'FIELD,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co..  Mississippi. 

WIXFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  120  miles  W.  of  Little  Rnrk. 

WIXFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio. 

WINFIELIV,  a  post-townsbin  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
523. 

WIXFIELL,  a  post-office  of  Dupage  co.,  Illinois. 

WINFJELD,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co..  Iowa. 

WIN'FORD,  a  parish  of  Ensrland.  co.  of  Somerset. 

WIXFORD  EAGLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

WIN'FORTilN.  a  naric;..  ^;  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 


WIN/FRITH-NEW/BURGH,  a  parish  oi  England,  oo,  of 
Dorset. 

WIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WING,  a  parish  of  Enu'land,  co.  of  Rutland. 

WING,  a  township  of  Lucas  co..  Ohio. 

WIX'GATE,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  and  '{  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Durham,  on  the  Hartlepool  branch  of  the  York  and  Ber- 
wick Railway. 

WIN'GERWORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WIXG'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WINGFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WINGFIELD,  North,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 

WINGFIELD.  South,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Derliy, 
2  miles  W.  of  Alfreton.  on  the  North  Midland  Railway. 

WIXG'HAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WJN'GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WING'S  STATON,  a  post-offlcc  of  Dutchess  co,.  New  York. 

WING'VILLE  or  MOXT'FORT,  a  village  and  township  of 
Grant  co.,  Wi.scon.sin,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Lancaster.  The  vil- 
lage contains  1  church,  2  stores,  and  about  30  dwellings. 
Pop.  of  the  townsliip,  070. 

WIN'HALL,  a  post-township  of  Bennington  co.,  Vermont, 
80  miles  S  by  W.  of  Montpelier.    Pop.  741. 

WINIKI,  *e-nee'kee,  or  WINNIKI.  ftin-nee'kee,  a  village 
of  Austrian  Galicia,  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.  2270. 
It  has  an  imperial  manufactory  of  tobacco. 

WIXK'BOURNE,  a  parish  of  England,  co  of  Nottingham. 

AVINKEL.  <\in'kel,  a  market-town  of  Nas,sau,  ou  the 
Rhine,  10  miles  AV.  of  Meritz,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1000. 

WIXK'FIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

WIN'LATOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

WINN,  a  new  parish  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Louisiana, 
contains  about  980  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W. 
and  S.W.  by  Saline  Creek  and  Red  River,  and  intersected 
by  the  Dugdemona  River.    Ciipital,  Winfield.     Pop  0876. 

WIN'NALL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WINNAMAC,  Indiana.     See  Wix.^jwc. 

WINNEBAGO.  win'ne-bA'go,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of 
Illinois,  bordering  on  Wisconsin,  has  an  area  of  500  square 
miles.  Rock  River  fiows  through  the  county  from  N.  to  S., 
receiving  in  its  passage  the  Pekatonica  from  the  W.,  and  the 
Kishwaukee  from  the  E.  The  surface  is  undulating.  an.I 
presents  a  succession  of  beautiful  pr.niries  and  wootilands, 
the  prairies  are  highly  productive,  and  mostly  under  culti- 
vation. Limestone  of  good  quality  is  abundant  along  the 
banks  of  Rock  River.  The  county  is  lilierally  supplied  with 
water-iiower,  which  is  employed  in  mills  and  factories.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad,  and  by 
the  Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad.  Named  from  the 
Winnebago  tribe  of  Indians.  Capital,  Rockford.  Popula- 
tion. 24,491. 

WINNEBAGO,  a  new  connty  in  the  N.  part  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  43n  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  head  waters  of  the  Mankato  and  by 
Lime  Creek.  This  county  is  not  included  in  tlie  census  of 
lf>50.     Pop.  in  1860,  168. 

WINNEBAGO,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Wis- 
consin, contains  about  430  square  miles.  Lake  Winnebago, 
from  which  the  name  is  derived,  bounds  it  on  the  E.,  and  it 
is  drained  by  the  Neenah  and  Wolf  Rivers,  navigable  by 
steamboats.  There  are  also  several  smaller  lakes  in  the 
county.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  is  diversified  by 
prairies  and  tracts  of  timber;  the  soil  is  calcareous  and  very 
fertile.  The  rock  found  near  the  surface  is  limestone.  A 
canal  is  completed  from  the  Neenah  River  to  the  Wisconsin, 
which  will  open  steam  navigation  from  Green  Bay  to  the 
Mississippi.  This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railroad,  and  by  several  plank-roads.  Organ- 
ized in  1842.    (Japital,  Osli-kosh.     Pop.  23,770. 

WINNEBAGO,  a  post-village  of  Winnel)ago  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Galena  and  Cliicago  Union  Railroad,  7  miles  W.  of 
Rockford. 

WINNEBAGO,  a  township  in  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  1027. 

WINNEBAGO  LAKE,  Wisconsin,  the  largest  lake  in  the 
state,  is  comprised  within  the  limits  of  Winnebago,  Calumet, 
and  Fond-du-Lac  counties.  The  line  of  its  greatest  length 
runs  nearly  due  N.  and  S.,  having  an  extent  of  about  28 
miles;  greatest  breadth  10  or  11  miles ;  area  about  212  square 
miles.  The  depth  is  unequal,  but  quite  sufficient  for  pur- 
poses of  navigation.  On  the  E.  side  the  shore  presents  a 
remarkable  feature  for  an  extent  of  15  miles,  consisting  of  a 
wall  of  rocks,  laid  together  as  if  placed  by  the  hand  of  art. 
This  wall  generally  rises  about  5  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  water,  and  in  some  places  extends  hundreds  of  feet 
below.  The  surface  of  Lake  Winnebago  is  estimated  to  be 
160  feet  above  that  of  Lake  Michigan.  Five  steamboats 
were  employed  in  its  navigation  in  1852.  The  Neenah  or 
Fox  River  enters  the  lake  about  midway  between  its  extre- 
mities, and  flowing  from  th«  N.  end,  discharges  its  waters 
into  Green  Bay  of  Lake  Michigan. 

WINNEB.tGO  MARSH.  Wisconsin,  on  Rock  River,  near 
its  source,  situated  principally  within  the  limits  of  Dodge 
county,  is  about  14  miles  long,  and  above  5  miles  wide.  It 
is  perhaps  the  largest  marsh  in  the  state.    The  river,  in 

21:23 


WIN 

^inrfiig  through  it,  is  often  divided  into  several  channels, 
wJiich  it  is  sometimes  impossible  to  tmce  tlirough  the  high, 
rank  grass.    It  is  sometimes  called  Lal;e  Horicon. 

WINN  KBAGO  KAPIDS,  a  small  village  of  Wiuuebago  Co., 
Wiscousin. 

WINN  EB.iH.  win'ne-ba,  a  town  of  Africa,  Gold  Coast. 
Lat  b'^  12'  N.,  Ion.  0°  36'  w!  The  English  fort  was  abandoned 
In  1812.  but  the  town  has  been  rebuilt. 

WINNKCON'N-V,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winne- 
bago CO..  Wisconsin,  on  Fox  Kiver.  near  the  mouth  of  Wolf 
River,  14  miles  N.W.  of  ( islikofli.    It  is  on  a  branch  of  the 
Milwaukee  and  St.  I'aul  Railroad.     Pop.  11S4. 
WIN'NKGANCE,  a  post-office  of  Lincoln  co..  Maine. 
WINNENDJiX,  *in'nen-den.  a    town   of  W iirtenAerg, 
circle  of  Xeckar,  12  miles'  X.E.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  3060,  who 
carry  on  a  trade  la  corn,  wool,  leather,  and  timber. 
WIN'.VER.SH.  a  liberty  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
WIX'XESIIIEK,  a  new  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of 
Iowa,  bonlering  on  Minnesota,  h.-t'  an  area  of  about  600 
square  miles.    It  is  intersected  by  the  Upper  Iowa  and  the 
North  Fork  of  Turkey  Kiver,  affluents  of  the  Mississippi, 
This  county  U  represented  as  well  watered  and  well  tim- 
bered; the  soil  is  adapted  to  giazing.     Xame<i  from  a  Win- 
nebago chief.    Capital,  Decorah      Pop.  in  1S60.  1:5,942. 
Wl.N'NESIIIEK,  a  postofflce  of  Winneshiek  CO.,  Iowa. 
WINNICA,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland.     See  Vi.n.mtsa. 
WIN'NICUT,  a  small  river  of  Itockingham  co..  New  Ilamp- 
ghire,  unites  its  waters  with  the  Piscat.iqua  River. 
WINNIKI,  a  village  of  Austria.    See  WixiKi. 
WINNINGEN,  *in'uing-fn,  a  market-town  of  Rhenish 
Prus<ia.  with  mineral  springs,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Cublentz,  on 
*iie  Moselle.     Pop.  1550. 
WINNIPAUK,  a  post-office  of  Fairfield  co„  Connecticut 
WIN'NIPEG.  a  lake  of  British  North  .\merica,  is  between 
Tat,  50°  and  54°  N.,  and  Ion.  96°  and  99"  W.    Length  240 
miles,  breadth  55  miles;  shape  very  irregular.  The  shores  are 
low,  and  its  waters  are  muddy.  On  its  S.  side  it  receives  the 
Winnipeg,  the  Assiniboin.  and  Red  River;  and  from  the 
W.  it  is  joined  by  the  Saskatchewan,  besides  which  it  re- 
ceives the  surplus  waters  of  Winnipegoos  and  Manitoba 
Lakes  from  the  W.    It  discharges  its  own  surplus  water 
northward  by  the  Nelson  River,  through  several  small  lakes. 
Into  Hudson  Bay.    On  its  shores  are  several  stations  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company. — The  river  Winnipeg,  a  noble  but 
dangerous  stream,  has  a  N,W.  course  of  250  miles  through 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  &c 

WIN'NIPEGOOS  or  WINNIPIGOOSE,  a  lake  of  British 
North  America,  about  50  miles  W.  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  is 
125  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  average  breadth  25  miles. 
WINNIPISEOGEE,  pronounced  and  sometimes  spelled 
WIX'NIPESOCK'EE,  (written  also  WINNEPESOCKET.)  a 
large  and  beautiful  lake  of  New  Hampshire,  lying  between 
Carroll  and  Belknap  counties.  Its  form  is  very  irregular. 
The  entire  length  is  perhaps  23  miles;  greatest  breadth  near 
10  miles.  Its  waters  are  remarkably  pure,  and  very  deep. 
It  is  said  to  be  fed  principally  by  springs  at  its  bottom.  It 
contains  a  multitude  of  islands,  which,  with  the  romantic 
beauty  of  its  banks  and  the  magnificence  of  the  surround- 
ing mountains,  render  the  scenery  of  this  lake  in  the  high- 
est degree  beautiful  and  picturesque.  I>ake  Wirinipiseogee 
'.s  472  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It*  waters  flow  through 
two  small  lakes  into  the  Winnipiseogee  River,  which  joins 
the  Merrimack. 

WINNIPISEOGEE  RIVER,  In  the  central  part  of  New 
Hampshire,  forms  the  outlet  of  the  lake  of  the  same  name, 
and  running  through  Great  Bay,  in  Belknap  county,  it 
unites  with  the  Pemisewasset  to  form  the  Merrimack,  after 
constituting  part  of  the  boundary  between  .Merrima<-k  and 
Belknap  counties.  It  affords  some  excellent  mill-seats,  hav- 
ing a  fall  of  about  232  feet  from  the  lake  to  its  junction 
with  the  Pemigewa.«set  River. 

WINNITZ.V.  a  town  of  Russia.  See  Vixxitsa. 
WINNS'BOKOUGH.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fairfield  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  on  the  Charlotte  and  .South  Carolina 
Railroad,  38  miles  N.  of  Columbia.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile 
farming  district.  The  railroad,  which  has  lately  been  com- 
pleted, connects  it  with  Columbia  and  with  Catawba  River. 
The  village  has  several  churches  and  academies.  1  bank,  and 
is  the  .«eat  of  the  Furman  Theological  Seminarv,  under  the 
direction  of  the  Baptists,  Two  periodicals  are  published 
here.     Free  population.  355. 

WINNSBOKOUGH.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Franklin  pa- 
rish. Louisiana.  200  miles  N.W.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

WINNWEILER.  ftinn'wrier.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Kaiserslautern.  Pop.  1284. 
WIXO'N.\,  a  post-office  of  Trimble  co.,  Kentuckv. 
>\  INOXA.  a  city  and  capital  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  158  miles  below  St  Panl.  It  is  the 
K.  terminus  of  the  Winona  and  St.  Peters  Railway.  It  has 
8  churclies,  3  banks,  and  2  newspaper  offices.     Pop,  2464. 

WIXOOS'KI,  a  post-village  of  Chittenden  Co.,  Vermont, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Winooski  River,  l\^  miles  N.E.  of  Bur- 
lington. The  stream,  which  is  crossed  at  this  place  by  a 
substantial  covered  bridge,  has  a  fall  of  about  20  feet.  In 
consequence  of  the  extensive  hydraulic  power  thus  afforded, 


WIX 

numerous  manufactories  have  sprung  up.  to  which  the  vil- 
lage chiefly  owes  its  importance. 
WINOtJSKI.  a  post-iiftice  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin. 
WlXO'SKl  RIVEU.  Vermont     See  Onio.n  IUver. 
WIXSCIIOTEX,  wiu'sKO*tt-n,  a  town  of  the  Nelherlandg, 
province  and  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Groniugen,  on  the  Wiuscho- 
ten  Canal.     Pop.  3578.    It  has  a  Latin  school. 

WINS'COMBE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
WIXSEX,  win'.si'n.  a  town  of  Hanover,  12  miles  N.W.  of 
LUnehurg.  on  the  Lube.     Pop.  1988. 

WIXSEX,  a  vill.nge  of  Hanover,  landrostei  and  44  miles 
S.S.W.  of  LUneburg.  on  the  Aller.     Pop.  1000. 
WIXS'FORD,  a  jiarish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 
WIN.S'II.VM.  a  parish  of  Euirland,  co.  of  Somerset 
WIX'SIUP'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana. 
WI.\'S'L.\DK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
WINS'LEY.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Derby. 
WINSLEY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co. of  Wilts. 
WINS' L<J>W.  a  market-town  and  jiarish  of  England,  county 
and  Bf  miles  S.E.  of  Buckingham.    Pop.  in  1851, 1889.  partly 
employeil  iii  the  lace  manufacture.   The  town  has  an  amieut 
Gothic  church. 

WINS'UIW.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maiue,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Kennebec  Kiver,  18  miles  N.X.E. 
of  Augusta.  There  are  3  saw-mills  for  cutting  lumlier,  and 
a  number  of  machines  for  manufacturing  shingles.  luths, 
clapboards,  &c. ;  1  satinet  factory.  The  village  of  Winslow 
has  4  stores  and  a  Congregational  clmrch.  A  bridge  about 
300  feet  long,  and  covered,  crosses  the  Sebasticook  River, 
connecting  different  parts  of  the  township.  Half  a  mile 
N.  of  this  bridge,  another  bridge,  9o0  feet  long,  crosses  the 
Kennebec  River,  and  connects  Winslow  with  Waterville. 
The  Somerset  and  Kennebec  Railroad  crosses  the  above- 
named  rivers  near  these  bridges.  The  township  also  con- 
tains 1  Baptist  and  2  Methodist  churches.  Extensive  wateiv 
power  is  aJBbrded  by  the  Kennebec  and  Sebasticook  Rivers. 
Pop.  1739. 

WINS  IX) W,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
a  branch  of  Great  Egg  Harbor  River,  and  on  the  Camden 
and  Atlantic  Rjiilroad.  46  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Trenton,  contains 
a  church  and  3  glass  factories.  Pop.  of  township,  IStXJ. 
WINSLOW,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pcnnsylvani.i. 
WINSlA>W,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co,,  Indiana,  146  miles 
S.W,  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 

WINSLOW.  a  postvillage  and  township  of  Stephenson 
CO..  Illinois,  135  miles  W.N.W  of  Chicaco. 

WINSOR  AXP  BROWN'S  MILL,  a  manufacturing  villajo 
of  West  Gloucester  township.  Providence  CO.,  Rhode  Island, 
about  20  miles  V»'.  by  N.  fif  Providence. 

WIN'SPE.\R.  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 
WIX'S'IWNLEY.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  r.,anc,'»ster. 
WIN'STED.  the  hu^t  post-Tillage  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticnt,  is  situated  in  Winchester  township,  at  the  N. 
terminus  of  the  Naugatuck  Railroad,  62  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Bridgeiwrt.  Ixng  I^ake,  covering  a  surface  of  1500  acres,  has 
its  outlet  at  the  W.  end  of  the  village,  through  which  the 
stream  pursues  a  winding  course  for  2  miles,  having  a  fall 
in  this  distance  of  more  than  200  feet,  affording  a  succession 
of  never-failing  water-iK)wer.  The  village  contains  2  forges 
for  making  iron,  an  iron  foundry,  3  extensive  scythe  facto- 
ries. 2  machine-shops.  3  tanneries,  a  pin  factory,  flouring- 
niill,  clock  factoi-j-,  and  manufactories  of  fire-irons,  joiners' 
tools,  cutlery,  &c'.  It  has  also  2  banks,  1  newspaper  office, 
5  churches,  and  about  4tt  stores.  Among  the  other  edifices 
of  the  place,  the  "  Beiirdsley  Hotel"  and  "  Camp's  Build- 
ing" are  worthy  of  notice  for  their  size  and  eleg-anco. 
There  are  two  post-offices  in  the  village,  named  "  Wisstkd" 
and  "  West  Winstbd."  The  po|)ulation  of  Winsted  is  said 
to  be  3000,  and  tliat  of  West  Winsted.  2000. 

WIN'STER,  a  market-town  and  chapelry  of  England,  co. 
of  Derbv,  4i  miles  W,  of  Matlock.     Pop.  in  1851.  928. 

WIN'STER,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Westmoreland. 
WIN'STON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 
WINSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 
WINSTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
WINSTON,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke, 
WIN'STON,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Mississippi, 
has  an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.     It  is  drained  by 
the  head  streams  of  Pearl  River.    The  surface  is  undulatiug 
or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  productive.    Named  in  honor  of 
Colonel  Fountain  Winston.    Capital.  Louisville.    Pop.  9811, 
of  whom  5o!-8  were  tree,  and  +22:5  slaves. 
WINSTON,  a  post-office  of  Alleghany  CO.,  Maryland. 
WINST(«X.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Forsyth  CO., 
North  Carolina,  120  miles  W.  by  .\.  of  Raleigh.  i«  sejiarated 
from  Salem  by  a  single  street.    It  was  laid  out  in  ISoO.  when 
the  county  was  organized. 

WlXSTt^X.  a  postofflce  of  Randolph  co.,  Alabama. 
WINSTON,  a  past-office  of  Weakley  c-o.,  Tennessee. 
WINSTON,  a  post-office  of  Dent  co'..  Mis.'^uri. 
WIN'STONVILLE,  a  village  of  Winston  oo.,  Mis.»issippi, 
16  miles  S.E.  of  bouisville. 

WIXTERBERti,  win'ter-b8RG\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle 
of  Praclun.  27  miles  S,W'.  of  Pisek.  Pop.  ICOO,  employetl  iu 
glass  and  paper  factories. 


WIN 

WTXTBRBMRG,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  25  miles 
8.E.  of  Arnsberg.  on  the  Orke.     I'op.  1300. 

WIN'TKKBOUKN,  a  parish  of  Kngland,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

Wl.NTEUBOUJlN  AIVIIAS,  a  parish  of  JKngland,  co.  of 
Dorset. 

WIXTERBOURN  BAS'SET,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of 
Wills. 

WINTERBOUIIN  CAME,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WINTERBOUllN  CLEN'STOMi,  a  paHtih  of  Euglaud,  co. 
of  Dorset. 

WI.NTERBOURN  DANT/SEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

WINTKRBOURN  EARL.S,  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

Wi.NXBKBOUKN  GUN'XER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Wilts. 

WINTERBOUHN  KINGSTTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorset. 

WIXTKRBODRN  MONK/TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
if  Dorsit. 

WINTKRBOURN  STEE'PLETOX,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset. 

WINTERBOURN  ST.  MAIVTIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorset,  3  miles  W'.S.W.  of  Dorchester.  .Marden- Castle, 
once  ail  important  Roman  post,  is  in  this  parish. 

WIXTKRIJOURX  SruKK.  a  parish,  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WINTKRBOURN  STRICK/LAXD,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset 

WIXTKRBOUBN  WHIT/CUCRCH,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Dorset. 

WINTKRBOURN  ZKL'STOXE,  a  p.irlsh  of  England,  co. 
of  Dorsi't. 

WIN'XERBURROUGII,  a  post-office  of  Talladega  co.,  Ala- 
bama. 

WINTERHAM,  a  post-office  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia. 

WIN'TER  IIAR'BOR,  a  post-office  of  lIanco<!k  co.,  .Maine.- 

WIXTER-IIARBOR,  British  North  America,  is  on  the 
S.E.  const  of  Mulvi.'le  Island,  Arctic  Ocean.  Lat.  74°  47'  2" 
N..  Ion.  110°  48'  2"  W.  Here  Sir  Edward  Tarry  wintered  in 
1819-20. 

WIN'TERINGHAM,  a  parish  of  Enijland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WIN'TERI'OCK,  a  post-office  of  Chestei-fleld  co.,  Airgiuia. 

WIN'TERROWD.  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana. 

WIN'TERSEAT,  a  village  of  Abbeville  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina. 

WIX'TERSET,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Madi.son  co.,  Iowa, 
on  till-  n.iid  IcadiMn  fr.im  De.-<  .Moinos  to  Council  Blulls,  alxiut 
30  mil.  ^  .S.W.  of  Dos  Moines.     I'op.  Hl.5. 

WIXn'ERSLOW,  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Wilts. 

WIXTKRSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio, 
UO  mil.s  E.  by  X.  of  Columbus. 

WINTERSVILLE,  a  pfist-otlice  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana. 

WINTKRSWYK,  win'ts'rs-wik\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  OelJerland,  35  miles  E.  of  Arnhcm,  on 
the  I'russian  frontier.  I'op.,  with  vicinity,  5600,  partly  linen 
weavers. 

WINTKRTIIUR.  *in'tfr-tooR\  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
ainton  •■iiid  12  miles  N.E.  of  Zurich.  I'op.  4000.  It  h,is 
manufactures  of  cotton  yarn  and  fabrics,  a  college,  public 
libnirv.  and  museums. 

WINTKRTIIUR,  OBEU,on)er  «in'ter-tooR\  (anc.  Vitodu- 
rum?)  a  village  of  Switzerland,  1  mile  N,E.  of  the  alwve 
town,  with  2000  inhabitints,  and  some  Roman  antiquities. 

WINa'ERTON.  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WINTERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the 
^oast,  5^  miles  N.X.W.  of  Caistor.  The  church  steeple  serves 
N8  a  landmark.  On  Winterton-Xess  is  a  lighthouse.  62  feet 
In  hei^'ht,  with  a  fixed  light,  lat.  52°  43'  X.,  Ion.  1°  41'  E. 

WIN''THORI>E,  a  pari.sh  of  Ensiland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WIXTIIORI'E,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Notts. 

WIX/TIIROP,  apost-townshipof  Kennebec  county.  Maine, 
intersected  by  tlii!  Maine  Central  Railroad,  about  10  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Augusta.  The  village  of  Wintlirop  is  situated 
at  the  S.  end  of  a  large  pond,  the  outlet  of  which  affords 
water-powej,  and  on  the  railroad,  53  miles  N.  by  E.  of  I'ort- 
land.  It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  contains  a  bank. 
Pop.  in  1S40,  1915;  in  1860,  233s. 

WIXTIIROP,  a  post-office  of  Middle.'sex  co.,  Connecticut. 

■WIXTHROP,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois. 

WI.XTIIROP,  a  post-township  of  Suffolk  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, taken  from  Chelsea  in  1S52. 

WIX'TON,  a  contracted  name  of  WIxchkster. 

WINTOX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hertford  county.  North 
Carolina,  on  the  riglit  bank  of  the  Chowan  River,  115  miles 
N.E.  of  Kaleigh.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  stores,  and  1 
steam  saw-mill.  The  river  is  navigable  for  sloops,  in  which 
staves  and  tar  are  exported. 

WINTOX.  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio. 

AVINIIIIXGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Ridln- 

WIXTZEXIIEIM,  -ftin'sen-hime',  (Fr.  pron.  v5\t'sJn'Jm',) 
a  market-town  of  France,  department  of  Ilaut  Rhin,  3  miles 
W.  of  Colraar.  Pop.  in  1852,  4014,  employed  in  manufac- 
tures of  printed  cotton  goods  and  coarse  woollen  cloths. 

WIX'WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Northamp- 
ton and  Huntingdon. 


WIS 

WIXWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WIXWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

WI.N'YAW  B.W,  of  South  Carolina,  is  an  estuary  tbrincj 
by  the  eontiuence  of  the  Pedee,  Black,  and  Waccamaw 
Rivers,  (whicli  unite  a  little  above  Georgetown.)  and  com- 
municating with  the  Atlantic  about  lat.  Xi^  10'  N.  Leugth 
14  miles ;  mean  breadth  2  miles.  Large  vessels  can  ascend 
to  Georgetown. 

WIXZi-.L.N.  wint'sJln,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of 
Schwarzwald,  bailiwick  of  Oberndorf.     Pop.  1149. 

WINZIG,  wiut'siG.  a  walled  town  of  PruRsian  Silesia,  30 
miles  X.W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  2000. 

WIO'T.\,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Pekatouiia  River,  and  37  miles  E..\.K.  of  Galena.  It  has  4 
stores.     Pop.  of  Wiota  township.  1197. 

WIl'B.\CH,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Wippacii. 

WU'FELD,  *ip'fclt,  a  markeHown  of  Bavaria,  circle  of 
Lower  Francouia,  on  the  left  bauk  of  the  Maiu,  15  miles 
N.E.  of  WUrzburg.     Pop.  742. 

WIl'PAClI.  ^ip'piK,  or  WIPBACII,  a  market-town  of 
lUyria,  Carniola,  with  a  castle,  government  and  3U  miles 
S.W.  of  Laybaoh.     Pop.  1040. 

WIPI'ER,  Vvip'pfr,  or  WUPPER.  (Wupper.)  *Up'per,  a 
river  of  I'russiau  Sa.'touy  and  Schwarzenburg,  after  a  S.E. 
cour.seof50  miles.joins  thtiUnstrut.  7  miles  S.W.  of  .Irteru. 

WIPPKR,  a  river  of  Prussian  Siixony  and  Anhalt-Ueru- 
burg,  after  a  X.E.  course  of  40  miles,  joins  the  Suale  near 
Bernburg. 

WIPTER,  a  river  of  Prussian  AVeslphnlia,  after  a  course 
of  50  miles  joins  the  Rhine  on  the  E.  bauk,  S  miles  X.  of 
Cologne. 

Wll'l'ERFUP.TII.  ■ftip'perfooRt',  a  walled  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Cologne,  on  the  last-named  Wipper. 
Pop.  1875. 

Wll*PR.\,  f^ip'prd,  a  vilhage  of  Prus.<ian  Saxony,  on  the 
Wipper.  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  llalberstadt     Pop.  lOOO. 

WIRBALLKN,  a  town  of  Polaud.     See  WiuizuoLOW. 

WIRl/roWX.  a  i)Ost-village  of  Ocean  CO.,  Xew  Jersey,  51 
miles  S.E.  of  Trenton. 

Wl'RI.NGToN,  a  liamlet  of  England,  oo.  of  Northampton, 
3i  miles  N..\.W.  of  Peterborough.     Pop.  629. 

WlRlv.S'WORTIi.  a  market-town  and  parL-ih  of  England, 
CO.  and  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Derby,  on  the  High  Peak  iiail- 
way  and  Crtimford  Canal.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1J>51,  2032. 
The  town  consists  p>°tucipaliy  of  two  streets  at  right  angles. 
The  church  is  a  spacious  editice,  and  here  are  places  of  wor- 
ship for  Wesleyans,  Independents,  and  Baptists;  a  grammar 
school,  having  two  scholarships  and  two  fellowships  in  St 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  The  lead-mines  in  the  vicinit^v 
furnish  employment  to  many  of  the  inhabitants.  Manufac- 
tures of  cotton  goods,  hats,  hosiery,  and  wool  combing  are 
carried  on.  Wirksworth  forms  a  part  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster.   The  manor  formerly  belonged  to  Sir  R.  Arkwright 

WIRLE.  a  market-town  of  Austria.     See  Virle. 

WI  R.S'W.\LL,  a  townsliiu  of  England,  co.  of  Chester.      • 

WIRT,  a  tonnty  in  the  W.  part  of  West  Virginia,  has  an 
area  e-timated  at  200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Little  Kanawha  River,  and  also  drained  by  Hughes' 
River  and  Reedy  and  Spring  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  well  timbered;  the  soil  mostly  fertile.  The  North- 
western Virgitiia  Railroad  piu^ses  near  the  northern  part  of 
the  county.  Formed  a  few  years  ago,  and  named  in  honor 
of  William  Wirt,  formerly  attorney-general  of  tlie  United 
States.  Capital,  Wirt  Court- House  or  El  izabethtown.  Pop 
3751,  of  whom  3728  were  free,  and  23  slaves. 

WIRT,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Now  York,  about 
82  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  1390. 

WIRT  COURT-HOUSE  or  ELIZAHETIITOWN,  a  post- 
village,  capital  of  Wirt  CO.,  West  Virginia,  on  the  Little 
Kanawlia  River,  about  24  miles  S.S  E.  of  Parkersburg. 

WIRTEMBERG,  Germany.     See  Wurtembkro. 

WIRTEMBERG,  a  small  village  of  Perry  co..  Missouri 
.    WIS  A.     See  Vr/.A. 

WISB.VDEN,  Germany.    See  Wiesbadex. 

WISBEACH,  wis'beech,  written  also  WISBECH,  a  muni- 
cipal borough,  river-port,  and  town  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
bridge, on  the  border  of  Norfolk,  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  on  the 
Xen,  here  crossed  by  a  one-arched  bridge,  72  feet  in  span, 
11  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Wash,  and  at  the  junction 
of  the  Eastern  Counties  and  East  Anglian  Railway,  9  miles 
X.N.E.  of  .March.  Pop.  in  1851.  10,.594.  The  town  is  well 
built.  The  princip.il  edifices  are  St.  Peter's  Church,  with 
two  naves  .lud  two  aisles,  and  a  fine  tower;  a  chapel  of  ease, 
and  many  dis-senting  chapel.s,  the  Town-hall,  Custom-house, 
Corn  Exchange,  assembly  rooms,  theatre,  and  spacious  baths. 
The  grammar  school  has  4  by-fellowships  in  Peterhouse 
College,  and  &  scholarships  in  Magdalen  College,  Cambridge. 
It  has  ropewalks,  iron  works,  large  malt-houses,  an  ex- 
tensive brewery,  and  several  yards  for  building  and  repaid 
ing  small  vessels,-  The  chief  exports  are  corn,  limber,  wool, 
and  seeds.  The  imports  are  wine,  deals,  and  coals.  The 
registered  shipping  in  1847,  was  39.402  tons. 

WI.'^/BOROUGII-GREEN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Sussex. 

WISBY,  wiz'ljee  or  *is'bU.  a  seaport  town  of  Swe<len, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Gottlaud,  ou  it«  W.  coast,  115  miles 

2125 


WIS 

B.S  E  of  S'xckbjlm;  lat.  07°  S^  X.,  Ion.  1S°  1&  E.  It  is 
enclo.-ed  by  »Ui5,  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  has  a  new 
cathedral,  a  gyinuwiuui.  harbor,  tanneries,  tobacco  factories, 
and  a  thriving  trade.  l"he  island  of  Gottlaud  forms  the 
la;n  of  Wisby. 

AVIjC.\S'.'«ETT,  a  post-town,  port  of  entry,  and  tlie  capi- 
Ud  of  Lincoln  county,  Maine,  on  the  right  baiik  of  Sheeps- 
cott  Kiver.  about  20  ml\ts  from  the  ocean,  and  50  ihiles  E.N.E. 
of  Portland.  The  inijabitants  are  engaged  in  commerce, 
ship-building,  and  Arming.  About  40  vessels  are  owned ; 
4  or  5  of  which  are  ships  gagaged  iu  the  freighting  business, 
and  the  remainder  in  coasting.  The  rirer  and  harbor  are 
among  the  best  in  the  state,  t)eing  accessible  at  all  seasons 
of  the  year.  Four  or  five  ih'vps  and  several  sm.^ller  vessels 
were  built  here  in  1853.  The  village  contains,  besides  the 
county  buildings,  3  churches,  a  biink.  a  high  school,  about 
24  stores,  and  a  steam  saw-mili,  at  which  lumber  and  sogar 
boxes  are  manufactured.  The  river  is  here  crossed  by  a 
bridge  about  a  mile  in  length.  TIao  shipping  of  the  district. 
June  30,  1S54,  amounted  to  au  aggregate  of  60t>4  tons 
registered,  and  13.628  tons  enrolled  and  licensed — total, 
19,692  tons.  Of  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonn.ige,  6444 
toils  were  employed  In  the  c<kst  trade,  6111  tons  in  the 
!0d  fishery,  and  342  tons  in  the  mackerel  fisheries.  During 
the  year,  5  ship,  3  brigs,  and  2  schooners,  with  an  aggregate 
burthen  of  4745  tons,  were  admeasured.  I'op.  of  the  town- 
ship, 2.31  S. 

Wl^Cn.VU,  *ish'ow.  or  WISKOW,  *is'kov,  a  town  of 
Moravin.  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brunn,  on  the  Hanna.  P.  3264. 

WISOIIERA.  a  river  of  Kussia.     See  Vishera. 

AVISCII.N'KI  WOLOTSCIIOK.    See  Vishnee  Volotchok. 

AVISCIIMTZA,  «^i?h-nit'si,  or  WISXITZ.  wis'nits,  a  mjir- 
ke^towu  of  Austrian  Poland,  Bukowina,  38  miles  W.S.VV. 
of  Tchernovitz,  on  the  Czeremosz,  opposite  Kuty.     P.  2650. 

WISCOX'SI.V  or  WISKON'SIN,  originally  OUESCONSIN, 
{Ne^kmapara  of  the  Indians,)  an  important  river  of  Wia- 
tonsin  h.is  a  number  of  small  lake*.  The  principal  of  these 
is  Lake  Winnebago,  S.E.  of  the  middle  of  tlio  state.  It  is 
to  the  Winnebago  Portage,  in  Columbia  county.  Below 
this  point,  which  is  114  miles  by  land  from  its  mouth,  the 
river  pursues  a  south-westerly  course  until  it  enters  the 
Mississippi.  4  miles  below  Prairie  du  Chien.  The  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  600  miles.  It  is  60i)  yards  wide  at 
its  mouth,  and  Wi  yards  at  the  pnrtnge.  Shifting  sandbars 
render  the  navigation  rather  difficult,  but  small  steamers 
ascend  as  high  as  to  Portage  City,  (about  200  miles  by  the 
course  of  the  river,)  and  a  canal  is  in  course  of  construction 
from  that  place  to  the  Neenah  or  Fo.x  River,  which  will 
open  uninterrupted  navigation  from  the  Mississippi  to  Lake 
Michigan,  via  Ureen  Bay.  The  Neenah  River  approaches 
within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  the  Wisconsin,  at  M'innebago 
Portage.  The  Wisconsin  is  the  largest  river  that  intersects 
the  state.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  is  bordered  by 
(jxtensive  forests  of  pine  timber,  of  which  large  quantities 
are  sent  to  market.  The  Little  Wisconsin  enters  tlie  main 
stream  from  the  right,  near  the  centi^  of  Marathon  county. 

WISCONSIN  or  ^VISICONSIN,  one  of  the  recently  settled 
states  of  the  North  American  Confederacy,  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Minnesota,  Lake  Superior,  and  the  northern  peninsula 
of  Michigan,  (from  which  it  is  separated  in  part  by  the  Meno- 
monee  and  Montreal  Rirers,)  on  the  E.  by  Lake  .Michigan,  S. 
by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  the  states  of  Iowa  and  ilinnesota, 
from  the  former  of  which  it  is  separated  bv  the  Mississippi, 
and  from  the  latter  (in  part)  by  the  St.  Croix  River.  It  lies 
between  42°  30'  and  46°  55'  X.  lat.,  (if  we  exclude  some  small 
islands  belonging  to  the  state  in  Lake  Superior,)  and  between 
87°  and  92°  50'  W.  Ion.,  being  about  2S5  miles  in  extreme 
length  from  N.  to  S..  andabout 255  in  its  greatest  breadth 
from  E.  to  W.,  including  an  area  of  about  53,924  square 
miles,  or  34,511,360  acres,  of  which  3,746,167  were  improved 
in  18o0. 

Face  of  the  Cbwnfry.— Wisconsin  may  be  described  gene- 
rally as  an  elevated  rolling  prairie,  from  600  to  1200  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  highest  portion  of  this 
plateau  is  on  the  N.,  and  forms  the  dividing  ridge  between 
the  waters  flowing  S.W.  into  the  Mississippi,  andthose  tlow- 
Ing  N.  into  Lake  Superior.  The  southern  slope  is  again 
interrupted  about  the  middle  of  the  state  by  another  ridge, 
giving  origin  to  a  second  slope,  drained  by  Rock  River  and 
its  branches.  This  sUte  has  no  mountains,  properly  so 
called.  The  descent  towards  Lake  Superior  is  very  abrupt, 
and  the  rivers  full  of  rapids  and  falls,  which  interrupt 
navigaUon,  but  afford  valuable  mill-sites.  There  is  a  third 
ndge  or  elevation  in  the  S.E.,  dividing  the  watercourses  of 
Lake  Michigan  from  those  of  Green  Bay.  Just  below  the 
second  rulge,  a  depression  crosses  the  state,  forming  the  bed 
ot  the  Neen.ih  or  Fox  River  and  the  Lowvr  Wisconsin. 
When  the  rivers  are  unusually  full,  these  actu.illy  com- 
tounioatf!.  though  running  in  opposite  directions,  the  one 
to  the  .Mississippi,  and  the  other  to  Lake  .^ichi<'an. 

6?«o/«7y.— Lime.storie  underlies  most  of  the  southern  part 
of  the  state-the  cliff  limestone  in  the  mineral  districts,  and 
the  b.ue  elsewhere.  The  northern  part  seems  to  be  composed 
of  primitive  rocks  for  the  most  part  of  granite,  slate,  and 
sands  tona  Commencing  a  little  S.  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  along 


WIS 

the  Mississippi,  as  fiir  back  as  the  falls  of  its  tnbutnries.  sand- 
stone, between  layers  of  limestone,  is  tlie  prevailing  w)ck.  and 
forms  the  cliffs  on  ttie  .Missis.<ippi.  below  St.  Anthony's  Falls, 
for  35  miles.  The  rivers  in  this  region  are  much  ohstructed 
by  shifting  beds  of  this  sand.  From  L.^ke  Michigan  west- 
ward to  the  other  St^ctions  named,  is  a  limestone  region,  in 
many  parts  well  timbered,  while  in  others  a  considerable 
portion  is  prairie.  Underlying  the  blue  limestone  is  a  brown 
sandstone,  which  crops  out  on  the  sides  of  the  hills,  but  no 
lead  ha-s  ever  been  found  iu  it  A  section  through  Blue 
Mound  would  give  the  following  result,  descending  ver- 
tically:— llornstoue.  410  feet;  maguesian  lime,  or  lead  bear- 
ing rock,  169  feet;  saccharoid  sandstone,  40  feet;  grindstone, 
3  feet;  lower  limestime,  (at  the  level  of  the  Wisconsin.)  190 
feet.  The  elevations  of  different  'parts  of  the  southern 
section  of  the  state  are  given  by  Chancellor  Lathrop,  at  Blue 
-Mounds,  1170;  head  waters  of  the  Kock  River,  316;  egress 
of  the  same  river  from  the  state.  128,  and  the  portage 
between  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Itivers,  at  ii^i  feet  above 
the  level  of  Luke  Michigan  and  the  Wiscon.*ln  River. 

Following  the  map  accompanying  the  go>logical  work 
of  I'rofessor  Owen,  on  the  states;  of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin, 
and  the  territory  of  Minnesota,  we  should  say  that  alx)ut 
half  the  northern  part  of  the  state  of  Wisconsin,  resting 
on  l^ake  Superior,  and  having  it«  apex  near  the  44tb  degree 
of  N.  latitude,  and  about  the  middle  of  the  state,  (taken 
in  an  E.  and  W.  direction,)  is  covered  by  drift,  overlying  the 
Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  Vork.  and  metamorphic  strata, 
with  occa.-ional  protrusions  of  granite  and  other  igneous 
rocks.  Beyond  this  triangle,  on  the  S.E.  and  S.W..  the 
sandstone  comes  to  the  surface  in  a  broad  belt,  having 
between  it  and  the  Mississippi,  (from  the  St.  Croix  to  the 
Wisconsin  River,)  a  second  belt  of  lower  mstgnesian  lime- 
stone, with  the  sandstone  occasionally  laid  bare  in  the 
valleys  of  the  streams.  This  same  formation  is  continued  on 
the  S.,  (following  the  Wisi-onsin  lUver  on  both  sides.)  and 
on  the  E.  coa,«ting  the  sandstone  belt  to  its  full  extent.  The 
limestone  is  followed  in  turn  by  another  zone  of  white  sand- 
stone, containing  beds  of  shells.  Next  succeeds  the  lead- 
bearing  group  of  upper  magnesian  limestone,  exten^ling  into 
Illinois  and  Iowa  on  the  S.  and  W.,  and  on  the  E.  running 
up  into  the  peninsula  formed  by  Green  Bay  and  Lake 
Michigan,  havinga  triangle  of  the  Niagara  limestone  Ijetween 
it  and  Lake  Michigan  on  the  S.E.  On  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior  are  two  beds  of  red  clay  and  marl,  separated  by 
ridges  of  drift  from  300  to  600  feet  high.  East  of  this,  .and 
just  where  the  northern  boundjiry  leaves  the  lake,  parallel 
groups  of  conglomerate  red  sandstone  and  slates,  trap,  and 
metamorphic  slates,  with  beds  of  magnetic  iron  ore,  granita, 
and  quartzose  rocks  come  to  the  surface. 

Minerals. — Part  of  the  great  lead  region  extending  from 
Illinois  and  Iowa  is  included  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
and  occupies  an  area  of  nearly  2880  square  miles,  alxmt 
three-fourths  of  which  is  in  the  la.st^named  state.  This  por- 
tion is  no  less  rich  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  its  ore 
than  in  the  other  states  where  it  lies.  The  lead  is  here  in- 
termingled with  copper  and  zinc,  the  latter  in  large  quanti- 
ties, together  with  some  silver.  In  Lapointe,  Chippewa.  St. 
Croix,  and  Iowa  counties,  copper  is  also  found;  iu  Dodge 
county,  "at  the  so  called  Iron  Ridge,  is  the  most  promising 
locality  of  iron  ore  in  the  state  yet  discovereil ;"  but  on  the 
Black  River  and  other  branches  of  the  >Iississippi,  good  iron 
ore  occurs.  The  iron  ores  of  the  I^ake  Superior  region  ex- 
tend from  Michigan  into  this  state,  in  abundant  dejwsits  of 
the  richest  quality.  The  other  metallic  substances  are 
magnetic  iron,  iron  pyrites,  and  graphite  or  plumbago.  The 
non-metallic  earths  are  agate,  cornelians,  (found  on  the 
shores  of  the  small  laki-s),  bitumen,  peat.  Marble  of  a  fine 
quality,  some  gv-psum,  saltpetre  and  other  minerals  have 
been  found.  A  vein  of  ct)pper  ore  was  discovered  in  1848, 
near  the  Kickapoo  River,  which  yields  about  20  per  cent,  of 
copper,  but  to  what  extent  the  bed  runs  lias  not  been  ascer- 
tained. Mines  were  also  worked  at  the  falls  of  Black  River, 
and  in  its  vicinity,  but  they  have  been  abandoned.  Facts  do 
not  justify  any  expectatit)n  of  great  deposits  of  copper  in  the 
N.W.  part  of  the  state.  A  great  bed  of  magnetic  iron  ore  lies 
S.  of  Lake  Superior,  near  Tyler's  Fork  of  the  Bad  River,  in 
strata  of  metamoi-phic  slate.  The  amount  of  lead  received 
at  Milwaukee  for  the  year  1863  was  848.625  lbs.  On  the 
completion  of  the  Southern  Wisconsin  Railroad  to  Dubuque, 
it  is  estimated  that  2b,000,000  of  lbs.  will  seek  an  outlet  at 
Milwaukee.  Beautiful  varieties  of  marble  have  been  re- 
cently discovered  or  made  known  to  the  public  in  the  N. 
part  of  Wisconsin.  According  to  .Messrs.  Foster  and  Whit- 
ney's report,  they  are  found  on  the  Michiganilg  and  Meno- 
nionee  Rivers,  and  afford  bejiutifiil  marbles,  whose  pre- 
vailing color  is  light  pink,  traversed  by  veins  or  seams  of 
deep  red.  Others  are  blue  and  dovo-colored,  beautifully 
veined.  These  are  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish,  and  some 
on  the  Menomonee  are  within  navigable  distance  from  the 
lakes. 

Lar:es  and  Rivers. — Besides  the  great  Lakes  Superior  and 
Michigan,  which  lave  its  northern  and  eastern  shores,  Wis- 
consin has  a  number  of  small  lakes.  The  principal  of  these 
is  Liike  Winnebago,  S.E.  of  the  middle  of  the  state.    It  is 


WIS 

^  about  28  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide,  and  communicates 
with  Gr(en  Hay,  (a  N.W.  arm  of  Laky  Miclu>;an,)  throU-'h 
the  Fox  or  Neenah  River.  These  small  lalies  are  most 
abundant  in  the  N.W.,  and  are  generally  characterized  by 
clear  water  and  Rravelly  bottoms,  often  with  bold  picturesque 
chores,  crowned  with  hemlock,  spruce,  and  other  trees. 
Tliey  afford  excellent  fish.  In  the  slinllow  waters  on  the 
margins  of  some  of  them  grows  wild  rice,  an  important 
article  of  food  with  the  savages  of  this  region.  The  rivers 
which  traverse  the  interior  flow  generally  in  a  S.W.  direc- 
tion, and  discharge  their  waters  Into  the  Mississippi.  The 
latter  river  runs  along  the  S.W.  border  of  Wisconsin  fur 
more  than  200  miles.  Commencing  at  the  S.,  we  have,  in 
the  following  order,  Wisconsin,  Bad  Axe,  Black,  and  Chip- 
pewa Rivers.  Of  these  the  most  important  is  the  Wiscon- 
sin, which  has  a  course  of  probably  200  mile.s,  almost  directly 
S.,  when  it  flows  nearly  W.  for  about  100  more.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  steamlwats  LSO  mile».  The  Chippewa  is  about  2iM). 
and  the  IJlack  100  miles  long.  The  Rock,  Des  Plaines.  and 
Fox  River  (of  lllinoi.s)  drain  the  S.K.  slope  of  the  state,  and 
pass  oif  into  Illinois.  The  Fox  or  Neenah  is  the  outlet  of 
Winnebago  Lake,  and  connects  it  with  Green  Bay.  The 
Wolf,  from  the  N..  is  the  main  feeder  of  the  same  lake.  The 
Menomonee,  em|)tying  into  Green  Bay,  and  the  Jlontreal 
■  into  Lake  Superior,  are  rapid  streams,  which  are  valuable 
for  mill-sites.  They  form  part  of  the  N.K.  boundary.  The 
Menomonee  has  a  descent  of  1049  feet  The  St.  Louis,  (con- 
sidered as  the  primary  source  of  the  St.  Lawrence,)  coasts 
this  state  for  20  or  30  miles  on  the  N.W.,  and  is  full  of  rapids 
and  falls  in  this  part  of  its  course.  These  rivers  are  not 
generally  favorable  to  navigation  without  artificial  aid. 
The  ^V■isconsi^  may  be  ascended  by  steamtoats  to  the  rapids, 
where  it  approaches  a  tributary  of  Lake  Winnebago,  within 
a  mile  and  a  half,  where  a  eaual  is  being  constructed,  which, 
when  completed,  will  open  an  entire  inland  navigation  from  . 
New  York  to  the  Upper  Mississippi.  The  Rock  River  is 
sometimes  at  high  water  ascended  by  boats  to  within  the 
limits  of  Wiscon.sin.  The  Bad  Axe,  Black,  Chippewa,  and 
St.  Croix  are  important  channels  for  floating  timber  to  mar- 
ket from  the  pine  regions  in  the  N.W.  of  the  state.  The 
rivers  flowing  into  Lake  Superior  are  small,  and  though 
unfavorable  for  commerce,  their  rapid  courses  make  them 
valuable  for  mill-sites.  Colonel  Long  estimates  that  the 
Chippewa,  Black,  Wisconsin,  and  Rock  Kivers  are  respect- 
ively capable  of  a  steamboat  navigation  of  70,  60,  180,  and 
250  miles,  but  at  present  they  are  a  good  deal  obstructed  by 
shifting  .sands  and  rapids. 

Ohjecls  of  Interest  V)  Thurists. — Wisconsin,  though  young 
in  political  existence,  is  not  behind  her  sister  states  in  ob- 
jects of  interest,  not  merely  for  the  utilitarian,  but  for  the 
lover  of  the  picturesque,  and  even  the  antiquary.  Scattered 
over  her  undulating  plains  are  found  e.arth-works.  modelled 
after  the  forms  of  men  and  animals,  that  are  evidently  the 
work  of  a  race  different  from  those  who  posses-sed  the  coun- 
try at  the  periiKl  of  the  arrival  of  the  Europeans.  At  Aztur 
Ian,  in  Jefferson  county,  is  an  ancient  fortification,  560  yards 
long,  275  wide,  with  walls  4  or  5  feet  high,  and  more  than 
20  feet  thick  at  the  base.  Another  work,  resembling  a  man 
in  a  recumbent  position,  120  feet  long  and  30  across  the 
trunk,  is  to  be  .seen  near  the  Blue  Mounds;  and  one  resem- 
bling a  turtle,  50  feet  in  length,  at  I'rairieville.  These  arti- 
ficiiU  works  are  generally  without  order,  but  sometimes 
have  a  systematic  arrangement,  with  fragments  of  pottery 
often  scattered  around.  Some  are  so  defaced  as  to  make  it 
difficult  to  trace  the  animal  resemblances  referred  to,  while 
others  are  distinctly  visible.  One  is  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered near  Cassville,  resembling  the  extinct  miustodon. 
Among  the  most  striking  natural  objects  are  the  Blue 
Muund.s,  in  Dane  county,  the  highest  of  which  hivs  an  ele- 
vation of  1170  feet  above  the  Wisconsin,  and  is  a  prominent 
landmark  in  this  country  of  prairies.  I'latte  and  other 
mounds,  in  the  S.W.  of  the  state,  have  various  elevations 
of  from  60  to  more  than  100  feet.  This  state  shares  with 
Minnesota  the  beautiful  Lake  Pepin,  an  expansion  of  the 
Mississippi,  mostly  walled  in  by  precipitous  shores,  which 
rise  from  300  to  500  feet  nearly  perpendicular.  These  heights 
are  merely  given  as  examples,  not  as  the  only  ones  there 
are.  Almost  all  the  rivers  of  Wisconsin  abound  in  rnplds 
and  falls.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  are  a  series  of  cas- 
cades or  cataracts  in  the  St.  Louis  River,  which  have  a  de- 
scent of  320  feet  in  16  miles,  terminating  about  20  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Quinnes.sec  Falls,  in  the  Menomonee  River, 
have  one  perpendicular  pitch  of  40  feet,  and  an  entire  descent 
of  134  feet  in  one  mile  and  a  half,  besides  several  other 
rapids,  where  the  river  tos.ses  and  dashes  through  narrow 
*nd  tortuous  defiles.  Among  the  other  falls,  are  St.  Croix, 
Chippewa,  and  Big  Bull  Falls  in  the  Wisconsin.  The  river 
bluffs  present  grand  and  picturesque  views  in  m.any  places, 
particularly  at  Mount  Trempieau,  on  the  MLssissippi,  in 
La  Crosse  county,  where  tlie  rocks  rise  500  feet  perpendicu- 
larly above  the  river, — in  Richland  county,  on  the  Wi.scon- 
gin,  where  the  banks  are  from  150  to  200  feet  high, — and  in 
Sauk  county,  where  it  passes  through  a  narrow  gorge  be- 
tween cliffs  of  from  400  to  500  feet  elevation.  Grandfather 
Bull  Falls,  the  greatest  rapids  in  tha  Wisconsin  lUver,  are 


WIS 

In  about  4.5°  N.  latitude,  and  are  a  series  of  small  casc-»-.l« 
or  rapids,  breaking  through  a  ridge  of  150  feet  perpendicu- 
lar height,  for  the  distance  of  one  mile  and  a  half.  In  thJo 
vicinity  are  a  number  of  chalybeate  springs.  On  the  same 
river,  near  the  44th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  is  I'etenwell  Peak, 
an  oval  mass  of  rock,  900  feiit  long  by  300  wide,  and  200  in 
elevation  above  the  neighboring  country,  of  which  it  com- 
mands an  extensive  view.  About  70  feet  of  this,  at  the  top, 
is  compo.sed  of  perpendicular  rock,  split  into  towers,  turrets, 
&c.  A  few  miles  below  this  is  Fortifi<-ation  Rock,  which  rises 
to  the  height  of  100  feet  or  more  above  the  general  level, 
being  perpendicular  on  one  side,  while  on  the  other  it  de- 
scends by  a  succession  of  terraces  to  the  common  levcd.  At 
the  Dalles  the  Wisconsin  is  compresse<l  for  5  or  0  miles  be- 
tween red  sandstone  hill.s.  from  25  feet  to  120  feet  high,  and 
an  average  of  100  fc!et  asunder.  Between  the  Dalles  and 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  the  bluffs  are  of  every  variety  of 
height  under  400  feet. 

Clinuxte,. — The  climate,  though  severe,  and  the  winters 
long,  is  more  regular  and  more  free  from  those  frequent 
and  unhealthy  changes  that  prevail  farther  south.  The 
lakes,  too,  exert  n  mitigating  influence,  the  temperature 
bi.'ing  65''  degrees  higher  on  the  lake  than  on  the  Missis- 
sippi side.  The  lake  shore  is  al.so  more  moist,  but  the  state 
generally  is  drier  than  in  the  sjime  par  illels  farther  east. 
From  records  kept  between  1835  and  1845,  it  appears  the 
Milwaukee  River  was  closed  on  an  avf^rage  from  .Vovemljer 
22  to  .March  20;  and  steamboats  arrived  at  Mineral  I'nint 
from  February  26  to  April  10,  clo.sing  from  November  16  to 
Deceml)er  4.  The  diseases  consequent  upon  clearing  lands 
are  less  fretjuent  it  is  said,  in  this  than  other  new  states, 
owing  to  the  open  nature  of  the  country  in  .the  oak  open- 
ings. The  number  of  disaths  in  1850  were  less  than  10  in 
every  thousand  persons — while  Massacliusetts  had  about  20. 
Snil  and  I'nxluctinns. — The  country  south  of  the  middle 
Is  a  fine  agricultural  region,  particularly. that  back  of  Ke- 
nosha. In  the  mineral  district,  W.  of  the  I'ekatonica,  the 
country  is  broken,  but,  what  is  unusual  in  milling  tracts, 
generally  well  adapted  to  farming,  and  espwially  grazing. 
But  probably  the  best  agricultural  section  is  that  K.  of  the 
Pekatouica,  which  has  more  prairie  land,  though  even  here 
is  a  considerable  portion  of  timbered  land  on  the  rivers  and 
streams.  The  agricultural  capabilities  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  state,  around  the  head  waters  of  the  Black  and  Chip- 
pewa Rivers,  and  the  .sources  of  the  rivers  emptying  into 
Lake  Superior,  are  small,  the  surface  in  part  being  covered 
with  drift  and  boulders,  and  partly  with  ponds  and  marshes. 
In  18tiO,  there  were  3,i 46,030  acres  of  land  improveu,  pro- 
ducing 15,067,458  bushels  of  wheat,  the  state  being,  tlie  sec- 
ond in  the  Union  with  respect  to  tlie  production  of  wheat 
(Illinois  producing  23,837,000  bushels),  888,534  bushels  of 
rye,  7,565,290  of  Indian  corn,  11,059,270  of  oats,  678,992  of 
hurley,  1,011,915  pounds  of  wool,  3,848,505  bushels  of  pota- 
toes, 13,651,053  pounds  of  butter,  1,104,459  of  choe-e,  853,799 
tons  of  hay,  135,587  pounds  of  hops,  1,584,568  of  maple  sngar,- 
215,193  of  beeswax.  The  quantities  of  wheat,  corn  and 
butter  being  each  almost  four  times  as  much  a.s  in  1850. 
The  gross  proceeds  of  agricultural  industry  are  as  follows: 
N  alue  of  field  products  proper,  $27,119,608.29 ;  dairy  pro- 
il  nets,  .?1,311,043.99 ;  orchard  products,  S155,.531 .05 :  sorghum 
and  maple  molasses,  honey  and  wine,  $206,378.43 ;  slaugh- 
tered animals.  $3,742,237.55;  estimated  value  of  increase 
of  live  stock,  $3,702,183.00.     Total  value,  $:J6,330,498..31. 

Fbrfst  Trees. — There  are  vast  forests  of  pine  on  the  Upper 
Wisconsin,  the  Wolf  River,  and  the  trlbutfiries  of  the  Mi.s- 
fissipi,  N.  of  the  Wisconsin.  The  other  forest  trees  are 
spruce,  tiimarac,  cedar,  oak  of  different  species,  birch,  aspen, 
basswood,  hickory,  elm,  ash,  hemlock,  poplar,  sycamore,  and 
sugar-maple;  but  forests  such  as  are  seen  in  Pennsylvania 
and  New  York  occur  only  in  a  small  portion  of  the  Kock 
River  Valley,  and  in  a  narrow  border  on  Lake  Michigan. 
The  oak  openings  already  described  form  a  pleasing  feature 
in  the  landscapes  of  Wisconsin. 

Animals. — The  wild  animals  are  black  bears,  prairie  wolves, 
gray  wolves,  foxes,  woodchucks,  and  the  gojjher.  which  is 
found  only  on  the  W.  side,  near  the  Missi.»sipi)i  River.  The 
last-named  animal  is  very  destructive  to  the  roots  of  fruit 
trees. 

Manufactures. — ^Thls  youthful  state  has  not  yet  had  time 
(nor  is  it  yet  her  most  profitable  resource)  to  test  her  manu- 
facturing capabilities.  In  1800,  there  were  in  this  state 
3064  establishments,  each  producing  $500  an<l  upwards 
annually,  engaged  in  mining,  manufactures,  and  the  me- 
chanic arts,  employing  an  aggregate  capital  of  .*15,831,581, 
and  15,414  hands,  consuming  raw  material  worth  .S17,137,;i34, 
and  yielding  products  valued  at  $27,849,467.  Among  tlieso 
were  22  iron  foundries  employing  $200,400  capitnl,  and  221 
hands,  and  producing  annually  castings  valued  at  $307,785 ; 
476  saw-mills,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of  $i.595,380, 
and  4427  hands,  and  producing  lumber  valuetl  at  $4,377,880 ; 
45  tanneries,  employing  $257,900  capital,  and  producing 
leather  valued  at  $439,985  ;  15  woollen  factories,  employing 
8100,600  capital,  and  producing  goods  valued  at  $172,720; 
127  breweries,  employing  $822,025  capital,  consuming  raw 
material  worth  $267,157,  and  producing  malt  liquors  valued 

2127 


WIS 

at  $743  697;  81  mnnufiictories  of  agricultural  implements, 
eniplnving  $403,720  capital,  and  666  bauds,  and  producing 
goods  Valued  at  $735,198;  55  manufactories  of  Siisli,  doors, 
and  blinds,  the  products  of  wUich  were  valued  at  §250,021 ; 
22  luaniifactorios  of  machinery,  employing  $280,400  capital, 
and  producing  steam-engines,  &c.,  valued  at  $372,950;  374 
flour  and  grist-mills,  employing  capital  to  the  amount  of 
$3,526,869,  consuming  raw  material  worth  $9,532,510,  and 
producing  flour  and  nieiU  valued  at  $11,510,8:>4;  and  18 
smelting  furnaces,  producing  pig-lead  valued  at  $666,062. 
Home-made  manufactures  valued  at  $127,992  were  also  pro- 
duced. The  numerous  rivers  and  streams  of  Wisconsin, 
with  their  frequent  rapids  and  falls,  afford  great  facilities 
for  mill-sites  of  every  sort,  and  her  forests  and  iron  for  ship 
and  steamboat  building. 

Internal  Improvemenis.— In  1860,  there  were  in  V>  isconsin 
922  miles  of  railroad  completed,  Milwaukee  is  connected 
with  the  Mississippi  River  by  2  railroads,  which  terminate 
re8i>ectively  at  Prairie  du  Chien  and  La  Crosse.  One  of 
these  passes  through  Madison.  These  two  great  lines  are 
intersected  by  the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Kailroad, 
w^hich  extends  from  Chicago  via  Janesvilie  and  Fond  Du 
Lac  to  Green  Bay.  Milwaukee  is  also  conuectwi  by  direct 
railroads  with  Kacine  and  Chicago  on  the  one  liand,  and 
with  lioricon,  Berlin,  Fond  du  Lac,  &c.  on  the  other.  Kacine 
js  the  E.  terminus  of  a  railroad  extending  through  Nortliern 
Illinois  to  the  Mississippi  River.  Other  railroads  connect 
Bladison  with  Beloit,  Janesvilie  with  Monroe,  and  Kenosha 
with  Rockford,  Illinois.  Mineral  Point  is  the  N.  terminus 
of  a  railroad  which  extends  to  the  Illinois  Central  at  War- 
ren. A  canal  has  been  constructed  from  the  Fox  River  to 
the  Wisconsin,  by  means  cf  which  an  uninterrupttnl  navi- 
gation for  stramboats  is  opened  Irom  Lake  Michigan  to  the 
Mississippi  River.  This  work  \raa  done  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  state,  by  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  lands 
appropriated  by  the  national  government.  Tlie  gross  earn- 
ings of  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  Du  Chien  Railroad  for 
18t)3  are  stated  to  hava  been  $1,247,257. 

Oommerce. — Wisconsin  enjoys  great  facilities  for  internal 
trade  with  the  lake  and  Eastern  States,  through  those  great 
inland  seas  which  bound  her  on  the  N.  and  E.,  and  with 
»lmost  every  part  of  the  valley  of  the  Mis.*is.<ippi,  by  means 
of  the  river  of  that  name  and  its  numerous  tributaries,  and 
even  with  the  Atlantic  ports  through  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
The  foreign  exports  of  this  state,  for  1862-3,  amounted  to 
$3,323,037  ;  the  imports  to  $24,479.  Tonnage  entered,  98,443 ; 
tonnage  cleared,  113,715 ;  tonnage  owned  in  the  state,  28,974. 
Number  of  vessels  built  in  the  state,  in  1862—3,  4  witli  an 
aggregate  tonnage  of  1148.  It  is  stated  that  603,526  barrels 
of  flour,  12,S;i7,620  bushels  of  wheat,  and  831,e00  bushels  of 
oats  were  ship|)ed  from  Milwaukee  in  186:5.  The  grain  and 
flour  sliipped  from  the  other  lake  ports  iraa  estimated  at 
2,900,490  bushels.  The  exports  of  the  state  at  large  consist 
mainly  of  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  flour,  lumber,  pork,  beef, 
lard,  butter,  lead,  bricks,&c.  The  exports  of  Racine  amounted 
In  1854  to  $1,381,691 ;  and  of  Green  Bay,  in  lumber  alone, 
to  $374,435.  According  to  De  Bow's  Review,  there  were 
exporteil  in  1851-2,  from  the  St.  Croix,  Chippewa,  and  Black 
Rivers,  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  01,000,000  feet  of 
lumber;  23,000.000  feet  of  logs;  square  timber, lath,  shin- 
gles, A-c,  valued  at  $30,000;  and  furs  and  peltries  worth 
$200,000;  making  the  value  of  exports  for  the  western  part 
of  the  state,  $1,170,000.  The  ports  of  Wisconsin  in  the  dis- 
trict of  JIackinac  probably  add  at  least  a  value  of  $5,000,000 
to  the  trade  of  Wisconsin.  The  toUil  lumber  trade  of  1852 
has  been  given  at  211,000.000  feet,  viz.,  from  Black  River, 
lo.OOn.OoO;  Chippewa,  28,500.000;  Green  Bay,  28.000,000; 
Manitoowoc,  24.500.000;  St.  Croix,  20.000.000;  Wisconsin, 
70,000.000;  and  Wolf  River,  25,000,000.  The  total  valuation 
of  lead  exported  from  Galena  (nine-tenths  of  which,  accord- 
ing to  Hunt's  Gazetteer  of  Wisconsin,  was  from  that  state) 
and  the  ports  on  Lake  .Michigan,  was  $3,459,075;  besides 
considerable  quantities  shipped  from  points  on  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Wisconsin  Rivers.  The  largest  shipment  of  lead 
within  the  12  years  preceding  and  including  1853  was 
04.494.8G2  pounds;  and  the  lowest.  28.603.960  pounds,  most 
of  wliich  was  from  the  mines  of  ^Visconsin. 

BJucaHon.—ltx  39  counties  out  of  45  reporting  December, 
31,  lNo3,  there  were  1.38.279  children  between  the  ages  of  4 
and  20  years,  of  whom  95,293  attended  school;  number  of 
school  districts.  2072;  school  fund.  $1,141,804.  yielding  an 
income  of-nearly  $80,000;  and  a  university  fund  of  $93,732. 
the  income  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  state  university.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1860,  Wisconsin  had  12  colleges 
with  1291  students,  $56,130  income.'of  which  $-28,i)00  was 
from  endowments;  3795  public  schools  with  198,676  pupils 
$596,975  income,  of  which  $179,453  was  public  funds,  $393,754* 
from  taxation,  and  $1826  from  endowments;  120  academies 
and  other  schools,  with  10,031  pupils,  $106,991  income,  of 
which  .>1.),852  was  from  taxation,  SS705  from  public  funds, 
and  J.)(iis  fniin  endow-ments;  599  libraries  with  160  559 
Toliiincs.     It  Is  expected  that  ere  long  the  lands  appropriated 

10  $a.OOO,uiW.  Public  instruction  is  under  the  chargeof  a 
•*"*  '"P^l^nteuaent,  receiving  $1000  per  annum.    There 


WIS 

have  been  granted  for  the  support  of  a  state  university, 
46,080  acres  of  land.  There  are  also  other  colleges  and 
academies  supported  by  private  subscriptions,  which  are 
promising  institutions. 

Jieligious  Vennminalions. — Of  1070  churches  in  Wisconsin 
in  1800,  the  Baptists  owned  100,  Free  Will  Baptists  2f.,  Chris- 
tians 8,  Congregationalists  112,  Dutch  Reformed  15,  Episco- 
palians 45,  Lutherans  117,  Methodists  320,  Presbyterians 
So,  Roman  Catholics  205,  Universalists  12,  the  various  minor 
sects  51 :  giving  1  church  to  every  725  persons.  Total  value 
of  church  property,  1,973,391.      . 

Periodicals.  —  In  1860  there  were  published  in  Wisconsin 
14  daily.  5  tri-weekly,  11  bi-weekly,  and  130  weekly  news- 
papers, and  3  monthly  periodicals.  Of  these  149  were  po- 
litical, 2  literary,  and  1  religious.  The  whole  number  of 
copies  issued  annually  was  10,798,670. 

Public:  Institutions. — Wisconsin  has  an  a.sylum  for  the 
blind  at  Janesvilie,  wliich  was  founded  in  1850,  and  had  50 
pupils  in  1862;  a  hospital  for  the  insane  (at  Madison)  which 
was  opened  in  1860,  and  had  131  patients  remaining  Oct.l, 
1862,  during  which  year  89  were  admitted  and  25  recovered. 
There  is  an  asylum  for  tlie  de;if  and  dumb  at  Delavan,  wliich 
had  89  inmates  in  1862.  The  State  Prison,  located  at  Wau- 
pun,  contiiined  116  convicts  on  the  SOth  of  September,  1862 ; 
4  of  these  were  females. 

Popidation. — This  flourishing  scion  of  the  We.'st  has  had 
a  growth  uuexampled  even  in  that  thriving  region,  having 
increased  from  30,946  in  1840,  to  a  population  of  7i5,8Sl  in 
1800,  of  whom  773,ti93  were  whites.  1171  free  colored,  and 
1014  Indians.  Population  to  the  square  mile.  14.  Repre- 
sentative population,  775,881.  Of  the  population,  247,177 
were  born  in  the  state,  251,777  in  other  states,  2(6,927  in 
foreign  countries,  of  whom  30,-'>43  were  born  in  England, 
49,961  in  Ireland,  6902  in  Scotland,  6454  in  Wales,  18,146 
in  British  America,  123,879  in  Germany,  4906  in  Holland, 
21,442  in  Norway,  4722  in  Switzerland,  4617  in  Belgium, 
2634  in  France,  and  2691  in  other  foreign  countries :  exhi- 
biting a  greater  variety  than  is  usual  even  in  the  very  di- 
versified population  of  the  other  parts  of  the  Union.  It 
wi;l  le  observed  that  a  new  element,  or  at  lesist  in  much 
greater  proportion  than  elsewhere,  has  been  introduced  by 
the  emigration  of  considerable  bodies  of  Norwegians,  being 
about  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  that  nation  born 
in  the  United  States.  The  emigration  from  Gormany  and 
Wales  is  also  in  greater  proportion  than  in  the  other  states. 
Of  the  population  in  the  leading  pursuits,  93,859  were  fiir- 
mers,  31.472  farm  laborers,  28,238  laborers,  12,289  servants, 
6709  carpenters,  3949  teachers,  3385  shoemakers,  2976  mer- 
chants, 2906  blacksmiths,  2812  clerks,  2439  miners,  1008 
masons,  1522  lumbermen,  1411  coopers,  1332  millers,  1535 
fciilors,  11:J3  lawyers,  1106  phjsicians,  &c.  In  the  year  end- 
ing June  1, 1860,  there  occurred  7141  dejiths,  or  9-3  in  every 
thousand.  The  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  was  313  (see  Ix- 
TRODUCTiox  to  the  volume  on  Population  >if  the  Eighth 
Census,  pp.  liv,  Iv,  Ivi,  &.C.);  blind,  220;  insane,  283;  and 
idiotic,  257. 

Counties. — Wisconsin  is  divided  into  58  counties,  viz.: 
Adams,  Ashland,  Brown,  Buffalo,  Burnette,  Calumet, 
Chippewa,  Clark,  Columbia,  Crawford,  Dallas,  Dane,  Dodge, 
Door,  Douglas,  Dunn,  Eau  Claire,  Fond  du  Lac,  Grant, 
Green,  Green  Lake,  Iowa,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Juneau,  Ke- 
nosha, Kewaunee,  La  Crosse,  Lafayette,  Lapointe,  .Manitoo- 
woc, Marathon,  Marquette,'  Milwaukee,  Monroe,  Oconto, 
Outagamie,  Ozaukee,  Pepin,  Pierce,  Polk,  Portage,  Racine, 
liichland.  Rock,  ^^aint  Croix,  Sauk,  Shawano,  Sheboygan, 
Trempoaleaii,Wal  worth,  Washington,  Waukesha,  Waupacca, 
Waushara,  Winnebago,  Wood. 

Cities  and  Towns. — Towns  are  springing  up  in  Wisconsin 
as  if  by  magic,  and  a  region  that  but  a  few  years  ago  was 
mostly  an  Indian  hunting-ground,  is  now  dotted  over  with 
them.  The  principal  of  these  are  Milwaukee,  population, 
45,246;  Rticiiie,  7822;  Janesvilie,  7703;  Madison,  6611;  Osh- 
kosh,  6086;  Fond  du  Lite,  5450;  Watertowu.o302;  Shebovgan, 
4262;  Beloit,  4098;  Kenosha,  3990 ;  La  Crosse,  3860;  Wau- 
wato8a,3415;  Manitoowoc,  3055 ;  Portage  City,  2879;  Platte- 
ville,  2865;  Sheboygan  Falls,  2S08;  Beaver  Dam,  2765; 
Whitewater,  2731;  Port  Washington,  2565;  Green  Bay, 
about  4500 ;  Mineral  Point,  about  3500 ;  Shnllsburg,  2491 ; 
Monroe,  Prescott,  Hudson.     Capital  Madison. 

Government,  Finances.  Banks.  &c. — The  governor  is  elected 
by  the  people  for  2  years,  and  receives  $1250  per  annum. 
Wisconsin  has  also  a  lieutenant-governor,  elected  for  a  like 
period,  who  is  ex  officio  president  of  the  Senate,  and  receivel 
$5  a  day  during  the  session  of  the  legislature.  The  Senate 
consists  of  33  members,  and  the  llonse  of  Represenfcitivea 
of  10<);  the  former  are  elected  by  the  people  for  2  years, 
and  the  latter  for  1  year.  The  legislature  meets  on  the  first 
Monday  in  January.  Every  white  male  of  31  years  of  agt, 
who  shall  have  resided  In  the  state  one  year  next  preceding 
an  election ;  white  males  of  foreign  birth,  who  shall  Imve 
declared  their  intention  of  becoming  citizens  in  due  form, 
and  civilized  Indians,  or  Indians  who  have  been  once  de- 
clared by  Congress  citizens, shall  be  entilled  toavote.  The 
judiciiiry  consists — 1.  Of  a  supreme  court  composed  of  3 
judges;  2.  Of  a  circuit  court,  which  holds  two  session*,  at 


WIS 

least,  a  year  iu  each  county ;  and  3.  Of  county  courts  nnd 
justices  of  the  peace.  (Kxcept  to  issue  writs  of  mandamus, 
quo  warranto,  Ac,  the  supreme  court  Is  only  an  appeal  court, 
and  has  no  jury  trials.)  All  judges  are  elected  by  the  people, 
the  supreme  and  circuit  judges  for  6  years,  and  the  county 
judges  for  4.  The  Supreme  court  and  circuit  judges  re- 
ceive salaries  of  $2500.  The  asseissed  value  of  property  in 
Wisconsin  for  1860  was  $185,945,489.  The  public  debt  be- 
fore the  ci\il  war  was  only  .$100,000.  The  state  debt,  Jan.  1, 
1865,  was  $2,105,000.  Annual  expenses,  e.xcltisive  of  schools 
and  debts,  about  $400,000.  There  were  64  banks  in  the  state, 
Jan.  1, 1865,  vnth  an  outstanding  circulation  of  $2,560,673. 

History. — Wisconsin  was  visited  at  a  very  early  period  by 
the  French  missionaries  and  di.scoverers,  and  a  settlement 
made  by  the  French  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth 
ceutury.  There  was  no  considerable  influx  of  emigration, 
however,  till  quite  recently;  but  it  i.s  likely  to  repay  amply 
for  its  tardiness,  by  the  unexampled  rapidity  with  which 
emigration  flows  thither,  invited  by  its  rich  .soil,  valuable 
minerals,  beautiful  lakes,  and  rolling  prairies.  Wistronsiu 
was  formed  into  a  territory  in  1830,  and  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  an  independent  state  in  1848. 

WISCO.N'SIN  UMVEKSITY.    See  Mawson,  Wisconsin. 

WI.S'0>\',  a  post-offlce  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York. 

Wl.Sli'MAX.  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri,  about 
16  milcj  X.N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

WI.^KXBUHG,  Pennsylvania.    See  WElSENBURa. 

WI'.SfI.\W,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

Wl.-ll.iW,  a  village  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Lanark,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Carluke,  at  the  junction  of  a  branch  of  the  Cale- 
donian with  tlie  Wishaw  and  Coltne.ss  Kail  way,  in  one  of  the 
most  extendi r?  coalfields. 

WI.<irF01!D,  GKEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WISINGSOE,  ffrce'sing-soVh,  an  i.«land  in  the  S.  part  of 
Lake  Wetter,  Sweden,  opposjite  Orenna.  Length  10  miles, 
breadth  1  mile.  Ou  it  are  the  village  and  harbor  of 
Wiginjjen. 

WISKOXSIN.    See  Wisconsin. 

WISKOW,  a  town  of  Moravia.    See  Wischau. 

WI^L.\,  a  river  of  Europe.    See  Vistula. 

WISLA,  a  village  of  Au.strian  Silesia.    See  Weichsel. 

W1S'L?'Y,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

WlSLlCA,  wis-leet's.i,  a  walled  town  of  Poland,  province 
and  34  miles  S,  of  liielce,  on  the  Xida.    Pop.  2000. 

WI.<[jOK,  <\is'lok,  a  river  of  Austrian  Galicia.  rises  in  the 
Carpathian  Mountains,  flows  X.  to  Hzeszow,  and  thence  E., 
aud  ji  ins  the  San  near  Sienawa.     Length  112  miles. 

Wli^l.OKA,  ^vis-lo'kd,  a  river  of  Austrian  Galicia,  joins 
the  \istula  10  miles  S.W.  of  Haranov.     Length  lUO  miles. 

Wl^M.VI?,  wis'mar,  a  fortified  seaport  town  of  North  Ger- 
many, Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  capital  of  a  lordship,  at  the 
head  of  a  deep  bay  of  the  Baltic,  and  the  terminus  of  a 
branch  railway  to  Hamburg  and  Kostok,  18  miles  N.E.  of 
Schwerin.  Lat.  53°  5;5'  5"  X.,  and  Ion.  11°  27'  7"  E.  Pop. 
13.243  It  has  6  churches,  3  hospitals,  several  schools,  an 
orphan  asylum,  and  manufactures  of  tobacco,  playing-cards, 
sail-cloth,  and  important  breweries  and  distilleries.  Its  har- 
bor is  commodious,  and  nearly  land-locked  by  the  islands 
of  Poel  and  Wallfisch.  It  has  large  ship-building  docks. 
In  1849.  338  ves.«<els,  aggregate  burden  16,473  tons,  entered, 
and  343  vessels,  burden  17,031  tons,  cleared  from  its  port. 
It  was  founded  in  1229,  and  for  some  time  belonged  to  the 
Ilanseatic  League. 

WISXICZ,  fris/nitch,  or  WISCIIXITZ,  ^ish'nits,  a  town  of 
Austrian  Galicia,  circle  of  Bochnia.  26  miles  S.E.  of  Cracow. 

WISNITZ.  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland.    See  Wischnitza. 

WI.'«i  IWITZ,  fi-ee'zo-<iitt;\  a  town  of  Moravia,  20  miles  N.K. 
of  Uralisch.  Pop.  2713,  who  manufacture  coarse  woollen 
cloths  and  paper. 

WISOWKA,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  IIochstact. 

WIS'PINGTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WISSAIIIC/KON  or  WISSAIliC/CX)N  CREEK,  of  Mont- 
gomery and  Philadelphia  counties,  Pennsylvania,  enters 
the  Schuylkill  River  about  5  miles  above  Fair  Mount  Water 
Works.  The  scenery  along  the  banks  of  this  stream  is  ex- 
3eedingly  wild  and  romantic.  It  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort 
if  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  who  wish  to  breath  the  pure 
air  and  enjoy  the  beauties  of  the  country. 

WISSAXT,  vees^sSs"',  a  maritime  village  of  France,  de- 
-lartmeut  of  Pas-de-Calais,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Calais,  and 
wmjectured  to  be  the  Portiis  Itius  of  the  Romans.     P.  1012. 

WISSEIIRAD,  a  village  of  Bohemia.     See  Pragce. 

WlSSmi,  -ftis'sfk,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Posen, 
gcvernnient  of  Bromberg.     Pop.  1145. 

W1S.-^EKERKE,  wis/st-h-kjR'keh,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
Ian  -Js,  province  of  Zealand,  island  of  North  Beveland,  9  miles 
N.W.  cf  Goes.     Pop.  1871. 

WISSEMBOURG,  vees'sSM'booR',  (Ger.  Weissenhurg,  Hiwl- 
gen-b^iuRG ;  L.  AVba-Lelusiafna  or  Ldufsium,)  a  fortified  town 
of  France,  department  of  Bas-Rhin,  capital  of  an  arrondisse- 
ment.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lauter,  and  on  the  Bavarian 
frontier,  34  miles  N.X.E.  of  Strasbourg.  Pop.  in  1852,  5913. 
It  has  a  collegiate  church  of  the  13th  century,  a  Protestant 
church  containing  a  bust  of  Luther,  a  synagogue,  town-hall, 
biirracks,  a  large  old  tower,  now  forming  a  prison,  mauu- 
61 


WIT 

factures  of  tiles,  bricks,  snap,  felt  hats,  paper  hangings,  anrf 
vinegar,  and  a  trade  in  wax,  cattle,  clotlis,  iron,  and  agrf 
cultural  produce.  In  addition  to  its  strong  foi-tifications, 
works,  terniei-l  the  '"lines  of  Wiggembourg."  extend  from  is 
along  the  Lauter  to  Lauterburg,  9  miles  S.E.  It  was  takeu 
by  the  Austrians  in  1793. 

WIS'SET,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AVLS'TAXSTOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

W1S'T.\STUX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WISTEKNITZ,  wig/ter-nit8\  a  market  town  of  Moravia,  » 
miles  E.  of  Olmutz.  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1408. 

WISTITTEN  or  WYSZTYTTEX,  «i.s-tii/ten,  a  town  ot 
Poland,  on  the  Prussian  frontiers,  28  miles  N.X.W.  of  Su- 
walki.     Pop.  1579. 

WIS'TON,  a  borouiih.  village,  and  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of 
Pembroke,  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  lIaverford-\\  est.  Pop.  of  bo- 
rough and  parish  in  1851.  774.  Chief  edifices,  the  Church, 
and  a  ruined  castle.  It  unites  with  Pembroke,  Milfoid,  and 
Tenby,  in  .sending  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

^V^STl).\,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WISTON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su8.sex. 

WISTON  and  ROBERTOX,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  ot 
Lanark,  on  the  Clyde. 

WIS'TOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

WISTDW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

WISTOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East  and  West 
Riding. 

WISWALL  or  WISWELL,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

WITCII'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

WITCH'FOKI).  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cambridge. 

WITCII'IXGIIAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfolk. 

WITCHIXGIIAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Norfulk. 

\\  ITCII'LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WITEPSK,  government  and  town,  Prussia.    See  Vitebsk. 

WITIl'AM,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln,  rises  in 
Rutlandshire,  flows  N.  past  Grantham  and  Long-Benning- 
ton to  Lincoln,  and  then  S.W.  past  Tattershall  and  Boston 
to  the  Wash,  which  it  enters  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Welland 
River.  Total  length  80  miles,  for  the  last  40  of  which,  to 
Lincoln,  it, is  navigable  for  small  steam  and  sailing  ves.sels, 
and  for  33'  miles  to  Tattershall,  for  vessels  of  much  larger 
burden,  it  having  been  deepened  and  embanked  in  the 
lower  part  of  its  course.  Its  principal  afliuents,  the  Bain 
and  Slea,  have  been  made  navigable  to  llorucastle  and 
Sleatbrd. 

W1TH.\M,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex,  on  the  Maiden  Branch  of  the  Eastern  Counties  Rail- 
way, 9  miles  N.E.  of  Chelmsford.  Pop.  in  1851,  3;i03.  The 
town,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Braine  with  the  Blackwaler, 
has  an  endowed  school,  almshouses,  and  other  charities.  It 
is  the  supposetl  site  of  the  Roman  station  Canmiium,  and  a 
Danish  camp  is  traceable  in  the  vicinity. 

WITU'AM-ON-THE-IIILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 
"  WITHAM,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WITHAM.  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WITHAM  FRIARY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

WITH'AMSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio, 
about  16  miles  E.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  233. 

WITH'CALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WITH'COTE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

M'lTH'ERIDGE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WITII'ERLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester,  on 
the  anci(?nt  Watling  street. 

WITH'ERXE-WITH-STAIB  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Lincoln. 

WITH'ERXWICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

WITH'ERSDALE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WITH'ERSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WITH'ERSTONE,  a  tything  of  England,  co,t)f  Dorset. 

WITH'] EL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall. 

WITH'IELI^FLOREY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  Somerset 

WITH'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WITHIXGTON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WITHINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WITIIINGTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WITHIXGTOX,  LOWER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Chester. 

WITHLACOO'CHEE,  a  small  river  of  Georgia  and  Florida, 
rises  in  Irwin  co.,  Georgia,  and  flowing  southward  into  Flo- 
rida, enters  the  Suwanee  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Hamil- 
ton CO. 

WITHLACOOCHEE,  a  small  river  in  the  peninsula  of 
Florida,  forms  the  boundary  between  Marion  and  Levy 
counties  on  the  right,  and  Benton  county  on  the  left,  until 
it  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

WITH'XELL.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WITH'YBROOK.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  ^\  arwick. 

WITIinrCOMBE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

WITHYCOMBE  RAWLEIGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

2129 


WIT 


WOD 


WITII'YIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

•WITII'V  POOLE,  a  parish  of  Kiiglaiid,  co.  of  Somerset 

"WITKOWITZ.  «it-ko'wits.  a  village  of  Bohemia,  drcle  of 
Bitlscbow,  in  a  mountain  valley,  about  35  miles  from  Gits- 
chin.     Pop.  2000. 

\VITKO\VO,ftit-ko'vo,  a  town  of  Pru.ssian  Poland.  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Guesen.  Pop.  2200.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
eloth,  linens,  and  leather. 

WIT'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

WITLKY.  GKEAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Worcester. 

WIT'LINGUAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

■\V1T.MAKSUM,  wifmar-soOm\  a  village  of  the  Xether- 
lands,  province  of  Friesland,  district  and  15  miles  S.W.  of 
LeeuwarUen.  Pop.  800.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Menno- 
Simon,  founder  of  the  sect  of  Mennonites. 

WIT'XESIIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

■\VIT'XEY,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  and 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Oxford,  on  the  Windrush,  an  affluent 
of  the  Thames.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1851,  3099.  The  town 
has  a  town-hall,  with  an  area  serving  for  a  market-place,  a 
market-cross,  and  a  handsome  blanket-hall.  The  church  is 
a  spacious  cruciform  structure.  Here  are  places  of  worship 
for  Independents,  ^Vesleyans,  Primitive  Methodists,  and 
Friends;  a  grammar  school,  a  free  school  for  the  sons  of 
journeymen  weavers  of  Wituey  and  Ilailey,  and  endowed 
almsho'u.«es.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  gloves,  malt,  and  blankets,  and  various 
woollen  goods,  the  celebrity  of  AVitney  for  which  is  in  part 
due  to  the  detersive  quality  of  the  waters  of  the  'Windrush. 
The  average  annual  number  of  blanket-pieces,  including 
pilot-cloths,  manufactured,  is  about  10,000 ;  average  value 

Q(|  1)00/ 

WITSCIIE,  ^ifsheh,  written  also  WICZE.  a  village  of 
An.stria.  in  Moravia,  circle  of  Prerau.    Pop.  1350. 

WITSCHEGDA.     See  Vitchegda. 

WITSCHEIX,  «if  shine,  or  SWITSCinN.4,  s^lt-shee'nj,  a 
Tillage  of  Austria,  Styria,  circle  of  Marburg.     Pop.  1632. 

WITTEX,  *it'teu,  a  town  of  Prussia,  \Vestphalia,  32  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Arnsberg,  on  the  Ruhr,  and  on  the  Elberfeld 
and  Dortmund  Railway.    Pop.  2335. 

WITTKNBACII,  firit/ten-haK\  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  1284. 

WITTENBERG,  wit/ten-b^Ro\  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian 
Baxony,  capital  of  a  circle,  46  miles  N.N.E.  of  Merseburg, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  railway  from 
Berlin  to  Leipsic :  lat  51°  53'  X.,  Ion.  12°  46'  E.  Pop.  8760, 
besides  the  garrison.  Its  University  was  united  to  that  of 
Halle  in  ISIT;  it  has  a  gymnasium,  breweries,  distilleries, 
and  manufactures  of  woolfens.  Here  the  Reformation  com- 
menced in  1517,  and  the  garrison  church  contains  the  graves 
of  Luther  and  Melanclbon,  and  their  portraits  by  I^ewis 
Cranach.  Luther's  cell  in  the  Augustine  Convent  and  Me- 
lancthon's  house,  are  still  preserved.  The  town  was  taken 
by  assault  by  the  Prussians  in  1814. 

WITTENBERG  COLLEGE.     See  SPBl-VGnELD,  Ohio. 

WITTE.VBERG,  a  posfroffice  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WITTENBERGE,  ftit/ten-b^RO^h,  a  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenberg,  65  miles  N.W.  of  Potsdam,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Stepenitz  with  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  Ham- 
burg and  Berlin  Railway,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Perleberg.  Pop. 
in  1852,  4676. 

WITTENBERG'S,  a  post-office  of  Alexander  co.,  North 
Carolina. 

WITTENBURG,  fttt'tf n-booRG\  a  town  of  North  Germany, 
grand-duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  on  the  railway  to 
Berlin.  17  miles  S.W.  of  Schwerin.     J'op.  2705. 

WIITTENUAM,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Berks.  _ 

.of  Berks. 


„ ---  -.  -orthampton. 

WITTERING,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

^^  ITTERING,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  on  Chichester 
harbor,  opposite  Hayling  Island. 

WITTEUSHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

V  ITTGENSTEIN  (witt/ghgn-.stine)  ISLAND.  Low  Archi- 
pelago. Pacific  Ocean,  is  in  fat.  16°  11'  S..  Ion.  146°  22'  W. 

WITTICHENAU,  *it/tiK-eh-nf)w\  a  town  of  Prussian 
Bllesia,  88  miles  W.N.W.  of  Liegnitz,  on  the  Black  (Schwarz) 
fclster.  Pop.  2100.  It  has  manuiactures  of  linen  and 
hoKiery. 

WriTlNOAU.  «it/tin-giiw\  a  town  of  Bohemia,  14  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Budweis.     Pop.  3319. 

WITTINGEN,  *ifting-eh.  a  town  of  Hanover,  landdrostei 
or  LUneburg.  19  miles  S.S.K.  of  Uelzen.     Pop.  1225. 

■W  irrLICII,  *itt'liK.  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  20  miles 

iJ-',;'.n     ''"*^*"'-  "n  »n  affluent  of  the  Moselle.     Pop.  2900. 

Wlir.MUND,  ftitt/mMnt,  a  village  of  Hanover,  14  mUes 
H.fc.  of  Aurich.     Pop.  1800. 

u-li!3if*^"^'  '^  P*""*"  "*'  ^-ngland,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

W  I  U0\.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

W  1  rroN.  EA.xT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Riding.  I  nnl.s  S.S.E.  of  Middleham.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
JerT<-a«x-abb«y. 

WriTi)NGlL'RERT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 


WITTON-LE-WEAR,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Durham, 
5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bishop-Auckland,  on  the  Wear  Vallej 
Railway.     Coal  abounds  in  this  parish. 

WITTON,  NETH'ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nortb- 
uml)er}and. 

WITTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York.  North 
Riding. 

WITTON,  a  parochial  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester 

WITTON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WI'ITS'BURG,  a  post-office  of  St.  Francis  co..  Arkansas. 

WITl'STOCK,  «itt/stok,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  pro 
vince  of  Brandenburg,  on  tlie  Dos.-*,  60  miles  N.W.  of  Berlin. 
Pop.  6-100.  It  has  a  large  hospital  for  military  invalids,  and 
manufactures  of  li,neu  and  woollen  fabrics. 

WITZENHALSEN,  ^it'sjn-how'zen,  a  town  of  Hess<^ 
Cassel,  province  of  Nieder-Hes.sen,  cajjital  of  a  district,  on  the 
Werra,  15  miles  E.  of  Cassel.  Pop.  3235.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics,  vinegar,  and 
leather. 

WIVELISCOMBE,  commonly  pron.  wils-kiim.  a  market* 
town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset  265  miles  W. 
of  .Somerton.  Pop.  in  1851.  2861,  partly  engaged  in  woollen 
manufactures.  The  town  has  a  liaudsome  church,  and  an 
infirmary  for  sick  poor. 

WIV'ELSFIELD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex. 

WIV/ENHOE,  a  maritime  town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Essex,  on  the  Colne,  4^  miles  S.E.  of  Colchester.  Pop. 
in  1851,  1672.  Here  is  a  custom-house,  subordinate  to  Co' 
Chester,  of  which  Wivenhoe  is  regarded  a.s  the  port.  Large 
quantities  of  oysters  are  here  shipped  for  the  London  and 
other  markets. 

WIVET(JN,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WIX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WIX'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WIZNA,  ^iz/na,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  and  50 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Augustowo,  on  the  Narew.     Pop.  2015. 

WJATKA,  a  city  of  Rus.sia.    See  Viatka. 

WKRA,  *krd.  or  WRA,  *rd,  a  river  of  Poland,  ri.ses  in  East 
Prussia,  near  Niedenburg,  flows  S.W.  and  then  generally 
S.E.,  through  the  government  of  Plock.  and  joins  the  Bug, 
15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Warsaw.    Total  course  120  mile.s. 

WLADIMIR,  a  town  and  government  of  Russia.  Sea 
Vlammeer. 

WLADISLAWOW,  -ftli'dis-ia'fvov,  formerly  NOVE-MIAS- 
TO,  no'vd  myds'to,  (Ger.  Rostf.rsdtutz,  ros't^r-shtlls\)  a  town 
of  Poland,  government  of  Augustowo,  25  miles  N.W.  of 
Mariampol.  on  the  Szezuppe.     Pop.  4506. 

WLADISLAWOW,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and  28 
miles  N.E.  of  Kalisz.  with  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran 
churche.s,  and  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics. 

WLAS.A.T1CE,  a  towu  of  Jloravia.     See  \Vostitz. 

WLASCHIM,  vli/shim,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  22  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Kaurzim.  Pop.  '2336.  It  has  a  castle,  and  manufacture! 
of  woollen  stuffs. 

WLOCLAWEK,  ftlots-ll'ftJk,  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Warsaw,  on  the  Vistula,  30  miles  N.W.  of  I'lock. 
Pop.  4000.  It  has  manufactures  of  chiccory,  and  a  trade  in 
corn. 

WLOD.A^WA,  fiiodi'ft^  a  town  of  Toland,  government  of 
Lublin,  province  and  72  miles  S.E.  of  Siedlce.  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Wlodawka  with  the  Bug.    Pop.  30C0. 

WLODZIMIERZ,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Al.u)imeer. 

AVOAHOO.  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.    See  Oauu. 

WOBBELIN,  ftiibnxfh-loen',  a  village  of  Mecklenburg^ 
Schwerin,  18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Schweriu.  The  poet  Kiirner, 
who  fell  at  the  battle  of  Rosenberg,  is  buried  under  a  great 
oak  in  front  of  this  village. 

WO'BIRN  or  OLD  WOBURN,  a  market-town  and  pa 
rish  of  England,  county  and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Bedford,  near 
the  branch  between  that  town  and  the  London  and  North- 
western Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  2049.  The  church  is  a  spa- 
cious edifice,  having  a  tower  detai'Iied  from  its  main  Vody ;  and 
here  are  a  handsome  market-house,  a  free  school,  endowed 
almshouses,  and  other  minor  charities.  Population  partly 
employed  in  agriculture,  and  partly  in  the  manufacture  of 
straw-plait  and  thread-lace. —  ICotum  AI>>Oey,  E.  of  the  town, 
is  the  principal  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford,  and  derives  its 
name  from  its  being  erected  on  the  site  of  a  Cistercian  ab- 
bey, founded  here  in  1145. 

WOBURN,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Burks. 

WOBURN,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  CO..  Massachu- 
setts, intersected  by  the  Basfon  and  Lowell  Railroad,  10 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Boston.  Horn  Pond  and  seveiii*  small 
streams  rtinning  through  the  township,  afford  an  abun- 
dant and  well-improved  wafer-power.  The  inhabitants  are 
largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes, 
leather,  &c.,  and  in  the  ice  business.  The  priiicijial  village, 
called  Woburn  Centre,  is  delightfully  situated  on  elevated 
ground,  and  contains  7  churches,  a  bank,  1  newspaper  office, 
a  lyceimi,  and  \\arfen  Academy,  founded  in  1828.  A 
branch  railroad  conununicates  with  the  Boston  and  IjOwcU 
Railroad  at  Winchester,  2  miles  distant.  Woburn  is  the 
birth-place  of  Count  Rumford.  the  philosophe>.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  in  1840,  2993 ;  in  1850,  3956 ;  in  18fO,  6287. 

WODA,wo'di,  a  village  of  Japan,  island  of  Kioo  Sioo,prO' 


WOD 


WOL 


vinro  of  Flzen,  with  a  celebrated  Idol  placed  In  a  large  cam- 
phor tree  at  its  entrance. 

WOL)XIAX,  *od'ne-dn\  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Itlanitz,  12  miles  S.  of  Pisek.    Pop.  2241. 

WOUZISIiAW,  *od-zis'lJv,  a  town  of  I'oland,  province 
and  31  miles  S.W.  of  Kielce,  on  the  Wodzislawa.    I'op.  2000. 

WUENtjDKECHT,  woons'dr^Kt,  a  parish  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabant,  5  miles  S.  of  Bergeu-op- 
ZcK)m.     Pop.  1300. 

WOKNSKL,  woon'sel,  a  parish  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabaut,  2  miles  N.  of  Eindhoven.  Pop.  3100. 

WOEKDEN,  wooRMgn,  a  walled  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  Old  Khine,  18  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Leyden.    Pop.  of  district,  4117. 

WOERXH-SUH-SAUEIt,  vo-aiRf  silR  so'aiR',  (Ger.  WJrth. 
*oRt',)  a  village  of  B'rance,  department  of  Bas-Khin,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Wissembourg.     Pop.  in  1852,  1240. 

^VUESTE^',  woo.'*'ten.  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  on  the  Kemmelbeke,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  1204. 

AVOGNOMIESTETZ,  *og-no-myJs't^ts,  a  market-town  of 
Bohemia,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Czaslau.    Pop.  1084, 

WOIILAU,  fto'lOw,  a  walled  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  23 
miles  N.W.  of  Breslau,  surrounded  by  small  lakes.  Pop. 
3000.    It  has  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens,  and  hosiery. 

WOHLEN,  *o1en,  a  town  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Aargau,  11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Aarau.     Pop.  2124. 

WOHLEN,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland,  4  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Bern,  on  the  Aar.     Pop.  2577. 

WOIIRDEN,  *0R'den,  a  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of 
Holstein,  South  Ditmarsch,  about  20  miles  W.S.^V.  of  Kends- 
burg.     Pop.  800, 

WOK  AN,  wo-kin',  one  of  the  Arroo  Islands,  with  a  village 
of  the  same  name. 

WOKEFIELD,  wok'feeld,  a  tything,  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

WO'KINO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  on  the 
Basingstoke  Canal,  and  with  a  station  on  the  South- Western 
Railw.ay,  6  miles  N.N.E.  of  Guildford. 

WO'KINOIIAM  or  OAK'INGIIAM,  a  market-town  of 
England,  counties  of  Berks  and  Wilts,  on  the  border  of 
Windsor  Forest,  and  on  the  Keaxling  and  Keigate  Hallway,  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Beading.  Pop.  in  1851,  2272,  who  manufacture 
shiics,  gauze,  silks,  malt,  and  flour.  The  town  has  a  mar- 
ket-hou.se  and  town-hall.    The  church  is  a  fine  old  edifice. 

WUiyBECK,  ftol'l)^k,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  6 
miles  S.E.  of  Miinster.     Pop.  921. 

WOL'COTT,  a  post-village  and  township  in  Lamoille  co., 
Vermont,  on  lyamoille  Itiver,  about  25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mont- 
pelier.  The  village  contains  1  church.  1  tavern,  1  woollen 
factory,  1  grist-mill,  and  a  number  of  other  establishmeotg. 
Pop.  of  the  township.  1161. 

WOLCOTT,  a  post-township  in  New  Haven  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, 22  miles  S.W,  of  Hartford,  intersected  by  Mad  lUver. 
Pop,  574. 

WOLCOTT,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.E  extremity  of 
Wayne  co..  New  York,  on  Lake  Ontario.     Pop.  2034. 

WOLCOTT  or  WOLCOTT  VILLAGE,  a  flouri.shiug  village 
in  the  above  township,  about  160  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Albany, 
on  a  small  stream  emptying  Into  Lake  Ontario.  It  contains 
4  churilies,  9  stores,  1  academy,  2  taverns,  2  saw-mills,  2 
grist-mills.  1  bbust  furnace,  and  2  tanneries. 

W(;)LCOTT'S  MILLS,  a  pos^oflice,  La  Grange  CO.,  Indiana. 

WOL'COTTVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Litchfield 
county,  Coilnecticut,  on  the  Xaugatuck  Hiver  and  Kailroad, 
25  miles  W.  of  Hartford,  and  110  miles  N.N.E.  of  New  York. 
It  contains  a  Congregational,  an  Episcopal,  and  a  Jlethodist 
church.  7  stores,  and  numerous  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, among  which  may  be  mentioned  a  brass  foundry, 
rolling-mill  and  battery,  a  large  wooUeu-mill,  a  knitting  fac- 
tory, a  papier-mache  factory,  2  manufactories  of  musical 
instruments,  1  of  lock.s,  and  1  of  carriages.  The  mill  of  the 
Union  Manufacturing  Company  is  a  fine  building,  five  stories 
high.  Wolcottville  was  foundi?d  about  the  year  1810,  by 
the  late  Honorable  Frederick  Wnlcott.  Its  growth  for  the 
last  few  years  has  been  very  rapid.  Pop.  in  IStiO,  about 
1200. 

^VOLCOTTVILLE,  a  thriving  village  of  La  Grange  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  North  Fork  of  Elkhart  Kiver. 

WOI.DEGK.  Wol'dJk,  a  walled  town  of  North  Germany, 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  on  the  Prussian  frontier,  22  miles  N.E. 
of  Strelitz.     Pop.  ^ilSC. 

WOLDENBERG,  «'ol'den-bjRG\  a  walled  town  of  Prussia, 
province  of  lirandenburg,  on  the  railway  from  Stettin  to 
Posen.  G6  miles  S.K.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  3000. 

WOLD'INGIIAM.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey, 

WOLD-NEW/TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

WOIjF.  a  town.«hip,  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  1336. 

WOLF,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio. 

WOLFACII.  <vol'fdK,  a  town  of  Batlen,  on  the  Kinzig,  here 
joined  by  the  Wolfach,  33  miles  S.S.W.  of  Baden.   Pop.  1653. 

WOLF  BAY'>II,  a  post-office.  Independence  co.,  Arkansas. 

WOLF'BOROUGH,  a  post-township  in  Carroll  co..  New 
Hampshire.  30  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Concord.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  Smith "s  Kiver,  which  falls  into  Winnipiseogee  Lake, 


bordering  the  township  on  the  S.W.  The  village  is  situated 
near  the  bridge,  across  the  river,  and  contains  a  hotel.  Pop 
of  the  townsliip.  2300. 

WOLF  CREEK,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  rises  in  Taze* 
well  county,  flows  north-eastward,  and  forms  the  boundary 
between  Giles  and  Mercer  couuties,  until  it  enters  the  Ka- 
nawha  or  New  Kiver. 

WOLF  CREEK,  in  the  N,  part  of  Tennes?.e«,  rise*  in  Fen- 
tress county,  and  enters  Obed's  Kiver  near  the  N.  border  of 
Overton  county.     It  furnishes  valuable  motive  power. 

WOLF  CREEK,  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  flows  into  the 
Miami  River,  near  Dayton. 

WOLF  CHEEK,  of  Summit  CO.,  Ohio,  is  an  affluent  of 
Tuscarawas  Kiver. 

WOLF  CHEEK,  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Sullivan  county,  and 
flowing  southward  falls  into  the  Chariton  River  from  the 
right,  a  few  miles  S.E.  of  Keytesville. 

WOLF  CREEK,  of  Iowa,  flows  into  the  Cedar  River  from 
the  right,  in  Bla<k  Hawk  county. 

WOLF  CHEEK,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  extre- 
mity of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  610. 

WOLF  CHEEK,  a  post-office,  Pickens  district.  South  Caro- 
lina. 

WOLF  CREEK,  a  postofflce  of  Choctaw  co.,  MississippL 

WOLF  CltEEK,  a  post-office  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan, 

WOLF  CHEEK,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  W.  Virginia. 

WOLFEGG,  frol'ftk,  a  village  of  Wiirtemberg,  circle  of 
Danube,  9  miles  S.S.K.  of  Waldsee.    Pop.  1714. 

WOLFELSD0RF,wol'frls-doRf\  a  village  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Silesia,  government  and  S.S.W.  of  Breslau.  Pop. 
1530. 

WOLFENBUTTEL,  (WolfenbUttel,)  ftoPfen-but^fl,  a  town 
of  Germany,  duchy  and  8  miles  S,  of  Brunswick,  on  tha 
railway  to  Hanover,  and  on  the  Ocker.  Lat.  52°  9'  N.,  ion 
10"  32'  E.  Pop.  9003.  It  consists  of  a  citiuiel.  town  proper, 
and  two  suburbs,  and  has  several  fine  churches,  two  old 
castles,  an  arsenal,  a  large  workhou.se,  a  hospital,  orphan 
asylum,  college,  and  various  other  schools,  and  a  library 
containing  nearly  150,000  volumes,  with  relics  and  manu- 
scripts of  Luther.  The  town  is  the  seat  of  the  superior  law 
court  for  the  states  of  Brunswick,  Waldeck,  and  Lippe,  and 
has  manufactures  of  lacquered  wares,  paper-hangings,  lea- 
ther and  tobacco,  a  trade  in  corn  and  linen  yarn,  and  five 
annual  fairs. 

WOLFENSCIIIES.S  *ol'fs;n-sheess\  a.  village  anil  parish 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Unterwalden,  on  the  Aa,  7  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Sarnen.     I'op.  1118. 

^VOL'FEHLOW,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Ilefcford. 

WOLFHAGE.W  *olf'ha'ohgn,  a  town  of  Germany.  Uessa- 
Cassel,  14  miles  W.  of  Cassel.  Pop.  3187.  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  and  has  manufactures  of  woollens  and  linens. 

WOLFHALDEN,  Aolf'hdlMen.  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  of  .'Vppenzeli.  on  the  borders  of  the 
Rheinthal,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  2124. 

WOL'FINGHA.M,  a  parish  of  New  South  Wales,  Australia, 
CO.  of  Durham,  N.  of  the  river  Hunter. 

WOLF  LSLANDS,  a  group  of  British  North  America.  New 
Brunswick,  in  Passaoiaquoddy  Bay.  N.  of  Grand  Manaa 
Island.  The  most  northern  is  iu  lat.  44°  59'  N.,  Ion.  C6P 
41'  W. 

WOLF  ISLAND,  a  post-ofRce  of  Mississippi  co.,  Missouri^ 

WOLF  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Noble  Co.,  Indiana. 

WOLF  POND,  a  post-office  of  Union  Co.,  North  Carolina. 

WOLFRATSHAUSEN,  ^ol'frdts-how'zpn,  a  marketrtown 
of  Upper  Bavaria,  on  the  Loisach,  17  mile&S.S.W.  of  Munich. 
Pop.  1200. 

^VOLF  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Mississippi,  flows  through 
Hancock,  aad  Harrison  counties  into  the  Gnlf  of  Mexico. 

WOLF  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Mississippi  and  Tennes- 
see, rises  in  Tippah  county  of  the  former  state,  and  enters 
the  Mississippi  River  at  the  city  of  Memphis.  Its  general 
course  is  W.N.W.    Length  near  100  miles. 

WOLF  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  tha 
state,  and  flowing  nearly  southward,  forms  the  W.  boundary 
of  Oconto  county  for  about  100  miles,  and  enters  Neenah  or 
Fox  Kiver  in  Winnebago  county,  A  little  above  its  mouth, 
it  expands  into  Pewaugan  Liike,  several  miles  in  diameter. 
The  Indian  name  of  the  river  is  Pewaugonee.  This  river  is 
navigable  by  steamboats  about  150  miles  from  its  mouth. 

WOLF  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Tennessee. 

WOLF  RUN,  a  post-fiffice  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsvlvani.i. 

WOLFSBERG,  firolfs'bgRO,  a  town  of  lllyria,  Cariiitbia,  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Klagenfurth,  with  a  castle.     Pop.  1466. 

WOLF'S  NEW'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  eo.  Monmouth. 

WOLFSTEIN,  <volf/stine,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Bavaria,  on 
the  Lauter,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kaisepslautern,  with  mines 
of  coal  and  mercury.     Pop.  918. 

WOLFS'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Frederirk  CO.,  Maryland. 

WOLFSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Union  CO.,  North  Care- 
linn,  178  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Raleigh. 

WOLGA,  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Volg.^. 

WOLGAST,  Ool/gSst,  a  seaport  town  of  Prussia,  Pome- 
rania,  33  miles  S.E.  of  Stralsund,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Peene  in  the  Baltic.  Pop.  5200.  It  has  manufactures  of 
soap  and  tobacco. 


WOL 


WOM 


tVf  LC!?K.  a  town  of  iJugsia.    See  VoLSK. 

VOLIIOIVLA,  a  small  village  of  Pickens  district.  South 
Carolina. 

WOl^FIOPE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WOLH  YNIA.  a  government  of  Russia.     See  Volhtma. 

WOLIN.  f^onin,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles  S.W. 
of  Fisek.  on  the  Wolinka.     Pop.  1570. 

WOLKEXSTKIN,  ^ol/ken-stlne',  a  town  of  Saxony,  with 
a  castle.  14  miles  S.S.E.  of' Chemnitz.     Pop.  1901. 

WOLKEKSDOliF.  ftol/kers-iloRr.  a  markot-town  of  Lower 
Ani^tiia.  9  miles  E.S'.E.  of'Korneuburg.     J'op.  1110. 

AV(;iI>KHO\V,  a  river  of  Ru.«.<ia.     See  VotKnov. 

WOL'I-AND.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WOL/I-ASTON.  a  pari.<h  of  lintrland,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WOl/LASTOX-LAXD.  British  North  .\merica,  Arctic 
Ocean,  W.  of  Victoria  Land;  the  E.  point  is  in  lat.  68°  45' 
N.,  Ion.  113°  53'  W.,  and  separated  from  the  mainland  by 
Dolphin  and  Union  Strait. 

VOIVLATON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

■\VOLLERAU,  ftol1t'h-row\  a  village  and  parish  of  Swit- 
lerland.  canton  and  12  miles  N.X.E.  of  Schwytz.   Pop.  2397. 

WOLLKSCIIXITZ,  Vvollesh-uits",  a  village  of  Bohemia, 
circle  of  Buntzlau.     Pop.  1203. 

WOL/LKY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

"WOLLIIAUSEX-WIGGKRN,  ^olTiowVen  ftig'ghern,  a  vil- 
lage and  pari.-h  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  10  miles  \V.  of 
Lucerne,  on  the  Emmen,  hereci-ossed  by  a  bridge  connecting 
it  with  Wollhauseu-im-Markt.     Pop.  1381. 

WOLLIN,  *ol-leen',  a  small  seaport  town  of  Prussia,  Po- 
merauia,  29  miles  N.  of  Stettin,  on  the  Divenow,  and  on  an 
island  formed  by  the  latt<?r,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  con- 
nected by  bridges  with  the  mainland.  Pop.  In  1852.  4591. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  and  ship-building 
docks. 

AVOLLIN.  an  island  of  Prussia,  one  of  those  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  Great  Haff,  between  it  and  the  Baltic,  is  of  irregular 
shape,  bounded  E.  by  the  Divenow,  and  W.  by  the  Ost- 
Swine.     Length  20  miles,  breadth  from  3  to  10  miles. 

WOLLISUOFEX,  fSoni.s-ho'fen.  a  village  and  pari.sh  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  2  miles  S.S.W.  of  Zurich,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  lake.  A  fierce  struggle  took  place  here  in  1799 
between  the  French  and  Pru.«sians.     Pop.  1047. 

WOLLMIRSTADT.  (Wolmirstiidt.)  *oll'mlr-st6tt\  a  walled 
town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Ohre.  and  8  miles  N.  of 
Magdeburg,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railway.  Pop. 
in  1S52,  3652.  It  has  a  castle,  manufactures  of  linens  and 
leather,  and  a  trade  in  corn  and  cattle. 

WOLLOMBA,  «oriom1>4,  a  river  of  New  South  AVales, 
CO.  of  Gloucester,  flows  S.E.,  and  enters  Wallls  Lake. 

WOLLONDILLY,  worion-^iillee,  a  river  of  New  South 
Wales,  flows  X.  through  the  centre  of  the  county  of  Argyle, 
and  between  the  counties  of  Camden  and  Westmoreland,  and 
joins  the  Warragamba.  after  a  course  of  130  miles. 

'WOLLOXGOXG.  wol'long-gong',  a  maritime  town  of  New 
South  Wales,  co.  of  Camden.  7  miles  N,  of  Lake  Illaw.irra. 
Pop.  515.  It  stands  in  a  flue  district,  and  is  resorted  to  for 
sea-bathing. 

WOLLSTEIX.  ftoll'stlne.  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  37 
miles  S.W.  of  Po.sen,  between  two  lakes.     Pop.  2G50. 

WOLLSTEIX.  a  town  of  N.W.  Germany,  grand-duchy 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Rhein-Hessen.  capital  of  a 
county  on  the  Appelbach,  6  miles  S.E.of  Kreutznach.  P.  1470. 

WOLMAR,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  VoiM.\R. 

WOLNZACH  or  WOLLXZACH,  *6ln/zaK,  a  market-town 
of  Upper  Bavaria,  district  and  N.E.  of  Pfaffenhofen.  Pop. 
1023. 

WOLOGDA,  a  government  of  Russia.    See  Vologda. 

WOLOM'BI,  a  village  and  parish  of  New  South  Wales, 
Australia,  co.  of  Northumberland,  otpital  of  a  district  on 
the  Wolumbi,  an  affluent  of  the  Hunter,  25  miles  S.W.  of 
Maitland. 

WOLI'H'AMCOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

AVOLSDORF.  ftiils/doRf,  or  WELSDORF,  ftJls/doRf,  a  vil- 
lage of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Koniggratz.     Pop.  1118. 

WOL/SIXGHAM  or  WAL'SIXGHAM.  a  market-town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  and  13i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Durham, 
on  the  Wear  Valley  Railway.  Pop.  in  1851,  45S5.  employed 
in  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens,  and  hardwares,  in  iron- 
blast  furnaces,  and  in  coal,  lime,  and  lead-works. 

W0L8K.  a  town  of  Russia.     See  VoLSK. 

WOl/STAN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WOLSTANI'OX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford,  li 
miles  X.E.  of  Newcastle-undei^Lyne.  It  has  a  new  Gothic 
church,  and  a  union  workhouse.  The  Grand  Trunk  Canal 
here  passes  through  a  tunnel  li  miles  in  length. 

>\UI/rF.KT()X,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

WOi;rS(il.\Xi<K.     See  VoiTCHANSK. 

W0LUWt>8AIXT-LA.MBEKT,  vo'liiv/  sAsti  iJM'balR',  a 
Tillage  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  on  the  Woluwe,  4 
miles  E.  of  Urus.«els.     Pop.  1111. 

WOIA  WE-.<A1XT-PIEKRE,  voMllv/  sJs«  pe-ain'.  a  village 
or  B«'lgium.  prt>vinceof  Brabant  near  the  above.   Pop.  1164 
\\  uL\  ERCOTE,  wool'vjr-kOt,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Oxford. 

WorVERIlAMPATON,  a  market-town,  municipal   and 


parliamentary  borough  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford.  12  miles 
X.W.  by  W.  of  Birmingham.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  summit  of  an  eminence  commanding  a  picturesque  view ; 
it  is  substantially  but  very  irregularly  built.  During  the 
last  ten  years,  it  has  made  extraoniirary  progress,  and 
many  public  buildings  have  been  erected,  and  works  of 
general  utility  carried  on.  The  more  important  wiifices  and 
objects  of  note  are  8  churches,  of  whicli  the  principal  is  the 
collegiate  chunli  of  St.  Peter,  a  tine  stately  structure,  with 
lofty  embattled  tower,  and  many  features  of  great  interest; 
.<«veral  dissenting  chapels,  an  exchange,  a  capacious  markot- 
hall.  a  public  subscription  library  of  about  lu.OtK)  volumes, 
avery  elegant  school  of  practical  art,  opened  in  1S54;  a  noble 
hospital,  a  town-hall,  a  large  orph-an  B.sylum,  mainly  found- 
ed by  Mr.  .Tohn  Li-os.  an  inhabitant  and  merchant ;  a  theatre, 
a  mechanics'  institute,  a  free  grammar  school,  in  which  Sir 
William  Congreve  and  .\bernethy  were  educated,  a  blue- 
coat,  ragged,  national,  and  other  schools,  various  charitable 
institutions,  a  tinion  poorbouse,  a  cemetery,  race-course^ 
cattle-market,  sub.*cription  liatlis.  ic. 

Situated  in  the  heart  of  the  great  midland  mining  dis- 
trict, Wolverhampton  derives  its  wealth  from  the  extensive 
beds  of  coal  and  ironstone  which  abound  in  its  vicinity, 
and  the  working  of  which  gives  occupation  to  large  num- 
bers of  its  population.  The  smelting  of  iron  ore  and  its 
conversion  into  pig,  railway,  sheet,  hoop,  nxl,  and  ri.nil 
iron,  boiler-plates,  iron  castings,  dtc.  constitute  its  .staple 
manufacture  and  trade;  but  it  has  from  an  early  period  ob- 
tained a  high  name  for  the  skill  and  ingenuity  displayed 
by  its  artisans  in  the  manufacture  of  lo<'ks  and  keys. 
Almost  every  article  produced  from  steel,  brass,  and  tin  is 
made  here  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  Among  other  arti- 
cles may  l>e  enumerated  hinges,  latches,  bolts,  axes,  spades, 
and  garden-tools,  vices,  anvils,  coffee  and  malt-mills,  fire- 
irons,  grates.  Ac.  Papier-mache  and  japanned  and  tin  wares 
are  very  extensively  made,  and  notice  is  al.-;o  due  to  the 
manufactures  of  tin-plates,  enamelled  culinary  utensils, 
chemicals,  vaniishe.s.  &c.  All  the  goods  thus  proiluced  are 
justly  celebrated  for  the  beauty  and  sterling  character  of 
their  workmanship.  The  facilities  enjoyed  in  carrying  on 
this  important  trade  are  very  ample.  The  advantage  of 
canal  communication  has  long  been  posses.«ed.  and  latterly 
the  town  ha«  Income  the  ft>cus  of  the  London  and  North- 
western. Shrewsbury  and  Birmingham,  Oxfortl,  Worcester, 
and  Wolverhampton  and  other  railways,  for  which  two 
hand.<ome  and  commodious  stations  have  been  provided. 
An  annual  fair,  granted  by  Henry  III.,  in  1258,  is  still  held 
during  three  days. 

AVolverhanipton  is  of  considerable  antiquity,  although 
little  can  be  ascertained  of  its  historj-  till  996.  when  Wul- 
frune  or  Wulfruna.  sister  of  Ethelred  11.,  and  relict  of  Al- 
thelm,  Duke  of  Northampton,  founded  and  endowed  here 
the  church  and  college  of  St.  Mary,  afterwards  re-dedicated 
to  St.  Peter.  Originally  Hampton,  afterwards  Wolfrune's 
Hampton,  it  has  long  since  been  corrupted  to  its  present 
name. 

The  municipal  borough  was  incorporated  in  1847,  and  is 
divided  into  eight  wards,  bearing  the  names  of  its  eight 
churches.  The  parliamentary  borough,  which  includes  Bil- 
ston,  appoints  2  members  to  the  Hou.<e  of  Commons.  Pop. 
of  parliamentary  borough,  in  1S61,  ]47,f46. 

WOLVERLEY,  woiSl'ver-le,  a  village  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Worcester.  plea.«antly  situated  on  tbe  Stour,  and 
the  Staffordshire  and  Worcestershire  Canal.  2  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Kidderminster;  with  sfime  curious  hou.ees  cut  out  of  the 
natural  sandstone  rock,  a  pari.sh  and  a  di.strict  church,  a 
Weslcyau  chapel,  and  one  of  the  principal  depots  of  the 
engines  and  goods  of  the  London  and  Birmingham  Railway, 
consisting  of  a  quadrangular  enclosure  surrounded  by  seve. 
ral  streets  of  houses  for  the  numerous  workmen.     P.  2441. 

WOLVERTHEM.  wol'ver-t»>m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Brabant  8  miles'X.X.E.  of  Bru.s.^'ls.     Pop.  3301. 

WOLVERTOX,  wool'ver-ton.  or  WOLVEKSTON.  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Buck.'.  1  mile  E.X.E.  of  Stony-Stratford, 
on  the  London  and  Norlb-Western  Railway.  Here  is  the 
central  station,  depot,  and  factory  of  the  railway  company, 
attached  to  which  are  a  church,  school,  library,  reading- 
room,  market-place,  and  numerous  small  streets  of  dwellings 
for  servants. 

WOLVERTOX  or  WOLFERTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co. 
of  -Norfolk,  on  the  Wash. 

WOLVERTOX  or  WOOL'AERTON,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  >k>merset, 

WOLVERTOX  or  WOOI/VERDIXG*TON,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land.  CO.  of  Warwick. 

WOiyVEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WOL'VISTOX.  a  cbapelrv  of  England,  co.  of  Durham. 

WOLYXSK.     See  Volhvxia. 

WOM'BOUKXE.  a  parish  of  Entrland.  co.  of  Stafford. 

WOM'BRIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 

WOMB/WELL,  a  cbapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding. 

WO.M'ELSDORF.  a  post-borough  of  Heidelberg  township, 
Berks  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  railroad  from  Reading  to 
Lebanon,  U  miles  W.  of  the  former.    It  is  surrounded  by 


^ 


WOM 


WOO 


fertile  and  well-cultivated  farms,  and  is  one  of  the  largest 
towns  of  the  county.  It  contains  an  academy  and  a  num- 
ber of  stores.     Pop.  in  ISuO.  947  ;  in  1860.  1076. 

WOMENSVVOLD,  a  p:irish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WOM'EI{SLi;V.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Yort«,  West 
Riding.  o.i  railos  S.E.  of  I'oatefract,  on  the  railway  between 
Walfefield  and  Goole. 

VO.M.'SELGIIEM,  wom'mel  ahjm\  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  and  b  miles  E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Grand  Schyn, 
(ind  the  Caiuil  of  Herrenthals.     Pop.  1534. 

MOXAXSQUATOCK'liT  HIVEK,  a  mill-stream  of  Provi- 
dence CO.,  Uhode  Island,  falls  into  Narraganset  Bay. 

WON'ASTOVV,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Monmouth. 

M'ON'CK.  wiiili,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
bourg,  on  the  Goer  or  Jaar,  10  mileS  S.E.  of  Ilasselt.  Pop. 
1525. 

WOXDA  or  OUONDA,  wonMd,  a  river  of  North  Africa, 
rises  in  the  S.E.  partof  Senegambia,  flows  N.N.W.,  and  joins 
the  Kokoro,  after  a  course  of  al)out  130  miles. 

WONDKLGUEM,  wonWfI-Gh(im\  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  of  East  Flanders,  on  the  Canal  of  Terneuzen,  and 
on  the  Lieve,  and  the  Caele,  2  miles  N.  of  Ghent.     P.  1172. 

WONE,  won,  a  ruined  town  of  Ilindostan,  province  of 
Candeish,  with  8  large  and  4  small  pagodas  of  hewn  granite, 
and  a  pyramidical  form,  with  numerous  carvings,  decora- 
tions, and  colossal  statues. 

WOX'EIt.SII,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey.  Iron- 
stone abounds,  and  there  is  much  flue  scenery,  3}  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Guildford.  Wo.nersh  Park  is  a  seat  of  Karl 
Gniiitley. 

WOXGROAVITZ,  ■»on'gro-*its\  (Polish  Wmgrmoiec,  «on- 
gro/ve-Sts.)  or  written  WAGROWIKC,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Poland,  32  miles  X.E.  of  Po.sen,  on  the  Welna,  with  a  Cis- 
tercian monastery. 

WOX'STOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WOXTEKGIIEM,  w6n'tfr-ghJm,  a  village  of  Belgium, 
Last  Flandeis,  15  miles  \V..S.VV.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  1075. 

WOO-CH  AXG,  a  large  city  of  China.    See  II.\x-keoo. 

■NVoOD,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  West  A'irginia,  bor- 
ders on  the  Ohio  River,  wliicli  forms  its  boundary  on  tlio  N. 
and  W.,  separating  it  from  the  State  of  Ohio :  area  about  420 
square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  tlio  Little  Kanawli:i,  and 
also  drained  by  Hughes  River  and  Frcncli  and  Lee's  Creeks. 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken;  the  soil  generally  fertile. 
Extensive  beds  of  stone-coal  are  found.  Rock  'oil  also 
abounds  here.  It  is  intersected  by  the  North-Western  A'ir- 
ginia  Railroad.  Capital,  Parkersburg.  Pop.  11,046,  of 
whom  lo,S70  were  free,  and  176  slaves. 

WOOD,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  775  square  miles.  The  Sabine  River  forms  its 
S.W.  boundary,  and  it  is  intersected  by  the  Lake  Fork  of 
that  river.  The  county  contains  a  large  proportion  of 
prairie.  It  is  not  included  in  the  census  of  1850.  Named 
in  honor  of  Colonel  Wood,  second  governor  of  the  state. 
Capital.  Quitman.    Pop.  4968. 

WOOD,  a  county  in  the  N.N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  cont.^ins 
about  600  square  miles.  The  Maumee  River,  navigable  by 
steamboats,  forms  its  N.W.  boundary;  it  is  intersectetl  by 
Portage  River,  and  also  drained  by  Beaver  and  Toussaint 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  with  a  slight  declivity 
towards  the  X.E.  The  land  when  properly  drained  is  very 
prorl-.ictlve.  The  county  is  heavily  timbered.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad,  and  liy  the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  or  Lake  Shore  Railroad.  Capital, 
Perrysburg.  The  s:ilubri(y  of  tliis  region  luis  been  improved 
by  the  clearing  and  cultivation  of  the  laud.  Pop.  iu  1850, 
91.57  :  in  1860, 17.886. 

WOOD,  a  townsliip  in  Clarke  co..  Indiana.     Pop.  1009. 

WOOD-BAST/WICK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WOOD'BERR  Y,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
15  miles  N.X.E.  oiT  Bedford,  contains  several  stores. 

WOODBERRY,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop,  1279. 

WOODBERRY,  a  post-office  of  Meriwether  CO.,  Georgia. 

WOODBI<:RRY,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Kentucky. 

WOODRKRHY,  a  post-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

WOOD'lilXE,  a  post-office  of  Carroll  co.,  Jlaryland. 

WODDHIXE.  a  post-office  of  Whitley  co.,  Kentucky. 

WOOn'BOROUGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xottingham. 

WOODBOROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WOOD'BOROUGH,  a  postnjffice  of  Grayson  co..  Texas. 

WOOD'ROURNE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York, 
on  Xevcrsiiik  River,  about  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

WOODBOURXI':,  a  post-village  of  Uuion  Co.,  Tennessee, 
202  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Nashville. 

WOitD'BRIDGE,  a  market-town,  river  port, and  piirish  of 
England,  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  the  Deben,  7j  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Ipswich.  Pop.  in  1851,  5161.  The  town  has  a  spacious 
chui'ch  of  black  flint  and  freestone.  Here  are  various  dis- 
Eenting  cbapel.s,  many  schools,  almshouses,  sessions  and 
market-houses,  a  custom-house,  bonding  warehouses,  a 
theatre,  and  a  house  of  correction.  Ship-building  is  actively 
carried  on.  The  mouth  of  the  river  forms  an  excellent 
'laven.  and  is  navigjible  8  miles  up  to  the  town,  for  vessels 
ij(  120  tons  burden.  Exports  of  corn,  flour,  and  malt ;  imports 


of  coal,  timher,  and  articles  for  domestic  purposes.  Regl^ 
tered  shipping,  4172  tons. 

WOl'U'BRIDGE,  a  township  in  New  Haven  co.,  Connecti- 
cut. 0  miles  X.W.  of  New  Haven.     Pop.  872. 

WOODBRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Middlesex  CO.,  New 
Jersey,  on  Staten  Island  Sound,  about  38  miles  X.E.  of 
Trenton.     Pop.  3987. 

WOODBRIDGE,  a  village  of  Fayette  co.,  Penn.sylvania,  190 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburg. 

WOODBRIDGE,  a  township  in  Hillsdale  CO.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  R76. 

WOODBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  near 
Cedar  River,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

WOOD'BURN,  a  post-villa'.'e  of  Jefferson  co.,  Georgia,  about 
70  miles  E.X.E.of  Milledgeville. 

WOODBURN,  a  pnst-offico  of  Warren  co.,  Kentucky. 

WOODBURN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Macoupin  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  road  from  Alton  to  Springfield,  15  miles  from 
Alton. 

WOOD'BURY,  a  parish  of  Engl.and.  co.  of  Devon. 

WOOD'BURY,  a  post-township  in  Washington  co.,  Ver- 
mont, 14  miles  N.E.  by  N.  of  Montpelier.     Pop.  999. 

WOODBURY,  a  post-township  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecti- 
cut, about  25  miles  X.X.W.  of  New  Haven.  It  is  drained  by 
Pomperaug  River  anil  Ijranches,  which  afford  water-power. 
The  vill.ige  in  the  centre  is  more  than  a  mile  ia  length, 
abounding  in  elegant  residences,  and  surrounded  with 
beautiful  scenery.  It  has  3  or  4  churches,  several  stores. 
and  a  bank  recently  established.  Hardware,  woollen,  and 
India-rubber  goods  are  manufactured  in  the  township, 
which  also  contains  the  village  of  Hotchkissville.  Pop.  in 
1840,  1918:  in  1850,  2150:  in  1860,  2037. 

WOODBURY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gloucester  co.,  New 
.Jersey,  on  the  AVcst  .IiTsey  Railroad,  and  on  Woodbury 
Creek,  9  miles  S.  of  Pliiladelphia.  It  has  a  court-house,  5 
churches,  2  public  lil)raric8,  a  newspaper  office,  an  academy, 
and  a  bank.  'I'he  creek  is  navigable  by  small  boats  to  this 
place.     Pop.  1534. 

WOODBURY,  a  former  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, now  divided  into  South,  Middle,  and  Nortli  Wood- 
bury. 

WOODBURY',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cannon  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, 50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Xashvillo. 

WOODBURY,  a  small  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio. 

WOODBURY,  a  post-village  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  105  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbu.s. 

AVOODBURY.  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  CO.,  Indiana,  22 
miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

WOODBURY,  a  post-ntlice  of  Woodbury  county.  Iowa. 

AVOODBURY,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois,  on 
one  of  the  head  branches  of  Embarras  River,  and  on  the 
National  Road,  about  100  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

AVOODBURY,  a  post-village  of  AV right  co.,  Missouri,  about 
90  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Jefferson  City. 

AVOODCHES/TER.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

AVOOD'CHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

AVOODCHURCH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

AVOOD'COCK,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  central  part  of 
Crawford  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Pop.  2445. 

AVOODCOCK,  a  post-borough  in  the  above  township,  and 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Meadville.     Pop.  in  1851,  300: 

AVOOD'COTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

AVOOD  CREEK,  of  Oneida  co.,  New  York,  empties  itself 
into  the  E.  end  of  Oneida  Lake.  •  • 

AVOOD  CREEK,  of  AVashington  co..  New  York,  falls  into 
the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  at  AVhitehall. 

WOOD-DAI^LING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

AVOOD-EAnX)N,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

AVOOD'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

WOODFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton,  2> 
miles  S.AV.  of  Thrapston.  Here  are  several  tumuli  and 
Roman  remains. 

AVOODFORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  AVilts,  5  miles 
N.N.AV.  of  Salisbury.  Charles  II.  was  concealed  here  after 
the  battle  of  AVorcester. 

AVOODFORD,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

A\'OOD'FORD.  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Kentucky, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.  The  Kentucky 
River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the  S.AV.,  and  the  South 
Fork  of  Elkhorn  washes  its  N.E.  border.  The  surface  is 
gently  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous,  deep,  and  exceed- 
ingly fertile.  The  Lexington  and  Frankfort  Railroad  passei 
through  the  county,  and  the  Kentucky  River  is  navigable 
by  steamboats  on  the  border.  The  surface  rock  is  Trentou 
limestone,  a  good  material  for  building.  The  county  is 
heavily  timbered  with  hickory,  a.sh,  sugar-ma|i!e.  and  l)laclt 
walnut,  which  here  attiiu  a  large  size.  Formed  in  1788,  and 
named  in  honor  of  General  AVilliam  AVoodford,  wlio  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  siege  of  Charleston,  in  1780.  Capital, 
A'ersailles.    Pop.  11,  219,  of  whom  5390  were  free,  and  5829 

WOODFORD,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  500  .square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  AV. 
by  the  Peoria  Lake,  an  expansion  of  Illinois  River,  and 
drained  by  Mackinaw  and  Crow  Creeks.    The  surface  pre- 

21^ 


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Feufs  no  great  Innualitios;  the  soil  Is  fertile.  The  prairips 
art  sai'l  b)  be  more  extensive  than  the  forests.  Stone-coal 
is  rbuKd  Th<*  Illinois  River  is  navigable  along  the  border. 
Th«i  Cemrtl  Kiiilroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capital, 
Mrtamoro,     Pop.  13,282. 

WO  JDKOKI).  a  post-township  of  Bennington  CO.,  Vermont, 
about  ll-T  miles  S.W.  by  S.  of  Montpelier.    It  contains  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  iron  ore  and  yellow  paint  or  ochre.  P.  379. 
WOODFORD,  a  village  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois,  SO  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 
WOODFORD,  a  post-of5ee  of  Clay  CO.,  Missouri. 
WOOD'FORD,  ST.  MARY'S,  a  parkh  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 

W  OOIVGROVE,  a  small  village  of  Rowan  co..  North  Caro- 
lina. 
WOODGROVE,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio. 
WOOD'HALli.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 
WOOD'HAM  FER'RERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
WOODUAM    MORTIMER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Essex. 
WOODIIAM  WALTICR,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  E.s.«ex. 
WOOD/HAY,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  H.ants. 
WOODHAY',  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
■n'OOIVlIEAD,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Chester,  16 
miles  E.  of  .Manchester,  on  the  railway. 

WOOD'HORX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northumljerland. 
WOOD'HOUSE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 
WOOD/HOUSE.  a  post-offlce  of  Meriwether  co.,  Georgia, 
102  miles  W.  of  Milledgeville. 

WOOD'IIULL.  a  post-township  of  Steuben  oo.,  New  York. 
25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bath.     Pop.  2207. 

WOODHULL,  a  past-township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity 
of  Shiawassee  co..  Michisan.     Pop.  546. 
WOOD'[IUR.ST.  a  parish  of  Engl.ind,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
WOOD'INGTON,  a  postofflce  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 
WOOD  ISL.\ND,  at  the  entrance  of  Saco  River,  Maine. 
On  the  E.  side  is  a  revolving  light,  45  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  lat.  43°  27'  N.,  Ion.  70°  15'  W. 
WOOIVLAXD,  a  post-office  of  Clearfield  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
WOODL.\N'D,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky. 
WOODLAND,  a  post'township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Barry  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  !I76. 
WOODL.WD,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana. 
WOODLAND,  a  post-office  of  Esist  Feliciana  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 
WOODL.IND,  a  post-office  of  Schuyler  co.,  nilnois. 
WOODLAND,   a  post-offlce  of  Northampton  co.,  North 
•^rolina. 
WOODLAND,  a  post-office  of  Ulster  co..  New  York. 
WOODLAND,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois.     P.  751. 
WOODLANDS,  a  tything  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
WOODL.\NDS,  a  locality  in  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  parish 
of  Horton,  near  which  the  Duke  of  Monmouth  was  seized 
inltiSS. 
WOODLANDS,  a  post-offlce  of  Marshall  co.,  W.  Virginia. 
WOOD'LAWN,  a  post-office  of  .Appomattox  co.,  Virginia. 
W00DL.4WX.  a  post-villaiie  of  Gaston  co.,  North  Carolina, 
173  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Raleigh. 

WOODLAWN,  a  post-village  of  Edgefield  district,  South 
Carolina.  98  mijes  W.  by  S.  of  Columbia. 
WOODLAWN,  a  post-village  of  Murray  co.,  Georgia. 
WO0DL.\W\.  a  post-office  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mi.ssissippi. 
WOODLAWN,  a  post-office  of  Dallas  t-o.,  Alabama. 
WOODL.\WN,  a  post^village  of  Washita  co.,  Arkansas,  15 
miles  W.  of  Camden. 
WOODLAWN,  a  small  village  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois. 
WOODL.AWN,  a  post-offlce  oT  Monroe  co.,  Missouri,  about 
70  miles  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 
WOOD'LEIGII,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 
WOO'DLE  ISLAND,  of  Gilbert  Archipelago,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  is  in  lat  0°  17'  N.,  Ion.  173°  27'  E. 

WiX)D'MANCOTE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
WOODMANCOTK,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex.* 
WOODMANSEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 
WOOD/MAN  STONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 
WOOD'NKSl  JO  ROUGH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 
WOOD'I'ORT.  a  post-office  of  Victoria  co..  Texas. 
WWD'RIDGE'S  STOKE,  a  post-office  of  Christian  co., 
Kentucky. 
WOOD  RI'SING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
WOOD  KIV'ER,  a  mill-stream  of  Rhode  Island,  rises  in 
Kent  county,  and  unites  with  Charies  River,  in  Washington 
county,  to  form  the  I'awcatuck  River. 

AVOODRUFF"S,  a  post-office  of  Spartanburg  district,  South 
Capoliria. 

WOODRUFFS  CREEK,  of  Michigan,  rises  in  Oakland  co.. 
and  Hows  south-westward  into  Portage  Lake,  the  water  of 
whii-h  is  discharged  through  the  Huron  River. 
WOOD.«.  a  pf.stK>fflcc  of  Panola  co.,  Texas. 
WOODS,  a  post-offlce  of  Perrv  co.,  Tennessee. 
■WOODS'liOROUGIl.  a  post-village  of  Frederick  CO.,  Mary- 
land. lO  miles  N.W.  of  Annapolis. 

«.^''il9^i.""J'l*^"''"'  »  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Alabama, 
64  miles  K.  of  Tuscaloosa.  j      .  •, 

21S4 


WOODSBOROUGH,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co,  Illi- 
nois, 66  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

WOOiyS  CORN  ERS,  a  post-office  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michigan. 

AVOOD'S  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Tuolumne  co..  Civli- 
fornia.  rises  among  the  hills  at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
and  flowing  in  a  general  south-west  course,  falls  into  the 
Tuolumne  River. 

WOOD'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Gloucester  co., 
Virginia. 

WOOD.S'DALE,  a  post-office  of  Person  co..  North  Carolina, 
62  miles  N.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

WOODS^FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Centre  township,  and 
capital  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  120  miles  E.  of  Columbus.  It 
is  pleasantly  situated  otj  high  ground,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  hilly  region.  It  contains  1  academy,  4  churches,  and  a 
printing-office.  On  the  border  of  the  village  is  a  uutura) 
circular  mound,  60  feet  high.    Pop.  799. 

WiWDS/FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

WOOD'S  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Roane  co.,  T<^nncssee. 

WOOD'S  HOLE,  a  post-village  in  Barnstable  CO.,  Massachu- 
setts, at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod, 
alxiut  70  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  The  harljor  is  well  pro- 
tecte-J  by  islands,  and  is  of  sufficient  depth  for  ships  of  the 
largest  class.  It  is  much  frequented  by  vessels  in  tem- 
pestuous weather.  AYood's  Hole  is  .i  favorite  place  of  resort 
to  invalids  and  persons  in  quest  of  sea  air.  It  contains  a 
church  and  a  good  hotel. 

WOOD  SHOP,  a  post-office  of  Dale  co.,  Alabama. 

WOOD'SIDE.  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Salop.  Others 
are  in  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Northumberland. 

WOOD'SON  VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hart  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Green  River,  opposite  Mumfordsville,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  1  church  and  several  stores. 

WOOD'S  ST-AT ION,  a  post-village  of  Walker  co.,  Georgia. 

WOOD'STOCK.  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough, 
town,  and  chapelry  of  England,  co.  and  8  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Oxford,  on  the  Glynn,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  Great  Western 
Railway.  Pop.  of  town  in  1851,  1262.  It  has  a  handsome 
church,  Wesleyan,  Independent,  and  other  chapel.s,  a  good 
town-hall  and  market-place,  two  endowed  schools,  alms- 
houses, chnrities,  and  a  manufactory  of  doe-skin  gloves.  It 
sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons,  .\djoiuing  the 
town,  on  the  S..  is  Blenheim,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borou.^h.  Sec  Blexheim. — Old  Woodstock,  a  locality  a  little 
N.  of  the  town.  Under  the  Saxon  and  Norman  dynasties, 
Woodstock  was  a  royal  residence,  and  here  King  Alfred 
resided  while  translating  Boetius. 

WOOD'STOCK,  a  post-township  in  Oxford  co.,  Maine, 
intersected  by  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  IJailroad,  45 
miles  W.  of  Augusta.  A  village  is  springing  up  on  the  rail- 
road, which  promises  to  be  a  piace  of  considerable  bu.«ines.s. 
The  first  settlement  in  the  township  was  made  jn  1815. 
Pop.  1025. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Graf- 
ton CO..  New  Hampshire,  .50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Concord. 
Pop.  476. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Wind- 
sor co..  A'ermont.  55  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montpelier.  The  village 
is  sitnated  on  both  sides  of  the  Quechce  or  Ottauqnechee 
River,  at  the  junction  of  the  North  and  South  Branches 
with  the  main  stream.  It  is  surronnded  by  a  fine  agricnl- 
turjil  region,  for  which  it  is  the  chief  centre  of  tnide.  Its 
manufactnres  are  also  extensive  and  varied.  By  the  con- 
struction of  dams  across  the  Quechee,  the  stream  has  been 
made  to  furnish  an  extensive  hydranlic  power.  The  public 
buildings  are  a  court-house,  adorned  with  a  portico,  and 
surmounted  by  a  lofty  tower,  a  jail,  the  Vermont  Medical 
College,  and  churches  of  5  denominations.  The  Medical  In- 
stitution was  founded  by  I'r.  Joseph  A.  Gallop,  in  1827, 
under  the  name  of  the  "Clinicil  School  of  Medicine,"  but 
not  incorporated  until  1835,  at  which  time  it  received  the 
title  it  now  bears.  This  college  was  suspended  in  1857.  In 
the  centre  of  the  village  is  a  beiiutiful  ])ark,  around  which 
are  situated  many  fine  buildings.  One  newspaper  is  pub- 
lished in  Woodstock,  which  also  contains  a  bank  and  about 
20  stores.    Pop.  in  1860,  about  1500:  of  the  township,  3062. 

AVOODSTOCK,  a  post-town.ship  of  Windham  co.,  Connec- 
ticut, about  45  miles  N.E.  by  E.  of  Hartford.  It  is  drained' 
by  ^luddy  Bix)ok,  which  aftbrds  water-power,  employed  for 
cotton,  woollen,  and  other  manufactures.  There  are  5 
pleiusant  villagi-s  in  the  township,  viz.,  AVoodstock,  North 
Woodstock,  South  Woodstock,  East  Wooilstock,  and  AVest 
AVoodstock.  AVoodstock  has  a  handsome  green  in  the  cen- 
tre, and  contains  1  or  2  churches,  an  academy,  and  a  shoe 
factory.     Pop.  .3285. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ulster  co. 
New  York,  50  miles  S  S.AV.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1858. 
WOODSTOCK,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co..  Pennsylvania. 

AVOODSTOCK,  a  post- village  of  Howard  CO.,  MarylanU.  50 
miles  N.AV.  of  Ann.ipolis.  ^ 

AVOODSTOCK,  a  bwiutiful  post-village,  capital  of  Shcnan- 
doah  CO.,  A'irginia,  is  situated  on  the  A'alley  1  urnpiko,  one 
mile  from  the  North  Fork  of  the  Shenandoah  River,  and 
160  miles  N.AV.  of  Richmond.  The  surrounding  cou.itvy  is 
fertile,  and  finely  diversified.    The  village  contains  8  or  4 


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churches,  a  newspaper  office,  1  academy,  a  Masonic  hall,  and 
numerous  stores.     Pop.  2113. 

\VO(iLiST(^CK,  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Georgia,  115 
miles  N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

WOi'DSTOCK,  a  beautiful  village  of  Oglethorpe  co.; 
Georgia,  about  65  miles  N.N.E.  of  Milledgeville.  It  coutaius 
1  church,  a  high  school,  »ud  a  steam-mill. 

V\  0(>Os>TOC'K,  a  post-office  of  Pulaski  co.,  Kentucky. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  post-\illage  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Columbus  i'iqua  and  Indiana  Kailroad,  32  miles  N.W. 
of  Columbus.     Pop.  in  1R60,  300. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extre- 
mity of  I.ienawee  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  1158. 

VVOOD.STOCK,  a  small  village  of  Ca.<sco.,  Illinois. 

WOOD.STOCK,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  McIIenry 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  thuCiaciigo  and  Northwestern  K.K.,  51  nn'les 
N.W.  of  Chicago.  It  has  3  churches,  a  fine  covu't-house,  a  na- 
tional bank.  1  new.spaper  office,  and  2  large  hotels.  Pop.  1327. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  township  of  Schuyler  Co.,  Illinois.  P.1186. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  thriving  town,  capitiil  of  Carieton  co.. 
New  Brunswick,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  St.  John, 
about  C'O  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.W.  of  Fredericton.  Kx- 
tensive  deposits  of  red  hajmalite  iron  ore  ai-e  found  a  short 
dL-itance  above  the  town,  along  the  banks  of  the  Meduxne- 
keag,  at  its  entrance  into  the  St.  John.  The  ore  is  of  a  very 
superior  quality,  and  though  so  hiirhly  charged  with  man- 
ganese as  to  make  while  and  brittle  cast  iron  rest-mbling 
antimony  in  its  fractured  surface,  al.'iO  furiii.shes  the  very 
tougbi'st  bar-iron,  suited  to  the  manufacture  of  the  finest 
cast-steel.  It  had  been  extensively  wrought  and  exported 
to  lingland  for  many  years  previous  to  the  glut  of  the  Eu- 
ropean market,  but  in  1850  the  furnace  fires  at  Woodstock 
ceased.  It  was  thought,  however,  that  from  the  probable 
rise  in  the  price  of  iron,  they  would  soon  go  into  blastagain. 
Ores  of  manganese  are  also  tljund  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town. 
A  railroad  about  ^U  mill*  in  length  is  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, connecting  Woodstock  with  St.  Andrews. 

WOODSTOClv.a  town  of  Canada  We.st,  capital  of  the  co.of 
Oxford,  is  situated  in  the  townships  of  Blandford  and  Kast 
Oxfiii-d,  on  the  Great  Western  Kailroad,  US  miles  from  To- 
ronto. It  contains  2  banks,  several  churches,  and  numerous 
stores  and  mills.     Pop.  2.  00. 

WOOD.^TUCK  MILLS,  a  village  of  Camden  co.,  Georgia. 

WOOUSTtjCK  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Nassau  co.,  Florida. 

Woi,>I)'.>TO.\  K,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 

AVOODS'TOWN,  a  post-\  illage  of  Salem  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  Salem  Creek,  35  miles  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Trenton.  It  contains 
5  chur.hes,  6  stores,  and  3  schools.     Pop.  1036. 

W(J(U»SV1LLK,  Mass;ichu.setta.     See  Woodtillr. 

AVOi  iDS'VI  LLK,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey, 
13  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

WOODSVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WOOD'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WOOD'VALK,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

WOOD'VIKW,  a.  post-office  of  .Morrow  co.,  Ohio. 

WOv>D/VlLLK  or  WOODSVILLK,  a  post-villago  of  Mid- 
dlesex CO.,  .Mas.sachusetts,  near  the  Boston  and  Worcester 
Railroad.  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Boston. 

WOODVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Connecticut, 
about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Waterbury. 

WOODVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Jeffei-son  co..  New  York,  on 
Sandy  Creek,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Syracuse. 

WtJODVILLK.  a  thriving  ptistrvillage  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 20  miles  N.  of  Pittsburg. 

WOODVlLLli,  a  post-village  of  Kappahannock  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  turnpike  from  Sperryville  to  Fairfax,  115  miles 
N.\V.  of  Iiichmond.     Pop.  in  1853.  aljout  300. 

WOODVILLK,  a  post-villageof  liertie  co..  North  Carolina. 

WOODVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Perquimans  oo.,  North 
Carolina.  205  miles  K.N.K.  of  Kaleigh. 

WOODVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Abbeville  district,  South 
Carolina. 

WOODVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Georgia,  on  the 
Athens  Branch  of  the  Georgia  Kailroad.  45  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Milledgeville. 

WOODVILLE,  a  village  of  Henry  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
Chattahoochee  Kiver.  It  has  2  stores.  The  post-office  is 
called  •' Open  Pond." 

WOODVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama, 
near  Paint  Kock  Hirer,  about  160  miles  N.E.  of  Tu.^caloosa. 

WOODVILLE,  a  post^village,  capital  of  Wilkinson  county, 
Mississippi,  .35  miles  S.  of  Natchez,  and  15  miles  E.  of  the 
Mississippi  Kiver.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  St. 
Francisville,  on  the  river,  29  miles  S.,  and  has  considerable 
trade.  There  is  a  e/)tton  factory  in  successful  operation 
here.  Woodville  contains  3  churches,  2  academies,  1  bank, 
and  2  newspaper  offices. 

WOODVILLK,  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Tyler  county, 
Texas.  108  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  by  E.  of  Galveston. 

WOttPVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  Tennessee. 

W'DODVIIyLE,  a  post^village  and  town.ship  of  Sandusky 
CO..  Ohio,  on  the  I'ortage  Hiver.  and  «n  the  Western  Keserve 
and  Maumee  Turnpike,  120  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Columbus.  It 
contains  2  churches.     I'op.  of  the  township.  1516. 

WOODVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan. 


WOODVILLE,  a  postvillage  of  Jackson  co.,  inaiaua,  ab<:>ut 
9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Brownstown. 

WOODVILLE,  a  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
New  Albany  and  Salem  Railroad,  10  uiiles  S.  of  liedloru. 

WOODVILLE.  .1  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  05  milas 
W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

WOODVILLK,  a  small  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  aboa 
50  miles  W.  of  I'eoria. 

WOODVILLE.  a  small  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Illinois. 

WOODVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  South  Fork  of  Salt  River,  80  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Joffei^ 
son  City. 

WOODVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tulare  co..  California. 

AVOODVILLE  DEPOT,  (DepOt,)  a  post-office  of  Albemarle 
CO.,  Virginia. 

WOOD'WARD,  a  post-office  of  Centre  co..  Pennsylvania. 

WOODWARD,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  .359. 

VVOODWARD,  a  township  .of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1053. 

WOODWARD,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  district,  South 
Carolina. 

AVOODWARD'S  HOLLOW,  a  post-office  of  Erie  CO.,  New 
York. 

WOOD/WAUDSVILLE,  a  post-village  Of  Essex  co..  New 
Y^ork.  about  100  miles  N.  of  Albany. 

WOODWARDSVILLE,  a  village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jersey,  contains  2  churches,  2  stores,  4  mills,  and  about  70 
dwellings. 

WOOD'WORTII'S.  a  postrofflce  of  Granville  co..  North  Ca- 
rolina, 6l  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 

WOtJD' YARDS,  a  post-office  of  AtJjeng  co.,  Ohio. 

AViWK'EY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer.set. 

WOOL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset,  on  the  South- 
western Railway,  5  miles  W.S.W.  of  AVareham. 

WOOl/ASTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

WOOLAV'INGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

WOOLAVINGTON,  EAST  and  AVEST,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Sussex. 

AVOOL'BKDDINO,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Su.>-sex. 

WOOL'liOKOUUlI.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

AVOOL'DALE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York,  AVesl 
Riding. 

AVOOUER.  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Northumberland,  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Till,"  46  milea 
N.AV.  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne.  Pop.  in  1851,  1911.  The 
town  is  situated  on  the  declivity  of  the  Cheviot  Hills.  In 
the  vicinity  are  remains  of  ancient  fortifications,  and  a 
stone  pillar  commeuKirative  of  the  victory  of  the  Pcrcies 
over  the  Scots  in  the  reign  of  Henry  lA'. 

AVOOLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Huntington. 

AVOOLFARD/ISAVORTUY,  two  parishes  of  England,  co.  of 
Devon. 

AVOOL'FORD,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  AA'arwick 

AVOOLFORD,  LITTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  oi 
AA'arwick. 

AVOOLIIAAIP'TON,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Berks,  on 
the  Great  AVestern  Railway.  7  miles  E.  of  Newbury. 

AVOOLIMA,  wool'e-ma\  written  also  VOULl.MA,  a  rivel 
of  AVest  Africa,  Mandiugo  country,  falls  into  the  Ba  Fing  or 
Senegal. 

AVOO  LING  SHAN  or  WOU  LINO  CHAN,  a  mountain  o* 
China,  province  of  I'e-chee-Iee ;  lat.  40°  43'  N.,  Ion.  117°  27 
E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

AA'OOL'L.^M,  a  post-office  of  Gasconade  co..  Missouri. 

AVOOLL'YA,  a  native  .settlement  of  South  America,  Terra- 
del-Fuego,  on  the  N.AV.  shore  of  Navarin  I.«land,  lat.  55°  S., 
Ion.  68°  AV.  It  is  of  pleasing  appearance,  rising  gently  from 
the  waterside  into  moderate  hills,  clothed  with  the  finest 
timber  in  the  countrv,  is  well  watered,  and  has  rich  grass. 

AVOOiyPIT.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WOOLSTA.VfON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
.    AVOOLS/TIIORP,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AVOOLS'TON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester. 

AVOOLSTON,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

AVOOL.'^TON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

AA'OOLSTtJN,  a  town.ship  of  England,  oo.  of  Lancaster. 

AVOOL/TON,  LITTLE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

AVOOLTON,  MUCH,  a  chapelry.  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

AVOOl/VERSTONE.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WOOL'AEUTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

AVOOLAVICH,  wool'ich  or  woOl'ij,  a  town,  parish,  and  naval 
port  of  England,  county  C)f  Kent,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  London, 
with  which  it  is  conn(;cted  by  railwiiy.  Pop.  in  1851,  32,367, 
chiefiy  dependent  on  the  government  establLshments.  The 
town,  about  one  mile  in  length,  is  on  an  elevated  site,  sepa- 
rated from  the  Thames  by  the  dock-yard ;  it  has  a  conspicuous 
old  church,  a  new  church,  and  several  chapels;  a  Scotch 
church,  dissenters'  meeting-houses,  numerous  school.  ,and  a 
small  thi'atre.  The  dock-yard,  the  most  ancient  in  the  king- 
dom, has  been  enlarged  of  late  years,  and  has  some  very  fine 
new  docks.  Here  were  built  the  Royal  George,  w  Inch  was  lost 
at  Spithead,  the  Nelson.  Trafalgar,  and  other  fir-t-rate  ships: 
but  from  the  comparative  shallowuess  of  the  water  in  the 

2135 


"WOO 

river  such  sliip*  are  mostly  built  at  the  other  naval  ports,  ! 
ami  this  yard  is  chiefly  employed  for  constructing  st«'amers.  ' 
Woolwich  has  the  ;urgest  arsenal  in  Britain,  covering  more 
than  100  acres,  and  containing  nearly  24,000  pieces  of  ord- 
nance, besides  other  warlike  materi:ils  for  the  army  and 
nary,  a  royal  laboratory,  &c.  It  is  the  head-quarters  of  the 
royal  horse  and  foot  artillery,  and  royal  sappers  and  miners, 
for  whom,  and  other  corps,  here  are  extensive  barracks; 
on  a  fine  parade  ground,  S.  of  the  town,  are  a  repository  for 
military  models,  and  an  observatory.  It  i.*  the  seat  of  a 
royal  military  academy  for  engineering  and  artillery.  W  ool- 
■wich  joins  with  Deptford  and  Gre<mwich  in  returning  2 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Monthly  petty  sessions 
are  held  bv  the  county  magistrates. 

WOOLWICH,  a  post-township.  Sn.cadahoc  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  K.  side  of  Kennebec  Kiver,  25  miles  S.  of  Augusta.  Pop. 
1317. 

WOOfWICn,  a  township  of  Gloncester  co..  New  Jersey. 
Pop.  3478. 

WOOXSOCK'ET,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Smithfleld 
and  Cumberlaud  townships.  Providence  county,  Rhode 
Island,  on  b>^th  sides  of  the  Blackstone  Kiver,  and  on  the 
Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad,  at  the  north-eastern 
terminus  of  the  proposed  Woonsocket  Union  Railroad,  16 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Providence.  At  present  it  comprises  one 
principal  and  several  smaller  villages,  viz.,  Woonsocket, 
Beron,  Ilamlet,  Jeiicksville.  Globe,  and  Union  villages,  all 
included  under  the  general  name  of  Woonsocket.  There 
were  in  operation  at  this  point,  in  1853.  19  cotton-mills,  in 
which  were  73..304  spindles,  and  1641  loom.s,  annually  con- 
suming 6185  bales  of  cotton,  and  11,300  gallons  of  oil,  pro- 
ducing 276,538  yanls  of  cloth  per  week:  also  5  woollen- 
mills,  with  9770  spindle.s,  227  looms,  and  22  sets  of  cards, 
turning  out  33.000  yards  of  rloth  per  week,  and  consum- 
ing annually  600.000  bales  of  wool,  and  10.000  gallons  of 
oil ;  preparations  were  being  made  to  increase  the  above  to 
the  extent  of  288  looms,  and  10.000  spindles;  also  8  machine 
shops,  2  iron  foundries,  1  gas  manufactory,  sa.sh,  blind,  and 
planing  works,  1  spool-thread  factory,  1  manufactory  of 
sewing-silk  and  silk  fringes,  1  of  gold  pencils  and  jewellery, 

1  of  musical  instruments,  4  of  tin-plate  and  stoves,  3  of 
scj'the-stone.s,  connected  with  an  extensive  quarry  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  and  2  marble-yards,  besides  uiimerous 
other  establi.^hmenUi. 

There  are  in  Woonsocket  7  churches,  1  high  school,  1 
newspaper  office,  6  banks,  1  savings  institution,  80  stores,  3 
hotels,  and  6  livery  stables,  containing  about  50  horses. 
Annual  amount  of  freight,  19.631  tons;  value  of  goods  ma- 
nufactured and  merchandise  sold,  $2,292,670.  An  eminence 
In  the  rear  of  Beron  atfords  a  beautiful  view  of  the  village. 
Many  of  the  most  elegant  dwellings  occupy,  in  groups,  the 
extensive  swells  of  highland  which  extend  in  every  direc- 
tion above  the  valley  of  the  river.  Patriot  Buildings  (print- 
ing) is  a  fine  specimen  of  architectural  beauty.  M'oonsoeket 
has  telegraphic  communication  with  Pawtucket  and  Provi- 
dence. Its  position  on  the  route  of  the  New  York  and  Bos- 
ton Air-Line  Railroad  is  favorable  to  a  rapid  increase  of 
business,  and  before  many  years  the  village  will,  without 
doubt,  contain  a  large  population.  Pop.  in  1860,  about 
6500. 

WOOSTER,  a  flouri.shing  post-town,  capitil  of  Wayne 
county,  Ohio,  situated  on  Ivillbuck  Creek,  and  on  the  Ohio 
and  Penn.sylvania  Raili-oad,  90  miles  N.E.  of  Columbus,  and 
52  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Cleveland.  It  is  well  built,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  beautiful  and  undulating  country,  of  which 
it  commands  an  extensive  view.  Wooster  is  the  centre  of 
an  active  trade,  and  is  improving  rapidly  since  the  consti;uc- 
tlon  Of  the  railroad,  which  forms  part  of  a  continuous  line 
from  Philadelphia  to  Indiana,  Ac.     It  contains  9  churches, 

2  banks,  1  female  seminary,  and  2  newspaper  ofHces.  Here 
are  several  manufactories  of  carriages,  and  of  reaping  and 
mowing-machines.  I.,aid  out  in  1808.  Pop.  in  1840  1913- 
in  1S50.  2797;  in  1860,3361. 

W(X»STKR,  a  flourishing  village  of  Scott  co.,  Indiamf, 
about  80  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis.    Pop.  in  1853,  300. 

WOOSTEK,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 

WOOSU.N'G,  a  small  maritime  town  of  China,  province  of 
Kiang-see.  SO  miles  N.W.  of  Chusan.  and  strongly  fortified 
by  the  Chine.«e  during  the  late  war,  but  taken  by  the  British 
In  1S4;5. 

WOOTTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

>\OiirrON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

W  OOrmN.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

\M»orrON.  a  p.irish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WOOTl'O.V.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

«  Oi  ilTOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford, 
-..^^•^'^l'''^^-  n  P-rl-h  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey,  3  miles 
W  .S.W.  of  Dorking.    The  church  stands  in  a  picturesque 
valley,  and  here  is  the  demesne  of  the  Kvelvn  family 

«  Oi  rrrox.  a  parish  of  England,  Isle  of  Wight 

MlN)TT<».\.     SeeWin-TON. 

Wwr'-r..X-ItAS'SKT.  a  disfranchise.!   borough,  market. 

town,  and  p.yish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilt*,  on  the  Great 

Ji^S      U-u  *y-  **  •"'''*••  ^V-  "*■  -Swindon.     Pop.  in  1861 

The  town  baa  a  market-house  in  iu  centre.     The 


WOR 

church  is  an  ancient  structure.  Here  are  a'so  a  chapel  tol 
Independents,  and  an  endowed  grammar  school. 

WOOTTON  GLANVILLE.  a  parish.  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

WOOTTON,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  Ensland,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WOOTTON.  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  oo.  of  .Norfolk. 

WOOrrON.  north,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

W"OOTTON  RIVERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  \Vilts. 

WOO'lTON,  SOUTH,  a  parish  of  En^ilaud.  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WOOTTON  ST.  LAWRENCE,  &  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hants. 

WOOTTOX  WAWEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick, 
2j  miles  S.  of  Henley-in-Arden.  It  has  a  handsome  church. 
Petty  sessions  are  held  here. 

WOKB,  woRp,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  5  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Bern.     Pop.  of  parish.  2900. 

WORBIS.  *oR'bis.  a  town  of  Pru.«sian  Saxonv.  43  miles 
N.W.  of  Erfurt,  on  the  Wipper.     Pop.  in  1852.  2(")44. 

WORBIS-BREITEN,  -woii'liis  bri't^-n.  a  village  of  PrvL'sian 
Saxony,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Worbis,  on  the  Wipper. 

WORCESTER,  wcos'ter.  WORCESTERSHIRE,  woos'te^ 
shir,  an  inland  county  of  England,  with  a  very  irregular  out- 
line, and  many  detatched  portions,  but  mostly  bouiided 
by  the  counties  of  Warwick  on  the  E.,  Gloucester  on  the 
S.,  Hereford  on  the  W..  Salop  and  Stafford  on  the  N.  Area, 
738  square  miles,  or  472,320  acres,  of  wliieh  alout  400,000 
are  estimated  to  be  arable  or  in  meadows  and  pastures. 
Pop.  in  1S51,  276,926.  It  is  fertile,  well  watered,  and 
richly  wooded.  Principal  rivers,  the  Severn,  and  its 
affluents  the  Avon  and  Teme,  all  having  a  S.  course.  The 
Malvern  Hills  in  the  S.W.  separate  it  from  Herefordshire. 
The  Bredon  Hills  in  the  S.E.  rise  to  900  feet  in  height 
Wheat  is  extensively  raised;  hops  are  an  imjiortant  crop  in 
some  parts;  orchanis  are  numerous,  and  a  great  deal  of 
cider  and  perry  is  made.  Cattle  and  sheep  are  fattened  here. 
Coal  is  found  at  Dudley;  in  a  N.  detached  district  at  Droit- 
wich  are  brine  springs;  building  stone  and  clay  are  other 
chief  minerals.  Carpets  are  made  at  Kiddermin.«ter,  glass 
and  iron  wares  at  Dudley  and  Stourbridge,  gloves  and  porce- 
lain at  Worcester,  needles  and  fish-hooks  at  Redditch  and 
Feckenhaim;  and  in  1847,  673  persons  were  employed  in 
woollen,  and  500  in  silk  mills.  Numerous  canals,  and  the 
Birmingham  and  Gloucester  Railway,  intersect  the  county. 
Worcestershire  is  dividetl  into  10  divisions,  in  the  diocese  o* 
Worcester,  and  Oxford  circuit.  After  Worcester,  the  capital, 
the  principal  towns  are  the  boroughs  of  Evesham.  Droitwich, 
Kidderminster,  Bewdley,  and  Dudley.  The  county  with 
boroughs  sends  8  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

WORCESTER,  a  city,  parliamentary  and  municipal  bo- 
rough of  England,  a  county  of  itself,  and  capital  of  the 
county  of  Worcester,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Severn,  here 
crossed  by  a  five-arched  bridge,  3i  miles  N.W.  of  the 
Spetchley  station  of  the  Birmingham  and  Bristol  Railway, 
'£i  miles  N.  of  Gloucester,  and  25  miles  S.W.  of  Birminuham 
Pop.  in  1861,  31.123.  It  stands  chiefly  between  the  Severn 
and  the  Worcester  or  Birmingham  Canal,  just  above  their 
junction,  and  sheltered  on  the  E.  by  a  finely  wooded  hill. 
It  is  one  of  the  best  built  and  handsomest  cities  in  the 
kingdom.  The  streets  are  regular,  wide,  and  well  paved. 
In  the  tythingof  Whinstones,  on  its  N..  are  many  detached 
villa-residences.  On  the  S.  the  cathedral  and  college  precincts 
occupy  an  extensive  area.  The  city  was  formerly  enclosed 
by  a  wall,  some  vestiges  of  which  remain;  and  the  college 
precincts  were,  in  early  Saxon  times,  surrounded  by  separate 
fortifications,  of  which  the  Edgar  tower  is  the  chief  relic. 

The  Cathedral  was  founded  in  680 ;  the  present  edifice, 
with  its  appi!ndages,  dating  from  the  14th  century,  Is  an 
elegant  plain  Gotbiic  building,  with  a  fine  i-entral  tower  200 
feet  in  height.  It,s  interior  is  very  tastefully  decorated,  and 
it  contains  the  tomb  and  effigy  of  King  John,  monumental 
chapel  of  Arthur,  son  of  Henry  VII.,  monuments  to  Judge 
Littleton,  Bishop  Stiilingfleet.  Ac.  Adjoining  it  are  the 
cloisters,  with  residences  of  the  catheilral  dignitaries,  the 
chapter  house,  with  a  valuable  library,  a  large  ancient  hall, 
now  occupied  by  the  King's  school,  and  the  bishop's  palace, 
on  a  commanding  site  facing  the  Severn.  The  see  of  Wor- 
cester now  comprises  the  counties  of  Worcester  and  Warwick, 
with  portions  of  adjacent  counties.  The  tower  and  octagonal 
spire  of  St.  Andrews*  Church,  245i  feet  in  height,  form  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  the  city.  The  churches 
of  St.  Clement  and  St.  Nicholas  are  h.indsome  buildings, 
and  there  are  chapels  for  Roman  (,'athnlics.  Independents, 
Calvinist-s,  Baptists.  We.sleyans.  Huntingc'on  and  Friemls' 
meeting-houses.  Other  principal  public  buildings  are,  the 
Guildhall,  new  county  courts,  ctmnty  and  city  jails,  maiket- 
house,  bouse  of  industry,  county  infirmary,  buildings  of 
various  schools  and  charity  institutions,  public  sub.scription 
library,  and  theatre;  and  here  are  several  remains  of  mo- 
nastic establishments,  including  a  couimandery  of  the  Hos- 
pital of  St.  John.  The  rf)yal  grammar  school  or  "'  King's 
school,"  founded  for  40  scholars  by  Henry  VIII.,  affoids  the 
privilege  of  competition  for  2  exhibitions  at  Baliol  College, 
Oxford.  The  free  grammar  school,  founded  by  Quee'i  Eliza- 
beth, has  14  exhibitions  of  30/.  to  the  universities  and  scholar 
ships  at  Worcester  College,  and  Magdalen  Hall.  Oxford  •  sna 
at  this  school  Butler  tSie  author  of  -  Uudibras,"  aiul  the 


WOR 

great  Lord  Somers,  were  educated.  Here  are  national, 
Laiicastcrian,  and  several  other  endowed  schools;  St.  Os- 
wald's lIoKpital  for  28  old  persons ;  Xash's  Charity  for  aged 
citizens;  Berl<eley's  Hospital;  Worficld's  Charity;  Shew- 
riiig's  IlospiUil;  .larvis's  Charity.  There  are  also  a  female 
penitentiary,  lyinir-in.  ophthalmic,  and  other  medical  insti- 
tutions, a  dispensary,  humane  and  other  societies;  and  Wor- 
cester is  the  headquarters  of  the  Provincial  Medical  Asso- 
ciation of  Great  Britain,  and.  with  Gloucester  and  Hereford, 
the  place  of  a  triennial  musical  festival,  the  proceeds  of 
which  are  ap])lied  to  the  relief  of  widows  and  orphans  of 
the  clergy. 

The  )irincipn!  manufactures  are  china  wares  of  the  first 
quality,  and  gloves,  of  which  latter  about  250,000  pairs  are 
annually  produced.  Lace,  spirits,  leather,  nails,  and  turned 
wares,  are  maile;  there  are  extensive  Iron  works  on  the 
canal  and  river  hanks;  and  the  city  is  the  centre  of  a  large 
trade  in  corn  and  hops.  Good  warehouses  and  quays  border 
the  Severn,  which  is  here  navigable  for  large  barges.  Wor- 
cester i.s  the  entrepot  for  a  large  and  populous  district.  It 
has  several  banks,  and  4  weekly  newspapers. 

The  borough  is  divided  into  6  wards,  and  governed  by  a 
mayor,  11  aldermen,  and  36  councillors.  It  sends  2  members 
to  the  House  of  Commons.  Under  the  name  of  Gier  Guo- 
rangnn,  it  was  one  of  the  principal  cities  of  the  ancient  Bri- 
tons, and  in  the  early  .Saxon  period  became  the  .second 
bishoric  in  Mercia.  The  troops  of  Cromwell  here  obtained  a 
deci.aive  victory  over  those  of  Charles  II.,  September  3, 1651. 
Lorfl  Somers  was  born  at  AV'orcester  in  1652. 

WORCKSTER,  wiKis'ter,  the  largest  county  in  Massachu- 
setts, occupies  the  central  part  of  the  state,  extending  across 
Its  entire  breadth  from  N.  to  S.,  and  has  an  area  of  about 
1500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  head  waters  of 
Miller's,  Chicopee,  Thames,  Blackstone.  Njusliua,  and  smaller 
rivers,  which  afford  motive-power  for  a  great  number  of 
mills.  Tlie  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  strong  and 
productive.  In  1S60  this  county  produced  41>n,928  Imshels 
of  corn,  743,216  of  potatoes,  140,478  tons  of  hay,  1,738,704 
pounds  of  butter,  and  2,167,625  of  cheese,  a  larg<T  quantity 
of  these  articles  tlian  was  produced  by  any  otlier  county 
in  the  state.  During  the  same  year  there  "were  manufac- 
tured in  the  county  51,915,407  yards  of  cotton  cloth, 
6.500,000  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes,  and  large  quantities  of 
woollen  goods  and  machinery.  The  county  is  traversed 
by  numerous  railro.ads.  among  the  principal  of  which  are 
the  Western,  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  the  Providence  and 
Worcester,  the  Norwich  and  Worcester,  the  Worcester  and 
Nashua,  the  Fitcliburg.and  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts 
Railroads.  Organized  in  1731,  and  named  from  Worcester,  a 
founty  in  England.  Capital,  Worcester.  Pop.  in  1800 
160.050. 

WORCESTER,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Maryland,  bordering  on  Delaware,  and  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  has  an  area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  forms 
part  of  the  peninsula  extending  into  the  sea,  between 
Chesapiake  and  Delaware  Bay.  Sinepuxent  Sound  washes 
the  S.k.  border  of  the  county,  which  is  drained  by  I'ocomoke 
and  St.  Martin's  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level.  The  soil  is 
moderately  fertile.  The  I'ocomoke  is  navigable  by  sloops  to 
the  county  seat  and  St.  Martin's  River  for  a  distance  of  12 
miles.  (Hganizcd  in  1742.  Capital,  Snow  Ilill.  Pop.  20,C61, 
of  whom  17.013  wore  fiee.  and  3f48  slaves. 

■WORCES  I'KR,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Vei> 
mont,  11  miles  N.  of  .Montpelier.    Pop.  684. 

WORCE.STKR,  a  city  and  seat  of  justice  of  Worcester  co., 
Massachusetts,  is  delightfully  situated  in  the  centre  of  one  of 
the  richest  and  most  productive  agricultural  regions  of  the 
Btate.  45  miles  W  S.W.  of  Boston,  43  miles  N.N.W.  of  Provi- 
dence, 45  miles  S.S.W.  of  Na,shua,  and  53  miles  E.N.K.  of 
Springfield.  Lat.  42°  16'  17"  N.,  Ion.  71°  48'  13"  W.  From 
this  point  diverge  sis.  important  railroads,  viz.,  the  Western, 
which  connects  with  the  railway  system  of  the  south  and 
west;  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  opened  in  1835,  and  the 
first  built  in  the  state:  tbe  Worcester  and  Nashua,  com- 
municating through  other  railroads  with  the  valley  of  the 
St.  Lawrence;  the  Worcester  and  Fitchburg,  opening  into 
the  great  northern  and  western  routes  of  travel:  the  Nor- 
wich and  Worcester,  connecting  directly,  and  the  Providence 
and  Worcester,  connecting  through  other  roads  by  steiun- 
boat  with  New  York.  To  this  net-work  of  railroads  Wor- 
cester is  chiefly  indebted  for  its  rapid  growth  in  we;ilth  and 
popuLation.  The  city  is  located  partly  in  a  valley  environed 
by  beautiful  hills,  and  partly  upon  elevations  rising  on  the 
east  and  vfest,  over  which  residences  are  rapidly  extending. 
Main  street,  tlie  principal  thoroughfare  and  seat  of  business, 
is  a  broad,  straight  avenue  nearly  two  miles  in  length,  and 
beautifully  shaded  with  walnut  and  elm  trees.  The  priu- 
sipal  churche.s,  the  banks,  the  court-houses,  the  leading 
hotels,  and  public  buildings  are  located  on  this  street 
Among  the  inslitutions  may  be  mentioned  the  .\merican 

Antiquarian  Society,  founded  in  1812  by  the  mu'iificenco  of 
le  late  Isaiah  Thomas,  the  editor  of  the  first  folio  Bible 
published  in  the  United  States.  The  society  building  is  in 
the  Italian  stylo  of  architecture,  60  by  80  feet  in  size,  two 
itories  iu  height,  with  a  loggia  of  three  arches  in  front.    In 


WOR 

it  is  deposited  the  society's  library,  of  about  35,000  volumes, 
many  of  them  very  rare,  and  including  numerous  specimens 
of  early  printing;  also  plaster  casts  of  Michael  Angelo'a 
celebrated  statues  of  Christ  and  of  Moses.  These  casts  were 
procured  in  Rome  and  presented  to  the  society  by  Hon. 
Stephen  Salisbury,  president,  and  were  never  duplicated. 
The  Public  Library  was  established  in  1859,  and  contains  in 
the  consultation  department  13,951  volumes,  and  ?ii  the 
circulating  department  8000  volumes.  The  consultation 
library  was  the  gift  of  Dr.  John  Green,  and  is  regarded  as 
the  best  collection  of  its  kind  in  New  England.  The  State 
Lunatic  Asylum,  established  in  1S32,  occupies  an  elevation 
in  tlie  eastern  part  of  the  city.  It  comprises  several  build- 
ings, the  principal  of  which  is  76  feet  long,  40  wide,  and  4 
stories  high,  with  2  wings  each  96  feet  by  36,  and  3  stones 
high.  Other  wings  are  joined  to  these,  the  whole  forming 
a  complete  square,  enclosed  by  spacious  grounds.  This 
institution  ranks  with  the  best  in  the  country  for  the  treat- 
ment of  lunatics.  Of  the  7104  insane  persons  admitted 
during  32  years,  4629  were  discharged  recovered  or  perma- 
nently imjiroved.  The  number  of  inmates  October  1, 1S64, 
was  344.  The  Jlechanics'  Association  have  a  choice  library 
of  1500  volumes.  Mechanics'  Hall,  erected  by  this  associ- 
ation, is  one  of  the  most  spacious  and  beautiful  in  New 
England,  furnishing  seats  for  2500  persons,  and  contains 
one  of  the  finest  organs  in  the  country.  The  College  of 
Holy  Cross  is  situated  on  a  commanding  elevation  2  miles 
south  of  the  city,  and  is  under  the  control  of  Jesuits.  The 
Oread  Institute,  a  school  for  girls,  is  situated  on  Main  street, 
and  is  the  most  picturesque  building  in  Worcester.  The 
public  schools  of  Worcester  M'ere  among  the  first  to  adopt 
what  is  known  ^  the  graded  system,  and  are  very  prosper- 
ous. There  are  IS  churches,  7  banks,  and  4  savings  banks, 
1  life  assurance  and  5  fire  insurance  companies,  a  gas-light 
company,  and  a  horse-railroad  company.  Tliere  lu-o  2  daily 
and  3  weekly  newspapeis,  one  of  which,  the  Massachusetts 
Spy,  established  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  in  1770,  is  the  oldest 
paper  in  Miissachusetts,  and  the  second  oldest  iu  New 
England. 

The  manufactures  of  Worcester  are  various  and  extensive. 
Among  the  leading  articles  produced  are  steel  and  iron 
wire,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  mechanics"  tools  of  every 
kind,  agricultural  implements,  boots  and  shoes,  fire-arms, 
castings,  railroad  iron,  and  machinery  of  all  varieties.  The 
largest  manufacturing  establishment  in  the  city  is  owned 
by  Messrs.  Washburn  &  Moen,  who  send  out  many  tlious- 
and  tons  of  mauufivctured  wire  annually,  including  tele- 
graph, card,  reed,  pianoforte,  skirt,  broom,  buckle,  and 
spring  wire.  The  Adriatic  Mills,  for  tlxo  manufacture  o'" 
woollen  goods,  situated  in  tlio  southerly  part  of  the  citj, 
are  among  the  important  industrial  institutions  of  the  city. 
The  rolling  mills  of  N.  Washburn  &  Co.  and  C.  Washburn 
&  .Son,  the  foundry  of  William  A.  \\  heeler,  the  loom  manu- 
factury  of  George  Crompton,  and  many  other  prosperous 
establishments,  contribute  very  much  to  the  thrift  and 
enterprise  of  the  town.  A.  destinictive  lire  in  1854  laid  waste 
an  important  manufacturing  section  of  the  city;  but  it  was 
speedily  rebuilt,  and  the  jdace  has  since  known  no  abatement 
of  its  prosperity.  Thecommorcial  facilities  of  Worcester  have 
been  greatly  increased  by  the  numerous  railways  conduct- 
ing to  it.  Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  Boston  and  Wor- 
cester Railroad,  the  cost  of  transporting  merchandize  from 
the  seaboard  to  Worcester  was  $10  per  ton,  and  the  time 
required  two  days;  since  that  event  freight  has  been  re- 
duced to  an  average  of  $2  50  per  ton,  and  the  time  to  less 
than  three  hours.  The  valuation  of  projierty  in  Worcester 
iu  1864  was  $16,382,800t  of  which  $11,246,450  was  on  real 
estate,  and  $5,136,350  personal  property.  One  hundred  and 
ten  persons  and  firms  pay  a  tax  on  $25,000  and  upwards. 
The  public  appropriations  of  the  city  for  all  purposes,  in 
1S64,  amounted  to  $165,000,  of  wliich  $42,500  was  for  the 
support  of  the  public  schools.  Worcester  was  settled  in 
1713.  and  incorporated  as  city  a  in  1848.  Pop.  in  18(50. 24,960. 
WORCESTER,  a  ■post-village  of  Otsego  co..  New  York,  In 
Worcester  township,  about  55  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany.  li 
contains  several  stores  and  mills.  P.  of  the  township.  21 H. 
WORCliSTER,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  7  miles  N.  of  Norristown.     Pop.  16(7. 

■WORCESTER,  a  village  in  McDonough  co.,  Illinois,  90 
miles  N.W.  of  Sprinafield. 

WORCESTERSHIRE.    See  Worcester. 
.  WORDINGBORG,  a  town  of  Denmark.     See  VoRDixnBORO. 
WORDL,  iviind'l.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  Lower  Franconia,  on 
the  Main.     Pop.  1572. 
WOKD'WELL.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
WOlfFIELD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop. 
WORK'INGTON,  a  seaport  town,  parish,  and  township  of 
England,  co,  of  Cumberland,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Derwent.  on 
the  railway,  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Whitehaven.     Pop.  in  1851. 
7159.   The  lower  part  of  the  town  is  old.  with  narrow  streets, 
but  in  the  upper  part  are  many  pood  residences,  and  a  square, 
in  which  the  corn  market  is  held;  It  has  a  handsome  church 
and  chapel,  several  dissenting  chapels,  assembly  and  newj 
room,  a  small  theatre,  a  harbor,  with  good  quays  and  a  break. 
water,  some  ship-building,  manufactures  of  sail-cloth  and 

2137 


WOR 

xirdage.  a  valuable  salmon  fishery,  and  coal-mines  in  the 
vicinity!  wliich  employ  many  of  the  population,  large  quau- 
Ulies  of  roal  being  shipiied  to  Ireland  auU  the  Isle  of  Man.  It 
i£  a  creek  of  the  port  of  Whitehaven.  Registered  shipping  in 
I8i8,  14,M2  tons.  At  Workington  Ilall,  tlie  fine  ca.stellated 
niinsion  of  the  Curvren  family,  on  a  wooded  height  above 
the  town,  was  a  refuge  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  after  her 
flight  from  Langside. 

WOltK'SOP,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England,  county 
and  25  miles  N.  of  Nottingham,  on  tl)e  Kyton,  at  the  X. 
estremity  of  Sherwood  Forest,  and  with  a  station  on  the 
Sheffield  and  Lincolnshire  Railway.  Pop.  in  1S51,  V215. 
The  church  formed  part  of  an  ancient  prio^,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  perfect  specimens  of  the  Anglo-Xorman  style  in 
England.  Worksop  is  celebrated  for  its  malt.  The  town 
may  be  regarded  as  the  capital  of  the  district,  popularly 
called  the  "dukery,"  from  comprising  Worksop-JIanor, 
Clumber  Park,  and  Welbeck-.ibbey.  respectively  the  seats 
of  the  Dukes  of  Norfolk,  Newcastle,  and  Portland. 

WORKUM,  woR'ktim,  a  town  oif  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
■vinoe  of  Friesland,  near  the  Zuyder-Zee,  21  miles  S.W.  of 
Leouwarden.    Pop.  3193. 

WORKWAT,  one  of  the  Arroo  Islands,  containing  the  vil- 
lages of  Nieuw-Affara,  Oud-Affara,  Goor,  Longar,  and  Tree. 
It  is  noted  for  the  productiveness  of  its  trepang  fisheries. 

WOR'LABY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WOr.LD'HAM,  EAST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WORLDIIAM,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hante. 

WORLE,  wtirl,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somer.set. 

WOR/LINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

WOR'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WORLIXGTON,  EAST,  a  parish  of  Engla«d,  co.  of  Devon, 
8  miles  £.  of  Chumleigh.  Here  are  remains  of  an  ancient 
cross. 

M'ORLTNOTON,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

WOR'LIXGWORTH,  a  pari.«h  of  England,  co.  of  SufTolk. 

WORLITSCIIK.A,  *0R-litcb'kd,  a  village  of  Bohemi.i,  cir- 
cle of  ChruJim,  district  of  and  near  Landskron,  on  the  .\d- 
lerbach.  at  the  foot  of  the  .\dlerberg  and  Buchberg.   P.  1205. 

WORLITZ.  *0R'lits,  a  town  of  Germany,  duchy  of  Anhalt- 
De.ssau,  capital  of  a  district,  near  the  Elbe,  and  on  a  small 
lake  9  miles  E.  of  Dessau.  Pop.  18C7.  It  has  a  ducal  sum- 
mer palace,  with  fine  parks  and  gardens. 

WOKMATIA.    See  Worms. 

WORM'URIDGE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

WORMDITT,  ftoRM'dit,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  43  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Konigsberg,  on  the  Drewenz.  Pop.  3470.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  cloth  and  leather. 

WORMKLDINGEN.  ^oR/mel-dingV- »  village  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, province  and  12  miles  E.  of  Luxemburg,  on  the 
Moselle.     Pop.  1400. 

WOR>r/ENIIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks. 

WORMER,  woR/mgr,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
Tince  of  North  Holland,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Iloorn.     Pop.  1059. 

WORMERVEER,  wor'mer-vaiR',  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Holland,  12  miles  N.W.  of  Haarlem. 
Pop.  2G88. 

WORM'GAY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

W'ORMHOUDT.  voR'moo',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Nord.  11  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dunkirk.    Pop.  in  1852,  3869. 

WORM'INGFORD,  a  p.arish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

WORM'INGTON,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Gloucester. 

WORM'LEIGHTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WORM'LEY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

WORM'LKYSBURG,  a  postrvillage  of  Cumberiand  co.. 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Susquehanna  River,  about 
1  mile  S.W.  of  Harrlsburg. 

WORMS,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy.    See  BoRxno. 

WORMS,  (anc.  Bnrbetoinfagus ;  L.  Wormaiia,)  a  city  of 
West  Germany,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Rhein- 
Hes.sen,  26  miles  S.E.  of  Jlentz,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
:thine.  here  crossed  by  a  flying  bridge.  Pop.  11,399.  It 
was  formerly  an  imperial  city,  and  is  very  ancient,  having 
existed  before  the  arrival  of  the  Romans.  It  had  a  palace 
in  which  Charlemagne  often  resided.  In  the  13lh  century 
its  population  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  60.000.  In  1689 
It  was  taken  and  burned  by  the  French,  the  Cathedral  and 
«  few  houses  only  having  escaped  the  flames.  It  has  a  gvm- 
nasium,  manufactures  of  tobacco,  and  trade  in  agricultural 
produce,  and  in  the  fine  wines  of  its  vicinity.  Among  many 
diets  held  at  Worms,  the  most  celebrated  was  that  of  1495, 
convoked  by  Maximilian  I.;  and  that  of  1521,  before  which 
Luther  appe.ired. 

WORMS'HILL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent 

W()KMS'1,EY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

W  ORNTTZ.  a  river  of  Bavaria.    See  Wernitz. 

WOROX  RT.  WOROX  ETZ  or  WOROX  KSCH.  See  Voronezh. 

WOI!/l'l,K.«UON.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Surrey. 

W  0  ItRI NG  KX.  *oR/Riug-?n.  (anc.  Burun'cum  t)  a  market- 
town  if  Rhenish  Prussia,  9  miles  X.X.W.  of  Cologne,  on  the 
teft  li.ink  of  the  Rhine,  formerly  fortified.     Pop.  1905. 

WORR.«TADT,  viiR/stitt,  a  market-town  of  Germany, 
Uesse-DarmsUdt,  province  of  Rhein-IIessen,  capiUl  of  a 
county,  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  MenU.    Pop.  1630. 

ais8 


WOR 

WORSTJOROCGH,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  ot  York, 
West  Riding. 

WORS'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  6 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Great  Bolton.  Pop.  in  1851,  10.1S9.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Wigan  and  Leigh  Canal,  and  has  exten- 
sive coal-mines,  with  subterranean  canals  and  tuuuels,  She 
total  extent  of  which  is  estimated  at  18  mile.s. 

WOR'STEAD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WORST'HORX,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WORTEGHE.M,  woR'te-Ghim\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  East  Flanders,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Ghent. 

WORTiiL.  (woR'tel,)  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  21 
miles  X.E.  of  Antwerp. 

WORTH,  wiiBt,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Main,  34 
miles  W.  of  WUrzburg,  with  a  casllc. 

WORTH,  a  market-town  of  Bavaria,  14  miles  E.  of  Ratis- 
bon.    Pop.  1115. 

WORTH,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Isar,  11  miles  N.E 
of  Landshut 

WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

WORTH,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WORTH,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering 
on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  430  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Lime  and  Shell  Rock  Creeks,  branches  of  the 
Cedar  River,  which  rise  near  the  northern  border  of  the 
county.    Pop.  in  1860,  756. 

WORTH,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  326. 

WORTH,  a  post-township  of  Mercer  co.,  Peunsylvama. 
Pop.  1030.    • 

WORTH,  a  posfrofRce  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Alabama. 

WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Slarion  co..  .Arkansas. 

WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co..  Ohio. 

WORTH,  a  postK)ffice  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan. 

WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Dubois  co.,  Indruua. 

WORTH,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana. 

WORTH,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois. 

WORTll'AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WORTII'EM,  a  parish  of  England,  counties  of  Salop  and 
Montgomery,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Montgomery.  A  line  of  stoneg 
here  is  supposed  to  have  marked  the  old  boundary  betweea 
England  and  Wales;  and  lead-mines  were  wrought  here 
during  the  Roman  dominion. 

WORTH'EXBURY',  a  parish  of  North  Wales,  co.  of  Flint 

WORTH'IX,  a  po.st-office  of  Henry  co..  Indiana. 

WORTU'IXG,  a  maritime  town  and  chapelry  of  England, 
CO.  of  Sussex,  parish  of  Broadwater,  on  the  English  Chaunel 
with  a  station  on  the  South  Coast  Railway,  10  miles  W.  ol 
Brighton.  Pop.  in  1851,  5370.  Us  rise  from  an  insignifi- 
cant village  into  a- favorite  wat<?ring-place,  was  due  to  the 
visits  of  George  III.  Its  climate  is  mild  and  .salubrious, 
and  fine  sands  here  extend  along  tlie  sea  for  several  miles 
on  either  side. 

WORTUIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorfolk. 

WORTH'IXGTOX,  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester, 
i\  miles  N.E.  of  Ashby-de-la-Zouch,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  railway. 

WORTHINGTON,  (wGr'tning-ton,)  a  post-township  of 
Hampshire  co.,  Massachusetts,  100  miles  W.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  1041. 

WORTHINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Armstrong  county, 
Pennsylvania,  6  miles  W.  of  Kittanniug,  is  situated  in  an 
iron  region,  and  has  1  or2furuacf.>  in  the  vicinity.    I'op.  213. 

WORTHINGTON.  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  W.  Vir- 
ginia.   Pop.  about  200. 

WORTIllXGTON.  a  post-village  of  Muhlenburg  co..  Ken- 
tucky, near  Greene  River,  155  miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Frankfort 

WORTHINGTON,  a  neat  postrvillage  of  Franklin  ca 
Ohio,  on  the  Cleveland  and  Columbus  Railroad,  9  miles  Jf. 
of  Columbus.  It  contaitis  3  cliurchea,  an  academy,  and  a 
seminary  for  girls.    Pop.  about  500. 

WORTHINGTON,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
1997. 

WORTHINGTON,  a  post-offlce  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana. 

WORTHINGTON,  a  post  office  of  Jack.sou  CO.,  Illinois. 

WORTH  MATRA  V/ERS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

WORTHS'VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  raih-oad  from  Ma!dison  to  Indianapolis,  12  miles  S.S.E. 
of  the  latter. 

WORTII'VILLE.  a  post-village  of  JefTerson  co.,  New  York. 

WORTHVI LLE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  I'enn.sylvania. 

WORTHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Butts  co.,  Georgia. 

WORTHVI  LLE,  a  post-office"  ofCarroll  co.,  Kentucky. 

WORmiY',  KINGS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WOR'THY  MARTYR,  a  parish  of  EncLind,  co.  of  Hants. 

W  ORT'ING,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WORT'LEY,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  York.  West 
Riding,  with  a  station  on  the  Monchester  and  Sheffield 
Railway.  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sheffield.  Pop.  in  1851,  7896, 
extensivelv  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  woollens. 

WORTLEY.  a  chapelry  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West 
Riding,  5i  miles  S.S.W.  of  Burnesley.  Here  are  Wortley- 
Hall  and  WharnclifTe  Lodge.  (Lord  Wharncliffe.)  " 

WORT'ON,  NETH'ER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WORTON,  OVJJR.  a  parish  of  Kngland.  co.  of  Oxford. 

WORT'WELL,  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 


J 


wos 

■WOSCniTZ,  JUNG,  yoong  <^o'shitg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  1 
II  miles  N.E.  of  Tabor.  Pop.  1820.  Southward  is  the  vil- 
.'age  of  .\lt-WoKchitz. 

WOSCIINIK,  *osli'nlk,  written  also  WOISCIINIK  or 
WOZXIK,  a  marketrtown  of  Prussia,  government  and  48 
mik'.«  K.  of  Oppeln.    Pop.  10S3. 

WOS'^-JINGEN,  a  market-town  of  Baden,  9  miles  E.  of 
CarlsruUe.     Pop.  1597. 

WOSTIT/,  «os'titt,  or  WL.\.SATICE.  a  town  of  the  Aus- 
trian Empire,  Moravia,  19  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Bruun.  Pop. 
IIOU. 

WOTAWA,  ^Q-W^L  a  river  of  Bohemia,  after  a  N.E. 
course  of  60  miles,  joins  the  Moldau,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Pisek. 

WOTITZ,  *o'tits,  a  marketrtown  of  Bohemia,  33  miles, 
S.E.  of  Prague,  with  a  castle  and  1-JOO  inhabitants. 

W(JT'TON,  COURTNEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset. 

AVOTTON  FITZ-PAINE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset 

AVOTTON-UNDER-EDGE,  woot^gn  uud'rij,  a  market-town 
and  parish  of  England,  county  and  17s  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Glouce.'iter.  Pop.  in  1851,  42J4,  chiefly  employed  in  woollen 
mills  and  hand-loom  weaving. 

AVOUBHUGQE,  wow-briig'ghph,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Leyden. 
Pop.  932. 

WOUDENBERG,  w6w'dfn-bJRa\  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  and  15  miles  E.  of  Utrecht.     Pop.  1723. 

WOUDRICIIEM,  wow'driK-Jm,  or  WORKUM,  a  strongly 
fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Bra- 
bant, at  the  junction  of  tbe  Maas  and  Waal,  16  miles  N.W. 
of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  1220. 

WOUGIITON  (wo/t9n)  ON  THE  GREEN,  a  parish  of  Eng- 
land. CO.  of  Buck.s. 

WOULDIIAM,  wold'am,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent. 

VVOU  LING  CHAN.  '  See  Woo  lino  su.\x. 

WOUMEN,  wow'men,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
West  Flanders,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     I'op.  3157. 

WOUW,  wow  or  wOw*,  a  parish  and  village  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, province  of  North  lirabant,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Bergen- 
op-Zoom.    Pop.  2600. 

WOW,  wow,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  province  of  Guzerat, 
capital  of  a  district  E.  of  the  Runn,  and  157  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Odeypoor.  It  is  fortified,  but  has  suffered  much  by  in- 
cessant ravages.  Since  1820.  when  it  was  placed  under  Bri- 
cish  protection.  It  has  somewhat  recovered. 

WOYNELOW,  -ft'oi'iigh-lov',  a  village  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Stry,  on  a  small  afBuent  of  the  Dniester. 

WtJYNITZ,  *oi'nits,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  41  miles 
E.S.  K.  of  Cracow.     Pop.  1116. 

WOYSLAWICE,  ftoi-sld-fteet'si,  a  town  of  Poland,  go- 
vernment and  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lublin.     Pop.  2000. 

WOZ.MK,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Woscu.nik. 

M'RA,  a  river  of  Poland.     See  Wkra. 

WKABNKSS,  rab-n^ss^,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 

M'RA(}15Y,  rag'bee,  a  market-town  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lincoln.  Pop.  in  1851,  610,  chiefly 
agricultural.    The  village  is  neat,  and  in  a  fertile  district. 

WRAG15Y.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Riding. 

WIIAKLAWEK.    See  AVroclawek. 

WRAMI'LINGIIAM,  ramp'ling-am,  a  parish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Norfolk. 

WRANGEL,  vrdng'el,  or  VRANGEL,  vrang/gel,  (Great 
and  Little,)  two  small  islands  of  Russia,  government  of 
Esthoni.a,  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Revel. 

WRANO  EL.  an  island  of  Russia,  government  of  Esthonia, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Revel.     Pop.  1100. 

WRANGLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WRANGLEBOROUGII,  a  village  of  New  Jersey.     See 
Unwnville. 
.    WKATII,  CAPE.    See  Cape  Wrath. 

WRAT'TLING,  GREAT,  aparifh  of  England,  CO.  of  Suffolk. 

W  RATTLING.  LITT  LE,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

AVRATTLINQ,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cam- 
liridge. 

WRAW'BY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WKAX'ALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WKAXALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

WRAXALL,  NORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WRAYSBUilY,  a  parish  of  England.     See  Wyr.^Rdisbcrt. 

WRAY-WITH-BOT/TON,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of 
Lancaster. 

WREAK  or  WREKE,  reek,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  I^i- 
cester.  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  county,  flows  S.W.  past 
Slelton-Mowbray,  Rotherby,  &c.,  and  joins  the  Soar  near 
Rothley,  near  which  junction  it  is  united  with  Leicester 
Canal,  and  joined  by  its  principal  tributary  streams  from 
the  S.E.    Total  course,  25  miles. 

WRECKLESHAM,  rJk'kgl'z-^m,  a  ty  thing  of  England,  co. 
of  Surrey. 

WREDENHAGEN,  vri'dgn-hd'ghen,  a  village  of  North 
Germany,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  38  miles  S.S.E.  of  Gust- 
row.     Pop.  538. 

WREN  BURY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WREN'INGHAM,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Noriblk. 


WRI 

WRENTHAM,  a  parish  cf  Englani,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WREN'THAM,  a  post-township  in  Ncrfolk  co..  Massachu- 
setts, intersected  by  the  Norfolk  County  Raiiroad.  23  mil<«) 
S.W.  by  8.  of  Boston.  It  is  drained  by  branches  of  Ch.iiles 
and  Nepouset  Rivers,  which  alTcrd  excellent  water-power. 
It  has  manufactures  of  straw  bonnets  and  cotton  goous 
It  contains  the  villages  of  Eiiglc  Factury,  ShepparJville, 
and  N.  Wn^nth;\m,  the  last  of  which  is  on  the  niilroad. 
Pop.  in  1840,  2915;  in  ISCO,  3406. 

WRESCHEN,  vrJsh/yn,  or  WRYSCZYNA,  vrlsh-iu'i 
(Polish  Wresziiio,  vr5sh'ne-o,)  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  40 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Posen.  Pop.  3040.  It  has  manufactures  ol 
woollen  cloth. 

WRESSEL.  rJs'syl,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Y'ork,  East 
Riding,  on  the  Derwent,  across  which  the  Hull  and  Selby 
Railway  is  here  carried  by  an  iron  bridge,  3J  miies  .\.  of 
Ilowden.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  Wre.ssel  Castle,  a  baronial 
residence  of  the  Earls  of  Northumberland,  built  in  the 
reign  of  Itiohard  II. 
,  WRESTLING  WORTH,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

WRESZNIO.    See  Wreschkn. 

WR  ET/H  AM,  GREAT  and  WEST,  two  contiguous  parishes 
of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WRET'TOX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

WREX'HAM,  a  parliamentary  borough,  town,  parish,  and 
two  townships  of  North  Wales,  chiefly  in  the  county  of  Den- 
bigh, but  the  parish  partly  in  the  county  of  Flint,  with  a  st* 
tion  on  the  Shrewsbury  and  Chester  Railway,  12  miles  S.W. 
of  Chester.  Pop. of  parish  in  1851,15,520;  of  borough,  6714. 
The  town,  consisting  of  several  spacious  streets  cros.sing  each 
other  at  right  angles,  has  some  substantial  houses.  The 
church,  formerly  collegiate,  is  a  fine  edifice  of  the  time  of 
Henry  VII.,  178  feet  In  length,  72  feet  in  width,  with  a 
highly  decorated  tower,  135  feet  in  height,  a  fine  altar- 
piece,  and  several  good  monuments,  including  two  by  Rou- 
billiac.  Here  are  iron  works,  paper-mills,  and  an  active 
trade  in  flannel,  coal,  and  lead  from  adjacent  mines.  The 
borougli,  with  Denbigh,  Holt,  and  Ruthin,  seuds  1  member 
to  the  Hou.se  of  Commons. 

WRIETZEN,  vreef  sen.WRIEZEN  or  BRIETZEN,  a  walled 
town. of  Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  an  arm  of 
the  Oder,  33  miles  E.N.E.  of  BeHin.  Pop.  5930.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woollen  stuffs,  hosiery,  tobacco,  and  leather. 

WRIGHT,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  contains 
about  725  sijuare  miles.  The  Gasconade  River  and  the  Osage 
fork  of  the  same  rise  in  the  county  and  flow  northward ;  it  is 
also  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  James.  Bryant's,  Finley, 
and  North  Forks  of  White  River.  The  surfa«w  is  uneven :  a 
portion  of  the  soil  is  productive.  The  county  is  amply  sup- 
plieil  with  water-power.  Lead,  copper,  and  iron  ore  are 
said  to  be  abundant  in  the  vicinity  of  Hartsville.  the  county 
seat.     Pop.  4508,  of  whom  4442  were  free,  and  66  slaves. 

M"RIGIIT,a  new  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Iowa,  has 
an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the  E.  by 
the  Iowa  River,  and  in  the  W.  by  Boone  River.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  or  nearly  level.  Capital,  Goldfield. 
Named  in  honor  of  Silas  Wiiglit.  of  New  Y'ork.     Pop.  653. 

WRIGHT,  a  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio. 

WRIGHT,  a  township  of  Hillsdale  co..  Michigan.   P.  1139. 

WRIGHT,  a  post-township  in  the  E.  part  of  Ottawa  co., 
Michigan. .  Pop.  1518. 

WRIGHT,  a  post-township.  Greene  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.1193. 

WRIGHT'INGTO.V.  a  township.  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WRIGHT'S  BLUFF,  a  post-office  of  Sumter  district.  South 
Carolina. 

WKIQHTS/BOROUGII,  a  postrvillage  of  Columbia  co., 
Georgia,  on  Town  Creek,  40  miles  W.  of  Augusta. 

WRIGHT'S  COUNER.S,  a  post-village  of  Niagara  co.,  New 
York,  about  60  miles  W.  of  Rochester. 

WRIGHT'S  CORNERS,  a  post-office.  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana. 

WRIGHTS/TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  CO.,  New 
Jersey,  about  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Trenton. 

WRIGHTSTOWN.  a  post-township  in  Bucks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  9  miles  S.E.  of  Doylestown.    Pop.  862. 

WRIGHTSTOWN,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  463. 

WRIGHTS/VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co..  New  York. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  5  miles  from  Allentown. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Little  Brokenstraw  Creek,  225  miles  N.'NV.  of 
Harrisburg.     Pop.  about  400. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,  a  flourishing  postrborough  of  Hellam 
township.  York  county,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  right  (W.) 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  opposite  Columbia,  and  11  miles 
E.N.E.  of  York.  A  branch  railiiiad  extends  from  this  place 
to  York.  A  fine  bridge,  above  1  mile  lonj,'.  upon  which  the 
railroad  is  laid,  crosses  the  river  at  this  point.  A  good 
turnpike  leads  to  Y^ork  and  Chambersburg ;  and  the  Tide- 
water Canal  extends  from  Wrightsville  to  Havre  de  Grace, 
Maryland.  About  10,000.000  feet  of  lumber  are  annually 
brought  hero  and  seasoned  for  market.  Here  is  a  national 
bank.    Pop.  in  1860, 1360. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,a  post-offlce  of  Pontotoc  co.,Mississippl. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,  a  small  village,  Monroe  co,,  Tennessee, 

'.^139 


WRI 

■VTRIGIITBTILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ro»ne  co.,  Tenneasee, 
l»4  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Xasbville. 

WKINGTOX,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  So- 
merset, 6  miles  X.N.E.  of  AxbriJge.  Pop.  In  1851, 1620.  The 
philosopher  Locke  was  born  here  in  1032. 

M'RITH'LINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset 

WRIT'TLE,  a  town  and  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Essex, 
2i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chelmsfoi-d.    Pop.  2520. 

WKKA,  a  river  of  Poland.     See  Wkba. 

WUOCKWARDINK.  rok'war-din,  a  village  and  parish  of 
England,  co.  of  Salip.  picturesquely  situated,  2  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Wellington,  with  an  ancient  church  of  red  stone.  Pop. 
in  1851,  3107. 

WROCLA.WEK,  vrots-li'* Jk,  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Warsaw,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  8  miles 
N.E.  of  Brzesc.    Pop.  UOO. 

M'ROXKE.  vron'keh,  or  WROXKI,  vronk'ee,  a  town  of 
Prussian  Poland,  30' miles  N.W.  of  Posen,  on  the  Warta, 
and  on  the  Stettin  and  Posen  Railway.  Pop.  in  1852,  2338. 
It  has  woollen  cloth  factories. 

WROOT,  root,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln.  " 

WROT'HAM,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Kent  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Maidstone.  It  has  two  churches, 
the  one  ancient  and  spacious,  the  remains  of  an  archbishop's 
palace.    Pop.  in  1851,  8184. 

WROCGHT'OX,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

WRO.X'ETER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Salop,  5J  miles 
S.E.  of  Shrewsbury.  Here  was  the  Roman  station,  Urico>- 
nium,  many  relics  and  traces  of  which  remain. 

AV'ROX'IIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  and  6J  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Warwick.  Wroxhall  Abbey  is  the  seat  of  the 
descendants  of  Sir  Christopher  Wren. 

WROX'IIAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 
,     WROXTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

WRYSCZYNA.    See  Wreschen. 

WSCHERAU,  vsh.Vruw,  or  SCUERAU,  shi/rOw,  a  town 
of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Pilsen.    Pop.  1104. 

WSCHOWA,  a  town  of  Prussia.    See  FRArsuDT. 

WSETIN  or  WSZETIN.  vsa-teen'  or  vsd'tin,  a  town  of 
Moravia,  33  miles  X.E.  of  Ilradisch.    Pop.  3170. 

WUDI),  wfid,  a  small  town  of  Beloochistan,  province  of 
Jhalawan,  in  the  plain  of  Wudd,  110  miles  S.  of  Kelat;  lat. 
37°  19'  X..  Ion.  66°  31'  E. 

WUD'WaN',  a  town  and  fort  of  British  India,  presidency 
of  Bombay,  54  mUes  W.S.W.  of  Ahmedabad;  lat  22°  42'  N., 
Ion.  7l°47'E. 

WU'ERDALE,  a  town.ship  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

WUKUMOTO,  woo-ko-mo'to,  a  town  of  Japan,  province 
of  Fizen,  island  of  Kioo-Sioo;  hit  32°  50'  N.,  Ion.  130°  E. 
At  this  place  there  is  a  coal-pit  entered  by  an  easy  staircase 
of  120  steps,  and  containing  seams  of  bituminous  coal. 

WULKLIXGEX,  (Wulflingen.)  wUlf'ling-en.  a  village  and 
parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  12  miles'  X.E.  of  Zurich. 
It  is  overhung  by  an  old  castle,  and  has  a  church  with  in- 
teresting tombs.     Pop.  1950. 

WULFR.4TII,  (WUIfrath,)  ftulfrat,  a  village  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  government  of  Dusseldor^  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Elber- 
feld.    Pop.  in  1852.  1096. 

WDLLERSDORF,  «odWers-doEr,  a  market-town  of  Lower 
Austria,  on  the  Schmieda,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Korneuburg. 
Pop.  1700. 

AVUL/UR  or  WUL'LER,  a  lake  of  Ca.»hmere,  formed  by 
an  expan.'lon  of  the  Jhylum,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Serinagur; 
greatest  length  from  W.  to  E.,  21  miles,  breadth  about  9  miles. 
It  produces  singara  or  water-nuts  so  abundantly  as  to  yield 
a  rent  of  12,000/.  to  the  government,  and  subsist  a  large 
part  of  the  population.  These  nut.s,  the  roots  of  the  Trapa 
hisinmim,  are  obtained  by  dredging  between  two  boats,  as 
for  oysters  on  our  coasts.  On  a  small  island  in  the  lake  are 
extensive  ruins  of  a  very  old  Boodhist  temple. 

WULVEItlXGHE.M,  wnl'ver-ing-Gh?m\  a  village  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  M'est  Flanders,  on  the  canals  from  Loo 
and  Bersrues  to  Fumes,  3  miles  S.  of  Fumes.    Pop.  1077. 

WUMME,  (WUmme.)  *Um'meh,  a  river  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Germany,  Hanover,  after  a  westward  course  of  upwards  of  75 
miles,  past  Rothenburg  and  Ottersberg,  joins  the  Weser  10 
miles  X.W.  of  Bremen,  the  territory  of  which  it  bounds  on 
the  X.  Chief  affluents,  the  Uumme  and  Worpe  from  the 
N..  and  Lesum  from  the  E. 

WU.N'UA.  a  small  town  of  Slnde,  on  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Indus.  75  miles  S.E.  of  Hyderabad. 

WUXNEMIERG,  (WUunenberg.)  *aD'nen-bjRg',  a  town 
of  l'ru?.«ian  Westphalia,  14  miles  S.  of  Paderborn.     P.  1300. 

MUXNKWVL.  (WOnnewvl.)  «Un'neh-*il\  a  village  of 
Swltzfrland.  canton  and  7  miles  X.E.  of  Freybnr".    P  2000 

WU.VSCIIELBERG,  (WUnsehelberg.)  a  town  of  Prussiaii 

Silesia.      S'e  IlRKDKK. 

WUXSDDRF.  ftWns'doRf.  or  WONSTORF,  «60ne'toRf,  a 
town  of  Hanover,  principality  of  Kalenlierg,  on  a  railway, 
between  Hanover  and  Mlnden,  13  miles  W.N.M'.  of  Han- 
over.     Pop.  1954. 

WUNSIEDEL.  ^Mn'seeMel,  a  walled  town  of  Bavaria,  on 
the  R.isRla.  20  miles  E.X.E.  of  Baireuth.  Pop.  3900.  It  hag 
mnnufactures  of  woollen  yarn  and  woven  fabrics,  and  a 
nouument  to  J«an  Paul  Rlcfater,  who  was  born  here 


WUR 

WUXZEN,  woon'zen,(?)  or  WUXZEXDAKE,  woon'zjn- 
dj'ki,(?)  an  active  volcano  of  Japan,  island  of  Kioo-Sioo.  H 
ri.'es  4110  feet  above  sea-level,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  thi' 
peninsula  of  Simabara.  A  terrible  eruption  from  this 
mountain  took  place  in  1792,  when  the  northern  ]ieak  ol 
the  mountain  was  blown  into  the  air,  and  a  stream  of  boil- 
ing water  issued  from  the  gap  and  poured  down  to  the  ^ea, 
which  at  the  same  time  overtiowed  its  banks.  The  whole 
tare  of  the  country  was  changed,  and  50,000  persons  are 
said  to  have  perished. 

WUPPi;K.  three  rivers  of  Germany.     See  Wippee. 

MUKBEXTH.A.L,  (Wiirbenlhal,)  viuRnben-tir,  or  UKBEX- 
TI1.A.L,  ouR'ben-tdP,  a  town  of  Austrian  SiFesia,  27  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Troppau.  on  the  Oppa.     Pop.  1359. 

WUR'DAU  or  WUR/DA,  a  river  of  India,  fiows  tortuously 
S.E.  through  the  centre  of  the  Deccan,  and  joins  the  God»- 
very,  12  miles  E.  of  Chinnoor.  Total  course  300  miles, 
throughout  nearly  all  which  it  separates  the  dominions  of 
Berar  and  Uyderabail,  receiving  from  the  former  its  affluent 
the  Wjue-guuga,  and  from  the  latter  on  the  W.  the  I'ayn- 
gunga.  Sirpoor  is  the  only  town  of  consequence  on  the 
Wurdah. 

WURELINQEN,  (Wurelingen.)  *u'rfl-ling-en,  a  village 
and  parish  of  Switzerland,  canton  of  Aargau,  C  miles  N.W. 
of  Baden.     Pop.  1003. 

WUREXLOS,  (WUrenlos.)  wu'ren-los\  a  village  and  parish 
of  Switzerland,  canton  of -Aargau,  3  miles  S.E.  of  Baden,  on 
an  impetuous  torrent  which  joins  the  Limmat,  and  is  here 
crossed  by  a  handsome  bridije.     Pop.  763. 

WURSILIXGEN,  (Wlirmlingen.)  wooRmling-^n,  a  village 
of  A^■urtemberg,  circle  of  Si-hwarzwald,  bailiwick  and  N.E. 
of  Rothenburg.  On  a  neighboring  height  is  a  chapel  visited 
by  numerous  '.ilgrims.     Pop.  1061. 

WURMLIXGEN.  a  village  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of 
SchTarzwald,  bailiwick  of  Tuttlingen,  on  the  Elte.    P.  1293. 

WURM-SEE,  wOciRm'  s.^'.  a  lake  of  Upper  Bavaria,  15  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Munich.  Length  from  S.  to  N.,  12  miles.  bi-ea<lth 
4  miles.  It  discharges  its  surplus  waters  N.  into  the  Am- 
mer,  bj'  the  Wiirm,  20  miles  in  length. 

WUR/XA,  a  river  of  Hindostan,  presidency  of  Bombay, 
rises  in  the  West  Ghauts,  lat  17°  18'  N.,  Ion.  73°  46'  E., 
and  falls  into  the  Kistnah,  total  course  80  miles. 

WUR/.NO,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  about  17  miles  N.E. 
of  Saccatoo,  on  the  Rima.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  Foolah 
Emperor,  and  was  founded  by  Bello  in  1831.  Pop.  in  1853, 
from  12.000  to  13.000. 

WURTE.MBERG,  (WUrtemberg.)  (Ger.  pron.  ■ft-uR'tJm- 
bJrG;  Fr.  Wurtemherg,  viiR^M^baiR';  Sp.  rir<«;n6«7v/,  veeB- 
t^m-bt'Rg';  It.  Virtemberga.  veeR-tt-m-bCR'gd,)  a  kingdom 
in  the  S.W.  of  Germanj'.  ranking  as  the  sixth  state  in  the 
Germanic  Confederation,  and  bounded,  S.E.,  E.,  and  N. 
by  Bavaria;  N.W.,  W.,  and  S.W.  by  Baden ;  and  S.  by  ISaden, 
Uoheuzollern,  (which  it  nearly  encloses.)  and  the  Lake  of 
Constance,  which  separates  it  from  Switzerland;  greatest 
length  from  N.  to  S.,  140  miles;  central  breadth,  100  miles; 
area,  7554  square  miles. 

Except  a  few  level  tracts  In  the  S.,  the  surface  is  tlirough- 
out  hilly  and  mountainous.  In  the  W.,  the  Schwarzwald, 
or  Black  Forest  forms  part  of  the  boundary  with  some  of 
its  loftiest  ridges,  and  sends  ramifications  far  into  tlie  in 
terior.  In  WUrtemberg.  however.  It  is  neither  so  high  nor 
so  steep  as  on  the  side  of  Baden.  Its  ridges  arc  generally 
clothed  with  forests.  Much  steeper  and  more  inho.-:pitable 
are  the  mountains  of  the  centre  and  the  E.,  where  the  Alb 
or  Rauhe  Alp.  forming  part  of  the  Franconian  Jura,  covers 
an  extensive  tract  This  mountain  mass,  when  at  its  greatest 
height  spreads  cut  into  an  elevated  desolate  plateau. 
Towards  the  N.  its  descent  is  rapid  and  abrupt,  but  towards 
the  S.  it  slopes  very  gradually.  Beyond  the  N.  slope  other 
heights  liegin  to  ris'-,  and  link  at  last  with  outliers  of  tho 
Odenwald. 

The  drainage  Is  shared  between  the  basins  of  the  Danube 
and  the  Rhine,  and  hence,  parr,  of  the  great  watershed  of 
the  European  continent  is  found  in  WUrtemberg:  here  it  is 
formed  by  the  Alb  and  its  plateau,  the  N.  and  W.  sides  of 
which  give  rise  to  several  tributaries  of  the  llhine.  while 
those  of  the  E.  and  S.E.  send  a  much  smaller  portion  to  the 
Danube,  which  in  tho  latter  direction  is  the  only  river  of 
importance.  The  Rhine  carries  off  part  of  the  S.  drain.ige 
by  the  lake  of  Constance,  and  receives  that  of  the  S.W.,  W., 
and  N.,  by  a  number  of  imiKirtant  streams,  more  espe<-ially 
the  Neckar  and  its  tribuvarie.s,  Lauter,  FiLs,  Reins,  Murr, 
Kocher,  Jaxt,  and  Enz.  Besides  these,  a  small  portion  of 
the  N.  is  drained  by  the  Tauber,  a  tributary  of  the  Mam. 
The  Lake  of  Constance,  of  which  only  a  small  portion  oelongs 
to  WUrtemberg.  is  the  only  lake  worthy  of  the  name. 

Notwithstanding  the  general  rugiedness  and  elevation  of 
the  surface,  the  climate  is  decidedly  temperate,  though  it 
necessarily  varies  much  with  locality,  and  cannot  be  the 
same  on  the  ridges  of  the  Schwarzwald  and  the  plates  3  of 
the  Alb  as  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Xeckar.  The  thi  two 
meter  ranges  from  77°  to  86°  Fahrenheit  in  sumra-^r,  and 
5°  to  10°  in  winter. 

In  respect  of  vegetation,  the  country  has  been  divtdod 
into  three  regions — from  the  lowest  level  up  to  1000  *h* 


WUR 


WUT 


trom  1000  feet  to  2000  feet,  and  from  2000  feet  upwards.  All 
of  these  divisions  produce  grain,  but  tlie  characteristic  pro- 
ducts are — in  the  third,  forest  timber;  in  tlie  second,  tlie 
hardier  fruits;  and  in  the  first,  the  more  delicate  fruits  and 
tlie  vine.  This  last  reijion  is  almost  confined  to  the  northern 
circles  of  the  Jaxt  and  the  Neckar,  where  the  fig  and  melon 
ripen  perfectly  in  the  open  air,  and  tlie  vine,  oviltivated  on 
an  extensive  scale,  pi-oduces  several  first-class  wines.  Here 
the  soil  is  generally  of  great  fertility,  and  both  maize  and 
wheat  are  raised  in  great  abundance,  hops  and  tobacco  more 
parti:illy,  and  fruit  in  such  quantities  as  to  be  exten.sively 
employed  in  maiciug  cider.  In  the  second  region,  the  largest 
of  the  three,  the  soil  is  seldom  alluvial,  but  generally  con- 
tains a  considerable  proportion  of  vegetable  mould  and  dis- 
integrated trap  and  lime-stone.  Occasionally,  however,  it 
degenerates  into  clay.H,  sands,  and  gravels,  which  yield  pro- 
fitable returns  only  when  managed  with  equal  industry  and 
skill.  In  both  these  qualities  the  inbaWtants  of  WUrteni- 
berg  are  by  no  means  deficient,  and  th(^ir  agriculture,  even 
under  untoward  circumstances,  equals  that  of  any  other  part 
of  Germany.  In  ordinary  seasons  the  grain  produced  leaves 
a  considerable  surplus  for  export.  Besides  grain,  potatoes 
are  grown  in  almost  every  district,  and  hemp  and  flax  on 
the  spots  best  suited  for  them.  Potatoes  were  introduceil 
in  1710,  and  now  form  the  principal  food  to  one-fourth  of 
the  population.  Artificial  meadows  yield  luxuriant  crops 
of  hay  for  feeding  or  dairy  purposes,  and  considerable  atten- 
tion is  also  paid  to  the  rearing  of  stock.  The  third  region, 
though  under  partial  cultivation,  derives  its  chief  value 
from  its  natural  pastures  and  forests;  the  latter,  both  of 
pine  and  hardwood,  climbing  the  loftiest  ridges  of  the 
Schwarzwald,  and  giving  valuable  returns,  not  only  in  their 
timber,  but  the  herds  of  swine  which  they  feed.  In  bleak, 
moorish  districts,  bees  are  often  reared  on  an  extensive  scale. 

The  principal  mineral  products  are  iron  and  coal,  which 
are  abundant,  and  the  working  of  which  employs  about  350 
miners.  Silver,  copper,  cobalt,  and  lead  are  found  in  small 
juantities;  and  there  are  quarries  of  excellent  building 
stones  and  marble.  WUrtemberg  has  a  great  many  mineral 
springs;  the  best  frequented  baths  are  those  of  Wildbad, 
the  only  thermal  springs  in  the  territory.  Salt  Is  au  im- 
portant product,  and  turf  is  very  abundant. 

Manufactures  have  made  considerable  progress  in  recent 
years ;  they  comprise  linens,  woollens,  silks,  carpets,  hosiery, 
leather,  porcelain,  iron  and  steel  goods,  and  tobacco;  brew- 
eries and  distilleries  are  numerous.  The  transit  trade  is 
considerable,  chiefly  by  the  navigation  of  the  Neckar.  A 
line  of  railway  has  been  openeil  from  Stuttgart  N.  to  Heil- 
bronn.  and  another  S.E.  to  Geislingen;  and  thence  S.  by 
Ulm,  Biberach,  and  Ravensburg.  to  Frii^drichsiiafcn  on  the 
Lake  of  Constance,  the  latter  portion  of  which  is  only  in 
progress. 

For  administrative  purposes  WUrtembcrg  is  divided  Into 
four  circles,  of  which  the  names,  area,  and  population  are 
given  in  the  following  Table: — 


Circles. 

Area    |      Pop. 
in  sq.  m.j   In  lt<o2. 

Pop.  to 
the  sq.  m. 

1,289 
1,850 
2,4-25 

i,vao 

501, aw 

443,872 
413,444 
374,913 

888 
239 
170 
180 

Schwanwald,  or  Black  Forest    . 

TotAl 

7,55t 

1,733,263 

226 

The  government  is  an  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy. 
The  executive  power  is  lodged  in  the  sovereign ;  the  legisla 
tive.  jointly  in  the  sovereign  and  a  parliament,  composed  of 
an  upper  and  a  lower  chamber — the  former  hereditary,  the 
latter  representative,  consisting  of  94  members,  mostly 
elected  every  six  years  by  the  principal  towns  and  rural 
districts.  Justice  is  administered  by  a  supreme  tribunal, 
which  sits  in  Stuttgart,  and  has  jurisdiction  over  the  whole 
kingdom,  and  by  inferior  courts  attached  to  each  circle  and 
tlistrict.  There  is  no  properly  established  religion,  but  the 
three  great  bodies  of  Lutherans,  Calvinists,  and  Roman 
Catholics,  are  recognised  and  partly  paid  by  the  state. 

WUrtemberg  has  long  been  favorably  distinguished  for 
the  number  and  excellence  of  its  educational  establish- 
ments. Kach  commune  and  even  hamlet  has  its  primary 
jichool,  attendance  at  which  is  obligatory  on  children  be- 
tween the  ages  of  6  and  14,  and  the  number  at  school  is  in 
the  proportion  of  1  in  6  of  the  population.  The  University 
of  Tiiljiugen  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  Germany ; 
there  are  infant  schools  in  the  capital  and  several  of  the 
larger  towns,  and  an  institution  for  young  ladies  founded 
by  Queen  Catherine;  normal  schools,  polytechnic  and  mili- 
tary schools.  The  population  is  almost  exelu.sively  German, 
except  a  few  Jews  and  some  colonies  of  French  l'rot<?stants; 
the  miijority  belong  to  the  evangelical  church  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  Lutherans  and  Reformers  in  182;^,  and 
only  al'Ciut  one-third  are  Roman  Catholics — all  sects  are 
tolerated.  The  army  consists  of  19,170  men  in  time  of  war, 
and  SOJO  in  time  of  peace ;  every  male  subject  is  liable  to 


serve  from  the  age  of  25  to  .31.  The  citadel  of  Hohenzollern 
is  the  only  fortress.  As  a  member  of  the  Germanic  Confe- 
deration, Wiirtemberg  holds  the  sixth  place,  and  has  four 
votes  in  the  plenum.  Its  contingent  of  men  is  1.3.955.  The 
revenue,  obtained  in  nearly  equal  proiiortions  by  direct 
and  indirect  taxation,  was  estimated  in  1854.  at  $5,090,940; 
expenditures,  $4.859.4.52;  public  debt,  819.309.4«7.  Besides 
Stuttgart,  the  capital,  the  chief  towns  are  Tiibingen,  Hell- 
bronn,  Ellwangen.  and  Rottweil. 

WUrtemberg  is  composed  of  a  number  of  separate  territo- 
ries, which  once  belonged  to  the  Alemanni  and  Franks,  and 
afterwards  formed  various  independencies.  The  first  inha- 
bitants, .said  lo  have  been  Celtic,  were  gradually  encroached 
upon  by  the  Germans,  and  finally  fell  with  them  under  the 
Roman  yoke.  After  the  decline  and  fall  of  the  Roman  Km- 
pire.  the  country  was  incorporated  with  the  kingdom  of  the 
Franks,  who  governed  it  by  dukes.  The  dukedom  thus  esta- 
blished existetl  till  the  end  of  the  11th  century,  when  it 
was  broken  up.  and  partitioned  among  counts,  who  declared 
themselves  independent.  Among  these  was  the  Count  of 
Beutelsbach-Wurtemberg,  who.se  family  gradually  gained 
the  ascendant.  One  of  its  members  built  a  castle  at  .Stutt- 
gart, and  another  built  the  Castle  of  WUrtemberg.  which 
has  given  its  name  to  the  whole  kingdom.  In  this  family, 
towards  the  end  of  the  loth  century,  the  dukedom  was  re- 
stored. During  the  French  revolution  WUrtemberg  became 
the  theatre  of  war,  and  was  overrun  l)y  the  French  armies. 
Ultimately,  however,  the  duke  gained  the  favor  of  Napo- 
leon, and  with  it  a  great  accession  of  territory,  as  well  as 
the  title  of  King.  In  the  sulisequent  arrangement  of  the 
European  states,  the  territorial  accessions  were  confirmed, 

and  the  kingly  title  formally  recogui.«ed. Adj.  (Ger.)  WUr- 

TEMBKROiscH,  wUR/t6m-b(i'RG"ish ;  inhab.  WUrtembkrger, 
w  iiR't^m-bjRoVr. 

WUK/TEMB'ERG,  a  post-oiBce  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

WURTS'BOROUGH.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  al)Out  90  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Albany.    It  has  several  churches  and  stores. 

WURTZBURG.    See  Wurzburo. 

WUUZACH,  ftooRt'sdK.  a  town  of  WUrtemberg,  35  miles 
S.  of  Ulm.     Pop.  1052. 

AVURZBACH,  wuRts/baK,  a  village  of  Reuss-Schleitz,  4 
miles  W.  of  Lol)enstein.     Pop.  1400, 

WLRZBURG,  (WUrzburg.)  or  WURTZBURG,  *URts/- 
bofjRO.  a  fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  the  circle  of 
Ix)wer  Friinconiii,  at  the  terminus  of  the  railway  to  Bamberg, 
140  miles  N.W.  of  Munich,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Main, 
across  which  it  communicates  by  a  fine  bridge  with  its 
citadel  on  the  other  side.  Pop.  (ISlil )  .30,119,  including  mili- 
tary. Among  its  many  ancient  edifices  are  a  cathedral  of 
the  8th  century,  the  Afarienl,irclte.  and  the  Royal  Palace, 
formerly  residence  of  the  bishops,  built  on  the  plan  of  the 
Palace  of  Versailles,  with  fine  gardens.  Its  University, 
founded  1403,  has  a  library  of  100,000  volumes,  and  had  in 
1847,  521  students.  It  has  also  a  synagogue,  gymnasium, 
polytechnic  school,  school  of  music,  and  several  hospitals. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  tobacco,  leather, 
paper,  surgical  and  mathematical  instruments,  boat-build- 
ing, and  an  active  river  trade.  WUrzburg,  one  of  the  most 
ancient  cities  of  Germany,  was  formerly  capital  of  Fran- 
conia.  Its  prince-bishopric  was  secuLarized.  and  the  town 
with  its  territory  ceded  to  the  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Tus- 
cany in  1803.    In  1815  it  was  united  to  Bavaria. 

WURZEX,  ^ooRt'sen,  a  walled  town  of  Saxony.  15  miles 
E.  of  Leipsic,  on  the  Mulde.  and  on  the  Leipsic  and  Dresden 
Railway.  Pop.  4145.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and 
hosiery,  breweries,  and  bleaching  establishments. 

WURZSEE,  (WUrzsee,)  a  lake  of  Kus.«ia.    See  Virtzf.rv. 

WUSIIUTEE^  or  MUCH,  a  mountain  range  of  Beloo- 
chlstan,  province  of  Mekran,  stretching  from  E.  to  W.  about 
lat.  2S°  N.,  and  between  Ion.  62^  and  04°  E.  Its  name  of 
Much  or  "  date"  is  owing  to  the  great  quantities  of  excellent 
dates  produced  in  its  valleys. 

WUSTAXEE.    See  Vost.\ni. 

WUSTEN,  (WUsten,)  <vU.s/tHn,  O'ber  and  Nieder,  nee'der, 
two  nearly  contiguous  villages  of  Llppe-Detmold.    Pop.  2009. 

WUSTENSACHSEN.  (Wustensachsen.)  <vU,-^/ten-sdk'sen, » 
market-town  of  Bavaria,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  the  circle 
of  Lower  Franconia.     Pop.  1160. 

WUSTERHAUSEN,  «oos'terhow'zen,  a  walled  town  of 
Prussia,  province  of  Brandenburg,  on  an  island  in  the  Dosse, 
14  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Ruppin.     Pop.  2S00. 

WUSTEKHAUSKN,  a  market-town  of  Prussia,  on  the 
Notte,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Berlin,  with  a  hunting  seat  built  by 
Frederick  William  I.  The  articles  of  peace  between  Prussia 
and  Austria  were  concluded  here  in  1726. 

WUSTROW,  <voos'trov,  a  town  of  Germany,  Hanover,  on 
the  Jetze,  2j  miles  S.W.  of  Lucbow.    Pop.  763. 

WUSTROW,  a  parish  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  22  miles 
N.E.  of  Rostock.     Pop.  154. 

WUSTWEZEL,  wtistVA/zel.  or  WESTWEZEL,  wfstV.V 
zel,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  14  miles  N.E.  of  AnV 
werp.     Pop.  1700. 

WUTACH,  fiooltiz,  a  river  of  Baden,  rises  in  the  Fel4 

2141 


WYA 

benr.  flows  N.U  to  Xeustadt,  then  E.S.E.,  and  joins  the 
Rhiiie  on  the  right,  after  a  course  of  about  45  miles. 

WY  ACK'N'A,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin. 

Wy'ACOX'DA.  a  small  river,  which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Iowa,  ami  flowing  S.E.  throujih  Scotland.  Clark,  and  Lewis 
oounties  of  .Missouri,  entei-s  the  Missis.^ippi  at  La  Grange. 

WVACOND.\.,  a  postoffice  of  Scotland  co.,  Missouri. 

W  V.ACOXD.V  CltEtlK.  of  Missouri,  flows  eastward  through 
Carroll  county,  into  the  Missouri. 

WrALU'SlXG.  a  creek  of  Pennsylvania,  enters  the  North 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  in  Uradford  co. 

WY.ALUSIXG.  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co^.Pennsyl- 
rania.  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1477. 

WV.ALUSING.  a  post-village  of  Grant  co..  Wisconsin,  on 
Uie  Mississippi  River,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Madison,  has 
an  excellent  steamloat  laiidinir.  and  1  hotel  and  2  stores. 

WYVAXDOT',  (or  W  YANDOITK.)  a  county  in  the  X.W.cen- 
tral  part  of  Ohio,  cont-iins  .ibout-lO')  square  miles.  Inter- 
sected by  the  Sandusky  lliver.  About  one-third  of  the 
county  is  prairie,  and  the  remainder  well  timbered.  It  is 
traversed  by  tlie  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Rail- 
road, and  liy  another  railroad.  Formed  in  1845.  Capital, 
Upper  Sandusky.     Pop.  15,-^96. 

WY.ANDOT,  an  unorganized  county  in  the  \.  part  of 
Michigan.  Area,  570  sijuare  miles.  Traversed  by  Chelxjygan 
River.    The  census  of  1S50  gives  no  returns  for  this  countv. 

WYANDOT,  a  post-village  of  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio,  about  50 
miles  X.  of  Columbus. 

WY'.AXDOT.  a  post-oiJice  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana. 

WY.ANDOT.  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Missouri. 

WY.ANDOTTJi.  wi\in-dotf.  a  post-villaire  of  Wa^•ne  co. 
Miihi.:an.  and  a  station  of  the  Detroit  and  Toledo  Railroad, 
on  the  Detroit  River,  10  miles  below  the  city  of  Detroit.  Set- 
tlement coninienced  in  the  summer  of  1854;  it  now  (in  1864) 
contains  a  population  of  about  1000;  it  has  a  blast-fur- 
nace capable  of  producing  3000  tons  of  pig-iron  annually, 
using  Lake  Superior  ores  and  charcoal :  a  i-olling-mill  for 
merchant  iron  capable  of  producing  3000  tons,  and  a  rail 
niill  of  the  capacity  of  12,000  tons  annually.  It  has  also  4 
stores,  a  good  school-house,  and  Presbyterian  and  Metho- 
dist chnrciies. 

WY'ATT,  a  post-viHape  of  Lafayette  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Tallahatchie  River,  14  miles  x'.X.W.  of  Oxford.  Wyatt 
is  the  largest  place  in  the  county  except  Oxford.  Cotton  is 
shipped  here  in  steamboats  during  high  water. 

W  V'BERTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WY'RUNBURY.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Chester. 

WYCHKX  or  WIJCILEX,  wi/Keu,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, Gelderland,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Xymwegen.     Pop.  936. 

AVYCLTFFE,  wiklilf,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding,  5J  miles  E.S.E.  of  Barnard  Cistle.  In  the 
rectory  house  is  a  lino  portrait  of  Wycliffe,  the  reformer, 
who  is  believed  to  have  been  born  here  iu  1325. 

WYCOMBE.  CIIIPPIXG,  or  HIGH  WYCO.MBE,  a  parlia- 
mentary and  municip,il  borough,  marketrtown,  and  parish  of 
England,  county  of  Buckingham,  30  miles  W.X.W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1851, 7179.  The  towu  consists  principally  of  one  street, 
e.xteuding  li  miles  along  an  affluent  of  the  Thames.  The 
church  is  a  Large,  venerable,  and  handsome  structure.    The 

{)rincipal  manufactures  are  of  chairs  and  paper;  that  of 
ace  has  declined.  Wycombe  returns  two  members  to  the 
House  of  Commons.  It  gives  the  titles  of  Earl  and  Baron 
to  the  -Marquis  of  Lansdowne;  and  immediately  S.W.  of  the 
town  is  Wycombe  Abbey,  the  seat  of  the  Lord  Cariugton. 

WYCOMBE,  WEST,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  2i 
miles  X.W.  of  High  Wycombe.  Here  are  a  handsome  church 
In  the  Grecian  style,  and  ruins  of  Deslx)rough  Castle. 

WY'DDIALL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hertford. 

WYE.  wi.  a  river  of  England  and  Wales,  rises  on  the  S. 
side  of  I'liulimmon,  county  of  .Montgomery,  near  the  source 
of  the  Severn,  flows  mostly  S.E.,  and  after  separating  the 
counties  of  Gloucester  and  Monmouth,  enters  the  estuary 
cf  the  Severn,  2  miles  S.  of  Chepstow.  Principal  affluents, 
the  Luff  and  Ithon  from  the  N.,  Caerwen  and  Irfon  from 
the  W.  Total  course  130  miles,  for  70  of  which,  to  Hereford. 
It  is  frequently  navigable  for  vessels  of  40  toils  burthen^ 
and  to  Hay,  100  miles  from  the  Severn,  for  small  craft;  but 
Its  navigation  Is  often  interrupted  by  its  shallowness  or  ra- 
pidity. In  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  its  course,  its  banks 
are  precipitous;  in  Herefordshire  it  has  a  very  tortuous 
course  through  a  fertile  country.  It  is  renowned  fur  pic- 
turesque beauty  beyond  every  other  river  in  South  Britain. 
It  is  connected  with  the  Severn  by  a  canal  from  Hereford  to 
Gloucester,  and  has  a  valuaMe  salmon  tishery. 

ViYE,  a  email  river  of  England,  co.  of  Derby,  after  a  S.E. 
course  joins  the  Derwent,  4  miles  S.E.  of  Bakewell. 

>N  YE,  a  river  of  Van  DIemen's .  Land,  tributary  to  the 
Great  Swan-port  River,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

WYE.  a  parish  and  village,  formerly  a  market>town  of 
Kngland,  co.  of  Kent,  on  the  Canterbury  Branch  of  the 
rc"i  'i-f**''"'"  ""''^'■«y.  ■*  miles  N.E.  of  .Ashford.  Pop.  in 
ibal,  1(24.  The  vUlage  haa  a  bridge  of  five  arches  over  the 
Btuur. 

W]YE,  NetherLinds.    See  Y. 

WY*:,  a  river  of  Maryland,  an  inlet  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 


WYN 

forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  Queen  Anne  and 
Talbot  counties. 

WY^E  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Queen  .Anne  co.,  Maryland. 

WY'ERSDALE,  XETHER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  ol 
Lancaster. 

^VYEKSDALE,  OVER,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

WYF'ORDBY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leioestir. 

W\''H.AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

WYHE,  wi'eh,  or  WI.11IE.  wi'eh,  a  village  of  the  X'ether- 
lands,  province  of  Overyssel.  9  miles  X.  of  Deventer.  on  the 
Yssel.  It  has  consider.ible  mauuCictures  of  Bologna  saur 
sages,  and  a  good  general  tnule.     Pop.  ll.S40.(?) 

WYK,  WIJK.  wik,  or  WI.TK-BIJ-HEUSDEX,  wik  bl  hois/- 
dgn,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Brabant^ 
11  miles  W.X.W.  of  Bois-le-Duc.     Pop.  1229. 

WY'K,  ftlk,  a  seaport  village  of  Denmark,  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Fiihr,  16  miles  N.W. 
of  Bredsted.     I'op.  800. 

^VYK  or  WI.JK,  De.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Drenthe,  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Assen.     Pop.  640. 

WYK  BEI  DUURSTEDE,  wik  bf  ua'stiMeh.  a  village  of 
the  Xethcrlunds,  province  and  13  miles  S.E.  of  Utrecht,  on 
the  Rhine,  where  it  gives  off  the  Leek.     Pop.  2413. 

WYKE'H.AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  North 
Hiding. 

WYKEHAM,  EAST,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.,of  Lincoln. 

WY'lvEN,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Warwick. 

WY'KE-REGIS,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

WY'lvERTOWX.  a  postoffice  of  Susse.x  co.,  Xew  Jersey. 

WYKL.A,  wik'li,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzerland, 
canton  and  15  miles  E.X.E.  of  Zurich.  It  contains  a  parish 
church.     Pop.  1161. 

W\'L,  *il.  or  WEIL,  ■^vile.  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  15  miles  W.  of  St.  Gall,  on  the  Thur,  with  2126  iuhabit- 
ants,  mostly  linen  and  cotton  weavers. 

W\''L.AM,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Northumberland, 
parish  of  Avingham.  on  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Railway, 
8y  miles  W.  of  Xewcastleon-Tyue. 

^V'Y'LIESBURG,  a  post-village  of  Charlotte  co.,  Virginia, 
18  miles  S.  of  Marysville.        ' 

WY'.MERIXG,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 

WY.MIXGTiiX,  »  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Bedford. 

WY'MOXDHA.M  or  WYXD/HAM,  a  market-town  and  pa- 
rish of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  on  the  Eastern  Countie!" 
Railway,  at  the  divergence  of  the  Fakenham  Branch,  10 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Norwich.  Pop.  iu  1851,  5177,  partly  em 
ployed  iu  manufactures  of  bombazines  and  crapes  for  Xoi 
wich  houses.  The  church  formed  part  of  an  ancient  abbey. 
The  grammar  school  ha.s  a  considerable  endowment,  and  two 
exhibitions  to  Cambridge  University.  North  of  the  town 
is  Kimberley  Hall  (liOrd  Wodhouse). 

WYMONDHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Leicester. 

WY'.MUXDLEY,  GREAT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of 
Hertford. 

WYMONDLEY,  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  llert^ 
ford,  contiguous  to  the  above. 

WYNAAD,  wiWd',  or  PAVAMBURT'-COTATA,  (Hindoo 
Bynadu,)  a  small  district  of  British  India,  presidency  of 
Bombay,  in  lat.  11^  30'  N.,  Ion.  70°  20'  E.,  comprised  in  the 
collectorate  of  Malabar.  It  produces  the  best  cardamoms  in 
India.     The  village  of  Wvnaad  is  50  miles  S.W.  of  Mysore. 

WY'NAXT,  a  ixjstoffice  of  Shelby  co.,  Qhio. 

WY'XAXT'S  KILL,  of  Rensselaer  co.,  Xew  Y^ork,  falls  into 
the  Ilud.son  2  miles  below  Troy. 

WY'XAXTSKILL,  a  post-village  of  Rensselaer  co..  New 
York,  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Albany. 

WY'NAXTSVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Kensselaer  co..  New 
York. 

WYNCOOP  (wlne/koopj  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Chemung 
CO.,  Xew  Y'ork. 

WYXDIIAM.    See  Wtmo>T)HAM, 

WYNEGHEM,  *i'ueh-GhJm\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince and  6  miles  E.  of  Antwerp,  on  the  Great  and  Little 
Schyn.     Pop.  1045. 

W'yNE-GUXG.A.  WAINGUNGA  or  WEINGUXGA.  wln'- 
pung-ga.  a  river  of  India,  in  the  Deccan.  in  the  S.E.  district 
of  Bengal  presidency  and  the  Berar  dominions,  joins  the 
Wni-dah  20  miles  S.  of  Chanioory.  Total  course  230  miles. 
Principal  affluent,  the  Khahauu  from  the  N.W.  It  is  in 
many  places  half  a  mile  across,  but  generally  fordable  dur- 
ing the  dry  season. 

WYNGEXE,  wIng'H.l-nfh,  (Fr.  pron  vls"'zhain',)  a  vil- 
lage of  Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  8^  miles  S.S.E 
of  Bruges.    Pop.  7086. 

WYNIGEX,  *ee'ne-ghen,  a  village  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Bern,  4'  miles  N.E.  of  IJerthoud,  on  the 
Oeschbach,  in  a  narrow  valley  hemmed  in  by  wooded  hills. 
Pop.  2451. 

WYXKEL,  wlnOcfl,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  9  miles  Ji.N.E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  2059. 

WYXKEL-SAXT-ELOI,  winncen  s^nt-.i-loi'.  a  village  of 
Belgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  21  miles  S.  of  Bruges. 
Pop.  2930. 

WYNKOOPSBAAI  or  WIJNKOOPSBAAI,  De,  dg  win- 


WYN 

kops  liJ'I.  a  bay  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Java,  on  the 
W.  side  of  tlie  province  of  I'reanger,  between  the  mouth  of 
tlie  Tjibiirenok  and  Point  Sodong-parat.  Off  it  is  an  island 
of  llie  same  name. 

WYXN,  a  piist-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana. 

VVYOCK'NA,  a  post-villai^e  and  township  in  the  central 
part  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin,  30  miles  N.  of  Madison. 
Pop.  i;«]. 

WYOMING,  wl-o'ming,  (see  Introduction,  page  11,  0ns., 
and  accompanying  nolH.)  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  Genesee  River,  .ind  drained  by  the  head 
waters  of  ^flen's,  Tonnewanda,  Buffalo,  and  Cattaraugus 
Creeks,  which  turn  numerous  grist  and  saw  mills.  The 
surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  is  generally  a  moist  sandy  or 
gravelly  loam,  adapted  to  either  grain  or  grass.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  thuGene.see  Valley  Canal,  and  by  the  Buffalo  and 
New  York  City  Railroad;  and  in  part  by  the  Batavia  and 
Attica  Branch  of  the  Central  and  the  Attica  and  Alleghany 
Railroad.  Orgaiiized  in  1851,  having  been  formed  from  part 
of  GcMK'.seo  county.     Capital.  Warsaw.     Pop.  31,968. 

W'YOMIXG.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
has  an  area  of  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
North  Branch  of  Su.^quehanna.  and  also  drained  by  the 
Mahoopeiiy,  Bnwmuu's,  and  Tunkhannock  Creeks.  The 
surface  is  broken  by  spurs  of  the  AUejjhany  Mountains, 
forming  bluffs  along  the  river  near  1000  feet  in  height.  The 
most  considerable  ridges  are  called  Mahoopeny,  Bowman's, 
Tunkliannock,  and  Knob  Mountains.  The  soil  in  general 
is  modorat(!ly  fertile.  It  is  ti-aversed  by  the  North  Branch 
Canal,  and  by  the  Delaware  Lackawanna  and  Western  Rail- 
road. Formed  in  1842,  out  of  part  of  Luzerne,  aud  named 
from  the  Wyoming  Valley.  Capital,  Tunkhannock.  Popu- 
lation, l-2,r.40. 

WYOMING,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  W.  Virginia,  con- 
tains about  7U0  square  miles.  Tlie  Quyandotte  River  and 
the  Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  River  rise  in  the  county,  and  flow 
westward,  the  latter  forming  its  boundary  on  the  S.W. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests. 
A  riilge,  called  the  Great  Flat-top  M9untain,  extends  along 
the  south-eastern  border.  The  soil  is  said  to  he  good,  and 
adapted  to  wool-growing.  Wyoming  was  formed  out  of  part 
of  Logan  county.  Capital,  Wyoming  Court  House.  Pop. 
2861,  of  whom  2797  were  free,  and  64  slaves. 

WYOMING,  a  post-village  of  Middlebnry  township,  Wy- 
oming CO.,  New  York,  on  Allen's  Creek,  44  miles  E.  of  Buf- 
falo. It  contains  3  churches,  a  flourishing  academy,  C  sto'res, 
a  flouring-mill,  and  a  furnace. 

WYOMING,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
ey Ivani  a,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  4 
miles  above  Wilknsbarre,  is  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of 
its  own  name.  Several  new  buildings  have  been  erected 
within  a  few  years.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  Scran- 
ton.  Danville,  &c. 

WYOMING,  a  post-village  in  Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia,  near 
Nottaway  River,  50  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

WYOMING,  a  post-village  of  Bath  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Licking  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of  Slato  Creek,  has  2  stores 
aud  2  mills. 

WYOMING,  a  town.ship  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.1237. 

W  YOM I  NO,  a  village  of  M'hite  co.,  Indiana,  on  Tippecanoe 
River,  about  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Monticello. 

WYOMING,  a  township  in  Lee  Co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1237. 

WYOMl.NG.  a  post-village  in  Stark  co.,  Illinois,  on  Spoon 
River,  95  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield. 

WYOMING,  a  village  in  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mis- 
Bissippi  River,  40  miles  S.E.  by  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

WYOMING,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Iowa  CO., 
Wisconsin.     I'op.  623. 

WYOMING  COURT-HOUSE,  capital  of  Wyoming  co.,  W. 
Virginia,  about  200  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wheeling.  It  is  a  small 
place  of  recent  origin. 

WYOMING    MOUNTAIN,    Pennsylvania,   in    Luzerne 


XAN 

county,  extends  15  or  20  miles  along  the  S.E.  bank  of  the 
Susquehanna.     Its  heiglit  is  somewhat  above  JOUO  feet. 

WYUTA,  Wisconsin.     See  Wiota. 

WY'MtAGIIUR/,  a  town  of  India,  in  the  Deccan,  domin' 
ions  and  80  miles  S.E.  of  Nagpoor,  on  an  affluent  of  tlw 
Wyne-gunga.     Pop.  2000. 

WYRAR'DISBURY  or  WRAYSBURY,  rdy/ber-e,  a  parish 
of  England,  co.  of  Bucks,  on  the  Windsor  branch  of  the 
South-Western  Railway.  2^  miles  S.E.  of  DatcheL 

WYRBALLEN,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Wierzbolot. 

WY'RE,  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster,  formed  by 
many  small  moorland  streams,  flows  W.  and  N..  expanding 
into  a  navigable  estuary  which  joins  the  Irish  Sea  at  Fleet- 
wood-upon-VVyre,  a  new  port  connected  with  Preston  .south- 
east-ward by  a  railway  20  miles  in  length.    See  Fleetwood. 

WY'REKA,  a  post-office  of  Putnam  co.,  Jlissouri. 

WYRLEY,  GREAT,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Stafford. 

WY''S.\LL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nottingham. 

WYSOKE-MEYTO,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  1Iohkn.m.\uth. 

W\''S0X,  a  post-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  3  miles  N.E.  of  Towanda.     Pop.  1.359. 

WYSO.N,  a  township  of  Carroll  oo.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1350. 

WYSSEBKOD,  a  marketrtown,  Bohemia.    See  IIoue.nfubt. 

WYSTYTEN,  a  town  of  Poland.     See  Wistittex. 

WY'SZKOW,  ftish'kov,  a  small  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment of  Plock.  on  the  Bug,  S.  of  Pultusk.     Pop.  2000. 

WYS/GOROD,  *ish-go/rod,  a  town  of  Poland,  27  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Plock,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Vistula,  with  an 
old  convent.     Pop.  1844.  " 

WYSZTYNIE,  «i.sh-tin'y.A,  or  WYZAYNY,  <\iz-I'nee,  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  of  Augustowo,  county  and  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Seyny,  on  the  frontier  of  Prussia.  Pop.  IGOO, 
mostly  Jews. 

WYSZTYTTEN.    Sec  Wi.stitten. 

WYTEGK.\,  a,  town  of  Russia.    See  Vtteora. 

WYTII.AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 

WYTIIE,  with,  (rhyming  with  smiUi,)  a  county  in  the 
S.S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  520  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Kanawha  or  New  River,  and 
also  drained  by  Reed,  Cripjilc,  and  Walker's  Creeks,  and  by 
the  sources  of  Ilolston  River.  The  greater  part  of  the 
county  is  an  elevated  valley  or  plateau  between  the  Iron 
Mountain  on  the  S.  and  Walkers  Mountain  on  the  N.W. 
Walker's  Mountain  is  a  sublime  feature  in  the  sci-nery  of 
this  region.  The  soil  is  good,  well  watered,  and  particularly 
adapted  to  grazing.  The  most  abundant  minerals  are  iron 
ore,  lead,  stone-coal,  limestone,  and  gypsum.  Some  silver 
is  found  in  connexion  with  the  lead.  The  county  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad.  Formed  in 
1790,  and  named  in  honor  of  George  Wythe,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  IndeiJendence.  Capital,  Wytho- 
ville.  Pnp.  12,.305.  of  whom  10.14.'$  were  free,  and  2162 slaves. 

WYTlIE.  a  post-township  of  Iliincock  co.,  Illinois. 

WYTIIEVILLE.  with'vil,  formerly  EVANSIIAM,  a  neat 
and  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Wythe  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  main  road  from  Baltimore  to  Nashville,  248  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Richmond.  It  is  situated  In  an  elevated  valley  or  plateau, 
among  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  It  has  considerable  trade, 
and  contains  5  or  6  churches,  1  bank,  with  a  capital  of 
$130,000,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  The  Virginia  and  Ten- 
nessee Railroad  passes  through  the  place.  Po;)ulation  in 
1860.1111. 

wVtIKON,  *ee'te-kon,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
and  3  miles  S.E.  of  Zurich.  The  French  and  Austrians 
fought  here  in  June,  1799. 

WYTOONEE,  one  of  the  Disappointment  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean;  length  6  miles.  Lat.  of  S.E.  point,  11°  12'  S., 
Ion.  141°  12'  W. 

WYTSCIIAETE,  wlt'sKi/tgh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province 
of  West  Flanders,  6  miles  S.  of  Y^pres.     Pop.  3195. 

AVYVELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

AVYVERSTONE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

WYZAYNY,  a  town  of  I'oland.    See  'iVyszTYNiE. 


X 


XABARY.  a  river  of  South  America.    See  jAB.iRT. 
XABEA,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  J.\be.a. 
XABUGO,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Jabugo. 
X.\CA,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Jaca. 
XADR.4.QUE,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jadraque. 
XAEN,  a  city  of  Spain.     See  Jaen. 
XAGUA,  a  river  of  Central  America.     See  Jaqua, 
XAGUA;  a  bay  of  Cuba.    See  Jagua. 
XALACIIO,  a  village  of  Yucatan.    See  Jal.\cho. 
XAL.AME,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  J.^lame. 
XALAl'.A,  a  city  of  Mexico.     See  Jalapa. 
XALTSCO,  a  state  of  Mexico.     See  Jali«co. 
XALON,  a  river  and  village  of  Spain.     See  Jaloj». 
X.A.M1LKNA,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  J.wiilena. 
X  AMILTEPEC  or  JAMILTEPEC,  Hi-meel-tA-p^k',  a  town 
Of  the  Mexican  Confed"ration,  state  and  70  miles  S.S.W.  of 


Oajaca,  capital  of  a  department  of  its  cwn  name,  on  the 
Chicometepec.    Pop.  about  4000. 

XAN.\.  La,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jana,  La. 

XANTEN,  ksdn'ten,  SANTEN  or  SANC/TEN,  a  town  of 
Rhenish  Prussia,  government  of  Dusseldorf,  15  miles  S.E. 
of  Cleves,  near  the  Rhine.  Pop.  3080.  It  has  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloth,  cassimeres,  velvets,  and  cotton;  di.<tiUerica, 
breweries,  and  vinegar  factories,  it  occupies  the  site  of  the 
Roman  Colonia  Trajana. 

XANTHI,  zan'thee  or  zin'tee,  a  mountain  of  European 
Turkey,  Room-Elee,  N.W.  of  the  Gulf  of  Lagos,  -Egean  Sea, 
and  rising  to  3800  feet  in  elevation. 

XANTHUS,  zan/thus,  (Gr.  ■EavOof ;  Turkish,  Elchen-c'nai, 
AVh6n-chi',)  a  small  river  of  Asia  Minor,  rises  in  Mount 
Taurus,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  near  Patara.  If 
Is  navigable  for  a  considerable  part  of  its  course. 


XAN 

XANTIIUS,  a  river  of  Asia  Minor.    Sec  ScAMAyBEB. 

XANTIIUS,  an  ancient  city  of  Asia  Minor,  tlie  remains 
of'Wliich,  on  tlie  E.  bank  of  a  river  of  its  own  name,  20 
miles  S.Fl  of  Makree.  (Makri.)  lat.  36°  21'  X.,  ion.  29°  23;  E., 
consist  of  temples  and  tombs,  having  elaborate  bas-reliefs, 
many  "f  whicli  have  been  recently  deposited  in  the  British 
Museum. 

XAi'ECO  or  CH.4PEC0,  shJ-pATco,  a  river  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vince of  Sao  Paulo,  joins  the  Pelotas  to  form  the  Uruguay. 

XAKAVUKL.  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Jarafoel. 

X  \i; AIC  WO,  a-  town  of  Spain.    See  J araicejo. 

XAI;.A.MA  or  JAKAMA,  ni-rd'mii,  a  river  of  Spain,  pro- 
♦itice  of  Guadalajara,  joins  the  Ilenares  10  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Madrid,  after  a  S.  course  of  60  miles. 

XAI1AYE3,  shi-ri'is.  (Sp.  pron.  nj-ri'fs.)  the  name  ori- 
ginally given  to  certain  low  tracts  of  Brazil,  situated  to  the 
S.  of  the  town  of  Matto-Grosso  or  Villa  Bella,  and  annually 
inundated  for  three  months,  over  a  space  of  about  240  miles. 
Mmh  of  the  w.iter  never  retires,  but  forms  extensive  lakes, 
aboundins  in  fish,  frequented  by  immenpe  flifrhts  of  water- 
fowl, and  tenanted  by  the  jacare,  a  species  of  crocotlile,  of 
less  size  than  that  of  Egypt.  The  grounds  not  reached  by 
the  water  are  inhabited  by  the  Parecis  Indians,  from  whom 
the  plains  and  lakes  sometimes  receive  the  name  of  Parecis. 

X.vri  VA  or  J.VTIVA.  Spain.    See  San  Felipe  de  Jatit.^ 

X.\rx.\.  a  river  and  town  of  Peru.    See  Jacja. 

XAVALI.  a  village  of  Spain.     See  Jav.ali  Xdevo. 

^AVAIAJUIXTO.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  JAVALQaxTO. 

XAVIKlt,  an  island  of  Patagonia.    See  Saint  Xavier. 

XEND.W,  shJn-di'.  or  SEXU.W,  s5n-di'.  a  maritime  town 
of  Japan,  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  E.  coast  of  Xiphon.  Lat. 
38°  30'  X. 

XKNI.A..  zee'ue-a,  a  handsome  and  flourishing  town  of 
Xcnia  township,  capital  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little 
Miami  Railroad.  65  miles  N.E.  of  Cincinnati,  and  61  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Columbus.  The  town  is  regularly  planned  and 
well  built,  and  contains  many  handsome  residences.  The 
eourt-house  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  its  class  in  the 
state.  The  surrounding  country  has  an  undulating  surface, 
and  a  fertile  soil,  and  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power, 
and  with  excellent  limestone.  Xenia  has  an  active  tra/Ie, 
and  the  prosperity  of  the  place  has  been  much  augmenteil 
by  the  constrnction  of  railroads  in  various  directions,  which 
connect  it  witli  Columbus,  Daj-ton,  Springfield.  Ac.  It  con- 
fciins  13  brick  churches,  2  national  banks,  1  otiier  bank,  2 
newspaper  oflRces,  a  theological  institute,  2  academies,  and 
a  high  school;  also  1  steam  flonring-mill.a  flax-mill, a  saw- 
mill, and  a  manufactory  of  farming  implements.  The  town 
is  lighted  with  gas.  Pop.  according  to  tlie  census  of  1860, 
♦658      The  population,  in  1865,  is  reported  to  be  6172. 

XKNI.\,  a  small  post-village  of  Clay  CO.,  Illinois. 

XENIIi,  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Gejoi. 

Xl^rtKS,  a  city  of  Spain.    See  Jerez  de  la  Froxtera. 
XKKL'S,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Jerez. 

XEI{ES  or  JEREZ,  H.A-rJs',  a  town  of  Central  America, 
state  ot'  Honduras.  S.  of  Comayagua. 

XEKES-DE-LOS-CABALLEItOS.     See  jEKEZ-DE-LOS-CAB.iL- 

LERO.S. 

XEUOS,  GULF  OF.    See  Saros,  Gulf  of. 
XERXE,  a  town  and  river  of  Spain.    See  Jertb. 


YAI 

XERTIGXT,  B?R'teenVee',  a  market-town  of  France,  d» 
partnient  of  Vosges,  9  miles  S.  of  Epinal.  Pop.  ia  1S52^ 
3837,  partly  employed  in  forges  and  blast-furnaces. 

XEXUl.  a  river  of  Paraguay.     See  Jejut. 

XILO-CASTROX.  zee'lo-feasHron  or  xe-lo'-kils-tron,  (src. 
jEgyraf)  a  maritime  village  of  Greece,  government  ai'd  24 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Corinth,  at  the  mouth  of  the  XiloCastron, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Corinth.     It  has  an  active  trade  in  currants. 

XI LOCO,  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Jilooo. 

XILOX,  a  river  of  Spain.     See  JiLox 

XIME>i.\,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jimeiva. 

XIMEX.\.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jimena  de  la  Froxtera. 

XIMERA  DE  LIVAR.    See  Jimera  de  Liv.vk. 

XIMO,  one  of  the  Japanese  Islands.     See  Kioo-Sioo. 

XIXGU  or  CUIXGU,  shing-goo/,  a  river  of  Brazil,  pro- 
vinces of  Matto-Grosso  and  Para,  and  one  of  the  chief  tribu- 
taries of  the  -Amazon,  rises  near  lat.  15°  S.,  Ion.  59°  Vt'.,  and 
after  a  X.  course  of  1300  miles,  joins  the  Amazon,  240  miles 
W.  of  Para. 

XIOXZ,  xee'onts,  a  town,  Pru.ssian  Poland,  28  miles  S.E. 
of  Posen,  with  mauufactures  of  linens  and  leather.  Pop. 
1140. 

XIXIM.A.XI,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  Cartagena,  New 
Grenada.    See  Cartagena. 

XIXOX.\,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jijoxa. 

XIZ.  sheez,  or  SIIIZ,  Arabian  name  of  the  fire-temple  and 
city  of  Atropatenian  Ecbatana,  identified  by  Major  Rawlin- 
son  with  TuKHTi  Suleimax. 

XOA.  a  state  of  .tbvssinia.    See  Shoa. 

XOCIIICALCO,  Ho-che-kdl'ko,  a  ruined  pyramid,  60  miles 
S.  by  ^V.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

XOCIIIMILCO,  Ho-che-meel'ko,  a  village  of  the  confederacy 
and  dep.irtment  of  Mexico,  on  the  Lake  of  Xochiniilco,  8 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Mexico,  and  once  an  .4ztec  town  of  import- 
ance. 

XOCniTEPEC,  Ho-che-t.i-pJk',  a  village  of  the  confederacy 
and  state  of  Mexico,  nearly  60  miles  S.W.  of  the  city  of 
Mexico. 

XODAR,  a  town  of  Spain.    Sec  Jodar. 

XOKKLLA  ISLANDS.     See  Xulla. 

XOKQUER.\.  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jorquera. 

XORULLO  or  XURULLO,  a  volcano  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation.    See  JORULLO. 

XU.\XD.\.I,  shoo-in-di'.  a  fine  harbor  of  Anam.  Further 
India,  province  and  20  miles  N.E.  of  Phu-yen,  on  the  Cochin 
Chinese  coast.     Lat.  13°  22'  X. 

XUBEK.\,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jubera. 

XCBRIQUE  LA  XUEV.\.    See  Jcbrique  la  Nlev-A. 

XUC.\R.  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Juc.ar. 

XUC.\R.\Y,  Hoo-kd-ri',  a  river  of  South  America,  Ecuador, 
tributary  to  the  .\mazon. 

XUCllITAX.  a  town  of  Mexico.    See  Juchitax. 

XULLA.  zoolli.  ZULLA  or  ZOREI/LA  ISLANDS,  a  group 
in  the  Malay  Archipelago,  70  miles  E.  of  Celebes,  and  com- 
prising Taly.ibo,  Mangola,  and  Zulla-Bessey,  which  last  is 
about  35  miles  in  length. 

XUMILIi.A.,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Jcmilla. 

XYNAH.A.,  xin'd-ri,(?)  a  village  of  the  island  of  Tinos, 
Grecian  Archipelago.  It  has  a  Roman  Catholic  seminary, 
and  is  the  residence  of  a  Koman  Catholic  bishop. 


Y  (Dutch,  Hel  'y.)  a  branch  of  the  Zuyder-Zee,  Xether- 
,  lands,  extending  inland  16  miles  \V.  to  Beverwyk; 
average  breadth  2  miles.  On  its  S.  side  is  the  city  of  Amster- 
dam, \V.  of  which  it  communicates  with  the  Haarlem  Lake 
and  the  Leyden  Canal. 

YABLONEV,  lABLONEV  or  JABLONEW.  ya-blo•nlv^  a 
market-town  of  Rnssia,  government  of  Poltava,  on  the 
Orzhitivi.  20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Loobny.    Pop.  1000. 

YABLOXOI,  lABLONOI  or  JABLONOI  (yablo-noi') 
MOUNT.\INS,  a  chain  in  East  Asia,  forming  a  part  of  the 
boundary  line  lictween  Siberia  and  Mantchooria,  continuous 
E.  with  the  STA.NOVOI  Mountains,  which  see. 

YACHILIRMAKorYACHILERMAK.  SeeYEsniLlRMAK. 

YAIVKIN,  a  lar;re  river  of  North  Carolina,  rises  at  the 
foot  of  the  Blue  Itidge  in  Caldwell  county.  Its  direction  at 
first  is  E.N.E.  until  it  approaches  the  E.  bonier  of  Surry 
county,  below  which  it  Hows  in  a  south  south-<'asteriy  course, 
and,  entering  the  state  of  South  Carolina  ab<iut  10  miles 
above  Cheraw,  takes  the  name  of  the  Great  Pedee.  (which 
see.)  The  Yadkin  is  a  beautiful  and  rapid  stream,  and  rolls 
down  a  large  volume  of  water,  but  the  current  is  obstructed 
by  nunu-rous  shoals  and  rocky  rapids.  The  Narrows  of  the 
Yadkin,  near  the  mouth  of  Uharee  River,  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  natural  objects  in  the  state,  and  worthy  of  the 
■tteiiti.  .11  of  tourists.  The  waters,  which  a  little  above  were 
spread  ever  a  channel  from  400  to  600  vards  wide,  are  here 
ooir>pre^H-vl  within  a  mountain  gorge,  which  varies  from  60 
W  100  feet  in  width,  and  is  about  1  mile  long,  and  40  or  50 


feet  deep.  Gold-mines  are  worked  in  several  places  along 
this  river. 

YADKIN,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  North  Carolina: 
area  estimated  at  310  square  miles.  The  Y'adkin  Kiver,  from 
which  it  derives  its  name,  forms  its  northern  bound.iry.  and 
Deep  Creek  flows  through  it.  The  surface  is  diversified; 
the  soil  produces  Indian  corn,  oats,  and  pa.stures.  Iron  ore 
is  found  in  the  county.  Formed  from  Surry  in  1850-61. 
Capital,  AVilsorf.    Pop.  10,714. 

YAIVKIXA'ILLE.  a  post-office.  Yadkin  co..  North  Carolina. 

Y'ADRIN,  lADRIN  or  JADKIN.  yil-dreen',  a  town  of  Rus- 
sia, government  and  110  miles  W.  of  Kazan.     I'op.  1750. 

\'.\FA  or  Y'AFFA,  a  town  of  Palestine.    See  Jaffa. 

Y.\F.\  or  Y'AFFA,  yl'fj,  n  village  of  Palestine,  pasballc  of 
Acre,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Nazareth,  probably  the  Jupliia  of 
Scripture. 

YAGUTIN,  lAGOTIN  or  JAGOTTN,  yS-go-teen',  a  larg» 
market-town  of  Russia,  government  and  138  miles  >V.N.W. 
of  Poltava. 

Y'AGUA,  yS'gwJ,  a  village  of  South  America,  New  Gra- 
nada, department  of  Cundinainftrca,  province  and  70  miles 
S.  of  Neyva. 

YAGUACIIE,  yj-gwj'ch.i,  a  village  of  South  America, 
Ecuador,  department  and  18  miles  N.E.  of  Guavaquil. 

YAGUANIQUE;  yd-gwi-nee'ki,  a  port  of  Cuba,  on  its  -N 
coast,  40  miles  N.E.  of  Baracoa. 

YAGUL    See  Yaqii. 

YAIK,  a  river  of  Ktissia.    See  Ubal 


TAK 

YAKHVA,  lAKTIVA  or  JAKHTTA,  ylk'vl  a  river  of 
Siberia,  rises  in  the  governmenl  of  Tolx)lsli,  lat.  til''  N., 
Ion.  ti7°  E.,  and,  flowing  nearly  due  S.,  joins  the  Kouda  at 
Markoni.  after  a  course  of  about  130  miles. 

YAKOONO  SEKMA  or  YAKOUXO  SIMA,  yJ-koo'no  see'- 
mS,  also  written  JAKUNO  SIMA,  an  island  of  Japan,  40 
milesS.  of  Kioo-Sioo.  Lat.  30"  23' N..  Ion.  1:50^ .30' E.  Length 
20  miles,  breadth  8  miles.  The  surface  is  level  and  wooded. 
YAK00T8K,  YAKOUTSK,  lAKOUTSK  or  YAKUTSK, 
and  J.AKUTSK,  yi^kootsk',  a  vast  province  of  Siberia,  0(!cu- 
pying  most  of  its  E.  half  from  lat.  54°  N.,  and  between  Ion. 
10.5°  and  164°  E.,  having  W.  the  government  of  Yeniseisk, 
fi.  Irkootsk,  and  the  Yablonoi  Mountains  separating  it  from 
Mantchooria,  E.  the  province  of  Okhotsk  and  the  Tchook- 
tchee  country,  and  N.  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  which  it  com- 
prises the  islands  of  Kotelnoi  and  New  Siberia.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  24S,000  Yakoots,  with  5000  Russians  and  Cossacks, 
half  of  wViom  reside  in  the  capital  town.  The  surface  is 
mountainous  in  the  S.,  and  watered  by  the  Upper  Lena  and 
its  affluents  the  Aldan  and  Vitim,  which  latter  forms  the 
frontier  on  the  side  of  Irkootsk.  In  the  N.  it  la  an  immense 
level,  traversed  by  the  Lena,  Y'ana,  Indighirka,  and  Kolyma 
Rivers.  In  some  parts,  rye,  barley,  and  small  quantities  of 
other  grains  are  raised,  and  large  herds  of  rattle  are  reared 
near  Yakootsk  ;  but  in  most  of  its  e.ttont  this  province  is  a 
bare  desert,  the  soil  of  which  is  frozen  to  a  great  depth. 
Next  to  oattie  and  game,  salmon  and  other  flsh.  iron,  salt, 
and  tal!,  are  the  chief  products.  Coal  is  stated  to  e.iist  in 
gome  places  on  the  Upper  Lena.  The  principal  trade  is  in 
furs  and  walrus  teeth.  The  government  revenue,  which 
does  not  equal  the  expenditure,  consists  chiefly  of  .'5432,000 
of  yassac/c,  and  $158,400  as  duty  ou  the  sale  of  native  spirits. 
After  Yakootsk,  the  capital,  the  principal  villages  are 
Amginsk,  Olekminsk,  Viliooisk.  and  jijansk. 

YAKOOTSK,  YAKOUTSK,  YAKUTSK  or  JAKUTSK,  a 
town,  .ind  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  East  Siberia, 
capital  of  the  above  province,  on  the  Lena.  Lat.  62°  N.,  Ion. 
129°  44'  E.  Mean  annual  temperature  13°.5;  winter.  30°.3: 
gummer,  61°."  Fahrenheit.  Kstimuted  population  7000,  half 
of  whom  are  Ru.ssiaus,  and  the  rest  native  Yakoots  and 
others.  It  stands  on  a  plain  surrounded  by  lofty  heights. 
The  streets  present  a  singular  as|)ect,  being  composed  of 
houses  of  European  structure,  standing  apart,  while  the 
intervening  spaces  are  occupied  by  winter  yof/rts  or  huts  of 
the  northern  nomades,  with  earthen  roofs,  doors  covered 
with  hairy  hides,  and  windows  of  ice.  The  principal  build- 
ings are  a  large  stone  cathedral,  another  church,  a  great 
stone  market-place,  and  a  wooden  fort  with  four  half-sunk 
towers.  The  trade  is  of  great  importance.  Caravans  with 
Chinese  and  European  goods  brought  from  Irkootsk  by  the 
boats  on  the  Lena,  proceed  every  year  over  the  mountains 
to  Okhotsk,  and  also  collect  the  produce  of  the  whole  line  of 
coast  on  the  I'olar  Sea  between  the  parallels  of  70°  and  74°, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Lena  to  the  farthest  point  inhalnted  by 
the  Tchooktchees.  One  of  the  principal  articles  of  this  latter 
trade  are  the  skins  of  the  polar  fox.  The  Yookajooa  ( Yukaju.s) 
and  Tchooktchees  also  dispose  of  the  skins  of  the  wild  rein- 
deer which  they  kill  in  summer.  Another  important  article 
is  the  fossil  ivory,  obtained  from  the  numerous  antediluvian 
animals  which  are  found  buried'  in  the  deep  alluvium  of  the 
Lena  and  its  tributaries,  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  Much  of  the  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  the  .\mcrican 
Trade  Company,  who  have  here  one  of  their  most  important 
factories.  Important  fairs  are  held  four  times  a  year.  In 
some  years,  furs  to  the  value  of  $1,800,000  have  been  col- 
lected at  a  single  annual  fair. 

YAKOVA,  lACOVA  or  JAKOVA,  yi-ko^vS,  a  town  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey.  Albania,  pashalic  and  67  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Scutari,  on  the  White  Drin.     Pop.  18.0(X). 

YALDING.  yawl'ding,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Kent, 
on  the  Medway,  and  on  a  branch  of  the  South-Eastern  Rail- 
way. 5J-  miles  S.W.  of  Maiflstone. 

YALIO  COLLEGE.    See  New  Haves. 

Y'ALB,  a  post-office  of  .Tasper  co.,  Illinois. 

YALI.  yi'lee,  (anc.  Istros?)  a  sm.ill  island  off  the  S.R.  coast 
of  Asia  >linor,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Kos,  7  miles 
S.  of  Kos. 

YALLOBUSII A  or  YALA  BUSHA,  yara-boo'sha,  a  river  in 
the  N.  part  of  Mis,si.ssippi.  rising  in  Chickasaw  county.  Hows 
first  nearly  westward  and  then  soutli-westerly  to  Leflore,  on 
the  W.  border  of  Carroll  county,  where  it  unites  with  theTal- 
lahatchee  River  to  form  the  Yazoo.  During  high  water,  i.e., 
in  winter,  it  is  navigable  by  steamboats  to  Grenada,  a  dis- 
tance of  90  miles. 

YALLOBUSHA,  a  county  In  the  N,  central  part  of  Missis- 
sippi, has  an  area  of  about  040  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
Heeted  by  the  navigable  river  Yallobusha,  from  which  it 
derives  its  name,  and  also  draiueil  bj-  it*  affluent  the  Loo- 
«ascoona.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  very  fer- 
tile, especially  in  the  swamp  lands  near  the  \V.  border.  In 
1850  this  county  produced  65,824  bu.shels  of  beans  and  peas, 
tlie  greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  in  the  United 
ctates  except  Hinds  county.  Mississippi.  It  is  intersected 
Vy  the  Mississippi  Central  Railroad  (tonipletedi.  ThiN 
fouuty  is  a  part  of  tlie  tract  called  the  Chickaaaw  Cession, 
6K 


YAN 

■which  was  ceded  by  the  Indians  to  the  state,  and  settled  hy 
the  whites  about  1836.  Capit.U.  Coffeeville.  Pop.  16,952, 
of  whom  7421  were  free,  and  9:')31  slaves. 

Y.\LO,  y.Vlo,  a  village  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Gaza.  uB 
a  hill  12  miles  N.W.  of  Jerusalem,  and  supposed  by  RubiO' 
son  to  occupy  the  site  of  the  ancient  Ajalmi. 

Y.\-L0NG-K1ANG,  yd  long  ke-dug',  a  river  of  the  Chinese 
Empire,  East  Thibet  and  China,  province  of  Se-chuen.  after 
a  generally  S.  course  of  600  miles  joins  the  Yang-tse-kiang, 
near  lat.  20°  35'  N.,  Ion.  102°  E. 

YA-LONG-KIANG.  a  river  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  Corea, 
flows  VV.  and  enters  the  Yellow  Sea.    Course,  130  mile.s. 

YALOOKIANG  or  YA-LOU-KIANG,  yd  loo  ke-dng',  a  river 
of  the  Chinese  Kmpire,  flows  S.W.,  separating  Corea  from  the 
province  of  Leao-tong,  and  enters  the  Yellow  Sea,  after  a 
course  estimated  at  300  miles. 

YALOOTROVOSK.lALOUTROVOSKorJALUTROWOSK, 
yd-loo-tro-vosk',  written  al.so  lALOUTOROVSK,  JALUTO- 
ROWSK  and  JALUTOROVSK.  a  town  of  Siberia,  government 
and  120  miles  S.S.W.  oi  Tobolsk,  at  the  junction  of  the  Iset 
and  Tobol  Rivers.     Pop.  2000. 

YALPOOKH,  lALPOUKH  or  JALPUCH,  ydl-pooK'.  a  river 
of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  Bessarabia,  flows  S., 
and  after  a  course  of  80  miles,  expands  into  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,     i'rincipal  affluent,  the  Lunge. 

YALPOOKH,  lALPOUKH  or  JALPUCH,  a  lake  of  Russia, 
formed  by  the  expansion  of  the  above  river,  in  the  S.  of  the 
government  of  Bessarabia;  about  36  miles  long  by  6  miles 
broad,  and  communicating  with  the  Danube  by  several 
mouths. 

YALTA,  lALTA  or  JALTA,  ydl'td,  a  small  seaport  town 
of  the  Crimea,  South  Russia,  circle  of  Simferopol.  It  wan 
large  and  prosperous  until  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in 
the  15th  century.  The  new  town,  rebuilt  on  the  ruins,  has 
a  custom-house,  post-office,  good  harbor,  and  small  quay. 
It  is  a  chief  stati«Jn  for  the  Odessa  steamers,  and  Is  improving. 

YAMA,  lAMA  or  JAMA,  yd/md,  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises 
in  the  K.  side  of  the  Stanovoi  Mountains,  government  of 
Okhotsk,  flows  E.S.E.  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Yam.^k.  a 
part  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk.     Length  80  miles. 

YAMASKA,  yd-mds/kd,  a  county  of  Canada  East,  has  an 
area  of  283  square  miles.  It  is  centrally  situated,  and 
drained  by  the  Nicolet,  St.  Francis,  and  Yamaska  Rivers, 
entering  Lake  St.  Peter,  which  bounds  it  on  the  N.W.  Pop. 
14,748.     Capital,  Yamaska. 

YAMAS'KA,  a  post-village  of  Canada  East,  co.  of  Yamaska, 
on  the  Yamaska  River,  86  miles  N.E.  of  Montreal.  Pop. 
about  600. 

YASIBIRI,  a  river  of  Peru.    See  Paccartambo. 

YAMBO,  a  port  of  .\rabia.    See  Y'embo. 

YA.MBOLI,  lAMBOLI  or  JAMBOLI,  ydm'bo-le,  a  town  of 
European  Turkey,  Room-Elee,  56  miles  N.  of  Adrinnople, 
on  the  Tondja.  It  has  several  mosques,  and  manufactures 
of  woollen  cloths. 

YAMBOORG,  lAMBOURG  or  JAMBURG.  ydrnTxiiiRG.  a 
town  of  Russia,  government  and  68  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Peters 
burg,  on  the  Looga.     Pop.  1500. 

YAM  BILL,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  about  780  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Willamette  River,  and  on  the  AV.  by  the  Coast 
Range.  The  soil  in  the  E.  part  is  fertile.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Yam  Hill  River  oud  its  north  fork.  Capital,  Lafayette. 
Pop.  3245. 

YAMINA,  yd-mee'nj  or  yd'me-nd,  a  town  of  Central  Africa, 
state  of  Bambarra,  on  the  Joliba  River.  Lut.  12°  40'  N.,  Ion. 
6°  50'  W. 

YAM/MIE  or  YAM'MY,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  Ashantee 
dominion,  70  miles  N.W.  of  Coomassie. 

YAM  PARAES,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  department  and  20  milex 
N.W.  of  Chuquisaca,  capital  of  a  province,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Pilcomayo. 

.  YAMPOL,  I A.MPOL  or  JAMPOL,  ydm'pol,  a  town  of  Rus- 
-sian  Poland,  government  of  Podolia,  75  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Kamieniec,  on  the  Dniester.     Pop.  2457. 

Y.\MSK,  lAMSK  or  JAMSK,  ydmsk,  a  maritime  town  of 
East  Sil«ria,*on  the  Gulf  of  Y'amsk,  an  iulet  of  the  Gulf 
of  Jijiginsk,  380  miles  E.  of  Okhotsk. 

YANA,  lANA  or  JANA,  yd'nd,  a  river  of  Siberia,  which 
ri.ses  in  the  government  of  Yakootsk,  in  the  N.  slope  of  tlie 
Tukalan  Mountains,  near  lat.  65°  N.,  and  after  a  course  of 
nearly  600  miles,  falls  by  several  mouths  into  the  .\rctic 
Ocean,  in  lat.  72°  N.,  Ion.  137°  E.  Its  principal  affiuent,«  are 
the  Adiga,  Dulgalak,  Shemanova,  and  IJootaktai,  (Butjiktai.) 

YAN  AON,  yd'nd'AN"',  a  village,  and  one  of  the  French 
colonial  possessions  in  India,  on  its  E.  or  Coromandel  Coast, 
at  the  Delta  of  the  Go<lavery  River,  and  accessible  from  the 
.sea  by  vessels  of  200  tons  burden,  22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pondi- 
cherry.  Its  district,  extending  for  6  miles  along  the  Goda- 
vcry,  has  an  area  of  8147  acres,  about  half  being  under 
cultivation.     Pop.  6829. 

YAN  BO.     See  Yembo. 

YAN'CEY,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Carolina, 
bordering  on  Tennessee :  area  estimated  at  380  square  mile* 
It  is  intersected  by  Nolaohucky  River.  The  county  is  a 
mountainous  region  between  the  Blue  Ridge  ou  the  I^.,  and 

2146 


iAN 


YAR 


the  Iron  Mot^tain  on  fhe  N.W.  Mount  Mitchell,  near  the 
6.E  bdrdei,  IS  tscertair-^d  to  be  0-170  feet  above  tbe  sea.  The 
soil  of  the  lower  parts  is  fertile.  Capital,  Burusville.  Pop. 
8tJ55,  of  V  horn  8293  were  free,  and  3fi2  slaves. 

YAXCEY'S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Albemarle  CO.,  Virdnia. 

YAX'CjBYVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Ca.«- 
well  CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  County  Line  Creek.  75  miles 
N.^V.  of  Raleigh.  It  contains,  besides  the  county  buildings, 
%  bank  and  several  stores.     Pop.  in  1851,  about  tiOO. 

YANDABO  or  YANDABOO,  y^nMa-boo',  a  town  of  Bur- 
mah,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Irrawaddy,  60  miles  "VV.S.W. 
of  Ava,  and  where  the  treaty  of  peace  between  the  British 
and  Burmese  was  ratified,  February  26,  1826. 

YANGAIN-CHAIN-YA,  ydng-ghin/  chin  yl,  a  town  of 
Pegu,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  45  miles  X.W.  of  Rangoon. 

YAXGEKO,  a  town  of  Norlh-East  Africa.     See  Janjero. 

YANGKSPAHO.  a  post-oftice  of  .St.  Helena  co.,  Arkansas. 

YANG-HO,  yang^ho',  a  river  of  China,  province  of  Pe-chee- 
lee,  passes  by  the  city  of  Siu-an-hoa,  and  unites  with  the 
Sang-kan-ho,  25  miles  S.K.,  to  form  the  Iloen-ho  Kiver, 
whiih  traverses  the  province  S.W.  of  Peking. 

YANG  LING  or  lANG  LING,  y^ng  ling,  a  mountain  of 
China,  province  of  Koei-Choo;  lat.  26°  34'  N.,  Ion.  105°  37'  E. 
It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

YANG-'rCHOO  or  YANG-TCHOU,  yingVhoo'.  written  also 
YANG-TCHEOU,  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Kiang-soo, 
capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Imperial  Canal,  near  the 
Taug-tse-kiang  Kiver,  and  50  miles  N.E.  of  Nanking.  It 
is  stated  to  be  5  miles  in  circumference,  and  to  have  a 
large  trade  in  salt.     Near  it  is  an  imperial  residence. 

YANG-TSE-KIANG,  y&ng'  tse  ke-dug',  or  YANG-TSEU- 
KI.ANG,  (i.  e.  the  "  Sou  of  the  great  water,"  or  the  "  Son 
of  the  sea,")  more  commonly  called  by  the  Chinese  TA- 
KIANG.  t^'-ke-ing',  or  "Great  River,"  and  sometimes  writ- 
ten on  old  maps  K.IANG-KU  or  KIAN-KU,  a  large  river  of 
China,  its  course  lying  S.  of  that  of  another  great  river,  the 
Hoaug-ho.  It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Ya-long-kiang 
and  Kin-sha-kiang  Kivers,  which  have  their  sources  in  East 
Thibet,  near  those  of  the  Me-kong  and  Irrawaddy,  and  which 
unite  on  the  boundary  between  the  provinces  of  Se-chuen  and 
Yun-nan,  near  lat.  26°  30'  N.,  Ion.  102°  E.  Thenceforth,  the 
Yang-tse-kiang  has  a  very  tortuous  E.N.E.  course,  through 
the  provinces  of  Se-chuen.  Hoo-pe,  Ngan-hoei,  and  Kiang-soo: 
and  it  joins  the  sea  by  an  estuary  30  miles  across,  in  lat.  32° 
K.,  Ion.  121°  E.  Total  course  estimated  at  from  2500  to  3000 
miles.  Its  principal  branch,  the  Kij(-sha-kia.\o,  (or  Kix-cha- 
UANr,,  keen-shi-ke-ing',  r.  «.  the  "Kiver  of  golden  sands,") 
is  estimated  to  have  a  length  of  near  1000  mile's.  The  Yarig- 
tse-kiang  receives  numerous  large  affluents,  drains  all  the 
central  provinces  of  China,  and  brings  down  great  quantity 
Of  mud,  which  has  formed  several  low  islands  at  its  mouth. 
It  is  crossed  by  the  Imperial  Canal,  by  which  it  communicates 
with  the  Hoang-ho  River,  and  with  most  parts  of  China  pro- 
per. The  tide  ascends  it  to  the  Lake  of  I'o-yang.  450  miles 
Irom  the  sea,  beyond  which  it  is  navigable  for  250  miles, 
end  it  may  be  n.avigated  to  200  miles  from  its  mouth,  by 
ships  of  the  largest  class.  Coal  is  said  to  be  plentiful  in 
many  places  along  its  banks. 

YANHAN'NA.  a  post-offlce  of  Georgetown  district,  South 
Carolina. 

YANI,  yi/nee,  or  NTANI,  ne-3'nee,  a  state  of  West  Africa, 
Senegambia,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Gambia  River,  between 
lat.  13°  and  14°  N.,  and  Ion.  14°  and  15°  W.  The  principal 
towns  are  Pisania,  Yannemaroo,  Kartabar,  and  Kontana. 

YANIK,  yi'neek'.  a  fertile  district  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic 
of  Trebizond.  immediately  around  Samsoon.  Leeches  are  ex- 
ported from  it  in  large  quantities  to  the  markets  of  Europe. 

YANINA.IANINA  or  JANNINA.ydn/ne-nd.*  (improperly 
Jbannina,  probably  the  ancient  Eurcea,)  a  city  of  European 
Turkey,  capital  of  the  province  of  Epirus.  on  "the  W.  side  of 
the  Lake  of  Yanina.  44  miles  N.  of  Arta;  laL  39°  48'  N., 
Ion.  21°  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  36.000,  of  whom  20.000  are 
Greeks,  and  from  6000  to  7000  Jews.  It  was  much  more 
populous  before  1820.  when  it  was  burnt  down  by  order  of 
Ali  Pasha.  The  town,  on  a  peninsula  stretching  into  the 
lake,  is  meanly  built.  Rs  principal  edifice  is  the  fortress, 
containing  the  palace  of  the  pa.*ha.  Yanina  is  the  re.sidence 
of  the  head  collector  of  customs  for  Epirus,  and  of  British 
and  other  consuls.  It  had  formerly  a  large  trade  with  Alba- 
nia. Iloom-Elee,  <fcc..and  an  important  annual  fair,  to  which 
Itiillan  produce,  with  French  and  German  manufjictures. 
were  brought,  but  its  commerce  has  greatly  declined.  The 
Irfike  of  Yanina  is  5  miles  in  length,  by  3  miles  in  greatest 
breadth.  In  it.  opposite  the  citv.  is  a  small  Wand,  to  which 
All  I'nsha  retired  from  the  sultan's  troops,  before  beinenut 
to  death  in  February,  1S22. 


Iowa,  about  80  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Iowa  City 

YANKEE  SPRINGS,  a'post-township  in  the  W.  par    of 
BMrr>'  CO..  Michigan.     Pop.  bX5. 

•  "  Cuseen  is  Yanina,  though  not  remote." 

Childe  Haruld,  Canto  II. 
2140 


TANKEETOIVN,  a  post-office  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio. 

Y'ANKEETOWN,  a  postotiiie  of  Warwick  co.,  Indiana. 

YANNEMAROO,  YANNAMAROU  or  YANNEMARC, 
ylu'ne-mS-roo',  a  town  of  Senegambia,  West  Africa,  stale 
of  Yaui.  near  the  river  Gambia;  lat.  13°  45'  N.,  Ion.  15=  W 

YANOOSnPOL  or  YANOICHI'OL,  yd-noosh-pol'.  written 
also  lANOUCHPOL,  lANUXZPOL  and  JANLTZf OL.  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  of  VuUiyuia,  district  and  36  miles  S. 
of  Zhltomeer.     Pop.  about  1600. 

YANOPOL,  lANOPOL  or  JANOPOL,  ya-no'pol,  a  town  of 
Rus.-ian  Poland,  government  of  Vilnu,  14S  miles  NJti.  ot 
Yilua.     Pop.  1500. 

YANOV,  lANOY,  JANOW  or  JANOV.  y^/uov.  several 
market-towns  of  Russian  Poland,  the  priucipiil  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Podolia.  on  the  Bug,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Li  tin.     P.  IStH). 

YAN-PHING  or  YEN-PING,  a  city  of  China,  province  of 
Fo-kien,  capital  of  a  department,  ou  the  Miu  I'.iver,  90  miles 
N.W.  of  Foo-choo,  and  stated  to  be  one  of  the  handsomest 
cities  in  the  empire. 

YAN-TCHOO  or  YAX-TCHOU,  yan'tchoo/,  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Shan-tooug,  capital  of  a  department,  76  miles  S. 
of  Tsee-nan.  (Tsi-uan.) 

YAN-TCUOO  or  YAN-TCHOU,  a  city  of  China,  province 
of  Che-kiang,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Tsieu-tang- 
kiang  River.  116  miles  S.W.  of  Ning-po. 

YANTELES,  y3n-ta/los,  a  mountain  peak  of  the  Andes, 
in  Patagonia,  lat.  43°  30'  S.     Height  8030  feet. 

YAN'TIC,  a  river  of  New  London  co.,  Connecticut,  unites 
with  the  Shetucket  at  Norwich  to  form  the  Thames.  It 
affords  valuable  water-power. 

YANTIC,  a  nourishing  manufacturing  post-village  of  New 
Loudon  CO.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Yantic  River,  at  the  falls, 
and  on  the  New  London  and  Northern  Railroad.  16  miles 
N.  of  New  London,  and  3  miles  N.W.  of  Norwich. 

YAO-NAN,  ydVnin',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Yun- 
nan, capital  of  a  department,  95  miles  W.N.\\'.  of  Yun-uan. 
It  is  stated  to  have  a  large  trade  in  musk,  and  in  salt  pro- 
duced from  a  lake  in  its  vicinity. 

YAOORI,  YAOURI  or  YAURI.  ya'oo-reeor  yow'ree,  a  large 
town  of  Central  Africa,  capit.il  of  a  state,  ou  the  left  bank 
of  the  Quorra,  (Niger.)  65  miles  N.  of  Boossa.  It  is  enclosed 
by  a  high  and  strong  clay  wall,  and  entered  by  eight  gates. 
Its  inhabitants  manufacture  coarse  gunpowder,  .saddlery, 
and  clothing,  raise- indigo  and  tobacco,  and  reiir  large  herds 
of  live  stock.  The  state  of  Yaoori  Ls  reported  to  be  exten- 
sive, flourishing,  and  enclosed  by  the  dominions  of  Houssa, 
Borgoo,  Cubbie,  and  Nuffie. 

YAO-TCHOO  or  YAO-TCHOU,  y^Vchoo',  a  city  of  China, 
province  of  Kiaug-see,  capital  of  a  department,  on  a  river 
near  its  mouth,  in  the  Lake  Po-yang. 

YAP,  yap,  OUAP,  wip,  or  GOUAP,  one  of  the  Caroline 
Islands,  Pacific  Ocean,  its  S.  extremity  in  lat.  9°  26'  N.,  Ion. 
138°  1'  E.     Length  9  miles. 

Y'APHANK',  a  post-village  of  Suffolk  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Long  Island  Railroad,  60  miles  E.  of  Brooklyn. 

YAP'PAR,  a  river  of  North  Australia,  tiouing  into  the 
S.E.  angle  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  in  Ion.  140°  45'  E. 
W.  of  it  is  a  tract  of  undulating  and  hilly  forest  land. 

YAPTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the 
Arundel  and  Chichester  Caoal.  and  on  the  South  Coast  Rail- 
way, 3i  miles  S.AV.  of  Arundel. 

YAPUKA,  a  river  of  South  America.    See  Japcra. 

Y'AQUE,  yd'ki,  or  YAQUI,  yd-kee/,  a  mountain  peak  and 
two  rivers  of  Hayti.  The  mountain  belongs  to  the  Cibao 
Chain,  in  the  centre  of  the  i.sland.  The  Grand-Yaque  River 
flows  from  it  N.W.  through  the  plain  of  Santiago,  and  enters 
the  Bays  of  Monte  Christo  and  Manzanilla  by  several  mouths, 
after  a  total  course  of  100  miles.  The  other  Yaque  River 
flows  S.  and  joins  the  Neiva. 

YAQUESILA,  yA-k^-feeHi,  or  JAQUESILA,  nd-ki-seeni 
a  river  of  New  Mexico,  falls  into  the  Colorado  from  the  left 
near  36°  N.  lat. 

YAQUI,  ya-kee/,  or  HUAQUI,  hwa-kee/,  a  river  of  the 
Mexican  Confetleration,  state  of  Sonora,  rises  N.  of  lat.  32° 
N.,  flows  S.  and  S.W.,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  California,  25 
miles  S.E.  of  Guayma.s  after  a  course  of  400  miles. 

YAQUIMA  or  YAKIMA  (yd'ke-mi)  RIVER,  in  the  W. 
central  part  of  Washington  'Territory,  rises  on  the  slope  oi 
the  Cascade  Range,  and  falls  into  the  Columbia  Kiver,  al)Out 
15  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Lewis  River. 

Y.AQUIMA  B.AY',  on  the  Pacific,  in  Polk  CO.,  Oregon. 

YAR,  a  river  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  enters  the 
Solent  at  Yarmouth,  after  a  short  N.  course. 

YARACU Y,  yd-re-kwee',  a  navigable  river  of  South  Axae- 
riea,  Venezuela,  department  of  Caracas,  after  a  N.W.  course 
of  80  miles,  enters  the  Gulf  of  Triste,  25  miles  W.  of  Pwsrrto- 
Cabello.     At  its  mouth  is  the  village  of  Yaracuy. 

YARA-DZANG-BO-TSOO.    See  Yaroo-Dzang-i;o-Tsoo. 

YARANSK,  JARANSK,  yi-rilnsk/,  or  VAREXSK,  yi- 
rlnsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  110  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Viatka.  on  the  Yaran.  Pop.  4750.  It  is  mostly  built  of 
wood,  and  has  several  churches,  and  a  flourishing  trade  in 
furs,  honey,  wax,  and  hops. 

Y.AR.APASON,  yd'ri-pi-Bon',  a  village  of  Asia  Jlinor, 
pashalic  of  Karamania,  on  the  Kizil-Irmak.  40  niles  N.W.  of 
Mount  ArgKus,  and  apparently  the  ancieLt  Giiana. 


YAR 


YAR 


TAR'BOROtJGH,  a  parish  of  Enpland,  co.  of  Lincoln. 

YAltBOKOliGH,  a  post-office  of  Bossier  parish.  Louisiana. 

YAKOJ.MBE,  yar'kura.  a  villaire  and  purish  of  England, 
CO.  of  Deron,  6  miles  W.  of  Chard. 

YARD'LEY,  a  parish  of  Knu'land,  co.  of  Hertford. 

YARDLF^Y,  a  pari-sli  of  Kni^land,  co.  of  Worcester.  Popu- 
lation partly  employed  in  extensive  tile-works. 

YARD/LEY  GO'BIO.VS.  a  hamlet  of  England,  co.  of  North- 
ampton. 3i  miles  N.N.W.  of  .Stony  Stratford.     I'op.  689. 

Y.VIID'LKY-HA'STIXGS,  a  village  and  parish  of  England, 
CO.  and  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Northampton.  It  has  a  very  ancient 
Norman  church,  with  a  square  tower.     I'op.  1210. 

Y'ARD'LEYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Delaware  Klver,  128  miles  E.  of  Harrisburg. 
It  contains  several  stores. 

Y'ARD'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Mercer  co.,  New  Jersey. 

YARE,  (ane.  Garienisf)  a  river  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk, 
passt'S  Norwich  where  it  becomes  navigable,  and  enters  the 
North  Sea  2$  miles  S.  of  Great  Yarmouth,  alter  having  ex- 
panded into  Bredonwater,  which  receives  the  rivers  Bure 
and  Waveney. 

YARENGA,  lARENOA  or  .TARENGA,  yl-rfn/gi,  a  river 
of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  \ologda,  tiuws  S.  past 
the  town  of  Y^arensk,  and,  after  a  course  of  nearly  90  miles, 
joins  the  Vitchegda. 

YARENSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Yaransk. 

YARENSK,  lARENSK,  JARENSK,  yd-rinsk,  or  YA- 
EANSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  3u6  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Vologda.    Pop.  1000. 

YARKAND,  yar'kind',  or  YARKUND,  yar'kund',  a  flou- 
rishing city,  and  the  present  capital  of  Chinese  Xoorkistan,  in 
a  fertile  plain,  on  the  Yarkand  River,  140  miles  S.E.  of 
Kashgar,  in  lat.  38°  19'  N.,  Ion.  7G°  7'  45"  E.  It  is  enclosed  by 
au  earthen  rampart,  and  entered  by  five  gates,  outside  of 
which  are  some  very  striiggling  suburbs,  and  a  stone  cita^Jel 
on  the  S.  Another  and  much  larger  citadel  within  the  walls 
is  now  all  but  abandoned.  Its  houses  are  built  of  stone  and 
cliy,  and  mostly  of  one  story;  its  streets  are  intersected  by 
ctnals  and  aqueducts.  It  has  two  large  bazaar.s,  besides  in- 
ferior ones,  many  caravansaries  and  mosijues,  and  10  or  12 
large  Mohammedan  colleges.  It  is  said  to  be  more  extensive 
than  Kashgar,  attd  is  now  the  chief  emporium  of  the  trade 
between  the  Chinese  Empire  and  the  countries  beyond  its  W. 
frontier.  The  native  merchants  are  not  permitted  to  pass 
beyond  its  province,  either  toward  Thibet  or  Independent 
Xoorkistan ;  and  strict  vigilance  is  maintained  by  the  Chiue.se 
to  prevent  Europeans  from  entering  the  territory ;  but  traders 
from  Bokhara,  liudukshan,  Kokan,  &c.,  puss  the  mountains 
to  Yarkand  with  the  produce  of  tho.se  countries,  slaves,  Kirg- 
heez  horses,  and  European  goods;  these  they  exchange  for 
tea,  silks,  and  other  China  produce,  fruits,  artd  shawl-wool, 
great  quantities  of  which  last  are  sent  to  the  W.  and  S. 
The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Turks  or  Oozbcks,  and  Mohamme- 
dans; among  them  are,  however,  some  Eimauks  or  Persians, 
C'almucks,  Armenian  Christians,  and  about  200  Chinese 
traders ;  the  Mohammedans  bear  the  character  of  being  pei-u- 
liarly  tolerant.  About  7000  Chinese  troops,  partly  Mantchoos 
and  Jlongols,  under  two  commandants,  garrison  Yarkand, 
which  is  the  principal  military  post  of  the  Chinese  on  the 
W.;  they  are  located  both  in  the  cifcidel  and  in  detached 
cantonments  outside  of  the  city;  and  are  partially  recruited 
from  the  Tungani,  a  race  of  people  in  the  vicinity,  who 
enter  the  service,  while  youths,  for  a  period  of  14  or  15 
years.  The  civil  government  is  vested  in  a  .Mohammedan 
hakim-beg  or  vaug,  who  is  always  a  native  Oozbek.  Yar- 
kand is  a  great  mart  for  horses,  and  horse-tle.'^h  is  sold  in 
its  markets  at  the  same  price  as  mutton.  The  vicinity  is 
thickly  interspersed  with  villages  and  mulberry  plantations, 
and  it  feeds  large  flocks  of  fat-tailed  sheep  and  Cashmere 
goats.  The  population  of  the  city  is  probably  about  100,000, 
exclusive  of  troops. 

YARKAND  RIVER  or  YARKIANG,  yar'ke-ing',  a  river 
which  rises  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Karakorum  Jlountains, 
flows  mostly  N.  E.,  and  near  lat.  40°  N..  Ion.  80°  30'  E..  unites 
with  the  Kashgar,  .\ksoo,  and  Yu-rung-kash,  to  form  the 
Tarim,  which  finally  enters  a  lake  of  the  desert  of  Gobi. 
Total  course  500  miles. 

Y'ARK'IIIIjL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

YARKIANG.    See  Yarkand  River. 

YARKUND,  a  town  of  Toorki-stan.    See  Yarkand. 

Y'.VRLESIDE.  a  township  of  England,,  co.  of  Lancaster. 

YARLINGTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

Y'AK.M,  a  markel>town  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York, 
North  Riding,  on  the  Tees,  9  miles  E.S.E.  of  Darlington. 
Pop.  in  1851,  572.  Its  commerce  has  declined  with  the  ri.-e 
of  Stockton,  but  it  exports  .salmon  and  other  provisions  to 
London. 

Y'AR'MOUTH,  Great,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal 
borough,  seaport  town,  and  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Nor- 
folk, on  its  E.  coast,  on  the  Norfolk  Railway,  19  miles  E.  of 
Norwich.  Lat.  of  church.  52°  3ii'  8"  N.,  Ion.  1°  43'  7"  E.  It 
islands  on  a  narrow  slip  of  land  between  the  sea  and  the 
river  Y'are.  across  which  it  communicates  by  a  drawbridge 
with  Sonth-Town,  or  Little  Yarmouth,  and  with  Gorlestone. 
The  town  was  formerly  enclosed  by  au  ancient  wall.    It  cou- 


sists  chiefly  of  4  parallel  streets,  and  a  number  of  cross-lanes 
The  quay,  consideretl  one  of  the  finest  in  Britain,  extends 
along  the  river  for  about  1  mile,  and  here  are  vn,?  ornt  pri- 
vate dwellings,  with  the  Town-hall,  Council  Chimber.  and 
the  Star  Inn,  once  the  residence  of  the  regicide  Brad.-haw. 
The  parish  church  of  St.  Nichola.s,  founded  in  the  reign  of 
William  Rufus,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  kingdom,  mid 
contains  many  monuments  of  distinguished  families :  .St 
Peter's  is  a  new  church  in  the  Tudor  style :  St.  George's  is 
also  a  fine  church.  Some  remains  exist  of  convents,  siiji- 
pres.sed  at  the  Reformation;  and  here  are  chapels  for  AVe-5- 
leyans.  Baptists.  Friends,  Unitarians,  Roman  Catholics,  and 
a  Jews'  synagogue.  The  borough  jail,  theatre,  custom-house, 
large  warehouses,  the  Nelson  Column,  144  feet  in  height,  are 
among  the  other  principal  structures.  The  charities  com- 
prise a  hospital  for  children,  and  grammar  school,  Warren's 
general  relief  fund,  &.c.  On  the  coast  arc  several  batteries, 
barracks  for  1000  men,  a  pier,  and  Victoria  Suburb,  with 
several  public  gardens  and  promenade,  arid  a  suspension 
bridge  has  been  constructed  over  the  North  Water.  The 
harbor  is  in  the  Yare,  and  is  accessible  by  vessels  of  about 
200  tons.  The  exports  are  agricultural  produce,  malt,  her- 
rings, and  other  fish,  to  the  Mediterranean  and  West  In- 
dies. Yarmouth  is  the  groat  seat  of  the  English  herring 
fishery,  in  which  about  250  vessels,  and  3000  hands  belonging 
to  the  port,  are  employed ;  many  hands  are  likewise  engaged 
in  the  deep-jea  fishing,  the  produce  of  which  is  forwarded 
daily  to  London  by  railway.  In  1851  there  were  registered 
at  Yarmouth  329  sailing  vessels  under  50  tons  burden, 
aggregate  tonnage  9305;  325  vessels  above  50  tons,  aggre- 
gate tonnage  3,5,005;  and  13  steamers,  tonnage  1920.  The 
same  year  there  entered  2642  coasters,  tonnage  198,218:  and 
102  Bteamers,  tonnage  28,091 ;  and  cleared  1017,  tonnage 
64,884,  and  189  steamers,  tonnage  27,677.  In  the  coloni.il 
and  foreign  trade  there  entered  209  vessels,  tonilage  24,977 ; 
and  cleared  82,  tonnage  8240.  Yarmouth  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  Parliament  At  a  remote  period,  the  ground  on  which 
Y'armouth  stands  formed  part  of  the  bed  of  a  great  estuary, 
which  extended  as  far  as  Norwich.  It  first  became  firm  and 
habitable  ground  about  the  year  1008.  The  mouth  of  the 
Yare  has  been,  within  the  last  five  centuries,  diverted  alwiut 
4  miles  to  the  S.  Immediately  off  Yarmouth,  and  parallel 
to  the  shore,  is  a  great  range  of  sandbanks,  the  shape  of 
which  varies  slowly  from  year  to  year,  and  often  suddenly 
after  great  storms.  Ship-building  is  extensively  carried  on, 
and  a  manufactory  of  crapes  and  silk  goods  employs  about 
500  persons.  Yarmouth  communicates  by  steam-packets 
with  London,  Hull,  and  many  ports  of  less  consequence  on 
the  E.  coast.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Caister  Castle,  and 
the  Roman  station  Gariarxmum.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in  1^61, 
34,803. — The  Y'armouth  Roads  are  between  the  coast  and  a 
line  of  outer  sandbanks,  marked  by  buoys  and  floating-lights. 

Y'ARMOUTH.  a  maritime  and  market-town  and  parish  of 
England,  Isle  of  Wight,  on  its  N.W.  coast,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Yar,  9  miles  W.  of  Newport,  and  opposite  Lymington.  to 
which  it  has  a  ferry.  Pop.  572.  The  town  is  well  built,  and 
has  at  its  W.  extremity  a  fort  built  by  Henry  VIll.  on  the 
site  of  an  ancient  monastery.  The  trade  is  mostly  confined 
to  the  export  of  fine  sand  for  glass-making,  and  the  import 
of  coals,  timber,  and  provisions. 

YAR'MOUTU,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Cumberland 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  sea  cost,  12  miles  N.  of  Portland.  The 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  here  intersects  the  Kennel>ec  and 
Portland  Railroad.     Pop.  2027. 

YARMOUTH,  a  post-township  in  Barnstable  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, extends  across  Cape  Cod,  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Boston. 
The  inhabitants  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  ot 
salt  and  in  the  fisheries.  In  1851,  14  vessels  and  169  men 
and  boys  were  employed  in  the  mackerel  fishery.  In  that 
year  3235  barrels  of  mackerel  were  inspected  here.    P.  2T52. 

YARMOUTH,  a  county  at  the  western  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia,  bordering  on  the  Atlantic,  and  intersected  by  Tusket 
Paver.  The  coasts  are  deeply  indented,  and  the  surface  is 
extremely  diversified  with  mountains,  rivers,  and  lakes. 
Capital,  Yarmouth.     Pop.  in  1851.  13.142. 

YARMOUTH,  a  seaport  town  near  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Nova  Scotia,  capital  of  the  above  county,  on  a  small  bay 
setting  up  from  the  Atlantic,  about  130  miles  S.W.  of  Hali- 
fax. The  surrounding  country  is  fertile,  and  well  cultivated. 
On  Cape  Fourcher,  a  short  distance  to  the  W.  of  the  entrance 
to  the  harbor,  is  a  lighthouse,  containing  a  revolving  light, 
135  feet  above  the  sea. 

YAR5I0UTH  PORT,  a  post-village  in  Yarmouth  township, 
Barnstable  co.,  Massachusetts,  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of 
the  peninsula.  It  contains  several  churches,  a  bank,  and 
a  newspaper  office. 

YARNESCOMBE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Devon. 

YARNTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 

YAROO-DZANG-BO-TSOO  or  YARU-DZANG-BO-TSU,  yil- 
mo'  dzJng  bo  tsoo,  ("  Clear  River  of  the  West,")  the  prin- 
cipal river  of  Thibet  Proper,  which  it  traverses  in  nearly 
its  entire  length  from  W.  to  E.  It  rises  about  Ion.  82°  E., 
and  between  lat.  30°  and  31°  N.,  flows  E.,  receiving  in  Far- 
ther Thibet  five  considerable  affluents  from  the  N.  and 
as  many  from  the  S.,  on  the  last  of  which,  near  its  mouth 

2147 


YAR 

Ui  Ibe  San-poo,  (Bz*  igbo.)  stinds  Teshoo  Loomboo.  Near 
Hit  towu  of  Sangri.  in  Ion.  9-'°  30'  E..  the  8a n  poo  bejrins 
to  -rend  to  the  S.K.,  and  we  soon  afterwards  lose  all  trace 
of  It  in  Chinese  maps,  which  are  our  only  authoritiej  for 
the  E.  part  of  its  course.  It  has  been  supposed  continuous 
with  either  the  Irrawaddy  or  the  Brahmapootra;  on  the 
vhole,  the  latter  supposition  is  the  more  genenilly  believed. 
The  principal  town  on  its  hanks  is  Jigagoungar  or  Shigst- 
zoungar.  about  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lassa. 

YAROSLAV,  lAROSLAV,  yl-TO-slivf,  TAROSI-ATL,  JA- 
KO.SLAW  or  J.A.ROSLAVL,  a  government  of  Kuropean  Rus- 
.eia.  near  its  centre,  mostly  between  lat.  57"  and  59°  N..  and 
ion.  38°  and  41^  30'  E.,  enclosed  by  the  governments  of  Nov- 
gorod, Vologda,  Kostroma,  Vladimeer,  and  Tver.  Area  14.120 
square  miles.  Pop.  in  1S51,  943,426.  Surface  level,  and  in 
many  parts  marshy.  It  is  traversd  by  the  Volga,  which 
here  receives  the  rivers  Jlologa  and  Sheksna,  and  in  the  S.  is 
the  Lake  Nero,  occupying  upwartis  of  20  square  miles.  Soil 
not  very  fertile,  and  the  annual  produce  of  corn,  estimated  at 
2  million  quarters,  is  insufficient  for  the  population.  Rye, 
wheat,  barley,  tiax,  hemp,  and  fruits  are  the  principal  crops. 
Timber  is  scarce;  live  stock  inferior.  The  fishi-ries  in  the 
Volga  are  important  Tce  government  is  chiefly  noted  for 
manufacturing  industry;  linen,  woollen,  and  cotton  fabric.', 
leather,  silks,  hardwares,  and  tobacco,  are  wrought  in  the 
towns,  and  the  peasants  are  almost  everywhere  partially 
engaged  in  domestic  manufactures.  Principal  towns,  Yaro- 
Slav,  Rostov,  and  Ooglitch. 

YAROSLAV,  lAROSLAV,  JAROSLAW.  YAROSLAVL  or 
JAROSLAVL,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of 
its  own  name,  on  the  Volga,  at  the  inUnx  of  the  Kotorost, 
160  miles  N.E.  of  Moscow.  Pop.  35,096.  It  is  eiiclo.sed  by  a 
palisade,  and  pretty  well  built,  though  mostly  of  wood.  It 
has  some  good  stone  house.=.  and  numerous  churches,  which 
give  It,  externally,  an  imposing  appearance,  several  con- 
vents, a  citadel  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers,  the  Demidofl' 
Lyceum,  founded  in  1803,  and  ranking  immediiit^-ly  after  the 
universities  of  the  empire,  an  ecclesiastical  seminary,  a  large 
exchange,  various  hospitals  and  asylums,  manufactures  of 
cotton,  silk,  linens,  leather,  tobacco,  &c.,  with  iron,  copper, 
and  bell  foundries,  and  two  large  annual  fairs,  at  which, 
and  at  the  fair  of  Makariev,  large  quantities  of  its  manu- 
factured goods  are  sold.  It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and 
its  foundation  dates  from  the  11th  centurv. 

YAR'POLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hereford. 

YAR/RA-YAR'R.i,  a  river  of  the  British  Australian  colony 
Victcria,  and  the  principal  stream  entering  Port  Phillip, 
which  it  reaches  at  llobson's  Bay,  7  or  8  miles  (following  the 
windings  of  the  channel)  below  Melbourne.  It  is  not  navi- 
gable above  Melbourne  oil  account  of  falls,  and  that  city 
can  usually  be  reached  only  by  vessels  of  60  tons  burden,  the 
mouth  of  the  river  having  a  bar  with  only  9  feet  of  water  at 
high  tide.  Vessels  of  large  burden  load  and  unload  at 
Williamstown,  near  its  mouth.  At  Melbourne  it  is  com- 
monly from  40  to  50  yards  across,  but  greatly  augmented 
by  floods  in  winter  and  spring.  Its  total  direct  course  nearly 
due  E.  is  about  100  miles, 

YAR/RIBA,  a  state  of  Central  Africa.  Guinea,  near  the 
Niger,  (Quorra.)  in  lat.  9°  N.,  Ion.  3°  to  6°  E.  Principal 
towns,  Katunga,  or  Eyeo,  and  Rakka.  It  has  been  little 
explored  by  Europeans. 

Y.\RRO\V,  yar'rO,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Selkirk,  rises 
at  Yarrnw-cleugh.  1^  miles  E.  of  I.och  Skene,  flows  mostly 
eastward,  through  Lochs  Lowes  and  St  Mary,  and  joins  the 
Ettriok,  1|^  miles  above  Selkirk,  after  a  course  of  25  miles. 
Its  tributaries  are  at  least  40,  but  are  small.  Along  its 
banks  are  the  ruined  Newark  Gistle,  the  ducal  seat  of  Bow- 
hill,  and  many  places  celebrated  in  Scotlli'h  poetry. 

YARROW,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  co.  of  Selkirk,  of  which 
county  it  comprises  more  than  a  third,  containing  Ettrick 
Forest  and  several  petty  villages.  Sir  Walter  Scott  resided 
In  the  Ettrick  Forest  for  10  years ;  and  Hogg,  "  The  Ettrick 
Shepherd."  lived  and  died  in  this  pari.sh. 

YAUU-DZANG-BO.    See  YAnoo  Dwnbo-Tsoo. 

YARWELIs  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Northampton. 

YASELDA.  lASELDA,  yi-s^Wd,  or  JASOLDA,  vi-sol'da, 
a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of  Grodno,  flows 
E.3.E.,  expanding  into  Lake  Sporovskee.  and  after  a  course 
of  about  130  mill's,  joins  the  Pripets.  a  little  E.  of  Pinsk. 

YASI-KOI.  yd'see  koi,  a  large  village  of  A.sia  Minor,  Ana- 
tolia, near  Zafaran-Boli.  and  containing  300  houses  of 
Mohammedans,  and  75  hous^  of  Greek  Christians,  which 
uitter  people  miinufacture  wine  and  opium.  A  good  deal  of 
saffron  is  raised  in  the  vicinity. 

TA'SOR.  a  parish  of  Englaiid,  co.  of.  Hereford. 

YASS,  a  town  of  New  South  Wales,  East  Australia,  counties 
or  King  and  Murray,  capital  of  a  district  on  Ya.ss  River,  an 
^uent  of  the  Murrumbidgee,  46  miles  W.S.W.  of  Goulburn, 
Pop.  274.  The  Yass-Pl\ins,  surrounded  on  every  side  by 
forests,  are  from  9  to  12  miles  across. 

YASSY  or  JASSY,  yds/see,  written  also  JA.SCH,  the 
npital  town  of  Moldavia,  is  situated  on  an  alBuent  of  the 
Froth,  in  a  plain  surrounded  by  low  hills.  200  miles  N.X.E. 
of  Bucharext  Its  houses  cover  a  Urge  space,  being  inter- 
spersed with  gardens.    Pop.  20,000.(?)    The  modern  part  is 


YAZ 

well  built  and  clean,  but  the  older  part  is  a  collection  of 
ruins  and  hut.s,  having  been  nearly  destroyed  by  tire  !u  ls2i 
It  h.18  several  remarkable  churches,  a  collige.  a  supeiiol 
.school,  3  priming  establishments,  a. society  of  natural  history 
and  medicine,  and  an  active  comnieri-e  in  agricultural  pro- 
duce.    Its  fortified  palace  was  burned  in  1827. 

Y.ATE.  ft  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Gloucester.  1  mile  W 
of  Chipping-Sodbury,  and  with  a  stntion  on  the  Bristol  auJ 
Birmingham  Railway,  lOg  miles  N.E.  of  Bristol. 
YATE,  a  township  of  England,  co.  of  Lancaster. 
Y'.ATELEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Hants. 
Y.\TES,  yaits,  a  oiunty  in  the  W.  central  part  of  New 
York,  has  an  area  of  alx)Ut  320  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Seneca  Lake,  and  partly  on  the  W.  by  Canan- 
daigua  and  Crooked  Lakes,  the  latter  of  which  extends  into 
it,  and  Is  principally  drained  by  the  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake 
and  Flint  Creek,  which  afford  valuable  water-power.  The 
surface  is  undulating  or  hilly.  The  soil  is  generally  a  fertile 
sandy  loam.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Canandaigua  and  Elmira 
Railroad,  and  in  part  by  the  Crooketl  Lake  Canal.  Organized 
in  1S23,  having  been  formed  from  part  of  Ontario  county, 
and  named  in  honor  of  Governor  Yates,  of  New  York. 
Capital.  Penn  Van.     Pop.  20,230. 

YATES,  a  post-township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Orleans  co.,  New  York.    Lake  Ontario  bounds  it  on  the  N. 
Pop.  2105. 
Y.ATE.S'BURY.  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  WUts. 
YATES'VILLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Yates  co^  New  Y'ork, 
about  190  miles  W.  of  -Albany. 
Y.ATESVIIXE.  a  post-office  of  Lunenburg  co..  A'irglnia, 
YATH  KYED.  yath  kide.  (a  corruption  of  THEYEll  KYE, 
thi'yeh  or  thi^'e-ygh  ki,(?)  i.  e.  "  white  stone"  lake,)  a  lake  cf 
British  America. 

YAT'ON  or  Y.^T'TON,  a  post-village  in  Washington  co., 
Iowa,  near  English  River.  16  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Iowa  City. 

Y.\TOV.A,  yd-to^'d,  a  village  of  Spain,  province  and  about 
25  miles  from  Valencia,  on  the  Juanes.     Pop.  1110. 

YATTAYAB'BEE  CREEK,  of  Henry  eo.,  Alabama,  flows 
into  the  Chattahoochee  River. 
YATTENDON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Berks. 
YATTON,  EAST  and  WEST,  two  parishes  of  England,  co. 
of  Somerset.     Here  is  the  Clevedon  junction  station  of  the 
Great  Western  Railwav,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Bristol. 

YATT'ON  KEY/NELL,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 
Y.AUC<>.  yow'ko,  a  small  town  of  Porto  liico,  near  the  3. 
coast  of  the  island.    Pop.  2060. 

YAUTEPEC,  yow-td-p6k/,  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confed- 
ration,  state  and  40  miles  S.S.K.  of  Jlexico. 
Y.AVARI.  a  river  of  South  America.     See  Jabart. 
YAV'ERL.AND,  a  parish  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  8  miles  E.S.E, 
of  Newport.  ' 

YAX'H.AM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk,  2i  miles 
S.S.E.  of  East  Dereham,  with  a  station  on  a  branch  of  the 
Ea.«t  Counties  Railway. 

YAX'LEY,  a  village  and  parish  of  England,  county  and 
13  miles  N.  of  Huntingdon.  Pop.  1445.  A  little  E.  of  the 
village  is  Whittlesea-mere,  a  sheet  of  water  6  miles  long  and 
3  miles  brcvl,  abounding  in  fi.sh. 
YAXLEY,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 
YAZOO,  yd-zoo/,  a  river  of  Mississippi,  is  formed  by  the 
Tallahatchie  and  Yallobusha  Rivers,  which  unite  at  Leflore, 
in  Carroll  county.  It  then  pursues  a  very  serpentine  course, 
the  general  direction  of  which  is  S.  by  W.,  and  empties  it- 
self into  the  Mississippi.  12  miles  above  Vicksburg.  The 
length  of  the  main  stream  is  stated  to  be  about  290  miles. 
It  is  a  deep,  narrow,  and  sluggish  stream,  traversing  an 
alluvial  plain  of  extreme  fertility,  which  is  mostly  occupied 
by  plantations  of  cotton.  It  is  probably  not  surpassed  in 
navigable  qualities  by  any  river  of  equal  size.  Steamboats 
navigate  it  from  its  mouth  to  Its  origin  in  all  stages  of 
water,  and  in  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  Tallahatchie, 
the  largest  branch,  is  perhaps  as  long  as  the  Yazoo  itself, 
and  is  navigable  by  steamlwats  more  than  100  miles. 

Y.AZOO,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mississippi, 
has  an  area  of  about  760  square  miles.  The  Big  Bhick 
River  forms  its  boundary  on  the  S.E.,  and  the  Ya^oo  River, 
from  which  the  name  is  derived,  bounds  it  on  the  W.  and 
N.W.  The  surface  Is  a  level,  alluvial  plain,  the  soil  of  which 
is  exceedingly  fertile.  The  Yazoo  River  is  navigable  "oy 
steamboats  at  all  sea.son9.  with  few  exceptions,  through  its 
whole  extent  The  Mississippi  Central  Railroad  p.-i.<ses  n^ar 
the  E.  border.  Capital,  Yazoo  City.  Pop.  22,373,  of  vihom 
5657  were  free,  and  16,716  slaves. 

YAZOO  CITY,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Yazoo 
CO.,  Mississippi,  on  the  river  of  the  same  nitrae,  50  niilen 
N.N.W.  of  Jackson.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  cotton-growiu,' 
region,  and  has  considerable  business.  About  .50.000  bales 
of  cotton  are  received  here  annually  and  shipped  to  Xe.v 
Orleans  by  steamboat*,  which  navigate  the  river  in  all  staijea 
of  water.  The  village  contains  several  churches  and  2 
newspaper  offices.     Pop.  about  2000. 

YAZVA,  TAZVA  or  JASWA.  yds'Td,  ariver  of  Russia  rises 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Ural  Mountains,  government  of  Perm, 
flows  generally  W.,  and  after  a  course  of  nearly  120  miii*!, 
joins  the  Vish'era  about  15  mUes  E,  of  Icherdyn. 


TBA 


YEL 


YBA,  ee'fil,  a  maritime  village  of  the  bliiud  of  Luzon, 
Philippines.  80  miles  N.W.  of  Manila. 
YBBS,  a  town  and  river  of  Lower  Austria.    See  IPS. 
yiiUSITZ,  a  luarket^town  of  Austria.     See  Ipsitz. 
YiJKRA.  a  lake  of  South  America.     See  Ibeih. 
YBKRO,  IBEllG,  ee/b^iiG,  or  II5KIG,  ee/bria,  a  village  of 
Switzerland,  canton   and  7   miles   N.li.  of  Schwyti!,  with 
medicinal  springs.     Pop.  1500. 

YUICUY,  e-Be-kwee'.  a  river  of  South  America,  Uruguay, 
rises  on  the  Brazilian  frontier,  and  joins  the  Paraguay  Kiver 
opposite  Y'apegu,  aft«r  a  W.  course  of  2U0  miles. 
YCA,  a  town  and  province  of  Peru.     See  Ic.*.. 

YCACOS,  e-ki/koce,  CAPK,  a  headland  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Cuba,  bounding  the  Bay  of  Matauzaf  on  the  N.E.  Lat.  Zi" 
»'  N..  Ion.  81°  10'  W. 

YE,  a  town  of  British  India,,  presidency  of  Bengal,  for- 
merly capital  of  a  province,  on  the  Tenas.serim  Coast.  Fur- 
ther India,  on  the  river  Ye,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  90  miles  S.E.  of  Maulm.ilii. 

YK,  a  river  of  Brili.ih  India,  has  a  short  course,  but  is 
navigable  by  boats  for  about  20  miles  from  the  oct-an. 

YEA'DON.a  township.  England,  co.  of  York,  West  Hiding. 

YKAliMPTON,  yfelmp'ton,  a  village  and  parish  of  Eng- 
land, CO.  of  Devon,  on  the  Yealm.  here  navigable  and  cro.ssed 
by  a  bridge.  It  has  a  ruin,  said  to  have  been  a  palace  of 
the  Saxon  kings.     Pop.  1165. 

YEBENES,  yd/BA-nSs,  a  market-town  of  Spain,  province 
and  21  miles  S.  of  Toledo.    Pop.  3003. 

Yl^BLIiKON,  yA'bleh-r6N0',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Y'vetot.    P.  1187. 

YEBUAII,  a  small  and  lofty  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  off 
the  .\rabian  coast,  15  miles  N.W.  of  Moilah. 

YKCLA,  yi/kld,  a  town  of  Spain,  pi-ovince  and  44  miles 
N.  of  Mureia.  Pop.  9333.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  height 
crowned  by  a  ruined  Moorish  castle.  It  has  many  brandy 
distilleries. 

YED'DINGHAM,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  York,  East 
Riding. 

YEDDO,  YEDO  or  JEDDO,  yfid'do,  written  also  lEDO,  a 
city  and  the  second  capital  of  Japan,  it  being  the  residence 
of  the  Sio-gun,  or  military  emperor,  on  the  Oulf  of  Yeddii, 
S.t;.  coast  of  the  island  of  -Niphou.  Lat  30°  40'  N.,  Ion.  139° 
40'  E.  Pop.  1,500,000.  It  is  stated  to  be  enclosed  by  a 
trench,  and  intersected  by  numerous  canals  and  branches 
of  a  river,  navigable  for  vessels  of  moderate  burden.  It  has 
a  fortified  palace  with  very  extensive  grounds,  many  noble 
residences  ornamented  externally  with  sculptures  and 
piiinting,  some  large  temples  and  other  public  edifices,  and 
numerous  conventual  establishments;  but  its  dwellings  are 
mostly  of  wood,  and  it  suffers  frequently  from  de-^tructive 
fires.  The  Imperial  Library  is  said  to  contain  150.000  vo- 
lumes. The  Dutch  have  long  had  a  eomuienrial  mission 
here,  and  both  the  Americans  and  British  have  recently 
concluded  treaties,  from  which  important  results  may  be 
expected.     Outside  of  the  city  are  two  large  suburbs. 

YEDDO,  GULF  0*\  an  inlet  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the 
S.E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Niphon,  Japan.  Length,  S.  to 
N.,  70  miles,  breadth  at  entrance  40  miles.  At  its  N.  extre- 
mity arc  the  city  of  Yeddo  and  the  mouths  of  several  rivers. 

YEE-TCHANG  or  YI-TCIIANG,  a  town  of  China,  province 
of  Hoo-pe. 

YKE-TCHOO  or  YI-TCIIOU,  yeeVhoo'.  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Shan-toong.  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Y-ho, 
140  miles  S.E.  of  Tsee-nan. 

YEFREMOV,  lEFREMOV  or  JEFREMOW.  yJfVA-mov'.  a 
town  of  Ru.ssia,  govertmient  and  78  miles  S.E.  of  Toola. 
Pop.  7366.  It  is  enclosed  by  earthen  ramparts,  and  has 
several  suburbs,  numerous  churches,  and  4  annual  fairs. 

YEFXEREVSKAIA,  lEFTEREVSKAIA  or  JKKTERBW- 
8KA.TA,  yJf-tA-r^v-ski'd,  a  market-town  of  South  Russia,  in 
the  Don  Co.ssack  country,  on  the  Medvieditsa,  225  miles  N.E. 
of  Novo-Tcherkask.     Pop.  aljout  1000. 

YiXiEN  or  YEXEN,  yi-fiJn',  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
province  and  about  45  miles  from  Granada,  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada.     Pop.  1013. 

YEGORLYK  or  JEGORLYK,  y.i-gor-lik'.  a  river  of  Russia. 
rises  in  a  N.  branch  of  the  mountoins  of  Caucasus,  near 
the  frontiers  of  Circassia,  and  joins  the  Manitch  about 
80  miles  W.  of  Manitch  or  Lake  Bol-Ilmen,  after  a  course  of 
about  190  miles. 

YEGORYEVSK  or  JE60RJEVSK,  yi-gor-yjvsk/,  or  JEGO- 
RIWEVSK,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  58  miles 
N.W.  of  Riazan.    Pop.  1106. 

YEGUA  (yjg'wa  or  y.Vwi)  CREEK,  an  affluent  of  the 
Brazos,  is  formed  by  three  branches,  the  First,  Second,  and 
Third  Y'egua,  which  unite  on  the  N.  boundary  of  Washing- 
ton county.  It  follows  that  boundary  until  it  enters  the 
river,  about  5  miles  N.E.  of  Independence. 

YEIA,  lEIA  or  JEIA.  yA'yi,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in 
the  W.  of  the  government  of  Caucasus,  near  Dmitrievsk, 
flows  first  N.W.  and  then  W.,  and  falls  into  a  bay  on  the 
N.E.  side  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  after  a  course  of  about  140 
miles. 

YE.TnUBT.  ye-iub'bee.  a  large  commercial  town  of  South 
Aliyssiuia.  Amhara,  district  of  Gojam,  N.  of  the  Abai  River. 


TEKATERINBOORG',  lEKATERINBOURG,  JEKATE 
RINENBURG,  yA-kd-tl-re-nSn-booRg/.orEKATEIilNBL'KG. 
(t.  e.  -'Catherine's  borough.")  a  town  of  A.-iatic  Kusaia, 
capital  of  the  Ural  mining  district,  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Ural  Mountains,  government  and  170  miles  S.E.  of  Perm, 
lat.  56°  50'  14"  N.,  Ion.  CO*^  34'  44"  E.,  on  both  banks  of  the 
Iset,  at  an  elevation  of  about  860  feet  above  sea-level.  Tht> 
streets  are  long  and  straight  but  unpaved.  having,  how 
ever,  planks  or  logs  laid  on  each  side  for  foot-pa-ssengerii 
The  principal  street  runs  parallel  with  the  river,  and 
is  crossed  by  numerous  smaller  streets,,  leading  directly 
to  the  bank  of  the  Iset.  A  number  of  the  houses  are  of 
wood,  but  there  are  also  a  great  many  of  stone,  built  in  a 
handsome  and  substantfcil  style,  and  possessing  as  much 
internal  comfort  as  exterior  elegance.  On  the  S.E.  bank 
of  the  river,  the  buildings  are  spread  over  an  extensive 
plain,  which  is  connected  with  the  city  by  a  haud.souie 
bridge ;  these  buildings  include  the  Govcrumimt  niugaziues, 
mills,  factories,  &c.,  and  enclose  an  extentiive  square  or 
market-place.  On  the  opposite  side  the  streets  are  spjicioug 
and  elegant,  and  the  stone  edifices,  the  habitutinns  of  mer- 
chants and  mine  proprietors,  exceedingly  handsome.  The 
cutting,  polishing,  and  engraving  of  precious  stoues,  forms 
a  principal  branch  of  industry  in  Yekaterinboorg,  and  the 
art  is  here  brought  to  the  greatest  perfection.  Parties  of 
exiles  frequently  pass'  through  the  town,  amounting  iu 
numt>er  yearly,  it  is  stated,  to  5000.     Pop.  15.000. 

YEKATERININSKOI  or  JEKATERININSKOI,  yh-]d-t.\- 
re-oin-skoi',  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  and  NJ"!. 
of  Viatka. 

YEKATERINODAR.  lEKATERINODAR  or  JEKATERI- 
NODAR,  yA-ki-tA-re-no-daK',  written  also  EKATERIXtlDAR, 
a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  country  of  the  Black  Sea  or 
T.schernomorski  Cossacks,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kuban, 
about  100  miles  above  its  mouth,  and  135  miles  S.  of  .\zot 
Yekaterinodar  is  the  seat  of  the  Ciwsack  Iletman,  and  other 
authorities  for  the  district.  On  every  side  is  swamp  and  mo- 
rass, forming  a  mud  defence  to  the  town,  in  which  carriage, 
horse,  and  traveller  often  stick  fast  for  many  hours.    P.  oOOO. 

YEKATERINOGRAD,  lEKATERlNOGRAD  or  JEKATE- 
RINOGRAD,  yA-ki-til-re-nogriid/,  written  also  EKATERI- 
NOGRAD,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  government  of 
Caucasus,  20  miles  W.  of  Mo.'dnk,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Terek,  lat  43°  40'  N.,  Ion.  43°  56'  E.  This  is  the  most  im- 
portant military  post  of  the  Cossacks  of  the  line,  and  '>«'aa 
founded  iu  1777  by  Prince  Potemkin,  to  whose  memory  ;: 
stone  triumphal  arch  was  here  erected  by  the  Empress  Ca- 
therine II.     Pop.  about  6000. 

YEKATERINO'POL,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  103  miles  S.  of  Kiev.     Pop.  1000. 

YEKATERINOSLAV,  lEKATERINOSLAV  or  JEK.\TE- 
RINOSLAV,  yA-kitrA-re-no-slav/,  written  also  EKATEltl- 
NOSLAV  and  EKATERINOSLAW,  a  government  of  South 
Russia;  lat  47°  to  49°  20'  N.,  Ion.  S3°  30'  to  39°  40'  E.; 
having  a  separate  portion  in  Don  Cossacks,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Don;  area  25,810  square  miles,  it  is  divided  into 
two  sections  by  the  Dnieper,  about  three-fourths  lying  E., 
and  one-fourth  W.  of  that  river.  The  E.  portion  belongs 
to  the  steppe  country  of  South  Rus.sia,  being  Hat,  mono- 
tonous, without  trees,  often  without  water,  and  with  a 
lean  saliferous  soil.  The  W.  portion  is  more  undulating, 
and  more  fruitfuL  The  minerals  are  granite,  lime,  chalk, 
salt,  and  garnets.  Wheat,  spelt,  barley,  and  oats  are  raised 
in  quantity  sufiicient  for  local  consumption ;  and  hemp, 
flax,  popples,  peas,  vegetables,  and  fruits  are  also  cultivated. 
The  chief  wealth  of  the  government  consists  in  its  innu- 
merable herds  of  horses,  oxen,  sheep,  many  of  them  meri- 
nos, goats,  and  swine.  Bees  yield  a  large  return  ;  and  the 
silk  culture  is  carried  on  by  the  Greeks  at  Mariopol,  and 
the  Armenians  at  Nakhchivan.  Some  cloth,  leather,  candles, 
and  beer  are  made,  and  some  tullow-smelting  carried  on ; 
and  there  are  no  less  than  225  distilleries.  The  govern- 
ment is  divided  into  7  districts.  Capital,  Y'ekateriuoslav. 
Pop.  902,363. 

YEKATERINOSLAV,  lEKATERINOSLAV,  JEK.A.TERI- 
NOSLAV.  EKATERINOSLAV  or  EKATERINOSLAW,  a 
fortified  town  of  South  Russia,  capital  of  the  government  of 
its  own  name.  820  miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Petersburg,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  Dnieper;  lat  48°  27'  50"  N.,  Ion.  35°  6' 
53"  E.  Pop.  13.500.  It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,-  and 
has  an  ecclesiastical  seminary  and  niauufactui-es  of  cloths 
and  silks.  It  was  founded  by  the  Empress  Catherine  II.  fli 
1784. 

YEKATERINSKAIA,  lEKATERINSKAIA  or  JEKATE- 
RINSKA.TA,  yA-kd-tA-rin-ski'A.  a  market-town  of  Russia, 
Don  Cossack  country,  on  the  Donets,  66  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Novo-Tchc^rkask.     Pop.  1000. 

YEKATERINSKAIA,  a  market-town  of  Rus.sia,  govern- 
ment of  Koorsk,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Novoi  Oskol. 

YEKATERINSTADT,  JEKATRINSTADT.  yA-kl-tA-recn- 
statt/,  or  YEKATERINOGRAD,  a  village  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  45  miles  N.E.  of  Saratov,  on  the  Volga. 

YELABOOGA,  lELABOUGA  or  JELABUGA.  yA-lA-boo'- 
gd,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  210  miles  S.S.E.  i>f 
Viatka,  ou  the  Kama,  near  a  small  lake.    Near  it  are  the 

2149 


YEL 

niiiis  of  f,  Sliaman   l-Mnj  le,  where  there  was  long  a  cele- 
brated oracle.     Poj)  3500. 

YELAGOOI,  IKLAGOUI  or  JELAGUI.  yA-W-goo'ee.  or 
ELAGUI  ill-goo'ee.  a  river  of  Siberia,  rises  in  lat.  63°  N. 
and  Ion.  83°  E.,  in  the  government  of  Yeniseisk,  flows  E., 
:md  dlTidJDg  into  several  arms,  joins  the  Yenisei  on  the 
left,  in  l&t.  63°  N.  and  Ion.  90°  E.,  after  a  course  of  above 
200  miles.  ,    , 

YELATOM,  lELATOM  or  JELATOM,  y.A-ld-tom'.  or  JE- 
fi.^TMA,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  158  miles  N. 
nf  Tambov,  on  the  Oka.     Pop.  5000.    It  has  churches,  ma- 
nufactures of  vitriol  and  copper  wares,  and  a  flourishing 
export  trade. 
Y'ELDIIAM.  GREAT,  a  parish  of  EngHand,  co.  of  Essex. 
Y'ELDIIAM.  LITTLE,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Essex. 
Y'ELETS.  lELETS,  JELKTZ,  yA-lSt*',  a  town  of  Russia, 
government  and  102  miles  E.S.E.  of  Orel,  on  the  Sosna.    It 
is  old.  but  regularly  built :  has  paved  streets.  12  stone  and 
2  wooden  churches,  3  poor-houses,  and  manufactures  of  soap, 
leather,  ironware,  and  jewelry ;  a  bell  foundry,  numerous 
locksmiths,  and  an  extensive  trade  in  corn.    Iron  abounds 
in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  28,504. 
Y'EL'FORD,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Oxford. 
YELISAVETGRAD,  lELlSABETGRAD  or  JELISABET- 
GRAD,  yA-le-sd-vJtVrid/,  written  also  ELISABETGRAD  and 
ELISAVETGRAD.  a  fortified  town  of  South  Russia,  govern- 
ment and  130  miles  X.  of  Kherson,  on  the  Ingool,  (Ingul.) 
Pop.  10,000.    It  it  regularly  built,  has  several  suburbs,  mili- 
tary magazines,  and  a  large  hospital. 

YELL,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  Scotland,  the  second 
of  the  group  in  size,  and  the  most  N.  except  Unst,  is  sepa- 
rated on  the  S.  from  Mainland  by  Y^ell  Sound.  Length 
from  N.  to  S.  17  miles,  extreme  breadth  Vi  miles.  Area  94 
square  miles.  Pop.,  including  the  island  of  Fetlar,  in  1851. 
2t)96.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  agriculture  almost 
neglected,  whale  and  other  fishing  being  the  chief  employ- 
ment. 

Y'ELL,  a  county  situated  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Arkan- 
sas, contains  970  square  miles.     It  is  intersected  by  the 
Fourche  La  Fave  and  Petit  Jean  Rivers,  and  the  Arkansas 
washes  its  N.E.  border.    The  surface  is  diversified;  the  soil 
mostly  productive.    Magazine  Mountain,  of  this  county,  is 
estimated  at  2000  feet  high.     Capital,  DanvJlle.    Pop.  ti333, 
of  whom  5335  were  free,  and  998  slaves. 
YELL,  a  county  of  Towa.    See  Wkbster. 
YEI/LING,  a  pari.sh  of  England,  co.  of  Huntingdon. 
YEI/LOW  BRANCH,  a  postofflco  of  Campbell  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

YELLOW  BREECHES  CREEK,  in  the  S.  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  York  and  Cum- 
berland counties,  and  enters  the  Susquehanna  River  about 
4  miles  below  Harrisburg.     It  affords  permanent  motive 
power. 
YELLOW  BUD,  a  post-office  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio. 
YELLOW  BUSH,  a  post-office  of  Chicka.saw  co..  Mississippi. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  of  Pennsylvania,  unites  with  Black 
Lick  Creek,  in  Indiana  county. 

YELLOW  CREEK,  of  Alabama  and  Mi.ssissippi,  flows 
south-westward  and  enters  Luxapatilla  Creek,  in  Lowndes 
CO.,  Mississippi. 

YELLOW  CREEK,  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  flows  through 
Jefferson  county,  and  enters  the  Ohio  River  2  or  3  miles 
below  Wellsville. 

YELLOW  CREEK,  of  Missouri,  rises  in  Sullivan  co.,  and 
flowing  southward  enters  Grand  River  from  tlie  left,  on  the 
W.  border  of  Chariton  county. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Lumpkin  co..  Georgia. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mis- 
sis-'ippi. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Kentucky. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  a  township  of  Columbiana  CO.,  Ohio, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Ohio  River,  intersected  by  the  Cleve- 
land and  Pittsburg  Railroad.     Pop.,  including  Wellsville, 
2085. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois. 
YELLOW  CREEK,  a  viU.age  of  Chariton  co.,  Missouri, 
about  85  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

YELLOW  CREEK,  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa,  falls  into  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Y  ELLOW  CREEK  FURNACE,  a  pogt-oJBce  of  Montgomery 
CO..  Tennessee. 

•  YEMX)W  HEAD  GROVE,  a  small  post-village  of  Will  oo., 
lUinciis. 

YELLOW  JACKET  CREEK,  of  Troup  co.,  Georgia,  enters 
the  Chattahoochee  River,  several  miles  W.  of  La  Grange. 

YELLOW-KNIFE,  a  river  of  British  North  America,  enters 
tJie  Orfcat  Slave  Lake,  after  a  southward  course  of  at  least 
i:i0  miles. 

YELIjOW  LAKE,  of  Alexandria  township,  Jefferson  co., 
New  York,  is  almut  3  miles  long. 

YELIX)W  MEDICINE  RIVER,  of  Minnesota,  hag  its 
soun  e  in  about  44°  30'  N.  bit.,  and  96°  40'  W.  Ion.;  flowing 
ut  «r»t  easterly,  and  afterwards  north-easterly,  it  falls  into 
St.  Peter's  River,  in  about  44°  44'  N.  lat.,  and  95°  26'  W  Ion. 
UiUKtb  about  100  miles. 

ai&o 


YEL 

YELLOW  MOXTNTAIN,  a  post-offlce  of  Yancey  co..  North 
Carolina. 

YELLOW  RIVER,  Georgia,  a  branch  of  the  Ocmulgec, 
rises  in  Gwinnett  co.,  and  flowing  southward,  unites  with 
the  other  branch  a  few  miles  S.  of  Covington. 

Y'ELLOW  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  state,  and  flowing  south-westwartl.  falls  into  Chippewa 
River,  near  the  middle  of  Chippewa  county. 

YELLOW  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Gwinnett  co.,  Georgia, 
21  miles  E.N.E.  of  Atlanta. 

Y'ELLOW  RIVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Marshall  co..  Indiana. 

YELLOW  RIVER,  a  large  river  of  China.    See  Hoaxo-Ho. 

YELLOW  RIVER,  the  name  of  several  streams  in  Ireland, 
tributaries  to  the  Moy  and  Boyne. 

YEL'IX)W  SEA,  (Chinese  W)iang-hai,  hwSng'hi',)  an  ex- 
tensive inlet  of  the  i»acific  Ocean,  on  the  N.E.  coast  of  China ; 
between  lat.  33°  and  41°  N..  Ion.  117°  22'  and  127°  10*  E.: 
having  W.  tho  Chinese  provinces  Kiangsoo,  Shantung  and 
Pechelee.  N.  Lp.aotong.  and  E.  the  peninsula  of  Corca ;  length 
about  620  miles;  greatest  breadth  about  400  miles.  N.  and 
N.W.  it  terminates  in  the  Gulfs  of  Leaotong  and  Pechelee, 
into  the  latter  of  which  flow  numerous  large  and  important 
rivers.  Two  peninsula.s  project  into  the  Yellow  Sea.  one  in 
the  province  of  Leaotong,  terminating  in  the  narrow  point 
called  the  "  Regent's  Sword  ;"  the  other  in  Shantung,  termi- 
nating in  the  promontory  of  the  same  name.  On  the  E. 
coast  are  numerous  groups  of  islets,  part  of  which  are 
included  in  the  Corean  Archipelago.  The  Yellow  Sea  is  very 
shallow,  and  obtains  its  name  from  the  muddy  lemon-yellow 
color  of  its  water  near  the  land,  arising  from  the  nature  of 
the  bottom,  which  is  often  touched  by  vessels  navigating 
the  sea.  The  large  quantity  of  alluvium  continually  brought 
into  it  by  the  rivers  Hoang-ho  and  Yang-tse-kiang.  Ciiuses  it 
gradually  to  decrease  in  depth.  No  cities  of  importance 
are  on  its  shores. 

Y'ELLOW  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Blair  CO.,  Pennsylvania 

YELLOW  SPRING,  a  post-ollice  of  Hampshire  oo..  West 
Virginia. 

YELLOW  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Indiana. 

YELLOW  SPRINGS.  Pennsylvania.   See  Chester  Springs- 

Y'ELLOW  SPRINGS,  a  postKjffice  of  Claiborne  co.,  Tennes- 
see, 233  miles  from  Nashville. 

YELliOW  SPRINGS,  a  flourishing  post-village  in  Miami 
township.  Greene  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Little  Miami  Railro.id, 
about  midway  between  Xenia  and  Springfield,  being  9  miles 
from  either,  and  74  miles  N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati;  lat.  39°  45' 
N.,  Ion.  84°  15'  W.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its 
scenery,  the  healthfulness  of  its  climate,  and  the  medicinal 
and  restorative  charai-ter  of  the  waters  from  which  it  t;ikes 
its  name.  It  contains  3  churches,  viz.  Methodist.  Presby- 
terian, and  Christian;  10  stores,  including  2  bookstores;  2 
hotels,  3  school-houses,  and  Antioch  College,  a  flourishing 
institution  incorporated  in  1852.  In  some  particulars  of  its 
aim  and  scope,  this  college  differs  from  most  of  the  higher 
literary  institutions  of  the  country.  It  recogni.ses  the  claims 
of  the  female  sex  to  equal  opportunities  of  e<lucation  with 
the  male,  and  these  opportunities  it  designs  to  confer.  Its 
founders  believe  that  labors  and  expenditures  for  the  higher 
education  of  men  will  tend  indirectly  to  elevate  the  cha- 
racter of  women  ;  but  they  are  certain  that  all  wise  effort* 
for  the  improved  education  of  women  will  speed  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  whole  human  femily.  The  president  of  the  insti- 
tution is  the  Rev.  Austin  Craig,  D.D.  It  has  9  professors  or 
instructors.  During  the  collegiate  year  1854--5,  it  was  at- 
tended by  397  students ;  of  whom  238  were  males,  and  141 
females.  The  number  of  students  in  1863  was  161.  The 
libraiy  numbers  4(XM>  volnme.s.  and  is  constantly  increasing. 

The  college  edifices  consist  of  one  main  building,  a  large 
and  handsome  structure,  and  two  dormitory  buildings.  The 
former  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  170  feet  long  and  110  feet 
wide,  designed  for  chapel,  library,  lecture-room,  laboratory, 
recitation-rooms,  &c.  The  two  dormitory  buildings  stand 
back  from  the  main  building  about  70  feet,  one  on  the  N., 
the  other  on  the  S.  side,  the  distance  between  the  two  beiug 
about  350  feet.  Their  dimensions  are  39  feet  by  160  feet,  aud 
4  stories  hiirh.  They  are  situated  in  a  beautiful  enclosure, 
20  acres  in  extent,  and  are  surrounded  by  a  street  76 
feet  in  width.  Adjoining  the  college  plat  on  the  E.  in  a 
highly  romantic  and  picturesque  ravine,  affording  all  the 
scenic  variety  of  overhanging  cliffs,  waterfalls,  isol.ati'd  rockii, 
numerous  gushing  springs,  diieply  embowered  amid  climb- 
ing vines  and  clustering  evergreens,  threaded  with  varied 
walks,  inviting  the  pedestrian  by  their  cooling  shade  aud 
graceful  bowers. 

Yellow  Sprins  is  situated  about  half  a  mile  N.E.  of  Antioch 
College.  It  discharges,  from  a  crevice  in  a  limestone  rock, 
above  100  gallons  of  water  per  minute.  A  large  aud  well- 
regulated  water-cure  establishment  has  been  opentd  from 
half  to  three-quarters  of  a  mile  southward  of  the  ■<iirina. 
Valuable  limestone  qurfn-ies  are  worked  in  the  vicinity.  Tbii 
population  in  1860  was  1319. 

Y'ELLOW  SPRINGS,  a  post-vi  Juge  of  Des  Moin«n  co., 
Iowa,  lo  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Burlii  ({ton.    Pop.  of  thu  town- 
ship in  1860,  1604. 
YEL'LOWSTONE  RIVS't,  th(  largest,  though  «v,t  tho 


YEL 


YEN 


Iciiij^est.  affluent  of  the  Missouri,  has  its  source  in  SuWette's 
laka,  in  about  43°  40'  N.  lat..  and  11(1°  \V.  !on.  Flowing  in 
H  eeneral  north-easterly  course,  it  falls  into  the  Missouri, 
iu  about  48°  5'  X.  lat,  and  104°  \V.  Ion.  At  its  moutli  it  is 
about  800  yards  wide.  Length  estimated  at  1000  miles,  for 
700  or  800  of  which  it  is  said  to  be  navitrable. 

YBLLOWSTOXK,  a  post-office  of  I'auldinj,'  co.,  Georfrfa. 

y ELLOWSTilXK,  a  post-office  of  I>afayette  co.,  Wisconsin. 

YELLOVVSTORE,  a  post-office  of  Hawkins  co.,  Tennessee. 

\  ELLOW-WATEH,  a  small  river  of  Alabama  and  Florida, 
rises  in  Covington  CO.,  Alabama,  and  flows  south-westward 
through  Florida  into  Pensacola  Bay. 

YELI/VILLE.  a  post-village,  capitiil  of  Marion  co.,  Arlian- 
uas.  .iltout  12.5  miles  N.  bv  W.  of  Little  ]?ock. 

YKLNIA,  lELNIA,  JliLNIA,  y.M'ne-(l,  or  YEI-NA,  yfl'n.l 
i\  town  of  Russia,  government  and  43  miles  E.S.E.  of  Smo- 
lensk, on  the  Desna.     Pop.  2016. 

YEL'VERTOFT,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Xorthampton. 

YKL'VEKTON,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Norfolk. 

YEL'YIN'GTON,  a  post-village  in  Daviess  co.,  Kentucky, 
156  miles  W.S.W.  of  Frankfort. 

YEMA.MAH  or  YEMAMKH,  ySm-i'ma,  a  district  of 
Nedjed,  with  a  valley  (wady)  of  its  own  name,  regarded  as 
the  garden  of  Arabia.     Lat.  about  24°  N.,  Ion.  47°  30'  E. 

YEM'BO  or  YAMBO,  ydm'bo,  a  maritime  town  of  Arabia, 
Hejaz,  on  a  low,  sandy,  and  bare  tract,  near  the  I'.ed  Sea, 
130  miles  S.W.  of  .Medina,  of  which  city  It  is  the  port.  It 
oonsi.sts  of  about  1500  houses,  exclosed  by  a  wall.  It  has  a 
sheltered  harbor,  and  is  garrisoned  l)y  Egyptian  troops;  but 
it  is  in  decay.  It  is  a  place  of  transit  for  pilgrims  from  Egypt 
to  the  holy  cities  of  Arabia. 

YJiMEX,  yJm'en,  a  priucipal  division  of  Arabia,  occupies 
the  S.W.  angle  of  the  peninsula,  adjacent  to  the  Straits  of 
Bab-el-Mandeb.  The  name  originally  signified  the  country 
(m  the  right  hand,  but  the  same  term  was  also  use<l  tfl  con- 
vey the  iiiea  of  good  fortune,  and  hence,  in  the  prosperous 
days  of  this  country,  the  secondary  sense  of  it«  name  seems 
to  have  been  that  most  generally  accepti^d,  and  Yemen  was 
known  to  the  Romans  as  Arabia  Fdix.  the  "  Happy  or  For- 
tunate Arabia."  Yemen,  in  the  widest  sense.  Is  bounded 
W,  by  the  Red  Sea,  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Aden,  N.  by  Hejaj  and 
Nejd,  and  E.  by  Hadramaut.  A  chain  of  mountains  runs 
along  the  W.  side  of  the  Arabian  peninsula,  and  terminates 
At  the  Straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb,  dividing  the  country  into 
two  regions  physically  distinct,  namely,  a  Tcliama  or  lowland 
between  the  mountains  and  sea-sliore, '  and  an  elevated 
mountainous  tract  to  the  eastward  of  the  former.  The 
Tehama  of  Yemen  varies  in  width  from  10  miles  to  30  miles, 
and  is  a  barren  desert  wherever  it  is  not  irrigated  by  streams 
from  the  mountains.  These  streams  are  perennial  in  the 
highlands,  but  in  the  low  country  they  flow  only  during  the 
rains,  and  it  sometimes  happens  that  after  a  succession  nf 
tliree  or  four  dry  sea.sons,  tlieir  beds  beoome  overgrown  with 
Drushwood  so  as  to  be  nearly  oblit^irated.  Banks  of  coral 
line  the  sea-shore,  and  wherever  they  leave  an  opening, 
afford  secure  anchorage  within. 

The  mountains  rise  abruptly  from  the  desert  plain,  enclos- 
ing valleys  of  great  luxuriance.  The  table-land  in  the  in- 
terior of  Yemen  has  an  estimated  elevation  of  4000  feet,  and  | 
some  of  its  mountain  groups,  as  .'^aber,  (sifbgr,)  S,  of  Tnas, 
Is  supposed  to  attain  a  height  of  7000  or  k)00  feet.  Granite 
is  probably  the  basis  of  all  these  mountains,  but  on  the 
road  from  Mocha  by  Zebeed  to  Sana,  the  rock  which  firs; 
occurs  is  porphyry,  fractured  so  regularly  into  columns,  timt 
the  steep  cliffs  sometimes  present  the  appc^arance  of  organ- 
pipes;  trap-rocks  with  basalt  succeed,  and  at  Sana  the  com- 
mon building-stone  is  a  lava.  Mount  Saber,  likewi.se,  is  gn 
immense  mass  of  trachyte  and  other  volcanic  rocks.  It  is 
said  by  the  Arabs  to  nourish  on  its  slopes  all  the  plants  of 
the  earth.  It  is  clothed  with  superb  forests  to  the  summit. 
On  the  almost  inaccessible  ledges  of  its  rocky  sides  are  perched 
numerous  villages,  the  inhabitants  of  which  enrich  them- 
selves by  the  cultivation  of  coffee  .and  of  khat.  AVithin  the 
precincts  of  Saber  are  said  to  he  100  sheikhs  or  petty  chief- 
tains, who  are  virtually  independent.  Knsumma,  too.  is  a 
high  mountain  covered  to  its  summit  with  coffee  planta- 
tions. In  all  these  mountainous  districts  there  are  nume- 
rous ancient  families,  dwelling  in  their  almost  inaccessible 
castles,  and  scarcely  acknowledging  a  political  superior. 

The  country  has  long  ceased  to  be  combined  under  one 
government.  The  frontier  provinces  have  in  several  in- 
stances become  independent,  and  the  Yemen  proper  of  the 
present  day,  or  the  dominion  of  the  Imilm  of  Sana,  does  not 
prol)ably  embrace  above  two-thirds  of  the  territory  formerly 
Included  under  the  same  general  title. 

The  capital  of  Yemen  is  Sana.  Aden,  on  ihe  sea-shore  to 
the  S.,  is  now  a  British  emporium.  Shebr  is  a  seaport  on 
the  Red  S.sn.,  W.  of  Makallah;  the  seaport  of  Jis.in  or 
Gasim,  as  it  is  sometimes  called  in  Aboo-Arish,  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  senna  and  coffee.  Mocha  on  the  Red 
Sea  is  also  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  The  X.  limit  of 
Yemen  on  this  sea  is  generally  assumed  to  be  at  Ilalee, 
(I/aii.l  in  18^^  36'  X. 

Yemen,  taken  collectively,  still  bears  unmistnkeable  traces  i 
of  its  ancient  superiority  in  wealth  and  civilization,  the  i 


natural  causes  of  which  must  be  sought  in  its  great  exfenit 
of  elevated  tableland,  with  temperate  valleys  and  copious 
springs,  and  in  its  po.sition  on  the  route  of  the  caravans  that 
conveyed  the  Indian  mercliandise  from  the  shores  of  Iladra- 
maut  to  Plioenicia.  Besides  its  numerous  towns,  which  an# 
large  and  well  built,  it  is  characterized  by  the  great  numlieu 
of  cjistles,  many  of  them  strong  and  capacious,  scattered 
over  its  hills,  and  in  wliich  petty  eliiefs  with  their  fimiliea 
and  retainers,  like  the  barons  of  Kurope  in  the  middle  ages, 
live  in  absolute  independence.  The  dialects  spoken  by  the 
mount>^ineers  are  very  numerous,  and  the  language  of  the 
Tehama  is  quite  unintelligible  on  the  highland,  llamyaritic 
inscriptions  have  been  found  lit  Dhofnr.  Cthe  Saphara  of 
I'tolemy.)  12  miles  S.E.  of  Yerim,  and  at  llisn-Glioit'ib,  (the 
site  of  the  ancient  Cane.)  on  the  S('.v<'t)ast,  at  Sana,  and  at 
Mareb.  Yemen  has  two  great  schools  or  universities,  one 
at  Zebeed  for  Sunnites,  and  another  at  Daniar  for  the  Ze'i- 
dee.  (Zeidi.)  The  latter  is  tlie  prevailing  sect  in  Yemen,  as 
well  as  among  the  mountains  X.,  the  Bedowin  round  Mecca, 
and  even  the  Sherif  of  .Mecca  himself,  belonging  to  the  here- 
tical Zeidee.  Our  knowledge  of  this  extensive  country  id 
too  imperfect  to  justify  any  attempt  at  an  estimate  of  itn 
population. 

YE.MTSA,  lEMTSA.  JEMTZA,  y?mt'sj,  or  KMTZA,  a  river 
of  Russia,  government  of  Archangel,  joins  the  North  Dwinu 
on  the  left,  after  a  course  of  about  95  miles, 

YEN-CIIOW-FOO,  yJn-chow'foo/,  or  Y EX-TCIIKOU-FOU, 
ySnVliJ-oo'foo',  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Che-kiang.  at 
tlie  confluence  of  the  Iloci-choo  or  Green  River  with  the 
T'.bcn-tang-kiang,  about  75  miles  S.W.  of  Ilang-chow,  hit, 
29°  37'  12''  X.,  ion.  119°  32'  47"  E.  It  has  walls  fully  4  miles 
in  circuit,  and  is  otherwise  fortified  after  the  Chinese  man- 
ner. It  has  manufactures  of  rough  lacquered  ware,  which 
is  sold  much  cheafier  than  in  places  nearer  the  sea.  A  little 
below  the  town  are  2  handsome  pagodas,  one  of  them  called 
Iloo-Iung-ta,  situated  on  a  curious  conical  bill.  Pop.  about 
200  000. 

YEXDOVICHTSKA.  JENDOYICIITSKA,  j?n-do-veecht/- 
skd,  or  EXDOVICnTCn.\.  a  market-town  of  llussia,  govern- 
n\ent  and  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Yoronezh,  near  the  Don. 
Pop.  1000. 

YEXDU.\,  y?n-doo'l,  one  of  the  Fecjee  Islands,  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  W.  of  Sandalwood  Bay;  lat.  16°  50'  S.,  Ion. 
178°  14' 41"  W.  It  is  about  12  miles  iu  circuit,  and  properly 
forms  two  islands,  with  a  narrow  channel  allowing  a  boat 
to  pass  between  them.    On  the  S.  of  it  is  Porpoise  Harbor. 

YENGAX,  a  town  of  China,    See  Yen-noan-foo. 

YENGI-HISSAR,  yjng'ee  his'sar',  or  YEXGISHAR.  ySng'- 
is-har',  ("  Xew  Castle.")  a  town  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  85 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Yarkand,  on  the  route  to  Kashgar,  and 
famous  for  its  dancing  girls  and  musicians. 

YEXl,  yeu'ee\  or  YENGI,  yJng'ee',  a  Turkish  word  signi- 
fying '-new,"  forming  the  prefix  of  various  names;  as 

YEXI-B.AZ.\R,  yAn'ee^  bS-zar',  a  market-town  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  Bulgaria,  14  miles  X,E.  of  Shoomla. 

YENl-BAZAlt.  a  town  of  Bosnia,     See  Novi-Bazar. 

YENIDGE.  YKNTB.TE.  vA/nee-j.t  or  yjnlj  ?■.  or  YEMDOE- 
V.\1!D.\R,  yi/nee-jA  vRRMar'.  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
In  Macedonia.  25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Salnnica.  with  numerous 
mnsques  and  schools.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  town  of 
Pella.  the  birth-pla<'e  of  .\lexander  the  Great. 

YENlDGE  orJENlD.TE  Lake,  of  Enrope.an  Turkey,  is 
situated  a  few  miles  S.  of  Yenidie.     Length.  8  miles. 

YEXIDGE-  (or  JEN1DGE-)  Kl'ziLAGIIAD.I.  y.Vnee-j.A  kiz'- 
il-i-gSdj'.  a  town  of  Eui-opean  "i.'urkey.  in  Room-Elee.  on  the 
Tou'tja,  32  miles  N.  bv  W.  of  Adrianople.     Pop.  2300. 

YE.MDJE  KARA-S(X),  (SOU  or  SU.)  ytl'nee-ji  kS'ra  soo.  a 
town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Koom-Elee.  sanjak.  and  OS  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Gallipoli,  near  the  Gulf  of  Lagos.     Pop.  2.500. 

YEXIJAH,  y5n'e-j4\  a  village  of  We.«t  Asia,  Persia,  pro- 
vince of  Azerbaijan,  18  miles  E.  of  Tukhti  Suleiman. 

YENIJ.\II,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  \ind  25  miles 
N.E.  of  Seevas. 

YENIKALE,TEXIKALE  or. TENIK ALE,  yJnVkaiA,  writ- 
ten also  JAXIKUL,  JEXIKAL  or  EXIKAliE,  a  fortified 
town  of  South  Russia,  government  of  Taurida,  Crimea,  on 
the  X.W.  point  of  the  peninsula  of  Kertch,  65  miles  il.S.E 
of  Kaffa.  Pop.  1700.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong  citadel, 
and  has  remains  of  the  ancient  Orthmimi. 

YEXIKALE,  JENIKALE  or  EXIKALE,  STRAIT  OF, 
known  to  the  ancients  as  the  CIMME/RIAN  BOS/PORUS, 
{Cimmejrius  Bns'pnriis,)  the  strait  connecting  the  Sea  of 
Azof  with  the  Black  Sea.  Length  20  miles,  breadth  8  to 
10  miles.  Where  shallowest  it  is  stated  to  be  only  13  feet 
in  depth.  The  town  of  Yenikale  is  on  its  W.  side.  See 
Black  Sea  ;  Azof. 

YENISEI,  lEXISEI  or  JENISEI,  ySnVsA'e  or  y?nVsay', 
ENISEI,  en-e-sA'e,  written  also  JEXISEY,  one  of  the  great 
rivers  of  North  Asia,  Siberia,  its  basin  lying  between  tho.sa 
of  the  Obi  and  Lena,  and  estimated  to  comprise  an  area  of 
1,045,000  square  miles.  It  rises  in  Mongolia,  Chinese  Em- 
pire, about  lat.  51°  N.,  Ion.  98°  E..  flows  at  first  W.  to  the 
Russian  frontier,  and  afterwards  holds  a  northward  course 
to  its  wide  estuary  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  lat.  72°  30'  N.,  lou. 
85°  E.,  200  miles  E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Obi     Total  course 

2151 


YEN 

Mrtimnled  at  2500  miles.  It  traverses  the  centre  of  the 
einemment  of  Yeniseisk,  nearly  the  whole  of  which  is 
drained  by  it,  as  is  the  S.  half  of  the  goTernment  of 
Irkootsk  by  Its  principal  tributary  the  Angara,  which 
brings  into  it  the  surplus  waters  of  Lake  Baikal.  On  its 
banks  are  the  town.5  of  Saiansk,  Abakansk,  Krasnoyarsk, 
YeniFoisk,  Toorookhansk,  and  Kantuisk.  It  is  of  great 
breailth.  and  from  Toorookhansk  to  the  ocean  its  depth  has 
been  found  to  vary  from  2  to  8  fiithouis ;  but  as  it  flows 
mostly  through  a  "frozen  desert,  ita  navigation  is  of  little 

YKXI.SEI,  BAY  OF,  the  estuary  formed  by  the  river  Y'e- 
ni«ei,  at  its  junction  with  the  Arctic  Ocean,  extends  between 
lat.  6^  30'  and  73^  N.,  and  Ion.  85'=  and  89=  E.  Breadth  at 
entrance  30  miles.  It  abounds  with  islands,  and  on  its  E. 
shiire  is  the  village  of  Kantaisk. 

YENISEISK.  lEXISEISK  or  .TEXISETSK,  yJnVsAsk'  or 
yenVsA/isk,  a  va*t  government  of  .Asiatic  Ru.<sia,  comprised 
In  East  Siberia,  between  Ion.  80°  and  107^  E..  and  extending 
from  lat.  51°  northward,  having  W.  the  governments  of 
Tomsk  and  Tobolsk,  E.  Irkoot'ik  and  the  province  of  Yakootsk, 
and  S.  the  Khalkas  country,  (Chinese  dominions.)  from  which 
last  it  is  separated  by  a  lofty  mountniu  chiiiri  connected  with 
the  Altai.  Its  extent  is  nearly  commensurate  with  the  b.isin 
of  the  Yenisei,  which  traverses  its  centre;  but  besides  which 
it  comprises  the  courses  of  several  minor  rivers.  Population 
has  b^n  estimated  at  210.OO0.(?)  Surface  mountainous  iu 
the  S.,  where  are  most  of  Its  towns  and  settled  tr.acts.  with 
some  extensive  forests;  it  progres-slvely  declines  northward 
into  a  desert  region,  peopled  only  by  scattered  Toongooses, 
Ostiaks,  Y'akoots,  and  Samoieds.  According  to  Sir  George 
Simps<in,  it  has  the  reputation  of  being  the  worst  governed 
district  in  all  Siberia ;  its  principal  wealth  is  in  the  precious 
metals,  the  country  between  the  Yenesei  and  Angara  being 
the  richest  gold-washing  tract  in  the  E.  part  of  Russian 
Asia.  Principal  towns.  Krasnoyarsk,  the  capital,  Abakausk, 
Atchinsk.  and  Yeniseisk. 

YKNIi^EISK.  lEMSKlSK  or  JENISIESK,  a  city  of  Asiatic 
Russia,  the  capital  of  a  district,  on  the  Y^enesci,  in  lat.  58^* 
27'  17"' X.,  Ion.  92=  16'  48"  E.  Pop.  6000.  It  is  .stated  to  be  3 
miles  In  circumference,  and  has  several  churches  and  con- 
vents, a  custom-house,  and  arsenal,  with  an  active  export 
trade  in  furs,  and  in  Chinese  produce.  It  has  an  annual 
lair,  attended  by  persons  fn'm  the  most  distant  quarters. 

YEXI-SHEUR,  ("New  City,")  several  villages  of  .<sia 
Miuor,  two  occupying  the  site  of  the  ancient  AiUukJiuj  and 
Mj;inf.sia  ad  Meandrwn.   Also  a  name  of  L.^riss.^,  which  see. 

YEXXE,  yjnn.  (anc.  F^nn'naf)  a  market-town  of  Savoy, 
on  the  Rhone.  12  miles  X.W.  of  Chambery.     Pop.  3227. 

YEX-XGAX-FOO.  yJnS'gln-foo',  or  YEVGAX'.  a  town  of 
China,  province  of  Shen-see.  capital  of  a  department. 

YEX-TCIIEOU-FOU.    See  Yex-chow-foo. 

YEO,  a  river  of  England.    See  Ivel. 

YEOMAXDOXG  or  AXOO-PIETOO-MOO  MOUXTAINS. 
See  YiXJMADOsG. 

YEOO,  YEOU  or  YETJ.  yi-oo*.  a  considerable  river  of  Cen- 
tral Africa,  flows  X.  by  E.  near  300  mile.s.  and  falls  into  the 
W.  side  of  Lake  Tchad.  Where  seen  by  Benham  and  Clap- 
perton,  it  wa.s  above  50  yards  wide,  with  nearly  perpendicular 
banks,  a  fine  sandy  bottom,  and  a  strong  current  of  3  or  Sj 
miles  per  hour. 

YEOO  or  YEOr,  a  walled  town  of  Central  Africa,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  above  river.  It  is  of  considerable  size,  ana 
neatlv  built  of  huts. 

Y.  b  »-IJC  or  YEOU-LTTT,  yi-oo/  lyoo.  and  TEOO-LUN  or 
TEOt;-LUX.  yioo'  IQn.  two  islands  between  Kioo-Sioo  .ind  the 
Liio-fhoo  Islands,  respectively  belong  to  China  and  Japan. 

YEOVIL,  yO'vil,  a  market  and  manufacturing  town  and 
parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset,  on  the  Yeo.  an  affluent 
of  the  Parret,  here  crossed  bv  a  bridge,  near  the  borders  of 
Dorsetshire,  6  miles  W.  of  Sherborne.  Pop.  of  the  town,  in 
1851,  5985.  It  has  some  good  houses,  a  church  with  an  an- 
cient crj-pt,  and  a  union  workhouse.  Before  thre!«i  gloves 
came  into  extensive  use,  it  w.ts  estimated  that  20.000  per- 
sons In  Yeovil  and  it*  viciiiitv  wer^^  emploved  in  the  manu- 
ttcture  of  leather  gloves,  of  which  300.000  dozens  were  made 
annually.  Leather-dressing  and  some  small  woollen  manu- 
ujctures  are  also  carried  on. 

YEO'VILTOX.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Somerset. 

Y^EPES.  yi'p^s,  (anc.  Ispi'numf)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  22  miles  E.  of  Toledo.  Pop.  3065.  The  wines  of  Ycpes 
are  in  much  request.  This  is  the  site  of  the  ancient  IlipiK). 
where  the  Celtiberians  defeated  the  Roman  prwtors  0.  Cal- 
purniup  and  L.  Quintus.  who  had  6000  men  slain 

YKPIFAX,  .TEPIFAX,  yjp-e-fin'.  or  JEPITAX.  yjp-e-tln/. 
a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  49  miles  S.E.  of  Toola, 
on  the  Don.     Pop.  1900. 

YERATOLOOS  or  YERABOLUS,  yJr-J'ho.loos,  a  site  in 
North  Syria,  pash.alic  and  60  miles  X.E.  of  Aleppo,  on  the  W. 
UanK  or  the  Euphrates,  where  various  ruins  are  scattered 
'"'?!i..o«?"n;^^'^,P.f'°""^  *°,  in'^icate  the  ancient  Hierap'Ms. 

Y>.RBA-BUEXA,  yjr^  bwi'ni  or  SAN   FllAXCISCO 

Sf  ?AX  I-BANCT8C0.  Hitfrrty^fnge  1.S96 

vbwi.-c''^'^*^^''  '  P-^'-'^hof  .«c,uth  Wales,  co.  of  Pembroke. 
itKtS  y.^iR,  a  river  of  Fiance,  departments  of  Seinenitr 


21512 


YEZ 

Mame  and  Seine-et-Oise,  joins  the  Seine  at  ViUeneuve,  10 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Paris,  after  a  W.  course  of  50  miles. 

YflllES.  a  river  of  France,  department  of  Seine-Iuferieure, 
enters  the  English  Channel  near  Dieppe,  after  a  N.  course 
of  20  miles. 

Y'SrES.  a  Tillage  of  France,  on  a  river  of  its  own  name, 
in  the  department  of  Seiue-etOise,  arrondis.semeut  of  Cor^ 
beil.    Pop.  978. 

YERIM.  yi'rim\  a  small  town  of  Arabia,  district  of  Y'e- 
men,  75  miles  S.E.  of  Sana.     It  ha.«  a  strong  li ill  fort, 

YEIf.MA,  (anc.  G^rinut?)  a  markeMown  of  Asia  Minor, 
Anatoli;i,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Sakareeyah  uinc.  iiartjaritir ,) 
66  miles  S.W.  of  Angora.  It  was  anciently  a  Roman  colony, 
and  it  has  numerous  remains  of  antiquity,  with  some  mine- 
ral baths. 

YER.MALOFF,  an  island  of  the  Padfic.    See  Holt. 

YEROSLAX.  lEROSLAX  or  JEROSLAX,  y.-l-ro-slin', 
written  also  ERUSLA.V  and  .lERASLOX.  a  river  of  Russia, 
rises  iu  the  government  and  about  70  miles  E.X.E.  of  .Sara- 
tov, and  after  a  course  of  nearly  180  miles,  joins  the  A'olga 
IS  miles  above  Kamyshin.  Its  principal  affluent  is  the 
Torgun. 

YERVILLE,  yJr.VePl',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-Inferieure.  arrondi.ssement  of  YvetU.    P.  in  1S52.  1869. 

YE.>HIL-IR.MAK  or  YECHILrlRMAK.  yJsh/il  ir'inik.  or 
ir'm.ik',  written  also  JESCIML-ER.MAK  and  JEKlUBr 
M.\K.  i.e.  "Green  River,"  (anc.  Pris,)  a  river  of  Asia  .Minor, 
pashalic  of  Seevas,  after  a  tortuous  X.  course  of  200  miles 
enters  the  Black  Sea,  12  miles  E.  of  Samsoou.  On  its  bankM 
are  the  towns  of  Tokat,  Ainasia,  and  Charshumba.  Cliief 
affluent,  the  Kelki,  (anc.  Ly'cut.)  from  the  E.,  which  has  a 
longer  course  than  the  river  to  which  it  is  tributary. 

YESIIIL-KOOL  or  YESCUIL-KUL,  (the  "Green  Lake.")  a 
lake  of  Chinese  Toorkistan.  20  miles  X.Fj.  of  Iviria;  lat.  30° 
10'  X.,  Ion.  83°  50'  E.  Length,  from  E.  to  W ..  30  miles.  It 
receives  several  rivers,  and  disposes  of  its  surplus  waters  by 
evaporation. 

Y'ESSO  or  JESSO, yJs/so.  written  also  lESO  and  YEZO ;  and 
sometimes  called  M.VrSM.\I.  mdt.s  ml',  one  of  the  largest  of 
the  Japanese  Islands,  lat.  41°  24'  X.,  Ion.  14o°  9'  E. :  separated 
on  the  S.  from  Xiphon  by  the  Strait  of  S:ingar,  and  N.  from 
the  Island  of  Saghalien  by  La  Perouse  Channel.  Estimated 
area  62,500  square  miles.  K  rugged  mountain  chain  tra- 
verses it  from  N.  to  S.,  and  it  contains  active  and  extinct 
volcanoes,  is  well  watered,  and  has  coasts  indented  by  nu- 
merous bays  and-  harlwrs.  the  best  of  which  are  Volcano 
Bay  and  Edermo,  Its  X.  part  is  very  fertile.  The  products 
comprise  wheat,  rice,  hemp,  tobacco,  fruits,  oak,  elm,  and 
birch  timber,  and  large  quantities  of  dried  salmon  and 
other  fish,  which  are  mostly  exchanged  with  the  Japaue-so 
for  summer  clothing.  There  are  s.^id  to  be  some  valuable 
mines  of  gold  and  silver.  Yesso  is  not  considered  an  in- 
tegral part  of  Japan,  but  a  dependency  of  which  the  Japa- 
nese took  possession  in  consequence  of  the  extension  of  the 
Russian  dominions  into  the  Koorlle  Archipelago.  Itsinhar- 
bitants  preserve  their  own  religion,  laws,  customs,  and  pub- 
lic offices,  though  the  election  to  the  last  has  to  be  confirmed 
in  Japan.  The  principal  city  is  Matsmai.  near  the  S.  coast. 
The  .Strait  of  Y'esso,  between  this  island  and  Koouasheer, 
is  12  miles  acro.ss. 

Y'ESTE.  yOs'tA,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  50  miles 
S.W.  of  .Vlbacete.  Pop.  5900.  It  has  remains  of  a  castle  and 
fortifications,  and  manufactures  of  woollens.  Near  it  are 
meliiinal  baths. 

Y' ESTER,  a  village  of  Scotland.    See  Gjfpord. 

Y'ETIIAX,  a  river  of  Scotland.     See  Y'than. 

Y'ETIIOLM,  yJth'jm.  a  parish  of  Scotland,  In  the  X.E. 
part  of  the  co.  of  Roxburgh,  with  two  contiguous  villages. 
Kirk  and  Town-Y'etholm,  connected  by  a  bridge  acros.s  the 
Beaumont,  near  the  border  of  England,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Kplso, 
Pop.  iu  1851,  1352,  of  whom  about  1000  are  in  the  villages, 
many  in  Kirk-Yetholm  being  gipsies  Yethulm  is  governed 
by  a  baron-lmlie,  and  has  a  gootl  school-house,  several  bene- 
volent societies,  and  2  annual  Cairs  for  live  stock. 

Y'ETHOLM,  a  parish  of  Xew  South  Wales,  East  Australia, 
CO.  of  Roxburgh.  E.  of  Jlelrose. 

Y'ETMIXSTER,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Dorset. 

Y'EU.  an  island  of  Fiance.     See  Ile  D'Yeu. 

Y'EVSr,  lEVST,  JEVST,  JEAVST.  yJvst,  or  EVST,  a  river 
of  Russia,  which  rises  in  the  E.  of  the  government  of  Livo- 
nia, flows  S.S.W.,  and  after  a  cour.se  of  nearly  60  miles  joiny 
the  right  bank  of  the  South  Dwina,  at  the  X.W.  extremity 
of  the  government  of  Vitebsk.  Its  chief  affluent  is  the 
Pedez. 

YEWXDOUX,  yun'doon',  a  town  of  the  Burmese  domin- 
ions, on  the  Irrawaddy,  16  miles  X.X.AV.  of  Prome. 

Y'EWXtJBEXZA,  a  town  of  Burm.ah.    See  YouxaBE>ii.\ 

Y'EZD,  yJzd,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of  a  province,  near 
the  E.  f(X)t  of  a  mountain  range  in  the  Persian  desert  liU 
32"  10'  X.,  Ion.  56°  E.  Its  walls  are,  exclusive  of  a  citaufl, 
separately  fortified,  and  surrounded  by  a  deep  trench.  Tts 
bazaars  are  spacious,  and  it  h.is  flourishing  maniifactui-es 
of  velvets  and  other  silk  fabrics,  cotton  and  woollen  goo.l», 
arms,  and  loaf-sugar.  Provisions  Are  dear,  owing  to  tlie 
sterility  of  the  country  everywhere  around  it.  and  the  c->rii 


YEZ 


YOR 


Cfmsumed  has  mostly  to  he  brought  from  Tspahin.  Among 
the  populatiou  are  many  I'arsees  or  Gheiers,  (fire-worphi|>- 
pers.j  this  beiug  nearly  the  ouly  place  in  Persia  which  they 
inhabit. 

Y  KZDABAD,  yJzMi-b3d',  a  small  town  of  Persia,  province 
of  Bars. 

YEZDIDI,  yezMe-dee',  s  fort  and  village  in  Persian  Ko- 
Uistan. 

YEZDIKIIAST  or  YEZDIKAST,  yiz'de-khf.  written  also 
.TE&DICUUAST  or  JESOIKAST,  a  town  of  Persia,  province 
of  Fars,  on  the  border  of  Irak-Ajemee,  75  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Ispahan.  Pop.  2000.  It  stands  on  a  rocky  height,  enclosed 
by  a  brick  wall.  A  good  deal  of  cotton  and  rice  in  raised  in 
its  neighborhood. 

YEZO,  an  island  of  Japan.    See  Yesso. 

YFFINIAC,  eerfee'ne-Ak',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  COtes-du-Nord,  4  miles  E.S.E.  of  .St.  IJrieuc.    I',  in  lSo2,  22tx5. 

YGHAXDE,  ee^grflxd',  a  market-town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Allier,  18  miles  \V.  of  Moulins.     Pop.  U5U3. 

YIC,  a  river  of  South  America,  Uruguay,  flows  VV.  and 
joins  the  Kio  Negro  after  a  course  Of  120  miles. 

YIELDEN'.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  liedford. 

YIMMO.NG,  a  river  of  Australia.    See  Paterson. 

YIX-LIN-KAN,  yiuMin'k.'in',  a  large  bay  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  island  of  Hainan,  China  Sea,  and  affording  the  best 
anchorage  on  the  coast  of  that  island. 

YKI,  ik'ee,  an  island  of  Japan,  in  the  strait  of  Corea,  15 
miles  -N.W.  of  Kioo-Sioo.     Length  15  miles,  breadth  8  mihis. 

Y'KIMA,  ik^eo'mi,  one  of  the  Madjicosima  Islands,  China 
Sea,  22  miles  S.  of  Typinsan. 

YLO  or  ILO,  ee'lo,  a  town  of  South  Peru,  department 
of  Arequlpa,  province  and  3.i  miles  W.S.W.  of  Moc^uehua,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Ylo  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

YLO  or  ILO,  a  small  seaport  town  of  IJolivia,  at  the  mouth 
of  a  stream  of  its  own  name;  lat.  17°  37'  S.,  Ion.  71°  23'  45" 
W.  It  is  a  poor  place,  with  but  300  iuhalntants,  but  the 
roadstead  is  the  best  ou  the  ooa.st.  The  trade  is  chiefly  in 
guano.  One  of  the  peaks  of  the  Andes  behind  Ylo  is  esti- 
mated by  Meyen  at  from  19,000  feet  to  20,000  feet  in  height. 

YLOE  or  ILOE,  e-lo-4/,  one  of  the  Calamianes  Islands 
Group,  Malay  Archipelago,  N.K.  of  Palawan.  Area  65  square 
miles. 

Y'LOPANGO,  e-lo-pjng'go,  a  lake  of  Central  America,  state 
and  6  miles  E.  of  San  Salvador,  about  9  miles  long  from  E. 
to  VV..  by  3  miles  broad.  It  is  very  steep  and  rugged  on  its 
N.  and  S.  sides,  of  great  depth,  and  with  all  the  appearance 
of  an  extinct  crater.  The  water  when  at  re.st  is  of  an  azure 
hue,  but  when  agitated  assumes  a  parrot-green  color,  and 
exhales  a  sulphurous  odor. 

YLO  YLO,  e-lo'e-lo,  a  town  on  the  S.E.  coast  of  the  Philip- 
pine Island  of  Panay,  opposite  the  island  of  Guimaris;  lat. 
10°  41'  N.,  Ion.  122°  36'  K. 

YLST  or  IJLST,  list,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  Friesland,  li  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sneek.     Pop.  1250. 

Y'NGAREN,  iing'g4-r§n.  a  lake  of  Sweden,  Ijen  of  Nykiip- 
Ing,  20  miles  long  by  5  miles  broad.  It  discharges  its  sur- 
plus waters  into  the  Baltic. 

YXIKSTA,  a  town  of  Spain.    See  Hixiesta. 

YXOUSKI.  a  post-ofRce  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan. 

YNYS-CYNIIAIAKN,  in'is  kinhi'arn,  a  parish  of  North 
Wales,  CO.  of  Carnarvon. 

YOCALL.A,  yo-kdl'yd,  a  small  town  of  Bolivia,  department 
and  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Potosi. 

YOCKXAPATAL'FA,  a  creek  of  Mississippi,  rising  near 
the  ]•;.  border  of  Lafayette  county.  Hows  westward  and  en- 
ters the  Tallahatchie  Kiver,  near  the  S.  boundary  of  Panola 
county. 

Y't)CO'XY,  a  post-office  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi. 

VO'CUM  STATION,  a  postoffioeof  Lee  co.,  Virginia. 

ViyCU-MTOWX'.  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
0  miles  S.s.K.  of  llarnslnirg. 

YO'DO,  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  5  miles  S.W. 
of  .Miako. 

Yi>HiJGANY.    See  YooGHiooHEur. 

YOK.^ITZ,  yo-kits',  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon, 
on  Ovnri  Bay.     Pop.  4000. 

YilLA.yo'ld.  a  city  of  Central  Africa,  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  .\damaua  or  Fumbina,  'M'i  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Kooka,  in 
a  swampy  plain,  inundated  during  the  rainy  season  by  an 
inlet  of  the  IJenue  or  Benuel.  It  covers  a  large  area  about 
2i  miles  from  E.  to  W.  by  li  miles  from  N.  to  S. 

YO'LO,  a  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  California,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  aliout  1260  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
in  the  E.  by  the  Sacramento  Kiver,  partly  on  the  S.W.  by 
('uta.  Kiver,  and  on  the  \V.  by  the  Coast  Range  Mountains, 
and  is  drained  by  Cache  Creek,  which  flows  from  Clear 
Lake.  The  surface  in  the  E.  part  is  generally  level,  or  but 
slightly  uneven,  and  in  the  W.  rough  and  mountainous. 
The  soil  in  the  level  portions,  especially  in  the  valley  of 
the  Sacramento,  is  very  fertile.  Gold  is  found  in  this  county, 
but  is  not  very  abundant;  it  is  principally  embedded  in 
auartz  rock.  "The  Sacramento  River  is  navigable  along  the 
£.  border.    Capital,  Fremont  or  Woodland.    Pop.  4716. 

YOLOM'HO,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  department  of  Con- 
dinaiuajca,  Ji.X.W.  of  Bogota.    Pop.  ItloO. 


YOM'BER  ISLAND,  one  of  the  Bissago.-!  Islands,  off  tin 
W.  coast  of  Africa.  30  miles  S.  of  Bulama,  and  separateil 
from  the  mainland  by  a  dangerous  channel,  15  miles  acrogv 

Yi>NCAL'L.\.  a  post-office  of  Umpqua  co.,  Oregon. 

YOXGE  MILLS,  u  post-village  of  C.^nadaW'est,  county  ol 
Leeds,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Brockville.     Pop.  about  176. 

.  YOXG-TCHANG,  a  town  of  China.    See  Yung-tchato. 

YOXI,  yo/nee,  a  village  of  West  Africa,  on  Sherborougb 
Island,  86  miles  S.K.  of  Sierra-Leone,  and  where  a  treaty 
between  the  British  and  some  native  chiefs  was  concluded 
m  1825. 

YOXK'ERS,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  West> 
Chester  co..  New  York,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Hudson  Kiver 
and  on  the  Hudson  River  Railroad,  17  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
New  York.  The  village  contains y  churches, 2  banks,  3  news- 
paper offices,  1  armory,  several  seminnries,  a  good  hotel,  2 
manufactories  of  wool  hats,  and  various  other  factories. 
Many  merchants  and  othei  citizens  of  New  York  have  fine 
country-seats  in  the  village  and  vicinity.  Pop.  in  1860,  about 
8000;  of  the  township,  11,84s. 

YOKMA,  a  town  of  Saxe-Coburg.    See  GrSpentonita. 

Y'ONNE,  yonn/,  (anc.  Jcanna.l)  a  river  of  France,  rises  in 
the  E.  of  the  department  of  Nievre,  flows  N.  past  Clamecy, 
departmentof  Auxerre,(  where  it  becomes  navigable.)  Joigny, 
Villeueuve-Ie-Koi,  Seng,  Pont-sur-Y'onne.  and  joins  the  Seine 
at  Montereau.  Ixingth  155  miles.  Chief  affluent,  the  Ar- 
niangoa  on  the  right.  It  is  connected  with  the  Seine  by 
theCaaal  of  Burgundy,  (Bourgogne,)  and  the  Loire  by  that 
of  Xivornais. 

YONXTE,  a  department  in  the  N.E.  of  France,  formed  ot 
part  of  the  old  province  of  Burgundy,  between  the  depart- 
ments of  Seine-et-Marne.  Loiret,  Nievre,  Cote-d'Or,  and 
Aube.  Area  2781  square  miles.  Pop.  in  ls61,  370,306.  Sur- 
face undulating,  with  rich  pasture  lands.  Chief  rivers,  the 
Y'onne,  with  its  affluents,  the  Cure.  Armaneon,  and  Vannes. 
The  soil  is  rich  in  grain,  and  produces  excellent  wino. 
The  chief  mineral  products  are  iron,  lithographic  stones, 
and  ochre.  The  department  is  traversed  by  the  railway 
from  Paris  to  Lyons.  The  manufactures  comprise  woollen 
and  cotton  cloths,  and  beet-root  sugar.  The  principjil  ex- 
ports are  timber,  corn,  and  wino.  The  department  is  divided 
into  the  arrondissements  of  Auxerre,  Avallon,  Joigny,  Sens, 
and  Tonnere.    Capital,  Auxerre. 

YOODO.MA,  lOUDOMA  or  JUDOMA.  joo-do/mi. a  river  ot 
Siberia,  rises  in  the  Mountains  of  Okhotsk,  in  lat.  60°  30'  N., 
and  ion.  140°  E.,  flows  S.S.W.  and  joins  the  Maia,  after  an 
impetuous  course  of  about  170  miles. 

YOOG.  lOUG.  JOUO  or  JUG,  yoog,  a  river  of  Rustsia,  after  » 
N.N.K.  course  of  about  220  miles,  joins  the  Sookhonaa  little 
below  the  town  of  Oostioog-Velikee. 

YOOGAX  (lOUGAN  or  YUOAN)  BOLSHOT,  yoo-gJn/  bol- 
shoi',  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  rises  in  the  government  of 
Tobolsk,  lat.  68°  N..  and  Ion.  75°  E.,  flows  N.N.W..  and  joins 
the  Obi.  20  miles  S.W.  of  -Soorgoot.    Length  about  228  miles. 

Y(X)KHXOV,  lOUKHXOV  or  JUCHXOW,  yooK-novA  a 
town  of  Ku«sia,  government  of  Smoieusk,  on  the  Oogra,  -15 
miles  S.E.  of  Yiazma.     Pop.  1500. 

YOOKHXOVKA.  lOUKHNOVKA  or  JUCH.XOWK.A.  yooK- 
nov/ki.  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  N.E.  of  Minsk. 

YOOI-OOXG-SHAN,  a  mountain  of  China.     See  SiUK  SnA.v 

YOOM'ADUNG',  a  mountain  range  of  Further  India, 
stretching  nearly  due  N.  from  Cape  Xegrais,  in  lat.  16°. 
through  British  Pegu,  and  between  Aracan  and  Ava  to  lat 
22°  N.  It  is  the  S.  continuation  of  a  great  mountain  chiiin, 
which  commences  in  the  S.  of  Assam.  Its  highest  summit 
has  an  elevation  of  atwut  8000  feet. 

YOOXASKA  or  YOUXASKA,  yoo-n,^s'ka.  one  of  the  Aleu- 
tian islands,  lat  52  °40'  X..  Ion.  170°  15'  W..  about  15  miles 
long  from  X.E.  to  S.W..  with  a  high  mountain  in  the  centre. 

YOOKBOORG,  lOURBOURO,  JUHBUIIO  or  YURBUKG, 
yooR'booRg'.  or  GEORGKXBOURG.  g.WR'ghfn-booRg\  a  town 
of  Russia,  government  and  110  miles  W.N.W.  of  Vilna,  on 
the  Niemen. 

YOORIEVKTS  POVOLSKOI  or  JURIEVKTZ  POVOI, 
SKOI,  yoo-re4v-Jts'  po-vol'skoi,  written  al,<o  JURJEVKTZ- 
POWOLSKOI,  a  town  of  Kus.sia.  government,  and  84  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Kostroma,  on  the  A'olga.     Pop.  2500. 

YOORlEV-POLSKOIorJURlEV-POLSKOI.yoo-re-^v'pol/. 
skoi.  written  also  JURJEV-POLSKIJ.)  a  town  of  Kussia, 
government,  and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Vladimeer.  Pop.  2225. 
It  was  founded  in  1155,  and  has  a  kremlin  or  citadel,  and  a 
trade  in  furs. 

YOOT-SIMA,  yoot^see'mi.  a  small  island  of  Japan,  N.W. 
of  Cape  Noto,  Niphon.  in  lat.  37°  51'  N..  Ion.  130°  40'  E. 

YOOZGAT,  YUZGAT,  yooz'gdf,  YUZKAT.  USCAT  or 
OOS'CAT'.  a  town  of  Asia  .Minor,  pashalic  of  Seevas.  in  a 
narrow  valley,  55  miles  S.  of  Tchorum.  It  is  neat,  clean, 
and  enclosed  by  walls.  Under  the  patronage  of  the  Chapan- 
Ogloo  family  it  rose  into  importance  during  the  last  cen- 
tury, previous  to  which  it  had  been  only  an  insignificant 
village.  Principal  edifices,  the  Citadel,  and  a  mosque  built 
in  imitation  of  St.  Sophia's  at  Con-stantinople. 

Y'ORE,  yor.  or  URE,  yoor,  a  river  of  England,  rises  among 
the  mountains,  between  the  counties  of  Wefitmcreland  and 
York,  flows  S.E.  through  th<i  latter  county,  forming  part  of 

2153 


roK 

the  boundary  betwe«n  Its  North  and  West  Ridinars.  and  at  I 
Aldboroii  i'h  unites  with  the  Swalo  in  forming  the  Ouse.         ; 

YOKGAX-LAUIK.     See  Ladik. 

YOItK  or  YORKSHIRE,  york'shir.  the  hirpest  county  of 
En^'lsnd,  is  situated  in  its  N.  part,  between  lat,  53^  18'  and 
51=  4.)'  N.,  and  Ion.  0=  10'  E.  and  2°  37'  W..  having  E.  the 
North  Sea,  and  landward  the  counties  of  Durham.  'West- 
moreland. Lancashire.  Cheshire,  Derby.  Notts,  and  Linooln. 
from  "-/hich  last  it  is  mostly  separated  by  the  estuary  of  the 
number.  Area  5979  square  miI(!S.  or  3,826,500  acres,  of 
which  about  2,500,000  are  estimated  to  be  productive.  Pop. 
in  1861.  1,797.995.  The  surface  is  very  much  diversified; 
in  the  N.W.  are  some  of  the  highest  mountains  in  England ; 
elsewhere  barren  moors  are  alternated  with  some  of  the 
richest  tracts  in  the  kingdom.  In  the  W.  are  limestone 
and  coal  strata,  succeetled  towards  the  E.  by  lias,  oolite,  and 
chalk.  The  rivers,  including  the  Don,  Wharfe.  Aire.  Yore, 
Swale,  Derwent,  and  Hull,  are  all  tributaries  of  the  Ouse 
aud  number,  except  the  Tees,  forming  the  N.  boundary, 
and  the  Ribble  in  the  extreme  W.  Yorkshire  is  both  an 
agricultural  and  grazing,  and  a  manufacturing  county  of 
the  first  rank.  Large  numbers  of  horses  are  bred;  and  the 
county  supplies  many  of  the  cows  used  in  the  London 
dairies.  The  sheep  have  been  estimate<l  at  1,200,000,  and 
the  annual  produce  of  wool  at  2800  packs.  Hogs  are  nume- 
rous, and  York  is  famous  for  its  Iiams.  The  W.  division  of 
the  county  is  the  chief  seat  of  mining  and  manufacturing 
industry. 

The  following  Table  shows  the  number  of  factories  in 
operation  in  the  county  of  York,  in  1850,  with  the  number 
of  spindles  and  power-looms  they  contained : — 


Factories. 

Spindles. 

Power-looms. 

Cotton 

■Woollen      .... 
Worsted      .... 

Flax 

Silk 

227 
R80 
418 
60 
16 

1,943,897 
9:'5,H9 
746,-.'81 
82,768 
128,S08 

8,103 

3,849 

30,856 

991 

Total    .    .    . 

1,601 

3,827.203 

43,798 

The  county  is  divided  into  North,  East,  and  West  Ridings. 
(a  name  said  to  be  derived  from  a  Saxon  word  siirnifying 
thirds.)  each  of  which  sends  2  members  to  the  House  of 
Commons;  and  into  the  Ainsty  of  the  city  of  Yoi-k.  It  con- 
tains one  archiepiscopal  city,  in  the  see  of  which,  and  that 
of  l{ipon.  it  is  mostly  comprised;  it  lias  17  parliamentary 
boroughs  and  59  market-towns.  It  sends  with  its  boroughs 
19  members  to  the  House  of  Commons. 

The  AiNSTT  OF  Y'ORK.  immediately  S.W.  of  the  city  of  Y'ork. 
comprises  an  area  of  86  square  miles,  or  55.040  acre.s.  Pop. 
in  1851,  36..503.  Except  so  far  as  the  city  is  concerned,  it  is 
Included  in  the  West  Riding. 

The  East  Rimno  :  area  1201  square  miles,  or  768.640  acres ; 
pop.  in  1851. 220.983;  comprising  the  hilly  district  termed  the 
Wolds,  and  much  moorland.  It  is  watered  by  the  Derwent 
and  Hull  Rivers,  and  is  traversed  along  it.«  S'  extremity  by 
the  Hull  and  Selby  R.ailway.  It  contains  the  towns  of  Hull. 
Beverley,  Great  Driffield,  Market-Wejghton,  Pocklington^ 
and  Bridlington. 

The  North  Ridixg;  area  2109  square  miles,  or  1,^49.760 
acres:  pop.  in  1861,  215,214:  is  chiefly  famous  as  a  grazing 
country.  It  contains  the  rich  agricultural  districts  of  Cleve- 
land and  Ryedale.  and  has  mines  of  alum  and  lead,  with 
freestone  and  marble  quarries.  Principal  rivers,  the  Yore. 
Swale,  and  Tees ;  it  is  traversed  by  the  Groat  North  of  Ens- 
land  Railway,  and  the  lines  from  Y'ork  to  Whitby  and  Scarbo- 
rough. Within  it  are  the  towns  of  Northallerton,  (which 
may  be  considered  its  capital.)  Boroughbridge.  Richmond. 
Thirsk.  Stokesley,  Kirkby-Moorside,  Pickering,  Scarborough, 
and  Whitby. 

The  West  RroiNO  comprises  all  the  S.  and  W.  parts  of 
Yorkshire,  and  borders  on  six  other  counties.  Area,  ex- 
cluding Ainsty,  2583  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1851.  1..325.495. 
The  surfiice  is  very  irregular ;  it  contains  some  of  the  best  land 
and  most  picturesque  scenery  in  England.  Principal  rivers, 
the  Wharfe.  Calder.  Aire,  Don,  and  Ribble;  it  is  intersected 
by  numerous  canals  and  by  railways  between  all  of  its  large 
towns.  About  12.000  acres  of  common  land  have  been  en- 
closed and  n-ndered  arable.  The  princi|>al  crop  is  wheat. 
Timber  is  pb'ntiful.  and  a  large  part  of  the  surface  is  in 
pasture;  though  less  attention  has  been  paid  to  caUle 
breedmg  than  in  the  other  Ridinss.  The  valuable  coal- 
beds  around  Leeds.  Sheffield,  Bradford,  and  Wakefield,  have 
been  a  main  source  of  the  prosperitv  of  those  towns;  iron. 
Htone,  and  lead,  at  Gras.«ington  and  "Patelev-bridge.  are  also 
abundant.  In  manufa<:turintt  industry,  "this  Riding  has 
Imiyjrtance  e<iual  to  that  of  South  Lancashire.  I^eds,  Brad- 
ford, Hud.lprsfield.  Halifax.  Wakefisld,  and  Dewsbury,  are 
the  great  seats  of  the  English  woollen  manufacture;  flax- 
rpinnlng  is  extensively  carried  on  at  Lee<1s;  Sheffield  has 
nianufactures  of  the  Iwst  cutlery  and  hardwares;  and  Ro- 
therhani  posswseg  large  iron  works.  Cotton  manufactures 
have  been  established  at  Ea«ingwoM.  Besides  the  above- 
2154 


YOR 

named  towns,  Pontefract.  Barnsley,  Doncnster,  Bawtrey, 
Thorne,  Goole,  Selby,  Wetherby,  Otiey.  KnaresborougU, 
Ripley,  Ripon,  and  Skeptou,  are  in  this  Riding. 

YORK,  (British,  Ccier  IQI'ioc ;  L.  ElmrvJcnm.)  the  second 
city  of  England  in  point  of  rank,  though  not  in  size  or  com- 
mercial importance,  a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough 
and  county  of  itself,  capital  of  the  county  of  York,  near 
the  centre  of  which  it  stands,  at  the  junction  of  the  three 
Ridings  and  Ainsty,  on  the  Ouse,  at  the  influx  of  the  Fosk, 
and  at  the  meeting  of  the  railways  from  Berwick.  Londor, 
and  the  central  counties,  22  miles  N.E.  of  Leeds;  lat.  53° 
67'  46"  N.,  Ion.  1°  4'  34"  W.  Pop.  of  the  city  in  1851, 
36,303;  in  1861  it  was  40.377.  It  consists  of  the  city 
proper,  and  of  suburbs,  situated  chiefly  across  the  Foss, 
and  communicating  with  it  by  several  bridges.  The  city, 
embracing  a  circuit  of  nearly  3  miles,  is  enclosed  by  ancient 
walls,  originally  Roman,  but  restored  by  Edward  I.,  and 
partly  repaired  in  recent  times,  and  is  entered  by  four  prin- 
cipal gates  of  imposing  structure ;  it  is  built  for  the  most  part 
in  narrow  irregular  streets,  often  lined  with  houses  of  very 
antique  appearance.  The  work  of  improvement,  however, 
has  been  rapidly  carried  on,  and  while  many  of  the  older 
parts  of  the  city  have  been  modernized,  many  handsome 
ranges  of  buildings  have  risen  up.  both  within  it  and  the 
suburbs.  By  far  the  finest  quarter  is  near  the  centre,  where 
a  spacious  thoroughfare,  called  Parliament  .Street,  is  termi- 
nated at  one  extremity  by  Sampson  Square,  and  at  the 
other  by  the  Pavement,  in  which  the  markets  are  held. 

Among  the  public  edifices,  the  great  object  of  attraction 
is  the  Minster  or  Cathedral,  which  dates  from  the  7th  cen- 
tury, but  did  not  begin  to  assume  its  present  form  till  1171, 
and  was  not  completed  till  1472.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a  cross,  with  a  square  massive  tower  rising  from  the  inter- 
section to  the  height  of  2-36  feet,  and  two  other  lofty  towers 
of  graceful  proportion,  196  feet,  flanking  a  gorgeous  and 
richly  decorated  western  front.  This  front  is  divided  by 
panelled  buttresses  into  three  compartments,  of  which  that 
in  the  centre  is  chiefly  occupied  by  a  beautiful  window  and 
a  splendid  portal,  forming  the  principal  entrance.  Measured 
without  the  walls,  the  whole  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  524  feet, 
and  the  width  across  the  transepts,  from  N.  to.  S.,  222  feet; 
length,  from  the  W.  AooT  to  the  choir,  264  feet ;  length  of 
choir,  lt)2  feet;  breadth  of  body  and  side-aisles.  109  feet.  The 
impression  produced  by  the  exterior  of  the  building  is  fully 
sustained  by  the  interior,  which  consists  chiefly  of  a  lofty 
nave,  separated  from  its  aisles  by  long  ranges  of  finely  clus- 
tered columns,  a  still  loftier  choir,  lighted  by  a  magnificent 
and  beautifully-painted  window,  and  a  lady-chai>el  contain- 
ing some  beautiful  monuments.  This  noble  ecclesiastical 
edifice,  the  largest  and  finest  of  which  England  can  boast, 
recently  sustained  serious  damage,  and  narrowly  escaped 
total  destruction  from  fire,  caused  in  1829  by  an  iucendiary 
lunatic,  and  in  1840  by  the  negligence  of  a  workmsi;.  The 
Chapter-house,  entered  from  the  N.  transept  of  the  cathe- 
dral, is  in  the  form  of  a  richly  decorated  octagon,  and  near 
it  is  a  fine  old  chap«d,  originally  forming  part  ot  the  old 
archiepiscopal  palace,  and  now  appropriated  to  the  library. 
The  see  of  Y'ork  comprises  the  East  and  West  Ridings  of 
the  county  and  the  archdeaconry  of  Cleveland ;  the  autho- 
rity of  the  archbishop  extends  over  the  province  of  York, 
the  archbi.shopric  consisting  of  the  bishoprics  of  Durham, 
Carlisle,  Chester,  Ripon,  and  Sodor  and  5Ian. 

Many  of  the  other  chuithes  are  handsome  edifices;  St 
Michael-le-Belfry  and  St.  Martin's  are  built  in  the  late 
perpendicular  style;  All-Saints,  St  Mary'.s.  Ca,stlegate,  St, 
Denis.  St.  Lawrence,  St.  JIargaret,  and  St.  Mary  Bishop-hill 
the  Elder,  are  all  fine  structures ;  All-Saints  is  in  part 
built  of  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  £fioracum.  The  Slanision- 
house.  with  an  Ionic  colonnade  and  a  fine  state-room ;  the 
Guild-hall,  a  noble  Gothic  structure  of  the  loth  century; 
the  Assembly-rooms.  Coucert-hall.  Theatre,  buildings  of  the 
Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society,  Museum.  Subscription  Li- 
brary with  17.000  volumes.  City  Jail.  Roman  Catholic  and 
several  other  dissenting  chapels,  and  the  chief  railway  sta- 
tion, are  among  the  numerous  public  buildings  deserving 
of  notice.  Outside  of  the  city  are  the  County  Hospital ;  a 
lunatic  asylum,  independent  of  the  Retreat,  another  and 
famous  institution  for  the  insane,  about  1  mile  distant, 
manased  by  the  Society  of  Friends;  the  Cavalry  Barnicks, 
and  Bishopsthorpe  Piilace.  the  residence  of  the  archbishop. 
A  fine  planted  walk  extends  along  the  Ouse,  and  near  it 
are  excellent  baths.  Y'ork  has  seve»al  Roman  antiq\iities, 
the  remains  of  an  abbey  founded  by  William  Rufus,  and 
of  a  college  founded  by  Henry  VI.  Charities  are  very  nu- 
merous, and  have  an  aggregate  revenue  of  about  4o00i. 
annually.  The  city  was  until  lately  the  seat  of  the  princi- 
pal Unitarian  college,  now  removed  to  Manchester  Courts 
of  assize  for  the  city  and  county  are  held  in  it  twice  snnu- 
ally.  It  has  quarter  sessions,  a  court  of  plea.s,  and  petty 
sessions  twice  a  week.  Several  commercial  corpijratic  is  ex- 
ist in  the  city;  it  has  also  2  important  banking  companies. 
Glass  and  iron  wares,  carpets,  white  and  red  lead,  linens, 
woollens,  paper  hangings,  and  many  article?  of  Iutu  "y  are 
manufactured.  Y'ork  has  an  active  .rade  in  tho  import  of 
coal,  but  its  chief  prosperity  is  due  ( k  its  he  ug  resor^rjd  Ui 


YOR 

by  the  fteiitry  of  North  England,  as  a  kind  of  northern 
met  -DpolU.  It  communicates  by  the  Great  North  of  Kng- 
l*nd  Itailway  with  Dnrlington,  Durhiim,  and  Newcastle;  by 
the  York  and  North  Midland  Railway  with  Sheffield  and 
Derby ;  and  by  otlier  railways  with  Whitby,  Hull,  and  Scar- 
borough, &c.  Races  are  held  three  times  annually,  about 
1  mile  south  of  the  city. 

The  origin  of  York  is  so  ancient  as  to  be  almost  lost  in 
fable.  Under  the  Romans  it  was  the  residence  of  Hadrian. 
Severus,  Constantius  Chlorus,  Conatantine,  and  other  empe- 
rors, and  the  funeral  obsequies  of  Severus,  who  died  here 
A.  D.  212,  are  supposed  to  have  been  performed  on  Sivers 
Hill,  W.  of  the  city.  Under  the  Saxons  it  was  successively 
the  capital  of  the  kingdoms  of  Northumbria  and  Deira. 
Edwin,  King  of  Northumbria,  decreed  it  an  archiepiscopal 
see  in  624.  In  the  8th  century  its  diocesan  school  attracted 
students  not  only  from  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  but  from 
France  and  Germany,  and  sent  out  scholars  who  afterwards 
acquired  a  European  fame.  In  after-times  it  makes  a  dis- 
tinguished figure  in  almost  all  the  great  epochs  and  events 
of  English  history.  It  suffered  greatly  for  opposing  William 
the  Conqueror.  In  the  civil  wars  it  sided  actively  with  the 
king,  but  it  was  equally  noted  for  its  opposition  to  the  arbi- 
trary decrees  of  James  II.  As  a  borough  it  is  governed  by 
a  lord-mayor,  12  aldermen,  and  36  councillors;  and  sends  2 
members  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Among  its  distin- 
guished natives  were  Alcuin,  the  pupil  of  Bt-de,  and  tutor 
to  the  family  of  Charlemagne ;  Dr.  Porteoua,  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don ;  Sir  T.  Herb«;rt,  the  Oriental  traveller;  Flaxman,  the 
Bculptor;  and  William  Etty,  the  painter. 

YORK,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Maine, 
has  an  area  of  about  820  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Saco  and  Ossipoe  Rivers,  on  the  S.E.  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  Salmon  Falls  River  runs  along  its 
S.W.  border,  separating  it  from  New  Hampshire.  The  sea- 
coast  has  mau3'  goo<l  harbors,  and  ship-building  Is  exten- 
sively carried  on.  This  county  has  several  streams,  which 
afford  valuable  water-power.  The  surface  is  rough  and 
uneven,  and  the  soil  on  the  sea-coast  rocky,  but  in  some 
portions  of  the  interior  it  is  more  fertile.  In  1850  the  county 
produced  511,773  bushels  of  potatoes,  the  greatest  quantity 
produced  in  any  county  in  the  state.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Portland  Saco  and  Portsmouth  Railroad,  and  by  the 
route  of  the  York  and  Gumherland  Railroad,  unfinished. 
Named  from  York,  a  county  in  England.  Capital,  Alfred. 
Pop.  02,107. 

YORK,  a  county  In  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
bordering  on  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  925;  square  miles. 
The  Susquehanna  River  forms  its  entire  boundary  on  the 
N.E. ;  it  is  also  intersected  by  ConewagiJ  and  Cotlorus  Creeks, 
and  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  Yellow  Breeches  Creek.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  minor  mountain  ridges,  called  South 
Mountain,  Conewago,  and  Pigeon  Hills.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally good,  and  part  of  it  is  excellent,  and  highly  cultivated. 
In  1850  this  county  produced  418,555  pounds  of  tobacco,  the 
greatest  quantity  produced  by  any  county  of  the  state.  The 
creeks  furnish  extensive  motive  power.  Quarries  of  lime- 
stone, slate,  and  sandstone,  suitable  for  building,  are  worked. 
York  county  is  intersected  by  the  Northern  Central  Rail- 
road, which  connects  it  with  Baltimore.  The  York  and 
Wrightsville  and  the  Hanover  Branch  Railroads  are  in- 
cluded in  the  county.  Organized  in  1749.  Capital,  Y'ork. 
Pop.  68,200. 

YORK,  a  county  of  Virginia,  Is  situated  in  the  S.E.  part, 
at  the  entranceof  York  River  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  which 
together  forms  its  N.E.  boundary.  The  area  is  70  square 
mile.s.  The  surface  is  nearly  level  or  undulating,  and  much 
of  the  soil  is  fertile.  Large  quantities  of  oysters  are  taken 
In  York  River,  and  exported  to  the  Northern  cities.  Capital, 
Yorktown.  Pop.  4949,  of  whom  3024  were  free,  and  1925 
slaves. 

YORK,  a  district  in  the  N.  part  of  South  Carolina,  bonler- 
ing  on  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square 
miles.  The  Catawba  forms  its  boundary  on  the  E.  and  N.E., 
the  Broad  River  on  the  W'.,  and  it  is  drained  by  Buffalo, 
Allison's,  King's,  and  Fishing  Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly 
or  mountainous.  The  most  remarkable  elevation  is  King's 
Mountain,  on  the  northern  border,  near  which  a  victory  was 
gained  by  the  American  troops  over  the  British  in  1780. 
The  soil  in  some  parts  is  productive.  The  district  contains 
iron  ore  of  fine  quality  and  in  great  abundance;  gold  is 
found  in  one  or  two  localities;  a  rich  deposit  of  manganese 
has  recently  been  discovered  at  the  foot  of  King's  Mountain, 
and  limestone  xinderlies  a  considerable  part  of  the  surface. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Rail- 
road, and  in  part  by  the  King's  Mountain  Railroad.  Capital, 
Yorkville.  Pop.  21,502,  of  whom  11,518  were  free,  and  9984 
slaves. 

YORK,  a  post-village,  township,  and  port  of  entry  of  York 
county.  Maine,  on  the  N.  or  left  bank  of  York  River,  about 
45  miles  S.W.  of  Portland,  and  9  miles  N.E.  of  Portsmouth. 
Th"  village  is  regularly  laid  out  with  streets  intei-.secting 
racn  otiivt  dt  right  angles,  it  has  considerable  commercial 
advantasies.  the  hnroor  being  commodious,  and  the  river 
uaviijaDie  to  this  point,  (I5  miles  from  the  ocean,)  for  vessels 


YOR 

of  250  tons  burden.  The  shipping  of  th:  district,  June  30, 
1854,  amounted  to  an  aggregate  of  1865  tons  enrolled  and 
licensed.  York  was  incorponited  in  1653,  and  for  many 
years  was  the  capital  of  the  county.    Pop.  2825. 

Y'ORK,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  CO.,  New  York,  on 
the  Genesee  River,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Geneseo.     Pop.  2743. 

YORK,  a  wealtliy  post-borough,  the  capital  of  York 
county,  Pennsylvania,  sitiuited  on  Codorus  Creek,  10  miles 
S.W'.  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Harris- 
burg,  24  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Lancaster,  48  miles  N.  of  Balti- 
more, and  92  miles  from  Philadelphia,  with  all  which  towns 
it  is  connected  by  railways.  Numerous  turnpikes,  extend- 
ing in  various  directions,  connect  tliis  place  with  the  princi- 
pal towns  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland.  The  Northern 
Central  Railroad  connects  York  with  Baltimore  on  tlie  one 
band,  and  Harrisburg  on  the  other.  The  town  is  neatly 
and  substantially  built,  and  contains  many  fine  residences 
and  public  buildings.  The  most  remarkable  among  the 
latter  is  the  court-house,  a  large  edifice  of  granite,  rfsem- 
bling  a  Grecian  temple;  it  cost  Sl.iOjtWO.  Several  of  the 
churches  are  adorned  with  lofty  spires.  It  cont'iins  18 
churches  and  3  banks.with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1 .100,000, 
Six  newsi)aper8  are  i)uliliBhed  here.  York  is  surroundi^d 
by  a  populous  and  fertile  farming  region,  which  is  well 
watered  and  highly  cnltivated.  Here  are  3  foundries,  2  car 
factories,  2  planing-mills,  a  condensed  milk  factory,  and  a 
large  United  States  hospitaj.  In  1777  the  Continental  C<m- 
gress  met  at  this  place,  w  hile  Philadelphia  was  occupied  by 
the  British  army.  Laid  out  in  1741.  Pop.  of  the  borough 
in  1850,  6863;  in  1860,  8605. 

YORK,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Georgia,  87  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Milledgeville. 

Y'ORK,  a  small  post-village  of  Walker  co.,  Alabama. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1836. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Belmont  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  1610. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  625. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Medina  co,,  Ohio.     Pop.  1069. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1108. 

YORK,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  San- 
dusky CO.,  Ohio,  intersected  by  tlie  Sandusky  and  Dayton 
and  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo"Railroads.     Pop.  1619. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Tusc-arawas  co.,  Ohio.     Pop,  979. 

YORK,  a  post-township  of  Union  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1324. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Van  Wert  co ,  Ohio.     Pop.  782. 

YORK,  a  post-township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Wiishtenaw 
CO,,  Michigan.     Pop.  1573. 

YORK,  a  post-ofHce  of  Gibson  CO..  Indiana. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  674. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  6.36. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Switzerland  co..  Indiana.  Pop.  loll. 

YORK,  a  email  village  of  Clarke  r.o.,  Illinois. 

YORK,  a  postvillage  of  Crawford  co,,  Illinois,  on  the  Wa- 
bash River,  142  miles  E,S.E,  of  Springfield. 

YORK,  a  post-ofiBce  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 

YORK,  a  county  of  Canada  W^est,  centrally  situated,  and 
drained  by  the  Humber,  Rouge,  and  Don  Rivers,  flowing 
into  Lake  Ontario,  which  bounds  it  on  the  S..  and  several 
small  streams  entering  Lake  Simcoe,  which  forms  part  of 
its  northern  boundary.  Area  808  square  miles.  Pop.  in 
1852,  79,719.    Capital,  Toronto. 

Y'ORK,  an  extensive  county  in  the  S.W,  part  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, bordering  on  Maine.  It  is  intersected  by  the  St. 
John.s,  and  is  bounded  on  the  AV. S.W.  by  the  St.  Croix  River 
and  Grand  Lake.  There  are  also  a  great  number  of  other 
lakes  in  the  county.  Besides  these  .«heets  of  water,  the  sur- 
face is  agreeably  diversified  with  mountains  and  valleys.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  and  .some  advancement  has  been  made  in  agri- 
culture, although  the  county  is  chiefly  occupied  by  immense 
forests. 

Y'ORK,  a  post-village  of  Canada  West,  co,  of  Haldimand, 
on  the  Grand  River,  19  miles  S.  of  Hamilton.     P.  about  250. 

Y'ORK,  the  former  name  of  Toronto.  Canada  West, 

Y'ORK,  a  fort  of  British  North  America,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Hudson  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Hayes  River,  lat.  57°  N., 
Ion,  92°  26'  W. 

YORK,  a  village  of  West  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  Sierra  Leone,  15  miles  S.  of  Freetown, 

Y'ORK,  a  county  of  West  Australia,  having  N.  the  county 
of  Victoria,  E.  Howick,  S.  Grantham,  and  W.  Perth.  The 
river  .A.von  traverses  it  from  S.  to  N.,  and  on  its  banks  are 
the  townships  of  Beverley.  York,  and  Northam.  The  town- 
ship of  York  is  about  60  miles  K,  of  Perth. 

YORK,  a  town  of  Van  Diemen's  Land.  co.  of  Devon,  on* 
creek  of  the  Tamar,  8  miles  S.  of  Port  Dalrymple. 

YORK,  a  parish  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  co.  of  Monmouth, 
W.  of  the  river  Jordan. 

Y'ORK. \.  a  post-office  of  Leake  co.,  Mississippi. 

YORK.  CAPE,  Australia.     See  Cape  York. 

YORK  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Du  Page  co..  Illinois. 

YORKE  PENIN/SULA.a  tongue  of  land  of  South  -Austra- 
lia, betwo<m  St.  Vincent  and  .Spencer  Gulfs,  N,W,  of  Adelaide. 
Length  100  miles,  greate.st  breadth  30  mUes.  Cape  Spencer 
is  its  S.  extremity. 

YORK  H.WEN,  a  village  of  York  co..  Penn.sylvania,  on 
the  Susquehanna  River,  about  16  miles  below  Harrisburg. 

IVob 


YOR 

n  b  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Conewago  Falls  or  rapids, 
wliich  afford  some  water-power. 

YORK  MlliLS,aTillag«io  toe  western  part  of  Hunterdon 
ca.  New  Jeifiey.  about  10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Flemiiigton. 

YORK,  MOUNT,  of  Australia,  New  South  Wales,  co.  of 
Cook.  60  miles  N.W.  of  SvdneT.     Estimated  heljrht  3300  feet. 

YORK  NORTH  RIDGK.  a  post-office  of  Sandusky  co..  Ohio. 

YORK  RIVER,  the  name  given  to  an  inlet  or  arm  of  the 
Bea.  in  Y'ork  co..  Maine.     Length  about  7  miles. 

Y'ORK  RIVER,  in  the  E.  part  of  Virginia,  is  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  I'amunkey  and  Mattapony  Rivers,  at  the 
S.E.  extremity  of  King  William  county,  and.  flowing  in  a 
Houth-easterly  direction,  fells  into  Chesapeake  Bay  nearly 
opposite  Cape  Charles.  It  is  so  broad  through  its  whole 
course  as  to  present  rather  the  appearance  of  a  bay  than  of 
a  river.  Its  whole  length  is  about  40  miles,  and  at  its  mouth 
it  is  probably  not  less  than  3  miles  in  width.  This  river 
divides  New  Kent,  James  City,  and  York  counties  on  the 
right,  from  King  and  Queen  and  Gloucester  counties  on  the 
left. 

Y'ORKSHIRE,  an  inland  county  of  England.    See  Y*ork. 

YORKSHIRE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cattaraugus 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Cattaraugus  Creek,  about  35  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Buffalo.     Pop.  1844. 

YORK  SOUND,  an  inlet  of  British  North  America,  in 
Frobisher  Strait.    Lat.  63°  N.,  Ion.  70°  W. 

YORK  SOUND,  an  inlet  on  tly;  N.W.  coast  of  Australia, 
between  Montague  Sound  and  Prince  Regent  River.  Lat. 
16°  S.,  Ion.  126"  E. 

YORK  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co., 
Pennsylvania,  23  miles  8.W.  of  Uarrisburg.  This  is  an 
i^rreetible  summer  retreat. 

YORKrrOWN,  a  post-township  of  Westchester  co.,  New 
York,  on  Croton  River,  id  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  Y'ork. 
Pop.  2321. 

YORKTOWN,  a  port  of  entry,  capital  of  Y'ork  co.,  Virginia, 
Is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  York  River,  11  miles  from 
Its  mnuth,  and  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Richmond.  It  was  settled 
in  1705,  and  was  once  flourishing.  There  are  now  about  40 
houses.  The  shipping  of  the  district,  June  30. 1854.  amounted 
to  an  aggregate  of  5911  tons  enrolled  and  licensed,  and  all 
employed  in  the  coast  trade.  Daring  the  year,  2  vessels  of 
246  tons  burden  were  built.  This  locality  was  the  theatre 
of  one  of  the  most  important  events  in  American  history — 
the  surrender  of  Ix>rd  Cornwallis  to  General  Washington, 
which  occurred  on  the  19th  of  October,  1781. 

YORKTOWN,  a  post-office  of  De  Witt  co..  Texas. 

YORKTOWN.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Delaware  co., 
Indiana,  at  the  junction  of  White  River  and  Buck  Creek, 
and  on  the  Bellefontaine  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  52  miles 
N.E.  of  Indianapolis.  It  contains  2  churches  and  several 
mills, 

YORKTOWN,  a  posfcoflice  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois. 

Y'ORK'VILLE.  a  flourishing  pfjstrvillage  of  New  York  co.. 
New  Y'ork,  on  the  Harlem  Railroad,  5  miles  N.  of  the  City 
Hall,  is  a  suburb  of  New  Y'ork  City. 

YORKVILLE.  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Y'ork  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina,  86  miles  N.  of  Columbia.  It  is  the 
northern  terminus  of  the  King's  Mountain  Railroad,  which 
connects  with  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroad  at 
Chester»ille.  The  surrounding  country  abounds  in  valuable 
minerals.  Yorkville  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches, 
1  or  2  acjulemies,  and  a  new.»paper  office. 

YORKVILLE,  a  postrvillage  of  Pickens  co.,  Alabama,  186 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Montgomery. 

YORKVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Ten- 
ne.asee.  145  miles  W.  of  Nashville.  It  contains  several  stores. 

YuKKyiLLB,  a  po,<tK)ffice  of  Kalam.-izoo  co.,  Michigan. 

YORKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana, 
about  84  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  in  1851.  300. 

YORKVILLE,  a  village  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois,  on  Fox 
River.  oppo*it«  Bri.stol.  and  52  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

YORK\  ILLE, a  post-village  of  Ilucine  co.,  Wi3Consin,near 
the  railroad  between  Racine  City  and  Elkliorn,  10  miles  W, 
of  the  former.    Pup.  of  Yorkville  ti.wusliip,  1283. 

YORKVILLE.  a  village  of  Canada  West,  co.  of  York, 
about  2  miles  N.  of  Toronto,  of  which  it  may  almost  be  con- 
iddered  a  suburb.  It  h:is  many  good  brick  houses,  Episco- 
IHilian.  M'esleyan.  Primitive  and  New  Connexion  Methodist 
cLurche.s,  and  sevenil  schools.     Pop.  about  1750. 

Y(JSID  A.  yo-see'dl,  a  town  of  Japan,  island  of  Niphon,  160 
">'',«s  S.W.  of  Yt^do,  and  reported  to  contain  1400  houses. 

YOSYV.\HA.  yo-se-vj'ri,  a  small  town  of  Japan,  island  of 
Niphon.  60  miles  S.W.  of  Yeddo. 

YO-TCUOU,  YOO-TCHOO,  YOTCHEOO.  voVhoo',  or  YO- 
TCHKOU.  yoVhe-oo',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Hoo-nan, 
capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Yang-Ue-kiang  where  it 
leaves  the  lake  Tong-ting.    Lat.  29°  23'  N_  Ion.  X12°  35'  E. 

YOU-AN-TCUEOD.    See  YuEs-TcHoo, 

Y'OUGAN.    See  Yoooax. 

YOUGHAL  or  YOUGIIALL.  (pronounced  ySh^iil  or  vawl.) 
a  parliamentary  and  municipal  borough,  seaport  town  and 
parish  of  Ireland,  Munster.  co.  and  27  miles  E.  of  Cork,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Black  water,  which  forms 
Itjt  harbor,  and  is  here  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge.    Pop.  of 


YOU 

the  town,  in  1851,  7372.  It  standg  at  the  foot  of  a  i«t<iep 
height  on  the  W.,  and  was  formerly  enclii.-^ed  by  walls, 
flanked  with  towers,  parts  of  which  remain,  and  outside  of 
which  some  poor  suburbsextend  up  theacclivity.  The  towu 
is  antiquated;  its  main  street  is  crossed  mar  the  ceutie  by 
an  old  archway,  besides  which  it^  chief  structures  are  the 
large  Gothic  pari.'h  church,  containing  the  tomb  of  the  grtat 
Earl  of  Cork,  and  near  it  the  ruins  of  an  abU'v :  a  chapel  c.f 
ease,  Roman  Catholic  and  other  chapels,  the  town-house, 
assembly  rooms,  court-house,  custom-hou.se,  savings'  bank, 
fever  and  lying-in  hospitals.  pri.-:on.  si'vera!  almshouses,  the 
barracks,  and  the  house  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  whiih  is 
preserved  nearly  entire.  The  harbor,  a  dependency  of  that  of 
Cork,  admits  at  highest  tides  ve.«,sels  drawing  12  feet  water 
Youghal  is  the  seat  of  an  active  export  trade  in  corn, 
live  stock,  and  other  rural  produce,  and  imports  coal,  tim- 
ber, tallow,  herrings,  salt,  and  colonial  produce.  It  has 
some  potteries,  brick-works,  and  a  valuahlu  salmon  fishery. 
It  sends  1  member  to  the  House  of  Commons.  Here  it  i.t  be- 
lieved Sir  Walter  Raleigh  first  introduced  the  culture  of  the 
potato  into  Ireland. 

YOUGHALARRA,  yfih'hal-ar'ra.  a  pari.«h  of  Ireland,  co. 
of  Tipperary,  5  mjles  W.N.W.  of  Nenah.  It  contains  a  ham- 
let named  Y'oughal,  and  several  remains  of  feudal  and  eccle- 
siastical edifices. 

YOUGIIIOGHENY,  ydh'ho-gA/nee,  a  river  which  rises  in 
Preston  co.,  W. Virginia,  lluws  through  M.iryliiiKl  into  Penn- 
sylvania, and  enters  the  .Monongahola  15  miles  S.K.  ot  Pitts- 
burg. It  is  made  navigable  by  dams  from  its  mouth  to  the 
village  of  West  Newton,  a  distance  of  18  miles.  At  the 
Ohiopyle  Falls,  the  river  h.is  a  perpendicular  descent  of  16 
feet.     Entire  length  about  150  miles. 

YOUGHIOGUENY,  a  post-office  of  Westmoreland  co., 
Pennsylvania, 

YOUI^GRAVE,  a  parish  of  England,  co,  of  Derby. 

YOUN.\SKA.    See  Y'ooN.tsK.*. 

YOUNG,  y&ng,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  776. 

YOUNG,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1500, 

YOUNG,  a  post-office  of  McDonough  co..  Illinois. 

YOUXGBENZA  or  YEWNGBENZA.yoong-b^n'zii,  a  town 
of  the  Burmese  dominions,  Pegu,  on  the  main  arm  of  the 
Irrawaddy,  in  its  delta,  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Henzadah. 

YOUNG  CANE,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Georgia,  172mile£ 
N.  by  W.  of  Milledgeville. 

Y'OUNGER'S.  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Mi.«.«ouri. 

YOUNG  HICK'ORY'.  a  post-offlce of  Steuben  co..  New  Y'ork. 

YOUNG  HICKORY,  a  post-office  of  .Muskingum  co.,  Ohia 

YOUNG  HICKORY,  a  small  postrvUlage  of  WUl  co.,  lUi- 
nois. 

YOUNG  HICKORY",  a  postoffice  of  Washington  co.,  Wia- 
consin. 

YOUNGMANSTOWN,  Pennsylvania.    See  JIiffu.nsburg, 

YOUNG'S  CROSS  ROADS,  a  postoffice  of  Granville  co,. 
North  Carolina,  68  miles  from  Raleigh. 

YOUNG'S  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Madision  parish,  Loui- 
siana. 

YOUNG'S  SETTLEMENT,  postoffice  of  Bastrop  co.,  Texas. 

YOUNG'S  STORE,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district,  South 
Carolina. 

YOUNGSrrOWN,  a  post-village  in  Porter  township,  Nia- 
gara  county.  New  York,  on  Niagara  River,  near  its  mouth, 
about  30  miles  N.VV.  by  N.  of  Buffalo,  It  contains  2  churches, 
4  stores,  and  1  steam  flouring-mUl.  It  posses.-ies  the  advan- 
tages of  a  very  fine  natural  harbor,  (the  mouth  of  Niagara 
River.)  which  is  open  at  all  sea-^ons  of  the  year.  The  seve- 
ral lines  of  steamboats  on  Lake  Ontario  touch  here,  and  a 
considerable  foreign  and  coasting  trade  is  carried  on  at  this 
point.  It  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Luke  Ontario 
and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad.     Pop.  about  800. 

Y'OUNGSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 11  miles  E.  of  Greensburg,  It  has  2  churches. 
Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

Y'OUNGSTOWN,  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
plank-road  from  Locust  Grove  to  Ripley,  21  miles  from  the 
latter. 

YOUNGSTOWN,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Youngstown 
township,  Mahoning  county,  Ohio,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  Mahoning  River,  and  on  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Canal.  67  miles  S.E.  of  Cleveland.  It  is  the  largest  vill;ige 
in  the  county,  having  several  churches  and  a  bank.  Coal 
and  iron  ore  are  abuiidiint  in  the  vicinity.  There  are  3  iron 
furnaces  and  1  or  2  rolling-mills  in  openition  here.  It  is  on 
a  branch  railroad  wliich  connects  with  the  Atlantic  and 
Great  Western  Itiilroad.    Pop.  of  the  township,  2759. 

YOUNGS'VILLE,  a  post-village  ofSullivanco.,New  York. 

YOUNGSVII.LE.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Wiu^ren  co,, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Brokeiistraw  Crock,  and  on  tlie  Phila- 
delphia and  Erie  Railroad,  9  miles  W,  of  Warren,  Pop.  421. 

YOUNGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tallapoosa  co.,Alul«uua, 
50  miles  N.E.  of  Montgomery. 

YOUNGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio. 

YOUNtiSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Box  Elder  co.,  Utiih, 

YOUNG- WILLIAM,  an  isUiud  group  iu  the  South  Pacific. 


YO0 


TUB 


belonglnft  to  the  Caroline  Islands,    See  MortixxtX  Isles  and 

LOOOOONOR. 

YUL'NGWO'MANSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  CO., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  V\'.  branch  of  Susquehanna  Kiver,  18 
miles  N.W  of  Lock  Haven,  the  county  seat. 

YOUNTS'VILLiK,  a  |io.«t-village  of  .Montgomery  eo.,-^n(li- 
ana,  near  Sugar  Creek,  about  &0  miles  W.N.W.  of  Indiana- 
polis. 

YOUX-ZER.\Y,  yoon-ze-rA/,  a  town  of  Burmah.  British 
province  of  Pegu,  on  the  IrrawaUdy,  18  miles  S.  by  VV.  of 
i'rome. 

YOUllI  or  YOURY,  a  town  and  state  of  Central  Africa. 
See  Y.tooRi, 

YOUTA,    See  Utah. 

YOi:-YEOU.     See  Yu-Yeoo, 

YOWKY.     See  Yaoobi. 

YOX'FORD.  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Suffolk. 

Y'O.VU.\Ll>',  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  .Stiifl(.rd. 

Yl'ANE-GUAZU,  e-pd'ni  gwS-zoo',  a  river  of  I'nrajjuay, 
South  America,  johis  the  Paraguay  at  Villa  Real,  after  a 
westward  course  of  more  than  lUU  miles. 

YPEREN  or  YPERN.     See  Yprks. 

■YPERLEE,  rper-l4',  (Fr.  pron.  ee'pfR'li'.)  a  river  of  Bel- 
gium, province  of  West  Flanders,  rises  at  ZillelK'k,  flows  N. 
past  Y'pres,  (where  it  becomes  navigable,)  and  enters  the 
North  Sea  at  Xieuwport.     Length  35  miles. 

YPKES,  ee'p'r,  (Flemish  Yperen  or  Yixr-n,  I'pi;m,)  a  forti- 
fied town  of  lielgium,  province  of  West  Flanders,  capital  of 
an  arrondissement,  oO  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges,  on  the  Yper- 
lee.  It  is  well  built,  but  the  marshes  around  made  it  so 
unhealthy,  that  a  "Ypres  hue"  became  proverbial  tor  sal- 
lowness.  A  great  improvement  in  this  respect  has  been 
effected  by  draining.  Ypres  was  early  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant manufacturing  towns  of  F'landers,  and  in  the  14th 
century  had  "200,000  inhabitants  and  employe<l  4000  looms. 
Its  name  d'Ypres  is  said  to  l>e  the  origin  of  our  word  diajvr. 
Its  manufacturing  prosperity  has  long  departed,  but  a  strik- 
ing monument  of  it  remains  in  its  cloth-hall,  an  iminen.se 
pile  erected  in  the  13th  century,  in  the  public  Sfiuan*.  in 
the  form  of  an  irregular  trapezium,  and  surmounted  by  a 
square  tower  or  tielfry,  with  a  clock  and  chimes.  One  of 
its  wings  i.<  now  used  as  the  liOtdHk-nlU.  and  other  parts 
are  occupied  by  different  public  establi.sliments  and  concert- 
rooms;  other  buildings  of  note  are  the  Gutliic  •huroh  of 
St.  Martin,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  religious  edifices 
in  Belgium,  with  an  altar  of  Carrara  marble,  a  finely 
carved  pulpit,  a  painting  by  Van  Eyck,  and  several  inte- 
resting monuments;  the  churches  of  St.  Pett-r,  St.  James, 
and  St.  Nicolas,  all  elegant  and  well  proportioned  buildings; 
and  the  old  Castle-ward,  (GfuUdlenie.)  with  a  richly  orna- 
mented fa(;'ade;  two  colleges,  a  .school  of  design  and  archi- 
tecture, boarding  and  numerous  other  schools,  sevj'ral 
hospitals,  fine  infantry  and  cavalry  barrack.s,  &c.  The 
manufactures  are  lace,  woollen,  linen,  and  cotton  goods, 
ribbons,  hats,  leather,  oil,  soap,  and  tobacco.  There  are 
also  salt-works,  dye-works,  breweries,  and  distilleries.  Y'pres 
in  the  9th  century,  when  only  a  strong  castle,  was  destroyed 
by  the  Normans.  It  was  rebuilt  in  901 ;  and  was  first  wailed 
in  1388.  On  different  occasions  it  has  been  dreaijfully  ra- 
vaged by  the  plague.  Jjouis  XIV..  in  1688,  made  it  one  of 
the  strongest  fortresses  of  the  Ix)w  Countries.  In  the  great 
European  wars  it  seldom  escaped  a  siege  or  bombardment. 
Jansen  or  Jansenius,  whose  work  Augiistinua  originated  the 
controversy  in  which  Pascal's  Provincial  Letters  appeared, 
was  Bishop  of  Ypres,  and  is  buried  in  the  church  of  St. 
Martin.    Pop.  17,190. 

YPSIL  ANTI,  ip-se-lan'tee,  a  thriving  post-town  and  town- 
slup  of  W'ashtenaw  county,  Michigan,  on  the  Huron  River 
and  the  Central  Railroad,  30  miles  W,  by  S.  of  Detroit. 
The  town  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  county ;  it  is  situated 
in  a  rich  and  populous  farming  district,  has  extensive  water- 
power,  and  contains  8  churches,  3  banks,  2  newspaper  offices, 
a  fine  Union  school-house,  the  state  normal  school,  and 
manufactories  of  wool,  iron,  flour,  &c.  Pop.  about  3500;  of 
the  township,  in  1860,  3955. 

YPSILI,  ip'se-le,  an  island  of  Greece,  government  of  Argos, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Nauplia,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Nauplia.  Length, 
from  W.  to  E.,  2  miles,  breadth  1  mile. 

Y'RE'KA,  the  capital  of  Siskiyou  county,  California,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Shasta  River,  about  300  miles  N.  of  San 
Francisco.    See  Appendix. 

YRONDE,  ee'*r6Nd',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Puy-de-Dome,  arrondissement  of  Clermont-Ferrand.  P.  1301. 

Y'SALCO,  a  town  of  Central  America.     See  Izalco. 

YSCEIFIOG.  is-kl/fe-og,  a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Flint. 

YSER.  ee^zaiR/,  a  river  of  France  and  Belgium,  rises  in 
the  department  of  Nord,  E.  of  St.  Omer,  and  joins  the  Yper- 
•  i6e,  4J  miles  S.W.  of  Dixmude,  after  a  N.E.  course  of  32 
miles. 

YSPYTTY  CYNFYN,  i8-p|t/tee  kju'vin,  a  pari.sh  of  Wales, 
to.  of  Cardigan. 

YSPYTTY  (i.s-pit/tee)  EVAN,  a  parish  of  Wales,  counties 
of  Denhieh  and  Carnarvon. 

YSPYTTY  RHIW-YSTWYTII,  is-piftee  h'reo'oo  ist/with, 
a  parish  of  Wales,  co.  of  Cardigan. 


YSSCHE.  fSK  or  Is'Keh.  a  village  of  Belgium,  ptovinco  of 
South  Brabant,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Urus.sels.     Pop.  .'iSOO 

YSSEL,  IJsSEL,  i/sel,  or  OVER  YSSEL,  (anc  IsaHiX.)  « 
river  of  the  Netherlands,  fornvd  at  Doesburg  by  the  union 
of  the  Old  Y'ssel.  which  ri.ses  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  the 
New  Yssfcl,  a  branch  of  the  Rhine,  which  separates  from  it 
near  Arnhem.  It  flows  N,  past  Zutphen.  Devener.  and 
Kampeu,  and  enters  the  Zuyder-Zee  afujr  a  course  of  80 
miles. 

YSSEL,  Neder,  nA'der  i'sel.  a  branch  of  the  Leek,  which 
passes  Ys.selstein,  Oudewater,  and  Gouda.  and  joins  the 
Maas  or  Meuse  opposite  Ysselmonde.     Jjength  3U  miles. 

YSSELMONDE,  (-Yssel  Mouth,")  or  IJSSELMONDE. 
i'sel-mAn/d«>h,  an  island  and  district  of  South  Holland, 
formed  by  two  branches  of  the  .Maas  or  Meuse.  opposite  Kot- 
terdam  and  the  mouth  of  the  Yssel.  Length  15  miles, 
brewltb  5  miles. 

YSSELMuNDE  or  IJSSKLMDNDE,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  on  the  above  island,  and 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  .Maus,  opposite  the  mouth  ot  the 
Yssel,  whence  its  name.     Pop.  1291. 

YSSELMUIDEN  or  I.JSSELMUIUEN,  iV-m">'fJ?n.  a  vjl- 
lage  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Overy.ssel,  l^mile  W.  of 
Kanipuu.     Pop.  52U. 

YSSEL.STEIN  or  IJSSELSTEIN.  i/sgl-stin'.  a  town  of 
the  Netherlands,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Utrecht,  on  the  Yssel.  It 
is  walled,  surrounded  by  dit^-hes,  and  traversed  by  a  canal 
called  the  Haven.     Pop.  2249. 

Y'SSI.XGEAUX,  ees'si.N^'zhiy,  .sometimes  written  YSSEN- 
GE.iUX,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Haute- lioire.  capi- 
tal of  a  arrondissement,  on  a  rocky  height,  13  miles  N.K.  of 
Le  I'uy.  Pop.  in  1852.  7628.  It  has  manufactures  of  lace 
and  ribands,  and  a  tnide  in  cattle  and  timber. 

Y.ST.\D,  is'tdd  or  iis'tdd,  (L.  Uladium,)  a  seaport  town  of 
South  Sweden,  laen  and  36  miles  E.S.E.  of  Malmij.  on  the 
Baltic.  Pop.  4118.  It  has  manufactures  of  tobacco  and 
snuff,  chiccory,  soap,  woollen  cloths,  and  leather,  and  some 
ship-building.  Its  new  harbor  is  safe  and  spacious,  and  it 
has  a  regular  steam  communication  with  Stralsund. 

YSTRAD-DYFOUWG,  i.s'trad  de-vo/doog,  a  parish  of  South 
Wiiles.  CO.  of  Glamorgan. 

YSTRAUFELLTE,  KiUmd-ylthVUth,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Brecon. 

YSTRAD  6YNLAIS,  js/trad  ghinlis,  a  parish  of  South 
Wales,  CO.  of  Brecon. 

YST'RAD  Mi'R/IC,  a  parish  of  South  Wales,  co.  of  Ca^ 
digan. 

YS/TRA''  OWEN,  a  parish.  South  Wales,  co.  of  Glamorgan. 

YST/WITH,  a  river  of  Wales,  co.  of  Cai-digan.  after  a  W. 
course  of  •2;j  miles  past  Y'spytty-Rhiw-Y'stwith  and  Llauafau, 
enters  Cardigan  Bay  at  Aberystwith. 

Y'TA1'U.\,  a  town  of  Paraguay.     See  Itapua. 

YTH'AN,  ITH'AN  or  YETIPAN,  a  river  of  Scotland,  co.  of 
Aberdeen,  flows  tortuously  E.  pa,>it  Fyvie,  Methlick.  Tarves, 
and  Ellon,  and  enters  the  North  Sea  at  New  burgh,  after  a 
course  of  20  miles.  It  has  some  salmon  fisheries,  and  is  navi- 
gable for  river  craft  from  the  sea  to  Ellon,  and  for  vessels 
of  100  tons  bunien  to  1  mile  from  its  mouth. 

YTON.  a  river  of  France.     See  Iton. 

YTU  or  HYTU.  a  town  of  Brazil.     See  Itc. 

YU'AB  or  JU'AB,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Utah 
Territory,  has  an  area  estimated  at  al)Ove  12.000  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Carson  and  Nicollet  Rivers, 
flowing  into  lakes  of  their  own  names,  which  are  included 
within  the  county.  The  surface  is  broken  by  the  Humboldt 
River  Mountains  near  the  centre,  and  by  the  Walisatch 
Mountains  in  the  E.  part.  The  census  of  1850  gives  us  no 
information  respecting  this  county,  which  was  formed  since 
that  year.    Capital,  Nephi  City. 

YUAN  THKE  SHAN  or  YUAN  THI  CHAN,  yoo-W  thee 
shdn.  a  mountain  of  China,  province  of  Hoope;  Int.  30^  16' 
N.,  Ion.  109°  4'  E.     It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

YU'BA,  a  river  of  Yuba  co.,  towanls  the  N.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, is  formed  by  the  union  of  three  branchi-s,  viz.  the 
North,  Middle,  and  South  Y'uba,  which  rise  among  the  hills 
at  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  flows  in  a  general  S.W. 
course  nearly  through  the  centre  of  the  county,  and  falls 
into  Feather  River  near  Marysville.  The  principal  mining 
operations  of  the  county  are  on  this  river. 

YUBA,  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  California,  has 
an  area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Feather  River,  and  partly  on  the  S.  by  Bear  River, 
and  is  drained  by  the  Yuba  River  with  its  North  Branch 
and  several  creeks,  which  afl'ord  valuable  water-power. 
The  surface  in  the  E.  part  is  mountainous,  but  in  the  W. 
portion  it  is  level,  or  slightly  uneven.  The  soil  in  the 
more  level  portions,  especially  along  the  streams,  is  very 
fertile.  Gold  is  abundant  in  the  N.E.  part  of  this  county. 
Quicksilver  is  also  found,  and  about  one  ounce  of  the  pure 
metal  is  obtained  from  a  pound  of  rock.  A  railroad  ex- 
tends from  the  county-seat  to  Oroville,  25  miles.  This 
county  derived  its  name  from  the  Yuba  River.  Capital, 
MurysvHle.     Pop.  13,668. 

YUBA,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois. 

YUBA  CITY,  a  post-town  of  Sutter  co.,  California,  is  situ- 

2157 


YUC 

fcted  01  the  W.  bank  of  Feather  Eiver,  nearly  opposite  to 
Marysv>  le,  and  about  150  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  i'rancisco. 
Its  proximity  to  several  mining  localities  renders  it  a  depot 
for  supplies.    Pop.  778. 

YXJCAT.IN,  yoo-ki-tin',  sometimes  called  MERIDA,  mJr/- 
e-dl.  or  CAMPEA'CHT.  a  state  of  the  Mexican  Confederation, 
consisting  of  a  peninsula,  washed  E.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea ; 
N.K.  by  the  Channel  of  Yucatan,  about  65  miles  wide,  sepa- 
rating it  from  the  W.  extremity  of  Cuba;  and  N.  and  \V.  by 
the  Gtilf  of  .Mexico ;  and  bounded  on  the  S.  by  British  Hon- 
duras and  Guatemala,  and  S.W.  by  Tabasco,  between  lat.  18° 
and  21°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  Si"^  25'  and  90°  30'  W.  Length,  from 
N.  to  S.,  about  250  mile? ;  mean  breadth  200  miles.  Estimated 
eirea  52,947  square  miles.  The  coast  is  very  little  broken, 
except  on  the  S.W.,  where  it  is  indented  by  the  extensive 
Lagoon  of  Terminos;  and  on  the  S.E.,  where  the  three  bays 
of  Puerto  de-Caleuturas,  Bahia-del-Espiritu-Santo,  and  Bahia- 
de-la-Ascension  occur.  It  has  in  general  a  very  bleak  and 
arid  appearance,  being  not  only  destitute  of  any  important 
river,  but  presenting  long  tracts  where  not  a  spring  of  fresh 
water  can  be  found.  Campeachy,  the  only  harbor  of  im- 
portance, is  both  shallow  and  insecure.  The  interior,  in  its 
central  parts,  is  occupied  by  a  lofty  ridge,  which  has  the 
character  oTa  desert,  and  often,  when  the  rain  fails,  leaving 
the  natives  who  inhabit  it  almost  destitute  of  the  means  of 
subsistence,  produces  fearful  mortality.  Nearer  the  coast, 
and  at  some  elevation  aliove  its  sands,  the  appearance  of 
the  country  greatly  improves,  being  interspersed  with 
lofty  forests,  and  containing  many  hilly  and  gently  undu- 
lating tracts,  on  which  maize,  cotton,  rice,  to^cco,  pepper, 
and  sugar-cane  are  produced,  and  cattle  rai.ied  in  such  num- 
bers as  to  furnish  a  considerable  export  of  hides  and  salted 
meat  to  Havana.  After  these  the  chief  exports  are  s.*ilt-fi.«h, 
dyewood,  straw  hats,  wax  and  honey,  cocoa-nuts  and  other 
fruits,  and  a  kind  of  hemp  called  jenequen,  obtained  from 
the  fibres  of  the  agave,  and  much  used  in  making  cordage, 
Backing,  and  hammocks. 

About  five-sixths  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  pure  Indian 
race,  who  speak  the  Maya  language,  and  appear  to  be 
genuine  descendants  of  the  Tulteks.  Their  present  civili- 
sation is  very  imperfect,  and  ha-i  greatly  degenerated  from 
what  it  must  have  been  when  the  numerous  towns  and  vil- 
lages, now  scattered  in  ruins  over  diflerent  parts  of  the 
country,  were  built  and  occupied.  These  ruins  have  excited 
much  antiquarian  research.  Many  of  them  display  great 
architectural  skill,  and  exhibit  in  their  ornaments  a  tolera- 
bly advanced  state  of  art.  The  chief  towns  are  Merida, 
the  capital,  Campeachy,  and  Bacalar.  After  ceasing  to  be  a 
Spanish  colony  in  1821,  Yucatan  remained  independent  till 
1824,  when  she  joined  the  Mexican  Confederation,  to  which 
she  continued  to  adhere  more  or  less  closely  till  IS40,  when 
she  proclaimed  herself  to  be  an  independent  republic.  She 
successfully  resisted  the  attempts  of  Mexico  to  coerce  her; 
but,  in  1843,  again  joined  the  Confederation,  having  secured 
peace  on  her  own  terms.  In  1846  she  declared  herself  inde- 
pendent a  second  time,  but  five  or  six  years  afterwards  she 
resumed  her  place  iu  the  Mexican  Confederation.  Pop.  in 
1854.  668.623. 

YUCATAN,  BAY  OF,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  sea 
Imme<liately  N.  of  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 

YUCATAN,  CHANNEL  OF,  between  Yucatan  and  Cuba, 
is  120  miles  across. 

YUE  FOONG  SHAN  or  Y0E  FOUNG  CHAN,  a  mountain 
of  China,  province  of  Hoo-nan,  lat.  26°  56'  N^  Ion.  109°  32' 
E.    It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

YUEN-CHAN.    See  Yde.n-su.\n. 

YUEN-CHOO.     See  YcExV-tchoo. 

Y'UEN-KIANO,  yoo-en/  ke-ing'.  a  river  of  China,  province 
if  Hoo-nan,  enters  the  Lake  Tong-ting  on  its  W.  side,  after 
a  N.E.  course  estimated  at  400  miles. 

YCEVSHAN  or  YUEN-CHAN,  yoo-^n/  shin,  a  town  of 
Chnua,  jfrovince  of  Kiang-see,  in  a  valley  230  miles  S.W,  of 
Ningpo.  It  is  advantageously  situated  on  the  hio^hway 
from  the  black  tea  countrv  of  Fokien. 

a.r^'x^l.?\^'^*^"*P-  YUEN-TCHOU,  yoo-ln^-choo',  or  YOU-AN- 
aCHEOn,  yoo  in/  che-oo'.  a  town  of  China,  province  of  Hoo- 
nan   capital  of  a  department,  on  the  above  river,  lat.  27° 

YUEN-fcHOO  or  YOU-AN-TCHEOU,  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Kiang-see,  capital  of  a  department,  lat.  27°  45' 
«.,  Ion.  114°  10*  K. 

YUGYAKERTA.  Java.    See  Djokjokarta. 

-iU-HO,  EU-HO,  yoo^ho',  or  YUN-LIANG.  yhn  le-fcie/,  a 
large  river  of  China,  which  ri?es  in  the  south-eastern  part 
of  the  province  of  Shansee,  from  which  it  flows  N.E.,  and 
fells  into  the  Gulf  of  Pe-chee-lee.  In  lat.  38°  59'  N.,  Ion.  117° 
£i  h..     Its  whole  course  is  about  140  miles. 

YU-HO.  the  Grand  Canal  of  China.    See  Chiva. 

ILK-SHAN  or  YUK-CHAN.  yuk  shin,  a  town  of  China, 
province  of  Kiang-see.  near  the  source  of  the  Kin-kiane 
Here  crossed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge ;  lat.  28°  iV  N 
*'°'  1"*°..'*'*'  ?■.,_  ^^  ^^  ""  important  transit  trade,  the 
nierchandise  of  the  Bohea  Mountains,  and  of  the  countries 
E  of  I  oyang  Lake,  being  landed  here  to  be  carried  across  to 
CLang-«han  by  coolie* 
2158 


YLZ 

YULOONG  SHAN  or  YULOU>fQ  CHAN.     See  Siec  Shati 
Y'UMA,  yoo'mi,  or  YUNA.  a  river  of  Hayti,  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Cibao;  flows  N.N.E.,  then  E.S.E.,  and  fallsinlo 
the  Atlantic  by  a  broad  estuary.     Length  about  70  miles. 
YUMA,  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands.    See  Ix)xo  Island. 
YUNGEE-KISH-LAK.  a  town  of  North  Thibet,  of  uuce^ 
tain  po.sition,  but  stated  to  comprise  1000  houses. 

YUNG-NING,  yung^uing',  a  city  of  China,  province  and 
230  miles  N.N.W.  of  Yun-nan. 

YUNG-PE,  yting^pA',  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  a  depart- 
ment, 160  miles  N.W.  of  Yua-nan. 

YUNG-PING,  yung^ping',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Pe- 
chee-lee,  capital  of  a  department,  on  the  Lau-ho,  130  mileti 
E.  of  Peking. 

YUNG-TCHANG  or  YONG-TCHANG,  ytingVhIng'.  a  city 
of  China,  province  and  210  miles  Vi.  of  Yuu-uau,  capital  of 
a  department,  130  milos  N.E.  of  Bhamo  iu  the  Burmese  ter- 
ritory. 

YUNG-TCIIOO  or  YUNG-TCHOU,  yilngVhoo/,  a  city  of 
China,  province  of  Hoo-nan,  capital  of  a  department,  in  lat 
26°  10'  N.,  Ion.  111°  30'  E. 

YUN-HING,  yun'hing',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Ho- 
nan,  capital  of  a  department,  lat.  33°  X.,  Ion.  114°  E. 
Y'UN-LIANG,  a  river  of  China.  See  Y^u-ho. 
YUN-NAN,  y&n'n^in',  the  most  S.W.  province  of  China, 
mostly  between  lat.  22°  and  28°  N.,  and  Ion.  98°  and  106°  E., 
having  on  the  N.  and  E.  the  provinces  of  Se-chuen,  Koei- 
cboo,  and  Quang-si,  and  on  other  sides  Thibet,  and  the  Bur- 
mese, Laos,  and  Anamese  dominions.  Area  107,969  square 
miles.  Pop.  5,661,320.(?)  The  surface  is  broken  with  nu- 
merous mountains,  (several  of  which  rise  above  the  line 
of  perpetual  snow.)  causing  those  abundant  rains  to  which 
the  name  Yunnan  (•'  the  Cloudy  Region  of  the  South'") 
appears  to  refer.  This  province  contains  the  sources  of 
many  important  rivers,  as  the  Salwin,  Menam,  the  Hong- 
Kiang,  andthe  Sang-koi;  and  furnishes  important  contribu- 
tions to  the  Yang-tse-kiang  and  the  Me-kong,  by  both  of 
which  it  is  traversed.  It  is  one  of  the  richest  provinces  of 
China  in  mineral  products,  yielding  gold,  copper,  tin,  rubies, 
sapphires  and  other  gems,  besides  a  variety  of  gums",  var- 
nishes, ivory,  musk,  flax,  and  horses.  It  is  divided  into  20 
departments. 

There  is  in  the  province  of  Yunnan  a  remarkable  iron 
chain  suspension  bridge,  thrown  acro.ss  a  frightful  moun- 
tain gorge,  at  a  height  (if  we  may  credit  the  Chinese  geo- 
graphers) of  not  less  than  3000  or  4000  feet.  It  was  con 
structed  about  the  middle  of  the  1st  century  of  the  ChristiaL 
Era.  and  is  probably  the  oldest  structure  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  Several  other  bridges  of  the  same  class  are  found 
iu  ditferent  parts  of  China.  They  appear  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally constructed,  like  the  Simplon  Koad  of  our  own  time, 
iu  order  to  furnish  a  short  route  for  the  passage  of  the  im- 
perial armies.    (Pauthier's  Chijie  itoderne,  pages  125-6.) 

YUN-NAN,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, situated  on  the  N.  side  of  a  lake,  lat.  25°  10'  N.,  and 
Ion.  102°  40'  E.  It  is  intersected  by  canals,  and  is  reported 
to  have  a  flourishing  trade  in  metals,  with  manufactures 
of  silk  fabrics,  and  of  the  finest  carpets  woven  in  China. 

YUNQUEKA,  yoong-kA'rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and 
33  miles  W.N.M'.  of  Malaga.  Pop.  2726.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woollen  cloths,  and  brandy  distilleries. 

YUN-Y'ANO,  yun'ylug',  a  city  of  China,  province  of  Hoo- 
pe.  capital  of  a  department  on  a  tributary  of  the  Hoang-ho. 
Lat.  32°  50'  N.,  Ion.  110°  V)'  E. 
YUPURA.    SeeJAPURA. 
YURBUHG.    See  Yoorbooro. 

YURUNG-KASU,  yoo^rung'  kish,  a  town  of  Chinese  Toor- 
kistan,  E.  of  Khoten,  and  stated  to  comprise  1000  houses. 

YURUNG-KASH  or  KHOTEN  (Ko'tte')  RIVER,  Chinese 
Toorkistan,  after  a  northward  course  joins  the  Y'arkand  and 
Aksu  Rivers,  to  form  the  Tarim,  near  lat.  40°  N.,  Ion.  80°  30* 
E.  Khoten  is  the  principal  town  on  its  banks,  and  the  river 
on  arriving  here  is  said  to  separate  into  three  arms,  each 
named  after  the  color  of  the  jasper  (j/u)  found  in  its  bed. 
Total  length  estimated  at  250  miles. 

YUSTE,  yoos/ti,  a  convent  of  Spain,  province  of  Caceres, 
near  Placencia,  and  celebrated  as  the  place  of  retirement 
chosen  by  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  who  died  here  21st  Sep- 
tember, 1558. 

YUTHIA,  yoo/fhee'^,  the  old  capital  of  Siam,  Further 
India,  on  the  Menam.  40  miles  N.  of  Bang-kok.  It  is  large, 
wholly  enclosed  by  the  river,  intersected  by  canals,  and  has 
a  vast  royal  palace  with  several  temples,  hxit  it  was  mostly 
ruined  by  the  Burmese  in  1767,  when  it  ceased  to  be  of  im- 
portance. 

YUTT:A,  (the  Jufftah  of  Scripture,)  a  town  of  Palestine,  4 
miles  S.  of  Hebron.  "  It  has  the  appearance  of  a  large  3Io- 
hammedan  town,  on  a  low  eminence,  with  trees  around  if 
Reland  supposes  it  to  be  the  Juda  alluded  to  in  Luke  i.  39, 
as  the  birth-place  of  John  the  Baptist. 

YU-YEOO.  YU-YEOU  or  YOU-YEOU,  yoo^ye-oo',  a  walled 
town  of  China,  province  of  Che-kiang,  N.W.  of  Ningpo,  on 
the  river  of  that  name.    It  encloses  «  large  hill,  crowned 
with  manv  Boodhi.at  temples. 
YUZGAT  or  YUZKAT.    See  YOOZOAI. 


YVB 


ZAF 


TVERDUN,  eeVjRMQ\o',orTVERDON.  (Ger.  Tferten.  ee'- 
fer-ten;  anc.  EbroduJnum,)  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  V'aud,  18  miles  N.  of  Lausanne,  near  the  nioutb  of  the 
Orbe,  (here  called  the  Thiele,)  in  the  Lake  of  Neufchat*-!. 
Pop.  in  1850,  3619.  It  has  an  old  castle,  built  by  Conrad, 
Duke  of  Zahringen,  in  113o,  in  which  I'estaloiszi  established 
his  celebrated  educational  institute  in  18U5. 

YVES-GUMliZfiE,  eev  go'meh-zA',  a  village  of  Belgium, 
province  and  24  miles  S.\V'.  of  Namur,  on  the  Yves.  Pop. 
1586. 

YVETOT,  eevHo',  (anc.  Ivonist)  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Seine-Inferieure,  capital  of  an  arrondissement,  20 
miles  N.W.  of  Kouen.  on  the  railway  to  Havre.  Pop.  in 
1852,  9922.  It  has  a  tribunal  of  commerce,  and  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  cotton,  and  mixed  goods,  printed  cottons, 
velvets,  hosiery,  and  hats. 

YVIAS,  ee've-d/,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Cotes- 
du-Xord,  22  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Brieuc.     Pop.  2400. 

YVKtNAC,  ee^een^ydk',  a  village  of  France,  department 
of  Cotes-du-Nord,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Dinan.    Pop.  1784. 

YVOIR,  eevVdR',  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  9 
miles  S.  of  Namur,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Meuse.  Pop. 
700. 


TVOIRE,  eeVwjR',  a  village  of  Savoy,  on  the  S.  bank  of 
the  Lake  of  Geneva,  7  miles  W.  of  Thonon. 

Y'VONAND,  eeVo'n6N«'.  a  villa)?e  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Vaud,  6  miles  N.E.  of  Yverduii. 

YVURNE,  ee'vofcn',  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Vaud,  1  mile  N.  of  Aigle,  with  vineyards  which  yield  a  wine 
in  high  repute. 

YVItE-LE-POLIN,  eeVrA  leh  po'l^N»',  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Sarthe,  13  miles  K.N.E.  of  La  Fleche.    P.  1002 

YVRfi-L'fiVEQUE,  ee\rA/  UVaik/.  a  village  of  France, 
department  of  Sarthe,  3  miles  E.  of  Le  Mans,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  lluisne.     Pop.  in  1852,  2265. 

YZABAL,  a  village  of  Central  America.     See  Izabal. 

Y'ZALCO,  a  town  and  volcano  of  Central  America.     See 

IZALCO. 

YZENDYKE,  YZENDYK  or  IJZENPIJK,  T/zfn-dTk\ 
a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Zealand,  on  the 
island  of  Cadsand,  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sluis.     Pop.  2341. 

YZEKNAY,  ee'zJR^n^,  a  village"  of  France,  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  arrondissenient  of  Iteaupreau.     Pop.  1601. 

YZEURES,  ee^zuR',  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Creuse,  24  mileti 
S.S.W.  of  Loches.    Pop.  m  1852,  2088, 


z 


ZAAB,  zJb,  a  district  of  Algeria,  S.  of  the  Great  Atlas 
Mountains,  and  watered  by  the  Adjedi  and  Abiad 
Kivers,  which  flow  into  Lake  Melgig. 

ZAAB,  two  rivers  of  Koordistan.     See  Zab. 

ZAAMSLAG,  'iii\i\s/\iQ,  a  village  of  the  -Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  Zealand.  18  miles  S.E.  of  Middelburg.     Pop.  1780. 

ZAANDAM.  zdn-ddm',  (written  also  ZAARDAM,  ZAR- 
D.A.M  and  SAAR&.\M.)  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  .North  Holland,  on  the  Zaan,  an  affluent  of  the  Y,  which 
divides  it  into  East  and  West  Zaandani,  5i  miles  N.W.  of 
Amsterdam.  Pop.  12.281,  chiefly  engaged  in  ship-building 
and  seafaring  occupations.  In  its  vicinity  are  numerous 
wiud-mills.  The  house  in  which  Peter  the  Great  resided, 
while  he  wrought  as  an  artisan  in  the  dockyard,  is  still 
preserved. 

ZAANDYK,  a  village  on  the  Zaan,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Am- 
sterdam.    Pop.  2144. 

ZAANEN  or  ZANEN,  (zi'nen,)  COST  or  EAST,  a  village 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  North  Holland,  5  miles  N. 
of  Amsterdam. 

ZAANKN,  WEST,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  province 
of  North  Holland,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Haarlem,  near  the  Y. 

ZAARDAM,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Zaan'dam. 

ZAB  or  ZAAB,  zdb.  commonly  called  the  GREATER  ZAB, 
(anc.  Zabkitus  and  Lyhus,  Zaiba,  or  ZaJbis,)  a  river  of  Turkish 
Koordistan,  a  tributary  to  the  Tigris,  rises  W.  of  Lake  Ooroo- 
meeyah,  near  lat.  38°  N.,  Ion.  44'^  30'  E.,  flows  very  tortu- 
ously 8.S.W.  through  a  mountainous  region,  and  after  hav- 
ing entered  the  plain  of  the  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  joins  the 
Tigris  about  25  miles  S.  of  Mosul.  The  total  course  may  be 
estimated  at  200  miles.  It  passes  through  many  precipitous 
ravines;  it  is  rapid,  deeper  than  the  Tigris,  and  when  lowest 
is  nearly  as  broad.    Joolamerk  is  the  principal  town  on  its 

ZAli,  the  LESSER  ZAB.  or  ASFAL,  isYdl',  (anc.  Oiprtisf) 
a  river  of  Turkish  Koordistan,  tributary  to  the  Tigris,  has 
its  course  S.E.  of  the  Great  Zab.  and  joins  the  Tigris  78  miles 
S.E.  of  Mosul.  The  country  between  the.«e  rivers  is  undu- 
lating; and  near  its  centre  is  the  town  of  Arbil,  ancient 

ZABAKANO,  za-bi-ka/no,  a  town  of  West  Africa,  lat.  11° 
20'  N.,  Ion.  2°  5'  E.,  250  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Abomey,  beauti- 
fully situated  on  a  commanding  height.  It  is  clean  and  open. 
Pop.  about  9000. 

ZABATUS.    See  Z.ab. 

Z.\BBANAGO,  zdh^bi-nS/go,  a  town  of  Burmah,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Irrawaddy,  55  miles  N.  of  Amarapoora.  Near 
it  are  some  ruby-mines. 

ZA'BID,  a  town  and  river  of  Arabia.    See  Zebeed. 

ZABIS.     See  Zab. 

ZABLATOV  or  ZABLATOW,  za'bia-tov\(?)  a  market-town 
of  -Au.strian  Galicia.  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kolomea.     Pop.  1500. 

Z.\BLIAK  or  ZSABLIAK,  a  town  of  European  Turkey. 
See  Tchauliak. 

ZABLOODOV,  ZABLOUDOV  or  SABLUDOW.  zd-blooKlov/, 
a  market-town  of  Russian  Poland,  province  and  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Bialystok.     Pop.  1700. 

ZABOROWO,  zd-l>o-ro'«o,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  44 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Po.sen.     Pop.  830. 

ZABRISKI.  a  post-office  of  De  Witt  co.,  Illinois. 

ZACAPA,  sl-ka/pi,  a  town  of  Central  America,  state  and 
70  miles  N.E.  of  Guatemala,  near  the  river  Motagua.  Es- 
timated pop.  5000.  It  is  regularly  built.  The  principal 
edifices  are  a  handsome  church  and  a  court-house. 

Z.4CATA,  hi-kd'td,  a  village  of  South  Peru,  department 
of  Cuzco,  province  and  30  miles  S.W.  of  Cbucuito. 


ZACATAPEQUES,  a  town.  Central  America.  See  Sacatepec 

ZACATECAS.  zdk-a-tAnias  or  sd-kd-tA'kds,  a  state  of  the 
Mexican  Confederation,  mostly  between  lat.  21°  30'  and  24° 
50'  N.,  and  Ion.  100*  10'  and  103°  40'  W.,  surrounded  by  the 
states  of  Jalisco,  Surango,  Coh.ihuila,  Nuevo  Leon,  and 
San  Luis  Potosi.  Area  30,507  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1854, 
305.551,  who  live  mostly  by  mining  and  agriculture.  It 
belongs  to  the  central  table-land  of  the  confederacy,  and  is 
for  the  most  part  inhospitably  arid,  thougli  it  has  a  valua- 
ble agricultural  tract  in  the  district  of  Aguas^^alientes.  and 
extensive  pastures,  on  which  vast  herds  of  cattle  are  raised. 
It  is  one  of  the  richest  mining  provinces  in  America,  hav- 
ing 3  extensive  veins  of  silver,  upon  all  which  nearly  3000 
shafts  have  been  opened,  and  it  has  been  estimated  that  its 
mines  have  produced  silver  to  the  value  of  200  miilionti 
sterling.  Chief  cities  and  towns,  Zacatecas,  Sombrerete, 
and  Fresnillo.  N.  and  E.  of  Zacatecas,  the  country  is  divided 
into  large  breeding  estates,  and  is  very  thinly  peopled. 

Z.4CATECAS,  the  principal  mining  city  and  capital  of  the 
state  of  Zacatecas.  Mexico,  is  in  a  narrow  valley,  160  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Guanajuato.  Pop.  in  1854.  25.005.  It  is  built  over 
a  vein  of  silver,  has  externally  a  noble  appearance,  and  it 
contains  some  good  residences,  with  various  religious  edi- 
fices, a  gunpowder-mill,  and  a  mint,  at  which,  in  1840, 
4,066,310  dollars  were  coined. 

ZACATLAN,  sd-kdt-ldn/,  or  XICOTLAN,  He-ko-tldn/,  a 
village  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  state  and  40  miles 
N.N.E.  of  La  Puebla. 

ZACATUL.\,  sd-ka-too/Id,  a  market-town,  confederation 
and  state  of  Mexico,  on  the  Bolsas  (or  Zacatula)  River,  near 
its  mouth,  in  the  Pacific,  180  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Acapulco. 

ZACHAN,  tsd'Kdn,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  11 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Stargard.    Pop.  1060. 

ZACH'ARY,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Alabama. 

Z.ACK'VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wirt  co..  Virginia. 

ZACUWLPAN,  sd-kwdl-pdn',  a  village  of  the  .Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  and  65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mexico,  with  some 
silver-mines. 

ZACUALTIPAN,  sd-kwai-te-pin',  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  and  100  miles  N.E.  of  Mexico,  on  the 
route  to  Tampico. 

ZACYNTHUS.    See  Zante. 

ZADONSK,  zS-donsk',  a  town  of  Russia,  govemAent  and 
53  miles  N.N.W.  of  Voronezh,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Don. 
Pop.  2000.     It  is  mostly  built  of  wood. 

ZAFAR,  a  town  of  Arabia.     See  Dhofar. 

ZAFARAN-BOLI,  zd-fd-rdn'  bo'lee,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
Anatolia,  at  the  junction  of  two  small  affluents  of  the  Chati- 
soo,  (anc,  I'arthehiius,)  about  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Boli,  and  90 
miles  N.  of  Angora.  Pop.  IS.OOO.CO  mostly  Mohammedans. 
It  has  a  tolerable  market,  4  handsome  mosques,  2  large 
khans,  several  public  baths,  a  large  trade  in  saffron,  (whence 
its  name.)  and  some  Byzantine  antiquities,  from  which  it  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  T?ieo(lor(/p'olis  adorned  by  the 
Empress  Theodora,  the  wife  of  .Justinian. 

ZAFFARANA.  (dzdf-fa-rdn/,)  CAPE,  a  headland  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Sicily.  11  miles  E.  of  Palermo,  on  the  E.  t^ide  of  its 
bay,  E.  point  in  lat.  38°  6'  5"  N.,  ion.  13'=  .34'  E. 

ZAFFARANO,  dzdf-fd-rd'no.  a  market-town  of  Sicily,  in- 
tendancy  and  12  miles  N.  of  Catania,  on  the  E.  declivity  o? 
Mount  Etna. 

ZAFFABIN,  ZAFARINE,  zd-fd-reen/.  or  ZAPHRAN  (zd- 
frdn')  ISLANDS,  a  group  in  tlie  Mediterranean,  belonging 
to  Spain,  off  the  coast  of  Morocco,  near  the  frontier  of  Al- 
geria,.and  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  Mahala.  W.  e* 
tremity  lat.  35°  11'  N.,  Ion.  2°  27'  7"  W. 

2159 


ZAF 

ZAFPERABAD.  zjrfer  3-b3d'.  a  consldetnWe  town  of  Bri- 
tinh  ludia,  presidt;iicy  of  Bengal,  l/pp«r  Provinces,  district 
Bud  14  miles  N.  of  Jiiaiipoor. 

ZAFFKAN,  zdf-fidn',  or  ZAFFERAN,  zSffer-dn'.  a  mari- 
time town  of  Nortii  Africa,  dominions  ahd  2-iO  miles  E.S.K. 
of  Tripoli,  on  the  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Sidra.  Lat.  31°  12' 
10"  X..  Ion.  IT*^  E. 

ZAFKA.  tb&KrL  (anc.  Sefiedaf  and  BestitfUa  ?)  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  37  miles  S.E.  of  Badajos.  Pop.  4894. 
Its  manufactures,  once  important,  are  now  confineti  to  hats, 
earthenware,  and  leather.  It  has  some  remains  of  its  an- 
cient walls  and  an  Arab  citadel,  in  good  preservation,  in 
the  centre  of  which  is  the  Alcazar,  erected  in  14:37.  and 
Ions;  inhabited  by  the  Dukes  of  Feria.  This  town  is  full  of 
buildings,  begun  in  better  times,  and  on  a  grand  scale,  but 
they  have  either  remained  unfini.shed,  or  were  gutted  and 
destroyed  by  the  French  under  Drouet,  in  1811. 

ZAGAKISE.  dzd-gJ-ree'sA,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Calabria  Ultra,  district  and  N.N.E.  of  Catanzaro.     Pop.  1100. 
ZAGAROLO,  dz.i-gi-ro'lo,  a  small  town  of  Italy,  Pontifical 
States,  comarca  and  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Rome.     Pop.  490.     It 
la  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  an  ancient  Imperial  villa; 
und  it  has  a  palace  of  Prince  Rospigliosi. 
Z.AGERN,  a  village  of  Austria.     See  Zagra. 
ZAGORA,  zd-go/ri,  a  market-town   of  Albania,  on  the 
boundary  of  Epirus,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Piramiti. 

ZAGORA,  a  village  of  European  Turkey,  Thessaly,  near 
the  coast,  9  mile.^  n"E.  of  Vo1o.^<^ape  Zagora  is  a  headland, 
2  miles  N.E. of  this  village;  and  Mount  Zagora  is  the  modern 
name  of  Mount  Pelion,  (Immediately  W.,)  also  of  the  ancient 
Mount  Helicon.    See  Heucon. 

ZAGRA,  z5g'roh\  or  ZAOERN,  tsi'ghem,  a  village  of 
Austria,  Transylvania,  co.  of  Doboka,  about  24  miles  from 
Bistritz.     Pop.  1000. 
ZAGRAB,  a  city  of  Austria.    See  Aoram. 
ZAGROS,  MONS.    See  Taurus. 

Z.AGROS,  (ii'gro.s\)  MOUNT,  a  mountain  range  of  Asia, 
forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Per-sia  and  the 
Turkish  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  Ion.  46°  E.,  and  between  1st. 
33°  and  35°  N. 

ZAGYVA,  zoh'ghee'vi5h\  a  river  of  Central  Hungary,  flows 
S.  past  Paszta,  Hatvan,  and  Jasz-Bereny,  and  joins  the  Theiss 
at  Szolnok,  after  a  course  of  90  miles. 
ZAIIARA  (Great  Desert).    See  Sahara. 
ZAHARA,  thd-d/rd,  a  town  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  province 
of  Cadiz,  on  a  lofty  hill,  crowned  by  an  old  castle.     P.  1151. 
Z.\HN  A,  tsA'nJ.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Berlin 
and  Leipsic  Railway.  7  miles  E.N.E.  of  Wittenberg.    Pop. 
2140.    It  has  manufactures  of  linen  fabrics. 

ZAHOO  or  ZAHU,  za-hoo/,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  &4 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Mosul,  on  the  Khaboor,  an  affluent  of  the 
Tigris. 

2  AHRINGEN,  (Zahringen.)  ts4'ring-f  n,  a  village  of  Baden, 
2  miles  N.  of  Freiburg,  with  the  ruined  castle  of  its  former 
dukeK.  Pop.  797. 
ZAHU,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  See  Zahoo. 
Z.AI  or  S.AI.  zl,  a  river  of  Russia,  rises  in  the  N.W.  of  the 
government  of  Orenboorg,  flows  N.N.W.  and  joins  the  Kama 
on  the  left,  near  the  junction  of  the  governments  of  Oren- 
boorg, Viatka,  and  Kazan,  after  a  course  of  120  miles. 

ZAIKANY,  zi'kdfi',  a  village  of  Transylvania,  co.  of  Ilun- 
yad,  28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Deva.  Here  Trajan  gained  his  thinl 
victory  over  Decebalus  a  part  of  whose  treasure  is  believed 
to  have  been  discovered  here  in  1543. 

Z.AINAH.  zi'nd\  a  town  of  Algeria,  province  and  70  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Oonstantine,  supposed  to  occupy  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Ziima. 
ZAINSK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sainsk. 
ZAIRE  or  ZAHIU,  a  river  of  South  Africa.    See  Congo. 
ZAISAN  or  ZAIZAN,  zl-zan/,  written  also  DZAISANG, 
dzi-zdng',  (Chinese   Kong-ko-tn.)  a   lake  of  Chinese  Toor- 
kistan,  Soongaria,  lat  47°  30'  N..  and  between   Ion.  8-3= 
15'  and  84°  40'  E.,  near  the  frontier  of  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Tomsk.    Length  from  E.  to  W.  80  miles,  breadth 
20  miles.     It  receives  numerous  rivers;   the  principal  of 
which,  the  Irtish,  enters  it  at  its  E.  extremity,  and  emerges 
from  it  on  its  N.  side. 

ZAISENH.AUSEN,    tsI'zgn-hOw'zpn.  a    market-town    of 
Baden,  circle  of  Middle  Rhine,  bailiwick  of  Bretten.     P.  1008. 
ZAIZAN,  a  lake  of  Chinese  Toorkistan.    See  Zaisan. 
ZAKALIA.     See  Zara. 

ZAKLIKOVor  ZAKLIKOW.  za-klee/kov,  a  town  of  Poland, 
government  and  39  miles  S.W.  of  Lublin,  on  the  Sanna 

Pop.  leoo. 

ZAKLUCZYNj  zi-kloo/chin,  a  village  of  Austrian  Galicia. 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Bochnia.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
on  a  rocky  height,  are  the  extensive  ruins  of  the  Castle  of 
Melstyn. 

•  ZAKOPANA,  zi-ko-pi/nJ,  a  village  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
In  the  Valley  of  the  Bialka,  about  7  miles  S.E.  of  Neumark. 
on  the  frontiers  of  Hungary.  It  has  iron-mines,  which  are 
extensively  worked. 

ZAKOTNAIA   or  ZAKOTNAJA.   zJ-kot-nT/l  a   market- 
town  of  Ruasia.  government  of  Voronezh,  15  miles  N.N  E 
of  Starobielsk.    Pop.  1500. 
8160 


ZAN 

ZALAMEA,  thi-ia-mA/1.  (^anc.  nijxif)  a  town  of  Spain, 
province,  and  74  miles  E.S.E.  of  Badajos.  Pop.  .S9S0.  >eai 
it  is  a  parish  church,  with  a  t^wer  which  is  the  most  re- 
markable object  in  the  place,  having  belonged  oricrinally  to 
a  monument  erected  in  A.l>.  10.3.  in  honor  of  the  Emperor 
Trajan.  An  ancient  mine  of  argentiferous  lead  is  in  opera- 
tion; iron  ore  is  also  found  in  abundance,  and  he.ips  of 
scoriae,  ne.sr  old  mines,  are  frequently  met  with.  Zaliimea 
was  taken  from  the  Moors  by  Pedro  YaHez,  sixth  grand- 
master of  Alcantara. 

ZALAMEA  LA  REAL,  thaia-m.A'J  U  rA-SI',  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  and  35  miles  N.E.  of  Huelva.  Pop.  4180,  who 
manufacture  wiollens,  leather,  and  coniage.  Near  it  are 
the  famous  copper-mines  of  Rio  Tinto. 

ZALATHXA,  zOh'lOt/nOh.  or  ZLAKNA,  (Ger.  KlrinschUU 
ten.  klln-shlit'ten,)  a  market^town  of  Transylvania,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  Maros,  18  miles  W.  of  Karlsburg.  it  has  a 
mining  tribunal,  and  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  and 
mercury. 

ZALDITI.A,  thdl-dee've-i,  a  town  of  Spain,  Biscay,  pro- 
vince of  Guipuzcoa,  on  the  side  of  Mount  Aralar,  abont  13 
miles  from  Tolof*.    Pop.  1102, 

ZALESCZYKY  or  ZALESZCZYKY.  za-lJsh-ch1k'ee,  a  town 
of  Austrian  Galicia,  26  miles  S.  of  Czortkow,  on  the  Dniester. 
Pop.  5000. 

ZAL^INAF',  a  group  of  islets,  Strait  of  Macassar,  W.  of 
Celebes.     Lat.  5°  30'  S.,  Ion.  118°  30'  E. 

ZALOSZE,  zd-losh'A,  or  ZALOSCE,  a  market-town  of  Aus- 
trian Galicia.  on  the  Sered.  23  miles  S.S.E.  of  Brody.  It  has 
an  ancient  castle,  a  convent,  and  manufactures  of  flue  wool- 
len cloths. 

ZALT-BOMMEL.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Bommel. 

Z.\MHALES,  sim-bi'les,  a  province  of  the  Philippines, 
on  the  W.  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  forming  along  and  narrow 
belt  stretching  about  90  miles,  between  the  Bay  of  I/ingayen 
on  the  N.  and  that  of  Subie  or  Suba  on  the  S.  Capital,  iba. 
Pop.  37.035. 

ZAMBERG.  a  town  of  Germany.    See  Senftesbero. 

ZAMBEZE  or  ZAMBEZI,  ikm-hkltw.  calle<l  also  CUAMA, 
kwi/mi,  a  river  of  East  Africa,  enters  the  Indian  Ocean  by 
numerous  mouths,  between  Luabo  and  Quilimane.  l:\t.  from 
18°  to  19°  S.,  Ion.  from  36°  to  37°  E..  after  an  E.  course  of 
uncertain  length.  Only  its  principal  branch,  the  Quilimane, 
has  been  a.scertained  to  be  fit  for  navigation. 

ZAMORA.  thd-mo/rl,  (anc.  OcellfKliirum  f)  a  city  of  Spain, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Zamora,  on  the  Douro,  31  miles 
N.N.W. of  Salamama.  Pop.  8877.  It  is  enclosed  by  decayed 
walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  hospitals.  barra<-ks,  a  co«rt-hou.<'e, 
public  granary,  bishop's  palace,  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle  in  the  suburbs,  and  manufactures  of  serges,  hats, 
leather,  liqueurs,  and  gunpowder.  The  town  is  entered  by  7 
gates.  In  early  history,  Zamora  was  an  important  frontier 
town  against  Moorish  inva.tions.  It  was  recovered  from  the 
infidel  in  748  by  Alonzo  El  Catolico.  In  July.  939.  it  was 
besieged  bj'  Abdu-r-Rahman,  when  a  desperate  battle  was 
fought  for  its  relief  by  Ramiro  II.,  and  the  Moslems  were 
detieated.  Zamora  was  then  enclosed  by  7  lines  of  wall.s,  and 
the  spaces  between  were  defended  by  moats;  40,000  Moors 
are  said  to  have  been  killefi  in  these  trenches.  But  In  985  It 
was  taken  and  destroyed  by  the  great  Al-Mansoor.  It  was 
rebuilt  by  Ferdinand  I. 

ZAMORA,  a  province  of  Spain,  Leon,  bounded  W.  by 
Portugal.     Area  3467  square  miles.     Pop.  180,000. 

Z.VMORA,  si-mo'rS,  a  t«wn  of  South  America.  Ecuador, 
department  of  .\suay.  province  and  25  miles  E.  of  Loja,  on  the 
Zamora  River,  an  affluent  of  the  Amazon. 

Z.AMOR.A,  sd-uio/rd.  a  market-town  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  of  Michoacan,  75  miles  W.N.W.  of  Valla- 
dolid. 

ZAMORA,  sd-mo'rd,  or  CALCA,  kaiOcS,  a  town  of  South 
Peru,  department  and  20  miles  N.  of  Cuzco. 

ZAMORA,  zil-mo'rd.  or  COMORA,  a  market-town  of  Portu- 
gal, Estreuiadura,  20  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon. 

Z.AMORA.  zd-mo'rd  or  zd'mo'rd',  (anc.  Hnr^rea  Oetia,)  a 
small  town  of  Algeria,  105  miles  S.E.  of  Algiers. 

ZAMOSZ.  zi'mosh,  or  ZAMOSC,  id'mosts.  a  strongly  for- 
tified town  of  Poland,  government  and  45  miles  S.E.  of 
Lublin,  on  the  Wieprz.  Pop.,  excluding  garrison.  5*Xi0.  It 
has  an  ext<'nsive  arsenal,  which  has  been  fortified  since  1807, 
as  a  bulwark  on  the  line  of  the  Vistula. 

ZAMOSZ.  STARI,  std'ree  zd'mosh,  a  town  of  Poland,  13 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Zamosz,  with  alyceum  and  1000  inhabitants. 

Z.\MOT.\,  zd-nio'td,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government 
of  Minsk,  47  miles  W.  of  Disna.     Pop.  1550. 

ZANA.  a  lake  of  Abyssinia.     See  Dembea. 

ZANC.ARA,  thdn-kd'rd,  a  river  of  Spain,  joins  the  Quadi- 
ana.    Total  course,  exclusive  of  windings,  114  miles. 

Z.ANCLE.     See  Messina. 

ZANDOBBIO,  dzdn-dob'be-o,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  1 1  miles  E.  of  Bergamo.     Pop.  929. 

Z.\NDVLIET,  zdnd'vleet/,  a  fortified  town  of  Belgium, 
province  and  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Antwerp,  near  the  right 
bank  of  the  Scheldt.     Pop.  1200 

ZANEN.     See  Zaanen. 

ZANESFIELD,  zains/feeld,  a,  post-village  of  Logan  county. 


ZAN 


ZAN 


Ohio,  on  !Mad  River,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Pentisylrania 
Railroad,  50  miles  jN.W.  of  C6lumbus.  It  has  good  water- 
power.    Pop.  328. 

ZANESVILLE,  zainz'vil,  a  handsome  and  flonri^hin!; 
city  of  Ohio,  and  sejit  of  justice  of  Muskingum  county,  is 
situated  on  the  National  Road,  and  on  the  Muskingum 
River,  80  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Licking  River.  It  is  .54  miles  K.  of  Columbus,  ami  160 
miles  K.X.K.  of  ancinnati.  Lat.  39="  57'  N.,  Ion.  81°  57'  W. 
It  is  situated  on  the  left  hank  of  the  river,  which  is  a  fine 
navigable  stream,  flowing  through  a  beautiful,  populous,  and 
highly  productive  valley.  The  plan  of  the  town  is  regular, 
the  street.-^  are  wide,  adorned  with  many  fine  buildings,  and 
lighted  with  gas.  The  position  is  naturally  advantageous 
for  trade,  and  in  respect  to  improved  means  of  communicur 
tion,  Zanesville  is  not  behind  the  progress  of  the  age. 
Steamboats  can  ascend  from  the  Ohio  to  this  point,  and 
several  of  them  make  regular  pas.sages  between  Zanesville 
and  Cincinnati.  The  Central  Ohio  Railroad  connects  it 
with  Columbus  on  one  hand,  and  Wheeling  and  Pittsburg 
on  the  other;  the  Zanesville  Wilmington  and  Cincinnati 
Riiilroad,  about  130  miles  long,  terminates  here,  and  con- 
nects with  the  Cleveland  Zanesville  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road, whicli  is  about  100  miles  long,  and  is  in  course  of 
construction.  The  second  line,  as  well  as  the  first,  has 
been  completed.  Since  the  commencement  of  tlK-se  works, 
the  value  of  real  estate  has  been  much  increased,  and  the 
city  exhibits  an  aspect  of  new  prosperity.  The  attention 
of  capitalists  is  attracted  to  the  advantages  for  manufac- 
turing which  are  presented  here  in  the  abundant  water- 
power  of  the  river,  and  the  rich  coal-mines  of  the  inljncent 
hills.  The  water  of  the  river  is  distributed  through  the 
town  from  a  reservoir,  which  contains  about  2,000,000  gal- 
lons. The  Central  Ohio  Railroad  Company  have  erected  an 
iron  bridge  over  the  Muskingum.  It  is  538  feet  in  length, 
and  contains  67  tons  of  wrought,  and  130  tons  of  cast  iron. 
The  city  is  connected  by  bridges  with  three  suburbs  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  river,  namely,  Putnam,  South  Zanesville. 
and  West  Zanesville.  The  former  has  a  flourishing  female 
seminary,  an  academy,  and  (1860)  1793  inhabitants.  Three 
newspapers  are  published  here.  Zanesville  contains  aliout 
14  churches,  and  a  number  of  well  organized  public  schools. 
It  has  also  a  free  school,  supported  by  a  fund  of  from 
$:300,000  to  $500,000— John  Mclntire,  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  the  place,  having  bequeathed  nearly  all  his  estate  for 
the  education  of  the  poorer  children  of  Zanesville  forever. 
A  suitable  building  has  been  erected,  and  the  school  is 
numerously  attended.  The  town  contained,  in  1864,  4 
banks,  capital  $400,000. 1  cotton  factory,  2  woollen  factories, 
1  nail  factory,  2  glass  works,  5  iron  fouiidries,  2  i)aper-niills, 
5  flouring-mills,  2  oil-mills,  and  3  large  manufactories  of 
Bteam-eiigines.  Zanesville  was  laid  out  in  1799.  The  seat 
of  the  state  government  was  removed  from  Chilicothe  to 
this  place  in  1810.  and  transferred  to  Columbus  about  two 
years  later.     Pop.  in  1850,  10.355 ;  in  1860,  9229. 

Z.^NESVILTjK.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co,  nUoois, 
85  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

ZANG.  a  town  of  Thibet.    See  Jikadze. 

ZANGEIA,  z3ng-gi'yi,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  Honssa, 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Kano,  and  formerly  of  much  greater  extent 
and  importance  than  at  present. 

ZANGXOMANO,  zjng  no-m2ng',  a  prosperous  town  of  the 
Burmese  dominions,  province  and  on  the  river  of  Pegu,  im- 
mediately opposite  the  citv  of  Pegfl.    See  Pegu. 

ZANGUEBAR,  zdng''ghi-bar',  a  name  frequently  given  by 
geographers  to  a  long  tract  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa.  Tlie 
word  Zanguebar,  (properly  Zangebar,  with  (j  hard,)  is  equi- 
valent t>  the  Arab  expression  Her  ez-Zing  or  Zinj,  the  land 
of  the  Zinj  or  Zing,  being  derived  from  Zinj  or  Zing, 
the  ancient  Arabic  name  of  the  East  African  negro, 
and  the  Persian  or  Indian  word  Bar,  "country."  The  name 
Zinguebar  or  Zanguebar  belongs  therefore  to  the  lan- 
gu!«;e  of  the  foreign  traders  from  India  and  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  is  still  further  modified  by  the  Banyans  of  l$om- 
bay,  who  pronounce  it  Zanzibar.  Zanguebar  commences 
where  the  indigenous  black  population  takes  the  place  of 
the  swarthy  Somali  of  Semitic  race,  that  is,  at  the  S.  side  of 
th"!  river  .luiia,  near  the  equator;  jt  originally  extended  S.. 
doubtless  as  far  as  those  who  used  the  appellation  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  coasts,  probably  to  Sofala,  or  perhaps 
Cape  Correntes;  but  the  Portuguese,  drawing  a  distinction 
between  Zanguebar  and  the  coasts  which  they  claimed  or 
occupied.  fi.\ed  its  S.  limit  at  Cape  Delgado,  so  that  the  Zan- 
guebar of  European  geographers  had  an  extent  of  about  IP 
from  the  equator  S.  'fhe  name  is  now  obsolete,  the  lier 
Zing  being  known  as  Es-sawahil,  or  the  coasts,  and  the 
semi-civilized  natives,  who  have  embraced  Mohammedanism, 
repel  the  appellation  of  Zenug,  or  negroes,  and  call  them- 
selves Sawiihili,  (or  as  they  pronounce  it,  so-wllee,)  that  is, 
"coast-people."  In  the  16th  and  17th  centuries,  the  Portu- 
guese had  many  settlements  on  the  coast.    See  Zanzibar. 

ZANIC.i,  dzd-neHii,  a  village  of  .\ustrian  Italy,  province 
lind  5  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bergamo.     It  has  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  tower  which  figured  much  during  the  factions  of 
the  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines.     Pop.  1853. 
6L 


ZAXIE5IYSCIIL.  tsl'nee-mishT  or  zJn'y.^-mlsh'l,  a  town 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  government  and  S.E.  of  Posen.    P.  1520 

ZAN  NONE,  the  most  N.  of  the  I'onza  Islands. 

ZANOW,  z3'nov.  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania.  7  miles 
E.N.K.  of  Ciislin.  Pop.  1540.    It  has  breweries  and  distilleries. 

ZANSH.\USEN,  tsiins'iiow'zen,  a  village  of  Prusfiian  Po- 
merania, province  of  Brandenburg,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Lands- 
berg,  with  iron  works. 

ZANS^KAB/,  a  river  of  Ladakh  orMiddleTliibet,  rises  near 
lat.  32°  40'  N.,  and  Ion.  78°  E.,  flows  N.W.  then  N.N.E.  tc 
its  junction  with  the  Indus,  near  lat.  34°  10'  N.,  and  Ion. 
77°  25'  E.,  after  a  total  course  of  about  140  miles.  Where 
it  joins  the  Indus  the  elevation  above  sea-level  is  about 
12.000  feet. 

ZANSK  AR,  an  elevated  region  of  Ladakh  or  Middle  Thibet, 
between  lat.  33°  and  34°  N.,  and  Ion.  76°  20'  and  77°  30'  E. 
It  is  traversed  from  S.E.  to  N.W.,  near  its  S.  frontier,  by  a 
mountain  ch.ain.  about  18,000  feet  high,  here  forming  the 
watershed  between  the  Chenaub  and  the  Indus.  Padum  ih' 
considereil  the  capital. 

ZANTE,  zin'te  or  zSn'tA,  or  ZACYNTIIUS.  zJ-sin'thtls 
(Gr.  2.aKvvdos.  ZcOcunVms.)  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  Medi- 
terrunean,  between  8  and  10  miles  S.  of  Cephalonia.  and  15 
miles  from  the  nearest  point  of  the  Morea.  Lat.  of  N.  point 
37°  56'  5"  N..  Ion.  20°  41'  5"  E.  It  is  about  24  miles  long, 
12  miles  broad,  and  60  miles  in  circuit;  has  the  form  of  an 
irregular  oval,  indented  with  a  deep  bay  at  its  S.E.  extremity. 
The  W.  coast  exhibits  steep  limestone  cliffs.  The  E.  coast 
has  a  harbor,  within  which  is  situateti  the  town  of  Zante. 
The  greater  part  of  the  interior  consists  of  an  extensive 
plain,  which  is  extremely  fertile,  having  the  appearance  of 
one  continued  vineyard,  with  a  few  patches  under  tillage 
or  p.asture.  The  sides  of  the  hills  bounding  the  plain  are 
finely  diversified.  The  prevaiiing  rocks  are  calcareous :  gyp- 
sum appears  in  various  parts,  but  the  most  remark.ibla 
mineral  fe.ature  of  Zante  is  its  pitch-wells,  situated  aliout  10 
miles  from  the  town,  and  celebrated  since  the  time  of  Hero- 
dotus. Earthquakes  frequently  occur.  The  most  destructive 
on  record  took  place  on  the  night  of  Decemter  29. 1820,  when 
several  houses  were  destroyed,  and  many  persons  kille<l  or 
wounded.  Thestapleexportsof  Zantearecurrants.  to  thecul- 
ture  of  which  6440  acres  are  appropriated.  The  other  chief 
exportsareoil,  soap,  and  a  little  wine;  pomegranates,  melons, 
peaches,  citrous,  and  other  fruits  are  grown ;  but  the  corn 
raised  .scarcely  supplies  three  months'  consumption.  The 
pasturage  is  trifling,  and  goats  are  the  only  live  stock.  Pop. 
in  1  Sol'.  39,103. 

Z.\NTE.  a  town  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  capital  of  the  above 
island,  on  its  E.  .side,  at  the  head  of  a  bay  or  harbor,  on 
which  it  occupies  a  declivity  sloping  gently  to  the  sea.  It 
is  built  chiefly  in  the  Italian  style;  the  houses,  which  are 
white,  and  seldom  more  than  one  story  high,  have  iron  Ixirs 
and  lattices  of  woo<len  framework  attached  to  each  window, 
giving  them  the  appearance  of  prisons,  but  are  .somewhat 
enlivened  by  the  gay  green  and  vermilion  painting  of  the 
shutters.  The  principal  street  is  broad  and  handsome,  hav- 
ing a  piazza  on  each  side,  with  long  ranges  of  shops,  chiefly 
of  jewellers;  all  the  other  streets  are  narrow,  but  tolerably 
clean.  The  market-place  is  spacious,  and  serves  both  for  an 
exchange  and  a  public  promenade.  The  churches  are  numo- 
rou.s,  generally  substantial,  and  richly  decorated  within, 
but  not  otherwi.se  remarkable.  A  Lancasterian  .school  it 
supported  by  voluntary  contribution.s.  Zante  has  a  monu- 
ment to  Sir  T.  Maitland:  its  port  is  protected  by  a  wall,  and 
hits  a  lighthouse.  It  is  the  see  of  a  Greek  protopapas  and  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake  on  October  30,  1841.     Pop.  20,000. 

ZAN'VILLE.  a  post-office  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana. 

ZANZIBAR.  zdnVe-bar'.  or  ZANGUEBAR,  zang'ghe-bar', 
(anc.  Menu'thias  Si^nus.)  an  island  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
belonging  to  the  Sultan  of  Mu.scat.  It  is  about  52  miles  in 
length,  from  Point  Nangui,  lat.  5°  43'  S..  to  Ras-Kizimkaze, 
lat.  6°  28'  S. ;  and  with  a  general  brea<ilh  of  15  or  IS  miles; 
the  chief  town  on  the  W.  side,  in  lat.  6°  10'. S.,  and  Ion.  39°  14' 
E.  The  island  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a  strait 
about  25  miles  wide,  thinly  beset  with  coral  reefs  and  islets, 
and  lies  opposite  to  a  wide  bay,  into  which  are  discharged 
the  waters  of  the  Ruvu.  said  to  be  a  great  river,  the  princi- 
pal mouth  of  which  is  near  the  village  of  Kingani,  (that  is, 
"at  the  bar.")  The  name  Zanzibar  has  leen  learned  by 
Europeans  from  the  Banyans  of  Bombay,  and  is  a  modi- 
flcation  of  Zingebar.  which,  in  the  mercantile  language  of 
Malabar  and  the  Persian  Gulf,  means  Negro-land,  and  was 
formerly  applied  to  the  coasts  of  the  mainland.  (See  Zan- 
guebar.) But  at  the  present  day  the  shores  of  the  conti- 
nent generally  are  called  by  the  Arabic  name  E.s-saw;ihil 
or  Ks  i^owily,  (which  means  'the  coasts.")  and  the  modified 
name  Zanzibar  is  given  only  to  the  principal  island  adjacent 
to  them,  and  is  applied  to  it  only  by  foreigners,  for  the  na- 
tive name  is  Uguja,  (the  j  very  soft,)  or,  as  It  is  vulgarly 
pronounced,  Uguya. 

The  island  of  Zanzibar,  like  all  the  i.slands  on  this  coast, 
is  of  coral  fbrmation,  and  comparatively  low.  It  has.  how- 
ever, been  raised  abote  its  original  level,  and  in  some  phacea 
attains  a  height  of  perhaps  250  feet.    Its  E.  sid(!  presents  a 


=J 


ZAN 


ZAT 


oontlnuons  and  te-ieraWy  unifonn  wall  of  coral  rock,  often 
80  leet  or  more  above  the  sea,  and  OTerhan<:iug  the  waves. 
Conil  reefs  to  a  distance  of  1  or  2  miles  protect  the  island. 
The  gte.it  Hwell  of  the  N.E.  monsoon  breaks  on  them  with  a 
tremendous  surf;  a  little  beyond  the  reefs  the  sea  is  unfa- 
thomable. On  the  W.  side  the  shores  are  much  lower  and 
much  more  irregular,  presenting  many  inlets  and  creeks,  in 
which  the  mangrove  grows  luxuriantly,  while  the  sheltered 
sen  in  front  is  "dotted  with  small  islands.  The  surCice  of 
Zanzibar  is  undulating,  and  the  soil  extremely  rich,  a  stra- 
tum of  guano  probably  lying  between  the  coral  rock  and 
the  subsequent  accumulations  resulting  from  decomposed 
vegetation.  It  presents  therefore  an  agreeable  scene,  the 
variety  and  luxuriance  of  the  vegetation  compensating  for 
the  monotony  of  the  ground.  It  is  sufiRciently  watered, 
though  the  rivulets  are  sm.ill. 

The  greater  part  of  this  fine  island  is  still  in  a  state  of 
nature,  the  mango,  banana,  papaw,  plantain,  and  various 
Indian  fruits,  growing  wild,  with  several  species  of  palm  and 
the  stately  bombax  or  cotton  tree.  The  natives  cultivate 
rice,  millet,  which  grows  to  a  height  of  10  feet;  manioc, 
batatas,  ic,  but  the  cultivated  fields  and  gardens  occupy 
only  a  small  area.  The  labor  of  the  fields  is  left  chiefly  to 
the  women,  who  also  make  the  pottery,  are  the  stone-masons' 
laborers,  and  do  all  other  drudgery.  But  the  rural  industry 
is  destined  to  make  rapid  progress.  Zanzibar  is  now  become 
a  garden  of  the  fine  spices,  the  sultan's  plantations  contain- 
ing not  less  perhaps  at  present  than  500,000  clove  trees,  the 
produce  of  which  is  excellent.  lie  has  also  planted  nutmeg 
and  cinnamon  trees,  and  has  directed  bis  attention  to  the 
manufacture  of  sugar,  obtaining  workmen  from  Mauritius 
and  Bourbon. 

The  animals  of  Zanzibar  are  few  in  number;  wild  bogs 
occupy  unmolested  the  thickets  in  the  middle  of  the  island, 
an.d  a  few  civetn-at*,  escaped  from  captivity,  lurk  about  the 
villages;  wild  birds  also,  with  the  exception  of  guinea-fowl, 
are  few,  as  well  as  insects;  fish  and  poultry  abound.  The 
cattle  of  the  island  are  small,  and  of  the  hunched  or  Indian 
breed ;  the  ass.  here  the  chief  beast  of  burden,  is  strong  and 
handsome.  Horses  and  camels  are  to  be  found  in  small 
number.  The  sultan  prides  himself  on  his  stud,  but  his 
horses,  though  well  bred,  are  generally  in  bad  condition, 
owing  to  the  imperfect  husbandry  of  the  island  and  the 
want  of  good  green  food. 

The  climate  .of  Zanzibar  has  been  always  dreaded  by 
Europeans,  and  not  a  few  experienced  seamen  have  de- 
nounced the  water  as  loaded  with  the  seeds  of  fever.  This 
accusation  of  insalubrity  it  shares  with  many  coral  islands. 
Being  low  and  generally  level,  its  drainage  is  imperfect,  and, 
as  yet,  art  has  done  nothing  to  supply  this  natural  defect. 
The  causes  which  have  conduced  to  the  great  fertility  of  the 
island — the  decomposing  animal  matter  within  and  upon 
the  coral,  the  extreme  rankness  of  a.  vegetation  that  falls  to 
decay  in  heaps — are  still  in  active  operation,  while  the  care- 
less habits  of  the  people  all  favor  the  generation  of  malaria. 
The  hyenas,  which  on  the  mainland  cleanse  the  villages  of 
all  offal,  are  here  wanting,  and  it  is  not  uncommon  to  see 
the  dead  bodies  of  slaves  or  poor  people  lying  unburied  on 
the  sea-side  in  front  of  the  town.  In  short,  pestilence  is 
easily  generated  in  such  a  place  as  Zanzibar,  where  no  step 
whatever  has  been  taken  to  prevent  it.  The  principal  towns 
are  Zanzibar  and  Uzi,  otherwise  called  Uguj.H-ue&,  (Great 
Cguja.  In  travelling  through  the  country  between  these 
towns,  the  stranger  is  agreeably  surprised  at  finding  the 
narrow  roads  evcrywhere,neatly  fenced,  like  gnrdeo-walks. 
with  hedges  of  palma-Christi,  the  croton  shrub,  or  of  a 
creeper  called  nipira,  which  yields  elastic  gum.  A  consi- 
derable trade  is  carried  on  with  Arabia,  and  the  ports  in  the 
Ked  Sea.  The  island  is  the  metropolis  of  the  Sultan  of 
Muscat's  possessions  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa.  Pop.  aliout 
150,000;  consisting  of  Arabs,  Sowily  Africans,  and  negro 
clavcs. 

ZAP.VDXAIA-KOLIMA.    See  Inbighirk.v. 
^  Z.\l'AKA.  sd-pd'ri.  an  island  and  castle  of  South  America, 
Vene/.ui-la.  18  miles  X.E.  of  Mar.acavbo,  opposite  the  mouth 
of  Lake  Maracaybo.    Length  of  the  island.  12  miles. 

Z.tPATEKA.sd-pi-tA/rd.one  of  the  largest  islands  of  Lake 
Nicaragua.  Central  America.  It  has  a  mountainous  surface 
nearly  2000  feet  high. 

ZAPATOSA  or  ZAPATOZA.  (zi-pi-to'sa  or  flL-pL-Msi;  Sp. 
J»r)n.  thd-pd-UVthi.)  LAKE,  of  South  America,  N ew  Granada. 
85  miles  S.E.  of  Mompox,  is  an  enlargement  of  the  river 
Bcsar  before  it  joins  the  Magdalena.  Length  about  25  miles 
breadth  22  miles. 

ZAPlIKAN,a  group  of  islands  in  the  Mediterranean.  See 
Zafparin. 

ZAKA.  zl'rd,  (It.  pron.  dza'rj;  anc.  Jadera.)  the  capital 
city  of  Dalmatui.  occupies  an  oval  peninsula  about  1^  miles 
In  circuit,  joined  by  a  narrow  neck  to  the  mainland,  opposite 
Oie  island  of  Ugliano,  in  the  Adriatic,  73  miles  N  W  of 
Spalat«.  and  170  miles  S.E.  of  Venice.  Lat.  (St  Simeon's 
Church)  44°  C  8"  N.,  Ion.  15°  14'  E.  Pop.  6850,  mostly  of 
Italian  descent:  and  the  villages  of  its  immediate  vicinltv 
Lave  from  20.000  to  30.000  inhabitants.  It  is  surrounded 
with  walls  of  Venetian  construction,  which  form  iu  chief 


public  promenade,  and  is  strongly  fortified.  The  citj  is 
ill-drained,  and  deficient  in  water.  It  has  a  cathedral  and 
6  other  churches,  the  chief  of  which  is  that  of  St.  Simeon; 
many  convents  and  monasteries;  a  naval  and  military 
arsenal;  a  theatre;  barracks  occupying  a  Roman  e<iifice; 
a  lyceum;  a  gymnasium,  and  an  episcopal  seminary  ;  a  mu- 
seum, and  several  handsome  an'hes.  columns,  and  other 
Roman  remains.  Its  harbor  is  small,  but  the  inhabitants 
own  upwards  of  240  vessels,  employed  in  tishei  ies  and  coast- 
ing trade.  The  principal  manufactures  are  of  maraschino 
and  leather,  and  a  few  of  silk  and  linen  fabrics.  Zara  is  t'le 
see  of  an  archbishop.  Xear  it  are  remains  of  a  fine  aque- 
duct, built  by  Trajan.    See  Z.uia-Vecchia. 

ZARA.  zdVd',  a  village  of  Asia  Minor,  pashalic  and  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Seevas.  Pop.  about  300  families.  It  has  a  large 
mosque  and  a  neat  Armenian  church. 

ZARA,  zirrk\  (or  ZERAU.)  ZAKALI.4,  the  most  S.  of  the 
Kerkenna  Islands,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Tunis,  North  Africa. 

ZAUAGOZA,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  Saraoossa. 

ZAR.\ISK,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sabaisk. 

ZAUANSK.    See  Saba.nsk. 

ZAR.\UZ.  a  town  of  Spain,  Biscay,  province  of  Guipuzcoa, 
on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  3  miles  W.  of  St,  Sebastian.     P.  1369. 

ZARA-VECCIIIA,  zifri  (or  dzd'rd)  vJk'ke-d,  '•  Old  Zara," 
(lUyrian  Start  Zadar  or  Biograd;  anc.  Blandohia  or  AVba 
MaritHma,)  a  village  of  Dalmatia,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Zara.  It 
was  once  an  important  place,  and  the  residence  of  the  Croat 
kings,  but  was  ruined  during  the  wars  of  the  Venetians  with 
the  kings  of  Ilungarj'.     Pop.  about  500. 

Z.\KI).\M,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Zaaxdam. 

ZAREVOKOKSIIAISK  or  ZAREWOKOKSCHAISK,  zS- 
rA'vo-ko-shtsk',  a  town  of  Russia  government  and  70  milen 
N.W.  of  Kazan.     Pop.  5000,  mostly  agricultural. 

ZAREVOSANTSCHURSK  or  ZARKWO-SANTSCIIURSK, 
zd-rA/vo  zdn-chooRsk,'  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
145  miles  S.W.  of  Viatka.    Pop.  2000. 

ZAKGOOX,  ZARGOUN  or  ZAR6UN,  zdr'goon',  a  small 
town  of  Persia,  province  of  Fars,  14  miles  N.£.  of  Sbeeraz. 

ZARIA  or  Z.\RIYA,  zd/ree^ah.  capital  of  Zeg-Zeg.  a 
countrv  of  Central  Africa,  near  12°  N.  lat,  and  S°  E.  Ion. 
Pop.  es"timated  at  40,000. 

ZARIASPA.    See  Balkh. 

ZARITZYN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Ts.uiiTSis. 

ZARIYA.    See  Zaria. 
•  Z.A.RIZYN,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Ts.^ritsw. 

Z.\RKI,  zaR'kee.  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of  Kielce, 
26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Olkusz.    Pop.  1980. 

ZAR/NAH.  a  ruined  city  of  Persian  Koocdistan.  in  Mount 
Zagros.  65  miles  S.W.  of  Kermanshah.  and  conjectured  by 
Miijor  Rawlinson  to  have  been  the  capital  of  Ehmais,  and 
the  Hara  of  the  Captivity. 

ZARNO.  dzas'no.  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  11 
miles  X.X.W.  of  Tarnow.    Pop.  1500. 

Z.\RXOW.  zaR'nov.  a  town  of  Poland,  province  of  Sando 
mier,  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Konskie. 

ZARNOM'ICE,  zaR-no-'fteet'sd,  a  town  of  Poland,  govern- 
ment and  44  miles  S.W.  of  Kielce,  with  a  ruined  castle,  near 
the  Pilica.    Pop.  1638. 

ZARREXTIN,  tsaR-E^n-teen',  a  village  of  Mecklenbufg^ 
Schwerln.  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  Lake  Schaal,  20  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Schwerln.     Pop.  1067. 

ZARSKOE-SELO.     See  Tsarkoe-Selo. 

ZARZA  CAPILLA,  than/thd  kd-peeUyd,  a  town  of  Spain 
Estremadura,  province  and  80  miles  from  Badajos,  on  the 
Sujar.     Pop.  1329. 

ZARZA  DE  ALAXGE,  thaR/thi  dd  a-ldng^nd.  a  town  of 
Spain,  province  of  Badajos,  on  the  Guadiana,  1 1  milt-'s  S.E 
of  .Merida.     Pop.  3127. 

ZAltZA  DE  GRANADILLA,  thaB/thI  dd  grd-Dd-peel'yl.  a 
town  of  Spain.  Estremadura,  province  of  Caceres,  on  a  low 
plain.     Pop.  1252. 

ZARZA  DE  MONTANCIIES,  thaR'thd  dd  mon-tdn'chJs,  a 
town  of  Spain,  Estremadura,  province  and  about  20  miles 
from  Caceres.     Pop.  1315. 

ZARZA  LA  MAYOR,  thaR'thd  Id  mlK)R/,  a  town  of  Spain, 
13  miles  N.E.  of  .\lcantara.  This  place  is  commonly  called 
Zarz.a-Quemada.  thaR'thd  kd-md/od,  on  account  of  it/ having 
been  burned  twice  by  the  Portuguese  at  the  end  of  the  i5th 
century,  and  again  in  1705,  when  it  remained  uninhabited 
till  1713.    Pop.  2313. 

Z.A.RZISS,  zaR/ziss^  a  maritime  town  and  castle  of  North 
Africa,  Tuni.s.  on  the  frontier  of  Tripoli,  16  miles  S.E.  of  the 
island  of  Jerba. 

ZASUIVERSK,  zd-she-vaiRsk',  a  town  or  villaire  of  East 
Siberia,  province  of  Yakootsk.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Indighirka.  lat  66°  30'  N..  Ion.  142°  E. 

ZASLAV.  ZASL.A.W,  zds-ldv',  or  IZIASLAV,  a  town  of 
Russian  Poland,  government  of  Volhynia,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict on  the  Gorin,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Ostrog.'  Pop.  8200,  c  m- 
prislng  many  Jews.     It  has  6  large  annual  fairs. 

Z.\SMUK,  tsds'miJok  or  zds'mook,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  4 
miles  S.E.  of  Kaurzim.  with  two  castles,  a  Franci.scan  con- 
vent, and  some  breweries  and  distilleries.     Pop.  1.587. 

Z.tTAS,  zd'tis,  or  SORAYA,  so-ri'd,  a  river  of  Portugal, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Sora  aiid  Erva,  joios 


ZAT 


ZEl 


the  Taams  26  miles  N.E.  of  Lisbon,  after  harlng  formed  the 
boundary  between  the  proyjnces  of  Alemtejo  and  Portuguese 
KBtremsuJura. 

ZATUK,  tsi/tor,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia.  9  miles 
N.N.^V.  of  Wadowiee,  on  the  Vistula,  at  its  confluence  with 
the  i*k!iwa.     Pop.  1466. 

ZAUDITZ,  tsowMits,  or  SAUDICE,  gow-dee'tsA,  written 
also  SUDZICK,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  government  of 
Oppeln,  7  miles  S.W.  of  Katibor.    Pop.  1235. 

ZAVATVLA,  a  post-offlce  of  Jasper  co.,  Texag. 

ZAVAXASCO,  dzi-vi-nds'ko,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy, 
province  and  9  miles  N.  of  Pavia,  on  the  Pavla  Canal. 
Pop.  118B. 

ZAVATARELLO,  dvAv^-tk-rMno,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  division  of  Genoa,  province  and  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Bobbio.     Pop.  1729. 

ZAVilLSTEIN,  tsl/vel-stTne^  a  town  of  WUrtemburg,  2i 
miles  S.W.  of  Calw.     Pop.  357. 

ZAWILA.    See  Zueela. 

ZAYI,  zd'yee,  a  ruined  city  of  Yucatan,  70  miles  S.  of  Me- 
rida,  finely  situated  amongst  a  range  of  hills,  its  remains 
comprising  a  vast  building. 

ZBAUASZ,  zbi'rash,  or  ZBARAZ,  zbi'razh,  a  town  of 
Austrian  Galicia,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Tarnnpol,  on  the  Ikva. 
Pop.  5642.  It  has  an  ancient  castle,  Honian  Catholic  and 
Greek  churches,  and  Bemardine  monastery. 

ZBO'KO*.  a  town  and  two  castles  of  North  Hungary,  co. 
of  Saros,  27  miles  N.N.K.  of  Eperies. 

ZBRAZLAWITZ,  zhbrrlz-M'*its.  a  market-town  of  Bohe- 
mia, 13  miles  S.W.  of  Czaslau.     Pop.  1058. 

ZDONICE,  a  town  of  Moravia.     See  Steimtz. 

ZDUNY,  (Zdiiny.)  zhdU'nee.(?)  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland, 
57  miles  S.S.E.  of  Posen.     Pop.  3200. 

ZEA  or  ZIA,  zee'd,  (anc.  CWns ;  Gr.  Keof,)  an  island  of  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  belonging  to  the  group  of  the  North 
Cyel.idos,  13  miles  E.  of  Cape  Colonna;  greatest  Icnirth  from 
N.N.E.  to  S.S.W.,  13  miles;  central  breadth  8  miles;  lat. 
(Mount  St.  Elias)  37°  37'  18"  N.,  Ion.  24°  21'  45"  E.  It  is  of  a 
very  compact  and  somewhat  oval  form.  Beyond  the  coasts, 
which  are  generally  low.  the  ground  rises  in  fine  terraces 
towards  the  centre,  where  it  culminates  in  Mount  St.  Elias. 
The  prevailing  rock  is  limestone.  The  climate  is  salubrioas, 
and  the  soil  fertile  and  well  cultivatcsl.  producing  in  abun- 
dance barley,  cotton,  wine,  and  figs.  The  pastures  also  feed 
great  numbers  of  cattle,  and  much  attention  is  paid  to  the 
rearing  of  silk  worms.     Pop.  9000. 

ZEA,  a  town  of  the  Grecian  .\rchipelago,  capital  of  the 
above  island,  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient  Carthea,  on  a 
small  stream,  about  3  miles  fi-om  the  N.W.  shore.  It  is  bnilt 
on  an  eminence,  in  the  form  of  terraces,  the  roofs  of  one 
range  of  houses  forming  the  street  of  the  above  range.  It  is 
entered  by  a  narrow  pass  completely  commanded  by  the 
citadel.  Many  of  the  houses  are  of  massive  structure,  but 
the  streets  are  very  dirty.  The  harbor.  3  miles  distant  from 
the  town,  aiimits  the  largest  vessels,  and  is  much  frequented. 

ZE.Vr-A.ND,  zee/land.  (Dutch  yM<tn(l,  z.Vldnt.)  the  most  S. 
province  of  the  Netherlands,  between  lat.  51*14'  and  51°  45' 
N.,  and  Ion.  3°  30'  and  4°  V  E..  having  E.  the  province  of 
North  Brabant.  S.  and  S.W.  the  Belgian  provinces  of  .\ntwerp 
a,nd  West  i'landers,  W.  the  North  Sea,  and  N.  the  province 
of  North  Holland.  Area  664  square  miles.  Pop.  in  1863, 
173,1''0.  Zealand  proper,  comprises  the  islands  of  Walche- 
ren,  Beveland,  Tholen.  Duiveland.  and  Schowen.  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Scheldt  and  .Maas,  (or  Meuso.)  The  surface  is 
little  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  and  protected  against  its 
Irruption  by  dams  and  dykes:  besides  the  islands,  the  pro- 
vince compi-is'-s  a  portion  of  the  continent  S.  of  the  Scheldt. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  and  more  corn  is  raised  than  is  required 
for  home  consumption.  The  other  principal  products  are 
cattle,  reared  in  large  numbers  in  thi- polders,  butter,  madder, 
seeds,  potsitoes,  hemp,  and  turnips,  which  compose  the  prin- 
cipal exports.  Linen  weaving,  distilling,  brewing,  salt-re- 
finiiig,  tile-making,  and  ship-building,  are  the  chief  branches 
of  mannfncturing  industry.  The  principal  towns  are  Mid- 
delburg.  (the  capital.)  Flushing,  Zierikzee,  and  St.  Goes. 
Under  the  Frendi  it  formed  the  department  of  Bouches- 
d'Esctiut.  It  suffered  severely  from  an  inundation  of  the 
sea  in  1825. 

Zi:  ALAND  or  ZEELAND.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  North  Brabant,  17  miles  E.  of  liois-Ie-Duc.     P.  1650. 

ZE.\LAND.  an  island  of  Denmark.     See  Seelam). 

ZEALAND,  NEW.     See  New  Zealand. 

ZKAL-MONACHO'RUM.  a  parish  of  England,  CO.  of  Devon. 

ZEALS,  a  ty thing  of  England,  co.  of  Wilts. 

ZKBAYER,  ze-bi'er,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Red  Sea; 
about  Lit.  15°  N.,  aiid  Ion.  42°  E.  It  consists  of  Jibbel-Ze- 
bayer.  the  most  13.  and  largest.  a1x)ut  3  miles  long  from  N.  to 
(*.,  8  miles  in  circuit,  and  600  feet  high,  having  three  remarka- 
Me  hills,  one  of  them  in  the  form  of  a  cone;  Saba,  N.W.  by 
W.  of  the  former,  about  half  a  mile  in  diameter,  and  nearly 
lound.  consisting  of  a. sandy  plain,  with  two  remarkable  hills, 
both  of  which  have  craters;  C<5nnecte<l  Island,  a  most  extra- 
ordinary hiab  "igged-topped  rock,  joined  to  Saba  by  a  reef; 
Saddle.  Table  Peak.  Rugired,  and  Haycock  Islands,  eacii 
about  half  u  mile  long,  and  of  moderate  height;  and  Jibbel- 


Teer,  34  miles  N.N.TV.  of  .Tibbel-Zebayer,  nearlr  of  a  circular 
shape,  about  1 J  miles  in  diameter,  rising  graauftriy  from  the 
shore,  and  terminating  in  a  range  of  volcanic  peaks.  Saddle 
Lsland  was  in  eruption  on  14th  .\ugust.  1846. 

ZEBEED  or  ZEBID,  zcb'eed'  or  zi-beed',  (anc.  Sabat,)  a 
fortified  town  of  Arabia,  district  of  Yemen,  on  the  liver 
Zebeed,  15  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  IIC 
miles  S.W.  of  Sana.  Pop.  7000,  excluding  an  Egyptian  gar- 
rison of  about  700  men.  It  is  enclosed  by  high  wails  flanked 
with  numerous  towers,  and  is  of  great  antiquity.  It  has  a 
handsome  mosque,  and  was  formerly  a  place  of  much  com- 
mercial importance;  but  it  has  declined  into  comparative 
insignificance,  owing  to  accumulations  of  .sand  at  the  mouth 
of  its  river.  The  river,  sl.ated  to  be  almost  the  only  stream 
in  Arabia  which  continues  to  the  coast,  flows  N.  through  a 
fertile  valley  for  about  80  miles. 

ZEBENY,  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Seben. 

ZEBRAK.  zhA'brJlk,  sometimes  written  SCHEBRAK,  or 
BETTLERN,  bftf l^rn,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Beraun.     Pop.  1278. 

ZEBU,  ze-boo',  or  CEBU,  se-boo'.  (Sp.  pron.  thil-boo/.)  an 
island  of  the  Malay  .A.rchipelago.  Philippine  Isles,  separated 
on  the  W.  from  the  Isle  of  N'egros  by  the  Strait  of  Taflon,  and 
having  on  the  E.  the  dependent  isles  of  Matan,  and  Bohol, 
between  lat.  9°  20'  and  11°  N.,  and  Ion.  123°  and  124°  K 
It  forms  a  long  and  comparatively  narrow  belt,  with  a 
san<ly  and  .somewhat  stony  soil,  not  so  well  adapted  to  cul- 
ture as  most  of  the  other  Philippine  I.slands.  It  suffers  much 
from  want  of  water,  as  rain  seldom  falls,  and  when  it  does 
fall  is  quickly  absorbed.  It  has.  notwithstanding,  many 
fertile  valleys,  which  yield  good  crops  of  rice,  sugar,  cotton, 
tobacco,  millet,  and  the  best  cocoa  in  the  Philippines ;  and 
extensive  pastures,  on  which  great  numbers  of  cattle,  sheep, 
and  goats  are  fed.  The  climate  is  remarkably  pleasant,  the 
excessive  heat  b<nng  tempered  by  an  evening  and  morning 
breeze.  The  Town,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  E.  shore, 
oppo.site  to  the  isl.and  of  Matan,  is  divided  by  a  stream  into 
two  parts,  and  has  a  fine  cathedral,  a  handsome  epi.sc-ipal 
pal.ace,  a  leper's  hospit.al,  and  an  important  tr.ide,  chiefly 
with  Manila,  Pop.,  including  pueblo,  8S05,  The  capital 
town.  Zebu,  is  on  its  E.  side,  and  on  the  island  of  platan 
opposite  the  town,  Magellan  (Magelhaen.s)  was  killed  in  a 
skirmish  in  1521.     Pop.  8805. 

ZEBU  or  CEBU,  a  province  of  the  Philippines,  which  in- 
chides,  in  addition  to  Zebu,  the  isles  of  Matan,  Bataj'an, 
Sicijon.  Bohol,  ami  Camotes,  forms  41  pueldos.    Pop.  256,803 

ZLB'ULON.  a  plea.sant  post-village,  capital  of  Pike  county, 
Georgia.  50  miles  N.W.  of  .Macon,  was  selected  as  the  seat  of 
justice  in  1825.  It  contains  a  court-house,  jail.  2  churches, 
and  2  academics. 

ZEliULON,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Arkansas,  about  90 
miles  S.W.  by  W.  of  Little  Rock. 

ZEDELGUEM,  zA'del-Gh5m\  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders.  6  miles  S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2050. 

ZEDENICK  or  ZEHDENIK,  tsA'deh-nik\  a  town  of  Prus- 
sia, province  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  Havel,  11  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Templin.     Pop.  2S70. 

ZEDIK.  zed*eek'.(?)  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Ghilan, 
20  miles  W.  of  Reshd.  It  consists  of  about  500  houses,  built 
on  a  steep  mountain  side. 

ZEDLITZ.  ALT,  dlt  tsJdlits,  or  ALTCZETLICZE.  Sit 
chJt-lee'chA,  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  3  miles  N,W.  of 
Hayd,  with  a  castle,  and  a  trade  in  cotton  stuffs, 

ZEEL.^ND,  an  island  of  Denmark.    See  Seelasd. 

ZEELAND,  Netherlands.    See  Zealand. 

ZEGEDIN.  a  town  of  Hungary.    See  Szeredix. 

ZEOGERS  CAPPEL,  zjg'ghers  kSp'pfl,  (Fr.  pron.  zi^zhaiR' 
kSp^M',)  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Nord,  10  miles 
S.  of  Dunkerque.     Pop.  1700. 

ZF.GHEN.  z.4-ghfn'.(?)  or  ZEGHAN,(?)  a  town  of  Central 
Africa.  Fezzan,  about  100  miles  N,N.E.  of  Moorzook,  enclosed 
by  palm  groves. 

ZEOOZIIEE,  zJgVzhee',  (written  also  ZAGOSIIL)  Guinea, 
an  island  in  the  Niger  (Quorra)  River,  opposite  the  town  of 
Rabba. 

ZEGWAARD,  zJoVSnt',  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pre 
vince  of  South  Holland,  8  miles  E.  by  S,  of  the  Il.ague.  Pop. 
1232. 

ZEGZEG,  zfg^zJg',  a  kingdom  or  country  of  Soodan,  inter- 
sected by  the  12th  parallel  of  N.  latitude,  and  the  10th  me- 
ridian of  E.  longitude. 

ZEHOL.  a  palace  of  Peking.    See  Zhehol. 

ZKHDEN,  tsA'djn.  a  town  of  I'russia,  province  of  Bran- 
denbursr.  40  miles  N.  of  Frankfort.     Pop.  1600. 

ZEHDENIK,  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Zedemck. 

ZEHREE,  z.-l'ree*  or  z?H'r'ee,  a  town  of  Beloochistan, 
capital  of  the  province  of  .Thalawan,  35  miles  S.E,  of  Kelat. 
in  a  fertile  district  of  its  own  n.ame.  and  reported  to  be- of 
some  importance,     Lat,  28°  22'  N..  Ion,  66°  34'  E, 

ZEIDEN,  tsT'den,  or  FEKETEHALON,  fa'kAHi'ha/lon\  a 
market-town  of  'Transylvania,  Saxon-land,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  county  andS  miles  N,W.  of  Kronstadt.  Pop.  3546 
many  of  whom  are  occupied  in  cotton  weaving. 

ZEIJST,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Zeist. 

ZEIL,  tsile,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Lower  Frnnconia, 

2183 


lU 


ZEl 

near  tlie  Main  4  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ilas.afurt.  Pop.  1310.  In 
5ts  niailiet-place  is  a  monument  to  the  Emperor  Maxi- 
miliau.  „  -n     «■ 

ZEIL,  a  Ti' .Mge  of  WUrtemberg,  circle  of  Danube,  S.E.  of 
Wilrzach. 

ZEIL  A  or  ZEILEII,  a  maritime  town  of  East  Africa.  See 
Zktla. 

ZEISIvAM.  tsTslilra,  a  village  of  Bararia,  Palatinate, can- 
ton f'f  Germershuim.     Pop.  1703. 

ZEIST.  ZEVST  or  ZKIJST.  zist.  a  parish  and  Tillage  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  and  5  miles  E.  of  Utrecht.  Pop. 
3047,  with  a  ;oloiiy  of  Sloravian  Christians",  who  manufac- 
ture lacquere-l  wares,  jewellery,  gloves,  and  soap. 

ZEITOON,  ZEITOUX  or  ZKITUX.  zAHoon',  a  place  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  nmte  from  Arabgeer  to  Aleppo,  with  mines 
from  which  excellent  iron  ore  is  obtained. 

ZiilTOON,  ZEITOUN  or  ZEITUX.  zd'toon',  a  district  of 
Persia,  province  of  Ears,  E.  of  Behbehan,  and  highly  fertile 
and  populous.     Its  village.  Ztitoon,  or  Cham,  is  in  ruins. 

ZEITOUN.  GULF  OF.    See  Lamia.  Gulf  of. 

ZEITOUN  or  ZEITUN,  a  town  of  Greece.    See  Lamia. 

ZEITZ.  tsTts.  a  walK-d  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  govern- 
ment of  Meiseburg.  on  the  White  Elsler,  23  miles  S.W.  of 
Leipsic.  Pop.  12,296.  It  has.  a  cathedral,  a  Protestant 
gymnasium,  two  castles,  one  of  which,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  iL<  princes,  now  serves  as  a  house  of  correction,  and 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  earthenware,  leather,  and 
shoes,  w=  h  breweries,  distilleries,  and  several  cotton-printing 
establis.  ^apnts. 

ZKKAVOVETS  or  ZEKANOVETZ,  written  also  TSIE- 
KHAXOA'ETS  or  CIECIIANOWICE,  a  market-town  of  Rus- 
sian Pol.ind.    See  ClEceANowiEC. 

ZEIvl  NOVK A,  a  town  of  Kussian  Poland.  See  Tsekixovk.v. 

ZELA.    See  Zilleh. 

ZEL.\D.\.  dzA-li'dJ,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  province 
and  S  miles  N.W.  of  Pavia,  on  the  Ticino.     Pop.  1135. 

ZELAN'mA,  (Dutch  pron.  zA-ldn'de-J.)  a  fort  of  Dutch 
Guiana,  and  the  residence  of  its  governor,  immediately  N. 
of  the  tow^n  of  Parimaribo,  in  lat.  6°  47'  N.,  Ion.  58°  32'  W. 

ZEL.\NI.\.    See  ZnELAXiA. 

ZELANZ.  a  town  of  Illyri.>».    See  Kuwesfukth. 

ZELAYA  or  CELATA,  .sA-lJ'yl  a  town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  and  35  miles  S.E.  of  Guanajuato,  on  the 
route  to  Queretaro  and  Mexico.  Estimated  population  from 
10.000  to  11,000.  It  has  a  fine  scjuare,  several  convents 
rich  in  works  of  art,  two  pos.sessing  magnificent  churches. 
It  is  the  scat  of  some  cotton  manufactures. 

ZELE,  z.Vleh,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  4  miles  N.AV.  of  Dendermoude,  (Termonde.)  on  the 
Scheldt  and  Durme.  Pop.  10.484.  It  has  a  hospital,  several 
tichools,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  cloths. 

ZELECIIOW,  zA-IA'kov,  a  town  of  Poland,  province  and 
30  miles  S.W.  of  Siedlce.     Pop.  2300. 

ZELIIEM,  zJPhSm,  a  village  of  the  Netherl.ands,  province 
of  Gelderland.  20  miles  E.  of  Arnhem.   P.  of  the  pari.'h.  2600. 

ZELIENO'PLE,  a  pleasant  post- village  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
Kvlvia,  on  Conequenessing  Creek,  220  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Uarrisburg.    It  has  several  stores.    Pop.  378. 

ZELL,  a  town  of  Hanover.    See  Celle. 

ZELL,  tsMl,  a  markettown  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  29  miles 
S.W.  of  Coblentz,  on  the  Mo.selle.     Pop.  2200. 

ZELL.  a  town  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden,  2i  miles  E. 
of  Offenburg.     Pop.  880. 

ZELL,  a  market-town  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden,  on 
the  Wiesen.  20  miles  S.  of  Freiburg.     Pop.  1207. 

ZELL,  a  vilKige  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  18  miles  N.W. 
of  Lucerne.     Pop.  1102. 

ZELL.  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  15  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Zurich,  on  the  Toce.     Pop.  of  the  parish.  1300. 

ZELl.rAM  HARMEKSBACK,  tsSl  am  haE'mers-baK\  a 
town  of  Riden.  circle  of  .Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Kinzi",  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Orenburg.     Pop.  880. 

ZELLA  ST.  BLASII.    See  Blasiex-zelle. 

ZELLE.  a  town  of  Hanover.    See  Celle. 

ZELLEHFELDorCELLERFELD,  tsM'ler-ftMt\  a  town  of 
Hanover,  district  and  opposite  Klausthal.'  from  which  town 
It  is  separated  by  the  Zellerbach.  Pop.  454b.  It  has  a  gym- 
na.sium  and  a  mint. 

ZELL,  OKOSS.grocetsJll,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Lucerne,  3  miles  W.N.W.  of  Willisau.     Pop.  1400. 

ZELLIN,  tsM-Ieen',  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, government  aed  23  mUes  N.N.W.  of  Frankfort,  on 
the  Oder.    Pop.  1S20. 

ZELLIXE,  dzJl-lee/n.*.  or  ZELLIXA,  dz5l-lee'nj,  a  river 
of  Austrian  Italy,  risi-s  in  Mount  Mauro,  in  the  X.  part  of 
the  province  of  Friuli,  flows  S.E..  and  a  little  below  the  town 
or  .Monreale  is  lost  in  extensive  swamps. 

ZELUNGEN    ts|ming-fn,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  on  the 

^Cr?  "  *  ^-^^y-  of  WUrzburg.  Pop.  19S5. 
.  it  o  ■^'^'^  ^^-  *>et*''«en  the  Swiss  canton  of  Thureau 
and  the  S.  part  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden,  is  12  mile!  in 
length,  and  4  miles  in  breadth.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Rhine, 
which  enters  It  from  the  Lake  of  Constance,  2  miles  eastward 
M.ores  undulating  and  fertile.  In  it  Is  the  island  of  Reiche- 
uau,  with  a  monastery,  where  the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fat 


ZER 

died  in  888 ;  and  on  the  shores  of  the  lake  are  the  towns  o( 
Radolfszell  and  Steckborn. 

ZELTIXGKN.  tsilfiug-en,  a  village  of  Rhenish  Prussia. 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Treves,  on  the  Moselle.     Pop.  14i0. 

ZKLVA,  zel'vi  or  ZELWIA,  z^l'vu-d.  a  river  of  Russia, 
government  of  Grodno,  after  a  course  of  70  miles  joins  the 
Niemen. 

ZELVA  or  ZELWIA,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and 
52  miles  S.E.  of  Grodno,  on  the  above  river. 

ZEIjZ.VETE,  zJl-zi'tA,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of 
Ea.st  Flanders.  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  3194. 

ZEMBIX,  zJm-biu'  or  zSm-beeu',  a  market-t-nvn  of  Ruiria, 
government  of  Minsk,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Borisov.  Pop. 
about  1500. 

ZEME,  dzi'mi,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Novara.  province  of  Lomellina,  about  6  miles  from  Mortara. 
It  is  an  ancient  place.     Pop.  1S2I. 

ZEMLIX.  a  town  of  Austria.     See  Semlin. 

ZEMPELBURG,  tsim'peI-tK>oRg\  or  ZEMPLEX,  tsJmpOfn, 
a  town  of  West  Prussia,  61  miles  W.S.W.  of  Marieuwerder. 
Pop.  3450.  It  has  Roman  Catliolic  and  Lutheran  churches, 
and  manufactures  of  woollen  doth  and  linens. 

ZE.M'PLIX,  (Ilun.  pron.  zem^piin'  or  zem'pleen'.)  a  county 
of  Hungary,  Hither  Thelss,  bounded  N.  by  Galicia;  length, 
from  X.X.E.  to  S.S.W^  100  mile.s.  mean  breadth  30  mUes. 
Ujhely  is  the  capital.     Pop.  277,494. 

ZE.MPLIX.  a  market-town  of  North-East  Hungary,  on  the 
Bodro.',  8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ujhely-t^atoralja. 

ZE'XAS,  a  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana,  65  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ZE.X.VSCO.  dz.A-nis'ko,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States, 
division  of  Novara,  province  of  Lome'dina,  near  Cava,  and 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po,  from  whose  inundations  it  often 
surfers.    It  consists  of  an  old  and  a  new  qu.'irter.    Pop.  33t)7. 

ZEXDAROOD,  ZENDARUD  or  ZENDAH-RUD.  zJnMI- 
rood',  (i.  n.  '•  living  stream,")  written  also  Z.WENDEII-ROOD, 
a  large  river  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-.\jemee.  rises  in  the 
Zardahkuh  Mountains,  near  the  sources  of  the  Karoon, 
flows  E.  past  Ispahan,  and  is  lost  in  the  sands  of  the  Persian 
Desert,  about  150  miles  E.  of  that  city. 

ZEXGG  or  ZEXG,  zeng  or  z5nk,  written  also  SEXY  and 
SZENY,  (It,  .SB(//J<i,  sjn'yd;  anc.  &'nia,)  a  forlifled  seaport 
town  of  Military  Croatia.  48  miles  S.W.  of  Carl.stadt,  on  the 
Adriatic,  at  the  termination  of  the  .Josephine  Road,  and 
opposite  the  island  of  Veglia.  Pop.  5000.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
Roman  Catholic  M.-hop.  and  has  a  Franciscan  convent.  Its 
harlx>r  is  unsafe,  but  it  has  a  considerable  export  of  corn  from 
Hungary. 

ZEXGIII,  zfng'ahee,  or  ZEXGUE,  zSng'gJh,  a  river  of 
Georgia.  Russian  Transcaucasia,  province  of  Erivan.  conveys 
the  surplus  waters  of  Lake  Sevan  into  the  Aras,  after  a  S. 
course  I  if  60  miles. 

ZEXGIIIAX  or  ZEXGAN,  Persia.    See  Zexjan. 

ZEXIT'ZA  or  SIEXITZA.  se-.A-nit/sl  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  Bosnia,  30  miles  N.W.  of  Novi-Bazar.     Pop.  2000. 

ZEXJ.\X,  zen-jdu',  a  river  of  Persia,  joins  the  Kizil-Oozen, 
(Sefeed-Rood.)  after  a  X.W.  course  of  90  miles. 

ZENJAX  or  ZEXGAN.  zCn-gds',  written  al.so  ZENGHIAN, 
a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Irak-Ajemee,  on  the  river 
Zenjan.  and  the  route  from  Tabreez  to  Ilamadan,  about  133 
miles  N.  of  Ilamadan.  Pop.  15,00U.(?)  It  is  enclosed  by 
walls,  has  a  handsome  palace,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  active 
trade  in  carpets,  woollen  cloths,  arms,  lead,  and  gunpowder. 

ZENKOV,  a  town  of  Rvissia.     See  Sen'Kov. 

ZEN'NOli,  a  parish  of  England,  co.  of  Cornwall,  4i  miles 
W.S.W.  of  St.  Ives.    Population  partly  engaged  in  tiu-mineiL 

ZiyXO.  a  post-ofBoe  of  York  district.  South  Carolina. 

ZEN'T.\  or  SZE.NT.4,  sJn'tOh'.  a  market-town  of  Hungary, 
CO.  of  Bacs,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tbeiss.  24  miles  S.  of 
Szegedin.  Pop.  13,653.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  of 
Prince  Eugene  over  the  Turks  in  1696. 

ZEX'TA  or  ZETTA,  a  river  of  Albania,  Montenegrin  Con- 
federacy.  flows  through  the  Berda  districts,  and  joins  the 
Moratsha  at  Spuss. 

ZEPITA  or  SEPITA,  s,Vpee'ti,  a  town  of  Bolivia,  depart- 
ment and  74  miles  N.W.  of  La  Paz,  on  a  headland  in  the 
Lake  of  Vinamarca,  a  branch  of  the  Lake  Titioaca. 

ZEPPEKEN,  zi^p'pjr-en,  a  village  of  Beli;iimi,  province 
of  LiralKiurs;.  9  miles'S.W.  of  Hasselt.     Pop.  1332. 

ZER-AFSIIAN  or  ZER-AFCHAN,  zJr  Sf-shdn'.  a  river  of 
Independent  Toorkistan,  Bokhara,  rises  in  the  highlands  E. 
of  Samarcand.  flows  westward  past  that  city  and  Bokhara, 
and  enters  I>ake  Denghiz,  after  a  total  course  estimated  at 
400  miles.  It  supplies  many  amals.  and  is  the  great  fertilizer 
of  the  country  it  traverses.     See  *>aHD. 

ZERAIX,  a  village  of  .\siatic  Turkey.     See  Zereex. 

ZEUA.M,  an  island  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.     See  Ceram. 

ZERB.\,  dzJa'bd,  a  village  of  the  Sardinian  States,  division 
of  Genoa,  province  of  Bobbio,  near  Oltone,  on  the  Trebbia 
Pop.  1'275. 

ZEHBA,  an  Island  of  North  Africa.    See  .Terda. 

ZERBOLO,  dzfiR'bo-Io,  a  village  of  the  Saplinian  Stales, 
division  of  Novara.  province  of  Lomellina.  neai-  the  Ticino, 
from  the  inundations  of  which  it  often  suffers.     I'op.  1985 

ZERBST,  ts^Epst,  a  town  of  North  Germany,  prliioipalit; 


ZER 


ZIM 


of  AiiLalt-Dfssau.  on  an  affluent  of  the  Elbe,  22  mlTes  S.E. 
■)f  Mitjrdoburg.  Hop.  8449.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls,  and  has 
xn  ancient  <astle;  tlie  fine  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  a  high 
school,  a  pulilic  lifcrary,  an  orphan  a.syluni,  a  house  of  cor- 
rection, manufactures  of  jewellery  and  earthenwares,  and 
breweries.  Catherine  II.  of  Russia,  born  in  1729  at  Stettin, 
of  which  her  father  was  governor,  was  a  princess  of  Zerbst. 

KEHKEN  or  ZKHIN.  zg-reen',  written  also  ZKR.\IX,  (ane. 
Jiihejrl.)  a  small  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  Palestine,  pasha- 
lic  of  Damascus,  about  52  miles  N.  of  Jerusalem,  on  the  road 
to  Nazareth. 

ZKKKU  or  ZKHREII.    See  ZcRUAn. 

ZHItERK,  zi-r,Vr<i,  a  small  river  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Matlo-Orosso,  rises  in  the  Serra  de  Santa  Barbara,  flows 
N.E.  and  joins  the  Embntetiu  or  Slondego. 

ZERT.  dzri'rep,  or  OERRI.  chf^R'Ree.  a  village  of  Tuscany, 
on  a  heiglit  about  7  miles  from  PontremoH,  with  a  ruined 
castle.     Pop.  4598. 

ZKRIN,  a  town  of  Palestine.     See  Zerken. 

ZERK.\,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey,     See  Jabok, 

ZERKOWO,  zSR-ko'*o,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  38 
miles  S.E.  of  Posen,     Pop.  1435. 

ZERMATT,  ts^R-mitt/  or  zh^mh.^).  a  hamlet  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  of  Valais,  in  a  remote  situation  at  the  head  of 
the  Visp  Valley,  9  miles  N.E.  of  Mount  Cervin,  (Matterhorn,) 
of  which  it  commands  a  magnificent  view. 

ZERNAGORA,  dzJR-nd-go'rl,  (Turkish  Kara-ta(jh.  kiva^- 
tdg.  "black  mountains,")  a  mountain  region  of  Turkey, 
chiefly  in  North  Albania,  between  lat.  42°  and  43°  N.,  and 
Ion.  19°  and  19°  30'  E.,  and  nearly  commensurate  with  the 
Independent  teiTltory  of  Montenegro. 

ZERNAdORA  or  CERNOGORA.     See  Monteneoro. 

ZERNETZ  or  ZEKNEZ,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  gee 
Cernetz, 

ZERNILOW,  t8?R'ne-lov\  a  village  of  Bohemia,  about  4 
miles  from  Smiritz,     Pep.  1314, 

ZERXITZ,  DEUTSCII,  doitch  tsjn'nits,  a  village  of  Prus- 
sian Silesia,  government  of  Oppeln,     Pop.  1032. 

ZE'RO,  a  post-office  of  .Tasper  co.,  Illinois, 

ZERil.  a  post-nflflce  of  Lauderdale  CO.,  Mississippi. 

ZHRRAH.    See  Zurrah. 

ZESK.\.  a  river  of  Asiatic  Turkey.    See  .Tabok, 

ZETHAN,  tsA'tin,  a  village  of  Saxony,  25  miles  S.S.W,  of 
Dresden,     I'op,  1311, 

ZETLAND  ISLANDS,  Scotland.    See  Shetland, 

ZETRUD-LUMAY-AUTGAERDEN,  2.Vtrlld  lil-mi'  Swt- 
gaR'di'n,(?)  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  Brabant,  on  the 
Grande  Geete,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  1488. 

ZETTA,  a  river  of  Albania,     See  Zenta, 

ZEULA,  tsoi'Li  or  MARKT-ZEULA,  maRkt  tsoili  a  mar- 
ketrtown  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Main,  4  miles  E.N,E,  of  Llchten- 
fels,     P,  1000, 

ZEULENRODA.  tsoiMen-ro'da,  or  ZEULLNRODE,  tsoil'n- 
ro'deh,  a  town  of  Germany,  principality  of  Reuss-Greitz, 
lordship  and  9  miles  S.W,  of  Greitz,  Pop.  48S1,  It  is  en- 
closed by  walls,  and  has  a  cathedral,  manufactures  of  wool- 
len stuffs,  hosiery,  and  watches, 

ZEUTERN.  tsoi'tem,  a  village  of  Baden,  6  miles  N,E.  of 
Bruchsal.     Pop,  1499, 

ZEVEN,  ts.Vven,  a  town  of  Hanover,  24  miles  S,'W.  of 
Stade,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Oste,     Pop,  2098. 

ZE  VENA.VIl,  zAVen-dtt',  a  small  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Gelderland^  capital  of  a  canton,  8  miles  S.E.  of 
Arnhem. 

ZEVENBERGEN,  zA/vgn-bJR'ahen.a  village  of  the  Nethep- 
lands,  province  of  North  Brabant,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Breda, 
intersected  by  a  canal  of  its  own  name.    Pop.  2467. 

ZEVEN  EEKEN.  a  village  of  Belgium.     See  Seveneeckex, 

ZEVENHUIZEN,  zA/ven-hoi'zen,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  9  miles  N  N,E,  of  Rotter- 
dam,    Pop,  1693. 

ZEVIO,  dzA've-o,  a  markettown  of  Austrian  Italy,  dele- 
gation and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Verona,  on  the  Adige.    Pop,  2400. 

ZEYLA,  ZEYLAH,  ZETLA  or  ZEILEH,  zA/ld  or  zileh,  a 
seaport  town  of  Adel,  North-East  Africa,  on  the  Sea  of  Bab-el- 
Mandeb,  near  the  frontier  of  Abyssinia.  Lat,  11°  17'  N.,  Ion. 
43°  E.  Pop.  500.  It  stands  on  alow  sandy  cape,  bounding  E.  a 
harbor  which  has  15  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  It  is  enclosed 
by  ruined  walls  mounting  a  few  guns,  and  is  garrisoned 
and  governed  by  a  chief,  subject  to  the  Pasha  of  Egypt, 

ZEYRINO.ORER,  o'ber  tsT'ring,  and  ZEYRING  PROB- 
8TEI,  tsT'ring  prop'slT,  two  nearly  contiguous  places  of  Aus- 
tria, Styria,  9  miles  N,W,  of  Judenburg^     Pop.  3.300. 

ZEYST,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  Zeist. 

ZEZERE.  zA-zA'rA.  a  river  of  Portugal,  provinces  of  Beira 
and  .\lemtejo,  joins  the  Tagus  at  I'unhete,  after  a  S.W, 
course  of  100  miles.  Affluents,  the  Meimoa,  Nabao,  and 
Pera,  from  the  E, 

ZHEIIOL,  GEHOL,  lEHOL  or  ZEIIOL,  zh.Vhol',  (written 
also  .TEIIO  or  GEHO,  zhA^ho',  a  celebrated  imperial  palace 
120  miles  N.E.  of  Peking.  Chin.a. 

ZHELANIA  or  JEL^NIA.  zhA-lI/ne-a.  or  JELANII.  zhA- 
lan'ye.  a  cape  forminsr  the  N.  extremity  of  Nova  Zembla, 
near  lat  77°  N.,  Ion.  76°  40'  E. 

ZHITOMBER,  JITOMIR,  JYTOMIR,   ZYTOMIR,  zhitK> 


mecr',  or  ZYTOMIERS,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  capitiil 
of  the  government  of  Volhynia,  on  an  affluent  of  th« 
Dnieper,  80  miles  S.W,  of  Kiev,  on  the  left  bank  of  th» 
Tcherov,  Pop.  3:5,717.  It  has  Russo-Greek,  Lutheran,  and 
Roman  Catholic  churches,  a  gymnasium,  theological  semi- 
nary, government  lihr.ary,  manufactures  of  hats  audleather, 
and  a  flourishing  trade  in  wooUen.s,  silk,  and  linen  fabrics, 
salt,  and  agricultural  produce. 

ZinZDRA  or  JIZDRA,  zhL^'drl,  written  al.so  SCHISDRA, 
a  town  of  Ru.'isia.  governmeut  and  80  miles  S.W.  of  Kalooga, 
capital  of  a  circle,  on  the  Zhizdra.  an  affluent  of  the  Oka. 
Pop,  8000.  It  has  niauufactures  of  woollen  cloth,  and  glajw 
and  iron  works. 

ZIA.     S<!e  Zea. 

ZIANDdWITZ,  tse-an'do-«its\  or  ZANCIIWITZ,  tsJnK'- 
*its,  a  village  of  Pru.ssian  Silesia,  government  and  24  miles 
from  Oppeln,     Pep.  1192. 

ZIBELLO,  dzebil'lo,  or  GIBELLO,  je-bJllo,  a  village  of 
Northern  Italy,  27  miles  N.W,  of  Parma,  near  the  Po. 
Pop.  4035. 

ZIBKOV  or  ZIBKOW,  NOVO,  no'vo  zib-kov',  a  town  of 
Russia,  government  and  77  miles  N.N.E.  of  Tchernigov. 
Pop.  1500. 

ZICAVO,  dze-ki'vo.  a  market-town  of  Corsica,  19  miles  E. 
of  Ajaccio.     Pop.  1249. 

ZIEGELHAUSEN,  isec'ghel-how'zen.  a  village  of  Baden, 
on  the  Neckar,  2  miles  E.N.E.  of  Heidelberg,     Pop.  1471. 

ZIEGENHAIN,  tsee'ghen-hin\  a  fortified  town  c  ,|Oerm.v 
ny,  Hesse-Cassel,  province  of  Ober-Hessen,  on  the  Sthwalm, 
23  miles  E.N.E.  of  Marburg.  Pop.  1727.  It  has  an  ancient 
castle, 

ZIEGENHAIJ?,  t.see'ghen-h3ls\  a  town  of  Prus.sian  Sile- 
sia. 34  miles  S.W.  of  Oppeln,  on  the  Biela.     Pop.  3500. 

ZIEQE.NORT,  tsee'ghfn-0Rt\  (Gross,  groce,  and  Kletn', 
kiln,)  two  contiguous  viilage.s  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  15 
miles  N.  of  Stettin,  ivt  the  mouth  of  the  Oder,  in  the  Great 
Half.     Pop.  1140, 

ZIEGENRUCK.  (Ziegenrtlck,)  tgee'gen-rak\  a  town  of 
Prussian  Saxony,  government  of  Erfurt,  capital  of  a  de- 
tached circle,  on  the  Saale,  enclosed  by  the  Saxon  duchies,  7 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Schleitz.  Pop.  950. 

ZIELENZIG,  tsee/li'n-tsio*,  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  pro- 
vince of  Brandenburg,  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop. 
4400.  It  has  manufactures  of  linens,  hosiery,  leather,  hats, 
and  gloves.     There  are  coal-mines  in  Its  vicinity, 

ZIEMETSHAUSEN,  tsee'mfts-hfjw'zen,  a  market-town  of 
Bavaria.  18  miles  W.8.W.  of  Augsburg,     Pop,  849, 

ZI ERENBERO,  tsee'rjMi-bJKo',  a  walled  town  of  Germany, 
Hesse-Cassel.  province  of  Nieder-He.ssen,  on  the  Warme,  au 
affluent  of  the  Diemel,  10  miles  W.N.W,  of  Cassel.     P.  1601. 

ZIERIKZEE,  zee/rik-z-A',  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nethe- 
lands,  province  of  Zealand,  on  the  island  of  Schouwen,  neai 
the  East  Scheldt.  Lat.  51°  38'  2"  N.,  Ion.  3°  56'  E.  Pop. 
6890.  It  has  salt  refineries,  and  a  large  oyster  fishery.  It 
is  the  oldest  town  in  Zealand,  and  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Hanseatic  League.  Its  fine  old  cathedral  was  burnt  down 
in  October,  1832. 

ZIES.\R.  tsee'zar,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  29  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Magdeburg.  Pop.  2750.  It  has  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloth,  linens,  and  hosiery. 

ZIEZ.\,  a  town  of  Spain.     See  ClEZA. 

ZIGET.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Sziqeth. 

ZIONAGO,  dzeen-yA'go,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  Sardi- 
nian States,  division  of  Genoa,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Levante. 
Pop.  1287. 

ZTHL,  a  river  of  Switzerland.    See  TntELE. 

ZlHLSCllLACHT,  tseel'shldKt,  a  village  of  Switzerland, 
canton  of  Thurgau,  near  Bischofszell.  Pop.  1423. 

ZILAII.    See  Waltenbero. 

ZILITEX,  zilVt^n/,  or  ZLITOUN,  zlee'toon',  a  maritime 
town  of  North  Africa,  on  the  Gulf  of  Sidra,  86  miles  E.S.E. 
of  Tripoli. 

ZILLEBEKE,  zilleh-b.A'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  West  Flanders,  30  miles  S.S.W,  of  Bruges,    P.  1494 

ZIL'LEH,  (anc,  ZeJla  or  Zida,)  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  pask- 
.alic  of  Seevas,  36  miles  W,S,W,  of  Tokat,  Pop,  2000  fami- 
lies,(?)  who  manufacture  coarse  cotton  cloths,  &c.  It  has  a 
fortress  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  temple,  large  khan.s,  good 
shops,  and  an  annual  fair.  This  faii"  lasts  for  fifteen  or 
twenty  days  from  the  middle  of  November,  and  is  often  fre- 
quented by  from  40,000  to  50,000  persons  from  all  the  com- 
mersial  towns  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

ZILLERTHAL,  tsillgr-tdP,  a  valley  of  the  Tyrol,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Inn,  which  receives  the  Ziller,  by  which 
it  is  watered,  about  2  miles  below  Innspruck.  Pop.  about 
14,000. 

ZILWAU'KIE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Saginaw  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  Saginaw^  River,  about  6  miles  below  Sagi- 
naw. It  has  4  steam  saw-mills,  K  plank-road,  35  miles 
long,  connects  this  place  with  Flint,  in  Genesee  county. 
Pop,  about  500. 

ZIMAPAN,  8e-m3-p3n',  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Confede- 
ration, state  and  95  miles  N.  of  Mexico, 

ZIMATLAN,  se-m2-tldn',  a  village  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
federation, state  and  25  miles  S,  of  Oajaca. 

2165 


ZLM 

ZIMBAO,  zeem-lia'o  or  zim-bow',  or  ZIMBAOE,  a  town  of 
EJtetAfrUa. 

ZIMBO.  ze-m'bo,  a  promontory  of  Brazil,  province  of 
Banta  Catiiarii  a,  40  miles  X.  of  Desterro;  breadlh  about  4 
miles. 

ZIMTTE.  se-mee'ti  »  town  of  South  America,  New  Gra- 
nada.  department  of  Magdalena,  90  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mompox. 

ZIM'MKR:MAX.  a  post-ofBce  of  Greene  CO.,  Ohio. 

ZIM'MERMANSTOWX,  a  small  village  of  Schuylkill  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  16  miles  W.  of  Pottsville. 

ZIMJIERX,  GROSS,  groce  tsim'mgrn,  a  market-town  of 
Germany.  Ilesse'Darmstadt,  province  of  Starkenburg,  9  miles 
E.  of  Darmstadt  Pop.  2930,  mostly  employed  in  linen 
weaving. 

ZIMMERWALD,  tsim'mgr-«llt\  a  Tillage  and  pari.sh  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  o  miles  S.S.E.  of  Bern,  on  the  Lan- 
genberg.     Pop.  1752. 

ZIMONY,  a  town  of  Austria.    See  Semun. 

ZIN/DER,  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  Bornoo,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  own  name,  called  also  Damagram,  300  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Kooka.    Pop.  about  10,000. 

ZINDER,  a  province  of  Central  .Africa,  forming  the  N.W. 
frontier  o£,the  territory  of  Bornoo.  is  between  lat.  13°  20'  and 
U'^  N.,  and  Ion.  4°  30'  and  10°  60'  E. 

ZIXGST,  tsingst,  an  island  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Stralsund.  in  the  Baltic,  immediately  off  the 
German  coast.  Length  14  miles ;  breadth  2  miles.  On  it  is 
tbe  village  of  Zingst. 

ZINJI,  zin'jee,  a  large  village  of  Turki-sh  Koordistan, 
pa.'ihalic  and  40  miles  E.X.E.  of  Mosul. 

ZINKOV  or  ZINKO\V',  zin-kov',  a  town  of  Russia,  govern- 
ment of  Podol.'sk,  35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kamieniec.    Pop.  1790. 

ZIXXA,  tsin'ni,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Branden- 
burg, 27  miles  S.  of  Potsdam,  on  the  railway  from  Berlin  to 
■yVitteuberg.  Pop.  1760.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen 
cloth,  cotton  stuffs,  and  leather. 

ZIXTEX,  tsin'ten,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  20  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Konigsberg.     Pop.  2500. 

ZIXTl,  a  town  of  Bolivia.    See  CiNTl. 

ZIXWALD,  tsin'*alt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  18  miles  N.W. 
of  Leitmeritz,  on  the  Red  Weiserifz.    Pop.  1149. 

ZIOX,  a  hill  of  Palestine.    See  SlON. 

ZI'OX,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in  Nit- 
tany  Valley,  5  miles  X.E.  of  Bellefonte. 

ZIOX,  a  postroffice  of  Cecil  co.,  Maryland. 

ZIOX,  a  post-village  of  Iredell  co.,  North  Carolina,  155 
miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

ZIOX,  a  post-ofSce  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana. 

ZIOX,  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois. 

ZIOX  III  LTj.  a  post-office  of  Amite  co.,  Mississippi. 

ZIOX  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co..  Tennessee. 

ZIOX  SEMIXAliy,  a  postroffice  of  Covington  co.,  Mis- 
mssippi. 

ZI'OXSVILLE,  a  village  of  Indiana,  on  the  Lafayette  and 
Indianapolis  Railroad,  15  miles  from  Indianapolis. 

ZI'OXSVILLK.  a  post-office  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana. 

ZI'OXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  40  miles  X.X.U".  of  Philadelphia,  contains  2  chun-hes. 

ZIPAQUIRA,  se-pJ-kee/rS,  a  small  town  of  South  .America, 
New  Granada,  department  of  Cundinamarca,  20  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Bogota. 

ZIPII,  zif,  a  ruined  town  of  Palestine,  pashalic  of  Damas- 
cus; its  remains,  2  miles  S.E.  of  Hebron,  consist  of  walls 
and  cisterns. 

ZIPOAV,  a  village  of  Hungary.    See  IszEP. 

ZIPPEZERBST  or  ZIPPERZORDIG,  a  town  of  Prussian 
Saxony.    See  Zorbio. 

ZIl'S.  zipsh,  a  county  of  Hungary.  Hither  Theiss,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  G.alicia;  greatest  length,  from  X.W.  to  S.E..  65 
miles,  mean  breadth  24  miles.    Capital,  Leutschau.    Pop. 

ZIPS,  a  village  of  Hungary,  in  the  county  to  which  It 
gives  name,  near  Kirehdort  It  has  impo.«ing  ruins  of  the 
ancient  royal  castle  of  Zips. 

^ZIR.AXKA,  ze-rdn'kJ.  a  river  of  East  Siberia,  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  government  of  Yakootsk.  in  lat.  65°  N.,  flows 
E.,  and  joins  the  Kolyma  at  Verkhnee  Kolymsk,  after  a 
course  of  about  170  miles. 

ZIRCZ.  a  town  of  Hungary.     See  Zirtz. 
,,-^»?'?.?^*''  t'^^^^liyli,  a  town  of  PruiJsian  Poland,  38  miles 
VV  .N.«  .  of  J'osen,  on  the  Warta.     Pop.  2070. 

/\^u^^^"I'  "'■  CZIRKXICZ.  t<«6Rk'nits,  a  market-town 
of  lllyria,  Carniola,  8  miles  E.  of  Adolsberg.  on  the  X 
side  of  it.  lake.  Pop.  1300.  The  Lake  of  Zirknitz,  6  miles 
long,  and  3  miles  bmad,  is  remarkable  for  the  great  vari;>p 
tion  in  the  height  of  its  waters.  The  bottom,  which  is 
formed  of  limestone  rock,  is  full  of  clefts  and  fissures. 
tUrough  which  the  water  passes  at  about  forty  different 
openings,  into  subterraneous  channels  and  caverns,  and 
goes  to  supply  the  neighboring  streams.  It  is  frequently 
dry  in  fummer  Sometim-s.  during  tbe  dry  .season,  the 
bottom  of  the  lake  is  «.vered  with  luxuriant  hertw^e.  which 
U  made  into  hay.  Some  parts  are  .sown  with  millet  and 
bucKwheat  The  depth  of  the  Uke  of  Zirknitz.  in  the 
deepest  pirt  is  only  about  56  feet  In  January,  1834,  the 
2166 


ZOB 

waters  left  the  lake,  and  did  not  return  till  March,  1835;  lui 
occurrence  which,  for  the  long  cessation  of  the  waters,  ui 
said  to  }>e  unprecedented. 

ZIRMIE.  zir'inee^  or  zeer'mee',  a  town  of  Central  .\frica, 
Xigritia.  Houssa,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Quarrauia,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Niger,  60  miles  W.  of  Kashna. 

ZIRXDORF,  tsfieun'doRf,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  4  miles  W. 
of  X'uremberg,  with  an  old  ruined  castle.  Wallenstein  had 
here  an  intrenched  camp,  which  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  vain 
attempted  to  force.    Pop.  1689. 

ZIROX.\.  dze-nyni.  a  small  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the 
Adriatic,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Spalato. 

ZIRTZ  or  ZIRCZ,  zeeats,  a  small  town  of  Hungary,  co. 
and  11  miles  N.  of  Veszprim,  with  a  Cistercian  abbey,  and 
breeding  stud. 

ZISTERSDORF,  t.sis'ters-doRf  S  or  ZISTERDORF.  tsj.^f/tfr- 
doRf  \  written  also  ZISSERSDOKF,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria, 
32  miles  X.E.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  1605. 

ZITTAU,  tsit'tow,  a  town  of  Saxony,  26  miles  S.E.  of 
Bautzen,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mandau,  at  the  bead  of  a 
branch  railway  to  Dresden  and  Giirlitz.  Pop.  in  1861,  13,06.3» 
It  is  the  centre  of  the  linen  manufactures  of  Lusatia,  and 
has  numerous  churche.s,  a  gymnasium,  a  municipal  library 
of  12,000  volumes,  theatre,  hospitals,  and  manufactures  of 
cotton  and  woollen  cloth.s,  and  piano-fortes.  Near  it  are  the 
miueial  springs  and  baths  of  Aw/ustusUiU. 

ZITUIIET,  ze-too-rJl/,  a  village  of  Turkish  Armenia, 
pashalic  of  Trebizond,  on  the  Tehoruk,  near  tbe  Artvin. 

ZIZ,  ziz  or  zeez,  a  river  of  Morocco,  province  of  Tafilet, 
rises  S.  of  the  Atlas  Mountains,  and  after  flowing  S.E.  past 
Talilet,  is  lost  in  the  sands  of  the  Sahara.  Course  estimated 
at  upwards  of  200  miles. 

ZIZEL.ITZ,  tsits'eh-lits\  a  market-town  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Cydiina,  38  miles  S.S.E.  of  Xew  Bid.^chow.     Pop.  1094. 

ZIZEliS,  tsits/frs,  a  market-town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  Grisons,  near  the  Upper  Khiue,  7  miles  N.  of  Chur.  Pop. 
1018. 

ZLABIXG.S,  tsld'bings,  a  town  of  Moravia.  29  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Iglau.     Pop.  2176. 

ZL.\KNA,  a  town  of  Trunsvlvania.    See  Z.^l.^thna. 

ZL.4.T00SK,  ZLATOUSK.  ZLATUSK  or  SLATOUSK.  zl5 
toosk',  written  al.so  SLATOUS1"OFSK  or  KLIUCIII,  a  villatre 
of  Russi.a,  government  of  Orenlxx)rg,  on  the  Ooi,  among  tlie 
Ural  Mountain.s,  140  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Oofa.  H  is  the 
centre  of  the  S.  imperial  mines,  and  has  an  exten.«ive  manu- 
factory of  damasked  scimetars  and  articles  cf  inlaid  and 
embossed  steel. 

ZLEB,  zhUb  or  tsljb,  written  al.so  ZLEBV  or  SCIILEB.  a 
market-town  of  Bohemia.  4  miles  E.X.E.  of  Czaslan.    P.  1065. 

ZLIX,  zblin,(?)  a  town  of  Moravia,  14  miles  X.E.  of  Hra- 
disch,  on  the  Drewniza.     Pop.  2630. 

ZLITOUX.  a  town  of  North  Africa.     See  Ziutex. 

ZLOCZOW,  zhlo'chov,  a  town  of  Austrian  Ualicia,  45  mile.'S 
E.  of  Lemberg.     Pop.  4000.     It  has  an  ancient  castle. 

ZLOTOWO.  a  town  of  Prussia.     See  Fl.\tow. 

ZMKIXOGORSKOI,  a  town  of  Silieria,    See  Smfixogorsk. 

ZMIEV  or  SMIEVV,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Sliltv. 

ZMIGROD,  zhmee'grod,  a  market-town  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
about  9  miles  S.  of  .laslo.  on  the  Pembowka. 

ZX.\.  a  river  of  Russia.    See  Tssa. 

ZX.\IM  or  ZXAYM,  znime  or  tsnime,  a  town  of  Moravia, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Thaya,  36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Briinn 
Pop.  5010.  It  has  a  gymnasium  and  a  school  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  children  of  the  military :  its  barracks  were  for 
merly  the  castle  of  the  Mai^raves  of  Moravia.  The  vine  is 
cultivated  in  its  vicinity,  and  it  has  manufivrtures  of  wool- 
lens, toliacoo,  and  mustard,  A  combat  took  place  here,  be- 
tween the  French  and  Austrians.  14th  June,  1SU9. 

ZXIN,  tsueeu,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  23  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Bromberg.     Pop.  1351. 

ZO.^GIJ,  dzo-Jl'yee.  a  market-town  of  Xorth  Italy,  Sar- 
dinian States,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  province  and  4  miles 
W.  of  Chiavari.     Pop.  3873. 

ZOAX,  a  city  of  Egypt.    See  Sax. 

ZO.tR,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co..  New  York. 

ZOAR.  a  post-office  of  Gonzales  co.,  Texas. 

ZO.AR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  county.  Ohio, 
on  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg 
Raili-oad,  111  miles  E.X.E.  from  Columbus,  was  settletl  in 
1SI8  by  a  community  of  Germans.  They  are  noted  for 
industry  and  morality,  and  liave  a  community  of  property. 
The  village,  which  is  remarkable  for  simplicity  and  neat- 
ness, contains  a  store,  a  woollen  tactory,  2  furnaces,  and 
several  mills.  They  also  own  91100  acres  of  land.  The  affairs 
of  the  community  are  managed  by  an  agent  and  3  trustees, 
who  are  elected  by  |x>puliir  vote. 

ZO.\R  BRIDGE,  a  po.strvillage  of  Xew  Haven  ~>.,  Gmnec- 
ticut  on  the  Housatonic  River,  18  miles  X.W.  by  W.cC  New- 
Haven. 

ZOBEIR,  zo'b.Ar',  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  pashalic  of 
Bagdad.  8  miles  S.W.  of  Bassorah. 

ZOBLITZ,  tsoMitz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  19  n.llor  I.K  of 
Chemnitz.     Pop.  15Jo. 

ZOBTKX.  tsob'teu.  a  town  of  Prus.«ian  files'*.  A.  mites 
S.W.  of  Breslau,  at  the  foot  of  the  Z^^iite  iiiEsa  Voitntaui, 


20B 


ZUL 


which  is  surmounted  by  a  chapel  resorted  to  in  pilgrimage. 
Pop.  ]  620. 

ZOKLEX,  zoo/len,  a  village  of  Holland,  province  of  Gt'l- 
derland,  2  miles  N.  of  Tiel,  with  an  old  castle  and  a  church. 
Pop.  918. 

ZOERSEL,  zooR/Bel,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  and  15 
miles  K.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  1025. 

ZOEST.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.     See  SoEST. 

ZOFIXGEN  or  ZOFFINQEN,  tsof'Sng-en,  (anc.  TriOinutm  f) 
a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  and  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Aargau, 
on  the  Wigger.  Pop.  in  1850,  3559.  It  has  a  public  library, 
und  manufactures  af  cotton,  linen,  and  .'ilk  fabrics. 

Z<X1^'  1,  dz6n'yo,  a  village  of  Northern  Italy,  in  Lombardy, 
6  miles  N.  of  Bergamo,  on  the  Brembo.  Pop.  2000.  The 
historiaa  Tiraboschi,  and  the  painter  Giacomo  Palma  were 
born  here. 

ZOri.^B,  zo'hdb',  a  town  of  Persian  Koordistan,  capital  of 
a  district,  66  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kermanshah.  It  once  con- 
sisted of  1000  houses  enclosed  by  an  earth  rampart,  but  has 
now  decaved. 

ZOIIHliil  or  ZOHETII,  a  river  of  Persia.    See  T.\b. 

ZOLDER,  zol'der,  a  town  of  Belgium,  province  of  Lim- 
burg,  on  the  Jlangelbeek,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  llasselt.  Pop. 
2455. 

ZOLKIEW.  zol/ke-Jv\  or  ZOI-KIEV,  zoIk'ySv\  a  town  of 
Austrian  Galicia,  capital  of  a  circle,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Bug,  16  miles  N.  of  Lemberg.  Pop.  3927.  It  hag  manufac- 
tures of  coarse  M'oollens,  Icatlier,  and  porcelain. 

ZOL'LARSVILLE,  a  small  i)ost-village  of  \Vashington  co., 
Pennsylvania. 

ZOLiIj-KNGERS,  a  village  of  Prussia.    See  Enoers. 

ZOLLVEREIN,  tsoll'fer-Ine\  or  '*  Customs-Uniox."  a  com- 
mercial league  formed  in  Germany  for  the  purpose  of  esta- 
blishing/a uniform  rate  of  customs.  It  includes  Prussia, 
Bavaria.  Baden.  W  Urtemberg.  Saxony,  Hanover,  and  most 
of  the  sin.aller  states.     See  Germany,  page  747. 

ZOLOTOIOSTROV.  zo-lo-toi'  os-trov',  an  island  of  Russia, 
In  the  X.  part  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  formed  of  alluvial  deposits, 
by  the  two  arms  into  which  the  Ural  divides  at  its  mouth. 

ZOLOTONOSIIA  or  ZOLOTONOCHA,  zo-lo-to-no'sba,  a 
town  of  l{u.s.«i!in  Poland,  government  and  105  miles  W.  of 
Poltava,  capital  of  a  district.  It  has  two  convents,  and  an 
active  trade  in  cattle. 

ZOLOTCVPOIj,  a  market-town  of  Russia,  government  of 
Kiev.  42  miles  S.E.  of  Svenigorodka.     Pop.  1500. 

ZOLOTCIIEV  01  SOLOTSCIIEW,  zo-lo-cliSv/,  written  also 
80LOTCHEI,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  25  miles 
N  N.W.  of  Kharkov,  on  the  Ooda,  with  remains  of  ancient 
tbrtificHtions,  and  6  annual  fairs.     Pop.  5000. 

ZO.M'BlJR  or  SOM'BOR,  (anc.  Zmnborinumr)  a  town  of 
South  Hungary,  capital  of  the  county  of  Bacs,  27  miles 
N.N.W.  of  I'esth.  Pop.  22,000.  It  is  situated  near  the  Fran- 
cis Canal,  by  which  it  communicates  with  the  Danube, 
and  has  a  normal  school,  manufactures  of  silks,  and  trade 
in  grain  and  cattle. 

ZO.NHO'VEN  or  SONIIO/VEX,  a  village  ot  Belgium,  pro- 
vince of  Liml>ourg,  4  miles  N.  of  Hasselt.     Pop.  2776. 

ZOXNKBEKE.  zon'neh-bi'keh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  AVest 
Flanders,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bruges.     Pop.  2432. 

Z0X0M.4,  a  town  of  California.     See  Sonoma. 

ZOXS,  tsons.  (anc.  Smitinumf)  a  walled  town  of  Rhenish 
Prussia.  8^  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dusseldorf,  near  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  and  the  ancient  Roman  fort  Gf.nosia,  which, 
as  is  supposed,  was  its  original  site.    Pop.  868. 

ZOXZOXATE,  a  department  of  Central  America.     See 

SONSOXATE. 

ZOOGA,  a  river  of  Africa.    See  NoA>n. 

ZOPTAX.  a  village  of  Austria.     See  Sobotje. 

ZORBIG.  tsoR'bio.  KLEIXZERBST.  klin't-sjRpst,  ZIPPE- 
ZERBST.  tsip/peh-tsjKpst', orZI PPERZORDIG,  tsip'pfi^tsoR^- 
dis.  a  town  of  l^russian  Saxony,  on  the  Strenkljach  and 
FUhne.  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Halle.     Pvp.  2360. 

ZOllGE,  tsoE'oheh,  a  village  of  Brunswick,  district  and 
18  miles  S.W.  of  Blaukenburg.  Pop.  1454,  partly  engaged 
in  iron  works. 

ZORITA.  tho-ree'td,  a  village  of  Spain,  Estremadura,  pro- 
vince and  37  miles  S.E.  of  Caeeres.     Pop.  2903. 

ZORX",  zoRn,  (Ger.  pron.  tsoRn.)  a  river  of  France,  depart- 
ments of  Jleurthe  and  l?a,s-Rhin,  rises  iu  the  Vosges  Moun- 
tains, ilows  E.,  p.ast  Saverne  and  Brumath,  and  joins  the 
Moder  on  the  right,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Hagueuau.  Course  45 
lui'es. 

ZORX'PORF.  (Ger.  pron.  t.sonn'doRf.)  a  village  of  Prussia, 
province  of  Brandenburg.  5  miles  N.  of  Kiistrin. 

ZOSSEN.  tsos'sen.  a  walled  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Brandenburg,  22  rniles  S.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  1919.  It  is  sun- 
rounded  by  small  lakes,  and  has  manufactures  of  linens. 

ZOTES  BEL  I>ARAMO,  tho't^s  dtM  pi'rd-mo,  a  village  of 
Spain,  prf/ince  and  aoout  24  miles  from  Leon,  on  a  plain. 
Pop.  1368. 

ZOUBTZOV.     See  Soobtsov. 

ZOUOKS'VILLE,  a.po«t-office  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland. 

ZOU<iA.  a  river  of  South  Africji.     See  Xgami. 

ZOUTL.^,  a  tnwn  "'  '•'ezzan     See  Zdeel.a. 

ZSABiiIA.K,  a  t»-*o  of  European  Turkey.  See  Tch.abliak. 


ZS.\MBEK,  sSm'bJk'.  a  market-town  of  Ilung.iry,  co.  anl 
15  miles  W.X.W.  of  I'esth,  with  the  remains  of  an  old  Gothic 
church,  and  of  several  Turkish  mosques,  and  baths.  Pop. 
3509. 

ZSCHOPPAU,  tshop'pOiw,  a  river  of  Saxony,  rises  in  the  N. 
slope  of  the  Fichtelgebirge,  on  the  frontier  of  Bohemia,  flow.s 
circuitously  X.,  and,  after  a  course  of  nearly  60  miles,  joius 
the  Mulde.  about  5  miles  below  Diibein. 

ZSCHOPPAU.  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Zschoppau,  P 
miles  S.E.  of  Chemnitz.  Pop.  6169.  It  has  manufacturtjs 
of  woollen  and  cotton  fabrics,  fringe,  and  howery ;  printing 
and  bleaching  establishments,  breweries  and  potteries. 

ZSCHOKLAU,  tshoR/low,  a  village  of  Saxony,  circle  of 
Zwickau,  to  the  S.  of  Schneeberg.     I'op.  2065. 

ZSOLXA,  a  town  of  Xorth-West  Hungary.     See  Szoi.na. 

ZUBI.\,  La,  Id  soo'Bed,  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia, 
province  and  3  miles  S.  of  Granada,  on  the  skirts  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada.  It  has  the  ruins  of  a  convent  founded  by 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella.     Pop.  2939. 

ZUBIEXA,  dzoo-be-A'ud.  a  town  of  North  Italy,  Piedmont. 
6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Biella.     Pop.  2452. 

ZUCAPA,  soo-kd/pi..  a  town  of  Central  Americi,  state  of 
Guatemala,  between  the  coast  and  Old  Guatemala. 

ZUCARELLO,  dzoo-kd-rJl'lo.  a  town  of  Nortli  Italy,  Sardi- 
nian States,  7  miles  N.W.  of  Albenga.     Pop.  912. 

ZUCKMANTEL,  tsook'mdn'ttd,  a  frontier  town  of  Aus- 
trian Silesia.  32  miles  N.W.  of  Troppau.  Pop.  4181.  It  ban 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  linen  fabrics,  and  rosoglio.  It 
was  at  one  time  called  Edelstadt. 

ZUEELA.  ZUELA  or  ZUUILA,  zo^-eelS,  or  ZAWILA,  zj- 
wee'la.  a  town  of  Fezzan,  Africa. 

ZUERA,  thwA'rd.  a  town  of  Spain.  Aragon.  province  and 
11  miles  N.X.E.  of  Saragossa,  on  the  Gallego,  with  a  very 
ancient  church.     Pop.  13.i0. 

ZUEROS,  thwi'roce,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  28 
S.E.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  2024. 

ZUFFEXUAUSEN,  tsoOffen-hfiw'zgn,  a  village  of  Wiir- 
temberg,  6  miles  from  Ludwigsburg,  on  the  Friedrichshafen 
Railway.     Pop.  1568. 

ZUG,  zoog  or  tsooo,  a  central  canton  of  Switzerland,  and 
the  .smallest  in  the  Confederation,  surrounded  t>y  the  can- 
tons of  .^ihwytz,  Unterwalden,  Lucerne,  .\argau.  and  Zurich. 
Length  15  miles,  greatest  breadth  9  miles.  Area  85  square 
miles.  Pop.  in  I860,  19,608;  all  but  6U9  are  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  speak  German.  Surface  mountainous  in  tlie 
S.  and  S.E. ;  highest  point,  the  Kaiserstock,  825S  feet  in  ele- 
vation; the  principal  portion  lies  in  the  Imsin  of  the  Reuss, 
and  is  watered  by  the  Reuss  and  the  SihL  The  greater  part 
of  the  Lake  of  Zug.  and  the  whole  of  Lake  Egeri  is  within 
the  canton.  Soil  fertile;  thewineisofinferiorquallty ;  butter 
and  cheese  are  extensively  made;  cattle  rearing  and  fishing 
are  important.  The  other  branches  of  industry  comprise 
paper  making,  tanning,  silk  and  cotton  spinning.  Zug 
joined  the  Swiss  Confetleration  in  1352. 

ZUG.  (anc.  Tugium.  t)  the  capital  of  the  above  canton,  i» 
situated  on  the  Y..  sliore  of  the  Lake  of  Zug,  at  tlie  foot  of  the 
Zugerberg,  52  miles  E.N. E.  of  Bern.  Pop.  in  1850.  3302.  It 
has  a  gymnasium,  a  public  library,  tanneries,  manuftctures 
of  paper,  and  commerce  in  cattle,  kirachenwasser,  cider,  and 
dried  fruits. 

ZUGERSEE  or  LAKE  OF  ZUG.  a  lake  in  the  S.W.  of  the 
canton  of  Zug,  and  l)Ounded  E.  and  S.  tiy  the  Zugerberg  and 
Righi  Mountains,  which  separate  it  from  the  cantons  of 
Schwytz  and  Lucerne.  It  is  9  miles  long,  and  2  to  3  miles 
broad,  and  1361  feet  above  the  sea.  The  chief  affluent  is  the 
Lorze.  from  the  Lake  of  Egeri.  which  enters  it  on  the  north. 

ZUIIEItOS,  thoo-A'roce.  a  village  of  Spain,  Andalusia,  pro- 
vince and  28  miles  S.E.  of  Cordova.     Pop.  2024. 

ZUIDERZEE.     See  Zuyder-Zee. 

ZUIDUORN,  zoid'horn.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince and  6  miles  W.X.W.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  948. 

ZUIDL.VXD,  zoid'ldnt.  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  pro- 
vince of  South  Holland.  8  miles  S.E.  of  Briel.     Pop.  1338. 

ZU1DL.\REN,  zoid-ld/ren,  a  pleasant,  prosperous  village 
of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Drenthe,  9  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Afsen.     Pop.  960. 

ZU1DZ.4.XDE,  zoid'z^nd'eh,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
province  of  Zealand,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Middelburg.     P.  997 

ZU.TAR.  thoiVHar,  (anc.  Hcetera?)  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
and  58  miles  N.E.  of  Granada,  near  the  Baibata.  Pop.  1655. 
It  has  mineral  springs  and  copper-mines. 

ZUJAR,  a  river  of  Spain.    See  Sujar. 

ZUJ-IA,  soo'lea,  or  SULTA,  a  river  of  South  America, 
rises  in  the  N.  part  of  New  Granada,  flows  N.N.W.  into 
Venezuela,  turns  gradually  N.E ,  and  dividing  into  three 
branches  falls  into  Lake  Mararaybo ;  total  cour.se  180  miles. 

ZULI.\,  a  department  of  Venezuela,  South  America,  be- 
tween lat.  8°  and  12^  N.,  and  Ion.  68°  and  73°  W.,  having 
on  the  S.  and  W.  the  republic  of  New  Granada,  and  on  the 
N.  tlie  Caribbean  Sea.  Pop.  154.000.  It  surrounds  the  I^kc 
of  Marac»ybo,  to  which  most  of  its  rivers  are  tributary, 
including  the  Zulia,  wlience  its  name.  It  is  sulidivided 
into  the  provinces  of  Maracaybo.  Coro.  Merida.  and  Trujillo, 
named  after  their  chief  cities,  and  of  which  the  first-meu- 
tioned  is  the  capital. 

2167 


ZDL 


ZUZ 


ZULI-A.  Jlalay  Archipelago.  See  Xclia. 
ZULLICHAU.  (ZiiUichau,')  tsU11e-kow\  a  walled  town  of 
Prussia,  Brandenbur;?.  60  miles  E.S.E.  of  Frankfort.  It  haa 
a  castle,  a  gymnasium  with  7  professors,  an  orphan  asylum, 
»nd  manufactures  of  woollens,  linens,  and  leather.  P,  4898, 
ZULPICII,  (^Ziilpich.)  tsiil'piK,  a  town  of  Rhenish  Prussia, 
22  miles  S.\V,  of  Cologne.  Pop.  1188.  It  is  believed  to  be 
the  aiK-ieat  Ihlhiacum,  near  which  CIotIs  defeated  the  Ger- 
mans in  the  year  496. 

ZULTK,  ziil'teh,  a  village  of  Belgium,  province  of  East 
Flanders,  16  miles  S,\V,  of  Ghent     Pop.  2042. 

ZULZ,  (Zulz.)  tsUIts,  BIALA.  he-i'lL  or  BIALO.  be-I/lo,  a 
town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Oppein,  on  the 
Biala.     I'op.  27S9. 

ZUMAKR.\GA,  thoo-raaR-Ra/g3,orZUJIAR.4.GA,atownof 
Spain,  province  oif  Guipuzcoa,  7  miles  VV.N.W,  of  Villafranca. 
Pop.  969. 

ZUMPANGO,  soom-p3ng'go,  a  market-town  of  the  Mexican 
Confederation,  state  and  30  miles  N.  of  Mexico,  on  the  bor- 
der of  the  small  lake  of  Zumpango,     Pop.  1500. 

ZUXDERT,  GROOT.  grOt  zun/df  rt,  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  North  Brabaut,  10  miles  S,W,  of  Breda. 
Pop.  1217. 

ZUXGOLI,  dzocn-golee,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of 
Principato  Ultra,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Ariano.     Pop.  1800. 

ZUNI,  zoon-yee/  or  soon-yee'.  a  puebla,  or  Indian  town  of 
Socorro  county.  New  Mexico,  120  miles  W.  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
and  170  miles  S,W.  of  Santa  Fe,  lat.  36°  2'  N.,  Ion.  107°  50' 
W.  It  is  on  a  small  river  of  the  same  name,  which  tiows 
into  the  Chiquito  Colorado,  (i.  «..  "  Little  Colorado,")  a  tri- 
butary of  the  Colorado  of  the  West.  The  hou.ses  are  built 
of  stone,  plastered  with  mud.  They  are  terrace-shaped,  each 
story,  of  which  there  are  generally  three,  being  smaller  late- 
rally, 60  that  one  answers  in  part  for  the  platform  of  the  one 
above.  There  are  no  doors  or  windows  in  the  lower  story : 
the  ascent  is  on  the  outside  by  means  of  ladders,  which  may 
be  drawn  up  so  as  to  cutoff  all  commuuication  from  below. 
This  is  a  common  moiie  of  building  here,  affording  security 
against  the  attacks  of  enemies.  The  inhabitants,  near  2000 
in  number,  cultivate  the  country  in  the  vicinity  to  a  consi- 
derable extent,  and  have  large  herds  of  sheep  and  droves 
of  horses.  Business  transactions  are  carried  on  by  barter, 
there  being  no  money  in  use.  There  is  in  the  town  a  Catho- 
lic church,  built  of  adobes,  100  feet  long  and  alx)ut  28  feet 
wide.  The  interior  of  the  church  is  nearly  destitute  of  fur- 
niturg^or  ornament  of  any  kind. 

ZUNI  MOUNTAINS,  a  deUched  range  in  the  central  part 
of  New  Mexico,  in  lat.  about  36°  N.,  Ion.  108°  20'  W. 

ZURGEXA  or  ZURXENA,  thooR-HA'ni,  a  town  of  Spain, 
province  and  38  miles  N.E.  of  Almeria,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Almanzor.  Pop.  12,336,  who  manufacture  linens, 
woollens,  and  nitre.     It  has  10  flour,  and  4  oil  mills. 

ZURI,  dzoo/i-ee,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  Adriatic,  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Sebenico.  Length  7  miles.  On  it  is  a  vilLige  of 
the  same  name,  and  off  it*  coast  a  coral  fishery  is  carried  on. 
ZURICH,  zu'rik.  (Ger.  Ziiridi,  tsu'riK,)  a  canton  in  the  N. 
part  of  Switzerland,  bounded  E.  by  the  cantons  of  Thurgau 
and  St.  Gall,  S.  by  Sehwytz  and  Zug,  W.  by  Aargau,  N.  by 
Schaffhausen  and  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden.  Area  687 
square  miles.  Pop.  iu  isr,0.  266,2(i5,  nearly  all  Protestants, 
and  using  the  German  language.  Surface  undulating,  moun- 
tainous in  the  S.E.,  where  the  Schnebelhorn  is  429S  feet, 
and  in  the  S.W.  the  Albis  Mountain,  4623  in  elevation.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Rhine,  the  Thur.  Tiiss,  Glatt,  Limraat, 
Sihl.  and  Reuss.  It  jjossesses  a  great  portion  of  the  Lake 
of  Zurich,  besides  which  it  has  the  Griefensee  and  the  Pfiffl- 
kersee,  and  several  smaller  lakes.  The  climate  is  mild, 
though  subject  to  sudden  changes.  The  soil  is  not  fertile, 
but  well  cultivated.  The  corn  raised  is  insulficient  for  home 
consumption;  potatoes  and  fruit*  are  important  crops;  the 
best  wine  b  grown  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich. 
It  has  numerous  mineral  springs.  Zurich  is  one  of  the  most 
industrious  cantons  in  Switzerland;  the  chief  manufac- 
tures are  cotton,  silk,  and  ribbons ;  most  of  the  rural  popu- 
lation are  employed  in  silk  and  cotton  spinning.  Schools 
are  numerous,  and  attendance  is  compulsory  on  children 
from  6  to  12  years  of  age.  Zurich  holds  the  first  rank  among 
the  cantons  of  the  Swiss  Confederation.  Contingent  to  the 
federal  army  is  6726  men,  461  horses,  and  92,640  francs.  It 
is  a  democratic  representative  republic,  governed  by  the 
Constitution  of  1837,  and  several  subsequent  decrees.  The 
chief  towns  are  Zurich,  (the  capital,)  Eglisau,  Wadenschwv-l, 
and  \\  interthur.  °         >  j  > 

ZUUICH  or  ZURICH,  (anc.  Tx^ricum  ;  L.  Tigurium,)  a.  c\ty 
of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the  above  canton,  is  situated  on  the 
Limmat,  at  lU  exit  from  the  N.W.  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
Zurich.  60  miles  N.E.  of  Bern.  Pop.  in  18(0, 19,768,  nearly  all 
Protestants.  The  Limmat  divides  it  into  two  parts,  which 
communicate  by  3  tine  bridges.  It  is  surrounded  by  old  walls, 
and  has  an  arsenal  with  a  fine  collection  of  armory.  Chief  nub- 
ile buildings,  the  Cathedral,  the  churci  of  St.  Peter  of  which 
Lnvater  wa-s  minister  for  2:1  years:  Town-house.  Post-office 
Orphan  AsyUim.and  the  Tower  of  Wtilteuberg,  IthasaUni- 
▼ersity, established  in  18.32.  attended  by  above  200  studeute 
a  cantonal  school,  and  many  other  polytechnic  schools.-  a 


public  library  of  45,000  volumes,  cabinet  of  metlals  and 
natural  history,  botanic  garden,  and  many  learned  societies. 
It  has  important  manufactures  of  silks,  cotton  fabrics,  and 
ribbons,  dye-works,  and  tanneries,  Zurich  is  the  birtli-placc 
of  Gessiier,  Zimmerman.  Lavater,  and  Pestalozzi.  Near  it 
the  Swiss  defeated  the  .\ustrian.s,  on  the  22d  of  July.  1443, 
and  the  French  defeated  the  Russians  and  Austrians  on  the 
26th  of  August,  1799. 

ZURICH,  LAKE  OF,  (Ger.  Zuricher-See,  tsu'riK-fr  s,A,)  a. 
lake  of  Switzerland,  and  celebrated  for  it,s  picture.«quo 
beauty,  is  mostly  situated  within  the  canton  of  Zurich,  but 
is  enclosed  at  its  E.  end  by  the  cjintons  of  Sehwytz  and  St. 
Gall.  Length  23  miles,  breadth  from  half  a  mile  to  2i  miles, 
height  of  surface  above  the  sea  1342  feet.  Iti^  chief  .-ifBuent 
is  the  Linth,  which  it  receives  on  the  S.E.  frvui  Lake 
Wallenstadt.  It  is  divided  into  the  upper  lake,  extending 
from  Schmerikau  to  Rapperschwyl,  and  the  lower  lake,  about 
3  times  its  extent,  from  Rapperschwyl  to  Zurich.  At  its 
narrowest  point  it  is  crossed  by  a  woeden  bridge,  nearly 
half  a  mile  long.  The  upper  lake  Is  frozen  over  almost 
every  winter,  but  this  Ls  seldom  the  case  with  the  lower  lake. 
In  summer  its  water  is  sometimes  raised  by  the  melting  of 
the  snow  to  18  feet  above  its  ordinary  level.  The  lake  is 
traversed  by  steamboats. 

ZUli.MIE,  zoor'mee\(?)  a  town  of  Central  Africa,  Houssa, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Niger,  between  Saccatoo  and  Kashna. 
Lat.  12°  55'  N.,  Ion.  7°  38'  E. 

ZURRAII.  zur'ra,  or  DUR'RA,  written  also  ZEREII  and 
ZERREII,  a  large  bracki.''b  lake  of  Afglianistan.  province  of 
Seistan  ;  lat.  32°  N..  Ion.  62°  E. ;  about  1(50  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  containing  an  island  on  which  is  a  stronghold 
called  the  Fort  of  Rustain  or  Rustau,  iu  which  the  chiefs 
of  Seistan  used  to  take  refuge  when  their  country  was 
invaded.  The  shores  are  overgrown  to  a  consideraljle  dis- 
tance with  rushes  and  reeds,  interspersed  with  pools  of 
standing  water.     The  lake  is  nearly  dried  up. 

ZURU.MA.  soo-roo'md,  a  river  of  Brazilian  Guiana.  Macusi 
territory,  after  a  south-eastwai-d  c  urse  of  SO  miles,  joins  the 
Takutu,  in  lat.  3°  22'  N.,  ion.  near  60°  Vt'.  At  their  junction, 
it  lias  been  found  290  yards  across. 

ZURUMA,  soo-rcK/mi,  a  town  of  Ecuador,  department  of 
Assuay.  in  a  mining  district,  on  the  \V.  declivity  of  the 
Andes.  2S  miles  N.W.  of  Loxa.  Pop.  6000.  Its  gold  and  silver 
mines  rendered  it  formerly  very  populous,  but  its  importance 
has  greatly  declined. 

ZURUMILLO,  soo-roo-meel'yo,  a  village  of  Peru,  province 
and  N.W.  of  Pataz,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Amazon. 

ZURXENA.    See  ZURCEN.t.. 

ZURZACII,  tsooR'ts^K,  a  small  town  of  Switzerland,  canton 
of  .\argau,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  16  miles  N.N.E. 
of  .\arau.     Pop.  904.    It  is  the  seat  of  a  large  fair. 

ZUS.\.M,  tsoo'sdm,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  after  a  course  of  40 
miles,  joins  the  Danube  opposite  to  Donauwiirth. 

ZUSCUEN,  tsoOsb'en,  a  town  of  Germany,  principality  of 
Waldeck,  15  miles  S.W.  of  Cassel,  on  the  E'lbe.     Pop.  769. 

ZUS.MARSHAUSEN,  tsoos'mars-how^zen,  a  market-town 
of  Bavaria,  Swabia.  ou  the  Zusam,an  uftluentof  the  Danube, 
14  milas  ^V.N.W.  of  Augsburg.     Pop.  Sol. 

ZUTKUERQUE,  ziit'kweBk',  a  village  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Pas-de-Calais,  10  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Omer.  Pop. 
1800. 

ZUTPHEN,  zut'ffn,fL.  Zidphania,)  a,  town  and  fortress  of 
the  Netherlands,  province  of  GeUlerland,  on  the  Yssel,  and 
on  its  affluent  the  Benkel,  (which  traver.ses  the  centre  of 
the  town.)  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Arnhem.  Pop.  in  1863.  l.i,246. 
It  has  an  ancient  cathedr.il,  a  town-house,  and  manufactureg 
of  cotton,  paper  and  glue;  and  taunerie.s.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Uauseatic  League.  It  was  taken  by  Don  Frede- 
rick of  Toledo  in  1572,  by  Prince  Maurice  in  1591,  and  by 
the  French  in  1672,  when  its  fortifications  were  dismantled. 

ZUURBRAAK,  zur'brdk',  a  village  of  Soutii  Africa.  Cape 
Colony,  district  of  Zwellendam,  140  miles  E.  of  Cape  Town, 
on  the  Buffeljagts.  It  is  a  station  of  the  London  Missionary 
Society,  and  Las  a  mission-house,  chapel,  school-house.  &c. 

ZUVI.\.  thoo've-l,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  and  4  miles 
S.E.  of  Granada,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Genii.     Pop.  3095. 

ZUYDER-  (or  ZUIDER-)  ZEE,  zi'der  zee,  (.Dutch  prou.  zoi'- 
der  zi;  anc.  Fyvus  La/cus,)  a  gulf  of  the  German  Ocejin, 
in  the  Netherlands,  between  the  provinces  of  Over-Ys-sel 
and  Frie.sland  in  the  E.,  Utrecht  and  Gelderland  in  the 
S.,  and  North  Holland  in  the  W.  On  the  N.  It  is  nearly 
enclosed  by  the  islands  of  Texel,  Vlieland,  Ter-Sclielling, 
and  Ameland.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  45  miles,  cieatest 
breadth  35  miles.  On  the  S.W.  it  forms  the  inlet  called  the 
Y,  on  which  Amsterdam  is  situated,  and  which  communi- 
cates with  the  Lake  of  Harlem.  It  contains  4  small  islands. 
Chief  affluents,  the  Zwarte  Water  and  several  branches  of 
the  Rhine.  Its  fisheries  are  important.  The  Zuyder-Zee, 
formerly  a  lake,  was  united  to  the  German  Ocean  by  an  in- 
undation in  1282.  Under  the  French,  the  provinces  of  N  nrtU 
Holland  and  Utrecht  formed  the  department  of  Zuyder  Zee. 
Capital,  Amsterdam, 

ZUYDHORN,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,     See  'InnnoRN. 

ZUYDLAND.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,     See  Zi  innND. 

ZUZ,  tsoots,  (anc.  TtUiumf)  a  market-town  of  Switzerland, 


zuz 


ZYW 


canton  of  Grisons,  in  the  Upper  Engadine,  29  miles  S.E.  of 
Cliiir,  (Coire.)     Pop.  393. 

ZUZWEIL,  tsoots/wlle,  a  villaRe  and  parish  of  Switzer- 
land, canton  and  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Gall,  with  the  re- 
mains of  an  old  castle.     Pop.  1059. 

ZVENIGOROD,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Svenigorod. 

ZVENIGORODKA  or  ZWENIGOKODKA,  zv^n-e-go-rodlsa, 
a  town  of  Russia,  government  and  98  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kiev. 
Pop.  1000. 

ZVERINGOLOVSK  or  SWERTNGOLOWSK,  zv4-rin-go- 
Iov.«k',  a  town  of  Siberia,  government  of  Orenboorg,  on 
the  Ooi,  an  affluent  of  the  Tobol,  130  miles  E.  of  Troitsk. 

ZVOR/MK  or  ZWORNIK,  (Turk.  UwtrniUI  or  7z'»or»!ee7c',) 
a  fortified  town  of  European  Turkey,  Bosnia,  capital  of  a  san- 
jak,  on  the  Drin,  30  miles  from  its  mouth  in  the  Save.  Pop. 
15,00().(?)  It  has  two  castlss,  several  mosques,  and  Greek 
and  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

ZWART-BKRG,  zw^Rt  bJRO,  or  the  "Black  Mountain," 
two  mountain  ranges  of  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony,  districts 
of  Zwellendain  and  George,  bounding  the  Little  Karroo  Plain 
and  the  upper  valley  of  Olifant's  lUver.  The  more  N.,  or 
Great  Zwart-Berg  Range,  is  rugged,  and  in  some  places  4000 
feet  in  height. 

ZWART-DOORX,  zwiat  donn,  a  river  of  South  Africa, 
Cape  Colony,  district  of  Clanwilliam,  enters  the  Atlantic  in 
lat.  31°  S.,  Ion.  17°  40' E. 

ZWARTESLUIS,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Zwabt- 

8LDIS. 

ZWARTEWAL,  zwiii/teh-ftaiN  a  village  of  the  Nether- 
lands, province  of  South  Holland,  3  miles  S.  of  Briel,  on  the 
Nieuwe-Meuse.     Pop.  1006. 

ZWARTKOPS,  zwtafkops*,  a  river  of  South  Africa,  Cape 
Colony,  tributary  to  the  Little  Doom  River,  which  it  joins 
after  "a  W.S.W.  course  of  100  miles.  The  Zwaktland  is  a 
fertile  tract  of  the  same  colony,  districts  of  Cape  and  Stel- 
lenbosch. 

ZVVAKTSLUIS,  zwaRt'slois\  or  ZWARTESLUIS,  zwaR/teh- 
slois'.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  province  of  Over-Ygsel,  on 
the  Zwarte-W'ater,  an  affluent  of  the  Vecht,  near  its  mouth 
in  the  Zuyd(;r-Zee,  9  miles  N.  of  ZwoUe.     Pop.  3650. 

ZWEIRRUCKKN  (ZweibrUcken)  or  ZWEYBRUCKEN, 
ts^i-brQk'kgn.    See  Deux-Ponts. 

ZWELSIMMEN,  ts*i'sim'men,  a  village  and  parish  of 
Switzerland,  canton  and  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Bern,  agreeably 
situated  in  a  valley,  at  the  junction  of  the  Great  and  Little 
Simmen.     Pop.  1970. 

ZWELLENDAM,  zwMMgn-dam',  or  SWEL'LENDAM/,  the 
most  S.  division  of  the  Cape  Colony,  South  Africa,  termi- 
nating in  Cape  Agulhas,  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  ocean,  K. 
by  the  district  of  George,  N.  by  Worcester,  and  on  the  W. 
by  Stellenbosch.  Area  7616  square  miles.  Pop.  19,847.  It 
is  traversed  on  the  N.  by  the  Zwart-Berg  Mountains,  and 
watered  by  the  Breede  River.  Chief  products,  corn,  soap, 
butter,  tallow,  brandy,  and  wine  of  Inferior  quality;  good 
horses  are  reared.  Principal  towns,  Zwellendam,  Caledon, 
and  Port-Beaufort. 

ZWELLENDAM,  a  town  of  South  Africa,  Cape  Colony, 
capital  of  the  division  of  same  name,  110  miles  E.  of  Cape 
Town,  has  a  church,  jail,  and  public  reading-room.  Pop. 
about  2000. 

ZW  EXIGORODK A,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Zveniqorodk A. 

ZWENKAU.  ts*cnk'ow,  a  town  of  Saxony,  9  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Leipsic,  on  the  Elster.     Pop.  2612. 

ZWESTEN,  ts*Jst/fn,  a  village  of  Ilesse-Cassel,  Nleder- 
hessen.  circle  of  Fritzlar.  on  the  Wetzelbach.     Pop.  1156. 

ZWETTEL,  zwgt'tel,  (Ger.  pron.  tsweftel.)  written  also 
ZWKTL,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  Kamp,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Zwettel,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Krems.  Pop.  21.W. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  cloths,  linens,  and  ribbons. 
Near  it  is  a  Cistercian  abbey  with  a  rich  library. 

ZWICKAU,  ts^ik'Ow,  or  ZWIKK,  ts*ik,  a  town  of  Bo- 
hemiu,  N.W  of  Buntzlau,  near  Keichstadt.    Pop,  3558. 


ZWICKAU,  ts^iklsfiw,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Mulde,  and  on  the  Saxon  and  Bavarian  RiUl- 
way,  60  miles  S.W.  of  Dresden.  Pop.  in  1861,  20,492.  It 
has  a  church,  with  a  lofty  tower,  a  gymnasium,  with  u 
library  of  30,000  volumes,  and  manufactures  of  woolleD 
cloths,  cotton  goods,  and  chemical  products.  In  its  vicinity 
are  extensive  coal-mines. 

ZWICKAU,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  circle  of  Buntzlau,  19 
miles  W.  of  Keichenberg.  Pop.  3835,  mostly  empkyed  in 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics. 

ZWIESEL.  tsftee'zel,  a  market-town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on 
the  Regen,  .32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Passau.     Pop.  1245. 

ZWIJNDRECHT,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands.    See  Zwtn- 

BRECHT. 

ZWIKK,  a  town  of  Bohemia.    See  Zwickau. 

ZWINGENBERG,  ts*ing'en-b?RG\  a  town  of  Germany, 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  province  of  Starkenburg,  at  the  foot  of 
the  Melibocus  Mountain,  and  on  the  Frankfoj't  and  Mann- 
heim Railway,  10  miles  S.  of  Darmstadt.     Pop.  1445. 

ZWITTAU,  t8*it/t0w,  or  ZWITTAWA,  zftiUd/vi.  a  river 
of  Moravia,  after  a  S.  course  of  55  miles  joins  the  Schwarza 
at  Briinn. 

ZWITTAU  or  ZWITTAWA,  a  walled  town  of  Moravia, 
circle  of  Olmutz,  near  the  Bohemian  frontier,  on  the  rail- 
way to  Prague,  40  miles  N.  of  Briinn.  Pop.  3699.  It  haa 
manufactures  of  woollen  and  linen  fabrics,  and  an  active 
trade  in  wool  and  flax. 

ZWITTAWKA,  zftit-tav^kJ,  a  market-town  of  Moravia, 
on  the  Zwittawa,  22  miles  N.  of  Briinn.    Pop.  672. 

ZWOLLE.  zwol'leh,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Over-Yssol,  52  miles  E.N.E.  of  Am- 
sterdam, on  the  Zwarte- Water.  Pop.  19,959,  including  388 
military.  It  was  formerly  a  free  imperial  city,  and  belonged 
to  the  Ilanseatic  League.  It  hag  a  cathedral,  town-hall,  a 
tribunal  of  commerce,  and  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen  cloths,  sugar  and  salt  refineries,  and  an  active  trade 
with  Germany.  Near  Zwolle  there  formerly  stood  an  Au- 
gustine priory,  the  residence  'of  Thomas-i-Kempis  in  the 
15th  century. 

ZWOLLEN,  zwol/lfo,  a  town  of  Poland,  government  of 
Sandomier,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kadom.    Pop.  2026. 

ZWOMITZ,  (Zwiimitz.)  tsftiVmits,  a  town  of  Saxony,  15 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Chemnitz,  on  the  Zwcimitz.  Pop.  2012.  It 
has  manufactures  of  linens,  cottons,  and  lace. 

ZWORNIK,  a  town  of  European  Turkey.    See  Zvornik. 

ZAVRATAUCH,  a  village  of  Bohemia.    See  Swratauch. 

ZWYNDRECHT  or  ZWIJNDRECHT,  zwIuMr^Kt,  a  vil- 
lage of  tlxe  Netherlands,  province  of  South  Holland.  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Rotterdam,  on  the  Meuse,  opposite  Dordrecht. 
Large  quantities  of  vegetables  are  seirt  over  to.  Dordrecht 
and  supplied  to  passing  ve.ssels.    Pop.  2016. 

ZWYNDRECHT,  a  market-town  of  Belgium,  province  of 
East  Flanders,  17  miles  N.E.  of  Dendermonde.  (Termonde,) 
on  the  Scheldt,  on  which  it  has  a  steamboat  station.    P.  2200. 

ZYDACZOW,  zid-dtch'ov  or  zid'd-chov*,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Galicia.  16  miles  N.E.  of  Stry,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Stry, 
in  the  Dniester.     Pop.  2141. 

ZYDOWO.  zid-o'*o,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of  Posen, 
6  miles  S.  of  Gnesen.     Pop.  530. 

ZYGHUR,  zrgur',  or  JAYGHUR,  jrgQr/,  a  town  of  Ilindos- 
tan,  province  of  Bejapoor,  district  of  Concan,  about  14  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  a  river  In  the  bay  of  its  own  name,  118 
miles  8.  by  E.  of  Bombay.  The  river  at  its  entrance,  about 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  broad,  is  defended  by  a  fort,  and 
lined  by  straggling  villages  up  to  the  town,  which  is  a  place 
of  considerable  size,  and  also  defended  by  a  fort.  On  the 
bay  there  is  a  haven,  inside  of  which  vessels  of  large  size 
may  lie  completely  sheltered  at  all  season.s. 

ZYORY,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.    See  Sohrau. 

ZYTOMIR  or  ZYTOMIERS,  a  town  of  Russia.    See  Zra- 

TOHEER, 

ZYWIEC,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia.    See  Setbusch. 

21Q9 


ETYMOLOGICAL  YOCABULAEY. 


1^  In  the  followJng  Vocabulary,  *he  names  cited  as  examples,  if  printed  in  small  capitals,  -will  be  found  in  the  Gazetteei 
tinder  their  own  head;  but  if  in  Italic  or  Koman,  under  the  name  which  immediately  follow!.  Thuf:.  Bahia  HomiA  will 
be  found  under  its  own  head:  while  Boa  Bahia  is  given  under  Bomeav,  (see  Bahla  in  this  Vocabulary.) 

When  the  explanation  of  the  name  is  printed  in  small  capitals,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  latter  IVr  a  notice  of  the 

flace  or  object  in  question  ;  as  Met-  Blanche,  "  AVuite  Sea,"  (see  Blauc  5)  Kui-a  Divgis,  "Black  Sea,''  (see  Dengis.) 
n  these  instances,  as  well  as  in  those  above  cited,  the  description  w  ill  be  luucd  under  the  name  printed  in  small  capilais. 


A,  5,  Sw  a  "river."  It  forms  the  affix  to  many  names, 
as  1  orneA, LuLEi,  Ac.    See  next  article. 

Aa,  d.  a  contraction  of  the  old  German  Ahha,  and  the 
same  with  Aach  or  Adi,  signifying  ••flowing  water."  It  is 
probably  from  the  same  root  as  the  Latin  Ariua,  the  Italian 
A:qua.  the  Spanish  Agua,  the  Portuguese  Agoa.  the  French 
E'.u,  the  Swedish  A,  the  Persian  Ab,  the  Celtic  J.6cr,  Ac. 
(A  A.  Ais-la-Chapi;lle,  ic.) 

Aaclit    See  preceding  article. 

Aar  or  Ar,  in,  Celtic,  a  "  watercourse"  or  "  current." 
From  this  root  is  probably  derived  the  name  of  the  Swiss 
river  Aar.  (i.e.  tjie  "stream"  or  the  "river;")  and  also  Arar, 
the  ancient  name  of  the  Sao.ne,  Isara,  (Isere,)  Samara, 
(SOMME.)  Arve,  &c. 

Ab,  3b,  Persian,  "water,"  "river,"  Ac;  as  Doab  or 
PoOAB.  literally  "two  waters"  or  "two  rivers,"  the  space  be- 
twetMi  two  rivers :  Punjab  or  Penjab.  the  "  five  rivers." 

Abad,  d-bid',  Persian,  '•  house,"  ••abode,"  ••residence ;" 
as  SruHABAD,  the  ••king's  abode"'  or  "royal  residence." 

Abbas,  iliyiiis^  Persian,  "  father;"  also  a  name,  as 
Shau-Aueas,  "King  Abbas;"  Abbasadad,  the  •'abode"  or 
••citv  of  Abbas." 

Abbe,  ab'bd',  Fr.  «  abbot,"  (L.  Abbas.  Al>batis;  Get.  Abt,) 
as  Abbeville,  (L.  AbtxitisvilSi,)  •' Abbotsville." 

Aber,  Celtic,  an  "  estuary"  or  -  mouth  of  a  river."  a  pre- 
fix to  numerous  towns,  indicating  their  j)Ositidn,  as  Aber- 
rsTwiTH.  (i.e.  a  town  on  the  "'estuary  of  the  Vstwith.") 

Abiad,  Arab,  "'white;"  as  Bahr-el-Auiad.  the  "white 
river,"  one  ot  the  main  hnmches  of  the  Hile;  Kas-el-Abiad, 
"  white  cape'  or  •■  white  promontory." 

Aboo,  Abon  or  Abn,  Ai-ab.  '•  father.''  a  title  given  to 
chiefs  or  princes,  as  Aboo  Arish,  Aboo  Girgeh. 

Ac,  a  French  affix  derived  from  the  I-atin  Aqiut,  denotes 
B  positif>n  near  some  water ;  as  Biberac,  Riderac,  &c. 

Ac.  Saxon,  "oak;"  as  Acton,  '•Oaktown." 

AcU.     See  Aa. 

Acqua,  dk'kwj,  It.  "water;"  as  Acqcabella.  "beauti- 
ful wa  ter ;''  AcciUANKORA.  "  black  water."     See  Aa» 

Adel,  d'dfl,  Ger.  "  noble;"  as  Adelssorf,  "  the  village  of 
tho  nible." 

Adler,  i'dler,  Ger.  "eagle;"  as  Ablebsbero  or  Arlbero, 
"e»gl  •  nii'Untain.'' 

Agadj,  d'gdj'.  or  Agatch,  d'gdtch',  Turk.  "  tree;"  as 
Agalih-Deiigis,  "sea  of  trees,"  (Anatolia.)  the  name  of  an 
extensive  fjrest  in  the  central  part  of  Asia  Minor;  KlziL- 
AOAn.i.  '-red  tree."  the  Turkish  name  for  the  "alder." 

Agoa,  i'go-S,  Port.  "  water"  or  "  spring ;"  as  Ago.i- 
QlKME.  "hot  spring." 

Agna,  S'gwd,  almost  d/wd,  Sp.  "water"  or  "spring;"  as 
AoL'A-i  CaU!-:ntes.  "  warm  springs."    See  Aa. 

Alcb  or  Kich,  ik,  Ger.  "oak;"  as  Alchstedt  or  Eich- 
STAnr.  ••Oaktown." 

Aigle,  A'a'l.  Fr.  " eagle;" as L'Aigle, (Cape.') "eagle cape." 

Aij^iie,  Aigues,  Ag,  or  Aix.  Ax,  old  French,(  L.  A'qua 
or  A'ltia:.)  "water,"  "waters,"  or  "springs;"  as  Aigue- 
BEI.LE,  '•  beautiful  water;"  Aigues  Vives,  (L.  Aiqua  Vilvo',) 
"liviDg  w.iters,"  a  town  of  France  with  a  distillery  of  tau- 
de-rie.  ("water  of  life.")    See  Aix-uv-Chapellb. 

Aln,  Arab,  -fountain;"  Ayoon,  '•fountains:"  as  Ain- 
MoiJSA,  -Moses'  fountain;"  Ayoon-iloosa,  the  "fountains 
of  .Moses." 

Aird.    See  Arde. 

Aix.     See  Algue. 

AK,  ik,  Turk,  or  Tartar,  "  white;"  aa  Ak-Shehr,  "white 
city;'  Ak-Taoh,  "white  mountain;"  ^A-Z)en^i«.  "  white 
Sea,"  the  Turkish  name  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,given  in 
contradistinction  to  the  Black  Sea. 

Akaba,  Arab,  a  "pa8s"or  "pas.sage."  Ak.aba  is  a  vil- 
lage of  Arabia,  situated  on  the  Red  Sea.  near  a  difflcult 
mountain  pass,  on  the  route  of  the  pilgrims  travelling  to 
Mecia.     It  gives  name  to  the  Gulf  of  Akaba. 

Al,  the  Arabic  article.  See  El.     Al,  Ilun.   See  Also. 

Alb.     See  Alp. 

A I  bo,*  dl'bo,  Alba,*  ilfhi.  It.  and  Sp.  (L.  Alfbus,) 
"white;"  aa  ViLLALiu,  "white  village"  or  "white  town  " 

Aldea,  dl-d.i'd,  Sp.  and  Port,  "village;"  as  Aldea  del 
Rev.  -king's  village;"  Aldea  Velh.a,  -'old  village." 

Allab,  dl'ldu',  Arab.  "  God;"  as  Allah  Ab.u),  the  •'  citv 
of  God."  •* 


Almaden.    See  DIadeii. 

Alaiueda,  dld-mA/Dd,  Sp.  a  "walk  with  rows  of  trees," 
from  Alamo,  a  -poplar-tree:"  as  Alajseba. 

Alp  or  Alb,  Celtic,  a  ''hill"  or  -mountain;"  as  Alps. 

Also,  ol'shO',  Uun.  "lower;"  as  Also  Klbin,  '-Lower 
Kubin." 

Altjdlt,  Ger.  "old;"  as  ALTDORror  Altorf,  "old  village." 

Alta,  dl-tif.  or  Allan,  dl-tdn',  Mongolian.  -  gold;"  ad 
Alt.u  or  .\i.TA  TKEN  OoLA,  the  "golden  mountain." 

Alto,*  dl/to,  or  Alta,*  dl'td.  It.  and  Sp.  (L.  AVlws.) 
"high;"  as  Altomoxte  or  Altamont,  '•  hij^h  mountain;" 
Altii  Oxlifiiritia,  the  Spanish  name  of  Upper  Cai.ifoknia. 

Altoon  or  AltuUjdrtoon'.  Turk,  "gold"  or  -'goldon;" 
as  Altoon  Kupree.  -golden  bridge." 

Augeles,  dug'iiA-K's.  Sp.  ••angels;"  as  Pueblo  be  103 
Ax'itLES,  "town  or  city  of  the  angels." 

Angra,  dng'grd.  Port,  "creek,"  "bay."  or  "station  for 
ships;"  as  Angk.\,  Danger. 

Anti,  dii'tee,  Gr.  -'opposite to;"  as  Antip.aros,  an  island 
"opposite  to  Paros." 

Aqua  or  Aquoe,  L.  "water,"  "waters,"  or  "springs." 
See  Aigue  and  Aa. 

Ar.    .^ee  Aar. 

Aral,  drdl',  Ivirgheez  Tartjir,  '-island;"  as  Aral  Sea, 
"  i.slaud  sea." 

Arai»y,  Oh'roB',  Hun.  "gold;"  as  Ara;s-I06,  "golden" 
river. 

Arde,  aR'deh,  Dutch,  "earth" or  "land;" as  Oddenardk, 
"old  land." 

Arl.    See  Adler. 

Arroyo,  Ib-ro'vo,  Sp.  " brook" or  "  rivulet ;"  as  Arroto 
del  MoLiNO.  -mill-brook." 

Atesh,  d'tish',  Turk,  "fire;"  as  Atesu  Jah,  the  "field 
of  fire." 

All,  Ger.  "island"  or  "peninsula;"  perhaps  the  same  au 
Aiie,  which  see. 

Aude.     See  Oiide. 

Ane,  ow'fh,  Ger.  -  laud."  "field,"  "meadow;"  as  Batau. 
See  Bat. 

Av'en  or  Av'on,  'Welsh,  "water"  or  "stream;"  as 
Avi.xiiiKV,  "town  on  a  stream." 

Ayoon.    See  Aln. 

Azrelt,  d-/.'r{,'k,  Arab,  "blue;"  as  Bahr-el-Azrek,  "  blue 
river."     See  Balir. 

Ba,  in  the  l.nnguage  of  Soodan,  "water,"  "stream,"  or 
"river;"  probably  the  same  as  the  Persian  Ab;  as  Joliba, 
"great  river;"  Ba  Fjno,  the  '-river  Fing,"  &c. 

Bab,  Arab,  '-gate:"  as  Bah-el-M.andeb,  -  gate  of  tears." 

Bach,  bdK,  or  PacU,  pdK,  Ger.  -brook;"  as  1...ACTER- 
BACH.  '-clear  l)rook:"  Anj-I'.vch.  '-on  the  brook." 

Bad,  bdt,  plural,  Baden,  bd'den.  Ger.  "  bath"  or 
"baths;"  as  Carlsbad,  "  Ch;irles's  Bath;"  Bidenweileb, 
"  bath  village." 

Baere,  (Bare,) ba'reh, or  Bteren,  "bear"  or  "  bears ;" 
whence  probably  Bern,  the  '-country  of  bears." 

Bagn,  Ijdil,  a  French  prefix  from  the  Italian  Bagvi, 
signifying   "baths,"   forms  a  part  of   varioui?  i  An»eg;    as 

B.\Gn£re.S,  B.AGNOIJIS.  4c. 

Bagno,  lidn'yo,  It.  (L.  BaVneum.)  plunl,  Ba^nl, 
bdn'yee.  '-bath,"  baths;"  as  Bagni  della  I'oriie".  ta,  Paosi 
m  LcccA. 

Babr,  bdh'r,  or  Babar,  bdOiar,  Arab.  "  great  v^tr," 
"sea,"  or  "river;"  as  Bahr-el-.\zrek,  "river  the  blu  ,"  or 
"blue  river,"  the  principal  branch  of  the  Nile,  which  se* 

Babla,  bd-ee'a.  Sp.  and  Port.  " bay ;" as  Bahia.  the '-  Biy" 
or  "  Hariyir"  par  exccllrnce ;  Bahia  Hond.i,  '•  deep  bay ;"  Boa 
Bahia.  (Bombay.)  '-good  harbor." 

Baktr,  bd'keer\  Turk,  '-copper;"  as  Bakib  Cii.ai,  "cop- 
per river." 

Ball  or  Bally,  Celtic,  "town;"  as  Bali.indoon,  a 
"town  in  the  downs;"  BaLlycoxxell.  Bali.y.shannox,  &c. 

Banya,  bdn'yah\  Ilun.  '-mine;"  as  Nagy  Banya,  the 
"great  mines." 

Bar,  Sanscrit.  "  land ;"  as  Maiab.ir. 

Barra,  bai-'rd,  Hindoo,  "great;"  as  Barr.oi.ahl,  "great 
fortress." 

Bas,  bd,  Fr.  "low-."  as  PatsB-^S.  the  "low  c»)untries." 

Basso,  bds'so,  It. "  low ;"  as  Campob.isso,  the  •  low  pla'ii" 


2170 


•  See  note  on  page  2174  of  thii  Vocabulary. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  YOCABULARY. 


Bat,  'Or.  Ba9wr.  hathus,)  old  Oerman,  '•  low,"  same  as  the 
French  Bas  ai.d  Italian  Basso  (  as  Batwu,  {liaUxue,) 
the  '■  low  plain." 

Baum,  Wwin,  Ger.  ''tree,"  Ac;  as  Bacmoarteh,  "tree- 
garden"  or  "orchard." 

B«zaar,  I'er.Man  and  Turk,  "market"  or  "fair." 

Beau,  bo.  or  Bel,  b^l,  and  Belle,  bi-ll,  Fr.  "beauti- 
ftil:"  as  liEAULnx',  "beautiful  place;"  Belmont,  "beautiful 
mount ;"  Belleville,  "  beautiful  town."    See  Bello. 

Beck.     See  BacH. 

Beer.     See  Blr. 

Bein.     See  Ben. 

Beit,  bit  or  bit.  Arab,  "house;"  as  Beit-evFaeir,  the 
"house  of  the  .saint." 

Bel  or  Belle.     See  Beau. 

Bela.     See  Blela. 

Beled,  be-Itd'.  or  Belad,  be-lSd',  Arab,  "country;"  as 
BELED-tL-jERFED,  the  '-country  of  dates." 

Bello,  b^no,  Bella,  Willi,  It.  and  Port.,  and  Bello, 
li?l'yo.  Bella,  b<^l'yd,  Sp.  (from  the  Latin  IkPlns,)  "  beau- 
tiful" or  "fine;"  as  IsoLA  Bella,  "beautiful  island;"  Villa 
Bella,  "beautiful  town;"  Pierto  Bello,  "tine  harbor." 

Ben,  bin,  or  Bein,  Celtic,  "hill"  or  "mountain;"  as 
Ben  .More,  the  "great  mountain." 

Bender.    See  Bunder. 

Benee  or  Beul,  bJiwe',  Arab,  "sons"  or  "children." 
The  prefix  forms  a  part  of  the  designation  of  numerous 
Arabian  tribes,  as  Be.nee  Alee,  (Beni  Au,)  the  "children 
of  -Vlee." 

Beresa,  bA-rA'zi,  or  Bereza,  Russian,  "birch;"  as 
Beresi.va,  "birch"  river. 

Berg,  b^Rg,  Ger.  "hill"  or  "mountain,""  hill-fortress ;"(?) 
as  AiiLEKBERO,  "eagle  mountain;"  Ko.\iasnERO,  the  "king's 
hill-fortress." 

Bermejo.     Sec  Vermcjo. 

Beth,  Hebrew,  a  "house;"  the  same  as  the  Arabic  Bkit. 

Blaly,  be  d/lee  or  Vjyii/iee, "  white ;"  the  same  as  Biela, 
whiili  see. 

Bianco,  be-3n'ko,  or  Bianca,  be-Jn'ki,  Tt.  "white;" 
as  HiANCA  VriLA.  "white  villa  or  villaap."    See  Blanco. 

Bielo,  beiWo  or  byiUlo.  or  Biela,  be-a/ld,  Iluss. 
"wliit.-;''  as  Bielo-0/.f.ro,  "white  lake." 

Blr  or  Beer,  Arab.  "  well." 

Bl  sell  of,  bish'of,  Ger.  "bishop;"  as  BiscnoFSnEiM, 
"bishop's  abode." 

BInnc,  blix",  or  Blanche,  bl^Nsh.  Fr.  "white;"  as 
Mont-Hla.vc,  "  white  mountain  ;"  Mur-Blanche,  "  White 
Sk\" 

Blanco,  bling'ko,  Sp.  "white;"  as  Rio  Blanco,  "white 
rivri-:'  Cave  (Cabo)  Blanco,  "white  cape." 

Blei,  bli,  Ger,  "lead;"  as  Bleiberq,  "lead  mountain;" 
Blkiimch,  "lead  brook." 

Bloent,  bloom,  Dutch, "  flowpr"or  "  bloom ;"  as  Bloeme.\- 
DAAL.  "  valley  of  flowers."     See  Daal. 

Boden,  bo'den,  Ger.  "bottom;"  as  an  adjective,  "deep;" 
as  B'idtn-set — the  German  name  of  Lake  Constance,  "  deep 
lake.-' 

Boli.     See  Polls. 

Bor,  Polish,  a  "forest  of  fir-trees;"  as  Medziror. 

Bor,  boR,  or  Boros,  bc/rosh',  Hun.  "wine;"  as  Bor- 
benk.  "  wine  mount.ain." 

Borg,  boRG,  Sw.  and  Dan.,  the  same  as  Bitrg, 
will  h  see. 

Borgo,  boR'go,  It.  "castle"  or  "town,"  (from  the  Ger- 
ni.Tii  Huito;)  as  Borooforte,  "strong  castle." 

Boros.     See  Bor. 

Borough,  Knu'lish.  originally  a  "  fortified  city  or 
town  :"  the  same  as  Burg. 

Bourg,  booR,  Fr.  "castle;"  the  same  as  Burg, 
which  See. 

Br ItH,  Gaelic,  "parti-colored  or  painted;"  as  Brittoks, 
tht-  -painted  people.''     See  Picts. 

Brl'va,  ancient  Gallic,  "bri.V^e;"  as  Sumarahriva,  the 
ancient   name  of  Amiens,  the  "  bridge  of  the  Samara  or 

SOMMK." 

Brod,  Polish,  "ford;"  as  Brodt. 

Broeli,br06k,  Dutch,  "brook;"  asQROOTEBROEK,  "great 
broi.k." 

Bronn.    See  Brunn. 

Briick  or  Brucke,  sometimes  written  Pruck, 
"  bri  Ije:"  .as  Inn'sprl'CK.  the  "bridge  of  the  Inn." 

Brugge,  braa'Gheh,  Dutch,  "bridge;"  as  Brugge, 
(BRr.;Ks.) 

Brunn  or  Bronn,  a  "fountain;"  as  SciiSNnRirNN, 
"  IvHutiful  fountain;"  IIeilrronn,  "fountain  of  health." 

Bude,  boo'deh,  or  Bud,  Ger.  "hut"  or  "dwelling;"  as 
BuiAviiss,  "white  dwelling." 

Bueno,  bwA'no,  or  Buena.  bw.Vnl,  Sp.  "  good"  or 
"fine;"  as  Buenos  Atkes,  "good  or  fine  air;"  Bcena  Yist.\, 
"fine  view." 

BuluU-  boo-yook',  Turk.  "'  great."  It  is  a  prefix  to  va- 
riiii;%  uniiEportant  Joules  in  Asiatic  and  European  Turkey. 

Bnk,  book,  Si.avonic.  "t>eech:"  as  Bukowisa,  "beech 
country"  or  "country  of  beech-trees." 

Bunder,  biln'd^r,  or  Beu'der,  written  also  Ban- 


der, Turk,  and  Persian,  "  port;"  as  Bunder  Abassi,  "  port 
of  .At  bas."  (Gomhroon.) 

Burg,  bOi'.RG,  Ger.  a  "castle"  or  "fortified  tovin."  It  ;•• 
the  root  of  the  I'rench  BouRO,  Italian  Borgo,  Scotch  BuKoa, 
and  Knglish  Borough  and  Burt. 

Bnrgli.    See  Burg. 

Burn,  b&rn,  Saxon,  --brook"  or  stream;"  as  Bannock, 
DURN.  the  "stream  of  the  Bannock." 

Bury.    See  Burg. 

By,  bii,  or  Bye,  Dan.  and  Sw.  "town"  or  "village;"  at 
Karlebt,  "Charlestown;"  hence  also  in  Knglish,  Thursiiv, 
the  "town  of  Thor;"  and  perhaps  D.U.RY,  "Daletown;" 
ASHBT,  "  Ashtown  or  Ashton ;"  Kjkkuy,  "  church  town,"  &c, 

Caho.    See  Capo. 

Cacer.    See  Kasr. 

Caer,  a  "camp."  "castle,"  or  "fortified  town;"  as  Caeb 
LE()><the  "camp  or  station  of  the  (Roman)  legion." 

Cfiesar.     See  Kaiser. 

Cafr  or  Caft're.    See  Kafir. 

Calat.     See  Kalat. 

Cant,  Celtic,  a  "  corner;"  perhaps  the  root  of  the  Latin 
Qintium.  (Kent.) 

Capo,  kd'po.  It.;  Cabo.  kJ'Bo,  Sp.  and  Port,  (from  the 
Latin  (.i(7>i/t,)  a  "head,"  "headland,"  or  "cape,"  (see  Kas;) 
as  Capo  D'Istria,  the  "cape  of  Istria;'.'  Cabo  Frio,  "cold 
cape." 

Cartlia.     See  Cirta. 

Casa,  kj/sd.  It.,  Sp.,  and  Port.,  a  "house;"  as  Casa  Mas- 
si.ma,  tit.)  the  "great  house;"  Cabas  Granofj),  (Sp.)  the 
"  great  houses:"  Casa  Bl.\nca,  (Port.)  "  white  hou.se,"  Ac. 

Casale,  kisi^i,  or  Casal,  ki-sdl',  a  "village;"  as 
Casal  Maogiore.  the  "large  village." 

Casar.     See  Kasr. 

Casas,  kS'sis.  Sp.  "houses."    See  Casa. 

Castel,  kds-tc-1'.  It.  (from  the  Latin  OxsfeWum,)  a  "castle;" 
as  Castel  Nuovo,  "New  Castle." 

Caster.    See  Cester. 

Castra  or  Castrum.    See  Cester. 

Cazar.    See  Kasr. 

Cerro,  s?r/uo.  .<p. a  "hill"  or  "mountain." (no/ a  moun- 
tain cliaiu;)  as  Cerro  de  Pasco,  "  mountain  of  Pasco." 

Certa.     Sw  Cirta. 

Ces'ter,  Ceaster,  or  Chester,  Saxon,  (L.  CaHra,) 
a  '•  camp"  or  •'  station ;"  as  Gloucester  :  (L.  Glen  Qistra,)  the 
"station  of  Glevum;"  Dorchester.  (Saxon,  JJoni  Ceaslo;) 
(L.  Diirini  Oastra.)  the  "station  of  Durinum." 

Chai  or  Tchai,  chi,  Turk,  and  Persian,  "rivei;"aii 
Bakh!-Ciiai,  ''co))per  river." 

Chan.     See  Shan. 

Chateau,  sh&'to',  and  Chatel,  shfi^tjl',  Fr.  "castle" 
or  "palace;"  as  ChAteau  lioux,  "red  castle;"  CuXteau-bc- 
Loire,  "castle  of  the  Loire:"  Necfcuai'el.  -'New-castle." 

Chaud,  sho,  or  Chaude,  shod,  Fr.  "warm,"  (from 
the  Latin  CuVidus ;)  as  CnACDE»-.\ieD£d,  "warm  waters;" 
CHAfivFoNTAiNE.  -'  Warm  spring." 

Chan-ve,  shSv,  Fr.  "bald;"  as  Chaumont,  (L.  QxI/vus 
M'inf.)  "bald  mountain."     See  Kahl. 

Chehr.    See  Shehr. 

Chester.     See  Cester. 

Chip'ping,  English,  (from  the  Swedish  KjSpivg  or 
Kl/i>inii.  pronounced  cho'iiing.t  a  "market"  or  "mart;"  aa 
Chti'pino-Norton.    See  Koping. 

Cho\v.    See  Tcheoo. 

CIdade,  se-dd'd;l.  Port.  "  city;"  as  Cidade  do  Recife,  the 
"city  of  the  reef."  (Recife.) 

Cien,  se-Jn',  Sp.  "hundred;"  as Cien-Pozuelos,  a  "hun- 
dred fountains  or  wells." 

Cir'ta,  Cer'ta,  or  Car'tha,  Phosniclan,  "  town"  or 
"city;"  as  Cirta,  (Constantine ;)  Tigranocerta.  the  "city  of 
Tigranes."  Carth.\ge  appears  to  be  derived  from  the  same 
root. 

Cltta.    SeeCivita. 

Ctndad,  the-oo-uai)' or  se-oo-dJi>',  Sp.  "city:"  as  Ciitdad 
Boi.ivAK.  ••  Bolivar  citv ;"  Ciudad  Real.  "  royal  city." 

Civita,  cheo've-ta,  or  Cltta,  chit/tl',  It  (from  the 
Latin  Civitas,)  "town"  or  ''city;"  as  CiviTA  Veuchia,  "old 
town;"  CiTTA  NuoVA,  "new  town." 

Costa,  ko.s'ti,  Sp.  and  Port,  "coast"  or  "region;"  as 
Costa  Kica.  "rich  coast." 

Cote,  kot,  Fr.  "  coast"  or  "  region ;"  as  COte-d'Or,  "  gold 
coast"  or  "  region  of  gold." 

Croce,  kro'chA,  It.  "cross;"  as  Santa  Croce,  "holy 
cross."     See  Cruz. 

CroiT,  krwS,  Fr.  "cross;"  as  Sainte  Croix,  "  holy  cross." 
See  Cruz. 

Cruz,  krooth  or  kroos,  Sp.  and  Port,  (from  the  Latin 
Crux.)  "cross;"  as  Santa  Cruz,  "holy  cross;"  Vera  Cruz, 
"  true  cross." 

C"»vm,  koom,  Welsh,  "valley,"  properly  a  "  narrow  val- 
ley :"  as  CwMDO,  the  "  black  valley." 
"Czerny.    See  Tcherno. 

Daal,  Dutch,  "valley"  or  "vale;"  as  Bloemendaal, 
"valley  of  flowers;"  "  Bloomingdale."     See  Thai. 

2171 


ETYMOLOGICAL    VOCABULARY. 


i>agli,  d3g,   Persian,  (Turk.  Tagh,)   "  mountain ;"  as 
Dac.iu;.s  r.vs,  the  "  mtjuntain  country." 
Dalr.    See  Delr. 

Dal.    Seo  Tlial. 

Dam,  dim,  Dutch,  "dam;"  as  Amsterdam,  (Amsteldam.) 
i.e.  the  •■  town  situated  at  the  dam  of  the  Amstel;"  SCIUE- 
DAM.  the  "  dam  of  the  Schie." 

Dar,  dar,  Ai-ab.  "country;"  as  Dar  Foor,  (Bar  Fcr,) 
the  -country  of  Foor,"  (or  Fur.)  or  the  "  country  of  the 
Foorians." 

Darla,  dil'ree'i,  or  Deria,  djr'ee%  Tartar,  "river;" 
as  Am.o  Uaisia.  the  "river  Am.jo." 

Deev  or  Div.     See  Dib. 

Delr  or  Dalr,  ddr  or  dir,  Arab,  "house,"  "abode," 
"niiiiiastery:''  as  Ueir-el-Kamer. 

Denilr,  dJni'eer\  Turli.  "  iron ;"  as  Dbmir-IIissak,  "  iron 
castle." 

Dengls,  Deiiglilz,  deng'is^  or  dSng'ij\  or  T«ng- 
liees,  i'ui-k.  or  Tartar,  -sea"  or  "lake:"  as  Kara  Dengis, 
'•  Black  Sea  ;"  Aral  Tunghuz,  "  sea  of  islanda,"  the  Kirgheez 
name  nf  the  Aral  Sea. 

Derla.    See  Darla. 

Desaguadero,  di-sl-gwi-DA'ro,  Sp.  "  outlet ;"  as 
IJesaouadero. 

Dlia-wala,  d"hd-w3/lil  or  di-w3li,  Sanscrit,  "white;" 
as  Dhaw.UuWIRI,  ".white  mountain." 

Dim,  Gaelic,  "  black."     See  Dw. 

Dlb,  Dlv  or  Deev,  Malay,  "  island;"  as  Serendih,  (an 
old  name  of  Ceylos,)  M.ujediveJ  Laccadive,  &c.  , 

Djebel.    fee  Jebelt 

Doce,  do'sA,  Port.  "  sweet ;"  as  Rio  Doce,  "  sweet  river," 
i  e.  "  river  of  sweet  water."     See  Dnlce. 

Don,  Celtic,  "  deep"  or  "  low."  From  this  root  perhaps 
the  name  of  the  Don  and  Danube  (Qer.  Donau,  from  Don, 
'•  low,"  and  Au  or  Aue,  "  plain"  or  "  meadow")  are  derived. 
Both  streams  are  remarkable  for  the  low,  marshy  country 
through  which  they  flow,  particularly  in  the  latter  part  of 
their  course.  Denmark,  (Danemark,)  "  low  country,"  is 
supjiospd  to  be  derived  from  the  same  root. 

Dorado,  do-ri'oo,  Sp.  "  gilt,"  "  covered  with  gold," 
"  golden  :"  as  El  Dorado.  "  the  golden"  country. 

Dorf,  Ger.  "Tillage;"  as  Dusseldoef,  "village  on  tlie 
Diissel." 

Dtt,  dee,  Welsh,  "black:"  as  Cwmdu,  "black  valley." 

Dulce,  dool'thA  or  dool'si,  Sp.  (from  the  Latin  DuPcis,) 
"  sweet :"  as  .^gija  Dulce,  "  sweet  water." 

Dun,  Celtic,  "castle;"  as  Dux  Edin,  the  "castle  of 
Bdiua"  or  KDnrsuBOH. 

El  or  Ey,  i,  Dutch,  an  "egg:"  pinral,  Eljeren  or 
Eyereu,  i'er-gn;  as  Eijbrlasd,  "egg  land." 

JSlseu,  I'zen,  Ger.  "iron;"  as  Eisenbero,  "iron  moun- 
tain :"  Eisenerz,  "  Iron-ore,"  the  name  of  a  fomous  mining 
town  of  .Styria. 

El,  ^1,  or  Al,  31,  Arab,  and  Sp^  the  article  "  the;"  as  El 
DoKADO.  "the  golden"  country. 

Elf,  Jlf,  Sw.  "  river;"  as  Gotha  Elp,  "  Gotha  Uiver." 

Entre,  ^n'tr.i,  Sp.  and  Port.  Sn'trA,  and  Fr.  Entre,  6Nt'r, 
"between:"  as  Entre  Rigs,  "between  the  rivers;"  Entre 
Donto  s  MiNHO,  "between  theDouroand  Minho,"  &0. 

Erdii,  Jit/dS*,  and  Erdely,  JuMil',  Uun.  "wood"  or 
"fi>rest:"  as  Eiddy-Orszaij,  the  "forest  country,"  the  Uun- 
gariiin  name  of  Transylvania. 

ErmaU.    See  Irmak. 

Erz,  fiRts,  Ger.  "ore;"  as  Erzoebiroe,  "ore  mountainE." 

Eskee  or  Eskl,  Js'keeS  Turk.  "  old;"  as  J^skeb-Shehr, 
"old  city." 

Etanla,  Basque,  "abode"  or  "country;"  as  Lusit.vnia, 
the  "country  of  the  Lusi." 

Ey,  Scandinavian,  "island;"  as  Angleset,  tlie  "island 
of  the  Angles." 

Ey,  Dutch.    SoeEl. 

Fal  ra,    fai'v(jh\    Hun.  "  village ;"   as    Mihalyf.u.ta, 

".Michiiel's  village;"  (in  German,  MiclieUclorf.) 

Feher,  fa'haiR/,  or  Pejer,  fii^yaiu',  Hun.  "  white;"  as 
Femervxr,  "  white  fort." 

Feld,  f^lt,  Ger.  (Dutch.  Veld,)  "field;"  as  Wkixfeldex, 
"  wlnetieldi)"  or  "  vineyards." 

Pels,  fils,  Ger.  ".rock;"  as  DBAOHElfFKM,  "dragon's 
ro*k."      _ 

Felso,  fjrshy,  Hun.  "upper;"  as  Felso  BAjnr.i,  the 
"  upper  mines." 

Per,  fiR  or  falR,  Fr.  "  iron."     See  Ferro. 

Ferro,  fia/ao,  (L.  F<n-irum.)  "  iron;"  as  Fbrro,  the 
"  iron"  isle ;  called  In  Spanish  Hierro.  ("  iron  ;")  and  in 
French  lU  de  f^r,  ("isle  of  iron";)  names  which  appear  to 
have  been  given  to  this  island  on  account  of  its  iron-bound 
oast,  presenting,  as  it  does,  to  the  sea  on  all  sides,  a  wall 
of  bold  and  craggy  rocks. 

Ferte,  f.Wt4',  Fr.  "fortress,"  (apparently  a  corruption 
of  the  Litin  Firmitas,  "flrmnasa"  or  "strength;")  as  i'BKtk- 
Saint-Auhin.  Ac. 

FIcHtel,   fiK'tel.  Ger.   (from   Flohte.)   "pine;"   as 
FicarELUEUiRiie,  "  pine  mountains." 
217a 


Fjeld  or  Field,  fySld,  Dan.  and  Norw.  a  "mountain 
I  range;"    as    Doverkwlo,    the  "  Dovre    mountain    range" 
I  DovRE  or  Da.\vre  is  a  village  situated  on  the  side  of  the 
mountains,  and  gives  name  to  the  chain. 

Fjord  or  Fiord,  fyoRd,  Dau.  and  Xorw.  an  "e.stuary," 
"  inlet."  or  "  bay ;"  as  Ltmfiord,  (Liimfiord,)  "  clay  inlet" 
I  or  "  muddy  inlet." 

i      Font,   fix",  (L.  fons,)  a  "fountain"  or  "spring:"  aa 
;  FONTCOUVERT,  "Covered  fountain;"  FoNTL-vim'LT,   (L.  /><«* 
i  Ehrahli,)   the   "fountain    of  Ebridd."     Ebrald   ibuLded  u 
famous  abbey  at  Fnntevrault  in  1117. 

Fontaine,  t'ANo't^n'  or  fd.vHAn',  Fr.  "fountain;"  as 
FoNTAiNEiiLEAU,  (FoNT.UNE  BELLE  Eau,)  "  fountain  of  beauti- 
ful wat<?r." 

Foutana,  fon-tl'ni.  It.  "fountain"  or  "spring;"  as 
FoNTANA  FRKDriA.  "cold  Spring." 

Foo  or  Fou,  foo,  Chinese,  a  "city  of  the  first  chiss;" 
as  Hano-chow-foo.  the  "  great  city  of  Hang-chow." 

Forraoso,  foR-mo'so.  Formosa,  foR-mo's3,  Poi-t, 
(Tj.  fhrmo'su.<.)  "  beautiful :"  as  For.mo.sa,  (i.e.  IVia  l\irmosa.) 
"beautiful  island;"  Rio  Formoso,  (Benin  River,)  "beauti- 
ful river." 

Fort,  foR,  or  Forte,  foRt,  (from  the  Latin  forltis.) 
"  strong ;"  as  Villefort,  ••  strong  town ;"  1{ochefort,  "  strong 
rock"  or  "strong  fortress."  Hence  also  the  French  and 
English  word /or<,  (i.  «.  lieu  fort.)  "  strong  place." 

Forte,  foR/tA,  It.  "strong"'  or  "fortified;"  as  Borgo 
Forte,  "  fortified  town." 

Pen.    See  Foo. 

Frau,  frfiw,  Ger.  "  woman"  or  "  ladj' ;"  as  Fraitsrunn, 
the  "  fountain  of  [our  biassed]  Lady,"  or  "  Virgin's  foun- 
tain." 

Frel  or  Frey,  fri,  Ger.  "free;"  as  Freislvpi  and 
FREYiiURf!,  "  free  town." 

Freudc,  froi'deh,  Ger.  "joy"  or  "pleasure;"  as  Freu- 
DENTHAL,  the  "Valley  of  pleasure." 

Frey.    See  Frel. 

Frlede,  free'deh.  Ger.  "  peace ;" as  Friedland,  the  "  land 
of  peace:"  Friedeburo.  the  'Jtown  or  city  of  peace." 

Friedrlcli,  free/driK,  Ger.  "Frederick;"  asFKicpRiCH- 
STADT.  "  Frederick.stown." 

Frltli,  Scotch,  (from  tlie  Latin  Prelum,  a  "  strait" 
or  "  narrow  sea,")  an  "  estuary ;"  as  the  "  Frith  of 
Forth." 

Fuente,  fw?n'tA  or foo-f n'tA,  Sp.  "fountain;"  as  Fientb 
u  Pe.\a,  "  rock  fountain ;"  Fukntes  de  Ebbo,  "  fountains  of 
[the]  Ebro."    See  Font. 

Fuerte,  fwjR't.^  or  foo-^R/tA,  Sp.  "  strong,"  also  a  "  fort," 
(i.e.  "strong  place;")  as  Villa  del  Fuerte,  "town  of  the 
fort."     See  Fort. 

Fitrst, fuKst, Ger. "  prince;"  as Fltjstenw.vlde,  " prince's 
forest." 

Fnrt  or  Furtli,  fooRt,  Ger.  "ford;"  as  Frajil./wt, 
(Frankfort,)  the  "  furd  of  the  Franks." 

Gammal,  gdm'rail,  or  Ganila,  gdmli,  Sw.  "old;" 
asGAMLA  KARLEiiV,  "Old  Charleston." 

Cratt,  gdtt,  Dutch,  "hole,"  "passage,"  or  "strait;"  as 
HnrUgatt,  (Hurlgate  or  Hellg.\tk.)  "  whirlpool  strait :"  from 
the  same  root,  doubtless,  is  Cattegat,  perhaps  the  "  strait 
or  sea  of  the  Catti,"  (an  ancient  and  numerous  nation  dwell- 
ing in  the  S.^V.  part  of  Europe.) 

Gan,  gOw,  Ger.  "country;"  as  A.^rgau,  the  "country 
of  the  Aar." 

Geblrge,  ga-b66R/ghfh,  Ger.  "mountains"  or  "uioun 
tiin  range;'  as  Erzoewrge,  "ore  mountains." 

GHant  or  Gtiants,  Hindoo,  a  "landing-place"  or 
"flight  of  steps."  a  ■•  mountain  pass;"  as  Ghauts,  a  moun- 
tain range  of  Hindostnu  named  from  its  "  passes ;"  liAL.^- 
0HAUT3.  -above  or  beyond  the  Ghauts." 

Ghlrl,  ghee'ree,  ghiWee.  or  ghiir'ree,  Sanscrit,  "  moun- 
tain:" as  Diiawalaoiiiri,  "white  mountain." 

Glbel.     SeeJebel. 

Gobi  or  Cobl,  Mongolian,  "desert." 

Gool,  Gul,  gool,  Klooi,  Koul  or  Kul,  kool, 
Tartar,  "  lake :"  as  To  iz  Gool,  "  salt  lake." 

Goomlslii,  Gountlsh  orGumlsU,  goo/misb\  Turk. 
"silver;"  as  Goomish  Kiianeh,  "  place  of  silver." 

Gora,  go'ri.  Slavonic,  "mountain;"  as  Txriwfjora  or 
TchTHngrira,  (Montenegro,')  "  bUick  mountain." 

Gorod,  go  rod',  or  Grad,  grid,  Slavonic,  "  town"  or 
"city:"  as  .N'ovooorod  and  No\nGR.iD,  the  "new  city." 

Gonmlsb.    See  Goomlsh. 

Grad.    See  Gorod. 

Graf,  grdf,  Ger.  a,  "count;"  as  GR.iFENH.iuSEN,  iho 
"counfs  hou.ses,"  or  the  "count's  town." 

Grand,  gi-^N".  or  Grande,  grSNd,  Fr.;  Gran,  grin,  or 
Grande,  grin'di.  It.  and  Sp.  "great;"  as  Grand  Champ, 
"  great  field ;"  Gean  CAN.iRLi,  "  Great  (or  Grand)  Canah  {  " 
Rio  Grande.  "  great  river." 

Griin  or  Groen,  gron,  Dan.  and  Xorw.  "green;"  as 
GriJiihiul.  "Gre/;nland." 

Groote,  grft'tf h,  or  Groot,  grOt,  Dutch,  "  great"  or 
"big:"  as  Groots  Evlasd,  " Great  island;  Gboote  Bkogk, 
"  big  brook." 


ETYMOLOGICAL   VOCABULARY. 


Gros,  gro,  or  Grosse,  gross,  Fr.  '-thick"  or  "large;" 
as  Guos  liUDERSTOFF,  -Great  Bliderstoff." 
GrosS)  groce,  Ger.  "great;"   as  Gross  Glogau,  "great 

G!og:.U." 

Grosse.     See  Gros> 

Gros'so,  It.  and  Port,  "great;"  as  Monte  Grosso, 
"  great  hill ;"  Matto  Grosso.  "  preat  f  )regt"  or  •■  thick  forest." 

Grube,  groo'lwh,  or  Grub,  groop,  Ger.  "miue;"  as 
Sal/.ghub, '-siilt  mine." 

Guad,  gwdD  or  w2d.  or  Guadl,  gwa'jie  or  wd'oe,  Sp. 
(friiui  the  Arabic  Wad.  wM,  or  M'ady.  wd'dee.)  "river;"  as 
iiUAiiAUjuiviR,  (Arab.  }Vadral-Kd>e.er,)  the  "great  river." 

Gul.     Sre  Gool. 

Gumlsh.    See  GooniisH. 

Gur  or  GHur,  gur,  Hindoo,  "hill  fort;"  as  Ztohur  (or 
Jauihlr,)  perhaps  tlie  "fortre.ss  of  the  Jains."  The  .Jains 
are  a  .<mall  sect  of  Hindoo  religionists;  they  are  charged 
with  offering  human  sacrifices  to  their  deities. 

Hafen,  hi'fgn,  Ger.  "  haren;"  as  Fbiedrichsh.ipen, 
"  Frederickshaven." 

Hai  or  Hay,  hi,  sometimes  written  Hae,  Chinese, 
".sea:"'  as  Tumighai,  "Fastern  Sea,"  (China  Sea;)  Wliang- 
luii.  •■  Yellow  Sea." 

Ham,  (from  tlie  same  root  as  "  home,")  English,  "  dwell- 
ing-liouse,"  "  hou.se,"  or  "village;"  as  W.\ltham,  '■Wood- 
house"  or  "  Woodville." 

Hainn,  hdm,  Sw.  "haven"  or '-port;"  as  Chbjstineh.a.mn, 
"Christina's  Port." 

Hard,  haRt,  or  Hart,  Ger.  a  "mountain  forest." 

Hatis,  hOw.ss,  or  Hansen,  how'zgn,  Ger.  -Iiouse"  or 
"dwellinir;"  as  Grafenhausen,  -count's  dwelling." 

Havii,  h6wn,  Dan.  "haven"  or  "port;"  as  AjobenJiUvn, 
(C'li'ENHAiSEX.)  "  (■(immercial  port." 

Hay.    See  Hal. 

Hegy,  hjdj,  Hun.  "mountain." 

Heitie,  hi'deh,  Ger.  "heath;"  as  Heidbnfeld,  "heath- 
field." 

Heil,  hile,  Ger.  "health"  o/  "safety;"  as  Ueilbronn, 
'•fountain  of  health." 

Heilig,  hi'liu, or  Heiligen,  hi'le-ghfn,  Ger.  "holy;" 
is  IjEai'iK.vsTADT,  "holy  town;"  Ueliuuenkreutz,  the 
'•  hilly  cross.'' 

Helm,  hime,  Ger.  "home"  or  "abode;"  as  Bisciiofs- 
HEiM.  -  bishop's  abode." 

Hely,  hM,  Hun.  "place;"  as  Uj-Helt,  "new  place." 

Ilieii,  he8n',  Chinese,  a  "town  of  the  third  class." 

HIerro,  e-liB/ao  or  ySa'Ro,  Sp.  "  iron."    See  f  erro. 

HIma,  hee'md\  Sanscrit,  "cold"  or  ''snowy;'  as 
Ui>:\i.ATA,  the  '-abode  of  snow." 

Hlii'ter,  Ger.  "back'' or  "behind;"  as  Hiotf.r  Rheijj. 
the  ••  back  Khine,"  that  branch  of  the  Ithhie  farthest  from 
tiormauy,  and  from  the  thickly  inhabited  portions  of 
Switzerland. 

His'sar',  Turk,  "castle;"  as  Kara  Hissar,  "black 
caslle." 

Ho,  Chinese,  "canal"  or  "river;"  as  H0.4.NO-HO,  "yellow 
river:'"  Ho-nan,  "south  of  the  river,"  (i.e.  south  of  the 
HoMig-ho.) 

Hoaug,  ho-ing',  or  Wliang,  hw;lng,  Chinese,  "  yel- 
iow;'  as  U0.ANG-110,  '-yellow  river;"  Whang-hai,  ••  Y ELLoyf 
sea." 

Hocli,  hoK,  Ger.  "  high ;"  as  Hochheim,  "  high  dwelling.'" 

Hof,  hof,  Ger.  "court;"  as  Hofheim,  the  -abode  of  the 
court." 

Hoh.e,  ho'fh,  or  Holieii,  ho'gn,  Ger.  "high;"  as 
IIoiiKNHL'RO,  '-high  castle; '  Uohexfeus,  "high  rock." 

Holm  or  Holme,  Dan.  and  Sw.  a  "  small  island;"  as 
Hoi.MESriiAN'D,  "island  coast.'' 

Hondo,  on'do,  Honda,  on'dd,  Sp.  "deep;"  as  Rio 
HoNii  I,  '•  deep  river  ;"  Hahia  IIonpa,  "  deep  bay." 

Hoo  or  Hou,  Chinese. '"lake;"  as  Hoo-pe,  "north  of 
the  lake, "  (the  name  of  a  Chinese  province.) 

Hoog,  lioH  or  hotj,  Dutch,  '•  high ;"  as  Hoooevees, 
"hi.rh  turf;"  Hoookerk,  "  high  church." 

Hou.    See  Hoo. 

Hrad,  hrdd,  Bohemian,  (doubtle.ss  the  same  as  GRAD,)a 
"tnwii; "■  as  IIradisch  or  Hraditz,  a  -'little  town." 

Hnus,  hoos,  Dan.  and  Norw.  "house"  or  '-town;"  as 

A.^RHUUS,  AGGERSBUUS. 

He  or  Isle,  eel,  Fr.  "island"  or  "isle;"  as  Ile  bes 
RociiKS,  "Isle  of  Kocks;"  Belleisle,  "beautiful  island." 
See  Isola. 

HUa,  eel'yd,  Port,  "i.sl.ind;"  as  Ilha  Grande,  "Great 
I.'iland;'  Ilua  do  Govern.\dor,  "Governor's  Island."  See 
Isle  and  Isla. 

Incli,  intch,  Celtic,  "island;"  as  Inch  Kennet,  the 
"island  Kennet." 

In'nis,  Celtic,  "island:"  as  iNNlSBEfi,  "  Little  Island." 

IrmaU,  ir^mdk',  or  EIrmak,  6rm  Jk'.  Turk.  "  stream" 
jr  '-  river;"  as  Yesuil  Irmak,  "'green  river." 

Isla-  ees'li,  Sp.  "island;"  as  Isla  Mayor,  "greater 
island : '  Isla  del  Key, " kings  island."    See  Isola. 

Isle.    ,^ee  lie. 


Isola,  ee'so-ld,  It.  (from  the  Latin  In'sula,)  "  Island;"  as 
I.«0L\  Bella,  "beautiful  island;"  Isola  Grossa,  "great 
island." 

Jar.    See  Yar. 

Jebel,  -'  mountain ;"  as  Jedei.-Ximeood,  "  mountain  of 
Nimrod." 

Jenl.    See  Ifenl. 

Jezeereb,  Jezeera,  Jeztra,  jez-ee'ra.  or  Jczep« 
ret,  Arab,  -island'"  or  --peninsula;"'  as  El-Jczcera,  -the 
island."  <Mf.sovotamia.) 

Jbknll  or  Jokiil,  Icelandic,  "mountain;"'  as  Orafa 

JiiKLLL.  SK APTAK  .liiKLLL. 

Jug.    See  If  cog. 

Jung,  ydJng,  Ger.  "young"  or  "new;"  as  JxNO  Bunts- 
L.\f,/"'- >ew  Buntzlau;"  Jukgfrau,  "young  woman"  oi 
"  vi^-gin." 

Katlr,  kd'flr  or  kd'fgr,  written  also  Catt're  and 
Kaffre,  Arab.  -  infidel ;"  as  Kaf ikistan,  the  -  land  of  the 
infidels." 

Kalil,  kdl,  or  Kahlen,  kd'lgn,  Ger.  "  bald ;"  as 
KAHT.ENiiEKG,  "  bald  mountain." 

Kaiser,  ki'zer,  Ger.  (from  the  Latin  C(Tsar.  Gr.  Kaioap.) 
"Ca?sar."  -■empiror:"  as  KaISirstuhl.  -- Cwsar's  seat.' 

Kalali,  Kale,  ICelat,  Kalat,  Calat,  ^c,  Arab, 
and  Turk,  a  -'cist In." 

Kand  or  Kend,  Sanscrit,  a  '-fortress"  or  "king- 
dom :"'  as  Ta.s(;hkend,  '-.stone  fortres.s." 

Kara,  kd'ri',  Turk,  and  Tartar,  -  black ;"  as  Kara  Denyis, 
'•  Black  Ska.'' 

Kasr,  kd.x'r,  Arab.:  Cacer.  kd'.ser,  Port. ;  Cazar,  kd'thar, 
Sp.  "castle:"'  as  Al-Cazar,  -the  ca.-itle." 

Kebeer,  (Kebir,)  kp-beeR/,  Arab.  "  great;"  as  Me- 
hai.lf.tkl  IvEiiEKR.  the  -tireat  place." 

Kelat.     See  Kalali. 

Kt-nd.    See  Knnd. 

Kerke,  k^Rk'^h,  or  Kerk,  k?Rk,  Dutch,  "church;*' 
as  OUDERKhRK.  "lid  church." 

Keben  or  Keven,  Celtic,  "mountain;"  as  CfvENNES. 

Keul,  kJ'oo^),  or  Kevl,  Turk,  "village"  or  "town;" 
as  Ykxi  Kkui.  "  new  village"  or  '•  new  town." 

KUo.    See  Koli. 

Kiang,  ke-dng',  Chinese,  "river;"  as  Ta-kianq,  "great 
river."' 

Kll  or  Kill,  Dutch,  "channel"  or  "creek;"  as 
Sciii;vLKiLL.  "hidden  creek." 

Kill,  Celtic,  -'cell"'  or  "religious  residence;"  as  IcoLM 
Kii.i..  the  -island  of  (St.)  Columlia"s  cell." 

Kin,  kin  or  keen,  Chinese.  -  metal,"  •'  gold,"  or  "  golden ;" 
as  i\iN-STiAKl\Ni''.  the  "river  of  golden  sands." 

King'ir  Kin,  king,  Chinese,  -capital'' or  "residence;" 
as  Xanki-.Q  or  N\nkin,  -'southern  capital." 

Klrclie,  k66i:'keh,  Ger.  "  church  ;"  as  FuNFKiRcnEX, 
"  five  churches." 

Kirk,  old  English  and  Scotch,  (from  the  German 
Kirc.'ie.)  "church;''  as  Kirkuy,  '-church  town."     See  By'' 

Kis,  kish,  Hun.  "  little"  or  "  small ;"  as  Kis  Kunsag, 
"Little  CuMA.viA." 

Klzil,  kiz'ilorkiz'fl,  Turk,  "red;"  as  Kizn/-lRMAK,  "  red 
river:'"  KizilAgadj, -r.'d  tree."     See  Agadj« 

KJiiping.     See  Koping. 

Klein,  kline,  or  Klelneu,  kll'nen,  Ger.  "little;"  as 
Ki.KiNKXDouF,  "little  village."' 

Knock,  Celtic,  "niounti\iu"  or  "hill." 

Koh,  ko  or  kori,  Koo  or  Kuli,  koo.  Persian.  "  moun- 
tain" or  -liill:"  as  Koiustan,  -'country  of  mountains;" 
Hindoo  Kooh,  (Hindoo  Koosh,)  -Hiiidio  Mountitiu.'' 

Konlg,  k^nig,  Ger.  "king;"  as  KoNiaswALDE,  "king'a 
forest." 

Konlgln,  kij'nig-in,  Ger.  "queen;"  as  KOninginhop, 
"q\ii-en's  court." 

Koo.     See  Kob. 

Kool,  Koul  or  Kul,  Tartar,  "lake;"  ths  same  aa 
Gool,  which  see. 

Koord,  Kourd  or  Kurd,  Persian,  "strong"  or 
"fierce;'  as  Koordistan.  the  --land  of  the  strong  or  fierce." 

Kopf,  kopf.  Ger.  ''head."  often  applied  to  a  mountain 
peak  :  as  .Schnkekopf,  "  snow  peak"  or  -  snow  mountain." 

Kopiikg  or  KJoplng,  both  pronounced  cho'ping. 
Sw.  a  --  mirt,"  "  place  of  trade,"  '-  town,"  or  '•  Iwrough;"  as 
Nyf.opino.  -'  new  mart"  or  "  New  Town." 

Kottati,  Hindoo,  a  "dwelling"  or  "town;"  as  Palam- 

COTTA. 

Koul.     See  Kool. 

Kourd.     See  Koord. 

Krasnoe,  krds'no-i.  Russian,  "red"  or  "handsome;" 
as  Krasno-selo,  '-handsome  village." 

Kreis,  kris,  Ger.  '•circle;"  as  Regirungs-kreU,  "  govern- 
ment circle." 

Kreml,  Tartar  and  Russian,  a  "fortress"  or  "citadel." 

Krone,  kn^neh.  Kron  or  Cron,  kron,  Ger, 
"crown:"'  as  IvRONST.iDi  or  Cronstadt,  a  '"town  belonging 
to  the  crown." 

KuU.    SeeKoli. 

2173 


ETYMOLOGICAL  VOCABULARY. 


Knl.    See  Kool. 

Knpfer,  kiiop'f^r,  Ger.  "copp«r;"  as  Kcpfkrbebg, 
*•  lOpper  mountain." 

Kapree  or  Knprl,  koo'pree  or  ku'pree,  Turk. 
"l'rid.:e:"'  as  Altoon  Kupkee,  -'golden  bridge." 

Kurd.     See  Koord. 

Knreii,  kUVfii,  tier.  ■•  to  choose'"  or  "to  elect:"  ICnr, 
kooR,  ••  choice"  or  "election;"  as  Kur-Hessen.,  "Electoral 
Hesse,"  I  He--8e-Cassel.) 

Ladron,  li-Di-ou',  Ladrones,  13-Dro'nSs,  Sp.  (from 
the  Latin  lalro.)  "thief,"  "thieves;"  as  Islas  de.  l/)S  La- 
iroiies.  •■  islands  of  the  thieves."  (Ladrones.) 

IjtigO,  \i'go.  It.  and  Sp.  "lake,"  (L.  La'cus;)  a?  L.400  be 
tos  I'ATis,  "Duck  Ijke;"  Laoo  Negro.  "Black  Lake." 

Lang^e,  ling^fa,  or  Ijangen,  llng'en,  Ger.  "long;" 
as  Laxgk.vberg,  ■•long  hill;"  Laxge.vdorf.  -long  village." 

Lauter,  low'ter,  Ger.  "clear"  or  "pure;"  as  Lauter- 
BACH.  "clear  brook:"  Lactebbruxx,  "clear  fountain." 

I^iclit,liKt,orHclitei»,liKt/gn,  Ger.  "light,"  "clear;" 
as  LiciiTE.wvALP,  "light  forest." 

JLlebe,  lee'beh,  Ger.  "love;"  as  LiEBESTn.iL,  the  "v.ile 
of  love." 

liien,  le-rh',  Fr.  "place;"  asBEACxrEU,  "beautiful  place." 

Lilie,  leele-eh,  Ger. "  lily :"  as  LiUE.vrElJ), "  field  of  lilies." 

Lliuau,  le-min',  Russian,  (from  the  Greek  Aifiiji',)  a 
"li<^o.in  '  or  "harbor,"  mostly  at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

I^ing,  ling,  Chinese,  "mountain  chain:"  as  N.iyuNG, 
the  "  southern  chain  ;"  Pe-uxo,  the  "  northern  chain  ;"  the 
names  given  by  the  Chinese  to  two  great  mountain  chains 
ar  systtms,  situated  respectively  in  the  .S.  and  X.  of  China. 

lilau,  fcUun,  Welsh,  "  enclosure"  or  "church;"  as  Llax- 
DAFF,  ••  church  on  the  Taf." 

Liocli,  loK,  Scotch,  "lake"  or  "ana  of  the  sea;"  as  Loch 
Katkixe,  "  [,ake  C.itherine." 

XiOTkg,  lAxg,  or  Liougue,  lANg,  Fr.  "  long ;"  as  Loxoue- 
ni.lE.  '■  long  tiiwn." 

Iioong,  Iioung  or  LiUttg,  loong.  Chinese,  "  dra- 
gon;" a--  iULOoxu-sH.iX,  the  "mountain  of  the  dragon  of 
Jasper." 

Iiongh,  Iftn,  Irish.  "  lake :"  as  Locgh  Derg.  Loct.h  Nea. 

Loive,  liVweh,  or  Lib'weu,  l&'*gn,  Ger.  a  "lion;"  as 
Lo'VEXBERO,  "  li  n  mountain." 

liimg.    See  Xjoong. 

XiHitgo,  loou'go,  Iiiiuga,  loon'gi,  It. "  long."  SeeVal. 

Maden,  md'd^n.  Arab,  "met.al,"  "mines;"  hence  Al- 
UADEX  DEL  Azooi'E.  ill  Spain,  the  "  mines  of  quicksilver ;" 
Almadex  de  la  I'LATA,  the  "  mines  of  silver." 

Magy^ar,  mCd'yoR',  Hun.  "  belonging  to  the  SL-jgyars." 
(the  principal  race  of  Hungary.)  "  Hung;iri;in ;"  as  Magyar 
drgrag,  "Hungarian  country,"  {i.t.  Hcxu.ary.) 

Maiil  or  MaUal,  Hindoo,  "fortress;"  as  B.u.u(.iHAL, 
"prince's  fortress." 

Malol,  miOoy,  or  Maloe,  mjlo-.i,  Russian,  "little;" 
as  -Maloi  .\rchaxgelsk,  "Little  .\rchangelsk." 

Mare,  vaMrk,  It.  "sea;"  as  Mare  Grande,  "great  sea," 
(Taraxto.) 

Marit,  maRk,  Sw.  "field,"  "ground,"  or  "territory;"  as 
Lappmark,  the  "  territory  of  the  Lapps." 

Mark,  maRk,  Ger.  "limit"  or  "  boundary;"  as  Mark- 
DOKF.  "  village  on  or  ne.ir  the  boundary." 

Marlct,  maRkt,  Ger.  "market;"  as  Xeu-Markt,  "New 
Market." 

Medina  or  Medeena,  mf-dee'na.  Arab,  "city:"  as 
Medixa,  the  "  City"  par  excellence ;  in  other  words,  the  "  city" 
of  the  prophet. 

Meer,  malR.  Dutch  and  Ger.  "sea"  or  "lake;"" as  Hax- 
lEMMEK  .Meer,  "  Sea  of  Hariem." 

Men,  Chinese,  "gate"  or  "  haven ;"  as  Hoo-men,  "  Tiger 
Gate." 

Mer,  maiR,  Fr.  "  sea ;"  as  Mer-Xnire,  "'  Black  Sea." 

Mesto,  mJs'to,  or  Mlesto,  me4s/to,  Slavonic,  -  place;" 
M  NovEMiESTO,  NovEMKSTo,  "  new  place"  or  "  new  town." 

Midi,  meeMee',  Fr.  (from  the  Latin  meditis  rfi>.s,  "mid- 
day,") "  midd;iy"  or  "  noon ;"  hence  the  "  South,"  (t.  e.  the 
region  of  "  noon"  or  "of  the  noonday  sun;"  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  Kast  si^ifies  the  region  of  the  "  rising  sun;"i 
as  CiXAL  i>u  Midi,  "  Cinal  of  the  South." 

Miesto.    !<ee  Mesto. 

Miu'ster,  Engli.«h.  (from  the  Latin  MonoftfJritim,  a 
"monastery,")  originally  the  "church  of  a  monastery;" 
Kimi'times  a  "cathedral  church;"  as  York  Minstbr. 

Mit'tel,  Ger. ."  middle:"  as  Mittelwalde,  "middle 
for.'st '  or  "  in  the  middle  of  the  forest" 

Mo,  Chinese,  "sea;"  as  Shamo,  "sea  of  sand,"  (one  of 
the  names  of  the  desert  of  Goni.) 

Mond,  m6nt,  Dutch,  "mouth;"  as  Roermoxb.  "Roer- 
mouth."   the  "  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Roer."  (UuHR.) 

Mout,  mAx»,  Fr.  (from  the  Latin  Mons.)  a  "mountain;" 
as  MoxT  Ulaxc,  "  white  mountain." 

Monte,  mon'tA,  It.  "mountain;"  as  Moxteneoro  and 
MoxTEXKR.1.  "black  mountain;"  Moste  Verde,  "green 
mountain." 

Monte,  mon'tijor  Mont,  Sp.  "mountain;"'  as  Mont- 
2iT4 


ERET, "  king's  mountain"'  or  "  royal  mountain ;"  MoxTSERrj.T, 
"j:ijged  mountain."     See  Mont. 

More,  mor,  Celtic,  "great;"  as  Bex  Moke,  "great 
mountain."' 

Montiers,  moo'te-i',  Fr.  "monastery;"  as  Noirmoc 
TiER.^J.^  the  "  Mack  monastery." 

Mulil,  mill,  Ger.  "  mill;"  as  MrLHAUSEN,  "  miilhouso' 
or  "  mill-town." 

Mund,  mCCnt ;  plural,  Miinde,  mtin'dv'h,  Ger. 
"  mouth"  or  "mouths:"  as  Travemixl'E,  "  Traveniouth," 
the  "  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Trave."' 

Munster,  mUn'stfr,  Ger.  "monastery;"  the  same  as 
Minster,  which  .see. 

NaeS;  (Xfis,)  n.^s,  Korw.  and  Sw.  ("fi-om  xV"ae.ef  or  i>'S*f, 
ni'sj,  a  "  nose,")  a  "  cape"  or  "  promontory  ;"  as  Lixdesmas. 
See  Nes8. 

Nagnr,  ni-^tir',  Nagor  or  Kng'g^nr,  Hindoo,  a 
"fortiiiid  town  or  city;'  as  Buax.auik,  the  -city  of 
triumph :"'  .^  iiMEDxrcora.  the  "  town  or  fortress  of  .^.hmed." 
The  same  root  occurs  in  C'HAXDF.RX.VfiORE. 

Bfagfyj  nOdj.  Hun.  "great:"  as  N.aoy  B.iST.i,  the  "great 
mines; '  JN'ac//  Kunfag,  "Great  Ccmaxia." 

jValir,  nln'r,  Arab,  a  "stre;im;"  as  Nahr-el-Kebeer, 
the  '•  large  stream." 

Nan,  c3n,  Chinese,  "  southern  ;"  as  Naxkixo,  the 
••  .southern  capital,"  as  distinguished  from  PtKixo,  tlw 
" northeiu  capital." 

Xas.    Ste  Kaes  and  Ness. 

Naze,  an  i)n^li~h  corruption  of  the  Scandinavian  IVaes, 
a  "c-^ie"'  or  "  promontory." 

Jf eder,  nA'd^r,  Dutch,  (Ger,  Nieper.)  "  low,"  "  lower." 
or  "nether;"  as  Neberhasselt,  "Lower  Hasselt ;"  Seder- 
hiiifhti,  the  "Netherlaxds." 

Negro,*  ni'gro.  Kegra,*  nA'gri,  It,,  Sp_  and  Port, 
(from  the  Latin  yiger,)  "black;"  as  Moxtesegro,  "black 
mountain:"  Oibo  Negro,  (Capb  Negro,)  "black  cape;"  Rio 
NE'iRO.  "bl.ick  river:"  Acql'a  Nkgra,  "black  water."' 

Nentetli,  nA'met',  Hun.  "German:"  as  Nemeth  Cj- 
VAR,  the  "new  GiTman  fort"  or  "German  new  town;" 
NenitcheH  in  Turkish,  and  Nenita  in  Slavonic,  also 
signify  "German." 

Neos,*  Nea,«  {ytoi.  vea.)  Gr.  "new;"  as  Neocastro, 
"new  camp;"  Neograd,  "new  town;"  Neapniis,  "new 
citv."  the  ancient  n:nne  of  Napixs. 

Nero,*  n.i'ro,  Nera,*  nA'ri,  It.  "blick;"  as  Rioxebo, 
"  black  rivulet."     See  Negro. 

Ness,  nfcs.  Scotch,  (from  the  Norwegian  and  Swedish 
-Yos  or  yaes.  n  As  or  n Js,  orlgi nallythesameas  SU»'  or  Xaue, 
a  "nose,")  a  "cape"  or  "  promontory  ;"■  as  FlPE-XES^,  the 
"promontory  of  Fife." 

Neu,  noi.  Ger.  "  new :"  as  NErcuRG.  '•  New-castle." 

Nenf,*nrf, and  Nenve,*ruv,  Fr. (from  the  Latin  JW- 
rvs.)  ••  new:"  as  Neifch.ateal",  "  new  castle;"  Villexecve, 
"new  town." 

Nevado,*  nA-vA'do,  Nevada,*  nA-v3'd3.  Sp.  (from 
Xi-var,  to  "  snow"  or  "  make  white  with  snow,")  literally 
"  snowed  on"  or  "  made  white  with  snow,"  hence  "  covered 
or  clad  with  snow:"  .as  Sierra  Nevada,  the  "snow-claa 
mountain  chain."  Net  ADO,  (t.«.  Mnntt  .Vctwdo,)  the  "snow- 
clad  mnuntiiin,"  is  a  general  name  in  Spanish  for  any 
mciuntain  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

Nicder,  nee'der.  Ger.  "low,"  "lower,"  or  "nether;"  a« 
Niederhesse.n,  "Lower  Hesse;"  Xifderlande.  the  "Nether- 
LAxns." 

Nien"w,  nytl.  sometimes  written  Nlen,  Dutch,  "  new;" 
as  J\Ve«we  Diep,  the  "  new  ship  canal ;"  Nieuwpoori  or  Nieo- 
POORT.  "  Newport." 

Nije.    See  NlzH. 

Nijnl.     8ee  Nizlinee. 

Ni'schnei  or  N{.«clinii.    See  Nizhnee. 

Nizli,  Nlz  orNlje,  nizh  or  neezh,  Russian,  the  same 
as  Nizuxee;  as  Nizhgoeod,  another  name  for  Nizhxek 
.Novgorod. 

Nizlinee  or  Nljni,  nizh'nee.  written  alsoNIzlmei, 
Nizui,  Nislmei,  and  Nisclinli,  "lowerf  as  Nizu- 
XEE-Xovc.OROD.  "lower  Novgorod." 

Nolr,*  Noire,*  nwiR,  Fr.  "black:"  as  Cape  (or  Cap) 
NoiR,  "  black  cape :"  Mer-Xaire,  "  Black  Sea." 

Nor,  nor,  or  Noor,  Tartar,  "sea"  or  "lake;"  .is  Koko 
Nor,  (or  KoKE  Nor.)  "  blue  sea." 


*  It  may  be  proper  to  observe,  for  the  sake  of  those  who  arc 
unacquainted  with  foreipa  languajres,  that  the  adjective  cifteu 
varies  to  suit  the  supposed  gonder  of  the  noun  to  which  it  in 
joined;  thus,  Villa,  "town,"  being  considered  as  fcniiuine.  We 
must  s.iy  Villa  Nova,  Villa  Nvova  or  Villa  Nueva,  ("  new 
to»n,")'ftnd  not  Villa  Novo.  Nrovo  or  Ncevo.  Ou  the  other 
hand,  PoKTO  or  Puerto  being  masculine,  we  must  sav  Porto 
Novo  or  Ncovo,  or  Pcf.rto  Nuevo.  ("new  port,)  and  not 
POHTO  Nova  or- Puerto  Hveva,  Ac.  Hence,  also,  we  say  Pobto 
Veccuio  and  Civita  VECcniA,  the  former  being  mjisculiiiej  t!ie 
latter  feminine.  Thus,  also,  in  French  we  sayCu»rE.>c  Netf 
(or  Nelfchateau)  and  Villk.neive,  NorvEAP  Jiemqie  and 
NorvEiLE  Caledo.me,  the  former  being  considered  masnnline, 
the  latter  feminine.  In  the  above  articles,  the  first  w.  i-.*  maikud 
with  an  asterisk  is  masculine,  the  second  feminine. 


ETYMOLOGICAL    VOCABULARY. 


IVoril,  noR  or  uoRt,  Fr.  and  Ger.  "  north ;"  as  Depart- 
m(nt'du-i\"'W),  '•  department  of  the  north;"  Kordhausen, 
"  north  tow  u." 

]Vorr,  noK,  Sw.  and  Norw.  "north"  or  "northern;"  as 
NoKnKJcii'iNG,  "'nonbern  mart"  or  "North  Town." 

Norte,  DOR'tA,  8p.  and  Port,  "north;"  as  Kiodel  Norte, 
(Rio  Gra.m.e,)  "river  of  the  north;"  Rio  Grande  do  Norte, 
'  i<io  Grande  of  the  north." 

IV OS,  Huss.  "cape;"  as  Vostokhnoi  (or  Vosiochnii)  Nos, 
"east  cape." 

Nouvcaii,*  nooVo',  and  Kouvelle,*  noo'vMl',  Fr. 
"new;"  as  JVoveau-Mexirjue.  "Ni:\v  Mexico;"  JVoumUe-Or- 
linm,  "  Xkw  Orlea.vs."    See  Neuf. 

Novala,  Russian.     See  Novoi. 

Ko-»  e  or  BToive,  ne'vi,  Slavonic,  "new;"  as  NovB- 
MiK.sTO  or  NowjiMiE.STo.  ''  ni'w  town." 

Novo,  It.     See  IViiovo. 

Kovo,*  no'vo,  Bfo-va,*  nc/vS,  Port,  (from  the  Latin 
Nd'rji,;,)  ■•  new  :"  as  Villa  Xova,  "  new  town." 

Novol  or  ]VoT«-oi,  no-Toi',  BTo'vo  and  Novala, 
no-vi'd,  ituss.  'Miew:"  as  Novoi  (or  Nowoi)  Oskol,  "New 
Oskol ;"  Novo  Tcherkask,  "New  Tcherkask;"  Novaia  Zem- 
Uu.  rNovA  Zemdla,)  "new  country." 

Bf owe.     See  '!So-ve» 

Nuevo,*  nwiVvo  or  noo-A/vo,  or  Nueva,*  nw.Vvl,  Sp. 
"new;"   as  Nuevo  Santaxder,  "New  Santauder;"  KUEVA 
Serovia.  "  .New  Segovia."     See  NllOVO. 
.  Niigger.     SeeKagur. 

Wviovo,  noo-o'vo,  IVuova,*  nooo'vo,  orNTo'vo,  It. 
(from  t lie  Latin  JVifvus,)  "new;"  as  CaSTELNUovo,  "New 
Castle;"  Yili.a  Nuovo,  "  new  town." 

]Vy,  nil,  Dan.  and  Sw.  "  new  ;"  as  Ntborg,  "  new  castle;" 
Nykoping,  "  new  mart." 

O,  5,  Hun.  "old;"  as  0  Arad,  "Old  Arad;"  0  Buda, 
"Old  Buda.".. 

O,  6,  or  Oe,  o'eh ;  plural.  O'er,  Dan.  and  Norw. 
"island;"  as  Andoe' or  Anuoen,  "duck  island;"  Sandoe, 
"sand  island." 

O,  i),  Sw.  "  island."    See  preceding  article. 

O'ber,  Ger.  "upper;"  as  Ouerhessen,  "  Upper  IIes.se." 

Oest.    SeeOst. 

Ola,  cAi,,  or  Oo'la,  Mongolian,  "  mountain"  or  "  moun- 
tains;" as  .\LTA  TEEx  OOLA,  "golden  mountains,"  one  of  the 
names  of  the  Altai  Mountains. 

Oola,  Oula  or  Via,  oo'ld,  Mantchoo,  "  river;"  as 
Saghaliex  OciLA,  a  town  situated  on  the  "  river  Saghalien," 
(or  Amoor.) 

Ooral,  (Vral,)  oo-rJl',  Rnss.  "  girdle."  The  Ural 
Mountains  appear  to  have  been  so  named  from  their  belting 
or  encircling  the  empire  of  Hnssia  in  the  east. 

Oost,6st,  or  Ooster,os'ter,  Dutch,  "east"  or  "eastern;" 
as  OosTBURO,  "east  castle;"  Oostbruout,  "eastern  wood." 

Oost,  Oust  or  TJst,  oost,  Huss.  (probably  from  the 
L;itiu  OJtiiim,  or  Os'tiii,  "mouth,"  "mouths,")  the  "mouth 
of  a  river;"  as  OosTioan,  (OosTTOOO,)  "  Yoogmouth,"  i./. 
"  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yoog." 

Orszag,  oR'sSir',  Ilun.  "count.-y"  or  "kingdom;"  as 
Magyar  Ors'.aq,  (the  Hungarian  name  of  1Iunu.\uy,)  the 
"  country  of  the  Magyars  or  Hungarians." 

Ort,  oRt.  Ger.  "place;"  as  Tiefenort,  "  deep  place." 

Oscro.     See  Ozero. 

Ost  or  Oest,  iist,  Ger.  "east"  or  "eastern;"  as  Oder- 
re'ch.  (.Austria.)  the  "eastern  kingdom."    See  0str.4..sia. 

Ostrog,  os-trog'.  Huss.  a  "  palisaded  fort."    See  Ostroo. 

Ostrov  or  Ostro^v,  os-trov',  Russ.  an  "island."  See 
Ostrov. 

Oude,  liw'deh.  or  Oiiden,  ow'dgn,  Dutch,  "old;"  as 
Oitde,  Maas,  "Old  -Maai  or  Meu.se;"  Oude  Schild,  "  old 
shield;"  OuDEXKOscir.  "old  grove." 

Oiila.     See  Oola. 

Oiiral.     See  Ooral. 

Oust.     See  Oost. 

Ozero  or  Osero,  o'zi-ro,  Russ.  "lake;"  as  Biw.o-' 
OzsivO,  "  white  lake." 

Pach.     See  Bacli. 

Paralso,  pi-ri'so,  Sp.  and  Port,  "paradise:"  as  Val- 
paraiso, yi.e.  ValU  'U  Paraho.)  "  vale  of  paradise." 
Patam'  or  Patiiam',  Hindoo,  a  " fort"  or  "town;" 

as  VlZAGAPATAM,  SeRI.VGAPATAM  Or  S£RIN'GAP.\TN.OI. 

Pe,  pjh  or  pA.  Chinese,  "  northern ;"  as  Peking,  "  northern 
capital;"  Peuxg.  "northern  mountain  chain." 

Pel,  piorpA'e,  Chinese,  "white;"  as  Pei-ho,  "  white  river." 

Pen,  pJn,  Celtic,  (probably  the  same  as  Bex,  a  "  hill"  or 
"mountain  peak:")  hence  Apexxixes  and  Pexxixe  Alps. 
The  Spanish  Pefia  and  Portuguese  Penha  are  perhaps 
iTom  the  same  root. 

Pena,  pAn'yd  or  pfn'y3,  Sp.  "rock;"  as  Onho  de,  Pifias, 
(Cape  I'enas,)  "  cape  of  rocks"  or  "  rocky  cape ;"  Pexiscola, 
the  "dweller  on  the  rock."  The  termination  coi'a  is  from 
the  Latin  olo,  to  '-till,"  to  "inhabit;"  hence  the  Latin 
words  Agricola,  CasHcola,  &c.     See  Pen. 


Penlia,  p.ln'vj  or  p?n'yd,  Port,  a  "rocK;"  as  Pkxha. 
See  Peiia  and  Pen. 

Penj,  p^nj,  or  PunJ,  ptinj,  Persian,  "  five:"  a.s  Penjao 
or  PixjAii.  "five  rivers,'  i.e.  the  country  watered  by  the 
five  [great]  ri'vers,  namely,  the  Ixdus,  the  Jhylum,  the 
Chen  ADR,  the  Ravee,  and  the  Sutlej,  (with  the  Giura  or 
Ifi/pfi'aKi.-!.)    See  Punjab. 

Pequefto,*  pa-kan'yo,  Peqiiefiia,*  pA-kAn'y3,  Sp., 
and  Pequeno,*  p.i-kA'no,  Peqiiena,*  pil-ki'uj.  Port 
"little:"  as  Akora  Peqvexa,  "little  bav." 

Petit,  p^h-tee',  or  Petite,  peh-teet',  Fr.  "little;"  «s 
J'MiT-KxGiiiEX,  "Little  Knghien  ;"  Petite-Pierf^e.  "little 
stone." 

Piccolo,* pik'ko-lo.  Plccola,*  pik'ko-ld,  It.  '•  small;" 
as  1  sola  I'iccola,  '•  little  island." 

Plctl,  L.  "painteil;"  as  iVc/,?,  the  "  painted"  people. 
Polls,  Pol,  Poll  or  Boll,  and  pie  or  l>le,  "  city  ;" 
as  Nicoi'OLis,  the  "  city  of  victory  ;"  Sevastopol,  the  "  city 
of   Augustus;"    Tripoli    or    Tireuou,    (Tripolis,)    "three 
cities  :"  Grexoble,  (Oratiaturpnlis,)  the  "city  of  Gratian." 

Pont,  pin",  Fr.  (from  the  Latin  Pons,)  a  "bridge;"  &» 
PoxT-LK-lf ov,  "  king's  bridge." 

Ponta,  pon'ti,  Port.  "  point ;"  as  Poxta  Deloaba, 
"  sharp  point."     See  Pwnta. 

Ponte,  pon't.A,  It.  and  Port,  "bridge;"  as  Ponte  di 
Legxo,  "bridge  of  wood;"  Poxte  do  Soro,  "bridge  of  the 
Soro:"  Tres-Pontes,  "three  bridges." 

Poolo,  Poulo  or  Piilo,  poo'lo,  Malay,  "island;"  as 
PooLo  I)ATOi\  "I>ato<>  Island." 

Poor,  Poo'ra  or  Pore,  por,  Hindoo,  "  village"  or 
"town;"  as  Aiimedpoor,  the  "town  of  Ahmed;"  Ammera- 
pooha,  Sixgapore,  &c. 

Pootra,  Pontra  or  Putra,  Sanscrit,  "son;"  as 
Brahmapootra,  the  "son  of  Brahma." 

Pore.    See  Poor. 

Porto,  poR/to,  It.  and  Port,  (from  the  Latin  Pir'tus,)  a 
"port"  or  "iiaveu;"  as  Porto  Ercole,  (L.  Herciilis  Partus,) 
■•  port  of  Ilcrc-ules:"  Porto  Skgcro,  "secure  haven." 

Poiilo  or  Pulo,  pool'lo,  modern  Gr.  "little"  or 
"small  ;■'  as  Amoroo  Poulo,  "little  Amorgo." 

Pour  or  Poiira.    See  Poor. 

Pontra.    See  Pootra. 

Poza,  po'thd,  Sp.  a  "  puddle"  or  "  pool ;"  as  Poza  dl  la 
Sal.  "  salt  pool." 

Pozo,  po'tho.  Sp.  a  "well"  or  "pit,"  or  Pozuelo,  po- 
thw.A'lo.  a  "well"  or  "little  well;"  as  Pozo  IIoxdo,  "deep 
well:"  PozuELO  del  Ret,  "king's  well." 

Praya,  Port,  "shore"  or  "coast;"  as  Poni'o  Pkat.\, 
"  port  on  the  coast." 

Pucbla,  pwJb'la  or  poo-Jb13,  or  Pueblo,  pwjb'lo,  a 
"  town '  or  "  city ;"  as  Pueula  de  los  Angeles,  "  city  of  the 
angels." 

Puente,  pwJn'tA  or  poo-Jn'tA,  Sp.  "bridge;"  as  Puentb 
DE  Gkxil,  "  bridge  on  the  Genii ;"  Puexte  Naciox.vl,  "  na- 
tional bridge." 

Puerto,  pwju/to  or  poo-Sn/to,  Sp.  "port;"  as  Puerto 
Rico,  (I'oRTO  Kico,)  "rich  port;"  Puerto  Bello,  "beautiful 
port."     See  Porto. 

Pulo.     See  Poulo. 

Punj.     See  PenJ. 

Punta,  poon'ti.  It.  and  Sp.  (from  the  Latin  Pundtum,) 
"point;"  as  Puxta  de  Pledr.a,  "stony  point;"  Puxta  D3 
Stii.o.  "  point  of  a  style." 

Putra.     See  Pootra. 

Q,uang,  k wing,  Chinese,  "extent,"  "terri tor}-."  "pro- 
vince:" as  (ijuAXG-SEK,  "western  province;"  QUAXG-Toxuor 
Qua.ng-tooxg,  "  eastern  province." 

Q,uatre,  kdfr,  Fr.  "four;"  as  Quatre  Bra.s.  "  foui 
arms,"  (or  four  hands  to  point  the  way);  Qu.wre  Fr£rks, 
"  four  brothers." 

Q,uente,  kJn'tA,  Port,  "burning"  or  "hot;"  as  Agoa 
QuEXTE,  "  hot  spring." 

Rajah  or  Raja,  ri'j3,  Sanscrit,  "prince"  or  "royal;" 
as  IIajax.\gur,  the  "  royal  fortress  or  city." 

Ras,  rds,  Arab,  "head,"  "headland,"  "cape,"  or  "  pro- 
montorv:"  as  Ras-eIz-Abiad,  "white  promontory." 

Real,  rA-il',  Sp.  and  Port,  (from  the  Latin  Re^a'lis,) 
'■  royal ;"  as  Ciudad  Re-u,,  "  royal  city ;"  Villa  Real,  "  royal 
town." 

Reale,  rA-dl.A,  It.  "royal;"  as  Moxtere.ale,  "royal 
mountain"  or  "  Mount  Royal."     See  Real. 

Relcb,  riK.  Ger.  "kingdom;"  as  Frankreich,  (Fbasck,) 
the  "  Frank  kingdom"  or  "kingdom  of  the  Franks." 

Reicli,  riK.  or  Relclicn,  riK'jn,  Ger.  "rich;"  ua 
(Reichexau,  "  rich  island"  or  "  rich  'land ;"  Reichenth.u, 
"  rich  valley." 

Reka,  rA'kd,  Rus.s.  "  river." 

Rlco,"^  ree/ko,  Rica,"!"  ree'kd,  Sp.  and  Port,  "rich:" 
as  Costa  Rica.  "  rich  coast"  or  "  rich  region ;"  PoRio  llico  or 
Pwrto  Rico.  ■•  rich  port." 

Riese,  ree'zgh,  Rlesen,  ree'zgn,  Ger. "giant." "giants;' 


*  See  note  on  preceding  page. 


ETYMOLOGICAL  VOCABULARY. 


as  RiESENGEBiKGE,  "  giant  mountains ;"  RiESESBCRG,  "giants' 

Itio,  lee'o,  Sp.  and  Port,  "river;"  as  Rio  Grande, 
"preat  river." 

llio,  ree'o,  It.  "rirulet;"  as  Riowero,  "black  rivulet." 

lllviere,  reeVe-aiR',  Fr.  "river;"  as  Rivi£re  SaiJe, 
"  salt  river;"  Trots  Mivieres,  "  Three  Rivers." 

Rocca,  rokliJ,  It.  (and  Latin  of  the  Jliddle  Ages.) 
"rock"  or  "fortress;"  as  Rocca  Bianca, '■  wliite  fortre.ss  :" 
Rocca  Nova,  "  new  fortress."  From  the  same  root  are  de- 
rived the  KngJish  word  rock,  the  French  word  roche,  and  the 
French  name  Kocrot,  "  kind's  fortress." 

Rocchetta,  rok-kfet/td,  It.  "  little  rock"  or  "  little 
fortress."    t-e«  Rocca. 

RocUe,  ro.sh,  Fr.  a  '•  rock"  or  "  fortress ;"  as  Rochefokt, 
'•strou 2  fortress."    See  Rocca. 

Rood,  Rond  or  Rud,  Persian,  "river;"  as  Sefeed 
Rood.  ■•  white  river." 

Ros'so,  It.  •■  red:"  as  CisTEL  Rosso,  "red  ca.stle." 

Roth,  rot.  orRotlien,  ro'tgn,  Ger.  "red;"  as  Roth- 
Mrrn.E.  -'red  mill;"  Rothemhurm,  "red  tower." 

Roiid.    See  Rood. 

Roiix,  roo.  Rouge,  roozh,  Fr.  "red;"  as  ChAteac- 
Boux.  ••  red  c;istle ;"'  Mer-Rouge,  "  Red  Sea." 

Rnd.    See  Rood. 

Rulie,  roo'eh, or Ruh',  roo, Gar.  "rest;"  asC.iRLSRUH, 
"  Charles's  Rest." 

Sajo,  shSh'jo',  and  So,  sho,  Hun.  "salt;"  as  S.uo, 
«  Salt  River." 

Salado,  sJ-li'Do,  Sp.  (from  th«  Latin  Sal,  "  salt,") 
"  salted,"  "  salt,"  or  "  impregnated  with  salt ;"  as  Rio  S.a- 
LAno.   "  s;ilt  river." 

Sale  or  Salee,  si'li',  Fr.  "salt;"  as  RiviiRE  S.^iix, 
"  salt  river." 

Salina,  sd-lee'nd,  Sp.  a  "  salt  work,"  "  salt  mine,"  or 
"  salt  iKiol,"  any  place  where  salt  is  procured;  as  Sauxas  de 
Anaxa,  the  "  salt  works  of  Anana." 

Salz,  sSlts,  or  Saltz,  Ger.  "salt;"  as  Salzbuim},  "  salt 
castle:''  S^lzcrud,  "saltmine." 

Saiiiok,  Russ.  "castle." 

Sail,  sin.  (feminine,  Santa,  s3n't3.)  It.  and  Sp. 
"  saint :"  as  San  JU.VS,  "  St.  John."    See  page  liU2. 

Saiict,  sSnkt,  Ger.  "saint:"  as  Sa>xt  IlnBEwr,  "St. 
IluViert;"  Sasct  Johans,  "  St.  John." 

Saiita.     See  San. 

Sarai.    See  Serai. 

ScUa.     See  SUa. 

SoUan.     See  Slian. 

Sclien.     See  Slirn. 

Scliloss,  .shloss,  Ger.  "castle;"  as  Schlossberg,  "  Castle 
Ilill." 

Sclinee,  shni,  Ger.  "snow;"  as  Schxeebero,  "snow 
mountain." 

Schon,  shiin,  Ger.  "heautiful"  or  "handsome;"  as 
ScHONKEitG.  "beautiful  hill"  or  '-be-iutiful  mountain." 

Scliuylen,  sKoWgn,  Dutch,  to  "  hide;"  as  Schuylkili, 
"hidden  creek." 

Scll^varz  or  Scli-wartz,  shwSRts,  Ger.  "black;"  as 
SciiWARzwAi.u,  ••  black  forest." 

Se  or  Sse,  sj  or  s\,  Chinesie,  "four;"  as  SE-cnuE\  (or 
BSE-TciiouAN.)  "  four  rivers,"  the  name  of  one  of  the  Chine.se 
provinces  watered  by  four  principal  tributaries  of  the  Yang- 
tse-kiang. 

Seco,  s.i'ko,  Sp.  (from  the  Latin  Sic'cus.)  "dry;"  as  Rio 
Seco,  ••  dry  river." 

See  or  SI,  see.  Chinese,  "  west"  or  "  western ;"  as  Shan- 
see,  the  "  mountainous  west." 

See,  sIl,  Ger.  "  lake:"  also  "  sea;"  as  Thcxer  See,  "  Lake 
of  Thun ;"  Seeland,  {Zetland.  Zealand,)  "  sea  land,"  i.e.  land 
surr  niiided  by  the  sea.     See  Zee. 

Sefeed  or  Sefld,  sef-eed',  written  also  Snffeed, 
Sufleid  and  Sufeld,  Persian,  "white;"  as  Sefeed 
Ki>)t).  •■  white  river;"  Suffeed  Koh,  "white  mountain." 

Selo,  sA'lo,  Russ.  "village;"  as  Tsarskoe  Selo,  (Oer. 
Kaisej-fiiorf,)  ••  emperor's  village." 

Seinlia,  sJm'le-S.  Slavonic,  "land;"  us  Kovaxa  Semlia, 
(XovA  /.KMBLA,)  "  new  land."  i.  e..  land  newly  found. 

Serai,  ser-i',  or  Saral,  sa-ri',  Turk,  and  Tartar,  a 
"pala.-e:'  as  BoHNA  Ser.ai.  the  "  Boisnian  palace." 

Serra,  s5k/k3,  Port,  a  "mountain  chain;"  the  same  as 
Sierra,  whioh  see. 

Sever,  si-vaiR/,  or  Severe,  sA-vi'ro,  written  also 
Slevero  or  Sle^vero,  syA-vA/ro,  Russ.  "north"  or 
"  uorlliern  ;"  Severo  Vostochxoi.  "  Northeast"  (Cape.) 

Sex,  Knglish.  (from  the  German  Sachi,  "  Saxon,")  a  ter- 
mination equivalent  to  "Saxon  kingdom  or  territory;"  as 
Sl'SSEX.  the  -'kingdom  or  territory  of  the  South  Saxons;" 
E8.SEX.  the  "kingdom  of  the  East  Saxons,"  &c. 

Sha,  Scha  or  Cha,  shl  Chinese,  "sand;"  as  Ki\- 
BHA-KIANO,  "  river  of  golden  sands;"  Shamo,  "sea  of  sand" 
(Gobi.; 

Shan,  Schan  or  Chan,  shSn,  Chinese,  "moun- 
tain;" also  "  Island,"  i.e.  a  mountain  in  the  sea;  as  Thian- 
l<HAX,  the  "celestial  mountains;"  KiN-sauc,  "  irolden 
2176 


island"  or  "golden  mountain;"  Tcheoo-sban,  (Chusak.) 
"  island  in  the  form  of  a  ship.' 

Shen,  Schen  or  Chen,  Chine."*,  "frontier;"  as 
Shex-see.  'western  frontier." 

Sidl,  .\rab..  a  title  of  respect,  like  "Mr."  or  "lord." 

Sierra,  se-Jn/Rit.  Sp. :  Serra.  sJ-R'Rd.  Port,  and  I,atin, 
originally  a  "saw."  This  term  is  often  employed  to  denotes 
niouiitnin  ridge,  which,  from  its  notched  appeaianci' n  hen 
seen  from  a  distance,  has  naturally  suggesti;d  the  idea  of  a 
saw:  e.q.  Sierra  Blanca.  the  •■  white  mountain  ridge." 

Siene,  Chinese,  "snow;''  as  T.a-si£UE-shas,  the  "gieat 
snow  mountain." 

Slever  or  Slevero.     See  Sever. 

Silber,  silber,  Ger.  "silver:"  as  Siiberrach,  "silver 
brook:"  Siirerberg.  '-silver  mountain." 

Sj6.  .syo,  or  Sjon,  syiin,  Sw.  "lake;"  as  Stob-sjBs, 
•'great  lake." 

Sk,  Skoe  or  Skala,  Russ.,  an  adjective  termination 
generally  denoting  '-town,"  "village,"  or  'settlement:''  as 
Tobolsk,  the  '-  town  on  the  Tobol;''  Loooaxskue,  the  "  town 
on  the  Loogan."  &c. 

Slav  or  Slaw,  sldv  or  .slaf,  Slavonic,  a  termination  de- 
noting the  haliitation  of  Slaves  or  Slavonians,  as  YarosIjIT. 

Sloboda,  slo/bo-d3,  Russ.  a  ••  village.". 

Slot,  slot.  Dutch,  "castle:"  as  Sloiex. 

Snee,  sni,  Dan.  and  Norw.  " snow  ;"  as  Sxeehaettax, 
"  snow  cap.'' 

Snecw»v,  sniift,  Dutch,  "snow;"  as  Sneeuvvbergex, 
"snow  mountains." 

So.    See  Sajo. 

Soo,  Sou  or  Su,  soo,  Turk,  and  Tartar,  "river;"  as^ 
kz.  Soo,  "white  river;"  Kara  Soo,  "black  river." 

Sse.     See  Se. 

Stad,  stSd,  Dan.  and  Sw.  (Dutch,  Snrf.  st^t,)  .->  "town;" 
as  Ciir.iSTiASST.tn.  "Christian's  Town;"  St.\d  a-n'*  H.\iuno- 
VLIET,  the  '-town  on  the  Ilaringvliet." 

Stadt,  stdtt,  Ger.  "town;"  as  K.\ri,stadt,  "Charles- 
town." 

Stan,  stJn,  Persian,  "country;"  as  TIixdostax,  "  Hin- 
doo country"  or  the  "country  of  the  Hindoos;"  Beloo- 
CHI.STAX,  the  "country  of  the  Beloochees." 

Stanltsa,  std-nit'sil  or  std-neet'sd.   Russ.  a  "vllLige." 

Stara,  stA'rJ.  Staro,  stii-'ro.  or  Starol,  stj'roi, 
SlavoTiic.  "old;"  as  Stani  Tcherkask,  "Old  Tcherkask." 

Stark,  stitRk.  or  Starken,  stank'en,  Ger.  "'strong;" 
as  Starkexbl'Rg,  "strong  castle;"  Stakkstadt,  "  strong 
town,"  t.e.  a  "fortified  town." 

Stavro,  stSv-ro'.  (from  the  Greek  trravfios,  ttauros,)  a 
"cross;"  as  iSTAVHopoi.  the  "city  of  the  cros.s." 

Steen,  stain.  Dutch,  "stone;"  as  Steexkerke,  "stone 
church."    See  Stein. 

Stein,  stine.  Ger.  "stone;"  as  Steisbach  and  Steisach, 
"  stone  brook"  or  '■  stonj'  brook."' 

Strasse,  strJs'seh,  or  Strass,  stress,  Ger.  a  "street" 
or  '-public  highway;"  as  Slrasxltourfj.  (Strasboi'ho.)  a 
"castle  or  town  on  the  public  highway."  This  name  ap- 
pears to  owe  its  origin  to  the  circumstance  of  the  place 
beinir  situated  on  an  important  road  or  highway  used  since 
the  time  of  the  Itomans. 

Strat,  old  English,  (probably  from  the  Latin  Slrafta  ; 
German  S'rafse.)  "street;"  as  Stratford,  "street  ford." 
See  Sti'asse. 

Strath,  strith.  Celtic,  "valley"  or  "vale;"  as  Strath- 
EARX.  the  "  vale  of  the  Karn;"  Str-athmore,  "  great  valley." 

Sii.     Sec  Soo. 

Slid.    See  Sur. 

SiilTeed,  SuflTeid  or  Sufeld.     Hee  Sefeed. 

Snl,  sool.  Port,  -south;"  as  Rio  Graxde  do  Sil,  the 
"  Kio  lirande  of  the  south.'' 

Siiud,  soont  or  soond.  Ger.,  Dan.,  and  Sw.,  a  "sound" 
or  "  strait ;"  as  Str.alsuxd,  the  town  on  the  "  sound  of 
:Strale,''  (Daxholm.) 

Sur,  sooR,  or  Snd,  soon.  Sp.  "south;"  as  Sax  Jcan 
del  Sl'b,  or  San  Juan  del  Sud,  "  San  Juan  of  the  south." 
See  Sul. 

Svtatol  or  S-»vlatol,  sve-3-toi',  Russ.  "saint"  or 
'■  holy ;"  as  Svhtoi  Nos,  "  holy  cape." 

Sza8Z,  sSs,  Hun.  "Saxon;"  as  Sz.asz  Varos,  "Saxon 
town." 

Szent,  sJnt,  Hun.  ".saint;"  as  Szext  Mm.uT,  "Saint 
Michael ;"  Szent  Jaxos,  "  Siiint  John.'' 

Szlget,  see'ghfef  or  sig'?t\  Hun.  •'  island ;"  as  Sziqetv.4R, 
"  island  fort." 

Ta,-  tl.  Chinese,  "great;"  as  Ta-Uang,  "great  river," 
(Yaxo-tse-kiang.) 

Tagh,  tig.  (same  as  Dagh,)  Tartar,  "mountain:"  as 
Mu^bijjh,  "snow  mountain."  a  mountain  ridge  of  Central 
Asia  connected  with  Bolor  Tagh. 

Tal,  ti,  Chine.-'e.  -'great;"  as  T.u-PE-snAN,  the  "great 
white  mountain;"  Tai-hoo,  "great  Like.''  a  considerauio 
lake  of  China,  in  lat.  31°  30'  N..  Ion  119°  30'  K. 

Takht  or  Takhtl.    See  Tukht. 

Tash  or  Tasch,  iish.  Turk,  and  Tartar.  "  stone:"  an 
Tashkend,  "  -itone  fortress  •"  Tash  Kdpeee,  '•  stone  bridge.'' 


ETYMOLOGICAL   VOCABULARY. 


Tchal.     See  dial. 

Tclian§^,  chdng,  Chinese,  "middle;"  as Tchako-tchoo, 

"Middle-town." 

Tcheoo,  Tclteou,  chj-oo',  written  also  Tcboo, 
Clkoo  or  TcUou,  and  CliiO'»v,  a  Chinese  word,  signify- 
ing properly  a  "town  of  the  second  class,"  but  very  fre- 
quently joined  with  FoOf  (a  "city  of  the  first  class,")  in 
the  same  name,  as  Hang-chow-foo. 

Tclierno,  Czeruo,  chjR/no,  or  Tclierny, 
(C*ern.y,)  chSn/nee,  Slavonic,  "black;"  as  Tchernomore, 
•■  IJ1.ACK  Sea  ;"  Xchernomorsky,  "  belonging  to  the  Black 
Sea." 

Tellings,  ching,  Chinese,  "wall"  or  "town;"  asTcHlNO- 
KIANO.  '-river  town." 

Tehama,  te-h^ra3,  Arab,  "low  plain,"  (Yembs.) 

Tell,  Arab,  "hill." 

Terra,  t^R/ad,  It.  "land ;"  as  Terra  m  Lavoro,  literally 
'•  land  of  labor  or  cultivation ;''  that  is,  "  cultivated  or  culti- 
vable land."    See  Tlerra. 

Tlial,  tfl,  Ger.,  and  Dal,  ddl,  Sw.  a  "valley,"  "Tale," 
or  "dale;"  as  Simmenthal,  the  "  vale  of  the  Simmen;"  Elf- 
DAL.  "  river  valley." 

Thurm,  tooam,  Ger.  "tower;"  as  Kothenthurm,  "red 
tower." 

Tlerra,  te-^R'Rj,  Sp.  (from  the  Latin  Ter'ra,)  "earth" 
or  "land;"  as  Tierra  del  Fiugo,  (Terra  del  i'uEao,)  "land 
of  fire." 

Toong,  Toungf,  Tung,  toong,  or  long,  Chinese, 
"  ea.st"'  or  "  ea.stern ;"  as  I'omtg-hai,  '•  ea.stern  seji,"  (China 
Sea:)  Quaxg-tono  or  Quano-tuono,  the  "e.ist«rn  province," 
as  contradistinguished  from  Quano-see,  the  "  western  pro- 
Tince." 

Tooz,  Touz  or  Tuz,  tooz,  "salt;"  as  Tooz  600L, 
"  salt  lake." 

Torblc,  Hun.  "Turkish." 

Torre,  toR/Ri,  It.,  Sp.,  and  Port.,  (from  the  Latin  7'ur'- 
m.)  a  "tower;"  as  Torre  Mahoiore,  the  "great  tower;" 
Torre  Quemada,  "burnt  tower;"  Torres  ^0VA8,  "new 
towers." 

Tras,  trjs,  Sp.  and  Port.  "  behind ;"  as  Teas  08  Monies, 
"behind  [or  beyondl  the  mountains." 

Treclit.    See  Trlcht. 

Tres,  trJs  or  trds,  Sp.,  Port.,  and  L.,  "three;"  as  Tres 
MoNTES,  "  three  mountains;"  Trb.s  Pontes,  "  three  bridges." 

TrlcHt,  triKt,  or  TrecUt,  trJKt,  Dutch,  (fi-om  the 
Latin  Trajecftus,)  passage;"  as  Maestkicht,  (L.  Jlosce  Tra- 
jtctus,)  the  "  passage  of  the  Meuse;"  Utkei  ht,  (L.  Ulira  Tra- 
jectiim.)  'beyond  the  passage"  [of  the  lihine.j 

Tsclieriioi.    See  TcKeriiy. 

TKclieu  or  Tsclneon.     See  Tclieoo. 

Tiiklut,  tuKt,  or  Taklit,  t^Kt,  Per.-iau,  a  "throne;" 
as  TuKUTi  (or  Xakhti)  Slleiman,  (see  Introduction,  XVI.,) 
"  throne  of  Solomon." 

Tung.     See  Toong. 

Tuz  or  Touz.     See  Tooz. 

Uj,  oo'e,  Ilun.  "  new ;"  as  Uj  Arab,  "  new  Arad." 

Ula.     See  Oola. 

IJuter,  Ciiu'ter,  Ger.  "  lower,"  "  under,"  and  also 
"among;"  as  Uxter Turkheim,  '•  Lower  Turkheim  ;"  Unter- 
WALDEN,  perhaps  "  under  the  forests."  or  else  "  among  the 
forests,"  from  its  position  in  tlio  valleys  under  the  shadow 
of  the  forests. 

Ural.    See  Ooral. 

Vst.    See  Oost. 

Val,  v3l,  or  Valle,  v3l1i.  It.  "valley"  or  "vale;"  as 
Val  d'Arno,  "  valley  of  [the]  Arno ;"  Valleluno-V  "  long 
valley." 

Valle,  vil'yA,  and  "Val,  vil,  (from  the  Latin  ValUs,) 
6p.  "  valley  ;"  as  Vallb  IIermoso,  "  beautiful  valley ;"  Val- 
TERUE.  "  green  valley." 

Var,  v|r,  Hun.  "fort"  or  "fortified  town;"  as  Uj  Var, 
"  new  fort." 

Varos,  va'rosV,  llun.  "town;"  as  Uj  V.iros,  "New 
Town." 

Vecchlo,  vJk'ke-o,  Veccllla,  v6k'ke-4.  It.  "old;" 
as  Porto  Veccuio,  "  old  port ;"  Civita  Vecchu,  "  old 
town." 

Vellio,  vM'yo,  Velha,  TJl'yi,  Port,  "old;"  as  VnjA 
Velua,  "  old  town." 

Veliki,  Veleekee  or  Wellkl,  vA-loo'kee,  Russ. 
"gieiit;"  as  Velikee  Oosxiooo,  the  "great  Oostioog." 

Verklmee  or  Verklinll,  vjiik'nee  or  vSRK'Hee, 
written  alsoVerkHnel  or  Werchnel,  Russ. "upper;" 
as  Veekh.yee  Kolymsk,  "Upper  Kolymak." 

6M 


Verniejo,  v?R-mA/Ho,  or  Berniejo,  n?n-mA'no,  "ver- 
milion" or  '■  red;"  as  Vermejo  (Itio,)  "  red  river ;"  ifar  Ber- 
mejn,  "  Ked  Se.v." 

Vermellio,  v5R-m?-l'yo,  "  TermlUon"  or  "  red ;"  as 
Teemkliio  (Kio),  "red  river." 

Vero,  vA/ro,  or  Vera,  T.Vr3.  Sp..  Port,  and  It.  (from 
the  Latin  Yefrus,)  " true ;"  as  Vera  Cruz,  " tiue  cross ;" 
Vera  Paz,  "  true  peace." 

Vetere,  vAtl-rA,  It.  (from  the  Latin  Veltus ;  in  thfl 
genitive,  Ve/teris,)  "old:"  as  Castel  A'httere,  "old  castle" 

Viejo,  ve-4/Ho,  or  Vleja,  ve-A'id.  Sp.  "  old ;"  as  Puerto 
ViE,io,  "old  port;"  Villa  ^  lUA,  "Old  Town." 

Vleux,  ve-uh',  or  Viellle,  ve-Al',  Fr.  "old;"  as  Viecx- 
Coxnfi.  "  old  Cond6;"  Vieille-Vione.  "old  vine." 

Villa,  vil'U  or  veelll,  It.  and  Port.;  Sp.  Villa,  veel'vl, 
(from  the  Latin  Villa,  a  ''country  seat"  or  "village,")  a 
"town;"  as  VnxA  NuovA,  Villa  Kova,  and  Villa  Nueva, 
"  new  town." 

Vllle,  veel  or  vill,  Fr.  a  "town;"  as  Villenecve,  "new 
town."     See  Villa. 

Vllet,  fleet,  Dutch,  a  "brook"  or  "small  river;"  aa 
IIaringvlibt,  "  Ilerringbrook." 

Wad,  wAd,  or  Wady,  wA'dee,  Arab,  a  "vallev"  or 
"river;"  as  Wadt  Moosa.  the  "valley  of  Moses;"  Wad-el- 
Kel  frr.  (flu.\DAi.(iurviR.>    Pee  Gxiad. 

VTald,  *Alt,  or  Walde,  frAl'dvh.  Ger.  "forest:"  aa 
ScHWARZWALD,  " Black  Forest;"  Bohmerw.uj),  "Bohemian 
Forest." 

"War,  Hun.    See  Var. 

Vl'^ar  or  Ward,  Saxon,  a  "  fortress." 

Warm,  *ARm,  Ger.  '-warm;"  as  Wakmbrunn,  "warm 
spring." 

W'asser,  ftis'sgr,  Ger.  "water;"  as  Scdwarzwasser, 
"  black  water." 

"WeUr,  w.Ar,  Ger.  "  defence"  or  "  fortification  ;"  aa 
VVehrsdorf,  the  "  village  of  defence ;"  Landwhr,  the 
"country's  defence." 

Welile,  *i'dfh,  or  Welden,  *I'df n,  "  willow ;"  aa 
Weifieniiacu,  '•  willow  brook." 

Vl^'eller,  fti'l^r.  Ger.  "  hamlet"  or  "  village;"  as  Basen- 
WEii.KR.  ••  bath  village." 

Wein,  «ine,  Ger.  "vine"  or  "wine;"  as  Weinfeldex, 
"vine  fields'  or  "vineyards;"  Weinsbeko,  "wine  moun- 
tain" 

"Weiss,  ■  *Tce.  (ftiss,)  or  "Weisgen,  Oi'sgn,  Ger 
"white;''  as  ■\Vei.'<skir(H,  "wliite  church;"  Weisskirchejt, 
"white  churches:"  AVkissf.nfklh,  "white  rock." 

"Wellkl  or  "Welikol      .Sv  VclllLee. 

"Werclinel.    S.e  Verklinee. 

"WUang.     See  Iloaug. 

"Wlcli  or  "Wick,  (from  the  Latin  Vicuf,)  a  "  village" 
or  'tiHvn:"  as  Ndrwich.  "north  town." 

"Wlese,  ftee'zeh.  Wlesen,  *ee'sfn.  Ger.  "meadow" 
or '•meadows:"  (is  AViesenthal,  "meadow  v.illey." 

"Wyk  or  "Wljk,  wik,  Dutch,  "  district"  or  "quartur:" 
heuct;,  perhaps,  '•  village"  or  "  town."    See  "Wlclu 

Vanta,  yA'md,  Japanese,  "mountain;"  as  Foosi  Yama, 
"Mount  Foosl." 

Yang,  ying,  Chinese,  "  male"  or  "masculine;"  hence 
"strong"'  or  "influential;"  as  Vang-tseurk-iang.  (Yang-tsb- 
KiANG.)  the  "male  child  of  the  great  water,"  (t.  e.  '-son  of 
the  ocean.") 

Yar  or  Jar,  Russ.  "chasm"  or  "ravine;"  and  hence, 
perhaps.  "  valley"  or  "  stream." 

Y'enl,  yJu'eeN  or  "Yengl,  yJng'ee',  Turk,  and  Tartar, 
"new;"  as  Yeni-Shehs,  ''new  city." 

Yu,  y66.  Chinese,  "Jasper."    See  Itoong. 

Yuen,  Chinese,  "  country."  (?) 

Yun,  yttn,  Chinese,  "cloudy:"  as  Yun-nan,  "cloudy 
south"  or  "  cloudy  region  of  the  south." 

Zand,  z3nt,  Dutch,  "sand;"  as  Zandvliet,  "sand 
brook"  or  "  sand  creek." 

Zee,  zA,  Dutch,  "sea;"  as  Zeeland,  (Zealand.)  "sea 
land,"  i.e..  land  nearly  or  quite  surrounded  by  the  sea; 
hence  ZteJand  is  also  the  Dutch  name  of  Seeland,  the  prin- 
cipal island  of  Denmark. 

Zemlla.     See  Semlla. 

Zuyd,  xoit,  or  Zuyder,  zoid'^r.  Dutch,  "south:"  aa 
ZUYi'ER  Zee,  "  south  sea,"  as  contradistinguished  from  th« 
North  Sea. 

Z'warte,  zwaE'teb,or  Zwurt,  zwaRt,  Dutch,  "  black ;" 
as  ZwARTEWAL,  "  black  wall ;"  Zwaetbero,  "  black  moun- 
tain." 

2177 


:J 


APPENDIX. 


ABB 

ABBEVILLE,  a  post-viUivge,  capital  of  Wilcor  co.,  Geor- 
gia, oil  the  right  bank  of  t)ie  Ocmulgee  River,  about 
145  miles  AV.  of  Savaiiniili. 

ABltOTT,  a  township  of  Potter  CO.,  Pennsylvania.   Pop.377. 

ABEIIDKEN.  a  post-village  of  Ilarfonl  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  Philadelphia  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Havre  de  Grace. 

ABERDEEN,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Arkansas,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  White  River,  about  60  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Little  Rock. 

ABERDEEN,  a  post-village  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana,  about  27 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Madison. 

AHIIjE.VE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dickinson  co.,  Kansas. 

ABINGDON,  or  ABINGTOX,  a  po3^village  of  Knox  CO., 
llliucjis.  on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  10 
miles  S.  of  Galesburg. 

ABIQUA,  a  township  or  precinct  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon. 
Pop.  302. 

ACASTO,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri,  about  32 
miles  N.W.  of  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

ACOMA,  a  township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  93. 

ACTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  Co.,  Indiana,  on  a  rail- 
road 12  miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

ACTON,  a  post-village  and  town^hip  of  Meeker  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, about  90  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  St.  Paul.     Pop.  104. 

ACUSHNET,  a  township  of  Bristol  Co.,  Massachusetts, 
incorporated  in  1860.    Pop.  13.S7. 

ADA,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Idaho,  includes  Boiseo 
Valley.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Boisee  or  Boise  Rivnr,  and 
bounded  on  the  8.  by  the  Lewis  or  Snake  River.  The  surface 
is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Tlie  soil  of  the  river  bottotnsis  said 
to  be  fertile.  Gold  is  found  in  this  county.  Boisee  City  is  the 
county  seat  and  also  the  capitiil  of  Idaho.   Organized  in  1864. 

ADA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 
The  village  is  on  Grand  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thorn 
Apple,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  Mihvaukeo  Railroad,  10  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Grand  Rapids.     Tot^il  pop.  1116. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  8t  6. 

AD.\MS,  a  village  of  Defiance  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Toledo  and 
Wabiish  Railroad,  42  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo. 

ADAMS,  a  post-village  in  Adams  township,  Decatur  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Greensburg. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1836. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  La  Salle  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  VIHG. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  318. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  502. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Muhaska  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  -535. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Wapello  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1.345. 

ADAMS,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Wisconsin,  formerly 
called  Friendship.     Pop.  462. 

ADAMS,  a  post-township  of  .Mower  co.,Minnesota.  Pop.177. 

ADAMSV'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  10  miles  E.  of  Minwal  Point. 

ADDISON,  a  post-village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  in  Addison 
township,  and  on  the  Obio  River,  about  7  miles  N.E.  of 
Gallipolis. 

ADDLSON,  a  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  about  25 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Dayton. 

ADDISON,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  about 
20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Adrian.     It  has  1  mill. 

ADDISON,  a  post-village  of  Dakota  co.,  Nebraska,  about 
20  miles  W.  of  Sioux  City,  luwa. 

ADEL,  or  A-DELL',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dallas  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Racoon  River,  about  24  miles  W.  of  Des  Moines. 
It  is  on  or  near  the  route  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Railroad.     Pop.  of  Adel  township  in  1860,  1969. 

ADEL,  >i  post-village  in  the  S.  part  of  Sheboygan  co., 
Wiicipi*... 

ADELINE,  a  post-village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  about  24 
miles  N.  of  Dixon. 

ADELPIII,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moitit"'  K'vor,  ftbf't  14  miles  K.S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

ADRIAN,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Erie  Railroad,  32  miles  W.N.W.  of  Corning. 


ALA 

ADRIAN,  a  post-village  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Sun- 
dusky  Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Railioad,  45  miles  S.W.  of 
Sandusky. 

ADRIAN,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  12  miles 
E.  of  Sparta.    Pop.  340. 

.EMILIA,  e-niU'e-a,  a  state  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Itsily, 
extends  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea  to  the  Adriatic,  and 
hag  an  area  of  about  8,60n  square  miles.  It  comprises  the 
former  duchies  of  Modena  and  of  Parma,  and  the  Rouiagna. 
The  river  Po  forms  its  N.  boundary.  The  surRtce  in  the  S. 
part  is  mountainous.     The  soil  is  generally  fertile. 

AFTON,  a  post-township  in  the  S  E.  part  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Siisijuebanna  River.     Pop.  177o. 

AKTON,  a  township  of  De  Kalbco.,  Illinois.     Pop.  616. 

AFTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Union  co.,  Iowa,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  route  of  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River 
Railroad,  about  60  miles  S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

AFTON,  a  post-village  in  Rock  township,  Rock  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  theBeloit  and  Madison  Railroad,  8  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Beloit,  and  6  or  7  miles  from  Jaiiesville.  It  has  3  hotels. 
4  stores,  a  warehouse,  and  about  7.')  houses.   Pop.  about  oiiO. 

AFTON,  a  post-township  of  Wa-bington  Co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  W.  side  of  Lake  St.  Croix,  about  3  miles  below  Hud- 
son, Wisconsin.     Pop.  in  iHijO,  379. 

AFTON,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  situated  on 
the  W.  shore  of  Lake  St.  Croix,  11  miles  from  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  about  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Paul.  It  lias  1 
church,  1  or  2  flour-mills,  and  several  steam  saw-mills. 
Large  steamboats  can  ascend  the  St.  Croix  River  and  Lake 
to  this  point. 

AGENCY,  a  village  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
12  miles  S.K.  of  Mankato. 

AGNES  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.149. 

AGUA  FRIA,  ah'gwa  free'a,  a  post-village  of  Mariposa 
CO.,  California,  5  miles  W.  of  Mariposa.  It  has  several  stores. 
Two  quart/.-niills  were  in  operation  here  in  1^62. 

AllNEPEE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Ke- 
waunee CO.,  AVisconsin,  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of 
Ahnepee  River,  about  32  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Green  Bay.  It 
contains  2  churches.  3  hotels,  4  stures,  1  tannery,  1  grist- 
mill, and  1  saw-mill.     Pop.  alx)ut  400;  of  township,  1152. 

AIKEN,  or  AIIKEN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part 
of  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  720  square  miles.  The 
Mississippi  River  forms  part  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
county,  which  is  also  drained  by  Snake  River,  and  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  Lake  Mille  Lacs.  The  surface  is  undulat- 
ing.   Pop.  2. 

AIKEN,  a  post-village  of  Barnwell  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  17  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Augusta. 

AIKEN,  or  AKEN,  a  post-township  of  Richland  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  12  miles  W.  of  Kichland  Centre.  Pop.  341,  or 
according  to  another  statement  763. 

AINSWORTII,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa,  on 
a  railroad  3i)  miles  W.S.W.  of  .\Iu8C4itine. 

AIR,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania.     Poj).  1154. 

AKRON,  a  post-village  of  Erie  go..  New  York,  on  the  Can- 
andaigua  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  Iti  miles  W.  of  Batavia. 

AKRON,  a  post-township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan,  about 
24  miles  E.  of  Bay  City.    Pop.  1S7.      • 

AKRON,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana,  about  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Logansport. 

AKRON,  a  post-township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  about  16 
miles  .\.  by  W.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  1107. 

ALABAMA,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Trinity  River,  about  17  miles  S.W.  of  Crocket. 

ALAMEDA,  dl-a-mjl'da,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Cali- 
fornia, has  an  area  of  about  820  square  miles.  It  is  bouiuU^d 
on  the  W.  by  San  Francisco  Bay,  and  drained  by  Alameda 
and  Calaveras  Creeks.  The  surface  in  the  E.  part  is  moun- 
tainous, being  occupied  by  the  Coast  Range.  Among  the 
forest  trees  of  this  county  is  the  live  oak,  or  evergreen  oak. 
The  soil  of  the  lowlands  is  generally  fertile.  This  county 
produced  in  1860,  ti85,042  bushels  of  wheat,  and  82K,015  of 
barlev,  more  of  each  article  than  any  other  county  in  the 

2179 


ALA 


ALM 


state.  It  is  stated  that  gold,  copper,  iron,  mercury,  and 
CLiiil  nave  been  found  in  small  quantities.  It  is  partly  trav- 
ersed by  the  Sau  Francisco  and  Alameda  Railroad,  and  the 
San  Jose  and  Stockton  Railroad  (in  progress).  Capital, 
San  Leandro.    Pop.  S927. 

ALAMEDA,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co.,  California,  on 
the  E.  shore  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  about  9  miles  E.S. 
E.  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  on  the  San  Francisco  and  Ala- 
meda Railroad.    It  contains  1  church.    Pop.  about  400. 

.ALAMEDA,  a  township  of  Alameda  co.,  California.  Pop. 
400.  I 

ALAMEDA  CREEK,  Alameda  co.,  CaliforjUa,  <oijrs  West- 
ward and  enters  the  Bay  of  San  Fraucis»o,/        ,,    '    ', 

A I/AMO,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ind.,  about 
65  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Indianapolis  and  H  miles  S.W.  of 
Crawfordsville. 

ALAMO,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California,  13 
miles  S.E.  of  Martinez.  It  contains  an  academy  and  sever- 
al stores. 

ALBA,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  75. 

ALBA,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  about  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Carthage. 

ALBA,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  about  20 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Preston. 

ALBANY,  a  village  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  about  44  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  ChUUcothe. 

ALBANY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gentry  co.,  Missouri, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  W.  Fork  of  Grand  Kiver,  45 
miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph  and  35  miles  N.  of  the  Hannibal 
and  St.  Joseph  Railroad.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  coun- 
try, which  is  supplied  with  timber.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, 2  churches  and  1  newspaper  olBce.  Pop.  in  1860, 476 ; 
in  1865,  about  600. 

ALBANY,  a  post-viUage  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  about 
16  miles  S.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

ALBANY,  a  village  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Volga 
River,  about  9  miles  S.  by  E.  of  West  Union. 

ALBANY,  a  township  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Po- 
pin  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  104. 

ALBANY',  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas,  75  miles 
N.W.  of  Leavenworth. 

ALBANY,  a  post-office  of  Napa  co.,  California. 

ALBANY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  is 
situated  on  the  right  (E.)  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Calapooya,  25  miles  S.  of  Salem.  It  is 
accessible  for  small  steamers  about  9  months  in  the  year. 
The  situation  is  said  to  be  picturesque  and  beautiful.  Ai- 
biiuy  contidns  a  fine  brick  court-house,  3  churches,  1  news- 
paper office,  10  dry  goods  stores,  2  grist-mills  and  2  saw- 
mills. It  is  the  principal  market  of  a  large  extent  of  fertile 
prairie,  and  is  improving  rapidly.     Pop  about  800. 

ALBAYILLE,  a  post-office  of  Hall  co.,  Nebraska. 

ALBERT  LEA,  a  post>-village,  capital  of  Freeborn  co., 
Minnesota,  situated  at  the  head  of  a  small  lake  of  the  s.-ime 
name,  100  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Saint  Paul.  The  site  is  said  to 
be  about  900  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
It  contains  2  hotels,  4  dry  goods  stores,  1  drug  store,  1  cab- 
inet shop,  &c.    Pop.  about  250. 

.\LBION,  a  village  of  Fsurfield  district.  South  Carolina, 
on  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroad,  about  3a 
miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

ALBION,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  339. 

ALBION,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  392. 

-ALBION,  a  post-village  of  Jlarshall  co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Iowa  River,  about  52  miles  N.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

ALBION,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  44 
wiles  N.E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  675. 

ALBION,  a  post-township  of  Wrijiht  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
65  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Paul,  is  traversed  by  the  Crow  Riv- 
er.   Pop.  78. 

ALBION,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co-  Nebraska, about 

00  miles  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

ALBION,  a  post-village  of  Mendocino  co.,  California  on 
or  near  the  Pacific  Ocean,  43  mUes  W.N.W.  of  Ukiah.  Pod 
in  1863,  about  100.  ^' 

ALBRIGHT,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  right 

.  r  ^{  }^S  Minnesota  River,  about  22  m.  S.W.  of  .^hakopee. 

ALCATRAZ,  al-ka-ti-a.ss',  or  AIX3ATRACES  I.^LAND 
Cahloinia,  a  small  island  in  the  bav,  about  iU  miles  N  of 
San  Francisco.  Length,  1650  feet;'  height,  140  feet.  It  is 
tortified,  and  commands  the  entrance  of  the  Golden  Gate 
It  IS  sometimes  called  Pelican  Isljind. 

ALDEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa, 
riie  village  is  on  the  Iowa  River,  about  70  miles  N.  by  E. 

01  Des  Moines.     Pop.  193.  •' 
ALpEN.  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Polk 

CO.,  w  isconsin.    Pop.  157. 

ALDERLEY,  a  thriving  pout-village  of  Dodge  co..  Wis- 
coiiMn,  on  the  Asliijipun  River,  about  32  mil»s  W  N  W  of 
-Milwaukee.    It  has  1  store,  1  grist-mill  and  1  saw-mill 

ALE'DO,  a  po8^^^!lage.  capital  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois  is 
w- v'*,^'  H  S?"'^  ^-  *"'  "'"  ^Ji^-'-^sippi  Kiver  and  about  75  m. 
M  .N  .W.  of  Peona.  It  contains  2  churches,  a  college,  a  good 
puldic  school-house  and  1  newspaper  office.  Coal  is  abuu- 
duut  m  this  vicinity.  Pop,  565. 
2160 


ALEXANDRIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Douglas  co., 
Minnesota,  about  65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Saint  Cloud. 

ALEXANDRIA,  a  township  of  Leavenworth  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  726. 

.4LGANSEE,  a  post-township  of  Branch  co.,  Mieh^ about 
7  miles  SJi.  of  Coldwater.    Pop.  1121. 

ALGOMA,  a  post-township  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  about 
12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  993. 

ALGOT^A,  a  post  village,  cipital  of  Kossuth  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  120  miles  N.  by  W.  of  the 
Qity  of  De^  Moines.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Algon'a  Collegiate 
Institute,    fhe  river  affords  water-power  here.     Pop.  216. 

ALGQNQCIN,  a  post-village  or  township  of  Ontonagon 
CO..  Michigan,  about  12  miles  E.  of  Ontonagon.  Copper 
mines  have  been  opened  here.     Pop.  77. 

ALGONQUIN,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co,  Iowa,  about 
28  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

ALIMEDA  (ALAMEDA?),  a  village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Iowa  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Red  Cedar,  about 
20  miles  S.W.  of  .Muscatine,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
railroad. 

ALISAL,  a  village  or  township  of  Monterey  co.,  Califor- 
nia, about  30  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Monterey.     Pop.  752. 

ALLANDALE.  a  villageof  Goodhue  to., Miuuesotii,  about 
15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Redwing. 

ALLEGHANY,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  SSI. 

-4lLLEGH.^NY,  a  post-village  of  Sierra  co^  California,  on 
Kanaka  Creek,  about  S  luUes  S.  of  Downievilleand60mile8 
E.N.E.  of  Marysville.  It  contains  1  church.  1  school  and  3 
stores.     Here  are  productive  gold  mines.     Pop.  about  400. 

ALLEMANCi;,  a  post-village  of  Guilford  co., North  Caro- 
lina,  on  or  near  the  North  Carolina  Railroad,  about  70  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

ALLEN,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an  area 
of  720  square  miles.  It  is  inter.-iected  by  the  Neosho  River 
and  dmined  by  Deer,  Elm  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.  This  county  contains  a 
large  proportion  of  prairie,  and  is  said  to  be  well  supplied 
with  timber,  which  is  distributed  along  the  Neosho  River, 
and  the  creeks.  Alien  county  is  well  aduptetl  to  the  rais- 
ing of  stock.  Cotd  is  the  most  valuable  mineral  found  in 
it.     Capital,  Humboldt.     Pop.  3120. 

ALLEN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  635. 
ALLEN,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  642. 
ALLEN,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  17SS. 
ALLEN,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  391. 
ALLEN,  a  township  of  Polk  co  ,  Iowa.    Pop.  485. 
ALLEN,  a  township  of  Warren  co ,  Iowa.    Pop.  510. 
ALLEN,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Missouri,  on  Iho 
North  Missouri  Railroad,  147  miles  W>X.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

ALLEN,  a  post-village  of  Lyou  co.,  Kansas,  about  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Topeka. 

ALLENDALE,  a  post-village  of  Worth  co^  Missouri,  about 
18  miles  N.  of  Albany. 
ALLEND.\LE,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Kans,as. 
ALLEN'S  I'RESH,  a  post-village  of  Charles  co.,  3Iary- 
land,  about  40  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Washington. 

ALLEN'S  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa, 
about  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Davenport.    Pop.  501. 

ALLENSA'ILLE,  a  village  of  Randolph  co,  Indiana,  about 
8  miles  N.  by  W,  of  Union  City. 

ALLENTON,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
on  or  near  the  Southwest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Kailroad, 
about  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

j\.LLISON,  a  post-township  of  Lapesrco,  Michigan,  about 
60  miles  N.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  315. 
ALLISON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois.    P.  874. 
ALMA,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  Y'ork, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Belmout.    Pop.  578. 

ALMA,  a  post-village  of  .Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Rjiilroad,  about  '20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Centralia. 

ALMA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin, 
is  situated  on  the  .Mississippi  River,  just  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Buffalo  River,  70  miles  above  La  Crosse  and  8  miles 
below  Wabasha,  Minnesota.  It  has  a  court-house,  a  news- 
paper office,  2  hotels,  <fec. 

ALMA,  a  township  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin,  contsiiulug 
Alma,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  in  1860,  2i53. 

ALMA,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  AVisoonsin,  on  Black 
River.    It  contains  6  saw-mills.    Pop.  699. 

ALM.\,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wabaunsee  cb., 
Kansas,  about  36  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Tojieka.    Pop.  285. 
ALMA,  a  post-office  of  Chehalisco.,WasljingtonToriitory. 
ALMA,  or  ALMY,  a  post  village  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Pine  River,  about  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Ithaca. 

ALMADEN',  a  township  of  Santa  Clai-a  co.,  California. 
Pop.  744. 

.\LMANDA,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Missouri,  near  the 
Southwest  Blanch  Railroad,  about  23  miles  E.N.E.  of  RoUa. 
ALMEIDA,  or  ALMEDA,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co., 
Missouri,  about  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Springfield. 

ALMENA,  a  post-township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan, 
about  50  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Qi-and  Rapids.    Pop.  749. 


ALM 


AND 


ALMER,  or  ALMA,  a  township  of  Tuscola  cc,  Michigan. 
Pop.  265. 

ALMOND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Portage  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  58  miles  N.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  Pop.  -191 ; 
population  of  village,  about  150. 

ALMORALi,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Iowa,  about 
34  miles  W.  of  Dubuque. 

ALPE'NA,  a  post-vjUage,  capitiil  of  Alpena  co.,  Michigan, 
situated  on  Thunder  Bay,  of  Liike  Ihiroii,  at  the  mouth  of 
Thunder  Bay  Elver.    Lat.  45°  5'  N. 

ALPHA,  a  post-village  of  Greene  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Dayton 
and  Xenia  Railroad,  about  9  miles  K.S.E.  of  Daj'ton. 

ALPHA,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  18  miles 
E.  of  Nevada  City. 

ALPHAKKTTA,  a  post-village  of  Milton  co.,  Georgia, 
about  28  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Atlanta.     Free  population  201. 

ALPINE,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  California,  bor- 
dering on  Nevada.  Area  estimate<l  at  1000  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Carson  River,  by  the  North  Fork  of  the 
Mokelumne,  and  the  Noith  Fork  of  the  Stiinislaus  River. 
The  surface  ifi  mountainous,  being  traversed  Ijy  the  great 
Sierra  Nevada.  This  county  contains  rich  mines  of  silver  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  was  formed  in  18t34  out 
of  portions  of  Amador,  Cabivei-as,  El  Dorado,  and  Mono  coun- 
ties.   Capital,  Markleeville. 

ALPINE,  or  ALPINA,  a  post-township  of  Kent  co.,  Mi- 
chigan. The  S.E.  corner  of  it  is  4  or  5  miles  N.  of  Grand 
Kapids,  and  about  J^  mile  W.  of  Grand  River.     Pop.  1249. 

ALPINE,  a  post-village  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moines  River  and  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad,  about  9 
miles  S.E.  of  Ottnmwa. 

ALPINE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  about  16 
miles  N.  of  Provo.    Pop.  in  18(X),  135. 

ALSEYA  RIVER,  a  small  stieiuji  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon, 
which  flows  westward  into  the  Pacific  Ocejin. 

ALSTON,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district,  South  Caro- 
lina, on  Broad  River,  and  on  the  Greenville  and  Ojlumbia 
Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  the  Spartanburg  and  Union 
Railroad,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Columbia. 

AL'TAMONT,  a  station  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road, in  Alleghany  co..  Maryland,  224  mdes  W.  of  Baltimore. 
It  is  on  or  neiir  the  summit  of  a  mountain,  about  27 UO  feet 
higher  than  Baltimore. 

ALTAVILLK,  a  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  21 
miles  S.  of  .Mokelumne  Hill.    Pop.  in  1803,  about  100. 

ALTENBURO)  a  post-village  of  Perry  CO.,  Missouri,  about 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Perryville. 

ALTIIOUSE,  a  village  of  Josephine  co.,  Oregon,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Kerbyville.    Pop.  about  200. 

ALTO,  a  township  of  Leo  co ,  Illinois.    Pop.  301. 

ALTON,  a  post^village,  capital  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri, 
about  170  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

ALTON,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  about 
15  miles  N.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  531. 

ALTON,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  40  miles  by  land  W  S.W.  of  New  Albany. 

ALTON,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  627. 

ALTON,  a  postrvillage  of  Dallas  Co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Racoon 
Eiver,  about  36  miles  N.  V\^  of  Des  Moiuea. 

ALTON,  a  township  of  Howard  co  ,  Iowa.    Pop.  293. 

ALTO'.NA,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  Co.,  New  York, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Plattsburg.     Pop.  1665. 

ALTON  A,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy 
Railroad,  in  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Galesburg. 

ALTON .1,  a  small  village  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  nearly  opposite  Winona. 

ALTONA,  a  village  of  Calumet  co_  Wisconsin,  about  24 
miles  N.E  of  Fond  du  Lac.    It  has  1  church  and  3  stores. 

ALTONA,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Nebraska,  on  or 
near  the  right  bunk  of  the  Platte  River,  about  60  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Omaha  City. 

ALTU'RAS,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Idaho,  lies  E.  of 
Boisee  county.  It  is  intersected  by  the  South  Fork  of  the 
Bbisee  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Feather  River.  The 
surface  is  generally  mountainous.  It  is  said  to  be  well  tim- 
bered. Gold  and  silver  are  found  in  this  county  in  quartz 
rock.    Capital,  Rocky  Bar.     IVip.  in  1864,  1374. 

ALVARA'DO,  a  post- village  of  Johnson  co.,  Texas,  about 
88  miles  S.W.  of  Dallas. 

A liVARA'DO,  a  post-village  of  .Alameda  co..  California,  on 
Alameda  Creek,  about  27  miles  S.E.  of  San  Francisco,  and 
3  miles  N.E.  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  Pop.  in  1864, 
about  300. 

ALVISO,  al-vee'so,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Santa 
Clara  Co.,  California,  on  or  near  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  8 
miles  N.  by  W.  «f  San  Jose.  It  has  1  or  2  stores,  and  is  the 
port  of  San  Jos6.    Pop.  of  the  township,  S31. 

AMADOK,  am-a-dor',  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
California,  has  an  area  of  at>out  1000  square  miles.  It  is 
X)unded  on  the  N.  by  the  Cosumne  River,  on  the  S.  and  S.E. 
^y  the  Mokelumne,  and  also  drained  by  the  Dry  Creek  and 
Sutter  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  The 
county  contains  mines  of  gold  and  copper,  which  are  worked 
with  success.  Marble  and  quartz  are  abundant.  The  soil  in 
Kouie  of  the  valleys  is  productive.  Capital,Jacksou.  Pop.l0,9o0. 


AM.ADOR,  a  post-village  in  Amador  township,  Chicago 
CO..  Minnesota,  on  the  St.  Croix  River,  about  60  miles  N.N.K. 
of  Saint  Paul.     Pop.  of  township  in  1S60,  61. 

AMADOR,  a  Tillage  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada,  7  miles  N.  of 
Austin. 

AMADOR  CITY,  a  mining  post-village  of  Amador  co., 
California,  on  .\mador  Cieek,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Jackson.  It 
has  1  public  school  and  3  quartz  mills.     Pop.  al>ont  400. 

AMA.NA,  a  township  of  Iowa  CO.,  Iowa,  ou  the  Iowa 
River.     Pop.  542. 

AMBOY,  a  post-village  of  Ashtabula  co..  Ohio,  on  or  neai 
the  Lake  Shoru  RiiilroaU,  about  30  miles  W.S.W.  ot  the  Cit> 
of  Erie. 

AMBOY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsdale  Co., 
Michigan.  The  village  is  on  Silver  Creek,  and  on  the  S. 
line  of  the  state,  about  35  miles  W.S.W.  of  Adrian.  Total 
population  756. 

AMBOY,  a  thriving  post-town  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  situated 
on  Green  River  near  its  source,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad 
(main  line),  98  miles  S.E.  of  Galena,  and  100  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  Chicago.  It  contains  4  churches,  2  large  public  sclio<4 
houses,  1  newspaper  office,  a  town-hall,  and  extensive  re- 
pair shops  of  the  Central  Railroad  Company,  in  which  uliout 
200  men  are  employed.  A  largeamountof  produce  is  shipped 
here.    Pop.  in  1860,  1615;  in  1865,  aljout  2800. 

AMBOY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa,  about  32 
miles  W.S.W.  of  .Muscatine. 

AMBROSE,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Oregon,  on  Rogue 
Eiver,  about  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jacksonville. 

AMERICA  CITY,  a  jiost-village  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas, 
about  66  miles  W.N.W.  of  Leavenworth. 

A.MERICAN,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Sacramento 
CO.,  California.     Pop.  629. 

AMERICAN  FORK,  a  post-town  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  on  or 
near  Utah  Lake,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Provo.  It  has  several 
stores.    Pop.  said  to  be  1000. 

AMERICUS,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Lyon  co, 
Kansas,  9  or  10  miles  N.W.  of  Emporia.     Pop.  477. 

AMUERST,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Portage  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  12  miles  E.  of  i^tanton.  The  village  has  2 
stores  and  20  dwellings.     Pop.  of  t<.)wnship,  tiOO. 

AMHERST,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop 
520. 

AMISn,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,  about  17 
miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

AMITY,  a  post-town-ship  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  about 
50  miles  E.N. K.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  595. 
A.MITY,  a  township  of  Page  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  689. 
AMITY,  a  post-village   and  township  of  Y'am  Hill  co., 
Oregon,  11  miles  8.  of  l^afayette.     Pop.  of  the  village,  about 
100;  of  the  township  in  I860,  317. 

ASISTERDAM,  a  village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  about  -Mi  miles  W.S.W.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

AN'AHEI.M,  a  post-village  of  Los  Angeles  CO.,  California, 
on  or  near  the  Santa  Anna  River,  25  miles  S.E.  of  Los  An- 
geles. It  has  several  stores.  The  residents  are  Germans, 
employed  in  cultivating  grapes  for  wine.  Pop.  in  1864, 
about  300. 

ANADARCO,  a  village  of  Eusk  co.,  Texas,  about  17  miles 
S.  of  Henderson. 

ANCONA,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  about 
22  miles  S.  of  Ottawa. 

ANDALUSIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Covington  co., 
Alabama,  on  the  Conecuh  River,  about  115  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Mobile. 

ANDERSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an 
area  of  576  squai'O  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  three  lorks 
of  the  Pottawattomie  Creek,  which  rise  within  its  limits, 
and  by  Sugar  Creek.  The  surtace  is  undulating,  the  soil  ia 
fertile.  This  county  is  said  to  contain  numerous  groves  of 
good  timber.    Capital,  Garnett.     Pop.  2400. 

ANDERSON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  103  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Nashville. 

ANDERSON,  a  village  of  Sequatchee  CO.,  Tennessee,  about 
20  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Chattanooga. 

ANDIIRSON,  a  townshii)  of  Perry  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1104. 

ANDERSON,  a  township  of  Warrick  co.,  Indiiina.    Pop. 

686. 

ANDERSON,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  726. 

ANDERSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mendocino 

CO.,  California,  about  130  miles  N.N.W.  of  San  Francisco. 

Pop.  of  the  township,  293;  of  tlie  village  in  1863,  about  100. 

ANDERSON,  a  village  on  the  line  between  Nevada  and 

Placer  counties,  California,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Auburn. 

ANDERSONVILLE.a  post-village  of  Sumter  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Southwestern  Railroiul,  about  65  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Macon.  Here  was  the  prison  in  which  Union  soldiers  were 
confined,  under  the  infamous  Captjiin  Wirz. 

ANDOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henry  CO., 
Illinois,  about  26  miles  S.E.  of  Davenport,  Iowa.  Pop.  902. 
ANDY  JOHNSON,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Min- 
nesotii,  bordering  on  Dakota,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ked  River  of  the  North, 
which  also  forms  a  large  pai-t  of  its  W.  boundary,  and  it  ia 

2181 


AXG 

j»ur'  }■  bovfided  on  the  W.  by  the  Sioux  Wood  River.    Tlie 
bvrface  is  i  early  level  and  mostly  pniiiie;  the  soil  is  fertile. 

AXGEL  ISLAND,  Caliloraia,  "is  in  the  Buy  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, 5  miles  X.  of  San  Francisco.  It  contains  8uO  acres, 
and  has  extensive  quarries  of  brown  sandstone  valuable  tor 
building.  Batteries  have  been  placed  on  this  island  for  the 
defenje  of  tae  harbor. 

AXGELO,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  about  2S  miles  E.N.E. 
of  La  Crosso.  It  has  1  hotel,  several  shops,  and  25  dwellings. 
Pop.  of  Angelo  township,  447. 

ANGELS,  or  ANGKL'S  CAMP,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras 
CO..  Cilifoinia,  '22  miles  S.  of  Mokelumne  Hill.  It  contains 
about  5  stores,  and  a  number  of  quartz  mills.  Pop.  in  18(54, 
about  600.    Gold  is  found  here. 

ANGUIL'LA,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Eel 
River,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

AN'IMAS  CITY,  a  village  of  Conejos  co.,  Colorado,  about 
245  miles  S.W.  of  Denver. 

ANNALY,  or  ANALY,  a  township  of  Sonoma  co.,  Cali- 
fornia.   Pop.  1564. 

ANNAPOLIS,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio,  about  70 
miles  X.  of  Columbus.    Pop.  177. 

AXXAWAN.  a  post-village  of  Henrv  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Riilroad,  146  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Chicago,  and  36  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Rock  Island.  Pop.  of 
Anna  wan  township,  916. 

AXX  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lebanon  co.,  PennsylTania, 
on  the  Lebanon  Valley  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  of  Lebanon, 
and  20  miles  from  Harrisbnrg. 

ANO'KA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  Pvbout  420  squwe  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W. 
by  the  Mississippi  River,  and  intersected  by  Rum  River.  It 
contains  a  number  of  small  lakes,  and  is  well  wooded, 
.imong  the  forest  trees  is  the  sugar-maple.  The  surface  is 
diversified;  the  soil  is  fertile.    Capital,  Anoka.     Pop.  2106. 

ANOKA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Chi- 
cago and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  5  miles  S.E.  of  Logansport. 

ANSON,  a  township  of  Chippewa  co.,  Wisconsin.   Pop.  80. 

ANSONIA,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Belle- 
fontiiine  and  Indiana  Railroad,  about  50  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Bellefontaine. 

AXSOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Clearfield. 

ANTELOPE,  a  township  of  Tehama  co.,  California.  Pop. 
516. 

ANTELOPE,  a  post-oflBce  of  Yolo  co..  California. 

ANTELOPE  CREEK,  Tehama  co.,  Ciilifornia,  flows  S.W. 
and  enters  the  Sacramento  River. 

ANTHONY,  a  post-ofiice  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  20  miles  N.  of  Flemington. 

ANTIOCH,  a  post-village  of  Troup  co.,  Geoi^a,  about  12 
miles  W.N.W.  of  La  Grange. 

ANTIOCH,a  village  of  Davidson  co..Tennessee,on  the  Xash- 
Tllle  and  Chattanooga  Riiilroad.  9  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

ANTIOCH,  a  post-village  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  'Wabash  River  and  Canal,  6  miles  W.  of  Huntington. 

ANTIOCH,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California, 
at  the  month  of  the  San  Joaquin  River,  and  at  the  E.  end  of 
Suisun  Bay,  about  40  miles  by  land  or  60  miles  by  water 
E.N.E.  of  San  Francisco.  Steamers  plying  between  San 
Francisco  and  Stockton  stop  here  daily.  Antioch  contains 
1  church,  5  stores,  3  hotels,  and  large  copi)er  smelting  works. 
Stone-coal,  mined  6  miles  from  Antioch,  is  shipped  here  to 
the  amount  of  .il)Out  300  tons  daily.    Pop.  about  500. 

ANTRIM  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Antrim  co.,  Michigan. 

ANTWERP,  a  post^village  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Manmee  River,  and  on  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  22 
miles  EN.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

APPANOOSE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Mi.<sissippi  River.     Pop.  835. 

APPLEGATE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jackson  co., 
Oregon.  Pop.  514.  The  village  is  on  Applegate  Creek, 
about  12  miles  ^\ .  or  S.W.  of  Jacksonville.  Pop.  in  1S64 
about  260.  ' 

APPLE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  W.N.W.  part  of  Wis- 
consin, rises  in  Dallas  co.,  flows  S.W.  through  Polk  and  St. 
Croix  counties,  and  enters  the  St.  Croix  River  about  6  miles 
above  Stillwater. 

APPLE  RIVER,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois 
Pop.  508. 

APPLKTON,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  about  31 
miles  N.E  of  Columbus. 

APPOMATfOX,  a  station  on  the  Petersburg  and  Lynch- 
burg Railroad,  in  Appomattox  co.,  Virginia,  24  miles  E,  of 
Lynchburg. 

API'OMATTOX  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Powhatan  co 
Virginia,  on  the  Appomattox  River,  where  it  is  crossed  bv 
the  Ri(  hmond  and  Danville  Riiilroad,  27  miles  W  S  W  of 
Richmond 

AQUA  SCO,  a  po«t-\illage  of  Prince  George  co.,  Maryland 
on  the  Patuxent  River,  about  30  miles  S.K.  of  Washington' 

ARACty*!  A.  a  small  village  of  Ix>gun  co..  West  Virginia 

on  Ouyandotte  River,  about  48  miles  S.S.W.  of  Charleston' 

Free  population  104. 

2182 


ARI 

AR.4Q0,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Richardson  co., 
Nebraska,  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  24  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Brownville.    Pop.  193. 

AK'AGK),  CAPE,  Coos  co,.  Oregon,  is  on  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
about  3d  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Cape  Blanco. 

ARAP'AHOE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Colorado,  has 
an  aiea  estimated  at  4600  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  South  Fork  of  Platte  River,  and  by  Beaver,  Bijou,  and 
Terrapin  Creeks.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is  liilly  or 
mountainous.  The  eastern  part  is  a  ban-en  sandy  plain. 
The  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  mining  gold,  which 
abounds  in  the  western  pai-t.     Capital,  Denver. 

ARAPAHOE,  a  mining  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Colorado, 
about  14  milts  W.N.W.  of  Denver.    Pup.  in  1860,  80. 

ARBE'LA,  a  township  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of 
Tuscola  CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  527. 

ARCA'DA,  or  ARCADE,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Mi- 
chigan.   Pop.  375. 

ARCADA,  a  township  in  the  central  part  of  Lapeer  co., 
MichigJin.    Pop.  199. 

ARCADA,  or  ARKADA,  a  post-village  of  Sawamlsh  co., 
Washington  Territory,  9  miles  E.  of  Oakland.    Pop.  162. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  of  Bienville  parish,  Louisiana, 
on  the  route  of  the  Vicksburg  and  Shreveport  Railroad, 
about  50  miles  E.  of  Shreveport. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Fremont  Lima  and  Union  Rwlroad,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Findlay. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Indianapolis  Peru  and  Chicago  Railroad,  31  miles  N. 
of  Indianapolis. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  629. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  of  Iron  co.,  Missouri,  situated 
about  4  miles  S.  of  Pilot  Knob,  and  90  miles  by  railroad  S. 
by  W.  of  St.  Louis.  Pop.  of  Arcadia  township,  2724.  Ii-on 
is  abundant  in  the  vicinity. 

ARCADIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Trempealeau 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Ti-empealeau  River,  about  10  miles  from 
the  Mississippi,  at  Miuoua.  The  village  has  2  stores  and  20 
dwellings.    Pop.  of  township,  247. 

ARCA'NCM,  apost-villiige  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Day- 
ton and  Union  Railroad,  20  miles  N.W.  of  Dayton. 

ARCATA,  a  post-village  of  Humboldt  co.,  California, 
situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  Humboldt  Bay,  7  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  8  miles  N.E.  of  Eureka.  It  contains  2  churches,  5 
or  more  stores,  1  grist-mill,  1  saw-mill,  and  1  town  librai-y. 
Pop.  in  1864,  about  500  or  6lK). 

ARCHBALD,  a  post-village  of  Tulton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Toledo  and  Chicago  Railroad,  41  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

ARCHER,  a  new  county  iu  tho  N.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  little 
Wichita  River.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  infonna- 
tion  respecting  this  county. 

ARCHER,  a  post-village  of  Richardson  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
Muddy  Creek,  about  4  miles  from  the  Nemaha  River,  and 
24  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Brownville. 

ARCO'L.-i,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Pitts- 
burg Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  8  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Fort  Wayne. 

ABCOLA,  a  township  of  Douglas  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  3t)3. 

ARCOLA,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
St.  Croix  River,  about  8  miles  above  Stillwater,  it  has  2 
or  more  saw-mills. 

ARCOLI,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Nebraska,  about  85 
miles  W.  of  Nebntska  City. 

ARE'XA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Wis- 
consin; The  village  is  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Wisconsin 
River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien  Rail- 
road, 30  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Madison.  It  has  1  church.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  1295. 

ARENAC,  a  post-village  of  Bay  co.,  Michigan,  on  Saginaw 
Ba.v,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Bay  City. 

ARKNUAHL,  ar-en-dil',  a  post-township  of  Fillmore  co., 
Minnesota,  about  20  miles  S.W.  of  Winona.     Pop.  239. 

ARGOS,  a  post-villiige  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana,  about  9 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Plymouth. 

ARIANA,  a  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  383. 

ARIZONA,  arM-zo'na,  a  territory  of  the  United  Stat<«, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nevada  and  Utah  Territory,  on  tho 
E.  by  New  Mexico,  on  the  S.  by  Mexico,  and  on  the  W.  by 
Califoi-uia.  It  lies  between  31°  20'  and  37°  N.  lat.,  and  be- 
tween 109°  and  117°  W  lon.,.and  is  about  400  miles  in  ex- 
tent from  N.  to  S.     Area  estimated  at  121,000  square  miles. 

Pacfnftlie  Country. — Arizona  is  traversiKl  by  numerous 
mountain  ranges,  the  general  direction  of  which  is  N.W.  and 
S.E.  Among  these  are  the  Mogollon  Mountains  in  the  E.  part, 
the  Sierra  del  Carrizo  in  the  N.,  Mount  San  Francisci>  in  the 
N.  central  part,  and  the  Pinaleno  Mountains  in  the  S.E.  p;ut. 
The  surface  is  generally  e!evat«d  and  mountainous.  A  large 
part  of  the  territory  is  said  to  be  of  volcanic  origin.  Exten- 
sive prairies  or  plains,  without  trees,  occur  in  it. 

Bivers. —  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Colorado,  the  Gila, 
the  Rio  de  Lino  or  Flax  River,  the  Si'nta  Cm;.,  the  Williams' 
Fork  of  the  Colorado,  the  Rio  Verde,    he  R  u  San  Pedro,  and 


Aftt 

the  Rio  Salinas.  The  Colorado,  after  traversing  the  N.W. 
part  of  Arizona,  pursues  a  southerly  course  along  its  W. 
boundary.  Steamboats  navigate  the  river  for  a  distance 
of  300  miles  or  more  along  the  border  of  Arizona.  The 
rapidity  of  the  current  and  tlie  frequent  changes  in  the 
channel,  render  the  navigation  difficult  to  the  unskilful  and 
inexperienced.  The  Gila  River,  flowing  from  E.  to  W.,  tra- 
verses the  southern  part  of  Arizona,  and  enters  the  Colorado 
near  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  territory.  The  S.  and  S.E. 
parts  are  drained  by  the  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Pedro  Rivers. 
Minerals. — Gold,  silver,  copper,  mercury,  and  lead  are 
found  iu  various  parts  of  Arizona.  Recent  explorations 
confirm  the  belief  tliat  the  precious  metals  e.iist  here  in 
large  quantities.  Gold  and  silver  mines  have  been  opened 
at  different  places  on  the  Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers,  also 
in  Yavapai  CO.,  central  Arizona.  A  letter  from  the  secre- 
tary of  the  territory  contains  the  following  passage :  "  Pres- 
cott,  the  capital,  is  in  the  heart  of  a  mining  district,  second, 
in  my  judgment,  to  none  on  the  Pacific  coast."  "At  tlie 
ledges  is  an  abundant  supply  of  wood  and  water,  and  near 
at  hand  are  grazing  and  farming  lands." 

SmI,  Productifms,  (£c. — A  large  part  of  the  soil  is  sterile. 
Tlie  valleys  of  the  Gila,  Santa  Cruz,  San  Pedro,  and  some 
other  rivers,  contain  e.xtensive  tracts  of  good  arable  land. 
The  Indians  residing  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila  cultivate 
wheat,  nuiize,  cotton,  beans,  &c.,  by  means  of  Irrigation. 
In  consequence  of  the  long  drotTghts  which  prevail,  irriga- 
tion is  necessary  to  agriculture  in  most  parts  of  the  terri- 
tory. The  road  from  the  Colorado  River  to  Prescott  is 
descriliod  by  a  recent  traveller,  as  iiassing  for  over  100  miles 
through  "a  prairie  country  that  would  compare  with  the 
best  in  the  world  for  grazing,  and  with  most  of  the  western 
Stiites  for  agriculture."  This  territory  is  not  generally  well 
wooded.  A  large  forest  of  yellow  pine,  interspersed  with 
oak,  extends  from  Prescott  to  Mount  San  Francisco  Cot- 
tonwood is  generally  found  on  the  margins  of  the  streams. 
A  low  tree  c<illed  the  Mezquit  grows  in  the  S.E.  part.  It 
is  too  hard  and  crooked  for  building,  but  is  said  to  be  valu- 
able for  mining  purposes.  It  has  a  pod  full  of  sweet  nour- 
ishing beans,  about  the  size  of  the  common  white  bean. — 
{Hitter s  California,  p.  102.)  The  adobe,  or  sun-dried  brick 
is  the  favorite  material  for  building  in  this  region. 

Objects  of  Interest  tn  Tourists. — The  cailons  or  deep  ravines 
through  which  the  Colorado  flows,  are  remarkable  for  gi-an- 
deur  of  scenery.  At  the  Black  Caiton  the  narrow  river  is 
enclosed  between  rocky  walls  which,  it  is  said,  rise  to  the 
height  of  about  1000  feet.  Extensive  ruias  of  cities,  aqui!- 
duct«,  canals,  &c.,  are  found  in  Yavapai  county,  near  the 
Rio  Verde  and  Rio  Salinas. 

Popul-atinn. — A  large  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Arizona 
are  domesticated  or  partly  civilized  Indians,  who  are  peace- 
able and  well  disposed  towards  the  white  immigrants.  The 
S.E.  part  Is  infested  by  the  Apaches,  who  persist  in  hostility 
to  the  wliite  population.  The  census  of  1S60  furnishes  no 
statistics  of  this  territory,  which  was  organized  since  that 
date.  The  white  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  min- 
ing.   Capital,  Prescott. 

Counties  and  Towns. — Arizona  Is  divided  into  4  counties, 
viz.:  Pima,  Yuma,  Mohave,  and  Yavapai.  The  principal* 
towns  are  Prescott,  La  Paz,  Tucson,  Gila  City,  Olive  City, 
and  Castle  Dome. 

History. — Arizona  was  organized  as  a  territory  on  the 
24th  of  February,  1863.  Before  that  date  it  formed  part  of 
the  territory  of  New  Mexico.  The  settlement  of  this  region 
ia  progressing  rapidly. 

ARIZONA,  a  township  of  Burt  co.,  Nebraska.    Pop.  89. 

ARIZONA  CITY,  a  village  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona,  on  the 
Colorado  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gila. 

ARLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio,  about 
11  miles  S.  of  Findlay. 

ARLINGTON,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  about 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Dayton. 

ARLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Van  Bnron  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  24  miles  W.  of  Kalamazoo.     Pop.  854. 

ARLINGTON,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Iowa,  near 
the  Nodaway  River,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Clarinda. 

ARLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  'Wiscon- 
sin, about  15  miles  N.  of  Madison.     Pop.  760. 

ARLINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sibley  co., 
Minnesota,  about  62  miles  W.S.W  of  St.  Paul,  and  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Henderson.     Pop.  367. 

ARLINGTON  HKIGHTS,  a  ridge  or  range  of  hills  in  Fair- 
fax CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Potomac,  opposite 
Washington.  They  were  strongly  fortified  during  the  civil 
war. 

ARMENIA,  a  post-township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  16  miles  N.  of  New  Lisbon.    Pop.  361. 

ARMSTRONG,  a  township  of  Vanderbcrg  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1053. 

ARNO.  a  post-office  of  Taney  co.,  Missouri,  about  40  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

ARNO,  a  village  of  Cole's  co ,  Illinois,  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  5  or  6  miles  N.E.  of  Mattoon. 

ARNOr.P.  a  village  of  Rush  CO.,  Indiana,  about  30  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Richmond. 


ASS 

ARNON,  a  post-village  of  Will  co..  Illinois,  about  36  miles 
S.  of  Cliicago. 

ARO'MA,  a  post-village  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Kankakee  River  at  ornear  the  mouth  of  the  Iroquois,  aboui. 
40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Joliet.    Pop.  of  Aroma  township.  788. 

ARKINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  24  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Lynchburg. 

ARTESIA,  ar-tee'zhe-a,  a  post-village  of  Lowndes  co., 
Mississippi,  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  219  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Mobile.  A  branch  railroad,  14  miles  long,  exteniis 
from  this  place  to  Columbus. 

ASIIBORO',  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  about  19 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Terre  Haute. 

ASIIBURN,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  17  miles  S.K.  of  Hannibal. 

ASHFORD,  a  post-townj-hip  of  Fond  du  Uic  oo.,  Wisconsin, 
about  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  1721. 

ASHGROVE,  a  post-township  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois, 
about  65  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Bloomington.    Pop.  633. 

ASIIGROVE,  a  township  of  Slielbyco., Illinois.   Pop.  9W. 
ASIIIPPUN,  a  post-township  of  l>odge  co..  Wisconsin,  on 
Rock  River,  35  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.     Pop.  1634. 

ASUKUM.  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Raiiroiwl,  73  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago.  Pop.  of  Ash- 
kum  township,  628. 

ASHLAND,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wi.sconsin,  \\aa 
an  area  of  2150  square  miles.  It  is  botinded  on  the  N.  by 
Lake  Superior,  and  drained  by  the  sources  of  Chippewa 
River.  The  surface  is  tmeven  or  hilly,  and  extensively 
covered  with  forests.  It  contains  abundance  of  iron  ore  ol 
fine  quality,  found  in  a  ridge  called  the  Iron  Mountains.  Uie 
highest  points  of  which  are  said  to  bo  1200  feet  above  l.,ake 
Superior.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Capital,  Ashland 
Pop.  515. 
ASIIL.^ND,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine.  Pop.  606. 
ASHLAND,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  732. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-villase  of  Hanover  co.,  VirgiuU,  on 
the  Richmond  Fredericksburg  and  Potomac  Riiilroad,  about 
16  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

ASHLAND,  a  jiost-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Tennessee,  about 
76  miles  S.AV.  of  Nashville. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Boyd  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  at  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Lexington  and  Big 
Sandy  Railroad  (in  progress),  10  miles  above  Iroiiton,  Ohio. 
ASHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Henry  Co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Cliicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  3  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Newcastle. 

ASHLAND,  a  village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  about  48 
miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-township  of  Newaygo  co.,  Michigan, 
about  28  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Grand  Riipids.    Pop.  304. 

ASHFjAND,  a  post-village  of  Cass  Co.,  Illin<iis,  on  the  To- 
nica  and  Petersburg  Railroad,  about  16  miles  N.E.  of  Jack- 
sonville. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri,  about 
18  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-village,  ca]iital  of  Ashland  co.,  Wis- 
consin, situated  on  the  S.  shore  of  a  bay  of  Ijake  Superior, 
about  55  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Superior  City.  The  adjacent 
country  is  fertile,  and  contains  iron  ore.  Laid  out  in  1856. 
ASHLAND,  a  post-village  in  Ashland  township.  Dodge 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  24  miles  W.  of  Rochester,  and  28  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  of  township,  240. 

ASHLAND,  a  small  post-village  of  Davis  CO.,  Kansas,  on 
the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Kansas  Jiiver,  and  on  a  branch  of 
the  Pacific  Railroad  (in  progress),  about  7  miles  S.W.  of  Man- 
hattan.    Pop.  35. 

ASHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  about  3 
miles  S.AV.  of  the  Platte  River,  and  28  miles  W.  of  the  Mis- 
souri at  Plattsmouth. 

ASHLAND,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Jackson  co., 
Oregon.     Pop.  327. 

ASHLAND,  or  ASHLAND  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Jack- 
son CO.,  Oregon,  18  miles  S.E.  of  Jacksonville.   It  has  1  store. 
ASHLEY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Illinois,  in 
Ashley  township,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  13  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Centralia.     Pop.  of  township,  629. 

ASHLEY,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co..  Missoiu-i,  about  .58 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Hannibal.    Pop.  of  Ashley  township,  992. 
ASH  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas,  about 
70  miles  N.  N.W.  of  Topeka. 

ASHTOX,  a  village  of  Manona  co.,  Iowa,  about  5  miles 
E.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  2  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Onawa, 
the  county-seat.     Pop.  52. 

ASPINW.\LL,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  co.,  Nebraska, 
situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  10  miles  below  Browu- 
ville. 

ASSANTINK  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  New  Jersej-, 
which  flows  through  Trenton  into  the  Delaware.  It  sepa- 
rates South  Trenton  from  the  city  proper. 

ASSUMPTION,  a  post-village  of  Assumption  township, 
Christian  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  23  miles  Jl. 
of  Decatur.    Pop.  of  township,  791. 

2183 


ASS 

ASSYRIA,  a  post-township  of  Barry  cc,  Michigan,  about 
to  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  9+S. 

ASTORIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fulton  CO.,  Il- 
linois, about  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield.  Total  popu- 
lation, 1279. 

AST0RI.4,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry,  capitil  of 
Clatsop  CO.,  Orejjon.  on  the  left  (S.)  bank  of  the  Columbia 
Biver,  about  10  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  70  miles  in  a 
direct  line  N.W.  of  Portland.  It  contains  5  general  stores. 
Pop.  in  1864,  about  2o0. 

ATALIS'SA.  a  post-village  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  13  miles  N.W.  of  Musca- 
tine.    It  has  1  church  and  a  public  hall.     Pop.  about  350. 

ATASCO'SA.a  county  in  the  S.part  of  Texas,  has  an  area 
of  about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Atas- 
cosa Creek,  and  also  drained  by  the  Rio  San  Miguel  and  La- 
guna  Creek.    Pop.  1578,  of  whom  107  were  slaves. 

ATCHISON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kansas,  bor- 
dering on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  400  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River,  intersected 
by  Grasshopper  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  Stranger  Creek. 
The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified ;  the  soil  is  highly  pro- 
ductive. The  streams  are  bordered  with  forest  trees.  This 
county  is  liberally  supplied  with  building  stone.  Capital, 
Atchison.    Pop.  7729. 

ATCHISON,  a  city  of  Kansas,  and  capital  of  Atchison  co., 
is  situated  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Missoiu-i  River, 
about  25  miles  by  land  above  Leavenworth,  and  20  miles  by 
the  road  S.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri.  Lat.  39°  34'  N.;  Ion. 
95°  10'  W.  The  situation  i^  described  as  very  picturesque. 
The  city  is  connected  vrith  St.  Joseph  by  railroad,  and  is 
the  E.  tenninus  by  the  great  Overland  Stage  Route  to  Cali- 
fornia. It  is  also  the  E.  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad  (in  progress).  It  contains  5  churches,  a  Catholic  col- 
lege, a  state  bank,  and  2  newspaper  offices.  It  is  stated  that 
more  than  16,000,000  pounds  of  freight  were  received  here  by 
railroad  in  1864.    Pop.  in  1860,  2616;  in  18'  5,  about  .".JiOO. 

ATH  KNS,  a  village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Des  Plaines 
River  and  on  the  Illinois  Canal,  about  25  miles  S.W.  of 
Chicago. 
ATHENS,  a  township  of  Ringgold  co.,  Iowa.    "Pop.  241. 
ATHENS,  a  village  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota,  situated 
about  14  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul,  and  2  or  3  miles  W.  of  the 
Mississippi  River. 
ATHENS,  a  post-office  of  Richardson  co.,  Nebraska. 
ATKINSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henry  Co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  30  miles 
E.  of  Rock  Island.    Pop.  240. 

ATLANTA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Logan  co,,  Illinois, 
is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  high  i)rairie,  on  the  Chicago  and 
St,  Louis  Railroad,40 miles  N..V.E.  of  Siiringfield, and 20  miles 
S,W,  of  Bloomington,  It  has  an  active  trade  in  grain  and 
stock,  and  contains  4  churches,  1  bank,  a  graded  school,  and 
a  newspaper  office.  Pop.  about  1300.  Pop.  of  Atlanta 
township,  2379. 

ATLANTA,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Missouri,  about 
70  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

ATLANTA,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Wai)sipinicon  River,  aliout  58  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

ATLAS,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  about 
10  miles  S.E.  of  Flint.     Pop.  1481. 

AT'LKE'S,  a  station  ou  the  Virginia  Central  Riiilroad,  9 
miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

ATSIO.V,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co ,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  28  miles  E.S.B. 
of  Camden. 

ATTICA,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  about  42 
miles  S.K.  of  Des  Moines. 

ATWATER,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  co..  Wisconsin,  and  a 
station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  61  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Milwaukee,  and  4  miles  S.  of  W.aupun. 

AUBBEENAUBBEE,  or  AUBBKEN0BBEE,  a  post-vil- 
lage of  Fulton  CO.,  Indiana,  in  a  township  of  the  same  name, 
and  on  the  Tijjpecanoe  River,  about  32  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Logansport.    Pop.  of  township,  679. 

AUBREY,  a  village  and  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Kan- 
sas, al>ont  36  miles  E,S,E.  of  Lawrence,     I'op.  286. 

AUBRY,  a  village  of  Mohave  co.,  Arizona,  on  the  Colo. 
railo  River,  at  the  mouth  of  Williams  Fork. 

AUBURN,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Susquehanna 
CO.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop,  2164. 

AUBURN,  a  post-village  of  Wake  co.,  North  Carolina. 

about  11  miles  S.E.  of  Raleigh. 

AUBURN,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio.   Pop  1413 

AUBURN,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Illinois.     Pop  4.37 

,„-*^,^^i^'^'  *  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  about 

12  miles  N.  of  Troy,  and  HO  miles  N.W,  of  St.  Ix)uis 

AUBURN,  a  village  and  township  of  Fayette  co,,  Iowa, 
2?  ^^'■''^JlR'/l'"'  "l"*""*  5  miles  N.W.  of  West  Union,  and 
88  miles  W.  of  Praine  du  Chicn,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  980 

AUBURN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Shawnee  co., 
Kansas,  on  Wakarnsa  Creek,  about  13  miles  S  S  W  of  To- 
peka     Pop.  583. 

AUBURN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Placer  co.,  California. 
Is  situatMl  un  or  near  the  American  River,  and  on  the  Cen- 


AUS 

tral  Pacific  Railroad,  35  miles  N,E,  of  Sacramento.  It  con- 
tains several  cluirches,  2  newspaper  offices,  "J  book  stores,  2 
drug  stores,  &c.  Gold-mines  are  worked  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  in  1860,  811 ;  in  1864,  alwnt  1200, 

AUBURN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Baker  co.,  Oregon,  on 
Blue  Gulch  Creek,  about  2  miles  from  its  entrance  into 
Powder  River,  and  300  miles  E.  of  Salem.  It  had,  in  18o3, 
2  or  3  general  stores.    Gold  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 

AUBURN  CEXTRK,  a  post-village,  of  Susquehanna  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  16  miles  S,W.  of  Montrose. 

AUBURN  STATIi  >N,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  a  railroad  6  miles  from  Auburn. 

AUDUBON,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois, 
about  48  miles  S.E.  of  Springfield. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Texas,  about  20 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rusk. 

AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri,  on 
or  near  the  Missouri  River,  about  40  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 
AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Ean  Claire  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Otter  Creek.    It  has  3  stores  and  2  mills.    Pop.  125. 

AUGUSTA,  a  mining  camp  in  Summit  District,  Union  co., 
Oregon. 

AUGUSTA  ST.ATION,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  a  railroad  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

AURARIA,  a  post-village  of  Arapahoe  co.,  Colorado,  on  the 
South  Fork  of  Platte  River,  about  6  miles  above  Denver. 

AURE'LIUS,  a  post-township  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigiin,  on 
Grand  River,  about  12  miles  S.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  1167. 

AURO'RA,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Te.xas,  on  the  W. 
shore  of  Sabine  Lake,  about  70  miles  N.E.  of  Galveston. 

AURORA,  a  flourishing  city  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  is  situ- 
ated in  Aurora  township,  on  Fox  River,  and  on  the  Chicago 
Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  40  miles  W,S.W.  of  Chi- 
cago, 170  miles  from  Burlington,  and  about  24  miles  N.W. 
of  Joliet.  Lat.  41°  47'  N.,  Ion.  88°  23'  W.  It  contains  14 
churches,  2  banks,  1  of  which  is  national,  a  city  hall  which 
cost  about  $75,000, 1  college,  2  graded  schools,  and  1  news- 
paper office;  also  3  large  flouring  mills,  1  machine  shop, 
1  or  2  woollen  mills,  and  a  large  manufactory  of  wagons. 
Here  are  located  the  extensive  workshops  of  the  above 
named  railroad,  which  emjiloy  about  700  men.  The  chief 
articles  of  export  are  giiiin,  wool,  and  pork.  Pop.  in  1860, 
6011;  in  1864,  8750. 

AURORA,  a  post-village  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa,  about  27 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Oskaloosa. 

AURORA,  formerly  Sacramento,  a  township  of  Waushara 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  687. 

AURORA,  a  post-township  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
55  miles  S.S.W.  of  Red  Wing.    Pop.  154. 

AUROKA,  a  village  of  Osage  co.,  Kansas,  about  45  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Lawrence. 

AURORA,  or  AUR0R.4.  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Marion 
CO.,  Oregon,  about  :>0  miles  N,N.E.  of  Salem. 

AURORA,  a  post-town,  cajiital  of  Esmeralda  co.,  Nevada, 
is  situated  on  a  level  spot  at  the  junction  of  two  ravines 
which  extend  between  Silver,  Middle,  and  Last  Chance 
Hills.  It  is  about  100  miles  S.K.  of  Carson  City.  Its  alti- 
tude is  about  7450  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  rapid 
growth  of  Aurora  is  owing  to  the  rich  silver  mines  which 
have  been  opened  here.  In  18C3,  it  had  9  quartz  mills  in 
operation,  one  of  which  cost  about  S150,O0iJ  It  is  stated 
that  more  than  40  brick  buildings  were  erected  in  this  place 
in  that  year.  Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  Thfi 
Directory  of  Nevadii,  for  18i?3,  enumerates  about  1200  resi- 
dents of  Aurora.    Pop.  in  1865,  estimated  at  3500, 

AURORA  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  27  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Faribault. 

AURORAVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Waushara  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, 16  miles  E.  bv  S.  of  Wautoma. 

AU  SABLE,  or  AUX  SABLE, a  post-township  and  village 
of  Iosco  CO.,  Michigan.  The  village  is  on  Lake  Michigan, 
at  the  mouth  of  Au  Sable  River.    Pop.  175. 

AU  SABLE  or  AUX  SABLE,  a  township  of  Grundy  co., 
Ulinois.    Pop.  857. 

AUSTERLITZ,  a  pos^vinage  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Grand  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of  Rouge  River,  about  10  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

AUSTIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tunica  co.,  Mi.isissippi, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  50  miles  by  land  S.W.  of 
Memphis. 

AUSTIN,  a  township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  on  or  near 
Lake  Michigan.    Pop.  302. 

.\USTIN,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Jef- 
fersonville  Railroad,  33  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

AUSTIN,  a  village  of  Cass  CO.,  Missouri,  about  60  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Kansas  City. 

AUSTIN,  a  post-township  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota,  con- 
fciins  Austin,  the  couiitv-seat.    Pop.  in  1860.  462. 

AUSTIN,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Mower  co., 
Minnesota,  is  pleasantlv  situated  on  the  Red  Cedar  River, 
about  90  miles  in  a  direct  line,  or  110  by  the  road  S.  of  St. 
I'nul.  and  4ii  miles  S.W,  of  Rochester.  It  contains  2  churches, 
and  1  newspaper  office.  It  is  on  the  route  of  a  railroad  which 
is  projected  from  t=t.  Paul  to  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa.  Pop.  about  bi/C 
AUSTIN,  a  post-office  of  Clay  co.,  Nebraska- 


AUS 


BAR 


AlISTTTiT,  a  mining  town,  capital  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada, 
•n  the  overland  mail  route  about  160  miles  in  a  direct  lino 
E.  of  Virginia  City,  and  about  10  miles  E.  of  Reese  Kiver. 
It  is  situated  at  the  E.  base  of  the  Toiyabe  Mountain,  in  tlie 
midst  of  rich  silver  mines.  It  contained  in  18t4,  8  general 
stores,  2  bookstores,  etc.,  and  had  3  quartz  mills  in  opera- 
tion; 1  daily  newspaper  is  published  here.  Pop.  in  1864, 
estimated  at  2.500. 

AUSTIN  VILLS,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co..  Pennsyl- 
vania, alx)ut  18  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Elmira,  New  York. 

AUSTiNVILLE,  a  post-%illage  of  Wi'tho  CO.,  Virginia, on 
the  New  liiver,  about  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Wytheville. 

AVALON,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland,  on 
Ihe  Patapsco  River,  about  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Baltimore. 

AVERY,  a  post-office  of  Berrien  CO.,  Michigan,  and  a 
station  on  the  Central  Railroad,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Michi- 
gan City. 

AVERY,  a  post-village  on  the  line  iDetween  Phelps 
and  Maries  counties,  Missouri,  about  10  miles  N.N.E  of 
RoUa. 

AVERY,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  99. 


AVILLA  or  A  VILA,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana, 
about  24  miles  N   by  W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

AVOCA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston  co 
Illinois,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Pontiac.     Pop.  758 

AVOCA,  a  small  post-village  of  Iowa  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Milwaukie  and  Prairie  du  Chien  Railroad,  43  miles  W 
by  N.  of  Madison,  and  about  1}^  miles  S.  of  the  Wisconsin 
River. 

AVON,  a  township  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1120. 

AVON,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  8  miles  below  Des 
Moines  City. 

AVi  IN,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Minnesota,  about  25 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rochester. 

AVON,  a  township  of  Coffey  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  528. 

AVONDALE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  l^hiladelphia  and  Baltimore  Central  Railroad,  38 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

AYLETTS,  a  post-village  of  King  William  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Mattapony  River,  about  2o  miles  N.E.  of  Rich- 
mond. 


B. 


I)  AT)  AXE,  a  post-village  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  40 
>  miles  N.N.E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  It  hits  1  store  and 
9  dwellings. 

BADGER,  a  small  post-village  of  Portage  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Stanton.     Pop.  about  50. 

BAGDAD,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Louisville  and  Frankfort  Railroad,  13  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Frankfort. 

BAHAL.A.,  a  post-village  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
New  Orleans  and  Jackson  Railroad,  about  60  miles  S.  of 
Jackson. 

BAILEYSBI7RQ,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Juniata  River  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  23 
miles  N.N.W.  of  flarrisburg. 

BAILEY'S  HARBOR,  a  post-township  of  Door  co,  Wis- 
consin, on  Lake  Michigan. 

BAINBRIDGE,  a  township  of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  l.".;:}. 

B  AIRDSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Conemaugh  River,  nearly  opposite  Blairs- 
villo,  and  about  44  miles  E.  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  286. 

BAKER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Oregon,  bordering  on 
Idaho.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Lewis  or 
Snake  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Powder,  Malheur,  and 
Owyhee  Rivers.  The  surfiico  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  The 
soil  of  some  of  the  valleys  is  Siiid  to  be  fertile.  Gold  is  found 
on  the  Powder  and  Malheur  Rivers.  Timtier  is  scarce  in 
many  parts  of  the  county.    Capital,  Auburn. 

BAKER'S  CORNERS,  a  small  village  of  Walworth  co., 
Wisconsin,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Elkhorn. 

BAKERS  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Mary- 
land, about  12  miles  S.  of  llagerstown. 

B.A.LDWIN,  a  post-township  of  Chemung  co..  New  York, 
6  miles  E.  of  Elmira.     Pop.  918. 

BALDWIN,  a  post-village  of  Duval  co.,  Florida,  at  the 
v-ossing  of  the  Florida  Riiilroad  ami  the  Florida  Atlantic 
fcnd  Gulf  Central  Railroail,  20  miles  W.  of  Jacksonville. 

BALDWIN,  or  HALDWYN,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba 
00.,  Mississippi,  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  31  miles  8. 
01"  Corinth. 

BALDWIN,  a  township  of  Sherburne  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  1.38. 

BALDWIN  CITY,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Doiiglas  co., 
Kansas,  on  the  railroad  from  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Gibson 
(in  progress).  It  has  2  churche.s,  an  institution  called  Baker 
Univer.'^ity,  2  newspaper  offices,  7  stores,  etc.  Pop.  said  to 
be  about  700. 

BALDWIN\^LLE,  a  post-village  of  Edg,ar  co.,  Illinois, 
about  24  miles  N.W.  of  Torre  Haute. 

BALLAHAC,  a  mining  camp  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
about  25  miles  Y.  of  Downieville.     Pop.  about  .300. 

BALL'S  BLUFF,  Loudon  co.,  Virginia,  is  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  about  33  miles  N.W.  of  Washington. 
Here  Colonel  Baker  was  killed  and  his  troops  defetited,  Oct. 
21, 1861. 

BALTIMORE,  a  post-township  of  Barry  co.,  Michigan, 
about  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  611. 

BALTIMORE,  a  tovvn.ship  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  768. 

BANCROFT,  a  post-township  of  Freeborn  to.,  Minnesota, 
about  45  miles  S.E.  of  Mankato.  It  contains  a  small  village 
named  Bancroft,  on  the  Shell  Rock  River  near  its  source. 
Pop.  414. 

B.\NnERA,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  1000  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Medina  River,  and  also  drained  by  Hondo  Creek.  Capi- 
tal, Bandera.    Pop.  399. 

BANDERA,  a  small  poKt-village,  capital  of  Bandera  oo., 
Texas,  on  the  .Aledimi  River,  about  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  San 
Anlouio. 


BANFIELD,  a  small  village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Wisconsin  River,  about  6  miles  from  its  mouth. 

BANGO,  a  township  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  702. 

BANGOR,  a  village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  24 
miles  S.  of  Lancaster. 

BANGOR,  a  township  of  Bay  co.,  Michigan,  on  Saginaw 
Bay.    Pop.  907. 

BANGOR,  a  village  of  Bay  co.,  Micliigan,  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Saginaw  River,  nearly  opposite  Bay  City. 

BANGOR,  a  village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  about  7 
miles  N.  of  Pontiac. 

BANGOR,  a  post^township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan, 
about  30  miles  W.  of  Kalamazoo.     Po]i.  672. 

BANGOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Marshall  co., 
Iowa,  about  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  640. 

BANGOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  La  Crosse  co., 
Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  the  La  Crosse  River  and  on 
the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  15  miles  E.N.E.  of 
La  Crosse.    Pop.  of  township,  787. 

BANGOR,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California,  14  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Oroville.     It  has  several  stores. 

BANKS,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Georgia,  has  a 
an  area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  Broad  River.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  uneveu 
Pop.  4707,  of  whom  3621  were  free. 

BANKSrON,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois,  about 
65  miles  N.E.  of  Cairo. 

B.\NNER,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1026 

BANNER  CITY,  a  mining  village  of  Boisee  co.,  Idaho 
about  35  miles  N.N.E.  of  Idaho  City.  Gold  and  silver  are 
found  here. 

BANNOCK  CITY,  Idaho.     See  Id.iho  City. 

B.\NNOCK  CITY,  a  mining  town  of  Montana  Territory, 
situated  on  the  Jefferson  Fork  of  the  Missouri  River,  near 
its  source  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  about  44  miles  W.  of 
Virginia  City.  Here  are  rich  silver  mines.  Gold  is  also 
found  in  the  vicinity. 

BAR^ABOO',  or  BARRABOO,  a  post-villago,  capital  of 
Sauk  CO.,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  the  Baraboo  River,  15 
miles  (by  laud)  from  its  mouth,  and  about  40  miles  N.N.A> 
of  Madison.  It  is  ab<jut  900  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It  has  a  fine  brick  court-house,  6  churches,  1  collegiate  in- 
stitute, 1  large  union  school,  1  bank,  1  printing-oifice,  1 
flouring-mill,  2  woollen  factories,  and  about  600  dwellings. 
First  settled  about  1847.  Pop.  in  1860, 1360 :  in  1865.  about 
2500. 

BARBERS,  a  village  of  Sutter  co.,  California,  about  18 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Marvsville. 

BAHBERSVILLi:,  "or  BARBOURSVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  about  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  MadisuTi. 

BARCLAY,  a  village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  16 
miles  S.W.  of  Towanda,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  tho 
Barclay  Railroad.     Here  are  some  coal  mines. 

BARCL.\Y,  a  post-township  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa, 
about  7  miles  E.  of  Waterloo.    Pop.  340. 

BARDOLI'H,  a  post-village  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  67  miles 
N.E.  of  Quincy. 

BARKLEY,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  675. 

BAKNESVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Bourbon  co., 
Kansas. 

BARNET,  a  township  of  De  Witt  co.,  Hlinois.    Pop.  S04. 

BARR,  a  township  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana,  traversed  by 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad.     Pop.  2342. 

B.-VRRACKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co..  West 
Virginia,  near  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  70 
miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling.     Free  population  91. 

B.\R'RE  or  BARIiEE,  a  township  of  La  Crosse  co..  Wis- 
""onsiu,  about  7  miles  N.E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  1099. 

2185 


BAR 

BAintBiT,  ii  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Poji.  "OJ. 

BARRETT'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Mis- 
gouii.  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  17  miles  AV.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

IJARRIXOTON  STA I  ION,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  32  miles 
N.W.  of  Chicago. 

B.4RRY,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  6  miles  W.  of  Jackson. 

B.\RTOX,  a  pO!>t-village  of  Orleans  CO.,  Vermont,  on  Bar- 
ton River,  and  on  the  Connecticut  ami  Pasaumpsic  Rivers 
tlailroad,  26  miles  N.  by  W.  of  St.  Johnsbury,  and  6  or  7 
miles  3.E.  of  Irasburg. 

BARTON,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Newaygo  co., 
Michipm.    Pop.  38. 

BARTON,  formerly  NEWARK,  a  post-village  of  Barton 
township,  Washington  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee 
River,  3  miles  N.  of  West  Bend.    It  has  2  churches,  3  stores, 

1  mill,  and  30  dwellings.    Pop.  about  150 ;  pop.  of  township, 
1242. 

BARTON,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  bj'  the  North  Fork  of  Spring  River,  which 
flows  southward,  and  b3'  an  affluent  of  the  Little  Osage 
which  flows  northward.  The  greater  part  of  the  county  is 
prairie.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified.  Coal  is  found 
in  this  connti',  and  limestone  is  abundant.  It  has  groves 
of  oak,  hickorj',  walnut,  locust,  linn  or  linden,  Ac.  Capital, 
Lamar.    Poj).  1817. 

BARTONSA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Vermont,  on  the  line 
between  Windham  and  Windsor  counties,  and  on  the  Rut- 
land and  Burlington  Railroad,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Rutland. 

BASCOM,  a  post-village  of  Seneca,  co.,  Ohio,  al>out  40 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Toledo. 

BASS,  a  Tillage  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  on  the  Sacra^ 
men  to  River,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Shasta. 

BASTRESS  or  BASTROSS,  a  post-township  of  Lycoming 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  8  miles  S.W.  of  Williamsport. 
Pop.  294. 

BATAVH,  a  post-township  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan, 
About  5  miles  W.  of  Coldwater,  is  traversed  bj'  the  Michi- 
^n  Southern  Railroad.     Pop.  1189. 

B.A.TAVIA,  a  village  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Iowa,  on  a  railroad 
12  miles  W.  of  Fairfield. 

BATCHELDER  or  BATCHELLER,  a  post-village  of  Riley 
CO.,  Kansas,  on  the  Republican  River,  about  20  miles  W.  of 
•  Manhattan. 

B.\.'rEHAM,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana,  about 
28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

BATESVILliE,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Rjiilroad,  54  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Cincinnati. 

B.\Tn,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Amlx)y  and  Lansing  Railroad,  6  miles  N.E.  of 
Lansing.    Pop.  577. 

BATH,  a  post-office  of  Woodson  co.,  Kansas. 

BATH,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California.  It  has 
gold  mines. 

BATTLE  CREEK,  California,  a  small  affluent  of  the  Sac- 
ramento River,  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Shasta 
and  Tehama  counties. 

BATTL&OROtJND,  a  post-office  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  railroad,  6  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Lafayette. 

B.^Y,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Michigan,  has  an  area 
of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  in  the  E.  by  Sag- 
inaw Bay,  and  drained  by  the  Saginaw,  Rifle,  and  Saganin 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  is  mostly  covered 
with  forests.  The  soil  is  fertile.  Lumber  is  the  chief  arti- 
cle of  export.    a-ipitiU,  Bay  City.    Pop.  3164. 

B.4.YARD,  a  post-village" of  Columbiana  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  69  miles  S  S  E.  of  Cleve- 
land, and  12  miles  S.  of  Alliance.  It  is  the  N.E.  terminus 
of  the  Tnscarawaa  Branch  Railroad.    Pop.  480. 

BAY  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bay  co.,  Michigan, 
situated  on  the  right  (E.)  bank  of  the  Saginaw  River,  about 
6  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  112  miles  N.N  W.  of  Detroit. 
It  contains  a  number  of  churches,  1  national  bank,  and  sev- 
eral saw-mills.  A  large  quantity  of  pine  lumber  is  shipped 
here.    Pop.  in  1860, 1583. 

BAY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Lake  Pepin,  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi,  about  7  miles 
below  Red  Wing.    It  was  formerly  called  Saratoga.    It  has 

2  mills. 

BAYFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  La 
Pointe  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Superior 
abou)  80  miles  by  water,  or  60  miles  by  land,  E.  of  Supe- 
ri(jr  City.  It  has  a  good  harbor  and  a  pier  400  feet  long. 
It  contains  several  churches,  1  large  hotel,  1  steam  saw- 
mill, etc.  The  adjacent  country  is  said  to  be  rich  in  mine- 
rals.    Pop.  353. 

B.4YmR,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  900  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Brazos 
River,  and  by  the  Big  Wichita.  The  census  of  1800  furnishes 
no  information  respecting  this  county. 

BAYPORT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hernando  co.,  Plori- 


BEE 

da,  situated  on  the  Qulf  of  Mexico,  about  170  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Tallahassee. 

BAYPORT,  a  township  of  Ashland  co.,  Wisconsin,  en 
Lake  Superior.    Pop.  196. 

BAYTOWN,  a  township  and  village  of  Washington  co., 
Minnesota,  on  Lake  i^t.  Croix,  about  16  miles  E.N.E  of  St. 
Paul.  The  villageisabout4miles  below  Stillwater.  Pop.  420. 

BAZAAR',  a  post-township  of  Chiise  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
156. 

BEACH  HAVEN,  or  BEECH  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of 
Luzerne  co..  Pa.,  on  the  N.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna 
River,  27  miles  by  railroad  E.N.E.  of  Danville. 

BEALETON,  a  post-village  of  Fauqtiier  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Ma- 
nassas Junction. 

BEAL'S  BAR,  a  village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California, 
about  20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sacramento. 

BEAR  CRKEK,  a  township  of  Emmet  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  213. 

BEAR  CREEK, a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1121. 

BEAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Pepin  co.,  Wisconsin,  inter- 
sected by  the  Red  Cedar  Kiver-    Pop.  427. 

BEAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
611. 

BE.^R  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Wanpaca  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  38  miles  AV.  of  Green  Bay.    Pop.  205. 

BEAR  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Mariixisa  CO.,  Califor- 
nia, about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Mitriposa.  It  has  several  stores 
and  2  quartz  mills.  Pop.  about  400.  Here  are  rich  quarta 
gold-mines. 

BE.ATRICE,  a  post-office  of  Gage  co.,  Nebraska. 

BEAUFORT,  or  BEAUFORD,  a  post-village  of  Franklin 
CO.,  Missouri,  about  56  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

BEAVER,  a  large  county,  in  the  S.  part  of  Utah,  border- 
ing on  Nevada  and  on  Colorado.  It  is  about  245  miles  in 
length.  It  is  drained  by  Beaver  River.  The  ceuti'al  part  is 
mountainous ;  the  soil  is  generally  sterile.  Lead  is  found 
in  the  county.    Capital,  Beaver.    Pop.  785. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Iroquois  Co.,  Illinois.    Pop. 763. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  546. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  111. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  300. 

BEAVER,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
327. 

BEAVER,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
Whitewater  River,  about  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Winona. 

BEAVER,  a  post-village,  wipital  of  Beaver  co.,  Utah,  215 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  is  situated  on  Beaver 
River,  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  motmtains,  in  which  lead, 
iron,  and  copper  are  said  to  be  found.  Here  are  several 
grist-mills  and  saw-mills.    Pop.  about  700. 

BEAVER,  a  post-village  of  Thurston  co.,  "Wiishington 
Territory,  6  miles  8.  of  Olympia. 

BEAVER  DAM,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Fremont  Lima  and  Union  BaUroad,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Lima. 

BEAVER  D.\5I.  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana, 
about  14  miles  S.W.  of  Warsaw. 

BEAVKR  DAM  DEl'OT,  a  post-office  of  Hanover  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Central  Railroad,  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

BEA'ST5R  HEAD  VALLEY,  a  mining  district  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Montana  Territory,  is  a  few  miles-S.E.  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Wisdom  River,  and  the 
Jefferson  Fork  of  the  Missouri.    It  contains  gold. 

BEAVER  RIVER,  a  township  of  Renville  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  64. 

BEAA'ERTON,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Hlinois,  on  or 
near  a  railroad,  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Rockford. 

BE.WINS  GULCH,  a  mining  district  or  camp  of  Monfcma 
Territory,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Virginia  City. 

BECKER,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  1400  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Buffalo  River  and  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  which 
rises  within  its  limits,  and  it  contains  a  number  of  small 
lakes.  The  surface  is  elevated.  The  county  contained  in 
1860,  77  white  persons,  and  309  Indians. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Central  R;iilroad,  122  miles  W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  1210. 

BEDFORD,  a  jiost-village  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Il- 
linois River,  about  54  miles  S.E.  of  Quincy. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  CO.,  Missouri,  on 
Grand  River,  about  85  miles  E.  by  S.  of  St.  Joseph. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  a  prairie,  and  on  the  river  One  Hun- 
dred and  Two,  about  100  miles  S.W.  of  Des  Moines.  It  ron- 
Uiins  a  court-house,  1  church,  6  drygoods  stores,  1  news- 
paper office,  1  flouring-mill,  and  2  saw-mills.  Pop.  alr)ut 
450. 

BEDFORD,  a  post-village  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesrta, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  33  miles  N.W.  of  St.  An- 
thony. 

BEE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  area  estimated  at 
1000  square  miles.    It  is  drained  by  the  Araiisas  River,  and 


BEE 


BEN 


by  Medio  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  lerel.  Pop.  910,  of 
whom  79  were  slaves. 

BEECH  CliEKK,  a  township  of  Clinton  co..  Pennsylra- 
nia.    Pop.  94ii. 

BBEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bee  co.,  Texas. 

BELDEV,  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River,  an<l  on  the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  34 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Fort  AVayne. 

BELDENVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Pierce  co.,  Wiscon.sin, 
14  miles  E.  of  Prcscott.   It  has  a  saw-mill  and  20  dwellings. 

BELFAST,  a  post-office  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  about  24 
miles  E.N.K.  of  Cincinnati. 

BELFAST,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Elaine.  Pop.  287. 

BELGRADE,  a  township  of  Nicollet  CO.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
184. 

B  KLIND.A.,  a  post-village  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa,  about  42  miles 
8.S.H  of  Des  Moines. 

BELKNAP,  a  post-village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  1.3  miles  N.E.  of  Kittanning. 

BELKNAP,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Young  CO.,  Texas,  on 
the  Brazos  River,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Uenton. 

BELL,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Peimsylvania.  Pop. 
792. 

BELLAIR,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  6.34. 

BKLLBUCKLE,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  51  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Nashville. 

BELLCKNTRE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Kickapoo  fiver,  about  25  miles  N.E.  of  Prairie  du 
Chien.    It  has  a  saw-mill  and  2  hotels.     Pop.  50. 

BELL  CRfcEK,  a  post-townshii)  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Red  Wing.     Pop.  151. 

BKLLE  CKEEK,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co.,  Ne- 
braska.   Pop.  42. 

BELLEFONTAINE,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Minne- 
■ota.  on  Spring  Lake,  about  2S  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul. 

BELLEFiJNTE,  a  village  of  La  Clede  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Gasconade  River,  about  65lniles  S.  by  W.  of  JcfTorson  City. 

BELLEMONTE,  a  post  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
about  12  miles  N.  of  St.  Louis,  and  4  miles  S.  of  the  Mis- 
souri River. 

BELLE  PLAIN,  or  BELLE  PLAINE,  a  post-village  of 
Benton  co.,  Iowa,  about  34  miles  by  railroad  W.  of  Cedar 
Kapids. 

BELLE  PLAIN,  a  post-township  of  Shawana  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  34  miles  W.N.W.  of  Green  !$ny.     Pop.  198. 

BELLE  PLAIN,  or  BELLK  PLAINK,  a  post-township  of 
Scott  CO.,  Minnesota,  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul.  Pop. 
927. 

BELLE  PLAINE,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  right  bauk  of  the  Minnesota  River,  about  22  miles 
above  Shakopee,  and  S8  miles  N.W.  of  Faribault.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  600. 

BELLE  PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  317. 

BELLE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Morri- 
son CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississijipi  River, 
about  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  St.  Cloud.     I'op.  228. 

BELLE  VALLEY,  a  post-oflice  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Krie  Railroad,  7  miles  S.K.  of  Erie. 

BEf^LEVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas,  about 
13  miles  N.X.W.  of  Henderson. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wood  co..  West  Virginia, 
near  the  Ohio  River,  about  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  Parkersburg. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Tennes- 
see, about  60  miles  W.  of  Knoxvillo. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  villftge  of  Zapata  co.,  Texas,  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  about  .50  miles  N.W.  of  lUo  Grande  City. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Huron  River,  about  27  miles  W.S.W.' of  Detroit. 

BELLEVILLE,  apost-village  of  llendricksco.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Terre  Hauto  aud  Richmond  Railroad,  19  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Indianapolis. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  ia 
pleasantly  situated  on  Sugar  River,  and  in  Jlontrose  town- 
ship, 20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mudison  It  has  1  church  and  1 
flour-mill,  moved  by  water-power.     Pop.  about  300. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  small  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, near  ROck  River,  about  8  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Jefferson. 

BELLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  CO.,  Minnesota, 
about  22  miles  S.E.  of  Preston. 

BELLEVUE,  or  BELLVIEW.  a  township  of  Brown  Co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  E.  side  of  Fox  River,  adjacent  to  the 
town  of  Green  Bay.     Pop.  439. 

nEt.LF.VUR.  o-  BELLVIEW,  a  township  of  Morrison  co., 
Minnesota,  oa  tne  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  99. 

BELLEVUE,  a  village  of  Jackson  Co.,  Kansas,  about  24 
miles  N.  of  Topeka. 

BELLEVC  E,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sarpy  co.,  Nebraska, 
Is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  7  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte,  and  19  miles  below  Omaha  City,  which 
is  about  12  miles  distant  by  land.  It  contains  sevenil 
churches  and  hotels,  a  newspaper  office,  and  numerous 
stores.  Here  is  a  steam-ferry  crossing  the  river.  Pop.  in 
1660,  929. 


BELLFIELD,  a  station   -.a  the  ppt-jTsburg  RailroaC  ia 

Sus.-'ex  CO.,  Virginia,  40  miles  S.  of  i'etersburg. 

BEI.LMORE,  or  BELMORE,  a  post-village  of  Parke  co  , 
Indiana,  about  8  miles  E.  of  Rockvillo. 

HELLO'NA,  a  village  of  Chesterfield  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
James  River,  about  14  miles  W.  of  Richmond. 

BELLVILLE,  or  BELLEVILLE,  a  poht-village.  cnpital  of 
Au.stin  CO.,  Texas,  about  60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Houston,  ana 
25  miles  N.E.  of  Cohmibus. 

BELLTON,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  Co.,  West  A'irginia, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  35  miles  S.8.E.  of 
Wheeling. 

BELLWOOD,  a  village  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota,  8  or  9 
miles  S.  of  Hastings. 

BELMOND,  a  post-village  of  Wright  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Iowa  River,  about  42  miles  N.E.  of  Foit  Dodge. 

BELMONT,  a  jK>st-township  of  Middlesex  Co.,  Massachu- 
setts, 5  or  6  miles  N.W.  of  Boston.     Poj).  1198. 

BELMONT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alleghany  CO.,  New 
York,  on  the  Genesee  River,  an<l  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  92 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  EIniira,  and  94  miles  E.8.E.  of  Dunkirk. 
It  was  formerly  called  Phillii)sville.  It  contains  a  court- 
hou.se,  a  jail,  numerous  stores,  and  several  barrel  factoiies. 
The  river  affords  gf)od  wattr-powcr  here.     Pop.  abotit  1400. 

BELMONT,  a  post-village  of  Newberry  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

BELMONT,  a  post-village  of  Gonzales  co.,  Texas,  about 
52  miles  S.  of  Austin  Citv. 

BELMONT,  a  post-village  of  Bullitt  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Loiiis\ille  and  Nashville  Railroad.  25  miles  S.  of  Louisville. 

BELMONT,  a  township  of  Iroquois  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
968. 

BELMONT,  a  small  village  of  Mississippi  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  Hiver,  opposite  Columbns,  Kentucky,  A 
battle  was  fought  here  between  the  Unionists  and  rebels  on 
November  7, 1861. 

BELMONT,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  383. 

BELMONT,  a  township,  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Portage  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  405. 

BELMONT,  a  village  of  Jackson  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Des  Moines  River,  about  66  miles  W.S.W.  of  Munkato. 

BELMONT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Woodson  co., 
Kansas,  about  100  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Topeka.     Pop.  236. 

BELMONT,  a  thriving  post-village  of  San  Mateo  co., 
California,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  San  Francisco 
with  San  Jose,  24}/^  miles  S.  of  the  former.  It  has  3  stores 
and  3  brick-yards.     Popi  about  250. 

BELPASSI,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon, 
15  mile-s  N.E.  of  Salem.  It  has  1  church,  1  academy  or 
school,  1  cabinet  shop,  Ac.     Pop.  about  150. 

BELTON,  a  i)ost-village  of  Anderson  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  27  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Greenville.  A  branch  railroad,  about  10  miles 
long,  extends  from  this  place  to  Anderson. 

BELTS  VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Prince  George  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Washington  Branch  Railroad,  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Washington. 

BELVIDERE,  a  post-village  of  Manona  co.,  Iowa,  on  Ma- 
ple River,  7  or  8  miles  E.  of  Onawa. 

BELVIDERE,  a  townsliip  of  Buffalo  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  368. 

BEMENT,  a  post-village  of  Bement  township,  Piatt  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  21  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Decatur.     Pop.  of  the  township,  727. 

BENNER,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1193. 

BENNINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Amboy  and  Lansing  Railroad,  20  miles  N.E.  of 
Lansin?;. 

BENNINGTON,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  041. 

BENNINGTON,  a  township  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  178. 

BENONA,  a  post-township  of  Oceana  co.,  Michigan,  about 
40  miles  N.  of  Grand  Haven.     Pop.  270. 

BENSON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Louisville  and  Frankfort  Railroad,  5  miles  W.of  Frankfort. 

BKNSON,  a  village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California,  on  tlie 
Cosumne  River,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Stockton. 

BENTON,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  14  miles  N.  of  Bloomsburg.     Pop.  893. 

BENTON,  a  village  of  Harrison  CO.,  Texas,  on  Ferry 
Lake,  about  14  miles  N  E.  of  .Marshall. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Hocking  co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1349. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1072. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  473. 

B KNTON,  a  township  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1157. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Fremont  co.,  lowii,  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  opposite  Nebraska  City.     Pop.  344. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Keokuk  Co..  Iowa.    Pop.  773. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Lucas  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop  408. 

HENTON,  a  post-villiige  of  Mills  CO.,  Iowa,  about  27  mile* 
S.E.  of  Council  Bluffs. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Taylor  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  246. 

BENTON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  743. 

2187 


BEN 

BKNTON',  a  post-township  of  Carver   co.,  Minnesota,  ] 
about  3-2  miles  S.W.  of  Minneapolis.    Pop.  534. 

KENTON,  a  village  of  Sherburne  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  neai-ly  opposite  St.  Cloud. 

B  ENTON'S  KERU Y,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  6  miles  S.  of 
fairmoat. 

BKN'J'ONVILLB,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  17  miles  W.of  Goldsborough.  Here  a  battle 
was  fought  between  General  Sherman's  army  and  the  rebels 
in  the  spring  of  1865. 

BEN\V(JOD,  a  popt-village  of  Marshall  co.,West  Virginia, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  on  the  Oiiio  River, 
4  miles  S.  of  Wheeling. 

BENZIK,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Michigan,  has 
an  area  of  about  440  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
and  W.  by  Lake  Michigan.    Capital,  Beuzonia. 

BENZO'XIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Benzie  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  110  miles  N.  of  Muskegon,  and  10  miles  E.  of 
Lake  )Iichigan. 

BERGEN,  a  post-townsliip  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  14  miles  below  La  Crosse. 
Pop.  349. 

B  ERG  KN,  a  township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  133. 

BERGEN  IRON  WORKS,  a  po~t-village  of  Ocean  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  40  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  New  York. 

BERGER,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co,,  Missouri,  on  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
60  miles  E.  of  Jefferson  City, 

BERKLEY,  a  village  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Cedar 
Rapids  and  Missouri  River.  Riiilroad,  about  15  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Cedar  Rapids. 

BERLIN,  a  post-village  of  Southampton  co.,  Virginia, 
about  44  miles  W.  of  Norfolk. 

BERLIN,  a  village  of  Marshall  co.,  Tennessee,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  Nashville. 

BERLIN,  a  post-village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Grand 
Rapids. 

BERLIN,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1211. 

BERLIN,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  226. 

BERLIN,  a  post^village  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Iowa 
River,  about  70  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Des  Moines. 

BERLIN,  a  township  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
654. 

BERLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Steele  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  33  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Farilxiult.     Pop.  232. 

BERMUDA  HUNDRED,  Chesterfield  co.,  Virginia,  is  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  James  River,  just  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Appomattox,  about  V/^  miles  N.  by  W.  of  City  Point. 

BERREYESA  VALLEY,  Napa  co.,  Califoinia,  is  about  20 
miles  long  by  2  wide,  and  has  a  rich  soil.  It  is  drained  by 
Putah  Creek. 

BERRIEN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  AUapaha,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Little  River,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Withlaeoochee  River.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level :  the  soil  is  sandy.    Capital,  Nashville.    Pop.  3475. 

BERRY,  a  post-township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  tra- 
versed by  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien  Railroad, 
about  14  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Madison.     Pop.  673. 

BERRYMAN,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois.  Pon. 
415. 

BERWICK,  a  post-village  of  St.  Mary's  Parish,  Louisiana, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Atchafalaya,  where  it  is  crossed  by 
the  New  Orleans  and  Opelousas  Railroad,  80  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  New  Orleans. 

BERWICK,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Great  Western  Railroad,  and  on  the  Scioto  River,  about 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Marion. 

BERWICK,  a  post-village  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  San- 
dusky, Dayton,  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  9  miles  S.W.  of 
Tiffin. 

BKRWICK.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Warren  co.. 
Illinois,  alx)ut  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Galcsburg.     Pop.  997. 

BERTKAM,  a  post-township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  808. 

BERTRAND,  a  village  of  Mississippi  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad,  IS  miles  .S.W.  of  Cairo. 

BETHALTO,  a  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
St.  Louis,  Alton  and  Xerre  Haute  Railroad,  10  miles  E.  of 
Alton. 

BE  IIIANY,  a  post-village  of  York  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, about  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Yorkville. 

BETHANY,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Gratiot  co. 
Michigan.     Pop.  93. 

BETHEL,  a  post-township  of  Branch  co.,  Michigan  on 
the  Southern  Railroad,  about  60  miles  W.  of  Adrian.  Pop. 
1185.  ^ 

BETH  EL,  a  township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.985 

BETHEL,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  48 
miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  McGregor. 

BETHEL,  a  township  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop  128 

BETHEL,  a  village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  12  miles  N.E  of 
Dallas. 

21S8 


BLA 

BEVANA,  or  BEVANS,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  CO.,  New 
Jeriioy,  about  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Newton. 

BEVIER,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  75  miles  W.  of  Hannibal, 
and  5  miles  W.  of  Macon  City. 

BIANCA,  a  post-village  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
44  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Anthony,  and  9  miles  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  at  Monticello. 

BIDWELL,  a  township  of  Butte  co.,  California.  Pop.  1097. 

BIDWELL,  or  BIDWELL' S  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Butte 
CO.,  California,  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River,  9  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Oro>ille.  It  has  several  stores,  and  is  suppoi-ted 
by  the  gold-mines  of  the  vicinity. 

BIELER,  a  village  of  Sonoma  co.,  California,  on  the  sea 
coast,  about  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Santa  Rosa. 

BIG  BAR,  a  township  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California.  Pop. 
1157. 

BIG  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  California,  20  miles 
W.  of  Weaverville. 

BIG  BEAVER,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  975. 

BIG  BETHEL,  a  village  of  York  co.,  Virginia,  near  the 
Northwest  Branch  of  Back  River,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of 
Fortress  Monroe.  A  battle,  in  wiiich  Msyor  Winthrop  was 
killed,  was  fought  here  June  10,  1861. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  648. 

BIG  CREEK,  a  township  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
513. 

BIG  EAU  CLAIRE,  (o'klair',)  a  small  river  in  the  N.E. 
central  part  of  Wisconsin,  flows  through  the  E.  part  of  Ma- 
rathon county,  and  enters  the  Wisconsin  River  about  6 
miles  below  Wausau. 

BIG  EAU  PLAINE,  (o^plain',)  a  river  of  Marathon  co., 
Wisconsin,  flows  soutlieastward,  and  enters  the  Wisconsin 
River  near  tlie  S.  border  of  the  county. 

BIG  FLATS,  a  post-township  of  Adums  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  10  miles  N.  of  Friendship.    Pop.  56. 

BIG  GROVE,  a  township  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1847. 

BIG  GROVE,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  387. 

BIG  GROVE,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  954. 

BIG  LAIvE,  a  township  of  Sherburne  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  186. 

BIG  OAK  FLAT,  a  post-villnge  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 16  miles  S.E.  of  Sonora.  It  has  a  number  of  stores  and 
1  quartz-mill.     Gold  is  found  here.     Pop.  about  400  or  500. 

1$IG  PRAIRIE,  a  post-township  of  Newaygo  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  90  miles  N  W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  275. 

BIG  RAPIDS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mecosta  CO.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Muskegon  River,  about  60  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Grand  Rapids. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  townsliip  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  711. 

BIG  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  about 
12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Topeka. 

BIG  TIIOM  I'SON,  a  post-village  of  Larimer  co.,  Colorado, 
on  the  Big  Thompson  River,  45  miles  N.  of  Denver,  and  o 
miles  E.  ot  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

BIG  WOOD  RIVER,  see  Boisf;E  Rivkr. 

BIXGH.\M,  a  post-township  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan, 
about  110  miles  N.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  326. 

BINGHAMTON,  a  post-office  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin. 

BIRCH  RUN,  a  post-village  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  Railroad,  15  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Flint. 

BIRCH  RUN,  a  post-township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan, 
about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Saginaw.    Pop.  662. 

BIRD'S  POINT,  or  BIRDSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Mis- 
sissippi CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  just  above 
the  month  of  the  Ohio,  and  on  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Riiil- 
road, 1  mile  S.W.  of  Cairo. 

BISIIOPVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  about 
33  miles  S.  of  Zanesville. 

BITTER  ROOT  RIVER,  in  the  W.  part  of  Montana,  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  flows  northward  and  enters 
Clark's  River.  Red  sandstone  and  slate  are  found  on  its 
banks. 

BLACKBIRD,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Nebraska, 
bordering  on  Iowa.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Mis- 
souri River.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  is  fertile. 
The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this 
county. 

BLACKBIRD,  a  post-village  of  Blackbird  co.,  Nebraska, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  65  miles  by  land  N.  by  W.  of 
Omaha  City. 

BLACK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, 12  miles  N.  of  Appleton. 

BLACK  EARTH  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Wisconsin, 
rises  in  Dane  county,  flows  in  a  W.N.W.  direction,  and  en- 
ters the  Wisconsin  in  Iowa  county. 

BLACK  EARTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dan» 
CO.,  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prai 
rie  du  Chien  Railroad,  19  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Madison.  Pc- 
701. 

Br.ACK  HAJIMER,  a  township  of  Houston  co..  Minne- 
sota.   Pop.  271. 


BLA 


BOI 


BLACK  HAWK,  a  township  of  Black  Ilawk  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  -251. 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  townahip  of  Jefferson  co ,  Iowa.  Pop. 
719. 

BLACK  HAWK,  a  township  of  Kock  Island  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1004. 

BI  A.CK  HAWK  POINT,  a  post-town  of  Gilpin  CO.,  Colo- 
rado, situated  high  up  in  the  Snowy  Range  of  Mountains, 
abou*  40  miles  AV.  of  Denver.  It  has  rich  gold-mines  in  the 
vicinity.    The  population  is  said  to  be  several  thousand. 

BLACK  .TACK,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  about 
17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lawrence. 

BLACK  LICK,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  t).56. 

UL.VCKMAN,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  immediately  N.  of  Jackson,  the  coun- 
ty-se^t.  Pop.  1266. 
BLACK  OAK,  a  township  ofMahaska  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  736. 
BLACK  RIVER  FALLS,  a.  po.^t-vilhige,  capital  of  Jack- 
son CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  Black  River, 
27  miles  N.  of  Sparta,  and  about  45  miles  N.N.E.  of  La 
Crosse.  It  has  12  stores,  2  hotels,  9  saw-mills,  2  grist-mills, 
and  about  75  dwellings.    Pop.  570. 

BLACKSHKAR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pierce  CO., 
Georgia,  on  Hurricane  Creek,  and  on  the  Savannah,  Albany 
and  Oulf  Railroad,  86  miles  S.W.  of  Savannah. 

BLACK  WOLF,  a  village  and  township  of  Winnebago  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Winnebago  Lake,  8  or  9  miles  N.  of  Fond  du 
Lac.    Pop.  69.3. 

BLAIN,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

BLAIRSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa,  on  a 
railroad,  24  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

BLAKEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Blivck  Hawk  CO.,  Iowa, 
about  8  miles  N.E.  of  Waterloo. 

BLANCO,  a  new  county  near  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  1200  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Guadalupe  and  Pedernales  Rivers,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Rio  Blanco.    Pop.  1281. 

BLANCO,  a  post-village  of  Blanco  co.,  Texaa,  about  50 
miles  W.8.W.  of  Austin  City. 

BLAND,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Virginia,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  3o0  sqiiare  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Walker's  and  Wolf  Creeks,  and  by  the  North  Fork  of  Hols- 
Bton  River,  which  rises  within  its  limits.  The  surface  in 
some  parts  is  mountainous.  A  range  called  AValker'g  Moun- 
tain extends  along  the  S.E.  border.  Capital,  Mechanics- 
burg  (?)  The  census  of  1800  furnishes  no  information  respect- 
ing tills  county. 

BLANDITORD,  a  village  of  Prince  George  co.,  Virginia, 
about  IW  miles  E.  of  Petersburg. 

BLANDINSVILLB,  a  posMownship  of  McDonough  co., 

Illinois,  about  3:i  miles  E.N.E.  of  Keokuk,  Iowa.   Pop.  149». 

BI-ANDON,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 

the  East  Penn.sylvania  Railroad,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Reading. 

BLENDON,  a  post-township  of  (tttawa  CO.,  Michigan, 

about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.     I'op.  332. 

BLOOM,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
294. 

BLOOM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  26  miles  E. 
of  Joliet.     Pop.  1228. 

BLOOM,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
526.    It  contains  6  mills. 

BLOOM  KK,  a  township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigan,  about 
40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lansing,  contains  a  post-offlce,  named 
Bloomer  Centre.    Pop.  fi2s. 

BLOOMER'S  PRAIRIE,  a  posfc-township  ot  Chippewaco., 
Wisconsin,  about  60  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Hudson.    Pop.  200. 

BLOOMKIKLI),  a  village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  about 
18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Zanesville. 

BLOOM  FIELD,  a  village  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana.,  about 
30  miles  K.  l>v  N.  of  Evansville. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad.  5  miles  S.E.  of  Pontiac. 
BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  840. 
BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high  prairie,  1  mile  S.  of  Fox 
River,  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Keokuk,  and  110  S.E.  of  Des 
Moines.  It  contains  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  2  brick 
school-houses,  2  hotels.  13  stores,  besides  groceries,  and  sev- 
eral grist-mills  and  saw-mills.  Pop.  in  1860,940;  in  1865, 
reported  to  be  1500. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  320. 
BLOOMFIELD.  a  township,  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  Waushara  co..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  516. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  460. 

BLOOMFIELD,  a  towniship  of  Nevada  co.,  California, 
about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Nevada,  contains  the  village  of  North 
Bloorafield.    Pop.  927. 

BLOOMWELD.  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co.,  California, 
16  miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Rosa.    It  has  several  stores.    Pop. 
in  1804,  about  150. 
BLOOM  GARDEN,  a  post-village  of  Maries  co.,  Missouri, 


on  the  Gasconade  Biver,  about  35  miles  S.S.B.  J<  J.>tfi»i"»Mi 
City. 

BLOOMINODALE,  a  post-township  of  Van  Buren  co, 
Michigan,  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Grand  Rapids      Pop.  627. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  a  post-village  of  Vernon  co.,  Wiscon 
sin,  about  27  miles  E.S.E.  of  l-a  Crosse. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  township  of  Dana  CO.,  WiBconsin, 
about  3  miles  E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  710. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  township  of  Waseca  co.,  Minne- 
sota.    Pop.  345. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Osage  River,  about  66  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lawrence. 

BLOOMING  I'ORT,  a  pos^village  of  liandolph  co.,  Indi- 
ana, about  17  miles  N.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

BLOOMINQTON,  a  village  of  Clearfield  co^  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  8  miles  S.W.  of  Clearfield. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  about 
33  miles  E.S.E.  of  Dayton.     Pop.  114. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Hcnnejrfn  co.,  Minne- 
sota, in  Bloomington  township,  and  on  the  Minnesota  River, 
about  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Minneapolis.   Pop.  of  township,  424. 
BLOOMINGTON,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.    Pop. 
145. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  loira. 
Pop.  1556. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  village  of  Douglaa  co^  .Kansas,  on 
Rock  Creek,  8  or  9  miles  S.W.  of  Lawrence. 

BLOOMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  Luckamute  River,  about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Dallas. 

BLOUNTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana, 
abont  13  miles  N.E.  of  Newcastle. 

BLUE  EARTH,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minnesota,  has 
an  area  of  about  760  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Minnesota  River,  intersected  V)y  the  Blue 
Earth  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Maple,  the  Watonwan, 
and  other  streams.  The  surface  is  undnlating,  and  diversi- 
fied by  numerous  small  lakes.  The  soil  is  highly  produc- 
tive. A  large  proixirtion  of  the  county  is  occupied  liy  prai- 
rie, among  which  woodlands  are  profusely  distribjiteJ. 
Limestone  is  found  in  the  county.  Capital,  Mankato.  Pop. 
4803. 

BLUE  EARTH  CITY,  the  capital  of  Faribault  co..  Mil. 
nesota,  is  situated  on  the  Blue  Earth  River,  about  42  mUeir 
S.  by  W.  of  Mankato,  and  100  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.S.W . 
of  St.  Paul.  Pop.  in  1860.  317. 
BLUE  GK  A.«S,  a  township  of  Scott  co'  Iowa.  Pop.  1039. 
BLUE  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-office  of  Calaveras  or  Alpine 
CO.,  California,  42  miles  E.  of  Mokelumne  Hill. 

BLUE  RAPIDS,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Kansas, 

on  the  Big  Blue  Kiver,  abont  13  miles  S.  of  Marysville 

Pop.  of  Blue  Rapids  township,  (>.'i9. 

BLUE  RIDGE,  a  township  of  Piatt  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  WT' 

BLUE  RIVER,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 

1060. 

BLUE  RIVER,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1069. 

BLUE  RIVER,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
866. 

BLUE  RIVER,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Grant  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  444. 

BLUE  SPRING  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Gage  co.,  Ne- 
braska, on  the  Big  Blue  River,  about  65  miles  S.W.  of  Ne- 
braska City. 

BLUFF  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Hlinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad,  51  miles  W.  of  Springfield,  and  4 
or  5  miles  K.  of  the  Illinois  River. 

BLUFF  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Gase  co.,  Nebraska,  near 
the  Big  Blue  River,  abont  65  miles  S.W.  of  Nebraska  City. 
BLUFF  CREEK,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop. 
675. 

BLUFFTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winneshiek 
CO.,  Iowa.  The  village  is  on  the  Upper  Iowa  River,  about  12 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Decorah.     Pop.  466. 

BLUMFIKLD,  a  post-township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan, 
about  8  miles  E.  of  Saginaw  City.    Pop.  557. 
BLUNT,  a  township  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1349. 
BOARDMAN,  a  township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  contains 
El  Kader,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  840. 

BOARDMAN,  a  small  post-village  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

BOAZ,  a  small  post-village  of  Richl.and  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Eagle  River,  8  miles  W.  of  Richland  Centre. 

BODE'GA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sonoma  co., 
California,  on  or  near  the  ocean,  about  60  miles  N.W.of  San 
Francisco.  It  has  several  stores.  Pop.  of  the  township,  924. 
BODIE,  or  BODIE'S  BLUFF,  a  mining  district  or  village 
in  Mono  co.,  California,  about  9  miles  W.  of  Aurora,  Ne- 
vada.   Gold  and  silver  are  found  here. 

BOGARD,  a  post-township  of  Daviess  Co.,  Indiana,  abont 
24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vincennes.     Pop.  917. 

B  >IS1^;E.  or  B0IS15,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  or  S.W. 
part  of  Idaho.  It  is  drained  by  the  Payette  Rivei'  and  sev- 
eral creeks.  The  surfai-e  in  some  parts  is  mountainous. 
The  county  contains  forests  of  pine.  The  inliabitants  are 
mostly  employed  in  mining  gold.  There  are  about  8  quartz- 

2189 


BOl 


BRA 


mills  in  operation  In  this  county.  The  principal  mining 
towns  are  Idaho  Citv,  Placerville,  Centreville  and  Pioneer 
City.  Capital,  Idaho  City.  Pop.  in  lS6i,  16,168.  Since 
tliat  date  its  limitii  liave  been  reduced  by  the  formation  of 
Ada  count  V. 

BOISEE,  or  BOISK  CITV,  the  capital  of  Idaho,  and 
county  seat  of  Ada  county,  is  situated  on  the  N.  bauli  of 
the  Boisee  River,  about  30  miles  W.8.W.  of  Idaho  City, 
and  about  370  miles  in  a  direct  line  .N.N.K.  of  Carson  City, 
Nevada.  Lat.  43°  34'  N  ;  Lon.  about  116°  W.  It  became 
the  capital  of  the  territory  in  the  latter  part  of  18t>4. 
Gold  and  silver  are  found  in  the  viciuity.  One  newspaper 
is  published  here.     l*op.  in  1866  about  IJOO. 

BOrsfiE.  or  BOISfi  BIVKR,  sometimes  called  BIG  WOOD 
RIVER,  rises  in  the  Salmon  Mountains,  in  the  8.  central 
part  of  Idaho ;  flows  westward  through  Ada  county,  and 
enters  the  Lewis  or  Snake  River  on  the  W.  border  of  the 
territory.     (See  next  article.) 

B01S15e  BASIJ*,  a  mining  district  of  Idaho,  near  the 
Boisee  River,  contains  placer  gold  mines  and  quiU-tz  lodes, 
which  are  among  the  richest  in  the  territory.  It  includes 
the  towns  of  Idaho  City,  Placerville  and  Pioneer  City.  It 
is  said  to  be  well  timbered. 

BOISFORT,  or  BOISXiORT,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co., 
Washington  territory,  10  miles  S.  W.  of  CUiquato. 

BOLINaS,  bo-lee'uas,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Marin  co.,  California.  The  village  is  on  or  near  the  sea,  10 
mileii  W.  of  San  Rafael.  It  has  several  stores.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  60S. 

BOLIVAR,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  West  Virginia,  near 
the  Shenandoah  River,  about  1  mile  S.W.  of  Hiirpei'"s 
Ferry.     Pop.  1130. 

BOLIVAR  HEIGHTS,  Jefferson  co..  West  Virginia,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Potomac,  adjacent  to  Harper's  Perry. 

BOLLINGER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Slissouri,  has 
an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Whitewater  or  Little  River,  and  Castor  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  broken  or  hilly;  the  soil  is  said  to  be  fertile  and 
well  wooded.  This  county  contiiins  iron  ore  and  extensive 
beds  of  Kaolin.    Capital,  Kalliis.    Pop.  7371. 

BOLTOX,  or  BOLTON'S  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Hinds 
CO.,  Mississippi,  on  the  Vicksburg  and  Jackson  Railroad,  27 
miles  E.  of  Vicksburg. 

BOLTOWILLE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Wis- 
consin, ti  miles  \.K.  of  West  Bend.  It  has  3  milhi,  several 
stores,  and  30  dwellings.     Pop.  about  160. 

BOND,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  925. 

BONDVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Bennington  co.,  Vermont, 
about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Bennington. 

BONHOMME,  a  post-village  of  Jayno  co.,  Dakota,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  about  36  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Yankton. 

BOXITA,  a  village  of  Otter  Tail  co.,  Minnesota,  situated 
at  the  S.W.  end  of  Otter  Tail  Lake. 

BO.VNER,  or  BOXNERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson 
parish,  Louisiami,  about  70  miles  E.  of  Shreveport. 

BOOMER,  a  township  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
275. 

BOON'E,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.     Pop.  1614. 

BOONE,  a  post-township  of  Dallas  co.,  Iowa,  12  miles  W. 
of  Des  Moines  City.    Pop.  577. 

BOONE,  a  township  of  ILtmilton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  463. 

BOONE  HILL,  or  BOON  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Johnson 
CO.,  North  Carolina,  on  the  North  Carolina  Railroad,  12  miles 
X.  \V.  of  Oold^boruugh. 

BOONESBORO,  or  BOONSBORO.  a  post-village  of  Wa.sh- 
ingtori  CO.,  .Aj-kaiis;ia.  alxiut  20  miles  S.W.  of  Fayetteville. 

BOONESBOROCGH,  or  BOOXSBOROUGH,  a  post-vil- 
lage, capitiil  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa,  is  situated  about  2  miles 
E.  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  and  40  miles  N.X.W.  of  Des 
Moines  City.  It  is  on  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  the  Missouri 
River  Riulroad,  which  is  completed  to  this  point. 

B  >OXEVILLE,  a  posi-village  of  Tishuuiingo  co.,  Missis- 
*'*iPVA'^  the  Mobile  and  i  )hio  R;iili  oad,  20  miles  S.  of  Corintli. 

BOO.W  ILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Owvhee  co..  Idaho,  on 
Jordan  Lreek,  about  2  miles  below  Ruby  City.  It  has  2 
general  stores. 

BOS'COBEL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Giant  co.  Wis- 
consin, on  the  left  (S.E.)  bank  of  the  Wisconsin  Kiver,  and 
°?  w"*,-^  '^^""'"^  '""^  Prairie  du  Cliien  R;iilroad,  70  mil^  W. 
ot  Madison.  It  has  several  stores  and  is  a  depot  for  oro- 
duce.    The  river  is  navigable  by  steamboats. 

B.  )8C0BEL,  a  fracUonal  township  of  Grant  co..  Wiscon- 
Bln,  contains  the  village  of  Boscobel.    Pop  665 

BOSQUE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  Brazos  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Bosque  River. 
^t,'Ki^av"'^'M|-     P^F- 2006,  of  whom  293  were  slaves. 

BOSTON,  a  vilL-ige  of  Halifax  co„  Virginia,  on  the  Rich- 
mornl  and  p...,ville  RaiIroad,and  on  the  Dan  River,  31  mUes 
Jv.  by  N.  of  Danville. 

BOSTON',  a  posM  illage  of  Nelson  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 

^  imi^i^r.v-'"*"-?*,,'^'''''"*^  ^  "'"'-8  S.  of  Louisville. 

JiOSTON.  a  village  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan  about  16 
mile*  S.E.  of  Kalamazoo.  i^^^gau,  aoout  lo 

219C 


BOSTON,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  in  Boston 

township,  8  or  9  miles  S.  by  E  of  Richmond. 

BOULDER,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Colorado,  has  an 
area  of  about  600  square  miles;  It  is  drained  by  B<julder 
Creek.  The  Rocky  Mountain  chain  extends  along  the 
western  border  of  the  county.  The  soil  is  said  to  be  fertile. 
Productive  gold  mines  are  worked  in  the  western  part  of 
this  county,  which  also  contains  iron  ore  and  roofing  slate. 
Capital,  Boulder  I'ity. 

BOULDER,  a  post-township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  about  22 
miles  N.E.  of  Ce«bir  Rapids.     Pop.  600. 

BOULDER  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Boulder  co., 
Colorado  is  situated  on  Boulder  Creek,  at  the  E.  base  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  25  miles  N.W.  of  Denver  City.  It 
contains  2  churches,  3  stores,  and  2  hotels.  There  are  rich 
gold  mines  about  12  miles  W.  of  this  town.  Pop.  about  9(.t0. 
BOULUER  CREEK,  in  the  S  W.  part  of  .Montaii.i,  is  an 
aflluent  of  the  Madison  Fork  of  the  Missouri.  It  flows 
northeastward. 

BOUNTIFUL,  a  village  of  Davis  co  ,  Utah,  about  10  miles 
N.  of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  has  several  stores.  Pop.  in  1860, 86S. 
BOURBON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  border- 
ing on  Missouri,  liiw  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Little  Osage  and  Marmaton  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  It 
contains  a  large  portion  of  prairie  and  lias  timber  dis- 
tributed along  the  streams.  Capital,  k'ort  Scott.  Pop.  6101. 
BOUItBOX,  a  post-village  in  Bourbon  townslWp,  Marshall 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Pittsburg  Fort  M'ayne  and  Chicago 
Railroad,  about  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Plymoutii.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship, 1767. 

BOURBON,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  railroad  which  connects  St.  Louis  with  Rolla,  77  miles 
S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

BOURBONNAIS.  a  township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Kankakee  River.     Pop.  2205. 

BOVINA,  a  township  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
15  miles  N.N.W.  of  Appletun.     Pop.  214. 

BOWDEN,  a  station  in  North  Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington 
and  Weldon  Railroiui.  60  miles  N.  of  Wilmington. 

BOWDON,  or  BOWDEX,  a  ijost-village  of  Carroll  co., 
Georgia,  about  56  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Atlanta.  Frei  popula- 
tion, 304. 

BOWERBANK,  a  post-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Mainn, 
about  7  miles  N.  of  Lover.     Pop.  101. 

BOWLING,  a  township  of  RtJck  Island  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
755. 
BOWNE,  a  township  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  743. 
BOX  ELDER,  a  large  county  firming  the  N.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Utah,  bordering  on  Idaho  and  Nevada.  It  i» 
drained  by  the  Beiir  River  and  Holmes'  Creek.  It  contain» 
but  little  arable  land.  The  northern  half  of  Great  Salt 
Lake  is  included  in  this  county.  Capital,  Brigham  City. 
Pop.  160S. 

BOYD,  a  coiinty  In  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering 
Ohio  and  West  Virginia ;  hiis  an  area  of  about  230  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  tlie  Ohio  River,  and 
on  the  E.  by  the  Big  Sandy.  The  surface  is  uneven ;  the 
soil  in  some  parts  is  productive.  Pop.  6044. 
BOYER,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  443. 
BOYKRSTOWN.  or  BOYERTOWN,  a  post-village  of 
Berks  co.,  l\!nnsylvaiii.i,  about  18  miles  E.  of  Reading. 

BOYXTON,  a  post-township  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois, 
about  24  miles  S.S.E  of  Peoria.    Pop.  686. 

BRACEVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Grundy  co.,  IlliAois, 
about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Joliet.     Pop.  607. 

BRACKEX,  or  BRACKETT(?),  a  village  of  Kinney  co., 
Texas,  about  125  W.  of  San  Antonio. 

BR.^DFORD,  a  station  on  the  Louisville,  New  Albany 
and  Chicago  Railroad,  in  White  co.,  Indiana,  31  miles  N.  of 
Lafayette. 
BRADFORD,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1253. 
BRADFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chickasaw 
CO.,  Iowa,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Cedar  Falls,    Pop.  898. 

BRADFORD,  a  village  of  Jefi'ersou  CO.,  Colorado,  about  20 
miles  S.  W.  of  Denver. 

BRADSHAW,  a  post-village  of  Giles  Co.,  Tennessee, 
about  70  miles  S.  of  Nashville. 

BRADY,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
701. 

BR.\^Dy,  a  post-township  of  Kalamivzoo  co.,  Michigan, 
about  70  miles  S.  W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  1011. 

BRADY',  a  township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  278. 

BR.iNDOX,  a  post-village  of  Bucliaiuin  co.,  Iowa,  about 

10  miles  N.  of  Vinton. 

BR.\NDOX,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1022. 

BRANDON,  a  small  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wi« 

consin.  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Berlin  with  Waupun, 

20  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Berlin,  and  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fond 

du  Lac. 

BKAXDONVILLE,  a  pos^village  of  Preston  co.  West 
Virginia,  about  15  miles  N.  ol  Kingwood.    Pop.  165. 

BRANDY'  CITY',  a  mining  camp  of  Sierra  co.,  California 
Pop.  125. 
BRANDY  STATION,  a  post-offlce  of  Culpepper  co.,  Vir 


BRA 


BRO 


•inia,  on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  66  miles 
B.W.  of  Alexandria. 

BRANT,  a  township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  88. 

BKASIIEAR,  a  pust-village  of  St.  Mary's  Parish,  Louisi- 
ana, on  the  Atchaialaya  lUver,  and  on  the  New  Orleans  and 
Opelousas  Railroad,  80  miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Orleans. 

BRATTON,  a  township  of  Mifflin  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 

ro2. 

BRECKENRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Caldwell  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  61  miles  E. 
of  St.  Joseph. 

BRECKENRIDOE,  a  post^village  of  Andy  Johnson  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Sioux  Wood  River,  about  125  miles  W.  of  Crow  Wing. 

BRECKENHIIHjE.apost-village  of  Summit  co.,  Colorado, 
la  situated  near  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  about  70 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Denver. 

BREMEN,  a  post-village  of  McLean  Co.,  Kentucky,  about 
40  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Hopkinsville. 

BRK.>JEN.  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and 
Rock  Island  Railroad,  23  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

BRKNTON,  a  village  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota,  abont  24 
miles  N.  of  St.  Anthony. 

BRENTWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Williamson  co.,  Tennes- 
see, on  a  railroad,  9  miles  S.  of  Nashville. 

BKIOKTON,  a  post-oftice  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  a  rail- 
road, ^'■i  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

BlilDAL  VEIL  FALLS,  CaUfornia.     See  PonoNO. 

BRIOGEBOROUGII,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
jersey,  on  Rancocfis  Creek,  2  miles  from  its  mouth,  and 
about  12  miles  E.N.K.  of  Camden. 

BRIDGE  CREEK,  a  townsliip  in  the  E.  part  of  Eau  Clair 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  4S0. 

HRIDGEIIAMPTON.a  township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  AU. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Cass  River,  and  on  the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  Rail- 
road, 26  miles  N.N.W.  of  Flint. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Terre  Ilaute  and  Richmond  Railroad,  9  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Inilianapolis. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Missis-sippi  Railroad,  14  miles  W.  of  Vincennes. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  St.  Louis 
Riiilrciad,  4  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wisconsin  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie 
du  Chien  Railroad,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien.  It  has 
2  warehouses.     Pop.  75. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Mono  co.,  California, 
about  260  miles  8.K.  of  Sacramento. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  village  and  township  of  Nevada  co., 
Calif(Jrnii^  about  7  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nevada.  Pop.  2686, 
mostly  engaged  in  gold-mining. 

BRIDGEPORT,  a  post  village  and  township  of  Polk  co., 
Oregon,  8  miles  S.  of  Dallas.     Total  population,  228. 

BRIDGETON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Newaygo 
CO.,  Michigan.  The  village  is  on  the  Muskegon  River, 
about  3i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.     Pop.  225. 

1!RIDGEWATKR,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  CO., 
Maine,  about  ViO  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  491. 

BRIDGEWATER,  a  township  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  474. 

BRIGGS,  a  township  of  Sherburne  co..  Minnesota.  Pop.  51. 

BRIGGSV'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  county,  about  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Port.-ige  City.  It  has  1  church,  3  stores,  and  1  saw- 
mill.    Pop.  about  200. 

BRIGIIAM  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Box  Elder  co., 
Utah,  near  Bear  River,  about  60  miles  N.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 
Pop.  in  1860,  975. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Missouri,  about 
24  miles  N.  of  Springtield. 

BRIGHTON,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  73. 

BRIGHTON,  a  post-township  of  Sacramento  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  S.  side  of  the  American  River,  and  on  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  Railroad,  about  5  miles  E.  of  Sacrameuto.  It 
contains  2  churches  and  2  stores.     Pop.  762. 

BRILLION,  a  post-township  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin. 
It  is  situated  about  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Appleton.  Pop. 
800. 

BRISTOB,  or  BRISTOE  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Prince 
William  co.,  Virginia,  on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Rait 
road,  4  miles  W.S.W.  of  Manassas  Junction. 

BRISTOL,  a  post-villageof  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the 
line  between  Tennessee  and  Virginia,  15  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Abingdon,  and  130  miles  E.N.E.  of  Knoxville.  The  Vir- 
ginia and  Tennessee  Railroad  connects  here  with  the  East 
Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad. 

BRISTOL,  a  poBt-vi"<ige  aud  township,  capital  of  Worth 
CO.,  Iowa,  about  128  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  by  £.  of  Des 
Moines.  It  has  1  store,  1  steam  saw-mill,  and  1  schooL 
Pop.  about  100 ;  of  the  township,  in  1860.  372. 

BRISTOL,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  borders 
on  the  Stat*  of  Iowa.     Pon  .'i77. 


BRISTOL  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Fillmore  CO.,  Mliin^ 
sota,  about  40  miles  S. S.E.  of  Rochester. 

BRISTOW  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  5  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Bowling  Green. 

BRO  ADFORD,  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,Pennsyl  vania,  on 

the  Pittsburg  and  Connellsville  R.R..  2  m.  N.  of  Connollsville. 

BROADWAY,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey, 

on  the  Pohatcong  Creek  and   the  Morris  Canal,  about  8 

miles  S.  of  Belvidere.   It  has  1  woollen  mill  and  1  grist-mill. 

BROADWAY,  or  HROADWAY  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of 

RcM-kin'.;ham  co.,\  irgini;i,alKiut  34  miles  N.N.E.  of  Staunton. 

BRO.\DWELL,a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Kentucky, 

abf)ut  22  miles  N.N.E  of  Lexington. 

BROADWELL,a  post-village  of  Ix)gan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Rjiilroad,  21  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Springfield. 

BRODHEAD,or  BROADIIEAD,a  flourishing  post-village 
of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Sugar  River,  and  on  the  rail- 
road from  Janesville  to  Monroe.  18  miles  W.  liy  S  of  Janes- 
ville.  It  has  several  churches,  3  stores,  a  large  grist-mill,  a 
steam  planing-mill,  and  about  100  houses. 

BliONSON,  a  post-village  in  Bronso'n  township.  Branch 
CO.,  Mi<higan, on  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  66  miles 
W.  of  Adrian. 

BRONSON,  a  post-village  of  Levy  co.,  Florida,  on  the  Flo- 
rida Railroad,  about  140  miles  S.E.  of  Tallehassee. 

BROOKDALE,  a  post-village  of  Siisijuehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 4  or  5  miles  W.  of  Great  Bend. 

BROOKKIELD,  a  post-township  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan, 
about  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  821. 

BKOOKKIELD,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  14  miles  S.E.  of 
Indianapolis. 

BROOKFIELD,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
876. 

BROOKFIELD,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Linn  co., 
Missouri,  situated  in  a  fertile  prairie,  on  the  Hannibal  and 
.St.  Joseph  Railroad,  104  miles  W.  of  Hannibal,  and  102  miles 
E.  of  St.  Joseph.  It  is  one  of  the  princii)al  stations  between 
the  cities  just  named.  It  contains  an  engine-house  and 
machine-shopof  the  railroad,  1  or  2  churches,  2  hotel8,about 
5  general  stores.  1  tobacco-factory,  Ac.  First  Settled  about 
1859,  mostly  by  eastern  people.     Pop.  about  550. 

BROOKFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton  co., 
Iowa,  about  36  miles  S.  of  Dubuque.  Total  popnlation,643. 

BROOKFIELD  JUNCTION,  a  village  of  Wankesha  CO., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien  Rail- 
road, where  it  connects  with  the  Milwaukee  and  Watertown 
Railroad,  14  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee. 

BROOKING,  a  county  in  the  E  S.E.  part  of  Dakotah,  bor- 
dering on  Miimesota,  has  an  area  of  about  2500  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  l)y  the  Big  Sion.x  River,  and  the  Lao 
qui  Parle  River.  The  surface  is  diversified.  The  census  of 
1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county. 

BROOKLIN,  or  BROOKLYN,  a  township  of  Hennepin 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  608. 

BRUOKLIN,  a  township  of  Mower  Co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
189. 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  about 
24  miles  S.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

BROOKLYN,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1324. 

BROOKLYN,  a  thriving  post-Village  of  Poweshiek  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  110  miles 
W.  of  Davenport.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  prairie,  1  mile 
from  good  timber.  It  contains  2  churches,  4  or  5  stores, 
and  a  steam-mill.     Pop.  about  500. 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-township,  forming  the  N.E.  extremitj 
of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Sugar  River,  about  18  miles  ? 
of  Madison.     Pop.  1060. 

BROOKLYN,  a  township  of  Green  Lake  co.,  Wisconsin, 
contains  the  village  of  Dartford,  and  includes  about  half  of 
Green  Luke.     Pop.  962. 

BROOKLYN,  a  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  about  11 
miles  S.  of  Lawrence. 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas. 

BROOKLYN,  a  township  of  Alameda  co.,  California,  con- 
tains the  village  of  Brooklyn.    Pop.  1341, 

BROOKLYN,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co.,  California,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  opposite  the  city  of 
that  natne,  which  is  10  miles  distant.  It  is  connected  with 
San  Francisco  by  railroad  and  steamboats.  It  has  4 
churches  and  several  schools.    Pop.  about  300  or  400. 

BROOKS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia,  bor- 
dering on  Florida,  has  an  area  of  about  ri50  square  miles. 
It  is  partly  bounded  on  tlie  E.  by  the  Withlacoochee  River, 
and  intersected  by  the  Ocopilco  River.  The  surface  is  level, 
aud  the  soil  sandy.     Pop.  t  356. 

BROOKS,  a  township  of  Newaygo  co.,  Michigan;  Pop.  571. 

BROOKVILLK,  a  post-  village  of  Noxubee  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  27  miles  S.S.W.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  CO.,  Ohio 
on  the  Dayton  and  Western  Railroad,  13  miles  W.N.W.  o* 
Dayton. 


BRO 


BUF 


BROOKVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  Sot 
I  miles  W.N.W  of  Fairfield. 

BROOKVILLE,  a  post-rillage  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wiscon- 
«in,  on  the  Eau  Galle  River,  about  27  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Iludson. 

BROTHERTOWX,  a  post-township  of  Calumet  co.,  Wis- 
'cusin,  on  Winnebago  Lake  about  H  miles  N.E.  of  Fond 
du  Lac.    Pop.  1367. 

BROWN,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  1050  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Pecan 
River.    Pop.  244. 

BROWN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  about  450  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tlie  N.E. 
by  the  Minnesota  lUver  and  intersected  ))y  the  Big  Cotton- 
wood River.  The  surface  is  diversified  and  the  soil  fertile. 
The  sugiir  maple  is  found  in  this  county.  Capital,  New 
Elm.     Pop.  2339. 

BROWN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kansas,  bordering 
on  Xebraska,  has  an  area  of  .about  boO  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  S.  Fork  of  the  Nemaha,  and  by  the  Grass- 
hopper and  Wolf  Rivers.  The  surface  is  soiiiewliat  diversi- 
fied: the  soil  is  fertile.  It  contaims  a  number  of  prairies. 
Capital,  Hiawatha.    Pop.  2007. 

I5R0WN,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  874. 

UROWN,  a  township  of  Manistee  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  220. 

BROWN,  a  townsliip  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
214S. 

BROWN,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  995. 

BROWNS  VALLKV,  a  post-village  of  Yubf*  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 12  miles  N.E.  of  Marysville.  Here  are  several  quartz 
mills. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  village  of  Cabell  co.,  West  Virginia, 
on  the  Oliio  River,  about  24  miles  above  Ironton,  Ohio. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  about 
14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Cadiz. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  27 
miles  N.E.  of  Marietta. 

BR0WNSVIL1>E,  a  village  of  Kent  co.,  Michigsm,  on  the 
Thorn  Apple  River  about  55  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Lansing. 
The  name  of  the  post>-office  is  North  Brownsville. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Raisin  River,  about  H  miles  N.N.E  of  Adrian. 

BROWNSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri, 
on  Lamine  River  about  40  miles  W.  of  Booneville. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Brownsville  township, 
Houston  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River  about  11  miles  below  the  city  of  La  Crosse,  and  33 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Winona.  It  has  several  stores  and  ware- 
houses for  <rrain.    Pop.  of  the  township  in  1800.  842. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Yuba  co.,  California,  30 
miles  N.N.E.  of  .Marysville. 

BROWNSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  on 
lie  Calapooya  River,  22  miles  S.E.  of  Albany.  It  has  4 
general  stores,  a  grist-mill,  a  woollen-mill,  and  a  sash  and 
blind  factory.     Pop.  aliout  3.50. 

BROWNTOWN,atownshipof  Josephine  CO.,  Oregon.  Pop. 

BROWNVILLE,  a  flourishing  post-town,  capital  of  Ne- 
maha CO,,  Nebraska,  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  River, 
about  125  miles  below  Omaha  City,  and  124  miles  above 
&unt  Joseph,  Missouri.  It  contains  i,lS64)  3  churches,  1 
bank,  2  printing  offices,  a  United  States  Land  office,  21 
stores,  1  flour-mill,  and  2  saw-mills.  The  site  is  30  or  40 
feet  above  the  water,  and  enclosed  on  all  sides  except 
the  East  by  blue's  which  approach  very  near  to  the  river. 
Brownville  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1664.  Pop.  in 
1860,425.  ^ 

BROWNWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Texas. 

BRUCE,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1239. 

BRUCK,  a  township  of  Benton  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  193 

BRUCEPORT,  a  post-village  of  Pacific  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  Shoal  water  Bay,  50  miles  in  adirect  Une  W  S.W 
of  Olympia.    It  has  2  or  3  stores 

M  ^^^^-^^9^^*  l>08'-^i"»ge  of  Wayne  co.,  Missouri, about  18 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Greenville. 

^.?^o^^'^'5'  t  '°^*ns'''P  of  Eau  Clair  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Chippewa  River.     Pop.  288 

BRUNSWICK,  a  post-village,  capital  Kanabec  co.,  Blin- 
nesota,  on  Snake  River,  about  64  miles  N.  of  St.  Anthony. 
Pop.  in  looO,  .JO.  ' 

BRUSH  CREEK,  a  vill.ige  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan 
on  the  Paw  Paw  River,  about  27  miles  W.  by  S.  of  KaJa^ 

maZOO.  ^-^ar 

BRUSH  CBBEK,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota. 

IrOp.  "to. 

asS^'.^ETo^otir*-^"^*'  "'  "^"^  ccCaUfornia, 

24!,^KE%fS"r:e-:i"Ba'^.'%:;.°^^^ 

BUOUANA.X,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Virginia,  boi^ 
deri:,^  on  Kentucky,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles 
It  is  drained  by  the  Louisa  Fo.k  and  the  Russell  Fork  of 
Jhe  Sandy  River,  and  bounded  on  the  N.W.  bv  the  Cum- 
berland Mountain.    The  surlace  is  hUly.    Pop  ■•>793 


BUCHANAN,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  9u0  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Clear  Fork  of  the  Brazos  River,  and  also 
drained  by  Caddo  and  Hubbard  Creeks.    Pop.  230. 

BUCHANAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Haralson  co., 
Georgia,  about  50  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Atlanta. 

BUCHANAN,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Texas,  about 
50  miles  S.W.  of  Dallas. 

BUCHANAN,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  Pop. 
12.34. 

BUCHANAN,  a  township  of  Page  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  857. 

BUCHANAN,  a  township  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wiscon.^in. 
Pop.  546. 

BUCHANAN,  a  post-township  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wiscon-  • 
sin,  on  the  right  bank  of  Fox  River,  about  4  miles  E.  of 
Appleton.    Pop.  334. 

BUCHANAN,  a  township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin 
Pop.  1130. 

BUCH.\NAN,  a  village  of  Dodge  co.,  Minnesota,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Zumbro  River  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Ro- 
chester. 

BUCHANAN,  a  village  of  Lake  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
N.W.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  about  25  miles  N  JS.  of  Supe- 
rior City. 

BUCHANAN,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Nebraska,  near 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  02  miles  AV.  by  N. 
of  Oinalia  City. 

BL'CK.  a  township  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois.    Pop,  740. 

BUCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1659. 

BUCKEYE,  a  village  of  Shasta  co,,  California,  about  6 
miles  N.E.  of  Shasta. 

BUCKEYE,  a  post-village  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  13  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Woodland. 

BUCKHART,  a  township  of  Fulton  co^  Illinois.  Pop. 
1274. 

BUCKINGHAM,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  196. 

BUCKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Linn  00.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  R;iilroad.  94  miles  AV.  of  Hannibal. 

BUCKNER,  a  village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California,  about 
10  miles  S.  E.  of  Sacramento. 

BUCK  RANCH,  a  post-village  of  Plumas  co.,  California, 
16  miles  W.  of  Quincy. 

BUCKTON,  a  post-village  of  AVarren  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Manassas  Gap  Railroad,  5  miles  W.  of  Front  Royal. 

BUDA,  a  post-office  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  on  a  railroad 
12  miles  W.!«.AV.  of  Princeton. 

BUEUa  post-township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  about  8 
miles  AV.  of  Lexington. 

BUENA  AISTA,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part 
of  lowii,  contains  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Racoon  and  Little  Sioux  Rivers,  the  latter  of  which  is  an 
aiHuent  of  the  Missouri.    Pop.  57. 

BUEN.\A'ISTA,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  751. 

BUENA  A'ISTA,  a  post-township  of  Port<ige  co.,  AA'iscon- 
sin,  about  7  miles  S.E.  of  Stanton.    Pop.  428. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Wisconsin  River.    Pop.  96:5. 

BUENA  VISTA,  a  village  of  Amador  co.,  California,  13 
miles  S.AV.  of  Jackson. 

BUENA  VISTA  BAR,  a  mining  village  of  Boisee  co, 
Idaho,  on  Moore's  Creek  about  1  or  2  miles  below  Idaho  City. 
Here  are  gold  mines.  The  Directory  for  1865  enumerates 
250  adult  residents  of  this  place. 

BUFFALO,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota,ha8  an  area  of  about  650  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  S.AA'.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  on  th» 
AV.  by  the  Chippewa,  intersected  by  the  Buffalo,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Trempealeau  and  Eagle  Rivers.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified;  the  soil  is  productive.  Capital,  Alma. 
Pop.  3864. 

BUFFALO,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Nebraska,  has 
an  area  of  about  2000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tho 
S.  by  the  Platte  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Loup  Fork, 
and  by  the  South  Branch  of  that  stream.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  diversified:  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  productive. 
Pop.  114. 

BUFFALO  fcontinued  from  page  3121. 
name  of  commerce.  The  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal  gave 
the  first  impulse  to  trade  which  has  been  gradually  aug- 
mented to  its  present  extent.  The  completion  of  the 
enlargement  of  the  canal  has  made  it  with  the  lakes  the 
great  water  highway  between  the  AA'est  and  NorHiwest  and 
the  seaboard  market.  The  capacity  of  this  canal  when  first 
completed  was  only  sufficient  to  pass  boats  of  40  to  60  tons, 
but  now  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  250  tons.  A  still  fur- 
ther proposed  enlargement  of  the  locks  will  give  it  a  capa- 
city to  pass  vessels  of  600  tons  burthen.  Since  1840,  import- 
ant lines  of  railway  have  been  completed,  opening  commu- 
nication with  the  East  and  the  West,  and  with  all  the  im- 
port;int  pbices  in  the  British  Provinces  of  Canada.  The  Buf 
lalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway  unites  Buffalo  .ind  Goderich  ou 
Lake  Huron,  and  its  connections  with  the'  Great  AVestern  and 
Grand  Trunk  Railroad  in  Canada  unite  it  with  Montreal, 
Portland,  Quebec,  Toronto,  Sarnia  and  Detroit.    The  New 


BUF 


BUF 


York  Central  unites  it  with  Aibanj'.  The  extensive  means 
of  communication  with  the  seaboard  cities,  tlie  IJritisli  Pro- 
vinces and  tiie  fertile  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
have  secured  to  Buffalo  an  important  rank  among  the  great 
sommercial  cities  of  tlie  interior.  The  opening  of  tlie  Buf- 
falo Brancli  of  tlio  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Itailroad  will 
give  rail  communication  with  the  coal  and  iron  mines  in 
MfKean  county  and  the  oil  regions  in  Pennsylvania.  Tlie 
enlargement  of  the  Erie  Canal  locks,  when  completed,  will 
augment  the  commercial  facilities  of  Buffalo  fully  200  per 
cent.  This  is  an  important  point  for  sliip-building,  and  a 
large  nimilier  of  mechanics  are  employed  at  the  vari(jU3  ship- 
yards in  this  branch  of  trade.  The  enrolled  and  licensed 
tonnage  in  the  District  of  Buffalo  from  1S60  to  1863,  inclu- 
sive, was  as  follows : 


Steamers 

Propellers.... 

Tu's 

Barks 

Brijr 

Schooners.... 

Sloops 

Scows 

Barges 

Tr.fali 


1860. 

.     1861. 

1862. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

13 

9 

8 

57 

48 

67 

32 

36 

66 

10 

9 

18 

18 

19 

15 

135 

118 

134 
3 

- 

- 

5 
1 

265 

239 

307 

Class. 


Steamers. 

Propellers... 

Tugs 

Barks 

Brigs 

Schooners... 

Sloop 

Scows 

Barges 

TnUh 


90,159 


7,S98 
28,565 
2,613 
4,261 
5,6;i3 
29,454 


7,674 
5.090 
34,334 


96,106 


The  first  vessel  registered  in  the  District  of  Buffalo  Creek 
was  under  date  of  May,  1817.  In  1S49  there  were  registered 
in  this  district  163  vessels  of  all  classes  with  an  aggregate 
tonnage  of  42,265  tons.  The  following  will  show  the  en- 
trances and  clearances  of  foreign  and  American  vessels  with 
their  tonnage  at  this  port  for  the  year  1SC3: 

8UMM.4RT   FOR  THE   YEAR  1863. 


i      No. 

Tonnage. 

Crew. 

1  S8-t 

1,381,096 

68,243 

l,9-.'8,747 

3,378,086 

1,358,751 

67.933 

1,953.133 

14,954 
3.616 
60,188 

78,758 

14.887 

Foreign  vessels  entered 

6»3 
5,370 

7,647 

1,630 
690 

5,409 

7,729 

Total  entered  for  the  year 

3,379.817 

78,657 

Grand  Total,  1863 

15,376 

6,757,903 

157,415 

The  tot.al  number  of  arrivals  and  departures  was  in  1823, 
236;  in  1827,  672;  in  1S41,  6290;  in  1851,  9050;  in  1853, 
8298.  ■ 

The  value  of  imports  from  the  West  by  lake  and  rail  in 
1863  is  estimated  at  $125,000,000.  The  value  of  the  imports 
from  Canada  during  the  same  year  was  $2,957,021,  which  is 
included  in  the  previous  amount.  The  exports  to  Canada 
were  $007,709.  The  value  of  the  canal  imports  is  $56,214,614, 
and  the  estimated  value  of  the  imports  from  the  East  by  rail 
is  equal  to  $75,000,000,  making  the  total  trade  $256,214,614 
for  the  year  1863  against  $125,000,000  in  the  year  1853.  The 
valiie  of  the  exports  by  canal  in  1863  was  $56,644,792.  The 
duties  collected  on  imports  from  Canada  at  this  port  were 
in  1843,  S4546;  1846.  $12,389 ;  1 849,  $i0,939 ;  1851,  $t2,357  ; 
1852,  $69,623 ;  1S63,  $84,943 ;  1863,  under  Reciprocity  Treatv, 
f  6,509.63.  There  were  collected  at  this  port  on  property  lirst 
eleared  by  canal  in  1853,  $695,897 :  I860,  .$1,137,315;  1861, 
$2,101,ft35:  1802,  $3,0.S4.O82;  1 86;j,  $2,682,335.  There  were 
received  at  this  port  grain  and  flour  estimated  as  wheat  in 
1836, 1,239,351  bushels ;  1846,  i  3,366.167  bushels;  1856, 25,753,- 
907  bushels;  1862. 72,872,4.")4  bushels;  1863, 64,735,510  bushels. 

There  are  in  Buffalo  9  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$2,140,000,  5  savings  institutions  and  upwards  of  75  fire,  ma- 
rine, and  other  insurance  companies  and  agencies.  The  as- 
sessed value  o<"  real  estate  in  Buffalo  including  Black  Kock, 
with  which  it  was  incorporated  Jan.  1st,  1S54,  is  $25,210,815', 
6N 


and  personal  56.528,045.  The  funded  debt  of  the  citv  Dec. 
31, 1864,  was  $654,600.  There  are  within  the  city  limits  29<! 
miles  of  streets,  of  which  53  miles  are  jiaved  at  a  cost  of 
Sl,.541,G93;  64  miles  of  stone  side-walks  costing  $284,872; 
21 1  miles  of  plank  side-walks  costing  $218,561,  and  55  miles 
of  sewerage  costing  $441,561.  A  Water  Company  with  » 
capital  stock  of  $4uO,000  supplies  the  city  with  exi-ellent 
water  from  the  Niagara  liiver;  it  is  also  well  lighted  with 
gas  in  all  of  its  principal  streets.  Among  the  hotels  are  tht. 
Mansion  House  and  Tifffs  new  hotel  on  Main  street ;  th« 
\Vestcrn  Hotel  on  the  Terrace ;  the  Genesee  House  on  Gene- 
see street;  the  Courter  House  on  Erie  street;  the  Bevere 
House  near  Niagtira  Dep5t ;  Bonny's  Hotel,  corner  ^Vashing- 
ton  and  Carroll  streets,  and  Blumer's  Hotel  on  Eagle  street 
An  incorporated  company  has  been  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  building  a  large  first-class  hotel  to  take  the  place  of  the 
American  and  Clarendon,  both  of  which  were  burnt,  and  the 
St.  .lames  which  is  now  occupied  by  the  Young  Men's  Asso- 
ciation. The  spacious  passenger  depots  of  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad  and  the  immense  freight  depots  of  the  Cen- 
tral and  Erie  Riiilroads  are  particularly  worthy  of  mention- 
There  are  6<J  steam  propellers  each  ranging  from  (iOO  to  10<X) 
tons  burthen  and  a  large  fleet  of  sail  vessels  engtiged  during 
the  season  of  navigation  in  the  trade  Ijctweeii  tliisand  West- 
ern Lake  ports.  It  is  not  unusual  to  sec  a  fleet  of  150  ves- 
sels itnd  steamers  arrive  here  from  the  West  during  a  period 
of  24  hoiu's. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  receipt  and  value  of  a 
few  of  the  leading  articles  at  this  port  from  the  West  and 
Canada  for  the  years  indicated : 


Articles. 


Flour,  bbis 

Wheat,  bushels.... 

Woof,  bales 

Corn,  bushels 

Lumber,  feet 

I'ork,  bbl 

Oats,  bush 

Beef.  bbIs 

Whisky,  bbb 

Catlle,No 

Bacon, lb 

Leather,  rolls 

Oil,  bbIs 

Butler,  lbs 

Lard,  lbs 

Cheese,  lbs 

Tallow,  lbs 

Hides.No 

Copper,  Ions 

Ashes,  casks 

Tobacco,  hhds 

Tobacco,  boxes.... 

IIo's.  No 

Seeds,   lbs 


1853. 

1863. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity 

Value. 

9a3,837 

$6,394,940 

2,978,089 

817,868.534 

5,424,043 

6,671,672 

21,240.348 

21.240,000 

45,8:» 

3,668,800 

25,098 

1,882..350 

8,66 1,793 

2,199,475 

20,086.952 

10,043,476 

89.:i9l.789 

1,3:19,421 

107,527.698 

2,075,270 

102,548 

1,031,573 

303, 5W 

S,O:«.840 

l,4K0.6Bi 

.508,252 

7.322,187 

2.928,874 

69,776 

69-.7W 

151,605 

1.516,050 

66,707 

667.070 

111.805 

1,341,660 

20,466 

1,227.960 

27.181 

1,902,670 

23,075,645 

1,8)6.051 

28,541.150 

2,851,115 

7.991 

199.775 

4.643 

116,070 

7,965 

238,950 

12.525 

501,000 

6,589.784 

988,467 

3,721,840 

558.276 

8,1 85.500 

818,550 

29,849.939 

2,981,993 

5,877.800 

430,224 

22:t.S48 

22,.335 

762.810 

91.537 

5,396,466 

C74.588 

98,009 

281,027 

193.257 

G95.725 

1,068 

504.000 

8.270 

4,135.1)0(1 

11.553 

288,8-'5 

3,l->9 

95.776 

142,5.32 

5,748 

2,875.000 

5.0:)0 

l.'6.250 

10.495 

3,50,000 

120.130 

1,228.380 

68,890 

688.900 

37,018 

370,iai 

1.5.500 

124,000 

Buffalo  originally  laid  out  by  the  Holland  Company  in 
1801,  became  in  1812  a  military  post.  It  was  burnt  in  Dec. 
181.3,  when,  of  the  200  houses  composing  the  then  village, 
all  but  2  were  destroyed  by  the  British  and  Indians.  By  act 
of  Congress  $80,000  was  voted  to  compensate  the  sufferers  for 
the  loss  feu.'Stained.  In  April,  1832,  it  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  and  in  1852  the  charter  was  amended  so  as  to  include 
Black  Rock.  The  act  of  the  Legislature  w.is  ratified  by  the 
people  in  1853  and  on  the  first  dayof  January,  18.54,  it  went 
into  operation.  The  city  united  is  divided  into  13  wards  and 
is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  26  aldermen.  Pop.  in  1810, 
1508 :  1820,  2095 ;  1830, 8653 ;  1S40, 18.213 ;  1850, 42,261 ;  1860, 
85.500,  and  in  1865  about  140,000. 

BUFFALO,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1002. 

BUFFALO,  a  village  of  Randolph  co..  North  Carolina,  on 
Deep  River  about  65  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-village  of  WrigUt  co.,  Minnesota,  in 
Buffalo  townshiji.  about  44  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Paul.  Pop, 
of  the  township  600. 

BUFFALO,  a  township  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois.  Pop, 
1220. 

BUFFALO,  a  post  village,  capital  of  Dallas  co.,  Mi.^isouri, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  a  mound  or  eminence  4  miles  W. 
of  the  Niangua  River,  and  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  and  1  church.  It  has  a 
fertile  prairie  on  all  sides  except  the  east.     Pop.  iibout  200. 

BUFFALO,  a  village  and  township  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  12  miles  below  Davenport.  Pop. 
1129. 

BUFFALO,  a  p"st-township  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  Winona,  and  about  5  miles 
below  Fountain  City.     Pop.  615. 

BUFFALO,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebr.iska,  near 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  40  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Omaha  City. 

BUFFALO  CITY,  a  small  village  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  8  miles  below  Alma. 

2193 


BUF 


BYR 


1»CFFAL0  RIV^R.  a  river  in  the  W.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
risM  near  the  N.  border  of  Jackson  county,  flows  first  we.<t- 
ward  and  then  southwestward,  and  enters  the  Mississippi 
at  or  near  Alma. 

BUFFIXGXOX,  a  station  on  tlie  Cairo  and  Fulton  Rail- 
road, on  or  neiir  the  line  between  New  Madrid  and  Stod- 
dard counties,  Missouri.  37  miles  W.S.W.  of  Cairo,  Illinois. 

BDNKARA,  a  river  of  Colorado,  called  also  the  Blue 
River,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  flows  southwestward, 
and  unites  with  the  Gunnison  liivor,  in  Lake  county.  The 
stream  thus  formed  is  the  Grand  River. 

BUXKER  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  9  or 
10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hamilton. 

BUXKKRHILL,  a  post-village  of  Miami  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Peru  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  6  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Peru. 

BUREAU,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  936. 

BUREAU  JUNCTION,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illi- 
nois, at  the  junction  of  the  I'ooria  and  Bureau  Valley  Rail- 
road with  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  47  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Peoria,  and  30  miles  V>'.  of  Ottawa. 

BURGAW  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  New  Hanover  co.. 
North  Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad, 
23  miles  N.  of  Wilmington. 

BURGESS,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co^  Iowa,  about  38 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

BURtiir  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  17  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Warren. 

BURKK,  a  post-township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin.  One 
corner  of  it  is  about  2  miles  N.E.  of  Madison.    Pop.  102.5. 

BURLINGAME,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Osage  co.,  Kan- 
sas, on  the  Santa  Fe  Road,  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Topeka.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  2  hotels,  4  stores,  and  1 
ateam  grist  and  saw-mill.    Pop.  about  150. 

BURLINGTON,  a  township  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
452. 

BURLINGTON,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  about  46°  50'  N.  latitude. 

BURLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Coff'ey  co.,  Kansas, 
contains  the  village  of  Burlington.    Pop.  461. 

BURLINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Coffey  co.,  Kan- 
sas, on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Neosho  River,  60  miles 
in  a  direct  line  S.S.W.  of  Lawrence.  It  contains  1  newspa- 
per office.  1  woollen  factory,  1  or  2  grist-mills,  and  several 
sawmills.    Pop.  about  400. 

BURLINGTON,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  about  11 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany. 

BURNETT,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  1100  square 
miles.  It  is  boundetl  on  the  X.W.  by  the  St.  Croix  River, 
and  also  drained  by  the  Namekagoii,  Shell,  and  Yellow 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  partly  covered  with 
forests  of  pine ;  the  soil  is  fertile.   Capital,  Gordon.   Pop.  12. 

BURNETT,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  co..  Wisconsin,  on 
the  W.  shore  of  Horicon  Liike,  about  5  miles  N.  of  Jnnean. 
The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad  crosses  the  Mil- 
waukee and  Berlin  Railroad  in  this  township.    Pop.  1034. 

BURNETT,  a  post-township  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  California. 
Pop.  220. 

BURNETT  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wis- 
consin, at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railroad  with  a  branch  of  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
Railroad,  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac,  and  22  miles  N. 
of  Watcrtown. 

BURNS,  a  post-tillage  and  township  of  La  Crosse  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  15  miles  N.E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  505. 

BURN  SIDE,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  4:54. 

BURXSIDE,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, al«ut  30  miles  N.W.  of  Altoona. 

BURNSIDE,  a  post-township  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan, 
about  05  miles  N.  of  Detroit. 

BURXSIDE,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  liiver,  about  6  miles  above  Red  Wing. 

BURNSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indi- 
ana, about  11  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Columbns. 

BURXSTILLE,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  214. 

BUUXT  RANCH,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  California. 
35  miles  W.  of  Weaverville. 

BURR1:LL,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  12.51.  •' 

BURRILL,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  563. 

BURR  OAK,  a  post-office  and  railroad  station  of  St  Jo- 
Bcph  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Southern  Railro-id,  73  miles  W 
of  Adrian. 


BURR  OAK,  a  post-township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa, 
about  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Decorah.    Pop.  591. 

BURR  OAK,  a  township  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
746. 

BURT,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  border- 
ing on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River,  and  also  drained 
by  Logan's  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  Hard  timber  is  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
streams.  Sandstone  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  this  county. 
Pop.  388. 

BURT,  a  post-township  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  91. 

BURTON,  a  post-office  of  Wetzel  co.,  West  Virginia,  on 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  47  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Wheeling. 

BURTON,  a  township  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  imme- 
diately E.  of  Flint.    Pop.  12(55. 

BURTON,  a  post>-village  and  township  of  Adams  co.,  Illi- 
nois. 10  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Quincy.     Pop.  1430. 

BURWOOD,  a  small  post-village  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 25  miles  S.E.  of  Stockton. 

BUSH  CREEK,  a  township  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.  Pod. 
1423. 

BUSHNELL,  a  township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  639. 

BUSHNELL,  a  post-township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  71  miles 
N.E.  of  Quincy.    Pop.  667. 

BUSSERON.  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Evansville  and  Crawfords\'ine  Riiilroad,  12  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Vincennes.    Pop.  of  Busseron  township,  1172. 

BUTLER,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an  area 
of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  AValnut  Creek  and 
other  small  streams.  The  surface  is  undulating :  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  bottom  lands  aloug  the  creeks  are  said  to  be 
well  timbered.    Capital,  Chelsea.    Pop.  437. 

BUTLER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  X.  by 
the  Platte  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Big  Blue  River. 
The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  pro- 
ductive. The  county  contains  a  large  proportion  of  prairie. 
Pop.  27. 

BUTLER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Taylor  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Muscogee  Railroad,  about  44  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

BUTLER,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  71  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Toledo. 

BUTLER,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  St.  Louis  Alton  and  Teixe  Haute  Railroad,  63  miles 
N.E.  of  St.  Ixiuis. 

BUTLER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  is 
situatid  in  a  rich  prairie,  about  75  miles  S.S.E.  of  Kansas 
City,  and  8  miles  N.  of  the  Osage  River.  It  has  a  brick 
court-house,  and  1  church.    Pop.  about  500. 

BUTLER,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  894. 

BUTLER,  a  post-village  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wisconsin,  8 
miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  a  steam  saw-mill,  and  1 
or  2  stores. 

BUTLER  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa,  on 
or  near  the  W.  Fork  of  Cedar  River,  about  24  miles  N.W. 
of  Cedar  Falls. 

BUTTE,  or  BUTTE  CITY,  a  mining  village  of  Amador 
CO.,  California,  about  42  miles  N.E.  of  Stockton. 

BUTTE,  a  township  of  Sutter  CO.,  California,     Pop.  870. 

BUTTE  B.A.R,  a  mining  camp  of  Plumas  co.,  California,  8 
miles  from  La  Porte.    Pop.  about  100. 

BUTTEIJFIELD,  a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Lake  Superior,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Ashland. 

BUTTERNUT  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Blue  Earth  co, 
Minnesota,  on  Little  Cottonwood  River,  and  in  a  township 
of  its  own  name,  about  20  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Mankato. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  156. 

BUTTE  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California, 
18  miles  N.W.  of  Oroville. 

BUTTEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  Willamette  River,  28  miles  N.X'.E.  of  Salem. 

BUXTON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  York  and  Cumberland  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Portland. 

BYR  AM,  a  post-village  of  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
Pearl  River,  and  on  the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson  liiiilroad, 
about  13  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Jackson. 

BYRON,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio,  about  11  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Dayton. 

BYltON,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  To'na.     Poi).  435. 

BYRON,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Wa*.ca  co.-'ilimia- 
•Ota.    Pop  fW 


21M 


CAB 


CAL 


c. 


CABLE,  or  CABLETOWV,  a  vilage  of  Champaign  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Coliimbns  and  iTidianapolis  Rjiilroad,  38 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Colnnibus.    Pop.  131. 

C.ACHK.  kash,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Utah,  bordering 
on  Idalio,  has  an  area  estimated  at  20(K)  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Bear  River.  The  Wasatcli  Slountains  extend 
along  tlie  W.  border.  Timber  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  it. 
The  county  produced  in  1860,  29,.341  bushels  of  wheat,  which 
appears  to  be  the  staple  production.  Capital,  Logan.  Pop. 
2605. 

CACHE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  on  a 
creek  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  1995. 

CACHE  C15EEK,  a  post-village  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  12 
miles  W.  of  ^Voo(^laIld.    It  lias  1  or  2  stores. 

CACIIEVILLE,  a  village  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  5  or  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Woodland. 

CADET,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Misouri,  on  the 
St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  57  miles  S.S.W.  of 
St.  Louis. 

CADIZ,  a  post-village  and  township  of  fireen  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin. The  village  is  about  9  miles  S.W.  of  Monroe.  Pop.  of 
village,  about  150.     Total  poi>uliition  920. 

CADOTT'S,  or  CADOTTE  PASS.  Montana  Territory,  is  a 
pass  through  the  Rocky  Mountains,  about  47°  X.  lat.,  and 
112°  10'  W.  Ion. 

C^SAR,  a  township  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  546. 

CAHOKA,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri,  about  20 
miles  W.  of  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

CAIIOLA,  a  township  of  Lj'on  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  136. 

CAHTO,  a  post-village  of  Mendocino  co.,  California,  44 
miles  N.  of  Ukiah.     Pop.  about  150. 

CAIRO,  a  post-village  of  Ritchie  co.,  West  Virgiriia,  on 
the  Northwestern  Raili-oad,  about  30  miles  E.  of  Parkers- 
burg. 

CAIRO,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Dayton  and 
Michigan  Railroad,  6  miles  N.  of  Lima. 

CAIRO,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  6  or  7  miles  W. 
of  Wapello,  and  about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Burlington. 

CAL.VIS,  a  village  of  Crow  Wing  co.,  Minnesota,  about  12 
miles  E.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  Crow  Wing. 

CAL'AMINE,  a  post-village  of  Ljifayetto  oo.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Pecatonica  River,  and  on  the  Mineral  Point  Railroad, 
9  or  10  miles  S.  of  Mineral  Point. 

CAL'.^MUS,  a  township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  11  miles 
Vt.  of  Juneau.     Pop.  9ys. 

CALAPOOYA,  or  CALAPOOIA  (also  written  CALA- 
PUYA)  RlYliR,  a  small  stream  of  Linn  Co.,  Oregon,  rises 
near  tlio  S.  border  of  the  county,  and  flowing  nortliwest- 
ward  enteis  the  Willamette  at  Albany. 

CALAPOOYA,  a  post-oflico  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon. 

CALAPOOYA,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  on  the  Cala- 
pooya  River,  about  24  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Albany. 

CALAVERAS,  kal-a-vi'ras,  a  comity  in  the  central  part 
of  California,  has  an  area  estimated  at  1000  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Mokelumne  Rivef,  on  the 
S.E.  b3'  the  Stanislaus,  and  also  drained  by  the  Calaveras 
River,  which  rises  within  its  limits.  Tlie  surface  is  beauti- 
fully diversified  by  mountains,  valleys,  and  hills.  A  large 
part  of  the  county  is  covered  by  dense  forests  of  oaks,  pines, 
and  other  coniferous  trees,  which  grow  to  a  great  height. 
Near  the  St-anislaus  River,  in  tlie  eastern  part  of  this  county, 
is  the  famous  " Mammoth  Tree  Grove,"  in  which  was  found 
a  specimen  of  tlie  Stquoiu  giyantea,  2S  or  30  feet  in  diameter, 
and  300  feet  in  height.  This  county  is  very  rich  in  minerals. 
Mines  of  gold  are  worked  in  several  places,  and  largo  quan- 
tities of  copper  are  procured  in  the  S.  part.  The  rocks 
wliich  underlie  the  county  are  gr.anite,  slate,  and  limestone. 
Capital.  San  Andreas,  or  Mokelumne  Hill.     Pop.  16,299. 

CALDWELL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio, 
about  '1-1  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Slarietta. 

CALDWELL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Appanoose 
CO.,  Iowa.  The  village  is  on  or  near  Chariton  River,  about 
36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ottumwa.     Pop.  804. 

CALDWELL,  or  CALDWELL  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village 
of  Racine  CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  25  miles  S.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

CALDWELL,  a  village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California,  about 
22  miles  E.  bj'  S.  of  Sacramento. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas,  about  24 
miles  S.E.  of  Henderson. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-township  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Thorn  Apple  River,  about  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Grand  Rapids.     Pop.  763. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Kenosha  and  Rockford  Railroad  with  the 
Beloit  and  Madison  Branch,  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Rockford, 
and  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Beloit.  Pop.  of  Caledonia  township 
1181.     The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Caledonia  Station. 

C.\LEDOXIA,  a  village  of  Dulmque  co.,  Iowa,  on  a  rail- 
roan,  about  9  miles  W  ''v  S.  of  Dubuque. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-village  of  Ringgold  co.,  Iowa,  about 
60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 


CALEDONI.\,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wiscim.-iij.  on 
both  sides  of  the  AVisconsin  River.     Pop.  936. 

CALEDONIA,  a  townsliip  and  small  village  of  Trempea- 
leau CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Black  River,  5  miles  S.  of  Uales- 
ville.    Pop.  337. 

CALEDONIA,  a  township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin,  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Oshkosh.     Pop.  396. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-township  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota, 
containing  Caledonia,  the  c<mnty-seat.     Pop.  in  1860,  791. 

CALEDONIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Houston  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, is  situated  on  high  ground,  14  miles  W.  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  20  males  S.W.  of  La  Crosse,  AVisconsin. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  2  stores,  1  plow  fac- 
tory, and  alioiit  50  houses. 

CALEDONIA  CENTRE,  a  post-oflice  of  Racine  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  18  or  20  miles  8.  of  Milwaukee. 

CALHOUN,  a  county  in  tlie  central  part  of  West  A'irginia, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Little  Kanawha  River.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  un- 
even.    Capital,  Lowman.     Pop.  2.502. 

CALHOUN,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  iutei-sected  by  Icha- 
waynochaway  Creek,  an  affluent  of  Flint  River.  The  sur- 
face is  level;  the  soil  is  productive.  Capital,  Morgan. 
Pop.  4913. 

CALHOUN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  about  680  scpiare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tlie  E.  by 
the  I'latte  River,  and  al.«o  drained  by  the  Cottonwood  Creek. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  undulating  j)rairies  and  bottom 
lands,  which  produce  the  cottonwood  and  other  deciduous 
trees.    The  soil  is  calcareous  and  fertile.     Pop.  41. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Mississippi  Central  Railroad,  about  16  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Jackson. 

CALHOUN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  McLean  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, situated  on  Green  River,  about  40  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Evansville,  Indiana,  and  110  miles  AV.S.W.  of  !feouisvi11e. 
Pop.  .Jll. 

CALHOUN,  a  township  of  Calhoun  co.,  Iowa.    Pop,  147. 

CALHOUN,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  408. 

CALIFORNIA  [continued  from  page  340 J. 
county  judges  try  all  criminal  suits  save  murder  cases,  and 
hear  appeals  from  justices  of  the  peace,  who  have  civil  ju- 
risdiction under  ^00  and  criminal  jurisdiction  over  misde- 
meanors. The  taxable  property  of  the  stitte  was  in  1861 
8180,484,949.  The  mines  on  public  land  are  not  taxable. 
The  expenditures  of  the  state  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 
June  30,  lSr,3,  were  S2,097,2G8 ;  the  receipts  during  tlie  sam« 
period  were  §1,626,278.  Of  the  receipts  §175,000  came  from 
the  foreign  miners'  tax ;  $120,000  from  state  stamps ;  $40,000 
from  licenses,  and  .'?35,0C)O  from  poll-taxes.  .The  state  tax  on 
real  estate  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1864,  was  S1.15  on 
the  SlOO  of  taxable  property.  The  state  debt  was  $4,839,543 
on  the  30th  of  June,  ISfS,  and  since  then  liabilities  as  yet 
unliquidated  have  been  incurred  for  at  least  f500,000  more. 

HUt'iry. — \\  hen  the  peninsula  (now  known  as  Lower  Cali- 
fornia) was  discovered  in  1634,  the  name  "  California  "  wag 
applied  to  it,  and  for  more  than  200  years  that  was  the  Cali- 
fornia known  to  Europeans,  although  the  name  was  also 
extended  to  the  coast  farther  north.  In  1542  the  present 
state  of  California  was  seen  for  the  first  time  by  a  white 
man,  Juan  Rodriguez  Cabrillo,  a  Portuguese  navigator  in 
the  service  of  Spain.  In  1769  a  party  of  Franciscan  friars, 
under  the  command  of  Junipero  Serra,  came  from  the  pe- 
ninsula and  estalilished  missions  for  tlie  conversion  of  the 
Indians,  and  thus  made  a  permanent  white  settlement. 
From  this  time  the  country  north  of  San  Diego  was  called 
Alta  (Upper)  or  New  California,  while  the  peninsula  was 
styled  Old  or  Lower  Califomiiv,  In  1821  Calitbniia  became 
a  portion  of  independent  Mexico,  and  aftcrwjirds  a  territory 
under  the  republican  government.  On  the  7tli  of  July,  1846, 
the  American  navy  siezed  Monterey,  the  capital  of  Upper 
California,  and  from  that  day  the  American  authority  dates. 
On  the  19th  of  January,  184S,  the  gold-mines  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  were  discovered  by  James  W.  Marshall,  an  American, 
and  a  month  later  Upper  California  was  by  treaty  ceded  to 
the  United  States.  The  mines  astonished  the  world  by  the 
vast  amount  of  their  production,  and  within  15  months  af- 
ter their  iliscovery  100,000  people  had  started  for  the  new  El 
Dorado.  On  the  31st  of  March,  1849,  the  first  ocean  steamer 
arrived  at  San  Francisco,  and  from  that  time  California  had 
regular  mail  communication  with  the  Atlantic  states.  Low- 
er California  was  forgotten;  tlie  only  California  before  the 
eyes  of  the  world  was  the  new  land  of  gold,  which  thus 
usurped  the  name  which  had  once  belonged  exclusively  to 
the  peninsula.  The  constitution  of  the  state  was  signed  on 
the  30th  October,  1849,  and  on  the  9th  September  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  California  was  admitted  into  the  (hiion.  The 
state  sided  with  her  sister  free  states  during  the  great  re- 
bellion and  (contributed  both  men  and  money  to  the  causa 
of  freedom  and  national  unity. 

2195 


CAL 


CAN 


CALIFORITIA,  a  townsliip  of  Coffey  co.,  Kausas.  Popu- 
lation 369. 

C  \LIFOB,!."IA  C  fTY.  a  post-village  of  Otoe  CO.,  Nebraska, 
C  or  7  iiiiK-.s  W.S.W.  of  Nebru^ka  City.     , 

CALLAHAN",  or  COLLEIIAX,  a  new  county  of  Texas, 
situated  about  160  miles  N.N.W.  of  Austin  City.  Area  esti- 
iiiHtoil  at  900  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Pecan 
Uiver  and  Jlubbard's  Creek,  both  of  which  rise  witliln  its 
limits.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  re- 
BpectiuR  tills  couniy. 

CALLAHAN  S  RANCH,  a  post-village  of  Siskiyou  co.. 
Oaliforniii,  -10  mil&s  S.  by  W.  of  Yreka.  It  has  1  or  2  stores. 
CALLAO.  a  thriving  post-village  of  >Iacon  co..  Missouri, 
on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Ifailroad,  79  miles  W.  of 
Hannibal,  and  9  miles  W.  of  Macon  City.  It  contains  2 
churclios.  4  dry-goods  stores,  2  drug  stores,  and  1  tobacco 
lactory.  Pop.  about  300;  pop.  of  Callao  township  1547. 
'  CALLIOPK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sioux  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Sioux  lliver,  about  36  miles  N.  by  \V. 
of  Sioux  City. 

CALMAR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winneshiek 
CO..  Iowa.  The  village  is  on  the  Mcliregor  Western  Rail- 
road, about  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  McGiegur,  and  S  or  9  miles- 
S.S.W.  of  Decorah.  with  which  it  is  conneutiHl  by  a  branch 
of  the  above-named  railroad.     Total  population  877. 

CALMUS,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  rail- 
road which  connects  Cedar  Rapids  w^ith  Clinton,  about  33 
miles  W.  of  the  latter. 

CALPELLA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mendocino 
CO.,  (California,  6  miles  N.  of  Ukiah.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship 800. 

CALUMET,  a  station  on  the  Jlichigan  Southern  Railroad, 
in  Porter  co.,  Indiana,  41  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chicago. 

CALUMET,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  where  it  connects  with  the  Mi- 
chigan Central  Railroad,  14  miles  S  of  Chicago. 

CALUMET,  a  p<ist-village  and  townsship  of  Fond  du  Lac 
CO.,  Wi.sc(m3in.  The  village  is  on  the  E.  shore  of  Winnebago 
Lake,  about  IJ  miles  X.E.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  Total  popiila- 
tion,  1454. 

CALVEY,  a  post-villaie  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
South  West  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  43  miles  S.W. 
of  St.  Louis. 

CaMANCHE,  a  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Mokelunine  Hill.    It  has  several  stores. 

CAMANO  ISLAND,  Washington  Territory,  is  a  part  of 
Island  CO.,  and  is  separated  fr^m  the  main  land  by  a  nar- 
row channel  communicating  with  Puget  Sound  or  Admi- 
ralty Inlet.    It  is  about  12  miles  long. 

CAMARGO,  a  pust-vilUige  of  Douglas  co.,  Illinois,  about 
22  miles  S.  of  Urbanna. 

CAMBRIA,  or  CAMBRA,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  25  miles  N'.E.  of  Danville. 

C.\MBRIA,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  about  60 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Des  Moines. 

CAMBRIA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  18  miles 
E.  of  P.)rtage  City.  It  contains  4  churches.  12  stores,  1 
flour-mill,  1  wooUen  factory,  5  warehouses,  and  about  100 
dwellings.     Pop.  about  700. 

CAMBRIA  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  nillsdide  co ,  Michi- 
gan, on  Palmer  Creeks  aix>ut  37  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Adrian. 

CAMRRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Lenawee  CO.,  Michigan, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Adrian,  contains  several  small  lakes. 
Pop.  1148. 

C  \  MBRIDQE,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  50  miles  in  a 
direct  line  E.  by  N.  of  Lexington,  and  38  miles  above 
Booneville. 

C.\MBRIDGE,  a  village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  about  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Davenport. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  po.-t-village  of  Story  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
South  Skunk  River,  about  22  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Des 
Moines. 

CAMBRIDGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Isanti  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  Rum  River,  about  40  miles  N.  of  St.  Anthony.  It 
contains  a  United  Stiites  Land  Office. 

CAMDEN,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Missouri.  [See 
page  345  ]  The  surface  presents  a  succession  of  hills  and 
fertile  valleys,  on  which  grow  large  forcets  of  oak,  walnut, 
cherry,  and  other  trees.  There  is  but  little  prairie  in  the 
county.  Iron  and  lead  are  found  in  it.  The  streams  afford 
abundant  water-ix)wer. 

C.\M))EN,  a  village  of  Lorain  CO.,  Ohio,  and  a  station  on 
the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  7  miles  W.  of  Oberlin. 

CAM  DEN,  a  post-village  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri,  situated  on 
the  N.  hank  of  the  Missnnri  River,  7  miles  S.S.W.  of  Rich- 
mond. (>nd  325  miles  by  water  from  .«t.  Louis.  It  contains 
1  church,  5  stores,  1  steam  grist-mill,  and  3  tobacco  fsicto- 
ries.  Large  qnantities  of  grain,  hemp,  and  tobacco  are 
Bliippcd  here  in  steamboats.  Pop.  about  800 :  pop.  of  Cam- 
den tc  A  n.-iliip,  2083, 

CAMDEN,  a  po^t-village  of  Story  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  South 
gkunk  Bivcr,  about  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Nevada. 
CA.MDEN,  a  village  in  Qamden  township,  Carver  co.. 


Jlinnesota,  on  the  S.  Fork  of  Crow  River,  about  40  miles 
W.S.W.  of  -Minm-apolis,  and  11  miles  N.E.  of  Glencoe.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  UK). 

C.\MDEN,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Nebraska,  about 
75  miles  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

CAMERON,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  has  an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is 
drainc-d  by  Sinnemahoning  Creek  and  the  Eiist  Fork  of 
that  stream,  '1  he  surface  is  hilly  and  mostly  covered  M'ith 
forests.  It  is  intei-sected  by  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Rail- 
road. Capital,  Shippen.  The  census  of  18lX)  furnishes  no 
information  respecting  this  county. 

CAMEl;ON,  a  post-village  of  Cameron  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad.  5  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Shippen.  and  68  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ijock  Haven. 

C.\MERON.a  township  of  Northumberland  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Poji.  402. 

CAMERON,  a  station  on  the  Winchester  and  Potomac 
Railroad,  in  Jefferson  co..  West  Virginia,  14  miles  \V  S.W 
of  Harper's  Ferry. 

CAMERON,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  Co.,  West  Vivginia, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  28  miles  SJf.E.  of 
Wheeling. 

CAMERON,  a  post-village  of  McDonough  co.,  Ilh'nois,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Burlington  Railroad,  8  miles  ei.W.  of 
Galesbuig. 

CAMERON,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  MissouH.  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  ito  miles  E.  of  St.  .loseph. 

C.VMILLA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mitchell  co.,  Georgia, 
about  .30  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

CA5IP.  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1251. 

CAMPBELL,  a  post-township  of  Iowa  CO.,  Michigan,  about 
38  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Lfinsing.     Pop.  519. 

CAMPBELL,  a  township  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  just  above  the  city  of  La  Crosse. 
Pop.  91K. 

CAMPBELLSBUBG,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Louisville,  N-ew  Albany  and  Chicago  Rail- 
road, 45  miles  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

CAMP  DOl  GLAS,  a  military  post  of  Salt  Lake  co.,Utah, 
3  miles  E.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

C.VMPi)  SECO,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co..  California, 
near  the  Mokelunine  River,  12  miles  S.W.  of  .Mokelumne 
Hill.  It  contiins  several  .stores.  .Many  of  the  inhabitants 
are  engaged  in  mining  gold.    Pop.  in  1864,  about  500. 

CAMP  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Quincy  Riiilroad,  where  it  connects  with 
the  Quincy  and  Toledo  Railroad,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Quincy. 

C.iMPTI,  a  post-village  of  Natchitoches  parish.  Louisiana, 
on  Red  River,  about  65  miles  by  land  S.S.E.  of  Shrevepoit. 
.  CAMPTON,  or  CO.MPTON,  a  post-village  of  Wolfe  CO., 
Kentucky,  about  56  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lexington. 

CAMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  about 
50  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Dubuque. 

CAM  I'TONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Yuba  co.,  California, 
nejir  the  North  Yuba  River,  41  miles  N.E.  of  Marysville. 
It  contained  in  1864  aliout  6  general  stores.  Here  are 
golilniities.     Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

CAMPTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Wyalusing  Creek,  about  13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Towanda. 

CANA.4N.  a  post-village  of  Gasconade  co.,  Missouri,  about 
44  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

CANAAN,  a  township  of  Henrv  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  317. 

CANADIAN  BAR,  a  village  of  Trinity  co..  California,  on 
the  Trinity  Uiver.  about  20  miles  W.N.W,  of  Weaverville. 

CANANDAIGUA,  a  village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
about  38  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Detroit. 

CANADENSIS,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  16  miles  N.  of  Stroudsburg. 

CANAL  GULCH,  a  mining  pl.ice  of  Shoshone  co.,  Idaho, 
adjacent  to  Pierce  City.    Here  are  placer  gold-mines. 

CANASER.4.GA,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co..  New 
York,  on  a  branch  of  the  Erie  liailroad,  12  miles  N.W.  of 
Ilornellsville. 

CANEMAII,  or  CAN?EMAH,  a  i>ost-village  of  Clackamas 
CO.,  Oregon,  on  the  Willamette  River,  about  2  miles  above 
Oregon  City. 

C.\NF1EI.,D,  a  village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Susquehanna  River,  about  4  miles  E.  of  Towanda. 

CANFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  12  miles  N.W.  of 
Chicaco. 

CANFIELD,  a.post-villag*  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  16  miles  S.W.  of  Preston,  and  3  miles  from  the  state 
of  Iowa. 

CANISTER,  a  township  of  Dodge  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  360. 

CANNON,  a  town.--hip  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota,  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Cannon  River,  and  contains  or  adjoins  Fari- 
bault, the  countv-seat.     Pop.  (XK). 

CANNONSUUBG,  a  village  of  Carp)ll  co.,  Ohio,  about  27 
miles  S.E.  of  Massillon. 

CANN0NSBUR6.  a  post-village  ol  Hancock  co.,  Ohio, 
about  12  miles  S.-'^.W.  of  Findlay. 

CANNON  CITY,  a  post-village  M  Rice  co.,  .Minnesota, 


CAN 


CAS 


idtuutccl  on  or  noar  Cannon  River,  abo  ut  3  miles  N.E.  of 
Fariliiuilt. 

CANNON  FALLS,  a  post-township  of  G(X)dhue  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, on  Cannon  Kiver,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Ilastings. 
Pop.  231. 

CAXO,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  266. 

CANOE,  a  post-township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa,  about 
30  niili'8  VV.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  724. 

CANON  (kiin-yOn'  or  kan'yon)  CITY,  a  small  mining  post- 
vilhige  of  Trinity  co.,  California,  a  few  miles  N.  of  Weaver- 
ville.^ 

CANON  CITY,  a  village  of  Umatilla  co.,  Oregon,  on  or 
near  the  Middle  fork  of  John  Day  Hiver,  IHO  miles  S.K.  of 
tlie  Dalles.  It  had  in  1864  about  8  general  stores.  Tlie  ad- 
jacent hills  contain  gold-mines,  whicli  are  worked  with 
success.     Cop.  in  18G4,  from  1200  to  1500. 

CASON  city,  a  post-village  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada,  near 
Reese  Itivcr,  about  ISO  miles  E,  of  Carson  City,  and  12  miles 
S.  of  4u8tin.     Pop.  in  1864,  about  200. 

CANON  CITY,  a  post-villagi^  capital  of  Fremont  co., 
Colorado,  situated  on  the  Arkansas  River,  about  100  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Denver.  It  is  near  the  E.  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.     Gold  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 

CANOSIA,  or  CANOSA,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  12  miles  N.W.of  Du  Luth. 

CANSEMAII,  Oregon.    See  Caxkmaii. 

CANTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Van  Zandt  co.,  Te,\as, 
about  27  miles  N.  of  Atliens,  and  27  miles  E.  of  Kaufman. 

CANTON,  a  post-townsliip  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,on  the 
Cer.tral  Railroad,  about  20  miles  W.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  1547. 

CANTON,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  906. 

CANTON,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  the  state  of  Iowa.     Pop.  600. 

CANTON,  a  post-ollice  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota. 

CANTON,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas,  about 
48  miles  i*.  of  Lawrence. 

CANYONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co..  Oregon, 
on  the  S.  Fork  of  the  Umpqua  River,  2ti  miles  S.  of  Rose- 
burg.  It  has  several  stores  and  a  flouriiig-mill.  Pop.  of 
Canyonville  township,  in  1860,  322. 

CAPE  AU  ORIS,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  67  miles  above  St.  Louis. 

CAPE  ELIZAUllTH,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine,  on  the  sea-coast,  about  2  miles  S.  of  Portland,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Portland  Harbor.     Pop.  3278. 

CAPE  ELIZABETH  DKl'OT,  a  post-village  of  Cumber- 
land CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Portland  S;ico  and  Portsmouth  Rail- 
road, 2  miles  S.  of  Portland. 

CAPIOMA,  or  CAPIOXA,  a  post-village  of  Naniaha  co., 
Kansas,  about  44  miles  W.N.W.  of  Atchison.     Pop.  154. 

CAPOLI,  a  post-village  ofAUomakeo  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  a  mile  or  two  below  Lansing. 

CAPRON,  a  post-ollice  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Ke- 
nosha and  Kockford  Railroad,  21  miles  N.E.  of  Rockford. 

CARBON,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1512. 

CARBON,  a  village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  Han- 
nibal and  St.  Joseph  Railroa<l,  3  miles  K.  of  Macon  City. 

CARBONDAI.E,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  5.')  miles  S.  of  Centralia. 

CARDIFF,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
tlie  K.  side  of  tlio  Yazoo  River,  about  13  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Vieksburg. 

CAREY,  a  township  of  Lucas  co,  Ohio.     Pop.  753. 

CAUEY  (or  GARY)  STATION,  a  post-office  of  McIIenry 
lo.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  38 
miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

CAREY'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Aljiine  co.,  California, 
75  E.  of  Placerville, 

CARIMOXA.  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  CO.,  Minnesota, 
situiited  in  Cariniona  township,  about  5  miles  W.  of  Pres- 
ton, and  15  miles  S.  of  Chattield.     Pop.  of  the  township,  677. 

CARL,  a  post-township  of  Adams  CO.,  Iowa,  about  65 
miles  S.W.  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  85. 

CARLIN,  a  station  on  the  Frelnont  Lima  and  Union  Rail- 
road, in  Seneca  CO.,  Ohio,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Fremont. 

CARLISLE,  a  post-village  of  Eaton  CO.,  Michigan,  about 
22  miles  N.  of  Marshall. 

CARLISLE,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  about  36 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Omalra  City,  and  10  miles  S.  of  Platte  River. 

CARLTON,  a  county  in  the  E.N.E.  part  of  Minnesota, 
containing  about  860  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  St. 
Louis  and  the  Kettle  River,  the  latter  of  which  rises  in  it. 
The  surface  is  uneven  and  partly  covered  .by  forests  of  pine 
and  sugar  maple.    Capital,  Twin  Lakes  (?).    Pop.  51. 

C.A.RLTON,  a  post-township  of  Barry  CO.,  Michigan,  about 
35  miles  W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  678. 

Carlton,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  354 

CARI>TO.\,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kewaunee  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Lake  Michigan,  8  miles  S.  of  Kewaunee. 
Ine  village  has  2  mills  and  2  stores.     Total  population,  731. 

flARLTON,  a  township  of  Freeborn  Co.,  Minnesota.    Pop. 

tJARLYLE,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Kansas,  3  miles 
from  the  Neosho  River,  and  about  75  miles  S.  of  Lawrence. 


C.\RNATIAN,  a  village  of  Clatsop  co.,  Oregon,  about  14 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Astoria. 

CARPENTARIA,  a  village  of  Santa  Barbara  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  about  10  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Santa 
Barbara. 

CARQUINEZ,  kar-kee'nes,  California,  a  strait  connecting 
the  bay  of  San  Pablo  with  Sulsun  Bay.  It  is  about  1  mile 
wide  and  has  16  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  Benicia,  situ- 
ated on  this  strait,  is  the  most  eastern  point  which  is  ac- 
cessible lor  largo  vessels  from  San  Francisco,  or  from  the  sea 

CARR,  a  township  of  Clark  co  ,  Indiana.    Pop.  929. 

CARROLL,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
about  56  miles  N.E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  470. 

CARROLL,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania 
about  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lock  Haven. 

CARROLL,  a  township  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois.  Poo. 
1957. 

CARROLL,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  86. 

CARROLLTON.  a  village  of  Saginaw  co.,  .Alichigan,  on  the 
Saginaw  River,  about  12  miles  above  Bay  City. 

CARRUI.LTOX,  a  post-village,  capit;il  of  Carroll  co.,  Iowa, 
about  70  miles  W.N.W  of  Des  Moines.  It  is  on  the  Middl* 
Fork  of  the  Racoon  River. 

C.4.RH0LLT0N,  a  town.-hip  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota 
imnu'diately  N.E.  of  Preston,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  396. 

CARRSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Isle  of  Wight  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Seaboard  and  Roanoke  Railroad,  32  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Norfolk. 

CARSON,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas,  about  38 
miles  N.W.  of  Atchison. 

CARSON  CITY,  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  and 
county-seat  of  Ornisby  co.,  is  situated  on  the  E.  slope  or  at 
the  E.  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  4  miles  W.  of  Car- 
son River,  170  miles  in  a  direct  line  (or  250  by  the  roadi  N. 
E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  15  miles  S.  by  W.of  Virginia  City 
Lat.  39O10'N.  Lon.  119°  45' W.  The  site  is  a  fertile  plain 
or  pbiteau  surrounded  by  grand  and  picturesque  scenery 
It  contained  in  l.-<64,4  dry-good  stores,  3  book  stores,  2  drug 
stores,  9  general  stores,  and  a  seminary  for  gills.  One  daily 
newspjiper  is  published  here.  It  has  silver  mines  which 
yielded  in  1864  $1,994,884.  Carson  City  was  founded  in 
1858.     Pop.  in  1860,  714  ;  in  1865,  estimated  at  2500. 

CARSON  PASS,  Calilbrnia,  a  pass  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  Alpine  county,  7972  feet  high. 

CARSONS,  a  mining  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California, 
25  miles  S.  of  Jlokelumne  Hill.  It  has  several  quartz-mills 
and  stores. 

CARTER,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  lias 
an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Current  River,  which  flows  southward.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified with  hills  and  valleys,  and  is  heavily  timbered. 
Copper  and  iron  are  found  in  it,  also  limestone.  Capital, 
Van  Biiren.     Pop.  12.35. 

CARTER,  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1188. 

CAll'l'IIAGE,  a  post-village  of  Campbell  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Ohio  River  about  24  miles  atiove  Cincinnati. 

CARTH.\GE,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,  about 
6  miles  E.  of  Iowa  City. 

CARTLAND,  or  COURTLAND,  a  township  of  Nicollet  co., 
Minnesota.     Poj).  305. 

CARVER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  ana  of  about  375  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.E.  by  the  Minnesota  River  and  also  drained  by  the 
S.  Fork  of  Crow  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the 
soil  fertile.  The  woodlands  of  this  county  are-more  exten- 
sive than  the  prairies.  Among  the  forest  trees  is  the  sugar 
maple.    Capital,  Chaska.    Pop.  5106. 

CARVER,  a  post-village  of  Carver  co.,  5Iinnesota.  situ- 
ated in  a  township  of  the  same  name,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Minnesota  River,  about  33  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul.  It 
has  3  hotels  and  about  60  houses.  Firewood  is  sliipped 
here  in  steamboats.    Pop.  of  township  724.' 

CARY  STATION,  Illinois.    See  Carev. 

CASCADE,  a  post-village  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia, 
about  16  miles  W.  of  Danville. 

CASCADE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Kent  en., 
Michigan.  The  village  is  on  the  Thorn  Apple  River  about 
11  miles  S.E.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  892. 

CASCADE,  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Whito 
Creek,  about  32  miles  N.W.  of  Portage  City. 

CASCADE,  a  township  of  Olmstead  Co.,  Minnesota,  im- 
mediately N.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  427. 

CASCADE.-',  a  post-village,  capital  of  Skamania  co.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  situated  on  tlie  right  bank  of  the  Colum- 
bia River  about  50  miles  W.  of  Dalles  City,  Oregon.  Steam- 
boats navigate  the  river  as  high  as  this  point.  Pop.  in 
1861,  about  200. 

CASCO,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  296. 

CASCO,  a  post-township  of  Saint  Clair  co.,  Michigan, 
about  33  miles  N.K.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  1084. 

CASCO,  a  post-townshiii  of  Kewaunee  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  14  miles  E.  of  the  town  of  Green  Bay.     Pop.  941. 

CASEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Huron  Co.,  Michigan,  on 
Saginaw  Bay  at  the  mouth  of  Pigeon  River,  about  66  miles 
N.E.  of  Saginaw  City. 

2197 


CAS 

CASRYVILl^E,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  9  or  10  miles  E.  of  St. 
Louis. 

CASS,  a  county  on  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an  area 
of  about  570  square  miles.  It  is  bounded,  partly,  on  the 
N.  by  the  Platte  lliver,  on  the  E.  by  the  Mit^souri,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Saline,  'Weeping  'Water  and  other  creeks. 
The  greater  part  of  this  county  is  undulating  prairie.  The 
(roil  is  calcareous  and  fertile.  The  cottonwood,  oak,  black 
walnut  and  other  trees  grow  neai-  the  rivers  and  creeks. 
Limestone  is  fonnd  in  several  pai'ts  of  the  county.  Capital, 
PlattsmoHth.    Pop.  3369. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Muskingum  co ,  Ohio.    Pop.  1191. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Greene  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  645. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  873. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Sullivan  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1018.. 

CASS,  a  township  of 'White  co^  Indiana.    Pop.  443. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  300. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  045. 

C.\SS,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa.    I'op.  493. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  934. 

C.\SS,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  945. 

CASS,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  277. 

CASS,  a  township  "of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  112. 

CASS,  a  township  of  AVapello  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  562. 

CASSEL,  or  CASSELL,  a  post-village  of  "Wright  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  N.  Fork  of  the  Crow  Kiver,  about  33  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Minneapolis. 

CASSVII/1,E,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  'West  Virginia,  on 
the  Big  Sandy  Kiver,  ai)out  20  miles  S.  of  Ceredo. 

CASSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana,  on  a 
railroad  5  miles  N.  of  Kokomo. 

CASTIXE.  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about  14 
Tiilcs  S.  of  Greenville. 

CASTLE  DOMK,  a  mining  village  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona, 
on  the  Colorado  River,  about  150  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.W. 
'f  Pre.scott. 

CASTLE  GROVE,  a  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
65<*. 

CASTLE  PEAK.  California,  is  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, about  lat.  38°  10'  N.  Its  altitude  is  estimated  at 
]  3,000  feet. 

CASTLE  ROCK,  a  small  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  "Wis- 
omsin,  on  Blue  Kiver,  about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Mineral 
Point. 

CASTLE  ROCK,  a  post-township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  22  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop.  .399. 

CASTLE  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  Cowlitz  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  13  miles  N.  of  Monticello.  It  is  on  or  near 
the  Cowlitz  River. 

C.VSTLETOX,  a  post- village  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Indianapolis  and  Peru  Railroad,  11  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Indianajwlis. 

CASTKOVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Medina  co., 
Texas,  on  the  Medina  River,  about  28  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
San  Antonio. 

CATARACT,  a  postoffice  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  on  Mill 
Creek,  about  :54  miles  E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

C.\TAR.\CT,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  CO.,  'Wisconsin,  on 
Big  Creek,  10  miles  N.  of  Spartii.  It  has  2  mills,  and  about 
60  dwellings.    Pop.  about  300. 

CATAWB.^.a  post-village  of  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Kentucky  Central  Railroad,  3b  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cin- 
cinnati. 

CATAWBA,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  11  or  12 
miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

CATAWBA  STATION, a  post-office  of  Catawba  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  a  railroad,  38  miles  W.  of  Salisbury. 

CAT.A.W1SSA,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  South  West  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  41  miles 
S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

CATHEDRAL  PKAK,  California,  a  peak  of  the  Sierra 
NevadH,  in  the  X.E.  part  of  Mariposa  co. 

CATHLAPOOTLE,  a  river  of  Washington  Territory,  is 
fonned  by  the  North  and  South  Forks,  which  rise  in  Skami- 
ania  co.,  flow  westward  through  Clark  co.,  and  unite  about 
6  miles  E.  of  St.  Helens.  The  main  stream  enters  the 
'^iluuibi  I  River,  about  3  miles  from  the  junction  of  its 
forks. 

C.^TLETT,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Manassas 
Junction. 

CATLIN,  a  ])ost-village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  about  25 
miles  N..N.E.  ol  Terre  Haute. 

CATLIN,  a  post-village  in  Catlin  township,  Vermilion 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  7  miles  W  S.W. 
of  Danville.     Pop.  of  township  1793. 

CATO,  a  i>08t-town>(hip  of  Montcalm  CO.,  Michigan,  about 
65  mil.  s  N.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  191. 

CATO,  a  township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin.  It  con- 
talus  the  villages  of  Harrington  and    Lyonsville.    Pop. 

CATOOS.V,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Georgia 
bordering  on  Tenne.s8ee,  bis  an  area  estimated  at  17;)  stiuare 
miles.    It  i.H  drained  by  Chickamauga  Creek-    The  surface 


CEN 

is  hill,v  and  partly  covered  by  forests.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  Capital,  Ringgold. 
Population  5082. 

CAVE  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Barren  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  85  miles  S.  of  Louia- 
ville,  and  aliont  6  miles  from  the  Mammoth  Cave. 

.CAVE  CITY,  a  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  about 
12  miles  E.  of  San  Andreas.    Here  is  a  remarkable  cave. 

COYOTE  CHEEK.  Calaveras  co.,  California,  is  an  affluent 
of  the  Stanislaus  River.  It  has  two  natural  bridges  over 
it,  which  attract  many  visitors. 

CAYUGA,  a  post-office  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  5  miles  N.E.  of 
Pontiac. 

CAZENOVIA,  or  GASNOVIA,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan,  about  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Grand 
Rapids.     Pop.  604. 

CAZENOVIA,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois. 
Population  954. 

CAZENOVIA,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Little  Baraboo  River,  aViout  40  miles  W.  of  Portage  City. 
It  has  2  stores,  1  mill,  and  12  dwellings. 

CECILVILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Klamath  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Orleans  Bar. 

CEDAR,  a  [county  in  the  N.E.  past  of  Nebraska,  border- 
ing on  Dakota,  has  an  area  of  about  650  square  miles.     It 
is  bounded  on    the  N.  by  the    Missouri   River  and  also 
drained  by  the  Big  Row,  and  other  creeks.    The  surface  is 
diversified  :  the  soil  is  productive.    Pop.  246. 
CED.^K,  a  township  of  Knox  co ,  Illinois.    Pop.  790. 
CED.\R,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  567. 
CEDAK,  a  township  of  Black  Hawk  co  ,  Iowa.    Pop.  311. 
CEDAR,  a  township  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  125. 
CED.\K,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  866. 
CEDAK,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa     Pop.  789. 
CEDAR,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  977. 
CEDAR,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  600. 
CEDAK, a  townshij)  of  Mahaska  cti.,  Iowa.    I'op.  919. 
CEDAR,  a  township  of  Jlitchell  co ,  Iowa.    Pop.  320. 
CEDAK,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  565. 
CEDAK,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  413. 
CEDAR,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  950. 
CED.\I!,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  772. 
CEDAR  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Iron  co.,  Utah,  18  miles 
S.AV.  of  Parcvan.    Pop.  said  to  be  300. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  in  the  N.  part  of  Virginia,  rises  in  the 
W.  part  of  Shenandoah  co.  It  enters  the  North  Fork  of 
the  Shenandoah  about  4  miles  below  Strasburg.  Here  Gen. 
Sheridan  gained  a  great  victorv  over  Earlv,  Oct.  19,  1864. 

CEDAR  FALLS,  a  pos^vi'llage  of  Black  Hawk  co., 
Iowa,  situated  on  Cedar  River,  and  on  the  Dubuque  and 
Sioux  City  Railroad,  100  miles  W.  of  Dubuque,  and  about 
100  miles  N.E.  of  Des  Moines.  It  contains  2  banks,  4 
churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1  Union  school-house,  3  flonr- 
ing-mills,  3  saw  mills,  and  a  sash  and  door  factory.  The 
river,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  affords  abundant 
water-power.     I'op.  in  1860. 1503 ;  in  1865,  about  SOOO. 

CEDAIt  ISLAND,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska, 
on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  5  or  6  miles  WJJ.W.  of 
the  village  of  Plattsmouth. 

CEDAR  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Paul.  Pop.  132. 
CEDAR  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Chase  co.,  Kansas. 
CED.\R  RAPIDS,  a  i^ost-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Cedar  Kiver,  and  on  the  Cedar  Rajiids  and  Missouri 
River  Railroad,  about  80  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dubuque,  and  6 
niiles  S.W.  of  Marion.  It  has  direct  railroad  communica- 
tion witli  Chicago,  219  miles  distant.  Another  railroad  is 
nearlj-  completed  from  Dubuque  to  this  i)lace.  It  contains 
1  or  2  national  banks,  and  several  churclies  and  Cictories. 
Pop.  in  1860,  1830. 

CEDARTuWN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  Georgia, 
situated  about  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rome. 

CEDAR  VALUiY,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  40 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Prove. 

CED.\RA'ILLE,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  St. 
Joseph's  Kiver,  about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

CEDARVILLE.  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California, 
on  the  j^outh  Fork  of  the  Cosuinne  River,  24  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Placerville.    Pop  in  1863.  about  100. 

CEDARVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chehalis  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  about  30  miles  S.E.  of  Montesano. 

CELILO,  a  village  of  Wasco  CO..  Oregon,  on  the  Columbia 
River,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  the  Dalles,  wiih  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  railroad.  It  has  a  steamboi't-landing,  and  a 
largo  railroad  warehouse  of  the  Oregon  Steam  Navigation 
Company. 

CELINA,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennesse-e,  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  about  82  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nashville. 

CENTRAL,  a  post-office  of  Linn  oo.,  Oregon  on  the  Soiifh 
Fork  of  the  Santiiim  River,  alx'ut  10  miles  S.E.  of  Albany. 
CENTRAL  CITY,  a  post-vill.tge  of  Marim  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  about  2  miles  N.  of  Centialia. 
CKNTRAL  CITV,asm:illviIla-e  of  Anderson  CO.,  Kansas. 
CENTRAL  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Nemalji  co.,  Kansasi 


CEN 


cnA 


on  or  near  the  Nemaha  River,  about  66  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Toi'ekii. 

CENTRAL  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Burt  co.,  Nebraska, 
on  tlie  Missouri  River,  about  50  miles  by  land  N.  by  W.  of 
Omaha  Citv.  It  has  a  good  landing  on  a  rock-bound  shore. 
Pop.  in  ISiio,  11. 

CENTRA!.  CITY,  formerly  Mountain  City,  a  post-town, 
capital  of  (iilpiu  co.,  Colorado,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  about  35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Denver. 
It  is  the  commercial  centre  of  the  Gregory  gold  mines.  It 
contains  many  line  stone  and  brick  buildings,  3  churches, 
and  3  banking  offices.  One  daily  and  1  weekly  newspaper  is 
issued  here.  It  has  a  number  of  quartz-mills.  The  in- 
habifcmts  import  everything  they  use  ciioept  gold-<lust. 
The  first  house  was  built  here  in  1859.  Pop.  in  1?60,  840  ; 
in  ISGo,  estimated  at  .5000. 

CENTRA  L  HOUSE,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California, 
12  miles  S.  of  Oroville. 

CENTR  ALIA,  a  post-town  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  situated 
on  tlie  C<  iitr.al  Itailroad,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago 
Branch  with  the  Main  Line,  2.J3  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chicago, 
112  miles  N.  of  Cairo,  and  about  05  miles  E.  by  S.  of  St. 
Louis.  It  contains  5  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1  nar 
tional  bank,  and  several  public  schools;  also,  m.ichine-shops 
and  repair  shops  of  the  Central  Railroatl  Company.  It  is 
reported  to  be  improving.    Pop.  in  ISGo,  about  2600. 

CENTRALIA,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
North  Missouri  Railroad,  121  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. . 

CENTRALIA,  a  post-township  of  Wood  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  4  miles  below  Grand  Rapids. 
Pop.  4S4. 

CENTRALIA,  a  post-office  of  Nemaha  co..  Kansas. 

CENTRAL  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Ooo.lhuo  co.,  Minne- 
■■ota,  on  Luke  Pepin,  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
about  15  miles  below  Red  Wing.     It  haa  2  stefun  saw-mills. 

CENTR l"],  a  township  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey.  Popu- 
lation 1305. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  contains  S;irahs- 
ville.    Pop.  1S52. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  contains  or 
adjoins  Lebanon,  tlio  countj'-seat.     Pop.  1^55.  • 

CENTRH,  a  township  of  Deiirborn  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
836. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1766. 

CENTRE,  a  post-township  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana,  con- 
tains Kokorao,  the  county-seat.    Total  population  20.'$4. 

CENTRIO,  a  township  of  Marshall  Co.,  Indiana.  Pop.,  in- 
cluding I'lymouth,  the  county-seat,  2959. 

CENTR K,  a  township  of  Posey  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  800. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1279. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Stark  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  241. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Union  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.,  in- 
cluding Liberty,  the  county-seat.  1881. 

CENTRE,  a  townsliip  of  Vanderbnrg  co.,  Indiana,  about 
2  tniles  N.  of  Evansville.    Pop.  1359. 

CENTItE,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1153. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  AUomakee  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  620. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  509. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  contains  Tipton, 
the  county-seat.     Pop.  1816. 

CENTllE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  755. 

CiONTRE,  a  townsliip  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1219. 

CENTRK,  a  townshig  of  Dubuque  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1109. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Fayetto  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  213. 

CENTKE,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  458. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  contains  Mount 
Pleasant,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  1706. 

CENTK  E,  a  township  of  Madison  Co.,  Iowa..    Pop.  2269. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  866. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin.  Popu- 
lation 384. 

CENTRE,  a  township  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  848. 

CENTKE,  a  township  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas.  Popu- 
lation 1343. 

CENTRETON,  a  post-village  of  Morg.an  co.,  Indiana,  about 
25  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  27  miles  N.  of  Pliiladelpliiiu  Here  is  Buckingham 
post-office. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Leon  co.,  Texas, 
about  48  miles  N.N.W'.  of  Huntsville. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  about  20 
miles  NN.W.  of  Marietta. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  township  of  Leelenaw  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  651. 

CENTIIEVILLE,  a  village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana,  about 
22  miles  N.W.  of  Madison. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Reynolds  Co., 
Missouri,  on  the  W.  Fork  of  Black  River,  about  40  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Poto.si. 

CENTll  K  VI LLE,  a  township  of  Manitowoc  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Lake  Michigan.     Pop.  1131. 

CENTIIEVILLE,  a  village  of  Saint  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin, 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Hudson.    It  hius  1  flour-mill.     Pop.  150. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota,  in 


Contreville  township,  about  16  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Saint  Paul 
Pop.  of  the  township  351. 

CENTREVILLIO,  a  village  of  Stearns  CO.,  Minnesota, 
about  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  .Saint  Cloud. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Linn  co.,  Kansa» 
Pop.  f«6. 

C  ENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co,,  California, 
about  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  15  miles  S.E.  of 
Sail  Leandro.     Pop.  in  lf>64,  about  250. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California. 
See  Pilot  Hill. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Utah,  12 
miles  N.  of  Salt  Lake  City.    Pop.  about  300. 

CENTREVILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Boiseo  CO.,  Idaho,  on 
Grimes  Creek,  about  8  miles  N.  or  N.W.  of  Idaho  City.  It 
is  situated  in  the  Boi>eo  Basin,  in  the  midst  of  rich  placer 
gold  mines.     Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

CENTKOPOLIS,  a  townsliip  and  village  of  Franklin  Co., 
Kansas,  about  40  miles  S.S.\V.  of  Lawrence.     Pop.  737. 

CERALVO,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mississippi,  about 
80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Columbus. 

CERE'OO,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co..  West  Virginia, 
situated  on  the  Ohio  River  about  2  miles  above  the  nioutli 
of  the  Big  Sandy,  150  miles  above  Cincinnati,  and  12  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Iron  ton,  Ohio.  It  was  settled  by  emigrants  from 
New  England.  It  contained  in  18ti0, 1  churcli,  1  nijwspaper 
office,  1  manufactory  of  ghiss  bottles,  1  of  friction  malclies, 
and  1  of  carriages.  Pop.  about  600.  Iron  and  stone  coal 
abound  here. 

CERES,  a  post-village  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about  5  miles 
W.  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  16  miles  S.  of  McGregor. 

CERESCO,  or  CRESCO,  a  township  of  Blue  Earth  co., 
Minnesota.    Pop.  230. 

CERRO  GORDO,  a  post-village  of  Piatt  co.,  lUinois.  on 
the  Great  Western  Railroad,  uO  miles  E.  of  Springfield. 
Pop.  of  Corro  Gordo  township  5;i3. 

CHALMERS,  a  post-village  of  White  Co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  17  miles  N.  of  Lafayette. 

CHALMERS,  a  township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1046. 

CHAMBERS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas, 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Galveston  Bay.  It  is 
intersected  by  Trinity  River,  which  eutera  Galveston  Bay 
in  this  county.     Pop.  150s. 

CHAMBERSBURG,  or  CHAMBERSVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  7  miles  N.  olliiihana. 

CHAMBEliSBURG,  a  fractional  post-towusliip  of  Pike 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Illinois  River,  56  miles  W.  of  Spring- 
field.    Pop.  603. 

CHAMIJIS,  a  post-village  of  O-sage  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
lOU  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

CHAMPAIGN,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Champaign  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Brunch  of  the  Central  Railroud,  128 
miles  S.S.W.  of  (Chicago,  and  2  miles  W.  of  Urbana.  It  con- 
tains a  churches,  1  national  bank,  and  1  newspaper  office, 
and  has  a  horse  railroad  to  Urbana.  Pop.  in  1860, 1727  ;  in 
1805,  about  3300. 

CHAMPION  HILLS,  a  locality  in  Hinds  co.,  Mississippi, 
W.  of  Jackson.  At  this  place  General  Grant  defeated  Gene- 
ral Pemberton,  on  the  Kith  of  May,  1863. 

CHAMl'LIN,  a  post-village  and  fractional  township  of 
Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  nearly 
opposite  .\uoka,  and  about  lb  miles  above  St.  Anthonv. 
Pup.  198. 

CIIAMPOAG,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Marion  co., 
Oregon.  The  village  is  on  the  Willamette  River,  25  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Salem.    Total  population  398. 

CHANCEFORD,  a  post-villiigeof  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
in  Chanceford  township,  aljout  10  miles  S.E.  of  Yoik. 

CHAXDALLEIl,  a  po.-'t-viUage  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa,  about 
28  miles  S.W.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

CHANIIASSON,  or  CHANHASSAN,  a  post-village  and 
township  ol  Carver  CO.,  Minnesota.  Tlie  village  is  about  28 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Saint  Paul.  Tlie  trjwnship  is  within  a 
mile  of  the  Minnesota  River.    Pop.  566. 

CHANTILLY,  a  post-village  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia, 
about  20  miles  W.  of  \Va8hington. 

CHAPEL  IIILL,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  CO.,  Missouri, 
about  25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lexington. 

CHAPIN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Iowa,  about  100 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Des  Moines. 

CIIAPPARAL  IIILL.  a  village  of  Butte  co.,  California, 
about  40  miles  N.  of  Oroville. 

CHARITON,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  567. 

CU.4.RIT0N,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa,  on 
or  near  the  Chariton  River,  about  48  miles  S.S.E.  of  Des 
Moines.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  Burliug- 
ton  and  Miss<iuri  River  Railroad.    Pop.  in  1860,  1199. 

CHARLES  CITY,  a  post-village,  capitiil  of  Floyd  CO., 
Iowa,  on  Cedar  River,  150  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dubuque,  and 
30  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Waverly.  It  contains  a  court-house,  4 
churches,  1  newspaper  office,  and  several  mills  The  sur- 
roumling  country  is  a  fertile  rolling  prairie.  The  river 
affords  a  valuable  water-power.    Pop.  about  050. 

2199 


CIIA 

.HABLESTON,  a  village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  on 
^t'  Missouri  Kiver,  about  12  miles  NAV.  of  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri. „  ,., 

CII.ARLESTOX,  a  post-village  of  Yolo  CO.,  California,  on 
the  Sacramento  Uiver,  10  miles  X.E.  of  Woodland.  It  lias 
1  or  -  stores. 

CUAULESTOWN,  or  CHARLESTON,  a  post-village  and 
township  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin.  The  township  is  im- 
m'^diatelv  E.  Of  Chilton.    Pop.  932. 

OHAKLEVOIX.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Emmet 
CO.,  Michigan.  The  village  is  on  Gretne  Kiver,  about  2 
miles  from  Lake  Michigan,  and  about  aO  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Grand  Traverse  City.     Pop.  176. 

CllAliLOTTE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  about 
17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ljons. 

CHARLTON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  border- 
ing on  Florida,  has  an  area  estimated  at  1000  square  miles. 
It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Siitilla  and  .^aint 
Mary's  Rivers.  The  surface  is  level  and  the  soil  sandy. 
Pop.  1780. 

CHASE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kansas,  has 
an  area  of  570  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cotton- 
wood River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Neosho.  The  surface 
is  undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile  and  adapted  to  the  raising 
of  stock.  Tlie  streiims  are  bordered  with  groves  of  decidu- 
ous trees.    CapitiU,  Cottonwood  Falls.    Pop.  S0<. 

CHASE,  a  township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Trempealeau  CO..  Wisconsin. 

CllASEVlLLE,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  co.,  New  York, 
aliout  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cooperstown. 

CHASKA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carver  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  navigable  by 
steamboats,  aliout  22  miles  !«.W.  of  Minneapolis,  and  4 
miles  above  Shakopee.    Pop.  in  1860,  552. 

CHATFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  co.,  Ohio, 
about  8  niile<»  N.  by  E.  of  liucyrus.    Pop.  1430. 

CHATFIELD,  a  postrvillage  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota, 
in  Chatfield  township,  and  on  Root  River  Valley  Railroad, 
about  22  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester,  and  30  miles  in  a  direct 
line  from  the  Mississippi  River  at  Winona.  It  contains 
several  churches,  1  bank,  and  an  academy,  incorporated 
about  1855.  Root  River  passes  through  the  township. 
Pop.  of  township  in  1S60, 1327 ;  of  the  village  in  1865,  esti- 
,  mated  at  1000. 

CHATHAM,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  about  9 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Newark. 

CH.\TUAM,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa,  near 
the  Wapsipinicon  Kiver,  about  24  miles  E.  of  Cedar  Falls. 
CH.VrU.^M,  a  post-olHce  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota. 
CHATSWOilTlI,  a  ixist-village  and  township  of  Living- 
Eton  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Toledo  Peoria  and  Warsaw  Rail- 
road, 71  miles  E.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  310. 

CHATTAHOOCHEE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  about  250  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  ^y.  by  the  Cliattahoochee  River,  and 
on  the  N.W.  by  the  Upatoi  Creek.  The  surface  is  some- 
what diversified.    Capital,  Cusseta.     Pop.  5797. 

CHATTANOOGA,  a  post-village  of  Dallas  Co.,  Iowa,  near 
Bacoon  River,  about  25  miles  W.  of  Des  Moines. 

CHEATHAM,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Middle  Ten- 
nessee, has  an  area  estimated  at  350  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Cumberland  River  and  also  drained  by 
Uarpeth  River.  The  surface  is  undulating.  This  county  is 
traversed  by  the  Nashville  and  Northwestern  Railroad. 
Pop.  7258,  of  whom  1SS2  were  slaves. 

CHEBANSE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Iroquois  CO., 
Illinois.  The  village  is  on  the  Central  Railroad,  64  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Chicago.    ToUil  population,  974. 

CHECAUQUA,  a  village  or  station  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  7  miles  W. 
of  Mount  Pleasant. 

CUElIAbEM  VALLEY,  a  township  or  precinct  in  the 
N.E.  part  of  Yam  Hill  county,  Oregon,  on  the  Chehalem 
Creek.     Pop.  3b7. 

CIIEHA'LIS,  a  river  of  Washington  Tenitory,  rises  in 
Lewis  county  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Coast  Riinge,  flows 
through  Chehalis  county  and  enters  Gray's  Harlior.  Its 
general  direction  is  W.N.W.  It  is  i^  of  a  mile  wide  at  its 
mouth.  Length  about  125  miles.  The  valley  of  this  river 
Is  extensive  and  fertile. 

CHEHALIS,  a  county  in  the  W.part  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area  estimated  at 
1550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chehalis  River 
and  also  drained  by  the  Siitsop,  Hoquium,  North,  Wynou- 
chee  and  Wliishkah  Rivers.  The  surface  is  diversified  by 
hills  and  ftrlile  valleys.  It  is  heavily  woo«led  with  the  fir 
cedar,  spruce,  hemlock,  maple,  ash,  &c.  The  bottom  lands 
are  very  fertile.    Capital,  Moiitesano.    Pop.  285. 

CHEHALI.S.  ft  iK)st-village  of  Chehalis  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  the  Pai^ific  Ocean  and  on  the  S.  side  of  Gray's 
Harlior,  32  miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Montesano. 

CHELSEA,  a  post-villiige,  capital  of  Butler  co.,  Kansas 
on  ^^  alnut  Creek  about  48  miles  S.W.  of  Emporia. 

CHELTENHAM,  a  jiost-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri 
on  the  I'aiifl.i  liailroud  b  miles  VV.  of  St.  Louis 
22U0 


CHI 

CHENGWATANA,  a  village,  capital  of  Pine  co..  Minne- 
sota, on  Snake  River,  about  70  miles  N.  of  Saint  Paul.  Pop. 
92. 

CHENOA,  a  post-village  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Saint  Ix)uis  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by 
the  Toledo,  Peoria  and  Warsaw  Railroad,  49  miles  E.  of 
Peoria.     Pop.  of  Cheiioa  townsliip,  545. 

CHEQUEST,  or  CHEQUISH,  a  township  in  the  W.  part 
of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  800. 

CHEROK  KE,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansfus,  bor- 
dering; on  Missouri.     It  is  not  noticed  in  the  census  of  1860. 
CHEKOKEE,  a  jjost-villiige,  capitid  of  Cherokee  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Little  Sioux  River,  50  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.N.E.  of 
Sioux  Cit}'. 

CHEROKEE,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California,  on 
the  N.  Fork  of  Feather  liiver,  10  miles  N.  of  Oroville.  It 
has  4  stores.     Pop.  in  1864  aliout  350. 

CHEKOKEE,  or  P.\TTERSON,  a  mining  village  of  Ne- 
vada CO.,  California,  near  the  Middle  Yuba  River  12  miles 
N.  of  Nevada  City.  Here  is  a  post-office  named  Patterson. 
Pop.  estimated  at  500. 

CHERRY  GROVE,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  32S. 

CHERRY  HILL,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  1768. 

CIIE.-^HIRE,  a  post-township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan, 

about  21  miles  W.N.W.  of  Kalamazoo.    Pop.  676. 

CHESNOT,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1268. 

CHESSANING,  or    CHISSANINQ,  a   post-village  and 

township  of   Saginaw  co.,  Michigan,  on   the  Shiawassee 

River,  about  45  miles  N.E.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  538. 

CHEST,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
617. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Chesterfield  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Richmond  and  Petersburg  Railroad,  13  miles  S.  of 
Richmond. 

CHESTER,  a  village  and  township  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  line  between  Iowa  and  Minnesota.     Pop.  153. 

CHESTER,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Lake  Horiconand  on  the  Horicon  Branch  of  the  Milwaukee 
and  Saint  Paul  Railroad.  Part  of  the  large  village  of  Wau- 
pun  is  included  in  this  township.     Totiil  population,  1803. 

CHESTER,  a  townshil)  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
333. 

CHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Ijincaster  co.,  Neliraska,  on 
Saline  Creek,  about  62  miles  S.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

CHESTEKFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co..  Indiana, 
on  White  River  and  on  the  Bellefontaine  Railway  Line,  41 
miles  N.K.  of  Indianapolis. 

CHESTER  STATION,  a  post-oflHce  of  Chester  township, 
Dodge  CO.,  AVisconsin.  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Riiilroad,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

CHETCO.  or  CHETCOE,  a  post-village  of  CuiTy  co., 
Oregon,  on  Chetco  River,  about  1  mile  from  the  ocean,  and 
40  miles  S.  of  Ellensburg.    Pop.  80. 

CHEWTOWN,  a  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Beaver  River,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Newcastle. 

CHEYENNE,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Platte  River  about  36  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Omaha  City. 

CHICAGO,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Lebanon  Branch  Railroad,  55  miles  S.S.E.  of  Louisville. 
CHICAGO  [continued  from  page  4^]. 
The  trade  in  hides  is  very  large.     In  185S,  there  were  re- 
ceived 11,606,997  lbs. ;  and  in  1864  the  receipts  had  increased 
to  -20,052,235  lbs.  of  hides. 

As  a  whiskey  market  Chicago  now  ranks  higher  than  any 
other  in  the  West.  In  1853  the  receipts  amounted  to  8,4^7 
barrels ;  and  in  1863  the  trade  had  increased  to  137,947  bbls. 
In  1864  the  receipts  were  102,032  barrels. 

The  city  is  provided  with  water  from  the  lake ;  but  owing . 
to  the  fact  that  the  water  close  to  the  shore  is  polluted  by 
the  filth  which  runs  out  of  the  river,  a  tunnel  has  been  cut 
under  the  bed  of  the  lake,  extending  two  miles  from  the 
shore,  so  as  to  supply  the  city  with  pure  water.  This  tunnel 
is  now  (1865)  nearly  eonii)loted.  It  is  5  feet  in  diameter,  is 
cut  38  feet  below  the  bed  of  the  lake,  with  a  dip  landward 
of  4  feet.  A  shaft  is  sunk  at  the  shore,  87  feet  deep,  and  an 
iron  shaft,  9  feet  in  diameter,  will  be  sunk  in  the  lake  at  the 
extreme  f  nd  of  the  tunnel,  with  an  immense  crib  around  it, 
of  heavy  timbers.  This  is  one  of  the  greatest  pieces  of  en- 
gineering known  in  the  West.  The  contract  for  the  entire 
work  was  let  at  $315,139,  but  it  will  probably  cost  more  be- 
fore it  is  finished. 

At  present  much  time  is  lost  by  the  public  in  waiting  at 
the  bridges  across  the  river,  for  vessels  to  pass,  and  a  con- 
tract has  been  let  to  cut  a  tunnel  under  the  river,  at  Wash- 
ington street.  The  price  at  which  it  was  let  was  .S200,000, 
and  the  work  will  be  finished  within  a  year.  If  this  tunnel 
is  a  success,  more  will  be  cut,  and  the  use  of  bridges  will 
be  abandoned. 

Chicago  has  17  public  schools  and  a  High  School ,  tne  at- 
tendance at  which  ranges  from  700  up  to  2000.  Th»>T  are 
considered  the  best  in  the  West;  so  much  are  they  ].iiznd. 
that  it  is  a  difficult  niattei  to  sustain  a  private  schoul    Tn* 


CHI 

University  of  Chicago  is  situated  in  Cottage  Grove,  just  on 
the  outskirts  of  the  city.  It  is  uikIlt  tlie  ausijices  of  tlio 
Baptist  Jenoinination,  and  is  in  a  flourisliing  condition. 
Besides  tlie  usual  collegiate  course,  it  has  a  law-school  at- 
tached, wliich  is  a  valuable  auxiliary  to  law-students. 

The  Northwestern  University,  at  Kvanston  (9  miles  N.of 
Chicago,  on  the  lake  shore),  is  under  the  care  of  the  Meth- 
odists, and  is  also  in  a  flourishing-  condition. 

The  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  is  an  association  of  merchants, 
numbering  ISOO  momliers,  who  meet  daily  on  'change  and 
transact  business.  This  is  perliaps  the  most  importjint 
commercial  association  W.  of  New  York  city.  Besides  oc- 
cupying a  prominent  position  Jis  a  commercial  body,  the 
Board  of  Trade  has  ever  been  foremost  in  aiding  the  Gov- 
ernment with  both  money  and  men.  During  thie  progress 
of  the  rebellion,  this  institution  recruited  and  raisetl  i  regi- 
ments of  infantry  and  a  battery  of  artillery,  at  its  own 
expense..  The  Boiird  of  Trade  has  a  history  of  which  its 
members  and  the  citizens  generally  are  proud.  It  has  just 
completed  a  new  building,  called  the ''Chamber  of  Com- 
merce," the  dimensions  of  whicli  are  93  by  181  feet,  and  100 
feet  high.  It  is  built  of  Athens  stone,  and  cost  about 
$400,000.     It  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  West. 

CmCA(iO,  a  post-office  of  Uouglas  co.,  Nebraska. 

CHICllKSTEU,  a  village  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  K.  of  Muskegon. 

CHTCKAMAUGA,  or  CUICAMAUGA,  a  post-office  of 
Ilaniiltou  co ,  Tennessee,  and  a  station  on  the  Chattanooga 
and  Atlanta  Railroad,  8  miles  K.N.K.  of  Chattanooga.  A 
severe  action,  but  without  decisive  results,  was  fought  near 
this  place  between  the  federal  troops,  commanded  by  Gen. 
Kosecrans,  and  the  rebels  under  Gen.  Bragg,  on  the  I9th 
and  20th  of  Seiitemlier,  1S6.3. 

CIIICKAMING,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Liike  Michigan,  about  15  miles  N.K.  of  Michigan  City. 
Pop.  311. 

CHICKASAW,  a  township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa.  P.  589. 

CHICO,  chee'ko,  a  creek  of  Butte  co.,  California,  rises  in 
the  N.  part,  (lows  S.W.  and  enters  tlie  Siicramento  Kiver. 

CIIICO,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Butte  co., 
California,  on  Chico  Creek,  0  miles  E.  of  the  Sacramento 
River.  The  village  is  25  miles  N.W.  of  Oroville.  It  con- 
tains 2  di'ug  stores,  several  other  stores,  1  flouring-mill,  2 
schools,  &c.  It  is  in  a  rich  farming  country,  i'irst  settled 
in  1861.    Pop.  1071;  jKipulation  of  township  in  1860,  1-182. 

CHILUOWEE,  or  CIIILOWEE,  a  post-village  of  Blount 
CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the  Little  Tennessee  lUver,  about  30  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Knoxville. 

ClIILl,  a  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on  Eel  River, 
about  9  miles  N.N.K.  of  Peru. 

Cllllil,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Quincy.     Pop.  1028. 

CHILI,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  4 
miles  S.  of  Mokelumne  Hill.  It  has  several  stores.  Pop. 
about  250. 

CHILTON,  a  township  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin,  is 
about  3  miles  E.  of  Lfike  Winnebago,  and  contains  Chilton, 
the  connty-seat.     Pop.  1125. 

CHILTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calumet  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Manitowoc  River,  about  -4  miles  N.E.  of  Kond 
du  Lao  and  20  miles  E.of  Oshkosh.  It  has  extensive  water- 
power  and  is  situated  in  a  rich  farming  country.  Pop.  in 
1864,  about  400. 

CHILTONSVII.LE,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Shannon 
CO.,  Missouri,  about  00  miles  S.W.  of  Ironton. 

CHINESE  CA.MP,  a  post-village  of  Tuolumne  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia, 10  miles  S.  of  Sonora.  It  has  about  5  stores.  Gold 
is  found  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  about  560. 

CHIPI'EWW,  a  township  of  Isabella  Co..  Michigan.  P.  127.' 

CHIPPEWA,  a  village  of  Chisago  cq.,  Minnesota,  about  2 
niles  W.  of  St.  Croix  Kiver,  and  55  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St. 
Paul. 

CHIPPEWA,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Dakota,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Red 
River  of  the  Norih,  and  drained  liy  the  Shyenne  and  Goose 
.Uivers.    The  surface  is  nearly  level. 

CllIPPEAVA  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Chippewa  co..  Wis-- 
consin,  on  the  Chippewa  River,  about  90  miles  N.  of  La 
Crosse.    It  has  1  saw-mill  and  about  50  dwellings. 

CHISAGO,  or  CHISAGO  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Chisago 
>D.,  Minnesota,  situated  on  a  small  lake  about  33  miles  N. 
N.E.  of  Saint  Paul. 

CHISAGO  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  Chisago  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  24  miles  N.  of  Stillwater  and  5  miles  W.  of 
Taylor's  Falls.    Pop.  347. 

CHOCOLAY,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Marquette  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  213. 

CHOCONUT,  a  post-villago  and  township  of  Susquehanna 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  14  miles  S.W.  of  Binghamton.  Pop. 
866. 

CIIOLOOK,  Califqrnia.    See  Yosemite  F.ti.i.s. 

CHRISTIAN,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Missouri, 
has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Tames  River,  Swan  Creek  and  other  streams.  The  surface 
il  nadulating  or  hilly.    The  soil  of  the  valley  is  fertile. 


CIN 

Iron,  copper  and  lead  are  found  here,  The  county  Is  well 
supplii'd  with  timber.  Organized  in  1859.  Capital,  Ozark. 
Pop.  .5491. 

CHRISTIANA,  a  post-office  of  Tennessee,  near  the  Una 
between  Rutherford  and  Bedford  counties,  and  on  the  Nash 
ville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  42  miles  S.K.  of  Na.shville. 

CIIRISTI.4.NA,  a  township  of  A'ernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  8 
miles  N.  of  Viroqua.     Pop.  675. 

CHRISTIANA,  a  post-village  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
30  miles  S.  of  Minneai)olis  and  22  miles  N.  of  Pivribault. 

CHRISTINA,  a  small  village  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  17 
miles  W.  of  Matlison. 

CHULA  DKPOT,  a  post-office  of  Amelia  CO.,  "Virginia,  on 
the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  30  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Richmond. 

CHULASKY,  a  post-villageof  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Lackawanna  and  Bloomsburg  Railroad,  3 
miles  W.  of  Danville. 

CHURCHILL,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ne- 
vada, has  an  area  estimated  above  8000  square  miles.  The 
western  part  is  traversed  by  Carson  River.  The  surface  is 
mountainous;  the  soil  is  generally  sterile,  or  unproductive 
without  irrigation.  The  streams  are  small,  and  are  ab 
Borbed  by  the  sauces  of  the  desert.  The  county  contains 
silver-mines.  In  1S63  a  large  deposit  of  good  salt  wiis  founa 
in  the  N.E.  part.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  informa 
tion  respectiu'.;  this  county. 

CHURCHILL,  FORT.    See  Foet  Chdrchill. 

CHURNTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  T 
miles  N.K.  of  Shasta. 

CHURUBUSCO,  a  post-village  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana, 
about  16  miles  N.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

CICKRO,  a  township  of  Tipton  Co.,  Indiana,  contains  Tip- 
ton, the  county-seat.     Pop.  2215., 

CICEUO,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  .about  3  miles 
W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  1272. 

CINCINNATI  [continued  from  page  454]. 

Oimmerce. — The  total  imports  for  the  year  ending  August 
31, 1804,  amounted  to  $389,790,.')37,  an  increase  over  the  pre- 
vious year  of.S245,ii01,324,  largely  attributable  to  the  advance 
in  prices,  though  there  was  a  solid  general  Increase  in  the 
commerce  of  the  city.  The  total  value  of  exports  for  the 
year  1863-4  was  $239,079,825,  against  §102,397.171  for  1S62-0 
The  excess  of  imports  over  exports  for  186;j--4  was  ?1 50,7 10,712. ' 
The  most  valuable  imports  were  merchandise,  8213,104,000; 
cotton,#;56,439,925 ;  tobacco,Sl 9,824,865 ;  whiskev,$15,953,400; 
sugar, .S9,510,t.90;  coffee,  $9,356,925 ;  horses,  §9,025,968 ;  hard- 
ware,.§6,341,400;  boots  and  shoe8,$3,2oS,(l44;cattle,|2,740,tU0; 
hemp.!62,910,710!  flour,  $2,468,691;  wheat,  S2,393,00U;  hides, 
$2,339,244.  The  most  valuable  exports  were  merchandise, 
$85,973,400;  cotton,  $34,973,840;  tobacco,  $22,286,485;  whis- 
key, $10,520,500;  horses,  $8,523,847;  sugar,  ,$6,790,054;  oil, 
$5,610,580;  candles,  $3,043,768;  sundry  liquors,  $3,781,470; 
flour,  $2,556,242;  hemp,  $2,.363,760;  furniture,  ,S2,1 54,075. 

Manufaclureg. — Cincinnati  has  e-xtensive  and  important 
manufactures.  By  river  and  railway  she  has  speedy  and 
easy  access  to  the  rejjions  that  supply  cotton,  lumber,  iron, 
wool,  coal,  and  other  raw  materials  necessary  to  sustain 
her  manufacturing  interests.  The  more  important  branches 
of  iier  productive  industry  are  iron  foundries,  machine-shops, 
floin-ing-mills,  furniture  manufactories,  lard-oil,  stearine, 
and  candle  fiictories,  and  bout-yards.  She  also  has  several 
pulilishing  houses,  paper-mills,  brass  foundries,  distilleries, 
wine  factories,  &c.  There  are  many  and  extensive  vine- 
yards in  the  vicinity,  and  the  culture  of  the  grape  here  has 
become  an  important  interest.  Since  the  progre.ss  of  the 
war  her  manuftictories  of  clothing,  wagons,  and  tobacco, 
which  previously  had  been  extensive,  have  been  very  largely 
inci-eased,  employing  respectively  a  heavy  capital,  and  giving 
employment  to  thousands  of  her  people. 

Oiti/  Iinprovemenls. — Cincinnati  is  supplied  with  water 
from  the  Ohio  River,  forced  by  steam-power  into  a  limestone 
reservoir  of  suflicient  elevation  for  the  water  to  flow  to 
all  parts  of  the  city.  The  city  is  abundantly  lighted  with 
gas,  furnished  by  the  Cincinnati  Gas  and  Coke  Comi)any. 
There  are  four  street  railways  in  openition ;  their  combined 
length  is  more  than  20  miles;  they  connect  the  eastern, 
western,  and  northwestern  portions  of  the  city  with  the 
central  business  portions ;  another  road  is  projected  to  reach 
the  northern  portion,  which  will  comi)lete  the  system. 
Cincinnati  Is  connected  with  the  towns  and  villages  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Ohio  by  5  steam-ferries.  A  suspension 
bridge,  designed  to  span  the  Ohio  between  Cincinnati  and 
Covington,  projected  some  years  ago,  is  now  being  pushed 
forward  with  much  energy;  the  innnense  freestone  towers 
are  already  nearly  completed.  Cincinnati  is  greatly  de- 
ficient in  parks  tlirough  the  mistake  of  her  earlier  ]iro- 
prietors,  but  latterly  an  effort  is  being  made  to  remedy  this 
defect  as  far  as  practicable,  and  already  three  considerable 
spaciBS  have  been  appropriated,  and  two  of  them,  Washing- 
ton and  City  Hall  Parks,  improved  and  thrown  open  t«  the 
public.  An  extensive  system  of  subterraneous  drainage 
lias  been  projected,  several  miles  of  which  have  been  coin- 
plete<l,  and  the  work  is  being  carried  forward  rapidly.  The 
cemeteries  are  now  all  located  beyond  the  city  limits,  and 

2201 


CIN 


CLA 


tho  ilead  neaf  f  all  removed  from  those  that  were  within 
the  c;t.y.  Oik  of  them  was  converted  into  tlie  Washington 
Purt  There  are  10  cemeteries  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city, 
inclf  ling  the  public  and  those  tliat  lielong  to  religions 
■ocieties.  The  two  principal  ones  are  the  Spring  Grove  and 
Wesljyan,  both  situated  in  Mill  Creek  valley;  the  latter  3 
and  the  former  4  miles  from  the  city.  Spring  Grove  Ceme- 
tery is  the  most  beautiful,  and  on  account  of  its  flue  loca- 
tion, its  tiisteful  decorations  of  tlowers,  shrubs,  and  trees, 
»nd  its  costly  and  elaborately  wrought  vaults  and  monu- 
ments, is  one  of  the  points  of  especial  interest  to  those  who 
visit  the  city.  During  the  past  two  years  two  of  the  finest 
and  most  commodious  pa-ssenger  depots  in  the  West  have 
been  built  within  the  city,  one  by  the  Cincinnati  Hamilton 
and  Dayton  Kail  road  Company,  the  other  by  the  Indian- 
apolis and  Cincinnati  Railroad  C<->mpany.  The  former,  (the 
union  depot  of  the  Cincinnati  Hamilton  and  Dayton,  and 
the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railways,)  will  compare 
favorably  in  architectural  style  and  finish,  and  all  its 
Appointments  for  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  travellers, 
(rith  any  structure  of  the  kind  in  America. 

(yrmoM.— Cincinnati,  when  first  settle*!  (December  26, 
17SS),  was  called  Losantiville,  from  its  location  opposite  the 
nouth  of  the  Licking.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in 
1819.  In  ISOO  it  contained  750 ;  in  1820, 9602 ;  in  1830, 24.830; 
In  1840,  46,338;  in  1850, 115,438;  in  1800,  171,000;  in  1864, 
taking  the  school  census  as  a  basis,  186,000.  Notwithstand- 
ing the  high  price  of  all  kinds  of  building  materials  and 
labor  during  the  past  years,  substantial  impTovements  have 
never  gone  on  more  rapidly.  During  this  time  some  of  tho 
largest  and  best  finished  business  houses  and  the  most 
magnificent  residences  in  the  city  have  been  built,  and 
others  of  similar  style  are  in  course  of  construction,  and 
everywhere  there  is  evid«nce  of  a  solid  prosperity. 

CINCINNATI,  a  post-village  of  Pawnee  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  S.  Fork  of  the  Nemaha  River,  about  38  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Brownville. 

CINCINNATUS,  a  post-village  of  Hendricks  co.,Indiana, 
on  the  Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  Railroad,  27  miles  W.  by 
8.  of  Indianapolis. 

CINNAMINSON,  a  post-township  of  Burlington  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River,  about  5  miles  above  Cam- 
den. It  is  intersected  by  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad. 
Pop.  27(11. 

CIRCLEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Kansas. 

CITY  OK  ROCKS,  a  village  of  Idaho,  on  or  near  the  south- 
ern boundary,  alK)ut  166  miles  S.S.E.  of  Idaho  City. 

CLACKAMAS,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon,  has 
an  area  of  aliout  16(X)  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the 
N.W.  part  by  the  Willamette  River,  and  al.io  drained  by  the 
Clackamas  and  Molalla  Rivers,  and  by  Butte  and  Sandy 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous.  The  Cas- 
cade Range  extends  along  the  K.  border  of  the  county.  The 
Boil  of  the  M'illamette  Valley  is  very  fertile.  Iron  ore  is 
found  in  the  county.    Capital,  Oregon  City.     Pop.  3466. 

CLAIBORNE,  a  iwst-villago  of  Jasper  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  80  miles  E.S.E.  of  Jackson. 

CLALLAM,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  has  an  area  estimated  at  1750  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  drained  by  the  Dunge- 
ness  and  Ohahlat  Rivers,  and  other  small  streams.  The 
surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Mount  Olympus,  a  peak 
of  the  Coast  Range,  rises  on  the  S.  border  of  the  county  to 
the  height  of  8100  feet.     Pop.  149. 

CLAQ0ATO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lewis  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  on  the  Xewaukum  River,  35  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Olympia.     It  has  an  academy,  a  church,  &c. 

CLAHEMONT.astiUion  on  the  Camden  Branch  Railroad, 
In  Sumter  district.  South  Carolina,  about  20  miles  S.  of 
Camden. 

CLAKEMONT,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  It-iilroad,  123  miles  E.  of  St.  Louis. 

CLAREMONT,  a  post-village  and  townsliij)  of  Dodge  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter's  Railroiui  (in  pro- 
gress), alK)ut  27  miles  W.  of  Rochester.  The  village  is  on  a 
branch  or  affluent  of  Zunibro  Kiver.    Pop.  277. 

CLARENCE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroatl.  59  milee  W.  of  Hannibal. 

CLARENCE,  a  post-vUlage  of  Cedar  Co.,  I.iwa,  on  the  Ce- 
dar Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  35  miles  E.S.K.  of 
Cfdar  Rapids. 

CLARENDON,  a  district  in  the  E.  central  part  of  South 
Carolina:  area  estimated  at  700  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Santee  Kiver,  navigable  by  steam- 
boats, and  also  drained  by  Black  River  and  Lvnch's  Creek 
The  surface  is  level  or  undulating;  the  soil  in  some  parts 
Ifl  ferti  8.  Capital,.  Manning.  Pop.  13,095,  of  whom  4529 
were  free. 

CLARENDON,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Arkansas,  on 
H  hite  River,  about  60  miles  E.  of  Little  Rock. 

CLARIN'DA,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Page  co_ 
jilWl^  on  the  Nodaway  River,  75  miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph 
Missouri,  and  about  45  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri  River.  It 
oontaios  a  court-house,  3  churches,  a  graded  school,  7  dry- 


goods  stores,  1  woollen  factory,  1  newspaper  office,  and  a 
plow  factory.    Pop.  about  700. 

CLARION,  a  post-township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  tra- 
versed by  the  Chicago  and  Quincy  Riiilio;id,  about  15  milea 
N.E.  of  Princeton.    Pop.  1053. 

CLARK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Wisconsin, 
has  an  area  of  1548  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Black  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Eau  Claire  and  Little 
Eau  Plaine  Rivers.  The  surfaceis  uneven  or  hilly;  the  soil 
is  productive.    Capital,  Neillsville.    Pop.  789. 

CLARK  CITY,  or  CLARK'S  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Mon- 
roe CO.,  Michigan,  on  Swan  Creek,  about  28  miles  S.W.  of 
Detroit. 

CLARKS  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Freeborn  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  40  miles  S.  of  Faribault. 

CLARK'S  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Manitowoc  CO.,  Wis- 
consin.    It  h;is  4  mills. 

CLARK'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  24  milea 
S.S.E.  of  Chicago. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana, 
about  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLARKSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Butler  CO.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Shell  Rock  River,  about  24  miles  N.W.  of  Cedar  Falls, 
and  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Waveriy. 

CLARKSVILLE.  a  village  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Minne.'iota  River,  opposite  Hendei-son. 

CLARKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  railroad  which  connects  Sacramento  witii  Pla- 
cerville,  18  miles  W.  liy  S.  of  the  latter. 

CLAKNO,  a  township  of  Green  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  2 
miles  8.  of  Monroe.     Pop.  1372. 

CLARVILLE,  or  CLAIRVILLE,  a  po.st-office  of  Sonoma 
CO.,  California,  is  at  Geyserviile,  which  see. 

CLAT.SOP,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  Ore- 
gon, has  an  area  estimated  at  1080  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Colum)>ia  River,  on  the  S.  Ijy  the 
Nehalem,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  surface 
in  some  parts  is  mountainous ;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
Capital,  Astoria,     Pop.  498. 

CLAWSON.  a  small  village  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin, 
12  milea  W.  of  Manitowoc. 

CLAY,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  West  Virginia,  hag 
an  area  estimated  at  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Elk  River,  and  also  drained  by  Big  Buffalo  and  Sycamore 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified.  Capital,  Marshall.  Pop. 
1787,  of  whom  21  were  slaves. 

CLAY^,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.part  of  Georgia,  Ixirdering 
on  Alalmma,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Chattahoo- 
chee River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  produc- 
tive.   Capital,  Fort  Gaines.    Pop.  4s93. 

CLAY,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida,  has  an  area 
estimatetl  at  550  square  miles.  It  is  liounded  on  the  E.  by 
St.  Jolin'g  River.    The  surface  is  nearly  level.    Pop.  1914. 

CLAY,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  bordering 
on  the  Indian  Territory,  area  estimated  at  1100  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Red  River,  and  also 
drained  by  tho  Big  and  Little  Wichita  Rivers.     Pop.  109. 

CLAY,  a  new  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Minnesota, 
bordering  on  Dakota,  has  an  area  of  about  1080  sqrare 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Red  River  of  the 
North,  and  also  drained  by  Buifiilo  River.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  alluvial,  resting  on  drift  and  lime- 
stone, and  is  very  fertile.  The  prairies  are  more  extensive 
than  the  woodlands.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  in- 
formation respecting  this  county. 

CLAY,  a  county  in  the  N.N.K.  jiart  of  Kansas,  has  an  area 
of  about  650  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Rejiub- 
lican  River,  which  divides  it  into  two  nearly  eqiial  parts. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified;  the  soil  is  productive. 
Pop.  163. 

CLAY',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Nebra.ska,  has  an  area 
of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the  S.W.  part  by 
the  Big  Blue  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Big  Nemaha, 
which  rises  within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  undulating  ; 
the  soil  is  fertile.  The  rock  which  underlies  it  is  limestomv 
A  large  part  of  this  county  is  prairie.  Capital,  Clayton. 
Pop.  165. 

CL.tY,  a  toivnship  of  Butler  co..  Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1044 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop 
1438. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  696. 

CL.\Y,  a  township  of  Dearborn  Co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1516, 

CLAY'',  a  township  of  Hecatur  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1944. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1161. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1201. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  llardin  co„  Iowa.     Pop.  723. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Hjirrison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  140. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  633. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1120. 

CLAY,  a  township  of  Washington  co..  Iowa.     Pop.  741. 

CLAY,  a  townsliip  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  219. 

CLAY  BANK,  a  post-village  and  township,  oipital  of 
Oceana  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan,  about  60  milet 
N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  271. 


=lt 


CLA 

CLAY  T^ANK,  a  small  post-township  of  Door  co.,  "Wiscon- 
rin,  i.n  T,alce  Michigau,  5  or  6  miles  S.  of  Sturgeon  Bay. 
Pop.  56. 

Cl.AYMONT,  a  post-village  of  Newcastle  co.,  Delaware, 
near  the  Delaware  River,  and  on  the  Philadelphia,  Wil- 
miu^ton  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Wil- 
ffiingtou,' 

CI-AY'S  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California, 
17  miles  S.W.  of  Mokelumne  Hill. 

CLAYSVILLl'l,  a  village  of  Wood  CO.,  West  Virginia,  on 
the  Northwestern  Railroad,  7  miles  ."».£.  of  Parkersbiirg. 
Free  population  114.  It  has  several  mills,  moved  by  water- 
power. 

CXjAYTON,  a  small  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of 
Georgia.  It  is  drained  by  the  Flint  River.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  diversified,  and  the  soil  in  some  i)arts  fertile. 
The  county  is  intersected  by  the  JIacon  and  Western  Rail- 
road.    Pop.  44(j«). 

CLAYTON,  a  township  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey, 
contains  the  village  of  Glassborough.     Pop.  2490. 

CLAYTON",  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  about  9  miles 
S.W.  of  West  Union. 

CLAY  rOX,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  CO.,  Michigjin,  on 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  11  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Adrian. 

CL.iYTON,  a  post-village  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Terre  Ifauto  and  Kichmond  Railroad,  20  miles  W.S.W. 
of  ludiauaivjlis. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
449. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  3-14. 

CLAYTON,  a  township  of  Crawford  Co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
827. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California, 
about  ;52  miles  E.N.E.  of  San  Francisco.  It  has  2  or  3  stores. 

CLAYTON,  a  village  of  Yuba  co.,  California,  about  40 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Marysville. 

CLAYTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clay  co.,  Nebraska, 
about  48  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Nebraska  City. 

CLAY^TijN  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henderson  Co.,  North 
Cai'olina.  about  2S  mikis  S.  by  W.  of  Ashville. 

CLAY'TONVILLK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Brown 
CO.,  Kansas,  about  00  miles  N.  by  K.  of  Topeka.     Poj).  S95. 

CLK.Ml  CRliKK,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Colo 
radti,  haa  an  area  estimated  at  375  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Clear  Creek,  an  ufHuont  of  the  South  Platte 
River.  The  surface  is  mount^iinous,  forming  [lart  of  the 
elope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  covered  with  perpetual 
Biiow.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  eng-.vged  in  mining.  The 
goM  and  silver  mines  of  this  county  are  said  to  be  very 
rich.    Capital,  Idaho. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1J24. 

CLEAR  CRKEK,  a  township  of  Jasi)er  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
631. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
475. 

CLEAR  CREKK,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
761. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
151. 

CLEARFIELD,  a  township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  215. 

CLEAR  LAKE,  Lake  co.,  California,  is  .about  20  miles 
long,  and  from  2  to  6  miles  wide.  Gold  and  copper  have 
been  found  near  it. 

CLEAR  LAKE,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Sherburne 
CO.,  Minnesot;!,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
about  10  miles  below  Saint  Cloud.     Pop.  115. 

CLEAR  LAKE,  a  township  or  precinct  of  Lake  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia.    Pop.  965. 

CLEAR  WATER,  a  post-village  of  Wright  Co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  17  miles  N.W.  of  Monticello. 
It  is  just  below  the  mouth  of  Clear  Water  River.  Pop.  of 
Clear  Water  township,  240. 

CLEAR  WATER  RIVER,  of  Idaho,  rises  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  Hows  westward,  forming  the  N.  boundary  of  Nez 
Perce  CO.,  and  enters  the  Lewis  Fork  of  the  Cohimbia  River 
at  Lewiston,  Limestone  is  found  on  its  banks.  This  river 
is  sometimes  ciilled  the  Kooskooskia. 

CLEONA,  a  township  of  Scott  Co.,  Iowa     Pop.  347. 

CLERMONT,  a  village  of  Warren  CO.,  Tennessee,  about 
60  miles  S.E.  of  Nashville. 

CLEHMONT,  a  post-village  of  Marion  Co.,  Indiana,  about 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLERMONT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fayette  co., 
Iowa,  on  Turkey  River,  about  28  miles  W.  of  Prairie  du 
Chien  and  36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  877. 

CLEVELAND  [continued  from  page  464]. 

Among  tlie  most  important  public  works  of  the  city  are 
the  water-works,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $550,(!00.  The  water  is 
drawn  from  the  lake  about  half  a  mile  above  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  and  forced  to  the  top  of  a  lofty  tower  by  2  powerful 
Cornish  pumping-engines,  whence  it  is  carried  to  a  reservoir 
ou  the  W.  side  of  the  river.    From  the  top  of  this  reservoir, 


CLE 

which  Is  laid  out  as  a  promenade,  a  fine  view  of  a  consJiIerable 
portion  of  the  city  is  obtained.  The  v/»ttar  '^  di-triniied 
through  27)^  miles  of  pipe,  the  average  daiiy  oistribunon,  in 
1S63,  lieing  l,152,Sol  gallons.  A  large  number  of  private 
fountains  are  sui>plied  from  the  water-works.  A  paid  steam 
fire-department  has  been  established,  at  a  cost  of  §03.000, 
having  5  second-class  rotary  steam-angines,  with  hose-carts, 
hook  and  ladder,  &c.,  and  the  necesoary  equipment  of  horses. 
The  current  and  incidental  expenses  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  fire-depitrtment,  in  1803,  waonnted  toS22,603.  A  fire- 
alarm  telegraph,  with  25  sign',)  boxes,  was  erected  in  1864. 
There  are  7  miles  of  sewer  and  a  tnilcs  of  paved  streets  com- 
pleted, and  more  in  progress.  The  giis-light  and  coke  com- 
pany have  30  miles  of  gas-pipo  laid  in  the  streets.  Three 
street  railroads  traverse  the  principal  streets,  one  of  them 
connecting  the  E.  and  W.  divisions  of  the  city.  There  are 
6  omnibus  lines  connecting  the  city  and  suburbs.  The 
river  is  crossed  by  4  swing-bridges,  owned  by  the  city,  2  of 
them  being  iron,  2  railroad  bridges,  and  several  smaller 
bridges.  The  river  affords  extensive  harbor  facilities  for 
the  largest  vessels  on  the  lakes,  and  an  important  aildition 
has  been  made  by  the  dredging  out  of  a  comn'odious  ship 
channel  branching  from  the  river  near  its  raou  th.  The  harbor 
mouth  is  formed  by  2  piers,  200 feet  apart, acd  stretchiug200 
feet  out  into  the  lake.  On  the  end  of  the  E.  pier  is  a  light- 
house, and  another  stands  on  the  bluff  above,  on  the  E.  side. 

Cleveland  is  noted  for  its  superior  educational  facilities.  Its 
public  school  system  is  thoroughly  organized  and  rauk4 
among  the  best  in  the  country.  A  Hoard  of  Education, 
comprising  11  members,  one  from  each  ward,  is  elected 
annually  by  the  people,  and  hokis  fortnightly  meetings. 
Tlie  schools  are  diviiled  into  5  grades,  viz.,  primary,  second- 
ary, intermediate,  grammar,  and  high-schools,  into  which  all 
resident  pupils  are  admitted.  The  number  of  primary  schools 
is  20;  secondary,  20;  intermediate,  2.3;  grammar,  9:  high- 
schools,  2;  making  a  total  of  74  schools,  with  90  teachei> 
and  one  superintendent.  The  limit  of  the  ago  of  admission  i% 
from  6  to  20,  inclusive.  The  course  of  study  prescribed  fits 
the  graduate  of  the  high-school  to  enter  college  without  far. 
ther  preparation.  The  number  of  scholars  enrolled  in  1864 
Wi»s  about  7000,  with  an  average  daily  attendance  of  4000. 
There  are  16  school-houses,  most  of  them  large  brick  build- 
ings, 3  stories  high.  The  two  high-schools  are  liandsome  edi- 
fices of  stone  and  brick.  Partly  connected  with  the  school  sys^ 
tem,and  partly  supported  by  voluntary  subscription.i.^  the  In- 
dustrial School,  Children's  Aid  Society,  and  Home,  where  the 
little  >3utcii8ts  of  the  city  are  taught  the  common  branches 
of  education,  sewing,  domestic  labor,  and  brush-making  All 
the  scholars  are  given  their  dinners  daily,  and  the  homeless 
children  are  sheltereil  initil  homes  are  found  for  them  in  re- 
spectable families.  The  number  of  scholars  averages  oOO.with 
a  daily  attendance  of  about  150.  The  current  expenditure 
for  the  public  schools  in  1863  was  $07,220.  Besides  the  public 
schools  there  are  a  number  of  Bele<:t  schools,  a  Female  Semi- 
nary, the  Cleveland  Institute,  2  Convent  IScliools,  2  Roman 
Catholic  Theological  Seminaries,  9  Roman  Catholic  schools, 
and  2  (ierman  Pix)testant  schools.  The  Cleveland  Medical  Col- 
lege,Charity  Hospital  SledicalCollege.and Cleveland  Homoeo- 
pathic College,  are  all  flourishing  institutions.  There  are  42 
churches,  classed  as  follows:  Itaptist.  3;  Congregational,  3; 
Episcopal,  4;  Jewish,  2;  Lutheran,  3;  Methodist,  9;  Pres- 
byterian.6;  Roman  Catholic,  5;  ISethel,!;  United  Bretliren,!; 
Disciples,  1 ;  German  Evangelical,  2 ;  German  Relbrmeil,  1 ; 
BibleChristian,  1;  besides  several  mission  chapels.  Cleveland 
is  the  seat  of  a  Roman  Catholic  bishopric.  There  are  51  Sun- 
day schools,  of  which  37  are  associated  into  a  Sunday-school 
Union.  The  number  of  scholars  enrolled  is  8200 :  teachers, 
900.  There  are  32  benevolent  societies,  a  Bible  society,  a  hor- 
ticultural society,  and  an  agricultural  society.  The  Boldiers' 
Aid  Society  of  Northern  Ohio,  has  its  headquarters  here,  and 
has  proved  itself  one  of  the  most  efficient  branch-es  of  the 
SanitaryCommission  for  the  welfare  of  United  Staten  soldiers. 
Connected  with  this  society  is  the  Soldiers'  Home,  near  the 
Union  railroad  depot,  where  sick  soldiers  are  lodgod.  fed.  and 
kept  until  able  to  proceed  on  their  journey,  and  where  all 
soldiers  passing  through  are  invited  to  a  good  meal,  free  of 
expense. 

A  United  States  Military  General  Hospltjil  has  been 
established  on  University  Heights.  The  U.  S.  Marine  Hos- 
pital is  located  on  the  bank  of  the  lake.  The  Cleveland  Or- 
phan Asylum  is  a  large  building,  containing,  in  1864,  about  60 
ori)hans.  The  institution  is  supported  by  voluntary  contribu- 
tions, and  by  an  endowment  fund  of  about  S54,00l).  There  are 
3  Roman  Catholic  orphan  asylums;  a  homo  for  sick  and 
friendless  widows,  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians,  is  con- 
nected with  Trinity  Episcopal  parish,  and  a  liee  chapel  ig 
attached.  Cleveland  City  Infirmary  is  a  fine  building,  5  stories 
hisih.  costing  $25,000,  to  which  a  good  farm  is  attached. 
Here  the  city  cares  for  its  sick  and  homeless  poor,  the  farm 
being  worked  by  the  inmates  of  the  Infirmary.  A  house  of 
refuge  for  destitute  children  is  attached,  where  the  children 
are  taught,  and  provided  for  until  of  age  to  maintain  them- 
selves. A  female  house  of  coiTection  is  in  the  sjime  building. 
A  fine  building  was  built  in  1864  as  a  Charity  Hospital.  It 
was  erected  partly  by  the  city  and  partly  by  voluntary  kuU 

2203 


CLE 


CLl 


K,i  Iption,  and  is  to  be  attended  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity  and 
tho  Faculty  of  the  Cliarity  Hospital  Meilical  Colleire.  There 
is  a  small  hospital  connected  witli  the  Convent  of  the  Sisters 
of  Cliarity,  on  Monroe  street.  There  are  J  Convents,  that  of 
the  Ursuiine  Xuns,  and  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  tlie  Ini- 
maculatf  Conception.  The  expenditures  of  tlie  city  for  in- 
firmary purposes  and  outdoor  relief,  in  186:i,  amounted  to 
$6063.  The  number  of  interments  in  all  the  cenieteries, 
during  1863.  was  lo2o.  of  which  three-fifths  were  children. 

The  Cleveland  Library  Association  hiis  a  library  of  about 
8000  volumes  to  which  consUint  accessions  are  made;  also  a 
rooiling-room.  supplii-d  with  all  the  leading  newspapers  and 
periodicals,  and  an  annual  course  of  lectures.  There  aro  2 
national  banks;  3  l>anks  under  state  charters,  with  an  ag- 
gregate capital  of  $iOO,000 ;  a  savings  bank,  and  7  private 
bankers.  The  city  lias  three  insurance  comp;inies.  ^Tlie 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  have  their  chief  office 
in  Cleveland ;  the  United  St-ites  Telegraph  Company  also 
have  an  office.  Tliere  are  4  daily  papers  published;  3  tri- 
weekly, and  t>  weekly.  Besides  the  principal  post-office,tliere 
is  a  branch  post-office  on  the  W.  side,  and  a  regular  system  of 
free  delivery  of  mail  matter  by  airriers  has  been  introduced. 
The  military  organizations  consist  of  the  29th  Infantry,  Ohio 
National  Guiirds.  numbering  800  men,  and  a  field  battery  of 
Bix  12-pound  guns.-  The  U.  S.  District  and  Circuit  Courts  for 
the  Northern  restrict  of  Ohio,  are  held  in  Cleveland;  also 
the  State  District  Court,  and  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 
\rith  3  judges.  There  are  also  the  Probate  Court  and  Police 
Court,  together  with  7  justices  of  the  peace.  The  Collector 
of  Internal  Kevenue  and  U.  S.  Assessor  for  the  IStli  District 
have  their  offices  in  Cleveland. 

From  its  position  on  the  lake  and  its  artificial  advantages. 
Cleveland  has  become  an  important  railroad  centre  and  dis- 
tributing j)oint.  The  railroad  lines  are  the  Cleveland  and 
Toledo,  to  ToUkIo,  112j^  miles;  Northern  Division,  to  San- 
dusky,61i/^  miles ;  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Cincinnati.to  Co- 
lumbus, loS  miles;  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg,  to  Pittsburg  and 
Wlieeling,  228  miles ;  Cleveland  and  Erie,  to  Krie.  95}^  miles ; 
Cleveland  and  Mahoning,  to  Youngstown;  07  miles;  Atlantic 
and  Greiit  Western,  to  Salamanca  and  Dayton,  473  miles. 
These  lines  connect  with  others,  affording  two  or  more  inde- 
pendent lines  to  nearly  every  important  point  in  the  United 
States.  The  opening  of  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Kail- 
way  in  1864,  Wivs  an  important  event  in  the  history  of  the 
city,  connecting  it  witli  an  extensive  territory  hitherto  in- 
accessible, and  communicating  directly  with  the  oil  regions 
of  Pennsylvania,  thus  creating  a  new  and  iniport;uit  Irranch 
of  business.  It  also  opened  a  direct  and  unbroken  wide- 
gauge  connection  between  Cleveland  and  New  York,  on  the 
E.,  and  St.  Louis  on  the  W.  The  Cleveland  and  Pittsburs;, 
and  Cleveland  and  Mahoning  Itailroads  connect  the  city  witli 
the  coal-fields  of  Ohio.  The  Ohio  Canal  from  Cleveland  to 
the  Ohio  River  at  Portsmoutli,  and  a  branch  to  the  Ohio 
Eiver  at  Beaver,  also  passes  thnmgh  the  coal-fields  as  well 
as  through  the  ricli  wheat  and  corn  districts  of  the  state. 
There  are  19  transportation  lines  connected  with  the  port, 
giving  daily  steamboat  and  propeller  conimunicjUiou  with 
everypon  of  importance  on  the  line  of  lakes.  A  regular  line  of 
Bail-vessels  runs  between  Cleveland  and  Liveri)ool,  Kngland. 
via  the  lakes.  Welland  Canal,  and  river  St.  Lawrence.  A 
very  large  and  important  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  Lake 
Superior  country.  During  the  season  a  daily  line  of  lai-ge 
passenger  steamers  runs  between  Cleveland  and  the  Lake 
Superior  ports;  thirteen  steamers  and  propellers  being  em- 
ployed in  tlie  trade  in  1864.  The  custom-house  valuation  of 
the  copper  brought  from  Lake  Superior  to  Cleveland,  in  l!>6:5 
\eas  $595,290,  and  of  iron  ore  over  $1,000,000.  A  large  num- 
ber of  sail-vesselg  are  kept  employed  during  the  summer  in 
transporting  the  ore.  In  1864, over  300  cargoes  of  iron  ore 
were  received  from  Lake  Superior.  The  totiil  receipts  of 
iron  ore  and  pig  iron,  by  lake,  Irom  all  sources,  in  1S63,  were 
130.500  tons.  aL'Hi list  ^(ifi-in  t/ma  ii.  iSnS     ti,..  -^ ,•.,»„  .,.■ 


were  210,101  tons.    The  lake  business  of  tile  port,  in  1853 
and  1863,  is  thus  shown : 

18.-i3. 

Import! 154,971,782 

EiporU 32,717,730 


Totil  187,689,512  »2 17,672,063  « 129,982,.-., . 

Tlie  number  of  vessels  cleared  in  1863,  was  3109,  with  a  ton- 
nage of  ]  ,1 1 2,696  tons.  The  gross  receipts  of  railroad,  steam- 
boat, and  insurance  companies,  returned  to  the  internal 
revenue  offices,  for  the  month  of  September,  1864,  were 

Cleveland  is  celebrated  as  a  ship-building  port;  vessels 
bnilt  at  this  port  being  engaged  in  trade  not  only  on  the 
lakf«,  but  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  South  America,  and  in 
the  European  seas.  Tliere  are  5  ship  and  boat-yards.  Dur- 
ing 18ti3,  there  were  built  11  steamers  and  propellers  5 
barques,  1.'.  schooners,  10  kcows,  and  3  tugs,  representing  a 
tonna-e  ot  lo,:!,2  toiu.  The  shipping  owned  in  Cleveland, 
to  1804,  were  2  steamers,  21  propellers,  15  baniues.  4  brigs 
&i  school^.  20  scows,  and  16  tugs,  making4u  all,  42,135  toSs^ 


Within  a  few  years  Cleveland  hns  become  important  as  a 
manufacturing  centre,  for  which  it  is  peculiarly  fitted  by  its 
proximity  to  the  coal  fields,  its  large  receipts  of  iron  directly 
from  the  mines,  and  its  great  facilities  lor  lUstributiug  the 
manufactured  articles  to  all  points.  Among  the  more  no- 
ticeable manufacturing  establishments,  most  of  which  are 
but  a  few  years  old.  and  many  gone  into  operation  since  1>62, 
there  are,  besides  tlie  railroad  works  alresidy  noticed,  a  cop- 
per-smelting works,  3  iron  rolling-mills,  a  rolling  and  ham- 
mer-mill; an  iron  and  nail  works.with  aciipital  of  $100,0u0; 
a  boiler-plate  works,  with  a  capital  of  S25,0tK) :  the  Cleveland 
City  forge,  started  in  1864;  the  Northern  Ohio  Iron  Com- 
pany, starti-d  in  1864,  with  a  capital  of  $200,000.  for  the 
manufiicture  of  iron  in  all  its  stiiges  from  the  ore  to  the 
finished  bar;  the  Cuyaboga  Steiuu  furnace  Company,  with 
a  capital  of  $100,000;  3  boiler-makers,  3  agricultiirul  imple- 
ment factories,  11  iron  foundries,  2  wooden-ware  manufacto- 
ries, 1  barrel  factory,  2  paper-mills.  1  iwwder-mill,  2  bridga- 
building  works,  4  furniture  works,  Cleveland  Woollen-mills, 
Cleveland  Worsted  Factory,  a  biUmoral-skirt  factory ;  ga»- 
light  and  coke  works,  with  a  capital  of  $240,0' 0;  5  large 
flouring-mills,  13  breweries,  and  a  large  number  of  othe' 
nianufactories  of  various  kinds.  The  total  value  of  manu- 
factures for  12  months  of  1863-4,  estimated  on  the  U.  8. 
Assessors  returns,  was  $18,000,000.  The  following  figures 
from  the  Internal  Revenue  returns  of  September,  1864,  will 
show  the  amounts,  for  tliat  month,  of  some  of  the  leading 
chisses  of  manufactures  :  Iron  nianufactures,$651,4.S7;  wood, 
$132,7 13;  leatlier,(iucludiug  boots  and  shoes.)  $t0,0U0 ;  w'ool, 
(including  ready-made  clothing.)  $113,900;  coj)per,  $101,000; 
paper,  $19,650;  brick,  $18,^52.  There  are  20  coal-oil  distil- 
leries, and  more  in  course  of  erection.  The  total  annual 
value  of  the  oil  (coal  and  lafd)  manufactured  in  Cleveland, 
is  about  Jvi,OO0,O00.  A  large  amount  of  beef  and  jiork  of 
choice  reputation  is  packed  here.  In  the  season  of  1863-4, 
40,000  head  of  cattle  and  55,000  hogs  were  packed.  As  a 
wool  depot  Cleveland  is  very  important ;  the  quantity  of  wool 
shipped  ill  the  season  of  1»64,  being  over  5,000,000  pounds. 
The  lumber  trade  is  also  extensive,  the  receipts  by  hike  for 
tlie  different  yjirds,  in  18t)3,  being  37,000,000  feet,  besides 
16,500,000  shingles.  The  rich  dairy  region  of  the  Western 
Reserve  sends  its  products  to  Cleveland  as  a  distributing 
point.  The  wliolesjile  produce  trade  of  the  city  is  large, 
and  engages  a  considerable  number  of  firms. 

The  priucii>al  hotels  are  the  Weddell,  Angler,  American. 
Johnson,  Burnett,  and  Kussolls  Forest  City.  There  are 
numerous  second-class  hotels.  The  government  of  the  city 
is  vested  in  a  Mayor  and  22  members  of  the  City  Council,  2 
from  each  ward.  The  members  are  elected  for  2  years,  onr 
half  retiring  annually.  Tho  city  accounts  in  May,  1>64, 
showed  the  assets  to  be$l,390,10o,  being  an  excess  of  $464,y3i 
over  liabilities.  The  assessed  value  ofpropert.v  in  the  city, 
in  1864,  w;is  $22,497,592.  Cleveland  was  settlc-il  in  1796,  and 
inc-orporated  in  1836.  The  popiihition.  in  1840,  was  6ii71 
in  1850, 17.034;  in  1852,  41.196;  in  1860,  43,417.  In  1862,  u 
rapid  increase  of  population  commenced,  consequent  on  tl»« 
great  extension  of  its  manufacturing  business,  and,  in  1865, 
the  population  was  not  less  than  60,000. 

CLEVEL.\ND,  a  post-village  of  Ilancock  co.,  Indiana,  or. 
the  Indiana  Central  Railroiul,  aS  miles  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

CLEVELAND,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.  Pop 
1379. 

CLEVELAND,  a  post-township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minne 
sotii,  about  7  miles  E.  of  Saint  Peter,  and  12  miles  N.E.  ol 
Mankato.     Pop.  546. 

CLIF'DEN,  a  mining-village  of  Alturas  co.,  Idaho,  on  oi 
near  Fejither  River,  about  J^j  a  mile  from  Rocky  Biir. 

CLIFFORD,  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana, 
on  or  near  Flat  Rock  Creek,  about  8  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

CLIFTON,  a  village  of  Richmond  co..  New  Y'ork,  on  New 
Y^ork  Bay,  about  7  miles  S.S.\V.  of  New  York  City. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Scranton. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central  Railroad,  69  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Chicago. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co..  Iowa,  on  a  railroad 
22  miles  S.W.  of  Muscatine. 

CLIFTON,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Grant  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  961. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sparta.     Pop  202. 

CLIFTON,  a  township  of  Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  tho 
Saint  Croix  River,  5  miles  above  I'rescott.    Pop.  'Ub. 

CLIFTON,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minuusota,  on  Ijika 
Superior,  altont  12  miles  N.E.  of  Du  Lutli. 

CLIFTON,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Kansas,  about 
50  miles  N.W.  of  Manhattan. 

CLIKTON,  a  jiost-village  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada,  situated 
on  the  Toiyabo  Mountain  range,  in  Reese  River  mining  dis- 
trict, 1  mile  W.  of  Austin.  It  has  numerous  hotels,  stores, 
&c.     Pop.  in  1863,  about  500. 

CLINCII,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering 
on  F'loridii,  has  uu  area  estimated  at  1000  square  milcd.    It 


eLi 


COL 


is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Allapaha  River.  The  surface 
is  IfveJ,  and  paitly  covered  with  swamps.  Capital,  Mag- 
noli:'..     Pop.  30(53. 

CLINTON,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Michigan, 
has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Maple, 
Grand  and  Looking-glass  Rivers,  and  Stony  Creek.  The 
surface  is  nearly  level,  and  mostly  covered  with  dense  forests, 
in  which  the  sugar-niaple  abounds.  The  soil  is  fertile. 
Wheat,  Indian  corn,  butter  and  maple-sugar  are  the  staple 
productions.  In  1S60  this  county  produced  445,401  potinds 
of  m;iplo  sngiir — more  tlian  any  other  county  of  the  state. 
It  is  traversed  by  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad. 
Capital,  Saint  John.     Pop.  13,916. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine,  on  tho 
Sebasticook  River  and  tho  Maine  Central  Railroad,  27  miles 
N.N.K.  of  Augusta. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
lOJl. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  syi". 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  D.avie  co..  North  Carolina,  on  the 
i'adkin  Hiver,  about  105  miles  W.  of  Raleigh. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  of  Laurens  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, about  70  miles  ^V'.N.W.  of  Columbia.  Free  population 
197. 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  Huron  co.,  Oliio,  about  14  miles 
S.S.E.  of  NorwaJk. 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  in  Clinton  town- 
Bhiji,  and  on  the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Kail- 
road,  about  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  ^Vooster.  Pop.  of  township, 
1310. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indi.ma.    Pop.  969. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  673. 

CLI.NTON,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  I:i62. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  544. 

CLINTON,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mississi|)pi  River,  about  42  miles  above 
Davenport.  The  village  is  on  the  niilroad  which  e.xtends 
westward  from  Chicago  through  Central  Iowa,  137  miles 
from  Chicago,  and  is  nearly  opposite  Fulton,  Illinois.  It  is 
ft  place  of  active  business,  and  has  a  national  bank.  Pop. 
:8I6. 

CLINTON,  a  town.ship  of  Franklin  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  IGl. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Linn  co..  Iowa.     Pop.  647. 

CLINTON,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa,  about  37  miles 
S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  390. 

CLINTON,  a  post-township  of  Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin,  bor- 
dering on  Illinois,  contains  the  village  of  Clinton.  The 
greater  part  of  the  rich  and  beautiful  Jefferson  piairie  is 
included  in  it.    Pop.  1554. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  in  Clinton  township.  Rock  co., 
Wisconsin,  situated  at  the  intersection  of  tlie  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  with  the  Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  14 
miles  S.E.  of  .lanesville,  dO  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Racine,  and 
10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Beloit.  It  contains  3  churches,  4  large 
stores,  several  warehouses  for  grain,  a  fine  graded  school- 
house,  and  various  manufactories. 

CLINTON,  a  township  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
10  miles  N.K.  of  Viroqua.     Pop.  335. 

CLINTON,  a  post-office  of  Steams  co.,  5Iinnesota. 

CIjINTON,  a  village  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota,  about  12 
miles  S.  of  Faribault. 

CLINTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Doughvs  co., 
Kansas,  near  the  Wakarusa  River,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of  Law- 
rence.    It  lias  2  churches,  and  1  steam  grist-mill.   Pop.  ti55. 

CLINTON,  a  mining  village  of  Amador  co.,  California, 
about  50  miles  N.E,  of  Stockton.     It  has  2  quartz-mills. 

CLINTON,  a  mining  village  of  Lander  Co.,  Nevada,  in  the 
Smoky  Valley  district,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Austin. 

CLINTON  FALLS,  a  post-township  of  Steele  Co.,  Minne- 
sota, 2  or  3  miles  N.  of  Owatonna.    Pop.  176. 

CLINTONIA,  a  township  of  Dewitt  co.,  Illinois,  contains 
Clinton,  the  county-seat.     Total  population  19S4. 

CLINTONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad,  39  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Chicago. 

CLINTONVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Missouri, 
about  65  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield. 

CLIPPER  GAP,  a  village  of  Placer  CO.,  California,  on  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad,  43  miles  N.E.  of  Sacramento.  The 
railroad  is  completed  to  thi-.  point. 

CLIPPER  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California, 
SO  milesE.  of  Oroville. 

CLOVER,  a  township  of  Henry  co„  Illinois.    Pop.  724. 

Cl.OVERDALE,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  CO.,  California, 
on  Russian  River,  34  miles  N.N.A\'.  of  Santa  Rosa.  Popu- 
lati<m  of  Cloverdale  township,  334. 

CLOVER  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Halifax  Co.,  Virsinia,  on 
the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  46  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Danville. 

CLYDE,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  74. 

CLYDK,  a  post-township  of  Iowa  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  44  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Madison.     Pop.  610. 

CLYMAN,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  co.,  ^Visconsin,  has 


a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  7 
miles  S.  of  Juneau,  and  8  miles  N.  of  Wati-rtown.   Pop.  1461. 

CLYMER,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  I'ennsylvania.  Pop. 
1054. 

CO.A.L  B.\NK,  a  post-village  of  Thurston  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  16  miles  from  Olympia. 

COAL  MIN  KS,  a  village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California, 
15  miles  E.  of  Martinez.  The  most  productive  coal  miuen 
of  the  state  are  in  this  vicinity. 

COALSMOUTII,  a  post-village  of  Kanawha  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia, on  the.Kauawluv  River,  about  16  miles  below  Char- 
leston. 

C0.4L  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1.507. 

COALVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Summit  co.,  Utah,  about  35 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

COATESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indian.i, 
on  the  Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  Riiilroad,  11  miles  E.N. K. 
of  Greencastle. 

COATSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  on  a 
railroad  17  miles  N.K.  of  Quincy. 

CitBDEN,  Union  co.,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  42  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

COBIIAM,  a  post-village  of  Albemarle  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  14  miles  E.  of  Charlottesville. 

COCIIR.AN,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississipi)i  Railroad,  2  miles  W.  of  .Aurora. 

COCOMUNGO,  a  post-office  of  San  Bei-nardiuo  co.,  Califor- 
nia, about  20  miles  W.  of  San  Bernardino.  There  is  a 
large  vineyard  (havii)g  160,000  vines)  in  which  excellent 
wine  is  made. 

COE,  a  township  of  Isabella  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  322. 

COESSE,  ko-iss'.  a  post-village,  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana, 
apout  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

COEUR  D'ALKNE  (kur  di-lain'),  a  range  of  mounbiins 
in  the  N.  part  of  IdaJio,  between  Clark's  River  and  tho 
Coeur  D  Alene  River. 

COEUR  D'ALENE,  a  small  river  in  tho  N.  part  of  Idaho, 
flows  westwaril  and  enters  a  lake  of  tho  same  name.  This 
lake  is  about  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lewistowu,  and  is  neurlj 
20  miles  in  length. 

COEUR  D'ALENK  MIS.«ION,  Idaho,  is  on  the  Coeur 
d'.\lene  River,  and  on  the  wagon  road  from  Walla  AValla  to 
Fort  Benton.  Here  is  a  Catholic  Church  and  a  Mission  for 
the  Indians. 

COIIOCT.\II,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan, 
about  28  miles  E.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  850. 

COFFACIllQUE,  or  COFACIIIQUI,  kof-a-chik'we,  a  post- 
village  of  Allen  CO.,  Kansas,  on  the  Neosho  River,  about  6 
miles  N.  of  Humboldt. 

COFFEE,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  1000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.by 
the  Ocmulgee  River,  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Allapaha,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Satilla  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level 
and  the  soil  sandy.    Capital,  Douglas.     Pop.  2879. 

COFFEY,  a  county  in  the  S.H.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an  ara 
of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Neosho  River, 
which  divides  it  into  two  nearly  equal  parts,  and  also 
drained  by  several  creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the 
soil  is  very  fertile.  This  county  contains  extensive  jiniiries 
and  has  a  growth  of  timber  distributed  along  the  streams. 
Coal  and  limestone  are  abundant  in  it.  Capital,  Hampden. 
Pop.  2842. 

COFFIN'S  GROVE,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  503. 

COKESBURY,  a  post-village  of  Abbeville  District,  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  50  miles 
S.  of  Greenville. 

COLCHESTER,  a  post-office  of  McDonough  Co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  53  milea 
N.E.  of  Quincy. 

COLD  HARBOR,  a  village  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia,  about 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Richmond.  A  battle  was  fought  here 
June  3, 1864,  between  Gen.  Grant  .and  Gen.  Lee. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  post-township  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois, 
about  25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Vandalia.     Pop.  1017. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  Stearns  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  Sauk  River,  about  16  miles  S.W.  of  Saint  Cloud. 

COLD  SPRING,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorsulo  co..  Califor- 
nia, 5  miles  W.  of  Placerville.  It  has  1  or  2  stores.  Pop. 
in  1860, 120. 

COLEM.^N,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and  also  drained  by  Jim 
Ned  Creek.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information 
respecting  this  county. 

COLERAIN,  a  post-village  of  Bertie  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  the  Chowan  River  about  22  miles  N.  of  Plymouth. 

COLESBURG,  a  village  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Rolling  Fork  and  Salt  River,  about  37  miles  S.  of  Louis- 
ville. 

COLESBURG,  a  neat  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  stage-road  from  Dubuque  to  St.  Paul,  35  miles  W.N. 
W.  of  Dubuque.  It  has  4  churches,  4  general  stores,  a 
steam  flour-mill  and  a  saw-mill.    Pop.  about  550. 

2205 


COL 


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COLFAX,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
r>afayette  and  Indianapolis  Railioad,  21  miles  S.B.  of  La- 
fayette. 

COLLAMER,  a  post-village  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Eel  River,  about  ;?0  miles  W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

COLLEGP;.  a  township  of  Linn  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  858. 

COLLEGE  FARM,  a  post-office  of  Story  Co.,  Iowa.  Here 
Is  the  State  Agricultural  College  and  Model  Farm. 

COLLEIIAX  CO.,  Texas.    See  Caliahax. 

COLLINOWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Simcoe  co.,  Canada 
West,  on  Nottawas-saga  Bay,  95  miles  N.N.W.  of  Toronto. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Northern  Railway  of  Canada. 

COLLINS,  a  township  of  Story  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  136. 

COLLINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Solano  co.,  California, 
on  the  N.  E.  shore  of  Suisun  Bay,  about  60  miles  by  water 
N.  K.  of  San  Francisco. 

COLMAR,  a  post-village  of  >fcDonough  co-.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  4.5  miles  N.E. 
of  Quincy. 

COLCKMA,  a  station  on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  21 
miles  S.  of  Centralia. 

COLOMA,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Missouri,  about  12 
miles  N.  of  Carrollton. 

COLOM.\,  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  about  34  miles 
S.S.E.  of  D.-S  Moines. 

COW.MA,  the  most  southwestern  township  of  Waushara 
CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  34S. 

COLCKMA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  El  Dorado  co., 
Californiii,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  American  River,  10 
miles  N.W.  of  Placerville.  It  has  several  churches  and  4 
or  more  stores.  Manj'  of  the  inliabitants  are  employed  in 
mining  gold.  Pop.  of  the  village  in  1864,  about  700.  The 
census  of  1860  states  the  population  of  Coloma  at  888,  and 
in  another  place  at  7.i8. 

COLON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Joseph  co., 
Michigan.  Tlie  village  is  about  32  miles  S.W.  of  Marshal, 
and  ]4  mile  S.  of  the  Saint  Joseph  River.  Total  popula- 
tion, 1269. 

COLON  A,  or  COLONA  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Henry 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  a  railroad  12  miles  E.  of  Rock  Island.  Pop. 
of  Colona  township.  471. 

COLONY,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Missouri,  about  36 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Keokuk. 

Ci)LORADO,  col-o-rah'do,  a  territory  of  the  United  States 
of  North  America,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Dakota  and 
Nebraska,  on  the  E.  by  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  on  the  S.  bv 
New  Mexico,  and  on  the  W.  by  U^ah.  It  lies  between  37° 
and  41°  N.  Ut.,  and  102°  and  109°  W.  Lon.,  being  about 
375  miles  long  from  K.  to  W.  and  275  miles  wide  from  N.  to 
S.    Area  about  106,475  sijuare  miles. 

Face  of  the  Omnlry  and  Snil. — The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous.  Within  this  territory  are  included  some  of 
".he  liighest  peiiks  of  the  Rocky  Mouufciin  range  which  ex- 
tends through  the  middle  of  it  in  a  N.  and  S.  direction. 
Pike"s  Peak,  near  the  centre  of  Colorado,  hi»s  an  altitude  of 
11,497  feet.  It  is  stilted  that  the  summits  of  some  of  these 
mountains  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  In  the  east- 
ern and  nortliwestern  parts  are  elevated  jilains.  The  ranges 
or  branches  of  the  Ra-ky  Mountains  in  Colorado  enclose 
large  fertile  valleys  or  plains  called  the  North  Park,  Middle 
Park  and  South  Park.  The  South  Piirk,  which  is  about  60 
miles  long,  contains  many  thousand  acres  which  produce 
good  natural  pasture.  At  present  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil  is  mostly  confined  to  the  valleys  near  the  streams  and 
some  favored  localities  which  do  not  require  irrigation. 

i<!trer«.— The  esistern  part  of  Colorado  is  (hrained  by  the 
Arkansas  River  and  the  South  Fork  of  the  Platte,  both  of 
which  rise  near  the  centre  of  this  territory.  From  the 
Western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountiiins  flow  the  Yampa  or 
Bear  River,  the  Buiikara  and  the  Gunnison  Rivers.  The 
latter  two  rivers  unite  in  the  W.  part  to  form  Grand  River 
which  js  a  branch  of  the  Colorado.  The  Rio  Giuude  also 
rises  in  the  territory  and  flows  southward. 

Mineral  llesources.—QoH  and  silver  are  abundant  in  the 
^I'^n-  '"""*^  °^  Colorado  among  the  mountains.  In  May, 
18o9,  rich  placer  gold  mines  were  discovered  on  Clear  Creek 
an  affluent  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Platte.  According  to 
the  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Oflice. 
dated  December  1863,  Colorado  contains  also  copper,  iron 
coal,  salt,  limestone  and  gj-psum.  None  but  gold  mines 
have  been  worked  to  much  extent.  A  branch  mint  of  the 
United  bUtes  has  been  established  at  Denver.  Rich  silver 
mines  have  been  discovered  on  the  western  slope  of  the 
Snowy  Mountains.  The  amount  of  Colorado  gold  coined 
$2,130  m     ^'*'""  "'**  $2,893,337;  that  of  1863-4  was 

Pnrtst  Tree f  Animals,  rffc.-This  territory  is  generally  de- 
ficient >n  timber.  In  the  E.  part  occur  extfnsive  sindy 
plains  covered  with  the  wild  sage  and  prickly  pear.  Among 
he  T'l"'/"'""'"!  "Jf  "'"  ^"'Sion,  are  the  bi'son  (or  buffLloX 
the  elk,  deer,  antelope  and  bear.  The  lakes  and  niiushes 
are  frequented  by  wild  ducks  and  geese.  m,u»ne8 


The  territory  was  organized  in  March  1861.    Denver  is  the 
most  populous  town  of  Colorado.    Cayital,  Gcldon  City. 

A  State  Constitution  having  been  formed  and  submitted 
to  the  jiopular  vote  in  1865,  a'majority  voted  in  favor  of  it. 
COLORADO,  a  mining  village  of  Mariposa  co.,  Caliloruia, 
6  miles  N.  of  Mariposa.     It  hiis  2  stores. 

COLORADO  CITY,  a  ^-illage  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Colorado  River  just  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Gila.    Gold  is  found  in  this  vicinity. 

COLORADO  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  El  Paso  co., 
Colorado,  is  situated  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Arkansas 
River,  at  or  near  the  E.  base  of  Pike's  Peak,  and  about  75 
miles  S.  of  Denver.  It  is  supported  by  gold  mines  which 
are  worked  in  the  vicinity.    Here  is  a  flouring-mill. 

COLQUIT,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 

area  of  about  600  scpiare  miles.    It  is  bounde<l  on  the  E.  by 

Little  River,  and  drained  by  the  Ocklockonee  River.    The 

!  surface  is  nearly  level.    Capital,  Moultrie.    Pop.  1316. 

COLQUIT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Miller  co.,  Georgia, 

situated  about  100  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

COLUMliI.4,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon,  bor- 
dering on  Washington,  has  an  area  of  about  6U0  square 
mileis.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the  Columbia 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Kla^kanine  and  Scappooso 
Rivers.  The  streams  of  this  county  afford  extensive  water- 
power.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  fertile  valleys  and 
mountains  which  iire  covered  with  dense  forests  of  fir,  cedar, 
hemlock  and  maple.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  county ;  also 
salt  springs.    Capital,  Saint  Helen.    Pop.  532. 

COLUMBIA, a  village  of  Lickiug  co.,uhio,on  the  Central 
Railroad,  16  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

COLUMBIA,  a  village  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan,  on  Grand 
River  about  12  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  l^nsing. 

COLUMBIA,  or  COLU.MBIAVILLE,  a  pos^village  of  La- 
peer CO.,  Michigan,  on  Flint  River  about  40  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Pontiac. 

COLUMBI.i,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Tuscola  co., 
Michigjin.    Pop,  94. 
COLUMBIA,  a  township  of  Martin  co.,  Imhana.  Pop.  718. 
COLUMBIA,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.    Pop., 
inchuUng  the  village  of  Columbia,  1903. 

COLUMBIA,  a  intst-office  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  about  40 
miles  S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 
C0LUM15I.\,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  352. 
COLUMBIA,  a  township  of  Wapello   co.,  Iowa.     Pop. 
782. 

COLUMBIA,  a  post-town  of  Tuolumne  co.,  California, 
situated  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Stanislaus  River,  4  miles 
N.  of  Sonora.  It  contains  4  churches,  1  banking  office,  1 
newspaper  office,  2  drug  stores,  about  10  dr}--goods  and 
general  stores;  it  has  also  2  quartz-mills.  Here  are  rich  gold 
mines.  Two  of  the  largest  mining  dit<;hes  in  the  state  sap- 
ply  water  to  the  miners  of  S<->nora  and  Columbia.  Poj).  in 
1860,  2062 ;  in  1865,  about  2500. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  North 
Carolina,  alxiut  90  miles  W.  of  Charlotte. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Adams  co., 
Illinois,  about  15  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Quincy.    Pop.  882. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co..  Iowa,  about  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Muscatine,  and  al>out  3  miles  S.W.  of  tho 
Iowa  River.  The  census  of  1860  states  the  population  of 
Columbus  at  1285.  and  of  Columbus  City  at  530. 

COLUMBUS  CITY,  or  COLUMBUS,  a  post-township  of 
Louisa  CO..  Iowa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Iowa  River, 
about  7  miles  N.W.  of  Wapello.  It  contains  the  village  of 
Columbus.    Total  population  1815. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  in  Columbus  township,  Anoka 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  22  miles  N.  of  St.  Paul.  Pop.  of 
township  119. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Josei)h, 
Missouri. 

COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Nebrask.%  on 
the  Loup  Fork  of  Platte  River,  about  86  miles  ^V.  by  N.  of 
Omaha  City. 

COLU'SA,  or  COLUSI,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Colusa 
CO.,  California,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sacramento  River, 
50  miles  in  a  direct  line,  or  75  miles  by  legal  distance, 
N.N.W.  of  Sacramento.  Pop.  about  250;  pop.  of  Colusa 
township  in  1860,  348. 

COM.^NCUE,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  iiitor.sected 
by  Leon  River,  and  also  drained  by  Buckeye  and  IJi!#h 
Creeks.  Capital.  Cora  or  Comanche.  Pop.  709. 
COMANCHE,  a  i)ost-village  of  Comanche  co.,  Texas. 
COMMERCE,  a  post-village  of  Commerce  township  Oak- 
land cc  Michigan,  on  or  near  Huron  River, about  32  miloB 
N.W.  of  Detroit. 

COM.MERCE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Scott  co.,Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  35  miles  above  Ciiiro,  Hli- 
nois,  and  170  miles  below  St.  Louis.    Pop.  in  1860,  790. 

COMO,  a  mining  village  of  Lyon  co.,  Nevada,  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Dayton.    It  has  2  stores,  audi  quartz-mill  for  silver 
ore.    Pop.  about  300. 
COMO,  or  COMO  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Do  Soto  co , 


COM 


COS' 


Mississippi,  on  the  railroatl  wliicli  connects  Memphis  with 
Granada,  about  44  miles  S.  of  Mempliis. 

COMPETINE,  a  post-township  of  Wapello  .co.,  Iowa, 
alwjnt  S  or  9  miles  N.K.  of  Ottumwa.     Pop.  677. 

COiLSTOCK,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Wapello  co., 
Iowa,  on  tlie  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad  and  on  the  Des 
Moines  Kiver,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

CONCHO,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Texas. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and  also 
drained  by  tlie  Rio  Concho.  The  census  of  1860  furuislies 
no  statement  of  the  population. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
655. 

CONCORD,  a  village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in  Concord 
township,  and  on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad, 
6  miles  W.S.W.  of  CoiTy. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Tennessee,  near 
the  Tennessee  River,  and  on  the  Chattanooga  and  Knox- 
ville  Railro.ad,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Knoxville. 

CONCORD,  a  village  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  about  8  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

CONCORD,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  about  27  miles 
N.K.  of  Columbus. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  9S2. 

CONCORD,  a  townshipof  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  1156. 

CONCORD,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co ,  Iowa.    Pop.  1061. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Louisa  co., 
Iowa.  The  village  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Iowa  River, 
about  IS  miles  S.W.  of  Muscatine.    Pop.  577. 

CONCORD,  a  post-village  in  Concord  township.  Dodge  co., 
Minnesota,  on  a  branch  of  Zumbro  River,  about  22  miles 
W.N.AV.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  of  the  township  400. 

CONCOUD,  a  village  of  Cedar  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the  Mis- 
souri River,  aliout  44  miles  bv  the  road  W.N.^V.  of  Dakota. 

CONCORD  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Campbell  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Petei'sburg  and  Lynchburg  Railroad,  13  miles  K.  of 
Lj'nchburg. 

CONDIT.  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon,  12  miles 
6.E.  of  Saiem. 

CONEJOS,  ko-nATioceC?),  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  ex- 
tremity of  Colorado.  Area  estimated  at  6000  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  and 
nlso  drained  by  the  Rio  San  Juan  and  several  afHuents  of 
the  same.  The  county  is  traversed  in  the  central  part  by  a 
mountain  range  called  the  Sierra  La  Plata.  The  census  of 
1860  furnislies  no  information  respecting  this  county. 

CONESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cosliocton  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Muskinjagn  River,  7  or  8  miles  by  railroiid  S.  by  W.  of 
Coshocton,  ^f 

CONEWAfiO,  a  village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Northern  Central  Railroad,  10  miles  N.  of  York. 

CONNEQXIENESSING,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1098. 

CONO.  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  242. 

CONOTTEN,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Pittsburg  and  Columbus  Railroad,  about  32  miles  W.  of 
Steubenville. 

CONOVER.  a  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Columlnis  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  10  miles  E.  of  Piqua. 

CON  YNGHAM,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1320. 

COOK,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1043. 

COOKSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Burlington  co.,  New 
Jersev.  about  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Burlington. 

COOKSTOM'N,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  right  bank  of  tlie  Monongahela  River,  30 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Pittsburg.  It  contains  3  churches,  14  stores, 
and  1  glass  factory.  A  large  quantity  of  stone  coal  is  pro- 
ctired  in  the  vicinity  and  shipped  here  by  boats.  Pop. 
about  1000. 

COOK'S  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Zumbro  River,  5  or  6  miles  S.  of  Wabasha. 

COOKSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Md.,  about 
22  miles  W.  of  Baltimore. 

COON,  a  township  of  Vernon  Co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  382. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  post-township  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Illinois  River,  about  25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Jackson- 
ville.    Pop.  1483. 

COOPERSTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mani- 
towoc CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  the  town  of 
Green  Bay.    Pop.  1222. 

COOPERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigsin, 
on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railro.id,  about  15  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

COOS,  or  COOSE  RIYEH,  a  small  stream  of  Coos  co., 
Or?gon,  flows  westward  and  enters  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 

COOS,  a  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Oregon,  bordering 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  has  an  area  estiznated  at  IfiOO  square 
milos.  It  is  drained  by  the  Coquille  and  Coos  Rivers.  The 
The  surface  is  mountainous  and  partly  covered  with  forests. 
Gold  and  stone  coal  are  found  in  the  county.  Large  quan- 
tities of  coal  and  lumbT  »--e  exportod.  Capital,  Empire 
«"ity.    Pop.  445. 


COOS  RIVER,  a  post  office  of  Coos  co  ,  Oregon. 

COJ'I,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Missis* 
sippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Iowa  City. 

COPLEY,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  lOlO. 

COl'PEI.  a  post-village  of  Walla  Walla  co.,  Washington 
Territorv.  lo  miles  N.  of  Walla  Walla.     It  has  1  store. 

COPPER  HARBOR,  a  post-village  ^nd  township  of  Ke- 
weenaw CO.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Superior,  about  45  miles 
N.E.  of  Houghton.     Pop.  193. 

COPPER  HILL,  a  small  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co.. 
New  Jersey,  2J/^  miles  S.  of  Flemington.  It  has  2  or  3 
stores. 

COP'PEROP'OLIS,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Calaveras 
CO.,  California,  is  38  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Stockton,  and  18 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Souora.  It  has  2  churclies,  1  newspaper 
office,  numerous  stores,  2  quartz-mills,  and  about  200  dwell- 
ings. The  Union  Copper  Jline  at  this  [dace  is  the  riche*. 
in  the  state.  About  80  tons  of  copper  ore  are  shipped  Ixers 
daily.  Gold  is  found  3  miles  from  this  village.  Pop.  abo>5t 
1500. 

COQUILLE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Coos  co.,  Oregon, 
rises  in  the  S.  part,  and  flowing  westward  enters  tlie  Paciflo 
Ocean.  • 

CORA,  a  post-village  of  Comanche  co.,  Texas,  about  12d 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Austin  City. 

CORA,  or  CORY,  a  post-village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa, 
about  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Sidney. 

CORCORAN,  a  post-township  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota, 
altout  16  miles  N.W.  of  Minneapolis.    Pop.  358. 

CORDOVA,  a  post-village  in  Cordova  township,  Lc  Sueni 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  22  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Faribault,  and 
16  miles  E.  of  St.  Peter's.    Pop.  of  township  200. 

CORFU,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co..  New  York,  on  the 
Central  liailroad,  2:-,  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Buffalo. 

CORFU,  ft  p<jst-office  of  AVanshara  co.,  Wisconsin. 

CORINTH,  a  post-village  of  Tisheniingo  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  .Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  93  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Memphis.  Here  General  Rosecrans  gained  a  victory 
over  the  rebels  Oct.  3-5,  1862. 

CORNELIA,  a  post-villnge  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri,  about 
11  miles  S.  of  Warrensburg. 

CORNWALL,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  689. 

CORNWALLIS,  a  post-village  of  Ritchie  co..  AVest  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Northwestern  Railroad.  32  miles  E.  of  Parkers- 
burg. 

CORO,  a  village  of  Santa  Barbara  co.,  California,  on  the 
sea-coast,  about  44  miles  W.  of  Santa  Barbara. 

CORRY,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  37  miles  .'^.E.  of  Erie, 
38  miles  N.E.  of  Meadville,  and26miles  S.W.  of  Jamestown, 
It  is  also  the  N.  terminus  of  tlie  Oil  Creek  Railroad.  It 
Contains  3  or  4  churches.  2  national  banks,  6  hotels,  1  news- 
paper office,  about  20  stores,  2  niacliine-sho])s,  2  oil  refineries, 
4  oil  warehouses,  1  tannery,  3  steam  saw-mills,  Ac.  The 
chief  business  of  this  place  is  refining  and  dealing  in  oil.  It 
has  grown  up  since  1860,  and  is  increasing  rapidly.  Pop. 
in  .Tanuary  1865,3131. 

CORTLAND,  or  COURTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Jackson 
CO..  Indiana,  about  9  miles  N.E.  of  Brownsto^n. 

CORTLAND,  or  COURTLAND  STAIION,  a  post-village 
of  DeKalb  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Chi- 
cago with  Dixon,  65  miles  AV.  of  Chicago. 

CORUNN.\,  a  post-village  of  DeKalb  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  87  miles  AA'.  by  S.  of  Toledo. 

CORVALLIS,  a  post-village,  cajiital  of  lienton  co., Oregon, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  40  miles 
S.S.AV.  of  Salem.  It  contained  in  18(54,  about  8  general 
stores.    The  adjacent  country  is  fertile.     Pop.  in  1860.  531. 

CORA'ALLIS,a  townsliiporprecinctofBenton  co., Oregon. 
Pop.  exclusive  of  the  village  of  Corvallis,  700. 

CORAVIN,  Tippecanoe,  co ,  Indiana,  ii  station  on  the  New 
Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  14  miles  S.  of  Lafayette. 

CORAVIN,  a  township  of  Ida  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  43. 

CORYELL,  a  new  county  in  tlie  central  part  of  Texas, 
lias  an  area  of  about  950  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
Leon  River,  and  also  drained  by  Cowhouse  and  Coryell 
Creeks.     Capital,  Gatesville.    Pop.  2666. 

CORYA''ILLE,  a  post-townsliip  of  Kewaunee  co.,  AViscoa- 
sin,  on  Lake  Michigan,  and  about  2  miles  AV.  of  Kcm  auaee. 
Pop.  240. 

COSMOPOLIS,  a  post-village  of  Chehalis  co.,  AVasliingtoa 
Territory,  on  Gray's  Harbor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cheiialig 
River,  10  miles  AV.  of  Montesano. 

COSO,  a  mining  district  in  Tulare  co.,  California,  ahont  20 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Owens'  Dike,  and  near  the  E.  ba.se  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada.    Silver  is  found  here. 

COSTII.L.\,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Colorado,  has  an 

area  estimated  at  above  4800  square  miles.    It  is  bounded 

on  the  E.  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 

j  partly  on  the  AV.  by  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte.   It  is  drained 

I  by  the  Rio  Costilla  and  other  small  streams.     The  principal 

■  resources  of  the  inhabitants  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

220" 


COS 


CUM 


COSUMNE,  or  COSUMNES,  a  township  of  El  Dorado  co.,  ' 
Cnlifoniia.    Pop.  792. 

COSUMNE,  or  COSUMNES,  a  post-villago  and  township 
of  Sacramento  co..  California.  The  village  is  on  or  near 
Ihe  Cosnmne  lUver,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Sacramento.  Tottil 
jiopulation,  1215. 

COTTAGE  GROVE^a  po8t-village  and  township  of  Wsuih- 
iogton  CO.,  Minnesota.  The  village  is  about  S  miles  N.  of 
Hastings,  and  15  miles  S.E  of  St.  Paul.  The  township  is  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  359, 

COTTAGE  GROVE,  a  post-oflice  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon,  20 
miles  S.  of  Kugene  City. 

COTTAGK  GROVE,  a  post-oflSce  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  about 
21  mites  N.W.  of  Burlington. 

COTTONM'O  ID,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  .Minnesota, 
has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Little 
Cottonwood  and  Watonwan  Rivers,  which  flow  eastward, 
and  by  the  West  F<  irk  of  the  Des  Moines,  which  flows  south- 
ward. The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  productive. 
Pop.  12. 

COTTONWOOD,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  -ISO. 

COTTONWOOD,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  519. 

COTT'>N  WuOD,  a  township  of  Chase  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  103. 

COTTONWOOD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tehama 
CO..  California,  on  Cottonwood  Creek,  16  miles  N.  of  Red 
Bluff.    Pop.  160. 

COTTONWOOD  CREEK,  California,  an  affluent  of  the 
Sacramento  River,  flows  ea.stward  and  forms  part  of  the 
boundary  between  Shasta  and  Tehama  counties. 

COTTONWOOD  FALLS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chase 
CO.,  Kansas,  on  the  Cottonwood  River,  about  22  miles  W.  of 
Empfiria. 

COTTONWOOD,  or  BIG  COTTONWOOD  RIVER,  of  Min- 
nesota, rises  in  the  S.W.  part  of  the  state  and  flowing  east- 
ward enters  the  Minnesota  in  Brown  co.,  about  i  miles 
below  New  Ulra. 

COTTONWOOD  RIVER,  in  the  E. central  part  of  Kansas, 
rises  in  Marion  co.,  flows  eastward  through  Chase  co.,  and 
unites  with  the  Neosho  in  Lyon  co.,  after  a  course  of  about 
100  miles. 

COULTKRTILLE,  a  village  of  Mariposa  co.,  California, 

21  miles  N.  or  N.W.  of  Mariposa.  It  has  about  6  general 
stores  and  several  quartz-mills.  The  name  of  the  post-oflice 
is  Maxwell's  Creek.     Pop.  including  Chinese,  about  500. 

COUPEVILLE,  or  COUPERVILLE.  a  post-village,  capi- 
tal of  Island  co.,  Washington  Territory,  situated  on  the 
Xi.K.  shore  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  about  112  miles  N.  ofOlympia. 

COURTLAND,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin, 
contains  or  adjoins  the  village  of  Cambria.     Pop.  1219. 

COVE  CREKK,  a  post-village  of  Millard  co.,  Utah,  35 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Fillmore  City. 

COVELAND,  a  post-village  of  Island  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  near  the  straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  about  112  miles 
N.  of  Olympia. 

COVENTRY,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  on 
the  Connecticut  and  Piissumpsic  Rivers  Railroad,  5  miles  S. 
of  Newport,  and  5  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Irasburg. 

COVINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Hill  co.,  Texas,  about  13 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Hillsbonmgh. 

COVINGTON,  a  post-village  or  township  of  Dakota  co., 
Nebraska.    Pop.  55. 

C<:)A\'.\N,  a  ix)st-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the 
Na-hville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  87  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Nashville. 

COWLITZ,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  Co..  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, on  the  Cowlitz  River,  about  45  miles  S.  of  Olympia. 
It  has  1  or  2  stores.     Pop.  about  150. 

COWLITZ  RIVER.  Washington  Territory,  rises  in  the 
E.  part  of  Lewis  co.  It  flows  first  westward  and  then  sonth- 
ward.  intersecting  Cowlitz  county,  and  enters  the  Columbia 
River  at  Monticello. 

COX  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about 

22  miles  S.W.  of  Prairie  du  Chien.    Pop.  724. 

COXS  BAR,  a  mining  village  of  Trinity  co.,  California,  on 
the  Trinity  River,about  18  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Weaverrille. 

CRAIGHEAD,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Arkansas,  has 
an  area  of  about  960  square  miles.  It  Is  intersected  by  the 
St.  Francis  River,  which  here  expands  into  a  lake,  "it  is 
also  drained  by  Anguille  and  Cache  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is  productive.   Pop.  3066. 

CRAIGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  co.,  Airginia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad.  23  miles  W.S.W.  of  Staunton. 

CRAWFORD,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  478. 

CKAWFOKD,  a  township  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  535. 

CRAWFORD,  a  township  of  Washington  co-  Iowa. 
Pop.  1133. 

CREDIT  RIVER,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  129. 

CRESCENT,  a  township  of  Pottawattomie  co„  Iowa 
Pop.  535. 

CRESCENT  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Pottawattomie  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Missouri  River,  7  miles  above  Council  Bluffs. 
2208 


CRESCO,  a  post-village  of  Kossuth  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  East 
Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  5  miles  S.  of  Aliiona. 
Pop.  27. 
CRESCO,  Minnesota.    (See  Ceresco.) 
CRESCO,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas,  about 
52  niili-s  S.  by  W.  of  Lawrence. 

CRKSSKILL,  a  post-office  of  Bergen  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  about  16  miles  N.N.S. 
of  Jersey  City. 

CRE?SON,  a  post-village  and  summer  resort  of  Cambria 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  beautifully  situated  on  the  Central  Bail- 
road,  and  on  the  top  of  tlie  Alleghany  Mountain,  258  miles 
AV.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia,  and  102  iniles  E.  of  Pittsburg. 
It  is  about  30tK)  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Here  are 
2  spacious  hotels,  which,  with  a  number  of  cottages,  will 
accommodate  about  2000  persons.  Cresson  is  commended 
for  the  purity  of  its  air,  and  is  a  fashionable  place  of  resort 
for  invalids  and  others.  Two  and  a  half  miles  E.  of  Cresson 
is  a  greiit  tunnel  %  of  a  mile  long,  through  which  the  rail- 
road trains  pass. 

CRESSO'NA,  a  post-township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  876. 

CRIMEA,  kri-niee'.j.  a  post-village  of  IMuskegon  co., 
Michigan,  on  Lake  Slichigiin,  about  7  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Muskegon. 

CRITTENDEN,  a  post-village  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri, 
al)Out  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

CROOKElJ  CREEK,  a  township  of  Houston  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Mississippi  River.    Pop.  347. 

CROSS,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin.   Pop.  306. 

CROSS  KEYS,  a  post-office  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia, 
about  22  miles  N.E.  of  Staunton.  Near  this  place  General 
Fremont  attacked  General  Jackson,  June  8, 1862. 

CROSSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Tennes- 
see, about  66  miles  W.  of  Knoxville. 

CROTON,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jersey,  4 
or  5  miles  W.  of  Flemington. 

CROT.  iN,  a  village  of  Lawrence  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Neshauoc  Creek,  about  2  miles  E.  of  Newca.stle. 

CROTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Newaygo  co., 
Michigan.  The  village  is  on  the  Muskegon  River,  about  36 
miles  N.  of  Grand  Riipids.  It  has  1  or  2  mills.  Total  popu- 
lation, 537. 

CROTON,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moines  River,  and  on  the  Des  Moines  A'alley  Railroad,  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Keokuk. 

CROW  WING,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Minne- 
sota, contains  about  640  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  and  partly  on  the  E.  by 
Lake  Mille  I^cs,  and  drained  by  the  N  okay  River.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine. 
Capital,  Crow  Wing.     Pop.  269. 

CROW  WING,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Crow  Wing  co., 
Minnesota,  sittiated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
opposite  the  month  of  the  Crow  AVing  River,  100  miles  in  a 
direct  line  N.N.W.  of  St.  Anthony.  It  has  a  steiim  saw- 
mill.    Pop.  200. 

CROYLE,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
795. 

CBCGER,  a  post-office  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois  on  the 
Tohdo  Peoria  and  AVarsaw  Railroad,  18  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 

CRYST.^L,  a  post-township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigitn, 
about  40  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  222. 

CRY'STAL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tama  co., 
Iowa,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Toledo.     Pop.  145. 

CRYSTAL  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois, 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rail 
road,  with  the  Fox  River  A'alley  Railroad,  43  miles  N.W 
of  Chicago. 

CRYSTAL  LAKE,  a  township  of  Marquette  co.,  AVis- 
consin,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Montello.    Pop.  586. 

CRY'ST.KL  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  Hennepin  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  AV.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about 
4  miles  alx)ve  Minnea]K)lis.     Pop.  417. 

CRY'STAL  A'ALLEA',  a  village  of  Trempealeau  co^  Wis- 
consin, on  Dutch  Creek. 

CUBA,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  cOt  Illinois,  about  40 
miles  AV.S.W.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  348. 

Cl'BA.  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Missouri,  on  tht 
South  AVest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  90  miles  S.AV 
of  St.  Louis. 

CULA'ERS  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Tippecanoe  cc, 
Indiana,  on  the  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Lafayette. 

CUMBERLAND,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ten- 
nessee. Area  estim.ated  at  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Obed's  River  and  Daddy's  Creek.  The  surface  is  hilly  or 
mountainous.  Capital,  Crossville  (?)  'Pop.  3460,  of  whom  1'21 
were  slaves. 

CUMBERL.tND,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
619. 

CUMBERLAND  GAV,  a  narrow  pai^s  through  the  Cum- 
berland Mountain,  on  the  line  between  Tennesseo  and 
Kentucky,  at  the  W.  extremity   of  North  Carolina,  and 


CUM 


DAL 


about  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Knoxville.  It  is  an  important  stra- 
tegic point.  Cumberland  Gap  post-office  is  in  Claiborne  co., 
Tennessee. 

CUMING,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  about  400  .square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Elkhorn  Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  Plum  and  I'ebble  Creeks. 
The  surfice  is  diversified  by  undulating  prairies  and  bottom 
lands  which  produce  timber.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  is 
bas.d  on  limestone.     Pop.  07. 

CUMING  CITY,  a  po.st-viltage  of  'SVashington  co.,  Ne- 
braska, is  situated  near  the  Missouri  River,  about  SO  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Oiuahii  City.     Pop.  1.32. 

CUMMINGS  POINT,  at  the  entrance  of  Cliarleston  har- 
bor. South  Carolina,  is  the  N.  extremity  of  Morris  Island, 
Slid  is  about  1  mile  8.S.E.  of  Port  Sumter. 

CURUAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sangamon  CO., 
Illinois,  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  8  or  9  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Springfield. 

CUKKAN,  a  post-village  of  Stone  co.,  Missouri,  about  21 
Kiles  S.W.  of  Springfield. 

CURKY,  a  county  forming  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Oregon, 
bordering  on  California.  Area  estimated  at  l.iOO  square 
miles.  It  is  lounded  on  the  W.  by  tlie  Pacitlc  Ocean,  Inter- 
Bected  by  Rogue  River,  and  also  drained  by  Elk  and  Chotcoe 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountaiuous ;  tlie  soil  of 
the  valleys  is  fertile.    Capital,  EUensburg.    Pop.  393 


CURRY,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana.  Pop 
1434. 

CURRYSVILLE,  a  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana,  oi 
the  Evansville  and  Crawfordsville  Railroad,  19  miles  S.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

CURTIS,  a  post>-village  of  Madiscm  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  18  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Anderson. 

CURTISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  16  miles  S.E.  of 
Kokonio. 

CURVETON,  a  poft-village  of  Cass  co ,  Indiana,  on  tlie 
Toledo  Logansport  and  Burlington  Railroad,  and  neai-  the 
Wabash  River,  7  miles  W.  of  Logausport. 

CUSSETA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chattahoochee  co., 
Georgia,  18  or  20  miles  S.E.  of  Colnnibus. 

CUTTl  NGSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Rutland  co..  Vermont, 
on  the  Rutland  and  Burlinirtou  Railroad,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Rutland. 

CUYIiER,  a  post-township  forming  the  northeastern 
extremity  of  Cortland  county,  New  York.  Population 
1658. 

CYLOX,  a  post-township  of  St.  Croi.x  co.,  Wisconsin,  25 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Iludsou.     Pop.  227. 

CYNTIIIAN,  a  village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  about  30 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati. 


D. 


DADETILLB.  a  post-village  of  Dade  co.  Miasonri,  about 
34  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

UAKO'TA,  a  territory  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  British  Possessions,  on 
tlie  E.  by  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  on  the  S.  by  Xebiaska, 
Colorado,  and  Utah,  and  on  the  W.  liy  Montana,  Idaho,  and 
Utah.  It  lies  between  41°  and  49°  N.  lat..  and  liotweeu  96° 
25'  and  111°  00'  W.  Ion.  The  length  from  E.  toW.  is  about 
"V)  miles.  Area  estimated  at  240,000  square  miles.  It  was 
urg.'inized  as  a  territory,  March  2,  IStU. 

Face  of  the  Oiuntry, — This  extensive  region  presents  a 
great  variety  of  surface.  The  western  part  is  very  moun- 
taiuous. The  Rocky  Mountain  range  extends  along  the  W. 
"boundary,  and  here  rises  to  an  altitude  of  13,570  feet  in 
Fremonfs  Peak.  A  portion  of  DakoUi  is  traversed,  by  a 
branch  of  tlie  Rocky  Mountains  called  the  Black  Hills.  The 
highest  point  of  tliis  extensive  range  is  Laramie's  Peak, 
which  rises  about  8(100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  se.a,  and  is 
situated  about  42°  10'  N.  hit.,  and  105°  W.  Ion.  JProm  this 
point  the  range  extends  northward  nearly  300  miles.  The 
eiistern  and  northeaatorn  part  of  Dakota  is  more  nearly 
level.  In  the  S.E.  is  a  plateau  or  range  of  higlilaiids  called 
the  Coleau  ties  Prairies. 

Jia-erit  and  Lakes. — The  principal  rivers  are  the  Missouri, 
the  Red  River  of  the  North,  the  North  Fork  of  the  Platte, 
and  the  Big  Horn.  A  largo  part  of  the  territory  is  drained 
by  tlie  Missouri  River,  which,  after  Ibrming  part  of  the 
Bouthern  boundary  leaves  Dakotti  at  its  S.  K.  extremity, 
which  is  about  5o0  miles  in  a  direct  line  from  the  point 
where  the  river  euters  the  territory.  A  great  part  of  the 
IS.  boundary  is  formed  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 

The  western  portion  of  Dakota  is  drained  by  the  North 
Fork  of  the  Platte,  by  the  sources  of  the  Yellowstone,  and 
the  Big  Horn  and  Powder  Rivers,  affluents  of  the  Y'ellow- 
stone.  The  Dakota  or  liiviere  il  Jacques  rises  iii  the  N.E., 
flows  southward,  and  enters  the  Missouri  after  a  course  of 
about  600  miles.  Dakota  contains  a  number  of  lakes,  the 
largest  of  which  is  Mini  Wakan  or  Devil  Lake,  in  the  N.E. 
part.    Its  length  is  about  40  miles. 

Sail,  Timber.  <fc.— Tlie  valley  of  the  Red  River  of  the 
North  is  very  fertile.  Some  districts  adjacent  to  the  Black 
Hills  are  also  said  to  be  highly  productive  and  well  wooded. 
Timber  is  scarce  in  the  S.E.  district  which  lies  between  the 
Missouri  Kiver  and  the  E.  boundary  of  Dakota.  A  great 
portion  of  this  territory  is  prairie.  Among  the  forest  trees 
the  pine,  cedar,  and  cottonwood  are  found.  In  some  parts 
the  soil  is  rendered  unproductive  by  a  deficiency  of  rain. 

Animals. — Among  the  animals  indigenous  to  this  region 
are  the  buffalo  or  bison,  elk,  antelope,  deer,  grizzly  bear, 
black  bear,  wolf,  raccoon,  and  muskrat. 

Ptipulalinn. — According  to  the  census  of  1860,  Dakota 
contained  4837  inhabitants,  including  2261  Indians.  Capital, 
Yankton. 

DAKOTA,  a  county  towards  the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  aresi  of  about  570  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  and  N.E.  by  the  Missis>jppi  River,  and  on  the  N.W. 
by  the  Minnesota,  and  also  drained  by  the  Vermilion  and 
Cannon  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating,  or  nearly  level; 
the  soil  is  calcareous  and  highly  productive.  Wheat  is  the 
staple  production.  Dakota  county  contains  a  large  extent  of 
yrairie,  but  is  also  well  wooded.  The  rock  which  underlies 
this  county  is  magnesian  limestone.  The  route  of  the  pro- 
jected Minneapolis  and  Cedar  Valley  Railroad  passes 
throuch  this  county.  Capital,  Hastings.  Pop.  9093. 
60 


DAKOTA,  a  county  in  the  extreme  N.E.  part  of  Nebraska, 
bordering  on  Iowa.  Area  estim.ited  at  400  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  and  E.  by  the  .Missouri  Hiver, 
and  also  drained  by  Elk  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversified 
by  rolling  liraiiies,  bottom  lauds,  and  groves  of  hard  tim- 
ber. Tlie  soil  is  very  fertile.  Wheat,  corn,  and  oats  are 
the  stajiles.  Wood  and  stone  are  said  to  be  abundant  here. 
It  is  stated  that  this  county  is  more  thickly  woudcd  thau 
any  other  in  Nebraska.     Capitjil,  Dakota.     Pop  819. 

DAKOTA,  a  post-village  of  Stephen.son  Co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Racine  and  Mississijipi  Railroad,  8  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Ereeport. 

D.ilvOTA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Iluniboldt  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Des  Moines  River,  1  mile  above  the  mouth  of  tiie 
West  Fork,  and  15  miles  N.  of  Fort  Dodge.  It  is  situated 
on  a  high  prairie,  which  contains  beds  of  coal  and  iron  ore. 
Pop.  about-350. 

DAKOTA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waush.ira  CO., 
Wisconsin.  The  village  is  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wautonia. 
Total  population  479. 

DAKOTA,  .a  village  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Ver- 
milion River,  iibout  24  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul. 

DAKOTA,  a  village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  11  miles  above  La  Crosse,  Wis- 
consin. 

D.^KOTA,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Dakota  co., 
Nebraska,  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  .Missouri  Kiver, 
95  miles  (by  land)  N.  by  W.  of  Omaha  City.  The  Missouri 
is  about  half  a  mile  wide  near  this  place.  It  contains  one 
church,  1  large  hotel,  2  or  three  stores,  a  Uniti^d  States 
Ijand  Office,  So  dwellings,  and  1  pottery  in  which  stone- 
ware is  made.     Pop,  in  1860,  b^. 

DAKOTA  RIVER,  or  RIVIERE  A  JAQUES,  sometime* 
called  JAMES  RIVER,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Dakota, 
flows  southward  and  enters  the  Missuui-i  River  on  the  S. 
border  of  the  territory.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated'at 
6ii0  miles. 

DALE,  a  township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  950. 

DALE,  a  township  of  Outagamie  co.,  A\isconsin,  about  li 
miles  W.  of  Appletou.     Pop.  668. 

DALEVILLt;,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  Co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Scranton. 

DALEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Bellefontaine  Railway  Line,  9  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Muncie. 

DALLAS,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  has  an 
area  of, about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Red 
Cedar  (or  Menomonie),  Vermilion.  Hay,  and  Apple  Rivers, 
all  of  which,  except  the  first,  rise  within  its  limits.  The 
surface  is  elevated  and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  The 
county  contains  numerous  lakes.    Pop.  13. 

DALLAS,  a  post-village  in  Dallas  township,  Clinton  co., 
Michigan,  on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  28  miles 
W.  of  Owosso,  and  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lansing.  Pop.  of 
township.  907. 

DALLAS,  a  township  of  Huntington  co..  Indiana,  on  the 
Waba.sh  River.     Pop.  1154. 

DALLAS,  a  post- village, capital  of  Bollingerco.,  Missouri, 
about  100  miles  S.  by.  E.  of  St.  Louis. 

DALLAS,  a  village  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri,  on  tlio  Missouri 
River,  32  miles  above  St.  Joseph. 

DALLAS,  a  post- village  of  Webster  co.,  Missouri,  about 
18  miles  E.N  .E.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  of  Dallas  township,  953. 

DALLAS,  a  township  of  Dallas  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop  191, 


PAL 

DALLAS,  a  ptst-vilLiKe  .ami  township  of  Marion  co., 
Iowa,  about  10  n.ilcs  S.W.  of  Knoxville.  Pop.  siO. 
DALLAS,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  251. 
DALLAS,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of  Polk  CO., 
OreiTon,  on  the  Rickreal  River,  15  miles  W.  of  S.aleDi,  and  CO 
miles  .^.S.W.  of  Portland.  It  hiw  a  court-house,  .->  general 
stores,  1  drng-store.  1  grist-mill.  1  tannery,  &c.  Pop.  about 
250 ;  total  population  in  ISUO,  450. 

DALL.^SBURG,  a  post  village  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Eagle  Creek,  about  34  miles  N.  of  Frankfort,  and  4  miles  E. 
of  the  Kentucky  Kiver.    Pop.  2217. 

DALLASBUHO,  a  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Ohio,  near 
the  Cincinnati  and  M;iriett;i  Railroad,  about  12  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Lebanon. 

D  ALL.\S  CITY,  a  post-tillage  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  15  mileti  below  Burlington,  Iowa,  and 
74  miles  above  Quincy. 

DALLASTOWN,  a  iwst-vilhige  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvaniii, 
7  or  S  miles  S.E.  of  York. 

DALLES  CITY,  or  TIIE  DALLKS,  dilz,  a  post-village, 
capital  of  \V;isco  co.,  Oregon,  on  the  left  (S.)  bank  of  the 
Columbia  River,  about  120  miles  by  water  E.  of  Portland. 
It  has  a  large  trade  with  the  miners  of  the  interior,  and  is 
the  \V.  terminus  of  a  railroad  13  miles  long.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  public  school,  1  newsjiaper  office,  and  about  15 
dry-goods  ami  general  stores,  besides  groceries.  The  Direc- 
tory for  1865  enumerates  about  400  adult  residents  of  Dalles 
City.  Pop.  in  1860,  804;  in  1865  estimated  at  2000.  The 
river  is  here  confined  between  yasaltic  rocks  in  a  channel 
about  100  yards  wide  or  less. 

DALM.A.XUTIIA,  a  post-village  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa,  on 
or  neiir  the  Mississippi  and  .Missouri  Railroad,  about  50  miles 
W.  of  Des  Moines. 

DALTON,  a  township  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
258. 

DALTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  'Wliyne  co.,  In- 
diana, about  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmoml.    Pop.  789. 

DAM.\SCUS,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co,  Ohio,  near  the 
Pittsburg  Fort  Wavne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  of 
Salem.     Pop.  120. 

DAMASCUS,  a  small  post-village  of  Placer  co.,Califoruia, 
3S  miles  E.N.E.  of  Auburn. 

D.iXBY,  a  post-village  of  Du  Page  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad,  23  miles  W.  of  Clncago. 

DANE.MORA,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  co.,  New  York, 
10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Plattsburg.     Fop.  1271. 

DANFORTH,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine.  Pop. 
28*J. 

DANFORTH,  a  post-village  of  Tazewell  co.,  niinois,  on 
Mackinaw  River,  about  21  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Peoria. 

D.iNKOltTH,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,  about  19 
miles  N.W.  of  Iowa  City, 
D.VNTERS.  u  township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1375. 
DANYILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Des  Moines 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  i-ailroad,  13  miles  M'.N.W.  of  Burlington. 
Pop.  1615. 
DANVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin. 
DANVILLE,  a  township  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  156. 

DANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  Califomi;i, 
16  miles  S.  of  Martinez. 
DANVILLK,  a  post-office  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregon. 
DANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tisheniingo  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  7  miles  S.  of  Corinth. 
DANVILLE,  a  iwst-village,  capital  of  Gage  co.,  Nebniska, 
on  or  near  the  Big  Blue  River,  about  65  miles  S.W.  of  Ne- 
oraska  City. 

D.A.HD.A.NELLES,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Oregon,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Jacksonville.    Pop.  331. 

DARUENNE,  a  village  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
North  Missouri  Railroad,  29  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 
Pop.  of  Dardenue  township,  2463. 

DARIEN,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois,  about  28  miles 
S.W.  of  Terre  Haute.  Indiana. 
DARIN  DA.    See  Deri.nda. 
DARLING.  FORT.    See  Fort  Darlixo. 
DARLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  Sugar  Creek,  alKJUt  25  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Lafayette. 

DARLINGTON,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Lafay- 
ette CO..  Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Pitcatonica  River  and 
on  the  ilineral  Point  Railroad,  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Mineral 
Point  and  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.  It  has  a  stone 
conrt-honse,  4  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1  flouring-uull 
moved  by  water-power.  10  stores,  and  several  factories.  A 
large  amonut  of  grain,  jrark  and  cattle  is  shipped  here. 
iirst  settled  in  1850.     Pop.  in  1865,  from  12iiO  to  1400. 

DAVIDSON,  or  DAVISON,  a  village  of  Genesee  co.,  Mich- 
igjiu,  al>out  10  miles  E  or  S.E.  of  Flint. 
DAVIDSON,  MOUNT.    See  Mount  D.ivrosoy. 
DAVIES,  a  village  of  Ifolo  CO.,  California,  about  10  miles 
n.  by  S  of  Sacramento. 

DAVIS,  a  cimnty  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Kansas'  it 
ha«  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Kansas  Rivor,  and  also  drained  by  the  Republican  River 
which  enters  the  Kansas  in  this  county.    The  surtaie  is 


DEA 

undulating;  the  soil  is  good.  Tlie  land  is  gcniTally  not 
wooded,  except  on  the  margins  of  the  streams.  Building 
stone  is  said  to  be  aliuudaufiu  this  county.  Capital,  Junc- 
tion City.     Pop.  1163. 

DAVIS,  a  township  of  Fountain  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  609. 

DAVIS,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  59. 

DAVIS,  a  ptist-villago  of  Stephenson  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Racine  and  Mississippi  llailroad,  14  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Free- 
port. 

DAVISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Ifcdli'oad,  15  miles  N.W.  of 
Pontiac. 

DAWN,  a  post-villago  of  Livingston  co.,  Missouri,  about 
42  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lexington. 

DAWSON,  a  coruity  in  the  N.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Etowah  River.  The  surface  is  hilly.  The  soil  in  some 
parts  is  fertile.     Capital.  Dawsonville.     Pop.  3S56. 

DAWSON,  a  new  county  of  Texas,  about  15  miles  from 
the  Rio  Grande.  Area  estimate<l  at  1100  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Nueces  River.    Pop.  281. 

DAWSON,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Nebraska,  haa 
an  area  of  about  1450  square  miles.  It  is  boundeil  on  the 
S.  by  the  Platte  River, and  intersected  by  the  South  Braucli 
of  the  Loup  Fork.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  in 
some  parts  is  said  to  be  sterile.    Pop.  16. 

DAWSON,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

DAAVSON.  a  post-vilhige.  cjipital  of  Terrell  co.,  Georgia, 
on  the  Southwestern  Railroad,  about  24  miles  N.W.  of 
Albany. 

DAAVSON,  a  post-office  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railrt«ul,  12  miles  E.  of  Springfield. 

D.\WSONVILLE.  a  post^village,  capital  of  Dawson  co., 
Georgia,  about  48  miles  N.E.  of  Marietta. 

DAYTON,  a  village  and  township  of  York  co.,  Maine,  ol 
the  Siico  River,  about  lb  miles  S.W.  of  Portland.    Pop.  701. 

D.4YT0N,  a  post-village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  18  miles  E.N.E.  of  Kittanniug. 

DAYTON,  a  post-villsige  of  Rockingham  co.,  Virginia, 
about  20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Staunton, 

DAYTON,  a  i>osl-village  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan,  on  tlie 
Central  liailroad,  2ul  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Newaygo  Co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
281. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1 28. 

D.4YT0N,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1188. 

D.\YTON,  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri,  about  60  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Kansjis  City. 

DAYTON,  a  village  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  abont  27 
miles  S.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

DAYTON,  a  jKist-township  of  Bremer  co  ,  Iowa,  about  65 
miles  S.W.  of  J>ansing.    Pop.  162. 

D.A.YTOX,  a  township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  187. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  579. 

D.4YT0N,  a  village  of  Webster  co.,  Iowa.  See  Wesi 
Dayton. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Webster  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  208. 

DAY'TON,  a  jKwt-village  of  Green  oo.,  Wisconsin,  on  Sugar 
River,  about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madison. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Green  Lake  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
30  miles  W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  The  W.  part  of  Green  Lake 
is  included  in  it.    Pop.  703. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin,  5  miles 
W".  of  Richland  Centre.     Pop.  494. 

DAYTON,  a  township  of  Waupacca  co.,  Wisconsin,  abont 
n  miles  S.W.  of  Waupacca.     Pop.  733. 

D.\Y10X,  a  i>ost-township  of  Hennepin  CO.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  right  liank  of  the  Mississii)pi  River,  3  or  4  miles  W. 
of  Anoka.     Pop.  540. 

D.A.YT0N,  a  post-village  of  Minnesota,  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Crow  River,  on  the  line  between  Hennepin  and  Wright 
counties,  alwut  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Anthony. 

D.4YT0N,  a  post-office  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kansas. 

DAYTON,  a  village  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas,  about  11 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Topek.a. 

DAY  rON,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  Co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Little  Nemaha  River,  about  IS  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nebraslia 
City. 

DAYTON,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Lyon  co.,  Nevada,  situ- 
ated on  Carson  River,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Virginia  City  and 
about  22  miles  N.E.  of  Carson  City.  It  contains  8  general 
stores,  1  newspaper  office,  and  haa  about  8  quartz-mills  (for 
silver  ore).    Pop.  in  1864.  about  lOoO. 

DAYTON,  a  village  of  Butte  co.,  Oilifornia,  22  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Oroville.  It  has  several  stores.  The  name  of  tha 
post-office  is  Greenland. 

D.4.YT0N,  a  post-village  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon,  on  th« 
Y'am  Hill  River,  21  miles  N.  of  Salem  and  Z  miles  S.E.  of 
Lafayette.  It  has  1  or  2  churches.  Pop.  in  1864,  about 
150. 

D.4YT0N,  a  township  or  precinct  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon. 
Pop.  426. 

DEANSVILLE,  or  DKANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dane 


DEB 

CO.,  'Wisconsin,  on  a  railroad  22  miles  TV.  of  AVatertown  and 
15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Madison. 

DK  BUUIX,  a  post-vlUiige  of  Pulaski  co.,  Missouri,  about 
33  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rolla. 

DKCATUR,  a  post-village  of  Wise  co.,  Texas,  about  60 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Dallas. 

Di:CATUR,  or  DECATURVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cam- 
den CO..  Missouri,  about  5l>  miles  W.  of  Rolla. 

DECATUR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Decatur  Co., 
lowii.  about  .5  miles  W.  of  Leon,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  9.32. 

DECATUR,  a  post-village  of  Burt  Co.,  Xebra.ska,  situated 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  60  miles  by  the  road  N.  of 
Omalia  City.  Lat.  42°  N.  Tt  is  the  AV.  terminus  of  the 
Cedar  Rapids  and  Mi.ssouri  River  Raili'oad  (in  progress). 
Tlie  site  is  a  plateau  %  of  a  mile  wide  between  the  river  and 
the  bluffs.  It  contains  1  ciiurch  and  several  steam  saw- 
mills.   Coal  is  found  in  the  vicinity.     Pop.  in  1800,  106. 

DECTIEIJD,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroivd,  83  miles  S.S.E.  of 
N.ishvllle. 

DECKKR,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  63S. 

DECKER,  or  DKCKER'S,  Indiana,  asfation  on  the  Evans- 
ville  and  Crawfor<lsville  Railroad,  where  it  crosses  White 
River,  11  miles  S.  of  Vincennes. 

DIJCK  KR,  a  town.ship  of  Richland  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  719. 

DECOR.AH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Winneshiek  co., 
Iowa,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Upper  Iowa 
River,  37  miles  from  its  moutli/and  on  or  near  the  McGregor 
Western  Kailroad,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  JIcGregor.  It 
contains  i  churches.  1  college,  3  hotels,  1  national  bank,  1 
newspaper  office,  4  flouring-mills,  2  saw-mills,  and  several 
niacIiin(!-shops.     Pop.  in  1860,  1920;  in  186.>,  about  .3700. 

DI';DH.VM,  a  post-village  of  Houston  Co.,  Miunesotii,  on 
the  Houston  River,  about  28  miles  S.  of  Winona. 

DEKP  BOTTOM,  Henrico  co.,  Virginia,  is  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  James  River,  about  12  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Richmond. 

DKEP  CREEIC,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
667. 

1>EI-'P  RIVER,  a  post-township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa, 
8  mill's  E.S.E.  of  Monte/.unia.    Poji.  41S. 

DI'IER  CRIiEK,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana,  con- 
tains or  adjoins  Delphi,  the  county-seat.  Pop.  exclusive  of 
Delphi,  141)0. 

DEER  CRKEK,  Tehama  co.,  California,  flows  southwest- 
waril  and  enters  tlie  Sacrami'iito  River. 

DEERFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana, 
on  the  Viclisbnrg  and  Shreveport  Railroad,  about  40  miles 
W.  of  Vicksburg. 

DEERFIELD.  a  township  of  Lapeer  co.,  Micliigan.  Pop. 
109. 

DEERFIELD,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Micliigan,  on 
Lake  Miihigan.     Pop.  207. 

HEERFIliLD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Vernon  co., 
Missouri,  on  the  Marmiton  River,  about  14  miles  E.  of  Fort 
Scott,  Kansas.     Pop.  461. 

DEERFIELD.  a  post-township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa, 
about  40  miles  X.  of  Cedai-  Falls.     Pop.  2tj9. 

DEERFIELD,  a  township  of  Waushara  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
about  5  miles  W.  of  Wuutouia.     Pop.  188. 

DEERFIELD,  a  village  of  Sibley  CO.,  Minnesota,  about 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Henderson. 

DEERFIELD.  a  post-township  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  184. 

DEER  LODGE  VALLEY  (or  PRAIRIE),a  mining  district 
In  the  S.W.  part  of  Montana,  is  near  the  W.  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  traversed  by  a  small  river  of  the 
same  name. 

DEER  P,\RK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  La  Salle  co., 
Illinois.  The  township  is  on  the  Illinois  River,  about  7 
miles  below  Ottiiwa.    Pop.  1032. 

DE  GRAFF,  a  post-village  of  Logan  CO.,  Ohio,  on  or  near 
the  Miami  River,  9  miles  by  railroad  W.S.W.  of  Bollefon- 
taine. 

dp;  KALB.  a  post-village  of  Gilmer  CO.,  West  Virginia,  on 
the  Little  Kanawha  River,  about  45  miles  S.E.  of  Pai'kers- 
burg. 

DE  KALB,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  in  a 
township  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  Dixon  Air  Line 
Railroad,  58  miles  W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  of  township,  900. 

DELANTI,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa,  on  Iowa 
River,  9  or  10  miles  S.  of  Eldora. 

DELAWARE,  a  township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  on 
liake  Huron.     Pop.  436. 

DELAAVARE,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1071. 

DEL-\W.\RE,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Ihfe  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Riiilroad,  47  miles  W.  of  Cin- 
cinnati. 

DEL  A.WARE,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  contains 
the  village  of  Manchester.     Pop.  1058. 

DELAWARE,  a  township  of  Folk  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  465. 

DELAWARE,  or  DELAWARE  CITY,  a  post-village  of 
Leavenworth  co.,  Kansiis,  on  the  Missouri  River,  5  miles 
below  Leavenworth.  Pop.  in  1860,  830,  which  perhaps  in- 
cluded a  small  township. 


DEN 

DELAWARE,  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska,  about 

II  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

DELHI,  a  village  of  Carroll  parish,  Louisiana.    Pop.  175. 

DELHI,  a  post-township  of  Hairdlton  co.,  Ohio,  <m  tha 
Ohio  River  about  6  miles  belo*  Cincinnati.    Pop.  2700. 

DELHI,  a  post-village  and  township,  capitjil  of  Delaware 
CO.,  Iowa.  The  village  is  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Ma(iuoketa 
River,  40  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Dubuque,  and  2]/^  miles  S.  of 
the  Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Railroad.  Pop.  about  oUO; 
of  the  township  in  186),  1063. 

DELHI,  a  township  of  Wright  co.,  Blinnesota.    Pop.  SO. 

DELISLE,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Day- 
ton and  Union  Railroad,  2S  miles  N.W.  of  Dayton. 

DELLO'NA,  or  DELOXA,  a  post-township  of  Sauk  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Baraboo.     Pop.  610. 

DELMAR,  a  station  on  the  Peninsula  Railway,ln  Sussex 
CO.,  Delaware.  97  miles  S.  of  Wilmington. 

DEL  NORTE,  a  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
California,  bordering  on  Oregon.  Area  estimated  at  155C 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  intersected  in  the  E.  part  by  the  Klamath  River,  whicl 
also  drains  the  S.W.  part.  Other  portions  of  the  countj 
are  drained  by  Smith's  River.  The  surface  is  mountainous 
and  partly  covered  with  dense  forests  of  redwood  auil  spruce. 
It  is  estimated  thiit  more  than  one-third  of  this  county  is 
prairie.  Gold  and  copperare  found  in  the  county.  Capital, 
Crescent  City.    Pop.  1993. 

DELPHI,  a  village  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  about  17  miles  S. 
of  Norwatk. 

DELFIII,  a  village  of  Giisconade  co.,  Missouri,  about  44 
miles  S.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

DF:LL  prairie,  a  post-villiigo  and  township  of  Adams 
CO.,  Wi.sconsin.  on  tlie  E.  side  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  about 
20  miles  W.X.W.  of  I'ortage  City.    Pop.  1290. 

DELTA,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  railroad, 
which  connects  Toledo  with  Chicago,  25  milea  W.  by  S.  of 
Toledo. 

DEMENT,  or  DEMENT  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Ogle 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Fulton  and  Iowa  Railroad,  70 
miles  W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  of  Dement  township,  538. 

DEMING,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
28  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

DEMMIT,  or  DIM. MIT,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of 
Texas,  h.as  an  area  of  about  1000  square  nnles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Nueces  River.  The  census  of  1860  does  not 
state  the  population  of  this  county. 

DEMOSVILLi;,  a  post-village  of  Pendleton  CO.,  Kentucky, 
on  the  Kentucky  Central  Railroad,  25  miles  S.  of  Cincinnati. 

DEXISON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1104. 

DFINISON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Crawford  co.,  Iowa, 
on  Boyer  River  about  06  miles  N.E.  of  Council  Bluffs.  Pop. 
160. 

DENMARK,  a  village  of  Morrow  co.,  Ohio, about  17  milea 
S.  by  E.  of  Biicyrus. 

,  DION.MARK,  a  post-township  of  Tuscola  CO.,  Michigan, 
dhont  16  miles  E.  of  Saginaw  City.    Pop.  3U9. 

DENMARK,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  and  on  the  ilississippi 
River.     Pop.  334. 

DENNIS,  a  post-office  or  village  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa, 
on  Chariton  River,  about  5  miles  N.  of  Centreville. 

DENTON,  a  village  of  Hanover  co.,  Virginia,  about  20 
miles  N.AV.  of  Richmond. 

DENTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Denton  co.,  Texas, 
about  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dallas. 

DENTON  VILLE,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Central  Railroad  about  24  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 

DEN  VER.  a  post-office  of  Hancock  Co.,  Illinois,  on  a  rail- 
road 22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Keokuk. 

DENVER,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois.    Pop. 691. 

DENVER,  a  post-office  or  village  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa,  7 
or  8  miles  S.E.  of  Waverly. 

DEN'VER,  the  principal  city  and  commercial  emporium 
of  the  territory  of  Colorado,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  South  Platte  River,  580  miles  W.  of  the  Jlissouri  River, 
and  15  miles  E.  of  the  eastern  foot  of  the  Rocky  Mountiiiiis. 
Lat.  about  39°  45'  N.  Lon.  104°  50'  W.  The  site  is  advan- 
tageous, pleasant  and  beautiful ;  occupying  a  series  of  pla- 
teaus rising  in  benches  or  steps  by  gentle  and  slight  ascenta 
from  the  river.  It  faces  the  great  mountain  chain,  the 
lofty  peaks  of  which  are  covered  with  eternal  snow.  Tha 
climate  is  peculiarly  dry,  bright  and  salubrious.  The  alti- 
tude 5375  feet  above  tide-water.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  the  fall  of  1858,  and  a  municipal  government  first 
organized  by  People's  law  in  the  winter  of  1859  and  1860. 

III  1861  the  territory  was  organized,  and  in  the  fall  of  that 
year  the  first  session  of  the  legislative  assembly  granted  a 
charter  to  the  city.  Works  for  lighting  the  streets  with 
gas  are  under  way,  and  a  canal  20  miles  long,  from  the 
South  Platte  River,  near  its  debouchure  from  the  moun- 
tains, supplies  every  part  of  the  city  with  water.  All  the 
offices  of  the  Territorial  Government,  Surveyor  General's 
and  Land  offices,  the  head-quarters  of  the  military  districts 
and  depots  of  arms  and  supplies,  are  located  here.    The 

2211 


DEN 


DON 


fm.-)l)c  tuililings  are  the  Colorado  Seminary,  costing  $20,000, 
Oitliolic  Academy,  5  churches,  1  costing  $24,000,  and  3 
others  from  JyOOO  to  .$IO,iO0  each,  and  United  States  branch 
mint,  rostinv;  STd.i  00.  Here  are  also  3  private  and  2  public 
schools,  6  blinks,  and  1  daily  and  weekly  newspaper.  Stage 
lines  diverge  to  every  important  point  in  the  greiit  \Vest. 
The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  will  probably  iiiiss  through  it. 
Manufactures  are  not  yet  very  extensive,  and  are  confined 
mainly  to  flo»iring-mills,  breweries  and  tanneries.  Mer- 
chandise is  all  conveyed  overland  from  the  Missouri  River 
in  wagons  drawn  by  horses,  mules  or  oxen.  This  class  of 
commerce  reiches  an  aggregjite  of  many  million  dollars  per 
annum.    Pop.  in  1861,  4749 :  in  1865,  about  10,000. 

DENVKRTO.V,  a  post-village  of  Solano  co.,  California,  9 
miles  £.  of  Suisun  City. 

DEN'VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Morris  and  Kssox  Hailroad,  7  miles  N.  of  Morristown. 

DERIXDA.  or  DARINDA,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co., 
Illinois.     Pop.  818. 

DERRIXANE,  or  DERRYNANE,  a  post-village  of  Du- 
buque CO..  Iowa,  about  11  miles  S.W.  of  Dubuiiue. 

DERRY,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1229. 

DERRYXANE,  a  township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  457. 

DES  CHUTES,  a  post-office  or  village  of  Wasco  co., 
Oregon. 

DES  MOINES,  a  township  of  Dallas  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  585. 

DES  MOINES,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1215. 

DES  MOINE?,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
T.3ti4. 

DES  MOINES,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1099. 

DES  .MOI.NES,  a  township  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
598. 

DES  MOINES,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
951. 

DE  SOTO,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Mi-isi8si])pi,  on  the 
Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  104  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Mobile. 

DE  SOTO,  a  village  of  Madison  Parish,  Louisiana,  on  the 
Mississippi  River  opposite  Tieksburg. 

DE  SOTO,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  302  miles  S.  by  \Y.  of  Cliicago. 

*>E  SOTO,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Ji'fferson  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad  42  miles  S.S.W.  of 
St.  Louis.  It  contiiins  3  churches,  1  steam-mill,  and  a  num- 
ber of  stores.  Lead  mines  have  been  opened  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  abo\it  500. 

DE  SOTO,  a  Aillage  of  St.  Croix  Co.,  "Wisconsin,  on  Willow 
River,  about  6  miles  N.E.  of  Hudson. 

DESOTO,  a  small  post-village  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  6  or  7  miles  above  Lansing.  Iowa. 

DESOTO,  a  village  of  Todd  co.,  Minnesota  on  Osakis 
Lake  aliout  55  miles  W.N.W.  of  Saint  Cloud. 

DE  SOTO,  township  of  Blue  liirth  co.,  Minnesota,  inter- 
sected by  the  Blue  Earth  River. 

DK  SOTO,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kansas  Rivef,  about  14  miles  K.  of  Law- 
rence.   Pop.  156. 

DESOTO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Washington  co., 
Nebraska,  on  the  Jlissouri  River  about  6  miles  N.  of  Fort 
Cadioun.    Pop.  336. 

DETROIT  [continued  from  page  563]. 

The  manufactures  of  Detroit  are  extensive  and  important 
consisting  of  locomotives,  iron  machinery,  sash  and  blinds^ 
cabinet-ware.  Ac.  There  are  also  numerous  tanneries  brewer- 
ies, brass  and  iron  foundries,  saw-mills,  &c.  Six  newspapers 
are  piiblished  in  Detroit,  two  dailies  in  the  English  langiiago 
and  one  in  German ;  the  remainder  are  weclOy.  The  Detroit 
Copper  Smelting  AVorks,  situ.ited  on  the  border  of  the  river 
just  below  the  city,  aimually  smelt  over  $2,000,tX)0  of  copper 
ore  Into  ingot  copper.  Above  the  city  is  a  similar  large  estab- 
lishment, engaged  in  manufacturing  iron,  from  the  iron  ore 
of  Lake  Superior. 

Total  rtotij)ts  at  Dttmit  nf  hreadsluffs,  fnr  i  years. 
I8S9.    Tout  bL.,l,el.,     4,J77,8W.     Average  price  per  bu.hel,  "$1  25 

•861.        "  "  tO,5l4'.2i<6.        "  ••  <i 

•862.        "  "  11,827,000.        "  "  i 


I  19 


1  12 


TataZrtcapU  at  Detroit  of  oats,  for  4  years. 
\m.      Total    bu.hels      n3,^4.      Average  price  per  b«.l,el.     .40 

!^.';     ;:     ::     ^ig^m     »      '.i      i     -i 

>86'.i.  "  "  407,247.  "  ..  »  ;5^ 

Toial  raxipis  qfbutttrfor  4  years.     Bngspacked  at  Detroit 

8200. 


I8i9.  Total  poinidi,  1,116,306. 
I860.       "  "         3.0S4.067. 

1^'-      ;;  "         3,327,672. 

Ils62.      "          "        5.343,360. 


i&iS. 

1860.  10  000. 

1861.  I8,n00. 

1862.  33,000. 
TUal  receipts  at  DelroU  of  wool,  fin-  4  years. 

law.    Total  pound!,  3.720.810. 
J^-        "  "  4.54i,.W5. 

\^l-  .  '  S,453.83l. 

1662.        "  **  6  915  193 

1>KTR0TT.  a  post-township  of  Pike  'co ',  Hlinois,  on  the 
nUuois  Riv-r,  about  8  miles  £.  of  PittsBeld.     Pon  V'O 
2212  ^'    ~  ' 


DETROIT,  a  village  of  Becker  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Detroit 
Lake.about  .32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Otter  Tail  City. 

DE  WITT  a  post-village,  capital  of  Aikunsaa  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Aikansas  River,  about  70  miles 
S.E.  of  Little  Rock. 

DEWITT,  a  township  of  Dewitt  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1018 

DE  WITT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  is 
on  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  21  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Lyons,  and  about  22  miles  N.  of  Davenport.  It 
has  several  churches,  ix.     Pop.  2201. 

DEWITT,  a  township  of  Cuming  co.,  Nebraska.    Pop.  14. 

DEXTER,  a  post-township  of  Wood  co.,  Wisconsin,  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  256. 

DIAMOND  BLUFF,  a  post-village  and  small  townsWp  of 
Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  10 
miles  below  Prescott.    Pop.  157. 

DIAMOND  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Morris  CO.,  Kansas, 
about  18  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Council  Grove. 

DIAMOND  CREEK,  a  township  of  Chase  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  17ti. 

DIAMOND  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co,  Oregon,  23 
miles  S.  E.  of  .Mbrtn.v. 

DIAMOND  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  of  Morris  co.,  Kansas. 

DIAMOND  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  El 
Dorado  co.,  California.  The  village  is  3  miles  S.  of  Placer- 
ville,  and  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Sacramento  on  the  railroad 
which  connects  these  towns.  It  contains  3  hotels,  o  stores, 
and  about  500  inhaliitant^.  Gold,  lumber,  and  wine  are 
among  the  chief  articles  of  export.  Pop.  of  the  township 
in  18t.O,  2142. 

DICKINSON,  a  county  in  the  E  central  part  of  Kansas, 
has  an  area  of  about  750"  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Kansas  River,  and  also  drained  by  Chapman's  and  Camp 
Creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  county  contains  extensive  prairies.  Capital, 
Abilene.    Pop.  378. 

DILLON,  !i  post-village  of  Phelps  co.,  Missonri,  on  the 
Southwest  Branch  Railroad.  5  miles  N.E.  of  Rolla. 

DlMMICK.a  township  of  Lii  Salle  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.1081. 

DIMMIT,  Texas.    See  Demmit. 

DISCO,  a  jiost-village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michig-.m,  about  27 
miles  N.  of  Detroit. 

DISPUTANTA,  a  post-office  of  Prince  George  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Norfolk  and  Petersburg  Railroad,  13  miles  S.E. 
of  I'etersbiirg. 

DIXBOROUGri,  a  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan, 
about  33  miles  W.  of  Detroit. 

DIXON,  a  county  iu  the  N.E.  part  of  Nebraska.  Area 
estimated  at  700  square  miles.  It  is  drainefl  by  siffluonts  of 
the  Elkhorn  River.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  rock  which  underlies  this  county  is  limestone. 
Pop.  217. 

DIXON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Webster  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  62  miles  E  N.E.  of  Paducah. 

DIXON,  a  post-villageof  Van  Wert  co.,OIiio,  on  the  Pitts- 
burg Fort  Wayne  aud  Chicago  RaiIro;id,  19  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Fort  Wa\  ne. 

DIXON,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  about  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Davenport. 

DIXON,  a  ijost-office  of  Dixon  co.,  Nebraska. 

DOBSON,  a  post-vill.ige,  capital  of  Surry  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, about  55  miles  W.N.W.  of  Greensborough. 

DOOGE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  432  squ.nre  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Sontli  branch 
of  the  Znmbro  River,  and  by  the  Red  Cedar  River,  which 
rises  ■ttithin  its  Lniits.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are 
stated  to  be  much  more  extensive  than  tlie  woodlamls.  The 
surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  calcareous 
and  fertile.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Winona  and  St.  Peters 
Railroad  I  in  progress).    Capital,  Mantorville.    Pop.  3797. 

DODGE,  a  township  of  Boone  co,  Iowa.    Pop.  555. 

DODiiE,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  611. 

DODGE,  a  post-township  of  Guthrie  co ,  Iowa,  abcut  55 
miles  W.X.W.  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  248. 

DODGE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  FarilMiult. 

DODSON,  a  ix)st-village  of  Montgomery  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Dayton  and  Unic.n  Railroad.  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dayton. 

DOLPHIN,  a  village  of  Minnesota,  on  the  line  between 
Ramsey  and  Washington  counties,  about  6  miles  E.  of  St. 
Paul. 

DOLSON,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1264. 

DONGOLA,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  28  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

DONIPHAN,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of 
Kansas,  bordering  on  Siis.sonri,  has  an  area  of  about" oitO 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  and  E.  by  the  Jlis- 
souri River,  and  also  dj-ained  by  Wolf  River.  The  surface 
is  di  vereified  1>  y  Muffs,  bottom-lands,  and  u  ndulat  ing  prai  ri  es ; 
the  soil  is  very  fertile.  This  county  contain-s  abundance  of 
coal.  The  bluffs  and  bottom-lands  are  generally  wooded. 
Capital.  Troy.     Pop.  8083. 

DON  IPHAN.  a  post-village,  capital  of  R  ipley  co  ,  Missonri, 
situated  on  Current  River,  about  150  miles  "S.  by  W.  of  St. 
Louis,  and  10  miles  from  the  S.  boundary  of  the  stati. 


DON 


DRA 


DOXIPIIAX.  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  ti  miles  above  Atchison,  and  18  miles 
liy  land  S.W.  of  St.  Josejih.  It  contains  1  church,  1  steam 
flo\iring-mill,  and  1  saw-mill.  A  large  quantity  of  grain  is 
shipped-  here. 

DONNA  ANA,  or  ANNA,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  New  Mexico,  bordering  on  Te.xas.  Area  esti- 
mated at  above  15,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  and  intersected  in  the  E. 
part  by  the  Rio  Pecos.  The  county  is  traversed  by  several 
mountain  ridges.  The  soil  produces  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
4c.    Capital,  lionna  Anna.    Pop.  6239. 

DONNA  ANA,  a  villajre,  capital  of  Donna  Ana  co.,  New 
Mexico,  situated  on  the  Rio  Grande,  about  48  miles  N.N.W. 
of  El  Paso,  Texa-s.     Pop.  in  1860,  (5f.7. 

DON  PEDKO'S  BAR,  a  post-villageof  Tuolumne  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Tuolumne  River,  20  miles  S.W.  of  Sonora.  It 
has  sseveral  stores.     Pop.  about  200. 

.  DONTLIN,  a  village  of  Montana,  on  the  Hell  Gate  River, 
about  130  miles  N.  of  Bannock  City. 

DOHA,  a  post-village  of  Waba.sli  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Sala- 
monie  River,  alwut  8  miles  E.  of  Wabash. 

DOKAN,  a  post-office  of  Mitchell  en.,  Iowa 

DOKClIESTER,  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  co,,  Illinois, 
on  I  he  St.  Limia  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Riiilroad,  about  2i 
miles  N.E.  of  Alton. 

DORCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa, 
about  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lansing,  and  3  miles  S.  of  the 
state  of  Minnesota. 

DOXY'S  ISLAND,  AVinnebago  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  an  island 
in  Fox  River  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  M'innebago,  V^  a  mile  S. 
of  .Menasha.    If  contains  760  acres  of  good  lauiu 

DOUGHERTY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Flint  River.  The  surface  is  ne;ir!y  level ;  the  soil  fertile. 
Capital  Albany.     Pop.  8295. 

DOUGHERTY  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co., 
California,  18  miles  S.E.  of  San  Leandro. 

DOUiiLAS,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Illinois,  h.as  an 
area  of  about  375  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Emliarras  and  Kaskaskia  Rivers.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level;  the  soil  fertile.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Chi- 
cago Branch  of  the  Central  Railroad.  Capital,  Tuscola. 
Pop.  7140. 

DOUGLAi=,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  aliout  60"  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
North  Fork  and  Bryant's  Fork  of  'White  River.  The  sur- 
face in  some  parts  is  hilly,  and  covered  with  forests  of  pine, 
oak,  walnut.  &c.  It  Is  state<l  tliat  lead  has  been  found  in 
this  county.     Capital,  Vera  Cruz.     Pop.  2414. 

DOUGLAS,  a  county  forming  the  N.  \V.  extremity  of  Wis- 
consin, borderinjj  on  Minnesota,  has  an  area  of  about  1500 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lake  Superior, 
and  on  the  N.W.  by  the  St.  Ixiiiis  River.  It  is  drained  by 
the  St.  Croix  River,  which  flows  southwestward,  and  the 
Bois  Brule  and  Aniinicon  Rivers,  which  flow  northward  to 
Lake  Superior.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  extensively  covered 
with  forests  of  pine,  hemlock,  oak,  sugar-maple,  &c.  The 
county  is  traversed  by  a  ridge  called  Mineral  Range,  in 
which  copper  mines  have  been  opened.  The  soil  of  the 
river  bottoms  is  said  to  be  fertile.  Organized  in  1854.  Capi- 
tal, Superior  City.    Pop.  812. 

DOUGLAS,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Long  Prairie 
River,  the  outlet  of  several  lakes,  which  are  included  in  this 
county.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified.  It  is  re- 
markable for  the  beauty  of  its  scenery,  iu  which  groves, 
prairies,  and  lakes  are  intermingled.  Capital,  Alexandria. 
Pop.  195. 

DOUGLAS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an 
area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Kansas  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Wa- 
karusa  River.  The  surfiK'O  is  plesisantly  diversified ;  the 
soil  is  highly  productive.  Limestone  is  abundant  in  this 
county.  The  Pacific  Railroad  connects  it  with  Kansas 
City  and  other  towns  of  Missouri.  Groves  of  timber  grow 
along  the  margins  of  the  streams.  This  county  in  186u  was 
the  most  populous  in  the  state,  except  Leavenworth.  Capi- 
tal, Lawrence.     Pop.  Sti37. 

l)OUGLAS,a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  513. 

DOUGLAS,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Oregon,  border- 
ing on  the  Pacific  Ocean;  area  estimated  at  above  5000 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Umpqua  River  and  its 
North  and  Soiith  Forks,  which  rise  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
county.  The  Siuslaw  River  forms  part  of  the  northern 
boundiiry.  '  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  Cascade 
Range  extends  along  the  E.  border  of  the  county,  other 
parts  of  wliich  are  occupied  by  the  Umpqua  Mountains,  or 
Coast  Range,  and  Calapooya  Mountains.  The  great  Ump- 
qua Valley  has  a  very  fertile  soil,  and  is  bordere<l  by  ranges 
of  grassy  liilts,  on  which  many  sheep  find  good  pasturage. 
Vhe  streams  atford  abundant  water-power.  Lumber  is 
t  sported  from  the  county.  Silver  and  copper  are  said  to 
have  been  found  in  it.  Capital,  Boseburg.  Pop.  in  1800, 
J203;  iu  1665,  about  6000. 


DOUGLAS,  a  county  in  the  S.AV.  p.art  of  Nevada,  border- 
ing  on  Calilornia;  area  estimated  at  1000  square  miles.  I*- 
is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Lake  Talioe,  and  intersected  bj 
Carson  River.  The  surface  is  elevated  and  mountainous 
A  mountain  of  granite,  called  Job's  Peak,  ri.ses  to  the  height 
of  about  t'fli  0  feet.  The  soil  is  not  adapted  to  agricidture, 
except  Carson  Valley.  The  Sierra  Nevatla,  which  occupies 
the  W.  part,  is  covered  with  forests  of  good  timber.  Pro- 
ductive mines  of  gold  and  silver  have  been  opened  iu  tliia 
county.     Capital,  Genoa. 

DOUGLAS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  border 
ing  on  Iowa;  has  an  area  of  about  350  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  Platte  River.  It  is  also  drained  by  the  Elkhorn  and 
Papillon  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  very 
productive.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is  prairie.  The 
streams  are  bordered  with  trees,  among  which  the  cotton- 
wood  is  the  most  abundant.  Tne  county  is  liberally  sup- 
plied with  limestone  and  water-power.  Douglas  county 
was  in  1860  the  most  populous  in  Nebraska.  Capital, 
Omaha.     Pop.  4328. 

DOUGLAS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Colorado,  border- 
ing on  Kansas.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  South  Fork  of 
the  rlatte  Kiver,  and  also  drained  by  the  Republican  Fork 
of  the  Kansas  River,  and  by  Bijou  and  Beaver  Creeks.  The 
snrfac-e  in  the  W.  part  is  mountainous;  the  eastern  part  is 
a  sterile,  sandy  plain,  covered  with  wild  sage.  Gold  is  found 
in  the  W.  part  of  this  county. 

DOUGLAS,  a  ]wjst-villaie.  capital  of  Coffee  CO.,  Georgia, 
about  130  miles  W.S.W.  of  Sjivannah. 

DOUGLAS,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  536. 

DOUGLAS,a  township  of  Iroquois  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  521. 

DOUGLAS,  a  post-oftico  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois. 

DOUGLAS,  a  village  of  Pike  Co.,  Illinoi.s,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  opposite  Hannibal.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  a 
railroad,  which  is  in  progress,  towards  the  Illinois  River. 

DOUGL.AS,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.    Pop,  398. 

DOUtiLAS,  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  129. 

DOUGL.\S,  a  post-village  of  Payette  CO..  Iowa,  about  40 
miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  4  or  5 
miles  N.W.  of  West  Union. 

1)0L"GL.\S,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
212. 

DOUGLAS,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  146. 

DOUG  LAS,  a  township  of  Webster  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  402. 

DOUG  L.\S,  the  most  southwestern  township  of  Marquette 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  C5n. 

DOUGLAS,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
120. 

DOUGLAS,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
320. 

DOUGL.AS,  a  village  of  Polk  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Red 
Lake  River. 

DOUGLAS,  a  township  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  California. 
Pop.  60;l.  " 

DOUGL.\.S,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  about  37 
miles  S.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

DOUGLAS,  a  post-village  of  British  Columbia,  situated  at 
the  N.W.  extremity  of  Harrison  Lake,  about  54  miles  in  a 
direct  line  N.E.  of  New  Westminster,  and  24  miles  W.  of 
Praser  River.     It  had  in  1804,  5  stores. 

DOUGLAS  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Marqnette  Co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  44  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Madison. 

DOUGLAS  CITY,  a  village  of  Phelps  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Southwest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  about  6  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Rolla. 

DOUGLAS  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  California, 
on  the  Trinity  River,  6  miles  S.  of  Weaverville.  It  has  about 
4  stores. 

DOUGLAS  FLAT,  one  of  the  principal  mining  villages  of 
Calaveras  co.,  California,  near  the  Stanislaus  Rivex",  about 
10  miles  N.  of  Sonora.    Gold  is  found  here. 

DOVER,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  761. 

DOVER,  a  township  of  Olmstead  CO.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  314. 

DOVER,  a  townshij)  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  233. 

DOVER,  a  poBt-olfico  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas. 

DOWNIEVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sierra  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  on  the  North  Y'uba  River,  62  miles  N.E. 
of  Marysville,  about  18  miles  W.  of  the  summit  of  the  Si- 
erra Nevada,  and  2930  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  it  is 
surrounded  liy  high  mountiins,  and  has  productive  gold- 
mines, both  quartz  and  placer  mines.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, 1  newspaper  office,  3  churches,  1  banking-house,  1 
foundry,  2  book  stores,  and  about  3u0  dwellings.  Here  are 
2  quartz-mills  in  operation.     Pop.  in  1S60,  134;3. 

DOWNIEVILLE  BUTTE,  Sierra  Co.,  California,  is  a 
mountain  peak,  about  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Downieville.  It  is 
said  to  be  8800  feet  high.    Gold  is  found  on  its  sides. 

DOWNSVILLE,  a  village  of  Dunn  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Menomonie  River,  7  or  8  miles  S.  of  Menomonie. 

DOYLE,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Iowa.    Poj).  808. 

DRAPER  or  DRAPERSVILLE,  a  po.st-village  of  Salt 
Lake  co ,  Utah,  18  miles  S.  of  Salt  l^ke  City.  Pop.  said  to 
be  500. 

DRAYTON,  a  township  of  Codar  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  470. 

22ia 


DRA 

DRATTO  V  ri.ArVft,  a  village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
on  tho  Detioit  iiiid  JJilw-iuUee  R;iilroad,  5  miles  N.W.  of 
Pontiac;. 

•  DRESBACH  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co.,  Jlinne- 
gota,  OQ  the  Mississippi  River,  about  20  miles  below  \Vi- 
nona. 

DRESDEN',  a  post-village  of  Navarro  co.,  Texas,  about  loO 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Austin  City. 

DRESDEN,  a  post-village  of  Pettis  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  71  miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

DRESDEN,  a  township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  222. 

DRESDEN,  a  village  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa,  10  miles  E. 
of  Montezuma.  It  has  2  stores  and  1  steam  saw-mill.  Pop. 
150. 

DRtJRT,  a  township  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1211. 

DRURY'S  BLUFF,  Chesterfield  co.,  A'irginia,  is  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  James  River,  about  7  jnilcs  below  Rich- 
mond. „ 

DRYDEN,  a  township  of  Sibley  co.,  Minnesota.   Pop.  2i  0. 

DRYTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Amador  co.,  California,  on 
Dry  Creek,  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jackson.  It  contains  2 
churches,  1  public  school,  and  about  6  stores.  There  are  3 
quartz-mills  (for  gold)  in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  about  550. 

DUBLIN,  a  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Virgini.a,  on  the 
Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad,  105  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Lvnchburg. 

"duck  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana, 
about  IS  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Anderson.     Pop.  498. 

DUi'K  RIVER,  of  AVisconsin,  rises  in  Outagamie  Co.,  and 
flowing  northeastward  through  Brown  co.,  empties  itself 
into  Green  Bay. 

DUDLEY,  a  post-village  of  Waj-nc  co.,  North  Carolina,  on 
the  Wilmington  and  Weldou  Railroad,  76  miles  N.  of  Wil- 
mington. 

DUDLEY,  a  post-village  of  Edgar  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the  St. 
Louis  Alton  and  Terre  Iluuto  Railroad,  27  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Terre  Haute. 

DUDLEY,  a  village  of  Mitchell  co.,  Iowa,  about  57  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

DUEL,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Dakota,  bordering  on 
Minnesota.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Big  Stone  Lake, 
Traverse  Lake,  and  Sioux  Wood  River.  It  is  partly  drained 
by  the  Izuza  or  Whetstone  River. 

DUFFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co..  West  Virginia, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Hiu-- 
per's  Ferrj'. 

DU  LUTII,  a  post-village,  capital  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  Lake  Superior,  and  in  Du  Luth  township, 
about  9  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Superior  City,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
in  1S60,  80. 

DUXB.iR,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Pittsburg  and  Connellsville  Railroad,  5  miles  S.  of  Con- 
nell.-iville. 

DUNCAN,  a  post-rillage,  capital  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Straits  of  Jlackinaw,  about  230  miles  N.  of 
Lansing.    Pop.  134. 

DU.\C.A.NNON,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Susquehanna  River  and  the  Central  Railro.id,  15 
miles  N.W.  of  Harrisburg,  and  about  1  mile  below  Peters- 
burg. 

DUND.\S,  a  post-village  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Cunnou 
River,  about  10  nn'les  N.N.E.  of  Faribault. 

DUNDEE,  a  post-office  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin. 

DU.VGANNON,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio, 
dOout  70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Cleveland.    Pop.  158. 

DUN  GLEN,  a  mining  village  of  Ilumboldt  CO.,  Nevada, 
30  miles  N.E.  of  Unionville.     Pop.  about  150. 

DUNII.\M,  a  post-township  of  Wiishington  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio  Uiver,  about  8  miles  below  Marietta.    Pop.  6S7. 

DUNKIRK,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  26  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Lima. 

DUNLAP,  a  post-village  of  Seqnatchee  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  28  miles  N.  by.W.  of  Chattanooga. 

DUNN,  a  county  in  the  W.p.irt  of  Wisconsin,  has  an  area 
of  864  square  miles.    It  is  traversed  by  the  Monomonie  or 


EAR 

Red  Cedar  River,  which  flows  southward,  and  the  Chippewa 
pasi-es  through  the  S  E.  part  of  the  county,  wliicii  is  also 
drained  by  the  Hay  and  Kau  Galle  Rivers.  The  .surface  ig 
Tineven.  and  extensively  covered  with  forests  of  hard  tim- 
ber. The  soil  is  fertile,  and  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of 
wheat.  Sandstone  underlies  this  p.art  of  the  state.  Dunn 
county  contiiins  some  prairie  land.  Capital,  Meuomouie. 
Pop.  2704. 

DUNN,  a  township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Madison.  Tlie  First  and  Second  of  the  Four  Lakes 
are  partly  included  within  it.     Pop.  1055. 

DUNN,  a  township  in  the  S.part  of  Dunn  co.,  Wiscoij.sin, 
on  the  Menomonie  River.    Pop.  447. 

DUN.WILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dunn  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Menomonie  or  Red  Cedar  River,  about  13  miles  S.  of 
Menomonie.    It  has  1  saw-mill  and  several  stores. 

DUNTO.V,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern  Railroad,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

DUQUOIN,  a  post-office  of  I'erry  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cen-' 
tral  Railroad,  ob  miles  S  of  Centralia. 

DURAND,  or  DURANT,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  19  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Davenport. 

DURAND.  a  post-village  of  Pepin  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Cliipp<'wa  River,  about  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pepin.  It  is  a 
thriving  place  of  business. 

DURAND  STATION,  or  DURAND,  a  post-village  of  Win- 
nebago CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad, 
16  miles  S  W.  of  Beloit. 

DURANGO,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co,  Iowa,  about 

10  miles  N.AV.  of  Dubuque. 

DURANGO,  a  village  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota,  about 

11  miles  N.W.  of  Rochester. 

DURHAM,  a  post-village  of  Strafford  co..  New  Hampshire, 
in  Durham  township,  and  on  tho  Boston  and  Maine  Rail- 
road, 6  miles  S.W.  of  Dover.     Pop.  of  township,  1534. 

DURHAM,  or  DURHAM'S,  a  post-office  of  Orange  co., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  North  Ciuoliua  Railroad,  26  oiiles 
N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

DURHAM,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  about 
14  miles  S.  of  Burlington,  Iowa.    Pop.  1007. 

DURK SEVILLE,  a  post-viilago  of  Nez  Percu  co.,  Idaho, 
."0  miles  E.  of  Lewiston. 

DUi;OC,  a  post-villiige  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California,  on  the 
Sacramento  and  Placerville  Railroad,  about  36  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Sacramento. 

DUSTON  VILLE,  a  small  village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
3  miles  E.  of  Mauston, 

DUTCH  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Wa.«hington  co., 
low.o,  about  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Muswitine.    Pop.  1021. 

DUTCH  FL.'V.T,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  on 
the  route  of  the  Central  I'acific  Railroad,  32  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Auburn.  It  contained  in  1804  about  8  general  stores, 
and  1  or  2  banking  offices.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  min- 
ing villages  of  the  county.    Pop.  estimated  at  1500. 

DUTCH  GAP  CANAL,  a  canal  about  14  of  a.  mile  long, 
cut  by  the  army  of  General  Butler  througli  a  neck  of  land 
formed  by  the  James  River,  about  15  miles  below  Rich- 
mond. 

DU  VAL,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas.  The  Nue- 
ces River  touches  tho  N.W.  extremity  of  this  county,  which 
is  also  drained  by  the  Tarancahuas  or  Jarancahua.x  Creek. 
The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  resi)ecting  this 
county. 

DWAMISII,  a  post-village  of  King  co.,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, on  the  Dwamish  River,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Seattle. 

DWIGIIT,  a  township  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  573. 

DWIGIIT,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois.  It 
has  a  station  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  tt.  Louis  Railroad, 
37  miles  S.S.AV.  of  .Toliet.    Pop.  532. 

DYER,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  on  a  branch 
of  the  -Michigan  Central  Railroiid,  30  miles  E.  of  Joliet,  Il- 
linois. 

DYERSVILLE.  a  post-offlco  or  village  of  Dubuque  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Railroad,  30  miles 
W.  of  Dubuque. 


E, 


17  AG  AN,  Minnesota.    See  'Er,\y. 
_J     EAGLE,  a  township  of  Boone  CO., Indiana.  Pop.  1680. 

EAGLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  15  miles  S.S.W  of  Ottawa,     ^op.  1218. 

EAGLK,a  township  of  Richland  co..  Wisconsin,  on  tho  N. 
bank  of  the  Wisconsin  River.     Pop.  719. 

EAGLE,  a  village  and  township  of  Sibley  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  20  miles  M'.by  S.  of  Henderson. 

EAGLE  CITY,  a  village  of  Washington  co~  Minnesota, 
about  IS  mil(«  N.K.  of  Saint  Paul. 

EAGLE  CITY,  a  mining  camp  or  village  of  Union  co., 
Oregon,  in  the  Eagle  Creek  mining  district,  which  is  about 
66  miles  from  La  Grande.     It  is  about  5  nules  W.  of  Eagle 
Creek  and  hsu  3  or  4  stores  and  12  or  15  hotises. 
22U 


EAGLE  CREEK,  passing  through  Dnion  co.,  Oregon,  N. 
and  S.,is  about  50  miles  long,andemptie«itsclf  into  Powder 
River  50  miles  K.  of  La  Grande. 

EAGLE  CREEK,  a  village  and  township  of  ."^cott  CO., 
Minnesota,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River, 
about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Saint  Paul.    Pop.  536. 

EAGLH  MILLS,  a  township  of  Buffalo  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  187.' 

EAGLE  POINT,  a  township  of  Chippewa  co.,  Wisconsin, 
Pop.  54.i. 

EAGLE  RIVER,  of  Wisconsin,  a  small  stream  whiciv 
rises  in  Richland  county,  and  flows  soutliwai-d  into  tho  AVis- 
cousin  River. 

EARL,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania.  P.  2S76i. 


EAR 

EARLAaLLE,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  aud  Quiucy  Riiilroad,  ob  miles  W.S.W.  of  Au- 
rora. 

EARLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  Iowa,  on  a 
railroad  37  miles  W.  of  Dubuque. 

EAS  i',  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  907. 

EAST  Bi:ADKORD,apost-vilIageof  Penobscotco.,  Maine, 
ahout  24  miles  N.  by  AV.  of  Bangor. 

EAST  bltUNSWICK,  a  township  of  Middlesex  co.,  Nevi? 
Jersey,  on  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad.     Pop.  2436. 

EAST  CENTRE,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1018. 

EAST  CORIXTir,  a  post-village  of  Penobscotco.,  Maine, 
about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Bangor. 

EAST  EARL,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2303. 

EASTERN,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Illinois.  Popula- 
tion 1228. 

EA.-^T  GALENA,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1045. 

EAST  HAMBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Erie 
CO.,  New  York,  about  12  miles  S.E.  of  Bufl'alo.  Total  popu- 
lation 2136. 

EASTLAND,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of 
Texas,  area  estimated  at  850  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Leon  Itiver.     Pop.  99. 

EAST  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  Allen  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

EASTMAN,  a  post-townsliip  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  8  miles  N.E.  of  Prairie  du  Cliien.  Lead  mines  have 
been  opened  and  worked  with  success  in  this  township. 
Pop.  798. 

EASTMANSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ottowa  co.,  Mi- 
chigan, on  Grand  River  about  18  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Grand 
Rapids. 

EAST  MAUCII  CHUNK,  a  township  of  Carbon  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pup.  833. 

EAST  OAKLAND,  a  township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1318. 

EASTON,  a  post-township  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  about 
28  miles  E.  of  Grand  Riipiils,  is  traversed  by  the  Detroit  and 
Milwaukee  RailVoad.     Pop.  836. 

EASTON,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Hannibal  aud  Saint  Joseph  Railroad,  12  miles  E.  of  Saint 
Joseph. 

EASTON,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  7 
miles  S.  of  Friendship.     Pop.  349. 

E.iSTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Leavenworth 
CO.,  Kansas,  on  Stranger  Creek  about  12  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Leavenwortli  City.    Pop.  925. 

EAST  OTTO,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Cattaraugus 
CO.,  New  York.     Pop.  1300. 

EAST  KEADFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  about  8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Augusta. 

EAST  SAINT  LOUIS,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Mississippi  River  opposite  St.  Louis.  It  is  the  AV. 
terminus  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad. 

EAST  WHEATFIIiLD,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  1231. 

EAST  WILTON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Androscoggiu  Railroad,  4  miles  S.S.W.  of  Farmington. 

EATON,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine.     Pop.  320. 

EATOX,  a  township  of  Brown  Co.,  Wisconsin,  about  8 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Green  Bay.    Pop.  151. 

EATON,  a  post-township  of  Manitowoc  co ,  Wisconsin, 
about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Manitowoc.     Pop.  802. 

EATON,  a  township  of  Monroe  co  ,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  116. 

EATON  VILLE,  a  post  office  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa. 

EAU  CI.AIRE,  o'klair',  acounty  in  the  W.  part  of  Wiscon- 
sin, has  an  area  of  648  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  on 
the  N.W.  part  by  the  Chippewa  River,  and  also  drMned  by 
the  Eau  Claire  River  and  Otter  ('reek:  Tlie  surface  is  un- 
even. The  soil  is  productive.  Capital,  Eau  Claire.  Pop. 
3162. 

EAU  CLAIRE,  i.  e.  "Clear  Water,"  a  river  in  the  AV. part 
of  AVisconsin,  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Clark  county,  flows  first 
Bouthwestward  and  then  westward  until  it  enters  theCliip- 
pewa  River  at  tlie  village  of  Euu  Claire. 

EAU  CliAIRE,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township, 
capital  of  Eau  Claire  county,  AVisconsin,  on  the  Chippewa 
River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Eau  Cliiire  River,  about  42  miles 
N.E.  of  tlie  Mississippi  River  at  Wab.asha,  and  70  miles  N. 
by  AA".  of  La  Qrosse.  It  has  3  churches,  15  stores,  4  mills, 
4  warehouses,  &c.  The  Chippewa  River  is  navigjible  for 
small  steamers  to  this  point.  The  census  of  1860  states  the. 
population  tlius:   Eaii  Claire  636;  and  Eau  Claire  City  628. 

EAU  CL.AIRE  a  vilbige  of  Eau  Claire  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  AA'.  bank  of  Chippewa  River,  ojiposite  Euu  Claire,  the 
county-seat.  It  has  6  steam  saw-mills,  2  shingle-mi  I  I.s,  5 
fc;ores,  1  church,  and  a  school  called  the  Eau  Chiire  Wes- 
leyan  Seminary. 

EAU  GALLE,  a  post-township  of  Dunn  Co.,  Wisconsin,  10 
miles  S.AV.  of  Menomonie.     Piqi.  302. 

EAU  GALLE,  a  village  of  Pepin  co ,  AVisconsin,  on  the 
Kail  Galle  River,  about  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pepin. 


EGG 

EAU  GALLE,  a  township  of  St.  Cr^'K  co.  '^'woiiiln 
Pop.  160. 

EAU  PLEINE  RIVER,  Wisconsin.    See  Bi5  Eau  Pleink 

EAU  PLEINE,  OYlain',  a  post-township  of  Portage  CC, 
Wisconsin,  about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Stanton-     Pop.  181. 

EBEYS  LANDING,  a  village  of  Island  co.,  AVashingtoc 
TeiTitor}'. 

ECIIuLS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  pari  of  Georgia,  border- 
ing on  Florida,  hi^s  an  area  of  al>out  400  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Allapaha  River.  The  surface  is  level 
and  the  soil  sandy.     Pop.  1491. 

ECKLEY.  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  12  miles  N.AV.  of  Mauch  Chunk. 

EDDYA'ILLE,  a  ix)st-village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania,  on  Mahoning  Creek,  about  18  miles  N.E.  of  Kittau 
ning. 

EbEX,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop 
1072. 

EDEN,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  about  28  miles  N 
of  Columbus. 

EDKN,  a  village  of  Daviess  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  AV.  Fork 
of  AVhite  River,  about  16  miles  by  railroad  E.  of  A'incennes 

EDEN,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana,  on  Sugiu 
Creek,  about  26  miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

EDEN,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co  ,  Illinois.    Pop.  1437. 

EDEN,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  3:^1. 

EDEN,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  C70. 

EDEN,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  791. 

EDEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fayette  co ,  Iowa, 
10  miles  AV.N.AV  of  West  Union.    Pop.  700. 

EDEN,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  285. 

EDEN,  a  post-office  of  Atchison  CO.,  Kansas. 

EDEN,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Ahimeda  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, near  San  Leandro.     Pop.  2lo0. 

EDEN,  a  precinct  of  Jackson  co.,  Oregon.    Pop.  417. 

EDEN  PRAIIUE.  a  post-township  of  llenne]iiu  county, 
Minnesota,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Minnesota  River,  about  16 
miles  AV.S.VV.  of  Saint  Paul.     I'op.  .304. 

EDENTON,  a  post-villuge  of  Clermont  CO.,  Ohio,  about  30 
milcti  E  N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

EDFOIID,  a  township  of  Henry  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  .364. 

EDGAK,  a  townshii)  of  Edgar  co  ,  Illinois.    Pop.  1452. 

EDdERTON,  a  post-village  of  AVilliains  co.,  Ohio,  on  tho 
Toledo  and  Chicago  Haihoad,  64  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Toledo. 

EDGERTON,  a  post-village  of  Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Cliien  Railroad,  25  miles  S.E.  of 
Madison,  about  11  miles  N.  of  Janesvillo,  and  2  miles  N.  of 
Rock  River.  It  has  3  hotels,  4  stores,  1  steam  saw-mill,  1 
grist-mill,  5  warehouses,  and  about  100  dwellings.  Cream- 
colored  bricks  of  sujierior  quality  are  made  here.  Pop 
about  500. 

EDQEWOOD,  a  station  on  the  Philadelphia  AVilmiugton 
and  Baltimore  Railroad,  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

EDGEWOOD.  a  post-office  of  Eftingliam  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  S  S.AV.  of  .Mattoon. 

EDGEWOItTH,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  16  miles  N.  of  Jonesborough. 

EDGINGTON,  a  iiost-village  and  township  of  Rock  Island 
CO.,  about  5  miles  S.  of  the  Mississippi  River.    Pop.  1143. 

EDINBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey, 
about  9  miles  E  N.E.  of  Trenton. 

EDINBURG,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  co.,  Missouri,  about 
68  miles  E.N.E.  of  Saint  Joseph,  and  S"or9  W.  of  TrenCon. 

EDINBUKG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hidalgo  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  Rio  Grande,  about  eo  miles  in  a  direct  line  above 
Brownsville. 

EDMONDS,  a  post-village  of  Brunswick  co.,  Virginia, 
about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Petersburg. 

EDMONDSON,  a  post-village  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas, 
on  the  route  of  the  Memphis  and  Little  Rock  Railroad, 
about  14  miles  AY.  of  Memphis. 

ED.MONTON,  or  EDMUNTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Metcalf  CO.,  Kentucky,  about  50  miles  E.  of  Bowling  Green. 
Pop.  70. 

EDNA,  a  post-township  of  Cass  co.,  Iowa,  about  15  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Lewis.    Pop.  162. 

EDWARDS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Texas, 
area  estimated  at  1400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
GuadaUipe  River  and  the  Rio  Frio.  The  census  of  1860 
furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county. 

EDAVARO'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Hinds  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  A'icksburg  and  Jackson  Railroad,  18  miles  E. 
of  A'icksburg. 

EEL  RIVER,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1002. 

EEL  RIVER,  of  California,  rises  in  Mendpcino  county, 
flows  northwestw.ird  through  Humboldt  county,  and  falls 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  about  15  miles  N.E.  of  Cape  Mendo- 
cino. 

EEL  RIA'ER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Humboldt 
CO.,  California,  on  Eel  River,  20  miles  S.  of  Eureka.  Pop.  416. 

EG  AN,  or  EAGAN,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Minnesota  River.     Pop.  665. 

EGG  HARBOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Door  M- 
Wisconsin,  on  the  S  E.  shore  of  Green  Bay. 

2215 


EGG 


ELM 


EGG  HARBOR  CITT,  a  post-village  of  Atlantic  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Camdeu  and  Atlantic  Uailroad,  42  miles  S.B. 
of  Camden.  It  has  a  large  hotel,  1  newspaper  office,  4c. 
Pop.  789. 

EGG  LESION,  a  township  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  93. 

EGOTA,  or  EQEOT.\,  a  township  of  Olmstead  Co.,  Min- 
nesota.   Pop.  513. 

ELB.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Coffee  co.,  Alabama,  situ- 
ated on  Pea  River,  about  75  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Montgomery. 

ELBA,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  78. 

ELBA,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  797. 

ELBA,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  and  a 
station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Itjiilroad,  69  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Milwaukee.     Pop.  16jp. 

ELB.4.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winona  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Miniieska  Itiver,  about  20  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Winona.     Pop.  1C4. 

ELBRIDGE,  a  township  of  Oceiina  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
235. 

ELDON,  a  post-village  of  Pottawattoniie  co.,  Kansas,  about 
8  miles  N.E.  of  Manhattan,  and  3  miles  N.  of  the  Kansas 
River. 

ELDORA,  a  post-village  and  capital  of  ILirdin  co.,  Iowa, 
in  Eldoni  towuship,  and  on  the  Iowa  River,  about  70  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Des  Moines.  It  has  a  court-house  and  several 
churches.    Pop.  of  township  1097. 

EL  DORADO,  Jl-do-rdh'do,  a  connty  of  California,  bor- 
dering on  Nevada,  has  an  area  of  about  1850  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  Middle  Fork  of 
the  American  River,  and  on  the  N.E.  partly  by  Lake  Tahoe. 
It  is  drained  by  the  South  Fork  of  the  American,  by  the 
North  and  South  Forks  of  the  Cosumne  River,  and  by 
Weber  and  Silver  Creeks.  The  eastern  part  is  mountainous, 
being  occupied  by  the  Sierra  NevadiU  Among  the  forest 
trees  are  the  white  oak,  bl.ick  oak,  and  pine.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  this  county  are  mostly  eniployetl  in  mining  gold. 
Limestone,  alabaster,  and  slate  are  found  here.  The  county 
ia  connected  with  S;icramento  by  the  Siicramento  Valley 
Riiilroad.  In  1860,  El  Dorado  county  was  the  third  in  the 
Bt;ite  ill  amount  of  population.  Organized  in  1849.  Capital, 
Placervilb'.     Pop.  20,562. 

EL  DOR.\DO,  a  post-village  of  Preble  CO..  Oliio,  on  the 
Dayton  and  Western  Railroad,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dayton. 

EL  DOR.\DO,  a  towuship  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1018. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Illinois,  about 
70  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salem. 

EL  DOR.\DO,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iow.a.    Pop.  105. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Turkey  River,  about  8  miles  X.  of  West  Union. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-township  of  Fond  du  Iac  co.,  Wis- 
consin, alxmt  5  miles  N.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  llso. 

EL  iX)RADO,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  Co.,  California, 
on  the  railroad  which  connects  i^iicramento  with  Placer- 
ville,  6  miles  S.W.  of  the  latter.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches, 
and  about  8  general  stores.  Several  quartz-mills  are  in 
operation  here.    Pop.  in  1860.  558  ;  in  1864,  about  700. 

EL  DORADO,  a  mining  district  of  Humboldt  co.,  Nevado, 
about  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Unionvillc. 

EL  DOK.\DO,  a  vill.age  of  Ciiss  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ouialui 
City. 

EL  DORADO,  a  post-offlce  of  Platte  co.,  Nebraska. 

ELDRED,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co^  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  653. 

ELDRED,  a  townsliip  of  Monroe  co ,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
960. 

EDDRED,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  PennsylTania. 
Pop.  943. 

ELDRKD,  a  village  -of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Jackson  Branch  Railroad,  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Jackson. 

ELEROY,  a  post-village  of  Steiihenson  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Itailroad,  8  miles  W.X.W.  of  Freeport. 

KIAJIN,  a  post-viIla?e  of  Fayette  CO.,  Iowa,  on  Turkey 
River,  about  6t)  miles  N.W.  of  Dubuque. 

ELGIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wabasha  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  Minueska  River,  about  14  miles  E.N.li. 
of  Ri>cht-8ter.    Pop. »«). 

ELIDA.  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Pittsburg 
Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  about  7  miles  N.  W.  of 
lima. 

ELIOTA,  Minnesota.    See  Eluotv. 

EL1Z.\,  a  village  of  Yuba  Co.,  California,  on  the  Feather 
River.  4  or  5  miles  S.  of  Marysville. 

KLIZ.VBKTUTDWN,  a  post-offlce  of  Anderson  cq.,  Kansas. 

ELIZAVILLi:,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  about 
7  miles  N.E.  of  Lelranon, 

ELK,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.1027. 

ELK,  a  townsliip  of  Siinilac  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  229. 

ELK,  a  town.sbipofClaytouco.,  Iowa.    Pop.  510. 

ELK.  a  towuship  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  877. 

KLK  CAMI».  a  post-village  of  Klamath  co.,  California,  40 
miles  i^.W.  of  Orle.ins  Bar. 

ELK  CITY,  a  village  of  Todd  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  W. 


bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  11  n'iil(«  S.  of  Fort 
Ripley. 

ELK  CITY,  a  village  of  Sherburne  Co.,  Minnesota,  neai 
Elk  River,  4  or  5  miles  N.W.  of  llumboldt. 

ELK  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Nez  Perce   Co.,  I<laho,  is 
situated  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Clearwater  River,  about 
140  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Lewiston.    Here  are  gold  mines.   Pop. 
about  200. 
•  ELK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Ja.sper  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  665. 

ELK  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Cook  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
22  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1*89. 

ELK  GROVE,  a  ])ost-village  of  Sacramento  co..  California, 
18  niilos  S.E.  of  Sacramento. 

ELKHART,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  91*?. 

ELKHART,  small  i)ost-viIlage  of  Sheboygan  CO.,  Wis- 
cousin,  12  miles  N.M".  of  Shebovgan. 

ELKHART,  or  ELKHART  CITY,  a  post-vUlage  of  Logan 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad, 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Lincoln,  and  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Spring- 
field. 

ELKHORN,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Illinoia.    Pop.  1121. 

ELK  HORN,  a  towuship  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  California. 
Poj).  20:)9. 

ELKHORN,  a  river  of  Nebra.=ka,  flows  in  a  southeasterly 
direction  through  the  counties  of  Pierce,  Izard,  Cuming, 
Dodge,  and  Dougla.s,  and  enters  the  Platte,  on  the  W.  bor- 
der of  &ii-iiy  county.    Its  length  is  estimated  at  200  miles. 

ELKHORN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Ne- 
braska, on  the  Elkhorn  River,  about  24  miles  WJi.W'.  of 
Omaha  City. 

ELKL.V.VD,  a  post-township  of  Tascola  co.,  Michigan, 
about  40  miles  E.  of  Bay  City.     Pop.  51. 

ELK  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Dakota,  about  20  miles  N. 
W.  of  Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

ELK  RAPIDS,  post-village  of  Antrim  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  East  Arm  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  about  17  miles  N.E. 
of  Grand  Traverse  Cit}': 

ELK  RIVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clinton 
CO.,  Iowa.  The  village  is  about  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Davea- 
port.    Total  population  1320. 

ELK  RIVER,  a  post-towusliip  of  Sherbyrne  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  Elk  River.    Pop.  233. 

ELKTON,  a  small  village  of  Dunn  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Chippewa  River,  about  17  miles  S.E.  of  Menonionie. 

EFyKTON,  a  village  of  Carlton  Co.,  Minnesota,  about  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Superior  City. 

ELKTON,  a  jiost-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Cnipqiia  River.  36  miles  N.N.W.  of  Roseburg. 

ELL.A.A'ILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Schley  co.,  Georgia, 
about  44  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

ELLENBORO',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grant  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Dubuque.  The  township 
is  traversed  by  J^latte  River.     Pop.  801. 

ELLEN  BOROL'GH,  a  post-village  of  lUtchie  co..  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Northwestern  Railroad,  37  miles  E.  of 
Parkersburg. 

ELLENSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Curry  co.,  Ore- 
gon, situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  Rogue  River,  at  its  entrance 
into  the  ocean,  about  350  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Salem.  Pop.  in 
1804  about  2.50. 

ELLETTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Riiilroad,  7  miles  N.W.  of 
Bloomington. 

ELLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan, 
on  both  sides  of  Cass  River,  about  95  miles  N.  of  Detroit. 
Pop.  92. 

ELLINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Hancock  co.,  Icwa,  about 
80  miles  N.W.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

ELLINGTON,  a  post  village  and  township  of  Dodge  co., 
Minnesota,  about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  120. 

KLLIOTT,  a  township  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  263. 

ELLIOTT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  San  Joaquin 
CO.,  California,  about  22  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Stockton.  Pop. 
517. 

ELLIOTTA,  or  ELIOTA,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co., 
Minnesota,  about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Preston,  and  about  1 
mile  from  the  state  of  Iowa. 

ELLISON,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1121. 

ELLISTON,  a  station  on  the  Cinciiiuati  JIamilton  and 
Dayton  Railroad,  in  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  17  miles  N.  of  Cin- 
cinnati. 

ELLISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  44  miles  S.E.  of  Holly  Springs. 

ELLISVILLE,  a  post-village  and  small  township  of  Fulton 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  Spoon  River,  about  44  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Peoria.     Pop.  (.04. 

ELLSWORTH,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa,  about 
9  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Winterset. 

ELLWOOD,  or  ELWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Will  cc , 
niinois,  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad.  S< 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Joliet. 

ELMA,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  about  10 
miles  K.S.E..of  Buffalo.     Pop.  2091. 

ELMA,  a  v>ost-village  of  Chehalis  Co.,  Washington  Terri- 
tory, near  the  Chehalis  River.  14  milvs  E.  of  Montesano 


ELM 


ERI 


ELMENDARO,  a  post-village  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas,  about 
15  miles  S.K.  of  Emporia. 

ELM  GROVE,  a  township  of  Lonisa  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  573. 

ELM  GROVl*;,  a  post-offioe  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin, 
jn  the  Milwaukee  and  Saint  Jfaul  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of 
Milwaukee. 

ELMIRA,  a  post-office  of  Eitton  CO.,  Michigan. 

ELMIRA,  a  village  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota,  about  10 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Red  Wing. 

EliMI  RA,  a  township  of  ( Hmstead  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  472. 

EL  MONTK,  el  inon'tA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Los 
Angeles  co.,  California,  13  miles  E.  of  Los  Angeles.  Pop.  1004. 

EIjMOKE,  a  post-village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio,  on  Portage 
River,  ami  on  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad,  17  miles 
S.E.  of  Toledo. 

ELMOHE,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  about  30 
miles  N.W.  of  Peoria. 

ELMORB,  a  post-township  of  Faribault  CO.,  Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  the  State  of  Iowa,  about  6  miles  S.  of  Blue  Earth 
City. 

ELMWOOD,  a  post-township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan, 
about  22  miles  N.E.  of  \'assar. 

ELMWOOU,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Peoria  and  Oquawka  Railroad,  27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Peoria. 
Pop.  of  Elmwood  Township,  1178. 

ELMWt  lOl),  a  post-village  of  Saline  co.,  Missouri,  about 
30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lexington. 

EL  PASO,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Colorado, 
has  an  area  of  about  2500  square  miles.  It  is  dr.iined  by 
SquiiTel  Creek  and  other  small  affluents  of  the  Arkansas 
River.  The  surface  in  the  W.  part  is  mountainous.  Pikes 
Peiik,  which  js  in  this  county,  rises  to  the  height  of  11,497 
feet.     It  contains  rich  gold  mines.    Capital,  Colorado  City. 

EL  PASO,  a  post-villiige  of  El  Paso  co.,  Texas,  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  in  Lat.  Jjl*^  42'  N.     Pop.  428. 

EL  PASO,  or  Eh  PASSO,  a  post-village  of  Woodford  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
Toledo  Peoria  and  Warsaw  Railroad,  18  miles  N.  of  Bloom- 
ington,  and  34  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 

•EL  PASO,  a  post-village  of  Atchison  co.,  Missouri,  about 
75  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  and  4  miles  E.  of  the  Mis- 
souri River. 

EL  PASO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pierce  co.,  Wis- 
consin. The  village  is  on  Rush  River,  about  22  miles  E.  of 
Prescott.     Pop.  93. 

ELItOV,  a  post-village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Baraboo  Kivor,  about  70  miles  N.W.  of  Madison. 

ELSTON  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Cole  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Pacific  Railroad,  about  11  miles  N.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ELVASTUN.  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  and  .southern  Iowa  Railroad,  about  10  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Keokuk.  ' 

ELVIRA,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  8  or  9  miles 
W.  of  Lyons. 

ELWOOU,  a  township  of  Vermilion  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop.  2000. 

ELWOOI),  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  opposite  St.  Joseph,  Missouri.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  river  on  all  sides  except  the  west.  Pop.  of 
Elwootl  Township,  584. 

ELYSIUM  or  EI.YSIAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Le  Sueur  co.,'  Minnesota,  about  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mauluito. 
Pop.  406. 

EMBAKRAS,  a  township  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  965. 

EMBARRAS,  the  most  northwestern  townsliip  of  Outa- 
gamie CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  248. 

EM E LINE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  about  27 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  IJubuque. 

EMERALD,  a  village  and  township  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  loledo  and  Wabiish  Railroad,  61  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Toledo.    Pop.  499. 

EMERALD,  a  township  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin,  30 
miles  N.E.  of  Hudson. 

EJIERALD,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
6  miles  E.  of  the  countj--seat.     Pop.  76. 

EMER  A  I,D  G 110  V  E,  a  post-vil  lage  of  Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
about  9  miles  K.  by  S.  of  Janesville.     It  has  15  dwellings. 

EMERSON,  a  township  of  Gnitiot  co.,  Michigan,  contains 
or  adjoins  Ithaca,  the  eonnty-seat.     Pop.  206. 

EMERSON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri,  abotit 
24  miles  N.W.  of  Hannibal. 

EMERSON,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  CO.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  60  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Omaha  City. 

EMIGSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Y'ork. 

EMINENCE,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  about 
34  miles  W.S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

EMINIJA,  a  village  of  Minnehaha  co.,  Dakota,  on  or  near 
the  Big  Sioux  River,  about  95  miles  N.  of  Sioux  City,  Iowa. 

EMLENTON,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Alleghany  River,  about  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Franklin. 

EMMETT,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Saint  Clair  co., 
Michigan      Poj).  646. 

EM.METf.  a  townsliip  of  McDonough  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop.  838. 

£MMI'iTSBUKG,a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Palo  Alto  co., 


Iowa,  on  the  W.  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  5S 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Fort  Dodge. 

ESIitRY,  a  township  of  Stanislaus  co.,  California,  about 
24  miles  S.E.  of  Stockton.     Pop.  771. 

EMPIRE,  a  township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  486 

EMPIRE,  a  post-township  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  AVisconsin, 
about  4  miles  E.  of  Fond  du  Liic.  The  N.W.  angle  of  it 
touches  Lake  Winnebago.     Pop.  805. 

EMPIRE,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota,  about  IC 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Hastings. 

EMPIRE,  or  EMPIRE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Empire 
Township,  Dakota  ci>.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Veimilion  River 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Saint  Paul.     Pop.  SO. 

EMPIRE  CITY,  a  village  of  Stanislaus  co.,  California, 
about  40  miles  S.K.  of  Stockton.    Pop.  288. 

EMPIRE  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Coos  co.,  Oregon, 
is  situated  on  Coos  Bay,  about  5  miles  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  128  miles  in  a  dirtct  line  S.S.W.  of  Salem.  It 
contains  a  conrt-house,  2  steam  saw-mills,  and  3  or  more 
stores.  Stone-coal  is  found  about  3  miles  from  this  place. 
Pop  in  1S60, 176. 

E.MPIHE  CITY,  a  village  of  Ormsby  co.,. Nevada,  on  Car- 
son River,  about  3  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Carson  City.  It  has  3 
stores,  and  2  quartz-mills.    Pop.  about  250. 

EMPIRE  CITY,  a  mining  town  of  Clear  Creek  co.,  Colo- 
nido,  is  situated  in  a  broad  and  beautiful  valley,  amidst  tlie 
Rocky  Mountains,  on  tlie  stage-road  from  L'euver  to  Salt 
Lake,  48  miles  W.  of  Denver.  It  is  about  6000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  is  surrounded  by  mountains  whoso 
summits  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  veins  of 
gold  and  silver  in  this  vicinity  are  said  to  be  very  rich. 
Clear  Creek  which  passes  near  this  town  affords  good  water- 
power.    Empire  City  contains  about  200  dwellings. 

EMPIRE  RANCH,  California.    See  Sm.^rtsville. 

E.MPORIA,  a  post-township  of  Lyou  co.,  Kansas,  contains 
the  village  of  Emporia.    Pop.  843. 

liJU'ORIA,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capitiil  of  Lyon  co., 
Kansas,  is  situated  on  or  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Neosho 
River,  about  2  miles  N.  of  the  Cottonwood  River,  and  u5 
miles  S.S.\V.  of  Topelta.  It  is  one  of  the  most  imjiortant 
places  in  Southern  Kansas.  It  ct)ntaiu8  the  State  Normal 
School,  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  5  dry-goods  stores, 
&c.    Pop.  about  500. 

ENCINAL,  or  ENSINAL,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  1400  square  miles.  '1  he  Nueces 
River  touches  the  N.E.  part  of  this  county,  which  is  also 
drained  by  the  Salado.    Pop.  43. 

EN  DION,  a  village  of  Saint  Louisco.,  Minnesota,  on  Lake 
Superior,  about  8  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Superior  City. 

ENGLESBURG,  a  small  village  of  Milwaukee  co.,  WiS" 
consin,  6  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

ENGLESIDE,  a  village  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri,  on  Eleven 
Points  River,  about  100  miles  W.  of  New  Madrid. 

ENGLEWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Northern  liailroad  of  New  Jersey,  about  13  miles  N. 
N.K.  of  Hudson  City,  and  1  mile  from  the  Hudson  River. 

ENGIJSH,  a  township  of  Iowa  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1370. 

ENGLISH,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1031. 

ENGLISH,  a  township  of  Lucas  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop  521. 

ENGLISH  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  44  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Logjinsport.    Here  is  a  lake  of  the  same  name. 

ENGLISH  lUVER,  a  township  of  M  ashuigton  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  1381. 

ENSLY,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Ne- 
waygo CO  ,  Michigan.     Pop.  123. 

ENRIQUE'TA,  or  HEN  RIQUITA,  a  village  of  Santa  Clara 
CO.,  California,  on  Guadalupe  Creek,  434  '"'les  from  New 
Almaden.  Here  is  a  quicksilver  mine  in  which  100  men  or 
more  are  employed. 

ENTERPRISE,  a  post-village  of  Volusia  co.,  Florida,  on 
the  Saint  John's  River,  about  75  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Pilatkt 

ENTERPRISE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Missis.-ippi,  on 
the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  120  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Mobile. 

ENTERPRISE,  a  post-village  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  30  miles  above  Evansville. 

ENTERPRISE,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Winona. 

EOLA,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  on  the  Rickreal 
River,  4  or  5  miles  W.  of  Salem,  and  11  miles  EN.E.  of 
Dallas.    Pop.  in  1864,  about  150. 

EPHRAIM,  a  post-village  of  San  Pete  co.,  rtah,  8  miles 
N.  of  Manti.  Ptip.  in  1860,  910,  which,  perhaps,  included 
the  precinct. 

EPWORTH,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
t)ubuque  and  Sioux  City  Rai'road,  19  miles  W.  of  Dulmque. 

ERATH,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Bosque  River  and  Paloxy  Creek.  Capital,  Stevensville, 
Pop.  24-25. 

ERIE,  a  post-village  of  McDonald  co.,  Missouri,  about  70 
miles  S.W.  of  Sijringfield.  . 

ERIN,  a  station  on  the  Ch.attanooga  and  Knoxville  Rail- 
road, in  Knox  co.,  Tcnnes.see,  5  miles  S.W.  tif  Knoxville. 

ERIN, apost-villageiu  the  S.E.  part  of  Buchanan  co.jIowOi 

2217 


n 


ERI 

EBtl'  a  township  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  307. 
ERIN  PKAIHIK,  a  township  of"  St.  Croix  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
U  mile!  B.N.E:  of  llvidson.    Pop.  323. 

ERWI.N,  a  post- village  of  Schujler  co.,  Illinois,  about  44 
inilea  K.X.E.  of  Quiiicy. 

ESCOIIOL,  or  ECIIOL,  a  village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  St.  Joseph  River,  about  7  miles  above  Cou- 
stantine. 

ESCONAWB.\,  or  ESCONAB.X,  a  river  of  Michigan  in  the 
Upper  Peninsula,  rises  in  Marquette  co.,  flows  in  a  S.S.E. 
direction  and  enters  the  Little  Bay  de  Noquet. 

ESCONAWBA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Delta  co..  Michi- 
gan, is  at  tlie  inoutli  of  the  Escouawba  River,  and  on  the 
W.  shore  of  Little  Bay  de  Noquet.  A  railroad  extends  from 
this  place  northward  to  Marquette,  which  is  about  60  miles 
lUstant. 
ESMEN,  a  township  of  Livinirston  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 457. 
ESMKRAL'DA,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Nevada,  bor- 
dering on  Ciilifornia,  Utih  and  Arizona.  The  N.W.  part  is 
drained  by  AValker  River,  and  contains  a  lake  named  Walker. 
The  western  pwt  of  the  county  is  mountainous.  lu  the  E. 
and  S.  parts  are  vast  elevated  and  sterile  plains  forming 
part  of  the  Great  Biisin.  Silver  mines  are  worked  in  the 
■\V.  part  near  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  The  county 
also  contains  gold,  lead,  iron,  coal  and  salt.  In  1864,  9 
quartz-mills  were  in  operation  in  this  county.  Capital, 
Aurora. 

ESMERALDA,  a  mining  camp  and  district  of  Mono  co., 
California,  is  about  6  miles  S.W.  of  Aurora,  Nevada.  Here 
are  rich  silver  mines  in  porphyry  and  trap-rocks. 

ESMER.iLDA,  a  mining  village  of  Alturas  co.,  Idaho, 
about  70  miles  E.  of  Boisee  City. 

ESl'ER.INZA.  a  mining  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  Califor- 
nia, about  65  miles  E.N.K.  of  Stockton. 

ESSEX,  a  village  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  about  44  miles  N.N. 
W.  of  Columbus. 

E^SEX,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Michigan,  on  Tlay- 
worth's  Creek  about  25  miles  N.  by  W.  of  I.^nsing.  It  has 
1  mill. 

ESSEX,  a  post- township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois,  about 
22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Joliet.    Pop.  501. 
ESSEX,  a  town>hip  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1198. 
ESTELLA,  a  post-office  of  Ringgold  co.,  Iowa,  about  SO 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

ESTUERVILLE,  a  ijost-village,  capital  of  Einmett  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  W.  Fork  of  the  Dea  Moines  River,  about  40 
miles  N.W.  of  Algoiia. 

ESTRKLLA,  ii  village  of  San  Luis  Obispo  co.,  CiUifornia, 
about  40  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Luis  Obispo. 

ETNA,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Alligliany  Kiver,  about  4  miles  above  Piitsburg. 
ETNA,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  547. 
ETNA,  a  post-village  of  Scotland  co.,  Missouri,  about  33 
miles  W.  of  Keokuk,  Iowa. 
ETNA,  a  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  330. 
ETNA,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  Co.,  Wisconsin,  15  miles 
S.W.  of  Darlington.    It  has  1  church,  1  flour-mill  and  20 
dwellings. 

ETN  X,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  about  15 
miles  AV.S.W.  of  Preston. 

ETNA,  a  post-viliage  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  8  miles  N.E.  of 
Dalliw. 

ETNA  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Siskiyou  co.,  California, 
SO  miles  S.  of  Yreka.    Pop.  estimated  at  300. 

ETl'AVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Upper  Iowa  River,  about  40  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Ro- 
chester. 

ETTRICK,  a  post-township  of  Trempealeau  co.,  Wiscon- 
8in,  about  S  miles  N.E.  of  Galesville. 

EUDO'RA,  a  post-township  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  con- 
tains the  village  of  Kudora.  Pop.  in  1860,  599;  in  1865, 
said  to  be  1 500. 

EUDORA,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Kansas  River,  IJ^  miles  S.  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad,  ;ind  8  miles  E.  of  Lawrence.  It 
contains  2  churches,  1  flouring-mill,  1  saw-niill  and  1  pot- 
tery.   Pop.  about  3r.O. 

EUGENE:  a  post-village  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ringgold  co., 
Iowa. 

EUGENE  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Lane  co..  Oregon 
•ituated  on  the  Willamette  River,  72  miles  S.  of  Salem.    It 


FAI 

contains  several  churches,  1  high-school,  about  10  general 
stores,  1  flouriug-niili,  &c.  Two  newspapers  are  published 
here.  It  is  surroundetl  by  a  fertile  farming  couniry.  Pop. 
in  1864  estimated  at  650;  pop.  of  the  precinct  in  ISiiO,  1183. 
EUREKA,  a  townsliip  of  Montcalm  Co.,  Michigan,  con- 
taining GKEtNVILLE,  which  soe.     Pop.  988. 

EUREK.\,  a  village  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  about  10 
miles  \V.  of  Rockport  and  2  miles  from  the  Ohio  lUvcr. 

EUREKA,  a  post-village  of  M  ooiU'ord  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Toledo  Peoria  and  Warsaw  Railroad,  20  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 
Pop.  of  townsliip,  604. 

EUREKA,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louia  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Pacific  Railrwid,  30  miles  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

EURKKA,  a  post-township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  25  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Saint  Paul.    Pop.  480. 

EUREKA,  a  viUage  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Minnesota  River,  altout  15  miles  S.AV.  of  Saint  Peter. 

EUREKA,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Greenwood  CO., 
Kansas,  about  100  miles  S.W.  of  Lawrence.  Pt)p.  of  Eureka 
township,  494. 

EUREKA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Humlx)ldt  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, situated  on  Humboldt  Bay,  7  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  about  225  miles  by  water  from  San  Francisco.  It  has 
a  safe  harbor  with  15  feet  of  water  at  low  tide.  It  contains 
3  churches,  1  librai-y  and  1  newspai>er  office.  About  20 
million  feet  of  lumber  (fir,  redwood  and  spruce  i  ai'e  shipped 
here  annually.    Pop  in  1860,  617  ;  in  1^64,  about  800. 

EUREKA,a  township  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  contains 
a  village  named  Eureka  South,  and  h:i8  rich  gold  mines. 
Pop.  2080. 

EUREK.A,  a  village  of  Vuma  co.,  Arizona,  on  the  Colo- 
rado River,  about  170  miles  S  W'.  of  Prescott. 

EUREKA  NORTH,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, about  oil  miU's  N.E.  of  Marysville.     Pop.  about  400. 

EUREK.A.  SOUTH;  a  village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  in 
Eureka  township,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Nevada.  It  has  2  stores. 
Pop.  in  1864,  about  100. 

EVANS,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1204. 

EVANSTON,  a  post-village  and  small  townshij)  of  Cook 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  tlie  Chicago  and 
Milwaukee  Railroad,  lo  miles  N.  of  Chicago..  It  is  the  seat 
of  the  Northwestern  University,  which  is  under  the  care  of 
the  Methodists,  and  of  the  Northwestern  Female  College. 
Both  these  institutions  were  founded  in  1855.     l^ip.  831. 

E VANSVILLE,  a  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
22  miles  W.X.W.  of  Alexandria. 

EVANSVILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Butte  CO.,  California, 
about  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Marysville. 

EYERETT,atown8hipof  Newaygo  CO.,  Michigan.  Pop.  156. 

EVERETT,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri,  about  44 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Kansas  City. 

EVERETTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  AVayiie  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  tbe  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  6 miles 
S.  of  GuUlsborough. 

EVERGREEN,  a  township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  89. 

EV  ERTOX,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  about 
25  miles  S.S.W.  of  Richmond.     I'op-  239. 

EWING,  a  post-village  of  Hocking  co.,  Ohio,  about  32 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Chillicothe. 

EXCELSIOR,  a  post-township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  6  miles  W.  by  .N.  of  Baraboa.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Baraboo  River.    Pop.  787. 

EXCELSIOR,  a  post-township  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  22  miles  W'.  of  Saint  Paul.  It  borders  on  Lake 
Minnetonka.     Pop.  317. 

EXCELSIOR,  a  mining  district  of  Esmeralda  co.,  Nevada, 
about  45  miles  £.  of  Aurora. 

i;XCELS10R,  a  postK)ffice  of  Calhoun  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  right  ^W.)  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  27  miloj  W. 
of  Omaha  City. 

EXETER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Green  co.,  Wis- 
consin. The  village  is  about  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Madi«on. 
Total  population,  1040. 

EXIRA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Audubon  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  E.  Fork  of  the  Nishuabatona  River,  about  70  miles  W. 
of  Des  Moines.  It  is  on  the  route  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  Riiilroad. 

E.XTON,  a  post-village  ot  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Chester  Valley  Railroiui,  where  it  crosses  the  Lancaster 
Turnpike,  about  28  miles  from  Philadelphia. 


1;^  ABTUS,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1242. 
-      J'AIRBURO,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  railroad  connecting  Peoria  with  Logansport,  60  miles 
X..  of  Pciiriii. 

FAIRFAX,  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  about  55 
nules  E.  ofCinciiin.iti. 

«^^'^''i^-^'  "  ^''l'"«®  of  Wayne  CO.,  Indiana,  about  8  miles 
N.W.  of  Richmond. 
2218 


F. 


FAIRFAX,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on  a  railroai 
about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Cwlar  Rajiids. 

FAIRFAX  ST.VriON,  a  iiost-.ttico  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virg! 
nia,  on  the  Orange  and  Ale.\audria  Railroad,  IS  miles  W.  oi 
Alexandria. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  22  miles  S.  by  E.  of  l..anca.ster. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village,  caiiitid  of  Freestone  CO., 


FAI 


FAR 


Texas,  alioiit  155  miles  N.E.  of  Austin,  and  36  miles  "W.  of 
Palestine.     Pop.  6ii9. 

FAIRKIELD,  a  village  of  Somerset  co.,  PennsylTania^ 
about  18  miles  S.  by  H.  of  Somerset. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  town.ship  of  WusUington  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
841. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  village  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Indianapolis  Peru  aud  Chicago  Railroad,  5  miles  S.  of 
Kakonio. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  .'«7. 

F.AIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  935. 

FAIKFI  ELD,  a  town.ship  of  Grundy  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  220. 

FAIKKI  ELD.  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,    Pop.  606. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Sauk  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Baralioo  River,  about  3  miles  N.E.  of  Raraboo.     Pop.  598. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  village,  cajiitjil  of  Solano  co..  California, 
on  the  San  Francisco  and  Marysville  Railroad  (unfinished), 
about  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Fraiicisco,  and  1  mile  N.  of 
Suisun  City.  It  contains  a  court-house.  Pop.  in  1863, 
about  500. 

FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village  of  5tarinn  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
■Willamette  River,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Salem.  I'op.  of 
Fairfield  precinct.  824. 

FAIRKIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Do  Kalb  co.,  Indi- 
ana, aliout  30  miles  N.  of  Fort  ^Vayne. 

FAIROROVE,  a  post-township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan, 
about  78  miles  N.E.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  367. 

FAIRHAVEN,  a  post-village  in  Fairhaven  township, 
Stearns  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Clear  Water  River,  about  22 
miles  W.  of  Monticello. 

FAIRHAVEN,  a  township  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  42:3. 

FAIRLAND,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  19  miks  S.E.  of  In- 
dianapolis. 

FAIRLAND,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co..  Kansas. 

FAIRMONT,  or  FAIRMOUNT.  a  small  village,  capital  of 
Slartih  CO.,  Minnesota,  about  50  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Mankuto. 
Pop.  112. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, about  4'«  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  village  and  township  of  Grant  co.,  In- 
diana, aliont  10  miles  S.  of  Marion.    Pop.  1306. 

FAIRMOUNT,  a  township  of  Pike  co ,  Illinois.  Pop.  1044. 

FAIRMOUNT.  a  post-vfllage  of  Clark  co.,  Missouri,  about 
4t  mills  N.W.of  Qiiinry,  Illinois. 

FAIiniOUNT  SPRING,  a  post-oflfice  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylv.inia,  in  Fairmoiint  township,  about  27  miles  W.  of 
AVilkesbarre. 

I'.tIR  OAKS,  a  locality  in  Henrico  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Richmond  an.i  York  River  Railroad,  about  7  miles  E.  of 
Richmond;  noted  for  a  battle  fought  hero  on  the  31st  of 
May.  1  St. 2; 

FAIRPLAINS,  a  post-township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michi- 
gan, aiiout  44  miles  N.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  491. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  i>ost-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California,  16 
miles  S.E.  of  Placerville.     It  has  2  stores. 

FAIRPLAY,  a  post-village  of  Park  co.,  Colorado,  is  situ- 
ated amon,'  the  Rocky  5Iountains  in  the  W.  part  of  the 
South  Park,  about  80  miles  S.W.  of  Denver. 

FAIR  PORT,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  tlie  Mau- 
mee  River,  and  on  the  Wabasli  and  Erie  Canal,  about  14 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

FAIR  VIEW,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  899.    . 

FAIRVIEW,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
662. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  village  and  township  of  Clinton  CO.,  Illi- 
nois about  13  miles  S.W.  of  Yandalia. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Missouri,  on  the 
North  Missouri  Railroad,  about  16  miles  S.  of  Macon  City. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  township  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
270. 

FAIRVTEAV,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1048. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jones  co., 
Iowa,  3  or  4  miles  S.W.  of  Anamosa.    Pop.  1249. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  small  village  of  Crawford  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  27  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  13  nules  W.  of  Preston. 

FAIRVIEW,  a  ])ost-village  of  Sarpy  CO.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  11  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Bellevne. 

FAIR  WEATHER  GULCH,  a  mining  place  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Montana,  is  a  few  miles  from  Virginia  City. 

FALKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Pitt  co.,  North  Carolina, 
on  the  Tar  River,  about  70  miles  E.  by  S  of  Rjileigh. 

FALLASBURG,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Flat  River,  about  22  miles  E.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

FALL  CITY,  or  FALI-S  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Dunn  co., 
Wisconsin.  alMiut  15  miles  N.E.  ot  Diiuville. 

FALL  CITY,  a  small  village  of  Marathon  co.,  AVisconsin, 
on  the  Wisconsin  River. 

FALLS,  a  township  of  Cerro  Gordo  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  253. 


PALLSBURQ,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Licking oo., 
Ohio,  about  16  miles  N.E.  of  Newark.    Pop.  9X6. 

FALLS  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Richardson  v-o., 
Nebraska,  is  situated  on  elevated  ground  10  miles  W.  of 
the  Missouri  River,  2  miles  N.  of  the  Nemaha,  and  about  50 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri.  It  contains  a  'M)\irt- 
house,  2  hotels,  2  dry-goods  stores,  1  printing-t)fficb,  and 
about  45  dwellings.  The  population  in  18C0  Was  473,  which 
perhaps  included  a  township. 

FALLS  CHURCH,  a  post-village  of  Fairtax  co.,  Virginia, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  Washington. 

FALLS  OF  ST.  CROIX,  Polk  co.,  Wisconsin.  See  Saint 
Croix  Fai.i..s. 

FALMOUTH,  a  post- village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  13  miles  S.E.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

FALMOUTH,  a  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississip))i  River,  about  18  miles  N.E.  of  Troy. 

FANCY  CREEK,  a  small  post-village  of  Richland  co., 
Wisjonsin,  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  about  46  miles 
N.E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien. 

FANDON,  a  post-ofHce  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 

FANNIN,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering 
on  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  has  an  area  of  almut  425 
square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Tocoa  and  Connasauga 
Rivers.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  Capital,  Morganton. 
Pop.  5139. 

FARIBAULT,  i3rV-bo',  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minne- 
sota, bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Blue  Earth  or  Mankato  River  and  its 
branches,  and  by  Maple  River.  The  greater  part  of  the 
county  is  prairie.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  level;  the 
soil  is  fertile.    Capital,  Blue  Earth  Citv.     I'op.  1335. 

FARIIIAULT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rice  Co.,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  the  Cannon  River,  at  the  moutli  of  the 
Stniight  River,  and  on  the  Minnesota  Central  Railioad,  40 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Hastings,  aud  50  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul.  It 
contains  5  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  the  state  asylnui 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  an  Episcopalian  college  with  a 
large  stone  building,  3  banking  offices,  4  flouring-mills  (3 
of  which  are  moved  by  water-jiower),  1  steam  saw  mill,  1 
foundry,  and  other  factories.  Timber  and  stone  are  abun- 
dant in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  in  1860, 1508 ;  in  18i  5,  about  2400. 

FARI'N.4,  a  post-olfico  of  Fayetto  co.,  llUuois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Centralia 

FARLEY,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri,  about  7 
miles  E.  Ijy  S.  of  the  city  of  Leavenworth. 

FARLEY,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co..  Iowa,  on  the 
Dubuque  and  Siou.v  City  Railroad,  23  miles  W.  of  Dubuque. 
Another  railroad  extends  from  this  point  southwcstward  to 
Marion. 

FARMERS,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  957. 

FARMERSBURG,  a  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Evansville  aud  Crawfordsville  Railroad,  15  miles  S.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

FARMERS'  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa, 
about  22  miles  S.  of  Dubuque. 

FAR.MEliS'  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,Minne- 
sota.  near  Root  River,  about  5  miles  S.  of  Chatfield. 

FARMKRSVILLE,  a  village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  S  S.W.  of  Chillicothe. 

FARMERSVIIJjE,  a  post-village  of  Posey  co..  Indiana, 
about  19  miles  W.  of  Evansville. 

FARMING  DALE,  a  post-village  of  ^lonmouth  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  35  milea 
S.  of  New  York. 

FARMINGTON,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Franklin. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1048. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-villaie  of  Cecil  Co.,  JIaryland, 
about  45  miles  N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

FARMINGTON,  a  p^t-vill.ige  of  Marion  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of 
Fairmont,  and  67  from  Wheeling.    Pop.  89. 

FARMINGTON,  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  about  7 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Wheeling. 

FARMINGTON,  a  village  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana,  about  8 
miles  S.E.  of  Marion. 

F.\RMINGTON,  a  village  of  Jacks<m  co,  Indiana,  on  the 
Jeffersonville  lUiilroiid,  20  miles  S.  of  Columbus.  The  name 
of  the  post-office  is  New  Farinington. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  .500. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  of  La  Crosso  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  908. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Polk  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  St.  Croix  River.     Pop.  337. 

F-\RM1NGT<)N,  a  township  of  Waupacea  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
immediately  W.  of  Waupacea,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  582. 

FARMINGTON,  a  township  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  1S6. 

FARMINGTON,  a  post-office  of  Dickinson  co..  Kansas. 

FARMINGTON,  a  village  of  Nemalia  co.,  Kansas,  about 
9  miles  N.  of  Seneca. 

FARMINGTON,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Oregon, 
about  16  miles  S.W.  of  Portland. 

2219 


FAR 

Jf  ARMINGTOX,  a  post-officeof  San  Joaqnin  co.,  California. 

rARSlINOTON,  a  post-villaRe,  capital  of  Davis  co.,  Utah, 
ig  16  miles  N.  of  Salt  Liike  City,  and  about  i  miles  E.  of 
thf  lake  of  that  name.     Pop.  in  18C0,  591. 

FARMLAND,  a  post-village  of  Raudolph  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  Bellefontaine  Railway  Line,  17  miles  W.  of  Union  City. 

FAR.M  RIDGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  La  Sallo 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  8  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ottawa.    Pop  1021. 

FARMWELL,  a  post-offlce  of  Loudon  co.,  A"ii-ginia,  on 
the  Alexandria  and  lK)udon  Railroad,  7  miles  S.SJi.  of 
Leesburg.  . 

FARNHAM,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  CO.,  Virginia, 
about  5-5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

FARTIir.R  POINT,  a  projection  into  the  St.  Lawrence 
from  Rimouski  co.,  Canaiia  East,  near  the  mouth  of  Ri- 
mouski  River,  in  lat.  about  49°  N.,  Ion.  68°  45'  W.  British 
steamers  for  Quebec  communicate  with  that  city  by  tele- 
giaph  from  this  place. 

FAWN,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Alleghany  co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1654. 

FAXON,  a  po.st-townsliip  and  village  of  Sibley  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minnesota  I'.iver,  about  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Henderson.    Pop.  439. 

FAYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  13  mika  W.  of  Pittsburg. 

FAYETTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fayette  co.,  Alabama, 
about  110  miles  N.N.W.  of  Selma. 

FAYETTE,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio,  about  44  miles 
W.  of  Toledo. 

FAYETTK,  a  post-township  of  Green  co.,  Illinois,  about 
30  miles  N.  of  Alton.    Pop.  480. 

FAYETTE,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Volga  River,  about  O'*  miles  AV.N.W.  of  Dubuque. 
It  contains  a  seminary  and  several  churches.  Pop.  reported 
to  be  alK)ut  1300. 

FAYETTE,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  682. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Missouri, 
about  22  miles  S.  by  K.  of  Lexington. 

FAYSVILLE,  a  village  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  Railroad,  9  miles  N.  of  Flint. 

FE.vniEK  RIVER,  of  Idaho,  is  a  small  stream  which 
flows  southwestward  and  enters  the  South  Fork  of  the 
Boisee  River  in  Alturas  county. 

FEATIIERSTONK,  a  post-village  in  Featherstone  town- 
ship, Goodhue  CO.,  Minnesota,  about  9  miles  S.W.  of  Red 
VTing. 

FELIX,  a  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  605. 

FELIX,  a  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  232. 

FENELON,  a  village  of  :^tark  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  and 
Erie  Canal,  aliout  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Massillon. 

FENNIMOIIE,  a  post-township  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  72  miles  W.  of  Madison,  and  12  miles  S.  of  Boscobel. 
Pop.  1392. 

FENTON,  a  township  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  contains 
the  village  of  Fenton.    I'op.  1443. 

FENTON,  or  FENTONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Genesee 
cOt  Michigan,  situated  on  the  Shiawassee  River,  and  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  52  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit. 
It  contains  4  or  5  churches,  1  national  bank,  1  Union 
school,  a  seminary  for  girls,  4  hotels,  1  large  flouring-niill, 
1  plaster-mill,  1  steam  foundry.  1  woollen-factory,  1  oil-mill, 
&c.  The  river  affords  water-power.  It  is  stated  that 
$250,000  was  paid  here  for  wool  in  1864.  Pop.  in  1800,  735 ; 
in  186.5,  about  1400. 

FENTONVILLE,  a  villageof  Jackson  co., Michigan,  about 
10  miles  S.  of  Jackson. 

FEN  WICK,  a  post-offlce  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FliRGUSON,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Washing- 
ton Territory.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Col- 
umbia River,  and  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Wenatchee  River.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Yakama  or  Yakima  River,  and  by  tlie 
Pisco  River.  The  Cascade  range  of  mountiiins  extends 
along  the  W.  border.  Gold  is  found  in  the  north  part  of 
this  county.    Organized  in  1863. 

FERGUSON,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Korth  >tis.-;ouri  Railroad,  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

FERNDALE,  a  post-village  of  Humboldt  co..  California. 
18  niile.s  S.E.  of  Eureka. 

FERRIS,  a  post-township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigan, 
about  50  miles  W.  of  S.igiuaw  City.    Pop.  184. 

FERROMONT,  a  village  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  about 
10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Morrist<iwn. 

FERRYSBURG,  a  v>ost-village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  right  bank  of  Grand  IJjver  about  2  miles  from  Lake 
Micliigjin.  and  29  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

FERRY  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Del  Norte  co ,  Cali- 
fojnia,  i'^  miles  E.  of  Crescent  City. 

FEfJTlXA.a  iwst-offlce  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Towa. 

FliTTERM  AN.  a  post-village  of  Taylor  co..  West  Virginia, 
on  tlxe  Baltnnore  and  Oliio  Railroad,  98  miles  S.E.  of 
WheeliDK. 

FIDDLKTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Amador  co.,  California, 
1(5  miles  N.  of  Jackson.    It  has  1  church,  1  public  sclitwl 
and  several  stores.    The  a<ljacent  country  abounds  in  rich 
placer  mines  of  gold.    Pop.  about  700. 
2220 


FLO 

FIDELITY,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  abont 
8  miles  S.  of  Carthage. 

FILLMORE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  l)or- 
dering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  86i  square  mibs.  It  is 
intersected  liy  the  Hokali  or  Root  River,  and  also  drained 
by  the  Houston  and  Upper  Iowa  Rivers,  the  latter  of 
which  touches  it  on  the  S.  border.  The  suifaco  is  undu- 
lating ;  the  soil  is  calcareous  and  highly  productive. 
Wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  oats  are  the  st^iplo  productioua. 
The  woodlands  of  this  ctmnty  are  more  e.Mensive  than  the 
prairies.  It  is  traversed  by  the  route  of  the  Root  River 
Valley  liailroad.  Capital,  Preston.  This  county,  in  ISGO, 
w;ui  the  most  populous  in  the  state.    Pop.  13.512. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fillmore  co., 
Minnesota,  about  26  miles  S.iS.E.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  556. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-office  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

FII>LMORE,  a  post-village  of  Andrew  co.,  Missouri,  about 
17  miles  N.  by  W.  of  St.  Joseph, 

FILLMORE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  Railroad,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

FILLMORE,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  about 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

FILLMORE,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  737. 

FILLMORE,  a  township  or  precinct  of  Plumas  co.,  Cali- 
fornia.    Pop.  605. 

FINLEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Webster  co., 
Missouri,  about  24  miles  E  S.E.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  642. 

FISH  CREEK,  a  post-offlce  of  Door  co^  Wisconsin,  oi 
the  shore  of  Green  Biiy. 

FISHER,  a  fown.ship  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  277. 

FISHERMAN'S  BAY,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  seashore,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Sant^i  Rosa. 

FlSUERSliURG,  a  post-village  of  Madisou  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  28  miles  N.E.  of  Iudiaua()olis. 

FISHERS  LANDING,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  county, 
Washington  Territory,  8  miles  above  Vancouver. 

FI;^HERSV1LLE,  a  post-village  of  Augusta  Co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Central  lUiilroad,  7  miles  S.E.  of  Maunttm. 

FISK'S  CORN  ERS.  a  small  post-village  of  Winnebago  CO., 
Wisconsin,  8   miles  from  Oshkosh. 

FISLEIIVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gloucester  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Camden  with  Slill- 
ville,  about  22  miles  S.  of  Camden. 

FITSHENRY,  a  post- village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Pittsburg  and  Connellsvillu  Raihoud,  37 
miles  S.S.E.  of  I'itt.sburg. 

FLANDRE.\U,  flan-tlro',  a  village  of  Minnehaha  co., 
Dakota,  on  the  Big  Sioux  River,  about  125  miles  N.E.  of 
Yankton. 

FL.AT  RIVER,  of  Michigan,  rises  near  the  N.  border  of 
Montcalm  cotinty,  flows  southward  through  Ionia  county, 
and  enters  the  Grand  River  at  Lowell,  Kent  county. 

FLEMING,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  about  9  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Newark. 

FLEMINGTON,  a  pos^village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Bald  Eagle  Creek,  about  1  or  2  miles  W.  of  Lock 
Haven. 

FLEMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Taylor  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Northwestern  Railroad,  10  miles  S.W.  of 
Giafton. 

FLINT,  a  small  post-township  of  Pike  co.,  Illiijois,  on  the 
Illinois  River,  8  or  9  miles  N.E.  of  Pittsfielil.     I'op.  378. 

FLINT,  a  post-office  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  about  12  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Oskaloosa. 

FLINT  HILL,  a  small  post-village  of  Rappahannock  co, 
Virginia,  abont  34  miles  S.  of  Winchester. 

FLINT  RIVER,  a  townsliip  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  1287. 

FLINTSTONE,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland, 
about  12  miles  E.  of  Cuml>erland. 

FLORA,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Hlinois.    Pop.  1294. 

FL0R.4,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  Riiilroad,  24  miles  E.  of  Siilem. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Darlington  District,  South 
Carolina,  on  the  North  Eastern  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed 
by  the  Wilmington  and  Manchester  Railroad,  102  miles  N. 
of  Charleston  and  about  100  W.  of  Wilmington. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Willianuon  co.,  Texiis, 
abfmt  44  miles  N.  by  W.  of  ,\ustin  Citj'. 

FLORENCE,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Colum- 
bus and  Xenia  Railroad.  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

FLORENCE,  or  WEST  FLORENCE,  a  village  of  Pieblo 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Hamilton  and  Richmond  Railroad,  10  niilea 
K.S.E.  of  Richmond,  Indiana.  The  name  of  the  post-tfficft 
is  West  Florence. 

FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Switzerland  Co.,  Indiana, 
On  the  Ohio  River,  about  10  miles  above  Vevay. 

FLORENCE,  a  township  of  Will  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  691. 

FLORENCE,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Missouri,  ou 
the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  76  miles  W.  by  N.  of  St. 
Louis. 

FLORENCE,  a  small  post-village  and  township  of  Benvi* 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Cedar  Rapids  an<l  Missouri  River  RaihoaC 
about  15  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 


FLO 


FOR 


FLORENCE,  a  post- village,  in  Florence  township,Goodhue 
CO.,  Miiimsotii,  on  Lake  Pepin,  an  expansion  of  tlie  Missis- 
aippi  lUvir,  alioiit  ^2  miles  below  Ueil  Wing. 

FLOKKNCE,  a  township  of  Carver  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
305. 

FLORENCE,  a  po-st-village  of  Donglas  co.,  Nebraska, 
Bitiuiteil  on  the  Mis-sonri  liiver,  0  miles  l)y  the  road  and  10 
miles  by  water  N.  of  Omaha.  It  has  a  good  hotel,  '2  stores, 
and  1  saw-mill.  First  settled  in  1S57.  I'op.  in  lf<64  about 
400. 

FLOUENCE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Idaho  co.,  Idaho,  is 
situated  about  7  miles  N.  of  the  Salmon  River,  and  about 
120  miles- N.  of  Idtilio  City.     It  has  productive  gold  mines. 
FLC»RIDA,  a  township  of  I'arke  co.,  Indiana,  ou  the  Wa- 
bash River.     Pop.  15.59. 

¥W]<ID\,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern 
Railroad,  in  Madisou  co.,  Indiana,  6  miles  N.W.  of  An- 
derson. 

FLOURNOY,  a  village  of  Cedar  co  ,  Towa,  on  the  Cedar 
Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  about  30  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Cedar  liajiids. 

FLOWERY,  a  mining-\-illage  of  Storey  co.,  Nevada,  about 
6  miles  from  Virginia  City. 

FLOYD,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an  area 
of  501:  square  miles.  It  is  intersi-cted  by  the  C<'dar  and 
Shell  Rock  Rivers,  which  flow  southeastward.  The  surface 
is  undulating;  the  .soil  is  excellent.  The  county  contains 
a  large  proportion  of  prairie,  but  is  said  to  have  plenty  of 
timber.     Capital,  Charles  City.    Pop.  3744. 

FLOYD,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  i)arisli,  Louisiana,  about 
190  miles  N.  of  Baton  Rouge.     Pop.  2i)8. 

FLOYD,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1115. 

FLOYD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa. 
The  village  is  ou  the  Red  Cedar  River,  about  6  miles  N.W. 
of  Charles  City,    Total  population  863. 

FOLSOM,  fiil'sum,  a  post-vilhige  of  Sacramento  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, situated  on  the  left  (S.E.)  bank  of  the  American 
River,  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Siicramento.  It  has  1  bank,  1 
...ewspaper  office,  1  Roman  Catliolic  and  3  Protestant 
churches,  I  seminary,  1  public  school,  and  1  flouring-mill, 
■which  cost  about  $100,000.  It  is  the  N.E.  terminus  of  the 
Sacramento  Valley  Railroad.  Another  railroad  extemls 
northward  to  Lincoln.  &c.  Here  are  immense  quarries  of 
granite,  which  furnish  building-stone  for  San  Francisco; 
and  beds  of  cobble-stones,  from  which  that  metropolis  is 
chiefly  supplied.  Gold,  silver  and  cojiper  are  found  in  the 
vicinity.  Pop.  in  1864  about  1200,  or  according  to  another 
statement,  ISOO. 

FOND  DU  LAC,  a  township  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
613. 

FOND  DU  LAC,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Louis 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  Saint  Louis  River,  about  13  miles  S.W.  of 
Du  Lnth.     Pop.  102. 

FONT.ilNE,  a  post-office  of  Ilardin  co.,  Iowa,  15  miles  N. 
of  EMora. 

FONTANELLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Adair  Co.,  Iowa, 
50  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

FONTENELLK.  or  FONTANELLE,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  Dodge  CO.,  Nebraska,  on  the  K.  bank  of  the  Elkliorn 
River,  about  37  miles  N.W.  of  Omaha.  It  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  farming  country,  and  is  improving. 

FOOTEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Beloit  and  Jladison  Railroad,  32  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Madi- 
son, and  8  miles  W.  of  Janesville. 

FORRESTOM'N,  a  jKist-village  of  Butte  co.,  California,  on 
the  Oroville  and  Woodvillo  turnpike,  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Oroville.  Gold  and  rosin  are  procured  in  the  vicinity.  Pop. 
about  200. 

FORBUSII,  a  post-village  of  Yadkin  co..  North  Carolina, 
about  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Salisbury. 

FORD,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of  Illinois, 
has  an  area  of  alwut  4.50  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Middle  Fork  of  Vermilion  River.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level;  the  soil  fertile.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago 
Branch  of  the  Central  Railroad.  Capital,  I'axton  (?)  Pop. 
197H. 

FORDIIAM,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
37  miles  N  N.W.  of  Portage  City. 

FORD  RIVER,  or  FORT  RIVER,  in  the  Upper  Peninsula 
of  Michig.an,  rises  in  Marquette  co.,  flows  southeastward 
through  Delta  co.,  and  enters  (!reen  i!aj'. 

FOREST,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  Co..  Ohio,  on  the  Pitts- 
burg Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed 
by  the  Sandusky  Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  36  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Bellefontaine,  and  29  miles  W.  of  Bucyrns. 

FOREST,  a  post-township  of  Richland  co.,  AVisconsin, 
about  15  miles  N.W.  of  Richland  Centre.     Pop.  565. 

FOREST,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Vernon  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  2*i3. 

FOUEST,  a  township  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  208. 

FOREST  BAY,  a  post-office  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan. 

FOREST  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Mason  Co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  River  Railroad,  about  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Peoria. 

FOREST  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Holt  CO.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  68  miles  by  water  above  St.  Jo- 


seph, and  4  miles  above  Iowa  Point,  Kansas.    Pop.  in  1860, 
350. 

FOREST  CITY,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa,  border- 
ing on  Minnesot.i.     Pop.  8-54. 

FOREST  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Meeker  co.,  Min- 
nesota, situated  on  Crow  River,  70  miles  in  a  direct  line  W. 
N.W.  of  Saint  Paul.  It  has  a  United  States  Land  Office 
Pop.  271. 

FOltEST  CITY,  a  mining  post-village  of  Sierra  co.,  Cali 
fornia,  on  Oregon  Creek,  6  miles  S.  of  Downierille.  It  ll 
surrounded  by  high  mountains.  It  contains  2  churclies,  1 
school,  1  bank,  1  masonic  hall,  1  drug  store,  &c.  Pop.  about 
250. 

FOREST  COVE,  a  post-village  of  Baker  co.,  Oregon,  55 
miles  N.W;  of  Auburn.     Pop.  in  1863,  about  100. 

FORESTER,  a  post-township  of  Saiu'lac  co..  Michigan,  on 
or  near  l..ake  Michigan,  about  85  miles  N.N.E.  of  Detroit 
Pop.  375. 

FOREST  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.,  New 
Jersev,  on  the  lailroad  connecting  Camden  with  Millville 
29  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Camden. 

FOREST  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Oro. 
gon,  6  miles  W.  of  ilillsboi-o.  It  has  2  stores  and  2  or  S 
churches,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  Pacific  University. 

FORE.ST  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Neosho  River,  7  or  8  miles  E.  of  Emporia.  Pop.  of  Forest 
Hill  township.  .541. 

FOREST  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  Californi.% 
about  22  miles  N.E.  of  Auburn.  It  has  several  stores,  and 
is  snrrounded  by  gold  mines.    Pop  estimated  at  600. 

FOREST  IIOSlE,  a  post-village  of  Union  township,  Powe- 
shiek CO.,  Iowa,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Montezuma.  Pup.  about 
200. 

FOREST  HOME,  a  post-village  of  Amador  co.,  California, 
18  miles  N.W.  of  Jackson.     Pop.  about  200 

FOREST  HOUSE,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Cliien  Railroad, 
about  4  miles  N.N.E.  of  Waukesha. 

FOREST  MOUND,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minne- 
sota, aliout  16  miles  N.E.  of  Rochester. 

FORESTON,  a  jiost-village  and  township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illi- 
nois, ou  the  Central  Railroad,  12  miles  S.  of  Freeport.  Pop. 
1095. 

FORESTON,  a  pos^village  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa,  on  tho 
Upper  Iowa  River,  about  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Decorah. 

FOREST  STATION,  or  FORESTVILLE.  a  post-village  of 
Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Toledo  Peoria  and  Warsaw 
Railroad,  66  nnles  E.  of  Peoria.  The  post-office  is  called 
Forest  Station. 

FORESTVILLE,  a  village  of  Forest  township,  Genesee  co.; 
Michigan  about  16  miles  N.E.  of  Flint. 

FORESTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Lake  Huron,  abotit  32  miles  N.  of  Lexington. 

FORFjSTVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  20  miles  N.  bv  AV.  of  Anderson. 

FORESTVILLE,  Illinois.     See  Forest  St.wjox. 

FORESTA'IIjLE,  a  post-township  of  Doi>r  co.,  AVisconsin, 
2  or  3  miles  W.  of  Lake  Micliigaii  and  about  8  miles  S.W. 
of  Sturgeon  Bay.     Pop.  85. 

FORESTVILLE,  a  post-townsTdp  of  Fillmore  co.,  Mmne- 
sota.  about  7  miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Preston.     Poj).  511. 

FORIvS  OF  SALMON,  a  post-village  of  Klamath  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  Salmon  River,  20  miles  E.  of  Orleans  Bar. 

FORRESTER,  Alichigan.    See  Forester. 

FORSYTH,  a  village  of  .Macon  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  6  miles  N.  of  Decatur. 

FORSYTH,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Taney  CO.,  Missouri, 
situated  on  AVhito  River,  about  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  Spring- 
field. 

FORSYTH,  a  township  of  Green  Lake  co.,  AA'isconsin.  Pop. 
823. 

FORT  ABERCROMBFE,  a  military  post  in  Shyenne  co, 
Dakota,  on  the  Hod  River  of  the  North. 

FOItT  BENTON,  Montana  Territory,  is  on  the  Missouri 
River,  about  40  miles  below  tiie  Great  Falls,  and  at  tho 
liead  of  steamlioat  navigation.  It  is  about  Lat.  47°  50'  N. 
and  Lon.  110°  3(y  W. 

FORT  B0IS1^:E,  a  military  post  in  Boiseo  A'alley,  Idaho, 
on  or  near  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  was  established 
in  1863. 

FORT  BUIDGER,  a  military  post,  and  a  post-office  cf 
Green  River  co.,  Utah,  on  the  Great  Overland  Route,  123 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Salt  Lake  Citv. 

FORT  CALHOUN,  a  post-village  of  AVashington  co.,  Ne- 
braska, is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  Missouri  River,  18 
miles  N.  by  AA'.  of  Omaha.  It  has  several  stores  and  mills, 
and  al)Out  40  houses.     Pop.  in  1860,  306. 

FORT  CHURCHILL,  a  military  post  and  a  post-office  of 
Churchill  co.,  Nevada,  on  Carson  River,  and  on  the  Overland 
Mail  Route.  33  miles  N.E.  of  Carson  City. 

FORT  CLARK,  Dakota,  a  military  post  on  the  Missouri 
River,  about  47°  10'  N.  Lat. 

FORT  COLA'ILLE,  a  post-office  and  military  post  of  Spo- 
kane CO.,  AA'ashington  Territory,  is  about  12  miles  E.  of  the 
Columbia  River,  and  adjacent  to.,Piuckuey  City. 

2221 


FOR 

FORT  CROOK,  a  military  post  in  Shasta  co.,  ColifornJa, 
about  145  miles  N.  of  Miirvsville. 

FORT  DALLES,  a  military  post  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Columbia  River,  wijacent  to  Dalles  City,  Wasco  CO., 
Ore^c  n. 

FORT  DARLING,  Virginia,  a  fort  built  by  the  rebels  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  James  River,  about  7  miles  below 
Ricliniond. 

FORT  DEFIANCE,  a  post-office  near  the  border  of  New 
Mexico,  about  1»50  miles  in  a  direct  line  AV.  by  N.  of  Santa  Fe. 
FORT  DODGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Webster  co.,  Iowa, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  De^  Moines  River,  and  on  the 
Dubuque  and  Pacific  Railroad  (in  progrc^s),  182  miles  W. 
of  Dubuque.  It  contains  a  stone  court-house,  5  churches,  1 
newspaper  office.  2  drug  stores,  9  dry-goods  and  grocery 
stores,  2  grist-mills,  2  nurseries.  <tc.  Coal  and  limestone  are 
found  in  the  vicinity.  The  river,  which  is  here  about  250 
feet  wide,  affords  water-power.  Pop.  in  1860,  672;  in  1865, 
about  1200. 

FORT  DONELSON,  a  fort  built  by  the  insurgents  in 
Stewart  co.,  Tetmessee,  on  the  lett  bank  of  the  Cumberland 
River,  about  1}/^  miles  below  Dover,  and  about  70  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Nashville.  Here  General  Grant  captured  about 
13.000  of  the  enemy  in  February,  1862. 

FORT  DUNCAN,  a  village  or  inilit;iry  post  of  Maverick 
CO.,  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  at  or  near  Eagle  Pass. 

FORT  FAIRFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Aroos- 
took CO.,  Maine.  The  village  is  on  the  Aroostook  River, 
about  160  miles  N.N.E.  of  Rtngor.  Total  population,  901. 
FORT  FISHER,  a  strong  earthwork  on  the  E.  side  of 
Cape  Fear  River,  at  its  numtli,  about  20  miles  in  a  direct 
line  S.  of  Wilmiugton,  North  Caroliniu  It  was  taken  by 
Btorm  by  the  Union  army  and  navy  in  January,  1865. 

FORT  GARLAND,  a  post-village  of  Costilla  co.,  Colorado, 
is  situated  nciir  the  W.  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  al>out 
100  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Pike's  Peak.  Here  is  or  was  a  mili- 
tary i)ost. 

FORT  GASTON,  a  military  post  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Trinity  River,  in  Klamath  co.,  California,  about  25  miles 
S.  by  M'.  of  Orleans  Bar. 

FORT  HALL,  Idaho,  is  on  the  Lewis  or  Snake  River, 
about  133  miles  in  a  direct  line  E.S.E.  of  Idaho  City. 

FORT  HENRY.  Stewart  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the  right  bank 
►f  the  Tennessee  River,  near  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state, 
and  7  or  8  miles  W.  of  Fort  Donclson. 

FOUT  IIOSKINS,  a  military  post  in  Benton  co.,  Oregon, 
about  H  miles  W.N.W.  of  Corvallis. 

FORI'  JACKSON,  a  military  jwst  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  80  miles  below  New  Orleans. 
An  inii)ort;int  action  occurred  between  this  fort  and  the 
Federal  navy  in  April.  1862. 

FORT  JONES,  a  po.st-village  of  Siskij-ou  co.,  California, 
on  Scotfs  River,  18  miles  S.W.  of  Yreka.  It  has  several 
stores.    Pop.  about  200. 

FORT  KLAMATH,  a  military  post  in  Wasco  co.,  Oregon, 
near  Lake  Klamath,  88  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jacksonville. 

FORT  I/E.MHI,  a  military  post  of  Idaho,  on  the  B.  Fork 
of  the  ."^almon  River,  about  105  miles  in  direct  line  N.N.E. 
of  Idaho  City. 
FORT  LINCOLN,  a  post-office  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kansas. 
FOKT  LYON,  a  post-office  of  Huerfano  co.,  Colorado,  on 
the  Arkansas  River. 

FORT  MOTTE,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Orangeburg 
district.  South  Carolina,  on  or  near  the  Congaree  River,  and 
on  a  railroad,  30  miles  S.E.  of  Columbia. 

FORI"  MOULTRIE,  (inoo'tree,)  one  of  the  defences  of 
Charleston  Harbor,  South  Carolinti,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Sul- 
livan's Island,  about  a  miles  E.S.E.  of  Charleston. 

FORT  PILLOW,  Lauderdale  co.,  Tennessee,  is  situated  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  40  miles  by  land  N.  of  Mem- 
phis.    It  Wiis  erected  by  the  secessionists. 

FORT  POINT,  California,  is  on  a  point  of  land,  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Gidden  Gate,  about  3  miles  N.W.  of  Sjin  Fran- 
cisco. Here  is  a  strong  tbrtification,  commenced  in  1854, 
and  for  which  S1,S00,000  has  been  appropriated.  It  is 
capable  of  mounting  160  guns. 

FORT  R.\NDALL,  a  post-village  of  Todd  co.,  Dakota,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  42°  50'  N.  lat.,  and  98°  20'  W.  Ion. 
FORTRESS  MONROE,  a  strong  military  post  of  the 
United  States,  situated  in  Elizabeth  Citv  co..  Virginia,  at 
the  entrance  of  Hampton  Roads,  about  13  miles  N.  of  Nor- 
fork.  It  comnuiuds  the  approach  by  sea  to  Norfolk  and 
Richmond.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by  water,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  mainland  by  a  narrow  isthmus.  Adjacent 
to  the  fort  is  Old  Point  Comfort,  a  fashionable  watering- 
place.  This  fortress  is  the  largest  military  work  in  the 
United  States,  and  during  the  civil  war  was  an  importiint 
naval  rende:;vous.  The  walls  are  built  of  granite.  Its  arma- 
ment coiisis/s  of  about  370  guns. 

FOKT  RIDGELY,  a  post-t>ffice  and  military  post  of  Min- 
nesota, sitiiateil  on  the  Minnesota  River,  at  the  N  W  ex- 
tremity iif  Nicollet  CO.,  about  -12  miles  W.  of  Le  Sueur. 

FOKT  KITXER,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  78  miles  E.  of  Vin- 


FRA 

FORT  RUBY,  a  military  post  in  Lander  co..  Nevada,  on 
the  Overland  Mail  Route.  Here  is  Ruby  Valley  Post- 
Office. 

FORT  SIMCOE,a  military  post  in  Ferguson  cc,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  65  miles  N.N.E.  of  Dalles  City,  Oregon. 

FORT  8TANT0N,  a  post-office  of  Donna  Ana  or  S'^corro 
CO.,  New  Mexico. 

FORT  SUMTER,  a  famous  fort,  situated  on  a  small  island 
in  Charleston  Harbor,  South  Carolina,  Z14  or  4  miles  ijx>m 
Cbavleston.  It  was  built  of  stone  and  brick.  The  bombard- 
ment and  capture  of  this  place  by  the  insurgents,  April  12 
and  13,  1861.  was  the  beginning  of  the  grejit  civil  war 
During  the  siege  of  Charleston  by  the  Union  forces.  Fort 
Sumter  wa.s  reduced  to  a  ruinous  condition  in  the  summer 
of  18(13,  but  the  rebel  garrison  continued  to  hold  it  until 
Febnwry  18,  1865. 

FORTU'NA,  a  village  of  Pine  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Kettle 
River,  about  100  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St.  Paul. 

FOUT  UNION,  a  post-office  and  military  post  of  Taos  co., 
New  Mexico,  alxuit  65  miles  E.N.E.  of  Santa  Fe. 

FORT  WAGNER.  South  Carolina,  is  near  the  E.  shore  of 
Morris  Island,  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Charle-ston. 

FORT  WINNEBAGO,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wis- 
consin, immediately  N.  of  Port»ge  City.    Pop,  747. 

FORT  WORTH,  a  post-village  of  Tarrant  co.,  Texas,  on 
the  W.  Fork  of  the  Trinity  River,  about  32  miles  W.  of 
Dallas. 

FORT  YAM  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon, 
at  the  E.  base  of  the  Coast  Range,  30  niikM  S.W.  of  Lafay- 
ette.   Pop.  in  1863,  about  100. 

FORWARD,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1020.  • 

FOSDICK,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  rail- 
road, about  16  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

FOSTER,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1204. 

FOSTER,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1331. 

FOSTER,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  26. 

FOSTER'S  BAK,a  post-village  an^  township  of  Yuba  co., 
Californiii,  on  the  North  Yulift-ltn'er,  3.i  miles  N.E.  of 
Marvsrille.  Pop.  of  the  vllhige,  about  150 ;  of  the  town- 
ship", in  1860,  898. 

FOSTORIA,  a  post-village  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  E. 
branch  of  Portage  River,  and  on  the  Fremont  Lima  and 
Union  Rjiilroatl,  35  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Toledo,  and  about  18 
miles  N.E.  of  Fiudlay.  It  contiiins  4  hotels,  6  stores,  3 
grist-mills,  2  saw-mills,  and  2  iron  foundries.  Pop.  in  18C0 
10-27 ;  in  1865,  about  1800. 

FOUNTAIN,  a  post-township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Mauston.    Pop.  345. 

FOUNTAIN,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
500. 

FOUNTAIN  CITY,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Buffalo 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mi^sissi|)pi  Iviver,  8  miles  alx.vc  Wi- 
nonii,  Minnesota,  and  about  35  miles  N.W.  of  La  Crosse.  It 
contains  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  10  stores,  2  flonr- 
ing-mills,  and  several  steam  saw-mills.  The  river  here  is 
alwut  half  a  mile  wide,  and  sufficiently  deep  for  the  largest 
steamers.    Pop.  in  1865,  about  2o00. 

FOUNTAIN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Pueblo  CO.,  Colorado, 
situatetl  on  the  Arkansas  River,  about  100  miles  in  a  liirect 
line  S.  of  Denver. 

FOUNTAIN  GREEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Han- 
cock CO.,  Illinois,  about  25  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Keokuk.  Pop. 
1410. 

FOUNTAIN  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  S;»n  Pete  co.,  Utah, 
28  miles  N.  of  Manti. 

FOURTH  CliOSSING,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co., 
California,  14  niik-s  S.  of  Mokelumne  Hill. 

F0WL1-;R"S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  .4dams  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  railroad.  11  miles  N.E.  of  Quincy. 

FOWLEKVILLK,  a  iwst-village  of  Livingston  Co..  Miclii- 
gan,  on  the  Red  Cedsu-  River,  about  27  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Lansing. 

FOXON.  a  village  of  Santa  Barbara  co.,  Californiai  about 
40  miles  N.W.  of  SiintJi  Biirbara- 

FOXVILLE,  a  sm.ill  village  of  Dane  co,  Wisconsin,  15 
miles  W.  of  Madison. 

FRAMPTON,  a  post  office  of  Clarion  CO.,  Pennsyhania. 

FRANCES\ILLK,  a  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiiuia, 
on  the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railn«d,  39 
miles  N.  of  Liifavette. 

FRANCISCO,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  25  miles  in  a  direct  liue  N.  by  E. 
of  Evansville. 

FRANCONIA.  a  township  of  Chisago  co.,  Minncsc**,  on 
the  Siiiut  Croix  Kiver.    Pop.  261. 

FRANKEN  LUST,  a  post-village  of  Saginaw  CO.,  Michigan, 
about  6  miles  N.  of  Saginaw  City. 

FRANKENMUTH,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sagi- 
naw CO.,  .Michigan.  The  village  is  on  Cass  River,  alx  ut  25 
miles  N.  of  Flint.    It  has  2  mills.    Total  population,  lOSU. 

FRANKENTRUST,  a  village  of  Sagimiw  Co.,  Michiga^ 
about  y  miles  E.  of  Saginaw  City. 


FRA 

FRANKFOKD,  or  FllANKFORT,  a  village  of  Beaver  co., 
Pennsylvania,  aljoiit  28  miles  AV.  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  207. 

FllAXlvtOIU),  a  post-villiige  of  Sussex  co.,  Delaware, 
about  55  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Dover. 

FRANKFOKD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mower  Co., 
Minnesota,  about  'Zi  miles  S.  of  Kocliester.     Pop.  485. 

FRANKFOliT,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  Co.,  Alabama, 
about  76  miles  W.  by  S.  of  lluutsville,  and  10  miles  S.  of 
Tennessee  River. 

FRANKFORT,  a  post-village  of  Leelenau  or  Benzie  co., 
Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan,  about  110  miles  N.  of  Muske- 
gon. 

FRANKFORT,  a  village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  and  a  station 
on  the  Joliet  Branch  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  13 
miles  K.  of  Joliet. 

FRANKFiiRT,  a  village  of  Webster  co.,  Missouri,  about 
24  miles  i;   by  S.  of  Sprinjjfieia. 

FRANKFORT  or  FRANKFOKD,  a  post-village,  capital 
of  .Montgomery  CO..  Iowa,  about  4S  miles  E.S.E.  of  Council 
Blufls,  and  37  miles'  N.W.  of  Bedford.     Pop.  in  IsOO,  29ti. 

FRANKFORT,  a  village  of  Webster  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moines  River,  aliout  20  miles  below  Fort  Dodge. 

FRANKFORT,  a  post-township  of  Pepin  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Chippewa  River,  about  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Pepin,  the 
county-seat.     Pop.  251. 

FRANKFORT,  u  township  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  400. 

FRANKFORT,  a  post-village  of  L'Kau  qui  Court  CO., 
Nebraska,  on  the  S.  bank  of  tlje  Missouri  River,  about  75 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Dakota. 

FRANKMN,  a  connty  in  the  E.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Marais 
des  Cygnes  or  Osage  River,  and  also  drained  by  Middle 
Creek,  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.  This 
county  contains  extensive  prairies.  Capitiil,  Ohio  City. 
Pop.  oO.;0. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  0  miles  N.W.  of  Flemington.    Pop.  1552. 

FRANKLIN,  a  town»liip  in  the  S.  ixirt  of  Chester  Co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  974. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1624. 

FR.\NKLIN,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  5i!o. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Snyder  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1351. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  1109. 

I'RANKLIN,  a  station  on  the  Seaboard  and  Roanoke 
Railroad,  in  Southami)ton  CO.,  Virginia,  37  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Norfolk. 

FRAN  K  LIN,  a  township  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1820. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Tuscamwas 
CO..  Ohio.     Pop.  1174. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  about  34 
miles  W.  of  Hamilton.  Ohio. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Harri.«on  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1616. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
878. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
174. 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  Franklin  co,  Missouri,  situated 
on  the  Maramec  River,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad  wilh  the  Southwest  Branch  of  the  game,  37  miles 
W.S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River  nearly  opposite  B<X)neville,  and  about 
60  miles  above  Jefferson  City.  Pop.  of  F'ranklin  township, 
2419. 

FR.^NKLIN,  atownship  of  Allomakeeco., Iowa.  Pop. 752. 

FR  A  N  K  LIN,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  6u8. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  296. 

FRANKLIN,  a  townsliip  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  463. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Decatur  Co., 
Iowa,  about  6  miles  N.E.  of  Leon.     Pop.  317. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1483. 

FR.ANKLIN,  a  township  of  Fremont  co.,Iowa.   Pop.  605. 

FK.^^NKLIN,  a  township  of  Linn  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  969. 

FI'.VN  K  I.IN,  a  township  of  Manona  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  301. 

FKANKLIN,  atownship  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  321. 

FKAMvLIN,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  373. 

FItANKI.IN,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  174. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  township  of  Story  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  321. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
670. 

FKANKLIN,  a  township  of  Kewaunee  co.,  Wiscotsia 
about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Kewaunee.    Pop.  673. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop. 774 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Trimbelle  Kiver,  abcjut  4  miles  N.  of  Ked  Wing,  Minnesota. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin,  14  miles 
B.W.  of  Baraboo.    Pop.  669. 


FRE 

FRANKLIN,  a  village  of  Herman  township,  Sheboygan 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     It  has  3  stores  and  2  mills. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  township  in  the  S.  piu't  Of  Veruou  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  918. 

FRANKLIN,  a  villagrfof  Steele  co.,  Minnesota,  about  14 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  FarilSult. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Wright  Co.,  Minnesota,  about 
27  miles  W.  of  St.  Anthony.     Pop.  353. 

FK.ANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  Co.,  Kansas,  about 

4  or  5  miles  Fl.S.E.  of  LawTence. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  *ackson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  509. 

FRANKLIN,  or  GEUROETOM  N,  a  post-village  of  Sacra- 
mento CO.,  California,  14  miles  S.  of  Sacramento.  It  has  1 
store  and  6  dwellings. 

F'RANKLIN,  a  township  of  Sacramento  co.,  California. 
Pop.  1103. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  54  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Omaha  City. 

FRANKLIN,  a  township  of  Richardson  co.,  Nebraska. 
Pop.  2;;7. 

FRANKLIN,  a  mining  village  of  Alturas  co.,  Idaho,  in 
the  Volcano  district,  about  60  miles  E.  of  Boisee  City,  (jold 
is  found  here. 

FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Pierce  co.,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, 10  miles  F!.  of  Steilacoom. 

FRANKlylNDALE.  a  ^ost-village  of  Bradford  co., Penn- 
sylvania, ab.mt  9  miles  S.W.  of  'I'owanda. 

FRANKLIN  GROVt!,  or  FRANKLIN,  a  post-village  of 
Lee  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  F'ulton  and  Iowa  Railroad, 
88  miles  W.  of  Chicago. 

FRANKLIN  VJLLE,  a  post-village  of  Gloucester  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Millville  and  Glassboro' Railroad,  about  25 
miles  S.  of  Camden. 

FRANKSTOWN,  or  FRANKTOWN,  a  post-village  of 
Douglas  CO.,  Colorado,  about  28  miles  S.S.E.  of  Denver. 

FRANKTON,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co..  Indiana,  or 
the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  10  miles  N.N.W 
of  Anderson. 

FRANKTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Washoe  co.,  Nevada,  6 
miles  S.  of  Washoe  City.  It  has  1  store  and  a  quartz-mill, 
or  reduction  woiks. 

FKANKVILLE,  a  post-township  ofWinneshiek  CO.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  902. 

FREDKRIC,  a  village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Clinton  River,  alxiut^iO  miles  N.N.E.  of  Detroit. 

FREDERIC'S  II  ALIv,  a  post-<jflice  of  Louisa  co.,  A'irginia, 
and  a  station  on  the  Central  Railroad,  50  miles  N.AV.  of 
Richmond. 

FRFJOON,  a  small  post-village  of  Sussex  co.,  New  Jersey 

5  or  0  miles  W.  of  Newton. 

FREOONIA,  a  ix)st-vill.ige  of  Rusk  co.,  Texas,  on  th« 
Sabine  River,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Henderson. 

FI!F;UONlA,a  post-villageof  Montgomery  CO.,  Tennessee, 
about  3s  miles  N.W.  of  Nashville. 

FKEDONIA,  a  post-township  of  Ozaukee  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  River,  about  32  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee. 

FREEBORN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  .Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  t^hell  Rock  River,  which  rises  within  its 
limits  and  flows  southward,  and  by  several  aflluents  of  the  I'.ed 
Cedar  and  Mankato  River.s.  The  surface  is  diversified  by 
prairies,  woodlands,  and  numerous  small  lakes.  The  soil  is 
fertile.    Capital,  Albert  Lea.     Pop.  3;i(J7. 

FREEBORN,  a  post-villageof  i'reeborn  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
a  snndl  lake  of  the  same  name,  about  40  miles  S  S.E.  of 
Mankato.     Pop.  of  Freeborti  township,  193. 

FREEBUKO,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Minne-sota, 
about  4  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  17  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin. 

FREKDOM,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
792. 

FKEEDOM,  a  township  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  971. 

F'REEDOM,  a  .village  of  St.  Joseph  Co.,  Michigan,  near 
the  .Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  about  75  miles  W.  of 
Adrian. 

F'REEDOM,  a  post-township  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  6  miles  N.E.  of  Appleton.     Pop.  690. 

FREEDOM,  a  township  of  Sauk  Co.,  Wisconsin,  .ibout  5 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Baraboo.    Pop.  526. 

FREEDOM,  a  post-vilUige  of  Lane  co^  Oregon,  16  miles 
N.  of  Kugene  City. 

FREELAND,  a  post-vill;ige  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa,  about  48 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Des  Moines. 

FREEM.\N,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Crawford  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Mississippi  River.     Pop  779. 

I'REEMAN,  a  township  of  F'reeborn  co.,  Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  Iowa.     Pop.  ViH. 

FitEFlPORT,  a  village  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  about  27  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  Toledo. 

FREE  PORT,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  about  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Columbus. 

FREEPOKT,  a  post-village  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Upper  Iowa  River,  about  3  miles  E.  of  Decorah. 

2223 


FRE 


GAL 


F^EESOrti,  a  post-township  of  Mason  co.,  Michigan, 
65  miles  X.  of  Muskegon.     Pop.  60. 

*'RKLINGHDYSEN,  a  township  of  Warren  co..  New  Jer- 
sey.   Pop.  1297.  . 

FRKMONT,  a  county  in  tlie  S.Ventnil  part  of  Colorado, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  2200  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected l>y  tlie  Arkansas  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Huer- 
fano River.  Tlie  surface  is  very  niountiinons,  the  county 
being  traversed  by  the  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
covered  with  perpetual  sno»v.  Gold  and  silver  are  found  in 
this  county.    Capital,  CaBon  City. 

FREMONT,  a  post-townsliip  of  Rockingham  co..  New 
Ilampsliire,  -5  miles  AV.  of  Exeter.     Pop.  579. 

FREM()XT,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  New  York,  15 
miles  W.  of  Bath.    Pop.  1117. 

FREMONT,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  CO.,  New  York, 
on  the  Delaware  River  and  the  Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  1728. 

FRKMONT,  a  township  of  Alpena,  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Tliunder  Bay.     Pop.  290. 

FRI-jMONI",  a  township  of  Newaygo  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
250. 

FREMONT,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Saginaw  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  62. 

FREMONT,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Sanilac  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  222. 

FREMONT,  a  post-office  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michi.^an. 

FR  EMONT.  a  township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  90. 

FREMONT,  a  townsliip  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  l^o. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  235. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Butler  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  90. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  371. 

FREMONT,  a  townslnp  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  358. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  188. 

FREM'  'NT,  a  townsliip  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,    Pop.  59S. 

F'REMONT,  a  townsliip  of  Page  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  107. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  441. 

FREMONT,  a  small  village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  10 
miles  S.K.  of  Iloricon.    It  has  1  mill  and  20  dwelliuirs. 

FREMONT,  a  village  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Wil- 
low River,  about  15  miles  N.B.  of  Hudson. 

FREMON  r,  a  thriving  post-vilhige  of  Waupacca  eo.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Wolf  River,  about  25  miles  W.  of  Applcton,  and 
40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Fond  du  Ljic  It  has  3  steam-m-ills. 
Steamboats  ply  between  this  phice  and  Oshkosh.  Pop. 
about  400. 

FREMONT,  a  village  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota,  about  17 
miles  N.E.  of  Faribault. 

FREMONT,  a  village  of  McLeod  co^  Minnesota,  about  60 
miles  W.  of  Siiint  Paul. 

FKEMONT,  a  townsliip  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Winona. 

FRE.MONT.  a  vilhige  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississipiii  River  about  10  miles  alwve  Monticello. 

FRE.MONT,  a  village  of  Merced  CO.,  California,  about  20 
miles  S.W.  of  Mariposa. 

FREMONT,  a  township  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  California, 
contains  the  village  of  Mayfield.    Pop.  10S5. 

FREMONT,  a  i>ost-towuship  of  Lyon  co.,  Kans.ts,  5  miles 
N.  of  Empoi'ia.  It  contains  a  small  village  named  Fremont. 
Pop.  358. 

FRKMONT,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska,  situ- 
ated near  the  left  bank  of  the  I'latte  River,  about  36  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Omalw  City. 

FltEMONT'S  HANCII,  Mariposa  co..  California,  about  90 
miles  S.E.  of  Stockton,  is  an  esf«ite  of  4s,000  acres.  It  is 
iiiid  to  be  tlie  most  valuable  miner.il  estate  in  California. 
It  abounds  iu  quartz  gold  mines,  and  has  4  quartz-miils  in 
operation. 

FRENCH  CAMP,  a  post-village  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 5  miles  .■^.  of  Stockton. 

FRENCH  CORRAL,  a  jjost-village  of  Nevada  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  Yuba  River,  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Nevada.  Pop. 
in  1864  about  250, 


FRENCH  CREEK,  a  township  of  AUcmakee  co_  Iowa. 
Pop.  436. 

FRENCH  OULCIT,  a  post-village  of  Shasta  co.,  California, 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Sluista.    It  has  3  stores. 

FRENCH  RAPIDS,  a  village  of  Crow  Wing  co,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  15  miles  N.E.  of  Crow 
Wing. 

FRESNO,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  p,-irt  of  California, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  above  7C00  square  miles,  extend- 
ing from  the  Sierra  Nevada  op  the  N  Ji.  to  the  Coast  Range 
of  mountains  on  the  S.W.  It  is  drained  by  the  F'resno,  San 
Joiujuin,  Chowchiila  and  King's  Rivers.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally not  very  fertile.  Some  parts  of  it  aflbrd  good  pas- 
turage for  sheep.  I^arge  tracts  of  barren  sand  occur  in  the 
S.W.  piirt.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  einployeil  iu  mining 
gold  and  in  raising  stock.  In  1S60,  there  were  30,885  sheep, 
and  20,300  cattle.  It  is  stated  that  the  heat  in  this  county 
sometimes  rises  to  120°  Fahrenheit  in  the  shade.  Capital, 
Millerton.    Poji.  4605,  of  whom  3924  were  Indians. 

FRESNO  CITY,  a  village  of  Fresno  co.,  California,  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Millerton,  is  iu  a  sandv  region. 

FREYBUHG,  or  FRYBCRG.  a  post-village  of  Clarion  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oi!  City. 

FRIBURG,  or  FRYBURG,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio, 
about  14  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Canton. 

FRIENDSHIP,  a  jiost-vilhige,  capital  of  Adams  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  a  small  afiluent  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  about 
8  miles  E.  of  the  latter,  and  72  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison. 

FRIENDSHIP,  a  township  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Winnebago  Lake,  immediately  N.  of  the  city  of  Fond  du 
Lac.     I'op.  6;i7. 

FRIO,  free'o,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  lOOO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Rio  Frio,  and  also  drained  by  the  Rio  Leona  and  Seco  Creek. 
Pop.  42. 

FRITZTOWN,  a  p<wt-vinage  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Reading  and  Columbia  Railroad,  9  miles  W.S.W.  cf 
Reaiiing. 

FRONTENAC,  a  post-office  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota. 

FRVBURG,  a  post-village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad, about  18  miies  N.of  Sidney. 

FUGIT,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Decatur  co.,  In- 
diana.    Pop.  1749. 

FULLENS,  a  post-office  in  Greene  co^  Tennessee,  on  the 
Eiist  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad,  9  miles  N.E.  of 
Greenville. 

FULTON,  a  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  of  about  200  square  miles.  Ii  is  bounded  on 
the  N.W.  by  the  ChattJihoochee  River.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified; the  soil  fertile.  It  is  intersected  by  several  im- 
portant railroads  which  meet  at  Atlanta,  the  county-seat. 
Pop.  14.427,  of  whom  2955  were  slaves. 

FULTON,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Lancaster  co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  2026. 

FULTON,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  22  miles  S  E.  of  Pittsburg, 

FULTON,  a  village  of  Ohio  co..  West  Virginia.  Free 
population,  311. 

FULTON,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michig-an.  Popula- 
tion 599. 

FULTON,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  IniUana,  about  15 
milesj  N.N.E.  of  Logansport. 

FULTON,  a  post-vilbige  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  about  2S 
miles  S.  of  Dubuque. 

FULTON,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  535. 

FU  I/TON,  a  post-township  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  both 
sides  of  Rock  River,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Janesville.  It  con- 
tains the  village  of  Edgertoit,  which  see.     Pop.  1890. 

FULTON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  township. 
Rock  CO.,  Wisconsin,  aljont  27  miles  S.E.  of  Madison. 

FUNKS  GKOVE.a  township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois,  and 
a  station  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  lUilroad,  11 
miles  S.W.  of  Bloouxiogton.    Pop.  486. 


G. 


GABILAN  MOUNTAINS,  California,  ard  a  branch  of  the 
Coast  Range.  It  is  a  long  ridge  extemling  through 
San  Mateo  and  Santa  Cruz  counties  and  the  N.  part  of 
Monterey  county. 

GADSDEN,  a  post-vin!^ce  of  Richland  district  South  Ca- 
roliiyi,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Charleston  with 
Cohimbia.  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbia. 

GADSDEN,  a  |iost-viUage  of  Madison  CO.,  Tennessee,  on  the 
Memphis  and  Ohio  R.R.,  77  miles  N.E.  of  Memphis. 

OAOE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  bordering 
on  Kan.»as,  has  an  area  of  576  S()nare  miles.  It  is  inter- 
jected by  the  Big  Blue  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
Oiycrsiatti ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capital,  Danville.  Pop.  421. 
«i  D  ^^t''  ^'''''''  Iliinover  co.,  Virginia,  is  about  10  miteg 
«  J),  of  Richmond.  One  of  the  "seven  days'"  l>attles  was 
fcught  here  Juno  27.  1862.  •  r-  ; 

GAINES  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan! 
2224 


on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  63  miles  N.W.  of 
Detroit. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Prince  AVilliam  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  .Manassas  Gap  R;iilroad,  35  miles  W.  of 
Alexandria. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Alachua  co.,  Florida,  on 
the  Florida  Railway,  about  70  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jacksonville. 
Pop.  269. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cook  co.,  Texas, 
situatetl  about  6  miles  S.  of  Red  River  and  60  miles  W.  of 
Bonham. 

GAINESVILLE,a  post-office  of  Kent  CO.,  Michigan,  about 
13  miles  S.  bv  B.  of  Gnind  Rapids. 

GAINESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capiUI  of  Ozark  CO.,  Mis- 
souri, al)Out  70  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

GALE,  a  township  of  Trempeiileau  co.,_  Wisconsin,  con- 
taining Qalesville.  the  county-seat.    Pop.  789. 


GAL 


GIA 


GALENA,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Maryland,  about  40 
miles  E.  of  JJalUmoie. 

GALENA,  a  post-village  of  Floyd  CO.,  Indiana,  8  milea  AV. 
N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

GALENA,  a  township  of  La  Porto  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
829. 

GALENA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stone  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  James  River,  about  33  miles  S.  by  VV.  of 
Springfield.    Lead  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 

GALENA,  a  mining  village  of  Washoe  CO.,  Nevada,  3 
miles  W.  or  N.W.  of  Washoe  City.  It  has  a  tiuartz-mill  in 
operation.     Lead,  copper  and  iron  are  found  here. 

GALESBURG.  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa,  about  36 
miles  E.  of  Dos  Moines. 

GALESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Trempealeau  co., 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  Beaver  Creek  about  8  miles  N.E.  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Winona, 
Minnesota.  It  contains  a  court-house,  1  or  2  churche.s,  2 
mills  and  several  stores,  and  is  the  seat  of  Galesville  Univer- 
sity, to  which  Judge  George  Gale  gave  in  1^69  an  endowment 
of  about  $30,000.  In  1805  it  had  i  professors  and  about  50 
students. 

GALESVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Ore- 
gon, 32  miles  S.  of  Roseburg. 

GALIEN,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  about  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Niles.  Pop. 
645. 

GALLATIN  CITY,  a  village  of  Montana  Territory,  situ- 
atud  at  the  point  where  the  Jefferson  Fork  and  the  Gallatin 
River,  unite  to  form  the  Missouri,  about  100  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Virginia  City. 

GAI/LAUDET',  or  GALLAUDETT,  a  post-village  of  Ma- 
»^n  CO.,  Indiana,  on  a  railroad  8  miles  S.E.  of  Indiauaiwlis. 

jALLITZIN,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvar 
nia,  on  the  Central  Railroad  12  milea  S.W.  of  Altoona,  and 
3  miles  N.E.  of  Cresson. 

GALVA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago  BmOington  ami  (^nincy  Railroad,  23  miles 
N.E.  of  Ualesburg.     It  has  a  National  Bank.     Pop.  10o5. 

GALVESTON,  a  post-village  of  Cass  Co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  16  miles  S.E.  of  Lo- 
gansport. 

GANIER,  a  township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1110. 

GARCIA,  gar-see'a,  a  small  river  or  creek  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  Mendocino  co.,  California,  flows  northwestward, 
and  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

G.4.RDEN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Blue  Ejvrth  co.,  Jlinne- 
Bota,  on  the  Watonwan  River,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of 
Maukato. 

GARDEN  GKOVB,  a  post-township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  531. 

GARDEN  VALLEY,  a  post-vilhige  of  El  Dorado  co., 
California,  11  miles  N.  of  Placerville.  Pop.  in  1S64  about 
250. 

GARDENVILLE,  a  post-offlce  of  Bucks  co^  Pennsylvania, 
about  30  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

G.4RDINER,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Ulster  co.. 
New  York,  intersected  by  the  Wallkill  River.     Pop.  2096. 

GARDNER,  a  post-office  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  65  miles  S.W.  of 
Chicago. 

GARDNER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  .Johnson  co., 
Kansas,  about  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lawrence.     Pop.  443. 

GARDNER'S  MILLS,  a  village  of  S*Ut  Lake  co^  Utah, 
15  miles  S.W.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

GARIBALDI,  a  post-office  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa,  about  27 
miles  N.E.  of  Ottuniwa. 

GARLAND,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelpliia  and  Erie  Railroad,  50  miles  S.E.  of 
Erie. 

GABNETT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Anderson  county, 
Kansas,  situated  on  the  South  Fork  of  Pottawattomie 
Creek,  50  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Lawrence.  It  contains 
several  stores,  &e.     Pop.  in  ISW  about  30()  or  400. 

GARROTE,  gdr-ro'tl,  a  post- village  of  Tuolumne  co., 
California,  17  miles  S.E.  of  Sonora.    It  has  2  stores. 

GASCONADE,  a  post-village  of  Gasconade  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Gasconade  River,  near  its  mouth,  and  on  the  Pacific 
Railroad,  S8  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

GASKILL,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  320. 

GASTON,  a  post-village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near 
the  Missouri  River,  about  6  miles  above  Neliraska  City. 

GATESVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Coryell  co., 
ro.tas,  on  Leon  River,  80  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  of  Austin 
"itv. 

GAYSPOBT,  a  village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Muskingum  River,  about  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Zanesville. 

GEARY,  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  Co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Mis'souri  River,  about  13  miles  above  .Atchison. 

GEBIIARD,  or  GEBIIART,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Logansport. 

GEDDES,  a  village  of  Washtenaw  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the 
6P 


Central  Railroad,  and  on  Huron  River,  4  miles  E.S.E.  ol 
Ann  Arbor.     It  has  several  mills. 

GEN  A,  a  post-village  of  Delta  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  LittU 
Bay  of  Noquet,  about  13  miles  N.E.  of  Esconawba. 

GE.\ESEE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Michigiin. 
[See  page  736.]  This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette 
Railroad,  and  the  Flint  and  Holly  Railroad.  The  staple 
productions  are  wheat,  maize,  wool,  butter,  itc. 

GENESEE,  a  village  of  Kandiyohi  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
16  miles  VV.  by  S.  of  Forest  City. 

GENESEE,  a  mining  distnct  and  village  of  Douglas  co., 
Novadii,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Carson  Valley,  opposite 
Genoa.     Silver  and  copper  are  found  here. 

GENESEE  DEPOT,  a  post-village  in  Genesee  township, 
Waukesha  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du 
Chien  Railroad,  28  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Milwaukee.  P.. p. 
about  300. 

GENESKO,  a  post-office  of  Cerro  Gordo  co.,  Iowa,  about 
13  miles  S.  of  Ma,sou  City. 

GENESEO,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  210. 

GKNEVA,  a  village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  about  32  miles 
S.W.  of  Zanesville. 

GENEVA,  a  village  of  Ca-ss  co.,  Michigan,  on  Diamond 
Lake,  about  2]4  miles  E.  of  Cassopc  lis. 

GENEVA,  a  post-office  of  Lenawee  CO.,  Michigan. 

GENEVA,  a  township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan,  on  Sag- 
inaw Bay.    Pop.  45. 

GENEVA,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Van  Buren 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  240. 

GENEVA,  a  village  of  Shelby  co..  Indiana,  on  Flat  Rock 
Creek,  about  11  miles  S.  E.  of  Slielbyville. 

GENEVA,  a  j)ost-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Iowa,  .about  7  miles  S.E.  of  Hampton.     Pop.  160. 

GENEVA,  a  post-village  of  Geneva  townsliip,  Freeborn 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  VValnut  Lake,  about  30  miles  S.  of  Fari- 
bault.    Pop.  of  township  240. 

GENEVA,  a  post-village  of  Allen  CO.,  Kansas.  It  contains 
1  store  and  1  saw-mill. 

GENEVA,  a  mining  village  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada,  in 
Smoky  Valley  District,  20  miles,  S.E.  of  Austin. 

GENOA,  a  post-village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cleve- 
land and  Toledo  Railroad,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Toledo. 

GE.NOA,  a  village  of  Pickaway  Co.,  Ohio,  about  14  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Columbus. 

GENOA,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  line 
between  lowaand  Missouri,  about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Corydon. 

GENOA,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Vernon  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

GENOA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Douglas  co,  Nevada,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  Carson  River,  at  or  near  the  E.  base 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  14  miles  S.  of  Carson  City.  It  has  6 
or  more  stores.  Pine  timber  is  abundant  in  the  viciniiy. 
The  overland  mail  route  passes  through  it.  Pop.  in  1!564 
about  500- 

GENOA,  a  post-office  of  Platte  co.,  Nebraska. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Minnesota,  on  or 
near  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  about  80  miles  N.W.  of 
Otter  Tail  City. 

GEORCiETOWN,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  pleasantly  situated  among  the  numntains,  about 

15  miles  N.  of  Placerville.  It  contains  1  church,  about  7 
general  stores,  and  a  town  hall,  and  has  rich  gold  mines  in 
its  vicinity.  Pop.  in  1864  variously  estimated  from  500  to 
.1200;  population  of  Georgetown  township  in  1^60,  1400. 

GEORGETOWN,  Sacramento  county,  Californio.  See 
Pr.\nklin. 

GEORGETOWN,  a  mining  village  of  Clear  Creek  co., 
Colorado,  situated  among  the  Kocky  Mountains,  about  45 
miles  W.  of  Denver.     Gold  is  found  here. 

GEORGIA,  a  post-office  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  60  miles  E.  of  Vincennes. 

GEORGIANA,  a  township  of  Sacramento  co.,  Californiii, 
in  the  S  part.     Pop.  509. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1442. 

GERMAN,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  865. 

GERM.AN,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  luOO. 

GERMANNA,  or  GKKMANIA,  a  post-offlce  of  Oranji^ 
CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  Rapidan  River,  about  22  miles  W.  of 
Fredericksburj:,  and  17  miles  N.W.  of  Spotsylvania  Court- 
House,    Here  is  a  ford  across  the  river. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  abont 

16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Marietta. 

GERMANTOWN,  a  post-villiige  and  township  of  Juneau 
CO.,  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  the  Wisconsin  River, 
about  10  miles  E.  of  New  Lisbon.    Totiil  population  680. 

GERRY,  a  post-township  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York, 
abont  6  miles  N.  of  Jamestown.     Pop.  1315. 

GETTYSBURG  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Columbus  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  14  miles  W.  of  Piqua. 

GEYSERVILLE,  gi'ser-vil,  a  village  of  Sonoma  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  Russian  River,  23  miles  N.N.W.  of  Santa  Rosa. 
It  has  2  stores.     Hero  is  Clarville  or  Clairville  post-office. 

GIARD,  a  post-township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  5  milea 
W.  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  McGregor.    Pop.  927. 

222a 


GIB 

GIBSON,  a  post-vill  liW,  capital  of  Glascock  co.,  Georgia, 
about  4n  miles  W.S.W.  of  Aujnista. 

GIBSON",  a  township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin,  12 
miles  N.  of  Manitowoc.    Pop.  904 

GIBSON'S  STATION',  a  post-office  of  Guernsey  co..  Ohio, 
ou  the  Central  Kailroad,  11  miles  E.S.K.  of  Cambridge. 

GIBSON'S  STATION, a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana, 

on  the  Micliigan  Central  Hailroad,  -U  miles  S.S.K.  of  Chic.-\go. 

GIBSOXViLLE,  a  i>ost-village  of   Guilford   co..   North 

Carolina,  on  the  North  Carolina  Railroad  15  miles  S.S.W. 

of  Greenboroufrh. 

GIBSONYILLE.  a  post-village  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
28  miles  N.  of  Downieville,  is  situated  in  a  mountainous 
region.  It  has  1  church,  several  stone  stores,  and  3  mining 
ditches.  Pop.  about  3U0,  or.  according  to  another  statement, 
1200. 

GIL.'V  CITY,  a  villajre  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona,  on  the  Gila 
River,  about  24  miles  i  by  land)  from  its  mouth. 
GILBERT,  a  post-office  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa. 
GILE.A.D.  a  post-village  of  Lewis  CO.,  Missonri,  about  20 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Quincy.  Illinois. 

GILFORD,  or  GUILFORD,  a  township  of  Tuscola  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  113. 

GILFORD,  or  GUILFORD,  a  township  of  Wabasha  co., 
Minnesota.     Pop.  357. 

OILMAN,  a  postrvillage  of  Iroqnois  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central  Rjtilroad,  where  it  is  crossed 
by  the  railroad  which  connects  Peoria  with  Logansport,  81 
niiles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago,  and  86  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 

GILMANTON,  a  post-township  of  IJuffalo  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Buffalo  River,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Alma. 
Pop.  203. 

GILMORE,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylrania. 
Pop.  638. 

GILMORE,  a  post-village  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  about 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Zanesville.    Pop.  125. 

GILPIN,  a  small  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Colo- 
rado, has  an  area  estimated  at  150  square  miles.  The  sur- 
face is  occupied  by  high  mounUiins  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
chain.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  mining 
gold,  which  is  found  in  the  quartz-rock.  The  county  also 
contains  silver,  copper,  and  lead.  It  is  stated  that  about 
100  quartz-mills  were  in  operation  in  this  county  in  1865. 
Capital,  Central  City. 

GILROY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  .'anfai  Clara  co., 
California.  The  village  is  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  San  Jom5.  It 
contains  3  churches,  3  stores,  1  fine  hotel,  1  steam  flouring- 
mill,  and  more  than  25  dwellings.  Ijarge  beds  of  asphaltum 
and  coal-tar  are  found  in  the  vicinity.  Gilroy  township  is 
traversed  by  the  New  Almaden  quicksilver  range;  it  is 
noted  for  its  dairies.    Pop.  1206. 

GIRARD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Biranch  co., 
Michigan,  7  miles  N.  of  Ci>ldwat«r.     Pop.  1128. 

GIRARD,  a  post-tt)wnship  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  25  miles  8.  by  W. 
of  Springfield.    Pop.  592. 

GLAD  TIDINGS,  a  posf>village  of  Clackamas  co,  Oregon, 
18  miles  S.  of  Oregon  Citv. 

GLASCOCK,  or  GLASSCOCK,  a  small  county  in  the  E. 
part  of  Georgia.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Ogeechee 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Rocky  Comfort  Creek.  Capital, 
Gibson.    Pop.  2437. 

GLASGOW,  a  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania,  near 
the  W.  boundary  of  the  state.    Pop.  160. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-village  of  Colnmbiana  co.,  Ohio,  6  or  6 
miles  N.W.  of  Wellsville. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  about  12 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Fairfield. 

GLASGOW,  a  post-township  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  2  miles  from  the  Mississippi  River  at  W.abaslia. 

OLASNEVEN,  a  village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  about  24 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Dubuque. 

GLATFELDERS,  or  GL.ITFELTEBS.  a  station  in  York 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad,  9 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  York. 

GLEN  ARBOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Leelenaw 
CO.,  Michigan.  The  village  is  on  l>ake  Miclugan,  about  160 
miles  N.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  2.53. 

GLENBEULAH,  a  post-village  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wiscon- 
Bin,  on  the  Sheboygan  and  Fond  dn  Lac  Kailroad,  20  miles 
E.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  It  haa  2  mills,  3  stores,  and  1  stave  fac- 
tory.   Pop.  about  275. 

GLEN  CARRIE,  a  village  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
IS  miles  N.  of  St.  Anthony. 

GLENCOE,  a  village  of  Hampshire  co.,  West  Virginia,  on 
the  Great  Cacapon  River,  about  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Win- 
chester. 

GLENCOE,  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  9  miles  W.  of  the  Ohio  River  at  Bellair. 

GLENCOE,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  and  on  the  Cliicago  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  19 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Chiciigo. 

GLENCOE,  a  jK.st-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Uie  Piicific  Railroad,  27  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Louis.   It  is  on 
or  near  the  Maramec  River. 
2226 


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GLENCOE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  McLeod  co.,  Minne- 
sota, situated  in  Glencoe  town>liip,  and  on  Buffalo  Creek, 
about  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Siiint  Paul.     i'op.  2:37. 

GLENCOE,  a  post-townsliip  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin,  16 
miles  E.  of  Alma.    Pop.  277. 

GLEND.\LE,  a  post-village  of  TIardin  CO..  Kentucky,  on 
the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  50  milea  S.  of  Louis- 
ville. 

GLEND.4LE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  15 
miles  by  railroad  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

GLENDALE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  nbont  40 
milea  W.N.W.  of  Burlington. 

GLENDALE,  a  post-township,  forming  the  S.E.  angle  of 
Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  42  miles  K.  of  Lii  Crosse.     Pop.  327. 

GLKNDALE,  a  village  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
40  miles  W.  of  Shakopee. 

GLENDALE,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
186. 

GLENT).\LE,  a  post-office  pf  Cass  co.,  Nebraska. 

GLEN  HAVEN,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
contains  the  villages  of  Glen  Haven  and  Mendota.  Pop. 
923. 

GLEN  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co„  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  20  niiles  below  Prairie  dn  Cliien.  It 
has  a  good  steamboat  landing.    Pop.  about  2i)0. 

GLENMORE,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 

8  miles  S.  of  tireen  Biiv.    Pop  251. 
GLENROCK,  a  post-office  of  Nemaha  co.,  Nebraska. 
GLENROY,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
GLENWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Erie  co..  New  York,  abont 

22  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo. 

GLENWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Snsqnehanna  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Tunkliannock  Creek,  about  24  miles  N.  of 
Scranton. 

GLENWOOD,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
848. 

GLENWOOD,  a  thriving  and  handsome  post-town,  capi- 
tal of  Mills  CO..  lowti,  on  Keg  Creek,  6  miles  E.  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  and  abont  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Omaha  City.  It 
has  a  stone  or  brick  court-house,  3  churdies,  1  newspape' 
office,  and  a  large  school-house.  It  is  on  or  near  the  route 
of  the  Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad.  Pop.  in 
18^X),  014;  in  1865,  about  lO'JO. 

GLENWOOD,  a  village  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota,  about 

28  miles  S.W.  of  Monticello. 

GODWINVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, about  0  miles  N.  of  PatersOn,  and  1  mile  W.  of  the  Erie 
Railroad.    Here  are  several  cotton-mills. 

GOLD,  a  precinct  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon.    Pop.  428. 

GOLD  CANON,  a  mining  camp  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
about  28  miles  N.  of  Downieville.    Pop.  abont  250. 

GOLDEN  CITY,  the  cajiital  of  the  Territory  of  Colorado, 
is  situated  in  Jefferson  co.,  near  the  B.  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  about  16  miles  W.  of  Denver.  It  is  on  a  small 
affluent  of  the  South  Platte  River,  and  on  the  stage-road 
from  Denver  to  Salt  Lake  City,  about  39°  45'  N.  lat.,  and 
105°  10'  W.  Ion.  It  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  prosperity 
to  the  gold  mines  of  the  vicinity.  Here  is  a  United  States 
Land  Office.    Pop.  in  1860, 1014. 

GOLDEN  GATE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Colorado, 
is  situated  about  4  miles  N.  of  Golden  City. 

GOLD  FIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wright  co.,Iowa, 
near  Boone  River,  20  miles  N.B-  of  Fort  Dodge. 

GOLD  HILL,  !i  mining  village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Califor- 
nia, about  100  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.E.  of  San  Francisco. 
Pop.  in  I860,  160. 

GOLD  HILL,  a  mining  camp  in  Grass  Valley  township, 
Nevada  co..  California,  about  6.3  miles  N.E.  of  Sacramento. 

GOLD  HILL,  a  mining  village  of  Placer  co.,  Califoraia,  is 
about  7  miles  W.  of  Auburn,  and  is  adjacent  to  Virginia. 

GOLD  HILL,  a  post-town  of  Storey  co.,  Nevada,  is  situ- 
ated high  in  the  Washoe  Range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ad- 
joining Virginiii  City,  and  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Carson  City. 
Altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea  about  7000  feet.  It 
contains  2  churches,  2  banking  offices,  and  about  15  stoi'es. 
One  daily  newspaper  is  published  here.  The  princip.il 
silver  mines  of  the  state  are  at  this  place.  It  liad  in  1864 
about  10  quartz-mills  in  operation.  It  is  stated  that  the 
gold  and  silver  minns  of  this  vicinity  produce  %  of  the 
quantity  obtained  from  all  the  rnini^  of  Nevada.  The  num- 
ber of  votes  polled  at  Gold  Hill  in  November,  1S64,  was  1360. 
Pop.  in  18*XI,  638. 

GOLD  RIVER,  a  mining  village  of  Placer  co.,  California, 

29  miles  N.E.  of  Auburn.     Hern  is  a  post-olfice,  named 
Mountain  Springs. 

GOLD  SPRINGS,  or  GREEN  SPRINGS,  a  mining  village 
of  Tuolumne  co.,  California,  1  inUe  N.W.  of  Columbia.  Pop. 
about  200. 

GOMER.  a  post-village  of  Allet  eo.,  Ohio,  about  10  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Limii. 

GOMERSAL,  a  post-office  or  village  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa, 
7  or  8  miles  S.\V.  of  Vinton. 

QOODALE,  a  township  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  5W. 

GOODHUE,  a  township  of  Goodh<»o  on.,  Minnesota,  about 

9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Red  Wing. 


GOO 


GRA 


GOODrrtTB  CJ5NTRE,  a  post-office  of  Goodhue  cc,  Min- 
nesota, about  50  miles  S.S.K.  of  ."^aiiit  Paul. 

GOODLAND,  a  po8t-townsliip  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan, 
about  55  miles  N.  of  Detroit.    I'op.  447. 

GOODLAND,  n  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Toledo  Logansport  and  Burlington  Railroad,  48  miles 
W.  of  Logansport. 

GOODLAND,  a  post-office  of  Knox  co.,  Missouri,  about  50 
miles  W.  of  Quincy,  Illinois. 

GOODLETTSVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Davidson  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  a  railroad,  13  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Nashville. 

GOODRICH,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  about 
13  miles  S.E.  of  Flint.    It  hiis  a  mill. 

GOODWIN,  a  village  of  Sonoma  CO.,  California,  on  Rus- 
sian River,  about  28  miles  N.N.W.  of  Santa  Rosa. 

GOODYEAR'S  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Sierra  co..  Califor- 
nia, 4  miles  S.W.  of  Downieville.  It  has  several  stores. 
Gold  is  found  here. 

GORDON,  a  post-office  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GORDON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lewis  co.,  Tennessee, 
about  62  miles  S.W.  of  Niisliville. 

GORDON,  a  post-village  of  Daike  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Dayton 
and  Union  Railroad,  21  miles  N.W.  of  Dayton. 

GORDON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Burnett  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, ou  the  Saint  Croix  River,  about  55  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Superior  City. 

GORDON,  or  GORDON'S,  a  village  of  Yolo  co.,  California, 
on  Cache  Creek,  about  35  miles  W.N.W.  of  Sacramento. 

GORMAN,  a  village  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota,  about  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Mankato. 

GOSHEN,  a  post-village  of  I^ncaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  25  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jjincaster. 

GOSHEN,  or  GOSHEN  BRIDGE,  a  pos^village  of  Rock- 
bridge CO.,  Virginia,  on  tlie  Central  Railroad,  32  miles 
W.S-W.  of  Staunton. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Tuscarawas  co.,  Ohio,  contains 
New  Philadelphia,  the  county-seat.    Total  population.  4111. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  l'0:«. 

GOSHEN,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1230. 

GOSHEN,  a  village  of  Utah  co.,  Utiih.  at  the  S.  end  of 
Utah  Lake,  about  28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Provo. 

GOWER,  a  township  of  Cedar  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  721. 

GRAFTON,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Taylor  co.,  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Monongahela  River,  and  on  the  B;>ltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  at  its  junction  with  the  Northwestern 
Railroad,  100  miles  S.E  of  Wheeling,  104  miles  K.  of  Park- 
ersburg,  and  279  miles  from  Baltimore.  Free  population, 
in  IStXt,  891. 

GRAFTON,  a  post-office  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  is  at  the 
Tillage  of  Knight's  Lanwng,  which  see. 

GRAHAM,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  563. 

GRAHAM,  a  po8t->illage  of  Independence  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Butesville. 

GRAHAM,  a  post-township  of  Jetferson  co.,  Indiana,  about 
12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1442. 

GRAHAM,  a  post-village  of  Nodaway  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Nodaway  River,  about  36  miles  N.  by  W.  of  St.  Joseph. 

GRAHAM,  a  township  of  Johnson  Co..  Iowa.     Pop.  751. 

GRAllAMTON,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  10  miles  E.  of  Clearfield. 

GRAHAM  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Beaufort  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Charleston  and  Savannah  Railroad,  34  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Savannah. 

GRANBY,  a  post>village  and  township  of  Newton  co., 
Missouri,  about  60  miles  W.S.W.  of  Springfield.  It  has  rich 
lead  mines.     Total  population,  2327. 

GRANBY,  a  post-township  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  314. 

GRAND  BAY  CITY,  a  village  of  Schoolcraft  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Grand  Isle  Bay  of  Lake  Superior,  about  44  miles  E.  by 
S.  of  Marquette.  • 

GRAND  CITY,  a  mining  village  of  Summit  co.,  Colorado, 
is  situated  on  the  Bunkara  or  Blue  River,  and  in  the  Mid- 
dle Park,  about  75  miles  W.N.W.  of  Denver.  The  great 
overland  route  passes  through  it. 

GRAND  COTEAU,  ko'tO',  a  post-village  of  St.  Landry 
parish,  Louisiana,  about  8  miles  S.  of  Opelousas. 

GRAND  ECORE,  a  post-village  of  Natchitoches  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  or  near  Red  River,  about  60  miles  in  a  direct 
line  N.W.  of  Alexandria. 

GRANDE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon, 
on  the  Willamette  River,  about  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Eugene 
City. 

GRANDE  RONDE,  a  river  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Oregon, 
f  "ws  northeastward  through  Union  county,  and  enters  the 
Lewis  River.    The  Grande  Ronde  valley  is  said  to  be  fertile. 

GRANDE  RONDE,  a  post-office  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Polk 
X).,  Oregon. 

GRANDE  RONDE  LANDING,  a  village  of  Umatilla  co.. 
Oregon,  on  the  Columbia  River,  about  90  miles  E.  of  The 
Dalles. 

GRAND  ISLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Colusa 
CO.,  California,  on  or  ne>»r  the  Sacramento  River,  12  miles 
8.  of  Colusa.    Pop.  K' 


GRAND  ISLAND  CITY,  a  post-village  o.  riaTI  co  Ne- 
braska, near  the  Platte  River,  about  145  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Omaha  City. 

GRAND  ISLE,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  545. 

GRAND  JUNCTION,  a  post-village  of  Hardeman  co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  liailroa<l,  wliere 
it  connects  with  the  MissLssippi  Central  Railroad,  62  miles 
E.  of  Memphis.    Pop.  311. 

GRAND  MEADOW,  a  post-office  of  Mower  CO.,  Minnesota, 
about  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Rochester. 

GRAND  MOUND,  a  i>ost-vilIage  of  Thurston  Co.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  about  13  miles  S.S.W.  of  01.^  mpia. 

GRAND  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  Co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  16  miles  S.  of  Claquato. 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  a  township  of  La  Salle  CO.,  Illinois 
Pop.  1426. 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  a  post-village  of  Cass  CO.,  Nebraska, 
about  4  miles  S.  of  the  Platte  River,  and  28  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Omaha  City. 

GRAND  RIVER  a  township  of  Adair  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  222. 

GRAND  RIVER,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
277. 

GRAND  RIA'ER,  a  post-township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  454. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of 
Michigan,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Grand  Tniverse  Bay,  and  in- 
tersected by  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Thb  surface  is  un- 
even and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  sugar-maple, 
and  other  trees.  The  county  contains  several  small  lakes. 
Cai)ital,  Grand  Traverse  City.     Pop.  1286. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Grand  Tniverse  co.,  Michigan,  at  the  head  or  8.  end  of 
Grand  Traverse  Bay,  125  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  of  Grand 
Rajiids.    Pop.  494. 

GRAND  VIKW,  a  post-office  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  on 
or  near  the  Ohio  River. 

GRANITE,  a  township  of  Morrison  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  17. 

GRANITE,  a  township  of  Sacramento  co.,  California,  con- 
tains the  village  of  Folkom,  which  see.     Pop.  1960. 

GRANITE  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Morris(m  co.,  Minnesota, 
in  Gi-anite  township,  and  on  a  small  affluent  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  about  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Little  Falls. 

GRANITE  CREEK,  Umatilla  co.,  Oregon,  flows  westward 
and  enters  tiie  North  Fork  of  John  Day  River.  Gold  mines 
are  worked  on  this  creek. 

GRANITE  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GRANT,  a  villageof  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Grant  River, 
about  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Poto.si. 

GRANT  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Sac  co.,  Iowa,  on  Racoon 
River,  about  44  miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Dodge. 

GRANTSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Mary- 
land, about  25  miles  W.  of  Cumberland. 

GRANTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Tooele  co.,  Utah,  about  35 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Pop.  of  tlie  precinct,  460. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Cumberland  River,  about  60  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nash- 
ville. 

GRANVILLE,  a  village  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  about  9  miles  W.  by  8.  of  La- 
fiiyette. 

"GRANVILLE,  a  township  of  Jasper  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1150. 

GRANVILI-E,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  CO.,  Missouri, 
alxmt  38  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Hannibal. 

GRAN  VILLE,  a  post^village  of  Maha.ska  co.,  Iowa,  about 
16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Oskaloosa. 

GRANVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Milwaukee  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, is  traversed  bj-  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad. 
The  centre  of  it  is  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.  Pop. 
2603. 

GRANVILLE  SUMMIT,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Williamsport  and  Eimira  Railroad,  30 
miles  S.  of  Elniira. 

GRAPELAND,  a  post-village  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  27  miles  S.  of  Mankato. 

GRASS,  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1427. 

GRASSHOPPER,  a  township  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  446. 

GRASSHOPPER  FALLS,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jef- 
ferson CO.,  Kansas,  on  Grasshopper  CreeK,  221.^  miles  S.W. 
of  Atciiison,  and  about  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  Topeka.  It  has 
a  valuable  water-power,  which  is  employed  in  grist  and 
saw-mills.  It  contains  2  churches  and  5  stores,  with  stone 
buildings,  and  many  stone  dwelling  houses.  One  news- 
paper is  published  here.  This  place  is  on  the  route  of  a 
railroad  which  is  to  extend  from  Atchison  to  Topeka,  &c. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  1860,  937 ;  of  the  village  in  1865, 
about  500. 

GRASS  VALLEY,  a  post-town  of  Nevada  co.,  Californiis 
is  situated  in  a  valley  at  the  base  of  a  hill,  4  miles  S.  W.  of 
Nevada,  and  about  30  miles  E.  of  Marysville.  It  contains 
7  churches,  1  Chinese  temple,  2  banking  offices,  2  public 
schools,  3  book  stores,&c.  Two  daily  newspapers  are  published 

2227 


GRA 

iiere.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  tlie  county  except  Nevada, 
wliich  is  nearly  equal  to  it.  The  prosperity  of  this  town 
di-pcnns  on  the  quartz  mines  (of  gold)  whiih  seem  to  be  in- 
exhHUt.'ible.  The  Allison  mine,  which  is  sjiid  to  have  the 
richest  lode  in  the  state,  is  in  Grass  Valley.  Some  of  the 
hotels,  and  nearly  all  the  stores,  are  substoDtial  structures 
of  stone  or  brick.  Alx)ut  20  quarts-mills  are  in  openition 
■within  a  radius  of  2  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  town. 
Settled  in  1849.  Pop.  of  the  township  in  1800,  3840;  of  the 
town  or  precinct  in  1864,  about  4000. 

GRASSY  FORK,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1086. 

GRATTAN,  a  post-township  of  Kent  eo  ,  Michigan,  about 
18  niiies  E.N.E.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  1127. 

QRAVESVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Calumet  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  74  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Milwaukee. 

GRAY  CLOUD,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  7  or  8  miles  above  Hastings.  It 
has  a  steam  saw-mill. 

GRAY'S  HARBOR,  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  Cheho- 
lis  CO.,  Washington  Territory,  receives  the  Chehalis  River. 
i  It  is  about  20  miles  long  from  E.  to  W.,  and  extends  17 
miles  from  N.  to  S.  Vessels  drawing  20  feet  of  water  can 
pass  over  the  bar  at  the  entrance. 
I  GRAYSON,  a  village  of  Stanislaus  co..  California,  on  the 
San  Joaquin  River,  about  37  miles  S.  of  Stockton. 

GREEN,  a  township  of  Mecosta  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  203. 

GREEN,  a  township  of  Osceola  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  27. 

GREKN,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.770. 

GREEN,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  646. 

GRKENBALE,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  302. 

GREEN  BAY,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.    Pop,  404. 

GREEN  BAY,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  S.E.  shore  of  Green  Bay. 

GREENBUSH,  a  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio.,  about 
22  miles  S.W.  of  Dayton. 

GREENBUSH,  a  post-villa?e  and  township  of  Warren  co., 
Illinois,  about  50  miles  W.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  1271. 

GREENCASTLE.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri, 
about  50  miles  N.E.  of  Chillicothe. 

GREENDALE.  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rjiilroad,  82  miles  E.  of  St.  Louis. 

GRKENE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Big  Blue 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Plum  and  other  creeks.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  productive.     Pop.  16. 

6REKNE,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin  Co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Maine  Central  Railroad,  42  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Portland. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1266. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  824. 

GREKNE,  a  postrtowuship  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  about  3 
miles  W.  of  Portland.    Pop.  734. 

GREENE,  a  township  ot  Marshall  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  798. 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana.    Pop,  835 

GREENE,  a  township  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
890. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Craighead  cOt  Arkansas, 
about  00  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Batesville. 

GREKNFIELD,  a  village  of  Logan  co,  Ohio,  about  44 
miles  N.W.  of  Columbus. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan, 
about  4  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit,  is  traversed  by  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad.    Pop.  2174. 

GREKNFIELD,  a  township  of  Lagrange  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1232. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dade  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  on  or  near  the  VV.  Fork  of  Sac  River,  about 
34  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Adair  co..  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  AV.y.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,    Pop,  836, 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa.  Pou. 
812. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  La  Crosse 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  701. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Wisconsin,  and 
a  st^itiou  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Riiilroad,  39 
miles  E.N.E.  of  La  Crosse.     Pop.  611. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  about  3  miles  S.E.  of  Baraboo.     Pop.  608. 

GREENFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota, 
•bout  12  miles  E.  of  Rochester. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Washington  co,,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  i:i4. 

GREENFIELD,  a  township  of  Greenwood  co..  Kansas. 
Pop.  75. 

GREEN  GARDEN,  a  post-township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois, 
about  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Joliet.     Pop.  0*5. 

GREEN  ISLE,  a  township  of  Sibley  co.,  Minnesota,  Pop. 
274. 

MREEN  L.\KE,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Wisconsin. 
hna  an  area  of  about  360  square  miles.     It  is  iiitereectwi  by 
the  Fox  River,  and  alao  drained  by  Gi-aud  and  >Vhito  Rivers. 
2228 


GRO 

it  contains  two  lakes  named  Green  Lake  and  Pacawa.  each 
of  which  is  about  9  miles  long.  Tlie  surface  is  undulating; 
the  soil  is  very  productive.  Cai)ital,  Marquette,  or  Berlin. 
Pop.  12.6f3. 

GREEN  LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Monongalia  co.,  Minno- 
80ti\.  al>out  105  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Saint  Paul. 

GREENLAND,  a  post-office  of  Lanciister  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

GREENL.iND,  a  post-township  of  Ontonagon  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  9  miles  S.E.  of  Ontonagon.  Copper  is  found  in 
it.    Pop.  336. 

GREENLAND,  a  post-office  of  Butte  co^  California,  is  at 
the  village  of  Dayto.n,  which  see. 

GREENLEAF,  a  township  of  Meeker  co.,  Minnesota. 
Po)!.  99. 

GREEN  OAK,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  12  miles  N.  of  Ann  Arbor,  is  traversed  by  the 
Huron  River.     Pop.  940. 

GREENPARK,  a  post-office  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GREEN  RIDfiE,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

GREENS15URG,  a  township  of  Putnam  co,,  Ohio,  Pop. 
754. 

GREENSBURO,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,.  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  N.  by  K.  of  Massillon 

GREENSBURG,  a  small  post-village  and  township  of  Knox 
CO.,  Missouri.  10  miles  N.  of  Ediuu,  the  county-seat.  Total 
population  719, 

GREENVILLE,  a  township  of  Orange  co,,  New  York, 
about  12  miles  W.  of  Goshen,    Pop.  1198. 

GREENVILLE,  a  village  of  Stark  co,,  Ohio,  about  6  miles 
W,  of  Massillon. 

GREENVILLE,  a  beautiful  post-village  of  Montcalm  co., 
Michigan,  is  situated  on  a  plain  and  on  Flat  River,  about 
28  miles  N.E.  of  Grand  Rajiids.  It  contains  2  churches,  1 
bank,  1  newspaper  office,  1  union  school,  2  flouring-mills.  3 
saw-mills,  1  woollen  factory,  1  foundry  with  a  macliiue- 
shoj),  &c.     Pop.  about  700. 

GREENVILLE,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
687. 

GREENVILLE,  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  Nebraska.,  on  the 
Big  Blue  Rivor,  about  84  miles  W.S.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

GREENWOOD,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  has 
an  area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  intersei-ted  bj-  the 
Verdigris  River.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  pro- 
ductive.   Capital,  Eureka.    Pop.  759. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Bloomsburg,  Pop. 
1470. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-office  and  station  of  Abbeville 
district.  South  Carolina,  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia 
Railroad,  85  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Columbia. 

GREE.NWOOD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sebastian  co^ 
Arkansas,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Smith. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-township  of  Oceana  co.,  Michigan, 
on  both  sidejj  of  White  Kiver,  about  108  miles  W.N.W,  of 
Lansing.     Pop.  100. 

GREENWOOD,  a  township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  583. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  McIIenry 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  60  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1048. 

GREENWOOD,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Vernon  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  442. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hennepin 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Crow  River,  about  27  miles  AV.N.W. 
of  Minneapolis.     Pop.  215. 

GREENWOOD,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California, 
18  miles  N.  by  AV.  of  Placerville.    Pop.  about  150. 

GREGG,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  995. 

GREGGSPORT,  a  township  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska.  Pop- 
ulation 69. 

GRENADA,  a  township  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  2.33. 

GRIDLEY.  a  post-toxniship  and  station  of  McLean  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Toledo  Peoria  and  Warsaw  Railroad,  41 
miles  E.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  793. 

GRIER,  a  township  of  Warrick  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  735. 

GRIFFIN,  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas,  about  17 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Rusk. 

GRINNELL,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iow.t, 
on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad  (which  is  opened 
to  this  point),  120  miles  AV.  of  Davenport,  and  about  55  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Des  Moines.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  undu- 
lating prairie,  and  is  the  seat  of  Iowa  College,  formerly 
located  at  Davenport.  It  contains  2  or  3  churches,  1  book- 
store, 2  drug-stores,  and  several  drj'-goods  and  hardwiire- 
stores.     Pop.  from  800  to  1000. 

GRIZZLY  BEAR,  a  post-office  of  Placer  co.,  California,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Auburn. 

GRIZZLY  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Califo-- 
nia,  20  miles  S.E.  of  Placerville.  It  has  3  or  more  stortw 
Two  quartz-mills  were  in  operation  here  in  l^C^ 

GR0S3E  POINTE,  a  township  of  AVayne  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Lake  St.  Clair,  about  7  miles  N.E.  oi  Detroit.  Pop. 
2086. 

GROVE,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.    Pop,  1106. 

GROVE  Clir,  a  post-village  of  Tehama  co,  Californl*, 


GRO 


HAM 


near  the  Sacramento  River,  22  miles  S.S.E.  of  Red  Bluff.  It 
huH  1  store. 

GROVELAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ta/.owell 
CO.,  Illinois.    The  village  is  about  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Peoria. 

Pop.  i:;7i. 

GROVERTOWN,  a  post-office  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  11  miles  W. 
N.W.  of  Plymouth. 

GROVETON,  a  post-village  of  Prince  William  co.,  Virgi- 
nia, near  the  Manassas  Gap  Rjiilroad,  about  30  miles  W.  of 
Alexandria. 

GROW,  a  township  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
830. 

GRUNDY  CENTRE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Grnndy  co., 
Iowa,  situated  in  a  prairie  about  75  miles  N.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

GUADALUPE,  or  GUADALUPITA,  a  village  of  Conejos 
CO.,  California,  about  115  miles  S.S.W.  of  Canon  City. 

GUALALA,  a  post-village  of  Mendocino  co.,  California. 

GUILFORD,  or  GUILFORK  STATION,  a  po.st-village  of 
Loudon  CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  Alexandria  and  Loudon  Kail- 
road,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Leeslmrg. 

GUILFORD,  Michigan.    See  Gilford. 

GUILFORD,  a  post-township  of  .Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois, 
about  6  miles  E.  of  Galena.     I'op.  10*J3. 

GUILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Nodawaj'  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Platte  River  about  32  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

GUILFORD,  or  GUILDFORD,  a  postrvillage  of  Freeborn 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  6  miles  W.  of  Austin. 


GUILFORD,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  'W 

Gl  ILFORD,  Waliasha  Co.,  Minnesota.     SeeGitFOKD. 

GUITAR D,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Kansas,  "op. 
280. 

GULIC,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Vol 
509. 

GULLION"S  BAR,  a  mining  place  of  Klamath  CO..  Cali- 
fornia, on  Salmon  River,  about  8  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Orleans 
Bar. 

GUNNISON,  or  FORT  GUNNISON,  a  post-village  of  San 
Pete  CO.,  Utah,  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Manti.  Population  said 
to  be  400. 

GUNNISON  RIVER.  Lake  co.,  Colorado,  rises  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  flows  northwestward  and  unites  with 
tiio  Bunkara  or  Blue  River,  to  form  the  Grand  River. 

GUSTAVUS,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee,  on  or 
near  the  East  Tennessee  and  Virginia  Railroad,  about  60 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Knoxville. 

GUTHRIE,  a  village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  on  a  rail 
road  about  lU  miles  N.  of  Bedford. 

GUTHRIE,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
88 

GUTHRIE  CKNTRK,  a  post-village  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa, 
near  the  South  Fork  of  Racoon  River,  about  50  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Des  Moines. 

GWYNEDD,  a  post-township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, has  a  station  on  the  North  I'enusylvauia  Railroad 
18  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.    Pop.  1976. 


II. 


H  ADDON,  a  township  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey,  inter- 
sected by  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  con- 
taining the  village  of  HaiMonfleld.     Formal  in  1865. 

HADER,  a  post-village  of  Goodhue  CO.,  Minnesota,  about 
22  miles  S.W.  of  Ited  Wing. 

H  ADLEY,  a  post-township  of  Lapeer  Co.,  Michigan,  about 
16  miles  S.E.  of  Flint.     Pop.  1351. 

HADLEY,  a  village  and  township  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois, 
about  20  miles  E.  of  Hannibal,  Missouri.     Pop.  1J62. 

H.\DLEY,a  station  on  the  Ohio  and  .Mississippi  Railroiid, 
in  Richland  co.,  Illinois,  21  miles  W.  of  Vincennes. 

HAGAR,  or  HAGER,  a  township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  Lake  Michigan.     Pop.  43S. 

H.\INES'  BLUFF,  Warren  co.,  Mississippi,  is  on  or  near 
the  Yazoo  River,  about  9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Vicksburg. 

H.AINE8BUKG,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Paulinskill.  about  11  miles  N  of  Belvidere. 

HAINKSPORT.a  small  post-village  of  Burlington  co., 
New  Jersey,  on  the  S.  Branch  of  the  Rancocas  Creek,  7 
miles  S  of  Burlington. 

H.\INESV1LLE.  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jer- 
sej',  about  15  miles  N.  bv  W.  of  Newton. 

IIAINESVILLE.  or  HAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Clinton  co.,  Missouri,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of  St.  .To.s<'ph. 

HALCOTT,  a  township  of  Greene  Co.,  New  York.  Pop. 
504. 

HALD.A.NK.  a  post-office  of  Ogle  CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  17  miles  S.  of  Freeport. 

HALE,  a  township  of  Wan-en  Co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1133. 

HALE,  a  township  of  .Jones  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  570. 

HALE,  a  township  of  McLeod  Co.,  Minnesota.  Pop- 
ulation 83. 

HALF  MOON,  or  HALF  MOON  LAKE,  a  township  of 
Eau  Claire  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  279. 

HALF  MOON  BAY,  or  SPANISHTOWN,  a  post-village 
of  San  Mateo  Co.,  California,  on  the  sea-coast,  about  25 
miles  by  land  S.  of  San  Francisco.     It  has  several  stores. 

HALL,  a  county  in  the  Central  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  about  1000  srjuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Platte  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Loup  Fork 
and  by  I'rairie  Creek.  The  soil  is  fertile.  The  valley  ot 
the  Platte  is  well  wooded,  and  is  said  to  abound  in  coal. 
Capital,  Grand  Island  City  (?)     Pop.  116. 

HALL,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  892. 

HALLOCK,  a  post-township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  15 
miles  N.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  1060. 

IIALLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri, 
about  40  miles  N.  of  .Jefferson  City. 

HAMBURG,  a  village  of  Clinton  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
C  miles  S.  of  Lock  Haven. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  20  miles  E.  of  Natchez. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ashley  co.,  Arkan- 
sas, about  75  miles  E.S  E.  of  Camden. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
Ihe  Tennessee  River,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Savannah,  and  15 
miles  N.E.  of  Corinth,  Mississippi. 

HAMBURG,  a  village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio,  about  28  miles 
B.8.K  of  Columbus. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-village  of  Preble  co.,  Ohio,  about  30 
oiilt',  W.N.W.  of  Dayton. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston 


CO.,  Michigan,  about  26  miles  S.8.W.  of  Fenton.    It  has  1  or 
2  mills.    Pop.  963. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-village  of  St. Charles  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  30  miles  W.  of  St.  Ix>ui8. 

HAMBURG,  a  post-office  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa,  about  11 
miles  S.  of  Sidney. 

HAMBURG,  a  township  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
10  miles  S.E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  766. 

HAMDEN,  a  post-village  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ma- 
rietta and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  70  miles  W.S.  W.  of  Marietta, 
and  30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Chillicothe.  It  is  the  N.  terminus 
of  the  Portsmouth  Branch  Railroad. 

HAMILTON,  a  new  county  in  the  Central  part  of  Texas. 
Area  estimated  at  860  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
I>eon  River,  and  also  drained  by  Cowhouse  Creek.  Pop. 
489. 

HAMILTON,  a  county  in  the  Central  part  of  Iowa,  has  ar 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Boone  River, 
and  drained  by  Skunk  River,  which  rises  within  it.  Tlio 
surface  is  undulating  and  the  soil  good.  Capital,  Webster 
City.     Pop.  1699. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Oliio.  Pop. 
1102. 

HAMILTON,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.  49. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Saint 
Joseph  River,  about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  W. 
Fork  of  White  River,  about  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Anderson. 

HAMILTON,  a  uost-villago  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  41  miles  above  Quincy,  about  2  miles 
E.  of  Keokuk,  and  at  the  terminus  of  the  Ulinois  and  South- 
ern Iowa  Railroad.     Pop.  785. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Caldwell  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  50  miles  E.  of  St. 
Joseph . 

HAMILTON,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  750. 

HAMILTON, a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  234. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  Co.,  Iowa,  about  16 
miles  S.E.  of  Knoxville. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  of  Lafajette  CO.,  Wisconsin,  about 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Mineral  Point. 

HAMILTON,  a  small  village  of  Ozaukee  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Cedar  Creek,  about  3  miles  W.  of  Lake  Michigan,  and 
10  miles  S.S.W.  of  Ozaukee. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  in  Hamilton  township,  Houston 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  Root  River  about  22  miles  S.of  Winona, 
and  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  La  Crosse.     Pop.  of  township,  230. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota,  about  22 
miles  S.  of  Rochester. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Butte  co., 
California,  on  the  Feather  River,  8  miles  S.W.  of  Oroville. 
Pop.  699. 

HAMILTON,  a  village  of  Nebraska  nearthe  line  between 
Otoe  and  Nemaha  counties,  about  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Ne- 
braska City. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Park  co.,  Colorado,  is 
lileasantly  situated  in  the  N.W.  jiart  of  the  South  Park,  8 
miles  E.  or  S.  of  the  summit  of  the  main  Rocky  Mountain 
range,  and  about  100  miles  S.W.  of  Denver.  It  has  gold 
mines.    Pop.  about  100. 

HAMILTON,  a  post-village  of  Ii-on  co.,  Utali.  about  30 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Parovan. 

2229 


HAM 

HAMILTON  SQUARE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.  New 
Jersey,  about  6  miles  E.  by  N.  of  l-reutou.  It  has  2  or  3 
churches.  »-       -.r    i 

HAMLET,  a  post  village  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New  York. 
Pop.  240. 

HAMLET,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Illinois,  about  18 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Davenport,  Iowa. 

HAMLIN,  a  post-office  of  Lebanon  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

HAMLIN,  a  township  of  Mason  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Jlichig-.vn.  ,  .  „ 

HA  MLIN,  or  HAMLIN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co., 
tausas,  about  37  miles  N.AV.  of  Atchison,  and  5  or  6  miles 
\.W.  of  Hiawatha. 

HAMLIN  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Audubon  co.,  Iowa, 
about  70  miles  W.  of  Des  Moines. 

HAMMOND,  a  post-villago  and  township  of  Saint  Croi.x 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  10  miles  K.  of  Hudson.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
about  150;  of  the  townsliip,  320. 

HAMMOND'S  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
Bvlvania, 

HAMMONTON,  a  post-village  of  Atlantic  co.,  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Camdon  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  30  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Oiiuden. 

HA  MORTON,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Philadelphia. 

HAMPDEN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Coffey  co.,  Kansas, 
on  the  Neosho  River,  about  100  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leaven- 
worth, and  nearly  opposite  Burlington.  It  confcuns a  court- 
house, 2  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  2  steam  grist  and 
saw-mills,  and  about  100  houses. 

H.iMPSniKE.  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,Iowa.  Pop.  796. 

HAMPTON',  a  township  of  Bay  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  S»-' 
ginaw  River,  at  or  near  its  mouth.     Pop.  314. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rock  Island 
CO..  lUiuois,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  12  miles  above  Daven- 
port, Iowa.    Pop.  1898. 

H.\MP'rON.  a  station  on  the  Chicago,Alton  and  St.  Louis 
Railroad,  in  Will  co.,  lUiuois,  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  Joliot. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri,  about 
14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Leavenworth  (Kansas),  and  60  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Lexington. 

HAMPTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fi-auklin  co.,  Iowa, 
obowt  90  miles  N.N.E.  of  Des  Moines,  and  42  miles  W.  of 
Waverly. 

H.IMPTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dakota  co., 
Minnesota,  alx)ut  11  miles  S.W.  of  Hastings.    Pop.  476. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Houghton  CO., 
Michigan.  The  village  is  about  1  mile  N.  of  Houghton,  the 
county-seat,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  river  or  inlet 
of  Lake  Superior.  Here  are  rich  copper  mines.  Total  pop- 
ulation, 1618. 

HANCOCK,  a  township  of  Hancock  co ,  Illinois.  Pop.  720. 

HANCOCK,  a  post-township  of  Waushara  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  12  miles  W.  by  X.  of  Wautoiiia.     Pop.  370. 

HANEY,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Wiscon.sin.  Pop. 
462. 

HANGING  GROVE,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  427. 

HANNA,  a  township  of  Henrv  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  418. 

HANNA  (or  HANNAH)  STATION,  a  post-office  of  U- 
porte  CO.,  Indiiuia.  on  the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chi- 
cago Railroad,  59  miles  S.E.  of  Chicago. 

HANOVER,  a  station  on  the  Cinciiuiati  and  Indianapolis 
Junction  Riiilroad,  in  Butler  Co.,  Ohio,  about  7  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Hamilton. 

HANOVER,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  near  the 
Ohio  Canal,  and  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Columbus  Itailruad,  8 
miles  E.  of  Newark. 

IIANOVKR,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  5  miles  below  Madison.     Pop.  1042. 

HANOVER,  a  township  of  Lake  CO..  Indiana.     Pop.  849. 

HANOVER,  a  villasro  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana,  on  Laughory 
Creek,  about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Aurora. 

HANOVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co., 
Illinois.  The  village  is  on  Apple  River,  about  16  miles 
S.S.K  of  Galena,  and  hag  several  mills.  Total  population. 
969. 

HANOVER,  a  township  of  .\llomakee  oo.,  Iowa.    Pop.  355. 

H.\NOVER.  H  post-village  of  Rock  co..  Wisconsin,  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Janesville  with  .Monroe,  7  miles 
S.W.  of  the  former. 

HANOVER,  a  village  of  Mille  Lacs  co^  Minnesota,  about 
40  miles  N.  of  Princeton. 

HANOVER  JUNCTION,  a  post-office  of  York  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Northern  Centnd  Railroad,  wliere  it  con- 
nects with  the  Hanover  Branch  Railroad,  11  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  York. 

HANOVER  TOWN,  a  small  village  of  Hanover  co.,  Vir- 
gin  la,  on  the  I'arannkey  River,  about  15  miles  N.N. B.  of 
Kiclimond. 

HANSFORD,  a  village  of  Kanawha  co.,  W(»st  Virginia,  on 
the  Kanawha  River,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Charleston. 

HANSON  VILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Yuba  CO..  California, 
•bout  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  MaryaviUe.  It  had  2  or  3  quartz- 
miUs  in  1859. 

a3» 


HAR 

HAPPY  CAMP,  a  post-village  of  Del  Norte  co.,  California, 
on  the  Klamath  River,  about  40  miles  al»ve  Orleans  Bar. 

H.APPY  CAMP,  a  mining  vill.ige  of  Altuitis  co.,  Idaho, 
on  Feather  River,  about  3  uiiloa  from  Rocky  Bar.  Here  are 
placer  gold  mines. 

HARALSON,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  Alabama,  has  an  area  of  about  325  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  bj'  the  Tallapoosa  River.  The  surface 
is  hilly  or  undulating.    Capital,  Bucliunan.     Pop.  3039. 

H.\BDEEVILLE,a  post-village  of  Beaufort  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Charleston  and  Savannah  Railroad,  20 
miles  N.  of  Savannah. 

HARDENBKRO,  a  village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  79  miles  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

HARDIN,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Neches  River,  and  also  drained  by  Cyprus  Creek 
and  Pine  Island  Bayou.    Capital,  Hardin.     Pop.  1353. 

HARDIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hardin  co.,  Texas, 
about  80  miles  E.N.E.  of  Houston. 

HARDIN,  a  post-villago  of  Shelby  Co.,  Ohio,  on  or  near 
the  BellefonUiine  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  of  Sidney. 

HARDIN,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1-258. 

HARDIN,  a  post-village  of  Riiy  co.,  Missouri,  about  9 
miles  E.  of  Richmond,  and  8  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Lexington. 

HARDIN,  a  post-village  on  the  line  between  AUomakee 
and  Clayton  counties,  Iowa,  about  66  miles  N.W.  of  Du- 
buque. 

HARDIN,  a  village  and  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Iowa  River.    Pop.  737. 

HARDIN,  a  township  of  Johnson  co^  Iowa.    Pop.  312. 
■  HARDIN,  a  township  of  Webster  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  189. 

H.ARDIN,  a  precinct  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregon.   Pop.  199. 

HARDIN6VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gloucester  co..  New 
Jersey,  on  the  West  Jersey  Kidlroad,  24  miles  S.  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

HARDYVILLE,  a  village  of  Mohave  co.,  Arizona,  on  the 
Colorado  River,  above  150  miles  in  a  direct  lino  N.W.  of 
Prescott.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  with  the  miners  of  the 
interior. 

H.\KEWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Baltimore  co.,  Maryland, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  liailroiul,  14  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Biiltimore. 

n.\RL.\N,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  102. 

HARLAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Shelby  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  W.  Fork  of  the  Nishuabatona  River,  about  48  miies  N.E. 
of  Council  Bluffs. 

1I.\RLEM,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  about  27  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Steubenville. 

HARLEM,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  in 
Harlem  township,  and  on  the  Kenosha  and  Rockford  Rail- 
road. 6  miles  N.E.  of  Rockl'ord.    Pop.  of  township,  871. 

HARLEM  JUNCTION,  a  railroad  stjition  in  Cook  Co.,  Il- 
linois, on  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad,  9  miles  W.  of 
Chicago. 

HARMONY,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Alleghany  River.     Pop.  413. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clark  co., 
Ohio,  about  7  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield.  The  township 
is  traversed  by  the  Springfield  and  Columbus  Railroad. 
Pop.  1929. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  ludiiina,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  Railroad,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

HARMONY,  a  township  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1315. 

H.\RMONY,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Indiana.   Pop.  851. 

H.4.RMONY,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
846. 

HARMONY,  a  village  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  about  30 
miles  S.  of  Hannibal. 

H.\RMONY,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  about 
45  miles  W.N  W.  of  Burlington. 

HARMONY,  a  postr-village  and  township  of  Vernon  co, 
Wisconsin,  on  Bad  Axe  River,  about  10  miies  W.  by  N.  of 
Viroqua.     Pop.  386. 

HARMONY,  a  township  of  Eillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  Iowa.     Pop.  440. 

H.\RMONY,  a  village  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota,  5  or  6 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Minneapolis. 

HARMONY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Utah,about 
40  miles  N.E.  of  ('aint  George.    Pop.  al>out  20ii. 

HARNETT,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Nortl.  Caro- 
lina, has  an  area  estimated  at  675  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Cape  Fear  River,  and  also  drained  by  Lit- 
tle River.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  uneven ;  the  soil  ii»  some 
parts  is  productive.  Capital,  Toomer.  Pop.  8039,  of  whom 
54.'>5  were  free. 

HARNEY,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Nebraska.  < boat 
70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

HARP,  a  township  of  Dewitt  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  743. 

H.\KPER,  a  past-village  of  Logitn  oo.,  Ohio,  on  the  Bel- 
lefontaino  Railroad.  6  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bellefontaine. 

HARRINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  DeUwaie,  o» 
the  Peiunsalar  Railroad,  16  miles  S.  of  Dover. 


IIAR 


HAY 


HARRINGTON,  a  small  villago  of  Manitowoc  cc,  'Wis- 
consin, 10  miles  W.N.W.  of  Manitowoc. 

HARRIS,  a  township  of  Fiiltou  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  90S. 

HARRIS,  a  township  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin,  con- 
tains Harrisvii.le.  wliich  see.     Pop.  i'M. 

H  ARRISBURG,  a  village  of  Cabumis  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  the  North  Carolina  Rfiilroad,  13  miles  N.K.  of  Charlotte. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Pontotoc  co.,  Missisippi, 
about  37  miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Aberdeen. 

HARRISBURG,  a  viUage  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  about  10 
uiilee  N.W.  of  Gallipolis. 

HARRISBURG,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  N.E.  of  Canton. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-villajcc,  capital  of  Saline  co., 
Illinois,  about  05  miles  N.E.  of  Cairo. 

HARRISBURG,  a  township  of  Van  Buret)  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1140. 

HARRISBURG,  a  village  of  Pierce  co.,  'Wisconsin,  on 
Lalie  Pepin,  near  the  mouth  of  Rush  River,  about  12  miles 
E.  of  Red  WinR. 

HARRISBURG,  a  small  village  in  Troy  townsliip,  in  the 
S.  part  of  Sauk  co^  Wisconsin. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Hennepin,  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississipiii  River,  about  13 
miles  above  Mlnueapolis.    It  has  a  steiun  saw-mill. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post^village  of  Liuii  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Willamette  River,  27  miles  S.  of  Albany.  It  has  3  stares, 
an  academy,  <Stc.    Pop.  in  1864  about  160. 

HARRISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Iron  CO.,  Utah,  about  14 
miles  N'.  of  St.  Georgo. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  16  miles  S.  of  Philadelphia,  confciius  MuUica  Hill. 
Pop.  2544. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Great  Miami  River,  just  above  Dayton.    Pop  2477. 

HARRISON,  a  village  of  Portage  co..  Ohio,  on  the  Cuya- 
hoga River,  about  33  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cleveland. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  895. 

HAI'RISON,  a  post-township  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana, 
about  4S  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  11-13. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
..272. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  con- 
tains Corydou,  the  county-se.at.     Total  population  2992. 

HARRISON, a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Iiidiiina.   Pop.  1705 

HARRISON,  a  village  or  station  of  Crawford  co,  Mis- 
Bouf  i,  on  the  South  West  Branch  Railroad,  31  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Holla. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Adair  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  138. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  416. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  liCe  co  ,  Iowa.     I'op.  978. 

HARRISON,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
left  (N.E.)  bank  of  the  Iowa  River,  2  or  3  miles  N.B.  of 
Wapello,  and  4  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

HARRISON,  a  township  of  Mahaska  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.958. 

HARRISON,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Calumet  co., 
'^iscon.sin,  on  Winnebago  Lake.    Pop.  813. 

H.^RRISON,  a  townsliip  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  5 
miles  W.  of  Platteville.    Pop.  903. 

HARRISON,  a  post-village  of  Monongalia  co.,  Minne- 
BOta,  about  20  miles  W.  of  Forest  City. 

HARRISON'S  LANDING,  Charles  City  CO.,  Virginia,  is 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  James  River,  al)f)ut  5  miles  below 
City  Point.  The  Union  army  retreated  to  this  point  after 
the  battles  of  the  seven  days,  neiir  Richmond,  July  1, 
1862. 

HARRISVILLE,  or  HARRISONVILLE,  a  post-village 
and  township  of  Alcona  co..  Michigan,  on  Lake  Huron, 
about  90  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bay  City.     Pop.  185. 

HARRISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Bellefontaine  Railway  Liue,  4  miles  W.  of  Union 
City. 

HARRISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Montello  River,  8  miles  N.W.  of  Montello.  It 
has  an  excellent  water-power. 

UARRODSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  12  miles  S.  of 
Bloomlngton. 

HART,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Georgia,  bor- 
dering on  South  Carolina,  has  an  area  estiinateil  at  3.30 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Savannah 
River.  The  surface  is  uneven,  or  hilly.  Capital,  HartwoU. 
Pop.  6137. 

HARTFORD,  or  HARTFORD  CITY,  a  post^-village  of 
Mason  co..  West  Virginia.    Pop.  915. 

HARTFORD,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  about  11  miles 
■W.  of  Tiima. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-township  of  Van  Buron  co.,  Michigan, 
aboMt  14  miles  W.  of  Paw  Paw.     Pop.  1073. 

HARTsORD,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  about  13 
miles  N.W.  of  Leavenworth 

HARTFORD,  a  village  of  Vigo  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Evans- 
villc  reuQ  Crawfordsville  Railroad,  11  miles  S.  of  lerre 
Haut:. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Missouri,  situ- 


ated on  an  affluent  of  Chariton  River,  about  100  miles  in  a 
direct  line  N.  of  Booneville. 

HARTFORD,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  278. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-office  or  village  of  Warren  CO.,  Iowa, 
about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

HARTFORD,  a  village  of  Sibley  CO.,  Minnesota,  about  10 
miles  W.  S.W.  of  Henderson. 

HARTFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lyon  co, 
Kansas,  on  or  neiir  the  Neosho  River,  about  13  miles  S.B 
of  Emporia.     Pop.  186. 

HARTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  near 
Moose  Pond,  about  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  WatervCIe. 

HARTLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  McHenry 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  66  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  978. 

HARTLAND,  a  post-township  of  Worth  Co.,  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Minnesota.    Pop.  208. 

HARTLAND,  a  township  of  Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
158. 

HARTLAND,  a  township  of  Shawana  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  21. 

HARTLAND,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota, 
Pop.  154. 

HARTSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vaiiia,  on  the  Pittsbui'g  and  Erie  Canal,  about  15  miles 
W.S.W.  of  M<)advil!e. 

II  ARTWELIi.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hart  co.,  Georgia, 
about  50  miles  N.E.  of  Athens. 

II  ART  WOOD,  a  post-office  of  Stafford  co.,  Virginia,  about 
65  miles  N.  of  Richmond. 

HARVARD,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  New  York, 
on  the  East  Branch  of  the  Delaware  River,  about  21  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Delhi. 

HARVARD,  a  post-village  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  at 
the  intersection  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad 
with  the  Kenosha  and  Rockford  Riiilroad,  63  miles  N.W.  of 
Chicago,  and  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Rockford. 

HARVEY,  a  village  of  Hardy  to..  West  Virginia,  about 
48  miles  S.W.  of  Cumberland.  Maryland. 

HARVEY,  a  post-village  of  Marquette  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Superior,  4  or  5  miles  S.E.  of  .Marquette. 

HARWICH,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  about  9 
miles  W.  of  Delhi. 

HASBROUCK.  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York, 
on  Neversink  River,  about  1-  miles  N.N.E.  of  Montlcello. 

HASKELL,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Texa.s.  It 
is  drained  by  a  branch  of  the  Brazos  River,  and  by  Paint 
and  Miller's  Creeks.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  in- 
formation respecting  this  county. 

HASKELL,  a  post-office  of  Laporte  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  17  miles  S.  of 
Michigan  City. 

HASSAN,  a  village  and  township  of  Hennepin  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  right  bank  of  Crow  River,  about  25  miles 
N.W.  of  St.  Anthony.    Pup.  276. 

HASTINGS,  a  flourishing  post-town,  capital  of  Dakota 
CO.,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Mississiiipi 
River,  about  25  miles  below  St.  Paul,  and  3  or  4  miles  above 
the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River.  It  has  1  national  bank, 
2  other  banks,  4  churches,  and  an  institution  called  the 
Hastings  University;  also  2  large  stone  flouriug-mills,  5 
steam  saw-mills,  6  large  warehouses  for  grain,  1  manufac- 
tory of  furniture,  aud  1  of  fanniug-mills.  Two  newspjipors 
are  published  here.  The  Vermilion  River  affords  a  good 
water-power  1  mile  from  this  town,  where  it  falls  about  80 
feet.  It  is  stilted  that  1,000,000  bushels  of  wheat  were 
shipped  here  in  1864.  Pop.  inl^60,  1653;  in  1865,  about  3000. 

HATFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  Hatfield  town.ship  on  the  North  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  25  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.  Pop.  of  township 
1310. 

HAUBSTADT,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Evansville  and  Crawfordsville  Railroad,  about  18  miles 
N.  of  Evansville. 

HAVANA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Texas,  about  32 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Jefferson. 

HAVANA,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  San- 
dusky Mansfield  aud  Newark  Riulroad,  23  miles  S.  of 
Sandusky. 

HAVANA,  a  village  of  Greene  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Racoon 
River,  about  37  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fort  Dodgo. 

HAVELOCK,  a  village  of  Craven  co..  North  Carolina,  on 
the  Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  Railroad,  17  miles  S.S.E. 
of  Newbern. 

HAW  CREEK,  a  township  of  Bartholomew  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1537. 

HAW  CREEK,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  8.39. 

HAWKINS'  B.4R,  a  mining  camp  of  Tuolumne  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Tuolumne  River,  15  miles  S.  cf  Sonora. 

HAW  RIVER,  a  post-office  of  Alamance  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Haw  River,  where  it  is  irossed  by  the  North 
Carolina  Railroad,  56  miles  N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

HAYFORK,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  California,  23 
miles  S.W.  of  Weaverville. 

HAYMOND,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana, 
about  10  miles  S.W'.  of  Brookville 

22-il 


HAY 


IIIG 


HAYTON,  a  small  village  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin,  4  or 
6  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Chilton. 

HAYWARD,  a  towusliip  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  llo. 

HAYWOOD,  sometimes  called  HAYWARD,  and  formerly 
SAN  LORKNZO,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co,  California, 
is  about  20  miles  E.S.E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  6  miles  S.  by 
H.  of  San  Leandro.  It  is  on  San  Lorenzo  Creek.  Large 
quantities  of  wheat  and  barley  are  shipped  here.  It  con- 
tains 1  church  and  1  school.  Pop.  of  the  vicinity  about  700. 
HAZEL  GREKN,  a  post-township  of  Dclawai-e  co.,  Iowa, 
about  7  miles  S.W.  of  Delhi.    Pop  293. 

HAZELTON,  a  post-office  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa,  about 
10  miles  N.  of  Independence. 

HAZELTON,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  CO.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  Little  Papillon  River,  10  or  11  miles  S.W.  of  Omaha. 

HAZELWOOD,  or  HAZLEWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Rice 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  16  miles  N.  of  Kanbault. 

IIAZLEIIUKST,  a  post-village  of  Copiah  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson  Railroad,  about  -lO  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Jackson. 

HAZLETON,  a  post-township  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  350. 

HAZLETON,  a  post-village  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
White  River,  and  on  the  Evansville  and  Crawfordsville  Rjiil- 
road,  13  miles  S.  of  Vincennes. 

HAZLEWOOD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Webster 
CO.,  Missouri,  about  22  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Springfield.  Free 
population,  9U3. 

HAZLEWOOD,  a  village  of  Minnesota,  on  the  Minnesota 
River,  about  70  miles  W.  of  Gleucoe. 

HEALDSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  CO.,  California, 
near  the  Russian  River,  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Santa  Rosa.  It 
has  several  churches  and  stores,  and  1  flour-mill.  Pop.  600. 
HEART'S  CONTENT,  or  HEART  S  CONTENT  COVE,  a 
small  bay  or  cove  projecting  from  the  E.  side  of  Trinity  Biiy, 
in  Newfoundland.  Lat.  47°  60'  N.,  Ion.  53°  20'  W.  It  is  the 
contemplated  western  terminus  of  the  Atlantic  cable. 

HEATH,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
214. 
HEATH,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  382. 
HE.4THVILLE,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Red  Bank  Creek,  abdut  8  miles  S.W.  of  Brookville. 

HEBER  or  HEBER  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wa- 
satch CO  ,  Utah,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

HEBRON,  a  post-village  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana,  about  14 
miles  S.W.  of  Valparaiso. 

HEBRON,  a  post-village  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Kenosha  and  Rockford  Railroad  39  miles  E.N .E.  of  Ro<'k- 
ford.     Pop.  of  Hebron  township  900. 

HEBRON,  a  post-village  of  Adair  co.,  Iowa,  about  45 
miles  S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

HEBRON,  a  post-village  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  about  14  miles  S.M'. 
of  St.  Peter. 

HEGINS,  a  post^township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1102. 
HELEN,  a  township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota.   Pop.  190. 
HELKNA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Karnes  co.,  Texas,  on 
the  San  Antonio  River,  about  56  miles  S.E.  of  San  Antonio. 
Pop.  165. 
HELENA,  a  post-officoof  Johnson  co..  Nebraska. 
HEF^ENA,  a  post-office  of  Tama  cq.,  Iowa. 
HELEN .\,  a  post-\'illage  and  township  of  Scott  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  15  miles  S.  of  Shakopee.     Pop.  104. 

HELL  GATE  RONDE,  a  village  of  Montana  Territory, 
on  Hell  Gate  River  at  or  near  ita  mouth,  about  170  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Virginia  City. 

HEMATITE,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mouutiiin  Railroad,  36  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  St.  Louis. 

HEMLOCK,  a  post-township  of  Wood  co.,  Wisconsin,  10 
miles  W.  of  Grand  Rapids.     Pop  119. 

HEMPFIELD,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  777. 

HEMPSTEAD,  a  post-village  of  Anstin  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Texas  Central  Railroad,  about  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Houston. 
HEMPSTEAD,  a  village  of  Merced  co.,  California,  on  the 
Merced  River,  about  5  miles  above  Suelliug. 

HENDERSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Knox  co., 
Illinois,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Galesburg.    Pop.  Illy. 

HENDERSON,  a  post-village,  a  capital  of  .<ibley  co.,  Min- 
nesota, situated  on  the  left  (W.)  bank  of  the  Minnesota 
River,  about  65  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul  and  18  miles  below  St. 
Peter.  It  contains  a  court-house  and  several  churches. 
The  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  in  high  water.  Pop. 
of  Henderson  tfiwufdiip  in  1860,  878. 

HENLY,  a  post-village  of  Siskiyou  co.,  California,  on  the 
Klamath  River.  21  miles  N.  of  Yreka.  Pop.  in  1864  about 
160. 

HENNEPIN,  a  village  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota,  near 
the  Minnesota  River,  about  2J  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul. 

HKNRIETTA,  a  post-towusUlp  of  Richland  co.,  Wiscon- 
•in,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Richland  Centre.     Pop.  431. 
HENRIQUriA,  California.     See  Ehrihukta. 
223Z 


HENRY,  a  village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  abont  9 
miles  S.E.  of  Preston. 

HENRY  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Henry  co.,  Tennessee 
on  the  Memphis  and  Ohio  Railroad,  9  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Paris. 

HENUYSVILLE.  or  HENRYVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  lielaware  Lackawanna 
and  Western  Railroad,  8  miles  N.  of  Stroudsbiir)-:,  and  45 
miles  S.E.  of  Scranton. 

HENRYVILLE,  a  post-villnge  of  Riley  co.,  Kani^na,  on 
the  Bi^'  Blue  River,  about  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Manhattan. 

HEPBURN,  a  village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania,  in 
Hepburn  township,  and  on  the  Northern  Central  Railroad, 
about  6  ndles  N.N.W.  of  Williamsport. 

HERBERT,  a  post-village  of  Kemper  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  90  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

HERMAN,  a  township  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin,  5 
miles  W.  of  Lake  Michigan.    Pop.  1928. 

HERMITAGE,  a  post-office  of  Mendocino  co.,  California 
ai  miles  S.W.  of  Ukiah. 

IIERMON  POND,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  Maine  Central  Rjiilroad,  10  miles  AV.  of  Bangor. 

HERNANDO,  a  county  of  Florida,  in  the  W.  part  of 
the  peninsula,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Area  esti- 
mated at  2000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  and 
N.  by  the  Withlacoochee  River.  The  surface  is  level.  Capi- 
tal, Bjiyport.     Pop.  estimated  at  12<''0. 

HERNDON,  a  post-office  of  Northumberland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

HERNDON,  a  post-village  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Alexandria  Loudon  and  Hampshire  R.iilroad,  23  miles 
N.M".  of  Alexandria. 

HERNDON,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  CO.,  Illinois, 
about  31  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

HEKSEYVILLE,  a  i)Ost-villHge  of  Monroe  co.,Wisconsln, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  4  miles  W.  of 
Sparta. 

HERSMAN,  a  past-office  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Quincy  and  Toledo  Rjiilroad,  42  miles  E.  of  Quincy. 

HE6PER,  a  piwt-village  and  township  of  Winneshiek  co., 
Iowa.  The  village  is  14  miles  N.  by  K.  of  Decorah.  Pop.  729. 
HESTER,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri,  10  milea 
N.  of  Palmyra,  and  7  or  8  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Quincy,  Illinois. 
HESTONVILLE,  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  Cen- 
tnil  Railroad,  1  mile  W.  of  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  about 
434  miles  from  the  State  House. 

HETH.  a  township  of  Hariison  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.     Pop.  1590. 

HEYWORTH,  a  post-office  of  McLean  co.,  Hlinois,  on  the 
Central  Ruilroad,  12  miles  S.  of  Blooniington. 

HIAW  ASSEE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Towne  co.,  Geor- 
gia, on  the  Hiawassee  River.  85  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Athens. 
HIAWA'TIIA,  hi'-a-waw'tlia,  a  post-viilage,  capital  of 
Brown  co.,  Kans.-iS,  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Siiint  .losejdi,  Mis- 
souri, and  about  18  miles  from  the  Missouri  River,  at  Iowa 
Point.  It  contains  a  hotel  and  several  stores,  and  is  im- 
proving.    Pop.  about  300. 

HICKORY,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  954. 

HICKORY,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  465. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1003. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Grant 
CO..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  590. 

HICKSVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  CO.,  Califor- 
nia. 20  miles  S.E.  of  .»acramento. 

HIDALGO,  a  new  county  near  the  8.  extremity  of  Texas, 
bordering  on  Mexico,  has  an  area  of  about  2300  squaro 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W. by  the  Bio  Grande.  Capi- 
tal. Edinburgh.     Pop.  1192. 

HIGH  FORE.^T,  a  post-township  of  Olmstead  CO.,  Minne- 
sota 6  miles  S.  of  Itochester.     Pop.  598. 

HIGH  HILL,  a  pcwt-village  of  Montgomery  CO.,  "Missonri. 
on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  72  miles  N.W.  <if  St.  Louis, 
HIGHLAND,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Delaware  River  and  Erie  Railroad.     Pop.  99:^. 

HIGHLAND,  a  township  of  Chester  cu..  Pennsylvania, 
about  42  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  H»94. 

HIGHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Missi8sipi>i, 
about  32  miles  S.S.E.  of  Corinth. 

HIGHLAND,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1988. 

HIGHLAND,  a  post-township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about 
6  miles  W.  of  El  Kader.    Pop.  478. 
HIGHLAND,  a  tow  nship  of  Union  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  235. 
HIGHLAND,  a  township  of  Wapello  co..  Iowa.   Pop.  526. 
HIGHLAND,  a  township  of  Washington  CO.  Iowa.   Pop. 
376. 

HIGHLAND,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  CO.  Iowa.  Pop. 
568. 

HIGHTi  AND,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  PUnots,  about 
34  miles  E.  by  N.  of  St.  Louis. 

HIGHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co ,  Minnesota, 
about  30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Winona. 


HIG 


HOP 


HIGHLAND,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  CO.,  Minnesoti,  about 
17  miles  W.N.W.  of  Du  l.ntli. 

HIGHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  co..  Kansas,  25 
■niles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  6  miles  8.W.  of 
the  Missouri  River.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  high 
prairie.  It  contains  1  church,  and  a  high  schcx)l,  called  the 
Highland  Academy,  with  an  endowment  of  about  $10,000. 
I  up.  about  i;00. 

HI'iULAND  PARK,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois, 
on  Lalie  Miohig-an,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee 
Railroad,  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Chicago. 

HIGH  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Guilford  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, on  the  North  CHirolina  Railroad,  IS  miles  N.E.  of  Lex- 
ington. 

HIGH  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Moniteau  co.,  Missouri, 
about  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HIGH  POINT, a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.6.i0. 

HIKA,  a  post-village  of  Manitowoc  co^  Wiscont,in,  15 
miles  N.VV.  of  Manitowoc. 

HIL^LEGASS',  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  20  miles  S.  of  AUentown. 

IIILLIARD,  a  post-village  of  Kranklin  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Columbus  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Co- 
lumbus. 

HII,LSBORO,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Indiana,  abont  11 
miles  N.  by  K.  of  Riclimond. 

HI  LLSBORO',  a  post-village  and  township  of  Vernon  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  33  miles  W.N.W.  of  Baral)00.     Pop.  5.35. 

HILLSBORO,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Wash- 
ington CO.,  Oregon,  on  the  Tualatin  River,  18  miles  W.  of 
Portland.  It  luis  1  church,  2  hotels  and  3  stores.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  fertile  and  undulating  district.  It  is  stated  that 
over  400,000  bushels  of  wheat  were  raised  in  this  county  in 
1864.     Pop.  about  200. 

UILLSBOROUQH.a  post-village,  capital  of  Hill  co.,Texa8, 
about  140  miles  N.N.E.  of  Austin  City.    Pop.  236. 

HILLSDALE,  a  post-office  of  Indiana  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

HIIjIjSUALE,  atownship  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
6  mile.s  W.  of  Winona.     Pop.  194. 

HILL  SIDE,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Central  Railroad,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Greens- 
burg. 

IIILO.  a  post-village  of  Nicollet  co.,  MinnosotA,  near  the 
Minnesota  River,  about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Saint  Peter. 

HILTON,  a  townsliip  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  200. 

IIIL'I'ON  HEAD,  South  Carolina,  an  island  forming  part 
of  Bo;«ufcirt  District,  at  the  mouth  of  ISroiui  River.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Port  Royal  Entrance,  and  on  the  S. 
E.  by  the  Atlantic.  Length,  about  15  miles.  On  the  N.E. 
shore  is  a  militiiry  post.  Here  occurred  an  important  navtil 
action  in  1862. 

HILTONS,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Tennessee,  on  the 
Ilolston  River,  about  10<J  miles  E.N.E.  of  Knowille. 

HINTON,  a  post-township  of  Mecosta  co.,  Michigan,  about 
24  miles  N.  of  Greenville.     Pop  155. 

HIXTON,  a  post-township  of  Jackson  co.,  Wisconsin, 
abut  40  miles  N.  by  E.  of  La  Crosse.     Pop.  397. 

HOCK  FARM,  a  large  vineyard  in  Sutter  co.,  California, 
on  the  Sacramento  River,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Maiysville. 
Wine  of  high  reputation  is  made  here. 

HOCKINGPURf.  or  TROY,  a  post-village  of  Athens  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hocking,  about 
27  miles  below  Marietta. 

HOCKLEY,  a  post-village  of  Harris  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Texas  Central  Railroad,  about  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Houston. 

HOGAM,  Idaho;  see  Pioneer  City. 

H0i;.4N,  a  townshipofDeiirborn  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1026. 

HOGAN,  a  village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  about  18  miles 
N.W.  of  Aurora. 

HOGHEM,  a  mining  camp,  17  miles  N.W.  of  Eagle  Creek, 
Oregon.  / 

noK.\H,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Hokah,  or  Root  River,  about  7  miles  S.W.  of  La  Crosse, 
Wiscon.sin. 

UOK^ENDAU'QUA,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh  River,  1  mile 
above  Catasauqua,  and  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Allentown.  Here 
are  several  very  large  blast  furnaces.  It  is  stated  that  one 
stark  produced  here  362  tons  of  pig  iron  in  a  week.  Pop. 
lOUO.     The  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  passes  through  it. 

HOLCOLMB  VALLEY,  a  village  and  valley  of  Si»n  Ber- 
nardino CO.,  California,  about  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  San  Ber- 
nardino. 

HOLDEN.  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Missonri.  on  the 
Paiitic  Railroad,  about  36  miles  S.  of  Lexington,  and  48 
miles  S.E.  of  Kansas  City. 

UOLUEN,a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,Minnesota.   Pop.  633 

HOLLAND,  a  post-village  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana,  about  38 
miles  N.E.  of  Evansville. 

HOLLAND,  a  post-township  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois,  about 
30  miles  N.E.  of  Vandalia.     Pop.  818. 

HOLLAND,  a  post-township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Fox  River,  about  12  miles  E.  of  Appleton.    Pop.  1 50. 

HOLLAND,  a  tt)wnship  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Black  River,  3  or  4  miles  from  the  Mississippi.    Pop.  615. 


HOLLAND,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Sheboygan 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  within  a  mile  of  Lake  Michigan.  Poj. 
2233. 

IIOLLIS,  a  village  and  township  of  Peoria  eo.,  Illinois. 
The  township  is  on  the  Illinois  River,  about  6  miles  below 
Peoria.     Pop  716 

HOLLISTERVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

HOLLY,  a  post-village  of  Holly  Township,  Oakland  co., 
Michigan,  situated  on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad, 
47  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit.  It  is  the  South  tenninus  of  the 
Flint  and  Holly  Railroad,  17  miles  long.  Pop.  of  Holly 
township,  1062. 

HOLLYWOOD,  a  township  of  Carver  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  166. 

HOLMDELL,  or  HOLMDEL,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jersey,  about  35  miles  E.N.E.  ot 
Trenton.     Pop.  1334. 

HOLMES,  a  township  of  Michilimackinac  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  1293. 

HOLMES,  a  station  on  the  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis 
Riiilroad,  in  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  24  miles  N.W.  of  Indian- 
apolis. 

HOLMES  CITY,  a  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Minnesota,  aboui 
11  miles  S.W.  of  Alexandria. 

HOLME.-*VILLE.  a  village  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio,  about  48 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

HOLSTEIN,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Missouri,  on  or 
near  the  Missouri  River,  about  50  miles  in  a  direct  lino  W. 
of  St.  Louis. 

HOLT,  a  post-office  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

HOLT,  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa,  about  13  miles  N. 
by  W.  of  Bedford. 

HOLTON,  a  post-vlllnge  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  58  miles 
by  railroad  W.  of  Cincinnati,  Oliio. 

HOLTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  Kans.-»)i, 
30  miles  N.  of  Topeka,  and  35  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Atchison. 
It  contains  a  stone  jail,  3  dry-goods  stores,  1  steam  flotiring 
mill,  and  about  40  houses.    Pop.  in  1S60, 154. 

HOLTSBL'RG,  a  post-village  of  Davidson  co.,  North  Oar 
olina.  near  the  Yadkin  River,  and  on  the  North  Carolina 
Riulroad,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Salisbury. 

HOME,  a  township  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  1*5. 

HOMER,  a  post-village  of  Banks  co.,  Georgia,  about  3C 
miles  N.  of  Athens. 

HOMER,  a  post-village  of  Angelina  co.,  Texa-s,  about  60 
miles  S.  of  Henderson,  and  220  E.N.E.  of  Austin. 

HOMER,  a  post-village  of  Homer  township,  Calhoun  co., 
Michigan,  about  13  miles  S.E.  of  Marshall. 

HO.MER,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad,  93  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Springfield. 

HOMER,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  172. 

HOMER,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa,  about  2C 
miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Dodge. 

HOMER,  a  post-village  of  Homer  township,  Winona  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  5  or  6  miles  below  Wi- 
nona.    Pop.  96. 

IIOMEWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Beaver  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
at  the  junction  of  the  Newcastle  and  Beaver  Valley  Itti' 
road  with  the  Pittsburg  Ft.  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroaa, 
35  miles  N.W.  of  I'ittsburg. 

HONCUT,  a  post-village  of  Califbrnia,  about  16  miles  N. 
of  Marvsville. 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
370. 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1201. 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
889. 

HONEY  CREEK,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  592 

HONFIY  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  I'annin  co.,  Texas, 
about  16  miles  E.  of  Bonham.     Free  population,  2W. 

HONEY  LAKE,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Lassen  co..  California,, 
Is  in  a  fertile  valley  of  the  same  name,  and  in  a  high  plateau 
between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  a  branch  of  that  range.  It 
is  about  25  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide.  It  has  no  outlet. 
It  is  said  that  this  lake  was  dried  up  in  1860. 

HONEY  LAKE,  a  township  of  Lassen  co.,  California,  on 
a  lake  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  476. 

HOOD  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Wasco  Co.,  Oregon, 
flows  northward  and  enters  the  Columbia  River  about  21 
miles  W.  of  Dalles  City. 

II.10D  RIVER,  a  post-offlce  of  Waaco  co.,  Oregon,  on  th» 
Columbia  River,  25  miles  W.  of  Dalles  City. 

HOOD'S  CHANNEL,  or  CANAL,  Washington  Territory, 
is  a  narrow  inlet,  which  extends  southwestward  fioin  Ad- 
miralty Inlet.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  Kitsap  county, 
and  on  the  N.W.  by  Jefferson  and  Sawamish  counties 
Average  width,  2  or  3  miles. 

HOOPKR  VALLEY,  a  post-office  of  Klamath  co.,  Califor 
nia.  30  miles  S.  of  Orleans  Bar.  It  is  on  or  near  the  Trinitj 
River,  and  in  a  valley  of  its  own  name. 

HOPE,  a  township  of  Im  Salle  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1022 

HOPEDALE,  a  post-township  of  Tazewell  Co.,  Illinois, 
about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  719. 

2233 


HOP 

HOPBFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas, 
on  the  Mississippi  Kiver,  opposite  Memphis.     Pop.  154. 

HOPEVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  lowii,  about  60 
miles  S.S.^V.  of  Des  Moines. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  1005. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana, 
about  20  miles  N.W.of  Sladison. 

HOPEWELL,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
667. 

HOPEWELL,  a  ppst-village  of  Mississippi  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Cliarleston. 

HOPEWELL,  a  post-village  of  Mabaska  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the 
N.  Skunk  River,  about  VI  miles  E.N.E.  of  Oskaloos.i. 

HOPKINS,  a  post-township  of  Allegan  CO.,  Michigan, 
about  24  miles  S.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  587. 

HiyQUATTOX,  or  UO'QUATON,  a  village  of  Tillamook 
CO.,  Oregon,  on  Tillamook  Bay,  near  the  sea,  50  miles  S.  of 
Astoria.    It  has  1  store. 

HO'QUIUM  RIVER,  a  short  but  deep  stream  of  Cheha- 
lis  CO.,  Washington  Territory,  flows  southwestwnrd,  and 
enters  Gray's  Harbor,  about  6  miles  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Chelialis. 

HORICON,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wis- 
consin, situated  on  Rock  River,  at  the  S.  extremity  or  out- 
let of  Horicon  Lake,  .iO  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee,  and  46 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Madison.  The  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul 
Railroad  connects  here  with  the  Milwaukee  and  Horicon 
Railroad.  It  has  an  excellent  water-power,  and  contaiu.i  4 
churches,  1  large  public  school,  2  flouring-raills,  2  foun- 
dries, 1  sash  and  blind  lactory,  I  chair  factory,  kc.  Pop.  in 
1S65,  about  1800. 

HORICON  LAKE,  formerly  called  Winnebago  Marsh,  is 
in  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin.  Rock  River  enters  it  from  the 
East  and  flows  out  at  the  S.  extremity.  Its  length  N.  and 
S.is  about  14  miles,  and  its  width  about  6  miles. 

HORNITOS,  hor-nee'toce,  a  post-village  of  Mariposa  co., 
California,  is  situated  in  a  hilly  country,  78  miles  S.E.  of 
Stockton,  and  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Mariposa.  It  contains 
lumerous  stores,  and  is  supported  chietly  by  operations  in 
quartz-mines  of  gold,  and  by  trade  mtli  miners ;  3  quartz- 
mills  are  in  operation  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  600. 

HORSETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Shastii  co.,  California,  on 
Clear  Creek,  8  miles  S.  of  Shasta.  It  has  several  stores. 
Pop.  in  1864,  about  450. 

HORTON.  a  post-village  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa,  about  14 
miles  N.  of  Waverly. 

HORTONI.^,  a  township  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
both  sides  of  Wolf  River,  cont;iius  Hobtosville,  wliich  see. 
Pop.  649. 

HORTONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  or  near  Wolf  River,  about  16  miles  W  N.W.  of  Ap- 
pleton.    It  has  1  church  and  3  mills.    Pop.  100. 

HOUGHTON,  ho'fon,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Houghton 
CO-,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  the  south  bank  of  a  river  or 
inlet,  which  communicates  with  Keweenaw  Bay.  It  is 
about  46  miles  N.N.E.  of  Ontonagon.  Lat.  47°  8'  N.;  Ion. 
88°  40'  W.  It  contains  a  court-house,  3  churches,  1  news- 
paper ofliee,  1  national  bank,  &c.  Here  are  productive  cop- 
per mines.    Pop.  in  1860,  2145. 

HOUSTON,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of  Min- 
nesota, bordering  on  Iowa,  hiis  an  area  of  about  570  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  B.  by  the  Mississippi  River, 
which  separates  it  from  Wisconsin,  intersected  by  Boot 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Houston  River.  The  surface  is 
undulating ;  the  soil  rests  on  magnosian  limestone,  and  is 
very  fertile.  The  greater  part  of  this  county  is  or  was 
covered  \rith  forests,  the  prairie  land  being  estimated  at 
100  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Root  River  Val- 
ley Railroad  (unfinished).    Capitjil,  Caledonia.    Pop.  6645. 

HOUSTON,  a  post-village  of  Suwannee  co..  Florida,  on  the 
Florida  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Central  Railroad,  78  miles  W.  of 
Jacksonville. 

HOUSTON,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Bel- 
lefontiine  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Sidney. 

HOUSTON,  or  HUESTOX,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  co- 
Kentucky,  on  the  Central  Railroad.  4  miles  S.W.  of  Paris. 

HOUSTON,  a  post^township  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  Root  River,  about  14  miles  W.  of  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  555. 

HOWARD,  a  post-village  of  Centre  co.,  Ponn.sylvania,  on 
the  Bald  Eagle  Valley  Railroad,  about  10  miles"  N.N.E.  of 
Bellefonte. 

HOWARD,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Parke  co..  In- 
diana.   Pop.  653. 

IIOWARD,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1068. 

uflw"^^"'  ^  <*^''"s'"P  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  641. 

HOWARD,  a  post-township  of  Howard  Co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 67. 

HOW  ARD,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  486. 

How  ARD.  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  400 

1MW.\RDS  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Shebovgan  co„ 
Wisconsin,  ab.jul  7  miles  N.W.  of  Sheboy-aa.   "it  has  2 
■tores  and  1  steam  saw-mill. 
2234 


HUM 

HOWARDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Albemarle  co  Tit- 
ginia.  on  the  James  River,  about  SO  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

HOWELL,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Arkansas,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square  iiiik«. 
It  is  drained  by  Spring  River,  which  rises  within  its  limit». 
The  surface  is  hilly  and  unbroken.  Tlie  soil  of  the  valleys 
is  said  to  be  fertile.  The  county  contains  large  forests  of 
pine.     Capital,  West  Plains.     Pup.  3169. 

HOWLAND  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  Sieri-a  co..  California, 
24  miles  N.  of  Downieville,  is  situated  among  high  mooa- 
tiiins.  It  coftaius  1  church,  2  dry-goods  stores,  &c.  It 
has  productive  gold  mines,  and  6  water  ditcb<^  Pop. 
estimated  at  1200. 

HUBBLETON,  or  HUBBELLTON,  a  post-village  of  Jef- 
ferson CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Crawfish  River,  and  on  tlie  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Rjiilroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Watertuwii. 

HUDSON,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Penobscot  co., 
Maine,  about  14  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Bangor.    Poj).  771. 

HUDSON,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Ilu<lson  co..  New  Jersey, 
is  situatetl  near  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  alKiut  2 
miles  W.  of  the  Hudson  River,  and  2  or  3  miles  N.W.  of 
Jersey  City.  It  contains  1  bank  and  several  churuhea. 
Pop.  in  IStiO,  7229. 

HUDSON,  a  post-village  of  Caswell  co..  North  CaroUna, 
about  60  miles  N.W.  of  Rivleigh. 

HUDSON,  a  post-village  of  McLean  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  9  miles  N.  of  Bloomington.  Pop.  of  Hud- 
son township,  841. 

HUDSON,  a  village  and  township  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri, 
about  55  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Boonsville.     Pop.  771. 

HUDSON,  a  post-village  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa,  al^out 
10  miles  S.W.  of  Waterloo. 

HUDSON,  a  township  of  Walworth  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad.  It  contains  the  village  of 
Lyons.     Pop.  1338. 

HUDSON,  a  small  village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  about  9 
miles  W.  of  Dallas. 

HUERFANO  RIYER,  Colorado,  rises  in  Fremont  co., 
flowg  through  Huerfano  co.,  in  a  N.E.  direction,  and  euters 
the  Arkansas  River. 

HUERFANO,  a  large  county,  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Coloriido,  bordering  on  Kansits  and  New  Mexico.  It  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Arkansas  River,  and  on 
the  W.  by  the  Rocky  Mountain  range.  It  is  dniined  by  the 
Huerfano,  Cimarron  and  Purgatory  Rivers.  The  soil  is 
generally  unproductive. 

HUFF,  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.     Pop.  1339. 

HULL,  a  township  of  Portage  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  229. 

HULTON,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Alleghany  Valley  Railroad,  12  iniles  N.Fi.  of  Pitts- 
burg. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  connty  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Des  Moines  River,  and  its  Kast  and  West  J'ork,  which  unite 
in  the  S.  part  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Extensive  beds  of  iron  or(, 
coal  and  g.vpsum  are  found  in  it.  The  county  is  li' erally 
supplied  with  limestone,  valuable  for  building.  Capital, 
Dakota.    Pop.  332. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  California, 
has  an  area  of  about  2880  square  miles.  It  is  liounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  intersected  by  the  Eel  River, 
and  also  drained  by  Mad,  Mattole  and  Elk  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  diversified,  and  extensively  covered  with  forests 
of  red  wooii,  pine,  Ac,  which  grow  to  an  enormous  size.  The 
soil  is  fertile.  The  rock  which  underlies  the  county  is  sand- 
stone. Petroleum  is  found  in  the  south  part.  The  inhkbi- 
tants  of  this  county  are  principally  engaged  in  farming,  and 
in  the  lumber  business.  About  30,000,000  feet  of  lumber  are 
exiKirted  annually.     Capital,  Eureka.     Pop.  2694. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  connty  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Nevada,  hor- 
deringon  Oregon.  It  is  intei-sected  by  the  Himiboldt  River, 
which  affords  extensive  water-power.  The  surface  is  nioun- 
tjiinous ;  the  S.  central  or  S.E.  part  is  tniversed  by  a 
range,  called  the  Humboldt  Mountains,  which  extend  in  u 
N.  and  S.  direction.  A  portion  of  the  soil  is  said  to  be 
adapted  to  agriculture  and  pasturage,  but  the  principal  re- 
sources of  the  county  are  its  veins  of  silver  and  gold-bear- 
ing quartz,  which  are  worked  in  several  places,  ."'olphur 
is  abundant  here.  The  part  of  this  county  which  has  been 
explored  is  said  to  be  a  waste  of  barren  mountains  and 
burning  sands.    Capital,  Unionville. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  post  village  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee,  82 
miles  N.E.  of  Memphis,  and  about  20  miles  N.  of  Jackson. 
The  Mobile  and  ( )liio  Railroad  here  intersects  the  M-  mphis 
and  Ohio  Railroad. 

HUMHOLDT,  a  town.ship  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  692. 
HUMBOLOT,  a  ]iost-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Misson-i,  about 
45  miles  S.  of  Jefferson  City. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  village  of  Hnmlwldt  co.  Iowa,  on  the  Des 
Moines  River,  4  or  5  miles  S.  of  Dakota. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  township  of  Brown  CO.,  Wisconsin,  7  miles 
E.  of  the  town  of  Green  Bay.    Pop.  640. 


HUM 


IDA 


HUMBOLDT,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Shorbumo 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  or  near  the  loft  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  about  37  miles  K.W.  of  St.  Anthony,  and  about  4 
miles  E.  of  Monticello. 

UUMBOLDT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Allen  co.,  Kan- 
sas, is  plea,saiitly  situated  \^  a  mile  K.  of  the  Neosho  River, 
and  44  miles  Wt  of  i'ort  Siott.  It  contains  2  churches,  1 
printing  office,  a  United  States  Laud  office,  and  about  25 
huusfs. 

HUMBOLDT,  a  post-office  of  Richardson  co.,  Nebraska. 

HUMBOLDT  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Humboldt  co.,  Ne- 
vada, is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Humboldt  Mountain 
Range,  about  170  miles  N.N.K.  of  Carson  City.  Here  are 
silver  mines.  It  has  about  8  general  stores.  Pop.  in  1864, 
about  .oOO. 

HUMBUG  CITY,  a  mining  village  of  Nevada  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. 

HUMBUG  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Siskiyou  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 8  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Yreka. 

HUME,  a  township  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  196. 

HLMPTOLIPS,  hump-to'lips,  a  river  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, rises  in  Sawamish  county,  flows  in  a  S.S.W.  direction 
through  Chehalis  county,  and  enters  Gray's  Harbor  at  its 
N.  extremity.    It  is  a  swift  stream.  ■ 

HUNNEWELL,  a  post-villnge  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joeeph  llailroad,  37  miles  by  railroad, 
or  25  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  of  Hiinnibal. 

HUNTER,  a  post-office  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  about  55 
miles  E.  of  ZanesviUe. 

HUNTER'S  MILL,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co.,  Tirginia, 
on  the  Alexandria  Loudon  and  Hampshire  Railroad,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Alexandria. 

HUNTERS  A'ALLE'if,  a  mining  village  of  Mariposa  co., 
California,  15  miles  N.  of  Mariposa.  Ricli  mines  of  copper 
and  gold  have  recently  been  opened  here.  This  village  is 
surrounded  by  hitch  mountains.     Pop.  about  300. 

HUNTINGBURG,  a  post-office  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana, 
about  44  miles  N.E.  of  Evansville. 

HUNTIKGTON,  a  post-township  of  ILunpshire  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  12  miles  W.  of  Northampton.     Pop.  1216. 

HUNTINGTON,  a  post-village  of  St.  Croix  co.,  AViscon- 
sin,  in  the  .N.W.  part.    It  has  2  mills  and  25  dwellings. 


HUNT'S  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Kenosha  co.,  'Wit- 
cousin,  on  a  railroad  which  extends  westward  from  Kt> 
nosha. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana,  on  th« 
Pittsburg  fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  about  8  miles 
■W.N.W.  of  Columbia. 

HUNTSVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Schnylei 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  80  miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield.  Pop 
1061. 

HURON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  has  an 
area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
and  E.  by  Lake  Huron,  on  the  N.W.  by  Saginaw  Bay,  and 
is  drained  by  Pigeon  and  Willow  Rivers.  Tlie  surface  is 
nearly  level;  and  mostly  covered  with  forests,  in  which 
pine  is  found.  The  soil  produces  wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  kc. 
Capital,  Sand  Beach.     Pop.  3165. 

HURON,  a  township  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan,  containing 
Huron  City.    Pop.  524. 

HURON  CIT'V,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Huron,  about  135  miles  N.  of  Detroit. 

HURON  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Mielngan, 
on  Huron  River,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  Toledo  Railroud, 
28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Detroit. 

HUTCHINSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Dakota.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Dakota  River.  The  surface  is  some- 
what diversified;  the  soil  is  productive.  The  census  of 
1860  furnishes  no  information  resjiecting  this  county. 

HUTCHINSON,  or  HUTCHER.-ON,  a  post-village  and 
township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  S.  Kwk  of  Crow 
River,  about  14  miles  N.W.  of  Glencoe.     Pop.  94. 

HUTTON,  a  post-township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois,  about  15 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Mattoon.    Pop.  1727. 

HYATT,  a  post-village  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas,  about  55 
miles  S.  of  Lawrence. 

HYATT'S  RANCH,  a  village  of  Marin  co.,  California,  at 
or  near  Novato  Point,  12  nules  N.  of  San  Rafael. 

HYATTSVILLE,  Miami  co.,  Ohio.    See  Tippecanoe. 

HYDK  PARK,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  Co.,  Minnesota, 
about  18  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wabasha. 

HYDESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Humboldt  co.,  Califor 
nia,  in  Eel  River  Valley,  25  miles  S.  of  Eureka.  It  has  1 
church,  1  school,  and  a  Masonic  hall. 


I. 


TATAN,  or  JATAN,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  .\tchison  and  Weston 
Railroad,  about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Weston. 

IDA,  a  new  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  about  4.30  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Maple 
Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Little  Siou.x,  which  touches  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  county.  Capibil,  Ida.  Population 
in  1860,  43. 

10 K,  a  post- village  and  township  of  Monroe  co..  Micliigan. 
The  village  is  on  the  Southern  Railroad,  9  miles  W.  of  Mon- 
roe, and  23  miles  E.  of  Adrian.     Total  population  673. 

IDA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ida  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Maple  River,  about  124  miles  W.N.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

I'D.VIIO,  a  Territory  of  the  United  States  of  North  Ame- 
rica, is  l)ounded  on  tlie  N.  by  the  British  Possessions,  on  the 
E.  by  Montana  and  Dakota,  on  the  S.  by  Nevsida  and  Utali, 
and  on  the  W.  by  Oregon  and  Washingtcm  Territory.  It 
lies  between  42°  and  49°  .\.  lat.,  and  between  110°  and  117° 
W.  Ion.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  4S0  miles  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  340  miles.  Area  esti- 
mated at  about  90,000  square  miles.  It  w;ib  organized  as  a 
Territory  on  the  3d  of  March,  1863,  sitice  which  its  limits 
have  been  reduced  by  the  formation  of  Montana  Territory. 
According  to  some  "writers,  the  word  Idaho  signifies  "gem 
of  the  mountains." 

Face  of  the  Country,  Soil,  and  Timber.  —  The  surface  is 
generally  mountainous.  Tlie  liocky  Mountain  Range  ex- 
tends along  the  eiistern  and  northeastern  border  for  a  dis- 
tance of  about  250  miles.  Fremont's  Peak,  which  is  the 
highest  peak  of  this  range  in  the  United  States,  having  an 
altitude  of  13,w70  feet,  is  on  tht  boundwy  between  Idaho 
and  Dakota.  A  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  is  formed  by 
the  curvilinear  range  of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  Minor 
ridges  of  mountain  occur  in  different  parts  of  the  territoiy. 
The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  of  Salmon  River,  and  in  other 
p.irts  of  Idaho,  is  grand  and  impressive.  In  the  S.E.  part 
are  high  mountain  peaks  called  the  Three  Tetous.  It  is 
reported  that  the  Boisee  Basin  is  well  timbered  and  well 
watered.  "All  through  the  Bitter  Root  and  Rocky  Moun- 
tains," says  Captain  Mullan, "  the  finest  white  and  red  cedar, 
white  pine,  and  red  fir,  that  I  have  ever  seen,  are  found." 
T'lis  region  appears  to  be  destitute  of  deciduous  trees  and 
hard  timber.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  and  lowlands  is  said  to 
be  fertile.  Governor  Lyon,  in  his  late  message,  s;iys,  "  The 
fertile  bottom-lands  of  the  St.  Joseph,  Coeur  d'AIene,  La-toh, 
Palouse,  Lapwai,  Kooskooskia.  Na.sso  P»yette,  Weiser, 
Bo.see,  Malade,  and  their  tribiitaiies,  would  alone  sustain, 
properly  cultivated,  a  population  larger  than  most  of  the 


Atlantic  states,  while  ranges  of  nutritions  '  bunch  grass,' 
suitable  for  herds,  cover  millions  of  acres." 

Rivers.  —  The  principal  rivers  of  Idaho  are  CIarke'8 
River,  the  Lewis  or  Snake,  the  Salmon,  the  Clearwater,  tho 
Boisde,  the  Green,  the  Palouse,  the  Malade,  the  Payette, 
and  Lapwai  Rivers.  The  northern  part  of  Idaho  is  inter- 
sected by  Clarke's  River.  The  southeastern  part  is  drained 
by  Bear  River  and  the  sotirces  of  Green  River,  a  branch  of 
the  Colorado,  and  the  central  jiart  by  Salmon  River,  which 
flows  westward  and  falls  into  Snake  or  Lewis  River. 
Lewis  River,  which  is  one  of  the  affluents  of  the  Columbia, 
rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  traverees  the  southern 
part  of  Idaho  with  a  great  curve  which  is  nearly  a  semi- 
circle. Afterwards  puisuing  a  northerly  course,  it  forms 
the  W.  boundary  of  the  territory  for  200  miles  or  more. 
The  N.  central  part  is  drained  by  the  Clearwater,  or  Koos- 
kooskia River.  The  Boisee  River  flows  westward,  and 
enters  Lewis  River. 

Minerals.  —  Gold  and  silver  are  found  in  large  quantities 
in  Idaho;  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Salmon,  Boisee, 
and  Clearwater  Rivers,  in  tlie  counties  of  Boisfie,  Ada,  Idaho, 
Nez  Perce,  Owyhee,  and  Shoshone.  Mining  operations  are 
now  in  active  progress  in  various  parts  of  the  territory. 
According  to  an  official  report,  gold  from  Idaho  was  assayed 
and  coined  at  New  York  and  Philadelphia  in  the  fiscal 
year  1S63-4,  to  the  value  of  $1,049,070.  "Tho  estimated 
production  of  the  territory  last  year,"  says  the  editor  of 
the  -'Alta  California,"  of  January  7,  1865,  "was  six  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  tlius  placing  it  among  the  principal  gold 
fields."  The  following  passage  is  extracted  t'rom  the  mes- 
sage of  Governor  Lyon :  "  The  vast  unmeasurable  struc- 
tural wealth  embodied  within  our  confines,  so  nicely  bal- 
anced of  mineral,  farming,  and  grazing  interests,  with 
mountain  forests  of  timber  land,  and  water-power  of  every 
description,  eminently  adapt  us  for  a  self-supporting  com- 
munity." Limestone  is  found  on  the  Clearwater  River  and 
other  places,  and  valuable  gray  sandstone  in  the  Bitter 
Root  Mountains. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  cold  and  stormy  in  winter,  and 
dry  and  serene  in  the  summer  and  autumn.  According  to 
Governor  Lyon,  it  is  "  a  glorious  climate,  with  Syrian  sum- 
mers and  Italian  winters." 

Population  and  Tmvns. — The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no 
information  respecting  this  territory,  which  at  that  time 
contained  few  inhabitants  except  Indians.  The  chief 
towns  are  Idaho  City.  Lewiston,  Placerville,  Boisee  City, 
and  Pioneer  City.  The  last  legislature  passed  an  act  to 
remove  the  seat  of  government  from  Lewiston  to  Bois^o 

2236 


IDA 

City.    The  population,  according  to  a  census  taken  in  1864, 
was  about  25,000,  who  are  mo^^tly  eniploj-ed  in  mining. 

IDAHO,  a  county  in  the  central  part  ol'  Idalio,  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  Lewis  or  Snalce  Kiver.  It  is  also  dniined 
by  the  Salmon  River.  The  sur£ice  is  direi-sifled  by  Viillcys 
and  mountains,  among  which  aire  the  Salmon  Kiver  Moun- 
tains. The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  productive.  Gold  is  found 
in  the  E.  part  near  Florence,  which  is  the  county-seat. 
I'op.  in  1864,  9.1^5. 

IDAHO,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Clear  Creek  co.,  Colorado, 
is  situated  on  the  X.  bank  of  Clear  Creek,  and  on  the  Den- 
ver and  Pacific  Wagon  Koad,  35  miles  W.  of  Denver,  and  26 
miles  W.  of  Golden  City.  It  is  about  14  miles  E  of  the 
summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountiiins.  It  contains  a  court-house, 
1  church,  1  school,  3  hotels,  and  several  (luartz-mills  for 
separating  gold  from  the  quartz-rock.  Here  iire  boiling 
soda  springs  which  are  much  frequented  in  summer.  Pop. 
in  September,  1864,  about  500. 

IDAHO  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Boisee  co.,  Idaho, 
formerly  called  Bannock  City,  is  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  Elk  and  Moore's  Creeks,  and  in  the  Boisee  Ba.sin,  about 
30  miles  E.N.E.  of  Boisee  City.  Lat.  about  43°  50'  N.,  Ion. 
115°  W.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  territory,  and  owes 
its  rapid  growth  to  its  rich  placer  mines  of  gold.  Gold  and 
silver  are  also  found  in  quartz  ledges  near  this  place.  It 
contained  in  1S64,  36  dry-goods  and  general  store>,  4  drug 
8t*ires,  4  clothing  stores,  2  lumber  yards,  4  breweries,  3 
cabiuet  shops,  &c.  One  newsi)aper  is  published  here.  The 
adjacent  country  is  hilly,  ami  partly  covered  wiih  forests 
of  pine  or  other  coniferous  trees.  The  Directory  of  Idaho 
Territory,  4c.,  for  1865,  enumerates  about  S25  residents  of 
Idaho  City.  I'op.  estimated  at  4000.  A  great  fire  occurred 
here  about  the  20th  of  May,  1865.  It  is  stated  that  a  the- 
atre and  all  the  hotels  were  consumed. 

IDAVILLE,  a  post-village  of  White  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Toledo  Logansport  and  Burlington  Railroad,  14  miles  W. 
of  Logansport. 

IL'IOX,  a  post-village  of  Herkimer  co..  New  York,  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  Mohawk  River,  ou  the  Central  Railroad  and 
the  Erie  Canal,  llj^  miles  E.  of  I'tiea.  It  cont.iins  3 
churches,  1  bank,  1  newspaper  office,  an  armory  which  em- 
ploys about  SOO  men,  and  a  manufactury  of  agricultural 
implements.     Pop.  in  1865,  about  3000. 

ILKUMEN,  a  post-office  of  Thurston  co.,  Washington 
Territory. 

ILLINOIS  RIVER,  Oregon,  a  small  stream  which  rises 
in  the  S.  part  of  Josephine  Co.,  flows  northwestward,  and 
enters  Rogue  River  iu  Curry  county. 

ILLIXOIiSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California, 
near  the  X.  Fork  of  the  Aniericjin  River,  audou  the  Central 
Pacific  Rjiilroad,  18  miles  X.E.  of  Auburn.     Pop.  about  300. 

ILLIOPULIS,  a  township  of  Sangiunon  co.,  Illinois,  about 
18  miles  E.  of  Springfield. 

ILLIOPOLIS  STATIOX,  a  postoffice  of  Sangamon  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  22  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Springfield. 

ILLVRH.  a  post-township  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  8 
miles  S.E.  of  \>est  Union.     I'op.  800. 

IML.\.Y,  a  post-township  of  Lapeer  co.,  Michigan,  about 
50  miles  X'.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  654. 

IXDEPEXDEXCE,  a  village  of  Richland  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Sandusky  Mansfield  and  Newark  Railroad,  20  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Mansfield. 

IXDEPEXDEXCK,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1507. 

INDEPEXDENCE,  a  village  of  Indiana,  on  the  line  be- 
tween Gnuit  and  Madison  counties,  about  15  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Marion. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  747. 

IN  I  lEPENDENCE,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.476. 

I.VDEPENDENCE,  a  township  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minne- 
sota.    I'op.  223. 

INDEPEXDENCE.  a  post- village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon, 
near  the  Willamette  River,  10  miles  SJl.  of  Dallas.  It  con- 
tains 2  stores. 

INDEPENDENCE,  a  mining  village  of  Umatilla  co.,  Ore- 
gon, at  the  confluence  of  Granite  Creek  and  Bull  Run,  about 
104  miles  S.  by  E  from  Umatilla  City. 

INDEPENDENCE  FLAT,  a  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  Cali- 
fornui,  about  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  t^onora. 

INDIANA,  a  township  of  -Marion  CO.,  Iowa,    Pop.  910. 

lNl'I.VNAPOLIS,a  small  post-villageof  Miami  co^Kansas. 

1ND1.\.\  B.VR,  a  mining  village  of  Plunuis  co.,  California. 

INDl.A^N  CREEK,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois 
Pop.  17  WJ.  ' 

INLtlAX  CREEK,  a  township  of  Mills  co.,Iowa.  Pop.  244. 

IN  1»I.\N  CRKEK,  a  township  of  Story  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  676. 

INDIAN  DIGGINGS,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 2o  miles  S.S.E.  of  Placerville.    It  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal mining  villages  of  the  county,  and  has  several  stores. 
INDIAN  FIELDS,  a  township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  128. 

INDIAN  GUIXJII.  a  post-village  of  Mariposa  co.,  Cali- 
Totuhi,  25  wiles  W.  of  Maripo»a.    It  has  2  or  3  stores. 
2236 


low 

INDIANOXA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa, 
situated  18  miles  S.  of  Des  Moines,  and  IJ-sJ  miles  N.of  t:  uth 
River  It  contains  2  churches,  1  newspaper  offlre,  1  l.irge 
seminary  (male  and  female),  2  public  schools,  1  floiiriug- 
mill,  &c.  The  surrounding  country  is  fertile  and  well  tim- 
bered.    Pop.  about  1200. 

INDIANOLA,  a  post-village  of  Shawnfee  co.,  Kansas, 
about  4  miles  N.W.  of  Topeka. 

INDIAN  POINT,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1195. 

INDIAN  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 10  miles  S.  of  Nevada  City. 

INDIANTOWN,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1010. 

INDIAN  VILLAGE,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Iowa  River.     Pop.  619. 

INDIOLA,  a  village  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Crow 
River,  about  46  miles  W.  of  Anoka,  and  15  miles  below 
Forest  City. 

INDUSTRIANA,  a  post-village  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minne- 
sota.   It  hiis  a  steam  saw-mill. 

INDUSTRY,  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  about  22  miles  below  Wheeling. 

INUUSIRY,  a  post-Village  and  township  of  McDonough 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  55  miles  K.N.E.  of  Quincy.    Pop.  1263. 

INciERSOLL,  a    township   of   Midland    co.,    Michigan. 
Pop.  111. 
INGHAM,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  138. 
INGLEFIELD,  or  INGLE,  a  railroad  station  in  Vander- 
burg  CO.,  Indiana,  10  miles  N.  of  Evansville. 

INLAND,  a  post-township  of  Cedar  Co.,  Iowa,  about  24 
miles  N.W.  of  Davenport.     Pop.  457. 

INSKIP,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California,  43  miles  N. 
of  Oroville.    It  has  1  store. 

INVER  GROVE,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  River.    Pop.  536. 

INVERNESS,  a  township  of  Shebo3'gan  co.,  Michisran. 
Pop.  292. 

INWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Pittsburg  FoFt  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  5  or  6  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Plymouth. 

lOKA,  a  post-ottice  or  village  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa,  about 
17  miles  N.W.  of  Fairfield. 
lOLA,  a  post-office  of  Columbia  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 
IOL.\,  or  JOLA,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co  ,  Iowa,  on  Des 
Moines  River,  7  or  8  miles  N.E.  of  Kuoxville. 

IOL.\,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wis- 
consin. The  village  is  on  the  S.  branch  of  Little  Wolf  River, 
about  12  miles  N.  of  Waupacii  Falls.  It  has  1  flour-iuill,  2 
saw-mills,  and  2  stores.    'Total  i>opulation,  465. 

lO'LA,  a  post-village  of  .411eii  to.,  Kansas,  situated  on  the 
the  E.  bank  of  Neosho  River,  40  miles  W.  of  Fort  Scott 
and  76  miles  S.  of  Lawrence.  It  contains  1  church,  1  floui^ 
ing-mill,  1  saw-mill,  a  chair  factory,  and  several  stores, 
lola  is  on  the  route  of  tlie  Leavenworth  and  Fort  Gibson 
Railroad  (unfinished).  It  is  stated  that  the  county-seat  hua 
been  removed  to  this  place.     Pop.  about  550. 

ION,  a  post-oflice  of  Allonuvkee  CO.,  Iowa,  about  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wisconsin. 

lONE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Nye  co.,  Nevada.  One 
newspaper  is  publi.-<heil  here. 

lONE  CITY,  or  lONE  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Amador 
CO.,  California,  is  sitated  in  a  valley  on  Sutter  Croek,  40 
miles  S.K.  of  Sacramento,  and  11  miles  W  of  Jackson.  It 
has  3  churches,  1  school,  6  stores,  and  2  fiouring-mills. 
Copper  mines  have  been  found  here.  The  name  of  the  post- 
oflice  is  lone  Valley.     Pop.  about  500. 

IONIA,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois,  about  11  miles 
N.W.  of  Ualesburg. 

IOSCO,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  bordering  on 
Lake  Huron,  has  an  area  of  about  575  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Au  Sable  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Au  Gres  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and  partly 
covered  by  forests  of  pine.  Capital,  Tawas  City.  Pop.  175. 
IOSCO,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan,  in  Iosco 
township,  and  on  Red  Cedar  River,  about  32  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Lansing. 

IOSCO,  a  village  and  townsliip  of  Waseca  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  20  miles  K.  of  Mankato.    Pop.  388. 

IOWA,  a  township  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  164. 
IOWA,  a  (ownship  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  542. 
IOWA,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  877. 
IOWA,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  SOT. 
IOWA,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  463. 
IOWA,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1008. 
IOWA,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  10^6. 
IOWA,  a  townsliip  of  Washington  co..  Iowa.     Pop.  837. 
lOAVA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Story  co.,  Iowa,  about 
7  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nevada.    Pop.  about  300. 

IOWA  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  28 
miles  N.E.  of  Auburn.  It  has  productive  gold  mines,  and 
contains  several  stores.    Pop.  in  1864,  about  500. 

IOWA  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  CO.,  Kansas, 
situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  120  miles  by  water  "••  65 
miles  by  land  above  Leavenworth,  and  30  miles  by  Utiid 


IPA 


JAC 


N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri.  It  is  the  largest  village  or 
town  in  the  county,  and  hus  a  good  steamboat  landing  on  a 
rotk-liound  shore.  It  contains  a  flne  liotel  built  of  stone 
and  brick,  1  or  2  churches,  1  large  steam  tlour-mill,  1  steam 
saw-mill,  1  newspaper  office,  4  drv-goods  stores,  2  drug 
stores,  and  125  houses.  It  has  a  steam  lerry-boat  by  which 
a  great  number  of  emigrants  cross  the  river.  Pop.  about 
600;  population  of  Iowa  Point  township  in  18C0, 1686. 

IPA VI A,  or  IPAVA,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  Co.,  Illinois, 
about  50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Peoria. 

IRON,  a  county  towards  the  S.E.  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  aiea  estimated  at  500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Big 
Creek,  an  affluent  of  the  St.  francois  River,  and  by  the 
Middle  Fork  of  the  Black  River.  The  surface  is  liilly  and 
mountainous.  The  remarkable  Pilot  Knob  and  Iron  Moun- 
tain are  situated  on  its  N.E.  Ixjrder.  Tlii.-*  county  abounds 
in  iron  of  excellent  quality.  It  is  stated  that  gold,  platina, 
nickel,  lead,  granite  and  marble  are  found  here.  It  con- 
tains large  forests  of  oak,  hickory,  ash,  walnut,  pine,  cedar, 
&c.  It  is  connected  with  St.  Louis  by  the  St.  Louis  and 
Ii-on  Mountain  Railroad.  Capital,  Ironton.  Pop.  68i2,  of 
whom  313  were  slaves. 

IRON  BLUFF,  a  post-village  of  Sarj'y  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  Klkliorn  River,  about  22  niilus  W.  of  BeUevue 

IRONUALE,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  70  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

IRON  IIILI,S,  a  [X)3t  office  of  Jackson  CO.,  low^a. 

IRON  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-village  of  St.  Francois  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  >Sl 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Louis,  and  6  miles  N.  of  Pilot  Knob. 
Here  is  a  hill  about  225  feet  high  containing  iron. 

IRON  RIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  eo.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  railroad  which  connects  Milwaukee  with  Uoricon,  45 
miles  N.W.  of  the  former,  and  7  miles  S.E.  of  Horicon. 

IRONTON,  a  post-office  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

IRONTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Iron  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  00  miles  S.  by  W  of  St.  Louis, 
ind  about  2  miles  S.  of  Pilot  Knob.  Here  is  a  United 
States  Land  Office. 

IRONTON,  a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Wigconsin,  on  Lake 
Superior,  about  24  miles  E.  of  Ashland. 

IRONTON  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin,  contains 
the  village  of  Ironto.n,  which  see.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  it. 
Pop.  943. 

IHONTON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin, 
situated  about  22  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Baraboo,  and  20  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Mauston.  It  has  sevenil  stores,  a  grist-mill, 
a  saw-mill,  a  machine  shop,  and  a  large  furnace  for  smelt- 
ing iron  ore.    Pop.  about  450. 

IRONVILLE,  a  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Utah,  8  miles  W.  of 
Beaver.    Here  is  an  iron  furniice. 

IROQUOIS,  a  township  of  Newton  co..  Indiana.   Pop.  434. 

IRVING,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Kansas. 
Area  estimated  at  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Wal- 
nut Creek  and  other  streams.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
The  census  of  1800  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this 
county. 

IRVING,  a  village  of  Pendleton  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Kentucky  Central  Railroad,  33  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Cincinnati. 

IRVING,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  St,  Louis  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  RailrofwJ,  about  60 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Alton. 

IRVING,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Black  River.     Pop.  4139. 

IRVING,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Monongalia  co..  Min- 
nesota, on  the  E.  shore  of  Green  Lake,  and  on  or  near  Crow 
River,  about  21  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Forest  City. 

IRVING,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  657. 

IRVING,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  CO.,  Kaunas.  It  has 
•  steam  Baw-tuill  and  several  stores. 


IRVINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Essex  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  14  miles  W.  of  New  York  City. 

IRVINGTON,  a  p<ist-office  of  Washington  Co.,  Illinois,  OB 
the  Central  Railroad,  5  miles  S.  of  Centralia. 

IRVINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Kossuth  co..  Iowa,  on  the 
East  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  6  miles  below 
Algona. 

IRWIN,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Ohio,  about  30  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

ISABEL,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  about  48  miles 
N.  of  Muscatine. 

ISABEL,  or  ISABELLE,  a  township  of  Pierce  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Lake  Pepin.    Pop.  92. 

ISABELLA,  a  county  in  the  central  partot  Michigan,  has 
an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Chip- 
pewa River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Pine  and  Salt  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level  and  mostly  covered  with  ibrests 
of  pine,  sugar-maple  and  other  trees.  The  soil  is  produc- 
tive.    Pop.  1443. 

ISABELLA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Worth  co.,  Georgia, 
situated  about  20  miles  E.  of  Albany. 

ISABELLA,  a  township  of  Isabella  co.,  Michigan,  con- 
tains or  adjoins  Isabella  City.     Pop.  994. 

ISABKLLA,  a  iiost-village  of  Ozark  co^  Missouri,  about 
64  mile.s  S.E.  of  Springfield. 

IS.\BELLA  CITV,  a  post-village  of  Isabella  co.,  Michigan, 
on  or  near  the  Chippewa  River,  about  76  miles  N.E.  of 
Grand  Rapids,  and  50  miles  W.  of  Bay  City. 

IS.IlBELLE  river,  a  small  stream  of  Pierce  co.,  Wis- 
consin, flows  southward  and  enters  Liike  Pepin. 

ISANTI,  or  ISANTO,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Minne- 
sota, has  an  area  of  about  450  stiuaro  miles.  It  is  inteisected 
by  the  St.  Francis  or  Rum  River,  which  flows  southward. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified.  Several  kinds  of  de- 
ciduous trees  grow  along  the  banks  of  Rum  Miver.  Capi- 
tal, Cambridge.     Pop.  284. 

ISCHUA,  a  post-township  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  New  York, 
about  7  miles  N.  of  Olean.     Pop.  986. 

ISLAND,  a  small  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  consists  of  two  islands  named  Canuino  and 
and  Whidby.  The  latter  is  about  50  miles  long  and  froii) 
3  to  10  wide.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Strait  of  Juan 
de  Fuca  and  Admiralty  Inlet,  and  on  the  E.  by  a  narrow 
channel  which  separates  it  from  the  mainland.  The  soil  is 
fertile.     Capital,  Ooupeville.    Pop.  294. 

ITASCA,  a  village  of  Anoka  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  the  Minnesota  and 
Pacific  Railroad,  0  or  7  miles  above  Anoka. 

ITHACA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan, 
about  42  miles  N.  of  Lansing,  and  38  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Saginaw  City. 

ITHACA,  a  post-township  of  Richland  co^  Wisconsin 
about  4S  miles  W.N.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  952. 

lU'KA,  a  post-village  of  Tishemingo  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  22  niilos  E.S.E.  of 
Corinth. 

IVOR,  a  post-village  of  Southampton  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Norfolk  and  Petersburg  Railroad,  36  miles  S.E.  of  Peters- 
burg. 

IVY  DEPOT,  a  post-otfice  of  Albemarle  county,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Central  Rjiilroad,  7  miles  W.  of  Charlottes- 
ville. 

IXONIA,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
both  sides  of  Rock  River,  and  a  station  on  the  Milwaukee 
and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  37  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee.  Pop. 
1SU9. 

IZARD,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has 
an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Elk- 
horn  River,  and  also  drained  by  Maple  Creek.  The  surface 
is  undulating ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  census  of  1860  fur- 
nishes uo  information  respecting  tliis  county 


J. 


JACINTO,  a  post-village  of  Colusa  co.,  California,  on  the 
Sacramento  River,  26  miles  N.  of  Colusa. 

JACK,  a  new  county,  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area 
of  about  850  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  West  Fork 
of  the  Trinity  River.    Pop.  1000. 

JACKSBORO',  a  post-village  of  Jack  co.,  Texas,  about  226 
miles  N.  of  Austin  City. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Kentucky. 
Area  estimated  at  426  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  Rock  Castle  River,  which  flow  soutliwe.<tward,  and 
by  an  affluent  of  the  Kentucky,  flowing  northward.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly.  Capital,  McKee.  P.  3087,  of  whom  7  were  slaves. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  W.part  of  Wisconsin,  has  an 
area  of  about  1000  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Black 
River,  aad  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Trempealeau, 
and  by  Hall's  and  Morrison's  Creeks.  The  surface  is  di- 
versified and  e.xtensively  covered  with  forests.  The  soil  is 
productive.  A  large  quantity  of  lumber  is  exported  from 
this  cci:niy.    Capital,  Black  Ri-'or  Falls.    Pop.  4170. 


JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Minnesota, 
bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  7-0  square  miles.  It  is 
inter8e<;ted  by  the  West  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  and 
also  drained  by  the  Chanyuska,  an  affluent  of  the  Blue 
Earth.  It  contains  several  lakes,  the  largest  of  which, 
called  Heron  Lake,  is  about  10  miles  long.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.    Capital  Jackson.     Pop.  181. 

JACKSON,  a  county  in  the  N.K.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an 
area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Soldier, 
Straight  and  Bill's  Creeks.  The  Kansas  River  touches  the 
S.W  part  of  the  county.  The  surface  is  diversified ;  the  soil 
is  very  productive.  This  county  was  at  first  called  Calhoun. 
Capital,  Ilolton.    Pop.  1936. 

JACKSON,  a  comity  in  the  S.S.W.  part  of  Oregon,  border- 
ing on  California.  Area  estimated  at  3000  square  niiles.  It 
is  drained  by  Rogue  River  (which  rises  in  the  N.E.  part) 
and  by  numerous  creeks,  among  which  are  Antelope  and 
Big  Butte  Creeks.  The  E.  jioiti<m  of  the  county  is  moun 
taiuous,  forming  part  of  the  W.  slope  of  the  Casc;ide  Range. 

2237 


JAC 


JEP 


Jfo  int  Pitt,  a  peak  of  this  rantre,  abotjt  11,000  feet  high,  is 
111  «liis  county.  The  valley  nt  Rogue  Kivor  is  very  fertile, 
proJucing  various  kinds  of  Rrain  and  fruits.  Iron  ore  is 
]il»vufliint  in  this  county,  which  iilso  contains  placiT  and 
•lOditz  gold  mines,  and  bituminous  coal.  Capital,  Jat-ksou- 
vill*.     Pop  3736. 

JACKSON,  a  post-village  of  Camden  co.,  New  Jersey,  on 
tlie  Raritan  and  Delaware  IJay  Railroad,  about  1  mile  E.  of 
its  junction  with  the  Camden  and  Atlantic  Kailroad,  and 
20  miles  S.K.  of  Camden.  Here  is  a  manufactory  of  win- 
dow glass, 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey.  Pop. 
1606.  ,       „ 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
814, 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Snyder  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
709. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1421. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  802. 

JACKSON,  a  village  of  Malioning  co^  Ohio,  about  37 
miles  E.  of  Akron. 

J  ACKSON,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River.    Pop.  1477. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  93. 

JACKSDN,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1624. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Indi.-uia.  Pop.  1650. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1362. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1718. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  738. 

JACKSON,  a  village  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana,  on  a  railroad 
about  4  miles  N.N.W.  of  Tipton. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Newton  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  412. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Spencer  CO..  Indiana.    Pop.  805. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Stark  co„  Indiana.     Pop.  84. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1104. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Benton  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  485. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  207. 

J-4.CKS0N,  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.     I'op.  672. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Butler  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  78. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  391. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Des  Moines  CO.,  Iowa.   Pop.  123. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  557. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Hai-din  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  346. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  149. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Iowb.     Pop.  1081. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  762. 

J.VCKSON,  a  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowti.    Pop.  551. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Keokuk  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1170. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1276. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Linn  Co.,  lowiu     Pop.  667. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  243. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  319. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  414. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  626. 

JACKSON,  a  townsliip  of  Sac  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  151. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  231. 

J.\CKSON,  a  townr^hip  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Iowa.  Pop  1170. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Wsirren  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  19S. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa.    i'op.  645. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  the  S.B.  part  of  Adams  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  528. 

JACKSON,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  La  Crosse  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  788. 

JACKSON,  a  small  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  15 
miles  E.  of  Sparta. 

JACKSON,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Jackson  co..  Minne- 
sotii,  on  the  West  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  70 
miles  S.W,  of  Mankato. 

JACKSON,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas. 

JACKSON,  a  village  of  Sierra  co.,  Calitbrnia,  about  33 
miles  E.N.E.,  of  Nevada. 

JACKSON,  a  township  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas.  Pen. 
304.  ^ 

JACKSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Amador  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  Jackson  Creek,  about  oO  miles  S.E.  of  Sacramento. 
It  contains  a  substantial  court-house  and  jail,  built  of  stone 
and  brick ;  1  church,  1  public  school,  and  numerous  stores. 
Two  newspapers  are  published  here.  The  houses  in  the 
business  part  of  the  village  are  mostly  built  of  brick.  The 
surrounding  country  is  rich  in  auriferous  quartz.  Pod.  in 
lb.65  about  1400.  ^ 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas 
about  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rusk. 

J  ACKSO.WILLK,  a post-villageof  Randolph  CO.,  Missouri 
on  the  North  Missouri  Itailro-ad,  11  miles  S  of  Macon  Citv 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-villasre  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minne- 
•ota,  about  15  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Wabasha. 

JACKSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tuolumno  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Tuolumne  River,  12  miles  S.W.  of  Sonora. 
Pop  about  200. 


JACKSONVILLE,  a  precinct  or  township  of  Jackson  co., 
Oregon,  contains  Jacksonville,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  892. 

JACKS0NV1J>LE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co., 
Oregon,  is  situated  in  the  valley  of  Rogue  River,  on  the 
stage  road  from  Sacramento  to  Portland,  240  miles  S.  o* 
Salem,  and  60  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Yrcka,  Calilomia.  It  con 
tains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  1  banking  office,  2  news- 
paper offices,  and  about  12  stores.  Gold  is  fonud  in  the 
vicinity.     Pop.  in  1864,  about  500. 

J.\COBSVIIJjE,  a  post-village  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada,  on 
the  overland  mail-route,  near  Reese  River,  and  about  6  miles 
W.  of  Austin.    It  has  2  stores.    Pop.  about  200. 

JAL.\PA,  a  post-office  of  Lander  co.,  Nebraska. 

JAMES',  a  village  of  Colusa  co.,  California,  65  miles  N.W. 
of  Colusa.    Pop.  about  150. 

JAMESBURG,  a  village  of  Berkeley  co.,  West  Virginia, 
about  18  miles  N.  of  Winchester. 

JAMES  RIVER,  Dakota.    See  Dakota  River. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Marietta. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-township  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  517. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  township  of  Steuben  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
587. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  village  of  Andrew  co.,  Missouri,  on  a 
railroad  5  or  6  miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  township  forming  the  N.E.  part  of  Blue 
Earth  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  230. 

JAMESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Tuolumne  co.,  California, 
5  miles  S  W.  of  Sonora.  It  is  one  of  the  principal  mining 
villages  in  the  county.     Pop.  in  1865,  about  500. 

JAMISON  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Plumas  co..  California, 
on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River,  about  50  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Nevada  City.  It  is  supported  by  gold  mines,  and  has 
several  stores. 

JANESVILLE,  or  JAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Bremer  co.,  Iowa,  on  Cedar  River,  al>out  5  miles  S.  of 
Waverly. 

JANESVILLE,  a  village  of  Todd  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  35  miles  above  St.  Cloud. 

JANESVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Jane.sville  townsliip, 
Waseca  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Blue  Earth 
River,  about  14  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Manitato.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  260. 

JANESVILLE,  a  village  of  Lassen  co.,  California,  in 
Honey  Lake  Valley. 

JANESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  20 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Shasta. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Iowa,  has  an 
area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Skunk 
River  and  the  North  Fork  of  the  same,  and  also  drained  by 
Indian  Creek.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified;  the 
soil  is  very  fertile.  Grain  and  stock  are  the  staple  produr- 
tions.  The  prairies  of  this  county  are  probably  more  es- 
tensive  tlian  the  Woodlands.  It  contains  an  abundance  of 
stone  coal.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Mississippi  and  Missoui' 
Railroad.    Capital,  Newton.    Pop.  9883. 

JASPER,  a  county  in  the  W.S.AV.  part  of  Missoim,  bor 
dering  on  Kansas.  [See  page  932.]  About  two-thirds  of  tlio 
surface  is  undulating  prairie,  and  one-third  woodland.  The 
Soil  of  the  prairies  is  fertile.  The  southern  part  rests  on 
mountain  limestone,  in  which  extensive  deposits  of  lead 
and  zinc  are  found. 

JASPER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pickens  co.,  Georgia, 
situated  about  f)5  miles  N.  of  Atlanta. 

JASPER,  a  township  of  Fayette  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1761. 

J.'^SPER,  a  township  of  Jasper  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  1453. 

J.\Sl*ER,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Jasper  co.,  Mis- 
souri, about  55  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  824. 

JASPER,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  209. 

JASPER,  a  township  of  Carroll  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  143. 

JAY  HAWK,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California, 
12  miles  W.  of  Placerville.     It  has  several  stores. 

JEDDO,  a  post-vil lage  of  Luzerne  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
82  miles  S.  of  Wilkesbarre. 

JEDDO  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa,  about 
10  miles  E.S.E.  of  Magnolia. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kansas,  has 
an  area  of  about  52ti  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
8.  by  the  Kansas  River,  and  intersected  by  Grasshopper 
Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating ;  the  soil  is  very  fertile. 
The  staple  products  are  cattle  and  other  stock.  The  county 
is  liberally  sujiplied  with  timber  and  limestone.  Coal  has 
been  found  in  several  parts  of  it.  The  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road passes  along  the  S.  border  of  this  county.  Capital, 
Oskaloosa.     Pop.  4459. 

JEFFERSON,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Nebraska, 
bordering  on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  about  550  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Little  Blue  River.  Tlie  soil  is  fertile. 
The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this 
county. 

JEFFERSON,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Colorado, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.E.  by  the  South  Platte  River  and  also  drained  by 
Bear  and  Clear  Creeks.   The  surlace  is  hilly  or  mouu  tainotu. 


JEP 

The  princfpfil  resources  of  this  connty  are  gold  mines.  It 
contains  Golden  City,  which  is  tlie  capitul  of  Colorado. 

.TKKFERSON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  piirt  of  Washington 
Territory,  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area  estimated 
at  16IM)  square  miles.  It  is  lx)uniled  on  the  E.  l>y  Admiralty 
Inlet  and  Hood's  Canal.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  the 
countv  being  traversed  by  the  Coast  Uringe  or  Olympic 
Mountains.  The  soil  of  the  valley  is  fertile.  Capital,  Port 
Townseiid.     Pop.  631. 

JEKFKRSON,  a  township  of  Berlvs  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1122. 

JKKl'ERSON,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  U.^7. 

JEFKERSOX,  a  township  of  "Washington  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  984. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-villnge  of  Jefferson  pariiih,  I^ouisiana, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  1  mile  above 
New  Orleans,  of  which  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  suburb. 
Pop.  in  1S'.0,  .0107. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Brown  Co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1311. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Greene  Co..  Ohio.     Pop.  1278. 

JEFFiCRSON,  a  village  of  Harrison  co.,  Ohio,  about  20 
miles  W.  bv  N.  of  Steubenville. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Co- 
lumbus and  Xenia  Railroad,  14  miles  W.  of  Columbus.  The 
name  of  the  post-office  is  West  Jefferson. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Noble  CO.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1.397. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Canal,  about  18  miles  S.E.  of  Columbus. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-township  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Southern  Railroiwl,  2.t  miles  W.  of  .Adrian,  contains 
Uie  village  of  Osseo.     Pop.  1452. 

JEFFER.SON,  a  village  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Itaisin  River  and  Clark's  Lake,  about  12  miles  S.S.E.  of 
/ackson.     It  has  1  or  2  mills. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1061. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1831. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
20  miles  E  S.E.  of  L-afayette. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1021. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Newton  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
S04. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
192. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Sullivan  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1319. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  13i)e. 

JEFFKRSON,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
871. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  aud  Northwestern  Railroad,  9  miles  N.W.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Missouri,  and  a 
station  on  the  St.  lx)uis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  and 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  18  miles  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Adair  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  94. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  AUomakee  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1018. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Bremer  CO.,  Iowa.   Pop.  .508. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
714. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  241. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Clayton  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
13S6. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Dubuque. 
Pop.  1414. 

JE  FFERSON,  a  township  of  Favette  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  357. 

JEFFERSON,  or  NEW  JEFFERSON,  a  post-village,  ca- 
pital of  Greene  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near  Racoon  River,  about  55 
miles  N.W.  of  Des  Moines.  It  has  2  churches,  4  stores,  and 
about  30  houses. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
349. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Henry  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1395. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Johnson  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  703. 

JEFFERSON,  a  townsliip  of  Lee  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  904. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Ijouisa  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  635. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  M.idison  Co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  160. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Mahaska  co.,  Lnva.  Pop.  599. 

JEFFERSON,  a  townsliip  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  320. 

JEFFER!»ON,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  553. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
863. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  419. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Warren  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  562. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  427. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  In  the'S.  part  of  Green  co.,Wis- 
consin,  contains  the  village  of  Juda.     Pop.  1466. 

JEFFERSON,  a  townshi]!  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin, about 
18  miles  E.  of  La  Crosse.     Pop.  339. 


JiOH 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
4  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Viroqua.    Pop.  025. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  112. 

JEFFERSON,  a  jwst-township  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  12  miles  W.  of  Winona.     Pop.  189. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
760. 

JEFFERSON,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
839. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  on  th« 
South  Yuba  River,  about  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nevada. 

JEFFERSON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon,  is 
pleiisantly  situated  on  the  Santiam  River,  16  miles  S.  of 
Siilein.  It  has  1  church,  an  academy,  a  large  flouring-mill. 
2  saw-mills,  3  stores,  &c.    Pop.  about  200. 

JEFFERSON,  a  village  of  Park  co.,  Colorado,  situated 
about  70  miles  S.W.  of  Denver. 

JEFFERSON  FORK,  of  the  Missouri  River,  rises  in  Mon- 
tana Territory  near  its  S.W.  extremity,  flows  northeast- 
ward and  unites  with  the  Gallatin  F'ork  at  Gallatin  City. 
Its  length  is  estimated  at  above  250  miles. 

JEFFERSONVILLE,  a  village  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 3  miles  W.  of  Sonora.     Pop.  about  200. 

J  KFTON,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  699. 

JENKINS,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1581. 

JENKINS,  a  township  of  5f  itchell  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  226. 

JENNINGS,  a  station  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad  in 
St.  Louis  CO..  Missouri,  6  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

JENNINGS  VILLE,  a  post-oflice  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   • 

JENNY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Marathon  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  18  miles  N.  of 
Wausau.     Pop.  168. 

JENNY  LIND,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California, 
24  miles  S.W.  of  Mokelumne  Hill.  It  has  several  stores. 
Many  of  the  residents  are  Chinese. 

JENNYOPOLIS,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon, 
about  11  miles  S.  of  Corvallis. 

JERICHO,  a  post-village  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  about  12 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Aurora. 

JEROME,  a  township  of  Midland  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
114. 

JEROME,  a  post-oflSce  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  about  42 
miles  S.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

JERSEYTOWN.  a  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  12  miles  N.  of  Danville. 

JES8EN  LAND,  a  township  of  Sibley  co.,  Minnesota,  im- 
mediately N.  of  Henderson.    Pop.  5.55. 

JESSUP,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.,  on  the 
Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Railroad,  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Cedar 
Falls. 

JESUS  MARI.4^,  Hay^-soos'  mS-ree'J,  a  mining-village  of 
Calaveras  co.,  California,  about  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mokelumne 
Bill. 

JETERSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Amelia  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  43  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Richmond. 

JO  DAVIS,  a  township  of  Faribault  CO.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  44. 

JOHN  DAY  CITY,  a  mining-village  of  Umatilla  co.,  Ore- 
gon, on  John  Day  River,  l]/^  mile  from  CaRon  City. 

JOHN  DAY  RIVER,  Oregon,  rises  in  the  Blue  Mountains, 
Umatilla  county.  It  flows  first  westward,  and  then  nearly 
northward  through  Wasco  co.,  and  enters  the  Columbia 
River  about  50  miles  above  the  Dalles. 

JOHNSON,  a  county  in  the  E.  Central  part  of  Georgia, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  260  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Oconee  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Great  Ohoopee.    The  surface  is  undulating.    Pop.  2919. 

JOHNSON,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  central  part  of 
Texas.  Area  estimated  at  850  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Brazos  River,  and  also  drained  by  Noland's 
Creek.    Capital,  Buchanan,  or  Wardville.    Pop.  4305. 

JOHNSON,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kansas,  bordering 
on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  500  sq\i,are  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Kansas  River,  and  also  drained 
by  the  Blue  River  and  Cedar  Creek.  The  soil  is  deep  and 
very  fertile.  It  is  stated  that  timber  and  limestone  ate 
abundant  in  this  county.  It  cont.-iins  prairies  of  moderate 
extent.    Capital,  Olathe.    Pop.  4364. 

JOHNSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  about  375  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  iJig 
Nemaha  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  S.  Fork  of  the  Little 
Nemaha.  -The  county  contains  extensive  fertile  prairies, 
and  has  good  timber  distributed  aling  the  streams.  Coal 
and  limestone  are  abundant  in  this  coiinty.  It  is  liberally 
supplied  witii  water-power  by  the  Nemaha  River.  Capital, 
Tecumseh.     Pop.  52S. 

JOHNSON,  a  post-office  of  Barnwell  District,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  a  station  on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  22  miles 
E.  of  Augusta. 

JOHNSON,  a  township  of  Knox  co..  Indiana.    Pop.  1035. 

JOHNSON,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  14  or  16  milt* 
£.  of  Auauiusa. 

2239 


JOH 

.rOHXSON'S  PASS.  California,  a  pass  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  in  the  E.  part  of  El  Dorado  county. 

JOHNSON'S  R.4NCH,  a  post-village  of  Sutter  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia, 17  miles  S.E.  of  Marjsville.     It  has  2  stores. 

JOHXSOXVILLK,  a  village  of  Tennessee,  on  the  Nash- 
ville and  Northwestern  Kailroad,  78  miles  from  Nashville. 

JOUNSONVILLE,  a  thriving  village  of  Lassen  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, in  Honev  Lake  Valley. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  village  of  Hardin  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  and  Chicago  llijilroad,  16  miles  E. 
of  Lima. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  post-township  of  Cumberland  co.,Illinols. 
about  12  miles  S.S  E.  of  Mattoon.    Pop.  635. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  po3^town8hip  of  Appanoose  co^  Iowa, 
about  70  n)iles  S.S.E.  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  698. 

JOHNSTOWN,  a  vilhige  of  Sibley  co.,  Minnesota,  near 
the  left  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  about  15  miles  N.E. 
of  Henderson. 

JOHNSVILLE.  a  postrvillage  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
about  14  miles  W.  of  Davton. 

JOIINTOWN,  a  village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California,  about 
10  miles  N.  of  Placerville. 

JOLIET,  a  village  of  H.amilton  co.,  Indiana,  about  22 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Indianapolis. 

JOLIET,  Indiana.     See  Juukt. 

JONES,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Clear  Fork  of  the  Brazos  Kiver.  The  census  of  1860  fur- 
bishes no  information  respecting  this  county. 

JONES,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Nebraskit,  border- 
ing on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Little  Blue  River.  The  soil  is  feiitile.  Pop. 
122. 

JONES,  a  post-oiflce  of  Vermilion  co,,  Indiana,  about  22 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Terre  Haute, 

JONESBUKG,  a  village  and  station  on  the  North  Mis- 
souri Railroad,  67  miles  W,N,W,  of  St.  Louis. 

JONESTOWN,  a  village  of  Meeker  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
15  miles  S.W,  of  Forest  City. 

JONESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co,,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Jeffersouville  Railroad,  10  miles  S.  of  Co- 
lumbus, 

JOPPA,  a  post-village  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  25 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Boston. 

JORDAN,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co^  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  502. 

JORDAN,  a  township  of  Northumberland  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  960, 

JORDAN,  a  township  of  Ja-sper  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  410. 

J0RD.4N,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  778. 

JORDAN,  a  post-office  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois. 

JORDAN,  a  post-township  of  Green  co.,  Wiacousin,  about 
6  miles  W.  of  Monroe.    Pop.  869. 


KAN 

J0RD.4N,  a  village  of  PortJige  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Plover 
River.  8  or  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Stanton. 

JORDAN,  a  village  and  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Miiine- 
sofci.  about  21  miU«  S.S.E.  of  Rocliester.     Pop.  636. 

JORDAN  CREEK,  Montana,  flows  through  Owyhee  co., 
in  a  southwest  direction,  and  is  a  tributary  of  the  Owyhee 
River.    Gold  is  found  along  its  banks. 

JOSEPHINE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Oregon,  border- 
ing on  California,  has  an  area  of  about  1360  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Rogue  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Illinois  River.  The  surface  is  mostly  occupietl  by  mounr 
tains  and  deep  ravines.  The  soil  of  Rogue  River  Valley  is 
productive.  It  is  stated  that  gold,  copper  and  iron  arfl 
abundant  in  this  county.    Capital,  Kerbyville.    Pop.  1623. 

J  CAB,  or  YUAB,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  psirt  of  Utah, 
has  an  area  of  aliout  950  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Sevier  River.'  The  surface  is  mountainous;  the  soil  ia 
mostly  unproductive.  Mount  Nebo  rise«  to  the  height  of 
about  12,000  feet  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  county.  Capital, 
Nephi.    Pop.  672. 

JUDSON,  a  post-village  in  Judson  township.  Blue  Earth 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River, 
about  11  miles  W,  of  Mankato.     Pop.  of  the  township,  234. 

JULESBURG,  a  village  of  Weld  Co.,  Colorado,  on  the 
South  Fork  of  Platte  River,  about  150  miles  in  a  direct  liue 
E.N.E.  of  Denver, 

JULIET,  or  JOLIET,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  Louisville,  New  .\lbauy  and  Chicigo  Railroad, 
65  miles  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

JUNCTION  CITY,  a  post.village,  capital  of  Da'vis  co., 
Kan8a£,situated  on  the  left  (N.)  bank  of  the  Kansas  River.near 
the  mouth  of  the  Republican,  about  65  miles  W.  of  Topeka. 
It  is  a  place  of  active  business,  and  contains  1  newspaper 
office,  a  United  States  Land  Office,  and  a  number  of  stores. 
It  is  about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Riley. 

JUNCTION  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  California, 
on  or  near  the  Trinity  River,  9  miles  W.  of  Wesiverville.  It 
has  3  or  4  stores. 

JUNEAU,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Wisconsin, 
has  an  area  of  about  SOO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Wisconsin  River,  intersected  by  the  Lemon- 
weir,  and  also  drained  by  the  Yellow  and  Baraboo  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  undulating;  the  si>il  is  very  productive. 
The  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  water-power  and  tim- 
ber. Among  the  forest  trees  is  the  sugar-maple.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad.  Capital, 
Mauston.     Pop.  8770. 

JUNIATA,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  4.'>5. 

JUNIATA,  a  township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Cass  River.    Pop.  644. 

JUNIATA,  a  post-village  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Kansas, 
on  the  Big  Blue  River,  about  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Manhattan. 


K. 


KALMAR,  a  post-township  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota, 
alx)ut  6  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rochester.    Pop.  691. 

KALM.A.R,  a  post-village  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
a  branch  or  affluent  of  the  Zumbro  River,  about  10  miles 
W.N.M'.  of  Rochester. 

KANABEC,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  about  525  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Snake 
River,  and  drained  by  Fishing  mid  other  creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven  and  partly  covered  by  forests  of  pine.  Capi- 
tal, Brunswick.    Pop.  30. 

K.\NAKA  B.A.R,  a  mining  camp  of  Butte  co.,  California, 
on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River,  about  22  miles  N.E. 
of  Oroville. 

KANAWHA,  a  post-village  of  Wood  co..  West  Virginia, 
on  the  Northwestern  Railroad,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Parkersburg. 

K.\NDIYOHI,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  MinuesoUt, 
has  an  area  of  432  squ.are  miles.  It  contains  numerous 
small  lakes,  one  of  which  is  named  Kandiyohi.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil"  is  productive. 
Pop.  76. 

KANDOTT.\,  a  post-village  of  Steams  co.,  Jlinnesota,  on 
Sauk  River,  about  50  miles  WJf.W.  of  St.  Cloud. 

K.4.NE,  a  station  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  95  miles  E.S.E.  of  Brie. 

KANE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Greene  co,  Illi- 
nois, about  75  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  1166. 

KANE,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  112. 

KANE,  a  township  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  862. 

5 "^S  J^,i^.^^^  *  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  76. 

KANO'SHA,  or  KENOSHA,  a  post-vilhme  of  Ca.ss  co., 
I(ebra8k:^  on  the  Missouri  River,  alK)ut  30  miles  above  Ne- 
braska City.  It  has  a  good  steamboat  landing  and  a  ferry 
It  contains  1  store.  Good  limestone  is  abundant  here.  Pon 
about  100.  *^' 

KAN.SAS  [continued  from  page  9551. 

mucntum—Esi,ei:iia  attention  has  been  paid  to  this  sub- 
ject.   In  1^  there  were  814  school  dislricu,  with  37,582 


children ;  of  these  22.429  attended  thepublic  schools.  There 
were  731  teachere  employed.  There  are  33  select  schools, 
with  50  teachers,  and  1786  students;  four  colleges,  with  six- 
teen professors,  and  451  students ;  and  the  state  agiicultw- 
ral  college,  with  4  professoi-s,  and  107  students.  The  endow- 
ments are  very  liberal.  The  agricultural  college  has  an  en- 
dowment of  90,000  acres  of  land.  Ijesides  a  fine  building,  and 
100  acres  of  land  adjoining,  in  the  town  of  Manhattan,  where 
the  college  is  located  The  state  university  has  46,0(X)  acres 
of  land  as  an  endowment,  besides  40  acres  in  Lawrence  as  a 
site  for  building,  and  $15,000  in  cash  deposited  with  the  state 
treasurer.  The  state  normal  school  has  an  endowment  of 
3!i,380  acres  of  salt  lands,  and  a  site  of  20  acres  in  Eaiporia. 
Sections  16  and  36  in  every  township  of  public  lands  have  been 
donated  to  the  state  for  school  purposes.  This  gives  l-18th 
of  the  stiite  for  educational  j)ui7>oses.  Besides  this, 
495,552  and  21-100  acres  liave  been  confirmed  to  the  state  for 
school  purposes. 

Papers  and  Periodical!. — There  are  8  daily,  4tri-weekly, 
and  28  weekly  pajiers  published  in  the  state ;  also  4  monthly 
I>eriodicals.  1  educational,  1  agricultural  and  2  religious. 

HUUrry. — Kansas  formed  port  of  the  great  Louisiiina  pur- 
chase acquired  from  France  in  1803,  and  was  subsequently  in- 
cluded in  the  Missouri.Arkansas  and  Indian  Territories.  fVom 
which  last  it  wiu-,in  May,1854,erected  into  a  sejiarate  territory, 
after  a  stormy  debate  in  the  national  Congress,  as  to  wliethci 
the  ^lissouri  Compromise  (an  act  jiasscd  in  1820,  forbidding 
slaverj-  N.  of  36°  30'  N.  lat.)  should  be  repealed.  The  rejieal 
was  carried  by  a  largo  majority  in  the  Senate,  and  a  decided 
onein  the  House.  Inime<iiately  thereafter  emigration  poured 
rapidly  in  from  the  North  and  South.the  one  determineil  to  ex- 
clude, the  other  to  introduce  slavery.  The  first  struggle  was 
in  the  election  of  members  of  the  first  legislature.  'J  he  pro- 
slavery  party  seized  the  polls  by  force ;  Missourians.  in  largo 
bodies,  openly  came  over  and  voted.  The  Legislature,  thus 
frandulently  and  forcibly  electetl,  passed  a  "  lilack  n-n^"  " 
Backed  by  the  influence  of  the  iiatiunal  adiuicistraUoD,  and 


KAN" 


KEW 


assisted  by  the  "Border  Ruffians"  of  Missonrl.  the  pro-sla- 
very party  attenuated  to  drive  o>it  the  free-state  men.  Tlie 
latter  resisted,  and  a  bitter  stnijrglo  ensued,  culminating  in 
actual  war.  Ossawattomie,  Black  Jack,  and  other  places  be- 
came battle-fields ;  Lawrence  was  sacked  and  btirued ;  the 
free-state  men  finally  triumplied.  The  constitution  under 
which  Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  the  4th  in  her  his- 
tory, prohibited  slavery.  Since  her  ailmission  our  great  civil 
war  has  given  shape  and  chiiracter  to  her  history;  she  has 
led  the  radical  sentiment  of  the  country ;  she  has  furnished 
V!  white,  2  colored  and  2  Indian  regiments  to  the  army  of 
the  Union ;  she  raised  the  first  company  of  negro  soMiers, 
and  gave  tlie  first  negro  officer  to  the  army.  Lying  on  the 
borders  of  Missotiri,  she  has  sutTered  from  several  guerilla 
/aids,  in  one  of  which  Lawrence  was  burned,  and  14H  persons 
butchered  in  cold  blood ;  her  motto,  "  Ad  astra  per  aspera," 
has  been  well  illustrated  in  her  history.  Her  iieopio  are 
flioroughly  loyal  and  intensely  radical ;  notwithstandingthe 
drain  ol  the  war,  her  growth  has  been  steady  and  rapid. 

KANSAS,  a  post-township  of  Kdgar  co.,  Illinois,  and  a 
station  on  the  St.  Louis  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Railroad,  1-t 
miles  W.  I)y  S.  of  Paris.    Pop.  1231. 

KANSASVILLE,  a  post-offlco  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin, 
and  a  station  on  the  Kacino  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  18 
miles  W.  of  Racine. 

KANWA'KA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Douglas  co., 
Kansas,  aliout  7  miles  W.  of  Lawrence.     I'op.  6":!. 

KAPIOMA,  or  KAPPAOMA,  a  village  or  township  of 
Atchison  co.,  Kansas,  about  25  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Atchison. 
Pop.  236. 

KAPPA,  a  post-village  of  'Woodford  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  14  miles  N.  of  Blooniingtcn. 

KARNES,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  p.art  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  8.50  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
San  Antonio  River,  and  also  drained  bj*  the  Cibolo.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  diversified ;  the  soil  Is  sandy.  Capital, 
Helena.     Pop.  2171. 

K  ASK  ASKIA,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  690. 

KASOTA.  a  post-township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Jlinnesota,  on 
the  Minnesota  River,  oppo-ite  St.  Peter.     Pop.  4t)0. 

KASOTA,  a  post-village  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  right  (S.E.)  bank  of  the  Minne.sota  River,  about  9  miles 
N.  of  Mank.ato,  and  2  miles  S.  of  St.  Peter. 

KASSOX,  a  post-office  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KASSO>f.  a  post-offlce  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa,  about  42 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

KATEVILLK,  a  village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California, 
about  25  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sacramento. 

KAW,  a  township  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Kansas.     Pop.  327. 

KAW  CITY,  a  post-oftice  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas. 

KAYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Utah,  4  miles 
N.  of  Karmington. 

KEARXEY,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Nebraska,  border- 
ing on  Kansas.  Area  estimated  at  22(K)  sqiuire  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Platte  River,  and  intersected 
by  the  Republican  Fork  of  the  Kansas  River.  A  largo  por- 
tion of  the  county  is  prairie.  Capital,  Kearney  City.  Pop. 
474. 

KEARNEY  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kearney  co., 
Nebraska,  situated  on  the  Platte  River,  and  on  the  great 
Overland  Route,  about  200  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Omaha  City, 
and  2  miles  W.  of  Fort  Kearney.  It  has  2  hotels  and 
several  stores. 

KE.iRXEY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  Missom  i  River,  about  1  mile  below  Nebraska  City. 

KEATING,  a  post-township  of  Clinton  co  ,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  40  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Lock  Haven.     Pop.  271. 

KEELERSBURG.  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, im  the  N.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  about  15 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Scranton. 

KEENE,  a  township  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  1150. 

KEKX  E.  a  village  of  Michig.an,  on  the  line  between  Hills- 
dale anil  Lenawee  counties,  about  18  miles  W.  of  Adrian. 

KEEXVILLE,  or  KEENSVILLE,  a  small  village  of 
Snyder  co.,  Pennsj'lvania,  on  the  Susquehanna  River,  3  or  4 
miles  below  Sunbury. 

KEEZLETOWN,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co.,  A'ir- 
ginia,  about  5  miles  S.E.  of  Harrisonburg. 

KEGOXSKA,  a  lake  in  Dane  co ,  Wisconsin,  sometimes 
called  First  Lake.    [See  FooR  Lakes,  iiage  696.] 

KEITH'S  FURNACE,  a  station  on  the  Old  Colony  and 
Newport  Railroad,  in  Plymouth  co.,  Massachusetts,  24  miles 
S.  of  Boston. 

KEKOSIvEE.  a  post-village  of  Dodgo  co.,  Wisconsin,  7 
miles  N.X.E.  of  Horicon.  It  has  1  grist-mill,  1  manufactory 
of  lookiufi-lasses,  and  several  breweries.     Pop.  about  2U0. 

KELLditG'S,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  10 
miles  X.W.  of  Roseburg. 

KELLOGSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan, 
^bout  S  miles  S.  of  Grand  Rapids.     It  has  1  mill. 

KELLY,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinoig.  Population, 
1144. 

KELL\"S  FORD, Virginia,  is  on  the  Rappahannock  River, 
About  14  miles  E.  of  Culpepper  Court-Houae. 
6Q 


KELSET,  a  post-village  and  township  of  El  Dorado  co, 
California,  7  miles  N.  of  Placerville.     Pop.  1319. 

KELSO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dearborn  co.,  In- 
diana, about  14  miles  X.N.W.  of  L.awrenceburg.     Pop.  2lWl 

KELSO,  a  village  of  Huntingdon  co.,  Indiana,  about  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

KELSO,  a  post-village  of  Scott  CO.,  Missouri,  about  9 
miles  S.  of  Cape  Oirarcjeau. 

KELSO,  a  post-township  of  Sibley  co.,  Minnesota,  abou! 
7  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Henderson.     I'op.  240. 

KEMPERSVILLE,  a  village  of  (izaukee  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Lake  Michigan,  about  18  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee. 

KENDALL,  a  post-village  of  Clay  Co.,  Mi.ssouri,  about  11 
nu'les  X.  by  E.  of  Liberty,  and  40  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

KEXDRICK,  a  iK>st-village  and  township  of  Greene  co., 
lowii.  on  Racoon  River,  about  65  miles  W.N.W.  of  Des 
.Moines.     Pop.  .377. 

KEXNEBEC, a  post-village  and  township  of  Manona  co., 
Iowa.  The  village  is  on  the  Little  Siou.\  River,  about  8 
miles  N.E.  of  Onowa  City.     Pop.  65. 

KEN'NEKUK,or  KINNEKUK.  a  post-village  of  Kansas, 
on  the  line  between  Atchison  and  Brown  co.,  about  24 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Atchison. 

KKXNER,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  parish,  Louisiana, 
on  or  near  the  N.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  about  12  miles 
Vi'.  of  New  Orleans. 

KENNONSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about 
37  miles  E.  of  Zanesville. 

KKNOCKEE,  a  post-township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Jticbigan, 
on  both  sides  of  Mill  Creek,  about  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Port 
Huron.     Pop.  778. 

KENOSHA.  Nebraska.    See  K.vnosiia. 

KENSINGTON,  a  village  of  Isanti  CO.,  MinnesotJi,  about 
40  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St.  Paul. 

KENT,  formerly  FRANKLIN  MILLS,  a  post-village  of 
Portage,  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cuyahoga  River,  and  on  the  At- 
lantic and  Great  Western  Railroad.  7  miles  W.  of  Ravenna, 
and  10  miles  N.E.  of  Akron.  It  has  a  goo<l  water-power, 
anil  contains  various  manufactories,  and  4  or  5  churclies. 

KENT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Newton  co.,  Indi.ana,  on 
the  Tfdedo  Loganspurt  and  Burlington  Railroad,  56  miles 
W.  of  Logansport.    The  post-olfice  is  Kent  Station. 

KENT,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri,  about  62 
miles  S.W.  of  Springfield. 

KENTON,  a  post-village  of  Kent  CO.,  Delaware,  about  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Dover. 

KENTUCKY,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,Kansas.  Pop.  588. 

KENYON,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Arkansas,  on  the 
Big  Black  River,  about  28  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Batesvillo. 

KENYON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Goodhue  co., 
Minnesota,  about  14  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Faribault.     Poji.  ISl. 

KEOKUK,  a  township  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa.    Poji.  4.SIV 

KEOKUK,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Kau.sas,  about  55  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  l^iwrence. 

KERBYVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Josephine  co., 
Oregon,  on  the  Illinois  River,  about  250  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Salem,  and  48  miles  N.E.  of  Crescent  City,  California.  It 
has  a  court-house,  2  stores,  and  a  large  flouring-mill.  The 
adjacent  county  is  mountainous,  and  contains  gold  mines. 
Pop.  about  loo. 

KERR,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  1100  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Guadalupe  River.    Capital,  Kerrsville(?)    Pop.  634. 

KERRSVILLE,  a  post-otKce  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

KERRSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Kerr  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Guadalupe  River,  about  100  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Austin  City. 

KESHENA,  a  post-township  of  Shawana  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  43. 

KESWICK,  or  KESNICK,  a  post-village  of  Albemarle 
CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  7  miles  E.  of  Char- 
lottesville. 

KETCH.\M,  a  post-offlce  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

KETTLE  RIVER,  of  Minnesota,  rises  in  Carlton  CO.,  and 
flowing  southward  through  Pine  county  enters  the  St.  Croix 
River.  The  region  through  which  it  passes  is  covered  with 
forests  of  pine. 

KEWASKUM,apost-viHage  and  township  of  Wa.shington 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  6  miles  N.  of  West  Bend.  The  village  has  1 
church,  4  stores,  1  mill  and  15  houses.  Total  population, 
1056. 

KEWAUNEE,  or  KEWANEE,  a  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Henry  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad,  32  miles  N.E.  of  Galesburg.    Pop.  1461. 

KEWAUNEE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kewaunee  co., 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  about  27  miles  E.  of  the  city  of 
Green  Bay.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  5  stores, 
3  hotels  and  2  saw-mills.  Pop.  of  Kewaunee  township  in 
1860,  799. 

KEWEEN.\W,  a  county  of  Michigan  forming  the  N.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Upper  Peninsula,  has  an  area  estimated  at 
330  square  miles.  It  is  a  penins\ila  surrounded  by  Lake 
Superior  on  all  sides  except  the  S.W.  The  surface  is  hilly 
or  uneven.    Sandstone  underlies  pai't  of  the  county.    The 

2241 


KEY 


KOK 


iiibal  ifuntj  ire  moBtlj  engaged  in  mining  copper,  -vvhichis 
abutUant  h...re.  Ciipital,  Kagle  River.  The  census  of  1860 
furiiislies  no  inforniati'm  respecting  this  county. 

KEYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Charlotte  CO.,  Virginia,  on 
tlie  Kichmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  73  miles  S.W.  of 
Richmond. 

KKY3VILLE,  a  post-villago  of  Tulare  co.,  California, 
about  90  miles  S.S.K.  of  Visalia.     It  has  several  stores. 

KI.\NTO.\E,  a  small  post-township  of  Chautauqua  CO., 
New  Ycrk,  i  or  5  miles  S.E.  of  Jamestown.    Pop.  652. 

KICKAPOO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Vernon  Co., 
Wisconsin,. on  Kickapoo  River,  about  12  miles  S.E.  of  Vlro- 
qua.     Pop.  82.5. 

KIDDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Flat  River,  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Greenville  and  28  miles  E. 
N.E.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

KIKL,  a  small  post-village  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Sheboygan  River  about  25  miles  E..N.E.  of  Eond 
du  Lao. 

KILBOXJRN,  a  post-village  of  Van  Bnreu  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad,  about  48  miles  N.W.  of 
Keokuk. 

KILBOURN  CITY,  a  thriving  post-viUage  of  Columbia 
CO., \\isconsin,  on  the  left (E.) bank  of  tlip  Wisconsin  River, 
and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  105  miles 
W.X.W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  6  stores  and  several  grist 
and  saw-mills.  The  river  is  crossed  h^re  by  a  railroad 
bridge  which  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  atate.  Pop.  about 
400. 

KILDARK,  a  post-township  of  JuneflP  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Wisconsin  River,  about  6  miles  E.  o)  jiauston.  Pop.  552. 

KILtJORE,  a  ijost-office  of  Venango  ">.,  Pennsylvania. 

KILGOKK,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co^  Ohio,  about  25 
miles  AV.N.W.  of  Steubeuvillo. 

KILKENNY,  a  post-village  and  tow^ship  of  Le  Sneur  co., 
Minn.sota,  iilxiut  I'J  miles  W.  of  EariUault.    Pop.  333. 

KILMXGER,  a  post-office  of  Dauphin  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

KIM KALL.  a  townsliip  of  Saint  Clnir CO., Michigan,  about 
6  milts  \V.  of  Port  Huron.    Pop.  83». 

KI.MBLE,  a  new  county  near  the  central  iiart  of  Texas. 
Area  estimated  at  1300  s(iuare  milts.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Llano  River,  and  its  North  and  Siuth  Forks.  The  census 
of  1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county. 

KIMMSWICK,  a  post-village  if  Jefferson  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  River  and  tie  Iron  Mountain  Railroad, 
21  miles  S.  bv  W.  of  St.  Louif. 

KLMSIIAW,  or  KIMSHEW,  t  township  of  Butte  co.,  Cali- 
fornia.    Pop.  1580. 

KINDERHOOK,  a  village  of  Knox  co.,  Ohio,  about  9  miles 
E.  of  Mount  Vernon. 

KINDERHOOK,  a  post-v'llage  and  township  of  Pike  co., 
Illinois.  The  village  is  about  12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Hannibal 
(Missouri),  and  22  miles  S.S.K.  of  Quincy.  The  township 
borders  on  the  Mississippi  Hiver.     Pop.  1398. 

KINfJ,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  has  an  area  of  about  2000  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Admiralty  Inlet,  and  drained  by  the 
Dwaniish,  Cedar,  and  Snoqualmie  Rivers.  The  Ca.scade 
range  of  mountains  extends  along  the  E.  boundary  of  the 
county.    Capital,  Seattle.     Pop.  302. 

KINGSBURY,  a  village  of  Lassen  co.,  California,  about  115 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Marysville. 

KINCSLEY,  a  township  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  -189. 

KING'S  RITER,  CaliPjrnia,  rises  In  the  E.  part  of  Fresno 
county,  and.  flowing  southwestward,  enters  Tulare  Lake  in 
Tulare  c^  unty.. 

Ki;,'GSTO.V,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  44  mile.s  S.  by  E.  of  Lexington. 

KING.STON,  a  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  about  5 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Urbanna. 

KI.XGSTON,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  about 
6  miles  N.E.  of  Greensbnrg. 

KINGSTON,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  397. 

KINGSTON,  a  post-village  of  Meeker  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Crow  River,  about  8  miles  E.  of  Forest  City.    Pop.  120. 

KINGSTON,  a  small  post-village  cif  Fresno  Co.,  California, 
on  King's  River  about  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  Millerton. 

KIN6SVILLE,  a  village  of  Johnson  co.,  .Missouri,  on  or 
near  the  Pacific  Railroad,  al»out  44  miles  S.E.  of  Kansas 
City. 

KINGWOOD,  a  post-offlce  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KINMUNDY,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Centriil  Uailroad,  24  miles  N.K.  of  Centralia. 

KINNKKUK.  Kansas.     See  Kexnekik. 

KINNICKINICK,  or  KINNICKINNIC  RIVER,  a  small 
stream  of  Wisconsin,  rises  in  St.  Croix  Co.,  flows  southwestr 
Ward,  and  enters  Lake  Saint  Croix,  in  Pierce  county. 

KINNIKINNIC,  a  po.st  village  of  Saint  Croix  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  a  river  of  the  same  name  and  in  Malone  town- 
ship. 

KIRBY,  a  post-village  of  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  railroad 
8  or  y  miles  \V.  of  Upper  Sanilnsky. 

KIIIKLAND,  a  post-township  of  Adams  co..  Indiana. 
Pop.  322. 

2242 


KIRKVTLLE,  a  post-office  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa,  about  10 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

KIRKWOOl),  a  post-village  and  township  of  Broome  co^ 
Ne\^  York,  on  the  Susquehanna  River.  The  village  is  on 
the  Erie  Railroad,  9  miles  S.S.E.  of  Binghamton.  Pop. 
1389. 
KIRKWOOD,a  post-office  of  Ijincaster  co., Pennsylvania, 
KIRK\VOOD,  ii  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River.  1  or  2  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Wheeling. 

KIRKWOOl),  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co..  Missouri,  on 
the  Pacific  Railroad,  14  miles  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

KIRKWOOl),  ft  post-village  of  Polk  Co.,  Iowa,  near  the 
Des  Moines  River,  7  or  8  miles  N.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

KITSAP,  a  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  has  an  area  estimated  at  400  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Admiralty  Inlet,  and  on  the  N.W.  by 
Hood's  Canal,  or  Channel,  being  surrounded  by  water  on 
all  sides  except  the  S.     Capital,  Port  Madison.     Pop.  544. 

KITSON,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Dakota, 
bordering  on  Slinnosota  and  the  British  possessions.  It  ig 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Pembina,  Park  and  Salt  Rivers.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level. 

KLIKIT.\T,  a  small  river  of  Washington  Territory, 
rises  in  Skamania  county,  flows  nearly  southward  and 
enters  the  Columbia  in  Klikitat  county,  about  12  miles 
below  the  Dalles. 

KLIKITAT,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, has  an  area  of  about  1900  square  miles.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  tiie  S.  by  the  Columbia  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Klildtat  and  Wowunehee  Rivers.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous. Mount  Adams,  a  peak  of  the  Cuscad«(  Range, 
about  9570  fe<!t  high,  is  on  or  near  the  N.W.  bolder  of  the 
county.    Capital,  Rockland.    Pop.  230. 

KNIGHTSja  station  on  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad 
in  Lenawee  countv,  Michigan,  11  miles  S.E.  of  Adrian. 

KNIGHTS  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Plumas  co.,  California, 
about  30  miles  N.W.  of  Quincy. 

KNIGHTS  FERRY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Stanislaus 
CO.,  California,  situated  on  the  left  or  east  bank  of  the 
Stanislaus  River,  36  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Stockton,  and  26  miles 
S.W.  of  Sonora.  It  has  abundant  water-power  and  a  good 
bridge  across  the  River.  It  contains  3  stores,  1  fionring- 
mill  and  2  hotels.    Gold  is  found  here.     Pop.  about  450. 

KNIGHT'S  LANDING,  a  village  of  Yolo  co.,  California, 
on  the  Sacramento  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  San 
Francisco  and.Marysville  Railroad,  about  25  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Marysville.  It  lias  5  or  more  stores.  Tlje  name  of  the 
post-otfice  is  Grafton.     Pop.  in  1864,  about  400. 

KNOB  VIEW,  a  i)ost-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Soutliwest  Branch  Railroad,  97  miles  S  W.  of  St. 
Louis. 

KNOWLTON,  a  post-township  of  Marathon  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  115. 

KNOX,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Maine,  bordering  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Area  estimated  at  330  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Penobscot  Bay,  and  intersected 
by  the  Saint  George  and  Medomac  Rivers.  It  contains  a 
number  of  small  lakes  or  ponds.  The  soil  is  jjroductive. 
The  staple  productions  are  Indian  corn,  hay,  potJitoes  and 
butter.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  navigar 
tion  and  the  fisheries.  Formed  out  of  parts  of  Lincoln  and 
Waldo  counties.    Capital,  Rockland.    Pop.  32,716. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Peunsvlvania.  Pop. 
422. 

KNOX,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
637. 

KNOX,  a  new  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Texas.    It 
is  intersected  by  the  Brazos  River.    The  census  of  1860  fur- 
nishes no  information  respecting  this  county. 
KNOX,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  785. 
KNOX,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  546. 
KNOX,  a  township  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  154. 
KNOXVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Cowani'sque  Creek  about  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Wollsbo- 
rough.    Pop.  313. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-vill.age  of  Cherokee  co.,  Texas,  about 
18  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Henderson. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  village  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana,  on  Patoka 
Creek,  about  48  miles  E.S.E  of  Viiicennes. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ray  co., 
Missouri,  situated  about  55  miles  E.S.E.  of  St.  Joseph,  and 
20  miles  N.  of  Camden.  It  has  several  stores,  &c.  Total 
population,  195:5. 

KNOXVILLE,  a  mining  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, about  50  miles  W.N.W.  of  Saciameuto,  and  20  miles 
S.E.  of  Clear  Lake.     Silver  is  found  here. 

KOCHVILLK,  a  townsliip  in  the  N.  p;irt  of  S;iginaw  co., 
Michigan      Pop.  658. 

KO'KOMO,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Howard  co., 
Indiana,  on  Wild  Cat  Creek,  and  on  the  Indianapolis  Pern 
and  Cliicago  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Chiiago 
and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  54  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis, 
and  JS  miles  S.S.E.  of  Logansport.  It  contains  3  churches, 
1  national  bank,  the  Indiana  State  Normal  School,  1  news- 


KON 

paper  ofB;e,  and  several  mills  and  factories.  Pop.  in  1860, 
1040;  in  1S6.5,  about  2000. 

KONIGSHKRG,  a  post-office  of  Alpine  co.,  California,  is  at 
the  vilbigc  of  SavKR  Mou.ntaix,  wliicli  see. 

KOMl^KA,  a  village  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Hassan  Hivcr.  about  :.  miles  N.  of  Olencoe. 

KOOSKOOSKIA  RIVER.  Idaho.  See  Clearwater  River. 

KOOTENAI,  or  Ki»OTKN'AY,  an  unorganized  county  in 
the  N.  part  of  Idaho,  intersected  by  a  river  of  the  same 
name.     It  borders  on  Montana  and  British  America. 

KOSSUTH,  a  po>t-vma.j:e  of  Anglaize  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Miayii  Canal,  about  40  miles  N.  bj'  \V.  of  Piqua. 

KOSSUTH,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  situated  on  or 


LAK 

near  the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal  about  20  miles  S.K.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

KOSSUTH,  a  post-office  of  Des  Moines  co..  Iowa,  about 
15  miles  N.  of  Burlington. 

KOSSUTH,  a  village  and  township  of  Manitowoc  co., 
Wiscon.sin.  The  village  is  10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Manitowco. 
Total  Population,  1708. 

KOYLTON,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  exiremny  U 
Tuscola  CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  CO. 

KULPSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
gylvania,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Norristown. 

KUNKLE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Wilkesbarre. 


L. 


TABADIE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri,  on 
J  the  Jlissouri  River,  and  on  tlie  Pacific  Kailrfjad,  45 
miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

LABARGE  CITY,  a  village  in  the  W.  part  of  Montana 
Territory,  on  tlie  Deer  Lodge  River,  about  100  miles  in  a 
direct  line  N.  of  Bannock  City.  Gold  is  found  in  the 
vicinity. 

LACELLE,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Des  Moines. 

LA  CLEDE,  a  post-township  of  Fayette  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
18  miles  E  by  S.  of  A'andalia.     Pop.  406. 

L.\  CLEDE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  on  the  llapnibal  and  St.  Jo.><eph  Railroad, 
98  miles  E.  of  St.  Josei)h,  and  39  miles  \V.  of  Macon  City. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  important  stations  between  Hannilial 
and  gt.  Joseph,  and  is  the  shipping  point  for  a  large  extent 
of  fertile  country.  It  contains  1  church,  4  hotels,  1  news- 
paper office,  and  about  10  stores.  Stone  coal  is  abundant 
here.     Pop.  about  1000. 

LA  CLKDE,  a  village  or  station  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  8  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

L.\CON,  a  post-village  of  Maries  co.,  Missouri,  about  28 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LACONA,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa,  about  30 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Des  Moines. 

L.\CONIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Belknap  co.. 
New  Hampshire  on  or  near  Lake  Winiiipiseogee.  The  vil- 
lage is  on  the  Boston  Concord  and  Montreal  Railroad,  27 
miles  N.  of  Concord.     Total  population  1800. 

L.\  CRESCENT,  a  post-village  of  Houston  CO..  Minnesota, 
on  the  Jlississippi  River,  about  2  miles  above  La  Crosse, 
Wisconsin,  and  26  miles  S.  E.  of  Winona.  A  considerable 
iiuantity  of  wheat  is  shipjied  here.  This  place  is  the  E. 
terminus  of  the  Root  River  Valley  Railroad. 

LA  CRESCENT,  a  post-township  of  Houston  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  jNHssissippi  River,  opposite  La  Crosse.    Pop.  461. 

LA  CROIX,  a  township  of  Enimett  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Michigan.     Pop.  484. 

hX  CROSSE,  a  co\inty  in  the  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bor- 
dering on  Jliunesota,  has  an  areaof  about  470  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  on  the 
N.W.  by  the  Black  River,  and  intersected  by  the  La  Crosse 
River.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  diversified  by  woodlands, 
prairies,  and  oak  openings ;  the  soil  is  fertile  and  deep. 
The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse 
Railroad.  About  8,700,000  feet  of  lumber  were  produced  in 
this  county  in  1860.     Capital,  La  Crosse.    Pop.  12,186. 

1,A  CROSSE,  a  railway  station  in  Lsiporte  CO.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  where 
it  is  crossed  by  the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  55 
miles  S  E.  of  Chicago. 

LADO'GA,  a  post-village  of  ^Montgomery  co.,  Indiana,  on 
a  railroad  39  miles  S.  of  Lafayette. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  bor- 
iering  on  the  Gulf  of  Jlexico,  has  an  area  estimated  at  1100 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  and  N.E.  by  the 
Suwannee  River.    The  surface  is  level.    Pop.  2068. 

LAl'AYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Upshur  co.,  Texas,  about 
54  miles  N.  of  Henderson. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Pitts- 
burg Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Itailroad,  8  miles  E.  of  Lima. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  village  of  Ashland  CO.,  Ohio,  about  10 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Ashland. 

L.4^KAYETTR,  a  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  about  13 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Mansfield. 

LAFAY'ETTE,  a  post-township  of  Gratiot  CO.,  Michigan, 
about  7  miles  E.  of  Ithaca.    Pop.  123. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  735. 

LAF.4YETTE.  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  317. 

LA  FAYETTE,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  406. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  township  of  Story  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  426. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-townsliip  of  Chippewa  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin, 10  miles  E.  of  Chippewa  City.     Pop.  158. 

LAF.A.YETTE,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Wisconsin,  and 
a  station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  7  miles 
N.E.  of  Sparta.     Pop.  342. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  village  of  Clay  CO..  Minnesota,  on  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  about  47°  N.  lat. 


LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Nicollet 
CO.,  Minnesota,  near  the  Minnesota  River,  about  26  miles 
W.  of  St.  Peter.     Pop.  215. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  18  miles  by  land  W.N.W.  of  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, about  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  11  miles 
S.  liy  AV.  of  Martinez. 

LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Yam  Hill  co., 
Oregon,  situated  on  the  Yam  Hill  River,  24  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Salem,  and  about  30  miles  S.AV.  of  Portland.  It  con- 
tained, in  1864,  4  or  5  general  stores,  1  book  store,  <ic.  Pop. 
about  250.     Population  of  the  precinct  in  1860,  417. 

LA  GRANDE,  a  thriving  jiost-village,  capital  of  Union 
CO.,  Oregon,  situated  in  the  Grand  Rondo  Valley,  60  miles 
N.W.  of  Auburn.  It  contains  a  newspaper  office  and  numer- 
ous stores.  The  Directory  for  1865  contains  tlie  names  of 
104  residents  of  La  Grande.    Pop.  estimated  at  450. 

LA  (jRAXGF:,  a  post-office  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa,  about  36 
miles  S.W.  of  Oskaloosa. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  township  of  Harrison  CO.,  Iowa.   Pop.  178. 

LA  GRANGE,  a  post-village  of  Stanislaus  co.,  California, 
on  the  Tuolumne  Uiver,  abtuit  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Sonora. 
It  had,  in  1S63,  4  stores.     Poji.  about  300. 

LAKE,  a  county  forming  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Minne- 
sota, bordering  on  the  British  Possessions,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  over  3500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  a  chain  of  small  lakes,  on  the  N.E.  by  Arrow  River, 
and  on  the  S.E.  by  Lake  Supeiior.  It  is  di-ained  by  Maniton 
River  and  other  small  streams.  The  surface  is  broken  bv 
rugged  ranges  of  drift  hills  called  HauUurs-des  Terre^ 
Copper  and  Iron  are  found  in  this  county,  which  also  con- 
tains granite  and  other  i)riuiaiy  rocks.     Pop.  in  1860,  248. 

LAKE,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  California,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  750  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
Putah  Creek,  and  contains  Clear  Lake  which  is  more  than 
2U  miles  long.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  the  county 
being  occupied  by  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains.  It  is 
stated  that  gold,  silver,  and  coppei'  have  been  tbund  near 
Clear  Lake.  Capital,  Lakeport.  The  census  of  1800  fur- 
nishes no  iuforniiition  respecting  this  county.  In  October, 
1863,  it  polled  378  votes. 

LAKE,  a  county  of  Nevada.  The  name  of  this  county  has 
been  changed  to  Roop. 

L.\KE,  a  liirge  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Colorado,  bor- 
dering on  Utah.  It  is  drained  by  the  Grand,  Arkansas, 
Gunnison,  and  Buukara  (or  Blue)  Rivers,  and  by  Rio  San 
Jliguel.  The  Rocky  Monntain  Range  exteifds  along  the  E. 
border.  The  southern  part  of  the  county  is  occupied  by 
another  range  of  mountains.  Gold  is  found  in  the  E.  part. 
Capital,  Oro  City. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  589. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Michigan.    Pop.  267. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Berrien  co^  Michigan,  on  Laka 
Michigan.     Pop.  557. 

LAKE,  a  township  of  Newton  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  173. 

LAKE,  a  townsliip  of  Cerro  Gordo- co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  103. 

LAKE,  a  townsliip  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  703. 

LAKE,  a  post-office  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa. 

LAKE  CHARLES,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calcasieu 
parish,  Louisiana,  on  the  Calcasieu  River,  about  140  miles 
W.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

LAKE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  CO.,  Florida,  on 
the  Florida  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Central  Railroad,  GO  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  Jacksonville.  Pop.  059.  It  was  formerly  called 
Allegator. 

LAKE  CITY,  a  post  office  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana. 

LAKE  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calhoun  co.,  Iowa, 
about  8U  miles  N.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

LAKE  CITY,  a  villa^'e  of  Rjce  co.,  Minnesota,  on  a  small 
lake  5  miles  S.W.  of  Faribault. 

LAKE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
situated  on  the  S.W.  shore  of  Lake  I'epin,  an  expansion  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  72  miles  below  St.  Paul,  and 
13  above  Wabasha.  It  lias  2  or  more  steam  saw-mills.  A 
large  quantity  of  grain  is  shipped  here.    Pop.  in  IStO,  86S. 

2243 


Ik 


LAK 


LAP 


LAR/)  CITY,  a  post-township  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minne- 
o-jta,  (iv  Liike  Pepin,  contains  the  village  of  Lake  City. 

LAKE  KOKKST,  a  posl-villase  of  Lake  co.,  Illinois,  on  or 
ne;ir  Lake  Michigan,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee 
Kailroiid,  28  miles  X.N.W.  of  Cliiciigo. 

LAKK  KOKK,  a  township  of  Logan  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop.l2S3. 

LAKELAND,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co..  Minnesota, 
on  tlie  AV\  bank  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  nearly  opposite  Hud- 
son, 'Wisconsin,  and  about  17  miles  E.  of  St.  Paul.  It  haa 
Beveral  stejim  sj>w-mills.    Pop.  475. 

LAKEPOUT,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  on 
L;ike  Uuron,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Port  Huron. 

LAKbPOKT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lake  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  W.  shore  of  Cleai-  Lake,  about  90  miles  in  a  direct 
line  N.  by  W.  of  San  Prancisco. 

LAKE  PKAIRIE,  a  township  of  Kicollet  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  411. 

LAKE  EIVER,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Washington 
rerritoiy,  about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Vancouver. 

LAKE  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  36  miles  S.K.  of  Chicago. 

LAKE  XAllOE,  formerly  talleU  LAKE  BlGLER,is  about 
10  miles  W.  of  Carson  City,  Nevadiu  About  half  of  it  is  in- 
cluded within  Placer  co.."  California,  and  the  other  half  in 
Ormsby  Co.,  Nevadii.  Its  length  from  X.  to  S.  is  21  miles, 
and  its  breadth  10  miles.  The  adjacent  scenery  is  exceed- 
ingly picturesijue  and  grand. 

LAKETOWX,  a  post-township  of  Carver  co^  Minnesota, 
borders  on  Liike  Minuetonka,  and  is  about  30  miles  VV.S.W. 
of  St.  Paul.     Pop.  t>48. 

X.AKE  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, near  the  S.  end  of  Lsike  Tahoe,  60  miles  E.  by  Ji.  of 
Placerville. 

LAKE  VIEW,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Chicago.     I'op.  5S7. 

LAKE  VILLAGE,  the  capital  of  Chicot  co.,  Arkansas,  on 
a  small  lake  about  12-5  miles  S.S.E.  of  IJttle  Rock. 

LAKEVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  S  miles  S.E.  of  Taunton.     Top.  IICO. 

LAKEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Joseph  Co.,  Indiana, 
about  14  miles  S.  by.  W.  of  South  Bend. 

LAKEVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dakota  co., 
Minnesota,  about  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop.  598. 

LAKE\ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co.,  California,  on 
Petaluma  Creek,  abi'UtSo  miles  N.  by  W.  of  San  Francisco, 
with  which  it  haa  daily  communication  by  steamboat. 

LAMAR,  a  post-village,  Citpital  of  Barton  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  on  Muddy  Creek,  about  65  miles  W.N. W.  of  Spring- 
field.    Pop.  of  Litmar  township,  673. 

LAMOILLE,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  10  miles  below  Winona. 

LAMOINE,  a  township  of  McDouough  co_  Illinois.  Pop. 
898. 

L.\MONT,  a  post-villa^ce  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Grand  River,  about  14  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

L.\MONTE,  a  post-village  of  PettLs  ci>.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  about  75  miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

LAMP.\S.\S,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Lam- 
pasas River.    Capital,  Litinpasas.    Pop.  1028. 

LAMPASAS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lampasas  co^  Tex- 
as, about  65  miles  N.X.M'.  of  Austin  City. 

L.\N.\RK,  a  post-office  of  Lehigh  CO.,  Pennsylvania. 

LANARK,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Beloit  with  Savaimah,  20  miles 
W.S.W.  of  frebport. 

LANARK,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Portage  co.,  Wis- 
cousiu.    Pup.  435. 

LANCASTER,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has 
an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Saline  or 
Salt  Creek,  and  also  drained  by  several  aRlueuts  of  the  same. 
T  ho  surface  is  somewhat  diversified ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  This 
couuty  has  valuable  salt  springs.     I'op.  153. 

L.VNl'ASTER,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1130. 

L.\NCASTER,  a  post-village  of  Dallas  co^  Texas,  about 
15  miles  :^.  of  Dallas. 

L.WC.iSTER,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1213. 

LANCA.<TER,  a  village  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana,  52  miles 
by  railroad  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

L.tNCASTER,  a  post-township  of  Cass  co.,  Illinois.    Pop. 

LANCASTER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Atchison 
CO.,  Kansas,  al>out  11  miles  W.  of  Atchison.    Pop.  622. 

LANCASTER,  a  village  in  Lancaster  mining  district, 
Ilunibuldt  CO.,  Nevada,  30  miles  N.  of  Uniouville.  Pop.  100. 

L.\NC1H  PLANA,  a  post-village  of  Amador  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Mokelumne  River,  about  30  miles  N.K.  of 
Stockton.  It  is  supported  by  gold  mines,  and  has  several 
stores.     Pop.  about  300. 

LANDER,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Nevada,  bordering 
on  Idaho  and  Utah,  is  about  200  miles  long  and  100  wide. 
It  ia  partly  drained  by  Uumboldt  River,  the  branches  of 


■which  rise  within  its  limits,  and  by  Reese  River.  Tlio  siir* 
face  is  broken  by  several  ridges  of  mountains.  In  the  S.W, 
piirt  is  a  long  range  called  the  Toiyabe  Mountains,  the  direc- 
tion of  which  is  nearly  N.  and  S.  Among  these  mountains 
are  the  Reese  River  silver  mines,  from  which  So00,U00  in 
silver  were  obtained  in  IbOl.  Organized  in  1862.  Capital, 
Austin. 

LANDER  CITY,  a  small  village  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada, 
near  Reese  River,  about  18  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Austin. 

LANU1S\  ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Central  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
Reading  and  Columbia  Railroad,  8  miles  W.N.W  ot  JLaa- 
caster. 

LANDSDALE,  or  LANSDALE,  a  post-village  of  Mont- 
gomery CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  North  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road at  the  junction  with  the  Doylestowu  Branch.  22  uiilea 
N.  by  W.  iif  Philadelphia,  and  10  miles  W.S.W.  oi'  Doyles- 
town.     It  has  a  national  bank. 

L.'VNE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Oregon,  bordering  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Area  estimated  at  3500  square  Uiiles. 
It  is  drained  by  the  Willamette  lliver  and  its  branches, 
called  the  McKenzie's  I'ork,  the  Middle  Fork,  and  the  Coast 
Fork.  The  Siuslaw  River  forms  part  of  its  S.  boundary. 
The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  Cascade  Range  extends 
along  the  E.  border  of  the  county,  alid  the  west  part  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Coast  Range.  The  toil  of  the  Millamette 
valley  i&  fertile.  Gold  quartz  lodes  have  been  found  in  the 
eastern  psirt  of  the  couuty.  Capital,  Eugene  City.  Pop. 
47^0. 

LANE  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Dixon  Air-Line  Railroad,  75  miles  A\  .  of  Chicago. 

LANESBLRG,  a  post-township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  20  miles  N.A\'.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  310. 

LANESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  CO.,  Connecti- 
cut, on  the  liousatouic  River  and  Rjiilroad,  32  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Bridgeport. 

L.iNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Floyd  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  West  Fork  of  Big  Saudy  River,  about  9  miles  below 
Piketon. 

LANG  DON,  a  post-office  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  on  a  rail- 
road 18  miles  N.W.  of  Peoria. 

LANGDON,  a  small  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin, 
15  miles  N.  of  Prairie  du  Cliien. 

LANGOLA,  or  LONGULA,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co., 
Minnesota,  situated  about  1  mile  E.  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  18  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Sauk  Rapids. 

LANG  WORTHY,  a  po.st-village  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Dubuque  Southwestern  Railroad,  6  or  7  miles  N.  of  Aua- 
niosa.  and  47  miles  S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

■L.\NSDALE,  Pennsylvania.     See  L.^ndsdalb. 

LANSING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  AUomakee  CO..  Iowa, 
is  situated  in  Umsing  township,  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
33  'miles  above  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  44  miles  below  La 
Crosse,  Wisconsin.  It  contains  a  stoue  court-house,  1  na- 
tional bank,  6  churches,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  large  union 
school  house,  14  warehouses,  and  several  factories.  Large 
quantities  of  grain  are  shipped  here.  Pop.  in  1660, 1197  ; 
in  18i)5,  about  2uii0. 

LANSING,  a  post-village  in  Lansing  township.  Mower 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  Red  Cedar  River,  about  5  miles  N.  of 
Austin,  and  33  miles  S.W.  of  Rochester.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship, 358. 

LANTZ  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Shenandoah  co.,  Vir- 
ginia. 

LAONA,  a  post-village  and  small  township  of  Winnebago 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Rockford.    Pop.  717. 

LA  PAZ,  a  mining  town,  oipital  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona,  is 
situated  on  the  Colorado  River,  about  150  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Gila.  It  is  built  of  adobes,  conUiins  a  num- 
ber of  stores,  and  has  a  large  trade.  Steamboats  navigate 
the  river  above  and  below  this  point.  Gold  and  quicksilver 
are  found  here. 

L.4.PU.\M,  a  village  of  Otter  Tail  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  or 
near  the  Outlet  of  Otter  Tail  Lake,  about  25  miles  W.S.W, 
of  Otter  Tail  City. 

LA  PLAT.A.,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  about 
18  milei  N.  of  Bloomiugton. 

LA  PLATTE,  a  post-village  of  Sarpy  co..  Nebraska,  on 
the  Missouii  River,  jnst  above  the  mouth  of  the  Platte  River, 
and  30  miles  below  Omalia. 

hA.  POINTE,  a  township  of  Ashland  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
319. 

LA  PORTE,  a  village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  about  8  milea 
E.  of  BliMjmington. 

LA  PORTE,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about  37 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

LAPORl'E,  a  post-village  of  Sierra  co ,  California,  about 
58niilesN.N.E.of  Marysville,i8  situated  among  high  moun- 
tains. It  is  one  of  the  principal  mining  villages  in  the 
county,  having  10  water  ditches.  It  contains  2  churches.  8 
brick  stores,  2  stone  stores,  2  hotels,  1  uewspai)er  office,  and 
2  bookstores.  Population  variously  estimated  at  from  900 
to  1400. 

LAPORTE,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Larimer  co., 
Colorado  Territory,  is  ou  the  Cache  la  Pov.dro  River,  at  iitm 


LAP 


LEA 


E.  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  60  miles  N.  of  Denver,  and 
and  4  miles  N.W.  of  Fort  Collins. 

LA  I'RAIKIE,  a  townsliip  of  Marshall  cc,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1270. 

liAREDO,  a  posf-offico  of  Mahaska  cc,  Iowa,  about  10 
miles  N.AV.  of  (Jskaloosa. 

I-AIUMKR,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Colorado  Terri- 
toi'y.  liurdetlng  on  Dakota,  has  an  area  estimated  at  ISOO 
g(junre  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Cache  la  Poudre  River 
and  Big  Thompson  Creek.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  the 
Ilocky  Mountain  range  extending  along  the  W.  border. 
Capital,  Ijjiporte. 

LAUlMliK,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  478. 

I,AR0NE,  or  VVINSLOWS  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Somer- 
set CO.,  Maine,  about  28  miles,  N.  of  Augusta. 

L.VliUE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Belle- 
foutaine  Railroad,  14  miles  W.  of  Marion. 

LA  S.VLLK,  a  new  county  in  the  .''.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  1400  srpiare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Nueces  River,  and  by  tlie  Rio  Frio.  The  census  of  IStiO 
furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county. 

LASSKLLE,  a  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  Lake 
Superiiir,  about  22  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Superior  City. 

LASSEN,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  California, 
bordering  on  Nevada.  Area  estimated  at  3200  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  liy  the  Susan  River,  Willow  Creek,  and  several 
affluents  of  Pitt  River,  and  contains  Honey  Lake.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  by  mountains  and  valleys.  The  S.  part  is 
traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  soil  of  Honey  Lake 
Valley  and  other  valleys  is  fertile.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  engaged  in  agriculture  and  pa-storal  pursuits.  Gold, 
silver,  and  copper  have  been  found  in  this  county.  Lassen 
county  was  fornuvl  out  of  portions  of  Sluista,  and  Plumas 
counties,  and  organized  in  1*64.     Capital,  SusanviUe. 

LASSEN,  a  mining  village  of  Humboldt  co.,  Nevada,  20 
miles  N.  of  Unionville. 

L.\SSENS,  a  village  and  township  of  Tehama  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, near  the  E.  bank  of  the  Sacramento  lUver,  about  22 
miles  S.E.  of  Red  Bluff.    Pop.  474. 

LASSEN'S  PEAK,  ShastJi  co.,  California,  Is  a  peak  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Range,  about  lat.  40°  2S' N.  Its  altitude  is 
about  11,000  feet,  or  according  to  another  statement,  9000 
feet. 

LATII.^M,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Ohio,  about  24  miles 
S.S.W.  ofChillicothe. 

LATHROP,  a  tliriving  village  of  Lassen  co.,  California,  in 
Honey  l.ijike  Vallej'. 

LATIMER,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa,  about  24 
miles  S.  of  Des  Moines. 

LATONA,  a  village  of  Shiista  co.,  California,  on  the  Sac- 
nunento  River,  about  15  miles  S.E.  of  Sh;ista. 

L.^TSHAW  S  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon, 
about  li.'i  miles  S.  of  Alljany. 

LATTA'S,  or  LATTAVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ross  co., 
Ohio,  about  15  miles  W.  ofChillicothe. 

LAUREL,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  cc,  Oliio,  about  25 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Cincinnati.    Pop.  130. 

LAUREL,  a  post-office  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  about  10 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Roseburg. 

LAUREL  GAP,  a  post-office  of  Greene  cc,  Tennessee, 
about  13  miles  N.  of  Greenville. 

L.VUREL  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Cariilina,  on  the  Wilmington  Cliarlotte  and  Rutherford 
Ilailroad,  about  95  miles  W.N.W.  of  Wilmington. 

LAURELTON,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Penn"s  Creek,  about  24  miles  W.  of  Sunbury. 

LAURETTE,  or  LAURET,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Park 
CO.,  Colorado,  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  South  Park, 
near  the  base  of  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
about  100  miles  W.S.W.  of  Denver.  Its  altitude  above  the 
level  of  the  sea  is  said  to  be  10,500  feet.  It  is  surrounded  b.y 
many  gold-bearing  quartz  veins,  and  its  residents  are  mostly 
employed  in  mining.  It  contains  1  church,  about  10  quartz- 
mills,  and  loo  houses.    First  settled  in  1861. 

LAURIN15URG,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  38  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fayetteville. 

LA  VALLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  both  sides  of  the  Baraboo  River,  about  20  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Baraboo.  The  village  h;is  2  stores  and  20  houses. 
Total  population,  468. 

LAVERGNE,  a  post-village  of  Rutherford  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  16  nnles  S.E. 
of  Nashville. 

LAURYS  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co..  Penn- 
iylvatiia,  on  the  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad,  9  miles  N.N.W.  of 
AUentown. 

LAWN  ARBOR,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  18 
miles  N.W.  of  Dallas. 

L.\WNDALE,  a  post-village  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  35  miles  N.E.  of 
Springfield. 

LAWND.il.r:.  a  township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  361. 

LAWRKNCK  A.  po^f-viUage  of  Monroe  co.,  Mississippi, 
*buut  14  milej  N.W,  of  Aberdeen. 


LAWRENCE,  a  village  on  the  line  between  Clark  ana 
Champaign  counties,  Ohio,  about  7  miles  N.  of  SpringlieM. 

LAWRENCE,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana,  on  ot 
near  the  Toledo  and  Chicago  Railroad,  about  6  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Auburn. 

L.iWRENCE,  a  post-village  of  McIIenry  CO.,  lllinoia,  on 
the  Chicago  and  North  Western  Railroad,  66  miles  N.W  .  of 
Chicago, 

LAWRENCE,  a  post-township  of  Marion  co.,  Indiana, 
about  7  miles  N.E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  2216. 

LAWRENCE,  a  village  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
27  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Portage.City. 

LAWRENCE,  a  city  of  Kansas,  and  the  capital  of  Doug- 
las CO.,  situated  on  the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Kansas  lliver, 
about  32  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leavenworth,  and  25  miles  E.  by 
S.  of  Topeka.  Lsit.  38°  56'  N.,  Ion.  95°  15'  W.  It  was 
founded  in  the  summer  of  1854,  by  the  Massachusetts  Aid 
Society,  and  settled  by  the  opponents  of  slavery.  During 
several  ensuing  years  it  was  the  scene  of  violent  contest* 
between  this  party  and  the  -'Border  Ruffians."  In  lbti(J 
the  population  liadincreiisod  to  1645.  The  stjite  University 
was  located  here  in  the  winter  of  1862-3.  On  the  mornin;^ 
of  the  21st  of  August,  1863,  this  town  was  surprised  by  a 
party  of  rebels  under  Quant.rell,  who  massacred  about  150 
persons,  and  burned  some  75  dwellings,  and  nearly  as 
many  other  buildings  occupied  as  stores,  workshops,  &c. 
Lawrence  has  recovered  rapidly  from  this  calamity.  Be- 
tween the  date  of  the  mjissacre  and  December  1,  1864,  53 
places  of  busines  were  erected  on  Massachusetts  and  Ileiiry 
streets.  At  the  latter  date  it  contaiced  12  churches.  2  banks, 
11  dry-goods  stores,  2  drug  stores,  3  hardware  stores,  4  flour- 
ing-mifls,  3  brick  yards,  1  foundry  with  a  machine-shop,  1 
tannery,  1  planing-mill,  and  about  350  dwellings,  besides  a 
number  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river.  One  daily  and  2 
weekly  newspapers  are  issued  here.  A  bridge  has  been 
built  across  the  river  at  a  cost  of  about  .Sla.OOO.  Lawrence 
is  connected  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  with  Kansjis 
City,  and  other  towns  of  Missouri. 

LAWRENCEBUUG,  a  post-olHce  of  AVarren  cc,  Iowa,  10 
miles  S.  of  liidianola. 

LAW  SONHA.M,  a  post-village  of  Clarion  co.,  Penn.syl- 
vania,  on  Red  Bank  Creek,  about  16  miles  N.  of  Kittanning. 

LAWTON,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Kalamazoo,  and  125 
miles  Irum  Chicago.     Pop.  426. 

LA  VERBA,  a  post-office  of  Hardin  CO.,  Iowa,  about  10 
miles  N.  of  Eldora,  the  county-seat. 

LEA.NDER,  a  post-village  of  Gasconade  Co.,  Missouri, 
about  70  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Ltmis. 

LE  ANSE,  a  township  of  Houghton  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
582. 

LEASBURG,  or  LEESBURG,  a  post-village  of  Crawford 
CO.,  Missouri,  on  or  ne;ir  the  South  West  Branch  Railroad, 
about  85  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

LEAVENWORTH,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kansas, 
bordering  on  .Missouri,  has  an  area  of  about  450  square 
miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri 
River,  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Kansas  lliver,  and  inter- 
sected by  Stranger  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the 
Boil  is  excellent.  It  contains  a  number  of  prairies,  and  is 
reported  to  l)e  liberally  supplied  with  timber  and  limestone. 
This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Leavenworth  Lawrence 
and  Fort  Gibson  Railroad  (in  progress).  Leavenworth 
county  is  tlie  most  i«)pulous  in  the  state.  Capital,  Leaven- 
worth.    Pop.  12,600. 

LEAVEN  WORTH,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Big  Cottonwood  River,  about  42  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Mankato.     Pop.  92. 

LEAVEN\VORTH,  the  largest  city  and  the  commercial 
emporium  of  the  state  of  Kansas,  is  beautifully  situated  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  2  miles  S.  of  Fort 
Leavenworth,  about  30  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  St.  Jo- 
seph, and  45  nnles  E.N.E.  of  Topeka.  Lat.  39°  16'  N.,  Ion. 
about  95°  W.  It  occupies  a  higldy  advantageous  geogra- 
phical position,  and  is  surrounded  by  one  of  the  richest 
agricultural  regions  in  the  valley  of  tlie  Missouri.  The 
river  flows  here  with  a  swift,  deep  current,  and  is  bordered 
on  the  Kansas  side  by  a  natural  levee  of  rock,  extending 
along  the  entire  river  front  of  the  city.  The  city  is  laid 
out  in  rectangular  blocks,  with  streets  extending  north  and 
south  and  east  and  west.  The  principal  streets  are  macad- 
amized and  lighted  with  gas.  There  are  17  churches  in  the 
city,  belonging  to  the  different  religions  denominationa. 
The  i)ublic  schools  are  well  organized  upon  the  <riaded 
system  and  in  a  flourishing  condition ;  12  teachers  are  em- 
ployed, with  an  average  attendance  of  800  scholars.  There 
are  besides  2  academies  and  2  commercial  colleges,  1  female, 
seminary,  and  several  private  schools.  Leavenworth  con- 
tains 5  banks,  5  book-binderies,  and  4  printing  offices,  from 
which  are  issued  4  daily,  3  tri-weekly,  and  4  weekly  papers, 
and  2  monthly  periodicals.  Leavenworth  communicates 
with  the  east  by  way  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  the  Platte 
county,  and  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroads.  The  Mis- 
souri Pacific  Railroiid  will  be  completed  to  this  point  during 
the  present  year.    The  North  Missouri  Railroad  has  (.Marc> 

2245 


LL= 


LEA 

1, 1805)  jii  t  received  aid  from  the  state  of  Missouri  suffi- 
cient to  ex. end  their  road  to  Lciivenworth. 

The  folli  ftiiig  is  a  careful   e^tilll:lte  of  the  amount  ol 
business  ti-ansacVod  during  the  year  18«>4 : 

Amount  paid  for  freight  by  rail  at  cityand  fort *^-^ 

i.         "     "        "       "  United  Slates  Expresa. BU.woo 


Total  paid  for  freights 81,098,374 

Liquors,  drugs,  baidwire,  &.C 2,000,000 

loui $18,000,000 

Leaven»i>rth  Is  the  headquarters  for  outfitting  govern- 
ment supply  trains  for  western  forts,  and  also  of  an  immense 
trade  with  the  territories.  In  transporting  goTeriinient 
freight  during  IS&i,  were  employed  3000  wagons  with  30,000 
liead  of  cattle,  and  SOO  wagons  with  3000  head  of  mtiles  and 
liorses.  The  ami'iint  of  freight  was  20.8u0,000  pounds.  The 
amount  of  private  freight  transported  during  the  same  time 
was  21,500.000  pounds.  There  are  in  the  city  5  saw-mills, 
4  flouring-mills,  8  lumber  yards,  5  brick  yards,  1  foundry 
and  machine-shop,  and  4  breweries.  Letivenworth  was  laid 
out  in  tlie  fall  of  1864.  has  grown  with  iistonishitig  rtipidity, 
and  p;-omises  to  become  one  of  the  liirgest  cities  in  the 
West.  The  amount  of  taxiible  real  and  personal  estiitc  in 
1864  wiis  $4,103,502.14.  Pop.  in  ISCO,  7429;  iu  1865,  about 
18  000 

LeaVITT,  or  LEAVITTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Carroll 
CO.,  Ohio,  S  or  9  miles  S.W.  of  CarroUton. 

LKAVITTSBUKG,  a  village  of  Trumbull  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Kailroad,  3  miles  \V.  of  ^Va^ren, 
and  60  miles  K  S.E.  of  Cleveland,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  another  railroad. 
"lKAU  qui  Court,  lO-kee  koor,  a  county  in  the  N.N. 
E.  part  of  Nebraska,  boidering  <m  Dakota,  has  an  urea  of 
about  700  squiire  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Missouri  River,  and  iilso  drained  by  the  L'Eau  qui  Court,  or 
Rapid  River.    The  soil  is  fertile.     I'op.  162. 

LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  Milton  Co.,  Georgia,  about 
24  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Atlanta. 

LEBANON,  a  village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  about  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Dayton. 

LEBANON,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  18  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Jlariettiv. 

LKB.\NON.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Laclede  co..  Missouri, 
situated  about  80  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City.  It  con- 
tains a  court-house  and  sevenil  stores.  Pop.  of  Lebanon 
township,  1169. 

LEBANON,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Waupaca  co., 
■f^'isconsin.     Pop.  329. 

LEBANON,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
HO. 

LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
South  Fork  of  the  Santiam  River,  12  miles  S.  E  of  Albany. 
It  contains  1  academy  and  3  stores.  It  commands  a  grand 
view  of  Mount  Jefferson,  about  60  miles  distant.  Pop. 
about  200. 

LE  CLAIRE,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  at  the  head  of  the  U|)per  Rapids,  15  miles 
above  Davenport.  It  contaiifS  3  churches,  and  has  a  valu- 
able quarry  of  stone.  Steamboats  are  built  and  repaired 
here.    Pop.  about  1000. 

LEE.  a  township  of  Allegan  CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  43. 
LEE,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  308. 
LEE,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  407. 
LEE,  a  township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  56. 
LEE,  a  township  of  &icrainenf o  co.,  California.     Pop.  397. 
LEEDS,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
about  16  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1111. 

LEEDS  COKNERS,  a  small  village  iu  the  S.  part  of  Co- 
(lunbia  co..  Wisconsin. 

LEEDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co.,  New 
Jersey,  about  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Freehold. 

LEEM.tN,  a  post-village  of  Pawnee  CO.,  Nebraska,  abont 
60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

LEESBURO,  apost-village  of  Cumberland  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  Maurice  River,  about  11  miles  S.  of  Millville. 

LEESBL'RG,  a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  17  miles  S.W.  of  Carlisle. 

LEKSBURO,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  S  miles  !«.  of  Mercer. 

LEESBURtJ,  a  village  or  station  of  New  Hanover  CO., 
North  Carolina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad, 
34  miles  N.  of  Wilmington. 
.  LEE.SBURG.  Crawford  co.,  Slissouri.    See  Leasburo. 
LEESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri,  about 
65  miles  S.S.W.  of  Booneville. 

LEFEVElt,  or  LKFEVRK,  a  village  of  Bartholomew  CO., 
Indiana,  5  miles  W.  of  Columbus. 
LBORAND,  a  post-township  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa.    Pop. 
•560.  ^ 

LEIGIITON,  a  post-township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan, 
»bout  16  miles  S.  of  Uraud  Rapids.    Pop.  676. 
2246 


LES 

LEIGIITON,  a  post-village  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad,  7  miles  N.W'.  of  Oskaloosa,  and 
ubcut  o2  miles  E.S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

LEIGIITON,  a  po»t-village  of  llennepii>  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Minnesota  and  Pacific  Rjiilroitd,  (in  progress,)  about 
20  miles  W'.  by  N.  of  Saint  Anthony. 

LEIPSIC,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Day- 
ton and  Micliigan  Railroad,  44  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

LELAND,  a  post-village  of  I.eelenaw  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Liike  Michigan,  al>out  22  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Traverse  City. 

LELAND.  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicjigo  Burlington  and  Quincy  Riiilroad,  68  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Chicago. 

LELAND,  a  post-village  of  Josephine  co.,  Oregon,  40  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Kerbyville.    Pop.  53. 

LEMON,  a  post-towuship  and  village  of  Wyoming  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Tunkhannock.    Pop.  404. 
LEMON  D,  a  post-township  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  102. 

LEMONT,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co..  Illinois,  on  the  Chi- 
cago Alton  and  St.  l^ouis  Railroad,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Chi- 
cago.   Pop.  of  Lemont  township,  1389. 

LEMON  WEIR,  a  j>ost-township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
contains  Mauston,  the  county-seat,  and  a  village  named 
Lemonweir.    Pop.  836. 

LEMON  WEIR,  a  post-village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crotise  Railroad,  3  miles  .S.E.  of 
Mauston.  The  l.emomveir  River  at  this  place  affords  good 
water-power.     It  contains  a  grist-mill  and  40  houses. 

LENA,  a  post-villiige  of  Stephenson  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Centnil  Kailroad,  13  miles  N.W.  uf  Freejiort. 

LENOIR,  a  post-village  of  Roane  co.,  'i'ennessee,  near  the 
Tennes.seo  River,  and  on  the  Chattanooga  and  Knoxville 
Railroad,  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Knoxville. 

LENOliA,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
13  miles  S.E.  of  Preston. 
LENOX,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  868. 
LENOX,  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  331. 
LENSBURG,  a  postoflice  of  St.  Clair  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
18  miles  S.S.E.  of  Belleville. 

LEO,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  CO..  Iowa,  about  11  miles  E. 
S.E.  of  West  Union. 

LEOLA,  a  township  in  the  extreme  N.E.  part  of  Adams 
CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  165. 

LEON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa,  about 
65  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Des  Moines. 

LEON,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  3  or  4 
miles  S.  of  Sparta.    Pop.  799. 

LEON,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Waushara  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  678. 
LEON,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co  .  Minnesota.    Pop.  411. 
LEONARD,  a  i)ost-township  of  Mecosta  Co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Muskegon  River.     Pop.  313. 

LEON  DA,  a  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on  a  rail- 
road, 6  or  7  miles  S.  of  Peni. 

LKROY,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co,  Pennsylvania, 
about  18  miles  W.fS.W.  of  Towanda. 

LEROY,  a  iiost-village  of  Medina  co.,  Ohio,  about  37  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Cleveland. 

LEROY,  a  village  of  Trumbull  CO.,  Ohio,  on  or  near  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  about  9  miles  N  E.  of 
Warren. 

LEROY,  a  township  of  Oceana  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Mi- 
chigan, 36  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Grand  Haven.  It  has  2  saw- 
mills, and  2  flour-mills.     Pop.  about  400. 

LE  ROY,  a  post-to wnshi]>  of  McLean  Co.,  Illinois,  about 
55  miles  E.S.E.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  654. 
LE  ROY,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  395. 
LE  ROY,  a  post-township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa,  about  25 
miles  N.N.K.  of  Cedar  Falls.    Pop.  217. 

LE  ROY,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Wisconsin,  has  a  sta- 
tion (named  Le  Roy,)  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  liail- 
eoad,  23  miles  E.  of  Sparta.     Pop.  246. 

LE  ROY,  a  post-village  in  Le  Roy  township.  Mower  CO., 
Minnesota,  36  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  of  Rochester.  It  is 
on  or  very  near  the  N.  boundary  of  Iowa.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship, 365. 

LE  ROY',  a  post-township  of  Coffey  co.,  Kansas,  contains 
the  vill.age  of  Le  Roy.     Pop.  621. 

LE  ROY,  a  post-village  of  Coffej'  CO.,  Kansas,  on  the  Neo- 
sho River,  about  11  miles  S.E.  of  Hampden,  and  75  miles  S. 
of  Topeka.  It  contains  several  stores.  Pop.  estimated  at  400. 
LESTER,  a  post-township  of  Black  Hawk  CO.,  Iowa,  about 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Waterloo.     Pop.  507. 

LE  SUEUR,  le-soo'er,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minre- 
sota.  has  an  area  of  abotit  450  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Minnesota  River,  and  is  drained  by  the 
Cannon  River  and  the  outlets  of  several  small  lakes  which 
are  included  in  its  limits.  The  surface  is  undulating:  the 
soil  is  calcareous  and  very  fertile.  Sedime.ntiiry  rocks  un- 
derlie the  county.  Nearly  all  of  the  surface  wa-s  originally 
covered  with  a  dense  forest  of  deciduous  trees,  among  which 
are  the  oak,  sugar-maple,  elm,  ash,  whIuuI,  .ic.  The  Minne- 
sota Valley  Railroad  is  in  progress  throi.^h  tuis  county. 
Capital,  Le  Sueur.    Pop.  5318. 


z:J> 


LES 


LIN 


LE  SUEUR,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Le  Sueur 
CO.,  Miuiicsotii,  situated  on  the  rigiit  (3.E.)  bank  ol'  the 
iliunesota  Kiver,  60  miles  from  its  montii,  about  ti  miles  S. 
of  Ilendersim,  and  50  miles  in  a  direct  Hue  S.W.  of  St.  Paul. 
It  contains  3  churches,  and  1  newspaper  otlico.  Wheat  is 
shipped  here  in  steamboats.  Pop.  in  1860,  218;  in  1865, 
about  500. 

LEVIS,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Wisconsin,  10  miles  S. 
of  Neillsville.     Pop.  93. 

LEWIS,  a  township  of  Lewis  CO.,  New  York,  about  18 
miles  N.  of  Rome.     Pop.  1407. 

LEWIS,  a  towuship  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
897. 

LEWIS,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvauia.  Pop.  658. 

LEWIS,  a  i)ost-village,  aipital  of  Cass  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Nishnubatona  Kiver,  50  miles  E.  of  Council  Bluffs.  It  is 
situated  in  an  undulating  prairie.  It  contains  o  churches, 
1  ne\vs|ia|»r  olfice,  3  general  stores,  3  hotels  and  1  griot -mill. 
Pup.  al.out  uOO. 

LEWISUUIIG,  a  village  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri,  about  44 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Springfield. 

LEWISBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  about 
12  miles  W.  of  Corydon. 

LEWIS  IJURU,  a  post-ofBce  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska. 

LEW  ISl'UKT,  a  village  of  Doddridge  Co.,  AVest  Virginia, 
on  till'  Noi  thuestern  Railroad,  57  miles  E.  of  Parkersburg. 

LEWISTON,  a  village  of  Muhlenburg  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Green  Kiver.  about  44  miles  W.N.W.  of  Howling  Green. 

LEW  ISTUN,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  CO.,  California,  on 
Trinity  Kiver,  255  miles  N.N.W.  of  Siicranieuto,  and  about 
12  miles  E.  of  Weavervillo.  It  is  situated  in  a  valley  en- 
closed on  two  sides  by  high  mountains.  It  has  1  church,  1 
school,  and  2  stores.  Gold  is  found  in  the  vicinity.  Pop. 
about  300. 

LEWISTON,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Nez  Perce  co.,  Idaho, 
is  situated  on  the  Lewis  Fork  pf  the  Columbia  River,  just 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Clear  Water,  about  400  miles  by 
water  from  Portland,  Oregon.  Lat.  about  46°  30'  N.  It 
Wivs  the  capital  of  Idaho  from  September,  1863,  until  the 
autumn  of  1804.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  with  the  miners 
of  the  interior.  In  18<'3  it  contained  about  12  general  stores. 
One  newspuper  is  publi.-lied  here.  Pop.  about  800,  or  ac- 
cording to  another  stiitenieut,  1500. 

LEW  ISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Dacota  CO.,  Minnesota, 
on  Cannon  Kiver,  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Hastings. 

LEUISTOWN,  or  LKWISTON,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co., 
Nebraska,  near  the  Missouri  Kiver,  about  13  miles  S.  of 
Plaltsmoiith. 

LEWIS  VILLE,  a  village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  about  70 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  ICO. 

LEWISVILLK,  a  village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
Canal,  abnut  9  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Cliillicothe. 

LE.VINGTON,a  township  of  Sanilac  co  ,Michigan,contains 
Lexington,  the  county-seat.    Pop.  in  1860,  2064. 

LKXINGTON,  a  post-village,  port  of  entry,  and  capital  of 
Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  situated  on  Lake  Huron,  about  22 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Port  Huron,  and  80  miles  N.N.E.  of  De- 
troit. It  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  1  newspaper 
office,  &c.  Steamboats  ply  daily  between  this  place  and 
Detroit.  Large  (luautities  of  lumber  are  shipped  here.  Pop. 
in  1865.  about  2000. 

LEXINGTON,  a  village  of  Lagrange  co.,  Indiana,  about 
50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Port  Wayne. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  of  McLean  Co.,  Illinois,  in 
Lexington  township,  and  on  tlie  Cliicago  and  St.  Louis  Kiiil- 
road,  15  miles  N.K.  of  liloomington.     Pop.  of  townsliip,  948. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa,  4  or  0 
miles  N.B.  of  Bedford. 

LKXINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Johnson  co.,  Kansas, 
about  12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Lawrence.     Pop.  358. 

LE.KINGTON,  a  post-village  and  township ' of  Le  Sueur 
CO.,  Minnesotii,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Le  Sueur.    Pop.  21U. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Clara  CO.,  California, 
12  miles  S.S.W.  of  San  Jose.    It  h:is  2  or  3  stores. 

LEXINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Clatsop  co.,  Oregon,  about 
0  miles  S.W.  of  Astoria.     It  is  on  or  near  the  ocean. 

LEYDEN,  a  post-township  of  Cook  co.,  lUFnois,  inter- 
sected by  the  Des  Plaines  River,  about  12  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Chicago.     Pop.  1505. 

LIBIiKTY,  a  county  towards  the  N.W.  part  of  Florida, 
contains  about  475  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  t)n  the  K. 
by  the  Oeklockonnee  River,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Appala- 
chicola.  The  surface  is  level  and  the  soil  sandy.  Pop. 
1457. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Penasylvania.  Pop. 
726. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1451. 

LIBERTY,  a  village  of  Johnson  co.,  Indiana,  on  a  rail- 
road about  8  miles  S.W.  of  Franklin. 

LIBEKIY.  a  village  of  Liiwrence  co.,  Indiana,  on  tho 
East  Fork  of  White  River,  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Bedford. 

LIBKliTV,  a  village  of  Wabash  Co.,  Indiana,  on  Eel  River, 
about  30  miles  W.  by  S.  rf  Fort  Wayne. 

LIBKKTY.  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  756. 

LIBERTY,  a  towuship  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  1098. 


LIBERTY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa, 
about  33  miles  S.  of  Des  Moines.     Pop.  541. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop  576. 

LIBKRTY,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1185. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Jetferson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  9.=il. 

LIBEKTY',  a  township  of  Johnson  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  o5ft. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa.    Poj).  399. 

LIBERTY^,  a  township  of  Marion  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1071. 

JJBERTY,  a  township  of  MarsUall  co.,  Iowa.     Pob  ."^O". 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  boO. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa.     I'op.  399. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Wright  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  127. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Grant  CO.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  644. 

LIBEKTY,  formerly  BUCHANAN,  a  township  of  Mani- 
towoc  CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  1130. 

LIBKRTY',  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Outagamie  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  176. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  7 
miles  S.E.  of  Viroqua.     Pop.  201. 

LIBKRTY,  a  post-village  of  Blue  Earth  Co.,  Minnesota, 
about  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Mankato. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Liini  Co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  127. 

IJBERTY,  a  township  of  Woodson  co.,  Kansas.   Pop.  191. 

LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  California, 
on  the  railroad  (unftnislied)  which  is  to  connect  Sacra- 
mento with  Stockton,  20  miles  N.  of  the  latter. 

LIBERTY,  a  township  of  Klamath  co.,  California.  Pop. 
537. 

LIBERTY  FURNACE,  a  post-office  of  Shenandoah  co., 
Virginia. 

LIBKRTY  GROVE,  a  township  of  Door  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Green  Bay.    Pop.  120. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  a  village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  about 
12  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nevada  City. 

LICKING,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylviuiia.  Pop. 
1009. 

LIGONIER,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  on  Elk- 
hart River,  and  on  the  Toledo  and  Chicago  Railroad,  15 
miles  S.E.  of  Goshen  and  108. from  Toledo. 

LILIAN,  or  LILLIAN,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,  Min 
nosota,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cannon  Kiver.     Pop.  265. 

LILLOOET,  a  post-village  of  British  Columbia,  at  the  S. 
end  of  Lillooet  Lake,  about  60  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.  by 
E.  of  New  Westminster.  Gold  is  found  in  tho  vicinity.  Pop. 
said  to  be  1000. 

LIMA,  a  post-village  in  Lima  township,  Lagrange  co.,  In- 
diana, on  Pigeon  River,  about  32  miles  E.  of  Elkhart,  and  5 
or  6  miles  S.  of  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.  It  has 
several  stores  and  a  bank.     Pop.  of  township,  1064. 

UMA,  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  33  miles 
S.W.  of  Prairie  du  Chieii,  Wisconsin. 

LIMA,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  872. 

LIMA,  a  township  in  tho  N.E.  part  of  Pepin  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin.   Pop.  175.  • 

LIMA,  a  township  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin,  4  miles 
W.  of  Lake  Michigan.     Pop.  1792. 

LIMA,  a  post-ollice  of  Allen  co.,  Kansas. 

LIMA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chieu  Railroad,  56  miles  W. 
S.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

LIME,  a  towuship  of  Cedar  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  409. 

LIME,  a  township  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
232. 

LIME  CREEK,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1112. 

LIME  POINT,  Marin  co.,  California,  is  on  tlie  N.  side  of 
the  Golden  liate.  The  narrowest  part  of  this  strait  or 
channel  is  botween  Lime  Point  and  F'ort  Point. 

LIMESTONE,  a  post-townsliip  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine, 
about  50  miles  N.  of  Houlton.    Pop.  161. 

LIMESTO.N'E,  a  pist-township  of  Kankakee  CO.,  Illinois, 
about  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  616. 

LIMESTONK,  a  township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River.    Pop.  1663. 

LINCOLN,  a  post-o.'Rce  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

LINCOLN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mason  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Lake  Michigan,  at  ttie  mouth  of  Little  Sable  River, 
about  60  miles  E.  of  Manitowoc,  Wisconsin.     Lat.  44°  N. 

LINCOLN,  a  thriving  i)Ojt-village  of  C;iS3  £0.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Groat  Eastern  Railroad,  14  miles  S.E.  of 
Logansport.     It  has  2  stores  and  1  steam  saw-mill. 

LINCOLN,  a  flourishing  post-town,  capital  of  Logan  co., 
Illinois,  is  situated  on  Salt  CresU  and  on  the  Chicago  Alton 
and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  28  miteJ  N.N.E.  of  Springfield,  and 
125  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Louis.  It  contiins  a  court-house, 
several  churches;  and  1  or  2  newspspsr  offices.  This  place, 
the  origin  of  which  is  quite  recent,  was  named  in  honor  of 
President  Abraham  Lincoln..  Pop.  ol'  Lincoln  townsliip, 
5700. 

LINCOLN,  a  iiost-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  near  tho  Des 
Moines  River,  about  Itt  miles  N.W.  of  I>e.^  .Moii>e«. 

LINCOLN,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Wiccv'nsin,  in  tho  E. 
part.    Pop.  427. 

2247 


LIN 

iilNCOLX,  a  township  of  Eau  Claire  co.,  Trisconsin,  15 
miles  E.  of  Eau  Claire. 

LIXOOLX,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Kewaunee 
CO..  Wisconsin. 

LINCOI.X,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  imme- 
diately N.  of  Toraah. 

LINCOLN,  a  post-office  of  "Wabasha  co.,  Minnesote. 

LINCOLN,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  CO.,  Kan8;is,  about  5 
miles  S.E.  of  i^enecA,  and  00  miles  W.N.W.  of  Atchison.  It 
h;is  1  grist-mill  and  1  saw-mill. 

LINCOLN,  a  thriving  post-villase  of  Placer  co ,  California, 
on  the  California  Central  Kailioad  (completed  to  this  point), 
about  IG  miles  W.  of  Auburn  and  30  miles  bj-  rail  N.N.E.  of 
Sacramento.  It  contains  2  churches,  2  schools,  5  stores,  and 
a  macliine-shop  of  the  railroad  company.  Gold  is  found  6 
miles  from  this  village.     Top  250  or  300. 

LINCOLN,  a  mining  post-town  of  Summit  Co.,  Colorado, 
situated  on  the  W.  slope  of  the  Snowy  Range  of  mount  lins, 
and  on  a  small  affluent  of  Blue  River,  90  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Denver,  and  85  miles  S.W.  of  Central  City.  It  contains 
about  100  houses  and  1  quartz-mill.  Gold  is  found  in  quartz 
lodes  in  the  vicinity.  Lincoln  commands  a  beautiful  view 
of  mountains  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  name  of 
the  post-office  is  Lincoln  City. 

LIND,  a  post-township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
22  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Berlin.  It  contains  (1865)  10  schools. 
Pop.  in  1860,850. 

LINDA,  a  township  of  Yuba  co.,  California.    Pop.  657. 

LINDEN,  a  post-village  of  Warren  CO.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Manassas  Gap  Railroad,  8  miles  E.  of  Front  Royal. 

LINDEN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  C;vss  Co.,  Texas,  about 
20  miles  N.  of  Jefferson,  and  48  miles  N.W.  of  Shreveport. 

LINDEN,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  55  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit. 
It  has  1  or  2  mills. 

LINDEN,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chiciigo  Railroad,  18  miles 
S.  of  Lafayette. 

LINDEN,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois,  on  a  railroad 
about  7  miles  W.S.W.  of  Monmouth. 

LINDEN,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Minnesota.  Popula- 
tion 95. 

LINDEN,  a  post-village  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  California,  12 
miles  E.  of  Stockton.    Pop.  about  150. 

LINDINA,  a  township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin,  2  or  3 
miles  W.  of  Mauston.    Pop.  1385. 

LINDLEY,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  co.,  Missouri,  abont 
25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Chillicotho. 

LIN  DON,  Sheboygan  Co.,  Wisconsin.    See  Lyndon. 

LINDON,  or  lA'NDON,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Min- 
nesota.   Pop.  111. 

LINEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  16  miles  E.S.E.  of  Oil" City. 

LINN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kansas,  bordering  on 
Missouri,  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
bf  the  Osage  River,  and  also  drained  by  Sugar  Creek  and 
other  creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  pi-airies  and 
groves,  which  are  distributed  along  the  streams.  The  soil 
is  highly  productive.  Coal  and  good  building-stone  are 
abundant  in  this  county.    Capital,  Mound  City.    Pop  63:16. 

LINN,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Oregon,  lias  an  area  of 
about  2-tOO  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Willamette  River  and  also  drained  by  the  Calapooya,  and 
the  North  and  South  Forks  of  the  Santiam  River.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  by  mountains  and  valleys,  prairies  and 
■woodlands.  The  Cascade  Riinge,  covered  with  perpetual 
Bnow,  extends  along  the  eastern  border  of  this  county. 
The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  highly  productive.  Linn  county 
includes  a  greater  extent  of  fertile  prairie  than  any  other 
in  the  state,  and  is  noted  for  its  large  flocks  of  sheep  and 
herds  of  cattle.  The  Willamette  River  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  from  its  mouth  to  Albany,  the  county-seat. 
Gold  has  been  found  in  the  S.E.  part  of  the  county.  Pop. 
6772. 

LINN,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  548. 

LINN,  a  township  of  Dall.is  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  521. 

LINN,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  993. 

LINN  CITY,  a  village  or  precinct  of  Clackamas  co., 
Oregon,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  opposite 
Oregon  City.     Pop.  225. 

LINN  CREEK,  a  beautiful  post-village,  capital  of  Camden 
CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Osage  River,  120 
nides  from  its  mouth,  and  about  50  miles  S.S.W.  of  Jeffer- 
son City.  It  contains  a  court-house,  an  academy,  5  stores, 
ji  gnst-mills,  1  steam  saw-mill,  1  foundry  and  1  tannery. 
The  riy.T  is  navigable  above  and  below  this  place.  Pop. 
about  2000.  *^ 

LINN  OUOVE,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.632. 

T   x-.p.w^'^'''^'"^^'  California.    See  Lv.vn's  Valley: 

T  Tv.r/!  t'  "  *'"'"8''iP  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  660. 
LIN  TON,  a  village  of  Multnomah  co.,  Oregon,  on  the  Wil- 
Uniette  River,  5  or  (i  miles  below  Portland. 

-..V'O;^?-'^^;  c  *■'""'''"  "'■  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  abont  60 
mllCH  N.t\ .  of  St.  Louis. 

LINWOOD,  a  post-township  of  Portage  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 


LOA 

both  sides  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  4  miles  W.  of 
Stanton.     Pop.  274. 

LINWOOD  STAl:iON,a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  Railroad, 
4  miles  S.W.  of  Chester. 

LISBON,  a  village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
14  miles  S.  of  Franklin. 

LISBON,  a  village  of  Clarke  CO.,  Ohio,  about  11  miles  E. 
S.E.  of  Springfield. 

LISBON,  a  post-village  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan,  about  16 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

LISBON,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  co.,  Missouri,  rti  the 
Jlissouri  River,  about  13  miles  by  land  W.S.W.  oi  Lex- 
ington. 

LISBON,  a  township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin,  and  a 
station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  5  miles 
N.W.  of  Mauston.     Pop.  987. 

LISBON,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  14  miles 
N.E.  of  Auburn. 

LISLE,  a  post-township  of  Du  Page  co.,  Blinois,  imme- 
diatel3'  W.  of  Napierville,  and  3  or  4  miles  K.  of  Aurora. 
Pop.  12*'.6. 

LITCHFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois, 
is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  higli  and  fertile  prairie  on  the  St. 
Louis  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Riiilroad,  55  miles  N.N.E.  of 
St.  Louis,  30  miles  N.E.  of  Alton,  and  about  46  miles  S.  of 
Springfield.  It  contains  5  churches,  3  public  schools,  2  steam 
flouring-mills,  1  foundry,  and  the  principal  work-shops  of 
the  railroad  above  named.    Pop.  about  2800. 

LITTLE  BETHEL,  Elizabeth  City  co.,  A'irginia,  is  about 
8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Fortress  Monroe. 

LITTLE  COMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Grand  River,  about  18  miles  S.S.W.  of  La  Clede. 

LITTLE  EAU  CLAIRE  (o-klair')  RIVER,  a  small  stream 
of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin,  flows  southwestward  into  the 
Wisconsin  River. 

LITTLE  FALLS,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin, 
8  miles  N.  of  Sjtarta.     Pop  397. 

LITTLE  FALLS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Morrison  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about 
35  miles  H.  by  W.  of  Saint  Cloud,  and  46°  N.  Lat.  It  has 
water-i)ower  and  a  saw-mill.    Pop.  274. 

LITTLE  L.\KE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mendo- 
cino CO.,  California,  22  miles  N.W.  of  Ukiah.  Pojiulation 
440. 

LITTLE  SABLE,  a  township  of  Mason  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  300. 

LITTLE  STURGEON,  a  post-village  of  Door  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  S.E.  shore  of  Green  Bay,  about  10  miles  W.  of 
the  village  of  Sturgeon  Bay. 

LITTLE  SU.4MIC0,  a  river  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin, 
flows  eastward  into  Green  Bay. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine, 
about  115  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  543. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-villiige  of  Sussex  co.,  Virginia, on  the 
Nottoway  River  about  55  miles  W.  of  Norfolk. 

LITTLETON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Schuyler  CO., 
Illinois,  about  6  miles  N.W.  of  Rushville.     Pop.  1102. 

LITTLE  TRAVERSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Eramett 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  North  shore  of  Little  Traverse  Bay, 
about  35  miles  S.W.  of  Duncan,  and  215  miles  N.  of  Lan- 
sing.   Pop.  270. 

LITTLE  WOLF,  a  post-township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Waupaca.     Pop.  249. 

LITTLE  WOLF  RIVER,  Wisconsin,  rises  in  M^irathon 
CO.,  flows  southeastward  and  entei-s  Wolf  River  in  Waupaca 
county. 

LITTLE  YORK,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  California, 
about  40  miles  B.  of  Marysville.  Pop.  of  Little  York  town- 
ship, 1035. 

LIVE  OAK,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  h.is  an  area 
estimated  at  1200  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Nueces  River  and  also  drained  by  the  Rio  Frio  and  the  San 
Miguel.     Capital,  Oakville.     Pop.  593. 

LIVERMORE,  a  post-village  of  McLean  co.,  Kentucky, 
near  Green  River,  and  about  22  miles  S.  of  Owenboro. 

LIVERMORE.  a  village  of  Alameda  co.,  Californiii,  about 
30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Sati  Jose. 

LIVINGSTON,  a  post-village  of  Appanoose  co,  Iowa, 
about  -16  miles  S.W.  of  Ottiimwa. 

LL.\NO,  a  new  county  near  the  central  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of&bout  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  K. 
by  the  Colorado  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Rio  Llano. 
The  surfiice  is  undulating  or  uneven.  Capital,  Llano.  Pop. 
1101. 

LLANO,  a  river  of  Texas,  rises  near  the  W.  boi-der  of 
Kimble  county,  flows  eastward,  and  enters  the  Colorado 
River  in  Llano  county  after  a  course  of  abont  150  miles. 

LLANO,  a  post-village,  cnx)ital  of  Llano  co.,  Texas. 

LLOYD,  or  LOYD,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Richland  Centre. 

LO.\G,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  18 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Reading. 

LO.A.MI,  or  LAOMI,  a  post-village  and  township  of  San- 
gamon CO.,  Illinois,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of  SpringlioltL 


LOC 


LOW 


LOCK,  or  LOCKE,  a  post-township  of  Ingham  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  17  miles  E.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  8(i3. 

LOCKEFOHD,  a  post-vilhige  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  tlie  Miikcluinne  River  16  miles  X.  l>y  E.of  Stocliton. 
LOCKIIAIiT,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1117. 
L0<'KN1\,  a  town.sliip  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  389. 
LOCKPOIIT,  a  village  of  Wa.vne  co.,  Indiana,  on  White- 
water Canal,  about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Riciiniond. 

LuCKPOH  r,  a  village  of  Andy  Johnson  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  3.3  miles  VV.S.^V.  of  Otter  Tail  City. 

LOCUST,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1S97. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  1129. 

LOCUST  CrRO"\'K.  a  post-office  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon, 
about  24  miles  N.  of  Roseburg. 

LODA,  a  townsliip  of  IiTjquois  co.,  Illinois,  and  a  station 
on  tlie  Central  Railroad  99  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago.  Pop. 
906. 

LODI,  a  post-office  of  Abbeville  district.  South  Carolina, 
about  fio  miles  N.  of  Augusta,  Georgia. 

LODI.  a  post-township  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan,  about 
6  miles  S.W.  of  Ann  Arbor.     Pop.  1319. 

LODI,  a  sniiill  village  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin,  2  or  3 
miles  E.  of  ChiltciU. 

LODI  STATION',  a  post-office  of  Kane  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Di.xon  Air  Line  Railroad,  50  miles  W.  of  Chicago. 
LODOMILLO,a  township  of  Clayton  co.,Iowa.    Pop.  770. 
LOGAN,  a  township  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop. 
2638. 

LOGAN,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana,  about  24 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 
LOGAN,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  839. 
LOGAN,  a  post-village  of  Dakota  CO.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Missouri  River  about  6  miles  above  (and  S.W.  of)  Sioux 
City,  Iowa.    It  is  3  or  4  miles  W.  of  Dacota. 
LOG.\N,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Nebraska.  Pop.  78. 
LtXJAN,  a  post-\  illage,  capital  of  Cache  co.,  Utiih,  on  a 
small  allluint  of  Bear  River,  about  92  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Salt  Lake  Cily.     Pop.  e.-'timated  at  1000. 

L0GAN>I'(|R'I',  a  station  on  the  Alleghany  Valley  Rail- 
road, in  Armstrong  county,  Pennsylvauiii,  6  miles  S.8.W. 
of  Kittaniiliij;. 

LOGAN.SI'ORT,  a  post-village  of  De  Soto  parish,  Louis- 
iana, on  the  Sabine  River,  about  io  miles  S.S.W.  of  Shreve- 
port. 

LOGANSPORT,  a  i>ost-viIlage  of  Hamilton  co.,  Illinois, 
about  uO  miles  S.E.  of  Salem. 

LOGTOWN,  a  mining^village  of  El  Donulo  co.,  California, 
about  10  miles  S.  by  \V.  of  Placerville.  It  had  2  quwtz- 
mills  in  1859. 

LOMIRA,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
12  miles  S.  of  i'ond  du  Lac,  is  drained  by  Rock  River.  Pop. 
1781. 

LONDON,  a  township  of  Merrimack  co.,New  Hampshire. 
Pop.  16:38. 

London,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  15  miles 
S.E.  of  Indianapolis,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
road. 

LONE  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  W'isconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Cliien  Railroad,  43  miles 
W.  by.  N.  of  Madison,  and  about  1  mile  N.  of  the  Wisconsin 
River. 

LONE  STAR,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  6 
miles  N.  of  Auburn. 

LONG  BAR,  a  jiost-village  and  township  of  Yuba  co., 
California.  The  village  is  on  the  Yuba  River  14  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Marysville.  It  has  2  stores  and  about  200  inhabitants. 
Pop.  of  the  township  1324. 

LONG  CREEK,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
642. 

LONG  LAKE,  a  township  of  Crow  Wing  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  40. 
LONGOLA.  Minnesota.    See  L.ixgola. 
LONG  POINT,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois, 
24  miles  S  of  Ottawa.     Pop.  564. 

LONG  PRAIRIE  RIVER,  of  Minnesota,  rises  in  Douglas 
county,  and  flowing  first  eastward  and  then  northward, 
enters  the  Crow  Wing  River  in  Todd  county,  after  a  course 
of  nearly  a  hundred  miles. 

LONG  TOM,  a  ])ost-<)ffice  and  precinct  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon, 
about  14  miles  \\.  of  Eugene  City.     Pop.  240. 

LONGVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Plumas  co.,  California,  34 
aiiles  N.  of  Quincy. 

LONGWdod,  a  i)ost-village  of  Pettis  co.,  Missouri,  about 
27  miles  W.S.W.  of  Booneville. 

LOOGOO'TEK,  a  post-village  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad, 34  miles  E.of  Vincennes. 
It  contains  2  churches  and  1  mill,  and  is  improving.  Wheat 
is  exported  from  this  place.     Pop.  about  700. 

LOOJIIS,  a  villiige  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana,  about  26 
a.<lP8  W.N.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

LOR.A.I\B,  a  township  of  Henry  co..  Illinois.     Pop.  396. 

LORETTO,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania, 

nbout  11  miles  W.  of  Aitooua,  and  4  milei  N.  by  W.  of  Cres- 


Bon.  It  contains  a  large  Roman  Catholic  seminary.  One  mils 
N.K.  of  this  village  is  Loretto  Springs,  a  place  of  summer 
resort.  Pop.  in  1860,  256 ;  in  1865,  reported  to  he  about  600. 
LORET  ro,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Kentucky,  abtut 
60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Louisville. 

LORETTO,  or  LORETTA,  a  post-village  of  Ilou-^ton  co., 
Minnesota,  about  10  miles  W.  of  La  Crosse,  AVisconsin. 

LOS  ANGELES,  loce  an'j?h-18z,  a  post-town,  ca^-ital  ol 
Los  Angeles  oo.,  California,  is  situated  on  a  river  c'  the 
same  name,  about  10  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  ana  444 
miles  by  the  road  S.E.  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  the  larg^ist 
town  in'  the  southern  part  ol  the  state.  Tlie  old  houses  are 
built  of  adobe:  the  new  of  wood  and  brick.  This  place  is 
noted  for  the  amenity  of  its  climate,  the  beauty  of  its  g.-ir- 
dens,  and  tlie  extent  of  its  vineyards.  Delicious  fruits  in 
great  variety  abound  here.  Two  newspapers  are  jiublished 
here.  Los  Ansreles  was  founded  in  1780.  Pop.  about  4000. 
LOSANTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Indiana, 
about  25  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

LOSTANT,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  on  ths 
Central  Railroad,  14  miles  S.  of  La  Salle. 

LOST  KIVER,  a  township  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
596. 

LOUDON,  a  post-village  of  Roane  co.,  Tennessee,  on  th« 
Tennessee  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Chatianooga 
and  Knoxville  Railroad,  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Knoxville. 
LOUDON,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  800. 
LOUDON,  or  LOWDEN,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Cedar  Ra])ids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  42  milci 
E.S.E.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

I-0U1SIAN.\,  a  post-town  of  Pike  co.,  Missouri,  situated 
on  the  W.  or  S.W.  bank  of  the  Missi.ssippi  River,  115  miles 
above  St.  Louis,  and  27  miles  below  Hannibal.  It  con- 
tains 6  churches,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  several 
schools,  2  steam  flonring-mills,  1  steam  saw-mill,  10  dry- 
goods  stores,  2  drug  stores,  1  engine  shop,  5  tobacco  facto- 
ries, 3  steam  planing-mills,  Ac.  The  staple  articles  of  export 
are  tobacco,  wheat,  flour,  pork,  cattle  and  mules.  It  has  a 
steam  ferry-boat  crossing  the  river.  Pop.  in  \^G0,  2436;  in 
1865,  about  3000. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Slinnesota,  on  the 

Miiine.-iofci  River,  about  4  miles  above  Shakopee.    Pop.  174. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota,  on 

the  Minnesota  River,  about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Minneapolis, 

and  IJ,^  miles  above  Carver. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Potta- 
wattomie  co.,  Kansas,  is  situated  on  Rock  Creek,  about  38 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Topeka,  and  4  miles  N.  of  the  Kansas 
River.  It  contains  several  stores,  and  mills  moved  both  by 
steam  and  water-power. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  22  miles  S.'W.  of 
Omaha  City. 

LOVELAND,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  at  its  junction  with  the 
Little  Miami  Railroad,  23  miles  N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

LOVELL'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  34  miles  S.E. 
of  Erie. 

LOVELTON,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  15  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Tunkliannock. 
LOWDEN,  Iowa.  SeeLounos. 
LOWKLL  [continued  from  page  1095]. 
Among  the  literary  and  educational  institutions  of  Lowell 
jnay  be  named  the  Mechanics'  Association,  having  a  large  list 
of  members  and  a  library  of  9000  volumes ;  under  its  auspices 
a  series  of  popular  lectures  are  given  every  winter.  'I  he  As- 
sociation was  incorporated  in  1825,  witli  a  fund  of  $25.0(X). 
The  City  Library,which  is  accessible  to  any  one  paying  50  cts. 
annually,  has  12,000  volumes.  The  press  consists  of  2  daily 
and  3  weekly  newspapers.  Lowell  has  an  excellent  system 
of  public  instruction,  and  employs  a  special  superintendent 
of  schools.  It  has  45  primary,  8  grammar,  and  1  high  school. 
For  the  maintenance  of  schools.  $50,733  were  expended  in 
1863.  The  total  number  of  pupils  in  1864  was  about  5500— 
smaller  than  before  the  war.  There  are  also  several  private 
schools. 

The  name  of  Lowell  is  derived  from  Francis  C.  Lowell,  a 
gentleman  of  Boston,  who  first  interested  himself  in  the  en- 
terprise of  introducing  cotton  manufacturing  into  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  1811-14.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  (set 
off  from  Chelmsford)  in  1826  and  chartered  as  a  city  in  1>^36. 
Portions  of  Tewksbury  and  Dracut  have  been  annexed  to 
Lowell  since  it  was  incorporated  as  a  town.  The  Sixth  Massa- 
chusetts Regiment,  principally  from  Lowell,  was  tlie  first  to 
enter  the  field  in  response  to  the  call  of  President  Lincoln 
(April  15th,  1861)  for  75,000  volunteers.  The  regiment  left 
Lowell  on  the  16th;  on  the  19th  was  attacked  by  a  mob  in 
Baltimore  and  two  of  its  members — Ladd  and  Whitney — 
both  of  Lowell,were  killed.  A  monument  to  the  memory  of 
these  first  martyrs  of  the  great  American  rebellion,  has  been 
erected  in  a  public  square  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  Lowell 
furnished  the  army  and  navy  under  the  various  calls  for  vol- 
unteers to  put  down  the  rebellion,  upward  of  5000  men.  In 
1822,  the  population  v  'thin  what  is  now  the  citv  limits  wa« 

2249 


LOW 

about  200;  a  1830,  it  was  6474;  in  1S40,  20,796;  in  1850, 
83,385;  in  1t560,  36,827. 

LOWEi.L  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  North  Carohna, 
about  37  Diiles  E.S.E.  of  Kaleigh. 

LOWELL,  a  post-villago  of  Kent  CO.,  Michig-an,  is  situ- 
ated on  Gra  id  River,  at  tlie  month  of  the  Flat  River,  and 
on  the  Detr'.it  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  18  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Grand  Rapida. 

LOWKLL,  a  post-village  of  <Garrai-d  co.,  Kentuckj',  on 
Paint  Litk  Creek,  about  38  miles  S.  of  Lexington. 

LOWELL,  a  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan,  on 
iluion  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  about  5  miles  E. 
by  S.  of  Ann  Arbor. 

LOWELI^,  a  village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana,  on  St. 
Josepli's  River,  nearly  opposite  South  Bend. 

LOWELL_,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  CO..  Illinois,  on  A*er- 
milion  River,  about  13  miles  S.W.  of  Ottawa. 

LOWELL,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Beaver  Dam  River,  about  9  miles  S.  of  Beaver  Dam,  36  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Madison,  and  2  miles  N.E.  of  the  Milwaukee  and 
St.  Paul  Riiilroad.  It  contains  3  churches,  a  graded  school, 
and  several  mills.  A  large  quantity  of  lumber  is  made 
here.  The  river  affords  abundant  water-power  in  this 
Vicinity.    Population  reported  to  be  from  800  to  1000. 

LOWELL,  a  township  of  Renville  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  78. 

LOWELL,  a  village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  about  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Nevada  City. 

LOWELL  MILLS,  a  post-office  of  Bartholomew  eo.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Jefferson  ville  Riiilroad,  3  miles  N.  of  Col- 
ambus. 

LOWER  ALLOWAY'S  CREEK,  a  township  of  Salem  co.. 
New  Jersey.     Pop.  1471. 

LOWER  HEIDELBERG,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  2398. 

LOWER  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  California,  at 
the  S.E.  end  of  Clear  Lake,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Lake- 
port. 

LOWER  MILFOHD,  a  township  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1653. 

LOWER  PENN'S  NECK,  a  township  of  Salem  co.,  New 
Jersey,  on  the  Delaware  River.    Pop.  1506. 

LOWER  TOWAMENSING,  a  township  of  Carbon  co., 
Pennsylvania.    Pop.  1409. 

LOWER  UWCIILAN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Penn- 
Bylvania.    Pop.  810. 

LOW  MOOR,  a  post-village  of  CUnton  co.,  Iowa,  on  a 
lailroad  9  miles  E.  of  De  Witt. 

LOi'D,  Wisconsin.    See  LixivD. 

LUCAS,  a  post-villa.i;e  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Pitts- 
burg Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Mansfield. 

LUCAS,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  Lexington. 

LUCEIJNE,  a  post-villago  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  about  60 
miles  S.  by  £.  of  Des  Moines. 

LUCKANOMA,  a  valley  of  Lake  co.,  California.  Gold 
and  silver  have  been  found  here. 

LUDLOW,  a  village  of  Kenton  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  River.  2  or  3  miles  below  Covington. 

LUDLOW,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  rail- 
road 5  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

LUDI^OW,  a  township  of  AUomakee  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  638. 

LUDWICK,  a  village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  2'J9. 

LDKENS,  a  township, of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1290.  ^ 

LURA,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  20. 

LYLE.  a  i)Ost-township  of  Mower  CO.,  Minnesota,  ou  both 
Bides  of  the  Red  Cedar  River,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Austin. 
Pop.  1^6. 

LYNCHBURG,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  on  or 
near  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  about  15  miles 
W.  by  S.  of  New  Lisbon. 

\YNCHBURG,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Illinois, 
*Dout  28  miles  S.E.  of  Centralia. 

LYNCHBURG,  a  village  of  Butte  co.,  California,  on  or 
near  the  Feather  River,  about  27  miles  N.  of  Marysville. 

LYNDEN,  or  LYNDON,  a  village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Riiilroad,  112  miles 
n  .N.W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  has  2  warehouses,  a  plow-fac- 
tory, &c. 


MCG 

LYNDEN,  a  township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin,  contains 
the  village  of  Lyndeu.     Pop.  448. 

LYNDON,  a  post-township  of  Ai-oostook  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Aroostook  River,  about  165  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bangor. 
Pop.  297. 

LYNDON,  a  post-village  of  Caledonia  co.,  A'ermont,  on  the 
Passumpsic  River,  and  ou  the  Counecticut  and  Passunipsic 
Rivers  Railroiid,  7  miles  N.  of  St.  Johusbury.  Pop.  of  Lyn- 
don towiisliip,  1695. 

LYNDON,  or  LYNDEN,  a  township  of  Sheboygan  co^ 
Wisconsin,  about  44  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee.    Pop.  1489. 

J/YNDO.V,  Freeborn  co.  Minnesota.     See  Lindon. 

LYNDON  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  20  miles  W.  of  Chilli- 
cothe. 

LY'NN,  a  post-township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  about 
90  miles  N.  of  Detroit.    Pop.  225. 

LYNN,  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Wabash 
River,  about  33  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

LYNN,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois".    Pop.  960. 

LYNN,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa,  near  the  North 
River,  about  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Dos  Moines. 

LYNNS  VALLEY,  or  LINN'S  VALLEY,  a  postofBceof 
Tulare  co  ,  California,  62  miles  S.E.  of  Visalia. 

LYNXVILLE,  a  post-village  and  simiU  township  of 
Criiwlbrd  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  12 
miles  below  Lansing,  Iowa.    Pop.  262. 

LYON,  a  county  in  the  W.  piirt  of  Kentucky,  has  an  area 
of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  tlie  W.  by  the 
Tennessee  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Cumberland.  The 
surface  is  somewhat  diversified;  the  soil  is  productive. 
Capital,  Eddyville.    Pop.  5307. 

LYON,  a  new  county,  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Iowa,  bordering  on  Minnesota.  Arcii  estimated  at  600 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  tire  Sioux  River, 
and  intersected  by  Rock  River.  The  census  of  1860,  fur- 
nishes no  information  respecting  this  county. 

LYON,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kansas,  (for- 
merly called  Breckinridge,)  has  an  area  of  about  860  squiire 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Neosho  River,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Cottonwood  River  and  several  creeks'.  The 
bottoms  or  valleys  of  these  rivers  are  covered  witli  a  heavy 
growth  of  timber.  The  soil  is  very  fertile  and  adiipted  to 
the  production  of  wheat.  The  rocks  which  underlie  this 
county  are  limestone  and  sandstone.  It  is  liberally  sup- 
plied with  oak  iind  walnut  timber.  Lyon  county  is  traversed 
by  the  route  of  the  projected  Neosho  Valley  Railroad.  Capi- 
tal, Emporia.    Pop.  3197. 

liYON,  a  countj'  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Nevada,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  400  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Carson 
River.  The  surtiice  is  mountainous.  The  soil  near  Carson 
River  is  said  to  be  fertile.  This  county  contains  silver 
mines  Which  have  been  worked  with  success,  and  some 
gold.  About  30  quartz-mills  were  in  openition  in  this 
county  in  1863.    Capital,  Daytoh. 

LYONS,  a  post-town  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  W.  bank 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  78  miles  below  Dubuque,  40  miles 
N.E.  of  Davenport,  and  136  miles  W.  of  t'hicago,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  a  direct  riiilioad.  It  is  nearly  op- 
posite Fulton.  Illinois.  It  contains  1  nationiil  bank,  1  state 
bank,  7  churches,  a  femsile  college,  and  a  fine  griided  school 
building.  Three  newspapers  aie  published  here.  Lyons 
has  also  several  manufiictories.  A  division  of  the  Chiciigo 
and  Northwestern  Railroad  crosses  the  river  2  miles  below 
Lvons,  and  extends  westward  through  the  centre  of  Iowa. 
Pop.  in  1860,  2703 ;  in  1865,  about  4000. 

LY'ONS,  a  township  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  447. 

LYONS,  or  LYONSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Des  Plaines  River,  and  on  the  Cliicago  and 
Quincy  Railroad,  13  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago. 

LYON'S  STATION,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  East  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  15  miles  N.E.  of 
Reiiding. 

LYONS  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Cincinnati  and  Indianapolis  Junction  Itailroi.d,  about 
5  miles  E.  of  Connersville. 

LYONSVILLE,  a  village  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Manitowoc  River,  about  40  miles  N.E.  of  Fond  du  Liic. 

LYTTON,a  mining  villageofBriti,4i  Columbia,  oi.  Fraser 
River,  about  90  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.E.  of  New  West- 
minster. 


M. 


McCAMERON,  a  post-township  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana, 
"bout  40  miles  E.N.E.  of  Vincennes.    Pop.  915. 
McCAMMISH,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Kansas.    Pop. 

McCANDLESS,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  1482. 

Mccartys  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 10  mile,'*  S.W.  of  Shu  .Jose'.    It  has  2  stores. 

McCLAINSVILLE,  formerly  HOOKTOWN,  a  village 
22o0  " 


of  Humboldt  co.,  California,  situated  at  the  S.  end  ct 
Humboldt  Bay,  about  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Eureka,  ara 
4  or  5  miles  Irom  the  sea.  It  has  facilities  for  shipping 
produce. 

McCLURE,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  1365. 

MtCULLOCH,  a  new  county  in  the  AV.  central  part  of 
Texiis,  hiis  an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  hounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Colorado  River,  aud  also  di-aNid  by  Brady'i 


MCD 

Creek.     The  surface  is  diversified.     Tlie  census  of  1S60 
furnishes  no  information  respecting  tliis  county. 

McDowell,  a  county  forming  tlio  S.W.  extremity  of 
West  Virginia,  luw  an  area  of  aliout  625  square  utilus.  It  is 
diiiiued  by  tlie  Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  River,  and  by  Camp 
Creek.    The  surface  is  liilly.    Pop.  1.535. 

McFARLAND,  a  post-village  of  Dane  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Milwaukee  and  X'rairie  du  Chien  Ilailroad,  7  miles  S.E. 
of  Mailison. 

McUllKOOU.  a  thriving  post-village  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Mississippi  Hiver,  opposite  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  01 
miles  above  iJubuiiue.  It  is  the  S.E.  terminus  of  the 
McGregor  Western  Ilailroad,  which  extends  to  Minnesota. 
It  contains  1  or  2  national  banks,  and  several  churciies. 
Pop.  in  1860,  1989.  It  is  Bometimes  called  McGregor's 
Lauding. 

McKEE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  60  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lexington. 

McKEK,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  946. 

McKPiNZlK,  a  post-village  of  Lane  co  ,  Oregon,  aliout  4 
miles  N.E.  of  Kngene  City. 

McLKAX,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  325  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  liy 
Green  lliver,  and  also  drained  by  Pond  Kiver.  The  surface 
is  somewhat  diversified ;  the  soil  is  generally  i)ruductive. 
Capital.  Calhoun.    Pop.  6144,  of  whom  f-88  were  slaves. 

McLEAN,  a  post-village  of  McLean  co,,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  St.  Louis  Kailroad,  15  miles  &.Vf.  of  Bloom- 
ington.' 

JIcLE.\N.  a  township  of  Riimsey  co.,  Minnqsota,  on  tha 
Mississiijpi  River,  below  St.  Paul.     Pop.  124. 

McLEOD,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Minncsotji,  has 
an  urea  of  about  aOO  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Has- 
san River  and  Buffalo  Creek,  which  flow  e.ostward.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  very  productive.  The 
N.K.  part  is  densely  covered  with  forests  of  hard  timber. 
The  county  contains  numerous  small  lakes  and  a  large  ex- 
tent of  prairie.     Capital,  Glencoe.     Pop.  1286. 

McMlNNVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon 
on  tlie  South  Fork  of  the  Yam  Ilill  River.  5  miles  S.W.  of 
Lafayette.  It  contains  an  institution  called  McMinnville 
College.     Pop.  in  1864,  about  300; 

McMULLIN,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  has 
an  area  of  about  1100  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Nuices  Kivor  and  the  lUo  Frio. 

M.\Ci:i)ON,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio,  about  37 
miles  N.W.  of  Piqua. 

J[  AC  ED!  >NI  .\.  a  post-office  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

J1ACI\."<VILLE,  a  post-olfice  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa. 

MACivlNAW,  a  po.--t-village  and  township  of  Ta/.ewell 
CO..  Illinois,  about  21  miles  K.S.E.  of  Pi-oria.     Pop.  IIOS. 

MACKINAW  CITY,  a  village  of  Enunet  Co..  Michigan, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw,  about  230  miles 
N.  of  Lansing. 

M.\CON,  a  post-village  of  Powhatan  co.,  Virginia,  about 
38  miles  \V.  of  Richmond. 

MACON,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  10  miles  S.  of  Decatur. 

JIACON,  a  village  and  township  of  Buieau  co.,  Illinois, 
about  44  miles  N.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  689. 

5IAC0N  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Macon  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Josei>li  Railroad,  at 
its  junction  with  the  North  Missouri  Railroad.  70  miles  \V. 
of  Hannibal,  and  168  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

MACOUl'IN,  a  village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on  tlie 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Itailroad,  27  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Alton. 

MADA,  or  MAID.\,  a  post-office  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa, 
about  60  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Des  Moines. 

MADEIRA,  or  MADERA,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Clearfield  Creek,  about  25  miles  N.  of 
Altoona. 

JIADELIA,  or  MI'DELTA,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Wa- 
tonwan CO.,  Minnesota,  on  tile  Watonwan  River,  about  27 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Mankato.    Pop.  194. 

M.iDISilN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraskiv,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Elkhorn 
River.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1860.  Madison  and  Platte  counties 
together  contained  782  inhabitants. 

5IADIS0N,  a  post-township  of  Carroll  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, about  50  miles  N.N.E.  of  Concord.    Pop.  826. 

M.iDISON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Madison  co.,  Florida, 
situated  on  the  route  of  the  Florida  Atlantic  and  Gulf  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  about  60  miles  E.  of  Tallahassee.  Free  popu- 
lation, 423. 

M.\DISON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Orange  co.,  Texas, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sabine  River,  about  112  miles  E. 
bj  N.  of  Houston. 

MADISON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  St.  Francis  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, on  the  St.  Francis  River,  and  on  the  route  of  the 
Memphis  and  Little  Rock  Riiilroad,  about  40  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  ilemplils. 

MADISON,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  about  8  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 


«      MAI 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  844. 

MADISON,  a  villaje  of  Jlercer  co..  Ohio,  on  St.  Mary's 
River,  about  10  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Celina, 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Oliio.    Pop.  1686. 

MADIS  »N,  a  township  of  Scioto  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1583. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  782. 

M.^DISON,  a  township  of  Williams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  9tiG. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Wasliington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
607. 

MADISON,  a  villaee  of  Macon  co.,  Illinois,  about9  milea 
S.W.  of  Decatur. 

M.\DISON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Madison  co., 
Illinois  on  the  Mississippi  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  th* 
Missouri,  about  5  miles  below  Alton. 

M  A  DISON.  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1046. 

MADISON,  a  townshiji  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  449. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  158. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  492. 

MADLSON,  a  township  of  Hancock  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  80. 

MADI.SON,a  post-village  and  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa, 
on  Bear  Creek,  12  miles  E.S.E.  of  Anamosa.  Pop.  of  village 
about  100;  of  township,  565. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Madison  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  476. 

MADISON,  a  town.ship  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  427. 

MADISON,  a  townsliip  of  Polk  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1308. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  2-38. 

MADISON,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  CO.,  Iowa.  Poji,  434. 

MADISON,  a  post-village  of  Greenwood  Co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Verdigris  River,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Emporia. 

MADLSON  BRIDGE,  a  village  of  Somerset  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Kennehec  River,  about  38  miles  N.  of  Augusta. 

MADISON  BURG,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  4  or 

5  miles  N.  of  Wooster. 

MADISON  FORK  of  the  Missouri  River,  a  river  in  tho 
S.W.  part  of  Montana,  rises  in  the  Rocky  -Mountains,  Hows 
northward  and  unites  with  the  other  branches  nesir  Galla- 
tin City.  The  land  through  which  it  flows  is  described  as 
a  fertile  prairie. 

MADISONVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

MADISONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Madison  co., 
Texas,  about  145  miles  N.N.W.  of  Galveston. 

.MAD  RIVER,  Califorin'a,  rises  in  Trinity  CO.,  flows  north- 
westward through  Humboldt  co.,  and  enters  the  Pacific 
Ocean  on  tho  boundary  between  Humboldt  and  Klamath 
counties. 

M.AG.\LIA,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California,'24  miles 
N.  of  Oroville.    It  has  several  stores. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-village  of  Harford  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  Gunpowder  River,  and  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Balti- 
more Railroad,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-village  of  Duplin  CO.,  North  Carolinii, 
on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Riiilroad,  49  miles  N.  of 
Wilmington. 

M.AGNOLIA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Columbia  co.,  Ar- 
kansas, alMUit  40  nales  S.W.  of  Camden.     Pop.  424. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Mis.sissippi,  on 
the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson  Railroad,  about  88  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Jackson. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  5  or 

6  miles  N.W.  of  Jievenw(jrth. 

.M.\GNOLIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Putnam  co., 
Illinois,  about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Ottawa.     Pop.  1250. 

.MAGNOFjIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harrison  CO.,  Iowa, 
on  Willow  Creek.  36  miles  N.by  E.  of  Council  Bluffs.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1 
public  school  house,  and  3  stores.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich 
tract  of  land  which  is  said  to  be  well  wooded.     Pop.  3(10. 

MAGNOLIA,  a  station  on  the  Beloit  and  Madison  Rail- 
road, in  Magnolia  township.  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  20  miles 
N.W.  of  Beloit. 

MAGOFFIN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kentucky.  Area 
estimated  at  425  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Licking 
River.  The  surface  is  hilly;  the  .soil  of  the  valleys  is  pro- 
ductive.    Capital,  Salyersville.     Pop.  3485. 

MAHANOY  CITY,  a  new  post-town  of  Schuylkill  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lehigh  and  Mahanoy  R.R.,  35  miles 
from  Mauch  Chunk,  and  about  13  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Pottsville. 
It  has  grown  up  since  1859.    Pop.  in  1865  said  to  be  7000. 

MAHON,  a  post-village  of  Huntington  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Fort 
Wayne. 

MAHONING,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1446. 

MAHONING,  a  township  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  191 1. 

MAHOPAC,  a  post-village  of  Carmel  township,  Putnam 
CO.,  New  York,  is  situated  about  12  miles  E.  of  the  Hudson 
River,  and  50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  York.  It  is  a  place  of 
summer  resort  which  is  visited  by  a  great  number  of  per- 
sons.    Here  is  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name. 

MAIDEN  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Pierce  (or  Pepin)  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Pepin,  about  10  miles  above 
the  village  of  Pepin.  Here  is  a  rocky  bluff  which  is  about 
400  feet  high. 

2251 


MAI     . 

MAINE,  a  post-townsliip  of  Cook  co..  Illinois,  intersected 
by  the  Dea  Plaines  River,  about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Clucago. 
Pop.  1142. 

MAINE,  a  township  of  Linn  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  710. 

MAINE  I'R.ilRlE,  a  post-township  of  Stearns  co^  Min- 
nesota, about  12  miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Cloud. 

MAINE  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Solano  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 18  miles  N.E.  of  Suisun  City.    Pop.  in  1863,  about  1CH3. 

MAINSBURG,  or  MAINESBURG,  a  post-village  of  Tioga 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  42  miles  N.  of  Williamsport.  Pop. 
114. 

MAINVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  about 
25  miles  N.E.  of  Cinciunivti. 

MAKANDA,  or  M.\.KK.4^NDA,  a  post-village  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Hailroad,  4S  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

MA  LADE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  in  the  S.  part  of  Idaho, 
is  an  affluent  of  the  Lewis  River.    Its  direction  is  S.S.W. 

MALCOLM,  a  post-township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa, 
about  52  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  234. 

MALDEN,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Riiilroad,  16  miles  S.W.  of 
Mendota. 

MALDEN,  a  post-office  of  Polk  co.,  Wisconsin. 

M  ALLOR  V,  a  township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  930. 

MALONE,  a  townsliip  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  915. 

M.'V^LONE,  a  township  of  Saint  Croix  CO.,  Wisconsin,  about 
15  miles  N  Ji.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  Prescott.  Pop. 
358. 

MALTA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  De  Kalb  co., 
niiuois,  on  the  Dixon  Air  Line  Railroad,  64  miles  W.  of 
Chicago.    Pop.  620. 

MALVERN  HILLS,  Henrico  co.,  Virginia,  are  near  the 
James  River,  about  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Richmond.  Here  the 
Union  army  victoriously  repulsed  an  attack  of  the  enemy, 
July  1, 1862. 

MAMMOTH  LEDGE,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Ne- 
vada, 20  miles  S.E.  of  Genoa.    Pop.  about  100. 

MANADA  HILL,  a  pt)st-oflRce  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Harrisburg. 

M.\NALAPAN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Monmouth 
CO.,  New  Jersej',  intersected  by  the  Agricultural  Railroad, 
about  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Trenton.    Pop.  2:574. 

MANANAII,  or  MANANNAH,  a  post-village  of  Meeker 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  or  neiu:  Crow  River,  about  11  miles  N.W. 
of  Forest  City.    Pop.  98. 

MANASSAS,  or  MAN  ASSES,  a  post-office  of  Prince  Wil- 
liam c<f.,  Virginia. 

MANASS.\S  GAP,  Virginia,  is  a  pass  through  the  Blue 
Ridge,  on  the  lino  between  Fauquier  and  Warren  counties. 
The  Manasses  Gap  Railroad  extends  through  this  gap  from 
Alexandria  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

MANASSAS  JUNCTION,  a  railroad  station  in  Prince 
William  co.,  Virginia,  on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Rail- 
road, where  it  connects  with  the  Manassas  Gap  Riiilroad, 
27  miles  W.  of  Alexandria,  and  about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Bull 
Bun. 

MANAWAII,  a  village  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Little  Wolf  River,  about  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Oshkosh. 

MANCHAC,  a  post-village  of  East  Raton  Rouge  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  ths  Mississippi  River,  about  14  miles  below 
Baton  Rouge. 

MA.NCHAC,  a  station  on  the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson 
Rjiilroad,  where  it  crosses  Pass  Manchac,  in  Livingston 
parisli.  Louisiina,  about  42  miles  N.W.  of  New  Orleiuis. 

MAXCHKSTKR,  a  post-township  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
about  4  miles  W.  of  Augusta.     Pop.  813. 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Riiritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  58  miles  E.  by 
N.  of  Camden,  and  about  12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Tom's  River. 

MANCHKSTER,  a  village  of  Lorain  co.,  Ohio,  on  Ver- 
milion River,  about  22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Sandusky. 

MANCIIESTEK.  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  about  12 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Massillon. 

MANCHESTER,  a  village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  on  Eel 
Biver,  about  .17  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

MANCHESTER,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Illinois.    Pop. 

M.ANCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  railroad  wliich  extends  from  Jacksonville  towards  St. 
Louis,  about  2u  miles  S.  by  W.  of  the  former. 

M.VNCHESTER,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Delaware  co., 
Iowa,  on  tlie  Maijuoketa  River,  and  on  the  Dubuque  and 
Sioux  City  Railroad,  50  miles  W.  of  Dubuque.  It  contains 
2  churche.s,  1  newsi)aper  office,  a  public  hall,  12  variety  and 
grocery  stores,  2  drug  stores,  and  2  jewelry  stores.  Pop 
about  I  UK). 

MANCHESTER,  a  post-township  of  Green  Lake  co.,  Wi.s- 
coiisin,  about  31  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  1048. 

MANCIIESTEK,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  2.-)9. 

M.ANCHESTER,  a  village  of  Sauk  c«.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Baraboo  River,  near  Baralx)o.  It  has  2  mills  and  1  woollen 
factory.     Pop.  about  100, 

MANCHESTER,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota 
Pop.  325. 

2252 


MAN 

MANDEVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Missouri, 
about  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lexington. 

M  ANHATT.\N,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  514. 

>I.\M1ATTAN,  a  village  of  W^ right  CO.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  4  miles  below  Mouticello. 

MAN  1 1 A  TTAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Riley  co.,  Kans-as, 
situated  .at  the  confluence  of  tlie  Big  Blue  with  the  Kansas 
River,  on  the  \\ .  bank  of  the  former  and  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Kansas,  about  50  miles  W.  Iiy  N.  of  Topeka.  It  con- 
tiiins  5  churches.  2  flouring-mills,  and  1  saw-mill,  and  is 
the  seat  of  the  State  Agricultural  College.  The  Rig  llluo 
River  affords  water-power  here.  Manhattan  is  on  the  rout* 
of  the  Union  Pacitic  Railroad.    Pop.  about  800. 

MANHATTAN,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska,  op 
Logan's  Cr.'ck,  about  60  miles  .S'.AV.  ot  Omaha  City. 

M.VNILLA,  a  post-village  of  Rush  co.,  Indiana,  on  a  raii- 
roiul,  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Rushville. 

MANIS'TEE,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Michiiiun, 
has  an  area  of  abont  550  square  miles.  It  is  bouiuled  on 
the  W.  by  l>ake  Michigan,  intersected  by  the  Mauisteo 
River,  and  also  drained  by  I'ine  Riverand  Bear  Creek.  The 
surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level,  and  extensively  covered 
with  forests  of  pine.    Capital,  Manistee.     Pop.  975. 

MANISTEE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Manistee  co.,  Mi- 
chigan, on  the  Manistee  River,  at  its  entrance  into  Luke 
Midiigan,  about  75  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Muskegon.  Pop.  of 
Manistee  township,  649. 

MANITO,  a  post-village  of  Mason  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River  Hailroad,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Havana.  • 

MANKA.TO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Blue  Earth  CO., 
Minnesota,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Minnesota 
River,  about  1  mile  below  the  niouih  of  the  Mankato,  or 
Blue  h^th  River,  abont  11  miles  S.  of  St.  Peter,  and  70 
miles  in  a  direct  line  S.S.W.  of  Saint  Paul.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  several  churches,  and  an  institution  called  the 
University  of  Southern  Minnesota.  Pop.  of  Mankato  town- 
ship in  1860, 1559. 

M.\NLIUS,  a  to^v■n8hip  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.    Pop. 611. 

MANLIUS,  a  post-township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  River,  about  8  miles  E.  of  OtUiwa.    Pop.  HJ08. 

MANLIUS,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Missouri,  about  8 
miles  E.  of  ("anoUton. 

MANNING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clarendon  district, 
South  Carolina,  about  70  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Charleston. 

MANNINGsVILLE,  a  village  of  Kaiuiwha  co..  West  Vii> 
ginia,  on  Coal  River,  about  10  miles  W.S.W.  of  Charleston. 

MANOMIN,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Minnesota,  has 
an  area  of  16  square  mile.3.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Mississippi  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified, 
and  the  soil  is  fertile.    Capital,  Manomin.    Pop.  136. 

MANOMIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Manomin  CO.,  Min- 
nesotiv,  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississij)pi  River, 
and  on  the  Saint  Paul  and  Pacific  Riiilroad,  about  17  miles 
by  land  or  21  miles  by  water  N.W.  of  Saint  Paul.  It  con- 
tiiins  1  church,  2  hotels,  1  store,  and  1  mill.  Rice  Creek 
affords  fine  water-power  here.     Pop.  about  200. 

MANOR,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Peunsylviinia. 
Pop.  1210. 

MANORVILLE,  a  village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Alleghiiny  River  and  Alleghany  Valley  Riiilroiid,  1 
or  2  miles  S.  of  Kittanniug. 

MANSFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Tioga  River,  and  on  the  Corning  and  Blossburg  liail- 
road.  about  2s  miles  S.S.W.  of  Elmii-ii,  New  York.  Here 
is  a  Stjite  Normal  School. 

MANSFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Virginia,  about 
52  miles  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

MANSFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana,  about 
25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

MANSFIELD,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  38. 

MANSFIELD,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Kan.sas,  about  30 
miles  N.  by  \V.  of  Fort  Scott. 

MANSON,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co..  North  Carolinii,  on 
the  Raleigh  and  Gitston  Railroad,  64  miles  N.N.^V.  of 
Baleigh. 

M ANSU'RA,  a  post-village  of  Avoyelles  parish,  Louisana, 
on  Red  River,  near  its  mouth,  about  66  miles  N.\\'.  of  Bat- 
on Rouge. 

M.\NTENO,  a  post-village  of  Kankakee  co.,  lUinoi.s,  in 
Manteno  township,  and  on  the  Centiiil  Railroad  (Chicago 
IJranch),  47  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago.  Pop.  of  towiijlip, 
861. 

MANTKNO,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  co^  Iowa,  about  17 
miles  N.W.  of  Harlan. 

M.\NTI,  or  MUNTI,  a  post-village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa, 
about  14  miles  E.  by  S.of  Sidney. 

MANTI,  a  post-village,  capital  of  San  Pete  co.,  Utah, 
about  CO  miles  E.N.E.  of  Fillmore  City.  It  has  several 
stores.  It  is  stated  that  copi)er  ivnd  iron  hiive  be.-n  found 
in  the  mountains  near  this  place.  Pop.  of  Mauti  preciu<;t 
in  1860.  916. 

MANTORVILLE.  or  MANTERVILLE.  a  post-office,  capi- 
tal of  Doilge  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  south  branch  of  the 
Zumbro  River,  and  on  the  \Vinoua  and  Saint  1  eter's  Rail- 


MAN 


MAR 


road  (in  progress),  about  Ifi  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rocheater 
Pop.  of  Maiitoiville  township,  700. 

MANTUA,  a  townsliip  of  Gloucester  co.,  New  Jersey,  tra- 
rersed  by  tlie  West  Jersey  Railroad.     Pop.  1742. 

MANTUA,  a  post-village  of  I'ortage  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Cuyahoga  River,  and  on  the  Cleveland  Branch  of  tlie  At- 
lantic aiid  Great  Western  Railroad,  30  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Cleveland. 

JI.WTUA,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  841. 

MANTUA,  a  post-village  of  Collin  co.,  Texas,  about  30 
miles  S.W.  of  Bonham. 

MAPIiE  GROVK,  a  township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  201. 

MAPLK  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  W"is- 
:onHln,  in  the  N.W.  part.     Pop.  6D6. 

MAl'LE  GROVE,  a  township  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  443. 

M.\I'LE  LAKE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wright 
30.,  Minnesota,  about  40  miles  M'.N.W.  of  St.  Anthony. 
Pop.  111. 

MAPLE  RIDtjE,  a  post-office  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

M.APLES,  a  jjo.st-village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  10  miles  by 
railroad  S.K.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

MAPLES,  or  MARPLE,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Min- 
nesota.   Pop.  31. 

MAPLEToN,  or  MAPLETON  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of 
Huntingdon  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  Juniata  River  and 
Central  Railroad,  43  miles  E.S.E.  of  Altooiia. 

MAP  I. ETON,  a  post-village  of  Manona  Co.,  Iowa,  on  Ma^ 
pie  Cn.ek,  about  40  miles  S.E.  of  Sioux  City. 

M  APUCTON,  a  post-village  of  Blue  Eartli  Co.,  Minnesota, 
on  tlie  .Maple  River,  18  or  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Mankato.  It 
has  1  churcli  and  a  steam  saw-miil.     Pop.  about  80. 

MAPLKTON,  a  township  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minnesota,  IS 
miles  S.  of  Mankato.     Pop.  .11.5. 

MAPIiETON,a  small  post-village  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kansas, 
about  17  miles  N.W.  of  Fort  Scott. 

MAl'LE  VALLEY,  a  township  af  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  132. 

MARAMEC,  or  MERAMEC,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co., 
Missouri,  on  tlie  Maraniec  River  and  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
19  miles  W.S.W.  of  8t.  Louis. 

MAKAMEC  IRON  WORKS,  a  post-village  of  Phelps  co., 
Missouri,  on  tli(!  Maraniec  River,  about  1.6  miles  E.  of  Rolla, 
It  contiuns  an  iron  furnace,  several  forges,  1  grist-mill,  and 

1  saw-mill.  Here  is  a  l.irge  spring,  which  affords  extensive 
water-power,  witli  a  fall  of  12  feet,  and  drives  seven  water- 
wheels.    Iron  is  found  here  in  abundance. 

M.\RATIION,a  large  county  in  the  N.part  of  Wisconsin, 
bordering  on  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan.  Area  alioiit 
5450  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Wisconsin 
River,  wliich  rises  near  the  N.  border,  and  Hows  southward, 
and  it  is  also  drained  by  the  Big  Eau  Pleiiie,  Little  Eau 
Plcine,  and  Plover  Rivers.  The  surtiioe  is  elevated.  The 
northern  half  of  the  county  has  never  been  surveyed,  and 
is  an  unexplored  wilderness.  Extensive  pine  forests  grow 
along  the  Wisconsin  River  and  its  tributaries.  It  is  stated 
that  in  1800,  15,500,000  feet  of  pine  lumber  were  nianulac- 
tured  in  this  county.     Capital,  Wansau.    Pop.  2S92. 

MARATHON,  a  post  village  of  Lapeer  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Flint  liiver,  about  7  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Lapeer.  It  has  a  mill. 

.MAR.\TIION,  a  township  of  Marathon  CO.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  174. 

MARCELLINE,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois, 
about  14  miles  N.  of  Quincy. 

MARCELIiUS.  a  post-township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan, 
about  22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Kalaniazoo.     Pop.  753. 

MAUCY,  a  post-village  of  Lagrange  co.,  Indiana,  about 
40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

MARCY,  a  i)ost-village  and  township  of  Boone  co..  Iowa, 
about  38  miles  N.N.W.  of  Des  Moines.     The  village  is  about 

2  miles  W.  of  the  Des  Moines  River.    Pop.  363. 

MARE  ISLAND,  California,  is  in  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo, 
and  is  separated  from  tlie  main  land  of  Solano  county  by 
the  harbor  of  Vallejo.     Here  is  a  United  States  Navy  Yard. 

MARENGO,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  en.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Kalamazoo  River,  and  on  the  Central  Rjiilroad,  6  miles 
E.  of  Jlarshall.    It  has  1  mill. 

MAR1:NG0,  a  village  of  Faribault  Co.,  Minnesota,  about 
40  miles  S.  by  E.  of  M.inkato. 

M.1R0.\RETTA,  a  village  of  Lanca.ster  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
Saline  Creek,  about  50  nides  S.W.  of  Omaha  Citv. 

M.\UGARETVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  CO.,  New 
York,  about  11  miles  S.E.  of  Delhi. 

MARIES,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Missouri,  has 
an  area  of  al>out  550  square  nules.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Gasconade  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  sources  of  Bour- 
beuse  Cre^k.  The  surface  is  uneven  or  hilly.  Copper,  lead 
and  iron  .-■•«  found  in  this  county.  Indian" corn  and  stock 
are  the  sta^'es.     Capital,  Vienna.     Pop.  4y01. 

MARIETTA,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  CO.,  Mississippi, 
about  33  miles  S.  of  Corinth. 

MARIi'VTA,  a  -illage  of  Holt  oo.,  Mis.sonri,  on  the  Mig- 
BOnri  Rivei,  about  45  miles  by  land  N.^V.  of  St.  Joseph. 

MARIETTA,  a  v/llage  of  Worth  co.,  Missouri,    situated 


about  eo  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  town  of  St.  Josej  h. 

MARIETTA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marshall  CO.,  Iowa 
on  or  near  the  lowa  River,  about  50  miles  N.E.  of  Dea 
Moines.  A  division  of  tlie  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Rail 
road  passes  through  it,  or  about  1  mile  south  of  it.  Pop. 
760. 

M.\RIE'rTA,  a  post-township  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Kickapoo  River,  about  16  miles  E.N.E.  of  Prairie  da 
Chien.     Pop.  6S0. 

MARIETTA,  a  village  of  Marshall  CO.,  Kans-is,  on  th« 
Big  Blue  River,  about  "J  miles  below  MarysviUe. 

MARIETT.\,  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  about  3  miles  below  Nebraska  City. 

M.\RILLA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Erie  co..  New 
York,  about  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Buffalo.    Pop.  1596. 

MARIN  .4,  a  township  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
331. 

MARINE,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  >linnesota,  in 
Marine  township,  and  on  the  \V.  bank  of  St.  Croix  River, 
about  11  miles  alwve  Stillwater.  It  has  1  or  2  saw-mills. 
Ileie  is  a  post-office,  called  Marine  Mills.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship, 451. 

MARION,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Texas,  bordering 
on  ivouisiana.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Big  Cypress 
Bayou  and  Caddo  Lake  or  Soda  Lake.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating; the  soil  is  fertile.  This  county  was  formed  out 
of  the  south  p;u't  of  Cass  county.  Capital,  Jefferson.  Pop. 
3977. 

M.\RIOX,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kansas, 
has  an  area  of  about  850  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Cottonwood  River.  The  surface  is  undulating,  and  the  soil 
productive.    Pop.  in  1S60,  74. 

M.\RION,  a  county  in  tbe  N.W.  part  of  Oregon,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  1200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  the  \\  lllamette  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  .North 
Fork  of  the  Sautiani.  and  by  Butte,  Silver  and  Mill  Creeks. 
The  surface  in  some  parts  is  mountiunous.  Tbe  Cascade 
Range,  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  extends  along  the  E 
border  of  the  county.  The  soil  of  the  valleysj  is  fertile 
Gold,  silver,  copjrer  and  iron  are  found  in  the  Cascade 
Range,  which  also  produces  abundance  of  timlier.  Wheat, 
oats  and  wool  are  the  staple  productions.  According  to  the 
census  of  1860,  Marion  county  was  the  most  poptilous  in  the 
state,  and  produced  mora  wheat  than  any  other  county  of 
Oregon.  The  quantity  of  wheat  was  146,031  bushels.  Capi- 
tal. Salem.     Pop.  70S8. 

MARION,  a  post-township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  Buzzard's  Itay.     Pop.  918. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop 
471. 

JIARION,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop 
789. 

MARION,  or  MARIONVILLE,  a  post-village,  capitiil  of 
Forest  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  80  miles  S.E.  of  Erie.  The 
name  of  the  post-office  is  Maiionville. 

MARION,  a  post-village  of  Union  Parish,  Louisiana,  about 
18  miles  N.E.  of  Farmersville. 

MARION,  a  village  of  Owen  co.,  Kentucky,  on  or  near  the 
Kentucky  River,  about  55  miles  E.N.K.  of  Louisville. 

MARION,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Kentucky,  about  12  miles 
N.  of  Lexington. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1578. 

M.4RI0N,  a  township  of  Saniliic  CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  197. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Boone  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop  10-58. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  2050. 

M.\RION,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  756. 

MARION,  a  village  of  Dewitt  co.,  Illinois,  about  26  miles 
S.S.K.  of  Bloomington. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  397. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  556. 

M.\RION,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  8(X). 

MARION,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  194. 

M.ARION,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1420. 

M.\RION,  a  township  of  Lee  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1151. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  484. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  lowa.   Pop.  819. 

M.A.RION,  a  township  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wisconsin  River.    Pop.  508. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wisconsin  River.    Pop.  2S2. 

MARION,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  AVanshara  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  520. 

M.ARION,  a  post-village  in  Marion  township,  Olmstead 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Root  River  Valley  Railroad  (in  pro- 
gress), about  9  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester.  Pop.  of  townsliip, 
795. 

MARION,  a  township  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  665. 

MARION,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Doughis  co., 
Kan.sas,  about  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lawrence.     Pop.  416. 

MARIPO'S.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  JIariposa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  in  a  mountainous  region, 91  miles  S.E.  of 
Stockton,  and  about  50  miles  S.S.E.  of  Sonora.  It  contain* 
2  newspaper  offices,  and  2  quartz-mills,  and  is  supported  by 
gold  mines,  which  are  worked  in  the  vicinity.  Near  this 
village  is  the  well-known  Fremont  Grant,  said  to  be  the 


MAR 

ticliest  mineral  estate  in  California.    Pop.  in  1864,  varionsly 
estimated  IVom  700  to  1200. 

MAKK,  a  townsliip  of  Defiance  CO.,  Oliio.     Pop.  391. 
MAKK.A.NDA,  Illinois.     See  M^K^nba. 
M.AR'KK.SAX,  a  post-village  of  Green  Lake  co.    Wiscon- 
sin, on  GraiiJ  Rivor,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Berlin.    It  lias  2 
chii  dies,  1  Krist-mill.  and  about  8  stores.     Pop.  about  450. 
SI  ARKHAJI  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Fauquier  CO.,  Vir- 
gini  ^  on  the  Manassas  Gap  Railroad,  13  miles  E.  of  lYont 
Roval. 

MARKLEEVILLK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alpine  co  , 
California,  60  miles  E.N.K.  of  Jackson.  It  had  in  1863 
about  7  general  stores.  One  newspaper  is  published  here. 
Pop.  about  400. 

M  ARKLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana, 
about  35  miles  E.N.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

M  ARLIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Falls  co.,  Texas,  situ- 
ated about  3  miles  N.E.  of  tlie  Brazos  River,  and  95  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Austin  Citv. 

SIARMATA,  a  village  of  Lake  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Lake 
Superior,  about  32  miles  N.E.  of  Superior  City. 

MARMATOX,  a  post-villiige  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kansas,  on 
Marraaton  Creek,  about  10  miles  W.  of  Fort  Scott. 

MAR5I0NT,  or  MARMOT,  a  post-village  of  Marshall 
CO.,  Indiana,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Plymouth. 

MAROA,  a  post-village  in  Maroa  township,  Macon  co., 
Illinois,  on  tlie  Central  Railroad,  13  miles  N.  of  Deeatur. 

MAKQUETTE,  a  county  of  Michigan,  in  the  Upper  Pe- 
ninsula, bordering  on  Lake  Superior.  Area  estimated  at 
3400  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Michigamig,  Esco- 
nawba,  Mequacumecum  and  Sturgeon  Rivers.  The  surface 
Is  hilly,  or  uneven;  the  soil  is  geneniUy  not  adajited  to 
agriculture.  The  rocks  which  underlie  the  county  are 
granite,  slate  and  marble.  Iron  is  abundant  in  the  N.E. 
part.  About  3^  of  all  tlie  iron  made  in  the  United  States  is 
obtained  from  tins  county.  It  contains  extensive  forests 
of  pine.  It  is  traversed  by  a  railroad  extending  from  Mar- 
quette to  Green  Bay.    Capital,  Marquette.    Pop.  2821. 

MARQiIeTTE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marquette  co., 
Michigan,  .situated  on  the  South  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  in 
about  lat.  46°  30'  N.,  Ion.  87° 40'  W.  It  owes  its  prosperity 
to  the  iron  mines,  which  are  worked  in  tlie  vicinity.  It  is 
a  terminus  of  the  Peninsular  Railroad  which  extends  south- 
ward towards  Green  Bay.  Here  is  1  national  bank.  Pop. 
in  isro.  1664. 

MARRINETTE,  or  MARINETTE,  a  postvillage  and 
township  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Menomonee  River, 
1J4  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Green  Bay.    Pop.  474. 

jIARRIOTTSVILLE.a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Baltimore  aud  Ohio  Railroad,  27  miles  W.  of 
Baltimore. 

MARRON,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  30  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Altoona. 

M.A.RRS,  or  MARS,  a  township  of  Posey  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1740. 

MARSEILLES,  a  village  of  Sherburne  oo.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  17  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Cloud. 

MAUj'HALL,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Kansas, 
bordering  on  Nebraska,  has  an  area  of  900  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Big  Blue  River,  and  also  drained  bj' 
the  Vermilion  and  other  creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified:  the  soil  is  liighly  productive.  The  county  con- 
tains abundance  of  coal  and  gypsum.  The  Big  Blue  River 
affords  a  copious  supply  of  water-power.  Capitiil,  Marys- 
Ville.     Pop.  2280. 

MARSHALL,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Clay  co.,  We.st 
Virginia,  on  Elk  River,  about  35  miles  E.N.K.  of  Charleston. 
MARSHALL,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana.     Pop. 
790. 

MARSHALL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Saline  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  16  miles  W.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  about 
30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Booneville.  It  contains  3  churches  and 
4  or  5  stores,  besides  groceries.  Stone  coal  abounds  liere. 
Marshall  is  surrounded  by  fertile  prairie  fiirms.  Pop.  about 
350. 

MARSH  AI,L,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  about  40 
tniUs  S.W.  of  Musciitine. 
MARSIIALIj,a  township  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  728. 
JIARSHALL,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  130. 
MARSHALL,  a  post-village  of  Sledina  township.  Pane 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Madison 
with  Wittertown,  20  niili-s  \V.  of  the  latter,  and  20  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  JIadison. 

MARSHALL,  a  to^vnship  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  529. 

MAKSHALLTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,Iow!s 
near  the  Iowa  River  and  on  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri 
River  Ri.ilroad,  69  miles  W.  of  Ced;ir  Rapids.  It  has  1  na- 
tional bank.     Pop.  of  Marshall  township,  981. 

MAliSlIAM,  or  MARSUAN,  a  township  of  Dakota  co., 
Minnesota.     Pop.  275. 

MARSIIFIELD,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  JIacliias  River,  near  its  mouth.     Pop.  32S. 

M  ARSHKIELD.  a  post-village  of  Athens  co..  Ohio,  on  the 
Marietta  and  Cii'ciuuati  Railroad,  7  miles  W.  of  Athens. 


MAS 

MARSIIFIELD,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Jeffersonvillo  Railro.ad,  31  miles  N.  of  Jeffersonville. 

MARSIIFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Warronco.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Toledo  aud  Wabash  Railroad,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Lafay- 
ette. 

MARSHFIELD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Webster  co., 
Missouri,  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield.  Free  popular 
tion.  408. 

MARSIIFIELD,  a  village  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  about  S8 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

MARSIIFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Fond  du 
Lac  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  140.'5. 

MARS  IIILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Aroostook 
CO.,  Maine,  about  135  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  201. 

MARSTON,  a  township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  468. 

MAKTELL,  or  MARTELLO,  a  post-township  of  Pierce 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  24  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Prescott.  Pop. 
534. 

MARTIN,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minnesota,  border- 
ing on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Clianyuska  River,  a  small  affluent  of  the  Blue  Earth 
River,  and  contains  several  small  lakes,  one  of  which  is  the 
source  of  the  East  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  •River.  The  sur- 
face is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  productive.  Capitiil,  Fair- 
mont.   Pop.  151. 

MARTIN,  a  i)ost-office  of  Ottawa  co.,  Ohio,  about  13  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Toledo. 

MARTINEZ,  mar-tee'nfz,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Contra, 
Costa  CO.,  California,  is  situated  in  a  small  valley  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Straits  of  Carquinez,  opposite  Benicia,  and  about 
30  miles  N.E..  of  San  Francisco.  The  straits  here  are  about 
2  miles  wide.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches  and  a 
Masonic  hall.  It  is  suiTounded  on  all  sides  except  the  N. 
by  high  hills,  and  has  a  pleasant  climate  peculiarly  favor- 
able to  fruit.     Pop.  about  500. 

MARI'INSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  In- 
diana, fibout  17  miles  N.W^.  of  New  Albany. 

MARTIXSBURG.  a  post- village  and  township  of  Pike  co, 
Illinois,  about  45  miles  S.E.  of  Quincy.    Pop.  1472. 

MARTIN'S  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Klamath  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 20  miles  N.E.  of  Orleans  Bar.      ' 

51ARYLAND.  a  township  of  Ogle  co.,I11inoi8.    Pop.l22T. 

MARYSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mankato. 

MARYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois, 
about  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Danville. 

MARYSVILLE,  a  village  and  township  of  Wright  co., 
Jliniiesota,  on  Crow  River,  about  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mon- 
ticello. 

MARYSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marshall  co., 
Kansas,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  Big 
Blue  River,  about  95  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  of  Saint.  Jo- 
seph, Missouri,  and  90  miles  N.W.  of  Topeka.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  a  jail,  2  churches,  2  printing-offices.  2  gooa 
schools  and  a  large  flouring-inill.  A  substantial  bridge 
crosses  the  rivor  here.  The  overland  travel  from  the  Mis- 
souri River  to  California,  Ac,  pjisses  through  this  place. 
The  Big  Blue  River  affords  abundant  water-power  in  this 
vicinity.     Pop.  in  1860,  481 :  in  1865,  about  1000. 

M.-VRYSVILLE,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
507. 

MARYSA'ILLE,  a  handsome  town,  capital  of  Yuba  co.,  Ca- 
lifornia is  situated  in  a  large  valley  on  thek-ft(E.)bankof  the 
Feather  River  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Yuba,  70  miles 
bv  water  or  45  miles  bv  the  stage  road  N.  of  Sacramento, 
and  about  34  miles  W.  of  Nevada.  Lat.  39°  10'  N.,  Ion.  121° 
32'  W.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and  is  the  point  from 
which  the  counties  of  Nevada,  Butte,  .'^ierra,  Plumas  and 
Yuba  obtain  their  supplies  of  inqiorted  goods.  The  Cali- 
fornia Nortliern  Railroad  is  completed  from  this  place  to 
Oroville.  Another  railroad  is  in  progress  towards  San 
Francisco.  Marysvillc  is  the  third  town  in  the  state  in 
population.  It  contains  8  churches,  2  boarding-schools  for 
ladies,  1  graded  public  school,  2  banking-offices,  a  fine 
Masonic  hall,  a  fine  Odd  Fellows'  hall,  3  or  4  steam  fiouring- 
mills,  1  foundry  with  a  machine-shop,  &c.  2  daily  and  2 
weekly  newspapers  are  published  liere.  It  contained  in 
1863,  8  drug-stores,  3  book-stores,  6  hardware-stores,  and  9 
forwarding  and  commission  houses.  Steamboats  ply  daily 
between  Marysvillc  and  Sacramento.  Pop.  in  1860,4740; 
in  1 865.  estimated  at  6500. 

MASON,  a  new  county  near  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  900  square  miles.  It  is  intei-sected ' 
by  the  Llano  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  San  Saba. 
Capital,  Mason.    Pop.  K!0. 

MASON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Micln'gan,  bordering 
on  Lalte  Jlichigan,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  Notipeskago  or  Marquette  and  Great 
Sable  Rivers,  and  also  drained  bj'  the  Little  Sable  River. 
The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified,  and  partly  covered 
with  forests.    Cajiital,  Lincoln.    Pop.  831. 

MASON,  a  post-villiige  or  township  of  Mason  co.,  Wp«t 
Virginia.   A  large  quantity  of  salt  is  made  liere.    Poj).  1016. 

MASON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mason  CO.,  Texas,  about 
105  miles  W.N.W.  of  Austin  City. 


MAS 


MEL 


MASON, a  p<3st-vniage in  Mason  township,  Kfflnghamco., 
Illinois,  on  the  Central  Uailroad,  39  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Mat- 
tt)on. 

MASON,  a  township  of  Cerro  Gordo  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  430. 

MASON,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  305. 

MASON  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Slasou  co.,  Illinois,  about 
82  miles  N.  of  Springfield. 

MASON  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cerro  Gordo  co., 
Iowa,  near  Lime  Creek,  about  66  miles  N.W.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

MASdNVIIjLE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Railroad,  61  miles  W.  of  Du- 
buque. 

MASSASOIT,  a  post-office  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas,  about 
18  miles  \\'.S.\V.  of  'I'opeka. 

M.iSSIE,  a  township  of  Warron  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1300. 

MASSILLON,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  about 
17  miles  S.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

MASSILLON,  a  small  post-village  and  township  of  Cedar 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Wapsipinicon  Kiver,  about  15  miles  N.E. 
of  Tipton.     Total  population,  645. 

MAtA.MOKAS,  a  iiost-village  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana,  5  or 
6  milea  E.  by  N.  of  BhKimfield. 

M  ATA  WAN,  or  MATAVAN,  a  township  of  Monmouth 
CO.,  Now  Jersey,  on  Uaritan  Bay.     Pop.  2u72. 

MATIIERTON,  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Fisli  Creek,  about  2S  miles  N.N  W.  of  Lansing. 

M.4TTEN,  a  village  of  Kanawha  Co.,  West  A'irginia,  on 
the  Kanawha  River,  about  5  miles  above  Charleston. 

MATTESON,  a  township  of  Shawaua  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  100. 

MATTESON,  a  township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  91. 

-MATTISOX,  or  MATTESON,  a  thriving  post-village  of 
Cook  CO.,  Illinois,  situated  on  the  Chicago  branch  of  the 
Central  Ituihoad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Joliet  Branch 
Railroad,  'is  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago".     Pop.  al)<)ut  1000. 

M.\TTOLE,  a  post  township  of  Humboldt  co.,  California, 
on  Mattole  River  and  on  the  Ocean,  .about  40  miles  S.  of 
Eureka.    Coal  oil  is  found  in  the  Mattole  valley.     Pop.  282. 

MATTOLE  RIVER,a  smallstream  of  Humboldt  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, flows  northwestward  and  falls  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

M.\TTOON,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Coles  ro.,  Illinois, 
situated  in  Maltoon  township,  on  the  Chicago  branch  of  the 
Central  Railroad,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  St.  Louis  Alton 
and  Terre  Haute  Rjiilroad,  173  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago, 
80  miles  N.N.E.  of  Centrali.a,  and  56  miles  W.  of  Terre 
Haute.  It  contains  several  chlirches  and  numerous  stores, 
and  is  one  of  the  princijial  railway  stations  between  Chicago 
and  Cairo.     Pop.  of  township  1965. 

JIAURICE,  a  village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  about  50 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

MAUSTON.  a  thriving  post-villago,  capit.il  of  Juneau  co., 
Wisconsin,  situated  on  the  Lemonwoir  River,  and  on  the 
Milwaukee  and  La  Ciosse  Railroad,  127  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Milwaukee,  and  68  miles  E.of  La  Crosse.  It  has  abundant 
water-power,  which  is  employed  in  grist  and  saw-mills,  and 
contains  3  churches,  an  academy,  and  a  newspajier  oifice. 
Pop.  about  800. 

MAUVAISETERRE,  mO-viz-tair',  a  township  of  Morgan 
CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1440. 

M.^VEKIC,  a  comity  of  Texas,  bordering  on  Mexico.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Rio  Grande.  Capital,  Eagle 
Pass,  or  Fort  Duncan.     Pop.  726. 

M.\XFIELD,  a  jiost-township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.  See 
MavfieiI). 

M.4XVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  Chippewa  River,  about  14  miles  N.  of 
Alm.a.     Pop.  3:!5. 

M.\XWELL'S  CREEK,  California.    Se*  Coulteeville. 

M.\Y,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  680. 

M.\YFIELl),or  M.\XFIELD.  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.  The  village  is  about  8  miles  E.  of 
Wiiverly.  and  15  miles  N.E.  of  Cedar  Falls.    Pop.  257. 

M.\YFIELD,  a  i)ost-village  of  Washington  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Mequon  River,  5  or  6  miles  S.  ot  West  Bend. 

BIAY'KIELD,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Clara  Co..  California, 
near  the  railroad  which  connects  San  Jose  with  San  Fran- 
cisco, about  38  miles  S.S.E.  of  the  latter. 

MAYLARDVILLE,  or  MAYBARDVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesotsi,  about  6  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Le 
Sueur. 

MAYNARDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, about  25  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kno.xville,  Free  popula- 
tion, 188. 

MAYSVILLE,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine.  Pop. 
865. 

MAYSTILLE.  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  25  miles  S.W.  of  Meadville. 

MAYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Columbiana  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Uailroad,  about  75  miles  S.E. 
of  Cleveland. 

MAYSVILLE,  or  MARYSVILLE,  a  village  of  Vermilion 
CO..  Illinois,  about  15  miles  N.W.  of  Danville. 

MAYSVILLE,  a  j)ost-office  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa. 


MAYSVILLE,  or  MAYVILLE,  a  township  of  Huustoo 
CO.,  Minnesota,  is  immediately  E.  of  Caledonia.     Pop.  271. 

MAZEPPA,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota',  on 
the  Zunibro  River,  about  18  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Rochester. 

MAZEPPA,  a  post-township  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  ^\■abasha,  is  intersected  by  th* 
Zunibro  Kiver.     Pop.  534. 

M.\ZOMANIE,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Dane  c<i_ 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chien  Railroad, 
Z't  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Madison,  and  about  3  miles  S.E.  ot  the 
Wisconsin  River.  It  has  a  large  trade,  and  contains  3 
churches,  7  ptoii-s,  4  hotels,  a  fine  8clu«)l-house,  and  several 
factories.  The  Black  Earth  Creek  here  affords  a  tine  water- 
power.     Pop.  in  1805  said  to  be  1200. 

MAZON,  a  post-township  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois,  about  7 
miles  S.  of  Morris.     Pop.  896. 

ME.iD,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Alleghany  River,  about  3  miles  S.E.  of 
Warren.     Po]).  473. 

MECAN,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Marquette  CO.,  Wis 
cousin.    Pop.  711. 

MECAN  RIVER,  a  small  stream  which  rises  in  Wau.shara 
CO.,  ^Visconsin,  anil  flows  southeastward  through  Marquette 
county  into  i'o.x  River. 

MKCCA,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Warren. 

MECHANICSBURCJ,  a  village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, al)Out  38  miles  W.  of  Altoona.    Pop.  189. 

MECH.ANICSBURG,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bland  co., 
A'irginia,  is  situated  near  the  N.W.  base  of  Walkei's  Moup 
tain,  about  100  miles  "in  a  direct  line  W.by  S.  of  Lynchlmrg. 

MEtMIANICSBURG,  a  village  of  Boono  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Sugar  Creek.  7  or  8  miles  N.  of  Lebanon. 

MECHANICSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana, 
about  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

MECHANICSVILLE,  a  village  of  Hanover  co.,  Airginia, 
about  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Richmond. 

MECHANICSVILLE,  a  jiost-village  of  Vanderburg  co., 
Indiana,  about  3  miles  N.  of  Evansville. 

MECHANICSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  CO.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Cwlar  Rapids  and  Missouri  River  Railroad,  25  miles  B. 
by  S.  of  Cedar  Rapi<ls. 

MECOSTA,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Michigan, 
h;i.s  an  area  of  576  or  720  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by 
the  Muskegon  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Chipiwwa 
River  and  the  South  Branch  of  the  Muskegon.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level;  tlie  soil  is  productive.  The  county  contains 
forests  of  pine,  sugar  nuiple,  &c.  Capital,  Big  Rjtpids.  Pop. 
1017. 

MEDARY,  a  village  of  Minnehaha  co.,  Dakota,  on  the  Big 
Sioux  River. 

MEDARVSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Jyouisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  46 
miles  .\".  of  Lafayette. 

MEDELIA,  .Minnesota.     See  M.WELl.t. 

MEDFuRD,  a  poet-township  of  Piscataquis  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  353. 

MEUFORD,  a  small  post-township  of  Steele  co.,  Minne- 
sot.i.  contains  the  village  of  Medford.     Pop.  333. 

MEDFORD,  a  post-villitge  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota,  plea- 
santly situate<I  on  Straight  River,  and  on  the  Central  Rail- 
roa<I,  9  miles  S.  of  Faribault.  It  has  1  church,  several 
stores,  and  1  saw-mill.    Pop.  in  ls65  about  300. 

MEDINA,  a  township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  930. 

MEDINA,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Dane  co.,  Wis- 
consin, contains  the  village  of  .M.^ushall,  which  see.  Pop. 
1008. 

MEDINA,  a  township  of  Hennejun  co.,  Minnesota,  con- 
tains the  village  of  Leighton.     Pop.  374. 

MKDO'RA,  a  flotirishing  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  In- 
diana, situated  near  the  East  Fork  of  White  River,  and  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  106  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Cincinnati.  It  contains  3  storesj  2  tanneries,  and  1  large 
flouring-mill.     Pop.  about  600. 

MEDORA,  a  post-village  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Missouri  River  and  the  Pacific  Railroad,  about  106  miles  W. 
of  St.  Louis. 

MEEKER,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Minnesota,  has 
an  area  of  about  550  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Crow  River,  and  contains  numerous  small  and  beautiful 
lakes,  one  of  which  is  the  source  of  Clearwater  River.  The 
surface  is  nearly  level,  and  the  soil  highly  productive.  In 
the  N.E.  part  are  dense  forests  of  hard  wood,  which  origi- 
nally covered  nearly  one-half  of  the  county!  Capital,  For- 
est City.     Pop.  928. 

MEGEREE,  a  township  of  Antrim  co.,  Michigan.  Pop. 
179. 

MEHERRIN,  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and  Danville 
Railroad,  in  Prince  Edward  co.,  Virginia,  65  miles  W.J^.AV. 
of  Richmond. 

MEIR,  Indiana.    See  Mier. 

MELBOURNE,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Plymouth  co., 
Iowa,  on  Willow  Creek,  about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Sioux  City. 

MELMORE.  a  post-villaae  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  about  8 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Tiffin. 


MEL 


MES 


MELROSE,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  cc,  Missouri,  about 
28  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

iiELROSE,  a  post-townsbip  of  Jackson  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Bliick  River,  about  24  miles  N.N.E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  671. 

.MELROSE,  a  post-village  of  Stearns  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
SauK  River,  about  38  miles  W.N.W.  of  Saint  Cloml. 

MELVlLbE.a  post-village  of  Dade  CO.,  Missouri,  about  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Rolivar. 

MEMORY,  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa,  about  11  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Becliord. 

MEMPHIS,  a  post-village  of  Saint  Clair  <;o.,  >Iichigan,  on 
Belle  River,  about  44  miles  N.N.E.  of  Detroit.   It  bas  1  mill. 

MEMI'HIS.  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Jeft'ei-^onville  Railroad,  15  miles  N.  of  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

MEMPHIS,  a  post-office  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  about  40 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

MENARD,  a  new  county,  near  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  San  Saba  River.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  infor- 
mation respecting  this  county. 

MENDOCINO,  m6n-do-see'no,  a  county  in  the  AV.N.W. 
part  of  California,  has  an  area  estunated  at  3600  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  \V.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and 
on  the  E.  by  the  Coa-st  Range  of  mountains.  It  is  drained 
Ijy  the  Eel,  Russian,  Big,  Novarro,  and  Garcia  Rivers.  The 
surface  is  generally  mountainous.  In  the  E.  part  are  seve- 
ral fertile  valleys.  The  W.  half  is  covered  with  dense  for- 
ests of  redwood,  a  coniferous  tree,  which  gTows  to  an  enor- 
mous size,  and  is  said  to  resemble  the  Cedar  of  Lebanon. 
Many  of  them  are  20  feet  in  diameter,  and  300  feet  high. 
Lumber  aud  stock  are  the  staple  prodnctions  of  this  county. 
The  quantity  of  lumber  (chiefly  redwood)  produced  iu  1864 
was  estimated  at  40,000,000  feet.  Organized  in  1850.  Capi- 
tal, XJkiah  City.    Pop.  3967. 

MENDOCINO,  a  post-village  and  shipping-port  of  Men- 
docino CO.,  California,  situated  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  at  the 
mouth  of  Big  River,  130  miles  N.N.W.  of  San  i'rancisco.  It 
has  a  commodious  harbor,  with  water  deep  enough  tor  large 
vessels.  It  contains  1  church,  3  hotels,  2  drug  stores,  3 
other  stores,  and  one  of  the  largest  steam  sawdnills  in  tlie 
State.  Redwood  lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Pop. 
about  450. 

MENDOCINO,  a  township  of  Sonoma  co.,  California.  Pop. 
1193. 

MENDON,  a  post-village  of  'Westmoreland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
Tania,  about  14  miles  S.W.  of  Greensburg. 

MENDON,  a  post-village  of  Mendon  township,  .4Ldam.s  co., 
Illinois,  is  situated  in  a  fertile,  undulating  prairie,  17  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Qyincy.  It  contains  3  churches,  and  1  flouring- 
mill.    Pop.  about  6uO ;  population  of  township,  1758. 

MENDON,  a  township  of  Clayton  Co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  opposite  Prairie"  du  Chien.  It  contains  or 
odjoins  McGregor.    Pop.  653. 

MENDON,  a  post-village  of  Cache  co.,  Utah,  10  miles  S.W. 
of  Logan. 

MENDORA,  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin.    See  Minboro. 

MENDOTA,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Il- 
linois, is  pleasantly  situated  iu  an  undulating  prairie,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Central  Railroad  with  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington and  Quincy  Railroad,  So  miles  W.S.W.  of  Chicago, 
16  miles  N.  of  La  Salle,  and  114  miles  S.E.  of  Galena.  It 
contains  8  churches,  2  colleges  or  seminaries,  a  union  school, 
1  newspaper  office,  1  national  bank,  2  flouring-mills,  1  foun- 
dry, aud  3  manufactories  of  farming  implements.  It  com- 
mands an  extensive  view  of  the  prairie,  including  several 
groves  of  timber.  Pop.  of  Meudota  township  iu  I860, 1934; 
population  of  the  village  in  18C5,  reported  to  be  3000. 

MEXD0T.4,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 

JIENDOTA,  a  village  of  Grant  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mis- 
Bij^sippi  River,  about  18  miles  W.  of  Lancaster. 

MEXDO'T.V,  a  post-village,  and  fractional  township  of 
Dakuta  co.,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Mississippi,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota  River, 
opposite  Port  Snelling,  and  6  or  7  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Paul. 
It  has  a  steam  saw-mill,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  in  1860 
454. 

MENDOTA  LAKE,  formerly  called  Fourth  Lake,  is  in 
Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  immediately  N.W.  of  Madison.  See 
TocR  Lakes,  page  696. 

MENNON,  a  post-office  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa. 

MENOMONEE,  a  county  of  Michigan,  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  Upper  Peninsula.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.E  by  Green 
Bay,  aud  on  the  W.  and  S.W.  Iiy  the  Menomonee  River.  It 
is  also  drained  by  Cedar  and  Eord  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  Among  the 
rocks,  which  underlie  this  county,  are  granite  and  sand- 
stone. The  census  of  I860  furnishes  no  information  re- 
specting this  county. 

MENOMONEE,  a  post-village  of  Menomonee  co.,  Michi- 
gan, >ituated  on  Green  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  its  ■ 
own  name,  about  52  miles  N.N.E.  of  the  city  of  Green  Bav 

MENOMONEE,  or  MENOMINEE,  a  village  and  township 
of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois.    The  village  is  on  the  Missisippi 
Kiver,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  9  miles  W.N.W.  of  Ga- 
lena.    Total  population,  850. 
2260 


MENOM'ONIE,  or  MENOMONEE,  a  river  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  Wisconsin,  also  called  Red  Cedar  Ri%tr,  rises  near 
the  N.  border  of  Dallas  co.,  flows  southward,  and  enters  the 
Chippewa  River  at  Dunnville.  in  the  S.  part  of  Dunn  coun- 
ty.    Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  140  miles 

MENOMONIE,  a  township  of  Dunn  CO.,  Wisconsin,  con- 
tains Menomonie,  the  countj-seat.    Pop.  955. 

MENOMONIE,  or  MENOMONEE,  a  po^t-village,  capital 
of  Dunn  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  plea-sautly  situated  on  the  Meno- 
monie River,  75  miles  E.  of  Saint  Paul,  in  Minnesota,  and 
about  40  miles  N.  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  A\  abasha.  It 
contains  4  churches,  1  newsjjaper  office,  6  stores  and  a  large 
Baw-uiill  which  turns  out  about  lOO.uOO  feet  of  pine  lumber  a 
day.  The  river  affords  extensive  water-power  here.  Meno- 
monie has  an  undulating  prairie  on  the  E.,  and  a  large  forest 
of  iiard  timber  on  the  west.     Pop.  about  800. 

MENON.\,  or  MONONA,  a  small  lake  of  Dane  co.,  Wis- 
consin, adjacent  to  Madison,  was  formerly  called  Third  Lake. 
See  Four  L.\kes,  page  696. 

MENTOR,  or  MENT.  IN,  a  post-village  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa, 
about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Waverly. 

MERCED,  or  MERCEDE,  mer-sid',  a  county  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  California,  has  an  area  of  about  1750  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  San  Joaquin  River,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Merced  aud  Mariposa  Rivers.  The  surface 
in  some  parts  is  mountainous.  The  Cotist  Range  extends 
along  the  t?.W.  border.  The  soil  of  the  lowlandG  near  the 
rivers  is  fertile.  The  inhabitants  of  this  county  are  sup- 
ported by  agriculture  and  the  raiding  of  stock.  Organized 
in  1855.    Capital,  Snelling,     Pop.  1141. 

MERCED  FALLS,  a  iwst-village  of  Merced  co.,  California, 
on  the  Merced  River,  6  miles  E.  of  Snelling.  It  has  2 
stores. 

MERCER,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Ohio,  about  9  miles 
N.  of  Celina. 

MERCER,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Missouri,  about 
100  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph,  and  6  miles  from  the  N.  bound- 
ary of  the  State. 

MERCERVII,LE,  a  post-village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  about 
44  miles  E.  of  Portsmouth. 

MEltCll  ANTVILLE,  a  village  of  Camden  co..  New  Jersey, 
4  miles  E.  of  Camden.  It  has  a  number  of  handsome 
villas. 

MERCURY,  a  post-office  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  about 
48  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indiauapolis. 

MERIDEN,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  New  Hamp- 
shire, about  44  miles  W.N.W.  of  Concord. 

MERIDEN,  a  i)OBt-township  of  La  Salle  Co.,  Illinois,  5 
miles  E.  of  Mendota,  is  traversed  by  the  Chicago  Burlington 
and  Quincy  Railroad.     Pop.  738. 

MERIDEN,  a  post-township  of  Steele  Co.,  Minnesota,  3  or 
4  miles  W.  of  Owatonna.     Pop.  233. 

MERIDEN,  a  post-village  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
W.  line  of  Meriden  township,  about  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Faribault. 

MERIDIAN,  a  post-village  of  Lauderdale  co.,  Mississippi. 
96  miles  E.  of  Jackson.  The  Southern  Railroad  intersects 
the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad  at  this  place,  134  miles  from 
Mobile. 

MICRIDIAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Bosque  co.,  Texivs, 
on  Bosiiue  River,  about  120  miles  N,  of  Austin  City. 

MERIDIAN,  apost-village  of  Sutter  co.,California,  16  miles 
W.  of  Yuba  City. 

MERRICK,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Nebraska. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  S.E,  by  the  Platte  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Loup  Fork  and  I'rairie  Creek.  The  soil  is 
fertile.  Timber  is  produced  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 
Pop.  in  1860.  109. 

MERRIMAC,  or  MERRI>IACK,  a  post-village,  and  small 
township  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  28  miles  N.W.  of  Madison,  and  16  miles  S. 
W.  of  Portage  City.  It  has  severiU  stores,  &c.  Total  pop- 
ulation, 734. 

MERRIMAC,  a  village  of  Dakota  co.,  Slinnesota,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  10  miles  below  St. 
Paul. 

MERRIMAC,  a  village  of  Mar.shnll  co.,  Kansas,  on  tlie 
Big  Blue  River,  about  20  miles  S  S.E.  of  Mar.vsville. 

MERTON,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Bark  River,  about  11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Waukeslia. 

MERTOX.  a  jiost-township  of  Steele  Co.,  Slinnesota,  about 
10  miles  S.S!E  of  Faribault,  and  6  miles  N.E.  of  Owatonna. 

MESIIANNON,  or  MOSIIANNON,  a  post-village  of  Cen- 
tre CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  Bellefonte. 

MESHOPPIN,  a  township  of  Wyoming  eo.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  948. 

MBSILLA,  a  large  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  New  Mex- 
ico, bordering  on  Arizona  and  Mexico.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Rio  Grande,  and  also  drained  by  the  Gihi  Ri- 
ver. The  surface  is  diversifietl  by  valleys  and  mountains 
of  the  Sierra  Madre  range.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  jjio 
ductive.     The  county  contains  copper  mines. 

MESILLA.  a  post-village  of  Mes'Ua  CO.,  New  Mexico,  sil^ 
nated  on  the  Rio  Grande,  abou*  12  miles  S.  of  Donna  Ana. 
The  census  of  18C0  states  the  population  oi  Mesilla  at  242a 


MES 


MIL 


MESTJMA,  or  NESUMA,.  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Ne- 
braska, about  35  miles  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

METAMORA,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
line  between  Ohio  and  Michigan,  about  20  miles  AV.  by  N. 
of  Toledo. 

METAMOliA,  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana, 
about  6  miles  \V.  of  Brookville.     Pop.  107(i. 

METCALFE,  or  METCALF,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of 
Kentucky.  Area  estimated  at  400  scjuare  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  South  and  East  Forks  of  the  Little  Barren  River. 
The  surface  is  somevfhat  diversified.  Capital,  Edmunton  (?) 
Pop.  674.5,  of  whom  7S1  were  slaves. 

MIAMI  (formerly  LYKENS),  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of 
Kansas,  bordering  on  Missouri,  liiis  an  area  of  576  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Osage,  or  Marais  des  Cygnes 
Iviver,  and  also  drained  by  AV'ea,  Bull,  Mound,  and  other 
creeks.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  based  on  lime- 
stone, and  is  highly  productive.  The  prairies  of  this  coun- 
ty are  more  extensive  than  the  woodlands.  Salt  is  obtained 
here  by  boring,  and  coal  has  been  Ibund  about  70  feet  below 
the  surface.    Capital,  Paola.     Pop.  4980. 

MIAMI,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  804. 

MIAMI,  a  post-village  of  ::!aline  co.,  Missouri,  situated  on 
the  Missouri  Kiver,  about  45  miles  N.W.  of  Booneville,  and 
56  miles  by  water  below  Lexington.  Pop.  of  Miami  town- 
ship, 1780. 

MIAMI,  a  village  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota,  about  16 
miles  N.E.  of  Faribault. 

MIAMI,'a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  S48. 

MIAMI  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
situated  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Great  Miami  River, 
at  the  mouth  of  Wolf  Creek,  and  on  the  Dayton  and  West- 
ern Railroad,  %  of  a  mile  S.W.  of  Dayton.  It  contains  4 
churches  and  2  public-schools.     Pop.  in  lh60,  797. 

MIAMI  PllAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  lliurston  co.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Olympia. 

MIAMI  VILLAGE,  a  post-ollice  of  Miami  CO.,  Kansas. 

MICANOPY,  a  post-village  of  Alachua  Co.,  Florida,  situ- 
ated about  66  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Augustine.  Free  popula- 
tion, 251. 

MICIIICOTT,  Wisconsin.    See  Misiticott. 

MICHIGAN  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Oosumnes  River,  28  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Sacra- 
mento.   It  had,  in  186.3,  4  stores.    Pop.  about  450. 

MICHIGAN  BLUFF,  a  post-village  of  Pbicer  CO.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  Middle  Fork  of  the  American  River,  about  25 
miles  S.E.  of  Nevada  City.  It  is  oiio  of  the  principal  mi- 
ning-villages in  the  county.  Gold  }s  found  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  in  1863  variously  estimated  at  from  700  to  1200. 

MICHIGAN  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Mi- 
chigan, on  the  Central  Railroad,  about  4  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
Jackson. 

MICKELVILLE,  or  MICKLEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sa- 
ginaw CO.,  Michigan,  on  the  Shiawassee  River,  about  40 
miles  N.E.  of  Lansing. 

MIDDLE,  a  township  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1175. 

MIDDLE  BRANCH,  a  village  of  Chisago  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  33  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St.  Paul. 

MIDDLEBROOK,  a  poSt-village  of  Iron  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  4  miles  N.  of  Pilot  Knob,  and 
83  miles  from  St.  Louis. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  post-village  of  Casey  Co.,  Kentucky, 
abcmt  22  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Danville. 

MIDDLEBURG,  a  village  of  Noble  CO.,  Ohio,  about  20 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Marietta. 

MIDDI>EBURG,  a  village  of  Ottawa  Co.,  Michigan,  on 
Grand  River,  about  14  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

MIDDLEBUKY,  a  post-village  of  Elkhart  co.,  Imtiaua,  on 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Elk- 
hart, and  about  a  mile  S.  of  St.  Joseph's  River. 

MIDDLEBUKY,  a  post-village  of  Merper  co.,  Missouri, 
about  4.')  miles  N.N.W.  of  Laclede. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  575. 

MIDDLE  CHEEK,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  254. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  217. 

MIDDTiE  FORK,  a  township  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1270. 

MIDDLE  PARK,  Colorado  Territory,  is  a  large  tract  of 
iand  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Summit  co.,  surrounded  on  all 
Bides  by  ranges  of  mountains,  some  of  which  are  covered 
with  perpetual  snow.  It  is  watered  by  Blue  River  and 
ither  streams. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  township  of  Cumberland  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1520. 

MIDDLESEX,  a  village  of  Oceana  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  about  24  miles  N.  of  Clay  Bank. 

MIDDLETON,  or  MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  ofChampaign 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  about 
12  miles  N.E  of  Urbanna.     Pop.  126. 

MIDDLETON,  a  village  of  Perry  Co.,  Ohio,  about  44  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

6R 


MIDDLETON.  a  village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  I'aw  Paw  River,  about  16  miles  W.  of  Paw  Paw. 

MIDDLETON,  or  NEW  MIDDLETON,  a  post-village  of 
Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Ohio  and  Missi.ssippi  Railroad, 
9  miles  E,  of  Siilem.  The  post-office  is  called  New  Mid- 
dleton. 

MIDDLETON,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Illinois,  about  3-1 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Centralia. 

MIDDLETON,  a  post-township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  5  miles  W.  of  Madison,  borders  on  I^ake  Meudota. 
Pop.  1315. 

MIDDLETON,  a  post-village  or  station  of  Dane  co.,  M'is- 
consin,  in  Mlddleton«township,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and 
Prairie  du  Chien  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  of  Mailisou. 

MIDDLETON,  a  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Umpfjiia  River,  about  10  miles  from  the  sea. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  township  of  Richmond  co..  New  Yoi  k. 
Pop.  6243. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  14  miles  E.  of  Louisville. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Columbiana  Co.,  Ohio,  7  or  8 
miles  N.E.  of  New  Lisbon. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Alleji  CO.,  Indiana,  about  11 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Owen  CO.,  Indiana,  about  33 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Shelby  CO.,  Indiana,  7  miles 
S.E.  of  Shelby  ville. 

MIDDLETO\VN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Logan  co., 
Illinois.  The  village  is  near  Salt  Creek,  22  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  Springfield.     Total  population,  1474. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Kansas,  about 
38  miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Lawrence. 

MIDDLETOWN,  a  village  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  about 
3  miles  S.  of  Shasta. 

MIDDLEVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wright 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  42  miles  W.  by  N.  of  St.  Anthony. 
Pop.  120. 

MIDLAND,  a  post-village  of  Charlotte  co.,  A'irginia,  near 
the  Staunton  River,  about  48  miles  N.E.  of  Danville. 

MIDLAND,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Midland  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Titibawiissee  River,  about  24  miles  N.W.  of 
Saginaw  City.    Pop.  of  Midland  township,  562. 

MIDLAND,  a  station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse 
Railroad,  in  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin,  9  miles  E.  of  Portaga 
City.    It  is  in  Pardeeville,  which  see. 

MIDWAY,  a  post-village  of  Spencer  Co.,  Indiana,  about 
27  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Evansville. 

MIER,  or  MEIR,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Indiana, 
about  20  miles  S.E.  of  I'eru. 

MIFFLIN,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  about 
44  miles  W.  of  New  Albany. 

MILAN,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Susquehanna  River,  about  12  miles  above  Towauda. 

MILAN,  Tennessee.    See  Milan  Depot. 

MILAN,  a  village  of  Livingston  co.,  Michigan,  about  25 
milts  E.N.E.  of  Jackson. 

MILAN,  a  township  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  786. 

MILAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  on  the  dividing  ridge  between  Main  and  East  Lo- 
cust Creeks,  about  2  miles  from  each,  and  31  miles  N.  of  La 
Clede.  It  contains  a  court-liouse,  1  newspaper  office,  the 
"  Dewitt  Female  Institute,"  1  steam-grist-mill,  &c.  Pop.  365. 

MILAN  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Gibson  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Memphis  and  Ohio  Railroad,  94  miles  N.E.  of  Memphis. 

MILE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  63. 

MIFjFORD,  a  village  of  Harrison  co..  West  Virginia,  on 
the  West  Fork  of  the  Mouongahela  River,  about  7  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Clarksburg. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Ellis  co.,  Te.xas,  about  150 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Austin  City. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Bracken  co.,  Kentucky,  about 
20  miles  W.S.W.  of  Mayaville. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Iroquois  co., 
Illinois  on  Sugar  Creek,  about  10  miles  S.  of  Middleport. 
Pop.  834. 

MILFORD,  a  village  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  on  Chariton 
River,  7  or  8  miles  S.E.  of  Centreville. 

MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

MIl-FORD,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  150. 
MILFORD,  a  township  of  Story  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  145. 
MII.1FORD,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Miiyiesota.  Pop.  405. 
MILITARY,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa.    Po^. 
754. 

MILK  RIVER,  an  affluent  of  the  Missouri,  rises  in  Biit- 
ish  America,  crosses  the  N.  boundary  of  Montana  and  enters 
the  Missouri,  about  48°  N.  lat.,  and  106°  25'  W.  Ion.  Its 
direction  is  nearly  E.S.Ei. 

MILL,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  24  miles 
N.E.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

MILLARD,  a  large  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Utah,  bor- 
dering on  Nevada.  It  is  about  160  miles  long,  and  62  miles 
wide.    It  is  partly  di-aiued  by  Sevier  River,  which  termin- 

:£Sq7 


MIL 


MIN 


«tw  in  SeTierTakt.  The  Burface  is  mostly  occupied  by- 
mountains  and  barren  deserts.  Capital,  Jt'illmore  City. 
Pop.  715. 

MILLARD,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  co.,  'Wisconsin,  7 
njiles  N.W.  of  Klkhorn.  It  has  1  church,  1  store,  and  15 
houses. 

MILLARD,  a  post-village  of  Riley  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Kanssis  Kiver,  about  9  miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Riley. 

MILL  ARli,  a  post-office  of  Fulton  co.,  Indiana,  about  21 
miles  N.E.  of  Logausport. 

MILLBROOK,  a  township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1024. 

MILLBURG,  a  post-village  of  Berrien  co.,  Micliigan,  about 
14  miles  N.  of  Beirien,  the  county-seat. 

MILLBURN,  a.  post-village  and  township  of  Essex  co.. 
New  Jersey.  The  village  is  on  the  Morris  and  Essex  Kail- 
road,  10  miles  W.  of  Newark.     Pop.  I(5o0. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  township  of  Fountiiin  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1014. 

MILL  CREEK,  a  township  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
460. 

MILLEDGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  15  miles  .S.  Iiy  E.  of  Meadville. 

MILLE  LACS,  mil^ik',  i.  e.  a  thousand  lakes,  a  county 
in  the  E.  central  part  of  Minnesota,  contains  about  550 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lake  Mille  Lacs, 
wliich  has  a  nearly  circular  form  and  is  about  15  miles  in 
diameter.  It  is  drained  by  Rum  River.  The  surface  is 
diversified  and  partly  covered  by  forests  of  pine.  Capital, 
Princeton.    Pop.  73. 

MILLE  LACS,  a  village  of  Aiken  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
N.E.  shore  of  Lake  Mille  Lacs,  about  70  miles  N.N.E  of  St. 
Cloud. 

MILLER,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  Spring 
Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  Capital,  Colquitt. 
Pop.  1791. 

MILLER,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
761. 

MILLER,  a  post-village  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana,  on  a 
railroad  6  miles  N.  of  Lawrenceburg. 

MILLER,  or  MILLKR'S,  a  station  on  the  Michigiin 
Southern  Railroad,  in  Lake  co.,  Indiami,  29  miles  S  Ji.  of 
Chicago. 

MILLERAY,  or  MILLERY,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co., 
Iowa,  aljout  10  miles  S.SVV.  of  Dubuque. 

MILLERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Elkhart  co..  Indiana, 
on  the  Northern  Indiana  Rjiilroad,  8  miles  S.E.  of  Goshen. 

MILLERSBURG.  a  village  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana,  about 
87  miles  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

MILLERSBCRG,  a  post-village  of  Rice  co^  Minnesota, 
about  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  b'aribault. 

MILLERSBURG,  a  mining  village  of  Nez  Perce  co.,  Ida- 
ho, about  120  miles  N.  of  Idaho  City,  and  6  miles  N.  of  Sal- 
mon Kiver.    Gold  nnues  are  worked  here. 

MILLER'S  RANCU,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 16  miles  S.E.  of  t)ri>ville. 

MILLERSTOVVN,  or  MILLSTOWN.  a  village  of  Butler 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Butler.     Pop.  181. 

MILLEKSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  CO.,  Ohio, 
about  11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Urbanna. 

MILLEKTON,  a  post-villiige,  capital  of  Fresno  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  about  130  miles  S.E.  of 
Stockton.  Gold  is  found  in  the  vicinity.  Fort  Miller,  a 
military  post  is  about  1  mile  N.E.  of  this  village.  Pod. 
abcnit  200. 

MILLERTOWN,  a  village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  about 
6  miles  N.E.  of  Auburn. 

MILL  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  Juneau  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  about  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Mauston. 

MILLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, about  24  miles  N.E.  of  Northampton. 

MILLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Albeniiirle  Co.,  Virginia, 
about  25  miles  E.  of  St<iunton. 

MILLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan, 
about  25  miles  S.E.  Saginaw  City.    Pop.  286. 

MILL  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Ottawa  Co.,  Michig-an,  on 
the  right  (N.)  bank  of  Grand.  River,  2}^  miles  above  Grand 
Haven. 

MILLPORT,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Missouri,  on 
Middle  Fabiua  River,  about  50  miles  N.W.  of  Quincy 
Illinois. 

MILLSTADT.  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Clair  co. 
BliiKJis,  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Belleville.    Pop.  915. 

MILLSTONE,  a  post-village  of  Fore«t  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  or  near  Clarion  Kiver.     Pop.  85. 

MILLVILLB,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Pop.  ias3.  ' 

MILLVILLE,  a  village  of  Delaware  ro.,  Ohio.,  on  the 
BcioU.  Kiver,  about  27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Columbus. 

MILb\  ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
CliK  ago  and  Great  Biistern  Railroad,  6  miles  E.  by  S.  of 
New  Castle. 

.MILLVILLE,  St.  Charles  co,  Missouri,  a  station  on  the 
North  Mis*.un  Kiiilioad,  48  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis 

2258  ' 


MILLVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Grant  co,  Wisconsin, 
about  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien.    Pop.  1097. 

MILLA'ILLE,  a  village  of  Lassen  co.,  California,  is  in 
Honey  Lake  Valley. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  20 
miles  E.  of  Shasta.     Pop.  about  150. 

MILLVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cache  co.,  Utah,  4  or  5 
miles  S.S.E.  of  LiOgan. 

MILLWOOD,  a  village  of  Kosciusko-  co.,  Indiana,  about 
14  miles  N.W.  of  Warsaw. 

MILMINE,  a  postvillage  of  Piatt  w.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Rjiilroad,  55  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Springfield. 

MILO,  a  post-township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  about  35 
miles  N.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  1028. 

MILO,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  503. 

MILPITAS,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  California, 
8  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Jose.     It  lias  several  stores. 

MILROY,  a  post-village  of  MitUin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
10  miles  N.  of  Lewistown. 

MILTON,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
estimatedat  160  square  miles.  It  is  bouiided  on  the  S.  by  the 
Chattahoochee  River.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  undulating. 
Pop.  4602. 

MILTON,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co..  New  Jersey,  about 
20  miles  N.  of  Morristown. 

MILTON,  a  post-office  of  Laurens  district.  South  Carolina, 
about  65  miles  W.N.W  of  Columbia. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Grand  Traverse  co,  Michigan. 
Pop.  88. 

MILTON,  a  post-office  of  Slacomb  co.,  Michigan. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Dodge  CO.,  Minnesota.     Pop.  600. 

MILTON,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota,    l'op.65. 

MILTON  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  \Vood  Co.,  Ohio,  oi. 
the  Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad,  30  uiiles  S.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

MILTON  MILLS,  a  village  of  Wasliingtou  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  St.  Croix  River,  about  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  St.  Paul. 
It  has  2  saw-mills. 

JIILTO.N"  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  .Mattoon. 

MILWAUKEE,  a  post-village  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregon, 
on  the  Willamette  River,  7  milts  N.  of  Oregon  City.  It 
contains  the  Spencer  Hall  Boarding  School,  lor  guls,  and  a 
mill.    Pop.  in  1860,  IbO. 

MINDEN,  a  postr-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Missouri,  about 
40  miles  W.  S.^V'.  of  Springfield. 

MINDO'RO.  or  MENDO'llA,  a  post-village  of  La  Crosse 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  18  miles  N.  by  E.  of  La  Ciosse. 

MINERAL,  a  post-township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  about 
55  miles  W.  of  Ottawa,  is  intersected  by  the  Chicago  and 
Rock  Island  Railroad.     Pop.  852. 

MINERAL,  a  townshij)  of  Plumas  CO.,  California.  Pop.  480. 

MINERAL  CITY,  a  mining  village  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona, 
on  the  Colorado  River. 

MINERAL  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  or  near  the  Central  Railroad,  7  miles  N.E.  of 
Johnstown. 

MINERAL  POINT,  a  pos^village  of  Tuscarawas  co., 
Ohio,  on  Sandy  Creek,  about  17  miles  S.S.E.  of  Massilion. 

MINERAL  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Wasiiin,!;ton  co., 
Mi>souri,  on  the  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  61 
miles  S.S.W.  of  St.  Louis.  A  branch  railroail,  about  4  miles 
long,  extends  from  this  point  to  Potosi.  Here  are  rich  lead 
mines. 

MINERAL  POINT,  a  small  mining  village  of  Humboldt 
CO.,  Nevada,  about  135  miles  N.E.  of  Carson  City. 

MINERAL  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Mower  CO.,  Minne- 
sota, on  Red  Cedar  Kiver,  8  or  9  miles  S.  of  Austin. 

MINERSVILLE.  a  village  of  Jasper  CO.,  Missouri,  about 
70  miles  W.  of  Springfield.     Lead  is  found  in  this  vicinity. 

MINERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  Co.,  Calitbrnia, 
on  the  Trinity  River,  about  15  miles  E.N.E.  of  Weaverville. 
It  lias  1  or  2  stores. 

MINERSVILLE,  a  village  of  Beaver  co.,  Utiih,  about  18 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Beaver.     Here  is  a  lead  mine. 

MINElCVA,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa,  about  9 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Mai-iettii. 

MINET'TO,  a  post-village  of  Oswego  co..  New  York,  on 
the  Oswego  River,  and  on  tiie  Oswego  and  Syracuse  Bail- 
road,  about  5  miles  S.S.E.  of  O.swego. 

MINING  PORT,  or  MINING  POINT,  a  post-village  of 
Moigjin  CO  ,  Missouri,  on  the  Osage  River,  aliont  45  miles 
S.W  .  of  Jefferson  City.     Lead  is  fouud  in  tlie  vicinity 

MINNEAP'OLIS,  a  city  of  Minnesota,  and  the  capital  of 
Hennepin  county,  is  situated  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  opposite  the  town  of  St.  Aniliony,  aud 
at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  It  is  7  or  8  miles  W.N.W.  of 
St.  Paul.  Lat.  45°  N.,  lou.  93°  20'  W.  It  is  on  the  St.  Paul 
and  Paciiic  Railroad,  and  is  the  north  terniinus  of  tlie  Minne- 
sota Central  liailroad  (in  progress).  This  town  couraiiis  a 
court-house,  about  10  churches,  2  national  banks,  a  United 
States  I^anil  oifice,  4  hotels,  3  flouring-mil's,  2  foundries,  1 
woollen  factory,  and  6  saw-mills.  It  is  stated  tl.at  70,000,000 
feet  of  himber  are  sawed  here  annually.  The  river  alfoids 
immense  water-power  here.  Two  bridges  across  the  river 
connect  this  city  with  St.  Anthony.  Pop.  in  1860,  2564; 
1S65,  about  5000. 


Mm 


MON 


MINNEHAHA,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Dakota  Ter- 
ritory, bordering  on  Miunesotu.  Area  estimated  at  3iiOO 
gquare  niilea.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Uij;  Sioux  River,  and 
also  drained  by  tlie  Vermilion  River.  The  surface  is  elevated, 
the  county  being  partly  occupied  by  the  Coteau  des  I'rairies. 
The  soil  is  productive. 

MINNKilAIIA,  a  post-village  of  Burt  co.,  Nebraska, 
about  V2  miles  W.S.W.  of  the  .Missouri  River,  at  Decatur. 

MINNEO'LA,  a  post-township  of  lioudhue  Co.,  Sliunesota, 
about  24  miles  K.  of  i'aniiault.     I'op.  232. 

MINNEOLA,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Kansas, 
about  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Lawrence.  It  was  formerly  the 
county-seat. 

MINNESKA,  or  MINNEISKA,  a  small  stream  of  Minne- 
Bota,  rises  in  Oluistead  co.,  and  passing  through  the  N.E.  part 
of  Winona  co.,  enters  the  Mississippi  at  Minneskii. 

MINNESKA,  or  MINXISKA,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Mi.<8issippi  Kiver,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Minneska,  about  22  mines  above  Winona.  A  considera- 
ble quantity  of  wheat  is  shipped  here.  It  has  a  steam  saw- 
mill. 

MINNESOTA,  a  township  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
pop.  225. 

MINNESOTA,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
about  25  miles  N.E.  of  Nevada. 

MINNESOTA  JUNCTION,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co., 
Wisconsin,  3  miles  W.  of  Horicon,  6  miles  E  of  Ueaver 
Dam,  and  18  miles  N.  of  Watertown.  The  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railroad  here  intersects  the  Milwaukee  and 
St.  Paul  Railroad. 

MINNESOTA  LAKE,  a  post-oflice  of  I'aribault  co.,  Min- 
nesotii,  about  27  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Mankato. 

MINNETONKA,  a  post-township  of  Hennepin  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  E.  shore  of  Miunetonka  Lake,  about  17 
miles  W.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop  293. 

MINNETONKA,  a  post-village  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  10  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Minneapolis,  and  3  or  4 
miles  £.  of  the  Miunetonka  Lake 

MINNETRISTA,  a  post-township  of  Hennepin  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, about  20  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Minneapolis.     Pop.  212. 

MINNIE,  a  village  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  about  17  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Sacramento. 

MINONK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Woodford  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  30  miles  N.  of  Blooming- 
ton.    Pop.  548. 

MINOOKA,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  co..  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  11  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Joliet. 

MIRANDA,  a  post-village  of  Rowan  co..  North  Carolina, 
about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Salisbury. 

MISllICOTT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Manitowoc 
CO.,  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  Misliicott  River,  12  miles 
N.  of  Manitowoc,  and  has  a  fine  water-power  and  mills. 
Pop.  about  160;  of  the  township,  1258. 

MISSION,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1601. 

MISSION  CREEK,  a  township  of  Wabaunsee  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  132. 

MISSION  SAN  JOSfi,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia, about  30  miles  S.S.E.  of  San  Eraucisco.  Pop.  in 
1864,  estimated  at  300. 

MISSISSIPPI,  a  township  of  Jersey  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop.  557. 

MISSOURI,  a  township  of  Brown  "co..  Illinois.    Pop.  911. 

MISSOURI  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Clay  CO.,  Missouri,  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  7  miles  E.  of 
Liberty,  and  60  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

MITCHELL,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  con- 
tains about  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W. 
bv  the  I'lint  River.  The  surface  is  level ;  the  soil  fertile. 
Capital,  Camilla.    Pop.  4308. 

MITCHELL,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  oo.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  where  it  is  crosse<l  by 
the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicjigo  Railroad,  127  miles 
Vf.  S.W.  of  Cincinnati  and  10  miles  S.  of  Bedford. 

MITCHELL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mitchell  CO., 
Iowa,  on  the  Cedar  River,  about  90  miles  W.  of  Lansing. 
Pop.  6.57. 

MOAWEQUA,  or  MOWEAQUA.  a  post-office  of  Shelby 
CO.,  Illinois,  and  a  station  on  the  Central  liailroad,  15  miles 
S.  of  Decatur. 

MODAIL,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa. 

MODKN.\,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois,  about  33 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Peoria. 

MODENA,  a  post- village  of  Mercer  co.,  Missouri,  about 
80  miles  E.N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

MODENA,  a  post-office  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MOHAVE,  or  MOJAVE,  a  county  in  the  N.^V.  part  of  Ari- 
zona, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nevada  and  Utah,  on  the  E.  bv 
the  line  of  113°  20'  W.  Ion.,  on  the  S.  by  Williams'  Fork  and 
the  Santa  Maria,  and  on  the  W.  by  California  and  the  Colo- 
railo  Kiver.  The  surface  is  mountainous :  a  large  part  of 
the  soil  is  sterile.  This  county  contains  mines  of  gold  and 
silver,  which  are  said  to  be  rich.    Capital,  .Mohave  City. 

MOHAVE  CITY,  the  capital  of  Mohave  co ,  Arizona,  on 
the  Colorado  River,  about  l.'o  miles  above  La  Paz,  and  1 
mile  from  Eort  Mohave  or  Mojave. 


MOHAWK,  a  post-office  and  precinct  r  i  Lane  co.,  Oregon. 
Pop.  lUO. 

MOKELUMNE  or  MOQUELUMNE  (mo  kcl' am-ne)  HILL, 
a  post-village,  and  county-seat  of  Calaveras  co.,  California. 
Situated  on  a  high  hill  about  l]^  miles  from  the  Mokelumae 
River,  and  about  60  miles  a.K.  Irom  Sacramento.  It  liar  i. 
churches,  2  schools,  1  newspaper,  a  branch  of  Wells,  Eaigo, 
&  Co.'s  Express,  court-house,  and  jail,  lour  stage  lines 
leave  it  each  morning  on  dilferent  routes.  It  was  once  a 
very  rich  mining  place,  but  the  mines  have  to  a  great  ex 
tent  given  out.    It  has  at  present  a  population  of  about  1500. 

MOKELUMNE  CITY,  a  small  post-village  ->f  San  Joaquin 
CO.,  California,  on  the  Mokelumne  River,  23  miles  N.  by  W 
of  Stockton.  • 

MOLALLA  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Clackamas  co., 
Oregon,  which  flows  northwestward  and  enters  the  Willa- 
mette. 

MOLDROP,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Oregon,  about  22 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Porthind. 

MOLINO,  mo-lee'no,  a  post-village  of  Tippah  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, about  40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Holly  Springs. 

MOMENCE,  a  post-village  of  Kankakee  Co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Kankakee  River,  about  60  miles  S.  of  Chicago.  Pop.  of 
Momence  township,  943. 

JIONA,  a  post-village  of  Mitchell  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Red 
Cedar  River,  about  60  miles  N.N.W.  of  VVaverly. 

MONAOAN,  or  MOXEGAN,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  St.  Clair  co.,  Missouri,  about  28  miles  W.S.W.  of  Warsaw. 
Pop.  1311. 

MONDCVIA,  a  post-village  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Buffalo  Uiver,  about  24  miles  N.E.  of  Alma. 

MONEE,  a  post-vilRlge  and  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  34  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chicago.  Pop. 
872. 

MONE'KA,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas,  about  26 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  i'ort  Scott. 

MONITOR,  a  post-village  of  Alpine  co.,  California.  One 
newspaper  is  published  here. 

MONMOUTH,  a  village  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa,  near  the  Shell- 
rock  River,  about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Waverly. 

MON.MOUTII,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jackson  co., 
Iowa,  about  35  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Dubuque.     Pop.  989. 

MONMOUTH,  a  township  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
310. 

MONMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  7  miles 
S.E.  of  Dallas.  Here  is  an  institution  called  the  Monmouth 
University.    Pop.  in  1864,  about  150. 

MONO,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  California,  bordering 
on  Nevada.  Area  estimated  at  3200  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Owen's  River  and  a  few  other  small  streams,  and 
contains  Mono  Lake,  which  is  about  18  miles  long  and  10 
miles  wide.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  snow-covered 
Sierra  Nevada  extends  along  the  S.W.  border  of  the  county. 
Silver  and  gold  are  found  in  the  N.  part.  The  census  of 
1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county,  which 
was  organized  in  1861. 

MONOCACY,  a  post-village  of  Frederic  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  Monocacy  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  .10  miles  W.  of  Baltimore. 

MONO  L.\KE,  Mono  co.,  California,  is  at  the  N.E.  base 
of  the  Sierra  -N  evada,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Aurora,  Nevada. 
Its  form  is  roundish,  and  its  greatest  length  about  18  miles. 
Tho  water  is  so  strongly  alkaline  that  no  fish  can  live  in  it. 

MONON,  or  MONONO,  a  post-village  of  Monon  township. 
White  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Rail- 
road, 30  miles  N.  of  Lafayette.     Pop.  of  township  740. 

MONO'NA,  a  post-village  of  Monona  township,  Clayton 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  McGregor  Western  Railroad,  13  miles  W. 
of  McGregor.     Pop.  about  350 ;  of  township,  1035. 

MONONA,  Wisconsin.     See  MknOXA. 

MONONG.\HELA,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1135. 

MONONGA'LIA,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Minne- 
sota, has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Crow  River,  and  contains  a  number  of  small  and  beautiful 
lakes.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  neai'ly  level ;  the  soil 
is  fertile.    Capital,  Irving.     Pop.  350. 

MONOVILLE,  a  village  of  Mono  co.,  California,  near  5Iono 
Liike,  26  W.S.W.  of  Auroraj  Nevada. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  has  an 
area  of  900  square  jnilos.  It  is  drained  by  the  La  Crosse, 
Lemonweir,  and  Kickapoo  Rivers,  all  of  which  rise  within 
its  limits.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified ;  the  soil  is 
generally  fertile.  Pine  lumber  is  procured  in  the  N.  p^rt 
of  the  county.  Monroe  county  is  intersected  by  the  Mil- 
waukee and  La  Crosse  Railroad.  Capital,  Sparta.   Pop.  8410. 

MONROE,  a  county  in  the  E  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 
area  of  676  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Shell  Creek,  an 
affluent  of  Platte  River,  which  touches  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  the  county.  The  surfiice  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  fer- 
tile. The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  respect- 
ing this  county. 

.MONROE,  a  post-towuship  of  Grafton  co..  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  the  Connecticut  River,  about  15  miles  N.  of  llavei- 
iiill.     Pop.  619. 

2259 


MON 


MON 


MONROE,  a  township  of  Camden  CO.,  New  Jersey.  Pop. 
1417. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Bedford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
13!t5. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1021. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Snyder  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1092. 

MONROE,  a  village  of  Southampton  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Nottoway  River,  alKSUt  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Norfolk. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  352. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1070. 

Ml  ).\  ItO  K,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  oc.,  Indiana.  Pop.  772. 

Mi)NKO£,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1029. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  797. 

MONROE,  or  MONROE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Monroe 
CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  16 
miles  S.W.  of  Palinvra. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  295. 

MONROE,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa,  about  14 
S.  ofN'-wton. 

MONUOH,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  499. 

Mi).\  UOE,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  545. 

MONROK,  a  townsliip  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  476. 

MONROE,  a  township  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  794. 

MONROE,  atmall  village  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon,  17  miles 
S.  of  t'orvallis.     It  lias  2  or  3  stores. 

MONROE  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Uliuois. 

MONROE,  FORTRESS.    See  Fortress  Moxrob. 

MONKOETON,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  16  miles  N.  of  Greensl>oro. 

MONROEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  .^llen  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  14  miles 
S.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

MONRO'VIA,  a  pobt- village  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  rout«  of  the  Atchison  and  Pike"s  Peak  Railroad,  13 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  the  former.  It  contains  2  churches,  a 
large  school-house,  and  1  saw-mill.     Pop.  about  100. 

MONROVIA,  the  capifcil  of  the  Republic  of  Liberia,  is 
situated  on  the  Atlantic  Ocesm,  about  7  miles  S.  of  the 
mouth  of  Saint  Paul's  River.  It  is  nejir  6°  18' N.  lat.,  and 
1U°  48'  W.  Ion.  It  contains  several  churches  and  semin- 
ari»s,  and  1  newspaper  office.     Pop.  estimatetl  at  3000. 

MONTAGUE,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  bordering 
on  the  Indian  Territory,  has  an  area  estimated  at  800  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Red  River,  and  also 
drained  by  Belknap  and  S;tline  Creeks.     Pop.  849. 

MONTAGUE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montague  co., 
Te.Yiis,  about  100  miles  W.  of  Bonham. 

MONTANA,  a  territory  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  British  Possessions,  on 
the  K.  by  Dakota,  on  the  S.  by  Dakota  and  Idaho,  and  on 
the  W.  by  Idaho.  It  lies  (e.xcei)t  a  small  projection  in  the 
S.W.)  between  45°  and  49°  N.  lat,  and  between  104°  and 
116°  W.  Ion.  The  length  from  E.  to  W.  is  abont  560  miles ; 
the  breadth  about  275  miles.  Area  about  153,.300  square 
miles.  Montana  was  organized  as  a  territory  in  May,  1864, 
before  which  date  it  formed  part  of  Idaho. 

FUce.  of  the  Oiuntry,  Soil,  i£a. — The  surface  is  generally 
mountainous.  The  great  Rocky  Mountain  range  extends 
across  the  territory.  Commencing  at  the  north<irn  houndar}- 
this  range  extends  for  a  distance  of  about  200  miles  in  a  y. 
S.E.  direction,  and  then  describes  a  great  curve  towards  the 
W.,  until  it  touches  the  border  of  Idaho.  From  this  point  it 
extends  along  the  S.W.  boundary  of  Montana  for  a  distance 
of  nearly  200  miles.  The  Bitter  Root  Mountains  also  form  a 
part  of  the  western  boundary.  Minor  chains  of  mountains 
occur  in  different  parts  of  the  territory.  The  long  valley 
of  the  Yellow  Stone  River,  in  the  eastern  pai-t  of  Montana, 
is  reported  to  be  fertile,  and  to  be  bordered  on  one  or  two 
sides  by  grand  walls  of  mountain.  The  valleys  of  the  ex- 
tensive region  between  the  Yellow  Stone  and  "the  Missouri, 
are  said  to  be  liberally  supplied  with  running  water  and 
forest  trees,  among  which  the  pine  and  cedar  are  found. 
The  pine,  fir,  and  cedai-  also  abound  on  the  Rocky  Jlonn- 
taiua  and  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  "The  country  bordering 
on  the  Jefferson  Fork,  the  Gallatin  Fork,  and  the  Madison 
Fork  of  the  Missouri,"  says  Cal)tain  Mullan,  "is  among  the 
most  beautiful  to  be  found  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
country  is  a  gently  undulating  prairie,  dotted  here  and 
there  with  clumps  of  timber.  All  the  streams  are  beau- 
tifully fringed  with  forest  gi-owth,  the  soil  is  rich,  climate 
mild  and  invigorating,  and  all  the  elements  for  happy  homes 
are  here  to  be  found." 

Rivers. —  The  principal  rivers  of  Montana  are  the  Mis- 
Boiu-i,  the  Yellow  Stone,  and  Clark's  Fork  of  the  Columbia. 
The  Missonri  rises  near  the  S.W.  border  of  Montana,  tra- 
verses its  whole  extent  with  a  very  circuitous  ccnirse,  and 
makes  its  exit  at  the  eastern  boundary.  The  Yellow  Stone, 
with  its  tributaries  Big  Horn,  Powder  River,  Ac,  drains  the 
southern  and  eastern  portions  of  this  territory,  in  which 
nearly  the  whole  of  its  course  is  include.!.  The  northern 
part  is  drained  by  the  Milk  and  Marias  River,  aflluents  of 
the  Minsonri.  Clarke's  River  rises  among  the  Rockv  Mouu- 
2200 


tains,  in  the  W.  part  of  Montana,  and  is  formed  by  severi»l 
branches  nameil  Bitter  Root  River,  Hellgate  River,  &c.  It 
flows  northwestward  and  crosses  the  W.  boundary. 

MineraU. —  Gold  has  been  found  on  the  head  watei-s  of 
the  Slissouri  and  Yellow  Stone  Rivers,  and  nesir  the  Kocky 
Mountains.  Rich  mines  of  silver  exist  near  Bannock  City 
and  other  places.  Iron  ore  is  found  along  the  Bitter  Root 
River.  It  is  reported  that  coal  has  been  discoverinl  in  this 
territory.  The  valley  of  the  Yellow  Stone  exhibits  signs 
of  volcanic  action. 

Objects  of  Intfrest  to  Tourists. — In  the  W.  central  part  of 
Montana  are  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Missouri,  which  are  re- 
garded iu>  the  grandest  in  North  America,  except  the  Falls 
of  Niagara.  .Kt  this  place,  which  is  500  miles  from  its 
source,  the  river  has  a  perpendicular  fall  of  87  feet,  and  de- 
scends by  a  succession  of  cataracts  and  nipids  357  feet  in 
161^  miles. 

Animals. — Among  the  animals  of  Montana  are  the  bison 
and  buffalo,  the  grizzly  beiir,  the  ovis  JUoiUana  or  Rocky 
Mounfciin  sheep,  and  the  antelope. 

Populalinn  and  Tmons. —  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no 
information  respecting  the  population  of  Montana,  which 
at  that  date  contained  few  if  any  inhabitants  except  sav- 
ages. Within  the  last  3  years  the  settlement  of  this  regiou 
has  progressed  rapidly.  The  principal  towns  are  Biinuock 
City,  Labarge  City,  Nevada,  Gallatin  City,  and  Virginia 
City,  which  is  the  cai>ital  of  Montana. 

MONTANA,  a  village  of  Arapahoe  co.,  Colorado,  on  the 

South  Fork  of  the  Platte  River,  8  miles  N.  by  E.of  Denver. 

MONTANA,  a  yiining-village  of  Montana,  in  Beaver  Head 

Valley,  and  on  Rattlesnake  Creek,  about  12  miles  N.  by  E. 

of  Bannock  City.    Here  are  rich  gold  and  silver  mines. 

MONTCALM,  mont-kdm',  a  county  in  the  central  part  of 
Michigiin,  has  an  area  of  576  or  720  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Flat  and  Pine  Rivers  and  Fish  Creek,  and 
contains  a  number  of  small  lakes.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level ;  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  WlicAt,  oats,  Indi.an  corn, 
and  lumber  are  the  staple  productions.  A  large  portion  of 
the  county  is  covere<l  with  forests  of  pine,  sugar-maple,  and 
other  trees.  These  forests  are  said  to  abound  with  bears, 
deer,  and  wolves.     Capital.  Stanton.     Pop.  3963. 

MONTCLAIR,  a  post-village  of  Essex  ca.,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Newark  and  Bloomfield  Railroad,  6  or  7  miles  N.W.  of 
Newark,  and  15  miles  W.N.W.  of  New  York. 

MONT  CLARA,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

MONTEBELLO,  a  village  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  51  miles  S.E.  of  Cliicago. 
MONTEBELLO.  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  ou 
the  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  694. 

MONTE  CRISTO,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co..  Cali- 
fornia, 4  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Downieville.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  rich  mining  district.    Pop.  about  200. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  McNairy  CO.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  8  miles  N.  of  Co- 
rinth. Mississippi. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  about 
26  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-town.ship  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan, 
about  7  miles  N.  of  Allegan.    Pop.  927. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  about  13 
miles  S.W.  of  Bloomfiefi. 

MONTEREY,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  Ashippun  Creek,  about  14  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Watertown. 

-MONTEREY,  capital  of  Monterey  co^  California,  125  miles 
by  water  S.  by  E.  of  San  Francisco.  (See  page  12J9.)  It 
contains  (I860)  a  court-house,  a  jail,  2  churches,  1  news- 
paper office,  and  1  manuftvctory  of  soap.  Pop.  about  IJOO. 
MONTESANO,  moii-te-za'no.  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Chehalis  co.,  Washington  Territory,  situated  on  the  S.  bank 
of  the  Chehalis  River,  12  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  about 
35  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  by  S  of  Olympia.  It  has  1  store. 
MONTEVALLO.  a  post-village  of  Vernon  co.,  ^Missouri, 
about  17  miles  E.S.E.  of  Nevada  City. 

M0NTKZU5IA,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  CO.,  Ohio,  about 
32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Piqua. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Poweshiek  co., 
Iowa,  is  situated  on  an  undulating  prairie,  about  05  miles 
E.  of  Des  Moines,  and  10  miles  S.  of  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
souri Railroad.  It  has  a  fine  brick  court-house,  3  churches, 
1  bank,  1  newspaper  office.  4  dry-goods  stores,  2  drug  stores, 
&c.    Pop.  in  186<J,  564;  in  1865,  about  800. 

MONTEZUMA,  a  iX)8t-villageof  Tuolumne  co.,  California, 
8  miles  S.W.  of  Sonora.     Pop.  about  350. 

MONTGOM  KRY,  a  township  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Waba>h  River.    Pop.  2398. 

MONTlHI.MKRY,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of  Jennings 
CO.,  Indiana,  about  22  miles  N.\V.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1321. 

MONTGOMERY,  a  village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  about  25 
miles  S.W.  of  Peoria. 

MONTGO.MERY,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  872. 

MONTGOMKRY,  or  MONTGOMERY  CITY,  a  postrvilla;io 
of  Montgomery  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  North  Missouri  Kofi 
road,  82  miles  "W.N.W.  of  St.  Louii. 


MON 


MOS 


MONTGOMERY,  a  township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  '201. 

MONTGOMEIty,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Kansas,  about 
5"  miles  W.  of  Topekiv. 

MONTGOMKRY,  or  MONTGOMERY  CITY,  a  post-village 
of  Park  CO.,  Colojado,  about  90  miles  S.W.  of  Denver.  Gold 
uiines  are  worked  in  the  vicinity. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lewis  co  ,  Mis- 
gouri,  on  the  North  Fabius  River,  26  miles  N.W.  of  Quincy, 
lUiaois,  and  about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Keokuk.  It  contains 
2  churches,  and  2  schools.     Pop.  about  3.^0. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  on  tho 
Duljnque  Southwestern  Railroad,  4:<  miles  S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

MONTICELLO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wright  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  right  l)ank  of  the  Mi.-^sissippi  River,  about  45 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Paul,  It  has  a  steam  saw-mill.  It  is 
situated  in  a  rich  farming  country  in  which  hard  viood  is 
abundant.  Pop.  in  1865,  estimated  at  500.  Pop.  of  Monti- 
cello  tiiwnsliip  in  1800,  753. 

MONTICELLO,  a  jjObt-village  and  township  of  Johnson 
CO.,  Kansas.  The  village  is  about  3  miles  S.K.  of  the  Kan- 
sas River,  and  2,i  miles  ;?.  of  Leavenworth.     Pop.  287. 

MONTPELIER,  a  post-village  of  Hanover  to.,  Virginia, 
on  the  South  Anna  River,  24  mile^  N.W.  of  Richmond. 

MONTPELIER,  a  pos^village  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  32  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fayetteville. 

MONTPEIvIER,  a  post-villago  of  Bl.ackford  co.,  Indiana, 
on  Siilaiiionie  River,  about  42  miles  S.  by  W.  of  I"'ort  Wayne. 

MONTPELIER,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
804. 

MONTPELIER,  a  post^township  of  Kewaunee  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  15  miles  K.  by  S.  of  Green  Bay      Pop.  160. 

MONXRE.^L,  a  village  of  Texas  co.,  Missouri,  about  62 
E.  of  Springfield. 

MONTROSE,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  W  miles  E.  by.  S.  of  Jackson. 

MONTROSE,  aj)ostrvillage  of  Summit  co.,  Ohio,  about  27 
miles  S.  of  Cleveland. 

MONTROSE,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  Co.,  Michigan, 
on  liuthsidesof  Flint  River,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Flint.  Pop.  389. 

MONTROSK,  a  post-office  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota. 

MONUMENT,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois. 

MON  VN  AGON,  or  .Mi  >NTG  U AGON,  a  township  of  Wayne 
CO..  Michigan,  on  Detroit  River.     Pop.  1384. 

MOOERS  PRAIRIE,  a  post-township  of  Wright  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, about  50  miles  W.  by  N.  of  St.  Anthony. 

MOONS  RANCH,  a  post-office  of  Tehama  CO.,  California, 
25  miles  S.  of  Red  Bluff. 

MO"RE'S  CREEK,  Bois^e  co.,  Idaho,  is  an  affluent  of  the 
Boisee  River.    It  flows  nearly  southwestward. 

MOORE'S  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  California, 
18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Nevada  City.  It  has  rich  gold  mines. 
Pop.  in  1863,  about  500. 

MOOREVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  co.,  Missis- 
sippi, about  35  miles  N.  of  Aberdeen. 

MOORLAND,  Michigan.     See  M0REL.1.NI). 

MOOSUP,  a  post-village  of  AVindham  co.,  Connecticut,  on 
M00.SUP  River,  and  on  the  Boston  and  Erie  Rjiilroad,  3  miles 
N.E.  of  Plaiiifield,  and  33  miles  from  Providence. 

MOREUE.\U.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Rowan  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, about  56  miles  E.N.E.  of  Lexington. 

MORKHEAD  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Carteret  co.,  North 
Caroliiui,  on  the  sea-coa.st,  36  miles  S.S  E.  of  Newbern,  and 
about  3  miles  W.S.W.  of  Beaufort.  It  is  the  S.E.  terminus 
of  the  Atlantic  and  North  Carolina  Railroad. 

MORELAND,  or  MOORLAND,  a  township  of  Muskegon 
CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  105. 

MORKNCI,  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Tiffin's  River,  about  16  miles  S.AV.  of  Adrian.    It  hiis  2  mills. 

MORGAN,  a  small  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Utah,  is  in- 
tersected by  Weber  River.  Capitiil,  Weber  City.  The 
census  of  1860  furnishes  no  items  respecting  this  county. 

MORGAN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calhoun  co.,  Georgia, 
about  28  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Albany.    Free  population,  187. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Harrison  CO.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1418. 

M0RG.4N,  a  village  of  Laporte  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Pitts- 
burg Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Raikoad,  56  miles  S.E.  of 
Chicago. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  624. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.     I'op.  392. 

MORGAN,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  101. 

MORGAN,  a  post-office  of  Winneshiek  co  ,  Iowa. 

MORGAN  CITY,  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad,  11  miles  W.  of  Jacksonville. 

MORGANTON,  a  post-village,  ca|)ital  of  t'aunin  CO.,  Geor- 
gia, near  the  Tocoa  River,  50  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Dalton. 

MORGANZIA,  a  post-village  of  Point  Coupee  parish, 
Louisiana,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about 
45  or  50  miles  above  Baton  Rouge. 

MOBLETTE,  or  MARLETTE,  a  township  of  Sanilac  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  187. 

MORMON,  a  post-village  of  Salt  Lake  co.,  Utah,  10  miles 
B.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

MORMON  BAR,  a  mining  village  of  Mariposa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 2  uiileg  S.  of  M.u'iposa. 


MORMON  BASIN,  a  mining  village  or  district  in  Bako< 
CO..  Oregon,  ahout  tW  miles  S.  of  Auburn. 

MORMON  ISLAND,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  CO., 
California,  on  or  near  the  American  River,  25  miles  N.K 
of  Sacramento.     Pop.  said  to  be  400. 

MOKO,  a  post-village  of  Madison  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Tern 
Haute  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  about  10  miles  E.  by  N .  ox 
Alton. 

MOROCCO,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
54  miles  N.W.  of  Lafayette. 

MORONI,  a  post-village  of  San  Pete  CO.,  Utah,  on  San 
Pete  Creek,  about  05  miles  S.  of  Provo.  Pop.  of  Sloron 
precinct,  7(KJ. 

MORRILL,  a  post-township  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine,  about  5 
miles  W.  of  Belfast.    Pop.  029. 

MORRIS,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kansau,  has  an 
area  of  about  580  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Neo- 
sho River,  which  rises  within  its  limits,  and  by  Diamond 
Creek.  The  western  part  of  the  county  is  a  plain,  destitute 
of  timber.  The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile.  Capitid,  Coun- 
cil Grove.     Pop.  770. 

MORRIS,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  25  miles 
by  railroad  N.W.  of  Lawrenceburg. 

MORRIS,  a  post-village  of  Woodbury  CO.,  Iowa,  on  Maple 
Creek,  about  44  miles  E.:>.E.  of  Siou.x  City. 

MORRISHURG.  a  post-office  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa. 

MORRIS  ISLAND,  of  South  Carolina,  is  on  the  South 
side  of  the  entrance  of  Charleston  Harbor,  and  borders  on 
the  Atlantic  ocean.  Its  N.  extremity  is  about  1  mile  S.S.K. 
of  Fort  Sumter. 

MORRISON,  a  County  In  the  central  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  area  of  about  620  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  tho  Mississippi  River,  and  also  drained  by  Platte 
River.  The  surface  is  diversified,  and  the  soil  productive. 
Capitiil,  Little  Falls.    Pop.  618. 

MORRISON,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  12  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Mauch  Chunk. 

MORRISON,  a  post-village  of  Wliitesides  Co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Dixon  Air-Line  Railroad,  14  miles  W.  of  Sterling. 

MORRISON,  a  post-township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  14  miles  S.  of  Green  Bay.    Pop.  401. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Jefter.son  co.,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  Ea.st  Teiinesst<e  and  A'irginia  Railroad,  42  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Knoxville.    It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  valley. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  on 
or  near  the  Big  Blue  River,  about  12  miles  N.  by  E,  of  Shel- 
by ville. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rice  co., 
Minnesota,  on  Cannon  River,  about  11  miles  W.a.W.  of 
Faribault.     Pop.  437. 

MORRISTOWN,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co.,  Californi.i. 
13  miles  N.W.  of  Downieville.  It  has  2  mining  ditches,  1 
hotel,  &c.    I'op.  variously  estimateti  from  200  to  600. 

MORRISVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wake  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, on  a  railroad  13  miles  W.N.W.  of  Raleigh. 

MORRISVILLE,a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.,  about 

37  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dayton. 

MORTON,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
Southern  Railroad,  35  miles  E.  of  Jackson. 

MORTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tazewell  co., 
Illinois,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  1187. 

MORTON,  a  village  of  Ray  co.,  Missouri,  about  11  miles 
N.  of  Lexington. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
a  railroad  13  miles  S.E.  of  Scranton.    Pop.  116. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  of  Polk  CO.,  Texas,  about  100 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Houston. 

MOSCOW,  a  villige  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  8  or  9  mile's  S.S. 
W.  of  Newark. 

MOSCOW,  a  village  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  about  20  miles  S. 
W.  of  Toledo. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  on  Red 
Cedar  River,  and  on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Raih'oad, 

38  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Davenport,  and  about  12  miie«  Is.  of 
Muscatine.     Pop.  of  Moscow  township  Ssiy. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-township  forming  the  S.E.  angle  of  Iowa 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  12  miles  E.  of  .Mineral  Point. 

MOSCOW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Freeborn  co., 
Minnesota,  8  or  9  miles  W.N.W  .  of  Austin.    Pop.  258. 

MOSELLE,  a  small  village  of  Hampshire  CO.,  West  Virgi- 
nia, on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  20  niil'is  S 
W.  of  Cumberland. 

MOSELLE,  a  village  or  st.ation  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  South  West  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  49  miles 
S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

MOSELLE,  a  township  of  Sheboygan  co ,  AVisconsin,  on 
Lake  Michigan,  5  miles  N.  of  Sheboygan.     Pop.  977. 

MOSHANNON,  Pennsylvania.     See  Mkshannon. 

MOSHER VILLE,  a  pos^village  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan, 
about  55  miles  S.  of  Lansing. 

MOSINEE,  a  post-village  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Wisconsin  River  about  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Wausau. 

MOSSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Peoiia  Lake,  10  miles  by  railroad  N.N.E.  of 
Peoria. 

2261 


MOT 

MJTTirCLLE.  or  MOTTVILLE.  a  village  of  Douglas  co., 
Nevaila,  o)   Carson  Kiver,  about  IS  miles  S.  of  Carsou  City. 

MOULTOX,  a  post-village  of  Lavaca  co.,  Texas,  about  28 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Lagrange. 

MOULTRIE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Colquitt  CO., 
Georgia,  about  4-1  miles  S.S.E.  of  Albany. 

MOUND,  a  village  and  township  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Wabash  River,  about  4  miles  above 
Covington.    Pop.  1067. 

MOUND,  a  township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1001. 

MOUND,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  220. 

MOUND  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Critt'eiideu  co.,  .■Vrkansas, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  7  miles  above  Mempliis. 

MOUND  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  7  or  8  miles  above  Cairo.  It  contains  a 
number  of  stores,  warehouses,  &c.    Pop.  in  1860,  898. 

MOUND  CITY,  a  village  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri,  about  13 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Oregon. 

MOUND  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas, 
situated  about  24  miles  N.N.W.  of  Fort  Scott,  and  95  miles 
S.  of  Leavenworth.  It  has  several  stores,  &e.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  450.     Pop.  of  Mound  City  township,  1165. 

MOUND  PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Houston  co.,  Minne- 
sota.   Pop.  409. 

MOUND  STATION,  a  post-offics  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Quincy  aud  Toledo  Railroad,  33  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Quincy. 

MOUND  TIEW,  a  township  of  Ramsey  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  99. 

MOUND VILLE,  a  village  of  Blue  Mound  township,  Dane 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  24  miles  W.S.W.  of  Madison. 

MOUNDVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mar- 
quette CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Fox  River,  about  10  miles  N. 
of  Portage  City.    Pop.  406. 

MOUNTAIN  CITY,  Colorado.    See  Central  City. 

MOUNTAIN  SPRINGS,  California.    See  Gold  Run. 

5I0UN1AIN  VIEW,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Clara  eo., 
California,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  San  Jose  with 
S;in  Francisco,  12  miles  N.W.  of  the  former.  It  has  several 
stores. 

MOUNTAIN  WELL,  a  small  post-village  of  Nevada  co., 
California,  9  miles  E.  of  Nevada. 

MOUNT  ARRINGTON,  Oregon,  a  peak  of  the  Coast 
Range  or  Umpqua  Mountains,  is  on  the  line  between  Coos 
and  i)ouglas  counties. 

MOUNT  AUBURN,  a  village  and  township  of  Christian 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield.  Pop. 
2498. 

MOUNT  AYR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ringgold  co., 
Iowa,  about  75  miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines.  Pop.  in  1860, 386. 

MOUNT  BETHEL,  a  small  post-village  of  Warren  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  11  miles  E.  of  Belvidere. 

mount"  bullion,  a  post-village  of  Mariposa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 5  miles  E.  of  Maiiposa,  and  near  a  mountain  of  the 
same  name. 

MOUNT  CARMEL,  a  post-village  of  Northumberland  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Shamokin  Valley  aud  Pottsville  Rail- 
road, 30  miles  E.S.E.  of  Sunbury. 

MOUNT  DANA,  California,  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
about  lat.  37°  53'  N.,  hits  an  altitude  of  about  13,500  feet. 

MOUNT  DAVIDSON,  Nevada,  is  on  or  near  the  Une  be- 
tween Storey  and  Washoe  counties,  and  belongs  to  the 
Washoe  Range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Airginia  City  is  built 
on  the  E.  slope  of  this  mountain,  in  which  rich  silver  mines 
have  been  opened. 

MOUNT  DIABLO,  de-S'slo,  Contra  Costa  co.,  California, 
about  30  miles  E.  of  San  Francisco,  h.os  an  altitude  of  about 
3S00  feet.  It  is  a  i>eak  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  is  the  great 
central  landmark  of  the  state.  It  is  of  the  primitive  for- 
mation, and  has  metamorphic  limestone  of  good  quality  at 
its  )>ase. 

MOUNT  EDEN,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co.,  California, 
7  miles  S.E.  of  San  Leandro.  It  has  2  or  3  stores.  Pop. 
about  200. 

MOUNT  EPHRAIM,  a  small  post-village  of  Camden  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  6  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Camden. 

MOCNl'  ETNA,  a  post-office  of- Adams  co.,  Iowa,  6  or  7 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Quincy. 

MOUNT  FLORENCE,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kan- 
Bas,  about  13  miles  N.E.  of  Topeka. 

MOUNT  6ILEAD,  a  small  post-village  of  Anderson  co., 
Kansiis. 

MOUNT  HAMILTON,  Santa  Clara  co.,  California,  is  a 
peak  of  the  Coast  liange,  about  22  miles  E.  of  San  Jose. 
Height  4449  feet. 

MOUNT  HAWLEY,  a  post-village  of  Peoria  co^  Illinois, 
about  10  miles  N.  of  Peoria. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa, 
about  15  miles  N.W.  of  Delhi. 

MOUNT  IDAHO,  a  post-village  of  Nez  Perce  co.,  Idaho, 
65  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Lewiston. 

MOUNT  LASSEN,  California.    See  Lasskn's  Pr.\k. 

MOUNT  LYELL.  California,  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
•bont  lat.  37°  45'  N.,  has  an  altitude  of  about  13,500  feet. 
2202 


MOW 

MOUNT  3I0RRIS,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  co^  Michi- 
gan, on  Flint  River,  about  68  miles  N.N.W.  of  Detroit.  Pop. 
735. 

MOUNT  3I0RRIS,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan, 
on  tlie  FUut  and  Pere  Marquette  Railroad,  7  miles  N.  of 
Flint. 

MOUNT  MORRIS,  a  post-township  of  Waushara  co, 
Wisconsin,  about  4  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Wautoma.    Pop.  491. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-village  of  Shenandoah  co.,  Vir- 
ginia.    Pop.  279. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co..  North  Caro- 
lina,  on  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  71  miles  N. 
of  Wilmington. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-village  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio, 
about  30  miles  S.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

MOUNT  OLIVE,  a  post-village  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa,  about  5 
miles  S.E.  of  Glenw'ood. 

MOUNT  OPIIIR,  a  post-village  of  Mariposa  co.,  California, 
7  miles  W.  of  Mariposa.  It  has  1  quartz-mill  for  extracting 
gold. 

MOUNT  PLE.\?ANT,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Huron  River,  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Detroit. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Indiana, 
about  .33  miles  W.N.W.  of  Richmond. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  village  of  Miller  co.,  Missouri, 
about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Jefferson  Citv. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Green  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  8  miles  N.K.  of  Monroe.    Pop.  1240. 

MOUNT  PLE.ASANT,  a  village  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  27  miles  S.W.  of  Saint  Paul. 

MOUNT  PLE.^SANT,  a  post-township  of  Wabasha  co., 
Minnesota,  about  11  miles  S.E.  of  Red  Wing.    Pop.  3-31. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Atchison  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  1096.  The  village  is  about  10 
miles  S.  of  Atchison,  and  5  miles  W.  of  the  Missouri  River. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska, 
about  32  miles  S.  of  Omaha  City,  and  6  miles  W.  of  the 
Missouri. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  a  post-village  of  San  Pete  co.,  Utah, 
22  miles  N.N.E.  of  Manti.    Pop.  in  1S60,  746. 

MOUNT  RIPLEY',  California,  a  peak  of  the  Coast  Range, 
in  on  the  E.  border  of  Lake  county,  about  lat.  39°  8' N.  Its 
altitude  is  about  loW)  feet. 

MOUNT  SAN  BERNARDINO,  in  the  S.  part  of  Califor- 
niii,  about  75  miles  E.  of  Los  .Angeles,  is  a  mountiiin  peak 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  8500  feet. 

MOUNT  SCOTT,  a  post-office  and  precinct  of  Dougl.asco., 
Oregon.  Pop.  294.  Also,  a  mountain  peak  about  15  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Roseburg. 

MOUNT  SHASTA, California,adetachedpeakin  Siskiyou 
CO.,  about  30  miles  S.E.  of  Yreka,  is  considered  the  highest 
mountain  in  California.  The  summit  is  covered  with  snow 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  Its  altitude  is  variously  esti- 
mated from  14,400  feet  to  17,500  feet.  This  mountain  is  an 
extinct  volcano.  It  is  visible  in  every  direction  for  100 
miles  or  more. 

MOUNT  TYNDALL,  Tulare  co.,  California,  is  a  Peak  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  lat.  36°  40'  N.  Its  height  is  esti- 
mated at  14,200  feet. 

MOUNT  VKRNON,  a  village  of  Preston  co.,  West  Vir- 
ginia, about  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Kingwood. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Tennes- 
see, about  48  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Knoxville. 

MOUNT  A'ERNON,  a  villase  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Mississinewa  River,  10  miles  S.  of  Wabash,  the  county- 
seat. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  village  of  Moniteau  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  20  miles  below  Rooneville. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  township  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  349. 

MOUNT  A'ERNON,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  is 
situated  in  a  rich  prairie  on  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Missouri 
line  of  the  Chicago  aud  North  Western  Railroad,  16  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Cedar  Rapids,  and  202  miles  from  Chicago.  It 
contains  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  1  steam  flouring*' 
mill,  aud  an  institution  called  Cornell  College.  Pop.  in 
1860,  748. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winona 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  16  miles  N. 
W.  of  Winona.     Pop.  144. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  a  post-village  of  Kemaha  co.,  Ne- 
braska, on  the  Missouri  River,  about  9  mili  s  above  Brown- 
ville. 

MOUNT  A'ERNON,  a  post-village  of  Jefierson  «o.,  Colo- 
rado, about  15  miles  W.S.W.  of  Denver. 

MOUNT  YONAH,  a  post-village,  capita),  of  WHite  co., 
Georgia,  about  60  miles  N.N.W.  of  Athens. 

MOUNT  ZION,  a  post-office  of  A'an  Buren  co.,  Iowa. 

MOWER,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  border- 
ing on  Iowa,  contains  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected in  the  W.  part  by  the  Red  Cedar  River,  .ind  also 
drained  by  the  Upper  Iowa  River,  which  rl^es  w  ithin  it. 
The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  loil  in  fertile. 
More  than  two-thirds  of  this  county  is  prairie,  rapitaj, 
Austin.    Pop.  3217. 


MOW 

MOWER  CITY,  a  post-villasre  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  32  miles  S.W.  of  Rocliester. 

MUDDY,  a  po't-village  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon,  12  miles 
S.W.  of  X.,afayette. 

MUHLENBURG,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1676. 

MUIR,  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michiiran,  on  Grand 
River,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  .Milwaukee  Railroad,  40  miles 
E  by  N.  of  Grand  Riipids.  and  about  1  iiiile  N.E.  of  Lyons. 

MUKIIiTEO,  a  post-village,  caiiital  of  Snohomish  co , 
Washington  Territory,  95  miles  N.Ji.  of  Olympia.  It  has  2 
or  3  stores. 

MULBERRY,  a  post-office  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
13  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lafayette. 

MULTNO'M.'VH.  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon, 
bordering  on  Washington  Territorj.  Area  cstimatid  at  400 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  X.  by  Columbia  River, 
and  intersected  by  the  Willamette  River.  The  surface  is 
somewhat  diversified;  the  soil  is  generally  productive. 
Capital,  Portland.     Pop.  41.50. 

MUNESIXG,  or  MUNISSING,  a  village  of  Schoolcraft 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Grand  Isle  Bay.  about  6  miles  N.E.  of 
Grand  Bay  City. 

MUNISSING,  a  township  of  Schoolcraft  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  35. 

MUNSON,  a  post-township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois,  about 
22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Rock  Island.     Pop.  6>a. 

MURAT,  apost-village  of  Pauldini;  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Miami 
Canal,  about  40  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 

MURONE,  a  ixist-offico  of  Fond  da  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin. 

MURPHY'S,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co..  California,  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  a  hilly  country,  on  the  main  road  to 
Stockton,  about  15  miles  N.  of  Sonora. .  It  has  a  number  of 
stores,  and  a  hotel  which  is  called  first-class.  Hei-e  are 
gold  mines  which  are  or  have  been  very  rich.  About  15 
miles  N.E.  of  this  village  is  the  famous  grove  of  mammoth 
trees.     Pop.  in  18ft4,  about  800. 

MURRAY,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  au  area  of  720  square  miles.    It  is  drained  by  the  West  j 


NEL 

Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  which  rises  within  it,  and  it 
contains  several  small  lakes.  The  surface  is  nearly  level. 
Pop.  in  1860.  29. 

MURRAYSVILLE,  MURRYSVILLE,  or  MURRAY,  a 
post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  12  miles  by  railroad  S. 
by  W.  of  Jacksonville.    Pop.  of  township,  IIGO. 

MUSCOTAII,  a  post-village  of  Atchison  co..  Kansas  Jibout 
21  miles  W.  of  .\tchison. 

MUSCOTINK,  or  MUSKOTINK,  a  po^t-village  of  Chisago 
CO.,  Minnesotii,  about  .33  miles  N.  of  Stillwater; 

MUSKE'GON,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Michigan,  l>or- 
dering  on  Lake  Michigan,  has  an  are;i  of  about  525  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Muskegon  and  White  Rivers, 
and  also  drained  by  Cedar  and  Crockery  Creeks.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  productive. 
The  county  contains  extensive  forests,  in  which  the  pino 
and  sugar-maple  are  abundant.  Pino  lumber  is  the  chief 
article  of  export.    Capital,  Mu.skegon.    I'op.  3947. 

MUSKE'GON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Muskegon  co., 
Michigan,  is  situated  on  the  S.  shore  of  Muskegon  Lake 
(wliich  is  an  expansion  of  the  river  of  the  same  name),  5 
miles  from  Lake  Michigan,  1 5  miles  N.  of  Grand  Haven,  and 
112  miles  by  water  N.E.  of  Chicago.  It  contains  5  churches, 
1  Union  school,  1  bank,  and  1  newspaper  office,  also  1  flour- 
ing-mill.  and  2  foundries.  The  principal  resmirce  of  this 
village  is  the  lumber  business.  It  is  stated  that  about  100 
million  feet  of  lumber  are  made  here  annually,  giving  em- 
ployment to  20  large  steam  saw-mills.  The  Muskegon  Lake 
forms  a  safe  hai'bor.  Pop.  in  1860,  1450;  in  1805,  about 
2800. 

MUSQUITO,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  H 
miles  E.  of  Mokelumne  Hill. 

MUSSY,  a  township  of  Saint  Clair  co.,  Michigan.    Pop. 

438; 

MYERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Wvso.x  Creek,  5  or  6  miles  N.E.  of  Towanda. 

MYRTLeViLLE,  or  MYRTLE  CREEK,  a  iiost-viUage 
and  ))recinct  of  Douglius  co.,  Oregon,  on  (he  South  Fork  of 
the  Umpqua  River,  16  miles  S.  of  Roseburg.    Pop.  213. 


N. 


NACHUS.4,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  rail- 
road which  connects  Chicago  with  Dixon,  5  miles  E.  of 
Dixon. 

NAMEKA'GON,  a  river  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Wisconsin, 
rises  in  Ashland  county,  flows  first  southwestward  and 
then  northwestward,  and  enters  the  Saint  Croix  iu  Burnett 
county. 

NAMEO'KA,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  St. 
Louis  Railroad,  in  Madison  co.,  Illinois,  about  12  miles  N. 
N.E.  of  St,  Louis. 

NAPA,  or  NAPA  CITY,  the  capital  of  Napa  co.,  Califor- 
nia, is  on  Napa  Crock,  about  45  miles  N.  by  E,  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  14  miles  N.  of  Vallejo,  Small  steamers  ascend 
the  creek  to  Snscol  (6  miles  below  Napa)  in  all  stages  of 
water,  Napa  contains  several  churches,  I  collegiate  insti- 
tute, 1  seminary  for  girls,  1  banking  office,  &o.  Three 
newspapers  are  issued  here.  Pop.  of  Napa  township,  2378; 
of  the  viUago  in  1864,  about  1200. 

NAPLES,  a  village  of  Allegan  CO.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kalamazoo  River,  about  38 
miles  S.W,  of  Grand  Rapids. 

NAPLES,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Buffalo  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  377. 

NAPOLEON,  a  village  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio,  abotitSO  miles 
S.E.  of  Mansfield. 

NASHVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Berrien  co.,  Geor- 
gia, about  1--j5  miles  W.S.W,  of  Savannah, 

NASHVILLE,  a  village  of  Barton  co..  Missouri,  about  20 
miles  N.W.  of  Carthage.    Pop.  131, 

N.\SHVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Coffey  co.,  Kansas,  about 
6  miles  E.  of  tlie  Neosho  River  at  Hampden. 

NASHUA,  a  village  of  Vanderbnrg  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Evansville  and  Craw  fords  ville  Railroad,  about  16  miles  N. 
of  Evansville. 

N.ASHUA,  a  post-village  of  Chick;waw  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Red  Cedar  Uiver,  about  30  miles  N,  of  Cedar  Falls. 

NAS3AAVA  1>U,  or  NASEWAPKE,  a  township  of  Door  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  3  miles  W.  of  Sturgeon  Bay.     Pop.  196. 

NATCHEZ,  a  post-village  of  Martin  co.,  Indiana,  about 
65  miles  E,  of  Vincennes. 

N.ATCHEZ,  a  mining-village  of  Butte  co.,  California. 

NATIONAL,  a  post-village  of  Ontonagon  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Ontonagon  River,  about  14  miles  S,  by  E,  of  Ontona- 
gon    Copper  is  found  here. 

NATIONAL,  a  post-oflRce  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about  10 
miles  S.W.  of  Prairie  au  Chien,  Wi.sconsin. 

KATIVIDAD,  a  post-village  of  Monterey  CO.,  California, 
25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Monterey, 

NATOMA,  California.     See  Notom.i. 

NATRO'NA.  a  post-office  of  AUeirhany  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

KAUTRILLE,  uaw-trill',  a  posi-oflice  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa, 


about  8  miles  S.E.  of  Waverly,  and  10  miles  N.  of  Wa- 
terloo. 

N.\UVOO,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
30  miles  N.  by  W.  of  William.sport. 

NAVARRO,  or  NOVABRO,  a  river,  California,  a  small 
stream  which  rises  in  the  .S.  part  of  Mendocino  county, 
flows  northwestward,  and  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

NAVARRO,  a  post-village  of  Leon  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
Trinity  River,  about  CO  miles  N.  of  lluntsville. 

NEBO,  a  post-village  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois,  about  13  miles 
S.  by  E,  of  Pittsfleld, 

NBCeDA,  or  NECEDAH,  a  post-vill.age  and  township  of 
Juneau  co,,  Wisconsin,  on  Yellow  River,  about  20  miles  N. 
of  Mauston.     Pop.  .592, 

NEEDY,  a  post-village  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregon,  15  miles 
S.E.  of  Oregon  City.     It  has  1  store. 

NEE\.4.H,  a  township  of  AVinnebago  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  W.  shore  of  Lake  Winneliago,  contains  the  village  of 
Neenah.     Pop.  1296. 

NEENAH,  a  post-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Wisconsin, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Fox  or  Neenah  River  at  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Winnebago,  nearly  opposite  Memusha,  which 
is  about  1  mile  distant.  It  is  also  on  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railroad,  30  miles  N,  of  Fond  du  Lac,  and  7  miles 
S  W,  of  Appleton.  It  contains  2  printing  offices,  15  stores, 
4  flouring-mills,  3  saw-mills,  &c.  The  river  affords  water- 
power  here.     Pop,  estimated  at  1000, 

NEEN.MI,  a  post-village  of  Stearns  co.,  Minne.sota.  about 
7  miles  S.  of  St.  Cloud,  and  3  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 

NEOAUNEE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Marquette 
CO.,  Michigan,  The  village  is  about  14  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Marquette,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad.  Here 
are  rich  iron  mines.    Pop.  944. 

NEGRO  FLAT,  amining  camp  of  Klamath  co,,  California, 
about  17  miles  S,E,  of  Orle.ins  Bar, 

NEILLSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  6 
miles  N.E.  of  Auburn. 

NEILLSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clark  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Black  River,  about  06  miles  N.N.E.  of  La  Crosse. 

NELSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Cowanesque  Creek,  about  19  miles  S.W.  of 
Corning,  New  York.    Pop.  517, 

NELSON,  a  post-township  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan  a1x)ut  21 
miles  N.N.E,  of  Grand  Rapids,     Pop  462. 

NELSON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Portage  co., 
Ohio,  about  16  miles  N.E.  of  Ravenna.    Pop.  1301. 

NELSON,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Illinois,  on  Rock  River, 
and  on  the  Dixon  Air  Line  Railroad,  6  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Dixon.     I'op.  362. 

NELSON,  a  post-office  of  Mitchell  co.,  Iowa. 

2263 


N£L 


NEV 


NET>SO!?,  a  post-township  of  Buffalo  co.,  ■Wisconsin,  on 
the  Chippewa  River,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Alma.     Pop.  2S2. 

NELSON,  a  Tillage  of  Marion  CO.,  Oregon,  on  Butte  Creek, 
aliout  17  miles  N.E.  of  Salem. 

NELSON'S  POINT,  a  mining  village  of  Plumas  CO.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  middle  fork  of  Feather  River,  about  75  miles 
N  E.  of  Jliirysville.    Pop.  about  300. 

NELSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Missouri, 
shout  31  miles  N.W.  of  Hannibal. 

NEMADJL  a  township  of  Douglas  co.,  'VTisconsin.  on  the 
Saiut  Louis  River.  9  miles  S.W.  of  Superior  City.    Pop.  6. 

NEJIAIIA,  nee'ma-haw\  or  Big  Nemalia,  a  river  in  the 
S.E.  piirt  of  Nebraska,  rises  in  Clay  co.,  and  flowing  south- 
eastward through  Johnson,  Pawnee,  and  Richardson  coun- 
ties, enters  the  Missouri  River  about  3  miles  from  the  S.E. 
extremity  of  Nebraska.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  150  miles. 
NEMAHA,  nem'j-haw,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kan- 
sas, bordering  on  NebraskiU  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  fhe  Nemaha  and  Grasshopper  creeks  which 
rise  within  its  limits.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil 
is  very  productive.  It  contiins  prairies  of  moderate  e.\tent, 
and  forests  or  groves,  in  which  the  oak,  walnut  and  hickory 
are  found.  The  rocks  which  underlie  this  county  are  lime- 
stone and  sandstone,  which  are  good  materi;ils  for  building. 
It  is  lit)erally  supplied  with  spring  water  and  with  timber. 
Capit.^l,  Seneca.    Pop.  243ti. 

NEMAHA,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  border- 
ing on  Missouri,  has  an  area  of  al>out  410  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River,  intersected  by 
the  Little  Nemaha  River,  and  also  drained  by  JIuddy  and 
Honey  Creeks.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  undulating 
prairies,  bluffs,  "bottoms'"  and  groves  of  oak.  hickory,  wal- 
:i\it,  &.C.,  which  are  found  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile.  The  rocks  which  underlie  this 
county  are  limestone  and  sandstone.  Timber  is  said  to  be 
abundant  here.  Capital,  Brownville.  Pop.  3139. 
NEMAHA,  a  township  of  Nemaha  CO.,  Kansiis.  Pop.  217. 
NEMAHA  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  co.,  Nebiiiska, 
on  the  Little  Nemaha  River,  about  2  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Missouri,  and  6  miles  S.  of  Brownville. 

NENAGH,  or  NEENAH,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co., 
Nebraska,  about  3  miles  N.  of  the  Platte  River,  and  70  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Omaha  City. 

NEO'CA,  a  village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  about  18 
miles  S.W.  of  Wiuonju 

NEOGA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cumberland  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Mat- 
toon.    Pop.  799. 

NEO'SHO,  a  river  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  rises  in  the 
central  part  of  the  .-tate,  flows  first  sou  thcastward  and  after- 
wards nearly  southward,  and  enters  the  Arkansas  River  in 
the  Indian  Territory,  at  Fort  Gibson.  Its  whole  length  is 
estimated  at  450  miles 

NEOSHO,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  lior- 
dering  on  the  Indian  Territory.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Neosho  River.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  productive.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  in- 
formation respecting  this  county. 

NEOSHO,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Rubicon  River,  about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Watertown.  and  12 
miles  S.E.  of  Juneau.  It  h.is  an  excellent  water-power,  and 
contains  2  churches,  4  stores,  and  2  mills. 

NEOSHO,  a  village  and  township  of  Coffey  co.,  Kansas, 
about  7  miles  S.  of  Hampden.     Pop.  a31. 

N  EOSHO,  a  township  of  Morris  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  235. 
NEOSHO  FALLS,  a  post-village,  Civpital  of  Woodson  co., 
Kansas,  pleii.santly  situated  on  the  Neosho  River,  about  75 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Lawrence.  It  has  a  court-house  and  a 
large  flouring  mill.  The  falls  of  tlie  river  here  afford  a 
valual)le  water-power.     Pop.  of  the  township  532. 

NEOSHO  R.iPIDS,  a  post-village  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Neosho  River,  12  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Emporia. 

NEPHX,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Juab  co.,  Utah,  is  near 

Salt  Creek.  92  miles  S.  of  Salt  Lake  City.    Pop.  in  i860, 672. 

NEPONSET,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 

Chicago  BurUngton  and  Quincy  Railroad,  40  miles  W.S.W.  of 

Mendota. 

NEPTUNE,  a  postrvillage  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Willow  Creek,  about  -52  miles  W.N.^V.  of  Madison. 

NESEEMA,  a  post-rillage  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska,  about  18 
milas  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

NESHANIC,  a  post-vilbige  of  Somerset  co..  New  Jersey. 
on  the  railroad  which  connects  Flemington  with  Somerville 
9  or  10  miles  S.W.  of  the  latter. 

NESHONOC,  a  post-township  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin 
about  10  miles  N.E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  619. 

NETTLE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Grundy  co_  HUnois. 
Pop.  702.  ^ 

NEVADA,  ne-vah'da,  one  of  the  Western  or  Pacific  states 
of  the  North  American  Union,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Oregon  and  Itlaho,  on  the  E.  by  Utah,  on  the  S.  by  Arizona, 
on  the  S.W.  and  W.  by  California.  It  extends  from  37°  to 
42^  N.  lat.,  and  from  115°  to  120°  W.  Ion.  The  length  N. 
pnd  8.  is  about  US  miles. :  the  greattst  breadth  is  about  265 
miles.  Area  estimated  at  s3,d00  square  miles. 
2261 


Face  of  thf.  Cnuntry,  Soil,  <fc.— Nevada  is  an  elevated, 
mountainous,  and  semi-desert  region,  the  western  p;u't  of 
which  is  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierfa  Nevada.  The 
surface  is  broken  by  a  suciession  of  mountiiin  ranges  and 
intervening  valleys  and  sandy  plains,  the  waters  of  wbiuh 
never  reach  the  sea.  In  the  N.  central  part  is  a  range 
called  Humboldt  Jlountains,  and  in  the  eastern  part  of  tbo 
state  a  range  called  the  liist  Hunibuldt  Mount.ains,  which 
ext«nd  in  a  N.  and  S.  direction.  Westward  from  the  latter 
is  a  long  parallel  metalliferoas  range  called  the  Toiyabe 
Mountjiins.  \  large  jiart  of  the  Greiit  Bii.>in,  or  Fremont's 
Basin,  is  included  in  Nevada.  This  basin  hjvs  an  elevation 
of  about  4000  leet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  soil  is 
generally  sterile,  and  in  manj-  parts  covered  with  wild  sage. 
Nevada  is  not  well  wooded,  in  fact  is  almost  destitute  of 
timber,  except  scrubby  pines  and  cedars.  "Two-tliirds,  and 
perhaps  three-foui  ths  of  it,"  says  Senator  Stewart  of  Nevada, 
"  is  a  desert,  and  cannot  be  inhabited,  and  cannot  support  a 
population  " 

Hirers  and  Lnlces. — This  region  is  remarkable  for  its 
aridity,  and  h.is  no  groat  rivers.  The  largest  is  Iluiuboldt 
River,  which  rises  neivr  the  N.E.  extremity  of  Nevada.  It 
flows  westward  in  the  greater  part  of  its  couise,  dniins  the 
northern  part  of  the  stjite,  and  empties  itself  into  Uuml>aldt 
Lake.  In  the  S.W.  part  is  a  small  stream  named  Walker 
River,  which  flows  into  Walker  Lake.  Carson  River  rises 
in  the  S.W.,  and  enters  Carson  Lake  after  a  course  of  about 
100  miles.  Some  streiims  of  Nevada  are  absorbed  by  the 
sands.  The  state  contains  a  number  of  lakes  which  have  no 
outlet.  Humboldt  Lake,  about  40°  N.  hit.,  and  118°  4l)'  W. 
Ion.,  is  nearly  20  miles  long,  and  8  miles  wide.  Near  th» 
W.  border  of  the  state  is  Pyr.iiidd  T.Ake,  iibout  35  miles 
long,  anil  15  miles  wide.  Its  water  is  bracki.-li.  Walker's 
Lake,  in  the  S.W.  part,  is  about  33  miles  long,  and  10  miles 
wide. 

Minerals. — This  state  is  remarkably  rich  in  the  precions 

metals.     The  silver  mines  of  Storey  county  are  said  to  bo 

the  richest  in  the  United  States.    G(dd,  quicksilver,  copjur, 

leiid,  iron,  and  other  metals  are  also  found  in  Nevada.    The 

principal  mining  districts  are  Virginia,  Gold  Hill,  Reese 

River,  Esmeralda,  Humboldt,  Clan  Alpine,  Walker  River, 

and  Palmyra.    These  are  mostlv  situatetl  in  the  S.W.  part 

of  the  state  in  the  counties  of  Storey,  Orm>by,  Lyon,  and 

Washoe.     Large  quantities  of  silver  were  discovered  here  in 

1859.    The  silver  mines  of  Nevada  yielded  312,4."J3,9I5  in 

1863 ;  and  $15,900,000  iu  1S64.     The  receipts  of  silver  from 

the  various  localities  in  1864  were  as  follows  : 

Virginia  City,        $10,425,350    Aurora,  f960.00>l 

Gold  Hill,  l,4ii2,3v»6    Reese  River,        a00,i>00 

Ciirson  City,  1,994.884    Davton,  220,iX)0 

Silver  City,  229,000     Humboldt,  90,000 

It  is  stated  that  the  Ophir  Mine  is  opened  by  shafts  and 

tunnels  to  the  depth  of  200  feet.    In  Some  parts  of  the 

state  quartz  boulders,  containing  silver,  are  found  on  the 

surface.    Among  the  minerals  of  Nevada  are  bituminous 

coal,  salt,  and  cinnabar. 

Objects  of  lulereMUi  Tourists. — Under  this  head  the  Pyra- 
mid Lake,  situated  near  the  W.  border,  deserves  notice.  It 
is  enclose*!  by  precipitous  walls  of  rock  which  rise  to  a  great 
height,  and  derives  its  name  from  a  pyramidal  mount 
which  hiis  an  altitude  of  about  600  feet.  A  remarkable 
boiling  spring  occurs  about  39°  N.  lat.,  and  117°  30'  W. 
Ion.  Tlie  temperature  of  the  water  is  about  206°  Fahrenheit. 
Climate. — The  climate  is  dry.  and  similar  to  that  of  Utah. 
Rain  seldom  falls  between  April  and  October. 

Animals. — Among  the  animals  of  Nevada  are  the  elk, 
antelope,  bear,  wolf,  and  fox. 

Ojunties  and  Tinmu. — Nevada  is  divided  into  10  counties, 
viz: — Churchill.  Douglas,  Esmeralda,  Ilumlioldt,  Lander, 
Lyon,  Ormsliy.  Roop,  Storey  and  WaslK)e.  The  chief  towns  are 
Virginia  City,  Cai-son  (  ify,' Gold  Hill,  Silver  City,  Ophir, 
Aurora,  Dayton,  &c.    Capital,  Carson  City. 

Pi'pukili'm. — Nevada  conUiined.  in  1 860. 6857  inhabitants. 
The  population  in  1865  is  estimated  at  60,000. 

History. — Nevada  was  organized  as  a  teiritory  in  March 
1861,  before  which  date  it  was  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Utah. 
It  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state  in  October,  1864. 
During  the  great  rebellion,  the  people  of  Nevada  contri- 
buted to  the  Sanitary  Commission  $51,500,  transmitted  in 
the  form  of  silver  bricks  weighing  aliove  100  pounds  each. 

NEVADA,  a  county  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ciilifomia,  bor- 
dering on  the  State  of  Nevada,  has  an  area  of  about  14iX> 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Middle 
Yuba  River,  and  also  draine<lby  the  South  Y'ulia,  Bear  River 
and  Deer  Creek.  The  surface  is  generally  mountainous, 
the  eastern  piirt  being  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada  or 
Snowy  Range.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile.  The  in- 
habitants are  principally  employed  in  mining  gold.  Silver 
and  copper  ai'e  also  found  in  it.  Nevada  county  is  not  sur- 
pikssed  by  any  county  in  the  state  in  mineral  resources.  It 
is  noted  for  the  extent  of  hydraulic  diggings.  In  1859  there 
were  28  mining  ditches,  with  an  aggiegate  lengti^  of  3'4 
miles.  This  comity  has  aliove  30  quartz-mills  tor  crushing 
the  gold-bearing  qiiai-tz.  Organized  iulSql.  Capital,  Nevada 
City.    Pop.  16,446. 


NEV 

NEVADA,  a  post-viUnge  of  Wj'andot  co.,  Ohio,  on  a  rail- 
roaJ,  nbout  &  miles  W.  of  IJucyrus. 

NEVADA,  a  post-village  of  Tipton  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Kailroad,  31  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Logansport. 

NEVADA,  a  township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
297. 

NEVADA,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  co.,  Missouri,  about 
22  miles  N.W.  of  La  CU-de. 

NEVADA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Story  co.,  Iowa,  is 
pleitsantly  situated  on  an  undulating  praiiie,  near  Indian 
Creek,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad, 
(Cedar  Kjipids  and  Missouri  River  Line).  318  miles  W.  of 
Chicago,  and  about  33  miles  N.N.E.  of  Des  Moines.  It  con- 
tains a  court-liouse,  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  and 
several  graded  schools.  Po|i.  in  18(K),  858;  in  1865,  about 
1000.     The  railroad  is  opened  to  this  point. 

NEVADA,  a  post-oJflce  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin. 

NKVADA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Mower  co., 
Minnesota,  about  12  miles  S.S.K.  of  Austin. 

NEVADA,  or  NEVADA  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of 
Nevada  Co.,  Califiirnia,  is  situated  in  a  hilly  region,  i  6  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Sacramento,  about  33  miles  E.  of  Marysville,  and 

12  miles  N.W.  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad.  It  has  been 
from  the  first  one  of  the  principal  mining  towns  in  the 
state.  The  ditch  and  hydraulic  power  were  first  applied  to 
placer  mining  in  this  vicinitj'.  Nevada  has  i  cliurches,  1 
high-school,  and  several  graded-schools,  2  first-class  hotels, 
1  large  foundry  with  a  machine-shop,  and  about  15  quartz- 
mills.  Two  daily  newspapers  are  published  here.  The 
sn-eets  are  lighted  with  gas.  The  parts  of  the  town  appro- 
priated to  business  iire  mostly  built  of  brick.  Nevada  was 
first  settled  in  September,  1S49.  It  once  had  about  «000 
inhabitants.  In  1863  it  waS  nearly  destroyed  by  fire.  Pop. 
In  1866,  about  4000. 

NEVADA,  a  post-town  of  Gilpin  co.,  Colorado,  situated  on 
a  branch  of  North  Cleiir  Creek,  and  near  the  summit  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  40  miles  W.  liy  N.  of  Denver,  and  10  miles 
K.  of  the  Middle  Park.  It  has  an  altitude  of  sibout  8500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  contains  1  public-hall,  1  pub- 
lic-school, and  several  quartz-mills  with  an  aggregate  crush- 
ing power  of  300  stamps.  The  surrounding  hills  are  rich  in 
auriferous  quartz.    'Pop.  in  1805  stated  at  1000. 

NEVADA,  or  NEVADA  CITY,  a  mining-village  in  the  S. 
W.  part  of  Montana,  5  or  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Virginia 
Citv. 

NEVADA  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Vernon  CO.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  about  80  miles  N.W.  of  Springfield,  and  22 
miles  E.  of  Fort  Scot,t,  Kansas. 

NEVINS,  a  township  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  996. 

NEVINVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa,  about  60 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

NKWAGO.    SeeNEWAVGO. 

NEW  ALDA,  a  post-office  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa,  about 
19  miles  S.W.  of  Decorah. 

NEAV  ALBANY,  a  township  of  Story  co.,  Iowa     Pop.  319. 

NEW  ALMADEN,  a  villiige  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  California, 

13  miles  S.  of  San  Jose,  noted  for  its  mines  of  quicksilver. 
The  mines  are  in  a  hill  near  the  head  of  the  beautiful  and 
fertile  valley  of  San  Jose.  They  were  sold,  in  1863,  to  the 
New  York  Quicksilver  Company,  for  $l,7.i0.0(X).  The  annual 
Iiroduot  of  these  mines  is  about  2,600,000  pounds.  Pop.  of 
the  village,  about  600. 

NEW  AMSTERDAM,  a  post-village  of  La  Crosse  CO.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Bbick  River,  about  14  miles  N.  of  La  Cross«. 

NEW  ANTIOCII,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  about 
37  miles  S.K.  of  Davton.     Pop.  120. 

NEWARK  [continued  from  page  1294]. 
and  runs  to  the  Delaware  River,  with  a  branch  to  Bloom- 
field.  Horse-Railroads  run  to  Belleville,  Clinton,  Orange, 
ami  other  adjoining  places,  and  others  are  constructing. 
Newark  also  has  communication  with  the  mctro)iolis  by 
steamboats  plying  on  the  river,  and  by  a  plank-road  comple- 
ted in  1852.  It  is  likewise  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Slor- 
ris  Canal.  At  the  entrance  of  the  latter  into  the  western 
suburb  is  a  very  steep  inclined  plane,  over  which  loaded 
boats  are  passed  and  re-passed  by  the  application  of  water- 
power  furnished  by  the  canal.  Newark  was  settled  in  1666, 
by  a  company  from  New  llaven  and  other  towns  in  Connec- 
ticut. Pop.  in  1830,  10.950;  in  1840,  17,290;  in  1850,38,983; 
in  1855,  about  50,000;  in  1860,  71,914;  in  1864,  80,000. 

NEWARK,  a  post-village  of  Wirt  co,.  West  Virginia,  on 
or  near  the  Little  Kanawha  River,  about  14  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Parkersburg. 

N  KWARK.  a  post-township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan.  The 
N.E.  corner  of  it  is  adjacent  to  Ithaca,  the  county-seat.  Pop. 
395. 

NEWARK,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  about  33 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

NEWAliK,  (WHISKEY  DIGGINGS,)  a  mining-village 
of  Sierra  co.,  California,  34  miles  N.  of  Downieville.  Pop. 
iaid  to  be  500. 

NEW  AUBURN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sibley 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  65  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Paul.  Pop. 
182. 


NEW 

NEWAUKUM,  a  post-village  of  Levris  co ,  Waal  -ngton 
Territory,  near  Newaukum  River,  6  miles  E.  of  Cl?.'i'v»to. 

NEWAUKUM  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Lewis  co.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  flows  westward  into  the  Chelwlis  Ri\  r. 

NEWAYGO,  or  NEVVAGO,  a  county  in  the  W.  pan  of 
Michigan,  has  an  area  of  8ti4  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Muskegon  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  White  a.id 
Marquette  (or  Pere  Marquette)  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level,  and  is  mostly  covered  with  foresits  of  pine,  fu- 
gar-maple,  Ac.  The  soil  is  productive.  Marl  is  found  in 
the  South  part.    Capital,  Newavgo.     Pop.  2760. 

NEWAYGO,  or  NEWAGO,  a  post-viUago,  capital  of  Ne- 
waygo CO.,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  the  Muskegon  Kiver, 
about  33  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Grand  Rapids,  and  28  miles  E.N 
E.  of  Muskegon.     It  has  several  stores  iind  mills. 

NEW  B A  LT I  MORE,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  about 

16  miles  N.N  E.  of  Canton. 

NEW  BALTIMORE,  Michigan.  See  Ashley  Citt,  page 
116. 

NEW  BALTIMORE,  a  station  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Rail- 
road, In  Macomli  co.,  Michigan,  34  miles  N.N  E.  of  Detroit. 

NEW  BERLIN,  a  village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  30  miles  E.  of  Gmnd  Ra- 
pids. 

NEWBERN,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Ohio,  7  or  8 
miles  N.  of  Piqua. 

NKWBERN.  a  post- village  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois,  about  16 
miles  N.W.  of  Alton. 

NEWBERN,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  about  36 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  post-villngc  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  about 
25  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati.    Pop  357. 

NEW  BOSTON,  a  post-village  of  Spencer  CO.,  Indiana,  4 
or  5  miles  from  the  Ohio  River  at  Maxville. 

NEW  BKITTON,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Indiana, 
on  a  railroad,  17  miles  N.N.E.  of  Indiannpolis. 

NEW  BROOKFIKLD,  a  village  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin, 
4  miles  S.  of  Viroqua. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK,  a  village  of  Cottonwood  co.,  Minne- 
sotji.  about  70  miles  W.  of  Mankato. 

NEW  BUD.\.  a  jiost-village  of  Decatur  CO.,  Iowa,  on  Grand 
River,  about  10  miles  S.S.VV.  of  Leon.     Pop.  321. 

NEWBUR6,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kentucky,  about 
11  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Louisville. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about  19  miles 
N.  of  Marietta. 

NEWBURG,  a  post-township  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  about 
8  miles  N.W.  of  Constiintine.    Pop.  861. 

NEWBURG,  a  village  of  Lenawee  Co.,  Michigan,  on  Raisin 
River,  about  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Adrian,  and  2>^  miles  S. 
of  Clinton. 

NEWBURG,  a  station  on  the  Terre  Haute  and  Richmond 
Railroad,  in  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Torre 
Haute. 

NEWBURG,  a  post-villiige  and  township  of  Pike  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  44  miles  S.K.  of  Quincy.  The  township  is  about 
2  miles  W.  of  the  Illinois  Hiver.     Pop.  1357. 

NEWBURG,  a  post-village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  about 

17  miles  N.  of  Bloomington. 

NEWBURG,  a  pt)st-village  of  Mitchell  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Cedar  River,  about  27  miles  N.N.W.  of  Charles  City. 

NEWBURG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fillmore  co., 
Minnesota,  about  50  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester,  and  16  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Preston.  The  village  contains  1  church,  1  store 
and  about  60  persons.     Pop  of  township,  714. 

NEW  BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Cfinton  co.,  Ohio, 
on  Cajsars Creek,  about  20  miles  S.S.K. of  Dayton.    Pop.  191. 

NEW  CANADA,  a  township  of  Ramsey  co.,  Minnesota,  is 
about  2  miles  N.E.  of  Saint  Paul.    Pop.  511, 

NEW  CASSEL,  a  village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co,,  Wisconsin, 
about  18  miles  S.S.E,  of  Fond  du  Lac, 

NEWCASTLE,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine,  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Damariscotta  River,  about  8  miles  E.N.E.  of 

NEWCASTLE,  a  post-village  of  Wilkes  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, about  45  miles  N.N.W.  of  Salisbury. 

NEWCASTLE,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  .36 
miles  N,E.  of  Marietta, 

NEWCASTbE,  a  post-village  of  Gentry  co,,  Missouri, 
about  37  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

NEW  CENTREVILLE,  a  village  of  Somerset  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Somerset.    Pop.  165. 

NEW  CHAMBERSBUR6,  a  post-village  of  Colunibiana 
CO.,  Olxio.     Pop.  120. 

NEW  COLUMBUS,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  Wilkcsbarro.    Pop.  240. 

NEW  DENMARK,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin, 
in  the  S.E.  part.     Pop.  424. 

NEWELL,  a  to  wn^<hip  of  Vermilion  CO.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1600. 

NEW  ERA.  a  post-village  of  Bradford  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Towanda. 

NEW  EL'REKA,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Kansas, 
about  38  miles  N.  of  Topeka, 

NEW  FARMINGION.  See  F.uimixgton,  Jackson  co., 
Indiana. 

2265 


NEW 


NEW 


K£W  FRAXKLIX,  a  post^village  of  Wayne  co^  Illinois, 
alviut  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Salem. 

NEW  GOSHEN,  a  post-village  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  about 
10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Terre  Haute. 

NEW  GUILFOKD  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio, 
about  18  miles  W.  of  Coshocton. 

NEW  HAMPTON,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co..  New 
Jersey,  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  New  Jersey  Cen- 
tral lijiilroad  with  the  Delaware  Lackawanna  and  A\  estern 
Railroad,  16  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Eastou,  and  26  miles  S.S.E. 
of  tlie  Delaware  Water  Gap. 

NEW  HAMPTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Chickasaw 
CO..  Iowa,  about  112  miles  W.N.W. of  Dubuque,  niid  27  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Waverly.    Pop.  in  1860,  303. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  a  post-village  of  Butler  CO.,  Iowa,  on 
Beaver  Creek,  about  10  miles  W.  of  Ced:ir  Falls. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  a  township  of  Winona  CO.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  7  miles  above  La  Crosse. 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co,,  Michigan.  Pop. 
216. 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  Allen  co ,  Indiana,  on  the 
Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  6  miles  E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

NEW  HAVEN',  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  70  miles  by  Railroad  W.  of  St. 
Louis. 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  post-oflRce  of  Washington  co.,  Iowa,  8 
or  9  miles  W.  of  Wiishingt«n. 

NEW  HAVEN,  ii  post-township  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  11  miles  N.W.  of  Rochester. 

NEW  HAVEN,  a  small  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas, 
about  10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Lawrence. 

NEW  HEBRON,"a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Illinois, 
12  miles  S.W.  of  Palestine. 

NEW  HOLLAND,  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Salamonie  River,  about  38  miles  S.W.  of  Fort 
Wavne. 

NEW  HOLSTEIN,  a  post-township  of  Calumet  co.,  Wis- 
consin, 24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  It  coufcuus  a  vil- 
lape,  named  Altotia.     Pop.  1126. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-township  of  Union  co.,  Iowa,  about 
45  mile^  S.S.W,  of  Des  Moines.    Pop.  149. 

NEW  HOPE,  a  post-township  of  Portage  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  12  miles  E.N.E.  of  Stanton.    Pop.  484. 

N  KW  IBERIA,  a  post-village  of  St.  Martin's  parish,  Lou- 
siana.  on  Bayou  Teche,  about  28  miles  N.W.  of  Franklin. 

NEW  IDRH,  a  village  of  Fresno  co.,  California,  about  76 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Millerton.    Here  is  a  quicksilver  mine. 

NEW  JASPER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Greene 
CO.,  Ohio,  about  22  miles  S.  of  Springfield.     Pop.  893. 

NEW  JEFFERSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Greene  co„ 
Iowa,  near  the  Racoon  River,  about  55  miles  N.W.  of  Des 
Moines.  It  contains  a  court-house,  2  churches,  4  stores,  and 
aliout  30  houses. 

NEW  LANCASTER,  a  post-village  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana, 
about  10  miles  E,  by  S.  of  Tipton. 

NEW  LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
about  12  miles  W.  of  Dayton. 

NEW  LEXINGTON,  a  post-village,  capital  (?)  of  Perry 
CO..  Ohio,  on  the  Cincinnati  and  Zanesville  Railroad,  21  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Zanesville,  and  50  miles  E.S.E.  of  Columbus.  It 
contains  several  churches,  &c.    Pop.  812. 

NEW  LISBON,  a  pos(>village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Lemonweir  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Saint 
Paul  R,iilroad,  62  miles  E.  of  La  Crosse,  and  10  miles  N.W. 
of  Mansion.  It  has  4  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  and 
several  flouring-niills  and  saw-mills.  It  is  surrounded  with 
picturesque  scenery.  The  Twin  Bluffs  at  this  place  attract 
many  visitvnrs.     Pop.  about  1000. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-village  of  Frederick  co.,  Maryland, 
8  or  9  miles  E.  of  Frederick  City. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  village  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Huron,  aliout  11  miles  N.  of  Lexington. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Burlington  and  Mis.stmri  River  Railroad.  19  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Burlington.  It  contains  2  churches,  1  large 
brick  school-house,  and  1  steam  flour-mill.  Pop.  about  700; 
population  of  New  London  township,  19;t4. 

NEW  LONDON,  a  post-village  of  Waupaca  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wolf  River,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Erabarnis 
River,  about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Menasha,  and  48  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    It  has  several  stores. 

NEW  LOTS,  a  township  of  Kiugs  co.,  New  York,  on  Ja- 
maica Bay.  about  6  miles  S.E.  of  lirooklvn.    Pop.  3271. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co..  New  Jer- 
sey, on  the  Central  Railroad,  9  miles  E.  of  Somerville. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co..  North 
Carolina,  about  80  miles  W.  of  Rjxleigh. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  village  of  Clarke  Co.,  Indiana,  about 
23  miles  S.S.W.  of  Madison. 

NEW  MARKET,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  127. 

NEW  MIDDLETOX,  Illinois.    See  Middleton. 

NEW  MI:nICH,  a  village  of  Sac  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near  the 
Racoon  River,  about  80  miles  E.  of  Sioux  City. 

NEW  OREGON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Howard  co., 


I  Iowa,  on  the  McGregor  Western  Railroad,  and  the  Turkey 
River,  about  20  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Decorah.  Pop.  of  New 
Oregon  township,  in  1S60,  850. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine,  situ- 
ated on  Newport  I'oud,  and  on  the  Maine  Central  Railroad, 
27  miles  W.  of  Bangor.  Newport  Pond  is  about  4  miles 
long,  and  3  wide. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  of  Orleans  co.,  Vermont,  at  the 
N.  terminus  of  the  Connecticut  and  Passumjisic  Rivers  Riiil> 
road,  65  miles  N.  of  Wells  liiver,  and  about  12  miles  N.  of 
Irasbnrg. 

NEWPORT,  a  village  of  Marion  Co.,  West  Virginia.  Pop. 
72. 

NEWPORT,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  Ohio,  about  27  milos 
W.S.W.  of  Columbus. 

NEWPOR  T,  a  viUage  of  Portage  co^  Ohio,  on  the  canal, 
about  12  miles  E.  of  Rjivenna. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Johnson  co., 
Iowa.  The  village  is  about  8  miles  N.E.  of  Iowa  City.  To- 
tal population,  538. 

NEWPORT,  a  decayed  post-village  of  Sauk  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Wisconsin  River,  3  miles  below  Kilbourn  City. 
Some  of  the  houses  have  been  removed  to  other  ]>laces. 

NEWPORT,  a  small  township  of  Washington  co.,  Minne- 
sotii,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  contains  the  village  of  New- 
port.   Pop.  117. 

NEWPORT,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  9  miles  be- 
low Saint  Paul. 

NEWPORT,  a  village  of  Dickinson  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Kau.ias  Kiver,  about  16  miles  W.S.W.  of  Junction  City.    • 

NEWPORT  NEWS,  Virginia,  a  point  of  laud  near  the 
mouth  of  James  River,  about  7  miles  above  Fortress  Mon- 
roe.   It  is  on  the  N.  or  N.W.  side  of  Hampton  Roads. 

NEW  READING,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio.  Pop. 
662. 

NEW  RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  In- 
diana, about  17  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lafayette. 

NEW  RICHMOND,  a  post-office  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wis- 
consin. 

NEW  RIAER,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida,  bor- 
dering on  Georgia,  has  an  area  estimated  at  1200  square 
miles.  The  surface  is  nearly  level.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Florida  .•Vtlantic  and  Gulf  Central  Railroad.    Pop.  38;*). 

NEWRY,  a  townslup  of  Freeborn  co.,  Alinnesota.  Pop 
148. 

NEW  SALEM,  or  SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co., 
West  Virginia,  on  the  Northwestern  Railroad,  14  miles  W. 
of  Clarksburg. 

NEW  SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  North  Caro- 
lina, about  10  miles  N.  of  Ashboro'. 

NEW  SALEM,  a  township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  10.^2. 

NEW  SALEM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pike  co., 
Illinois,  about  34  miles  E.S.E.  of  Quincy.    Pop.  1455. 

NEW  SHARON,  a  post-office  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  about 
12  milos  N.  of  Oskaloo.sa. 

NEW  SOMERSET,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Ohio, 
about  13  miles  N.N.W.  of  Steubeiiville. 

NEWSO.MS  DEPOT,  a  post-ofSce  of  Southampton  co., 
Virginia,  on  the  Seaboard  and  Roanoke  Riiilroad,  50  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Portsmouth. 

NEWTON,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Indiana,  border- 
ing on  Illinois,  ha«  an  area  of  about  420  square  miles.  It 
is  bovnded  on  the  N.  by  the  Kankakee  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Iroquois  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level. 
The  Toledo  Logansport  and  Burlington  Railroad  passes 
through  the  county.    Pop.  2360. 

NEWTON,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Ohio,  about  16  miles 
S.E.  of  Lima. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  529. 

NEWTON,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  138. 

NEWTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  35  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Des  Moines.  It  contains  .a  large  court-house,  1  national 
bank,  5  churches,  2  newsptvper  offices,  3  public  schools,  and 
3  hotels.  A  mine  or  bed  of  coal  has  been  opened  about  2 
miles  from  Newton.  Pop.  in  1860, 1617 ;  in  I860,  reported 
to  be  2000. 

NEWTONIA,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co^  Missouri,  about 
11  miles  E.  of  Neosho. 

NEWTONVILLK,  a  post->illage  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio, 
about  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

NEWTOWN,  a  township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois.  Pi  p. 
981. 

NEWTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Missouri,  about 
50  miles  N.  by  W.  of  La  Clede. 

NEWTOWN,  a  post-village  cf  Pottawattomie  co.,  Iowa, 
on  Nishnabatona  River,  about  37  miles  E.N.E.  of  OniaUa 
City. 

NEWTOWN,  a  post-office  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California. 

NEWTRIER,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  lUiuols,  on  Lakn 
Michigan.  '  Pop.  912. 

NEW  ULM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Browi.  co.,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  the  right  (S.W.)  bank  of  tl  e  Miunesoto 


NEW 


NOR 


River,  about  24  miles  in  u  direct  lino  W.  of  Saint  Peter.  It 
Ua«  a  uiitiouiil  bank.     I'op.  of  New  Ulni  townsliip,  035. 

NKVV  VERXOJl,  a  post-townsliip  and  villase  of  Mercer 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about  18  miles  S.  of  Moadville.  Pop. 
700. 

NEW  VIENNA,  a  post-villa;?e  of  Dubuque  cc,  Iowa 
about  25  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Dubuque. 

NEW  WAVERLY,  or  WAVERLY,  a  post-village  of  Cass 
CO.,  Indiana,  on  th's  Toledo  and  Wabaah  Railroad,  8  miles  E. 
of  LoRangport. 

NEW  WESTMINSTER,  a  post-town,  capita  of  British 
Columbia,  situated  on  Fniser  River,  about  10  miles  from  Us 
mouth,  and  70  miles  N.N.E.  of  Victoria.  It  has  a  bank,  a 
newspaper  office,  &c.     Pop.  estimated  at  1500. 

NEW  WINE,  or  NEW  WIEN,  a  township  of  Dubuqueco., 
Iowa,  about  20  miles  W.  of  Dubuque.  It  contains  the  vil- 
lage of  New  Vienna  and  Dyersville.     Pop.  1595. 

NEW  YORK,  a  poatoffice  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  S.W.  of  Oskaloosa. 

NEZ  PEUCfi,  a  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Idaho,  Is 
partly  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Clearwater  River,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Lewis  Fork  or  Snake  River.  Tlie 
surface  in  some  parts  is  mountainous.  Gold  is  found  in  the 
E.  part.    Capital,  Lewistou.     Pop.  in  1804, 1403. 

NI  ANTIC,  a  post-village  of  Niantic  Township,  Macon  Co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Great  Western  lUiilroad,  27  miles  E.  of 
Springfield. 

NICOLAUS,  a  post-village  of  Sutter  co..  California,  on  the 
Sacramento  River,  17  miles  S.  of  Marysville.  It  has  several 
stores.    Pop.  in  1863,  about  200. 

NICOLLET,  nik'o-lA',  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minneso- 
ta, has  an  area  of  about  450  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  and  S.W.  by  the  Minnesota  River,  and  contains 
several  small  and  beautiful  lakes.  The  surface  is  undulating 
or  nearly  k-vel ;  the  soil  is  calcareous  and  very  fertile.  The 
prairies  of  this  county  are  much  more  oxteu.sive  than  the 
woodlands.  A  limestone  resembling  marble  is  found  near 
St.  Peter's,  the  county-seat.     Pop.  3773. 

NICOLLET,  a  post-town.ship  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  about  10  miles 
above  Mankato.    Pop.  300. 

NICOLLET,  a  post-village  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota,  in 
Nicollet  township,  near  the  >Iinuesotti  River,  about  12  miles 
S.W.  of  St.  Peter. 

NIDAY,  a  village  of  Josephine  co.,  Oregon,  about  50  miles 
S.  of  Roseburg. 

NILES,  a  township  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  192. 

NILWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  29  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Springfield. 

NINEVEH,  a  post-village  of  Adair  co.,  Missouri,  on  Cha- 
riton River,  about  30  miles  NN.E.  of  I<aCledo. 

NININGER,  a  post-township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  3 
miles  W.  of  Hastings.     Pop.  469. 

NIOliBA'RA,  a  river  of  Nebraska,  called  also  RUNNING 
WATER  RIVER,  or  L'EAU  QUI  COURT,  rises  among  the 
Black  Uills  in  Dakota,  and  flowing  eastward  through  the  N. 
part  of  Neliraska,  enters  the  Missouri  River  at  Niobrara 
near  the  N.W.  extremity  of  L'Eau  Qui  Court  county.  Its 
whole  length  is  estimated  at  450  or  500  miles. 

NIOBRARA,  or  NIOBRAR.IH,  a  post-village  of  L'Eau  Qui 
Court  00.,  Nebraska,  on  the  Missouri  River  at  the  mouth  of 
the  L'Eau  Qui  Court. 

NIOGA,  Illinois.    See  Neoo.4. 

NIPOMA,  or  NAPOMA,  a  village  of  San  Luis  Obispo  co., 
California,  about  18  mil&s  S.  by  E.  of  San  Luis  Obispo. 

NISQUALLY,  or  NESQUALLY,  a  post-village  of  Pierce 
CO.,  Washington  Territory,  on  Puget  Sound,  noiir  the  Nis- 
qually  River  9  miles  S.  of  Steilacoom. 

NISQUALLY  RIVER.    See  Nesqually,  page  1285. 

NIVEN.  a  post- village  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  14  miles  S.  of  Montrose.   . 

NIXON,  a  township  of  Dewitt  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  337. 

NOBLE,  or  NOBLES,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of 
Minnesota,  bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  720  square 
miles.  It  contains  several  lakes  which  are  sources  of  the 
West  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River.  The  surfiiee  is  nearly 
level.     This  county  is  not  noticed  in  the  census  of  1800. 

NOBLE,  a  township  of  Auglaize  co..  Ohio.    Pop.  826. 

NOBLF,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1655. 

NOBLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Richland  co., 
Illinois  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  38  miles  W. 
o/'^'"ncennes 

NOBLETON,  a  village  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri,  5  or  6 
miles  E.  of  Neosh:>. 

NOHLEVILLK,  a  village  of  Noble  CO.,  Indiana,  about  24 
miles  N.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

NOD.\WAY,  a  township  of  .^dams  co..  Iowa.     Pop.  184. 

NODAWAY,  a  township  of  Page  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1373. 

NODAWAY,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  181. 

NOKOMIS,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  St.  Louis  Alton  and  T'^^re  Haute  Railroad,  27  miles  E. 
N.E.  of  Litchfield. 

KOLIN,  or  NOLENSVIILE,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co., 


Kentucky,  on  the  Louisville  and  Na-shville  Railroad,  53 
miles  S.  of  Louisville. 

NORA,  a  post-office  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

NORA  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Floyd  co..  lown,  on 
Shell  Rock  River,  aboiit  20  miles  W.N.W.  of  Charles  City. 

NORMA,  a  post-village  of  Webster  co.,  Missouri,  about 
32  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

N0RM.4L,  a  post-village  of  McLean  co..  Illinois,  situated 
in  Normal  township  on  the  Central  Railroad,  2  miles  N.  of 
Bloomington  and  61  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield.  The  Chicago 
Alton  and  St.  Louis  Rjiilroad  hero  intersects  the  above- 
named  road.  This  place  is  the  seat  of  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  University,  a  large  and  prosperous  institution 
which  is  attended  by  about  450  students.  The  building  is 
stated  to  have  cost  $200,0i)0.  The  University  also  has  an 
endowment  of  $200,000.  Normal  contains  1  or  2  churches. 
Pop.  about  800.  The  population  of  the  township  in  1860 
was  S47. 

NORMAN,  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  363. 

NORMANDA,  or  NORMANDY,  a  post-village  of  Tipton 
CO.,  Indiana,  about  40  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis. 

NORMANDY,  a  post-village  of  Bedford  CO.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Nashville  and  Chattanooga  Railroad,  62  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Nashville. 

NORMANDY,  a  post-village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri, 
about  10  miles  N.W.  of  St  Louis. 

NQRRIS,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Lewiston  Branch  Railroad,  33  miles  S.E  of  Galesburg. 

NORTH,  a  township  of  Boone  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  369. 

NORTH,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
992. 

NORTH  ACTON,  a  pist-village  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on  a 
small  lake  about  38  miles  W.  of  Portland.    It  has  2  mills. 

NORTH  ALMOND,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  CO.,  New 
York,  about  20  miles  N.E.  of  Belmont. 

NORTHAMPTON,  a  township  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  633. 

NORTH  APPLE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Illi- 
nois.    Pop.  604. 

NORTH  AUBURN,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin  co., 
Maine,  on  or  near  Wilson  Pond,  about  5  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Auburn. 

NORTH  BELGRADE,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  on  the  JIaine  Central  Railroad,  about  15  miles  N. 
of  Augusta,  aiul  1  mile  E.  of  the  threat  Pond. 

NORTH  BEND,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Tippecanoe  River,  about  35  miles  N.N.W.  of  Logiinsport. 

NORTH  BEND,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co„  Wisconsin, 
on  Blaek  River,  about  22  miles  N.  by  E.  of  La  Crosse. 

NORTH  BEND,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  co.,  Nebraska, 
about  IH  miles  W.  of  Fontenelle. 

NORTH  BEND,  a  post-village  of  San  Pete  CO.,  Utah,  22 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Manti. 

NORTH  BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co., 
California,  near  the  South  Y'uba  River,  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Nevatla.    Pop.  estimated  at  400. 

NORTH  BRANCH,  a  jw.st  township  of  Lapeer  CO.,  Michi- 
gan, about  62  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Detroit.     Pop.  240. 

NORTH  BRIDGETON,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine,  on  Long  Pond,  about  44  miles  N.W.  of  Portland. 

NORTH  BROWNSVILLK,  Michigan.  See  Brownsvilus, 
Kent  county. 

NORTH  CARMEL,  a  post^village  of  Penobscot  co^  Maine, 
about  14  miles  W.  bv  N.  of  liangur. 

NORTH  CLAY'TON,  a  pos^village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  southwest  Branch  of  the  Miami  River,  about  9  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Piqua. 

NORTH  COLLINS,  a  township  of  Erie  co..  New  York, 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Buflalo.    Pop.  1948. 

NORTH  COLUMBIA,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 9  miles  N.  of  Nevada.    It  hiis  several  stores. 

NORTH  DORSET,  a  post-village  of  Bennington  co.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Western  Vermont  Railroad,  22  miles  S.  of 
Rutland. 

NORTH  EAU  CLAIR  R,  a  township  of  Eau  Claire  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  N.  side  of  Eau  Clain^  River.     Pop.  308. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Maine. 
Pop.  262. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  81. 

NORTHFIELD,  a  thriving  post-village  and  township  of 
Rice  CO.,  Minnesota.  The  village  is  on  both  sides  of  the 
Cannon  River,  and  on  the  Minnesota  Central  Railroad,  about 
14  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Faribault,  and  37  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul. 
A  large  forest  bounds  it  on  the  W.  and  a  rich  prairie  on  the 
other  sides.  It  has  3  Protestant  churches,  1  large  flouringi- 
mill  moved  by  water-power,  1  saw-mill,  1  foundry  with 
machine  shop,  and  numerous  stores.  Founded  in  1850. 
Total  population  in  1800,  867 ;  pop.  of  the  village  in  1865, 
about  800. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
584. 

NORTH  FORK,  a  village  of  Trinity  co..  California,  on  or 
near  the  Trinity  River,  13  miles  W'.  of  Weaverville.  Her* 
is  Trinity  post-office. 

2267 


NOR 


OAK 


VOKTH  GALVESTOX,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  cc, 
Indiana,  about  8  miles  N.W.  of  Warsaw. 

NORTH  GARDKN,  a  post-village  of  AHiemarle  co.,  Vir- 
Ifinia.  on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Kailroad,  11  miles  S. 
W.  of  Cliarlottesville, 

NORTH  GRKEXBUSH,  a  township  of  Rensselaer  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  4  miles  below  Troy.  Pop. 
2170. 

NORTHINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Harnett  co..  North 
Carolina,  about  33  miles  S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

NORTH  JAY,  a  post-village  of  Fraiiklin  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Androscoggin  Railroad,  about  12  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Farm- 
ington. 

NORTH  LESLIE,  a  jKist-office  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan, 
ahout  20  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lansing. 

NORTH  MONMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  about  15  miles  \V.  by  S.  of  Augusta,  and  1  mile  W.  of 
the  Maiue  Central  Railroad. 

NORTH  LEWISBURG,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Atlantic  and  Grciit  Western  Railroad,  about 
15  miles  N.E.  of  Urbanna, 

NORTH  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  St.  Joseph  co..  In- 
diana, about  15  miles  S.W.  of  South  Bend. 

NORTH  LIBERTY,  a  post-office  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa, 
about  9  miles  N.W.  of  Iowa  Citv. 

NORTH  MUDDY,  a  townsliipof  Jasper  CO.,  Illinois,  fop. 
625. 

NORTH  OGDEN,  a  post-village  of  Weber  co.,  Utah,  7 
miles  N.  by  E.of  Ogden  Citv. 

NORTH  P.ARK,  Colorado,  is  a  large  tract  of  land  in  the 
N.E.  part  of  Summit  county,  surrounded  on  several  sides 
by  ranges  of  high  mountains.  It  is  drained  by  the  North 
Fork  of  the  Platte. 

NORTH  PENN,  a  postoffice  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

NORTH  PITTSTON,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  altout  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ang\ista. 

NORTHPORT.  a  post-village  of  Leelenaw  CO.,  Michigan, 
on  the  W.  shore  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay,  about  3  miles  E. 
of  Lake  Michigan,  and  28  miles  N.  of  Grand  Traverse 
City. 

NORTHPORT,  a  post  vill.ige  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin 
on  the  Wolf  River,  60  miles  above  Oshkosh.  It  has  2  stores 
1  gri-it-mill,  2  warehouses,  &c.    Pop.  about  100. 

NORTH  S.ALEM,  a  post-village  of  Linn  CO.,  Missouri, 
about  24  miles  N.  by  E.  cf  I^i  CU-de. 

NORTH  SALEM,  a  precinct  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon.  Pop. 
625. 

NORTH  SAN  JUAN,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  Cali- 
fornia situated  near  the  Middle  Yuba  River,  12  miles  N.W. 
of  Nevada  City.  It  contains  1  church,  2  schools,  1  news- 
paper office,  and  1  theatre.  The  Ilenness  Pass  Turnpike 
passes  through  this  place.  Its  principal  resources  are  gold 
mines,  which  are  worked  by  the  hydraulic  process.  Grapes 
are  cultivated  here  for  wine  with  success.  Pop.  including 
Chinese,  about  1500. 

NORTH  SEARSMONT,  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine, 
about  11  miles  W.  ot  Belfast. 

NORTH  SEARSPORT.  a  post-village  of  Waldo  co.,  Maine, 
8  or  9  niiles.N.  bv  E.  of  Belfast. 

NORTH  SEDGWICK,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co., 
Maine,  on  or  near  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  about  20  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Ellsworth. 

NORTH  SHADE,  a  post-township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  32  miles  N.N.W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  413. 

NORTH  SIDNEY,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
neiir  the  Kennebec  River,  about  14  miles  N.N.E.  of  Augusta. 

NORTH  STAR,  a  post-township  of  Gratiot  Co.,  Michigan, 
about  37  miles  N.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  400. 

NORTHU.MBKRLAND.aUnvashipof  Wyoming,  co.,Penn- 
•yhrania.    Pop.  836. 


NORTH  UNION,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pei)nsy]T» 
nia.    Pop.  1749. 

NORTH  UNITY,  a  post-village  of  Leelenaw  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Lake  Michigan,  about  19  miles  N.W.  of  Grand  Traversa 
Citv. 

NORTH  VASSALBORO',  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co, 
Maiue,  about  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  .Augusta,  and  2  miles  K.  of 
the  Kennebec  River. 

Ni  iRTHVILLE,  a  post-offico  of  Greene  co.,  Iowa,  about 

12  miles  N.W.  of  New  Jefferson. 

NORTH  WATERKORD,  a  post-village  of  Oxford  co., 
Maine,  about  15  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Paris. 

NORTH  WAYNE,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maiue, 
about  16  miles  W.N.W,  of  Augusta. 

NORTH  WINDHAM,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  co, 
Maine,  near  the  E.  shore  of  Sebago  l.iike,  about  17  miU« 
N.W.  of  Portland. 

NORTUWOOD,  a  post-township  of  Worth  co.,  Iowa,  aboul 
42  miles  N.W.  of  Charles  City.     Pop.  170. 

NORTH  YAM  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Ore- 
gon, 7  miles  N.W.  of  Lafayette. 

NORTON,  a  township  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan.  Pop.197. 

NORTON,  a  township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  251. 

NORTON,  or  MORTON,  a  township  of  Tazewell  co.,  Illi- 
nois.   Pop.  1187. 

NORTONSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Albemarle  co.,  "Vir- 
ginia, about  30  miles  E.  of  Staunton. 

NORVAL,  or  NORVEl.L,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co., 
Michigan,  on  or  near  the  Jacksou  Branch  RiiilroaU,  about 
22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Adrian. 

NORWALK,  a  post-village  of  W^arren  co.,  Iowa,  about  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Des  Moines,  and  2  or  3  miles  S.  of  Racoon  River. 

NORWAY',  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  about 

13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Ottawa. 

NORWAY,  a  township  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  152. 

NORWAY',  a  township  of  Fillmore  CO.,  Minnesota.  Pop.756. 

NORWAY',  a  post-village  of  Goodhue  Co.,  Minnesota,  about 
16  miles  E.  of  Faribault. 

NORWOOD,  a  post-village  of  Stanley  co.,  North  Carolina, 
near  the  W.  bank  of  the  Y'adkin  River,  about  90  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

NORWOOD,  a  village  of  Putniun  Co.,  Ohio,  about  10  mileg 
N.  by  W.  of  Kalida. 

NOTOMA  or  NATOMA,  a  township  of  Sacramento  co., 
California.     Pop.  654. 

NOTTINGH.AM.a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Big  Blue  River,  about  16  miles  below  Marysville, 

NOVARRO  RIVER.    See  N.w.vero. 

NOVATO  POINT,  in  Miirin  co.,  California,  on  the  Bay  of 
San  Pablo. 

NOY'O  (no'yo)  RIVER.  California,  is  a  small  stream  which 
rises  in  the  centi-al  part  of  Mendocino  co.,  flows  northwest- 
ward, and  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

NOYO  RIVER,  a  village  of  Mendocino  co.,  California,  on 
or  near  the  ocean,  50  miles  N.W.  of  Ukiah.  It  has  sevenU 
stores. 

NUGEXT'S  GROVE,  a  po.stoffice  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  about 
50  miles  W.S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

NUMA,  a  post-office  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  about  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Ottumwa. 

NUNDA.  a  township  of  McUenry  co.,  Illinois,  on  Fox 
River.    Pop.  1321. 

NUNDA,  a  post-township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  Iowa,  about  6  miles  S.W.of  Albert  Lea.  Pop.  203. 

NUNDA  STATION,  a  post-office  of  McHenry  co.,  Illinois, 
in  Nunda  township  on  the  Fox  River  Valley  Railroad,  48 
miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

NUNICA.  a  post-village  of  Ott.iwa  co.,  Michigan,  near 
Crockery  Creek,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Rail- 
road, 22  miles  W'.N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids,  and  10  miles  E.  of 
Lake  Michigan. 


O. 


OAK,  a  township  of  Mills  co.,  lo^ra.    Pop.  412. 
OAKDALE.  a  post-township  of  Washington  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, about  7  miles  E.  by  N.  of  St.  Paul.     Pop.  215. 

OAKDALE,  a  post-village  of  Izard  Co.,  Nebraska,  about 
76  miles  N.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

OAKFIELI).  a  post-village  of  Perry  co..  Ohio,  about  24 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Zanesville. 

OAKFIELI),  a  post-township  of  Kentco.,  Michigan,  about 
20  miles  N.E.  of  Grand  Rapids.     Pop.  1078. 

0.\KFIELD,  a  post-office  of  Audubon  CO.,  Iowa,  4  or  5 
miles  S.W.  of  Exlra. 

OAKFIELI),  a  post-village  .and  township  of  Fond  du  Lac 
CO..  Wisconsin.  The  village  Is  on  the  Chicago  and  North- 
wosti^rn  Railroad,  9  miles  S.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.  Total 
population.  1146. 

OAKKIELD  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co., 
W  iseonsin.  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad.  12 
miles  S.W.  of  Kond  du  Lac. 

OIK  GLEN,  a  poBt-village  and  township  of  Steele  co.. 
2268  ' 


Minnesota,  about  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Rochester.  Pop.  in 
1860,  9. 

OAK  GROVE,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,IniUana.  Pop.  1209. 

OA  K  GROVE,  a  township  of  Pierce  Co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  4  miles  E.  of  Prescott.     Pop.  370. 

OAK  GROVE,  a  post-village  in  Oak  Grove  township, 
Anoka  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Rum  River,  about  10  miles  N.  of 
Anoka.     Pop  of  the  township,  231. 

OAK  HARBOR,  a  village  of  Island  CO.,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, on  an  inlet  of  the  seii,  10  miles  N.E.  of  Coupeville. 

0.\KLAND,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  919. 

OAKLAND,  a  township  of  Susquehanna  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  522. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland, 
on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  54  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Cumberland. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  West  Virgiuia 
about  28  miles  N.  of  Winchester. 


OAK 


OIL 


OAKLAND,  a  post-office  of  Chutliam  co.,  North  Carolina, 
on  Deep  liiver.  about  3t<  miles  W.S.W.  of  Raleigh. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  about  16 
miles  S.  of  Xenia. 

OAKLAND,  a  village  of  La  Clede  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Gasconade  River,  about  48  niijea  S.W.  of  RoUa. 

OAKLAND,  a  township  of  Schuyler  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
831, 

OAKLAND,  a  post-ofBce  or  village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa, 
about  20  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Dubuque. 

OAKLAND,  a  township  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  432. 

OAKLAND,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
132. 

OAKLAND,a  city  of  Alameda  co.,  California,  is  plea.santly 
situated  on  the  E.  shore  of  the  Hay  of  Siin  Francisco,  oppo- 
site tlie  metropolis,  which  is  7  miles  distiint,  and  on  the  San 
Francisco  and  Alameda  Railroad.  It  contains  about  ti 
chnrche.s,  an  institution,  called  the  College  of  California,  the 
Oakland  Seniinarj'  for  Ladies,  and  a  public  school.  One 
neH.spai)ei'  is  published  here.  Large  quantities  of  riispber- 
ries  are  raised  in  the  vicinity.  Poj).  in  1860, 1543 ;  in  1864, 
about  2000. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  on  Ca- 
lapooya  Creek,  18  miles  N.  of  Rosoburg.  It  contains  a 
flouring-niill,  and  haa  some  trade. 

OAKLAND,  a  precinct  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  contains 
the  village  of  Oakland.     Pop.  357. 

OAKLAND,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sawamish  co.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  on  an  inlet  of  Puget  Sound,  25  miles  N'.W. 
of  Olympia.    It  has  1  or  2  stores. 

OAKLEY,  a  post-offlce  of  Macon  co.,  Illinois,  and  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  9  or  10  miles  E.  of 
Decatur. 

OAK  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Cowlitz  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Columbia  River,  about 
75  miles  S.  of  Olvmpia. 

OAK  STATION,  a  post-offlce  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Tiucennes  with  Terre  Ilaute,  15 
miles  N.  of  the  former. 

OAKVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Live  Oak  co.,  Texas, 
situated  on  the  Nueces  River,  about  88  miles  S.  by  E.  of  San 
Antonio. 

OCEAN.\,  a  post-village  of  Wyoming  co.,  West  Tirginia, 
about  58  miles  S.  of  Charleston. 

OCEANA,  a  township  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Michigan.     Pop.  214. 

OCEANPORT,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co..  New  Jer- 
oey,  on  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  Long  Branch 
7unct»on  Railroad,  3  miles  W.  of  Long  Branch. 

OCKOLA,  Pennsylvania     See  OscEOL.\. 

OCEOLA,  or  OSCEOLA,  a  post-village  of  St.  Joseph  co., 
Indiana,  on  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  and  on  the  Michigan 
Southern  Railroad,  8  or  9  miles  E.  of  South  Bend. 

OCEOLA,  Iowa.    See  Osceola. 

OCEOLA,  or  OSCEOLA,  a  post-township  of  Fond  du  liac 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  12  miles  S.E.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  881. 

OCONEK  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Shelby  CO.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  22  miles  N.  of  Vaudalia. 

OCONTO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin, 
is  situated  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  2  miles  from  its 
entrance  into  Green  Bay,  and  30  miles  N.  by  E.  of  the  city 
of  Green  Bay.  It  contains  a  court-house,  a  jail,  2  churches, 
2  newspaper  offices,  9  stores,  2  graded  schools,  and  4  large 
Bteam  saw-mills.  The  manufacture  of  pine  lumber  is  tlie 
principal  business  of  the  place.  It  is  stated  that  about  100 
million  feet  of  lumber  is  shipped  here  annually.  Pop.  about 
800. 

OCONTO,  a  township  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin,  contains 
the  village  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  in  1860,  887. 

OCOYA,  a  post-village  of  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  23  miles  N.E.  of 
Blooniington. 

ODELL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Livingston  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  45 
toiles  S.W.  of  Joliet.    Pop.  318. 

ODES'SA,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Upper  Iowa  River,  and  on  the  S.  boundary  of  the  st;ite, 
about  11  miles  S.  of  Preston. 

ODIN,  a  post-village  of  Marion  CO.,  Illinois,  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad  with  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  (Chicago  Branch),  65  miles  E.  of  St.  Louis, 
and  9  miles  N.N.E.  of  Centralia. 

O'FALLON,  a  post-office  of  St.  Charles  co.,  Missouri,  and 
a  station  on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  34  miles  W.N.W. 
of  St.  Louis. 

O'FALLON  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois, 
and  a  station  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  18  miles 
E.of  St.  Louis. 

OGDEN,a  post-offlce  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  about  15  miles 
S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

OGDEN.  a  post-village  of  Riley  co.,  Kansas,  on  the  left 
(N.)  bank  of  the  Kansas  River,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Mau- 
hattun. 

OGDEN  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Weber  co.,  Utah, 
I  tuated  on  Weber  River,  40  miles  N.  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and 


near  the  W.  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains.    It  contains 
several  schools  and  stores.     Pop.  in  1860,  1464. 

OGDENSBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Sussex  co.  New  Jersey, , 
about  10  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Newton. 

OGDENSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  45  miles  N.W.  of  Oshkosh. 

0(iDENSI!URG,  a  village  of  Winona  Co.,  Minnesota,  or 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  13  miles  above  Winona. 

OGLE  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Lee  co  ,  Illinois,  on  th* 
railroad  which  connects  Chicago  with  Dixon,  15  miles  E.  of 
Dixon. 

OHIO,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.    Pop.  1110. 

OHIO,  a  township  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  adjoining  Rockport.     Pup.  2t>39.  ^ 

OHIO,  a  post-township  of  Bureau  co,  Illinois,  about  10 
miles  N.  of  Princeton.     Pop.  107S. 

OHIO,  a  post-township  of  Jlivdison  co,  lovra,  about  30 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Des  Moines.     I'op.  476 

OHIO,  a  township  of  Franklin  co..  Kansas.     Pop.  561. 

OHIO  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  Co.,  Kansas,  35 
miles  S.  of  Lawrence.  It  has  2  hotels,  and  aboat  12  dwelling 
houses. 

OIL,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  922. 

OIL  CITY,  a  post-town  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Alleghany  River,  just  below  the  mouth  of  Oil  Creek, 
8  miles  E.N.E.  of  Franklin,  and  36  miles  S.E.  of  Meadville. 
It  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Franklin  Branch  of  the  Atlantic 
anil  Great  Western  Railroad,  and  may  be  denominated  the 
eajiital  or  principal  market  of  the  Venango  County  Oil 
Region.  Immense  quantities  of  oil  procured  in  this  vici- 
nity are  shipped  here  by  steamboats  which  ply  regularly 
between  this  town  and  Pittsburg.  It  contains  4  churclies, 
1  national  bank,  2  other  banks,  8  or  more  oil  refineries,  12 
hotels,  several  commission  warehouses,  7  dry-goods  stores,  4 
diug-stores,  3  lumber-yards,  and  2  machine-shops.  Here 
are  several  oil-wells,  one  of  which,  it  is  stated,  has  been 
flowing  since  Octol)er,  1S61.  The  growth  of  Oil  City  has 
been  remarkably  rapid.  Before  1860  the  place  contained 
only  a  store  and  1  or  2  taverns.  It  was  incorporated  a  bo- 
rough in  1862.     Pop.  in  18&5  estimated  at  12,000. 

OIL  REGIONS.— The  attention  of  the  public  has  within 
a  few  years  been  particularly  excited  by  the  discovery  of 
certain  tracts  of  land,  the  underlying  strata  of  which  con- 
tain more  or  less  extensive  deposits  of  oil,  generally  known 
as  I'etroleum.  The  greater  part  of  these  dejKjsits  lie  at  a 
depth  varying  from  300  to  1200  feet.  The  districts  in  the 
United  States  known  as  containing  oil,  are  the  following: 

1.  The  oil  region  of  Northwestern  Pennsylvania  princi- 
pally contained  in  Venango,  Cniwtbrd,  Clarion,  and  Warren 
counties.  'I'liis,  from  Venango  county  being  the  great  cen- 
tre, is  often  called  the  Venango  County  Oil  Region.  The 
first  discoveries  of  oil  in  this  region  were  made  on  Oil 
Creek,  which  flows  through  the  most  productive  portion  of 
the  oil  region.  This  stream  rises  on  the  northern  b(jrder  of 
Crawford  county,  and  running  in  a  southerly  direction, 
enters  the  Alleghany  River  near  the  centre  of  Venango. 
All  along  that  part  of  its  course  which  is  included  in  Ve- 
nango county,  a  distance  of  about  20  miles,  oil  wells  are 
!ibun<lant,  and  all  the  tribiitaries  of  Oil  Creek  abound  in 
oil.  The  section  on  French  Creek,  which  enters  the  Alle- 
ghany River  in  Venango  county,  and  its  tributary,  Sugjir 
Creek,  is  now  attracting  much  attention.  Just  below  the 
entrance  of  Oil  Creek  into  tlie  Alleghany  River  is  Oil  City, 
a  thriving  town  which  may  be  said  to  owe  its  existence  to 
the  discovery  of  oil  in  this  region,  of  which  it  is  the  groat 
shii>ping  point.    See  Oii.  City. 

2.  Oil  has  also  been  discovered  in  considerableal)undanco 
in  the  southwest  part  of  Pennsylvania  in  Fayette  and 
Green  counties.  This  section  of  the  state  has  as  yet  been 
but  imperfectly  exploretl.  There  is  indeed  reason  to  believe 
that  oil  will  be  found  in  many  other  parts  of  Western  Penn- 
sylvania. 

3.  The  Western  Virginia  Oil  Region.  It  is  not  improba- 
ble that  the  oil  region  of  Southwestern  Pennsylvania  may 
be  found  to  be  continuous  with  that  of  West  \  irginia.  In- 
dications of  oil  are  said  to  have  been  found  in  the  Panhandle 
and  other  places  South  of  the  Pennsylvania  line ;  but  the 
great  oil  territory  of  West  Virginia  lies  on  the  little  Kana- 
wha and  Hughes  River  and  their  numerous  affluents  in  Plea- 
sants, Ritchie,  Wirt,  and  Wood  counties.  This  oil  region  is 
but  very  imperfectly  explored,  although  the  existenc/>  of 
oil  in  this  vicinity  has  been  known  for  more  than  50  years. 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  it  will  be  found  not  inferior 
in  productiveness  to  any  other  oil  territory  that  has  yet 
been  discovered.  The  oil  found  in  West  Virginia  is  of  a 
superior  quality.  Most  of  the  shallow  wells  yield  a  luiiii 
eating  oil  very  heavy  and  of  great  value. 

4.  There  is  also  an  oil  region  in  the  Southern  part  of 
Ohio  apparently  continuous  with  the  West  Virginia  oil 
tract,  en>l)racing  Washington,  Meigs,  Athens,  Morgan,  and 
Noble  counties,  of  the  trade  of  which  Marietta  is  the  great 
centre. 

Many  other  oil  territories  are  found  in  different  paYts  o( 
the  United  States;  among  these  we  mav  mention  particu- 

2268 


OKA 

»T\y  fi»«f  In  Eastern  Ohio,  on  the  Mahoning  and  the  Big  and 
I  ittl.j  i<e.iver  Rivers,  and  the  Cumberland  River  district  in 
I  tfte  South  part  of  Kentucky,  extending  into  Tennessee,  the 
Variceijurg  district  in  Lewis  county,  Kentucky,  opposite  to 
Adams  and  Scioto  counties  in  Oliio,  and  the  Green  River 
district  in  McLean  county,  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky. 
The  oil  tract  in  the  Big  Sandy  River,  on  the  E.  border  of 
the  state,  appears  to  lie  a  continuation  of  the  oil  region  of 
West  Virginia.  A  statement  of  exports  of  Petroleum  for 
the  last  2  or  3  years  will  be  found  in  the  article  on  the 
Umted  States,  page  1093.  (For  a  more  particular  account 
of  the  various  oil  regions  in  the  United  States,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  a  little  work  by  J.  II.  A.  Bone,  Esq.,  entitled 
"Petroleum  and  Petroleum'Wells,"  Philadelphia,  1866.) 

0KAM.4N.  a  pcfrt-village  of  Waseca  co.,  Minnesota,  on  a 
imall  lake.  IS  or  20  miles  E.  of  Mankato. 

OKANAGON  or  OKINAGAN  RIVER,  rise.s  in  British 
Columbia,  Hows  southward  through  Stevens,  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  and  enters  the  Columbia  River  about  lat.  ib° 
y  N.,  Ion.  119°  65'  W. 

OKAW,  Douglas  co.,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Central 
Bailroad,  15  miles  N.  of  Mattoon. 

OKAW,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  160. 

OKAW  SOUTH,  a  township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  902. 

OKE.\NA,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Ohio,  about  l-l 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Hamilton. 

OKEMOS,  a  post-village  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Red  Cedar  River,  7  miles  E.  of  Lansing. 

OLA,  a  post-office  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa,  about  48  miles  N.  of 
Oskaloosa. 

OLA'THE,  o-lA'the,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Johnson  co.. 
Kansas,  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Kansas  City,  and  about  33 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Leavenworth.  It  is  situated  in  an  exten- 
Bive  prairie. 

OLDENBURG,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana, 
»bout  13  miles  S.W.  of  Brookville. 

OLDHAM,  a  post-village  of  Crittenden  co.,  Arkansas,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  IS  miles  above  Slemphis. 

OLD  LYCOMING,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Pop.  1041. 

OLDTOWN,  a  township  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  663. 

OLEAN',  a  village  of  Todd  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  5  or  6  miles  l>elow  Little  Falls. 

OLKMA,  a  post-village  of  Marin  co.,  California,  is  plea- 
santly situated  on  Olema  Creek.  1}^  miles  from  the  head  of 
Tomales  Bay,  and  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  San  Rafael.  It  has  2 
hotels,  1  store,  and  1  school.    Pop.  about  250. 

OLENA.  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Ohio,  about  8  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Norwalk. 

OLENA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henderson  co., 
Illinois,  about  8  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Burlington,  Iowa.  Pop. 
of  the  village  104. 

OLIO,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois,  about  20  miles 
E.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  1379. 

OLIO,  a  post-village  of  Union  co.,  Iowa,  about  10  miles 
S.E.  of  Afton. 

OLIVE,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about  26  miles 
N.  of  Marietta. 

OLIVE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  627. 

OLIVE,  a  township  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan.     Pop.  315. 

OLIVE,  a  township  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indhina.  Pop. 
1446. 

OLIVE,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  786. 

OLIVE  CITY,  a  mining-village  of  Yuma  co.,  Arizona,  on 
the  Colorado  River,  abojitloO  miles  W.S.W.  of  Prescott. 

OLIVER,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1060. 

OLMSTEAD,  a  comity  in  the  S.E,  part  of  Minnesota,  has 
an  area  of  about  6.'>0  sqiuire  milea.  It  is  drained  Ity  the 
Zumbro,  Root  and  Minueska  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating, or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  based  on  sedimentary 


ONT 

OMAHA,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Missouri,  about  75 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

OMAHA,  a  township  of  Cuming  co.,  Nebraska.    Pop.  35. 

O.MAHA,  o'ma-haw\  or  O.MAHA  CITY,  the  capital  of  Ne- 
braska, and  seat  of  justice  for  Doughis  co.,  is  pleiisantly  sit- 
uated on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Missouri,  opposite  the  town  of 
Council  Bluffs,  18  miles  by  land  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Platte,  125  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Des  Moines,  and  1-50  miles  by 
land,  or  about  250  miles  by  the  river  above  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri. Lat.  41°  16'  N. ;  Ion.  about  96°  W.  The  site  is  a  pla- 
teau, or  undulating  ground,  between  the  river  and  the  bluffs, 
which  rise  by  gentle  slopes,  and  the  summits  of  which  com- 
mand a  beautiful  view  of  the  wide  and  undulating  prairie. 
The  streets  cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  are  well 
paved  with  stone  and  brick.  The  principal  public  buildings 
are  the  ciipitjil,  the  court-house,  and  10  churchL's.  The  city 
contains  3  banks,  3  newspaper  offices,  a  female  seminary, 
called  Brownell  Ilall,  and  a  number  of  other  schools.  The 
principal  business  of  the  people  of  Omaha  is  the  sale  and 
transportation  of  goods  to  the  plains,  mines  and  forts  of  the 
far  West.  A  great  number  of  emigrants  from  the  East  cross 
the  river  here,  and  procure  their  outfit.  The  Missouri  is 
navigable  for  large  steamboats  above  and  below  this  place. 
It  is  the  E.  terminus  of  a  gi-eat  military  road,  extending 
to  Fort  Kearney,  and  of  a  branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad 
(unfinished).  The  name  of  Omaha  is  derived  from  a  tribe 
of  Indians.  Limestone  of  good  quality  is  found  in  the  vici- 
nity. The  growth  of  Omaha  has  been  rapid.  Pop.  in  1860, 
1883 ;  in  1865,  about  4500. 

OMAR,  a  village  of  Seneca  co.,  Ohio,  18  miles  E.  of  Tiffin. 

OME'GA,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  Ciilitbrnia,  20  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Nevada  City.    Pop.  said  to  be  POO. 

OMRO,  or  OMRI,  a  post-village  of  Omro  township,  Win- 
nebago CO.,  Wisconsin,  situated  on  Fox  River,  11  miles  W. 
of  Oshkosh,  and  32  miles  N.  of  Waupun,  with  which  it  U 
connected  by  railroad.  It  contains  3  churches,  and  several 
mills.  One  newspaper  is  published  here.  Pop.  about  140O ; 
population  of  Omro  township,  in  1860,  2012. 

ON"ALAS'KA,  a  post-village  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Black  River,  6  or  7  miles  N.  of  La  Crosse.  It  contains  3 
steam  saw-niills,  and  about  8  stores. 

ON  ALASKA,  a  township  of  La  Crosse  co.,  Wisconsin.  Its 
S.  line  is  about  8  miles  N.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  840. 

ONARGA,  or  ONARGO,  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Il- 
linois, on  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  86  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Chicago.  It  contains  3  churches  and  a  seminary  under 
the  direction  of  the  Methodist  Church,  which  has  about  150 
students.  Onarga  is  surrounded  by  rich  prairie  farms,  of 
which  corn  (maize)  is  the  staple  product.  Pop.  about  lOOO ; 
population  of  Onarga  township,  1423. 

UN'AWA,  a  post-village,  cnpital  of  Manona  co.,  Iowa, 
about  7  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  55  miles  N.  of 
Council  Bluffs.  It  is  on  the  route  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  and 
Missouri  River  Railioad. 

ONEIDA,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Tuscarar 
was  Branch  Railroad,  about  16  miles  S.E.  of  Canton. 

ONEIUA,  a  post-township  of  Eaton  Co.,  Michigan,  on 
Grand  River,  10  miles  W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  1382. 

ONEIDA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  Galesburg.  It  contains  3  churches,  1  largo  brick 
graded  school-house,  and  numerous  stores  and  warehouses. 
Grain  and  stock  are  shipped  here.  Pop.  estimated  at  1500. 
ONEIDA,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  546. 
ONE'KA,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
20  miles  N.N.E.  of  Saint  Paul. 

ONEOTA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  St.  Louis  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  St.  Louis  River,  near  its  entrance  into 
Lake  Superior,  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Du  Luth.    Pop.  161. 
ONION  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Plumas  co.,  California, 


riK-ks.  and  is  highly  productive.    It  is  estimated  that  the  near  the  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River,  17  miles  S.  by  W. 

prairies  of  this  county  are  equal  in  extent  to  about  two-  of  Quinry. 

thirds  of  its  area.    The  margins  of  the  streams  are  over-  ONISBO,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California,  18 

grown  with  deciduous  trees.    Wheat  is  the  chief  article  of  miles  S.  of  Sacramento. 

export.    The  county  is  inteisected  by  the  Winona  and  St.  ONONDAGA,  a  jtost-township  of  Ingham  co.,  Michigan, 

Pejt^cr  Railroad.    Capital^  Roche.^ter.    Pop.  9524.  about  17  miles  S.  of  Lansing,  is  intersected  by  Grand  River. 


OLMS  TEAD,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co..  Iowa,  about  44 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Council  Bluffs. 

OLYMPI.\,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Washington  Territorv. 
and  connty-seat  of  Thurston  co.,  is  beautifiillv  situated  at 
the  head  of  stcam-navigjition  on  Puget  Sound,  about  150 
miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  contains  a  state-house,  a 
territoriiil  library,  3  churches,  and  a  Masonic  liall.  Three 
newspapers  are  published  here.  The  residents  are  mostly 
engaged  in  tbe  lumber  business  and  in  traUe.  The  climate 
in  the  summer  is  delightful.  The  winter  is  a  rainy  season 
of  about  five  months  in  duration.  Ovsters  and  fish  abound 
In  the  vicinity.    Pop.  about  350. 

i^i.^^^^l"'^^'  *  post-office  of  Overton  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
Obey  s  River,  about  100  miles  E.  T>y  N.  of  Nashville. 

OMADI,  a  post-township  of  Dakota  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  atx)Ut  10  miles  S.  of  Sioux  City.  Hero  was 
•  Tillage  of  several  hundred  inhabitants,  which  was  nearlv 
destroye.1  by  a  flood,  which  caused  the  bank  to  cave  in  in 
1862.  Poj).  in  1860,  46. 
2270 


Pop.  1188. 

ONONWA,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  on  a  rail- 
road, 12  miles  S.W.  of  Muscatine. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  near  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  about  8  miles  W.  of 
Mansfield. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-village  of  Lagrange  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Pigeon  River,  aliout  32  miles  E.  of  Elkhart. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  contains 
the  villages  of  Ontario  and  Onwda,  which  see.    Pop.  1467. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-village  in  the  above  township,  about  45 
miles  N.W.  of  Peoria,  and  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Galesburg.  It 
has  2  churches. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-office  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin. 

ONTARIO,  a  post-office  of  Nemaha  CO.,  Kansas. 

ONTEl.AUNEE,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1398. 

ONTON.\GON,  a  township  of  Ontonagon  co.,  Michigan, 
contains  the  village  of  same  name.    Pop.  1188. 


ONT 


OSC 


ONTONJ.'UON,  on^ton-mi'gon,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Ontonagon  co.,  Michigan,  is  sitnated  on  tlie  S.  sliore  of  Lake 
Superior,  at  the  nioutli  of  a  rivr  of  its  own  name,  itbont  45 
mik'S  W.S.W.  of  Houghton.  It  contains  4  clmiches,  1  fine 
public  scliool  building,  1  large  hotel,  1  newspaper  office,  and 
a  copper-smelting  furnace.  It  is  the  shipping-i)oint  for  the 
copper  mines  of  the  Ontonagon  district.  It  is  st;ited  that 
the. receipts  of  freight  hero  iu  18(>t  were  over  10,000  tons. 
I'op.  in  ISCo,  about  1000. 

OOLTAWAH,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Tennessee,  on 
the  Chattanooga  and  Knoxville  Railroad,  15  uiilos  N.E.  of 
Ehattanooga. 

OI'HIR,  a  township  of  Butte  co.,  California.    Pop.  635. 

Ol'IIIK,  a  post-village  of  Washoe  co.,  Nevada,  is  situated 
high  in  a  mountainous  region,  3  mika  S.  of  Washoe  City,  and 
about  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Carson  City.  Here  is  a  rich  mine 
of  one  of  the  precious  metals,  and  a  large  quartz-mill  which 
crushes  40  tons  of  rock  in  a  day.  Pop.  in  1864,  estimated  at 
500. 

OPHIRA'ILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 3  miles  W.  of  Auburn. 

OHAN,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  about  6 
mik'S  N.W.  of  Warsaw. 

OKAN,  a  post-township  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Waterloo.    Pop.  401. 

ORANGE,  a  post-village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  11  miles  N.  of  Wilkesbarre. 

ORANGE,  a  village  of  Cuj-ahoga  Co.,  Ohio,  near  the  Cha- 
grin River,  about  18  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Cleveland. 

ORANGE,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cleve- 
land and  Columbus  Railroad,  14  miles  N.  of  Columbus. 

ORANGE,  a  post-township  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  about 
27  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  801. 

ORANGE,  a  post-township  of  Fayette  co.,  Indiana,  about 
25  miles  S.W.  of  Richmond. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  710. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  876. 

ORANGE,  a  village  of  Benton  co.,  Missouri,  about  70 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Jefferson  City. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Wack  Hawk  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  301. 

ORANGE,  a  post-towuship  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  about  18 
miles  N.of  Davenport.     Pop.  304. 

ORANGE,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  101. 

ORANGE,  a  post-village  in  Orange  townshi]),  Juneau  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  La  Crosse  Railroad,  11 
miles  N.W.  of  Mansion,  and  o7  miles  E.  of  La  Crosse.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  233. 

ORANGEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio, 
about  70  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Cleveland. 

ORCUTT,  a  township  of  Grundy  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  56. 

OREGON,  a  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York, 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Dunkirk. 

OREGON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
863. 

OREGON,  a  post-villago  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  about  24 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Dayton. 

OREGON,  a  post-township  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  about 
20  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1253. 

OKEGON,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  392. 

OREGON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Holt  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  about  25  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  6  miles  N.E.  of 
Iowa  Point,  Kansas,  and  about  4  miles  from  the  Missouri 
River.     Pop.  of  Oregon  township,  720. 

OREGON,  a  township  of  Washington  CO..  Iowa.    Pop.  737. 

OREGON,  a  post-village  and  townshiii  of  Dane  co.,  Wis- 
consin. The  village  is  on  the  Beloit  and  Madison  Railroad, 
11  miles  S.  of  Madison.     Total  pojMilation,  1251). 

OREGON,  a  township  of  Butte  co.,  CMlifornia.    Pop.  1389. 

OREGON  HOUSE,  a  post-village  of  Yuba  co.,  California, 
23  miles  N.E.  of  Miuysville. 

ORFORD,  or  ORFORDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Janesville  with 
Monroe,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  the  former. 

URIIIULA,  or  ORIBULA,  a  township  forming  the  N.W. 
extremity  of  Winnebago  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Wolf  River. 
Pop.  233. 

ORION,  a  post-township  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  6  miles 
N.  of  I'ontiac,  contains  the  villaije  of  Bangor.     Pop.  1292. 

ORION,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  823. 

ORI'ON,  a  township  of  Olmsteiid  co.,  Minnesota,  12  miles 
S.E.  of  Rochester.     I'op.  276. 

ORION,  a  townshi|i  of  Steele  co.,  Minnesota.     Pop.  291. 

ORKNEY  SPRINGS,  a  post-office  or  village  of  Shenan- 
doah CO.,  Virginia. 

ORLAND,  a  post-township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  about  20 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  104  t. 

ORLANDO,  a  village  i)f  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  about  5  miles 
W.  of  Corydon. 

ORL.A.NbO,  a  post-village  of  Sherburne  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  left  (N.)  liaiik  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  40  miles  by 
land  N.W.  of  St.  Paul. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland, 
near  the  Potomac  River,  about  24  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Cum- 
berland. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Orange  CO.,  In- 


diana. The  village  is  on  the  Louisville  rfew  Albany  and 
"Chicago  Railroad,  15  miles  S.  of  Bedford.  Pop.  of  tow  nship, 
1790. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Great  Western  Railroad,  8  miles  E.  of  Jacksonville. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-office  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa,  about  13 
miles  W.  of  151oomfield. 

( (RLEANS,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  417. 

ORLEANS,  a  post-village  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Neosho  River,  about  60  miles  S.S.W.  of  Topeka. 

ORLEANS,  or  ORLEANS  BAR,  a  post-vilhige,  cjipital  of 
Klamath  co.,  California,  on  the  Klamath  River,  about  60 
miles  S.W.  of  Yreka,  and  60  miles  N.E.  of  Eureka.  It  is 
sitnated  iu  a  rugged  and  mountainous  coimtry,  and  has  gold 
mines.    Pop.  in  1860,  174. 

ORLEANS,  a  small  village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Willamette  River,  about  11  miles  S.AV.  of  Albany. 

ORMSBY,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Nevada,  has  an 
areji  of  about  240  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Lake  Tahoe,  and  intersected  by  Carson  River,  which  aflorda 
durable  water-power.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  forming 
part  of  the  E.  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Gold  and  silver 
mines  have  been  opened  in  this  county,  .and  mining  is  th« 
chief  business  of  the  inhabitants.  Pine  forests  grow  on  tho 
Sierra  Nevada,  from  which  a  large  quantity  of  lumber  is 
procured.  Granite  and  limestone  are  abundant  in  this 
county,  which  also  contains  copper  and  iron.  Capital,  Car- 
son City. 

ORG,  a  township  of  Butte  co.,  California.    Pop.  641. 

ORO  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lake  co.,  Colorado, 
is  situated  on  or  near  the  Arkansas  River,  and  on  the  W. 
slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountuins,  about  90  miles  iu  a  direct 
line  S.W.  of  Denver. 

ORO  FINO  ("  Fine  Gold"),  a  post-village  of  Siskiyou  co., 
California,  25  miles  S.W.  of  Yreka. 

ORO  FINO,  a  post-village  of  Shoshone  co.,  Idaho,  is  on 
Oro  Fino  Crc>ek,  2  miles  E.  of  Pierce  City.  Gold  is  found 
here. 

ORO  FINO  CREEK,  Shoshone  co.,  Idaho,  is  an  afiluent 
of  the  Clearwater  River. 

ORO'NO,  a  post-village  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  about  15 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Muscatine.    Pop.  191. 

ORONOCO,  a  township  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota,  64 
miles  S.S.E.  of  St.  Paul,  contains  Oronoco  village.  Pop.  488. 

ORONOCO,  or  ORINOCO,  a  post-village  of  Olmstead  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Zumbro  River,  about 
10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Rochester. 

OROVILLE,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Butte  co.,  California, 
situated  on  the  Featlier  River,  75  miles  N.  of  Sucranientc, 
and  about  25  miles  N.  of  Marysville.  The  California  North- 
ern Railroad,  which  is  completed  to  this  point,  connects  it 
with  Marysville.  It  has  productive  gold  mines,  and  con- 
tained, in  1863,  7  dry-goods  stores,  5  general  stores,  2  drug 
stores,  2  banking  offices.  &c.  One  newspaper  is  issued  here. 
Pop.  in  1804,  about-2000. 

OHRVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenburg  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Charlotte. 

ORRVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  Cleveland  Zanesviilo  and  Cincinnati  Rail- 
road, 11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Wooster,  and  64  miles  S.  of  Cleve- 
land. 

OSAGE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an  area 
of  about  800  S(iuare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Osage  or 
Marais  des  Cygnes  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diver- 
sified; the  soil  is  fertile.  Large  deposits  of  good  coal  have 
been  fouud  in  it.  The  county  has  some  timber  growing  on 
tlie  margins  of  the  streams.  Capital,  Burliugame.  Pop. 
1113. 

OSAGE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Illinois,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  Centralia. 

OSAGE,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  675. 

OSAGE,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  CO.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Maramec  River,  about  22  miles  W.  of  Potosi,  and  38  miles 
E.  of  Rolla.    Pop.  of  Osage  township,  98i5. 

OSAGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mitchell  co.,  Iowa,  on  or 
near  the  Red  Cedar  River,  about  60  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Cedar 
Falls.    Pop.  of  Osage  township,  816. 

OSAGE,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  446. 

OSAGE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Osage  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Osage  with  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Pacific  Riiilroad,  8  miles  E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

OSAWKEE,  Kansas.     See  Ozaukie. 

OSBORN,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  San- 
duskv  Dayton  aud  Cincinnati  Railroad,  10  or  11  miles  N.E. 
of  Dayton.     Pop.  423. 

OSBORN,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  CO.,  Missouri,  on  the  Han- 
nibal and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  29  miles  E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

OSBORN,  a  post-village  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa,  about  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Decorah. 

OSBORN,  or  OSBORNE,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of 
Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  135. 

OSCEOLA,  or  OCEOLA,  a  post-village  of  Tioga  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Cowanesciue  Creek,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Wells- 
borough.    Pop.  of  Osceola  township,  460. 

2271 


osc 


OTT 


OSCEOT.A,  Indiana.    See  Oceola. 

OSCKOLA,  or  OCEOIiA,  ii  post-township  of  Stark  CO.* 
Illinois,  about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Peoria.     Cop.  1000. 

OSCEOLA,  ii  post-village,  capital  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Burlington  and  Missouri  Kiver  Kailroad  (in  progress), 
about  40  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Des  Moines.  Pop.  of  Osceola 
township,  950. 

OSCEOLA,  a  township  of  Franklin  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  161. 

OSCEOL.\,  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  AVisconsin.    See  Oceola. 

OSCEOLA,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Saint  Croix  River.    Pop.  479. 

OSCEOLA,  a  post-village  in  the  W.  part  of  Multnomah 
CO..  Oregon. 

OSCEOLA  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Saint  Croix  River,  27  miles  by  the  road  N.  of  Hudson. 

OSCOW,  or  OSEROW,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  576. 

OSGOOD,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  Railroad,  62  miles  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

OSH'AWA,  a  township  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
W.  hank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  just  above  St.  Peter.  It 
contains  the  village  of  Oshawa,  wlxich  is  about  6  miles  S.W. 
of  St.  Peter.    Pop.  980. 

OSHKOSH  [continued  from  page  1407]. 
factured  products.  There  are  in  the  city  17  saw-mills,  cut- 
ting over  50,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually,  besides  lath 
and  pickets,  6  shingle-niills,  maldng  6,500,000  shingles,  3 
planing-mills,  3  sash  and  door  factories,  1  fence  factory,  3 
flour  and  grist-mills,  3  grain  warehouses,  2  foundries  and 
machine-shop?,  1  railroad  machine-shop,  2  tanneries,  3 
breweries,  3  printing  offices,  publishing  2  weekly  and  1 
daily  paper,  and  1  monthlj-  German  magazine,l  bookbindery , 
■■l  churches,  and  3  public  halls.  'I  he  county  court-house 
and  jail  is  a  very  fine  edifice.  Tlie  number  of  dealers 
licensed  under  the  TJ.  S.  Revenue  Ijiws,  is  161.  By  means 
of  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers,and  the  works  of  the  Fox  and 
Wisconsin  Improvement  Company.it  is  connected  with  Green 
Bay  and  the  waters  that  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
•^n  the  one  hand.and  with  the  Mississijipi  on  the  other.  Steam- 
boats have  come  here  from  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and 
several  that  were  built  here  are  now  running  on  the  Missis- 
sippi and  its  tributaries.  A  ship-yard  is  established  to  build 
boats  and  barges  for  the  Mississippi.  The  Wolf  River  is 
navigiible  for  small  steamboats  iip  into  the  pine  lumber 
region  for  100  miles.  Most  of  the  Inniber  and  shingles  manu- 
factured goes  south  over  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railway  to  find  a  market.  This  road  will  soon  form  a  con- 
tinuous line  to  Lake  Superior,  it  being  completed  except  a 
link  of  water  cunimunication  on  Green  Bay.  Pop.  about  9000. 

OSK.\LOOSA.  a  township  of  Jefl'erson  co.,  Kansas,  con- 
tains the  villaixe  of  Oskaloosa.    Pop.  965. 

OS  K  ALOO'S  .\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Kan- 
sas, situated  in  a  pniirie  25  miles  W.S.W.  of  Leavenworth, 
ami  22  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Lawrence.  It  has  1  church  and 
5  stores.     A  newspaper  is  published  here.     Pop.  about  400. 

OSKAUKAS,  a  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  9  or  10  miles  S.  of  Portage  City. 

OSSAWATTOMIE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Miami 
CO.,  Kansas,  on  the  Osage  River,  about  38  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Lawrence.  Salt  is  made  here  of  brine  obtjiined  by  boring 
o  the  depth  of  120  feet.  This  place  was  the  residence  of 
the  famoiis  John  Brown.  Steps  have  been  fciken  towards 
establishing  an  insane  asylum  at  this  place.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  894. 

OSSEO,  a  village  of  Trempealeau  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Buflalo  River,  about  55  miles  N.  of  La  Crosse. 

OSSEO,  a  post-village  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
14  miles  N.Ji.W.  of  Minneapolis. 

OSSIAN,  a  post-village  of  AVells  co.,  Indiana,  about  16 
miles  S.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

OSSIAN,  a  post-village  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
McGregor  Western  Railroad,  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  McGregor. 

OSTE.MO,  or  OSHTEMO,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Kalamazoo  co.,  Micliigan.  The  village  is  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  6  miles  S.W.  of  Kalamazoo.  Total  population 
1239. 

OSTEND,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
aboiit  32  miles  N.X.W.  of  Altoona. 

OSTEND,  a  i>ost-village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  about  16  miles  by  land  E.  by  N.  of  Marietta. 

OSTRANOEU,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Springfield  and  Delaware  Railroad.  9  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Delaware. 

OSWEGO,  a  post-village  of  Clackamas  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Willamette  River.  6  miles  N.  of  Oregon  City. 

OTHO,  a  post-village  of  Webster  co.,  Iowa,  8  or  9  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Fort  Dodge.     Pop.  1.36. 

OTIS,  a  township  of  Washington  CO.,  Minnesota.   Pop.  272. 

OTIS'CO,  a  township  of  Waseca  CO.,  Minnesota,  contiiins 
a  villaire  named  Otisco,  which  is  about  30  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Faribault.     Pop.  267. 

OTOE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  bordering 
on  Missouri  and  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  630  square 
miles.     It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River,  in- 
tersected by  the  Little  Nemaha  River,  and  also  drained  by 
2Zi2 


Honey  Creek  and  other  streams.  Tlie  surface  is  undulating; 
the  soil  is  very  fertile.  Wheat,  Indi.m  corn,  and  oats  are 
the  staple  products.  The  eastern  part  of  the  county  it 
mostly  prairie :  the  western  part  is  said  to  be  abundantly 
supplied  with  timber  —  oak,  walnut,  hickory  and  cotton- 
wood.  The  rock  which  underlies  this  county  is  limestone. 
Valuable  salt  springs  are  found  in  the  N.W.  part.  A  gallon 
of  this  saline  water  contains  about  5  troyounces  of  Solid 
salt,  of  which  95  per  cent,  is  chloride  of  sodium.  Capital, 
Nebraska  City.    Pop.  4211. 

OTOE,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kansas,  haa 
an  area  of  576  square  miles.     Pop.  238. 

OTOE,  or  OTOE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  11  miles  below  Nebraska  City, 

OTOPOLIS,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  on  Weep- 
ing Water  Creek,  about  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Plattsmouth. 

OTSEGO,  a  village  of  Wood  co.,  Ohio,  near  the  Maumee 
River,  about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

OTSEGO,  a  post-village  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Kalamazoo  River,  about  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Kalamazoo. 
It  has  2  or  3  mills. 

OTSEGO,  a  iwst-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  20 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  West  Union. 

OTSEGO,  a  iK)st-villago  of  Otsego  township,  Columbia  co^ 
Wiscon.sin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  30  milea 
N.W.  of  Watertown. 

OTSEGO;  a  post-village  and  townshij)  of  Wright  co..  Min- 
nesota, on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  28  miles  N.W.  of  St. 
Anthony.    Pop.  320. 

OTTAWA,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Kansas, 
has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Solomon  Fork  of  the  Kansas  River.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating :  the  soU  is  productive. 

OTTAWA,  a  village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  near  Blanch- 
ard's  Fork,  and  on  the  Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad,  20 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Lima. 

OTTAWA,  a  jiost-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about  9 
miles  E.  of  Osceola. 

OTTAWA,  a  small  township  of  Le  Sueur  CO.,  Minnesota, 
contains  the  village  of  Ottawa.     Pop.  .336. 

OTTAWA,  a  post-village  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  right  (E.)  bank  of  the  Minnesotii  River,  between  Le 
Sueur  and  Siiint  Peter,  about  5  miles  from  each. 

OTTAWA,  a  village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas,  about  15 
miles  S.  of  Lawrence. 

OTTAWA,  a  post-village  and  townsliip  of  Franklin  co., 
Kansas,  on  the  Osage  River,  25  miles  S.  of  Lawrence.  Pop.  542. 

OTTAWA,  formerly  BYTOWN,  the  capitiil  of  Canada,  and 
of  Carleton  county,  is  situated  on  the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the 
Ottawa  River.  I>iit.  about  46°  22'  N.,  Ion.  about  75°  40'  W. 
A  niilroad  54  miles  long  connects  it  with  the  Saint  Lawrence 
River  at  Prescott.  [See  Bytown,  page  325.]  This  city  has 
recently  been  designated  as  the  capital  of  Canada.  It  ha.s  a 
the.atre  and  several  fine  new  public  edifices.  Pop.  in  1801, 
14,696. 

OTTAAVA  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  Grand  River,  22  miles  W.N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

OTTAWA  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Frsinklin  co.,  Kansas. 

OTTER,  a  township  of  Lucas  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  439. 

OTTER,  a  township  of  Warren  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  ti35. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  station  on  the  Detroit  and  Toledo 
Railroad,  in  Monroe  CO.,  Michigan,  about  16  miles  N.NJi. 
of  Toll-do. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1604.  ' 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jersey  co-  Illinois.  Pop. 
653. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
893. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  1017. 

OTTER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  436. 

OTTER  TAIL,  a  county  in  the  AV.  part  of  .Minnesota,  has 
an  area  of  2016  sijuare  miles.  It  is  dr.iined  by  the  Red 
River  of  the  North,  which  flows  westward,  and  by  Leaf 
River,  which  flows  eastw  ard.  It  contiiins  numerous  Lakes, 
one,  which,  nanu'd  Otter  Tail,  is  about  10  miles  long.  The 
region  around  Otter  Tail  Lake  is  thus  described  by  a  recent 
writer:  "To  the  W.N.AA'.  and  N.E.  the  whole  country  is 
heavily  tiujbered  with  oak,  elm,  ash,  sugar-maple,  &c.  *  * 
The  fine  scenery  of  lakes  and  open  groves  of  oak  on  the 
prairies,  of  winding  streams  connecting  them  and  rolling 
country  on  all  sides,  renders  this  portion  of  Minnesofci  the 
garden-spot  of  the  Northwest."  CapiUil,  Otter  Tail  City 
Pop.  240. 

orfER  TAIL  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Otter  Tail 
CO.,  Minnesota,  is  situated  at  the  N.E  extremity  of  the  lak* 
of  the  same  name,  about  155  mile^in  a  direct  line  N.AV.  o« 
Saint  Paul.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  fertiis 
country.    It  has  a  United  States  Land  Oftice. 

OTTERA'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri,  ov 
the  Pacific  Railroad,  51  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

OTTO,  a  township  of  McKean  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Poi). 
338. 

OTTO,  a  township  of  Oce.ana  co.,  Michigan.    P.  p.  119. 

OTTO,  a  township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.    I'op.  500, 


OTT 


PAL 


OTTUilWA,  a  post-village  of  Ooffey  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Neoslio  JUver  aboit  25  miles  K.S.E.  of  Emporia.     Pop.  37 li. 

OVERFIELD,  a  township  of  Wyoming  co.,  I'ennsylvania. 
Pop.  374. 

OVERTON,  a  pnst-township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Towanda.     I'op.  407. 

OVERYSSEJC,  or  OVEKLSAIi,  a  post-township  of  Allegan 
CO.,  Michigan,  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.  Pop. 
489. 

OVID,  a  post-village  in  Ovid  township,  Clinton  Co.,  Mich- 
igan, on  Maple  Kiver,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee 
Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Owosso,  and  09  miles  E.  of  Grand 
Rapids.    Pop.  of  the  township,  9:i6. 

OVID,  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri,  about  40  miles  S.S. 
E.  of  Kansas  City. 

OWATON'XA,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Steele  co.,  Minnesota.  The  village  is  on  Straiglit  River,  about 
16  miles  S.  of  Faribault,  and  40  miles  W.  of  Rochester.  The 
Winona  and  St.  Peter  Railroad  here  intersects  the  Minne- 
sota Central  Railroad  (in  i)rogre3s).  Pop.  estimated  at  600 ; 
pop.  of  the  towusliip  in  1.SG0,  609. 

OWKGO,  a  township  of  Livingston  co..  Illinois.    Pop.  270. 

OWEN,  a  township  of  Warriclc  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1440. 

O^VEN,  a  township  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  S71. 

OWENSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana, 
about  15  miles  E.S.E.  of  Bloonifield. 

0\VENSVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Roljertson  CO., 
Texas,  about  100  miles  N.E.  of  Austin  City. 

OWENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Gasconade  CO.,  Missouri, 
about  28  miles  S.  of  Hermann. 

OWOS'SO,  or  OWAS'SO.  a  fiourisJiing  post-town  of  Shia- 
wassee CO.,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  botli  sides  of  tlie  Shia- 
wassee River,  and  on  the  Detroit  and  ililwaukee  Railroad, 
78  miles  N.\V.  of  Detroit,  and  80  miles  E.  of  Grand  Rapids. 
It  is  the  most  important  depot  on  tlie  railroad  lietween  the 
cities  just  named,  with  perhaps  one  exception.  The  Amboy 
Lansing  and  Traverse  Bay  Itailroad  connects  Owosso  with 
Lansing,  28  miles  distant,  and  is  to  be  extended  northward. 
Owosso  is  pleasantly  situated  on  undulating,  sandy  ground. 
It  contains  6  churches.  1  national  bank,  1  newspaper  office, 
1  union  school,  and  1  public  library.    Tha  river  aflbrds 


never-failing  water-power,  which  gives  movement  to  1  grist- 
mill. 1  saw-mill,  1  planing-mill  and  other  mills.  Here  are 
the  machine  shops  of  tlie  Amboy  and  Lansing  Railroad. 
The  chief  articles  of  export  are  wheat  and  wool.  Incorpo- 
rated in  ls59.     Pop.  aliout  2000. 

OVVSL  i-;Y'S  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Yuba  co.,  California,  12 
miles  E.  of  Marysville.     ¥o\>.  about  200. 

OWYHEE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Idaho,  bordering 
on  Oregon.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  I^ewis  Fork  or 
Snake  River,  and  also  drained  by  Jordan  Creek.  The  sur- 
face is  mountainous.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  engaged 
in  mining  gold.  The  county  contains  extensive  placer 
mines.  Silver  quartz  lodis  are  also  found  near  Silver  City. 
Timber  is  said  to  be  abundant  in  the  county.  Capital,  Ruby 
City.    Pop.  in  1864, 17^5. 

OXFORD,  a  village  in  Oxford  township,  Coshocton  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Pittsburg  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad, 
79  miles  E.N.E.  of  Columbus. 

OXFOIIIJ,  a  post-village  in  Oxford  township,  Oakland  co., 
Michigan,  about  14  miles  N.  of  Pontiao. 

OXFORD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illi- 
noi.s,  about  18  miles  N.  of  (ialesbnrg.     Pop.  839. 

OXFORD,  a  post-township  and  viUage  of  .Johnson  co., 
Iowa.  The  villag<!  is  on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  W.N.W.  of  Iowa  City.     Total  population  535. 

OXFORD,  a  post-township  of  Marquette  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  15  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Portitgo  City.     Pop.  625. 

OXFORD,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Kansas.     Pop.  386. 

OYSTER VILI.E,  a  post-vill.ige,  capital  of  Pacific  co., 
Washington  Territory,  sitnatotl  on  the  \V.  shore  of  Shoal- 
water  Bay,  about  1  or  2  miles  from  the  Ocean,  and  100  miles 
S.W.  of  Olynipia.    It  has  2  stores. 

OZ.ARK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Christian  co.,  Missouri, 
about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Springfield.  Free  population,  119. 
Lead  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 

OZARK,  a  post-township  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  80. 

OZAU'KIE,  OZAW'KIE,  or  OSAW'ICEE,  a  post-village 
of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas,  on  the  Grasshopper  River,  35  miles 
W.  b}'  S.  of  Leavenworth,  and  8  miles  N.  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad.  It  contjiins  2  churches  and  several  stores 
and  mills.    Pop.  about  200. 


P. 


PACHECO,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  California, 
is  on  the  Pacheco  slough,  4  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  Suisun  Bay,  5  miles  E.  of  Martinez,  and  about  30  miles 
by  land  N.E.  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  at  the  head  of  Naviga- 
tion. About  1SO,000  sacks  of  grain  have  been  shipped  here 
in  a  year.     Founded  in  1S58.     Pop.  in  1864  about  500. 

PACHECO  PEAK,  California,  a  peak  of  the  Coast  Range, 
about  lat.  37°  N. 

PACIFIC,  a  post-village  of  Fr.anklin  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  near  the  Maramec  River,  37  miles  W. 
S.W.  ofSt.  LouLs. 

PACIFIC,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wiscon.sin  River,  immediately  S.  of  Portage  City. 
Pop.  297. 

PACIFIC,  a  post-township  of  Humboldt  co.,  California, 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean  about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Eureka^ 
Pop.  350. 

PACIFIC  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa,  on  or 
near  the  Missouri  River,  about  20  miles  below  Omaha  City 
and  5  miles  W.  of  Glenwood.  It  is  tlie  W.  terminus  of  the 
Burlington  and  Missouri  River  Railroad. 

PACKER,  a  township  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
357. 

PADONA,  or  PADORIA,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co., 
Indiana,  about  50  miles  W.  by  N.  of  New  Albany. 

PADl^NIA,  a  post-village  of  Brown  CO.,  Kansas,  about  40 
miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri. 

PADXJCAII,  a  village  of  Greene  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Racoon 
Elver,  about  40  miles  W.N.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

PAGE  CITY,  a  post-offlce  of  Page  co.,  Iowa,  about  62 
miles  S.E.  of  Council  Bluffs. 

PAGOSA,  a  village  of  Conejos  co.,  Colorado,  about  135 
miles  S.S-.W.  of  Canon  City. 

PAINT,  a  township  of  Madison  CO.,  Ohio.    Pop.  770. 

PAINT  CREEK,  a  township  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  S59. 

PAINTERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Oliio, 
about  25  miles  S.E.  oi'  Dayton. 

PA.TARO  (Sp.  pron.  pih'ud-ro),  a  township  of  Monterey 
CO.,  California.    Pop.  593. 

PALAFOS,  a  village  of  Webb  CO.,  Texas,  on  the  Bio 
Grande  about  40  miles  above  Laredo. 

PALATINE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cook  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  26 
miles  N.W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1462. 

PALERMO,  a  township  of  Grundy  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  135. 

PALERMO,  a  i)ost-village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  on  or 
near  the  Missouri  River,  about  8  miles  below  Siunt  Joseph, 
Uis£ouri. 

63 


PALESTINE,  a  village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  about  36  miles 
S.W.  of  Chillicothe. 

PALESTINE,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  about  22 
miles  W.  of  Hamilton,  Ohio. 

PALESTINE,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1354. 

PALESTINE,  a  post-offlce  of  .Tohnson  co.,  Iowa. 

PALESTINE,  a  township  of  Story  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  295. 

PALLAS,  a  post-village  of  Greene  CO.,  Missouri,  about  10 
miles  S.E.  of  Springfield. 

PALMER,  a  township  of  Northampton  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.   Pop.  1377. 

PALM  ER,  a  township  of  Wa.shington  co.,  Ohio.   Pop.  618. 

PALMETTO  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  Co.,  Kansas, 
on  or  near  the  Big  Blue  River,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Man- 
hattan. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-village  of  Simpson  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  25  miles  S.  of  Bowling  Green. 

PAL.MYRA,  a  village  of  Kno.x  co.,  Ohio,  about  16  miles 
S.  of  Newark. 

PALMYRA,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  1021. 

PALMYRA,  a  township  of  Lee  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  about  1  mile  N.W.  of  Dixon.     Poji.  1055. 

PALMYR.\,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Warren  co., 
Iowa,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Des  Moines.    Total  population  1020. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Douglas  co., 
Kansas.  The  village  is  about  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Lawrence. 
Total  population  1516. 

PALMYRA,  a  mining-district  of  Lyon  co.,  Nevada,  in  the 
Pine  Nut  Jlountains,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Dayton,  contains  a 
village  of  the  same  name. 

PALMYRA,  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska,  about  33 
miles  AV.S.W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

PAIjO.  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  on  Prairio 
Creek,  about  36  miles  N.W.  of  Lansing. 

PALO  ALTO,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1108. 

PALO  ALTO,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  234. 

PALOMA,  a  post-village  of  Adams  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  andQuincy  Railroad,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Quincy. 

PALO  PINTO,  a  post-village  of  Palo  Pinto  co.,  Texas, 
about  190  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Austin  City. 

PALO  PINTO,  pah'lo  pin'to,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  cen- 
tral part  of  Texas,  has  an  area  estimated  at  1100  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Brazos  River,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Palo  Pinto  River.    Pop.  1524. 

PALOS,  a  post^township  of  Cook  cl,  Illinois,  on  the  Chi- 
cago Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of 
Chicago.    Pop.  1019. 

2273 


PAL 


PEK 


PALOUSE  (pah-looz')  RIVER,  rises  in  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains,  Govt'i  "btward  tlirougli  Idaho  into  Wiishington 
rerritorv,and  falls  into  tho  Lewis  Fork,  in  Spokane  countj'. 

PAMPLIN'S  J>EPOT,  a  post-village  of  Prince  Edward 
CO.,  \'irginia,  ou  the  South  Side  Railroad,  87  miles  W.  of 
Petersburg. 

PANA,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Christian  co.,  Illinois, 
at  the  intersection  of  tlie  Central  Railrojul  and  Terre  Ilante 
Alton  and  St.  I<ouis  Riiilroad,  29  miles  N.  of  Vandalia,  and 
9t  miles  N.K.  of  St.  Louis.  It  contains  4  churches  and  2 
flounng-niills.    Pop.  in  1860,  716;  in  1865,  about  1000. 

PANAMA,  a  post-villajie  of  Chautauqua  co..  New  York, 
on  the  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  li  miles  W.S. 
W.  of  Jamestown. 

PANIIAXDLE,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  narrow 
strip  of  land  belonging  to  West  Virginia,  and  lying  between 
the  western  line  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  Ohio  River. 

PANOLA,  a  township  of  Woodford  Co.,  Illinois,  traversed 
by  the  Central  Railroad.     Pop.  524. 

PANOLA  ST.4TI0N,  a  post-village  in  Panola  township 
Woodford  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  22  miles  N. 
of  Bloomington. 

PANO'KA,  or  PENOTIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Guth- 
rie CO.,  Iowa,  near  the  Middle  Fork  of  Racoon  River,  about 
44  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Des  Moines. 

PANXIIER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Polk  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  70  miles  8.  of  Van  Buren. 

PAO'LA,  or  PAOLI,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of 
Miami  Co.,  Kansas,  is  pleasantlj'  situated  on  high  land 
on  Bull  Creek,  about  55  miles  S.  of  Leavenwortli.  It  con- 
tains several  chunhes,  stores,  &c.  It  is  surrounded  by  rich 
prairie  farms.  Pop.  about  700;  of  Paola  townsliip  in  1860, 
777. 

PAOLI,  a  post-office  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin. 

PAPILLON,  pa-piryun(?),  or  BIG  PAPILLON,  a  river  in 
the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  rises  in  Washington  co.,  flows  in  a 
S.S.E.  direction  through  Douglas  co.,  and  enters  the  Mis- 
souri in  Sarpy  co.,  about  2  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Platte. 

PAPILLON,  a  post-village  of  Sarpy  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Little  Papillon  River,  9  or  10  miles  S.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

PARADISE,  a  post-township  of  Coles  CO.,  Illinois.  5  miles 
S.  of  Mattoon,  is  traversed  by  the  Central  Railroad.  Pop.  795. 

PARADISiJ,  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Iowa,  on  Boyer 
Kiver,  about  11  miles  S.W.  of  Dcnison. 

PARALLEL,  a  post-office  of  Ciiss  co ,  Nebraska,  on  Saline 
Creek,  about  2  miles  S.W.  of  the  Platte  River,  and  30  miles 
S.W.  (if  Omaha  City. 

PARDEE,  a  small  post-village  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas,  on 
the  mail  route  from  Atchison  to  Topeka,  10  miles  S.AV.  of 
the  former. 

PARIS,  a  post-villago  of  Wasliington  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  34  miltti  \V.  by  S.  of  Pittsburg. 

PARIS,  a  post-village  of  Jennings  co.,  Indiana,  about  16 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Madison. 

PARIS,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  194. 

PARIS,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  near  tlie  M'apsi- 
pinicou  River,  about  16  miles  N.  of  Marion. 

PARIS,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Grant  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Mississippi  River.    Pop.  682. 

PARIS,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas, 
about  tX)  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lawrence.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich 
farming  country.     Pop.  1230. 

PARISH  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Benton  co.,  Indiana, 
about  30  miles  W.N.W.  of  Lafayette.    Pop.  186. 

PARK,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Colorado,  has  an 
area  estimated  at  2200  S(juare  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
South  Fork  of  the  Platte  lUv«r,  which  rises  within  its 
limits,  and  by  a  small  affluent  of  the  Arkansas  Rivei'.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  includes  all  the  celebrated  South  Park,  in  which 
are  many  thousand  acres  of  good  natural  pasture.  Pine  or 
fir  trees  grow  on  the  monntjiins.  Gold  is  found  near  Lau- 
rette,  in  the  N.W.  part.    See  South  Park.    Capital,  Laurette. 

PARKER,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  900  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  lirazos 
Biver.    Capital,  Weatherford.    Pop.  4213. 

PAUKER,  a  post-township  of  Clark  CO.,  Illinois,  about  22 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Mattoon.     Pop.  757. 

PARKEliSBUUG,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa,  about  6 
miles  S.K.  of  Bounsboro. 

PARKEKSBUKG,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Dubuque  and  Siou.x  City  Railroad  (unfinished),  about 
18  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Falls.  The  railroad  is  opened  to  this 
place. 

PARKVILLE,  a  mining-village  of  Summit  co.,  Colorado, 
situated  on  the  South  Branch  of  Swan  River,  on  the  W. 
slope  ot  the  Snowy  Range,  about  88  miles  W.  of  Denver.  It 
is  now  (U'populated. 

PARNASSUS,  a  post-village  of  Westmoreland  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Alleghany  Valley  Railroad,  19  miles  N.E. 
of  Pittsljurg. 

PA  KNASSUS,  a  post-office  of  Marlborough  district,  South 
Carolina,  about  20  miles  S.E.  of  Cheraw. 

2.i74 


PAROVAN,  or  PAROWAN,  a  post-yillago,  capital  of  Iron 
CO.,  Utah,  about  265  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Pop. 
in  I  SOD,  62i). 

PARTRIDGE,  a  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
940. 

PASCO,  a  post-village  of  Dallas  co.,  Missouri,  about  20 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Springfield. 

PASKACK.  a  post-village  of  Bergen  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Paskack  Creek,  about  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Patersou.  It 
has  several  mills. 

PASS.\IC,  a  post-village  of  Passaic  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Passaic  River,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  Erie  RailVoad, 
5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Paterson. 

PATASKALA,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  17  miles  E.  of  Columbus. 

PATfUI  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  11  miles  S.E.  of  Prairie  du  Chien. 

PATOKA,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1379. 

PATOKA,  a  post-township  of  Gibson  co.,  Indiana,  con- 
tains Princeti>n,  the  county-seat,  and  the  village  of  Patoka. 
The  latter  is  on  Patoka  Creek,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the 
Evansville  and  Crawfordsville  Railroad,  20  miles  S.  of  Vin- 
cennes.    Pop.  excluding  Princeton,  3041. 

I'ATOKA,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  14  miles  S.  of  Vandalia. 

PATRIOT,  a  jiost-office  of  Union  county,  Iowa. 

PATTERSON,  Nevada  co.,  California.    See  Cherokee. 

PATTON,  or  PATON.  a  post-village  of  Bollinger  co., 
Missouri,  al. out  65  miles  S.E.  of  Potosi. 

PATTONI.\,  AVarren  co.,  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the 
Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Warren. 

PATTON  S  BURG,  a  post-village  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri, 
about  50  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

PATTONVILLE,  a  i>ost-vilIage  of  Hocking  CO.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Hocking  River  and  Canal,  about  38  miles  E.N.E.  ol 
Chillicothe. 

PAULDING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Paulding  co.,  Ohio, 
situated  about  74  miles  W.S.W.  of  Toledo,  and  30  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Fort  Wayne.    Pop.  217. 

PAULINA,  a  post-villago  of  Wan-en  co..  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Paulinskill,  about  15  miles  N.E.  of  Belvidere. 

PAULVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Adair  co.,  Missouri,  about 
60  miles  W.N.W.  of  Quincy,  Illinois. 

PAUPAC,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
578. 

PAWNEE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Nebraska,  bor- 
dering on  Kansas,  has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  tlie  Great  Nemaha  River,  and  by  its  South 
Fork.  The  surface  is  diversified ;  the  soil  in  some  parts  is 
fertile,  especially  near  the  rivers  and  creeks.  The  northern 
part  of  the  county  is  rocky.  It  contains  valuable  quarries 
of  limestone  and  beds  of  bituminous  coal.  Capital,  Pawnee 
City  (?)    Pop.  882. 

PAWNEE,  a  i)ost-township  of  Sangamon  co.,  Illinois, 
about  14  miles  S.  of  Springfield. 

PAWNEE,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  10  miles  W.  of  its  entrance 
into  the  Missouri. 

PAWNEE  CITY,  a  post^village  of  Pawnee  co.,  Nebraska, 
about  38  miles  S.W.  of  Brownville.  It  is  on  or  near  the  S. 
Fork  of  the  Nemaha  River. 

PAW  PAW,  a  post-village  of  Monongalia  co.,West  Virginia, 
about  48  miles  S.E.  of  Wheeling. 

PAW  PAW,  a  post-village  of  Miami  co^  Indiana,  ou  Eel 
River,  about  13  miles  N.E.  of  Peru. 

PAXTON,  a  post-village  of  Ford  co..  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad  (Chicago  Branch),  103  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

PAYETTE  RIVER,  Idaho,  flovifs  westward,  and  enters 
the  Lewis  Fork  or  Snake  Itiver,  about  14  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Boisee  River. 

PAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Stearns  co.,  ^linne.sota, 
on  the  N.Fork  of  Crow  River,  about  32  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Saint  Clond. 

PAY  SON,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  18  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Provo  City,  and  near  the  S.  shore  of  Utah  Lake.  Pop. 
in  1860,  831. 

PEA.  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,  Arkansas,  about 
8  miles  E.  of  Bentonville.  A  great  battle  was  fought  in 
this  vicinity  on  the  7th  and  Sth  of  March,  1862. 

PEA  RIDGE,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  891. 

PEARL  PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Pike  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
440. 

PEARSON,  Michigan.    See  Piersox. 

PEA  VINE,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co.,  California,  26  miles 
N.E.  of  Oroville. 

PEA  A'INE,  a  miiu'ng-vlllage  of  Washoo  co ,  Nevada, 
about  40  miles  N.  of  Wa.shoc  Citv. 

I'EBBLE,  a  township  of  Pike'co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1438. 

PEEVLY,  Missouri.    See  PEVEi.r. 

PEKETON,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Kansas. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Saline  co.,  and  on  ths  E  by  Mtk- 
rion  CO.    It  is  not  noticed  in  the  census  of  1860. 


PEK 


PET 


PEKI?T,  a  village  cf  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsj-lvania,  about  6 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Brookville. 

PEKIN,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  CO.,  North  Carolina, 
about  oti  miles  E.  of  Charlotte. 

PEKIN,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Tennessee,  about 
64  miles  E.  of  Nashville. 

PEKIN,  a  post-village  of  Washington  CO.,  Indiana,  23 
miles  by  railroad  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

PEKIN,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Washington  Terri- 
tory, %bout  25  miles  N.  of  Vancouver. 

PELH.\M,  a  post-village  of  Grundy  CO.,  Tennessee, about 
40  miles  N  W.  of  Chattanooga. 

PELICAN  ISLAN'I),  California.    See  Alcatraz  Island. 

PELtiA,  a  post-village  of  Marion  Co.,  Iowa,  in  Pella  town- 
ship, and  on  the  Des  Moines  Valley  Railroad,  15  miles  N.W. 
of  Oskaloosa.  It  contains  several  stores.  I'op.  of  town- 
ship 1644. 

PEMAQUID,  or  PEMAQUII)  FALLS,  a  post-village  of 
Lincoln  CO.,  Maine,  is  situated  near  the  sea,  about  18  miles 
E.  of  Bath. 

PENCADER,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

PENDLETON,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Ohio,  about 
■  58  miles  S.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

PENDLETON,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  63  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis, 
and  6  miles  W.  of  Warreiiton. 

PENFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  18  mile.s  N.N.W.  of  Clearfield. 

PEN  FIELD,  a  post-township  of  Calhoun  Co.,  Michigan, 
about  10  miles  N.AV.  of  Marshall.    Pop.  1002. 

PENINSULA,  a  township  of  Grand  Traver.se  co.,  Michigan, 
is  a  long  and  narrow  portion  of  land  between  the  E.  and  W. 
arms  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay.    Pop.  441. 

I'ENLLYN,  or  PENN'LYN,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery 
CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  17 
miles  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
614. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1054. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Clearfield  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
679. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  15  miles  E.S  E.  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  2109. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1447. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  943. 

PENN,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  22  miles 
N.E  of  Waterloo. 

PENN,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  SOfi. 

PENN,  a  township  of  .Tefferson  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1314. 

PENN,  a  township  of  .Tdhnson  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1170. 

PENN,  a  township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  133. 

PENN  HAVEN,  a  post-villa;;e  of  Carbon  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Lehigh  River,  and  the  Lehigh  Valley  lUiilroad, 
7  miles  N.  of  M.aucli  Chunk. 

PENNSBOROUtill,  a  post-village  of  Ritchie  co..  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Northwestern  Rjiilroad,  42  miles  E.  of 
Parkerslmrg. 

PENNSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  III  miles  S.E  of  Pittsburg. 

I'ENNVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri, 
about  17  miles  N.E.  of  Milan. 

PENOKEE,  or  PENOKIE,a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  25  milles  S.S.E.  of  Ashland.  Iron  ore  is  found 
here. 

PENORA.  Iowa.    See  P.inora. 

PENSAUKEE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oconto  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  the  W.  shore  of  Green  Bay,  at  the  month  of 
the  Peusaukee  River,  about  6  miles  S.W.  of  Oconto.  Pop. 
364. 

PENT  WATER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oceana  co., 
Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pent 
Water  River,  about  24  miles  N.  of  Clay  Bank.     Pop.  253. 

PEORI.'V,  a  post-village  of  \Vyoming  CO.,  New  York,  11  or 
12  miles  N.E^of  Warsaw. 

PEORIA,  a  village  of  .Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Missis- 
siiiewa  River,  about  8  miles  E.S.E.  of  Peru. 

PE0UI.4,  a  post-village  of  Mahaska  CO.,  Iowa,  about  15 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Oskaloosa. 

PEORIA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Franklin  co., 
Kansas,  about  24  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Lawrence.  It  contains 
several  stores,  &c.    Total  population,  723. 

PEORIA,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  on  or  near 
the  Willamette  River,  16  miles  S.S.W.  of  Albany.  It  has  3 
stores. 

PEOSTA,  a  post- village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Du- 
buque and  Sioux  City  Railroad,  15  miles  W.  of  Dubuque. 

I'EOTONE,  a  post-township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  and  a 
station  on  the  Central  Railroad,  40  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Clii- 
Ciigo.     Pop.  301. 

Pin^IN,  a  county  in  the  W.  p.art  of  Wisconsin,  bordering 
on  Mini;esota,  has  an  area  of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is 
bonn<le«l  on  the  S.W.  by  Lake  Pepin,  and  intersected  by  the 
Chippewa  River,  navigable  by  steamboats.  The  surface  is 
beauliiiilly  diversified  by  bluffs  and  woodlands  and  undu- 


lating prairies ;  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  Capital,  Pepin.  Pop. 
2392. 

I'EPIN,  a  township  of  Pepin  co.,  WiscoHiim,  aontaliis  the 
village  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  807. 

I'EPIN,  a  post-village,  capitJil  of  Pepin  CO.,  Wisconain,  ll 
beautifully  situated  on  the  N.  shore  of  Lake  Pepm,  an  ex- 
pansion of  the  Mississippi  River,  3  miles  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Chippewa,  and  about  82  miles  below  St.  Paul.  It 
contains  2  churches,  1  bank,  a  good  school,  5  stores  and  I 
machine-shop.  It  has  a  good  steamboat  landing.  Pop. 
about  500. 

PEPPERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana 
about  45  miles  W.N.^V.  of  Cincinnati. 

PEQUEA,  a  jiost-township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  6  miles  S.  (^f  Lancaster.    Pop.  1168. 

PERA,  or  PERA  STATION,  a  post-village  in  Pera  town- 
ship. Champaign  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  109 
miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Chicago. 

PERE  MARQUETTE,  pair  mar-kett',  a  post-village  and 
township  of  Mason  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Pere  Marquette  River,  about  66  miles  N.  by 
W.  of  Muskegon.  It  is  the  W.  terminus  of  the  Flint  and 
Pere  Marquette  Railroad  (unfinished).     Pop.  356. 

PERRUQUE,  per-rook',  a  station  on  the  North  Missouri 
R.ailroad,  in  St.  Charles  CO.,  Missouri,  37  miles  W.N.W.  of 
St.  Louis. 

PERRV,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
849. 

PERRY,  a  post-village  in  Perry  township,  Allen  co.,  Indi- 
ana, about  13  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Fort  Wayne.  Pop.  of  the 
township.  1180. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  864. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1036. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Bucluman  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  389. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  786. 

PEIiRY,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.     I'op.  1076. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Marion  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  283. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  297. 

PERRY,  a  post-township  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  abont 
22  miles  S.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  837. 

PERRY,  a  township  of  Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  18 
miles  E.  of  Prescott.     Pop.  158. 

PERRYMANS  VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Harford  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  27  mites 
E.N.E.  of  Baltimore. 

PERRYSBURG,  a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  about  45 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Cleveland. 

PERSONVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Limestone  co.,  Texas, 
about  75  milas  N.AV.  of  Iluntsville. 

PERU,  a  post-villiige  of  Haywood  CO.,  North  Carolina, 
about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Waynosville. 

PERU,  a  village  and  township  of  Dubuque  Co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  7  miles  above  Dubuque.    Poj).  833. 

PERU,  a  post-village  of  .MmUson  co.,  Iowa,  about  10  milea 
S.S.E.  of  Winterset. 

PERU,  a  township  of  Dunn  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  140. 

PESCADERO,  (Sp.  pron.  p6s-kd-Da'ro),  a  post-village  of 
Santa  Cruz  co.,  California,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  abont  30 
miles  W.S.W.  of  San  Jose.     It  has  2  stores. 

PESH'TIGO,  a  post-village  of  Oconto  Co.,  Wisconsin,  situ- 
ated ou  the  Peshtigo  River,  7  miles  (by  land)  from  its  en- 
trance into  Green  Bay,  and  about  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Oconto. 
It  has  1  church,  several  large  saw-mills  which  turn  out 
about  15,000,000  feet  of  lumljer  annually,  and  1  flouring- 
mill.  A  railroad  extends  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where 
spacious  docks  have  been  built.  Pop.  in  1860,  564;  in  1865, 
about  1000. 

PESOTUM,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  14  miles  S.  of  Champaign. 

PETALUMA,  pJt-a-loo'ni3,  a  city  of  Sonoma  co.,  Califor- 
nia, is  situated  on  P'etahima  Creek,  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, 10  miles  from  Sa!i  Pablo  Bay,  45  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
San  Francisco  and  20  miles  from  tlie  ocean.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal town  and  port  of  Sonoma  county.  It  contains  6  or  7 
churches,  1  banking  office,  1  newspaper  office,  a  large  pub- 
lic graded  school,  att(a)ded  by  about  300  pupils,  many  large 
stone  and  brick  warehouses  and  3  steam  flouring-mills. 
Steamboats  ply  daily  between  this  place  and  San  Francisco. 
Wheat  barley  and  dairy-products  are  the  chief  articles  of  ex- 
port. It  is  stated  that  Petaluma  sends  more  butter  and 
cheese  to  market  than  any  other  town  in  the  state.  Laid 
out  in  1851.     Pop.  in  1860, 1505 ;  in  1805,  from  2500  to  3000. 

PETEUSBURG,  a  village  of  Ashland  co.,  Ohio,  8  or  9 
miles  E.  of  Mansfield. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  River  Raisin,  and  on  or  near  the  Southern  Railroad, 
16  miles  E.  of  Adrian. 

PETERSBURG,  a  village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Kickapoo  River,  about  22  miles  N.E.  of  Prairie  du 
Chien. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-office  of  Tulare  co,,  California,  78 
miles  S.E.  of  Visalia. 

PETERSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Millard  co.,  Utah,  14 
miles  S.  of  Fillmore  City. 

PETROLEUM,  a  post-village  of  Ritchie  co.,  West  Virginia 

2276 


PET 

on  the  Xoifhwestorn  Railroad,  23  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Parkers- 
bur".     It  is  in  a  ricli  oil  region. 

PETROLEUM  CliNTRE,  a  village  of  Venango  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Oil  Creek,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Oil  City.  Here 
a?  e  several  oil  wells. 

PEVELY,  or  PEEVLY,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co^, 
Missouri,  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  28  miles  S.  by  W. 
of  St.  Louis. 

PKWABiC.  pe-vrau'bik,  a  village  of  Ontonagon  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  Lake  Superior,  about  16  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Ontonagon. 
Pop.  109. 

PEWAMO,  pe-wau'mo,  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  34  miles  \V. 
of  Owosso,  and  45  miles  K.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

PHELPS,  a  new  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of  Mis- 
souri, has  an  area  of  about  600  square  niib'S.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Gasconade,  Piuey,  and  Maraniec  Rivei-s,  and  Bour- 
beuse  Creek.  The  suifiice  is  hilly  or  uneven.  Copper,  iron, 
and  lead  are  found  in  this  county.  Indian  corn  and  stock 
are  the  staple  products.  It  is  intersected  by  theSoutlnvest 
Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad.  The  valleys  are  heavily 
timbered  with  oak,  hickory,  black  walnut,  &c.  Capital, 
Roll.i.     Pop.  57U. 

PHELPS,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Missouri,  about 
34  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

PIIEXIX,or  PHtENIX,  a  townsliip  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  79J. 

PHILANDER,  a  post-village  of  Gentry  co.,  Missouri, 
about  8  miles  N.E.  of  Albany. 

PIIILL'S  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  i:>iO. 

PHILO,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co..  Illinois,  in  Philo 
township,  and  on  the  Great  "Western  Railroad,  84  miles  E. 
by  N.  of  Springfield. 

PIItENIX,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Oregon,  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Jacksonville.     Pop.  in  1S63  about  100. 

PIATT,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
463. 

PICKAWAY,  a  post-oflRce  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa,  about  28 
miles  W.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

PICKENS,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an  area 
of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Etowah 
River.  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Capitivl,  Jiis- 
per.    Pop.  4951. 

PICKEREL  LAKE,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minne- 
sota.    Pop.  74. 

PIERCE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Georgia,  contains 
about  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Satilla  or 
Santilla  River,  and  also  drained  iiy  Hurricane  Creek.  The 
surface  is  level;  and  the  soil  sandy.  Capital,  Blackshear. 
Pop.  1973. 

PIERCE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Washington  Teri'itory, 
has  an  area  of  about  2250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  Nisqually  River,  intersected  in  the  W.  by 
I'uget  Sound,  and  other  inlets,  and  dr.iined  by  the  White 
and  Puyallop  Rivers.  The  surface  iu  the  E.  part  is  moun- 
fciinous,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests.  Mount  Rainier, 
a  peak  of  the  Cascade  Riinge,  about  12,000  feet  high,  is  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  the  county.  Wheat,  oats,  wool,  and  lum- 
ber are  the  staple  productions.  Capital,  Steilacoom.  Pop. 
1115. 

PIERCE,  a  township  of  Clermont  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  about  16  miles  above  Cincinnati.     Pop.  1784. 

PIERCE,  a  township  of  Washington  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop. 
1044. 
PIEUCE,  a  township  of  De  Kalb  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  945. 
PIERCE,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Kewaunee  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  260. 

PI::RCE  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Shoshone  co., 
Idaho,  on  the  Oro  Fino  Creek,  at  the  mouth  of  Canal  Gulch, 
90  miles  E.  of  Lewiston.  Here  arc  gold  mines.  First  set- 
tled in  TSfil. 

PII;RCE  POINT,  a  pcst-ofRce  of  l)all;is  CO.,  Iowa,  about 
27  milo>  W.N.W.  of  Des  Moines. 

PIERCETON,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  about  9 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Warsaw. 

PIKRCEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  45  miles  W.  of  Cincin- 
nati. 

PIERMONT,  a  post-village  of  Piermont  township.  Grafton 
CO.,  New  Hampshire,  on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  the 
Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Railroad,  about  5  miles 
S.  of  Haverhill. 

PIKRSON,  or  PEAR«ON,  a  post-township  of  Mecosta  co., 
Michigiiii,  about  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  Grand  Rapids.     Pop. 

PIK E,  a  township  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  676. 

PIKE,  a  township  of  Livingston  co..IIlinois.    Pop.  247. 

PIKK,  a  post-township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  about  38 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Davenport.    Pop.  415. 

PIKE,  a  town.ship  of  Lyon  CO.,  Kansas.    Pop.  327. 

PIKE  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co..  North  Carolina, 
nn  the  \\  ilmington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  8  miles  N.  of 
tioldslioro'. 

PILOT,  a  township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.  Pod.  464 
2276  ^ 


PIN 

PILOT,  a  post-village  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois,  about  10 
miles  W.  of  Danville. 

PILOT  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois, 
about  20  miles  N.  E.  of  Keokuk.    Pop.  1121. 

PILOT  GROVE,  a  township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  27. 

PILOT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  52  miles  N.  of  Batesville. 

PILOT  HILL,  or  CENTRE  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  El 
Dorado  co.,  California,  about  16  miles  N.W.  of  Placerville. 
About  4  miles  from  this  place  is  the  Alabaster  Cave.  Pop. 
estimated  at  250. 

PILOT  KNOIJ.  a  post-office  of  Crawford  co.,  Indiana, 
about  30  miles  W.  of  New  Albany. 

PILOT  KNOB,  a  post-village  of  Iron  co.,  Missouri,  situ- 
ated on  the  St.  Louis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  87  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  St.  Louis.  Here  is  a  remarkable  hill,  called 
Pilot  Knob,  about  450  (or,  according  to  another  statement, 
580)  feet  higb,  containing  iron  of  superior  quality.  It  is 
almost  a  solid  mass  of  iron.  Its  summit  is  said  to  be  about 
1100  feet  higher  than  the  Mississippi  River. 

PILOT  MOUND,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
175. 

PILOT  MOUND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fillmore 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  26  miles  S.W.  of  Winona,  and  10  miles 
E.  of  Chatfleld.     Pop.  46;>. 

PILOT  PEAK,  Plumas  co.,  California,  is  a  peak  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  in  lat.  39°  55'  N.  It  is  about  7300  feet 
high. 

PIMA,  pee'ma,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Arizona,  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Gila  River,  on  the  E  by  New 
Me.xico,  on  the  S.  by  Sonora,  and  on  tbe  W.  by  the  line  of 
113°  20'  W.  Ion.  Tbe  surface  in  some  parts  is  mountainous; 
the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile.  Pine  forests  are  found  in 
the  S.  part  on  the  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  and  the  cotton- 
wood  usually  grows  on  the  borders  of  the  streams.  This 
county  is  drained  by  the  Santa  Cruz  and  the  San  Pedro 
Rivers.  Rich  mines  of  silver  and  cojiper  have  been  opened 
in  it.     Capital.  Tucson. 

PIMOSA,  a  township  of  Cass  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  239. 

PINE,  a  county  in  the  E  part  of  Minnesota,  bordering 
on  Wisconsin.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  St.  Croix 
River,  intersected  by  the  Kettle  River,  and  also  drained  by 
the  Snake  and  other  rivers.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and 
extensively  covered  by  forests  of  coniferous  trees.  Pine 
lumber  is  the  chief  article  of  export.  Capital,  Chengwatana. 
Pop.  92. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
555. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
564. 

PINE,  a  township  of  Mercer  co,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  1222. 

PINE,  a  townsliip  of  Benton  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  lilO. 

I'lNE,  a  township  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  240. 

PINE,  a  post-village  of  lAnn  co.,  Oregon,  36  miles  S.  by 
E.  of  Albany. 

PINE  BEND,  a  post-village  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  right  bank  of  tbe  Mississippi  River,  about  15  miles 
below  St.  Paul.     It  has  a  steam  saw-mill. 

PIXEBOG,  or  PINNEBOG,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co., 
Michigan,  on  Lake  Huron,  at  the  mouth  of  Partridge  River, 
about  31  miles  N.W.  of  Sand  Beach. 

PINE  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Wetzel  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia,  about  40  miles  S.  of  Wheeling. 

PINF]  GROVE,  a  township  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  496. 

PINE  GROVE,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Portage 
CO..  Wisconsin.    Pop.  298. 

PINE  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Amador  co.,  California,  9 
miles  N.E.  of  Jackson.    Gold  is  found  in  tbe  vicinity. 

PINE  GROVE,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
about  65  miles  N.E.  of  Marysville,  and  1  mile  from  How- 
land  Flat.    Pop.  about  2(X). 

PINE  ISLAND,  a  post-\iIl,<»ge  and  township  of  Goodhue 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  16  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rochester. 

PINE  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Waukesha  •co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  26  miles  W.S.W. 
of  Milwaukee. 

Pl.Vi!  LOG,  a  mining  village  of  Tuolumne  co.,  California, 
about  12  miles  N.N.E.  of  Sonora. 

PINE  NUT  MOUNTAINS,  a  range  extending  along  tlv3 
E.  border  of  Dougla.s  and  Ormsby  counties,  Nevada,  nearly 
parallel  with  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  which  it  is  sepjirated 
by  Carson  Valley.  These  mountiiins  produce  scrubby  piue 
trees. 

PINE  PLAINS,  a  post-township  of  Allegiin  CO.,  Michigan, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Kalamazoo  River,  about  4  miles  Vi'.  of 
Allegan.     Pop.  103. 

PINE  RIVER,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co..  Michigan.  Pop. 
406. 

PINE  ROCK,  a  post-township  of  Ogleco.,  Illinois,  about 
16  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Rockford.    Pop.  905. 

PINE  RUN,  a  post-village  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette  Railroad.  11  miles  N.  of  Fliii^ 

PINE  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Clark  co.,  Wiacousin 
Pop.  488. 


PIN 


PLE 


PINEVILLB.  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  | 
about  7  miles  from  Doylestown. 

PINBVILLE,  a  village  of  Rapidea  parish,  Louisiana. 
Pop.  393. 

PINEVIIiLE,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
McDoniild  CO.,  Jlissouri,  on  Elk  River,  about  80  miles  S.W. 
of  Springfiold.     Pop.  796. 

riNKNEY  (or  PINCKNEY)  CITY,  a  village,  capital  of 
Spokane  co.,  AVashlngton  Territory,  is  about  200  miles  N. 
of  Walla  \\alla.  It  has  2  stores.  Here  is  a  post-office, 
nameil  Foit  Colville. 

PIONKER,  a  township  of  Cedar  co..  Iowa.     Pop.  773. 

PIONKl.R  CITY,  formerly  HOGE.M,  or  IIOG.\M,  a  min- 
ing village  of  Boisi'e  CO..  Idaho,  situated  in  the  Hoisee  Basin, 
about  12  miles  N.N.W.  of  Idaho  City.  It  contiiincd  in  1804, 
11  dry-goods  and  general  stores,  2  drug  stores,  &c.  Pop. 
estimated  at  600. 

PIPESTONE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Minnesota, 
bordering  on  Daliota,  contains  about  -^30  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Pipestone  Creek  and  Redwood  River. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level.  A  mineral,  called  pipestone,  is 
found  here.     Pop.  '2S. 

PIPESTONE,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  N.  of  Niles.     Pop.  1032. 

PIQUA,  or  PEQUEA,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    See  I'EQUEA. 

PIQUA,  a  village  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana,  about  40  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Logansport. 

PISCi),  a  small  river  of  Ferguson  Co.,  Wa.shington  Terri- 
tory, rises  in  the  Cascade  Range,  flows  eastward,  and  en- 
ters,the  Yakama. 

PISGAH,  a  post-office  of  Cooper  co.,  Missouri,  about  17 
miles  S.by  E.  of  Booneville. 

PISIIO.N'S  FKRRY,  a  post-village  of  Somerset  co.,  ]\Ialne, 
on  the  Kennebec  River,  and  on  the  Portland  and  Kennebec 
Railroad,  U  miles  N.  of  VVaterville. 

PISHTF;G0.  Wisconsin.     See  Peshtigo. 

PIT  HOliK  CITY,  a  new  town  of  Venango  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  Pit  Hole  Creek,  about  12  miles  S.S.f!.  of  Titusville, 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Oil  City,  and  5  miles  N.  of  the  Alleghany 
River.  It  has  several  banks  and  large  hotels,  1  daily  news- 
paper, and  numerous  oil  wells,  which  discharge  from  6000 
to  8000  barrels  of  oil  a  day.  Its  growth  has  been  very  rapid. 
Pop.  reported  to  be  about  10,000. 

PITT,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
3084. 

PITT,  a  township  of  Wyandot  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  957. 

PITTSRORO.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Calhoun  co.,  Mis- 
Bissii'pi,  about  55  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Aberdeen. 

PITTSBURG,  a  ])ost-village  of  Upshur  co.,  Texas,  about 
50  miles  N.W.  of  Marshall. 

PITTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Arkansas,  on 
the  N.  hank  of  the  Arkansas  River,  about  70  miles  by  land 
E.  of  Fort  Smith. 

PITTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Dayton. 

PITTSUURG,  a  post-office  of  Shi.■v^v,^ssee  Co.,  Michigan. 

PITTSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Wabash  River,  about  1  mile  W.  of 
Delphi.     It  has  water-power  and  several  mills. 

PITTSBURG,  a  village  of  Shasta  CO.,  California,  25  miles 
N.E.  of  Shasta.     Here  are  gold  mines. 

PITTSBURG  LANDING,  a  locality  in  Hardin  CO.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Tennessee  River,  about  10 
miles  above  Savannah  and  20 miles  N.N.K.  of  Corinth,  Mis- 
sissippi. Here  was  fnight  a  great  battle  between  General 
Grant  and  General  A.  S.  Johnston,  in  April,  1S62. 

PITTSFORI),  a  village  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Southern  Railroad,  22  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Adrian. 

PITTS  FORD,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  246. 

PITTSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Salem  co..  New  Jersey,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Salem  Railroad  with  the  West  Jersey 
Railroad,  28  miles  S.  of  Camden,  and  16  miles  E.  of  Salem. 
It  has  1  church,  2  stores,  and  2  taverns. 

PLACER  (Sp.  pron.  pld-saiR',  or  plS-thaiRO,  a  county  in 
the  E.  part  of  Northern  California,  bordering  on  Nevada, 
hiis  an  area  estimated  at  1400  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Lake  Tahoe,  on  the  N.W.  by  Bear  River,  and 
on  the  S.  and  S.E.  by  the  Middle  Fork  of  the  American  River. 
It  is  also  drained  by  the  North  Fork  of  the  American  River. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  high  mountains  and  valleys. 
The  eastern  part  is  traversed  by  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  mining  gold.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  (in 
progress).  Organized  in  1854.  Capital,  Auburn.  Pop. 
13,270. 

PLACERVILLE,  a  post-town,  capital  of  El  Dorado  co., 
California,  is  situated  1  or  2  miles  S.  of  the  South  Fork  of 
American  River,  and  on  the  great  overland  mail  route,  50 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Sacramento.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  hilly 
or  mountainous  country,  in  which  are  productive  gold 
mines.  It  contained  in  18fi3,  4  or  5  churches,  an  academy, 
lalled  the  Placerville  Institute,  9  dry-goods  stores,  5  gene- 
ral stores,  2  drug  stores,  &c.  One  daily  and  1  weekly  news- 
paper are  published  here.    A  railroad,  which  will  connect 


Sacramento  with  Placerville,  is  nearly  completed.    Pop.  in 
1864.  about  4000. 

PLACERVILLE,  a  town.ship  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Californ"> 
contains  or  adjoins  the  town  of  Placerville.  Pop.  in  ISi  G 
1754,  or  2466 ;  each  of  these  nunibei's  is  given  in  the  censu* 
tables  as  the  population  of  Placerville. 

PLACERVILLE,  a  mining  village  of  Boisee  Co.,  Idaho 
situated  on  the  Boisee  Basin,  14  miles  N.W.  of  Idaho  City. 
It  has  9  dry-goods  and  general  stores,  2  drug  stores,  2  jew 
elry  stores,  2  hotels,  &c.  Gold  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  about  700. 

PL.'VIN FIELD,  a  post-village  of  Cumberland  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania, 7  miles  W.by  S.  of  Carlisle,  and  near  the  Cumber- 
land Valley  Railroad. 

PLAIN  I'lELD,  a  village  of  Kent  co  ,  Michigan,  on  Rouge 
River,  near  its  mouth,  about  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Grand 
Rajiids. 

PLAINFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Waushara  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, aiiout  80  miles  N.  of  Madi.son.    Pop.  837. 

PLAINS,  a  township  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
842. 

PLAINVIEW,  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  CO.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  4S  miles  N.  by  E. 
of  St.  Louis. 

PLAIN  VIEW,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wabaslia 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  17  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Wabaslia.  Pop. 
549. 

PLAINVILLE,  or  PLAINWELL,  a  post-village  of  Alle- 
gan CO.,  Michigan,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Kalamazoo 
River,  about  14  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Kalamazoo. 

PLAINVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  55  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison. 

PL.ANO,  a  post-village  of  Kendall  co,,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  14  miles  W,S,W. 
of  A\irora, 

PLANTSVILLE,  or  PLANTVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Hartford  co.,  Connecticut,  on  the  Quinipiac  River,  and  on 
the  New  Haven  and  Northampton  Railroad,  21  miles  N,  of 
New  Haven,  and  20  miles  S,W.  of  Hartford.  It  contains  1 
church,  4  stores,  a  graded  school,  2  manufactories  of  car- 
riage hardware,  and  1  of  machinery  and  tools. 

PLATEAU,  a  village  of  Nebraska,  on  the  line  between 
Dodge  and  Douglas  counties,  near  the  W,  bank  of  the  Elk- 
horn  River,  about  27  miles  W.N,W.  of  Omaha. 

PL.\TO,  a  post-village  of  Iroquois  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Iro- 
quois River,  about  75  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Chicago. 

PLATO,  a  post-village  of  Te.xas  to.,  Missouri,  about  44 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Rolla,  • 

PLATO,  a  post-villiicre  of  IMcLeod  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Buf- 
falo Creek,  about  50  miles  W.S,W.  of  St,  Paul,  and  7  miles 
below  Glencoe, 

PLATTE,  a  county  in  the  E,  part  of  Nebra.ska,  has  an 
area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the  S,E,  by 
the  Platte  River,  which  forms  part  of  the  southern  boun- 
d.ary;  it  is  also  drained  by  Maple  Creek.  The  surface  is 
nndul.ating,  and  diversified  by  prairies  and  woodlands, 
which  are  mostly  found  on  the  borders  of  the  streams. 
The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  According  to  the  census  of 
1860,  Platte  and  Madison  counties  h.ad  together  782  inhabi- 
tants. 

PLATTE,  a  township  of  Ringgold  co  ,  Iowa.    Pop.  182, 

PL.\TTE,  a  township  of  Union  co.,  Iowa,     Pop.  322. 

PLATTEVILLE,  a  township  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
the  Mississippi  River.     Pop.  406. 

PLATTEVILLE.  a  post-office  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa,  9  or  10 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Bedford. 

PLATTFORD,  a  post-office  of  Sarpy  co.,  Nebraska. 

PLATTSBURG,  a  village  of  Clark  CO.,  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  E.  by  S.  of  Springfield. 

PLATTHMOUTH.  or  PLATTESMOUTH,  a  post-village, 
capital  of  Cass  Co.,  Nebraska,  is  situated  on  the  Slis.sourf 
River,  about  ly^  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Platte,  and 
20  miles  by  land,  or  38  miles  by  water,  S.  of  Omaha  City. 
It  is  built  on  a  site  which  is  about  25  feet  higher  than  the 
river,  and  it  has  a  good  landing  for  steamboats.  It  con- 
tains several  churches,  stores,  &c.    Pop.  in  1860,  474. 

PLATTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co,,  Ohio,  about 
37  miles  N.  of  Dayton. 

PLATTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  24  miles  W.N.W.  of  Altoona. 

PLATTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois, 
about  17  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Joliet. 

PLE.^SANT.  a  village  of  Genesee  co.,  Michigan,  on  Long 
Lake,  about  11  miles  S.  of  Flint. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Steuben  co  ,  Indiana,  contains 
the  village  of  Angola,     Pop.  1222. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1397. 

PLEAS.iNT,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
10.58. 

PLE.\SANT,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  269. 

I'LE.\SA\T,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  942. 

PLE.\S.\NT,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co,,  Iowa.  Pop,  20T 

PLE.\SA\T,  a  township  of  Union  co,,  Iowa,     Pop.  377. 

PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
658. 

2277 


PLE 

PLEASAXT  GROVE,  a  township  of  Coles  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  liSo. 

PLE.A.SAXT  GROVE,  a  township  of  Des  Moines  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  1081. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  a  township  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  547.  / 

PLEASANTGROVE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  01m- 
Btead  CO.,  Minnesota.  The  village  is  about  13  miles  S.  by  E. 
of  Rochester.     Total  population,  676. 

PLE.A.S.\NT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah, 
near  tlie  N.E.  shore  of  Lake  UtiUi,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Piovo. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  De  Soto  parish,  Loui- 
eiana,  about  50  miles  S.  of  Shreveport.  Here  the  ai-my  of 
(Jen.  Banks  waa  defeated  April  8  and  9, 1861. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon, 
near  the  Middle  Fork  of  the  Willamette  River,  12  miles 
S.E.  of  Eugene  City.  It  has  a  flouri<ig-milI,  and  1  or  2 
stores. 

PLKAS.'V.NT  HILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pike 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  45  miles  S.E.  of  Quincy.     Pop.  1270. 

PLEASANT  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  co., 
Minnesota,  about  15  miles  N.  of  Rochester. 

PLE.4.3ANT  RIDGE,  a  townshij)  of  Livingston'co.,  Illi- 
nois.    I'op.  336. 

PLEASANT  RIDGE,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
e95. 

PLEASANT  A'ALE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pike 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  18  milea  E.S.E.  of  Hannibal,  Missouri. 
Pop.  lies. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  post-township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.^ 
Illinois,  about  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Galena.     Pop  767. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Eayette  CO.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  923. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Eau  Claire  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  118. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Pierce  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin.   Pop.  388. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Saint 
Croix  CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  240. 

Pl-EASANT  VALLEY,  a  township  of  Mower  co^  Minne- 
sota.   Pop.  78. 

PLEASANT  VIEW,  a  poat-oflico  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa. 

PLUMAS,  ploo'uias.  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Califor- 
nia, has  an  area  estimated  at  2300  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  North  Fork  and  the  Middle  Fork  of  the 
Feather  River,  and  by  the  Susan  River.  The  surface  is  vex'y 
mountainous,  forming  part  of  the  S.W.  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  which  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  iulinr 
bitants  are  mostly  engaged  in  mining  gold,  which  is  found 
in  the  S.  part,  near  the  Middle  Fork  of  Feather  River.  Or- 
ganized in  1854.    Cnpitiil,  Quincy.    Pop.  4363. 

PLU'MER,  or  PLUMMER,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  Cherry  Run,  about  7  miles  N.E.  of  Oil 
City.    Here  are  some  oil  wells  and  1  national  bank. 

PLUM  VALLEY,  a  small  village  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  12 
miles  N.E.  of  Dallas. 

PLVMOUTII,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chenango 
CO.,  New  York,  about  5  miles  N.W.  of  Norwicli.  The  town- 
ship borders  on  the  Chenango  Canal.    Pop.  1668. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  about  16 
miles  W.  of  Marietta. 

PLY.MOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Lurlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  41  miles  N.E. 
of  Quincy. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Cerro  Gordo  co.,Iowa,  about 
60  miles  N.E.  of  Dakota. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  township  of  Plymouth  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
105. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Juneau  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  517. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  township  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  8  mites  W.  of  St.  Anthony.    Pop.  393. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas,  about  44 
miles  N.W.  of  Atchison. 

PLYMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Cottonwood  River,  9  or  10  miles  W.  of  Emporia. 

POCAHONTAS,  a  village  of  Chesterfield  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Appomattox  River,  opposite  Petersburg. 

POCAHONTAS,  a  post-village  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  75  miles  E 
of  Memphis. 

POCAHONTAS,  a  post-village  of  Baker  co.,  Oregon,  in  the 
Tallcy  ol  Powder  River.    It  has  some  trade. 

POCKET  FLAT,  or  POKER  FLAT,  a  mining  village  of 
Sierra  co.,  California,  about  60  miles  N.E.  of  Marysville 

POHO'NO,  or  BRIDAL  VEIL  FALL,  a  cataract  in  the 
Xosemite  A  alley,  Mariposa  Co.,  California.  Here  a  small 
affluent  of  the  Merced  PJver,  about  40  feet  wide,  has  a  ver- 
tical (all  of  nearly  900  feet. 

POINT  ARENA,  a  post-village  of  Mendocina  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  about  125  miles  N.W.  of  San 
Francisco. 

^'^^^J.^^^^^,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co ,  Wisconsin, 
•"^/^r^^.i"*'""^'"  ^'^''^'■'  "■^^'-  10  ">''es  E.  of  Mauston. 
POINT^ONITA  is  the  3.  extremity  of  Marin  co.,  Call- 


POX 

fori  !a.  and  is  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Golden  Gate,  about  3).^ 
milts  N.  of  Point  Lobos. 

POINT  LOBOS,  i.e.  "Wolves'  Point,"  California,  is  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Golden  Gate,  about  6  miles  Sv.  of  San 
Francisco. 

POINT  LOOKOUT,  a  post-office  of  St.  Mary's  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  W.  sliore  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Potomac  River,  about  50  miles  S.  of  Annapoli*. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinoifl. 
Pop.  681. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  a  po.st-viliage  and  township  of  Har- 
din CO.,  Iowa,  about  5  miles  AV.  of  Eldora.     Pop.  412. 

POINTVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Burlington  CO., 
New  Jersey,  about  11  miles  E.  of  Mount  Holly. 

POKAG'ON,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Central  Rjiilroad,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Niles. 

POKEG AMA,  a  township  of  Douglas  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop, 
272. 

POLAND,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  25  miles  in 
a  direct  line  E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

POL.\Nl).  a  village  of  Washington  CO.,  Wisconsin,  about 
28  miles  W.N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

POL.iND.  a  village  of  Chase  co.,  Kansas,  on  the  Cotton- 
wood River,  about  27  miles  W.  of  Emporia. 

POIi.\ND,  a  post-office  of  San  Joaquin  co.,  California. 

POLK,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  North  Carolina,  bor- 
dering on  Soutli  Carolina,  has  an  area  estimated  at  300 
scjuare  miles.  It  is  di-.iinod  by  the  Green  River  and  the 
North  Pacolet  River.  The  surface  is  hillj'.  Capital,  Colum- 
bus.   Pop.  4043,  of  whom  620  were  slaves. 

POLK,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Georgia,  bordeiyng 
on  Alabama,  contains  about  350  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  Euharlee  Creek.  The  surface  is  diversifiwi;  the  soil 
generally  fertile.    Capital,  Cedar  Town.    Pop.  6295. 

POLK,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Minnesota,  hor- 
dering  on  Dakota,  has  an  area  estimated  at  6500  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  \Y.  by  the  Red  River  of  the 
North,  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Mississippi,  and  also  drained  by 
the  Red  Lake  River,  and  other  streams.  The  greater  part 
of  Red  Luke,  which  is  about  35  miles  long,  is  included 
within  this  county.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is  nearly 
level.  The  valley  of  the  Red  River  consists  mostly  of  rich 
prairies  or  sparsely  wooded  plains.  Tho  Red  River  is  navi- 
gable on  the  border  of  this  county.    Poj).  240. 

POLK,  a  county  in  tiie  N  W.  part  of  Oregon,  has  an  area 
of  about  750  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Willamette  River,  navigable  for  steamboats,  and  on  the  W. 
by  the  Coast  Range,  or  (as  one  resident  of  the  county  says) 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  drained  by  tho  Rickreal  ami 
Luckamute  Rivers,  and  the  South  Fork  of  the  Yam  Hill. 
The  surface  is  mostly  occujiied  by  grassy  hills,  adapted  to 
pasturage,  and  high  mountains  covered  with  forests  of  flr 
trees.  Tlie  county  contains  some  good  arable  land  in  the 
Willamette  valley.  It  is  stated  that  there  were  20,000  sheep 
in  this  county  in  1864.    Capital,  Dallas.    Pop.  3625. 

POLK,  a  post-village  of  Asliland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Atlan- 
tic and  Greiit  Western  Railroad,  25  miles  N.E.  of  Mansfield. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  756. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  8S0. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Washington  co  ,  Indiana.  Pop.  1056. 

POLK,  a  township  of  lienton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  916. 

POLK,  a  town.-ihip  of  Bremer  co.,  Io*va.    Pop.  506. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Jetferson  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1130. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Marion  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  641. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Taylor  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  331. 

POLK,  a  township  of  Wapello  co    Iowa.    Pop.  846. 

POLK  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Poik  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near 
the  Des  Moines  River,  about  16  miles  N.  by  W.  of  De« 
Moines. 

POLKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  10  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Belvidere. 

POLKVILLE,  a  small  post-village  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn~ 
sylvanin,  about  18  miles  N.  of  Bloomsburg. 

POLLOCK,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania 
Pop.  2096. 

POLO,  a  post-village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central 
Railroad,  22  miles  S.  of  Freeport. 

I'OMARIA,  a  post-village  of  Newberry  district.  South 
Carolimi,  on  the  Greenville  and  Columbia  Railroad,  32  miles 
N.W.  of  Columbia. 

POMONA,  a  mining  village  of  Boisee  CO.,  Idaho,  is  situ- 
ated between  Idaho  City  and  Centreville,  and  about  33  miles 
N.E.  of  Boisee  City. 

PONCAH,  a  post-township  of  Dixon  co.,  Nebraska.  Pop. 
101. 

PONTIAC.  a  post-village  of  Erie  co.,  New  York,  about  ii2 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Buftalo. 

PONTIAC,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  0^,=-^.  nn  the  San- 
dusky Mansfield  and  Newark  Railroad,  19  .lalet  S.  of  San- 
dusky. 

P0NTI.4C,  Ohio,  a  station  on  the  Dayton  an-^  Michigan 
Railroad,  6  miles  N.  of  I'iqua.       • 

PONTIAC,  a  po.st-town,  capital  of  Livingston  CO.,  Illinois, 
situ.ited  on  the  Vermilion  River,  and  on  the  Chi.'flgo  Alton 
and  St.  Louis  Rjxilroad,  90  miles  S.W.  of  Chicago.    I.,  con- 


POO 

tains  a  court-house,  4  chnrcheg,  1  bank,  2  newspaper  offices, 
and  several  flouring-mills.  Pop.  in  1860, 733;  in  1865,  about 
1800. 

POOL,  a  post-village  of  Midland  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Tittibawassee  Kiver,  about  33  miles  W.N.W.  of  Bay  City. 

POPE,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Arkansas,  has 
an  area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  the  Arkansas  P.iver,  and  also  drained  by  tlie  Big 
Piney  and  Illinois  Creeks.  The  surfrice  is  somewhat  diver- 
sified. Capital,  Norristown.  Pop.  7S83,  of  whom  978  were 
slaves. 

POPE,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  central  p.art  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Med- 
icine Bank  or  Chippewa  River,  and  contains  numerous 
small  lakea.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  fertile. 
Pope  county  contains  extensive  prairies,  and  probably  no 
dense  forests.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information 
respecting  this  county. 

POPLAR  BLUKF,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Butler  CO., 
Missouri,  on  Big  Black  River,  about  130  miles  in  a  direct 
line  S.  of  St.  Louis. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  a  station  on  the  Indianapolis  and  Cin- 
cinnati Railroad,  in  Marion  co.,  Indiana,  5  miles  S.E.  of 
Indianapolis. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co..  Illinois,  on 
the  Kenosha  and  Rockford  Railroad,  16  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Rockford. 

PORTAGE,  a  township  or  mining  district  of  Houghton 
CO.,  Michigan,  on  Portage  Lake,  contains  copper  mines. 
Pop.  171.3. 

PORT  ALLEN,  a  post-village  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Iowa  River,  about  6  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Red 
Cedar  River,  and  about  19  miles  W.S.W.  of  Muscatine. 

PORT  ANGELOS  (an'jenloce),  a  post-village  of  Clallam 
CO.,  Washington  Territory,  on  tlie  S.  side  of  the  Strait  of 
Juan  de  Fuca,  about  100  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Olympia.  The 
custom-house  at  this  place  was  swept  away  by  a  flood  in 
December,  1863. 

PORT  AUSTIN,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Lake  Huron,  about  60  miles  E.N.E  of  Bay  City. 

PORTER,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
141. 

PORTERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Dubois  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  East  Fork  of  ^Vhite  River,  about  37  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Vincennes. 

PORT  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Huron,  about  8  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sand  Beach. 

PORTLAND  [continued  from  page  1622]. 
of  tirst-<:liiss  steamers  from  I'ortland  to  New  York,  Boston, 
Bangor,  and  St.  John.  New  Brunswick;  also  a  weekly  line 
in  winter  to  Liverpool.  Total  valuation  of  estates  in  the 
city,  1864,  $20,954,000.  Annual  average  of  deaths.  1  to  47 
of  the  population.  Principal  articles  of  exportation,  sugar- 
box  shocks,  deals  and  all  kinds  of  lumber,  hoops,  heading 
and  hogshead  shooks.  Fish  purchased  in  1804,  50,000  bar- 
rels mackerel,  10,000  barrels  herring,  65,000  quintals  dry 
fish,  130,000  boxes  smoked  herring,  halibut,  salmon,  cod, 
&o. ;  pork  and  beef,  potatoes,  hay,  butter,  cheese,  dried 
apples,  and  other  produce.  The  city  is  lighted  with  gas, 
and  abundantly  supplied  with  pure  water.  The  city  is  con- 
sidered remarkably  hetilthy,  never  having  been  visited  by 
the  cholera,  even  when  thiit  disease  raged  fearfully  in  other 
neighboring  cities. 

Portland  was  settled  by  an  English  colony  in  1632.  Its 
Indian  name  was  Machigonne.  During  the  wars  in  which 
the  colonies  were  involved  with  the  Indians,  the  Frtnch, 
and  the  mother  oounti-y,  this  town  sulfored  the  severest 
disasters:  three  times  it  was  entirely  destroyed.  Since  tiie 
Revolution,  it  has  steadily  increased  in  wealth  and  popula- 
tion. The  city  charter  was  granted  in  1832.  I'op.  in  1830, 
12,601 ;  in  1840,  15,218 ;  in  1850,  20,815 ;  in  1860,  26,342. 

PORTLAND,  a  village  of  Jackson  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ports- 
mouth Branch  Railroad,  about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Portsmouth. 
PORTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Meigs  Co.,  Ohio,  on  tlie 
Ohio  River,  about  16  miles  E.  of  Pomeroy. 

Portland,  a  post-township  of  Dodge  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
about  25  miles  E.N.E.  of  Madison.     Pop.  1313. 

PORTLAND,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Monroe  CO., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  227. 

PORTLAND,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  40  miles  S.  of  Winona,  and  1  or  2  miles  from  the  N. 
line  of  Iowa. 

PORTLAND,  a  village  of  St.  Louis  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
W.  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  about  7  miles  N.  of  Superior 
City. 

I'ORTLAND,  the  most  populous  and  commercial  town 
of  Oregon,  and  capital  of  Multnomah  county,  is  situated  on 
tne  left  (W.)  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  15  miles  from 
its  mouth,  50  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Salem,  and  642  miles  by  sea 
N.  from  San  Francisco.  Lat.  45°  30'  N.,lon.  122°  27'  30"  W. 
It  is  at  the  head  of  ship  navication.  Three  steamers  per 
montt  ply  between  this  place  and  San  Francisco.  It  con- 
tains several  churches,  j  academy,  an  asylum  for  the  insane, 
1  national  baiik,  u  nuiabe-  of  wholesale  stores,  3  book  stores, 


POT       • 

2  assay  offices,  and  the  Oregon  Iron  Works.  One  daily  ant 
2  weekly  newspapers  are  published  here.  Pop.  in  1800 
2874 :  in  1864,  about  4500. 

PORT  LOUISA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Louisa  co., 
Iowa.  The  village  is  on  the  Mississippi  River,  6  miles  N.E. 
of  Wapello,  and  15  miles  below  Muscatine.     Pop.  C()7. 

PORT  LUDLOW,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  CO.,  Washing- 
ton  Territory,  on  Admiralty  Inlet,  16  miles  S.  of  Port 
'Townsend.     Pop.  in  1860, 124. 

PORT  MADISON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Kitsap  co., 
Washington  Territory,  situated  on  the  W.  shore  of  Admiralty 
Inlet,  77  miles  N.N.E.  of  Olympia.  It  has  2  saw-mills,  and 
1  found.-y.     Pop.  188. 

POUT  MERCER,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Raritan  Canal,  and  on  the  New  Jersey  Railroad, 
about  4  miles  S.W.  of  Princeton. 

PORT  MONMOUTH,  a  post-village  of  Monmouth  co.. 
New  Jeisey,  situated  on  the  Karitan  Bay  (or  Lower  Bayi, 
21  miles  S.  of  New  York  city,  and  at  the  N.  terminus  of  the 
Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  which  extends  to  Phi- 
ladelphia. It  contains  2  churches,  and  several  stores,  and 
is  improving.     Pop.  about  400. 

I'ORT  ORCHARD,  a  post-village  of  Kitsap  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  on  Admiralty  Inlet,  about  65  miles  N.  by  E. 
ofOIymiiia.     It  ha.s  1  saw-mill.     Pop.  47. 

PORT  ORFORD,  a  post-village  of  Curry  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  30  miles  N.  of  Ellensburg,  and  338  miles 
by  sea  from  San  Francisco.  It  has  1  or  2  stores,  and  a  saw- 
mill.    P»p.  in  1^60,  146. 

PORT  PERRY,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Monougahela  River,  and  on  a  railroad  11  miles 
S.E.  of  I'ittsburg. 

PORT  RICHMOND,  or  RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of 
Wapello  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Des  Moines 
River,  nearly  opposite  Ottumwa.  The  name  of  the  post- 
office  is  Port  Richmond. 

PORT  ROYAL,  Pennsylvania,  a  station  on  the  Pittsburg 
and  Connellsville  Railroad,  37  miles  S.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

PORT  ROYAL,  South  Carolina,  an  entrance  or  channel 
by  which  Broad  River  communicates  with  the  Atlantic, 
between  the  islands  of  Hilton  Head  and  St.  Helena.  Hei-o 
is  a  good  harbor  for  large  vessels.  Port  Royal  is  also  the 
name  of  an  island  which  forms  part  of  Beaufort  district,  and 
contains  the  town  of  Beaufort.  It  is  about  10  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Port  Roval  entrance. 

PORT  SANILAC,  a  post-village  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Lake  Huron,  about  24  miles  N.  of  Lexington.  Accord- 
ing to  one  map  it  is  only  12  miles  from  Lexington. 

PORT  SHELDON,  a  village  of  Ottawa  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Michigan,  .about  12  miles  S.  of  Grand  Haven. 

PORTSMOUTH,  a  village  of  AUegan  CO.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  .Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River. 

PORT  SULLIVAN,  a  post-vilhigeof  Milam  co., Texas,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Brazos  River,  about  80  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Austin  City. 

PORT  TO \VNSEND,  a  post-village,  port  of  clearance,  and 
capital  of  Jefferson  Co.,  \Vashington  Territory,  is  situated 
on  Port  Townsend  Bay,  about  100  miles  N.  of  Olympia. 
Lat.  4S°  7'  N.  It  has  1  church,  and  4  or  5  general  stores. 
Pop.  264. 

PORT  TREVERTON,  a  post-village  of  Snyder  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Susquehanna  River  and  Caual,  42  miles  N. 
of  ILirrisliurg. 

PORT  WALTHALL,  a  village  of  Chesterfield  CO.,  Virgi- 
nia, on  the  Api)oniattox  River,  about  7  miles  below  Peters- 
burg. 

PU!!T  WILLIAM,  a  post-village  of  Atchison  CO.,  Kansas, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  15  miles  by  land  N.W.  of 
Leavenworth. 

PORT  WINE,  a  mining  post-village  of  Sierra  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 16  miles  N.  of  Downieville.  It  has  1  church,  2  stone 
stores,  2  hotels,  &c.  Pop.  variously  estimated  from  350  to  750. 

POSEY,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.     I'op.  1740. 

POSTON,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  56  miles  W.  of  Cincinnati. 

I'OTOSI,  a  post-township  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas,  20  miles  N. 
of  Fort  Scott,  and  3  miles  W.  of  the  State  of  Missouri.  Pop. 
1156. 

POTOSI,  a  mining-camp  of  Sierra  CO.,  California,  1  mile 
from  Howland  Flat,  and  about  25  miles  N.  of  Downieville. 
It  hiis  1  church,  and  2  mining-ditches.     Pop.  300. 

POTTAWATTOMIE,  or  POTAWATOMIE,  a  county  in 
the  N.E.  part  of  Kans;is.  Area  estimated  at  750  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Kansas  River,  and 
on  the  W.  by  the  Big  Blue  River.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Vermilion  and  Rock  Creeks.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified,  the  soil  is  fertile.  Timber  is  produced  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  creeks  above  named.  Capitiil,  Louisville. 
Pop.  1529. 

POTTAWATTOMIE,  a  township  of  Coffey  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  156. 

POTTAWATTOMIE,  a  township  of  Franklin  CO.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  467. 

2279 


•       POT 

POTTER,  a  village  of  Calumet  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  24 
miles  W.  of  Manitowoc. 

POULTXEY,  pOlt'nee,  a  post-village  of  Delaware  co., 
Iowa,  about  33  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Dubuque. 

POVERTY  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  me  Mokelumne  River,  about  32  miles  N.E.  of 
Stockton. 

POWDER  RIVER,  a  small  river  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Mon- 
tana, is  an  affluent  of  the  Yellowstone.  Its  direction  is 
northward. 

POWELL,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Kentucky. 
It  is  intersected  by  the  Red  River.  The  surface  is  hilly. 
Capital,  Stanton.    Pop.  2257,  of  whom  125  were  slaves. 

POWELLTON,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  95  miles  AV.S.AV.  of  Riileigh. 

POWESHIEK,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  875. 

POWHATAN.  Virginia,  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and 
Danville  Railroad,  22  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 

POWIIATTAN,  a  village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio,  about 
SS  miles  N.K.  of  Dayton. 

PO^VHATTAN,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas,  about 
•15  miles  N.  of  Topeka. 

POAVHOCCO,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Nebra-ska, 
near  the  right  bank  of  the  Platte  River,  about  33  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Omaha  City. 

POYGAN,  or  POYGAM,  a  post-town-ship  of  "Winnebago 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  South  side  of  Pauwaicuu  Lake,  about 
28  miles  N.W.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  C13. 

POYNER,  a  township  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  leva.  Pop. 
391. 

POYSIPPI,  a  township  of  Waushara  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Pauwaicuu  Lake,  about  20  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Oshkosh. 
Pop.  3>i4. 

POYSIPPI,  a  post-village  of  Waushara  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Pine  River,  about  12  miles  N.  of  Berlin.  It  has  1  saw- 
mill, 1  rakt^factory,  and  15  houses. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1075. 

PRAIRIE,  a  post-township  of  Tipton  co.,  Indiana,  about 
42  miles  N.  of  Indianapolis.     I'op.  1247. 

I'RAIRIE,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  564. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiawi.    Pop.  659. 

PR.^IRIE,  a  township  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  711. 

PR.AIRTE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  575. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  399. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  538. 

PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  131. 

PRAIRIE,,  a  post-village  of  Yolo  Co.,  Cahforuia,  10  miles 
N.W.  of  Wooilland. 

PRAIRIE  CITY,  the  capital  of  Cumberland  co.,  Illinois, 
situated  about  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Mattoou,  and  100  miles  E. 
S.E.  of  Springfield.    Pop.  1199. 

PRAIRIE  CITY,  a  post-township  nnd  village  of  McDo- 
nough  CO..  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quiucy 
Railroad,  23  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Galesburg.     Pop.  77u. 

PRAIRIE  CITi'.  a  village  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  about  15 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Butler. 

PR.4.IRIE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas, 
about  15  miles  S.  of  Lawrence. 

PRAIRIK  CllEliK,  a  post-township  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  \Vabash  River,  about  15  miles  below  Terre  Haute. 
Pop.  1343 

PRAIRIE  CREEK,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  M5. 

PRAIRIE  DU  SAC,  a  post-village  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Wisconsin  River  (here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  1430  fc^et  long),  25  miles  W.N.W.  of 
Madison,  and  14  miles  S.  of  Baraboo.  It  has  I  church,  1 
academy,  5  dry-goods  stores,  and  1  steam  flour-mill.  Pop. 
about  600.    Pop.  of  Prairie  du  Sac  township  1878. 

PREBLE,  a  post-township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  is 
immediately  E.  of  the  City  of  Green  Bay,  and  at  the  mouth 
of  Fox  River.    Pop.  560. 

PREBLE,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota.  Pod 
400.  ^ 

PRENTICE,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
railroad  connecting  Jacksonville  with  Petersburg,  12  miles 
N.E.  of  the  former. 

PRENTISS,  a  post-township  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine 
about  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Bangor.    Pop.  226.  ' 

PREXTIS-*,  a  post-village  of  Bolivar  co,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Mi.Missippi  River,  about  126  miles  N.N.W.  of  Jaclvson 

PRESCOTT,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  about 
Smiles  S.S.W.  of  Shelby  ville. 

PRESCOTT,  a  post-to'wn,  capital  of  Pierce  co.,  Wisconsin 
situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  just  below 
the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix,  al)Out  30  miles  below' S;iint  Paul 
and  18  miles  N  W.  of  Red  Wing.  Minnesota.  It  contains  i 
bank,  numerous  mills,  warehouses,  and  manufactories.  A 
large  quantity  of  wheat  is  shipped  here  in  steamboats  Pod 
in  l-ii'iO.  10:U.  ^' 

PRESCOTT,  a  post-township  of  Faribault  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  32  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Maukato.     Pop.  8. 

PRE.SCOTT.  a  post-village,  cai)ital  of  Ariaona,  and  seat 
of  justice  for  Yavajjai  co.,  is  picturesquely  situated  among 


PRO 

the  Pine  Mountains,  about  140  miles  E.  of  the  Colorado 
River,  and  500  miles  S.  of  Salt  Lake  Citv.  Lat.  about  34° 
7'  N  ,  Ion.  about  112°  20'  W.  It  is  built  of  wood,  and  in- 
habited mostly  by  persons  who  removed  from  California 
and  Colorado.  There  are  mines  of  gold  and  i-ilver  in  the 
vicinity.  The  first  house  in  Prescott  was  built  ia  June, 
1864. 

PRESIDENT,  a  village  nnd  town.ship  of  Venaneo  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  left  (S  )  bank  of  the  Alleghany  River, 
about  15  miles  above  Oil  City.  It  contiiins  1  large  hotel. 
Here  are  several  oil  wells.    Total  population,  512. 

PRE-^QUK  ISLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Aroo- 
stook CO..  Maine,  neiir  the  Aroostook  River,  about  150  mileg 
N.  by  E.  of  Bangor.     Pop.  723. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Webster  co.,  Georgia, 
about  4o  miles  >.S.E.  of  Columbus. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village  of  Yallobusha  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  l.'i  miles  N.N.W.  of  Grenada. 

PRESTON,  a  village  of  Whaitoa  co.,  Texas,  about  77 
miles  W.  of  Galveston. 

PRESTON,  a  village  of  Muskingum  co..  Ohio,  on  tha 
Muskingum  River,  about  17  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Zanesville. 

PlfESTON,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co.,  Illinois,  about 
32  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Bellville. 

PRESTON,  a  township  of  Richland  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  887. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouii,  on 
Muddy  Creek,  about  65  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

PRESTON,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Trempealeau  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  206. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village  and  township,  capitjil  of  Fill- 
more CO.,  Minnesotii,  situated  on  a  small  afl[luent  of  Root 
River,  about  33  miles  S.E.  of  Rochester,  and  44  miles  from 
the  Mississippi  ]{iver,  at  La  Crosse.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
rich  larming  country,  in  which  timber  is  abundant.  Pop 
in  1860,  751. 

PRESTON,  a  post-village  of  Marin  co..  California,  on  oi 
near  the  sea,  30  miles  N.W,  of  San  Ralael, 

PRICKLY  PE.AR,  a  mining  district  of  Montana  Ten-itory, 
near  the  E.  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  few  miles  W 
of  the  Missouri  River,  and  about  130  miles  N.  of  Vii-ginia 
City,     Gold  is  found  here  on  Prickly  Pear  Ireek. 

PRIMROSE,  a  post-village  of  Lewis  co,,  Missouri,  about 
27  miles  W,N.W.  of  Quincy,  Illinois. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  8  miles  K,S  E,  of  Newcastle. 

I'RINCETON,  a  village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio.,  about  34 
miles  N.  bv  W.  of  Zanesville. 

PRINCETON,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.  Pop.  659. 

PRINCETON,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  is  bounded 
N.  by  the  Wapsipinicon  River,  and  E.  by  the  Mississippi. 
Pop.,  including  the  village  of  Princeton,  1423. 

J'RINCETON,  a  post-villa;re  of  Scott  CO.,  Iowa,  is  plea- 
s.intly  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River,  21  miles  above 
Davenport.  It  contains  2  churches,  several  stores,  1  flour- 
ing-mill,  2  saw-mills,  &c.    Pop.  about  1000. 

PRINCETON,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Green  Lake  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Fox  River,  about  90  miles  N.W.  of  Milwau- 
kee, and  13  miles  S.W.  of  Berlin.  It  has  a  good  water- 
power,  1  flouring-mill,  and  several  stores.  Pop.  about  600; 
pop.  of  Princeton  township,  1489. 

PRINCETON,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Mille  Lacs  co., 
Minnesota,  on  Rum  River,  about  60  miles  in  a  direct  line 
N.W.  of  Saint  Paul. 

PRINCETON,  a  village  of  AVinona  co.,  Minnesota,  10  or 
11  miles  W.N.W.  of  Winona. 

PRiNCETON,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Kansas, 
about  32  miles  S.  of  Leavenworth. 

PRINCETON,  a  post-village  of  Colusa  co.,  California,  on 
the  Sacramento  River,  15  miles  N  of  Colusa. 

PRINCEVILLE,  a  post-villago  in  Princeville  township, 
Peoria  Co.,  Illinois,  about  20  miles  N.N.W.  of  Peoria.  Pop. 
estimated  at  600;  of  the  township  in  1860, 1234. 

PROMISE  CITY,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa,  9  or 
10  miles  E.  of  Corydon. 

PROSPECT,  a  village  of  York  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  near  the 
Susqueh.inna  RiviT,  about  13  miles  K.  of  York. 

PROSPECT,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  about 
44  miles  N.E.  of  1  ndianapolis. 

PROSPECT  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Giles  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Niishville  and  Decatur  Railroad,  91  miles  S.  of  Nash- 
ville. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  about  25 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Iowa  City. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  township  of  Lancaster  co.,  Penusvlvania, 
about  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  1810. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  iwst-village  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  North 
Carolina,  about  15  miles  S.S.E.  of  Charlotte. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  village  of  Fayette  CO.,  Kentucky,  on  a 
railroad,  7  miles  S,  bv  W,  of  Lexington, 

PROVIDENCE,  a  village  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  18  miles 
by  railroad  N.N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

PROVI DENCE,  a  township  of  Hardin  Co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  695. 

PROVIDENCE,  a  post-village  of  Cache  co.,  Utah,  'i  miles 
S.  of  Logan. 

PROVISO,  a  post-township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinoii,  about  10  - 


PRO 


KAN 


miles 'W.  of  Cliicagro,  is  intersected  by  the  DesPlalnes  River. 
Pop.  T26S. 

PKOVO  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Utah  CO.,  Utah,  is 
gituated  on  the  Timpanogos,  or  Piovo  River,  2i^  miles  E. 
of  its  entrance  into  Utjih  Lake,  45  miles  S.S.E.  of  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  aliout  2  miles  W.  of  the  base  of  the  Wasatch 
Mountain  Range.  It  contains  1  church,  1  seminary,  1  the- 
atre, 1  town-hall,  3  flouring  mills,  2  saw-mills,  3  tanneries, 
&c.  The  river  affords  aliundant  water-power  here.  Pop 
in  1860,  2030;  in  1865,  about  3300. 

PUEBLO,  pweb'lo,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Colorado,  has  an  area  of  about  1400  square  mile.'!.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Arkansas  River,  and  also  drained  by  Squirrel 
Creek,  and  other  small  streams. 

PUEBLO,  or  PUEBLA,  a  post-village  of  Pueblo  co.,  Colo- 
rado, situated  on  the  Arksmsas  River,  about  120  miles  S.  of 
Denver. 

PULASKI,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lawrence  co  , 
Pennsylvania.  The  village  is  on  Beaver  River,  and  on  the 
Erie  aiid  Pittsburg  Railroad.  9  or  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  New- 
castle.   Total  population  1270. 

PUL.\SKI,a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  about  8  miles 
S.E.  of  Bloomfleld. 

PUNJ.\B,  or  PUNJAUB,  a  post-ofSce  of  St.  Genevieve 
CO.,  Missouri,  about  50  miles  S.  of  St.  Lotus. 


PURGATORY  RITER,  Huerfano  co.,  Colorado,  is  au 
nfiluent  of  the  Arkansas.  Its  direction  is  nearly  northeast 
ward. 

PUSIIETA,  a  township  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1280 

PUTAII,  Solano  Co.,  California.     See  Silveyville. 

PUTAH  CREEIi,  California,  an  affluent  of  the  Sacrar 
mento,  rises  in  Lake  co  ,  ilows  southeastward  through  Napa 
county,  and  forms  the  boundiiry  between  Solano  and  Yolo 
counties. 

PUTNAM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Windham  co., 
Connecticut.  The  village  is  on  the  Quinebaug  liiver,  and 
the  .Norwich  and  Woicester  Railroad,  34  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Norwich.  It  contains  4  churches,  1  national  Umk,  1  news- 
paper office,  3  cotton  factories,  and  2  woollen  factoriei'. 
Pop.  fif  township  2722. 

PUTNAM,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1026. 

PUTNAM,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  5C 
miles  N.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

PUTNAM,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  5S0. 

PUTNAM,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  oi 
Minneska  River,  about  16  miles  S.S.E.  of  Wabasha,  and  5 
miles  from  the  Mississippi  River. 

PYRMONT,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  about 
16  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Dayton. 


Q. 


QUARTZBURG,  a  mining  village  of  Mariposa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, about  40  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Sonora.  It  has  1 
quartz-n)ill. 

QUEBEC,  a  post-office  of  Ilardin  co.,  Iowa,  about  68  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

QUEEN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa,  about 
26  nnl.'s  N.  of  Bedford.     Pop.  212. 

QUEKNSTOWN,  a  village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  ICittanning.     Pop.  119. 

QUEENS VIJjLK,  a  post-office  of  Jennings  co.,  IndianiU, 
on  the  Indianapolis  and  Madison  Railroad,  28  miles  N.W. 
of  Madison. 

QUINOY,  a  post-office  of  Lewis  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  9  or  10  miles  below  i'ortsmouth,  Ohio. 

QUINCY,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern 
Railroad,  on  the  line  between  Madison  and  Tipton  counties, 
Indiana,  43  miles  S.E.  of  Logansport. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  25  miles  N. 
N.W.  of  Bloomington. 

QUINCY.  a  post-village  of  Hickory  co.,  Missouri,  about 
20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Warsaw. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa,  on 
or  near  a  branch  of  the  Nodaway  River,  about  90  miles  S. 


W.  of  Des  Moines.  Pop.  in  1865,  about  225.  Pop.  of  Quincy 
township  in  18C0,  451. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  about  70  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village  in  Quincy  township,  Olmstead 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  20  miles  E.  of  Rochester.  Pop.  of 
township  576. 

QUINCY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Plumas  co.,  California, 
is  situated  in  American  Valley,  which  is  surrounded  by 
high  mountains,  about  250  milejs  N.N.E.  of  Siin  J-'rancisco. 
It  contains  a  court-house,  a  school,  a  newspaper  office,  and 
about  100  dwellings.  Gold  is  found  here.    Pop.  in  1S60, 192. 

QUINDAUO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wyandot 
CO.,  Kansas.  The  village  is  on  the  Mis.souri  River,  about  6 
miles  above  Kansas  City,  and  20  miles  below  Leavenworth. 
Total  population,  689. 

QUITMAN,  a  county  in  the  W.  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  bor- 
dering on  Alabama,  contains  about  175  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Chattahoochee  River,  and  inter- 
sected by  Pataula  Creek.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  and 
partly  covered  by  forests  of  pine.     Pop.  349.». 

QUITMAN,  a  post-village  of  Nodaway  county,  Missouri, 
on  the  Nodaway  River,  about  46  miles  N.  by  W.  of  St. 
Joseph. 


E. 


RACELAND,  a  post-village  of  Lafourche  Parish,  Loui- 
siana, on  the  New  Orleans  and  Opelousas  Riulroad,  40 
miles  W.S.W.  of  New  Orleans. 

RACINE  [continued  from  page  1560]. 
sippi  Railroad  liaving  its  lake  terminus  at  this  place,  extends 
142  miles  to  the  .Mississippi  River  at  S;ivanna,  Illinois.  This 
company  builds  all  its  cars  at  Racine,  employing  a  large 
numiior  ofmechanics.  The  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Railroad 
passes  through  this  city.  First  settled  in  1835,  incorporated 
as  a  city  in  1848.  Pop.  in  1850,  5111 ;  in  1860, 7822 ;  iu  1865, 
about  10.000. 

RACINE,  a  post-village  of  Meigs  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  about  8  miles  S.E.  of  Pomeroy. 

RACINK,  a  township  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota.   Pop.S61. 

R.\CINE,  a  township  of  Beaver  co.,  Pennsylvania,  Pop. 
1050. 

RACOON,  a  township  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1144. 

RACOON  RIVER,  Wisconsin,  a  small  stream  which 
flows  through  the  N.W.  part  of  Vernon  county  into  the 
Mississippi  River. 

R.\DNOR,  a  township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1109. 

RAGLAN,  a  township  of  Harrison  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  284. 

RAir.RO.A.D,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  231. 

RAINIKK,  a  poi-t-villaire  of  Columbia  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Coliunbia  River,  about  20  miles  below  St.  Helen.  It  has  a 
steam  saw-mill.     Pop.  85. 

RAlSINVILt.E,  a  village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Raisin  River,  5  or  6  miles  N.E.  of  Adrian. 

RALKIGH,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Michigan,  about  36 
Viiles  S.W.  of  Detroit. 

RAMESSA.  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  on  or  near 
the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad,  about  24  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Davenport,  and  8  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 

RAMSEY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Favette  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  13  miles  N.  of  Vandalia. 
Poi).  1086, 


RAMSEY,  a  township  of  Anoka  co..  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi  River.    Pop.  192. 

RAMSEY,  a  village  of  Isanti  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Rum 
River,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Anoka. 

RAND.iLL,  a  post-office  of  Hamilton  co.,  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  N.  of  Des  Moines. 

RANDALL,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Kenosha  co., 
Wisconsion.     Pop.  662. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  of  Bibb  co.,  Alabama,  on  the 
Alabama  and  Tennessee  River  Railroad,  40  miles  N.  of 
Selma. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co.,  Texas,  about 
120  miles  N.  of  Houston. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  of  Metcalf  co.,  Kentucky, 
about  44  miles  E.  of  Bowling  Green. 

R.\NDOLPH,  a  township  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana,  on  thg 
Ohio  River,  just  below  Rising  Sun.     Pop.  1.583. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  in  Randolph  township,  Mc- 
Lean CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Rjiilroad,  10  miles  S.  of 
Bloomington.    Pop.  of  township,  1386. 

RANDOLPIL  a  village  of  Clay  CO.,  Mi-ssouri.  on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  6  or  7  miles,  below  Kansas 
City,  and  30  miles  by  land  S.E.  of  Weston. 

KANDOLl'H,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Ilor-con  and  Portage  City  Riulroad,  24  miles  E.  of 
Portage  City. 

RANDOLPH,  a  sm.all  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  Cannon  River,  about  16  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Hastings 
PcJj),  ISfi. 

RANDOLPH,  a  post-village  of  Riley  co.,  Kansas,  on  or 
near  the  Big  Blue  River,  about  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Man- 
hattan. 

R.\NDOLPII,  a  post-village  of  Coos  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  15  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Empire  City.  Pop.  of 
Randolph  Precinct,  110. 

RAN(iELY.  a  post-township  of  Franklin  co.,  Maine,  about 
36  miles  N.W.  of  Farmingtoa.    Pop.  238. 

2281 


RAN 

RANSOM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hillsdale  co., 
Miclilfrai ,  about  30  miles  W.  S.W.  of  Adrian.     Pop.  1154. 

RAXTOUL,  a  post-village  in  Rantoul  township,  Cliam- 
paign  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad  (Chicago  Branch), 
114  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Chicago. 

KAXTOUL,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Calumet  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  378. 

KANTOUL,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Kansas. 

RAPIDAN  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Culpepper  Co., 
Virginia,  on  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  where  it 
crosses  the  lUpidan  River,  5  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Orange 
Court-IIouso. 

RAPIOS,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  85^. 

RARITAN,  a  post-village  of  Henderson  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
20  miles  S.K.  of  Burlington,  Iowa.    Pop.  42. 

RATHBONE,  a  township  of  Steuben  co..  New  York,  in- 
tersected liy  the  Canisteo  River,  and  the  Erie  Railroad,  con- 
tains P.athboneville.     Pop.  loSl. 

RATTLESNAKE  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Middle  Fork  of  the  American  River,  7  miles 
S.  of  Auburn.    It  has  2  stores. 

RAVENNA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Muskegon 
CO.,  Michigan.  The  village  is  on  Crockery  Creek,  about  23 
miles  N.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  367. 

R.\.VEXNA,  or  RAVANNA,  a  post-village  and  township 
of  Mercer  CO.,  Missouri,  about  95  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 
Pop.  i'oO. 

RAVENNA,  a  mining  village  of  Los  Angeles  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 45  miles  N.  of  Los  Angeles. 

R.4.VENNA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  about  22 
miles  N.W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

RAVENSWOOD,  a  village  of  San  Mateo  co.,  California, 
on  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Redwood 
City. 

RATVLINSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lanovster  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  15  miles  S.  of  Lancaster. 
'  R.4WS0N,  a  village  of  Hancock  co.,  Ohio,  about  10  miles 
S.AV.  of  Findlay. 

RAAVSONVILLE,  a  po.«t-village  of  VTayne  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Huron  River,  about  28  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit.  It 
has  2  mills. 

RAY,  a  post-village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  on  the  N. 
Fork  of  Clinton  River,  about  35  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Detroit. 

R.A.Y,  a  township  of  Morgan  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1374. 

RAYiMOND,  a  post-village  of  Black  Hawk  co..  Iowa, 
on  the  Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Railroad,  6  miles  E.  of 
Waterloo. 

RAYSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  19  miles  S.E.  of  Cidllicothe. 

READ,  a  post-township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about  3 
miles  E.  of  El  Kader.    Pop.  734. 

READFIELD  DEPOT,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co., 
Maine,  on  the  Maine  Central  Railroad,  9  or  10  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Autrusta. 

READING,  a  village  of  Columbiana  co.,  Ohio,  about  11 
miles  W.  S.W.  of  Salem. 

READING,  a  post-village  of  Hillsdale  co.,  Michigan,  about 
43  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Adrian. 

RE.\DING,  a  village  of  Shasta  co.,  California,  on  the 
Sacramento  River,  about  18  miles  N.  of  Red  Bluff. 

READING  VILLE,  a  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Stony  Creek,  about  35  miles  S.W.  of  Detroit. 

READSTOWN,  or  REED'S  TOWN,  a  post-village  of  Ver- 
non CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Kickapoo  River,  about  11  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Viroqua. 

READSVILLE,  or  REEDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Calla- 
way CO.,  Missouri,  about  33  miles  E.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

RECTORVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  IlUnois, 
about  90  miles  S.S.E.  of  Vandalia. 

RED  BLUFF,  a  township  of  Tehama  Co.,  California,  con- 
tains or  adjoins  the  village  of  Red  Bluff.    Pop.  1391. 

RED  BI.UFF,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tehama  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, situated  on  the  Sacramento  River,  at  the  head  of 
navigation,  240  miles  above  Sacramento.  The  leg-al  distance 
from  the  same  city  by  the  road  is  145  miles.  Steamboats 
ascend  the  river  to  this  point  in  all  seasons  of  the  year. 
Red  Bluff  contains  one  fine  church,  an  academy,  a  news- 
paper office,  1  sash  and  door  factory,  &c.  Grain  and  wool 
are  shipped  at  this  place  which  is  surrounded  by  a  country 
adapted  to  wool-growing.     Pop.  in  1865,  about  1500. 

RED  BUD.  a  post-village  of  Randolph  co„  Illinois,  about 
24  miles  S.  of  Belleville. 

RED  BUD,  a  post-village  of  Ozark  co.,  Missouri,  on  a 
branch  or  fork  of  While  River,  about  55  miles  E  S.E.  of 
Bprincfield. 

REDDING,  a  post-village  of  Ringgold  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
We>t  Fork  of  Grand  River,  about  7  miles  W.  of  Mount  A  j^r. 

RED  DOG,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  about 
40  miles  R.  of  Marysville.    It  has  2  or  3  stores. 

REDFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Dallas  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
South  Racoon  River,  about  33  miles  W.  of  Des  Moines. 

RKD.MAN,  a  post-village  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa,  on  Salt 
Creek,  about  87  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

RED  OAK,  a  |iost-village  and  township  of  Cedar  co 
Iowa,  about  6  miles  N.  of  Tiptou.    Pop.  553.  ' 

21:82 


REN 

RED  OAK,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Iowa.    PrOk. 

207. 

RED  ROCK,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  900. 

RED  KOCK,  a  township  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
222. 

REDSTONE,  a  village  of  Nicollet  co.,  Minnesota,  en  the 
Minnesota  River,  4  or  5  miles  below  Ntw  Ulm. 

RED  VERMILION,  a  township  of  Nemaha  CO.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  272. 

RED  WING,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Goodhue  co.,  Min- 
nesota, is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Cannon  River,  6  miles 
above  Lake  Pepin,  and  45  miles  by  land,  or  55  by  water,  be- 
low St.  Paul.  It  is  the  scat  of  an  institution  named  Uani- 
line  University,  and  contains  7  churches,  1  bank,  2  news- 
paper offices,  a  fine  court-house,  3  steam  saw-mills,  2  cabinet 
shi^ips,  kc.  A  large  quantity  of  whejit  is  shipped  here.  Red 
Wing  is  on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  lUiilroad.  The 
bluff  at  this  place  is  about  300  feet  high.   Pop.  in  1S60, 1251. 

REDWOOD,  a  new  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Minne- 
sotii,  bordering  on  Dakota.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by 
the  Minnesota  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Redwood, 
Cottonwood,  and  Yellow  Medic:ine  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
nearly  level  or  undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  greater 
piirt  of  it  is  destitute  of  tinjber  or  spai'sqj^'  woodeil.  The 
census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this 
count}-. 

REDWOOD,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
140. 

REDWOOD  CITY,  a  thriving  post-town  ar.d  capital  of 
San  Mateo  CO.,  Ciilifornia,  situated  near  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco,  and  on  the  railrojid  which  connects  San  Joso 
with  San  Francisco,  2i5  miles  S.  of  the  latter.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  1  church,  1  newspaper  office,  1  public  library, 
6  stores,  several  warehouses,  1  tlouring-mill,  and  about  200 
dwellings.  Lumber,  lire-wood,  gr.iin,  &c.,  are  shipped  here 
in  small  vessels  which  approach  the  town  by  inlets  of  the 
bay.  Many  wealthy  citizens  of  San  Francisco  have  country- 
seats  here.    Pop.  about  1000. 

REED,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  7S1. 

REEDEK,  a  post-township  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
334. 

REEDER,  a  village  of  Dickinson  co.,  Kansas,  on  the  Kan- 
sas River,  about  125  miles  W.  of  Lawrence. 

REED  RIVER,  or  RED  RIVER,  a  township  of  Kewaunee 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Green  Bay.    Pop.  674. 

REED'S  CORNERS,  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co 
Wisconsin,  ou  the  railroad  which  connects  Horicou  with 
Berlin,  26  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Horicon. 

REED'S  TOWN,  Wisconsin.    See  Re.\dstown. 

REEDSVILLE,  or  REEDVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Meigs 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio,  IS  miles  by  laud  N.E.  of  I'omeroy. 

REEDSVILLE,  Missouri.     See"  Re.idsvii.le. 

REEDVILLE,  or  REEDSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Mani- 
towoc CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  16  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Manitowoc. 

REELSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  Railroad,  26  milws  E.N.E. 
of  Terre  Haute. 

REESE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  wliich  rises  near  the  S.W. 
extremity  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada,  at  the  W.  b;t8e  of  the 
Toiyabe  Mountains.  It  flows  northward  about  100  miles, 
and  sinks  or  is  absorbed  in  the  sands  of  the  desert  iu  Lau- 
der county. 

REESE  VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  18  miles  W.N.W.  of  Philadelphia. 

REESEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co..  Ohio,  on  th» 
Cincinnati  and  Zjiuesville  Railroad,  about  10  miles  E.N.l^ 
of  Wilmington. 

REEVE,  a  township  of  Franklin  co..  Iowa.    Pop.  394. 

REEVESVILEE,  a  post-office  of  Colleton  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  South  Carolina  Riiilroad,  52  nules  N.W.  of 
Charleston. 

REIDS VILLE,  reodz'vil,  a  post-village  of  Rockingham 
CO.,  North  Carolinii,  IS  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Greensborougb. 

RlilLLY,  a  township  of  Schu»-lkill  co.,  Pennsylvaai*. 
Pop.  2900. 

REIMERSBURG,  or  RIMERSBURG,  a  post-village  of 
Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania,  about  20  miles  N.  of  Kittannin^ 
Pop.  346. 

REIMERSVILLE,  or  REMERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of 
Morgiin  CO.,  Ohio,  about  '25  miles  N.N.W.  of  Marielfci. 

REINDEER,  a  post-office  of  Nodaway  co^  Missouri,  about 
40  miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph. 

REMERSVILLE,  Ohio.    See  Reimerswlij;. 

REMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl 
vania,  a  few  miles  W.  of  Pittsburg. 

REMINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Toledo  Logansport  and  Burlington  Railmad,  40  miles 
W.  of  Logansport. 

RENICK,  a  village  or  station  of  Randolph  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  140  miles  W  N.W.  of  St 
Louis. 

RENO,  a  new  town  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Alleghany  River,  3  or  4  miles  below  OU  Citj-.  Here  are 
several  oU  wells. 


EEN 

RENOVO,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  cc,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Philailt'lphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  27  miles  N.VV.  of  Lock- 
haven,  and  196  miles  from  Erie. 

RENSIIAW,  a  village  in  the  N.  part  of  Minnehaha  co., 
Dakota,  on  the  Big  Sioux  Kivcr. 

RENSSELAER  FALLS,  a  post-villago  of  St.  Lawrence 
CO.,  New  York,  on  the  Rome  Watertown  and  Ogdensburg 
Baili'oad,  12  miles  S.E.  of  Ogdensburg. 

RENVILLE,  a  county  in  Wie  S.W.  central  part  of  Minne- 
sota. Area  estimated  at  1150  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  S.W.  by  the  Minnesota  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
South  Fork  of  the  Crow  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  calcareous  and  fertile.  It  contains  a  largo  ex- 
tent of  prairie  laud,  and  probably  no  dense  forests.  I'op.  245. 

REPUBLIC,  a  village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri,  about  46 
miles  N.  of  La  Clede. 

REI'UBLICAN  FORK,  or  REPUBLICAN  RIVER,  a 
branch  of  the  Kansas  River,  rises  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Colo- 
rado Territory,  flows  eastward  throujjh  Nebraska,  and 
crossing  the  N.  boundary  of  Kansas  pursues  a  southeiisterly 
course  and  unites  with  the  Smoky  llill  Fork  at  Fort  Riley. 
Length  estimated  at  450  or  aOU  miles. 

RESERVE,  a  township  of  Parke  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  733. 

RESERVE,  a  township  of  Ramsey  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi  iiivei^  just  above  St.  Paul.     Pop.  249. 

RETREAT,  a  post-oflice  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Jeifersonville  Railroad,  4U  miles  N.  of  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

REYNOLDS,  a  post-village  of  White  co.,  Indiana,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Tuledo.  Logansport  and  Burlington  Rail- 
road witli  the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad, 
24  miles  N.  of  Lafayette. 

REYNOLDS'  FERRY,  a  post-office  of  Calaveraa  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, ou  the  Stanislaus  River,  about  10  miles  W.  of  Sonora. 

RHINKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  .Missouri  River,  about  76  miles  W.  of  St.  Louis. 

RIB  RIVER,  of  -Marathon  CO.,  Wisconsin,  flows  in  an 
E.S.E.  direction  and  enters  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  2 
miles  S.  of  Wausau. 

RICE,  a  county  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Minnesota,  contains 
about  500  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Cannon 
River,  and  also  drained  by  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Zumbro. 
It  is  sprinkled  with  many  small  axid  beautiful  lakes.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous,  deep,  and 
aighly  productive.  The  staple  productions  are  wheat, 
maize,  oats,  &c.  The  county  contains  some  iirairies,  but  it 
is  estimated  that  two-thirds  of  it  is  covered  with  Ibrests 
of  deciduous  trees,  including  the  sugar-maple.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Minuesota  Central  Railroad.  Capital,  Fari- 
bault.    Pop.  7543. 

RICE,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  539. 

RICE  CITY  a  village  of  Meeker  co.,  Minnesota,  about  10 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Forest  City.     Pop.  (55. 

RlCEFoRD,  a  post-villago  of  Uouston  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  34  miles  S.  of  Winona. 

RICE  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
20  miles  S.E.  of  Faribault. 

RICEL.4ND,  a  township  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  125. 

RICES  DEPOT,  a  post-ofBce  of  Prince  Edward  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  South  Side  Railroad,  CI  miles  W.  of  Petersburg. 

RIOEVILLE,  a  post-village  on  theE.  boundary  of  Mitchell 
CO.,  Iowa,  about  24  miles  W.  of  New  Oregon. 

RICH,  a  township  of  Lapeer  Co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  153. 

RICH,  a  township  of  Cook  Co.,  Illinois,  contains  the  vil- 
lage of  Matteson.    Pop.  1143. 

RICHARDSON,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  extremity  of 
Nebraska,  bordering  on  Kansas  and  Missouri,  has  an  area 
of  about  570  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
Missouri  River,  intersected  by  the  Great  Nemaha,  and  also 
drained  by  the  South  Fork  of  the  latter,  and  by  Muddy 
Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  deep  and 
fertile.  This  contains  extensive  prairies  .and  numerous 
groves  of  trees,  among  which  the  oak,  walnut,  Cottonwood, 
elm,  hickory,  and  ash  are  found.  Limestone  of  good  quality 
is  abundant.    Capital,  Falls  City.     Pop.  2S35. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  37  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Ilarrisburg. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-village  in  Richfield  township,  Gene- 
see CO.,  Michigan,  on  Flint  River,  11  miles  N.E.  of  Flint. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-oflice  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa,  about  42 
miles  N.E.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

RICHFIELD,  a  post-viliage  and  township  of  Wiishington 
CO..  Wisconsiu,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Iloiicon  Railroad,  23 
miies  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.  The  village  has  6  churches,  3 
stures.  and  2  saw-mills.     Pop.  1920. 

RICHFIELD,  a  pos'-towuship  of  Hennepin  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  6 
miles  W  tiv  *:  of  St.  Paul.  It  contiiins  or  adjoins  Fort 
gne'.::ug.     Pop.  866. 

RICHFOIID,  a  post-township  of  Waushara  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  3  i  miles  N.  of  Portage  City.    Pop.  459. 

RICH  GROVE,  a  township  of  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
170. 

RICH  GULCH,  a  pos*  "inage  of  Calaveras  co.,  California, 
i  miles  E.  of  Mokeluiune  Hill. 


EIC 

EICITLAND,  a  county  in  tho  S.W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  has 
an  areii  of  about  675  square  miles.  It  i*. bounded  ou  the 
S.  by  the  Wisconsin  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Pine 
and  Eagle  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  Wisconsin  River  is  navigable  for  steiunboata. 
Richland  county  is  liberally  supplied  with  timber  and  lime- 
stone. Among  the  forest  trees  of  this  county  are  the  sugar- 
maple  and  pine.  It  contains  a  remarkable  natural  bridgi^ 
see  Rockbridge.    Capital,  Richland  Centre.    Pop.  9732. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Onslow  co.,  Noilh  Carolina, 
about  65  miles  N.E.  of  Wilmington. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Russell  Co.,  Virginia,  about 
24  miles  N.  of  Abingdon. 

RICHLAND,  a  village  of  Belmont  co.,  Ohio,  about  14 
miles  W.  of  Wheeling. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1406. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-viliage  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  about 
16  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Mansfield. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.  Pop 
1257. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Fayetteco.,  Illinois.  Pop.  656. 

RICIlLAND,atownshipof  Marshall  co.,Illinoi3.  Pop. 832 

RICHL.AND,  a  township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  270. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  467 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  189 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  992 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  297. 

RICIILAN  D,  a  township  of  Jones  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  862. 

RICHLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Keokuk  CO., 
Iowa,  about  15  miles  N.  of  Fairfield.     Pop.  1440. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1029. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  361. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  1017. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  1150 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Rice  CO.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  313. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Waseca  co.,  Minnesota,  Pop 
163. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Miami  co..  Kansas.    Pop.  4S8 

RICHLAND,  a  i)ost-olKce  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas,  about 
15  miles  S.E.  of  Topeka. 

RICH  LAND,  a  post- village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California, 
15  miles  S.  of  Sacramento.    It  hiia  1  or  2  stores. 

RICHLAND,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Nebraska. 
Pop.  95. 

RICHLAND  STATION,  a  post-oflice  of  Sumner  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  15  miles 
N.N. W.  of  Gallatin. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  30  ntiles  N.  of  Aberdeen. 

RICHMOND,  a  village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  about  a  mile  E 
of  the  Scioto  Uiver,  and  14  miles  S.E.  of  Cliillicotlie. 

RICHMOND,  a  village  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan,  on  tho 
Kalamazoo  River,  about  17  miles  N.W.  of  Allegan. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.  Pop, 
633. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  184, 

RICHMOND,  Wapello  Co.,  Iowa.    See  Port  Richmond. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Wa.sliington  Co.,  Iowa,  about 
30  miles  W.  of  .Muscatine,  and  lO  miles  N.  of  Washington. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  of  Saint  Croix  co.,  \\  isconsiu,  10 
miles  N.E.  of  Hudson.     Pop.  251. 

RICHMOND,  a  township  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Sha- 
wana  CO.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  220. 

RICHMOND,  a  village  of  Stearns  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Sauk 
River,  about  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  St.  Cloud. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  and  fractional  township  of 
Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  18  miles 
below  Winona. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Nemaha  co., 
Kansas,  3  or  4  miles  N.  of  Seneca,  and  about  36  miles  E.  of 
Marysville.     Pop.  469. 

RICHMOND,  a  mining  village  of  Boisee  co., Idaho,  about 
75  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Idaho  City. 

RICHMOND,  a  post-village  of  Cache  co.,  Utah,  about  8 
miles  N.  of  Logan. 

RICHMONDVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  Luke  Huron,  about  25  miles  N.  of  Lexington. 

RICHTdN,  Cook  CO.,  Illinois,  a  station  ou  the  Central 
Railroad,  29  miles  S.  of  Chicago. 

RICH  VALLEY,  a  township  of  McLeod  co.,  Minnesota, 
Pop.  116. 

RICIIVIEW,a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  10  miles  S.  of  Centralia.    Pop.  045. 

RICHVILLE,  the  capital  of  Tooele  Co.,  Utah,  is  situated 
about  3  miles  S.  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  20  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Salt  Lake  City. 

RICHWOOD,  a  township  of  Peoria  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  997. 

RICHWOOD,  a  village  of  Dodge  co..  Wisconsin,  on  the  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  6  miles  N.W.  of  AVatertown. 

RICHWOOD,  or  RICH  WOODS,  a  post-village  and  town- 
sliip  of  Washington  CO.,  Missouri,  about  50  miles  S.W.  of  St. 
Louis.    Pop.  1077. 

RICHWOODS,  a  township  of  Jersey  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1134. 

2283 


RIG 

JtrCKRFAL.  rikVe-awl',  a  small  riTcr  of  Polk  Co.,  Ore- 
gon, rises  in  the  Coast  Range,  flows  eastward,  and  enters 
the  Willamette,  2  or  3  miles  above  S.alem. 

RIDGFELEY,  or  RIDGLEY,  a  post-village  of  Platte  co., 
Missouri,  about  28  miles  N.  of  Kansas  City. 

RIDGEVTLLE,  a  post-village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  14  miles  N.W.  of  Union  City. 

RIDGEVILLK,  a  village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  33 
miles  N.E.  of  Marietta. 

RIDiiEWAY,  a  village  of  Ohio,  on  or  near  the  line  be- 
tween Hardin  and  Logan  counties,  and  on  the  Bellefoutaine 
Railroad,  15  miles  N.E.  of  Bellefoutaine. 

RIPGEWAY,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district.  South 
Carolina,  on  the  Charlotte  and  South  Carolina  Railroad,  24 
miles  N.  of  Columbia. 

RIDGEWAY.  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Adrian. 

RIDGEW.iY.  a  post-village  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa,  about 
48  miles  W.  of  Des  Sloines. 

RIDGEWAY,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Osage  co., 
Kansas.  The  village  is  about  17  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Topeka. 
Total  population,  1113. 

RILEY,  a  connty  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kansas,  area  esti- 
mated at  500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by 
the  Kansas  River,  on  the  E.  by  the  Big  Blue  River,  and  in- 
tersected in  the  S.W.  part  by  the  Republican.  The  surface 
is  diversified  by  valleys  and  uplands;  the  soil  is  very  rich, 
especially  in  the  valleys.  Limestone  and  sandstone  of  good 
quality  are  said  to  be  abundant  in  this  county.  It  is  libe- 
rally supplied  with  water-power  by  the  Big  Blue  River. 
Capital,  Manhattan.     Pop.  1224. 

RILEY,  a  post-township  of  Vigo  co.,  Indiana,  about  6  miles 
S.E.  of  Terre  Haute.     Pop.  1356. 

RILEY,  a  post-office  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about  8  miles 
S.W.  of  Osceola. 

RILEY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Kansas  River,  nearlj'  opposite  Fort  Riley, 
and  about  6  miles  N.E.  of  Junction  City. 

RIMEUSBURG,  Ppnnsvlv.mia.     See  RElMEn.snURS. 
RINGGOLD,  a  post-village  of  Pittsylvania  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  5  miles  B.  of  Dan- 
ville. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Catoosa  co.,  Geor- 
gia, on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad  (now  called  the 
Chattanooga  and  Atlanta  Railroad),  21  miles  S.E.  of  Chat- 
tiinooga. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  about  33 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Marietta. 

RINGGOLD,  a  post-village  of  La  Grange  co.,  Indiana, 
about  44  miles  N.N.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

RINGGOLD,  a  village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California,  about 
7  miles  E.  of  I'liicerville. 

RINGWOO!).  a  post-village  of  McTIenry  co.,  Blinois,  on 
the  Fox  River  Valley  Railroad,  56  miles  N.W.  of  Chicago. 

RINSONES,  or  RIXCONE.-J,  a  village  of  Conejos  co.,  Co- 
lorado, about  ."^5  miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Garland. 
RIO,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois.     Pop.  822. 
RIO,  a  post-village  of  Columbia  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  14  miles  S.E.  of  PorUge 
City. 

RIO  SAN  JUAN,  an  affluent  of  the  Colorado,  rises  in  Co- 
nejos CO.,  Colorado,  flows  through  the  N.W.  part  of  New 
Mexico,  and  enters  the  Colorado  River,  in  the  S.  part  of 
Utah.    Its  general  direction  is  westward. 

RIO  SECO  (Sp.  pmn.  ree'o  s.i'ko),  t.  «.  "  Dry  River,"  a 
post-village  of  Butte  co..  Californiii.  10  miles  W.  of  Oroville. 
RIO  VISTA,  a  post-village  of  Solano  co.,  California,  on  the 
right  bank  of  tlie  Sacramento  River,  about  70  miles  by 
water  N.E.  of  .«an  Francisco.  It  has  several  stores.  Large 
quantities  of  salmon  are  shipped  here. 

RII'LEY,  or  RIPLEYS,  a  post-village  of  Tyler  co..  West 
Virginia,  on  Middle  Island  Creek,  about  50  miles  S.  of 
Wheeling. 

RIPLEY,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Rail- 
road, in  In<liana.  4  miles  N.W.  of  Winamac. 

RIPLEY,  a  post-vilbigeand  small  township  of  Brown  co., 
Illinois,  on  Crofiked  Creek,  about  48   miles   E.  by  N.  of 
Quincy.    Pop.  :137. 
RIPLEY,  a  township  of  Butler  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  151. 
RIPLEY,  or  RIPPEY,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Iowa, 
about  44  miles  N.W.  of  Des  Jloines. 

RIPLEY,  a  township  of  Dodge  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  160. 
ifi  *  township  of  Meeker  co.,  Minnesota,    Pop. 

RLSDON,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  about  22 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Belleville. 

RI^JNG  SUN,  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  Iowa,  about  10 
miles  K.  of  Des  Moini'S. 

RISING  SUN,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Kansas  Iliver,  opposite  Lecompton. 

RITCHIE,  a  village  of  Napa  CO.,  California,  about  65 
mib'R  N.  of  San  Francisco. 

RIVER  D.\LE.  a  posl-oflice  of  I,awrence  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  E.  Fork  of  White  River,  25  miles  by  railroad  S.W.  of 
Seymour. 

32S1 


ROC 

RIVER  FALLS,  n  post-village  and  township  of  Pierce 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of  Prescott.     Pop.  412. 

KIVEliSIDE,  a  village  of  Lafayette  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Pekatonica  River,  and  on  the  Mineral  Point  Railroad, about 
7  miles  S.E.  of  Darlington. 

RIVERTON,  a  township  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  341. 

RIVERTON,  a  post-village  in  Riverton  townshij),  Floyd 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  Red  Cedar  River,  about  8  miles  below 
Charles  Citv. 

RIVESVILLE,  or  RIVERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ma- 
rion CO.,  West  Virginia,  on  the  Monongahela  River,  3  or  4 
miles  N.  of  Fairmont.     Pop.  54. 

RI  VOLT,  or  RIVOLA,  a  post-township  of  Mercer  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  12  miles  E.  of  Aledo. 

ROANE,  a  county  in  the  W.  central  part  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, has  an  area  of  about  350  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Pocotalico  River,  and  the  W.  Fork  of  the  Little  Ka- 
nawha. The  surface  is  hilly  or  uneven.  Capital,  Califor- 
nia!?)    Pop.  5381. 

ROANOKE,  Virginia,  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and 
Danville  Railrofid,  where  it  crosses  the  Stiiunton  Rivei,  50 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Danville. 

RO.ANOKE,  a  post-village  of  Martin  co..  North  Carolina, 
on  the  Roanoke  River,  about  82  miles  E.N.E.  of  Raleigh. 

ROANOKE,  a  post-village  of  Huntingdoij  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Toledo  and  Wabash  R.R.,  16  miles  S.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

ROANOKE,  a  post  township  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois, 
about  iO  miles  E.N.E.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  805. 

ROANOKE  ISLAND,  in  the  E.  part  of  North  Carolina,  lies 
between  Albemarle  and  Pamlico  Sounds.  Bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Roanoke  Sound.  Length  about  13  m.  It  was  taken  by 
a  Union  armament  under  Gen.  Burnside  about  Nov.  7, 18tJ2. 

HOARING  CKEEK,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.   Pop.  509. 

ROBERTS,  a  township  of  Marshall  oo.,  Illinois.  Pop.  723. 

ROBEUTSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.Conneo 
ticut,  on  the  Farmington  River,  about  28  miles  N.W.  of 
Hartford. 

ROBERTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Stark  co.,  Ohio,  about 
11  miles  E.S.E.  of  Canton. 

ROBESON,  or  ROBESONIA,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Lebanon  Valley  Railroad,  12  miles  W. 
of  Reading. 

ROBINA,  or  ROBINIA,  a  post-office  of  Panola  co.,  Mis- 
sissipiii.  on  a  railroad,  about  7  miles  S.  of  Panola. 

ROBINSON,  a  post-township  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  Grand  River,  about  20  miles  W.  of  Grand  Ra- 
pids.    Pop.  128. 

ROBINSON,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas,  about 
26  miles  N  W.  of  Atchi.scm. 

ROCHE  A  GRIS,  rosh'd  gre',  a  smalf  river  of  Adams  co., 
Wisconsin,  flows  southwestward  into  the  Wisconsin  River. 

ROCHESTER,  a  village  of  San  Suba  co.,  Texas,  on  the 
San  Saba  River,  .about  100  miles  N.W.  of  Austin  City. 

ROCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
Green  River,  about  30  miles  N.W.  ol  Bowling  Green. 

ROCHESTER,  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about  30  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Zanesville. 

ROCHESTER,  a  post-township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  about 
14  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Muscatine,  contains  a  village  named 
Rochester.     Pop.  771. 

HOC  It  ESTER,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Cedar  River,  about  7  miles  S.  of  Tipton,  and 
20  miles  E.  of  Iowa  City.  It  has  several  stores.  Pop.  esti- 
mat<^  at  350. 

ROCHESTER,  a  flourishing  post-town,  capital  of  Olmstead 
CO.,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  Wih<ma  and  St.  Peter's  Rail- 
road, on  the  line  between  Cascade  and  Rochester  township.s 
44  miles  W.  of  Winona,  and  70  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.S.B 
of  St.  Paul.  It  is  the  most  important  station  on  the  above- 
named  railroad  W.  of  Winona,  and  is  surrounded  by  rich 
farms  of  which  wheat  is  the  staple  product.  Rochester  has 
a  court-house,  several  churches,  1  national  bank,  &c.  It  is 
on  the  S.  branch  of  the  Zumbro  River.    Pop.  in  li-60,  1424. 

ROCHES'I'ER,  ft  post-village  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas, 
about  45  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Lawrence. 

ROOK  BLUFF,  a  posi-village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  situ- 
ated i:i  a,  valley  enclosed  on  two  sides  by  steep  hills,  1  mile 
or  less  from  the  Missouri  River,  45  miles  below  Umaha,  and 
about  6  miles  S.  by  E.  of  PInttsmouth. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Richland 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  Pine  River,  33  miles  W.  of  Baraboo.  Pop. 
of  township,  646.  It  is  named  from  a  natural  bridge  at  the 
mouth  of  the  W.  branch  of  Pine  River.  Here  is  a  tunnel 
from  15  to  20  feet  wide  and  12  feet  high,  through  a  rocky 
hill,  the  altituile  of  which  is  about  80  feet. 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1048. 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1295. 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Carroll  co.,  HHnois. 
Pop.  699. 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Hancock  co..  Illinois.  Pop. 
512. 

ROCK  CR£EK,a  township  of  Dunn  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop.147. 


y= 


ROC 

ROCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
881. 

KOCK  CREEK,  a  township  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
S55. 

KOCK  CREEK,  California,  an  affluent  of  the  Sacramento 
River,  flows  scmthwestward,  and  forms  tlie  boundary  between 
Tehama  and  Butte  counties. 

ROCKDALE,  a  village  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
40  miles  \V.  by  N.  of  I'liiladelphia. 

ROCKDALE,  a  post-office  of  Dubuque  Co.,  Iowa. 

ROCK  DELL,  a  post-town-.hip  of  Olnistead  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  10  miles  .S.W.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  431. 

ROCK  FALLS,  a  post-vill;ige  of  Dunn  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  Cliippuwa  River,  about  16  miles  S.K.  of  Menoniouie. 

ROCKFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
who  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  7  miles  N.E.  of  Delphi. 

ROCKFISII,  a  post-village  of  Nelson  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  36  miles  N.N.E.  of  Lynch- 
burg. 

ROCKFISII  GAP,  Virginia,  a  pass  through  the  Blue 
Ridge  whore  the  latter  is  crossed  by  the  Central  Railroad, 
about  16  miles  S.K.  of  Staunton. 

ROCKFORD,a  post-village  of  Blount  co., Tennessee, about 
10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Knoxville. 

R0CK1''(>RD,  or  ROCKSFORD,  a  post-village  of  Tuscara- 
»vas  CO.,  Ohio,  about  40  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Steubeuville. 

ROCKFORD,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Missouri,  about  50 
miles  S..S.E.  of  Kansas  City. 

ROCKFOKD,  a  post-village  and  township  in  the  W.  part 
of  Floyd  CO.,  Iowa.  The  village  is  on  Shell  Itock  River, 
'''otul  population,  "299. 

ROCKFORD, a  townshipof Pottawattomie  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
260. 

ROCKFORD,  a  post-township  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Crow  River,  about  20  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Anoka.     Pop.  237. 

ROCKINGHAM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pottawat- 
tomie CO.,  Kansas,  on  Rock  Creek,  about  11  miles  N.E.  of 
Manhattan.     Pop.  32;»i 

ROCKLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Ontonagon 
CO ,  Michigan,  about  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Ontonagon,  llere 
are  rich  copper  mines.     Pop.  2263. 

ROCKLAND,  a  post-village  of  Lake  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  and  on  Lake  Michigan, 
30  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Chicago. 

ROCKLAND,  a  town.ship  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
right  bank  of  Fox  River.     Pop.  419. 

ROCK  L.\ND,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Manitowoc  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  584. 

ROCKLAND,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Klikitat  co.,  Wash- 
ington I'errittpry,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Columbia  River,  op- 
posite the  Dalle3,and  about  100  miles  E.  of  Portland,  Oregon. 

ROCKPOINT,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Oregon,  13 
miles  N.W.  of  .Tacksonville.    It  has  1  store. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Maine,  near  the 
W.  shore  of  Penobscot  Bay,  about  7  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Rock- 
land. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Atchison  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  al>out  8  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and 
60  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Joseph.     Pop.  305. 

ROCKPORT,  a  post-village  of  Jones  CO.,  Nebraska,  about 
88  miles  S.W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

ROCKTON,  a  post-village  of  Clearfield  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  14  miles  W.N.W.  of  Clearfield. 

KOCK  VALE,  a  township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  772. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Railroad  which  connects  Downingtown  with  Waynes- 
burg,  abipiit  45  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

ROCKVIIjLE,  a  village  of  Dauphin  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Susquehanna  River,  and  on  the  Central  Railroad,  5  miles 
K.  of  Harrisburg. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post- village  of  Rowan  qo.,  North  Caro- 
lina, about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Salisbury. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  village  of  Muskingum  co.,Ohio,  about  17 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Zanesville. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village  in  Rockville  township,  Kan- 
kakee co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Kankakee  River,  about  22  miles 
6.  of  Joliet.     Pop.  of  township,  944. 

ROCK  VILLE,a  post-village  in  Rockville  township.  Stearns 
CO.,  Slinnesota,  on  Sauk  River,  about  11  miles  S.W.  of  Saint 
Cloud. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas. 

ROCKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Solano  co.,  California, 
about  9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Vallejo. 

ROCK  WOOD,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  co.,  New  York, 
about  40  miles  E.  of  Utica. 

ROCKWOOD,  a  village  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Iowa 
River,  about  44  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

ROCKY  B.\R,  a  mining-village,  capital  of  Alturas  co., 
Idaho,  situated  near  Feather  River,  at  the  confluence  of 
Bear  and  Steel  Creeks,  about  60  miles  E.N.E.  of  Idaho  City. 
It  hiis  4  general  stores,  1  drug  store,  1  quartz-mill  and  1 
paw-mill.    Pop.  about  300. 

RODNEY,  a  post-village  of  Gallia  co.,  Ohio,  about  7milos 
W.N.W.  ofGallipolia. 


ROS 

ROOERSTILLE,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Indiana, 
about  9  miles  N.  by  E,  of  Newcastle. 

ROGUE  RIVER,  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Oregon,  rises  in  the 
Cascade  Range,  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Jackson  co.,  and  pur- 
suing a  very  tortuous  course  (the  general  direction  of  which 
is  westward,)  through  Josei)hine  and  Curry  counties,  enters 
the  Pacific  Ocean  at  EUensburg.  It  alTords  extensive  wa- 
ter-power. 

ROKEBY,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Mus- 
kingum River,  about  24  miles  below  Zanesville. 

ROLAND,  a  post-village  of  White  co.,  Illinois,  about  14 
S.S.W.  ofCarmi. 

ROLETTA,  a  village  of  Pettis  co.,  Missouri,  about  36 
miles  S.E.  of  Lexington. 

ROLFE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pocahontas  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  W.  Fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  about  30  miles  N. 
N.W.  of  Fort  Dodge. 

ROLLA,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Phelps  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  South  West  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
113  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  the  present  terminus  of 
the  railroad,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  stations  on 
the  same.  It  contains  a  court-house,  several  churches,  &o. 
Pop.  of  RoUa  township,  1439. 

ROLLEY,  a  postnitlice  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  about  ^ 
miles  N.W.  of  Lyons. 

ROLLIN,  a  post-vilI,age  in  Rollin  township,  Lenawee  co., 
Michigan,  on  Tiffins  River,  about  17  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Adrian. 

ROLLING  PRAIRIE,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  co.,  Wi.won- 
sin,  and  a  station  on  the  railroad  which  connects  lloricon 
with  Portiige  City,  5  miles  W.  of  Horicon. 

ROLLINGSTONE.  a  post-township  of  Winona  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  6  miles  above  Winona. 
Pop.  243. 

ROME,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Arkansas,  on  tho 
Washita  River,  about  78  miles  S.3.W.  of  Little  Rock. 

ROME,  a  village  of  Delaware  co.,  Ohio,  about  22  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Columbus. 

RO.ME,  a  post-township  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  about 
8  miles  W.N.W.  of  Adrian.    Pop.  1612. 

ROME,  a  village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  9  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Madison. 

RO.MK,  a  station  on  the  Northern  Indiana  Riiilroad,  ii: 
Noble  CO.,  Indiana,  96  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Toledo. 

ROME,  a  village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri,  about  13  miles  N. 
by  E.  of  Columbia. 

HOME,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  on  Skunk 
River,  about  13  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Fairfield. 

ROM  K,  a  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  844. 

RO.ME,  a  post-village  of  Sutter  co.,  California,  about  20 
miles  S.  of  Jlarysville.    It  has  2  stores. 

ROMEO,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Tennessee,  about  14 
miles  N.W.  of  Greenville. 

ROOK'S  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Livingston  co.,  Illi- 
nois, 3  or  4  miles  W.  of  Pontiac.     Pop.  428. 

ROOl',  formerly  called  LAKK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.part 
of  Nevada,  bordering  on  California  and  Oregon.  Area  esti- 
mated at  above  30U0  square  miles.  It  contains  several 
lakes,  the  largest  of  which  is  the  famous  Pyramid  Iiake  in 
the  South  part.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  forming  part 
of  the  eiistern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  census  of 
1860  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county, 
which  hiis  few  inhabitants. 

ROSAMOND,  or  ROSEMOND,  a  post-village  of  Christian 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  St.  Louis  Alton  and  Terre  llauto  Rail- 
road, 5  miles  W.S.W.  of  I'ana.     Pop.  200. 

ROSCOE,  a  village  and  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa, 
about  12  miles  S.E.  of  Bloomfield.     Pop.  432. 

ROSCOE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Goodhue  CO., 
Minnesota,  about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  378. 

ROSE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Oakland  CO.,  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  about  18  miles 
N.W.  of  Pontiac.    Pop.  1166. 

ROSE,  a  township  of  Shelby  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  505. 

ROSE,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Waushara  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  104. 

ROSE,  a  township  of  Ramsey  co.,  Minnesota,  about  2 
miles  N.W.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop.  499. 

ROSEBURQ,  a  village  of  Union  co.,  Indi.ana,  about  19 
miles  S.  liy  W.  of  Richmond. 

ROSEBURG,  a  thriving  post-village,  capit.al  of  Douglas 
CO.,  Oregon,  is  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Umjiqua  River,  8 
miles  above  its  confluence  with  the  North  Umpqua,  and  150 
miles  S.  of  Salem.  It  is  on  the  main  stage-road  from  Port- 
land and  Salem  to  California,  and  is  the  principal  market  of 
the  hirge  and  fertile  Umpqua  Valley,  from  which  wool  and 
grain  are  exported.  It  contains  a  court-house,  1  or  2 
churches,  1  academy,  4  general-stores,  1  flouring-mill,  &c. 
Pop.  of  Roseburg  precinct  in  1860,  835. 

ROSED  ALE,  a  post-village  of  Parke  CO.,  Indiana,  on  a 
railroad  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

ROSEDALE,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern 
Railroad,  in  Pulaski  co.,  Indiana,  88  miles  S.E.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

ROSEFIELD,  a  post-township  of   Peoria  co.,  Illinois, 

2285 


EOS 

»bont  14  miles  X.W.  of  Peoria,  is  traversed  I)y  the  Peoria 
anu  Oquawka  R:i(Iroad.    Pop.  1090. 

R'  iSEMOND,  Illinois.    See  Rosamond. 

ROSEMOUXT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dakota  CO., 
>tinne80ta,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  15  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul. 
I'op.  295. 

ROSENDALE,  a  township  of  Ontonagon  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  595. 

ROSETTE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa,  ahout  32  miles 
N.W.  of  Davenport. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan,  contiins 
the  village  of  Augusta.     Pop.  1514. 

ROSS,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Joliet 
Branch  of  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  37  miles  E.  of 
Joliet. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Edgar  co.,  IlUnois.    Pop.  668. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  A'ermiliou  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1820. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  678. 

ROSS,  a  township  of  Taylor  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  311. 

ROSSE.A.U.  r<is''so',  a  post-office  of  Morgan  co.,  Ohio,  ahout 
150  miles  W.N.W.  of  JIarietfci. 

ROSSTOX,  a  poft-village  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Alleghany  A'alley  Railroad,  4  miles  S.  of  Kittan- 
iting. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois, 
ahout  20  miles  N.  of  Danville. 

ROSSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Allomakee  co.,  Iowa,  about 
13  miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Lansing. 

ROSSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  I,ake  co.,  California. 

ROUGH  AND  RE.ADY,  a  post-«llage  of  Nevada  CO.,  Ca- 
lifornia, 8  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Nevada  City.  Here  are  rich 
goldmines.    Pop.  in  1864  about  300. 

ROUND  GROVE,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
106. 

ROUND  GROVE,  a  post-village  of 'Whiteside  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Dixon  Air  Lifte  Railroad,  21  miles  W.  of  Dixon. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  a  township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  1049.    . 

ROUND  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Plumas  co.,  California, 

17  miles  N.  of  Qnincy.    Pop.  about  150. 
ROUSEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co..  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  Oil  Creek,  about  5  miles  above  Oil  City.    It  hiis 
several  oil  wells. 

ROWAN,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kentuckj',  has  an 
area  estimated  at  375  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
8.W.  by  Licking  River,  and  also  drained  by  Tri|)let  Creek. 
The  surface  is  hillj-,  and  extensively  covered  with  forests. 
Capital,  Morehead.    Pop.  2282,  of  whom  142  were  slaves. 

ROWE'NA,  a  post-office  of  Russell  co.,  Kentucky,  on  the 
Cumberland  River,  about  66  miles  S.by  W.  of  Danville. 

ROWLEY,  a  township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Lake  Michigan.    Pop.  &0. 

ROXABEL,  a  post-village  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Mari- 
etta and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  about  13  miles  W.N.W.  of 
.  Chillicothe. 

ROXANA,  a  post-township  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan,  ahout 

18  miles  W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  790. 

ROYAL  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Ca.ss  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  11  miles  N.W.  of 
Iiogansport. 


SAG 

ROYALTON,  a  village  and  township  of  Berrien  co., 
Michigiin.  The  village  is  on  the  St.  Joseph's  River,  about 
2U  miles  S.  of  St.  Joseph.    Pop.  962. 

KOY.\LTON,  a  post-township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  Wolf  River,  about  28  miles  N.  of  Berlin.    Pop.  402. 

RUlilCON,  a  township  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake 
Huron.    Pop.  283. 

RU'BICON,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  in 
Rubicon  township,  on  a  branch  of  the  Milwaukee  and  St. 
Paul  Railroad,  39  miles  N.W.  of  Milwaukee.    It  has  5  stores, 

1  steam  saw-mill,  and  about  30  dwellings. 

RUBY,  a  post-villajre  of  Saint  Clair  Co.,  Michigan,  at  the 
confluence  of  Black  River  with  Mill  Creek,  about  12  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Port  Huron.    It  has  2  or  3  mills. 

RUBY  CITY,  a  mining-village,  capital  of  0\*'}'hee  co., 
Idaho,  is  situated  on  Jordan  Creek,  about  60  miles  S.W.  of 
Boisee  City.  Here  are  gold  placer  mines,  and  silver-bearing 
quartz-lodes.  It  had  in  1864, 6  dry-goods  and  general-stores, 

2  hotels,  and  1  brick-yard.    Pop.  alK)ut350. 
HUDOLPH,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Wood  co.,  Wis 

consin.    Pop.  256. 

RULO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Richardson  co., 
Nebraska.  The  village  is  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  75 
miles  above  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  14  miles  N.W.  of 
Iowa  Point.  Kansas.    Pop.  440. 

RUNNELS,  a  new  county  in  the  AV.  central  part  of 
Texas.  Area  estimated  at  1200  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Colorado  River,  and  also  drained  by  Spring 
and  Oak  Creeks.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  inforniar 
tion  respecting  this  county. 

RUN.M.NG  WATER  KIVER,  Nebraska.    See  Niobrar.i 

RURAL,  a  post-village  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
40  miles  N.W.  of  Oshkosh. 

RUSH,  a  township  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Shiawa.ssee  River.     Pop.  346. 

RUSH,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  951. 

RUSHEB.^,  or  RUSHEBY,  a  post-village  of  Chisago  co., 
Minnesota,  about  55  miles  N.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop.  179. 

RUSHFORD,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  Root  River,  and  on  the  Root  River  Valley  Railroad, 
about  28  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  La  Crosse. 
Pop.  477. 

RUSH  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  a  railroad  22  miles  N.  of  Waupun. 

RUSHVIhLE,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  on  or  near  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  Atchison 
and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  about  17  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Joseph. 

RUSSELL,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
973. 

RUSSELL,  a  post-township  of  Sheboygan  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  IS  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Fond  du  Lac.    Pop.  656. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  a  mining-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Colo- 
rado, about  36  miles  S.S.E.  of  Denver. 

RU.SSI.AN  RIVER,  a  township  of  Sonoma  co.,  California, 
on  Russian  River.    Pop.  656. 

RUTLAND,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.  Pop 
1029. 

RUTLAND,  Livingston  co.,  Illinois,  a  station  on  the  Cen- 
tral R:iilroad.  25  miles  S.  of  La  Salle. 

RUTLEDGE,  a  township  of  Dewitt  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  Mflb 

\ 


s. 


SABATHA  or  8ABETHA,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  co., 
Kansas,  about  48  miles  N.W.  of  Atchison.- 

SABATTUS,  or  SABATUS.  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin 
CO.,  Maine,  situated  at  the  S.  end  of  Sabattus  Pond  on  the 
Androscoggin  Railroad,  al)Out  61/^  miles  E  by  N.  of  Auburn. 

SABATTUS  POND,  Androscoggin  co.,  Maiiie,  lies  between 
Green  and  Wales  townships.  It  is  about  4  miles  long  and 
1  mile  wide.  The  Sabattus  River  issues  from  this  pond  and 
enters  the  Androscoggin  River. 

SABINE  PASS,  a  post  office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Texas,  on  or 
near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  the  point  where  the  outlet  of 
Sabine  Lake  enters  the  Gulf,  about  65  miles  E.N.E  of  Gal- 
veston. 

SACCATON,or  SAC.ATON.a  village  of  Pima  co,  Arizona, 
on  or  near  the  Gila  Kiver,  about  90  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Pres- 
cott.     Pop.  in  1S60,  144  Indians. 

SAC  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sac  CO.,  Iowa,  on  or 
near  the  Rilco.on  River,  about  90  miles  N.W.  of  Des  Moines 
and  45  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Fort  Dodfje. 

SACRAMENTO,  a  river  of  Northern  California,  rises  in 
Siskiyou  county  near  the  base  of  Moimt  Shasta.  It  flows 
wuthward,  forms  the  boundary  between  Colusa,  Yolo  and 
Solano  couuties  on  the  right  hand,  and  Sutter  and  Sacra- 
mento counties  on  the  left,  and  empties  itself  into  the  east 
end  of  Suisun  Bay.  It  is  the  principal  river  of  the  state, 
Bnd  IS  navig;ilile  for  small  steamers  to  Red  Bluff,  about  300 
mi  es  from  its  mouth.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  400 
mi  cs.    The  valley  or  basin  of  the  Sacramento  is  about  50 

o?,^'!^.nim')f'y  ^^^■'''•'"*^  is  almost  destitute  of  forests. 
2286  *  '^^^^y  in  the  N.  central  part  of  CaU- 


fornia,  has  an  area  of  about  1100  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  S;»cramento  River,  on  the  S.  by  the  San 
Joaquin  and  Mokelumue  Rivers  and  Dry  Creek.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  American  and  Cosumno  Rivers.  The 
American  River  affords  abundant  water-power.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified ;  the  soil  is  generally  fertile.  AVheat,  bar- 
lej-,  potatoes  and  cattle  are  the  staple  productions.  In  the 
year  ending  June,  1860,  this  county'  produced  514,715  bushels 
of  barley.  Large  quarries  of  granite  are  worked  at  Folsom. 
Gold  is  found  in  the  northern  Itnd  northeastern  parts  of  the 
county.  This  county  is  intersected  by  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad  and  the  &icrameuto  A'alley  Railroad.  Capital, 
Sacramento.     Pcip.  24,142. 

SACRAMENTO,  a  post-village  of  AVliiteco.,niinois,  about 
12  miles  AV.  of  Carmi. 

S.ACRAMENTO,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Minn^ota, 
about  20  miles  W.  by  N.of  Rochester.    Pop.  120. 

SACRA>IENTO,  a  small  village  of  Humboldt  co.,  Nevada, 
14  miles  S.E.  of  Unionville. 

S.ADORUS.  Illinois.     See  Sodorcs. 

SAGADAHOC,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Maine,  border- 
ing on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  has  an  area  estimated  at  270 
square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the 
Androscoggin  River,  and  is  intersected  by  the  Kennebec 
River,  and  by  the  Portland  and  Kennebec  Railroad.  Capi- 
tiil.  Bath.    Pop.  21,790. 

SAGANIN,  or  SAGENIN,  a  village  of  Bay  co.,  Mi- 
chiirau,  on  or  nejir  Saginaw  Baj',  about  25  miles  N.  of  Bay 
City. 

SAGATUCK,  Michigan.    See  Sacgatuck. 


SAG 


SAl 


SAGEVrLLrt,  a  post-ofRce  of  Dubnqne  co.,  Iowa,  6  or  7 
miles  N.N.AV.  of  Dubuque. 

SAINT  ALBAN  S,  a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois, 
about  10  niik'S  S.E.  of  Warsaw.     Pop.  1099. 

SAINT  ALBANS,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Missonri,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  32  miles  W.  of  St.  Ix)ui». 

S.4INT  ALBANS,  a  village  of  Hennepin  CO.,  Minnesota, 
on  Lake  Miinietonka,  about  24  miles  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Paul. 

SAINT  ANNE,  a  post-township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois, 
about  38  miles  8.E.  of  Joliet.     Pop.  l.Slti. 

SAINT  ANSGAR,  a  po^t-village  of  Mitchell  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Rod  Ceilnr  River  about  95  miles  \V.  of  Lansing. 

SAINT  AUBERT,  a  post-village  of  Callaway  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  24  miles  below  Jefferson  City. 

SAINT  AUGUSTA,  a  post-village  of  Stearns  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  about  6 
miles  below  Saint  Cloud. 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  apost-villageof  Fulton  CO., Illinois, 
on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  16  miles 
S.  of  Galesburg. 

SAI^T  CATH.A.RINE,  a  post-village  of  Linn  CO.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Uaiinibal  and  St.  ,Tosepli  Railroad,  9  miles  E.  of  La 
Clide  and  100  miles  W.  of  Hannibal. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  post-village  of  De.sha  co.,  Arkans.as, 
on  White  River,  about  12  miles  E.  of  Arkan.sa.f  Post. 

SAINT  CII.\RLES,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sagi- 
naw CO.,  Michigan.  The  village  is  on  Bad  River  about  14 
nnles  S.W.  of  Saginaw  City.  It  has  several  mills.  Pop. 
603. 

SAINT  CH.4.RLES,  a  township  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa,  on  both 
Bides  of  Red  Cedar  River,  contains  Charles  City.    Pop  891. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa, 
about  25  miles  S.S.W.  ofDes  Moines. 

SAINT  CHAR  f.ES,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winona 
CO.,  Minnesota.  The  village  is  near  the  Winona  and  Saint 
Peters  Railrfiad,  about  24  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Winona. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  post-village  of  Kranklin  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  S  W.  branch  of  the  Pacific  Railro;id,  55  miles  S.W.  of 
St.  Louis. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  township  of  Benlon  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  170. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  post-village  of  Manona  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Soldier  Creek,  20  miles  E;  of  Onawa. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  a  village  of  Carver  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
S.  Fork  of  Crow  River,  about  44  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Saint 
Paul. 

SAINT  CLOUD,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Stearns 
CO.,  Minnesota,  situated  on  the  right  (\V.)  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  about  80  miles  by  the  road  N.W.  of  i^aint 
Paul,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Saint  Paul  and 
Pacific  Railroad.  It  is  built  on  a.  high  bluff  2  miles  below 
the  mduth  of  Sauk  River.  It  contains  a  court-house,  6 
churches,  1  bank,  2  flouring-mills,  2  saw-mills.  &c.  Two 
newspapers  are  published  here.  The  railroad  is  opened 
from  St.  Paul  to  a  point  40  miles  S.E.  of  St.  Cloud.  Pop.  in 
1805,  about  2400. 

SAiNT  CLOUD,  a  village  of  Kansas  on  the  line  between 
Saline  and  Dickinson  counties,  at  or  near  the  confluence  of 
Solomon'.s  Fork  with  the  Kansas  River,  about  33  miles  W. 
S.W.  of  Junction  City. 

SAINT  DONATUS,  a  post-ofBce  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa, 
about  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  Dubuque. 

SAINT  FRANCIS,  a  post-township  of  Anoka  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  32  miles  N.W.  of  Saint  Paul.    Pop.  163. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  small  post-village,  capital  of  Tucker 
CO.,  AVest  Virginia,  on  the  Cheat  River,  about  100  miles  S.E. 
of  Wheeling. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  post-village  of  Pottawattomie  co., 
Kansas,  on  the  Kansas  River,  about  12  miles  below  Man- 
hattan.   Pop.  189. 

S.\INT  GKOBGE,  a  post-village  of  Nemaha  co.,  Nebraska, 
on  the  Little  Nemaha  River,  10  or  11  miles  W.  of  Brown- 
ville. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Washington 
CO.,  Utah,  on  or  near  the  Virgin  River,  345  miles  S.  bj'  W. 
of  Salt  Lake  City.  It  has  several  stores.  Pop.  said  to  be 
600. 

SAINT  IIEIjEN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Columbia  co., 
Oregon,  is  on  the  left  (W.)  bank  of  the  Columbia,  30  miles 
below  Portland.  The  river  is  here  about  a  mile  wide,  and 
forms  a  fine  harbor  for  ships.  This  point  is  accessible  at 
all  seasons  of  the  year  by  large  sea-going  vessels.  Saint 
Helen  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  rocky  bluff.  It  contains 
a  court-house,  1  church,  and  1  school-house.  Pop.  about 
100. 

SAINT  HELENA,  a  post-village  of  Napa  co.,  California, 
about  60  miles  W.  of  Sacramento,  and  18  miles  N.  of  Napa. 
It  contains  an  academy,  1  flour-mill  and  several  stores.  Pop. 
estimated  at  400. 

SAINT  HELENA,  a  post-township  of  Cedar  co.,  Nebras- 
ka.   Pop.  6D. 

SAINT  IGNACE,  a  township  of  Michilimackinac  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  401. 

SAINT  JAMES,  a  post-village  of  Manitou  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Beaver  Island,  a  small  island  near  the  N.  end  of  Lake 
Michij^au. 


SAINT  JAMES,  a  post-office  of  Phelps  co.,  MlR'OTirl,  ou 
the  ."Southwest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  10  miles  N. 
E.  of  Rolla. 

SAINT  JAMES,  a  post-village  of  Cedar  Co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Missouri  River,  about  48  miles  by  the 
road  W.N.W.  of  Sioux  City. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clinton  co.,  Mich- 
igan, on  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  98  miles  W. 
N.W.  of  Detroit,  and  20  miles  W.  of  Owosso.  It  contains  3 
churches,  1  union  school,  2  banking-olHces,  1  iron-lbundry, 
1  steam  grist-mill,  1  steam  saw-mill,  3  hotels,  &c.  Laid  out 
in  l-'ioS.     Pop.  in  I86.1,  about  1500. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois,  on  ths 
Central  Railroad,  79  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Harrison 
CO.,  Iowa,  on  Boyer  River,  5  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  22 
miUis  N,  of  Council  Bluffs.  The  vilhige  has  abcmt  20  houses. 
Total  population  440. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  village  of  Pine  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
St.  Croi.x  River,  about  9i)  miles  N.N.E.  of  Saint  Paul. 

SAINT  JOHN,  a  post-village  of  Dakota  Co..  Nebraska, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  about  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Siou.\  City. 
Pop.  44. 

SAI.VT  JOSEPH,  a  vill.age  of  Stearns  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
Watab  River,  about  10  miles  AV.  of  St.  Cloud. 

SAINT  JOSEPH,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Saint 
Croix  county.  Wisconsin.     Pop.  18S. 

J^AINT  JULIEN,  a  village  of  Clay  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Republican  River,  about  18  miles  N.W.  of  Junction  City. 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  apost-villageof  Chatham  co.,North 
Carolina,  about  50  miles  W.  of  Raleig<li. 

SAINT  LAWKENCE,  a  township  in  the  W.  central  part 
of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop.  516. 

S.4INT  LAWRENCE,  a  post-village  and  sm.all  township 
of  Scott  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  Minnesota  River,  about  40 
miles  S.W.  of  Saint  Paul.    Pop.  205. 

SAINT  LEGER,  a  post-oftice  of  Ozark  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  N.  Fork  of  White  River,  3  or  4  miles  from  the  State  of 
Arkansas. 

S.ilNT  LOUIS,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Minnesota, 
bordering  on  the  British  possessions,  has  an  arcii  estimated 
at  6000  square  miles.  Lake  Superior  washes  its  S.E.  bor 
der.  The  county  is  drained  by  the  St.  Louis  River  and  its 
aftluents.  The  surface  is  elevated,  and  presents  rugged 
ranges  of  drift  hills  called  Hauteurs  des  Terres.  The  soil  of 
these  hills  is  sterile.  Copper  and  iron  are  found  near  Lake 
Suiicrior.     Cajutal,  Du  Luth.     Pop.  406. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  a  post-village  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Pine  River,  about  36  miles  W.  of  Saginaw  City,  and  9 
miles  N.  of  Ith.ica. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  a  post-village  of  Sierra  co.,  California,  21 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  Downieville.  Gold  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 
It  hiis  1  church,  2  stone  stores,  2  hotels,  &.c.  Pop.  said  to  be 
100. 

SAINT  LOUIS,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon,  near 
the  Willamette  River,  12  miles  N.  of  S;ilera.  It  has  several 
stores. 

SAINT  MARIE,  a  post-township  of  Jasper  co.,  Illinoia, 
about  60  miles  E.  by  S.  of  A'andalia.     Pop.  937. 

SAINT  MARIE,  a  township  of  Green  Lake  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  Fox  River.    Pop.  630. 

S-\1NT  MARY'S,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pleasants  co. 
West  Virginia,  on  the  Ohio  River,  about  64  miles  by  land  S. 
S.W.  of  Wheeling. 

SAINT  MARYS,  a  township  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa.  Pop, 
276. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waseca 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  22  miles  S.E.  of  Mankato.  Pop, 
349. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  a  small  mining  village  of  Humboldt  cc, 
Nevada.  40  miles  N.  of  Unionville. 

SAINT  MORAN,  a  township  or  village  of  Michilimackinac 
CO.,  Michigan.    Pop.  244. 

SAINT  NAZIAN,  a  village  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  33  miles  E.N.E.  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

SAINT  OMER,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana, 
about  11  miles  N.W.  of  Greensburg. 

S  AIN  T  PAUL,  a  post-oftice  of  Robeson  co..  North  Carolina, 
about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Fayetteville. 

SAINT  P.AUL,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  35 
miles  S.E.  of  Indianapolis,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
railroad. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  station  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and  on 
the  Maramec  River,  in  St.  Louis  co.,  Missouri,  24  miles  AV, 
S.AV.  of  St.  Louis. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  post^village  of  Webster  co.,  Missouri, 
about  25  miles  E.  of  Springfield. 

SAINT  PAUL,  a  post-otfice  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  about  22 
miles  AV.  by  S.  of  Burlington. 

SAINT  STEPHEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rich- 
ardson CO.,  Nebraska,  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  25  milea 
below  Brownville.     Pop.  404. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  a  post-village  of  Cole  co.,  Missouri,  near 
the  Osage  River,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SAINT  VRAIN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Weld  co.,  Colo- 

22S7 


SAL 


SAN 


rado,  on  the  Sonth  Fork  of  the  Platte  River,  about  50  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Denver. 

SALAMANCA,  a  post-village  of  Cattaraiigns  co.,  New 
York,  on  the  Erie  Kailroati,  and  at  the  N.E.  terminus  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  45  miles  S.E.  of  Dun- 
kiik  and  61  miles  K.N.E.  of  Corry.- 

SALAMONIE,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  IStU. 

SALEJI,  a  township  of  Clarion  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
848. 

SALEM,  a  village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  about  30  miles 
N.E.  of  Zanesville. 

SALE.M,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio,  about  12  miles 
N.W.  of  Dayton. 

SALEM,  a  villasre  of  Washington  co.,  Ohio,  about  14  miles 
N.  by  E.  of  Marie'^tta. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Allegan  CO.,  Michigan,  in  the  N. 
part.     Pop.  4.30. 

SALEM,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  contains  Yates 
City.    Pop.  1311. 

SALEM,  a  thriving  post-town,  capital  of  Marion  co.,  Illi- 
nois, situated  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  71  miles 
E.  of  St.  Louis,  about  5  miles  E.  of  the  Central  Railroad, 
and  14  miles  N.E.of  Centnilia.  It  contains  3  or  4  churchts, 
1  newspaper  office,  a  court-house,  and  the  Southern  Illinois 
Female  College ;  also  8  dry-goods  stores,  1  flouring-mill.  1 
saw-mill,  4  wagon  shops,  &c.  It  has  a  city  charter.  Pop. 
about  1800. 

SALEM,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Dent  co.,  Mis- 
souri, situated  on  Spring  Creek,  2.5  miles  S.S.E.  of  Rolla, 
and  110  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis.  It  contains  2  churches 
and  several  stores. 

SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Missouri,  about  20 
«niles  N.N.E.  of  La  Clede. 

SALEM,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa. 
The  village  is  on  an  undulating  jirairie,  25  miles  W.  of  Rur- 
lington.  It  contains  3  churches,  2  good  public-school  build- 
ings, 1  steam  flour-mill,  and  1  saw-mill.  Pop.  about  500. 
The  township  contiuns  stone  coal  and  has  water-power. 
Pop.  138C. 

SALEM,  or  WEST  SALEM,  a  post-villag»  of  La  Crosse 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  12 
miles  N.E.  of  La  Crosse  and  about  1  mile  S.  of  La  Crosse 
River.  It  contains  3  churches,  5  stores,  2  wagon  shops,  and 
about  50  houses.  The  name  of  the  post-office  is  West 
Salem. 

SALE5I,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Olmstead  co., 
Minnesota,  about  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Hochester.     Pop.  502. 

SALEM,  a  city,  (mpital  of  the  state  of  Oregon,  and  coun- 
ty-seat of  .Marion  co.,  is  situated  in  a  rich  prairie,  on  the 
right  (E.)  bank  of  the  Willamette  River,  50  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Portland,  and  710  miles  N.  of  San  Francisco.  Lat.  44°  56' 
N.,  Ion.  12:3°  1'  W.  It  has  telegraphic  communication  with 
the  -Atlantic  States  and  California,  and  is  accessible  for 
small  steamers  during  high  water,  or  about  9  months  in  the 
•  year.  It  contains  6  churches,  the  Willamette  University,  1 
Catholic  academy,  4  hotels,  1  theatre,  22  stores,  1  woollen 
factory,  1  lurge  flouring-mill,  3  saw-mills,  2  machine  shops, 
and  1  foundry.  Two  newspapers,  1  of  which  is  H  daily,  are 
published  here.  The  census  of  1S60  states  the  population 
thus :  North  Salem,  625 ;  South  Salem,  902.  Pop.  in  1S65 
about  2500. 

SALE.M,  a  post-village  of  Richard-son  co.,  Nebraska,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  liij^h  ground,  on  the  Great  Nemaha 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  South  Branch  of  that  river,  00 
miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  about  24  miles  S. 
of  Brownville.  It  has  3  stores,  a  chair  factory,  a  cabinet 
shop,  and  several  grist  and  saw-mills.    Pop.  about  450. 

SALKM,  a  township  of  Richardson  Co.,  Nebraska,  con- 
taiiLS  a  village  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  in  1860,  694. 

SALESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Cential  Railroad  41  miles  E.  of  Zanesville. 

SALINA,  a  village  of  Venango  Co.,  Pennsylvania,  about 
6  miles  S.  of  Oil  City. 

t^ALI.VA,  a  village  in  Harrison  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  about  13  miles  below  New  Albany. 

SALINA,  a  township  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.  Pon 
699.  ^ 

SALINA,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa,  8  or  9  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Fairfield. 

SALINA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Saline  co..  Kansa.s,  sit- 
uated on  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  of  the  Kansa-s  River,  and  on 
a  military  road  175  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Leavenworth.  Pon 
about  300.  * 

SALINAS,  sah-lee'nas,  a  post-village  of  Monterey  co., 
California,  on  the  Salinas  River.  16  miles  E.  of  Monterey. 
It  has  2  or  3  stores.     Pop.  about  300. 

SALINE,  a  new  county  in  the  central  p.art  of  Kansas, 
has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Saline 
Fork,  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork,  and  Solomon's  Fork,  which 
unite  in  the  E.  part  of  the  county.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and 
the  county  is  said  to  be  adapted  to  the  raising  of  stock. 
Timber  is  pn)duced  in  the  vicinity  of  the  streams.  This 
county  contains  salt  springs.    Capitiil,  Salina. 

SALIN  E.  a  county  in  the  S  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an 


area  of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Big  Bine 
River,  and  also  drained  by  Turkey  Creek.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.    Pop.  in  1860,  39. 

SALINE,  a  post-village  of  Mercer  co.,  Missouri,  about  90 
miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

SALINE,  a  village  and  township  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri, 
about  17  miles  \\  .S.W.  of  Hannibal.     Pop.  1431. 

t^ALINE.  a  village  of  Cass  co.,  Nebraska,  on  Saline  Creek, 
about  30  miles  W.  of  Plattsmouth. 

SALINE,  a  township  of  Saline  co.,  Nebraska.    Pop.  29. 

SALISBURY,  a  village  of  Somerset  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  20  miles  W..\.W.  of  Cumberland,  Miiryland. 

SALISUURY,  a  post-village  of  Hardeman  co.,  Tennessee, 
on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  58  miles  E.  of 
Memphis. 

S.-VLISBURY,  a  postrvillage  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana,  about 
11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bloomfield. 

SALISBURY,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California, 
10  miles  E.  of  Sacramento. 

SALMON,  a  village  of  Franklin  co.,  Indiana,  about  26 
miles  N.W.  of  Cincinnati.  ♦ 

SALMdN  liROOK,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co., 
Maine.     Pop.  318. 

SALMON  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  in  a  beautiful  valley  on  the  South  Fork  of  the 
American  River,  about  32  miles  N.E.  of  Sacramento.  It 
has  gold  mines,  and  contains  5  stores  and  3  hotels.  The 
river  here  falls  about  25  feet.     Pop.  about  450. 

SALMON  RIA'ER,  a  small  stream  of  Klamath  CO.,  Call- 
forniii,  flows  northwestward  and  enters  the  Klamath  River, 
about  5  miles  above  Orleans  Bar. 

SALMON  RIVER,  of  Idaho,  rises  in  the  S.  central  part 
of  tlie  territory  by  two  branches  called  the  East  Fork  and 
South  Fork,  which  flow  northward.  The  main  stream  flows 
nearly  westward,  and  enters  the  Lewis  or  t^nake  River 
about  50  miles  S.  of  Lewiston.  Gold  is  found  near  the 
Salmon  River. 

SALONA,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
Fishing  Creek,  about  5  miles  S.S.AV.  of  Lock  Haven. 

SALT  CREEK,  a  township  of  Davis  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  985, 

SALT  CREEK,  a  post-olBce  of  Polk  co.,  Oregon,  10  miles 
N.  of  Dallas. 

SALT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Juab  co.,  Utah,  is  at  or 
near  the  village  of  Nephi. 

SAI/ni.LO,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  co..  Mississippi, 
on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  41  miles  S.  of  Corinth. 

SALTILLO,  a  post-village  of  Holmes  co.,  Ohio,  about  28 
miles  S.W.  of  Mtujsillou. 

SALTILLO,  a  village  of  Perry  co.,  Ohio,  about  14  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Zanesville. 

SALTILLO,  or  SALTILLO VILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wash- 
ington CO..  Indiana,  on  the  Louisville  New  .\lbany  and  Chi- 
cago Railroad,  47  miles  N.W.  of  New  Albany. 

SALTILLO,  a  post-office  of  Clay  co.,  Nebraska,  about  60 
miles  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 

S.\LT  LAKE,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  268. 

SALUDA,  a  post-village  of  Middlesex  co.,  Virginia,  about 
42  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 

SALUDA,  or  SAI,UD.\  MILLS,  a  post-village  of  Newberry 
district.  South  Cai-olina,  on  the  Saluda  Piiver,  about  55  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Columbia. 

SALUDA,  a  post-township  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  River,  about  9  miles  below  Madison.     Pop.  1531. 

SALYERSVILLE,  a  ])Ost-village,  capital  of  Magoffin  co., 
Kentucky,  on  the  Lickiug  River,  about  100  miles  E.S.E.  of 
Lexington. 

SAMANTHA,  a  post-village  of  Highland  co.,  Ohio,  about 
37  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Chillicothe. 

SAN  ANDREAS  (Sp.  pron.  shi  dn-drA'Ss),  a  post-village 
of  Calaveras  co.,  California,  situated  on  the  Calaveras  River, 
about  42  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Stockton,  and  1(35  miles  E.  of  San 
Francisco.  It  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  high  mountains. 
Gold  mining  is  the  principal  business  of  its  residents.  It 
contains  2  clmixhes,  2  schools,  1  newspaper  office,  1  largo 
brick  hotel,  8  stores  kept  by  Americans,  and  .about  as  many 
kept  by  Chinese;  also  about  3(J0  dwellings.  A  miyority 
of  the  people  of  the  county  have  voted  that  the  county-seat 
shall  be  removed  to  Siin  Andreas.    Pop.  about  12iX). 

S.\N  ANTONIO,  a  village  of  Conejos  co.,  Colorado,  about 
115  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Canon  City. 

S.AN  ANTONIO,  a  post-village  of  Monterey  co.,  California. 
85  miles  S.E.  of  Monterey. 

SAN  BERNARDINO  (ber-nar-dee'no),  a  largo  county  in 
the  S.E.  part  of  California,  bordering  on  Arizona.  It  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and  alse 
drained  by  the  Mohave  or  Mojave,  the  Amargoza  and  the 
Santa  Anna  Rivers.  The  surface  is  divereitied  by  high 
mountains,  valleys  and  plains.  Mount  San  Bernardino,  in 
the  S.  part,  is  about  8500  feet  high.  The  soil  of  some  of  the 
valle.vs  is  said  to  be  fertile.  Gold  and  silver  are  found  in 
Holcomb  Valley  and  on  the  Coloriulo  River.  Thu  tin  mim.'S 
of  Temescal  are  in  the  S.W.  uait  of  th)  county.  Capital, 
San  Bernardino.     Pop.  5551 

SAN  BERNARDINO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  San  Ber 
nardiuo  co.,  California,  is  situated  in  a  fertile  valley  about 


SAN 


&.\.N 


60  miles  E.  of  Los  Angeles.  It  was  originally  settled  liy 
Mormons.  It  coiit.ains  a  coiirt-liou.se,  2  churches,  2  hotels, 
2  public  schools,  the  San  BeniartUiio  Seminary,  and  i  flour- 
mills.  About  20  miles  E.  of  this  village  is  a  mountain  8500 
feet  high.     Pop.  in  1860,  940;  in  1865,  about  2000. 

SAN  BUEN  VENTURA,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Barbara 
CO.,  California,  on  or  near  the  ocean,  aO  miles  E.  of  Santa 
Baibara.    It  has  2  stores. 

SAND  BE.VCU,  a  post-village  and  township,  capital  of 
Huron  co.,  Michigan,  is  situated  on  Lake  Huron,  about  40 
miles  N.  of  Lexington.     Pop.  176. 

SAXD  BROOK,  a  small  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co., 
New  Jersey,  about  5  miles  S.W.  of  Flemingtou.        ' 

SAND  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Scott  Co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  S.E.  bank  of  Minnesota  River,  about  30  miles  S.W. 
of  St.  Paul.     Pop.  701. 

SAND  CREEK,  a  township  of  Ringgold  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
221. 

SANDFOllD,  a  post-village  of  Vigo  Co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Tevre  Haute  and  Kichuiond  Railroad,  8  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

SAN  DIEGO,  s3n  de-^'go,  a  county  forming  the  S.E.  ex- 
tremity of  California,  bordering  on  Arizona  and  Me.xico. 
Area  estimated  at  above  15,000  scjuare  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  tlie  Colorado  River,  and  on  the  W.  by  the 
Pacific  ocean.  It  is  drained  by  the  San  Diego,  San  Louis 
Rey,  Santa  Margarita,  and  other  small  streams.  Some  or 
all  of  these  sink  in  dry  seasons  before  tliey  reach  the  sea. 
The  coast  range  traversing  the  county  north  and  south, 
divides  it  into  two  entirely  different  regions.  The  eastern 
region,  which  is  the  larger  of  the  two  is  the  Colorado  desert, 
a  bare,  waterless,  sandy  waste,  in  wliich  intense  heat  pre- 
vails. Gold  is  found  near  the  Colorado  River.  On  the  west 
Bide  of  tlie  coast  range  the  soil  is  more  fertile.  Pine  trees 
grow  on  the  mountains,  and  tlie  olive  flourishes  at  San 
Diego,  on  the  sea-coast.  The  principal  occupation  of  the 
people  is  breeding  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep.  Capital,  San 
Diego.    Pop.  4324,  of  whom  3067  were  Indians. 

S.\NDOVAL,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Central  Railroad  (Main  Line)  with  the 
Ohio  and  Jljssissippi  Railroad,  6  miles  N.  of  Centralia,  61 
miles  E.  of  St.  Louis,  and  25  miles  S.  of  Vandalia. 

S.-VND  PUAIRIE,  a  township  of  Tazewell  CO.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  -275. 

SAND  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co..  Iowa,  on 
the  Dubuque  Southwestern  Railroad,  37  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Dubuque. 

SANDSTONE,  a  post-township  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan, 
about  32  miles  S.  of  Lansing,  is  traversed  by  the  Central 
Railroad.     Pop.  1395. 

SANDUSKV,  a  post-village  of  Addison  oo.,  Vermont,  on 
the  Vermont  Central  Railroad,  about  22  miles  W.S.\V  of 
Montjielier. 

S.'VNDUSKY,  a  post-ofllce  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa. 

SANDUSKY,  a  post-office  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 

SANDWICH,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Riiilroad,  18  miles  W.S. 
W.  of  Aurora.     Pop.  952. 

SANDY,  a  post-village  of  Multnomah  co.,  Oregon,  on  the 
Cohnnbia  River,  15  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Portland.  Pop.  of 
Sandy  precinct,  .332. 

S.VnDY  HOOK,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Mary- 
land, on  the  Potoniac  River,  about  1  mile  E.  of  Harper's 
Ferry. 

S.\NDY  hook,  a  post-village  of  Rappahannock  or  Fau- 
quier CO.,  Virginia,  about  28  miles  S.  of  VVinchester. 

SANDY  RIVER.  Oregon,  a  small  stream  which  rises  in 
Clackamas  co.,  and  flows  northwestward  through  Multno- 
mah CO.,  into  tlio  Columbia  River. 

SANEL.  a  small  post-village  of  Mendocino  co.,  California, 
14  miles  N.  of  IJkiah. 

SAN  ELIZARIO,  a  post-village  of  El  Paso  co.,  Texas, 
near  the  Rio  Orande,  about  20  miles  below  El  Paso.  Pop. 
1052. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  [continued  from  page  1696]. 

The  following  table  shows  the  value  and  destination  of 
treasure  shipments  from  this  port  duriug  the  past  11  yeai's — 
1854  to  18«>4,  inclusive: 


Eastern 
ports. 

England.       China. 

Panama. 

Other 
Ports. 

Total. 

1854 
ISoo 
183fi 
1857 
18,5S 
1859 
1S«0 
18G! 
18<i-.' 

Ii8ta 

'1864 

«46.533.166 
38.730,564 
3il,895.294 
35.531.778 
35.891, V!36 
40,146,437 
35.719,296 
32.6J8,011 
26,  I94,0.i5 
10,389.330 
12,316,122 

$3,781,080 
5,182,156 
3/Jt)fi.289 
347.743 
265,739 
3.910,9:10 
2.672,936 
4.061.779 
I2,9')0.I40 
28,467.256 
34.436.423 

$965,887 
889,675 
1,308.852 
2,993,264 
1,916,007 
3,100.756 
3,374,680 
3,541,279 
2,660,754 
4,206.370 
7.888,973 

$204,592 
231,207 
233,268 
410,929 
299. 26  > 
279.949 
300.819 
349.769 
434.508 

2.503.296 
378.795 

$560,908 
128.129 
573,732 
692.978 
175.779 
202.390 
258,185 
95,920 
322,324 
505.667 
686,888 

^2,045,633 
45.161,731 
50,697,434 
4S,976,692 
47.548,026 
47.640,462 
42.325,916 
40  676,758 
42,561,761 
46.071,920 
55,707,201 

1       ■ 

353,975,269 

122,742,471 

32,846,497 

5,646,397 

4,202,900 

519.413,534 

have  been  sent  ont  of  the  country ;  as,  however,  no  very  in- 
considerable amount  may  reasonably  bo  supposed  to  be  re 
tained  in  California  for  the  use  of  tlwe  inhabitants,  the  to 
tal  product  of  the  California  gold  mines  since  their  disco- 
very to  the  present  time  (1865)  may  safely  be  estimated  a* 
near  a  thousand  millions  of  dollars;  of  which  amoun, 
rather  more  than  half  has  been  obtained  during  the  last  10 
years. 

Of  the  treasure  exported  in  1S64,  $12,316,121  went  to  New 
York,  $34,4:36,422  to  EngUmd,  $7,888,073  to  Chini^  Sl50,135 
to  Manilla,  $378,794  to  Panam.i,  $175,245  to  Mexico,  $130,603 
to  the  Hawaiian  Islands, S;35,C31  to  Japan,  .$8000  to  Havana, 
$16,951  to  Tahiti,  $45,321  to  Punta  Arenas,  and  $125,000  to 
Victoria.  The  exports  exclusive  of  treasure  in  1804  were 
valued  at  $13,271,752,  of  which  $3,399,143  went  to  New  York, 
$1,532,021  to  Boston,  $235,000  to  New  Bedford,  $955,858  to 
Great  Britain,  $579,746  to  Australia,  $1,510,639  to  British 
Columbia,  $2,2l.=i,614  to  Mexico,  $247,128  to  Peru,$l,374,lii6 
to  Cliina,  $659,485  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  49,3.37  to  Japan, 
and  .5")13,t)78  to  other  countries.  Among  the  articles  export- 
ed were  2,000,000  lbs.  of  barley,  344,0011  bricks,  11,000,000 
feet  of  lumber,  2,400,000  lbs.  of  oats,  550,000  gallons  of 
whale  iind  sperm  oil,  14,000  tons  of  copper  ore,  6:i00  sacks 
of  silver  ore,  37,252  fla.^ks  of  quicksilver,  117,000  bbls.  of 
flour,  4,.300,000  ll.s.  of  wheat,  338,000  hides,  214,000  lbs.  of 
whalebone,  20,000  gallons  of  California  wine,  and  6,000,000 
lbs  of  wool. 

The  arrivals  of  tonn.ige  from  all  quarters  during  the  past 
four  years,  have  been  as  follows : 


Years. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Years. 

Vessels. 

.... 

1861 
lb«2 

1980 
18<)9 

S(I9.2.33 
0.34,769 

1863 

1     1864 

1899 

2096 

634.769 
739,190       I 

Pnpulatinn. — There  is  so  large  a  m.ass  of  floating  popula- 
tion in  San  Francisco,  that  it  would  be  impossible,  even  by 
taking  a  census,  to  state  the  number  with  any  e.xactness. 
Tlie  following  statement  will  give  some  idea  of  the  immense 
influx  of  strangers  that  took  place  soon  after  the  marvel- 
lous richness  of  the  California  gold  region  became  generally 
known,  as  well  as  of  the  instability  of  the  population  at  that 
time: — The  total  number  of  passengers  by  sea  that  arrived 
at  San  Fi"ancisco,  from  January  1st  to  August  27th,  1853,  was 
26,722,  of  whom  21,886  were  males,  4138  females,  and  698 
children.  The  total  number  that  left  within  the  same  time 
was  18,083,  nearly  all  males.  The  addition  to  the  popula- 
tion from  abro.'id  amounted,  therefore,  during  the  first  8 
months  of  the  same  year,  to  only  SftJO. 

Within  the  last  few  years  the  population  has  not  been  so 
fluctuating,  but  it  is  still  less  permanent  than  perh.aps  that 
of  any  other  large  city  in  the  world.  Pop.  according  to  the 
census  of  1860,  56,802;  it  may  be  stated  in  1865  at  about 
90,000,  though  some  estimate  it  as  high  as  120,000.  Inclu- 
ded in  the  poi>ulation  are  about  3000  Chinamen,  who  have, 
almost  exclusive  possession  of  certiiin  blocks. 

Ilislnrii. — The  first  settlement  at  San  Francisco  was  made 
by  the  Spaniards  about  the  year  1778.  The  place  was  then 
called  Yerba  Buena,  or  "  good  herb,"  because  an  herb  of  this 
name,  supposed  to  possess  great  medicinal  virtues,  was 
found  gr.owin^  abundantly  on  the  neighboring  hills.  Tlie 
first  houses  were  built  of  adobes,  or  sun-dried  bricks.  In 
1839  it  was  laid  out  as  a  town,  the  few  houses  having  pre- 
viously been  scattered  without  regularity.  It  contained  in 
1845  about  150  inhabitants.  About  this  time  it  began  to 
attract  the  attention  of  some  adventurous  Americans,  and 
tlie  population  increased  in  two  years  to  nearly  500.  It  re- 
tained the  name  of  Yerba  Buena  until  it  was  occupied  by 
the  Americans.  The  first  discovery  of  gold  was  made  at 
Sutter's  settlement,  then  called  New  Helvetia,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1847.  Early  in  1848  the  news  spread  to  the  four  quar- 
ters of  the  globe,  and  immediately  adventurers  from  every 
latid  came  tlironging  to  this  new  EI  Dorado.  The  magnifi- 
cent harbor  of  San  Francisco  made  this  port  the  great  ren- 
dezvous for  the  arriving  vessels,  and  from  this  period  dates 
the  extraordinary  increase  and  prosperity  of  the  Californian 
metropolis.  In  the  first  two  months  of  the  golden  age,  the 
quantity  of  precious  dust  brought  to  San  Francisco  wiis 
estimated  at  $250,000,  and  in  the  next  two  months  at 
$600,000.  In  February,  1849,  the  population  of  the  town 
was  about  2000;  in  August  it  was  estimated  at  5000.  From 
April  12,  1849,  to  January  29,  1850,  there  arrived  at  this 
port  by  sea  39,888  emigrants,  of  whom  1421  were  females. 
In  the  year  ending  April  15, 1850,  there  arrived  62,000  pas- 
sengers. In  the  fii-st  part  of  1860,  San  Francisco  became  a 
city,  and  in  1864  its  assessment  roll  amounted  to  more  tkan 
$80.000,000 ! 

S.VN  FRANCISCO,  a  village  and  township  of  Carver  Co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minnesota  River,  about 
35  miles  S.AV.  of  St.  Paul,  and  about  9  miles  above  Shako- 
pee.    Pop.  608. 

SAN  GABRIEL,  a  post-village  of  Los  Angeles  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 8  miles  E.  of  Los  Angeles.    Pop.  about  250. 

SANGAMO,  Macon  co.,  Illinois,  a  station  situated  on 

2289 


J 


SAN 

fhe  Greal  Western  Railroad,  and  is  5  mfles  E.  of  Decatur. 

BANG  A  MON,  a  township  of  Piatt  cc,  Illinois.    Pop.  1068. 

SAN  GORGONIO,  MOUNT,  California,  is  a  peak  of  the 
coast  rang.;,  in  lat.  33°  48'  N.    Its  height  is  about  7000  feet. 

SA.MLAC,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  boriiei^ 
ing  on  Lake  Huron,  has  an  area  of  about  950  square  miles. 
It  is  drained  by  Cass  and  Black  Rivers,  which  rise  within 
it,  and  by  the  North  Fork  of  Cass  River.  The  ^urface  is 
gently  undulating;  the  soil  is  moderately  fertile.  The 
county  is  mostly  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  sugtir-maple, 
and  other  trees.  Lumber  and  wood  are  the  chief  articles 
of  export.    Capit.al,  Lexington.     Pop.  7509. 

SANILAC,  a  township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  on  T..ake 
Huron.    Pop.  1205. 

S.\N  J0Sl5,  a  township  of  Santa  Clara  Co.,  California, 
Pop.  including  the  city  of  San  Jose,  4579. 

S.4.N  JOSfi,  a  city,  capital  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  California, 
Is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  valley ,.and  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Guadaluiie  River,  51  miles  S.S.E.  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  railioad.  [See  page 
169S.]  Lat.  37°  24'  N.,  Ion.  121°  54'  30"  W.  The  streets 
cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  are  wide  and  well  graded. 
8nn  Jose  contains  7  churches,  3  newspaper  offices  (from  one 
of  which  a  daily  paper  is  issued,  a  seminary  for  girls  called 
the  College  of  Notre  Dame,  attended  by  about  200  pupils,  a 
city  hall,  an  elegant  Odd  Fellows'  Hall,  and  an  excellent 
hotel  called  the  Auzerais  House,  which  is  built  of  brick 
and  cost  about  Sl30,000.  The  town  is  lighted  with  gas,  and 
supplied  with  water  by  Artesian  wells.  It  is  noted  for  its 
excellent  fruit  and  beautiful  gjirdens.  The  port  of  San 
Jose  is  at  Alviso,  about  7  miles  distant.  Pop.  in  1S65, about 
4500. 

SAN  JUAN,  a  township  of  Monterey  co.,  California.  Pop. 
In  1S60,  1400,  of  whom  148  were  Indians. 

SAN  JUAN,  a  post-village  of  Monterey  co.,  California,  on 
the  San  Benito  River,  about  2  miles  from  its  junction  witli 
the  Pajaro,  and  42  miles  S.J'.E.  of  San  Josi.  It  contains  4 
churches.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  and  is  noted  as 
a  market  for  cattle  and  sheep.  Pop.  including  Indians, 
about  650. 

SAN  JUAN,  a  post-village  of  Whatcom  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  San  Juan  Island,  which  is  in  the  E.  part  of 
the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  about  120  miles  N.  of  Olympia. 

SAN  LEANDRO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Alameda  co., 
California,  is  situateii  on  San  Leandro  Creek,  IJ^  miles  E. 
of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  20  miles  E.  by  8.  of  San 
Francisco.  It  is  also  on  the  Alameda  Valley  Railroad,  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  rich  farming  country.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  1  public  school,  and  a  Masonic  hall.  Pop. 
about  500. 

SAN  LORENZO.  California.     See  Haywood. 

SAN  LORENZO,  a  post-village  of  Alameda  co.,  California, 
S  miles  S.E.  of  San  Leandro. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO,  san  loo'es  o-bees'po,  a  post-village, 
capital  of  San  Luis  Obispo  co.,  California,  is  about  250  miles 
S.  by  E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  9  miles  N.  of  the  nearest  point 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean.    It  has  1  church.    Pop.  about  300. 

SAN  MATEO  (Sp.  pron.  sdn  mi-tA'o),  a  county  in  the  W. 

Eart  of  California,  ha,s  an  area  of  307  square  miles.  It  is 
ounded  on  the  E.  and  N.E.  by  the  Bay  of.San  Francisco, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  surliice.is  diversi- 
fied by  high  hills,  valleys,  and  deep  ravines,  and  abounds  in 
beautiful  picturesque  scenery.  Tlie  soil  of  the  valleys  is 
fertile.  Wheat,  hay,  lumber,  and  cattle  are  the  staple  pro- 
ductions. Tlie  main  supply  of  water  for  San  Francisco  is 
derived  from  several  creeks  in  this  county.  The  redwood 
tree,  from  which  excellent  lumber  is  made,  is  abundant. 
Tertiary  coal  or  lignite  is  found  here.  The  climate  is  mild 
and  siilubrious.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  San  Finin- 
cisco  and  San  Jos6  Railroad.  Organized  in  1856.  Canital 
Redwood  City.    Pop.  3214.  ' 

SAN  MATEO,  a  post-village  of  San  Mateo  co.,  California, 
on  or  near  the  Bay  of  i^an  Francisco.  10  miles  N.  of  Red- 
wooil  City. 

SAN  PABLO,  a  post-village  ofContra  Costa  CO..  California 
Is  about  15  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  1  mile  from 
the  Bay  of  Sun  Francisco.     Pop.  about  350. 
i.T^'*^.?'^*^''^^''}  JJ  P08t-"ffice  of  SUrk  Co..  Indiana,  on  the 
p'w  Albany  and  Chicago  Railroad,  30  miles  S.  of  Michigiin 

SAN  QUENTIN.  a  post-village  of  Marin  co.,  California 
ison  the  strait  which  connects  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco 
with  the  Bay  of  San  Pablo,  about  15  miles  N.  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  4  miles  E.  of  San  Rafael.  Here  is  the  state  prison 
which,  in  December,  1862.  contained  577  prisoners 

SAN  RAFAEL,  a  township  of  Marin  co.,  CaUfornia.  Pop. 
Inclu'J^ng  the  village  of  same  name,  636. 

SAN  RAFAEL,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Marin  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 18  situated  in  a  small  valley  on  the  W.  side  of  San 
Pablo  straits,  about  16  miles  N.  of  San  Francisco.  It  ha^  1 
newspaper  office,  1  hotel,  2  stores,  and  2  saw-mills  The 
adjacent  country  is  hilly  and  adapted  to  grazing.     Pop. 

At  (Oil  t  o()i>. 

SAN  SABA,  a  new  county  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 


SAR 

has  an  area  of  about  925  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  and  E.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and  intersected  by  thfl 
San  Saba  River.  The  surface  is  undulating  or  hilly.  Capi- 
tal, San  Saba.    Pop.  913. 

SAN  SABA,  a  post  village,  capital  of  San  Saba  co.,Texaa, 
on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  about  92  miles  N.W.  of 
Austin  City. 

SANTA  ANNA,  a  post-township  of  Dewitt  co.,  Illinois, 
about  16  miles  E.  of  Clinton.    Pop.  833. 

SANTA  BARBARA  [continued  from  page  1704]. 
for  bathing.  Temperature,  about  100°  Fahrenheit.  Salt  ia 
abundantly  supplied  from  the  Salinas,  where  it  is  gathered 
in  August  and  September  by  cartloads.  There  .are  thou- 
sands ot  mineral  tar  springs  and  asphaltum  deposits  in  the 
county,  and  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea  everywhere  along 
the  shore.  The  county  is  an  immense  focus  or  centre  of 
asphaltum  or  mineral-pitch  deposits.  The  hard  asphaltum 
for  [laving  and  roofing  is  also  found  near  the  sea,  9  milea 
from  the  town  of  .^'anta  Barbara,  and  is  extensively  used 
since  1854  in  San  Francisco.  The  islands  on  the  sea-coast 
are  a  rendezvous  of  otters,  seals,  sea-elephants,  &c.  Capital, 
Santa  Barbara.    Pop.  2131. 

SANTA  CLARA,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  California, 
has  an  area  of  about  1200  square  miles.  It  is  draincnl  by 
the  Guadalupe  and  I'ajaro  Rivers,  and  Coyote  Creek,  and  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  The 
surface  is  diversified  by  mountains  and  valleys.  A  ridge 
called  the  Gabilan  or  Santa  Cruz  mountains,  extends  along 
the  S.W.  border  of  the  county.  Mount  Hamilton,  in  the 
N.E.  part,  is  4449  feet  high.  The  soil  is  generally  very  fer- 
tile and  adapted  to  whejit  and  fruit.  The  vicinity  of  San 
Jose  is  said  to  be  the  best  or  principal  fruit  district  of  the 
state.  Among  the  indigenous  trees  is  the  redwood,  from 
which  durable  lumber  is  made.  The  rich  quicksilver  mine 
of  New  Almaden  is  in  this  county,  which  also  contains 
cop])er,  alum,  asphaltnm,  and  metamorphic  limestone. 
There  are  more  than  300  Artesian  wells  in  the  county. 
Organized  in  1850.     Capital,  .San  Jose.    Pop.  11,912. 

SANTA  CLARA,  a  townshii)  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  Califor- 
iiia,  contains  the  town  of  same  name.  Total  i)opulation, 
2o59. 

SANTA  CLARA,  a  post-town  of  Santa  Clara  co.,  Califor- 
nia, is  on  the  railroad  which  connects  San  Jose  with  San 
Francisco.  3  miles  from  the  former,  and  46  miles  S.S.E.  of 
the  latter  city.  It  is  the  seat  of  Santa  Clara  College,  which 
is  under  the  direction  of  Jesuits,  and  had  in  1864  about  210 
students.  It  also  contains  5  churches,  a  collegiate  institute 
for  girls,  2  public  halls,  Ac.  The  mission  of  Santa  Clara  was 
founded  here  in  1777.  Between  this  town  and  San  Jose  is  a 
well-shaded  avenue,  called  the  alameda,  which  is  celebrated 
as  a  pleasant  i)Iace  for  caiTiage  drives.  Carriages,  bricks, 
lime,  leather,  &c.,  are  manufactured  here.  Pop.  about 
2500. 

S.\^NTA  CLARA,  a  mining  village  of  Humboldt  Co.,  Ne- 
vada, 13  miles  N.  of  Unionville.     Pop.  about  100. 

8.4NTA  CLARA,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Utah, 
6  miles  W.  or  N.W.  of  Saint  George.    Pop.  said  to  be  300. 

SANTA  FE,  a  post-village  of  Craighead  co.,  Arkansas, 
about  44  miles  E.  of  Batesville. 

SANTA  FE,  a  village  of  Spencer  co.,  Indiana,  about  40 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Evansville. 

SANTA  FE,  a  mining  district  of  Lander  co.,  Nevada, 
about  30  miles  S.E.  of  Austin,  contains  a  village,  named 
Santa  Fe. 

SANTA  MARGARITA  (san'tah  mar-g-ah-ree'tah),  a  vil- 
lage of  Conejos  co.,  Colorado,  about  110  miles  S.S.W.  Of 
Pueblo. 

SANTAQUIN,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  24  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Provo  City.    Pop.  158. 

S.^NTA  ROS.\,  a  township  of  Sonoma  co.,  California. 
Pop.  including  Santa  Rosa,  the  county-seat,  1623. 

SANT.\  ROSA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Sonoma  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  Santa  Rosa  Creek,  60  miles  N.of  San  Francisco. 
It  is  situated  in  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  valleys  of  the 
state,  and  has  a  delightful  climate,  like  that  of  Italy.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  1  academy, 4  churches,  1  newspaper 
office,  and  a  hospital.  Wine  and  grain  are  the  chief  articles 
of  exjiort.  Pop.  estimated  by  one  resident  at  800,  by  another 
at  2000. 

SANTIAGO,  a  village  of  Sherburne  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
20  miles  E.  of  St.  Cloud. 

SANTIAM,  a  small  river  of  Oregon,  is  formed  by  two 
branches,  called  the  North  Fork  and  South  Fork  of  Sautiam, 
which  unite  on  the  boundary  between  Linn  and  Marion 
counties.  Flowing  westward  it  enters  the  Willamette  about 
6  miles  below  Albany.  The  North  Fork  rises  in  the  K.  part 
of  Marion  county,  and  flows  westward.  The  South  Fork 
rises  in  Linn  county,  and  pursues  in  general  a  uorth^.'!8t 
course. 

SANTIAM,  a  precinct  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon.    Pop.  412. 

SARANAC,  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  on  tho 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  and  od  Grand  River,  25 
miles  E.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

SARATOGA,  a  post-village  of  Wils">ncf  .  North  Carolina, 
about  58  miles  E.of  Raleigh. 


SAR 

SAKATOOA,  a  post-township  of  Marshall  cc,  Illinois, 
«bout  2S  miles  N.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  005. 

SARATOGA,  a  post-towiisliip  of  Ilowarrt  Co.,  Iowa,  about 
60  miles  \V.  of  the  Mississippi  River  at  Lansing.    Pop.  4.3. 

SARATOGA,  a  post-township  of  Wood   co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  8  miles  S.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  310. 
■  SAR.A.TO'jA,  a  post-village  in  Saratoga  township,  Winona 
CO..  Minnesota,  about  7  miles  N.E.  of  Cliatfield,  and  25  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Winona. 

SARA'I'OGA,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  CO.,  Nebraska, 
finely  situated  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  2  miles  above 
Omalia  Citv. 

.  SARDIXIA,  a  post-office  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  about  35 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison. 

SARDIS,  a  post-village  of  Panola  CO.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Memphis  with  Grenada,  about  54 
miles  .'^.  of  Memphis. 

SAIiDIS,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  about  36  miles  by  land  E.N  E.  of  Marietta. 

SARGEANT,  Minnesota.     See  Skrge  ^kt. 

SARPY,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  bordering 
on  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  245  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River  (navigable  by 
large  steamers);  on  tlie  S.  and  W.  by  the  Platte;  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Elkhorn  and  Papillon  Rivers.  The  surface  is 
beautifully  diversified  by  high  prairies,  bottom  and  table 
lands.  The  soil  is  deep  and  very  fertile.  A  valuable  blue 
limestone  is  abundant  in  this  county,  along  the  Platte. 
The  Cottonwood  abounds  near  the  streams ;  the  oak,  hickory 
and  walnut  are  also  found,  but  less  numerous.  Capital, 
Bellevue.     Pop.  1201. 

SAKS  FIELD,  a  township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine.  Pop. 
473. 

SATSOP  RIVER,  a  small  and  rapid  stream  of  Washington 
Territory,  rises  in  Sawamish  county,  flows  southward,  and 
enters  the  Cbehalis  River,  22  miles  from  its  mouth. 

SAUCKLITO,  a  village  of  Marin  CO.,  California,  on  the  Bay 
of  San  Francisco,  about  9  miles  N.  by  W.  of  San  Francisco. 
Here  is  a  station  for  shipping.    Pop.  in  1S60,  94. 

SAUGATUCK,  a  post-village  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Michigan,  at  tlie  mouth  of  tlie  Kalamazoo  River,  about 
40  miles  S.W.  of  Grand  Rapids. 

SAUK  CKNTRE.  a  post-village  of  Stearns  Co.,  Minnesota, 
on  Sauk  River,  about  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Saint  Cloud. 

S.\yK  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Siiuk  co.,  Wisconsin, on  the 
Wisconsin  I'iver,  about  16  miles  S. of  IJaraboo,  and  24  miles 
W.N.AV.  of  Madison.  It  has  1  church,  7  stores,  4  breweries, 
1  iron  foundry,  &c.  A  bridge,  1020  feet  long,  crosses  the 
river  liere. 

SAUK  CITY,  a  village  of  Stearns  co.,  Minnt'sota,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Sauk,  2  or  3 
miles  above  Saint  Cloud. 

SAUK  R.M'IDS.  a  township  of  Renton  co.,  Minnesota, 
contains  the  county-seat.     Pop.  in  1860,  167. 

S.\UK  RA  PIDS.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Benton  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Jlississippi  River,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  Sauk  River,  about  80  miles  N.W.  of  St.  I'aul, 
and  3  miles  above  St.  Cloud.  It  is  on  the  St.  Paul  and  Pa- 
cific Railroad  (in  progress).  It  contains  a  court-house,  2 
churches,  and  a  saw-mill.  The  river  affords  water-power 
here.     Pop.  about  200. 

SAUNEMIN.  or  SAUNEMAN,  a  township  of  Livingston 
CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  228. 

SAUNTEE,  a  i)ost-vilIage  of  Sarpy  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
left  bank  ol  the  I'latte  River,  28  miles  S.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

S.WAGES  STATION,  a  station  on  the  Richmond  and 
York  River  Railroad,  in  Henrico  co.,  Virginia,  10  miles  E. 
of  Richmond.  One  of  the  "  seven  days' "  battles  occurred 
here  June  29,  1862. 

SAVANNAH,  a  post-village  of  Red  River  co.,  Texas, 
about  14  miles  E.S.E.  of  Clarksville,  and  80  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Marshall. 

SAVANNAH,  a  villase  of  Athens  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Hock- 
ing Kiver.  about  27  miles  W.S.W,  of  Marietta. 

SAVANNAH,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  about  10 
miles  S.  of  Bloomfield. 

SAVEIiTON,  a  post-village  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  12  miles  below  Hannibal.  Pop.  of 
Saverton  township,  1195. 

SAVO'NA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Stenben  co., 
New  York.  The  village  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Erie  Railroad, 
6  miles  S.E.  of  Rath.     Total  population,  1394. 

SAWAMISH,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  has  an  area  of 
about  1600  square  miles.  It  is  partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Hood's  Canal,  and  several  inlets  of  Puget  Sound.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Hnmptolips,  Satsop  and  Skokomish  Rivers. 
The  surface  is  diversified  by  valleys  and  mountains  of  the 
Coast  Range.     Capital,  Oakland.     Pop.  162. 

SAWMILL  FLAT,  a  mining  village  of  Tuolumne  co., 
Calit'orui':'-  1  mile  E.  of  Columbia.     Pop.  about  250. 

SAW-PIT  Flat,  a  mining  village  of  Plumas  co.,  Califor- 
nia, aliout  55  miles  N.  of  Nevada.     It  has  2  water-ditches,  I 
r>veral  stores,  and  about  230  houses. 
SAWYER'S  BAR,  a  post-vuiage  of  Klamath  co  ,  Califor-  ' 


SCO 

nia,  on  Salmon  River,  about  25  mile?  B.  by  3.  of  Orleaui 
Bar. 

SAXTON.  a  post-village  of  Bedford  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  Huntingdon  and  Broad  Top  Railroad,  24  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Huntingdon. 

SAXTON,  a  village  of  Lake  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, about  95  miles  N.E.  of  Superior  City. 

S-VYLOR,  a  township  of  Polk  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  76S. 

SCALES  MOUND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  .To  Da^ 
viosa  CO.,  Illinoi.s,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  12  miles  N.E.  of 
Galena.     Pop.  89fi. 

.■^CANDINA'VI.\.  a  post-township  of  Waupaca  CO.,  V>  is- 
cousin,  about  7  miles  N.W.  of  Waupaca.     Pop.  653. 

SCANTIC,  a  village  of  Hartford  co.,  Connecticut,  sn  pean- 
tic  River,  about  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Hartford. 

SCAPPOOSE,  a  precinct  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Columbia  co., 
Oregon.    Pop.  93. 

SCARBOROUGH,  a  village  of  Pulaski  co  .  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  S-5  miles  S.E.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

SCHENLEY  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Armstrong  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Alleghany  Valley  Railroad,  13  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Kittanning. 

sen LKSWIG,  a  township  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wisconsin, 
in  the  S.W.  part.     Pop.  699. 

SCHLEY,  a  small  county  in  the  W.S.W.  part  of  Georgia. 
It  is  drained  by  Muckaloe  and  Cedar  Creeks.  The  surface 
is  nearly  level.     Capital,  Ellaville.     Pop.  4633. 

SCHWARTZBURG,  a  village  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  West  Branch  of  Rouge  River,  atiout  19  miles  W .  of 
Detroit. 

SCIO,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Oregon,  15  miles  E.N.E. 
of  Albany.     It  has  2  or  3  stores. 

SCIOLA,  or  SCIOTA.  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Iowa,  on  the  Nodawav  River,  about  8  miles  E.  of  FrankfV^rd. 

SCIOTA,  or  SCIOTO,  a  jKist-village  of  Clinton  Co..  New 
York,  on  the  Plattsburg  and  Montreal  Railroad,  15  milos 
N.N.W.  of  Plattsburg. 

SCIOTA,  a  township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
643. 

SCIOT.I,  a  township  of  Dakota  co.,  Minnesota,  coutaitg 
the  village  of  Lewiston.     Pop.  255. 

SCIOTO,  a  township  of  Pike  Co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  696. 

SCIPIO.  a  village  of  Franklin  CO.,  Indiana,  15  miles  W. 
of  Hamilton,  Ohio. 

SCOOBA.  or  SCOOBER,  a  post-office  of  Kempw  co.,  Mis- 
sissippi, on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  42  miles  N.N.E. 
of  Meridian. 

SCOrCH  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  .Tones  co.,  Iowa, 
about  .34  miles  S.W.  of  Dubuque.     Pop.  796. 

SCOTLAND.a  townshii)of  McDonongh Co., Illinois.  Pop. 
919. 

SCOTT,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  centra?  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  area  of  about  375  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  and  N.W.  by  the  Minnesota  River,  navigable  by 
steamboats,  and  contains  several  snuill  lakes.  The  surface 
is  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous  and  very  fertile.  This- 
county  was  originally  nearly  all  covered  with  forests  of 
deciduous  trees,  among  which  are  the  eak,  ash,  elm,  and 
maple.    Capital,  Shakopee.    Pop.  4595. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Columbia  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop, 
1562. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop, 
914. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  906. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Ogle  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  752. 

SCOTT,  a  station  on  the  Pacific  Railroad  of  Missouri,  7 
miles  W.N.W.  of  .TefTerson  City. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  76. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  653. 

SCOT  r,  a  township  of  Henrv  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  769. 

SCOTT,  a  township  of  Johnson  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  694. 

SCOTT,  a  post-township  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa,  about  7 
miles  W.  of  Oskaloosa.     Pop.  1036. 

SCOTT,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Brown  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  1053. 

SCOTT,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Crawford  CO.,  ATig- 
consin.  Pop.  331. 
SCOTT,  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  1014. 
SCOTT  BAR.  or  SCOTT  RIVER,  a  mining  village  of 
Siskiyou  co.,  California,  on  Scott  River,  .30  miles  Sv.  of 
Yreka.  It  contains  several  stores.  Pop.  in  1S63.  about  350. 
Here  is  a  post-office  called  Scott  River. 

SCOTT  RIVER,  or  SCOTT'S  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of 
Siskiyou  co.,  California,  flows  northward  and  northwest- 
ward, and  enters  the  Klamath  River,  near  the  W.  border  of 
the  countv. 

SCOTTSRURG,  a  post-village  of  Halifax  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Richmond  and  Danville  Railroad,  40  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Danville. 

SCOTTSRURG,  a  post-village  of  Fresno  co.,  California,  ou 
King's  River.  25  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  MiUerton. 

SCOTTSRURG,  a  post-villa-e  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  Umpqua  River,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about  50 
miles  N.W.  of  Koseburg.    It  has  several  stores. 

2291 


bCO 


SUA 


SCOrrSVILLE,  a  pnst-village  of  Wyoming  CO.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  :12  miles  W.N.W.  of  Scranhm. 

SCOTT.S\'II....E,  a  post-village  of  Claiborne  Parish,  Loui- 
giina,  alKiiit  2f.  miles  N.E.  of  Homer. 

SCOTTSYILLB,  a  village  of  Nodjiway  CO.,  Jlissouri.  about 
SO  miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph. 

SCOTTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ashe  co.,  N.  Carolina, 
about  SO  miles  N.W.  of  Salisbuiy. 

SCOTTVILLE,  a  station  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Eailroad.  and  on  the  E.  Fork  of  White  River,  71  miles  E.  of 
Vincennes. 

SEABECK,  a  post-village  of  Kitsap  co.,  'Washington  Ter- 
ritory, on  Hood's  Canal,  about  50  miles  N.  of  Olympia.  It 
has  a  saw-mill. 

SEAFIKLD,  a  post-village  of  White  co.,  Indiana,  32  miles 
W.  of  Loiransport,  with  which  it  is  connected  bv  a  railroad. 

SEAHuME,  or  SEllOME,  a  village  of  Whatcom  co., 
Washington  Territory,  on  Bellingham  Bay,  about  5  miles 
S.  of  W  hatoom.    Pop.  80. 

SEARSVILLE.  a.  post-village  of  San  Mateo  co.,  California, 
about  20  miles  W.  of  San  Jose.    It  hiis  1  or  two  stores. 

SiEAVILLE.  a  post-othce  of  Cape  May  co..  New  Jersey, 
on  the  Cape  May  and  Millville  Kailroad,  about  25  miles  S.E. 
of  Millviile, 

SEBASTO'I'OL,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  Texas,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Trinity  Kiver,  about  22  miles  N.E.  of 
Huiitsville. 

SEBA8T0P0L.  a  post-village  of  Napa  co.,  California,  on 
Nirpa  Creek,  9  miles  N.  by  ^y.  of  Napa  City. 

SEBASTOl'OL,  a  mining  village  of  Sierra  co.,  California, 
about  5o  miles  N.E.  of  Marvsville. 

SEBEWAING,  SIBBEWAING,  or  SEBAWANING,  a 
post-village  and  township  of  Huron  co.,  Michigan,  on  Sag- 
inaw Bay,  about  28  miles  E.N.E.  of  Bay  City.     Pop.  555. 

SECOIl,  a  post-village  of  Woodford  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Toledo,  Peoiia,  and  Warsaw  Railroad.  27  miles  E.  of  Peoria. 

SECRET  RATINE,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co.,  CaUtbrniis 
7  miles  S.W.  of  Auburn. 

SEDALIA.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pettis  co.,  Missoyri, 
on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  64  miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City,  and 
about  92  miles  E.S.E.  of  Kansas  City. 

SEtiWIN,  or  SEGWUN.  a  village  of  Kent  co..  Michigan, 
on  Grand  River,  opposite  Lowell,  and  IS  miles  E.  of  Grand 
Rapids. 

SEIAD,  California.    See  Sun. 

SELBY,  Illinois.    See  Shelby. 

SELKIRK,  a  post-village  of  Marion  District,  South  Caro- 
lina, about  -tS  miles  S.E.  of  Cheraw. 

SELLERSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bucks  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  32  miles  N.  of 
Philadelphia. 

SELMA,  a  post-village  of  Clark  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Colum- 
bus and  Xenia  Railroad,  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Xenia. 

SEMINARY,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
689. 

SENATOBIA,  or  SINATOBA,  a  post-village  of  De  Soto 
CO.,  Miasissijjpi,  on  the  railroad  from  Memphis  to  Grenada, 
aliout  40  miles  S.  of  Memphis. 

.■^ENECA,  a  village  of  La  Salle  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago 
and  Rock  Island  Railroad,  12  miles  E.  of  Ottawa. 

SENECA,  a  ix)st-village  and  township  of  Crawford  co., 
Wisconsin,  about  18  miles  N.N.E.  of  Prau-ie  du  Chien.  Pop. 
229. 

SENECA,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Green  Lake  co., 
Wisconsin,  on  Fox  River.    Pop.  409. 

SENECA,  a  post-village,  capitjil  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas, 
on  the  Nemaha  River,  about  eO  miles  N.N.W.  of  Topeka, 
and  32  miles  E.  of  Marysville.  It  has  several  stores,  &c. 
Pop.  in  1864,  about  500. 

SEN  EX,  a  post-village  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois,  about  16 
miles  E  bv  S.  of  Blooniington. 

SENTINEL,  or  SENTINEL  PRAIRIE,  a  post-village  of 
Polk  CO.,  Missouri,  abi.ut  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Springfield 

SEQU.VrCHIE.  or  SEQUATCUEE,  a  county  in  the  S.E. 
part  of  Tennessee,  has  an  area  (jf  about  225  square  miles. 
It  i.s  intersected  by  the  Sequatcliie  River.  The  surface  is 
hilly :  the  soil  of  the  valleys  is  productive.    Pop.  2120. 

SEUE'NO.  a  post-village  of  Columbia  CO.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  14  miles  E.N.E.  of  Danville. 

SEKGEANT,  or  SARGEANT,  a  township  of  Rice  co., 
Minnesota.     Pop.  550. 

SEVASTOPOL,  a  post-village  of  Muskegon  co.,  Michigan, 
on  lake  Michigan,  about  5  miles  W.  of  JIuskegon.  It  hiis 
1  or  2  mills. 

SEV  A.STOPOL,  or  SEBASTOPOL.  a  township  of  Door  co., 
Wisconsin,  extending  from  Lake  Michigan  to  Green  Bav' 
Pop.  199.  ■' 

SEVENMILE  CREEK,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of 
Juneau  CO.,  W  i.-^consin.     I'op.  578. 

SEVENTY-SIX,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co„ Iowa.   Pod 

SEVENTY-SIX,  a  township  of  Washington  co,  Iowa 
Pop.  287. 

SEVILLE,  A  township  of  Gratiot  co,,  Slichigan.  Pop. 
1C9. 

2292 


SEWARD,  a  new  county  on  the  S.  boundary  of  Kansas. 
Area  estimated  at  1200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
afliuents  ot  the  Verdigris  River.  The  soil  is  generally  fer- 
tile. Timber  is  produced  in  the  vicinity  of  the  strejims. 
The  census  of  ISoO  furnishes  no  information  respecting  this 
county. 

SEWARD,  a  township  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana.  Pon. 
1228.  ^ 

SEWARD,  a  township  of  Kendall  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  958. 

SEWAltD,  a  post-village  of  Brown  co,  Kansas,  about  25 
miles  N.W.  of  Atchison. 

SEWELL  MOUNTAIN,  a  post-village  of  Favette  co., 
West  Virginia,  about  24  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Lewisburg. 

Si;\VEi.L  S  (ur  SEWALL  S)  POINT,  Virginia,  is  on  th« 
S.  side  of  HampU)n  Roads,  about  4  miles  S.  of  Fortress 
Monroe. 

SEWELLSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Belmont  co,,  Ohio,  26 
miles  in  a  direct  line  W.  of  Wheeling. 

SEWICIvLEY,  a  village  and  township  of  Alleghanv  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Ohio  River,  13  miles  by  railroad  N.W, 
of  Pittsburg.  It  contains  several  stores  and  schools.  Pop, 
1586. 

SEYMOUR,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  In- 
diana, situated  50  miles  N.  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  87 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Cincinnati.  The  Jellersonville  Railroad 
here  intersects  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad.  Pop.  in 
1860,  96ti;  in  1865,  about  1200. 

SHABOMER,  or  SHEliONIER,  a  post-office  of  Fayette 
CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  6  or  7  miles  S.  of 
Vandalia. 

SHACKELFORD,  or  SHACKLEFORn,  a  new  county  in 
N."W.  central  part  of  Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  900  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Clear  Fork  of  Brazos  River, 
and  also  dndned  by  Hubbard's  Creek,    Pup.  44. 

SIIADEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  Scioto  River,  about  9  miles  S.  of  Columbus, 

SlIADWELL,  a  post-village  of  Albemarle  Co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  4  miles  E.  of  Charlottesville. 

SHAFFER,  or  SlIAFER,  a  village  of  Venango  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Oil  Creek,  7  miles  S.  of  Titusville,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  the  Oil  Creek  Railrcad.  and  about  12 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Oil  City.    Oil  wells  have  been  opened  here. 

SHAK'Ol'EE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Minne- 
sota, situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  MinnesoDi  River, 
about  28  miles  W.S  W.  of  Saint  Paul.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a  rich  farming  country,  in  which  hard  timber  is  abundant. 
The  river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  above  and  below  this 
place.     Pop.  1138. 

SHAKOl'Eii.  or  SHAKAPEE.  a  station  on  the  Chicago 
and  (ireat  Eastern  Railroad,  in  Stark  co.,  Indiana,  C9  inTles 
S.E.  of  Chicago. 

SH.\LLOTTE,  a  post-village  of  Brunswick  co.,  North  Ca- 
rolina, about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Wilmington. 

SHAMUNG,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Burlington 
CO.,  N  ew  Jersey,  on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad, 
40  miles  E.S.E.  of  Camden.    Pop.  1008. 

SHANESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  10  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Rejiding. 

SHANGHAI,  a  small  mining  camp  of  Union  co.,  Oregon, 
about  2  miles  N.  of  Eagle  City. 

SHANNON,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  co.,  Ohio,  about 
11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Zanesville. 

SHANNON,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  14  miles  S.W.  of  Freeport. 

SHANNON,  a  township  of  Atchisou  co.,  Kansas,  Pop, 
633, 

SHANNON,  a  village  of  Anderson  co.,  Eaus.is,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  L<awrence. 

SH.\NNON,  a  township  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  109. 

SH.4R0N,  a  village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  about  15  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 

SHARON,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Ohio,  about  27  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  .Marietta. 

SHARON,  a  township  of  Favette  co.,  Blinois,  about  4 
miles  N.W.  of  VandaliiU     Pop.  998. 

S11-\R0N,  a  township  of  .4ppanoose  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  425. 

SHARON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  678. 

SHARON,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  724. 

SHARON,  a  post-ofhce  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa,  about  25 
miles  S.  of  Des  Moines. 

SII.\RON,  a  station  on  the  Chicago  and  North  Western 
Railroad  in  Sharon  township,  Walworth  Co.,  Wisconsin,  20 
miles  S.E.  of  Janesville. 

SHARON,  a  township  of  Portage  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  5 
miles  N.E.  of  Stanton.    Pop.  4.54. 

SHARON,  a  township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota,  is  im- 
mediately S.E.  of  Le  Sueur,  the  couutj'-seat.    Pop.  453. 

SHASTA,  or  SHASTA  CITY,  a  post-town,  capital  of 
Shasta  Co.,  C'llifornia,  is  situated  near  the  right  (\V.)  bank 
of  the  Siicramento  River,  about  40  miles  N..N,W.  of  Red 
Bluff,  and  ISO  mHes  from  Sacramento.  It  Inid  in  1864  u 
court-house,  1  newspaper  otfice,  4  dry-good  stores  and  5 
general  stores.  Gold  mines  are  worked  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  estimated  at  1000. 


SUA 

SHAU5IBUR0,  a  post-township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  about 
25  miles  W.N.W.  of  Chicago.     I'op.  907. 

SIIAWANA,  or  SHAWANO,  a  county  In  the  N.E.  part 
of  Wisconsin,  has  an  area  of  1332  square  miles.  It  is  iiiter- 
gected  by  the  Wolf  Kiver.  and  also  drained  by  the  Oconto 
and  Emluarras  Rivers.  The  surface  is  extensively  covered 
with  forests  of  pine  ainl  other  trees.  The  soil  in  some  parts 
Is  prodHctive.    Cipital,  Shawano.     Pop.  S2M. 

SHAWANO,  or  SHAWANAW,  a  post  village  and. town- 
ship of  Shawana  co..  Wisconsin,  on  the  Wolf  Kiver,  about 
38  miles  W.N.W.  of  Green  Bay,  and  58  miles  N.of  Oslikosh. 
Pop.  in  ISOO,  71. 

SH\WnAN,  a  post-office  of  Bourbon  co.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Kentucky  Central  Railroad,  25  miles  N.N.E  ofLex- 
infrtnu. 

S[IAWNEE,acountyin  the  E.  part  of  Kansas,  has  an  area 
of  about  425  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Kan.sas 
River,  and  also  drained  l>y  the  Wakarusa  River.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating  or  nearly  level;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The 
county  is  reported  to  be  well  timbered  in  the  vicinitj'  of  the 
streams.  It  contains  abundance  of  limestone,  valuable  for 
building.  Coal  has  been  found  in  several  parts  of  the 
county,  which  is  traversed  lij-  the  Pacific  Railroad1[in  pro- 
gress).   Capital,  Topeka.     Pop.  3513. 

SHAWNEE  apost-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  Kelaware  River,  ahout  30  miles  above  Easton. 

SH.\WNEK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Johnson  co., 
Kansas,  about  11  miles  S.W.  of  Kansas  City,  and  3  or  4  miles 
8.  of  Kansius  River.    Pop.  9S7. 

SHAW'S  FLAT,  apost-villagc  of  Tuolumne  CO.,  California, 
2  miles  W.  of  Sonora.  It  has  1  church  and  1  school.  Pop. 
said  to  be  400. 

SIIAWSVILLE,  apost-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Virgi- 
nia, on  the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad,77  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Lyndiburg. 

SHAYKNNE,  a  village  of  Clay  Co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  is  nearly  in  lat.  47°  N. 

SHKASVILLK.  a  post-village  of  Morgan  CO.,  Indiana, 
about  :>6  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

SHEBONIER,  Illinois.     See  Sh.\bonier. 

SHKKPSCOT  BRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  co , 
Maine,  on  the  Sheepscot  River,  about  5  miles  above  Wis- 
ca-sset. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  township  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1629. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  CO..  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  and.  Rock  Island  Railroad,  38  miles  W.  of  La 
Salle.     Pop.  706. 

SHEFFIELD,  a  villa<*o  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  16  miles  N.K.  of  Jackson. 

SHKFKIKLK,  a  post-village  of  Story  co.,  Iowa,  about  14 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Nevada. 

SIIELBINA.  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  47  miles  W.  of  Hannibal. 

SHELBY,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Iowa,  hivs  an  area 
of  576  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  W.  Fork  of 
the  Nislinabatona  River,  and  is  drained  by  several  branches 
or  affluents  of  that  stream,  and  by  Keg  Creek.  The  surface 
is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  This  county 
is  traversed  by  the  route  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Railroad.     Capital,  Harlan.    Pop.  818. 

SHELBY,  a  vilbige  or  station  of  Shelby  county,  Tennes- 
see, on  the  Memphis  and  Ohio  Railroad,  19  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Memphis. 

SHELBY,  a  village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  near  Clinton 
River,  about  22  miles  N.  of  Detroit. 

SHKI.BY,  a  township  of  Ripley  CO.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1926. 

SHELBY,  or  SELBY,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Illinois  River.     Pop.  1673. 

SHELBY,  a  township  of  Shelby  co  ,  Illinois.    Pop.  531. 

SHELBY,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa,  about  50 
miles  S.  of  Des  Moines. 

SHELBY,  a  township  of  Blue  Earth  co ,  Minnesota,  con- 
tains Shelbyville.     Pop.  315. 

SHELBY VILLE.  a  post-village  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  the  Mankato  or  Blue  Earth  River,  about  28 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Mankato. 

SHELDON,  a  post  village  of  Iroquois  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the 
railroad,  which  connects  Peoria  with  Logansport,  109  miles 
E.^of  Peoria  and  2  miles  from  the  E.  line  of  Illinois. 

SHELDON,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  34  miles  E.  of  La  Crosse.     Pop.  343. 

SHELDON,  a  post-township  of  Houston  CO..  Minnesota, 
about  12  miles  W.  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver  at  Brownsville. 
Pop.  5.55. 

SHELDON,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  co.,  California, 
16  miles  S.E.  of  Sacramento.     It  has  2  stores. 

SHEXX  ROCK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Butler  co., 
Iowa.  The  village  is  on  Shell  Rock  River,  about  8  miles 
\V.  of  Waverly      Total  population,  438. 

SHELL  KOCK,  a  village  and  township  of  Freeborn  co., 
Minnesota,  on  Shell  Rock  River,  about  7  miles  S.E.  of 
Albert  Lea.     Pop.  179. 

SHKLLSBUIiG,  a  post-office  of  Benton  co.,Iowa.  about  10 
miles  K.S.E.  of  Vintoa. 


SIB 

SIIELTON,  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  district,  South  Ca- 
rolina, near  Broad  Biver,  and  on  thr  Spartanburg  and  Unio»- 
Railroad,  about  66  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Columbia. 

SHKNANGO,  a  village  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania,  OEi 
the  Shenango  River,  about  8  miles  N.W'.  of  Mercer. 

SHEKBURNE,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Minne 
sota,  lias  an  area  of  about  420  square  miles.  The  Missi.ssippt 
Hiver  forms  its  Ijoundaryon  the  S.W.  for  a  distance  of  abor.1 
50  miles.  The  county  is  also  drained  by  the  Elk  River 
The  surface  isdiver.sifled.and  the  soil  fertile.  It  is  traversed 
by  the  St-  I'aul  and  I'acitic  Railroad.  Capital,  Humboldt 
Pop.  723. 

SHERWOOD,  apost-village  of  Jasper  co.,  Missouri,  about 
80  miles  W.  of  Springfield. 

SHIAWAS'SEE,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Michigan,  has  an  area  of  about  530  square  miles.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Kailroad,  and  the 
Amboy  Lansing  and  Traverse  Bay  Kailroad.  The  staple 
productions  are  wheat,  wool,  butter  and  maple  sugar.  See 
page  1770. 

SlIIELD.S,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Dodge  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  1110. 

SHIELDS,  a  township  of  Marquette  CO.,  Wisconsin,  about 
3  miles  N.  of  Montello.     Pop.  642. 

SHIELDSVILLE,  a  village  and  township  of  Rice  co., 
Minnesota,  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Faribault.    Pop.  313. 

SHILOII,  a  locality  in  Hardin  co.,  Tennessee,  about  2 
miles  W.  of  Tennessee  River  at  I'ittsburg  Landing.  A  bat- 
tle was  fought  here  about  the  7th  of  Ai)ril,  1862.    SeePiTxs- 

BURO  L.WBIXG. 

SHILOII,  a  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Cleve- 
land Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  14  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Crestline. 

SHILOII,  a  post-village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illinois,  about  7 
miles  N.E.  of  Belleville. 

SHIMERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  30  miles  N.E.  of  Reading. 

SHIOCTON,  a  post-village  of  Outagamie  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  or  near  the  Wolf  River,  about  16  miles  N.W.  of  Appleton. 

8HIPMAN,  a  post-village  of  Macoupin  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Riiilroad,  19  miles  N.N.B. 
of  Alton. 

SHIPPEN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cameron  co.,  Penn- 
aylvania,  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Erie  Railroad,  and  on  the 
Driftwood  or  Sinnemahoning  Creek.  150  miles  E.S.E,  of  Erie, 
and  about  100  miles  W.N.W.  of  Williamsport. 

SHIRLAND,  apost-village  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  10  miles  S.W.  of  Be- 
loit.     Pop.  461. 

SHIRLEY,  a  post-village  of  McLean  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  about  6  miles  S.W.  of 
Bloomington. 

SHIKLEY,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Kansas,  con- 
tains 720  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  KepuMican 
Fork  of  Kansas  Kiver.  Solomon's  KorU  passes  through  the 
S.W.  part  of  the  county.  The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no 
information  resjiecting  this  county. 

SHOAL  CREEK,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  473. 

SHOHOLA,  or  SOHOLA,  a  post-township  of  Pike  co., 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  Delaware  River  and  on  the  Erie  Rail- 
road. It  has  a  station  9  miles  above  Port  Jervis.  Pop. 
672. 

SlIOKAN,  a  post-village  of  Ulster  co.,  New  York,  onEso- 
pus  Crei'k.  about  15  miles  W.  of  Kingston. 

SHOSHONE,  a  county  towards  the  N.  part  of  Idaho,  bor- 
dering on  Montana  Territory.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W. 
l)y  the  Clearwater  River,  and  also  drained  by  tlie  North 
Fork  of  that  river,  and  by  Oro  Fino  Creek.  The  surface  in 
some  parts  is  mountainous.  The  Bitter  Root  Mountains 
extend  along  the  N.E.  border.  Forests  of  pine,  cedar,  &c. 
grow  on  these  mountains.  Gold  is  found  in  this  county,  on 
Oro  Fino  Creek.    Capital,  Pierce  City. 

SIIREVE,  a  post-otHce  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  and  a  station 
on  the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Kailroad,  10  miles 
N.E.  of  Wooster. 

SHYENNE,  SlIAYENNE,  or  SIIIENNE  RIVER,  rises  in 
the  N.  part  of  Dakota,  and  flows  in  a  general  soutiieast  di- 
rection to  a  point  near  the  middle  of  Shyenne  county.  From 
this  point  it  flows  northeastward  and  then  northward,  and 
enters  the  Red  River  of  the  North  in  Stevens  county.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  300  miles. 

SIIYENNE,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Dakota,  bordering 
on  Minnesota.  Area  estimated  at  3000  square  n)iles.  It  is 
partly  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Bed  River  of  the  North, 
and  intersected  by  the  Sliyenne  River.  The  surface  is  nciir- 
ly  level ;  the  soil  is  productive. 

SHYJ;NNE,  a  village  of  Stevens  CO.,  Dakota,  on  the  Shy- 
enne River,  near  its  mouth,  about  47°,  6^  N.  Lat. 

SIAD,  a  post-village  of  Siskiyou  co.,  California,  40  miles 
S  W.  of  Yreka.     Pop.  abovit  100. 

SIBLEY,  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  area  of  about  600  square  miles.  It 's  bounded  on  tlie 
E.  by  the  Minnesota  River,  and  contains  numerous  beauti- 
ful lakes.    The  buriace  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous 

?293 


SIC 


SMI 


nnd  lijiil'-  productive.  It  is  estimated  that  this  county 
coiii/.ins  alnit  150  square  miles  of  woddland  and  450  of 
pr:inie.    Capital,  Henderson.     Pop.  3609. 

SICK  CU  EEK,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1026. 

SIDNEY,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey, 
about  11  miles  N.  by  U.  of  Fleniington. 

SIDNEY,  a  village  of  Augusta  co.,  Virginia,  about  11 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Staunton. 

SIDNEY,  a  post-township  of  Montcalm  co.,  Michigan, 
about  35  miles  N.E  of  Grand  Rapids.     Pop.  172. 

SIDNKY,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  CO.,  Indiana,  about  30 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Logansport. 

SIDNEY,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois,  in  Sid- 
ney township,  and  on  the  Great  Western  Railroad,  48  milis 
E.by  N.  of  Decatur. 

SIDNEY,  a  post-village  of  Ralls  co.,  Missouri,  about  15 
miles  AV.S.W.  of  Hannibal. 

SIDNEY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  a  high  prairie,  12  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Nebraska  City,  and  40  miles  S.  of  Council  BlnfTs.  It  con- 
tains a  fine  court-house,  3  churches,  an  academy,  4  dry- 
goods  stores  and  2  drug  stores.  Pop.  about  600.  Pop.  of 
Sidney  township,  1730. 

SIERR.A,  se-^r'ra,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  California, 
bordering  on  Nevada.  Area  estimnted  at  1100  sqnare  miles. 
It  is  ( artly  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Middle  Y'uba  River, 
and  also  drained  by  the  North  Yuba  River,  and  by  Canon, 
Kanaka,  Sierra  and  Oregon  Creeks.  The  surface  is  very 
mountainous.  The  great  Sierra  Nevada  extends  along  the 
E.  border  of  the  county,  and  the  Downieville  Buttes  near 
the  centre  rise  to  the  height  of  8800  or  8500  feet.  Tlie  prin- 
cipal resources  of  this  county  are  the  gold  mines,  in  which 
it  is  said  to  be  richer  (in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  its  mi- 
ning-ground,) than  anj-  other  county  in  the  state.  In  ISCO 
about  11  quartz-mills  were  in  operation  in  this  county. 
Granite  and  quartz  are  abundant  in  it.  Capital,  Downieville. 
Pop.  11,387. 

SIERRA  VALLEY,  or  SIERRA  CITY,  a  post-village  of 
Sierra  co.,  Caliibrniii,  30  miles  E.  of  Downieville. '  It  hits  seve- 
ral stores.    Gold  is  found  here.    Pop.  about  300. 

SIGEL,  a  post-oftice  of  Clayton  Co.,  Iowa,  about  5  miles 
N.E.  of  El  Kader 

SIKESTON,  or  SIKiOSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co., 
Mis.--ouri,  on  the  Cairo  and  Fulton  Railroad,  26  miles  S.AV. 
of  Cairo. 

SILVER  CITY,  a  post-town  of  Lyon  co.,  Nevada,  2  miles 
N.AV.  of  Dayton,  and  about  8  miles  S.E.  of  A'irginia  City. 
It  contains  a  number  of  hotels  and  a  theatre.  Gold  and 
silver  are  found  here.  In  1863  Silver  City  had  about  5 
quartz.-mills  in  operation.  This  place  is  situated  near  the 
Eastern  base  of  the  Wa.->hoe  range  of  the  great  Sieri'a  Ne- 
vada. The  du-ectory  of  Nevada  for  18C3  enumerates  about 
600  residents  of  Silver  City.  Pop.  la  1864,  estimated  at 
2000. 

SILVER  CITY,  a  mining-town  of  Owyhee  co.,  Idaho,  on 
Jordan  Creek,  about  1  mile  above  Ruby  City.  It  has  1 
newspaper  office  and  several  quartz-mills.  Silver  is  found 
here  in  quartz-rock.  The  Directory  for  1S65  enumerates 
73  male  residents  of  Silver  city. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  township  of  Mills  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
637. 

SILVER  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  "Wright  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Jlississippi  River,  about  7  miles  above  Monti- 
cello.     Pop.  240. 

SILVER  HILL,  a  mining-district  of  Boisee  co.,  Idaho, 
between  the  Payette  and  Crooked  River,  about  40  miles  N. 
of  Idaho  City.    It  includes  Banner  City. 

SILVER  MOUNTAIN,  a  village  of  Alpine  co.,  California, 
situated  near  the  E.  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  about  56 
miles  in  a  direct  line  E.  of  Placerville.  It  has  4  or  more 
stores  and  1  newspaper  office.  Here  is  a  post-office  named 
Konigsberg.     I'op.  in  1864,  about  300. 

SILVERTON,  a  post-village  of  Marion  CO.,  Oregon,  on 
Silver  Creek,  and  on  a  state  road  15  miles  E.  of  Salem.  It 
has  one  grist-mill,  3  stores,  1  school  and  1  tannery.  Pop. 
or  Silverton  precinct  in  1860, 616.  Pop.  of  the  village  about 
260. 

SILVERVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana, 
about  lo  miles  \V.  of  Bedford. 

SILVEYVILLE,  a  village  of  Solano  co.,  California,  20 
miles  N.E.  of  Suisun  City.  Here  is  a  post-office  named  Pu- 
tah.    Pop.  about  150. 

SIMMS,  a  township  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1237. 

SIMPSO.N',  a  post-office  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa,  about  6  miles 
S.  of  Quincy. 

SI.MS,  a  township  of  Grant  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  768. 

SIMSVI LLE,  a  post-village  of  Union  district.  South  Caro- 
lina, on  the  Spartansburg  and  Union  Railroad,  about  75 
miles  N.N.VV.  of  Columbia. 

SIN.\TOH.\,  Mississippi.    See  Senatobia. 

SINCLAIR,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  a 
railroad,  6  miles  N.K.  of  Jack.sonvillc. 

SINSINIWA  MOUND,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  "Wiscon- 
■lll,  iu  the  south  part. 
221)4 


SIOUX,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  306. 

SIOUX  -AGENCY,  a  post-ottice  of  Renville  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Minnesota  River,  about  33  miles  above  New  Llm. 

SIOUX  CITY,  a  post-village  or  town,  capital  of  Wood- 
bury CO.,  Iowa,  is  situated  on  the  Missouri,  about  3  miles 
below  the  moutli  of  the  Sioux  River,  220  miles  above  Onuiha, 
and  175  miles  W.N.AV.  of  Des  Moines.  It  is  the  W.  termi- 
nus of  the  Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Railroad  (iu  progress), 
and  is  about  320  miles  from  Dubuque.  It  is  tlie  Iwgest 
town  on  the  Missouri  River  above  Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha. 
Pop.  767. 

SISKIVOU,  a  large  county,  forming  the  N.E.  extremity 
of  California,  bordering  on  Oregon  and  Nevada.  Area  esti- 
mated at  S500  miles.  It  is  drained  by  thf  Klamath,  Pitt, 
Sacramento,  .'cott  and  Shasta  liivers,  which  all  rise  within 
its  limits.  The  surface  is  diversilied  by  valleys  and  high 
moiintains,  among  which  is  Mount  Shasta,  over  14,000  feet 
high.  The  county  contains  several  lakes,  one  of  which. 
Goose  Lake,  is  about  20  miles  long.  Large  forests  of  pine 
and  other  coniferous  trees  occur  in  this  county.  Among 
the  rocks  wliich  underlie  this  jiart  of  the  state,  are  granite, 
quartz,  basalt  and  nietaniori)hic  limestone.  A  large  major- 
ity of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  mining  gold.  The 
mines  ai-e  jill  in  the  western  part  of  the  county.  Capital, 
Yrc-ka.     Pop.  7629. 

SISLEY'S  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  about 

7  miles  W.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

SIUSLAW  RIA'ER,  a  small  stream  of  western  Oregon, 
rises  in  the  Coast  Range,  in  l>ane  county,  and  tlowing  west- 
ward forms  the  boundary  between  Douglas  and  Lane  coun- 
ties, and  enters  the  Pacilic  Ocean. 

SIUSLAW,  a  post-village  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon,  16  miles  S, 
W.  of  Eugene  City.    Pop.  in  1860,  79. 

SKAGIT  RIVER,  rises  in  British  Columbia,  flows  south- 
westward  through  AVhatcom  co.,  'Washington  Territory, 
and  enters  Puget  Sound  near  its  N.  extremity.  It  is  over 
100  miles  long.    Much  timber  is  floated  down  this  river. 

SK.A.MANIA,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, bordering  on  Oregon,  has  an  area  of  about  250 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Columbiiv 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Klikitat,  Cathlapootle,  and 
White  Salmon  Rivers.  The  surface  is  diversifietl  by  valleys 
and  mountains  of  the  Casctide  Range,  among  which  is  Mount 
St.  Helen,  which  has  an  altitude  of  9750  feet.  Capital,  Cas- 
cades.   Pop.  173. 

SKOKOMISII,  a  post-village  of  Sawamish  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  10  miles  N.W.  of  Oakland. 

SKoKO.MiSH  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Sawamish  co., 
Wa-hington  Territory,  flows  southeastward,  and  empties 
itself  into  Hood's  Canal. 

SKOOKUMCIIUCK,  a  po.st-village  of  Lewis  co..  AVashing- 
ton  Territory,  on  or  near  the  Chehalis  River,  8  miles  N.  of 
Claquato. 

SI>.\TE  CREEK,  a  post-office  and  precinct  of  Josephine 
CO.,  Oregon,  16  miles  N.E.  of  Kerbyvillo.     Pop.  54. 

SLATlNGTON.  a  post-village  of  Lehigh  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  Lehigli  River,  16  miles  by  railroad  N.N.W.  of 
Allentown.     Here  are  some  slate  quarries. 

SLIPPERY  FORI),  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  great  Overland  Route,  on  or  near  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  about  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Placerville. 

SLOCUM,a  town.'jhip  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
209. 

S.MALLWOOD,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
521. 

SMARTSVILLE,  a  village  of  Yulia  co.,  California.  18 
miles  E.  of  Marysville.  The  name  of  the  post-office  is  Em- 
pire Ranch.     Pop.  said  to  be  200. 

SMITH,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1064. 

SMITH,  a  township  of  Mahoning  co.,  Ohio,  about  2  miles 
N.E.  of  Alliance.     Pop.  1-198. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  township  of  Fayette  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
410. 

SMITHFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  12  miles  N.  of  Wabiisha. 

SMITIIFIKLD,  a  post-village  of  Cache  co.,  Utah,  about  6 
miles  N.  of  Logan. 

SMITHLAND.  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana,  about 

8  miles  .S.W.  of  Shelbyville. 

SMITHLAND,  a  post-village  of  Woodbury  co.,  Iowa,  on 
Little  Sioux  River,  about  34  miles  S.E  of  Sioux  City. 

SMITH'S  EAR,  or  SMITIIVILLE,  a  mining  village  of 
Placer  CO.,  Cdifornia,  on  the  American  River,  about  24 
miles  N.E.  of  Sacramento. 

SMITH'S  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Saint  Clair  CO..  Michi- 
gan, on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad,  11  miles  S.W.  of  Port 
Huron. 

SMITH'S  RANCH,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 17  miles  W.  by  S.  of  .Santa  Rosa.     It  has  2  stores. 

SMITH'S  RIVER,  California,  a  small  river  of  Del  :Jort8 
county,  flows  westward  and  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

SMiTHTON.  a  post-village  of  Dod'lridge  co..  M  c>*  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Northwestern  Ra'  toai  58  miles  E.  c-  ?ar- 
kersburs. 


SMI 


SOU 


SMITHTON.  a  station  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  in  Pettis 
CO.,  Missotiri.  57  miles  W.  of  Jefferson  City, 

SMITHTON,  a  post-village  of  ^Vorth  Co.,  Missouri,  about 
58  miles  N.N.E.  of  St.  Joseph, 

SMITIIVILLE,  a  post-villuge  of  Monroe  co.,  Indi.ma,  on 
a  railroad,  8  miles  S.  hv  E.  of  Bloomington. 

SMOKY  HILL  FORK,  a  branch  of  the  Kansas  River, 
rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Colorado,  flows  eastward  and  unites 
with  the  •Reimblicau  Kork  to  form  the  Kansn.s  River  near 
Fort  Kiley,  Kansas.    Estimated  length  400  miles. 

SMYRNA,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  CO.,  Maine,  about 
110  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Rangor.     Pop.  16.i 

SMYRNA,  a  post-village  of  Ionia  co.,  Michigan,  on  Flat 
River,  about  25  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Grand  Rai>ids. 

SMYRNA,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana,  about  40 
miles  N.  C)f  Madison. 

SMYRNA,  a  village  of  Vanderburg  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  5  miles  E.N.E.  of  Evansvillo. 

SNACIIWINE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Putnam 
CO.,  Illinois.  The  village  is  on  the  Peoria  and  Bureau  Valley 
Railroad,  23  miles  S.W.  of  La  Salle.    Total  population,  609. 

SNELLINO,  a  post-village,  cajiital  of  Merced  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Merced  JUver, 
about  35  miles  from  its  junction  with  the  San  Joaquin,  and 
35  miles  S.  of  Sonora.  It  containsni  court-house,  I  news- 
paper office,  1  hotel,  and  3  stores.     Pop.  about  200. 

SNIHAR,  or  SNIABAR,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Lafayette  co.,  Missouri,  about  20  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lexington. 
Total  population,  1416. 

SNOHOMISH,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  has  an  area  of  about  1400  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Puget  Sound  or  Admiralty  Inlet,  and 
drained  by  the  Skikomish,  Snohomish  and  Steilaquamish 
Rivers.  The  Cascade  Range  of  mountains  extend  along  the 
E.  border.    Capital,  Mukilteo. 

SNOQUALMIE  RIVER,  Washington  Territory,  rises  in 
King  CO  ,  flows  northwestward,  and  enters  Puget  Sound,  in 
Snohomish  co. 

SOAP  CHEEK,  a  township  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  851. 

SOCORRO,  or  SOCORRA,  a  village  or  settlement  of  El 
Paso  CO.,  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  about  15  miles  below 
El  Paso.     Pop.  753. 

SODA  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Idaho,  about  220  miles  E.by 
S.  of  Hoisee  City. 

SODORUS,  or  SADORUS,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Great  \Vestoru  Railroad,  33  miles  E.  by  N. 
of  Decatur. 

SODUS,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co..  Michigan,  on  both 
sides  of  Saint  Joseph's  River,  about  5  miles  N.W.  of  Berrien. 
Pop.  675. 

SOLANO,  a  post-office  of  Solano  co.,  California. 

SOLDIER,  a  township  of  Shiwuee  co.,  Kansas.    Pop. 349. 

SOLOMON'S  FORK,  a  river  of  Kansas,  rises  in  the  N.W. 
part  of  the  state,  and  flowing  southeastward,  enters  the 
Smoky  Hill  Fork  near  the  E.  border  of  Sivline  T;ounty,  after 
a  course  of  about  200  miles. 

SOLON,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Kent  co.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  303. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Mississinewa  River,  about  10  milesS.  of  Wabash,  the  county- 
seat. 

SOMERSKT,  a  village  and  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Mis- 
Boiiri,  aliout  60  miles  N.  by  W.  of  La  Clede.     Pop.  809. 

SOMERSET,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Saint  Croix 
CO.,  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  Apple  River,  about  11 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Hudson.     Pop.  319. 

SOMERSET,  a  jiost-villago  and  township  of  Steele  CO., 
Minnesota,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Faribault.    Pop.  234. 

SOMKRSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Contra  Costa  CO.,  Cali- 
forni.i,  18  ndles  E.  of  Martinez.    Pop.  about  200. 

SOMERVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Lincoln  co.,  Maine, 
abont  16  miles  E.  of  Augusta.    Pop.  ('06. 

SOMKRVILLE.a  post-village  of  Tolland  CO.,  Connecticut, 
on  Scantic  River,  about  10  miles  N.^V.  of  Tolland. 

SONO'MA,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  California,  has  an 
area  of  about  1500  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W. 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  intersected  by  the  Russian  River,  and 
also  drained  by  the  Gualala  (or  AValhalla)  River,  and  by 
Sonoma.  Santa  Rosa  and  Petaluma  Creeks.  The  S.K.  ex- 
tremity touches  San  Pablo  Bay.  The  surface  is  finely  diver- 
sified by  valleys  and  hills,  and  it  is  inclosed  on  the  E.  and 
N.E.  by  the  rugged  Coast  Range.  The  soil  is  vei-y  fertile. 
The  staple  producfions  are  wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  cattle, 
butter  and  wine.  The  climate  and  soil  of  the  southern  part 
are  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  production  of  grajies.  The 
Sonoma  Valley,  the  soil  of  which  is  a  warm,  sandy  loam,  is 
the  chief  grape  district  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state. 
The  county  contains  large  forests  of  the  redwood,  Se.r/iwia 
semj>etru>'na,  i  tree  of  great  size,  and  excellent  for  lumber. 
Auiong  the  minerals  of  this  county  are  mngnesian  lime- 
stone, tertiary  sandstone,  cinnabar  and  chalk.  Organized 
la  18,50.     Capital,  Santa  Rosa     Pop.  11,867. 

SONOMA,  a  township  of  Sonoma  co.,  California.  Pop. 
697. 

60QUEL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Santa  Cruz  co.. 


California,  on  the  sea  coast,  3  miles  E.  of  Sanf a  Cruz.   Total 
poi)ulation,  651. 

SONO'R A,  a  post-village  of  Steuben  co..  New  Y'ork,  about 
8  miles  E.by  S.of  Bath. 

SONORA,  a  post-office  of  Hardin  co.,  Kentucky,  c^  th* 
Louisville  and  Nashville  Railroad,  55  miles  S.  of  Loui.sville. 

SONORA,  a  post-village  of  Muskingum  CO.,  Ohio,  on  tha 
Central  Raili-oad,  7  miles  N.E.  of  7-anesville, 

SONORA,  or  WEST  SONORA,  a  village   of  Preble  co 
Ohio,  on  the  Dayton  and  Western  Railroail,  21  miles  W.N.W, 
of  Dayton.     The  name  of  the  post-oflice  is  AVest  Sonora. 

SONOR.\,a  post-township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Mississippi  Kiver,  about  12  miles  above  Warsaw.  Pop.  1054. 

SONORA,  or  SONOMA,  a  village  of  Atchison  CO.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  Missouri  River,  about  70  ndles  by  land,  and 
139  by  water,  N.W.  of  St.  Joseph.    Pop.  309. 

SONORA,  a  post-village  of  Pettis  Co.,  Missouri. 

SONORA,  a  post-office  of  Nemaha  CO.,  Kansas. 

SONO'RA,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Califor- 
nia, is  about  50  miles  in  a  direct  line,  or  65  miles  by«he 
road  E.  of  Stockton.  See  Sonora,  page  1800.  It  contains  a 
court-house,  a  jail,  4  or  5  churcbes,  2  newspaper  offices,  3 
hotels,  1  banking  oflfire,  about  12  dry-goods  and  general 
stores,  1  quartz-mill.  &c.  Its  piincipal  resources  are  tha 
gold  nnnes  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  which  are  among  ths 
richest  in  the  state.  A  nugget  of  gold,  weighing  over  30 
pounds,  was  found  in  this  district  in  1858.  Pop.  in  IStJO, 
1960:  in  1865.  about  2400. 

SONORA  PASS,  a  pass  through  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  Al- 
pine CO.,  California,  in  lat.  38°  15'  N.  It  is  said  to  be  10,100 
feet  alwve  the  level  of  the  sea. 

SOUTH,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  832. 

SOUTllAMPl'ON,  a  township  of  Burlington  co.,New  Jer- 
sey, contains  Vincent  Town.     Pop.  255S. 

SOUTH  REND,  a  post-township  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minne- 
sota, contains  the  village  of  South  Bend.     Pop.  4.52. 

SOUTH  BE.Vn,  a  post-village  of  lllue  Earth  co..  Minne- 
sota, is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  tlie  Minne- 
sota River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blue  Earth,  2  or  3  miles 
above  Mankato.  At  this  point  the  Minnesota  River  changes 
its  course,  and  turns  northward.  South  Bend  contains  2 
churcbes.     Pop.  about  500. 

SOUTH  liOISftl'l,  a  mining  district  in  Alturas  co..  Idaho, 
on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Bfusee  Kiver,  includes  Rocky  Bar. 
Gold  and  silver  are  fonnd  in  quartz-roek  in  this  district. 

SOUTH  BOSTON,  a  post-village  of  Washington  Co.,  Indi- 
ana, about  24  miles  N.  by  W.  of  New  Albany. 

SOUTH  CANAAN,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia.    Pop.  1231. 

SOUTH  CHICAGO,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on 
Lake  Michitcan,  immediately  S.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  20.53. 

SOUTH  CHINA,  a  post-village  of  Kennebec  co.,  Maine, 
at  the  S.  end  of  China  Lake,  about  13  miles  E.N.E.  of  Au- 
gusta. 

SOUTH  DRESDEN,  a  post-village  of  Linctdn  co.,  Maine, 
about  7  miles  N.W.  of  Wiscasset,  and  1  mile  E.  of  the  Ken- 
nebec River. 

SOUTH  EAST,  a  township  of  Orange  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1494. 

SOUTH  FORK,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1203. 

SOUl'H  FORK,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
780. 

SOUTH  FORK,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.  Pop 
421. 

SOUTH  GARDINER,  a  village  of  Kennebec  co..  Maine,  or. 
the  Kennebec  River,  and  on  the  Portland  and  Kennebei. 
Railroad.  5  miles  S.  of  Gardiner. 

SOUTH  HAVEN,  a  post-village  of  Van  Buren  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River,  about 
26  miles  W.S.W.  of  Allegan. 

SOUTH  HOPE,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Maine,  about 
10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Rockland. 

SOUTH  MANHEIM,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1078. 

f;OUTII  MILFORD,  a  post-village  of  La  Grange  co„  Indi- 
ana, :d)out  3"  miles  N.  ot  Fort  Wiivne, 

SOUTH  NEWBURY,  a  post-vil'lage  of  Orange  CO.,  Ver- 
mont, on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  on  a  railroad  about  3 
miles  N.  of  Haverhill. 

SOUTH  NORRIDGKWOCK,  a  post-township  of  Somerset 
CO.,  Maine,  about  27  miles  N.  of  Angiftta,     Pop.  1184. 

SOUTH  OTSELIC,  a  post-village  of  Chenango  co..  New 
York,  about  16  miles  N.W.  of  Norwich, 

SOUTH  OTTAWA,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois,  on 
the  Illinois  River,  opposite  Ottawa,     Pop.  10'.'6. 

SOUTH  PARK,  in  Park  co.,  Colorado,  is  a  tract  of  land 
consisting  of  a  beautiful  and  fertile  prairie,  bounded  on  tha 
W.  by  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  drained 
by  the  South  Platte  River.  This  park  is  about  60  miles  in 
length.  It  contains  many  thousand  acres  of  land,  which 
produces  good  natural  pasture,  and  abounds  with  bisons,  elks, 
deer,  antelopes,  and  other  wild  animals.  Coal  and  salt  are 
found  in  considerable  abundance ;  also  gold,  copper  and  silver. 

SOUTH  POINT,  a  station  on  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and  ou 

2295 


sou 

the  MissoTiri  River  in  Tranklin  co.,  Missouri,  52  miles  W.  | 
of  St.  Louis.  i 

SOUTH  PORT,  a  village  of  Owen  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  West 
Fork  of  White  River,  about  I  mile  S.  of  Spencer. 

SOUTH  SAIiEM,  Marion  co.,  Oregon,  is  a  precinct  or 
suburb  of  t'alem,  the  capital.     Pop.  in  ISiO,  902. 

SOUTH  UNION,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.-97S. 

SOUTH  WEHER,  a  post-village  of  Davis  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  the  Weber  River,  about  30  niiles  N.  of  Salt 
Lake  City. 

SOUTH  WHEELING,  a  village  of  Ohio  co..  West  Tir- 
giniii,  on  the  Ohio  River.     Free  popnbitiou,  2630. 

SOUTH  WOODSTOCK,  a  post-village  of  Windham  co., 
Connecticut,  about  3S  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Norwich,  and  1  or 
2  miles  S.E.  of  Woodstock.     It  has  i  cotton  factories. 

SPADE'S  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Ripley  CO..  Iniliana,  on 
the  Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  48  miles  from 
Cincinnati. 

SPALDING,  a  county  in.  the  W.  central  part  of  Georgia, 
contains  about  200  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W. 
by  the  Flint  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified ; 
the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Macon 
and  Western  Railroad.  Capital,  Griffin.  Pop.  8099,  of 
whom  4880  were  free. 

SPALDING,  Michigan.    See  Sp.vulmno. 

SPANAWAY,  a  post-village  of  Pierce  CO.,  Washington 
Territory,  about  10  miles  S.E.  of  Steilacoom. 

SP.VN  ISH  BAR,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co..  Colorado,  on 
the  Arkansas  River,  about  110  miles  S.W.  of  Denver,  and  a 
few  miles  from  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

SPANISH  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 10  miles  N.  of  Plaeerville.    Here  is  a  gold  mine. 

SPANISH  FORK,  a  post-village  of  Utah  co.,  Utah,  12 
miles  S.  of  Provo  City.     Pop.  in  1860,  773. 

SPANISH  PEAK,  a  mounfciin  peak  of  Plumas  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, aliout  14  miles  W.  of  Quincy. 

SPANISH  RANCH,  a  post-village  of  Plumas  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 6  miles  W.  of  Quincy.    It  bas  1  or  2  stores 

SPAXISHTOWN,  California.    See  Half  Moon  Bat. 

SPARKSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  22  miles  S.W.  of 
Seymour. 

SPARLINVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Newton  co.,  Missouri, 
about  10  miles  W.  of  Neosho. 

SPARTA,  a  post-village  of  Caroline  co.,  Virginia,  about 
33  miles  N.N.E.  of  Riehmo'nd. 

SP.iRTA,  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  about  35  miles 
N.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

SPARTA,  a  township  of  Knox  co ,  Illinois,  about  6  miles 
by  railroad  N.E.  of  Galesburg.     Pop.  153S. 

SPARTA,  a  township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Wisconsin,  contains 
the  village  of  Sparta.     Pop.  1284. 

SPARTA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Monroe  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  La  Crosse  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Patil 
Railroad,  26  miles  E..\.E.  of  La  Crosse,  and  about  175  miles 
from  Milwaukee.  It  contains  4  churches,  1  or  2  banks,  2 
newspaper  offices,  25  stores,  2  grist-mills,  1  foundry,  and  2 
barrel  factories.  The  valley  of  the  La  Crosse  is  very  pro- 
duotive. 

SPARTANSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the(Jil  Creek  Railroad, 9  miles  S  S.W.  of  Corry. 

SPAULDING,  a  post-township  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan, 
about  4  miles  S.  of  Saginaw  City,  is  traversed  by  the  Shia- 
wassee and  Cass  Rivers.     Pop.  216. 

SPEAKER,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Sanilac  co., 
Michigan.     Pop.  327. 

SPENCER,  a  post-village  of  Roane  co.,  West  Virginia. 
Free  population,  196. 

SPENCER,  a  township  of  Harrison  co..  Indiana.  Pop.  1049. 

SPENCKR,  a  post-village  of  Will  co.,  Illinois,  on  a  branch 
of  the  MIcliigaii  Central  Railroad,  8  miles  E.  of  Joliet. 

SPENCEK,  a  small  village  of  Clay  co.,  Iowa,  on  Little 
Bioux  River,  about  90  miles  .\.E.  of  Sioux  City. 

SPENCER,  a  post-village  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Cannon  River,  about  Hi  miles  S.  of  Hastings. 

SPENCER,  a  post-office  of  Atchison  co..  Kansjis. 

SPENCER,  a  pastKjffice  and  precinct  of  Lune  co.,  Oreeon 
Pop.  120.  " 

SPERRY,  a  township  of  Clavton  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  854. 

Inri^^l"'  '^  '""'"^'IJP  of  Richanlson  co.,Nebraska.  Pop.394. 

bl  IChLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Henrv  co 
Indiana,   about  30  miles  W.  of  Richmond.    The  Central 


about 


Riillroad  passes  through  the  township.     Pop.  1425. 

SPILLVILLE.apost-office  of  Winneshiek  CO.,  Iowa 
<2  miles  W..S.W.  of  Lansing. 

SPIRIT  LAKE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dickinson  co., 
i?«'V.?"  '"■  "•""■  *  ''^'^«  "•"  '•'"  8"™«  I'lme,  about  90  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Fort  Dodge.     Pop.  l.!3. 

SPOKANE,  a  large  county  in  the  E.  part" of  Washington 
Territory,  bordering  on  Idaho.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N  and 
W.  by  the  Columbia  River,  on  the  S.  by  Lewis  or  Snake 
R)''«T,and  also  drained  by  the  Palousean'd  Spokane  Rivers. 
The  surface  in  some  parts  is  mountainous.  Capital,  Pink- 
ney  City.  Pop.  996. 
2296 


SPR 

SPOKANE  RIVER,  rises  in  Coeur  d'Alene  Lake  In 
Idaho,  flows  westward,  traverses  Spokane  county,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  enters  the  Columbia  River,  after  a 
course  of  about  100  miles. 

SPRAGUE,  a  towns  ip  of  New  London  co.,  Connecticut, 
intersected  by  the  Shetucket  River,  5  miles  N.  of  Norwich. 

SPR.^GUEVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa, 
about  48  miles  N.  by  B  of  Davenport. 

SPRING,  a  township  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
2001. 

SPRING  ARBOR,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan, 
about  11  miles  W.!^.W.  of  Jackson. 

SPRING  BAY,  a  post-village  and  small  township  of  V\'ood- 
ford  CO.,  Illinois,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Peoria  Lake.  The  vil- 
lage is  about  13  miles  N.N.E.  of  Peoria.     Pop.  515. 

SPRING  BROOK,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Dunn  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  653. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  township  of  Black  Ilawk  co.,  Iowa. 
Poi).  5i>4. 

SPRING  CREEK,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  132. 

SPRINGDALE,  a  post-offico  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SPRINGDALE,  a  post-village  of  Lafayette  co.,Missi.ssii)pi, 
on  the  Mississippi  Central  Railroad,  about  15  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Oxford. 

SPRINGDALE,  a  post-village  of  Hamilton  co.,  Ohio,  about 
14  miles  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

SPR1NGD.\LE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cedar  co., 
Iowa,  about  13  miles  E.  of  Iowa  City.     Pop  963. 

SPRINODALE,a  villageof  Houston  co.,  Minnesota,  about 

5  miles  W.  of  the  Missis-sippi  River,  at  Hiownsville. 
SPR1NGD.\LE,  a  ixist-office  of  Leavenworth  co.,  Kansas. 
SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Pop.  1143. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Fairfax  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  9  miles  W.  of  Ale,xandria. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Oaklanil  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  12  miles  N.W.  of  Pontine,  is  traversed  by  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad.     Pop.  1425. 

8PRINGKIELD,  a  village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  near  the 
Northern  Indiana  Rivilroad,  about  22  miles  E.S.E.  of  Goshen 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  village  of  Callaw.ay  co.,  Missouri,  about 
46  miles  N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  914. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa- 
Pop.  842. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Jackson 
CO.,  Wi.sconsin.    Pop.  379. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Mar- 
quette CO.,  Wiseonsin.     Pop.  310. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Walworth  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Racine  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  34  miles  W.  of 
Racine,  and  6  miles  E.  of  Flkhorn. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Olmstead  Co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter's  Railroad,  about  10  miles 
E.  by  S.  of  Rochester. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Tuolumne  CO.,  California, 
3  or  4  miles  N.  of  Sonora.  It  has  1  church  and  1  school. 
It  is  one  of  the  principal  mining  villages  of  the  county. 
Pop.  about  300. 

SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  and  precinct  of  Lane  co., 
Oregon.    It  has  1  flouring-mill.    Total  pojjulation,  398. 

SPRING  GARDEN,  a  post-office  of  Pettis  co.,  Missouri, 
about  32  miles  W.  of  Booneville. 

SPRING  GREEN,  a  post-village  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Wisconsin  River,  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie 
du  Chien  Railroad,  36  miles  W.  of  .Madison. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois, 

6  miles  N.  of  Monmouth.     Pop.  961. 

SPRING  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Houston  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  36  miles  S.  of  Winona.     Pop.  617. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Mecklenl)urg  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Meherrin  River,  about  56  miles  S.W.  of  Peters- 
burg. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Navarro  co.,  Texas, 
about  145  miles  N.N.K.  of  Austin  City. 

SPRlNci  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Champaign  co.,  Ohio, 
about  13  miles  N.N.VV.  of  Urbanna. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  co.,  Indiana, 
about  00  miles  E.S.E.  of  Indianapolis. 

SPRING  HILL,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Johnson 
CO.,  Kan.sas,  about  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lawrence.     Pop.  328. 

SPRIN(i  LAKE,  a  township  of  Ottawa  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Michigan,  and  on  Grand  Kiver,  opposite  Grand  llaven. 
Pop.  745. 

SPRING  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  T.aze well  co., Illinois, 
on  the  Illinois  River,  about  7  miles  below  Pekin.     Pop.  783. 

SPRING  LAKE,  a  township  of  Scott  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  236. 

SPRING  LAKE  VILLA,  a  post-village  of  Ut'xh  co.,  Utah, 
21  milrs  S.  of  Provo  City. 

SPRINGPORT,  a  post-township  of  .lackson  cq.,  Michigan, 
about  14  miles  N.W.  of  Jackson.     Pop.  1114. 

SPRING  ROCK,a  township  of  Clinton  CO.,  loH-.a.  Pep.  721 

SPRINGVALJi,    or   SPRINGDALE,    a   p^ot-villa^o   of 


SPR 

Sampson  co.,  North  Carolina,  about  58  miles  N.  of  Wil- 
mington. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  post-villape  and  township  of  Fill- 
more CO.,  Minnesota,  aUout  27  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Rochester. 
Pop.  of  the  township  in  18C0,  723;  of  the  village  in  1865, 
about  400. 

SPRING  VALLEY,  a  village  and  precinct  of  Polk  co., 
Oregon,  about  10  miles  N.N.W.  of  Salem.     Pop.  348. 

SPRINOVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on  a 
railroad  9  miles  E.  of  Marion. 

SPRING  VILLE.  a  post-vilbige  of  Multnomah  co.,  Oregon, 
on  01-  near  tlie  Willamette  Kiver,  6  miles  N.  of  Portland. 

SPRING  VILLE,  a  post-village  of  UUh  co  ,  Utah,  6  miles 
6.  of  Provo  City.  It  liii.s  4  or  more  stores.  It  is  on  or  near 
the  E.  shore  of  Utah  Lake.  Pop.  of  Springville  precinct, 
1357. 

SPRING  WATER,  a  post-township  of  Waushara  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  45  miles  N.W.  of  i'ond  <lu  Lac.     Pop.  443. 

SPURLOCK,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harlan  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  Cumberland  River,  about  124  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Lexington. 

SPUYTEN  DUYVIL,  a  post-village  of  Westchester  co.. 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson  River,  and  on  the  Hudson  River 
Railroad,  about  9  miles  N.  by  E.  of  New  York. 

SQUIRESVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  Co.,  Kansas, 
about  32  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lawrence. 

STAFFORD,  a  i)ost-village  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio,  about  25 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Marietta. 

STANISLAUS,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  California, 
has  an  area  of  about  1450  square  miles.  It  is  intersected 
by  the  Siin  Joaquin  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Tuo- 
lumne and  Stanislaus  Rivers,  the  last  of  which  forms  part 
of  the  N.W.  boundary.  The  surface  is  diversified.  The 
Coast  Ran^e  of  mountains  extends  along  the  S.W.  border. 
Few  forest  trees  are  found  in  this  county,  except  on  the 
margins  of  the  rivers  and  on  the  mountains.  Gold  and  cop- 
per are  found  in  the  N.E.  part  of  the  county.  Capital, 
Knighfs  Ferry.     Pop.  2245. 

STANISLAUS  CITY,  a  village  of  Stanislaus  co.,  Califor- 
nia, on  the  San  Joaquin  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stanis- 
laus River,  about  24  miles  S.  of  Stockton. 

STANLEY,  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin. 

STANTON,  a  post-village  of  Hunterdon  co^  New  Jersey, 
about  30  miles  N.  of  Trenton. 

STANTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Powell  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, about  42  miles  E.S.E.  of  Lexington. 

STANTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Montcalm  co ,  Michi- 
gan, situated  on  or  near  Fish  Creek,  about  42  miles  N  JS.  of 
Gi'and  Ra|iids,  and  24  miles  N.  of  Ionia. 

STANTON,  or  STAUNTON,  a  village  of  Franklin  co., 
Missouri,  on  the  Southwest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
65  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

STANTON,  a  post^village  and  township  of  Miami  Co., 
Kansas,  on  the  Osage  River,  about  33  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Lawrence.     Pop  4H3. 

STANTON  DEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Haywood  co.,  Ten- 
nessee, near  the  Hatchee  River,  and  on  the  Memphis  aud 
Ohio  Railroad.  45  miles  N.E.  of  Memphis. 

STANTONSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Wilson  CO.,  North 
Carolina,  on  Moccasin  Creek,  about  50  miles  E.S.E.  of 
lUiIeigh. 

STAPLE'S  RANCH,  a  post-office  of  San  Joaquin  co., 
California,  12  miles  N.E.  of  Stockton. 

ST.\PLETON,  a  post-township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa, 
about  90  miles  W.N.W.  of  Dubuque.     Pop.  269. 

STAR  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Humboldt  co.,  Nevada,  12 
miles  N.  of  Unionville,  and  near  the  E.  base  of  the  Hum- 
boldt Range  of  mountains.  It  contained,  in  1863, 10  general 
stores,  and  3  dry-goods  stores.  Mining  silver  and  gold  is 
the  jirincipal  business  of  its  inhabitants.  Pop.  in  1864, said 
to  be  1000. 

STARK,  a  township  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  12 
miles  E.  of  Viruqua.     Pop.  304. 

STAR  PR.A.IRIE,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  St.  Croix 
CO.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  2S0. 

STARR'S  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon, 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Corvallis. 

STATE  LINE,  a  post-office  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  where  it  crosses  the  W. 
boundary  of  the  state,  40  miles  S.W.  of  Lafayette. 

STAUiSITON,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  and  Richmond  Railroad,  12  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

STEADY  RUN,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
966. 

STEAMB  UT  CREEK,  a  small  stream  of  Washoe  co., 
Nevada,  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  the  county,  and  flows  north- 
ward into  Truckee  River. 

STE.\RNS,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Minnesota, 
bas  an  an^a  of  about  13>0  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  Mississipj)!  River,  intersected  by  Sauk  River, 
and  contains  niimei-ous  small  lakes.  Tlie  surface  is  undu- 
lating: the  st)il  is  said  to  be  excellent.  A  large  jxirt  of  the 
county  is  covered  with  forests  of  hard  wood.  os])i'cially  in 
the  N.£.    The  Sauk  River,  which  is  a  beautiful  stream. 


STO 

forms  generally  the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  woou 
lands  and  the  naked  plains  that  extend  to  the  Minnesoto 
River.    Capital,  St.  Cloud.    Pop.  4505. 

STEKLK,  a  county  in  the  S.K.  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Straight  Rivtr, 
a  branch  or  affluent  of  Cannon  River.  The  surface  is  un- 
dulating; the  soil  is  calcareous  and  highly  productive.  Th<i 
county  is  abundantly  supplied  with  hard  timber,  and  con- 
tains a  large  portion  of  prairie  land.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
Minnesota  Central  Railroad,  and  the  Winona  aud  St.  Peter 
Railroad  (in  progress).    Capital,  Owatonna.     Pop.  2S63. 

STEE.V,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  776. 

STELAPOI.IS,  u  post-office  of  Iowa  CO.,  Iowa. 

STEPIIENSBURG,  a  village  of  Frederic  co.,  Virginia,  8 
or  9  miles  S.S.W.  of  Winchester.     Pop.  603. 

STEPHEN'S  LANDING,  or  STEVEN'S  LANDING,  a 
post-village  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  on  Lake  Huron,  5  or  6 
miles  S.  of  Lexington. 

STKPHENSVILLE.  or  STEVENSVILLE,  a  post-village 
capital  of  Erath  co.,  Texas,  about  150  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Austin  City.    Free  population,  120. 

STERLING,  a  post-village  of  Phillips  CO.,  Arkansas,  on 
or  near  the  Mississippi  River,  about  9  miles  N.  of  Htlena. 

STERLING,  a  village  of  Brown  co.,  Ohio,  about  33  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati. 

STERLING,  a  post-town  of  Whiteside  co.,  Illinois,  is 
beautif\illy  situated  on  the  right  (N.)  bank  of  Rock  River, 
and  on  the  Air-Line  Branch  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwest- 
ern Railroad,  110  miles  W.  of  Chicago,  and  26  miles  E.  of 
Fulton.  It  contains  7  churches,  1  national  bank,  1  news- 
paper office,  2  public  halls,  1  insurance  office,  2  good  hotels, 
several  flotiring-mills,  a  foundry  with  machir.e-shop,  and  a 
manufactory  of  farming  implements.  A  large  quantity  of 
grain  and  other  produce  is  shipped  here.  The  river  at  this 
place  affords  abundant  water-power,  which  has  been  im- 
proved by  a  stone  dam.  I'op.  of  Sterling  township  in  1800, 
2428 ;  in  1865.  about  4000. 

STERLING,  a  village  of  Lincoln  co.,  Missouri,  on  tl^ 
Mississippi  River,  about  50  miles  N.N.W.  of  St.  Louis.       • 

STERLING,  a  township  of  Polk  co.,  Wisconsin.    Pop. 73. 

STERLING,  a  township  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Vernon  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  550. 

STERLING,  a  post-township  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Mankato. 

STERLING  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Park  co.,  Colorado, 
situated  near  the  E.  base  of  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  about  90  miles  S.W.  of  Denver.  Gold  is  found  in 
the  vicinity. 

STERLING  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Windham  co.,  Con- 
necticut, about  IS  miles  N.E.  of  Norwich. 

STETTl  N,  a  township  of  .Marathon  co.,\Visconsin.  Pop.240, 

STKVENS,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Dakota,  bordering 
on  Minnesota.  Area  estimated  at  2400  siiuare  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Shyenue  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level ; 
the  soil  is  fertile. 

STKVENS,  a  large  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  bordering  on  British  Columbia.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  K.  and  S.  by  the  Columbia  River,  on  the  S.W.  by  the 
Weiia tehee  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Okanjigon  River. 
The  Cascade  Il;inge  of  mountains  extends  along  the  W. 
border.  It  is  stated  that  gold  has  been  found  on  the  Okan^ 
gon  River.     Organized  in  1863. 

STEVENSON,  or  STEPHENSON,  a  post-village  of  Frefleric 
CO.,  Virginia,  on  the  Winchester  and  Potomac  Railroad,  28 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Harper's  Ferry. 

STEVENSON,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Alabama, 
near  the  Tennessee  Itiver,  and  on  the  Nashville  and  Chat- 
tanooga Railroad,  38  miles  W.  S.W.  of  Chattanooga.  An- 
other railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  Huutsville  a»»d 
Decatur. 

STEVENSON,  a  village  of  Merced  co.,  California,  on  the 
Merced  River,  about  30  miles  W.S.W.  of  SniOling. 

STEYENSTOWN,  a  post-village  of  La  Crosse  Co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Black  River,  about  20  miles  N.  of  La  Crosse. 

STEWART,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  995. 

STEWARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  the  lEinnibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  21  miles 
E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

STEWARTSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Olmstead  co.,  Min- 
nesota, on  Root  River,  about  13  miles  S.  of  Rocljoster. 

STILES,  a  post-township  of  Oconto  co.,  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
652. 

STINESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co..  Indiana,  on 
the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  14  miles  by  railroad  N.N.W. 
of  Bloomington. 

STIRLING,  a  village  of  Mille  Lacs  co,,  Minnesota,  on  the 
S.E.  shore  of  Lake  Mille  Ijucf.  about  60  nules  N.N.E.  of  Si. 
Cloud. 

STOCKBRIDGK,  a  post-village  of  Calumet  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
of  the  E.  shore  of  Winnebago  Lake  about  22  miles  N.N.E. 
on  Fond  du  Lac. 

STOClvDALE,  a  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  on 
Eel  lUver,  about  12  miles  N.\V.  of  Wabash. 

2297 


STO 

STOCKHOLif,  a  post-Tillage  of  Pepin  co,  Wisconsin,  on 
Lake  P»pin,  about  15  miles  above  Wabasha.    Pop.  209. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waldo  CO., 
Maine,  on  the  W.  bank  of  Penobscot  River,  at  its  mouth, 
Rbout  12  miU'S  E.N.E.  of  Belfast.     Poji.  1595. 

STOCKTON,  a  township  of  Camden  co-,  New  Jersey,  on 
the  Del -.ware  River,  just  iibove  Camden.    Pop.  1473. 

STOCKTON,  a  p.>st-office  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New -Jersey. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-office  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylvania. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  lUiuoiB,- 
about  21  miles  E.S.E.  of  Galena.    Pop.  1044. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Cedar  co.,  Missouri, 
situated  about  £0  miles  N.N.W.  of  Springfield,  and  2  or  3 
miles  W.  of  Sac  River. 

STOCKTON,  a  village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Hannibal  ami  St.  Joseph  Riiilroad,  about  SG  miles  V,'.  of 
Hannil-al.  and  23  miles  E.  of  La  Clede. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-township  of  Portage  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  4  miles  E.  of  Stanton.     Pop.  592. 

STOCKTON,  a  post-villiige  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota  near 
the  \Vinona  and  St.  Peter's  Riiilroad,  6  or  7  miles  W.  of 
Winona. 

STOCKTON,  a  city  of  California,  and  capital  of  San 
Joaquin  co.,  is  situated  3  miles  E.  of  the  San  Joaquin  River, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  navigable  creek  or  slough, 
80  feet  wide  and  S  feet  deep.  It  is  about  5u  miles  S.  by  E. 
of  Sacramento.  L^t.  37°  37'  N.,  Ion.  121°  14'  26"  W.  The 
site  is  low,ilat  land,  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  and  fertile 
plain.  Many  of  the  houses  are  neatly  built  and  surrounded 
with  fine  gardens.  Stockton  is  supplied  with  fresh  water 
by  meiins  of  about  loO  windmills,  which  pump  it  up  through 
pipes  which  are  inserted  in  the  ground.  It  is  sometimes 
called  the  City  of  Windmills.  A  railroad  is  in  progress 
which  will  connect  it  with  San  Jos6  and  Sacramento.  A 
steamboat  plies  daily  between  this  place  and  San  Francisco. 
Stockton  contains  about  8  churches,  the  State  Asylunj  for 
the  Insane,  the  Stockton  Seminary,  a  Female  Institute,  and 

«3veral  ptiblic  schools.  Two  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers 
re  published  here.  At  this  place  is  an  artesian  WfU  1000 
feet  deep,  which  is  said  to  be  the  deepest  in  the  state.  In- 
rx)rporated  in  1850.    Pop.  in  1860, 3679 ;  in  1865,  about  6500. 

STOCKWELL,  a  post-village  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  12  miles  S.E.  of 
Lafayette. 

STOKER,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Utiih,  is  at  the  village 
of  Boi'XTlFUL,  which  see. 

STONE,  a  new  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Arkansiis,  has  an  area  of  about  500  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  White  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
James  Fork  of  White  River.  The  surface  is  somewhat 
diversified.  Forests  of  pine,  ash.  hickory  and  walnut  grow 
in  this  county.  Iron  and  lead  are  found  in  it.  Indian  corn 
is  the  staple  production.    CiipiUil,  Galena.    Pop.  2400. 

STONEIIAM,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  .Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  5  miles  above  Hastings. 

STOMNGTON,  a  post-village  of  Chiistian  co.,  Illinois, 
about  :'>4  miles  E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

STOXO,  a  post-village  of  St.  Francois  co^  Missotiri,  about 
22  miles  S.B.  of  Potosi. 

SXOXY  BAR,  a  village  of  Calaveras  co.,  Californiiv,  on  the 
MokeluniT-  River,  about  4  miles  N.  of  Mokelumne  Hill. 

SrO.NY  POINT,  a  post-office  of  Sonoma  co.,  California,  9 
miles  S.W.  of  Santa  Rosa. 

STOREY,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Nevada,  has  an  area 
estimated  at  250  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.W. 
by  1  ruckee  River,  and  partially  occupied  by  the  Washoe 
Kiinge  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Almost  the  entire  county 
consists  of  barren  hills  or  sandy  deserts.  It  is  nearly  des- 
titute of  trees  except  scrubby  pines  and  cedars.  Yet  it  is 
considered  the  most  important  county  in  the  state  on  ac- 
count ot  its  rich  mines  of  silver  and  gold.  M'ithin  its 
limits  are  included  the  celebrated  Comstock  Ledge,  and  tlie 
rich  quartz-mound  of  Gold  Hill.  The  Comstock  Ledge  was 
first  discovered  in  June.  1859.  According  to  a  census  taken 
in  1861,  the  population  of  this  county  was  4581.  Ciipital 
Virginia  City.  •  ' 

STORY,  a  county  near  the  centre  of  Iowa,  has  an  area  of 
676  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  South  Skunk  River, 
and  also  drained  by  Walnut,  Bear  and  Indian  Creeks.  The 
Burfate  is  undulating:  the  soil  is  very  fertile  and  adapted  to 
the  production  of  Indian  corn,  wool,  &c.  The  greater  part 
of  the  county  is  prairie.  Timber  grows  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  streams.  St«jry  county  is  traversed  by  the  Cedar  Rtipids 
and  Missouri  River  Railroiid.  The  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege and  Model  Farm  are  in  this  county.  Capital  Nevada 
Pop.  4051. 

8T0UY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Story  co.,  Iowa,  about  18 
miles  N.N.W.  of  Nevaila. 

STOUTS VI LLK.  a  post-village  of  Fairfield  co.,  Ohio  on 
the  Cincinnati  and  Zanesville  Riiilroad,  14  miles  S  w'  of 
Lancaster. 

STRANGER,  a  township  of  Leavenworth  co  Kansas 
Pop.  9-14. 

STRATTON,  a  township  of  Edgar  co.,  Illinois,  about  5 
Uules  E.S.E.  of  Paris.    Pop.  1946. 


SUM 

STRAWBERRY  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Tuba  co, 
Caliroriiia,  45  miles  N.N.K.  of  Marysville.     It  has  2  stores. 

STRAWBERRY  VALLEY,  a  mining  camp  of  Tuolumne 
CO.,  California,  about  24  miles  N.E.  of  Sonora. 

STKICIvLAND'S  FERRY,  a  po.-t-village  of  Androscoggin 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Androscoggin  River  and  Railroiul,  aboat 
22  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Augustii. 

STRONACH.  a  township  of  Manistee  co..  Michi^n.  Pop. 
106. 

STUMPTOWN,  a  village  of  Gilmer  co..  West  Virginia. 
Pop.  100. 

STURGEON,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
North  Missouri  liailroad,  129  miles  W.N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

STURGEON  B.AY^,  a  post-village  and  town?hii ,  capital  of 
Door  CO.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  inlet  of  Green  Bay,  about  44 
miles  N.E.  of  the  city  of  Green  Bay,  and  3  or  4  miles  W.of 
Lake  Michigan.     Pop.  222. 

SUAMICO,  a  post-township  of  Brown  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  AV.  bhore  of  Green  Bay,  about  7  wiles  N.  by  W.  of  the 
town  of  Green  Bay.    Pop.  384. 

SUAMICO,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Oconto  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  16;5. 

SUAMICO  (RIVER),  a  small  stream  in  the  E.  part  of  Wis- 
consin, rises  in  Shawana  co.,  and  flows  eastward  through 
Brown  county  into  Green  B:iy. 

SUBLETTE,  a  i)ost-village  and  townsliip  of  Lee  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Central  Railroad,  20  miles  S.E  of  Dixon  and  8 
miles  N.W.  of  Mendota.  It  contains  several  stores.  &c. 
Pop.  1123. 

SUBLIMITY,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Oregon,  is  sittt- 
ated  on  an  eminence  commanding  a  sublime  view  of  moun- 
tain scenery,  15  miles  S.E.  of  Salem.  It  ha.s  2  churches,  2 
stores,  and  an  institution  called  Sublimity  College. 

SUCARNOCHEE,  a  post-village  of  Kemper  co.,  Mississip- 
pi, on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  35  miles  N.  of  Meri- 
dian. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1.381. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
957. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
704. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Jasper  co.,  Iowa. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
471. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Miami  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
361. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  township  of  Mercer  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  508. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  a  township  of  Dallits  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  252. 

SUGAR  PINE,  a  mining  camp  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Califor- 
ni.a,  16  miles  from  Sonora. 

SUGAR  RIDGE,  a  township  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
637. 

SUISUN,  a  township  of  Solano  co.,  California,  contain! 
Suisun  City.    Pop.  1394. 

SUISUN,  or  SUISUN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Solona  co- 
California,  on  the  navigable  Suisun  Slough.  65  miles  by 
water  N.E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  1  mile  S.  of  Fairfield.  It 
is  built  on  low  level  ground  covered  with  tules  or  rushes, 
which  are  overflowed  by  the  high  tide.  It  has  advantages 
as  a  shipping  point,  the  Slough  being  navigable  for  vessels 
drawing  9  feet  of  water.  It  contains  2  newspaper  offices, 
nnmerons  stores  and  1  flotir-mill.    Pop.  about  1000. 

SULLIVAN,  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Southwest  Branch  of  the  Pacific  Rjiilroad.  71  n)iles  S. 
W.  of  Saint  Louis.  It  has  1  church  and  about  50  inhabit- 
ants. 

SULPHUR  HILL,  a  pcst-office  of  Shelby  co.,  Indiana, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Slielbyville. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  village  of  Hopkins  co.,  Texas, 
about  3  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Tarrant.     Pop.  621. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Henry  co.,  In- 
diana, on  the  Chic.igo  and  Great  Eaistern  Railroad,  7  miles 
N.W.  of  Newcastle. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  a  township  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  972. 

SUXM.\N,  a  post-village  of  Ripley  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Indianapolis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  46  miles  M'.N.W  of 
Cincinnati. 

SUM.VIERFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Saint  Cl.ur  co.,  Hlinois, 
on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  R;iilroad,  27  miles  E.  of  Saint 
Louis. 

SUMMIT,  a  large  county  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Colorado,  bordering  on  Utah  and  Dakota.  Arejv  esti- 
niMti-d  at  18.500  square  miles.  It  is  dniined  by  the  Yampah 
or  Bear  River,  and  by  the  White  and  Blue  Rivers.  The  E. 
part  is  mountainous,  being  traversed  liy  the  Hocky  Moun- 
tain range,  which  extends  nearly  N.  ami  S.  Long's  Peak 
on  the  E.  l>order  rises  to  the  heigiit  of  about  12,000  feet. 
Extensive  fore.sts  of  Pine  grow  on  the  mountains  of  tnis 
county.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  employed  in  mining 
gold  Summit  county  includes  the  North  Park  and  Middle 
Park. 

SUMMIT,  a  county  in  the  N  J!,  part  of  Utah,  has  aii  »reA 


SUM 


TAL 


wtimaterl  at  1350  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  tlie  'Weber 
River  and  it3  brandies  or  affluents.  Tlie  surfi'ice  is  inoun- 
taiiions,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  CapiUil. 
■WaiisUip.     Pop.  19S. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
939. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Erie  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1038. 

SUMMIT,  11  townsliip  of  Monroe  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  1070. 

ijUMMIT,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Michigan,  on  tlie 
Central  I{;iilro;ul,  imnieiliately  S.  of  Jackson.     Pop.  800. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Mason  Co.,  Micliigan.     Pop.  115. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-vilbige  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan,  about 
Uiiiilrs  N  E.  of  Ann  Arbor. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-village  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chi- 
cago ,\l!oii  and  St.  Louis  Kailroad,  12  miles  S.VV.  of  Chicago. 

SUMMIT,  a  station  on  the  Peoria  and  Oquawka  Railroad, 
in  Knox  county,  Illinois,  'JO  Miles  E.S.E.  of  Calesburg. 

SUMMIT,  a  post-oflice  of  Macon  CO.,  Missouri. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  769. 

SUM.VIIT,  a  township  in  tlie  S.  part  of  Juneau  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    I'op.  3S2. 

SUMMIT,  a  township  of  Steele  co..  Minnesota.     Pop.  73. 

SU.MMITVILLE,  a  past-village  of  Columbiana  CO..  Ohio, 
on  the  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  20  miles  W.N.W. 
of  Wellsville. 

SU.MMITVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana, 
about  18  miles  N.  of  Anderson. 

SUMNER,  a  township  of  Gratiot  co.,  Michi;ian.    Pop.  253. 

SU-MNER,  a  townsliip  of  Kankakee  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
444. 

SUMNER,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Oliio  and  Mississippi  Railroad,  19  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Vin- 
cenncs. 

SU.MNER,  a  post-villago  and  township  of  Bremer  co., 
Iowa.  Tlie  village  is  about  21  miles  N.E.  of  Waverly.  Pop. 
212. 

SUMNER,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  158. 

SU-MNER,  a  township  of  Iowa  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  27'.'.   ' 

SU.M.V  Ell,  a  townsliip  of  Webster  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  97. 

SU.MX  KR,  a  townsliip  of 'Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa.  I'op.  684. 

SI'MNEH,  a  post-township  in  the  N.  part  of  Trempealeau 
CO.,  W  isconsiii,  about  32  miles  N.  of  Galesville.     Pop.  130. 

SUMNER,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
745. 

SUMNER,  a  post-village  of  Atchison  co..  Kansas,  on  the 
Missouri  River,  4  or  5  miles  below  Atchison. 

SU.Ml'TER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Trinity  co.,  Texas, 
about  40  miles  N.K.  of  Huntsville,  and  135  miles  N.  of  Gal- 
veston. 

SUNAPEE,  a  post-township  of  Sullivan  co..  New  Ilami)- 
Bhire,  on  the  W.  side  of  Sunapee  Lake,  about  6  miles  E.  of 
Newport.     Pop.  778. 

SUNBURY,  a  post-township  of  Livin;;ston  Co.,  Illinois, 
about  12  niile.s  N.  of  Pontiac.    Pop.  422. 

SUNKIELD,  a  post-township  of  Eaton  Co.,  5Iicbigan,  24 
miles  W.  of  Lansing.     Pop.  607. 

SUNN'V  SIliE,  a  post-office  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa. 

SUN  PRAIRIE,  a  jKist-village  and  township  of  Dane  co., 
Wisconsin.  Tlie  village  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Milwaukee 
and  Saint  Paul  Railroad,  about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Madison, 
and  70  miles  W.  of  Milwaukee.  It  contains  1  bank  and  u 
number  of  stores.     Vop.  of  the  township,  1159. 

SUNRISK,  or  SUNRISE  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Chisago 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  Sunrise  River,  about  a  mile  from  its  en- 
trance into  the  Saint  Croi.t  River,  and  37  miles  N.  of  Still- 
water.    Pop  202. 

SUN'\"ILLE,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  14  miles  N.  of  Franklin. 

SUPERIOR,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
614. 

SUPERIOR,  or  SUPERIOR  CITY,  a  post-town,  port  of 
entry,  and  capital  of  Douglas  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  situated  at 
the  W.  e.xtremity  of  Lake  Superior,  and  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nemadji  River.  Lat.  46° 
38'  31"  N.,  bin.  92°  3'  28"  W.  It  is  658  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.    The  harbor  is  large  and  secure.    The  site  is 


nearly  level,  and  is  elevated  about  34  feet  above  the  lake. 
It  contains  6  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  a  large  hotel, 
and  several  steam  saw-mills.  Regular  lines  of  steamboats 
ply  between  this  place  and  Detroit,  t'liicago,  &c.  Large 
quantities  of  lumber,  fur,  and  fish  are  shipped  here.  Copper 
is  found  in  Douglas  county.  Pop.  in  1860,  534;  in  1865, 
about  800. 

SUSAN  RIVER,  California,  a  small  stream  which  rj.'ies 
near  the  N.  border  of  Plumaa  county,  flows  eastward  and 
enters  Honey  Lake  in  Lassen  county. 

SUS.4^NVILLE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Lassen  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, is  situated  on  Susan  River,  at  the  head  of  the  Honey 
Lake  Valley,  45  miles  N.E.  of  Quincy.  Altitude  4180  feet. 
It  contained,  in  1864,  5  or  6  stores.    Pop.  about  5U0. 

SUSQUEHANNA,  a  township  of  Juniata  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  820. 

SUTHERLAND,  a  post-villago  of  Dinwiddle  co.,  Virginia, 
on  the  Petersburg  and  Lynchburg  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  by 
S.  of  Petersburg. 

SUTTER,  a  township  of  Sacramento  co.,  California.  Pop. 
856. 

SUITER  CREEK,  the  principal  mining  town  of  Amador 
CO.,  California,  is  situated  on  Sutter  Creek,  4  miles  N.W.  of 
Jackson,  and  about  28  miles  S.  of  I'lacerville.  It  has  2 
churches,  1  public  school,  and  4  quartz-mills  for  separating 
gold  from  quartz.     Pop.  in  1865  about  900. 

SUWANEE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Florida,  has 
an  area  estimated  at  6.'i0  square  miles^  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.,  the  'W.  and  S.'W.  by  the  Suwanee  River.  Pop. 
2303. 

SWAN  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Nicollet  co.,  5Iinnesota,  on 
a  small  lake  about  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Saint  Peter. 

SWAN  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Morrison  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Swan  River,  and  about  3  miles  below  Little  Falls. 

SWANTON.  a  post-village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  40  miles  W.S.W.  of 
Cumberland. 

SWANTON,  a  post-office  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa,  about  18 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Cedar  Falls. 

SWAVESEY^,  a  post-othce  of  Waseca  or  Steele  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  tiO  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Saint  I'aul. 

SWEETLAND,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1270. 

SWEETLAND,  a  post-village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  8 
miles  N.X.W.  of  Nevada  City.  It  has  several  stores,  and  is 
situated  .among  rich  gold  mines. 

SYLVAN,  a  post-office  of  Franklin  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Chambersburg. 

8YLV.AN,  a  post-office  of  Dent  co.,  Missouri,  about  40 
miles  S.E.  of  Rolla. 

SYLVAN,  a  jiost-township  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  70  miles  W.N.W.  of  Madison.     Pop.  361. 

SYLVAN  CENTRE,  a  village  of  Washtenaw  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Central  Railroad,  20  miles  W.  of  Ann  .Arbor. 

SYLVANIA,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  Co.,  Pennsylvania, 
abcmt  24  miles  S.  of  Elmira,  New  York. 

SYLVANIA,  a  township  of  Potter  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
208. 

SYLVANIA,  a  post-village  in  Sylvania  township,  Lucas 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Slichigan  Southern  Railroad,  11  miles  W. 
N.W.  of  Toledo. 

SYLVANIA,  a  village  of  Dade  co.,  Missouri,  about  48 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Springfield. 

Sl'RACUSE,  a  post-village  of  Meigs  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
River,  about  6  miles  above  Pomeroy.     Pop.  720. 

SYRACUSE,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Pacific  Railroad,  43  miles  W.  of  Jelferson  City,  and  115 
miles  E.S.E.  of  Kansas  City.    Pop.  569. 

SYRACUSE,  a  post-villiige  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa,  on  or 
near  the  W.  bank  of  the  CSlar  River,  about  12  miles  above 
Waverly. 

SYRACUSE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wilson  co.,  Kansas, 
on  Fall  River,  142  miles  S.  of  Topeka.  It  contains  2  stores 
and  10  houses.     Laid  out  in  September,  1864. 

SYRACUSE,  a  village  ot  Otoe  Co.,  Nebraska,  on  the  Little 
Nemaha  River,  about  25  miles  W.  of  Nebraska  City. 


T. 


TUBLE  BLUFF,  a  post-township  of  Humboldt  co.,  Cali- 
forniii,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  about  12  miles  S.S.W.  of 
Eureka.     P(ip.  177. 

TAIiLF  M0UXD,atown.5hipof  Dubuqueco..Iowa.  P.1112. 

Table  .MOUXTAIN,  Mann  co..  California,  called  also 
Taiiiel  Pais  or  Taiiial  Pais,  is  a  few  miles  N.W.  of  the  Golden 
Gate.     Its  altitude  is  abonf  2600  *„«-. 

TABLE  MOUNTAIN,  Tuolumne  Co.,  California,  is  a  ba- 
aaltic  elevation  about  30  miles  long,  500  feet  high  on  an 
Hveiage,  and  400  yards  wide.  The  top  is  flat.  It'  contains 
gold  iiiinos. 

TABLE  ROCK,  a  post-office  of  Sierra  co.,  California,  is  at 
ttxo  village  of  IIowland  Flat,  which  see. 


TABLE  ROCK,  a  post-village  of  Pawnee  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  Great  Nemaha  River,  about  32  miles  S.W.  of  Brownville. 

TABOR,  a  post-village  of  Fremont  co.,  Iowa,  about'  12 
miles  N.  of  Sidney. 

TACUSAH,  a  village  of  Christian  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  about  20  miles  S.  of  Decatur. 

TAFTON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Grant  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  18  miles  N.N.W.  of  Potosi.     Pop.  996. 

TAIIOE.  a  post-office  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California,  on  or 
near  Lake  Tahoe.  about  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Placerville. 

TAHOE,  LAKE.    See  Lake  Tahoe. 

TALBOT'S,  a  station  on  the  Jeffersonville  Railroad,  in 
Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  11  miles  N.  of  Jeffersonville. 

2299 


TAL 

TALBOTVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl- 

TALLAHOMA.  a  post-village  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa,  7  or  8 
miles  W.  ol  Chariton. 

TAIiLKYRAXD,  ii  iiost-offlce  of  Keokuk  co^  Iowa,  about 
20  miles  X.  of  Fairfield. 

TALLMADGU,  a  post-Tillage  of  Summit  CO.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  5  miles  K.X.E.  of 
Akron. 

TALL5IAX,  a  post-office  of  Rockland  co.,  Xew  York. 

TALLULA,  a  post-village  of  Menard  co^  Illinois,  on  the 
railroail  from  Petersburg  to  Jacksonville.  It  is  the  first 
station  S.W.  of  Petersburg. 

TAMAROA,  a  post-village  of  Perry  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  'iV  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Centriilia, 

TAM  A  VILLE,  a  post-office  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa,  5  or  6  miles 
E.  bv  S.  of  Toledo. 

TAMOLA,  a  ttiUion  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  in 
Lauderdale  co.,  Mi>sissippi,  2-t  miles  N.E.  of  Meridian. 

TAMPICO,  a  post-village  of  Oktibbeha  co.,  Mississippi, 
about  30  miles  W.S.U'.  of  Aberdeen. 

TAMPICO,  a  post-village  of  Greene  or  Taylor  co.,  Ken- 
tucky, on  i^reen  River,  about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Danville. 

TAMPICO,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about  9  miles 
S.W.  of  Greenville. 

TAMPICO,  a  village  of  Howard  CO.,  Indiana,  on  the  Chi- 
cago and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  4  or  5  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Kokonio. 

TAMPICO,  a  poflt-village  of  Jackson  co.,  Indiana,  about 
34  miles  \V.  liv  N.  of  Madison. 

TANTALLOX,  or  TAXTALON,  a  station  on  the  Nashville 
and  Cliattanooga  Railroad,  in  Franklin  co.,  Tennessee,  94 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Xasliville. 

TAOS,  a  post-village  of  Cole  oo.,  Missouri,  abont  8  or  9 
miles  8.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

TARA,  a  post-office  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa,  about  18  miles 
S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

TARKEO,  or  TARKIO,  a  post-village  of  Holt  co.,  Mis- 
Bouri,  about  o  miles  E.  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  48  miles 
N.M".  of  St.  Joseph. 

TARKEO,  or  TARKIO,  a  post-township  and  village  of 
Page  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the  E.  Branch  of  Tarkeo  River,  about  11 
miles  W.  of  Clarinda. 

TASSIXOXO,  or  TASSINONG  GROVE,  a  post-village  of 
Porter  co.,  Indiana,  about  10  miles  S.  by  E.  of  A'alparaiso. 

TA\yAS  CITY,  a  postrvillage,  capital  of  Iosco  co..  Michi- 
gan, situated  on  the  X.W.  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  about  54 
miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bay  City. 

TAYLOR,  a  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  bordering 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Area  estimated  at  1200  square 
miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Ocilia  (or  Aucilla)  River.  The 
surface  is  nearly  level ;  the  soil  sjindy.     Pop.  1384. 

TAY'LOR,  a  new  county  in  tlie  X.W.  central  part  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  10<X)  square  miles.  It  is  draineil  by 
the  Clear  Fork  of  the  Brazos  River.  The  census  of  1860 
furnishes  no  information  respecting  this  county. 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1391.  ^ 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania.    Pop. 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  LawTence  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  552. 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana.  Pod. 
1217. 

T.\YLOR,  a  post-township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  461. 

T.A.YLOR,  a  township  of  AUomakce  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  806. 

TAYLOR,  a  townsliip  of  Appanoose  Co.,  Iowa,     Pop.  850. 

T.AYLOR,  a  township  of  Benton  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1510. 

TAYLOR,  a  township  of  Dnbvique  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1134. 

TAYLOR  CREEK,  a  township  of  Hardin  co.,  Oliio.    Pop. 

531,  r  m 

TAYLORS  PALLS,  a  post-township  of  Chisago  co.,  Min- 
nesota, contains  a  village  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  4.t3. 

TAYLORS  VILLE.  a  village  of  Indiana  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  3S  miles  X.W.  of  Altoona.    Pop.  120. 

TAYLuRSVILI.E,  a  village,  capitiil  of  Wise  co_  Texas  on 
the  W.  Fork  of  Trinity  River,  about  100  mUes  W.S.W.  of 
Bonham. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  In- 
diana.  7  miles  N.  of  Columbus,  with  which  It  is  connected 
by  railriKid. 

TAYLORSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Favette  CO.,  Iowa, 
about  60  miles  W.X.W.  of  Dubuque.  " 

TAYLORVILLE.  a  post-villagu  of  Plumas  co.,  California 
In  Iiidian  Valley,  12  miles  X.  by  E.  of  Quincy.     Pop. said  to 

^''^^^.^P^.'^'^i*  post-township  of  Saginaw  oo.,  Michigan, 
about  ! 2  miles  S.  of  Saginaw  Citv.    Pop.  305 

TEAGARDEN,  or  TEEGARDIN,  a  post-village  of  Picka- 
way  CO..  Ohio,  about  17  miles  S,S.E.  of  Columbus. 
...''^•?*^V^'^'''"' » township  or  Stearns  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Missigsippi  River,  al>ont  3  miles  above  St.  Clond. 

TECOMSKir,  a  p<i8t-vlllage  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas  on  the 
right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Kansas  River,  about  6  miles  Ojy  the 
roa4)  E.  of  Topek.^  and  22  mUe»  W.X.W.  of  Lawrence.    It 


THE 

I  has  a  bridge  across  the  river  which  is  here  abont  200  yarda 
I  wide,  and  contains  2  brick  churclies,  2  stores,  2  cabinet 
I  shojw,  and  abont  40  houses  of  brick  and  stone.  Pop.  of 
I  Tecuniseh  township,  in  1860,  607. 

TECCMSEII,  a  post-village,  capital  of  J(;hn8on  co.,  Ne- 
braska, on  the  Big  Xemaha  River,  33  miles  S.W.  of  Ne- 
braska City.  The  river  affords  abundant  water-power  here. 
Tecumseh  contains  2  stores,  2  hotels,  a  grist-mill,  and  about 
26  houses. 

TEKKALET,  a  post-village  of  Kits.ap  co.,  Washington 
Territory,  on  Puget  Sound,  about  85  miles  N.  of  Olympia. 
It  lias  1  flouriug-mill  and  2  saw-mills.    Pop.  in  1860.  202. 

TEHAMA,  a  county  in  the  X.  part  of  Csilifornia.  h.is  an 
area  of  about  2600  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Sacnimento  River,  bounded  in  the  X.  by  Battle  and  Cotton- 
wood Creeks,  on  the  S.E.  by  Bock  Creek,  and  also  drained 
bj'  the  Antelope,  Beaver,  Deer  and  Elder  Creeks,  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  by  valleys  and  mountains.  Mount  Linn, 
a  peak  of  the  Coast  Range,  is  on  the  W.  lK)rder  of  this  county. 
The  soil  in  some  parts  is  fertile,  and  adapted  to  wool-grow- 
ing. Wheat,  bailey  and  wool  are  the  sUiple  productions. 
Organized  in  1856.    Capital.  Re<l  Bluff.     Pop.  4044. 

TEHAMA,  a  township  of  Tehama  co.,  Calii'oruia,  contains 
a  village  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  6;56. 

TEHAMA,  a  post-village  of  Tehama  Co.,  California,  on 
the  Siicramento  River,  12  miles  S.S.E.  of  Red  Bluff.  Ithaa 
several  stores.     Pop.  about  30o. 

TEKAMAH,  or  TEKAMA,  a  post-village  of  Burt  co.,  Ne- 
braska, about  42  miles  X.  by  W.  of  Omaha  City. 

TEKOXSH  A,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Calhoun  co., 
Michigan.  The  villaj:e  is  on  the  St.  Joseph  River,  about  14 
miles  S.  of  Marshall.  It  has  1  or  2  mills.  Total  population, 
1035. 

TELEGRAPH  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 30  miles  S.W.  of  Mokelumne  Hill.  Pop.  said  to  b« 
300. 

TELL  CITY,  a  post-village  or  township  of  Perry  co.,  In- 
diana.    Pop.  1030. 

XEMECULA,  a  post-village  of  San  Diego  co.,  California, 
on  the  Margarita  River,  65  miles  X.  of  San  Diego.  ■ 

TEMESC.IL,  a  village  of  San  Bernardino  co.,  California, 
aliout  28  miles  S.S. W.  of  San  Bernardino.  Here  are  valuable 
tin  mines. 

TEMPLE,  a  post-village  of  Berks  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  East  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  6  miles  X.X.E.  of  Reading. 

TE.MPLEVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Queen  Ann  co.,  Mary- 
land, about  .^5  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Baltimore. 

TEX  ANTS  (or  TEXXAXTS)  HARBOR,  a  post-village  of 
Knox  CO.,  Maine,  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  abont  14  milea 
S.S  W.  of  Rockland. 

TEXHASSIX.  a  pogt-office  of  Martin  co.,  Mmnesota. 

TEXXESSEE,  a  post-village  in  Tennessee  township, 
]MrDonough  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicxgo  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad,  61  miles  N.E.  of  Quincy.  Pop.  of  town- 
ship, 1719. 

TEPEKOTAH,  a  post-village  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  .Mi.ssis.sippi  River,  6  or  7  miles  below  Wabasha. 

TERRE  U.\^UTE.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Hender- 
son CO.,  Illinois,  about  14  miles  S.S.E.  of  Burlington,  Iowa. 
Pop.  127. 

TERRE  H.4UTE,  a  post-village  of  Putnam  co.,  Missouri, 
about  50  miles  X^.of  Lii  Cle<le. 

TERRELL,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  contains 
about  ;i50  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Ichawaynock- 
awav  Creek.  The  surface  is  neai-ly  level.  Capital,  Dawson. 
Pop.  6-2.'32. 

TER  RY,  a  township  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
1055. 

TERRY'TOWX,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  about  12  miles  S-E.cf 
Towanda. 

TETE  DES  MORTS,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  .Mississippi  River.     Pop.  975. 

TEXAS,  a  post-village  of  Henry  CO.,  Ohio,  on  or  near  the 
Maumee  River, about  30  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo. 

TEX.\S,  a  township  of  Dewitt  CO.,  Illinois.     Pop.  893. 

TEX.\S,  a  townsliipof  Marathon  oo.,  Wisconsin.   Pop.  161. 

TEXAS  BAR,  a  mining  village  of  Yuba  co.,  California. 

THAIRSBURG,  a  village  of  Manitowoc  co..  Wisconsin, 
on  the  Manitowoc  River,  aliout  8  miles  W.  of  Manitowoc. 

TIIAXTOX'S.  a  post-village  of  Bedford  co.,  Virginia,  on 
the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad,  30  mile*  W.  of  Lynch- 
burg. 

TH-VYER,  a  village  of  Linn  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  Hanni- 
bal and  St.  .Toseph  Rjiilroad.  90  miles  W.  of  Hanni>>al. 

THE  BUTTES,  a  remarkable  group  of  j)orphyritic  monn- 
tains  in  Sutter  Co.,  California,  II  miles  W.  of  Marysville. 
There  are  three  prominent  peaks,  the  highest  of  which  is 
about  1500  feet  in  elevation.  The  group  is  about  30  miles  in 
circuit.  The  Buttes  are  covei'ed  with  a  luxuriant  growth 
of  wild  oat^. 

THERESA,  a  post-village  of .  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
Bock  River,  about  22  miles  S.  of  Fond  du  I^ac. 

TIIETFORD,  a  post-township  of  Genesee  oo.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  N.  by  £.  of  Flint.    Pup.  934. 


Tni 


TOP 


THIKNSVILIiE,  a  village  of  Ozaukee  co..  Trigcoiisin,  ou 
the  Milwiiiikee  Kiver,  iil)out  15  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee. 

THOMASTON,  a  township  of  Sasinaw  CO.,  Michigan. 
Pop.  443. 

TIIO.MASVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Davidson  co.,  North 
Carolina,  on  the  North  Carolina  Kailroad,  28  miles  N.K.  of 
Salisbury. 

THOilASVILLK,  a  post-village  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri, 
about  90  miles  S.  of  Rulla. 

XaOMASVILLE,  a  village  of  Randolph  CO.,  Mi.ssouri, 
about  40  miles  N.of  Boonviile. 

TIIOMl'SON,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
647. 

THOMPSON,  a  township  of  Guthrie  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  200. 

THOMl'SO.N'S  FLAT,  a  post-village  of  Butte  CO.,  Califor- 
nia, 2  miles  N.  of  Oroville.    It  has  Several  stores. 

THOMPSON'S  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Williamson  co., 
Tennessee,  on  the  Nashville  and  Decatur  Riiilroad,  28  miles 
S.  of  Nashville. 

TIIORN  CKKEK,  a  township  of  TVhitley  co.,  Indiana. 
Pop.  1037. 

TUOHNDIKE,  a  post-village  of  Hampden  co.,  Massachu- 
setts, on  or  near  VVare  Kiver,  about  18  miles  E.N.E.  of 
(Springfield. 

TlIOliN  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Orange  co.,  A'irginia, 
about .')  miles  .S.E.  of  Orange  Court  House. 

THORNTON,  a  post-viliage  and  township  of  Ccjk  co., 
Illinois.  The  village  is  ou  the  Ceutral  Kailroad,  24  miles  S. 
of  Chicago.     Pop.  1033. 

THORNTON'S  liEPOT,  a  post-office  of  Fairfax  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Alexandria  Loudon  and  Hampshire  Kailroad, 
21  miles  N.VV.  of  Alexandria. 

THOROUGHFARE,  a  post-office  of  Prince  M'illiam  co., 
Virginia,  and  a  station  on  the  Manassas  Gap  Railroad,  41 
miles  \V.  of  Alexandria. 

THREE  OAK.-*,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan, 
about  22  miles  VV.  of  Niles.     Pop.  538. 

THROCK.MORTON,  a  new  county  in  the  N.W.  imrt  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  900  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in 
the  N.E.  part  by  the  Brazos  River,  and  in  the  S.  part  by  the 
Clear  Fork  of  that  river.     Pop.  124. 

THROOP,  troop,  ii  township  of  Cayuga  co..  Now  York, 
about  3  miles  N.W.  of  Auburn.     Pop.  134S. 

THUR.MAN,  a  post-township  of  Warren  CO.,  New  York, 
about  7  miles  N.W.  of  Caldwell.     Pop.  108-i. 

THUKbf  ON,  a  village  of  Linn  Co.,  Oregon,  near  the  Wil- 
lamette Kiver,  about  30  miles  S.  of  Albany. 

TIGKFAW.  a  post-village  of  ijivingston  parish,  Louisiana, 
on  the  New  Orleans  and  Jackson  Kailroad,  about  60  miles 
N.N.W.  of  New  Orleans. 

TICOXIC,  Maine.     See  W.iTERVHl.E,  page  20S2. 

TIFTON,  a  village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  about  33 
miles  S.  of  Rochester. 

TILLAMOOK,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon,  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains,  and  on 
the  VV.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  drained  by  the  Tilla- 
mook River,  and  other  small  streams.  This  county  has 
abundance  of  fir,  spruce  and  cedar  timber.    Pop.  95. 

TI.MBER  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Pottawattomie  co.,  Kan- 
sas, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Big  Blue  River,  al)Out  24  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Manhattan. 

TIMBER  COVE,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co.,  California, 
on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  45  niilas  Vv.  by  N.  of  Santa  Rosa. 

TIMBER  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa, 
about  50  miles  E.N.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

TIMBUCTOO,  a  post-village  of  Yuba  co.,  California,  is  J^ 
mile  S.  of  the  Yuba  River,  and  18  miles  E.  of  Marysville. 
It  has  1  church,  1  school,  and  3  stores.  Here  are  gold  mines 
which  are  or  have  been  rich.     Pop.  about  200. 

TION  ESTA,  a  post-village  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Alleghany  River,  just  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Tionesta  Creek,  about  13  miles  in  a  direct  line 
E.  by  N.  of  Oil  City.     Pop.  of  Tionesta  township,  759. 

TIPPECANOE,  a  thriving  village  of  Miami  co.,  Ohio,  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Great  Miami  River,  and  on  the  Dayton 
and  Michigan  Railroad,  14  miles  N.  of  Dayton.  It  is  built 
on  level  ground.  It  contains  1  national  bank.  4  churches, 
a  union  school-houso.  2  flouring-mills,  1  oil-mill,  1  planing- 
mill  and  3  warehouses.  The  Miami  and  Erie  Canal  passes 
through  it.  Tlie  name  of  the  post-office  is  Hyattsville. 
Pop.  in  18-60.  949 ;  in  18t>o,  reported  to  be  2000. 

'1IPPEC.\N0J5,  a  township  forming  the  S.E.  extremity 
of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  824. 

TIPl'EC  ANO  K,  a  township  of  Henry  co  ,  Iowa.    Pop.  1440. 

TIPTON,  a  post-village  of  Blair  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  10  miles  N.N.E.  of  Altoona,  and  122  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Harrisbiirg. 

TIPTON,  a  post-village  of  Moniteau  co.,  Missouri,  on  the 
Pacific  Kailroad,  38  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jefferson  City. 

TISKILWA,  or  TISKILOA,  a  post-village  of  Bureau  CO., 
Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  and  Kock  Island  Railroad,  23  miles 
W.  of  La  Salle.     Pop.  559.     . 

TIVIOT,  a  village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Missouri,  about  60 
tniles  E.N.E.  of  Jefferson  City. 

J.TVOLI,  tiv'o-lee,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co.,  Penn- 


sylvania, on  Muncy  Creek,  about  20  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Wll- 
liamsport. 

TIVOLI,  a  station  on  the  Toledo  Logansport  and  Bnr- 
lington  Railroad,  in  Newton  co.,  Indiana,  about  50  milea 
W.  of  Logansport. 

TI VOLI,  a  post-village  of  Blue  Earth  CO.,  Minnesota,  about 
6  miles  S.E.  of  Mankato. 

TOBACCO  RIVER,  Michigan,  is  a  small  stream  which 
rises  in  Clare  county,  flows  south-eastward,  and  enters  th« 
Tittii  awassee  near  the  8.  boundary  of  Gladwin  county. 

TOBOSCO,  or  TOBOSO,  a  post-village  of  Licking  co.,  Ohio, 
on  the  Licking  River,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Newark. 

TOBOSO,  (Jhio.    See  ToBOsco. 

TOCCOl'O'LA,  orTOCAPO'LA,  a  post-village  of  Pontotoc 
CO.,  Mississippi,  about  5.i  miles  N.W.  of  Aberdeen. 

TODD,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Minnesota,  has  an 
area  of  about  1460  scjuare  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E 
by  the  Mississippi,  and  partly  on  the  N.  by  the  Crow  Wing 
River,  and  interseote(J  by  the  Fjong  Prairie  River.  The  soil 
is  fertile.  Tlio  eastern  part  of  this  county  is  overgrown 
with  extensive  forests  of  deciduous  trees.     I'op.  430. 

TODD,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop, 
570. 

TODDS,  a  post-office  of  Spotsylvania  co.,  Virginia,  about 
6  miles  N.W.  of   Spotsylvania  Court-House. 

TODDS  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  I'lacor  CO.,  California, 
near  tlie  Middle  Fork  of  the  American  River,  20  miles  N.E. 
of  Auburn.     Pop.  about  3(X). 

TOIYABE  MOUNTAINS,  Nevada,  a  long  range  which 
traverses  the  S.W.  part  of  Umder  co„  and  the  N.  part  of 
Esmeralda  county.  The  direction  of  this  range  is  nearly  N. 
and  S.  The  noted  Reese  Kiver  Silver  Mines  are  among  these 
mountains,  near  Austin,  in  Lander  county. 

TOLEUO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tama  CO.,  Iowa,  is  situ- 
ated on  rolling  ground,  3  miles  N.  of  the  Iowa  River,  about 
65  miles  E.N.E.  of  Des  Moines,  and  2^  miles  S.  of  the  Cedar 
Rapiils  and  Missouri  River  Railroad.  It  contains  4  or  5 
churches.     Pop.  about  500;  of  Toledo  township,  954. 

TOLEDO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chase  or  Lyon 
CO..  Kansas,  on  or  near  the  Cottonwood  River,  about  13 
miles  W.  of  Emporia.    Pop.  175. 

TOLLE^TON,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co.,  Indiana,  abont 
30  miles  8.E.  of  Chicago,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  rail- 
road. 

Ti  )LONO,  or  TOLONA,  a  thriving  post-village  and  town- 
ship of  Champaign  co.,  Illinois,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Great 
Western  Railroad  with  the  Chicago  Branch  of  the  Central 
Railroad,  137  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Chiciigo,  and  about  10  miles 
S.."».W.  of  Urbana.  It  contiiins  2  or  3  churches.  Pop.  of  the 
village,  about  800. 

TOMAH.  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin,  immedi- 
ately S.  of  the  village  of  Tomah.     Pop  641. 

TO.MAH,  a  thriving  pdst-village  of  Monroe  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  Milwaukee  and  Saint  Paul  Railroad,  40  miles  E. 
N.E.  of  La  Crosse,  and  26  miles  N.W.  of  Mauston.  It  has  2 
churches  and  several  stores.     I'op.  about  350. 

T0M.4.LE;!,  a  township  of  Marin  Co.,  California,  on  To- 
mal(!S  Bay.     Pop.  668. 

TO.M  ALES,  a  post-village  of  Marin  co.,  California,  situated 
on  a  navigable  slough,  3  miles  E.  or  N.E.  of  Tomales  Bay, 
and  15  tiiiles  W.  of  Petalunia.  It  contains  3  stores,  3  ware- 
houses for  grain,  which  is  shipped  here  in  schooners,  and 
about  30  dwellings.     Pop.  about  250. 

TOMALES  BAY,  California,  extends  from  the  ocean  south- 
eastward into  Marin  county,  and  is  about  14  miles  long,  by 
2  miles  wide.     It  is  about  12  feet  deep. 

TOMOTLA,  a  post-village  of  Cherokee  CO.,  North  Caro- 
lina, about  II  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Murphy. 

TOMPKINS,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Illinois.  Pop, 
1363. 

TONICA,  a  post-village  of  La  Salle  co„  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  9  or  10  miles  S.  of  La  Salle. 

TONTI,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad,  14  miles  N.E.  of  Centralia,  aud  about  4  miles 
N.W.  of  Salem. 

TONTOGANY,  or  TONTOGENY,  a  post-village  of  Wood 
CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  Dayton  aud  Michigan  Railroad,  20  milea 
S.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

TOOELE,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Utah,  bordering  on 
Nevada,  is  about  140  miles  long,  and  lOS  miles  wide.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Great  Sivlt  Lake.  The  surface 
is  mostly  occupied  by  mountains  and  arid  deserts,  destitute 
of  wood  and  water.     Capital.  Richville.     Pop.  1008. 

TOOELE,  a  post-village  of  Tooele  co.,  Utah,  about  30  miles 
S.W.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

TOOMER,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Harnett  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear  River,  about  28 
miles  S.  by  W.  of  Raleigh. 

TOPE'KA,  a  post-village  of  Mason  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Illinois  River  Riiilroad,  7  miles  N.E.  of  iiavaniwi. 

TOPE'KA,  the  capital  of  Kansas,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Shawnee  county,  is  situated  on  the  right  (S.)  bank  of  the 
Kansas  River,  and  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  about  48 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Leavenworth,  and  25  miles  by  land  W.  by  N. 
of  Lawrence.    It  is  in  about  39°  6'  N.  lat.,  and  95°  40'  W.  Ion. 

2301 


TOP 

Topota  !s  ni3morable  as  the  place  where  the  first  free- 
state  constiU  tion  of  Kansas  was  formed.  It  contains  1  or 
2  newspaper  jflices  and  a  United  Stat-es  Land  Office.  Pop. 
in  1860.  7dy ;  in  ISGo,  about  2400. 

TOPTOX,  ti  post-village  of  Uerks  CO..  Pennsylvania,  on 
Uio  Kast  Pfniisvlvamu  Railroad,  I'J  miles  N.E.  of  Reading. 

TOQUERVJI^LK,  or  TOCQUETILLE,  a  post-village  of 
W.ishicgton  co.,  Utah,  about  50  miles  S.  oif  Parovan.    Pop.  79. 

TORO.NTO,  a  Ullage  of  Oimden  co.,  Missouri,  about  48 
miles  S.  by  \V.  of  Jefferson  City. 

TDRONTO,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
AVap^il'inioon  lliver,  about  34  miles  X.N.AV.  of  Davenport. 

TOliREY,  a  townsliip  of  Yates  co.,  New  York,  on  Seneca 
Lake.     I'op.  1364. 

TOTTENVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Richmond  co.,  New 
York,  on  Staten  Island  Sound,  opposite  Perth  Amboy,  and 
about  20  miles  S.W.  of  New  Y'ork. 

TOUTLE,  or  TOOTLE  RIVER,  of  Washington  Territory, 
rises  near  the  N.E.  corner  of  Clarke  county,  flows  west- 
ward, and  enters  the  Cowlitz  River  in  Cow  litz  countj'. 

TOWANDA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  McLean  co., 
Illinois,  on  theChicjigo  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,"  miles 
N.E.  of  Bloomington.     Pop.  751. 

TOWER  HILL,  a  iiost-village  and  township  of  Shelby  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  St.  Louis  Alton  and  Terre  Haute  Railroad, 
about  12  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Shelbyville.     Pop.  312. 

TO\VEI{  HILL,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  about 
4S  mik«  W..S.\V.  of  Uuburiue. 

TOWKRVILLE,a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  12  miles  S.  of  Viroqua. 

TOWNE,  or  TOWNS,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Geoi^ia, 
bordering  on  North  Carolina.  Area  estimated  at  .SOO  square 
miles.  It  is  drainetl  by  tiie  Hiawassee  River.  The  surface 
is  partly  mountainous.     Capital,  Hiawassee.     Pop.  2459. 

TOWXSKND.  a  post-village  of  New  Ctistle  co.,  Delaware, 
on  the  I'eninsular  Railway.  29 miles  S.  by  W. of  Wilmington. 

TRACY  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co..  Tennessee, 
about  95  miles  S.S.E.  of  Nashville.  A  branch  railroad  about 
14  miles  long  connects  it  with  the  Nashville  and  Chatt;i- 
no<iga  Railroad  at  Cowan. 

TRAVERSE,  a  new  county  in  the  W.  p,irt  of  Minnesota, 
bordering  on  Dakota,  lias  an  area  of  about  775  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Sioux  Wood  River  and  Lake  Tra- 
verse. The  surface  is  nearly  level.  The  census  of  1800 
furnishes  no  report  for  this  county. 

TR.\  VERSE,  a  township  of  Grand  Traverse  co.,  Iirichigan. 

Pop.  in.  ^ 

TRAVERSE  CITY,  Michigan.  See  Grand  Traverse 
City. 

TREMPEALEAU,  trJm^a-lo',  a  county  in  the  W.  part 
of  Wisconsin,  has  an  area  of  about  738  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  S.W.  liy  the  Mississippi  Hiver,  interset  ted 
by  the  Trempealeau  (which  forms  part  of  tlie  W.  Imundarv), 
and  also  drained  by  the  Buffalo  and  Black  Rivers,  aiid 
Beaver  Creek.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  very 
productive.  Orgiinized  in  1854.  Capital,  Galesville.  Pop. 
2560.  '  ^ 

TREMPEALEAU,  a  township  of  Trempealeau  co.,  Wis- 
consin, contains  a  village  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  791. 

TREMPKALK AU.  a  i)08t-village  of  Trempealean  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  tlie  Mississippi  River.  20  miles  above  La  Crosse.  It 
has  a  good  landing  for  steamboats,  and  contains  2  churches 
and  1  liand,><onie  school-house.  It  is  the  principal  market  or 
shipping  place  for  the  prcKluce  of  the  county.  Pop.  about 
450  or  500. 

TRKN'TON.  a  village  of  Cumberland  co.,  Virginia,  about 
60  niib-s  W.  of  Richmond. 

TRENTON,  a  village  of  .Jefferson  Co.,  Ohio,  about  11  miles 
N.V  .  of  \\  heeling.  West  Virginia.  j 

TREXTON.  a  village  of  Blackford  co.,  Indiana,  about  33  i 
miles  N.W.  of  Union  City.  | 

TREXTOX,  a  village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinofs,  on  the  Illi- 
nois Kivcr,  and  on  the  Chicago  and  Rock  Island  Railroad    ' 
26  miles  W.  of  Ottawa.  I 

TREXTOX,  a  p<ist-village  of  Clinton  co ,  Illinois,  on  the 
Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rjiilroad.  30  miles  E.  of  St.  Ixjuis. 

TREXTOX,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Pierce  co , 
^^  isconsin,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  18  miles  below 
Prescott.  and  1  mile  below  Red  Wing.    Pop.  119. 

TREXTOX,  a  village  of  Carleton  co.,  Minnesota,  about  120 
miles  X.E.  of  St.  Cloud. 

TREXTOX,  a  post-village  of  Freeborn  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  40  miles  S.S.W.  of  Faribault 

TREZEVAXT,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co  ,  Tennessee,  on 

TPi'Tii'iT.;'.')'.'  *^'""  Rail'-"'"!.  IW  miles  N.E.  of  Memphis. 

TRIADELP  ll.\,  a  post-village  of  Ohio  Co.,  West  Vlrrinia 
'^DT«'S'i?T''i;"''"'h<*li"g-     Free  population.  2.=>S. 

TRIMBLLLE,  a  post-township  and  village  of  Pierce  co 
Wisconsin.    Tlie  village  is  on  the  Trimbelle  River  ]•'  milee 
K.  of  Pre«eott.    It  has  1  store,  1  grist-mill,  and  several  saw- 
mills.   Total  population,  403. 

TRIMBELLE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Pierce  co  Wi*. 
consm,  flows  southward  and  enters  the  Mississippi  River 

TRIMBLE.,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Athens  co 
Ohio,  about  35  miles  S.  of  Zanesville.    Pop  1112  '' 

2302 


TUN 

TRINIDAD,  a  post-village  of  Kaufman  co.,  Texas  on  the 
Trinity  River,  about  33  miles  S.S.K  of  Dallas. 

TRINIDAD,  a  post-village  of  Klamath  co.,  California,  on 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  65  miles  S.W.  of  Orleans  Bar.  It  has  1 
store. 

TRINITY,  n  county  in  the  S  E.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  900  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E. 
by  the  Neches  River,  and  on  the  S.W.  by  the  Trinity  River. 
The  surface  is  undulating  or  level ;  the  soil  is  fertile.  Capi- 
tal. Sumpter.    Pop.  4392. 

TRIXITY,  a  iK>st-otlice  of  Trimty  co.,  California,  is  at  the 
village  of  Xoi:th  Fork,  which  see. 

TRINITY'  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Trinity  co.,  Cali- 
foruia,  on  the  Trinity  River,  28  miles  NJi.  of  Wesiverville. 
It  has  2  or  3  stores. 

TKII'OLI.  a  post-village  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa,  about  14 
miles  N.E.  of  Waverly. 

TRIVOLI,  a  post-village  in  Trivoli  town.ship,  Peoria  co., 
Illinois,  17  miles  W.  of  Peoria.  It  lias  2  churches  and  1 
store.    Pop.  about  100;  of  the  township,  1617. 

TROUP,  or  TROOP,  a  post-village  of  Smith  CO.,  Texas, 
about  32  miles  N.  of  Rusk. 

TROWBRIDGE,  a  post-township  of  Allegan  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Kalamazoo  River,  aliout  4  miles  S.  of  Allegan.  Pop. 
897. 

TROY,  a  post-village  of  Freestone  co.,  Texas,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Trinity  River,  about  11  miles  E.N.E.  of  Fairfield. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan,  on  Galien  River, 
about  14  miles  W.S.W.  of  Berrien. 

TROY,  a  post-village  in  Tioy  township,  Oakland  co, 
Michigan,  about  21  miles  N.  of  Detroit. 

TROY,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  867. 

TBOV,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  146. 

TROY',  a  township  of  Iowa  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  520. 

TROY',  a  township  of  Mimroc  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  694. 

TROY,  a  townsliip  of  Wright  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  133. 

TROY',  a  township  of  St.  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  St. 
Croix  Lake,  3  miles  S.  of  Hudson.     Pop.  4;36. 

TROY,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Sauk  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  811. 

TROY,  a  village  of  Goodhue  CO.,  Minnesota,  about  12  niilea 
S.W.  of  Red  Wing. 

TROY,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota,  about  25 
miles  S.E.  of  Rochester,  and  5  or  6  miles  E.  of  Chatfield. 

TROY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Donijibau  co..  Kansas, 
situated  15  miles  W.  by  N.  of  St.  Joseph,  Mis.souri,  and  about 
16  miles  N.  of  Atchison.  It  has  1  church,  and  1  uewsp-ij/er 
office.    Coal  is  abundant  here.    Pop.  about  .'.00. 

TROY  GROVE,  a  post-villi^e  and  township  of  La  Sallo 
CO.,  Illinois,  about  11  miles  N.  of  La  Salle.  The  village  is 
about  2  miles  E.  of  the  Central  Railroad.     Pop.  1262. 

TRUCKEE  RIVER,  a  small  stream  which  rises  in  Iho 
Siena  Nevada,  near  the  W.  border  of  Nevada.  It  flows 
through  M'ashoe  CO.,  first  northeastward,  and  then  uesirly 
northward  until  it  entere  Pj'ramid  Lake. 

TRURO,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Hiinois,  about  12 
miles  E.  of  Knoxville.     Pop.  713. 

TRUXTON,  a  post-village  of  Lincoln  Co.,  Missouri,  about 
65  miles  N.W.  of  St.  Louis. 

TRYON.  a  post-village  of  Polk  co.,  North  Carolina,  al)Out 
100  miles  W.  of  Charlotte. 

TUBAC,  a  village  of  Pima  co.,  Arizona,  about  45  miles  S. 
of  Tucson.    Pop.  in  1860. 353. 

TUCKER,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  AVest  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Maryland,  has  an  area  of  about  360  square 
miles.  It  is  draiiie<l  by  the  Cheat  River.  The  surface  is 
hilly,  the  county  being  bounded  on  the  S.E.  by  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains.    Capital,  St.  George.     Pop.  1428. 

TUCKERVILLE.  a  village  of  Camden  co.,  Missouri,  on 
the  Osage  River,  about  18  miles  N.W.  of  Linn  Creek,  the 
county-seat. 

TUCSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Pima  co.,  Arizona,  is 
situated  on  the  Santa  Cruz  River,  about  175  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Prescott.  Rich  mines  of  silver  are  worked  near  this  place. 
A  large  portion  of  the  inhabitants  are  Spanish.  The  cen- 
sus of  18i;0  states  the  population  of  Tuscon  at  915,  of  whom 
87  were  Imlians. 

TUM  WATER,  n  post-village  of  Thurston  co..  W.ishing- 

ton  Territory,  2  miles  S.  of  Olympia.    It  has  2  stores  and  1 

flour-mill. 

TUN  BRIDGE,  a  township  of  Dewittco.,  Illinois.  Pop.  666, 

TUNXEL,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co  ,  Ohio,  on  the 

Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  6  niiles  S.W.  of  Marietta. 

TUNNEIj,  or  TIJXXELTOX,  a  station  on  the  Iron  Moun- 

tain  Railroad,  in  Jefferson  co.,  Mi.s8ouri,  47  miles  S.S.W.  of 

St.  Ixiuis. 

TUX  X  EL  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Monroe  co.,  AVisconsin, 
on  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad,  about  14  miles 
E.N.E.  of  Sparta. 

TUNNELTON.  a  post-village  of  Preston  CO.,  West  Vir- 
ginia, or^  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  119  miles  S.E. 
of  Wheeling. 

TUNNELTON.  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  East  Fork  of  White  River,  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi Railroad,  74  miles  E,  of  Vinceunes. 


lU 


TUN 

TtJNSTALLS,  a  post-office  of  New  Kent  co.,  Virginia,  on 
till)  Richn-.oiid  and  York  Kiver  Railroad,  20  miles  K.  of  KicU- 
mond. 

TUPELO,  a  post-villase  of  Itawamba  co..  Mississippi,  on 
the  Moliilu    and  Ohio  Kailroad,  49  miles  S.  of  Corinth. 

TUUKEY  CREEK,  a  townsliip  of  Ciinibcrland  co.,  Illi- 
nois.    Pop  480. 

TUSCAROUA,  a  township  of  Steuben  co..  New  York. 
Pop.  l.'iOe. 

TUSCAROR.\,  a  township  of  Bradford  co.,  I'ennsylvania. 
Pop.  948. 

TUSCARORA,  a  township  of  Perry  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  767. 

TUSCO'LA,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Michigan,  border- 
ing on  Saginaw  Bay,  lias  an  area  of  about  825  square  miles. 
It  is  intersected  by  Cass  River,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Sebewaning  River  and  White  Creek.  The  surface  is  undu- 
lating or  nearly  level,  and  mostly  covered  witli  forests. 
Among  tlie  iruhjjenous  trees  of  tliis  county  is  the  sugar- 
maple.  Lumber  is  one  of  the  chief  articles  of  export.  Capi- 
tal, Vassar.     Pop.  48S6. 

TUSCOLA,  a  village  and  township  of  Tuscola  CO.,  Michi- 
gan. The  village  is  on  Cass  River,  about  24  niiles  N.  of 
Mint.     Total  population,  930. 

TUSCO'L.\,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Douglas  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Central  Riiilroad  (Chicago  Branch),  150  miles  S.  by 


UNI 

W.  of  Chicago,  and  75  miles  E.  of  Springfield.  It  cont^iins 
4  churches,!  bank,  2  newspaper  offices,  a  brick  court-house, 
1  flouring-mill,  &c.  It  is  surrounded  by  lertile  prairie 
farms.  Large  quantities  of  grain  and  stock  ai-e  shipped 
here.     Pop.  in  1800,  350  ;  in  18*  5,  reported  to  be  lOOO. 

TUTTLi-.TOWN,  a  mining  village  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Calj 
fornia.  4  miles  W.  of  Sonora.  It  had  in  lSo2, 4  quartz-mills. 
Pop.  about  200. 

TWIN  LAKES,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carleton  CO., 
Minnesota,  about  22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Lake  Superior  and  Supe- 
rior City. 

TWIN  MOUND,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Kansas, 
about  15  miles  S.W.  of  Lawrence. 

TWIN  SPRINGS,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Kansas. 

TWO  CREEKS,  a  post-village  of  Manitowoc  co.,  Wi.scon- 
siii,  on  Lake  Michigan,  about  J8  miles  N.N.E.  of  Muui- 
towoc. 

TYNER  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Cincinnati  Peru  and  Chicago  Railroad,  8  miles  N.W. 
of  Plymouth. 

TYRO,  a  post-offlco  of  Poweshiek  co.,Iowa,  about  48  miles 
E.  of  l)es  Moines. 

TYRONE,  a  township  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of 
Kent  CO.,  Michigan.     Pop.  172. 

TYRONE,  a  township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Minnesota,  imme- 
diately N.E.  of  the  village  of  Le  Sueur.    Pop.  502. 


u. 


UDELL,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  843. 
UDOLPIIO,  a  township  of  Mower  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  101. 

UKIAII,  a  township  of  Mendocino  co.,  California,  con- 
tains Ukiah  City.     Pop.  624. 

UKIAII  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Mendocino  co., 
California,  situated  on  the  right  (W.)  bank  of  the  Russian 
Kiver,  80  miles  N.N.W.  of  Petaluma,  and  90  miles  in  a 
direct  line  W.  of  Marysville.  It  cnutains  a  brick  court- 
house, 2  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  and  6  stores.  Pop. 
about  200. 

ULAO,  or  ULLOA,  a  post-village  of  Ozaukee  co.,  Wis- 
consin, on  Lake  Michigan,  about  22  miles  N.  of  Milwaukee. 

ULLIN,  a  i)ost-village  of  I'ulaski  co.,  Illinois,  on  tlie 
Central  Railroad,  20  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

ULSTER,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  in 
Ulster  township,  on  the  W.  Iiink  of  the  Susquehanna  River, 
about  7  miles  above  Towanda. 

ULSTER,  a  post-township  of  Floyd  Co.,  Iowa,  about  8 
miles  W.  of  Charles  City.    Pop.  137. 

UMATILLA,  a  small  stream  in  tlie  N.E.  part  of  Oregon, 
rises  in  Umatilla  county,  flows  nearly  westward  and  falls 
Into  the  Columbia  at  the  village  of  Umatilla. 

UMATIL'LA,  a  large  county  in  tlie  N.E.  part  of  Oregon, 
bordering  on  Washington  Territory.  It  is  partly  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Columbia  River,  and  also  diained  by  the 
Umatilla  and  John  Day  Rivers.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, the  E.  part  being  occupied  by  the  Blue  Mountains. 
Gold  is  found  in  the  south  part.  A  large  part  of  tlie  soil  is  un- 
productive. Capital,  Umatilla.  The  census  of  1860  fur- 
nishes no  information  respecting  this  county. 

UM.\TILLA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Umatilla  CO.,  Ore- 
gon, on  the  Columbia  River,  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river  of 
its  own  name,  about  100  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Dalles  City.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1863.  It  has  4  hotels,  12  dry-goods  and 
general  stores,  2  lirng  storps,  &c.    Pop.  about  400. 

UMBRIA.  a  sttite  of  Central  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N.E. 
by  the  Marches,  on  the  S.E.  by  Naples,  on  the  S.W.  by  the 
river  Tiber,  and  on  the  N.W.  by  Tuscany.  Area  about 
3500  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  tlie  Velino  and  Nera 
Rivers.  The  ridge  of  the  Apennines  extends  along  the 
N.E.  border. 

UMPQUA,  ump'quaw,  a  river  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  is 
formed  by  two  branches,  called  the  North  Pork  and  tlie 
South  Fork,  which  rise  in  the  Cascade  Mountiiins,  and 
unite  about  8  miles  N.W.  of  Roseburg.  The  main  stream 
flows  northwestward  in  a  very  tortuous  course,  and  enters 
the  Pacific  Ocean  at  Umpqua  City.  Vessels  drawing  10  feet 
of  water  can  ascend  this  river  about  20  miles.  The  valley  of 
the  Umpqua  is  remarkable  for  fertility,  and  for  bold  and 
beautiful  scenery. 

UMPQUA  CITY,  a  post-village  and  port  of  entry  of  Doiig- 
las  CO.,  Oregon,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Umpqua  River,  1 
mile  from  the  ocean,  and  58  miles  in  a  direct  line  W.S.W. 
of  Eugene  City.  The  river  here  forms  a  commodious  har- 
bor for  large  vessels.  The  village  has  1  store  and  15 
dwellings. 

UNA,  a  post-office  of  Wayne  CO.,  Iowa,  5  or  6  miles  N.  of 
Corydon. 

UNCLE  SAM,  a  post-village  of  Lake  co., California,  on  or 
near  Clear  Lake,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Lakeport. 

UNION,  a  county  in  the  N.N.E.  part  of  Tennessee,  has 
an  area  of  about  230  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.W.  by  Powell's  River,  and  intersected  by  Clinch  Kiver. 


The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.    Pop.  C117  of  whom 
182  were  slaves. 

UNION,  a  new  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Oregon,  bor- 
dering on  Idaho.  It  was  formed  out  of  the  noitli  part  of 
Baker  county.  It  is  boundeil  on  the  E.  by  Lewis  or  Snake 
River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Grande  Ronde  River.  The 
surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Gold  mines  are  worked  in 
this  county.    Capital,  La  Grande. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  New  York,  on  Lake 
Ontario.     Pop.  2460. 

UNION,  a  townsliip  of  Hunterdon  co.,  New  Jersey.  Pop. 
1217. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Ocean  co.,  New  Jersey,  on  Barne- 
gat  Bay.     Pop.  1918. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
848. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co.,  Penn.sylvunia. 
Pop.  920. 

UNION,  a  post-oilico  of  Boone  co.,  Kentucky,  about  15 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Cincinnati. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Auglaii^e  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1430. 

1;NIUN,  a  township  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  977. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Indiana,  on  the  Ohio 
River.    Pop.  902. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Hendricks  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1147. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Howard  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.1379. 

UNION,a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.SiiO. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Marshall  co..  Indiana.    Pop  1208. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  597. 

UNION,  a  township  of  White  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  895. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1105. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  757. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Mcllenry  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Chicago  with  Galena,  30  miles  E. 
of  Rockford. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa.    Poi).  62. 

UNION,  a  townslii])  of  Appanoose  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  022. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  134. 

UNION,  a  township  of  B<.>one  co.,  Iowa.    Poi).  130. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Dallas  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  685. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Davis  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1193. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  p23. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Des  Moines  CO.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1157. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  502. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Hardin  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  711. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Hardin  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Iowa 
River,  about  11  miles  below  Eldora,  and  30  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Nevada. 

UNION,  a  township  of  ILirrison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  72. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Jackson  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  619. 

UNION,  a  township  of  John.son  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  398. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Louisa  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  432. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  451. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Mah.-iska  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  621. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  415. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  960. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  Co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  669. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Story  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  407. 

U.MON,  a  township  of  Union  co ,  Iowa.     Pop.  562. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Warren  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  770. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Wayne  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  594. 

UNION,  a  township  in  the  E.  part  of  Vernon  co.,  Wl* 
cousin.    Pop.  193. 

2303 


UNI 


TAN 


UNTOTr,  a  township  of  Waupaca  co.,  Wisconsin.   Pop.  89. 

UNIt>X,  a  post-to\vns.liip  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota, 
tbout  10  miles  S  W.  of  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin.     Top.  200. 

UNION',  a  township  or  village  of  Johnson  co.,  Kansas, 
about  IS  uiiUs  S.E.  of  Lawrence.    Pop.  tU. 

UNION,  a  township  of  Humboldt  co.,  California,  contains 
Abcata,  which  see.     Pop.  5o4. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Bilker  or  Union  co.,  Oregon,  is 
gituated  at  tlie  S.  end  of  Grande  Ronde  Valley.  It  has  gold 
mines  in  the  vicinity.    First  settled  in  the  spring  of  18(54. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Chehalis  CO.,  Wiisliington  Ter- 
ritory, 35  miles  S.K.  of  Monte.-ano. 

UNION,  a  post-village  of  Salt  Lake  CO.,  Utah,  12  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

UNION  CENTRE,  a  post-village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  60  miles  N.W.  of  Madison. 

UNION  CITY,  a  post-vilhige  of  Union  co.,  Iowa,  about  15 
miU^s  S.W.  of  Afton. 

UNION  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin, 
and  a  station  on  the  Racine  aud  Mississippi  Riulrotid,  15 
miles  AV.  of  Racine. 

UNION  HILL,  a  post-village  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ringgold 
CO.,  Iowa. 

UNION  POINT,  a  village  of  Linn  co^  Oregon,  about  27 
miles  S.  Iiv  E.  of  Albany. 

UXlONPi  tllT.  a  post-village  of  Jeflerson  co ,  Ohio,  on  the 
JHtisburg  Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  20  miles  W. 
of  Steubenvillo. 

UNION  RIDGli  a  post-village  of  Franklin  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  We>t  Fork  of  Cedar  River. 

UNIONTOAVN,  a  post-viilage  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  7  or 
8  miles  "S.  of  Delhi. 

UNIONTOWN,  a  village  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas,  on  the 
Kansas  Kiver,  about  16  miles  above  Topeka. 

LNIONTOWN,  a  village  of  El  Dorado  Co.,  Califoniia,  on 
the  South  Fork  of  the  American  River,  about  8  miles  N.W. 
of  Placerville.     Pop.  320. 

.  UNIONVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Cass  co., Texas,  about  22 
miles  N.W.  of  Linden. 

UNIONVILLE.  a  village  of  Ohio  co.,  Indiana,  on  Laugh- 
ery  Creek,  abotit  6  miles  S.W.  of  Aurora. 

UNIONVILI^.  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ilnmlioldt  Co., 
Nevada,  is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  range  of  Humboldt 
Mountiiins,  165  miles  (by  the  road)  N.E.  of  Carson  City. 
It  contained  in  IHK!,  7  general  stores,  2  drag  stores,  and  1 
newspaper  office.  Tlie  iiihabibuits  are  extensively  engaged 
in  mining.     Pop.  in  ISft!,  about  600. 

UNIOP'OLIS.  a  post-village  of  Auglaize  co.,  Ohio,  about 
27  miif>  N.W.  of  B.-llefontiiiue. 

UNITY,  a  township  of  Piatt  CO.,  Illinois.    Pop.  375. 
UNI  r\'.  a  ])ost-village  of  lieuton  Co.,  Iowa,  about  6  miles 
S.S.E.  of  Vinton. 


UPPER  FAIRFIELD,  a  township  of  Lycoming  co.,Penn- 
svlvania.     Pop.  'b'i. 

UPPEI!  GLOUCKSTER,  a  po.xt-village  of  Cumberland  co., 
Maine,  about  25  miles  N.  of  Portland,  and  1  mile  W.  of  tbe 
Maine  Central  Railroad. 

Ul'PER  GROVE,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Hancock  Co., 
Iowa,  about  42  miles  N.E.  of  Fuvt  Dodge. 

UPPKR  L.\KE,  a  post-office  of  Lake  co.,  California,  on  the 
N.  shore  of  Clear  Lake,  10  miles  .V.  of  Lakeport. 

UPPER  MEKION.  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  the  Schuylkill  River,  opposite  Norristown.  Pop. 
&127. 

UI'PER  PITTSGROVE,  a  township  of  Salem  co.,  New 
JersfV.     Pop.  2<iS2. 

UPPER  SA(JINAW,  a  village  of  Saginaw  co.,  Michigan, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Cass  and  Shiawassee  River,  about  3 
miles  S.  of  Siigiiiaw  City. 

UI'PER  TRACT,  a  post-village  of  Pendleton  co.,  West 
Virginia,  on  the  Soutli  Branch  of  the  Potomac  River,  about 
13  miles  N.  of  Franklin. 

UI'PER  UWCIILAN,  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsyl-, 
vania.     Pop.  836. 

UPTON,  a  township  of  Oxford  CO.,  Maine.    Pop.  219. 

UPTON,apost-otliceandst:itionof  Larue  CO.,  Kentucky,  on 
the  Tyouisville  and  Nashville  Railroad..59  miles  S.of  Louisville. 

URBANA,  or  URBANNA,  a  post-village  of  Wabash  co., 
Indiana,  about  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Fort  SVavne. 

URBANA.  or  URBANNA,  a  village  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Illi- 
nois, about  8  miles  S.S.E.  of  Belleville. 

URBANA,  a  post-village  of  Dall,-.s  or  Hickory  co.,  Mis- 
souri, about  50  miles  N  of  Springfield. 

URBANA.  or  URBANNA,  a  post-village  of  Benton  CO., 
Iowa,  8  or  9  miles  E.N.K.  of  Vinton. 

URBANA,  or  URBANNA,  a  township  of  Monroe  co., 
Iowa.  Pop.  743. 

URSA,  a  post-township  of  Adams  co.,  Illinois,  cm  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  about  8  miles  N.  ofQnincy.     Pop.  1421. 

UTICA,  a  town,«hip  of  Chicka.saw  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  466. 

UTICA.  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Crawford  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  625. 

UTICA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winona  co.,  Min- 
nesota. Tlie  village  is  on  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter  RaiK 
road,  about  17  miles  W.  bv  S.  of  Winona. 

UTICA  STATION,  a  village  of  Macomb  co.,  Michigan,  on 
theGrand  Trunk  R.iilrond,  abont  15  miles  N.N. K.  of  Detroit. 

UTSAL.\DY.  a  post-village  of  Island  co.,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, alxiut  90  miles  N.  of  Olympia. 

UVAL'DE,  a  p<vst-village,  capital  of  Uvalde  CO.,  Texas, 
about  80  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Sau  .\ntonio. 

UVVCHLAN  (yook'lan),  or  LOWKR  UWCIILAN,  a  post- 
township  of  Chester  CO.,  Pennsvlvania,  about  SO  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Philadelphia.    Pop.  SIO. 


Y. 


VAC.WILLE,  a  township  of  Solano  Co.,  California.  Pop. 
1831. 

VAC.WILLE,  a  post-village  of  Solano  co.,  California,  is 
situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  valley,  8  miles  N.N.E.  of 
Suisun  City.  Here  is  an  institution,  called  the  Pacific  Me- 
thodist College  (for  both  sexes),  which  has  about  150  stu- 
dents.   Pop.  about  300. 

VALDOSTA,  a  post-village  of  Lowndes  co..  Georgia,  on 
the  Savannah  and  Gulf  Railroad,  157  miles  S.W.  of  Savan- 
nah.    Pop.  166. 

VALEVILLE,  a  village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
10  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Preston. 

VALLECI'TO,  vjl-yi-see'to,  a  post-village  of  Calaveras 
CO.,  California, about  10  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Sonora.  It  has 
about  5  stores,  and  is  supported  by  gold  mines.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  500. 

VALLEJO.  a  township  of  Solano  co.,  California,  contains 
the  town  of  Vallejo.     Pop.  1431. 

VALLE.IO.  vil-y.A'Ho,  a  post-town  of  Solano  CO.,  Califor- 
nia, is  situated  at.  the  mouth  of  Napa  Creek,  on  the  north- 
east side  of  San  Pablo  Bay,  28  miles  N.N.E.  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  18  miles  S.W.  of  Suisun  City.  It  has  a  large  and 
safe  harbor, and  is  accessible  for  the  largest  se.i-going  shi|>s. 
Adjacent  to  the  liarlKir  is  Mare  Island,  on  which  is  the  Uni- 
ted Sfcttes  Navy  Yard.  A'allejo  is  built  on  the  slopes  of  hills 
which  ri.--e  gently  from  the  water  to  the  height  of  100  feet 
or  more,  and  has  a  good  site  for  a  city.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  numerous  stores.    Pop.  estimated  at  1600. 

A'ALLEY,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1552. 

V.\LLEV.  a  township  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  40  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia.     Pop.  2125. 

■\  ALLKY,  H  township  of  Guernsey  co.,  Ohio.     Pop.  831. 

A'ALLEY,  a  post-township  of  Stark  co.,  Illinois,  about  24 
miles  N.  by  W.  of  l>eoiia.     Pop.  876. 

V.ALLEY,  a  township  of  Page  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  270. 

A'.\LLKV.  a  township  of  Linn  co.,  Kans-as.     Pop.  lOOS. 

VALLEY,  a  township  of  Nemaha  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  380. 
2304  ^ 


V.4LLEY  FARAI.  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa. 

A'ALLONIA,  or  VELOMA.  a  post-village  of  Jackson  CO.. 
Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  and  Alississippi  Railroad,  14  miles 
S.W.  of  Seymour,  and  17  miles  N.  of  Salem. 

A'ALPAR.A.1S0,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri, 
abont  45  miles  N  of  BrookfteW. 

VALPAKAISO,  a  post-village  of  Calhoun  CO.,  Nebraska, 
about  55  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Omaha  City. 

VANATTA,  or  VANATTASBUKG.a  post  village  of  Lick- 
ing CO.,  Ohio,  on  a  niilroad,  6  miles  N.of  Newark. 

A^\N"  BUREN,  a  post-township  of  Aroostook  co.,  Maine, 
on  the  St.  John's  River.     Pop.  616. 

A' AN  BUREN,  a.post-village  of  AVa<hington  oo.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  36  miles  S.S.W.  of  Pittsburg. 

VAN  BUREN.  a  village  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  about  65 
miles  N.E.  of  Columbus. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  post-township  of  Clay  co.,  Indiana,  17 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Terre  Haute.     Pop.  14S8. 

A"AN  BUREN,  a  township  of  Lagrange  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
979. 

VAN  BUREN,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Carter  co.,  Mis- 
souri, on  Current  River,  about  72  miles  S.  by  AV.  of  Potosi. 

V.\N  BUREN,  a  post-township  of  Jackson  CO.,  Iowa,  about 
40  miles  N.N.E.  of  Davenport.     Pop.  840. 

A'AN  BUREN,  a  township  of  Keokuk  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop.  710. 

A'A.V  BUREN,  a  township  of  I..ee  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  1101. 

Van  BUREN,  a  township  of  Aan  Buren  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
2244. 

A'.tNCR.  a  township  of  Vermilion  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  1589. 

V  ANCOUA'ER.van-koo'vf  r,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Clarke 
CO.,  AA'ashington  Territory,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Colnm- 
bia  River,  90  miles  from  its  month,  and  about  10  miles  N.  o' 
Portland,  Oregon.  Lfirge  sea-going  vessel^  can  ascend  to  this 
point.    It  contains  several  churches.    Pop.  estimated  at  650. 

VANDALIA,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co.,  Ohio, 
about  10  miles  N.  of  Dayton. 

A'ANDALU,  a  post-village  of  Owen  c-' ,  Indiana  sbont 
34  miles  E.  by  8.  of  Terre  liauto. 


-} 


VAN 


VIO 


VANDALIA,  a  post-village  of  Jasper  CO.,  Iowa,  about  16  ; 
miles  K.S  E.  of  Dcs  Moines. 

VAXDEltUILT,  a  x)o.st-ofTice  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on  a  rail-  i 
road,  8  or  9  miles  S.^V'.  of  Cedar  Rsipids.  I 

VANDYKE,  a  post-oflRce  of  Des  Sluines  CO., Iowa, about  6  i 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Burlington. 

VAN  0YNP3,  a  statioif  on  thn  Chicago  and  Northwestern  [ 
Railroad,  in  Koud  du  Lac  co.,  Wisconsin,  7  miles  N.  of  I'ond 
du  Lac. 

VAN  ETTEN,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chemung 
CO.,  New  York,  on  Cayuta  Creek,  about  18  miles  E.N.E.  of 
Elmira^    Pop.  1508. 

VANNOY'S  SIILL,  a  post-offlce   of  Pike   co.,  Missouri, 
about  35  miles  S.  of  Hannibal. 
VASA,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  436. 
VASSAR,  a  township  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michigan,  contains 
the  Tillage  of  Vassar.     Pop.  249. 

VASSAR,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tu.scola  co.,  Michigan, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cass  River,  about  '2'2  miles  E. 
by  S.  of  Saginaw  City,  and  75  miles  N.Ei  of  Lansing. 

VEGA,  a  iiost-offico  of  Henry  co.,  lowu,  about  36  miles 
V.N.W. of  Burlington. 
VELONIA.    See  V.\i.LOMit, Indiana. 
VENICE,  a  village  of  Bntler  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Great  Miami 
River,  about  10  miles  below  llaiuilton. 

VERA  CRUZ,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Dongla-i  CO.,  Mis- 
BOuri,  situated  about  55  niiU«  E.S.E.  of  Springfield. 

VERDIERVILLE,  a  post-tillage  of  Orange  CO.,  Virginia, 
about  '25  miles  W.  of  Fredericksburg. 
VERDIGRIS,  a  township  of  Lyon  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  256. 
VERDIGRIS,  a  township  of  Woodson  co.,  Kansas.    Pop. 
387 

VERDIGRIS  RIVER,  rises  in  the  S.E.  central  part  of 
Kansas,  flows  southward  into  the  Indian  Territory,  and 
then  flows  nearly  southeastward  until  it  enters  the  Arkan- 
sas River,  about  10  miles  above  Fort  Gibson.  Its  length  is 
estimated  at  200  miles. 

VERMILION,  a  post-village  of  Edgar  co.,  TlMnois,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  about  11  miles  N.W. 
of  Terre  Ilanto. 

VERMILION,  a  township  of  La  Salle  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
604. 

VERMILION,  a  township  of  Dakota  CO..  Minnesota.  Pop. 
205. 

VERMILION,  a  village  of  Dakota  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Minnesota  Central  Railroad,  about  20  miles  S.  of  St.  Paul. 

VERMILION,  a  village  and  township  of  Marshall  CO., 
Kansas,  on  Vermilion  Creek,  about  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Marysville.     Top.  880. 

VERMILION,  a  post-village  of  Daliota,  on  tbo  Mis.souri, 
at  the  mouth  of  Vermilion  River,  about  30  miles  below 
Yankton.  It  has  a  United  States  Land  Office.  Pop.  about 
200. 

VERMILION  RIVER,  of  Dalla-s  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  a  small 
affluent  of  the  Meiiomonie  or  Red  Cedar  River. 

VERMONT,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Dane  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  925. 

VERMONTVILLE,  a  post-township  of  Eaton  co.,  Mlchi- 
^n.  about  10  miles  N.W.  of  Charlotte.    Pop.  875. 

VERNER,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  on  the  Alleghany 
Biver,  10  miles  by  railroad  E.N.E.  of  Pittsburg. 

VERNON,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  boi-- 
dering  on  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  has  an  area  of  about  800 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Mississippi 
River,  intersected  by  the  Kickapoo,  and  also  drained  by  the 
Bad  Axe  and  Racoon  Rivers.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
and  is  diversified  with  prairies  and  woodlands;  the  soil  is 
fertile.    Capital,  Viroqua.     Pop.  11,007. 

VERNON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Jackson  parish,  Louis- 
iana, about  75  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Shreveport. 

VERNON,  a  post-villago  of  Trumbull  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Pymatuning  River,  about  65  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Cleveland. 

VERNON,  a  post-vill.age  of  Shiawassee  co.,  Michigan,  on 
the  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  70  miles  N.W.  of  De- 
troit, and  5  miles  S.E.  of  Corunna. 
VERNON,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1145. 
VERNON,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Van  Bnreh  co., 
Iowa.    The  village  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Des  Moines 
River,  6  miles  S.E.  of  Keosauqua.    It  has  1  flour-mill,  1 
woollen  factory  and  several  stores.     Pop.  about  300;  of 
township  1253. 
VERNON,  atownship  of  Wright  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  2S. 
VERNON,  a  village  of  Vernon  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  17  miles  by  land  S.  of  La  Crosse. 

VERNON,  a  township  of  Blue  Earth  co.,  Minnesota,  iti- 
teisected  by  the  Blue  Earth  River,  about  15  miles  S.W.  of 
■Mankato.  I'op.  4G2. 
VERNON,  a  township  of  Dodge  CO.,  Minnesota.  Pop.  240. 
VERNON,  a  village  and  township  of  Gutter  CO.,  Califor- 
nia, at  the  mouth  of  EeKither  River,  about  18  miles  N.W.  of 
Sacramento.     Pop.  199. 

VERNON  CENTRE,  a  post-office  of  Blue  Earth  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, about  18  miles  S.W.  of  Mankato. 

VERONA,  a  post-village  of  Itawamba  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad.  13  miles  N.  of  Okolona. 
6U 


VERONA,  a  village  of  Calhoun  co.,  Midiigan,  on  Battla 
Creek,  about  12  miles  W.N.W. of  Marshall, and  1  mile  N.of 
the  Central  Railroad. 

VERONA,  a  post-village  of  Lawrence  co.,  Mi.ssouri,  about 
38  miles  S.W.  of  Springfield. 

VEROXA,  a  post-township  of  Faribault  Co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Blue  Earth  River,  about  33  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Man- 
kato.    Pop.  2t>8. 

VERSAILLES,  a  post-^^llago  of  Rutherford  or  William- 
son CO.,  Tennessee,  about  34.  miles  S.  bv  E.  of  Nashville. 

VERSAILLES,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Bellefontaino  Railroad,  17  miles  E.  of  Union  City. 

VERSAILLES,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Brown  co., 
Illinois.  The  township  is  on  the  Illinois  River.  The  vil- 
lage is  on  the  Quincy  and  Toledo  Rjiilroad,  48  miles  E.  of 
Qnincy.     Total  population  1221. 

VEKS.\ILLE,S,  a  village  of  Osage  co.,  Kansas,  about  21 
miles  S.  of  Topeka. 
VICTOR,  a  township  of  De  ICalb  co.,  Illiriois.    Pop.  74*5. 
VICTOR,  a  post-village  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa,  on  tho 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  12  miles  W.S.W.  of  Ma- 
rengo. 

VICTORIA,  a  post-village  of  Holivar  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  95  miles  N.N.W.  of  Yazoo  City. 
VICTORIA,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  about 
20  miles  E.N.E.  of  Gale.sburg.     Pop.  1120. 

VICTORIA,  a  post-village  of  Daviess  co.,  Missouri,  about 
40  miles  E.  by  N.  of  St.  Joseph. 

VICTORIA,  a  village  or  station  of  Jefferson  eo.,  Mis.souri, 
on  the  St.  Ijouis  and  Iron  Mountain  Railroad,  39  miled  S. 
by  W.  of  St.  I>ouis. 

VICTORIA,  a  flourishing  town,  capitiil  of  tho  British 
colony  of  Vancouver  Island,  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of 
tho  strait  of  Juan  de  Fuc;i,  and  on  the  S.E.  end  of  A'ancouvcr 
Island.  Lat.  about  48°  27'  N.,  Ion.  123°  25'  W.  It  has 
several  churches  and  seminaries.  Two  daily  newspapers 
lire  ptibiished  here.  It  contained  in  1864,  7  drug  stores,  G 
dry-good  stores,  8  general  stores,  &c.  Pop.  estimated  at 
5000  or  6000. 

VICTORY,  a  township  of  Saratoga  co..  New  York.  Pop. 
63G. 

VICTORY,  apost-village  of  Vernon  co.,AVisconsin,  on  the 
Missis.-^ippi  I  liver,  about  25  miles  by  the  road  S.  of  La  Crosse, 
which  is  32  miles  distjint  by  the  river. 

VIENNA,  a  post-village  of  Kiiirfax  CO.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Alexandria  Loudon  and  Hampshire  Railroad,  about  13  miles 
W.  of  Washiiigton. 

;    VIENNA,  a  post-village  of  Forsyth  co..  North  Carolina, 
'about  37  miles  N.  of  Salisbury. 

VIENNA,  a  post-village  of  Jackson  parish,  Louisiana, 
about  70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Shreveport. 

VIENN.4,  a  post-village  of  Vienna  township,  Trumbull 
CO.,  Ohio,  about  10  miles  E.  of  AVarren. 

S'IENN.\,  a  village  of  Monroe  Co.,  Michienn,  on  the  De 
troit  and  Toledo  llailroad,  about  11  piilos  N.  by  E.  of  To- 
ledo. 

VJENNA,  a  village  of  De  Kalb  co.,  Indiana,  on  Saint 
Jos(5ph's  River,  about  25  miles  N.E.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

VIENNA,  a  village  of  Macon  co.,  Missouri,  about  14  miles 
T?.  by  E.  of  Macon  City. 

VIENNA,  u  post-viilage.  capital  of  Maries  co.,  Mi-ssouri, 
situated  about  32  miles  S;S.E.  of  Jefferson  City,  and  3  miles 
W.  of  the  Gasconade  River.  Copper  and  iron  and  found  in 
the  vicinity. 

VIEN.X  A,  a  post-township  of  Marshall  co.,  Iowa,  about  32 
miles  S.W.  of  Cedar  Falls.    Pop.  147. 

VIENNA,  a  post-township  of  Pottu,wattomie  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  752. 
S'IGO,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana.     Pop.  1622. 
A'lLLA  RIDGE,  a  post-office  of  Pnlaski  co.,  Htinoi.4,  on 
the  Central  Railroad,  12  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 
VINCKNNES,  a  po.st-offlce  of  Lee  Co.,  Iowa. 
VINCENT,  a  post-villa-e  of  Washington  CO..  Ohio,  on 
the  Marietta  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  13  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Marietta. 

VINELAND,  a  flourishing  post-village  of  Cumberland  co.. 
New  Jersey,  on  the  MiHville  and  Glassboro'  Railroad,  32 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  3  churches,  1 
academy,  1  public  hall,  25  stores,  4  manufactorie.s,  Ac.  The 
settlement  of  this  place  commenced  in  1.S61.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  fruit  employs  many  of  the  people  of  Vineland.  The 
population  of  Vineland  township  (which  contains  over  30,000 
acres),  is  estimated  (1865)  at  5000. 

VI N  LAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Winnebago  CO., 
Wisconsin.  The  township  borders  on  Winnebago  Lake 
and  Fox  River,  about  3  miles  N.  of  Oshkosh.     Pop.  962. 

A' INTON,  a  po.st-village,  capital  of  Benton  CO.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Red  Cedar  River,  al)Out  SO  miles  AV.S.W.  of  Dubuque, 
and  25  miles  N.W.  of  Cedar  Rapids.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  the  Stiite  Institution  for  the  Blind,  which  had 
in  1803  .about  65  pupils.     I'op.  about  1500. 

VIOLA,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  Dubuque 
Southwestern  Rjiilroad,  13  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Marion. 

A'IOL.\,  a  pust-village  of  Kiehland  co.,  AVisconsin,  on  or 
near  the  Kickapoo  River,  40  miles  S.E.  of  La  Crosse. 

2305 


VIO 


WAL 


VIOLA,  a  post-township  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
9  miles  E.  by  X.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  422. 

VIOLA,  a  post-villiige  of  Sacramento  CO.,  California,  22 
miles  E.  of  Sacramento. 

VIRGIX  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Washington  co.,  Utah,  40 
miles  E  N.E.  of  Saint  George. 

VIRGINIA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Peoria  Pekin  and  Jacksonville  Railroad.  15  miles  N.  of 
Jacksonville  and  20  miles  S.  of  Bath.  It  has  a  national 
bunk.    Pop.  of  Virginia  township,  1438. 

A'lRGINlA,  a  township  of  Warren  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  227. 

VIRGINIA,  a  jiost-village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  7 
miles  W.  of  Auliurn.  Here  ai-e  goldmines.  Pop.  including 
Gold  Hill,  said  to  be  .iOO. 

VIRGINIA  CITY,  the  commercial  metropolis  of  Nevada, 
and  capital  of  Storey  county,  is  situated  among  rocky  ledges 
and  ravines  on  the  eiistern  slope  of  Jlount  Davidson,  15  miles 
N.N.E.  of  Carson  City,  and  about  274  miles  N.E.  of  San 
Francisco.  It  is  6J0b  feet  ^bove  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  about 
39°  22'  N.lat.  and  119°  35' W.  Ion.  The  principal  streets  are 
level,  having  been  in  many  places  graded  through  the  solid 
native  rock.  The  business  streets  are  lined  with  blocks  of 
substiiutial  stone  ;ind  brick  fire-proof  buildings,  tliree,  four 
and  five  stories  high.  The  environs  are  adorned  with  many 
beautiful  private  residences,  which  cost  from  $10,0tX>  to 
$50,000  each.  The  city  contains  4  fine  chuiches,  costing 
from  $30,000  to  $60,000  ejich,  1  public-school,  2  theatres,  5 
banking  offices  and  3  assay  offices  where  crude  silver  bullion 
is  moulded  and  assayed.  Pour  daily  and  1  or  2  weekly  news- 
papers were  published  here  in  1864. 

This  city  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  prosperity  to  the  rich 
veins  of  silver  discovered  here  in  the  famous  Corastock 
Ledge  in  June,  1S59.  These  mines,  including  Gold  llill, 
which  is  1  mile  from  Virginia,  are  the  richest  in  the  state. 
It  is  stated  that  silver  amounting  to  $10,425,350  was  ob- 
tained here  in  1S64.  In  that  year  it  had  about  6  quartz- 
mills  in  operation,  besides  a  number  at  Gold  Hill.  The  city 
is  lighted  with  gas,  and  well  supplied  with  spring-water 
conveyed  through  the  streets  in  pipes.  Good  wagon  roads 
extend  from  this  place  in  various  directions.  Pop.  in  1860, 
2345 ;  in  1S65,  about  15,000. 

VIRGINIA  CITY,  a  nuning  town,  capital  of  the  territory 
of  Montauii,  is  situated  on  a  tributary  of  Jefferson's  River, 
about  225  miles  E.N.E.  of  Idiiho  City,  and  a  few  miles  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains.    Lat.  about  45°  N.,  Ion.  111°  45'  W. 


It  has  productive  gold  mines.  The  adjacent  county  is  said 
to  be  well  supplied  with  wood.  It  is  sUited  that  672  votM 
were  polled  here  in  1863. 

VIROQUA,  or  VAROQUA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Ver- 
non CO.,  SVisconsin,  is  about  28  miles  S.li.  of  La  Crosse  and 
20  miles  E.  of  the  .Mississippi  River.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, 1  bank,  2  or  3  churclies,  and  4  stores.  Tliis  village 
was  greatly  dajiiaged  by  a  tornado  in  tho  summer  of 
1865. 

VIliOQUA,  a  township  of  Vernon  co.,  AVisconsin,  is  im 
mediateU-  N.  of  the  village  of  Viroqua.     Poj).  1164. 

VISALIA.  a  post-village  of  Kenton  co.,  Kentucky,  os 
Licking  River,  about  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Cincinnafi. 

VIS.4LIA,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Tulare  co..  California 
is  situated  about  18  miles  N.E.  of  Tulare  Ljike.and  200  mile* 
S.E.  of  Stockton.  It  contains  several  churches,  1  academj, 
and  10  or  more  stores.  It  commands  the  trade  of  a  large 
extent  of  country.  One  newspaper  is  published  here.  IVp. 
in  ISlO.  548;  in  1865,  estimated  at  1000. 

A'lVIAN  a  post-township  of  Waseca  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
22  miles  S.S.W.  of  Mankat<^>.    Pop.  115. 

VOLCA'NO,  a  post-village  of  Amador  co.,  California,  on 
Sutter  Creek,  12  miles  N.E%  of  Jackson.  It  owes  its 
j)ro.<perity  to  gold  mines,  which  are  very  rich.  It  contains 
2  churches,  1  public-school  and  1  banking-oflice.  There  are 
in  the  vicinity  4  quaitz-milla  and  also  extensive  placer  mines 
Pop.  about  1100. 

VOLCANO,  a  mining  district  of  Alturas  co.,  Idaho,  oon- . 
tains  the  village  of  Volcano.  Gold  is  found  here  in  quarts- 
rock. 

VOLCANO,  a  mining  village  of  Alturas  co.,  Idaho,  is 
situated  nejir  the  Volcano  Mountains,  about  80  miles  E.  by 
S.  of  Boisee  City.    Here  are  gold  mines. 

VOLGA,  a  township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  7S9. 

VOLGA  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  near 
the  Volga  River,  al)out  28  miles  S.W.  of  McGregor. 

VOLINA,  or  VOLINIA,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  28  miles  S.W.  of  Kalamazoo. 

VOLN  EY,  a  post- village  of  AUomakee  co^  Iowa,  about  16 
miles  N.W.  of  Prairie  du  Chien. 

VOLUSI.A,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Plorida,  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Area  estimated  at  2000  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.W.  by  the  St.  John's  River. 
The  surliice  is  level  and  partly  covered  by  swamps.  Pop. 
1158. 


w. 


w 


AB.^Sn,  a  township  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  734. 
WAB.\SU,  a  township  of  Paike  co.,  Indiana.    Pop. 
am. 

WAB.\SU,  a  township  of  Clark  co^  Illinois,  on  the  Wa- 
bash River.    Pop.  2251. 

WABASHA,  waw^ba-sliaw',  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of 
Minncsotii,  bordering  on  Wisctmsiu,  has  an  area  of  about 
640  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  Liike  Pepin 
and  the  Mississippi  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Znmbro 
River.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous, 
and  very  productive.  Wheat  is  the  staple  jiroduct.  The 
county  contiiins  large  tracts  of  forests  of  deciduous  trees, 
and  some  prairie  land.  Below  Lake  Pepin  the  bluffs  rise 
300  and  400  feet  above  the  Mississippi  River,  exposing 
strata  of  magnesiiin  limestone,  broken  by  ravines  into  grey 
peaks  and  craggy  mural  turrets,  crowned  with  trees,  and 
pres<-ntiug  a  combination  of  grand  and  picturesque  scenery. 
Capital,  Wabasha.     Pop.  7228. 

WABASHA,  a  thriving  post-town,  capital  of  Wabasha  CO., 
Minnesota,  is  situated  on  the  right  (S.W.)  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  about  2  miles  below  the  foot  of  L<ike  Pepin, 
36  miles  N.E.  of  Rochester,  87  miles  by  water  and  75  miles 
by  land  E.S.E.  of  St.  Paul.  It  is  built  on  sloping  ground 
between  the  river  and  the  high  bluff,  which  is  about  ]^  a 
mile  from  the  shore.  It  contains  a  fine  conrt-Iiouse  built 
of  brown  stone,  3  churches,  1  academy,  1  Union  school,  14 
stores,  2  banks,  1  printing  office,  1  public  library,  1  flour- 
iug-mill,  5  large  warehouses  for  grain,  and  1  lumber-yard. 
Pop.  about  2200. 

WABAUNSEE,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Kansas,  has 
an  area  of  about  SSO  square  miles.  It  is  liounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Kansas  River,  and  drained  by  Mill  Creek,  which 
atlc.rds  water-iKjwer,  and  by  other  creeks.  The  surface  is 
undulating;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  county  contains  a  large 
proi>oition  of  prairie,  and  has  some  timber  growing  near 
the  streams.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  good  limestone 
and  b;indstone,  valuable  for  building.  Capital,  Wabaunsee. 
Pop.  102:3. 

WABAUNSEE,  a  pf«t-village,  capital  of  Wabaunsee  co., 
Kansas,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansjis  River,  about  13 
miles  E.  of  Manhattan.  It  contains  a  stone  church,  a  hotel, 
a  school-house,  &c.    Pop.  about  300. 

WACONDA,  a  post-office  of  Marion  Co.,  Oregon. 

WACO'NIA.  a  poet-village  and  township  of  Carver  co., 
Minnesota.    The  village  is  on  Clearwater  Lake.  11  miles  N. 
2306 


W.  of  the  Minnesota  River  at  Chaska.  It  has  2  churches,  2 
steam  saw-mills, and  1  giist-mill.    Total  population  466. 

WACOOTA,  or  WACOUTA,  a  post-village  of  Goodhue  CO., 
Minnesota,  on  Lake  Pepin,  about  5  miles  below  Red  Wing'. 
It  hius  a  steam  saw-mill. 

WACOUSTA,  a  post-office  of  Humboldt  co.,  Iowa. 

W.\DESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Posey  CO.,  Indiana,  about 
15  miles  N.W.  of  Evansville. 

W.\GNER,  a  post-township  of  Clayton  co.,  Iowa,  about 
30  miles  S.S.W.  of  Lansing.    Pop.  662. 

WAHALAK,  a  post-village  of  Kemper  co  ,  Mississippi,  on 
the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  20  miles  S.  by  E.  of 
Macon. 

WAJAMEGA,  or  WAHJAMEGA,  a  post-village  of  Tus- 
cola  CO.,  Michigan,  on  Ciiss  River,  about  10  miles  N.E.  of 
Vass;ir. 

W.iKARUS.i,  a  post-village  of  Elkhart  co.,  InHana, 
about  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Elkhart. 

WAKEFIELD  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Norfolk  and  Peteiisburg  Railroad,  23  miles  S. 
E.  of  Petersburg. 

WAKOKEE,  or  W.iUKOKEE,  a  post-village  of  Fillmore 
CO.,  Minnesota,  4  or  5  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Preston. 

W.\LCOTT,  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Arkansas,  about 
70  miles  E.N.E.  of  Batesville. 

WALCOTT,  Iowa.     See  Wolcott. 

W.\LCOTT,  a  jiost-village  in  Walcott  township.  Rice  co., 
Minnesota,  on  Straight  River,  about  5  miles  S.  of  Faribault. 
Pop.  of  township,  513. 

WALDENSVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Schoharie  co..  New 
York. 

WALDO,  a  post-village  of  Josephine  co.,  Oregon,  50 miles 
N.E.  of  Crescent  City,  California.  It  has  3  or  more  stores. 
Here  are  copper  mines,  which  are  worked  with  success. 
Pop.  of  Waldo  i)recinct,  266. 

AVALDRON,  a  post-village  of  Scott  CO.,  Ai'kansas,  about 
42  miles  S.S.E.  of  Fort  Smith. 

W.\LES,  a  post-township  of  St.  Clair  co.,  Michigan,  about 
12  miles  W.  of  Port  Huron.     Pop  903. 

WALESBOROUGU,  or  WAILESBoRO',  a  post-village  or 
Bartholomew  Co.,  Indiana,  on  a  railroad  4  miles  S.  of  Col- 
umbus. 

'ft'ALKER,  a  township  of  Jasper  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  135. 

WALKER,  a  township  of  Hancock  Co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  1529. 

WALKER,  a  township  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas.  Pop.  t>J3. 


WAL 


WAS 


•WALKERSVTLLE,  a  post-vniagi.  )f  Shelby  co.,  Missouri, 
about  40  miles  S.W.  of  Ciuiucy,  Illi.,<ji8. 

WALKERTON,  a  post-village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Cincinnati  I'c-ru  and  Chicago  Kailroad,  16  miles  S.E. 
of  Laporte. 

WALIi,  a  township  of  Monmouth  Co.,  New  Jersey,  on  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.    Pop.  2283. 

WALLACE,  a  pi  i.st-townsliip  of  Chester  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
abont  12  miles  N.W.  of  West  Chester.     Pop.  758. 

WALLACE,  a  post-otliee  of  Dodge  CO.,  Nebraska. 

WALLACKVILLE,  a  post-Tillage  of  Venango  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, abuut  15  miles  N.  of  Franklin. 

WALLA  WALLA,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Walla  Walla 
CO.,  Washington  Territory,  situated  in  a  valley  about  150 
miles  E.  by  N.  of  Dalles  City,  Oregon,  and  30  miles  E.  of 
the  Columbia  River.  It  contains  17  general  stores,  5  drug 
stores,  2  book  stores,  3  hotels  and  1  newspaper  office.  The 
adjacent  country  is  fcTtile.  Here  is  a  military  post  allied 
Fort  Walla  Walla.    Pop.  in  1800,  722;  in  1865,  about  1100. 

WALLED  LAKE,  a  i>ost-vilIage  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
about  2H  miles  N  W.  of  Detroit.  Uere  is  a  lake  about  IJ^ 
miles  long  of  the  same  name. 

WALLULA,  a  post-village  of  Walla  Walla  co.,  Washing- 
ton Territory,  on  the  Columbia  Uiver,  about  10  miles  below 
the  nioutli  of  Lewis  River,  and  30  miles  W.  of  Walla  Walla. 
It  has  2  stores. 

WALMORE,  a  post-office  of  Niagara  co..  New  York. 

WALNUT,  a  towushii)  of  Marsliall  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
949. 

WALNUT,  a  post-township  of  Bureau  co.,  IlUuoia,  about 
11  miles  N.N.W.  of  Princeton.    Pop.  799. 

WALNUT,  a  township  of  Appanoose  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  5.30. 

WALNUT,  a  post-towuship  of  Jefferson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1040. 

WALNUT,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  591. 

WALNUT,  a  township  of  Waj'ne  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  347. 

WALNUT,  a  township  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas.  Pop. 
1232. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  a  township  of  Brown  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  666. 

WALNUT  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Contra  Costa  co.,  Cali- 
forni:i,  10  miles  S.  of  Martinez. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Morris  co.,  New 
Jersey,  about  6  miles  W.N.W.  of  Morristown.  It  haa  2 
churclies. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-township  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois, 
about  14  miles  N.E.  of  Galesburg.    Pop.  1120. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  township  of  McDonough  co.,  Illi- 
nois.    Pop.  889. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  a  post-village  of  Sacramento  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Cosumne  River,  32  miles  S.  of  Sacramento. 

W.\LNUT  LAKE,  a  post-township  of  Faribault  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  33  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Maukato.    Pop.  46. 

WALNUT  SPRING,  a  post-office  of  Green  co.,  Wiscoasin, 
about  33  miles  S.W.  of  Madison. 

WALOUPA,  a  village  of  Nevada  co.,  California,  about  7 
miles  E.  of  Nevada. 

WALTIIAM,  a  post-office  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa,  about  13 
miles  E.  of  Toledo. 

WALTON,  a  post-village  of  Cass  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  E;isteru  Railroad,  10  miles  S.E.  of  Lo- 
gansport. 

WALTON,  a  post-office  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas. 

WANAMINGO,  a  post-township  of  Goodhue  co.,  Minne- 
sota, contjiins  the  village  of  Wanamingo.     I'op.  739. 

WANAMINGO,  wau  ua-ming'go,  a  small  post-village  of 
Goodhue  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  North  Fork  of  the  Zumbro 
River,  24  miles  S.W.  of  Red  Wing,  and  20  miles  E.  of  Fari- 
bault. 

WANATAII,  a  post-village  of  Laporte  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  where  it 
is  crossed  by  the  Louisville  New  Albany  and  Chicago.  Rail- 
road, 20  miles  S.  of  Michigan  City, 

WANSIIIP,  a  small  village,  capital  of  Summit  co.,  Utah, 
about  50  miles  E.  of  Salt  Lake  City. 

W.VPATO,  a  post-office  of  Wasliington  co.,  Oregon,  about 
40  miles  N.  of  Salem. 

WAPELLA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Dewitt  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  18  miles  S.  of  Blooming- 
ton,  and  4  or  5  Jniles  N.  of  Clinton.     Pop.  1016. 

VVAPSINONOC,  a  township  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1071. 

WARD,  a  post-township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York,  4 
miles  E.  of  Belmont.    Pop.  877. 

WARO,  a  township  of  Tioga  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  663. 

WARD,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.     Pop.  289. 

WAKDENA,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.,  Iowa. 

WARDS  VILLK,  a  post-village  of  Samson  co..  North  Caro- 
lina, about  44  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Wilmington. 

WAROVILLE  a  village  of  Johnson  co.,  Texas,  about  150 
miles  N.  nf  Au.stin  City. 

WARM  SPRIN«S,'f>rn>«by  co.,  Nevada,  IV  miles  E.  of 
Carson  City.  Uere  is  a  public  house  for  the  reception 
«f  visitors. 

WARNER'S  LANDING,  a  post-Tillage  of  Yernon  co.. 


Wisconsin,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  IS  miles  below 
La  Crosse. 

W.\RREN,  a  village  of  Warren  co.,  Virginia,  near  the 
South  Fork  of  the  Shenandoah  River,  about  2S  miles  S.  of 
Winchester. 

WARREN,  a  Ihriving  post-village  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illi- 
nois, on  the  Central  Railroad,  27  miles  E.N.E.  of  Galena. 
It  is  the  S.  terminus  of  the  Mineral  Point  Railroiul.  It  has 
4  churches,  1  national  bank,  and  1  newspaper  office.  Pop. 
in  1860,  825;  in  1865,  about  1300. 

WARREN,  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  169. 

WARREN,  a  township  of  Keokuk  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  529. 

WARREN,  a  post-village  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa,  about  22  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Keokuk. 

AVARRE-N,  a  township  of  Lucas  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  523. 

WARREN,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co.,  Iowa,  intor- 
sc'cted  by  the  Mi-'isissijipi  and  Mis.souri  Railroad.     Pop.  551. 

WARRKN,  a  post-village  of  Rock  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
10  miles  N.W.  of  Janesvjlle. 

WARREN,  a  post-township  of  Saint  Croix  co.,  Wisconsin^ 
about  8  miles  E.  of  Hudson.    Pop.  80. 

WARREN,  a  township  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Waushara  co., 
Wi:-consin.    Pop.  424. 

WARREN,  a  post-villago'in  Warren  township,  Winona  co., 
Minuesotii,  about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Winona. 

WARREN,  or  WARRENS  DIGGINGS,  a  mining  camp 
of  Idaho  or  Boisee  CO.,  Idaho,  about  65  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Idaho  City. 

WARREXIIAM,  a  post-vilhvge  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Owego,  New  York. 

WARRENSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Lycoming  co^  Penn- 
sylvania, about  7  miles  N.N.E.  of  Williamsport. 

WARSA^V,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Pennsylvaniii, 
about  10  miles  E.N.E.  of  Brookville. 

WARSAW,  a  post-villagi;  of  Coshocton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Walhouding  River,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Zanesville.  Pop. 
184. 

WARS.\W,  a  village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan,  on  Wolf 
Cre.ek,  about  5  miles  W.N.W.  of  Adrian. 

WARSAW,  a  village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana,  about  17 
miles  S.W.  of  South  Bend. 

WARSAW,  a  township  of  Goodhue  co.,  5Iinnesota.  Pop. 
286. 

WARSAW,  a  post-village  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Can- 
non River,  al>out  9  miles  W.S.W.  of  Faribault. 

WASATCH,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Utah, bordering 
on  Colorado.  Area  estimated  at  0460  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  Green  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Uintih 
and  White  Rivers.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is  moun- 
tainous.   Capitiil,  Heber  City. 

WASCATA,  or  WASEATA,  a  village  of  Otter  Tail  co., 
Minnesota,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  about  33  miles 
W.S.W.  of  Otter  Tail  City. 

WASCO,  a  large  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Oregon,  border- 
ing on  W.ishingtou.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Co- 
lumbia River,  and  also  drained  by  the  John  Day,  and  Des 
Chutes  or  Fall  River.  The  surface  in  some  parts  is  moun- 
tainous. It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Cascade  Range, 
which  at  Mount  Hood,  on  the  Itorder  of  this  county,  rises 
to  the  height  of  14,000  feet.  The  soil  is  generally  unpro- 
ductive.    Capital,  Dalles  City.    Pop.  1089. 

WASECA,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minnesota,  contains 
432  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Le  Sueur  River. 
The  surface  is  undulating  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  this  county  contains  about  300  square  miles  of 
prairie  land.  The  Winona  and  St.  Peter  Railroad,  when 
finished,  will  pass  through  this  county.  Capital,  Wilton. 
Pop.  2601. 

WASHBURN,  a  post-village  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  16  miles  E.  of  Lanciister.  and  7  miles  N.  of  Platteville. 

WASHINGTuN,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Oregon, 
has  an  area  estimated  at  800  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by 
the  Tualatin  River  anil  Dairy  Creek.  The  surface  is  diver- 
sified by  mouufciins,  valleys  and  plains.  The  Coast  Range 
of  mountains  extends  along  the  N.W.  border.  The  soil  of 
the  valleys  and  plains  is  very  productive.  It  is  stated  that 
this  county  produced,  in  1864,  400,000  bushels  of  wheat.  ' 
Dense  forests  of  good  timber  grow  on  the  mountains.  Cap- 
ital, Hillsboro'.     Pop.  2801,  of  whom  21  were  Indians. 

WASHINGTON,  a  county  in  the  K.  part  of  Nebraska, 
bordering  on  Iowa,  has  an  area  estimated  at  350  square 
miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Missouri  River,  and 
also  drained  by  the  Papillon  River  and  Fish  Creek.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  Hard  timber 
is  produced  on  the  margins  of  the  streams.  This  county 
contains  large  quantities  of  sandstone.    Pop.  1249. 

WASHINGTON  (City)  [continued  from  page  2077]. 
war  the  population  has  not  been  less  than  150,000,  and  tin  re 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  permanent  residents  will  so^n 
amount  to  that  number,  as  it  is  becoming  a  favorite  place 
for  the  winter  residence  of  wealthy  citizens. 

Jffiiels. — In  a  city  thronged  as  Wasliington  is  with  visitors 
and  a  floating  population,  hotels  and  boarding-houses  must 
be  numerous,  and  the  inducements  are  to  make  thenx  of  tho 
first  class;  but  heretofore  they  have  not  equalled  those  ia 

2307 


WAS 

other  citiis  Willard's  is  the  largest.  The  Metropolitan  is 
a  fine  wnite  marble  structure.  The  National,  Gudsby's,  the 
United  States,  Potomac,  Irving,  Kirkwood,  and  Clarendon 
Hotels,  all  of  which  are  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue.  The 
Ebbitt  House  on  F  Street. 

lliit'/n/. — The  site  for  ihe  capitiil  was  selected  at  the  ori- 
ginal suggestion  of  President  Washinj,'ton,  but  not  without 
great  opposition.  The  debates  in  Congress  at  the  sessions 
of  1789-90  involved  the  whole  suliject  of  the  principles  upon 
which  a  seat  of  government  sliould  be  selected  for  a  nation. 
An  interesting  review  of  them  may  be  found  in  Varnum's 
address  before  the  New  York  Hi.storical  Society,  on  the  seat 
of  government  of  the  United  States;  also  in  the  Washing- 
ton Sketch  Book,  publislied  by  JIahan  &  Kbbs,  New  York. 
"What  made  the  discussion  especially  bitter  and  exciting 
was  the  fact  that  a  measure  was  at  tlio  same  time  pending 
for  the  assumjition  by  the  government  of  tlio  state  debts, 
and  it  was  finally  settled  by  a  compromise,  the  South  voting 
for  assumption,  the  Nortli  for  the  Potomac.  The  act  was 
passed  July,  1790,  and  in  1800  the  government  was  removed 
hither.  The  census  of  1800  gave  the  p<jpulation  at  3210, 
which  had  increased  to  8208  in  1810.  In  18U  the  city  WiXs 
taken  by  the  British,  when  the  Capitol,  President's  House, 
and  the  library  of  Congress  were  either  wholly  destroyed 
or  gresitly  injured  by  fire,  and  other  public  works  defaced. 
In  1820  the  iiopulation  was  13,247 ;  18,827  in  1830 ;  and  23,361 
in  1840.  Until  the  invention  of  the  telegraph,  doubt  was 
entertained  whethei-  the  government  would  continue  here, 
but  no  question  about  remov;il  lias  since  been  entertained. 
The  city  was  greatly  retarded  in  growth  also  by  an  enor- 
mous debt,  contracted  for  the  canal  for  connecting  the 
waters  of  the  Ohio  Kiver  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  debt 
was  assumed  by  Congress. 

Gfuvrnment. — The  city  has  a  mayor  and  common  council 
elected  by  the  people;  but  the  iuliabitants  have  no  other 
elective  franchise,  a  provision  adopted  in  order  to  prevent 
its  being  the  subject  of  periodical  election  excitements,  and 
make  it  a  more  agreeable  meeting  ground  for  all  political 
parties. 

Tlie  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  is  now  only  completed 
to  Cumberland,  in  Maryland,  beyond  which  it  will  never  be 
extended.  Its  principal  termini  are  at  Georgetown  and 
Alexandria,  and  a  large  amount  of  coal  and  flour  are  trans- 
ported to  those  points  to  be  shipped  north.  But  the  work 
hits  cost  80  mtich  as  to  render  the  prospect  of  its  ever  pay- 
ing any  interest  e.xceedingly  distant.  Washington,  which 
expended  the  largest  proportional  amount,  has  thus  far 
derived  no  benefit  whatever. 

Libraries  and  Educational  InsHfiitinns. — The  National 
Academy  of  Science,  incorporated  by  Congress,  is  composed 
of  50  members,  from  those  in  all  parts  of  the  country  most 
distinguished  in  their  respective  specialties.  To  this  is  re- 
ferred most  of  the  seientifio  questions  arising  in  the  depart- 
ments. It  nxeets  here,  at  the  Capitol,  annually.  Peter 
Force,  Esq..  has  a  private  library  of  50,000  volume-;;  a  rare, 
if  not  the  only,  instance  of  so  large  a  iirivate  collection  of 
books  in  our  country.  Mr.  Corcoran,  the  wealthy  banker, 
has  a  fine  gallery  of  paintings,  which  is  open  to  the  public 
on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays.  Ho  has  foun<led  an  extensive  in- 
stitution for  the  promotion  of  art,  for  which  a  costly  edifice 
has  l>een  erected  by  him  at  the  comer  of  Pennsylvania 
Avenue  and  Seventeenth  Street.  The  war  suspended  the 
woik;  but  it  is  presumed  he  will  now  complete  his  design. 
The  National  Medical  College,  estiiblislied  in  1823,  is  a  flour- 
ishing Institution,  with  a  liiculty  of  7  professors.  The  Co- 
lumbia College  is  located  on  high  ground,  just  without  the 
city  limits,  and  directly  N.  of  the  President's  House,  com- 
manding a  magnificent  view  of  the  city,  the  Potomac,  and 
the  surrounding  country.  This  college  was  incorporated 
ill  1821,  and  had  in  1S50  for  its  faculty,  besides  the  presi- 
dent, 12  professors  and  tutor.s,  and  100  students  on  ils  lists. 
Tliere  were  in  1805,  public  scliools  in  every  ward,  and  a  large 
number  of  academies. 

C/mrc/i«s.— There  were,  in  1865,  about  40  churches  in 


ored  churelies, 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Mercer  co..  New  Jersev 
Pop.  1279.  ,  •'■ 

VVASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Armstrong  co.i  Fennsvl- 
Tania.    Pop.  9S8.  "       '  ■' 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Lawrence  co..  Ponnsvl- 
vania.    Pop.  562.  ■' 

WASHINGTON,  a    township   of  Northumberland   co.. 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  870.  * 

Tanl^^  Pop.Tm'  "  '"^''^^'P  °f  Schuylkill  co.,  Pennsyl- 

ledotr!  1  u^'?'^'?^'^»*7^"^^''<.°^  "^"•■y  ""■'  O'"".  on  the  To- 
ledo anil  \\ abash  Railroad,  26  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo 

p- 1  l!f }  vl'^^v^i'' "  '<^"""<'"P  *>*■  Highland  CO.,  Ohio."  P.  906. 
y,  AMIINGION,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Ohio,  about  8 
miles  h.  of  Lebanon.     Pop.  1410. 

Po^  le"^"'^^''^^^'  *  *"'^"'''»'P  Of  Gratiot  co.,  Michigan. 

2308 


WAS 

WASIIINaTOJI,  a  township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Ml.ihigun 
Pop.  173. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Booua  co.,  Indiana.  Pop 
1.306. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Dcaiborn  co.,  Indiana 
Pop.  thiO. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Uan-ison  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Ohio  Kiver.     Pop.  1008. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Knox  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
1411. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Newton  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
536. 

WASHINGTO.V,  a  township  of  Whitley  co.,  Indiana.  Pop 
974. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
488. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  in  Washington  township, 
Tazewell  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Peoria  and  Logansport  Uail- 
road,  13  miles  E.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  of  township,  1578. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  lUinoia.  Pop. 
578. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Adair  co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  263. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Adams  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  257. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Appanoose  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
821. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Black  Hawk  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  358. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Bremer  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
1090. 

AVASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
601. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
192. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Clarke  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  373. 

'\\'ASUINGTON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
560. 

WASHINGTON,  a  townsliip  of  Dallas  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  168. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
879. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Fraukliu  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
185. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
492. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
857. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
649. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  1C48 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Keokuk  CO.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
903. 

WASinNGTON,  a  township  of  Lee  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  1146. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Linn  Co.,  Iowa.     Pop.^09. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Lucas  CO.,  Iowa.   Pop.  254. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
815. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Montgomery  co.,  lowa. 
Pop.  210. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Page  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  200. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Poweshiek  co^,  Iowa.  Pop. 
356. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Ringgold  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
614. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Taylor  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  356. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Van  Bureu  co.,  lowa.  Pop. 
1196. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Wapello  co.,  Iowa.  Pop, 
1301. 

1VASHINGT0N,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa.    Pop. 

184;. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Wayne  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.440 

WASHINGTON,  a  towuslup  of  A\  ebster  co.,  Iowa.  .Pop. 
311. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Winneshiek  co.,  Iowa. 
Pop.  1125. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Washington  co., 
Iowa,  is  situated  in  a  prairie  40  miles  W.S.W.  of  Muscatine, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  brancli  of  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  Railroad.    It  contains  9  churches,  1  academy, 

I  or  2  newspaper  offices,  1  bank,  2  book  stores,  1  steam-mill, 
a  niachine-shop,anil  several  manufactories.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  rich  agricultural  district.  The  census  of  1860  states 
the  population  at  2755,  wliich  probably  included  a  township 
of  the  same  name.     Pop.  of  tlie  town  in  ls65,  about  3000. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Door  co.,  ^Msconsin,  is  an 
island  between  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Micliigau.     Pop.  632. 

WASHINGTON,  a  township  In  the  W.  part  of  Sauk  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  708. 

AVASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Anderson  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  235. 

\VASHINGTON,  a  township  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas. 
Pop.  1083. 

VVASHINGTON,  a  village  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas,  about 

II  miles  E.S.E.  of  Topeka. 

WASHINGTON,  a  village  of  Chisago  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
40  mUes  N.  by  E.  of  Saint  PauL 


WAS 


"WAU 


TTASnrXOTON',  a  post-village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnc- 
lota,  abonf  20  miles  S.  liy  E.  of  Rochester. 

WASHINGTON,  a  small  township  of  Le  Sueur  co.,  Min- 
nesota.   Pop.  193. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Washington  co., 
Kansas.     I'cip.  820. 

WASHI\(tTON.  a  post-village  and  township  of  Nevada 
CO.,  Ciiliruniia,  aliout  22  milas  K.N.E.  of  Nevada.  Total 
population  in  1800,  4'-0;  population  of  the  village  in  1863, 
about  2.50. 

WASHINGTON,  a  village  and  township  of  Yolo  co.,  Cali- 
fornia. The  village  is  on  the  Sacramento  River,  about  2 
miles  below  Saeriimento.    Total  jiopulation  728. 

WASHING  ION,  a  mining  village  of  Idaho,  on  Rock 
Creek,  aliont  8,5  miliis  N.  bv  E.  of  Id.aho  City. 

WASHINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Washington  Co.,  Utah, 
6  miles  N.K.  of  Saint  George.     Pop.  196. 

WA.S1IIN(;  TON  LAKE,  a  township  of  Sibley  co.,  Minne- 
sota.    Pop.  .398. 

W.^SHOK,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Nevada,  bordering 
on  California,  h.os  an  area  of  about  12.50  square  miles.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Trnckee  River,  which  also  forms  part  of 
the  E.  boundary,  and  it  is  partly  liounded  on  the  N.  by 
Pyramid  Lake.  The  surface  is  occnjned  by  the  Washoo 
Range  of  the  great  Sierra  Nevada,  and  by  a  number  of  val- 
leys, among  which  are  AVashoe,  Steand)ont  and  TrucUoe 
Valleji!,  the  soil  of  wliich  is  said  to  be  fertile.  Extensive 
forests  of  vjiliiablo  timber  grow  on  the  E.  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada.  TIjo  inhabitants  are  mostly  engaged  in  working 
mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and  sawing  lumber.  Deposits  of 
copper,  lead  and  iron  have  been  found  in  this  county.  The 
name  of  W'aslioe  was  derived  from  a  tribe  of  aborigines  who 
lived  in  tins  vicinity.    Capital,  Washoe  City. 

WASHOE  CITY,  a  thriving  post-village,  capital  of  Washoe 
CO.,  Nevada,  is  situated  in  a  valley  near  the  E.  base  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  14  miles  N.N.W.  of  Carson  City. 
It  contained,  in  1864,  about  7  general  stores,  3  hardware 
stores,  1  book  store,  1  newspaper  office,  and  1  steam  saw- 
mill.   Pop.  in  1864  estimated  at  700. 

WASHOUGAL,  a  post-village  of  Clarke  co.,  Washington 
TcriTtorv,  20  miles  E.  of  A'^anconver. 

WASIOJ.\,  a  post-township  of  IJodgo  co.,  Minnesota,  con- 
tains the  village  of  Wasioja.     Pop.  480. 

WASIOJA,  a  post-village  of  Dodge  co.,  Minnesota,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Zumbro  River,  and  on  the  Winona  and  St. 
Peter  Railroiul,  alxmt  21  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Rochester. 
Here  is  an  institution  called  the  "Northwestern  College." 

WASONA,  a  village  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  on  Root 
River,  aliont  25  miles  S.W.  of  Winona. 

W.'VSTEDO,  a  post-village  of  Goodhue  Co.,  Jlinnesota, 
about  22  miles  E.N.E.  of  Faribault. 

W'ATAGA,  a  post-village  of  Knox  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Clii- 
cago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  8  miles  N.E.  of  Gales- 
burg. 

AVATERRURY,  a  village  of  Perry  co.,  Indiana,  about  5 
miles  N.W.  of  the  Ohio  River  at  Rome. 

AVATERKORl),  a  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigixn, 
situated  on  a  small  lake  .about  5  miles  N.N.AV.  of  Pontiac, 
and  1  mile  N.E.  of  the  Detroit  and  Mihv.'iukeo  Railroad. 

AVATERFOUD,  a  village  of  AVayne  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
AV.  Blanch  of  Rouge  River,  about  25  miles  AV.N.AV.  of  De- 
troit.    It  has  1  or  2  mills. 

AVATERFORD,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
580. 

AV.VTERFOllD.  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  about 
33  miles  S.  of  Dubuque. 

AV  ATERFOKD,  a  post-township  of  Racine  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
contains  the  village  of  AA'aterford.  [See  page  2081.]  Pop. 
14.50. 

AVATERFORD,  a  post-village  and  small  township  of  Da- 
kota CO.,  Minnesota,  on  or  near  the  Central  Railroad,  and 
on  the  Cannon  River,  about  16  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Faribault. 
Pop.  263. 

AVATERLOO,  a  post-office  of  Sussex  co..  New  Jersey, 
and  a  station  on  the  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad,  24  miles 
AV'.N.W.  of  Morristown. 

AVATERLOO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Jackson 
CO..  Alichigiin.  The  village  is  on  Portage  Creek,  about  17 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Jackson.  It  has  1  or  2  mills.  Total  popu- 
lation, 1401. 

AVATERLOO,  a  township  of  Tuscola  CO.,  Michigan.  Pop.  36. 

WATERLOO,  a  post-village  of  De  Kalb  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  about  6  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Auburn.     The  name  of  the  post-office  is  AA'aterloo  City. 

AA'ATERLOO,  a  township  of  Allomakee  co  ,  Iowa.  Pop. 
406. 

AVATERLOO,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Black  Hawk  CO., 
Iowa,  on  the  Red  Cedar  River,  and  on  the  Dubuque  and 
Sioux  City  Railroad,  93  miles  AV.  of  Dubuque,  and  7  miles 
E.S.E.  of  Cedar  Falls.  It  contains  several  churches  and  1 
national  bank.     Pop.  in  1860,  1205. 

AVATERLOO,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Lyon  co., 
Kansas,  about  16  miles  N.N.E.  of  Emporia.     Pop.  366. 

AVATERMAN,  a  post-viUage  of  Parke  CO.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Wabash  River  and  Canal,  about  15  miles  S.  of  Covington. 


W.^TERTOWN,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Tuscola  c«, 
Michigan.     Pop.  207. 

AVATERTOA\'N,  a  post-office  of  Floyd  co.,  Iowa,  on  Cedar 
River,  about  11  miles  above  Charles  Citj'. 

AVATERTOAVN,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Grant  conn 
ty,  AVisconsin,  on  the  AVisconsin  River.     Pop.  723. 

AVATERTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Carver  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  S.  Fork  of  Crow  River,  about  32  miles  AV.  of  Minne- 
apolis.   Pop.  of  AA'atertown  township,  437. 

AVATKlt'i'oAVN,  a  mining-village  of  Lander  CO.,  Nevada 
12  miles  S.  of  Austin. 

AVATERVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Le  Sueur 
CO.,  Minnesota,  on  C.innon  River,  which  here  expands  to 
form  2  lakes  (Saka'tah  and  Teton'ka\  lietween  whicii  is  a 
valuable  water-power.  The  village  is  17  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Faribault.     Pop.  484. 

AVATERVLIE'I',  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan, 
on  both  siiles  of  the  I'aw  Paw  River,  about  3  miles  E.  of 
Lake  Miclngan.     Pop.  1016. 

AVATHENA,  a  post-village  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas,  near 
the  Mis.souri  River.  5  or  6  miles  AV.  of  Saint  Joseph,  Mi.ssouri. 

AVATKINS,  or  JEPFERSON,  a  post-village  ot  Schuyler 
CO.,  New  York,  is  situated  at  the  head  or  S.  end  of  Senecf. 
Lake,  and  on  the  Canandaigua  an.-!  Elmira  (branch  of  the 
Erie)  Railroad,  21  miles  N.  of  Elmira.  The  name  of  the 
post-office  is  AN'atkins.  and  that  of  the  railroad  station  is  Ji:f- 
ferson.  It  contains  5  churches,  1  academy,  2  newspapei 
offices  and  2  national  banks.  Steamboats  ply  between 
AVatkins  and  Geneva,  and  a  large  quantity  of  coal  is  shipped 
here.     Pop.  about  3(X)0. 

AVAT'ONAVAN,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Minnesota, 
has  an  area  of  432  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by'tlio 
Watonwan  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Porcli  River.  The 
surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level.  The  census  of  ISOO 
furnishes  no  report  respecting  this  county. 

AVATONAVAN,  a  post-township  of  Blue  Earth  CO.,  Minne- 
sota, on  both  sides  of  the  A\atonwan  River,  about  10  miles 
S.W.  of  Mankato.     Pop.  393. 

AVATOl'A,  or  WATONA,  a  village  and  township  of  AVa- 
basha  co.,  Minnesota.  The  village  is  about  3  miles  AV.  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  13  miles  S.S.E.  of  AVabasha. 

WATROUSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Tuscola  co.,  Michi- 
gan, about  35  miles  N.  bv  E.  of  Flint. 

AVATSOWILLK,  a  post-village  of  Santa  Cruz  co,  Cali- 
fornia, on  till'  Pajaro  River,  2  or  3  miles  from  the  ocean, 
and  about  40  miles  S,  of  San  Jose,  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile 
valley  and  has  an  active  trade.  It  contained,  in  1864,  9  or 
10  general  stores,  1  drug  store  and  1  book  store.  One  iiews- 
pajier  is  published  here,     I'op.  about  1100. 

AVATTSVII,LE.  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Ohio,  8  or  9 
miles  E  of  Carrollton. 

AVAUBECK,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co,,  Iowa, on  the  AA'ap- 
sipiniron  River,  about  11  miles  N.E.  of  Marion. 

AVAUBKCK,  a  post-township  of  Pepin  Co.,  Wisconsin, 
about  12  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Pepin.     Pop.  359. 

WAIJBONSKE,  Kansas.     See  AVabaunsee. 

MAUCEDA,  a  village  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the 
Lemonweir  River,  7  or-8  miles  E.  of  Mauston. 

AVAUCOMA,  or  AVAUCONA,  a  post-office  of  Fayette  co.j 
Iowa,  about  22  miles  S.AA'.  of  Decorah. 

AVAUCONDA,  a  post-township  of  Lake  CO.,  Illinois,  about 
42  miles  N.W.  of  Ctiicairo.     Pop.  1045. 

AVAUHOO.  or  WAUIIOE,  a  post-office  of  Vigo  CO.,  Indi- 
ana, abovit  10  miles  E.  of  Terre  Haute. 

AVAUKECHON,  a  township  of  Shawana  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  86. 

AVAUKOKKE,  Minnesota.    See  Wakokee. 

AVAUKON,  or  AVAWKON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Allo- 
makee CO.,  Iowa,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  rich  farming 
district,  18  miles  from  the  >Iississippi  River,  at  Lansing, 
and  about  18  miles  E.  of  Decorah.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, about  10  stores  and  an  institution  called  Allomakee 
College.     Pop.  about  1000. 

WAUM.\N'D.\,  a  post-township  of  Buffalo  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
about  8  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Alma.     Pop.  467. 

WAUPACA,  or  AVAUPAC'CA,  a  county  in  the  N.E.  cen- 
tral part  of  AA'isconsin,  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Wolf,  Little  AVolf  and  AVaupaca  Rivers, 
and  contains  several  small  lakes.  The  surface  is  uneven  ; 
the  soil  is  very  productive.  A  large  part  of  the  county  ia 
occupied  by  forest.  AVolf  River  is  navigiible  by  steamboats. 
Capital,  Waupaca.    Pop.  8851. 

WAUPACA,  a  township  of  Waupaca  co.,  AVisconsin,  con- 
tains the  village  of  the  same  name.    Pop.  in  1860,  532. 

AVAUPACA,  or  AVAUPACOA,  a  post-village,  capital  of 
Waupaca  co.,  AVisconsin,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  50  miles  in  a  direct  line  N.N.AA\  of  Fond  du  Lac. 
It  c<intains  several  clmrches,  &c.     Pop.  in  1860,  about  1500. 

AVAUPATON,  a  jtost-village  of  Dubuque  Co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  20  miles  above  Dubuqife. 

AVAUSEON,  a  post-village  of  Fulton  Co.,  Ohio,  on  the  To- 
ledo and  Chicago  Railroad,  32  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Toledo. 

AVAUSHARA,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  AVisconsin, 
has  an  .area  of  648  square  nnles.  It  is  drained  by  Pine  and 
Mecan  Rivers,  and  AVillow  Creek.    The  surface  is  somewhat 

230& 


WAU 

aivcrsifioT;  thesoilisprodiictiYe.  Organized  in  1852.  Capi- 
tal, Wantomii.     Pop  8770.  ^,     r 

WAUXO'MA,  a  post-village  nnd  to\\Tiship,  capital  of 
Wausliaia  co.,  Wiscousin,  about  50  miled  U-N-W.  of  Fond 
du  Lac,  and  75  miliss  N.  of  Madison.  It  contains  a  court- 
house, sevi-ral  cburclits,  1  newspaper  otlice,  i  dry-good 
stores,  1  mill,  &c.    Pop.  in  ISCO,  718. 

W.\UZEKA,  a  township  of  Crawford  co.,  'Wisconsin.  Its 
K.  border  is  contiguous  to  the  vilhige  of  Wuiueka.  Coi)per 
is  found  in  the  vicinity.    Pop.  677. 

W.\L'ZE'KA,  a  post-village  of  Ci-awford- CO.,  Wisconsin, 
on  tiie  right  (S.)  bank  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Ivickiipoo.  and  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Chieu 
Railroad,  17  miles  E.  of  Prairie  du  Chicu.  It  contains 
sevf-ral  stores  and  1  steam  saw-mill.    Pop.  about  450. 

WA  Vi:i.A.\0,  a  post-offi.e  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas. 

WAVKKhV,  or  W'AVKliLY  STATION,  a  post-village  of 
«ussex  co.,Virginia,  on  the  Norfolk  and  Petersburg  Railroad, 
il  miles  S.E.  of  Petersburg. 

WA'\  KFJjY,  a  post-viUage  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi,  on 
thi-  Tonibiitbce  River,  about  9  miles  above  Columbus. 

WAVJiliLY,  a  post-village  of  Walker  co.,  Texas,  about 
IS  miles  S.E.  of  Uuntsville. 

WAVEKLY,  C;iss  co.,  Indiana.    See  New  Waterlt. 

"WAVERLY,  a  jiost-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  West  Fork  of  the  AVhite  River,  about  18  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Indianapolis. 

WAVERLY,  a  vilhige  of  Henry  co.,  Missouri,  50  niQes  in 
a  direct  line  S.  of  Lexington. 

"WAVERLY,  a  flourishing  post-village,  capital  of  Bremer 
CO.,  Iowa,  nituated  on  the  Red  Cidiir  River,  15  mile*  N.  of 
Ced;u-  F:dl.i,  and  115  miles  W.  N.W.  of  Dubuque.  It  has  a 
biidge  across  the  river,  and  contains  2  churches,  1  bank,  1 
newspaper  oflice,  15  stores,  and  2  saw-mills.  It  is  on  the  route 
of  the  Cedar  Falls  and  Minnesota  lUiilroad.  Pop.  reported 
to  be  iOOO. 

WAVERLY,  a  post-township  of  Martin  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  39. 

WAVERLY,  a  village  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota,  about  40 
miles  W.  of  St.  Anthony. 

WA\'  ERLY,  a  past-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Kebraska,  about  20 
miles  W.  N.W.  of  NeUra.ska  City. 

^VAAVAKA,  a  post-village  of  Noble  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Toledo  and  Chicago  R;iilroad,20  miles  E.S.E.  of  Goshen. 

WAWKON,  Iowa.     See  W.\lkox. 

WAWPECONG,  a  post-village  of  Miami  CO.,  Indiana,  about 
14  miles  S.  of  Peru. 

WAYA WANDA,  or  WAWAYAXDA,  a  township  of  Or- 
ange CO.,  New  Y'ork,  5  miles  W.  of  Goshen.    Pop.  2uS5. 

WAYLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  xiUegan  CO., 
Michigan,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Grand  lUipids.    Pop.  917. 

■WAYLAND,  a  post-village  of  Winona  CO.,  Miunesota, 
about  6  miles  S.S.W.  of  Wiiioua. 

WAVNE,  a  township  of  Passaic  co..  New  Jersey.  Pop. 
1.3.5:5. 

W.\YNE,  a  post-village  of  Phillips  co.,  Arkansas,  on  the 
St.  I'rancis  River,  about  100  miles  E.  of  Little  Rock. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Noble  co.,.Ohio.    Pop.  1011. 

WAYNE,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Central  Riiiiroad,  and  on  the  South  Branch  of  the  Rouge 
River,  17  nJles  W.  by  S.  of  Detroit. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Huntington  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
600. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Stark  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  267. 

WAYNE,  a  township  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Wabash  River.     Pop.  lt'.57. 

WAYNE,  a  post-township  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois,  and  a 
etatiun.on  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Railroad,  35  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1028. 

WAYNE,  a  postrtownship  of  llenry  co.,  Iowa,  about  35 
miles  S.W.  of  Muscatine.    Pop.  7S9. 


WA YNIi,  a  township  of  Doniphan  co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  1262. 

WAYNlCSBOKOUGH,apo8t-village  of  Wayne  Co.,  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  83  miles  N.N.W.  of 
Mobile. 

WAYNESBCRG,  a  village  of  Chester  co..  Pennsylvania, 
62  miles  by  railroad  W.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  the 
northwestern  ternnnus  of  a  railroad,  18  miles  long,  which 
tdiincits  witli  thp  Central  Railroad  at  Downingtown. 

WAYNESBURG,  a  village  of  Crawford  Co.,  Ohio,  about 
\.i  mil.  »  N.  by  W.  of  Crestline.    Pop.  55. 

WAYNESBURG,  a  post-village  of  Decatur  CO.,  Indiana. 
)«i)out  40  miles  N.N.W.  of  Madison. 

WAYNESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Bartholomew  co.,  In- 
Oiana.  on  a  railroad  5  miles  S.  of  Columbus. 

WAV.NESVII.LE,  a  post-township  of  Dewitt  CO.,  Illlnoia 
about  16  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Bloomiugton.  Pop.  872.  It 
•x)ntHin8  the  village  of  Waynesville.    See  page  2086. 

WEA,  a  township  of  Tippecanoe  co.,  Indiana,  about  3 
miles  S.  of  liJifayette.     Pop.  1120. 

WEA,  a  township  of  Miami  Co.,  Kansas.    Pop.  272. 


AVEH 

WEARE,  a  township  of  Oceana  co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  105. 

WEATIIERF'ORD,  a  poat-village,  capital  of  Parker  to, 
Texas,  about  ISO  miles  N.  of  Austin  City,  and  11  miles  NJi. 
of  the  Brazos  River. 

WEAVERVILLK,  a  niiniug  village  of  Yavapai  co.,  Ari- 
zona, 40  or  50  miles  S.  of  Prescott. 

WE.\yEUVILLI-;,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Trinity  co., 
California,  is  situated  in  a  mountainous  region,  about  3 
miles  N.  of  Trinity  River,  and  It^O  miles  in  a  direct  line 
N.N.W.  of  Sacramento.  It  contains  several  churches,  1 
banking  office,  1  iK-wspapcr  oflice,  &.c.  It  has  gold  mines 
which  are  worked  with  .success.  Pop.  in  1S60, 777 ;  in  1S65. 
about  1.500.  ^ 

A\  EBBERYILLE,  a  post-village  of  Travis  co.,  Texas,  on 
the  Colonido  River,  about  15  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Austin  City. 

WEBER  CITY,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Morgan  co, 
Utah,  on  or  near  the  W  eber  River,  28  miles  N.E.  of  Salt 
Lake  City. 

WEBEliVILLE,  a  village  of  El  Dorado  co.,  California,  4 
or  5  miles  S.E.  of  Placerville. 

WEBSTER,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  West 
Virginia,  has  an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  the  Elk  River,  and  its  branehes,  and  the  Gauley 
River.  The  surface  is  hiliy,  and  mostly  covered  with  forests. 
Pop.  1.555. 

AVEBSTER.  a  county  in  the  W.  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has 
an  area  of  about  300  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Kicafoonee  River.  The  surface  is  nearly  level;  the  soil  ia 
fertile.    Capital,  Preston.    Pop.  6030. 

AVEBSTEK,  a  county  in  the  W.  part  of  Kentucky,  lias  an 
area  estimated  at  280  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.E.  by  Green  lUver,  and  also  drained  by  .Deer  Creek.  The 
surface  is  diversified ;  the  soil  is  mostly  productive.  Capital, 
Dixon.     Pop.  7533,  of  whom  10S3  were  slaves. 

AVEBSTER,  a  new  county  in  the  S.AV.  part  of  Missouri, 
hiis  an  iu-ea  of  about  650  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Niangua,  the  Osttge  Fork  of  the  Gasconade  River,  and  the 
James  Fork  of  AA'hite  River,  all  of  which  rise  within  its 
limits.  The  surface  ii- broken  with  hills  and  valhys;  the 
soil  of  the  latter  is  fertile.  It  is  well  wooded  with  the  pine, 
oak,  hickory,  maple,  &r..  Lead  and  iron  are  found  in  this 
county.  Indian  corn  and  stock  are  the  staple  productions. 
It  is  traversed  liy  the  route  of  the  Southwest  Branch  of  the 
Pacific  Jlailroad.    Capital,  Marshfleld.    Pop.  7oyy. 

WEBSTER,  a  county  in  the  N.AA'.  central  part  of  Iowa, 
has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Des  Moines  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Lizard  River. 
The  surface  is  undulating  or  nearly  level ;  the  soil  is  deep 
and  fertile.  AVheat,  Indian  corn,  and  stock  ai-e  the  staple 
productions.  The  rocks  which  underlie  this  county  are 
limestone  and  sandstone.  Cannel  coal,  bituminous  coal, 
and  gypsum  are  abundant  near  Fort  Dodge,  the  county- 
seat.  This  county  is  traversed  by  the  route  of  the  Dubuque 
and  Pacific  Railroad.     Pop.  2504. 

AVEBSTEK,  a  post-village  of  Taylor  CO.,  West  A'irginia,  on 
the  Northwestern  Railroad  4  miles  S.AV.  of  Grittton. 

AVEDSTER,  a  post- village,  capit;tl  of  Jackson  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  Tuckaseege  River,  about  60  miles  W.S.AV. 
of  Ashville. 

AVEBSTER,  a  post-office  of  Winston  co.,  Mississippi,  about 
44  miles  S.AV.  of  Columbus. 

AVEBSTER,  a  post-village  of  Darke  Co.,  Ohio,  about  37 
miles  N.N.AV.  of  Dayton. 

AVEBSTER,  a  township  of  Harrison  co.,  Indiana.  Pop. 
960. 

AV1';BSTER,  a  village  of  Kosciusko  co.,  Indiana,  about  11 
miles  N  .E.  of  AVarsaw. 

AVEBSTER,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois,  about 
10  miles  N.E.  of  Carthage. 

AVEBSTER,  a  post-village  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri,  about 

9  miles  S.  of  Alton,  the  county-seat. 

WEBSTER,  a  post-office  of  -Keokuk  Co.,  Iowa,  about  30 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Oskaloosa. 

AVEBSTER,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  23a 

WEBSl'Eli,  a  township  in  the  E.  central  part  of  A'ernoa 
CO.,  AA"isconsin.    Pop.  440. 

AVEBSTER,  a  vilhige  of  Pottawattomie  CO.,  Kansas,  on 
the  Kansas  River,  opposite  AVabaunsee. 

AVEBSTER.  a  township  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota.    Pop.  210. 

AVEBSTER  CITY,  a  post-village  capital  of  Hamilton  co, 
low  a,  situated  on  the  AV.  bank  of  the  Boone  River,  60  miles 
in  a  direct  line  N.  of  Des  Moines,  and  on  the  Dubuque  and 
Sioux  City  Railroad,  about  180  miles  AV.  of  Diibuque.  It 
contains  3  churches,  1  newspaper  office,  a  fine  school-house, 

10  stores,  and  1  steam  grist-mill.     Pop.  in  IfcCO,  300;  in 
1865,  about  700. 

AVEEPING  AVATEB,  a  creek  of  Nebra..jka,  rises  in  the 
AV.  part  of  Cass  Co.,  flows  iietu-ly  eastward  and  enters  the 
Missouri  at  tlie  S.E.  extremity  of  that  county.  It  is  a 
rapid  stream  flowing  over  a  rocky  bed;  and  afibrds  exten- 
sive water-power. 

AVEESAW,  a  post-township  of  Berrien  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  AV.  of  Niles,  contains  the  village  of  Troy. 
Pop.  755. 

AVKUAAVKEN,  or  WEEUAAVKEN,  a  post-village  of  Hud- 


WEI 


WES 


•on  CO.,  New  Jersey,  on  the  Hudson  Hirer,  about  2  miles 
above  Hoboken.     Pop.  2S0. 

WEISER  RIVER,  a  small  river  of  Idalio  co.,  Idaho,  flows 
Bouthwestwaid  and  enters  Lewis  River. 

WJiITSPEClC,a  mininj;villageof  Klamath  CO.,  California, 
on  Khiinath  River,  about  20  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Orleans  JJar. 

WELD,  a  large  county  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Colorado,  bor- 
derina:  on  Nebraska.  It  is  intersected  by  the  South  Fork 
of  Platte  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Beaver,  Bijou, 
Pawnee,  and  Crow  Creeks. 

WELLER.  a  post-office  of  Monroe  co.,  Iowa. 

WELLER  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  10.55. 

WELLINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin, alrtjut  40  miles  E.  of  La  Crosse.    Pop.  245. 

WELLINGTONS  ST.A.TION,  a  village  of  Esmeralda  co., 
Nevada,  on  Walker's  River,  55  miles  N.  of  Aurora. 

WELLS,  a  township  of  Kicoco.,  Minnesota,  about  3  miles 
W.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  457. 

AVELLS,  a  township  of  Tuscola  Co.,  Michigan.    Pop.  72. 

WKLLSV'ILLE,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Ilarrisljurg. 

WELLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co..  Mis- 
souri, on  the  North  Missouri  llailroad,  89  miles  W.N.W.  of 
St.  Louis. 

WKLLSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Cache  co.,  Utah,  9  miles 
S.S.W.  of  Losan. 

WKLLSVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Lenawee  co.,  Michigan, 
on  the  Southern  Railroad,  0  miles  E.  of  Adrian. 

WELTON,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co..  Iowa,  about  32 
miles  N.  of  Davenport. 

WEN'EWOC,  or  WONEWOC,  a  post-township  forming 
theS.W.  extri-mttv  of  .Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin.     Pop.  477. 

WEXONA  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Ccntial  R-iilroad,  20  miles  S.  of  La  Salle. 

WKXTWORTU,  a  post-otllce  of  Mitchwll  Co.,  Iowa. 

WEXT7.VILLE,a  post-village  of  St.  Cliarles  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  North  Missouri  Railroad,  42  miles  W.N.W.  of  St. 
Louis. 

AVESLEY,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  544. 

WEST,  a  township  of  Marshall  co.,  Indiana.     P(jp.  913. 

WEST  ALRAX  Y,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wabasba 
CO.,  Minnesota,  about  24  miles  N.N.E  of  Rochester,  and  7 
miles  S.W.  of  Lake  Pepin. 

WEST'  AUBUIIX,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin  co., 
Maine,  about  4  miles  N.AV.  of  Auburn. 

WEST  AVON,  a  post-village  of  Hartford  CO.,  Connecticut, 
about  13  miles  W.  liy  N.  of  Hartford. 

WE.ST  BALTIMORE,  a  post-village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Ohio,  about  20  iwilcs  N.W.  of  Davton. 

WEST  BLOOMFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Oakland  co., 
Michigan,  nbout  22  miles  N.W.  of  Detroit,  contains  numer- 
ous small  lakes.     Pop.  1114. 

WESTBOROUGII,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio,  44 
miles  )>y  railroad  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  200. 

WEST  BRANCH,  a  post-office  of  Cedar  co.,  Iowa. 

WEST  BURLINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co., 
Pennsylvutii:!,  about  1.5  miles  W.  of  Towaijda. 

WESTI5URV,  a  post-village  of  C:iyaga  co,  New  York, 
about  25  miles  N.X.W.  of  Auburn. 

WEST  BUXTON,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Maine,  on 
the  Saco  River,  about  18  miles  W.  of  Portland. 

WEST  CHESTER,  a  village  of  Tuscar.awas  co.,  Ohio, 
about  :JS  miles  N.E.  of  Zanesville.     Pop.  203. 

WEST  CHICAGO,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  ad- 
joining the  city  of  Chicago.     Pop.  859. 

WEST  COCALICO,  a  township  in.the  N.  part  of  Lancas- 
ter CO..  Penn.sylvania.    Pop.  2057. 

W^EST  CORINXA,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Maine, 
about  40  mdes  N.  of  Belfast. 

WEST  D-A-YTON,  a  post-village  of  Webster  co.,  lov/a, 
about  20  miles  S.  of  Fort  Dodge. 

WEST  DELHI,  a  post-office  of  Ingham  co.,  Slichigan, 
about  6  miU's  S.  by  W.  of  Lansing. 

WEST  DURHAM,  a  post-village  of  Androscoggin  co., 
Maine,  about  25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Portland, 

WESTERN^,  a  township  of  Henry  CO.,  Illinois.   Pop.  858. 

WESTERN  COLLEGE,  a  post-office  of  Linn  co.,  Iowa, 
about  S  miles  S.  of  Cedar  Rapids. 

WESTERV  KLT,  a  post-village  cf  Goodhue  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  Lake  Pepin,  about  10  miles  below  Red  Wing. 

WESTEllVILLE,  a  post  village  of  Decatur  Co.,  Iowa,  on 
Grand  River,  .about  15  miles  N.W.  of  Leon. 

WEST  EXETER,  a  post-village  of  Otsego  CO.,  New  York, 
about  2.5  mile.s  S.  of  Utica. 

WESTFIELD,  a  neat  post-village  of  Chautauqua  co.,  New 
York,  situated  1  mile  S.  of  Barcelona  harhor  on  Lake  Erie, 
and  on  the  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  57  miles  S.W.  of  Buffalo, 
and  17  miles  S.W.  of  Dunkirk.  It  contains  5  churches,  I 
academy,  1  newspaper  office,  1  national  bank,  1  other  bank, 
3  hotels,  3  flouring-mills,  1  paper-mill,  several  saw-mills,  1 
niaiHifactory  of  mowing-machines  and  steam-engines,  1  of 
malleable  iron,  &c.  Chautauqua  Creek  affords  abundant 
water-power  here.    Pop.  about  2000. 

WESTFIELD,  a  village  of  Lewis  co.,  West  Virginia,  on  the 
West  Fork  of  the  Mouongahela  River,  7  miles  N.  of  Weston. 


WESTFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Westfield  township,  Mo» 
row  CO.,  Ohio,  about  35  miles  N.  of  Columbus. 

WESTf'"IEi..D,a  post-township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois,  abon* 
22  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Mattoon.     Pop.  807. 

■WESTFIELD,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1148. 

WESTFIELD,  a  township  of  Favette  co.,  Iowa.   Pop.  1215. 

AVESTFIELD,  a  village  of  Plymouth  CO.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Sioux  River,  about  22  miles  N.N.W.  of  Sioux  City. 

WE.STFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Marquette 
CO.,  Wisconsin,  about  58  miles  W.  of  Fond  du  Lac,  Pop. 
496. 

WKSTFIELD,  a  township  and  village  of  Sank  co.,  Wis- 
consin, about  45  miles  W.N.W.  of  Madison.  The  village 
has  2  stores  and  2  mills.  Pop.  about  250;  population  of 
the  townshiji,  718. 

WEST  FLORENCE.    See  Fi.orencf:,  Preble  co.,  Ohio 

AVESTFORD,  a  township  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Richland  co., 
Wisconsin.    Pop.  409. 

WEST  FRAXKLIN,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,Penn- 
sylvaidii,  on  Towanda  Creek,  about  44  miles  N.N.E.  of  Wil- 
lianisport. 

WEST  GALENA,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Illinois, 
on  the  Mis-issippi  River.    Pop.  601. 

WEST  GROVE,  a  post-office  of  Davis  co.,  Iowa,  7  or  8 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Bloomfield. 

WEST  HAMPDEN,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  county, 
M.iine,  about  9  miles  S.W.  of  Bangor. 

WEST  KINDERHOOK,  a  post-villag«  of  Tipton  co.,  In- 
diana, about  5  miles  S.S  E.  of  Tipton. 

WEST  JERS1';Y,  a  post-townsliip  of  Stark  co..  Illinois, 
about  2S  miles  N.W.  of  Peoria.    Pop.  1100. 

WF:ST  LAFAYETTE,  a  post-village  of  Coshocton  co., 
Ohio,  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Columbus  Railroad,  6  udles  E. 
of  Coshocton. 

WEST  LAMPETER,  a  township  of  Lancaster  CO.,  Penn- 
sylvania,   top.  1771. 

WEST  LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  York  co.,  Maine, 
about  l.T  miles  N.  of  Dover.  New  Hampshire. 

AVEST  LEBANON,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio, 
about  11  miles  S.W.  of  Massillon. 

WEST  LEBANON,  a  post-villiige  of  Warren  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  Toledo  and  Waba.sh  Railroad,  29  miles  W.  S.W.  of 
Lafayette. 

WKST  LEVANT,  a  post-village  of  Penobscot  co.,  Slaine, 
about  36  miles  N.  of  Belfast. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  Liberty  co.,  Texas, 
about  6  miles  AV.  of  Liberty. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  a  village  of  Jay  co.,  Indiana,  about  T 
miles  N.  of  Portland. 

■  AVESr  LIBERTY,  a  post-village  of  Muscatine  co.,  Towa, 
on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Railroad,  3S  miles  W.  of 
Davenport,  and  alxmt  18  miles  N.W.  of  Mnsscatine. 

AVEST  M.^NHKIM.  a  township  of  York  CO.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  24  miles  S.S.W.  of  York.     Pop.  978. 

AVEST  NEAVFIELD,  a  post-villago  of  York  co.,  Maine, 
about  .'56  miles  AA'.  of  Portland. 

AVEST  NEWTON,  a  post-township  of  Nicollet  co.,  Min- 
nesota.    Pop.  540. 

AVEST  NEAVTON,  a  village  of  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota, 
on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  13  miles  below  Wabasha. 

AVESTON,  a  iiost-village  of  AA'ood  co.,  Ohio,  in  Weston 
township,  and  on  the  Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad,  26 
miles  S.S.W.  of  Toledo. 

AVESrON,  a  post-township  of  Marathon  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  214. 

AVESl"  PITTSBURG,  a  village  of  Alleghany  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ohio  Kiver,  at  the  confluence 
of  its  two  branches,  immediately  below  Pittsburg.  Pop.1201. 

AVEST  PITTSTON,  a  village  of  Luzerne  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, on  the  N.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  opposite 
Pittston.     Pop.  599. 

WEST  PL.4INS,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Howell  co., 
Missouri,  situated  about  90  miles  S.  of  ibilla. 

AVEST  POINT,  a  post-village  of  King  AVilliam  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, on  York  River,  and  on  a  point  of  land  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  the  Pamunkey  and  Mattapony  Rivers,  C!0  miles 
in  a  direct  line  E.  of  Richmond. 

AVEST  POINT,  a  post-village  of  Lowndes  co.,  Mississippi, 
on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  17  miles  N.AV.  of 
Columbus. 

AVEST  POINT,  a  village  of  Bates  co.,  Missouri,  about  55 
miles  S.  of  Kansas  City. 

AVEST  POINT,  a  post-township  of  Columbia  CO.,  Wiscon- 
sin, on  the  AVisconsin  River,  about  22  miles  N.W.  of  Madi- 
son.   Pop.  743. 

WEST  POINT,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Iowa.  Pop.  111. 

AVEST  POINT,  a  po.st-village  of  Calaveras  Co.,  California, 
17  miles  N.E.  of  Mokelunine  Hill.  It  has  4  stor'js  and  2 
quartz-mills.     Pop.  including  Chinese,  said  to  be  600. 

WEST  POIN  I',  a  post-office  of  Clatsop  co.,  Orego.i. 

AVEST  POINT,  a  post-township  or  village  of  Ci»mming 
CO.,  Nebraska.    Pop.  14. 

WESTPORT,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Pennf /Ivania, 
on  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  on  th« 

2311 


WES 

Pliiladelpliia  and  Erie  Ballroad,  about  31  miles  N-W.  of 

WESTPORT  a  post-townsbip  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  on 
the  north  shore  of  L:ike  Mendota,  about  4  miles  N.  of  Madi- 

WEST  R  AXDOLPH,  a  post-villag:e  of  Orange  co-Vermont. 
en  the  Vermont  Ceutml  Bailroad,  30  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Montpelier. 

WESTON  RAPIDS,  a  post-office  of  Clark  co  ,  « isconsin, 
on  the  Black  River,  3  or  4  mile.s  above  Ncillsville. 

WEST  SAINT  PAUL,  a  post-village  and  township  of 
Dakota  CO.,  Minnesota,  on  the  right  b.aukof  the  Mississippi, 
opposite  St.  Paul.    Pop.  622  _ 

WEST  SALEM,  a  post-village  of  Wayne  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad,  14  miles  N.E.  of 
Ashland. 

WEST  S.^LEM,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Indiana, 
about  36  miles  S.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WEST  SALEM.  Wisconsin.     See  Saix.m. 
WEST  SENECA,  a  post-township  of  Erie  co.,  New  York, 
about  6  miles  S.E.  of  Buffalo.    Pop.  2784. 
WEST  SONORA.    See  Son'OKA,  Preble  co.,  Ohio. 
WEST  SPARTA,  a  township  of  Li\ingston  co^  New  York, 
about  12  miles  S.  of  Geneseo.    Pop.  1501. 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD,  a  post-village  of  Shelby  co^  Mis- 
souri, about  .33  miles  N.W.  of  Hannibal. 

WEST  TUALATIN,  a  village  of  Washington  co.,  Oregon, 
18  miles  S.W.  of  Ilillsboro. 

AVEST  UNION  a  iwst-village  and  township  of  Steuben 
CO.,  New  York,  about  50  miles  W.  of  Elmira.  Population 
1392. 

WEST  UNION,  a  post-\illage,  capital  of  Fayette  co., 
Iowa,  is  beantifVilly  situated  on  a  high  or  undulating  prairie, 
85  miles  N.W.  of  Dubuque,  and  36  miles  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  at  SIcGregor.  It  contains  a  court-house,  4 
churches,  1  newspaper  office,  a  handsome  high  school  build- 
ing, and  16  stores.  Plows  and  wagons  ai-c  made  here.  Good 
timber  is  said  to  be  abundant  on  the  Otter  Creek,  in  the 
^^cinity.  Pop.  about  1400 ;  pop.  of  West  Union  town.<ihlp, 
1936. 

AVESTVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Chariton  co.,  Missouri, 
about  14  miles  S.E.  of  Brookfield. 

WEST  VIRGINIA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Pennsylvania  and  M:iry- 
land,  on  the  S.E.  by  Virginia,  on  the  S.AV.  b}-  Virginia  and 
Kentucky,  and  on  the  N.W.  by  Ohio.  Excepting  a  small 
portion  forming  the  northern  extremitv.  and  called  the 
Panhandle,  it  lies  between  37°  6'  and  ^9°  44'  N.  lat.,  and 
between  77°  40'  and  82°  35'  W.  Ion.  Its  outline  Is  very 
irregular.  The  greatest  length  from  N.  to  S.  is  about  250 
miles.    The  area  is  estimated  at  23,000  square  miles. 

Fuce  of  tin  O'unlry. — The  surface  is  generally  hilly  and 
mountainous.  The  northeastern  part  is  traveled  by  the 
main  ridge  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  which  also  forms 
part  of  the  boundary  between  this  state  and  Virginia.  The 
direction  of  this  ridge  is  nearly  N.E.  and  S.W.  Nearly 
parallel  with  this  are  several  ranges  of  monntains  called  the 
Greenbrier  Mountains,  the  Cheat  Mountains,  Ac.  The  aver- 
age altitude  of  the  sumniifs  of  the  Alleghanies  in  this  8t;ite 
is  about  2500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  average 
elevation  of  the  Greenbrier  A'alley  (which  is  more  than  100 
miles  long)  is  sfcited  ta  be  1500  feet.  Of  the  scenery  of 
West  Virginia,  the  historian  Bancroft  observes,  "  It  liiu  a 
character  of  grandeur  of  its  own ;  and  in  the  wonderful  va- 
rieties of  forest  and  lawn,  of  river  and  mountain,  of  nature 
in  her  savage  wildncss,  and  nature  in  her  loveliest  forms, 
presents  a  series  of  pictures  which  no  well  educated  Ameri- 
can should  leave  unvisited.  We  cross  the  Atlantic  in  quest 
of  attractive  scenes ;  audio!  we  have  at  home,  alongside  of 
the  great  central  iron  pathway,  views  that  excel  anything 
that  cjin  be  seen  among  the  mountains  of  Scotland,  or  in 
the  passes  of  the  Apennines." 

Mineral  Resnurcfs. — Iron,  coal,  salt,  petroleum,  and  lime- 
stone are  abundant  in  this  state,  which  is  also  said  to  con- 
tain copper,  lead,  nickel,  antimony,  ix.  Immense  beds  of 
bituminous  coul are  found  in  the  Paiihandle,in  the  Kanawha 
Valley,  on  the  banks  of  the  Monongahebi,  below  Clarks- 
burg and  ne:u-  Clieat  River.  The  iron  of  West  Virginia  is 
almost  co-extensive  with  its  coal.  Rich  mines  of  iron  have 
been  opened  in  Preston  county,  in  the  Kanawha  Valley,  and 
in  other  parts  of  the  stiite.  Liirge  quantities  of  salt  are 
procure<l  near  Charleston  on  the  Kauawha,  and  in  Mason 
county.  Limestone  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  stijte,  and 
is  often  associated  with  iron  and  coal..  Petroleum  alwnnds 
in  the  counties  of  Wood,  Wirt,  Braxton,  Ritchie,  etc.,  on  the 
Little  Kanawha,  and  its  tributaries.  On  McFarlandsRun, 
a  tributary  of  the  South  Kork  of  Hughes'  River,  is  a  large 
deixwit  of  asphaltum,  or  solidified  rock  pil,  known  as  the 
6reat  Vertical  Asphaltum  Lode. 

Rirers.—TUe  Ohio  Riv-t  i;rms  (he  entire  western  boun- 
dary of  this  state,  which  is  also  interst-cted  by  the  Great 
Kanawl>:u  and  drained  by  the  sources  of  the  Gn'enbrier  the 
MononL-nhcla,  the  Clieat  River,  the  Gnyan<l.jtte,  the  Elk, 
the  Gauley,  and  the  Little  Kiuiawlia.  The  Big  Sandy  River 
form*  the  boundary  betweou  tliis  stale  and  Kentucky.  The 
y3u 


WES 

Great  Kanawha,  after  crossing  fhe  soathcrn  i-C'rsdary 
flows  in  a  northwest  direction,  and  enters  the  Ohio  at  Point 
Pleiisant.  It  is  navigable  for  stciimboats  for  nearly  100 
miles  from  its  month.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  it  ig 
calletl  the  New  River.  Its  principal  tributarits  are  the 
Greenbrier,  the  Gauley,  and  the  Elk.  The  Greenbrier  rises 
in  the  eastern  part,  flows  southwestward,  and  enters  the 
Kanawha  or  New  River  at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  Green- 
brier county. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious.  The  mean 
annual  temperature  of  West  Virginia  is  said  to  be  lower  than 
that  of  any  other  region  in  the  same  latitude  east  of  the 
Missouri  River.  The  isothermal  line,  indicating  the  mean 
temperature  of  52°,  would  pass  near  the  centre  of  this  state. 
The  following  table  exhibits  the  temperattire  at  Lewisburg 
for  the  several  months  of  1859 ; — 


'«*« 

ll 

go. 

e  1? 

si 

January.... 
February... 

March 

April 

«z 

£4 

Tl 
85 
82 
90 

t 

IS 

so 

25 
48 
S8 

S2.55 
a8.40 
47.68 
51.96 
68.03 
69.93 

July 

Auensi 

September  . 
Oclnber...*. 
November.. 
December... 

92 
92 
79 
69 
70 
71 

50 
CO 
84 
iO 
14 
5 

75. 9S 
74.3S 
61.29 
48.35 
44.23 
33.33 

The  amotmt  of  rain  which  falls  in  a  year  in  this  stat«  is 
between  32  and  36  inches. 

Siiil  and  Productitins. — The  soil  is  generally  proiluctive, 
not  only  in  the  Talleys,  but  even  on  the  sides  and  tops  of 
the  hills,  whicli  arp  especially  adapted  to  pasture  and  the 
growing  of  wool.  This  stjite  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
timber,  including  the  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  ash,  wilil  cher- 
ry, tulip  tree,  sugar  maple,  &c.  Tlie  staple  productions  are 
Indian  corn,  wheat, oats,  potatoes  and  butter.  I.arge  quan- 
tities of  wool,  petroleum,  tobacco,  buckwheat,  maple  sugar, 
&c.,  are  also  produced.  According  to  the  census  of  1S60,  the 
territory  now  included  in  West  Virginia  contaii)e<l  2,:i46,137 
acres  of  improved  and  8.550,2-57  acres  of  unimproved  land. 
It  produced  in  1S60,  2,.302,5G7  bushels  of  wheat,  7.858.647 
of  Indian  corn,  1,649.090  of  oats,  746,C06  of  Iri.sh  potatoes, 
2.180,316  pounds  of  tobacco,  1,073,103  of  wool,  and  4,700,779 
of  butter. 

Internal  Improvements. — The  northern  part  of  this  state 
is  traversed  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  which  con- 
nects Wheeling  with  Baltimore,  &.c.  The  Northwestern 
Virginia  Railroiid  extends  from  Parkersburg.  on  the  Ohio 
River,  to  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  at  Grafton. 
Wheeling  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Hempfield  Rivil- 
road.  which  is  completed  for  a  distance  of  35  miles,  and  is 
to  be  extcnde4  to  meet  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad, 
at  Greensburg.  X  railroad,  extending  from  Covington  to 
the  Ohio  River,  was  commenced  before  the  civil  war,  but  is 
not  yet  finished. 

Education. — By  the  constitution  of  this  state  the  legisla- 
ture is  required  to  establish  an  efficient  system  of  free 
schools.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  income  of  the  state 
is  set  apart  for  a  school  fund.  A  stjtte  superintendent  is 
placetl  at  the  head  of  the  system.  There  is  a  college  at 
Bethany,  which  in  1863  was  attended  by  124  students. 

Pupulatvm. — .According  to  the  census  of  1800,  the  conn- 
ties  now  included  in  West  Virginia  had  a  population  of 
376,688,  of  whom  358.317  were  free,  and  18,371  were  slaves. 
Of  the  former,  181.A45  were  white  males,  173,^99  white 
females,  and  2773  free  colored  persons. 

Counti/'s. — West  Virginia  is  divided  into  50  counties,  viz.: 
Barbour,  Berkeley.  Botme,  Braxton,  Brooke.  Cabell.  Calhoun, 
Clay,  Dod<Iriilge,  Fayette,  Gilmer,  Gceenbrier,  Hampshire, 
Hancock.  Hardy,  Harris<in.  Jackson,  Jeffirson.  Kanawha, 
Lewis,  Logan,  McDowell,  Marion,  Marsliall,  Mason,  Mercer, 
Slonongalia,  Jlonroe,  Morgan,  Nicholas,  Ohio,  Pendleton, 
Plea.-<ant8,  Pocahontas,  Preston,  Putnam,  Raleigh,  Randolph, 
Ritchie,  Roane,  Taylor,  Tucker,  Tyler,  Upsliur,  Wayne, 
Webster,  Wetzel,  Wirt,  Wood  and  Wyoming. 

Cities  an'l  Ti'wns. — The  principal  towns  are  Wheeling, 
population  in  1860,  16.713;  Parkersburg.  population  in 
1S65,  about  6000;  Martinsbiu-g,  3364;  Charleston,  1520; 
Lewisburg.  9C9 ;  Clarksburg,  895;  Fairmont,  704;  Grafton, 
891 ;  and  Wellsburg.    Capital,  Wheeling. 

Go-rrrnmenI,  Finances,  d-c. — Tlie  governor  of  this  state  is 
elected  by  the  peo])le  for  two  years,  and  receives  .S2000  per 
annum.  The  legislative  power  is  veste<l  in  a  senate  and  a 
house  <if  delegates  —  the  former  consisting  of  22  senators, 
elected  for  2  vears;  and  the  latter  of  57  delegates,  elected 
for  1  year,  "the  legislature  meets  annually  on  the  third 
Tuesday  of  January.  The  judiciary  consists,!,  of  a  supreme 
court  of  appeals,  pre.sided  over  by  3  judges,  who  a:e  elected 
b.v  the  pei.>plo  for  12  yeiu-s :  2,  of  circuit  couits.  comiX)8ed 
of  11  judges,  electetl  for  6  years;  and  3,  of  iuferivr  couits. 
The  balance  in  the  treasury,  October  1. 1S(U,  wss  .5179,029. 
Receipts  Irom  October  1, 18'64,  to  January  1,  1SG5,  $144,653^ 


WES 


WIL 


In  September,  1865,  there  were  in  this  state  8  national 
banks,  with  an  aggregiite  capital  of  $1,910,400. 

Hislnrif.  —  Tliis  state  iorraed  part  of  Virginia  tmtil  the 
latter  seceded  from  the  Union,  April,  1861.  On  tlie  11th  of 
June.  1S61,  loj'al  representatives  from  40  counties  ai?seinbled 
lit  Wheeling,  protested  against  tlie  act  of  secession,  and 
took  measures  to  form  a  provisional  government.  A  con- 
vention met  at  Wlieeling  on  the  26th  of  November,  1861, 
and  framed  a  constitution  for  a  new  state,  which  was 
adopted  by  the  vote  of  tlie  people  on  the  3rd  of  May,  1862. 
An  act  of  Congress  for  tlie  admission  of  the  state  of  West 
Virginia  into  the  Union,  was  approved  by  the  President  on 
the  Slst  of  December,  1862.  A  large  majority  of  the  West 
Virginians  actively  supported  the  cause  of  the  Union  in  the 
civil  war.  According  to  the  report  of  the  adjutant-general 
this  state  furnished  26,.')-t0  men  to  the  armies  of  the  United 
States,  from  an  enr olmen  t  of  33,774  men.  Slavery  was  abol- 
ished in  this  state  by  the  legislature  on  the  3rd  of  February, 
186.1.  A  political  antagonism  or  jealousy  had  long  existed 
between  the  people  of  West  Virginia  and  those  residing  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  former  state  of  Virginia.  Tlie  latter, 
having  control  of  the  legislation,  employed  it  in  favor  of 
their  own  section,  by  compelling  the  West  to  pay  pro  rata 
for  internal  improvements  in  Eastern  Virginia,  and  taxing 
only  nominally  the  property  in  slaves,  wliicli  were  much 
more  numerous  in  the  East  than  the  West. 

WEST  WARKEN,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, about  15  miles  S.  of  Owego. 

WEST  WUEATFIELD,  a  township  of  Indiana  co.,  Penn- 
Bylvanla.     Pop.  1408. 

WEST  WIXDSOH,  a  post-offlce  of  Eaton  co.,  Michigan, 
about  12  miles  S.W.  of  Lansing. 

WEST  WINSTED,  a  post-village  of  Litchfield  co.,  Con- 
necticut, situated  on  the  outlet  of  Long  Lake,  about  }/^  of  a 
mile  W.  of  Winsted,  and  30  miles  by  railroad  N.  of  Water- 
bury.  It  contains  2  churches.  1  or  2  banks,  about  20  stores, 
and  several  factories.  About  12,000  dozen  scythes  are  made 
here  annually.  The  outlet  called  Mad  Hiver  furnishes  im- 
mense water-power  at  this  place.  The  lake  above-named  is 
3  miles  long.     Pop.  about  2000. 

WETAUO,  a  post-village  of  Pulaski  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  24  miles  N.  of  Cairo. 

WEY^AU  WE'GA,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Waupaca 
CO.,  Wisconsin.  The  village  is  on  the  Waupaca  River,  234 
miles  from  its  entrance  into  Wolf  River,  and  about  3o 
miles  N.W.  of  Oshkosh.  It  contains  3  churches,  1  flour- 
mill,  2  saw-mills,  9  stores,  &c.  It  has  abundant  water- 
power.  Pop.  about  700;  population  of  the  township,  in 
1860,  727. 

WHATCOM,  a  county  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Washington 
Territory,  bordering  on  British  Columbia;  area  estimated 
at  3000  square  miles.  It  is  boundetl  on  the  W.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Georgia,  and  intersected  by  the  Skagit  River.  The  sur- 
face is  diversified  by  valleys  and  mountnins  of  the  Cascailo 
Range,  including  Mount  Baker,  which  has  an  altitude  of 
10,700  feet.  The  county  contiiius  extensive  forests  of  good 
timber.     Capital,  Whatcom.     Pop.  352. 

WHATCOM,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Whatcom  co.,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  situated  on  the  N.E.  shore  of  Belliugham 
Bay,  150  miles  N.  of  Olympia. 

WHEATLAND,  a  station  on  the  Jeffersonville  Railroad, 
in  Johnson  co.,  Indiana,  15  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Indianapolis. 

WHEATLAND,  a  township  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
497. 

WHEATL.\ND,  a  township  of  Fayette  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
767. 

WHEATLAND,  a  village  of  Morgan  co.,  Missouri,  about 
33  miles  S.  of  Boonville. 

WHEATLAND,  a  post-village  of  Clinton  co.,  Iowa,  on 
the  Chicago  Iowa  and  Nebraska  Railroad,  16  miles  W.  of 
Do  Witt. 

WHKATLAND,  a  township  in  the  W.  part  of  Vernon  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  734. 

WHKATLAND,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Rice  co., 
Minnesota,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of  l-'aribault.     Pop.  192. 

WHEATON,  a  township  of  Chippewa  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  150. 

>VIIEKLER.  a  post-township  of  Steuben  co..  New  York, 
6  miles  N.  of  Bath.     Pop.  1376. 

WHEELER,  a  post-village  of  Porter  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Pittsburg  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago  Railroad,  37  miles  S.E. 
of  Chicago. 

WHEELING,  a  village  of  Carroll  co.,  Indiana,  about  14 
miles  S.  of  liOgansport. 

WHEELING,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Cook  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  Des  Plaines  River,  about  25  miles  N.W.  of 
Chicago.    Pop.  1669. 

WHEELING,  a  post-village  of  Marion  co.,  Iowa,  about  26 
miles  S.E.  of  Des  Moines. 

WHEELING,  a  township  of  Rice  co.,  Minnesota,  6  miles 
E.  of  Faribault.     Pop.  564. 

WHISKEY  CREEK,  a  post-village  of  Shasta  co.,  Califor- 
nia, 5  miles  W.  liy  N.  of  i^hasta.     Pop.  about  150. 

WHITBY,  a  village  of  Mecklenburg  co.,  Virginia,  on  the 
Roanoke  River,  about  00  miles  S.W.  of  Petei-sburg. 


WHITE,  a  cotinty  in  the  N.  part  of  Georgia ;  has  an  area 
estimated  at  200  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  Ch.it" 
tahoochee  and  Chestatee  Rivers,  which  rise  in  it  or  near  its 
borders.  It  has  a  mountain  ridge  on  the  north  border. 
Capital,  Mount  Yonah.    Pop.  3315. 

WHITE  BEAR,  a  township  of  Ramsey  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  2fi7. 

WHITE  BEAR  LAKE,  a  post-ofRce  of  Ramsey  co.,  Min- 
nesota, about  11  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Paul. 

WHITE  CLOUD,  a  post-village  of  Nodaway  co.,  Missouri, 
about  50  miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph. 

WHITE  CLOUD,  a  post-village  of  Mills  Co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Nishn.abatona  River,  about  14  miles  K.S.E.  of  Glenwood. 

WHITE  CLOUD,  a  thriving  post-village  of  Donij.ban  CO., 
Kansas,  on  the  Jlissouri  River,  .35  miles  above  Saint  Joseph, 
Mis.souri.  It  has  a  steam  ferry,  and  contains  2  hotels,  2 
steam  saw-mills,  1  flour-mill,  1  printing  office,  and  1  woollen 
factory.     Pop.  about  350. 

WUITEFIELD,  a  post-township  of  Marshall  co.,  Illinois, 
about  7  miles  N.  of  Liicon,  and  1  mile  W.  of  the  Illinuia 
River.     Pop.  1163. 

WUITEFIELD,  a  village  of  Kandiyohi  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  36  miles  W.S.W.  of  Forest  City. 

AVHITEHALL,  a  post-villageof  Montour  co.,  Pennsylva- 
nia, about  12  miles  N.  of  UanviTte. 

AVHITEHALL,  or  WHITEHALLVILLE,  a  post-village 
of  Bucks  CO.,  Pennsylvania,  on  tlie  Doy  Icstown  Branch  Rail- 
road. 4  or  5  miles  W.  of  Doylestowri. 

WHITEHALL,  a  post-villago  of  Frederick  co.,  Virginia, 
8  or  9  miles  N.  of  Winchester. 

WHITE  HALL,  a  post-<ifiice  of  Owen  co.,  Indiana,  about 
11  miles  N.W.  of  Bloomington. 

W^HITEIIALL,  a  post-village  of  Trempealeau  co.,  Wis- 
consin, 25  miles  N.  of  Oalesville.     It  has  1  grist-mill. 
•  WHITE  1IE.\D,  a  post-village  of  Atchison  co.,  Kansas, 
about  25  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Atchison. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  village  of  New  Kent  co.,  Virgini.a,  or 
the  Pamunkey  River,  and  on  the  Richmond  and  York  River 
Railroad.  24  miles  E.  of  Richmond.  It  was  the  liase  of  sup- 
plies of  the  Union  army  in  the  campaign  of  1862. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  a  post-offlce  of  Lucas  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Toledo  and  Wabash  Railroad,  17  miles  S.W.  of  Toledo. 

WHITE  LAKE,  a  post-village  of  Oakland  co.,  Michigan, 
about  11  miles  W.  of  Pontiac,  is  adjacent  to  several  small 
lakes. 

WHITE  OAK,  a  township  of  Mahaska  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
896. 

WHITE  OAK,  a  township  of  Warren  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
326. 

WHITE  RIVER,  of  Washington  Territory,  rises  in  Pierce 
county,  flows  northwestward,  and  enters  Puget  Sound,  in 
King  county. 

AVHITE  RIVER,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Muske- 
gon CO.,  Micbigsin.  The  village  is  on  Lake  Michigiin,  at  tiie 
mouth  of  White  River,  about  Mi  miles  N.W.  of  Muskegon. 
It  has  2  mills.     Total  population,  374. 

WHITE  RIVER,  a  post-village  of  Tulare  co.,  California, 
50  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Visalia.     It  has  1  store. 

WHITE  ROCK,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Huron  co., 
Slichigan,  on  Lake  Huron,  about  36  miles  N.  of  Lexington. 
Pop.  342. 

WHITE  ROCK,  a  post-township  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  aUmt 
15  miles  S.  of  Rockford.     Pop.  792. 

WHITE  SALMON  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Skamania 
CO.,  Washington  Territory,  flows  southeastward  into  the 
Columliia  River. 

WHITESTOWN,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana, 
about  IS  miles  N.N.W.  of  Indianapolis. 

WHITESTOWN,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Vernon 
CO..  Wisconsin.     Pop.  221. 

WHITESVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Montgomery  co.,  Indi- 
ana, on  a  railroad,  about  6  miles  S.S.E.  of  Crawfordsville. 

WHITESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Ainlrew  co.,  Mis^ou^i, 
on  Platte  River,  about  25  miles  N.  by  E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

WHITEWATER,  a  township  of  Grand  Traverse  co.,  Mi- 
chigan.    Pop.  2(53. 

WHITE  WATER,  a  township  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  4  miles  from  the  Mississippi  River.    Pop.  274. 

WHITE  WATER  FALLS,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co., 
Minnesota,  on  a  small  stream,  about  22  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Winona. 

WICHITA,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  bor- 
dering on  the  Indian  Territory;  has  an  area  of  about  650 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Reil  River,  and 
intersected  by  the  Wichita  River.  The  census  of  1S60  fur- 
nishes no  information  respecting  this  county. 

WIDENEU,  a  township  of  Knox  CO.,  Indiana.    Pop.  1290. 

WILBARGER,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  border  of  Texas, 
has  an  area  of  about  860  square  miles.  It  is  boumled  on 
the  N.  by  the  Red  River, and  also  drained  by  Beaver  Creek 
The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  resi)ectiiig  this 
county. 

WII/BUR.  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  8  mile* 
N.  of  Rosebnrg. 

WILCOX  a  county  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Georgia,  cob 

2318 


WIL 

tains  about  500  sqnare  miles.  It  is  bonnded  on  the  N.E. 
bj  the  Ocomulgee  River,  and  also  drained  by  the  Allapaha. 
The  surface  is  nearly  level.  Capital,  Abbeville.  Pop.  2115. 
^'ILCOX,  a  small  township  of  Hancock  co.,  DlincHS,  ad- 
joining Warsivw.    Pop.  165. 

WILDERNESS,  a  post-oiBce  of  Spotsylvania  co.,  Vir- 
ginia, about  2  miles  S.  of  the  Rapidan  River,  and  IG  miles 
W.  of  Fredericksburg.  A  great  battle  was  fought  near 
tliis  point  between  General  Grant  and  General  Lee,  May  5 
and  6, 1864. 
ATILL,  a  township  of  Will  co.,  Illinois.  Pop.  244. 
WILLAM'ETTE,  a  post-village  of  Lane  co.,  Oregon,  12 
miles  N.  of  Eugene  City.    It  has  2  stores. 

WILLAMIN.i,  a  post-village  of  Yam  Hill  co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  South  Fork  of  the  Yam  Hill  River,  20  miles  S.W.  of 
Lafayette. 

WILLARD.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri,  about 
16  miles  X.N.W.  of  Sjn-ingiaeld. 

WILLARD.  a  post-village  of  Box  Elder  eo.,  tltah,  about 
50  miles  N.  of  Salt  Lake  City.    Pop.  said  to  be  400. 

WILLETTVILLE,  or  WILLETTSVILLE,  a  post--i-illage 
of  Highlanil  co.,  Ohio,  about  48  miles  E.N.E.  of  Cincinnati. 
WILLIAMS,  a  township  of  Bay  co^  Michigan,  11  miles 
W.  of  Bay  City.    Pop.  11.3.^ 

WILLI.\MS,  a  post-ofiSce  of  Benton  co.,  Iowa,  about  15 
miles  S.  of  Vinton. 

A\T[LLIA5ISBtJRG*  [continued  from  page  2116]. 
tlie  buildings  of  which  were  commenced  February  1, 1855, 
was  cast.  May  10,  the  fii-st  great  plate  ever  manufactured  in 
America.  The  company  have  furnaces  and  other  appurte- 
nances for  casting  plates  20  feet  long,  10  wide,  and  from 
the  foxu-th  of  an  inch  to  two  and  a  half  inches  thick.  A  line 
of  street  railroad  runs  throtigh  the  whole  district,  connect- 
ing it  with  the  W(.*stern  district,  and  tlie  Fulton  Ferrv; 
other  railroads  connect  the  different  sections  of  the  district. 
Several  well  laid  out  cemeteries  are  located  near  the  borders 
of  the  district.  AVilliamsbnrg  was  incorporated  as  a  village 
in  1.S27,  at  which  time  there  was  but  one  ferry  commnnica- 
ting  with  New  York;  in  1851  it  was  chartered"  as  a  citv,  and 
in  1S55  was  included  within  the  consolidated  citv  of  Brook- 
lyn. Pop.  in  1840,  5094;  in  1845,  11,338;  in  18"o0,  30,780; 
and  in  1853.  from  45,000  to  50,000. 

WILLIAMSIiURG,  a  village  of  Annstrong  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Alleghany  River,  opposite  Kittanning. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  a  village  of  Allen  co.,  Indiana,  on  St. 
Mary's  River,  about  12  miles  S.  of  Fort  Wavne. 

WILLIAMSPORT.  a  post-village  of  Shawnee  co.,  Kansas, 
on  the  Wakarnsa  River,  12  miles  S.  of  Topeka    Pop  1^13 

WILLIAJISVILLE,  or  WILLIAMSTOWN,  a  post-village 
of  Cass  CO.,  Michigan,  12  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Constantine. 

WILLI.\MSVILLE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  San- 
gamon co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Chicago  Alton  and  St.  Louis  Bail- 
road,  11  miles  N.N. E.  of  Springfield. 

WILLING,  a  township  of  Alleghany  co.,  New  York  12 
miles  S.S.E.  of  Belmont.    Pop.  1238.  ' 

WILLOP.\,  a  ]iost- village  of  Pacific  Co.,  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, on  the  Willopa  River,  about  8  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Shoalwater  Bay.  and  50  miles  S.W.  of  Olympia. 
M'lLLOUGHIJY,  a  post-village  of  Butler  co..  Iowa,  on  the 
W.  Fork  of  the  Cedar  River,  about  13  miles  N.W.  of  Cedar 
Falls. 
WILLOW,  a  post-office  of  Potta'mittomie  co.,  Iowa. 
M  ILLO^V ,  a  township  in  the  E.part  of  Richland  co^  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  44«.  ^ 

WILLOW  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Lee  co.,  HUnois 
about  25  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Dixon.    Pop.  729.  '  ' 

WILLO^V  CREEK,  a  post-township  of  Blue  Earth  co 
Minnasota,  25  miles  S.AV.  of  Mankato.  '' 

WILLOW  HILL,  a  post-township  of  Jasper  co.,  HUnois 
about  5  miles  E.  of  Newton.     Pop.  1045 
WILLOW  RI\ER,  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin,  is  a  small 
wVTrTli'.-^c^rr^Tlf^S"'''''*'''''  ""''  "^"fers  the  Pine  River, 
WILLO\V    SPRINGS,  a  post-village   and  township   of 

Pop^9?/°''       """"'  ''^""^  ^^  '""'''  ^-  ^^  ^'-  of  I^a^rence, 
on  the  Ohio  and  MissLssippi  Riiilroad,  50  miles  E.  of  Vin- 


1309. 


wn  ifrvrrnv  ^'?  "*"  ^f r^'-*?^"-.  Indiana.    Pop.  890. 
"^II.MINGTON,  a  township  of  Greene  co.,  Hlindis.    Pop. 

WILMINGTON,  a  post-township  of  Houston  co.,  Afinne- 
sota,  bordering  on  Iowa,  is  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  lA  Crosse 
Wisconsin.     Pup.  520.  ' 

^^TH'V^^'^*-^,'  '^  post-village  and  township  of  Wabaun- 
Wti-miv^'^.^A'^^""*  -~*  "'"•^  S.S.W.  of  Topeka.     Pop.  19S. 
,u  ir     I  ^'1^  V  ?  P"8t-village  of  Los  Angeles  co.,  Califor- 

otan.'  't^.  ^bofit'^S)^"^^'^-^''  "'"^  "'^''"*  '  '^'"^^  ^--^  «- 
.,n^\he  Ce^^r'^'lV'-f  "^i'-'r  "*"  ^''"'''"''  '""■•  Ponnsvlvani:,. 


23U 


!  note  10  riTTsBt-EG,  on  pije  IJ92 


WIN 

WILMUTH,  a  village  of  Adair  co.,  Missouri,  about  6* 
miles  W.N.W.  of  Quincy,  Illinois. 

WILSON,  a  county  in  the  E.  central  part  of  North  Caro- 
lina: has  an  area  of  about  400  square  miles.  It  is  drained 
by  the  Contentny  and  Moccasin  Creeks.  The  surface  il 
nearly  level,  and  partly  covered  with  forests  of  pine.  The 
county  is  intersected  by  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  Rail- 
road. Capital,  Wilson.  Pop.  9720;  of  whom  3496  were 
sluves. 

WILSON,  a  new  county  in  the  S.S.E.  part  of  Kansas,  bor- 
dering on  the  Indian  Territory,  area  about  1400  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  A'erdigi-is  River,  and  also 
drained  by  Fall  and  Elk  Rivers.  The  bottoms  of  the  rivers 
are  wide  and  very  fertile ;  on  the  high  prairies  the  soil  is 
thin,  but  produce-s  good  pasture.  It  is  well  wooded  with 
the  bl.ack  walnut,  white  ash,  hickory,  burr  oak,  &c.  The 
county  contains  valuable  beds  of  coal  and  salt  springs. 
Capital.  Syracuse,  Pop.  in  ISOtl,  27 ;  in  January,  1865, 1242. 
WILSON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  AVilsori  co..  North 
Carolina,  on  the  AVilinington  and  Weldon  Railroad,  53  miles 
S.  of  Weldon,  and  24  miles  N.  of  Goldsborough.  It  is  on 
Contentny  Creek.  Pop.  in  1860,  960;  of  whom  400  were 
slaves. 
WILSON,  a  township  of  Clinton  co.,  Ohio.  Pop.  985. 
■WILSON,  a  village  of  Placer  co.,  California,  about  24  miles 
8.E.  of  Marysville,     Laid  out  in  1863. 

WILSONBURG,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  AVest  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Northwestern  Railroad,  4  miles  W.  of  Clarks- 
burg. 

WILSON  CREEK,  a  post-office  of  Greene  co.,  Missouri, 
about  10  miles  S.8.W.  of  Springfield. 

WILTON,  a  post-village  of  Granville  co..  North  Carolina, 
about  33  miles  N.  of  Raleigh. 
WILTON,  a  town.*hip  of  Will  co.,  Hlinois.  Pop.  845. 
AMLTON,  a  post-village  of  Muscatine  co.,  Iowa,  is  sitn- 
ated  in  Wilton  township,  on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Railroad,  26  to  28  miles  M',  by  N,  of  Davenport,  and  12 
miles  N,  of  Muscatine,  with  which  it  is  connected  tiy  a 
branch  of  the  above-named  railroad.  It  contains  4  churches. 
Pop.  a'  -lut  COO;  of  the  township,  1224. 

WILTON,  a  post-township  of  Monroe  co.,  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  400. 

WILTON,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Wsiseca  co.,  Minne- 
sota, on  Le  Sueur  River,  .about  28  miles  E.S.E.  of  Mankato 
and  2S  miles  S.S.W.  of  Faribault.  Pop.  of  Wilton  township. 
in  1860,  425,  ^' 

WIMAR,  or  WEIM.\R,  a  "village  of  Leavenworth  co,, 
Kansas,  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  12  miles  below  Leav- 
enworth. 

WINCHESTER,  a  village  of  Columbia  co.,  Ohio,  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  6  miles  S,  by  E.  of  Alli- 
ance.   Pop,  157. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co.,  Kansas, 
22  miles  W,  of  Leavenworth.  It  has  2  dry-goods  stores,  1 
hotel,  1  church,  and  2  wagon-shops.     Pop.  about  100. 

WINCHESTER,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  Co.,  Oregon,  on 
the  North  Fork  of  the  Umpqua  River,  5  miles  N.  of  Rose- 
burg.    Pop.  of  the  precinct,  412. 

WINDFALL,  a  post-village  of  Tipton  co ,  Indiana,  on  the 
Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  Railroad,  139  miles  S.E.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

WINDHAM,  a  post-village  of  Johnson  co.,  Iowa,  about  16 
miles  W.S.W.  of  Iowa  City, 

WINDHAM,  a  i>ost-village  of  Windham  township.  Port- 
age CO.,  Ohio,  on  the  .Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railroad, 
41  miles  E.S.E,  of  Cleveland. 

WINDHAM,  a  poi-t-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania, 
about  12  miles  S.  of  Owego,  New  York. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-village  of  Barnwell  district.  South  Ca- 
rolina, on  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  30  miles  E.  of  Au- 
gusta. 

WINDSOR,  a  village  of  Richland  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Atlan- 
tic and  Great  Western  Railroad,  8  miles  N.E.of  Mansfield, 
WINDSOR,  a  post-village  of  SheU>y  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Terre  Haute  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  12  miles  E.  of  Shelhy- 
ville. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Fayette  co., 
Iowa,  6  or  7  miles  N.W.  of  West  Union.    Pop.  539. 

WIND.-^OR,  a  village  of  Racine  co.,  Wisconsin,  on  the  Ra- 
cine and  Mississippi  Railroad,  10  miles  W.  of  Racine. 

WINDSOR,  a  post-village  of  Sonoma  co.,  California,  in  the 
valley  of  Russian  River,  10  miles  N.AV.  of  Santa  Rosa.  It 
has  2  stores. 

WINDSOR  STATION,  a  post-office  of  Isle  of  Wight  co^ 
Virginia,  on  the  Norfolk  and  Petersburg  Railroad,  33  miles 
W.  of  Norfolk. 

WINFIELD,  a  township  of  Butler  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  1140. 

MINKIELD,  a  post-office  of  Union  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
or  near  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  4  or  5 
miles  below  Lewisburg. 

WINFIELD,  a  village  of  Dinwiddle  co,,  Virginia,  6  or  7 
miles  S.W,  of  Petersburg, 

WINFIELD,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Du  Page  co., 
Illinois,  on  the  railroad  whiih  connects  Chicago  with  Ga- 
lena, 28  miles  W.  of  Chicago.    Pop.  1782. 


WIN 


WOO 


WIN  FIKLD,  a  post-villaga  of  Henry  co.,  Iowa,  about  30 
miles  V.AV.  of  Burlinston. 

WIS  FIELD,  a  township  of  Scott  CO.,  Iowa.    Pop.  194,3. 

WINHELD,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Sauk  co.,  Wis- 
consin.    I'op.  591. 

WINl'IKLD,  a  village  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota,  about 
16  miles  W.  of  La  Crossf,  Wisconsin. 

WTNN,  a  post-township  of  I'enobscot  co..  Maine,  on  the 
Penobscot  River,  about  50  niilos  N.N.E.  of  Bangor. 

WINNKB.iGO,  a  township  of  Winnebago  co.,  Illinois. 
Pop.  1278. 

W^INNEBAGO,  a  township  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  297. 

WINXEBAGO,  a  village  of  .*tearns  co., Minnesota,  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  about  10  miles  above  S:iint  Cloud. 

WINNEBAGO  CITY,  a  post-villago  anil  township  of  Fa- 
ribault CO.,  Jlinnesota,  on  the  Blue  Earth  River,  about  33 
miles  S.  bv  W.  of  Mankato.     Pop.  2.38. 

WINNEIiAOO  VALLEY,  a  post-village  of  Houston  co., 
Minnesota,  about  15  miles  S.S.W.  of  Brownsville,  and  8  or 
9  niilt'S  W.  of  the  Missi3.sipi>i  River. 

WINNETKA,  or  WYNETKA,  a  post-office  of  Cook  co., 
Illinois,  on  Lake  Michigan,  16  miles  bj-  railroad  N.  of  Chi- 
cago. 

WINO'NA,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  bor- 
dering on  Wisconsin,  has  an  area  of  6.3S  square  miles.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  and  also 
drained  by  the  Minneska,  or  Wliitewater  River.  The  sur- 
face is  undulating;  the  soil  is  calcareous,  and  "very  fertile. 
This  county  contains  extensive  forests  of  deciduous  trees, 
the  area  of  the  woodlands  being  estimated  at  about  oDO 
square  miles.  The  blufls  of  the  Mississippi,  formed  of  lime- 
stone, here  rise  300  feet  or  more  above  the  level  of  tlie  river, 
ancf  present  imposing  and  beautiful  scenery.  The  county 
is  intersected  by  the  Winona  and  Saint  Peter  Railroad. 
Capital,  Winona.     Pop.  9208< 

WIXONA,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  CO.,  Mississippi,  on  the 
Mississippi  Central  Railroad,  about  25  miles  S.  of  Grenada. 

WINONA,  a  flourishing  rity,  capital  of  Winona  Co.,  Min- 
nesota, situated  on  the  right  (S.W.)  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  about  (U5  miles  above  St.  Louis,  105  miles  by  land 
below  St.  Paul,  28  miles  N.W.  of  La  Crosse,  Wisconsin, 
and  44  miles  E.  of  Rochester.  Lat.  44° 4'  N.;  Ion.  91°  2o' 
W.  It  is  the  E.  terminus  of  the  Winona  and  St.  Peter's 
Railroad.  It  contains  a  court-house, 8  churches,  a  normal 
school,  1  national  bank,  2  other  banks,  2  newspaper  offices, 
sevural  steam  saw-mills,  a  plow  factory,  Ac.  A  large  quan- 
tity of  wheat  and  other  grain  is  shipped  here.  Timber  and 
limestone  are  abundant  in  Winona  county.  The  Milwaukee 
and  Saint  Paul  Railroad  passes  along  the  opposite  bank  of 
the  river.     Pop.  in  1860,  2464  :  in  1865,  about  6000. 

WINSTED,  a  village  and  township  of  McLeod  CO.,  Min- 
nesota, about  50  miles  W.  of  Saint  Paul.     Pop.  151. 

WINSTON,  a  post-yillage of  Dent  co.,  Missouri,  about  38 
miles  S.  E.  of  Rolla. 

WINTERPORT,  a  post-village  and  township  of  W.aldo 
CO.,  Maine,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Penobscot  River,  11  miles 
below  Bangor.  The  village  is  on  the  river  nairly  opposite 
Bucksport.  It  contains  2  churches  and  15  stores,  and  has 
great  facilities  for  ship  building.     Total  population,  2381. 

WINTERijVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Sullivan  co.,  Missouri^ 
about  40  miles N.  by  W.  of  La  Clede. 

WINTHROP,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Missouri, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  and  on  the  Atchison  and  St.  Joseph 
Railroad,  .iliout  22  miles  S.W.  of  St.  Joseph,  and  nearly  op- 
posite Atchison,  Kansas. 

WINTHROP,  a  post-village  of  Buchanan  co.,  Iowa,  on  the 
Dubuque  .and  Sioux  City  Railroad,  61  miles  W.  of  Dubuque. 

WINTHROP,  a  post-village  of  Pope  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
White  Rear  Lake,  about  70  miles  W.  of  Saint  Cloud. 

WIRT,  a  post-office  of  Jefferson  co.,  Indiana,  5  or  6  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Madison,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  railroad. 

WISCONSIN  HILL,  a  mining  village  of  Placer  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 34  miles  N.E.  of  Auburn. 

WISCOY,  a  post-township  of  Winona  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  10  miles  S.  of  Winona. 

WISE,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Tirginia,  bordering 
on  Kentucky,  has  an  area  of  about  450  square  miles.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.W.  by  the  Cumberland  Mountain,  and 
drained  by  Clinch  River.     The  surface  is  hilly.     Pop.  4508. 

WISE,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Te.xas,  has  an  area 
of  900  s  juare  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  West  Fork  of 
Tiinity  River,  and  al.so  drained  by  the  Denton  Fork  of  that 
river.    Capital,  Decatur  or  Tavlorsville.     Pop.  3160. 

WITTENBERG,  or  WITTEMBERG,  a  post-village  of 
Perry  co.,  Missouri,  on  the  Mississippi  River,  about  30  miles 
N.  of  Cape  Girardeau. 

WOLCOTT,  a  post-village  of  White  co.,  Indiana,  on  the 
Toledo  Logansport  and  Burlington  Railroad,  35  miles  W.  of 
Logansport. 

WOLCOTT,  a  post-village  of  Scott  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  rail- 
road, 12  miles  W.  of  Davenport. 

WOLFE,  a  new  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Kentucky,  h.as 
an  area  of  about  250  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  Red 
River  and  by  the  North  Fork  of  the  Kentucky  River.    The 


surface  is  uneven.    The  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  Info^ 
mation  respecting  this  cotinty. 

WONEWOC,  a  post-township  of  Juneau  co.,  Wisconsin, 
is  drained  by  the  Baraboo  River,  and  is  about  65  miles  N. 
W.  of  Madison.    Pop.  477. 

WOOD,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Wisconsin,  has  an 
area  of  828  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  in  the  S.K.  part 
by  the  Wisconsin  River,  and  al.so  drainetl  by  the  Yellow 
River  and  Mill  Creek.  The  surface  is  somewhat  diversified  • 
the  soil  in  some  parts  is  productive.  A  large  quantity  of 
pine  lumber  is  procured  in  this  county.  Capital,  Grand 
Rapids.    Pop.  2425. 

WOODBERRY,  or  WOODBURY,  a  post-village  of  Butler 
CO.,  Kentucky,  on  Green  River,  about  20  miles  N.W.  of 
Bowling  Green. 

WOODBINE,  a  post-village  of  Carroll  co.,  Maryland,  on 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  about  37  miles  W.  of  Bal 
timore. 

WOODBINE,  a  post-village  of  Harrison  co.,  Missouri 
about  55  miles  N.E.  of  St.  Joseph. 

WOODBINE,  a  township  of  Jo  Daviess  co.,  Hlinois.  Pop 
935. 

WOODBINE,  a  post-office  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa,  on  th« 
Boyer  River,  about  37  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Council  Bluffs. 

WOODBRIDGE,  a  post-village  of  San  Joa«iuin  Co.,  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  Mokelumno  River,  14  miles  N.  of  Stockton. 
It  is  on  the  route  of  the  railroad  which  is  in  progress  from 
Stockton  to  Sacramento.    Pop.  about  250. 

WOODBURY,  a  county  in  the  W.N.W.  part  of  Iowa,  bor- 
dering on  Nebraska,  has  an  area  of  about  850  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  W'.  by  the  Mi.ssoiiri  River,  and  inter 
sected  by  the  Little  Siou.v,  and  by  the  West  Fork  of  the 
same  river.  The  surface  is  moderately  diversified;  the  soil 
fertile.    Capital,  Sioux  City.    Pop.  1119. 

WOODBURY,  a  post-village  of  Hancock  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Bellefontaine  Railroad  Line,  18  miles  N.E.  of  Iniliaua- 
polis. 

WOODBURY,  apost-village  ofWebsterco.,  Missouri,  about 
40  miles  N.E.  of  Springfield. 

\VOODBURY,  a  post-office  of  Woodbury  co.,  Iowa. 

WOODBURY,  a  township  of  Washington  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  350. 

WOODINGTON,  a  post-village  of  Darke  co.,  Ohio,  about 
7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Greenville. 

WOODLAND,  a  post-village  of  St.  Joseph  co.,  Indiana, 
9  or  10  miles  S.S.E.  of  South  Bend. 

WOODLAND,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
1446. 

WOODLAND,  a  township  of  Decatur  co.,  Iowa.  Pop. 
595. 

WOODLAND,  a  post-office  of  Dodge  co.,  Wisconsin,  and  a 
station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Horicon  Railroad,  43  miles 
N.W.  of  Milwaukee. 

WOODLAND,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Sauk  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  417. 

WOODLAND,  a  post-office  in  Wabasha  co.,  Minnesota. 

WOODLAND,  a  township  of  AVriglit  co.,  Minnesota.  Pop. 
197. 

WOODLAND,  a  post-village,  capital  of  Yolo  co.,  Califor- 
nia, is  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile  agricultural  dig- 
trict,  18  miles  N.W.  of  Sacramento,  and  3  miles  S.  of  Cache 
Creek.  It  h:»a  a  fine  court-house,  2  churches,  1  newspaper 
office,  2  dry-good  stores,  1  flouriiig-mill  and  1  m.achine-shop. 
Here  is  an  institution  called  Hesperian  College,  in  a  com- 
modious brick  building.     Pop.  about  300. 

WOODLANDS,  a  post-village  of  Marshall  co..  West  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  Ohio  River,  about  25  miles  by  land  S.  by  W. 
of  Wheeling. 

WOODMAN,  a  post-office  of  Grant  co.,  Wisconsin,  and  * 
station  on  the  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Cliien  Railroad,  8 
miles  S.W.  of  Boscobel. 

WOODMANSIE,  a  post-villaga  of  Ocean  co..  New  Jersey 
on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  30  miles  in  a 
direct  line,  or  45  by  Railroad  E.  of  CanuUn. 

WOODS  CREEK,  a  mining  village  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Ca- 
lifornia.   It  has  2  quartz-mills. 

WOODSIDE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Sangamoi 
CO.,  Illinois.  The  village  is  on  the  Chicago  and  St.  Louis 
Railroad,  6  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Springfiekl.  > 

AVOODSIDE,  a  post-villago  of  Oregon  co.,  Missouri,  about 
95  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Rolla. 

WOODSIDE,  a  post-village  of  San  Mateo  co.,  California, 
5  miles  W.  of  Redwood  City. 

WOODSON,  a  county  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Kansa-s,  has  an 
area  of  720  square  miles.  The  Neosho  River  flows  through 
the  N.E.  part,  and  the  Verdigris  River  through  the  S.W. 
part  of  the  county.  The  soil  is  productive.  The  county 
contains  a  large  proportion  of  prairie,  and  is  liberally  sup- 
plied with  timber  growing  along  the  streams.  Limestone 
of  fine  quality  is  abundant,  and  some  coal  has  been  found. 
Capital,  Neosho  Falls.     Fop.  14S8. 

WOODSON,  a  post-village  of  Morgan  co.,  Illinois,  on  a 
railroad  .about  10  miles  S.  of  Jacksonville. 

WOODSTOCK,  a  post-vill.ige  of  Richland  CO.,  Wisconsin, 
about  12  miles  N.  of  Richland  Centre. 

2315 


woo 

WOODSTOCK,  a  village  of  Steams  co.,  Minnesota,  on  the 
Sauk  RiviT.  about  10  miles  S.W.  of  Saint  Cloud. 

WOODVILIiE.  a  post-village  of  Haj-wood  CO.,  Tennessee, 
about  60  miles  N.N.E.  of  Memphis. 

WOODVILLE,  a  village  of  Jackson  CO.,  Michigan,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  about  2  miles  W.  of  Jackson. 

WOODVILLE,  a  township  in  the  N.  part  of  Calumet  co., 
Wisconsin.     Pop.  424. 

WOODVILLE,  a  township  of  Waseca  co.,  Minnesota. 
Pop.  191. 

■NVOODVILLE.  a  post-village  of  Burt  co.,  Nebraska,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  about  40  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Omaha  City. 

WOODWARD,  a  to  wuship  of  Lycoming  co.,  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  764. 

WOOSTER,  a  post-village  of  Kosciusco  co..  Indiana,  on  or 
near  a  railroad  about  9  miles  S.E.  of  Warsaw. 

WOOSTER.  a  post-village  of  Jefferson  co^  Iowa,  &  or  9 
miles  S  B.  of  Fairfield. 

WOOSUNO,  a  po.s(>village  of  Ogle  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Central  Railroad,  7  miles  N.N.W.  of  Dixon. 

WORTH,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Georgia,  has  an 
area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N. 
W.  by  Flint  River.  Tlie  surfoce  is  level,  and  the  soil  sandy. 
Capital,  Isabella.    Pop.  2763. 

AVORTir.  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Missouri,  bor- 
dering on  Iowa,  hasan  areaof  about  27-5 square  miles.  It  is 
drained  by  Grand  River  and  several  of  its  branches  or  af- 
fluents. The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  generally 
fertile.  It  is  estimated  that  about  two-thirds  of  it  are 
prairie  land.  The  timber  consists  of  the  oak,  walnut, 
hickory,  ash,  elm,  maple,  ic.  Organized  since  1860,  having 
previously  formed  part  of  Gentry  county. 

WORTH,  a  township  in  the  S.  part  of  Jefferson  co..  New 
York.    Pop.  634. 

WORTH,  a  township  of  Bntler  CO.,  PennBylvania.  Pop. 
828. 

WORTH,  a  township  of  Centre  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
246. 

WORTH,  a  post-township  of  Sanilac  co.,  Michigan,  on 
Lake  Huron.  The  N.E.  corner  of  it  is  1  mile  S.  of  Lexing- 
ton.   Pop.  1244. 

WORTH,  a  township  of  Cook  co.,  Illinois,  about  9  miles 
S.  by  W.  of  Chicago.     Pop.  2330. 

WORTH,  a  post-village  of  Winona  co,  Minnesota,  about 
22  miles  W.S.W.  of  Winona. 

WORTHINGTOX.  a  post-village  of  Greene  co.,  Indiana, 
on  the  W.  Fork  of  White  River  about  38  miles  S.S.E.  of 
Terre  Haute. 

WORTHIXGTON,  a  post-village  of  Dubuque  co.,  Iowa, 
on  the  Dubuque  Southwestern  Railroad,  30  miles  W.  by  8. 
of  Dubuque. 

WRIGHT,  a  township  of  Schoharie  co.,  New  York,  24 
miles  W.  of  Albany.    Pop.  1717. 

WRIGHT,  a  county  in  the  central  part  of  Minne.sota,  has 
an  area  of  about  700  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.E.  by  the  Mississippi  River,  and  intersected  by  the  Crow 


YEL 

River,  which  also  forms  part  of  the  eastern  boundary.  The 
county  contains  numerous  small  ami  beautiful  lakes.  The 
surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is  excellent.  Wheat,  maize 
and  oats  are  the  staple  productions.  This  county  was 
nearly  all  overgrown  with  forests  of  deciduous' trees, 
among  which  are  found  the  oak,  a.sh,  elm  and  sugar-maple. 
Capital,  Monticello.     Pop.  3729. 

WRIGHTS  FERRY,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  co.,  Wis- 
con-iin,  on  the  Wisconsin  River,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Prairie 
du  Cliien. 

AVURTE5IBERG,  a  post-village  of  Lawxence  co.,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  Slippery  Rock  Creek,  about  13  miles  S.E.  of 
Newcastle. 

WYACONDA,  a  post-village  of  Scotland  co.,  Missouri, 
about  44  miles  W.N.W.  of  Keokuk,  Iowa. 

WYALUSINO,  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  Susquehanna  River,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wya- 
lusing  Creek,  about  12  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.E.  of  Towanda. 

WYANDOT,  or  WYANDOTT,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of 
Kansas,  bordering  on  Missouri.  Area  estimate<I  at  170 
square  miles.  It  is  boiinded  on  the  N.E.  by  the  Missouri 
River,  and  intersected  by  the  Kansas  River.  The  soil  ia 
very  fertile.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  timber.  The 
Union  Pacific  Railroad  passes  through  the  county.  Capitiil, 
Wvandot.    Pop.  2609. 

WYANDOT,  or  WYANDOT  CITY,  a  po.ot-town,  capital  of 
AVyandot  co.,  Kansas,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Missouri  River,  just  above  the  moutli  of  the  Kansas  River. 
alKJUt  3  miles  above  Kansas  City,  and  24  miles  by  land  S.i 
of  Leavenworth.  It  is  on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and 
is  a  place  of  active  trade.  First  settled  in  1857.  Pop.  in 
1860.  1920 ;  in  I860,  2500  or  3000. 

WYANDOTTE,  a  post-village  of  Linn  co.,  Missouri,  about 
12  miles  E.  by  N.  of  I^  Clede,  and  3  or  4  miles  N.  of  flie 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad. 

WYANDOTTE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Butte  co, 
California,  0  miles  S.E.  of  Oroville.    Pop.  639. 

WYANET.  a  post-village  of  Bureau  co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  6  miles  M'.S.W. 
of  Princeton.    Pop.  343. 

WYNETKA.  Illinois.    See  Wixnetka. 

WYNOOCHEE,  or  WYNOUCHEE,  a  small  river  of  Che- 
halis  CO..  Wai-hington  Territory,  flows  southward  and  enters 
the  Chehalis  River  at  Montcsano. 

WYOMING,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Chisago  co, 
Minnesota,  about  30  miles  N.  of  St.  Paul.    Pop.  240. 

WYOMING,  a  vill.ige  of  Jackson  co.,  Kansas,  about  10 
miles  N.N.E.  of  Topeka. 

WYOMING,  a  postoflSce  of  Marshall  co.,  Kansas. 

■\VYOMING,  a  post-village  of  Otoe  co.,  Nebraska,  on  the 
Misscuri  River,  about  38  miles  by  the  road  S.  of  Omaha  City, 
and  11  miles  by  the  river  above  Nebraska  Citj-.    Pop.  99. 

WYSOX.  a  post-village  of  Bradford  co.,  Pennsylvania,  on 
the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  about  3  miles  E.  of 
Towanda. 

WYTHE,  a  township  of  Hancock  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  1289. 


X. 


XENIA,  a  post-ofRce  of  Nodaway  co.,  Missouri,  about  55 
miles  N.  of  St.  Joseph. 
XENIA,  a  post-village  of  Miami  co.,  Indiana,  about  19 
miles  S.E.  of  Peru. 


XENIA,  a  post-village  of  Clay  co,  Illinois,  on  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  Railroad,  16  miles  E.  of  Salem. 

XENIA,  a  jiost-village  of  Dallas  co.,  Iowa,  about  27  miles 
N.W.  of  Des  Moines. 


Y. 


YAKIMA^or  YAKAMA  RIVER,  Washington  Territory, 
rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Ferguson  co.,  flows  southeast- 
ward through  >Valla  Walla  county,  and  enters  the  Columbia 
River  about  10  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Lewis  River. 

YALR,  a  mining  village  of  British  Columbia,  on  Eraser 
River,  about  90  miles  E.X.E.  of  New  Westminster.  Gold  is 
Sound  here. 

YALEVILLE,  a  post-office  of  Chenango  co..  New  York. 

YANKEE  BLADE,  a  mining  village  of  Lander  co,  Ne- 
vada, 4  miles  N.K.  of  Austin. 

YANKEE  HILL,  a  post-village  of  Butte  co,  California, 
16  miles  N.  of  Oroville. 

YANKEE  IIII.L,  a  mining  village  of  Tuolumne  co.,  Cali- 
fornia, 2  miles  N.E.  of  Columbia. 

Y.A.NKEE  JIMS,  a  post-village  of  Placer  co,  California, 
22  miles  N.E.  of  Auburn.    It  has  several  stores. 

YANKEK  SPKI.NGS,  a  post-village  of  BaiTj  co.,  Michi- 
gan, on  Glas:s  Creek,  about  26  miles  .V.N.E.  of  Kalamazoo. 

YANKEE  TOWN,  a  post-villas-e  of  Crawford  co.,  Wiscon- 
sin, about  40  miles  S.S.E.  of  La  Crosse. 

YANKTON,  or  YANCTON,  a  jiost-village,  capital  of  the 
territory  of  Dakota,  is  situated  on  the  left  liank  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  about  7  miles  almve  the  mouth  of  the  Dakota 
or  James  River.     Pop.  estimated  at  600. 

YANKTON,  or  YANCTON,  a  post-village  of  Richardson 
2:J16 


CO.,  Nebraska,  on  the  Missouri  River,  about  10  miles  E.  of 
Falls  City,  the  county-sejit. 

YAQUINA  RIVER,  a  small  stream  of  Benton  co.,  Oregon, 
flows  nortliwestward  and  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

YATES  CITY,  a  post-village  of  Knox  Co.,  Illinois,  on  the 
Peoria  and  Oquawka  Railroad,  at  the  N.  terminus  of  the 
Lewistown  Branch  Railroad,  23  miles  E.S.E.  of  Galesburg, 
and  30  miles  N.  of  Lewistown. 

YATTON,  a  post^village  of  Washington  co,  Iowa,  on  the 
English  River,  about  30  miles  W.  of  Muscatine. 

YAVAPAI,  a  county  of  Arizona,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Utah,  on  the  E.  by  New  Mexico,  on  the  S.  by  the  Gila  liiver, 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  line  of  113°  20*  W.  Ion.  It  is  di-.iined 
by  the  Rio  de  Lino,  the  Rio  Venle,  the  Rio  Salinsis,  and 
other  rivers.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  mountains  and 
valleys.  The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  sai<l  to  be  fertile.  'J'here 
are  large  forests  of  yellow  pine  in  the  county.  Gold  and 
silver  alionnd  in  it.    Capitjil,  Prescott. 

YAZOO,  a  post-ofiice  of  Harrison  co.,  Iowa,  on  the  ft»is- 
souri  River. 

YELL,  a  township  of  Boone  co,  Iowa.     Pop.  324. 

YELLOW  RIVEH,  of  Wisconsin,  rises  near  the  E.  herder 
of  Clark  co.,  flows  southward  through  Wootl  county,  and 
enters  the  Wiscousin  River  at  Germantown,  .lunttau  cou  Bty 

YELYEllXON,  a  i)OBt-village  of  Hardin  co,  Ohio,  on  tli« 


li=r= 


YOD 

Baudnsky  Dayton  and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  8  miles  S-W.  of 
Kenton. 

YODKR,  a  townsliip  of  Cambria  co.,  Pennsylvania.  Pop. 
IS-tl. 

YOLO,  a  post-village  of  Gentry  co.,  Missouri,  about  33 
miles  N  K.  of  St.  Joseph. 

YOLO,  a  post-village  of  Yolo  co.,  California,  near  Cache 
Creek,  5  milus  N.W.  of  Woodland,  ia  sometimes  called 
Cachevillo.    Pop.  about  150. 

YONCAL'LA,  a  post-village  of  Douglas  co.,  Oregon,  30 
miles  N.  of  Roseburg.  It  hiis  1  church  and  1  store.  Yon- 
calla  precinct  includes  a  series  of  small  fertile  valleys,  di- 
Vidcil  by  grassy  hills,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  Umpqua  Valley. 

YORK,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Nebraska,  has  an  area 
of  about  570  square  miles.  It  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
the  Big  Blue  River.  The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil  is 
fertile.  Tlie  census  of  1860  furnishes  no  information  re- 
specting this  county. 

YORlv,  a  township  of  Fulton  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  1615. 

YOKK,  a  townsliip  of  Dearborn  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  lO&i. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Elkhart  co.,  Indiana.    Pop.  599. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Carroll  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1012. 

YORK,  a  post-township  of  Clark  co.,  Illinois,  on  the  Wa- 
bash River,  about  22  miles  S.W.  of  Terre  Hauto.    Pop.  984. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Du  Page  co.,  Illinois.    Pop.  1525. 

YORK,  a  post-office  of  Delaware  co.,  Iowa,  about  45  miles 
W.N.W.  of  Dubuque. 

YORK,  a  township  of  Tama  co.,  Iowa.    Pop.  389. 

YORK,  a  post-towuship  of  Dane  co.,  Wisconsin,  about  18 
miles  E.N.E.  of  Madison.    Pop.  1028. 

YORXi,  a  township  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Green  co.,  Wis- 
consin.   Pop.  904. 

YORIC,  a  township  of  Fillmore  co.,  Minnesota,  bordering 
on  Iowa.     Pop.  526. 

YORKTOWN,  a  township  of  Henry  co.,  Illinois.  Pop. 
667. 

YORKVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Kalamazoo  co.,  Michigan, 
on  Gull  Lake,  about  12  miles  N.E.  of  Kalamazoo. 

YOSEM'ITE  (yo-sem'e-te)  FALLS,  Mariposii  co.,  Califor- 
nia, about  24  miles  E.N.E.  of  Mariposa.  This  is  i)erhaps  the 
highest  cataract  in  North  America.  The  Yosemite  Creek, 
which  is  about  80  feel  wide,  here  descends  2000  (or,  as  some 
Bay,  2500)  feet  in  three  cataracts,  the  first  of  which  is  about 
1300  feet  high.  The  Indian  name  of  this  waterfall  is  Cholook. 

YOSEM'ITE  VALLEY,  Mariposa  Co.,  California,  is  about 


ZWI 

50  miles  S.E.  of  Sonora,  and  is  near  the  S.W.  base  of  tl>  • 
Sierra  Nevada.  The  Merced  River,  or  its  main  branch,  iu>tS 
through  it  in  a  westward  direction.  The  valley  is  about  10 
miles  long  and  2  miles  wide,  and  is  enclosed  between  pre- 
cipitous cliffs  of  granite,  which  are  from  2000  to  4000  feet 
high,  and  in  some  places  perpendicular.  The  scenery  ia 
gnmd  and  beautiful  in  the  highest  degree,  comprising 
several  cataracts,  one  of  which  is  said  to  be  2000  feet  or 
more  in  height.  This  valley  attracts  more  visitors  than  any 
natural  scenery  in  the  state,  except  perhaps  two  ether 
places. 

YOUNG,  a  new  county  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  has  an 
area  of  about  800  square  miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Brazos  River.  The  surface  is  diversilied.  Capital,  Belknap. 
Pop.  592. 

YOUNG  AMERICA,  a  post-village  of  Warren  co.,  IHinois, 
on  the  Chicago  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  7  miles  W. 
of  Monmouth. 

YOUNG  AMERICA,  a  post-village  of  Carver  co.,  Minne- 
sota, about  45  miles  W.S.W.  of  Saint  Paul. 

YOUNGSYILLB,  a  post-village  of  Adams  co.,  Ohio,  about 
9  miles  N.  by  W.  of  West  Union. 

YPSILANTI,  a  post-village  of  Wright  co.,  Minnesota,  on 
the  Mississippi  River,  about  7  miles  above  MouticoUo. 

YREKA,  a  post-town,  capital  of  Siskiyou  co.,  California, 
is  in  the  valley  of  Shasta  River,  about  30  miles  N.W.  of 
Mount  Shasta,  and  125  miles  N.  of  Red  Bluff.  It  is  on  the 
main  road  from  Sacramento  to  the  Willamette  Valley,  and 
is  surrounded  by  mountains.  The  principal  resources  of 
Yreka  and  of  the  adjacent  country  are  gold  mines.  It  con- 
tains 1  academy,  1  seminary,  1  banking  office,  &e.  Two 
newspapers  are  published  here.  Pop.  in  1800,  1631;  in 
1865,  estimated  at  2400. 

YUBA,  a  post-village  of  Richland  co.,  Wisconsin,  about 
52  miUiS  W.  of  Portage  City. 

YUBA  CITY,  a  mining  village  of  Alturas  co.,  Idaho. 

YUCATAN,  a  post-township  of  Houston  co.,  Minnesota, 
about  22  miles  S.  of  Winona.    Pop.  167. 

YUMA,  a  county  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Arizona,  bordering 
on  Mexico  and  California.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Colorado  River,  intersected  by  the  Gila  River,  and  partly 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Williams'  Fork  of  the  Coloi-ado.  The 
surface  is  mountainous ;  the  soil  is  generally  steiile.  Pro- 
ductive mines  of  gold  and  silver  are  worked  in  several  parts 
of  the  county,  which  also  contains  cojjper.  Capital,  La  Paz. 


z. 


ZALESKI,  a  post-village  of  Vinton  co.,  Ohio,  on  the  Ma- 
rietta and  Cincinnati  Railroad,  41  miles  E.  of  ChlUi- 
cothe. 

ZANI!.  a  township  of  Logan  co.,  Ohio.    Pop.  075. 

ZANESVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Wells  co.,  Indiana,  about 
17  miles  ^i.W.  of  Fort  Wayne. 

ZAPATA,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  Texas,  bordering  on 
Mexico.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Rio  Grande.  The 
surface  is  nearly  level.     Pop.  1248. 

ZAVALA,  or  Z.A. VALLA,  a  new  county  in  the  S.  part  of 
Texas,  has  an  area  of  about  1050  square  miles.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  River  Nueces  and  the  Rio  Leona.  Popula- 
tion 26. 

ZEANDALE,  a  post-village  and  township  of  Wabaunsee 
CO.,  Kansas,  near  the  Kansas  River,  about  6  miles  E.  by  S. 
of  Manhattan.     Pop.  152. 

ZEELANO,  or  ZEALAND,  a  post-viUage  and  township 
of  Ottawa  CO.,  Michigan,  on  Black  River,  about  22  miles 
8.W.  of  Grand  Rapids.    Pop.  1466. 

ZEIGLEBSVILLE,  a  post- village  of  Montgomery  co., 
Pennsylvania,  about  30  miles  N.N.W.  of  Philadelphia.  It 
contains  1  hotel,  1  mill,  and  several  stores. 

fERBE,  a  township  of  Northumberland  CO.,  PenngTlT*. 
BiA     Pop.  1132.  ' 


ZILLO,  a  post-office  of  Chickasaw  co.,  Iowa,  about  22 
miles  S.W.  of  Decorah. 

ZINSBURG,  a  post-village  of  Madison  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  West  Fork  of  White  River,  8  or  9  miles  W.  by  N.  of 
Anderson. 

ZIONSVILLE,  a  post-village  of  Boone  co.,  Indiana,  on 
the  Lafayette  and  Indianapolis  Railroad,  15  miles  N.N.W. 
of  Indianapolis. 

ZUM  A,  a  township  of  Rock  Island  co.,  Illinois.   Pop.  644. 

ZUMBRO,  a  river  in  the  iS.E.  part  of  Minnesota,  is  formed 
by  two  branches,  which  unite  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Wabasha 
county.  Flowing  eastward  it  enters  the  Mis.sissippi  a  few 
miles  below  the  town  of  Wabasha.  In  the  latter  part  of 
its  very  sinuous  course  it  flows  through  deep  ravines  cut  in 
strata  of  magnesian  limestone. 

ZUMBRO,  a  post-village  of  Olmstead  co.,  Minnesota,  on  a 
branch  of  Zurabro  River,  3  or  4  miles  N.W.  of  Rochester. 

ZUMBROTA,  a  post-village  of  Goodhue  co..  Minnesota,  on 
the  N.  branch  of  the  Zumbro  River,  about  21  miles  S.S.W. 
of  Red  Wing,  and  30  miles  E.  of  Faribault. 

ZURICH,  a  post-office  of  Jones  co.,  Iowa,  about  27  milei 
S.W.  of  Dubuque. 

ZWINGLE,  a  post-office  of  Jackson  co.,  Iowa,  about  10 
mj'es  S  of  Dabuque. 

2317 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
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